A
DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
IN WHICH
The WORDS are deduced from their ORIGINALS,
AND
ILLUSTRATED in their DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS
BY
EXAMPLES from the best WRITERS.
TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED,
A HISTORY of the LANGUAGE,
AND
AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

SAMUEL JOHNSON, A. M.

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.



Cum tabulis animum censoris sumet honesti:
Audebit quæcunque parum splendoris habebunt,
Et sine pondere erunt, et honore indigna ferentur.
Verba movere loco; quamvis invita recedant,
Et versentur adhuc intra penetralia Vestæ:
Obscurata diu populo bonus eruet, atque
Proferet in lucem speciosa vocabula rerum,
Quæ priscis memorata Catonibus atque Cethegis,
Nunc situs informis premit et deserta vetustas. HOR.


LONDON,
Printed by W. STRAHAN, 
For J. and P. KNAPTON; T. and T. LONGMAN; C. HITCH and L. HAWES;
A. MILLAR; and R. and J. DODSLEY.
MDCCLV.




Manufactured in the United States of America



PREFACE.

IT is the fate of those who toil at the lower employments of life, to be rather driven by the fear
of evil, than attracted by the prospect of good; to be exposed to censure, without hope of praise;
to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect, where success would have been without
applause, and diligence without reward.

Among these unhappy mortals is the writer of dictionaries; whom mankind have considered, not
as the pupil, but the slave of science, the pionier of literature, doomed only to remove rubbish and
clear obstructions from the paths of Learning and Genius, who press forward to conquest and glory,
without bestowing a smile on the humble drudge that facilitates their progress. Every other authour
may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach, and even this negative
recompense has been yet granted to very few.

I have, notwithstanding this discouragement, attempted a dictionary of the English language, which,
while it was employed in the cultivation of every species of literature, has itself been hitherto neglected,
suffered to spread, under the direction of chance, into wild exuberance, resigned to the tyranny of
time and fashion, and exposed to the corruptions of ignorance, and caprices of innovation.

When I took the first survey of my undertaking, I found our speech copious without order, and
energetick without rules: wherever I turned my view, there was perplexity to be disentangled, and
confusion to be regulated; choice was to be made out of boundless variety, without any established
principle of selection; adulterations were to be detected, without a settled test of purity; and modes of
expression to be rejected or received, without the suffrages of any writers of classical reputation or ac­
knowledged authority.

Having therefore no assistance but from general grammar, I applied myself to the perusal of our
writers; and noting whatever might be of use to ascertain or illustrate any word or phrase, accu­
mulated in time the materials of a dictionary, which, by degrees, I reduced to method, establishing
to myself, in the progress of the work, such rules as experience and analogy suggested to me; ex­
perience, which practice and observation were continually increasing; and analogy, which, though in
some words obscure, was evident in others.

In adjusting the ORTHOGRAPHY, which has been to this time unsettled and fortuitous, I found it
necessary to distinguish those irregularities that are inherent in our tongue, and perhaps coeval with
it, from others which the ignorance or negligence of later writers has produced. Every language
has its anomalies, which, though inconvenient, and in themselves once unnecessary, must be tolerated
among the imperfections of human things, and which require only to be registred, that they may not
be increased, and ascertained, that they may not be confounded: but every language has likewise its im­
proprieties and absurdities, which it is the duty of the lexicographer to correct or proscribe.

As language was at its beginning merely oral, all words of necessary or common use were spoken
before they were written; and while they were unfixed by any visible signs, must have been spoken
with great diversity, as we now observe those who cannot read to catch sounds imperfectly, and utter
them negligently. When this wild and barbarous jargon was first reduced to an alphabet, every penman
endeavoured to express, as he could, the sounds which he was accustomed to pronounce or to receive,
and vitiated in writing such words as were already vitiated in speech. The powers of the letters,
when they were applied to a new language, must have been vague and unsettled, and therefore
different hands would exhibit the same sound by different combinations.

From this uncertain pronunciation arise in a great part the various dialects of the same country, which
will always be observed to grow fewer, and less different, as books are multiplied; and from this arbitrary
representation of sounds by letters, proceeds that diversity of spelling observable in the Saxon remains,
and I suppose in the first books of every nation, which perplexes or destroys analogy, and produces ano­
malous formations, which, being once incorporated, can never be afterward dismissed or reformed.

Of this kind are the derivatives length from long, strength from strong, darling from dear, breadth
from broad, from dry, drought, and from high, height, which Milton, in zeal for analogy, writes highth;
Quid te exempta juvat spinis de pluribus una; to change all would be too much, and to change one is 
nothing.




This uncertainty is most frequent in the vowels, which are so capriciously pronounced, and so
differently modified, by accident or affectation, not only in every province, but in every mouth, that
to them, as is well known to etymologists, little regard is to be shewn in the deduction of one language 
from another.

Such defects are not errours in orthography, but spots of barbarity impressed so deep in the English
language, that criticism can never wash them away; these, therefore, must be permitted to remain
untouched: but many words have likewise been altered by accident, or depraved by ignorance, as the pronun­
ciation of the vulgar has been weakly followed; and some still continue to be variously written, as 
authours differ in their care or skill: of these it was proper to enquire the true orthography, which I 
have always considered as depending on their derivation, and have therefore referred them to their 
original languages: thus I write enchant, enchantment, enchanter, after the French, and incantation after 
the Latin; thus entire is chosen rather than intire, because it passed to us not from the Latin integer, 
but from the French entier.

Of many words it is difficult to say whether they were immediately received from the Latin or the 
French, since at the time when we had dominions in France, we had Latin service in our churches. It 
is, however, my opinion, that the French generally supplied us; for we have few Latin words, among 
the terms of domestick use, which are not French; but many French, which are very remote from 
Latin.

Even in words of which the derivation is apparent, I have been often obliged to sacrifice uniformity
to custom; thus I write, in compliance with a numberless majority, convey and inveigh, deceit and
receipt, fancy and phantom; sometimes the derivative varies from the primitive, as explain and explana­
tion, repeat and repetition.

Some combinations of letters having the same power are used indifferently without any discoverable
reason of choice, as in choak, choke; soap, sope; fewel, fuel, and many others; which I have sometimes
inserted twice, that those who search for them under either form, may not search in vain.

In examining the orthography of any doubtful word, the mode of spelling by which it is inserted in
the series of the dictionary, is to be considered as that to which I give, perhaps not often rashly, the pre­
ference. I have left, in the examples, to every authour his own practice unmolested, that the reader may
balance suffrages, and judge between us: but this question is not always to be determined by reputed
or by real learning; some men, intent upon greater things, have thought little on sounds and deriva­
tions; some, knowing in the ancient tongues, have neglected those in which our words are commonly
to be sought. Thus Hammond writes fecibleness for fecsibleness, because I suppose he imagined it de­
rived immediately from the Latin; and some words, such as dependant, dependent; dependance, depen­
dence, vary their final syllable, as one or other language is present to the writer.

In this part of the work, where caprice has long wantoned without controul, and vanity sought
praise by petty reformation, I have endeavoured to proceed with a scholar's reverence for antiquity, and
a grammarian's regard to the genius of our tongue. I have attempted few alterations, and among those
few, perhaps the greater part is from the modern to the ancient practice; and I hope I may be allowed to
recommend to those, whose thoughts have been, perhaps, employed too anxiously on verbal singularities,
not to disturb, upon narrow views, or for minute propriety, the orthography of their fathers. It has been
asserted, that for the law to be known, is of more importance than to be right. Change, says Hooker,
is not made without inconvenience, even from worse to better. There is in constancy and stability
a general and lasting advantage, which will always overbalance the flow improvements of gradual
correction. Much less ought our written language to comply with the corruptions of oral utterance,
or copy that which every variation of time or place makes different from itself, and imitate those
changes, which will again be changed, while imitation is employed in observing them.

This recommendation of steadiness and uniformity does not proceed from an opinion, that particular
combinations of letters have much influence on human happiness; or that truth may not be success­
fully taught by modes of spelling fanciful and erroneous: I am not yet so lost in lexicography, as to
forget that words are the daughters of earth, and that things are the sons of heaven. Language is
only the instrument of science, and words are but the signs of ideas: I wish, however, that the instru­
ment might be less apt to decay, and that signs might be permanent, like the things which they denote.

In settling the orthography, I have not wholly neglected the pronunciation, which I have directed,
by printing an accent upon the acute or elevated syllable. It will sometimes be found, that the accent
is placed by the authour quoted, on a different syllable from that marked in the alphabetical series; it
is then to be understood, that custom has varied, or that the authour has, in my opinion, pronounced
wrong. Short directions are sometimes given where the sound of letters is irregular; and if they
are sometimes omitted, defect in such minute observations will be more easily excused, than
superfluity.

In the investigation both of the orthography and signification of words, their ETYMOLOGY was
necessarily to be considered, and they were therefore to be divided into primitives and derivatives.
A primitive word, is that which can be traced no further to any English root; thus circumspect, circum­




vent, circumstance, delude, concave, and complicate, though compounds in the Latin, are to us primi­
tives. Derivatives, are all those that can be referred to any word in English of greater simplicity.

The derivatives I have referred to their primitives, with an accuracy sometimes needless; for who does
not see that remoteness comes from remote, lovely from love, concavity from concave, and demonstrative
from demonstrate? but this grammatical exuberance the scheme of my work did not allow me to repress.
It is of great importance in examining the general fabrick of a language, to trace one word from
another, by noting the usual modes of derivation and inflection; and uniformity must be preserved
in systematical works, though sometimes at the expence of particular propriety.

Among other derivatives I have been careful to insert and elucidate the anomalous plurals of nouns
and preterites of verbs, which in the Teutonick dialects are very frequent, and, though familiar to those
who have always used them, interrupt and embarrass the learners of our language.

The two languages from which our primitives have been derived are the Roman and Teutonick: under
the Roman I comprehend the French and provincial tongues; and under the Teutonick range the Saxon,
German, and all their kindred dialects. Most of our polysyllables are Roman, and our words of one
syllable are very often Teutonick.

In assigning the Roman original, it has perhaps sometimes happened that I have mentioned only the
Latin, when the word was borrowed from the French; and considering myself as employed
only in the illustration of my own language, I have not been very careful to observe whether the Latin
word be pure or barbarous, or the French elegant or obsolete.

For the Teutonick etymologies I am commonly indebted to Junius and Skinner, the only names which
I have forborn to quote when I copied their books; not that I might appropriate their labours or usurp
their honours, but that I might spare a perpetual repetition by one general acknowledgment. Of these,
whom I ought not to mention but with the reverence due to instructors and benefactors, Junius ap­
pears to have excelled in extent of learning, and Skinner in rectitude of understanding. Junius was
accurately skilled in all the northern languages, Skinner probably examined the ancient and remoter dialects
only by occasional inspection into dictionaries; but the learning of Junius is often of no other use than to
show him a track by which he may deviate from his purpose, to which Skinner always presses forward by
the shortest way. Skinner is often ignorant, but never ridiculous: Junius is always full of knowledge;
but his variety distracts his judgment, and his learning is very frequently disgraced by his absurdities.

The votaries of the northern muses will not perhaps easily restrain their indignation, when they find
the name of Junius thus degraded by a disadvantageous comparison; but whatever reverence is due to
his diligence, or his attainments, it can be no criminal degree of censoriousness to charge that etymo­
logist with want of judgment, who can seriously derive dream from drama, because life is a drama, and
a drama is a dream; and who declares with a tone of defiance, that no man can fail to derive moan from μόνος, 
monos, who considers that grief naturally loves to be alone
**That I may not appear to have spoken too irreverently of
Junius, I have here subjoined a few Specimens of his etymolo­
gical extravagance.

BANISH, religare, ex banno vel territorio exigere, in exilium
agere. G. bannir. It. bandire, bandeggiare. H. bandir. B. ban­
nen. Ævi medii scriptores bannire dicebant. V. Spelm. in Ban­
num & in Banleuga. Quoniam verò regionum urbiumq; limites
arduis plerumq; montibus, altis fluminibus, longis deniq; flexuo­
sisq; angustissimarum viarum amfractibus includebantur, fieri
potest id genus limites ban dici ab eo quod Βαννάται & Βάννατϱοι
Tarentinis olim, sicuti tradit Hesychius, vocabantur αἱ λοξὸι
ϗ̀ μὴ ἰϑυτενεῖς ὁδοι, "obliquæ ac minimè in rectum tendentes
viæ." Ac fortasse quoque huc facit quod Βανούς, eodem Hesychio
teste, dicebant ὄϱη ϛϱαγγύλη, montes arduos.

EMPTY, emtie, vacuus, inanis. A. S. Æmtig. Nescio an 
sint ab ἐμέω vel εμετάω. Vomo, evomo, vomitu evacuo. Videtur
interim etymologiam hanc non obscurè firmare codex Rush.
Mat. xii. 22. ubi antiquè scriptum invenimus gemoeted hit
emetig. "Invenit eam vacantem."

HILL, mons, collis. A. S. hyll. Quod videri potest abscissum
ex ϰολώνη vel ϰολωνὸς. Collis, tumulus, locus in plano editior.
Hom. Il. b. v. 811, ἔϛι δέ τις πϱοπάϱοιϑε πόλεος ἀιπεῖα, ϰολώνη.
Ubi authori brevium scholiorum ϰολώνη exp. τόπος εις ὕψος
ἀνήϰων, γεώλοφος ἐξοχή.

NAP, to take a nap. Dormire, condormiscere. Cym. heppian.
A. S. hnæppan. Quod postremum videri potest desumptum ex
ϰνέφας, obscuritas, tenebræ: nihil enim æque solet conciliare
somnum, quàm caliginosa profundæ notis obscuritas.

STAMMERER, Balbus, blæsus Goth. STAMMS. A. S.
stamer, stamur. D. stam. B. stameler. Su. stamma. Isl. stamr.
Sunt a ϛωμυλεῖν vel ϛωμύλλειν, nimiâ loquacitate alios offendere;
quod impeditè loquentes libentissimè garrire soleant; vel quòd
aliis nimii semper videantur, etiam parcissimè loquentes..

Our knowledge of the northern literature is so scanty, that of words undoubtedly Teutonick the original
is not always to be found in any ancient language, and I have therefore inserted Dutch or German substi­
tutes, which I consider not as radical but parallel, not as the parents, but sisters of the English.

The words which are represented as thus related by descent or cognation, do not always agree in sense;
for it is incident to words, as to their authours, to degenerate from their ancestors, and to change their
manners when they change their country. It is sufficient, in etymological enquiries, if the senses of
kindred words be found such as may easily pass into each other, or such as may both be referred to one
general idea.

The etymology, so far as it is yet known, was easily found in the volumes where it is par­
ticularly and professedly delivered; and, by proper attention to the rules of derivation, the orthogra­
phy was soon adjusted. But to COLLECT the WORDS of our language was a task of greater difficulty:
the deficiency of dictionaries was immediately apparent; and when they were exhausted, what was yet
wanting must be sought by fortuitous and unguided excursions into books, and gleaned as industry




should find, or chance should offer it, in the boundless chaos of a living speech. My search, however,
has been either skilful or lucky; for I have much augmented the vocabulary.

As my design was a dictionary, common or appellative, I have omitted all words which have
relation to proper names; such as Arian, Socinian, Calvinist, Benedictine, Mahometan; but have
retained those of a more general nature, as Heathen, Pagan.

Of the terms of art I have received such as could be found either in books of science or technical
dictionaries; and have often inserted, from philosophical writers, words which are supported perhaps
only by a single authority, and which being not admitted into general use, stand yet as candidates or
probationers, and must depend for their adoption on the suffrage of futurity.

The words which our authours have introduced by their knowledge of foreign languages, or igno­
rance of their own, by vanity or wantonness, by compliance with fashion, or lust of innovation, I have
registred as they occurred, though commonly only to censure them, and warn others against the folly
of naturalizing useless foreigners to the injury of the natives.

I have not rejected any by design, merely because they were unnecessary or exuberant; but have
received those which by different writers have been differently formed, as viscid, and viscidity, viscous,
and viscosity.

Compounded or double words I have seldom noted, except when they obtain a signification different from
that which the components have in their simple state. Thus highwayman, woodman, and horsecourser,
require an explication; but of thieflike or coachdriver no notice was needed, because the primitives contain
the meaning of the compounds.

Words arbitrarily formed by a constant and settled analogy, like diminutive adjectives in ish, as greenish,
bluish, adverbs in ly, as dully, openly, substantives in ness, as vileness, faultiness, were less diligently sought,
and many sometimes have been omitted, when I had no authority that invited me to insert them; not that
they are not genuine and regular offsprings of English roots, but because their relation to the primitive
being always the same, their signification cannot be mistaken.

The verbal nouns in ing, such as the keeping of the castle, the leading of the army, are always neglected,
or placed only to illustrate the sense of the verb, except when they signify things as well as actions, and
have therefore a plural number, as dwelling, living; or have an absolute and abstract signification, as
colouring, painting, learning.

The participles are likewise omitted, unless, by signifying rather qualities than action, they take
the nature of adjectives; as a thinking man, a man of prudence; a pacing horse, a horse that can pace:
these I have ventured to call participial adjectives. But neither are these always inserted, because
they are commonly to be understood, without any danger of mistake, by consulting the verb.

Obsolete words are admitted, when they are found in authours not obsolete, or when they have any
force or beauty that may deserve revival.

As composition is one of the chief characteristicks of a language, I have endeavoured to make some
reparation for the universal negligence of my predecessors, by inserting great numbers of compounded
words, as may be found under after, fore, new, night, fair, and many more. These, numerous
as they are, might be multiplied, but that use and curiosity are here satisfied, and the frame of our
language and modes of our combination amply discovered.

Of some forms of composition, such as that by which re is prefixed to note repetition, and un to sig­
nify contrariety or privation, all the examples cannot be accumulated, because the use of these particles,
if not wholly arbitrary, is so little limited, that they are hourly affixed to new words as occasion requires,
or is imagined to require them.

There is another kind of composition more frequent in our language than perhaps in any other,
from which arises to foreigners the greatest difficulty. We modify the signification of many verbs by
a particle subjoined; as to come off, to escape by a fetch; to fall on, to attack; to fall off, to apostatize;
to break off, to stop abruptly; to bear out, to justify; to fall in, to comply; to give over, to cease; to
set off, to embellish; to set in, to begin a continual tenour; to set out, to begin a course or journey; to
take off, to copy; with innumerable expressions of the same kind, of which some appear wildly irregular,
being so far distant from the sense of the simple words, that no sagacity will be able to trace the steps by
which they arrived at the present use. These I have noted with great care; and though I cannot flatter
myself that the collection is complete, I believe I have so far assisted the students of our language, that
this kind of phraseology will be no longer insuperable; and the combinations of verbs and particles, by
chance omitted, will be easily explained by comparison with those that may be found.

Many words yet stand supported only by the name of Bailey, Ainsworth, Philips, or the contracted
Dict. for Dictionaries subjoined: of these I am not always certain that they are read in any book but
the works of lexicographers. Of such I have omitted many, because I had never read them; and
many I have inserted, because they may perhaps exist, though they have escaped my notice: they are,




however, to be yet considered as resting only upon the credit of former dictionaries. Others, which I
considered as useful, or know to be proper, though I could not at present support them by authorities,
I have suffered to stand upon my own attestation, claiming the same privilege with my predecessors of
being sometimes credited without proof.

The words, thus selected and disposed, are grammatically considered: they are referred to the different
parts of speech; traced, when they are irregularly inflected, through their various terminations; and il­
lustrated by observations, not indeed of great or striking importance, separately considered, but necessary
to the elucidation of our language, and hitherto neglected or forgotten by English grammarians.
That part of my work on which I expect malignity most frequently to fasten, is the Explanation;
in which I cannot hope to satisfy those, who are perhaps not inclined to be pleased, since I have not
always been able to satisfy myself. To interpret a language by itself is very difficult; many words
cannot be explained by synonimes, because the idea signified by them has not more than
one appellation; nor by paraphrase, because simple ideas cannot be described. When the nature
of things is unknown, or the notion unsettled and indefinite, and various in various minds, the words
by which such notions are conveyed, or such things denoted, will be ambiguous and perplexed. And
such is the fate of hapless lexicography, that not only darkness, but light, impedes and distresses it;
things may be not only too little, but too much known, to be happily illustrated. To explain, requires
the use of terms less abstruse than that which is to be explained, and such terms cannot always be
found; for as nothing can be proved but by supposing something intuitively known, and evident
without proof, so nothing can be defined but by the use of words too plain to admit a definition.

Other words there are, of which the sense is too subtle and evanescent to be fixed in a paraphrase;
such are all those which are by the grammarians termed expletives, and, in dead languages, are suffered
to pass for empty sounds, of no other use than to fill a verse, or to modulate a period, but which are
easily perceived in living tongues to have power and emphasis, though it be sometimes such as no
other form of expression can convey.

My labour has likewise been much increased by a class of verbs too frequent in the English language,
of which the signification is so loose and general, the use so vague and indeterminate, and the
senses detorted so widely from the first idea, that it is hard to trace them through the maze of varia­
tion, to catch them on the brink of utter inanity, to circumscribe them by any limitations, or interpret
them by any words of distinct and settled meaning: such are bear, break, come, cast, full, get, give,
do, put, set, go, run, make, take, turn, throw. If of these the whole power is not accurately delivered,
it must be remembered, that while our language is yet living, and variable by the caprice of every one that
speaks it, these words are hourly shifting their relations, and can no more be ascertained in a dictionary,
than a grove, in the agitation of a storm, can be accurately delineated from its picture in the water.

The particles are among all nations applied with so great latitude, that they are not easily reducible
under any regular scheme of explication: this difficulty is not less, nor perhaps greater, in English,
than in other languages. I have laboured them with diligence, I hope with success; such at least as
can be expected in a task, which no man, however learned or sagacious, has yet been able to perform.

Some words there are which I cannot explain, because I do not understand them; these might have
been omitted very often with little inconvenience, but I would not so far indulge my vanity as to decline
this confession: for when Tully owns himself ignorant whether lessus, in the twelve tables, means a
funeral song, or mourning garment; and Aristotle doubts whether οὔϱευς, in the Iliad, signifies a mule,
or muleteer, I may freely, without shame, leave some obscurities to happier industry, or future
information.

The rigour of interpretative lexicography requires that the explanation, and the word explained, should
be always reciprocal; this I have always endeavoured, but could not always attain. Words are seldom
exactly synonimous; a new term was not introduced, but because the former was thought inadequate:
names, therefore, have often many ideas, but few ideas have many names. It was then necessary
to use the proximate word, for the deficiency of single terms can very seldom be supplied by circum­
locution; nor is the inconvenience great of such mutilated interpretations, because the sense may easily
be collected entire from the examples.

In every word of extensive use, it was requisite to mark the progress of its meaning, and show by
what gradations of intermediate sense it has passed from its primitive to its remote and accidental signi­
fication; so that every foregoing explanation should tend to that which follows, and the series be re­
gularly concatenated from the first notion to the last.

This is specious, but not always practicable; kindred senses may be so interwoven, that the per­
plexity cannot be disentangled, nor any reason be assigned why one should be ranged before the
other. When the radical idea branches out into parallel ramifications, how can a consecutive series
be formed of senses in their nature collateral? The shades of meaning sometimes pass imperceptibly
into each other; so that though on one side they apparently differ, yet it is impossible to mark the
point of contact. Ideas of the same race, though not exactly alike, are sometimes so little different,
that no words can express the dissimilitude, though the mind easily perceives it, when they are exhi­




bited together; and sometimes there is such a confusion of acceptations, that discernment is wearied,
and distinction puzzled, and perseverance herself hurries to an end, by crouding together what she
cannot separate.

These complaints of difficulty will, by those that have never considered words beyond their popular
use, be thought only the jargon of a man willing to magnify his labours, and procure veneration to
his studies by involution and obscurity. But every art is obscure to those that have not learned it: this
uncertainty of terms, and commixture of ideas, is well known to those who have joined philosophy with
grammar; and if I have not expressed them very clearly, it must be remembered that I am speaking of
that which words are insufficient to explain.

The original sense of words is often driven out of use by their metaphorical acceptations, yet must
be inserted for the sake of a regular origination. Thus I know not whether ardour is used for mate­
rial heat, or whether flagrant, in English, ever signifies the same with burning; yet such are the pri­
mitive ideas of these words, which are therefore set first, though without examples, that the figurative
senses may be commodiously deduced.

Such is the exuberance of signification which many words have obtained, that it was scarcely possible
to collect all their senses; sometimes the meaning of derivatives must be sought in the mother term,
and sometimes deficient explanations of the primitive may be supplied in the train of derivation. In
any case of doubt or difficulty, it will be always proper to examine all the words of the same race; for
some words are slightly passed over to avoid repetition, some admitted easier and clearer explanation than
others, and all will be better understood, as they are considered in greater variety of structures and relations.
All the interpretations of words are not written with the same skill, or the same happiness: things
equally easy in themselves, are not all equally easy to any single mind. Every writer of a long work
commits errours, where there appears neither ambiguity to mislead, nor obscurity to confound him;
and in a search like this, many felicities of expression will be casually overlooked, many convenient
parallels will be forgotten, and many particulars will admit improvement from a mind utterly unequal to
the whole performance.

But many seeming faults are to be imputed rather to the nature of the undertaking, than the negli­
gence of the performer. Thus some explanations are unavoidably reciprocal or circular, as hind, the
female of the stag; stag, the male of the hind: sometimes easier words are changed into harder, as burial
into sepulture or interment, drier into desiccative, dryness into siccity or aridity, fit into paroxysm; for the
easiest word, whatever it be, can never be translated into one more easy. But easiness and difficulty
are merely relative, and if the present prevalence of our language should invite foreigners to this
dictionary, many will be assisted by those words which now seem only to increase or produce ob­
scurity. For this reason I have endeavoured frequently to join a Teutonick and Roman interpretation, as to
CHEER to gladden, or exhilarate, that every learner of English may be assisted by his own tongue.
The solution of all difficulties, and the supply of all defects, must be sought in the examples, sub­
joined to the various senses of each word, and ranged according to the time of their authours.
When first I collected these authorities, I was desirous that every quotation should be useful to some
other end than the illustration of a word; I therefore extracted from philosophers principles of science;
from historians remarkable facts; from chymists complete processes; from divines striking exhortations;
and from poets beautiful descriptions. Such is design, while it is yet at a distance from execution.
When the time called upon me to range this accumulation of elegance and wisdom into an alphabetical
series, I soon discovered that the bulk of my volumes would fright away the student, and was forced to
depart from my scheme of including all that was pleasing or useful in English literature, and reduce
my transcripts very often to clusters of words, in which scarcely any meaning is retained; thus to
the weariness of copying, I was condemned to add the vexation of expunging. Some passages I have yet
spared, which may relieve the labour of verbal searches, and intersperse with verdure and flowers the
dusty desarts of barren philology.

The examples, thus mutilated, are no longer to be considered as conveying the sentiments or doctrine
of their authours; the word for the sake of which they are inserted, with all its appendant clauses, has
been carefully preserved; but it may sometimes happen, by hasty detruncation, that the general ten­
dency of the sentence may be changed: the divine may desert his tenets, or the philosopher his system.
Some of the examples have been taken from writers who were never mentioned as masters of ele­
gance or models of stile; but words must be sought where they are used; and in what pages,
eminent for purity, can terms of manufacture or agriculture be found? Many quotations serve no other
purpose, than that of proving the bare existence of words, and are therefore selected with less scrupu­
lousness than those which are to teach their structures and relations.

My purpose was to admit no testimony of living authours, that I might not be misled by partiality,
and that none of my cotemporaries might have reason to complain; nor have I departed from this
resolution, but when some performance of uncommon excellence excited my veneration, when my
memory supplied me, from late books, with an example that was wanting, or when my heart,
in the tenderness of friendship, solicited admission for a favourite name.




So far have I been from any care to grace my pages with modern decorations, that I have stu­
diously endeavoured to collect examples and authorities from the writers before the restoration, whose
works I regard as the wells of English undefiled, as the pure sources of genuine diction. Our lan­
guage, for almost a century, has, by the concurrence of many causes, been gradually departing from its
original Teutonick character, and deviating towards a Gallick structure and phraseology, from which it
ought to be our endeavour to recal it, by making our ancient volumes the ground-work of stile, admit­
ting among the additions of later times, only such as may supply real deficiencies, such as are readily
adopted by the genius of our tongue, and incorporate easily with our native idioms.

But as every language has a time of rudeness antecedent to perfection, as well as of false refinement
and declension, I have been cautious left my zeal for antiquity might drive me into times too re­
mote, and croud my book with words now no longer understood. I have fixed Sidney's work for
the boundary, beyond which I make few excursions. From the authours which rose in the time of
Elizabeth, a speech might be formed adequate to all the purposes of use and elegance. If the lan­
guage of theology were extracted from Hooker and the translation of the Bible; the terms of natural
knowledge from Bacon; the phrases of policy, war, and navigation from Raleigh; the dialect of
poetry and fiction from Spenser and Sidney; and the diction of common life from Shakespeare, few ideas
would be lost to mankind, for want of English words, in which they might be expressed.

It is not sufficient that a word is found, unless it be so combined as that its meaning is apparently
determined by the tract and tenour of the sentence; such passages I have therefore chosen, and
when it happened that any authour gave a definition of a term, or such an explanation as is equivalent
to a definition, I have placed his authority as a supplement to my own, without regard to the chrono­
logical order, that is otherwise observed.

Some words, indeed, stand unsupported by any authority, but they are commonly derivative nouns
or adverbs, formed from their primitives by regular and constant analogy, or names of things seldom
occurring in books, or words of which I have reason to doubt the existence.

There is more danger of censure from the multiplicity than paucity of examples; authorities will
sometimes seem to have been accumulated without necessity or use, and perhaps some will be found,
which might, without loss, have been omitted. But a work of this kind is not hastily to be charged
with superfluities: those quotations which to careless or unskilful perusers appear only to repeat the
same sense, will often exhibit, to a more accurate examiner, diversities of signification, or, at least,
afford different shades of the same meaning: one will shew the word applied to persons, another to
things; one will express an ill, another a good, and a third a neutral sense; one will prove the ex­
pression genuine from an ancient authour; another will shew it elegant from a modern: a doubtful
authority is corroborated by another of more credit; an ambiguous sentence is ascertained by a passage
clear and determinate; the word, how often soever repeated, appears with new associates and in different
combinations, and every quotation contributes something to the stability or enlargement of the language.
When words are used equivocally, I receive them in either sense; when they are metaphorical, I
adopt them in their primitive acceptation.

I have sometimes, though rarely, yielded to the temptation of exhibiting a genealogy of sentiments,
by shewing how one authour copied the thoughts and diction of another: such quotations are indeed
little more than repetitions, which might justly be censured, did they not gratify the mind, by
affording a kind of intellectual history.

The various syntactical structures occurring in the examples have been carefully noted; the licence or
negligence with which many words have been hitherto used, has made our stile capricious and indeter­
minate; when the different combinations of the same word are exhibited together, the preference is
readily given to propriety, and I have often endeavoured to direct the choice.

Thus have I laboured to settle the orthography, display the analogy, regulate the structures, and
ascertain the signification of English words, to perform all the parts of a faithful lexicographer: but I
have not always executed my own scheme, or satisfied my own expectations. The work, whatever
proofs of diligence and attention it may exhibit, is yet capable of many improvements: the orthography
which I recommend is still controvertible, the etymology which I adopt is uncertain, and perhaps
frequently erroneous; the explanations are sometimes too much contracted, and sometimes too much
diffused, the significations are distinguished rather with subtilty than skill, and the attention is harrassed
with unnecessary minuteness.

The examples are too often injudiciously truncated, and perhaps sometimes, I hope very rarely,
alleged in a mistaken sense; for in making this collection I trusted more to memory, than, in a state
of disquiet and embarrassment, memory can contain, and purposed to supply at the review what was
left incomplete in the first transcription.

Many terms appropriated to particular occupations, though necessary and significant, are undoubtedly
omitted; and of the words most studiously considered and exemplified, many senses have escaped observation.

Yet these failures, however frequent, may admit extenuation and apology. To have attempted much
is always laudable, even when the enterprize is above the strength that undertakes it: To rest




below his own aim is incident to every one whose fancy is active, and whose views are compre­
hensive; nor is any man satisfied with himself because he has done much, but because he can con­
ceive little. When first I engaged in this work, I resolved to leave neither words nor things un­
examined, and pleased myself with a prospect of the hours which I should revel away in feasts of litera­
ture, the obscure recesses of northern learning, which I should enter and ransack, the treasures with which
I expected every search into those neglected mines to reward my labour, and the triumph with which
I should display my acquisitions to mankind. When I had thus enquired into the original of words,
I resolved to show likewise my attention to things; to pierce deep into every science, to enquire the
nature of every substance of which I inserted the name, to limit every idea by a definition strictly logical,
and exhibit every production of art or nature in an accurate description, that my book might be in place
of all other dictionaries whether appellative or technical. But these were the dreams of a poet doomed
at last to wake a lexicographer. I soon found that it is too late to look for instruments, when the work
calls for execution, and that whatever abilities I had brought to my task, with those I must finally
perform it. To deliberate whenever I doubted, to enquire whenever I was ignorant, would have pro­
tracted the undertaking without end, and, perhaps, without much improvement; for I did not find by my
first experiments, that what I had not of my own was easily to be obtained: I saw that one enquiry only
gave occasion to another, that book referred to book, that to search was not always to find, and to find
was not always to be informed; and that thus to persue perfection, was, like the first inhabitants of
Arcadia, to chace the sun, which, when they had reached the hill where he seemed to rest, was still
beheld at the same distance from them.

I then contracted my design, determining to confide in myself, and no longer to solicit auxiliaries,
which produced more incumbrance than assistance: by this I obtained at least one advantage, that I set
limits to my work, which would in time be finished, though not completed.

Despondency has never so far prevailed as to depress me to negligence; some faults will at
last appear to be the effects of anxious diligence and persevering activity. The nice and subtle
ramifications of meaning were not easily avoided by a mind intent upon accuracy, and convinced of the
necessity of disentangling combinations, and separating similitudes. Many of the distinctions which
to common readers appear useless and idle, will be found real and important by men versed in the
school philosophy, without which no dictionary ever shall be accurately compiled, or skilfully examined.

Some senses however there are, which, though not the same, are yet so nearly allied, that they
are often confounded. Most men think indistinctly, and therefore cannot speak with exactness; and
consequently some examples might be indifferently put to either signification: this uncertainty is not to
be imputed to me, who do not form, but register the language; who do not teach men how they
should think, but relate how they have hitherto expressed their thoughts.

The imperfect sense of some examples I lamented, but could not remedy, and hope they will be
compensated by innumerable passages selected with propriety, and preserved with exactness; some
shining with sparks of imagination, and some replete with treasures of wisdom.

The orthography and etymology, though imperfect, are not imperfect for want of care, but be­
cause care will not always be successful, and recollection or information come too late for use.

That many terms of art and manufacture are omitted, must be frankly acknowledged; but for
this defect I may boldly allege that it was unavoidable: I could not visit caverns to learn the miner's
language, nor take a voyage to perfect my skill in the dialect of navigation, nor visit the warehouses of
merchants, and shops of artificers, to gain the names of wares, tools and operations, of which no mention is
found in books; what favourable accident, or easy enquiry brought within my reach, has not been ne­
glected; but it had been a hopeless labour to glean up words, by courting living information, and contest­
ing with the fullenness of one, and the roughness of another.

To furnish the academicians della Crusca with words of this kind, a series of comedies called
la Fiera, or the Fair, was professedly written by Buonaroti; but I had no such assistant, and
therefore was content to want what they must have wanted likewise, had they not luckily been
so supplied.

Nor are all words which are not found in the vocabulary, to be lamented as omissions. Of the
laborious and mercantile part of the people, the diction is in a great measure casual and mutable;
many of their terms are formed for some temporary or local convenience, and though current at certain
times and places, are in others utterly unknown. This fugitive cant, which is always in a state of
increase or decay, cannot be regarded as any part of the durable materials of a language, and there­
fore must be suffered to perish with other things unworthy of preservation.

Care will sometimes betray to the appearance of negligence. He that is catching opportunities which
seldom occur, will suffer those to pass by unreguarded, which he expects hourly to return; he that is
searching for rare and remote things, will neglect those that are obvious and familiar: thus many of
the most common and cursory words have been inserted with little illustration, because in gather­
ing the authorities, I forbore to copy those which I thought likely to occur whenever they were wanted.
It is remarkable that, in reviewing my collection, I found the word SEA unexemplified.




Thus it happens, that in things difficult there is danger from ignorance, and in things easy from
confidence; the mind, afraid of greatness, and disdainful of littleness, hastily withdraws herself from
painful searches, and passes with scornful rapidity over tasks not adequate to her powers, sometimes too
secure for caution, and again too anxious for vigorous effort; sometimes idle in a plain path, and some­
times distracted in labyrinths, and dissipated by different intentions.

A large work is difficult because it is large, even though all its parts might singly be performed with
facility; where there are many things to be done, each must be allowed its share of time and labour,
in the proportion only which it bears to the whole; nor can it be expected, that the stones which
form the dome of a temple, should be squared and polished like the diamond of a ring.

Of the event of this work, for which, having laboured it with so much application, I cannot but
have some degree of parental fondness, it is natural to form conjectures. Those who have been
persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to
those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition.
With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I
have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old
and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises
to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who
being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from muta­
bility, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and
decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, or clear the world at once from folly,
vanity, and affectation.

With this hope, however, academies have been instituted, to guard the avenues of their languages,
to retain fugitives, and repulse intruders; but their vigilance and activity have hitherto been vain;
sounds are too volatile and subtile for legal restraints; to enchain syllables, and to lash the wind, are
equally the undertakings of pride, unwilling to measure its desires by its strength. The French language
has visibly changed under the inspection of the academy; the stile of Amelot's translation of father
Paul is observed by Le Courayer to be un peu passè; and no Italian will maintain, that the diction of any
modern writer is not perceptibly different from that of Boccace, Machiavel, or Caro.

Total and sudden transformations of a language seldom happen; conquests and migrations are now
very rare: but there are other causes of change, which, though slow in their operation, and invisible in
their progress, are perhaps as much superiour to human resistance, as the revolutions of the sky, or in­
tumescence of the tide. Commerce, however necessary, however lucrative, as it depraves the manners,
corrupts the language; they that have frequent intercourse with strangers, to whom they endeavour to
accommodate themselves, must in time learn a mingled dialect, like the jargon which serves the traf­
fickers on the Mediterranean and Indian coasts. This will not always be confined to the exchange,
the warehouse, or the port, but will be communicated by degrees to other ranks of the people, and be
at last incorporated with the current speech.

There are likewise internal causes equally forcible. The language most likely to continue
long without alteration, would be that of a nation raised a little, and but a little, above barbarity,
secluded from strangers, and totally employed in procuring the conveniencies of life; either without
books, or, like some of the Mahometan countries, with very few: men thus busied and unlearned, having
only such words as common use requires, would perhaps long continue to express the same notions by the
same signs. But no such constancy can be expected in a people polished by arts, and classed by subor­
dination, where one part of the community is sustained and accommodated by the labour of the other.
Those who have much leisure to think, will always be enlarging the stock of ideas, and every in­
crease of knowledge, whether real or fancied, will produce new words, or combinations of words.
When the mind is unchained from necessity, it will range after convenience; when it is left at large
in the fields of speculation, it will shift opinions; as any custom is disused, the words that expressed
it must perish with it; as any opinion grows popular, it will innovate speech in the same proportion as it
alters practice.

As by the cultivation of various sciences, a language is amplified, it will be more furnished with
words deflected from their original sense; the geometrician will talk of a courtier's zenith, or the ex­
centrick virtue of a wild hero, and the physician of sanguine expectations and phlegmatick delays.
Copiousness of speech will give opportunities to capricious choice, by which some words will be
preferred, and others degraded; vicissitudes of fashion will enforce the use of new, or extend the sig­
nification of known terms. The tropes of poetry will make hourly encroachments, and the metapho­
rical will become the current sense: pronunciation will be varied by levity or ignorance, and the pen
must at length comply with the tongue; illiterate writers will at one time or other, by publick infatua­
tion, rise into renown, who, not knowing the original import of words, will use them with colloquial
licentiousness, confound distinction, and forget propriety. As politeness increases, some expressions will
be considered as too gross and vulgar for the delicate, others as too formal and ceremonious for the
gay and airy; new phrases are therefore adopted, which must, for the same reasons, be in time dis­
missed. Swift, in his petty treatise on the English language, allows that new words must sometimes
be introduced, but proposes that none should be suffered to become obsolete. But what makes a word
obsolete, more than general agreement to forbear it? and how shall it be continued, when it conveys an
offensive idea, or recalled again into the mouths of mankind, when it has once by disuse become unfa­
miliar, and by unfamiliarity unpleasing.




There is another cause of alteration more prevalent than any other, which yet in the present state
of the world cannot be obviated. A mixture of two languages will produce a third distinct
from both, and they will always be mixed, where the chief part of education, and the most conspi­
cuous accomplishment, is skill in ancient or in foreign tongues. He that has long cultivated another
language, will find its words and combinations croud upon his memory; and haste and negligence, re­
finement and affectation, will obtrude borrowed terms and exotick expressions.

The great pest of speech is frequency of translation. No book was ever turned from one lan­
guage into another, without imparting something of its native idiom; this is the most mischievous and
comprehensive innovation; single words may enter by thousands, and the fabrick of the tongue continue
the same, but new phraseology changes much at once; it alters not the single stones of the building,
but the order of the columns. If an academy should be established for the cultivation of our stile,
which I, who can never wish to see dependance multiplied, hope the spirit of English liberty will
hinder or destroy, let them, instead of compiling grammars and dictionaries, endeavour, with all
their influence, to stop the licence of translatours, whose idleness and ignorance, if it be suffered
to proceed, will reduce us to babble a dialect of France.

If the changes that we fear be thus irresistible, what remains but to acquiesce with silence, as in the
other insurmountable distresses of humanity? it remains that we retard what we cannot repel,
that we palliate what we cannot cure. Life may be lengthened by care, though death cannot be
ultimately defeated: tongues, like governments, have a natural tendency to degeneration; we have long
preserved our constitution, let us make some struggles for our language.

In hope of giving longevity to that which its own nature forbids to be immortal, I have devoted
this book, the labour of years, to the honour of my country, that we may no longer yield the palm of
philology to the nations of the continent. The chief glory of every people arises from its authors:
whether I shall add any thing by my own writings to the reputation of English literature, must be left
to time: much of my life has been lost under the pressures of disease; much has been trifled away;
and much has always been spent in provision for the day that was passing over me; but I shall not think
my employment useless or ignoble, if by my assistance foreign nations, and distant ages, gain access
to the propagators of knowledge, and understand the teachers of truth; if my labours afford light
to the repositories of science, and add celebrity to Bacon, to Hooker, to Milton, and to Boyle.

When I am animated by this wish, I look with pleasure on my book, however defective, and
deliver it to the world with the spirit of a man that has endeavoured well. That it will immediately become
popular I have not promised to myself: a few wild blunders, and risible absurdities, from which no work
of such multiplicity was ever free, may for a time furnish folly with laughter, and harden ignorance in
contempt; but useful diligence will at last prevail, and there never can be wanting some who distinguish
desert; who will consider that no dictionary of a living tongue ever can be perfect, since while it is
hastening to publication, some words are budding, and some falling away; that a whole life cannot be
spent upon syntax and etymology, and that even a whole life would not be sufficient; that he, whose
design includes whatever language can express, must often speak of what he does not understand; that
a writer will sometimes be hurried by eagerness to the end, and sometimes faint with weariness under a
task, which Scaliger compares to the labours of the anvil and the mine; that what is obvious is not al­
ways known, and what is known is not always present; that sudden fits of inadvertency will surprize
vigilance, slight avocations will seduce attention, and casual eclipses of the mind will darken learning;
and that the writer shall often in vain trace his memory at the moment of need, for that which yester­
day he knew with intuitive readiness, and which will come uncalled into his thoughts to-morrow.

In this work, when it shall be found that much is omitted, let it not be forgotten that much like­
wise is performed; and though no book was ever spared out of tenderness to the authour, and the
world is little solicitous to know whence proceeded the faults of that which it condemns; yet it may
gratify curiosity to inform it, that the English Dictionary was written with little assistance of the learned,
and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of
academick bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow: and it may
repress the triumph of malignant criticism to observe, that if our language is not here fully displayed, I
have only failed in an attempt which no human powers have hitherto completed. If the lexicons of
ancient tongues, now immutably fixed, and comprised in a few volumes, be yet, after the toil of suc­
cessive ages, inadequate and delusive; if the aggregated knowledge, and co-operating diligence of the Italian
academicians, did not secure them from the censure of Beni; if the embodied criticks of France, when
fifty years had been spent upon their work, were obliged to change its occonomy, and give their second
edition another form, I may surely be contented without the praise of perfection, which, if I could
obtain, in this gloom of solitude, what would it avail me? I have protracted my work till most of those
whom I wished to please, have sunk into the grave, and success and miscarriage are empty founds: I
therefore dismiss it with frigid tranquillity, having little to fear or hope from censure or from praise.






THE
HISTORY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

THOUGH the Britains or Welsh were the first
possessors of this island, whose names are re­
corded, and are therefore in civil history al­
ways considered as the predecessors of the present inha­
bitants; yet the deduction of the English language,
from the earliest times of which we have any know­
ledge to its present state, requires no mention of them:
for we have so few words, which can, with any proba­
bility, be refered to British roots, that we justly regard
the Saxons and Welsh, as nations totally distinct. It has
been conjectured, that when the Saxons seized this
country, they suffered the Britains to live among them
in a state of vassalage, employed in the culture of the
ground, and other laborious and ignoble services. But
it is scarcely possible, that a nation, however depressed,
should have been mixed in considerable numbers with
the Saxons without some communication of their tongue,
and therefore it may, with great reason, be imagined,
that those, who were not sheltered in the mountains,
perished by the sword.

The whole fabrick and scheme of the English lan­
guage is Gothick or Teutonick: it is a dialect of that
tongue, which prevails over all the northern countries
of Europe, except those where the Sclavonian is spoken.
Of these languages Dr. Hickes has thus exhibited the
genealogy.



GOTHICK,


ANGLO-SAXON,
FRANCICK,
CIMBRICK,


Dutch,
German.
Islandick,


Frisick,

Norwegian,


English.

Swedish.




Danish.



Of the Gothick, the only monument remaining is a
copy of the gospels somewhat mutilated, which, from
the silver with which the characters are adorned, is
called the silver book. It is now preserved at Upsal, and
has been twice published. Whether the diction of this
venerable manuscript be purely Gothick, has been
doubted; it seems however to exhibit the most ancient
dialect now to be found of the Teutonick race, and the
Saxon, which is the original of the present English, was
either derived from it, or both descended from some
common parent.

What was the form of the Saxon language, when,
about the year 450, they first entred Britain, cannot
now be known. They seem to have been a people
without learning, and very probably without an alpha­
bet; their speech therefore, having been always cursory
and extemporaneous, must have been artless and uncon­
nected, without any modes of transition or involution of
clauses; which abruptness and inconnection may be ob­
served even in their later writings. This barbarity may
be supposed to have continued during their wars with
the Britains, which for a time left them no leisure for
softer studies; nor is there any reason for supposing it
abated, till the year 570, when Augustine came from
Rome to convert them to Christianity. The Christian
religion always implies or produces a certain degree of
civility and learning; they then became by degrees ac­
quainted with the Roman language, and so gained, from
time to time, some knowledge and elegance, till in three
centuries they had formed a language capable of ex­
pressing all the sentiments of a civilised people, as
appears by king Alfred's paraphrase or imitation of
Boethius, and his short preface, which I have selected
as the first specimen of ancient English.

CAP. I.

ON ðære tide ðe Gotan of Siððiu mægðe wið
Romana rice ge&wyn;in upahofon. & mið heora
cyningum. Rædgota and Eallerica &wyn;æron hatne.
Romane burig abræcon. and eall Italia rice ðæt is
bet&wyn;ux ðam muntum & Sicilia ðam ealonde in an&wyn;ald
gerehton. & ða ægter ðam foresprecenan cyningum
Theodric feng to ðam ilcan rice se Theodric &wyn;æf
Amulinga. he &wyn;æs Cristen. ðeah he on ðam Ar­
rianiscan ged&wyn;olan ðurh&wyn;unode. The gehet Romanum
his freondscipe. s&wyn;a ðæt hi mostan heora ealdrihta
&wyn;yrðe beon. Ac he ða gehat s&wyn;iðe yfele gelæste.
& s&wyn;iðe &wyn;raðe geendode mid manegum mane. ðæt &wyn;æs
to eacan oðrum unarimedum yflum. ðæt he Iohannes
ðone papan het ofslean. Tha &wyn;æs sum consul. ðæt &wyn;e
heretoha hatað. Boetius &wyn;æs haten. se &wyn;æs in boc­
cræftum & on &wyn;oruld ðea&wyn;um se riht&wyn;isesta. Se ða
ongeat ða manigfealdan yfel ðe se cyning Theodric
&wyn;ið ðam Cristenandome & &wyn;ið ðam Romaniscum
&wyn;itum dyde. he ða gemunde ðara eðnessa & ðara
ealdrihta ðe hi under ðam Caserum hæfdon heora
ealdhlafordum. Tha ongan he smeagan & leornigan on
him selfum hu he ðæt rice ðam unriht&wyn;isan cyninge
aferran mihte. & on ryht geleaffulra and on riht­
&wyn;isra an&wyn;ald gebringan. Sende ða digellice ærend­
ge&wyn;ritu to ðam Casere to Constantinopolim. ðær
is Creca heah burg & heora cynestol. for ðam se
Casere &wyn;æs heora ealdhlaford cynnes. bædon hine
ðæt he him to heora Cristendome & to heora
ealdrihtum gefultumede. Tha ðæt ongeat se &wyn;æih­
reo&wyn;a cyning Theodric. ða het he hine gebringan on
carcerne & ðær inne belucan. Tha hit ða gelomp ðæt se
ar&wyn;yrða &wyn;æs on s&wyn;a micelre nearanesse becom. ða
&wyn;æs he s&wyn;a micie s&wyn;iðor on his Mode gedrefed. s&wyn;a
his Mod ær s&wyn;iðor to ðam &wyn;oruld sælðum unge&wyn;od
&wyn;æs. & he ða nanre frofre be innan ðam carcerne
ne gemunde. ac he gefeoil ni&wyn;ol of dune on ða flor.
& hine astrehte s&wyn;iðe unrot. and ormod hine selfne
ongan &wyn;epan & ðus singende c&wyn;æð.




CAP. II.
ÐA hoð ðe ic wrecca geo lustbærlice song ic
sceal nu heofiende singan. & mid swi ungeradum
wordum gesettan ðeah ic geo hwilum gecoplice
funde. ac ic nu wepende & gisciende of geradra
worda misfo. me ablendan ðas ungetreowan woruld
sælða & me ða forletan swa blindne on ðis dimme
hol. Tha bereafodon ælcere lustbærnesse ða ða ic
him æfre betst truwode, ða wendon hi me heora
bæc to and me mid ealle fromgewitan. To whon
sceoldan la mine friend seggan ðæt ic gesælig mon
wære. hu mæg se beon gesælig se ðe on ðam ge­
sælðum ðurhwuman ne mot჻

CAP. III.
ÐA ic ða ðis leoð. c&wyn;æð Boetius. geomriende
asungen hæfde. ða com ðær gan in to me heofen­
cund Hisdom. & ðæt min murnende Mod mid his &wyn;or­
dum gegrette. & ðus c&wyn;æð. Thu ne eart ðu se mon
ðe on minre scole &wyn;ære afed & gelæred. Ac h&wyn;onon
&wyn;urde ðu mid ðissum &wyn;oruld sorgum ðus s&wyn;iðe ges­
&wyn;enced. buton ic &wyn;at ðæt ðu hæfst ðara &wyn;æpna to
hraðe forgiten ðe ic ðe ær sealde. Tha clipode se
Hisdom & c&wyn;æð. Ge&wyn;itað nu a&wyn;irgede &wyn;oruld sorga
of mines ðegenes Mode. forðam ge sind ða mæstan
sceaðan. Lætað hine eft h&wyn;eorfan to minum larum.
Tha eode se Hisdom near. c&wyn;æð Boetius. minum
hreo&wyn;siendan geðohte. & hit s&wyn;a mo&wyn;olil h&wyn;æt
h&wyn;ega uparærde. adrigde ða minenes Modes eagan.
and hit fran bliðum &wyn;ordum. h&wyn;æðer hit oncneo&wyn;e
his fostermodor. mid ðam ðe ða ðæt Mod &wyn;ið be­
&wyn;ende. ða gecneo&wyn; hit s&wyn;iðe s&wyn;eotele his agne
modor. ðæt &wyn;æs se Hisdom ðe hit lange ær tyde &
lærde. ac hit ongeat his lare s&wyn;iðe totorenne &
s&wyn;iðe tobrocenne mid dysigra hondum. & hine ða
fran hu ðæt ge&wyn;urde. Tha ands&wyn;yrde se Hisdom him &
sæde. ðæt his gingran hæfdon hine s&wyn;a totorenne.
ðær ðær hi teohhodon ðæt hi hine eallne habban seeol­
don. ac hi gegaderiað monifeald dysig on ðære
fortru&wyn;unga. & on ðam gilpe butan heora h&wyn;elc
eft to hyre bote gecirre჻

This may perhaps be considered as a specimen of the
Saxon in its highest state of purity, for here are scarcely
any words borrowed from the Roman dialects.

Of the following version of the gospels the age is not
certainly known, but it was probably written between
the time of Alfred and that of the Norman conquest,
and therefore may properly be inserted here.
Translations seldom afford just specimens of a lan­
guage, and least of all those in which a scrupulous and
verbal interpretation is endeavoured, because they retain
the phraseology and structure of the original tongue;
yet they have often this convenience, that the same
book, being translated in different ages, affords oppor­
tunity of marking the gradations of change, and bring­
ing one age into comparison with another. For this
purpose I have placed the Saxon version and that of
Wickliffe, written about the year 1380, in opposite co­
lumns; because the convenience of easy collation seems
greater than that of regular chronology.


LUCÆ CAP. I.
FORÐAM ðe &wyn;itodlice manega ðohton ðara
ðinga race ge endebyrdan ðe on us gefyllede
synt.
2 S&wyn;a us betæhtun ða ðe hit of frymðe gesa&wyn;on.
and ðære spræce ðenas &wyn;æron.
3 Me geðuhte [of-fyligde from fruma] georn­
lice eallum. [mið] endebyrdnesse &wyn;ritan ðe. ðu ðe
selusta Theophilus.
4 Thæt ðu oncna&wyn;e ðara &wyn;orda soðfæstnesse. of
ðam ðe ðu gelæred eart჻
5 On Therodes dagum Iudea cynincges. &wyn;æs sum
sacerd on naman Zacharias. of Abian tune. & his
&wyn;if &wyn;æs of Aarones dohtrum. and hyre nama &wyn;æs
Elizabeð჻
6 Soðlice hig &wyn;æron butu riht&wyn;ise beforan
Gode. gangende on eallum his bebodum & riht&wyn;is­
nessum butan &wyn;rohte჻
7 And hig næfdon nan bearn. forðam ðe Eliza­
beð &wyn;æs unberende. & hy on hyra dagum butu
forð-eodun჻
8 Soðlice &wyn;æs ge&wyn;orden ða Zacharias hys sacerd­
hades breac on his ge&wyn;rixles endebyrdnesse befo­
ran Gode.
9 Æfter ge&wyn;unan ðæs sacerdhades hlotes. he
eode ðæt he his offrunge sette. ða he on Godes
tempel eode.
10 Eall &wyn;erod ðæs folces &wyn;æs ute gebiddende on
ðære offrunge timan჻
11 Tha æty&wyn;de him Drihtnes engel standende on
ðæs &wyn;eofodes s&wyn;iðran healfe.
12 Tha &wyn;eard Zacharias gedrefed ðæt geseonde. &
him ege onhreas჻
13 Tha c&wyn;æð se engel him to. Ne ondræd ðu ðe
Zacharias. forðam ðin ben is gehyred. & ðin &wyn;if
Elizabeð ðe sunu cenð. and ðu nemst hys naman
Iohannes.
14 & he byð ðe to gefean & to blisse. & manega
on hys acennednesse gefagniað჻
15 Soðlice he byð mære beforan Drihtne. and
he ne drincð &wyn;in ne beor. & he bið gefylled on hali­
gum Gaste. ðonne gyt of his modor innoðe.
16 And manega Israhela bearna he gecyrð to
Drihtne hyra Gode.
17 And he gæð toforan him on gaste & Elias
mihte. ðæt he fædera heortan to hyra bearnum ge­
cyrre. & ungeleaffulle to riht&wyn;isra glea&wyn;rcype.
Drihtne fulfremed folc gegear&wyn;ian჻




18 Tha c&wyn;æð Zacharias to ðam engele. Th&wyn;anun &wyn;at
ic ðis. ic eom nu eald. and min &wyn;if on hyre dagum
forðeode჻
19 Tha ands&wyn;arode him se engel. Ic eom Gabriel.
ic ðe stande beforan Gode. and ic eom asend &wyn;ið
ðe sprecan. & ðe ðis bodian.
20 And nu ðu bist su&wyn;igende. & ðu sprecan ne
miht oð ðone dæg ðe ðas ðing ge&wyn;urðað. forðam
ðu minum &wyn;ordum ne gelyfdest. ða beoð on hyra
timan gefyllede჻
21 And ðæt folc &wyn;æs Zachariam ge-anbidigende. and
&wyn;undrodon ðæt he on ðam temple læt &wyn;æs჻
22 Tha he ut-eode ne mihte he him to sprecan.
& hig oncneo&wyn;on ðæt he on ðam temple sume gesihtðe
geseah. & he &wyn;æs bicniende hym. & dumb ðurh­
&wyn;unede჻
23 Tha &wyn;æs ge&wyn;orden ða his ðenunga dagas gefyl­
lede &wyn;æron. he ferde to his huse:
24 Soðlice æfter dagum Elizabeð his &wyn;if ge­
eacnode. and heo bediglude hig fif monðas. & c&wyn;æð.
25 Soðlice me Drihten gedyde ðus. on ðam
dagum ðe he geseah minne hosp bet&wyn;ux mannum
afyrran:
26 Soðlice on ðam syxtan monðe &wyn;æs asend Ga­
briel se engel fram Drihtne on Galilea ceastre.
ðere nama &wyn;æs Nazareð.
27 To be&wyn;eddudre fæmnan anum &wyn;ere. ðæs
nama ðæs Iosep. of Dauides huse. & ðære fæmnan
nama &wyn;æs Maria჻
28 Tha c&wyn;æð se engel ingangende. Thal &wyn;es ðu mid
gyfe gefylled. Drihten mid ðe. ðu eart gebletsud
on &wyn;ifum჻
29 Ha &wyn;earð heo on his spræce gedrefed. and
ðohte h&wyn;æt seo greting &wyn;ære჻
30 Tha c&wyn;æð se engel. Ne ondræd ðu ðe Maria.
soðlice ðu gyfe mid Gode gemettest.
31 Soðlice nu. ðu on innode ge-eacnast. and sunu
censt. and his naman Thælend genemnest.
32 Se bið mære. & ðæs hehstan sunu genemned.
and him sylð Drihten God his fæder Dauides setl.
33 And he ricsað on ecnesse on Iacobes huse. &
his rices ende ne bið჻
34 Tha c&wyn;æð Maria to ðam engle. hu ge&wyn;yrð ðis.
forðam ic &wyn;ere ne oncna&wyn;e჻
35 Tha ands&wyn;arode hyre se engel. Se halga Gast
on ðe becymð. & ðæs heahstan miht ðe ofer­
sceadað. and forðam ðæt halige ðe of ðe acenned bið.
bið Godes sunu genemned.
36 And nu. Elizabeð ðin mage sunu on hyre ylde
geacnode. and ðes monað is hyre syxta. seo is un­
berende genemned.
37 Forðam nis ælc &wyn;ord mid Gode unmihtelic჻
38 Tha c&wyn;æð Maria. Ther is Drihtnes ðinen. ge­
&wyn;urðe me æfter ðinum &wyn;orde჻ And se engel hyre
fram-ge&wyn;at჻
39 Soðlice on ðam dagum aras Maria & ferde on
muntland mid ofste. on Iudeiscre ceastre.
40 & eode into Zacharias huse. & grette Eliza­
beð჻
41 Tha &wyn;æs ge&wyn;orden ða Elizabeð gehyrde Ma­
rian gretinge. ða gefagnude ðæt cild on hyre innoðe.
and ða &wyn;earð Elizabeð haligum Gaste gefylled.
42 & heo clypode mycelre stefne. and c&wyn;æð. Thu
eart bet&wyn;ux &wyn;ifum gebletsud. and gebletsud is
ðines innoðes &wyn;æstm.
43 & h&wyn;anun is me ðis. ðæt mines Drihtnes modor
to me cume჻
44 Sona s&wyn;a ðinre gretinge stefn on minum
earum ge&wyn;orden &wyn;æs. ða fahnude [in glædnise] min
cild on minum innoðe.
45 And eadig ðu eart ðu ðe gelyfdest. ðæt fulf­
remede synt ða ðing ðe ðe fram Drihtne gesæde
synd჻
46 Tha c&wyn;æð Maria. Min sa&wyn;el mærsað Drihten.




47 & min gast geblissude on Gode minum Thæ­
lende.
48 Forðam ðe he geseah his ðinene ead-modnesse.
soðlice heonun-forð me eadige secgað ealle cneo­
ressa.
49 Forðam ðe me mycele ðing dyde se ðe mihtig
is. & his nama is halig.
50 & his mild-heortnes of cneoresse on cneo­
resse hine ondrædendum:
51 The &wyn;orhte mægne on his earme. he to-dælde
ða ofer-modan on mode hyra heortan.
52 The a&wyn;earp ða rican of setle. and ða eað-modan
upahof.
53 Thingrigende he mid godum gefylde. & ofer­
mode idele forlet.
54 The afeng Israhel his cniht. & gemunde his
mild-heortnesse.
55 S&wyn;a he spræc to urum fæderum. Abrahame
and his sæde on á &wyn;eoruld჻
56 Soðlice Maria &wyn;unude mid hyre s&wyn;ylce ðry
monðas. & ge&wyn;ende ða to hyre huse჻
57 Tha &wyn;æs gefylled Elizabeðe cenning-tid. and
heo sunu cende.
58 & hyre nehcheburas & hyre cuðan ðæt gehyrdon.
ðæt Drihten his mild-heortnesse mid hyre mærsude
& hig mid hyre blissodon჻
59 Tha on ðam ehteoðan dæge hig comon ðæt cild
ymbsniðan. and nemdon hine his fæder naman Za­
chariam჻
60 Tha ands&wyn;arode his modor. Ne se soðes. ac he
bið Iohannes genemned჻
61 Tha c&wyn;ædon hi to hyre. Nis nan on ðinre mægðe
ðyssum naman genemned჻
62 Tha bicnodon hi to his fæder. h&wyn;æt he &wyn;olde
hyne genemnedne beon჻
63 Ha &wyn;rat he gebedenum &wyn;ex-brede. Iohannes
is his nama. ða &wyn;undrodon hig ealle჻
64 Tha &wyn;earð sona his muð & his tunge ge-openod.
& he spræc. Drihten bletsigende჻
65 Tha &wyn;earð ege ge&wyn;orden ofer ealle hyra neh­
cheburas. and ofer ealle Iudea munt-land &wyn;æron
ðas &wyn;ord ge&wyn;idmærsode.
66 & ealle ða ðe hit gehyrdon. on hyra heortan
settun & c&wyn;ædon. Henst ðu h&wyn;æt byð ðes cnapa.
&wyn;itodlice Drihtnes hand &wyn;æs mid him჻
67 And Zacharias his fæder &wyn;æs mid halegum
Gaste gefylled. & he &wyn;itegode and c&wyn;æð.
68 Gebletsud sy Drihten Israhela God. for­
ðam ðe he geneosude. & his folces alysednesse
dyde.
69 And he us hæle horn arærde on Dauides huse
his cnihtes.
70 S&wyn;a he spræc ðurh his halegra &wyn;itegena muð.
ða ðe of &wyn;orldes frym ðe spræcon.
71 & he alysde us of urum feondum. and of ealra
ðara handa ðe us hatedon.
72 Mild-heortnesse to &wyn;yrcenne mid urum fæde­
rum. & gemunan his halegan cyðnesse.
73 Thyne uy to syllenne ðone að ðe he urum fæ­
der Abrahame s&wyn;or.
74 Thæt &wyn;e butan ege. of ure feonda handa aly­
sede. him ðeo&wyn;ian
75 On halignesse beforan him eallum urum
dagum჻
76 And ðu cnapa bist ðæs hehstan pitega genem­
ned. ðu gæst beforan Drihtnes ansyne. his &wyn;egas
gear&wyn;ian.
77 To syllene his folce hæle ge&wyn;it on hyra synna
forgyfnesse.
78 Thurh mnoðas ures Godes mild-heortnesse.
on ðam he us geneosude of eastdæle up-springende.
79 Onlyhtan ðam ðe on ðystrum & on deaðes
sceade sittað. ure fet to gereccenne on sibbe &wyn;eg჻
80 Soðlice se cnapa &wyn;eox. & &wyn;æs on gaste gest­
rangod. & &wyn;æs on &wyn;estenum oð ðone dæg hys æty­
&wyn;ednessum on Israhel჻


LUK, CHAP. I.
IN the dayes of Eroude kyng of Judee ther was a
prest Zacarye by name: of the sort of Abia, and his
wyf was of the doughtris of Aaron: and hir name
was Elizabeth.
2 An bothe weren juste bifore God: goynge in alle
the maundementis and justifyingis of the Lord with­
outen playnt.
3 And thei hadden no child, for Elizabeth was
bareyn and bothe weren of greet age in her dayes.
4 And it bifel that whanne Zacarye schould do the
office of presthod in the ordir of his course to fore
God.
5 Aftir the custom of the presthod, he wente forth
by lot and entride into the temple to encensen.
6 And at the multitude of the puple was without
forth and preyede in the our of encensying.
7 And an aungel of the Lord apperide to him: and
stood on the right half of the auter of encense.
8 And Zacarye seynge was afrayed: and drede fel
upon him.
9 And the aungel sayde to him, Zacarye drede thou
not: for thy preier is herd, and Elizabeth thi wif schal
bere to thee a sone: and his name schal be clepid Jon.
10 And joye and gladyng schal be to thee: and
manye schulen have joye in his natyvyte.
11 For he schal be great bifore the Lord: and he
schal not drinke wyn ne sydyr, and he schal be fulfild
with the holy gost yit of his modir wombe.
12 And he schal converte manye of the children of
Israel to her Lord God.
13 And he schal go bifore in the spiryte and vertu of
Helye: and he schal turne the hertis of the fadris to the
sonis, and men out of beleeve: to the prudence of just
men, to make redy a perfyt puple to the Lord.
14 And Zacarye seyde to the aungel: wherof schal
Y wyte this? for Y am old: and my wyf hath gon fer
in hir dayes.
15 And the aungel answerde and seyde to him, for
Y am Gabriel that stonde nygh bifore God, and Y am
sent to thee to speke and to evangelise to thee these
thingis, and lo thou schalt be doumbe.
16 And thou schalt not mowe speke, til into the
day in which these thingis schulen be don. for thou
hast not beleved to my wordis, whiche schulen be fulfild
in her tyme.
17 And the puple was abidynge Zacarye: and thei
wondriden that he taryede in the temple.
18 And he gede out and myghte not speke to hem:
and thei knewen that he hadde seyn a visioun in the
temple, and he bekenide to hem: and he dwellide stille
doumbe.
19 And it was don whanne the dayes of his office
weren fulfillid: he wente into his hous.
20 And aftir these dayes Elizabeth his wif conseyvede
and hidde hir fyve monethis and seyde.
21 For so the Lord dide to me in the dayes in whiche
he biheld to take awey my reprof among men.
22 But in the sixte monethe the aungel Gabriel was
sent from God: into a cytee of Galilee whos name was
Nazareth.
23 To a maydun weddid to a man: whos name was
Joseph of the hous of Dauith, and the name of the
maydun was Marye.
24 And the aungel entride to hir, and sayde, heil
ful of grace the Lord be with thee: blessid be thou
among wymmen.
25 And whanne sche hadde herd: sche was troublid
in his word, and thoughte what manner salutacioun
this was.
26 And the aungel seid to hir, ne drede not thou
Marye: for thou hast founden grace anentis God.
27 Lo thou schalt conseyve in wombe, and schalt
bere a sone: and thou schalt clepe his name Jhesus.
28 This shall be gret: and he schal be clepid the
sone of higheste, and the Lord God schal geve to him
the seete of Dauith his fadir.
29 And he schal regne in the hous of Jacob withouten
ende, and of his rewme schal be noon ende.
30 And Marye seyde to the aungel, on what maner
schal this thing be don? for Y knowe not man.
31 And the aungel answerde and seyde to hir, the
holy Gost schal come fro above into thee: and the vertu
of the higheste schal ouer schadowe thee: and therfore
that holy thing that schal be borun of thee: schal be
clepide the sone of God.
32 And to Elizabeth thi cosyn, and sche also hath
conseyved a sone in hir eelde, and this monethe is the
sixte to hir that is clepid bareyn.
33 For every word schal not be impossyble anentis
God.
34 And Marye seide to the hond maydun of the
Lord: be it doon to me aftir thi word; and the aungel
departide fro hir.
35 And Marye roos up in tho dayes and wente with
haste into the mountaynes into a citee of Judee.
36 And sche entride into the hous of Zacarye and
grette Elizabeth.
37 And it was don as Elizabeth herde the salutacioun
of Marye the young childe in hir wombe gladide, and
Elizabeth was fulfild with the holy Gost.
38 And cryede with a gret voice and seyde, blessid
be thou among wymmen and blessid be the fruyt of thy
wombe.
39 And wherof is this thing to me, that the modir
of my Lord come to me?
40 For lo as the vois of thi salutacioun was maad in
myn eeris: the yong child gladide in joye in my
wombe.
41 And blessid be thou that hast beleeved: for thilke
thingis that ben seid of the Lord to thee schulen be
parfytly don.
42 And Marye seyde, my soul magnifieth the
Lord.
43 And my spiryt hath gladid in God myn helthe.
44 For he hath behulden the mekenesse of his hand­
mayden: for lo for this alle generatiouns schulen seye
that I am blessid.
45 For he that is mighti hath don to me grete thingis,
and his name is holy.
46 And his mersy is fro kyndrede into kyndredis to
men that dreden him.
47 He made myght in his arm, he scateride proude
men with the thoughte of his herte.
48 He sette doun myghty men fro seete and enhaun­
side meke men.
49 He hath fulfillid hungry men with goodis, and
he has left riche men voide.
50 He havynge mynde of his mercy took up Israel
his child,
51 As he hath spokun to oure sadris, to Abraham,
and to his seed into worldis.
52 And Marye dwellide with hir as it were thre
monethis and turned agen into his hous.
53 But the tyme of beringe child was fulfillid to
Elizabeth, and sche bar a son.
54 And the neyghbouris and cosyns of hir herden
that the Lord hadde magnyfied his mercy with hir, and
thei thankiden him.
55 And it was doon in the eightithe day thei camen to
circumside the child, and thei clepiden him Zacarye by
the name of his fadir.
56 And his modir answeride and seide, nay; but he
schal be clepid Jon.
57 And thei seiden to hir, for no man is in thi kyn­
rede that is clepid this name.
58 And thei bikenyden to his fadir, what he wolde
that he were clepid.
59 And he axinge a poyntel wroot seiynge, Jon is
his name, and alle men wondriden.
60 And annoon his mouth was openyd and his tunge,
and he spak and blesside God.
61 And drede was maad on all hir neighbouris, and
all the wordis weren puplischid on alle the mounteynes
of Judee.
62 And alle men that herden puttiden in her herte,
and seiden what manner child scal this be, for the hond
of the Lord was with him.
63 And Zacarye his fadir was fulfillid with the holy
Gost, and profeciede and seide.
64 Blessid be the Lord God of Israel, for he has
visitid and maad redempcioun of his puple.
65 And he has rered to us an horn of helthe in the
hous of Dauith his child.
66 As he spak by the mouth of hise holy prophetis
that weren fro the world.
67 Helth fro oure enemyes, and fro the hond of alle
men that hatiden us.
68 To do mersy with oure fadris, and to have mynde
of his holy testament.
69 The grete ooth that he swoor to Abraham our
fadir,
70 To geve himself to us, that we without drede
delyvered fro the hond of oure enemyes serve to
him,
71 In holynesse and rightwisnesse before him, in all
our dayes.
72 And thou child schalt be clepid the profete of the
higheste, for thou schalt go before the face of the Lord
to make redy hise weyes.
73 To geve science of heelth to his puple into re­
missioun of her synnes.
74 By the inwardeness of the mersy of oure God,
in the which he springyng up fro on high hath visited
us.
75 To geve light to them that sitten in derknessis,
and in schadowe of deeth, to dresse oure feet into the
weye of pees;
76 And the child wexide, and was confortid in spiryt,
and was in desert placis till to the day of his schewing
to Ysrael.




Of the Saxon poetry some specimen is necessary,
though our ignorance of the laws of their metre and
the quantities of their syllables, which it would be
very difficult, perhaps impossible, to recover, excludes
us from that pleasure which the old bards undoubtedly
gave to their contemporaries.

The first poetry of the Saxons was without rhyme,
and consequently must have depended upon the quan­
tity of their syllables; but they began in time to imi­
tate their neighbours, and close their verses with cor­
respondent sounds.

The two passages, which I have selected, contain
apparently the rudiments of our present lyrick measures,
and the writers may be justly considered as the genuine
ancestors of the English poets.



Ðe mai him sore adreden,
Ðæt he ðanne ore bidde ne mugen,
Uor ðæt bilimfeð ilome.
Ðe is &wyn;is ðæt bit and bote
And bet biuoren dome.
Deað com on ðis midelard
Ðurð ðæs defles onde,
And senne and sosge and is&wyn;inc,
On se and on londe.


Ic am elder ðanne ic &wyn;es,
A &wyn;intre & ec a lore.
Ic ealdi more ðanne ic dede,
Mi &wyn;it oghte to bi more.
Se ðæt hine selue uorget,
Uor &wyn;iue oðer uor childe.
Ðe sal comen on euele stede,
Bute god him bi milde.
Ne hopie &wyn;if to hire &wyn;ere,
Ne &wyn;ere to his &wyn;iue.
Bi for him selue eurich man,
Ðær &wyn;ile he bieð alíue.
Eurich man mid ðæt he haueð,
Mai beggen heueriche.
Se ðe lesse & se ðe more,
Ðere aider iliche.
Ðeuene and erðe he ouersieð,
Ðis eghen bið fulbriht.
Sunne & mone & alle sterren,
Bieð ðiestre on his lihte.
Ðe &wyn;ot h&wyn;et ðencheð and h&wyn;et doð,
Alle quike &wyn;ihte.
Nis no louerd s&wyn;ich is xist,
Ne no king s&wyn;ich is drihte.
Ðeuene & erðe & all ðat is,
Biloken is on his honde.
Ðe deð al ðæt his &wyn;ille is,
On sea and ec on londe.
Ðe is ord albuten orde,
And ende albuten ende.
Ðe one is eure on eche stede,
&wyn;ende &wyn;er ðu &wyn;ende.
Ðe is buuen us and bineðen,
Biuoren and ec bihind.
Se man ðæt godes &wyn;ille deð,
Ðie mai hine aih&wyn;ar uinde.
Eche rune he iherð,
And &wyn;ot eche dede.
Ðe ðurh-sigð eches iðanc,
&wyn;ai h&wyn;at sel us to rede.
Se man neure nele don god,
Ne neure god lif leden.
Er deð & dom come to his dure,
Ðe mai him sore adreden.
Ðunger & ðurst hete & chele,
Ecðe and all unhelðe.
Ðurh deð com on ðis midelard,
And oðer uniselðe.
Ne mai non herte hit iðenche,
Ne no tunge telle.
Ðu muchele pinum and hu uele,
Bieð inne helle.
Louie God mid ure hierte.
And mid all ure mihte.
And ure emeristene s&wyn;o us self,
S&wyn;o us lereð drihte.
Sume ðer habbeð lesse mergðe,
And sume ðer habbeð more.
Ech efter ðan ðæt he dede,
Efter ðæt he s&wyn;anc sore.
Ne sel ðer bi bred ne &wyn;in,
Ne oðer kennes este.
God one sel bi eches lif,
And blisce and eche reste.
Ne sal ðar bi scete ne scrud,
Ne &wyn;orldes &wyn;ele none.
Ac si mergðe ðæt men us bihat,
All sall ben god one.
Ne mai no mergðe bi s&wyn;o muchel,
S&wyn;o is godes isihðe.
Ði is soð sune and briht,
And dai bute nihte.
Ðer is &wyn;ele bute &wyn;ane,
And reste buten is&wyn;inche.
Se ðæt mai and nele ðeder come,
Sore hit sel uorðenche.
Ðer is blisce buten t&wyn;ege,
And lif buten deaðe.
Ðet eure sullen &wyn;unie ðer,
Bliðe hi bieð and eaðe.
Ðer is geugeðe buten elde,
And elde buten unhelðe.
Nis ðer forge ne sor non,
Ne non uniselðe.
Ðer me sel drihten isen,
S&wyn;o ase he is mid i&wyn;isse.
Ðe one mai and sel al bien,
Engles and mannes blisce.
To ðare blisce us bring god,
Ðet rixeð buten ende.
Ðanne he ure saula unbint,
Of lichamlice bend.
Crist geue us lede s&wyn;ich lif,
And habbe s&wyn;ichne ende.
Ðet &wyn;e moten ðider cumen,
Ðanne &wyn;e hennes &wyn;ende.


About the year 1150, the Saxon began to take a
form in which the beginning of the present English may
be plainly discovered; this change seems not to have been
the effect of the Norman conquest, for very few French
words are found to have been introduced in the first hun­
dred years after it; the language must therefore have been
altered by causes like those which, notwithstanding the
care of writers and societies instituted to obviate them,
are even now daily making innovations in every living
language. I have exhibited a specimen of the language
of this age from the year 1135 to 1140 of the Saxon
chronicle, of which the latter part was apparently
written near the time to which it relates.


Ðis gære for the king Stephne ofer sæ to Nor­
mandi. & ther wes under-fangen. forthi thæt hi wenden
thæt he sculde ben alsuic alse the eom wes. & for he hadde
get his tresor. ac he to-deld it & scatered sotlice.
Micel hadde Henri king gadered gold & syluer. and
na god ne dide me for his saule thar of. Tha the king
Stephne to Engla-land com tha macod he his gadering
æt Oxene-ford. & thar he nam the biscop Rogen of
Seres beri. & Alexander biscop of Lincoln. & te
Canceler Roger hise neues. & dide ælle in prisun.
til hi jafen up here castles. Tha the suikes under­
gæton thæt he milde man thas & softe & god. & na jus­
tise ne dide. tha diden hi alle wunder. Thi hadden him
manred maked and athes suoren. ac hi nan treuthe ne
heolden. alle he wæron for-sworen. & here treothes
for-loren. for æuric rice man his castles makede
and agænes him heolden. and fylden the land full of
castles. Thi suencten suithe the wrecce men of the land
mid castel-weorces. tha the castles waren maked. tha
fylden hi mid deoules and yuele men. Tha namen hi
tha men the hi wenden thæt ani god hefden. bathe be nihtes
and be dæies. carl-men & wimmen. and diden heom in
prisun efter gold and syluer. & pined heom un-tel­
lendlice pining. for ne wæren næure nan martyrs
swa pined alse hi wæron. Me henged up bi the fet and
smokedheom mid ful smoke. me henged bi the thumbes.





other bi the hesed. & hengen bryniges on her fet.
Me dide cnotted strenges abuton here hæued. &
uurythen to thæt it gæde to the hærnes. Thi diden heom
in quarterne thar nadres & snakes & pades wæron inne.
& drapen heom swa. Sume hi diden in crucet hus.
thæt is in an ceste thæt was scort & nareu. & un-dep. &
dide scærpe stanes ther inne. & threngde the man thær
inne. thæt hi bræcon alle the limes. In mani of the cas­
tles wæron lof & gri. thæt wæron sachenteges thæt twa
other thre men hadden onoh to bæron onne. thæt was swa
maced thæt is fæstned to an beom. & diden an scærp
iren abuton tha mannes throte & his hals. thæt he ne
mihte nowiderwardes ne sitten. ne lien. ne slepen.
oc bæron al thæt iren. Mani thusen hi drapen mid hun­
gær. J ne canne. & ne mai tellen alle the wundes. ne
alle the pines thæt hi diden wrecce men on his land. & thæt
lastede tha XIX. wintre wile Stephne was king. & æure
it was uuerse and uuerse. Thi læidengæildes on the
tunes æureu wile. & clepeden it tenserie. tha the
wrecce men ne hadden nan more to giuen. tha ræueden
hi and brendon alle the tunes. thæt wel thu mihtes faren
all adæis fare sculdest thu neure finden man in tune
sittende. ne land tiled. Tha was corn dære. & flec.
& cæse & butere. for nan ne wæs o the land. Wrecce
men sturuen of hungær. sume jeden on ælmes the
waren sum wile rice men. sum flugen ut of lande.
Wes næure gæt mare wreccehed on land. ne næure
hethen men werse ne diden than hi diden. for ouer
sithon ne for-baren hi nouther circe. ne cyrce-iærd.
oc nam al the god thæt thar inne was. & brenden sythen the
cyrce & altegædere. Ne hi ne for-baren biscopes
land. ne abbotes. ne preostes. ac ræueden muneces.
& clerekes. & æuric man other the ouer myhte. Gif
twa men other thre coman ridend to an tun. al the
tunscipe flugæn for heom. wenden thæt hi wæron
ræueres. The biscopes & lered men heom cursede
æure. oc was heom naht thar of. for hi wæron all
for-cursæd & for-suoren & forloren. Was sæ me
tilede. the erthe ne bar nan corn. for the land was all
for-don mid suilce dædes. & hi sæden openlice thæt
Crist slep. & his halechen. Suilc & mare thanne we
cunnen sæin. we tholenden XIX. wintre sor ure sinnes.
On al this yuele time heold Martin abbot his abbot­
rice XX. winter. & half gær. & VIII. dæis. mid micel
suinc. & fand the munekes. & te gestes al thæt heom be­
houed. & heold mycel carited in the hus. and thoth we­
there wrohte on the circe & sette thar to landes & wen­
tes. & goded it suythe and læt it refen. and brohte
heom into the newæ mynstre on s. Petres mæsse-dæi
mid micel wurtscipe. thæt was anno ab incarnatione Dom.
MCXL. a combustione loci XXIII. And he for to
Rome & thær wæs wæl under-fangen fram the Pape
Eugenie. & begæt thare priuilegies. an of alle the
landes of thabbot-rice. & an other of the landes the lien
to the circe-wican. & gif he leng moste liuen. alse he
mint to don of the horder-wycan. And he begæt
in landes thæt rice men hefden mid strengthe. of Wil­
lelm Malduit the heold Rogingham thæ castel he wan
Cotingham & Estun. & of Thugo of Waltuile he wan
Thyrtlingb. & Stanewig. & LX. soɫ. of Aldewingle ælc
gær. And he makede manie munekes. & plantede
winiærd. & makede manie weorkes. & wende the tun
betere than it ær wæs. and wæs god munec & god man.
& forthi hi luueden God and gode men. Nu we willen
sægen sum del wat belamp on Stephne kinges time.
On his time the Judeus of Nor-wic bohton an Cristen
cild beforen Estren. and pineden him alle the ilce pi­
ning thæt ure Drihten was pined. and on lang-fridæi
him on rode hengen for ure Drihtnes luue. & sythen
byrieden him. Wenden thæt it sculde ben for-holen. oc
ure Drihtin atywede thæt he was hali martyr. & to mu­
nekes him namen. & bebyried him heglice. in the myn­
stre. & he maket thur ure Drihtin wunderlice and
mani-fældlice miracles. & hatte he s. Willelm჻
On this gær com Dauid king of Scotland mid or­
mete færd to this land wolde winnan this land. & him
com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar the the king
adde beteht Euor-wic. & to other æuez men mid fæu
men & fuhten wid heom. & flemden the king æt te
standard. & slogen suithe micel of his genge჻
On this gær wolde the king Stephne tæcen Rodbert
eorl of Gloucestre. the kinges sune Thenries. ac he ne
mihte for he wart it war. Tha efter hi the lengten
thesterede the sunne & te dæi abuton nontid dæjes.
tha men eten thæt me lihtede candles to æten bi. & thæt was
XIII. kɫ. April. wæron men suide ofwundred. Ther
efter ford-feorde Willelm Ærce-biscop of Cant­
war byrig. & te king makede Teobald Ærce-biscop.
the was abbot in the Bec. Ther efter wæx suithe micel
uuerre betuyx the king & Randolf eorl of Cæstre
noht forthi thæt he ne jaf him al thæt he cuthe axen him.
alse he dide alle othre. oc æfre the mare iaf heom the
wærse hi wæron him. The eorl heold Lincol agænes
the king. & benam him al thæt he ahte to hauen. & te king
for thider & besætte him & his brother Willelm de
R . . . are in the castel. & te eorl stæl ut & ferde
efter Rodbert eorl of Gloucestre. & broht him
thider mid micel ferd. and fuhten swithe on Candel­
masse-dæi agenes heore lauerd. & namen him. for
his men him suyken & flugæn. and læd him to Bris­
towe and diden thar in prisun. & . . . teres. Tha was
all Engle-land styred mar than ær wæs. and all yuel
wæs in lande. Ther efter com the kinges dohter
Thenries the hefde ben Emperic on Alamanie. & nu
wæs cuntesse in Angou. & com to Lundene. & te
Lundenissce folc hire wolde tæcen & scæ fleh. & for­
les thas micel჻ Ther efter the biscop of Win-cestre
Thenri. the kinges brother Stephnes. spac wid Rod­
bert eorl & wid themperice and swor heom athas thæt he
neure ma mid te king his brother wolde halden. &
cursede alle the men the mid him heolden. and sæde
heom thæt he wolde ííuen heom up Win-cestre. & dide
heom cumen thider. Tha hi thær inne wæren tha com the
kinges cuen . . . hire strengthe & besæt heom. thæt ther
wæs inne micel hungær. Tha hi ne leng ne muhten
tholen. tha stali hi ut & flugen. & hi wurthen war wi­
thuten & folecheden heom. and namen Rodbert eorl
of Glou-cestre and ledden him to Roue-cestre. and
diden him thare in prisun. and te emperice fleh into
an mynstre. Tha feorden tha wise men betwyx. the
kinges freond & te eorles freond. and sahtlede sua
thæt me sculde leten ut the king of prisun for the eorl.
& te eorl for the king. & sua diden. Sithen ther ef­
ter sathleden the king & Randolf eorl at Stan-ford &
athes sworen and treuthes fæston thæt her nouther
sculde besuiken other. & it ne for-stod naht. for
the king him sithen nam in Thamtun. thurhe wicci ræd. &
dide him in prisun. & ef sones he let him ut thurhe
wærse red to thæt forewarde thæt he suor on halidom. &
gysles fand. thæt he alle his castles sculde ííuen up.
Sume he íaf up and sume ne iaf he noht. and dide
thanne wærse thanne he hær sculde. Tha was Engle­
land suithe to-deled. sume helden mid te king. &
sume mid themperice. for tha the king was in prisun.
tha wenden the eorles & te rice men thæt he neure mare
sculde cumme ut. & sæhtleden wyd themperice. &
brohten hire into Oxen-ford. and íauen hire the
burch჻ Tha the king was ute. tha herde thæt sægen. and
toc his feond & besæt hire in the tup. & me læt hire
dun on niht of the tup mid rapes. & ftal ut & scæ
fleh & iæde on fote to Waling-ford. Thær efter
scæ ferde ofer sæ. & hi of Normandi wenden alle
fra the king to the eorl of Angæu. sume here thankes
& sume here un-thankes. for he besæt heom til hi
aiauen up here castles & hi nan helpe ne hæfden of
the king. Tha ferde Eustace the kinges sune to
France. & nam the kinges suster of France to wife.
wende to bigæton Normandi thær thurh. oc he spedde
litel. & be gode rihte. for he was an yuel man. for
ware se he . . . . dide mare yuel thanne god. he reuede
the landes & læide mic . . . . . . . s on. he brohte his
wif to Engle-land. & dide hire in the caste . . . . . . teb.
god wimman scæ wæs. oc scæ hedde litel blisse mid
him. & xpist ne wolde thæt he sculde lange rixan. & wærd
ded and his moder beien. & te eorl of Angæu wærd
ded. & his sune Thenri toc to the rice. And te cuen
of France to dælde fra the king. & scæ com to the
iunge eorl Thenri. & he toc hire to wiue. & al Peitou
mid hire. Tha ferde he mid micel færd into Engle­
land. & wan castles. & te king ferde agenes him mi­





cel mare ferth. & thothwæthere futen hi noht. oc fer­
den the Ærce-biscop & te wise men betwux heom. &
makede thæt sahte thæt te king sculde ben lauerd & king
wile he liuede. & æfter his dæi ware Thenri king. & he
helde him for fader & he him for sune. and sib &
sæhte sculde ben betwyx heom & on al Engle-land.
This and te othre foruuardes thet hi makeden suoren
to halden the king & te eorl. and te biscop. & te
eorles. & ricemen alle. Tha was the eorl underfangen
æt Win-cestre and æt Lundene mid micel wurtscipe.
and alle diden him man-red. and suoren the pais to
halden. and hit ward sone suithe god pais sua thæt neure
was here. Tha was the king strengere thanne he æuert
her was. & te eorl ferde ouer sæ. & al folc him
luuede. for he dide god justise & makede pais:

Nearly about this time, the following pieces of poetry
seem to have been written, of which I have inserted
only short fragments; the first is a rude attempt at the
present measure of eight syllables, and the second is a
natural introduction to Robert of Gloucester, being com­
posed in the same measure, which, however rude and
barbarous it may seem, taught the way to the Alexan­
drines of the French poetry.



FUR in see bi west spaynge.
Is a lond ihote cokaygne.
Ðer nis lond under heuenriche.
Of wel of godnis hit iliche.
Ðoy paradis be miri and briyt.
Gokaygn is of fairir siyt.
What is þer in paradis.
Bot grasse and flure and greneris.
Ðoy þer be ioi and gret dute.
Ðer nis met bote frute.
Ðer nis halle bure no bench.
Bot watir man is þursto quench.
Beþ þer no men but two.
Ðely and enok also.
Glinglich may hi go.
Whar þer woniþ men no mo.
In cokaygne is met and drink.
Wiþute care how and swink.
Ðe met is trie þe drink so clere.
To none russin and sopper.
I sigge for soþ boute were.
Ðer nis lond on erþe is pere.
Under heuen nis lond i wisse.
Of so mochil ioi and blisse.
Ðer is mani swete siyte.
Al is dai nis þer no niyte.
Ðer nis baret noþer strif.
Nis þer no deþ ac euer lif.
Ðer nis lac of met no cloþ.
Ðer nis no man no woman wroþ.
Ðer nis serpent wolf no fox.
Ðors no capil. kowe no ox.
Ðer nis schepe no swine no gote.
No non horwyla god it wote.
Noþer harate noþer stode.
Ðe land is ful of oþer gode.
Nis þer flei fle no lowse.
In cloþ in toune bed no house.
Ðer nis dunnir slete no hawle.
No non vile worme no snawile.
No non storm rein no winde.
Ðer nis man no woman blinde.
Ok al is game ioi ant gle.
Wel is him þat þer mai be.
Ðer beþ rivers gret and fine.
Of oile melk honi and wine.
Watir seruiþ þer to noþing.
Bot to siyt and to waussing.


SANCTA MARGARETTA.


OLDE ant yonge i preit ou oure folies for to lete.
Ðenchet on god ðat yef ou wit oure sunnes to bete.
Ðere mai tellen ou. wid wordes feire ant swete.
Ðe vie of one meidan. was hoten Maregrete.
Ðire fader was a patriac. as ic ou tellen may.
In auntioge wif eches i ðe false lay.
Deve godes ant doumbe. he served nitt ant day.
So deden mony oðere. ðat singet weilawey.
Ðeodosius was is nome. on crist ne levede he noutt.
Ðe levede on ðe false godes. ðat weren wid honden wroutt.
Ðo ðat child sculde christine ben. ic com him well in
ðoutt.
E bed wen it were ibore. to deðe it were ibroutt.
Ðe moder was an heðene wif. ðat hire to wyman bere.
Ðo ðat child ibore was. nolde ho hit furfare.
Ðo sende it into asye. wid messagers ful yare.
To a norice ðat hire wiste. ant sette hire to lore.
Ðe norice ðat hire wiste. children aheuede seuene.
Ðe eitteðe was maregrete. cristes may of heuene.
Tales ho ani tolde. ful feire ant ful euene.
Wou ho ðoleden martirdom. sein Laurence ant seinte
Steuene.


In these fragments, the adulteration of the Saxon
tongue, by a mixture of the Norman, becomes appa­
rent; yet it is not so much changed by the admixture of
new words, which might be imputed to commerce with
the continent, as by changes of its own forms and ter­
minations; for which no reason can be given.
Hitherto the language used in this island, however
different in successive time, may be called Saxon; nor
can it be expected, from the nature of things gra­
dually changing, that any time can be assigned, when
the Saxon may be said to cease, and the English to com­
mence. Robert of Gloucester however, who is placed by
the criticks in the thirteenth century, seems to have used
a kind of intermediate diction, neither Saxon nor English;
in his work therefore we see the transition exhibited,
and, as he is the first of our writers in rhyme, of whom
any large work remains, a more extensive quotation is
extracted. He writes apparently in the same measure
with the foregoing authour of St. Margarite, which po­
lished into greater exactness, appeared to our ancestors
so suitable to the genius of the English language, that it
was continued in use almost to the middle of the seven­
teenth century.


OF ðe batayles of Denemarch, ðat hii dude in ðys
londe
ðat worst were of alle oðere, we mote abbe an honde.
Worst hii were. vor oðere adde somwanne ydo,
As Romeyns & Saxons, & wel wuste ðat lond ðerto.
Ac hii ne kepte yt holde nogt, bote robby, and ssende,
And destrue, & berne, & sle, & ne couðe abbe non ende.
And bote lute yt nas worð, ðey hii were ouercome ylome.
Vor myd ssypes and gret poer as prest efsone hii come.
Kyng Adelwolf of ðys lond kyng was tuenty ger.
ðe Deneys come by hym ryuor ðan hii dude er.
Vor in ðe al our vorst ger of ys kynedom
Myd ðre & ðrytty ssypuol men her prince hyder come,
And at Souðhamtone aryued, an hauene by Souðe.
Anoðer gret ost ðulke tyme aryuede at Portesmouðe.
ðe kyng nuste weðer kepe, at delde ys ost atuo.
ðe Denes adde ðe maystre. ðo al was ydo,
And by Estangle & Lyndeseye hii wende vorð atte laste,
And so hamward al by Kent, & slowe & barnde vaste.
Agen wynter hii wende hem. anoðer ger eft hii come.
And destrude Kent al out, and Londone nome.
ðus al an ten ger ðat lond hii brogte ðer doune,
So ðat in ðe teðe ger of ðe kynge's croune,
Al bysouðe hii come alond, and ðet folc of Somersete
ðoru ðe byssop Alcston and ðet folc of Dorsete
Hii come & smyte an batayle, & ðere, ðoru Gode's grace,
ðe Deneys were al byneðe, & ðe lond folc adde ðe place,
And more prowesse dude ðo, ðan ðe kyng mygte byuore,
ðeruore gode lond men ne beð nogt al verlore.
ðe kyng was ðe boldore ðo, & agen hem ðe more drou,
And ys foure godes sones woxe vaste y nou,
Edelbold and Adelbrygt, Edelred and Alfred.
ðys was a stalwarde tem, & of gret wysdom & red,
And kynges were al foure, & defendede wel ðys lond,
An Deneys dude ssame ynou, ðat me volwel vond.
In syxteðe gere of ðe kynge's kynedom
Is eldeste sone Adelbold gret ost to hym nome,
And ys fader also god, and oðere heye men al so,
And wende agen ðys Deneys, ðat muche wo adde y do.





Vor myd tuo hondred ssypes & an alf at Temse mouð
hii come,
And Londone, and Kanterbury, and oðer tounes nome,
And so vorð in to Soðereye, & slowe & barnde vaste,
ðere ðe kyng and ys sone hem mette atte laste.
ðere was batayle strong ynou ysmyte in an ðrowe.
ðe godes kyngtes leye adoun as gras, wan medew mowe.
Heueden, (ðat were of ysmyte,) & oðer lymes also,
Flete in blode al fram ðe grounde, ar ðe batayle were ydo.
Wanne ðat blod stod al abrod, vas ðer gret wo y nou.
Nys yt reuðe vorto hure, ðat me so volc slou?
Ac our suete Louerd atte laste ssewede ys suete grace,
And sende ðe Cristyne Englysse men ðe maystrye in ðe
place,
And ðe heðene men of Denemarch byneðe were echon.
Nou nas ðer gut in Denemarch Cristendom non;
ðe kyng her after to holy chyrche ys herte ðe more drou,
And teðegede wel & al ys lond, as hii agte, wel y nou.
Seyn Swyðyn at Wynchestre byssop ðo was,
And Alcston at Syrebourne, ðat amendede muche
ðys cas.
ðe kyng was wel ðe betere man ðoru her beyre red,
Tuenty wynter he was kyng, ar he were ded.
At Wynchestre he was ybured, as he gut lyð ðere.
Hys tueye sones he gef ys lond, as he byget ham ere.
Adelbold, ðe eldore, ðe kynedom of Estsex,
And suððe Adelbrygt, Kent and Westsex.
Eygte hondred ger yt was and seuene and fyfty al so,
After ðat God anerðe com, ðat ðys dede was ydo.
Boðe hii wuste by her tyme wel her kynedom,
At ðe vyfte ger Adelbold out of ðys lyue nome.
At Ssyrebourne he was ybured, & ys broðer Adelbrygt
His kynedom adde after hym, as lawe was and rygt.
By ys daye ðe verde com of ðe heðene men wel prout,
And Hamtessyre and destrude Wynchestre al out.
And ðat lond folc of Hamtessyre her red ðo nome
And of Barcssyre, and fogte and ðe ssrewen ouercome.
Adelbrygt was kyng of Kent geres folle tene,
And of Westsex bote vyue, ðo he deyde ych wene.


ADELRED was after hym kyng y mad in ðe place,
Eygte hondred & seuene & syxty as in ðe ger of grace.
ðe vorste ger of ys kynedom ðe Deneys ðycke com,
And robbede and destrude, and cytes vaste nome.
Maystres hii adde of her ost, as yt were dukes, tueye,
Hynguar and Hubba, ðat ssrewen were beye.
In Est Angle hii byleuede, to rest hem as yt were,
Myd her ost al ðe wynter, of ðe vorst gere.
ðe oðer ger hii dude hem vorð, & ouer Homber come,
And slowe to grounde & barnde, & Euerwyk nome.
ðer was batayle strong y nou, vor yslawe was ðere
Osryckyng of Homberlond, & monye ðat wið hym were.
ðo Homberlond was ðus yssend, hii wende & tounes
nome.
So ðat atte laste to Estangle agen hym come.
ðer hii barnde & robbede, & ðat folc to grounde slowe,
And, as wolues among ssep, reulych hem to drowe.
Seynt Edmond was ðo her kyng, & ðo he sey ðat deluol
cas
ðat me morðrede so ðat folc, & non amendement nas,
He ches leuere to deye hymsulf, ðat such sorwe to ysey.
He dude hym vorð among ys fon, nolde he noðyg fle.
Hii nome hym & scourged hym, & suððe naked hym
bounde
To a tre, & to hym ssote, & made hym mony a wounde,
ðat ðe arewe were on hym ðo ðycce, ðat no stede nas
byleuede.
Atte laste hii martred hym, & smyte of ys heued.
ðe syxte ger of ðe crounement of Aldered ðe kyng
A nywe ost com into ðys lond, gret ðoru alle ðyng,
And anon to Redynge robbede and slowe.
ðe king and Alfred ys broðer nome men ynowe,
Mette hem, and a batayle smyte vp Assesdoune.
ðer was mony moder chyld, ðat sone lay ðer doune.
ðe batayle ylaste vorte nygt, and ðer were aslawe
Vyf dukes of Denemarch, ar hii wolde wyð drawe,
And mony ðousend of oðer men, & ðo gonne hii
to fle;
Ac hii adde alle ybe assend, gys ðe nygt nadde y be.
Tueye batayles her after in ðe sulf gere
Hii smyte, and at boðe ðe heðene maystres were.
ðe kyng Aldered sone ðo ðen wey of deð nome,
As yt vel, ðe vyfty ger of ys kynedom.
At Wymbourne he was ybured, as God gef ðat cas,
ðe gode Alfred, ys broðer, after hym kyng was.


ALFRED, ðys noble man, as in ðe ger of grace
he nom
Eygte hondred & syxty & tuelue ðe kynedom.
Arst he adde at Rome ybe, &, vor ys grete wysdom,
ðe pope Leon hym blessede, ðo he ðuder com,
And ðe kynge's croune of hys lond, ðat in ðys lond
gut ys:
And he led hym to be kyng, ar he kyng were ywys.
An he was kyng of Engelond, of alle ðat ðer come,
ðat vorst ðus ylad was of ðe pope of Rome,
An suððe oðer after hym of ðe erchebyssopes echon.
So ðat hyuor hym pore kyng nas ðer non.
In ðe Souð syde of Temese nyne batayles he nome
Agen ðe Deneys ðe vorst ger of ys kynedom.
Nye ger he was ðus in ðys lond in batayle & in wo,
An ofte syðe aboue was, and byneðe oftor mo;
So longe, ðat hym nere by leuede bote ðre ssyren in ys
hond,
Hamtessyre, and Wyltessyre, and Somersete, of al ys lond.
A day as he wery was, and asuoddrynge hym nome
And ys men were ywend auysseð, Seyn Cutbert to hym
com.
“Ich am,” he seyde, “Cutbert, to ðe ycham ywend
To brynge ðe gode tytynges. Fram God ycham ysend.
Vor ðat folc of ðys lond to synne her wylle al geue,
And gut nolle herto her synnes byleue
ðoru me & oðer halewen, ðat in ðys lond were ybore;
ðan vor gou byddeð God, wanne we beð hym byuore,
Hour Louerd myd ys eyen of milce on ðe lokeð
ðeruore,
And ðy poer ðe wole gyue agen, ðat ðou ast ney
verlore.
And ðat ðou ðer of soð yse, ðou ssalt abbe tokynynge.
Vor ðym men, ðat beð ago to day auyssynge,
In lepes & in coufles so muche vyss hii ssolde hym
brynge,
ðat ech man wondry ssal of so gret cacchynge.
And ðe mor vor ðe harde vorste, ðat ðe water yfrore
hys,
ðat ðe more agen ðe kunde of vyssynge yt ys.
Of serue yt wel agen God, and ylef me ys messager,
And ðou ssall ðy wylle abyde, as ycham ytold her.”
As ðys kyng herof awoc, and of ðys sygte ðogte,
Hys vyssares come to hym, & so gret won of fyss hym
brogte,
ðat wonder yt was, & namelyche vor ðe weder was so
colde.
ðo lyuede ðe god man wel, ðat Seyn Cutbert adde ytold.
In Deuenyssyre ðer after aryuede of Deneys
ðre and tuenty ssypuol men, all agen ðe peys,
ðe kynge's broðer of Denemarch duc of ost was.
Oure kynge's men of Engelond mette hem by cas,
And smyte ðer an batayle, and her gret duc slowe,
And eygte hondred & fourty men, & her caronyes to
drowe.
ðo kyng Alfred hurde ðys, ys herte gladede ðo,
ðat lond folc to hym come so ðycke so yt mygte go,
Of Somersete, of Wyltessyre, of Hamtessyre ðerto,
Euere as he wende, and of ys owe folc al so.
So ðat he adde poer ynou, and atte laste hii come,
And a batayle at Edendone agen ðe Deneys nome,
And slowe to grounde, & wonne ðe maystre of ðe velde.
ðe kyng & ys grete duke bygonne hem to gelde
To ðe kyng Alfred to ys wylle, and ostages toke,
Vorto wende out of ys lond, gyf he yt wolde loke;
And gut ðerto, vor ys loue, to auonge Cristendom.
Kyng Gurmund, ðe hexte kyng, vorst ðer to come.
Kyng Alfred ys godfader was. & ybaptysed ek ðer were
ðretty of her hexte dukes. and muche of ðat folc ðere
Kyng Alfred hem huld wyð hym tuelf dawes as he
hende,
And suððe he gef hem large gyftes, and let hym wende.
Hii, ðat nolde Cristyn be, of lande flowe ðo,
And bygonde see in France dude wel muche wo.
gut ðe strewen come agen, and muche wo here wrogte.
Ac ðe kyng Alfred atte laste to ssame hem euere brogte.





Kyng Alfred was ðe wysost kyng, ðat long was byuore.
Vor ðey me segge ðe lawes beð in worre tyme vorlore,
Nas yt nogt so hiis daye. vor ðey he in worre were,
Lawes he made rygtuollore, and strengore ðan er were.
Clerc he was god ynou, and gut, as me telleð me,
He was more ðan ten ger old, ar he couðe ys abece.
Ac ys gode moder ofte smale gystes hym tok,
Vor to byleue oðer ple, and loky on ys boke.
So ðat by por clergye ys rygt lawes he wonde,
Ðat neuere er nere y mad, to gouerny ys lond.
And vor ðe worre was so muche of ðe luðer Deneys,
Ðe men of ðys sulue lond were of ðe worse peys.
And robbede and slowe oðere, ðeruor he byuonde,
Ðat ðer were hondredes in eche contreye of ys lond,
And in ech toune of ðe hondred a teðynge were also,
And ðat ech man wyðoute gret lond in teðynge were ydo,
And ðat ech man knewe oðer ðat in teðynge were,
And wuste somdel of her stat, gyf me ðu vp hem bere.
So streyt he was, ðat ðey me ledde amydde weyes heye
Seluer, ðat non man ne dorste yt nyme, ðey he yt seye.
Abbeys he rerde mony on, and mony studes ywys.
Ac Wynchestrye he rerdeon, ðat nywe munstre ycluped ys.
Hys lyf eygte and tuenty ger in ys kynedom ylaste.
After ys deð he was ybured at Wynchestre atte laste.


Sir John Mandeville wrote, as he himself informs us, in
the fourteenth century, and his work, which comprising
a relation of many different particulars, consequently
required the use of many words and phrases, may be
properly specified in this place. Of the following quo­
tations, I have chosen the first, because it shows, in
some measure, the state of European science as well as
of the English tongue; and the second, because it is
valuable for the force of thought and beauty of ex­
pression.


IN that lond, ne in many othere bezonde that, no
man may see the sterre transmontane, that is clept
the sterre of the see, that is unmevable, and that is to­
ward the Northe, that we clepen the lode sterre. But
men seen another sterre, the contrarie to him, that is
toward the Southe, that is clept Antartyk. And right
as the schip men taken here avys here, and governe hem
be the lode sterre, right so don schip men bezonde the
parties, be the sterre of the Southe, the which sterre
apperethe not to us. And this sterre, that is toward
the Northe, that wee clepen the lode sterre, ne ap­
perethe not to hem. For whiche cause, men may wel
perceyve, that the lond and the see ben of rownde schapp
and forme. For the partie of the firmament schewethe
in o contree, that schewethe not in another contree.
And men may well preven be experience and sotyle
compassement of wytt, that zif a man fond passages be
schippes, that wolde go to serchen the world, men
myghte go be schippe alle aboute the world, and aboven
and benethen. Ðe whiche thing I prove thus, aftre
that I have seyn. For I have been toward the parties
of Braban, and beholden the Astrolabre, that the sterre
that is clept the transmontayne, is 53 degrees highe.
And more forthere in Almayne and Bewme, it hathe
58 degrees. And more forthe toward the parties sep­
temtrioneles, it is 62 degrees of heghte, and certyn
mynutes. For I my self have mesured it by the Astro­
labre. Now schulle ze knowe, that azen the Trans­
montayne, is the tother sterre, that is clept Antartyke;
as I have seyd before. And tho 2 sterres ne meeven
nevere. And be hem turnethe alle the firmament, righte
as dothe a wheel, that turnethe be his axille tree: so
that tho sterres beren the firmament in 2 egalle parties;
so that it hathe als mochel aboven, as it hathe benethen.
Aftre this, I have gon toward the parties meridionales,
that is toward the Southe: and I have founden, that in
Lybye, men seen first the sterre Antartyk. And so fer
I have gon more in tho contrees, that I have founde that
sterre more highe; so that toward the highe Lybye, it
is 18 degrees of heghte, and certeyn minutes (of the
whiche, 60 minutes maken a degree) aftre goynge be
see and be londe, toward this contree, of that I have
spoke, and to other yles and londes bezonde that con­
tree, I have founden the sterre Antartyk of 33 degrees
of heghte, and mo mynutes. And zif I hadde had
companye and schippynge, for to go more bezonde, I
trowe wel in certyn, that wee scholde have seen alle the
roundnesse of the firmament alle abouse. For as I have
seyd zou be forn, the half of the firmament is betwene
tho 2 sterres: the whiche halfondelle I have seyn. And
of the tother halfondelle, I have seyn toward the Northe,
undre the Transmontane 62 degrees and 10 mynutes;
and toward the partie meridionalle, I have seen undre the
Antartyk 33 degrees and 16 mynutes: and thanne the
halfondelle of the firmament in alle, ne holdethe not
but 180 degrees. And of tho 180, I have seen 62 on
that o part, and 33 on that other part, that ben 95 de­
grees, and nyghe the halfondelle of a degree; and so
there ne faylethe but that I have seen alle the firmament,
saf 84 degrees and the halfondelle of a degree; and
that is not the fourthe part of the firmament. For the
4 partie of the roundnesse of the firmament holt 90 de­
grees: so there faylethe but 5 degrees and an half, of
the fourthe partie. And also I have seen the 3 parties
of alle the roundnesse of the firmament, and more zit
5 degrees and an half. Be the whiche I seye zou cer­
teynly, that men may envirowne alle the erthe of alle the
world, as wel undre as aboven, and turnen azen to his
contree, that hadde companye and schippynge and con­
duyt: and alle weyes he scholde synde men, londes, and
yles, als wel as in this contree. For zee wyten welle,
that thei that ben toward the Antartyk, thei ben streghte,
feet azen feet of hem, that dwellen undre the trans­
montane; als wel as wee and thei that dwellyn under us,
ben feet azenst feet. For alle the parties of see and of
lond han here appositees, habitables or trepassables, and
thei of this half and bezond half. And wytethe wel,
that astre that, that I may parceyve and comprehende,
the londes of Prestre John, emperour of Ynde ben
undre us. For in goynge from Scotlond or from Eng­
lond toward Jerusalem, men gon upward alweys. For
oure lond is in the lowe partie of the erthe, toward the
West: and the lond of Prestre John is the lowe partie
of the erthe, toward the Est: and thei han there the
day, whan wee have the nyghte, and also highe to the
contrarie, thei han the nyghte, whan wee han the day.
For the erthe and the see ben of round forme and schapp,
as I have seyd beforn. And that that men gon upward
to o cost, men gon dounward to another cost. Also
zee have herd me seye, that Jerusalem is in the myddes
of the world; and that may men preven and schewen
there, be a spere, that is pighte in to the erthe, upon
the hour of mydday, whan it is equenoxium, that
schewethe no schadwe on no syde. And that it scholde
ben in the myddes of the world, David wytnessethe it
in the Psautre, where he seythe, Deus operatus est sa­
lutē in medio terre. Thanne thei that parten fro the
parties of the West, for to go toward Jerusalem, als
many iorneyes as thei gon upward for to go thidre, in als
many iorneyes may thei gon fro Jerusalem, unto other
confynyes of the superficialtie of the erthe bezonde.
And whan men gon bezonde tho iourneyes, towarde
Ynde and to the foreyn yles, alle is envyronynge the
roundnesse of the erthe and of the see, undre oure con­
trees on this half. And therefore hathe it befallen many
tymes of o thing, that I have herd cownted, whan I
was zong; how a worthi man departed sometyme from
oure contrees, for to go serche the world. And so he
passed Ynde, and the yles bezonde Ynde, where ben mo
than 5000 yles: and so longe he wente be see and lond,
and so enviround the world be many seysons, that he
fond an yle, where he herde speke his owne langage,
callynge on oxen in the plowghe, suche wordes as men
speken to bestes in his owne contree: whereof he hadde
gret mervayle: for he knewe not how it myghte be.
But I seye, that he had gon so longe, be londe and be
see, that he had envyround alle the erthe, that he was
comen azen envirounynge, that is to seye, goynge
aboute, unto his owne marches, zif he wolde have
passed forthe, til he had founden his contree and his
owne knouleche. But he turned azen from thens, from
whens he was come fro; and so he loste moche peyne­
fulle labour, as him self seyde, a gret while aftre,
that he was comen hom. For it befelle aftre, that
he wente in to Norweye; and there tempest of the see
toke him; and he arryved in an yle; and whan he was





in that yle, he knew wel, that it was the yle, where he
had herd speke his owne langage before, and the cal­
lynge of the oxen at the plowghe: and that was possible
thinge. But how it semethe to symple men unlerned,
that men ne mowe not go undre the erthe, and also that
men scholde falle toward the hevene, from undre! But
that may not be, upon lesse, than wee mowe falle toward
hevene, fro the erthe, where wee ben. For fro what
partie of the erthe, that men duelle, outher aboven or
benethen, it semethe alweyes to hem that duellen, that
thei gon more righte than ony other folk. And righte
as it semethe to us, that thei ben undre us, righte so it
semethe hem, that wee ben undre hem. For zif a
man myghte falle fro the erthe unto the firmament; be
grettere resoun, the erthe and the see, that ben so grete
and so hevy, scholde fallen to the firmament: but that
may not be: and therfore seithe oure Lord God, Non
timeas me, qui suspendi terrā ex nichilo? And alle be
it, that it be possible thing, that men may so envyronne
alle the world, natheles of a 1000 persones, on ne
myghte not happen to returnen in to his contree. For,
for the gretnesse of the erthe and of the see, men may
go be a 1000 and a 1000 other weyes, that no man
cowde redye him perfitely toward the parties that he
cam fro, but zif it were be aventure and happ, or be
the grace of God. For the erthe is fulle large and fulle
gret, and holt in roundnesse and aboute envyroun, be
aboven and be benethen 20425 myles, aftre the opynyoun
of the olde wise astronomeres. And here seyenges I
repreve noughte. But aftre my lytylle wyt, it semethe
me, savynge here reverence, that it is more, And for
to have bettere understondynge, I seye thus, be ther
ymagyned a figure, that hathe a gret compas; and
aboute the poynt of the gret compas, that is clept the
centre, be made another litille compas: than aftre, be
the gret compass devised be lines in manye parties; and
that alle the lynes meeten at the centre; so that in as
many parties, as the grete compas schal be departed, in
als manye, schalle be departed the litille, that is aboute
the centre, alle be it, that the spaces ben lesse. Now
thanne, be the gret compas represented for the firma­
ment, and the litille compas represented for the erthe.
Now thanne the firmament is devysed, be astronomeres,
in 12 signes; and every signe is devysed in 30 degrees,
that is 360 degrees, that the firmament hathe aboven.
Also, be the erthe devysed in als many parties, as the
firmament; and lat every partye answere to a degree of
the firmament: and wytethe it wel, that aftre the
auctoures of astronomye, 700 furlonges of erthe an­
sweren to a degree of the firmament; and tho ben 87
miles and 4 furlonges. Now be that here multiplyed
be 360 sithes; and than thei ben 31500 myles, every
of 8 furlonges, aftre myles of oure contree. So moche
hathe the erthe in roundnesse, and of heghte enviroun,
aftre myn opynyoun and myn undirstondynge. And
zee schulle undirstonde, that aftre the opynyoun of olde
wise philosophres and astronomeres, oure contree ne Ire­
lond ne Wales ne Scotlond ne Norweye ne the other yles
costynge to hem, ne ben not in the superficyalte cownted
aboven the erthe; as it schewethe be alle the bokes
of astronomye. For the superficialtee of the erthe is
departed in 7 parties, for the 7 planetes: and tho par­
ties ben clept clymates. And oure parties be not of
the 7 clymates: for thei ben descendynge toward the
West. And also these yles of Ynde, which beth evene
azenst us, beth noght reckned in the climates: for thei
ben azenst us, that ben in the lowe contree. And the
7 clymates strecchen hem envyrounynge the world.
II. And I John Maundevylle knyghte aboveseyd, (alle
thoughe I bē unworthi) that departed from oure contrees
and passed the see, the zeer of grace 1322. that have
passed manye londes and manye yles and contrees, and
cerched manye fulle straunge places, and have ben in
many a fulle gode honourable companye, and at
many a faire dede of armes, (alle be it that I dide none
myself, for myn unable insuffisance) now I am comen
hom (mawgree my self) to reste: for gowtes, artetykes,
that me distreynen, tho diffynen the ende of my labour,
azenst my wille (God knowethe.) And thus takynge
solace in my wrecched reste, recordynge the tyme passed,
I have fulfilled theise thinges and putte hem wryten in
this boke, as it wolde come in to my mynde, the zeer
of grace 1356 in the 34 zeer that I departede from oure
contrees. Wherfore I preye to alle the rederes and
hereres of this boke, zif it plese hem, that thei wolde
preyen to God for me: and I schalle preye for hem.
And alle tho that seyn for me a Pater noster, with an
Ave Maria, that God forzeve me my synnes, I make
hem partneres and graunte hem part of alle the gode
pilgrymages and of alle the gode dedes, that I
have don, zif ony be to his plesance: and noghte
only of tho, but of alle that evere I schalle do unto
my lyfes ende. And I beseche Almyghty God, fro
whom alle godenesse and grace comethe fro, that he
vouchesaf, of his excellent mercy and habundant grace,
to fulle fylle hire soules with inspiracioun of the Holy
Gost, in makynge defence of alle hire gostly enemyes
here in erthe, to hire salvacioun, bothe of body and
soule; to worschipe and thankynge of him, that is three
and on, with outen begynnynge and withouten endynge;
that is, with outen qualitee, good, and with outen quan­
tytee, gret; that in alle places is present, and alle thinges
contenynynge; the whiche that no goodnesse may
amende, ne non evelle empeyre; that in perfeyte try­
nytee lyvethe and regnethe God, be alle worldes and be
alle tymes. Amen, Amen, Amen.

The first of our authours, who can be properly said to
have written English, was Sir John Gower, who, in his
Confession of a Lover, calls Chaucer his disciple, and may
therefore be considered as the father of our poetry.


NOWE for to speke of the commune,
It is to drede of that fortune,
Which hath befalle in sondrye londes:
But ofte for defaute of bondes
All sodeinly, er it be wist,
A tunne, whan his lie arist
Tobreketh, and renneth all aboute,
Whiche els shulde nought gone out.
And eke full ofte a littell skare
Vpon a banke, er men be ware,
Let in the streme, whiche with gret peine,
If any man it shall restreine.
Where lawe failleth, errour groweth.
He is not wise, who that ne troweth.
For it hath proued oft er this.
And thus the common clamour is
In euery londe, where people dwelleth:
And eche in his complainte telleth,
How that the worlde is miswent,
And thervpon his argument
Yeueth euery man in sondrie wise:
But what man wolde him selfe auise
His conscience, and nought misuse,
He maie well at the first excuse
His god, whiche euer stant in one,
In him there is defaute none
So must it stande vpon vs selue,
Nought only vpon ten ne twelue,
But plenarly vpon vs all.
For man is cause of that shall fall.


The history of our language is now brought to the
point at which the history of our poetry is generally sup­
posed to commence, the time of the illustrious Geoffry
Chaucer, who may perhaps, with great justice, be stiled
the first of our verfifyers who wrote poetically. He
does not however appear to have deserved all the praise
which he has received, or all the censure that he has
suffered. Dryden, who mistakes genius for learning,
and, in confidence of his abilities, ventured to write
of what he had not examined, ascribes to Chaucer the
first refinement of our numbers, the first production of
easy and natural rhymes, and the improvement of our
language, by words borrowed from the more polished
languages of the continent. Skinner contrarily blames
him in harsh terms for having vitiated his native speech
by whole cartloads of foreign words. But he that reads
the works of Gower will find smooth numbers and easy
rhymes, of which Chaucer is supposed to have been the
inventor, and the French words, whether good or bad,


of which Chaucer is charged as the importer. Some
innovations he might probably make, like others, in the
infancy of our poetry, which the paucity of books does
allow us to discover with particular exactness; but the
works of Gower and Lydgate sufficiently evince, that his
diction was in general like that of his contemporaries:
and some improvements he undoubtedly made by the
various dispositions of his rhymes, and by the mixture
of different numbers, in which he seems to have been
happy and judicious. I have selected several specimens
both of his prose and verse; and among them, part of
his translation of Boetius, to which another version,
made in the time of queen Mary, is opposed. It would
be improper to quote very sparingly an authour of so
much reputation, or to make very large extra is from a
book so generally known.

CHAUCER.
ALAS! I wepyng am constrained to begin verse of
sorowfull matter, that whilom in florishyng studie
made delitable ditees. For lo! rendyng muses of
Poetes enditen to me thinges to be written, and drerie
teres. At laste no drede ne might overcame tho muses,
that thei ne werren fellowes, and foloweden my waie,
that is to saie, when I was exiled, thei that weren of
my youth whilom welfull and grene, comforten now
sorowfull wierdes of me olde man: for elde is comen
unwarely upon me, hasted by the harmes that I have,
and sorowe hath commaunded his age to be in me.
Heres hore aren shad overtimeliche upon my hed: and
the slacke skinne trembleth of mine empted bodie. Thilke
deth of men is welefull, that he ne cometh not in yeres
that be swete, but cometh to wretches often icleped:
Alas, alas! with how defe an ere deth cruell turneth
awaie fro wretches, and naieth for to close wepyng eyen.
While fortune unfaithfull favoured me with light godes,
that sorowfull houre, that is to saie, the deth, had al­
moste drente myne hedde: but now for fortune cloudie
hath chaunged her decevable chere to mewarde, myne
unpitous life draweth along ungreable dwellynges. O
ye my frendes, what, or whereto avaunted ye me to
ben welfull? For he that hath fallin, stode in no stedsast
degre.

COLVILE.
I THAT in tyme of prosperite, and floryshing studye,
made pleasaunte and delectable dities, or verses:
alas now beyng heauy and sad ouerthrowen in aduersitie,
am compelled to fele and tast heuines and greif. Be­
holde the muses Poeticall, that is to saye: the pleasure
that is in poetes verses, do appoynt me, and compel me
to writ these verses in meter, and the sorowfull verses do
wet my wretched face with very waterye teares, yssuinge
out of my eyes for sorowe. Whiche muses no feare
without doute could ouercome, but that they wold folow
me in my iourney of exile or banishment. Sometyme
the ioye of happy and lusty delectable youth dyd com­
fort me, and nowe the course of sorowfull olde age
causeth me to reioyse. For hasty old age vnloked for
is come vpon me with al her incommodities and euyls,
and sorow hath commaunded and broughte me into the
same old age, that is to say: that sorowe causeth me to
be olde, before my time come of olde age. The hoer
heares do growe vntimely vpon my heade, and my re­
uiled skynne trembleth my flesh, cleane consumed and
wasted with sorowe. Mannes death is happy, that
cometh not in youth, when a man is lustye, and in plea­
sure or welth: but in time of aduersitie, when it is often
desyred. Alas Alas howe dull and deffe be the eares
of cruel death vnto men in misery that would fayne
dye: and yet refusythe to come and shutte vp theyr
carefull wepyng eyes. Whiles that false fortune fa­
uoryd me with her transitorye goodes, then the howre
of death had almost ouercom me. That is to say deathe
was redy to oppresse me when I was in prosperitie. Nowe
for by cause that fortune beynge turned, from prospe­
ritie into aduersitie (as the clere day is darkyd with
cloudes) and hath chaungyd her deceyuable counte­
naunce: my wretched life is yet prolonged and doth
continue in dolour. O my frendes why haue you so
often bosted me, sayinge that I was happy when I had
honor possessions riches, and authoritie whych be tran­
sitory thynges. He that hath fallen was in no stedefast
degre.

IN the mene while, that I still record these thynges
with my self, and marked my wepelie complainte with
office of poinctell: I saugh stondyng aboven the hight
of myn hed a woman of full grete reverence, by sem­
blaunt. Her eyen brennyng, and clere, seyng over the
common might of menne, with a lively colour, and
with soche vigour and strength that it ne might not
be nempned, all were it so, that she were full of so
grete age, that menne woulden not trowen in no manere,
that she were of our elde.
The stature of her was of doutous Judgemente, for
sometyme she constrained and inronke her selven, like
to the common mesure of menne: And sometyme it
semed, that she touched the heven with the hight of
her hedde. And when she hove her hedde higher, she
perced the self heven, so that the sight of menne lokyng
was in ydell: her clothes wer maked of right delie
thredes, and subtel craft of perdurable matter. The
whiche clothes she had woven with her owne handes, as
I knewe well after by her self declaryng, and shewyng
to me the beautie: The whiche clothes a darknesse of a
forleten and dispised elde had dusked and darked, as it
is wonte to darke by smoked Images.
In the netherest hemme and border of these clothes
menne redde iwoven therein a Grekishe A. that signi­
fieth the life active, and above that letter, in the hiest
bordure, a Grekishe C. that signifieth the life contem­
platife. And betwene these two letters there were seen
degrees nobly wrought, in maner of ladders, by whiche
degrees menne might climben from the netherest letter
to the upperest: nathelesse handes of some men hadden
kerve that clothe, by violence or by strength, and 





everiche manne of 'hem had borne awaie soche peces,
as he might getten. And forsothe this foresaied woman
bare smale bokes in her right hande, and in her left
hand she bare a scepter. And when she sawe these Poeti­
call muses approchyng about my bed, and endityng
wordes to my wepynges, she was a litle amoved, and
glowed with cruell eyen. Who (qth she) hath suffered
approchen to this sike manne these commen strompettes,
of which is the place that menne callen Theatre, the
whiche onely ne asswagen not his sorowes with remedies,
but thei would feden and norishe hym with swete ve­
nime? Forsothe, that ben tho that with thornes, and
prickynges of talentes of affeccions, whiche that ben
nothyng fructuous nor profitable, distroien the Corne,
plentuous of fruictes of reson. For thei holden hertes
of men in usage, but thei ne deliver no folke fro ma­
ladie. But if ye muses had withdrawen fro me with
your flatteries any unconnyng and unprofitable manne,
as ben wont to finde commenly emong the peple, I would
well suffre the lasse grevously. For why, in soche an
unprofitable man myne ententes were nothyng enda­
maged. But ye withdrowen fro me this man, that hath
ben nourished in my studies or scoles of Eleaticis, and
of Academicis in Grece. But goeth now rather awaie
ye Mermaidens, whiche that ben swete, till it be at the
last, and suffreth this man to be cured and heled by
my muses, that is to say, by my notefull sciences. And
thus this companie of muses iblamed casten wrothly the
chere dounward to the yerth, and shewing by rednesse
ther shame, thei passeden sorowfully the thresholde. And
I of whom the sight plounged in teres was darked, so
that I ne might not know what that woman was, of so
Imperial aucthoritie, I woxe all abashed and stonied, and
cast my sight doune to the yerth, and began still for to
abide what she would doen afterward. Then came she
nere, and set her doune upon the utterest corner of my
bed, and she beholdyng my chere, that was cast to the
yerth, hevie and grevous of wepyng, complained with
these wordes (that I shall saine) the perturbacion of my
thought.
WHYLES that I considerydde pryuyle with my
selfe the thynges before sayd, and descrybed my
wofull complaynte after the maner and offyce of a
wrytter, me thought I sawe a woman stand ouer my
head of a reuerend countenaunce, hauyng quycke and
glysteryng clere eye, aboue the common sorte of men
in lyuely and delectable coloure, and ful of strength,
although she semed so olde that by no meanes she is
thought to be one of this oure tyme, her stature is of
douteful knowledge, for nowe she shewethe herselfe at
the commen length or statur of men, and other whiles
she semeth so high, as though she touched heuen with
the crown of her hed. And when she wold stretch
fourth her hed hygher, it also perced thorough heauen,
so that mens syghte coulde not attaine to behold her.
Her vestures or cloths were perfyt of the finyste thredes,
and subtyll workemanshyp, and of substaunce perma­
ment, whych vesturs she had wouen with her own hands
as I perceyued after by her owne saiynge. The kynde
or beawtye of the whyche vestures, a certayne darkenes
or rather ignoraunce of oldenes forgotten hadde ob­
scuryd and darkened, as the smoke is wont to darken
Images that stand nyghe the smoke. In the lower
parte of the said vestures was read the greke letter
P. wouen whych signifyeth practise or actyffe, and
in the hygher part of the vestures the greke letter. T.
whych estandeth for theorica, that signifieth speculacion
or contemplation. And betwene both the sayd letters
were sene certayne degrees, wrought after the maner of
ladders, wherein was as it were a passage or waye in
steppes or degrees from the lower part wher the letter.
P. was which is vnderstand from practys or actyf, unto
the hygher parte wher the letter T. was whych is vn­
derstand speculacion or contemplacion. Neuertheles the
handes of some vyolente persones had cut the sayde ves­
tures and had taken awaye certayne pecis thereof, such
as euery one coulde catch. And she her selfe dyd bare
in her ryght hand litel bokes, and in her lefte hande a
scepter, which foresayd phylosophy (when she saw the
muses poetycal present at my bed, spekyng sorrowful
wordes to my wepynges) beyng angry sayd (with terri­
ble or frownynge countenaunce) who suffred these crafty
harlottes to com to thys sycke man? whych can help
hym by no means of hys griefe by any kind of medi­
cines, but rather increase the same with swete poyson.
These be they that doo dystroye the fertile and plen­
tious commodytyes of reason and the fruytes therof
wyth their pryckynge thornes, or barren affectes, and
accustome or subdue mens myndes with sickenes, and
heuynes, and do not delyuer or heale them of the same.
But yf your flatterye had conueyed or wythdrawen from
me, any vnlernyd man as the comen sorte of people
are wonte to be, I coulde haue ben better contentyd, for
in that my worke should not be hurt or hynderyd. But
you haue taken and conueyed from me thys man that
hath ben broughte vp in the studyes of Aristotel and of
Plato But yet get you hence maremaids (that seme swete
untyll you haue brought a man to deathe) and suffer me
to heale thys my man wyth my muses or scyences that
be holsome and good. And after that philosophy had
spoken these wordes the sayd companye of the musys
poeticall beynge rebukyd and sad, caste down their
countenaunce to the grounde, and by blussyng confessed
their shamfastnes, and went out of the dores. But I
(that had my syght dull and blynd wyth wepyng, so
that I knew not what woman this was hauyng soo great
aucthoritie) was amasyd or astonyed, and lokyng
downeward, towarde the grounde, I began pryvylye
to look what thyng she would saye ferther, then she
had said. Then she approching and drawynge nere vnto
me, sat downe vpon the vttermost part of my bed,
and lokyng vpon my face sad with weping, and de­
clynyd toward the earth for sorow, bewayled the trou­
ble of my minde wyth these sayinges folowynge.

The conclusions of the ASTROLABIE.
This book (written to his son in the year of our Lord
1391, and in the 14 of King Richard II.) standeth
so good at this day, especially for the horizon of Ox­
ford, as in the opinion of the learned it cannot be
amended, says an Edit. of Chaucer.
LYTEL Lowys my sonne, I perceve well by cer­
taine evidences thyne abylyte to lerne scyences,
touching nombres and proporcions, and also well con­
sydre I thy besye prayer in especyal to lerne the tretyse
of the astrolabye. Than for as moche as a philosopher
saithe, he wrapeth hym in his frende, that condiscendeth
to the ryghtfull prayers of his frende: therfore I have
given the a sufficient astrolabye for oure orizont, com­
powned after the latitude of Oxenforde: upon the
whiche by mediacion of this lytell tretise, I purpose to
teche the a certaine nombre of conclusions, pertainynge
to this same instrument. I say a certaine nombre of
conclusions for thre causes, the first cause is this. Truste
wel that al the conclusions that have be founden, or ells
possiblye might be founde in so noble an instrument as
in the astrolabye, ben unknowen perfitely to anye mor­
tal man in this region, as I suppose. Another cause is
this, that sothely in any cartes of the astrolabye that I
have ysene, ther ben some conclusions, that wol not in al
thinges perfourme ther behestes: and some of 'hem ben
to harde to thy tender age of ten yere to conceve. This
tretise divided in five partes, wil I shewe the wondir light
rules and naked wordes in Englishe, for Latine ne canst
thou nat yet but smale, my litel sonne. But neverthe­
lesse suffiseth to the these trewe conclusyons in Englishe,
as well as suffiseth to these noble clerkes grekes these
same conclusions in greke, and to the Arabines in Ara­
bike, and to Jewes in Hebrewe, and to the Latin folke
in Latyn: whiche Latyn folke had 'hem firste out of
other divers langages, and write 'hem in ther owne
tonge, that is to faine in Latine.
And God wote that in all these languages and in
manye mo, have these conclusyons ben sufficientlye
lerned and taught, and yet by divers rules, right as di­
vers pathes leden divers folke the right waye to Rome.
Now wol I pray mekely every person discrete, that
redeth or hereth this lityl tretise to have my rude en­
tenting excused, and my superfluite of wordes, for two
causes. The first cause is, for that curious endityng
and harde sentences is ful hevy at ones, for soch a childe
to lerne. And the seconde cause is this, that sothely
me semeth better to writen unto a childe twise a gode
sentence, than he foriete it ones. And, Lowis, if it be
so that I shewe the in my lith Englishe, as trew conclu­
sions touching this mater, and not only as trewe but as
many and subtil conclusions as ben yshewed in latin, in
any comon tretise of the astrolabye, conne me the more
thanke, and praye God save the kinge, that is lorde of
this langage, and all that him faith bereth, and obeieth
everiche in his degree, the more and the lasse. But con­
sydreth well, that I ne usurpe not to have founden this
werke of my labour or of myne engin. I n'ame but a
leude compilatour of the laboure of olde astrologiens,
and have it translated in myn englishe onely for thy doc­
trine: and with this swerde shal I slene envy.

The first party.
The first partye of this tretise shall reherce the figures,
and the membres of thyne astrolaby, bycause that thou
shalte have the greter knowinge of thine owne in­
strument.

The seconde party.
The seconde partye shal teche the to werken the very
practike of the foresaid conclusions, as ferforthe and also
narowe as may be shewed in so smale an instrument por­
tatise aboute. For wel wote every astrologien, that
smallest fractions ne wol not be shewed in so smal an in­
strument, as in subtil tables calculed for a cause.





The PROLOGUE of the TESTAMENT of LOVE.
MANY men there ben, that with eres openly sprad
so moche swalowen the deliciousnesse of jestes and
of ryme, by queint knittinge coloures, that of the gode­
nesse or of the badnesse of the sentence take they litel
hede or els none.
Sothelye dulle witte and a thoughtfulle soule so sore
have mined and graffed in my spirites, that soche craft
of enditinge woll nat ben of mine acquaintaunce. And
for rude wordes and boistous percen the herte of the
herer to the inrest point, and planten there the sentence
of thinges, so that with litel helpe it is able to spring,
this boke, that nothynge hath of the grete flode of
wytte, ne of semelyche colours, is dolven with rude
wordes and boistous, and so drawe togither to maken the
catchers therof ben the more redy to hent sentence.
Some men there ben, that painten with colours riche
and some with wers, as with red inke, and some with
coles and chalke: and yet is there gode matter to the
leude peple of thylke chalkye purtreyture, as 'hem
thinketh for the time, and afterward the syght of the
better colours yeven to 'hem more joye for the first
leudenesse. So sothly this leude clowdy occupacyon is
not to prayse, but by the leude, for comenly leude
leudenesse commendeth. Eke it shal yeve sight that
other precyous thynges shall be the more in reverence.
In Latin and French hath many soveraine wittes had
grete delyte to endite, and have many noble thinges ful­
filde, but certes there ben some that speken ther poisye
mater in Frenche, of whiche speche the Frenche men
have as gode a fantasye as we have in heryng of Frenche
mens Englishe. And many termes there ben in En­
glyshe, whiche unneth we Englishe men connen declare
the knowleginge: howe should than a Frenche man
borne? soche termes connejumpere in his matter, but
as the jay chatereth Englishe. Right so truely the un­
derstandyn of Englishmen woll not stretche to the privie
termes in Frenche, what so ever we bosten of straunge
langage. Let than clerkes enditen in Latin, for they
have the propertie of science, and the knowinge in that
facultie: and lette Frenche men in ther Frenche also
enditen ther queint termes, for it is kyndely to ther
mouthes; and let us shewe our fantasies in such wordes
as we lerneden of our dame's tonge. And although
this boke be lytel thank worthy for the leudnesse in tra­
vaile, yet soch writing exiten men to thilke thinges that
ben necessarie: for every man therby may as by a per­
petual myrrour sene the vices or vertues of other, in
whyche thynge lightly may be conceved to eschue perils,
and necessaries to catch, after as aventures have fallen
to other peple or persons.
Certes the soverainst thinge of desire and most cre­
ture resonable, have or els shuld have full appetite to
ther perfeccyon: unresonable bestes mowen not, sithe
reson hath in 'hem no workinge: than resonable that
wol not, is comparisoned to unresonable, and made lyke
'hem. Forsothe the most soveraine and finall perfeccion
of man is in knowynge of a sothe, withouten any entent
decevable, and in love of one very God, that is in­
chaungeable, that is to knowe, and love his creator.
Nowe principally the mene to brynge in knowleging
and lovynge his creatour, is the consideracyon of thynges
made by the creatour, wher through by thylke thinges
that ben made, understandynge here to our wyttes, arne
the unsene pryvities of God made to us syghtfull and
knowinge, in our contemplacion and understondinge.
These thinges than forsothe moche bringen us to the
ful knowleginge sothe, and to the parfyte love of the
maker of hevenly thynges. Lo! David saith: thou
haste delited me in makinge, as who saith, to have de­
lite in the tune how God hat lent me in consideracion of
thy makinge. Wherof Aristotle in the boke de Ani­
malibus, saith to naturell philosophers: it is a grete
likynge in love of knowinge ther cretoure: and also in
knowinge of causes in kindelye thynges, considrid for­
sothe the formes of kindelye thinges and the shap, a
gret kyndely love we shulde have to the werkman that
'hem made. The crafte of a werkman is shewed in the
werk. Herefore trulie the philosophers with a lyvely
studie manie noble thinges, righte precious, and worthy
to memorye, writen, and by a gret swet and travaille to
us leften of causes the properties in natures of thinges,
to whiche therfore philosophers it was more joy, more
lykinge, more herty lust in kindely vertues and matters
of reson the perfeccion by busy study to knowe,
than to have had all the tresour, al the richesse, al
the vaine glory, that the passed emperours, princes,
or kinges hadden. Therfore the names of 'hem in the
boke of perpetuall memorie in vertue and pece arne
writen; and in the contrarie, that is to saine, in Styxe
the foule pitte of helle arne thilke pressed that soch
godenes hated. And bicause this boke shall be of love,
and the prime causes of stering in that doinge with pas­
sions and diseses for wantinge of desire, I wil that this
boke be cleped the testament of love.
But nowe thou reder, who is thilke that will not in
scorne laughe, to here a dwarfe or els halfe a man, say
he wil rende out the swerde of Hercules handes, and
also he shulde set Hercules Gades a mile yet ferther, and
over that he had power of strength to pull up the spere,
that Alisander the noble might never wagge, and that
passinge al thinge to ben mayster of Fraunce by might,
there as the noble gracious Edwarde the thirde for al his
grete prowesse in victories ne might al yet conquere?
Certes I wote well, ther shall be made more scorne
and jape of me, that I so unworthely clothed altogither
in the cloudie cloude of unconning, wil putten me in
prees to speak of love, or els of the causes in that mat­
ter, sithen al the grettest clerkes han had ynough to don,
and as who saith gathered up clene toforne 'hem, and
with ther sharp sithes of conning al mowen and made
therof grete rekes and noble, ful of al plenties to fede
me and many an other. Envye forfothe commendeth
noughte his reson, that he hath in hain, be it never so
trusty. And although these noble repers, as gode work­
men and worthy ther hier, han al draw and bounde up
in the sheves, and made many shockes, yet have I en­
sample to gather the smale crommes, and fullin ma walet
of tho that fallen from the bourde among the smalle
houndes, notwithstanding the travaile of the almoigner,
that hath draw up in the cloth al the remissailes, as
trenchours, and the relefe to bere to the almesse. Yet
also have I leve of the noble husbande Boece, although
I be a straunger of conninge to come after his doctrine,
and these grete workmen, and glene my handfuls of the
shedynge after ther handes, and yf me faile ought of
my ful, to encrese my porcion with that I shal drawe by
privyties out of shockes; a slye servaunte in his owne
helpe is often moche commended; knowynge of trouthe
in causes of thynges, was more hardier in the firste se­
chers, and so sayth Aristotle, and lighter in us that han
folowed after. For ther passing study han freshed our
wittes, and oure understandynge han excited in conside­
racion of trouth by sharpenes of ther resons. Utterly
these thinges be no dremes ne japes, to throwe to hogges,
it is lyfelych mete for children of trouth, and as they
me betiden whan I pilgramed out of my kith in win­
tere, whan the wether out of mesure was boistous, and
the wyld wynd Boreas, as his kind asketh, with dryinge
coldes maked the wawes of the ocean se so to arise un­
kindely over the commune bankes that it was in point
to spill all the erthe.

The PROLOGUES of the CANTERBURY Tales of
CHAUCER, from the MSS.

WHEN that Aprilis with his shouris sote,
The drought of March had percid to the rote,
And bathid every veyn in such licour,
Of which vertue engendrid is the flour.
When Zephyrus eke, with his swetè breth
Enspirid hath, in every holt and heth
The tender croppis; and that the yong Sunn
Hath in the Ramm his halvè cours yrunn:
And smalè foulis makin melodye,
That slepin allè night with opin eye,
(So prickith them nature in ther corage)
Then longin folk to go on pilgrimage:
And palmers for to sekin strangè strondes,
To servin hallowes couth in sondry londes:
And specially fro every shir'is end
Of England, to Canterbury they wend,





The holy blisfull martyr for to seke,
That them hath holpin, whan that they were seke.
Befell that in that seson on a day
In Southwerk at the Tabberd as I lay,
Redy to wendin on my pilgrimage
To Canterbury, with devote corage,
At night wer come into that hostery
Wele nine and twenty in a cumpany
Of sundrie folk, by aventure yfall
In felaship; and pilgrimes wer they all;
That toward Canterbury wouldin ride.
The chambers and the stablis werin wide,
And well we werin esid at the best:
And shortly whan the sunnè was to rest,
So had I spokin with them everych one,
That I was of ther felaship anone;
And madè forward erli for to rise,
To take our weye, ther as I did devise.
But nathless while that I have time and space,
Er' that I farther in this talè pace,
Methinkith it accordaunt to reson,
To tell you allè the condition
Of ech of them, so as it semid me,
And which they werin, and of what degree,
And eke in what array that they wer in:
And at a knight then woll I first begin.


The KNIGHT.
A knight ther was, and that a worthy man,
That fro the timè that he first began
To ridin out, he lovid Chevalrie,
Trouth and honour, fredome and curtesy.
Full worthy was he in his lord'is werre,
And thereto had he riddin nane more ferre
As well in Christendom, as in Hethness;
And evyr honoured for his worthiness.
At Alessandre' he was whan it was won;
Full oft timis he had the bord begon
Abovin allè naciouns in Pruce;
In Lettow had he riddin, and in Luce,
No Christen-man so oft of his degree
In Granada; in the sege had he be
Of Algezir, and ridd in Belmary;
At Leyis was he, and at Sataly,
Whan that they wer won; and in the grete see
At many'a noble army had he be:
At mortal battails had he ben fiftene,
And foughtin for our feith at Tramesene,
In liftis thrys, and alwey slein his fo.
This ilke worthy knight had ben also
Sometimis with the lord of Palathy,
Ayens anothir hethin in Turky;
And evirmore he had a sov'rane prize;
And though that he was worthy, he was wise;
And of his port as meke as is a maid,
He nevir yet no villany ne said
In all his life unto no manner wight:
He was a very parfit gentil knight.
But for to tellin you of his array,
His hors wer good; but he was nothing gay,
Of fustian he werid a gipon,
Allè besmottrid with his haburgeon.
For he was late ycome from his viage,
And wentè for to do his pilgrimage.


The HOUSE of FAME.

The First Boke.
NOW herkin, as I have you saied,
What that I mette or I abraied,
Of December the tenith daie,
When it was night, to slepe I laie,
Right as I was wonte for to doen,
And fill aslepè wondir sone,
As he that was werie forgo
On pilgrimagè milis two
To the corps of sainct Leonarde,
To makin lithe that erst was harde.
But as me slept me mette I was
Within a temple' imade of glas,
In whiche there werin mo images
Of golde, standyng in sondrie stages,
Sette in mo riche tabirnacles,
And with perrè mo pinnacles,
And mo curious portraituris,
And queint manir of figuris
Of golde worke, then I sawe evir.
But certainly I n'ist nevir
Where that it was, but well wist I
It was of Venus redily
This temple, for in purtreiture
I sawe anone right her figure
Nakid yfletyng in a se,
And also on her hedde parde
Her rosy garland white and redde,
And her combe for to kembe her hedde,
Her dovis, and Dan Cupido
Her blindè sonne, and Vulcano,
That in his face ywas full broune.
But as I romid up and doune,
I founde that on the wall there was
Thus writtin on a table' of bras.
I woll now syng, if that I can,
The armis, and also the man,
That first came through his destine
Fugitife fro Troye the countre
Into Itaile, with full moche pine,
Unto the strondis of Lavine,
And tho began the storie' anone,
As I shall tellin you echone.
First sawe I the distruccion
Of Troie, thorough the Greke Sinon,
With his false untrue forswerynges,
And with his chere and his lesynges,
That made a horse, brought into Troye,
By whiche Trojans loste all ther joye.
And aftir this was graved, alas!
How Ilions castill assailed was,
And won, and kyng Priamus slain,
And Polites his sonne certain,
Dispitously of Dan Pyrrhus.
And next that sawe I howe Venus,
When that she sawe the castill brende,
Doune from hevin she gan discende,
And bade her sonne Æneas fle,
And how he fled, and how that he
Escapid was from all the pres,
And toke his fathre', old Anchises,
And bare hym on his backe awaie,
Crying alas and welawaie!
The whiche Anchises in his hande,
Bare tho the goddis of the lande
I mene thilke that unbrennid were.
Then sawe I next that all in fere
How Creusa, Dan Æneas wife,
Whom that he lovid all his life,
And her yong sonne clepid Julo,
And eke Ascanius also,
Fleddin eke, with full drerie chere,
That it was pite for to here,
And in a forest as thei went
How at a tournyng of a went
Creüsa was iloste, alas!
That rede not I, how that it was
How he her sought, and how her ghoste
Bad hym to flie the Grekis hoste,
And saied he must into Itaile,
As was his destinie, sauns faile,
That it was pitie for to here,
When that her spirite gan appere,
The wordis that she to hym saied,
And for to kepe her sonne hym praied.
There sawe I gravin eke how he
His fathir eke, and his meinè,
With his shippis began to saile
Toward the countrey of Itaile,
As streight as ere thei mightin go.
There sawe I eke the, cruill Juno,
That art Dan Jupiter his wife,
That hast ihatid all thy life





Merciless all the Trojan blode,
Rennin and crie as thou were wode
On Æolus, the god of windes,
To blowin out of allè kindes
So loudè, that he should ydrenche
Lorde, and ladie, and grome, and wenche
Of all the Trojanis nacion,
Without any' of ther savacion.
There sawe I soche tempest arise,
That evèry herte might agrise
To se it paintid on the wall.
There sawe I eke gravin withall,
Venus, how ye, my ladie dere,
Ywepyng with full wofull chere
Yprayid Jupiter on hie,
To save and kepin that navie
Of that dere Trojan Æneas,
Sithins that he your sonne ywas.


Gode counsaile of CHAUCER.
FLIE fro the prese and dwell with sothfastnesse,
Suffise unto thy gode though it be small,
For horde hath hate, and climbyng tikilnesse,
Prece hath envie, and wele it brent oer all,
Savour no more then the behovin shall,
Rede well thy self, that othir folke canst rede,
And trouthe the shall delivir it 'is no drede.
Painè the not eche crokid to redresse,
In trust of her that tournith as a balle,
Grete rest standith in litil businesse,
Beware also to spurne again a nalle,
Strive not as doith a crocke with a walle,
Demith thy self that demist othir's dede,
And trouthe the shall deliver it 'is no drede.
That the is sent receve in buxomenesse;
The wrastlyng of this worlde askith a fall;
Here is no home, here is but wildirnesse,
Forthe pilgrim, forthe o best out of thy stall,
Loke up on high, and thanke thy God of all,
Weivith thy luste and let thy ghost the lede,
And trouthe the shall delivir, it 'is no drede.


Balade of the village without paintyng.
THIS wretchid world'is transmutacion
As wele and wo, nowe pore, and now honour,
Without ordir or due discrecion
Govirnid is by fortun'is errour,
But nathèlesse the lacke of her favour
Ne maie not doe me syng though that I die,
J'ay tout perdu, mon temps & mon labeur
For finally fortune I doe defie.
Yet is me left the sight of my resoun
To knowin frende fro foe in thy mirrour,
So moche hath yet thy tournyng up and doun,
I taughtin me to knowin in an hour,
But truily no force of thy reddour
To hym that ovir hymself hath maistrie,
My suffisaunce yshal be my succour,
For finally fortune I do defie.
O Socrates, thou stedfast champion,
She ne might nevir be thy turmentour,
Thou nevir dreddist her oppression,
Ne in her chere foundin thou no favour,
Thou knewe wele the disceipt of her colour,
And that her moste worship is for to lie,
I knowe her eke a false dissimulour,
Tor finally fortune I do defie.


The answere of Fortune.
No man is wretchid but hymself it wene,
He that yhath hymself hath suffisaunce,
Why saiest thou then I am to the so kene,
That hast thy self out of my govirnaunce?
Saie thus grant mercie of thin habundaunce,
That thou hast lent or this, thou shalt not strive,
What wost thou yet how I the woll avaunce?
And eke thou hast thy bestè frende alive.
I have the taught division betwene
Frende of effecte, and frende of countinaunce,
The nedith not the gallè of an hine,
That curith eyin derke for ther penaunce,
Now seest thou clere that wer in ignoraunce,
Yet holt thine anker, and thou maiest arive
There bountie bereth the key of my substaunce,
And eke thou haste thy bestè frende alive.
How many have I refused to sustene,
Sith I have the fostrid in thy plesaunce?
Wolt thou then make a statute on thy quene,
That I shall be aie at thine ordinaunce?
Thou born art in my reign of variaunce,
About the whele with othir must thou drive
My lore is bet, then wicke is thy grevaunce,
And eke thou hast thy bestè frende alive.


The answere to Fortune.
Thy lore I dampne, it is adversitie,
My frend maist thou not revin blind goddesse,
That I thy frendis knowe I thanke it the,
Take 'hem again, let 'hem go lie a presse,
The nigardis in kepyng ther richesse
>Pronostike is thou wolt ther toure assaile,
Wicke appetite cometh aie before sickenesse,
In generall this rule ne maie not faile.


Fortune.
Thou pinchist at my mutabilitie,
For I the lent a droppe of my richesse,
And now me likith to withdrawin me,
Why shouldist thou my roialtie oppresse?
The se maie ebbe and flowin more and lesse,
The welkin hath might to shine, rain, and haile,
Right so must I kithin my brotilnesse,
In generall this rule ne maie not faile.


The Plaintiffe.
Lo, the' execucion of the majestie,
That all purveighith of his rightwisenesse,
That samè thyng fortune yclepin ye,
Ye blindè bestis full of leudèness!
The heven hath propirtie of sikirness,
This worldè hath evir restlesse travaile,
The last daie is the ende of myne entresse,
In generall this rule ne maie not faile.


Th' envoye of Fortune.
Princes I praie you of your gentilnesse,
Let not this man and me thus crie and plain,
And I shall quitin you this businesse,
And if ye liste releve hym of his pain,
Praie ye his best frende of his noblenesse
That to some bettir state he maie attain.


Lydgate was a monk of Bury, who wrote about the
same time with Chaucer. Out of his prologue to his
third book of the Fall of Princes a few stanzas are se­
lected, which, being compared with the style of his two
contemporaries, will show that our language was then
not written by caprice, but was in a settled state.


LIKE a pilgrime which that goeth on foote,
And hath none horse to releue his trauayle,
Whote, drye and wery, and may find no bote
Of wel cold whan thrust doth hym assayle,
Wine nor licour, that may to hym auayle,
Tight so fare I which in my businesse,
No succour fynde my rudenes to redresse.
I meane as thus, I haue no fresh licour
Out of the conduites of Calliope,
Nor through Clio in rhethorike no sloure,
In my labour for to refresh me:
Nor of the susters in noumber thrise three,
Which with Cithera on Parnaso dwell,
They neuer me gaue drinke once of their wel.
Nor of theyr springes clere and christaline,
That sprange by touchyng of the Pegase,
Their fauour lacketh my making ten lumine
I fynde theyr bawme of so great scarcitie,
To tame their tunnes with some drop of plentie
For Poliphemus throw his great blindnes,
Hath in me derked of Argus the brightnes.





Our life here short of wit the great dulnes
The heuy soule troubled with trauayle,
And of memorye the glasyng brotelnes,
Drede and vncunning haue made a strong batail
With werines my spirite to assayle,
And with their subtil creping in most queint
Hath made my spirit in makyng for to feint.
And ouermore, the ferefull frowardnes
Of my stepmother called obliuion,
Hath a bastyll of foryetfulnes,
To stoppe the passage, and shadow my reason
That I might haue no clere direccion,
In translating of new to quicke me,
Stories to write of olde antiquite.
Thus was I set and stode in double werre
At the metyng of feareful wayes tweyne,
The one was this, who euer list to lere,
Whereas good wyll gan me constrayne,
Bochas taccomplish for to doe my payne,
Came ignoraunce, with a menace of drede,
My penne to rest I durst not procede.

Fortescue was chief justice of the Common-Pleas, in
the reign of king Henry VI. He retired in 1471. after
the battle of Tewkesbury, and probably wrote most of
his works in his privacy. The following passage is se­
lected from his book of the Difference between an abso­
lute and limited Monarchy.


HYT may peraventure be marvelid by some men,
why one Realme is a Lordshyp only Royall, and the
Prynce thereof rulyth yt by his Law, callid Jus Regale;
and another Kyngdome is a Lordschip, Royal and Poli­
tike, and the Prince thereof rulyth by a Lawe, callyd Jus
Politicum & Regale; sythen thes two Princes beth of
egall Astate.
To this dowte it may be answeryd in this manner;
The first Institution of thes twoo Realmys, upon the
Incorporation of them, is the Cause of this diversyte.
When Nembroth by Might, for his own Glorye, made
and incorporate the first Realme, and subduyd it to hym­
self by Tyrannye, he would not have it governyd by any
other Rule or Lawe, but by his own Will; by which
and for th' accomplishment thereof he made it. And
therfor, though he had thus made a Realme, holy Scrip­
ture denyyd to cal hym a Kyng, Quia Rex dicitur a
Regendo; Whych thyng he dyd not, but oppressyd the
People by Myght, and therfor he was a Tyrant, and
callid Primus Tyrannorum. But holy Writ callith hym
Robustus Venator coram Deo. For as the Hunter takyth
the wyld beste for to scle and eate hym; so Nembroth
subduyd to him the People with Might, to have their
service and their goods, using upon them the Lordschip
that is callid Dominium Regale tantum. After hym Be­
lus that was callid first a Kyng, and after hym his Sone
Nynus, and after hym other Panyms; They, by Exam­
ple of Nembroth, made them Realmys, would not have
them rulyd by other Lawys than by their own Wills.
Which Lawys ben right good under good Princes;
and their Kyngdoms a then most resemblyd to the Kyng­
dome of God, which reynith upon Man, rulyng him
by hys own Will. Wherfor many Crystyn Princes
usen the same Lawe; and therfor it is, that the Lawys
sayen, Quod Principi placuit Legis habet vigorem. And
thus I suppose first beganne in Realmys, Dominium tan­
tum Regale. But afterward, whan Mankynd was more
mansuete, and better disposyd to Vertue, Grete Com­
munalties, as was the Feliship, that came into this Lond
with Brute, wyllyng to be unyed and made a Body Po­
litike callid a Realme, havyng an Heed to governe it;
as after the Saying of the Philosopher, every Commu­
naltie unyed of many parts must needs have an Heed;
than they chose the same Brute to be their Heed and
Kyng. And they and he upon this Incorporation and In­
stitution, and onyng of themself into a Realme, ordeynyd
the same Realme so to be rulyd and justyfyd by such
Lawys, as they al would assent unto; which Law ther­
for is callid Politicum; and bycause it is mynystrid by a
Kyng, it is callid Regale. Dominium Politicum dicitur
quasi Regimen, plurium Scientia, sive Consilio ministratum.
The Kyng of Scotts reynith upon his People by this
Lawe, videlicet, Regimine Politico & Regali. And as
Diodorus Syculus saith, in his Boke de priscis Historiis,
The Realme of Egypte is rulid by the same Lawe, and
therfor the Kyng therof chaungith not his Lawes, with­
out the Assent of his People. And in like forme as he
saith is ruled the Kyngdome of Saba, in Felici Arabia,
and the Lond of Libie; And also the more parte of al
the Realmys in Afrike. Which manner of Rule and
Lordship, the sayd Diodorus in that Boke, praysith grete­
ly. For it is not only good for the Prince, that may
thereby the more sewerly do Justice, than by his owne
Arbitriment; but it is also good for his People that re­
ceyve therby, such Justice as they desyer themself. Now
as me seymth, it ys shewyd opinly ynough, why one
Kyng rulyth and reynith on his People Dominio tantum
Regali, and that other reynith Dominio Politico & Regali:
For that one Kyngdome beganne, of and by, the Might
of the Prince, and that other beganne, by the Desier and
Institution of the People of the same Prince.
Of the works of Sir Thomas More it was necessary to
give a larger specimen, both because our language was
then in a great degree formed and settled, and because it
appears from Ben Johnson, that his works were considered
as models of pure and elegant style. The tale, which
is placed first, because earliest written, will show what an
attentive reader will, in perusing our old writers, often
remark, that the familiar and colloquial part of our lan­
guage, being disused among those classes who had no
ambition of refinement, or affectation of novelty, has
suffered very little change. There is another reason why
the extracts from this authour are more copious: his
works are carefully and correctly printed, and may there­
fore be better trusted than any other edition of the
English books of that, or the preceding ages.
A merry iest how a sergeant would learne to playe the
frere. Written by maister Thomas More in hys
youth.

WYSE men alway,
Affyrme and say,
That best is for a man:
Diligently,
For to apply,
The busines that he can,
And in no wyse,
To enterpryse,
An other faculte,
For he that wyll,
And can no skyll,
Is neuer lyke to the.
He that hath lafte,
The hosiers crafte,
And falleth to making shone,
The smythe that shall,
To payntyng fall,
His thrift is well nigh done.
A blacke draper,
With whyte paper,
To goe to writyng scole,
An olde butler,
Becum a cutler,
I wene shall proue a fole.
And an olde trot,
That can I wot,
Nothyng but kysse the cup,
With her phisick,
Wil kepe one sicke,
Tyll she haue soused hym vp.
A man of lawe,
That neuer sawe,
The wayes to bye and sell,
Wenyng to ryse,
By marchaundise,
I wish to spede hym well.
A marchaunt eke,
That wyll goo seke,
By all the meanes he may,
To fall in sute,
Tyll he dispute,
His money cleane away,


Pletyng the lawe,
For euery strawe,
Shall proue a thrifty man,
With bate and strife,
But by my life,
I cannot tell you whan.
Whan an hatter
Wyll go smatter,
In philosophy,
Or a pedlar,
Ware a medlar,
In theology,
All that ensue,
Suche craftes new,
They driue so farre a cast,
That euermore,
They do therfore,
Beshrewe themselfe at last.
This thing was tryed
And verefyed,
Here by a sergeaunt late,
That thriftly was,
Or he coulde pas,
Rapped about the pate,
Whyle that he would
See how he could,
A little play the frere:
Now yf you wyll,
Knowe how it fyll,
Take hede and ye shall here.
It happed so,
Not long ago,
A thrifty man there dyed,
An hundred pounde,
Of nobles rounde,
That had he layd a side:
His sonne he wolde,
Should haue this golde,
For to beginne with all:
But to suffise
His chylde, well thrise,
That money was to smal.
Yet or this day
I have hard say,
That many a man certesse,
Hath with good cast,
Be ryche at last,
That hath begonne with lesse.
But this yonge manne,
So well beganne,
His money to imploy,
That certainly,
His policy,
To see it was a joy,
For lest sum blast,
Myght ouer cast,
His ship, or by mischaunce,
Men with sum wile,
Myght hym begyle,
And minish his substaunce,
For to put out,
All maner dout,
He made a good puruay,
For euery whyt,
By his owne wyt,
And toke an other way:
First fayre and wele,
Therof much dele,
He dygged it in a pot,
But then him thought,
That way was nought,
And there he left it not.
So was he faine,
From thence agayne,
To put it in a cup,
And by and by,
Couetously,
He supped it fayre vp,
In his owne brest,
He thought it best,
His money to enclose,
Then wist he well,
What euer fell,
He coulde it neuer lose.
He borrowed then,
Of other men,
Money and marchaundise:
Neuer payd it,
Up he laid it,
In like maner wyse.
Yet on the gere,
That he would were,
He reight not what he spent,
So it were nyce,
As for the price,
Could him not miscontent.
With lusty sporte,
And with resort,
Of ioly company,
In mirth and play,
Full many a day,
He liued merely.
And men had sworne,
Some man is borne,
To haue a lucky howre,
And so was he,
For such degre,
He gat and suche honour,
That without dout,
Whan he went out,
A sergeaunt well and fayre,
Was redy strayte,
On him to wayte,
As sone as on the mayre.
But he doubtlesse,
Of his mekenesse,
Hated such pompe and pride,
And would not go,
Companied so,
But drewe himself a side,
To saint Katharine,
Streight as a line,
He gate him at a tyde,
For deuocion,
Or promocion,
There would he nedes abyde.
There spent he fast,
Till all were past,
And to him came there meny,
To aske theyr det,
But none could get,
The valour of a peny.
With visage stout,
He bare it out,
Euen vnto the harde hedge,
A month or twaine,
Tyll he was faine,
To laye his gowne to pledge.
Than was he there,
In greater feare,
Than ere that he came thither,
And would as fayne,
Depart againe,
But that he wist not whither.
Than after this,
To a frende of his,
He went and there abode,
Where as he lay,
So sick alway,
He myght not come abrode.
It happed than,
A marchant man,
That he ought money to,
Of an officere,
Than gan enquere,
What him was best to do.
And he answerde,
Be not aferde,
Take an accion therfore,
I you beheste,
I shall hym reste,
And than care for no more.




I feare quod he,
It wyll not be,
For he wyll not come out.
The sergeaunt said,
Be not afrayd.
It shall be brought about.
In many a game,
Lyke to the same,
Haue I bene well in vre,
And for your sake,
Let me be bake,
But yf I do this cure.
Thus part they both,
And foorth then goth,
A pace this officere,
And for a day,
All his array,
He chaunged with a frere.
So was he dight,
That no man might,
Hym for a frere deny,
He dopped and dooked,
He spake and looked,
So religiously.
Yet in a glasse,
Or he would passe,
He toted and he peered,
His harte for pryde,
Lepte in his syde,
To see how well he freered.
Than forth a pace,
Unto the place,
He goeth withouten shame
To do this dede,
But now take hede,
For here begynneth the game.
He drew hym ny,
And softely,
Streyght at thedore he knocked:
And a damsell,
That hard hym well,
There came and it vnlocked.
The frere sayd,
Good spede fayre mayd,
Here lodgeth such a man,
It is told me:
Well syr quod she,
And yf he do what than.
Quod he maystresse,
No harme doutlesse:
It longeth for our order,
To hurt no man,
But as we can,
Euery wight to forder.
With hym truly,
Fayne speake would I.
Sir quod she by my fay,
He is so sike,
Ye be not lyke,
To speake with hym to day.
Quod he fayre may,
Yet I you pray,
This much at my desire,
Vouchesafe to do,
As go hym to,
And say an austen frere
Would with hym speke,
And matters breake,
For his auayle certayn.
Quod she I wyll,
Stonde ye here styll,
Tyll I come downe agayn.
Vp is she go,
And told hym so,
As she was bode to say,
He mistrustying,
No maner thyng,
Sayd mayden go thy way,
And fetch him hyder,
That we togyder,
May talk. A downe she gothe,
Vp she hym brought,
No harme she thought,
But it made some folke wrothe.
This officere,
This fayned frere,
Whan he was come aloft,
He dopped than,
And grete this man,
Religiously and oft.
And he agayn,
Ryght glad and fayn,
Toke hym there by the hande,
The frere than sayd,
Ye be dismayd,
With trouble I understande.
In dede quod he,
It hath with me,
Bene better than it is.
Syr quod the frere,
Be of good chere,
Yet shall it after this.
But I would now,
Comen with you,
In counsayle yf you please,
Or ellys nat
Of matters that,
Shall set your heart at ease.
Downe went the mayd,
The marchaunt sayd,
Now say on gentle frere,
Of thys tydyng,
That ye me bryng,
I long full sore to here.
Whan there was none,
But they alone,
The frere with euyll grace,
Sayd, I rest the,
Come on with me,
And out he toke his mace:
Thou shalt obay,
Come on thy way,
I have the in my clouche,
Thou goest not hence,
For all the pense,
The mayre hath in his pouche.
This marchaunt there,
For wrath and fere,
He waxyng welnygh wood,
Sayd horson these,
With a mischefe,
Who hathtaught the thy good.
And with his fist,
Vpon the lyst,
He gaue hym such a blow,
That backward downe,
Almost in sowne,
The frere is ouerthrow.
Yet was this man,
Well fearder than,
Lest he the frere had slayne,
Tyll with good rappes,
And heuy clappes,
He dawde hym vp agayne.
The frere toke harte,
And vp he starte,
And well he layde about,
And so there goth,
Betwene them both,
Many a lusty clout.
They rent and tere,
Eche others here,
And claue togyder fast,
Tyll with luggyng,
And with tuggyng,
They fell downe bothe at last.
Than on the grounde,
Togyder rounde,
With many a sadde stroke,
They roll and rumble,
They turne and tumble,
As pygges do in a poke.


So long aboue,
They heue and shoue,
Togider that at last,
The mayd and wyfe,
To breake the strife,
Hyed them vpward fast.
And whan they spye,
The captaynes lye,
Both waltring on the place,
The freres hood,
They pulled a good,
Adowne about his face.
Whyle he was blynde,
The wenche behynde,
Lent him leyd on the flore,
Many a ioule,
About the noule,
With a great batyldore.
The wyfe came yet,
And with her fete,
She holpe to kepe him downe,
And with her rocke,
Many a knocke,
She gaue hym on the crowne.
They layd his mace,
About his face,
That he was wood for payne:
The fryre frappe,
Gate many a swappe,
Tyll he was full nygh slayne.
Vp they hym lift,
And with yll thrift,
Hedlyng a long the stayre,
Downe they hym threwe,
And sayde adewe,
Commende us to the mayre.
The frere arose,
But I suppose,
Amased was his hed,
He shoke his eares,
And from grete feares,
He thought hym well yfled.
Quod he now lost,
Is all this cost,
We be neuer the nere.
Ill mote he be,
That caused me,
To make my self a frere.
Now masters all,
Here now I shall,
Ende there as I began,
In any wyse,
I would auyse,
And counsayle euery man,
His owne craft vse,
All newe refuse,
And lyghtly let them gone:
Play not the frere,
Now make good chere,
And welcome euerych one.

A ruful lamentacion (writen by master Thomas More
in his youth) of the deth of quene Elisabeth mother
to king Henry the eight, wife to king Henry the
seuenth, and eldest doughter to king Edward the
fourth, which quene Elisabeth dyed in childbed in
February in the yere of our Lord 1503, and in the
18 yere of the raigne of king Henry the seuenth.

O Ye that put your trust and confidence,
In worldly ioy and frayle prosperite,
That so lyue here as ye should neuer hence,
Remember death and loke here vppon me.
Ensaumple I thynke there may no better be.
Your selfe wotte well that in this realme was I,
Your quene but late, and lo now here I lye.
Was I not borne of olde worthy linage?
Was not my mother queene my father kyng?
Was I not a kinges fere in marriage?
Had I not plenty of euery pleasaunt thyng?
Mercifull god this is a straunge reckenyng:
Rychesse, honour, welth, and auncestry?
Hath me forsaken and lo now here I ly.
If worship myght haue kept me, I had not gone.
If wyt myght haue me saued, I neded not fere.
If money myght haue holpe, I lacked none.
But O good God what vayleth all this gere.
When deth is come thy mighty messangere,
Obey we must there is no remedy,
Me hath he sommoned, and lo now here I ly.
Yet was I late promised otherwyse,
This yere to liue in welth and delice.
Lo where to commeth thy blandishyng promyse,
O false astrolagy and deuynatrice,
Of goddes secretes makyng thy selfe so wyse.
How true is for this yere thy prophecy.
The yere yet lasteth, and lo nowe here I ly.
O bryttill welth, as full of bitternesse,
Thy single pleasure doubled is with payne.
Account my sorow first and my distresse,
In sondry wyse, and recken there agayne,
The ioy that I haue had, and I dare sayne,
For all my honour, endured yet haue I,
More wo then welth, and lo now here I ly.
Where are our castels, now where are our towers,
Goodly Rychmonde sone art thou gone from me,
At Westminster that costly worke of yours,
Myne owne dere lorde now shall I neuer see.
Almighty god vouchesafe to graunt that ye,
For you and your children well may edefy.
My palyce bylded is, and lo now here I ly.
Adew myne owne dere spouse my worthy lorde,
The faithfull loue, that dyd vs both combyne,
In mariage and peasable concorde,
Into your handes here I cleane resyne,
To be bestowed vppon your children and myne.
Erst wer you father, and now must ye supply,
The mothers part also, for lo now here I ly.
Farewell my doughter lady Margerete.
God wotte full oft it greued hath my mynde,
That ye should go where we should seldome mete.
Now am I gone, and haue left you behynde.
O mortall folke that we be very blynde.
That we least feare, full oft it is most nye,
From you depart I fyrst, and lo now here I lye.
Farewell Madame my lordes worthy mother,
Comfort your sonne, and be ye of good chere.
Take all a worth, for it will be no nother.
Farewell my doughter Katherine late the fere,
To prince Arthur myne owne chyld so dere,
It booteth not for me to wepe or cry,
Pray for my soule, for lo now here I ly.
Adew lord Henry my louyng sonne adew.
Our lorde encrease your honour and estate,
Adew my doughter Mary bright of hew,
God make you vertuous wyse and fortunate.
Adew swete hart my litle doughter Kate,
Thou shalt swete babe suche is thy desteny,
Thy mother neuer know, for lo now here I ly.
Lady Cicyly Anne and Katheryne,
Farewell my welbeloved sisters three,
O lady Briget other sister myne,
Lo here the ende of worldly vanitee.
Now well are ye that earthly foly flee,
And heuenly thynges loue and magnify,
Farewell and pray for me, for lo now here I ly.
A dew my lordes, a dew my ladies all,
A dew my faithful seruauntes euerych one,
A dew my commons whom I neuer shall,
See in this world wherfore to the alone,
Immortall god verely three and one,
I me commende. Thy infinite mercy,
Shew to thy seruant, for lo now here I ly.

Certain meters in English written by master Thomas
More in hys youth for the boke of fortune, and caused
them to be printed in the begynnyng of that boke.

The wordes of Fortune to the people.
MINE high estate power and auctoritie,
If ye ne know, enserche and ye shall spye,
That richesse, worship, welth, and dignitie,
Joy, rest, and peace, and all thyng fynally,
That any pleasure or profit may come by,
To mannes comfort, ayde, and sustinaunce,
Is all at my deuyse and ordinaunce.


Without my fauour there is nothyng wonne.
Many a matter haue I brought at last,
To good conclusion, that fondly was begonne.
And many a purpose, bounden sure and rast
With wise prouision, I haue ouercast.
Without good happe there may no wit suffise.
Better is to be fortunate than wyse.
And therefore hath there some men bene or this,
My deadly foes and written many a boke,
To my disprayse. And other cause there nys,
But for me list not frendly on them loke.
Thus lyke the fox they fare that once forsoke,
The pleasaunt grapes, and gan for to defy them,
Because he lept and yet could not come by them.
But let them write theyr labour is in vayne.
For well ye wote, myrth, honour, and richesse,
Much better is than penury and payne.
The nedy wretch that lingereth in distresse,
Without myne helpe is euer comfortlesse,
A wery burden odious and loth,
To all the world, and eke to him selfe both.
But he that by my fauour may ascende,
To mighty power and excellent degree,
A common wele to gouerne and defende,
O in how blist condicion standeth he:
Him self in honour and felicite,
And ouer that, may forther and increase,
A region hole in ioyfull rest and peace.
Now in this poynt there is no more to say,
Eche man hath of him self the gouernaunce.
Let euery wight than folowe his owne way,
And he that out of pouertee and mischaunce,
List for to liue, and wyll him selfe enhaunce,
In wealth and richesse, come forth and wayte on me.
And he that wyll be a beggar, let hym be.


THOMAS MORE to them that trust in Fortune.
THOU that are prowde of honour shape or kynne,
That hepest vp this wretched worldes treasure,
Thy fingers shrined with gold, thy tawny skynne,
With fresh apparyle garnished out of measure,
And wenest to haue fortune at thy pleasure,
Cast vp thyne eye, and loke how slipper chaunce,
Illudeth her men with chaunge and varyaunce.
Sometyme she loketh as louely fayre and bright,
As goodly Uenus mother of Cupyde.
She becketh and she smileth on euery wight.
But this chere fayned, may not long abide.
There cometh a cloude, and farewell all our pryde.
Like any serpent she beginneth to swell,
And looketh as fierce as any fury of hell.
Yet for all that we brotle men are fayne,
(So wretched is our nature and so blynde)
As soone as Fortune list to laugh agayne,
With fayre countenaunce and disceitfull mynde,
To crouche and knele and gape after the wynde,
Not one or twayne but thousandes in a rout,
Lyke swarmyng bees come flickeryng her aboute.
Then as a bayte she bryngeth forth her ware,
Siluer, gold, riche perle, and precious stone:
On whiche the mased people gase and stare,
And gape therefore, as dogges doe for the bone.
Fortune at them laugheth, and in her trone
Amyd her treasure and waueryng rychesse,
Prowdly she houeth as lady and empresse.
Fast by her syde doth wery labour stand,
Pale fere also, and sorow all bewept,
Disdayn and hatred on that other hand,
Eke restles watche fro slepe with trauayle kept,
His eyes drowsy and lokyng as he slept.
Before her standeth daunger and enuy,
Flattery, dysceyt, mischiefe and tiranny.
About her commeth all the world to begge.
He asketh lande, and he to pas would bryng,
This toye and that, and all not worth an egge:
He would in loue prosper aboue all thyng:
He kneleth downe and would be made a kyng:
He forceth not so he may money haue,
Though all the worlde accompt hym for a knaue.
Lo thus ye see diuers heddes, diuers wittes.
Fortune alone as diuers as they all,
Vnstable here and there among them flittes:
And at auenture downe her giftes fall,
Catch who so may she throweth great and small
Not to all men, as commeth sonne or dewe,
But for the most part, all among a fewe.
And yet her brotell giftes long may not last.
He that she gaue them, loketh prowde and hye.
She whirlth about and pluckth away as fast,
And geueth them to an other by and by.
And thus from man to man continually,
She vseth to geue and take, and slily tosse,
One man to wynnyng of an others losse.
And when she robbeth one, down goth his pryde.
He wepeth and wayleth and curseth her full sore.
But he that receueth it, on that other syde,
Is glad, and blesth her often tymes therefore.
But in a whyle when she loueth hym no more,
She glydeth from hym, and her giftes to.
And he her curseth, as other fooles do,
Alas the folysh people can not cease,
Ne voyd her trayne, tyll they the harme do fele.
About her alway, besely they preace.
But lord how he doth thynk hym self full wele.
That may set once his hande vppon her whele.
He holdeth fast: but vpward as he flieth,
She whippeth her whele about, and there he lyeth.
Thus fell Julius from his mighty power.
Thus fell Darius the worthy kyng of Perse.
Thus fell Alexander the great conquerour.
Thus many mo then I may well reherse.
Thus double fortune, when she lyst reuerse
Her slipper fauour fro them that in her trust,
She fleeth her wey and leyeth them in the dust.
She sodeinly enhaunceth them aloft.
And sodeynly mischeueth all the flocke.
The head that late lay easily and full soft,
In stede of pylows lyeth after on the blocke.
And yet alas the most cruell proude mocke:
The deynty mowth that ladyes kissed haue,
She bryngeth in the case to kysse a knaue.
In chaungyng of her course, the chaunge shewth this,
Vp startth a knaue, and downe there falth a knight,
The beggar ryche, and the ryche man pore is.
Hatred is turned to loue, loue to despyght.
This is her sport, thus proueth she her myght.
Great boste she maketh yf one be by her power,
Welthy and wretched both within an howre.
Pouertee that of her giftes wyl nothing take,
Wyth mery chere, looketh vppon the prece,
And seeth how fortunes houshold goeth to wrake.
Fast by her standeth the wyse Socrates.
Arristippus, Pythagoras, and many a lese.
Of olde philosophers. And eke agaynst the sonne
Bekyth hym poore Diogenes in his tonne.
With her is Byas, whose countrey lackt defence,
And whylom of their foes stode so in dout,
That eche man hastely gan to cary thence,
And asked hym why he nought caryed out.
I bere quod he all myne with me about:
Wisedom he ment, not fortunes brotle fees.
For nought he counted his that he might leese.
Heraclitus eke, lyst felowship to kepe
With glad pouertee, Democritus also:
Of which the fyrst can neuer cease but wepe,
To see how thick the blynded people go,
With labour great to purchase care and wo.
That other laugheth to see the foolysh apes,
Howe earnestly they walk about theyr capes.
Of this poore sect, it is comen vsage,
Onely to take that nature may sustayne,
Banishing cleane all other surplusage,
They be content, and of nothyng complayne.
No nygarde eke is of his good so fayne.
But they more pleasure haue a thousande folde,
The secrete draughtes of nature to beholde.
Set fortunes servauntes by them and ye wull,
That one is free, that other euer thrall,
That one content, that other neuer full.
That one in suretye, that other lyke to fall.
Who lyst to aduise them bothe, parceyue he shall,
As great difference between them as we see,
Betwixte wretchednes and felicite.


Nowe haue I shewed you bothe: these whiche ye lyst,
Stately fortune, or humble pouertee:
That is to say, nowe lyeth it in your fyst,
To take here bondage, or free libertee.
But in thys poynte and ye do after me,
Draw you to fortune, and labour her to please,
If that ye thynke your selfe to well at ease.
And fyrst vppon the louely shall she smile,
And frendly on the cast her wandering eyes,
Embrace the in her armes, and for a whyle,
Put the and kepe the in a fooles paradise:
And foorth with all what so thou lyst deuise,
She wyll the graunt it liberally parhappes:
But for all that beware of after clappes.
Recken you neuer of her fauoure sure:
Ye may in clowds as easily trace an hare,
Or in drye lande cause fishes to endure,
And make the burnyng fyre his heate to spare,
And all thys worlde in compace to forfare,
As her to make by craft or engine stable,
That of her nature is euer variable.
Serue her day and nyght as reuerently,
Vppon thy knees as any seruaunt may,
And in conclusion, that thou shalt winne thereby
Shall not be worth thy servyce I dare say.
And looke yet what she geueth the to day,
With labour wonne she shall happly to morow
Pluck it agayne out of thyne hande with sorow.
Wherefore yf thou in suretye lyst to stande,
Take pouerties parte and let prowde fortune go,
Receyue nothyng that commeth from her hande.
Loue maner and vertue: they be onely tho.
Whiche double fortune may not take the fro.
Then mayst thou boldly defye her turnyng chaunce:
She can the neyther hynder nor auaunce.
But and thou wylt nedes medle with her treasure,
Trust not therein, and spende it liberally.
Beare the not proude, nor take not out of measure.
Bylde not thyne house on heyth vp in the skye.
None falleth farre, but he that climbeth hye,
Remember nature sent the hyther bare,
The gyftes of fortune count them borowed ware.


THOMAS MORE to them that seke Fortune.
WHO so delyteth to prouen and assay,
Of waveryng fortune the vncertayne lot,
If that the aunswere please you not alway,
Blame ye not me: for I commaunde you not,
Fortune to trust, and eke full well ye wot,
I haue of her no brydle in my fist,
She renneth loose, and turneth where she lyst.
The rollyng dyse in whome your lucke doth stande,
With whose vnhappy chaunce ye be so wroth,
Ye knowe your selfe came neuer in myne hande.
Lo in this ponde be fyshe and frogges both.
Cast in your nette: but be you liefe or lothe,
Hold you content as fortune lyst assyne:
For it is your owne fishyng and not myne.
And though in one chaunce fortune you offend,
Grudge not there at, but beare a mery face.
In many an other she shall it amende.
There is no manne so farre out of her grace,
But he sometyme hath comfort and solace:
Ne none agayne so farre foorth in her fauour,
That is full satisfyed with her behauiour.
Fortune is stately, solemne, prowde, and hye:
And rychesse geueth, to haue seruyce therefore.
The nedy begger catcheth an halfpeny:
Some manne a thousande pounde, some lesse some more.
But for all that she kepeth euer in store,
From euery manne some parcell of his wyll,
That he may pray therfore and serue her styll.
Some manne hath good, but chyldren hath he none.
Some man hath both, but he can get none health.
Some hath al thre, but vp to honours trone,
Can he not crepe, by no maner of stelth.
To some she sendeth, children, ryches, welthe,
Honour, woorshyp, and reuerence all hys lyfe:
But yet she pyncheth hym with a shrewde wyfe.
Then for asmuch as it is fortunes guyse,
To graunt no manne all thyng that he wyll axe,
But as her selfe lyst order and deuyse,
Doth euery manne his parte diuide and tax,
I counsayle you eche one trusse vp your packes,
And take no thyng at all, or be content,
With suche rewarde as fortune hath you sent.
All thynges in this boke that ye shall rede,
Doe as ye lyst, there shall no manne you bynde,
Them to beleue, as surely as your crede.
But notwithstandyng certes in my mynde,
I durst well swere, as true ye shall them fynde,
In euery poynt eche answere by and by,
As are the iudgementes of astronomye.


The Description of RICHARD the thirde.
RICHARDE the third sonne, of whom we nowe
entreate, was in witte and courage egall with either
of them, in bodye and prowesse farre vnder them bothe,
little of stature, ill fetured of limmes, croke backed,
his left shoulder much higher than his right, hard fa­
uoured of visage, and such as is in states called warlye,
in other menne otherwise, he was malicious, wrathfull,
enuious, and from afore his birth, euer frowarde. It is
for trouth reported, that the duches his mother had so
much a doe in her trauaile, that shee coulde not bee de­
liuered of hym vncutte: and that hee came into the
worlde with the feete forwarde, as menne bee borne out­
warde, and (as the fame runneth) also not vntothed,
whither menne of hatred reporte aboue the trouthe, or
elles that nature chaunged her course in hys beginninge,
whiche in the course of his lyfe many thinges vnnatu­
rallye committed. None euill captaine was hee in the
warre, as to whiche his disposicion was more metely then
for peace. Sundrye victories hadde hee, and somme­
time ouerthrowes, but neuer in defaulte as for his owne
parsone, either of hardinesse or polytike order, free was
hee called of dyspence, and sommewhat aboue hys
power liberall, with large giftes hee get him vnstedfaste
frendeshippe, for whiche hee was fain to pil and spoyle
in other places, and get him stedfast hatred. Hee was
close and secrete, a deepe dissimuler, lowlye of countey­
naunce, arrogant of heart, outwardly coumpinable
where he inwardely hated, not letting to kisse whome
hee thoughte to kyll: dispitious and cruell, not for euill
will alway, but after for ambicion, and either for the
suretie or encrease of his estate. Frende and foo was
muche what indifferent, where his aduauntage grew, he
spared no mans deathe, whose life withstoode his pur­
pose. He slewe with his owne handes king Henry the
sixt, being prisoner in the Tower, as menne constantly
saye, and that without commaundement or knoweledge
of the king, whiche woulde vndoubtedly yf he had en­
tended that thinge, haue appointed that boocherly of­
fice, to some other then his owne borne brother.
Somme wise menne also weene, that his drift couertly
conuayde, lacked not in helping furth his brother of
Clarence to his death: whiche hee resisted openly, how­
beit somwhat (as menne deme) more faintly then he
that wer hartely minded to his welth. And they that
thus deme, think that he long time in king Edwardes
life, forethought to be king in that case the king his
brother (whose life hee looked that euil dyete shoulde
shorten) shoulde happen to decease (as in dede he did)
while his children wer yonge. And thei deme, that
for thys intente he was gladde of his brothers death the
duke of Clarence, whose life must nedes haue hindered
hym so entendynge, whither the same duke of Clarence
hadde kepte him true to his nephew the yonge king, or
enterprised to be kyng himselfe. But of al this pointe,
is there no certaintie, and whoso diuineth vppon con­
iectures, maye as wel shote to farre as to short. How
beit this haue I by credible informacion learned, that
the selfe nighte in whiche kynge Edwarde died, one
Mystlebrooke longe ere mornynge, came in greate haste
to the house of one Pottyer dwellyng in Reddecrosse
strete without Crepulgate: and when he was with hastye
rappyng quickly letten in, hee shewed vnto Pottyer that
kynge Edwarde was departed. By my trouthe manne
quod Pottier then wyll my mayster the duke of Glou­
cester bee kynge. What cause hee hadde soo to thynke
harde it is to saye, whyther hee being toward him, anye
thynge knewe that hee suche thynge purposed, or other­


wyse had anye inkelynge thereof: for hee was not likelye
to speake it of noughte.
But nowe to returne to the course of this hystorye,
were it that the duke of Gloucester hadde of old fore­
minded this conclusion, or was nowe at erste thereunto
moued, and putte in hope by the occasion of the tender
age of the younge princes, his nephues (as opportu­
nitye and lykelyhoode of spede, putteth a manne in
courage of that hee neuer entended) certayn is it that
hee contriued theyr destruccion, with the vsurpacion of
the regal dignitye vppon hymselfe. And for as muche
as hee well wiste and holpe to mayntayn, a long continued
grudge and hearte brennynge betwene the quenes kinred
and the kinges blood eyther partye enuying others au­
thoritye, he nowe thought that their deuision shoulde
bee (as it was in dede) a fortherlye begynnynge to the
pursuite of his intente, and a sure ground for the foun­
dacion of al his building yf he might firste vnder the
pretext of reuengynge of olde displeasure, abuse the
anger and ygnoraunce of the tone partie, to the destruc­
cion of the tother: and then wynne to his purpose as
manye as he coulde: and those that coulde not be
wonne, myght be loste ere they looked therefore. For
of one thynge was hee certayne, that if his entente were
perceiued, he shold soone haue made peace beetwene the
bothe parties, with his owne bloude.
Kynge Edwarde in his life, albeit that this discencion
beetwene hys frendes sommewhat yrked hym: yet in his
good health he sommewhat the lesse regarded it, because
hee thought whatsoeuer busines shoulde falle betwene
them, hymselfe should alwaye bee hable to rule bothe
the parties.
But in his last sicknesse, when hee receiued his naturall
strengthe soo sore ensebled, that hee dyspayred all re­
couerye, then hee consyderynge the youthe of his chyl­
dren, albeit hee nothynge lesse mistrusted then that that
happened, yet well forseynge that manye harmes myghte
growe by theyr debate, whyle the youth of hys children
shoulde lacke discrecion of themself and good counsayle,
of their frendes, of whiche either party shold counsayle
for their owne commodity and rather by pleasaunte ad­
uyse too wynne themselfe fauour, then by profitable ad­
uertisemente to do the children good, he called some of
them before him that were at variaunce, and in especyall
the lorde marques Dorsette the quenes sonne by her
fyrste housebande, and Richarde the lorde Hastynges,
a noble man, than lorde chaumberlayne agayne whome
the quene specially grudged, for the great fauoure the
kyng bare hym, and also for that shee thoughte hym se­
cretelye familyer with the kynge in wanton coumpanye.
Her kynred also bare hym sore, as well for that the
kynge hadde made hym captayne of Calyce (whiche office
the lorde Ryuers, brother to the quene claimed of the
kinges former promyse as for diuerse other great giftes
whiche hee receyued, that they loked for. When these
lordes with diuerse other of bothe the parties were comme
in presence, the kynge liftinge vppe himselfe and vnder­
sette with pillowes, as it is reported on this wyse sayd
vnto them, My lordes, my dere kinsmenne and alies,
in what plighte I lye you see, and I seele. By whiche the
lesse whyle I looke to lyue with you, the more depelye
am I moued to care in what case I leaue you, for such
as I leaue you, suche bee my children lyke to synde you.
Whiche if they shoulde (that Godde forbydde) fynde
you at varyaunce, myght happe to fall themselfe at warre
ere their discrecion woulde serue to sette you at peace.
Ye se their youthe, of whiche I recken the onely suretie
to reste in youre concord, For it suffiseth not that al
you loue them, yf eche of you hate other, If they wer
menne, your faithfulnesse happelye woulde suffise. But
childehood must be maintained by mens authoritye, and
slipper youth vnderpropped with elder counsayle, which
neither they can haue, but ye geue it, nor ye geue it,
yf ye gree not. For wher eche laboureth to breake that
the other maketh, and for hatred of ech of others par­
son, impugneth eche others counsayle, there must it
nedes bee long ere anye good conclusion goe forwarde.
And also while either partye laboureth to be chiefe,
flattery shall haue more place then plaine and faithfull
aduyse, of whyche muste needes ensue the euyll bring­
ing vppe of the prynee, whose mynd in tender youth
infect, shal redily fal to mischief and riot, and drawe
down with this noble realme to ruine, but if grace turn
him to wisdom: which if God send, then thei that by
euill menes before pleased him best, shal after fall farthest
out of fauour, so that euer at length euil driftes dreue
to nought, and good plain wayes prosper. Great va­
riaunce hath ther long bene betwene you, not alway for
great causes. Sometime a thing right wel intended,
our misconstruccion turneth vnto worse or a smal dis­
pleasure done vs, eyther our owne affeccion or euil
tongues agreueth. But this wote I well ye neuer had so
great cause of hatred, as ye haue of loue. That we be
al men, that we be christen men, this shall I leaue for
prechers to tel you (and yet I wote nere whither any
preachers wordes ought more to moue you, then his
that is by and by gooying to the place that thei all
preache of.) But this shal I desire you to remember,
that the one parte of you is of my bloode, the other of
myne alies, and eche of yow with other, eyther of kin­
red or affinitie, whiche spirytuall kynred of affynyty, if
the sacramentes of Christes churche, beare that weyghte
with vs that woulde Godde thei did, shoulde no lesse
moue vs to charitye, then the respecte of fleshlye con­
sanguinitye. Oure Lorde forbydde, that you loue to­
gether the worse, for the selfe cause that you ought to
loue the better. And yet that happeneth. And no
where synde wee so deadlye debate, as amonge them,
whyche by nature and lawe moste oughte to agree toge­
ther. Suche a pestilente serpente is ambicion and desyre
of vaine glorye and soueraintye, whiche amonge states
where he once entreth crepeth foorth so farre, tyll with
deuision and variaunce hee turneth all to mischiefe.
Firste longing to be nexte the best, afterwarde egall
with the beste, and at laste chiefe and aboue the beste.
Of which immoderate appetite of woorship, and thereby
of debate and dissencion what losse, what sorowe, what
trouble hathe within these fewe yeares growen in this
realme, I praye Godde as well forgeate as wee well re­
member.
Whiche thinges yf I coulde as well haue foresene, as
I haue with my more payne then pleasure proued, by
Goddes blessed Ladie (that was euer his othe) I woulde
neuer haue won the courtesye of mennes knees, with
the losse of soo many heades. But sithen thynges passed
cannot be gaine called, muche oughte wee the more be­
ware, by what occasion we haue taken soo greate hurte
afore, that we estesoones fall not in that occasion agayne.
Nowe be those griefes passed, and all is (Godde be
thanked) quiete, and likelie righte wel to prosper in
wealthfull peace vnder youre coseyns my children, it
Godde sende them life and you loue. Of whyche twoo
thinges, the lesse losse wer they by whome thoughe
Godde dydde hys pleasure, yet shoulde the realme al­
way finde kinges and paraduenture as good kinges. But
yf you among youre selfe in a childes reygne fall at de­
bate, many a good man shall perish and happely he to,
and ye to, ere thys land finde peace again. Wherfore
in these last wordes that euer I looke to speak with you:
I exhort you and require you al, for the loue that you
haue euer borne to me, for the loue that I haue euer
born to you, for the loue that our Lord beareth to vs
all, from this time forwarde, all grieues forgotten, eche
of you loue other. Whiche I verelye truste you will,
if ye any thing earthly regard, either Godde or your
king, affinitie or kinred, this realme, your owne coun­
trey, or your owne surety. And therewithal the king
no longer enduring to sitte vp, laide him down on his
right side, his face towarde them: and none was there
present that coulde refrain from weping. But the lordes
recomforting him with as good wordes as they could,
and answering for the time as thei thought to stand with
his pleasure, there in his presence (as by their wordes
appered ech forgaue other, and ioyned their hands to­
gether, when (as it after appeared by their dedes) their
hearts wer far a sonder. As sone as the king was de­
parted, the noble prince his sonne drew toward London,
which at the time of his decease, kept his houshold at
Ludlow in Wales. Which countrey being far of from
the law and recourse to iustice, was begon to be farre
oute of good wyll and waxen wild, robbers and riuers
walking at libertie vncorrected. And for this encheason


the prince was in the life of his father sente thither, to
the end that the authoritie of his presence, should re­
fraine euill disposed parsons fro the boldnes of their
formar outerages, to the gouernaunce and ordering of
this yong princé at his sending thyther, was there ap­
pointed Sir Antony Woduile lord Riuers and brother
vnto the quene, a right honourable man, as valiaunte
of hande as politike in counsayle. Adioyned wer there
vnto him other of the same partie, and in effect euery
one as he was nerest of kin vnto the quene, so was
planted next about the prince. That drifte by the quene
not vnwisely deuised, whereby her bloode mighte of
youth be rooted in the princes fauor, the duke of Glou­
cester turned vnto their destruccion, and vpon that
grounde set the foundacion of all his vnhappy building.
For whom soeuer he perceiued, either at variance with
them, or bearing himself their fauor, hee brake vnto
them, some by mouth, som by writing and secret mes­
sengers, that it neyther was reason nor in any wise to be
suffered, that the yong king their master and kinsmanne,
shoold bee in the handes and custodye of his mothers
kinred, sequestred in maner from theyr compani and at­
tendance, of which eueri one ought him as faithful ser­
uice as they, and manye of them far more honorable
part of kin then his mothers side: whose blood (quod
he) sauing the kinges pleasure, was ful vnmetely to be
matched with his: whiche nowe to be as who say re­
moued from the kyng, and the lesse noble to be left
aboute him, is (quod he) neither honorable to hys ma­
gestie, nor vnto vs, and also to his grace no surety to
haue the mightiest of his frendes from him, and vnto
vs no little ieopardy, to suffer our welproued euil willers,
to grow in ouergret authoritie with the prince in youth,
namely which is lighte of beliefe and sone perswaded.
Ye remember I trow king Edward himself, albeit he
was a manne of age and of discrecion, yet was he in
manye thynges ruled by the bende, more then stode
either with his honour, or our profite, or with the com­
moditie of any manne els, except onely the immoderate
aduauncement of them selfe. Whiche whither they
sorer thirited after their owne weale, or our woe, it wer
hard I wene to gesle. And if some folkes frendship had
not holden better place with the king, then any respect
of kinred, thei might peraduenture easily haue be
trapped and brought to confusion somme of vs ere this.
Why not as easily as they haue done some other al­
readye, as neere of his royal bloode as we. But our
Lord hath wrought his wil, and thanke be to his grace
that peril is paste. Howe be it as great is growing,
yf wee suffer this yonge kyng in oure enemyes hande,
whiche without his wyttyng, might abuse the name of
his commaundement, to ani of our vndoing, which
thyng God and good prouision forbyd. Of which good
prouision none of us hath any thing the lesse nede, for
the late made attonemente, in whiche the kinges plea­
sure hadde more place then the parties willes. Nor none
of vs I beleue is so vnwyse, ouersone to truste a newe
frende made of an olde foe, or to think that an houerly
kindnes, sodainely contract in one houre continued, yet
scant a fortnight, shold be deper setled in their sto­
mackes: then a long accustomed malice many yeres
rooted.
With these wordes and writynges and suche other,
the duke of Gloucester sone set a fyre, them that were
of themself ethe to kindle, and in especiall twayne,
Edwarde duke of Buckingham, and Richarde lorde
Hastinges and chaumberlayn, both men of honour and
of great power. The tone by longe succession from his
ancestrie, the tother by his office and the kinges fauor.
These two not bearing eche to other so muche loue, as
hatred bothe vnto the quenes parte: in this poynte ac­
corded together wyth the duke of Gloucester, that they
wolde vtterlye amoue fro the kynges companye, all his
mothers frendes, vnder the name of their enemyes.
Vpon this concluded, the duke of Gloucester vnder­
standyng, that the lordes whiche at that tyme were
aboute the kyng, entended to bryng him vppe to his
coronacion, accoumpanied with suche power of theyr
frendes, that it shoulde bee harde for hym to brynge his
purpose to passe, without the gathering and great as­
semble of people and in maner of open warre, whereof
the ende he wiste was doubtuous, and in which the kyng
being on their side, his part should haue the face and
name of a rebellion: he secretly therefore by diuers
meanes, caused the quene to be perswaded and brought
in the mynd, that it neither wer nede, and also shold be
ieopardous, the king to come vp strong. For where as
nowe euery lorde loued other, and none other thing
studyed vppon, but aboute the coronacion and honoure
of the king: if the lordes of her kinred shold assemble
in the kinges name muche people, thei should geue the
lordes atwixte whome and them hadde bene sommetyme
debate, to feare and suspecte, leste they shoulde gather
thys people, not for the kynges sauegarde whome no
manne enpugned, but for theyr destruccion, hauying
more regarde to their olde variaunce, then their newe
attonement. For whiche cause thei shoulde assemble on
the other partie muche people agayne for their defence,
whose power she wyste wel farre stretched. And thus
should all the realme fall on a rore. And of al the
hurte that therof should ensue, which was likely not to
be litle, and the most harme there like to fal wher she
lest would, all the worlde woulde put her and her kin­
red in the wyght, and say that thei had vnwyselye and
vntrewlye also, broken the amitie and peace that the
kyng her husband so prudentelye made, betwene hys
kinne and hers in his death bed, and whiche the other
party faithfully obserued.
The quene being in this wise perswaded, suche woorde
sente vnto her sonne, and vnto her brother being aboute
the kynge, and ouer that the duke of Gloucester hym­
selfe and other lordes the chiefe of hys bende, wrote
vnto the kynge soo reuerentelye, and to the queenes
frendes, there soo louyngelye, that they nothynge earthe­
lye mystrustynge, broughte the kynge vppe in greate
haste, not in good spede, with a sober coumpanye.
Nowe was the king in his waye to London gone, from
Northampton, when these dukes of Gloucester and
Buckyngham came thither. Where remained behynd,
the lorde Ryuers the kynges vncle, entendyng on the
morowe to solow the kynge, and bee with hym at Stonye
Stratford  miles thence, earely or hee departed.
So was there made that nyghte muche frendely chere
betwene these dukes and the lorde Riuers a greate while.
But incontinente after that they were oppenlye with
greate courtesye departed, and the lorde Riuers lodged,
the dukes secretelye with a fewe of their moste priuye
frendes, sette them downe in counsayle, wherin they
spent a great parte of the nyght. And at their risinge
in the dawnyng of the day, thei sent about priuily to
their seruantes in their innes and lodgynges about, ge­
uinge them commaundemente to make them selfe shorte­
ly readye, for their lordes wer to horsebackward. Vp­
pon whiche messages, manye of their folke were atten­
daunt, when manye of the lorde Riuers seruantes were
vnreadye. Nowe hadde these dukes taken also into their
custodye the kayes of the inne, that none shoulde passe
foorth without theyr licence.
And ouer this in the hyghe waye towarde Stonye
Stratforde where the kynge laye, they hadde beestowed
certayne of theyr folke, that shoulde sende backe agayne,
and compell to retourne, anye manne that were gotten
oute of Northampton toward Stonye Stratforde, tyll
they should geue other lycence. For as muche as the
dukes themselfe entended for the shewe of theire dyly­
gence, to bee the fyrste that shoulde that daye attende
vppon the kynges highnesse oute of that towne: thus
bare they folke in hande. But when the lorde Ryuers
vnderstode the gates closed, and the wayes on euerye
side besette, neyther hys seruauntes nor hymself suffered
to go oute, parceiuyng well so greate a thyng without
his knowledge not begun for noughte, comparyng this
maner present with this last nightes chere, in so few
houres so gret a chaunge marueylouslye misliked. How
be it sithe hee coulde not geat awaye, and keepe him­
selfe close, hee woulde not, leste he shoulde seeme to
hyde himselfe for some secret feare of hys owne faulte,
whereof he saw no such cause in hym self: he determined
vppon the suretie of his own conscience, to goe boldelye
to them, and inquire what thys matter myghte meane.
Whome as soone as they sawe, they beganne to quarrell
with hym, and saye, that hee intended to sette distaunce


beetweene the kynge and them, and to brynge them to
confusion, but it shoulde not lye in hys power. And
when hee beganne (as hee was a very well spoken manne)
in goodly wise to excuse himself, they taryed not the
ende of his aunswere, but shortely tooke him and putte
him in warde, and that done, foorthwyth wente to
horsebacke, and tooke the waye to Stonye Stratforde.
Where they founde the kinge with his companie readye
to leape on horsebacke, and departe forwarde, to leaue
that lodging for them, because it was to streighte for
bothe coumpanies. And as sone as they came in his
presence, they lighte adowne with all their companie
aboute them. To whome the duke of Buckingham
saide, goe afore gentlemenne and yeomen, kepe youre
rowmes. And thus in goodly arraye, thei came to the
kinge, and on theire knees in very humble wise, salued
his grace; whiche receyued them in very ioyous and
amiable maner, nothinge earthlye knowing nor mistrust­
inge as yet. But euen by and by in his presence, they
piked a quarell to the lorde Richard Graye, the kynges
other brother by his mother, sayinge that hee with the
lorde marques his brother and the lorde Riuers his vncle,
hadde coumpassed to rule the kinge and the realme, and
to sette variaunce among the states, and to subdewe and
destroye the noble blood of the realm. Toward the ac­
coumplishinge whereof, they sayde that the lorde Mar­
ques hadde entered into the Tower of London, and
thence taken out the kinges treasor, and sent menne to
the sea. All whiche thinge these dukes wiste well were
done for good purposes and necessari by the whole coun­
saile at London, sauing that sommewhat thei must sai.
Vnto whiche woordes, the king aunswered, what my
brother Marques hath done I cannot saie. But in good
faith I dare well aunswere for myne vncle Riuers and
my brother here, that thei be innocent of any such
matters. Ye my liege quod the duke of Buckingham
thei haue kepte theire dealing in these matters farre fro
the knowledge of your good grace. And foorthwith
thei arrested the lord Richarde and Sir Thomas Waughan
knighte, in the kinges presence, and broughte the king
and all backe vnto Northampton, where they tooke
againe further counsaile. And there they sent awaie from
the kinge whom it pleased them, and sette newe
seruantes aboute him, suche as lyked better them than
him. At whiche dealinge hee wepte and was nothing
contente, but it booted not. And at dyner the duke of
Gloucester sente a dishe from his owne table to the lord
Riuers, prayinge him to bee of good chere, all should
be well inough. And he thanked the duke, and prayed
the messenger to beare it to his nephewe the lorde Ri­
chard with the same message for his comfort, who he
thought had more nede of coumfort, as one to whom
such aduersitie was straunge. But himself had been al
his dayes in vre therewith, and therfore coulde beare it
the better. But for al this coumfortable courtesye of
the duke of Gloucester he sent the lord Riuers and the
lorde Richarde with Sir Thomas Vaughan into the
Northe countrey into diuers places to prison, and after­
ward al to Pomfrait, where they were in conclusion
beheaded.

A letter written with a cole by Sir THOMAS MORE to
hys doughter maistres MARGARET ROPER, within a
whyle after he was prisoner in the Towre.
MYNE own good doughter, our lorde be thanked
I am in good helthe of bodye, and in good quiet
of minde: and of worldly thynges I no more desyer
then I haue. I beseche hym make you all mery in the
hope of heauen. And such thynges as I somewhat
longed to talke with you all, concerning the worlde to
come, our Lorde put theim into your myndes, as I
truste he dothe and better to by hys holy spirite: who
blesse you and preserue you all. Written wyth a cole
by your tender louing father, who in hys pore prayers
forgetteth none of you all nor your babes, nor your
nurses, nor your good husbandes, nor your good hus­
bandes shrewde wyues, nor your fathers shrewde wyfe
neither, nor our other frendes. And thus fare ye hartely
well for lacke of paper.
THOMAS MORE, knight.
Two short ballettes which Sir THOMAS MORE made for
hys pastime while he was prisoner in the Tower of
London.

LEWYS the lost louer.
EY flatering fortune, loke thou neuer so fayre,
Or neuer so plesantly begin to smile,
As though thou wouldst my ruine all repayre,
During my life thou shalt me not begile.
Trust shall I God, to entre in a while.
Hys hauen or heauen sure and vniforme.
Euer after thy calme, loke I for a storme.


DAUY the dycer.
LONG was I lady Lucke your seruing man,
And now haue lost agayne all that I gat,
Wherfore whan I thinke on you nowe and than,
And in my mynde remember this and that,
Ye may not blame me though I beshrew your cat,
But in fayth I blesse you agayne a thousand times,
For lending me now some laysure to make rymes.

At the same time with Sir Thomas More lived Skelton,
the poet laureate of Henry VIII. from whose works it
seems proper to insert a few stanzas, though he cannot
be said to have attained great elegance of language.

The prologue to the Bouge of Courte.
IN Autumpne whan the sonne in vyrgyne
By radyante hete enryped hath our corne
Whan Luna full of mutabylyte
As Emperes the dyademe hath worne
Of our pole artyke, smylynge halfe in scorne
At our foly, and our vnstedfastnesse
The time whan Mars to warre hym dyd dres,
I callynge to mynde the greate auctoryte
Of poetes olde, whiche full craftely
Vnder as couerte termes as coulde be
Can touche a trouth, and cloke subtylly
With fresshe vtteraunce full sentencyously
Dyuerse in style some spared not vyce to wryte
Some of mortalitie nobly dyd endyte
Whereby I rede, theyr renome and theyr fame
Maye neuer dye, but euermore endure
I was sore moued to a forse the same
But ignoraunce full soone dyde me dyscure
And shewed that in this arte I was not sure
For to illumine she sayd I was to dulle
Aduysynge me my penne awaye to pulle
And not to wryte, for he so wyll atteyne
Excedyng ferther than his connynge is
His heed maye be harde, but feble is brayne
Yet haue I knowen suche er this
But of reproche surely he maye not mys
That clymmeth hyer than he may fotinge haue
What and he slyde downe, who shall him saue?
Thus vp and downe my mynde was drawen and cast
That I ne wyste what to do was beste
So sore enwered that I was at the laste
Enforsed to slepe, and for to take some reste
And to lye downe as soone as I my dreste
At Harwyche porte slumbrynge as I laye
In myne hostes house called powers keye

Of the wits that flourished in the reign of Henry VIII.
none has been more frequently celebrated than the earl
of Surry; and this history would therefore have been
imperfect without some specimens of his works, which
yet it is not easy to distinguish from those of Sir Thomas
Wyat and others, with which they are confounded in the
edition that has fallen into my hands. The three first are,
I believe, Surry's; the rest, being of the same age, are se­
lected, some as examples of different measures, and one as
the oldest composition which I have found in blank verse.

Description of Spring, wherein eche thing renewes, save
only the lover.
THE soote season that bud, and bloome fourth bringes,
With grene hath cladde the hyll, and eke the vale,
The Nightingall with fethers new she singes;
The turtle to her mate hath told her tale:


Somer is come, for every spray now springes.
The hart hath hunge hys olde head on the pale,
The bucke in brake his winter coate he flynges;
The fishes flete with newe repayred scale:
The adder all her slough away she flynges,
The swift swallow pursueth the flyes smalle,
The busy bee her honey how she mynges;
Winter is worne that was the floures bale.
And thus I see among these pleasant thynges
Eche care decayes, and yet my sorrow sprynges.


Descripcion of the restless estate of a lover.
WHen youth had led me half the race,
That Cupides scourge had made me runne;
I looked back to meet the place,
From whence my weary course begunne:
And then I saw howe my desyre
Misguiding me had led the waye,
Myne eyne to greedy of theyre hyre,
Had made me lose a better prey.
For when in sighes I spent the day,
And could not cloake my grief with game;
The boyling smoke dyd still bewray,
The present heat of secret flame:
And when salt teares do bayne my breast,
Where love his pleasent traynes hath sown,
Her beauty hath the fruytes opprest,
Ere that the buddes were spronge and blowne.
And when myne eyen dyd still pursue,
The flying chase of theyre request;
Theyre greedy looks dyd oft renew,
The hydden wounde within my breste.
When every loke these cheekes might stayne,
From dedly pale to glowing red;
By outward signes appeared playne,
To her for helpe my hart was fled.
But all to late Love learneth me,
To paynt all kynd of Colours new;
To blynd theyre eyes that else should see
My speckled chekes with Cupids hew.
And now the covert brest I clame,
That worshipt Cupide secretely;
And nourished hys sacred flame,
From whence no blairing sparks do flye.


Descripcion of the fickle Affections, Pangs, and Sleightes of Love.
SUCH wayward wayes hath Love, that most part
in discord
Our willes do stand, whereby our hartes but seldom
do accord:
Decyte is hys delighte, and to begyle and mocke
The simple hartes which he doth strike with froward
divers stroke.
He causeth th' one to rage with golden burning darte,
And doth alay with Leaden cold, again the others harte.
Whose gleames of burning fyre and easy sparkes of flame,
In balance of unequal weyght he pondereth by ame
From easye ford where I myghte wade and pass full well,
He me withdrawes and doth me drive, into a depe dark
hell:
And me witholdes where I am calde and offred place,
And willes me that my mortal foe I do beseke of Grace;
He lettes me to pursue a conquest welnere wonne
To follow where my paynes were lost, ere that my sute
begunne.
So by this means I know how soon a hart may turne
From warre to peace, from truce to stryfe, and so
agayne returne.
I know how to content my self in others lust,
Of little stuffe unto my self to weave a webbe of trust:
And how to hyde my harmes with sole dyssembling
chere,
Whan in my face the painted thoughtes would out­
wardly appeare.
I know how that the bloud forsakes the face for dred,
And how by shame it staynes agayne the Chekes with
flamyng red:
I know under the Grene, the Serpent how he lurkes:
The hammer of the restless forge I wote eke how it
workes.
I know and con by roate the tale that I woulde tell
But ofte the woordes come fourth awrye of him that
loveth well.
I know in heate and colde the Lover how he shakes,
In synging how he doth complayne, in sleeping how
he wakes
To languish without ache, sickelesse for to consume,
A thousand thynges for to devyse, resolvynge of his
fume;
And though he lyste to see his Ladyes Grace full sore
Such pleasures as delyght hys Eye, do not his helthe
restore.
I know to seke the tracte of my desyred foe,
And fere to fynde that I do seek, but chiefly this I know,
That Lovers must transfourme into the thynge beloved,
And live (alas! who would believe?) with sprite from
Lyfe removed.
I knowe in harty sighes and laughters of the spleene,
At once to chaunge my state, my will, and eke my co­
lour clene.
I know how to deceyve my self wythe others helpe,
And how the Lyon chastised is, by beatynge of the
whelpe.
In standynge nere the fyre, I know how that I frease;
Farre of I burne, in bothe I waste, and so my Lyfe I
leese.
I know how Love doth rage upon a yeylding mynde,
How smalle a nete may take and mase a harte of gen­
tle kynde:
Or else with seldom swete to season hepes of gall,
Revived with a glympse of Grace old sorrowes to let
fall.
The hydden traynes I know, and secret snares of Love,
How soone a loke will prynte a thoughte that never may
remove.
The slypper state I know, the sodein turnes from
welthe
The doubtfull hope, the certaine wooe, and sure de­
spaired helthe.


A praise of his ladie.
GEVE place you ladies and be gone,
Boast not your selves at all,
For here at hande approcheth one,
Whose face will stayne you all.
The vertue of her lively lookes
Excels the precious stone,
I wishe to have none other bookes
To reade or look upon.
In eche of her two christall eyes,
Smyleth a naked boy;
It would you all in heart suffise
To see that lampe of joye.
I think nature hath lost the moulde,
Where she her shape did take;
Or else I doubte if nature coulde
So fayre a creature make.
She may be well comparde
Unto the Phenix kinde,
Whose like was never seene nor heard,
That any man can fynde.
In lyfe she is Diana chast
In trouth Penelopey,
In woord and eke in dede stedfast;
What will you more we say:
If all the world were sought so farre,
Who could finde suche a wight,
Her beauty twinkleth lyke a starre
Within the frosty night.


The Lover refused of his love, embraceth vertue.
MY youthfull yeres are past,
My joyfull dayes are gone,
My lyfe it may not last,
My grave and I am one.
My Myrth and joyes are fled,
And I a Man in wo,
Desirous to be ded,
My misciefe to forgo.


I burne and am a colde,
I freese amyddes the fyer,
I see she doth witholde
That is my honest desyre.
I see my helpe at hande,
I see my lyfe also,
I see where she doth stande
That is my deadly fo.
I see how she doth see,
And yet she wil be blynde,
I see in helpyng me,
She sekes and will not fynde.
I see how she doth wrye,
When I begynne to mone,
I see when I come nye,
How fayne she would be gone.
I see what wil ye more,
She will me gladly kill,
And you shall see therfore
That she shall have her will.
I cannot live with stones,
It is too hard a foode,
I wil be dead at ones
To do my Lady good.


The Death of ZOROAS, an Egiptian astronomer, in
the first fight that Alexander had with the Persians.
NOW clattring armes, now raging broyls of warre,
Gan passe the noys of dredfull trumpetts clang,
Shrowded with shafts, the heaven with cloude of dartes,
Covered the ayre. Against full fatted bulles.
As forceth kyndled yre the lyons keene,
Whose greedy gutts the gnawing hunger prickes;
So Macedons against the Persians fare,
Now corpses hyde the purpurde soyle with blood;
Large slaughter on eche side, but Perses more,
Moyst fieldes bebled, theyr heartes and numbers bate,
Fainted while they gave backe, and fall to flighte.
The litening Macedon by swordes, by gleaves,
By bandes and troupes of footemen, with his garde,
Speedes to Dary, but hym his merest kyn,
Oxate preserves with horsemen on a plumpe
Before his carr, that none his charge should give.
Here grunts, here groans, eche where strong youth is
spent:
Shaking her bloudy hands, Bellone among
The Perses soweth all kind of cruel death:
With throte yent he roares, he lyeth along
His entrailes with a launce through gryded quyte,
Hym smytes the club, hym woundes farre stryking bowe,
And him the sling, and him the shining sword;
He dyeth, he is all dead, he pantes, he restes.
Right over stoode in snowwhite armour brave,
The Memphite Zoroas, a cunnyng clarke,
To whom the heaven lay open as his booke;
And in celestiall bodies he could tell
The moving meeting light, aspect, eclips,
And influence, and constellations all;
What earthly chaunces would betyde, what yere,
Of plenty storde, what signe forewarned death,
How winter gendreth snow, what temperature
In the prime tyde doth season well the soyle,
Why summer burnes, why autumne hath ripe grapes,
Whither the circle quadrate may become,
Whether our tunes heavens harmony can yelde
Of four begyns among themselves how great
Proportion is; what sway the erryng lightes
Doth send in course gayne that fyrst movyng heaven;
What, grees one from another distant be,
What starr doth lett the hurtfull syre to rage,
Or him more mylde what opposition makes,
What fyre doth qualifye Mavorses fyre,
What house eche one doth seeke, what plannett raignes
Within this heaven sphere, nor that small thynges
I speake, whole heaven he closeth in his brest.
This sage then in the starres hath spyed the fates
Threatned him death without delay, and, sith,
He saw he could not fatall order chaunge,
Foreward he prest in battayle, that he might
Mete with the rulers of the Macedons,
Of his right hand desirous to be slain,
The bouldest borne, and worthiest in the feilde;
And as a wight, now wery of his lyfe,
And seking death, in fyrst front of his rage,
Comes desperately to Alexanders face,
At him with dartes one after other throwes,
With recklesse wordes and clamour him provokes,
And sayth, Nectanaks bastard shamefull stayne
Of mothers bed, why losest thou thy strokes,
Cowardes among, Turn thee to me, in case
Manhood there be so much left in thy heart,
Come fight with me, that on my helmet weare
Apollo's laurell both for learninges laude,
And eke for martiall praise, that in my shielde
The seven fold Sophie of Minerve contein,
A match more mete, Syr King, then any here.
The noble prince amoved takes ruth upon
The wilfull wight, and with soft words ayen,
O monstrous man (quoth he) what so thou art,
I pray thee live, ne do not with thy death
This lodge of Lore, the Muses mansion marre;
That treasure house this hand shall never spoyle,
My sword shall never bruise that skilfull brayne,
Long gather'd heapes of science sone to spill;
O how fayre fruites may you to mortall men
From Wisdoms garden give; how many may
By you the wiser and the better prove:
What error, what mad moode, what frenzy thee
Perswades to be downe, sent to depe Averne,
Where no artes flourish, nor no knowledge vailes
For all these sawes. When thus the sovereign said,
Alighted Zoroas with sword unsheathed,
The careless king there smoate above the greve,
At th' opening of his quishes wounded him,
So that the blood down trailed on the ground:
The Macedon perceiving hurt, gan gnashe,
But yet his mynde he bent in any wise
Hym to forbeare, sett spurrs unto his stede,
And turnde away, lest anger of his smarte
Should cause revenger hand deale balefull blowes.
But of the Macedonian chieftaines knights,
One Meleager could not bear this sight,
But ran upon the said Egyptian rude,
And cutt him in both knees: he fell to ground,
Wherewith a whole rout came of souldiours sterne,
And all in pieces hewed the sely seg,
But happely the soule fled to the starres,
Where, under him, he hath full sight of all,
Whereat he gazed here with reaching looke.
The Persians waild such sapience to forgoe,
The very fone the Macedonians wisht
He would have lived, king Alexander selfe
Demde him a man unmete to dye at all;
Who wonne like praise for conquest of his Yre,
As for stoute men in field that day subdued,
Who princes taught how to discerne a man,
That in his head so rare a jewel beares,
But over all those same Camenes, those same,
Divine Camenes, whose honour he procurde,
As tender parent doth his daughters weale,
Lamented, and for thankes, all that they can,
Do cherish hym deceast, and sett him free,
From dark oblivion of devouring death.

Barclay wrote about 1550; his chief work is the Ship
of Fooles, of which the following extract will shew his
style.

Of Mockers and Scorners, and false Accusers.
O Heartless fooles, haste here to our doctrine,
Leaue off the wayes of your enormitie,
Enforce you to my preceptes to encline,
For here shall I shewe you good and veritie:
Encline, and ye finde shall great prosperitie,
Ensuing the doctrine of our fathers olde,
And godly lawes in valour worth great golde.
Who that will followe the graces manyfolde
Which are in vertue, shall finde auauncement:
Wherfore ye fooles that in your sinne are bolde,
Ensue ye wisdome, and leaue your lewde intent,
Wisdome is the way of men most excellent:
Therfore haue done, and shortly spede your pace,
To quaynt your self and company with grace.


Learne what is vertue, therin is great solace,
Learne what is truth, sadnes and prudence,
Let grutche be gone, and grauitie purchase,
Forsake your folly and inconuenience,
Cease to be fooles, and ay to sue offence,
Followe ye vertue, chiefe roote of godlynes,
For it and wisedome is ground of clenlynes.
Wisedome and vertue two thinges are doubtles,
Whiche man endueth with honour speciall,
But suche heartes as slepe in foolishnes
Knoweth nothing, and will nought know at all:
But in this little barge in principall
All foolish mockers I purpose to repreue,
Clawe he his backe that feeleth itche or greue.
Mockers and scorners that are harde of beleue,
With a rough combe here will I clawe and grate,
To proue if they will from their vice remeue,
And leaue their folly, which causeth great debate:
Suche caytiues spare neyther poore man nor estate,
And where their selfe are moste worthy derision,
Other men to scorne is all their most condition.
Yet are mo fooles of this abusion,
Whiche of wise men despiseth the doctrine,
With mowes, mockes, scorne, and collusion,
Rewarding rebukes for their good discipline:
Shewe to suche wisdome, yet shall they not encline
Unto the same, but set nothing therby,
But mocke thy doctrine, still or openly.
So in the worlde it appeareth commonly,
That who that will a foole rebuke or blame,
A mocke or mowe shall he haue by and by:
Thus in derision haue fooles their speciall game.
Correct a wise man that woulde eschue ill name,
And fayne would learne, and his lewde life amende,
And to thy wordes he gladly shall intende.
If by misfortune a rightwise man offende,
He gladly suffereth a iuste correction,
And him that him teacheth taketh for his frende,
Him selfe putting mekely unto subiection,
Folowing his preceptes and good direction:
But yf that one a foole rebuke or blame,
He shall his teacher hate, slaunder and diffame.
Howbeit his wordes oft turne to his own shame,
And his owne dartes retourne to him agayne,
And so is he sore wounded with the same,
And in wo endeth, great misery and payne.
It also proued full often is certayne,
That they that on mockers alway their mindes cast,
Shall of all other be mocked at the last.
He that goeth right, stedfast, sure, and fast,
May him well mocke that goeth halting and lame,
And he that is white may well his scornes cast,
Agaynst a man of Inde: but no man ought to blame
Anothers vice, while he vseth the same.
But who that of sinne is cleane in deede and thought,
May him well scorne whose liuing is starke nought.
The scornes of Naball full dere should haue been bought,
If Abigayl his wife discrete and sage,
Had not by kindnes right crafty meanes sought,
The wrath of Dauid to temper and asswage.
Hath not two beares in their fury and rage
Two and fortie children rent and torne,
For they the prophete Helyseus did scorne.
So might they curse the time that they were borne,
For their mocking of this prophete diuine:
So many other of this sort often mourne
For their lewde mockes, and fall into ruine.
Thus is it foly for wise men to encline,
To this lewde flocke of fooles, for see thou shall
Them moste scorning that are most bad of all.


The Lenuoy of Barclay to the fooles.
Ye mocking fooles that in scorne set your ioy,
Proudly despising Gods punition:
Take ye example by Cham the sonne of Noy,
Which laughed his father vnto derision,
Which him after cursed for his transgression,
And made him seruaunt to all his lyne and stocke.
So shall ye caytifs at the conclusion,
Since ye are nought, and other scorne and mocke.

About the year 1553 wrote Dr. Wilson, a man cele­
brated for the politeness of his style, and the extent of
his knowledge: what was the state of our language in
his time, the following may be of use to show.
PRonunciation is an apte orderinge bothe of the voyce,
countenaunce, and all the whole bodye, accordynge
to the worthines of suche woordes and mater as by
speache are declared. The vse hereof is suche for anye
one that liketh to haue prayse for tellynge his tale in open
assemblie, that hauing a good tongue, and a comelye
countenaunce, he shalbe thought to passe all other that
haue the like vtteraunce: thoughe they haue much bet­
ter learning. The tongue geueth a certayne grace to
euerye matter, and beautifieth the cause in like maner,
as a swete soundynge lute muche setteth forthe a meane
deuised ballade. Or as the sounde of a good instrumente
styrreth the hearers, and moueth muche delite, so a
cleare soundyng voice comforteth muche our deintie
eares, with muche swete melodie, and causeth vs to al­
lowe the matter rather for the reporters sake, then the
reporter for the matters sake. Demosthenes therfore,
that famouse oratour, beyng asked what was the chiefest
point in al oratorie, gaue the chiefe and onely praise to
Pronunciation; being demaunded, what was the seconde,
and the thirde, he stil made answere. Pronunciation,
and would make none other aunswere, till they lefte
askyng, declaryng hereby that arte without vtteraunce
can dooe nothyng, vtteraunce without arte can dooe
right muche. And no doubte that man is in outwarde
apparaunce halfe a good clarke, that hath a cleane
tongue, and a comely gesture of his body. Æschines
lykwyse beyng bannished his countrie through Demosthe­
nes, when he had redde to the Rhodians his own oration,
and Demosthenes aunswere thereunto, by force whereof
he was bannished, and all they marueiled muche at the
excellencie of the same: then (q d Æschines) you
would have marueiled muche more if you had heard
hymselfe speak it. Thus beyng cast in miserie and ban­
nished for euer, he could not but geue such great reporte
of his deadly and mortal ennemy.
Thus have I deduced the English language from the
age of Alfred to that of Elizabeth; in some parts im­
perfectly for want of materials; but I hope, at least, in
such a manner that its progress may be easily traced, and
the gradations observed, by which it advanced from its
first rudeness to its present elegance.








A GRAMMAR
OF THE
ENGLISH TONGUE.
GRAMMAR, which is the art of using words
properly, comprises four parts; Orthography,
Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody.
In this division and order of the parts of grammar I follow the
common grammarians, without enquiring whether a fitter distribution
might not be found. Experience has long shown this method to be
so distinct as to obviate confusion, and so comprehensive as to prevent
any inconvenient omissions. I likewise use the terms already re­
ceived, and already understood, though perhaps others more proper
might sometimes be invented. Sylburgius, and other innovators,
whose new terms have sunk their learning into neglect, have lest suf­
ficient warning against the trifling ambition of teaching arts in a new
language.
ORTHOGRAPHY is the art of combining letters into syl­
lables, and syllables into words. It therefore teaches pre­
viously the form and sound of letters.
The letters of the English language are,


Roman.
Italick.
Old English.
Name.


A
a
A
a
A
a
a


B
b
B
b
B
b
be


C
c
C
c
C
c
see


D
d
D
d
D
d
dee


E
e
E
e
E
e
e


F
f
F
f
F
f
eff


G
g
G
g
G
g
jee


H
h
H
h
H
h
aitch


I
i
I
i
i
i


J
j
J
j
J
j
j consonant, or ja


K
k
K
k
K
k
ka


L
l
L
l
L
l
el


M
m
M
m
M
m
em


N
n
N
n
N
n
en


O
o
O
o
O
o
o


P
p
P
p
P
p
pee


Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
cue


R
r
R
r
R
r
ar


S
ſ s
S
ſ s
S
ſ s
ess


T
t
T
t
T
t
tee


U
u
U
u
u
u


V
v
V
v
V
v
v consonant, or va


W
w
W
w
W
w
double u


X
x
X
x
X
x
ex


Y
y
Y
y
Y
y
wy


Z
z
Z
z
Z
z
zed, more commonly izzard or uzzard, that is, ſ hard.


To these may be added certain combinations of
letters universally used in printing; as ct, st, fl, sl,
sb, sk, ff, ss, si, ssi, fi, ffi, ffl, and &, or and per
se, and. ct, st, fl, sl, sb, sk, ff, ss, si, ssi, fi, ffi,
ffl, &. ct, st, fl, sl, ff, ss, si, ssi, fi, ffi, &.
Our letters are commonly reckoned twenty-four, because anciently
i and j, as well as u and v, were expressed by the same character;
but as those letters, which had always different powers, have now
different forms, our alphabet may be properly said to consist of
twenty-six letters.
None of the small consonants have a double form, except ſ, s; of
which ſ is used in the beginning and middle, and s at the end.
Vowels are five, a, e, i, o, u.
Such is the number generally received; but for i it is
the practice to write y in the end of words, as thy, holy;
before i, as from die, dying; from beautify, beautifying;
in the words says, days, eyes; and in words derived from
the Greek, and written originally with υ, as system,
σύϛημα, sympathy, συμπάϑεια.
For u we often write w after a vowel, to make a
diphthong; as raw, grew, view, vow, flowing, low­
ness.
The sounds of all the letters are various.
In treating on the letters, I shall not, like some other gramma­
rians, enquire into the original of their form as an antiquarian; nor
into their formation and prolation by the organs of speech, as a me­
chanick, anatomist, or physiologist; nor into the properties and gra­
dation of sounds, or the elegance or harshness of particular combina­
tions, as a writer of universal and transcendental grammar. I con­
sider the English alphabet only as it is English; and even in this nar­
row view I follow the example of former grammarians, perhaps with
more reverence than judgment, because by writing in English I sup­
pose my reader already acquainted with the English language; and
because of sounds in general it may be observed, that words are unable
to describe them. An account therefore of the primitive and simple
letters is useless almost alike to those who know their sound, and
those who know it not.

Of VOWELS.

A.
A has three sounds, the slender, open, and broad.
A slender is found in most words, as face, mane; and
in words ending in ation, as creation, salvation, gene­
ration.
The a slender is the proper English a, called very justly by Erpenius,
in his Arabick Grammar, a Anglicum cum e mistum, as having a middle
sound between the open a and the e. The French have a similar
sound in the word pais, and in their e masculine.
A open is the a of the Italian, or nearly resembles it;
as father, rather, congratulate, fancy, glass.
A broad resembles the a of the German; as all,
wall, call.
Many words pronounced with a broad were anciently written
with au, as fault, mault; and we still say fault, vault. This was
probably the Saxon sound, for it is yet retained in the northern dia­
lects, and in the rustick pronunciation; as maun for man, haund for
hand.
The short a approaches to the a open, as grass.
The long a, if prolonged by e at the end of the word,
is always slender, as graze, fame.
A forms a diphthong only with i or y, and u or w.
Ai or ay, as in plain, wain, gay, clay, has only the sound
of the long and slender a, and differs not in the pronun­
ciation from plane, wane.
Au or aw has the sound of the German a, as raw,
naughty.
Ae is sometimes found in Latin words not compleatly naturalised or
assimilated, but is no English diphthong; and is more properly ex­
pressed by single e, as Cesar, Eneas.




E.
E is the letter which occurs most frequently in the English lan­
guage.
E is long, as in scēne; or short, as in cĕllar, sĕparate,
cĕlebrate, mĕn, thĕn.
It is always short before a double consonant, or two
consonants, relĕnt, mĕdlar, rĕptile, sĕrpĕnt, cĕllar, cĕssa­
tion, blĕssing, fĕll, fĕlling, dĕbt.
E is always mute at the end of a word, except in mo­
nosyllables that have no other vowel, as the; or proper
names, as Penelope, Phebe, Derbe; being used to mo­
dify the foregoing consonant, as since, once, hedge,
oblige; or to lengthen the preceding vowel, as băn,
bāne; căn, cāne; pĭn, pīne; tŭn, tūne; rŏb, rōbe; pŏp,
pōpe; fĭr, fīre; cŭr, cūre; tŭb, tūbe.
Almost all words which now terminate in consonants ended an­
ciently in e, as year, yeare; wildness, wildnesse; which e probably had
the force of the French e feminine, and constituted a syllable with its
associate consonant; for, in old editions, words are sometimes di­
vided thus, clea-re, fel-le, knowled-ge. This e was perhaps for a time
vocal or silent in poetry as convenience required; but it has been
long wholly mute. Camden calls it the silent e.
It does not always lengthen the foregoing vowel, as
glŏve, lĭve, gĭve.
It has sometimes in the end of words a sound ob­
scure, and scarcely perceptible, as open, shapen, shotten,
thistle, participle, metre, lucre.
E forms a diphthong with a, as near; with i, as
deign, receive; and with u or w, as new, flew.
Ea sounds like e long, as mean; or like ee, as dear,
clear, near.
Ei is sounded like e long, as seize, perceiving.
Eu sounds as u long and soft.
E, a, u are combined in beauty and its derivatives, but
have only the sound of u.
E may be said to form a diphthong by reduplication,
as agree, sleeping.
Eo is found in yeomen, where it is sounded as e short; and in people,
where it is pronounced like ee.

I.
I has a sound, long, as fīne; and short, as fīn.
That is eminently observable in i, which may be likewise remarked
in other letters, that the short sound is not the long sound contracted,
but a sound wholly different.
The long sound in monosyllables is always marked by
the e final, as thĭn, thīne.
I is often sounded before r as a short u; as flirt, first,
shirt.
It forms a diphthong only with e, as field, shield,
which is sounded as the double ee; except friend, which
is sounded as frĕnd.
I is joined with eu in lieu, and ew in view; which triphthongs are
sounded as the open u.

O.
O is long, as bōne, ōbedient, corrōding; or short, as
blŏck, knŏck, ŏblique, lŏll.
Women is pronounced wimen.
The short o has sometimes the sound of a close u, as son, come.
O coalesces into a diphthong with a, as moan, groan,
approach; oa has the sound of o long.
O is united to e in some words derived from Greek, as œconomy;
but oe being not an English diphthong, they are better written as
they are sounded, with only e, economy.
With i, as oil, soil, moil, noisome.
This coalition of letters seems to unite the sounds of the two let­
ters as far as two sounds can be united without being destroyed, and
therefore approaches more nearly than any combination in our tongue
to the notion of a diphthong.
With o, as boot, hoot, cooler; oo has the sound of the
Italian u.
With u or w, as our, power, flower; but in some
words has only the sound of o long, as in soul, bowl,
saw, grow. These different sounds are used to distinguish
different significations; as bow, an instrument for shoot­
ing; bow, a depression of the head: sow, the she of a
boar; sow, to scatter seed: bowl, an orbicular body;
bowl, a wooden vessel.
Ou is sometimes pronounced like o soft, as court;
sometimes like o short, as cough; sometimes like u close,
as could; or u open, as rough, tough; which use only
can teach.
Ou is frequently used in the last syllable of words which in Latin
end in or, and are made English, as honour, labour, favour, from ho­
nor, labor, favor.
Some late innovators have ejected the u, without considering that
the last syllable gives the sound neither of or nor ur, but a sound be­
tween them, if not compounded of both; besides that they are pro­
bably derived to us from the French nouns in eur, as honeur, faveur.

U.
U is long in ūse, confūsion; or short, as ŭs, concŭs­
sion.
It coalesces with a, e, i, o; but has rather in these
combinations the force of the w consonant, as quaff,
quest, quit, quite, languish; sometimes in ui the i loses
its sound, as in juice. It is sometimes mute before a, e,
i, y, as guard, guest, guise, buy.
U is followed by e in virtue, but the e has no sound.
Ue is sometimes mute at the end of a word, in imitation of the
French, as prorogue, synagogue, plogue, vague, harangue.

Y.
Y is a vowel, which, as Quintilian observes of one
of the Roman letters, we might want without inconve­
nience, but that we have it. It supplies the place of
i at the end of words, as thy; before an i, as dying;
and is commonly retained in derivative words where it
was part of a diphthong in the primitive; as destroy, de­
stroyer; betray, betrayed, betrayer; pray, prayer; say,
sayer; day, days.
Y being the Saxon vowel y, which was commonly used where i is
now put, occurs very frequently in all old books.

GENERAL RULES.
A vowel in the beginning or middle syllable, before
two consonants, is commonly short, as ŏppŏrtunity.
In monosyllables a single vowel before a single conso­
nant is short, as stag, frog.


Of CONSONANTS.

B.
B has one unvaried sound, such as it obtains in other
languages.
It is mute in debt, debtor, subtle, doubt, lamb, limb,
dumb, thumb, climb, comb, womb.
It is used before l and r, as black, brown.

C.
C has before e and i the sound of ſ; as sincerely, cen­
trick, century, circular, cistern, city, siccity: before a, o,
and u, it sounds like k, as calm, concavity, copper, in­
corporate, curiosity, concupiscence.
C might be omitted in the language without loss, since one of its
sounds might be supplied by ſ, and the other by k, but that it pre­
serves to the eye the etymology of words, as face from facies, cap­
tive from captivus.
Ch has a sound which is analysed into tsh, as church,
chin, crutch. It is the same sound which the Italians
give to the c simple before i and e, as citta, cerro.
Ch is sounded like k in words derived from the Greek,
as chymist, scheme, choler. Arch is commonly sounded
ark before a vowel, as archangel; and with the English
sound of ch before a consonant, as archbishop.
Ch, in some French words not yet assimilated, sounds like sh, as ma­
chine, chaise.
C, according to English orthography, never ends a word; there­
fore we write stick, block, which were originally sticke, blocke, in such
words. C is now mute.
It is used before l and r, as clock, cross.

D.
Is uniform in its sound, as death, diligent.
It is used before r, as draw, dross; and w, as dwell.

F.
F, though having a name beginning with a vowel, it
is numbered by the grammarians among the semi­
vowels, yet has this quality of a mute, that it is com­
modiously sounded before a liquid, as flask, fly, freckle.
It has an unvariable sound, except that of is sometimes
spoken nearly as ov.

G.
G has two sounds, one hard, as in gay, go, gun; the
other soft, as in gem, giant.


At the end of a word it is always hard, ring, snug,
song, frog.
Before e and i the sound is uncertain.
G before e is soft, as gem, generation, except in gear,
gold, geese, get, gewgaw, and derivatives from words
ending in g, as singing, stronger, and generally before er
at the end of words, as finger.
G is mute before n, as gnash, sign, foreign.
G before i is hard, as give, except in giant, gigantick,
gibbet, gibe, giblets, giles, gill, gilliflower, gin, ginger,
gingle, gipsy.
Gh in the beginning of a word has the sound of the
hard g, as ghostly; in the middle, and sometimes at the
end, it is quite silent, as though, right, sought, spoken
tho', rite, soute.
It has often at the end the sound of f, as laugh;
whence laughter retains the same sound in the middle;
cough, trough, sough, tough, enough, slough.
It is not to be doubted, but that in the original pronunciation gh
had the force of a consonant, deeply guttural, which is still conti­
nued among the Scotch.
G is used before h, l, and r.

H.
H is a note of aspiration, and shows that the following
vowel must be pronounced with a strong emission of the
breath, at hat, horse.
It seldom, perhaps never, begins any but the first
syllable, in which it is always sounded with a full
breath, except in heir, herb, hostler, honour, humble,
honest, humour, and their derivatives.

J.
J consonant sounds uniformly like the soft g, and is
therefore a letter useless, except in etymology, as eja­
culation, jester, jocund, juice.

K.
K has the sound of hard c, and is used before e and i,
where, according to English analogy, c would be soft,
as kept, king, skirt, skeptick, for so it should be written,
not sceptick.
It is used before n, as knell, knot, but totally loses its sound.
K is never doubled; but c is used before it to shorten
the vowel by a double consonant, as cŏckle, pĭckle.

L.
L has in English the same liquid sound as in other
languages.
The custom is to double the l at the end of monosyllables, as kill,
will, full. These words were originally written kille, wille, fulle;
and when the e first grew silent, and was afterwards omitted, the
ll was retained, to give force, according to the analogy of our lan­
guage, to the foregoing vowel.
L is sometimes mute, as in calf, half, halves, calves,
could, would, should, psalm, talk, salmon, falcon.
The Saxon, who delighted in guttural sounds, sometimes aspirated
the l at the beginning of words, as hlaf, a loaf, or bread; hlaf rd,
a lord; but this pronunciation is now difused.
Le at the end of words is pronounced like a weak el,
in which the e is almost mute, as table, shuttle.

M.
M has always the same sound, as murmur, monu­
mental.

N.
N has always the same sound, as noble, manners.
N is sometimes mute after m, as damn, condemn,
hymn.

P.
P has always the same sound, which the Welsh and
Germans confound with B.
P is sometimes mute, as in psalm, and between m and
t, as tempt.
Ph is used for f in words derived from the Greek, as
philosopher, philanthropy, Philip.

Q.
Q, as in other languages, is always followed by u,
and has a sound which our Saxon ancestors well ex­
pressed by cw, cw, as quadrant, queen, equestrian, quilt,
enquiry, quire, quotidian. Qu is never followed by u.
Qu is sometimes sounded, in words derived from
the French, like k, as conquer, liquor, risque, chequer.

R.
R has the same rough snarling sound as in other
tongues.
The Saxons used often to put h before it, as before l at the be­
ginning of words.
Rh is used in words derived from the Greek, as myrrh, myrrhine,
catarrhous, rheum, rheumatick, rhyme.
Re, at the end of some words derived from the Latin
or French, is pronounced like a weak er, as theatre,
sepulchre.

S.
S has a hissing sound, as sibilation, sister.
A single s seldom ends any word, except the third person of verbs,
as loves, grows; and the plurals of nouns, as trees, bushes, distresses;
the pronouns this, his, ours, yours, us; the adverb thus; and words
derived from Latin, as rebus, surplus; the close being always either
in se, as house, horse, or in ss, as grass, dress, bliss, less, anciently
grasse, dresse.
S single, at the end of words, has a grosser sound,
like that of z, as trees, eyes, except this, thus, us, rebus,
surplus.
It sounds like z before ion, if a vowel goes before,
as intrusion; and like ſ, if it follows a consonant, as
conversion.
It sounds like z before e mute, as refuse, and before
y final, as rosy; and in those words, bosom, desire, wis­
dom, prison, prisoner, présent, present, damsel, casement.
It is the peculiar quality of ſ, that it may be sounded before all
consonants, except x and z, in which ſ is comprised, x being only
ks, and z a hard or gross ſ. This ſ is therefore termed by gram­
marians suæ potestatis litera; the reason of which the learned Dr.
Clarke erroneously supposed to be, that in some words it might be
doubled at pleasure. Thus we find in several languages:
Σροέννυμι, scatter, sdegno, sdrucciolo, sfavellare, σφὶγξ, sgombrare,
sgranare, shake, slumber, smell, strife, space, splendour, spring, squeeze,
shrew, step, strength, stramen, sventura, swell.
S is mute in isle, island, demesne, viscount.

T.
T has its customary sound, as take, temptation.
Ti before a vowel has the sound of si, as salvation,
except an ſ goes before, as question, excepting like­
wise derivatives from y, as mighty, mightier.
Th has two sounds; the one soft, as thus, whether;
the other hard, as thing, think. The sound is soft in
these words, then, thence, and there, with their deriva­
tives and compounds, that, these, thou, thee, thy, thine,
their, they, this, these, them, though, thus, and in all
words between two vowels, as father, whether; and be­
ween r and a vowel, as burthen.
In other words it is hard, as thick, thunder, faith,
faithful. Where it is softened at the end of a word, an e
silent must be added, as breath, breathe; cloth, clothe.

V.
V has a sound of near affinity to that of f, vain,
vanity.
From f in the Islandick alphabet, v is only distinguished by a dia­
critical point.

W.
Of w, which in diphthongs is often an undoubted
vowel, some grammarians have doubted whether it
ever be a consonant; and not rather as it is called a
double u or ou, as water may be resolved into ouater;
but letters of the same sound are always reckoned conso­
nants in other alphabets: and it may be observed, that
w follows a vowel without any hiatus or difficulty of
utterance, as frosty winter.
Wh has a sound accounted peculiar to the English,
which the Saxons better expressed by h&wyn;, hw, as what,
whence, whiting; in whore only, and sometimes in
wholesome, wh is sounded like a simple h.

X.
X begins no English word; it has the sound of ks,
as axle, extraneous.

Y.
Y, when it follows a consonant, is a vowel; when it
precedes either vowel or diphthong, is a consonant,


ye, young. It is thought by some to be in all cases a
vowel. But it may be observed of y as of w, that it
follows a vowel without any hiatus, as rosy youth.

Z.
Z begins no word originally English; it has the
sound as its name izzard or ſ hard expresses, of an
ſ uttered with closer compression of the palate by the
tongue, as freeze, froze.
In orthography I have supposed orthoepy, or just utterance of words,
to be included; orthography being only the art of expressing certain
sounds by proper characters. I have therefore observed in what
words any of the letters are mute.
Most of the writers of English grammar have given long tables of
words pronounced otherwise than they are written, and seem not suf­
ficiently to have considered, that of English, as of all living tongues,
there is a double pronunciation, one cursory and colloquial, the other
regular and solemn. The cursory pronunciation is always vague and
uncertain, being made different in different mouths by negligence, un­
skilfulness, or affectation. The solemn pronunciation, though by no
means immutable and permanent, is yet always less remote from the
orthography, and less liable to capricious innovation. They have
however generally formed their tables according to the cursory speech
of those with whom they happened to converse; and concluding that
the whole nation combines to vitiate language in one manner, have
often established the jargon of the lowest of the people as the model
of speech.
For pronunciation the best general rule is, to consider those as
the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written words.
There have been many schemes offered for the emendation and
settlement of our orthography, which, like that of other nations,
being formed by chance, or according to the fancy of the earliest
writers in rude ages, was at first very various and uncertain, and is
yet sufficiently irregular. Of these reformers some have endea­
voured to accommodate orthography better to the pronunciation,
without considering that this is to measure by a shadow, to take that
for a model or standard which is changing while they apply it. Others,
less absurdly indeed, but with equal unlikelihood of success, have
endeavoured to proportion the number of letters to that of sounds,
that every sound may have its own character, and every character
a single sound. Such would be the orthography of a new language
to be formed by a synod of grammarians upon principles of science.
But who can hope to prevail on nations to change their practice,
and make all their old books useless? or what advantage would a
new orthography procure equivalent to the confusion and perplexity
of such an alteration?
Some of these schemes I shall however exhibit, which may be
used according to the diversities of genius, as a guide to reformers,
or terrour to innovators.
One of the first who proposed a scheme of regular orthography,
was Sir Thomas Smith, secretary of state to Queen Elizabeth, a
man of real learning, and much practised in grammatical disquisi­
tions. Had he written the following lines according to his scheme,
they would have appeared thus.

At length Erasmus, that great injur'd name,
The glory of the priesthood, and the shame,
Stemm'd the wild torrent of a barb'rous age,
And drove those holy Vandals off the stage.


At lengð Erasmus, ðat grët ïngurd nâm,
Δe glorï of ðe prësðüd, and ðe zâm,
Stemmd ðe wild torrent of a barb'rous âg.
And diöv ðös höli Vandals öff ðe stâg.

After him another mode of writing was offered by Dr. Gill, the
celebrated master of St. Paul's school in London; which I cannot
represent exactly for want of types, but will approach as nearly as I
can by means of characters now in use as to make it understood, ex­
hibiting two stanzas of Spenser in the reformed orthography.

Spenser, book iii. canto 5.
Unthankful wretch, said he, is this the meed.
With which her sovereign mercy thou dost quite?
Thy life she saved by her gracious deed;
But thou dost ween with villanous despight,
To blot her honour, and her heav'nly light.
Die, rather die, than so disloyally,
Deem of her high desert, or seem so light.
Fair death it is to shun more shame; then die.
Die, rather die, than ever love disloyally.
But if to love disloyalty it be,
Shall I then hate her, that from deathes door
Me brought? ah! far be such reproach from me.
What can I less do, than her love therefore,
Sith I her due reward cannot restore?
Die, rather die, and dying do her serve,
Dying her serve, and living her adore.
Thy life she gave, thy life she doth deserve;
Die, rather die, than ever from her service swerve.


Unhankful wrεɔ, said hj, iz ðis ðe mjd,
Wih wiɔ hεr sovεrain mεrsi ðou dust qujt?
ðj ljf sj savεd bj hεr grasius djd;
But ðóu dust wen wih vilεnus dispjt,
Tu blot hεr honor, and hεr hevnlj liht.
Dj, raðεr dj, ðεn so disloialj.
Djm of hεr hih dεzεrt, or sjm so liht.
Fair deh it iz tu sun mωr sᾶm; ðεn dj.
Dj, raðer dj, ðεn εvεr luv disloialj.
But if tu luv disloialtj it bj,
Sal I ðεn hᾶt hεr ðat from dεðez dωr
Mj brouht? ah! far bj suɔ rεproɔ from mj.
Wat kan I lεs du ðεn hεr luv ðεrfωr,
Sih I her du rεward kanot restωr?
Dj, raðer dj, and djig du hεr sεrv,
Djig hεr sεrv, and livig hεr adωr.
ðj ljf sj gᾶv, ðj ljf sj duh dεzεrv.
Dj, raðεr di, ðεn εvεr from hεr sεrvis swεrv.

Dr. Gill was followed by Charles Butler, a man who did not want
an understanding which might have qualified him for better em­
ployment. He seems to have been more sanguine than his prede­
cessors, for he printed his book according to his own scheme;
which the following specimen will make easily understood.
But whensoever you have occasion to trouble their patience, or to
come among them being troubled, it is better to stand upon your
guard, than to trust to their gentleness. For the safeguard of your
face, which they have most mind unto, provide a pursehood, made
of coarse boultering, to be drawn and knit about your collar, which
for more safety is to be lined against the eminent parts with woollen
cloth. First cut a piece about an inch and a half broad, and half
a yard long, to reach round by the temples and forehead, from one
ear to the other; which being sowed in his place, join unto it two
short peces of the same breadth under the eyes, for the balls of the
cheeks, and then set an other piece about the breadth of a shilling
against the top of the nose. At other times, when they are not an­
gered, a little piece half a quarter broad, to cover the eyes and parts
about them, may serve though it be in the heat of the day.

Bet &wyn;ensoëver you hav' occasion to trubble ðeir patienc', or to coom among ðem
beeing trubled, it is better to stand upon your gard, ðan to trust to ðeir gentlenes.
For ðe saf'gard of your fac', &wyn;iɔ ðey hav' most mind' unto, provid' a purfehood,
mad' of coorse boultering, to bee dra&wyn;n and knit about your collar, &wyn;iɔ for mor'
saf'ty is to bee lined against ð' eminent parts &wyn;it &wyn;oollen clot. First cut a peec'
about an inɔ and a half broad, and half a yard long, to reaɔ round by ðe temples
and for'head, from one ear to ðe oðer; &wyn;iɔ beeing so&wyn;ed in his plac', join unto
it t&wyn;o sort peeces of ðe sam breadt under ðe eys, for ðe bals of ðe cheeks, and
ðen set an oðer peec' about ðe breadt of a silling against ðe top of ðe nose. At
oðer tim's, fen ðey ar' not angered, a little piec' half a quarter broad, to cover
ðe eys and parts about ðem, may serve ðo&wyn;g it be in ðe heat of ðe day. Butler
on the Nature and Properties of Bees, 1634.

In the time of Charles I. there was a very prevalent inclination
to change the orthography; as appears, among other books, in such
editions of the works of Milton as were published by himself. Of
these reformers every man had his own scheme; but they agreed in
one general design of accommodating the letters to the pronuncia­
tion, by ejecting such as they thought superfluous. Some of them
would have written these lines thus:

————All the erth
Shall then be paradis, far happier place
Than this of Eden, and far happier dais.

Bishop Wilkins afterwards, in his great work of the philosophical
language, proposed, without expecting to be followed, a regular or­
thography; by which the Lord's prayer is to be written thus:
Yουr Fádher hουitsh art in héven, hαlloed bi dhyi nάm, dhyi cingdym cym, dhy
ουill bi dyn in erth as it is in héven, &c.
We have since had no general reformers; but some ingenious men
have endeavoured to deserve well of their country, by writing honor
and labor for honour and labour, red for read in the preter-tense, sais
for says, repete for repeat, explane for explain, or declame for declaim.
Of these it may be said, that as they have done no good, they have
done little harm; both because they have innovated little, and be­
cause few have followed them.

ETYMOLOGY.
ETYMOLOGY teaches the deduction of one
word from another, and the various modifica­
tions by which the sense of the same word is diversi­
fied; as horse, horses; I love, I loved.

Of the ARTICLE.
The English have two articles, an or a, and the.
AN, A.
A has an indefinite signification, and means one, with
some reference to more; as, This is a good book, that is,
one among the books that are good. He was killed by a
sword, that is, some sword. This is a better book for a
man than a boy, that is, for one of those that are men than
one of those that are boys. An army might enter without
resistance, that is, any army.
In the senses in which we use a or an in the singular,
we speak in the plural without an article; as, these are
good books.
I have made an the original article, because it is only the Saxon
an, or æn, one, applied to a new use, as the German ein, and the




French un; the n being cut off before a consonant in the speed of ut­
terance.
Grammarians of the last age direct, that an should be
used before h; whence it appears that the English an­
ciently aspirated less. An is still used before the silent h,
as an herb, an honest man: but otherwise a; as,
A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse.
Shakespeare.
THE has a particular and definite signification.
The fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world.
Milton.
That is, that particular fruit, and this world in which
we live. So He giveth fodder for the cattle, and green
herbs for the use of man; that is, for those beings that
are cattle, and his use that is man.
The is used in both numbers.
I am as free as Nature first made man,
Ere the base laws of servitude began,
When wild in woods the noble savage ran.
Dryd.
Many words are used without articles; as,
1. Proper names, as John, Alexander, Longinus, Ari­
starchus, Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, London. GOD is
used as a proper name.
2. Abstract names, as blackness, witchcraft, virtue,
vice, beauty, ugliness, love, hatred, anger, goodnature,
kindness.
3. Words in which nothing but the mere being of any
thing is implied: This is not beer, but water; This is
not brass, but steel.

Of NOUNS SUBSTANTIVES.
The relations of English nouns to words going be­
fore or following are not expressed by cases, or changes
of termination, but as in most of the other European
languages by prepositions, unless we may be said to
have a genitive case.

Singular.

Nom.
Magister,
a Master,
the Master.


Gen.
Magistri,
of a Master,
of the Master, or Masters, the Masters.


Dat.
Magistro,
to a Master,
to the Master.


Acc.
Magistrum,
a Master,
the Master.


Voc.
Magister,
Master,
O Master.


Abl.
Magistro,
from a Master,
from the Master.



Plural.

Nom.
Magistri,
Masters,
the Masters.


Gen.
Magistrorum,
of Masters,
of the Masters.


Dat.
Magistris,
to Masters,
to the Masters.


Acc.
Magistros,
Masters,
the Masters.


Voc.
Magistri,
Masters,
O Masters.


Abl.
Magistris,
from Masters,
from the Masters.


Our nouns are therefore only declined thus:


Master,
Gen. Masters.
Plur. Masters.


Scholar,
Gen. Scholars.
Plur. Scholars.


These genitives are always written with a mark of elision, master's,
scholar's, according to an opinion long received, that the 's is a con­
traction of his, as the soldier's valour, for the soldier his valour: but this
cannot be the true original, because 's is put to female nouns, Wo­
man's beauty; the Virgin's delicacy; Haughty Juno's unrelenting hate:
and collective nouns, as Women's passions; the rabble's insolence; the
multitude's folly; in all these cases it is apparent that his cannot be
understood. We say likewise, the foundation's strength, the diamond's
lustre, the winter's severity; but in these cases his may be understood,
he and his having formerly been applied to neuters in the place now
supplied by it and its.
The learned, the sagacious Wallis, to whom every English gram­
marian owes a tribute of reverence, calls this modification of the
noun an adjective possessive; I think with no more propriety than he
might have applied the same to the genitive in equitum decus, Trojæ
oris, or any other Latin genitive.
This termination of the noun seems to constitute a real genitive
indicating possession. It is derived to us from those who declined
smið, a smith; Gen. smiðes, of a smith; Plur. smiðes, or smiðas, smiths;
and so in two other of their seven declensions.
It is a further confirmation of this opinion, that in the old poets
both the genitive and plural were longer by a syllable than the original
word; knitis, for knight's, in Chaucer; leavis, for leaves, in Spenser.
When a word ends in s, the genitive may be the same with the
nominative, as Venus temple.
The plural is formed by adding s, as table, tables;
fly, flies; sister, sisters; wood, woods; or es where s could
not otherwise be sounded, as after ch, s, sh, x, z; after
c sounded like s, and g like j; the mute e is vocal be­
fore s, as lance, lances; outrage, outrages.
The formation of the plural and genitive singular is the same.
A few words yet make the plural in n, as men, women, oxen,
swine, and more anciently eyen and shoon. This formation is that
which generally prevails in the Teutonick dialects.
Words that end in f commonly form their plural by
ves, as loaf, loaves; calf, calves.
Except a few, muff, muffs; chief, chiefs. So hoof, roof, proof, re­
lief, mischief, puff, cuff, dwarf, handkerchief, grief.
Irregular plurals are teeth from tooth, lice from louse, mice from
mouse, geese from goose, feet from foot, dice from die, pence from penny,
brethren from brother, children from child.
Plurals ending in s have no genitives; but we say,
Womens excellencies, and Weigh the mens wits against
the ladies hairs. Pope.
Dr. Wallis thinks the Lords' house may be said for the house of Lord;
but such phrases are not now in use; and surely an English ear re­
bels against them.

Of ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives in the English language are wholly inde­
clinable; having neither case, gender, nor number, and
being added to substantives in all relations without any
change; as, a good woman, good women, of a good wo­
man; a good man, good men, of good men.

The Comparison of Adjectives.
The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by
adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive;
as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet,
sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher,
highest.
Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better,
best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer,
next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more (for moer),
most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most,
as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost;
up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
Most is sometimes added to a substantive, as topmost,
southmost.
Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by ter­
minations, and are only compared by more and most, as
benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
All adjectives may be compared by more and most,
even when they have comparatives and superlatives re­
gularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest,
or most fair.
In adjectives that admit a regular conparison, the comparative more
is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written
for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and
being much regulated by commodiousness of utter­
ance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced
to rules.
Monosyllables are commonly compared.
Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables,
are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most,
as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
Dissyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in
some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful,
dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous;
in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id,
as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent;
in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody;
in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my,
as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy;
in ry, as hoary.
Some comparatives and superlatives are yet found in good writers
formed without regard to the foregoing rules; but in a language
subjected so little and so lately to grammar, such anomalies must fre­
quently occur.

So shady is compared by Milton.
She in shadiest covert hid,
Tun'd her nocturnal note.
Parad. Lost.


And virtuous.
What she wills to say or do,
Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best.
Parad. Lost.



So trifling, by Ray, who is indeed of no great authority.
It is not so decorous, in respect of God, that he should im­
mediately do all the meanest and triflingest things himself, with­
out making use of any inferior or subordinate minister.
Ray on the Creaiton.
Famous, by Milton.
I shall be named among the famousest
Of women, sung at solemn festivals.
Milton's Agonistes.
Inventive, by Ascham.
Those have the inventivest heads for all purposes, and roundest
tongues in all matters.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Mortal, by Bacon.
The mortalest poisons practised by the West Indians, have
some mixture of the blood, fat, or flesh of man.
Bacon.
Natural, by Wotton.
I will now deliver a few of the properest and naturallest con­
siderations that belong to this piece.
Wotton's Architecture.
Wretched, by Johnson.
The wretcheder are the contemners of all helps; such as pre­
suming on their own naturals, deride diligence, and mock at
terms when they understand not things.
B. Johnson.
Powerful, by Milton.
We have sustain'd one day in doubtful fight,
What heav'n's great King hath pow'rfullest to send
Against us from about his throne.
Paradise Lost.
The termination in ish may be accounted in some sort a degree of
comparison, by which the signification is diminished below the posi­
tive, as black, blackish, or tending to blackness; salt, saltish, or having
a little taste of salt: they therefore admit no comparison. This ter­
mination is seldom added but to words expressing sensible qualities,
nor often to words of above one syllable, and is scarcely used in the
solemn or sublime style.

Of PRONOUNS.
Pronouns, in the English language, are, I, thou, he,
with their plurals we, ye, they, it, who, which, what,
whether, whosoever, whatsoever, my, mine, our, ours, thy,
thine, your, yours, his, her, hers, their, theirs, this, that,
other, another, the same.
The pronouns personal are irregularly inflected.



Singular.
Plural.


Nom.
I
We


Accus. and other oblique cases.
Me
Us


Nom.
Thou
Ye


Oblique.
Thee
You


You is commonly used in modern writers for ye, particularly in the
language of ceremony, where the second person plural is used for the
second person singular, You are my friend.



Singular.
Plural.



Nom.
He
They
Applied to masculines.


Oblique.
Him
Them


Nom.
She
They
Applied to feminines.


Oblique.
Her
Them


Nom.
It
They
Applied to neuters or things.


Oblique.
Its
Them


For it the practice of ancient writers was to use he,
and for its, his.
The possessive pronouns, like other adjectives, are
without cases or change of termination.
The possessive of the first person is my, mine, our,
ours; of the second, thy, thine, you, yours; of the third,
from he, his, from she, her, and hers, and in the plural
their, theirs, for both sexes.
Our, yours, hers, theirs, are used when the substantive preceding is
separated by a verb, as These are our books. These books are ours.
Your children excel ours in stature, but ours surpass yours in learning.
Ours, yours, hers, theirs, notwithstanding their seeming plural ter­
mination, are applied equally to singular and plural substantives, as
This book is ours. These books are ours.
Mine and thine were formerly used before a vowel, as mine amiable
lady; which though now disused in prose, might be still properly
continued in poetry, they are used as ours and yours, when they are
referred to a substantive preceding.
Their and theirs are the possessives likewise of it, and
are therefore applied to things.
Pronouns relative are, who, which, what, whether,
whosoever, whatsoever.


Sing. and Plur.
Sing. and Plur.


Nom.
Who
Nom.
Which


Gen.
Whose
Gen.
Of which, or whose


Other oblique cases.
Whom
Other oblique cases.
Which


Who is now used in relation to persons, and which in relation to
things; but they were anciently confounded.
Whose is rather the poetical than regular genitive of which:
The fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world.
Milton.
Whether is only used in the nominative and accusative cases; and
has no plural, being applied only to one of a number, commonly to
one of two, as, Whether of these is left I know not. Whether shall I
choose? It is now almost obsolete.
What, whether relative or interrogative, is without
variation.
Whosoever, whatsoever, being compounded of who or
what, and soever, follow the rule of their primitives.


Singular.
Plural.


In all cases,
This
These


That
Those


Other
Others


Whether



The plural others is not used but when it is referred to a substantive
preceding, as I have sent other horses. I have not sent the same horses,
but others.
Another, being only an other, has no plural.
Here, there, and where, joined with certain particles,
have a relative and pronominal use. Hereof, herein,
hereby, hereafter, herewith, thereof, therein, thereby, there­
upon, therewith, whereof, wherein, whereby, whereupon,
wherewith, which signify, of this, in this, &c. of that,
in that, &c. of which, in which, &c.
Therefore and wherefore, which are properly, there for
and where for, for that, for which, are now reckoned con­
junctions, and continued in use. The rest seem to be
passing by degrees into neglect, though proper, use­
ful, and analogous. They are referred both to singu­
lar and plural antecedents.
There are two more words used only in conjunction
with pronouns, own and self.
Own is added to possessives, both singular and plural,
as my own hand, our own house. It is emphatical, and
implies a silent contrariety or opposition; as, I live in my
own house, that is, not in a hired house. This I did with
my own hand, that is, without help, or not by proxy.
Self is added to possessives, as myself, yourselves; and
sometimes to personal pronouns, as himself, itself, them­
selves. It then, like own, expresses emphasis and oppo­
sition, as I did this myself, that is, not another; or it
forms a reciprocal pronoun, as We hurt ourselves by vain
rage.
Himself, itself, themseves, is supposed by Wallis to be put by cor­
ruption, for his self, it self, their selves; so that self is always a sub­
stantive. This seems justly observed, for we say, He came himself;
Himself shall do this; where himself cannot be an accusative.

Of the VERB.
English verbs are active, as I love; or neuter, as I
languish. The neuters are formed like the actives.
Most verbs signifying action, may likewise signify condition or habit,
and become neuters, as I love, I am in love; I strike, I am now
striking.
Verbs have only two tenses inflected in their termina­
tions, the present, and simple preterite; the other tenses
are compounded of the auxiliary verbs have, shall,
will, let, may, can, and the infinitive of the active or
neuter verb.
The passive voice is formed by joining the participle
preterite to the substantive verb, as I am loved.


To Have.
Indicative Mood.


Present Tense.
Sing. I have, thou hast, he hath or has;
Plur. We have, ye have, they have.
Has is a termination corrupted from hath, but now more frequently
used both in verse and prose.
Simple Preterite.
Sing. I had, thou hadst, he had;
Plur. We had, ye had, they had.
Compound Preterite.
Sing. I have had, thou hast had, he has had;
Plur. We have have had, ye have had, they have had.


Preterpluperfect.
Sing. I had had, thou hadst had, he had had;
Plur. We had had, ye had had, they had had.
Future.
Sing. I shall have, thou shalt have, he shall have;
Plur. We shall have, ye shall have, they shall have.
Second Future.
Sing. I will have, thou wilt have, he will have;
Plur. We will have, ye will have, they will have.
By reading these future tenses may be observed the variations of
shall and will.
Imperative Mood.
Sing. Have or have thou, let him have;
Plur. Let us have, have or have ye, let them have.
Conjunctive Mood.
Present.
Sing. I have, thou have, he have;
Plur. We have, ye have, they have.
Preterite simple as in the Indicative.
Preterite compound.
Sing. I have had, they have had, he have had;
Plur. We have had, ye have had, they have had.
Future.
Sing. I shall have, as in the Indicative.
Second Future.
Sing. I shall have had, thou shalt have had, he shall
have had;
Plur. We shall have had, ye shall have had, they shall
have had.
Potential.
The potential form of speaking is expressed by may,
can, in the present; and might, could, or should, in the
preterite, joined with the infinitive mood of the verb.
Present.
Sing. I may have, thou mayst have, he may have;
Plur. We may have, ye may have, they may have.
Preterite.
Sing. I might have, thou mightst have, he might have;
Plur. We might have, ye might have, they might have.
Present.
Sing. I can have, thou canst have, he can have;
Plur. We can have, ye can have, they can have.
Preterite.
Sing. I could have, thou couldst have, he could have;
Plur. We could have, ye could have, they could have.
In like manner should is united to the verb.
There is likewise a double Preterite.
Sing. I should have had, thou shouldst have had, he
should have had;
Plur. We should have had, ye should have had, they
should have had.
In like manner we use, I might have had; I could
have had, &c.
Infinitive Mood.
Present. To have. Preterite. To have had.
Participle present. Having. Participle preter. Had.
Verb Active. To Love.
Indicative. Present.
Sing. I love, thou lovest, he loveth or loves;
Plur. We love, ye love, they love.
Preterite simple.
Sing. I loved, thou lovedst, he loved;
Plur. We loved, ye loved, they loved.
Preterperfect compared. I have loved, &c.
Preterpluperfect. I had loved, &c.
Future. I shall love, &c. I will love, &c.
Imperative.
Sing. Love or love thou, let him love;
Plur. Let us love, love or love ye, let them love.
Conjunctive. Present.
Sing. I love, thou love, he love;
Plur. We love, ye love, they love.
Preterite simple, as in the Indicative.
Preterite compound. I have loved, &c.
Future. I shall love, &c.
Second Future. I shall have loved, &c.
Potential.
Present. I may or can love, &c.
Preterite. I might, could, or should love, &c.
Double Pret. I might, could, or should have loved, &c.
Infinitive.
Present. To love. Preterite. To have loved.
Participle present. Loving. Participle past. Loved.
The passive is formed by the addition of the parti­
ciple preterite, to the different tenses of the verb to be,
which must therefore be here exhibited.
Indicative. Present.
Sing. I am, thou art, he is;
Plur. We are or be, ye are or be, they are or be.
The plural be is now little in use.
Preterite.
Sing. I was, thou wast or wert, he was;
Plur. We were, ye were, they were.
Wert is properly of the conjunctive mood, and ought not to be
used in the indicative.
Preterite compound. I have been, &c.
Preterpluperfect. I had been, &c.
Future. I shall or will be, &c.
Imperative.
Sing. Be thou; let him be;
Plur. Let us be; be ye; let them be.
Conjunctive. Present.
Sing. I be, thou beest, he be;
Plur. We be, ye be, they be.
Preterite.
Sing. I were, thou wert, he were;
Plur. We were, ye were, they were.
Preterite compound. I have been, &c.
Future. I shall have been, &c.
Potential.
I may or can; would, could, or should be; could,
would, or should have been, &c.
Infinitive.
Present. To be. Preterite. To have been.
Participle pres. Being. Participle preter. Having been.
Passive Voice. Indicative Mood.
I am loved, &c. I was loved, &c. I have been
loved, &c.
Conjunctive Mood.
If I be loved, &c. If I were loved, &c. If I shall
have been loved, &c.
Potential Mood.
I may or can be loved, &c. I might, could, or should
be loved, &c. I might, could, or should have been
loved, &c.
Infinitive.
Present. To be loved. Preterite. To have been loved.
Participle. Loved.
There is another form of English verbs, in which the
infinitive mood is joined to the verb do in its various in­
flections, which are therefore to be learned in this place.
To Do.
Indicative. Present.
Sing. I do, thou dost, he doth;
Plur. We do, ye do, they do.
Preterite.
Sing. I did, thou didst, he did;
Plur. We did, ye did, they did.
Preterite, &c. I have done, &c. I had done, &c.
Future. I shall or will do, &c.
Imperative.
Sing. Do thou, let him do;
Plur. Let us do, do ye, let them do.
Conjunctive. Present.
Sing. I do, thou do, he do;
Plur. We do, ye do, they do.
The rest are as in the indicative.
Infinitive. To do; to have done.
Participle pres. Doing, Participle preter. Done.


I do is sometimes used superfluously, as, I do love, I
did love; simply for I love, or I loved; but this is consi­
dered as a vitious mode of speech.
It is sometimes used emphatically; as,
I do love thee, and when I love thee not,
Chaos is come again.
Shakespeare.
It is frequently joined with a negative; as, I like her,
but I do not love her; I wished him success, but did not
help him.
The Imperative prohibitory is seldom applied in the
second person, at least in prose, without the word do;
as, Stop him, but do not hurt him; Praise beauty, but do
not dote on it.
Its chief use is in interrogative forms of speech, in
which it is used through all the persons; as, Do I live?
Dost thou strike me? Do they rebel? Did I complain?
Didst thou love her? Did she die? So likewise in nega­
tive interrogations; Do I not yet grieve? Did she not die?
Do is thus used only in the simple tenses.
There is another manner of conjugating neuter verbs,
which, when it is used, may not improperly denominate
them neuter passives, as they are inflected according to
the passive form by the help of the verb sustantive to be.
They answer nearly to the reciprocal verbs in French;
as,
I am risen, surrexi, Latin; Je me suis levé, French.
I was walked out, exieram; Je m' etois promené.
In like manner we commonly express the present tense; as, I am
going, eo. I am grieving, doleo. She is dying, illa moritur. The
tempest is raging, furit procella. I am pursuing an enemy, hostem
insequor. So the other tenses, as, We were walking, ἐτυγχάνομεν
ϖεϱιπατουντες, I have been walking, I had been walking, I shall or will
be walking.
There is another manner of using the active participle, which
gives it a passive signification; as, The grammar is now printing,
grammatica jam nunc chartis imprimitur. The brass is forging, æra
excuduntur. This is, in my opinion, a vitious expression, pro­
bably corrupted from a phrase more pure, but now somewhat obso­
lete: The book is a printing, The brass is a forging; a being properly
at, and printing and forging verbal nouns signifying action, according
to the analogy of this language.
The indicative and conjunctive moods are by modern writers fre­
quently confounded, or rather the conjunctive is wholly neglected,
when some convenience of versification does not invite its revival. It
is used among the purer writers after if, though, ere, before, whether,
except, unless, whatsoever, whomsoever, and words of wishing; as,
Doubtless thou art our father, though Abraham be ignorant of us, and
Israel acknowledge us not.

Of IRREGULAR VERBS.
The English verbs were divided by Ben Johnson into
four conjugations, without any reason arising from the
nature of the language, which has properly but one
conjugation, such as has been exemplified; from which
all deviations are to be considered as anomalies, which
are indeed in our monosyllable Saxon verbs and the
verbs derived from them very frequent; but almost all
the verbs which have been adopted from other languages,
follow the regular form.
Our verbs are observed by Dr. Wallis to be irregular only in the
formation of the preterite, and its participle. Indeed, in the scanti­
ness of our conjugations, there is scarcely any other place for irre­
gularity.
The first irregularity, is a slight deviation from
the regular form, by rapid utterance or poetical con­
traction: the last syllable ed is often joined with the
former by suppression of e; as, lov'd for loved; after
c, ch, sh, f, k, x, and after the consonants s, th, when
more strongly pronounced, and sometimes after m, n,
r, if preceded by a short vowel, t is used in pronun­
ciation, but very seldom in writing, rather than d; as
plac't, snatch't, fish't, wak't, dwel't, smel't; for plac'd
snatch'd, fish'd, wak'd, dwel'd, smel'd; or placed, snatched,
fished, waked, dwelled, smelled.
Those words which terminate in l or ll, or p, make
their preterite in t, even in solemn language; as crept,
felt, dwelt; sometimes after x, ed is changed into t;
as, vext: this is not constant.
A long vowel is often changed into a short one; thus,
kept, slept, wept, crept, swept; from the verbs, to keep,
to sleep, to weep, to creep, to sweep.
Where d or t go before, the additional letter d or t,
in this contracted form, coalesce into one letter with the
radical d or t: if t were the radical, they coalesce into t;
but if d were the radical, then into d or t, as the one or
the other letter may be more easily pronounced: as,
read, led, spread, shed, shred, bid, hid, chid, fed, bled, bred,
sped, strid, rid; from the verbs, to read, to lead, to
spread, to shed, to shread, to bid, to hide, to chide, to feed,
to bleed, to breed, to speed, to stride, to slide, to ride.
And thus, cast, hurt, cost, burst, eat, beat, sweat, sit,
quit, smit, writ, bit, hit, met, shot; from the verbs, to
cast, to hurt, to cost, to burst, to eat, to beat, to sweat,
to sit, to quit, to smite, to write, to bite, to hit, to meet,
to shoot. And in like manner, lent, sent, rent, girt;
from the verbs, to lend, to send, to rend, to gird.
The participle preterite or passive is often formed in
en, instead of ed; as been, taken, given, slain, known,
from the verbs to be, to take, to give, to slay, to know.
Many words have two or more participles, as not
only written, bitten, eaten, beaten, hidden, chidden, shot­
ten, chosen, broken; but likewise writ, bit, eat, beat,
hid, chid, shot, chose, broke, are promiscuously used in
the participle, from the verbs to write, to bite, to eat,
to beat, to hide, to chide, to shoot, to choose, to break,
and many such like.
In the same manner sown, shewn, hewn, mown,
loaden, laden, as well as sow'd, shew'd, hew'd, mow'd,
loaded, laded, from the verbs to sow, to shew, to hew,
to mow, to load, or lade.
Concerning these double participles it is difficult to
give any rule; but he shall seldom err who remembers,
that when a verb has a participle distinct from its pre­
terite, as write, wrote, written, that distinct participle
is more proper and elegant, as The book is written, is
better than The book is wrote, though wrote may be used
in poetry.
There are other anomalies in the preterite.
1. Win, spin, begin, swim, strike, stick, sing, sting, sling,
ring, wring, spring, swing, drink, sink, shrink, stink,
come, run, find, bind, grind, wind, both in the pre­
terite imperfect and participle passive, give won, spun,
begun, swum, struck, stuck, sung, stung, flung, rung,
wrung, sprung, swung, drunk, sunk, shrunk, hung, come,
run, found, bound, ground, wound. And most of them
are also formed in the preterite by a, as began, rang,
sang, sprang, drank, came, ran, and some others; but
most of these are now obsolete. Some in the participle
passive likewise take en, as stricken, strucken, drunken,
bounden.
2. Fight, teach, reach, seek, beseech, catch, buy, bring,
think, work, make fought, taught, raught, sought, be­
sought, caught, bought, brought, thought, wrought.
But a great many of these retain likewise the regular
form, as teached, reached, beseeched, catched, worked.
3. Take, shake, forsake, wake, awake, stand, break,
speak, bear, shear, swear, tear, weave, cleave, strive,
thrive, drive, shine, rise, arise, smite, write, bide, abide,
ride, choose, chuse, tread, get, beget, forget, seethe, make
in both preterite and participle took, forsook, woke,
awoke, stood, broke, spoke, bore, shore, swore, tore,
wore, wove, clove, strove, throve, drove, shone, rose,
arose, smote, wrote, bode, abode, rode, chose, trode, got,
begot, forgot, sod. But we say likewise, thrive, rise,
smit, writ, abid, rid. In the preterite some are
likewise formed by a, as brake, spake, bare, share,
sware, tare, ware, clave, gat, begat, forgat, and per­
haps some others, but more rarely. In the parti­
ciple passive are many of them formed by en, as
taken, shaken, forsaken, broken, spoken, born, shorn,
sworn, torn, worn, woven, cloven, thriven, driven, risen,
smitten, ridden, chosen, trodden, gotten, begotten, forgot­
ten, sodden. And many do likewise retain the analogy
in both, as waked, awaked, sheared, weaved, leaved,
abided, seethed.
4. Give, bid, sit, make in the preterite gave, bade,
sate; in the participle passive, given, bidden, sitten; but
in both bid.
5. Draw, know, grow, throw, blow, crow like a cock,
fly, slay, see, ly, make their preterite drew, knew, grew,
threw, blew, crew, flew, slew, saw, lay; their parti­
ciples passive by n, drawn, known, snown, grown,
thrown, blown, flown, slain, seen, lien, lain. Yet from
flee is made fled; from go, went, from the old wend,
and the participle gone.




Of DERIVATION.
That the English language may be more easily understood, it is
necessary to enquire how its derivative words are deduced from their
primitives, and how the primitives are borrowed from other lan­
guages. In this enquiry I shall sometimes copy Dr. Wallis, and
sometimes endeavour to supply his defects, and rectify his errours.
Nouns are derived from verbs.
The thing implied in the verb as done or produced,
is commonly either the present of the verb; as, to love,
love; to fright, a fright; to fight, a fight; or the pre­
terite of the verb, as, to strike, I strick or strook, a stroke.
The action is the same with the participle present, as
loving, frighting, fighting, striking.
The agent, or person acting, is denoted by the syl­
lable er added to the verb, as lover, frighter, striker.
Substantives, adjectives, and sometimes other parts
of speech, are changed into verbs: in which case the
vowel is often lengthened, or the consonant softened;
as, a house, to house; brass, to braze; glass, to glaze;
grass, to graze; price, to prize; breath, to breathe; a
fish, to fish; oyl, to oyl; further, to further; forward,
to forward; hinder, to hinder.
Somet mes the termination en is added, especially to
adjectives; as, haste, to hasten; length, to lengthen;
strength, to strengthen; short, to shorten; fast, to fasten;
white, to whiten; black, to blacken; hard, to harden;
soft, to soften.
From substantives are formed adjectives of plenty, by
adding the termination y; as, a louse, lousy; wealth,
wealthy; health, healthy; might, mighty; worth,
worthy; wit, witty; lust, lusty; water, watery; earth,
earthy; wood, a wood, woody; air, airy; a heart,
hearty; a hand, handy.
From substantives are formed adjectives of plenty, by
adding the termination ful, denoting abundance; as,
joy, joyful; fruit, fruitful; youth, youthful; care, care­
ful; use, useful; delight, delightful; plenty, plentiful;
help, helpful.
Sometimes, in almost the same sense, but with some
kind of diminution thereof, the termination some is
added, denoting something, or in some degree; as, de­
light, delightsome; game, gamesome; irk, irksome; bur­
den, burdensome; trouble, troublesome; light, lightsome;
hand, handsome; alone, lonesome; toil, toilsome.
On the contrary, the termination less added to sub­
stantives, makes adjectives signifying want; as worth­
less, witless, heartless, joyless, careless, helpless. Thus
comfort, comfortless; sap, sapless.
Privation or contrariety is very often denoted by the
particle un prefixed to many adjectives, or in before
words derived from the Latin; as, pleasant, unpleasant;
wise, unwise; profitable, unprofitable; patient, impa­
tient. Thus unworthy, unhealthy, unfruitful, unuseful,
and many more.
The original English privative is un; but as we often borrow from
the Latin, or its descendants, words already signifying privation, as
inefficacious, impious, indiscreet, the inseparable particles un and in
have fallen into confusion, from which it is not easy to disentangle
them.
Un is prefixed to all words originally English, as untrue, untruth,
untaught, unhandsome.
Un is prefixed to all participles made privative adjectives, as un­
feeling, unassisting, unaided, undelighted, unendeared.
Un ought never to be prefixed to a participle present, to mark a
forbearance of action, as unsighing; but a privation of habit, as
unpitying.
Un is prefixed to most substantives which have an English termina­
tion, as unfertileness, unperfectness, which, if they have borrowed
terminations, take in or im, as infertility, imperfection; uncivil, in­
civility; unactive, inactivity.
In borrowing adjectives, if we receive them already compounded,
it is usual to retain the particle prefixed, as indecency, inelegant, impro­
per; but if we borrow the adjective, and add the privative particle,
we commonly prefix un, as unpolite, ungallant.
The prepositive particles dis and mis, derived from the
des and mes of the French, signify almost the same as un;
yet dis rather imports contrariety than privation, since it
answers to the Latin preposition de. Mis insinuates
some error, and for the most part may be rendered by
the Latin words male or perperam. To like, to dislike;
honour, dishonour; to honour, to grace, to dishonour, to
disgrace; to deign, to disdeign; chance, hap, mischance,
mishap; to take, to mistake; deed, misdeed; to use, to
misuse; to employ, to misemploy; to apply, to mis­
apply.
Words derived from Latin written with de or dis re­
tain the same signification, as distinguish, distinguo; de­
tract, detraho; defame, defamo; detain, detineo.
The termination ly added to substantives, and some­
times to adjectives, forms adjectives that import some
kind of similitude or agreement, being formed by con­
traction of lick or like.
A giant, giantly, giantlike; earth, earthly; heaven,
heavenly; world, worldly; God, godly; good, goodly.
The same termination ly added to adjectives, forms
adverbs of like signification; as, beautiful, beautifully;
sweet, sweetly; that is, in a beautiful manner; with some
degree of sweetness.
The termination ish added to adjectives, imports di­
minution; and added to substantives, imports simili­
tude or tendency to a character; as, green, greenish;
white, whitish; soft, softish; a thief, thievish; a wolf,
wolvish; a child, childish.
We have forms of diminutives in substantives, though
not frequent; as, a hill, a hillock; a cock, a cockrel; a
pike, pickrel; this is a French termination: a goose,
a gosling; this is a German termination: a lamb, a
lambkin; a chick, a chicken; a man, a manikin; a pipe,
a pipkin; and thus Halkin, whence the patronimick
Hawkins, Wilkin, Thomkin, and others.
Yet still there is another form of diminution among the English,
by lessening the sound itself, especially of vowels; as there is a form
of augmenting them by enlarging, or even lengthening it; and that
somet mes not so much by change of the letters, as of their pronun­
ciation; as, sup, sip, soop, sop, sippet, where, besides the extenuation
of the vowel, there is added the French termination et; top, tip;
spit, spout; babe, baby, booby, βουπαις; great pronounced long, especi­
ally if with a stronger sound, grea-t; little pronounced long, lee-tle;
ting, tang, tong, imports a succession of smaller and then greater
sounds; and so in jingle, jangle, tingle, tangle, and many other made
words.
Much however of this is arbitrary and fanciful, depending wholly on
oral utterance, and therefore scarcely worthy the notice of Wallis.
Of concrete adjectives are made abstract substan­
tives, by adding the termination ness, and a few in
hood or head, noting character or qualities; as, white,
whiteness; hard, hardness; great, greatness; skilful,
skilfulness, unskilfulness; godhead, manhood, maidenhead,
widowhood, knighthood, priesthood, likelihood, falsehood.
There are other abstracts, partly derived from ad­
jectives, and partly from verbs, which are formed by
the addition of the termination th, a small change be­
ing sometimes made; as, long, length; strong, strength;
broad, wide, breadth, width; deep, depth; true, truth;
warm, warmth; dear, dearth; slow, slowth; merry,
mirth; heal, health; well, weal, wealth; dry, droughth;
young, youth; and so moon, month.
Like these are some words derived from verbs; dy,
death; till, tilth; grow, growth; mow, later mowth,
after mow'th; commonly spoken and written later math,
after math; steal, stealth; bear, birth; rue, ruth; and
probably earth from to ear or plow; fly, flight; weigh,
weight; fray, fright; to draw, draught.
These should rather be written slighth, frighth, only that custom
prevails, left h should be twice repeated.
The same form retain faith, spight, wreathe, wrath, broth, froth,
breath, sooth, worth, light, wight, and the like, whose primitives are
either entirely obsolete, or seldom occur. Perhaps they are derived
from fey or foy, spry, wry, wreak, brew, mow, fry, bray, say, work.
Some ending in ship imply an office, employment,
or condition; as, kingship, wardship, guardianship, part­
nership, stewardship headship, lordship.
Thus worship, that is, worthship; whence worshipful, to wor­
ship.
Some few ending in dom, rick, wick, do especially de­
note dominion, at least state or condition; as kingdom,
dukedom, earldom, princedom, popedom, christendom, free­
dom, wisdom, whoredom, bishoprick, bailywick.
Ment and age are plainly French terminations, and
are of the same import with us as among them, scarcely
ever occuring, except in words derived from the French,
as commandment, usage.


There are in English often long trains of words allied by their
meaning and derivation; as, to beat, a bat, batoon, a battle, a beetle,
a battle-door, to batter, butter, a kind of glutinous composition for
food. All these are of similar signification, and perhaps derived from
the Latin batuo. Thus take, touch, tickle, tack, tackle; all imply a
local conjunction, from the Latin tango, tetigi, tactum.
From two are formed twain, twice, twenty, twelve, twins, twine,
twist, twirl, twig, twitch, twinge, between, betwixt, twilight, twibil.
The following remarks, extracted from Wallis, are ingenious, but
of more subtlety than solidity, and such as perhaps might in every
language be enlarged without end.
Sn usually implies the nose, and what relates to it. From the La­
tin nasus are derived the French nes and the English nose; and nesse,
a promontory, as projecting like a nose. But as if from the conso­
nants ns taken from nasus, and transposed, that they may the better
correspond, sn denotes nasus; and thence are derived many words
that relate to the nose, as snout, sneeze, snore, snort, snear, snicker,
snot, snevil, snite, snuff, snuffle, snaffle, snarle, snudge.
There is another sn, which may perhaps be derived from the Latin
sinuo, as snake, sneak, snail, snare; so likewise snap and snatch, snib,
snub.
Bl implies a blast; as, blow, blast, to blast, to blight, and, meta­
phorically, to blast one's reputation; bleat, bleak, a bleak place, to
look bleak or weather-beaten, bleak, blay, bleach, bluster, blurt, blister,
blab, bladder, bleb, blister, blabber-lip't, blubber-cheek't, bloted, blote­
berrings, blast, blaze, to blow, that is, blossom, bloom; and perhaps
blood and blush.
In the native words of our tongue is to be found a great agree­
ment between the letters and the thing signified; and therefore the
sounds of letters smaller, sharper, louder, closer, softer, stronger,
clearer, more obscure, and more stridulous, do very often intimate
the like effects in the things signified.
Thus words that begin with str intimate the force and effect of
the thing signified, as if probably derived from ϛρόννυμι, or strenuus;
as, strong, strength, strew, strike, streake, stroke, stripe, strive, strife,
struggle, strout, strut, stretch, strait, strict, streight, that is, narrow,
distrain, stress, distress, string, strap, stream, streamer, strand, strip,
stray, struggle, strange, stride, straddle.
St in like manner implies strength, but in a less degree, so much
only as is sufficient to preserve what has been already communi­
cated, rather than acquire any new degree; as if it were derived
from the Latin sto: for example, stand, stay, that is, to remain, or to
prop; staff, stay, that is, to oppose; stop, to stuff, stifle, to stay, that
is, to stop; a stay, that is, an obstacle; stick, stut, stutter, stammer,
stagger, stickle, stick, stake, a sharp pale, and any thing deposited
at play; stock, stem, sting, to sting, stink, stitch, stud, stanchion,
stub, stubble, to stub up, stump, whence stumble, stalk, to stalk, step,
to stamp with the feet, whence to stamp, that is, to make an impression
and a stamp; stow, to stow, to bestow, steward or stoward, stead,
steady, steadfast, stable, a stable, a stall, to stall, stool, stall, still, stall,
stallage, stall, stage, still adj. and still adv. stale, stout, sturdy, steed,
stoat, stallion, stiff, stark-dead, to starve with hunger or cold; stone,
steel, stern, stanch, to stanch blood, to stare, steep, steeple, stair, stan­
dard, a stated measure, stately. In all these, and perhaps some others,
st denotes something firm and fixed.
Thr implies a more violent degree of motion, as throw, thrust,
throng, throb, through, threat, threaten, thrall, throws.
Wr imply some sort of obliquity or distortion, as wry, to wreathe,
wrest, wrestle, wring, wrong, wrinch, wrench, wrangle, wrinkle,
wrath, wreak, wrack, wretch, wrist, wrap.
Sw imply a silent agitation, or a softer kind of lateral motion; as
sway, swag, to sway, swagger, swerve, sweat, sweep, swill, swim,
swing, swift, sweet, switch, swinge.
Nor is there much difference of sm in smoothe, smug, smile, smirk,
smite, which signifies the same as to strike, but is a softer word; small,
smell, smack, smother, smart, a smart blow properly signifies such a kind
of stroke as with an originally silent motion implied in sm, proceeds
to a quick violence, denoted by ar suddenly ended, as is shewn
by t.
Cl denote a kind of adhesion or tenacity, as in cleave, clay, cling,
climb, clamber, clammy, clasp, to clasp, to clip, to clinch, cloak, clog,
close, to close, a clod, a clot, as a clot of blood, clouted cream, a clut­
ter, a cluster.
Sp implies a kind of dissipation or expansion, especially a quick
one, particularly if there be an r, as if it were from spargo or separo:
for example, spread, spring, sprig, sprout, sprinkle, split, splinter, spill,
spit, sputter, spatter.
Sl denotes a kind of silent fall, or a less observable motion; as in
slime, slide, slip, slipper, sly, sleight, slit, slow, slack, slight, sling,
slap.
And so likewise ash, in crash, rash, gash, flash, clash, lash, slash,
plash, trash, indicates something acting more nimbly and sharply.
But ush, in crush, rush, gush, flush, blush, brush, hush, push, implies
something as acting more obtusely and dully. Yet in both there is
indicated a swift and sudden motion, not instantaneous, but gradual,
by the continued sound sh.
Thus in fling, sling, ding, swing, cling, sing, wring, sting, the ting­
ling of the termination ng, and the sharpness of the vowel i, imply
the continuation of a very slender motion or tremor, at length indeed
vanishing, but not suddenly interrupted. But in tink, wink, sink,
clink, chink, think, that end in a mute consonant, there is alto indi­
cated a sudden ending.
If there be an l, as in jingle, tingle, tinkle, mingle, sprinkle,
twinkle, there is implied a frequency, or iteration of small acts. And
the same frequency of acts, but less subtile by reason of the clearer
vowel a, is indicated in jangle, tangle, spangle, mangle, wrangle,
brangle, dangle; as also in mumble, grumble, jumble, tumble, stumble,
rumble, trumble, fumble. But at the same time the close u implies
something obscure or obtunded; and a congeries of consonants mbl,
denotes a confused kind of rolling or tumbling, as in ramble,
scamble, scramble, wamble, amble; but in these there is something
acute.
In nimble, the acuteness of the vowel denotes celerity. In sparkle,
sp denotes dissipation, ar an acute crackling, k a sudden interruption,
l a frequent iteration; and in like manner in sprinkle, unless in may
imply the subtility of the dissipated guttules. Thick and thin differ,
in that the former ends with an obtuse consonant, and the later
with an acute.
In like manner, in squeek, squeak, squeal, squall, braul, wraul, yaul,
spaul, screek, shreek, shril, sharp, shrivel, wrinkle, crack, crash, clash,
gnash, plash, crush, hush, hisse, fisse, whist, soft, jarr, hurl, curl,
whirl, buz, bussle, spindle, dwindle, twine, twist, and in many more,
we may observe the agreement of such sort of sounds with the things
signisied: and this so frequently happens, that scarce any language
which I know can be compared with ours. So that one mono­
syllable word, of which kind are almost all ours, emphatically
expresses what in other languages can scarce be explained but by
compounds, or decompounds, or sometimes a tedious circumlo­
cution.
We have many words borrowed from the Latin; but
the greatest part of them were communicated by the
intervention of the French; as grace, face, elegant, ele­
gance, resemble.
Some verbs, which seem borrowed from the Latin,
are formed from the present tense, and some from the
supines.
From the present are formed spend, expend, expendo;
conduce, conduco; despise, despicio; approve, approbo;
conceive, concipio.
From the supines, supplicate, supplico; demonstrate,
demonstro; dispose, dispono; expotiate, expatior; sup­
press, supprimo; exempt, eximo.
Nothing is more apparent, than that Wallis goes too far in quest
of originals. Many of these which seem selected as immediate de­
scendents from the Latin, are apparently French, as conceive, approve,
expose, exempt.
Some words purely French, not derived from the
Latin, we have translerred into our language; as, gar­
den, garter, buckler, to advance, to cry, to plead, from the
French jardin, jartier, bouclier, avancer, cryer, plaider;
though indeed, even of these, part is of Latin original.
As to many words which we have in common with the Germans,
it is doubtful whether the old Teutons borrowed them from the La­
tins, or the Latins from the Teutons, or both had them from some
common original; as, wine, vinum; wind, ventus; went, veni;
way, via; wall, vallum; wallow, volvo; wool, vellus; will, volo;
worm, vermis; worth, virtus; wasp, vespa; day, dies; draw, traho;
tame, domo, δαμάω; yoke, jugum, ζεῦγος; over, upper, super, ὑπερ;
am, sum, ειμι; break, frango; fly, volo; blow, flo. I make no
doubt but the Teutonick is more ancient than the Latin: and it is
no less certain, that the Latin, which borrowed a great number of
words, not only from the Greek, especially the Æolick, but from
other neighbouring languages, as the Oscan and others, which have
long become obsolete, received not a few from the Teutonick. It is
certain, that the English, German, and other Teutonick languages,
retained some derived fom the Greek, which the Latin has not; as
path, pfad, ax, achs, mit, ford, psurd, daughter, tochter, mickle, mingle,
moon, sear, grave, graff, to grave, to scrape, whole, heal, from
ϖάγος, ἀξίνη, μετα, ϖοϱθμος, μεγάλος, μιγνύω, μῆνη, ξῆϱός, γϱάφω, ὅλος,
ειλέω. Since they received these immediately from the Greeks, with­
out the intervention of the Latin language, why may not other
words be derived immediately from the same fountain, though they
be likewise found among the Latins.
Our ancestors were studious to form borrowed words,
however long, into monosyllables; and not only cut
off the formative terminations, but cropped the first syl­
lable, especially in words beginning with a vowel; and
rejected not only vowels in the middle, but likewise
consonants of a weaker sound, retaining the stronger,
which seem the bones of words, or changing them for
others of the same organ, in order that the sound might
become the softer; but especially transposing their order,
that they might the more readily be pronounced with­
out the intermediate vowels. For example, in expendo,
spend; exemplum, sample; excipio, scape; extraneus,
strange; extractum, stretch'd; excrucio, to screw; ex­
scorio, to scour; excorio, to scourge; excortico, to
scratch; and others beginning with ex: as also, emen­
do, to mend; episcopus, bishop; in Danish Bisp; epi­
stola, pistle; hospitale, spittle; Hispania, Spain; histo­
ria, story.
Many of these etymologies are doubtful, and some evidently
mistaken.
The following are somewhat harder, Alexander, Sander; Elisabetha,
Betty; apis, bee; aper, bar; p passing into b, as in bishop; and by


cutting off a from the beginning, which is restored in the middle;
but for the old bar or bare, we now say boar; as for lang, long; for
bain, bane; for stane, stone; aprugna, brawn, p being changed into b,
and a transposed, as in aper, and g changed into w, as in pignus,
pawn; lege, law; ἀλοπήξ, fox, cutting off the beginning, and
changing p into f, as in pellis, a fell; pullus, a fool; pater, father;
pavor, fear; polio, file; pleo, impleo, fill, full; piscis, fish; and
transposing o into the middle, which was taken from the beginning;
apex, a piece; peak, pike; zophorus, freese; mustum, stum; defensio,
fence; dispensator, spencer; asculto, escouter, Fr. scout; exscalpo,
scrape, restoring l instead of r, and hence scrap, serable, scrawl;
exculpo, scoop; exterritus, start; extonitus, attonitus, stonn'd; sto­
machus, maw; offendo, fined; obstipo, stop; audere, dare; ca­
vere, ware, whence a-ware, be-ware, wary, warn, warning; for
the Latin v consonant formerly sounded like our w, and the mo­
dern sound of the v consonant was formerly that of the letter f, that
is, the Æolick digamma, which had the sound of φ, and the mo­
dern sound of the letter f was that of the Greek φ or ph; ulcus,
ulcere, ulcer, sore, and hence sorry, sorrow, sorrowful; ingenium, en­
gine, gin; scalenus, leaning, unless you would rather derive it from
ϰλίνω, whence inclino; infundibulum, funnel; gagates, jett; pro­
jectum, to jett forth, a jetty; cucullus, a cowl.
There are syncopes somewhat harder; from tempore, time; from
nomine, name; domina, dame; as the French homme, femme, nom,
from homine, fœmina, nomine. Thus pagina, page; ϖοτήϱιον, pot;
ϰοπελλα, cup; cantharus, can; tentorium, tent; precor, pray; præda,
prey; specio, speculor, spy; plico, ply: implico, imply; replico, re­
ply; complico, comply; sedes episcopalis, see.
A vowel is also cut off in the middle, that the number of the syl­ 
lables may be lessened; as, amita, aunt; spiritus, spright; debitum,
debt; dubito, doubt; comes, comitis, count; clericus, clerk; quietus,
quit, quite; acquieto, to acquit; separo, to spare; stabilis, stable;
stabulum, stable; pallacium, palace, place; rabula, rail, rawl, wraul,
brawl, rable, brable; quæsitio, quest.
As also a consonant, or at least one of a softer sound, or even a
whole syllable; rotundus, round; fragilis, frail; securus, sure; re­
gula, rule; tegula, tile; subtilis, subtle; nomen, noun; decanus, dean;
computo. count; subitaneus, suddain, soon; superare, to soar; peri­
culum, peril; mirabile, marvel; as magnus, main; dignor, deign;
tingo, stain; tinctum, taint; pingo, paint; prædari, reach.
The contractions may seem harder, where many of them meet,
as ϰυϱιαϰὸς, kyrk, church; presbyter, priest; sacristanus, sexton;
frango, fregi, break, breach; fagus, φῆγα, beech, f changed into
b, and g into ch, which are letters near-a-kin; frigesco, freeze;
frigesco, fresh, sc into sh, as above in bishop, fish, so in scapha, skiff,
skip, and refrigesco, refresh; but viresco, fresh; phlebotomus, steam;
bovina, beef; vitulina, veal; scutifer, squire; pœnitentia, penance;
sanctuarium, sanctuary, sentry; quæsitio, chase; perquisitio, purchase;
anguilla, eel; insula, isle, ile, island, iland; insuletta, islet, ilet; eyght
and more contractedly cy, whence Owsney, Ruley, Ely; examinare, to
scan, namely, by rejecting from the beginning and end e and o, ac­
cording to the usual manner, the remainder xamin, which the Saxons,
who did not use x, writ csamen, or scamen is contracted into scan;
as from dominus, don; nomine, noun; abomino, ban; and indeed
apum examen they turned into sciame; for which we say swarme, by
inserting r to denote the murmuring; thesaurus, store; sedile,
stool; υετὸς, wet; sudo, sweat; gaudium, gay; jocus, joy; succus,
juice; catena. chain; caliga, calga; chause, chausse, Fr. hose; ex­
tinguo, stanch, squench, quench, stint; foras, forth; species, spice;
recito, read; adjuvo, aid; αἰὼν, ævum, ay, age, ever; floccus, lock;
excerpo, scrape, scrabble, scrawl; extravagus, stray, straggle; col­
lectum, clot, clutch; colligo, coil; recolligo, recoil; severo, swear;
stridulus, shrill; procurator, proxy; pulso, to push; calamus, a quill;
impetere, to impeach; augeo, auxi, wax; and vanesco, vanui, wane;
syllabare, to spell; puteus, pit; granum, corn; comprimo, cramp,
crump, crumple, crinkle.
Some may seem harsher, yet may not be rejected, for it at least
appears, that some of them are derived from proper names, and
there are others whose etymology is acknowledged by every body;
as, Alexander, Elick, Scander, Sander, Sandy, Sanny; Eliza­
beth, Elizabeth, Elisabeth, Betty, Bess; Margareta, Margaret, Mar­
get, Meg, Peg; Maria, Mary, Mal, Pal, Malkin, Mawkin, Mawkes;
Matthæus, Mattha, Matthew; Martha, Matt. Pat; Gulielmus,
Wilhelmus, Girolamo, Guillaume, William, Will, Bill, Wilkin, Wic­
ken, Wicks, Weeks.
Thus cariophyllus, flos; gerofilo, Ital. giriflee, gilofer, Fr. gilli­
flower, which the vulgar call julyflower, as if derived from the
month July; petroselinum, parsly; portulaca, purslain; cydonium,
quince; cydoniatum, quiddeny; persicum, peach; eruca, eruke, which
they corrupt to ear-wig, as if it took its name from the ear; annulus
geminus, a gimmal or gimbal ring; and thus the word gimbal and
jumbal is transferred to other things thus interwoven; quelques
choses, kickshaws. Since the origin of these, and many others,
however forced, is evident, it ought to appear no wonder to any
one if the ancients have thus disfigured many, especially as they so
much affected monosyllables; and, to make them sound the softer,
took this liberty of maiming, taking away, changing, transposing,
and softening them.
But while we derive these from the Latin, I do not mean to say,
that many of them did not immediately come to us from the Saxon,
Danish, Dutch, and Teutonick languages, and other dialects, and
some taken more lately from the French or Italians, or Spaniards.
The same word, according to its different significations, often has
a different origin; as, to bear a burden, from fero; but to bear, whence
birth, born, bairn, comes from pario; and a bear, at least if it be of
Latin original, from fera. Thus perch, a fish, from perca; but
perch, a measure, from pertica, and likewise to perch. To spell is
from syllaba; but spell, an inchantment, by which it is believed that
the boundaries are so fixed in lands, that none can pass them against
the master's will, from expello; and spell, a messenger, from epistola;
whence gospel, good-spel, or god-spell. Thus freese, or freeze, from fri­
gesco; but freeze, an architectonic word, from zophorus; but freese,
for cloth, from Frisia, or perhaps from frigesco, as being more fit
than any other for keeping out the cold.
There are many words among us, even monosyllables, compounded
of two or more words,, at least serving instead of compounds, and
comprising the signification of more words than one; as, from
scrip and roll comes scroll; from proud and dance, prance; from st
of the verb stay, or stand and stout, is made stout; from stout and
hardy, sturdy; from sp of spit or spew, and out, comes spout; from
the same sp, with the termination in, is spin; and adding out, spin
out; and from the same sp, with it, is spit, which only differs from
spout in that it is smaller, and with less noise and force; but sputter
is, because of the obscure u, something between spit and spout; and
by reason of adding r, it intimates a frequent iteration and noise,
but obscurely confused: whereas spatter, on account of the sharper
and clearer vowel a, intimates a more distinct noise, in which it
chiefly differs from sputter. From the same sp, and the termination
ark, comes spark, signifying a single emission of fire with a noise;
namely, sp the emission, ar the more acute noise, and k, the mute
consonant, intimates its being suddenly terminated; but adding l, is
made the frequentative sparkle. The same sp, by adding r, that is
spr, implies a more lively impetus of diffusing or expanding itself;
to which adding the termination ing, it becomes spring; its vi­
gour spr imports, its sharpness the termination ing, and lastly in
acute and tremulous, ends in the mute consonant g, denotes the
sudden ending of any motion, that it is meant in its primary signifi­
cation, of a single, not a complicated exilition. Hence we call spring
whatever has an elastick force; as also a fountain of water, and
thence the origin of any thing; and to spring, to germinate; and
spring, one of the four seasons. From the same spr and out, is formed
sprout, and with the termination ig, sprig; of which the following,
for the most part, is the difference: sprout, of a grosser sound, im­
ports a fatter or crosser bud; sprig, of a slenderer sound, denotes a
smaller shoot. In like manner, from str of the verb strive, and out,
comes strout and strut. From the same str, and the termination
uggle, is made struggle; and this gl imports, but without any great
noise, by reason of the obscure sound of the vowel u. In like man­
ner, from throw and roll is made trull; and almost in the same sense
is trundle, from throw or thrust, and rundle. Thus graff or grough is
compounded of grave and rough; and trudge from tread or trot, and
drudge.
In these observations it is easy to discover great saga­
city and great extravagance, an ability to do much de­
feated by the desire of doing more than enough. It
may be remarked,
1. That Wallis's derivations are often so made, that
by the same licence any language may be deduced from
any other.
2. That he makes no distinction between words imme­
diately derived by us from the Latin, and those which
being copied from other languages, can therefore afford
no example of the genius of the English language, or
its laws of derivation.
3. That he derives from the Latin, often with great
harshness and violence, words apparently Teutonick;
and therefore, according to his own declaration, pro­
bably older than the tongue to which he refers them.
4. That some of his derivations are apparently erro­
neous.

SYNTAX.
The established practice of grammarians requires that I should here
treat of the Syntax; but our language has so little inflection, or va­
riety of terminations, that its construction neither requires nor ad­
mits many rules. Wallis therefore has totally omitted it; and John­
son, whose desire of following the writers upon the learned languages
made him think a syntax indispensably necessary, has published such
petty observations as were better omitted.
The verb, as in other languages, agrees with the no­
minative in number and person; as, Thou fliest from
good; He runs to death.
Our adjectives and pronouns are invariable.
Of two substantives the noun possessive is the geni­
tive; as, His father's glory; The sun's heat.
Verbs transitive require an oblique case; as, He loves
me; You fear him.
All prepositions require an oblique case: He gave this
to me; He took this from me; He says this of me; He
came with me.

PROSODY.
It is common for those that deliver the grammar of modern lan­
guages, to omit their Prosody. So that of the Italians is neglected
by Buomattei; that of the French by Desmarais; and that of the
English by Wallis, Cooper, and even by Johnson though a poet. But
as the laws of metre are included in the idea of a grammar, I have
thought it proper to insert them.
Prosody comprises orthoephy, or the rules of pronuncia­
tion; and orthometry, or the laws of versification.


PRONUNCIATION is just, when every letter has its
proper sound, and when every syllable has its proper
accent, or which in English versification is the same,
its proper quantity.
The sounds of the letters have been already explained; and rules
for the accent or quantity are not easily to be given, being subject to
innumerable exceptions. Such however as I have read or formed, I
shall here propose.
1. Of dissyllables formed by affixing a termination,
the former syllable is commonly accented, as chíldish,
kíngdom, áctest, ácted, tóilsome, lóver, scóffer, faírer,
forémost, zéalous, fúlness, gódly, méekly, ártist.
2. Dissyllables formed by prefixing a syllable to the
radical word, have commonly the accent on the latter;
as, to begét, to beseém, to bestów.
3. Of dissyllables, which are at once nouns and verbs,
the verb has commonly the accent on the latter, and
the noun on the former syllable; as, to descánt, a dé­
scant; to cemént, a cément; to contráct, a cóntract.
This rule has many exceptions. Though verbs seldom have their
accent on the former, yet nouns often have it on the latter syllable;
as, delíght, perfúme.
4. All dissyllables ending in y, as cranny; in our, as
labour, favour; in ow, as wíllow, wállow, except allów;
in le, as báttle, bíble; in ish, as bánish; in ck, as cám­
brick, cássock; in ter, as to bátter; in age, as coúrage; in
en, as fásten; in et, as quíet, accent the former syllable.
5. Dissyllable nouns in er, as cánker, bútter, have
the accent on the former syllable.
6. Dissyllable verbs terminating in a consonant
and e final, as compríse, escápe; or having a diphthong
in the last syllable, as appéase, revéal; or ending in two con­
sonants, as atténd; have the accent on the latter syllable.
7. Dissyllable nouns having a diphthong in the latter
syllable, have commonly their accent on the latter syl­
lable, as applaúse; except words in ain, cértain, moún­
tain.
8. Trissyllables formed by adding a termination, or
prefixing a syllable, retain the accent of the radical
word, as lóveliness, ténderness, contémner, wágonner, phý­
sical, bespátter, comménting, comménding, assúrance.
9. Trissyllables ending in ous, as grácious, árduous;
in al, as cápital; in ion, as méntion, accent the first.
10. Trissyllables ending in ce, ent, and ate, accent the
first syllable, as coúntenance, cóntinence, ármament, ímmi­
nent, élegant, própagate, except they be derived from
words having the accent on the last, as connívence, ac­
quáintance; or the middle syllable hath a vowel before
two consonants, as promúlgate.
11. Trissyllables ending in y, as éntity, spécify, líberty,
víctory, súbsidy, commonly accent the first syllable.
12. Trissyllables in re or le accent the first syllable,
as légible, théatre, except discíple, and some words which
have a position, as exámple, epístle.
13. Trissyllables in ude commonly accent the first
syllable, as plénitude.
14. Trissyllables ending in ator or atour, as creátour,
or having in the middle syllable a diphthong, as endeá­
vour; or a vowel before two consonants, as doméstick, ac­
cent the middle syllable.
15. Trissyllables that have their accent on the last syl­
lable are commonly French, as acquiésce, repartée, ma­
gazíne, or words formed by prefixing one or two syl­
lables to an acute syllable, as immatúre, overchárge.
16. Polysyllables, or words of more than three syl­
lables, follow the accent of the words from which they
are derived, as árrogating, cóntinency, incóntinently, com­
méndable, commúnicableness.
17. Words in ion have the accent upon the ante­
penult, as salvátion, perturbátion, concóction; words in
atour or ator on the penult, as dedicátor.
18. Words ending in le commonly have the accent
on the first syllable, as ámicable, unless the second syl­
lable have a vowel before two consonants, as com­
bústible.
19. Words ending in ous have the accent on the ante­
penult, as uxórious, volúptuous.
20. Words ending in ly have their accent on the an­
tepenult, as pusillanímity, actívity.
These rules are not advanced as compleat or infallible, but pro­
posed as useful. Almost every rule of every language has its ex­
ceptions; and in English, as in other tongues, much must be learned
by example and authority. Perhaps more and better rules may be
given that have escaped my observation.
VERSIFICATION is the arrangement of a certain num­
ber of syllables according to certain laws.
The feet of our verses are either iambick, as alóft,
creáte; or trochaick, as hóly, lófty.
Our iambick measure comprises verses
Of four syllables,

Most good, most fair,
Or things as rare,
To call you's lost;
For all the cost
Words can bestow,
So poorly show
Upon your praise,
That all the ways
Sense hath, come short.
Drayton.


With ravish'd ears
The monarch hears.
Dryden.

Of, six,

This while we are abroad,
Shall we not touch our lyre?
Shall we not sing an ode?
Shall that holy fire,
In us that strongly glow'd,
In this cold air expire?


Though in the utmost Peak
A while we do remain,
Amongst the mountains bleak,
Expos'd to sleet and rain,
No sport our hours shall break,
To exercise our vein.


Who though bright Phœbus' beams
Refresh the southern ground,
And though the princely Thames
With beauteous nymphs abound,
And by old Camber's streams
Be many wonders found;


Yet many rivers clear
Here glide in silver swathes,
And what of all most dear,
Buxton's delicious baths,
Strong ale and noble chear,
T' asswage breem winter's scathes.


In places far or near,
Or famous, or obscure,
Where wholesom is the air,
Or where the most impure,
All times, and every where,
The muse is still in ure.
Drayton.

Of eight, which is the usual measure for short
poems,

And may at last my weary age
Find out the peaceful hermitage,
The hairy gown, and mossy cell,
Where I may sit, and nightly spell
Of ev'ry star the sky doth shew,
And ev'ry herb that sips the dew.
Milton.

Of ten, which is the common measure of heroick and
tragick poetry.

Full in the midst of this created space,
Betwixt heav'n, earth, and skies, there stands a place
Confining on all three; with triple bound;
Whence all things, though remote, are view'd
around,
And thither bring their undulating sound.
The palace of loud Fame, her seat of pow'r,
Plac'd on the summit of a lofty tow'r;
A thousand winding entries long and wide
Receive of fresh reports a flowing tide.


A thousand crannies in the walls are made;
Nor gate nor bars exclude the busy trade.
'Tis built of brass, the better to diffuse
The spreading sounds, and multiply the news;
Where echo's in repeated echo's play:
A mart for ever full; and open night and day.
Nor silence is within, nor voice express,
But a deaf noise of sounds that never cease;
Confus'd, and chiding, like the hollow rore
Of tides, receding from th' insulted shore;
Or like the broken thunder, heard from far,
When Jove to distance drives the rolling war.
The courts are fill'd with a tumultuous din
Of crouds, or issuing forth, or entring in:
A thorough-fare of news; where some devise
Things never heard, some mingle truth with lies:
The troubled air with empty sounds they beat,
Intent to hear, and eager to repeat.
Dryden.

In all these measures the accents are to be placed on
even syllables; and every line considered by itself is
more harmonious, as this rule is more strictly ob­
served.
Our trochaick measures are
Of three syllables,

Here we may
Think and pray,
Before death
Stops our breath:
Other joys
Are but toys.

Of five,

In the days of old,
Stories plainly told,
Lovers felt annoy.

Of seven,

Fairest piece of welform'd earth,
Urge not thus your haughty birth.

In these measures the accent is to be placed on the odd
syllables.
These are the measures which are now in use, and above the rest
those of seven, eight, and ten syllables. Our ancient poets wrote
verses sometimes of twelve syllables, as Drayton's Polyolbion.

Of all the Cambrian shires their heads that bear so high,
And farth'st survey their soils with an ambitious eye,
Mervinia for her hills, as for their matchless crowds,
The nearest that are said to kiss the wand'ring clouds,
Especial audience craves, offended with the throng,
That she of all the rest neglected was so long;
Alledging for herself, when through the Saxons pride,
The godlike race of Brute to Severn's setting side
Were cruelly inforc'd, her mountains did relieve
Those whom devouring war else every where did grieve.
And when all Wales beside (by fortune or by might)
Unto her ancient foe resign'd her ancient right,
A constant maiden still she only did remain,
The last her genuine laws which stoutly did retain.
And as each one is prais'd for her peculiar things;
So only she is rich, in mountains, meres, and springs,
And holds herself as great in her superfluous waste,
As others by their towns, and fruitful tillage grac'd.

And of fourteen, as Chapman's Homer.

And as the mind of such a man, that hath a long way gone,
And either knoweth not his way, or else would let alone
His purpos'd journey, is distract.

The verse of twelve lines, called an Alexandrine, is now only used
to diversify heroick lines.

Waller was smooth, but Dryden taught to join
The varying verse, the full-resounding line,
The long majestick march, and energy divine.

The pause in the Alexandrine must be at the sixth syllable.
The verse of fourteen syllables is now broken into a soft lyrick
measure of verses, consisting alternately of eight syllables and six.

She to receive thy radiant name,
Selects a whiter space.
When all shall praise, and ev'ry lay
Devote a wreath to thee,
That day, for come it will, that day
Shall I lament to see.

We have another measure very quick and lively, and therefore
much used in songs, which may be called the anapestick, in which
the accent rests upon every third syllable.

May I góvern my pássions with ábsolute swáy,
And grow wíser and bétter as lífe wears awáy.

In this measure a syllable is often retrenched from the first foot, as

Diógenes súrly and proúd.
I thínk not of I'ris, nor I'ris of mé.

These measures are varied by many combinations, and sometimes
by double endings, either with or without rhyme, as in the heroick
measure.

'Tis heav'n itself that points out an hereafter,
And intimates eternity to man.
So in that of eight syllables,
They neither added nor confounded,
They neither wanted nor abounded.
In that of seven,
For resistance I could fear none,
But with twenty ships had done,
What thou, brave and happy Vernon,
Hast atchiev'd with six alone.

In that of six,

'Twas when the seas were roaring,
With hollow blasts of wind,
A damsel lay deploring,
All on a rock reclin'd.

In the anapestick,

When terrible tempests assail us,
And mountainous billows affright,
Nor power nor wealth can avail us,
But skilful industry steers right.

To these measures, and their laws, may be reduced every species
of English verse.
Our versification admits of few licences, except a
synalæpha, or elision of e in the before a vowel, as th'eter­
nal; and more rarely of o in to, as t'accept; and a sy­
næresis, by which two short vowels coalesce into one
syllable, as question, special; or a word is contracted by
the expulsion of a short vowel before a liquid, as av'rice,
temp'rance.
Thus have I collected rules and examples, by which the English
language may be learned, if the reader be already acquainted with
grammatical terms, or taught by a master to those that are more
ignorant. To have written a grammar for such as are not yet
initiated in the schools, would have been tedious, and perhaps at last
ineffectual.






DIRECTIONS to the BOOK-BINDER.
The First Volume contains, ——— The Preface; History of the English
Language; The Grammar; and, The Letters A to K inclusive.
The Second Volume contains, ——— L to Z inclusive.






A GENERAL
DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

A
A The first letter of the European alphabets, has,
in the English language, three different sounds,
which may be termed the broad, open, and slen­
der.
The broad sound resembling that of the Ger­
man a is found, in many of our monosyllables, as all, wall,
malt, salt; in which a is pronounced as au in cause, or aw in
law. Many of these words were anciently written with au,
as sault, waulk; which happens to be still retained in fault.
This was probably the ancient sound of the Saxons, since it is
almost uniformly preserved in the rustic pronunciation, and
the Northern dialects, as maun for man, haund for hand.

A  open, not unlike the a of the Italians, is found in father, ra­
ther, and more obscurely in fancy, fast, &c.

A  slender or close, is the peculiar a of the English language, re­
sembling the sound of the French e masculine, or diphthong ai
in païs, or perhaps a middle sound between them, or between
the a and e; to this the Arabic a is said nearly to approach.
Of this sound we have examples in the words, place, face,
waste, and all those that terminate in ation; as, relation, na­
tion, generation.

A  is short, as, glass, grass; or long, as, glaze, graze: it is marked
long, generally, by an e final, plane, or by an i added, as,
plain.

A,  an article set before nouns of the singular number; a man, a
tree; denoting the number one, as, a man is coming, that is,
no more than one; or an indefinite indication, as, a man may
come this way; that is, any man. This article has no plural
signification. Before a word beginning with a vowel, it is
written an, as, an ox, an egg, of which a is the contraction.

A  is sometimes a noun; as, a great A, a little a.

A  is placed before a participle, or participial noun; and is con­
sidered by Wallis as a contraction of at, when it is put before
a word denoting some action not yet finished; as, I am a walk­
ing. It also seems to be anciently contracted from at, when
placed before local surnames; as, Thomas a Becket. In other
cases, it seems to signify to, like the French à.
A hunting Chloë went. Prior.
They go a begging to a bankrupt's door. Dryd.
May pure contents for ever pitch their tents
Upon these downs, these meads, these rocks, these moun­
tains,
And peace still slumber by these purling fountains!
Which we may every year
Find when we come a fishing here. Wotton.
Now the men fell a rubbing of armour, which a great while
had lain oiled; the magazines of munition are viewed; the
officers of remains called to account. Wotton.
Another falls a ringing a Pescennius Niger, and judiciously
distinguishes the sound of it to be modern. Addison on medals.

A  has a peculiar signification, denoting the proportion of one
thing to another. Thus we say, The landlord hath a hundred
a year; The ship's crew gained a thousand pounds a man.
The river Inn, that had been hitherto shut up among moun­
tains, passes generally through a wide open country, during all
its course through Bavaria; which is a voyage of two days,
after the rate of twenty leagues a day. Addison on Italy.

A  is used in burlesque poetry, to lengthen out a syllable, without
adding to the sense.
For cloves and nutmegs to the line-a,
And even for oranges to China. Dryden.

A  is sometimes, in familiar writings, put by a barbarous corrup­
tion for he.

A,  in composition, seems to have sometimes the power of the French
a in these phrases, a droit, a gauche, &c. and sometimes to be
contracted from at; as, aside, aslope, afoot, asleep, athirst, aware.
If this, which he avouches, does appear,
There is no flying hence, nor tarrying here.
I gin to be a weary of the sun;
And wish the state of the world were now undone.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
And now a breeze from shore began to blow,
The sailors ship their oars, and cease to row;
Then hoist their yards a-trip, and all their sails
Let fall, to court the wind, and catch the gales.
Dryden's Ceyx and Alcyone.

A  is sometimes redundant; as, arise, arouse, awake; the same
with rise, rouse, wake.

A,  in abbreviations, stands for artium, or arts; as, A. B. bachelor
of arts, artium baccalaureus; A. M. master of arts, artium ma­
gister; or, anno; as, A. D. anno domini.

AB,  at the beginning of the names of places, generally shews
that they have some relation to an abbey.

ABA

ABA'CKE. adv. obsolete.  Backwards.
But when they came where thou thy skill didst show,
They drew abacke, as half with shame confound,
Shepherds to see them in their art outgo. Spens. Past.

ABA'CTOR. n. s.  [Lat. abactor, a driver away.] Those who
drive away or steal cattle in herds, or great numbers at once,
in distinction from those that steal only a sheep or two. Blount.

A'BACUS. n. s.  [Lat. abacus.] 
1. A counting-table, anciently used in calculations.
2. In architecture, it is the uppermost member of a column,
which serves as a sort of crowning both to the capital and co­
lumn. Dict.

ABA'FT. adv.  [of abaftan, Sax. Behind.] From the fore-part
of the ship, towards the stern. Dict.

ABAI'SANCE. n. s.  [from the French abaiser, to depress, to
bring down.] An act of reverence, a bow. Obeysance is
considered by Skinner as a corruption of abaisance, but is
now universally used.

To ABA'LIENATE. v. a.  [from abalieno, Lat.] To make
that another's which was our own before. Calv. Lex. Jur.
A term of the civil law, not much used in common speech.

ABALIENA'TION. n. s.  [Lat. abalienatio.] A giving up one's
right to another person; or a making over an estate, goods,
or chattels by sale, or due course of law. Dict.

To ABA'ND. v. a.  [A word contracted from abandon, but
not now in use.   See ABANDON.]To forsake.
Those foreigners which came from far
Grew great, and got large portions of land,
That in the realm, ere long, they stronger are
Than they which sought at first their helping hand,
And Vortiger enforced the kingdom to aband.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 10.

To ABA'NDON. v. a.  [Fr. abandonner. Derived, according
to Menage, from the Italian abandonare, which signifies to for­
sake his colours; bandum [vexillum] deserere. Pasquier thinks


it a coalition of a ban donner, to give up to a proscription;
in which sense we, at this day, mention the ban of the em­
pire. Ban, in our own old dialect, signifies a curse; and to
abandon, if considered as compounded between French and
Saxon, is exactly equivalent to diris devovere.] 
1. To give up, resign, or quit; often followed by the particle to.
The passive gods behold the Greeks defile
Their temples, and abandon to the spoil
Their own abodes; we, feeble few, conspire
To save a sinking town, involv'd in fire. Dryd. Æneid.
2. To desert.
The princes using the passions of fearing evil, and desiring
to escape, only to serve the rule of virtue, not to abandon one's
self, leapt to a rib of the ship. Sidney, b. ii.
Then being alone,
Left and abandon'd of his velvet friends,
'Tis right, quoth he; thus misery doth part
The flux of company. Shakesp. As you like it.
What fate a wretched fugitive attends,
Scorn'd by my foes, abandon'd by my friends. Dryd. Æn. 2.
3. To forsake, generally with a tendency to an ill sense.
When he in presence came, to Guyon first
He boldly spake, Sir knight, if knight thou be,
Abandon this forestalled place at erst,
For fear of further harm, I counsel thee.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 4. stanz. 39.
But to the parting goddess thus she pray'd;
Propitious still be present to my aid,
Nor quite abandon your once favour'd maid. Dryd. Fab.

To ABANDON OVER. v. a.  [a form of writing not usual, per­
haps not exact.] To give up to, to resign.
Look on me as a man abandon'd o'er
To an eternal lethargy of love;
To pull, and pinch, and wound me, cannot cure,
And but disturb the quiet of my death. Dryd. Sp. Friar.

ABANDONED. particip. adj. 1. Given up.
If she be so abandon'd to her sorrow,
As it is spoke, she never will admit me.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Who is he so abandoned to sottish credulity, as to think,
upon that principle, that a clod of earth in a sack, may ever,
by eternal shaking, receive the fabric of man's body?
Bentley's Sermons.
Must he, whose altars on the Phrygian shore,
With frequent rites, and pure, avow'd thy pow'r,
Be doom'd the worst of human ills to prove,
Unbless'd, abandon'd to the wrath of Jove?
Pope's Odyssey, b. i. l. 80.
2. Forsaken, deserted.
3. Corrupted in the highest degree. In this sense, it is a con­
traction of a longer form, abanidoned [given up] to wic­
kedness.

ABA'NDONING.  [A verbal noun from abandon.] Desertion,
forsaking.
He hoped his past meritorious actions might outweigh his
present, abandoning the thought of future action. Clarend. b. viii.

ABA'NDONMENT. n. s.  [abandonment, Fr.] 
1. The act of abandoning.
2. The state of being abandoned. Dict.

ABANNI'TION. n. s.  [Lat. abannitio.] A banishment for one or
two years, among the ancients, for manslaughter. Dict.

A'BARCY. n. s.  Insatiableness. Dict.

To ABA'RE. v. a.  [abarian, Sax.] To make bare, uncover,
or disclose. Dict.

ABARTICULA'TION. n. s.  [from ab, from, and articulus, a joint,
Lat.] A good and apt construction of the bones, by which
they move strongly and easily; or that species of articulation
that has manifest motion. Dict.

To ABASE. v. a.  [Fr. abaisser, from the Lat. basis, or bassus,
a barbarous word, signifying low, base.] To cast down, to
depress, to bring low, almost always in a figurative and per­
sonal sense.
Happy shepherd, with thanks to the gods, still think to be
thankful, that to thy advancement their wisdoms have thee
abased. Sidney, b. i.
With unresisted might the monarch reigns;
He levels mountains, and he raises plains;
And, not regarding diff'rence of degree,
Abas'd your daughter, and exalted me. Dryd. Fables.
Behold every one that is proud, and abase him. Job, xl. 11.
If the mind be curbed and humbled too much in children;
if their spirits be abased and broken much by too strict an hand
over them; they lose all their vigour and industry, and are in
a worse state than the former. Locke on Education, § 46.

ABA'SED. adj.  [with heralds] is a term used of the wings of
eagles, when the top looks downwards towards the point of
the shield; or when the wings are shut; the natural way of
bearing them being spread with the top pointing to the chief of
the angle. Bailey. Chambers.

ABA'SEMENT. n. s.  The state of being brought low; the
act of bringing low; depression.
There is an abasement because of glory; and there is that
lifteth up his head from a low estate. Ecclesiasticus, xx. 11.

To ABA'SH. v. a.  [See BASHFUL.] To put into confusion;
to make ashamed. It generally implies a sudden impression of
shame.
They heard, and were abash'd, and up they sprung
Upon the wing. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 331.
This heard, th' imperious queen sat mute with fear;
Nor further durst incense the gloomy thunderer.
Silence was in the court at this rebuke:
Nor could the gods, abash'd, sustain their sovereign's look.
Dryden's Fables.
The passive admits the particle at, sometimes of, before the
causal noun.
In no wise speak against the truth, but be abashed of the
error of thy ignorance. Ecclesiasticus, iv. 25.
I said unto her, from whence is this kid? Is it not stolen?
Render it to the owners, for it is not lawful to eat any thing
that is stolen. But she replied upon me, it was given for a
gift, more than the wages: however, I did not believe her,
but bad her render it to the owners: and I was abashed at her.
Tob. ii. 13, 14.
The little Cupids hov'ring round,
(As pictures prove) with garlands crown'd,
Abash'd at what they saw and heard,
Flew off, nor ever more appear'd. Swift's Miscellanies.

To ABA'TE. v. a.  [from the French abbatre, to beat down.] 
1. To lessen, to diminish.
Who can tell whether the divine wisdom, to abate the glory
of those kings, did not reserve this work to be done by a
queen, that it might appear to be his own immediate work?
Sir John Davies on Ireland.
If you did know to whom I gave the ring,
And how unwillingly I left the ring,
You would abate the strength of your displeasure.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Here we see the hopes of great benefit and light from expo­
sitors and commentators are in a great part abated; and those
who have most need of your help, can receive but little from
them, and can have very little assurance of reaching the A­
postle's sense, by what they find in them.
Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.
2. To deject, or depress the mind.
This iron world (the same he weeping says)
Brings down the stoutest hearts to lowest state:
For misery doth bravest minds abate. Spens. Hubberd's Tale.
— — — — Have they power still
To banish your defenders, till at length
Your ignorance deliver you,
As most abated captives to some nation
That won you without blows? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Time that changes all, yet changes us in vain,
The body, not the mind; nor can controul
Th' immortal vigour, or abate the soul. Dryden's Æneid.
3. In commerce, to let down the price in selling, sometimes to
beat down the price in buying.

To ABATE. v. n.  To grow less; as, his passion abates; the
storm abates. It is used sometimes with the particle of before
the thing lessened.
Our physicians have observed, that, in process of time,
some diseases have abated of their virulence, and have, in a
manner, worn out their malignity, so as to be no longer mor­
tal. Dryden's Hind and Panth.

To ABATE.  [in common law.] 
It is in law used both actively and neuterly; as, to abate a
castle, to beat it down. To abate a writ, is, by some exception,
to defeat or overthrow it. A stranger abateth, that is, entereth
upon a house or land void by the death of him that last pos­
sessed it, before the heir take his possession, and so keepeth him
out. Wherefore, as he that putteth out him in possession, is
said to disseise: so he that steppeth in between the former pos­
sessor and his heir, is said to abate. In the neuter signification
thus; The writ of the demandment shall abate, that is, shall be
disabled, frustrated, or overthrown. The appeal abateth by
covin, that is, that the accusation is defeated by deceit. Cowel.

To ABATE.  [in horsemanship.] A horse is said to abate or take
down his curvets; when working upon curvets, he puts his
two hind-legs to the ground both at once, and observes the
same exactness in all the times. Dict.

ABA'TEMENT. n. s.  [abatement, Fr.] 
1. The act of abating or lessening.
The law of works then, in short, is that law, which re­
quires perfect obedience, without remission or abatement; so
that, by that law, a man cannot be just, or justified, without
an exact performance of every tittle. Locke.
2. The state of being abated.
Coffee has, in common with all nuts, an oil strongly com­
bined and entangled with earthy particles. The most noxious
part of oil exhales in roasting to the abatement of near one
quarter of its weight. Arbuthnot on aliments.
3. The sum or quantity taken away by the act of abating.
Xenophon tells us, that the city contained about ten thou­


sand houses, and allowing one man to every house, who could
have any share in the government, (the rest, consisting of
women, children and servants) and making other obvious
abatements, these tyrants, if they had been careful to adhere
together, might have been a majority even of the people
collective. Swift on the contests in Athens and Rome.
4. The cause of abating; extenuation.
As our advantages towards practising and promoting piety
and virtue were greater than those of other men; so will our
excuse be less, if we neglect to make use of them. We
cannot plead in abatement of our guilt, that we were ignorant
of our duty, under the prepossession of ill habits, and the biass
of a wrong education. Atterbury's Sermons.

ABATEMENT,  in law.
The act of the abator; as, the abatement of the heir into the
land before he hath agreed with the lord. The affection or
passion of the thing abated; as, abatement of the writ. Cowel.

ABATEMENT,  [with heralds] is an accidental mark, which be­
ing added to a coat of arms, the dignity of it is abased, by
reason of some stain or dishonourable quality of the bearer. Dict.

ABA'TER. n. s.  The agent or cause by which an abatement is
procured.
Abaters of acrimony or sharpness: expressed oils of ripe
vegetables, and all preparations of such; as of almonds, pis­
tachoes, and other nuts. Arbuthnot on diet.

ABA'TOR. n. s.  [a law-term.] One who intrudes into houses
or land, that is void by the death of the former possessour, as
yet not entered upon or taken up by his heir. Dict.

A'BATUDE. n. s.  [old records.] Any thing diminished. Bailey.

A'BATURE. n. s.  [a hunting term.] Those sprigs of grass which
are thrown down by a stag in his passing by. Dict.



ABB

ABB. n. s.  The yarn on a weaver's warp; a term among clo­
thiers. Chambers.

ABBA. n. s.  [Heb. אב] A Syriac word, which signifies father.

A'BBACY. n. s.  [Lat. abbatia.] The rights or privileges of an
abbot. See ABBEY.
According to Felinus, an abbacy is the dignity itself, since
an abbot is a term or word of dignity, and not of office; and,
therefore, even a secular person, who has the care of souls,
is sometimes, in the canon law, also stiled an abbot.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

A'BBESS. n. s.  [Lat. abbatissa, from whence the Saxon abu­
disse, then probably abbatess, and by contraction abbesse in
Fr. and abbess, Eng.] The superiour or governess of a nun­
nery or monastery of women.
They fled
Into this abbey, whither we pursued them;
And here the abbess shuts the gate on us,
And will not suffer us to fetch him out.
Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
I have a sister, abbess in Terceras,
Who lost her lover on her bridal-day. Dryd. D. Sebast.
Constantia's heart was so elevated with the discourse of Fa­
ther Francis, that the very next day she entered upon her vow.
As soon as the solemnities of her reception were over, we re­
tired, as it is usual, with the abbess into her own apartment.
Addison. Spect. No 164.

A'BBEY, or ABBY. n. s.  [Lat. abbatia; from whence probably
first ABBACY; which see.] A monastery of religious per­
sons, whether men or women; distinguished from religious
houses of other denominations by larger privileges. See
ABBOT.
With easy roads he came to Leicester;
Lodg'd in the abbey, where the reverend abbot,
With all his convent, honourably receiv'd him.
Shakesp. Henry VIII.

A'BBEY-LUBBER. n. s.  [See LUBBER.] A slothful loiterer in
a religious house, under pretence of retirement and austerity.
This is no Father Dominic, no huge overgrown abbey­
lubber; this is but a diminutive sucking friar. Dryd. Sp. Fr.

A'BBOT. n. s.  [in the lower Latin abbas, from אב father,
which sense was implied; so that the abbots were called pa­
tres, and abbesses matres monasterii. Thus Fortunatus to the
abbot Paternus: Nominis officium jure, Paterne, geris.] The
chief of a convent, or fellowship of canons. Of these,
some in England were mitred, some not: those that were mi­
tred, were exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocesan,
having in themselves episcopal authority within their precincts,
and being also lords of parliament. The other sort were sub­
ject to the diocesan in all spiritual government. Cowel.
See ABBEY.
A'BBY.  See ABBEY.
A'BBOTSHIP. n. s.  The state or privilege of an abbot. Dict.

To ABBRE'VIATE. v. a.  [Lat. abbreviare.] 
1. To shorten by contraction of parts without loss of the main
substance.
It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cut­
ting off. Bacon. Essay 26.
The only invention of late years, which hath any way con­
tributed towards politeness in discourse, is that of abbreviating
or reducing words of many syllables into one, by lopping off
the rest. Swift's Introduction to genteel conversation.
2. To shorten, to cut short.
Against this opinion we may very well set the length of
their days before the flood; which were abbreviated after, and
in half this space contracted into hundreds and threescores.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.

ABBREVIA'TION. n. s. 1. The act of abbreviating.
2. The means used to abbreviate, as characters signifying whole
words.
Such is the propriety and energy of expression in them
all, that they never can be changed, but to disadvantage, ex­
cept in the circumstance of using abbreviations.
Swift's Introduction to genteel conversation.

ABBREVIA'TOR. n. s.  [abbreviateur, Fr.] One who abbreviates,
or abridges.

ABBRE'VIATURE. n. s.  [abbreviatura, Lat.] 
1. A mark used for the sake of shortening.
2. A compendium or abridgement.
He is a good man, who grieves rather for him that injures
him, than for his own suffering; who prays for him, that
wrongs him, forgiving all his faults; who sooner shews mercy
than anger; who offers violence to his appetite, in all things
endeavouring to subdue the flesh to the spirit. This is an ex­
cellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a christian.
Taylor's Guide to devotion.

ABBREUVOI'R.  [in French, a watering-place. This word
is derived by Menage, not much acquainted with the Teutonic
dialects, from adbibare for adbibere; but more probably it comes
from the same root with brew. See BREW.] It signifies,
among masons, the joint or juncture of two stones, or the
interstice between two stones to be filled up with mortar. Dict.

A, B, C. 1. Is taken for the alphabet; as, he has not learned his a, b, c.
2. Sometimes for the little book by which the elements of reading
are taught.



ABD

To A'BDICATE. v. a.  [Lat. abdico.] To give up right; to
resign; to lay down an office.
Old Saturn, here, with upcast eyes,
Beheld his abdicated skies. Addison.

ABDICA'TION. n. s.  [abdicatio, Lat.] The act of abdicating;
resignation; quitting an office by one's own proper act before
the usual or stated expiration.
Neither doth it appear how a prince's abdication can make
any other sort of vacancy in the throne, than would be caused
by his death; since he cannot abdicate for his children, other­
wise than by his own consent in form to a bill from the two
houses. Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of England man.

A'BDICATIVE. adj.  That which causes or implies an abdica­
tion. Dict.

A'BDITIVE. adj.  [from abdo, to hide.] That which has the
power or quality of hiding. Dict.

ABDO'MEN. n. s.  [Lat. from abdo, to hide.] A cavity com­
monly called the lower venter or belly: It contains the sto­
mach, guts, liver, spleen, bladder, and is within lined with
a membrane called the peritonæum. The lower part is called
the hypogastrium; the foremost part is divided into the
epigastrium, the right and left hypochondria, and the navel;
'tis bounded above by the cartilago ensiformis and the dia­
phragm, sideways by the short or lower ribs, and behind by
the vertebræ of the loins, the bones of the coxendix, that of
the pubes and os sacrum. It is covered with several muscles,
from whose alternate relaxations and contractions in respira­
tion, digestion is forwarded, and the due motion of all the
parts therein contained promoted, both for secretion and ex­
pulston. Quincy.
The abdomen consists moreover of parts containing and
contained. Wiseman's Surgery.

ABDO'MINAL. adj.  relating to the abdomen.

ABDO'MINOUS. adj.  relating to the abdomen.

To ABDU'CE. v. a.  [Lat. abduco.] To draw to a different part;
to withdraw one part from another. A word chiefly used in
physic or science.
And if we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object
will not duplicate; for, in that position, the axis of the cones
remain in the same plain, as is demonstrated in the optics de­
livered by Galen. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 20.

ABDU'CENT. adj.  Muscles abducent, are those which serve to
open or pull back divers parts of the body; their opposites be­
ing called adducent. Dict.

ABDU'CTION. n. s.  [abductio, Lat.] 
1. The act of drawing apart, or withdrawing one part from
another.
2. A particular form of argument.

ABDU'CTOR. n. s.  [abductor, Lat.] The name given by
anatomists to the muscles, which serve to draw back the several
members.
In pursuance of this theory, he supposed the constrictors of
the eylelids must be strengthened in the supercilious; the ab­
ductors in drunkards, and contemplative men, who have
the same steady and grave motion of the eye.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.





ABE

ABECEDA'RIAN. n. s.  [from the names of a, b, c, the three
first letters of the alphabet.] He that teaches or learns the
alphabet, or first rudiments of literature.
This word is used by Wood in his Athenæ Oxonienses, where
mentioning Farnaby the critic, he relates, that, in some part
of his life, he was reduced to follow the trade of an abece­
darian by his misfortunes.

A'BECEDARY. adj.  [See ABECEDARIAN.]
1. Belonging to the alphabet.
2. Inscribed with the alphabet.
This is pretended from the sympathy of two needles
touched with the loadstone, and placed in the center of two
abecedary circles, or rings of letters, described round about
them, one friend keeping one, and another the other, and
agreeing upon an hour wherein they will communicate.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c.2.

ABE'D. adv.  [from a, for at. See (A,) and BED.] In bed.
It was a shame for them to mar their complexions, yea and
conditions too, with long lying abed: and that, when she was
of their age, she trowed, she would have made a handker­
chief by that time o' day. Sidney, b. ii.
She has not been abed, but in her chapel
All night devoutly watch'd, and brib'd the saints
With prayers for her deliverance. Dryd. Span. Friar.

ABERR'ANCE. n. s.  [from aberro, Lat. to wander from the
right way.] A deviation from the right way; an errour; a
mistake; a false opinion.
Could a man be composed to such an advantage of constitu­
tion, that it should not at all adulterate the images of his mind;
yet this second nature would alter the crasis of his understand­
ing, and render it as obnoxious to aberrances, as now.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. 16.

ABE'RRANCY.  The same with ABERRANCE.
They do not only swarm with errors, but vices depending
thereon. Thus they commonly affect no man any farther than
he deserts his reason, or complies with their aberrancies.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.

ABE'RRANT. adj.  [from aberrans, Lat.] Deviating, wandering
from the right or known way. Dict.

ABERRA'TION. n. s.  [from aberratio, Lat.] The act of devia­
ting from the common track.
And if it be a mistake, it is only so; there is no heresy in
such an harmless aberration; at the worst, with the ingenuous,
the probability of it will render it a lapse of easy pardon.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. 11.

ABE'RRING. part.  [from the verb aberr, of aberro, Lat.] Wan­
dering, going astray.
Though there were a fatality in this year, yet divers were,
and others might be, out in their account, aberring several ways
from the true and just compute, and calling that one year,
which perhaps might be another.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Of the verb aberr I have found no example.

To ABERU'NCATE. v. a.  [averunco, Lat.] To pull up by the
roots; to extirpate utterly. Dict.

To ABE'T. v. a.  [from betan, Sax. signifying to enkindle or
animate.] To push forward another, to support him in his de­
signs by connivance, encouragement, or help. It is generally
taken, at least by modern writers, in an ill sense; as may be
seen in ABETTER.
To abet signifieth, in our common law, as much as to encou­
rage or set on. Cowel.
Then shall I soon, quoth he, return again,
Abet that virgin's cause disconsolate,
And shortly back return unto this place,
To walk this way in pilgrim's poor estate. Fairy Q. b. i.
A widow who by solemn vows,
Contracted to me, for my spouse,
Combin'd with him to break her word,
And has abetted all.——— Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.
Men lay so great weight upon their being of right opinions,
and their eagerness of abetting them, that they account that
the unum necessarium. Decay of Piety.
In the reign of king Charles the first, though that prince
was married to a daughter of France, and was personally be­
loved and esteemed in the French court; it is well known that
they abetted both parties in the civil war, and always furnished
supplies to the weaker side, least there should be an end put to
these fatal divisions. Addison. Freeholder, No 28.

ABE'TMENT. n. s.  The act of abetting. Dict.

ABE'TTER, or ABE'TTOR. n. s.  He that abets; the supporter
or encourager of another.
You shall be still plain Torrismond with me,
Th' abettor, partner, (if you like the name)
The husband of a tyrant, but no king;
Till you deserve that title by your justice.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Whilst this sin of calumny has two such potent abetters, we
are not to wonder at its growth: as long as men are malicious
and designing, they will be traducing. Govern. of the Tongue.
These and the like considerations, though they may have no
influence on the headstrong unruly multitude, ought to sink
into the minds of those who are their abettors, and who, if
they escape the punishment here due to them, must very well
know, that these several mischiefs will be one day laid to their
charge. Addison. Freeholder, No 50.

ABEY'ANCE. n. s.  [from the French aboyer, allatrare, to bark
at.] This word, in Littleton, cap. Discontinuance, is thus
used. The right of see-simple lieth in abeyance, when it is all
only in the remembrance, intendment, and consideration of
the law. The frank tenement of the glebe of the parsonage,
is in no man during the time that the parsonage is void, but is
in abeyance. Cowel.

ABGREGA'TION. n. s.  [abgregatio, Lat.] A separation from the
flock. Dict.

To ABHO'R. v. a.  [abhorreo, Lat.] To hate with acrimony;
to detest to extremity; to loath.
Whilst I was big in clamour, came there a man,
Who having seen me in my worser state,
Shunn'd my abhorr'd society. Shakespear's K. Lear.
To whom thus Michael: Justly thou abhorr'st
That son, who on the quiet state of men
Such trouble brought, affecting to subdue
Rational liberty. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. xii. l. 79.
The self-same thing they will abhor
One way, and long another for. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.
A church of England man abhors the humour of the age, in
delighting to fling scandals upon the clergy in general; which,
besides the disgrace to the reformation, and to religion itself,
cast an ignominy upon the kingdom that it doth not deserve.
Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of England man.

ABHO'RRENCE. n. s.  [from abhor.] 
1. The act of abhorring, detestation.
It draws upon him the just and universal hatred and abhor­
rence of all men here; and, finally, subjects him to the wrath
of God, and eternal damnation hereafter. South's Serm.
2. The disposition to abhor, hatred.
He knew well that even a just and necessary offence does, by
giving men acquaintance with war, take off somewhat from
the abhorrence of it, and insensibly dispose them to farther hosti­
lities. Decay of Piety.

ABHO'RRENCY. n. s.  The same with ABHORRENCE.
The first tendency to any injustice that appears, must be
suppressed with a show of wonder and abhorrency in the parents
and governours. Locke on Education, § 110.

ABHO'RRENT. adj.  [from abhor] 
1. Struck with abhorrence.
— — — For if the worlds
In worlds inclos'd would on his senses burst,
He would abhorrent turn. Thomson's Summer, l. 310.
2. Contrary to, foreign, inconsistent with. It is used with the
particles from or to, but more properly with from.
This I conceive to be an hypothesis, well worthy a rational
belief; and yet is it so abhorrent from the vulgar, that they
would as soon believe Anaxagoras, that snow is black, as him
that should affirm it is not white; and if any should in effect
assert, that the fire is not formally hot, it would be thought
that the heat of his brain had fitted him for Anticyra, and that
his head were so to madness. Glanville's Scepsis Scient. c. 12.
Why then these foreign thoughts of state employments,
Abhorrent to your function and your breeding?
Poor droning truants of unpractis'd cells,
Bred in the fellowship of beardless boys,
What wonder is it if you know not men?
Dryden's Don Sebastian.

ABHO'RRER. n. s.  [from abhor.] The person that abhors; a
hater, detester.
The representatives of the lower clergy were railed at, for
disputing the power of the bishops, by the known abhorrers of
episcopacy, and abused for doing nothing in the convocations,
by these very men who wanted to bind up their hands.
Swift. Examiner, No 21.

ABHO'RRING.  The object of abhorrence. This seems not to
be the proper use of the participial noun.
And they shall go forth, and look upon the carcases of the
men that have transgressed against me: for their worm shall
not die, neither shall their fire be quenched, and they shall be
an abhorring unto all flesh. Isaiah, lxvi. 44.



ABI

To ABI'DE. v. n. I abode or abid.  [from bidian, or aubidian,
Sax.] 
1. To dwell in a place, not remove.
Thy servant became surety for the lad unto my father, say­
ing, if I bring him not unto thee, then I shall bear the blame
to my father for ever. Now therefore I pray thee, let thy ser­
vant abide instead of the lad, a bondman to my lord; and let
the lad go up with his brethren. Gen. xliv. 32, 33.
2. To dwell.
The Marquis Dorset, as I hear, is fled
To Richmond, in the parts where he abides.
Shakesp. Richard III.
3. To remain, not cease or fail.
They that trust in the Lord shall be as mount Zion, which
cannot be removed, but abideth for ever. Psalm cxxv. 1.


4. To continue in the same state.
The fear of the Lord tendeth to life; and he that hath it
shall abide satisfied. Prov. xix. 23.
Those who apply themselves to learning, are forced to ac­
knowledge one God, incorruptible and unbegotten; who is
the only true being, and abides for ever above the highest
heavens, from whence he beholds all the things that are done
in heaven and earth. Stillingfl. Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idolat.
There can be no study without time; and the mind must
abide and dwell upon things, or be always a stranger to the in­
side of them. South.
5. To wait for, expect, attend, wait upon, await; used of
things prepared for persons, as well as of persons expecting
things.
Home is he brought, and laid in sumptuous bed,
Where many skilful leeches him abide,
To salve his hurts. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 5. stanz. 17.
While lions war, and battle for their dens,
Poor harmless lambs abide their enmity. Shakesp. Hen. VI. p. 3.
Bonds and afflictions abide me Acts xx. 23.
6. To bear or support the consequences of a thing.
Ah me! they little know
How dearly I abide that boast so vain.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv. l. 87.
7. To bear or support, without being conquered or destroyed.
But the Lord he is the true God, he is the living God, and
an everlasting king: At his wrath the earth shall tremble, and
the nations shall not be able to abide his indignation. Jer. x. 10.
It must be allowed a fair presumption in favour of the truth
of my doctrines, that they have abid a very rigorous test now
for above thirty years, stand yet firm; and the longer and
more strictly they are look'd into, the more they are confirmed
to this very day. Woodward, Letter i.
8. To bear without aversion; in which sense it is commonly
used with a negative.
Thou can'st not abide Tiridates; this is but love of thy­
self. Sidney, b. ii.
Thy vile race,
Though thou didst learn, had that in't, which good natures
Could not abide to be with; therefore wast thou
Deservedly confin'd into this rock. Shakesp. Tempest.
9. To bear or suffer.
That chief (rejoin'd the God) his race derives
From Ithaca, and wond'rous woes survives;
Laertes' son: girt with circumfluous tides
He still calamitous constraint abides. Pope's Odyss. b. iv. l. 750.
10. It is used with the particle with before a person, and at or in
before a place.
It is better that I give her to thee, than that I should give
her to another man: Abide with me. Gen. xxix. 19.
For thy servant vowed a vow, while I abode at Geshur in
Syria, saying, if the Lord shall bring me again indeed to Je­
rusalem, then I will serve the Lord. 2 Sam. xv. 8.
11. It is used with by before a thing; as, to abide by his testi­
mony; to abide by his own skill; that is, to rely upon them; to
abide by an opinion; to maintain it; to abide by a man, is also,
to defend or support him. But these forms are something low.
Of the participle abid, I have found only the example in
Woodward.

ABI'DER. n. s.  [from abide.] The person that abides or dwells
in a place; perhaps that lives or endures. A word little in use.

ABI'DING. n. s.  [from abide.] Continuance.
We are strangers before thee and sojourners, as were all our
fathers: our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is
none abiding. 1 Chron. xxix. 15.
The air in that region is so violently removed, and carried
about with such swiftness, as nothing in that place can consist
or have abiding. Rawleigh's History of the World.



ABJ

A'BJECT. adj.  [abjectus, Lat. thrown away as of no value.] 
1. Mean, or worthless, spoken of persons.
That rebellion
Came like itself in base and abject routs,
Led on by bloody youth goaded with rage,
And countenanc'd by boys and beggary. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Honest men, who tell their sovereigns what they expect
from them, and what obedience they shall be always ready to
pay them, are not upon an equal foot with such base and abject
flatterers; and are therefore always in danger of being the last
in the royal favour. Addison's Whig Examiner.
2. Contemptible, or of no value; used of things.
I was at first, as other beasts that graze
The troden herb, of abject thoughts and low.
Milt. Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 571.
3. Without hope or regard; used of condition.
The rarer thy example stands,
By how much from the top of wond'rous glory,
Strongest of mortal men,
To lowest pitch of abject fortune thou art fall'n.
Milton's Samson Agonistes.
We see man and woman in the highest innocence and
perfection, and in the most abject state of guilt and infirmity.
Addison. Spectator, No 273.
4. Destitute, mean and despicable; used of actions.
To what base ends, and by what abject ways,
Are mortals urg'd thro' sacred lust of praise?
Pope's Essay on Criticism.
The rapine is so abject and profane,
They not from trifles, nor from gods refrain.
Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 8.

A'BJECT. n. s.  A man without hope; a man whose miseries
are irretrievable.
But in mine adversity they rejoiced, and gathered them­
selves together: yea, the abjects gathered themselves together
against me, and I knew it not; they did tear me, and ceased
not. Psalm xxxv. 15.

To ABJE'CT. v. a.  [abjicio, Lat.] To throw away. A word
rarely used.

ABJE'CTEDNESS. n. s.  [from abject.] The state of an abject.
He would love at no less rate than death; and, from the su­
pereminent height of glory, stooped and abased himself to the
sufferance of the extremest of indignities, and sunk himself to
the bottom of abjectedness, to exalt our condition to the con­
trary extreme. Boyle's Works.

ABJE'CTION. n. s.  [from abject.] Meanness of mind; want
of spirit; servility; baseness.
That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or
servility, is it credible? Hooker, b. v. § 47.
Now the just medium of this case lies betwixt the pride and
the abjection, the two extremes. L'Estrange.

A'BJECTLY. adv.  [from abject.] In an abject manner, meanly,
basely, servilely, contemptibly.

A'BJECTNESS. n. s.  [from abject.] The same with abjection;
servility, meanness.
Servility and abjectness of humour is implicitely involved in
the charge of lying; the condescending to that, being a mark
of a disingenuous spirit. Government of the Tongue, § 8.
By humility I mean not the abjectness of a base mind: but a
prudent care not to over-value ourselves upon any account.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 7.

ABI'LITY. n. s.  [habilité, Fr.] 
1. The power to do any thing, whether depending upon skill, or
riches, or strength, or any other quality.
Of singing thou hast got the reputation,
Good Thyrsis, mine I yield to thy ability;
My heart doth seek another estimation. Sidney, b. i.
If aught in my ability may serve
To heighten what thou suffer'st, and appease
Thy mind with what amends is in my pow'r.
Milton's Sampson Agonistes, l. 744.
They gave after their ability unto the treasure of the work.
Ezra ii. 69.
If any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which
God giveth: that God in all things may be glorified through
Jesus Christ. 1 Pet. iv. 11.
2. Capacity.
Children in whom there was no blemish, but well-favoured,
and skilful in all wisdom, and cunning in knowledge, and un­
derstanding science, and such as had ability in them to stand in
the king's palace. Dan. i. 4.
3. When it has the plural number, abilities, it frequently signifies
the faculties or powers of the mind, and sometimes the force of
understanding given by nature, as distinguished from acquired
qualifications.
Wherever we find our abilities too weak for the performance,
he assures us of the assistance of his holy spirit. Rogers's Sermons.
Whether it may be thought necessary, that in certain tracts
of country, like what we call parishes, there should be one
man, at least, of abilities to read and write?
Swift's Arguments against abolishing Christianity.

ABINTE'STATE. adj.  [of ab, from, and intestatus, Lat.] A
term of law, implying him that inherits from a man, who,
though he had the power to make a will, yet did not make it.

To A'BJUGATE. v. a.  [abjugo, Lat.] To unyoke, to un­
couple. Dict.

To ABJU'RE. v. a.  [abjuro, Lat.] 
1. To cast off upon oath, to swear not to do something.
Either to die the death, or to abjure
For ever the society of man. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
No man, therefore, that hath not abjured his reason, and
sworn allegiance to a preconceived fantastical hypothesis, can
undertake the defence of such a supposition.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. To retract, or recant, or abnegate; a position upon oath.

ABJURA'TION. n. s.  [from abjure.] The act of abjuring. The
oath taken for that end.
Until Henry VIII. his time, if a man, having committed
felony, could go into a church or church-yard, before he
were apprehended, he might not be taken from thence to
the usual trial of law, but confessing his fault to the justices,
or to the coroner, gave his oath to forsake the realm for ever,
which was called abjuration.
There are some abjurations still in force among us here in
England; as, by the statute of the 25th of king Charles II. all
persons that are admitted into any office, civil or military,


must take the test; which is an abjuration of some doctrines of
the church of Rome.
There is likewise another oath of abjuration, which laymen
and clergymen are both obliged to take; and that is, to abjure
the Pretender. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.



ABL

To ABLA'CTATE. v. a.  [ablacto, Lat.] To wean from the
breast.

ABLACTA'TION. n. s.  One of the methods of grafting; and,
according to the signification of the word, as it were a wean­
ing of a cyon by degrees from its mother stock, not cutting
it off wholly from the stock, till it is firmly united to that on
which it is grafted.

ABLAQUEA'TION.  [ablaqueatio, Lat.] The act or practice of
opening the ground about the roots of trees, to let the air and
water operate upon them.
Trench the ground, and make it ready for the spring: Pre­
pare also soil, and use it where you have occasion: Dig bor­
ders. Uncover as yet roots of trees, where ablaqueation is
requisite. Evelyn's Kalendar.
The tenure in chief ought to be kept alive and nourished;
the which, as it is the very root that doth maintain this silver
stem, that by many rich and fruitful branches spreadeth itself
into the chancery, exchequer, and court of wards: so if it be
suffered to starve, by want of ablaqueation, and other good hus­
bandry, not only this yearly fruit will much decrease from time
to time, but also the whole body and boughs of that precious
tree itself, will fall into danger of decay and dying.
Bacon's Office of Alienations.

ABLA'TION. n. s.  [ablatio, Lat.] The act of taking away.

A'BLATIVE. n. a.  [ablativus, Lat.] 
1. That which takes away.
2. The sixth case of the Latin nouns; the case which, among
other significations, includes the person from whom something
is taken away. A term of grammar.

A'BLE. adj.  [habile, Fr. habilis, Lat. Skilful, ready.] 
1. Having strong faculties, or great strength or knowledge, riches,
or any other power of mind, body, or fortune.
He was not afraid of an able man, as Lewis the Eleventh was.
But, contrariwise, he was served by the ablest men that were to
be found; without which his affairs could not have prospered
as they did. Bacon's Henry VII.
Such other gambol faculties he hath, that shew a weak mind
and an able body, for the which the prince admits him: for the
prince himself is such another: the weight of an hair will turn
the scales. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
2. Having power sufficient; enabled.
All mankind acknowledge themselves able and sufficient to
do many things, which actually they never do. South's Serm.
Every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing
of the Lord thy God, which he hath given thee. Deut. xvi. 17.
3. Before a verb, with the participle to, it signifies generally hav­
ing the power; before a noun, with for, it means qualified.
Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous; but who is able to
stand before envy? Prov. xxvii. 4.
There have been some inventions also, which have been
able for the utterance of articulate sounds, as the speaking of
certain words. Wilkins's Mathematical Magic.

To A'BLE. v. a.  To make able; to enable, which is the word
commonly used. See ENABLE.
Plate sin with gold,
And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks:
Arm it with rags, a pigmy's straw doth pierce it.
None does offend, none, I say none; I'll able 'em;
Take that of me, my friend, who have the pow'r
To seal th' accuser's lips. Shakespeare's King Lear.

ABLE-BODIED. adj.  Strong of body.
It lies in the power of every fine woman, to secure at least
half a dozen able-bodied men to his majesty's service.
Addison. Freeholder, No 4.

To A'BLEGATE. v. a.  [ablego, Lat.] To send abroad up­
on some employment; also to send a person out of the way
that one is weary of. Dict.

ABLEGA'TION. n. s.  [from ablegate.] A sending abroad, or out
of the way. Dict.

A'BLENESS. n. s.  [from able.] Ability of body, vigour, force.
That nation doth so excel, both for comeliness and ableness,
that from neighbour countries they ordinarily come, some to
strive, some to learn, some to behold. Sidney, b. ii.

A'BLEPSY. n. s.  [Ἀβλεψία, Gr.] Want of fight, natural blind­
ness; also unadvisedness. Dict.

ABLIGURI'TION. n. s.  [abliguritio, Lat.] A prodigal spending
on meat and drink. Dict.

To A'BLIGATE. v. a.  [abligo, Lat.] To bind or tye up from. D.



ABO

To A'BLOCATE. v. a.  [abloco, Lat.] To let out to hire.
Perhaps properly by him who has hired it from another.
Calvin's Lexicon Juridicum.

ABLOCA'TION. n. s.  [from ablocate.] A letting out to hire.

To ABLU'DE. v. n.  [abludo, Lat.] To be unlike. Dict.

A'BLUENT. adj.  [abluens, Lat. from abluo, to wash away.] 
1. That which washes clean.
2. That which has the power of cleansing. Dict.

ABLU'TION. n. s.  [ablutio, Lat.] 
1. The act of cleansing, or washing clean.
There is a natural analogy between the ablution of the body
and the purification of the soul; between eating the holy bread
and drinking the sacred chalice, and a participation of the body
and blood of Christ. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Wash'd by the briny wave, the pious train
Are cleans'd, and cast th' ablutions in the main. Pope's Iliad.
2. The rinsing of chymical preparations in water, to dissolve and
wash away any acrimonious particles.
3. The cup given, without consecration, to the laity in the popish
churches.

To A'BNE'GATE. v. a.  [from abnego, Lat.] To deny.

ABNEGA'TION. n. s.  [abnegatio, Lat. denial, from abnego, to
deny.] Denial, renunciation.
The abnegation or renouncing of all his own holds and in­
terests, and trusts of all that man is most apt to depend upon,
that he may the more expeditely follow Christ.
Hammond's Practical Catechism.

ABNODA'TION. n. s.  [abnodatio, Lat.] The act of cutting away
knots from trees; a term of gardening. Dict.

ABNO'RMOUS. adj.  [abnormis, Lat. out of rule.] Irregular,
mishapen. Dict.

ABO'ARD. adv.  [a sea-term, but adopted into common language;
derived immediately from the French à bord, as, aller à bord, en­
voyer à bord. Bord is itself a word of very doubtful original, and
perhaps, in its different acceptations, deducible from different
roots. Bord, in the ancient Saxon, signified a house; in which
sense, to go aboard, is to take up residence in a ship.] 
In a ship.
Which, when far off, Cymocles heard and saw,
He loudly call'd to such as were aboard,
The little bark unto the shore to draw,
And him to ferry over that deep ford. Fairy Q. b. ii. cant. 6.
I made this answer, that he might land them, if it pleased
him, or otherwise keep them aboard. Sir W. Rawleigh's Essays.
When morning rose, I sent my mates to bring
Supplies of water from a neighb'ring spring;
Whilst I the motions of the winds explor'd;
Then summon'd in my crew, and went aboard.
Addison's Ovid's Metamorphoses, b. iii.

ABO'DE. n. s.  [from abide.] 
1. Habitation, dwelling, place of residence.
But I know thy abode and thy going out, and thy coming in,
and thy rage against me. 2 Kings, xix. 27.
Others may use the ocean as their road,
Only the English make it their abode;
Whose ready sails with every wind can fly,
And make a cov'nant with th' inconstant sky. Waller.
2. Stay, continuance in a place.
Sweet friends, your patience for my long abode;
Not I, but my affairs, have made you wait.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Making a short abode in Sicily the second time, landing in
Italy, and making the war, may be reasonably judged the busi­
ness but of ten months. Dryden's Dedicat. to Æneid.
The woodcocks early visit, and abode
Of long continuance in our temp'rate clime,
Foretel a liberal harvest. Phillips.
3. To make abode; to dwell, to reside, to inhabit.
Deep in a cave the Sibyl makes abode;
Thence full of fate returns, and of the God. Dryd. Æn. 6.

To ABO'DE. v. a.  [See BODE.] To foretoken or foreshow; to
be a prognostic, to be ominous. It is taken, with its deriva­
tives, in the sense either of good or ill.
Every man,
After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
A thing inspir'd; and, not consulting, broke
Into a general prophecy, that this tempest,
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
The sudden breach of it. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

ABO'DEMENT. n. s.  [from to abode.] A secret anticipation of
something future; an impression upon the mind of some event
to come; prognostication; omen.
I like not this.
For many men that stumble at the threshold,
Are well foretold that danger lurks within.—
—Tush! man, abodements must not now affright us.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
My lord bishop, being somewhat troubled, took the freedom
to ask him, Whether he had never any secret abodement in his
mind? No, replied the duke; but I think some adventure may
kill me as well as another man. Wotten.

To ABO'LISH. v. a.  [from aboleo, Lat. to blot out.] 
1. To annul.
For us to abolish what he hath established, were presumption
most intolerable. Hooker, b. iii. § 10.
On the parliament's part it was proposed, that all the bishops,
deans, and chapters, might be immediately taken away, and
abolished. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. To put an end to; to destroy.
The long continued wars, between the English and the Scots,
had then raised invincible jealousies and hate, which long con­
tinued peace hath since abolished. Sir John Hayward.


That shall Perocles well requite, I wot,
And, with thy blood, abolish so reproachful blot.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 4. stanza 45.
More destroy'd than they,
We should be quite abolish'd, and expire.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 92.
Or wilt thou thyself
Abolish thy creation, and unmake
For him, what for thy glory thou hast made? Idem, b. iii. l. 163.
Fermented spirits contract, harden, and consolidate many
fibres together, abolishing many canals; especially where the
fibres are the tenderest, as in the brain. Arbuth. on Aliments.
Nor could Vulcanian flame
The stench abolish, or the favour tame. Dryd. Virg. Geo. iii.

ABO'LISHABLE. adj.  [from abolish.] That which may be abo­
lished.

ABO'LISHER. n. s.  [from abolish.] He that abolishes.

ABO'LISHMENT. n. s.  [from abolish.] The act of abolishing.
The plain and direct way against us herein, had been only to
prove, that all such ceremonies, as they require to be abolished,
are retained by us with the hurt of the church, or with less be­
nefit than the abolishment of them would bring. Hooker, b. iv.
He should therefore think the abolishment of that order among
us, would prove a mighty scandal and corruption to our faith,
and manifestly dangerous to our monarchy.
Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of Englandman.

ABOLI'TION. n. s.  [from abolish.] The act of abolishing. This
is now more frequently used than abolishment.
From the total abolition of the popular power, may be dated
the ruin of Rome: for had the reducing hereof to its ancient
condition, proposed by Agrippa, been accepted instead of Mæ­
cenas's model, that state might have continued unto this day.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 4.
An apoplexy is a sudden abolition of all the senses, external
and internal, and of all voluntary motion, by the stoppage of
the flux and reflux of the animal spirits through the nerves
destined for those motions. Arbuthnot on Diet.

ABO'MINABLENESS. n. s.  [from abominable.] The quality of
being abominable; hatefulness, odiousness.
Till we have proved, in its proper place, the eternal and
essential difference between virtue and vice, we must forbear to
urge atheists with the corruption and abominableness of their
principles. Bentley's Sermons.

ABO'MINABLE. adj.  [abominabilis, Lat.] 
1. Hateful, detestable.
Return'd
Successful beyond hope, to lead thee forth
Triumphant out of this infernal pit
Abominable, accurs'd, the house of woe. M. Par. Lost, b. x.
It is not to be questioned, but the queen and ministry might
easily redress this abominable grievance, by enlarging the number
of justices of the peace, by endeavouring to choose men of vir­
tuous principles. Swift's Project for the advancement of Religion.
2. Unclean.
The soul that shall touch any unclean thing, as the unclean­
ness of man, or any unclean beast, or any abominable unclean
thing, and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace-offerings,
which pertain unto the Lord, even that soul shall be cut off
from his people. Leviticus, vii. 21.
3. In low and ludicrous language, it is a word of loose and inde­
terminate censure.
They say you are a melancholy fellow.—I am so; I do love
it better than laughing.—Those that are in extremity of either,
are abominable fellows, and betray themselves to every modern
censure, worse than drunkards. Shakespeare's As you like it.

ABO'MINABLY. adv.  [from abominable.] A word of low or fa­
miliar language, signifying excessively, extremely, exceeding­
ly; in the ill sense.
Since I have been your wife, I have observed great abuses
and disorders in your family; your servants are mutinous and
quarrelsome, and cheat you most abominably.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

To ABO'MINATE. v. a.  [abominor, Lat.] To abhor, de­
test, hate utterly.
We are not guilty of your injuries,
No way consent to them; but abhor,
Abominate, and loath this cruelty. Southern's Oroonoko.
He professed both to abominate and despise all mystery, refine­
ment, and intrigue, either in a prince or minister. He could
not tell what I meant by secrets of state, where an enemy, or
some rival nation, were not in the case. Swift's Gulliv. Travels.

ABOMINA'TION. n. s. 1. Hatred, detestation; as, to have in abomination.
To assist king Charles by English or Dutch forces, would
render him odious to his new subjects, who have nothing in so
great abomination, as those whom they hold for heretics.
Swift's Miscellanies.
2. The object of hatred.
That ye shall say, thy servant's trade hath been about cattle,
from our youth even until now, both we and also our fathers:
that ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd
is an abomination to the Egyptians. Genesis, xlvi. 34.
3. Pollution, defilement.
And there shall in no wise enter into it any thing that de­
fileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie.
Rev. xxi. 27.
Each heart in Rome does love and pity you;
Only th' adulterous Antony, most large
In his abominations, turns you off,
And gives his potent regiment to a trull,
That noses it against us. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
4. The cause of pollution.
And the high places that were before Jerusalem, which were
on the right hand of the mount of corruption, which Solomon
the king of Israel had builded for Ashtoreth the abomination of
the Zidonians, and for Chemosh the abomination of the Moa­
bites, and for Milcom the abomination of the children of Am­
mon, did the king defile. 2 Kings, xxiii. 13.

ABORI'GINES. n. s. Lat.  The earliest inhabitants of a country;
those of whom no original is to be traced; as, the Welsh in
Britain.

To ABO'RT. v. n.  [aborto, Lat.] To bring forth before the
time; to miscarry. Dict.

ABO'RTION. n. s.  [abortio, Lat.] 
1. The act of bringing forth untimely.
2. The produce of an untimely birth.
His wife miscarried; but as the abortion proved only a fe­
male fœtus, he comforted himself, that, had it arrived to per­
fection, it would not have answered his account.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.
Behold my arm thus blasted, dry and wither'd,
Shrunk like a foul abortion, and decay'd,
Like some untimely product of the seasons,
Robb'd of its properties of strength and office.
Rowe's Jane Shere.

ABO'RTIVE. n. s.  That which is born before the due time. See
ABORTIVE, adj.
No common wind, no customed event,
But they will pluck away its nat'ral causes,
And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs,
Abortives, and presages, tongues of heav'n
Plainly denouncing vengeance upon John. Shakes. K. John.
Take the fine skin of an abortive, and, with starch thin laid
on, prepare your ground or tablet. Peacham on Drawing.
This is certain, that many are, by this means, preserved, and
do signal service to their country, who, without such a provi­
sion, might have perished as abortives, or have come to an un­
timely end, and perhaps have brought, upon their guilty pa­
rents, the like destruction. Addison. Guardian, No 106.

ABO'RTIVE. adj.  [abortivus, Lat.] 
1. That which is brought forth before the due time of birth.
If ever he have 'child, abortive be it,
Prodigious, and untimely brought to light. Shakesp. Rich. III.
All th' unaccomplish'd works of nature's hand,
Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mix'd,
Dissolv'd on earth, fleet hither. Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 456.
2. Figuratively, that which fails for want of time.
This is the true cause, why so many politic conceptions, so
elaborately formed and wrought, and grown at length ripe for
delivery, do yet, in the issue, miscarry and prove abortive.
South's Sermons.
False hopes
He cherishes, nor will his fruit expect
Th' autumnal season, but, in summer's pride
When other orchards smile, abortive fail. Philips.
How often hast thou waited at my cup,
Fed from my trencher, kneel'd down at the board,
When I have feasted with queen Margaret?
Remember it, and let it make thee crest-faln;
Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride. Shakesp. Hen. VI. p. ii.
3. That which brings forth nothing.
These pass'd, if any pass, the void profound
Of unessential night receives him next,
Wide-gaping! and with utter loss of being
Threatens him, plung'd in that abortive gulf.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 451.

ABO'RTIVELY. adv.  [from abortive.] Born without the due
time; immaturely, untimely.

ABO'RTIVENESS. n. s.  [from abortive.] The state of abortion.

ABO'RTMENT. n. s.  [from abort.] The thing brought forth out
of time; an untimely birth.
I shall not then doubt the happy issue of my undertakings in
this design, whereby concealed treasures, which now seem ut­
terly lost to mankind, shall be confined to so universal a piety,
and brought into use by the industry of converted penitents,
whose wretched carcases the impartial laws have, or shall, de­
dicate, as untimely feasts, to the worms of the earth, in whose
womb those deserted mineral riches must ever lie buried as lost
abortments, unless those be made the active midwives to deliver
them. Bacon's Physical Remains.

ABO'VE. prep.  [from a, and bufan, Saxon; boven, Dutch.] 
1. Higher in place.
So when with crackling flames a cauldron fries,
The bubbling waters from the bottom rise;


Above the brims they force their firy way;
Black vapours climb aloft, and cloud the day.
Dryden, Æneid vii. l. 643.
2. More in quantity or number.
Every one that passeth among them, that are numbered from
twenty years old and above, shall give an offering unto the Lord.
Exodus, xxx. 14.
3. Higher in rank, power or excellence.
The Lord is high above all nations, and his glory above the
heavens. Psalm cxiii. 4.
The public power of all societies is above every soul contained
in the same societies. Hooker, b. i.
There is no riches above a sound body, and no joy above the
joy of the heart. Ecclesiasticus, xxx. 16.
To her
Thou didst resign thy manhood, and the place
Wherein God set thee above her, made of thee,
And for thee: whose perfection far excell'd
Her's, in all real dignity. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 147.
Latona sees her shine above the rest,
And feeds with secret joy her silent breast. Dryden's Æneid.
4. Superiour to; unattainable by.
It is an old and true distinction, that things may be above
our reason, without being contrary to it. Of this kind are the
power, the nature, and the universal presence of God, with
innumerable other points. Swift.
5. Beyond; more than.
We were pressed out of measure, above strength; insomuch
that we despaired even of life. 2 Cor. i. 8.
In this, of having thoughts unconfused, and being able, nicely
to distinguish one thing from another, where there is but the
least difference, consists, in a great measure, the exactness of
judgment and clearness of reason, which is to be observed in
one man above another. Locke.
The inhabitants of Tirol have many particular privileges
above those of the other hereditary countries of the emperour.
Addison on Italy.
6. Too proud for; too high for. A phrase chiefly used in fami­
liar expression.
Kings and princes, in the earlier ages of the world, laboured
in arts and occupations, and were above nothing that tended to
promote the conveniences of life. Pope's Odyssey; notes.

ABO'VE. adv. 1. Over-head.
To men standing below, men standing aloft seem much les­
sened; to those above, men standing below, seem not so much les­
sened. Bacon.
When he established the clouds above; when he strengthened
the fountains of the deep; when he gave to the sea his decree,
that the waters should not pass his commandment: when he
appointed the foundations of the earth: then I was by him, as
one brought up with him: and I was daily his delight, rejoicing
always before him. Proverbs, viii. 28.
2. In the regions of heaven.
Your praise the birds shall chant in every grove,
And winds shall waft it to the pow'rs above. Pope's Pastorals.
3. Before. [See ABOVE-CITED.]
I said above, that these two machines of the balance, and
the dira, were only ornamental, and that the success of the
duel had been the same without them. Dryd. Dedicat. Æneid.

FROM ABOVE. 1. From an higher place.
The Trojans from above their foes beheld;
And with arm'd legions all the rampires fill'd. Dryd. Æneid.
2. From heaven.
Every good gift, and every perfect gift is from above, and
cometh down from the father of lights, with whom is no vari­
ableness, neither shadow of turning. James, i. 17.

ABOVE ALL.  In the first place; chiefly.
I had also studied Virgil's design, his disposition of it, his
manners, his judicious management of the figures, the sober
retrenchments of his sense, which always leaves somewhat to
gratify our imagination, on which it may enlarge at pleasure;
but above all, the elegance of his expression, and the harmony of
his numbers. Dryden's Dedication to the Æneid.

ABOVE-BOARD.  In open sight; without artifice or trick. A
figurative expression, borrowed from gamesters, who, when
they put their hands under the table, are changing their cards.
It is used only in familiar language.
It is the part also of an honest man to deal above-board, and
without tricks. L'Estrange.
Though there have not been wanting such heretofore, as
have practised these unworthy arts (for as much as there have
been villains in all places, and all ages) yet now-a-days they are
owned above-board. South's Sermons.

ABOVE-CITED.  Cited before. A figurative expression, taken
from the ancient manner of writing books on scrolls; as what­
ever is cited or mentioned before in the same page, must be
above.
Nor would I mention this particular, did it not appear from
the authority above-cited, that this was a fact confessed by hea­
thens themselves. Addison on the Christian Religion.

ABOVE-GROUND.  An expression used to signify, that a man is
alive; not in the grave.

ABOVE-MENTIONED.  See ABOVE-CITED.
I do not remember, that Homer any-where falls into the
faults above-mentioned, which were indeed the false refinements
of latter ages. Addison. Spectator, No 279.

To ABO'UND. v. n.  [abundo, Lat. abonder, French.] 
1. To have in great plenty; used sometimes with the particle in,
and sometimes the particle with.
The king-becoming graces,
I have no relish of them, but abound
In the division of each several crime,
Acting it many ways. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Corn, wine, and oil, are wanting to this ground,
In which our countries fruitfully abound. Dryd. Indian Emp.
A faithful man shall abound with blessings: but he that
maketh haste to be rich, shall not be innocent. Prov. xxviii. 20.
Now that languages are made, and abound with words, stand­
ing for such combinations, an usual way of getting these com­
plex ideas, is by the explication of those terms that stand for
them. Locke.
2. To be in great plenty.
And because iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall
wax cold. Matthew, xxiv. 12.
Words are like leaves, and where they most abound,
Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.
Pope's Essay on Criticism.

ABO'UT. prep.  [abutan, or abuton, Sax. which seems to sig­
nify encircling on the outside.] 
1. Round, surrounding, encircling.
Let not mercy and truth forsake thee. Bind them about thy
neck; write them upon the table of thy heart. Proverbs, iii. 3.
At this she loudly shrieks,
'Tis he, 'tis he, she cries, and tears her cheeks,
Her hair, her vest; and, stooping to the sands,
About his neck she cast her trembling hands. Dryd. Fables.
2. Near to.
Speak unto the congregation, saying, get you up from about
the tabernacle of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. Exodus.
Thou dost nothing, Sergius,
Thou canst endeavour nothing, nay, not think;
But I both see and hear it; and am with thee,
By and before, about and in thee too. Benj. Johns. Catiline.
3. Concerning, with regard to, relating to.
When Constantine had finished an house for the service or
God at Jerusalem, the dedication he judged a matter not un­
worthy; about the solemn performance whereof, the greatest
part of the bishops in christendom should meet together.
Hooker, b. v. § 12.
The painter is not to take so much pains about the drapery as
about the face, where the principal resemblance lies.
Dryd. Pref. to Dufresnoy.
They are most frequently used as words equivalent, and do
both of them indifferently signify either a speculative know­
ledge of things, or a practical skill about them, according to
the exigency of the matter or thing spoken of. Tillot. Sermon i.
Theft is always a sin, although the particular species of it,
and the denomination of particular acts, doth suppose positive
laws about dominion and property.
Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourses on Romish Idolatry.
They should always be heard, and fairly and kindly answer­
ed, when they ask after any thing they would know, and de­
sire to be informed about. Curiosity should be as carefully che­
rished in children, as other appetites suppressed.
Locke on Education, § 108.
It hath been practised as a method of making men's court,
when they are asked about the rate of lands, the abilities of te­
nants, the state of trade and manufacture, to answer, that, in
their neighbourhood, all things are in a flourishing condition.
Swift's short View of Ireland.
4. Engaged in, employed upon.
Our blessed Lord was pleased to command the representation
of his death and sacrifice on the cross, should be made by break­
ing of bread and effusion of wine; to signify to us the nature
and sacredness of the liturgy we are about.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Labour, for labour's sake, is against nature. The under­
standing, as well as all the other faculties, chooses always the
shortest way to its end, would presently obtain the knowledge it
is about, and then set upon some new enquiry. But this, whe­
ther laziness or haste, often misleads it. Locke.
They ought, however, to be provided with secretaries, and
assisted by our foreign ministers, to tell their story for them in
plain English, and to let us know, in our mother-tongue, what
it is our brave countrymen are about. Addison. Spect. No 309.
5. Appendant to the person; as, cloaths, &c.
If you have this about you,
As I will give you when we go, you may
Boldly assault the necromancer's hall. Milton's Comus.
It is not strange to me, that persons of the fairer sex should
like, in all things about them, that handsomeness for which they
find themselves most liked. Boyle on Colours.


6. Relating to the person, as a servant.
Liking very well the young gentleman, such I took him to
be, admitted this Deiphantus about me, who well shewed, there
is no service like his that serves because he loves. Sidney, b. ii.
Good master, corporal, captain, for my old dame's sake,
stand my friend: she hath no body to do any thing about her
when I am gone, and she is old and cannot help herself.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

ABO'UT. adv. 1. Circularly.
The weyward sisters, hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go about, about,
Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine,
And thrice again to make up nine. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. In circuit.
My honest lads, I'll tell you what I am about.— Two yards
and more.— No quips now, Pistol: indeed I am in the waste
two yards about; but I am about no waste, I am about thrift.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
A tun about was ev'ry pillar there,
A polish'd mirrour shone not half so clear. Dryd. Fables.
3. Nearly.
When the boats were come within about sixty yards of the
pillar, they found themselves all bound, and could go no far­
ther; yet so as they might move to go about, but might not
approach nearer. Bacon's New Atalantis.
4. Here and there; every way.
Up rose the gentle virgin from her place,
And looked all about, if she might spy
Her lovely knight to move his manly pace.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. ii. stanz. 33.
A wolf that was past labour, had the wit in his old age, yet
to make the best of a bad game; he borrows a habit, and so
about he goes, begging charity from door to door, under the
disguise of a pilgrim. L'Estrange.
5. With to before a verb; as, about to fly; upon the point, with­
in a small distance of.
These dying lovers, and their floating sons,
Suspend the fight, and silence all our guns:
Beauty and youth, about to perish, finds
Such noble pity in brave English minds. Waller.
6. The longest way, in opposition to the short straight way.
Gold hath these natures; greatness of weight; closeness of
parts; fixation; pliantness, or softness; immunity from rust;
colour, or tincture of yellow: Therefore the sure way (though
most about) to make gold, is to know the causes of the several
natures before rehearsed. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 328.
Spies of the Volscians
Held me in chase, that I was forc'd to wheel
Three or four miles about; else had I, Sir,
Half an hour since brought my report. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
7. To bring about; to bring to the point or state desired; as, he
has brought about his purposes.
Whether this will be brought about, by breaking his head, I
very much question. Spectator.
8. To come about; to come to some certain state or point.
Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about,
after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son. 1 Sam. i. 20.
One evening it befel, that looking out,
The wind they long had wish'd was come about;
Well pleas'd they went to rest; and if the gale
'Till morn continu'd, both resolv'd to sail. Dryd. Fables.
9. To go about a thing; to prepare to do it.
Did not Moses give you the law, and yet none of you
keepeth the law? Why go ye about to kill me? John vii. 19.
In common language, they say, to come about a man, to cir­
cumvent him.
Some of these phrases seem to derive their original from the
French à bout; venir à bout d'une chose; venir à bout de quel­
qu'un.

A. Bp.  for Archbishop; which see.



ABR

ABRACADA'BRA.  A superstitious charm against agues.

To ABRA'DE. v. a.  [Lat. abrado.] To rub off; to wear a­
way from the other parts; to waste by degrees.
By this means there may be a continued supply of what is
successively abraded from them by decursion of waters.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ABRAHAM'S BALM.  The name of an herb.

ABRA'SION.  [See ABRADE.]
1. The act of abrading; a rubbing off.
2. [In medicine.] The wearing away of the natural mucus,
which covers the membranes, particularly those of the stomach
and guts, by corrosive or sharp medicines, or humours. Quincy.
3. The matter worn off by the attrition of bodies.

ABRE'AST. adv.  [See BREAST.] Side by side; in such a po­
sition that the breasts may bear against the same line.
My cousin Suffolk,
My soul shall thine keep company to heav'n:
Tarry, sweet soul, for mine, then fly abreast. Shak. Henry V.
For honour travels in a streight so narrow,
Where one but goes abreast. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
The riders rode abreast, and one his shield,
His lance of cornel-wood another held;
The third his bow, and, glorious to behold!
The costly quiver, all of burnish'd gold. Dryden's Fables.

ABRI'COT.  See APRICOT.
To ABRI'DGE. v. a.  [abreger, Fr. abbrevio, Lat.] 
1. To make shorter in words, keeping still the same substance.
All these sayings, being declared by Jason of Cyrene in five
books, we will essay to abridge in one volume. 2 Macc. ii. 23.
2. To contract, to diminish, to cut short.
The determination of the will, upon enquiry, is following
the direction of that guide; and he, that has a power to act or
not to act, according as such determination directs, is free.
Such determination abridges not that power wherein liberty
consists. Locke.
3. To deprive of; in which sense it is followed by the particle
from, or of, preceding the thing taken away.
I have disabled mine estate,
By shewing something a more swelling port,
Than my faint means would grant continuance;
Nor do I now make moan to be abridg'd
From such a noble rate. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
They were formerly, by the common law, discharged from
pontage and murage; but this privilege has been abridged them
since by several statutes. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

ABRI'DGED OF. part.  Deprived of, debarred from, cut short.

An ABRI'DGER. 1. He that abridges; a shortener.
2. A writer of compendiums or abridgments.

ABRI'DGMENT. n. s.  [abregement, French.] 
1. The contraction of a larger work into a small compass.
Surely this commandment containeth the law and the pro­
phets; and, in this one word, is the abridgment of all volumes
of scripture. Hooker, b. ii. § 5.
Myself have play'd
The int'rim, by remembring you 'tis past;
Then brook abridgment, and your eyes advance
After your thoughts, straight back again to France?
Shakespeare's Henry V.
Idolatry is certainly the first-born of folly, the great and
leading paradox; nay, the very abridgment and sum total of
all absurdities. South's Sermons.
2. A diminution in general.
All trying, by a love of littleness,
To make abridgments, and to draw to less,
Even that nothing, which at first we were. Donne.
3. Restraint, or abridgment of liberty.
The constant desire of happiness, and the constraint it puts
upon us, no body, I think, accounts an abridgment of liberty,
or at least an abridgment of liberty, to be complained of.
Locke.

ABRO'ACH. adv.  [See To BROACH.]
1. In a posture to run out; to yield the liquor contained; pro­
perly spoken of vessels.
The Templer spruce, while ev'ry spout's abroach,
Stays 'till 'tis fair, yet seems to call a coach. Swift's Miscel.
The jarrs of gen'rous wine, (Acestes' gift,
When his Trinacrian shores the navy left)
He set abroach, and for the feast prepar'd,
In equal portions with the ven'son shar'd.
Dryden's Virgil's Æneid, vol. ii.
2. In a figurative sense; in a state to be diffused or advanced; in
a state of such beginning as promises a progress.
That man, that sits within a monarch's heart,
And ripens in the sunshine of his favour,
Would he abuse the count'nance of the king,
Alack! what mischiefs might be set abroach,
In shadow of such greatness? Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

ABRO'AD. adv.  [compounded of a and broad. See BROAD.] 
1. Without consinement; widely; at large.
Intermit no watch
Against a wakeful foe, while I abroad,
Thro' all the coasts of dark destruction seek
Deliverance. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 463.
Again, the lonely fox roams far abroad,
On secret rapine bent, and midnight fraud;
Now haunts the cliff, now traverses the lawn,
And flies the hated neighbourhood of man. Prior.
2. Out of the house.
Welcome, Sir,
This cell's my court; here have I few attendants,
And subjects none abroad. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Lady —— walked a whole hour abroad, without dying after
it; at least in the time I staid; though she seemed to be
fainting, and had convulsive motions several times in her head.
Pope's Letters.
3. In another country.
They thought it better to be somewhat hardly yoked at home,
than for ever abroad, and discredited. Hooker, Pref.
Whosoever offers at verbal translation, shall have the mis­
fortune of that young traveller, who lost his own language
abroad, and brought home no other instead of it. Sir J. Denham.


What learn our youth abroad, but to refine
The homely vices of their native land? Dryd. Span. Friar.
He who sojourns in a foreign country, refers what he sees
and hears abroad, to the state of things at home. Atterb. Serm.
4. In all directions, this way and that.
Full in the midst of this infernal road,
An elm displays her dusky arms abroad. Dryd. Virg. Æn. vi.
5. Without, not within.
Bodies politic, being subject, as much as natural, to disso­
lution, by divers means, there are undoubtedly more states
overthrown through diseases bred within themselves, than
through violence from abroad. Hooker, Dedication.

To A'BROGATE. v. a.  [abrogo, Lat.] To take away from
a law its force; to repeal, to annul.
Such laws, as have been made upon special occasions, which
occasions ceasing, laws of that kind to abrogate themselves.
Hooker, b. iv. § 14.
The negative precepts of men may cease by many instru­
ments, by contrary customs, by public disrelish, by long o­
mission: but the negative precepts of God never can cease,
but when they are expresly abrogated by the same authority.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.

ABROGA'TION. n. s.  [abrogatio, Lat.] The act of abrogat­
ing; the repeal of a law.
The commissioners from the confederate Roman catholics,
demanded the abrogation and repeal of all those laws, which
were in force against the exercise of the Roman religion.
Clarendon, b. viii.

To ABRO'OK. v. a.  [from To brook, with a superabundant, a
word not in use.] To brook, to bear, to endure.
Sweet Nell, ill can thy noble mind abrook
The abject people gazing on thy face
With envious looks, still laughing at thy shame.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.

ABRU'PT. adj.  [abruptus, Lat.] Broken off.
1. Broken, craggy.
Resistless, roaring, dreadful, down it comes
From the rude mountain, and the mossy wild,
Tumbling through rocks abrupt. Thomson's Winter.
2. Divided, without any thing intervening.
Or spread his airy flight,
Upborn with indefatigable wings,
Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive
The happy isle. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 409.
3. Sudden, without the customary or proper preparatives.
My lady craves
To know the cause of your abrupt departure.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
The abrupt and unkind breaking off the two first parlia­
ments, was wholly imputed to the duke of Buckingham. Clar.
Abrupt, with eagle-speed she cut the sky;
Instant invisible to mortal eye.
Then first he recogniz'd th' ethereal guest. Pope's Odyss. b. i.
4. Unconnected.
The abrupt stile, which hath many breaches, and doth not
seem to end but fall. Ben. Johnson's Discovery.

ABRU'PTED. adj.  [abruptus, Lat. a word little in use.] Broken
off suddenly.
The effects of whose activity are not precipitously abrupted,
but gradually proceed to their cessations.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. 10.

ABRU'PTION. n. s.  [abruptio, Lat.] Breaking off, violent and
sudden separation.
Those which are inclosed in stone, marble, or such other so­
lid matter, being difficultly separable from it, because of its
adhesion to all sides of them, have commonly some of that
matter still adhering to them, or at least marks of its abrup­
tion from them, on all their sides. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. 4.

ABRU'PTLY. adv.  [See ABRUPT.] Hastily, without the due
forms of preparation.
The sweetness of virtue's disposition, jealous even over it­
self, suffered her not to enter abruptly into questions of Musi­
dorus. Sidney, b. ii.
Now missing from their joy so lately found,
So lately found, and so abruptly gone. Par. Regain. b. ii.
They both of them punctually observed the time thus a­
greed upon, and that in whatever company or business they
were engaged, they lest it abruptly, as soon as the clock warned
them to retire. Addison. Spectator, No 241.

ABRU'PTNESS. n. s.  [from abrupt.] 
1. An abrupt manner, haste, suddenness, untimely vehemence.
2. The state of an abrupt thing; unconnectedness, roughness,
cragginess.
The crystallized bodies found in the perpendicular intervals,
are easily known from those that are lodged in the strata. The
former have always their root, as the jewellers call it, which is
only the abruptness, at the end of the body whereby it adhered
to the stone, or sides of the intervals; which abruptness is
caused by its being broke off from the said stone.
Woodward's Natural History, p. 4.



ABS

A'BSCESS.  [abscessus, Lat.] A morbid cavity in the body; a tu­
mour filled with matter; a term of chirurgery.
If the patient is not relieved, nor dies in eight days, the in­
flammation ends in a suppuration and an abscess in the lungs,
and sometimes in some other part of the body. Arbuth. of Diet.
Lindanus conjectured it might be some hidden abscess in the
mesentery, which, breaking some few days after, was discovered
to be an apostem of the mesentery. Harvey on Consumptions.

To ABSCI'ND. v. a.  To cut off, either in a natural or figura­
tive sense.

ABSCI'SSA.  [Lat.] Part of the diameter of a conic section,
intercepted between the vertex and a semi-ordinate.

ABSCI'SSION. n. s.  [abscissio, Lat.] 
1. The act of cutting off.
Fabricius ab Aquapendente renders the abscission of them
difficult enough, and not without danger. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. The state of being cut off.
By cessation of oracles, with Montacutius, we may under­
stand this intercision, not abscission, or consummate desolation.
Brown's Vulgar Errors, b. vi. c. 12.

To ABSCOND. v. n.  [abscondo, Lat.] To hide one's self; to
retire from the public view: generally used of persons in debt,
or criminals eluding the law.

ABSCO'NDER. n. s.  [from abscond.] The person that absconds.

A'BSENCE. n. s.  [See ABSENT.]
1. The state of being absent, opposed to presence.
Sir, 'tis fit
You have strong party to defend yourself
By calmness, or by absence: all's in danger. Shakesp. Coriol.
His friends beheld, and pity'd him in vain,
For what advice can ease a lover's pain?
Absence, the best expedient they could find,
Might save the fortune, if not cure the mind. Dryd. Fab.
2. Want of appearance, in the legal sense.
Absence is of a fourfold kind or species. The first is a ne­
cessary absence, as in banished persons; this is entirely neces­
sary. A second, necessary and voluntary; as, upon the ac­
count of the commonwealth, or in the service of the church.
The third kind the civilians call a probable absence; as, that
of students on the score of study. And the fourth, an absence
entirely voluntary; as, on the account of trade, merchandise,
and the like. Some add a fifth kind of absence, which is com­
mitted cum dolo & culpâ, by a man's non-appearance on a cita­
tion; as, in a contumacious person, who, in hatred to his con­
tumacy, is, by the law, in some respects, reputed as a person
present. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.
You have given no dissertation upon the absence of lovers,
nor laid down any methods how they should support them­
selves under those separations. Addison. Spectator, No 241.
3. Inattention, heedlessness, neglect of the present object.
I continued my walk, reflecting on the little absences and
distractions of mankind. Addison. Spectator, No 77.
4. It is used with the particle from.
His absence from his mother oft he'll mourn,
And, with his eyes, look wishes to return. Dryd. Juv. Sat. ii.

A'BSENT. adj.  [absens, Lat.] 
1. Not present; used with the particle from.
In spring the fields, in autumn hills I love;
At morn the plains, at noon the shady grove;
But Delia always: absent from her fight,
Nor plains at morn, nor groves at noon delight. Pope's Past.
Where there is advantage to be given,
Both more and less have given him the revolt;
And none serve with him but constrained things,
Whose hearts are absent too. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Whether they were absent or present, they were vexed a­
like. Wisd. xi. 11.
2. Absent in mind, inattentive; regardless of the present object.
I distinguish a man that is absent, because he thinks of some­
thing else, from him that is absent, because he thinks of no­
thing. Addison. Spectator, No 77.

To ABSE'NT. v. a.  To withdraw, to forbear to come into
presence.
If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart,
Absent thee from felicity a while,
And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain,
To tell my tale. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
But if thou think'st trial unsought may find
Us both securer, than thus warn'd thou seem'st,
Go—for thy stay, not free, absents thee more.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 372.
Tho' I am forc'd, thus to absent myself
From all I love, I shall contrive some means,
Some friendly intervals, to visit thee.
Southern's Spartan Dame.
The Arengo, however, is still called together in cases of ex­
traordinary importance; and if, after due summons, any mem­
ber absents himself, he is to be fined to the value of about a
penny English. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

ABSENTA'NEOUS. adj.  Relating to absence; absent. Dict.

ABSENTE'E. n. s.  He that is absent from his station or employ­
ment, or country. A word used commonly with regard to
Irishmen living out of their country.


Then was the first statute made against absentees, command­
ing all such as had land in Ireland, to return and reside there­
upon. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
A great part of estates in Ireland are owned by absentees, and
such as draw over the profits raised out of Ireland, refunding
nothing. Child's Discourse on Trade.

ABSI'NTHIATED. part.  [from absinthium, Lat. wormwood.] 
Imbittered, impregnated with wormwood. Dict.

A'BSIS.  See APSIS.
To ABSI'ST. v. n.  [absisto, Lat.] To stand off, to leave off. Dict.

To ABSO'LVE. v. a.  [absolvo, Lat.] 
1. To clear, to acquit of a crime in a judicial sense.
Your great goodness, out of holy pity,
Absolv'd him with an axe. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Our victors, blest in peace, forget their wars,
Enjoy past dangers, and absolve the stars. Tickell.
As he hopes, and gives out, by the influence of his wealth,
to be here absolved; in condemning this man, you have an op­
portunity of belying that general scandal, of redeeming the
credit lost by former judgments. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. To set free from an engagement or promise.
Compell'd by threats to take that bloody oath,
And the act ill, I am absolv'd by both. Waller's Maid's Trag.
This command, which must necessarily comprehend the per­
sons of our natural fathers, must mean a duty we owe them,
distinct from our obedience to the magistrate, and from which
the most absolute power of princes cannot absolve us. Locke.
3. To pronounce a sin remitted, in the ecclesiastical sense.
But all is calm in this eternal sleep;
Here grief forgets to groan, and love to weep;
Ev'n superstition loses ev'ry fear;
For God, not man, absolves our frailties here.
Pope's Eloisa to Abelard.
4. To finish, to complete.
If that which is so supposed infinitely distant from what is now
current, is distant from us by a finite interval, and not infinite­
ly, then that one circulation which preceded it, and must ne­
cessarily be like ours, and consequently absolved in the space of
twenty-four hours. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
What cause
Mov'd the creator, in his holy rest
Through all eternity, so late to build
In chaos; and the work begun, how soon
Absolv'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 94.

A'BSOLUTE. adj.  [absolutus, Lat.] 
1. Complete; applied as well to persons as things.
Because the things that proceed from him are perfect, with­
out any manner of defect or maim; it cannot be, but that the
words of his mouth are absolute, and lack nothing which they
should have, for performance of that thing whereunto they
tend. Hooker, b. ii. § 6.
2. Unconditional; as, an absolute promise.
Although it runs in forms absolute, yet it is indeed conditio­
nal, as depending upon the qualification of the person to whom
it is pronounced. South's Sermons.
3. Not relative; as, absolute space.
I see still the distinctions of sovereign and inferior, of absolute
and relative worship, will bear any man out in the worship of
any creature with respect to God, as well at least as it doth in
the worship of images. Stillingst. Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
An absolute mode is that which belongs to its subject, with­
out respect to any other beings whatsoever: but a relative mode
is derived from the regard that one being has to others.
Watts's Logic.
In this sense we speak of the ablative case absolute in grammar.
4. Not limited; as, absolute power.
My crown is absolute, and holds of none;
I cannot in a base subjection live,
Nor suffer you to take, though I would give. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
5. Positive, certain, without any hesitation. In this sense it rarely
occurs.
Long is it since I saw him,
But time hath nothing blurr'd those lines of favour,
Which then he wore; the snatches in his voice,
And burst of speaking were as his: I'm absolute,
'Twas very Cloten. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
What is his strength by land?—
— Great and increasing: but by sea
He is an absolute master. Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.

A'BSOLUTELY. adv.  [from absolute.] 
1. Completely, without restriction.
All the contradictions which grow in those minds, that nei­
ther absolutely climb the rock of virtue, nor freely sink into the
sea of vanity. Sidney.
What merit they can build upon having joined with a pro­
testant army, under a king they acknowledged, to defend their
own liberties and properties, is, to me, absolutely inconceivable;
and, I believe, will equally be so for ever. Swift's Presb. Plea.
2. Without relation.
Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot absolutely ap­
prove either willingness to live, or forwardness to die.
Hooker, b. v.
These then being the perpetual causes of zeal; the greatest
good, or the greatest evil; either absolutely so in themselves, or
relatively so to us; it is therefore good to be zealously affected
for the one against the other. Sprat's Sermons.
No sensible quality, as light, and colour, and heat, and
sound, can be subsistent in the bodies themselves, absolutely con­
sidered, without a relation to our eyes and ears, and other or­
gans of sense. These qualities are only the effects of our sen­
sation, which arise from the different motions, upon our nerves,
from objects without, according to their various modifications
and positions. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Without limits or dependance.
The prince long time had courted fortune's love,
But, once possess'd, did absolutely reign:
Thus, with their Amazons, the heroes strove,
And conquer'd first those beauties they would gain.
Dryden's Annus Mirabilis.
4. Without condition.
And of that nature, for the most part, are things absolutely
unto all mens salvation necessary, either to be held or denied,
either to be done or avoided. Hooker's Preface.
5. Peremptorily, positively.
Being as I am, why didst not thou
Command me absolutely not to go,
Going into such danger, as thou saidst? Parad. Lost, b. ix.

A'BSOLUTENESS. n. s.  [from absolute.] 
1. Compleatness.
2. Freedom from dependance, or limits.
The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was ge­
nerally much spoken of. Clarendon, b. viii.
There is nothing that can raise a man to that generous ab­
soluteness of condition, as neither to cringe, to fawn, or to de­
pend meanly; but that which gives him that happiness with­
in himself, for which men depend upon others. South's Serm.
3. Despoticism.
He kept a strait hand on his nobility, and chose rather to
advance clergymen and lawyers, which were more obsequious
to him, but had less interest in the people; which made for
his absoluteness, but not for his safety. Bacon's Henry VII.

ABSOLU'TION. n. s.  [absolutio, Lat.] 
1. Acquittal.
Absolution, in the civil law, imports a full acquittal of a
person by some final sentence of law; also, a temporary dis­
charge of his farther attendance upon a mesne process, through
a failure or defect in pleading; as it does likewise in the canon
law, where, and among divines, it likewise signifies a relaxa­
tion of him from the obligation of some sentence pronounced
either in a court of law, or else in foro pœnitentiali. Thus
there is, in this kind of law, one kind of absolution, termed
judicial, and another, stiled a declaratory or extrajudicial abso­
lution. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.
2. The remission of sins, or penance, declared by ecclesiastical
authority.
The absolution pronounced by a priest, whether papist or
protestant, is not a certain infallible ground to give the per­
son, so absolved, confidence towards God. South's Sermons.

A'BSOLUTORY. adj.  [absolutorius, Lat.] That which absolves.
Though an absolutory sentence should be pronounced in fa­
vour of the persons, upon the account of nearness of blood;
yet, if adultery shall afterwards be truly proved, he may be
again proceeded against as an adulterer. Ayliffe's Parergon.

A'BSONANT. adj.  [See ABSONOUS.] Contrary to reason, wide
from the purpose.

A'BSONOUS. adj.  [absonus, Lat. ill-sounding.] Absurd, contrary
to reason.
To suppose an uniter of a middle constitution, that should
partake of some of the qualities of both, is unwarranted by
any of our faculties; yea, most absonous to our reason.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. 4.

To ABSO'RB. v. a.  [absorbeo, Lat. preter, absorbed; part. pret.
absorbed, or absorpt.] 
1. To swallow up.
Some tokens shew
Of fearless friendship, and their sinking mates
Sustain; vain love, tho' laudable, absorpt
By a fierce eddy, they together found
The vast profundity. Phillips.
Moses imputed the deluge to the disruption of the abyss;
and St. Peter, to the particular constitution of that earth,
which made it obnoxious to be absorpt in water. Burn. Theory.
2. To suck up. See ABSORBENT.
Supposing the forementioned consumption should prove so
durable, as to absorb and extenuate the said sanguine parts to
an extreme degree, it is evident, that the fundamental parts
must necessarily come into danger. Harvey on Consumptions.

ABSO'RBENT. n. s.  [absorbens, Lat.] 
A medicine that, by the softness or porosity of its parts,
either causes the asperities of pungent humours, or dries away
superfluous moisture in the body. Quincy.
There is a third class of substances, commonly called absor­
bents; as, the various kinds of shells, coral, chalk, crabs eyes,
&c. which likewise raise an offervescence, and are therefore


called alkalis, though not so properly, for they are not salts.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ABSO'RPT. part.  [from absorb.] Swallowed up; used as well, in
a figurative sense, of persons, as, in the primitive, of things.
What can you expect from a man, who has not talked these
five days? who is withdrawing his thoughts, as far as he can,
from all the present world, its customs and its manners, to be
fully possessed and absorpt in the past. Pope's Letters.

ABSO'RPTION. n. s.  [from absorb.] The act of swallowing up.
It was below the dignity of those sacred penmen, or the
spirit of God that directed them, to shew us the causes of this
disruption, or of this absorption; this is left to the enquiries of
men. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To ABSTA'IN. v. n.  [abstineo, Lat.] To forbear, to deny one's
self any gratification; with the particle from.
If thou judge it hard and difficult,
Conversing, looking, loving, to abstain
From love's due rites, nuptial embraces sweet;
And, with desires, to languish without hope.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 993.
To be perpetually longing, and impatiently desirous of any
thing, so that a man cannot abstain from it, is to lose a man's
liberty, and to become a servant of meat and drink, or smoke.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Even then the doubtful billows fearce abstain
From the toss'd vessel on the troubled main. Dryden's Virgil.

ABSTE'MIOUS. adj.  [abstemius, Lat.] Temperate, sober, ab­
stinent, refraining from excess or pleasures. It is used of per­
sons; as, an abstemious hermit: and of things; as, an abste­
mious diet. It is spoken likewise of things that cause tempe­
rance.
The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abste­
mious. Abstinence in extremity will prove a mortal disease;
but the experiments of it are very rare. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Clytorean streams the love of wine expel,
(Such is the virtue of the abstemious well)
Whether the colder nymph that rules the flood,
Extinguishes, and balks the drunken god:
Or that Melampus (so have some assur'd)
When the mad Prætides with charms he cur'd,
And pow'rful herbs, both charms and simples cast
Into the sober spring, where still their virtues last. Dryd. Fab.

ABSTE'MIOUSLY. adv.  [from abstemious.] Temperately, so­
berly, without indulgence.

ABSTE'MIOUSNESS. n. s.  [See ABSTEMIOUS.] The quality of
being abstemious.

ABSTE'NTION. n. s.  [from abstineo, Lat.] The act of holding
off, or restraining; restraint. Dict.

To ABSTE'RGE. v. a.  [abstergo, Lat.] To cleanse by wip­
ing; to wipe.

A'BSTERGENT. adj.  Cleansing; having a cleansing quality.

To ABSTE'RSE.  [See ABSTERGE.] To cleanse, to purify;
a word very little in use, and less analogical than absterge.
Nor will we affirm, that iron receiveth, in the stomach of
the ostrich, no alteration; but we suspect this effect rather
from corrosion than digestion; not any tendence to chilifica­
tion by the natural heat, but rather some attrition from an acid
and vitriolous humidity in the stomach, which may absterse and
shave the scorious parts thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

ABSTE'RSION. n. s.  [abstersio, Lat.] The act of cleansing. See
ABSTERGE.]
The seventh cause is abstersion; which is plainly a scouring
off, or incision of the more viscous humours, and making the
humours more fluid, and cutting between them and the part;
as is found in nitrous water, which scoureth linen cloth speedily
from the foulness. Bacon's Natural History, No. 42.

ABSTE'RSIVE. adj.  [from absterge.] That has the quality of ab­
sterging or cleansing.
It is good, after purging, to use apozemes and broths, not
so much opening as those used before purging; but abstersive
and mundifying clysters also are good to conclude with, to
draw away the reliques of the humours. Bacon's Nat. History.
A tablet stood of that abstersive tree,
Where Æthiops' swarthy bird did build to nest. Sir J. Denh.
There, many a flow'r abstersive grew,
Thy fav'rite flow'rs of yellow hue. Swift's Miscellanies.

A'BSTINENCE. n. s.  [abstinentia, Lat.] 
1. Forbearance of any thing; with the particle from.
Because the abstinence from a present pleasure, that offers it­
self, is a pain, nay, ostentimes a very great one: it is no won­
der that that operates after the same manner pain does, and
lessens, in our thoughts, what is future; and so forces us, as
it were, blindfold into its embraces. Locke.
2. Fasting, or forbearance of necessary food. It is generally di­
stinguished from temperance, as the greater degree from the
less; sometime, as single performances from habits; as, a day
of abstinence, and a life of temperance.
Say, can you fast? your stomachs are too young:
And abstinence ingenders maladies. Shakesp. Love's Lab. Lost.
Religious men, who hither must be sent
As awful guides of heavenly government;
To teach you penance, fasts, and abstinence,
To punish bodies for the souls offence. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
And the faces of them, which have used abstinence, shall
shine above the stars; whereas our faces shall be blacker than
darkness. 2 Esdras, vii. 55.

A'BSTINENCY. n. s.  The same with ABSTINENCE.
Were our rewards for the abstinencies, or riots, of this pre­
sent life, under the prejudices of short or finite, the promises
and threats of Christ would lose much of their virtue and
energy. Hammond's Fundam.

A'BSTINENT. adj.  [abstinens, Lat.] That uses abstinence, in
opposition to covetous, rapacious, or luxurious. It is used
chiefly of persons.

ABSTO'RTED. adj.  [abstortus, Lat.] Forced away, wrung
from another by violence. Dict.

To ABSTRA'CT. v. a.  [abstraho, Lat.] 
1. To take one thing from another.
Could we abstract from these pernicious effects, and suppose
this were innocent, it would be too light to be matter of praise.
Decay of Piety.
2. To separate ideas.
Those, who cannot distinguish, compare and abstract, would
hardly be able to understand and make use of language, or judge
or reason to any tolerable degree. Locke.
3. To reduce to an epitome.
If we would fix in the memory the discourses we hear, or
what we design to speak, let us abstract them into brief com­
pends, and review them often. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

A'BSTRACT. adj.  [abstractus, Lat. See the verb To AB­
STRACT.] 
1. Separated from something else, generally used with relation to
mental perceptions; as, abstract mathematics, abstract terms,
in opposition to concrete.
Mathematics, in its latitude, is usually divided into pure
and mixed. And though the pure do handle only abstract
quantity in general, as geometry, arithmetic; yet that which
is mixed, doth consider the quantity of some particular deter­
minate subject. So astronomy handles the quantity of heavenly
motions, music of sounds, and mechanics of weights and
powers. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Abstract terms signify the mode or quality of a being, with­
out any regard to the subject in which it is; as, whiteness,
roundness, length, breadth, wisdom, mortality, life, death.
Watts's Logick.
2. With the particle from.
Another fruit from the considering things in themselves, ab­
stract from our opinions and other mens notions and discourses
on them, will be, that each man will pursue his thoughts in
that method, which will be most agreeable to the nature of the
thing, and to his apprehension of what it suggests to him. Locke.

A'BSTRACT. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. A smaller quantity, containing the virtue or power of a
greater.
You shall there find a man, who is the abstract
Of all faults all men follow. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
If you are false, these epithets are small;
You're then the things, and abstract of them all. Dryd. Aur.
2. An epitome made by taking out the principal parts.
When Mnemon came to the end of a chapter, he recol­
lected the sentiments he had remarked; so that he could give
a tolerable analysis and abstract of every treatise he had read,
just after he had finished it. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. The state of being abstracted.
The hearts of great princes, if they be considered, as it were
in abstract, without the necessity of states, and circumstances
of time, can take no full and proportional pleasure in the exer­
cise of any narrow bounty. Wotton.

A'BSTRACTED. part. adj.  [from abstract.] 
1. Separated.
That space the evil one abstracted stood
From his own evil, and for the time remain'd
Stupidly good. Milton.
2. Refined, abstruse.
Abstracted spiritual love, they like
Their souls, exhal'd. Donne.
3. Absent of mind, inattentive to present objects; as, an ab­
stracted scholar.

ABSTRA'CTEDLY. adv.  With abstraction, simply, separately
from all contingent circumstances.
Or whether more abstractedly we look,
Or on the writers, or the written book:
Whence, but from heav'n, could men unskill'd in arts,
In several ages born, in several parts,
Weave such agreeing truths? or how, or why
Should all conspire to cheat us with a lie?
Unask'd their pains, ungrateful their advice,
Starving their gain, and martyrdom their price.
Dryden's Religio Laici.

ABSTRA'CTION. n. s.  [abstractio, Lat.] 
1. The act of abstracting.
The word abstraction signifies a withdrawing some part of


an idea from other parts of it; by which means, such ab­
stracted ideas are formed, as neither represent any thing cor­
poreal or spiritual; that is, any thing peculiar or proper to
mind or body. Watts's Logick.
2. The state of being abstracted.
3. Absence of mind, inattention.
4. Disregard of worldly objects.

ABSTRA'CTIVE. adj.  [from abstract.] Having the power or
quality of abstracting.

ABSTRA'CTLY. adv.  [from abstract.] In an abstract manner,
absolutely, without reference to any thing else.
Matter abstractly and absolutely considered, cannot have born
an infinite duration now past and expired. Bentley's Sermons.

ABSTRI'CTED. part. adj.  [abstrictus, Lat.] Unbound. Dict.

To ABSTRI'NGE. v. a.  [abstringo, Lat.] To unbind. Dict.

To ABSTRU'DE. v. a.  [abstrudo, Lat.] To thrust off, or
pull away. Dict.

ABSTRU'SE. adj.  [abstrusus, Lat. thrust out of sight.] 
1. Hidden.
Th' eternal eye, whose sight discerns
Abstrusest thoughts, from forth his holy mount,
And from within the golden lamps that burn
Nightly before him, saw, without their light,
Rebellion rising. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 712.
2. Difficult, remote from conception or apprehension. It is op­
posed to obvious and easy.
So spake our Sire, and, by his count'nance, seem'd
Ent'ring on studious thoughts abstruse. Parad. Lost, b. viii.
The motions and figures within the mouth are abstruse, and
not easy to be distinguished, especially those of the tongue,
which is moved through the help of many muscles, so easily,
and habitually, and variously, that we are scarce able to give
a judgment of motions and figures thereby framed.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
No man could give a rule of the greatest beauties, and the
knowledge of them was so abstruse, that there was no man­
ner of speaking which could express them. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

ABSTRU'SELY. adv.  In an abstruse manner; obscurely, not
plainly, or obviously.

ABSTRU'SENESS. n. s.  [from abstruse.] The quality of being
abstruse; difficulty, obscurity.
It is not oftentimes so much what the scripture says, as what
some men persuade others it says, that makes it seem obscure,
and that as to some other passages that are so indeed, since it is
the abstruseness of what is taught in them, that makes them al­
most inevitably so; it is little less saucy, upon such a score, to
find fault with the style of the scripture, than to do so with the
author for making us but men. Boyle on the Scripture.

ABSTRU'SITY. n. s.  [from abstruse.] 
1. Abstruseness.
2. That which is abstruse. A word seldom used.
Authors are also suspicious, nor greedily to be swallowed,
who pretend to write of secrets, to deliver antipathies, sym­
pathies, and the occult abstrusities of things. Brown's Vul. Err.

To ABSU'ME. v. a.  [absumo, Lat.] To bring to an end by a
gradual waste; to eat up.
That which had been burning an infinite time could never
be burnt, no not so much as any part of it; for if it had
burned part after part, the whole must needs be absumed in a
portion of time. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ABSU'RD. adj.  [absurdus, Lat.] 
1. Unreasonable, without judgment, as used of men.
Seeming wise men may make shift to get opinion; but let
no man choose them for employment; for certainly you had
better take for business a man somewhat absurd, than over
formal. Bacon's Essay, 27.
2. Inconsistent, contrary to reason, used of sentiments or prac­
tices.
The thing itself appeared desireable to him, and accordingly
he could not but like and desire it; but then, it was after a
very irrational absurd way, and contrary to all the methods
and principles of a rational agent; which never wills a thing
really and properly, but it applies to the means, by which it
is to be acquired. South's Sermons.
A man, who cannot write with wit on a proper subject, is
dull and stupid; but one, who shews it in an improper place,
is as impertinent and absurd. Addison. Spectator, No 291.
But grant that those can conquer, these can cheat,
'Tis phrase absurd to call a villain great:
Who wickedly is wise, or madly brave,
Is but the more a fool, the more a knave Pope's Essay on Man.

ABSU'RDITY. n. s.  [from absurd.] 
1. The quality of being absurd; want of judgment applied to
men; want of propriety applied to things.
How clear soever this idea of the infinity of number be,
there is nothing more evident than the absurdity of the actual
idea of an infinite number. Locke.
2. That which is absurd; as, his travels were full of absurdities.
In which sense it has a plural.
That satisfaction we receive from the opinion of some pre­
eminence in ourselves, when we see the absurdities of another,
or when we reflect on any past absurdities of our own.
Addison. Spectator, No 249.

ABSU'RDLY. adv.  [from absurd.] After an absurd manner; im­
properly, unreasonably.
But man we find the only creature,
Who, led by folly, combats nature;
Who, when she loudly cries, forbear,
With obstinacy fixes there;
And where his genius least inclines,
Absurdly bends his whole designs. Swift's Miscellanies.
We may proceed yet further with the atheist, and convince
him, that not only his principle is absurd, but his consequences
also as absurdly deduced from it. Bentley's Sermons.

ABSU'RDNESS. n. s.  [from absurd.] The quality of being absurd;
injudiciousness, impropriety. See ABSURDITY; which is
more frequently used.



ABU

ABU'NDANCE. n. s.  [abondance, Fr.] 
1. Plenty; a sense chiefly poetical.
At the whisper of thy word,
Crown'd abundance spreads my board. Crashaw.
The doubled charge his subjects love supplies,
Who, in that bounty, to themselves are kind;
So glad Egyptians see their Nilus rise,
And, in his plenty, their abundance find. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
2. Great numbers.
The river Inn, during its course through the Tyrol, is ge­
nerally shut up between a double range of mountains, that are
most of them covered with woods of fir-trees. Abundance of
peasants are employed in hewing down of the largest of these
trees, that, after they are barked and cut into shape, are tum­
bled down. Addison on Italy.
3. A great quantity.
Their chief enterprize was the recovery of the Holy land;
in which worthy, but extremely difficult, action, it is lament­
able to remember what abundance of noble blood hath been
shed with very small benefit unto the Christian state.
Sir Walter Raleigh's Essays.
4. Exuberance, more than enough.
For well I wot, most mighty sovereign,
That all this famous antique history,
Of some, th' abundance of an idle brain
Will judged be, and painted forgery. Spens. Fairy Q. b. ii.

ABU'NDANT. adj.  [abundans, Lat.] 
1. Plentiful.
Good the more
Communicated, more abundant grows;
The author not impair'd, but honour'd more. Par. Lost, b. v.
2. Exuberant.
If the vessels are in a state of too great rigidity, so as not to
yield, a strong projectile motion occasions their rupture, and
hæmorrhages; especially in the lungs, where the blood is
abundant. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Fully stored. It is followed sometimes by in, commonly by with.
The world began but some ages before these were found out,
and was abundant with all things at first; and men not very
numerous; and therefore were not put so much to the use of
their wits, to find out ways for living commodiously.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. It is applied generally to things, sometimes to persons.
The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious, long­
suffering and abundant in goodness and truth. Exod. xxxiv. 9.

ABU'NDANTLY. adv.  [from abundant.] 
1. In plenty.
Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature
that hath life. Genesis, i. 20.
God on thee
Abundantly his gifts hath also pour'd;
Inward and outward both, his image fair. Par. Lost, b. viii.
2. Amply, liberally, more than sufficiently.
What the example of our equals wants of authority, is abun­
dantly supplied in the imaginations of friendship, and the re­
peated influences of a constant conversation. Rogers's Serm.
Heroic poetry has ever been esteemed the greatest work of
human nature. In that rank has Aristotle placed it; and Lon­
ginus is so full of the like expressions, that he abundantly con­
firms the other's testimony. Dryden's State of Innocence, Pref.

To ABU'SE. v. a.  [abutor, Lat.] 
In abuse the verb, s has the sound of z; in the noun, the
common sound.
1. To make an ill use of.
They that use this world, as not abusing it; for the fashion
of this world passeth away. 1 Cor. vii. 31.
He has fixed and determined the time for our recentance,
beyond which he will no longer await the perverseness of men,
no longer suffer his compassion to be abused. Rogers's Sermons.
2. To deceive, to impose upon.
The world hath been much abused by the opinion of mak­
ing gold: the work itself I judge to be possible; but the means
hitherto propounded, are, in the practice, full of error.
Bacon's Natural History, No 126.
He perhaps,
Out of my weakness and my melancholy,
As he is very potent with such spirits,
Abuses me to damn me. Shakespeare's Hamlet.


It imports the misrepresentation of the qualities of things and
actions, to the common apprehensions of men, abusing their
minds with false notions; and so, by this artifice, making evil
pass for good, and good for evil, in all the great concerns of
life. South's Sermons.
Nor be with all these tempting words abus'd;
These tempting words were all to Sappho us'd.
Pope's Sappho to Phaon.
3. To treat with rudeness, to reproach.
I am no strumpet, but of life as honest
As you that thus abuse me. Shakespeare's Othello.
But he mocked them, and laughed at them, and abused them
shamefully, and spake proudly. 1 Mac. vii. 34.
Some praise at morning what they blame at night,
But always think the last opinion right.
A muse by these is like a mistress us'd,
This hour she's idoliz'd, the next abus'd. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
The next criticism upon the stars seems to be introduced for
no other reason, but to mention Mr. Bickerstaff, whom the au­
thor every-where endeavours to imitate and abuse. Addison.

ABU'SE. n. s.  [from the verb abuse.] 
1. The ill use of any thing.
The casting away things profitable for the sustenance of man's
life, is an unthankful abuse of the fruits of God's good provi­
dence towards mankind. Hooker, b. v. § 9.
Little knows
Any, but God alone, to value right
The good before him, but perverts best things
To worst abuse, or to their meanest use. Parad. Lost, b. iv.
2. A corrupt practice, bad custom.
The nature of things is such, that, if abuses be not reme­
died, they will certainly encrease. Swift for Advancem. of Relig.
3. Seducement.
Was it not enough for him to have deceived me, and
through the deceit abused me, and, after the abuse, forsaken me,
but that he must now, of all the company, and before all the
company, lay want of beauty to my charge. Sidney, b. ii.
4. Unjust censure, rude reproach, contumely.
I dark in light, expos'd
To daily fraud, contempt, abuse, and wrong. Samps. Agon.

ABU'SER. n. s.  [from the verb abuse.] 
1. He that makes an ill use.
2. He that deceives.
Next thou, th' abuser of thy prince's ear. Denh. Sophy.
3. He that reproaches with rudeness.
4. A ravisher, a violater.

ABU'SIVE. adj.  [from abuse.] 
1. Practising abuse.
The tongue mov'd gently first, and speech was low,
Till wrangling science taught it noise and show,
And wicked wit arose, thy most abusive foe. Pope's Miscell.
Dame Nature, as the learned show,
Provides each animal its foe;
Hounds hunt the hare, the wily fox
Devours your geese, the wolf your flocks.
Thus envy pleads a natural claim,
To persecute the muse's fame,
On poets in all times abusive,
From Homer down to Pope inclusive. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. Containing abuse; as, an abusive lampoon.
Next, Comedy appear'd with great applause,
Till her licentious and abusive tongue
Waken'd the magistrates coercive pow'r. Roscommon.
3. Deceitful; a sense little used, yet not improper.
It is verified by a number of examples, that whatsoever is
gained by an abusive treaty, ought to be restored in integrum.
Bacon's Considerations on War with Spain.

ABU'SIVELY. adv.  [from abuse.] 
1. Improperly, by a wrong use.
The oil, abusively called spirit, of roses swims at the top of
the water, in the form of a white butter; which I remember
not to have observed in any other oil drawn in any limbeck.
Boyle's Sceptical Chymistry.
2. Reproachfully.

ABU'SIVENESS. n. s.  [from abuse.] The quality of being abu­
sive; foulness of language.
Pick out of mirth, like stones out of thy ground,
Profaneness, filthiness, abusiveness.
These are the scum, with which coarse wits abound:
The fine may spare these well, yet not go less. Herbert.

To ABU'T. v. n. obsolete.  [aboutir, to touch at the end, Fr.] 
To end at, to border upon; to meet, or approach to, with the
particle upon.
Two mighty monarchies,
Whose high upreared and abutting fronts
Perilous the narrow ocean parts asunder. Shakesp. Henry V.
In entering the same, we will first pitch at the Looes,
two several corporations, distinguished by the addition of east
and west, abutting upon a navigable creek, and joined by a fair
bridge of many arches. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

ABU'TTAL. n. s.  [from abut.] The butting or boundaries of any
land. A writing declaring on what lands, highways, or other
places, it does abut. Dict.

ABU'TMENT. n. s.  [from abut.] That which abuts, or borders
upon another.

ABY'SM. n. s.  [abysme, old Fr. now written contractedly abime.] 
A gulf; the same with abyss.
My good stars, that were my former guides,
Have empty left their orbs, and shot their fires
Into the abysm of hell. Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.

ABY'SS. n. s.  [abyssus, Lat. Ἄβυσσος, bottomless, Gr.] 
1. A depth without bottom.
Who shall tempt with wand'ring feet
The dark, unbottom'd, infinite abyss,
And, through the palpable obscure, find out
This uncouth way. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 405.
2. A great depth, a gulph.
The yawning earth disclos'd th' abyss of hell:
The weeping statues did the wars foretell,
And holy sweat from brazen idols fell. Dryd. Virg. Georg. i.
3. In a figurative sense, that in which any thing is lost.
For sepulchres themselves must crumbling fall
In time's abyss, the common grave of all. Dryd. Juv. Sat. x.
If, discovering how far we have clear and distinct ideas, we
confine our thoughts within the contemplation of those things,
that are within the reach of our understandings, and launch not
out into that abyss of darkness, out of a presumption, that no­
thing is beyond our comprehension. Locke.
4. The body of waters supposed at the center of the earth.
We are here to consider what is generally understood by the
great abyss, in the common explication of the deluge; and 'tis
commonly interpreted either to be the sea, or subterraneous
waters hid in the bowels of the earth. Burnet's Theor. Earth.
5. In the language of divines, hell.
From that infatiable abyss,
Where flames devour, and serpents hiss,
Promote me to thy seat of bliss. Roscommon.

AC, AK, or AKE. Being initials in the names of places, as Acton, signify
an oak, from the Saxon ac, an oak. Gibson's Camden.



ACA

ACA'CIA. n. s.  [Lat.] 
1. A drug brought from Egypt, which, being supposed the in­
spissated juice of a tree, is imitated by the juice of sloes, boiled
to the same consistence. Dictionaire de Comm. Savary. Trevoux.
2. A tree commonly so called here, though different from that
which produces the true acacia; and therefore termed pseudoca­
cia, or Virginian acacia.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, from whose flower-cup rises
the pointal, wrapped in a fimbriated membrane, which after­
wards becomes a pod, opening into two parts, in which are
contained several kidney-shaped seeds. Millar.

ACADE'MIAL. adj.  [from academy.] Relating to an academy,
belonging to an academy.

ACADE'MIAN. n. s.  [from academy.] A scholar of an academy or
university; a member of an university. (Wood, in his Athenæ
Oxonienses, mentions a great feast made for the academians.

ACADE'MICK. n. s.  [from academy.] A student of an university.
A young academic shall dwell upon a journal that treats of
trade in a dictatorial style, and shall be lavish in the praise of
the author; while, at the same time, persons well skilled in
those different subjects, hear the tattle with contempt.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 5.

ACADE'MICK. adj.  [academicus, Lat.] Relating to an university.
While thro' poetic scenes the genius roves,
Or wanders wild in academic groves. Dunciad, b. iv. l. 481.

ACADE'MICAL. adj.  [academicus, Lat.] Belonging to an uni­
versity.
He drew him first into the fatal circle, from a kind of re­
solved privateness at his house at Lampsie in South Wales;
where, after the academical life, he had taken such a taste of
the rural, as I have heard him say, that he could well have bent
his mind to a retired course. Wolton.

ACADEMI'CIAN. n. s.  [academicien, Fr.] The member of an
academy. It is generally used in speaking of the professors in
the academies of France.

ACA'DEMIST. n. s.  [from academy.] The member of an aca­
demy.
It is observed by the Parisian academists, that some amphibious
quadrupeds, particularly the sea-calf or seal, hath his epiglottis
extraordinarily large. Ray on the Creation.

A'CADEMY. n. s.  [anciently, and properly, with the accent on
the first syllable, now frequently on the second. Academia, Lat.
from Academus of Athens, whose house was turned into a school,
from whom the Groves of Academe in Milton.] 
1. An assembly or society of men, uniting for the promotion of
some art.
Our court shall be a little academy,
Still and contemplative in living arts. Shak. Love's Lab. Lost.
2. The place where sciences are taught.
Amongst the academies, which were composed by the rare
genius of those great men, these four are reckoned as the prin­
cipal; namely, the Athenian school, that of Sicyon, that of
Rhodes, and that of Corinth. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. An university.
4. A place of education, in contradistinction to the universities
or public schools.



ACANTHUS. n. s.  [Lat.] The name of the herb bears-foot,
remarkable for being the model of the foliage on the Corinthian
chapiter.
On either side
Acanthus, and each od'rous bushy shrub,
Fenc'd up the verdant wall. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. iv. l. 696.

ACATALE'CTIC. n. s.  [ἀϰαταλήϰτιϰος, Gr.] A verse which has
the compleat number of syllables, without defect or superfluity.



ACC

To ACCE'DE. v. n.  [accedo, Lat.] To be added to, to come
to; generally used in political accounts; as, another power
has acceded to the treaty; that is, has become a party.

To ACCE'LERATE. v. a.  [accelero, Lat.] 
1. To make quick, to hasten, to quicken motion; to give a
continual impulse to motion, so as perpetually to encrease.
Take new beer, and put in some quantity of stale beer into
it; and see whether it will not accelerate the clarification, by
opening the body of the beer, whereby the grosser parts may
fall down into lees. Bacon's Natural History, No 307.
If the rays endeavour to recede from the densest part of the
vibration, they may be alternately accelerated and retarded by
the vibrations overtaking them. Newton's Optics.
Spices quicken the pulse, and accelerate the motion of the
blood, and dissipate the fluids; from whence leanness, pains
in the stomach, loathings, and fevers. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Lo! from the dread immensity of space
Returning, with accelerated course,
The rushing comet to the sun descends. Thoms. Sum. l. 1690.
2. It is generally applied to matter, and used chiefly in philosophi­
cal language; but is sometimes used on other occasions.
In which council the king himself, whose continual vigi­
lancy did suck in sometimes causeless suspicions, which few else
knew, inclined to the accelerating a battle. Bacon's Henry VII.
Perhaps it may point out to a student now and then, what
may employ the most useful labours of his thoughts, and accele­
rate his diligence in the most momentous enquiries. Watts's Impr.

ACCELERA'TION. n. s.  [acceleratio, Lat.] 
1. The act of quickening motion.
The law of the acceleration of falling bodies, discovered first
by Galileo, is, that the velocities acquired by falling, being as the
time in which the body falls, the spaces through which it passes,
will be as the squares of the velocities, and the velocity and
time taken together, as in a quadruplicate ratio of the spaces.
2. The state of the body accelerated, or quickened in its motion.
The degrees of acceleration of motion, the gravitation of the
air, the existence or non-existence of empty spaces, either
coacervate or interspersed, and many the like, have taken
up the thoughts and times of men in disputes concerning
them. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To ACCE'ND. v. a.  [accendo, Lat.] To kindle, to set on fire;
a word very rarely used.
Our devotion, if sufficiently accended, would, as theirs, burn
up innumerable books of this sort. Decay of Piety.

ACCE'NSION. n. s.  [accensio, Lat.] The act of kindling, or the
state of being kindled.
The fulminating damp will take fire at a candle, or other
flame, and, upon its accension, gives a crack or report, like the
discharge of a gun, and makes likewise an explosion so forcible
as sometimes to kill the miners, break their limbs, shake the
earth, and force coals, stones, and other bodies, even though
they be of very great weight and bulk, from the bottom of
the pit or mine. Woodward's Natural History, p. iv.

A'CCENT. n. s.  [accentus, Lat.] 
1. The manner of speaking or pronouncing, with regard either
to force or elegance.
I know, Sir, I am no flatterer; he that beguiled you in a
plain accent was a plain knave; which, for my part, I will not
be. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Your accent is something finer than you could purchase in so
removed a dwelling. Shakespeare's As you like it.
2. In grammar, the marks made upon syllables to regulate their
pronunciation.
Accent, as in the Greek names and usage, seems to have re­
garded the tune of the voice; the acute accent raising the voice
in some certain syllables to a higher, i. e. more acute pitch
or tone, and the grave depressing it lower, and both having
some emphasis, i. e. more vigorous pronunciation. Holder's Elem.
3. Poetically, language or words.
How many ages hence
Shall this our lofty scene be acted o'er,
In states unborn, and accents yet unknown. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Winds on your wings to heav'n her accents bear;
Such words as heav'n alone is fit to hear. Dryd. Virg. Past. 3.
4. A modification of the voice, expressive of the passions or senti­
ments.
The tender accent of a woman's cry
Will pass unheard, will unregarded die;
When the rough seaman's louder shouts prevail,
When fair occasion shews the springing gale. Prior.

To ACCE'NT. v. a.  [from accentus, Lat.] 
1. To pronounce, to speak words with particular regard to the
grammatical marks or rules.
Having got somebody to mark the last syllable but one, where
it is long, in words above two syllables (which is enough to re­
gulate her pronunciation, and accenting the words) let her read
daily in the gospels, and avoid understanding them in Latin,
if she can. Locke on Education, § 177.
2. In poetry, to pronounce or utter in general.
O my unhappy lines! you that before
Have serv'd my youth to vent some wanton cries,
And, now congeal'd with grief, can scarce implore
Strength to accent, Here my Albertus lies! Wotton.
3. To write or note the accents.

To ACCE'NTUATE. v. a.  [accentuer, Fr.] To place the proper
accents over the vowels.

ACCENTUA'TION. n. s.  [from accentuate.] 
1. The act of placing the accent in pronunciation.
2. Marking the accent in writing.

To ACCE'PT. v. a.  [accipio, Lat. accepter, Fr.] 
1. To take with pleasure; to receive kindly; to admit with ap­
probation. It is distinguished from receive, as specific from ge­
neral; noting a particular manner of receiving.
Neither do ye kindle fire on my altar for nought. I have
no pleasure in you, saith the Lord of hosts, neither will I accept
an offering at your hand, Malachi, i. 10.
Then Peter opened his mouth, and said, Of a truth I per­
ceive that God is no respecter of persons: but, in every na­
tion, he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is accepted
with him. Acts, x. 34, 35.
You have been graciously pleased to accept this tender of my
duty. Dryden's Dedication to his Fables.
Charm by accepting, by submitting sway,
Yet have your humour most when you obey. Pope.
2. It is used in a kind of juridical sense; as, to accept terms, accept
a treaty.
His promise Palamon accepts, but pray'd
To keep it better than the first he made. Dryden's Fables.
3. In the language of the bible, to accept persons, is to act with
personal and partial regard.
He will surely reprove you, if ye do secretly accept persons.
Job, xiii. 10.
4. It is sometimes used with the particle of.
I will appease him with the present that goeth before me, and
afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept of me.
Genesis, xxxii. 20.

ACCEPTABI'LITY. n. s.  The quality of being acceptable. See
ACCEPTABLE.
He hath given us his natural blood to be shed, for the remis­
sion of our sins, and for the obtaining the grace and acceptabi­
lity of repentance. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

ACCE'PTABLE. adj.  [acceptable, Fr. from the Latin.] It is pro­
nounced by some with the accent in the first syllable, as by
Milton; by others, with the accent on the second.
1. That which is likely to be accepted; grateful; pleasing. It is
used with the particle to before the person accepting.
This woman, whom thou mad'st to be my help,
And gav'st me as thy perfect gift, so good,
So fit, so acceptable, so divine,
That from her hand I could expect no ill. Parad. Lost, b. ii.
I do not see any other method left for men of that function
to take, in order to reform the world, than by using all honest
arts to make themselves acceptable to the laity. Swift's Proj. &c.
After he had made a peace so acceptable to the church, and so
honourable to himself, he spent the remainder of his life at
Ripaille, and died with an extraordinary reputation of sanctity.
Addison on Italy.

ACCE'PTABLENESS. n. s.  [from acceptable.] The quality of be­
ing acceptable.
It will thereby take away the acceptableness of that conjunc­
tion. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 2.

ACCE'PTABLY. adv.  [from acceptable.] In an acceptable manner;
so as to please; with the particle to. For the accent, see AC­
CEPTABLE.
Do not omit thy prayers, for want of a good oratory; for
he that prayeth upon God's account, cares not what he suffers,
so he be the friend of Christ; nor where nor when he prays, so
he may do it frequently, fervently, and acceptably.
Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
If you can teach them to love and respect other people, they
will, as your age requires it, find ways to express it acceptably
to every one. Locke on Education, § 145.

ACCE'PTANCE. n. s.  [acceptance, Fr.] 
1. Reception with approbation.
By that acceptance of his sovereignty, they also accepted of
his laws; why then should any other laws be now used amongst
them? Spenser's State of Ireland.
If he tells us his noble deeds, we must also tell him our noble
acceptance of them. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Some men cannot be fools with so good acceptance as others.
South's Sermons.
Thus I imbolden'd spake, and freedom us'd
Permissive, and acceptance found. Par. Lost, b. viii. l. 435.
2. The meaning of a word as it is received or understood; ac­
ceptation.
That pleasure is man's chiefest good, because indeed it is
the perception of good that is properly pleasure, is an assertion


most certainly true, though, under the common acceptance of
it, not only false but odious: for, according to this, pleasure
and sensuality pass for terms equivalent; and therefore he, who
takes it in this sense, alters the subject of the discourse. South.

ACCE'PTANCE.  [in law.] The receiving of a rent, whereby
the giver binds himself, for ever, to allow a former fact done
by another, whether it be in itself good or not. Cowel.

ACCEPTA'TION. n. s.  [from accept.] 
1. Reception, whether good or bad. This large sense seems now
wholly out of use.
Yet, poor soul! knows he no other, but that I do suspect,
neglect, yea, and detest him? For, every day, he finds one
way or other to set forth himself unto me; but all are rewarded
with like coldness of acceptation. Sidney, b. ii.
What is new finds better acceptation, than what is good or
great. Denham's Sophy.
2. Good reception, acceptance.
Cain, envious of the acceptation of his brother's prayer and
sacrifice, slew him; making himself the first manslayer, and
his brother the first martyr. Raleigh's History of the World, b. i.
3. The state of being acceptable, regard.
Some things, although not so required of necessity, that, to
leave them undone, excludeth from salvation, are, notwith­
standing, of so great dignity and acceptation with God, that
most ample reward in heaven is laid up for them. Hooker, b. ii.
They have those enjoyments only as the consequences of the
state of esteem and acceptation they are in with their parents
and governours. Locke on Education, § 53.
4. Acceptance in the juridical sense. This sense occurs rarely.
As, in order to the passing away a thing by gift, there is re­
quired a surrender of all right on his part that gives; so there
is required also an acceptation on his part to whom it is given.
South's Sermons.
5. The meaning of a word, as it is commonly received.
Thereupon the earl of Lauderdale made a discourse upon the
several questions, and what acceptation these words and expres­
sions had. Clarendon, b. viii.
All matter is either fluid or solid, in a large acceptation of
the words, that they may comprehend even all the middle de­
grees between extreme fixedness and coherency, and the most
rapid intestine motion of the particles of bodies. Bentl. Serm.

An ACCE'PTER. n. s.  [from accept.] The person that accepts.

ACCEPTILA'TION. n. s.  [acceptilatio, Lat.] A term of the civil
law, importing the remission of a debt by an acquittance
from the creditor, testifying the receipt of money which has
never been paid.

ACCE'PTION.  [acception, Fr. from acceptio, Lat.] The received
sense of a word; the meaning.
That this hath been esteemed the due and proper acception of
this word, I shall testify by one evidence, which gave me the
first hint of this notion. Hammond on Fundamentals.

ACCE'SS. n. s.  [In some of its senses, it seems derived from
accessus, in others, from accessio, Lat. acces, Fr.] 
1. The way by which any thing may be approached.
There remained very advantageous accesses for temptations
to enter and invade men, the fortifications being very slender,
little knowledge of immortality, or any thing beyond this life,
and no assurance that repentance would be admitted for sin.
Hammond on Fundamentals.
And here th' access a gloomy grove defends;
And here th' unnavigable lake extends,
O'er whose unhappy waters, void of light,
No bird presumes to steer his airy flight. Dryd. Æneid vi.
2. The means, or liberty, of approaching either to things or men.
When we are wrong'd, and would unfold our griefs,
We are deny'd access unto his person,
Ev'n by those men that most have done us wrong.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. 2.
They go commission'd to require a peace,
And carry presents to procure access. Dryd. Æn. vii. l. 209.
He grants what they besought;
Instructed, that to God is no access
Without Mediator, whose high office now
Moses in figures bears. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 239.
3. Encrease, enlargement, addition.
The gold was accumulated, and store treasure, for the most
part; but the silver is still growing. Besides, infinite is the
access of territory and empire by the same enterprize.
Bacon's Holy War.
Although to opinion, there be many gods, may seem an ac­
cess in religion, and such as cannot at all consist with atheism,
yet doth it deductively, and upon inference, include the same;
for unity is the inseparable and essential attribute of Deity.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 10.
Nor think superfluous their aid;
I, from the influence of thy looks, receive
Access in every virtue; in thy sight
More wise, more watchful, stronger. Paradise Lost, b. ix.
The reputation
Of virtuous actions past, if not kept up
With an access, and fresh supply, of new ones,
Is lost and soon forgotten. Denham's Sophy.
4. It is sometimes used, after the French, to signify the returns of
fits of a distemper; but this sense seems yet scarcely received
into our language.
For as relapses make diseases
More desperate than their first accesses. Hud. p. iii. cant. ii.

A'CCESSARINESS. n. s.  [from accessary.] The state of being
accessary.
Perhaps this will draw us into a negative accessariness to the
mischiefs. Decay of Piety.

A'CCESSARY. adj.  [A corruption, as it seems, of the word ac­
cessory, which see; but now more commonly used than the
proper word.] 
That which, without being the chief agent in a crime, con­
tributes to it. But it had formerly a good and general sense.
As for those things that are accessary hereunto, those things
that so belong to the way of salvation, &c. Hooker, b. iii. § 3.
He had taken upon him the government of Hull, without
any apprehension or imagination, that it would ever make him
accessary to rebellion. Clarendon, b. viii.

ACCE'SSIBLE. adj.  [accessibilis, Lat. accessible, Fr.] That which
may be approached; that which we may reach or arrive at.
It is applied both to persons and things, with the particle to.
In conversation, the tempers of men are open and accessible,
their attention is awake, and their minds disposed to receive
the strongest impressions; and what is spoken is generally more
affecting, and more apposite to particular occasions. Rogers.
As an island, we are accessible on every side, and exposed to
perpetual invasions; against which it is impossible to fortify
ourselves sufficiently, without a power at sea. Addison's Freeholder.
Those things, which were indeed inexplicable, have been
rackt and tortured to discover themselves, while the plainer and
more accessible truths, as if despicable while easy, are clouded
and obscured. Decay of Piety.
Some lie more open to our senses and daily observation;
others are more occult and hidden, and though accessible, in
some measure, to our senses, yet not without great search and
scrutiny, or some happy accident. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ACCE'SSION. n. s.  [accessio, Lat. accession, Fr.] 
1. Encrease by something added, enlargement, augmentation.
There would not have been found the difference here set
down betwixt the force of the air, when expanded, and what
that force should have been according to the theory, but that
the included inch of air received some little accession during the
trial. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
The wisest among the nobles began to apprehend the grow­
ing power of the people; and therefore, knowing what an ac­
cession thereof would accrue to them, by such an addition of
property, used all means to prevent it.
Swift on the Contests in Athens and Rome.
Charity, indeed, and works of munificence are the proper
discharge of such over-proportioned accessions and the only vir­
tuous enjoyment of them. Rogers's Sermons, ii. p. 37.
2. The act of coming to, or joining one's self to; as, accession to
a confederacy.
Beside, what wise objections he prepares
Against my late accession to the wars?
Does not the fool perceive his argument
Is with more force against Achilles bent? Dryden's Fables.
3. The act of arriving at; as, the king's accession to the throne.

A'CCESSORILY. adv.  [from accessory.] In the manner of an ac­
cessory.

A'CCESSORY. adj.  Joined to another thing, so as to increase it;
Additional.
In this kind there is not the least action, but it doth some­
what make to the accessory augmentation of our bliss. Hooker.

A'CCESSORY. n. s.  [accessorius, Lat. accessoire, Fr. This word,
which had anciently a general signification, is now almost con­
fined to forms of law.] 
1. Applied to persons.
A man that is guilty of a felonious offence, not principally,
but by participation; as, by commandment, advice, or con­
cealment. And a man may be accessory to the offence of an­
other, after two sorts, by the common law, or by statute: and,
by the common law, two ways also; that is, before or after
the fact. Before the fact; as, when one commandeth or ad­
viseth another to commit a felony, and is not present at the
execution thereof; for his presence makes him also a principal:
wherefore there cannot be an accessory before the fact in man­
slaughter; because manslaughter is sudden and not prepensed.
Accessory after the fact, is, when one receiveth him, whom he
knoweth to have committed felony. Accessory by statute, is he
that abets, counsels, or hides any man committing, or having
committed an offence made felony by statute. Cowel.
By the common law, the accessories cannot be proceeded
against, till the principal has received his trial. Spens. State of Irel.
But pause, my soul! and study, ere thou fall
On accidental joys, th' essential.
Still before accessories do abide
A trial, must the principal be try'd. Donne.
Now were all transform'd
Alike, to serpents all, as accessories
To his bold riot. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 520.


2. Applied to things.
An accessory is said to be that which does accede unto some
principal fact or thing in law; and, as such, generally speaking,
follows the reason and nature of its principal.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

A'CCIDENCE. n. s.  [a corruption of accidents, from accidentia, Lat.] 
The little book containing the first rudiments of grammar, and
explaining the properties of the eight parts of speech.
I do confess I do want eloquence,
And never yet did learn mine accidence. Taylor the Water-poet.

A'CCIDENT. n. s.  [accidens, Lat.] 
1. The property or quality of any being, which may be separated
from it, at least in thought.
If she were but the body's accident,
And her sole being did in it subsist,
As white in snow, she might herself absent,
And in the body's substance not be miss'd. Sir John Davies.
An accidental mode, or an accident, is such a mode as is not
necessary to the being of a thing; for the subject may be with­
out it, and yet remain of the same nature that it was before;
or it is that mode which may be separated or abolished from its
subject. Watts's Logick.
2. In grammar, the property of a word.
The learning of a language is nothing else but the informing
of ourselves, what composures of letters are, by consent and
institution, to signify such certain notions of things, with their
modalities and accidents. Holder's Elements of Speech.
3. That which happens unforeseen; casualty, chance.
General laws are like general rules in physic, according
whereunto, as no wise man will desire himself to be cured, if
there be joined with his disease some special accident, in regard
whereof, that whereby others in the same infirmity, but with­
out the like accident, recover health, would be, to him, either
hurtful, or, at the least, unprofitable. Hooker, b. v. § 9.
The flood, and other accidents of time, made it one common
field and pasture with the land of Eden. Raleigh's Hist. World.
Thus we rejoic'd, but soon our joy is turn'd
Into perplexity, and new amaze;
For whither is he gone? What accident
Hath rapt him from us? Paradise Regained, b. i.
And trivial accidents shall be forborn,
That others may have time to take their turn. Dryd. Fables.
The reformation owed nothing to the good intentions of
king Henry. He was only an instrument of it (as the logicians
speak) by accident. Swift's Miscellanies.

ACCIDE'NTAL. n. s.  [accidental, Fr. See ACCIDENT.] A pro­
perty nonessential.
Conceive, as much as you can, of the essentials of any sub­
ject, before you consider its accidentals. Watts's Logick.

ACCIDE'NTAL. adj.  [from accident.] 
1. Having the quality of an accident, nonessential; used with
the particle to, before that in which the accident inheres.
A distinction is to be made between what pleases naturally in
itself, and what pleases upon the account of machines, actors,
dances, and circumstances, which are merely accidental to the
tragedy. Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.
This is accidental to a state of religion, and therefore ought
to be reckoned among the ordinary difficulties of it. Tillotson.
2. Casual, fortuitous, happening by chance.
Thy sin's not accidental, but a trade. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
So shall you hear
Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters;
Of deaths put on by cunning, and forc'd cause. Shakes. Ham.
Look upon things of the most accidental and mutable nature;
accidental in their production, and mutable in their continu­
ance; yet God's prescience of them is as certain in him, as the
memory of them is, or can be, in us. South's Sermons.
3. In the following passage it seems to signify adventitious.
Ay, such a minister as wind to fire,
That adds an accidental fierceness to
Its natural fury. Denham's Sophy.

ACCIDE'NTALLY. adv.  [from accidental.] 
1. After an accidental manner; nonessentially.
Other needful points of public matters, no less concerning
the good of the commonwealth, though but accidentally depend­
ing upon the former. Spenser's State of Ireland.
I conclude choler accidentally better, and acrimonious, but
not in itself. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. Casually, fortuitously.
Although virtuous men do sometimes accidentally make their
way to preferment, yet the world is so corrupted, that no man
can reasonably hope to be rewarded in it, merely upon account
of his virtue. Swift's Miscellanies.

ACCIDE'NTALNESS. n. s.  [from accidental.] The quality of be­
ing accidental. Dict.

ACCI'PIENT. n. s.  [accipiens, Lat.] A receiver, perhaps some­
times used for recipient. Dict.

To ACCI'TE. v. a.  [accito, Lat.] To call, to summons; a word
not in use now.
Our coronation done, we will accite
No prince, no peer, shall have just cause to say,
Heav'n shorten Harry's happy life one day. Shakes. Henry IV.

ACCLA'IM. n. s.  [acclamo, Lat. from which probably first the
verb acclaim, now lost, and then the noun.] A shout of praise
acclamation.
Back from pursuit thy pow'rs, with loud acclaim,
Thee only extoll'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii. l. 397.
The herald ends; the vaulted firmament
With loud acclaims, and vast applause, is rent. Dryd. Fables.

ACCLAMA'TION. n. s.  [acclamatio, Lat.] Shouts of applause;
such as those with which a victorious army salutes the general.
It hath been the custom of christian men, in token of the
greater reverence, to stand, to utter certain words of acclama­
tion, and, at the name of Jesus, to bow. Hooker, b. v. § 29.
Gladly then he mix'd
Among those friendly pow'rs, who him receiv'd
With joy, and acclamations loud, that one,
That, of so many myriads fall'n, yet one
Return'd, not lost. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. vi. l. 23.
Such an enchantment is there in words, and so fine a thing
does it seem to some, to be ruined plausibly, and to be ushered
to their destruction with panegyric and acclamation. South. Ser.

ACCLI'VITY. n. s.  [from acclivus, Lat.] The steepness or slope
of a line inclining to the horizon, reckoned upwards; as, the
ascent of an hill is the acclivity, the descent is the declivity. Quincy.
The men, leaving their wives and younger children below,
do, not without some difficulty, clamber up the acclivities, drag­
ging their kine with them, where they feed them, and milk
them, and make butter and cheese, and do all the dairy-work.
Ray on the Creation.

ACCLI'VOUS. adj.  [acclivus, Lat.] Rising with a slope.

To ACCLO'Y. v. a.  [See CLOY.]
1. To fill up, in an ill sense; to croud, to stuff full; a word al­
most obsolete.
At the well-head the purest streams arise:
But mucky filth his branching arms annoys,
And with uncomely weeds the gentle wave accloys. Fairy Q.
2. To fill to satiety; in which sense cloy is still in use.
They that escape best in the temperate zone, would be ac­
cloyed with long nights, very tedious, no less than forty days.
Ray on the Creation.

To ACCO'IL. v. n.  [See COIL.] To croud, to keep a coil about,
to bustle, to be in a hurry; a word now out of use.
About the cauldron many cooks accoil'd,
With hooks and ladles, as need did require;
The while the viands in the vessel boil'd,
They did about their business sweat, and sorely toil'd. Fairy Q.

A'CCOLENT. n. s.  [accolens, Lat.] He that inhabits near a place;
a borderer. Dict.

ACCO'MMODABLE. adj.  [accommodabilis, Lat.] That which may
be fitted; with the particle to.
As there is infinite variety in the circumstances of persons,
things, actions, times and places; so we must be furnished with
such general rules as are accommodable to all this variety, by a
wise judgment and discretion. Watts's Logick.

To ACCO'MMODATE. v. a.  [accommodo, Lat.] 
1. To supply with conveniencies of any kind.
These three,
Three thousand confident, in act as many;
For three performers are the file, when all
The rest do nothing; with this word stand, stand,
Accommodated by the place, (more charming
With their own nobleness, which could have turn'd
A distaff to a lance) gilded pale looks. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. With the particle to, to adapt, to fit, to make consistent with.
He had altered many things, not that they were not natural
before, but that he might accommodate himself to the age in which
he lived. Dryden on Dramatic Poetry.
'Twas his misfortune to light upon an hypothesis, that could
not be accommodated to the nature of things, and human affairs;
his principles could not be made to agree with that constitution
and order which God had settled in the world. Locke.

ACCOMMO'DATE. adj.  [accommodatus, Lat.] Suitable, fit; used
sometimes with the particle for, but more frequently with to.
They are so acted and directed by nature, as to cast their
eggs in such places as are most accommodate for the exclusion of
their young, and where there is food ready for them so soon as
they be hatched. Ray on the Creation.
In these cases, we examine the why, the what, and the how,
of things, and propose means accommodate to the end. L'Estrange.
God did not primarily intend to appoint this way of worship,
and to impose it upon them as that which was most proper and
agreeable to him, but that he condescended to it as most accom­
modate to their present state and inclination. Tillots. Serm. v.

ACCO'MMODATELY. adv.  [from accommodate.] Suitably, fitly.

ACCOMMODA'TION. n. s.  [from accommodate.] 
1. Provision of conveniencies.
2. In the plural, conveniencies, things requisite to ease or refresh­
ment.
The king's commissioners were to have such accommodations,
as the other thought fit to leave to them; who had been very
civil to the king's commissioners. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. Adaptation, fitness; with the particle to.
The organization of the body, with accommodation to its func­


tions, is fitted with the most curious mechanism. Hale's Origin.
4. Composition of a difference, reconciliation, adjustment.

ACCO'MPANABLE. adj.  [from accompany.] Sociable; a word
now not used.
A show, as it were, of an accompanable solitariness, and of
a civil wildness. Sidney, b. i.

ACCO'MPANIER. n. s.  [from accompany.] The person that makes
part of the company; companion. Dict.

To ACCO'MPANY. v. a.  [accompagner, Fr.] 
1. To be with another as a companion.
Go visit her, in her chaste bower of rest,
Accompany'd with angel-like delights. Spenser, Sonnet iii.
The great business of the senses being to make us take no­
tice of what hurts or advantages the body, it is wisely ordered
by nature, that pain should accompany the reception of several
ideas. Locke.
2. To join with.
With regard to sheep, as folly is usually accompanied with
perverseness, so it is here. There is something so monstrous
to deal in a commodity, which we are not allowed to export;
there is, I say, something so sottish, that it wants a name, in
our language, to express it by. Swift's short View of Ireland.

ACCO'MPLICE. n. s.  [complice, Fr. from complex, a word in the
barbarous Latin, much in use, Complices sertæ prudentius.] 
1. An associate, a partaker, usually in an ill sense.
There were several scandalous reports industriously spread by
Wood, and his accomplices, to discourage all opposition against
his infamous project. Swift.
2. A partner, or co-operator; in a sense indifferent.
If a tongue would be talking without a mouth, what could
it have done, when it had all its organs of speech, and accom­
plices of sound, about it. Addison. Spectator, No 247.
3. It is used with the particle to before a thing, and with before
a person.
Childless Arturius, vastly rich before,
Thus by his losses multiplies his store,
Suspected for accomplice to the fire,
That burnt his palace but to build it higher. Dryd. Juv. Sat.
Who, should they steal, for want of his relief,
He judg'd himself accomplice with the thief. Dryden's Fables.

To ACCOMPLISH. v. a.  [accomplir, Fr. from compleo,
Lat.] 
1. To complete, to execute fully; as, to accomplish a design.
He that is far off shall die of the pestilence, and he that is
near shall fall by the sword, and he that remaineth, and is be­
sieged, shall die by the famine. Thus will I accomplish my fury
upon them. Ezekiel, vi. 12.
2. To complete a period of time.
He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Je­
rusalem. Daniel, ix. 2.
3. To fulfil; as, a prophecy.
The vision,
Which I made known to Lucius ere the stroke
Of this yet scarce cold battle, at this instant
Is full accomplish'd. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
We see every day those events exactly accomplished, which
our Saviour foretold at so great a distance.
Addison on the Christian Religion.
4. To gain, to obtain.
Tell him from me (as he will win my love)
He bear himself with honourable action;
Such as he hath observ'd in noble ladies
Unto their lords, by them accomplished. Shak. Tam. of a Shrew.
I'll make my heaven in a lady's lap,
And deck my body in gay ornaments.
Oh miserable thought, and more unlikely,
Than to accomplish twenty golden crowns. Shak. Henry V.
5. To adorn, or furnish, either mind or body.
From the tents
The armourers accomplishing the knights,
With busy hammers closing rivets up,
Give dreadful note of preparation. Shakespeare's Henry V.

ACCO'MPLISHED. participial adj. 1. Complete in some qualification.
For who expects, that, under a tutor, a young gentleman
should be an accomplished public orator or logician. Locke on Ed.
2. Elegant, finished in respect of embellishments; used com­
monly with respect to acquired qualifications, without includ­
ing moral excellence.
The next I took to wife,
O that I never had! fond wish too late,
Was in the vale of Soree, Dalila,
That specious monster, my accomplish'd snare. Samson Agon.

ACCO'MPLISHER. n. s.  [from accomplish.] The person that
accomplishes. Dict.

ACCO'MPLISHMENT. n. s.  [accomplissement, Fr.] 
1. Completion, full performance, perfection.
Thereby he might evade the accomplishment of those afflic­
tions, he now but gradually endureth. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
This would be the accomplishment of their common felicity,
in case, by their evil, either through destiny or advice, they
suffered not the occasion to be lost. Sir John Haywood.
He thought it impossible to find, in any one body, all those
perfections which he sought for the accomplishment of a Helena;
because nature, in any individual person, makes nothing that
is perfect in all its parts. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Pref.
2. Completion; as, of a prophecy.
The miraculous success of the apostles preaching, and the
accomplishment of many of their predictions, which, to those
early christians, were matters of faith only, are, to us, matters
of sight and experience. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Embellishment, elegance, ornament of mind or body.
Young heirs, and elder brothers, from their own reflecting
upon the estates they are born to, and therefore thinking all
other accomplishments unnecessary, are of no manner of use but
to keep up their families. Addison. Spectator, No 123.
4. The act of obtaining any thing.
The means suggested by policy and worldly wisdom, for
the attainment of those earthly enjoyments, are unfit for that
purpose, not only upon the account of their insufficiency for,
but also of their frequent opposition and contrariety to, the ac­
complishment of such ends. South's Sermons.

ACCO'MPT. n. s.  [Fr. compter and compte, anciently accompter.
Skinner.] An account, a reckoning. See ACCOUNT.
The soul may have time to call itself to a just accompt of
all things past, by means whereof repentance is perfected.
Hooker, b. v. § 46.
Each Christmas they accompts did clear;
And wound their bottom round the year. Prior.

ACCO'MPTANT. n. s.  [accomptant, Fr.] A reckoner, computer.
See ACCOUNTANT.
As the accompt runs on, generally the accomptant goes back­
ward. South's Sermons.

ACCO'MPTING-DAY.  The day on which the reckoning is to be
settled.
To whom thou much dost owe, thou much must pay;
Think on the debt against th' accompting-day. Sir J. Denham.

To ACCO'RD. v. a.  [derived, by some, from corda the string
of a musical instrument, by others, from corda hearts, in the
first, implying harmony, in the other, unity.]
To make agree; to adjust one thing to another; with the
particle to.
The first sports the shepherds showed, were full of such leaps
and gambols, as being accorded to the pipe which they bore in
their mouths, even as they danced, made a right picture of
their chief god Pan, and his companions the satyrs. Sidney, b. i.
Her hands accorded the lute's music to the voice; her pant­
ing heart danced to the music. Sidney, b. ii.
The lights and shades, whose well accorded strife,
Gives all the strength and colour of our life. Pope's Epist.

To ACCO'RD. v. n.  To agree, to suit one with another; with
the particle with.
Things are often spoke, and seldom meant;
But that my heart accordeth with my tongue,
Seeing the deed is meritorious,
And to preserve my sovereign from his foe. Shak. Hen. VI.
Several of the main parts of Moses's history, as concerning
the flood, and the first fathers of the several nations of the world,
do very well accord with the most ancient accounts of profane
history. Tillotson, Sermon i.

ACCO'RD. n. s.  [accord, Fr.] 
1. A compact; an agreement.
If both are satisfy'd with this accord,
Swear by the laws of knighthood on my sword. Dryd. Fab.
2. Concurrence, union of mind.
At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
That I that lady to my spouse had won,
Accord of friends, consent of parents sought,
Affiance made, my happiness begun.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 4.
They gathered themselves together, to fight with Joshua and
Israel, with one accord. Joshua, ix. 2.
3. Harmony, symmetry, just correspondence of one thing with
another.
Beauty is nothing else but a just accord and mutual harmony
of the members, animated by a healthful constitution.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Pref.
4. Musical note.
Try if there were in one steeple two bells of unison, whe­
ther the striking of the one would move the other, more than
if it were another accord. Bacon's Natural History, No 281.
We must not blame Apollo, but his lute,
If false accords from her false strings be sent. Sir Jo. Davies.
5. Voluntary motion.
Ne Guyon yet spake word,
Till that they came unto an iron door,
Which to them open'd of its own accord. Fairy Q. b. ii. c. 7.
Will you blame any man for doing that of his own accord,
which all men should be compelled to do, that are not willing
of themselves. Hooker.
All animal substances, exposed to the air, turn alkaline of
their own accord; and some vegetables, by heat, will not turn
acid, but alkaline. Arbuthnot on Aliments.


6. Action in speaking, correspondent to the words.
Titus, I am come to talk with thee.—
—No, not a word: how can I grace my talk,
Wanting a hand to give it that accord? Shakesp. Titus And.

ACCO'RDANCE. n. s.  [from accord.] 
1. Agreement with a person; with the particle with.
And prays he may in long accordance bide,
With that great worth which hath such wonders wrought.
Fairfax, b. ii. stanza 63.
2. Conformity to something.
The only way of defining of sin, is, by the contrariety to
the will of God; as of good, by the accordance with that will.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

ACCO'RDANT. adj.  [accordant, Fr.] Willing; in a good hu­
mour.
The prince discovered to Claudio, that he loved your niece
my daughter, and meant to acknowledge it this night in a
dance; and, if he found her accordant, he meant to take the
present time by the top, and instantly break with you of it.
Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.

ACCO'RDING. prep.  [from accord.] 
1. In a manner suitable to, agreeably to, in proportion.
Our churches are places provided, that the people might
there assemble themselves in due and decent manner, according
to their several degrees and orders. Hooker, b. v. § 13.
Our zeal, then, should be according to knowledge. And what
kind of knowledge? Without all question, first, according to
the true, saving, evangelical knowledge. It should be accord­
ing to the gospel, the whole gospel: not only according to its
truths, but precepts: not only according to its free grace, but
necessary duties: not only according to its mysteries, but also
its commandments. Sprat's Sermons.
How much more noble is the fame that is built on candour
and ingenuity, according to those beautiful lines of Sir John
Denham, in his Poem on Fletcher's works. Addis. Spect.
A man may, with prudence and a good conscience, approve
of the professed principles of one party more than the other,
according as he thinks they best promote the good of church
and state. Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of Engl. man.
2. With regard to.
God made all things in number, weight, and measure, and
gave them to be considered by us according to these properties,
which are inherent in created beings. Holder on Time.

ACCO'RDINGLY. adv.  [from accord.] Agreeably, suitably, con­
formably.
Sirrah, thou'rt said to have a stubborn soul,
That apprehends no further than this world;
And squar'st thy life accordingly. Shakesp. Measure for Meas.
As the actions of men are of sundry distinct kinds, so the
laws thereof must accordingly be distinguished. Hooker, b. i.
Whoever is so assured of the authority and sense of scrip­
ture, as to believe the doctrine of it, and to live accordingly,
shall be saved. Tillotson's Preface.
Mealy substances, fermented, turn sour. Accordingly, given
to a weak child, they still retain their nature; for bread will
give them the cholic. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To ACCO'ST. v. a.  [accoster, Fr.] To speak to first; to ad­
dress; to salute.
You mistake, knight: accost her, front her, board her, woo
her, assail her. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
At length, collecting all his serpent wiles,
With soothing words renew'd, him thus accosts. Parad. Reg.
I first accosted him: I su'd, I sought,
And, with a loving force, to Pheneus brought. Dryd. Æneid.

ACCO'STABLE. adj.  [from accost.] Easy of access; familiar.
They were both indubitable, strong, and high-minded men,
yet of sweet and accostable nature, almost equally delighting in
the press and affluence of dependents and suitors. Wotton.

ACCO'UNT. n. s.  [from the old French accompt, from com­
pactus, Lat. originally written accompt, which see; but, by gra­
dually softening the pronunciation, in time the orthography
changed to account.] 
1. A computation of debts or expences; a register of facts re­
lating to money.
At many times I brought in my accounts,
Laid them before you; you would throw them off,
And say you found them in mine honesty. Shakesp. Timon.
When my young master has once got the skill of keeping
accounts (which is a business of reason more than arithmetic)
perhaps it will not be amiss, that his father from thenceforth
require him to do it in all his concernments. Locke on Education.
2. The state or result of a computation; as, the account stands
thus between us.
Behold this have I found, saith the Preacher, counting one
by one, to find out the account. Ecclesiasticus, vii. 27.
3. Such a state of persons or things, as may make them more or
less worthy of being considered in the reckoning. Value, or
estimation.
For the care that they took for their wives and their chil­
dren, their brethren and kinsfolks, was in least account with
them: but the greatest and principal fear was for the holy
temple. 2 Maccab. xv. 18.
That good affection, which things of smaller account have
once set on work, is by so much the more easily raised higher.
Hooker, b. v. § 35.
I should make more account of their judgment, who are men
of sense, and yet have never touched a pencil, than of the opi­
nion given by the greatest part of painters. Dryden's Dufresn.
We would establish our souls in such a solid and substantial
virtue, as will turn to account in that great day, when it must
stand the test of infinite wisdom and justice. Add. Spect. No 399.
4. Distinction, dignity, rank.
There is such a peculiarity in Homer's manner of apostro­
phizing Eumæus, and speaking of him in the second person:
it is generally applied, by that poet, only to men of account
and distinction. Pope's Odyssey; notes.
5. A reckoning verified by finding the value of a thing equal to
what it was accounted.
Considering the usual motives of human actions, which are
pleasure, profit, and ambition, I cannot yet comprehend how
those persons find their account in any of the three.
Swift's Address to Parliament.
6. A reckoning referred to, or sum charged upon any particular
person; and thence, figuratively, regard, consideration, sake.
If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee ought, put that on
my account. Philemon, i. 8.
This must be always remembered, that nothing can come
into the account of recreation, that is not done with delight.
Locke on Education, § 197.
In matters where his judgment led him to oppose men on a
public account, he would do it vigorously and heartily.
Atterbury's Sermons.
The assertion is our Saviour's, though uttered by him in the
person of Abraham, the father of the faithful; who, on the ac­
count of that character, is very fitly introduced. Idem.
These tribunes, a year or two after their institution, kindled
great dissensions between the nobles and the commons, on the
account of Coriolanus, a nobleman, whom the latter had im­
peached. Swift's Contests in Athens and Rome.
Nothing can recommend itself to our love, on any other
account, but either as it promotes our present, or is a means
to assure to us a future happiness. Rogers's Sermon v.
Sempronius gives no thanks on this account. Addison's Cato.
7. A narrative, relation; in this use it may seem to be derived
from conte, Fr. a tale, a narration.
8. The review or examination of an affair taken by authority;
as, the magistrate took an account of the tumult.
Therefore is the kingdom of heaven likened unto a certain
king, which would take account of his servants; and when he
had begun to reckon, one was brought unto him, which owed
him ten thousand talents. Matt. xix. 23, 24.
9. The relation and reasons of a transaction given to a person in
authority.
Fie, my lord, fie! a soldier, and afraid! What need we fear
who knows it, when none can call our power to account?
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The true ground of morality can only be the will and law
of a God, who sees men in the dark, has in his hands rewards
and punishments, and power enough to call to account the
proudest offender. Locke.
10. Explanation; assignment of causes.
It is easy to give account, how it comes to pass, that though
all men desire happiness, yet their wills carry them so contra­
rily. Locke.
It being, in our author's account, a right acquired by beget­
ting, to rule over those he had begotten, it was not a power
possible to be inherited, because the right, being consequent to,
and built on, an act perfectly personal, made that power so too,
and impossible to be inherited. Locke.
11. An opinion concerning things previously established.
These were designed to join with the forces at sea, there be­
ing prepared a number of flat-bottomed boats to transport the
land-forces, under the wing of the great navy: for they made
no account, but that the navy should be absolutely master of the
seas. Bacon's Considerations on War with Spain.
A prodigal young fellow, that had sold his clothes, upon the
sight of a swallow, made account that summer was at hand, and
away went his shirt too. L'Estrange, Fable cxxvii.
12. The reasons of any thing collected.
Being convinced, upon all accounts, that they had the same
reason to believe the history of our Saviour, as that of any
other person to which they themselves were not actually eye­
witnesses, they were bound, by all the rules of historical faith,
and of right reason, to give credit to this history.
Addison on the Christian Religion.
13. In law.
Account is, in the common law, taken for a writ or action
brought against a man, that, by means of office or business un­
dertaken, is to render an account unto another; as, a bailiff to­
ward his master, a guardian to his ward. Cowell.

To ACCO'UNT. v. a.  [See ACCOUNT.]
1. To esteem, to think, to hold in opinion.
That also was accounted a land of giants. Deut.


2. To reckon, to compute.
The calendar months are likewise arbitrarily and unequally
settled by the same power; by which months we, to this day,
account, and they measure, and make up, that which we call the
Julian year. Holder on Time.
3. To give an account, to assign the causes; in which sense it is
followed by the particle for.
If any one should ask, why our general continued so easy to
the last? I know no other way to account for it, but by that
unmeasurable love of wealth, which his best friends allow to
be his predominant passion. Swift.
4. To make up the reckoning; to answer for practices.
Then thou shalt see him plung'd, when least he fears,
At once accounting for his deep arrears. Dryd. Juv. Sat. xiii.
They have no uneasy presages of a future reckoning, wherein
the pleasures they now taste, must be accounted for; and may,
perhaps, be outweighed by the pains, which shall then lay hold
of them. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. To appear as the medium by which any thing may be ex­
plained.
Such as have a faulty circulation through the lungs, ought to
eat very little at a time; because the increase of the quantity
of fresh chyle, must make that circulation still more uneasy;
which, indeed, is the case of consumptive and some asthmatic
persons, and accounts for the symptoms they are troubled with
after eating. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. To assign to, with the particle to.
For some years, really accrued the yearly sum of two hun­
dred thousand pounds to the king's coffers: and it was, in
truth, the only project that was accounted to his own service.
Clarendon.
7. To hold in esteem.
Silver was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon. Chron.

ACCO'UNTABLE. adj.  [from account.] Of whom an account
may be required; who must answer for: followed by the par­
ticle to before the person, and for before the thing.
Accountable to none,
But to my conscience and my God alone. Oldham.
Thinking themselves excused from standing upon their own
legs, or being accountable for their own conduct, they very sel­
dom trouble themselves with enquiries. Locke on Education.
The good magistrate will make no distinction; for the
judgment is God's; and he will look upon himself as account­
able at his bar for the equity of it. Atterbury's Sermons.

ACCOU'NTANT. adj.  [from account.] Accountable to; respon­
sible for.
His offence is so, as it appears
Accountant to the law upon that pain. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
I love her too,
Not out of absolute lust (though, peradventure,
I stand accountant for as great a sin)
But partly led to diet my revenge. Shakespeare's Othello.

ACCOU'NTANT. n. s.  [See ACCOMPTANT.] A computer; a
man skilled or employed in accounts.
The different compute of divers states; the short and irre­
concileable years of some; the exceeding errour in the natural
frame of others; and the false deductions of ordinary accoun­
tants in most. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ACCO'UNT-BOOK. n. s.  A book containing accounts.
I would endeavour to comfort myself upon the loss of friends,
as I do upon the loss of money; by turning to my account­
book, and seeing whether I have enough left for my support.
Swift, Letter lxii.

ACCO'UNTING. n. s.  [from account.] The act of reckoning,
or making up of accounts.
This method faithfully observed, must keep a man from
breaking, or running behind hand in his spiritual estate;
which, without frequent accountings, he will hardly be able to
prevent. South's Sermons.

To ACCO'UPLE. v. a.  [accoupler, Fr.] To join, to link together.
He sent a solemn embassage to treat a peace and league with
the king; accoupling it with an article in the nature of a re­
quest. Bacon's Henry VII.

To ACCO'URAGE. v. a.  [obsolete. See COURAGE.] To
animate.
That forward pair she ever would assuage,
When they would strive due reason to exceed;
But that same froward twain would accourage,
And of her plenty add unto her need. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. ii.

To ACCO'URT. v. a.  [See To COURT.] To entertain with
courtship, or courtesy; a word now not in use.
Who all this while were at their wanton rest,
Accourting each her friend with lavish feast. Fairy Q. b. ii. c. ii.

To ACCOUTRE. v. a.  [accoûter, Fr.] To dress, to equip.
Is it for this they study? to grow pale,
And miss the pleasures of a glorious meal?
For this, in rags accoutred are they seen,
And made the may-game of the public spleen? Dryd. Persius.

ACCO'UTREMENT. n. s.  [accoûtrement, Fr.] Dress, equipage,
furniture relating to the person; trappings, ornaments.
I profess requital to a hair's breadth; not only in the simple
office of love, but in all the accoutrement, complement, and
ceremony of it. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
I have seen the pope officiate at St. Peter's, where, for two
hours together, he was busied in putting on or off his different
accoutrements, according to the different parts he was to act in
them. Addison. Spectator, No 201.
How gay with all th' accoutrements of war,
The Britons come, with gold well-fraught they come. Phil.
Christianity is lost among them, in the trappings and accou­
trements of it; with which, instead of adorning religion, they
have strangely disguised it, and quite stifled it in the croud of
external rites and ceremonies. Tillotson, Sermon xxviii.

ACCRE'TION. n. s.  [accretio, Lat.] The act of growing to
another, so as to encrease it.
Plants do nourish; inanimate bodies do not: they have an
accretion, but no alimentation. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 602.
The changes seem to be effected by the exhaling of the
moisture, which may leave the tinging corpuscles more dense,
and something augmented by the accretion of the oily and
earthy parts of that moisture. Newton's Optics.
Infants support abstinence worst, from the quantity of ali­
ment consumed in accretion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ACCRE'TIVE. adj.  [from accretion.] Growing; that which by
growth is added.
If the motion be very slow, we perceive it not: we have no
sense of the accretive motion of plants and animals: and the
sly shadow steals away upon the dial; and the quickest eye
can discover no more but that it is gone. Glanv. Scepsis Scient.

To ACCRO'ACH. v. a.  [accrocher, Fr.] To draw to one as
with a hook; to gripe, to draw away by degrees what is an­
other's.

ACCRO'ACHMENT. n. s.  [from accroach.] The act of accroach­
ing. Dict.

To ACCRUE. v. n.  [from the participle accrû, formed from
accroître, Fr.] 
1. To accede to, to be added to; as, a natural production or ef­
fect, without any particular respect to good or ill.
The Son of God, by his incarnation, hath changed the
manner of that personal subsistence; no alteration thereby ac­
cruing to the nature of God. Hooker, b. v. § 54.
2. To be added, as an advantage or improvement, in a sense
inclining to good rather than ill; in which meaning it is more
frequently used by later authors.
From which compact there arising an obligation upon every
one, so to convey his meaning, there accrues also a right to
every one, by the same signs, to judge of the sense or meaning
of the person so obliged to express himself. South's Sermons.
Let the evidence of such a particular miracle be never so
bright and clear, yet it is still but particular; and must there­
fore want that kind of force, that degree of influence, which
accrues to a standing general proof, from its having been tried
or approved, and consented to, by men of all ranks and capa­
cities, of all tempers and interests, of all ages and nations.
Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To append to, or arise from; as, an ill consequence; this
sense seems to be less proper.
His scholar Aristotle, as in many other particulars, so like­
wise in this, did justly oppose him, and became one of the au­
thors; choosing a certain benefit, before the hazard that might
accrue from the disrespects of ignorant persons. Wilk. Math. Mag.
4. In a commercial sense, to be produced, or arise; as, profits.
The yearly benefit, that, out of those his works, accrueth to
her majesty, amounteth to one thousand pounds. Carew's Surv.
The great profits which have accrued to the duke of Flo­
rence from his free port, have set several of the states of Italy
on the same subject. Addison on Italy.
5. Sometimes to follow, as loss; but less properly.
The benefit or loss of such a trade accruing to the govern­
ment, until it comes to take root in the nation. Temple's Misc.

ACCUBA'TION. n. s.  [from accubo, to lye down to, Lat.] The
antient posture of leaning at meals.
It will appear, that accubation, or lying down at meals, was
a gesture used by very many nations. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. v.

To ACCU'MB. v. a.  [accumbo, Lat.] To lie at the table, accord­
ing to the ancient manner. Dict.

To ACCU'MULATE. v. a.  [from accumulo, Lat.] To heap
one thing upon another; to pile up, to heap together. It is
used either literally, as, to accumulate money, or, figuratively,
as, to accumulate merit or wickedness.
If thou dost slander her, and torture me,
Never pray more; abandon all remorse;
On horrors head horrors accumulate;
For nothing can'st thou to damnation add. Shakesp. Othello.
Crusht by imaginary treason's weight,
Which too much merit did accumulate. Sir John Denham.

ACCUMULA'TION. n. s.  [from accumulate.] 
1. The act of accumulating.
Some, perhaps, might otherwise wonder at such an accumu­
lation of benefits, like a kind of embroidering, or listing of one
favour upon another. Wotton.
One of my place in Syria, his lieutenant,
For quick accumulation of renown,
Which he atchiev'd by th' minute, lost his favour.
Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.


2. The state of being accumulated.
By the regular returns of it in some people, and their free­
dom from it after the morbid matter is exhausted, it looks as
there were regular accumulations and gatherings of it, as of other
humours in the body, growing perhaps on some people as
corns. Arbuthnot on Diet.

ACCU'MULATIVE. adj.  [from accumulate.] 
1. That which accumulates.
2. That which is accumulated.
If the injury meet not with meekness, it then acquires an­
other accumulative guilt, and stands answerable not only for its
own positive ill, but for all the accidental, which it causes in
the sufferer. Government of the Tongue, § 4.

ACCUMULA'TOR. n. s.  [from accumulate.] He that accumulates;
a gatherer or heaper together.
Injuries may fall upon the passive man, yet there would be
no broils and quarrels, the great accumulators and multipliers of
injuries; which demonstrates how unjustly meekness is charged
with so much as accidental production of them. Decay of Piety.

A'CCURACY. n. s.  [accuratio, Lat.] Exactness, nicety.
The man who hath the stupid ignorance, or hardened ef­
frontery! to insult the revealed will of God; or the petulant
conceit to turn it into ridicule; or the arrogance to make his
own perfections the measure of the Divinity; or, at best, that
can collate a text, or quote an authority, with an insipid accu­
racy; or demonstrate a plain proposition, in all the formality
of A's and B's; these now are the only men worth mention­
ing. Delany.
We consider the uniformity of the whole design, accu­
racy of the calculations, and skill in restoring and comparing
passages of ancient authors. Arbuthnot on Coins, Pref.

A'CCURATE. adj.  [accuratus, Lat.] 
1. Exact, as opposed to negligence or ignorance, applied to per­
sons.
2. Exact, without defect or failure, applied to things.
No man living has made more accurate trials than Reaumure,
that brightest ornament of France. Colson Elements of Nat. Phil.

A'CCURATELY. adv.  [from accurate.] In an accurate manner;
exactly, without errour, nicely.
The sine of incidence is either accurately, or very nearly, in
a given ratio to the sine of refraction. Newt. Opt. ax. v.
That all these distances, motions, and quantities of matter,
should be so accurately and harmoniously adjusted in this great
variety of our system, is above the fortuitous hits of blind ma­
terial causes, and must certainly flow from that eternal fountain
of wisdom. Bentley's Sermons.

A'CCURATENESS. n. s.  [from accurate.] Exactness, nicety.
But sometime after, suspecting that in making this observa­
tion I had not determined the diameter of the sphere with suf­
ficient accurateness, I repeated the experiment. Newton's Opt.

To ACCU'RSE. v. a.  [See CURSE.] To doom to misery; to in­
voke misery upon any one.
As if it were an unlucky comet, or as if God had so ac­
cursed it, that it should never shine to give light in things con­
cerning our duty any way towards him. Hooker, b. iii. § 4.

ACCU'RSED. part. adj. 1. That which is cursed or doomed to misery.
'Tis the most certain sign the world's accurst,
That the best things corrupted are and worst. Denh. Poems.
2. That which deserves the curse; execrable; hateful; detes­
table; and, by consequence, wicked; malignant.
Some holy angel
Fly to the court of England, and unfold
His message ere he come; that a swift blessing
May soon return to this our suffering country,
Under a hand accurs'd! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The chief part of the misery of wicked men, and those ac­
cursed spirits, the devils, is this, that they are of a disposition
contrary to God. Tillotson, Sermon iv.
They, like the seed from which they sprung, accurst,
Against the gods immortal hatred nurst. Dryden's Ovid.

ACCU'SABLE. adj.  [from the verb accuse.] That which may be
censured; blamable; culpable.
There would be a manifest defect, and her improvision justly
accusable; if animals, so subject unto diseases from bilious
causes, should want a proper conveyance for choler.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ACCUSA'TION. n. s.  [from accuse.] 
1. The act of accusing.
Thus they in mutual accusation spent
The fruitless hours, but neither self-condemning,
And of their vain contest appear'd no end. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. The charge brought against any one by the accuser.
You read
These accusations, and these grievous crimes
Committed by your person, and your followers.
Shakespeare's Richard II.
All accusation, in the very nature of the thing, still suppos­
ing, and being founded upon some law: for where there is no
law, there can be no transgression; and where there can be no
transgression, I am sure there ought to be no accusation. South.
3. In the sense of the courts —
A declaration of some crime preferred before a competent
judge, by the intervention of an inscription lawfully made, in
order to inflict some judgment on the guilty person. Ayl. Parer.

ACCU'SATIVE. n. adj.  [accusativus, Lat.] A term of grammar,
signifying the relation of the noun, on which the action im­
plied in the verb terminates.

ACCU'SATORY. adj.  [from accuse.] That which produceth or
containeth an accusation.
In a charge of adultery, the accuser ought to set forth, in
the accusatory libel, some certain and definite time. Ayl. Parerg.

To ACCU'SE. v. a.  [accuso, Lat.] 
1. To charge with a crime. It requires the particle of before the
subject of accusation.
He stripp'd the bears-foot of its leafy growth;
And, calling western winds, accus'd the spring of sloth.
Dryden's Virgil, Georg. iv. l. 205.
The professors are accused of all the ill practices which may
seem to be the ill consequences of their principles. Add. on Italy.
2. It sometimes admits the particle for.
Never send up a leg of a fowl at supper, while there is a cat
or dog in the house, that can be accused for running away with
it: But, if there happen to be neither, you must lay it upon
the rats, or a strange greyhound. Swift's Directions to the Cook.
3. To blame or censure, in opposition to applause or justifica­
tion.
Their conscience bearing witness, and their thoughts the
mean while accusing or else excusing one another. Rom. ii. 15.
Your valour would your sloth too much accuse,
And therefore, like themselves, they princes choose.
Dryden's Tyrannick Love.

ACCU'SER. n. s.  [from accuse.] He that brings a charge against
another.
There are some persons forbidden to be accusers, on the
score of their sex, as women; others, of their age, as pupils
and infants; others, upon the account of some crimes com­
mitted by them; and others, on the score of some filthy lucre
to propose to gain thereby; others, on the score of their con­
ditions, as libertines against their patrons; and others, through
a suspicion of calumny, as having once already given false evi­
dence; and, lastly, others on account of their poverty, as not
being worth more than fifty aurei. Ayliffe's Parergon.
—That good man, who drank the pois'nous draught,
With mind serene, and could not wish to see
His vile accuser drink as deep as he. Dryd. Juv. Sat. xiii.
If the person accused maketh his innocence plainly to ap­
pear upon his trial, the accuser is immediately put to an igno­
minious death; and, out of his goods and lands, the innocent
person is quadruply recompensed. Guliiver's Travels.

To ACCU'STOM. v. a.  [accoûtumer, Fr.] To habituate, to
enure, with the particle to. It is used chiefly of persons.
How shall we breathe in other air
Less pure, accustom'd to immortal fruits? Par. Lost, b. xi.
It has been some advantage to accustom one's self to books of
the same edition. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 17.

ACCU'STOMABLE. adj.  [from accustom.] Of long custom or
habit; habitual, customary.
Animals even of the same original, extraction, and species,
may be diversified by accustomable residence in one climate,
from what they are in another. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ACCU'STOMABLY. adv.  According to custom.
Touching the king's fines accustomably paid for the purchas­
ing of writs original, I find no certain beginning of them, and
do therefore think that they also grew up with the chancery.
Bacon's Alienation.

ACCU'STOMANCE. n. s.  [accoutûmance, Fr.] Custom, habit, use.
Through accustomance and negligence, and perhaps some
other causes, we neither feel it in our own bodies, nor take no­
tice of it in others. Boyle's Works.

ACCU'STOMARILY. adv.  In a customary manner; according
to common or customary practice.

ACCU'STOMARY. adj.  [from accustom.] Usual, practised; ac­
cording to custom.

ACCU'STOMED.  [from accustom.] According to custom; fre­
quent; usual.
Look how she rubs her hands.——It is an accustomed action
with her, to seem thus washing her hands: I have known her
continue in this a quarter of an hour. Shakesp. Macbeth.



ACE

A'CE. n. s.  [As not only signified a piece of money, but any in­
teger, from whence is derived the word ace, or unit. Thus
As signified the whole inheritance. Arbuthnot on Coins.] 
1. An unit; a single point on cards or dice.
When lots are shuffled together in a lap, urn, or pitcher; or
if a man blindfold casts a die, what reason in the world can he
have to presume, that he shall draw a white stone rather than
a black, or throw an ace rather than a sise. South Sermons.
2. A small quantity.
He will not bate an ace of absolute certainty; but however
doubtful or improbable the thing is, coming from him it must
go for an indisputable truth. Government of the Tongue, § 11.


I'll not wag an ace farther: the whole world shall not
bribe me to it. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

ACE'PHALOUS. n. a.  [ἀϰέφαλος, Gr.] Without a head. Dict.

ACE'RB. adj.  [acerbus, Lat.] Acid, with an addition of rough­
ness, as most fruits are before they are ripe. Quincy.

ACE'RBITY. n. s.  [acerbitas, Lat.] 
1. A rough sower taste.
2. Applied to men, sharpness of temper; severity.
True it is, that the talents for criticism, namely, smartness,
quick censure, vivacity of remark, indeed all but acerbity, seem
rather the gifts of youth than of old age. Pope's Intr. to Dun.

To ACE'RVATE. v. a.  [acervo, Lat.] To heap up. Dict.

ACERVA'TION. n. s.  [from acervate.] The act of heaping to­
gether.

ACE'RVOSE. adj.  Full of heaps. Dict.

ACE'SCENT. adj.  [acescens, Lat.] That which has a tendency to
sourness or acidity.
The same persons, perhaps, had enjoyed their health as well
with a mixture of animal diet, qualified with a sufficient quan­
tity of acescents; as, bread, vinegar, and fermented liquors.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ACETO'SE. adj.  That which has in it acids or vinegar.
Dict.

ACETO'SITY. n. s.  [from acetose.] The state of being acetose, or
of containing vinegar. Dict.

ACE'TOUS. adj.  [from acetum, vinegar, Lat.] Having the qua­
lity of vinegar, sour.
Raisins, which consist chiefly of the juice of grapes, inspis­
sated in the skins or husks by the avolation of the superfluous
moisture through their pores, being distilled in a retort, did not
afford any vinous, but rather an acetous spirit. Boyle of Spirits.

ACHE. n. s.  [ace, Sax. ἄχος, Gr. now generally written ake, and
in the plural akes, of one syllable; the primitive manner being
preserved chiefly in poetry, for the sake of the measure.] 
A continued pain. See AKE.
I'll rack thee with old cramps;
Fill all thy bones with aches, make thee roar,
That beasts shall tremble at thy din. Shakespeare's Tempest.
A coming show'r your shooting corns presage,
Old aches throb, your hollow tooth will urge. Swift's Misc.

To ACHE. v. n.  [See ACHE.] To be in pain.
Upon this account, our senses are dulled and spent by any
extraordinary intention, and our very eyes will ache, if long
fixed upon any difficultly discerned object. Glanv. Scepsis, c. xiv.

To ACHI'EVE. v. a.  [achever, Fr. to complete.] 
1. To perform, to finish a design prosperously.
Our toils, my friends, are crown'd with sure success:
The greater part perform'd, achieve the less. Dryd. Æneid.
2. To gain, to obtain.
Experience is by industry achiev'd,
And perfected by the swift course of time.
Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio,
If I achieve not this young modest girl.
Shakespeare's Taming the Shrew.
Thou hast achiev'd our liberty, confin'd
Within hell-gates till now. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii. l. 368.
Show all the spoils by valiant kings achiev'd,
And groaning nations by their arms reliev'd. Prior.

An ACHI'EVER. n. s.  He that performs; he that obtains what
he endeavours after.
A victory is twice itself, when the achiever brings home full
numbers. Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.

An ACHI'EVEMENT. n. s.  [achevement, Fr.] 
1. The performance of an action.
From every coast that heaven walks about,
Have thither come the noble martial crew,
That famous hard achievements still pursue. Fairy Queen, b. i.
2. The escutcheon, or ensigns armorial, granted to any man for
the performance of great actions.
Then shall the war, and stern debate, and strife
Immortal, be the bus'ness of my life;
And in thy fane, the dusty spoils among,
High on the burnish'd roof, my banner shall be hung;
Rank'd with my champions bucklers, and below
With arms revers'd, th' achievements of the foe. Dryd. Fab.
Achievement, in the first sense, is derived from achive, as it signi­
fies to perform; in the second, from achieve, as it imports to
gain.

ACHOR. n. s.  [achor, Lat. ἀχὼϱ, Gr. furfur.] 
A species of the herpes; it appears with a crusty scab, which
causes an itching on the surface of the head, occasioned by a salt
sharp serum oozing through the skin. Quincy.


ACI

A'CID. adj.  [acidus, Lat. acide, Fr.] Sour, sharp.
Wild trees last longer than garden trees; and in the same
kind, those whose fruit is acid, more than those whose fruit is
sweet. Bacon's Natural History, No 585.
Acid, or sour, proceeds from a salt of the same nature, with­
out mixture of oil; in austere tastes the oily parts have not dis­
entangled themselves from the salts and earthy parts; such is
the taste of unripe fruits. Arbuthnot on aliments.
Liquors and substances are called acids, which being com­
posed of pointed particles, affect the taste in a sharp and pierc­
ing manner. The common way of trying, whether any parti­
cular liquor hath in it any particles of this kind, is by mixing it
with syrup of violets, which it will turn of a red colour; but
if it contains alkaline or lixivial particles, it changes that syrup
green. Quincy.

ACI'DITY. n. s.  [from acid.] The quality of being acid; an
acid taste; sharpness; sourness.
Fishes, by the help of a dissolvent liquor, corrode and reduce
their meats, skin, bones, and all, into a chylus or cremor; and
yet this liquor manifests nothing of acidity to the taste.
Ray on the Creation.
When the taste of the mouth is bitter, it is a sign of a redun­
dance of a bilious alkali, and demands a quite different diet from
the case of acidity or sourness. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

A'CIDNESS. n. s.  [from acid.] The quality of being acid; aci­
dity. See ACIDITY.

ACI'DULÆ. n. s.  [that is, aquæ acidula.] 
Medicinal springs impregnated with sharp particles, as all
the nitrous, chalybeate, and alum-springs are. Quincy.
The acidulæ, or medical springs, emit a greater quantity of
their minerals than usual; and even the ordinary springs, which
were before clear, fresh and limpid, become thick and turbid,
and are impregnated with sulphur and other minerals, as long as
the earthquake lasts. Woodward's Natural History, p. 4.

To ACI'DULATE. v. a.  [aciduler, Fr.] To impregnate or tinge
with acids in a slight degree.
The muriatic scurvy is evidently a diet of fresh unsalted
things, watery liquors acidulated, farinaccous emollient sub­
stances, sour milk, butter, and acid fruits. Arbuthnot on Alim.


ACO

To ACKNO'WLEDGE. v. a.  [a word formed, as it seems,
between the Latin and English, from agnosco, and knowledge,
which is deduced from the Saxon, cna&wyn;an, to know.] 
1. To own the knowledge of; to own any thing or person in a
particular character.
My people do already know my mind,
And will acknowledge you and Jessica,
In place of lord Bassanio and myself. Shakesp. Mer. of Ven.
None that acknowledge God, or providence,
Their souls eternity did ever doubt. Sir John Davies.
2. To confess; as, a fault.
For I acknowledge my transgressions; and my sin is ever be­
fore me. Psalm li. 3.
3. To own; as, a benefit; sometimes with the particle to before
the person conferring the benefit.
His spirit
Taught them; but they his gifts acknowledg'd not. Par. Lost.
In the first place, therefore, I thankfully acknowledge to the
Almighty power the assistance he has given me in the beginning,
and the prosecution of my present studies. Dryden's Æneis.

ACKNO'WLEDGING. adj.  [from acknowledge.] Grateful; ready
to acknowledge benefits received.
He has shewn his hero acknowledging and ungrateful, com­
passionate and hard-hearted; but, at the bottom, fickle and
self-interested. Dryden's Virgil, Dedication.

ACKNO'WLEDGMENT. n. s.  [from acknowledge.] 
1. Concession of any character in another; as, existence, supe­
riority.
The due contemplation of the human nature doth, by a ne­
cessary connexion and chain of causes, carry us up to the un­
avoidable acknowledgment of the Deity; because it carries every
thinking man to an original of every successive individual.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Concession of the truth of any position.
Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the christian faith,
the eunuch was baptized by Philip. Hooker, b. iii. § 1.
3. Confession of a fault.
4. Confession of a benefit received; gratitude.
5. Act of attestation to any concession; such as homage.
There be many wide countries in Ireland, in which the laws
of England were never established, nor any acknowledgment of
subjection made. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The second is an acknowledgment to his majesty for the leave
of fishing upon his coasts; and though this may not be grounded
upon any treaty, yet, if it appear to be an ancient right on our
side, and custom on theirs, not determined or extinguished by
any treaty between us, it may with justice be insisted on.
Temple's Miscellanies.

A'CME. n. s.  [ἄϰμη, Gr.] 
The height of any thing; more especially used to denote the
height of a distemper, which is divided into four periods. 1.
The arche, the beginning or first attack. 2. Anabasis, the
growth. 3. Acme, the height. And, 4. Paracme, which is
the declension of the distemper. Quincy.

ACO'LOTHIST. n. s.  [αϰολουϑέω, Gr.] One of the lowest order
in the Romish church, whose office is to prepare the elements
for the offices, to light the church, &c.
In the Romish communion it is duty, according to the papal
law, when the bishop sings mass, to order all the inferior clergy
to appear in their proper habits; and to see that all the offices
of the church be rightly performed; to ordain the acolothist, to
keep the sacred vessels, &c. Ayliffe's Parergon.



A'COLYTE. n. s.  The same with ACOLOTHIST.

A'CONITE. n. s.  [aconitum, Lat.] Properly the herb wolfs-bane,
but commonly used in poetical language for poison in general.
Our land is from the rage of tygers freed,
Nor nourishes the lion's angry seed;
Nor pois'nous aconite is here produc'd,
Or grows unknown, or is, when known, refus'd. Dryd. Virg.
Despair, that aconite does prove,
And certain death to others, love,
That poison never yet withstood,
Does nourish mine, and turns to blood. Granville's Poems.

A'CORN. n. s.  [Æcern, Sax. from ac, an oak, and corn, corn or
grain; that is, the grain of the oak.] 
The seed or fruit born by the oak.
What roots old-age contracteth into errours, and how such
as are but acorns in our younger brows, grow oaks in our older
heads, and become inflexible. Brown's Pref. to Vulgar Errours.
Content with food which nature freely bred,
On wildings and on strawberries they fed;
Cornels and bramble-berries gave the rest,
And falling acorns furnish'd out a feast. Dryden's Ovid.
He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up under an
oak, or the apples he gathered from the trees in the wood, has
certainly appropriated them to himself. Locke.

ACO'USTICKS. n. s.  [Ἀϰουϛιϰὰ, of ἁϰούω, Gr. to hear.] 
1. The doctrine or theory of sounds.
2. Medicines to help the hearing. Quincy.



ACQ

To ACQUA'INT. v. a.  [accointer, Fr.] 
1. To make familiar with; applied either to persons or things.
We that acquaint ourselves with ev'ry zone,
And pass the tropicks, and behold each pole;
When we come home, are to ourselves unknown,
And unacquainted still with our own soul. Sir J. Davies.
There with thee, new welcome saint,
Like fortunes may her soul acquaint;
With thee there clad in radiant sheen. Mil. on March. Win.
Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be
acquainted with it. Locke on Education, § 171.
Acquaint yourselves with things ancient and modern, natu­
ral, civil, and religious, domestic and national; things of your
own and foreign countries; and, above all, be well acquainted
with God and yourselves; learn animal nature, and the work­
ings of your own spirits. Watts's Logick.
2. To inform.
But for some other reasons, my grave Sir,
Which is not fit you know, I not acquaint
My father of this business. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
I have lately received a letter from a friend in the country,
wherein he acquaints me, that two or three men of the town
are got among them, and have brought down particular words
and phrases, which were never before in those parts. Tatler.

ACQUA'INTANCE. n. s.  [accointance, Fr.] 
1. The state of being acquainted with; familiarity, knowledge.
It is applied as well to persons as things, with the particle
with.
Nor was his acquaintance less with the famous poets of his
age, than with the noblemen and ladies. Dryd.
Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer
acquaintance with him; and we seldom hear of a celebrated
person, without a catalogue of some notorious weaknesses and
infirmities. Addis. Spectator, No 256.
Would we be admitted into an acquaintance with God: let
us study to resemble him. We must be partakers of a divine
nature, in order to partake of this high privilege and alliance.
Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Familiar knowledge, simply without a preposition.
Brave soldier, pardon me,
That any accent breaking from my tongue,
Should 'scape the true acquaintance of mine ear. Shak. K. John.
This keeps the understanding long in converse with an ob­
ject, and long converse brings acquaintance. South's Sermons.
In what manner he lived with those who were of his neigh­
bourhood and acquaintance, how obliging his carriage was to
them, what kind offices he did, and was always ready to do
them, I forbear particularly to say. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. A slight or initial knowledge, short of friendship, as applied to
persons.
I hope I am pretty near seeing you, and therefore I would
cultivate an acquaintance; because if you do not know me
when we meet, you need only keep one of my letters, and
compare it with my face; for my face and letters are counter­
parts of my heart. Swift to Pope, Letter xii.
A long noviciate of acquaintance should precede the vows of
friendship. Bolingbroke.
4. The person with whom we are acquainted; him of whom we
have some knowledge, without the intimacy of friendship.
In this sense, the plural is, in some authors, acquaintance, in others acquaintances.
But she, all vow'd unto the red-cross knight,
His wand'ring peril closely did lament,
Ne in this new acquaintance could delight,
But her dear heart with anguish did torment. F. Queen, b. i.
That young men travel under some tutor, I allow well, so
that he be such a one that may be able to tell them, what ac­
quaintances they are to seek, what exercises or discipline the
place yieldeth. Bacon, Essay xix.
This, my lord, has justly acquired you as many friends, as
there are persons who have the honour to be known to you;
meer acquaintance you have none, you have drawn them all in­
to a nearer line; and they who have conversed with you, are
for ever after inviolably yours. Dryd. Juvenal, Dedicat.
We see he is ashamed of his nearest acquaintances.
Boyle against Bentley.

ACQUA'INTED.  [from acquaint.] Familiar, well known; not
new.
Now call we our high court of parliament;
That war or peace, or both at once, may be
As things acquainted and familiar to us. Shakesp. Henry IV.

ACQU'EST. n. s.  [acquest, Fr. from acquerir, written by some
acquist, with a view to the word acquire, or acquisita.] 
Attachment, acquisition; the thing gained.
New acquests are more burden than strength. Bac. Hen. VII.
Mud, reposed near the ostia of those rivers, makes continual
additions to the land, thereby excluding the sea, and preserving
these shells as trophies and signs of its new acquests and en­
croachments. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. i.

To ACQUIE'SCE. v. n.  [acquiescer, Fr. acquiescere, Lat.] To
rest in, or remain satisfied with, without opposition or discon­
tent.
Neither a bare approbation of, nor a mere wishing, nor un­
active complacency in; nor, lastly, a natural inclination to
things virtuous and good, can pass before God for a man's
willing of such things; and, consequently, if men, upon this
account, will needs take up and acquiesce in an airy ungrounded
persuasion, that they will those things which really they not
will, they fall thereby into a gross and fatal delusion. South.
He hath employed his transcendent wisdom and power, that
by these he might make way for his benignity, as the end
wherein they ultimately acquiesce. Grow's Cosmolog. Sac. b. i.

ACQUIE'SCENCE. n. s.  [from acquiesce] 
1. A silent appearance of content, distinguished on one side from
avowed consent, on the other from opposition.
Neither from any of the nobility, nor of the clergy, who
were thought most averse from it, there appeared any sign of
contradiction to that; but an entire acquiescence in all the bi­
shops thought fit to do. Clarendon.
2. Satisfaction, rest, content.
Many indeed have given over their pursuits after same, either
from disappointment, or from experience of the little pleasure
which attends it, or the better informations or natural coldness
of old-age; but seldom from a full satisfaction and acquiescence
in their present enjoyments of it. Addis. Spectator, No 256.
3. Submission.
The greatest part of the world take up their persuasions
concerning good and evil, by an implicit faith, and a full ac­
quiescence in the word of those, who shall represent things to
them under these characters. South's Sermons.

ACQUI'RABLE. adj.  [from acquire.] That which may be ac­
quired or obtained; attainable.
Those rational instincts, the connate principles engraven in
the human soul, though they are truths acquirable and dedu­
cible by rational consequence and argumentation, yet they seem
to be inscribed in the very crasis and texture of the soul, ante­
cedent to any acquisition by industry or the exercise of the dis­
cursive faculty in man. Hales's Origin of Mankind.
If the powers of cogitation and volition, and sensation, are
neither inherent in matter as such, nor acquirable to matter by
any motion or modification of it; it necessarily follows, that
they proceed from some cogitative substance, some incorporeal
inhabitant within us, which we call spirit and soul. Bentley.

To ACQU'IRE. v. a.  [acquerir, Fr. acquiro, Lat.] To gain
by one's own labour or power; to obtain what is not received
from nature, or transmitted by inheritance.
I've done enough. A lower place not well,
May make too great an act: for learn this, Silius,
Better to leave undone, than by our deed
Acquire too high a fame, while he, we serve, 's away.
Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.

ACQU'IRED. particip. adj.  [from acquire.] Gained by one's self,
in opposition to those things which are bestowed by nature.
We are seldom at ease, and free enough from the solicitation
of our natural or adopted desires; but a constant succession of
uneasinesses, out of that stock, which natural wants, or acquired
habits, have heaped up, take the will in their turns. Locke.

An ACQUI'RER. n. s.  [from acquire.] The person that acquires;
a gainer.

An ACQUI'REMENT. n. s.  [from acquire.] That which is ac­
quired; gain; attainment. The word may be properly used
in opposition to the gifts of nature.
These his acquirements, by industry, were exceedingly both
enriched and enlarged by many excellent endowments of na­
ture. Hayward on Edward VI.
By a content and acquiescence in every species of truth, we


embrace the shadow thereof: or so much as may palliate its
just and substantial acquirements. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
It is very difficult to lay down rules for the acquirement of
such a taste as that I am here speaking of. The faculty must,
in some degree, be born with us. Addison. Spectator, No 409.

ACQUISI'TION. n. s.  [acquisitio, Lat.] 
1. The act of acquiring or gaining.
Each man has but a limited right to the good things of the
world; and the natural allowed way, by which he is to com­
pass the possession of these things, is by his own industrious ac­
quisition of them. South's Sermons.
2. The thing gained; acquirement.
Great Sir, all acquisition
Of glory as of empire, here I lay before
Your royal feet. Denham's Sophy.
A state can never arrive to its period in a more deplorable
crisis, than when some prince lies hovering like a vulture to
dismember its dying carcase; by which means it becomes only
an acquisition to some mighty monarchy, without hopes of a re­
surrection. Swift on the Dissensions in Athens and Rome.

ACQU'ISITIVE. adj.  [acquisitivus, Lat.] That which is acquired
or gained.
He died not in his acquisitive but in his native soil; nature
herself, as it were, claiming a final interest in his body, when
fortune had done with him. Wotton.

ACQU'IST. n. s.  [See ACQUEST.] Acquirement; attainment;
gain.
His servant he with new acquist
Of true experience from this great event,
With peace and consolation hath dismist. M. Sampson Agon.

To ACQU'IT. v. a.  [acquiter, Fr. See QUIT.] 
1. To set free.
Ne do I wish (for wishing were but vain)
To be acquit from my continual smart;
But joy her thrall for ever to remain,
And yield for pledge my poor captived heart. Spens. Son. xlii.
2. To clear from a charge of guilt; to absolve; opposed to con­
demn, either simply with an accusative, as, the jury acquitted
him, or with the particles from or of, which is more common,
before the crime.
If I sin, then thou markest me, and thou wilt not acquit me
from mine iniquity. Job, x. 14.
By the suffrage of the most and best he is already acquitted,
and, by the sentence of some, condemned.
Dryden's Conquest of Granada, Dedic.
He that judges, without informing himself to the utmost that
he is capable, cannot acquit himself of judging amiss. Locke.
Neither do I reflect upon the memory of his majesty, whom
I entirely acquit of any imputation upon this matter. Swift.
3. To clear from any obligation.
Steady to my principles, and not dispirited with my afflic­
tions, I have, by the blessing of God on my endeavours, over­
come all difficulties; and, in some measure, acquitted myself
of the debt which I owed the publick, when I undertook this
work. Dryden.
4. In a similar sense, it is said, The man hath acquitted himself well;
that is, he discharged his duty.

ACQU'ITMENT. n. s.  [from acquit.] The state of being acquit­
ted; or act of acquitting.
The word imports properly an acquitment or discharge of a
man upon some precedent accusation, and a full trial and cog­
nizance of his cause had thereupon. South's Sermons.

ACQU'ITTAL, n. s.  in law, is a deliverance and setting free from
the suspicion or guiltiness of an offence. Cowell.
The constant design of both these orators, was to drive
some one particular point, either the condemnation or acquittal
of an accused person, a persuasive to war, and the like. Swift.

To ACQU'ITTANCE. v. n.  To procure an acquittance; to
acquit; a word not in present use.
But if black scandal and foul-fac'd reproach,
Attend the sequel of your imposition,
Your meer enforcement shall acquittance me
From all the impure blots and stains thereof. Shak. Rich. III.

ACQU'ITTANCE. n. s.  [from acquit.] 
1. The act of discharging from a debt.
But soon shall find
Forbearance, no acquittance, ere day end
Justice shall not return, as beauty, scorn'd. Par. Lost, b. x.
2. A writing testifying the receipt of a debt.
You can produce acquittances
For such a sum, from special officers
Of Charles his father. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
They quickly pay their debt, and then
Take no acquittances, but pay again. Donne.
They had got a worse trick than that; the same man
bought and sold to himself, paid the money, and gave the acquit­
tance. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.



ACR

A'CRE. n. s.  [Æcre, Sax.] A quantity of land containing in
length forty perches, and four in breadth, or four thousand eight
hundred and forty square yards. Dict.
Search ev'ry acre in the high-grown field,
And bring him to our eye. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

A'CRID. adj.  [acer, Lat.] Of a hot biting taste; bitter, so as to
leave a painful heat upon the organs of taste.
Bitter and acrid differ only by the sharp particles of the first,
being involved in a greater quantity of oil than those of the
last. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ACRIMO'NIOUS. adj.  Abounding with acrimony; sharp; cor­
rosive.
If gall cannot be rendered acrimonious, and bitter of itself,
then whatever acrimony or amaritude redounds in it, must be
from the admixture of melancholy. Harvey on Consumptions.

A'CRIMONY. n. s.  [acrimonia, Lat.] 
1. Sharpness, corrosiveness.
There be plants that have a milk in them when they are cut;
as, figs, old lettuce, sow-thistles, spurge, &c. The cause may
be an inception of putrefaction: for those milks have all an
acrimony, though one would think they should be lenitive.
Bacon's Natural History, No 639.
The chymists define salt, from some of its properties, to be
a body fusible in the fire, congealable again by cold into brittle
glebes or crystals, soluble in water, so as to disappear, not
malleable, and having something in it which affects the organs
of taste with a sensation of acrimony or sharpness.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Sharpness of temper, severity, bitterness of thought or lan­
guage.
This made John the Baptist set himself, with so much acri­
mony and indignation, to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit
of theirs, which made them huff at the doctrine of repentance,
as a thing below them, and not at all belonging to them. South.

A'CRITUDE. n. s.  [from acrid.] An acrid taste; a biting heat on
the palate.
Green vitriol, mixed with some rays of a pale blue, from
the same place; with its astringent and sweetish tastes, is joined
some acritude. Grew's Musæum.

ACROAMA'TICAL. adj.  [ἀϰϱοάομαι, Gr. I bear.] Of or pertain­
ing to deep learning; the opposite of exoterical.

ACROA'TICKS. n. s.  [Ἀϰϱοατιϰὰ, Gr.] Aristotle's lectures on the
more nice and principal parts of philosophy, to whom none but
friends and scholars were admitted by him.

ACRO'NYCAL. adj.  [from ἄϰϱος, summus, and νὺξ, nox; importing
the beginning of night.] A term of astronomy, applied to the
stars, of which the rising and setting is called acronycal, when
they either appear above or sink below the horizon at the time
of sunset. It is opposed to cosmical.

ACRO'NYCALLY. adv.  [from acronycal.] At the acronycal time.
He is tempestuous in the summer, when he rises heliacally,
and rainy in the winter, when he rises acronycally.
Dryden's Æneid, Dedicat.

A'CROSPIRE. n. s.  [from ἄϰϱος and σπεῖϱα, Gr.] A shoot or sprout
from the end of seeds before they are put in the ground.
Many corns will smilt, or have their pulp turned into a sub­
stance like thick cream; and most of those which come with­
out extraordinary pains, will send forth their substance in an
acrospire. Mort. Husbandry.

A'CROSPIRED. part. adj.  Having sprouts, or having shot out.
For want of turning, when the malt is spread on the floor,
it comes and sprouts at both ends, which is called acrospired, and
is fit only for swine. Mort. Husbandry.

ACRO'SS. adv.  [from a for at, or the French à, as it is used in
&agrave travers, and cross.] Athwart, laid over something so as to
cross it.
The harp hath the concave not along the strings, but across
the strings; and no harp hath the found so melting and pro­
longed as the Irish harp. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 223.
This view'd, but not enjoy'd, with arms across,
He stood, reflecting on his country's loss. Dryd. Fables.
There is a set of artisans, who, by the help of several poles,
which they lay across each others shoulders, build themselves up
into a kind of pyramid; so that you see a pile of men in the air
of four or five rows rising one above another. Addis. on Italy.

An ACRO'STICK. n. s.  [from ἂϰϱος and ϛίχος, Gr.] A poem in
which the first letter of every line being taken, makes up the
name of the person or thing on which the poem is written.

ACRO'STICK. adj. 1. That which relates to an acrostick.
2. That which contains acrosticks.
Leave writing plays, and choose for thy command
Some peaceful province in acrostick land:
There thou may'st wings display, and altars raise,
And torture one poor word ten thousand ways. Dryden.

A'CROTERS, or ACROTERIA. n. s.  [In architecture; from
ὄϰϱον, Gr. the extremity of any body.] Little pedestals with­
out bases, placed at the middle and the two extremes of pedi­
ments, sometimes serving to support statues.



ACT

To ACT. v. a.  [ago, actum, Lat.] 
1. To be in action, not to rest.
He hangs between in doubt to act or rest. Pope's Ess. on Man.
2. To perform the proper functions.
Albeit the will is not capable of being compelled to any of
its actings, yet it is capable of being made to act with more or
less difficulty, according to the different impressions it receives
from motives or objects. South's Sermons.


3. To practise the arts or duties of life; to conduct one's self.
'Tis plain, that she who, for a kingdom now,
Would sacrifice her love, and break her vow,
Not out of love, but interest, acts alone,
And would, ev'n in my arms, lie thinking of a throne.
Dryden's Conquest of Granada.
The desire of happiness, and the constraint it puts upon us to
act for it, no body accounts an abridgment of liberty. Locke.
The splendour of his office, is the token of that sacred cha­
racter which he inwardly bears: and one of these ought con­
stantly to put him in mind of the other, and excite him to act
up to it, through the whole course of his administration.
Atterbury's Sermons.
It is our part and duty to co-operate with this grace, vigo­
rously to exert those powers, and act up to those advantages to
which it restores us. He has given eyes to the blind, and feet
to the lame. Rogers's Sermons.
4. To bear a borrowed character, as, a stage-player.
Honour and shame from no condition rise;
Act well your part, there all the honour lies.
Pope's Essay on Man, ep. 4. l. 193.
5. To counterfeit; to feign by action.
His former trembling once again renew'd,
With acted fear the villain thus pursu'd. Dryd. Æneid. 2.
6. To produce effects in some passive subject.
Hence 'tis we wait the wond'rous cause to find
How body acts upon impassive mind. Garth's Dispensary.
The stomach, the intestines, the muscles of the lower belly,
all act upon the aliment; besides, the chyle is not sucked, but
squeezed into the mouths of the lacteals, by the action of the
fibres of the guts. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
7. To actuate; to put in motion; to regulate the movements.
Most people in the world are acted by levity and humour, by
strange and irrational changes. South's Sermons.
Perhaps they are as proud as Lucifer, as covetous as Demas,
as false as Judas, and, in the whole course of their conversa­
tion, act, and are acted, not by devotion, but design. Idem.
We suppose two distinct incommunicable consciousnesses
acting the same body, the one constantly by day, the other
by night; and, on the other side, the same consciousness acting
by intervals two distinct bodies. Locke.

ACT. n. s.  [actum, Lat.] 
1. Something done; a deed; an exploit, whether good or ill.
I've done enough. A lower place, not well,
May make too great an act: for learn this, Silius,
Better to leave undone than by our deed
Acquire too high a fame, when he, we serve, 's away.
Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
The conscious wretch must all his acts reveal;
Loth to confess, unable to conceal;
From the first moment of his vital breath,
To his last hour of unrepenting death. Dryd. Æneid vi.
2. Agency; the power of producing an effect.
I will try the forces
Of these thy compounds on such creatures as
We count not worth the hanging; but none human;
To try the vigour of them, and apply
Allayments to their act; and by them gather
Their several virtues and effects. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
3. Action; the performance of exploits; production of effects.
'Tis so much in your nature to do good, that your life is but
one continued act of placing benefits on many, as the sun is
always carrying his light to some part or other of the world.
Dryden's Fables, Dedicat.
Who forth from nothing call'd this comely frame,
His will and act, his word and work the same. Prior.
4. The doing of some particular thing; a step taken; a measure
executed.
This act persuades me,
That this remotion of the duke and her,
Is practice only. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. A state of action.
The seeds of herbs and plants at the first are not in act, but
in possibility that which they afterwards grow to be. Hooker.
God alone excepted, who actually and everlastingly is what­
soever he may be, and which cannot hereafter be that which
now he is not; all other things besides are somewhat in possi­
bility, which as yet they are not in act. Hooker, b. i.
Sure they're conscious
Of some intended mischief, and are fled
To put it into act. Denham's Sophy.
Her legs were buskin'd, and the left before;
In act to shoot, a silver bow she bore. Dryd. Fables.
6. A part of a play, during which the action proceeds without
interruption.
Many never doubt but the whole condition required by
Christ, the repentance he came to preach, will, in that last
scene of their last act, immediately before the exit, be as op­
portunely and acceptably performed, as at any other point of
their lives. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Five acts are the just measure of a play. Roscommon.
7. A decree of a court of justice, or edict of a legislature.
They make edicts for usury to support usurers, repeal daily
any wholesome act established against the rich, and provide
more piercing statutes daily to chain up and restrain the poor.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
You that are king, though he do wear the crown,
Have caus'd him, by new act of parliament,
To blot out me. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
8. Record of judicial proceedings.
Judicial acts are all those matters, which relate to judicial
proceedings; and being reduced into writing by a publick no­
tary, are recorded by the authority of the judge.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

A'CTION. n. s.  [action, Fr. actio, Lat.] 
1. The quality or state of acting, opposite to rest.
O noble English, that could entertain
With half their forces the full power of France;
And let another half stand laughing by,
All out of work, and cold for action. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. An act or thing done; a deed.
This action, I now go on,
Is for my better grace. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
God never accepts a good inclination instead of a good ac­
tion, where that action may be done; nay, so much the con­
trary, that, if a good inclination be not seconded by a good
action, the want of that action is made so much the more cri­
minal and inexcusable. South's Sermons.
3. Agency, operation.
It is better therefore, that the earth should move about its
own center, and make those useful vicissitudes of night and
day, than expose always the same side to the action of the sun.
Bentley's Sermons.
He has settled laws, and laid down rules, conformable to
which natural bodies are governed in their actions upon one an­
other. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
4. The series of events represented in a fable.
This action should have three qualifications. First, it should
be but one action; secondly, it should be an entire action; and,
thirdly, it should be a great action. Addis. Spectat. No 267.
5. Gesticulation; the accordance of the motions of the body
with the words spoken; a part of oratory.
—He that speaks doth gripe the hearer's wrist,
While he that hears makes fearful action
With wrinkled brows. Shakesp. King John.
Our oratours are observed to make use of less gesture or ac­
tion than those of other countries. Addison. Spectat. No 407.
6. [In law.] It is used with the preposition against before the per­
son, and for before the thing.
Actions are personal, real, and mixt: action personal be­
longs to a man against another, by reason of any contract, of­
fence, or cause, of like force with a contract or offence made
or done by him or some other, for whose fact he is to answer.
Action real is given to any man against another, that possesses
the thing required or sued for in his own name, and no other
man's. Action mixt is that which lies as well against or for the
thing which we seek, as against the person that hath it; called
mixt, because it hath a mixt respect both to the thing and to the
person.
Action is divided into civil, penal, and mixt. Action civil is
that which tends only to the recovery of that which is due to
us; as, a sum of money formerly lent. Action penal is that
which aims at some penalty or punishment in the party sued,
be it corporal or pecuniary: as, in common law, the next
friends of a man feloniously slain shall pursue the law against
the murderer. Action mixt is that which seeks both the thing
whereof we are deprived, and a penalty also for the unjust de­
taining of the same.
Action upon the case, is an action given for redress of wrongs
done without force against any man, by law not specially pro­
vided for.
Action upon the statute, is an action brought against a man up­
on breach of a statute. Cowell.
There was never man could have a juster action against filthy
fortune than I, since all other things being granted me, her
blindness is the only lett. Sidney.
For our reward then,
First, all our debts are paid; dangers of law,
Actions, decrees, judgments, against us quitted.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
7. In the plural, in France, the same as stocks in England.

A'CTIONABLE. adj.  [from action.] That which admits an action
in law to be brought against it; punishable.
After he had been thus, as a man would think, quite extin­
guished, his process was formed; whereby he was found guilty
of nought else, that I could learn, which was actionable, but of
ambition. Howel's Vocal Forest.

A'CTIONARY, or A'CTIONIST. n. s.  [from action.] One that
has a share in actions or stocks.

A'CTION-TAKING. adj.  Accustomed to resent by means of law;
litigious.
A knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats, a filthy wor­
sted-stocking knave; a lily-liver'd action-taking knave.
Shakespeare's King Lear.

ACTITA'TION. n. s.  [from actito, Lat.] Action quick and fre­
quent. Dict.



To A'CTIVATE. v. a.  [from active.] To make active. This
word is perhaps used only by the author alleged.
As snow and ice, especially being holpen, and their cold ac­
tivated by nitre or salt, will turn water into ice, and that in a
few hours; so it may be, it will turn wood or stiff clay into
stone, in longer time. Bacon's Nat. History, No 83.

A'CTIVE. adj.  [activus, Lat.] 
1. That which has the power or quality of acting.
These particles have not only a vis inertiæ, accompanied
with such passive laws of motion, as naturally result from that
force, but also they are moved by certain active principles,
such as is that of gravity, and that which causes fermentation,
and the cohesion of bodies. Newton's Opticks.
2. That which acts, opposed to passive, or that which suffers.
— When an even flame two hearts did touch,
His office was indulgently to fit
Actives to passives, correspondency
Only his subject was. Donne.
If you think that by multiplying the additaments in the
same proportion, that you multiply the ore, the work will fol­
low, you may be deceived: for quantity in the passive will
add more resistance than the quantity in the active will add
force. Bacon's Physical Remains.
3. Busy, engaged in action; opposed to idle or sedentary, or any
state of which the duties are performed only by the mental
powers.
'Tis virtuous action that must praise bring forth,
Without which, slow advice is little worth;
Yet they who give good counsel, praise deserve,
Though in the active part they cannot serve. Sir J. Denham.
4. Practical; not merely theoretical.
The world hath had in these men fresh experience, how
dangerous such active errors are. Hooker, Preface.
5. Nimble; agile; quick.
Some bend the stubborn bow for victory;
And some with darts their active sinews try. Dryd. Æn. vii.
6. In grammar.
A verb active is that which signifies action, as does, I teach.
Clarke's Latin Grammar.

A'CTIVELY. adv.  [from active.] In an active manner; busily;
nimbly. In an active signification; as, the word is used actively.

A'CTIVENESS. n. s.  [from active.] The quality of being active;
quickness; nimbleness. This is a word more rarely used than
activity.
What strange agility and activeness do our common tumblers
and dancers on the rope attain to, by continual exercise?
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

ACTI'VITY. n. s.  [from active.] The quality of being active,
applied either to things or persons.
Salt put to ice, as in the producing of the artificial ice, in­
creaseth the activity of cold. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 73.
Our adversary will not be idle, though we are; he watches
every turn of our soul, and incident of our life; and, if we
remit our activity, will take advantage of our indolence. Rogers.

A'CTOR. n. s.  [actor, Lat.] 
1. He that acts, or performs any thing.
The virtues of either age may correct the defects of both:
and good for succession, that young men may be learners, while
men in age are actors. Bacon, Essay civ.
He, who writes an Encomium Neronis, if he does it heartily,
is himself but a transcript of Nero in his mind, and would, no
doubt, gladly enough see such pranks, as he was famous for,
acted again, though he dares not be the actor of them himself.
South's Sermons.
2. He that personates a character; a stage-player.
Would you have
Such an Herculean actor in the scene,
And not this hydra? They must sweat no less
To fit their properties, than t'express their parts.
Ben Johnson's Catiline.
When a good actor doth his part present,
In every act he our attention draws,
That at the last he may find just applause. Sir J. Denham.
These false beauties of the stage are no more lasting than a
rain-bow; when the actor ceases to shine upon them, when he
gilds them no longer with his reflection, they vanish in a
twinkling. Dryd. Spanish Friar, Dedication.

A'CTRESS. n. s.  [actrice, Fr.] 
1. She that performs any thing.
Virgil has, indeed, admitted Fame as an actress in the
Æneid; but the part she acts is very short, and none of the
most admired circumstances of that divine work. Addis. Spect.
2. A woman that plays on the stage.
We sprights have just such natures
We had, for all the world, when human creatures;
And therefore I that was an actress here,
Play all my tricks in hell, a goblin there. Dryd. Tyr. Love.

A'CTUAL. adj.  [actuel, Fr.] 
1. That which comprises action.
In this slumbry agitation, besides her walking and other ac­
tual performances, what, at any time, have you heard her
say? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Really in act; not merely potential.
Sin, there in pow'r before
Once actual; now in body, and to dwell
Habitual habitant. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 587.
3. In act; not purely in speculation.
For he that but conceives a crime in thought,
Contracts the danger of an actual fault:
Then what must he expect, that still proceeds
To finish sin, and work up thoughts to deeds?
Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. xiii.

ACTUA'LITY. n. s.  [from actual.] The state of being actual.
The actuality of these spiritual qualities is thus imprisoned,
though their potentiality be not quite destroyed; and thus a
crass, extended, impenetrable, passive, divisible, unintelligent
substance is generated, which we call matter. Cheyn. Phil. Prin.

A'CTUALLY. adv.  [from actual.] In act; in effect; really.
All mankind acknowledge themselves able and sufficient to
do many things, which actually they never do. South.
Read one of the chronicles written by an author of this
frame of mind, and you will think you were reading a history
of the kings of Israel or Judah, where the historians were ac­
tually inspired, and where, by a particular scheme of provi­
dence, the kings were distinguished by judgments or blessings,
according as they promoted idolatry, or the worship of the
true God. Addison. Spectator, No 483.
Though our temporal prospects should be full of danger, or
though the days of sorrow should actually overtake us, yet still
we must repose ourselves on God. Rogers, Sermon xix.

A'CTUALNESS. n. s.  [from actual.] The quality of being actual.

A'CTUARY. n. s.  [actuarius, Lat.] The register who compiles
the minutes of the proceedings of a court; a term of the civil
law.
Suppose the judge should say, that he would have the keep­
ing of the acts of court remain with him, and the notary will
have the custody of them with himself: certainly, in this case,
the actuary or writer of them ought to be preferred.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

A'CTUATE. adj.  [from the verb To actuate.] Put into action;
animated; brought into effect.
The active informations of the intellect, filling the passive
reception of the will, like form closing with matter, grew ac­
tuate into a third and distinct perfection of practice. South.

To A'CTUATE. v. a.  [from ago, actum, Lat.] To put into
action; to invigorate or encrease the powers of motion.
The light made by this animal depends upon a living spirit,
and seems, by some vital irradiation, to be actuated into this
lustre. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 6.
Such is every man, who has not actuated the grace given
him, to the subduing of every reigning sin. Decay of Piety.
Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition;
and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least
actuated by it. Addison. Spectator, No 255.
Our passions are the springs which actuate the powers of our
nature. Rogers, Sermon iii.

ACTUO'SE. adj.  [from act.] That which hath strong powers
of action; a word little used.



ACU

To A'CUATE. v. a.  [acuo, Lat.] To sharpen, to invigorate
with any powers of sharpness.

ACU'LEATE. adj.  [aculeatus, Lat.] That which has a point or
sting; prickly; that which terminates in a sharp point.

ACU'MEN. n. s.  [Lat.] A sharp point; figuratively, quickness
of intellects.
The word was much affected by the learned Aristarchus in
common conversation, to signify genius or natural acumen.
Pope's Dunciad, b. iv. notes.

ACU'MINATED. particip. adj.  Ending in a point; sharp-pointed.
This is not acuminated and pointed, as in the rest, but seem­
eth, as it were, cut off. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 14.
I appropriate this word, Noli me tangere, to a small round
acuminated tubercle, which hath not much pain, unless it be
touched or rubbed, or otherways exasperated by topicks.
Wiseman's Surgery.

ACU'TE. adj.  [acutus, Lat.] 
1. Sharp, ending in a point; opposed to obtuse or blunt.
Having the ideas of an obtuse and an acute angled triangle,
both drawn from equal bases and between parallels, I can, by
intuitive knowledge, perceive the one not to be the other, but
cannot that way know whether they be equal. Locke.
2. In a figurative sense applied to men; ingenious; penetrating;
opposed to dull or stupid.
The acute and ingenious author, among many very fine
thoughts, and uncommon reflections, has started the notion
of seeing all things in God. Locke.
3. Spoken of the senses, vigorous; powerful in operation.
Were our senses altered, and made much quicker and acuter,
the appearance and outward scheme of things would have quite
another face to us. Locke.
4. Acute disease. Any disease, which is attended with an in­
creased velocity of blood, and terminates in a few days.
Quincy.
5. Acute accent; that which raises or sharpens the voice.



ACU'TELY. adv.  [from acute.] After an acute manner; sharp­
ly; it is used as well in the figurative as primitive sense.
He that will look into many parts of Asia and America, will
find men reason there, perhaps, as acutely as himself, who yet
never heard of a syllogism. Locke.

ACU'TENESS. n. s.  [from acute, which see.] 
1. Sharpness.
2. Force of intellects.
They would not be so apt to think, that there could be no­
thing added to the acuteness and penetration of their under­
standings. Locke.
3. Quickness and vigour of senses.
If eyes so framed could not view at once the hand and the
hour-plate, their owner could not be benefited by that acuteness;
which, whilst it discovered the secret contrivance of the ma­
chine, made him lose its use. Locke.
4. Violence and speedy crisis of a malady.
We apply present remedies according to indications, re­
specting rather the acuteness of the disease, and precipitancy of
the occasion, than the rising and setting of stars.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
5. Sharpness of sound.
This acuteness of sound will shew, that whilst, to the eye,
the bell seems to be at rest, yet the minute parts of it continue
in a very brisk motion, without which they could not strike
the air. Boyle.



ADA

ADA'CTED. participial adj.  [adactus, Lat.] Driven by force; a
word little used. Dict.

A'DAGE. n. s.  [adagium, Lat.] A maxim handed down from
antiquity; a proverb.
Shallow unimproved intellects, that are confident pretenders
to certainty; as if, contrary to the adage, science had no friend
but ignorance. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. 2.
Fine fruits of learning! old ambitious fool,
Dar'st thou apply that adage of the school;
As if 'tis nothing worth that lies conceal'd;
And science is not science till reveal'd? Dryd. Pers. Sat. i.

ADA'GIO. n. s.  [Italian.] A term used by musicians, to mark
a slow time.

A'DAMANT. n. s.  [adamas, Lat. from α and δάμνω, Gr. that
is, insuperable, infrangible.] 
1. A stone, imagined by writers, of impenetrable hardness.
So great a fear my name amongst them spread,
That they suppos'd I could rend bars of steel,
And spurn in pieces posts of adamant. Shakesp. Henry V.
Satan, with vast and haughty strides advanc'd,
Came tow'ring, arm'd in adamant, and gold. Parad. Lost.
Eternal Deities,
Who rule the world with absolute decrees,
And write whatever time shall bring to pass,
With pens of adamant, on plates of brass. Dryden's Fables.
2. The diamond.
Hardness, wherein some stones exceed all other bodies, and
among them the adamant all other stones, being exalted to that
degree thereof, that art in vain endeavours to counterfeit it,
the factitious stones of chymists, in imitation, being easily de­
tected by an ordinary lapidist. Ray on the Creation.
3. Adamant is taken for the loadstone.
Let him change his lodging from one end and part of the
town to another, which is a great adamant of acquaintance.
Bacon, Essay xix.
You draw me, you hard-hearted adamant!
But yet you draw not iron; for my heart
Is true as steel. Shakespeare's Midsum. Night's Dream.

ADAMANTE'AN. adj.  [from adamant.] Hard as adamant.
He ran on embattel'd armies clad in iron,
And weaponless himself,
Made arms ridiculous, useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear, the hammer'd cuirass,
Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail
Adamantean proof. Milton's Samson Agonistes, l. 134.
This word occurs perhaps only in this passage.

ADAMA'NTINE. adj.  [adamantinus, Lat.] 
1. Made of adamant.
Wide is the fronting gate, and rais'd on high
With adamantine columns, threats the sky. Dryd. Æn. vi.
2. Having the qualities of adamant; as, hardness, indissolubility.
Could Eve's weak hand, extended to the tree,
In sunder rend that adamantine chain,
Whose golden links, effects and causes be,
And which to God's own chair doth fix'd remain? Davies.
An eternal sterility must have possessed the world, where all
things had been fixed and fastened everlastingly with the ada­
mantine chains of specific gravity; if the Almighty had not
spoken and said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yield­
ing seed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after its kind; and it
was so. Bentley's Sermons.
In adamantine chains shall death be bound,
And hell's grim tyrant feel th' eternal wound. Pope's Messiah.
Tho' adamantine bonds the chief restrain,
The dire restraint his wisdom will defeat,
And soon restore him to his regal seat. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

A'DAM'S-APPLE. n. s.  [in anatomy.] A prominent part of the
throat.

To ADAPT. v. a.  [adapto, Lat.] To fit one thing to another;
to suit; to proportion.
'Tis true, but let it not be known,
My eyes are somewhat dimmish grown;
For nature, always in the right,
To your decays adapts my sight. Swift's Miscellanies.
It is not enough that nothing offends the ear, but a good
poet will adapt the very sounds, as well as words, to the things
he treats of. Pope's Letters.

ADAPTA'TION. n. s.  [from adapt.] The act of fitting one
thing to another; the fitness of one thing to another.
Some species there be of middle natures, that is, of bird
and beast, as batts; yet are their parts so set together, that we
cannot define the beginning or end of either, there being a
commixtion of both, rather than adaptation or cement of the
one unto the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. ii.
Their adhesion may be in part ascribed, either to some elas­
tical motion in the pressed glass, or to the exquisite adaptation
of the almost numberless, though very small, asperities of the
one, and the numerous little cavities of the other; whereby
the surfaces do lock in with one another, or are, as it were,
clasped together. Boyle.

ADA'PTION. n. s.  [from adapt.] The act of fitting.
It were alone a sufficient work to shew all the necessities, the
wise contrivances, and prudent adaptions, of these admirable
machines, for the benefit of the whole. Cheyne's Phil. Princip.

To ADCO'RPORATE. v. a.  [from ad and corpus.] To unite one
body with another; more usually wrote accorporate; which see.



ADD

To ADD. v. a.  [addo, Lat.] 
1. To join something to that which was before.
Mark if his birth makes any difference,
If to his words it adds one grain of sense. Dryd. Conq. of Gran.
They, whose muses have the highest flown,
Add not to his immortal memory,
But do an act of friendship to their own. Dryd.
2. To perform the mental operation of adding one number or
conception to another.
Whatsoever positive ideas a man has in his mind, of any
quantity, he can repeat it, and add it to the former, as easily
as he can add together the ideas of two days, or two years Locke.

A'DDABLE. adj.  [from add.] That which may be added. Ad­
dible is more proper.
The first number in every addition is called the addable num­
ber, the other, the number or numbers added, and the num­
ber invented by the addition, the aggregate or sum.
Cocker's Arithmetick.

To ADDE'CIMATE. v. a.  [addecimo, Lat.] To take or ascertain
tithes. Dict.

To ADDE'EM. v. a.  [from deem.] To esteem; to account.
This word is now out of use.
She scorns to be addeem'd so worthless-base,
As to be mov'd to such an infamy. Daniel's Civil Wars.

A'DDER. n. s.  [Ætter, Ættor, Naddre, as it seems from eitter,
Sax. poison.] A serpent, a viper, a poisonous reptile; perhaps
of any species. In common language, adders and snakes are not
the same.
Or is the adder better than the eel,
Because his painted skin contents the eye. Shak. As you like it.
An adder did it; for, with doubler tongue
Than thine, thou serpent, never adder stung.
Shakespeare's Midsum. Night's Dream.
The adder teaches us where to strike, by her curious and
fearful defending of her head. Taylor of living holy.

A'DDER'S-GRASS. n. s.  The name of a plant, imagined by
Skinner to be so named, because serpents lurk about it.

A'DDER'S-TONGUE. n. s.  [ophioglossum, Lat.] The name of an
herb.
It hath no visible flower; but the seeds are produced on a
spike, which resembles a serpent's tongue; which seed is con­
tained in many longitudinal cells, which open, and cast forth
the seeds when ripe. It grows wild in moist meadows, and is
used in medicine. Millar.
The most common simples with us in England, are comfrey,
bugle, agrimony, sanicle, paul's-betony, fluellin, periwinkle,
adder's-tongue. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'DDER'S-WORT. n. s.  An herb so named, on account of its
virtue, real or supposed, of curing the bite of serpents.

A'DDIBLE. adj.  [from add.] Possible to be added. See AD­
DABLE.
The clearest idea it can get of infinity, is the confused, in­
comprehensible remainder of endless, addible numbers, which
affords no prospect of stop, or boundary. Locke.

ADDIBI'LITY. n. s.  [from addible.] The possibility of being
added.
This endless addition, or addibility (if any one like the word
better) of numbers, so apparent to the mind, is that which
gives us the clearest and most distinct idea of infinity. Locke.

A'DDICE. n. s.  [for which we corruptly speak and write adz,
from adese, Sax. an axe.] 
The addice hath its blade made thin and somewhat arching.


As the axe hath its edge parallel to its handle, so the addice
hath its edge athwart the handle, and is ground to a basil on
its inside to its outer edge. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

To ADDI'CT. v. a.  [addico, Lat.] 
1. To devote, to dedicate, in a good sense; which is rarely used.
Ye know the house of Stephanus, that they have addicted
themselves to the ministry of the saints. 1 Cor. xvi. 15.
2. It is commonly taken in a bad sense; as, he addicted himself to
vice.

A'DDICTEDNESS. n. s.  [from addicted.] The quality or state
of being addicted.
Those, that know how little I have remitted of my former
addictedness to make chymical experiments, will believe, that
the design was to give occasion to the more knowing artists to
lay aside their reservedness. Boyle.

ADDI'CTION. n. s.  [addictio, Lat.] 
1. The act of devoting, or giving up.
2. The state of being devoted.
It is a wonder how his grace should g'ean it,
Since his addiction was to courses vain;
His companies unletter'd, rude and shallow;
His hours fill'd up with riots, banquets, sports. Shak. Hen. V.

An A'DDITAMENT. n. s.  [additamentum, Lat.] The addition,
or thing added.
Iron will not incorporate with brass, nor other metals, of
itself, by simple fire: so as the enquiry must be upon the cal­
cination, and the additament, and the charge of them. Bacon.
In such a palace there is first the case or fabrick, or moles of
the structure itself; and, besides that, there are certain addita­
ments that contribute to its ornament and use; as, various fur­
niture, rare fountains and aqueducts, curious motions of di­
vers things appendicated to it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ADDI'TION. n. s.  [from add.] 
1. The act of adding one thing to another; opposed to diminu­
tion.
The infinite distance between the Creator and the noblest
of all creatures, can never be measured, nor exhausted by end­
less addition of finite degrees. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Additament, or the thing added.
It will not be modestly done, if any of our own wisdom in­
trude or interpose, or be willing to make additions to what
Christ and his Apostles have designed. Hammond's Fundam.
Some such resemblances, methinks, I find
Of our last evening's talk, in this thy dream,
But with addition strange! Milt. Paradise Lost, b. v.
The abolishing of villanage, together with the custom per­
mitted, among the nobles, of selling their lands, was a mighty
addition to the power of the commons.
Swift on the Dissensions in Athens and Rome.
3. In arithmetick.
Addition is the reduction of two or more numbers of like
kind, together into one sum or total. Cocker's Arithmetick.
4. In law. A title given to a man over and above his christian
name and surname, shewing his estate, degree, occupation,
trade, age, place of dwelling. Cowell.
Only retain
The name, and all th' addition to a king;
The sway, revenue, execution of th' last,
Beloved sons, be yours; which to confirm,
This coronet part between you. Shakesp. King Lear.
From this time,
For what he did before Corioli, call him,
With all th' applause and clamour of the host,
Caius Marcius Coriolanus. Bear th' addition nobly ever.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
There arose new disputes upon the persons named by the
king, or rather against the additions and appellations of title,
which were made to their names. Clarendon, b. viii.

ADDI'TIONAL. adj.  [from addition.] That which is added.
Our kalendar being once reformed and set right, it may be
kept so, without any considerable variation, for many ages, by
omitting one leap-year; i. e. the additional day, at the end of
every 134 years. Holder on Time.
The greatest wits, that ever were produced in one age, lived
together in so good an understanding, and celebrated one an­
other with so much generosity, that each of them receives an
additional lustre from his cotemporaries. Addison. Spectator.
They include in them that very kind of evidence, which is
supposed to be so powerful; and do, withal, afford us several
other additional proofs, of great force and clearness. Atter. Serm.

A'DDITORY. adj.  [from add.] That which has the power or
quality of adding.
The additory fiction gives to a great man a larger share of
reputation than belongs to him, to enable him to serve some
good end or purpose. Arbuthnot's Art of political Lying.

A'DDLE. adj.  [from adel, a disease, Sax. according to Skinner and
Junius; perhaps from ydel, idle, barren, unfruitful.] 
Originally applied to eggs, and signifying such as produce nothing,
but grow rotten under the hen; thence transferred to brains
that produce nothing.
There's one with truncheon, like a ladle,
That carries eggs too fresh or addle;
And still at random, as he goes,
Among the rabble rout bestows. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. ii.
After much solitariness, fasting, or long sickness, their brains
were addle, and their bellies as empty of meat as their heads
of wit. Burton on Melancholy.
Thus far the poet; but his brains grow addle:
And all the rest is purely from this noddle. Dryd. Don Seb.

To A'DDLE. v. a.  [from addle, adj.] To make addle; to cor­
rupt; to make barren.
This is also evidenced in eggs, whereof the sound ones sink,
and such as are addled swim; as do also those that are termed
hypenemiæ, or wind-eggs. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

A'DDLE-PATED. adj.  Having addled brains. See ADDLE.
Poor slaves in metre, dull and addle-pated,
Who rhyme below even David's psalms translated.
Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel.

To ADDRE'SS. v. a.  [addresser, Fr. from dereçar, Span. from
dirigo, directum, Lat.] 
1. To prepare one's self to enter upon any action; as, he ad­
dressed himself to the work.
It lifted up its head, and did address
Itself to motion, like as it would speak. Shakesp. Hamlet.
With him the Palmer eke, in habit sad,
Himself addrest to that adventure hard;
So to the river's side they both together far'd. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Then Turnus, from his chariot leaping light,
Address'd himself on foot to single fight. Dryden's Æneid.
2. To get ready; to put in a state for immediate use.
By this means they fell directly on head on the English
battle; whereupon the earl of Warwick addressed his men to
take the flank. Sir J. Hayward.
Duke Frederick hearing, how that every day
Men of great worth resorted to this forest,
Address'd a mighty power, which were on foot,
In his own conduct purposely to take
His brother here. Shakespeare, As you like it.
To-night in Harfleur we will be your guest,
To-morrow for the march we are addrest. Shak. Henry V.
3. To apply to another by words, with various forms of con­
struction.
4. Sometimes without a preposition.
Are not your orders to address the senate? Addison's Cato.
5. Sometimes with to.
Addressing to Pollio, his great patron, and himself no vulgar
poet, he no longer could restrain the freedom of his spirit, but
began to assert his native character, which is sublimity.
Dryden's Dedication of Virgil's Past.
Among the croud, but far above the rest,
Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest. Dryd. Æneid.
6. Sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun; as, he addressed him­
self to the general.
7. Sometimes with the accusative of the matter of the address,
which may be the nominative to the passive.
The young hero had addressed his prayers to him for his as­
sistance. Dryd. Æneid, Dedicat.
The prince himself, with awful dread possess'd,
His vows to great Apollo thus addrest. Dryden, Æneid vi.
His suit was common; but, above the rest,
To both the brother-princes thus addrest. Dryden's Fables.
8. To address, is to apply to the king in form.
The representatives of the nation in parliament, and the
privy-council, address'd the king to have it recalled. Swift.

ADDRE'SS. n. s.  [addresse, Fr.] 
1. Verbal application to any one, by way of persuasion, peti­
tion.
Henry, in knots involving Emma's name,
Had half confess'd and half conceal'd his flame
Upon this tree; and as the tender mark
Grew with the year, and widen'd with the bark,
Venus had heard the virgin's soft address,
That, as the wound, the passion might encrease. Prior.
Most of the persons, to whom these addresses are made, are
not wise and skilful judges, but are influenced by their own sin­
ful appetites and passions. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Courtship.
They both behold thee with their sisters eyes,
And often have reveal'd their passion to me:
But, tell me, whose address thou favour'st most;
I long to know, and yet I dread to hear it. Addison's Cato.
About three years since, a gentleman, whom, I am sure, you
yourself would have approved, made his addresses to me.
Addison. Spectator, No 163.
3. Manner of addressing another; as, we say, a man of an happy
or a pleasing address; a man of an aukward address.
4. Skill, dexterity.
I could produce innumerable instances from my own me­
mory and observation, of events imputed to the profound skill
and address of a minister, which, in reality, were either mere
effects of negligence, weakness, humour, passion, or pride, or,
at best, but the natural course of things left to themselves.
Swift's Thoughts on the present Posture of Affairs.
5. Manner of directing a letter; a sense chiefly mercantile.



ADDRE'SSER. n. s.  [from address.] The person that addresses or
petitions.

ADDU'CENT. adj.  [adducens, Lat.] 
A word applied to those muscles that bring forward, close,
or draw together the parts of the body to which they are an­
nexed. Quincy.

To ADDU'LCE. v. a.  [addoucir, Fr. dulcis, Lat.] To sweeten;
a word not now in use.
Thus did the French embassadors, with great shew of their
king's affection, and many sugared words, seek to addulce all
matters between the two kings. Bacon's Henry VII.

A'DELING. n. a.  [from ædel, Sax. illustrious.] A word of honour
among the Angles, properly appertaining to the king's children:
king Edward the Confessor, being without issue, and intending
to make Edgar his heir, called him adeling. Cowell.

ADENO'GRAPHY. n. s.  [from ἄδηνον and γϱάφω, Gr.] A treatise
of the glands.

ADE'MPTION. n. s.  [adimo, ademptum, Lat.] Taking away;
privation. Dict.

ADE'PT. n. s.  [from adeptus, Lat. that is, adeptus artem.] 
He that is completely skilled in all the secrets of his art. It
is, in its original signification, appropriated to the chymists,
but is now extended to other artists.
The preservation of chastity is easy to true adepts. Pope.

ADE'PT. adj.  Skilful; throughly versed.
If there be really such adept philosophers as we are told of, I
am apt to think, that, among their arcana, they are masters of
extremely potent menstruums. Boyle.

A'DEQUATE. adj.  [adequatus, Lat.] Equal to; proportionate;
correspondent to, so as to bear an exact resemblance or pro­
portion. It is used generally in a figurative sense, and often
with the particle to.
Contingent death seems to be the whole adequate object of
popular courage; but a necessary and unavoidable coffin strikes
paleness into the stoutest heart. Harvey on Consumptions.
The arguments were proper, adequate, and sufficient to com­
pass their respective ends. South's Sermons.
All our simple ideas are adequate; because, being nothing but
the effects of certain powers in things, fitted and ordained by
God to produce such sensations in us, they cannot but be cor­
respondent and adequate to those powers. Locke.
Those are adequate ideas, which perfectly represent their
archetypes or objects. Inadequate are but a partial, or incom­
plete, representation of those archetypes to which they are re­
ferred. Watts's Logick.

A'DEQUATELY. adv.  [from adequate.] 
1. In an adequate manner; with justness of representation;
with exactness of proportion.
Gratitude consists adequately in these two things: first, that
it is a debt; and, secondly, that it is such a debt as is left to
every man's ingenuity, whether he will pay or no. South.
2. It is used with the particle to.
Piety is the necessary christian virtue, proportioned adequately
to the omniscience and spirituality of that infinite Deity.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

A'DEQUATENESS. n. s.  [from adequate.] The state of being
adequate; justness of representation; exactness of propor­
tion.

ADEPO'TICK. adj.  Not absolute; not despotick. Dict.



ADH

To ADHE'RE. v. n.  [adhæreo, Lat.] 
1. To stick to; as, wax to the finger.
2. To stick, in a figurative sense; to be consistent; to hold to­
gether.
Why every thing adheres together, that no dram of a scruple,
no scruple of a scruple, no obstacle, no incredulous or unsafe
circumstance— Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
3. To remain firmly fixed to a party, person, or opinion.
Good gentlemen, he hath much talk'd of you;
And sure I am, two men there are not living,
To whom he more adheres. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Every man of sense will agree with me, that singularity is
laudable, when, in contradiction to a multitude, it adheres
to the dictates of conscience, morality, and honour. Boyle.

ADHE'RENCE. n. s.  [from adhere.]  See ADHESION.
1. The quality of adhering, or sticking; tenacity.
2. In a figurative sense, fixedness of mind; attachment; steadi­
ness.
Their firm adherence to their religion is no less remarkable
than their dispersion; considering it as persecuted or contemned
over the whole earth. Addison. Spectator, No 495.
A constant adherence to one sort of diet may have bad effects
on any constitution. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Plain good sense, and a firm adherence to the point, have
proved more effectual than those arts, which are contemptu­
ously called the spirit of negociating. Swift.

ADHE'RENCY. n. s.  [The same with adherence.] 
1. Steady attachment.
2. That which adheres.
Vices have a native adherency of vexation. Decay of Piety.

ADHE'RENT. adj.  [from adhere.] 
1. Sticking to.
Close to the cliff with both his hands he clung,
And stuck adherent, and suspended hung. Pope's Odyssey.
2. United with.
Modes are said to be inherent or adherent, that is, proper or
improper. Adherent or improper modes arise from the joining
of some accidental substance to the chief subject, which yet may
be separated from it; so when a bowl is wet, or a boy is
cloathed, these are adherent modes; for the water and the
clothes are distinct substances which adhere to the bowl, or to
the boy. Watts's Logick.

ADHE'RENT. n. s.  [from adhere.] The person that adheres;
one that supports the cause, or follows the fortune of another;
a follower; a partisan.
Princes must give protection to their subjects and adherents,
when worthy occasion shall require it. Sir W. Raleigh.
A new war must be undertaken upon the advice of those,
who, with their partisans and adherents, were to be the sole
gainers by it. Swift's Miscellanies.

ADHE'RER. n. s.  [from adhere.] He that adheres.
He ought to be indulgent to tender consciences; but, at the
same time, a firm adherer to the established church. Swift.

ADHE'SION. n. s.  [adhæsio, Lat.] 
1. The act or state of sticking to something. Adhesion is gene­
rally used in the natural, and adherence in the metaphorical
sense; as, the adhesion of iron to the magnet; and adherence of a
client to his patron.
Why therefore may not the minute parts of other bodies, if
they be conveniently shaped for adhesion, stick to one another,
as well as stick to this spirit? Boyle.
The rest consisting wholly in the sensible configuration, as
smooth and rough; or else more, or less, firm adhesion of the
parts, as hard and soft, tough and brittle, are obvious. Locke.
——— Prove that all things, on occasion,
Love union, and desire adhesion. Prior.
2. It is sometimes taken, like adherence, figuratively, for firmness
in an opinion, or steadiness in a practice.
The same want of sincerity, the same adhesion to vice, and
aversion from goodness, will be equally a reason for their re­
jecting any proof whatsoever. Atterbury's Sermons.

ADHE'SIVE. adj.  [from adhesion.] Sticking; tenacious; with to.
If slow, yet sure, adhesive to the tract,
Hot-steaming up. Thomson's Autumn, l. 440.

To ADHI'BIT. v. a.  [adhibeo, Lat.] To apply; to make use of.

ADHIBI'TION. n. s.  [from adhibit.] Application; use. Dict.



ADJ

ADJA'CENCY. n. s.  [from adjaceo, Lat.] 
1. The state of lying close to another thing.
2. That which is adjacent. See ADJACENT.
Because the Cape hath sea on both sides near it, and other
lands, remote as it were, equidistant from it; therefore, at that
point, the needle is not distracted by the vicinity of adjacencies.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

ADJA'CENT. adj.  [adjacens, Lat.] Lying close; bordering upon
something.
It may corrupt within itself, although no part of it issue into
the body adjacent. Bacon's Nat. History, No 771.
Uniform pellucid mediums, such as water, have no sensible
reflection but in their external superficies, where they are adjacent
to other mediums of a different density. Newton's Opt.

ADJA'CENT. n. s.  That which lies next another.
The sense of the author goes visibly in its own train, and
the words receiving a determined sense from their companions
and adjacents, will not consent to give countenance and colour
to what must be supported at any rate. Locke's Ess. upon S. Paul.

ADIA'PHOROUS. adj.  [αδιαφοϱος, Gr.] Neutral; particularly
used of some spirits and salts, which are neither of an acid or
alkaline nature. Quincy.
Our adiaphorous spirit may be obtained, by distilling the li­
quor that is afforded by woods and divers other bodies. Boyle.

ADIA'PHORY. n. s.  [αδιαφοϱία, Gr.] Neutrality; indifference.

To ADJE'CT. v. a.  [adjicio, adjectum, Lat.] To add to; to
put to another thing.

ADJE'CTION. n. s.  [adjectio, Lat.] 
1. The act of adjecting, or adding.
2. The thing adjected, or added.
That unto every pound of sulphur, an adjection of one ounce
of quicksilver; or unto every pound of petre, one ounce of
sal-armoniac, will much intend the force, and consequently the
report, I find no verity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

ADJECTI'TIOUS. adj.  [from adjection.] Added; thrown in upon
the rest.

A'DJECTIVE. n. s.  [adjectivum, Lat.] 
A word added to a noun, to signify the addition or separa­
tion of some quality, circumstance, or manner of being; as,
good, bad, are adjectives, because, in speech, they are applied to
nouns, to modify their signification, or intimate the manner of
existence in the things signified thereby. Clarke's Latin Gram.
All the versification of Claudian is included within the com­
pass of four or five lines; perpetually closing his sense at the end
of a verse, and that verse commonly which they call golden, or
two substantives and two adjectives, with a verb betwixt them,
to keep the peace. Dryd.



A'DJECTIVELY. adv.  [from adjective.] After the manner of an
adjective; a term of grammar.

ADIEU'. adv.  [from à Dieu, used elliptically for à Dieu je vous
commende, used at the departure of friends.] The form of part­
ing, originally importing a commendation to the Divine care,
but now used, in a popular sense, sometimes to things inani­
mate; farewell.
Ne gave him leave to bid that aged sire
Adieu, but nimbly ran her wonted course. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Use a more spacious ceremony to the noble lords; you re­
strained yourself within the list of too cold an adieu; be more
expressive to them. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
While now I take my last adieu,
Heave thou no sigh, nor shed a tear;
Lest yet my half-clos'd eye may view
On earth an object worth its care. Prior.

To ADJO'IN. v. a.  [adjoindre, Fr. adjungo, Lat.] To join to; to
unite to; to put to.
Corrections or improvements should be as remarks adjoined,
by way of note or commentary, in their proper places, and su­
peradded to a regular treatise. Watts's Improvem. of the Mind.

To ADJOI'N. v. n.  To be contiguous to; to lye next so as to
have nothing between.
Th' adjoining fane, th' assembled Greks express'd,
And hunting of the Caledonian beast. Dryden's Fables.
In learning any thing, as little should be proposed to the
mind at once, as is possible; and, that being understood and
fully mastered, proceed to the next adjoining, yet unknown,
simple, unperplexed proposition, belonging to the matter in
hand, and tending to the clearing what is principally de­
signed. Locke.

To ADJO'URN. v. a.  [adjourner, Fr.] 
1. To put off to another day, naming the time; a term used in
juridical proceedings; as, of parliaments, or courts of justice.
The queen being absent, 'tis a needful fitness,
That we adjourn this court to further day. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
By the king's authority alone, and by his writs they are as­
sembled, and by him alone are they prorogued and dissolved;
but each house may adjourn itself. Bac. Advice to Sir G. Villiers.
2. To put off; to defer; to let stay to another time.
Then, Jupiter, thou king of gods,
Why hast thou thus adjourn'd
The graces for his merits due,
Being all to dolours turn'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Crown high the goblets with a chearful draught;
Enjoy the present hour, adjourn the future thought.
Dryd. Æneid. vii. l. 181.
The formation of animals being foreign to my purpose, I
shall adjourn the consideration of it to another occasion.
Woodward's Nat. History, p. iii.

ADJO'URNMENT. n. s.  [adjournement, Fr.] An assignment of a
day, or a putting off till another day. Adjournement in eyre,
an appointment of a day, when the justices in eyre mean to sit
again. Cowell.
We will and we will not, and then we will not again, and
we will. At this rate we run our lives out in adjournments from
time to time, out of a fantastical levity that holds us off and on,
betwixt hawk and buzzard. L'Estrange.

A'DIPOUS. adj.  [adiposus, Lat.] Fat. Dict.

A'DIT. n. s.  [aditus, Lat.] A passage for the conveyance of wa­
ter under ground; a passage under ground in general: a term
among the minemen.
For conveying away the water, they stand in aid of sundry
devices; as, adits, pumps, and wheels, driven by a stream, and
interchangeably filling and emptying two buckets. Carew's Surv.
The delfs would be so flown with waters (it being impossible
to make any adits or soughs to drain them) that no gins or ma­
chines could suffice to lay and keep them dry. Ray on the Creat.

ADI'TION. n. s.  [from adeo, aditum, Lat.] The act of going to
another. Dict.

To ADJU'DGE. v. a.  [adjudico, Lat.] 
1. To give the thing controverted to one of the parties by a judi­
cial sentence; with the particle to before the person.
The way of disputing in the schools leads from it, by insist­
ing on one topical argument; by the success of which, victory
is adjudged to the opponent, or defendant. Locke.
The great competitors for Rome
Cæsar and Pompey on Pharsalian plains,
Where stern Bellona, with one final stroke,
Adjudg'd the empire of this globe to one. Phillips.
2. To sentence, or condemn to a punishment; with to before the
thing.
But though thou art adjudged to the death;
Yet I will favour thee in what I can. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
3. Simply, to judge; to decree; to determine.
He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship and favour;
purposing sharply to revenge the wrong he had received.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

ADJUDICA'TION. n. s.  [adjudicatio, Lat.] The act of judging, or
of granting something to a litigant, by a judicial sentence.

To ADJU'DICATE. v. a.  [adjudico, Lat.] To adjudge;
to give something controverted to one of the litigants, by a
sentence or decision.

To A'DJUGATE. v. a.  [adjugo, Lat.] To yoke to; to join to
another by a yoke. Dict.

A'DJUMENT. n. s.  [adjumentum, Lat.] Help; support. Dict.

A'DJUNCT. n. s.  [adjunctum, Lat.] 
1. Something adherent or united to another, though not essen­
tially part of it.
Learning is but an adjunct to ourself,
And where we are, our learning likewise is.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
But I make haste to consider you as abstracted from a court,
which (if you will give me leave to use a term of logick) is only
an adjunct, not a propriety, of happiness. Dryd. Aureng. Ded.
The talent of discretion, as I have described it in its several
adjuncts and circumstances, is no where so serviceable as to the
clergy. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. A person joined to another. This sense rarely occurs.
He made him the associate of his heir apparent, together with
the lord Cottington (as an adjunct of singular experience and
trust) in foreign travels, and in a business of love. Wotton.

A'DJUNCT. adj.  United with; immediately consequent.
So well, that what you bid me undertake,
Though that my death were adjunct to my act,
I'd do't. Shakesp. King John.

ADJU'NCTION. n. s.  [adjunctio, Lat.] 
1. The act of adjoining, or coupling together.
2. The thing joined.

ADJU'NCTIVE. n. s.  [adjunctivus, Lat.] 
1. He that joins.
2. That which is joined.

ADJURA'TION. n. s.  [adjuratio, Lat.] 
1. The act of adjuring, or proposing an oath to another.
2. The form of oath proposed to another.
When these learned men saw sickness and frenzy cured, the
dead raised, the oracles put to silence, the dæmons and evil
spirits forced to confess themselves no gods, by persons, who
only made use of prayer and adjurations in the name of their
crucified Saviour; how could they doubt of their Saviour's
power on the like occasions? Addison on the Christian Religion.

To ADJU'RE. v. a.  [adjuro, Lat.] To impose an oath upon
another, prescribing the form in which he shall swear.
Thou know'st, the magistrates
And princes of my country came in person,
Solicited, commanded, threaten'd, urg'd,
Adjur'd by all the bonds of civil duty,
And of religion, press'd how just it was,
How honourable. Milton's Sampson Agonistes, l. 853.
Ye lamps of heav'n! he said, and lifted high
His hands now free, thou venerable sky!
Inviolable pow'rs! ador'd with dread,
Ye fatal fillets! that once bound this head,
Ye sacred altars! from whose flames I fled,
Be all of you adjured. Dryden, Æneid ii.

To ADJU'ST. v. a.  [adjuster, Fr.] 
1. To regulate; to put in order; to settle in the right form.
Your Lordship removes all our difficulties, and supplies all
our wants, faster than the most visionary projector can adjust
his schemes. Swift to the Lord High Treasurer.
2. To reduce to the true state or standard; to make accurate.
The names of mixed modes, for the most part, want stan­
dards in nature, whereby men may rectify and adjust their sig­
nification; therefore they are very various and doubtful. Locke.
3. To make conformable. It requires the particle to before the
thing to which the conformity is made.
As to the accomplishment of this remarkable prophecy, who­
ever reads the account given by Josephus, without knowing his
character, and compares it with what our Saviour foretold, would
think the historian had been a christian, and that he had nothing
else in view, but to adjust the event to the prediction.
Addison on the Christian Religion.

ADJU'STMENT. n. s.  [adjustement, Fr.] 
1. Regulation; the act of putting in method; settlement.
The father and clearer adjustment of this affair, I am con­
strained to adjourn to the larger treatise. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. The state of being put in method, or regulated.
It is a vulgar idea we have of a watch or clock, when we con­
ceive of it as an instrument made to shew the hour: but it is a
learned idea which the watch-maker has of it, who knows all
the several parts of it, together with the various connexions
and adjustments of each part. Watts's Logick.

A'DJUTANT. n. s.  A petty officer, whose duty is to assist the
major, by distributing the pay, and overseeing the punishment,
of the common men.

To ADJU'TE. v. a.  [adjuvo, adjutum, Lat.] To help; to
concur; a word not now in use.
For there be
Six bachelors as bold as he,
Adjuting to his company;
And each one hath his livery. Ben. Johnson's Under-woods.

ADJU'TOR. n. s.  [adjutor, Lat.] A helper. Dict.

ADJU'TORY. adj.  [adjutorius, Lat.] That which helps. Dict.

An ADJU'TRIX. n. s.  [Lat.] She who helps. Dict.

A'DJUVANT. adj.  [adjuvans, Lat.] Helpful; useful. Dict.



To A'DJUVATE. v. a.  [adjuvo, Lat.] To help; to further; to
put forward. Dict.

ADME'ASUREMENT. n. s.  [See MEASURE.] The adjustment of
proportions; the act or practice of measuring according to rule.
Admeasurement is a writ, which lieth for the bringing of those
to a mediocrity, that usurp more than their part. It lieth in
two cases: one is termed admeasurement of dower, where the
widow of the deceased holdeth from the heir, or his guardian,
more in the name of her dower, than belongeth to her.
The other is admeasurement of pasture, which lieth between
those that have common of pasture appendant to their free­
hold, or common by vicinage, in case any one of them, or
more, do surcharge the common with more cattle than they
ought. Cowell.
In some counties they are not much more acquainted with
admeasurement by acre; and thereby the writs of those counties
contain twice or thrice so many acres more than the land hath.
Bacon's Hist. Off. Alienat.



ADM

ADMENSURA'TION. n. s.  [ad and mensura, Lat.] The act, or
practice, of measuring out to each his part.

ADMI'NICLE. n. s.  [adminiculum, Lat.] Help; support; fur­
therance. Dict.

ADMINI'CULAR. adj.  [from adminiculum, Lat.] That which
gives help. Dict.

To ADMI'NISTER. v. a.  [administro, Lat.] 
1. To give; to afford; to supply.
Let zephyrs bland
Administer their tepid genial airs;
Naught fear he from the west, whose gentle warmth
Discloses well the earth's all-teeming womb. Philips.
2. To act as the minister or agent in any employment or office;
generally, but not always, with some hint of subordination, to
administer the government.
For forms of government let fools contest,
Whate'er is best administer'd, is best. Pope's Essay on Man.
3. To administer justice.
4. To administer the sacraments.
Have not they the old popish custom of administering the
blessed sacrament of the holy eucharist with wafer-cakes?
Hooker, b. iv. § 10.
5. To administer an oath.
Swear by the duty that you owe to heav'n,
To keep the oath that we administer. Shakesp. Richard II.
6. To administer physick.
I was carried on men's shoulders, administering physick and
phlebotomy. Wafers's Voyage.
7. To administer to; to contribute; to bring supplies.
I must not omit, that there is a fountain rising in the upper
part of my garden, which forms a little wandering rill, and ad­
ministers to the pleasure, as well as the plenty, of the place.
Spectator, No 477.
8. To perform the office of an administrator, in law. See AD­
MINISTRATOR.
Neal's order was never performed, because the executors
durst not administer. Arbuthnot and Pope's Martin. Scribler.

To ADMI'NISTRATE. v. a.  [administro, Lat.] To exhibit; to
give as physick.
They have the same effects in medicine, when inwardly ad­
ministrated to animal bodies. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

ADMINISTRA'TION. n. s.  [administratio, Lat.] 
1. The act of administering or conducting any employment; as,
the conducting the publick affairs; dispensing the laws.
I then did use the person of your father;
The image of his pow'r lay then in me:
And in th' administration of his law,
While I was busy for the commonwealth,
Your highness pleased to forget my place. Shakesp. Henry IV.
In the short time of his administration, he shone so power­
fully upon me, that, like the heat of a Russian summer, he
ripened the fruits of poetry in a cold climate.
Dryden's Dedication of Virgil's Pastorals.
2. The active or executive part of government.
It may pass for a maxim in state, that the administration can­
not be placed in too few hands, nor the legislature in too many.
Swift's Sentiments of a Church of England man.
3. Those to whom the care of publick affairs is committed.
4. Distribution; exhibition; dispensation.
There is, in sacraments, to be observed their force, and their
form of administration. Hooker, b. v.
By the universal administration of grace, begun by our bles­
sed Saviour, enlarged by his apostles, carried on by their im­
mediate successors, and to be compleated by the rest to the
world's end; all types that darkened this faith are enlightened.
Sprat's Sermons.

ADMI'NISTRATIVE. adj.  [from administrate.] That which ad­
ministers; that by which any one administers.

ADMINISTRA'TOR. n. s.  [administrator, Lat.] 
1. Is properly taken for him that has the goods of a man dying
intestate, committed to his charge by the ordinary, and is ac­
countable for the same, whenever it shall please the ordinary to
call upon him thereunto. Cowell.
He was wonderfully diligent to enquire and observe what
became of the king of Arragon, in holding the kingdom of
Castille, and whether he did hold it in his own right, or as
administrator to his daughter. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. He that officiates in divine rites.
I feel my conscience bound to remember the death of Christ,
with some society of christians or other, since it is a most plain
command; whether the person, who distributes these elements,
be only an occasional or a settled administrator.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 18.
3. He that conducts the government.
The residence of the prince, or chief administrator, of the
civil power. Swift's short View of Ireland.

ADMI'NISTRATRIX. n. s.  [Lat.] She who administers in con­
sequence of a will.

ADMINISTRA'TORSHIP. n. s.  [from administrator.] The office
of administrator.

A'DMIRABLE. adj.  [admirabilis, Lat.] To be admired; wor­
thy of admiration; of power to excite wonder; always taken
in a good sense, and applied either to persons or things.
The more power he hath to hurt, the more admirable is his
praise, that he will not hurt. Sidney, b. ii.
God was with them in all their afflictions, and, at length, by
working their admirable deliverance, did testify that they served
him not in vain. Hooker, b. iv. § 2.
What admirable things occur in the remains of several other
philosophers? Short, I confess, of the rules of christianity, but
generally above the lives of christians. South's Sermons.
You can at most
To an indiff'rent lover's praise pretend:
But you would spoil an admirable friend. Dryd. Aurengz.

A'DMIRABLENESS. n. s.  [from admirable.] The quality of be­
ing admirable; the power of raising wonder.

ADMIRABI'LITY. n. s.  [admirabilis, Lat.] The quality or state
of being admirable. Dict.

A'DMIRABLY. adv.  [from admirable.] So as to raise wonder;
in an admirable manner.
The theatre is, I think, the most spacious of any I ever
saw, and, at the same time, so admirably well contrived, that,
from the very depth of the stage, the lowest sound may be heard
distinctly to the farthest part of the audience, as in a whispering
place; and yet, if you raise your voice as high as you please,
there is nothing like an echo to cause in it the least confusion.
Addison on Italy.

A'DMIRAL. n. s.  [amiral, Fr. of uncertain etymology.] 
1. An officer or magistrate that has the government of the king's
navy, and the hearing and determining all causes, as well civil
as criminal, belonging to the sea. Cowell.
2. The chief commander of a fleet.
He also, in battle at sea, overthrew Rodericus Rotundus, ad­
miral of Spain; in which fight the admiral, with his son, were
both slain, and seven of his gallies taken. Knolles's Hist. Turks.
Make the sea shine with gallantry, and all
The English youth flock to their admiral. Waller.
3. The ship which carries the admiral or commander of the fleet.
The admiral galley, wherein the emperor himself was, by
great mischance struck upon a sand. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

A'DMIRALSHIP. n. s.  [from admiral.] The office or power of
an admiral.

ADMIRA'LTY. n. s.  [ammiraulté, Fr.] The power, or officers,
appointed for the administration of naval affairs.

ADMIRA'TION. n. s.  [admiratio, Lat.] 
1. Wonder; the act of admiring or wondering.
Indu'd with human voice, and human sense.
Reasoning to admiration. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
They are imitations of the passions, which always move, and
therefore, consequently, please; for, without motion, there can
be no delight: which cannot be considered but as an active
passion. When we view those elevated ideas of nature, the
result of that view is admiration, which is always the cause of
pleasure. Dryd. Dufresnoy, Pref.
There is a pleasure in admiration, and this is that which pro­
perly causeth admiration, when we discover a great deal in an
object, which we understand to be excellent; and yet we see,
we know not how much more beyond that, which our under­
standings cannot fully reach and comprehend. Tillotson's Serm.
2. It is taken sometimes in a bad sense, though generally in a
good.
Your boldness I with admiration see;
What hope had you to gain a queen like me?
Because a hero forc'd me once away,
Am I thought fit to be a second prey? Dryd.

To ADMI'RE. v. a.  [admiro, Lat. admirer, Fr.] 
1. To regard with wonder; generally in a good sense.
'Tis here that knowledge wonders, and there is an admira­
tion that is not the daughter of ignorance. This indeed stu­
pidly gazeth at the unwonted effect; but the philosophic pas­
sion truly admires and adores the supreme efficient. Glanville.
2. It is sometimes used, in more familiar speech, for to regard
with love.
3. It is used, but rarely, in an ill sense.
You have displac'd the mirth, broke the good meeting
With most admir'd disorder. Shakesp. Macbeth.



To ADMIRE. v. n.  To wonder; sometimes with the particle at.
The eye is already so perfect, that I believe the reason of a
man would easily have rested here, and admir'd at his own con­
trivance. Ray on the Creation.

An ADMI'RER. n. s.  [from admire.] 
1. The person that wonders, or regardes with admiration.
Neither Virgil nor Horace would have gained so great repu­
tation, had they not been the friends and admirers of each other.
Addison. Spectator.
Who most to shun or hate mankind pretend,
Seek an admirer, or would fix a friend. Pope's Essay on Man.
2. In common speech, a lover.

ADMI'RINGLY. adv.  [from admire.] With admiration; in the
manner of an admirer.
The king very lately spoke of him admiringly and mourn­
fully. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
We may yet further admiringly observe, that though men
usually give freeliest where they have not given before, and
make it an excuse of their desistance from giving, that they
have given it otherwise. Boyle.

ADMI'SSIBLE. adj.  [admitto, admissum, Lat.] That which may
be admitted.
Suppose that this supposition were admissible, yet this would
not any way be inconsistent with the eternity of the divine na­
ture and essence. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ADMI'SSION. n. s.  [admissio, Lat.] 
1. The act or practice of admitting.
There was also enacted that charitable law, for the admission
of poor suitors without fee; whereby poor men became rather
able to vex, than unable to sue. Bacon's Henry VII.
By means of our solitary situation, and our rare admission of
strangers, we know most part of the habitable world, and are
ourselves unknown. Bacon's New Atalantis.
2. The state of being admitted.
My father saw you ill designs pursue;
And my admission show'd his fear of you. Dryd. Aurengzebe.
God did then exercise man's hopes with the expectations of
a better paradise, or a more intimate admission to himself.
South's Sermons.
3. Admittance; the power of entering, or being admitted.
All springs have some degree of heat, none ever freezing,
no not in the longest and severest frosts; especially those, where
there is such a site and disposition of the strata as gives free and
easy admission to this heat. Woodward's Natural History.
Our king descends from Jove:
And hither are we come, by his command,
To crave admission in your happy land. Dryd. Æneid vii.
4. In the ecclesiastical law.
It is, when the patron presents a clerk to a church that is
vacant, and the bishop, upon examination, admits and allows
of such clerk to be fitly qualified, by saying, Admitto te habilem,
&c. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. The allowance of an argument; the grant of a position not
fully proved.

To ADMI'T. v. a.  [admitto, Lat.] 
1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance.
Does not one table Bavius still admit?
2. To suffer to enter upon an office; in which sense, the phrase
of admission into a college, &c. is used.
The treasurer found it no hard matter so far to terrify him,
that, for the king's service, as was pretended, he admitted, for
a six-clark, a person recommended by him. Clarendon.
3. To allow an argument or position.
Suppose no weapon can thy valour's pride
Subdue, that by no force thou may'st be won,
Admit no steel can hurt or wound thy side,
And be it heav'n hath thee such favour done. Fairfax, b. ii.
This argument is like to have the less effect on me, seeing I
cannot easily admit the inference. Locke.
4. To allow, or grant in general; sometimes with the particle of.
If you once admit of a latitude, that thoughts may be ex­
alted, and images raised above the life, that leads you insen­
sibly from your own principles to mine. Dryd. on Heroic Poetry.

ADMI'TTABLE. adj.  [from admit.] The person or thing which
may be admitted.
The clerk, who is presented, ought to prove to the bishop,
that he is a deacon, and that he has orders; otherwise, the
bishop is not bound to admit him: for, as the law then stood,
a deacon was admittable. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

ADMI'TTANCE. n. s.  [from admit.] 
1. The act of admitting; allowance or permission to enter.
It cannot enter any man's conceit to think it lawful, that
every man which listeth should take upon him charge in the
church; and therefore a solemn admittance is of such necessity,
that, without it, there can be no church-polity. Hooker, b. iii.
As to the admittance of the weighty elastic parts of the air
into the blood, through the coats of the vessels, it seems contrary
to experiments upon dead bodies. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The power or right of entering.
What
If I do line one of their hands?—'tis gold
Which buys admittance. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Surely a daily expectation at the gate, is the readiest way to
gain admittance into the house. South's Sermons.
There's news from Bertran; he desires
Admittance to the king, and cries aloud,
This day shall end our fears. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
There are some ideas which have admittance only through
one sense, which is peculiarly adapted to receive them. Locke.
3. Custom, or prerogative, of being admitted to great persons;
a sense now out of use.
Now, Sir John, here is the heart of my purpose: you are
a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admittance, authen­
tick in your place and person, generally allowed for your many
warlike, courtlike, and learned preparations.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. Concession of a position.
Nor could the Pythagorean give easy admittance thereto;
for, holding that separate souls successively supplied other bo­
dies, they could hardly allow the raising of souls from other
worlds. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

To ADMI'X. v. a.  [admisceo, Lat.] To mingle with some­
thing else.

ADMI'XTION. n. s.  [from admix.] The union of one body with
another, by mingling them.
All metals may be calcined by strong waters, or by admixtion
of salt, sulphur, and mercury. Bacon's Physical Remains.
The elements are no where pure in these lower regions; and
if there is any free from the admixtion of another, sure it is
above the concave of the moon. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
There is no way to make a strong and vigorous powder of
saltpetre, without the admixtion of sulphur. Brown's Vulgar Err.

ADMI'XTURE. n. s.  [from admix.] The body mingled with
another; perhaps sometimes the act of mingling.
A mass which to the eye appears to be nothing but mere
simple earth, shall, to the smell or taste, discover a plentiful
admixture of sulphur, alum, or some other mineral.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iv.
Whatever acrimony, or amaritude, at any time redounds in
it, must be derived from the admixture of another sharp bitter
substance. Harvey on Consumptions.

To ADMO'NISH. v. a.  [admonco, Lat.] 
To warn of a fault; to reprove gently; to counsel against
wrong practices; to put in mind of a fault or a duty; with
the particle of, or against, which is more rare, or the infinitive
mood of a verb.
One of his cardinals, who better knew the intrigues of af­
fairs, admonished him against that unskilful piece of ingenuity.
Decay of Piety.
He of their wicked ways
Shall them admonish, and before them set
The paths of righteousness. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi.
But when he was admonished by his subject to descend, he
came down, gently circling in the air, and singing, to the
ground. Dryden's Dedication of Virgil's Past.

ADMO'NISHER. n. s.  [from admonish.] The person that admo­
nishes, or puts another in mind of his faults or duty.
Horace was a mild admonisher; a court-satyrist sit for the
gentle times of Augustus. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.

ADMO'NISHMENT. n. s.  [from admonish.] Admonition; the
notice by which one is put in mind of faults or duties: a word
not often used.
But yet be wary in thy studious care.—
—Thy grave admonishments prevail with me.
Shakespeare's Henry V. p. i.
To th' infinitely Good we owe
Immortal thanks, and his admonishment
Receive, with solemn purpose to observe
Immutably his sovereign will, the end
Of what we are. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 77.

ADMONI'TION. n. s.  [admonitio, Lat.] The hint of a fault or
duty; counsel; gentle reproof.
They must give our teachers leave, for the saving of those
souls, to intermingle sometimes, with other more necessary
things, admonition concerning these not unnecessary. Hooker.
From this admonition they took only occasion to redouble
their fault, and to sleep again; so that, upon a second and third
admonition, they had nothing to plead for their unseasonable
drowsiness. South's Sermons.

ADMONI'TIONER. n. s.  [from admonition.] A liberal dispenser
of admonition; a general adviser. A ludicrous term.
Albeit the admonitioners did seem at first to like no prescript
form of prayer at all, but thought it the best that their minister
should always be left at liberty to pray, as his own discretion did
serve, their defender, and his associates, have sithence proposed
to the world a form as themselves did like. Hooker, b. v. § 27.

ADMO'NITORY. adj.  [admonitorius, Lat.] That which admo­
nishes.
The sentence of reason is either mandatory, shewing what
must be done; or else permissive, declaring only what may be
done; or, thirdly, admonitory, opening what is the most conve­
nient for us to do. Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, b. i.

ADMURMURA'TION. n. s.  [admurmuro, Lat.] The act of mur­
muring, or whispering to another. Dict.



To ADMO'VE. v. a.  [admoveo, Lat.] To bring one thing to
another.
If, unto the powder of loadstone or iron, we admove the north­
pole of the loadstone, the powders, or small divisions, will erect
and conform themselves thereto. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

ADO'. n. s.  [from the verb to do, with a before it, as the French
affaire, from à and faire.] 
1. Trouble, difficulty.
He took Clitophon prisoner, whom, with much ado, he keep­
eth alive; the Helots being villainously cruel. Sidney, b. i.
They moved, and in the end persuaded, with much ado, the
people to bind themselves by solemn oath. Hooker, Pref.
He kept the borders and marches of the pale with much
ado; he held many parliaments, wherein sundry laws were
made. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
With much ado, he partly kept awake;
Not suff'ring all his eyes repose to take:
And ask'd the stranger, who did reeds invent,
And whence began so rare an instrument. Dryden.
2. Bustle; tumult; business; sometimes with the particle about.
Let's follow, to see the end of this ado.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
All this ado about Adam's fatherhood, and the greatness of its
power, helps nothing to establish the power of those that go­
vern. Locke.
3. It has a light and ludicrous sense, implying more tumult and
shew of business, than the affair is worth; in this sense it is
generally used.
I made no more ado, but took all their seven points in my
target, thus. Shakesp. Henry IV.
We'll keep no great ado—a friend or two—
For, hark, Tybalt being slain so late,
It may be thought we held him carelesly,
Being our kinsman, if we revel much. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
Come, come, says Puss, without any more ado, 'tis time
for me to go to breakfast; for cats don't live upon dialogues.
L'Estrange, Fab. ii.



ADO

ADOLE'SCENCE. n. s.  [adolescentia, Lat.] 
The age succeeding childhood, and succeeded by puberty;
more largely, that part of life in which the body has not yet
reached its full perfection. See ADOLESCENCY.
The sons must have a tedious time of childhood and adoles­
cence, before they can either themselves assist their parents, or
encourage them with new hopes of posterity. Bentley's Serm.

ADOLE'SCENCY. n. s.  The same with adolescence.
He was so far from a boy, that he was a man born, and at
his full stature, if we believe Josephus, who places him in the
last adolescency, and makes him twenty-five years old.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 8.

To ADO'PT. v. a.  [adopto, Lat.] 
1. To take a son by choice; to make him a son, who was not so
by birth.
Were none of all my father's sisters left;
Nay, were I of my mother's kin bereft;
None by an uncle's or a grandame's side,
Yet I cou'd some adopted heir provide. Dryd. Pers. Sat. vi.
2. To place any person or thing in a nearer relation, than they
have by nature, to something else.
Whether, adopted to some neighb'ring star,
Thou roll'st above us, in thy wand'ring race,
Or, in procession fix'd and regular,
Mov'd with the heav'ns majestic pace;
Or call'd to more celestial bliss,
Thou tread'st, with seraphims, the vast abyss. Dryd.
We are seldom at ease from the solicitation of our natural
or adopted desires; but a constant succession of uneasinesses,
out of that stock, which natural wants, or acquired habits, have
heaped up, take the will in their turns. Locke.

ADO'PTEDLY. adv.  [from adopted.] After the manner of some­
thing adopted.
Adoptedly, as school-maids change their names,
By vain, though apt, affection. Shakesp. Measure for Meas.

ADO'PTER. n. s.  [from adopt.] 
He that gives some one by choice the rights of a son.

ADO'PTION. n. s.  [adoptio, Lat.] 
1. The act of adopting, or taking to one's self what is not native.
See the hell of having a false woman! My bed shall be a­
bused, my coffers ransacked, my reputation gnawn at; and I
shall not only receive this villainous wrong, but stand under
the adoption of abominable terms, and by him that does me the
wrong. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. The state of being adopted.
In which time she purpos'd,
By watching, weeping, tendance, kissing, to
O'ercome you with her shew: yes, and in time
(When she had fitted you with her craft) to work
Her son into th' adoption of the crown. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
In every act of our christian worship, we are taught to call
upon him under the endearing character of our Father, to re­
mind us of our adoption, that we are made heirs of God, and
joint heirs of Christ. Rogers's Sermons.

ADO'PTIVE. adj.  [adoptivus, Lat.] 
1. He that is adopted by another, and made his son.
It is impossible an elective monarch should be so free and
absolute as an hereditary; no more than it is possible for a fa­
ther to have so full power and interest in an adoptive son, as in
a natural. Bacon's Considerations on a War with Spain.
2. He that adopts another, and makes him his son.
An adopted son cannot cite his adoptive father into court,
without his leave. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

ADO'RABLE. adj.  [adorable, Fr.] That which ought to be ado­
red; that which is worthy of divine honours.
On these two, viz. the love of God, and our neighbour,
hang both the law and the prophets, says the adorable Author of
christianity; and the Apostle says, the end of the law is cha­
rity. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

ADO'RABLENESS. n. s.  [from adorable.] The quality of being
adorable; worthiness of divine honours.

ADO'RABLY. adv.  [from adorable.] In a manner worthy of
adoration.

ADORA'TION. n. s.  [adoratio, Lat.] 
1. The external homage paid to the Divinity, distinct from men­
tal reverence.
Solemn and serviceable worship we name, for distinction
sake, whatsoever belongeth to the church, or publick society,
of God, by way of external adoration. Hooker, b. v. § 4.
It is possible to suppose, that those who believe a supreme
excellent Being, may yet give him no external adoration at all.
Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourses on Rom. Idolatry.
2. Homage paid to persons in high place or esteem.
O ceremony, shew me but thy worth:
What is thy toll, O adoration!
Art thou nought else but place, degree, and form,
Creating awe and fear in other men?
Wherein thou art less happy, being fear'd,
Than they in fearing.
What drink'st thou oft, instead of homage sweet,
But poison'd flattery? Shakespeare's Henry V.

To ADO'RE. v. a.  [adoro, Lat.] 
1. To worship with external homage; to pay divine honours.
The mountain nymphs and Themis they adore,
And from her oracles relief implore. Dryden.
2. It is used, popularly, to denote a high degree of reverence or
regard; to reverence; to honour; to love.
The people appear adoring their prince, and their prince
adoring God. Tatler, No 57.

ADO'REMENT. n. s.  [from adore.] Adoration; worship: a
word scarcely used.
The priests of elder times deluded their apprehensions with
sooth-saying, and such oblique idolatries, and won their credu­
lities to the literal and downright adorement of cats, lizzards,
and beetles. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.

ADO'RER. n. s.  [from adore.] 
He that adores; a worshiper: a term generally used in a
low sense; as, by lovers, or admirers.
Being so far provoked as I was in France, I would abate her
nothing; though I profess myself her adorer, not her friend.
Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Whilst as th' approaching pageant does appear,
And echoing crouds speak mighty Venus near;
I, her adorer, too devoutly stand
Fast on the utmost margin of the land. Prior.
2. A worshipper, in a serious sense.
He was so severe an adorer of truth, as not to dissemble; or
to suffer any man to think that he would do any thing, which
he resolved not to do. Clarendon.

To ADO'RN. v. a.  [adorno, Lat.] 
1. To dress; to deck the person with ornaments.
He hath cloathed me with the garments of salvation, he
hath covered me with the robe of righteousness, as a bride­
groom decketh himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorn­
eth herself with her jewels. Isaiah, lxi. 10.
Yet 'tis not to adorn and gild each part,
That shews more cost than art;
Jewels at nose and lips, but ill appear. Cowley.
2. To set out any place or thing with decorations.
A gallery adorned with the pictures or statues of the invention
of things useful to human life. Cowley.
3. To embellish with oratory or elegance of language.
This will supply men's tongues with many new things, to
be named, adorned, and described, in their discourse.
Sprat's History of the Royal Society.
Thousands there are in darker fame that dwell,
Whose names some nobler poem shall adorn;
For, though unknown to me, they sure fought well. Dryd.

ADO'RNMENT. n. s.  [from adorn.] Ornament; embellishment;
elegance.
Which attribute was not given to the earth, while it was
confused; nor to the heavens, before they had motion and
adornment. Raleigh's History of the World.
She held the very garment of Posthumus in more respect than
my noble and natural person, together with the adornment of
my qualities. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

ADO'WN. adv.  [from a and down.] Down; on the ground.


Thrice did she sink adown in deadly sound,
And thrice he her reviv'd with busy pain. Fairy Queen, b. i.

ADO'WN. prep.  Down; towards the ground; from a higher
situation towards a lower.
In this remembrance Emily ere day
Arose, and dress'd herself in rich array;
Fresh as the month, and as the morning fair,
Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryd. Fables.

ADRE'AD. adv.  [from a and dread; as, aside, athirst, asleep.] 
In a state of fear; frighted; terrified: now obsolete.
And thinking to make all men adread to such a one an ene­
my, who would not spare, nor fear to kill so great a prince.
Sidney, b. ii.

ADRI'FT. adv.  [from a and drift, from drive.] 
Floating at random; as, any impulse may drive.
Then, shall this mount
Of paradise, by might of waves, be mov'd
Out of his place, push'd by the horned flood;
With all his verdure spoil'd, and trees adrift
Down the great river, to the opening gulf,
And there take root. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 832.
It seem'd a corps adrift to distant sight;
But at a distance who could judge aright. Dryd. Fables.
The custom of frequent reflection will keep their minds from
running adrift, and call their thoughts home from useless un­
attentive roving. Locke on Education, § 176.

ADRO'IT. adj.  [French.] Dextrous; active; skilful.
An adroit stout fellow would sometimes destroy a whole fa­
mily, with justice apparently against him the whole time.
Jervas's Introduct. to Don Quixote.

ADRO'ITNESS. n. s.  [from adroit.] 
Dexterity; readiness; activity. Neither this word, nor a­
droit, seem yet completely naturalized.

ADRY'. adv.  [from a and dry.] Athrist; thirsty; in want of drink.
He never told any of them, that he was his humble servant,
but his well-wisher; and would rather be thought a malecon­
tent, than drink the king's health when he was not adry. Spect.

ADSCITI'TIOUS. adj.  [adscititius, Lat.] 
That which is taken in to complete something else, though
originally extrinsick; supplemental; additional.

ADSTRI'CTION. n. s.  [adstrictio, Lat.] 
The act of binding together; and applied, generally, to me­
dicaments and applications, which have the power of making
the part contract.



ADV

To ADVA'NCE. v. a.  [avancer, Fr.] 
1. To bring forward, in the local sense.
Now morn, her rosy steps in th' eastern clime
Advancing, sow'd the earth with orient pearl. Parad. Lost.
2. To raise to preferment; to aggrandize.
The declaration of the greatness of Mordecai, whereunto
the king advanced him. Esther, x. 2.
3. To improve.
What laws can be advised more proper and effectual to ad­
vance the nature of man to its highest perfection, than these pre­
cepts of christianity? Tillotson.
4. To heighten; to grace; to give lustre to.
As the calling dignifies the man, so the man much more ad­
vances his calling. As a garment, though it warms the body,
has a return with an advantage, being much more warmed by
it. South's Sermons.
5. To forward; to accelerate.
These three last were slower than the ordinary Indian wheat
of itself; and this culture did rather retard than advance. Bacon.
6. To propose; to offer to the publick.
I dare not advance my opinion against the judgment of so
great an author; but I think it fair to leave the decision to the
publick. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own,
But catch the spreading notion of the town. Pop. Ess. on Crit.

To ADVA'NCE. v. n. 1. To come forward.
At this the youth, whose vent'rous soul
No fears of magick art controul,
Advanc'd in open sight. Parnel.
2. To make improvement.
They who would advance in knowledge, and not deceive and
swell themselves with a little articulated air, should not take
words for real entities in nature, till they can frame clear and
distinct ideas of those entities. Locke.

ADVA'NCE. n. s.  [from to advance.] 
1. The act of coming forward.
All the foot were put into Abington, with a resolution to
quit, or defend, the town, according to the manner of the ene­
my's advance towards it. Clarendon, b. viii.
So, like the sun's advance, your titles show;
Which, as he rises, does the warmer grow. Waller.
2. A tendency to come forward to meet a lover; an act of invi­
tation.
In vain are all the practis'd wiles,
In vain those eyes would love impart;
Not all th' advances, all the smiles,
Can move one unrelenting heart. Walsh.
His genius was below
The skill of ev'ry common beau;
Who, tho' he cannot spell, is wise
Enough to read a lady's eyes;
And will each accidental glance
Interpret for a kind advance. Swift's Miscell.
He has described the unworthy passion of the goddess Ca­
lypso, and the indecent advances she made to detain him from
his own country. Pope's Odyssey, b. vii. notes.
3. Progression; rise from one point to another.
Our Saviour raised the ruler's daughter, the widow's son,
and Lazarus; the first of these, when she had just expired;
the second, as he was carried to the grave on his bier; and the
third, after he had been some time buried. And having, by
these gradual advances, manifested his divine power, he at last
exerted the highest and most glorious degree of it; and raised
himself also by his own all-quickening virtue, and according to
his own express prediction. Atterbury's Sermons.
Men of study and thought, that reason right, and are lovers
of truth, do make no great advances in their discoveries of it.
Locke of Human Understanding, § 3.
4. Improvement; progress towards perfection.
The principle and object of the greatest importance in the
world to the good of mankind, and for the advance and per­
fecting of human nature. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ADVA'NCEMENT. n. s.  [avancement, Fr.] 
1. The act of coming forward.
This refinement having begun about the time of the revolu­
tion, I had some share in the honour of promoting it; and I
observe, that it makes daily advancements, and, I hope, in time,
will raise our language to the utmost perfection. Swift.
2. The state of being advanced; preferment.
During whose reign, the Percies of the North
Finding his usurpation most unjust,
Endeavour'd my advancement to the throne.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.
3. The act of advancing another.
In his own grace he doth exalt himself
More than in your advancement. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
4. Improvement.
Nor can we conceive it may be unwelcome unto those ho­
noured worthies, who endeavour the advancement of learning.
Brown's Pref. to Vulgar Errours.

ADVA'NCER. n. s.  [from advance.] 
He that advances any thing; a promoter; forwarder.
Soon after the death of a great officer, who was judged no
advancer of the king's matters, the king said to his solicitor
Bacon, who was his kinsman, How, tell me truly, what say you
of your cousin that is gone? Bacon's Apothegms.
Let us add only this concerning this latter sort, that they are
greater advancers of defamatory designs, than the very first con­
trivers. Government of the Tongue, § 5.

ADVA'NTAGE. n. s.  [avantage, Fr.] 
1. Superiority; often with of or over before a person.
In the practical prudence of managing such gifts, the laity
may have some advantage over the clergy; whose experience
is, and ought to be, less of this world than the others. Sprat.
All other sorts and sects of men would evidently have the
advantage of us, and a much surer title to happiness than we.
Atterbury's Preface to his Sermons.
2. Superiority gained by stratagem, or unlawful means.
The common law hath left them this benefit, whereof they
make advantage, and wrest it to their bad purposes.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
But specially he took advantage of the night for such privy
attempts, insomuch that the bruit of his manliness was spread
every-where. 2 Macc. viii. 7.
It is a noble and a sure defiance of a great malice, backed
with a great interest; which yet can have no advantage of a
man, but from his own expectations of something that is with­
out him. South's Sermons.
As soon as he was got to Sicily, they sent for him back; de­
signing to take advantage, and prosecute him in the absence of
his friends. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
3. Opportunity; convenience.
I beseech you,
If you think fit, or that it may be done,
Give me advantage of some brief discourse
With Desdemona alone. Shakespeare's Othello.
4. Favourable circumstances.
Like jewels to advantage set,
Her beauty by the shade does get. Waller.
A face, which is over-flushed, appears to advantage in the
deepest scarlet, and the darkest complexion is not a little alle­
viated by a black hood. Addison. Spectator, No 265.
True wit is nature to advantage dress'd,
What oft was thought, but ne'er so well express'd.
Pope's Essay on Criticism.
5. Gain; profit.
For thou saidst, what advantage will it be unto thee, and what
profit shall I have, if I be cleansed from my sin? Job, xxxv. 3.


Certain it is, that advantage now sits in the room of consci­
ence, and steers all. South's Sermons.
6. Overplus; something more than the mere lawful gain.
O my gentle Hubert,
We owe thee much; within this wall of flesh
There is a soul counts thee her creditor,
And with advantage means to pay thy love.
Shakespeare's King John.
You said, you neither lend nor borrow
Upon advantage. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
7. Preponderation on one side of the comparison.
Much more should the consideration of this pattern arm us
with patience against ordinary calamities; especially if we con­
sider his example with this advantage, that though his suffer­
ings were wholly undeserved, and not for himself but for us,
yet he bore them patiently. Tillotson.

To ADVA'NTAGE. v. a.  [from the noun.] 
1. To benefit.
Convey what I set down to my lady: it shall advantage
more than ever the bearing of letter did.
Shakespeare's Twelfth-Night.
The great business of the senses being to make us take no­
tice of what hurts or advantages the body, it is wisely ordered
by nature, that pain should accompany the reception of several
ideas. Locke.
We should have pursued some other way, more effectual, for
distressing the common enemy, and advantaging ourselves. Swift.
The trial hath endamag'd thee no way,
Rather more honour left, and more esteem;
Me naught advantag'd, missing what I aim'd. Par. Regained.
2. To promote; to bring forward; to gain ground.
To ennoble it with the spirit that inspires the Royal Society,
were to advantage it in one of the best capacities in which it is
improveable. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, Pref.

ADVA'NTAGED. adj.  [from to advantage.] 
Possessed of advantages.
In the most advantaged tempers, this disposition is but compa­
rative; whereas the most of men labour under disadvantages,
which nothing can rid them off. Glanv. Scepsis Scientifica.

ADVA'NTAGE-GROUND. n. s.  Ground that gives superiority,
and opportunities of annoyance or resistance.
This excellent man, who stood not upon the advantage­
ground before, from the time of his promotion to the archbisho­
prick, or rather from that of his being commissioner of the trea­
sury, exceedingly provoked, or underwent the envy, and re­
proach, and malice of men of all qualities and conditions; who
agreed in nothing else. Clarendon.

ADVANTA'GEOUS. adj.  [avantageux, Fr.] 
1. Of advantage; profitable; useful; opportune; convenient.
The time of sickness, or affliction, is, like the cool of the day
to Adam, a season of peculiar propriety for the voice of God to
be heard; and may be improved into a very advantageous op­
portunity of begetting or increasing spiritual life in the soul.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
Here perhaps
Some advantageous act may be atchiev'd
By sudden onset, either with hell-fire
To waste his whole creation; or possess
All as our own. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 363.
2. It is used with relation to persons, and followed by to.
Since every painter paints himself in his own works, 'tis ad­
vantageous to him to know himself, to the end that he may cul­
tivate those talents which make his genius. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

ADVANTA'GEOUSLY. adv.  [from advantageous.] 
Conveniently; opportunely; profitably.
It was advantageously situated, there being an easy passage
from it to Ægypt, Æthiopia, Persia, and India, by sea. Arbuth.

ADVANTA'GEOUSNESS. n. s.  [from advantageous.] 
Quality of being advantageous; profitableness; usefulness;
convenience.
The last property, which qualifies God for the fittest object
of our love, is, the advantageousness of his to us, both in the
present and the future life. Boyle's Seraphic Love.

To ADVE'NE. v. n.  [advenio, Lat.] 
To accede to something; to become part of something else,
without being essential; to be superadded.
A sixth cause considered in judicature, is stiled an accidental
cause; and the accidental of any act, is said to be whatever ad­
venes to the act itself already substantiated. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ADVE'NIENT. adj.  [adveniens, Lat.] 
Advening; coming from outward causes; superadded.
If to suppose the soul a distinct substance from the body, and
extrinsecally advenient, be a great error in philosophy, almost all
the world hath hitherto been mistaken.
Glanville's Vanity of Dogmatism.
Being thus divided from truth in themselves, they are yet
farther removed by advenient deception; for they are daily
mocked into error by subtler devisers. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

A'DVENT. n. s.  [from adventus; that is, adventus Redemptoris.] 
The name of one of the holy seasons, signifying the coming;
that is, the coming of our Saviour; which is made the subject of
our devotion during the four weeks before Christmas.

ADVE'NTINE. adj.  [from advenio, adventum.] 
Adventitious; that which is extrinsically added; that which
comes from outward causes: a word scarcely in use.
As for the peregrine heat, it is thus far true, that, if the pro­
portion of the adventine heat be greatly predominant to the na­
tural heat and spirits of the body, it tendeth to dissolution or
notable alteration. Bacon's Natural History, No 836.

ADVENTI'TIOUS. adj.  [adventitius, Lat.] 
That which advenes; accidental; supervenient; extrinsi­
cally added, not essentially inherent.
Diseases of continuance get an adventitious strength from
custom, besides their material cause from the humours. Bacon.
Though we may call the obvious colours natural, and the
others adventitious; yet such changes of colours, from whatso­
ever cause they proceed, may be properly enough taken in, to
illustrate the present subject. Boyle on Colours.
If his blood boil, and th' adventitious fire
Rais'd by high meats, and higher wines, require
To temper and allay the burning heat;
Waters are brought, which by decoction get
New coolness. Dryd. Juvenal, Sat. v.
Of this we have an instance in the gem-kind; where, of all
the many sorts reckoned up by lapidaries, there are not above
three or four that are original; their diversities, as to lustre,
colour, and hardness, arising from the different admixture of
other adventitious mineral matter. Woodward's Natural Hist.

ADVE'NTIVE. n. s.  [from advenio, Lat.] The thing or person
that comes from without: a word not now in use.
That the natives be not so many, but that there may be el­
bow-room enough for them, and for the adventives also.
Bacon's Advice to Sir George Villiers.

ADVE'NTUAL. adj.  [from advent.] 
Relating to the season of advent.
I do also daily use one other collect; as, namely, the collects
adventual, quadragesimal, paschal, or pentecostal, for their pro­
per seasons. Bishop Saunderson upon Submission to Usurpers.

ADVE'NTURE. n. s.  [French.] 
1. An accident; a chance; a hazard; an event of which we have
no direction.
The general summoned three castles that were near: one
desperate of succour, and not desirous to dispute the defence,
presently yielded; but two stood upon their adventure.
Sir John Hayward.
2. In this sense is used the phrase, at all adventures; [à l'adven­
ture, Fr.] By chance; without any rational scheme.
Blows flew at all adventures, wounds and deaths given and
taken unexpected; many scarce knowing their enemies from
their friends. Sir John Hayward.
Where the mind does not perceive this probable connection,
there men's opinions are the effects of chance and hazard, of a
mind floating at all adventures, without choice and without di­
rection. Locke.
3. The occasion of casual events; an enterprise in which some­
thing must be left to hazard.
For I must love, and am resolv'd, to try
My fate, or, failing in th' adventure, die. Dryden's Fables.
This noun, with all its derivatives, are frequently written
without ad; as, venture, venturous.

To ADVE'NTURE. v. n.  [adventurer, Fr.] 
1. To try the chance; to dare.
Be not angry,
Most mighty princess, that I have adventur'd
To try your taking of a false report. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The tender and delicate woman among you, which would
not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground, for
delicateness and tenderness. Deuter. xxviii. 26.
2. In an active sense, to put into the power of chance.
For my father fought for you, and adventured his life for, and
delivered you out of the hand of Midian. Judges, ix. 17.
3. It is often used with the reciprocal pronoun; as, he adventured
himself.

ADVE'NTURER. n. s.  [adventurier, Fr.] 
He that seeks occasions of hazard; he that puts himself in
the hands of chance.
He is a great adventurer, said he,
That hath his sword through hard assay sorgone,
And now hath vow'd, till he avenged be
Of that despight, never to wear none. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The kings of England did not make the conquest of Ireland
their own work; it was begun by particular adventurers, and
other voluntaries, who came to seek their fortunes in Ireland.
Sir John Davies on Ireland.
In this action, highly commendable, he intended to hazard
his own action, that so the more easily he might win adventur­
ers, who else were like to be less forward. Sir W. Ralaigh's Ess.
Had it not been for the British, which the late wars drew
over, and of adventurers or soldiers seated here, the country had,
by the last war, and plague, been left, in a manner, destitute.
Temple's Miscellanies.
Their wealthy trade from pirate's rapine free,
Our merchants shall no more advent'rers be. Dryden.



ADVE'NTUROUS. adj.  [adventureux, Fr.] 
1. He that is inclined to adventures; and, consequently, bold,
daring, courageous.
At land and sea, in many a doubtful fight,
Was never known a more advent'rous knight;
Who oftner drew his sword, and always for the right.
Dryd. Hind and Panther.
2. Applied to things; that which is full of hazard; which re­
quires courage; dangerous.
But I've already troubled you too long,
Nor dare attempt a more advent'rous song.
My humble verse demands a softer theme;
A painted meadow, or a purling stream. Addison.

ADVE'NTUROUSLY. adv.  [from adventurous.] 
After an adventurous manner; boldly; daringly.
They are both hanged; and so would this be, if he durst
steal any thing adventurously. Shakespeare's Henry V.

ADVE'NTURESOME. adj.  [from adventure.] 
The same with adventurous: a low word, scarcely used in
writing.

ADVE'NTURESOMENESS. n. s.  [from adventuresome] 
The quality of being adventuresome. Dict.

A'DVERB. n. s.  [adverbium, Lat.] 
A word joined to a verb or adjective, and solely applied to
the use of qualifying and restraining the latitude of their signi­
fication, by the intimation of some circumstance thereof; as,
of quality, manner, degree. Clarke's Latin Grammar.
Thus we say, he runs swiftly; the bird flies aloft; he lives
virtuously.

ADVE'RBIAL. adj.  [adverbialis, Lat.] 
That which has the quality or structure of an adverb.

ADVE'RBIALLY. adv.  [adverbialiter, Lat.] 
Like an adverb; in the manner of an adverb.
I should think alta was joined adverbially with tremit, did
Virgil make use of so equivocal a syntax. Addis. Rem. on Italy.

ADVE'RSABLE. adj.  [from adverse.] 
Contrary to; opposite to. Dict.

ADVERSA'RIA. n. s.  [Lat. A book, as it should seem, in
which Debtor and Creditor were set in opposition.] A com­
mon-place; a book to note in.
These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's ad­
versaria. Bull's Sermons.

A'DVERSARY. n. s.  [adversaire, Fr. adversarius, Lat.] 
An opponent; antagonist; enemy: generally applied to
those that have verbal or judicial quarrels; as, controvertists or
litigants: sometimes to an opponent in single combat. It may
sometimes imply an open profession of enmity; as we say, a
secret enemy is worse than an open adversary.
Yet am I noble, as the adversary
I come to cope. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Those rites and ceremonies of the church, therefore, which
were the self-same now that they were, when holy and virtuous
men maintained them against profane and deriding adversaries,
her own children have in derision. Hooker, b. i. § 1.
Mean while th' adversary of God and man,
Satan, with thoughts inflam'd, of highest design,
Puts on swift wings. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 620.
An adversary, on the contrary, makes a stricter search into
us, and discovers every flaw and imperfection in our tempers.
A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy inflames his
crimes. Addison. Spectator, No 399.

ADVE'RSATIVE. adj.  [adversativus, Lat.] 
A term of grammar, applied to a word which makes some
opposition or variety; as in this sentence: This diamond is
orient, but it is rough. But is an adversative conjunction.

A'DVERSE. adj.  [adversus, Lat.] 
In prose it has now the accent on the first syllable; in verse
it is accented on the first by Shakespeare; on either, indifferent­
ly, by Milton; on the last, by Dryden; on the first, by Ros­
common.
1. Acting with contrary directions; as, two bodies in collision.
Was I for this nigh wreckt upon the sea,
And twice, by adverse winds, from England's bank
Drove back again unto my native clime. Shakesp. Henry VI.
As when two polar winds blowing adverse,
Upon the Cronian sea together drive
Mountains of ice. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 289.
With adverse blast up-turns them from the South,
Notus and Afer. Ibid. l. 701.
A cloud of smoke envelopes either host,
And all at once the combatants are lost;
Darkling they join adverse, and shock unseen;
Coursers with coursers justling, men with men. Dryd.
2. Figuratively, contrary to the wish or desire; thence, calami­
tous; afflictive; pernicious. It is opposed to prosperous.
What if he hath decreed, that I shall first
Be try'd in humble state, and things adverse;
By tribulations, injuries, insults,
Contempts, and scorns, and snares, and violence. Par. Reg.
Some the prevailing malice of the great,
Unhappy men, or adverse fate,
Sunk deep into the gulfs of an afflicted state. Roscommon.
3. Personally opponent; the person that counteracts another, or
contests any thing.
Well she saw her father was grown her adverse party; and
yet her fortune such, as she must favour her rivals. Sidney.

ADVE'RSITY. n. s.  [adversité, Fr.] 
Affliction; calamity; that is, opposition to our wishes.
1. The cause of our sorrow; affliction; misfortune. In this sense
it may have a plural.
Let me embrace these sour adversities,
For wise men say, it is the wisest course. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
2. The state of unhappiness; misery.
Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. Shak. As you like it.
Concerning deliverance itself from all adversity, we use not
to say men are in adversity, whensoever they feel any small
hinderance of their welfare in this world, but when some not­
able affliction or cross, some great calamity or trouble, befall­
eth them. Hooker, b. v. § 48.
A remembrance of the good use he had made of prosperity,
contributed to support his mind under the heavy weight of ad­
versity, which then lay upon him. Atterbury's Sermons.

ADVE'RSLY. adv.  [from adverse.] 
In an adverse manner; oppositely; unfortunately.
What I think, I utter, and spend my malice in my breath.
Meeting two such wealsmen as you are, (I cannot call you Ly­
curgusses) if the drink you give me touch my palate adversly, I
make a crooked face at it. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To ADVE'RT. v. n.  [adverto, Lat.] 
To attend to; to regard; to observe; with the particle to
before the object of regard.
The mind of man being not capable at once to advert to
more than one thing, a particular view and examination of
such an innumerable number of vast bodies, will afford matter
of admiration. Ray on the Creation.
Now to the universal whole advert;
The earth regard as of that whole a part;
In which wide frame more noble worlds abound;
Witness, ye glorious orbs, which hang around. Blackmore.
We sometimes say, To advert the mind to an object.

ADVE'RTENCE. n. s.  [from advert.] 
Attention to; regard to; consideration.
Christianity may make Archimedes his challenge; give it
but where it may set its foot; allow but a sober advertence
to its proposals, and it will move the whole world.
Decay of Piety.

ADVE'RTENCY. n. s.  [from advert.] 
The same with advertence. Attention; regard; heedfulness.
Too much advertency is not your talent; or else you had
fled from that text, as from a rock. Swift.

To ADVERTI'SE. v. a.  [advertir, Fr.] 
It is now spoken with the accent upon the last syllable; but
appears to have been anciently accented on the second.
1. To inform another; to give intelligence; with an accusative
of the person informed.
The bishop did require a respite,
Wherein he might the king his lord advertise,
Whether our daughter were legitimate.
Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
As I by friends am well advertised,
Sir Edmund Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
Bishop of Exeter, his elder brother,
With many more confederates are in arms.
Shakespeare's Richard III.
2. To inform; to give notice; with of before the subject of in­
formation.
The death of Selymus nothing suspected, Ferhates, under­
standing that Solyman expected more assured advertisement,
sent unto the other Bassas; unto whom he declared the death
of the emperor: of which they, by another messenger, adver­
tised Solyman; firming those letters with all their hands and
seals. Knolles's History of the Turks.
They were to advertise the chief hero of the distresses of his
subjects, occasioned by his absence, to crave his succour, and
solicite him to hasten his return. Dryd. Pref. Dufresn.
3. To give notice of any thing, by means of an advertisement in
the publick prints; as, He advertised his loss.

ADVERTI'SEMENT, or ADVE'RTISEMENT. n. s.  [advertisse­
ment, Fr.] 
1. Instruction; admonition.
—'Tis all men's office to speak patience
To those, that wring under the load of sorrow;
But no man's virtue nor sufficiency,
To be so moral, when he shall endure
The like himself: therefore give me no counsel;
My griefs are louder than advertisement.
Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
2. Intelligence; information.
Then, as a cunning prince that useth spies,
If they return no news, doth nothing know;
But if they make advertisement of lies,
The prince's counsel all awry do go. Sir John Davies.


He had received advertisement, that the party, which was sent
for his relief from London, had received some brush in Somer­
setshire, which would much retard their march. Clarendon.
The drum and trumpet, by their several sounds, serve for
many kinds of advertisements, in military affairs: the bells serve
to proclaim a scare-fire; and, in some places, water-breaches;
the departure of a man, woman, or child; time of divine ser­
vice; the hour of the day; day of the month. Holder.
3. Notice of any thing published in a paper of intelligence.

ADVERTI'SER. n. s.  [advertiseur, Fr.] 
1. He that gives intelligence or information.
2. The paper in which advertisements are published.

ADVE'RTISING, or ADVERTI'SING. part. adj.  [from advertise.] 
Active in giving intelligence; monitory: a word not now in
use.
As I was then
Advertising, and holy to your business,
Not changing heart with habit, I am still
Attornied at your service. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

To ADVE'SPERATE. v. n.  [advespero, Lat.] 
To draw towards evening. Dict.

ADVI'CE. n. s.  [avis, advis, Fr. from adviso, low Latin.] 
1. Counsel; instruction: except that instruction implies superio­
rity, and advice may be given by equals or inferiors.
Break we our match up, and, by my advice,
Let us impart what we have seen to-night
Unto young Hamlet. Shakesp. Hamlet.
O troubled, weak and coward, as thou art!
Without thy poor advice, the lab'ring heart
To worse extremes with swister steps would run;
Not sav'd by virtue, yet by vice undone. Prior.
2. Reflection; prudent consideration; as, he always acts with
good advice.
What he hath won, that he hath fortified:
So hot a speed, with such advice dispos'd,
Such temperate order, in so fierce a course,
Doth want example. Shakesp. King John.
3. Consultation; deliberation; with the particle with.
Great princes, for the most part, taking advice with work­
men, with no less cost, set their things together. Bacon's Ess.
4. Intelligence; as, the merchants received advice of their loss.
This sense is somewhat low, and chiefly commercial.

ADVI'CE-BOAT. n. s.  A vessel employed to bring intelligence.

ADVI'SABLE. adj.  [from advise.] Prudent; fit to be advised.
Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart
every day; and this, no doubt, is the best and surest course;
for still the oftner, the better. South's Sermons.
It is not advisable to reward, where men have the tenderness
not to punish. L'Estrange's Fables.

ADVI'SABLENESS. n. s.  [from advisable.] The quality of being
advisable, on fit; fitness; propriety.

To ADVI'SE. v. a.  [adviser, Fr.] 
1. To counsel; with the particle to before the thing advised.
If you do stir abroad, go arm'd.——
——— Arm'd, brother!———
——— Brother, I advise you to the best. Shak. K. Lear.
I would advise all gentlemen to learn merchants accounts,
and not to think it a skill that belongs not to them. Locke.
When I consider the scruples and cautions I here lay in your
way, methinks it looks as if I advised you to something which
I would have offered at, but in effect not done. Idem.
2. To give information; to inform; to make acquainted with
any thing; often with the particle of before the thing told.
You were advis'd, his flesh was capable
Of wounds and scars; and that his forward spirit
Would lift him, where most trade of danger rang'd.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Such discourse bring on,
As may advise him of his happy state;
Happiness in his pow'r, left free to will. Paradise Lost.
A posting messenger dispatch'd from hence,
Of this fair troop advis'd their aged prince. Dryden's Æneid.

To ADVI'SE. v. n. 1. To consult; with the particle with before the person con­
sulted; as, he advised with his companions.
2. To consider; to deliberate.
Advise if this be worth
Attempting, or to sit in darkness here,
Hatching vain empires. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

ADVI'SED. participial adj.  [from advise.] 
1. Acting with deliberation and design; prudent; wise.
Let his travel appear rather in his discourse, than in his ap­
parel or gesture; and, in his discourse, let him be rather ad­
vised in his answers, than forward to tell stories. Bacon's Ess.
Th' Almighty Father, where he sits
Shrin'd in his sanctuary of heav'n secure,
Consulting on the sum of things foreseen,
This tumult, and permitted all, advis'd. Paradise Lost, b. vi.
2. Performed with deliberation; done on purpose; acted with de­
sign.
By that which we work naturally, as, when we breathe,
sleep, and move, we set forth the glory of God, as natural
agents do; albeit we have no express purpose to make that our
end, nor any advised determination therein to follow a law.
Hooker, b. i. p. 49.
In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft,
I shot his fellow of the self-same flight,
The self-same way, with more advised watch,
To find the other forth; by vent'ring both,
I oft found both. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

ADVI'SEDLY. adv.  [from advised.] Deliberately; purposely;
by design; prudently.
Surprize may be made by moving things, when the party is
in haste, and cannot stay to consider advisedly of that which is
moved. Bacon, Essay xxiii.
Thou stilest second thoughts (which are by all allowed the
best) a relapse; and talkest of a quagmire, where no man ever
stuck fast; and accusest constancy of mischief in what is na­
tural, and advisedly undertaken. Sir John Suckling.

ADVI'SEDNESS. n. s.  [from advised.] Deliberation; cool and
prudent procedure.
While things are in agitation, private men may modestly
tender their thoughts to the consideration of those that are in
authority; to whose care it belongeth, in prescribing concern­
ing indifferent things, to proceed with all just advisedness and
moderation. Saunderson's Judgment in one View.

ADVI'SEMENT. n. s.  [advisement, Fr.] 
1. Counsel; information.
Mote I wote,
What strange adventure do ye now pursue?
Perhaps my succour, or advisement meet,
Mote stead you much your purpose to subdue. Fairy Queen.
I will, according to your advisement, declare the evils, which
seem most hurtful. Spenser's State of Ireland.
2. It is taken likewise, in old writers, for prudence and circum­
spection. It is now, in both senses, antiquated.

ADVI'SER. n. s.  [from advise.] The person that advises, or gives
counsel; a counsellor.
Here, free from court-compliances, he walks,
And with himself, his best adviser, talks. Waller.
They never fail of their most artful and indefatigable ad­
dress, to silence this impertinent adviser, whose severity awes
their excesses. Rogers's Sermons.



ADU

ADULA'TION. n. s.  [adulation, Fr. adulatio, Lat.] Flattery;
high compliment.
O be sick, great Greatness!
And bid thy ceremony give thee cure.
Think'st thou the firy fever will go out,
With titles blown from adulation? Shakesp. Henry V.
They who flattered him most before, mentioned him now
with the greatest bitterness, and called him now the corrupter
of the king, and betrayer of the people; without imputing the
least crime to him, committed since the time of that exalted
adulation, or that was not then as much known to them, as it
could be now. Clarendon.

ADULA'TOR. n. s.  [adulator, Lat.] A flatterer. Dict.

A'DULATORY. adj.  [adulatorius, Lat.] Flattering; full of com­
pliments.

ADU'LT. adj.  [adultus, Lat.] Grown up; past the age of in­
fancy and weakness.
They would appear less able to approve themselves, not only
to the confessor, but even to the catechift, in their adult age,
than they were in their minority; as having scarce ever thought
of the principles of their religion, since they conned them to
avoid correction. Decay of Piety.
The earth, by these applauded schools, 'tis said,
This single crop of men and women bred;
Who grown adult, (so chance, it seems, enjoin'd)
Did, male and female, propagate their kind. Blackmore.

ADU'LT. n. s.  A person above the age of infancy, or grown
to some degree of strength; sometimes full grown: a word used
chiefly by medicinal writers.
The depression of the cranium, without a fracture, can but
seldom occur; and then it happens to children, whose bones
are more pliable and soft than those of adults. Sharp's Surgery.

ADU'LTNESS. n. s.  [from adult.] The state of being adult.
See ADOLESCENCE. Dict.

To ADU'LTER. v. a.  [adulterer, Fr. adultero, Lat.] To com­
mit adultery with another: a word not classical.
His chaste wise
He adulters still: his thoughts lye with a whore. Ben. Johns.

ADU'LTERANT. n. s.  [adulterans, Lat.] The person or thing
which adulterates.

To ADU'LTERATE. v. a.  [adulterer, Fr. adultero, Lat.] 
1. To commit adultery.
But fortune, oh!
Adulterates hourly with thine uncle John;
And with her golden hand hath pluckt on France.
Shakesp. King John.
2. To corrupt by some foreign admixture; to contaminate.
Common pot-ashes, bought of them that sell it in shops, who
are not so foolishly knavish, as to adulterate them with salt­
petre, which is much dearer than pot-ashes. Boyle.
Could a man be composed to such an advantage of constitu­


tion, that it should not at all adulterate the images of his mind;
yet this second nature would alter the crasis of his understand­
ing. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. xvi.
The present war has so adulterated our tongue with strange
words, that it would be impossible for one of our great grand­
fathers to know what his posterity have been doing. Spectator.

ADU'LTERATE. adj.  [from To adulterate.] 
1. Tainted with the guilt of adultery.
I am possess'd with an adulterate blot;
My blood is mingled with the grime of lust;
Being strumpeted by thy contagion. Shakesp. Comedy of Err.
— That incestuous, that adulterate beast. Idem, Hamlet.
2. Corrupted with some foreign mixture.
It does indeed differ no more, than the maker of adulterate
wares does from the vender of them. Governm. of the Tongue.
They will have all their gold and silver, and may keep their
adulterate copper at home; for we are determined not to pur­
chase it with our manufactures. Swift's Miscellanies.

ADU'LTERATENESS. n. s.  [from adulterate.] The quality or
state of being adulterate, or counterfeit.

ADULTERA'TION. n. s.  [from adulterate.] 
1. The act of adulterating or corrupting by foreign mixture;
contamination.
To make the compound pass for the rich metal simple, is an
adulteration, or counterfeiting: but if it be done avowedly, and
without disguising, it may be a great saving of the richer me­
tal. Bacon's Natural History, No 798.
2. The state of being adulterated, or contaminated.
Such translations are like the adulteration of the noblest wines,
where something of the colour, spirit, and flavour, will re­
main; and, while they please some injudicious palates, do
only raise the indignation of every good taste. Felton on the Class.

ADU'LTERER. n. s.  [adulter, Lat.] The person guilty of adul­
tery.
With what impatience must the muse behold,
The wife by her procuring husband sold;
For tho' the law makes null th' adulterer's deed
Of lands to her, the cuckold may succeed. Dryd. Juvenal.

ADU'LTERESS. n. s.  [from adulterer.] A woman that com­
mits adultery.
The Spartan lady replied, when she was asked, What was
the punishment for adulteresses? There are no such things here.
Government of the Tongue, § 3.
A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wire;
An upper vest, once Helen's rich attire;
From Argos by the fam'd adult'ress brought;
With golden flow'rs and winding foliage wrought. Dry. Vir.

ADU'LTERINE. n. s.  [adulterine, Fr. adulterinus, Lat.] A child
born of an adulteress: a term of canon law.

ADU'LTEROUS. adj.  [adulter, Lat.] Guilty of adultery.
Th' adulterous Antony, most large
In his abominations, turns you off,
And gives his potent regiment to a trull,
That noses it against us. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
An adulterous person is tied to restitution of the injury, so
far as it is reparable; and to make provision for the children,
that they may not injure the legitimate. Taylor.
Think on whose faith th' adult'rous youth rely'd;
Who promis'd, who procur'd the Spartan bride? Dryd. Æn.

ADU'LTERY. n. s.  [adulterium, Lat.] The act of violat­
ing the bed of a married person.
All thy domestic griefs at home be left,
The wife's adult'ry, with the servant's theft;
And (the most racking thought, which can intrude)
Forget false friends, and their ingratitude. Dryd. Juven.

ADU'MBRANT. adj.  [from adumbrate.] That which gives a
slight resemblance.

To ADU'MBRATE. v. a.  [adumbro, Lat.] 
To shadow out; to give a slight likeness; to exhibit a faint
resemblance, like that which shadows afford of the bodies
which they represent.
Heaven is designed for our reward, as well as rescue; and
therefore is adumbrated by all those positive excellencies, which
can endear or recommend. Decay of Piety.

ADUMBRA'TION. n. s.  [from adumbrate.] 
1. The act of adumbrating, or giving a slight and imperfect re­
presentation. See ADUMBRATE.
To make some adumbration of that we mean, the interiour
is rather an impulsion or contusion of the air, than an elision or
section of the same. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 187.
2. The slight and imperfect representation of a thing; a faint
sketch.
The observers view but the backside of the hangings; the
right one is on the other side the grave: and our knowledge is
but like those broken ends; at best a most confused adumbra­
tion. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
Those of the first sort have some adumbration of the rational
nature, as vegetables have of the sensible. Hales's Origin.

ADUNA'TION. n. s.  [from ad and unus, Lat.] The state of be­
ing united; union: a word of little use.
When, by glaciation, wood, straw, dust, and water, are
supposed to be united into one lump, the cold does not cause
any real union or adunation, but only hardening the aqueous parts
of the liquor into ice; the other bodies, being accidentally present
in that liquor, are frozen up in it, but not really united. Boyle.

ADU'NCITY. n. s.  [aduncitas, Lat.] Crookedness; flexure in­
wards; hookedness.
There can be no question, but the aduncity of the pounces,
and beaks of the hawks, is the cause of the great and habitual
immorality of those animals. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

ADU'NQUE. adj.  [aduncus, Lat.] Crooked; bending inwards;
hooked.
The birds that are speakers, are parrots, pies, jays, daws,
and ravens; of which parrots have an adunque bill, but the rest
not. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 238.

A'DVOCACY. n. s.  [from advocate.] The act of pleading; vin­
dication; defence; apology: a word in little use.
If any there are who are of opinion, that there are no anti­
podes, or that the stars do fall, they shall not want herein the
applause or advocacy of Satan. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

A'DVOCATE. n. s.  [advocatus, Lat.] 
1. He that pleads the cause of another in a court of judicature.
An advocate, in the general import of the word, is that per­
son who has the pleading and management of a judicial cause.
In a strict way of speaking, only that person is stiled advocate,
who is the patron of the cause, and is often, in Latin, termed
togatus, and, in English, a person of the long robe. Ayl. Par.
Learn what thou ow'st thy country and thy friend;
What's requisite to spare, and what to spend:
Learn this; and, after, envy not the store
Of the greas'd advocate that grinds the poor. Dryd. Perseus.
2. He that pleads any cause, in whatever manner, as a controver­
tist or vindicator.
If she dares trust me with her little babe,
I'll shew't the king, and undertake to be
Her advocate to th' loudest. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Of the several forms of government that have been, or are,
in the world, that cause seems commonly the better, that has
the better advocate, or is advantaged by fresher experience.
Temple's Miscellanies.
3. It is used with the particle for before the person or thing, in
whose favour the plea is offered.
Foes to all living worth except your own,
And advocates for folly dead and gone. Pope's Epistles.
4. In the scriptural and sacred sense, it stands for one of the offices
of our Redeemer.
Me his advocate,
And propitiation; all his works on me,
Good, or not good, ingraft. Milton's Paradise Lost.

ADVOCA'TION. n. s.  [from advocate.] The office of pleading;
plea; apology.
Alas! thrice gentle Cassio,
My advocation is not now in tune;
My lord is not my lord; nor should I know him,
Were he in favour, as in humour, alter'd. Shakesp. Othello.

ADVOLA'TION. n. s.  [advolo, advolatum, Lat.] The act of fly­
ing to something. Dict.

ADVOLU'TION. n. s.  [advolutio, Lat.] The act of rolling to
something.

ADVO'UTRY. n. s.  [avoutrie, Fr.] Adultery.
He was the most perfidious man upon the earth, and he had
made a marriage compounded between an advoutry and a
rape. Bacon's Henry VII.

ADVOWE'. n. s.  He that has the right of advowson. See AD­
VOWSON.

ADVO'WSON, or ADVO'WZEN. n. s.  [In common law.] 
A right to present to a benefice, and signifies as much as Jus
Patronatûs. In the canon law, it is so termed, because they
that originally obtained the right of presenting to any church,
were great benefactors thereto; and are therefore termed
sometimes Patroni, sometimes Advocati. Cowell.

To ADU'RE. v. n.  [aduro, Lat.] To burn up.
Such a degree of heat, which doth neither melt nor scorch,
doth mellow, and not adure. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 319.

ADU'ST. adj.  [adustus, Lat.] 
1. Burnt up; hot as with fire, scorched.
By this means, the virtual heat of the water will enter; and
such a heat as will not make the body adust, or fragile. Bacon.
Which with torrid heat,
And vapours as the Libyan air adust,
Began to parch that temperate clime. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. It is generally now applied, in a medicinal or philosophical
sense, to the complexion and humours of the body.
Such humours are adust, as, by long heat, become of a hot
and fiery nature, as choler, and the like. Quincy.
To ease the soul of one oppressive weight,
This quits an empire, that embroils a state.
The same adust complexion has impell'd
Charles to the convent, Philip to the field. Pope.

ADU'STED. adj.  [See ADUST.]
1. Burnt; scorch'd; dried with fire.
Sulphurous and nitrous foam
They found, they mingled, and with subtle art,
Concocted, and adusted, they reduc'd
To blackest grain, and into store convey'd. Paradise Lost.


2. Hot, as the complexion.
In regard they are but the fruits of adusted choler, and the
evaporations of a vindicative spirit, Helia needs not much care
for them; besides, she must give losers leave to speak. Howell.

ADU'STIBLE. adj.  [from adust.] That which may be adusted,
or burnt up. Dict.

ADU'STION. n. s.  [from adust.] The act of burning up, or dry­
ing, as by fire.
This is ordinarily a consequent of a burning colliquative fe­
ver; the softer parts being melted away, the heat continuing
its adustion, upon the drier and fleshy parts, changes into a mar­
cid fever. Harvey on Consumptions.

ADZ. n. s.  See ADDICE.
AE, or Æ.  A diphthong of very frequent use in the Latin lan­
guage, which seems not properly to have any place in the En­
glish; since the æ of the Saxons has been long out of use, be­
ing changed to e simple, to which, in words frequently occur­
ring, the æ of the Romans is, in the same manner, altered, as
in equator, equinoctial, and even in Encas.

Æ'GLOGUE. n. s.  [written instead of eclogue, from a mistaken
etymology.] A pastoral; a dialogue in verse between goat­
herds.
Which moved him rather in æglogues otherwise to write,
doubting, perhaps, his ability, which he little needed, or mind­
ing to furnish our tongue with this kind wherein it faulteth.
Spenser's Pastorals.

Æ'GILOPS. n. s.  [αἴγιλωψ, Gr. signifying goat-eyed, the goat be­
ing subject to this ailment.] 
A tumour or swelling in the great corner of the eye, by the
root of the nose, either with or without an inflammation: also
a plant so called, for its supposed virtues against such a distem­
per. Quincy.
Ægilops is a tubercle in the inner canthus of the eye.
Wiseman's Surgery.

ÆGYPTI'ACUM. n. s.  An ointment consisting only of honey,
verdigrease and vinegar. Quincy.

ÆL, or EAL, or AL. In compound names, as πᾶν in the Greek compounds, signi­
fies all, or altogether. So Ælwin is a compleat conqueror: Albert,
all illustrious: Aldred, altogether reverend: Alfred, altogether
peaceful. To these Pammachius, Pancratius, Pamphilius, &c.
do in some measure answer. Gibson's Camden.

ÆLF,  (which, according to various dialects, is pronounced ulf,
welph, hulph, hilp, helfe, and, at this day, helpe) implies assistance.
So Ælswin is victorious, and Ælswold, an auxiliary governour;
Ælfgifa, a lender of assistance: with which Boetius, Symmachus,
Epicurus, &c. bear a plain analogy. Gibson's Camden.

ÆNI'GMA.  See ENIGMA.
AE'RIAL. adj.  [aërius, Lat.] 
1. Belonging to the air, as consisting of it.
The thunder, when to roll
With terrour through the dark aerial hall. Paradise Lost.
From all that can with fins or feathers fly,
Thro' the aerial or the wat'ry sky. Prior.
I gathered the thickness of the air, or aerial interval, of the
glasses at that ring. Newton's Opticks.
Vegetables abound more with aerial particles, than animal
substances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Produced by the air.
The gifts of heav'n my foll'wing song pursues,
Aerial honey, and ambrosial dews. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
3. Inhabiting the air.
Where those immortal shapes
Of bright aerial spirits live inspher'd,
In regions mild, of calm and serene air. Paradise Regained.
Aerial animals may be subdivided into birds and flies. Locke.
4. Placed in the air.
Here subterranean works and cities see,
There towns aerial on the waving tree. Pope's Essay on Man.
5. High; elevated in situation, and therefore in the air.
A spacious city stood, with firmest walls,
Sure mounded, and with numerous turrets crown'd,
Aerial spires, and citadels, the seat
Of kings and heroes resolute in war. Philips.

A'ERIE. n. s.  [airie, Fr.] 
The proper word in hawks and other birds of prey for that
which we generally call a nest in other birds. Cowell.

AERO'LOGY. n. s.  [ἀὴϱ and λόγος, Gr.] The doctrine of the air.

A'EROMANCY. n. s.  [ἀὴϱ and μάντις, Gr.] The art of divining by
the air. Dict.

AERO'METRY. n. s.  [ἀὴϱ and μετϱέω.] The art of measuring
the air. Dict.

AERO'SCOPY. n. s.  [ἀήϱ and σϰέπτω, Gr.] The observation of
the air. Dict.

Æ'THIOPS-MINERAL. n. s. A medicine so called, from its dark colour, prepared of
quicksilver and sulphur, ground together in a marble mortar to
a black powder. Such as have used it most, think its virtues
not very great. Quincy.

ÆTI'TES. n. s.  [ἄεος, an eagle.] Eagle-stone. It is about the big­
ness of a chesnut, and hollow, with somewhat in it that rattles
upon shaking. Quincy.



AFA

AFA'R. adv.  [from a for at, and far.]  See FAR.
1. At a great distance.
So shaken as we are, so wan with care,
Find we a time for frighted peace to pant,
And breathe short-winded accents of new broils,
To be commenc'd in strouds afar remote?
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
We hear better when we hold our breath than contrary;
insomuch as in listening to attain a sound afar off, men hold
their breath. Bacon's Natural History, No 284.
2. To a great distance.
Hector hastened to relieve his boy;
Dismiss'd his burnish'd helm that shone afar,
The pride of warriours, and the pomp of war. Dryd.
3. From afar; from a distant place.
The rough Vulturnus, furious in its course,
With rapid streams divides the fruitful grounds,
And from afar in hollow murmur sounds. Addison on Italy.
4. Afar off; remotely distant.
Much suspecting his secret ends, he entertained a treaty of
peace with France, but secretly and afar off, and to be govern­
ed as occasions should vary. Sir John Hayward.

AFE'ARD. participial adj.  [from to fear, for to fright, with a re­
dundant.] 
1. Frighted; terrified; afraid.
He loudly bray'd, that like was never heard,
And from his wide devouring oven sent
A flake of fire, that flashing in his beard,
Him all amaz'd, and almost made afeard. Fairy Queen.
But tell me, Hal, art thou not horridly afeard? Thou being
heir apparent, could the world pick thee out three such enemies
again, as Douglas, Percy, and Glendower. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Till he cherish'd too much beard,
And make Love, or me afeard. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
2. It has the particle of before the object of fear.
Fear is described by Spenser to ride in armour, at the clash­
ing whereof he looks afeard of himself. Peacham.
It is now obsolete; the last authour whom I have found using
it, is Sedley.

A'FER. n. s.  [Lat.] The southwest wind.
With adverse blast upturns them from the south,
Notus, and Afer, black with thund'rous clouds,
From Sierra Liona. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.



AFF

AFFABI'LITY. n. s.  [affabilité, Fr. affabilitas, Lat.]  See AF­
FABLE.
The quality of being affable; easiness of manners; cour­
teousness; civility; condescension. It is commonly used of
superiours.
Hearing of her beauty and her wit,
Her affability and bashful modesty,
Her wond'rous qualities, and mild behaviour.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
He was of a most flowing courtesy and affability to all men,
and so desirous to oblige them, that he did not enough consider
the value of the obligation, or the merit of the person. Clarend.
All instances of charity, sweetness of conversation, affabi­
lity, admonition, all significations of tenderness, care and watch­
fulness, must be expressed towards children. Taylor.
It is impossible for a publick minister to be so open and easy
to all his old friends, as he was in his private condition; but
this may be helped out by an affability of address. L'Estrange.

A'FFABLE. adj.  [affable, Fr. affabilis, Lat.] 
1. Easy of manners; accostable; courteous; complaisant. It
is used of superiours.
He was affable, and both well and fair spoken, and would use
strange sweetness and blandishment of words, where he desired
to affect or persuade any thing that he took to heart. Bacon.
Her father is Baptista Minola,
An affable and courteous gentleman. Shakesp. Tam. Shrew.
Gentle to me, and affable hath been
Thy condescension, and shall be honour'd ever
With grateful memory. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
2. It is applied to the external appearance; benign; mild; fa­
vourable.
Augustus appeared, looking round him with a serene and
affable countenance upon all the writers of his age. Tatler.

A'FFABLENESS. n. s.  [from affable.] Courtesy; affability.

A'FFABLY. adv.  [from affable.] In an affable manner; cour­
teously; civilly.

A'FFABROUS. adj.  [affabre, Fr.] Skilfully made; complete;
finished in a workman-like manner. Dict.

AFFABULA'TION. n. s.  [affabulatio, Lat.] The moral of a
fable. Dict.

AFFA'IR. n. s.  [affaire, Fr.] Business; something to be ma­
naged or transacted. It is used for both private and publick
matters.
I was not born for courts or great affairs;
I pay my debts, believe, and say my prayers. Pope.
A good acquaintance with method will greatly assist every
one in ranging, disposing, and managing all human affairs.
Watts's Logick.


What St. John's skill in state affairs,
What Ormond's valour, Oxford's cares,
To aid their sinking country lent,
Was all destroy'd by one event. Swift.

To AFFE'AR. v. n.  [from affier, Fr.] To confirm; to give a
sanction to; to establish: an old term of law.
Bleed, bleed, poor country!
Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure;
For goodness dares not check thee!
His title is affear'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.

AFFE'CT. n. s.  [from the verb affect.] 
1. Affection; passion; sensation.
It seemeth that as the feet have a sympathy with the head;
so the wrists have a sympathy with the heart; we see the af­
fects and passions of the heart and spirits are notably disclosed
by the pulse. Bacon's Natural History, No 97.
2. Quality; circumstance.
I find it difficult to make out one single ulcer, as authors de­
scribe it, without other symptoms or affects joined to it. Wisem.
This is only the antiquated word for affection.

To AFFE'CT. v. a.  [affecter, Fr. afficio, affectum, Lat.] 
1. To act upon; to produce effects in any other thing.
The sun
Had first his precept so to move, so shine,
As might affect the earth with cold, and heat,
Scarce tolerable. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
The generality of men are wholly governed by names, in
matters of good and evil; so far as these qualities relate to, and
affect, the actions of men. South's Sermons.
Yet even those two particles do reciprocally affect each other
with the same force and vigour, as they would do at the same
distance in any other situation imaginable. Bentley's Sermons.
2. To move the passions.
As a thinking man cannot but be very much affected with
the idea of his appearing in the presence of that Being, whom
none can see and live; he must be much more affected, when
he considers, that this Being whom he appears before, will exa­
mine the actions of his life, and reward or punish him accord­
ingly. Addison. Spectator, No 513.
3. To aim at; to endeavour after: spoken of persons.
Atrides broke
His silence next, but ponder'd ere he spoke:
Wise are thy words, and glad I would obey,
But this proud man affects imperial sway. Dryden's Iliad.
4. To tend to; to endeavour after: spoken of things.
The drops of every fluid affect a round figure, by the mu­
tual attraction of their parts; as, the globe of the earth and
sea affects a round figure, by the mutual attraction of its parts
by gravity. Newton's Opticks.
5. To be fond of; to be pleased with; to love; to regard with
fondness.
That little which some of the heathen did chance to hear,
concerning such matter as the sacred Scripture plentifully con­
taineth, they did in wonderful sort affect. Hooker, b. i.
There is your crown;
And he that wears the crown immortally,
Long guard it yours! If I affect it more,
Than as your honour, and as your renown,
Let me no more from this obedience rise. Shak. Henry IV.
Think not that wars we love, and strife affect;
Or that we hate sweet peace. Fairfax, b. ii.
None but a woman could a man direct
To tell us women what we most affect. Dryd. Wife of Bath.
6. To make a shew of something; to study the appearance of
any thing; with some degree of hypocrisy.
Another nymph, amongst the many fair,
Before the rest affected still to stand,
And watch'd my eye preventing my command. Prior.
These often carry the humour so far, till their affected
coldness and indifference quite kills all the fondness of a lover.
Addison. Spectator, No 171.
The conscious husband, whom like symptoms seize,
Charges on her the guilt of their disease;
Affecting fury, acts a madman's part,
He'll rip the fatal secret from her heart. Granville.
7. To imitate in an unnatural and constrained manner.
Spenser, in affecting the ancients, writ no language; yet I
would have him read for his matter, but as Virgil read Ennius.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
8. To convict of some crime; to attaint with guilt: a phrase
merely juridical.
By the civil law, if a dowry with a wife be promised and
not paid, the husband is not obliged to allow her alimony.
But if her parents shall become insolvent by some misfortune,
she shall have alimony, unless you can affect them with fraud,
in promising what they knew they were not able to perform.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

AFFECTA'TION. n. s.  [affectatio, Lat.] The act of making
an artificial appearance.
In things of their own nature indifferent, if either councils
or particular men have at any time, with sound judgment, mis­
liked conformity between the church of God and infidels, the
cause thereof hath been somewhat else than only affectation of
dissimilitude. Hooker, b. iv. § 7.
It has been, from age to age, an affectation to love the plea­
sure of solitude, among those who cannot possibly be supposed
qualified for passing life in that manner. Spectator, No 264.

AFFE'CTED. participial adj.  [from affect.] 
1. Moved; touched with affection; internally disposed or in­
clined.
No marvel then if he were ill affected;
'Tis they have put him on the old man's death,
To have th' expence and waste of his revenues.
Shakesp. King Lear.
He was assured, that the model they seemed affected to in
their directory, was not like to any of their foreign reformed
churches now in the world. Clarendon.
2. Studied with over-much care, or with hypocritical appear­
ance.
These antick, lisping, affected phantasies, these new tuners
of accents. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
3. In a personal sense, full of affectation; as, an affected lady.

AFFE'CTEDLY. adv.  [from affected.] In an affected manner;
hypocritically; with more appearance than reality.
Perhaps they are affectedly ignorant; they are so willing it
should be true, that they have not attempted to examine it.
Government of the Tongue, § 5.
Some indeed have been so affectedly vain, as to counterfeit
immortality, and have stolen their death, in hopes to be esteem­
ed immortal. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 10.
By talking so familiarly of one hundred and ten thousand
pounds, by a tax upon a few commodities, it is plain, you are
either naturally or affectedly ignorant of our condition. Swift.

AFFE'CTEDNESS. n. s.  [from affected.] The quality of being
affected, or of making false appearances.

AFFE'CTION. n. s.  [affection, Fr. affectio, Lat.] 
1. The state of being affected by any cause, or agent. This ge­
neral sense is little in use.
Some men there are love not a gaping pig;
Some that are mad if they behold a cat;
And others, when the bag-pipe sings i' th' nose,
Cannot contain their urine, for affection.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. Passion of any kind.
Then gan the Palmer thus: most wretched man,
That to affections does the bridle lend;
In their beginning they are weak and wan,
But soon through sufferance grow to fearful end. Fairy Q.
Impute it to my late solitary life, which is prone to affec­
tions. Sidney, b. i.
Affections, as joy, grief, fear, and anger, with such like,
being, as it were, the sundry fashions and forms of appetite,
can neither rise at the conceit of a thing indifferent, nor yet
choose but rise at the sight of some things. Hooker. b. i.
To speak truth of Cæsar,
I have not known when his affections sway'd
More than his reason. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees of pious
affections; of which some are milder and gentler, some sharper
and more vehement. Sprat's Sermons.
I can present nothing beyond this to your affections, to ex­
cite your love and desire. Tillotson.
3. Love; kindness; good-will to some person; often with to,
or towards, before the person.
I have acquainted you
With the dear love I bear to fair Anne Page,
Who mutually hath answer'd my affection.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
My king is tangl'd in affection to
A creature of the queen's lady Anne Bullen. Sh. Henry VIII.
What warmth is there in your affection towards any of these
princely suitors? Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Make his interest depend upon mutual affection and good
correspondence with others. Collier on General Kindness.
Nor at first sight, like most, admires the fair;
For you he lives, and you alone shall share
His last affection, as his early care. Pope.
4. Good-will to any object; zeal; passionate regard.
I have reason to distrust mine own judgment, as that which
may be overborn by my zeal and affection to this cause.
Bacon's Holy War.
Set your affection upon my words; desire them, and ye shall
be instructed. Wisdom, vi. 11.
His integrity to the king was without blemish, and his af­
fection to the church so notorious, that he never deserted it. Cla.
All the precepts of christianity command us to moderate our
passions, to temper our affections towards all things below.
Temple.
Let not the mind of a student be under the influence of
warm affection to things of sense, when he comes to the search
of truth. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
5. State of the mind, in general.
There grows,
In my most ill compos'd affection, such


A stanchless avarice, that, were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands. Shak. Macbeth.
The man that hath no musick in himself,
Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils;
The motions of his spirit are dull as night,
And his affections dark as Erebus:
Let no such man be trusted. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
6. Quality; property.
The certainty and accurateness which is attributed to what
they deliver, must be restrained to what they teach, concern­
ing those purely mathematical disciplines, arithmetick and geo­
metry, where the affections of quantity are abstractedly consi­
dered. Boyle.
The mouth being necessary to conduct the voice to the
shape of its cavity, necessarily gives the voice some particular
affection of sound in its passage before it come to the lips.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
God may have joined immaterial souls to other kinds of bo­
dies, and in other laws of union; and, from those different laws
of union, there will arise quite different affections, and natures,
and species of the compound beings. Bentley's Sermons.
7. State of the body, as acted upon by any cause.
It seemed to me a venereal gonorrhæa, and others thought
it arose from some scorbutical affection. Wiseman's Surgery.
8. Lively representation in painting.
Affection is the lively representment of any passion whatso­
ever, as if the figures stood not upon a cloth or board, but as
if they were acting upon a stage. Wotton's Architecture.

AFFE'CTIONATE. adj.  [affectionné, Fr. from affection.] 
1. Full of affection; strongly moved; warm; zealous.
In their love of God, and desire to please him, men can never
be too affectionate; and it is as true, that, in their hatred of
sin, men may be sometimes too passionate. Sprat's Sermons.
2. Strongly inclined to; disposed to; with the particle to.
As for the parliament, it presently took fire, being affectio­
nate, of old, to the war of France. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Fond; tender.
He found me sitting, beholding this picture, I know not
with how affectionate countenance, but, I am sure, with a most
affectionate mind. Sidney.
Away they fly
Affectionate, and undesiring bear
The most delicious morsel to their young. Thomson's Spring.
4. Benevolent; tender.
When we reflect on all this affectionate care of providence
for our happiness, with what wonder must we observe the little
effect it has on men. Rogers's Sermons.

AFFE'CTIONATELY. adv.  [from affectionate.] In an affectionate
manner; fondly; tenderly; benevolently.

AFFE'CTIONATENESS. n. s.  [from affectionate.] The quality or
state of being affectionate; fondness; tenderness; good-will;
benevolence.

AFFE'CTIONED. adj.  [from affection.] 
1. Affected; conceited. This sense is now obsolete.
An affectioned ass that cons state without book, and utters it
by great swaths. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
2. Inclined; mentally disposed.
Be kindly affectioned one to another. Rom. xii. 10.

AFFE'CTIOUSLY. adv.  [from affect.] In an affecting manner. Dict.

AFFE'CTIVE. adj.  [from affect.] That which affects; that
which strongly touches. It is generally used for painful.
Pain is so uneasy a sentiment, that very little of it is enough
to corrupt every enjoyment: and the effect God intends this
variety of ungrateful and affective sentiments should have on us,
is to reclaim our affections from this valley of tears. Rogers.

AFFECTUO'SITY. n. s.  [from affectuous.] Passionateness. Dict.

AFFE'CTUOUS. adj.  [from affect.] Full of passion; as, an af­
fectuous speech: a word little used.

To AFFE'RE. v. a.  [affier, Fr.] A law term, signifying to con­
firm. See AFEARD.

AFFE'RORS. n. s.  [from affere.] 
Such as are appointed in court-leets, &c. upon oath, to mulct
such as have committed faults arbitrarily punishable, and have
no express penalty set down by statute. Cowell.

AFFI'ANCE. n. s.  [affiance, from affier, Fr.] 
1. A marriage-contract.
At last such grace I found, and means I wrought,
That I that lady to my spouse had won,
Accord of friends, consent of parents sought,
Affiance made, my happiness begun. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. Trust in general; confidence; secure reliance.
The duke is virtuous, mild, and too well given
To dream on evil, or to work my downfal.—
—Ah! what's more dangerous than this fond affiance?
Seems he a dove? his feathers are but borrowed.
Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Trust in the divine promises and protection. To this sense it
is now almost confined.
It receives him into a covenant of grace, where there is par­
don reached out to all truly penitent sinners, and assistance pro­
mised, and engaged, and bestowed upon very easy conditions,
viz. humility, prayer, and affiance in him. Hammond's Fund.
There can be no surer way to success, than by disclaiming
all confidence in ourselves, and referring the events of things to
God with an implicit affiance. Atterbury's Sermons.

To AFI'ANCE. v. a.  [from the noun affiance.] 
1. To betroth; to bind any one by promise to marriage.
To me, sad maid, or rather widow sad,
He was affianced long time before,
And sacred pledges he both gave and had;
False, errant knight, infamous, and foreswore. Fairy Queen.
Her should Angelo have married; was affianced to her by
oath, and the nuptial appointed; between which time of the
contract, and limit of the solemnity, his brother was wrecked,
having, in that vessel, the dowry of his sister. Sh. Meas. for M.
2. To give confidence.
Stranger! whoe'er thou art, securely rest,
Affianc'd in my faith, a friendly guest. Pope's Odyssey.

AFFI'ANCER. n. s.  [from affiance.] He that makes a contract
of marriage between two parties. Dict.

AFFIDA'TION. n. s.  [from affido, Lat. See AFFIED.] Mutual
contract; mutual oath of fidelity. Dict.

AFFIDA'TURE. n. s.  [from affido, Lat. See AFFIED.] Mutual
contract; mutual oath of fidelity. Dict.

AFFIDA'VIT. n. s.  [affidavit signifies, in the language of the
common law, he made oath.] A declaration upon oath.
You said, if I return'd next 'size in Lent,
I should be in remitter of your grace;
In th' interim my letters should take place
Of affidavits. Donne.
Count Rechteren should have made affidavit, that his servants
had been affronted, and then Monsieur Mesnager would have
done him justice. Spectator, No 481.

AFFI'ED. participial adj.  [from the verb affy, derived from affido,
Lat. Bracton using the phrase affidare mulieres.] Joined by
contract; affianced.
Be we affied, and such assurance ta'en,
As shall with either part's agreement stand.
Shakesp. Taming of a Shrew.

AFFILIA'TION. n. s.  [from ad and filius, Lat.] Adoption; the
act of taking a son. Chambers.

A'FFINAGE. n. s.  [affinage, Fr.] The act of refining metals by
the cupel. Dict.

AFFI'NED. adj.  [from affinis, Lat.] Joined by affinity to an­
other; related to another.
If partially affin'd, or leagu'd in office,
Thou dost deliver more or less than truth,
Thou art no soldier. Shakesp. Othello.

AFFI'NITY. n. s.  [affinité, Fr. from affinis, Lat.] 
1. Relation by marriage; relation contracted by the husband to
the kindred of the wife, and by the wife to those of the hus­
band. It is opposed to consanguinity, or relation by birth.
In this sense it has sometimes the particle with, and some­
times to, before the person to whom the relation is contracted.
And Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and
took Pharaoh's daughter. 1 Kings, iii. 1.
They had left none alive, who had set his hand to their ser­
vitude, by the blindness of rage killing many guiltless persons,
either for affinity to the tyrant, or enmity to the tyrant-killers.
Sidney, b. ii.
A breach first with Spain, and not long after with France
itself, notwithstanding so strait an affinity, so lately treated with
the one, and actually accomplished with the other; as if indeed
(according to that pleasant maxim of state) kingdoms were ne­
ver married. Wotton.
2. Relation to; connexion with; resemblance to: spoken of
things.
The British tongue, or Welsh, as we now call it, was in use
only in this island, having great affinity with the old Gallick.
Camden.
All things that have affinity with the heavens, move upon the
center of another, which they benefit. Bacon, Essay xxiv.
The art of painting hath wonderful affinity with that of poe­
try. Dryd. Dufresnoy, Pref.
Man is more distinguished by devotion than by reason, as
several brute creatures discover something like reason, though
they betray not any thing that bears the least affinity to devo­
tion. Addison. Spect. No 201.

To AFFI'RM. v. n.  [affirmo, Lat.] To declare; to tell con­
fidently: opposed to the word deny.
Yet their own authors faithfully affirm,
That the land Salike lies in Germany,
Between the floods of Sala and of Elve. Shakesp. Henry V.

To AFFI'RM. v. a.  To ratify or approve a former law, or judg­
ment: opposed to reverse or repeal.
The house of peers hath a power of judicature in some cases,
properly to examine and then to affirm; or, if there be cause,
to reverse the judgments which have been given in the court of
king's bench. Bacon's Advice to Sir G. Villiers.
In this sense we say, to affirm the truth.

AFFI'RMABLE. adj.  [from affirm.] That which may be affirmed.
Those attributes and conceptions that were applicable and
affirmable of him when present, are now affirmable and appli­
cable to him though past. Hale's Origin of Mankind.



AFFI'RMANCE. n. s.  [from affirm.] Confirmation: opposed to
repeal.
This statute did but restore an ancient statute, which was it­
self also made but in affirmance of the common law. Bacon.

AFFI'RMANT. n. s.  [from affirm.] The person that affirms; a
declarer. Dict.

AFFIRMA'TION. n. s.  [affirmatio, Lat.] 
1. The act of affirming or declaring: opposed to negation or de­
nial.
This gentleman vouching, upon warrant of bloody affirma­
tion, his to be more virtuous, and less attemptable, than any of
our ladies. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. The position affirmed.
That he shall receive no benefit from Christ, is the affirma­
mation, whereon his despair is founded; and one way of remov­
ing this dismal apprehension, is, to convince him, that Christ's
death, if he perform the condition required, shall certainly be­
long to him. Hammond's Fundamenials.
3. Confirmation: opposed to repeal.
The learned in the laws of our land observe, that our sta­
tutes sometimes are only the affirmation, or ratification, of that
which, by common law, was held before. Hooker.

AFFI'RMATIVE. adj.  [from affirm.] 
1. That which affirms, opposed to negative; in which we use the
affirmative, that is, the affirmative position.
For the affirmative, we are now to answer such proofs of
theirs as have been before alleged. Hooker.
Whether there are such beings or not, 'tis sufficient for my
purpose, that many have believed the affirmative.
Dryden's Preface to Tyrannick Love.
2. That which can or may be affirmed: a sense used chiefly in
science.
As in algebra, where affirmative quantities vanish or cease,
there negative ones begin: so in mechanicks, where attraction
ceases, there a repulsive virtue ought to succeed. Newt. Opt.
3. Applied to persons; he who has the habit of affirming with
vehemence; positive; dogmatical.
Be not confident and affirmative in an uncertain matter, but
report things modestly and temperately, according to the degree
of that persuasion, which is, or ought to be, begotten by the
efficacy of the authority, or the reason, inducing thee. Taylor.

AFFI'RMATIVELY. adv.  [from affirmative.] In an affirmative
manner; on the positive side; not negatively.
The reason of man hath no such restraint: concluding not
only affirmatively, but negatively; not only affirming, there is
no magnitude beyond the last heavens, but also denying, there
is any vacuity within them. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

AFFI'RMER. n. s.  [from affirm.] The person that affirms.
If by the word virtue, the affirmer intends our whole duty to
God and man, and the denier, by the word virtue, means only
courage, or, at most, our duty toward our neighbour, without
including, in the idea of it, the duty which we owe to God.
Watts's Logick.

To AFFI'X. v. a.  [affigo, affixum, Lat.] To unite to the end,
or à posteriori; to subjoin.
He that has settled in his mind determined ideas, with names
affixed to them, will be able to discern their differences one from
another. Locke.
If men constantly affixed applause and disgrace where they
ought, this principle would have a very good influence on the
publick conduct of men; though on secret villanies it lays no
restraint. Rogers's Sermons.

AFFI'X. n. s.  [affixum, Lat.] A term of grammar; something
united to the end of a word.
In the Hebrew language, the noun has its affixa, to denote
the pronouns possessive or relative. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

AFFI'XION. n. s.  [from affix.] 
1. The act of affixing.
2. The state of being affixed. Dict.

AFFLA'TION. n. s.  [afflo, afflatum, Lat.] The act of breathing
upon any thing. Dict.

AFFLA'TUS. n. s.  [Lat.] Communication of the power of
prophecy. Dict.

To AFFLI'CT. v. a.  [afflicto, afflictum, Lat.] 
1. To put to pain; to grieve; to torment.
In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye
shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be
one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among
you. Leviticus, xvi. 29.
Give not over thy mind to heaviness, and afflict not thyself
in thine own counsel. Ecclus, xxx. 21.
For a father afflicted with untimely mourning, when he hath
made an image of his child soon taken away, now honoured
him as a God, which was then a dead man, and delivered to
those that were under him, ceremonies and sacrifices. Wisdom.
It teacheth us, how God thought fit to plague and afflict
them, it doth not appoint in what form and manner we ought
to punish the sin of idolatry in others. Hooker, b. v. § 17.
O coward conscience! how dost thou afflict me?
The lights burn blue—Is it not dead midnight?
Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
Shakesp. Richard III.
A melancholy tear afflicts my eye,
And my heart labours with a sudden sigh. Prior.
2. The passive to be afflicted, has often at before the causal noun.
The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, who
was her only son, that she died for grief of it. Addison. Spect.

AFFLI'CTEDNESS. n. s.  [from afflicted.] The state of afflic­
tion, or of being afflicted; sorrowfulness; grief.

AFFLI'CTER. n. s.  [from afflict.] The person that afflicts.

AFFLI'CTION. n. s.  [afflictio, Lat.] 
1. The cause of pain or sorrow; calamity.
To the flesh, as the Apostle himself granteth, all affliction is
naturally grievous: therefore nature, which causeth fear, teach­
eth to pray against all adversity. Hooker, b. v. § 48.
We'll bring you to Windsor, to one Mr. Brook, that you
have cozened of money; I think to repay that money will be
a biting affliction. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. The state of sorrowfulness; misery: opposed to prosperity.
Besides you know,
Prosperity's the very bond of love,
Whose fresh complexion, and whose heart together
Affliction alters. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Where shall we find the man that bears affliction,
Great and majestic in his griefs, like Cato? Addis. Cato.
Some virtues are only seen in affliction, and some in prospe­
rity. Addison. Spectator, No 257.

AFFLI'CTIVE. adj.  [from afflict.] That which causes affliction;
painful; tormenting.
They found martyrdom a duty dressed up indeed with all
that was terrible and afflictive to human nature, yet not at all the
less a duty. South.
Nor find
Where to retire themselves, or where appease
Th' afflictive keen desire of food, expos'd
To winds, and storms, and jaws of savage death. Philips.
Restless Proserpine—
— On the spacious land and liquid main,
Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain. Prior.

A'FFLUENCE. n. s.  [affluence, Fr. affluentia, Lat.] 
1. The act of flowing to any place; concourse. It is almost al­
ways used figuratively.
I shall not relate the affluence of young nobles from hence in­
to Spain, after the voice of our prince being there had been
noised. Wotton.
2. Exuberance of riches; stream of wealth; plenty.
Those degrees of fortune, which give fulness and affluence
to one station, may be want and penury in another. Rogers.
Let joy or ease, let affluence or content,
And the gay conscience of a life well spent,
Calm ev'ry thought, inspirit ev'ry grace. Pope.

A'FFLUENCY. n. s.  The same with affluence.

A'FFLUENT. adj.  [affluent, Fr. affluens, Lat.] 
1. Flowing to any part.
These parts are no more than foundation-piles of the ensuing
body; which are afterwards to be increased and raised to a
greater bulk by the affluent blood, that is transmitted out of the
mother's body. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. Abundant; exuberant; wealthy.
I see thee, Lord and end of my desire,
Loaded and blest with all the affluent store,
Which human vows at smoaking shrines implore. Prior.

A'FFLUENTNESS. n. s.  [from affluent.] The quality of being
affluent. Dict.

A'FFLUX. n. s.  [affluxus, Lat.] 
1. The act of flowing to some place; affluence.
2. That which flows to another place.
The cause hereof cannot be a supply by procreations; ergo,
it must be by new affluxes to London out of the country. Graunt.
The infant grows bigger out of the womb, by agglutinating
one afflux of blood to another. Harvey on Consumptions.

AFFLU'XION. n. s.  [affluxio, Lat.] 
1. The act of flowing to a particular place.
2. That which flows from one place to another.
An inflammation either simple, consisting of an hot and
sanguineous affluxion, or else denominable from other humours,
according unto the predominancy of melancholy, phlegm or
choler. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To AFFO'RD. v. a.  [affourrer, affourrager, Fr.] 
1. To yield or produce; as, the soil affords grain; the trees afford
fruits. This seems to be the primitive signification.
2. To grant, or confer any thing; generally in a good sense, and
sometimes in a bad, not properly.
So soon as Maurmon there arrived, the door
To him did open, and afforded way. Fairy Queen.
This is the consolation of all good men, unto whom his
ubiquity affordeth continual comfort and security; and this is
the affliction of hell, to whom it affordeth despair and remediless
calamity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.
3. To be able to sell. It is used always with reference to some
certain price; as, I can afford this for less than the other.
They fill their magazines in times of the greatest plenty,
that so they may afford cheaper, and increase the public revenue
at a small expence of its members. Addison on Italy.


4. To be able to bear expences; as, traders can afford more finery
in peace than war.
The same errours run through all families, where there is
wealth enough to afford that their sons may be good for no­
thing. Swift on Modern Education.

To AFFO'REST. v. a.  [afforestare, Lat.] To turn ground
into forest.
It appeareth, by Charta de Foresta, that he afforested many
woods and wastes, to the grievance of the subject, which by that
law were disafforested. Sir John Davies on Ireland.

AFFORESTA'TION. n. s.  [from afforest.] 
The charter de Foresta was to reform the encroachments
made in the time of Richard I. and Henry II. who had made
new afforestations, and much extended the rigour of the forest
laws. Hales's Common Law of England.

To AFFRA'NCHISE. v. a.  [affrancher, Fr.] To make free.

To AFFRA'Y. v. a.  [effrayer, or effriger, Fr. which Menage
derives from frayer; perhaps it comes from frigus.] 
To fright; to terrify; to strike with fear. This word is
not now in use.
The same to wight he never won't disclose,
But when as monsters huge he would dismay,
Or daunt unequal armies of his foes,
Or when the flying heavens he would affray. Fairy Queen.

AFFRA'Y, or AFFRA'YMENT. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
A tumultuous assault of one or more persons upon others; a
law term. A battle: in this sense it is written fray.

AFFRI'CTION. n. s.  [affrictio, Lat.] The act of rubbing one
thing upon another.
I have divers times observed, in wearing silver-hilted swords,
that, if they rubbed upon my cloaths, if they were of a light­
coloured cloth, the affriction would quickly blacken them;
and, congruously hereunto, I have found pens blacked almost
all over, when I had a while carried them about me in a silver
case. Boyle.

To AFFRI'GHT. v. a.  [See FRIGHT.]
1. To affect with fear; to terrify: it generally implies a sudden
impression of fear.
Thy name affrights me, in whose found is death.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
God-like his courage seem'd, whom nor delight
Could soften, nor the face of death affright. Waller.
He, when his country (threaten'd with alarm)
Requires his courage and his conqu'ring Arm,
Shall, more than once, the Punic bands affright. Dryd. Æn.
2. It is used in the passive, sometimes with at before the thing
feared.
Thou shalt not be affrighted at them: for the Lord thy God
is among you. Deut. vii. 21.
3. Sometimes with the particle with before the thing feared.
As one affright
With hellish fiends, or furies mad uproar,
He then uprose. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5.

AFFRI'GHT. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. Terrour; fear. This word is chiefly poetical.
As the moon, cloathed with cloudy night,
Does shew to him, that walks in fear and sad affright. F. Q.
Wide was his parish, not contracted close
In streets, but here and there a straggling house;
Yet still he was at hand, without request,
To serve the sick; to succour the distress'd:
Tempting, on foot, alone, without affright,
The dangers of a dark tempestuous night. Dryd. Fab.
2. The cause of fear; a terrible object.
I see the gods
Upbraid our suff'rings, and would humble them,
By sending these affrights, while we are here,
That we might laugh at their ridiculous fear. B. Johns. Catil.
The war at hand appears with more affright,
And rises ev'ry moment to the sight. Dryden's Æneid.

AFFRI'GHTFUL. adj.  [from affright.] Full of affright or ter­
rour; terrible.
We shall find there is an absence of all that is destructive or
affrightful to human nature. Decay of Piety.

AFFRI'GHTMENT. n. s.  [from affright.] 
1. The impression of fear; terrour.
Hearing she was at rest, he attended till she should awake of
herself; which she did with the affrightment of a dream. Wotton.
Passionate words or blows from the tutor, fill the child's mind
with terrour and affrightment; which immediately takes it
wholly up, and leaves no room for other impression. Locke.
2. The state of fearfulness.
Whether those that, under any anguish of mind, return to
affrightments or doubtings, have not been hypocrites. Hammond.

To AFFRONT. v. a.  [affronter, Fr. that is, ad frontem stare;
ad frontem & contumeliam allidere, to insult a man to his face.] 
1. To meet face to face; to encounter. This seems the genuine
and original sense of the word, which was formerly indifferent
to good or ill.
We have closely sent for Hamlet hither,
That he, as 'twere by accident, may here
Affront Ophelia. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The seditious, the next day, affronted the king's forces at the
entrance of a highway; whom when they found both ready and
resolute to fight, they desired enterparlance, and in the mean­
time they began to fortify. Sir John Hayward.
2. To meet, in an hostile manner, front to front.
His holy rites and solemn feasts profan'd,
And with their darkness durst affront his light. Parad. Lost.
3. To offer an open insult; to offend avowedly. With respect to
this sense, it is observed by Cervantes, that, if a man strikes an­
other on the back, and then runs away, the person so struck is
injured, but not affronted; an affront always implying a justifi­
cation of the act.
But harm precedes not sin only our foe,
Tempting affronts us with his foul esteem
Of our integrity. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
I would learn the cause, why Torrismond,
Within my palace walls, within my hearing,
Almost within my fight, affronts a prince,
Who shortly shall command him. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
This brings to mind Faustina's fondness for the gladiator, and
is interpreted as satire. But how can one imagine, that the Fa­
thers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius. Addison.

AFFRO'NT. n. s.  [from the verb affront.] 
1. Insult offered to the face; contemptuous or rude treatment.
He would often maintain Plantianus, in doing affronts to his
son. Bacon's Essays.
You've done enough; for you design'd my chains:
The grace is vanish'd, but th' affront remains. Dryd. Aureng.
He that is found reasonable in one thing, is concluded to be
so in all; and to think or say otherwise, is thought so unjust an
affront, and so senseless a censure, that no body ventures to do
it. Locke.
There is nothing which we receive with so much reluctance
as advice: we look upon the man who gives it us, as offering
an affront to our understanding, and treating us like children or
ideots. Addison. Spectator, No 512.
2. Outrage; act of contempt, in a more general sense.
Oft have they violated
The temple, oft the law with foul affronts,
Abominations rather. Milton's Paradise Regained.
3. Open opposition; encounter: a sense not frequent, though re­
gularly deducible from the derivation.
Far beyond
The sons of Anak, famous now and blaz'd,
Fearless of danger, like a petty god
I walk'd about admir'd of all, and dreaded
On hostile ground, none daring my affront. Samson Agonist.
4. Disgrace; shame. This sense is rather peculiar to the Scottish
dialect.
Antonius attacked the pirates of Crete, and, by his too great
presumption, was defeated; upon the sense of which affront he
died with grief. Arbuthnot on Coins.

AFFRO'NTER. n. s.  [from affront.] The person that affronts.

AFFRO'NTING. participial adj.  [from affront.] That which has
the quality of affronting.
Among words which signify the same principal ideas, some
are clean and decent, others unclean; some are kind, others
are affronting and reproachful, because of the secondary idea
which custom has affixed to them. Watts's Logick.

To AFFU'SE. v. a.  [affundo, affusum, Lat.] To pour one
thing upon another.
I fruitlessly poured on them acid liquors, to try if they con­
tained any volatile salt or spirit, which would probably have dis­
covered itself, by making an ebullition with the affused li­
quor. Boyle.

AFFU'SION. n. s.  [affusio, Lat.] The act of pouring one thing
upon another.
Upon the affusion of a tincture of galls, it immediately be­
came as black as ink. Grew's Musæum.

To AFFY'. v. a.  [affier, Fr. affidare mulierem, Bracton.] To
betroth in order to marriage.
Wedded be thou to the hags of hell,
For daring to affy a mighty lord
Unto the daughter of a worthless king. Shakesp. Henry VI.

To AFFY'. v. n.  To put confidence in; to put trust in.
Marcus Andronicus, so I do affy
In thy uprightness and integrity,
That I will here dismiss my loving friends. Shak. Tit. Andr.

AFI'ELD. adv.  [from a and field. See FIELD.] To the field.
We drove afield, and both together heard
What time the grey fly winds her sultry horn,
Batt'ring our flocks with the fresh dews of night. Milton.
Afield I went, amid the morning dew,
To milk my kine, for so should housewives do. Gay.



AFL

AFLA'T. adv.  [from a and flat. See FLAT.] Level with the ground.
When you would have many new roots of fruit-trees, take
a low tree, and bow it, and lay all his branches aflat upon the
ground, and cast earth upon them; and every twig will take
root. Bacon's Natural History.

AFLO'AT. adv.  [from a and float. See FLOAT.] Floating;
born up in the water: in a figurative sense, within view; in
motion.


There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.
On such a full sea are we now afloat;
And we must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Take any passion of the soul of man, while it is predomi­
nant and afloat, and, just in the critical height of it, nick it
with some lucky or unlucky word, and you may as certainly
over-rule it to your own purpose, as a spark of fire, falling up­
on gun-powder, will infallibly blow it up. South.
There are generally several hundred loads afloat, for they be­
gin to cut above twenty-five leagues up the river above Hall;
and there are other rivers that flow into the Inn, which bring in
their contributions. Addison's Italy.

AFO'OT. adv.  [from a and foot.] 
1. On foot; not on horseback.
He thought it best to return, for that day, to a village not far
off; and dispatching his horse in some sort, the next day early,
to come afoot thither. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. In action; as, a design is afoot.
I pr'ythee, when thou seest that act afoot,
Ev'n with the very comment of thy soul
Observe mine uncle. Idem, ibid.
3. In motion.
Of Albany's and Cornwall's pow'rs you heard not—
'Tis said they are afoot. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

AFO'RE. prep.  [from a and fore. See BEFORE.] 
1. Before; nearer in place to any thing; as, he stood afore him.
2. Sooner in time.
If your diligence be not speedy, I shall be there afore you.
Shakespeare's King Lear.

AFO'RE. adv. 1. In time foregone or past.
Whosoever should make light of any thing afore spoken or
written, out of his own house a tree should be taken, and he
thereon be hanged. Esdras, vi. 22.
If he never drank wine afore, it will go near to remove his
fit. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. First in the way.
Æmilia, run you to the citadel,
And tell my lord and lady what hath hap'd;
Will you go on afore? Shakespeare's Othello.
3. In front; in the fore-part.
Approaching nigh, he reared high afore
His body monstrous, horrible and vast. Fairy Queen.

AFO'REGOING. participial adj.  [from afore and going.] Going
before.

AFOREHAND. adv.  [from afore and hand.] 
1. By a previous provision.
Many of the particular subjects of discourse are occasional,
and such as cannot aforehand be reduced to any certain ac­
count. Government of the Tongue.
2. Provided; prepared; previously fitted.
For it will be said, that in the former times, whereof we have
spoken, Spain was not so mighty, as now it is; and England,
on the other side, was more aforehand in all matters of power.
Bacon's Considerations on War with Spain.

AFO'REMENTIONED. adj.  [from afore and mentioned.] Men­
tioned before.
Among the nine other parts, five are not in a condition to
give alms or relief to those aforementioned; being very near
reduced themselves to the same miserable condition. Addison.

AFO'RENAMED. adj.  [from afore and named.] Named before.
Imitate something of circular form, in which, as in all other
aforenamed proportions, you shall help yourself by the dia­
meter. Peacham on drawing.

AFO'RESAID. adj.  [from afore and said.] Said before.
It need not go for repetition, if we resume again that which
we said in the aforesaid experiment concerning annihilation.
Bacon's Natural History, No 771.

AFO'RETIME. adv.  [from afore and time.] In time past.
O thou that art waxen old in wickedness, now thy sins which
thou hast committed aforetime, are come to light. Susanna.



AFR

AFRA'ID. participial adj.  [from the verb affray: it should there­
fore properly be written with ff.] 
1. Struck with fear; terrified; fearful.
So persecute them with thy tempest, and make them afraia
with thy storm. Psalm lxxxiii. 15.
2. It has often the particle of before the object of fear.
There, loathing life, and yet of death afraid,
In anguish of her spirit, thus she pray'd. Dryden's Fables.
If, while this wearied flesh draws fleeting breath,
Not satisfy'd with life, afraid of death,
It hap'ly be thy will, that I should know
Glimpse of delight, or pause from anxious woe;
From now, from instant now, great Sire, dispel
The clouds that press my soul. Prior.

AFRE'SH. adv.  [from a and fresh. See FRESH.] Anew; again,
after intermission.
The Germans now using no such light horsemen, but serving
upon great horses, and charged with heavy armour, received
great hurt by these light skirmishes; the Turks, with their
light horses, easily shunning their charge, and again, at their
pleasure, charging them afresh, when they saw the heavy horses
almost weary. Knolles's History of the Turks.
When once we have attained these ideas, they may be excit­
ed afresh by the use of words. Watts's Logick.

AFRO'NT. adv.  [from a and front.] In front; in direct opposi­
tion to the face.
These four came all afront, and mainly thrust at me.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.



AFT

A'FTER. prep.  [æfter, Sax.] 
1. Following in place. After is commonly applied to words of
motion; as, he came after, and stood behind him. It is opposed
to before.
What says lord Warwick, shall we after them?—
— After them! nay, before them, if we can. Shak. Henry VI.
2. In pursuit of,
After whom is the king of Israel come out? After whom
dost thou pursue? After a dead dog, after a flea. 1 Sam. xxiv. 14.
3. Behind.
Sometimes I placed a third prism after a second, and some­
times also a fourth after the third, by all which the image might
be often refracted sideways. Newton's Opticks.
4. Posteriour in time.
Good after ill, and after pain delight;
Alternate, like the scenes of day and night. Dryden's Fab.
We shall examine the ways of conveyance of the sovereignty
of Adam to princes that were to reign after him. Locke.
5. According to.
He that thinketh Spain our over-match, is no good mintman,
but takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency,
and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon.
6. In imitation of.
There are, among the old Roman statues, several of Venus,
in different postures and habits; as there are many particular
figures of her made after the same design. Addison's Italy.
This allusion is after the oriental manner: thus in the psalms,
how frequently are persons compared to cedars. Pope's Od. notes.

A'FTER. adv. 1. In succeeding time. It is used of time mentioned as succeed­
ing some other. So we cannot say, I shall be happy after, but
hereafter; but we say, I was first made miserable by the loss,
but was after happier.
Far be it from me, to justify the cruelties which were at first
used towards them, which had their reward soon after. Bacon.
The chief were those who, from the pit of hell
Roaming to seek their prey on earth, durst fix
Their seats long after next the seat of God. Paradise Lost.
2. Following another.
Let go thy hold, when a great wheel runs down a hill, lest
it break thy neck with following it; but the great one that goes
upward, let him draw thee after. Shakespeare's King Lear.

AFTER  is compounded with many words, but almost always in its
genuine and primitive signification; some, which occurred,
will follow, by which others may be explained.

A'FTER ACCEPTATION.  [from after and acceptation.] A sense
afterwards, not at first admitted.
'Tis true, some doctors in a scantier space,
I mean, in each apart, contract the place:
Some, who to greater length extend the line,
The church's after acceptation join. Dryd. Hind and Panther.

A'FTERAGES. n. s.  [from after and ages.] Successive times;
posterity. This word has no singular.
Not the whole land, which the Chusites should, or might in
future time, conquer; seeing, in afterages, they became lords
of many nations. Raleigh's History of the World.
Nor to philosophers is praise deny'd,
Whose wise instructions afterages guide. Sir J. Denham.
What an opinion will afterages entertain of their religion,
who bid fair for a gibbet, by endeavouring to bring in a super­
stition, which their forefathers perished in flames to keep out.
Addison's Freeholder, No 1.

A'FTER ALL.  When all has been taken into the view; when
there remains nothing more to be added; at last; in fine;
in conclusion.
They have given no good proof in asserting this extravagant
principle; for which, after all, they have no ground or colour,
but a passage or two of scripture, miserably perverted, in op­
position to many express texts. Atterbury's Sermons.
But, after all, if they have any merit, it is to be attributed
to some good old authors, whose works I had leisure to study.
Pope on Pastoral Poetry.

A'FTERBIRTH. n. s.  [from after and birth.] The membrane
in which the birth was involved, which is brought away after;
the secundine.
The exorbitances or degenerations of that, whether from a
hurt in labour, or from part of the after-birth left behind,
produce such virulent distempers of the blood, as make it cast
out a tumour. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'FTERCLAP. n. s.  [from after and clap.] Unexpected events
happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end.


For the next morrow's meed they closely went,
For fear of afterclaps to prevent. Spens. Hub. Tale.
It is commonly taken in an ill sense.

A'FTERCOST. n. s.  [from after and cost.] The latter charges;
the expence incurred after the original plan is executed.
You must take care to carry off the land-floods and streams,
before you attempt draining; lest your aftercost and labour
prove unsuccessful. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A'FTERCROP. n. s.  [from after and crop.] The second crop or
harvest of the same year.
Aftercrops I think neither good for the land, nor yet the
hay good for cattle. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A'FTER-DINNER. n. s.  [from after and dinner.] The hour pas­
sing just after dinner, which is generally allowed to indulgence
and amusement.
Thou hast nor youth nor age,
But, as it were, an afterdinner's sleep,
Dreaming on both. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

A'FTER-ENDEAVOUR. n. s.  [from after and endeavour.] En­
deavours made after the first effort or endeavour.
There is no reason why the sound of a pipe should leave
traces in their brains, which, not first, but by their after-en­
deavours, should produce the like sounds. Locke.

A'FTER-ENQUIRY. n. s.  [from after and enquiry.] Enquiry
made after the fact committed, or after life.
You must either be directed by some that take upon them to
know, or to take upon yourself that, which, I am sure, you do
not know, or lump the after-enquiry on your peril; and how
you shall speed in your journey's end, I think, you'll never
return to tell me. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To A'FTEREYE. v. a.  [from after and eye.] To keep one in
view; to follow in view.
Thou shouldst have made him
As little as a crow, or less, ere left
To aftereye him. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

A'FTERGAME. n. s.  [from after and game.] The scheme which
may be laid, or the expedients which are practised after the
original design has miscarried; methods taken after the first
turn of affairs.
This earl, like certain vegetables, did bud and open slowly;
nature sometimes delighting to play an aftergame, as well as
fortune, which had both their turns and tides in course. Wotton.
The fables of the ax-handle and the wedge, serve to precau­
tion us not to put ourselves needlessly upon an aftergame, but
to weigh beforehand what we say and do. L'Estrange's Fab.
Our first design, my friend, has prov'd abortive;
Still there remains an aftergame to play. Addison's Cato.

A'FTERHOURS. n. s.  [from after and hours.] The hours that
succeed.
So smile the heav'ns upon this holy act,
That afterhours with sorrow chide us not.
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

A'FTER-LIVER. n. s.  [from after and live.] He that lives in suc­
ceeding times.
By thee my promise sent
Unto myself, let after-livers know. Sidney, b. ii.

A'FTERLOVE. n. s.  [from after and love.] The second or later
love.
Intended, or committed, was this fault?
If but the first, how heinous ere it be,
To win thy after-love, I pardon thee. Shakesp. Richard II.

A'FTERMATH. n. s.  [from after, and math, from mow.] The
latter math; the second crop of grass mown in autumn. See
AFTERCROP.

A'FTERNOON. n. s.  [from after and noon.] The time from the
meridian to the evening.
A beauty-waining and distressed widow,
Ev'n in the afternoon of her best days,
Made prize and purchase of his wanton eye.
Shakespeare's Richard III.
However, keep the lively taste you hold
Of God; love him now, but fear him more;
And, in your afternoons, think what you told
And promis'd him at morning-prayer before. Donne.
Such, all the morning, to the pleadings run;
But when the bus'ness of the day is done,
On dice, and drink, and drabs, they spend the afternoon.
Dryden's Persius, Sat. i.

A'FTERPAINS. n. s.  [from after and pain.] 
The pains after birth, by which women are delivered of the
secundine.

A'FTERPART. n. s.  [from after and part.] The latter part.
The flexibleness of the former part of a man's age, not yet
grown up to be headstrong, makes it more governable and safe;
and, in the afterpart, reason and foresight begin a little to take
place, and mind a man of his safety and improvement. Locke.

A'FTERPROOF. n. s.  [from after and proof.] Evidence poste­
riour to the thing in question.
All know, that he likewise at first was much under the ex­
pectation of his afterproof; such a solar influence there is in
the solar aspect. Wotton.

A'FTERTASTE. n. s.  [from after and taste.] A taste remaining
upon the tongue after the draught, which was not perceived in
the act of drinking.

A'FTERTHOUGHT. n. s.  [from after and thought.] Reflections
after the act; expedients formed too late. It is not properly
to be used for secondthought.
Expence, and afterthought, and idle care,
And doubts of motely hue, and dark despair;
Suspicions, and fantastical surmise,
And jealousy suffus'd with jaundice in her eyes,
Discolouring all she view'd, in tawny dress'd,
Downlook'd, and with a cuckow on her fist. Dryd. Fables.

A'FTER-TIMES. n. s.  [from after and time.] Succeeding times.
See AFTERAGES.
You promis'd once, a progeny divine
Of Romans, rising from the Trojan line,
In aftertimes should hold the world in awe,
And to the land and ocean give the law. Dryd. Virg. Æn.

A'FTERTOSSING. n. s.  [from after and toss.] The motion of
the sea after a storm.
Confusions and tumults are only the impotent remains of an
unnatural rebellion, and are no more than the aftertossings of
a sea, when the storm is laid. Addison's Freeholder, No 25.

A'FTERWARD. adv.  [from after, and weard, Sax.] In suc­
ceeding time; sometimes written afterwards, but less pro­
perly.
Uses not thought upon before, may afterward spring up,
and be reasonable causes of retaining that, which former consi­
derations did formerly procure to be instituted. Hooker.
An anxious distrust of the divine goodness, makes a man
more and more unworthy of it; and miserable beforehand,
for fear of being so afterward L'Estrange.

A'FTERWIT. n. s.  [from after and wit.] The contrivance of
expedients after the occasion of using them is past. See AF­
TERTHOUGHT.
There is no recalling of what's gone and past; so that after­
wit comes too late, when the mischief is done. L'Estrange.

A'FTER-WRATH. n. s.  [from after and wrath.] Anger when
the provocation seems past.
I hear him mock
The luck of Cæsar, which the gods give men
T' excuse their after-wrath. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.



AGA

A'GA. n. s.  The title of a Turkish military officer.

AGA'IN. adv.  [agen, Sax.] 
1. A second time; once more; marking the repetition of the
same thing.
The poor remnant of human seed, which remained in their
mountains, peopled their country again slowly, by little and
little. Bacon's New Atalantis.
Go now, deluded man, and seek again
New toils, new dangers, on the dusty plain. Dryd. Æn.
Some are already retired into foreign countries; and the
rest, who possess lands, are determined never to hazard them
again, for the sake of establishing their superstition. Swift.
2. On the other hand; marking some opposition or contrariety.
His wit encreased upon the occasion; and so much the more,
if the occasion were sharpened with danger. Again, whether
it were the shortness of his foresight, or the strength of his
will, certain it is, that the perpetual trouble of his fortunes
could not have been without defects in his nature. Bacon.
Those things that we know not what to do withal, if we had
them, and those things, again, which another cannot part with,
but to his own loss and shame, are the very conditions of this
fable. L'Estrange's Fables.
3. On another part; marking a transition to some new conside­
ration.
Behold yon mountain's hoary height,
Made higher with new mounts of snow;
Again, behold the winter's weight
Oppress the lab'ring woods below. Dryden.
4. In return, noting re-action, or reciprocal action; as, his for­
tune worked upon his nature, and his nature again upon his for­
tune.
5. Back; in restitution.
When your head did but ake,
I knit my handkerchief about your brows;
The best I had, a princess wrought it me,
And I did never ask it you again. Shakesp. King John.
6. In return for any thing; in recompence.
That he hath given will he pay again. Prov. xix. 27.
7. In order of rank or succession; marking distribution.
Question was asked of Demosthenes, What was the chief
part of an orator? He answered, Action. What next? Ac­
tion. What next, again? Action. Bacon's Essays.
The cause of the holding green, is the close and compact
substance of their leaves, and the pedicles of them: and the
cause of that again is either the tough and viscous juice of the
plant, or the strength and heat thereof. Bacon's Nat. History.
8. Besides; in any other time or place.
They have the Walloons, who are tall soldiers; yet that is
but a spot of ground. But, on the other side, there is not in
the world again such a spring and seminary of brave military
people, as in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Bacon.


9. Twice as much; marking the same quantity once repeated.
There are whom heav'n has blest with store of wit,
Yet want as much again to manage it;
For wit and judgment ever are at strife,
Tho' meant each other's aid, like man and wife. Pope.
I should not be sorry to see a chorus on a theatre, more than
as large and as deep again as ours, built and adorned at a king's
charges. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
10. Again and again; with frequent repetition; often.
This is not to be obtained by one or two hasty readings;
it must be repeated again and again, with a close attention to
the tenour of the discourse. Locke's Essay on St. P. Epistles.
11. In opposition; by way of resistance.
Who art thou that answerest again? Rom. ix. 20.
12. Back; as, returning from some message.
Bring us word again which way we shall go. Deut. i. 22.

AGA'INST. prep.  [ængeon, ongeond, Sax.] 
1. In opposition to any person.
And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every
man, and every man's hand against him. Gen. xvi. 12.
2. Contrary; opposite, in general.
That authority of men should prevail with men either against
or above reason, is no part of our belief. Hooker.
He is melancholy without cause, and merry against the hair.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
We might work any effect without and against matter; and
this not holpen by the co-operation of angels or spirits, but only
by the unity and harmony of nature. Bacon's Natural Hist.
The preventing goodness of God does even wrest him from
himself, and save him, as it were, against his will. South.
The god, uneasy till he slept again,
Resolv'd, at once, to rid himself of pain;
And, tho' against his custom, call'd aloud,
Exciting Morpheus from the sleepy crowd. Dryden.
Men often say a thing is against their conscience, when re­
ally it is not. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. In contradiction to any opinion.
After all that can be said against a thing, this will still be
true, that many things possibly are, which we know not of;
and that many more things may be than are: and if so, after
all our arguments against a thing, it will be uncertain whether
it be or not. Tillotson.
The church-clergy have written the best collection of tracts
against popery, that ever appeared in England. Swift.
4. With contrary motion or tendency; used of material action.
Boils and plagues
Plaister you o'er, that you may be abhorr'd
Farther than seen, and one infect another
Against the wind a mile. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The kite being a bird of prey, and therefore hot, delighteth
in the fresh air; and many times flieth against the wind, as
trouts and salmons swim against the stream. Bacon.
5. Contrary to rule or law.
If aught against my life
Thy country sought of thee, it sought unjustly,
Against the law of nature, law of nations. M. Sam. Agon.
Against the public sanctions of the peace,
Against all omens of their ill success;
With fates averse, the rout in arms resort,
To force their monarch, and insult the court. Dryden's Æn.
6. Opposite to, in place.
Against the Tiber's mouth, but far away. Dryden.
7. To the hurt of another.
And when thou think'st of her eternity,
Think not that death against her nature is;
Think it a birth: and when thou go'st to die,
Sing like a swan, as if thou went'st to bliss. Sir J. Davies.
8. In provision for; in expectation of.
This mode of speaking probably had its original from the
idea of making provision against, or in opposition to a time of
misfortune, but by degrees acquired a neutral sense.
Thence she them brought into a stately hall,
Wherein were many tables fair dispred,
And ready dight with drapets festival,
Against the viands should be ministred. Fairy Queen.
The like charge was given them against the time they should
come to settle themselves in the land promised unto their fa­
thers. Hooker, b. v. § 11.
Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comes,
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
The bird of dawning singeth all night long:
And then they say no spirit walks abroad;
The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike,
No fairy tales, no witch hath power to charm;
So hallowed and so gracious is the time. Shakesp. Hamlet.
To that purpose, he made haste to Bristol, that all things
might be ready against the prince came thither. Clarendon.
Against the promis'd time provides with care,
And hastens in the woof, the robes he was to wear. Dryd.
All which I grant to be reasonably and truly said, and only
desire they may be remembered against another day. Stillingst.

A'GALAXY. n. s.  [from α and γάλα, Gr.] Want of milk. Dict.

AGA'PE. adv.  [from a and gape.] Staring with eagerness; as, a
bird gapes for meat.
In himself was all his state;
More solemn than the tedious pomp that waits
On princes, when their rich retinue long
Of horses led, and grooms besmear'd with gold,
Dazzles the crowd, and sets them all agape. Paradise Lost.
Dazzle the crowd, and set them all agape. Philips.
The whole crowd stood agape, and ready to take the doctor
at his word. Spectator, No 572.

A'GARICK. n. s.  [agaricum, Lat.] A drug of use in physick, and
the dying trade. It is divided into male and female; the male
is used only in dying, the female in medicine: the male grows
on oaks, the female on larches.
There are two excrescences which grow upon trees; both
of them in the nature of mushrooms: the one the Romans
call boletus, which groweth upon the roots of oaks, and was
one of the dainties of their table; the other is medicinal, that
is called agarick, which groweth upon the tops of oaks; though
it be affirmed by some, that it groweth also at the roots. Bacon.

AGA'ST. adj.  [This word, which is usually, by later authours,
written aghast, is, not improbably, the true word derived from
agaze, which has been written aghast, from a mistaken etymo­
logy. See AGHAST.] 
Struck with terrour; amazed; frighted to astonishment.
Thus roving on
In confus'd march forlorn, th' advent'rous bands,
With shudd'ring horrour pale, and eyes agast,
View'd first their lamentable lot, and found
No rest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 616.

A'GATE. n. s.  [agate, Fr. achates, Lat.] A precious stone of the
lowest class, often clouded with beautiful variegations.
In shape no bigger than an agate stone,
On the forefinger of an alderman. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
Agates are only varieties of the flint kind; they have a grey
horny ground, clouded, lineated, or spotted with different co­
lours, chiefly dusky, black, brown, red, and sometimes blue.
Woodward's Method of Fossils.

A'GATY. adj.  [from agate.] Partaking of the nature of agate.
An agaty flint was above two inches in diameter; the whole
covered over with a friable cretaceous crust. Woodward.

To AGA'ZE. v. a.  [from a and gaze, to set a gazing; as, amaze,
amuse, and others.] To strike with amazement; to stupify
with sudden terrour. The verb is now out of use.
So as they travell'd, so they gan espy
An armed knight toward them gallop fast,
That seemed from some feared foe to fly,
Or other grisly thing that him agast. Fairy Queen.

AGA'ZED. participial adj.  [from agaze; which see.] Struck with
amazement; terrified to stupidity.
Hundreds he sent to hell, and none durst stand him;
Here, there, and every where, enrag'd he flew:
The French exclaim'd; “The devil was in arms!”
All the whole army stood agazed on him. Shak. Henry VI.



AGE

AGE. n. s.  [age, Fr. anciently eage, or aage; it is deduced by
Menage, from ætatium, of ætas; by Junius, from aa, which, in
the Teutonic dialects, signified long duration.] 
1. Any period of time attributed to something as the whole, or
part, of its duration: in this sense, we say, the age of man, the
several ages of the world, the golden or iron age.
One man in his time plays many parts,
His life being seven ages. Shakespeare.
And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years; so
the whole age of Jacob was an hundred forty and seven years.
Genesis, xlvii. 28.
2. A succession or generation of men.
Hence, lastly, springs care of posterities,
For things their kind would everlasting make.
Hence is it, that old men do plant young trees,
The fruit whereof another age shall take. Sir J. Davies.
Next, to the Son,
Destin'd Restorer of mankind, by whom
New heav'n, and earth, shall to the ages rise,
Or down from heav'n descend. Milton's Paradise Lost.
No declining age
E'er felt the raptures of poetic rage. Roscommon.
3. The time in which any particular man, or race of men, lived,
or shall live; as, the age of heroes.
4. The space of a hundred years; a secular period; a century.
5. The latter part of life; old-age; oldness.
You see how full of change his age is: the observation we
have made of it hath not been little; he always loved our
sister most, and with what poor judgment he hath now cast her
off. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Boys must not have th' ambitious care of men,
Nor men the weak anxieties of age. Roscommon.
And on this forehead, where your verse has said,
The loves delighted, and the graces play'd;
Insulting age will trace his cruel way,
And leave sad marks of his destructive sway. Prior.


6. Maturity; ripeness; full strength of life.
A solemn admission of proselytes, all that either, being of
age, desire that admission for themselves, or that, in infancy,
are by others presented to that charity of the church. Hammond.
We thought our sires, not with their own content,
Had, ere we came to age, our portion spent. Dryd.
7. In law.
In a man, the age of fourteen years is the age of discretion;
and twenty-one years is the full age: In a woman, at seven
years of age, the lord her father may distrain his tenants for aid
to marry her; at the age of nine years, she is dowable; at
twelve years, she is able finally to ratify and confirm her for­
mer consent given to matrimony; at fourteen, she is enabled
to receive her land into her own hands, and shall be out of ward
at the death of her ancestor; at sixteen, she shall be out of
ward, though, at the death of her ancestor, she was within the
age of fourteen years; at twenty-one, she is able to alienate
her lands and tenements. At the age of fourteen, a stripling is
enabled to choose his own guardian; at the age of fourteen, a
man may consent to marriage. Cowell.

A'GED. adj.  [from age. It makes two syllables in poetry.] 
1. Old; stricken in years; applied generally to animate beings.
If the comparison do stand between man and man, which
shall hearken unto other, sith the aged, for the most part, are
best experienced, least subject to rash and unadvised passions.
Hooker, b. v. § 7.
Novelty is only in request; and it is as dangerous to be aged
in any kind of course, as it is virtuous to be constant in any
undertaking. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Kindness itself too weak a charm will prove,
To raise the feeble fires of aged love. Prior.
2. Old; applied to inanimate things. This use is rare, and com­
monly with some tendency to the prosopopæia.
The people did not more worship the images of gold and
ivory, than they did the groves; and the same Quintilian saith
of the aged oaks. Stillingfleet's Defence of Dise. on Rom. Idol.

A'GEDLY. adv.  [from aged.] After the manner of an aged person.

AGE'N. adv.  [agen, Sax.] Again; in return. See AGAIN.
This word is only written in this manner, though it be in
reality the true orthography, for the sake of rhime.
Thus Venus: Thus her son reply'd agen;
None of your sisters have we heard or seen. Dryden's Æn.

A'GENCY. n. s.  [from agent.] 
1. The quality of acting; the state of being in action; action.
A few advances there are in the following papers, tending to
assert the superintendence and agency of providence in the natu­
ral world. Woodward's Preface to Nat. History.
2. The office of an agent or factor for another; business perform­
ed by an agent.
Some of the purchasers themselves may be content to live
cheap in a worse country, rather than be at the charge of ex­
change and agencies. Swift.

A'GENT. adj.  [agens, Lat.] That which acts; opposed to pa­
tient, or that which is acted upon.
This success is oft truly ascribed unto the force of imagina­
tion upon the body agent; and then, by a secondary means, it
may upon a diverse body; as, for example, if a man carry a ring,
or some part of a beast, believing strongly that it will help him
to obtain his love, it may make him more industrious, and a­
gain more confident and persisting than otherwise he would
be. Bacon's Natural History, No 902.

A'GENT. n. s. 1. An actor; he that acts; he that professes the faculty of action.
Where there is no doubt, deliberation is not excluded as
impertinent unto the thing, but as needless in regard of the
agent, which seeth already what to resolve upon. Hooker.
To whom nor agent, from the instrument,
Nor pow'r of working, from the work is known. Davies.
Heav'n made us agents free to good or ill,
And forc'd it not, tho' he foresaw the will.
Freedom was first bestow'd on human race,
And prescience only held the second place. Dryden.
A miracle is a work exceeding the power of any created
agent, consequently being an effect of the divine omnipotence.
South's Sermons.
2. A substitute; a deputy; a factor; a person employed to trans­
act the business of another.
— All hearts in love, use your own tongues;
Let every eye negotiate for itself,
And trust no agent. Shakespeare.
They had not the wit to send to them, in any orderly fashion,
agents or chosen men, to tempt them, and to treat with them.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Remember, Sir, your fury of a wife,
Who, not content to be reveng'd on you,
The agents of your passion will pursue. Dryden's Aureng.
3. That which has the power of operating, or producing effects
upon another thing.
They produced wonderful effects, by the proper application
of agents to patients. Temple.



AGG

AGGENERA'TION. n. s.  [from ad and generatio, Lat.] The state
of growing or uniting to another body.
To make a perfect nutrition, there is required a transmuta­
tion of nutriment; now where this conversion or aggeneration
is made, there is also required, in the aliment, a similarity of
matter. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To A'GGERATE. v. a.  [from agger, Lat.] To heap up. Dict.

AGGERO'SE. adj.  [from agger, Lat.] Full of heaps. Dict.

To AGGLO'MERATE. v. a.  [agglomero, Lat.] 
1. To gather up in a ball, as thread.
2. To gather together.

To AGGLO'MERATE. v. n. Besides, the hard agglomerating salts,
The spoil of ages, would impervious choke
Their secret channels. Thomson's Autumn.

AGGLU'TINANTS. n. s.  [from agglutinate.] Those medicines or
applications which have the power of uniting parts together.

To AGGLU'TINATE. v. n.  [from ad and gluten, glue,
Lat.] To unite one part to another; to join together, so as
not to fall asunder. It is a word almost appropriated to medi­
cine.
It has got room enough to grow into its full dimensions,
which is performed by the daily ingestion of food that is di­
gested into blood; which being diffused through the body, is
agglutinated to those parts that were immediately agglutinated to
the foundation-parts of the womb. Harvey on Consumptions.

AGGLUTINA'TION. n. s.  [from agglutinate.] Union; cohesion;
the act of agglutinating; the state of being agglutinated.
The occasion of its not healing by agglutination, as the other
did, was from the alteration the ichor had begun to make in
the bottom of the wound. Wiseman's Surgery.

AGGLU'TINATIVE. adj.  [from agglutinate.] That which has
the power of procuring agglutination.
Rowl up the member with the agglutinative rowler. Wisem.

To AGGRANDI'ZE. v. a.  [aggrandiser, Fr.] To make
great; to enlarge; to exalt; to improve in power, honour,
or rank. It is applied to persons generally, sometimes to
things.
If the king should use it no better than the pope did, only to
aggrandize covetous churchmen, it cannot be called a jewel in
his crown. Ayliffe's Parergon.
These furnish us with glorious springs and mediums, to raise
and aggrandize our conceptions, to warm our souls, to awaken
the better passions, and to elevate them even to a divine pitch,
and that for devotional purposes. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

A'GGRANDIZEMENT. n. s.  [aggrandissement, Fr.] The state of
being aggrandized; the act of aggrandizing.

A'GGRANDIZER. n. s.  [from aggrandize.] The person that
aggrandizes or makes great another.

To AGGRA'TE. v. a.  [aggratare, Ital.] To please; to treat
with civilities: a word not now in use.
And in the midst thereof, upon the floor,
A lovely bevy of fair ladies sate,
Courted of many a jolly paramour;
The which them did in modest wise amate,
And each one sought his lady to aggrate. Fairy Queen.

To A'GGRAVATE. v. a.  [aggravo, Lat.] 
1. To make heavy; used only in a metaphorical sense; as, to
aggravate an accusation, or a punishment.
A grove hard by, sprung up with this their change,
His will who reigns above! to aggravate
Their penance, laden with fruit, like that
Which grew in paradise, the bait of Eve
Us'd by the tempter. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Ambitious Turnus in the press appears,
And aggravating crimes augment their fears. Dryd. Æneid.
2. To make any thing worse, by the addition of some particular
circumstance, not essential.
This offence, in itself to heinous, was yet in him aggravated
by the motive thereof, which was not malice or discontent,
but an aspiring mind to the papacy. Bacon's Henry VII.

AGGRAVA'TION. n. s.  [from aggravate.] 
1. The act of aggravating, or making heavy.
2. The extrinsecal circumstances or accidents, which encrease the
guilt of a crime, or the misery of a calamity.
If it be weigh'd
By itself, with aggravations not surcharg'd,
Or else with just allowance counterpois'd,
I may, if possible, thy pardon find
The easier towards me, or thy hatred less. M. Samps. Ag.
He, to the sins which he commits, hath the aggravation super­
added of committing them against knowledge, against consci­
ence, against sight of the contrary law. Hammond's Fundam.

A'GGREGATE. adj.  [aggregatus, Lat.] Framed by the collec­
tion of any particular parts into one mass, body, or system.
They had, for a long time together, produced many other in­
ept combinations, or aggregate forms of particular things, and
nonsensical systems of the whole. Ray on the Creation.

A'GGREGATE. n. s.  [from the verb.] The complex or col­
lective result of the conjunction or acervation of many par­
ticulars.
The reason of the far greatest part of mankind, is but an
aggregate of mistaken phantasms, and, in things not sensible, a
constant delusion. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.


A great number of such living and thinking particles could
not possibly, by their mutual contact, and pressing, and striking,
compose one greater individual animal, with one mind and un­
derstanding, and a vital confension of the whole body; any
more than a swarm of bees, or a crowd of men and women,
can be conceived to make up one particular living creature,
compounded and constituted of the aggregate of them all. Bentl.

To A'GGREGATE. v. a.  [aggrego, Lat.] To collect to­
gether; to heap many particulars into one mass.
The aggregated soil
Death, with his mace petrifick, cold, and dry,
As with a trident, smote. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

AGGREGA'TION. n. s.  [from aggregate.] 
1. The collection, or act of collecting many particulars into one
whole.
The water resident in the abyss is, in all parts of it, stored
with a considerable quantity of heat, and more especially in
those where these extraordinary aggregations of this fire happen.
Woodward's Nat. History.
2. The whole composed by the coacervation of many particu­
lars; an aggregate.
3. Collection, or state of being collected.
Their individual imperfections being great, they are more­
over enlarged by their aggregation; and being erroneous in
their single numbers, once huddled together, they will be er­
rour itself. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

To AGGRE'SS. v. n.  [aggredior, aggressum, Lat.] To com­
mit the first act of violence; to begin the quarrel.
The rage dispers'd, the glorious pair advance
With mingl'd anger, and collected might,
To turn the war, and tell aggressing France,
How Britain's sons, and Britain's friends can fight. Prior.

AGGRE'SSION. n. s.  [aggressio, Lat.] The first act of injury;
commencement of a quarrel by some act of iniquity.
There is no resisting of a common enemy, without an union
for a mutual defence; and there may be also, on the other
hand, a conspiracy of common enmity and aggression. L'Estr.

AGGRE'SSOR. n. s.  [from aggress.] The person that first com­
mences hostility; the assaulter or invader, opposed to the de­
fendant.
Fly in nature's face?
But how, if nature fly in my face first?
Then nature's the aggressor: Let her look to't.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
It is a very unlucky circumstance, to be obliged to retaliate
the injuries of such authours, whose works are so soon forgot­
ten, that we are in danger already of appearing the first ag­
gressors. Pope and Swift's Preface to Miscellanies.

AGGRI'EVANCE. n. s.  [See GRIEVANCE.] Injury; hardship
inflicted; wrong endured.

To AGGRI'EVE. v. a.  [from gravis, Lat. See To grieve.] 
1. To give sorrow; to cause grief; to vex. It is not impro­
bable, that to grieve was originally neuter, and aggrieve the ac­
tive.
But while therein I took my chief delight,
I saw, alas! the gaping earth devour
The spring, the place, and all clean out of sight:
Which yet aggrieves my heart even to this hour. Spenser.
2. To impose some hardships upon; to harrass; to hurt in one's
right. This is a kind of juridical sense; and whenever it is
used now, it bears some allusion to forms of law.
Sewall, archbishop of York, much aggrieved with some prac­
tices of the pope's collectors, took all patiently. Cambden.
The landed man finds himself aggrieved, by the falling of his
rents, and the streightening of his fortune; whilst the monied
man keeps up his gain, and the merchant thrives and grows
rich by trade. Locke.
Of injur'd fame, and mighty wrongs receiv'd,
Cloë complains, and wond'rously's aggriev'd. Granville.

To AGGRO'UP. v. a.  [aggropare, Ital.] To bring together in­
to one figure; to croud together: a term of painting.
Bodies of divers natures, which are aggrouped (or combined)
together, are agreeable and pleasant to the sight; as also those
things which appear to be performed with ease. Dryd. Dusr.



AGH

AGHA'ST. adj.  [either the participle of agaze, (see AGAZE.)
and then to be written agazed, or agast, or from a and gast,
a ghost, which the present orthography favours; perhaps they
were originally different words.] 
Struck with horrour, as at the sight of a spectre; stupified
with terrour. It is generally applied to the external appear­
ance.
Who sighing sore, as if her heart in twaine
Had riven been, and all her heart-strings brast,
With dreary drooping eyne look'd up like one aghast. Spens.
The aged earth aghast,
With terrour of that blast,
Shall from the surface to the centre shake. Mil. Chr. Nat.
Aghast he wak'd, and, starting from his bed,
Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread. Dryd. Æn.
I laugh to think how your unshaken Cato
Will look aghast, while unforeseen destruction
Pours in upon him thus from every side. Addison. Cato.

A'GILE. adj.  [agile, Fr. agilis, Lat.] Nimble; ready; having
the quality of being speedily put in motion; active.
With that he gave his able horse the head,
And bending forward struck his agile heels
Against the panting sides of his poor jade,
Up to the rowel-head. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The immediate and agile subservience of the spirits to the
empire of the mind or soul. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
To guide its actions with informing care,
In peace to judge, to conquer in the war,
Render it agile, witty, valiant, sage,
As fits the various course of human age. Prior.

A'GILENESS. n. s.  [from agile.] The quality of being agile;
nimbleness; readiness for motion; quickness; activity; agi­
lity.

AGI'LITY. n. s.  [agilitas, Lat. from agilis, agile.] Nimbleness;
readiness to move; quickness; activity.
A limb over-strained by lifting a weight above its power,
may never recover its former agility and vigour. Watts.

AGI'LLOCHUM. n. s.  Aloes-wood.
A tree in the East-Indies, brought to us in small bits, of a
very fragrant scent. It is hot, drying, and accounted a
strengthener of the nerves in general. The best is of a blackish
purple colour, and so light as to swim upon water. Quincy.

A'GIO. n. s.  [an Italian word, signifying ease or conveniency.] 
A mercantile term, used chiefly in Holland and Venice, for
the difference between the value of bank notes, and the current
money. Chambers.

To AGI'ST. v. a.  [from giste, Fr. a bed or resting-place, or
from gister, i. e. stabulari.] 
To take in and feed the cattle of strangers in the king's fo­
rest, and to gather the money. The officers that do this, are
called agistors, in English guest or gist-takers. Their function
is termed agistment; as, agistment upon the sea banks. This
word agist is also used, for the taking in of other men's cattle
into any man's ground, at a certain rate per week. Blount.

AGI'STMENT. n. s.  [See AGIST.]
It is taken by the canon lawyers in another sense than is
mentioned under agist. They seem to intend by it, a modus or
composition, or mean rate, at which some right or due may be
reckoned: perhaps it is corrupted from addoucissement, or ad­
justment.

AGI'STOR. n. s.  [from agist.] An officer of the king's forest.
See AGIST.

A'GITABLE. n. s.  [from agitate; agitabilis, Lat.] That which
may be agitated, or put in motion; perhaps that which may be
disputed. See AGITATE, and AGITATION.

To A'GITATE. v. a.  [agito, Lat.] 
1. To put in motion; to shake; to move nimbly; as, the sur­
face of the waters is agitated by the wind; the vessel was broken
by agitating the liquour.
2. To be the cause of motion; to actuate; to move.
Where dwells this sov'reign arbitrary soul,
Which does the human animal controul,
Informs each part, and agitates the whole? Blackmore.
3. To affect with perturbation; as, the mind of man is agitated
by various passions.
4. To stir; to bandy from one to another; to discuss; to con­
trovert; as, to agitate a question.
Though this controversy be revived, and hotly agitated a­
mong the moderns; yet I doubt whether it be not, in a great
part, a nominal dispute. Boyle on Colours.

AGITA'TION. n. s.  [from agitate, agitatio, Lat.] 
1. The act of moving, or shaking any thing.
Putrefaction asketh rest; for the subtle motion which putre­
faction requireth, is disturbed by any agitation. Bacon.
2. The state of being moved or agitated; as, the waters, after a
storm, are sometime in a violent agitation.
3. Discussion; controversial examination.
A kind of a school question is started in this fable, upon rea­
son and instinct: and whether this deliberative proceeding of
the crow, was not rather a logical agitation of the matter.
L'Estrange's Fables.
4. Violent motion of the mind; perturbation; disturbance of
the thoughts.
A great perturbation in nature! to receive at once the benefit
of sleep, and do the effects of watching. In this slumbry agi­
tation, besides her walking, and other actual performances, what,
at any time, have you heard her say? Shakesp. Macbeth.
His mother could no longer bear the agitations of so many
passions as thronged upon her. Tatler, No 55.
5. Deliberation; contrivance; the state of being consulted upon.
The project now in agitation for repealing of the test act,
and yet leaving the name of an establishment to the present
national church, is inconsistent Swift's Miscell.

AGITA'TOR. n. s.  [from agitate.] He that agitates any thing;
he who manages affairs: in which sense seems to be used the
agitators of the army.



AGL

A'GLET. n. s.  [A word which some derive from αἴγλη, splendour,
but which is apparently to be deduced from aigulette, Fr. a tag
to a point, and that from aigu, sharp.] 


A tag of a point curved into some representation of an ani­
mal, generally of a man.
He thereupon gave for the garter a chain worth 200 l. and
his gown addressed with aglets, esteemed worth 25 l. Hayward.
Why, give him gold enough, and marry him to a puppet,
or an aglet baby, or an old trot, and ne'er a tooth in her head.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
2. The pendants at the ends of the chieves of flowers, as in tu­
lips.

A'GMINAL. adj.  [from agmen, Lat.] Belonging to a troop. Dict.

A'GNAIL. n. s.  [from ange, grieved, and nagle, a nail.] 
A disease of the nails; a whitlow; an inflammation round
the nails.

AGNA'TION. n. s.  [from agnatus, Lat.] Descent from the same
father, in a direct male line, distinct from cognation, or consan­
guinity, which includes descendants from females.

AGNI'TION. n. s.  [from agnitio, Lat.] Acknowledgment.

To AGNI'ZE. v. a.  [from agnosco, Lat.] To acknowledge; to
own; to avow. This word is now obsolete.
I do agnize
A natural and prompt alacrity
I find in hardness; and do undertake
This present war against the Ottomites. Shakesp. Othello.

AGNOMINA'TION. n. s.  [agnominatio, Lat.] Allusion of one
word to another, by resemblance of sound.
The British continueth yet in Wales, and some villages of
Cornwall, intermingled with provincial Latin, being very sig­
nificative, copious, and pleasantly running upon agnominations,
although harsh in aspirations. Camden.

AGNUS CASTUS. n. s.  [Lat.] The name of the tree commonly
called the Chaste Tree, from an imaginary virtue of preserving
chastity.
Of laurel some, of woodbine many more,
And wreathes of agnus castus others bore. Dryden.



AGO

AGO'. adv.  [agan, Sax. past or gone; whence writers formerly
used, and in some provinces the people still use, agone for ago.] 
Past; as, long ago; that is, long time has past since. Reckon­
ing time towards the present, we use since; as, it is a year since
it happened: reckoning from the present, we use ago; as, it
happened a year ago. This is not, perhaps, always observed.
Be of good comfort: for the great supply,
That was expected by the Dauphin here,
Are wreck'd three nights ago on Godwin sands. Sh. K. John.
This both by others and myself I know,
For I have serv'd their sovereign long ago;
Oft have been caught within the winding train. Dryd. Fab.
I shall set down an account of a discourse I chanced to have
with one of them some time ago. Addison. Freeholder.

AGO'G. adv.  [a word of uncertain etymology; the French have
the term à gogo, in low language; as, ils vivent à gogo, they
live to their wish: from this phrase our word may be, perhaps,
derived.] 
1. In a state of desire; in a state of imagination; heated with
the notion of some enjoyment; longing.
As for the sense and reason of it, that has little or nothing to
do here; only let it sound full and round, and chime right to
the humour, which is at present agog, (just as a big, long, rat­
tling name is said to command even adoration from a Spaniard)
and, no doubt, with this powerful, senseless engine, the rabble­
driver, shall be able to carry all before him. South's Sermons.
2. It is used with the verbs to be, or to set; as, he is agog, or you
may set him agog.
The gawdy gossip, when she's set agog,
In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob,
Goes flaunting out, and, in her trim of pride,
Thinks all she says or does, is justify'd. Dryd. Juv. Sat. 6.
This maggot has no sooner set him agog, but he gets him a
ship, freights her, builds castles in the air, and conceits both the
Indies in his coffers. L'Estrange.
3. It has the particles on, or for, before the object of desire.
On which the saints are all agog,
And all this for a bear and dog. Hudibras, cant. ii.
They generally straggle into these parts about this time of
the year; and set the heads of our servant-maids so agog for
husbands, that we do not expect to have any business done as
it should be, whilst they are in the country. Addison. Spectator.

AGO'NE. adv.  [agan, Sax.] Ago; past. See AGO.
Is he such a princely one,
As you speak him long agone? Ben. Johnson's Fairy Prince.

A'GONISM. n. s.  [ἀγωνισμὸς, Gr.] Contention for a prize. Dict.

AGO'ING. participial adj.  [from a and going.] In action.
Their first movement, and impressed motions, demanded the
impulse of an almighty hand to set them first agoing. Tatler.

A'GONIST. n. s.  [ἀγωνίϛης, Gr.] A contender for prizes. Dict.

AGONI'STES. n. s.  [ἀγωνίϛης, Gr.] A prize-fighter; one that
contends at any public solemnity for a prize. Milton. has so
stiled his tragedy, because Sampson was called out to divert the
Philistines with seats of strength.

AGONI'STICAL. adj.  [from agonistes.] Relating to prize-fight­
ing. Dict.

To A'GONIZE. v. n.  [from agonizo, low Latin, αγωνίζω, Gr.
agoniser, Fr.] To feel agonies; to be in excessive pain.
Dost thou behold my poor distracted heart,
Thus rent with agonizing love and rage,
And ask me what it means? Art thou not false? Rowe's J. Sh.
Or touch, if, tremblingly alive all o'er,
To smart and agonize at ev'ry pore? Pope's Essay on Man.

AGONOTHE'TICK. adj.  [ἄγων and τίϑημι, Gr.] Proposing pub­
lick contentions for prizes; giving prizes; presiding at publick
games. Dict.

A'GONY. n. s.  [ἄγὼν, Gr. agon, low Lat. agonie, Fr.] 
1. The pangs of death; properly the last contest between life and
death.
Never was there more pity in saving any than in ending me,
because therein my agony shall end. Sidney, b. ii.
Thou who for me did feel such pain,
Whose precious blood the cross did stain,
Let not those agonies be vain. Roscommon.
2. Any violent or excessive pain of body or mind.
Betwixt them both, they have me done to dy,
Through wounds and strokes, and stubborn handeling,
That death were better than such agony,
As grief and fury unto me did bring. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Thee I have miss'd, and thought it long, depriv'd
Thy presence, agony of love! till now
Not felt, nor shall be twice. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
3. It is particularly used in devotions for our Redeemer's conflict
in the garden.
To propose our desires, which cannot take such effect as we
specify, shall, notwithstanding, otherwise procure us his heaven­
ly grace, even as this very prayer of Christ obtained angels to
be sent him as comforters in his agony. Hooker, b. v.

AGO'OD. adv.  [a and good.] In earnest; not fictitiously.
At that time I made her weep agood,
For I did play a lamentable part. Shak. Two Gent. of Ver.

AGO'UTY. n. s.  An animal of the Antilles, of the bigness of a
rabbet, with bright red hair, and a little tail without hair.
He has but two teeth in each jaw, holds his meat in his fore­
paws like a squirrel, and has a very remarkable cry. When he
is angry, his hair stands on end, and he strikes the earth with
his hindseet, and, when chased, he flies to a hollow tree,
whence he is expelled by smoke. Trevoux.



AGR

To AGRA'CE. v. a.  [from a and grace.] To grant favours to;
to confer benefits upon: a word not now in use.
She granted, and that knight so much agrac'd,
That she him taught celestial discipline. Fairy Queen.

AGRA'MMATIST. n. s.  [α, priv. and γϱάμμα, Gr.] An illite­
rate man. Dict.

AGRA'RIAN. adj.  [agrarius, Lat.] Relating to fields or grounds;
a word seldom used but in the Roman history, where there is
mention of the agrarian law.

To AGRE'ASE. v. a.  [from a and grease.] To daub; to grease;
to pollute with filth.
The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were,
Engross'd with mud, which did them foul agrease. Fairy Q.

To AGRE'E. v. n.  [agreer, Fr. from gré, liking or good-will;
gratia and gratus, Lat.] 
1. To be in concord; to live without contention; not to differ.
The more you agree together, the less hurt can your ene­
mies do you. Pope's View of Epic Poetry.
2. To grant; to yield to; to admit; with the particles to or
upon.
And persuaded them to agree to all reasonable conditions.
2 Maccabees, xi. 14.
We do not prove the origin of the earth from a chaos; see­
ing that is agreed on by all that give it any origin. Burnet's Theo.
3. To settle terms by stipulation; to accord.
Agree with thine adversary quickly, whilst thou art in the
way with him; lest at any time the adversary deliver thee to the
judge, and the judge deliver thee to the officer, and thou be
cast into prison. Matt. v. 25.
4. To settle a price between buyer and seller.
Friend, I do thee no wrong: didst not thou agree with me
for a penny. Matt. xx. 13.
5. To be of the same mind or opinion.
He exceedingly provoked, or underwent the envy, and re­
proach, and malice of men of all qualities and conditions, who
agreed in nothing else. Clarendon.
Milton is a noble genius, and the world agrees to confess it.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
6. To settle some point among many.
Strises and troubles would be endless, except they gave their
common consent all to be ordered by some whom they should
agree upon. Hooker, b. i.
If judicious men, skilled in chymical affairs, shall agree to
write clearly, and keep men from being stunned by dark or
empty words, it is hoped, they will be reduced either to write
nothing, or books that may teach us something. Boyle.
7. To be consistent; not to contradict.
For many bare false witness against him, but their witness
agreed not together Mark, xiv. 56.
They that stood by said again to Peter, surely thou art one
of them: for thou art a Galilean, and thy speech agreeth there­
to. Mark, xiv. 70.


Which testimony I the less scruple to allege, because it agrees
very well with what has been affirmed to me by a physician at
Moscow. Boyle's History of Colours.
8. To suit with; to be accommodated to.
Thou feedest thine own people with angels food, and didst
send them from heaven bread agreeing to every taste. Wisdom.
His principles could not be made to agree with that consti­
tution and order, which God had settled in the world; and,
therefore, must needs clash with common sense and experience.
Locke.
9. To cause no disturbance in the body.
I have often thought, that our prescribing asses milk in such
small quantities, is injudicious; for, undoubtedly, with such as
it agrees with, it would perform much greater and quicker ef­
fects, in greater quantities. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To AGREE. v. a. 1. To put an end to a variance.
He saw from far, or seemed for to see,
Some troublous uproar, or contentious fray,
Whereto he drew in haste it to agree. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. To make friends; to reconcile.
The mighty rivals, whose destructive rage
Did the whole world in civil arms engage,
Are now agreed. Roscommon.

AGRE'EABLE. adj.  [agreable, Fr.] 
1. Suitable to; consistent with. It has the particle to, or with.
What you do, is not at all agreeable either with so good a
christian, or so reasonable and so great a person. Temple.
That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many
times contrary to the nature of another. L'Estrange.
As the practice of all piety and virtue is agreeable to our rea­
son, so is it likewise the interest both of private persons and of
publick societies. Tillotson.
Agreeable hereunto, perhaps it might not be amiss, to make
children, as soon as they are capable of it, often to tell a story.
Locke on Education.
2. Pleasing; that is suitable to the inclination, faculties, or tem­
per. It is used in this sense both of persons and things.
And while the face of outward things we find
Pleasing and fair, agreeable and sweet,
These things transport. Sir J. Davies.
I recollect in my mind the discourses which have passed be­
tween us, and call to mind a thousand agreeable remarks, which
he has made on these occasions. Addison. Spectator, No 241.
3. It has also the particle to.
The delight which men have in popularity, fame, submission,
and subjection of other men's minds, seemeth to be a thing, in
itself, without contemplation of consequence, agreeable and grate­
ful to the nature of man. Bacon's Natural Hist.

AGRE'EABLENESS. n. s.  [from agreeable.] 
1. Consistency with; suitableness to; with the particle to.
Pleasant tastes depend not on the things themselves, but their
agreeableness to this or that particular palate, wherein there is
great variety. Locke.
2. The quality of pleasing. It is used in an inferiour sense, to
mark the production of satisfaction, calm and lasting, but be­
low rapture or admiration.
There will be occasion for largeness of mind and agree­
ableness of temper. Collier of Friendship.
It is very much an image of that author's writing, who has
an agreeableness that charms us, without correctness; like a mis­
tress, whose faults we see, but love her with them all. Pope.
3. Resemblance; likeness; sometimes with the particle between.
This relation is likewise seen in the agreeableness between man
and the other parts of the universe; and that in sundry re­
spects. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.

AGRE'EABLY. adv.  [from agreeable.] 
1. Consistently with; in a manner suitable to.
They may look into the affairs of Judea and Jerusalem,
agreeably to that which is in the law of the Lord. 1 Esd.xviii. 12.
2. Pleasingly.
I did never imagine, that so many excellent rules could be
produced so advantageously and agreeably. Swift.

AGRE'ED. participial adj.  [from agree.] Settled by consent.
When they had got known and agreed names, to signify those
internal operations of their own minds, they were sufficiently
furnished to make known by words all their ideas. Locke.

AGRE'EINGNESS. n. s.  [from agree.] Consistence; suitableness.

AGRE'EMENT. n. s.  [agrement, Fr. in law Latin agreamentum,
which Coke would willingly derive from aggregatio mentium.] 
1. Concord.
What agreement is there between the hyena and the dog? and
what peace between the rich and the poor? Ecclus, xiii. 18.
2. Resemblance of one thing to another.
Expansion and duration have this farther agreement, that
though they are both considered by us as having parts, yet their
parts are not separable one from another. Locke.
3. Compact; bargain; conclusion of controversy; stipulation.
And your covenant with death shall be disannulled, and your
agreement with hell shall not stand; when the overflowing
scourge shall pass through, then ye shall be trodden down by
it. Isaiah, xxviii. 18.
Make an agreement with me by a present, and come out to
me, and then eat ye every man of his own vine, and every one
of his fig-tree, and drink ye every one the waters of his cistern.
2 Kings, xviii. 31.
Frog had given his word, that he would meet the above­
mentioned company at the Salutation, to talk of this agree­
ment. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

AGRE'STICK, or AGRE'STICAL. adj.  [from agrestis, Lat.] 
Having relation to the country; rude; rustick. Dict.

AGRICOLA'TION. n. s.  [from agricola, Lat.] Culture of the
ground. Dict.

A'GRICULTURE. n. s.  [agricultura, Lat.] The art of cultivat­
ing the ground; tillage; husbandry.
He strictly adviseth not to begin to sow before the setting of
the stars; which notwithstanding, without injury to agriculture,
cannot be observed in England. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
That there was tillage bestowed upon the ground, Moses does
indeed intimate in general; as also, what sort of tillage that
was, is not expressed: I hope to shew, that their agriculture
was nothing near so laborious and troublesome, nor did it take
up so much time as ours doth. Woodward's Nat. History.
The disposition of Ulysses inclined him to war, rather than
the more lucrative, but more secure, method of life, by agri­
culture and husbandry. Pope's Odyssey; notes.

A'GRIMONY. n. s.  [agrimonia, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The leaves are rough, hairy, pennated, and grow alternately
on the branches; the flower-cup consists of one leaf, which is
divided into five segments; the flowers have five or six leaves,
and are formed into a long spike, which expand in form of a
rose; the fruit is oblong, dry, and prickly, like the burdock;
in each of which are contained two kernels.
The species are; 1. The common or medicinal agrimony.
2. The sweet-smelling agrimony. 3. Lesser agrimony, with a
white flower.
The first is common in the hedges, in many parts, and
is the sort commonly used in medicine. It will grow in almost
any soil or situation; and is increased by parting the roots in
autumn, or by sowing the seeds soon after they are ripe. Mill.

AGRO'UND. adv.  [from a and ground.] 
1. Stranded; hindered by the ground from passing farther.
With our great ships we durst not approach the coast, we
having been all of us aground. Sir W. Raleigh's Essays.
Say what you seek, and whether were you bound?
Were you, by stress of weather, cast aground? Dryden's Æn.
2. It is likewise figuratively used, for being hindered in the pro­
gress of affairs; as, the negotiators were aground at that objec­
tion.



AGU

A'GUE. n. s.  [aigu, Fr. acute.] An intermitting fever, with
cold fits succeeded by hot. The cold fit is, in popular
language, more particularly called the ague, and the hot the
fever.
Our castle's strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn. Here let them lie,
Till famine and the ague eat them up. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Though
He feels the heats of youth, and colds of age,
Yet neither tempers nor corrects the other;
As if there were an ague in his nature,
That still inclines to one extreme. Denham's Sophy.

A'GUED. adj.  [from ague.] Struck with an ague; shivering;
chill; cold: a word in little use.
All hurt behind, backs red, and faces pale,
With flight and agued fear! mind and charge home.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

A'GUE FIT. n. s.  [from ague and fit.] The paroxysm of the ague.
This ague fit of fear is overblown;
An easy task it is to win our own. Shakesp. Richard II.

A'GUE PROOF. adj.  [from ague and proof.] Proof against agues;
able to resist the causes which produce agues, without being af­
fected.
When the rain came to wet me once, and the wind to make
me chatter; when the thunder would not peace at my bidding;
there I found 'em, there I smelt 'em out. Go to, they are not
men o' their words; they told me I was every thing: 'tis a lie;
I am not ague proof. Shakespeare's King Lear.

A'GUE-TREE. n. s.  [from ague and tree.] A name sometimes
given to sassafras. Dict.

To AGU'ISE. v. a.  [from a and guise. See GUISE.] To dress;
to adorn; to deck: a word now not in use.
At other whiles she would devise,
As her fantastick wit did most delight;
Sometimes her head she fondly would aguise
With gaudy garlands, or fresh flowers dight
About her neck, or rings of rushes plight. Fairy Queen.

A'GUISH. adj.  [from ague.] Having the qualities of an ague.
So calm, and so serene, but now,
What means this change on Myra's brow?
Her aguish love now glows and burns,
Then chills and shakes, and the cold fit returns. Granville.

A'GUISHNESS. n. s.  [from aguish.] The quality of resembling
an ague.



AH. interjection. 1. A word noting sometimes dislike and censure.
Ah! sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity, a seed of
evil doers, children that are corrupters, they have forsaken the
Lord. Isaiah, i. 4.
2. Sometimes contempt and exultation.
Let them not say in their hearts, Ah! so we would have it:
let them not say, we have swallowed him up. Psalm xxxv. 25.
3. Sometimes, and most frequently, compassion and complaint.
In youth alone, unhappy mortals live;
But, ah! the mighty bliss is fugitive:
Discolour'd sickness, anxious labour come,
And age and death's inexorable doom. Dryd. Virg. Georg. iii.
Ah me! the blooming pride of May,
And that of beauty, are but one:
At morn both flourish bright and gay,
Both fade at evening, pale, and gone. Prior.
4. When it is followed by that, it expresses vehement desire.
In goodness, as in greatness, they excell;
Ah that! we loved ourselves but half so well. Dryd. Juven.

AHA', AHA'! interjection.  A word intimating triumph and con­
tempt.
They opened their mouth wide against me, and said, Aha,
aha! our eye hath seen it. Psalm xxxv. 21.

AHE'AD. adv.  [from a and head.] 
1. Farther onward than another: a sea term.
And now the mighty Centaur seems to lead,
And now the speedy dolphin gets ahead. Dryden's Æn.
2. Headlong; precipitant: used of men.
It is mightily the fault of parents, guardians, tutors, and go­
vernours, that so many men miscarry. They suffer them at
first to run ahead, and, when perverse inclinations are advanced
into habits, there is no dealing with them. L'Estrange's Fab.

AHE'IGHT. adv.  [from a and height.] Aloft; on high.
But have I fall'n or no? —
—From the dread summit of this chalky bourne!
Look up aheight, the shrill-gorg'd lark so far
Cannot be seen or heard. Shakespeare's King Lear.

AHOUA'I. n. s.  The name of a plant.
It hath funnel-shaped flowers of one leaf, divided into seve­
ral parts at the top; the pointal, which rises from the cup, is
fixed, like a nail, to the inner part of the flower, and becomes
a pear-shaped fleshy fruit, inclosing a three-cornered nut.
There are two species of this plant abounding on the conti­
nent of South America: the first grows to the height of our
common cherry-tree; its leaves are three or four inches long,
and almost two inches broad; the wood of it stinks most abo­
minably, and the kernel of the nut is a most deadly poison; to
expel which, the Indians know no antidote, nor will they use
the wood for fuel. The second sort, with an oleander leaf,
and a yellow flower, does not grow higher than ten or twelve
feet; its fruit is of a beautiful red colour when ripe, and e­
qually poisonous with the former. Both plants abound in every
part with a milky juice. Millar.



AID

To AID. v. a.  [aider, Fr. from adjutare, Lat.] To help; to
support; to succour.
Into the lake he leapt, his lord to aid,
(So love the dread of danger doth despise)
And of him catching hold, him strongly staid
From drowning. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 6.
Neither shall they give any thing unto them that make war
upon them, or aid them with victuals, weapons, money, or
ships. Maccabees, viii. 26.
By the loud trumpet, which our courage aids,
We learn that sound as well as sense persuades. Roscommon.

AID. n. s.  [from To aid.] 
1. Help; support.
The memory of useful things may receive considerable aid,
if they are thrown into verse. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Your patrimonial stores in peace possess;
Undoubted all your filial claim confess:
Your private right should impious power invade,
The peers of Ithaca would arm in aid. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
2. The person that gives help or support; a helper.
Thou hast said, it is not good that man should be alone;
let us make unto him an aid, like unto himself. Tobit, viii. 6.
3. In law.
A subsidy. Aid is also particularly used in matter of plead­
ing, for a petition made in court, for the calling in of help
from another, that hath an interest in the cause in question;
and is likewise both to give strength to the party that prays in
aid of him, and also to avoid a prejudice accruing toward his
own right, except it be prevented: as, when a tenant for term
of life, courtesy, &c. being impleaded touching his estate, he
may pray in aid of him in the reversion; that is, entreat the
court, that he may be called in by writ, to allege what he
thinks good for the maintenance both of his right and his own.
Cowell.

A'IDANCE. n. s.  [from aid.] Help; support: a word little used.
Oft have I seen a timely parted ghost,
Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless,
Being all descended to the lab'ring heart,
Who, in the conflict that it holds with death,
Attracts the same for aidance 'gainst the enemy. Sh. Hen. VI.

A'IDANT. adj.  [aidant, Fr.] Helping; helpful.
All you unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
Spring with my tears; be aidant and remediate
In the good man's distress. Shakesp. King Lear.

A'IDER. n. s.  [from aid.] He that brings aid or help; a helper;
an ally.
All along as he went, were punished the adherents and aid­
ers of the late rebels. Bacon's Henry VII.

A'IDLESS. adj.  [from aid and less, an inseparable particle.] 
Helpless; unsupported; undefended.
Alone he enter'd
The mortal gate o' the city, which he painted
With shunless destiny: aidless came off,
And, with a sudden re-enforcement, struck
Corioli, like a planet. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Had met
Already, ere my best speed could prevent,
The aidless innocent lady, his wish'd prey. Milt. Comus.

A'IGULET. n. s.  [aigulet, Fr.] A point with tags; points of
gold at the end of fringes.
Which all above besprinkled was throughout
With golden aigulets that glister'd bright,
Like twinkling stars, and all the skirt about
Was hemm'd with golden fringes. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To AIL. v. a.  [eglan, Sax. to be troublesome.] 
1. To pain; to trouble; to give pain.
And the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and
said unto her, what aileth thee, Hagar? fear not: for God hath
heard the voice of the lad where he is. Gen. xxi. 17.
2. It is used, in a sense less determinate, for to affect in any man­
ner; as, something ails me that I cannot sit still; what ails the
man that he laughs without reason?
Love smil'd, and thus said, Want join'd to desire is unhappy;
But if he nought do desire, what can Heraclitus ail? Sidney.
What ails me, that I cannot lose thy thought!
Command the empress hither to be brought,
I, in her death, shall some diversion find,
And rid my thoughts at once of woman-kind.
Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
3. To feel pain; to be incommoded.
4. It is remarkable, that this word is never used but with some in­
definite term, or the word nothing; as, What ails him? What
does he ail? He ails something; he ails nothing. Something ails
him; nothing ails him. Thus we never say, a fever ails him,
or he ails a fever, or use definite terms with this verb.

AIL. n. s.  [from the verb.] A disease.
Or heal, O Narses, thy obscener ail. Pope.

A'ILMENT. n. s.  [from ail.] Pain; disease.
Little ailments oft attend the fair,
Not decent for a husband's eye or ear. Granville.
I am never ill, but I think of your ailments, and repine that
they mutually hinder our being together. Swift's Letters.

A'ILING. participial adj.  [from To ail.] Sickly; full of com­
plaints.



AIM

To AIM. v. a.  [It is derived by Skinner from esmer, to point at;
a word which I have not found.] 
1. To endeavour to strike with a missive weapon; to direct to­
wards; with the particle at.
Aim'st thou at princes, all amaz'd they said,
The last of games? Pope's Odyssey.
2. To point the view, or direct the steps towards any thing; to
tend towards; to endeavour to reach or obtain; with to form­
erly, now only with at.
Lo, here the world is bliss; so here the end
To which all men do aim, rich to be made,
Such grace now to be happy is before thee laid. Fairy Q.
Another kind there is, which although we desire for itself, as
health, and virtue, and knowledge, nevertheless they are not
the last mark whereat we aim, but have their further end where­
unto they are referred. Hooker, b. i.
Swoln with applause, and aiming still at more,
He now provokes the sea gods from the shore. Dryden's Æn.
Religion tends to the ease and pleasure, the peace and tran­
quillity of our minds, which all the wisdom of the world did al­
ways aim at, as the utmost felicity of this life. Tillotson.
3. To direct the missile weapon; more particularly taken for the
act of pointing the weapon by the eye, before its dismission
from the hand.
And proud Ideus, Priam's charioteer,
Who shakes his empty reins, and aims his airy spear. Dryd.
4. To guess.

AIM. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. The direction of a missile weapon.
Ascanius, young and eager of his game,
Soon bent his bow, uncertain of his aim;
But the dire fiend the fatal arrow guides,
Which pierc'd his bowels through his parting sides.
Dryden, Æn. vii. l. 691.
2. The point to which the thing thrown is directed.


That arrows fled not swifter toward their aim,
Than did our soldiers, aiming at their safety,
Fly from the field. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
3. In a figurative sense, a purpose; a scheme; an intention; a
design.
He trusted to have equall'd the most High,
If he oppos'd: and, with ambitious aim
Against the throne, and monarchy of God,
Rais'd impious war. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. i. l. 41.
But see, how oft ambitious aims are crost,
And chiefs contend till all the prize is lost. Pope.
4. The object of a design; the thing after which any one endea­
vours.
The safest way is to suppose, that the epistle has but one aim,
till, by a frequent perusal of it, you are forced to see there are
distinct independent parts. Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.
5. Conjecture; guess.
It is impossible, by aim, to tell it; and, for experience
and knowledge thereof, I do not think that there was ever any
of the particulars thereof. Spenser on Ireland.
There is a history in all mens lives,
Figuring the nature of the times deceas'd;
The which observ'd, a man may prophesy,
With a near aim, of the main chance of things,
As yet not come to life, which, in their seeds
And weak beginnings, lie intreasur'd. Shakesp. Henry IV.



AIR

AIR. n. s.  [air, Fr. aër, Lat.] 
1. The element encompassing the terraqueous globe.
If I were to tell what I mean by the word air, I may say, it
is that fine matter which we breathe in and breathe out conti­
nually; or it is that thin fluid body, in which the birds fly, a
little above the earth; or it is that invisible matter, which fills
all places near the earth, or which immediately encompasses the
globe of earth and water. Watts's Logick.
2. The state of the air; or the air considered with regard to health.
There be many good and healthful airs, that do appear by
habitation and other proofs, that differ not in smell from other
airs. Bacon's Natural History, No 904.
3. Air in motion; a small gentle wind.
Fresh gales, and gentle airs,
Whisper'd it to the woods, and from their wings
Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub
Disporting! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 515.
But safe repose, without an air of breath,
Dwells here, and a dumb quiet next to death. Dryden.
Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play,
And Albion's cliffs resound the rural lay. Pope's Pastorals.
4. Blast.
All the stor'd vengeancies of heaven fall
On her ingrateful top! strike her young bones,
You taking airs, with lameness. Shakesp. King Lear.
5. Any thing light or uncertain; that is as light as air.
O momentary grace of mortal men,
Which we more hunt for than the grace of God!
Who builds his hope in air of your fair looks,
Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast,
Ready, with ev'ry nod, to tumble down
Into the fatal bowels of the deep. Shakesp. Rich. III.
6. The open weather; air unconfined.
The garden was inclos'd within the square,
Where young Emilia took the morning air. Dryd. Fables.
7. Vent; utterance; emssion into the air.
I would have ask'd you, if I durst for shame,
If still you lov'd? you gave it air before me.
But ah! why were we not both of a sex?
For then we might have lov'd without a crime. Dryd. D. Seb.
8. Publication; exposure to the publick view and knowledge.
I am sorry to find it has taken air, that I have some hand in
these papers. Pope's Letters.
9. Intelligence; information.
It grew also from the airs, which the princes and states a­
broad received from their ambassadors and agents here; which
were attending the court in great number. Bacon's Henry VII.
10. Poetry; a song.
And the repeated air
Of sad Electra's poet, had the pow'r
To save th' Athenian walls from ruin bare. Parad. Regain.
11. Musick, whether light or serious.
This musick crept by me upon the waters,
Allaying both their fury and my passion,
With its sweet air. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Call in some musick; I have heard, soft airs
Can charm our senses, and expel our cares. Denh. Sophy.
The same airs, which some entertain with most delightful
transports, to others are importune. Glanville's Scepsis Scient.
Since we have such a treasury of words, so proper for the
airs of musick, I wonder that persons should give so little at­
tention. Addison. Spectator, No 406.
Born on the swelling notes, our souls aspire,
While solemn airs improve the sacred fire;
And angels lean from heav'n to hear! Pope's St. Cæcilia.
— When the soul is sunk with cares,
Exalts her in enliv'ning airs. Pope's Cæcilia.
12. The mien, or manner, of the person.
Her graceful innocence, her ev'ry air,
Of gesture, or least action, over-aw'd
His malice. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 459.
For the air of youth
Hopeful and chearful, in thy blood shall reign
A melancholy damp of cold and dry,
To weigh thy spirits down; and last consume
The balm of life. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 452.
But, having the life before us, besides the experience of all
they knew, it is no wonder to hit some airs and features, which
they have missed. Dryden on Dramatick Poetry.
There is something wonderfully divine in the airs of this
picture. Addison on Italy.
Yet should the Graces all thy figures place,
And breathe an air divine on ev'ry face. Pope.
13. An affected or laboured manner or gesture; as, a lofty air,
a gay air.
Whom Ancus follows, with a fawning air;
But vain within, and proudly popular. Dryd. Æn. vi.
There are of these sort of beauties, which last but for a
moment; as, the different airs of an assembly, upon the sight
of an unexpected and uncommon object, some particularity of
a violent passion, some graceful action, a smile, a glance of an
eye, a disdainful look, a look of gravity, and a thousand other
such like things. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Their whole lives were employed in intrigues of state, and
they naturally give themselves airs of kings and princes, of
which the ministers of other nations are only the representa­
tives. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
To curl their waving hairs,
Assist their blushes, and inspire their airs. Pope.
He assumes and affects an entire set of very different airs;
he conceives himself a being of a superiour nature. Swift.
14. Appearance.
As it was communicated with the air of a secret, it soon
found its way into the world. Pope's Ded. to Rape of the Lock.
15. [In horsemanship.] Airs denote the artificial or practised mo­
tions of a managed horse. Chambers.

To AIR. v. a.  [from the noun air.] 
1. To expose to the air.
Fleas breed principally of straw or mats, where there hath
been a little moisture, or the chamber and bed-straw kept
close, and not aired. Bacon's Natural History, No 696.
We have had, in our time, experience twice or thrice,
when both the judges that sat upon the jail, and numbers of
those that attended the business, or were present, sickened upon
it, and died. Therefore, it were good wisdom, that, in such
cases, the jail were aired, before they were brought forth.
Bacon's Natural History, No 914.
As the ants were airing their provisions one winter, up
comes a hungry grashopper to them, and begs a charity.
L'Estrange's Fables.
Or wicker-baskets weave, or air the corn,
Or grinded grain, betwixt two marbles turn. Dryd. Virgil.
2. To take the air, or enjoy the open air, with the reciprocal
pronoun.
Nay, stay a little———
Were you but riding forth to air yourself,
Such parting were too petty. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I ascended the highest hills of Bagdat, in order to pass the
rest of the day in meditation and prayer. As I was here air­
ing myself on the tops of the mountains, I fell into a profound
contemplation on the vanity of human life. Addison. Spect.
3. To open to the air; as, clothes.
The others make it a matter of small commendation in it­
self, if they, who wear it, do nothing else but air the robes,
which their place requireth. Hooker, b. v. § 29.
4. To air liquors; to warm them by the fire: a term used in
conversation.
5. To make nests. In this sense, it is derived from aery, a nest.
It is now out of use.
You may add their busy, dangerous, discourteous, yea, and
sometimes despiteful stealing, one from another, of the eggs and
young ones; who, if they were allowed to air naturally and
quietly, there would be store sufficient, to kill not only the
partridges, but even all the good housewives chickens in a coun­
try. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

A'IRBLADDER. n. s.  [from air and bladder.] 
1. Any cuticle or vesicle filled with air.
The pulmonary artery and vein pass along the surfaces of
these airbladders, in an infinite number of ramifications.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The bladder in fishes, by the contraction and dilatation of
which, they vary the properties of their weight to that of their
bulk, and rise or fall.
Though the airbladder in fishes seems necessary for swim­
ming, yet some are so formed as to swim without it. Cudworth.

A'IRBUILT. adj.  [from air and build.] Built in the air, with­
out any solid foundation.
Hence the fool's paradise, the statesman's scheme,
The airbuilt castle, and the golden dream,


The maid's romantick wish, the chymist's flame,
And poet's vision of eternal fame. Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.

AIR-DRAWN. adj.  [from air and drawn.] Drawn or painted
in air.
This is the very painting of your fear,
This is the air-drawn dagger, which, you said,
Led you to Duncan. Shakesp. Macbeth.

A'IRER. n. s.  [from To air.] He that exposes to the air.

A'IRHOLE. n. s.  [from air and hole.] A hole to admit the air.

A'IRINESS. n. s.  [from airy.] 
1. Openness; exposure to the air.
2. Lightness; gaiety; levity.
The French have indeed taken worthy pains to make clas­
sick learning speak their language; if they have not succeeded,
it must be imputed to a certain talkativeness and airiness repre­
sented in their tongue, which will never agree with the sedate­
ness of the Romans, or the solemnity of the Greeks. Felton.

A'IRING. n. s.  [from air.] A short journey or ramble to enjoy
the free air.
This little fleet serves only to fetch them wine and corn, and
to give their ladies an airing in the summer-season. Add. on It.

A'IRLESS. adj.  [from air.] Without communication with the
the free air.
Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass,
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can be retentive to the strength of spirit. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.

A'IRLING. n. s.  [from air, for gayety.] A young, light, thought­
less, gay person.
Some more there be, slight airlings, will be won
With dogs, and horses, and perhaps a whore. B. John. Catil.

A'IRPUMP. n. s.  [from air and pump.] 
A machine by whose means the air is exhausted out of proper
vessels. The principle on which it is built, is the elasticity of
the air; as that on which the waterpump is founded, is on the
gravity of the air. The invention of this curious instrument
is ascribed to Otto de Guerick, consul of Magdebourg, who ex­
hibited his first publick experiments before the emperour and
the states of Germany, in 1654. But his machine laboured
under several defects, in the force necessary to work it, which
was very great, and the progress very slow; besides, it was to
be kept under water, and allowed of no change of subjects for
experiments. However, Mr. Boyle, with the assistance of Dr.
Hooke, removed several of these inconveniencies; though, still,
the working of this pump was laborious, by reason of the pres­
sure of the atmosphere at every exsuction, after a vacuum was
nearly obtained. This labour has been since removed by Mr.
Hawksbee; who, by adding a second barrel and piston, to rise
as the other fell, and fall as it rose, made the pressure of the at­
mosphere on the descending one, of as much service as it was
of disservice in the ascending one. Vream made a further im­
provement in Hawksbee's air-pump, by reducing the alternate
motion of the hand and winch to a circular one. Chambers.
For the air that, in exhausted receivers of airpumps, is
exhaled from minerals, and flesh, and fruits, and liquours, is as
true and genuine as to elasticity and density, or rarefaction, as
that we respire in; and yet this factitious air is so far from be­
ing fit to be breathed in, that it kills animals in a moment, even
sooner than the very absence of all air, or a vacuum itself.
Bentley's Sermons.

A'IRSHAFT. n. s.  [from air and shaft.] A passage for the air
into mines and subterraneous places.
By the sinking of an airshaft, the air hath liberty to circu­
late, and carry out the steams both of the miners breath and the
damps, which would otherwise stagnate there. Ray.

A'IRY. adj.  [from air; aëreus, Lat.] 
1. Composed of air.
The first is the transmission, or emission, of the thinner and
more airy parts of bodies; as, in odours and infections: and
this is, of all the rest, the most corporeal. Bacon.
2. Relating to the air; belonging to the air.
There are fishes that have wings, that are no strangers to the
airy region. Boyle.
3. High in air.
Whole rivers here forsake the fields below,
And, wond'ring at their height, through airy channels flow.
Addison.
4. Light as air; thin; unsubstantial; without solidity.
I hold ambition of so airy and light a quality, that it is but a
shadow's shadow. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Still may the dog the wand'ring troops constrain
Of airy ghosts, and vex the guilty train;
And, with her grisly lord, his lovely queen remain. Dr. Æn.
5. Without reality; without any steady foundation in truth or
nature; vain; trifling.
Nor think with wind
Of airy threats to awe whom yet with deeds
Thou can'st not. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Nor (to avoid such meanness) soaring high,
With empty sound, and airy notions, fly. Roscommon.
I have found a complaint concerning the scarcity of money,
which occasioned many airy propositions for the remedy of it.
Temple's Miscellanies.
6. Fluttering; loose; as if to catch the air; full of levity.
But the epick poem is too stately to receive those little orna­
ments. The painters draw their nymphs in thin and airy ha­
bits; but the weight of gold and of embroideries is reserved for
queens and goddesses. Dryd. Æneid, Dedicat.
By this name of ladies, he means all young persons, slender,
finely shaped, airy, and delicate: such as are nymphs and
Naïads. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
7. Gay; sprightly; full of mirth; vivacious; lively; spirited;
light of heart.
He that is merry and airy at shore, when he sees a sad and a
loud tempest on the sea, or dances briskly when God thunders
from heaven, regards not when God speaks to all the world.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.

AISLE. n. s.  [Thus the word is written by Addison, but perhaps
improperly; since it seems deducible only from either aile, a
wing, or allée, a path; and is therefore to be written aile.] 
The walks in a church, or wings of a quire.
The abbey is by no means so magnificent as one would ex­
pect from its endowments. The church is one huge nef, with
a double aisle to it; and, at each end, is a large quire. Addison.

AIT, or EYGHT. n. s.  [supposed, by Skinner, to be corrupted
from islet.] A small island in a river.

A'JUTAGE. n. s.  [ajutage, Fr.] An additional pipe to water­
works. Dict.

To AKE. v. n.  [from ἄχος, Gr. and therefore more grammati­
cally written ache. See ACHE.] 
1. To feel a lasting pain, generally of the internal pains; distin­
guished from smart, which is commonly used of uneasiness in
the external parts; but this is no accurate account.
To sue, and be deny'd, such common grace,
My wounds ake at you! Shakesp. Timon.
Let our finger ake, and it endues
Our other healthful members with a sense
Of pain. Shakesp. Othello.
Were the pleasure of drinking accompanied, the very mo­
ment, with that sick stomach and aking head, which, in some
men, are sure to follow, I think, no body would ever let wine
touch his lips. Locke.
His limbs must ake, with daily toils opprest,
Ere long-wish'd night brings necessary rest. Prior.
2. It is frequently applied, in an improper sense, to the heart; as,
the heart akes; to imply grief or fear. Shakespeare has used it,
still more licentiously, of the soul.
Here shame dissuades him, there his fear prevails,
And each, by turns, his aking heart assails. Addis. Ov. Met.
My soul akes
To know when two authorities are up,
Neither supreme, how soon confusion
May enter. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

AKI'N. adj.  [from a and kin.] 
1. Related to; allied to by blood; used of persons.
I do not envy thee, dear Pamela; only I could wish, that,
being thy sister in nature, I were not so far off akin in fortune.
Sidney, b. ii.
2. Allied to by nature; partaking of the same properties; used
of things.
The cankered passion of envy is nothing akin to the silly
envy of the ass. L'Estrange, Fab. xxxviii.
Some limbs again in bulk or stature
Unlike, and not akin by nature,
In concert act, like modern friends,
Because one serves the other's ends. Prior.
He separates it from questions with which it may have been
complicated, and distinguishes it from questions which may be
akin to it. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 13.



ALA

AL, ATTLE, ADLE,  do all seem to be corruptions of the Saxon
Æwel, noble, famous; as also, Alling and Adling, are corruptions
of Æweling, noble, splendid, famous. Gibson's Camden.
Al, Ald, being initials, are derived from the Saxon Eald, an­
cient; and so, oftentimes, the initial all, being melted by the
Normans, from the Saxon eald. Idem, ibid.

A'LABASTER. n. s.  [ἀλάβαϛϱον.] 
A kind of soft marble, easier to cut, and less durable, than the
other kinds; some is white, which is most common; some of
the colour of horn, and transparent; some yellow, like honey,
marked with veins. The ancients used it to make boxes for
perfumes. Savary.
Yet I'll not shed her blood,
Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow,
And smooth as monumental alabaster. Shakesp. Othello.

A'LABASTER. adj.  Made of alabaster.
I cannot forbear reckoning part of an alabaster column,
found in the ruins of Livia's portico. It is of the colour of
fire, and may be seen over the high altar of St. Maria in Cam­
pitello; for they have cut it into two pieces, and fixed it, in the
shape of a cross, in a hole of the wall; so that the light passing
through it, makes it look to those in the church, like a huge
transparent cross of amber. Addison on Italy.

ALA'CK. interject.  [This word seems only the corruption of alas.] 
Alas; an expression of sorrow.


Alack! when once our grace we have forgot,
Nothing goes right; we would, and we would not.
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
At thunder now no more I start,
Than at the rumbling of a cart:
Nay, what's incredible, alack!
I hardly hear a woman's clack. Swift.

ALA'CKADAY. interjection.  [This, like the former, is for alas the
day.] A word noting sorrow and melancholy.

ALA'CRIOUSLY. adv.  [from alacrious, supposed to be formed
from alacris; but of alacrious I have found no example.] 
Cheerfully; without dejection.
Epaminondas alacriously expired, in confidence that he left
behind him a perpetual memory of the victories he had atchiev­
ed for his country. Government of the Tongue, § 4.

ALA'CRITY. n. s.  [alacritas, Lat.] Cheerfulness, expressed by
some outward token; sprightliness; gayety; liveliness; cheer­
ful willingness.
Wherefore, in the end, these orders were, on all sides, as­
sented unto with no less alacrity of mind, than cities, unable to
hold out any longer, are wont to shew when they take condi­
tions, such as it liketh him to offer them, which hath them in
the narrow straits of advantage. Hooker's Preface.
Give me a bowl of wine;
I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Sh. Rich. III.
But glad, that now his sea should find a shore,
With fresh alacrity, and force renew'd,
Springs upward. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 1011.
Never did men more joyfully obey,
Or sooner understood the sign to fly:
With such alacrity they bore away,
As if, to praise them all, the states stood by. Dryd. Ann. Mir.

ALAMI'RE. n. s.  The lowest note but one in Guido Aretine's
scale of musick.

ALAMO'DE. adv.  [à la mode, Fr.] According to the fashion: a
low word. It is used likewise by shopkeepers for a kind of thin
silken manufacture.

ALA'ND. adv.  [from a for at, and land.] At land; landed; on
the dry ground.
He only, with the prince his cousin, were cast aland, far off
from the place whither their desires would have guided them.
Sidney, b. ii.
Three more, fierce Eurus, in his angry mood,
Dash'd on the shallows of the moving sand,
And, in mid ocean, left them moor'd aland. Dryd. Virg. Æn.

ALA'RM. n. s.  [from the French, à l'arme, to arms; as, crier
à l'arme, to call to arms.] 
1. A cry by which men are summoned to their arms; as, at the
approach of an enemy.
When the congregation is to be gathered together, you shall
blow, but you shall not sound an alarm. Numbers, x. 7.
Behold, God himself is with us for our captain, and his
priests with sounding trumpets, to cry alarms against you.
2 Chron. xiii. 12.
The trumpets loud clangour
Excites us to arms,
With shrill notes of anger,
And mortal alarms. Dryden's Cæcilia.
Taught by this stroke, renounce the wars alarms,
And learn to tremble at the name of arms. Pope's Iliad.
2. A cry, or notice, of any danger approaching; as, an alarm of
fire.
3. Any tumult or disturbance.
Is it then true, as distant rumours run,
That crowds of rivals, for thy mothers charms,
Thy palace fill with insults and alarms. Pope's Odyss. b. iii.

To ALA'RM. v. a.  [from alarm, the noun.] 
1. To call to arms; to disturb; as, with the approach of an
enemy.
The wasp the hive alarms
With louder hums, and with unequal arms. Addison.
2. To surprise with the apprehension of any danger.
When rage misguides me, or when fear alarms,
When pain distresses, or when pleasure charms. Tickell on Add.
3. To disturb in general.
His son, Cupavo, brush'd the briny flood;
Upon his stern a brawny Centaur stood,
Who heav'd a rock, and threat'ning still to throw,
With lifted hands alarm'd the seas below. Dryd. Æneid.

ALARMBELL. n. s.  [from alarm and bell.] The bell that is
rung at the approach of an enemy.
The alarmbell rings from our Alhambra walls,
And, from the streets, sound drums and ataballes.
Dryden's Conquest of Granada.

ALA'RMING. particip. adj.  [from alarm.] Terrifying; awaken­
ing; surprising; as, an alarming message; an alarming pain.

ALARMPOST. n. s.  [from alarm and post.] The post or place
appointed to each body of men, to appear at, when an alarm
shall happen.

ALA'RUM. n. s.  [corrupted, as it seems, from alarm. See A­
LARM.] 
Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths,
Our bruised arms hung up for monuments,
Our stern alarums chang'd to merry meetings.
Shakespeare's Richard III.
Hence too, that she might better hear,
She sets a drum at either ear;
And loud or gentle, harsh or sweet,
Are but th' alarums which they beat. Prior.

To ALA'RUM. v. a.  [corrupted from To alarm. See ALARM.] 
Withered murder
(Alarum'd by his sentinel the wolf,
Whose howl's his watch) thus with his stealthy pace,
With Tarquin's ravishing strides, tow'rds his design
Moves like a ghost. Shakesp. Macbeth.

ALA'S. interject.  [helas, Fr. eylaes, Dutch.] 
1. A word expressing lamentation, when we use it of ourselves.
But yet, alas! O but yet alas! our haps be but hard haps.
Sidney, b. i.
Alas! how little from the grave we claim?
Thou but preserv'st a form, and I a name. Pope's Epist.
2. A word of pity, when used of other persons.
Alas! poor Protheus, thou hast entertain'd
A fox to be the shepherd of thy lambs.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
3. A word of sorrow and concern, when used of things.
Thus saith the Lord God, Smite with thine hand, and stamp
with thy foot, and say, Alas! for all the evil abominations of
the house of Israel. Ezekiel, vi. 11.
Alas! both for the deed, and for the cause!
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 461.
Alas! for pity of this bloody field;
Piteous indeed must be, when I, a spirit,
Can have so soft a sense of human woes. Dryd. K. Arthur.

ALAS THE DAY. interject.  Ah, unhappy day!
Alas the day! I never gave him cause. Shakesp. Othello.
Alas a day! you have ruined my poor mistress: you have
made a gap in her reputation; and can you blame her, if she
make it up with her husband? Congreve's Old Bachelor.

ALAS THE WHILE. interject.  Ah, unhappy time!
All as the sheep, such was the shepherd's look;
For pale and wan he was, (alas the while!)
May seem he loved, or else some care he took. Spens. Pastor.

ALA'TE. adv.  [from a and late.] Lately; no long time ago.

ALB. n. s.  [album, Lat.] A surplice; a white linen vestment
worn by priests.

ALBE'IT. adv.  [a coalition of the words all be it so. Skinner.] 
Although; notwithstanding; though it should be.
This very thing is cause sufficient, why duties belonging to
each kind of virtue, albeit the law of reason teach them, should,
notwithstanding, be prescribed even by human law. Hooker.
Of one, whose eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Drop tears, as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum. Shakesp. Othello.
He, who has a probable belief, that he shall meet with thieves
in such a road, thinks himself to have reason enough to decline
it, albeit he is sure to sustain some less, though yet considerable,
inconvenience by his so doing. South's Sermons.

ALBUGI'NEOUS. adj.  [albugo, Lat. the white of an egg.] 
Eggs, I observe, will freeze in the albugineous part thereof.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
I opened it by incision, giving vent first to an albugineous,
then to white concocted matter: upon which the tumour sunk.
Wiseman's Surgery.

ALBU'GO. n. s.  [Lat.] A disease in the eye, by which the cornea
contracts a whiteness. The same with leucoma.

A'LBURN COLOUR. n. s.  See AUBURN.


ALC

A'LCAHEST. n. s.  An Arabick word, to express an universal
dissolvent, which was pretended to by Paracelsus and Helmont.
Quincy.

ALCA'ID. n. s.  [from al, Arab. and קרקד, the head.] 
1. In Barbary, the governour of a castle.
Th' alcaid
Shuns me, and, with a grim civility,
Bows, and declines my walks. Dryd. Don Sebastian.
2. In Spain, the judge of a city, first instituted by the Saracens.
Du Cange.

ALCA'NNA. n. s.  An Egyptian plant used in dying; the leaves
making a yellow, infused in water, and a red in acid liquours.
The root of alcanna, though green, will give a red stain.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ALCHY'MICAL. adj.  [from alchymy.] Relating to alchymy; pro­
duced by alchymy.
The rose noble, then current for six shillings and eight pence,
the alchymists do affirm as an unwritten verity, was made by
projection or multiplication alchymical of Raymond Lully in the
tower of London. Camden's Remains.

ALCHY'MICALLY. adv.  [from alchymical.] In the manner of
an alchymist; by means of alchymy.
Raymond Lully would prove it alchymically. Camden.

A'LCHYMIST. n. s.  [from alchymy.] One who pursues or pro­
fesses the science of alchymy.


To solemnize this day, the glorious sun
Stays in his course, and plays the alchymist,
Turning, with splendour of his precious eye,
The meagre cloddy earth to glitt'ring gold. Shak. K. John.
Every alchymist knows, that gold will endure a vehement fire
for a long time, without any change; and that after it has been
divided by corrosive liquours, into invisible parts, yet may pre­
sently be precipitated, so as to appear in its own form. Grew.

A'LCHYMY. n. s.  [of al, Arab. and χημα.] 
1. The more sublime and occult part of chymistry, which pro­
poses, for its object, the transmutation of metals, and other im­
portant operations.
There is nothing more dangerous than this licentious and de­
luding art, which changeth the meaning of words, as alchymy
doth, or would do, the substance of metals, maketh of any thing
what it listeth, and bringeth, in the end, all truth to nothing.
Hooker, b. v. § 58.
O he sits high in all the people's hearts;
And that which would appear offence in us,
His countenance, like richest alchymy,
Will change to virtue, and to worthiness. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
Princes do but play us; compared to this,
All honours mimick, all wealth alchymy. Donne.
2. A kind of mixed metal used for spoons, and kitchen utensils.
The golden colour may be some mixture of orpiment, such
as they use to brass in the yellow alchymy. Bacon.
White alchymy is made of pan-brass one pound, and arseni­
cum three ounces; or alchymy is made of copper and auripig­
mentum. Bacon's Physical Remains.
They bid cry,
With trumpets regal sound, the great result:
Tow'rds the four winds, four speedy cherubim
Put to their mouths the sounding alchymy,
By herald's voice explain'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

A'LCOHOL. n. s.  An Arabick term used by chymists for a high
rectified dephlegmated spirit of wine, or for any thing reduced
into an impalpable powder. Quincy.
If the same salt shall be reduced into alcohol, as the chymists
speak, or an impalpable powder, the particles and intercepted
spaces will be extremely lessened. Boyle.
Sal volatile oleosum will coagulate the serum on account of
the alcahol, or rectified spirit which it contains. Arbuthnot.

ALCOHOLIZA'TION. n. s.  [from alcoholize.] The act of alco­
holizing or rectifying spirits; or of reducing bodies to an im­
palpable powder.

To A'LCOHOLIZE. v. a.  [from alcohol.] 
1. To make an alcohol; that is, to rectify spirits till they are
wholly dephlegmated.
2. To comminute powder till it is wholly without roughness.

A'LCORAN. n. s.  [al and koran, Arab.] The book of the Maho­
metan precepts, and credenda.
If this would satisfy the conscience, we might not only take
the present covenant, but subscribe to the council of Trent;
yea, and to the Turkish alcoran; and swear to maintain and
defend either of them. Sanderson against the Covenant.

ALCO'VE. n. s.  [alcoba, Span.] 
A recess, or part of a chamber, separated by an estrade, or
partition of a column, and other correspondent ornaments; in
which is placed a bed of state, and sometimes seats to entertain
company. Trevoux.
The weary'd champion lulls in soft alcoves,
The noblest boast of thy romantick groves.
Oft, if the muse presage, shall he be seen
By Rosamonda fleeting o'er the green,
In dreams be hail'd by heroes' mighty shades,
And hear old Chaucer warble through the glades. Tickell.
Deep in a rich alcove the prince was laid,
And slept beneath the pompous colonnade. Pope's Odyssey.



ALD

A'LDER. n. s.  [alnus, Lat.] A tree having leaves resembling those
of the hazel; the male flowers, or katkins, are produced at re­
mote distances from the fruit, on the same tree; the fruit is squa­
mose, and of a conical figure.
The species are; 1. The common or round-leaved alder.
2. The long-leaved alder. 3. The scarlet alder.
These trees delight in a very moist soil, where few others will
thrive, and are a great improvement to such lands. They may
be also planted on the sides of brooks, and cut for poles every
third or fourth year. The wood is used by turners, and will
endure long under ground, or in water. These trees are pro­
pagated either by planting layers, or truncheons, about three
feet in length, in February or March. Millar.
Without the grot, a various silver scene
Appear'd around, and groves of living green;
Poplars and alders ever quivering play'd,
And nodding cypress form'd a fragrant shade. Pope's Odyss.

ALDERLI'EVEST. adj. superl.  [from ald, alder, old, elder, and
lieve, dear, beloved.] Most beloved; which has held the longest
possession of the heart.
The mutual conference that my mind hath had,
By day, by night, waking, and in my dreams,
In courtly company, or at my beads,
With you, mine alderlievest sovereign;
Makes me the bolder to salute my king
With ruder terms. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.

A'LDERMAN. n. s.  [from ald, old, and man.] 
1. The same as senator. Cowell. A governour or magistrate, ori­
ginally, as the name imports, chosen on account of the experi­
ence which his age had given him.
Tell him, myself, the mayor, and aldermen,
Are come to have some conf'rence with his grace. Sh. R. III.
Though my own aldermen conferr'd my bays,
To me committing their eternal praise;
Their full-fed heroes, their pacifick may'rs,
Their annual trophies, and their monthly wars. Pope's Dun.
2. In the following passage it is, I think, improperly used.
But if the trumpet's clangour you abhor,
And dare not be an alderman of war,
Take to a shop, behind a counter lie. Dryd. Juv. Sat.

A'LDERMANLY. adv.  [from alderman.] Like an alderman;
belonging to an alderman.
These, and many more, suffered death, in envy to their vir­
tues and superiour genius, which emboldened them, in exigen­
cies (wanting an aldermanly discretion) to attempt service out of
the common forms. Swift's Miscellanies.

A'LDERN. adj.  [from alder.] Made of alder.
Then aldern boats first plow'd the ocean;
The sailors number'd then, and nam'd each star. May's Virg.



ALE

ALE. n. s.  [eale, Sax.] 
1. A liquour made by infusing malt [See MALT.] in hot water,
and then fermenting the liquour.
I'll scratch your heads; you must be seeing christenings.
Do you look for ale and cakes here, you rude rascals?
Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The fertility of the soil in grain, and its being not proper
for vines, put the Egyptians upon drinking ale, of which they
were the inventors. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. A merry meeting used in country places.
And all the neighbourhood, from old records
Of antick proverbs drawn from Whitson lords,
And their authorities at wakes and ales,
With country precedents, and old wives tales,
We bring you now. Ben. Johnson.

A'LEBERRY. n. s.  [from ale and berry.] A beverage made by
boiling ale with spice and sugar, and sops of bread: a word on­
ly used in conversation.

ALE BREWER. n. s.  [from ale and brewer.] One that professes
to brew ale.
The summer-made malt brews ill, and is disliked by most of
our ale brewers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A'LECONNER. n. s.  [from ale and con.] An officer in the city
of London, whose business is to inspect the measures of publick
houses. Four of them are chosen or rechosen annually by the
common-hall of the city; and whatever might be their use
formerly, their places are now regarded only as sine-cures for
decayed citizens.

A'LECOST. n. s.  [perhaps from ale, and costus, Lat.] The name
of an herb. Dict.

ALE'CTRYOMANCY, or ALE'CTOROMANCY. n. s.  [ἀλεϰρτυὼν and
μάντις.] Divination by a cock. Dict.

A'LEGAR. n. s.  [from ale and eager, sour.] Sour ale; a kind of
acid made by ale, as vinegar by wine, which has lost its spirit.

A'LEGER. adj.  [allegre, Fr. alacris, Lat.] Gay; chearful;
sprightly: a word not now used.
Certainly, this berrycoffee, the root and leaf betle, and leaf
tobacco, of which the Turks are great takers, do all condense
the spirits, and make them strong and aleger. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

A'LEHOOF. n. s.  [from ale and hoofd, head.] Groundivy, so
called by our Saxon ancestors, as being their chief ingredient
in ale. See GROUNDIVY.
Alchoof. or groundivy, is, in my opinion, of the most ex­
cellent and most general use and virtue, of any plants we have
among us. Temple.

A'LEHOUSE. n. s.  [from ale and house.] A house where ale is
publickly sold; a tipling-house. It is distinguished from a ta­
vern, where they sell wine.
Thou most beauteous inn,
Why should hard-favour'd grief be lodg'd in thee,
When triumph is become an alehouse guest? Sh. Rich. II.
One would think it should be no easy matter to bring any
man of sense in love with an alehouse; indeed of so much sense,
as seeing and smelling amounts to; there being such strong en­
counters of both, as would quickly send him packing, did not
the love of good fellowship reconcile to these nusances. South.
Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gilhouse mourn,
And answ'ring ginshops sowrer sighs return. Pope's Dun.

A'LEHOUSE KEEPER. n. s.  [from alehouse and keeper.] He that
keeps ale publickly to sell.
You resemble perfectly the two alehouse keepers in Holland,
who were at the same time burgomasters of the town, and taxed
one another's bills alternately. Bolingbroke to Swift.

A'LEKNIGHT. n. s.  [from ale and knight.] A pot-companion;
a tippler: a word now out of use.
The old aleknights of England were well depainted out of him,
in the ale-house colours of that time, in this manner. Camden.



ALE'MBICK. n. s.  A vessel used in distilling, consisting of a ves­
sel placed over a fire, in which is contained the substance to be
distilled, and a concave closely fitted on, into which the fumes
arise by the heat; this cover has a beak or spout, into which the
vapours rise, and by which they pass into a serpentine pipe,
which is kept cool by making many convolutions in a tub of
water; here the vapours are condensed, and what entered the
pipe in fumes, comes out in drops.
Though water may be rarefied into invisible vapours, yet it
is not changed into air, but only scattered into minute parts;
which meeting together in the alembick, or in the receiver, do
presently return into such water as they constituted before. Boyle.

ALE'NGTH. adv.  [from a for at, and length.] At full length;
along; stretched along the ground.

ALE'RT. adj.  [alerte, Fr. perhaps from alacris, but probably
from à l'art, according to art or rule.] 
1. In the military sense, on guard; watchful; vigilant; ready at
a call.
2. In the common sense, brisk; pert; petulant; smart; imply­
ing some degree of censure and contempt.
I saw an alert young fellow, that cocked his hat upon a friend
of his, and accosted him after the following manner: Well,
Jack, the old prig is dead at last. Addison. Spect. No 403.

ALE'RTNESS. n. s.  [from alert.] The quality of being alert;
sprightliness; pertness.
That alertness and unconcern for matters of common life,
which a campaign or two would infallibly have given him.
Addison. Spectator.

ALE TASTER. n. s.  [from ale and taster.] An officer appointed
in every courtleet, and sworn to look to the assize and the
goodness of bread and ale, or beer, within the precincts of that
lordship. Cowell.

A'LEVAT. n. s.  [from ale and vat.] The tub in which the ale
is fermented.

A'LEWASHED. adj.  [from ale and wash.] Steeped or soaked in
ale.
What a beard of the general's cut, and a horrid suit of the
camp, will do among foaming battles and alewashed wits, is
wonderful to be thought on. Shakesp. Henry V.

ALEWIFE. n. s.  [from ale and wife.] A woman that keeps an
alehouse.
Perhaps he will swagger and hector, and threaten to beat and
butcher an alewife, or take the goods by force, and throw
them the bad halfpence. Swift's Draper's Letters.

A'LEXANDERS. n. s.  [Smyrnium, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The flowers are produced in umbels, consisting of several
leaves, which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a
rose; these rest upon the empalement, which afterward becomes
an almost globular fruit, composed of two pretty thick seeds,
sometimes shaded like a crescent, gibbous, and streaked on one
side, and plain on the other.
The species are; 1. Common Alexanders. 2. Foreign A­
lexanders, with a round leaf, &c.
The first of these sorts, which is that ordered by the college
for medicinal use, grows wild in divers parts of England, and
may be propagated by sowing their seeds upon an open spot of
ground in August. Millar.

A'LEXANDER'S FOOT. n. s.  The name of an herb.

ALEXA'NDRINE. n. s.  A kind of verse borrowed from the
French, first used in a poem called Alexander. They consist,
among the French, of twelve and thirteen syllables, in alternate
couplets; and, among us, of twelve.
Our numbers should, for the most part, be lyrical. For
variety, or rather where the majesty of thought requires it,
they may be stretched to the English heroick of five feet, and
to the French Alexandrine of six. Dryd.
Then, at the last, an only couplet fraught
With some unmeaning thing they call a thought,
A needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded snake, drags it slow length along.
Pope's Essay on Criticism.

ALEXIPHA'RMICK. adj.  [from ἀλεξέω and φάϱμαϰον.] That which
drives away poison; antidotal; that which opposes infection.
That some antidotal quality it may have, we have no reason
to deny; for since elke's hoofs and horns are magnified for epi­
lepsies, since not only the bone in the heart, but the horn of a
deer, is alexipharmick. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ALEXITE'RICAL, or ALEXITE'RICK. adj.  [from ἀλεξέω.] That
which drives away poison; that which resists in fevers.



ALG

A'LGATES. adv.  [from all and gate. Skinner. Gate is the same
as via; and still used for way in the Scottish dialect.] On any
terms; every way: now obsolete.
Nor had the boaster ever risen more,
But that Rinaldo's horse ev'n then down fell,
And with the fall his leg oppress'd so sore,
That, for a space, there must he algates dwell. Fairfax.

A'LGEBRA. n. s.  [an Arabick word of uncertain etymology;
derived, by some, from Geber the philosopher; by some, from
gefr, parchment; by others, from algehista, a bone-setter; by
Menage, from algiatarat, the restitution of things broken.] 
This is a peculiar kind of arithmetick, which takes the quan­
tity sought, whether it be a number or a line, or any other
quantity, as if it were granted, and, by means of one or more
quantities given, proceeds by consequence, till the quantity at
first only supposed to be known, or at least some power there­
of, is found to be equal to some quantity or quantities which
are known, and consequently itself is known. The origin of
this art is very obscure. It was in use, however, among the
Arabs, long before it came into this part of the world; and
they are supposed to have borrowed it from the Persians, and
the Persians from the Indians. The first Greek author of al­
gebra was Diophantus, who, about the year 800, wrote thirteen
books. In 1494, Lucas Pacciolus, or Lucas de Burgos, a cor­
delier, printed a treatise of algebra, in Italian, at Venice. He
says, that algebra came originally from the Arabs, and never
mentions Diophantus; which makes it probable, that that au­
thour was not yet known in Europe; whose method was very
different from that of the Arabs, observed by Pacciolus and his
first European followers. His algebra goes no farther than
simple and quadratick equations; and only some of the others
advanced to the solution of culick equations. After several im­
provements by Vieta, Oughtred, Harriot, Descartes, Sir Isaac
Newton brought this art to the height at which it still conti­
nues. Trevoux. Chambers.
It would surely require no very profound skill in algebra, to
reduce the difference of ninepence in thirty shillings. Swift.

ALGEBRA'ICK. adj.  [from algebra.] 
ALGEBRA'ICAL. adj.  [from algebra.] 
1. Relating to algebra; as, an algebraical treatise.
2. Containing operations of algebra; as, an algebraical computa­
tion.

ALGEBRA'IST. n. s.  [from algebra.] A person that understands
or practises the science of algebra.
When any dead body is found in England, no algebraist or
uncipherer can use more subtle suppositions, to find the demon­
stration or cipher, than every unconcerned person doth to find
the murderers. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
Confining themselves to describe almost nothing else but the
synthetick and analytick methods of geometricians and alge­
braists, they have too much narrowed the rules of method, as
though every thing were to be treated in mathematical forms.
Watts's Logick.

A'LGID. adj.  [algidus, Lat.] Cold; chill. Dict.

ALGI'DITY, n. s.  [from algid.] Chilness; cold. Dict.

A'LGIDNESS. n. s.  [from algid.] Chilness; cold. Dict.

ALGI'FIC. adj.  [from algor, Lat.] That which produces cold. D.

A'LGOR. n. s.  [Lat.] Extreme cold; chilness. Dict.

A'LGORISM, n. s.  Arabick words, which are used to imply
the six operations of arithmetick, or the sci­
ence of numbers. Dict.

A'LGORITHM. n. s.  Arabick words, which are used to imply
the six operations of arithmetick, or the sci­
ence of numbers. Dict.

ALGO'SE. adj.  [from algor, Lat.] Extremely cold; chill. Dict.



ALI

A'LIAS. adv.  A Latin word, signifying otherwise; often used
in the trials of criminals, whose danger has obliged them to
change their names; as, Simpson alias Smith, alias Baker; that
is, otherwise Smith, otherwise Baker.

A'LIBLE. adj.  [alibilis, Lat.] Nutritive; nourishing; that which
may be nourished. Dict.

A'LIEN. adj.  [alienus, Lat.] 
1. Foreign, or not of the same family or land.
The mother plant admires the leaves unknown
Of alien trees, and apples not her own. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
But who can tell, what pangs, what sharp remorse,
Torment the Boian prince? from native soil
Exil'd by fate, torn from the tender embrace
Of weeping consort, and depriv'd the sight
Of his young guiltless progeny, he seeks
Inglorious shelter in an alien land. Philips.
2. Estranged from; not allied to; adverse to; with the particle
from, and sometimes to, but improperly.
To declare my mind to the disciples of the fire, by a simi­
litude not alien from their profession. Boyle.
The sentiment that arises, is a conviction of the deplorable
state of nature, to which sin reduced us; a weak, ignorant crea­
ture, alien from God and goodness, and a prey to the great de­
stroyer. Rogers's Sermons.
They encouraged persons and principles, alien from our reli­
gion and government, in order to strengthen their faction.
Swift's Miscellanies.

A'LIEN. n. s.  [alienus, Lat.] 
1. A foreigner; not a denison; a man of another country or fa­
mily; not allied; a stranger.
In whomsoever these things are, the church doth acknow­
ledge them for her children; them only she holdeth for aliens
and strangers, in whom these things are not found. Hooker.
If it be prov'd against an alien,
He seeks the life of any citizen,
The party, 'gainst the which he doth contrive,
Shall seize on half his goods. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
The mere Irish were not only accounted aliens, but enemies,
and altogether out of the protection of the law; so as it was no
capital offence to kill them. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
Thy place in council thou hast rudely lost,
Which by thy younger brother is supply'd,
And art almost an alien to the hearts
Of all the court and princes of my blood. Shak. Henry IV.


Their famous lawgiver condemned the persons, who sat idle
in divisions dangerous to the government, as aliens to the com­
munity, and therefore to be cut off from it. Addison. Freeholder.
2. In law.
An alien is one born in a strange country, and never enfran­
chised. A man born out of the land, so it be within the limits
beyond the seas, or of English parents out of the king's obedi­
ence, so the parents, at the time of the birth, be of the king's
obedience, is not alien. If one born out of the king's allegi­
ance, come and dwell in England, his children (if he beget any
here) are not aliens, but denizens. Cowell.

To A'LIEN. v. a.  [aliener, Fr. alieno, Lat.] 
1. To make any thing the property of another.
If the son alien those lands, and then repurchase them again
in see, now the rules of descents are to be observed, as if he were
the original purchaser. Hale's History of Common Law.
2. To estrange; to turn the mind or affection; to make averse
to; with from.
The king was wonderfully disquieted, when he found, that
the prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of, or inclina­
tion to, the marriage. Clarendon.

A'LIENABLE. adj.  [from To alienate.] That of which the pro­
perty may be transferred.
Land is alienable, and treasure is transitory, and both must, at
one time or other, pass from him, either by his own voluntary
act, or by the violence and injustice of others, or at least by
fate. Dennis's Letters.

To A'LIENATE. v. a.  [aliener, Fr. alieno, Lat.] 
1. To transfer the property of any thing to another.
The countries were once christian, and members of the
church, and where the golden candlesticks did stand, though
now they be utterly alienated, and no christians left. Bacon.
2. To withdraw the heart or affections; with the particle from,
where the first possessor is mentioned.
The manner of mens writing must not alienate our hearts
from the truth. Hooker's Preface.
Be it never so true which we teach the world to believe, yet
if once their affections begin to be alienated, a small thing per­
suadeth them to change their opinions. Hooker, Dedicat.
His eyes survey'd the dark idolatries
Of alienated Judah. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 457.
Any thing that is apt to disturb the world, and to alienate
the affections of men from one another, such as cross and dis­
tasteful humours, is, either expressly, or by clear consequence
and deduction, forbidden in the New Testament. Tillotson.
Her mind was quite alienated from the honest Castilian, whom
she was taught to look upon as a formal old fellow. Add. Spectat.

A'LIENATE. adj.  [alienatus, Lat.] Withdrawn from; stranger
to; with the particle from.
They are most damnably wicked; impatient for the death of
the queen; ready to gratify their ambition and revenge, by all
desperate methods; wholly alienate from truth, law, religion,
mercy, conscience, or honour. Swift's Miscellanies.

ALIENA'TION. n. s.  [alienatio, Lat.] 
1. The act of transferring property.
The beginning of this ordinance was for the maintenance of
their lands in their posterity, and for excluding all innovation
or alienation thereof unto strangers. Spenser's State of Ireland.
God put it into the heart of one of our princes, towards the
close of her reign, to give a check to that sacrilege. Her suc­
cessour passed a law, which prevented absolutely all future alie­
nations of the church revenues. Atterbury.
Great changes and alienations of property, have created new
and great dependencies. Swift on Athens and Rome.
2. The state of being alienated; as, the estate was wasted during
its alienation.
3. Change of affection.
It is left but in dark memory, what the case of this person
was, and what was the ground of his defection, and the aliena­
tion of his heart from the king. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. Applied to the mind, it means disorder of the faculties.
Some things are done by man, though not through outward
force and impulsion, though not against, yet without their
wills; as in alienation of mind, or any like inevitable utter ab­
sence of wit and judgment. Hooker, b. i. p. 23.

ALI'FEROUS. adj.  [from ala and fero, Lat.] Having wings. D.

ALI'GEROUS. adj.  [aliger, Lat.] Having wings; winged. Dict.

To ALI'GGE. v. a.  [from a, and lig, to lye down.] To lay;
to allay; to throw down; to subdue: an old word even in the
time of Spenser, now wholly forgotten.
Thomalin, why sitten we so,
As weren overwent with woe:
Upon so fair a morrow,
The joyous time now nigheth fast,
That shall aligge this bitter blast,
And slake the winter sorrow. Spenser's Pastorals.

To ALI'GHT. v. n.  [alihtan, Sax. af-lichten, Dutch.] 
1. To come down, and stop. The word implies the idea of de­
scending; as, of a bird from the wing; a traveller from his horse
or carriage, and generally of resting or stopping.
There ancient night arriving, did alight
From her high weary waine. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. v.
There is alighted at your gate
A young Venetian. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Slackness breeds worms; but the sure traveller,
Though he alights sometimes, still goeth on. Herbert.
When marching with his foot he walks till night;
When with his horse he never will alight. Denham.
When Dedalus, to fly the Cretan shore,
His heavy limbs on jointed pinions bore;
The first that sail'd in air, 'tis sung by Fame,
To the Cumean coast at length he came,
And here alighting built this costly frame. Dryden's Æneid.
When he was admonished by his subject to descend, he
came down gently and circling in the air, and singing to the
ground. Like a lark, melodious in her mounting, and conti­
nuing her song till she alights; still preparing for a higher flight
at her next sally. Dryden.
When finish'd was the fight,
The victors from their lusty steeds alight;
Like them dismounted all the warlike train. Dryd. Fables.
Should a spirit of superiour rank, a stranger to human na­
ture, alight upon the earth, what would his notions of us be?
Addison. Spectator.
2. It is used also of any thing thrown or falling; to fall upon.
But storms of stones from the proud temple's height,
Pour down, and on our batter'd helms alight. Dryd. Æneid.

ALI'KE. adv.  [from a and like.] With resemblance; without
difference; in the same manner; in the same form.
The darkness hideth not from thee; but the night shineth as
the day: the darkness and the light are both alike to thee.
Psalm cxxxix. 12.
With thee conversing, I forget all time;
All seasons, and their change, all please alike. Parad. Lost.
Riches cannot rescue from the grave,
Which claims alike the monarch and the slave. Dryd. Juv.
Let us unite at least in an equal zeal for those capital doc­
trines, which we all equally embrace, and are alike concerned
to maintain. Atterbury's Preface to his Sermons.
Two handmaids wait the throne: alike in place,
But diff'ring far in figure and in face. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

A'LIMENT. n. s.  [alimentum, Lat.] Nourishment; that which
nourishes; nutriment; food.
New parts are added to our substance; and as we die, we
are born daily; nor can we give an account, how the aliment is
so prepared for nutrition, or by what mechanism it is distributed.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, Pref.
All bodies which, by the animal faculties, can be changed in­
to the fluids and solids of our bodies, are called aliments. But,
to take it in the largest sense, by aliment, I understand every
thing which a human creature takes in common diet; as, meat,
drink; and seasoning, as, salt, spice, vinegar, &c. Arbuthnot.

ALIME'NTAL. adj.  [from aliment.] That which has the quality
of aliment; that which nourishes; that which feeds.
The sun, that light imparts to all, receives
From all his alimental recompense,
In humid exhalations. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Except they be watered from higher regions, these weeds
must lose their alimental sap, and wither themselves.
Brown's Preface to Vulgar Errours.
Th' industrious, when the sun in Leo rides,
And darts his sultriest beams, portending drought,
Forget not, at the foot of ev'ry plant,
To sink a circling trench, and daily pour
A just supply of alimental streams,
Exhausted sap recruiting. Philips.

ALIME'NTARINESS. n. s.  [from alimentary.] The quality of
being alimentary, or of affording nourishment. Dict.

ALIME'NTARY. adj.  [from aliment.] 
1. That which belongs or relates to aliment.
The solution of the aliment by mastication is necessary;
without it, the aliment could not be disposed for the changes,
which it receives as it passeth through the alimentary duct.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. That which has the quality of aliment, or the power of nou­
rishing.
I do not think that water supplies animals, or even plants,
with nourishment, but serves for a vehicle to the alimentary
particles, to convey and distribute them to the several parts of
the body. Ray on the Creation.
Of alimentary roots, some are pulpy and very nutritious; as,
turneps and carrots. These have a fattening quality, which
they manifest in feeding of cattle. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ALIMENTA'TION. n. s.  [from aliment.] The power of afford­
ing aliment; the quality of nourishing.
Plants do nourish; inanimate bodies do not: they have an
accretion, but no alimentation. Bacon's Natural History, No 54.

ALIMO'NIOUS. adj.  [from alimony.] That which nourishes: a
word very little in use.
The plethora renders us lean, by suppressing our spirits,
whereby they are incapacitated of digesting the alimonious hu­
mours into flesh. Harvey on Consumptions.

A'LIMONY. n. s.  [alimonia, Lat.] 
Alimony signifies that legal proportion of the husband's estate,
which, by the sentence of the ecclesiastical court, is allowed to


the wife for her maintenance, upon the account of any separa­
tion from him, provided it be not caused by her elopement or
adultery. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Before they settled hands and hearts,
Till alimony or death them parts. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.

A'LIQUANT. adj.  [aliquantus, Lat.] Parts of a number, which,
however repeated, will never make up the number exactly; as,
3 is an aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 mak­
ing 12.

A'LIQUOT. adj.  [aliquot, Lat.] Aliquot parts of any number or
quantity, such as will exactly measure it without any remain­
der: as, 3 is an alquot part of 12, because, being taken four
times, it will just measure it.

A'LISH. adj.  [from ale.] Resembling ale; having qualities of ale.
They let it stand five days before they put it into the cask,
stirring it and beating down the yeast into it; this gives it the
sweet alish taste. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A'LITURE. n. s.  [alitura, Lat.] Nourishment. Dict.

ALI'VE. adj.  [from a and live.] 
1. In the state of life; not dead.
Nor well alive, nor wholly dead they were,
But some faint signs of feeble life appear. Dryd. Fables.
Not youthful kings in battle seiz'd alive,
Not scornful virgins who their charms survive. Pope.
2. In a figurative sense, unextinguished; undestroyed; active;
in full force.
Those good and learned men had reason to wish, that their
proceedings might be favoured, and the good affection of such
as inclined toward them, kept alive. Hooker, b. v.
3. Chearful; sprightly; full of alacrity.
She was not so much alive the whole day, if she slept more
than six hours. Clarissa.
4. In a popular sense, it is used only to add an emphasis, like the
French du monde; as, the best man alive; that is, the best, with
an emphasis.
And to those brethren said, rise, rise by-live,
And unto battle do yourselves address;
For yonder comes the prowest knight alive,
Prince Arthur, flower of grace and nobiless. Fairy Queen.
The earl of Northumberland, who was the proudest man a­
live, could not look upon the destruction of monarchy with any
pleasure. Clarendon, b. viii.
John was quick and understood his business very well; but
no man alive was more careless in looking into his accounts.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.



ALK

A'LKAHEST. n. s.  A word used first by Paracelsus, and adopted
by his followers, to signify an universal dissolvent, or liquour,
which has the power of resolving all things into their first prin­
ciples.

ALKALE'SCENT. adj.  [from alkali.] That which has a ten­
dency to the properties of an alkali.
All animal diet is alkalescent or anti-acid. Arbuthnot on Alim.

A'LKALI. n. s.  [The word alkali comes from an herb, called
by the Egyptians kali; by us glasswort.] This herb they burnt
to ashes, boiled them in water, and, after having evaporated
the water, there remained at the bottom a white salt; this they
called sal kali, or alkali. It is corrosive, producing putrefac­
tion in animal substances, to which it is applied. Arbuthnot on
Aliments.
Any substance, which, when mingled with acid, produces
effervescence and fermentation. See ALKALIZATE.

A'LKALINE. adj.  [from alkali.] That which has the qualities
of alkali.
Any watery liquour will keep an animal from starving very
long, by diluting the fluids, and consequently keeping them
from this alkaline state, which is confirmed by experience; for
people have lived twenty-four days upon nothing but water.
Arbuthnot upon Aliments.

To ALKA'LIZATE. v. a.  [from alkali.] To make bodies alka­
line, by changing their nature, or by mixing alkalies with
them.

ALKA'LIZATE. adj.  [from alkali.] That which has the quali­
ties of alkali; that which is impregnated with alkali.
The odour of the fixed nitre is very languid; but that,
which it discovers, being dissolved in hot water, is different,
being of kin to that of other alkalizate salts. Boyle.
The colour of violets seems to be of that order, because their
syrup, by acid liquours, turns red, and, by urinous and alkalizate,
turns green. Newton's Opticks.

ALKALIZA'TION. n. s.  [from alkali.] The act of alkalizating,
or impregnating bodies with alkali.

A'LKANET. n. s.  [Anchusa, Lat.] The name of a plant.
This plant is a species of bugloss, with a red root, brought
from the southern parts of France, and used in medicine. It
will grow in almost any soil, and must be sown in March. Mil.

A'LKEKE'NGI. n. s.  A medicinal fruit or berry, produced by
a plant of the same denomination; popularly also called win­
ter-cherry; of considerable use as an astringent, dissolvent, and
diuretick. The plant bears a near resemblance to Solanum, or
Nightshade; whence it is frequently called in Latin by that
name, with the addition or epithet of vesicarium. Chambers.

ALKE'RMES. n. s.  In medicine, a term borrowed from the
Arabs, denoting a celebrated remedy, of the form and consist­
ence of a confection; whereof the kermes berries are the basis.
The other ingredients are pippin-cyder, rose-water, sugar, am­
bergrease, musk, cinnamon, aloes-wood, pearls, and leaf-gold;
but the sweets are usually omitted. The confectio alkermes is
chiefly made at Montpelier, which supplies most part of Eu­
rope therewith. The grain, which gives it the denomination,
is nowhere found so plentifully as there. Chambers.



ALL

ALL. adv.  [See ALL, adj.]
1. Quite; completely.
How is my love all ready forth to come. Spenser's Epithal.
Know, Rome, that all alone Marcus did fight
Within Corioli gates. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
And swore so loud,
That, all amaz'd, the priest let fall the book. Sh. Tam. Shrew.
They could call a comet a faxed star, which is all one with
stella crinita, or cometa. Camden's Remains.
For a large conscience is all one,
And signifies the same with none. Hudibras, p. iii. c. i.
Balm, from a silver box distill'd around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground. Dryd.
I do not remember he any where mentions expressly the title
of the first-born, but all along keeps himself under the shelter
of the indefinite term, heir. Locke.
Justice, indeed, may be furnished out of this element, as far
as her sword goes; and courage may be all over a continued
blaze, if the artist pleases. Addison. Guardian, No 103.
If e'er the miser durst his farthings spare,
He thinly spreads them through the publick square,
Where, all beside the rail, rang'd beggars lie,
And from each other catch the doleful cry. Gay's Trivia.
2. Altogether; wholly; without any other consideration.
I am of the temper of most kings, who love to be in debt,
are all for present money, no matter how they pay it after­
ward. Dryd. Fab. Preface.
3. Only; without admission of any thing else.
When I shall wed,
That lord, whose hand must take my plight, shall carry
Half my love with him, half my care and duty.
Sure I shall never marry, like my sister,
To love my father all. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. Although. This sense is truly Teutonick, but now obsolete.
Do you not think th' accomplishment of it
Sufficient work for one man's simple head,
All were it as the rest but simply writ. Spenser, Son. xxxii.
5. It is sometimes a word of emphasis; nearly the same with
just.
A shepherd's swain, say, did thee bring,
All as his straying flock he fed;
And, when his honour hath thee read,
Crave pardon for thy hardy head. Spenser's Pastorals.

ALL. adj.  [Æll, Æal, ealle, alle. Sax. oll, Welsh; al, Dutch;
alle, Germ. ὄλος, Gr.] 
1. The whole number; every one.
Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all, all honourable men. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
To graze the herb all leaving,
Devour'd each other. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
The great encouragement of all, is the assurance of a future
reward. Tillotson, Sermon vi.
2. The whole quantity; every part.
Six days thou shalt labour, and do all thy work. Deut. v. 13.
Political power, I take to be a right of making laws with
penalties, and of employing the force of the community in the
execution of such laws, and in the defence of the common­
wealth; and all this only for the publick good. Locke.
3. The whole duration of time.
On whose pastures cheerful spring,
All the year doth sit and sing;
And, rejoicing, smiles to see,
Their green backs wear his livery. Crashaw.
4. The whole extent of place.
Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than
any man in all Venice. Shak. Merch. of Venice.

ALL. n. s. 1. The whole; opposed to part, or nothing.
And will she yet debase her eyes on me;
On me, whose all not equals Edward's moiety?
On me that halt, and am mishapen thus? Shak. Rich. III.
Nought's had, all's spent,
Where our desire is got without content. Shak. Macbeth.
The youth shall study, and no more engage
Their flatt'ring wishes for uncertain age;
No more with fruitless care, and cheated strife,
Chace fleeting pleasure through the maze of life;
Finding the wretched all they here can have,
But present food, and but a future grave. Prior.
Our all is at stake, and irretrieveably lost, if we fail of suc­
cess. Addison on the State of the War.
2. Every thing.
Then shall we be news-cramm'd.—All the better; we shall
be the more remarkable. Shakesp. As you like it.


Up with my tent, here will I lie to night;
But where to morrow? — Well, all's one for that. Sh. R. III.
All the fitter, Lentulus: our coming
Is not for salutation; we have bus'ness. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
That is, every thing is the better, the same, the fitter.
Sceptre and pow'r, thy giving, I assume;
And glad her shall resign, when in the end
Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee,
For ever; and in me all whom thou lov'st. Parad. Lost.
They all fell to work at the roots of the tree, and left it so
little foothold, that the first blast of wind laid it flat upon the
ground, nest, eagles, and all. L'Estrange.
They that do not keep up this indifferency for all but truth,
put coloured spectacles before their eyes, and look through false
glasses. Locke.
A torch, snuff and all, goes out in a moment, when dipped
in the vapour. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
All is much used in composition; but, in most instances, it is
merely arbitrary; as, all-commanding. Sometimes the words
compounded with it, are fixed and classical; as, Almighty.
When it is connected with a participle, it seems to be a
noun; as, all-surrounding: in other cases, an adverb; as, all­
accomplished, or completely accomplished.
Of these compounds, a small part of those which may be
found is inserted.

ALL-BEARING. adj.  [from all and bear.] That which bears every
thing; omniparous.
Thus while he spoke, the sovereign plant he drew,
Where on th' all-bearing earth unmark'd it grew. Pope's Od.

ALL-CHEERING. adj.  [from all and cheer.] That which gives
gayety and cheerfulness to all.
Soon as the all-cheering sun
Should, in the farthest east, begin to draw
The shady curtains from Aurora's bed. Sh. Romeo and Jul.

ALL-COMMANDING. adj.  [from all and command.] Having the
sovereignty over all.
He now sets before them the high and shining idol of glory,
the all-commanding image of bright gold. Raleigh's History.

ALL-COMPOSING. adj.  [from all and compose.] That which quiets
all men, or every thing.
Wrapt in embow'ring shades, Ulysses lies,
His woes forgot! but Pallas now addrest,
To break the bands of all-composing rest. Pope's Odyssey, b. vi.

ALL-CONQUERING. adj.  [from all and conquer.] That which
subdues every thing.
Second of Satan sprung, all-conquering death!
What think'st thou of our empire now? Paradise Lost, b. x.

ALL-CONSUMING. adj.  [from all and consume.] That which con­
sumes every thing.
By age unbroke—but all-consuming care
Destroys perhaps the strength, that time would spare. Pope.

ALL-DEVOURING. adj.  [from all and devour.] That which eats
up every thing.
Secure from flames, from envy's fiercer rage,
Destructive war, and all-devouring age. Pope's Essay on Crit.

ALL FOURS. n. s.  [from all and four.] A low game at cards,
played by two; so named from the four particulars by which
it is reckoned, and which, joined in the hand of either of the
parties, are said to make all fours.

ALL HAIL. n. s.  [from all, and hail, for health.] All health. This
is therefore not a compound, though, perhaps usually reckoned
among them.
All hail, ye fields, where constant peace attends!
All hail, ye sacred, solitary groves!
All hail, ye books, my true, my real friends,
Whose conversation pleases and improves. Walsh.

ALL-HALLOWN. n. s.  [from all and hallow, to make holy.] The
time about Allsaintsday.
Farewell, thou latter spring! farewell,
All-hallown summer. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

ALLHALLOWTIDE. n. s.  [See ALL-HALLOWN.] The term
near Allsaints, or the first of November.
Cut off the bough about Allhallowtide, in the bare place,
and set it in the ground, and it will grow to be a fair tree in
one year. Bacon's Natural History, No 427.

ALL-HEAL. n. s.  [Panax, Lat.] A species of ironwort; which see.

ALL-JUDGING. adj.  [from all and judge.] That which has the
sovereign right of judgment.
I look with horrour back,
That I detest my wretched self, and curse
My past polluted life. All-judging heav'n,
Who knows my crimes, has seen my sorrow for them.
Rowe's Jane Shore.

ALL-KNOWING. adj.  [from all and know.] Omniscient; all-wise.
Shall we repine at a little misplaced charity, we, who could
no way foresee the effect; when an all-knowing, all-wise Being,
showers down every day his benefits on the unthankful and un­
deserving? Atterbury's Sermons.

ALL-MAKING. adj.  [from all and make.] That created all;
omnisick. [See ALL-SEEING.]

ALL-POWERFUL. adj.  [from all and powerful.] Almighty; om­
nipotent; possessed of infinite power.
O all-powerful Being, the least motion of whose will can cre­
ate or destroy a world; pity us, the mournful friends of thy
distressed servant. Swift.

ALL SAINTS DAY. n. s.  The day on which there is a general
celebration of the saints. The first of November.

ALL-SEER. n. s.  [from all and see.] He that sees or beholds every
thing; he whose view comprehends all things.
That high All-seer, which I dallied with,
Hath turn'd my feigned prayer on my head,
And giv'n in earnest, what I begg'd in jest. Shak. Rich. III.

ALL-SEEING. adj.  [from all and see.] That beholds every thing.
The same First Mover certain bounds has plac'd,
How long those perishable forms shall last;
Nor can they last beyond the time assign'd
By that all-seeing and all-making mind. Dryd. Fables.

ALL SOULS DAY. n. s.  The day on which supplications are made
for all souls by the church of Rome; the second of November.
This is all souls day, fellows, is it not?—
It is, my lord.—
Why then, all souls day is my body's doomsday. Shak. R. III.

ALL-SUFFICIENT. adj.  [from all and sufficient.] Sufficient to
every thing.
The testimonies of God are perfect, the testimonies of God
are all-sufficient unto that end for which they were given Hooker.
He can more than employ all our powers in their utmost ele­
vation; for he is every way perfect and all-sufficient. Norris.

ALL-WISE. adj.  [from all and wise.] Possest of infinite wisdom.
There is an infinite, eternal, all-wise Mind governing the
affairs of the world. South.
Supreme, all-wise, eternal, potentate!
Sole authour, sole disposer of our fate! Prior.

ALLANTO'IS, or ALLANTO'IDES. n. s.  [from αλλας, a gut,
and ειδος, shape.] The urinary tunick placed between the
amnion and chorion, which, by the navel and urachus, or pas­
sage by which the urine is conveyed from the infant in the
womb, receives the urine that comes out of the bladder. Quincy.

To ALLA'Y. v. a.  [from alloyer, Fr. to mix one metal with
another in order to coinage; it is therefore derived by some
from à la loi, according to law; the quantity of metals being
mixed according to law; by others, from allier, to unite; per­
haps from allocare, to put together.] 
1. To mix one metal with another, to make it fitter for coin­
age. In this sense, most authours preserve the original French
orthography, and write alloy. See ALLOY.
2. To join any thing to another, so as to abate its predominant
qualities.
Being brought into the open air,
I would allay the burning quality
Of that fell poison. Shakesp. King John.
No friendly offices shall alter or allay that rancour, that frets
in some hellish breasts, which, upon all occasions, will foam out
at its foul mouth in slander and invective. South.
3. To quiet; to pacify; to repress. The word, in this sense, I
think not to be derived from the French alloyer, but to be the
English word lay, with a before it, according to the old form.
If, by your art, you have
Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them. Shak. Tempest.

ALLA'Y. n. s.  [alloy, Fr.] 
1. The metal of a baser kind mixed in coins, to harden them,
that they may wear less. Gold is allayed with silver and cop­
per, two carats to a pound Troy; silver with copper only, of
which eighteen pennyweight is mixed with a pound. Cowel.
thinks the allay is added, to countervail the charge of coining;
which might have been done only by making the coin less.
For fools are stubborn in their way,
As coins are harden'd by th' allay. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 2.
2. Any thing which, being added, abates the predominant quali­
ties of that with which it is mingled; in the same manner, as
the admixture of baser metals allay the qualities of the first mass.
Dark colours easily suffer a sensible allay, by little scattering
light. Newton's Opticks.
3. Allay being taken from baser metals, commonly implies some­
thing worse than that with which it is mixed.
The joy has no allay of jealousy, hope and fear. Roscommon.

ALLA'YER. n. s.  [from allay.] The person or thing which has
the power or quality of allaying.
Phlegm and pure blood are reputed allayers of acrimony;
and, upon that account, Avicen countermands letting blood in
cholerick bodies; because he esteems the blood a frænum bilis,
or a bridle of gall, obtunding its acrimony and fierceness.
Harvey on Consumptions.

ALLA'YMENT. n. s.  [from allay.] That which has the power
of allaying or abating the force of another.
If I could temporize with my affection,
Or brew it to a weak and colder palate,
The like allayment would I give my grief. Sh. Troilus and Cr.

ALLEGA'TION. n. s.  [from allege.] 
1. Affirmation; declaration.
2. The thing alleged or affirmed.
Hath he not twit our sovereign lady here
With ignominious words, though darkly coucht?


As if she had suborned some to swear
False allegations, to o'erthrow his state. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. An excuse; a plea.
I omitted no means in my power, to be informed of my er­
rours; and I expect not to be excused in any negligence on
account of youth, want of leisure, or any other idle allegations.
Pope's Preface to his Works.

To ALLE'GE. v. a.  [allego, Lat.] 
1. To affirm; to declare; to maintain.
2. To plead as an excuse, or produce as an argument.
Surely the present form of church-government is such, as no
law of God, or reason of man, hath hitherto been alleged, of
force sufficient to prove they do ill, who, to the utmost of their
power, withstand the alteration thereof. Hooker's Preface.
If we forsake the ways of grace or goodness, we cannot al­
lege any colour of ignorance, or want of instruction; we can­
not say we have not learned them, or we could not. Sprat.
He hath a clear and full view, and there is no more to be al­
leged for his better information. Locke.

ALLE'GEABLE. adj.  [from allege.] That which may be alleged.
Upon this interpretation all may be solved, that is allegeable
against it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

ALLE'GEMENT. n. s.  [from allege.] The same with allegation. D.

ALLE'GER. n. s.  [from allege.] He that alleges.
Which narrative, if we may believe it as confidently as the
famous alleger of it, Pamphilio, appears to do, would seem to
argue, that there is, sometimes, no other principle requisite,
than what may result from the lucky mixture of the parts of
several bodies. Boyle.

ALLE'GIANCE. n. s.  [allegeance, Fr.] The duty of subjects to
the government.
I did pluck allegiance from mens hearts,
Loud shouts and salutations from their mouths,
Even in the presence of the crowned king. Shak. Henry IV.
We charge you on allegiance to ourselves,
To hold your slaught'ring hands, and keep the peace.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.
The house of commons, to whom every day petitions are di­
rected by the several counties of England, professing all allegi­
ance to them, govern absolutely; the lords concurring, or rather
submitting to whatsoever is proposed. Clarendon.

ALLE'GIANT. adj.  [from allege.] Loyal; conformable to the
duty of allegiance: a word not now used.
For your great graces
Heap'd upon me, poor undeserver, I
Can nothing render but allegiant thanks,
My pray'rs to heav'n for you. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

ALLEGO'RICK. adj.  [from allegory.] After the manner of an
allegory; not real; not literal.
A kingdom they portend thee; but what kingdom,
Real or allegorick, I discern not. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.

ALLEGO'RICAL. adj.  [from allegory.] In the form of an alle­
gory; not real; not literal; mystical.
When our Saviour said, in an allegorical and mystical sense,
Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood,
ye have no life in you; the hearers understood him literally
and grosly. Bentley's Sermons.
The epithet of Apollo for shooting, is capable of two appli­
cations; one literal, in respect of the darts and bow, the en­
signs of that god; the other allegorical, in regard to the rays of
the sun. Pope's Preface to Iliad.

ALLEGO'RICALLY. adv.  [from allegory.] After an allegorical
manner.
Virgil often makes Iris the messenger of Juno, allegorically
taken for the air. Peacham on Drawing.
The place is to be understood allegorically; and what is thus
spoken by a Phæacian with wisdom, is, by the Poet, applied
to the goddess of it. Pope's Odyssey, b. viii. notes.

ALLEGO'RICALNESS. n. s.  [from allegorical.] The quality of be­
ing allegorical. Dict.

To A'LLEGORIZE. v. a.  [from allegory.] To turn into allegory;
to form an allegory; to take in a sense not literal.
He hath very wittily allegorized this tree, allowing his sup­
position of the tree itself to be true. Raleigh's History.
As some would allegorize these signs, which we noted before;
so others would confine them to the destruction of Jerusalem.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
An alchymist shall reduce divinity to the maxims of his labo­
ratory, explain morality by sal, sulphur, and mercury; and al­
legorize the scripture itself, and the sacred mysteries thereof into
the philosopher's stone. Locke.

A'LLEGORY. n. s.  [ἀλληγοϱία.] A figurative discourse, in
which something other is intended, than is contained in the
words literally taken; as, wealth is the daughter of diligence, and
the parent of authority.
Neither must we draw out our allegory too long, lest either
we make ourselves obscure, or fall into affectation, which is
childish. Ben. Johnson's Discovery.
This word nympha meant nothing else but, by allegory, the
vegetative humour or moisture that quickeneth and giveth life
to trees and flowers, whereby they grow. Peacham.

ALLE'GRO. n. s.  A word, denoting one of the six distinctions
of time. It expresses a sprightly motion, the quickest of all,
except Presto. It originally means gay, as in Milton.

ALLELU'JAH. n. s.  [This word is falsely written for Hallelu­
jah, הללנ and יה.] A word of spiritual exultation, used in
hymns; it signifies, Praise God.
He will set his tongue to those pious divine strains, which
may be a proper præludium to those allelujahs he hopes eter­
nally to sing. Government of the Tongue.

ALLEMANDE. n. s.  [Ital.] A grave kind of musick. Dict.

To ALLE'VIATE. v. a.  [allevo, Lat.] 
1. To make light; to ease; to soften.
Most of the distempers are the effects of abused plenty and
luxury, and must not be charged upon our Maker; who, not­
withstanding, hath provided excellent medicines, to alleviate
those evils which we bring upon ourselves. Bentley's Sermons.
2. To extenuate, or soften; as, he alleviates his fault by an ex­
cuse.

ALLEVIA'TION. n. s.  [from alleviate.] 
1. The act of making light; of allaying, or extenuating.
All apologies for, and alleviations of faults, though they are
the heights of humanity, yet they are not the favours, but the
duties of friendship. South's Sermons.
2. That by which any pain is eased, or fault extenuated.
This loss of one fifth of their debts and income will sit heavy
on them, who shall feel it, without the alleviation of any profit.
Locke.

A'LLEY. n. s.  [allée, Fr.] 
1. A walk in a garden.
And all within were walks and alleys wide,
With footing worn, and leading inward far. Fairy Queen.
It is common from experience, that where alleys are close
gravelled, the earth putteth forth the first year knotgrass, and
after spiregrass. Bacon's Natural History, No 565.
Yonder alleys green,
Our walk at noon, with branches overgrown. Parad. Lost.
Come, my fair love, our morning's task we lose;
Some labour ev'n the easiest life would choose:
Ours is not great: the dangling bows to crop,
Whose too luxuriant growth our alleys stop. Dryden.
The thriving plants, ignoble broomsticks made,
Now sweep those alleys they were born to shade. Pope.
2. A passage in towns narrower than a street.
A back friend, a shoulder clapper, one that commands
The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands.
Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.

ALLI'ANCE. n. s.  [alliance, Fr.] 
1. The state of connection with another by confederacy; a
league. In this sense, our histories of Queen Anne mention
the grand alliance.
2. Relation by marriage.
A bloody Hymen shall th' alliance join
Betwixt the Trojan and th' Ausonian line. Dryden's Æneid.
3. Relation by any form of kindred.
For my father's sake,
In honour of a true Plantagenet,
And, for alliance' sake, declare the cause
My father lost his head. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
4. The act of forming or contracting relation to another; the act
of making a confederacy.
Dorset, your son, that with a fearful soul
Leads discontented steps in foreign soil,
This fair alliance quickly shall call home
To high promotions. Shakesp. Richard III.
Adrastus soon, with gods averse, shall join
In dire alliance with the Theban line;
Thence strife shall rise, and mortal war succeed. Pope.
5. The persons allied to each other.
I would not boast the greatness of my father,
But point out new alliances to Cato. Addison's Cato.

ALLI'CIENCY. n. s.  [allicio, Lat. to entice or draw.] The power
of attracting any thing; magnetism; attraction.
The feigned central alliciency is but a word, and the manner
of it still occult. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

To A'LLIGATE. v. a.  [alligo, Lat.] To tie one thing to
another; to unite.

ALLIGA'TION. n. s.  [from alligate.] 
1. The act of tying together; the state of being so tied.
2. The arithmetical rule that teaches to adjust the price of com­
pounds, formed of several ingredients of different value.

ALLIGA'TOR. n. s.  The crocodile. This name is chiefly used
for the crocodile of America, between which, and that of A­
frica, naturalists have laid down this difference, that one moves
the upper, and the other the lower jaw; but this is now known
to be chimerical, the lower jaw being equally moved by both.
See CROCODILE.
In his needy shop a tortoise hung,
An alligator stuff'd, and other skins
Of ill-shap'd fishes. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Aloft in rows large poppy-heads were strung,
And here a scaly alligator hung. Garth's Dispensary.

A'LLIGATURE. n. s.  [from alligate.] The link, or ligature, by
which two things are joined together. Dict.



ALLI'SION. n. s.  [allido, allisum, Lat.] The act of striking one
thing against another.
There have not been any islands of note, or considerable ex­
tent, torn and cast off from the continent by earthquakes, or
severed from it by the boisterous allision of the sea. Woodward.

ALLOCA'TION. n. s.  [alloco, Lat.] 
1. The act of putting one thing to another.
2. The admission of an article in reckoning, and addition of it
to the account.
3. An allowance made upon an account; a term used in the ex­
chequer. Chambers.

ALLOCU'TION. n. s.  [allocutio, Lat.] The act of speaking to
another.

ALLO'DIAL. adj.  [from allodium.] Held without any acknow­
ledgment of superiority; not feudal; independent.

ALLO'DIUM. n. s.  [A word of very uncertain derivation, but
most probably of German original.] 
A possession held in absolute independence, without any ac­
knowledgment of a lord paramount. It is opposed to fee, or
feudum, which intimates some kind of dependance. There are
no allodial lands in England, all being held either mediately or
immediately of the king.

ALLO'NGE. n. s.  [allonge, Fr.] A pass or thrust with a rapier, so
called from the lengthening of the space taken up by the fencer.

To ALLO'O. v. a.  [This word is generally spoke halloo, and is
used to dogs, when they are incited to the chase or battle; it is
commonly imagined to come from the French allons; perhaps
from all lo, look all; shewing the object.] To set on; to incite
a dog, by crying alloo.
Alloo thy furious mastiff; bid him vex
The noxious herd, and print upon their ears
A sad memorial of their past offence. Philips.

A'LLOQUY. n. s.  [alloquium, Lat.] The act of speaking to an­
other; converse; conversation. Dict.

To ALLO'T. v. a.  [from lot.] 
1. To distribute by lot.
2. To grant.
Five days we do allot thee for provision,
To shield thee from disasters of the world;
And, on the sixth, to turn thy hated back
Upon our kingdom. Shakesp. King Lear.
I shall deserve my fate, if I refuse
That happy hour, which heaven allots to peace. Dryden.
3. To distribute; to parcel out; to give each his share.
Since fame was the only end of all their new enterprizes and
studies, a man cannot be too scrupulous in allotting them their
due portion of it. Tatler, No 81.

ALLO'TMENT. n. s.  [from allot.] That which is alloted to any
one; the part; the share; the portion granted.
There can be no thought of security or quiet in this world,
but in a resignation to the allotments of God and nature. L'Estr.
Though it is our duty to submit with patience to more scanty
allotments, yet thus much we may reasonably and lawfully ask
of God. Rogers's Sermons.

ALLO'TTERY. n. s.  [from allot.] That which is granted to any
particular person in a distribution. See ALLO'TMENT.
Allow me such exercises as may become a gentleman, or give
me the poor allottery my father left me by testament.
Shakespeare, As you like it.

To ALLO'W. v. a.  [allouer, Fr. from allaudare.] 
1. To admit; as, to allow a position; not to contradict; not
to oppose.
The principles, which all mankind allow for true, are in­
nate; those, that men of right reason admit, are the principles
allowed by all mankind. Locke.
The pow'r of musick all our hearts allow;
And what Timotheus was, is Dryden now. Pope's Ess. Crit.
As to what is alleged, that some of the Presbyterians declared
openly against the king's murder, I allow it to be true. Swift.
2. To grant; to yield; to own any one's title to.
We will not, in civility, allow too much sincerity to the pro­
fessions of most men; but think their actions to be interpreters
of their thoughts. Locke.
I will help you to enough of them, and shall be ready to
allow the pope as little power here as you please. Swift.
3. To grant licence to; to permit.
Let's follow the old earl, and get the beldam
To lead him where he would; his roguish madness
Allows itself to any thing. Shakespeare's King Lear.
But as we were allowed of God to be put in trust with the
gospel, even so we speak, not as pleasing men, but God, which
trieth our hearts. 1 Thess. ii. 4.
They referred all laws, that were to be passed in Ireland, to
be considered, corrected and allowed first by the state of Eng­
land. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
4. To give a sanction to; to authorize.
There is no slander in an allow'd fool. Shakesp. Tw. Night.
5. To give to; to pay to.
Ungrateful then! if we no tears allow
To him that gave us peace and empire too. Waller.
6. To appoint for; to set out to a certain use; as, he allowed his
son the third part of his income.
7. To make abatement, or provision; or to settle any thing, with
some concessions or cautions, regarding something else.
If we consider the different occasions of ancient and modern
medals, we shall find they both agree in recording the great ac­
tions and successes in war; allowing still for the different ways
of making it, and the circumstances that attended it. Addison.

ALLO'WABLE. adj.  [from allow.] 
1. That which may be admitted without contradiction.
It is not allowable, what is observable in many pieces of Ra­
phael, where Magdalen is represented, before our Saviour,
washing his feet, on her knees; which will not consist with the
text. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. That which is permitted or licensed; lawful; not forbidden.
In actions of this sort, the very light of nature alone may
discover that which is so far forth in the sight of God allow­
able. Hooker, b. ii. § 8.
I was, by the freedom allowable among friends, tempted to
vent my thoughts with negligence. Boyle on the Scriptures.
Reputation becomes a signal and a very peculiar blessing to
magistrates; and their pursuit of it is not only allowable, but
laudable. Atterbury's Sermons.

ALLO'WABLENESS. n. s.  [from allowable.] The quality of be­
ing allowable; lawfulness; exemption from prohibition.
I cannot think myself engaged to discourse of lots, as to their
nature, use, and allowableness, in matters of recreation; which
is indeed impugned by some, though better defended by others.
South's Sermons.

ALLO'WANCE. n. s.  [from allow.] 
1. Admission without contradiction.
Without the notion and allowance of spirits, our philosophy
will be lame and defective in one main part of it. Locke.
2. Sanction; licence; authority.
That which wisdom did first begin, and hath been with good
men long continued, challengeth allowance of them that suc­
ceed, although it plead for itself nothing. Hooker, b. v. § 7.
You sent a large commission
To Gregory de Cassado, to conclude,
Without the king's will, or the state's allowance,
A league between his highness and Ferrara. Shak. Henry VIII.
3. Permission; freedom from restraint.
They should therefore be accustomed betimes to consult and
make use of their reason, before they give allowance to their
inclinations. Locke.
4. A settled rate; or appointment for any use.
The victual in plantations ought to be expended almost as
in a besieged town; that is, with certain allowance. Bacon.
And his allowance was a continual allowance given him of the
king; a daily rate for every day all his life. 2 Kings, xxv. 30.
5. Abatement from the strict rigour of a law, or demand.
The whole poem, though written in that which they call
heroick verse, is of the Pindarick nature, as well in the thought
as the expression; and, as such, requires the same grains of al­
lowance for it. Dryden.
Parents never give allowances for an innocent passion. Swift.
6. Established character; reputation.
His bark is stoutly timber'd, and his pilot
Of very expert and approved allowance;
Therefore my hopes, not surfeited to death,
Stand in bold awe. Shakesp. Othello.

ALLO'Y. n. s.  [See ALLAY.]
1. Baser metal mixed in coinage.
That precise weight and fineness, by law appropriated to the
pieces of each denomination, is called the standard. Fine silver
is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser
metal mixed with it. Locke.
For let another piece be coined of the same weight, wherein
half the silver is taken out, and copper, or other alloy, put into
the place, every one knows it will be worth but half as much;
for the value of the alloy is so inconsiderable as not to be rec­
koned. Locke.
2. Abatement; diminution.
The pleasures of sense are probably relished by beasts in a
more exquisite degree, than they are by men; for they taste
them sincere and pure always, without mixture or alloy.
Atterbury's Sermons.

ALLUBE'SCENCY. n. s.  [allubescentia, Lat.] Willingness; con­
tent. Dict.

To ALLU'DE. v. n.  [alludo, Lat.] To have some reference
to a thing, without the direct mention of it; to hint at; to
insinuate. It is used of persons; as, he alludes to an old story;
or of things, as, the lampoon alludes to his mother's faults.
These speeches of Jerom and Chrysostom do seem plainly to
allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use.
Hooker, b. v. § 29.
True it is, that many things of this nature be alluded unto,
yea, many things declared. Hooker, b. iv. § 2.
Then just proportions were taken, and every thing placed by
weight and measure: and this I doubt not was that artificial
structure here alluded to. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

ALLU'MINOR. n. s.  [allumer, Fr. to light.] One who colours or
paints upon paper or parchment; because he gives graces, light
an ornament, to the letters or figures coloured. Cowell.



To ALLU'RE. v. a.  [leurrer, Fr. looren, Dutch, belæren, Sax.] 
To entice to any thing whether good or bad; to draw towards
any thing by enticement.
Unto laws that men make for the benefit of men, it hath
seemed always needful to add rewards, which may more allure
unto good, than any hardness deterreth from it, and punish­
ments, which may more deter from evil, than any sweetness
thereto allureth. Hooker, b. i. p. 28.
Above them all
The golded sun, in splendour likest heav'n,
Allur'd his eye. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 572.
Each flatt'ring hope, and each alluring joy. Lyttleton.

ALLU'RE. n. s.  [from the verb allure.] Something set up to en­
tice birds, or other things, to it. We now write lure.
The rather to train them to his allure, he told them both
often, and with a vehement voice, how they were over-topped
and trodden down by gentlemen. Sir John Hayward.

ALLU'REMENT. n. s.  [from allure.] 
That which allures, or has the force of alluring: enticement;
temptation of pleasure.
Against allurement, custom, and a world
Offended; fearless of reproach, and scorn,
Or violence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
——Adam, by his wife's allurement, fell. Par. Reg. b. ii.
To shun th' allurement is not hard
To minds resolv'd, forewarn'd, and well prepar'd;
But wond'rous difficult, when once beset,
To struggle through the straits, and break th' involving net.
Dryden.

ALLU'RER. n. s.  [from allure.] The person that allures; en­
ticer; enveigler.

ALLU'RINGLY. adv.  [from allure.] In an alluring manner;
enticingly.

ALLU'RINGNESS. n. s.  [from alluring.] The quality of allur­
ing or enticing; incitation; temptation by proposing plea­
sure.

ALLU'SION. n. s.  [allusio, Lat.] That which is spoken with re­
ference to something supposed to be already known, and there­
fore not expressed; a hint; an implication. It has the par­
ticle to.
Here are manifest allusions and footsteps of the dissolution of
the earth, as it was in the deluge, and will be in its last ruin.
Burnet's Theory.
This last allusion gall'd the Panther more,
Because indeed it rubb'd upon the sore. Dryden.
Expressions now out of use, allusions to customs lost to us,
and various particularities, must needs continue several passages
in the dark. Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.

ALLU'SIVE. adj.  [alludo, allusum, Lat.] Hinting at something
not fully expressed.
Where the expression in one place is plain, and the sense af­
fixed to it agreeable to the proper force of the words, and no
negative objection requires us to depart from it; and the ex­
pression, in the other, is figurative or allusive, and the doctrine,
deduced from it, liable to great objections; it is reasonable, in
this latter place, to restrain the extent of the figure and allusion,
to a consistency with the former. Rogers's Sermons.

ALLU'SIVELY. adv.  [from allusive.] In an allusive manner;
by implication; by insinuation.
The Jewish nation, that rejected and crucified him, within
the compass of one generation, were, according to his predic­
tion, destroyed by the Romans, and preyed upon by those ea­
gles, (Matt. xxiv. 28.) by which, allusively, are noted the Ro­
man armies, whose ensign was the eagle. Hammond's Pr. Cat.

ALLU'SIVENESS. n. s.  [from allusive.] The quality of being al­
lusive.

ALLU'VION. n. s.  [alluvio, Lat.] 
1. The carrying of any thing to something else by the motion of
the water.
2. The thing carried by water to something else.
The civil law gives the owner of land a right to that increase
which arises from alluvion, which is defined an insensible in­
crement, brought by the water.

ALLU'VIOUS. adj.  [from alluvion.] That which is carried by
water to another place, and lodged upon something else.

To ALL'Y. v. a.  [allier, Fr.] 
1. To unite by kindred, friendship, or confederacy.
All these septs are allied to the inhabitants of the North, so
as there is no hope that they will ever serve faithfully against
them. Spenser on Ireland.
Wants, frailties, passions, closer still ally
The common int'rest, or endear the tye. Pope's Ession Man.
To the sun ally'd,
From him they draw the animating fire. Thomson's Summer.
2. To make a relation between two things, by similitude, or re­
semblance, or any other means.
Two lines I cannot excuse: they are indeed remotely allied
to Virgil's sense; but they are too like the tenderness of Ovid.
Dryden.

ALL'Y. n. s.  [allie, Fr.] One united by some means of con­
nexion; as, marriage; friendship; confederacy.
We could hinder the accession of Holland to France, either as
subjects, with great immunities for the encouragement of trade,
or as an inferiour and dependent ally under their protection.
Temple.



ALM

ALMACANTAR. n. s.  [An Arabick word, written variously by
various authors; by D'Herbelot, almocantar; by others, al­
mucantar.] A circle drawn parallel to the horizon. It is ge­
nerally used in the plural, and means a series of parallel circles
drawn through the several degrees of the meridian.

ALMACA'NTAR'S STAFF. n. s.  An instrument commonly
made of pear-tree or box, with an arch of fifteen degrees, used
to take observations of the sun, about the time of its rising and
setting, in order to find the amplitude, and consequently the va­
riation of the compass. Chambers.

A'LMANACK. n. s.  [Derived, by some, from the Arabick, al, and
manah, Heb. to count, or compute; but others, from al, Arabick,
and μήν, a month, or μαναϰὸς, the course of the months; by others,
from a Teutonick original, al and maan, the moon, an account of
every moon, or month: all of them are probable.] 
A calendar; a book in which the revolutions of the seasons,
with the return of feasts and fasts, is noted for the ensuing
year.
It will be said, this is an almanack for the old year; all hath
been well; Spain hath not assailed this kingdom. Bacon.
This astrologer made his almanack give a tolerable account of
the weather, by a direct inversion of the common prognostica­
tors. Government of the Tongue.
Beware the woman too, and shun her sight,
Who in these studies does herself delight;
By whom a greasy almanack is born,
With often handling like chaft amber worn. Dryd. Juvenal.
I'll have a fasting almanack printed on purpose for her use.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.

A'LMANDINE. n. s.  [Fr. almandina, Ital.] A ruby coarser
and lighter than the oriental, and nearer the colour of the gra­
nate. Dict.

ALMI'GHTINESS. n. s.  [from almighty.] Unlimited power;
omnipotence; one of the attributes of God.
It serveth to the world for a witness of his almightiness, whom
we outwardly honour with the chiefest of outward things.
Hooker, b. v. § 15.
In creating and making existent the world universal, by the
absolute act of his own word, his power and almightiness.
Sir Walter Raleigh.
In the wilderness, the bittern and the stork, the unicorn and
the elk, live upon his provisions, and revere his power, and feel
the force of his almightiness. Taylor's Rule of holy living.

ALMI'GHTY. adj.  [from all and mighty.] Of unlimited power;
omnipotent.
The Lord appeared unto Abram, and said unto him, I am
the almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect.
Genesis, xvii. 1.
He wills you in the name of God almighty,
That you divest yourself, and lay apart
The borrow'd glories, that, by gift of heav'n,
By law of nature and of nations 'long
To him and to his heirs. Shakespeare's Henry V.

A'LMOND. n. s.  [amand, Fr. derived by Menage from amandala,
a word in low Latin; by others, from Allemand, a German;
supposing that almonds come to France from Germany.] 
The nut of the almond tree, either sweet or bitter.
Pound an almond, and the clear white colour will be altered
into a dirty one, and the sweet taste into an oily one. Locke.

A'LMOND TREE. n. s.  [amygdalus, Lat.] 
It has leaves and flowers very like those of the peach tree, but
the fruit is longer and more compressed; the outer green coat
is thinner and drier when ripe, and the shell is not so rugged.
The species are, 1. The common large almond. 2. The
sweet almond, with tender shells. 3. The bitter almond. 4. The
white flowering almond.
The three first sorts are chiefly cultivated in England, for the
beauty of their flowers; and the first sort yields large quantities
of fruit yearly, little inferiour to what we receive from abroad,
if not kept too long. They are propagated in July, by ino­
culating a bud into a plum stock, for wet ground, or an almond
or peach stock for dry. The fourth is a greater curiosity; it
will not succeed on a plum, but must be budded on a peach or
almond. Millar.
Like to an almond tree, you're mounted high
On top of green Selinis, all alone,
With blossoms brave bedecked daintily,
Whose tender locks do tremble every one,
At every little breath that under heav'n is blown. Fairy Q.
Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood,
If od'rous blooms the bearing branches load,
The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign;
Great heats will follow, and large crops of grain. Dryden.

A'LMONDS OF THE THROAT, or TONSILS,  called improperly
Almonds of the ears; are two round glands placed on the sides of
the basis of the tongue, under the common membrane of the
fauces; each of them has a large oval sinus, which opens into
the fauces, and in it are a great number of lesser ones, which
discharge themselves through the great sinus of a mucous and


slippery matter into the fauces, larynx, and œsophagus, for the
moistening and lubricating those parts. When the œsophagus
muscle acts, it compresses the almonds, and they frequently are
the occasion of a sore throat. Quincy.
The tonsils, or Almonds of the Ears, are also frequently swell­
ed in the king's evil; which tumour may be very well reckon­
ed a species of it. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'LMOND-FURNACE, or A'LMAN-FURNACE.  called also the
Sweep, is a peculiar kind of furnace used in refining, to separate
metals from cinders and other foreign substances. Chambers.

A'LMONER, or ALMNER. n. s.  [eleemosynarius, Lat.] The officer
of a prince, or other person, employed in the distribution of
charity.
I enquired among the Jacobins for an almoner; and the ge­
neral fame has pointed out your reverence as the worthiest
man. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

A'LMONRY. n. s.  [from almoner.] The place where the almoner
resides, or where the alms are distributed.

ALMO'ST. adv.  [from all and most; that is, most part of all.
Skinner.] Nearly; well nigh; in the next degree to the whole,
or to universality.
Who is there almost, whose mind, at some time or other,
love or anger, fear or grief, has not so fastened to some clog,
that it could not turn itself to any other object. Locke.
There can be no such thing or notion, as an almost infinite;
there can be nothing next or second to an omnipotent God.
Bentley's Sermons.
Atlas becomes unequal to his freight,
And almost faints beneath the glowing weight. Addis. Ovid.

ALMS. n. s.  [in Saxon, elmes, from eleemosyna, Lat.] What
is given gratuitously in relief of the poor. It has no singular.
My arm'd knees,
Which bow'd but in my stirrup, bend like his
That hath received an alms. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The poor beggar hath a just demand of an alms from the rich
man; who is guilty of fraud, injustice and oppression, if he does
not afford relief according to his abilities. Swift.

ALMS-BASKET. n. s.  [from alms and basket.] The basket in
which provisions are put to be given away.
There sweepings do as well,
As the best order'd meal;
For who the relish of these guests will fit,
Needs set them but the alms-basket of wit. Ben. Johnson.
We'll stand up for our properties, was the beggar's song that
lived upon the alms-basket. L'Estrange's Fables.

ALMSDEED. n. s.  [from alms and deed.] An act of charity; a cha­
ritable gift.
This woman was full of good works, and almsdeeds which
she did. Acts, ix. 36.
Hard favour'd Richard, where art thou?
Thou art not here: murder is thy almsdeed;
Petitioner for blood thou ne'er put'st back.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.

ALMS-GIVER. n. s.  [from alms and giver.] He that gives alms;
he that supports others by his charity.
He built and endowed many religious foundations, besides his
memorable hospital of the Savoy. And yet was he a great
alms-giver in secret, which shewed that his works in publick
were dedicated rather to God's glory than his own. Bacon.

ALMSHOUSE. n. s.  [from alms and house.] A house devoted to
the reception and support of the poor; an hospital for the poor.
The way of providing for the clergy by tithes, the device of
almshouses for the poor, and the sorting out of the people into
their several parishes, are manifest unto men of understanding.
Hooker's Preface.
And to relief of lazars, and weak age
Of indigent faint souls, past corporal toil,
A hundred almshouses right well supplied. Shakesp. Henry V.
Many penitents, after the robbing of temples, and other vio­
lences of rapine, build an hospital, or some alms-house, out of
the ruins of the church, and the spoils of widows and orphans.
L'Estrange's Fables.
Behold yon almshouse, neat, but void of state,
Where age and want sit smiling at the gate. Pope.

ALMSMAN. n. s.  [from alms and man.] A man who lives upon
alms; who is supported by charity.
I'll give my jewels for a set of beads;
My gorgeous palace, for a hermitage;
My gay apparel for an almsman's gown. Shakesp. Rich. II.

A'LMUG-TREE. n. s.  A tree mentioned in scripture.
Of its wood were made musical instruments, and it was used
also in rails, or in a staircase. The Rabbins generally render
it coral, others ebony, brazil, or pine. In the Septuagint it is
translated wrought wood, and in the Vulgate, Ligna Thyina. But
coral could never answer the purposes of the almugim; the
pine-tree is too common in Judea to be imported from Ophir;
and the Thyinum, or citron-tree, much esteemed by the an­
cients for its fragrance and beauty, came from Mauritania. By
the wood almugim, or algumim, or, simply, gummim, taking al
for a kind of article, may be understood oily and gummy sorts
of wood, and particularly the trees which produce gum ammo­
niac, or gum arabick; and is, perhaps, the same with the Shit­
tim wood mentioned by Moses. Calmet.
And the navy also of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir,
brought in from Ophir great plenty of almug-trees and precious
trees. 1 Kings, x. 11.

A'LNAGAR, A'LNAGER, or A'LNEGER. n. s.  [from alnage.] 
A measurer by the ell; a sworn officer, whose business for­
merly was to inspect the assize of woollen cloth, and to six the
seals appointed upon it for that purpose; but there are now
three officers belonging to the regulation of cloth-manufactures,
the searcher, measurer, and alneger. Dict.

A'LNAGE. n. s.  [from aulnage, or aunage, Fr.] Ell-measure, or
rather the measuring by the ell or yard. Dict.

A'LNIGHT. n. s.  [from all and night.] 
There is a service which they call alnight, which is a great
cake of wax, with the wick in the midst; whereby it cometh
to pass, that the wick fetcheth the nourishment farther off.
Bacon's Natural History, No 372.



ALO

A'LOES. n. s.  [אהלם, as it is supposed.] A term applied to
three different things.
1. A precious wood used, in the East, for perfumes, of which the
best sort is of higher price than gold, and was the most valu­
able present given by the king of Siam, in 1686, to the king of
France. It is called Tambac, and is the heart, or innermost
part, of the aloetree; the next part to which is called Calem­
bac, which is sometimes imported into Europe, and, though of
inferiour value to the Tambac, is much esteemed: the part next
the bark is termed, by the Portuguese, Pao d'aquila, or eagle­
wood; but some account the eagle-wood not the outer part of
the Tambac, but another species. Our knowledge of this wood
is yet very imperfect. Savary.
2. Aloes is a tree which grows in hot countries, and even in the
mountains of Spain.
The leaves are thick, succulent, and generally beset with
spines on the edges; the flower consists of one leaf, is tubulous,
and cut into six segments at the top, like the hyacinth; the
fruit is oblong and cylindrical, divided into three cells, con­
taining flat, and, for the most part, semicircular seeds.
The species are 39; 1. The common large American aloe.
2. The narrow-leaved aloe, from Vera Cruz. 3. The American
aloe, which produces young plants out of the flower stems, &c.
Many of these plants, in English gardens, are natives of the
East and West Indies; but the most curious are brought from
the Cape of Good Hope.
The first of these aloes is very hardy, and has endured the air,
in mild winters, in a very dry soil, and under a south wall; but
they may be kept in a common greenhouse, giving them very
little moisture in winter. The other sorts are preserved in an
airy glass-case, with a stove. The aloes are all increased by off-sets.
Most of the African species, after the second, third, or fourth
year's growth, produce flowers with us annually; but the Ame­
rican aloes flower but once during the life of the plant, pro­
ducing the flower-stems from the centre of the plant, of a con­
siderable size, and sometimes fifteen feet in height.
A common error, relating to the first species, is, that it never
flowers till it be an hundred years old; but experience has
proved, that some have flowered in fifty years. Another er­
rour is, that, when the flower opens, it makes a report like a
gun. Millar.
3. Aloes is a medicinal juice extracted not from the odoriferous,
but the common aloes tree, by cutting the leaves, and exposing
the juice that drops from them to the sun. It is distinguished
into Socotorine and and Caballine, or horse aloes; the first is so
called from Socotora; the second, because, being coarser, it ought
to be confined to the use of farriers. It is a warm and strong
cathartick, and used in most purgative compositions.

ALOE'TICAL. adj.  [from aloes.] Consisting chiefly of aloes.
It may be excited by aloetical, scammoniate, or acrimonious
medicines. Wiseman's Surgery.

ALO'ETICK. n. s.  [from aloes.] Any medicine is so called, which
chiefly consists of aloes. Quincy.

ALO'FT. adv.  [loffter, to lift up, Dan. Loft air, Icelandish; so that
aloft is, into the air.] On high; above; in the air: a word
used chiefly in poetry.
For I have read in stories oft,
That love has wings, and soars aloft. Suckling.
Upright he stood, and bore aloft his shield,
Conspicuous from afar, and overlook'd the field. Dryd. Fab.

AL'OFT. prep.  Above.
The great luminary
Aloft the vulgar constellations thick,
That from his lordly eye keep distance due,
Dispenses light from far. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

A'LOGY. n. s.  [αλογος.] Unreasonableness; absurdity. Dict.

ALO'NE. adj.  [alleen, Dutch; from al and een, or one, that is, single.] 
1. Without another.
The quarrel toucheth none but us alone;
Betwixt ourselves let us decide it then. Shakesp. Henry VI.
If by a mortal hand my father's throne
Could be defended, 'twas by mine alone. Dryden, Æneid ii.
God, by whose alone power and conservation, we all live,
and move, and have our being. Bentley.
2. Without company; solitary.
Eagles we see fly alone, and they are but sheep which always
herd together. Sidney, b. i.


Alone, for other creature in this place
Living, or lifeless, to be found was none. Paradise Lost.
I never durst in darkness be alone. Dryden's Ind. Emp.

ALO'NE. adv. 1. This word is seldom used but with the word let, if even then
it be an adverb, and implies sometimes an ironical prohibition,
to help a man who is able to manage the affair himself.
Let us alone to guard Corioli,
If they set down before's; 'fore they remove,
Bring up your army. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Let you alone, cunning artificer;
See how his gorget peers above his gown,
To tell the people in what danger he was. Ben. Johns. Catil.
2. To let alone; to forbear; to leave unfinished.
His client stole it, but he had better have let it alone; for he
lost his cause by his jest. Addison. Spectator, No 408.

ALO'NG. adv.  [au longue, Fr.] 
1. At length.
Some rowl a mighty stone; some laid along,
And, bound with burning wires, on spokes of wheels are hung.
Dryden, Æneid vi.
2. Through any space measured lengthwise.
A firebrand carried along, leaveth a train of light behind it.
Bacon's Natural History, No 274.
Where Ufens glides along the lowly lands,
Or the black water of Pomptina stands. Dryd. Æneid vii.
3. Throughout; in the whole; with all prefixed.
They were all along a cross, untoward sort of people. South.
Solomon, all along in his Proverbs, gives the title of fool to a
wicked man. Tillotson.
4. Joined with the particle with; in company; joined with.
I your commission will forthwith dispatch,
And he to England shall along with you. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Hence then! and Evil go with thee along,
Thy offspring, to the place of evil, Hell;
Thou and thy wicked crew! Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
Religious zeal is subject to an excess, and to a defect, when
something is mingled with it, which it should not have; or when
it wants something that ought to go along with it. Sprat.
5. Sometimes with is understood.
Command thy slaves: my free-born soul disdains
A tyrant's curb; and restive breaks the reins.
Take this along; and no dispute shall rise
(Though mine the woman) for my ravish'd prize. Dryden.
6. Forward; onward. In this sense it is derived from allons,
French.
Come then, my friend, my genius, come along,
Thou master of the poet and the song. Pope.

ALO'NGST. adv.  [a corruption, as it seems, from along.] Along;
through the length.
The Turks did keep strait watch and ward in all their ports
thereabout alongst the sea-coast. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

ALO'OF. adv.  [all off, that is, quite off.] 
1. At a distance; with the particle from. It generally implies a
small distance, such as is within view or observation.
Then bad the knight this lady yede aloof,
And to an hill herself withdrew aside,
From whence she might behold the battle's proof,
And else be safe from danger far descried. Fairy Queen, b. i.
As next in worth,
Came singly where he stood, on the bare strand,
While the promiscuous croud stood yet aloof. Parad. Lost.
The noise approaches, though our palace stood
Aloof from streets, encompass'd with a wood. Dryden.
2. Applied to persons, it often insinuates caution and circumspec­
tion.
Turn on the bloody hounds with heads of steel,
And make the cowards stand aloof at bay. Shak. Henry VI.
Going northwards, aloof, as long as they had any doubt of
being pursued, at last when they were out of reach, they turned
and crossed the ocean to Spain. Bacon.
The king would not, by any means, enter the city, until he
had aloof seen the cross set up upon the greater tower of Gra­
nada, whereby it became Christian ground. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Two pots stood by a river, one of brass, the other of clay.
The water carried them away; the earthen vessel kept aloof
from t'other. L'Estrange's Fables.
The strong may fight aloof; Ancæus try'd
His force too near, and by presuming dy'd. Dryd. Fables.
3. In a figurative sense, it is used to import art or cunning in con­
versation, by which a man holds the principal question at a dis­
tance.
Nor do we find him forward to be sounded;
But with a crafty madness keeps aloof,
When we would bring him on to some confession
Of his true state. Shakesp. Hamlet.
4. It is used metaphorically of persons that will not be seen in a
design.
It is necessary the queen join; for, if she stand aloof, there
will be still suspicions: it being a received opinion in the world,
that she hath a great interest in the king's favour and power.
Suckling.
5. It is applied to things not properly belonging to each other.
Love's not love,
When it is mingled with regards that stand
Aloof from th' entire point. Shakesp. King Lear.

ALO'UD. adv.  [from a and loud.] Loudly; with a strong voice;
with a great noise.
Strangled he lies! yet seems to cry aloud,
To warn the mighty, and instruct the proud;
That of the great, neglecting to be just,
Heav'n in a moment makes an heap of dust. Waller.
Then heav'n's high monarch thund'red thrice aloud,
And thrice he shook aloft a golden cloud. Dryd. Æneid vii.

ALO'W. adv.  [from a and low.] In a low place; not aloft.
And now alow, and now aloft they fly,
As born through air, and seem to touch the sky. Dryden.

A'LPHA. n. s.  The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answer­
ing to our A; therefore used to signify the first.
I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the ending, saith
the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the
Almighty. Revelat.

A'LPHABET. n. s.  [from ἄλφα, alpha, and βῆτα, beta, the two
first letters of the Greeks.] The order of the letters, or ele­
ments of speech.
Thou shalt not sigh,
Nor wink, nor nod, nor kneel, nor make a sign,
But I of these will rest an alphabet,
And by still practice learn to know thy meaning.
Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.
The letters of the alphabet, formed by the several motions of
the mouth, and the great variety of syllables composed of let­
ters, and formed with almost equal velocity, and the endless
number of words capable of being framed out of the alphabet,
either of more syllables, or of one. Holder.
Taught by their nurses, little children get
This saying, sooner than their alphabet. Dryd jun. Juv.

To A'LPHABET. v. a.  [from alphabet, noun.] To range in the
order of the alphabet.

ALPHABE'TICAL. adj.  [from alphabet; alphabetique, Fr.] In the
order of the alphabet; according to the se­
ries of letters.

ALPHABE'TICK. adj.  [from alphabet; alphabetique, Fr.] In the
order of the alphabet; according to the se­
ries of letters.
I have now by me, digested in an alphabetical order, all the
counties, corporations, and boroughs in Great Britain, with
their respective tempers. Swift.

ALPHABE'TICALLY. adv.  [from alphabetical.] In an alphabeti­
cal manner; according to the order of the letters.
I had once in my thoughts to contrive a grammar, more than
I can now comprise in short hints; and a dictionary, alphabeti­
cally containing the words of the language, which the deaf per­
son is to learn. Holder's Elements of Speech.

ALRE'ADY. adv.  [from all and ready.] At this present time, or
at some time past; opposed to futurity; as, Will he come soon?
He is come already. Will it be done? It is done already.
Touching our uniformity, that which hath been already an­
swered, may serve for answer to that exception. Hooker.
You warn'd me still of loving two;
Can I love him, already loving you? Dryd. Indian Emp.
See, the guards, from yon far eastern hill
Already move, no longer stay afford;
High in the air, they wave the flaming sword,
Your signal to depart. Dryden's State of Innocence.
I confine myself to methods for the advancement of piety,
which are in the power of a prince limited like ours, by a strict
execution of the laws already in force. Swift.
Methinks, already I your tears survey,
Already hear the horrid things they say,
Already see you a degraded toast,
And all your honour in a whisper lost! Pope.

ALS. adv.  [als, Dutch.] Also; likewise: a word now out of use.
The golden sun his glistering head gan shew,
And sad remembrance now the prince amoves
With fresh desire his voyage to pursue;
Als Una earn'd her travel to renew. Fairy Queen, b. i.

A'LSO. adv.  [from all and so.] 
1. In the same manner; likewise.
In these two, no doubt, are contained the causes of the great
deluge, as according to Moses, so also according to necessity;
for our world affords no other treasures of water. Burnet's Theo.
2. Also is sometimes nearly the same with and, and only conjoins
the members of the sentence.
God do so to me, and more also. 1 Samuel, xiv. 44.



ALT

A'LTAR. n. s.  [altare, Lat. It is observed by Junius, that the
word altar is received, with christianity, in all the European
languages; and that altare is used by one of the Fathers, as ap­
propriated to the Christian worship, in opposition to the aræ of
gentilism.] 
1. The place where offerings to heaven are laid.
The goddess of the nuptial bed,
Tir'd with her vain devotions for the dead,
Resolv'd the tainted hand should be repell'd,
Which incense offer'd, and her altar held. Dryd. Fab.
2. The table in Christian churches where the communion is ad­
ministered.


Her grace rose, and, with modest paces,
Came to the altar, where she kneel'd, and, saintlike,
Cast her fair eyes to heav'n, and pray'd devoutly.
Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

A'LTARAGE. n. s.  [altaragium, Lat.] An emolument arising to
the priest from oblations, through the means of the altar.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

A'LTAR-CLOTH. n. s.  [from altar and cloth.] The cloth thrown
over the altar in churches.
I should set down the wealth, books, hangings, and altar­
cloths, which our kings gave this abbey. Peacham on Drawing.

To A'LTER. v. a.  [alterer, Fr. from alter, Lat.] 
1. To change; to make otherwise than it is. To alter, seems more
properly to imply a change made only in some part of a thing;
as, to alter a writing, may be, to blot or interpolate it; to
change it, may be, to substitute another in its place.
Do you note
How much her grace is alter'd on the sudden?
How long her face is drawn? how pale she looks,
And of an earthly cold? Shak. Hen. VIII.
Acts appropriated to the worship of God by his own ap­
pointment, must continue so, till himself hath otherwise de­
clared: for who dares alter what God hath appointed?
Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Romish Idolatry.
2. To take off from a persuasion or sect.
For the way of writing plays in verse, I find it troublesome
and slow; but I am no way altered from my opinion of it, at
least with any reasons which have opposed it. Dryden.

To ALTER. v. n.  To become otherwise than it was; as,
the weather alters from bright to cloudy.

A'LTERABLE. adj.  [from alter; alterable, Fr.] That which may
be altered or changed by something else; distinct from change­
able, or that which changes, or may change itself.
That alterable respects are realities in nature, will never be
admitted by a considerate discerner. Glanville.
Our condition in this world is mutable and uncertain, alter­
able by a thousand accidents, which we can neither foresee nor
prevent. Rogers.
I wish they had been more clear in their directions to him
upon that mighty point, Whether the settlement of the succes­
sion in the House of Hanover be alterable or no? Swift.

A'LTERABLENESS. n. s.  [from alterable.] The quality of being
alterable, or admitting change from external causes.

A'LTERABLY. adv.  [from alterable.] In such a manner as may
be altered.

A'LTERANT. adj.  [alterant, Fr.] That which has the power of
producing changes in any thing.
And whether the body be alterant or altered, evermore a
perception precedeth operation; for else all bodies would be
alike one to another. Bacon's Natural History.

ALTERA'TION. n. s.  [from alter; alteration, Fr.] 
1. The act of altering or changing.
Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it in­
conveniencies, and those weighty. Hooker.
2. The change made.
Why may we not presume, that God doth even call for such
change or alteration, as the very condition of things themselves
doth make necessary. Hooker, b. ii. § 10.
So he, with difficulty and labour hard,
Mov'd on:
But he once past, soon after, when man fell,
Strange alteration! Sin, and death, amain
Following his track (such was the will of heav'n!)
Pav'd after him a broad and beaten way. Parad. Lost, b. ii.
No other alteration will satisfy; nor this neither, very long,
without an utter abolition of all order. South.
Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who
had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that
council degenerated into a most corrupt body. Swift.

A'LTERATIVE. adj.  [from alter.] 
Medicines called alterative, are such as have no immediate
sensible operation, but gradually gain upon the constitution, by
changing the humours from a state of distemperature to health.
They are opposed to evacuants. Quincy.
When there is an eruption of humour in any part, it is not
cured merely by outward applications, but by such alterative
medicines as purify the blood. Government of the Tongue.

ALTERCA'TION. n. s.  [altercation, Fr. from altercor, Lat.] De­
bate; controversy; wrangle.
By this hot pursuit of lower controversies amongst men pro­
fessing religion, and agreeing in the principal foundations there­
of, they conceive hope, that, about the higher principles them­
selves, time will cause altercation to grow. Hooker.
Their whole life was, in a manner, little else than a perpe­
tual wrangling and altercation; and that, many times, rather
for victory and oftentation of wit, than a sober and serious
search of truth. Hakewell on Providence.

ALTE'RN. adj.  [alternus, Lat.] Acting by turns, in succession
each to the other.
And God made two great lights, great for their use
To man; the greater to have rule by day,
The less by night, altern. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.

ALTE'RNACY. n. s.  [from alternate.] Action performed by turns.

ALTE'RNATE. adj.  [alternus, Lat.] Being by turns; one
after another; reciprocal.
Friendship consists properly in mutual offices, and a generous
strise in alternate acts of kindness. South.
Hear how Timotheus' various lays surprise,
And bid alternate passions fall and rise!
While, at each change, the son of Lybian Jove
Now burns with glory, and then melts with love. Pope.

ALTE'RNATE ANGLES.  [In geometry.] Are the internal angles
made by a line cutting two parallels, and lying on the opposite
sides of the cutting line; the one below the first parallel, and the
other above the second.

ALTERNATE RATIO, or PROPORTION,  is where the antecedent
of one is to its consequent, as the antecedent of another to its
consequent; the very same ratio, in this case, holding alter­
nately in respect of the antecedents to each other, and the con­
sequents to each other. Chambers.

ALTE'RNATE. n. s.  [from alternate, adj.] That which happens
alternately; vicissitude.
And rais'd in pleasure, or repos'd in ease,
Grateful alternates of substantial peace,
They bless the long nocturnal influence shed
On the crown'd goblet, and the genial bed. Prior.

To ALTE'RNATE. v. a.  [alterno, Lat.] 
1. To perform alternately.
Those who, in their course,
Melodious hymns about the sov'reign throne
Alternate all night long. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
2. To change one thing for another reciprocally.
The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this
life, for sundry wise ends, alternates the disposition of good and
evil. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii.

ALTE'RNATELY. adv.  [from alternate.] In reciprocal succession,
so that each shall be succeeded by that which it succeeds, as,
light follows darkness, and darkness follows light.
The princess Melesinda, bath'd in tears,
And toss'd alternately with hopes and fears,
Would learn from you the fortunes of her lord. Dryden.
Unhappy man! whom sorrow thus and rage
To different ills alternately engage. Prior.
The rays of light are, by some cause or other, alternately dis­
posed to be reflected or refracted for many vicissitudes. Newton.

ALTE'RNATENESS. n. s.  [from alternate.] The quality of being
alternate, or of happening in reciprocal succession. Dict.

ALTERNA'TION. n. s.  [from alternate.] The reciprocal succession
of things.
The one would be oppressed with constant heat, the other
with insufferable cold; and so the defect of alternation would
utterly impugn the generation of all things. Brown's Vul. Err.

ALTE'RNATIVE. n. s.  [alternatis, Fr.] The choice given of two
things; so that if one be rejected, the other must be taken.
A strange alternative———
Must ladies have a doctor, or a dance? Young.

ALTE'RNATIVELY. adv.  [from alternative.] In alternate man­
ner; by turns; reciprocally.
An appeal alternatively made may be tolerated by the civil
law as valid. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ALTE'RNATIVENESS. n. s.  [from alternative.] The quality or
state of being alternative; reciprocation. Dict.

ALTE'RNITY. n. s.  [from altern.] Reciprocal succession; vi­
cissitude; turn; change of one thing for another; recipro­
cally.
They imagine, that an animal of the vastest dimensions, and
longest duration, should live in a continual motion, without the
alternity and vicissitude of rest, whereby all other animals con­
tinue. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. viii. c. 1.

ALTHO'UGH. conj.  [from all and though. See THOUGH.] Not­
withstanding; however it may be granted; however it may
be that.
We all know, that many things are believed, although they
be intricate, obscure, and dark; although they exceed the reach
and capacity of our wits; yea, although in this world they be no
way possible to be understood. Hooker, b. v. § 22.
Me the gold of France did not seduce,
Although I did admit it as a motive
The sooner to effect what I intended. Shakesp. Hen. V.
The stress must be laid upon a majority; without which
the laws would be of little weight, although they be good ad­
ditional securities. Swift.

A'LTIGRADE. adj.  [from altus and gradior, Lat.] Rising on
high. Dict.

ALTI'LOQUENCE. n. s.  [altus and loquor, Lat.] High speech;
pompous language.

ALTI'METRY. n. s.  [altimetria, Lat. from altus and μέτϱον.] The
art of taking or measuring altitudes or heights, whether acces­
sible, or inaccessible, generally performed by a quadrant.

ALTI'SONANT. adj.  [altisonus, Lat.] High sounding; pom­
pous or losty in sound. Dict.

ALTI'SONOUS. adj.  [altisonus, Lat.] High sounding; pom­
pous or losty in sound. Dict.

A'LTITUDE. n. s.  [altitudo, Lat.] 
1. Height of place; space measured upward.


Ten masts attach'd make not the altitude,
Which thou hast perpendicularly fall'n. Shak. King Lear.
Some define the perpendicular altitude of the highest moun­
tains to be four miles; others but fifteen furlongs. Brown.
She shines above, we know, but in what place,
How near the throne, and heav'n's imperial face,
By our weak opticks is but vainly guess'd;
Distance and altitude conceal the rest. Dryden.
2. The elevation of any of the heavenly bodies above the horizon.
Even unto the latitude of fifty-two, the efficacy thereof is not
much considerable, whether we consider its ascent, meridian,
altitude, or abode above the horizon. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Has not a poet more virtues and vices within his circle,
cannot he observe them and their influences in their several
situations, in their oppositions and conjunctions, in their alti­
tudes and depressions? Rymer's Tragedies of last Age.
3. Situation with regard to lower things.
Those members which are pairs, stand by one another in
equal altitude, and answer on each side one to another. Ray.
4. Height of excellence; superiority.
Your altitude offends the eyes
Of those who want the power to rise.
The world, a willing stander-by,
Inclines to aid a specious lye. Swift.
5. Height of degree; highest point.
He did it to please his mother, and to be partly proud; which
he is, even to the altitude of his virtue. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

ALTI'VOLANT. adj.  [altivolans, Lat. from altus and volo.] High
flying. Dict.

A'LTOGETHER. adv.  [from all and together.] 
1. Completely; without restriction; without exception.
It is in vain to speak of planting laws, and plotting policy,
till they be altogether subdued. Spenser's State of Ireland.
We find not in the world any people that hath lived altoge­
ther without religion. Hooker, b. v. § 18.
If death and danger are things that really cannot be endured,
no man could ever be obliged to suffer for his conscience, or to
die for his religion; it being altogether as absurd to imagine a
man obliged to suffer, as to do impossibilities. South.
I do not altogether disapprove of the manner of interweaving
texts of scripture through the style of your sermon. Swift.
2. Conjunctly; in company. This is rather all together.
Cousin of Somerset, join you with me,
And altogether with the duke of Suffolk,
We'll quickly hoist duke Humphry from his seat.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.



ALU

A'LUDEL. n. s.  [from a and lutum; that is, without lute.] 
Aludels are subliming pots used in chemistry, without bottoms,
and fitted into one another, as many as there is occasion for,
without luting. At the bottom of the furnace is a pot that holds
the matter to be sublimed; and, at the top is a head, to retain
the flowers that rise up. Quincy.

A'LUM. n. s.  [alumen, Lat.] 
A kind of mineral salt, of an acid taste, leaving in the mouth a
sense of sweetness, accompanied with a considerable degree of
astringency. The ancient naturalists allow of two sorts of alum,
natural and factitious. The natural is found in the island of
Milo, being a kind of whitish stone, very light, friable, and po­
rous, and streaked with filaments resembling silver. The fac­
titious alum is prepared in different manners, according to the
different materials of which it is made. Hence arise red, Ro­
man, and citron alums; also plumose, saccharine, and burnt
alums. England, Italy, and Flanders, are the countries where
alum is principally produced; and the English roche-alum is
made from a bluish mineral stone, frequent in the hills of York­
shire and Lancashire. Alum is used in medicine as an absorbent;
but, being apt to excite vomiting, it is seldom prescribed in­
wardly. It is used outwardly in astringent lotions, and is an
ingredient in several dentifrices and cosmeticks. It is a princi­
pal ingredient in dying and colouring; neither of which can be
well performed without it. It serves to bind the colour upon
the stuffs, and has the same uses there, that gum water and glu­
tinous oils have in painting. It also disposes stuffs to take the
colour, and adds a degree of briskness and delicacy to it. This
effect of alum seems to proceed from its styptick or astringent
quality, by which it binds the finer parts of colours together,
and prevents their exhaling. Hence also it preserves paper, that
has been dipped in its water, from sinking when wrote upon.
Saccharine alum bears a near resemblance to sugar, and is a
composition of common alum, with rose-water and whites of
eggs boiled together, to the consistence of a paste, and thus
moulded at pleasure. As it cools, it grows hard as a stone, and
is used as a cosmetick.
Burnt alum is alum calcined over the fire, and thus rendered
whiter, more light, and more easily pulverized.
Plumose or plume alum is a sort of saline mineral stone, of va­
rious colours, most commonly white, bordering on green, re­
sembling Venetian talc, except that, instead of scales, it rises in
threads or fibres, resembling those of a feather; whence its name
from pluma, a feather. Some will have this to be the lapis ami­
anthus of the ancients. Chambers.
By long beating the white of an egg with a lump of alum,
you may bring it, for the most part, into white curds. Boyle.

ALUM STONE. n. s.  A stone or calx used in surgery; perhaps
alum calcined, which then becomes corrosive.
She gargled with oxycrate, and was in a few days cured, by
touching it with the vitriol and alum stones. Wiseman's Surgery.

ALU'MINOUS. adj.  [from alum.] Relating to alum, or consist­
ing of alum.
Nor do we reasonably conclude, because, by a cold and alu­
minous moisture, it is able a while to resist the fire, that, from a
peculiarity of nature, it subsisteth and liveth in it. Brown.
The tumour may have other mixture with it, to make it of a
vitriolick or aluminous nature. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'LWAYS. adv.  [It is sometimes written alway, compounded of
all and way; eallewæga, Sax. tuttavia, Ital.] 
1. Perpetually; throughout all time; opposed to sometime, or to
never.
That, which sometime is expedient, doth not always so con­
tinue. Hooker, b. iv. § 14.
Man never is, but always to be blest. Pope.
2. Constantly; without variation; opposed to sometimes, or to
now and then.
He is always great, when some great occasion is presented to
him. Dryden.

A. M.  Stands for artium magister, or master of arts; the second
degree of our universities, which, in some foreign countries, is
called doctor of philosophy.

AM.  The first person of the verb to be. [See To BE.]
And God said unto Moses, I am that I am: and he said, thus
shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I am hath sent me un­
to you. Exodus, iii. 14.
Come then, my soul: I call thee by that name,
Thou busy thing, from whence I know I am:
For knowing what I am, I know thou art;
Since that must needs exist, which can impart. Prior.



AMA

AMABI'LITY. n. s.  [from amabilis, Lat.] Loveliness; the power
of pleasing.
No rules can make amability, our minds and apprehensions
make that; and so is our felicity. Taylor.

AMADE'TTO. n. s.  A sort of pear [See PEAR.] so called, says
Skinner, from the name of him who cultivated it.

A'MADOT. n. s.  A sort of pear. [See PEAR.]

AMA'IN. adv.  [from maine, or maigne, old Fr. derived from mag­
nus, Lat.] With vehemence; with vigour; fiercely; violent­
ly. It is used of any action performed with precipitation, whe­
ther of fear or courage, or of any violent effort.
Great lords, from Ireland am I come amain,
To signify that rebels there are up,
And put the Englishmen unto the sword. Shak. Henry VI.
What! when we fled amain, pursued, and struck
With heav'n's afflicting thunder, and besought
The deep to shelter us? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
The hills, to their supply,
Vapour and exhalation dusk and moist,
Sent up amain. Par. Lost.
From hence the boar was rous'd, and sprung amain,
Like light'ning sudden, on the warriour train,
Beats down the trees before him, shakes the ground;
The forest echoes to the crackling sound,
Shout the fierce youth, and clamours ring around. Dry.

AMA'LGAM. n. s.  [ἅμα and γαμεῖν.] The mixture of metals
procured by amalgamation. See AMALGA­
MATION.

AMA'LGAMA. n. s.  [ἅμα and γαμεῖν.] The mixture of metals
procured by amalgamation. See AMALGA­
MATION.
The induration of the amalgam appears to proceed from the
new texture resulting from the coalition of the mingled ingre­
dients, that make up the amalgam. Boyle.

To AMA'LGAMATE. v. a.  [from amalgam.] 
To unite metals with quicksilver, which may be practised up­
on all metals, except iron and copper. The use of this opera­
tion is, to make the metal soft and ductile. Gold is, by this
method, drawn over other materials by the gilders.

AMALGAMA'TION. n. s.  [from amalgamate.] The act or prac­
tice of amalgamating metals.
Amalgamation is the mixing of mercury with any of the me­
tals. The manner is thus in gold, the rest are answerable:
Take six parts of mercury, mix them hot in a crucible, and
pour them to one part of gold made red hot in another cru­
cible; stir these well that they may incorporate; then cast the
mass into cold water, and wash it. Bacon's Physical Remains.

AMANDA'TION. n. s.  [from amando, Lat.] The act of sending
on a message, or employment.

AMANUE'NSIS. n. s.  [Lat.] A person who writes what an­
other dictates.

A'MARANTH. n. s.  [amaranthus, Lat. from α and μαϱάινω.] The
name of a plant.
The flowers have no petals; the cup of the flower is dry and
multifid; the seeds are included in membranaceous vessels,
which, when come to maturity, burst open transversely or hori­
zontally, like purslane, each of which contains one or more
roundish seeds.
Among the many species, the most beautiful are, 1. The
tree amaranth. 2. The long pendulous aramanth, with reddish
coloured seeds, commonly called Love lies a bleeding. All these
plants must be sown on a good hotbed in February, or the be­


ginning of March. They produce large beautiful flowers, and
perfect their seed in September. Millar.
2. In poetry, it is sometimes an imaginary flower, supposed, ac­
cording to its name, never to fade.
Immortal amaranth! a flower which once
In paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom; but soon, for man's offence,
To heav'n remov'd, where first it grew, there grows,
And flow'rs aloft, shading the fount of life;
And where the river of bliss, thro' midst of heav'n,
Rowls o'er Elysian flow'rs her amber stream:
With these, that never fade, the spirits elect
Bind their resplendent locks, inwreath'd with beams.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 353.

AMARA'NTHINE. adj.  [amaranthinus, Lat.] Relating to ama­
ranths; consisting of amaranths.
By the streams that ever flow,
By the fragrant winds that blow
O'er the Elysian flow'rs,
By those happy souls who dwell
In yellow meads of Asphodel,
Or amaranthine bow'rs. Pope's St. Cæcilia.

AMA'RITUDE. n. s.  [amaritudo, Lat.] Bitterness.
What amaritude or acrimony is deprehended in choler, it
acquires from a commixture of melancholy, or external ma­
lign bodies. Harvey on Consumptions.

AMA'RULENCE. n. s.  [amaritudo, Lat.] Bitterness. Dict.

AMA'SMENT. n. s.  [from amass.] A heap; an accumulation;
a collection.
What is now in the subject, is but an amasment of imagi­
nary conceptions, prejudices, ungrounded opinions, and infinite
impostures. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

To AMA'SS. v. a.  [amasser, Fr.] 
1. To collect together into one heap or mass.
The rich man is not blamed, as having made use of any un­
lawful means to amass riches, as having thriven by fraud and
injustice. Atterbury's Sermons.
When we would think of infinite space, or duration, we, at
first step, usually make some very large idea, as perhaps of mil­
lions of ages, or miles, which possibly we double and multiply
several times. All that we thus amass together in our thoughts,
is positive, and the assemblage of a great number of positive ideas
of space or duration. Locke.
2. In a figurative sense, to add one thing to another, generally
with some share of reproach, either of eagerness or indiscrimi­
nation.
Such as amass all relations, must err in some, and be unbe­
lieved in many. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
Do not content yourselves with mere words, lest your im­
provements only amass a heap of unintelligible phrases.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
The life of Homer has been written, by amassing of all the
traditions and hints the writers could meet with, in order to
tell a story of him to the world. Pope's Essay on Homer.

To AMA'TE. v. n.  [from a and mate. See MATE.] 
1. To accompany; to entertain as a companion. It is now ob­
solete.
A lovely bevy of fair ladies sate,
Courted of many a jolly paramour,
The which did them immodest way amate,
And each one sought his lady to aggrate. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. To terrify; to strike with horrour. In this sense, it is derived
from the old French, matter, to crush or subdue.

AMATO'RCULIST. n. s.  [amatorculus, Lat.] A little insignificant
lover; a pretender to affection. Dict.

A'MATORY. adj.  [amatorius, Lat.] Relating to love; causing
love.
It is the same thing whether one ravish Lucretia by force, as
Tarquin, or by amatory potions, not only allure her, but necessi­
tate her to satisfy his lust, and incline her effectually, and draw
her inevitably to follow him spontaneously.
Bramham against Hobbes.

AMAURO'SIS. n. s.  [ἀμαυϱόω.] A dimness of sight, not from
any visible defect in the eye, but from some distemperature of
the inner parts, occasioning the representations of flies and dust
floating before the eyes: which appearances are the parts of the
retina hid and compressed by the blood-vessels being too much
distended; so that, in many of its parts, all sense is lost; and
therefore no images can be painted upon them, whereby the
eyes, continually rolling round, many parts of objects falling
successively upon them, are obscure. The cure of this de­
pends upon a removal of the stagnations in the extremities of
those arteries which run over the bottom of the eye. Quincy.

To AMA'ZE. v. a.  [from a and maze, perplexity.] 
1. To confuse with terrour.
Yea, I will make many people amazed at thee, and their
kings shall be horribly afraid for thee, when I shall brandish my
sword before them, and they shall tremble at every moment;
every man for his own life in the day of the fall. Ezek. xxxii. 10.
2. To put into confusion with wonder.
Go, heav'nly pair, and with your dazling virtues,
Your courage, truth, your innocence and love,
Amaze and charm mankind. Smith's Phædr. and Hippol.
3. To put into perplexity.
That cannot choose but amaze him. If he be not amazed,
he will be mocked; if he be amazed, he will every way be
mocked. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

AMA'ZE. n. s.  [from the verb amaze.] Astonishment; confusion,
either of fear or wonder.
Fairfax, whose name in arms thro' Europe rings,
And fills all mouths with envy or with praise,
And all her jealous monarchs with amaze,
And rumours loud. Milton's Paradise Regained.
Meantime the Trojan cuts his wat'ry way,
Fix'd on his voyage thro' the curling sea,
Then casting back his eyes with dire amaze,
Sees, on the Punick shore, the mounting blaze. Dryden.

AMA'ZEDLY. adv.  [from amazed.] Confusedly; with amaze­
ment; with confusion.
I speak amazedly, and it becomes
My marvel, and my message. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Why
Stands Macbeth thus amazedly!
Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprights. Macbeth.

AMA'ZEDNESS. n. s.  [from amazed.] The state of being amaz­
ed; astonishment; wonder; confusion.
I was by at the opening of the farthel, heard the old shep­
herd deliver the manner how he found it; whereupon, after a
little amazedness, we were all commanded out of the chamber.
Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

AMA'ZEMENT. n. s.  [from amaze.] 
1. Such a confused apprehension as does not leave reason its full
force; extreme fear; horrour.
He answer'd nought at all; but adding new
Fear to his first amazement, staring wide,
With stony eyes, and heartless hollow hue,
Astonish'd stood, as one that had espy'd
Infernal furies, with their chains unty'd. Fairy Queen.
But look! amazement on thy mother sits;
O step between her and her fighting soul:
Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works. Shak. Hamlet.
2. Extreme dejection.
He ended, and his words impression left
Of much amazement to th' infernal crew,
Distracted and surpris'd with deep dismay
At these sad tidings. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. i.
3. Height of admiration.
Had you, some ages past, this race of glory
Run, with amazement we should read your story;
But living virtue, all atchievements past,
Meets envy still to grapple with at last. Waller.
4. Astonishment; wonder at an unexpected event.
They knew that it was he which sat for alms at the Beautiful
gate of the temple, and they were filled with wonder and a­
mazement at that which had happened unto him. Acts, iii. 10.

AMA'ZING. participial adj.  [from amaze.] Wonderful; asto­
nishing.
It is indeed an amazing thing to see the present desolation of
Italy, when one considers what incredible multitudes of people
it abounded with during the reigns of the Roman emperours.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

AMA'ZINGLY. adv.  [from amazing.] To a degree that may ex­
cite astonishment; wonderfully.
If we arise to the world of spirits, our knowledge of them
must be amazingly imperfect, when there is not the least grain
of sand but has too many difficulties belonging to it, for the
wisest philosopher to answer. Watts's Logick.

A'MAZON. n. s.  [α and μάζος.] The Amazons were a race of
women famous for valour, who inhabited Caucasus; they are so
called from their cutting off their breasts, to use their weapons
better. A warlike woman; a virago.
Stay, stay thy hands, thou art an amazon,
And fightest with the sword. Shakesp. Henry VI.


AMB

AMBA'GES. n. s.  [Lat.] A circuit of words; a circumlocutory
form of speech; a multiplicity of words; an indirect manner
of expression.
They gave those complex ideas names, that they might the
more easily record and discourse of things they were daily con­
versant in, without long ambages and circumlocutions; and that
the things, they were continually to give and receive informa­
tion about, might be the easier and quicker understood. Locke.

AMBA'GIOUS. adj.  [from ambages.] Circumlocutory; perplex­
ed; tedious. Dict.

AMBASSA'DE. n. s.  [ambassade, Fr.] Embassy; character or bu­
siness of an ambassador; a word not now in use.
When you disgraced me in my ambassade,
Then I degraded you from being king. Shak. Henry VI.

AMBA'SSADOUR. n. s.  [ambassadeur, Fr. embaxador, Span.
It is written differently, as it is supposed to come from the
French or Spanish language; and the original derivation being
uncertain, it is not easy to settle its orthography. Some derive
it from the Hebrew בשר, to tell, and םבשר, a messenger; others
from ambactus, which, in the old Gaulish, signified a servant;
whence ambascia, in low Latin, is found to signify service, and
ambasciator, a servant; others deduce it from ambacht, in old




Teutonick, signifying a government, and Junius mentions a possi­
bility of its descent from αναβαινω; and others from am for ad,
and bassus, low, as supposing the act of sending an ambassa­
dour, to be in some sort an act of submission. All these deri­
vations lead to write ambassadour, not embassadour.]
A person sent in a publick manner from one sovereign power
to another, and supposed to represent the power from which he
is sent. The person of an ambassadour is inviolable.
Ambassador is, in popular language, the general name of a
messenger from a sovereign power, and sometimes, ludicrously,
from common persons. In the juridical and formal language,
it signifies particularly a minister of the highest rank residing in
another country, and is distinguished from an envoy, who is of
less dignity.
Give first admittance to th' ambassadours. Shak. Hamlet.
Rais'd by these hopes, I sent no news before,
Nor ask'd you leave, nor did your faith implore;
But come, without a pledge, my own ambassadour. Dryden.
Oft have their black ambassadours appear'd
Loaden with gifts, and fill'd the courts of Zama. Add. Cato.

AMBA'SSADRESS. n. s.  [ambassadrice, Fr.] 
1. The lady of an ambassadour.
2. In ludicrous language, a woman sent on a message.
Well, my ambassadress———
Come you to menace war, and loud defiance?
Or does the peaceful olive grace your brow? Rowe's Penit.

A'MBASSAGE. n. s.  [from ambassadour.] An embassy; the busi­
ness of an ambassadour.
Maximilian entertained them with dilatory answers; so as
the formal part of their ambassage might well warrant their fur­
ther stay. Bacon's Henry VII.

A'MBER. n. s.  [from ambar, Arab. whence the lower writers
formed ambarum.] 
A yellow transparent substance of a gummous or bituminous
consistence, but a resinous taste, and a smell like oil of turpen­
tine; chiefly found in the Baltick sea, along the coasts of Prus­
sia. Some naturalists refer it to the vegetable, others to the mi­
neral, and some even to the animal kingdom. Pliny describes
it as a resinous juice, oozing from aged pines and firs, and dis­
charged thence into the sea; where, undergoing some altera­
tion, it is thrown, in this form, upon the shores of Prussia, which
lie very low. He adds, that it was hence the ancients gave it
the denomination of succinum, from succus, juice. This opinion
of the ancient naturalist is confirmed by the observation of many
of the moderns, particularly Father Camelli. Philos. Transact.
No 290. Some have imagined it a concretion of the tears of
birds; others, the urine of a beast; others, the scum of the lake
Cephisis, near the Atlantick; others, a congelation formed in
the Baltick, and in some fountains, where it is found swimming
like pitch. Others suppose it a bitumen trickling into the sea
from subterraneous sources; but this opinion is also discarded,
as good amber having been found in digging at a considerable
distance from the sea, as that gathered on the coast. Boerhaave
ranks it with camphire, which is a concrete oil of aromatick
plants, elaborated by heat into a crystalline form. Amber as­
sumes all figures in the ground; that of a pear, an almond, a
pea; and, among others, there have been found letters very well
formed, and even Hebrew and Arabick characters. Within
some pieces of amber have been found leaves, and insects includ­
ed; which seems to indicate, either that the amber was originally
in a fluid state, or, that having been exposed to the sun, it was
softened, and rendered susceptible of the leaves and insects. Am­
ber, when rubbed, draws or attracts bodies to it; and, by fric­
tion, is brought to yield light pretty copiously in the dark. Some
distinguish amber into yellow, white, brown, and black: but the
two latter are supposed to be of a different nature and denomi­
nation; the one called jet, the other ambergris. The white is
most valued for medicinal uses, and the yellow for being wrought
into beads and toys, because of its transparency. Trev. Chamb.
Liquid amber, is a kind of native balsam or resin, like turpen­
tine; clear, reddish, or yellowish; of a pleasant smell, almost
like ambergris. It flows from an incision made in the bark of
a fine large tree in New Spain, called by the natives ososol; but
it hardens, as it grows older, into a solid form, and is brought
to us in barrels. It is reputed an excellent balsam. Chambers.
If light penetrateth any clear body, that is coloured, as paint­
ed glass, amber, water, and the like, it gives the light the co­
lour of its medium. Peacham on Drawing.
No interwoven reeds a garland made,
To hide his brows within the vulgar shade;
But poplar wreathes around his temples spread,
And tears of amber trickled down his head. Addis. Italy.
The spoils of elephants the roofs inlay,
And studded amber darts a golden ray. Pope's Odyssey.

A'MBER. adj.  Consisting of amber.
With scarfs, and fans, and double charge of brav'ry,
With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knav'ry.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

AMBER DRINK. n. s.  Drink of the colour of amber, or resemb­
ling amber in colour and transparency.
All your clear amber drink is flat. Bacon's Nat. History.

A'MBERGRIS. n. s.  [from amber and gris, or grey; that is, grey
amber.] 
A fragrant drug, that melts almost like wax, commonly of a
greyish or ash colour, used both as a perfume and a cordial. It
is found on the sea coasts of several warm countries, and on the
western coasts of Ireland. Some imagine it to be the excrement
of a bird, which, being melted by the heat of the sun, and wash­
ed off the shore by the waves, is swallowed by whales, who re­
turn it back in the condition we find it. Others conclude it
to be the excrement of a cetaceous fish, because sometimes found
in the intestines of such animals. But we have no instance of
any excrement capable of melting like wax; and if it were the
excrement of a whale, it should rather be found where these a­
nimals abound, as about Greenland. Others take it for a kind
of wax or gum, which distils from trees, and drops into the sea,
where it congeals. Many of the orientals imagine it springs
out of the sea, as naphtha does out of some fountains. Others
suppose it a sea mushroom, torn up from the bottom by the
violence of tempests. Others assert it to be a vegetable produc­
tion, issuing out of the root of a tree, whose roots always shoot
toward the sea, and discharge themselves into it. Others main­
tain, that ambergris is made from the honey-combs, which fall
into the sea from the rocks, where the bees had formed their
nests; several persons having seen pieces that were half amber­
gris, and half plain honey-comb; and others have found large
pieces of ambergris, in which, when broke, honey-comb, and
honey too, were found in the middle. Some affirm it to be a
true animal concrete, formed in balls in the body of the male
spermaceti whale, and lodged in a large oval bag over the tes­
ticles. But, besides that it is not one spermaceti whale in a
hundred, that is found to have ambergris, Neumann, chemist
to the king of Prussia, absolutely denies it to be an animal sub­
stance, as not yielding in the analysis, any one animal principle.
It may indeed be found in whales, but it must have been swal­
lowed by them. He concludes it to be a bitumen issuing out
of the earth into the sea; at first of a viscous consistence, but
hardening, by its mixture with some liquid naphtha, into the
form in which we find it. Trevoux. Chambers.
Bermudas wall'd with rocks, who does not know
That happy island, where huge lemons grow,
Where shining pearl, coral, and many a pound,
On the rich shore, of ambergris is found. Waller.

AMBER SEED, or musk seed, resembles millet, is of a bitterish
taste, and brought dry from Martinico and Egypt. The Egyp­
tians use it internally as a cordial. It gives a grateful scent to
the breath after eating. Chambers.

AMBER TREE. n. s.  [frutex Africanus ambram spirans.] A shrub,
whose beauty is in its small evergreen leaves, which grow as
close as heath, and, being bruised between the fingers, emit a
very fragrant odour. Millar.

AMBIDE'XTER. n. s.  [Lat.] 
1. A man who has equally the use of both his hands.
Rodiginus, undertaking to give a reason of ambidexters, and
left-handed men, delivereth a third opinion. Brown's Vul. Err.
2. A man who is equally ready to act on either side, in party dis­
putes. This sense is ludicrous.

AMBIDEXTE'RITY. n. s.  [from ambidexter.] 
1. The quality of being able equally to use both hands.
2. Double dealing.

AMBIDE'XTROUS. adj.  [from ambidexter, Lat.] 
1. Double dealing; practising on both sides.
Æsop condemns the double practices of trimmers, and all
false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings. L'Estrange's Fab.
2. Having, with equal facility, the use of either hand
Others, not considering ambidextrous and left-handed men,
do totally submit unto the efficacy of the liver. Vulgar Err.

AMBIDE'XTROUSENESS. n. s.  [from ambidextrous.] The quality
of being ambidextrous. Dict.

A'MBIENT. adj.  [ambiens, Lat.] Surrounding; encompassing;
investing.
This which yields or fills
All space, the ambient air wide-interfus'd. Paradise Lost.
The thickness of a plate requisite to produce any colour, de­
pends only on the density of the plate, and not on that of the
ambient medium. Newton's Opticks.
Around him dance the rosy hours,
And damasking the ground with flow'rs,
With ambient sweets perfume the morn. Fenton to L. Gower.
Illustrious virtues, who by turns have rose,
With happy laws her empire to sustain,
And with full pow'r assert her ambient main. Prior.
The ambient æther is too liquid and empty, to impel hori­
zontally with that prodigious celerity. Bentley's Sermons.

A'MBIGU. n. s.  [French.] An entertainment, consisting not
of regular courses, but of a medley of dishes set on together.
When straiten'd in your time, and servants few,
You'd richly then compose an ambigu;
Where first and second course, and your desert,
All in our single table have their part. King's Art of Cookery.

AMBIGU'ITY. n. s.  [from ambiguous.] Doubtfulness of mean­
ing; uncertainty of signification; double meaning.


With ambiguities they often entangle themselves, not mark­
ing what doth agree to the word of God in itself, and what
in regard of outward accidents. Hooker, b. v.
We can clear these ambiguities,
And know their spring, their head, their true descent.
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
The words are of single signification, without any ambigui­
ty; and therefore I shall not trouble you, by straining for an in­
terpretation, where there is no difficulty; or distinction, where
there is no difference. South.

AMBI'GUOUS. adj.  [ambiguus, Lat.] 
1. Doubtful; having two meanings; of uncertain signification.
But what have been thy answers, what but dark,
Ambiguous, and with doubtful sense deluding. Par. Regain.
Some expressions in the convenant were ambiguous, and were
left so; because the persons who framed them, were not all of
one mind. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. Applied to persons using doubtful expressions. It is applied
to expressions, or those that use them, not to a dubious, or sus­
pended state of mind.
Th' ambiguous god, who rul'd her lab'ring breast,
In these mysterious words his mind exprest;
Some truths reveal'd, in terms involv'd the rest. Dryd.
Silence at length the gay Antinous broke,
Constrain'd a smile, and thus ambiguous spoke. Pope's Odyss.

AMBI'GUOUSLY. adv.  [from ambiguous.] In an ambiguous man­
ner; doubtfully; uncertainly; with double meaning.

AMBI'GUOUSNESS. n. s.  [from ambiguous.] The quality of being
ambiguous; uncertainty of meaning; duplicity of significa­
tion.

AMBI'LOGY. n. s.  [from ambo, Lat. and λογος.] Talk of ambi­
guous or doubtful signification. Dict.

AMBI'LOQUOUS. adj.  [from ambo and loquor, Lat.] Using ambi­
guous and doubtful expressions. Dict.

AMBI'LOQUY. n. s.  [ambiloquium, Lat.] The use of doubtful and
indeterminate expressions; discourse of doubtful meaning. D.

A'MBIT. n. s.  [ambitus, Lat.] The compass or circuit of any
thing; the line that encompasses any thing.
The tusk of a wild boar winds about almost into a perfect
ring or hoop; only it is a little writhen. In measuring by the
ambit, it is long or round about a foot and two inches; its basis
an inch over. Grew's Musæum.

AMBI'TION. n. s.  [ambitio, Lat.] The desire of something higher
than is possessed at present.
1. The desire of preferment or honour.
Who would think, without having such a mind as Antiphi­
lus, that so great goodness could not have bound gratefulness?
and so high advancement not have satisfied his ambition? Sidn.
2. The desire of any thing great or excellent.
The quick'ning power would be, and so would rest;
The sense would not be only, but be well:
But wit's ambition longeth to the best,
For it desires in endless bliss to dwell. Sir J. Davies.
Urge them, while their souls
Are capable of this ambition;
Lest zeal, now melted by the windy breath
Of soft petitions, pity and remorse,
Cool and congeal again to what it was. Shakesp. K. John.
3. It is used with to before a verb, and of before a noun.
I had a very early ambition to recommend my self to your
Lordship's patronage. Addison.
There was an ambition of wit, and an affectation of gayety.
Pope's Preface to his Letters.

AMBI'TIOUS. adj.  [ambitiosus, Lat.] 
1. Seized or touched with ambition; desirous of advancement;
eager of honours; aspiring. It has the particle of before the
object of ambition.
The neighb'ring monarchs, by thy beauty led,
Contend in crouds, ambitious of thy bed:
The world is at thy choice, except but one,
Except but him thou canst not choose alone. Dryd. Fables.
You have been pleased not to suffer an old man to go dis­
contented out of the world, for want of that protection, of
which he had been so long ambitious. Dryden.
Trajan, a prince ambitious of glory, descended to the mouths
of the Tigris and Euphrates, and went upon the ocean, where,
seeing a vessel trading to the Indies, he had thoughts of out­
doing Alexander. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Eager to grow bigger; aspiring.
I have seen
Th' ambitious ocean swell, and rage, and foam,
To be exalted with the threatening clouds. Shakesp. J. Cæs.

AMBI'TIOUSLY. adv.  [from ambitious.] In an ambitious man­
ner; with eagerness of advancement or preference.
With such glad hearts did our despairing men
Salute th' appearance of the prince's fleet;
And each ambitiously would claim the ken,
That with first eyes did distant safety meet. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
Here Flecknoe, as a place to fame well known,
Ambitiously design'd his Sh—'s throne. Dryden.

AMBI'TIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from ambitious.] The quality of being
ambitious.

AMBI'TUDE. n. s.  [ambio, Lat.] Compass; circuit; circumfe­
rence.

To A'MBLE. v. n.  [ambler, Fr. ambulo, Lat.] 
1. To move upon an amble. [See AMBLE.]
It is good, on some occasions, to enjoy as much of the pre­
sent, as will not endanger our futurity; and to provide ourselves
of the virtuoso's saddle, which will be sure to amble, when the
world is upon the hardest trot. Dryden's Virgil, Dedication.
2. To move easily, without hard shocks, or shaking.
Who ambles time withal?—A rich man that hath not the
gout; for he lives merrily, because he feels no pain; knowing
no burden of heavy tedious penury: him time ambles withal.
Shakespeare's As you like it.
3. In a ludicrous sense, to move with submission, and by direc­
tion; as, a horse that ambles, uses a gait not natural.
A laughing, toying, wheedling, whimpering she,
Shall make him amble on a gossip's message,
And take the distaff with a hand as patient,
As ere did Hercules. Rowe's Jane Shore.
4. To walk daintily and affectedly.
I am rudely stampt, and want love's majesty,
To strut before a wanton ambling nymph. Shakesp. Ric. III.

A'MBLE. n. s.  [from to amble.] A pace or movement in which the
horse removes both his leg on one side; as, on the far side, he
removes his fore and hinder leg of the same side at one time,
whilst the legs on the near side stand still; and when the far legs
are upon the ground, the near side removes the fore leg and
hinder leg, and the legs on the far side stand still. An amble
is the first pace of young colts, but when they have strength to
trot, they quit it. There is no amble in the manage; riding­
masters allow only of walk, trot, and gallop. A horse may be
put from a trot to a gallop without stopping; but cannot be put
from an amble to a gallop without a stop, which interrupts the
justness of the manage. Farrier's Dict.

A'MBLER. n. s.  [from to amble.] A horse that has been taught
to amble; a pacer.

A'MBLINGLY. adv.  [from ambling.] With an ambling move­
ment.

AMBRO'SIA. n. s.  [αμβξοσία.] 
1. The imaginary food of the gods, from which every thing
eminently pleasing to the smell or taste, is called ambrosia.
2. The name of a plant.
It has male flosculous flowers, produced on separate parts of
the same plant from the fruit, having no visible petals; the
fruit which succeeds the female flowers, is shaped like a club,
and is prickly, containing one oblong seed in each.
The species are, 1. The marine or sea ambrosia. 2. Taller
unfavoury sea ambrosia. 3. The tallest Canada ambrosia, with
rough plane tree leaves. The first sort should be sown early in
the spring, under a warm wall. The second and third are com­
mon American weeds, which should be sown upon a gentle hot­
bed in the spring. None of them have much beauty to re­
commend them. Millar.

AMBRO'SIAL. adj.  [from ambrosia.] Partaking of the nature or
qualities of ambrosia; fragrant; delicious; delectable.
Thus while God spake, ambrosial fragrance fill'd
All heaven, and in the blessed spirits elect
Sense of new joy ineffable diffus'd. Milton's Parad. Lost.
The gifts of heaven my following song pursues,
Aerial honey, and ambrosial dews. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
To farthest shores th' ambrosial spirit flies,
Sweet to the world, and grateful to the skies. Pope.

A'MBRY. n. s.  [a word corrupted from almonry.] 
1. The place where the almoner lives, or where alms are distri­
buted.
2. The place where plate, and utensils for housekeeping, are
kept; also a cupboard for keeping cold victuals: a word still
used in the northern counties, and in Scotland.

AMBS ACE. n. s.  [from ambo, Lat. and ace.] A double ace; so
called when two dice turn up the ace.
I had rather be in this choice, than throw ambs ace for my
life. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
This will be yet clearer, by considering his own instance of
casting ambs ace, though it partake more of contingency than of
freedom. Supposing the positure of the party's hand who did
throw the dice, supposing the figure of the table, and of the
dice themselves, supposing the measure of force applied, and
supposing all other things which did concur to the production
of that cast, to be the very same they were, there is no doubt
but in this case the cast is necessary. Bramh. against Hobbes.

AMBULA'TION. n. s.  [ambulatio, Lat.] The act of walking.
From the occult and invisible motion of the muscles in sta­
tion, proceed more offensive lassitudes, than from ambulation.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 1.

A'MBULATORY. adj.  [ambulo, Lat.] 
1. That which has the power or faculty of walking.
The gradient, or ambulatory, are such as require some basis,
or bottom, to uphold them in their motions: such were those
strange inventions, commonly attributed to Dædalus, or self­
moving statues, which, unless violently detained, would of
themselves run away. Wilkins's Mathemat. Magick.


2. That which happens during a passage or walk.
He was sent to conduce hither the princess Henrietta Maria,
of whom his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels.
Wotton.
3. Moveable; as, an ambulatory court; a court which removes
from place to place for the exercise of its jurisdiction.

A'MBURY. n. s.  A bloody wart on any part of a horse's body.

AMBUSCA'DE. n. s.  [embuscade, Fr. See AMBUSH.] A private
station in which men lie to surprise others; ambush.
Then waving high her torch, the signal made,
Which rous'd the Grecians from their ambuscade. Dryden.
When I behold a fashionable table set out, I fancy that
gouts, fevers, and lethargies, with innumerable distempers, lie
in ambuscade among the dishes. Addison. Spect. No 195.

AMBUSCA'DO. n. s.  [emboscada, Span.] A private post, in order
to surprise an enemy.
Sometimes she driveth o'er a soldier's neck,
And then he dreams of cutting foreign throats,
Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,
Of healths five fathom deep. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

A'MBUSH. n. s.  [embusche, Fr. from bois a wood; whence em­
buscher, to hide in woods, ambushes being commonly laid un­
der the concealment of thick forests.] 
1. The post where soldiers or assassins are placed, in order to fall
unexpectedly upon an enemy.
Charge, charge, their ground the faint Taxallans yield,
Bold in close ambush, base in open field.
Dryden's Indian Emperour.
2. The act of surprising another, by lying in wait, or lodging in
a secret post.
Nor shall we need,
With dangerous expedition, to invade
Heav'n, whose high walls fear no assault or siege,
Or ambush from the deep. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
3. The state of being posted privately, in order to surprise; the
state of lying in wait.
The residue retired deceitfully towards the place of their
ambush, whence issued more. Then the earl gathered his small
company about him, and maintained the fight. But the ene­
my, whether perceiving some succours advancing, or whether
intending to draw the English further into their ambush, turned
away at an easy pace. Hayward.
4. Perhaps the persons placed in private stations.
For you, my noble lord of Lancaster,
Once did I lay an ambush for your life. Shakesp. Richard II.

A'MBUSHED. adj.  [from ambush.] Placed in ambush; lying in
wait.
Thick as the shades, there issue swarming bands
Of ambush'd men, whom, by their arms and dress,
To be Taxallan enemies I guess. Dryd. Ind. Emp.

AMBU'SHMENT. n. s.  [from ambush; which see.] Ambush;
surprize: a word now not used.
Like as a wily fox, that having spied
Where on a sunny bank the lambs do play,
Full closely creeping by the hinder side,
Lies in ambushment of his hoped prey. Spenser's Muiopotmos.

AMBU'ST. adj.  [ambustus, Lat.] Burnt; scalded. Dict.

AMBU'STION. n. s.  [ambustio, Lat.] A burn; a scald.

A'MEL. n. s.  [email, Fr.] The matter with which the variegated
works are overlaid, which we call enamelled.
The materials of glass melted with calcined tin, compose an
undiaphanous body. This white amel is the basis of all those
fine concretes that goldsmiths and artificers employ in the cu­
rious art of enamelling. Boyle on Colours.



AME

AME'N. adv.  [A word of which the original has given rise to
many conjectures. Scaliger writes, that it is Arabick; and
the Rabbies make it the compound of the initials of three
words, signifying the Lord is a faithful king; but the word
seems merely Hebrew, אמן, which, with a long train of deri­
vatives, signifies firmness, certainty, fidelity.] 
A term used in devotions, by which, at the end of a prayer,
we mean, so be it, at the end of a creed, so it is.
One cried, God bless us! and, Amen! the other,
As they had seen me with these hangman's hands.
Listening their fear, I could not say Amen,
When they did say God bless us. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, from everlasting and to
everlasting, Amen and amen. Psalm xli. 13.

AME'NABLE. adj.  [amesnable, Fr. amener quelqu'un, in the French
courts, signifies, to oblige one to appear to answer a charge
exhibited against him.] Responsible; subject so as to be liable
to enquiries or accounts.
Again, because the inferiour sort were loose and poor, and
not amenable to the law, he provided, by another act, that five
of the best and eldest persons of every sept, should bring in all
the idle persons of their surname, to be justified by the law.
Sir John Davies on Ireland.

A'MENANCE. n. s.  [It seems to come from amener, Fr.] Con­
duct; behaviour; mien: a word disused.
For he is fit to use in all assays,
Whether for arms and warlike amenance,
Or else for wise and civil governance. Spens. Hubb. Tale.
Well kend him so far space,
Th' enchanter, by his arms and amenance,
When under him he saw his Lybian steed to prance.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. vi.

To AME'ND. v. a.  [amender, Fr. emendo, Lat.] 
1. To correct; to change any thing that is wrong to something
better.
2. To reform the life, or leave wickedness.
In these two cases we usually write mend. See MEND.
Amend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you to
dwell in this place. Jerem. vii. 3.
3. To restore passages in writers which the copiers are supposed
to have depraved; to recover the true reading.

To AME'ND. v. n.  To grow better. To amend differs from to
improve; to improve supposes or not denies that the thing is
well already, but to amend implies something wrong.
As my fortune either amends or impairs, I may declare it un­
to you. Sidney.
At his touch
Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand,
They presently amend. Shakesp. Macbeth.

AME'NDE. n. s.  [French.] This word, in French, signifies a
fine, by which recompense is supposed to be made for the fault
committed. We use, in a cognate signification, the word
amends.

AME'NDMENT. n. s.  [amendement, Fr.] 
1. A change from bad for the better.
Before it was presented on the stage, some things in it have
passed your approbation and amendment. Dryd. Aureng. Pref.
Man is always mending and altering his works; but nature
observes the same tenour, because her works are so perfect, that
there is no place for amendments; nothing that can be repre­
hended. Ray on the Creation.
There are many natural defects in the understanding, ca­
pable of amendment, which are overlooked and wholly neglec­
ted. Locke.
2. Reformation of life.
Our Lord and Saviour was of opinion, that they which
would not be drawn to amendment of life, by the testimony
which Moses and the prophets have given, concerning the mi­
series that follow sinners after death, were not likely to be per­
suaded by other means, although God from the dead should
have raised them up preachers. Hooker, b. v. § 22.
Behold! famine and plague, tribulation and anguish, are
sent as scourges for amendment. 2 Esdras, xvi. 19.
Though a serious purpose of amendment, and true acts of con­
trition, before the habit, may be accepted by God; yet there is
no sure judgment whether this purpose be serious, or these acts
true acts of contrition. Hammond's Practical Catechism.
3. Recovery of health.
Your honour's players hearing your amendment,
Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shakesp. Tam. Shrew.

AME'NDMENT.  [emendatio, Lat.] It signifies, in law, the correc­
tion of an errour committed in a process, and espied before or
after judgment; and sometimes after the party's seeking ad­
vantage by the errour. Blount.

AME'NDER. n. s.  [from amend.] The person that amends any
thing.

AME'NDS. n. s.  [amende, Fr. from which it seems to be acciden­
tally corrupted.] Recompense; compensation; attonement.
If I have too austerely punished you,
Your compensation makes amends. Shakesp. Tempest.
Of the amends recovered, little or nothing returns to those
that had suffered the wrong, but commonly all runs into the
prince's coffers. Sir W. Raleigh's Essays.
Where I a pris'ner chain'd, scarce freely draw
The air imprison'd also, close and damp,
Unwholsome draught; but here I feel amends,
The breath of heav'n fresh blowing, pure and sweet,
With day-spring born; here leave me to respire.
Milton's Sampson Agonistes.
Some little hopes I have yet remaining, that I make the
world some part of amends for many ill plays, by an heroick
poem. Dryden's Aureng. Preface.
If our souls be immortal, this makes abundant amends and
compensation for the frailties of life, and sufferings of this
state. Tillotson.
It is a strong argument for retribution hereafter, that vir­
tuous persons are very often unfortunate, and vicious persons
prosperous; which is repugnant to the nature of a Being, who
appears infinitely wise and good in all his works; unless we may
suppose that such a promiscuous distribution, which was neces­
sary for carrying on the designs of providence in this life, will
be rectified and made amends for in another. Spect. No 483.

AME'NITY. n. s.  [amenité, Fr. amænitas, Lat.] Pleasantness;
agreeableness of situation.
If the situation of Babylon was such at first, as it was in the
days of Herodotus, it was rather a seat of amenity and pleasure,
than conducing unto this intention. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To AME'RCE. v. a.  [amercier, Fr. Οφϑαλμων μὲν ἄμεϱζε, seems
to give the original.] 
1. To punish with a pecuniary penalty; to exact a fine; to in­


flict a forfeiture. It is a word originally juridical, but adopted
by other writers.
But I'll amerce you with so strong a fine,
That you shall all repent the loss of mine.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
All the suitors were considerably amerced; yet this proved but
an ineffectual remedy for those mischiefs. Hale's Law of Engl.
2. Sometimes with the particle in before the fine.
They shall amerce him in an hundred shekels of silver, and
give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought
up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel. Deut. xxii. 19.
3. Sometimes it is used, in imitation of the Greek construction,
with the particle of.
Millions of spirits, for his fault amerc'd
Of heav'n, and from eternal splendours flung
For his revolt. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.

AME'RCER. n. s.  [from amerce.] He that sets a fine upon any
misdemeanour; he that decrees or inflicts any pecuniary pu­
nishment or forfeiture.

AME'RCEMENT. n. s.  [from amerce.] The pecuniary punish­
ment of an offender, who stands at the
mercy of the king, or other lord in his court. Cowell.

AME'RCIAMENT. n. s.  [from amerce.] The pecuniary punish­
ment of an offender, who stands at the
mercy of the king, or other lord in his court. Cowell.
All amercements and fines that shall be imposed upon them,
shall come unto themselves. Spenser's State of Ireland.

AMES ACE. n. s.  [a corruption of the word ambs ace, which ap­
pears, from very old authorities, to have been early softened by
omitting the b.] Two aces on two dice.
But then my study was to cog the dice,
And dext'rously to throw the lucky sice:
To shun ames ace, that swept my stakes away;
And watch the box, for fear they should convey
False bones, and put upon me in the play. Dryd. Persius.

A'MESS. n. s.  [corrupted from amice.] A priest's vestment. Dict.

AMETHO'DICAL. adj.  [from a and method.] Out of method;
without method; irregular.

A'METHYST. n. s.  [αμέϑυϛος, contrary to wine, or contrary to
drunkenness; so called, either because it is not quite of the co­
lour of wine, or because it was imagined to prevent inebria­
tion.] 
A precious stone of a violet colour, bordering on purple.
The oriental amethyst is the hardest, scarcest, and most valuable;
it is generally of a dove colour, though some are purple, and
others white like the diamond. The German is of a violet co­
lour, and the Spanish are of three sorts; the best are the blackest
or deepest violet; others are almost quite white, and some few
tinctured with yellow. They are found in a hill named St. Sig­
minont, in Catalonia, by following the vein of reddish or black
earth, or a vein in a rock so coloured, and are all hexangular,
and pointed like crystal. Sometimes a great number is found
sticking together, like the Bristol diamonds; but the best are
found loose in the chinks of the rock. Beautiful ones are
also found in the Pyreneans, and in the mountains of Auvergne.
The amethyst is not extremely hard, but easy to be engraved
upon, and is next in value to the emerald. Savary. Chambers.
I observed some stones that nearly approached the granate
complection; and several very nearly resembling the amethyst.
Woodward on Fossils.

A'METHYST  [in heraldry] signifies the same colour in a noble­
man's coat, that purpure does in a gentleman's.

AMETHY'STINE. adj.  [from amethyst.] Resembling an amethyst
in colour.



AMI

A'MIABLE. adj.  [aimable, Fr.] 
1. Lovely; pleasing.
That which is good in the actions of men, doth not only de­
light as profitable, but as amiable also. Hooker.
She told her, while she kept it,
'Twould make her amiable, subdue my father
Intirely to her love; but if she lost it,
Or made a gift of it, my father's eye
Should hold her loathed. Shakesp. Othello.
2. Pretending love; shewing love.
Spend all, only give me so much time in exchange, as to lay
amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife; use your art of
wooing. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

A'MIABLENESS. n. s.  [from amiable.] The quality of being ami­
able; loveliness; power of raising love.
As soon as the natural gaiety and amiableness of the young
man wears off, they have nothing left to commend them, but lie
by among the lumber and refuse of the species. Addis. Guard.

A'MIABLY. adv.  [from amiable.] In an amiable manner; in
such a manner as to excite love.

A'MICABLE. adj.  [amicabilis, Lat.] Friendly; kind. It is
commonly used of more than one; as, they live in an amicable
manner; but we seldom say, an amicable action, or an amicable
man, though it be so used in this passage.
O grace serene! oh virtue heav'nly fair,
Divine oblivion of low-thoughted care!
Fresh blooming hope, gay daughter of the sky!
And faith, our early immortality!
Enter each mild, each amicable guest;
Receive and wrap me in eternal rest. Pope's Elo. to Abelard.

A'MICABLENESS. n. s.  [from amicable.] The quality of being
amicable; friendliness; goodwill.

A'MICABLY. adv.  [from amicable.] In an amicable manner; in
a friendly way; with goodwill and concord.
They see
Through the dun mist, in blooming beauty fresh,
Two lovely youths, that amicably walkt
O'er verdant meads, and pleas'd, perhaps, revolv'd
Anna's late conquests. Philips.
I sound my subjects amicably join,
To lessen their defects, by citing mine. Prior.
In Holland itself, where it is pretended that the variety of
fects live so amicably together, it is notorious how a turbulent
party, joining with the Arminians, did attempt to destroy the
republick. Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of England man.

A'MICE. n. s.  [amictus, Lat. amict, Fr. Primum ex sex indumentis
episcopo & presbyteriis communibus sunt, amictus, alba, cingulum,
stola, manipulus, & planeta. Du Cange. Amictus quo collum
stringitur, & pectus tegitur, castitatem interioris hominis designat;
tegit enim cor, ne vanitates cogitet, stringit autem collum, ne inde
ad linguam transeat mendacium. Bruno.] The first or undermost
part of a priest's habit, over which he wears the alb.
Thus pass'd the night so foul, till morning fair
Came forth with pilgrim steps in amice grey. Paradise Reg.
On some a priest, succinct in amice white,
Attends. Pope's Dunciad, b. iv. l. 441.

AMI'D. prep.  [from a and mid, or midst.] 
AMI'DST. prep.  [from a and mid, or midst.] 
1. In the midst; equally distant from either extremity.
Of the fruit
Of each tree in the garden we may eat;
But of the fruit of this fair tree, amidst
The garden, God hath said, ye shall not eat. Paradise Lost.
The two ports, the bagnio, and Donatelli's statue of the great
duke, amidst the four slaves, chained to his pedestal, are very
noble sights. Addison on Italy.
2. Mingled with; surrounded by; in the abmit of another thing.
Amid my flock with woe my voice I tear,
And, but bewitch'd, who to his flock would moan? Sidney.
So hills amid the air encounter'd hills,
Hurl'd to and fro, with jaculation dire. Milt. Parad. Lost.
What have I done, to name that wealthy swain,
The boar amidst my crystal streams I bring;
And southern winds to blast my flow'ry spring. Dryd. Virg.
Amata's breast the fury thus invades,
And fires with rage amid the sylvan shades. Dryd. Æneid.
3. Amongst; conjoined with.
What tho' no real voice nor sound
Amid their radiant orbs be found?
In reason's ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice,
For ever singing, as they shine,
“The hand that made us is divine.” Addis. Spect. No 465.

AMI'SS. adv.  [from a, which, in this form of composition, often
signifies according to, and miss, the English particle, which shews
any thing, like the Greek ϖαϱά, to be wrong; as, to miscount,
to count erroneously; to misdo, to commit a crime: amiss there­
fore signifies not right, or out of order.] 
1. Faulty; criminal.
For that which thou hast sworn to do amiss,
Is yet amiss when it is truly done. Shakesp. King John.
2. Faultily; criminally.
We hope therefore to reform ourselves, if at any time we
have done amiss, is not to sever ourselves from the church we
were of before. Hooker, b. iii. § 1.
O ye powers that search
The heart of man, and weigh his inmost thoughts,
If I have done amiss, impute it not. Addison's Cato.
3. In an ill sense.
She sigh'd withal, they constru'd all amiss,
And thought she wish'd to kill who long'd to kiss. Fairfax.
4. Wrong; improper; unfit.
Examples have not generally the force of laws, which all
men ought to keep, but of counsels only and persuasions, not
amiss to be followed by them, whose case is the like. Hooker.
Methinks, though a man had all science, and all principles,
yet it might not be amiss to have some conscience. Tillots. Pref.
5. Wrong; not according to the perfection of the thing, what­
ever it be.
Your kindred is not much amiss, 'tis true;
Yet I am somewhat better born than you. Dryden.
I built a wall, and when the masons plaid the knaves, no­
thing delighted me so much as to stand by, while my servants
threw down what was amiss. Swift.
6. Reproachful; irreverent.
Every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing
amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego,
shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghil;
because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort.
Daniel, iii. 29.
7. Impaired in health; as, I was somewhat amiss yesterday, but
am well to day.
8. Amiss is marked as an adverb, though it cannot always be ad­
verbially rendered; because it always follows the substantive to


which it relates, contrary to the nature of adjectives in Eng­
lish; and though we say the action was amiss, we never say an
amiss action.
9. Amiss is used by Shakespeare as a noun substantive.
To my sick soul, as sin's true nature is,
Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss. Hamlet.

AMI'SSION. n. s.  [amissio, Lat.] Loss.

To AMI'T. v. a.  [amitto, Lat.] To lose: a word little in use.
Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air, whereby it
acquireth no new form, but rather a consistence or determina­
tion of its diffluency, and amitteth not its essence, but condition
of fluidity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

A'MITY. n. s.  [amitie, Fr. amicitia, Lat.] Friendship, whether
publick between nations, opposed to war, or among the people,
opposed to discord, or between private persons.
The prophet David did think, that the very meeting of men
together, and their accompanying one another to the house of
God, should make the bond of their love insoluble, and tie them
in a league of inviolable amity. Hooker, b. v. § 38.
The monarchy of Great Britain was in league and amity with
all the world. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
You have a noble and a true conceit
Of godlike amity; which appears most strongly
In bearing thus the absence of your lord. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
And ye, oh Tyrians, with immortal hate
Pursue this race, this service dedicate
To my deplored ashes; let there be
'Twixt us and them no league nor amity. Sir John Denham.



AMM

AMMONI'AC. n. s.  The name of a drug.

GUM AMMONIAC  is brought from the East Indies, and is sup­
posed to ooze from an umbelliferous plant. Dioscorides says,
it is the juice of a kind of ferula growing in Barbary, and the
plant is called agasyllis. Pliny calls the tree metopion, which, he
says, grows near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, whence the
gum takes its name. It ought to be in dry drops, white with­
in, yellowish without, easily fusible, resinous, somewhat bitter,
and of a very sharp taste and smell, somewhat like garlick. This
gum is said to have served the ancients for incense, in their sa­
crifices. It enters several medicinal compositions, as an atte­
nuant and detergent; and, outwardly applied, it is resolutive
and suppurative. Savary. Trevoux.

SAL AMMONIAC  is a volatile salt of two kinds, ancient and mo­
dern. The ancient sort, described by Pliny and Dioscorides,
was a native salt, generated in those large inns or caravanseras,
where the crouds of pilgrims, coming from the temple of Jupi­
ter Ammon, used to lodge; who, in those parts, travelling up­
on camels, and those creatures when in Cyrene, a province of
Egypt, where that celebrated temple stood, urining in the sta­
bles, or, say some, in the parched sands, out of this urine, which
is remarkably strong, arose a kind of salt, denominated some­
times from the temple, Ammoniac, and sometimes from the
country, Cyreniac. Since the cessation of these pilgrimages,
no more of this salt is produced there; and, from this deficien­
cy, some suspect there never was any such thing: but this sus­
picion is removed, by the large quantities of a salt, nearly of
the same nature, thrown out by mount Ætna. The characters
of the ancient sal ammoniac are, that it cools water, turns aqua
fortis into aqua regia, and consequently dissolves gold.
The modern sal ammoniac is entirely factitious, and made in
Egypt; where several long-necked glass bottles, being filled with
soot, a little sea salt, and the urine of cattle, and having their
mouths luted with a piece of wet cotton, are placed over an
oven or furnace, contrived for the purpose, in a thick bed of
ashes, nothing but the necks appearing, and kept there two days
and a night, with a continual strong fire. The steam swells up
the cotton, and forms a paste at the vent-hole, hindering the
salts from evaporating; which, being confined, stick to the top
of the bottle, and are, upon breaking it, taken out in those large
cakes, which they send to England. Only soot exhaled from
dung, is the proper ingredient in this preparation; and the
dung of camels affords the strongest and best.
Our chymists imitate the Egyptian sal ammoniac, by adding
one part of common salt to five of urine; with which some mix
that quantity of soot, and putting the whole in a vessel, they
raise from it, by sublimation, a white, friable, farinaceous sub­
stance, which they call sal ammoniac. There are various pre­
parations of this salt used in pharmacy; as, sublimate of sal am­
moniac, and flowers of sal ammoniac, used as sudorificks, diu­
reticks, and good aperients; volatile sal ammoniac, used against
malignant fevers, as a sudorifick, and in pocket bottles; spirit
of sal ammoniac, of various kinds. Chambers.

AMMONI'ACAL. adj.  [from ammoniac.] Having the properties
of ammoniac salt.
Human blood calcin'd, yields no fixed salt; nor is it a sal
ammoniack; for that remains immutable after repeated distil­
lations; and distillation destroys the ammoniacal quality of ani­
mal salts, and turns them alkaline: so that it is a salt neither
quite fixed, nor quite volatile, nor quite acid, nor quite alka­
line, nor quite ammoniacal; but soft and benign, approaching
nearest to the nature of sal ammoniac. Arbuthnot.

AMMUNI'TION. n. s.  [supposed by some to come from amonitio,
which, in the barbarous ages, seems to have signified supply of
provision; but it, surely, may be more reasonably derived from
munitio, fortification; choses à munitions, things for the fortresses.] 
Military stores.
They must make themselves defensible against strangers; and
must have the assistance of some able military man, and conve­
nient arms and ammunition for their defence. Bacon.
The colonel staid to put in the ammunition he brought with
him; which was only twelve barrels of powder, and twelve
hundred weight of match. Clarendon, b. viii.
All the rich mines of learning ransackt are,
To furnish ammunition for this war. Denham.
But now his stores of ammunition spent,
His naked valour is his only guard:
Rare thunders are from his dumb cannon sent,
And solitary guns are scarcely heard. Dryden's Annus Mir.

AMMUNI'TION BREAD. n. s.  Bread for the supply of the armies
or garrisons.

A'MNESTY. n. s.  [ἀμνηστία.] An act of oblivion; an act by which
crimes against the government, to a certain time, are so obli­
terated, that they can never be brought into charge.
I never read of a law enacted to take away the force of all
laws, by which a man may safely commit upon the last of June,
what he would infallibly be hanged for, if he committed it on
the first of July; by which the greatest criminals may escape,
provided they continue long enough in power, to antiquate their
crimes, and, by stifling them a while, deceive the legislature in­
to an amnesty. Swift.

AMNI'COLIST. n. s.  [amnicola, Lat.] Inhabiting near a river. D.

AMNI'GENOUS. n. s.  [amnigenus, Lat.] Born of a river. Dict.

A'MNION. n. s.  [Lat. perhaps from ἄμνος.] 
A'MNIOS. n. s.  [Lat. perhaps from ἄμνος.] 
The innermost membrane with which the fœtus in the womb
is most immediately covered, and with which the rest of the se­
cundines, the chorion, and alantois, are ejected after birth. It is
whiter and thinner than the chorion. It also contains a nutri­
tious humour, separated by glands for that purpose, with which
the fœtus is preserved. It is outwardly cloathed with the uri­
nary membrane, and the chorion, which sometimes stick so
close to one another, that they can scarce be separated. It has
also its vessels from the same origin as the chorion. Quincy.



AMO

AMO'MUM. n. s.  [Lat.] A sort of fruit.
The commentators on Pliny and Dioscorides differ about the
ancient amomum; but the generality of them suppose it to be
a fruit different from ours. Scaliger is confident, that the amo­
mum was no fruit; but the wood, which bore some resem­
blance to a bunch of grapes, and was used in embalming of bo­
dies; whence the name mummy was given to bodies embalmed
with it. The modern amomum appears to be the sison, or sium,
of the ancients, or bastard stone-parslley. It resembles the muscat
grape, grows in clusters, and is about the thickness of a pea,
round, membranous, and divided into three cells, that contain
several brown angular grains, of a very strong aromatick taste
and smell. This fruit is brought from the East Indies, and
makes part of the composition of treacle. It is of a hot spicy
taste and smell. There is likewise another paler seed, named
amomum; but neither are in much repute in physick.
Trevoux. Chambers.

AMO'NG. prep.  [amang, gemang, Saxon.] 
AMO'NGST. prep.  [amang, gemang, Saxon.] 
1. Mingled with; placed with other persons or things; on every
side.
Amongst strawberries sow here and there some borage-seed;
and you shall find the strawberries under those leaves far more
large than their fellows. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 441.
The voice of God they heard,
Now walking in the garden, by soft winds
Brought to their ears, while day declin'd: they heard,
And from his presence hid themselves, among
The thickest trees, both man and wise. Paradise Lost.
2. Conjoined with others, so as to make part of the number.
I have then, as you see, observed the failings of many great
wits amongst the moderns, who have attempted to write an epic
poem. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.
There were, among the old Roman statues, several of Venus
in different postures and habits; as there are many particular
figures of her made after the same design. Addison on Italy.

A'MORIST. n. s.  [from amour.] An inamorato; a galant; a man
professing love.
Female beauties are as sickle in their faces as their minds;
though casualties should spare them, age brings in a necessity of
decay; leaving doters upon red and white, perplexed by incer­
tainty both of the continuance of their mistress's kindness, and
her beauty, both which are necessary to the amorist's joys and
quiet. Boyle.

AMORO'SO. n. s.  [Ital.] A man enamoured. Dict.

A'MOROUS. adj.  [amoroso, Ital.] 
1. In love; enamoured; with the particle of before the thing lov­
ed; in Shakespeare, on.
Sure, my brother is amorous on Hero; and hath withdrawn
her father to break with him about it.
Shakespeare's Much ado about nothing.
Apes, as soon as they have brought forth their young, keep their


eyes fastened on them, and are never weary of admiring their
beauty: so amorous is nature of whatsoever she produces.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Naturally inclined to love; disposed to fondness; fond.
The am'rous master own'd her potent eyes,
Sigh'd when he look'd, and trembl'd as he drew;
Each flowing line confirm'd his first surprize,
And as the piece advanc'd, the passion grew. Prior.
3. Relating, or belonging to love.
I that am not shap'd for sportive tricks,
Nor made to court an am'rous looking-glass,
I, that am rudely stampt. Shakesp. Rich. III.
And into all things from her air inspir'd
The spirit of love, and amorous delight. Parad. Lost, b. viii.
In the amorous net
First caught they lik'd; and each his liking chose.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 586.
O! how I long my careless limbs to lay
Under the plantane's shade, and all the day
With am'rous airs my fancy entertain,
Invoke the muses, and improve my vein! Waller.

A'MOROUSLY. adv.  [from amorous.] Fondly; lovingly.
When thou wilt swim in that live-bath,
Each fish, which every channel hath,
Will amorously to thee swim,
Gladder to catch thee, than thou him. Donne.

A'MOROUSNESS. n. s.  [from amorous.] The quality of being a­
morous; fondness; lovingness; love.
All Gynecia's actions were interpreted by Basilius, as pro­
ceeding from jealousy of his amorousness. Sidney, b. ii.
I can readily believe that Lindamor has wit, and amorousness
enough, to make him find it more easy to defend fair ladies,
than to defend himself against them. Boyle on Colours.

AMO'RT. adv.  [à la mort, Fr.] In the state of the dead; de­
jected; depressed; spiritless.
How fares my Kate? what, sweeting, all amort?
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

AMORTIZA'TION. n. s.  [amortissement, amortissable, Fr.] The
right or act of transferring lands to mort­
main; that is, to some community, that never is to cease.

AMO'RTIZEMENT. n. s.  [amortissement, amortissable, Fr.] The
right or act of transferring lands to mort­
main; that is, to some community, that never is to cease.
Every one of the religious orders was confirmed by one pope
or other; and they made an especial provision for them, after
the laws of amortization were devised and put in use by princes.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

To AMO'RTIZE. v. a.  [amortir, Fr.] To alien lands or te­
nements to any corporation, guild or fraternity, and their suc­
cessors; which cannot be done without licence of the king, and
the lord of the manour. Blount.
This did concern the kingdom to have farms sufficient to
maintain an able body out of penury, and to amortize part of
the lands unto the yeomanry, or middle part of the people.
Bacon's Henry VII.

To AMO'VE. v. a.  [amoveo, Lat.] 
1. To remove from a post or station: a juridical sense.
2. To remove; to move; to alter: a sense now out of use.
Therewith, amoved from his sober mood,
And lives he yet, said he, that wrought this act?
And do the heavens afford him vital food? Fairy Queen.

To AMO'UNT. v. n.  [monter, Fr.] 
1. To rise to in the accumulative quantity; to compose in the
whole; with the particle to. It is used of several sums in quan­
tities added together.
Let us compute a little more particularly how much this will
amount to, or how many oceans of water would be necessary to
compose this great ocean rowling in the air, without bounds or
banks. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. It is used, figuratively, of the consequence rising from any thing
taken altogether.
The errours of young men are the ruin of business; but the
errours of aged men amount but to this, that more might have
been done, or sooner. Bacon's Essays Civil and Moral.
Judgments that are made on the wrong side of the danger,
amount to no more than an affectation of skill, without either
credit or effect. L'Estrange.

AMO'UNT. n. s.  [from To amount.] The sum total; the result
of several sums or quantities accumulated.
And now, ye lying vanities of life,
Where are you now, and what is your amount?
Vexation, disappointment, and remorse. Thomson's Winter.

AMO'UR. n. s.  [amour, Fr. amor, Lat.] An affair of gallantry;
an intrigue: generally used of vicious love. The ou sounds
like oo in poor.
No man is of so general and diffusive a lust, as to prosecute
his amours all the world over; and let it burn never so outra­
geously, yet the impure flame will either die of itself, or con­
sume the body that harbours it. South's Sermons.
The restless youth search'd all the world around;
But how can Jove in his amours be found?
Addison's Ovid's Metam.

A'MPER. n. s.  [ampre, Sax.] A tumour, with inflammation;
bile: a word said, by Skinner, to be much in use in Essex;
but, perhaps, not found in books.



AMP

AMPHI'BIOUS. adj.  [ἄμφι and βίος.] That which partakes
of two natures, so as to live in two elements; as, in air and
water.
A creature of amphibious nature,
On land a beast, a fish in water. Hudibras, cant. iii.
Those are called amphibious, which live freely in the air, up­
on the earth, and yet are observed to live long upon water, as
if they were natural inhabitants of that element; though it be
worth the examination to know, whether any of those crea­
tures that live at that ease, and by choice, a good while, or at
any time upon the earth, can live, a long time together, perfect­
ly under water. Locke.
Fishes contain much oil, and amphibious animals participate
somewhat of the nature of fishes, and are oily. Arbuthnot.

AMPHI'BIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from amphibious.] The quality of be­
ing able to live in different elements.

AMPHIBOLO'GICAL. adj.  [from amphibology.] Doubtful.

AMPHIBOLO'GICALLY. adv.  [from amphibological.] Doubtfully;
with a doubtful meaning.

AMPHIBO'LOGY. n. s.  [ἄμφἰβολογία.] Discourse of uncer­
tain meaning. It is distinguished from equivocation, which
means the double signification of a single word; as, noli regem
occidere, timere bonum est, is amphibology; captare lepores, mean­
ing by lepores, either hares or jests, is equivocation.
Now the fallacies, whereby men deceive others, and are de­
ceived themselves, the ancients have divided into verbal and
real; of the verbal, and such as conclude from mistakes of the
word, there are but two worthy our notation; the fallacy of
equivocation and amphibology. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
In defining obvious appearances, we are to use what is most
plain and easy; that the mind be not misled by amphibologies,
or ill conceived notions, into fallacious deductions.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

AMPHI'BOLOUS. adj.  [ἄμφι and βάλλω.] Tossed from one to an­
other; striking each way.
Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel, both parties de­
claring themselves for the king, and making use of his name in
all their remonstrances, to justify their actions. Howell.

AMPHI'LOGY. n. s.  [ἄμφι and λόγος.] Equivocation; ambiguity. D.

AMPHISBÆ'NA. n. s.  [Lat. ἀμφισβάινη.] A serpent supposed to
have two heads.
That the amphisbæna, that is, a smaller kind of serpent,
which moveth forward and backward, hath two heads, or one
at either extreme, was affirmed by Nicander, and others.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbæna dire,
Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and ellops drear,
And dipsas. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

AMPHI'SCII. n. s.  [Lat. ἀμφίσϰιοι, of αμφι and σϰία, a shadow.] 
Those people dwelling in climates, wherein the shadows, at
different times of the year, fall both ways; to the north pole,
when the sun is in the southern signs, and to the south pole,
when he is in the northern signs. These are the people who
inhabit the torrid zone.

AMPHITHE'ATRE. n. s.  [of ἀμφιθέατϱον, of ἀμφι and θέάομαι.] A
building in a circular or oval form, having its area encompassed
with rows of seats one above another; where spectators might
behold spectacles, as stage-plays, or gladiators. The theatres
of the ancients were built in the form of a semicircle, only ex­
ceeding a just semicircle by one fourth part of the diameter;
and the amphitheatre is two theatres joined together; so that
the longest diameter of the amphitheatre, was to the shortest,
as one and a half to one.
Within, an amphitheatre appear'd
Rais'd in degrees; to sixty paces rear'd,
That when a man was plac'd in one degree,
Height was allow'd for him above to see. Dryd. Fables.
Conceive a man placed in the burning iron chair at Lyons,
amid the insults and mockeries of a crouded amphitheatre, and
still keeping his seat; or stretched upon a grate of iron, over
coals of fire, and breathing out his soul, among the exquisite
sufferings of such a tedious execution, rather than renounce
his religion, or blaspheme his Saviour. Addis. on the Chr. Rel.

A'MPLE. adj.  [amplus, Lat.] 
1. Large; wide; extended.
Heav'n descends
In universal bounty, shedding herbs,
And fruits, and flowers, on nature's ample lap. Thomson.
2. Great in bulk.
Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of
grief?———
She took 'em, and read 'em in my presence,
And now and then an ample tear trill'd down
Her delicate cheeks. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Unlimited; without restriction.
Have what you ask, your presents I receive;
Land where, and when you please, with ample leave. Dryd.
4. Liberal; large; without parsimony.
If we speak of strict justice, God could no way have been
bound to require man's labours in so large and ample manner as
human felicity doth import; in as much as the dignity of this
exceedeth so far the other's value. Hooker.


5. Large; splendid; without reservation.
To dispose the prince the more willingly to undertake his
relief, the earl made ample promises, that, within so many days
after the siege should be raised, he would advance his highness's
levies with two thousand men. Clarendon, b. viii.
6. Diffusive; not contracted; as, an ample narrative; that is, not
an epitome.

A'MPLENESS. n. s.  [from ample.] The quality of being ample;
largeness; splendour.
Impossible it is for a person of my condition to produce any
thing in proportion either to the ampleness of the body you re­
present, or of the places you bear. South.

To A'MPLIATE. v. a.  [amplio, Lat.] To enlarge; to make
greater; to extend.
He shall solemnly look upon it, not only to destroy ours, but
to establish his own; not to traduce or extenuate, but to ex­
plain and dilucidate, to add and ampliate, according to the cus­
tom of the ancients. Brown's Preface to Vulgar Errours.

AMPLIA'TION. n. s.  [from ampliate.] 
1. Enlargement; exaggeration; extension.
Odious matters admit not of an ampliation, but ought to be
restrained and interpreted in the mildest sense. Ayliffe's Parer.
2. Diffuseness; enlargement.
The obscurity of the subject, and the prejudice and prepos­
session of most readers, may plead excuse for any ampliations or
repetitions that may be found, whilst I labour to express myself
plain and full. Holder's Elements of Speech, Preface.

To AMPLI'FICATE. v. a.  [amplifico, Lat.] To enlarge; to
spread out; to amplify. Dict.

AMPLIFICA'TION. n. s.  [amplification, Fr. amplificatio, Lat.] 
1. Enlargement; extension.
2. It is usually taken in a rhetorical sense, and implies exaggerated
representation, or diffuse narrative; an image heightened be­
yond reality; a narrative enlarged with many circumstances.
I shall summarily, without any amplification at all, shew in
what manner defects have been supplied. Sir J. Davies.
Things unknown seem greater than they are, and are usu­
ally received with amplifications above their nature.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.
Is the poet justifiable for relating such incredible amplifica­
tions? It may be answered, if he had put these extravagances
into the mouth of Ulysses, he had been unpardonable; but
they suit well with the character of Alcinous. Pope's Od. notes.

A'MPLIFIER. n. s.  [from To amplify.] One that enlarges any
thing; one that exaggerates; one that represents any thing
with a large display of the best circumstances; it being usually
taken in a good sense.
Dorillaus could need no amplifier's mouth for the highest
point of praise. Sidney, b. ii.

To A'MPLIFY. v. a.  [amplifier, Fr.] 
1. To enlarge; to encrease any material substance, or object of
sense.
So when a great moneyed man hath divided his chests, and
coins, and bags, he seemeth to himself richer than he was: and
therefore a way to amplify any thing, is to break it, and to make
anatomy of it in several parts, and to examine it according to
the several circumstances. Bacon's Essays.
All concaves that proceed from more narrow to more broad,
do amplify the sound at the coming out. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. To enlarge, or extend any thing incorporeal.
For as the reputation of the Roman prelates grew up in these
blind ages, so grew up in them withal, a desire of amplifying
their power, that they might be as great in temporal forces, as
mens opinions have formed them in spiritual matters. Raleigh.
3. To exaggerate any thing; to enlarge it by the manner of re­
presentation.
Since I have plainly laid open the negligence and errours of
every age that is past, I would not willingly seem to flatter the
present, by amplifying the diligence and true judgment of those
servitours that have laboured in this vineyard. Davies on Irel.
Thy general is my lover; I have been
The book of his good acts; whence men have read
His same unparallel'd, haply amplified. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. To enlarge; to improve by new additions.
I feel age advancing, and my health is insufficient to increase
and amplify these remarks, to confirm and improve these rules,
and to illuminate the several pages. Watts.

To A'MPLIFY. v. n.  Frequently with the particle on.
1. To speak largely in many words; to lay one's self out in dif­
fusion.
When you affect to amplify on the former branches of a dis­
course, you will often lay a necessity upon yourself of contrac­
ting the latter, and prevent yourself in the most important part
of your design. Watts's Logick.
2. To form large or pompous representations.
I have sometimes been forced to amplify on others; but here
where the subject is so fruitful, that the harvest overcomes the
reaper, I am shortened by my chain. Dryd. Fab. Ded.
Homer amplifies, not invents; and as there was really a peo­
ple called Cyclopeans, so they might be men of great stature,
or giants. Pope's Odyssey, notes.

A'MPLITUDE. n. s.  [amplitude, Fr. amplitudo, Lat.] 
1. Extent.
Whatever I look upon, within the amplitude of heaven and
earth, is evidence of human ignorance. Glanville's Scepsis.
2. Largeness; greatness.
Men should learn how severe a thing the true inquisition of
nature is, and accustom themselves, by the light of particulars,
to enlarge their minds to the amplitude of the world, and not
reduce the world to the narrowness of their minds. Bacon.
3. Capacity.
With more than human gifts from heaven adorn'd,
Perfections absolute, graces divine,
And amplitude of mind to greatest deeds. Parad. Regained.
4. Splendour; grandeur; dignity.
In the great frame of kingdoms and commonwealths, it is in
the power of princes, or estates, to add amplitude and greatness
to their kingdoms. Bacon's Essays.
5. Copiousness; abundance.
You should say every thing which has a proper and direct
tendency to this end; always proportioning the amplitude of
your matter, and the fulness of your discourse, to your great
design; the length of your time, to the convenience of your
hearers. Watts's Logick.
6. Amplitude of the range of a projectile, denotes the horizontal line
subtending the path in which it moved.
7. Amplitude, in astronomy, an arch of the horizon, intercepted
between the true east and west point thereof, and the centre of
the sun or star at its rising or setting. It is eastern or ortive,
when the star rises, and western or occiduous, when the star
sets. The eastern or western amplitude, are also called northern
or southern, as they sall in the northern or southern quarters of
the horizon.
8. Magnetical amplitude, is an arch of the horizon contained be­
tween the sun at his rising, and the east or west point of the
compass; or, it is the difference of the rising or setting of the
sun, from the east or west parts of the compass. Chambers.

A'MPLY. adv.  [amplè, Lat.] 
1. Largely; liberally.
For whose well-being,
So amply, and with hands so liberal,
Thou hast provided all things. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
The evidence they had before was enough, amply enough, to
convince them; but they were resolved not to be convinced:
and to those, who are resolved not to be convinced, all motives,
all arguments are equal. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. At large; without reserve.
At return
Of him so lately promis'd to thy aid,
The woman's seed; obscurely then foretold,
Now amplier known, thy Saviour, and thy Lord. Par. Lost.
3. At large; copiously; with a diffusive detail.
Some parts of a poem require to be amply written, and with
all the force and elegance of words; others must be cast into
shadows; that is, passed over in silence, or but faintly touched.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Pref.

To A'MPUTATE. v. a.  [amputo, Lat.] To cut off a limb: a
word used only in chirurgery.
Amongst the cruizers in private frigates from Dunkirk, it
was complained, that their surgeons were too active in ampu­
tating those fractured members. Wiseman's Surgery.

AMPUTA'TION. n. s.  [amputatio, Lat.] 
The operation of cutting off a limb, or other part of the
body, with an instrument of steel. The usual method of per­
forming it, in the instance of a leg, is as follows. The proper
part for the operation being four or five inches below the knee,
the skin and flesh are first to be drawn very tight upwards, and
secured from returning by a ligature two or three fingers broad:
above this ligature another loose one is passed, for the gripe;
which being twisted by means of a stick, may be straitened to
any degree at pleasure. Then the patient being conveniently
situated, and the operator placed to the inside of the limb, which
is to be held by one assistant above, and another below the part
designed for the operation, and the gripe sufficiently twisted, to
prevent too large an hæmorrhage, the flesh is, with a stroke or
two, to be separated from the bone with the dismembering knife.
Then the periostium being also divided from the bone with the
back of the knife, saw the bone asunder, with as few strokes as
possible. When two parallel bones are concerned, the flesh that
grows between them must likewise be separated before the use
of the saw. This being done, the gripe may be slackened, to
give an opportunity of searching for the large blood vessels, and
securing the hæmorrhage at their mouths. After making pro­
per applications to the stump, loosen the first ligature, and pull
both the skin and the flesh, as far as conveniently may be, over
the stump, to cover it; and secure them with the cross stitch
made at the depth of half or three quarters of an inch in the
skin. Then apply pledgets, astringents, plaisters, and other
necessaries. Chambers.
The Amazons, by the amputation of their right breast, had
the freer use of their bow. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.



AMU

A'MULET. n. s.  [amulette, Fr. amuletum, Lat.] An appended


remedy, or preservative: a thing hung about the neck, or any
other part of the body, for preventing or curing of some parti­
cular diseases.
That spirits are corporeal, seems at first view a conceit dero­
gative unto himself; yet herein he establisheth the doctrine of
lustrations, amulets, and charms. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
They do not certainly know the falsity of what they report;
and their ignorance must serve you as an amulet against the guilt
both of deceit and malice. Government of the Tongue.

AMURCO'SITY. n. s.  [amurca, Lat.] The quality of lees or mo­
ther of any thing.

To AMU'SE. v. a.  [amuser, Fr.] 
1. To entertain with tranquillity; to fill with thoughts that en­
gage the mind, without distracting it. To divert implies some­
thing more lively, and to please, something more important.
It is therefore frequently taken in a sense bordering on con­
tempt.
They think they see visions, and are arrived to some extra­
ordinary revelations; when, indeed, they do but dream dreams,
and amuse themselves with the fantastick ideas of a busy imagi­
nation. Decay of Piety.
I cannot think it natural for a man, who is much in love, to
amuse himself with trifles. Walsh.
2. To draw on from time to time; to keep in expectation; as,
he amused his followers with idle promises.

AMU'SEMENT. n. s.  [amusement, Fr.] That which amuses; en­
tertainment.
Every interest or pleasure of life, even the most trifling amuse­
ment, is suffered to postpone the one thing necessary. Rogers.
During his confinement, his amusement was to give poison to
dogs and cats, and see them expire by flower or quicker tor­
ments. Pope's Eth. Epist. notes.
I was left to stand the battle, while others, who had better
talents than a draper, thought it no unpleasant amusement to
look on with safety, whilst another was giving them diversion,
at the hazard of his liberty. Swift.

AMU'SER. n. s.  [amuseur, Fr.] He that amuses, as with false
promises. The French word is always taken in an ill sense.

AMU'SIVE. adj.  [from amuse.] That which has the power of a­
musing.
But amaz'd,
Beholds th' amusive arch before him fly,
Then vanish quite away. Thomson's Spring.

AMY'GDALATE. adj.  [amygdala, Lat.] Made of almonds.

AMY'GDALINE. adj.  [amygdala, Lat.] Relating to almonds;
resembling almonds.

AN. article.  [ane, Saxon. een, Dutch, eine, German.] The ar­
ticle indefinite, used before a vowel, or h mute. See A.
1. One, but with less emphasis; as, there stands a house.
Since he cannot be always employed in study, reading, and
conversation, there will be many an hour, besides what his ex­
ercises will take up. Locke.
2. Any, or some; as, an elephant might swim in this water.
He was no way at an uncertainty, nor ever in the least at a
loss concerning any branch of it. Locke on St. Paul's Epistles.
A wit's a feather, and a chief a rod,
An honest man's the noblest work of God. Pope.
3. Sometimes it signifies, like a, some particular state; but this
is now difused.
It is certain, that odours do, in a small degree, nourish; espe­
cially the odour of wine; and we see men an hungred do love
to smell hot bread. Bacon's Natural History.
4. An is sometimes, in old authours, a contraction of and if.
He can't flatter, he!
An honest mind and plain, he must speak truth;
An they will take it so; if not, he's plain. Shakesp. K. Lear.
5. Sometimes a contraction of and before if.
Well I know
The clerk will ne'er wear hair on's face that had it.
——— He will an' if he live to be a man.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
6. Sometimes it is a contraction of as if.
My next pretty correspondent, like Shakespeare's lion in Py­
ramus and Thisbe, roars an' it were any nightingale.
Addison. Guardian, No 121.



ANA

A'NA. adv.  [ἄνά.] A word used in the prescriptions of physick,
importing the like quantity; as, wine and honey, ā or ana ℥ii;
that is, of wine and honey each two ounces.
In the same weight prudence and innocence take,
Ana of each does the just mixture make. Cowley.
He'll bring an apothecary, with a chargeable long bill of anas.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.

A'NA. n. s.  Books so called from the last syllables of their titles;
as, Sealigerana, Thuaniana; they are loose thoughts, or casual
hints, dropped by eminent men, and collected by their friends.

ANACA'MPTICK. adj.  [ἀναϰάμπτω.] Reflecting, or reflected: an
anacamptick sound, an echo; an anacamptick hill, a hill that
produces an echo.

ANACA'MPTICKS. n. s.  The doctrine of reflected light, or ca­
toptricks. It has no singular.

ANACATHA'RTICK. n. s.  [See CATHARTICK.] Any medicine
that works upwards. Quincy.

ANACEPHALÆO'SIS. n. s.  [ἀναϰεφαλάιωζις.] Recapitulation,
or summary of the principal heads of a discourse. Dict.

ANA'CHORETE. n. s.  [sometimes viciously writen anchorite;
ἀναχωϱήτης.] A monk, who, with the leave
of his superiour, leaves the convent for a more austere and so­
litary life.

ANA'CHORITE. n. s.  [sometimes viciously writen anchorite;
ἀναχωϱήτης.] A monk, who, with the leave
of his superiour, leaves the convent for a more austere and so­
litary life.
Yet lies not love dead here, but here doth sit,
Vow'd to this trench, like an anachorite. Donne.

ANA'CHRONISM. n. s.  [from ἀνά and χϱόνος.] An errour in com­
puting time, by which events are misplaced with regard to each
other. It seems properly to signify an errour by which an event
is placed too early; but is generally used for any errour in chro­
nology.
This leads me to the defence of the famous anachronism, in
making Æneas and Dido cotemporaries: for it is certain, that
the hero lived almost two hundred years before the building of
Carthage. Dryden's Virgil, Dedicat.

ANACLA'TICKS. n. s.  [ἀνά and ϰλάω.] The doctrine of refrac­
ted light; dioptricks. It has no singular.

ANADIPLO'SIS. n. s.  [ἀναδιϖλωζις.] Reduplication; a figure
in rhetorick, in which the last word of a foregoing member
of a period becomes the first of the following; as, he retained
his virtues amidst all his misfortunes, misfortunes which only his
virtue brought upon him.

ANAGOGE'TICAL. adj.  [ἀναγώγη.] That which contributes or
relates to spiritual elevation, or religious raptures; mysterious;
elevated above humanity. Dict.

ANAGO'GICAL. adj.  [anagogique, Fr.] Mysterious; elevated;
religiously exalted. Dict.

ANAGO'GICALLY. adv.  [from anagogical.] Mysteriously; with
religious elevation.

A'NAGRAM. n. s.  [ἀνά and γϱάμμα.] A conceit arising from
the letters of a name transposed; as this, of W,i,l,l,i,a,m, N,o,y,
attorney-general to Charles I. a very laborious man, I moyl in
law.
Though all her parts be not in th' usual place,
She hath yet the anagrams of a good face:
If we might put the letters but one way,
In that lean dearth of words, what could we say? Donne.
Thy genius calls thee not to purchase fame
In keen iambicks, but mild anagram. Dryden.

ANAGRA'MMATISM. n. s.  [from anagram.] The act or prac­
tice of making anagrams.
The only quintessence that hitherto the alchymy of wit
could draw out of names, is anagrammatism, or metagramma­
matism, which is a dissolution of a name truly written into his
letters, as his elements, and a new connexion of it by artificial
transposition, without addition, substraction, or change of any
letter into different words, making some perfect sense appliable
to the person named. Camden.

ANAGRA'MMATIST. n. s.  [from anagram.] A maker of ana­
grams.

To ANAGRA'MMATIZE. v. n.  [anagrammatiser, Fr.] To make
anagrams.

ANALE'PTICK. adj.  [ἀναλήπτιϰος.] Comforting; corroborating:
a term of physick.
Analeptick medicines cherish the nerves, and renew the spi­
rits and strength. Quincy.

ANALO'GICAL. adj.  [from analogy.] 
1. Used by way of analogy. It seems properly distinguished from
analogous, as words from things; analogous signifies having re­
lation, and analogical having the quality of representing rela­
tion.
It is looked on only as the image of the true God, and that
not as a proper likeness, but by analogical representation.
Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idolatry.
When a word, which originally signifies any particular idea
or object, is attributed to several other objects, not by way of
resemblance, but on the account of some evident reference to
the original idea, this is peculiarly called an analogical word;
so a sound or healthy pulse, a sound digestion, sound sleep, are
so called, with reference to a sound and healthy constitution;
but if you speak of sound doctrine, or sound speech, this is by
way of resemblance to health, and the words are metaphorical.
Watts's Logick.
2. Analogous; having resemblance or relation.
There is placed the minerals between the inanimate and ve­
getable province, participating something analogical to either.
Hales's Origin of Mankind.

ANALO'GICALLY. adv.  [from analogical.] In an analogical man­
ner; in an analogous manner.
I am convinced, from the simplicity and uniformity of the
Divine Nature, and of all his works, that there is some one
universal principle, running through the whole system of crea­
tures analogically, and congruous to their relative natures.
Cheyne's Philosoph. Principles.

ANALO'GICALNESS. n. s.  [from analogical.] The quality of be­
ing analogical; fitness to be applied for the illustration of some
analogy.

ANA'LOGISM. n. s.  [ἀναλογιζμὸς.] An argument from the cause
to the effect.

To ANA'LOGIZE. v. a.  [from analogy.] To explain by way of


analogy; to form some resemblance between different things;
to consider something with regard to its analogy with some­
what else.
We have systems of material bodies, diversly figured and
situated, if separately considered; they represent the object of
the desire, which is analogized by attraction or gravitation.
Cheyne's Philos. Principles.

ANA'LOGOUS. adj.  [ἀνἄ and λόγος.] 
1. Having analogy; bearing some resemblance or proportion;
having something parallel.
Exercise makes things easy, that would be otherwise very
hard; as, in labour, watchings, heats, and colds; and then
there is something analogous in the exercise of the mind, to that
of the body. It is folly and infirmity that makes us delicate
and froward. L'Estrange.
Many important consequences may be drawn from the ob­
servation of the most common things, and analogous reasonings
from the causes of them. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. It has the word to before the thing to which the resemblance is
noted.
This incorporeal substance may have some sort of existence,
analogous to corporeal extension: though we have no adequate
conception hereof. Locke.

ANA'LOGY. n. s.  [ἀναλογια.] 
1. Resemblance between things with regard to some circum­
stances or effects; as, learning is said to enlighten the mind;
that is, it is to the mind what light is to the eye, by enabling
it to discover that which was hidden before.
From God it hath proceeded, that the church hath evermore
held a prescript form of common prayer, although not in all
things every where the same, yet, for the most part, retaining
the same analogy. Hooker, b. v. § 25.
What I here observe of extraordinary revelation and pro­
phecy, will, by analogy and due proportion, extend even to
those communications of God's will, that are requisite to sal­
vation. South.
2. When the thing to which the analogy is supposed, happens to
be mentioned, analogy has after it the particles to or with;
when both the things are mentioned after analogy, the particle
between or betwixt is used.
If the body politick have any analogy to the natural, an act of
oblivion were necessary in a hot distemper'd state.
Dryd. Pref. to Absalom and Achitop.
By analogy with all other liquours and concretions, the form
of the chaos, whether liquid or concrete, could not be the same
with that of the present earth. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
If we make him express the customs of our country, rather
than of Rome, it is either when there was some analogy be­
twixt the customs, or to make him more easy to vulgar under­
standing. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
3. By grammarians, it is used to signify the agreement of seve­
ral words in one common mode; as, from love is formed loved,
from hate, hated, from grieve, grieved.

ANA'LYSIS. n. s.  [ἀνάλυσις.] 
1. A separation of a compound body into the several parts of
which it consists.
There is an account of dew falling, in some places, in the
form of butter, or grease, which grows extremely fetid; so that
the analysis of the dew of any place, may, perhaps, be the best
method of finding such contents of the soil as are within the
reach of the sun. Arbuthnot.
2. A consideration of any thing in parts, so as that one particu­
lar is first considered, then another.
Analysis consists in making experiments and observations,
and in drawing general conclusions from them by induction,
and admitting of no objections against the conclusions, but such
as are taken from experiments, or other certain truths.
Newton's Opticks.
3. A solution of any thing, whether corporeal or mental, to its
first elements; as, of a sentence to the single words; of a com­
pound word, to the particles and words which form it; of a
tune, to single notes; of an argument, to simple propositions.
We cannot know any thing of nature, but by an analysis of
its true initial causes; till we know the first springs of natural
motions, we are still but ignorants. Glanville's Scepsis Scientif.

ANALY'TICAL. adj.  [from analysis.] 
1. That which resolves any thing into first principles; that which
separates any compound. See ANALYSIS.
Either may be probably maintained against the inaccurate­
ness of the analytical experiments vulgarly relied on. Boyle.
2. That which proceeds by analysis, or by taking the parts of a
compound into distinct and particular consideration.
Descartes hath here infinitely outdone all the philosophers
that went before him, in giving a particular and analytical ac­
count of the universal fabrick: yet he intends his principles but
for hypotheses. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

ANALY'TICALLY. adv.  [from analytical.] In such a manner as
separates compounds into simples. See ANALYSIS.

ANALY'TICK. adj.  [ἀναλυτιϰος.] The manner of resolving com­
pounds into the simple constituent or component parts, ap­
plied chiefly to mental operations.
He was in logick a great critick,
Profoundly skill'd in analytick. Hudibras.
Analytick method takes the whole compound as it finds it, whe­
ther it be a species or an individual, and leads us into the know­
ledge of it, by resolving into its first principles, or parts, its ge­
nerick nature, and its special properties; and therefore it is
called the method of resolution. Watts's Logick.

To A'NALYZE. v. a.  [ἀναλὺω.] To resolve a compound in­
to its first principles. See ANALYSIS.
Chymistry enabling us to depurate bodies, and, in some mea­
sure, to analyze them, and take asunder their heterogeneous
parts, in many chymical experiments, we may, better than in
others, know what manner of bodies we employ; art having
made them more simple or uncompounded, than nature alone is
wont to present them us. Boyle.
To analyze the immorality of any action into its last prin­
ciples; if it be inquired, why such an action is to be avoided,
the immediate answer is, because it is sin. Norris's Miscell.
When the sentence is distinguished into subject and predi­
cate, proposition, argument, act, object, cause, effect, adjunct,
opposite, &c. then it is analyzed analogically and metaphysi­
cally. This last is what is chiefly meant in the theological
schools, when they speak of analyzing a text of scripture.
Watts's Logick.

A'NALYZER. n. s.  [from To analyze.] That which has the power
of analyzing.
Particular reasons incline me to doubt, whether the fire be
the true and universal analyzer of mixt bodies. Boyle.

ANAMORPHO'SIS. n. s.  [ἀνὰ and μοϱφόω.] Deformation; a
perspective projection of any thing, so that to the eye, at one
point of view, it shall appear deformed, in another, an exact
and regular representation. Sometimes it is made to appear
confused to the naked eye, and regular, when viewed in a mir­
rour of a certain form.

ANA'NAS. n. s.  The pine apple.
It has a flower consisting of one leaf, divided into three
parts, and funnel-shaped; the embryos produced in the tu­
bercles, afterwards become fruit; the seeds in the tubercles are
small, and almost kidney-shaped.
The species are, 1. Oval-shaped pine apple, with a whitish
flesh. 2. Pyramidal pine apple, with a yellow flesh. 3. Pine
apple, with smooth leaves. 4. Pine apple, with shining green
leaves, and scarce any spines on their edges. 5. The olive­
coloured pine.
The first sort is most common in Europe, but the fruit of the
second is larger, better flavoured, and its juice not so astrin­
gent. The fifth sort is the most rare in Europe, but esteemed
above all the rest. These plants are propagated by suckers;
and from the crowns which grow on the top of the fruit. Mill.
Witness thou best anana, thou the pride
Of vegetable life, beyond whate'er
The poets imag'd in the golden age. Thoms. Summer.

ANA'NAS, wild.  The same with penguin. See PENGUIN.

ANA'PHORA. n. s.  [ἀναφοϱὰ.] A figure, when several clauses
of a sentence are begun with the same word, or found; as,—
Where is the wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the disputer of
this world?

ANAPLERO'TICK. adj.  [ἀναϖληϱόω.] That which fills up any
vacuity; used of applications which promote flesh.

A'NARCH. n. s.  [See ANARCHY.] An authour of confu­
sion.
Him thus the anarch old,
With fault'ring speech, and visage incompos'd,
Answer'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

ANA'RCHICAL. adj.  [from anarchy.] Confused; without rule
or government.
In this anarchical and rebellious state of human nature, the
faculties belonging to the material world presume to determine
the nature of subjects belonging to the supreme Spirit.
Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

A'NARCHY. n. s.  [ἀναϱχία.] Want of government; a state
in which every man is unaccountable; a state without magi­
stracy.
Where eldest night
And chaos, ancestors of nature, hold
Eternal anarchy, amidst the noise
Of endless wars, and by confusion stand. Paradise Lost.
Arbitrary power is but the first natural step from anarchy, or
the savage life; the adjusting power and freedom being an ef­
fect and consequence of maturer thinking. Swift.

ANASA'RCA. n. s.  [from ἀνὰ and σαϱξ.] A sort of dropsy, where
the whole substance is stuffed with pituitous humours. Quincy.
When the lympha stagnates, or is extravasated under the
skin, it is called an anasarca. Arbuthnot on Diet.

ANASA'RCOUS. adj.  [from anasarca.] Relating to an anasarca;
partaking of the nature of an anasarca.
A gentlewoman laboured of an ascites, with an anasarcous
swelling on her belly, thighs, and legs. Wiseman.

ANASTOMA'TICK. adj.  [from ἀνὰ and ϛόμα.] That which has
the quality of opening the vessels, or of removing obstruc­
tions.

ANASTOMO'SIS. n. s.  [from ἀνὰ and ϛὸμα.] The inosculation
of vessels, or the opening of one vessel into another; as, of the
arteries into the veins.



ANA'STROPHE. n. s.  [ἀναϛϱοφὴ, a preposterous placing, from
ἀναϛϱέφω.] A figure whereby words which should have been
precedent, are postponed.

ANA'THEMA. n. s.  [ἀνάϑεμα.] 
1. A curse pronounced by ecclesiastical authority; excommunica­
tion.
Her bare anathemas fall but like so many bruta fulmina upon
the schismatical; who think themselves shrewdly hurt, forsooth,
by being cut off from the body, which they choose not to be of.
South's Sermons.
2. The object of the curse, or person cursed. This seems the ori­
ginal meaning, though now little used.

ANATHEMA'TICAL. adj.  [from anathema.] That which has
the properties of an anathema; that which relates to an ana­
thema.

ANATHEMA'TICALLY. adv.  [from anathematical.] In an ana­
thematical manner.

To ANATHE'MATIZE. v. a.  [from anathema.] To pronounce
accursed by ecclesiastical authority; to excommunicate.
They were therefore to be anathematized after this manner,
and, with detestation, branded and banished out of the church.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

ANATI'FEROUS. adj.  [from anas and fero, Lat.] Producing
ducks.
If there be anatiferous trees, whose corruption breaks forth
into barnacles; yet, if they corrupt, they degenerate into mag­
gots, which produce not them again. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ANA'TOCISM. n. s.  [anatocismus, Lat. ἀνατοϰισμὸς.] The accumu­
lation of interest upon interest; the addition of the interest due
for money lent, to the original sum. A species of usury gene­
rally forbidden.

ANATO'MICAL. adj.  [from anatomy.] 
1. Relating or belonging to anatomy.
When we are taught by logick to view a thing completely
in all its parts, by the help of division, it has the use of an ana­
tomical knife, which dissects an animal body, and separates the
veins, arteries, nerves, muscles, membranes, &c. and shews us
the several parts which go to the composition of a complete ani­
mal. Watts's Logick.
2. Proceeding upon principles taught in anatomy; considered as
the object of anatomy.
There is a natural, involuntary distortion of the muscles,
which is the anatomical cause of laughter; but there is another
cause of laughter, which decency requires. Swift.
3. Anatomized; dissected; separated.
The continuation of solidity is apt to be confounded with,
and, if we will look into the minute anatomical parts of matter,
is little different from, hardness. Locke.

ANATO'MICALLY. adv.  [from anatomical.] In an anatomical
manner; in the sense of an anatomist; according to the doc­
trine of anatomy.
While some affirmed it had no gall, intending only thereby
no evidence of anger or fury, others have construed anatomically,
and denied that part at all. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

ANA'TOMIST. n. s.  [ἀνατομὸς.] He that studies the structure of
animal bodies, by means of dissection; he that divides the bo­
dies of animals, to discover the various parts.
Anatomists adjudged, that if nature had been suffered to run
her own course, without this fatal interruption, he might have
doubled his age. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Hence when anatomists discourse,
How like brutes organs are to ours;
They grant, if higher powers think fit,
A bear might soon be made a wit;
And that, for any thing in nature,
Pigs might squeak love odes, dogs bark satire. Prior.

To ANA'TOMIZE. v. a.  [ἀνατέμνω.] 
1. To dissect an animal; to divide the body into its component
or constituent parts.
Our industry must even anatomize every particle of that bo­
dy, which we are to uphold. Hooker, Dedicat.
2. To lay any thing open distinctly, and by minute parts.
I speak but brotherly of him, but should I anatomize him to
thee as he is, I must blush and weep, and then must look pale
and wonder. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Then dark distinctions reason's light disguis'd,
And into atoms truth anatomiz'd. Denham.

ANA'TOMY. n. s.  [ἀνατομία] 
1. The art of dissecting the body.
It is therefore in the anatomy of the mind, as in that of the
body; more good will accrue to mankind, by attending to the
large, open, and perceptible parts, than by studying too much
such finer nerves and vessels, as will for ever escape our obser­
vation. Pope's Essay on Man, Pref.
2. The doctrine of the structure of the body, learned by dissec­
tion.
Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, ac­
cording to the knowledge of them which is given us by ana­
tomy. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. The act of dividing any thing, whether corporeal or intellec­
tual.
When a moneyed man hath divided his chests, he seemeth to
himself richer than he was; therefore, a way to amplify any
thing, is to break it, and to make anatomy of it in several parts.
Bacon's Essays.
4. The body stripped of its integuments; a skeleton.
O that my tongue were in the thunder's mouth,
Then with a passion I would shake the world,
And rouze from sleep that fell anatomy,
Which cannot hear a feeble lady's voice. Shakesp. K. John.
5. By way of irony or ridicule, a thin meagre person.
They brought one Pinch, a hungry lean-fac'd villain,
A meer anatomy, a mountebank,
A thread-bare juggler, and a fortune-teller,
A needy hollow-ey'd, sharp-looking wretch,
A living dead man. Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.

A'NATRON. n. s.  The scum which swims upon the molten glass in
the furnace, which, when taken off, melts in the air, and then
coagulates into common salt. It is likewise that salt which ga­
thers upon the walls of vaults.

A'NBURY. n. s.  See AMBURY.


ANC

A'NCESTOR. n. s.  [ancestor, Lat. ancestre, Fr.] One from
whom a person descends, either by the father or the mother. It
is distinguished from predecessor; which is not, like ancestor, a
natural, but civil denomination. An hereditary monarch suc­
ceeds to his ancestors; an elective, to his predecessors.
And she lies buried with her ancestors,
O, in a tomb where never scandal slept,
Save this of hers. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Cham was the paternal ancestor of Ninus, the father of Chus,
the grandfather of Nimrod; whose son was Belus, the father
of Ninus. Raleigh's History of the World.
Obscure! why pr'ythee what am I? I know
My father, grandsire, and great grandsire too:
If farther I derive my pedigree,
I can but guess beyond the fourth degree.
The rest of my forgotten ancestors,
Were sons of earth like him, or sons of whores.
Dryden's Persius, sat. vi.

A'NCESTREL. adj.  [from ancestor.] Claimed from ancestors;
relating to ancestors: a term of law.
Limitation in actions ancestrel, was anciently so here in
England. Hale's Law of England.

A'NCESTRY. n. s.  [from ancestor.] 
1. Lineage; a series of ancestors, or progenitors; the persons
who compose the lineage.
Phedon I hight, quoth he; and do advance
Mine ancestry from famous Coradin,
Who first to raise our house to honour did begin. Fairy Q.
A tenacious adherence to the rights and liberties transmitted
from a wise and virtuous ancestry, publick spirit, and a love of
one's country, are the support and ornaments of government.
Addison's Freeholder, No 5.
Say from what scepter'd ancestry ye claim,
Recorded eminent in deathless fame? Pope's Odyssey.
2. The honour of descent; birth.
Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but
an ill one, more contemptible. Addison. Guardian, No 123.

A'NCHENTRY. n. s.  [from ancient, and therefore properly to be
written ancientry.] Antiquity of a family; ancient dignity;
appearance or proof of antiquity.
Wooing, wedding, and repenting, is a Scotch jig, a mea­
sure and a cinque pace; the first suit is hot and hasty, like a
Scotch jig, and full as fantastical; the wedding mannerly mo­
dest, as a measure full of state and anchentry; and then comes
repentance, and with his bad legs falls into the cinque pace
faster and faster, till he sinks into his grave.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.

A'NCHOR. n. s.  [anchora, Lat.] 
1. A heavy iron, composed of a long shank, having a ring at one
end to which the cable is fastened, and at the other, branching
out into two arms or flooks, tending upwards, with barbs or
edges on each side. Its use is to hold the ship, by being fixed
to the ground.
He said, and wept; then spread his sails before
The winds, and reach'd at length the Cuman shore:
Their anchors dropt, his crew the vessels moor. Dryd. Æn.
2. It is used, by a metaphor, for any thing which confers stability
or security.
Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and
stedfast, and which entereth not into that within the veil.
Hebrews, vi. 19.
3. The forms of speech in which it is most commonly used,
are, to cast anchor, to lye or ride at anchor.
The Turkish general, deceived of his expectations, and per­
ceiving that the Rhodians would not be drawn forth to battle
at sea, withdrew his fleet, when casting anchor, and landing his
men, he burnt the corn. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Ent'ring with the tide,
He dropp'd his anchors, and his oars he ply'd:
Furl'd every sail, and drawing down the mast,
His vessel moor'd, and made with haulsers fast. Dryd. Homer.


Far from your capital my ship resides
At Reithrus, and secure at anchor rides. Pope's Odyssey.

To A'NCHOR. v. n.  [from anchor.] 
1. To cast anchor; to lie at anchor.
The fishermen that walk upon the beach
Appear like mice; and yon tall anchoring bark
Diminish'd to her cock; her cock, a buoy
Almost too small for sight. Shakesp. King Lear.
Near Calais the Spaniards anchored, expecting their land­
forces, which came not. Bacon.
Or the strait course to rocky Chios plow,
And anchor under Mimos' shaggy brow. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To stop at; to rest on.
My intention, hearing not my tongue,
Anchors on Isabel. Shakesp.
My tongue should to my ears not name my boys,
'Till that my nails were anchor'd in thine eyes. Shak. R. III.

A'NCHOR. n. s.  Shakespeare seems to have used this word for an­
choret, or an abstemious recluse person.
To desperation turn my trust and hope!
An anchor's cheer in prison be my scope! Shakesp. Hamlet.

A'NCHOR-HOLD. n. s.  [from anchor and hold.] The hold or fast­
ness of the anchor; and, figuratively, security.
The old English could express most aptly all the conceits of
the mind in their own tongue, without borrowing from any;
as for example: the holy service of God, which the Latins
called religion, because it knitted the minds of men together,
and most people of Europe have borrowed the same from them,
they called most significantly ean-fastness, as the one and only
assurance and fast anchor-hold of our souls health. Cambden.

A'NCHOR-SMITH. n. s.  [from anchor and smith.] The maker or
forger of anchors.
Smithing comprehends all trades, which use either forge or
file, from the anchor-smith to the watchmaker; they all work­
ing by the same rules, though not with equal exactness, and all
using the same tools, though of several sizes.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

A'NCHORAGE. n. s.  [from anchor.] 
1. The hold of the anchor.
Let me resolve whether there be indeed such efficacy in nur­
ture and first production; for if that supposal should fail us, all
our anchorage were loose, and we should but wander in a wild
sea. Wotton.
2. The set of anchors belonging to a ship.
Lo as the bark that hath discharg'd her freight,
Returns with precious lading to the bay
From whence at first she weigh'd her anchorage;
Cometh Andronicus. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
3. The duty paid for the liberty of anchoring in a port.

A'NCHORED. participial adj.  [from To anchor.] Held by the an­
chor.
Like a well twisted cable, holding fast
The anchor'd vessel in the loudest blast. Waller.

A'NCHORET. n. s.  [contracted from anachoret, ἀναχωϱητης.] A
recluse; a hermit; one that retires to the more
severe duties of religion.

A'NCHORITE. n. s.  [contracted from anachoret, ἀναχωϱητης.] A
recluse; a hermit; one that retires to the more
severe duties of religion.
His poetry indeed he took along with him; but he made that
an anchorite as well as himself. Sprat.
You describe so well your hermitical state of life, that none
of the ancient anchorites could go beyond you, for a cave in a
rock, with a fine spring, or any of the accommodations that be­
fit a solitary life. Pope's Letters.

ANCHO'VY. n. s.  [from anchova, Span. or anchioe, Ital. of the
same signification.] A little sea-fish, much used by way of
sauce, or seasoning. Scaliger describes the anchovy as of the her­
ring kind, about the length of a finger, having a pointed
snout, a wide mouth, no teeth, but gums as rough as a saw.
Others make it a sort of sardine, or pilchard; but others, with
better reason, hold it a peculiar species, very different from ei­
ther. It is caught in the months of May, June, and July, on
the coasts of Catalonia, Provence, &c. when it constantly re­
pairs up the Straits of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean. The
fishing is chiefly in the night time; when a light being put on
the stern of their little fishing vessels, the anchovies flock round,
and are caught in nets. When the fishery is over, they cut off
the heads, take out the galls and guts, then lay them in barrels,
and salt them. Savary.
We invent new sauces and pickles, which resemble the ani­
mal ferment in taste and virtue, as the salso-acid gravies of
meat; the salt pickles of fish, anchovies, oysters.
Floyer on the Humours.

A'NCIENT. adj.  [ancien, Fr. antiquus, Lat.] 
1. Old; that happened long since; of old time; not modern.
Ancient and old are distinguished; old relates to the duration of
the thing itself, as, an old coat, a coat much worn; and an­
cient, to time in general, as, an ancient dress, a habit used in
former times. But this is not always observed; for we men­
tion old customs; but though old be sometimes opposed to mo­
dern, ancient is seldom opposed to new.
Ancient tenure is that whereby all the manours belonging to the
crown, in St. Edward's or William the Conquerour's days, did
hold. The number and names of which manours, as all others
belonging to common persons, he caused to be written in a
book, after a survey made of them, now remaining in the ex­
chequer, and called doomsday book; and such as by that book
appeared to have belonged to the crown at that time, are called
ancient demesnes. Cowell.
2. Old; that has been of long duration.
With the ancient is wisdom, and in length of days under­
standing. Job, xii. 12.
Thales affirms, that God comprehended all things, and that
God was of all things the most ancient, because he never had
any beginning. Raleigh's History of the World.
Industry
Gave the tall ancient forest too his axe. Thomson's Summer.
3. Past; former.
I see thy fury: if I longer stay,
We shall begin our ancient bickerings. Shakesp. Henry VI.

A'NCIENT. n. s.  [from ancient, adj.] Those that lived in old time
were called ancients, opposed to the moderns.
And though the ancients thus their rules invade,
As kings dispense with laws themselves have made;
Moderns, beware! or if you must offend
Against the precept, ne'er transgress its end. Pop. Ess. on Crit.

A'NCIENT. n. s.  The flag or streamer of a ship, and, formerly,
of a regiment.

A'NCIENT. n. s.  The bearer of a flag, as was Ancient Pistol;
whence in present use, ensign.

A'NCIENTLY. adv.  [from ancient.] In old times.
Not far from this is the great city of Trebisond, which, with
the territory about it, anciently pertained unto this crown; now
unjustly possessed, and as unjustly abused, by those who have
neither title to hold it, nor virtue to rule it. Sidney, b. ii.
The colewort is not an enemy, though that were anciently re­
ceived, to the vine only; but it is an enemy to any other plant,
because it draweth strongly the fattest juice of the earth.
Bacon's Natural History, No 480.

A'NCIENTNESS. n. s.  [from ancient.] Antiquity; existence from
old times.
The Fescenine and Saturnian were the same; they were
called Saturnian from their ancientness, when Saturn reigned in
Italy. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

A'NCIENTRY. n. s.  [from ancient.] The honour of ancient li­
neage; the dignity of birth.
Of all nations under heaven, the Spaniard is the most ming­
led, and most uncertain. Wherefore, most foolishly do the
Irish think to ennoble themselves, by wresting their ancientry
from the Spaniard, who is unable to derive himself from any
in certain. Spenser on Ireland.
There is nothing in the between, but getting wenches with
child, wronging the ancientry, stealing, fighting.
Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

ANCLE.  See ANKLE.
A'NCONY. n. s.  [in the iron mills.] A bloom wrought into the
figure of a flat iron bar, about three foot long, with two square
rough knobs, one at each end. Chambers.



AND

AND. conjunction. 1. The particle by which sentences or terms are joined, which it
is not easy to explain by any synonimous word.
Sure his honesty
Got him small gains, but shameless flattery
And filthy beverage, and unseemly thift,
And borrow base, and some good lady's gift. Spens. Hubb.
What shall I do to be for ever known,
And make the age to come my own? Cowley.
The Danes unconquer'd offspring march behind;
And Morini, the last of human kind. Dryd.
It shall ever be my study to make discoveries of this nature
in human life, and to settle the proper distinctions between the
virtues and perfections of mankind, and those false colours and
resemblances of them that shine alike in the eyes of the vulgar.
Addison. Tatler.
2. And sometimes signifies though, and seems a contraction of
and if.
It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, as they will set an
house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs. Bacon.
3. In and if, the and is redundant, and is omitted by all later
writers.
I pray thee, Launce, an' if thou seeft my boy,
Bid him make haste. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

A'NDIRON. n. s.  [supposed by Skinner to be corrupted from hand­
iron; an iron that may be moved by the hand, or may supply
the place of a hand.] Irons at the end of a fire-grate, in which
the spit turns; or irons in which wood is laid to burn.
If you strike an entire body, as an andiron of brass, at the
top, it maketh a more treble sound, and at the bottom a baser.
Bacon's Natural History, No 178.

ANDRO'GYNAL. adj.  [from ἀνὴϱ and γύνη.] Having two sexes;
hermaphroditical.

ANDRO'GYNALLY. adv.  [from androgynal.] In the form of her­
maphrodites; with two sexes.
The examples hereof have undergone no real or new tran­
sexion, but were androgynally born, and under some kind of
hermaphrodites. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.



ANDRO'GYNOUS. adj.  The same with androgynal.

ANDRO'GYNUS. n. s.  [Lat. See ANDROGYNAL.] An her­
maphrodite; one that is of both sexes.

ANDRO'TOMY. n. s.  [from ἀνὴϱ and τέμνω.] The practice of cut­
ting human bodies. Dict.

A'NECDOTE. n. s.  [ἀνέϰδοτον.] Something yet unpublished; se­
cret history.
Some modern anecdotes aver,
He nodded in his elbow-chair. Prior.

ANEMO'GRAPHY. n. s.  [ἄνεμος and γϱάφω.] The description of
the winds.

ANEMO'METER. n. s.  [ἄνεμος and μέτϱον.] An instrument con­
trived to measure the strength or velocity of the wind.

ANE'MONE. n. s.  [ἀνεμώνη.] The wind flower.
Upon the top of its single stalk, surrounded by a leaf, is pro­
duced one naked flower, of many petals, with many stamina in
the center; the seeds are collected into an oblong head, and
surrounded with a copious down. The principal colours in
anemonies, are white, red, blue, and purple sometimes curiously
intermixed. Millar.
Wind flowers are distinguished into those with broad and
hard leaves, and those with narrow and soft ones; of both
which sorts there are great variety of colours, some being dou­
ble, and others single flowered. The broad leaved anemony
roots should be planted about the end of September, and the
small eminences which put forth the leaves set uppermost.
These with small leaves must be set after the same manner, but
not put into the ground till the end of October.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.
From the soft wing of vernal breezes shed,
Anemonies, auriculas, enrich'd
With shining meal o'er all their velvet leaves. Thomson.

A'NEMOSCOPE. n. s.  [ἄνεμος and σϰόπος.] A machine invented to
foretel the changes of the wind. It has been observed, that hy­
groscopes made of cat's gut proved very good anemoscopes, sel­
dom failing, by the turning the index about, to foretel the shift­
ing of the wind. Chambers.

ANE'NT. prep.  A word used in the Scotch dialect.
1. Concerning; about; as, he said nothing anent this particular.
2. Over against; opposite to; as, he lives anent the market-house.

ANES. n. s.  The spires or beards of corn. Dict.

AWNS. n. s.  The spires or beards of corn. Dict.

A'NEURISM. n. s.  [ἀνευϱύνω.] A disease of the arteries, in which,
either by a preternatural weakness of any part of them, they
become excessively dilated, or by a wound through their coats,
the blood is extravasated amongst the adjacent cavities.
Sharp's Surgery.
In the orifice, there was a throbbing of the arterial blood, as
in an aneurism. Wiseman's Surgery.

ANE'W. adv.  [from a and new.] 
1. Over again; another time; repeatedly. This is the most
common use.
Nor, if at mischief taken, on the ground
Be slain, but pris'ners to the pillar bound,
At either barrier plac'd; nor, captives made,
Be freed, or, arm'd anew, the fight invade. Dryden's Fables.
That as in birth, in beauty you excel,
The muse might dictate, and the poet tell:
Your art no other art can speak; and you
To show how well you play, must play anew. Prior.
The miseries of the civil war did, for many years, deter the
inhabitants of our island from the thoughts of engaging anew in
such desperate undertakings. Addison's Freeholder, No 28.
2. Newly; in a new manner.
He who begins late, is obliged to form anew the whole dis­
position of his soul, to acquire new habits of life, to practise du­
ties to which he is utterly a stranger. Rogers's Sermons.

ANFRA'CTUOSE. adj.  [from anfractus, Lat.] Winding; mazy;
full of turnings and winding passages.

ANFRA'CTUOUS. adj.  [from anfractus, Lat.] Winding; mazy;
full of turnings and winding passages.
Behind the drum are several vaults and anfractuose cavities in
the ear-bone, so to intend the least sound imaginable, that the
sense might be affected with it; as we see in subterraneous
caves and vaults, how the sound is redoubled. Ray.

ANFRA'CTUOUSNESS. n. s.  [from anfractuous.] Fulness of wind­
ings and turnings.

ANFRA'CTURE. n. s.  [from anfractus, Lat.] A turning; a mazy
winding and turning. Dict.



ANG

A'NGEL. n. s.  [Ἄγτελος; angelus, Lat.] 
1. Originally a messenger. A spirit employed by God in the ad­
ministration of human affairs.
Some holy angel
Fly to the court of England, and unfold
His message ere he come. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Had we such a knowledge of the constitution of man, as it is
possible angels have, and it is certain his Maker has; we should
have a quite other idea of his essence. Locke.
See HIERARCHY.
2. Angel is sometimes used in a bad sense; as, angels of darkness.
And they had a king over them, which was the angel of the
bottomless pit. Revelat. ix. 11.
3. Angel, in scripture, sometimes means man of God, prophet.
4. Angel is used, in the stile of love, for a beautiful person.
Heav'n bless thee!
Thou hast the sweetest face I ever look'd on.
Sir, as I have a soul, she is an angel. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
5. A piece of money anciently coined and impressed with an an­
gel, in memory of an observation of Pope Gregory, that the
pagan Angli, or English, were so beautiful, that, if they were
christians, they would be Angeli, or angels. The coin was rated
at ten shillings.
Take an empty bason, put an angel of gold, or what you
will, into it; then go so far from the bason, till you cannot see
the angel, because it is not in a right line; then fill the bason
with water, and you will see it out of its place, because of the
reflection. Bacon's Natural History, No 762.
Cousin, away for England; haste before,
And, ere our coming, see thou shake the bags
Of hoarding abbots; their imprison'd angels
Set thou at liberty. Shakespeare's King John.

A'NGEL. adj.  Resembling angels; angelical.
I have mark'd
A thousand blushing apparitions
To start into her face; a thousand innocent shames
In angel whiteness bear away those blushes.
Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
Or virgins visited by angel powers,
With golden crowns and wreathes of heav'nly flow'rs.
Pope's Rape of the Lock.

A'NGEL-LIKE. adj.  [from angel and like.] Resembling an angel.
In heav'n itself thou sure wer't drest
With that angel-like disguise. Waller.

A'NGEL SHOT. n. s.  [from angel and shot.] Chain shot, being
a cannon bullet cut in two, and the halves being joined toge­
ther by a chain. Dict.

ANGE'LICA. n. s.  [Lat. ab angelica virtute.] The name of a
plant.
It has winged leaves divided into large segments; its stalks
are hollow and jointed; the flowers grow in an umbel upon
the tops of the stalks, and consist of five leaves, succeeded by two
large channelled seeds.
The species are, 1. Common or manured angelica. 2. Greater
wild angelica. 3. Shining Carada angelica. 4. Mountain per­
ennial angelica, with columbine leaves.
The common angelica delights to grow in a very moist soil,
and its seeds should be sown soon after it is ripe. This plant is
used in medicine, as are its seeds; and the confectioners make
a sweetmeat with its tender stalks, cut in May. The second
sort grows wild; and the two last sorts may be propagated like
the first. Millar.

ANGE'LICA.  (Berry-bearing) [Aralia, Lat.] 
The flower consists of many leaves, expanding in form of a
rose, which are naked, growing on the top of the ovary: these
flowers are succeeded by globular fruits, which are soft and suc­
culent, and full of oblong seeds.
The species are, 1. Canada berry-bearing angelica. 2. Berry­
bearing angelica, with a naked stalk and creeping root. 3. An­
gelica tree.
The two first are propagated either by sowing their seeds,
or by parting of their roots. The third sort grows with us to
the height of seven or eight feet, and is only propagated by
seeds, which are frequently brought from America. Millar.

ANGE'LICAL. adj.  [angelicus, Lat.] 
1. Resembling angels.
It discovereth unto us the glorious works of God, and car­
rieth up, with an angelical swiftness, our eyes, that our mind,
being informed of his visible marvels, may continually travel
upward. Raleigh's History of the World.
2. Partaking of the nature of angels.
Others more mild
Retreated in a silent valley, sing
With notes angelical to many a harp,
Their own heroick deeds, and hapless fall
By doom of battle. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
3. Belonging to angels.
It may be encouragement to consider the pleasure of specu­
lations, which do ravish and sublime the thoughts with more
clear angelical contentments. Wilkins's Dædalus.

ANGE'LICALNESS. n. s.  [from angelical.] The quality of being
angelical; resemblance of angels; excellence more than hu­
man.

ANGE'LICK. adj.  [angelicus, Lat.] Partaking of the nature of
angels; angelical; above human.
Here, happy creature, fair angelick Eve,
Partake thou also. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
My fancy form'd thee of angelick kind,
Some emanation of th' all beauteous mind. Pop. Elo. to Abel.

A'NGELOT. n. s.  A musical instrument, somewhat resembling a
lute. Dict.

A'NGER. n. s.  [a word of no certain etymology, but, with
most probability, derived by Skinner from ange, Sax. vexed;
which, however, seems to come originally from the Latin
ango.] 
1. Anger is uneasiness or discomposure of the mind, upon the
receipt of any injury, with a present purpose of revenge. Locke.


Anger is like
A full hot horse, who being allow'd his way,
Self-mettle tires him. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Was the Lord displeased against the rivers? was thine anger
against the rivers? was thy wrath against the sea, that thou
didst ride upon thine horses and thy chariots of salvation?
Habb. iii. 8.
Anger is, according to some, a transient hatred, or at least very
like it. South.
2. Pain, or smart, of a sore or swelling. In this sense it seems
plainly deducible from angor.
I made the experiment, setting the moxa where the first vio­
lence of my pain began, and where the greatest anger and sore­
ness still continued, notwithstanding the swelling of my foot.
Temple's Miscellanies.

To A'NGER. v. a.  [from the noun.] To make angry; to pro­
voke; to enrage.
Who would anger the meanest artisan, which carrieth a
good mind? Hooker, b. iv. § 12.
Sometimes he angers me,
With telling me of the moldwarp and the ant.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
There were some late taxes and impositions introduced,
which rather angered than grieved the people. Clarendon.
It anger'd Turenne, once upon a day,
To see a footman kick'd that took his pay. Pope's Dial. ii.

A'NGERLY. adv.  [from anger.] In an angry manner; like one
offended.
Why, how now, Hecat, you look angerly. Shak. Macbeth.
Such jester's dishonest indiscretion, is rather charitably to be
pitied, than their exception either angerly to be grieved at, or
seriously to be confuted. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

ANGIO'GRAPHY. n. s.  [from ἀγτεῖον and γϱάφω.] A description of
vessels in the human body; nerves, veins, arteries, and lympha­
ticks.

ANGIO'LOGY. n. s.  [from ἀγτεῖον and λόγος.] A treatise or discourse
of the vessels of a human body.

ANGIOMONOSPE'RMOUS. adj.  [from ἀγτεῖον, μόνος, and σπέϱμα.] 
Such plants as have but one single seed in the seed-pod.

ANGIO'TOMY. n. s.  [from ἀτγεῖον and τέμνω, to cut.] A cutting
open of the vessels, as in the opening of a vein or artery.

A'NGLE. n. s.  [angle, Fr. angulus, Lat.] The space inter­
cepted between two lines intersecting each other.
Angle of the centre of a circle, is an angle whose vertex, or
angular point is at the centre of a circle, and whose legs are
two semidiameters of that circle. Stone's Dict.

A'NGLE. n. s.  [angel, Germ. and Dutch.] An instrument to
take fish, consisting of a rod, a line, and a hook.
She also had an angle in her hand; but the taker was so ta­
ken, that she had forgotten taking. Sidney.
Give me mine angle, we'll to the river there,
My musick playing far off, I will betray
Tawny finn'd fish; my bended hook shall pierce
Their slimy jaws. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
The patient fisher takes his silent stand,
Intent, his angle trembling in his hand;
With looks unmov'd, he hopes the scaly breed,
And eyes the dancing cork, and bending reed. Pop. Winds.

To A'NGLE. v. n.  [from the noun.] 
1. To fish with a rod and hook.
The ladies angling in the crystal lake,
Feast on the waters with the prey they take. Waller.
2. To try to gain by some insinuating artifices, as fishes are caught
by a bait.
By this face,
This seeming brow of justice, did he win
The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shak. Henry IV.
The pleasant'st angling is to see the fish
Cut with her golden oars the silver stream,
And greedily devour the treacherous bait;
So angle we for Beatrice. Shak. Much ado about Nothing.

A'NGLE-ROD. n. s.  [angel roede, Dutch.] The stick to which
the line and hook are hung.
It differeth much in greatness; the smallest being fit for
thatching of houses; the second bigness is used for angle-rods,
and, in China, for beating of offenders upon the thighs.
Bacon's Natural History, No 656.
He makes a May-fly to a miracle, and furnishes the whole
country with angle-rods. Addison. Spectator, No 108.

A'NGLER. n. s.  [from angle.] He that fishes with an angle.
He, like a patient angler, ere he strook,
Would let them play a while upon the hook. Dryden.
Neither do birds alone, but many sorts of fishes, feed upon
insects; as is well known to anglers, who bait their hooks with
them. Ray on the Creation.

A'NGLICISM. n. s.  [from Anglus, Lat.] A form of speech pecu­
liar to the English language; an English idiom.

A'NGOBER. n. s.  A kind of pear. See PEAR.

A'NGRILY. adv.  [from angry.] In an angry manner; furiously;
peevishly.
I will sit as quiet as a lamb;
I will not stir, nor wince, nor speak a word,
Nor look upon the iron angrily. Shakesp. King John.

A'NGRY. adj.  [from anger.] 
1. Touched with anger; provoked.
Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak: peradven­
ture there shall be thirty found there. Gen. xviii. 30.
2. It seems properly to require, when the object of anger is men­
tioned, the particle at before a thing, and with before a person;
but this is not always observed.
Your Coriolanus is not much missed, but with his friends;
the commonwealth doth stand, and so would do, were he angry
at it. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Now therefore be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves,
that ye sold me hither: for God did send me before you to
preserve life. Gen. xlv. 5.
I think it a vast pleasure, that whenever two people of merit
regard one another, so many scoundrels envy and are angry at
them. Swift.
3. Having the appearance of anger; having the effect of anger.
The north wind driveth away rain: so doth an angry coun­
tenance a backbiting tongue. Prov. xxv. 23.
4. In chirurgery, painful; inflamed; smarting.
This serum, being accompanied by the thinner parts of the
blood, grows red and angry; and, wanting its due regress into
the mass, first gathers into a hard swelling, and, in a few days,
ripens into matter, and so dischargeth. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'NGUISH. n. s.  [angoisse, Fr. angor, Lat.] Excessive pain either
of mind or body; applied to the mind, it means the pain of
sorrow, and is seldom used to signify other passions.
Not all so cheerful seemed she of sight,
As was her sister; whether dread did dwell,
Or anguish in her heart, is hard to tell. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Virtue's but anguish, when 'tis several,
By occasion wak'd, and circumstantial;
True virtue's soul, always in all deeds all. Donne.
They had persecutors, whose invention was as great as their
cruelty. Wit and malice conspired to find out such deaths,
and those of such incredible anguish, that only the manner of
dying was the punishment, death itself the deliverance. South.
Perpetual anguish fills his anxious breast,
Not stopt by business, nor compos'd by rest;
No musick cheers him, nor no feast can please. Dryd. Juv.

A'NGUISHED. adj.  [from anguish.] Seized with anguish; tor­
tured; excessively pained.
Feel no touch
Of conscience, but of fame, and be
Anguish'd, not that 'twas sin, but that 'twas she. Donne.

A'NGULAR. adj.  [from angle.] Having angles or corners; cor­
nered.
As for the figure of crystal, it is for the most part hexago­
nal, or six cornered, being built upon a confused matter, from
whence, as it were from a root, angular figures arise, even as
in the amethyst and basaltes. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
The distance of the edges of the knives from one another, a
the distance of four inches from the angular point, where the
edges of the knives meet, was the eight part of an inch.
Newton's Opticks.

ANGULA'RITY. n. s.  [from angular.] The quality of being an­
gular, or having corners.

A'NGULARLY. adv.  [from angular.] With angles or corners.
Another part of the same solution afforded us an ice angu­
larly figured. Boyle.

A'NGULARNESS. n. s.  [from angular.] The quality of being
angular.

A'NGULATED. adj.  [from angle.] Formed with angles or cor­
ners.
Topazes, amethysts, or emeralds, which grow in the fis­
sures, are ordinarily crystallized, or shot into angulated figures;
whereas, in the strata, they are found in rude lumps, like yel­
low, purple, and green pebbles. Woodward's Nat. History.

ANGULO'SITY. n. s.  [from angulous.] Angularity; cornered
form. Dict.

A'NGULOUS. adj.  [from angle.] Hooked; angular.
Nor can it be a difference, that the parts of solid bodies are
held together by hooks, and angulous involutions; since the co­
herence of the parts of these will be of as difficult a concep­
tion. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

ANGU'ST. adj.  [angustus, Lat.] Narrow; strait. Dict.

ANGUSTA'TION. n. s.  [from angustus.] The act of making nar­
row; straitening; the state of being narrowed.
The cause may be referred either to the grumousness of the
blood, or to obstruction of the vein somewhere in its passage,
by some angustation upon it by part of the tumour. Wiseman.

ANHELA'TION. n. s.  [anhelo, Lat.] The act of panting; the
state of being out of breath.

ANHELO'SE. adj.  [anhelus, Lat.] Out of breath; panting; la­
bouring of being out of breath. Dict.



ANI

A'NIENTED. adj.  [anncantir, Fr.] Frustrated; brought to no­
thing.

ANI'GHTS. adv.  [from a for at, and night.] In the night time.
Sir Toby, you must come in earlier anights; your niece,
my lady, takes great exceptions at your ill hours.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

A'NIL. n. s.  The shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is
prepared.



ANI'LENESS. n. s.  [anilitas, Lat.] The state of being an old
woman; the old age of women.

ANI'LITY. n. s.  [anilitas, Lat.] The state of being an old
woman; the old age of women.

A'NIMABLE. adj.  [from animate.] That which may be put into
life, or receive animation. Dict.

ANIMADVE'RSION. n. s.  [animadversio, Lat.] 
1. Reproof; severe censure; blame.
He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp ani­
madversions. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. Punishment. When the object of animadversion is mention­
ed, it has the particle on or upon before it.
When a bill is debating in parliament, it is usual to have the
controversy handled by pamphlets on both sides; without the
least animadversion upon the authours. Swift.
3. In law.
An ecclesiastical censure, and an ecclesiastical animadversion,
are different things; for a censure has a relation to a spiritual
punishment, but an animadversion has only a respect to a tem­
poral one; as, degradation, and the delivering the person over
to the secular court. Ayliff's Parergon Juris Canonici.

ANIMADVE'RSIVE. adj.  [from animadvert.] That has the power
of judging.
The representation of objects to the soul, the only animad­
versive principle, are conveyed by motions made on the imme­
diate organs of sense. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. 12.

ANIMADVE'RSIVENESS. n. s.  [from animadversive.] The power
of animadverting, or making judgment. Dict.

To ANIMADVE'RT. v. n.  [animadverto, Lat.] 
1. To pass censures upon.
I should not animadvert on him, who was otherwise a painful
observer of the decorum of the stage, if he had not used ex­
treme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakespeare
for that fault. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.
2. To inflict punishments. In both senses with the particle upon.
If the Authour of the universe animadverts upon men here be­
low, how much more will it become him to do it upon their
entrance into a higher state of being. Grew's Cosmolog. Sacra.

ANIMADVE'RTER. n. s.  [from animadvert.] He that passes cen­
sures, or inflicts punishments.
God is a strict observer of, and a severe animadverter upon,
such as presume to partake of those mysteries, without such a
preparation. South.

A'NIMAL. n. s.  [animal, Lat.] 
1. A living creature corporeal, distinct, on the one side, from pure
spirit, on the other, from mere matter.
Animals are such beings, which, besides the power of grow­
ing, and producing their like, as plants and vegetables have, are
endowed also with sensation and spontaneous motion. Mr. Ray
gives two schemes of tables of them.
Animals are either
Sanguineous, that is, such as have blood, which breathe either
by
Lungs, having either
Two ventricles in their heart, and those either
Viviparous,
Aquatick, as the whale kind,
Terrestrial, as quadrupeds;
Oviparous, as birds.
But one ventricle in the heart, as frogs, tortoises, and
serpents.
Gills, as all sanguineous fishes, except the whale kind.
Exsanguineous, or without blood, which may be divided into
Greater, and those either,
Naked,
Terrestrial, as naked snails.
Aquatick, as the poulp, cuttle-fish, &c.
Covered with a tegument, either
Crustaceous, as lobsters and crab-fish.
Testaceous, either
Univalve, as limpets;
Bivalve, as oysters, muscles, cockles;
Turbinate, as periwinkles, snails, &c.
Lesser, as insects of all sorts.
Viviparous hairy animals, or quadrupeds, are either
Hoofed, which are either
Whole-footed or hoofed, as the horse and ass;
Cloven-footed, having the hoof divided into
Two principal parts, called bisulca, either
Such as chew not the cud, as swine;
Ruminant, or such as chew the cud; divided into
Such as have perpetual and hollow horns.
Beef-kind,
Sheep-kind,
Goat-kind.
Such as have solid, branched and deciduous horns, as the
deer-kind.
Four parts, or quadrisulca, as the rhinoceros and hippopo­
tamus.
Clawed or digitate, having the foot divided into
Two parts or toes, having two nails, as the camel kind;
Many toes or claws; either
Undivided, as the elephant;
Divided, which have either
Broad nails, and an human shape, as apes;
Narrower, and more pointed nails,
which, in respect of their teeth, are divided into such as have
Many fore-teeth, or cutters in each jaw;
The greater, which have
A shorter snout and rounder head, as the cat-kind;
A longer snout and head, as the dog-kind.
The lesser, the vermin or weazel kind.
Only two large and remarkable fore-teeth, all which are phy­
tivorous, and are called the hare kind. Ray.
Vegetables are proper enough to repair animals, as being near
of the same specifick gravity with the animal juices, and as con­
sisting of the same parts with animal substances, spirit, water,
salt, oil, earth; all which are contained in the sap they derive
from the earth. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Some of the animated substances have various organical or
instrumental parts, fitted for a variety of motions from place to
place, and a spring of life within themselves, as beasts, birds,
fishes, and insects; these are called animals. Other animated
substances are called vegetables, which have within themselves
the principles of another sort of life and growth, and of various
productions of leaves and fruit, such as we see in plants, herbs,
and trees. Watts's Logick.
2. By way of contempt, we say of a stupid man, that he is a stupid
animal.

A'NIMAL. adj.  [animalis, Lat.] 
1. That which belongs or relates to animals.
There are other things in the world of spirits, wherein our
ideas are very dark and confused; such as their union with ani­
mal nature, the way of their acting on material beings, and
their converse with each other. Watts's Logick.
2. Animal functions, distinguished from natural and vital, are the
lower powers of the mind, as, the will, memory, and imagi­
nation.
3. Animal life is opposed, on one side, to intellectual, and, on the
other, to vegetable.
4. Animal is used in opposition to spiritual or rational; as, the
animal nature.

ANIMA'LCULE. n. s.  [animalculum, Lat.] A small animal; par­
ticularly those which are in their first and smallest state.
We are to know, that they all come of the seed of animal­
cules of their own kind, that were before laid there. Ray.

ANIMA'LITY. n. s.  [from animal.] The state of animal ex­
istence.
The word animal there only signifies human animality. In
the minor proposition, the word animal, for the same reason,
signifies the animality of a goose: thereby it becomes an ambi­
guous term, and unfit to build the conclusion upon. Watts.

To A'NIMATE. v. a.  [animo, Lat.] 
1. To quicken; to make alive; to give life to: as, the soul
animates the body; man must have been animated by a higher
power.
2. To give powers to; to heighten the powers or effect of any
thing.
But none, ah! none can animate the lyre,
And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire;
Whether the learn'd Minerva be her theme,
Or chaste Diana bathing in the stream;
None can record their heav'nly praise so well
As Helen, in whose eyes ten thousand Cupids dwell. Dryd.
3. To encourage; to incite.
The more to animate the people, he stood on high, from
whence he might be best heard, and cried unto them with a
loud voice. Knolles's History of the Turks.

A'NIMATE. adj.  [from To animate.] Alive; possessing animal
life.
All bodies have spirits and pneumatical parts within them;
but the main differences between animate and inanimate, are
two: the first is, that the spirit of things animate are all con­
tained within themselves, and are branched in veins and secret
canals, as blood is; and, in living creatures, the spirits have not
only branches, but certain cells or seats, where the principal spi­
rits do reside, and whereunto the rest do resort: but the spirits
in things inanimate are shut in, and cut off by the tangible
parts, and are not previous one to another, as air is in snow.
Bacon's Natural History, No 601.
Nobler birth
Of creatures animate with gradual life,
Of growth, sense, reason, all summ'd up in man.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix. l. 112.
There are several topicks there used against the atheism and
idolatry of the heathens; such as the visible marks of divine
wisdom and goodness in the works of the creation, the vital
union of souls with matter, and the admirable structure of ani­
mate bodies, and the like. Bentley's Sermons.

A'NIMATED. participial adj.  [from animate.] Lively; vigorous.
Warriours she fires with animated sounds;
Pours balm into the bleeding lover's wounds. Pope.

A'NIMATENESS. n. s.  [from animate.] The state of being ani­
mated. Dict.

ANIMA'TION. n. s.  [from animate.] 
1. The act of animating or enlivening.


Plants or vegetables are the principal part of the third day's
work. They are the first producat, which is the word of ani­
mation. Bacon's Natural History, cent. v.
2. The state of being enlivened.

A'NIMATIVE. adj.  [from animate.] That which has the power
of giving life, or animating.

ANIMA'TOR. n. s.  [from animate.] That which gives life; that
which implants a principle of life.
Those bodies being of a congenerous nature, do readily re­
ceive the impressions of their motor, and, if not fettered by
their gravity, conform themselves to situations, wherein they
best unite to their animator. Brown's Vul. Err. b. ii. c. 2.

ANIMO'SE. adj.  [animositas, Lat.] Full of spirit; hot; vehe­
ment. Dict.

ANIMO'SENESS. n. s.  [from animose.] Spirit; heat; vehemence
of temper. Dict.

ANIMO'SITY. n. s.  [animositas, Lat.] Vehemence of hatred;
passionate malignity. It implies rather the disposition to break
out into outrages, than the outrage itself.
They were sure to bring passion, animosity, and malice enough
of their own, what evidence soever they had from others.
Clarendon, b. viii.
If there is not some method found out for allaying these heats
and animosities among the fair sex, one does not know to what
outrages they may proceed. Addison's Freeholder, No 23.
No religious sect ever carried their aversions for each other to
greater heights than our state parties have done; who, the more
to inflame their passions, have mixed religious and civil animo­
sities together; borrowing one of their appellations from the
church. Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of England man.

A'NISE. n. s.  [anisum, Lat.] A species of apium or parsley, with
large sweet scented seeds. This plant is not worth propagating
in England for use, because the seeds can be had much better
and cheaper from Italy. Millar.
The seed of this plant has a sweetish taste, intermixed with
something pungent and bitter, is reputed an aromatick, and pre­
scribed not barely as a carminative against wind, but also as a
pectoral, stomachick, and digestive. Chambers.
Ye pay the tithe of mint, and anise, and cummin, and have
omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and
faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other
undone. Matt. xxv. 25.

A'NKER. n. s.  [ancker, Dut.] A liquid measure chiefly used at
Amsterdam. It is the fourth part of the awm, and contains two
stekans: each stekan consists of sixteen mengles; the mengle
being equal to two of our wine quarts. Chambers.

A'NKLE. n. s.  [ancleof, Sax. anckel, Dutch.] The joint which
joins the foot to the leg.
One of his ankles was much swelled and ulcerated on the in­
side, in several places. Wiseman.
My simple system shall suppose,
That Alma enters at the toes;
That then she mounts by just degrees
Up to the ankles, legs and knees. Prior.

A'NKLE-BONE. n. s.  [from ankle and bone.] The bone of the
ankle.
The shin-bone, from the knee to the instep, is made by sha­
dowing one half of the leg with a single shadow, the ankle-bone
will shew itself by a shadow given underneath, as the knee.
Peacham on Drawing.



ANN

A'NNALIST. n. s.  [from annals.] A writer of annals.
I wonder my author should be offended, especially since their
own annalist has given the same title to that of Syrmium. Atterb.

A'NNALS. n. s. without singular number.  [annales, Lat.] His­
tories digested in the exact order of time; narratives in which
every event is recorded under its proper year.
Could you with patience hear, or I relate,
O nymph! the tedious annals of our fate!
Through such a train of woes if I should run,
The day wou'd sooner than the tale be done! Dryd. Virg.
We are assured, by many glorious examples in the annals of
our religion, that every one, in the like circumstances of dis­
tress, will not act and argue thus; but thus will every one be
tempted to act. Rogers's Sermons.

A'NNATS. n. s. without singular.  [annates, Lat.] 
1. First fruits; because the rate of first fruits paid of spiritual liv­
ings, is after one year's profit. Cowell.
2. Masses said in the Romish church for the space of a year, or
for any other time, either for the soul of a person deceased, or
for the benefit of a person living. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To ANNE'AL. v. a.  [ælan, to heat, Saxon.] 
1. To heat glass, that the colours laid on it may pierce through.
But when thou dost anneal in glass thy story,
——— ——— then the light and glory
More rev'rend grows, and more doth win,
Which else shews wat'rish, bleak, and thin. Herbert.
When you purpose to anneal, take a plate of iron made fit
for the oven; or, for want thereof, take a blue stone, which
being made fit for the aforesaid oven, lay it upon the cross bars
of iron. Peacham on Drawing.
Which her own inward symmetry reveal'd,
And like a picture shone, in glass anneal'd. Dryden's Fables.
2. To heat glass after it is blown, that it may not break.
3. To heat any thing in such a manner as to give it the true
temper.

To ANNE'X. v. a.  [annecto, annexum, Lat. annexer, Fr.] 
1. To unite to at the end; as, he annexed a codicil to his will.
2. To unite; as, a smaller thing to a greater; as, he annexed a
province to his kingdom.
3. To unite à posteriori; annexion always presupposing something:
thus we may say, punishment is annexed to guilt; but not guilt
to punishment.
Concerning fate or destiny, of which the opinions of those
learned men, that have written thereof, may be safely received,
had they not thereunto annexed and fastened an inevitable ne­
cessity, and made it more general and universally powerful than
it is. Raleigh's History of the World.
Nations will decline so low
From virtue, which is reason, that no wrong,
But justice, and some fatal curse annex'd,
Deprives them of their outward liberty. Milton's Par. Lost.
I mean not the authority, which is annexed to your office;
I speak of that only which is inborn and inherent to your per­
son. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
He cannot but love virtue wherever it is, and annex happi­
ness always to the exercise of it. Atterbury's Sermons.
The temporal reward is annexed to the bare performance of
the action, but the eternal to the obedience. Rogers's Sermons.

ANNE'X. n. s.  [from To annex.] The thing annexed; addita­
ment. Blount.
Failing in his first attempt to be but like the highest in
heaven, he hath obtained of men to be the same on earth, and
hath accordingly assumed the annexes of divinity.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 10.

ANNEXA'TION. n. s.  [from annex.] 
1. Conjunction; addition.
If we can return to that charity and peaceable mindedness,
which Christ so vehemently recommends to us, we have his
own promise, that the whole body will be full of light. Matt.
vi. that all other christian virtues will, by way of concomi­
tance or annexation, attend them. Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. Union; coalition; conjunction.
How these annexations of benefices first came into the church,
whether by the prince's authority, or the pope's licence, is a
very great dispute. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

ANNE'XION. n. s.  [from annex.] The act of annexing; addi­
tion.
It is necessary to engage the fears of men, by the annexion of
such penalties as will overbalance temporal pleasure. Rogers.

ANNE'XMENT. n. s.  [from annex.] 
1. The act of annexing.
2. The thing annexed.
When it falls,
Each small annexment, petty consequence,
Attends the boist'rous ruin. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

ANNI'HILABLE. adj.  [from annihilate.] That which may be
reduced to nothing; that which may be put out of existence.

To ANNI'HILATE. v. a.  [ad and nihilum, Lat.] 
1. To reduce to nothing; to put out of existence.
It is impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated; but
that as it was the work of the omnipotency of God, to make
somewhat of nothing; so it requireth the like omnipotency to
turn somewhat into nothing. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 100.
Thou taught'st me, by making me
Love her, who doth neglect both me and thee,
T' invent and practise this one way, t' annihilate all three.
Donne.
He despaired of God's mercy; he, by a decollation of all
hope, annihilated his mercy. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.
Whose friendship can stand against assaults, strong enough
to annihilate the friendship of puny minds; such an one has
reached true constancy. South.
Some imagined, water sufficient to a deluge was created, and,
when the business was done, disbanded, and annihilated.
Woodward's Natural History.
2. To destroy, so as to make the thing otherwise than it was.
The flood that hath altered, deformed, or rather annihilated,
this place, so as no man can find any mark or memory thereof.
Raleigh's History of the World.
3. To annul; to destroy the agency of any thing.
There is no reason, that any one commonwealth should an­
nihilate that whereupon the whole world has agreed. Hooker.

ANNIHILA'TION. n. s.  [from annihilate.] The act of reducing
to nothing. The state of being reduced to nothing.
God hath his influence into the very essence of things, with­
out which their utter annihilation could not choose but follow.
Hooker, b. v. § 56.
That knowledge, which as spirits we obtain,
Is to be valu'd in the midst of pain:
Annihilation were to lose heav'n more:
We are not quite exil'd, where thought can soar. Dryden.

ANNIVE'RSARY. n. s.  [anniversarius, Lat.] 
1. A day celebrated as it returns in the course of the year.
For encouragement to follow the example of martyrs, the


primitive christians met at the places of their martyrdom, to
praise God for them, and to observe the anniversary of their suf­
ferings. Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Romish Idolatry.
2. The act of celebration, or performance, in honour of the an­
niversary day.
Donne had never seen Mrs. Drury, whom he has made im­
mortal in his admirable anniversaries. Dryden.
3. Anniversary is an office in the Romish church, celebrated not
only once a year, but which ought to be said daily through
the year, for the soul of the deceased. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ANNIVE'RSARY. adj.  [anniversarius, Lat.] Returning with the
revolution of the year; annual; yearly.
The heaven whirled about with admirable celerity, most
constantly finishing its anniversary vicissitudes. Ray.
They deny giving any worship to a creature, as inconsistent
with christianity; but confess the honour and esteem for the
martyrs, which they expressed by keeping their anniversary
days, and recommending their example. Stillingfl. Defence.

A'NNO DOMINI.  [Lat.] In the year of our Lord; as, anno
domini, or A. D. 1751; that is, in the seventeen hundred and
fifty first year from the birth of our Saviour.

ANNO'ISANCE. n. s.  [from annoy, but not now in use.] 
It hath a double signification, being as well for any hurt
done either to a publick place, as highway, bridge, or common
river, or to a private, by laying any thing that may breed in­
fection, by encroaching, or such like means; as also, for the
writ that is brought upon this transgression. See NUSANCE,
the word now used. Blount.

A'NNOLIS. n. s.  An American animal, like a lizard.

ANNOTA'TION. n. s.  [annotatio, Lat.] Explications or remarks
written upon books; notes.
It might appear very improper to publish annotations, with­
out the text itself whereunto they relate. Boyle.

ANNOTA'TOR. n. s.  [Lat.] A writer of notes, or annotations;
a scholiast; a commentator.
I have not that respect for the annotators, which they gene­
rally meet with in the world. Felton on the Classicks.

To ANNO'UNCE. v. a.  [annoucer, Fr. annuncio, Lat.] 
1. To publish; to proclaim.
Of the Messiah I have heard foretold
By all the prophets; of thy birth at length
Announc'd by Gabriel with the first I knew. Paradise Reg.
2. To pronounce; to declare by a judicial sentence.
Those, mighty Jove, mean time, thy glorious care,
Who model nations, publish laws, announce
Or life or death. Prior.

To ANNO'Y. v. a.  [annoyer, Fr.] To incommode; to vex;
to teaze; to molest.
Woe to poor man; each outward thing annoys him;
He heaps in inward grief, that most destroys him. Sidney.
Her joyous presence and sweet company,
In full content he there did long enjoy;
Ne wicked envy, nor vile jealousy,
His dear delights were able to annoy. Fairy Queen, b. i.
As one who long in populous city pent,
Where houses thick, and sewers, annoy the air,
Forth issuing on a summer's morn to breathe
Among the pleasant villages, and farms
Adjoin'd, from each thing met conceives delight.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 445.
Insects seldom use their offensive weapons, unless provoked:
let them but alone, and annoy them not. Ray on the Creation.

ANNO'Y. n. s.  [from the verb.] Injury; molestation; trouble.
Sleep, Richmond, sleep in peace, and wake in joy;
Good angels guard thee from the boar's annoy. Shakesp. R. III.
All pain and joy is in their way;
The things we fear bring less annoy
Than fear, and hope brings greater joy;
But in themselves they cannot stay. Donne.
What then remains, but, after past annoy,
To take the good vicissitude of joy. Dryden's Fables.

ANNO'YANCE. n. s.  [from annoy.] 
1. That which annoys; that which hurts.
A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wand'ring hair,
Any annoyance in that precious sense. Shakesp. King John.
Crows, ravens, rooks, and magpies, are great annoyances to
corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. The state of being annoyed; or act of annoying.
The spit venom of their poisoned hearts breaketh out to the
annoyance of others. Hooker, b. v. § 2.
The greatest annoyance and disturbance of mankind, has been
from one of those two things, force or fraud. South.
For the further annoyance and terrour of any besieged place,
they would throw into it dead bodies. Wilkins's Math. Mag.

ANNO'YER. n. s.  [from To annoy.] The person that annoys.

A'NNUAL. adj.  [annuel, Fr. from annus, Lat.] 
1. That which comes yearly.
Annual for me, the grape, the rose, renew,
The juice nectareous, and the balmy dew. Pope's Ess. on M.
2. That which is reckoned by the year.
The king's majesty
Does purpose honour to you; to which
A thousand pounds a year, annual support,
Out of his grace he adds. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. That which lasts only a year.
The dying in the winter of the roots of plants that are an­
nual, seemeth to be caused by the over-expence of the sap;
which being prevented, they will superannuate, if they stand
warm. Bacon's Natural History, No 448.
Every tree may, in some sense, be said to be an annual plant,
both leaf, flower, and fruit, proceeding from the coat that was
superinduced over the wood the last year. Ray on the Creation.

A'NNUALLY. adv.  [from annual.] Yearly; every year.
By two drachms, they thought it sufficient to signify a heart;
because the heart at one year weigheth two drachms, that is, a
quarter of an ounce; and unto fifty years annually encreaseth
the weight of one drachm. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 20.
The whole strength of a nation is the utmost that a prince
can raise annually from his subjects. Swift.

ANNU'ITANT. n. s.  [from annuity.] He that possesses or re­
ceives an annuity.

ANNU'ITY. n. s.  [annuité, Fr.] 
1. A yearly rent to be paid for term of life or years. The diffe­
rences between a rent and an annuity are, that every rent is go­
ing out of land; but an annuity charges only the granter, or
his heirs, that have assets by descent. The second difference
is, that, for the recovery of an annuity, no action lies, but only
the writ of annuity against the granter, his heirs, or successors;
but of a rent, the same actions lie as do of land. The third
difference is, that an annuity is never taken for assets, because
it is no freehold in law; nor shall be put in execution upon a
statute merchant, statute staple, or elegit, as a rent may. Cowel.
2. A yearly allowance.
He was generally known to be the son of one earl, and bro­
ther to another, who supplied his expence, beyond what his an­
nuity from his father would bear. Clarendon.

To ANNU'L. v. a.  [from nullus.] 
1. To make void; to nullify; to abrogate; to abolish.
That which gives force to the law, is the authority that en­
acts it; and whoever destroys this authority, does, in effect,
annual the law. Rogers's Sermons.
2. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate.
Light the pure work of God to me 's extinct,
And all her various objects of delight
Annull'd, which might in part my grief have eas'd.
Milton's Sampson Agonistes, l. 72.

A'NNULAR. adj.  [from annulus, Lat.] In the form of a ring.
That they might not, in bending the arm or leg, rise up, he
has tied them to the bones by annular ligaments. Cheyne.

A'NNULARY. adj.  [from annulus, Lat.] In the form of rings.
Because continual respiration is necessary, the wind-pipe is
made with annulary cartilages, that the sides of it may not flag
and fall together. Ray on the Creation.

A'NNULET. n. s.  [from annulus, Lat.] 
1. A little ring.
2. [In heraldry.] A difference or mark of distinction, which the
fifth brother of any family ought to bear in his coat of arms.
3. Annulets are also a part of the coat-armour of several families;
they were anciently reputed a mark of nobility and jurisdiction,
it being the custom of prelates to receive their investiture per
bacuium & annulum.
4. [In architecture.] The small square members, in the Dorick
capital, under the quarter round, are called annulets.
5. Annulet is also used for a narrow flat moulding common to
other parts of the column; so called, because it encompasses
the column round. Chambers.

To ANNU'MERATE. v. a.  [annumero, Lat.] To add to a
former number; to unite to something beforementioned.

ANNUMERA'TION. n. s.  [annumeratio, Lat.] Addition to a for­
mer number.

To ANNU'NCIATE. v. a.  [annuncio, Lat.] To bring tid­
ings; to relate something that has fallen out: a word not in
popular use.

ANNUNCIA'TION DAY. n. s.  [from annunciate.] The day cele­
brated by the church, in memory of the angel's salutation of
the blessed virgin; solemnized with us on the twenty-fifth of
March.
Upon the day of the annunciation, or Lady-day, meditate on
the incarnation of our blessed Saviour: and so upon all the fes­
tivals of the year. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.



ANO

A'NODYNE. adj.  [from ἀ and ὀδύνη.] That which has the power
of mitigating pain.
Yet durst she not too deeply probe the wound,
As hoping still the nobler parts were found:
But strove with anodynes t' assuage the smart,
And mildly thus her med'cine did impart. Dryd. Hind and P.
Anodynes, or abaters of pain of the alimentary kind, are such
things as relax the tension of the affected nervous fibres, as de­
coctions of emollient substances; those things which destroy the
particular acrimony which occasions the pain, or what deadens
the sensation of the brain, by procuring sleep. Arbuthnot.

To ANO'INT. v. a.  [oindre, enoindre; part. oint, enoint, Fr.] 
1. To rub over with unctuous matter, as oil, or unguents.


Anointed let me be with deadly venom,
And die, ere men can say, God save the queen. Shak. R. III.
Thou shalt have olive trees throughout all thy coasts, but
thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil: for thine olive shall
cast his fruit. Deut. xxviii. 40.
2. To smear; to be rubbed upon.
Warm waters then in brazen caldrons born,
Are pour'd to wash his body, joint by joint,
And fragrant oils the stiffen'd limbs anoint. Dryd. Æn. vi.
3. To consecrate by unction.
I would not see thy cruel nails
Pluck out his poor old eyes; nor thy fierce sister
In his anointed flesh stick boarish fangs. Shakesp. King Lear.

ANO'INTER. n. s.  [from anoint.] The person that anoints.

ANO'MALISM. n. s.  [from anomaly.] Anomaly; irregularity;
deviation from the common rule. Dict.

ANOMALI'STICAL. adj.  [from anomaly.] Irregular; applied in
astronomy to the year, taken for the time in which the earth
passeth through its orbit, distinct from the tropical year.

ANO'MALOUS. adj.  [α priv. and ἄμαλος.] Irregular; out of
rule; deviating from the general method or analogy of things:
It is applied, in grammar, to words deviating from the common
rules of inflection; and, in astronomy, to the seemingly irre­
gular motions of the planets.
There will arise anomalous disturbances not only in civil and
artificial, but also in military officers. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He being acquainted with some characters of every speech,
you may at pleasure make him understand anomalous pronun­
ciation. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Metals are gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron: to which
we may join that anomalous body, quicksilver or mercury.
Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy.

ANO'MALOUSLY. adv.  [from anomalous.] Irregularly; in a
manner contrary to rule.
Eve was not solemnly begotten, but suddenly framed, and
anomalously proceeded from Adam. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ANO'MALY. n. s.  [anomalie, Fr. anomalia, Lat. ἀνώμαλος.] 
Irregularity; deviation from the common rule.
If we should chance to find a mother debauching her daugh­
ter, as such monsters have been seen, we must charge this upon
a peculiar anomaly and baseness of nature. South.
I do not pursue the many pseudographies in use, but intend to
shew how most of these anomalies in writing might be avoided,
and better supplied. Holder's Elements of Speech.

A'NOMY. n. s.  [α priv. and νόμος.] Breach of law.
If sin be good, and just, and lawful, it is no more evil, it is
no sin, no anomy. Bramham against Hobbes.

ANO'N. adv.  [Junius imagines it to be an elliptical form of speak­
ing for in one, that is, in one minute; Skinner from a and nean,
or near; Minshew from on on.] 
1. Quickly; soon; in a short time.
A little snow, tumbled about,
Anon becomes a mountain. Shakespeare's King John.
Will they come abroad anon?
Shall we see young Oberon? Ben Johnson's Fairy Prince.
However, witness, heav'n!
Heav'n, witness thou anon! while we discharge
Freely our part. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi. l. 564.
He was not without design at that present, as shall be made
out anon; meaning by that device to withdraw himself. Clarend.
Still as I did the leaves inspire,
With such a purple light they shone,
As if they had been made of fire,
And spreading so, would flame anon. Waller.
2. Sometimes; now and then; at other times. In this sense is
used ever and anon.
Full forty days he pass'd, whether on hill
Sometimes, anon in shady vale, each night,
Or harbour'd in one cave, is not revealed. Par. Regained.

ANO'NYMOUS. adj.  [ἀ priv. and ὄνομα.] Wanting a name.
These animalcules serve also for food to another anonymous
insect of the waters. Ray on the Creation.
They would forthwith publish slanders unpunished, the au­
thors being anonymous, the immediate publishers thereof sculk­
ing. Notes on the Dunciad.

ANO'NYMOUSLY. adv.  [from anonymous.] Without a name.
I would know, whether the edition is to come out anony­
mously, among complaints of spurious editions? Swift.

ANORE'XY. n. s.  [ἀνοϱηξια.] Inappetency, or loathing of food.
Quincy.

ANO'THER. adj.  [from an and other.] 
1. Not the same.
He that will not lay a foundation for perpetual disorder, must
of necessity find another rise of government than that. Locke.
2. One more; a new addition to the former number.
——— A fourth? ———
Start eye!
What! will the line stretch out to th' crack of doom?
Another yet? — a seventh! I'll see no more. Shak. Macbeth.
3. Any other; any one else.
If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him.
1 Samuel, ii. 25.
Why not of her? preferr'd above the rest,
By him with knightly deeds, and open love profess'd;
So had another been, where he his vows address'd.
Dryden's Fables.
4. Not one's self.
A man shall have diffused his life, his self, and his whole con­
cernments so far, that he can weep his sorrows with another's
eyes; when he has another heart besides his own, both to share,
and to support his grief. South.
5. Widely different; much altered.
When the soul is beaten from its station, and the mounds of
virtue are broken down, it becomes quite another thing from
what it was before. South.

ANO'THERGAINES. adj.  [See ANOTHERGUESS.] Of another
kind. This word I have found only in Sidney.
If my father had not plaid the hasty fool, I might have had
anothergaines husband than Dametas. Sidney.

ANO'THERGUESS. adj.  [This word, which though rarely used
in writing, is somewhat frequent in colloquial language, I con­
ceive to be corrupted from another guise; that is, of a different
guise, or manner, or form.] Of a different kind.
Oh Hocus! where art thou? It used to go in anotherguess
manner in thy time. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.



ANS

A'NSATED. adj.  [ansatus, Lat.] Having handles; or something
in the form of handles.

To A'NSWER. v. n.  [The etymology is uncertain; the Sax­
ons had andswarian, but in another sense; the Dutch have ant­
woorden.] 
1. To speak in return to a question.
Are we succour'd? are the Moors remov'd?
Answer these questions first, and then a thousand more,
Answer them altogether. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
2. To speak in opposition.
No man was able to answer him a word. Matt. xxii. 46.
If it be said, we may discover the elementary ingredients of
things, I answer, that it is not necessary that such a discovery
should be practicable. Boyle.
3. To be accountable for.
Some men have sinned in the principles of humanity, and
must answer for not being men. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If there be any absurdity in this, our author must answer for
it. Locke.
4. To vindicate; to give a justificatory account of.
The night, so impudently fixed for my last, made little im­
pression on myself; but I cannot answer for my family. Swift.
5. To give an account.
How they have been since received, and so well improved,
let those answer either to God or man, who have been the au­
thors and promoters of such wise council. Temple.
He wants a father to protect his youth,
And rear him up to virtue. You must bear
The future blame, and answer to the world,
When you refuse the easy honest means
Of taking care of him. Southern's Innocent Adultery.
6. To correspond to; to suit with.
In water face answereth to face: so the heart of man to man.
Prov. xxvii. 19.
7. To be equivalent to; to stand for something else.
A feast is made for laughter, and wine maketh merry: but
money answereth all things. Eccl. x. 19.
8. To satisfy any claim or petition.
Revenge the jeering and disdain'd contempt
Of this proud king, who studies day and night
To answer all the debt he owes unto you,
Ev'n with the bloody payments of your deaths. Sh. Hen. IV.
Men no sooner find their appetites unanswered, than they
complain the times are injurious. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
9. To act reciprocally upon.
Say, do'st thou yet the Roman harp command?
Do the strings answer to thy noble hand? Dryden's Persius.
10. To stand as opposite or correlative to something else.
There can but two things create love, perfection and use­
fulness; to which answer, on our part, 1. Admiration; and,
2. Desire: and both these are centered in love. Taylor.
11. To bear proportion to.
He desired, that proper officers might search me; for pro­
bably I might carry several weapons, which must needs be dan­
gerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a per­
son. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.
12. To perform what is endeavoured or intended by the agent.
Our part is, to choose out the most deserving objects, and
the most likely to answer the ends of our charity; and when
that is done, all is done that lies in our power: the rest must
be left to providence. Atterbury's Sermons.
13. To comply with.
He dies that touches of this fruit,
Till I and my affairs are answered. Shakesp. As you like it.
14. To succeed; to produce the wished event.
Jason followed her counsel, whereto, when the event had an­
swered, he again demanded the fleece. Raleigh's Hist. of the W.
We see likewise, that much water draweth forth the juice of
the body infused; but little water is imbibed by the body: and


this is a principal cause, why, in operations upon bodies for
their version or alteration, the trial in great quantities doth not
answer the trial in small; and so deceiveth many.
Bacon's Natural History, No 92.
15. To appear to any call, or authoritative summons; in which
sense, though figuratively, the following passage may be, per­
haps, taken.
Thou wert better in thy grave, than to answer, with thy
uncovered body, this extremity of the skies. Shakesp. K. Lear.
16. To be over-against any thing.
Fire answers fire, and, by their paly beams,
Each battle sees the other's umber'd face. Shakesp. Henry V.

A'NSWER. n. s.  [from To answer.] 
1. That which is said, whether in speech or writing, in return to
a question, or position.
It was a right answer of the physician to his patient, that had
sore eyes: If you have more pleasure in wine than in your sight,
wine is good. Locke.
How can we think of appearing at that tribunal, without be­
ing able to give a ready answer to the questions which he shall
then put to us, about the poor and the afflicted, the hungry and
the naked, the sick and imprisoned? Atterbury's Sermons.
2. In law, a confutation of a charge exhibited against a person.
A personal answer ought to have three qualities; it ought to
be pertinent to the matter in hand; it ought to be absolute and
unconditional; it ought to be clear and certain. Ayliffe's Par.

A'NSWER-JOBBER. n. s.  [from answer and jobber.] He that
makes a trade of writing answers.
What disgusts me from having any thing to do with answer­
jobbers, is, that they have no conscience. Swift.

A'NSWERABLE. adj.  [from answer.] 
1. That to which a reply may be made; that which may be an­
swered; as, the argument, though subtle, is yet answerable.
2. Obliged to give an account, or stand the trial of an accusa­
tion.
Every chief of every kindred or family should be answerable,
and bound to bring forth every one of that kindred, at all times
to be justified, when he should be required, or charged with any
treason, felony, &c. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Will any man argue, that if a physician should manifestly
prescribe poison to all his patients, he cannot be justly punish­
ed, but is answerable only to God? Swift.
He cannot think ambition more justly laid to their charge,
than to other men; because that would be to make church go­
vernment answerable for the errours of human nature. Swift.
3. Correspondent.
It was but such a likeness as an imperfect glass doth give,
answerable enough in some features and colours, but erring in
others. Sidney.
The daughters of Atlas were ladies, who, accompanying
such as came to be registered among the worthies, brought forth
children answerable in quality to those that begot them.
Raleigh's History of the World.
4. Proportionate.
Only add
Deeds to thy knowledge answerable; add faith,
Add virtue, patience, temperance; add love
By name to come call'd charity, the soul
Of all the rest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
5. Suitable; suited.
The following, by certain estates of men, answerable to that
which a great person himself professeth, as of soldiers to him
that hath been employed in the wars, hath been a thing well
taken even in monarchies. Bacon's Essays.
If answerable style I can obtain
Of my celestial patroness, who deigns
Her mighty visitation unimplor'd. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. ix.
6. Equal.
There be no kings whose means are answerable unto other
mens desires. Raleigh's History of the World.
7. Relative; correlative.
That, to every petition for things needful, there should be
some answerable sentence of thanks provided particularly to fol­
low, is not requisite. Hooker, b. v. § 43.

A'NSWERABLY. adv.  [from answerable.] In due proportion;
with proper correspondence; suitably.
The broader seas are, if they be intire, and free from islands,
they are answerably deeper. Brerewood on Languages.
It bears light, and more active sorts, into the atmosphere, to
a greater or lesser height, answerably to the greater or lesser in­
tenseness of the heat. Woodward's Nat. History.

A'NSWERABLENESS. n. s.  [from answerable.] The quality of
being answerable. Dict.

A'NSWERER. n. s.  [from answer.] 
1. He that answers; he that speaks in return to what another has
spoken.
2. He that manages the controversy against one that has written
first.
It is very unfair in any writer to employ ignorance and ma­
lice together; because it gives his answerer double work. Swift.



ANT

ANT. n. s.  [æmett, Sax. which Junius imagines, not without
probability, to have been first contracted to æmt, and then sof­
tened to ant.] An emmet; a pismire. A small infect that
lives in great numbers together in hillocks.
We'll set thee to school to an ant, to teach thee there's no
lab'ring in the winter. Shakesp. King Lear.
Methinks, all cities now but ant-hills are,
Where when the several labourers I see
For children, house, provision, taking pain,
They're all but ants, carrying eggs, straw, and grain. Donne.
Learn each small people's genius, policies;
The ant's republick, and the realm of bees;
How those in common all their stores bestow,
And anarchy without confusion know. Pope's Ess. on Man.

ANT-BEAR. n. s.  [from ant and bear.] An animal that feeds on
ants.
Divers quadrupeds feed upon insects; and some live wholly
upon them; as two sorts of tamanduas upon ants, which
therefore are called in English ant-bears. Ray on Creation.

A'NT-HILL, or HILLOCK. n. s.  [from ant and hill.] The small
protuberances of earth in which ants make their nests.
Put blue flowers into an ant-hill, they will be stained with
red; because the ants drop upon them their stinging liquour,
which hath the effect of oil of vitriol. Ray on Creation.
Those who have seen ant-hillocks, have easily perceived those
small heaps of corn about their nests. Addison. Guardian.

AN'T.  A contraction for and it, or rather and if it; as, an't
please you; that is, and if it please you.

ANTA'GONIST. n. s.  [ἀντὶ and ἀγωίνςω.] 
1. One who contends with another; an opponent. It implies
generally a personal and particular opposition.
Our antagonists in these controversies may have met with
some not unlike to Ithacius. Hooker's Dedication.
What was set before him,
To heave, pull, draw, and break, he still perform'd,
None daring to appear antagonist. Milton's Sampson Agon.
Is it not fit, that the history of a person should appear, till
the prejudice both of his antagonists and adherents be softened
and subdued. Addison. Freeholder, No 35.
2. Contrary.
The short club consists of those who are under five feet;
ours is to be composed of such as are above six. These we look
upon as the two extremes and antagonists of the species; con­
sidering all these as neuters, who fill up the middle space.
Addison. Guardian, No 108.
3. In anatomy, the antagonist is that muscle which counteracts
some others.
A relaxation of a muscle must produce a spasm in its antago­
nist, because the equilibrium is destroyed. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To ANTA'GONIZE. v. n.  [ἀντὶ and ἀγωνίζω.] To contend against
another. Dict.

ANTA'LGICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ἄλγος, pain.] That
which softens pain; anodyne.

ANTANACLA'SIS. n. s.  [Lat. from ἄντανάϰλασις, from ἀντανάϰλάω,
to drive back.] 
1. A figure in rhetorick, when the same word is repeated in a dif­
ferent, if not in a contrary signification; as, In thy youth learn
some craft, that in old age thou mayst get thy living without craft.
Craft, in the first place, signifies science or occupation; in the
second, deceit or subtilty.
2. It is also a returning to the matter at the end of a long paren­
thesis; as, Shall that heart (which does not only feel them, but hath
all motion of his life placed in them) shall that heart, I say, &c.
Smith's Rhetorick.

ANTAPHRODI'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ἀφϱοδίτη, Ve­
nus.] That which is efficacious against the venereal disease.

ANTAPOPLE'CTICK. adj.  [ἀντὶ, against, and ἀποϖληξις, an apo­
plexy.] Good against an apoplexy.

ANTA'RCTICK. adj.  [ἀντὶ, against, and ἄϱϰτος, the bear or nor­
thern constellation.] The southern pole, so called, as opposite
to the northern.
Downward as far as antarctick. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
They that had sail'd from near th' antarctick pole,
Their treasure safe, and all their vessels whole,
In sight of their dear country ruin'd be,
Without the guilt of either rock or sea. Waller.

ANTARTHRI'TICK. adj.  [ἀντὶ, against, and ἄϱϑϱιτις, the gout.] 
Good against the gout.

ANTASTHMA'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ and ἄσϑμα.] Good against
the asthma.

A'NTE.  A Latin particle signifying before, which is frequently
used in compositions; as, antediluvian, before the flood; ante­
chamber, a chamber leading into another apartment.

A'NTEACT. n. s.  [from ante and act.] A former act.

ANTEAMBULA'TION. n. s.  [from ante and ambulatio, Lat.] A
walking before. Dict.

To ANTECE'DE. v. n.  [from ante, before, and cedo, to go.] 
To precede; to go before.
It seems more consonant to reason, that the fabrick of the
world did not long antecede its motion. Hale's Orig. of Mank.

ANTECE'DENCE. n. s.  [from antecede.] The act or state of go­
ing before; precedence.
It is impossible that mixed bodies can be eternal, because
there is necessarily a pre-existence of the simple bodies, and


an antecedence of their constitution preceding the existence of
mixed bodies. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ANTECE'DENT. adj.  [antecedens, Lat.] 
1. Going before; preceding. Antecedent is used, I think, only
with regard to time; precedent, with regard both to time and
place.
To assert, that God looked upon Adam's fall as a sin, and pu­
nished it, when, without any antecedent sin of his, it was im­
possible for him not to fall, seems a thing that highly reproaches
essential equity and goodness. South.
2. It has to before the thing which is supposed to follow.
No one is so hardy as to say, God is in his debt; that he
owed him a nobler being: for existence must be antecedent to
merit. Collier of Envy.
Did the blood first exist, antecedent to the formation of the
heart? But that is to set the effect before the cause. Bentley.

ANTECE'DENT. n. s.  [antecedens, Lat.] 
1. That which goes before.
A duty of so mighty an influence, that it is indeed the neces­
sary antecedent, if not also the direct cause of a sinner's return to
God. South.
2. In grammar, the noun to which the relative is subjoined; as,
the man who comes hither.
3. In logick, the first proposition of an enthymeme or argument,
consisting only of two propositions.
Conditional or hypothetical propositions are those whose parts
are united by the conditional particle if; as, if the sun be fixed,
the earth must move: if there be no fire, there will be no
smoke. The first part of these propositions, or that wherein the
condition is contained, is called the antecedent, the other is called
the consequent. Watts's Logick.

ANTECE'DENTLY. adj.  [from antecedent.] In the state of ante­
cedence, or going before; previously.
We consider him antecedently to his creation, while he yet
lay in the barren womb of nothing, and only in the number of
possibilities. South.

ANTECE'SSOR. n. s.  [Latin.] One who goes before, or leads
another. Dict.

ANTECHA'MBER. n. s.  [from ante before, and chamber; it is ge­
nerally written, improperly, antichamber.] The chamber that
leads to the chief apartment.
The empress has the antichambers past,
And this way moves with a disorder'd haste. Dryd. Aurengz.
His antichamber, and room of audience, are little square cham­
bers wainscoted. Addison on Italy.

ANTECU'RSOR. n. s.  [Latin.] One who runs before. Dict.

To A'NTEDATE. v. a.  [from ante and do, datum, Lat.] 
1. To date earlier than the real time, so as to confer a fictitious
antiquity.
Now thou hast lov'd me one whole day,
To-morrow when thou leav'st, what wilt thou say?
Wilt thou then antedate some new-made vow,
Or say, that now
We are not just those persons, which we were? Donne.
By reading, a man does, as it were, antedate his life, and
makes himself contemporary with the ages past. Collier's Essays.
2. To take something before the proper time.
Our joys below it can improve,
And antedate the bliss above. Pope's St. Cæcilia.

ANTEDILU'VIAN. adj.  [from ante before, and diluvium a deluge.] 
1. Existing before the deluge.
During the time of the deluge, all the stone and marble of the
antediluvian earth were totally dissolved. Woodw. Nat. History.
2. Relating to things existing before the deluge.
The text intends only the line of Seth, conduceable unto the
genealogy of our Saviour, and the antediluvian chronology.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 4.

ANTEDILU'VIAN. n. s.  One that lived before the flood.
We are so far from repining at God, that he hath not ex­
tended the period of our lives to the longevity of the antedilu­
vians, that we give him thanks for contracting the days of our
trial. Bentley's Sermons.

A'NTELOPE. n. s.  [The etymology is uncertain.] A goat with
curled or wreathed horns.
The antelope, and wolf both fierce and fell. Fairy Queen.

ANTEMERI'DIAN. adj.  [from ante, before, and meridian, noon.] 
Before noon.

ANTEME'TICK. adj.  [ἀντὶ, against, and ἠμέω, to vomit.] That
which has the power of calming the stomach; of preventing or
stopping vomiting.

ANTEMU'NDANE. adj.  [ante, before, and mundus, the world.] 
That which was before the creation of the world.

ANTENU'MBER. n. s.  [from ante and number.] The number
that precedes another.
Whatsoever virtue is in numbers, for conducing to consent
of notes, is rather to be ascribed to the antenumber, than to the
entire number, as that the sound returneth after six, or after
twelve; so that the seventh or thirteenth is not the matter, but
the sixth or the twelfth. Bacon's Natural History, No 106.

A'NTEPAST. n. s.  [from ante, before, and pastum, to feed.] A
foretaste; something taken before the proper time.
Were we to expect our bliss only in the satiating our appe­
tites, it might be reasonable, by frequent antepasts, to excite
our gust for that profuse perpetual meal. Decay of Piety.

A'NTEPENULT. n. s.  [antepenultima, Lat.] The last syllable but
two, as the syllable te in antepenult: a term of grammar.

ANTEPILE'PTICK. adj.  [ἀντὶ and ἐπίληψις.] A medicine against
convulsions.
That bezoar is antidotal, lapsis judaicus diuretical, coral ante­
pileptical, we will not deny. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

To A'NTEPONE. v. a.  [antepono, Lat.] To set one thing before
another; to prefer one thing to another. Dict.

ANTEPREDI'CAMENT. n. s.  [antepredicamentum, Lat.] Some­
thing to be known in the study of logick, previously to the
doctrine of the predicament.

ANTERIO'RITY. n. s.  [from anteriour.] Priority; the state of
being before either in time or situation.

ANTE'RIOUR. adj.  [anterior, Lat.] Going before, either with
regard to time or place.
If that be the anteriour or upper part wherein the senses are
placed, and that the posteriour and lower part, which is oppo­
site thereunto, there is no inferiour or former part in this ani­
mal; for the senses being placed at both extremes, make both
ends anteriour, which is impossible. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

A'NTES. n. s.  [Latin.] Pillars of large dimensions that support
the front of a building.

ANTESTO'MACH. n. s.  [from ante, before, and stomach.] A ca­
vity which leads into the stomach.
In birds there is no mastication or comminution of the meat
in the mouth; but it is immediately swallowed into a kind of
antestomach, which I have observed in piscivorous birds. Ray.

ANTHELMI'NTHICK. adj.  [ἀντὶ, against, and ἕλμινϑος, a worm.] 
That which kills worms.
Anthelminthicks, or contrary to worms, are things which are
known by experience to kill them, as oils, or honey taken upon
an empty stomach. Arbuthnot on Diet.

A'NTHEM. n. s.  [ἄνϑυμνος, a hymn sung in alternate parts, and
should therefore be written anthymn.] A holy song; a song
performed as part of divine service.
God Moses first, then David did inspire,
To compose anthems for his heavenly quire. Denham.
There is no passion that is not finely expressed in those parts
of the inspired writings, which are proper for divine songs and
anthems. Addison. Spectator, No 405.

ANTHO'LOGY. n. s.  [ἀνϑολογία, from ἀνϑος, a flower, and λέγω, to
gather.] 
1. A collection of flowers.
2. A collection of devotions in the Greek church.
3. A collection of poems.

A'NTHONY'S FIRE. n. s.  A kind of erysipelas.

A'NTHRAX. n. s.  [ἄνϑϱαξ, a burning coal.] A scab or blotch
that is made by a corrosive humour, which burns the skin, and
occasions sharp pricking pains. Quincy.

ANTHROPO'LOGY. n. s.  [from ἄνϑϱωπος, man, and λέγω, to dis­
course.] The doctrine of anatomy; the doctrine of the form
and structure of the body of man.

ANTHROPO'PATHY. n. s.  [ἄνϑϱωϖος, man, and ϖάϑος, passion.] 
The sensibility of man; the passions of man.

ANTHROPO'PHAGI. n. s.  It has no singular. [ἄνϑϱωϖος, man,
and φάγω, to eat.] 
Man-eaters; cannibals; those that live upon human flesh.
The cannibals that each other eat,
The anthropophagi, and men whose heads
Do grow beneath their shoulders. Shakesp. Othello.

ANTHROPOPHAGI'NIAN. n. s.  A ludicrous word, formed by
Shakespeare from anthropophagi, for the sake of a formidable sound.
Go, knock, and call; he'll speak like an anthropophaginian
unto thee: knock, I say. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

ANTHROPO'PHAGY. n. s.  [ἄνϑϱωϖος, a man, and φάγω, to eat.] 
The quality of eating human flesh, or man-eating.
Upon slender foundations was raised the anthropophagy of
Diomedes his horses. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.

ANTHROPO'SOPHY. n. s.  [ἄνϑϱωπος, man, and σοφία, wisdom.] 
The knowledge of the nature of man.

ANTHYPNO'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ὕϖνος, sleep.] 
That which has the power of preventing sleep; that which is
efficacious against a lethargy.

ANTHYPOCHONDRI'ACK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ὑϖοχονδϱίαιος.] 
Good against hypochondriack maladies.

ANTHYPO'PHORA. n. s.  [ἀνϑυπόφοϱα.] A figure in rhetorick,
which signifies a contrary illation, or inference, and is when an
objection is refuted or disproved by the opposition of a contrary
sentence. Smith's Rhetorick.

ANTHYSTE'RICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ὕϛεϱος.] Good
against hystericks.

ANTI.  [ᾀντὶ.] A particle much used in composition with words
derived from the Greek, and signifies contrary to; as, antimo­
narchical, opposite to monarchy.

ANTIA'CID. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, and acidus, sour.] Contrary to sour­
ness; alkalis.
Oils are antiacids, so far as they blunt acrimony; but as they
are hard of digestion, they produce acrimony of another sort.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.



ANTICHACHE'CTICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ϰἄχεξις, a bad
habit.] Things adapted to the cure of a bad constitution.

ANTICHA'MBER. n. s.  This word is corruptly written for ante­
chamber; which see.

ANTICHRI'STIAN. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and χϱιϛίανος.] Op­
posite to christianity.
That despised, abject, oppressed sort of men, the ministers,
whom the world would make antichristian, and so deprive them
of heaven. South.

ANTICHRI'STIANISM. n. s.  [from antichristian.] Opposition or
contrariety to christianity.
Have we not seen many, whose opinions have fastened upon
one another the brand of antichristianism? Decay of Piety.

ANTICHRISTIA'NITY. n. s.  [from antichristian.] Contrariety
to christianity.

ANTI'CHRONISM. n. s.  [ἀντὶ, against, and χϱόνος, time.] Devia­
tion from the right order or account of time.

To ANTI'CIPATE. v. a.  [anticipo, Lat.] 
1. To take something sooner than another, so as to prevent him
that comes after.
God hath taken care to anticipate and prevent every man, to
draw him early into his church; to give piety the prepossession,
and so to engage him in holiness. Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. To take up before the time, at which any thing might be re­
gularly had.
I find I have anticipated already, and taken up from Boccace,
before I come to him; but I am of the temper of kings, who
are for present money, no matter how they pay it. Dryd. Fab.
3. To foretaste, or take an impression of something, which is
not yet, as if it really was.
The life of the desperate equals the anxiety of death, who
but act the life of the damned, and anticipate the desolations of
hell. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.
Why should we
Anticipate our sorrows? 'tis like those
That die for fear of death. Denham's Sophy.
4. To prevent any thing by crouding in before it; to preclude.
Time, thou anticipat'st my dread exploits:
The flighty purpose never is o'ertook,
Unless the deed go with it. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I am so far from pretending to instruct the profession, or an­
ticipating their directions to such as are under their government.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
If our Apostle had maintained such an anticipating principle
engraven upon our souls before all exercise of reason; what
did he talk of seeking the Lord, seeing that the knowledge of
him was innate and perpetual. Bentley's Sermons.

ANTICIPA'TION. n. s.  [from anticipate.] 
1. The act of taking up something before its time.
The golden number gives the new moon four days too late,
by reason of the aforesaid anticipation, and our neglect of it.
Holder on Time.
2. Foretaste.
It is not enough to be miserable when the time comes, un­
less we make ourselves so beforehand, and by anticipation.
L'Estrange.
If we really live under the hope of future happiness, we shall
taste it by way of anticipation and forethought, an image of it
will meet our minds often, and stay there, as all pleasing ex­
pectations do. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Opinion implanted before the reasons of that opinion can be
known.
The east and west, the north and south, have the same anti­
cipation concerning one supreme disposer of things. Stillingfleet.
What nation is there, that, without any teaching, have not
a kind of anticipation, or preconceived notion of a Deity?
Derham's Physico-Theology.

A'NTICK. adj.  [probably from antiquus, ancient, as things out of
use appear old.] Odd; ridiculously wild; buffoon in gesticu­
lation.
What! dares the slave
Come hither cover'd with an antick face,
And fleer and scorn at our solemnity? Shakesp. Rom. & Jul.
Of all our antick sights, and pageantry,
Which English idiots run in crouds to see. Dryden.
The prize was to be conferred upon the whistler, that could
go through his tune without laughing, though provoked by the
antick postures of a merry Andrew, who was to play tricks.
Addison. Spectator, No 179.

A'NTICK. n. s. 1. He that plays anticks; he that uses odd gesticulation: a buf­
foon.
Within the hollow crown,
That rounds the mortal temples of a king,
Keeps death his court; and there the antick sits,
Scoffing his state. Shakesp. Richard II.
If you should smile, he grows impatient.—
Fear not, my lord, we can contain ourselves,
Were he the veriest antick in the world. Shakesp. Tam. Shr.
2. Odd appearance.
A work of rich entail, and curious mold,
Woven with anticks, and wild imagery. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
For ev'n at first reflection she espies
Such toys, such anticks, and such vanities,
As she retires and shrinks for shame and fear. Sir J. Davies.

To A'NTICK. v. a.  [from antick.] To make anticks.
Mine own tongue
Splits what it speaks; the wild disguise hath almost
Antickt us all. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

A'NTICKLY. adv.  [from antick.] In an antick manner; with
odd postures, or wild gesticulations.
Scrambling, outfacing, fashion-mongring boys,
That lye, and cog, and flout, deprave, and slander,
Go antickly, and shew an outward hideousness,
And speak of half a dozen dangerous words.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.

ANTICLI'MAX. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ and ϰλίμαξ.] A sentence in
which the last part is lower than the first.
A certain figure which was unknown to the ancients, is call­
ed by some an anticlimax. Addison's Whig Examiner.
This distich is frequently mentioned as an example.
Next comes Dalhoussey the great god of war,
Lieutenant col'nel to the earl of Mar.

ANTICONVU'LSIVE. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and convulsive.] 
Good against convulsions.
Whatsoever produces an inflammatory disposition in the
blood, produces the asthma, as anticonvulsive medicines. Floyer.

A'NTICOR. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and cor, the heart.] 
A preternatural swelling of a round figure, occasioned by a
sanguine and bilious humour, and appearing in a horse's breast,
opposite to his heart. An anticor may kill a horse, unless it
be brought to a suppuration by good remedies. Farrier's Dict.

ANTICO'URTIER. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and courtier.] One
that opposes the court.

ANTI'DOTAL. adj.  [from antidote.] That which has the quality
of an antidote, or the power of counteracting poison.
That bezoar is antidotal, we shall not deny. Brown's V. Err.

A'NTIDOTE. n. s.  [ἀντίδοτος, antidotus, Lat. a thing given in op­
position to something else.] 
A medicine given to expel the mischiefs of another, as of
poison. Quincy.
Trust not the physician,
His antidotes are poison, and he slays
More than you rob. Shakesp. Timon.
What fool would believe that antidote delivered by Pierus
against the sting of a scorpion; to sit upon an ass, with one's
face towards his tail. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 7.
Poison will work against the stars: beware;
For ev'ry meal an antidote prepare. Dryden jun. Juv. Sat.

ANTIDYSENTE'RICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and dysenteria, a
bloody flux.] Good against the bloody flux.

ANTIFE'BRILE. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and febris, a fever.] 
Good against fevers.
Antifebrile medicines check the ebullition. Floyer.

ANTILO'GARITHM. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and logarithm.] 
The complement of the logarithm of a sine, tangent, or se­
cant; or the difference of that logarithm from the logarithm
of ninety degrees. Chambers.

ANTI'LOGY. n. s.  [ἀντιλογία.] A contradiction between any words
and passages in an author. Dict.

ANTI'LOQUIST. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and loquor, to speak.] 
A contradictor. Dict.

ANTIMONA'RCHICAL. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and μοναϱχία, go­
vernment by a single person.] Against government by a single
person.
When he spied the statue of king Charles in the middle of
the croud, and most of the kings ranged over their heads, he
concluded that an antimonarchical assembly could never choose
such a place. Addison. Freeholder, No 47.

ANTIMONA'RCHICALNESS. n. s.  [from antimonarchical.] The
quality of being an enemy to regal power.

ANTIMO'NIAL. adj.  [from antimony.] Made of antimony;
having the qualities of antimony; relating to antimony.
They were got out of the reach of antimonial fumes. Grew.
Though antimonial cups prepar'd with art,
Their force to wine through ages should impart;
This dissipation, this profuse expence,
Nor shrinks their size, nor wastes their stores immense.
Blackmore on the Creation.

A'NTIMONY. n. s.  [The stibium of the ancients, by the
Greeks called ϛίμμι. The reason of its modern denomination
is referred to Basil Valentine, a German monk; who, as the
tradition relates, having thrown some of it to the hogs, ob­
served, that, after it had purged them heartily, they immedi­
ately fattened; and therefore, he imagined, his fellow monks
would be the better for a like dose. The experiment, how­
ever, succeeded so ill, that they all died of it; and the medicine
was thenceforward called antimoine; antimonk.] 
Antimony is a mineral substance, of a metalline nature, hav­
ing all the seeming characters of a real metal, except malleabi­
lity; and may be called a semimetal, being a fossile glebe of
some undetermined metal, combined with a sulphurous and
stony substance. Mines of all metals afford it; but chiefly


those of silver and lead; that in gold mines is reckoned best.
It has also its own mines in Hungary, Germany, and France.
It is found in clods or stones of several sizes, bearing a near
resemblance to black lead, only being lighter and harder. Its
texture is full of little shining veins or threads, like needles;
brittle as gass. Sometimes veins of a red or golden colour are
intermixed, which is called male antimony; that without them
being denominated female antimony. It fuses in the fire, though
with some difficulty; and dissolves more easily in water. When
dug out of the earth, it is put into large crucibles, fused by a
violent fire, and then poured into cones, which make the crude
antimony of the shops. Of these cones the top is the purest
part, and the base the foulest. It destroys and dissipates all me­
tals fused with it, except gold; and is therefore useful in re­
fining. It is a common ingredient in speculums, or burning
concaves; serving to give them a finer polish. It makes a part
in bell metal; and renders the sound more clear. It is ming­
led with tin, to make it more hard, white, and sound; and
with lead, in the casting of printers letters, to render them
more smooth and firm. It is a general help in the melting of
metals, and especially in casting of cannon balls. In pharmacy
it is used under various forms, and with various intentions,
chiefly as an emetick. It had no place in medicine before the
fourteenth century; and was generally neglected, till Paracel­
sus brought it into esteem, in the beginning of the sixteenth
century; but much mischief was done by it, till the proper
methods of preparing it were, after a long course of experi­
ments, discovered. Chambers.

ANTINEPHRI'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ and νεφϱίτιϰος.] Medicines
good against diseases of the reins and kidneys.

A'NTINOMY. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ and νόμος.] A contradiction between
two laws, or two articles of the same law.

ANTIPARALY'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ and ϖαϱάλυσις.] Efficacious
against the palsy.

ANTIPATHE'TICAL. adj.  [from antipathy.] Having a natural
contrariety to any thing.
The soil is fat and luxurious, and antipathetical to all vene­
mous creatures. Howel's Vocal Forest.

ANTIPATHE'TICALNESS. n. s.  [from antipathetical.] The qua­
lity or state of having a natural contrariety to any thing.
Dict.

ANTI'PATHY. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and ϖάϑος, feeling;
antipathie, Fr.] 
1. A natural contrariety to any thing, so as to shun it involunta­
rily; aversion; dislike. It is opposed to sympathy.
No contraries hold more antipathy,
Than I and such a knave. Shakespeare's King Lear.
To this perhaps might be justly attributed most of the sym­
pathies and antipathies observable in men. Locke.
2. It has sometimes the particle against before the object of anti­
pathy.
I had a mortal antipathy against standing armies in times of
peace; because I took armies to be hired by the master of the
family, to keep his children in slavery. Swift.
3. Sometimes to.
Ask you, what provocation I have had?
The strong antipathy of good to bad.
When truth, or virtue, an affront endures,
Th' affront is mine, my friend, and should be yours. Pope.
4. Formerly with; but improperly.
Tangible bodies have an antipathy with air; and any liquid
body, that is more dense, they will draw, condense, and, in ef­
fect, incorporate. Bacon's Natural History, No 80.

ANTIPERI'STASIS. n. s.  [from ἀντιπεϱίϛασις, formed of ἀντὶ
and πεϱίϛαμαι, to stand round.] The opposition of a contrary
quality, by which the quality it opposes, becomes heightened
or intended; or the action, by which a body attacked by an­
other, collects itself, and becomes stronger by such opposition:
or an intention of the activity of one quality caused by the op­
position of another. Thus quicklime is set on fire by the affu­
sion of cold water; so water becomes warmer in winter than
in summer; and thunder and lightening are excited in the
middle region of the air, which is continually cold, and all by
antiperistasis. This is an exploded principle in the Peripatetick
philosophy.
Th' antiperistasis of age
More inflam'd his am'rous rage. Cowley.
The riotous prodigal detests covetousness; yet let him find
the springs grow dry, which feed his luxury, covetousness shall
be called in; and so, by a strange antiperistasis, prodigality shall
beget rapine. Decay of Piety.

ANTIPESTILE'NTIAL. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and pestilential.] 
Efficacious against the infection of the plague.
Perfumes correct the air before it is attracted by the lungs;
or, rather, antipestilential unguents, to anoint the nostrils with.
Harvey on the Plague.

ANTI'PHRASIS. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and φϱάσις, a form of
speech.] The use of words in a sense opposite to their proper
meaning.
You now find no cause to repent, that you never dipt your
hands in the bloody high courts of justice, so called only by
antiphrasis. South's Dedication to his Sermons.

ANTI'PODAL. adj.  [from antipodes.] Relating to the countries
inhabited by the antipodes.
The Americans are antipodals unto the Indians.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

ANTI'PODES. n. s.  It has no singular. [from ἀντὶ, against, and
ϖόδες, feet.] Thosepeople who, living on the other side of the
globe, have their feet directly opposite to ours.
We should hold day with the antipodes,
If you would walk in absence of the sun.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
So shines the sun, tho' hence remov'd, as clear
When his beams warm th' antipodes, as here. Waller.

A'NTIPOPE. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and pope.] He that usurps
the popedom, in opposition to the right pope.
This house is famous in history, for the retreat of an anti­
pope, who called himself Felix V. Addison on Italy.

ANTIPTO'SIS. n. s.  [ἀντίϖτωσις.] A figure in grammar, by
which one case is put for another.

A'NTIQUARY. n. s.  [antiquarius, Lat.] A man studious of an­
tiquity; a collector of ancient things.
All those arts, rarities, and inventions, are but the relicts of
an intellect defaced with sin. We admire it now, only as an­
tiquaries do a piece of old coin, for the stamp it once bore.
South's Sermons.
With sharpen'd sight pale antiquaries pore,
Th' inscription value, but the rust adore. Pope.
The rude Latin of the monks is still very intelligible; had
their records been delivered in the vulgar tongue, they could
not now be understood, unless by antiquaries. Swift.

A'NTIQUARY. adj.  [This word is improper.] Old; antique.
Here's Nestor,
Instructed by the antiquary times;
He must, he is, he cannot but be wise.
Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

To A'NTIQUATE. v. a.  [antiquo, Lat.] To put out of use; to
make obsolete.
The growth of christianity in this kingdom might reason­
ably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate some old
ones, that seemed less consistent with the christian doctrines.
Hale's Common Law of England.
Milton's Paradise Lost is admirable. But cannot I admire
the height of his invention, and the strength of his expression,
without defending his antiquated words, and the perpetual harsh­
ness of their sound? Dryden.
Almighty Latium, with her cities crown'd,
Shall like an antiquated fable sound. Addison on Italy.

A'NTIQUATEDNESS. n. s.  [from antiquated.] The state of be­
ing antiquated, worn out of use, or obsolete.

ANTI'QUE. adj.  [antique, Fr. antiquus, Lat. It was formerly
pronounced according to the English analogy, with the accent
on the first syllable; but now after the French, with the accent
on the last, at least in prose; the poets use it variously.] 
1. Ancient; old; not modern.
Now, good Cesario, but that piece of song,
That old and antique song we heard last night.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Such truth in love as th' antique world did know,
In such a stile as courts might boast of now. Waller.
2. Of genuine antiquity.
The seals which we have remaining of Julius Cæsar, which
we know to be antique, have the star of Venus over them.
Dryden's Virgil's Æneis, Pref.
My copper lamps at any rate,
For being true antique I bought;
Yet wisely melted down my plate,
On modern models to be wrought;
And trifles I alike pursue,
Because they're old, because they're new. Prior.
3. Of old fashion.
Forth came that ancient lord and aged queen,
Array'd in antique robes down to the ground.
And sad habiliments right well beseen. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Must he no more divert the tedious day?
Nor sparkling thoughts in antique words convey?
Smith to the Memory of Philips.
4. Odd; wild; antick.
Name not these living death-heads unto me;
For these not ancient but antique be. Donne.
And sooner may a gulling weather-spy
By drawing forth heav'n's scheme, tell certainly
What fashion'd hats or ruffs, or suits next year,
Our giddy-headed antique youth will wear. Donne.

ANTI'QUE. n. s.  [from antique, adj.] An antiquity; a remain
of ancient times; an ancient rarity.
I leave to Edward, now early of Oxford, my seal of Julius
Cæsar; as also another seal, supposed to be a young Hercules;
both very choice antiques, and set in gold. Swift's Last Will.

ANTI'QUENESS. n. s.  [from antique.] The quality of being an­
tique; an appearance of antiquity.
We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of
the work; but we would see the design enlarged, the figures re­
formed, and the colour laid on. Addison on the Georgicks.



ANTI'QUITY. n. s.  [antiquitas, Lat.] 
1. Old times; time past long ago.
I mention Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero, the greatest phi­
losopher, the most impartial historian, and the most consum­
mate statesman of all antiquity. Addison. Freeholder, No 51.
2. The people of old times; the ancients.
That such pillars were raised by Seth, all antiquity has a­
vowed. Raleigh's History of the World.
3. The works or remains of old times.
As for the observation of Machiavel, traducing Gregory the
Great, that he did what in him lay, to extinguish all heathen
antiquities: I do not find that those zeals last long; as it ap­
peared in the succession of Sabinian, who did revive the former
antiquities. Bacon's Essays.
4. Old age: a ludicrous sense.
Is not your voice broken? your wind short? your chin
double? your wit single? and every part about you blasted
with antiquity? and will you yet call yourself young?
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
5. Ancientness; as, this ring is valuable for its antiquity.

ANTI'SCII. n. s. It has no singular.  [from ἀντὶ and σϰὶα.] In
geography, the people who inhabit on different sides of the
equator, who, consequently, at noon have their shadows pro­
jected opposite ways. Thus the people of the north are An­
tiscii to those of the south; the one projecting their shadows at
noon toward the north pole, and the other toward the south
pole. Chambers.

ANTISCORBU'TICAL. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and scorbutum, the
scurvy.] Good against the scurvy.
The warm antiscorbutical plants, in quantities, will occasion
stinking breath, and corrupt the blood Arbuth. on Aliments.

ANTISCORBU'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and scorbutum, the
scurvy.] Good against the scurvy.
The warm antiscorbuticks, animal diet, and animal salts, are
proper. Arbuthnot on Diet.

ANTI'SPASIS. n. s.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and σϖἄω, to draw.] 
The revulsion of any humour into another part.

ANTISPASMO'DICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ, against, and σϖασμος, the
cramp.] That which has the power of relieving the cramp.

ANTISPA'STICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ and σϖαϛιϰος.] Medicines
which cause a revulsion of the humours.

ANTISPLENE'TICK. adj.  [from ἀντὶ and splenetick.] Efficacious
in diseases of the spleen.
Antispleneticks open the obstructions of the spleen. Floyer.

ANTI'STROPHE. n. s.  [ἀντιϛϱοφὴ, from ἀντὶ, the contrary way, and
ϛϱοφὴ, turning.] In an ode supposed to be sung in parts, the
second stanza of every three, or sometimes every second stanza;
so called because the dance turns about.

ANTISTRUMA'TICK. adj.  [from ἀνιὶ and struma, a scrophulous
swelling.] Good against the king's evil.
I prescribed him a distilled milk, with antistrumaticks, and
purged him. Wiseman's Surgery.

ANTI'THESIS. n. s.  in the plural antitheses. [ἀντίϑεσις, plac­
ing in opposition.] Opposition of words or sentiments; con­
trast; as in these lines:
Though gentle, yet not dull,
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full. Denham.
I see a chief, who leads my chosen sons,
All arm'd with points, antitheses, and puns. Pope's Dunciad.

A'NTITYPE. n. s.  [ἀνιίτυπος.] That which is resembled or sha­
dowed out by the type; that of which the type is the represen­
tation. It is a term of theology. See TYPE.
When once upon the wing, he soars to an higher pitch, from
the type to the antitype, to the days of the Messiah, the ascen­
sion of our Saviour, and, at length, to his kingdom and domi­
nion over all the earth. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
He brought forth bread and wine, and was the priest of the
most high God; and imitating the antitype, or the substance,
Christ himself. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

ANTITY'PICAL. adj.  [from antitype.] That which relates to
an antitype; that which explains the type.

ANTIVENE'REAL. adj.  [from ἀνιὶ and veneral.] Good against
the venereal disease.
If a lues be joined with it, you will scarce cure your patient
without exhibiting antivenereal remedies. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'NTLER. n. s.  [andouillier, Fr.] Properly the first branches of
a stag's horns; but, popularly and generally, any of his
branches.
Grown old, they grow less branched, and first lose their
brow antlers, or lowest furcations next to the head.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 9.
A well grown stag, whose antlers rise
High o'er his front, his beams invade the skies. Dryden.
Bright Diana
Brought hunted wild goats heads, and branching antlers
Of stags, the fruit and honour of her toil. Prior.

ANTO'ECI. n. s. It has no singular.  [Lat. from ἀνιὶ and οιϰέω, to
inhabit.] In geography, those inhabitants of the earth, who
live under the same meridian, and at the same distance from the
equator; the one toward the north, and the other to the south.
Hence they have the same longitude, and their latitude is also
the same, but of a different denomination. They are in the same
semicircle of the meridian, but opposite parallels. They have
precisely the same hours of the day and night, but opposite sea­
sons; and the night of the one is always equal to the day of the
other. Chambers.

ANTONOMA'SIA. n. s.  [from ἀνιὶ and ὀνομὰ, a name.] A
form of speech, in which, for a proper name, is put the name
of some dignity, office, profession, science, or trade; or when
a proper name is put in the room of an appellative. Thus a king
is called his majesty; a nobleman, his lordship. We say the
philosopher instead of Aristotle, and the orator for Cicero; thus
a man is called by the name of his country, a German, an Ita­
lian; and a grave man is called a Cato, and a wise man a So­
lomon. Smith's Rhetorick.

A'NTRE.  [antre, Fr. antrum, Lat.] A cavern; a cave; a den.
With all my travels history:
Wherein of antres vast, and desarts idle,
It was my hent to speak. Shakesp. Othello.

A'NVIL. n. s.  [ænfille, Sax.] 
1. The iron block on which the smith lays his metal to be forged.
I saw a smith stand with his hammer, thus,
The whilst his iron did on the anvil cool. Shak. King John.
On their eternal anvils here he found
The brethren beating, and the blows go round. Dryden.
2. Any thing on which blows are laid.
Here I clip
The anvil of my sword, and do contest
Hotly and nobly. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Figuratively; to be upon the anvil, is to be in a state of
formation or preparation.
Several members of our house knowing, some time ago, what
was upon the anvil, went to the clergy, and desired their judg­
ment. Swift.

ANXI'ETY. n. s.  [anxietas, Lat.] 
1. Trouble of mind about some future event; suspense with un­
easiness; perplexity; solicitude.
To be happy, is not only to be freed from the pains and
diseases of the body, but from anxiety and vexation of spirit;
not only to enjoy the pleasures of sense, but peace of consci­
ence, and tranquillity of mind. Tillotson.
2. In the medical language, depression; lowness of spirits.
In anxieties which attend fevers, when the cold fit is over, a
warmer regimen may be allowed; and because anxieties often
happen by spasms from wind, spices are useful. Arbuthnot.

A'NXIOUS. adj.  [anxius, Lat.] 
1. Disturbed about some uncertain event; solicitous.
His pensive cheek upon his hand reclin'd,
And anxious thoughts revolving in his mind. Dryden.
With beating hearts the dire event they wait,
Anxious, and trembling for the birth of fate. Pope.
2. Careful; full of inquietude; unquiet.
In youth alone, unhappy mortals live;
But ah! the mighty bliss is fugitive;
Discolour'd sickness, anxious labour come,
And age, and death's inexorable doom. Dryden's Virgil.
3. Careful, as of a thing of great importance.
There being no writings we need to be solicitous about the
meaning of, but those that contain truths we are to believe, or
laws we are to obey, we may be less anxious about the sense of
other authours. Locke.
4. It has generally for or about before the object, but sometimes of.
Who anxious of neglect, suspecting change,
Consults her pride, and meditates revenge. Granville.

A'NXIOUSLY. adv.  [from anxious.] In an anxious manner; so­
licitously; unquietly; carefully.
But where the loss is temporal, every probability of it needs
not put us so anxiously to prevent it, since it might be repaired
again. South.
Thou what befits the new lord mayor,
And what the Gallick arms will do,
Art anxiously inquisitive to know. Dryden.

A'NXIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from anxious.] The quality of being an­
xious; susceptibility of anxiety.

A'NY. adj.  [anig, enig, Sax.] 
1. Every; whoever he be; whatever it be. It is, in all its senses,
applied indifferently to persons or things.
I know you are now, Sir, a gentleman born—Ay and have
been so any time these four hours. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
You contented yourself with being capable, as much as any
whosoever, of defending your country with your sword. Dryd.
How fit is this retreat for uninterrupted study? Any one that
sees it will own, I could not have chosen a more likely place to
converse with the dead in. Pope's Letters.
2. Whosoever; whatsoever; as distinguished from some other.
What warmth is there in your affection towards any of these
princely suitors that are already come. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
An inverted motion being begun any where below, continues
itself all the whole length. Locke.
3. It is used in opposition to none.
I wound and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out
of my hand. Deut. xxxii. 39.



AOR

A'ORIST. n. s.  [ἀόϱιϛος.] Indefinite; a term in the Greek gram­
mar.



AO'RTA. n. s.  [ἀοϱτὴ.] The great artery which rises immedi­
ately out of the left ventricle of the heart. Quincy.



APE

APA'CE. adv.  [from a and pace; that is, with a great pace.] 
1. Quick; speedily: used of things in motion.
Or when the flying libbard she did chace,
She could them nimbly move, and after fly apace. F. Queen.
Ay, quoth my uncle Glo'ster,
Small herbs have grace, great weeds do grow apace.
And since methinks, I would not grow so fast,
Because sweet flow'rs are slow, and weeds make haste.
Shakesp. Richard III.
He promis'd in his east a glorious race;
Now sunk from his meridian, sets apace. Dryden's Aurengz.
Is not he imprudent, who, seeing the tide making haste to­
wards him apace, will sleep till the sea overwhelm him. Tillotson.
2. With haste; applied to some action.
The baron now his diamonds pours apace;
Th' embroider'd king who shows but half his face,
And his refulgent queen. Pope's Rape of the Lock.
3. Hastily; with speed: spoken of any kind of progression from
one state to another.
This second course of men,
With some regard to what is just and right,
Shall lead their lives, and multiply apace. Milton's Par. Lost.
The life and power of religion decays apace here and at
home, while we are spreading the honour of our arms far and
wide through foreign nations. Atterbury's Sermons.
If sensible pleasure, or real grandeur, be our end, we shall
proceed apace to real misery. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

APAGO'GICAL. adj.  [from ἀπαγωγὴ; compounded of ἀπὸ, from,
and ἄγω, to bring or draw.] An apagogical demonstration is
such as does not prove the thing directly; but shews the im­
possibility, or absurdity, which arises from denying it; and is
also called reductio ad impossibile, or ad absurdum. Chambers.

APA'RT. adv.  [apart, Fr.] 
1. Separately from the rest in place.
Since I enter into that question, it behoveth me to give rea­
son for my opinion, with circumspection; because I walk aside,
and in a way apart from the multitude. Raleigh's History.
The party discerned, that the earl of Essex would never serve
their turn, they resolved to have another army apart, that should
be at their devotion. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. In a state of distinction; as, to set apart for any use.
He is so very figurative, that he requires a grammar apart, to
construe him. Dryden.
The tyrant shall demand yon sacred load,
And gold and vessels set apart for God. Prior.
3. Distinctly.
Moses first nameth heaven and earth, putting waters but in
the third place, as comprehending waters in the word earth;
but afterwards he nameth them apart. Raleigh's History.
4. At a distance; retired from the other company.
So please you, madam,
To put apart these your attendants, I
Shall bring Emilia forth. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

APA'RTMENT. n. s.  [apartement, Fr.] A part of the house al­
lotted to the use of any particular person; a room; a set of
rooms.
A private gallery 'twixt th' apartments led,
Not to the foe yet known. Sir J. Denham.
Pale as death, despoil'd of his array,
Into the queen's apartment takes his way. Dryden's Fables.
The most considerable ruin is that on the eastern promon­
tory, where are still some apartments left, very high and arched
at top. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

A'PATHY. n. s.  [α, not, and ϖάϑος, feeling.] The quality of
not feeling; exemption from passion; freedom from mental
perturbation.
Of good and evil much they argued then,
Passion, and apathy, and glory, and shame.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
To remain insensible of such provocations, is not constancy,
but apathy. South.
In lazy apathy let stoicks boast
Their virtue fix'd; 'tis fixed as in frost,
Contracted all, retiring to the breast;
But strength of mind is exercise, not rest. Pope.

APE. n. s.  [ape, Icelandish.] 
1. A kind of monkey remarkable for imitating what he sees.
I will be more newfangled than an ape, more giddy in my
desires than a monkey. Shakesp. As you like it.
Writers report, that the heart of an ape worn near the heart,
comforteth the heart, and increaseth audacity. It is true, that
the ape is a merry and bold beast. Bacon's Natural History.
With glittering gold and sparkling gems they shine,
But apes and monkeys are the gods within. Granville.
2. An imitator; used generally in the bad sense.
Julio Romano, who, had he himself eternity, and could put
breath into his work, would beguile nature of her custom: so
perfectly he is her ape. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

To APE. v. a.  [from ape.] To imitate, as an ape imitates hu­
man actions.
Aping the foreigners in every dress,
Which, bought at greater cost, becomes him less. Dryden.
Curse on the stripling! how he apes his sire!
Ambitiously sententious! Addison's Cato.

APE'AK, or APE'EK. adv.  [probably from à pique.] In a pos­
ture to pierce the ground.

A'PEPSY. n. s.  [ἀπεψια.] A loss of natural concoction. Quincy.

A'PER. n. s.  [from ape.] A ridiculous imitator or mimick.

APE'RIENT. adj.  [aperio, Lat. to open.] That which has the
quality of opening; chiefly used in medicine for gently pur­
gative.
There be bracelets fit to comfort the spirits; and they be of
three intentions; refrigerant, corroborant, and aperient. Bacon.
Of the stems of plants, some contain a fine aperient salt, and
are diuretick and saponaceous. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

APE'RITIVE. adj.  [from aperio, Lat. to open.] That which has
the quality of opening the excrementious passages of the
body.
They may make broth, with the addition of aperitive herbs.
Harvey on Consumptions.

APE'RT. adj.  [apertus, Lat.] Open.

APE'RTION. n. s.  [from apertus, Lat.] 
1. An opening; a passage through any thing; a gap.
The next now in order are the apertions; under which term
I do comprehend doors, windows, staircases, chimneys, or
other conduits: in short, all inlets or outlets. Wotton's Archit.
2. The act of opening; or state of being opened.
The plenitude of vessels, otherways called the plethora, when
it happens, causeth an extravasation of blood, either by ruption
or apertion of them. Wiseman's Surgery.

APE'RTLY. adv.  [apertè, Lat.] Openly; without covert.

APE'RTNESS. n. s.  [from apert.] Openness.
In general, the freedom, or apertness and vigour of pro­
nouncing, and the closeness and muffling, and, as I may say,
laziness of speaking, render the sound considerably different.
Holder's Elements of Speech.

A'PERTURE. n. s.  [from apertus, open.] 
1. The act of opening.
Hence ariseth the facility of joining a consonant to a vowel,
because from an appulse to an aperture is easier, than from one
appulse to another. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. An open place.
If memory be made by the easy motion of the spirits through
the opened passages, images, without doubt, pass through the
same apertures. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, Preface.
3. The hole next the object glass of a telescope or microscope.
The concave metal bore an aperture of an inch; but the
aperture was limited by an opaque circle, perforated in the mid­
dle. Newton's Opticks.
4. Enlargement; explanation: a sense seldom found.
It is too much untwisted by the doctors, and, like philoso­
phy, made intricate by explications, and difficult by the aper­
ture and dissolution of distinctions. Taylor's Worthy Communic.

APE'TALOUS. adj.  [of α, priv. and ϖεταλον, a leaf.] Without
petala or flower leaves.

APE'TALOUSNESS. n. s.  [from apetalous.] Being without leaves.

A'PEX. n. s. apices, plur.  [Lat.] The tip or point of any
thing.
The apex, or lesser end of it, is broken off. Woodward.



APH

APHÆ'RESIS. n. s.  [ἀφαίϱεσις.] A figure in grammar that
takes away a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word.

APHE'LION. n. s. aphelia, plur.  [from ἀπὸ, and ἥλιος, the sun.] 
That part of the orbit of a planet, in which it is at the point re­
motest from the sun.
The reason why the comets move not in the zodiack, is,
that, in their aphelia, they may be at the greatest distances from
one another; and consequently disturb one another's motions
the least that may be. Cheyne's Philosoph. Principles.

APHE'TA. n. s.  [with astrologers.] The name of the plant,
which is imagined to be the giver or disposer of life in a nati­
vity. Dict.

APHE'TICAL. adj.  [from apheta.] Relating to the apheta.

APHILA'NTHROPY. n. s.  [ἀ, without, and φιλανϑϱωπία, love of
mankind.] Want of love to mankind.

A'PHONY. n. s.  [ἀ, without, and φώνη, speech.] A loss of speech.
Quincy.

A'PHORISM. n. s.  [ἀφοϱισμὸς.] A maxim; a precept con­
tracted in a short sentence; an unconnected position.
He will easily discern how little of truth there is in the mul­
titude; and though sometimes they are flattered with that apho­
rism, will hardly believe the voice of the people to be the voice
of God. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.
I shall at present consider the aphorism, that a man of reli­
gion and virtue is a more useful, and consequently a more va­
luable member of a community. Rogers's Sermons.

APHORI'STICAL. adj.  [from aphorism.] In the form of an apho­
rism; in separate and unconnected sentences.

APHORI'STICALLY. adv.  [from aphoristical.] In the form of an
aphorism.
These being carried down, do seldom miss a cure of the for­
mer, as Hippocrates doth likeways aphoristically tell us.
Harvey on Consumptions.



APHRODISI'ACAL. adj.  [from ἀφροδιτη, Venus.] Relating to
the venereal disease.

APHRODISI'ACK. adj.  [from ἀφροδιτη, Venus.] Relating to
the venereal disease.

A'PIARY. n. s.  [from apis, Lat. a bee.] The place where bees
are kept.
Those who are skilled in bees, when they see a foreign
swarm approaching to plunder their hives, have a trick to di­
vert them into some neighbouring apiary, there to make what
havock they please. Swift.

API'CES of a flower.  [Lat. from apex the top.] Little knobs
that grow on the tops of the stamina, in the middle of a flower.
They are commonly of a dark purplish colour. By the micro­
scope they have been discovered to be a sort of capsulæ semina­
les, or seed vessels, containing in them small globular, and often
oval particles, of various colours, and exquisitely formed.
Quincy.

API'ECE. adv.  [from a for each, and piece, or share.] To the
part of share of each.
Men, in whose mouths at first sounded nothing but mortifi­
cation, were come to think they might lawfully have six or
seven wives apiece. Hooker, Preface.
I have to night dispatched sixteen businesses, a month's length
apiece, by an abstract of success. Shak. All's well that ends well.
One copy of this paper may serve a dozen of you, which will
be less than a farthing apiece. Swift.

A'PISH. adj.  [from ape.] 
1. Having the qualities of an ape; imitative.
Report of fashions in proud Italy,
Whose manners still our tardy, apish nation
Limps after, in base aukward imitation. Shak. Richard II.
2. Foppish; affected.
Because I cannot flatter, and look fair,
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy,
I must be held a rancorous enemy. Shakesp. Richard III.
3. Silly; trifling; insignificant.
All this is but apish sophistry; and, to give it a name divine
and excellent, is abusive and unjust. Glanville's Scepsis Scient.
4. Wanton; playful.
Gloomy sits the queen;
Till happy chance reverts the cruel scene;
And apish folly, with her wild resort
Of wit and jest, disturbs the solemn court. Prior.

A'PISHLY. adv.  [from apish.] In an apish manner; foppishly;
conceitedly.

A'PISHNESS. n. s.  [from apish.] Mimickry; foppery; insigni­
ficance; playfulness.

API'TPAT. adv.  [a word formed from the motion.] With quick
palpitation.
O there he comes—Ay, my Hector of Troy, welcome my
bully, my back; agad my heart has gone apitpat for you.
Congreve's Old Batchelor.

APLU'STRE. n. s.  [Latin.] The ancient ensign carried in
sea vessels.
The one holds a sword in her hand, to represent the Iliad, as
the other has an aplustre, to represent the Odyssey, or voyage of
Ulysses. Addison.



APO

APO'CALYPSE. n. s.  [from ἀϖοϰαλύϖτω.] Revelation; dis­
covery: a word used only of the sacred writings.
O for that warning voice, which he who saw
Th' apocalypse heard cry in heav'n aloud. Milton's Par. Lost.
With this throne, of the glory of the Father, compare the
throne of the Son of God, as seen in the apocalypse.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

APOCALY'PTICAL. adj.  [from apocalypse.] Concerning reve­
lation; containing revelation.
If we could understand that scene, at the opening of this
apocalyptical theatre, we should find it a representation of the
majesty of our Saviour. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

APOCALY'PTICALLY. adv.  [from apocalyptical.] In such a man­
ner as to reveal something secret,

APO'COPE. n. s.  [ἀποϰοπὴ.] A figure in grammar, when the
last letter or syllable of a word is taken away; as, ingeni for
ingenii.

APOCRU'STICK. adj.  [ἀποϰρούϛιϰα, from ἀποϰϱουω, to drive.] Re­
medies endued with a repelling and astringent power, by which
they prevent the too great afflux of humours to a part diseased.
Chambers.

APO'CRYPHA. n. s.  [from ἀϖοϰϱύπτω, to put out of fight.] 
Books whose authors are not known. It is used for the
books appended to the sacred writings, which, being of doubt­
ful authors, are less regarded.
We hold not the apocrypha for sacred, as we do the holy
scripture, but for human compositions. Hooker, b. v.

APO'CRYPHAL. adj.  [from apocrypha.] 
1. Not canonical; of uncertain authority.
Jerom, who saith, that all writings not canonical are apocry­
phal, uses not the title apocryphal, as the rest of the fathers or­
dinarily have done, whose custom is so to name, for the most
part, only such as might not publickly be read or divulged.
Hooker, b. v. § 20.
2. Contained in the apocrypha.
To speak of her in the words of the apocryphal writers, wis­
dom is glorious, and never fadeth away. Addison. Spectator.
3. It is sometimes used for an account of uncertain credit.

APO'CRYPHALLY. adv.  [from apocryphal.] Uncertainly; not
indisputably.

APO'CRYPHALNESS. n. s.  [from apocryphal.] Uncertainty;
doubtfulness of credit.

APODI'CTICAL. adj.  [from ἀϖόδειξις, evident truth; demonstra­
tion.] Demonstrative; evident beyond contradiction.
Holding an apodictical knowledge, and an assured knowledge
of it; verily, to persuade their apprehensions otherwise, were to
make Euclid believe, that there were more than one centre in
a circle. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 10.
We can say all at the number three; therefore the world is
perfect. Tobit went, and his dog followed him; therefore
there is a world in the moon, were an argument as apodistical.
Glanville's Scepsis, c. 19.

APODI'XIS. n. s.  [ἀϖοδέιξις.] Demonstration. Dict.

APOGÆ'ON. n. s.  [from ἀπὸ, from, and γὴ, the earth.] A
point in the heavens, in which the sun, or a
planet, is at the greatest distance possible from
the earth in its whole revolution. The ancient astronemers
regarding the earth as the centre of the system, chiefly regarded
the apogæon and perigæon, which the moderns, making the
sun the centre, change for the aphelion and perihelion. Chamb.

A'POGEE. n. s.  [from ἀπὸ, from, and γὴ, the earth.] A
point in the heavens, in which the sun, or a
planet, is at the greatest distance possible from
the earth in its whole revolution. The ancient astronemers
regarding the earth as the centre of the system, chiefly regarded
the apogæon and perigæon, which the moderns, making the
sun the centre, change for the aphelion and perihelion. Chamb.

APOGE'UM. n. s.  [from ἀπὸ, from, and γὴ, the earth.] A
point in the heavens, in which the sun, or a
planet, is at the greatest distance possible from
the earth in its whole revolution. The ancient astronemers
regarding the earth as the centre of the system, chiefly regarded
the apogæon and perigæon, which the moderns, making the
sun the centre, change for the aphelion and perihelion. Chamb.
Thy sin is in his apogæon placed,
And when it moveth next, must needs descend. Fairfax.
It is not yet agreed in what time, precisely, the apogeum ab­
solveth one degree. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. i.

APOLOGE'TICAL. adj.  [from ἀπολογέω, to defend.] That which
is said in defence of any thing or person.

APOLOGE'TICK. adj.  [from ἀπολογέω, to defend.] That which
is said in defence of any thing or person.
I design to publish an essay, the greater part of which is apolo­
getical, for one sort of chymists. Boyle.

APOLOGE'TICALLY. adv.  [from apologetical.] In the way of de­
fence or excuse.

APO'LOGIST. n. s.  [from To apologize.] He that makes an apo­
logy; a pleader in favour of another.

To APO'LOGIZE. v. n.  [from apology.] 
1. To plead in favour of any person or thing.
It will be much more seasonable to reform than apologize or
rhetoricate; and therefore it imports those, who dwell secure,
to look about them. Decay of Piety.
2. It has the particle for before the subject of apology.
I ought to apologize for my indiscretion in the whole under­
taking. Wake's Preparation for Death.
The translator needs not apologize for his choice of this piece,
which was made in his childhood. Pope's Preface to Statius.

A'POLOGUE. n. s.  [ἀπόλογος.] Fable; story contrived to teach
some moral truth.
An apologue of Æsop is beyond a syllogism, and proverbs
more powerful than demonstration. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Some men are remarked for pleasantness in raillery; others
for apologues and apposite diverting stories. Locke.

APO'LOGY. n. s.  [apologia, Lat. ἀπολογία.] 
1. Defence; excuse. Apology generally signifies rather excuse than
vindication, and tends rather to extenuate the fault, than prove
innocence. This is, however, sometimes unregarded by writers.
In her face excuse
Came prologue; and apology too prompt;
Which with bland words at will she thus address'd.
Milton's Parad. Lost, b. ix. l. 854.
2. It has for before the object of excuse.
It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem:
some will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none.
Dryden's Pref. to Abs. and Achit.
I shall neither trouble the reader, nor myself, with any apo­
logy for publishing of these sermons; for if they be, in any
measure, truly serviceable to the end for which they are de­
signed, I do not see what apology is necessary; and if they be
not so, I am sure none can be sufficient. Tillotson.

APOMECO'METRY. n. s.  [ἀπὸ, from, μῆϰος, distance, and μετϱέω,
to measure.] The art of measuring things at a distance.

APONEURO'SIS. n. s.  [from ἀπὸ, from, and νεῦϱον, a nerve.] 
An expansion of a nerve into a membrane.
When a cyst rises near the orifice of the artery, it is formed
by the aponeurosis that runs over the vessel, which becomes ex­
cessively expanded. Sharp's Surgery.

APO'PHASIS. n. s.  [Lat. ἀπόφασις, a denying.] A figure in
rhetorick, by which the orator, speaking ironically, seems to
wave what he would plainly insinuate; as, Neither will I men­
tion those things, which if I should, you notwithstanding could nei­
ther confute or speak against them. Smith's Rhetorick.

APOPHLE'GMATICK. adj.  [ἀπὸ and φλέγμα.] That which has
the quality of drawing away phlegm.

APOPHLE'GMATISM. n. s.  [ἀπὸ and φλέγμα.] A medicine of
which the intention is to draw phlegm from the blood.
And so it is in apophlegmatisms and gargarisms, that draw the
rheum down by the palate. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 38.

APOPHLEGMA'TIZANT. n. s.  [ἀπὸ and φλέγμα.] Any remedy
which causes an evacuation of serous or mucous humour by
the nostrils, as particular kinds of sternutatories. Quincy.

A'POPHTHEGM. n. s.  [ἀπόφϑεγμα.] A remarkable saying; a va­
luable maxim uttered on some sudden occasion.
We may magnify the apophthegms, or reputed replies of wis­


dom, whereof many are to be seen in Laertius and Lycosthe­
nes. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.
I had a mind to collect and digest such observations and
apophthegms, as tend to the proof of that great assertion, All is
vanity. Prior's Pref. to Solomon.

APO'PHYGE. n. s.  [ἀποφυγὴ, flight, or escape.] Is, in archi­
tecture, that part of a column, where it begins to spring
out of its base; and was originally no more than the ring or
ferrel, which anciently bound the extremities of wooden pil­
lars, to keep them from splitting, and were afterward imitated
in stone work. We sometimes call it the spring of the column.
Chambers.

APO'PHYSIS. n. s.  [ἀπόφυσις.] The prominent parts of some
bones; the same as process. It differs from an epiphysis, as
that is a continuance of the bone itself; whereas the latter is
somewhat adhering to a bone, and of which it is not properly
a part. Quincy.
It was the apophysis, or head of the os tibiæ, which makes the
knee. Wiseman's Surgery.

APOPLE'CTICAL. adj.  [from apoplexy.] Relating to an apo­
plexy.
We meet with the same complaints of gravity in living bo­
dies, when the faculty locomotive seems abolished; as may be
observed in supporting persons inebriated, apoplectical, or in
lipothymies and swoonings. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
In an apoplectical case, he found extravasated blood, making
way from the ventricles of the brain. Derham's Physico-Theol.

APOPLE'CTICK. adj.  [from apoplexy.] Relating to an apo­
plexy.
A lady was seized with an apoplectick fit, which afterward
terminated in some kind of lethargy. Wiseman's Surgery.

A'POPLEX. n. s.  [See APOPLEXY.] Apoplexy. The last
syllable is cut away; but this is only in poetry.
Present punishment pursues his maw,
When surfeited and swell'd, the peacock raw,
He bears into the bath; whence want of breath,
Repletions, apoplex, intestate death. Dryden's Juvenal.

A'POPLEXED. adj.  [from apoplex.] Seized with an apoplexy.
Sense, sure, you have,
Else could you not have motion: but sure that sense
Is apoplex'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

A'POPLEXY. n. s.  [ἀπόϖληξις.] A sudden deprivation of all
internal and external sensation, and of all motion, unless of the
heart and thorax. The cause is generally a repletion, and in­
dicates evacuation, joined with stimuli. Quincy.
Apoplexy is a sudden abolition of all the senses, external and
internal, and of all voluntary motion, by the stoppage of the
flux and reflux of the animal spirits through the nerves destined
for those motions. Arbuthnot on Diet.
Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, mulled, deaf, sleepy, in­
sensible. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A fever may take away my reason, or memory, and an apo­
plexy leave neither sense nor understanding. Locke.

APO'RIA. n. s.  [ἀϖοϱία.] Is a figure in rhetorick, by which
the speaker shews, that he doubts where to begin for the multi­
tude of matter, or what to say in some strange and ambiguous
thing; and doth, as it were, argue the case with himself. Thus
Cicero says, Whether he took them from his fellows more impu­
dently, gave them to a harlot more lasciviously, removed them from
the Roman people more wickedly, or altered them more presumptu­
ously, I cannot well declare. Smith's Rhetorick.

APORRHO'EA. n. s.  [ἀϖοῤῥόιη.] Effluvium; emanation; some­
thing emitted by another.
The reason of this he endeavours to make out by atomical
aporrhæas, which passing from the cruentate weapon to the
wound, and being incorporated with the particles of the salve,
carry them to the affected part. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 24.

APOSIOPE'SIS. n. s.  [ἀϖοσιώπησις, from ἀϖὸ, after, and σιωπάω,
to be silent.] A form of speech, by which the speaker,
through some affection, as sorrow, bashfulness, fear, anger, or
vehemency, breaks off his speech before it be all ended. A
figure, when, speaking of a thing, we yet seem to conceal it,
though indeed we aggravate it; or when the course of the
sentence begun is so stayed, as thereby some part of the sen­
tence not being uttered, may be understood; as, I might say
much more, but modesty commands silence. Smith's Rhetorick.

APO'STASY. n. s.  [αϖόϛασις.] Departure from what a man has
professed: it is generally applied to religion; sometimes with
the particle from.
The canon law defines apostasy to be a wilful departure from
that state of faith, which any person has professed himself to
hold in the christian church. Ayliffe's Parergon.
The affable archangel had forewarn'd
Adam, by due example, to beware
Apostasy, by what befel in heav'n
To those apostates. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 43.
Vice in us were not only wickedness, but apostasy, degene­
rate wickedness. Sprat.
Whoever do give different worships, must bring in more
gods; which is an apostasy from one God. Stillingfleet.

APO'STATE. n. s.  [apostata, Lat. ἀϖοϛάτης.] One that has for­
saken his profession; generally applied to one that has left his
religion.
The angels, for disobedience, thou hast reserved to a mise­
rable immortality; but unto man, equally rebellious, equally
apostate from thee and goodness, thou hast given a Saviour.
Rogers's Sermons.
Apostates in point of faith, are, according to the civil law,
subject unto all punishments ordained against hereticks.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

APOSTA'TICAL. adj.  [from apostate.] After the manner of an
apostate.

To APO'STATIZE. v. n.  [from apostate.] To forsake one's pro­
fession; it is commonly used of one who departs from his reli­
gion.
None revolt from the faith; not because they must not look
upon a woman to lust after her, but because they are restrained
from the perpetration of their lusts. If wanton glances, and
libidinous thoughts, had been permitted by the gospel, they
would have apostatized nevertheless. Bentley's Sermons.

To APO'STEMATE. v. n.  [from aposteme.] To become an apo­
steme; to swell and corrupt into matter.
There is care to be taken in abscesses of the breast and belly,
in danger of breaking inwards; yet, by opening these too soon,
they some times apostemate again, and become crude. Wiseman.

APOSTEMA'TION. n. s.  [from apostemate.] The formation of
an aposteme; the gathering of a hollow purulent tumour.
Nothing can be more admirable than the many ways nature
hath provided for preventing, or curing of fevers; as, vomit­
ings, apostemations, salivations, &c. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.

A'POSTEME. n. s.  [ἀπόϛημα.] A hollow swelling, filled with
purulent matter; an abscess.

A'POSTUME. n. s.  [ἀπόϛημα.] A hollow swelling, filled with
purulent matter; an abscess.
With equal propriety we may affirm, that ulcers of the lungs,
or apostemes of the brain, do happen only in the left side.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 3.
The opening of apostemes, before the suppuration be perfect­
ed, weakeneth the heat, and renders them crude. Wiseman.

APO'STLE. n. s.  [apostolus, Lat. ἀπόϛολος.] A person sent with
mandates by another. It is particularly applied to them whom
our Saviour deputed to preach the gospel.
But all his mind is bent to holiness;
His champions are the prophets and apostles. Shak. Hen. IV.
I am far from pretending infallibility; that would be to erect
myself into an apostle: a presumption in any one that cannot
confirm what he says by miracles. Locke.
We know but a small part of the notion of an apostle, by
knowing barely that he is sent forth. Watts's Logick.

APO'STLESHIP. n. s.  [from apostle.] The office or dignity of
an apostle.
Where, because faith is in too low degree,
I thought it some apostleship in me.
To speak things, which by faith alone I see. Donne.
God hath ordered it, that St. Paul hath writ epistles; which
are all confined within the business of his apostleship; and so con­
tain nothing but points of christian instruction.
Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.

APOSTO'LICAL. adj.  [from apostolick.] Delivered or taught by
the apostles; belonging to the apostles.
They acknowledge not, that the church keeps any thing as
apostolical, which is not found in the apostles writings, in what
other records soever it be found. Hooker, b. iv. § 2.
Declare yourself for that church, which is founded upon
scripture, reason, apostolical practice and antiquity. Hooker.

APOSTO'LICALLY. adv.  [from apostolical.] In the manner of
the apostles.

APOSTO'LICALNESS. n. s.  [from apostolical.] The quality of
relating to the apostles; apostolical authority.

APOSTO'LICK. adj.  [from apostle.] Taught by the apostles; be­
longing to an apostle.
Their oppositions in maintenance of publick superstition a­
gainst apostolick endeavours, were vain and frivolous. Hooker.
Or where did I at sure tradition strike,
Provided still it were apostolick? Dryden's Hind and Panther.

APO'STROPHE. n. s.  [ἀποϛϱοφὴ, from ἀπὸ, from, and ϛϱέφω,
to turn.] 
1. In rhetorick, a diversion of speech to another person, than the
speech appointed did intend or require; or it is a turning of
the speech from one person to another, many times abruptly.
A figure when we break off the course of our speech, and speak
to some new person, present or absent, as to the people or wit­
nesses, when it was before directed to the judges, or opponent.
This diversion or speech is made many ways. 1. To God. 2.
To angels. 3. To men in their several ranks, whether ab­
sent or present, dead or alive. 4. To the adversary. 5. To
the heavenly bodies and meteors. 6. To the earth and things
in it. 7. To the sea and things in it. 8. To beasts, birds,
and fishes. 9. To inanimate things. Smith's Rhetorick.
2. In grammar, the contraction of a word by the use of a comma;
as, tho', for though; rep', for reputation.
Many laudable attempts have been made, by abbreviating
words with apostrophes; and by lopping polysyllables, leaving
one or two words at most. Swift.

To APO'STROPHIZE. v. a.  [from apostrophe.] To address by
an apostrophe.
There is a peculiarity in Homer's manner of apostrophizing


Eumæus; and speaking of him in the second person, it is ge­
nerally applied only to men of account. Pope's Odyssey; notes.

A'POSTUME. n. s.  See APOSTEME. >[This word is properly
apostem.] A hollow tumour filled with purulent matter.
How an apostume in the mesentery breaking, causes a con­
sumption in the parts, is apparent. Harvey on Consumptions.

To A'POSTUME. v. n.  [from apostume.] To apostemate. Dict.

A'POTHECARY. n. s.  [apotheca, Lat. a repository.] A man whose
employment it is to keep medicines for sale.
Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to sweeten my
imagination. Shakesp. King Lear.
They have no other doctor but the sun and the fresh air, and
that such an one, as never sends them to the apothecary. South.
Wand'ring in the dark,
Physicians, for the tree, have found the bark;
They, lab'ring for relief of human kind,
With sharpen'd sight some remedies may find;
Th' apothecary-train is wholly blind. Dryd. Fab.

APO'THEGM. n. s.  [properly apophthegm; which see.] A re­
markable saying.
By frequent conversing with him, and scattering short apo­
thegms, and little pleasant stories, and making useful applica­
tions of them, his son was, in his infancy, taught to abhor va­
nity and vice as monsters. Watson's Life of Sanderson.

APOTHE'OSIS. n. s.  [from ἀϖὸ and ϑεὸς.] Deification; the rite
of adding any one to the number of gods.
As if it could be graved and painted omnipotent, or the nails
and the hammer could give it an apotheosis. South.
Allots the prince of his celestial line,
An apotheosis, and rites divine. Garth.

APO'TOME. n. s.  [from ἀϖοτέμνω, to cut off.] 
1. In mathematicks, the remainder or difference of two incom­
mensurable quantities.
2. In musick, it is the part remaining of an entire tone, after a
greater semitone has been taken from it. The proportion in
numbers of the apotome, is that of 2048 to 2187. The Greeks
thought that the greater tone could not be divided into two
equal parts; for which reason they called the first part απτομη,
and the other λημμα. Chambers.

A'POZEM. n. s.  [ἀϖὸ, from, and ζέω, to boil.] A decoction; an
infusion made by boiling ingredients.
During this evacuation, he took opening broths and apo­
zems. Wiseman's Surgery.



APP

To APPA'L. v. a.  [appalir, Fr. It might more properly have
been written appale.] To fright; to strike with sudden fear;
to depress; to discourage.
Whilst she spake, her great words did appal
My feeble courage, and my heart oppress,
That yet I quake and tremble over all. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Give with thy trumpet a loud note to Troy,
Thou dreadful Ajax; that th' appalled air
May pierce the head of thy great combatant. Shakesp.
The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum;
but took time to consider of it till next day. Clarendon.
Does neither rage inflame, nor fear appal,
Nor the black fear of death that saddens all. Pope.
The monster curls
His flaming crest, all other thirst appall'd,
Or shiv'ring flies, or choak'd at distance stands. Thomson.

APPA'LEMENT. n. s.  [from appal.] Depression; discouragement;
impression of fear.
As the furious slaughter of them was a great discouragement
and appalement to the rest. Bacon's Henry VII.

A'PPANAGE. n. s.  [appanagium, low Latin; probably from pa­
nis, bread.] Lands set apart by princes for the maintenance of
their younger children.
He became suitor for the earldom of Chester, a kind of ap­
panage to Wales, and using to go to the king's son. Bacon.
Had he though it fit,
That wealth should be the appanage of wit,
The God of light could ne'er have been so blind,
To deal it to the worst of human kind. Swift.

APPARA'TUS. n. s.  [Latin.] Things provided as means to any
certain end, as the tools of a trade; the furniture of a house;
ammunition for war; equipage; show.
There is an apparatus of things previous, to be adjusted be­
fore I come to the calculation itself. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
Ourselves are easily provided for; it is nothing but the cir­
cumstantials, the apparatus or equipage of human life, that costs
so much. Pope's Letters to Gay.

APPA'REL. n. s. It has no plural.  [appareil, Fr.] 
1. Dress; vesture.
I cannot cog and say, that thou art this and that, like many
of those lisping hawthorn buds, that come like women in mens
apparel, and smell like Bucklersbury in simpling time.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. External habiliments.
Our late burnt London, in apparel new,
Shook off her ashes to have treated you. Waller.
At publick devotion, his resigned carriage made religion ap­
pear in the natural apparel of simplicity. Tatler, No 54.

To APPA'REL. v. a.  [from apparel, the noun.] 
1. To dress; to cloath.
With such robes were the king's daughters that were virgins
apparelled. 2 Sam. xiii. 18.
2. To adorn with dress.
She did apparel her apparel, and with the preciousness of her
body made it most sumptuous. Sidney.
3. To cover or deck, as with dress.
You may have trees apparelled with flowers, by boring holes
in them, and putting into them earth, and setting seeds of vio­
lets. Bacon's Natural History, No 504.
Shelves, and rocks, and precipices, and gulfs, being apparelled
with a verdure of plants, would resemble mountains and val­
leys. Bentley's Sermons.

APPARENT. adj.  [apparent, Fr. apparens, Lat.] 
1. Plain; indubitable.
The main principles of reason are in themselves apparent.
For to make nothing evident of itself unto man's understand­
ing, were to take away all possibility of knowing any thing.
Hooker, b. i.
2. Seeming; in appearance; not real.
The perception intellective often corrects the report of phan­
tasy, as in the apparent bigness of the sun, the apparent crook­
edness of the staff in air and water. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. Visible; in opposition to secret.
What secret imaginations we entertained is known to God:
this is apparent, that we have not behaved ourselves, as if we
preserved a grateful remembrance of his mercies. Atterbury.
The outward and apparent sanctity of actions should flow
from purity of heart. Rogers.
4. Open; discoverable; known.
As well the fear of harm, as harm apparent,
In my opinion ought to be prevented. Shakesp. Richard III.
5. Certain; not presumptive.
He is the next of blood,
And heir apparent to the English crown. Shakesp. Henry VI.

APPA'RENT. n. s.  Elliptically used for heir apparent.
Arise a knight;
And learn this lesson, Draw thy sword in right.—
—I'll draw it as apparent to the crown,
And in that quarrel use it. Shakesp. Henry VI.

APPA'RENTLY. adv.  [from apparent.] Evidently; openly.
Arrest him, officer;
I would not spare my brother in this case,
If he should scorn me so apparently. Shakesp. Comedy of Err.
Vices apparently tend to the impairing of mens health. Tillot.

APPARI'TION. n. s.  [from appareo, Lat. to appear.] 
1. Appearance; visibility.
When suddenly stood at my head a dream,
Whose inward apparition gently mov'd
My fancy. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
2. The thing appearing; a form; a visible object.
I have mark'd
A thousand blushing apparitions
To start into her face; a thousand innocent shames
In angel whiteness bear away those blushes.
Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
A glorious apparition! had not doubt,
And carnal fear, that day dimm'd Adam's eyes. Parad. Lost.
Any thing besides may take from me the sense of what ap­
peared; which apparition, it seems, was you. Tatler, No 55.
3. A spectre; a walking spirit.
Horatio says 'tis but our phantasy,
Touching this dreaded sight twice seen of us;
Therefore I have intreated him,
That if again this apparition come,
He may approve our eyes, and speak to it. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Tender minds should not receive early impressions of gob­
lins, spectres, and apparitions, wherewith maids fright them in­
to compliance. Locke.
One of those apparitions had his right hand filled with darts,
which he brandished in the face of all who came up that way.
Tatler, No 81.
4. Something only apparent, not real.
Still there's something
That checks my joys—————
—Nor can I yet distinguish
Which is an apparition, this or that. Denham's Sophy.
5. Astronomically, the visibility of some luminary, opposed to
occultation.
A month of apparition is the space wherein the moon ap­
peareth, deducting three days wherein it commonly disap­
peareth; and this containeth but twenty-six days and twelve
hours. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

APPA'RITORS. n. s.  [from appareo, Lat. to be at hand.] 
1. Such persons as are at hand to execute the proper orders of the
magistrate or judge of any court of judicature. Ayliffe's Parerg.
2. The lowest officer of the ecclesiastical court.
They swallowed all the Roman hierarchy, from the pope to
the apparitor. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To APPA'Y. v. a.  [appayer, old Fr. to satisfy.] To satisfy; to
content: whence well appayed, is pleased; ill appayed, is uneasy.
It is now obsolete.


How well appaid she was her bird to find? Sidney.
Ay, Willy, when the heart is ill assay'd,
How can bagpipe or joints be well appaid. Spenser's Past.
I am well appaid that you had rather believe, than take the
pain of a long pilgrimage, you will never be so stiff in any opi­
nion. Camden.
So only can high justice rest appaid. Parad. Lost, b. xii.

To APPE'ACH. v. a. 1. To accuse; to inform against any person.
He did, amongst many others, appeach Sir William Stanley,
the lord chamberlain. Bacon's Henry VII.
Were he twenty times
My son, I would appeach him. Shakesp. Richard II.
Disclose
The state of your affection; for your passions
Have to the full appeached. Shak. All's well that ends well.
2. To censure; to reproach; to taint with accusation.
For when Cymochles saw the foul reproach,
Which them appeached; prick'd with guilty shame,
And inward grief, he fiercely gen approach,
Resolv'd to put away that lordly shame. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Nor canst, nor durst thou, traitor, on the pain,
Appeach my honour, or thine own maintain. Dryd. Fables.

APPE'ACHMENT. n. s.  [from appeach.] Charge exhibited a­
gainst any man; accusation.
A busy headed man gave first light to this appeachment; but
the earl did avouch it. Sir J. Hayward.
The duke's answers to his appeachments, in number thirteen,
I find civilly couched. Wotton.

To APPE'AL. v. n.  [appello, Lat.] 
1. To transfer a cause from one to another; with the particles to
and from.
From the ordinary therefore they appeal to themselves. Hooker.
2. To refer to another as judge.
Force, or a declared design of force, upon the person of an­
other, where there is no common superior on earth to appeal to
for relief, is the state of war; and it is the want of such an ap­
peal gives a man the right of war, even against an aggressor,
though he be in society and a fellow subject. Locke.
They knew no foe, but in the open field,
And to their cause and to the gods appealed. Stepney.
3. To call another as witness.
Whether this, that the soul always thinks, be a self-evident
proposition, I appeal to mankind. Locke.
4. To charge with a crime; to accuse.
One but flatters us,
As well appeareth by the cause you come,
Namely, t' appeal each other of high treason. Shak. Rich. II.

APPE'AL. n. s.  [from the verb To appeal.] 
1. An appeal is a provocation from an inferior to a superior judge,
whereby the jurisdiction of the inferior judge is for a while
suspended, in respect of the cause; the cognizance being de­
volved to the superior judge. Ayliffe's Parergon.
This ring
Deliver them, and your appeal to us
There make before them. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Our reason prompts us to a future state,
The last appeal from fortune and from fate,
Where God's all righteous ways will be declar'd. Dryden.
There are distributers of justice, from whom there lies an
appeal to the prince. Addison on Italy.
2. In the common law.
An accusation; which is a lawful declaration of another
man's crime before a competent judge, by one that sets his name
to the declaration, and undertakes to prove it, upon the pe­
nalty that may ensue of the contrary; more commonly used
for the private accusation of a murderer, by a party who had
interest in the party murdered, and of any felon, by one of his
accomplices in the fact. Cowell.
The duke's unjust,
Thus to retort your manifest appeal,
And put your trial in the villain's mouth,
Which here you come to accuse. Shak. M. Wives of Windsor.
Hast thou, according to thy oath and bond,
Brought hither Henry Hereford, thy bold son,
Here to make good the boist'rous late appeal
Against the duke of Norfolk? Shakespeare.
3. A summons to answer a charge.
Nor shall the sacred character of king
Be urg'd to shield me from thy bold appeal,
If I have injur'd thee, that makes us equal. Dryd. Don Seb.
4. A call upon any as witness.
The casting up of the eyes, and lifting up of the hands, is a
kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders. Bacon.

APPE'ALANT. n. s.  [from appeal.] He that appeals.
Lords appealants,
Your diff'rences shall all rest under gage,
Till we assign you to your days of trial. Shakesp. Rich. III.

APPE'ALER. n. s.  [from appeal.] One who makes an appeal.

To APPE'AR. v. n.  [appareo, Lat.] 
1. To be in sight; to be visible; sometimes with the particle in.
As the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh. Lev. xiii. 43.
And half her knee, and half her breast appear,
By art, like negligence, disclos'd and bare. Prior.
2. To become visible as a spirit.
For I have appeared unto thee for this purpose, to make thee
a minister and a witness. Acts xxvi. 16.
3. To stand in the presence of another; generally used of stand­
ing before some superiour.
When shall I come and appear before God? Psalm xlii. 2.
4. To be the object of observation.
Let thy work appear unto thy servants, and thy glory unto
their children. Psalm xc. 16.
5. To exhibit one's self before a court of justice.
Keep comfort to you, and this morning see
You do appear before them. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
6. To be made clear by evidence.
Egfrid did utterly waste and subdue it, as appears out of Be­
da's complaint against him; and Edgar brought it under his
obedience, as appears by an ancient record. Spenser's Ireland.
7. To seem in opposition to reality.
His first and principal care being to appear unto his people,
such as he would have them be, and to be such as he appeared.
Sidney, b. ii.
My noble master will appear
Such as he is, full of regard and honour. Shak. Julius Cæs.
8. To be plain beyond dispute.
From experiments, useful indications may be taken, as will
appear by what follows. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

APPE'ARANCE. n. s.  [from To appear.] 
1. The act of coming into sight; as, they were surprised by the
sudden appearance of the enemy.
2. The thing seen; as, the remarkable appearances in the sky.
3. Phœnomena; that quality of any thing which is visible.
The advancing day of experimental knowledge discloseth
such appearances, as will not lie even in any model extant.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, Pref.
4. Semblance; not reality.
He encreased in estimation, whether by destiny, or whether
by his virtues, or at least by his appearances of virtues. Hayw.
Heroic virtue did his actions guide,
And he the substance not th' appearance chose. Dryden.
The hypocrite would not put on the appearance of virtue, if
it was not the most proper means to gain love. Addison. Spectat.
5. Outside; show.
Under a fair and beautiful appearance there should ever be the
real substance of good. Rogers.
6. Entry into a place or company.
Do the same justice to one another, which will be done us
hereafter by those, who shall make their appearance in the world,
when this generation is no more. Addison's Freeholder, No 35.
7. Apparition; supernatural visibility.
I think a person terrified with the imagination of spectres,
more reasonable than one who thinks the appearance of spirits
fabulous. Addison. Spectator, No 110.
8. Exhibition of the person to a court.
I will not tarry; no, nor ever more
Upon this business my appearance make
In any of their courts. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
9. Open circumstance of a case.
Or grant her passion be sincere,
How shall his innocence be clear?
Appearances were all so strong,
The world must think him in the wrong. Swift.
10. Presence; mien.
Health, wealth, victory, and honour, are introduced; wis­
dom enters the last, and so captivates with her appearance, that
he gives himself up to her. Addison. Guardian, No 111.
11. Probability; seeming; likelihood.
There is that which hath no appearance, that this priest be­
ing utterly unacquainted with the true person, according to
whose pattern he should shape his counterfeit, should think it
possible for him to instruct his player. Bacon's Henry VII.

APPE'ARER. n. s.  [from To appear.] The person that appears.
That owls and ravens are ominous appearers, and presignify
unlucky events, was an augurial conception. Brown's Vul. Err.

APPE'ASABLE. adj.  [from To appease.] That may be pacified;
reconcileable.

APPE'ASABLENESS. n. s.  [from To appease.] The quality of
being easily appeased; reconcileableness.

To APPE'ASE. v. a.  [appaiser, Fr.] 
1. To quiet; to put in a state of peace.
By his counsel he appeaseth the deep, and planteth islands
therein. Ecclus, xliii. 23.
England had no leisure to think of reformation, till the civil
wars were appeased, and peace settled. Sir J. Davies on Irel.
2. To pacify; to reconcile; to still wrath.
So Simon was appeased towards them, and fought no more
against them. 1 Mac. xiii. 47.
O God! if my deep prayers cannot appease thee,
Yet execute thy wrath on me alone. Shakesp. Richard III.
The rest shall hear me call, and oft be warn'd
Their sinful state, and to appease betimes
Th' incensed Deity. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.



APPE'ASEMENT. n. s.  [from To appease.] A state of peace.
Being neither in numbers nor in courage great, partly by
authority, partly by entreaty, they were reduced to some good
appeasements. Sir J. Hayward.

APPE'ASER. n. s.  [from To appease.] He that pacifies others;
he that quiets disturbances.

APPE'LLANT. n. s.  [appello, Lat. to call.] 
1. A challenger; one that summons another to answer either in
the lists or in a court of justice.
In the devotion of a subject's love,
And free from other misbegotten hate,
Come I appellant to this princely presence. Shakesp. Rich. II.
This is the day appointed for the combat,
And ready are th' appellant and defendant,
Th' armourer and his man, to enter the lists. Shak. Hen. IV.
These shifts refuted, answer thy appellant,
Though by his blindness maim'd for high attempts,
Who now defies thee thrice to single fight.
2. One that appeals from a lower to a higher power.
Milton's Samson Agonistes.
An appeal transfers the cognizance of the cause to the supe­
rior judge; so that, pending the appeal, nothing can be at­
tempted in prejudice of the appellant. Ayliffe's Parergon.

APPE'LLATE. n. s.  [appellatus, Lat.] The person appealed against.
An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party
appellant; the name of him from whose sentence it is appeal­
ed; the name of him to whom it is appealed; from what sen­
tence it is appealed; the day of the sentence pronounced, and
appeal interposed; and the name of the party appellate, or per­
son against whom the appeal is lodged. Ayliffe's Parergon.

APPELLA'TION. n. s.  [appellatio, Lat.] Name; word by which
any thing is called.
Nor are always the same plants delivered under the same
name and appellations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Good and evil commonly operate upon the mind of man, by
respective names or appellations, by which they are notified and
conveyed to the mind. South.

APPE'LLATIVE. n. s.  [appellativum, Lat.] 
Words and names are either common or proper. Common
names are such as stand for universal ideas, or a whole rank of
beings, whether general or special. These are called appella­
tives. So fish, bird, man, city, river, are common names; and
so are trout, eel, lobster; for they all agree to many indivi­
duals, and some to many species. Watts's Logick.

APPE'LLATIVELY. adv.  [from appellative.] According to the
manner of nouns appellative; as, this man is a Hercules. Her­
cules is used appellatively to signify a strong man.

APPE'LLATORY. adj.  [from appeal.] That which contains an
appeal. See APPELLATE.

APPE'LLEE. n. s.  [from appeal.] One who is appealed against,
and accused. Dict.

To APPE'ND. v. a.  [appendo, Lat. to hang to any thing.] 
1. To hang any thing upon another; as, the inscription was ap­
pended to the column.
2. To add to something as an accessory, not a principal part.

APPE'NDAGE. n. s.  [French.] Something added to another
thing, without being necessary to its essence, as a portico to
the house.
Modesty is the appendage of sobriety, and is to chastity, to
temperance, and to humility, as the fringes are to a garment.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
None of the laws of motion now established, will serve to
account for the production, motion, or number of bodies, nor
their appendages, though they may help us a little to conceive
their appearances. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
He was so far from over-valuing any of the appendages of life,
that the thoughts of life did not affect him. Atterbury's Serm.

APPE'NDANT. adj.  [French.] 
1. Hanging to something else.
2. Belonging to; annexed; concomitant.
He that despises the world, and all its appendant vanities, is
the most secure. Taylor's Rule of holy living.
He that looks for the blessings appendant to the sacrament,
must expect them upon no terms, but of a worthy communion.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Riches multiplied beyond the proportion of our character,
and the wants appendant to it, naturally dispose men to forget
God. Rogers.
3. In law.
Appendant is any thing belonging to another, as accessorium
principali, with the civilians, or adjunctum subjecto, with the lo­
gicians. An hospital may be appendant to a manour; a com­
mon of fishing appendant to a freehold. Cowell.

APPE'NDANT. n. s.  That which belongs to another thing, as
an accidental or adventitious part.
Pliny gives an account of the inventors of the forms and
appendants of shipping. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
A word, a look, a tread, will strike, as they are appendants
to external symmetry, or indications of the beauty of the mind.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 6.

To APPE'NDICATE. v. a.  [appendo, Lat.] To add to another
thing.
In a palace there is the case or fabrick of the structure, and
there are certain additaments; as, various furniture, and cu­
rious motions of divers things appendicated to it.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

APPENDICA'TION. n. s.  [from appendicate.] Adjunct; appen­
dage; annexion.
There are considerable parts and integrals, and appendica­
tions unto the mundus aspectabilis, impossible to be eternal.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

APPE'NDIX. n. s. appendices, plur.  [Lat.] 
1. Something appended, or added to another thing.
The cherubim were never intended as an object of worship,
because they were only the appendices to another thing. But a
thing is then proposed as an object of worship, when it is set
up by itself, and not by way of addition or ornament to another
thing. Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourses on Romish Idolatry.
Normandy became an appendix to England, the nobler do­
minion, and received a greater conformity of their laws to the
English, than they gave to it. Hale's Civil Law of England.
2. An adjunct or concomitant.
All concurrent appendices of the action ought to be surveyed,
in order to pronounce with truth concerning it. Watts.

To APPERTA'IN. v. n.  [appartenir, Fr.] 
1. To belong to as of right.
The honour of devising this doctrine, that religion ought to
be inforced by the sword, would be found appertaining to Ma­
homed the false prophet. Raleigh's Essays.
The Father, t' whom in heav'n supreme
Kingdom, and power, and glory appertains,
Hath honour'd me, according to his will. Paradise Lost, b. vi.
2. To belong to by nature or appointment.
If the soul of man did serve only to give him being in this
life, then things appertaining to this life would content him, as
we see they do other creatures. Hooker, b. i.
And they roasted the passover with fire, as appertaineth: as
for the sacrifices they sod them in brass pots. 1 Esdras, i. 2.
Both of them seem not to generate any other effect, but such
as appertaineth to their proper objects and senses. Bacon.
Is it expected, I should know no secrets
That appertain to you? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

APPERTA'INMENT. n. s.  [from appertain.] That which be­
longs to any rank or dignity.
He shent our messengers, and we lay by
Our appertainments, visiting of him.
Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

APPE'RTENANCE. n. s.  [appartenance, Fr.] That which belongs
or relates to another thing.
Can they which behold the controversy of divinity condemn
our enquiries in the doubtful appertenancies of arts, and recep­
taries of philosophy? Brown's Vulgar Errours, Preface.

APPE'RTINENT. adj.  [from To appertain.] Belonging; relating.
You know how apt our love was to accord
To furnish him with all appertinents
Belonging to his honour. Shakespeare's Henry V.

A'PPETENCE. n. s.  [appetentia, Lat.] Carnal desire; sensual
desire.

A'PPETENCY. n. s.  [appetentia, Lat.] Carnal desire; sensual
desire.
Bred only and completed to the taste
Of lustful appetence; to sing, to dance,
To dress, to troule the tongue, and roll the eye.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 619.

APPETIBI'LITY. n. s.  [from appetible.] The quality of being
desirable.
That elicitation which the schools intend, is a deducing of
the power of the will into act, merely from the appetibility
of the object, as a man draws a child after him with the sight
of a green bough. Bramham against Hobbes.

A'PPETIBLE. adj.  [appetibilis, Lat.] Desirable; that which may
be the object of appetite.
Power both to slight the most appetible objects, and to con­
troul the most unruly passions. Bramham against Hobbes.

A'PPETITE. n. s.  [appetitus, Lat.] 
1. The natural desire of good; the instinct by which we are led
to seek pleasure.
The will properly and strictly taken, as it is of things which
are referred unto the end that men desireth, differeth greatly
from that inferiour natural desire, which we call appetite. The
object of appetite is whatsoever sensible good may be wished for;
the object of will is that good which reason does lead us to seek.
Hooker, b. i. § 7.
2. The desire of sensual pleasure.
Why, she should hang on him,
As if increase of appetite had grown
By what it fed on. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Urge his hateful luxury,
And bestial appetite in change of lust. Shakesp. Richard III.
Each tree
Loaden with fairest fruit, that hung to th' eye
Tempting, stirr'd in me sudden appetite
To pluck and eat. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
There is continual abundance, which creates such an appetite
in your reader, that he is not cloyed with any thing, but satis­
fied with all. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.


3. Violent longing; eagerness after any thing.
No man could enjoy his life, his wife, or goods, if a mightier
man had an appetite to take the same from him. Davies on Irel.
Hopton had an extraordinary appetite to engage Waller in a
battle. Clarendon, b. viii.
Power being the natural appetite of princes, a limited mo­
narch cannot gratify it. Swift.
4. Keenness of stomach; hunger; desire of food.
There be four principal causes of appetite; the refrigeration
of the stomach, joined with some dryness; contraction; vel­
lication, and abstersion; besides hunger, which is an empti­
ness. Bacon's Natural History, No 831.
5. It has sometimes of before the object of desire.
The new officer's nature needed some restraint to his immo­
derate appetite of power. Clarendon.
6. Sometimes to.
We have generally such an appetite to praise, that we gree­
dily suck it in. Government of the Tongue, § 8.

APPETI'TION. n. s.  [appetitio, Lat.] Desire.
The actual appetition or fastening our affections on him.
Hammond's Practical Catechism.

A'PPETITIVE. adj.  [from appetite.] That which desires; that
which has the quality of desiring.
The will is not a bare appetitive power as that of the sensual
appetite, but is a rational appetite. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To APPLA'UD. v. a.  [applaudo, Lat.] 
1. To praise by clapping the hand.
2. To praise in general.
I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Nations unborn your mighty names shall sound,
And worlds applaud that must not yet be found! Pope.

APPLA'UDER. n. s.  [from applaud.] He that praises or com­
mends.
I had the voice of my single reason against it, drowned in
the noise of a multitude of applauders. Glanville's Scepsis.

APPLA'USE. n. s.  [applausus, Lat.] Approbation loudly expressed;
praise.
This general applause, and chearful shout,
Argues your wisdom and your love to Richard. Shak. R. III.
Sylla wept,
And chid her barking waves into attention;
And fell Charybdis murmur'd soft applause. Milton's Comus.
Those that are so fond of applause, how little do they taste it
when they have it? South.
See their wide streaming wounds; they neither came
For pride of empire, nor desire of fame;
Kings fight for kingdoms, madmen for applause,
But love for love alone, that crowns the lover's cause.
Dryden's Fables.

A'PPLE. n. s.  [æppel, Saxon.] 
1. The fruit of the apple tree.
Tall thriving trees confess'd the fruitful mold;
The red'ning apple ripens here to gold. Pope's Odyssey.
2. The pupil of the eye.
He instructed him; he kept him as the apple of his eye.
Deut. xxxii. 10.

APPLE of Love. Apples of love are of three sorts; the most common having
long trailing branches, with rough leaves and yellow joints,
succeeded by apples, as they are called, at the joints, not round,
but bunched; of a pale orange shining pulp, and seeds within.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

APPLE-GRAFT. n. s.  [from apple and graft.] A twig of apple
tree grafted upon the stock of another tree.
We have seen three and twenty sorts of apple-grafts upon
the same old plant, most of them adorned with fruit. Boyle.

APPLE-TART.  [from apple and tart.] A tart made of apples.
What, up and down carv'd like an apple-tart.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

APPLE TREE. n. s.  [from apple and tree.] 
The fruit of this tree is for the most part hollowed about the
foot stalk; the cells inclosing the seed are separated by cartila­
ginous partitions; the juice of the fruit is sowrish, the tree
large and spreading; the flowers consist of five leaves, expand­
ing in form of a rose. There is a great variety of these fruits.
Those for the dessert are, the white juniting, Margaret apple,
summer pearmain, summer queening, embroidered apple, gol­
den reinette, summer white Colville, summer red Colville, silver
pippin, aromatick pippin, the gray reinette, la haute-bonté,
royal russeting, Wheeler's russet, Sharp's russet, spice apple, gol­
den pippin, nonpareil, and l'api. Those for the kitchen use
are, codling, summer marigold, summer red pearmain, Holland
pippin, Kentish pippin, the hanging body, Loan's pearmain,
French reinette, French pippin, royal russet, monstruous reinette,
winter pearmain, pomme violette, Spencer's pippin, stone pip­
pin, oakenpin. And those generally used for cyder are, Devon­
shire royal wilding, redstreaked apple, the whitsour, Hereford­
shire underleaf, John apple, &c. Millar.
Thus apple trees, whose trunks are strong to bear
Their spreading boughs exert themselves in air. Dryden.

APPLE WOMAN. n. s.  [from apple and woman.] A woman that
sells apples.
Yonder are two apple women scolding, and just ready to un­
coif one another. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scribl.

APPLI'ABLE. adj.  [from apply.] That which may be applied.
For this word the moderns use applicable; which see.
Limitations all such principles have, in regard of the varie­
ties of the matter whereunto they are appliable. Hooker, b. v.
All that I have said of the heathen idolatry is appliable to the
idolatry of another sort of men in the world. South.

APPLI'ANCE. n. s.  [from apply.] The act of applying; the
thing applied to.
Diseases desp'rate grown,
By desperate appliance are relieved. Shakesp. Hamlet.

APPLICABI'LITY. n. s.  [from applicable.] The quality of being
fit to be applied to something.
The action of cold is composed of two parts; the one pres­
sing, the other penetration, which require applicability. Digby.

A'PPLICABLE. adj.  [from apply.] That which may be applied,
as properly relating to something.
What he says of the portrait of any particular person, is ap­
plicable to poetry. In the character, there is a better or a worse
likeness; the better is a panegyrick, and the worse a libel.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
It were happy for us, if this complaint were applicable only to
the heathen world. Rogers.

A'PPLICABLENESS. n. s.  [from applicable.] Fitness to be ap­
plied.
The knowledge of salts may possibly, by that little part
which we have already delivered of its applicableness, be of use
in natural philosophy. Boyle.

A'PPLICABLY. adv.  [from applicable.] In such a manner as that
it may be properly applied.

A'PPLICATE. n. s.  [from apply.] A right line drawn across a
curve, so as to bisect the diameter thereof. Chambers.

APPLICA'TION. n. s.  [from apply.] 
1. The act of applying any thing to another; as, he mitigated
his pain by the application of emollients.
2. The thing applied; as, he invented a new application, by
which blood might be staunched.
3. The act of applying to any person, as a solicitor, or peti­
tioner.
It should seem very extraordinary, that a patent should be
passed, upon the application of a poor, private, obscure mecha­
nick. Swift.
4. The employment of any means for a certain end.
If a right course be taken with children, there will not be
much need of the application of the common rewards and pu­
nishments. Locke.
5. Intenseness of thought; close study.
I have discovered no other way to keep our thoughts close to
their business, but by frequent attention and application, getting
the habit of attention and application. Locke.
6. Attention to some particular affair; with the particle to.
His continued application to such publick affairs, as may con­
duce to the benefit of his kingdoms, diverts him from pleasures.
Addison's Freeholder, No 46.
This crime certainly deserves the utmost application and wis­
dom of a people to prevent it. Addison.
7. The condition of being used as means to an end.
There is no stint which can be set to the value or merit of
the sacrificed body of Christ; it hath no measured certainty of
limits, bounds of efficacy unto life it knoweth none, but is al­
so itself infinite in possibility of application. Hooker, b. v.
This principle acts with the greatest force in the worst appli­
cation; and the familiarity of wicked men more successfully de­
bauches, than that of good men reforms. Rogers.

A'PPLICATIVE. adj.  [from apply.] That which applies.
The directive command for counsel is in the understanding,
and the applicative command for putting in execution, is in the
will. Bramhal against Hobbes.

A'PPLICATORY. adj.  [from apply.] That which comprehends
the act of application.

A'PPLICATORY. n. s.  That which applies.
There are but two ways of applying the death of Christ:
faith is the inward applicatory, and if there be any outward, it
must be the sacraments. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

To APPL'Y. v. a.  [applico, Lat.] 
1. To put one thing to another.
He said, and to the sword his throat applied. Dryd. Æn.
2. To lay medicaments upon a wound.
Apply some speedy cure, prevent our fate,
And succour nature ere it be too late. Addison's Ovid's Met.
God has addressed every passion of our nature, applied re­
medies to every weakness, warned us of every enemy. Rogers.
3. To make use of as relative or suitable to something.
This brought the death of your father into remembrance,
and I repeated the verses which I formerly applied to him.
Dryden's Fables, Ded.
4. To put to a certain use.
The profits thereof might be applied towards the support of
the year. Clarendon.
5. To use as means to an end.
These glorious beings are instruments in the hands of God,


who applies their services, and governs their actions, and dis­
poses even their wills and affections. Rogers.
6. To fix the mind upon; to study; with to.
Apply thine heart unto instruction, and thine ears to the words
of knowledge. Prov. xxiii. 12.
Every man is conscious to himself that he thinks; and that
which his mind is applied about, whilst thinking, is the ideas
that are there. Locke.
It is a sign of a capacious mind, when the mind can apply it­
self to several objects with a swift succession. Watts.
7. To have recourse to, as a solicitor or petitioner; with to.
I had no thoughts of applying to any but himself; he desired
I would speak to others. Swift.
8. To endeavour to work upon.
God knows every faculty and passion, and in what manner
they can most successfully be applied to. Rogers.
9. To ply; to busy; to keep at work: an antiquated sense.
She was skilful in applying his humours; never suffering fear
to fall to despair, nor hope to hasten to assurance. Sidney.
Far away they spy'd
A varlet running towards hastily,
Whose flying feet so fast their way apply'd,
That round about a cloud of dust did fly. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To APPO'INT. v. a.  [appointer, Fr.] 
1. To fix any thing, as to settle the exact time for some transac­
tion.
The time appointed of the father. Galat. iv. 2.
2. To settle any thing by compact.
He said, Appoint me thy wages, and I will pay it. Gen. xxx. 20.
Now there was an appointed sign between the men of Israel
and the liers in wait. Judges, xx. 38.
3. To establish any thing by decree.
It was before the Lord, which chose me before thy father,
and before all his house, to appoint me ruler over the people of
the Lord. 2 Sam. vi. 21.
Unto him thou gavest commandment, which he transgressed,
and immediately thou appointedst death in him, and in his ge­
nerations. 2 Esdras, iii. 7.
O Lord, that art the God of the just, thou hast not appointed
repentance to the just. Manasseh's Prayer.
4. To furnish in all points; to equip; to supply with all things
necessary: used anciently in speaking of soldiers.
The English being well appointed, did so entertain them, that
their ships departed terribly torn. Hayward.

APPO'INTER. n. s.  [from appoint.] He that settles or fixes any
thing or place.

APPO'INTMENT. n. s.  [appointment, Fr.] 
1. Stipulation; the act of fixing something in which two or more
are concerned.
They had made an appointment together, to come to mourn
with him, and to comfort him. Job, ii. 11.
2. Decree; establishment.
The ways of death be only in his hands, who alone hath
power over all flesh, and unto whose appointment we ought with
patience meekly to submit ourselves. Hooker, b. v.
3. Direction; order.
That good fellow,
If I command him, follows my appointment;
I will have none so near else. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. Equipment; furniture.
They have put forth the haven: further on,
Where their appointment we may best discover,
And look on their endeavour. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Here art thou in appointment fresh and fair,
Anticipating time with starting courage. Shak. Tr. and Cress.
5. An allowance paid to any man, commonly used of allowances
to publick officers.

To APPO'RTION. v. a.  [from portio, Lat.] To set out in just
proportions.
Try the parts of the body, which of them issue speedily, and
which slowly; and, by apportioning the time, take and leave
that quality which you desire. Bacon's Natural History.
And to these it were good, that some proper prayer were ap­
portioned, and they taught it. South.
An office cannot be apportioned out like a common, and shar­
ed among distinct proprietors. Collier of Envy.

APPO'RTIONMENT. n. s.  [from apportion.] A dividing of a
rent into two parts or portions, according as the land whence
it issues, is divided among two or more proprietors. Chambers.

To APPO'SE. v. a.  [appono, Lat.] To put questions to. This
word is not now in use, except that, in some schools, to put
grammatical questions to a boy is called, to pose him; and we
now use pose for puzzle.
Some procure themselves to be surprised at such times as it
is like the party that they work upon, will come upon them:
and to be found with a letter in their hand, or doing somewhat
which they are not accustomed; to the end they may be ap­
posed of those things which of themselves they are desirous to
utter. Bacon.

A'PPOSITE. adj.  [appositus, Lat.] Proper; fit; well adapted to
time, place, or circumstances.
The duke's delivery of his mind was not so sharp, as solid
and grave, and apposite to the times and occasions. Wotton.
Neither was Perkin, for his part, wanting to himself, either
in gracious and princely behaviour, or in ready and apposite an­
swers. Bacon's Henry VII.
Remarkable instances of this kind have been: but it will ad­
minister reflections very apposite to the design of this present
solemnity. Atterbury's Sermons.

A'PPOSITELY. adv.  [from apposite.] Properly; fitly; suitably.
When we come into a government, and see this place of ho­
nour allotted to a murderer, another filled with an atheist or
a blasphemer, may we not appositely and properly ask, Whether
there be any virtue, sobriety, or religion, amongst such a peo­
ple? South.
We may appositely compare this disease, of a proper and
improper consumption, to a decaying house. Harvey on Cons.

A'PPOSITENESS. n. s.  [from apposite.] Fitness; propriety; suit­
ableness.
Judgment is either concerning things to be known, or of
things done, of their congruity, fitness, rightness, appositeness.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

APPOSI'TION. n. s.  [appositio, Lat.] 
1. The addition of new matter, so as that it may touch the first
mass.
Urine inspected with a microscope, will discover a black
sand; wherever this sand sticks, it grows still bigger, by the
apposition of new matter. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. In grammar, the putting of two nouns in the same case; as,
Liber Mariæ matris, the book of his mother Mary.

To APPRA'ISE. v. a.  [apprecier, Fr.] To set a price upon any
thing, in order to sale.

APPRA'ISER. n. s.  [from appraise.] A person appointed to set
a price upon things to be sold.

To APPREHE'ND. v. a.  [apprehendo, Lat. to take hold of.] 
1. To lay hold on.
There is nothing but hath a double handle, or at least we
have two hands to apprehend it. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. To seize in order for trial or punishment.
The governour kept the city with a garrison, desirous to ap­
prehend me. 2 Cor. xi. 32.
It was the rabble, of which no body was named; and,
which is more strange, not one apprehended. Clarendon.
3. To conceive by the mind.
The good which is gotten by doing, causeth not action; un­
less, apprehending it as good, we like and desire it. Hooker.
Yet this I apprehend not, why to those
Among whom God will deign to dwell on earth,
So many, and so various laws are giv'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
The First Being is invisible and incorruptible, and can only
be apprehended by our minds. Stillingfleet.
4. To think on with terrour; to fear.
From my grandfather's death I had reason to apprehend the
stone; and, from my father's life, the gout. Temple.

APPREHE'NDER. n. s.  [from apprehend.] Conceiver; thinker.
Gross apprehenders may not think it any more strange, than
that a bullet should be moved by the rarified fire. Glanville.

APPREHE'NSIBLE. adj.  [from apprehend.] That which may be
apprehended, or conceived.
The north and southern poles are incommunicable and fixed
points, whereof the one is not apprehensible in the other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

APPREHE'NSION. n. s.  [apprehensio, Lat.] 
1. The mere contemplation of things, without affirming or de­
nying any thing concerning them. So we think of a horse,
high, swift, animal, time, matter, mind, death, &c. Watts.
Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked in­
tellection of an object, without either composition or deduc­
tion. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. iv.
2. Opinion; sentiments; concession.
To be false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of
men who act not according to truth, but apprehension. South.
The expressions of scripture are commonly suited in those
matters to the vulgar apprehensions and conceptions of the place
and people where they were delivered. Locke on St. Paul's Ep.
3. The faculty by which we conceive new ideas, or power of
conceiving them.
I nam'd them as they pass'd, and understood
Their nature, with such knowledge God indu'd
My sudden apprehension. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
4. Fear.
It behoveth that the world should be held in awe, not by a
vain surmise, but a true apprehension of somewhat which no man
may think himself able to withstand. Hooker, b. v. § 2.
And he the future evil shall no less
In apprehension, than in substance, feel. Milt. Paradise Lost.
The apprehension of what was to come from an unknown, at
least unacknowledged successour to the crown, clouded much
of that prosperity. Clarendon.
After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no
small apprehension for his own life. Addison on ancient Medals.
5. Suspicion of something to happen, or be done.
I'll note you in my book of memory,
And scourge you for this apprehension. Shakesp. Henry VI.


That he might take away the apprehension, that he meant
suddenly to depart, he sent out orders, which he was sure would
come into the enemies hands, to two or three villages next the
house, that they should, by the next day noon, send propor­
tions of corn into Basinghouse. Clarendon, b. viii.
As they have no apprehension of these things, so they need no
comfort against them. Tillotson.
6. Seizure.
See that he be convey'd unto the tower:
And go we brothers to the man that took him,
To question of his apprehension. Shakesp. Henry VI.

APPREHE'NSIVE. adj.  [from apprehend.] 
1. Quick to understand.
And gives encouragement to those who teach such apprehen­
sive scholars. Holder's Elements of Speech.
If conscience be naturally apprehensive and sagacious, cer­
tainly we should trust and rely upon the reports of it. South.
2. Fearful.
The inhabitants of this country, when I passed through it,
were extremely apprehensive of seeing Lombardy the seat of
war. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
They are not at all apprehensive of evils at a distance, nor
tormented with the fearful prospect of what may befal them
hereafter. Tillotson.

APPREHE'NSIVELY. adv.  [from apprehensive.] In an apprehen­
sive manner.

APPREHE'NSIVENESS. n. s.  [from apprehensive.] The quality of
being apprehensive.
Whereas the vowels are much more difficult to be taught,
you will find, by falling upon them last, great help by the ap­
prehensiveness already gained in learning the consonants.
Holder's Elements of Speech.

APPRE'NTICE. n. s.  [apprenti, Fr.] One that is bound by
covenant, to serve another man of trade, for a certain term of
years, upon condition, that the artificer, or tradesman, shall,
in the mean time, endeavour to instruct him in his art or mys­
tery. Cowell.
Love enjoined such diligence, that no apprentice, no, no bond
slave could ever be more ready than that young princess was.
Sidney, b. ii.
He found him such an apprentice, as knew well enough how
to set up for himself. Wotton.
This rule sets the painter at liberty; it teaches him, that he
ought not to be subject himself servilely, and be bound like an
apprentice to the rules of his art. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To APPRE'NTICE. v. a.  [from the noun.] To put out to a
master as an apprentice.
Him portion'd maids, apprentic'd orphans blest,
The young who labour, and the old who rest. Pope's Epist.

APPRE'NTICEHOOD. n. s.  [from apprentice.] The years of an
apprentice's servitude.
Must I not serve a long apprenticehood
To foreign passages, and in the end,
Having my freedom, boast of nothing else
But that I was a journeyman to grief? Shakesp. Richard II.

APPRE'NTICESHIP. n. s.  [from apprentice.] The years which
an apprentice is to pass under a master.
In every art, the simplest that is, there is an apprenticeship
necessary, before it can be expected one should work it in a
fashionable piece. Digby on the Soul, Dedication.
Many rushed into the ministry, as being the only calling that
they could profess, without serving any apprenticeship. South.

To APPRI'ZE. v. a.  [apprendre; part. appris, Fr.] To inform;
to give the knowledge of any thing.
He considers the tendency of such a virtue or vice; he is
well apprized, that the representation of some of these things
may convince the understanding, and some may terrify the con­
science. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
It is fit he be apprized of a few things, that may prevent his
mistaking. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
But if appriz'd of the severe attack,
The country be shut up, lur'd by the scent
On church yard drear (inhuman to relate),
The disappointed prowlers fall. Thomson's Winter.

To APPRO'ACH. v. n.  [approcher, Fr.] 
1. To draw near locally.
'Tis time to look about: the powers of the kingdom op­
proach apace. Shakesp. King Lear.
We suppose Ulysses approaching toward Polypheme.
Notes on Odyssey.
2. To draw near, as time.
Hark! I hear the sound of coaches,
The hour of attack approaches. Gay's Beggar's Opera.
3. To make a progress towards, in the figurative sense, as men­
tally.
He shall approach unto me: for who is this that engaged his
heart to approach unto me? Jer. xxx. 21.
He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have ap­
proached Homer. Temple's Miscellanies.
To have knowledge in all the objects of contemplation, is
what the mind can hardly attain unto; the instances are few
of those who have, in any measure, approached towards it. Locke.

To APPRO'ACH. v. a.  To bring near to. This sense is rather
French than English.
This they will nimbly perform, if objected to the extremes,
but slowly and not at all, if approached unto their roots.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 20.
By plunging paper thoroughly in weak spirit of wine, and
approaching it to a candle, the spirituous parts will burn, with­
out harming the paper. Boyle.
Approach'd, and looking underneath the sun,
He saw proud Arcite. Dryden's Fables.

APPRO'ACH. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. The act of drawing near.
If I could bid the seventh welcome with so good heart as I
can bid the other five farewel, I should be glad of his approach.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
'Tis with our souls
As with our eyes, that after a long darkness
Are dazzled at th' approach of sudden light. Denh. Sophy.
2. Access.
Honour hath in it the vantage ground to do good; the ap­
proach to kings and principal persons; and the raising of a
man's own fortunes. Bacon's Essays.
3. Hostile advance.
For England his approaches makes as fierce
As waters to the sucking of a gulph. Shakesp. Henry V.
4. Means of advancing.
Against beleagur'd heav'n the giants move,
Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie,
To make their mad approaches to the sky. Dryden's Ovid.

APPRO'ACHER. n. s.  [from approach.] The person that ap­
proaches or draws near.
Thou gav'st thine ears, like tapsters, that bid welcome
To knaves and all approachers. Shakesp. Timon.

APPRO'ACHMENT. n. s.  [from approach.] The act of coming
near.
As for ice, it will not concrete, but in the approachment of the
air, as we have made trial in glasses of water, which will not
easily freeze. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

APPROBA'TION. n. s.  [approbatio, Lat.] 
1. The act of approving, or expressing himself pleased.
That not past me, but
By learned approbation of my judges. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. The liking of any thing.
There is no positive law of men, whether received by for­
mal consent, as in councils, or by secret approbation, as in cus­
toms, but may be taken away. Hooker, b. iv. § 14.
The bare approbation of the worth and goodness of a thing,
is not properly the willing of that thing; yet men do very com­
monly account it so. South.
3. Attestation; support.
How many now in health
Shall drop their blood in approbation
Of what your reverence shall incite us to. Shak. Henry V.

APPRO'OF. n. s.  [from approve, as proof from prove.] Approba­
tion; commendation: a word rightly derived, but old.
O most perilous mouths,
That bear in them one and the self-same tongue
Either of condemnation or approof! Shak. Measure for M.

To APPRO'PERATE. v. a.  [appropero, Lat.] To hasten; to set
forward. Dict.

To APPROPI'NQUATE. v. n.  [appropinquo, Lat.] To draw nigh
unto; to approach.

To APPROPI'NQUE. v. n.  [appropinquo, Lat.] To approach;
to draw near to.
The clotted blood within my hose,
That from my wounded body flows,
With mortal crisis doth portend
My days to appropinque an end. Hudibras.

APPRO'PRIABLE. adj.  [from appropriate.] That which may be
appropriated; that which may be restrained to something parti­
cular.
This conceit applied unto the original of man, and the be­
ginning of the world, is more justly appropriable unto its end.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 1.

To APPRO'PRIATE. v. a.  [approprier, Fr. approprio, low Lat.] 
1. To consign to some particular use or person.
Things sanctified were thereby in such sort appropriated unto
God, as that they might never afterwards again be made com­
mon. Hooker, b. v. § 20.
As for this spot of ground, this person, this thing, I have se­
lected and appropriated, I have inclosed it to myself and my own
use; and I will endure no sharer, no rival or companion in
it. South.
Some they appropriated to the gods,
And some to publick, some to private ends. Roscommon.
Marks of honour are appropriated to the magistrate, that
he might be invited to reverence himself. Atterbury.
2. To claim or exercise an exclusive right.
To themselves appropriating
The spirit of God, promis'd alike, and giv'n
To all believers. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.


Why should people engross and appropriate the common be­
nefits of fire, air, and water, to themselves? L'Estrange.
Every body else has an equal title to it; and therefore he
cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, without the consent of
all his fellow commoners, all mankind. Locke.
3. To make peculiar to something; to annex.
He need but be furnished with verses of sacred scripture; and
his system, that has appropriated them to the orthodoxy of his
church, makes them immediately irrefragable arguments.
Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.
We, by degrees, get ideas and names, and learn their appro­
priated connection one with another. Locke.
4. In law, to alienate a benefice. See APPROPRIATION.
Before Richard II. it was lawful to appropriate the whole
fruits of a benefice to any abbey, the house finding one to serve
the cure; that king redressed that horrid evil. Ayliffe's Parerg.

APPRO'PRIATE. adj.  [from the verb.] Peculiar; consigned to
some particular use or person.
He did institute a band of fifty archers, by the name of
yeomen of his guard; and that it might be thought to be ra­
ther a matter of dignity, than any matter of diffidence appro­
priate to his own case, he made an ordinance not temporary,
but to hold in succession for ever. Bacon's Henry VII.
The heathens themselves had an apprehension of the neces­
sity of some appropriate acts of divine worship. Stillingfleet.

APPROPRIA'TION. n. s.  [from appropriate.] 
1. The application of something to a particular purpose.
The mind should have distinct ideas of the things, and re­
tain the particular name, with its peculiar appropriation to that
idea. Locke.
2. The claim of any thing as peculiar.
He doth nothing but talk of his horse, and make a great ap­
propriation to his good parts, that he can shoe him himself.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
3. The fixing a particular signification to a word.
The name of faculty may, by an appropriation that disguises
its true sense, palliate the absurdity. Locke.
4. In law, a severing of a benefice ecclesiastical to the proper and
perpetual use of some religious house, or dean, and chap­
ter, bishoprick, or college; because, as persons ordinarily have
no right of fee simple, these, by reason of their perpetuity, are
accounted owners of the fee simple; and therefore are called
proprietors. To an appropriation, after the licence obtained of
the king in chancery, the consent of the diocesan, patron, and
incumbent, are necessary, if the church be full: but if the
church be void, the diocesan and the patron, upon the king's
licence, may conclude. Cowel.

APPROPRIA'TOR. n. s.  [from appropriate.] He that is possessed
of an appropriated benefice.
These appropriators, by reason of their perpetuities, are ac­
counted owners of the fee simple; and therefore are called pro­
prietors. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

APPRO'VABLE. adj.  [from approve.] That which merits ap­
probation.
The solid reason, or confirmed experience, of any men, is
very approvable in what profession soever. Brown's Vulgar Err.

APPRO'VAL. n. s.  [from approve.] Approbation: a word not
much used.
There is a censor of justice and manners, without whose
approval no capital sentences are to be executed. Temple.

APPRO'VANCE. n. s.  [from approve.] Approbation: a word not
much used.
Should she seem
Soft'ning the least approvance to bestow,
Their colours burnish, and, by hope inspir'd,
They brisk advance. Thomson's Spring.

To APPROVE. v. a.  [approuver, Fr. approbo, Lat.] 
1. To like; to be pleased with.
There can be nothing possibly evil which God approveth, and
that he approveth much more than he doth command. Hooker.
What power was that, whereby Medea saw,
And well approv'd, and prais'd the better course,
When her rebellious sense did so withdraw
Her feeble pow'rs, that she pursu'd the worse? Davies.
2. To express liking.
It is looked upon as insolence for a man to set up his own
opinion against that of some learned doctor, or otherwise ap­
proved writer. Locke.
3. To prove; to show; to justify.
His meaning was not, that Archimedes could simply in no­
thing be deceived; but that he had in such sort approved his
skill, that he seemed worthy of credit for ever after, in matters
appertaining to the science he was skilful in. Hooker, b. ii.
In religion,
What damned errour, but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text. Shak. M. of Venice.
I'm sorry
That he approves the common liar, Fame,
Who speaks him thus at Rome. Shak. Antony and Cleop.
Would'st thou approve thy constancy? Approve
First thy obedience. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Refer all the actions of this short life to that state which will
never end; and this will approve itself to be wisdom at the last,
whatever the world judge of it now. Tillotson.
4. To experience.
Oh, 'tis the curse in love, and still approv'd,
When women cannot love, where they're belov'd.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
5. To make worthy of approbation.
The first care and concern must be to approve himself to
God by righteousness, holiness, and purity. Rogers.
6. It has of before the object.
I shewed you a piece of black and white stuff, just sent from
the dyer; which you were pleased to approve of, and be my cus­
tomer for. Swift.

APPRO'VEMENT. n. s.  [from approve.] Approbation; liking.
It is certain that at the first you were all of my opinion, and
that I did nothing without your approvement. Hayward.

APPRO'VER. n. s.  [from approve.] 
1. He that approves.
2. He that makes trial.
Their discipline,
Now mingled with their courages, will make known
To their approvers, they are people such
As mend upon the world. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. In our common law, one that confessing felony of himself,
appealeth or accuseth another, one or more, to be guilty of the
same: and he is called so, because he must prove what he hath
alleged in his appeal. Cowel.

APPRO'XIMATE. adj.  [from ad, to, and proximus, near, Lat.] 
Near to.
These receive a quick conversion, containing approximate dis­
positions unto animation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 21.

APPROXIMA'TION. n. s.  [from approximate.] 
1. Approach to any thing.
Unto the latitude of Capricorn, or the winter solstice, it had
been a spring; for, unto that position, it had been in a middle
point, and that of ascent or approximation. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The fiery region gains upon the inferiour elements; a ne­
cessary consequent of the sun's gradual approximation towards
the earth. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Quadrupeds are better placed according to the degrees of
their approximation to the human shape. Grew's Musæum.
2. In science, a continual approach nearer still, and nearer to the
quantity sought, without a possibility of ever arriving at it ex­
actly.

APPU'LSE. n. s.  [appulsus, Lat.] The act of striking against any
thing.
An hectick fever is the innate heat kindled into a destruc­
tive fire, violently absorbing the radical moisture, through the
appulse of saline steams. Harvey on Consumptions.
In vowels, the passage of the mouth is open and free, with­
out any appulse of an organ of speech to another: but, in all
consonants, there is an appulse of the organs. Holder.



APR

To A'PRICATE. v. n.  [apricor, Lat.] To bask in the sun. Dict.

APRI'CITY. n. s.  [apricitas, Lat.] Warmth of the sun; sun­
shine. Dict.

A'PRICOT, or A'PRICOCK. n. s.  [from apricus, Lat. sunny.] A
kind of wall fruit.
The ordinary sorts of this fruit cultivated in English gar­
dens are, 1. The masculine apricock. 2. The orange apricock.
3. The Algier apricock. 4. The Roman apricock. 5. The Tur­
key apricock. 6. The transparent apricock. 7. The Breda apri­
cock. 8. The Bruxelles apricock. They are generally propagat­
ed by budding them on plum stocks, and will readily take upon
almost any sort of plum, provided the stock be free and thriv­
ing. Millar.

APRIL. n. s.  [Aprilis, Lat. Avril, Fr.] The fourth month of
the year, January counted first.
April is represented by a young man in green, with a garland
of myrtle and hawthorn buds; in one hand primroses and vio­
lets, in the other the sign Taurus. Peacham on Drawing.
Men are April when they woo, December when they wed:
Maids are May when they are maids, but the sky changes when
they are wives. Shakesp. As you like it.

A'PRON. n. s.  [A word of uncertain etymology, but supposed by
some to be contracted from afore one.] A cloth hung before,
to keep the other dress clean.
Give us gold, good Timon: hast thou more? ———
————— Hold up, you sluts,
Your aprons mountant. Shakesp. Timon.
The nobility think scorn to go in leather aprons. Shak. H. VI.
How might we see Falstaff, and not ourselves be seen? ——
Put on two leather jerkins and aprons, and wait upon him at
his table as drawers. Shakesp. Henry IV.
In both these figures the vest is gathered up before them,
like an apron, which you must suppose filled with fruits, as well
as the cornucopiæ. Addison on Medals.

APRON.  [in gunnery.] A piece of lead which covers the touch­
hole of a great gun.

APRON of a goose.  The fat skin which covers the belly.

A'PRON-MAN. n. s.  [from apron and man.] A man that wears an
apron; a workman; an artificer.


You have made good work,
You and your apron-men, that stood so much
Upon the voice of occupation, and
The breath of garlick eaters. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

APRONED. adj.  [from apron.] Wearing an apron.
The cobler apron'd, and the parson gown'd. Pope's Ess. on M.

A'PSIS. n. s. apsides, plural.  [ἁψις.] 
Is applied, in astronomy, to two points in the orbits of pla­
nets, in which they are at the greatest, and the least distance
from the sun or earth. The higher apsis is more particularly
denominated aphelion, or apogee; the lower, perihelion, or pe­
rigee. Chambers.
If bodies revolve in orbits that are pretty near circles, and the
apsides of these orbits be fixed, then the centripetal forces of
those bodies will be reciprocally as the squares of the distances.
Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.



APT

APT. adj.  [aptus, Lat.] 
1. Fit.
This so eminent industry in making proselytes, more of that
sex than of the other, groweth; for that they are deemed apter
to serve as instruments in the cause. Apter they are through
the eagerness of their affection; apter through a natural incli­
nation unto piety; apter through sundry opportunities, &c.
Finally, apter through a singular delight which they take in
giving very large and particular intelligence how all near about
them stand affected as concerning the same cause. Hooker, Pr.
2. Having a tendency to.
Things natural, as long as they keep those forms which give
them their being, cannot possibly be apt or inclinable to do
otherwise than they do. Hooker.
3. Inclined to; led to.
You may make her you love, believe it; which, I warrant,
she is apter to do, than confess she does. Shak. As you like it.
Men are apt to think well of themselves, and of their nation,
of their courage and strength. Temple.
One, who has not these lights, is a stranger to what he reads,
and apt to put a wrong interpretation upon it. Addison. Spect.
Even those who are near the court, are apt to deduct wrong
consequences, by reasoning upon the motives of actions. Swift.
What we have always seen to be done in one manner, we
are apt to imagine there was but that one way. Bentl. Sermons.
4. Ready; quick; as, an apt wit.
I have a heart as little apt as yours,
But yet a brain that leads my use of anger
To better vantage. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. Qualified for.
All that were strong and apt for war, even them the king of
Babylon brought captive to Babylon. 2 Kings, xxiv. 16.

To APT. v. a.  [apto, Lat.] 
1. To suit; to adapt.
We need a man that knows the several graces
Of history, and how to apt their places;
Where brevity, where splendour, and where height,
Where sweetness is required, and where weight. B. Johnson.
2. To fit; to qualify.
The king is melancholy,
Apted for any ill impressions. Denham's Sophy.

To A'PTATE. v. a.  [aptatum, Lat.] To make fit.
To aptate a planet, is to strengthen the planet in position of
house and dignities to the greatest advantage, in order to bring
about the desired end. Bailey.

A'PTITUDE. n. s.  [French.] 
1. Fitness.
This evinces its perfect aptitude and fitness for the end to
which it was aimed, the planting and nourishing all true virtue
among men. Decay of Piety.
2. Tendency.
In an abortion, the mother, besides the frustration of her hopes,
acquires an aptitude to miscarry for the future. Decay of Piety.
3. Disposition.
He that is about children, should study their nature and ap­
titudes, what turns they easily take, and what becomes them;
what their native stock is, and what it is fit for. Locke.

A'PTLY. adv.  [from apt.] 
1. Properly; with just connection, or correspondence; fitly.
That part
Was aptly fitted, and naturally perform'd. Sh. As you like it.
But what the mass nutritious does divide?
What makes them aptly to the limbs adhere,
In youth encrease them, and in age repair? Blackmore.
2. Justly; pertinently.
Irenæus very aptly remarks, that those nations, who were not
possest of the gospels, had the same accounts of our Saviour,
which are in the Evangelists. Addison on the Christian Relig.
3. Readily; acutely; as, he learned his business very aptly.

A'PTNESS. n. s.  [from apt.] 
1. Fitness; suitableness.
The nature of every law must be judged of by the aptness
of things therein prescribed, unto the same end. Hooker.
There are antecedent and independent aptnesses in things;
with respect to which, they are fit to be commanded or for­
bidden. Norris's Miscel.
2. Disposition to any thing.
The nobles receive so to heart the banishment of that wor­
thy Coriolanus, that they are in a ripe aptness to take all power
from the people. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness to learn.
What should be the aptness of birds, in comparison of beasts,
to imitate speech, may be enquired. Bacon's Nat. History.
4. Tendency.
Some seeds of goodness give him a relish of such reflections,
as have an aptness to improve the mind. Addison. Spectator.

A'PTOTE. n. s.  [of α and ϖτώσις.] A noun which is not declined
with cases.



AQU

A'QUA. n. s.  [Latin.] A word signifying water, very much used
in chymical writings.

AQUA FORTIS.  [Latin.] A corrosive liquor made by distill­
ing purified nitre with calcined vitriol, or rectified oil of vitriol
in a strong heat: the liquor, which rises in sumes red as blood,
being collected, is the spirit of nitre or aqua fortis; which serves
as a menstruum for dissolving of silver, and all other metals, ex­
cept gold. But if sea salt, or sal ammoniack, be added to aqua
fortis, it commences aqua regia, and will then dissolve no metal
but gold. Aqua fortis is commonly held to have been invented
about the year 1300; though others will have it to have been
known in the time of Moses. It is serviceable to refiners, in
separating silver from gold and copper; to the workers in mo­
saick, for staining and colouring their woods; to dyers, in their
colours, particularly scarlet; and to other artists, for colour­
ing bone and ivory. With aqua fortis bookbinders marble the
covers of books, and diamond cutters separate diamonds from
metalline powders. It is also used in etching copper or brass
plates. Chambers.
The dissolving of silver in aqua fortis, and gold in aqua re­
gia, and not vice versâ, would not be difficult to know. Locke.

AQUA MARINA, of the Italian lapidaries,  is of a sea or bluish
green. This stone seems to me to be the beryllus of Pliny.
Woodward's Meth. of Fossils.

AQUA MIRABILIS.  [Latin.] The wonderful water, is pre­
pared of cloves, galangals, cubebs, mace, cardomums, nutmegs,
ginger, and spirit of wine, digested twenty four hours, then dis­
tilled. It is a good and agreeable cordial.

AQUA REGIA, or AQUA REGALIS.  [Latin.] An acid cor­
rosive spirit or water, so called because it serves as a menstruum
to dissolve gold, commonly esteemed the king of metals. Its
basis, or essential ingredient, is common sea salt, the only salt
in nature which will operate on gold. It is commonly pre­
pared by mixing common sea salt, or sal ammoniack, or the
spirit of them, with spirit of nitre, or common aqua fortis.
Chambers.
He adds to his complex idea of gold, that of fixedness or so­
lubility in aqua regia. Locke.

AQUA-VITÆ.  [Latin.] It is commonly understood of what
is otherwise called brandy, or spirit of wine, either simple
or prepared with aromaticks. But some appropriate the term
brandy to what is procured from wine, or the grape; aqua-vitæ,
to that drawn after the same manner from malt. Chambers.
I will rather trust a Fleming with my butter, parson Hugh
the Welchman with my cheese, an Irishman with my aqua vitæ
bottle, or a thief to walk with my ambling gelding, than my
wife with herself. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

AQUA'TICK. adj.  [aquaticus, Lat. from aqua, water.] 
1. That which inhabits the water.
The vast variety of worms found in animals, as well terres­
trial as aquatick, are taken into their bodies by meats and drinks.
Ray on Creation.
Brutes may be considered as either aerial, terrestrial, aquatick,
or amphibious. Aquatick are those whose constant abode is up­
on the water. Locke.
2. Applied to plants, that which grows in the water.
Flags, and such like aquaticks, are best destroyed by drain­
ing. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A'QUATILE. adj.  [aquatilis, Lat.] That which inhabits the
water.

A'QUEDUCT. n. s.  [aquæductus, Lat.] A conveyance made for
carrying water from one place to another; made on uneven
ground, to preserve the level of the water, and convey it by a
canal. Some aqueducts are under ground, and others above it,
supported by arches.
Among the remains of old Rome, the grandeur of the com­
monwealth shews itself chiefly in temples, highways, aqueducts,
walls and bridges of the city. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Hither the rills of water are convey'd
In curious aqueducts, by nature laid
To carry all the humour. Blackmore, Creation.

A'QUEOUS. adj.  [from aqua, water, Lat.] Watery.
The vehement fire requisite to its fusion, forced away all the
aqueous and fugitive moisture. Ray on Creation.

A'QUEOUSNESS. n. s.  [aquositas, Lat.] Waterishness.

A'QUILINE. adj.  [aquilinus, Lat. from aquila, an eagle.] Resem­
bling an eagle; when applied to the nose, hooked.
His nose was aquiline, his eyes were blue,
Ruddy his lips, and fresh and fair his hue. Dryden's Fables.


Gryps signifies some kind of eagle or vulture; from whence
the epithet grypus for an hooked or aquiline nose. Br. Vul. Err.

AQUO'SE. adj.  [from aqua, Lat.] Watery; having the quali­
ties of water. Dict.

AQUO'SITY. n. s.  [from aquose.] Wateriness. Dict.

A. R. anno regni;  that is, the year of the reign: as, A. R. G. R.
20. Anno regni Georgii regis vigesimo, in the twentieth year of
the reign of king George.

A'RABLE. adj.  [from aro, Lat. to plow.] Fit for the plough;
fit for tillage; productive of corn.
His eyes he open'd, and beheld a field,
Part arable, and tilth; whereon were sheaves
New reap'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
'Tis good for arable, a glebe that asks
Tough teams of oxen, and laborious tasks. Dryden's Virgil.
Having but very little arable land, they are forced to fetch all
their corn from foreign countries. Addison's Rem. on Italy.

ARACHNOIDES. n. s.  [from αϱάχνη, a spider, and είδος, form.] 
1. One of the tunicks of the eye, so called from its resemblance
to a cobweb.
As to the tunicks of the eye, many things might be taken
notice of; the prodigious fineness of the arachnoides, the acute
sense of the retina, &c. Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. It is also a fine thin transparent membrane, which, lying be­
tween the dura and the pia mater, is supposed to invest the
whole substance of the brain. Chambers.

ARA'IGNEE. n. s.  [French.] A term in fortification, which
sometimes denotes a branch, return, or gallery of a mine. Dict.

ARA'NEOUS. adj.  [from aranea, Lat. a cobweb.] Resembling a
cobweb.
The curious araneous membrane of the eye constringeth and
dilateth it, and so varieth its focus. Derham's Ph. Theol.

ARA'TION. n. s.  [aratio, Lat.] The act or practice of plow­
ing.

A'RATORY. adj.  [from aro, Lat. to plow.] That which contri­
butes to tillage. Dict.



ARB

A'RBALIST. n. s.  [from arcus, a bow, and balista, an engine to
throw stones.] A cross-bow.
It is reported by William Brito, that the arcubalista, or ar­
balist, was first shewed to the French by our king Richard the
first, who was shortly after slain by a quarrel thereof. Camden.

A'RBITER. n. s.  [Lat.] 
1. A judge appointed by the parties, to whose determination they
voluntarily submit.
He would put himself into the king's hands, and make him
arbiter of the peace. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. One who has the power of decision or regulation; a judge.
Next him, high arbiter,
Chance governs all. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii. l. 909.
His majesty, in this great conjuncture, seems to be generally
allowed for the sole arbiter of the affairs of christendom. Temple.

A'RBITRABLE. adj.  [from arbitror, Lat.] Arbitrary; depend­
ing upon the will.
The ordinary revenue of a parsonage is in land, called the
glebe; in tythe, a set part of our goods rendered to God; in
other offerings bestowed upon God by the people, either in such
arbitrable proportion as their own devotion moveth them, or
as the laws or customs of particular places do require them.
Spelman.

ARBI'TRAMENT. n. s.  [from arbitror, Lat.] Will; determina­
tion; choice.
Stand fast! to stand or fall,
Free in thine own arbitrament it stands,
Perfect within, no outward aid require;
And all temptation to transgress repel. Milton's Par. Lost.

A'RBITRARILY. adv.  [from arbitrary.] With no other rule than
the will; despotically; absolutely.
He governed arbitrarily, he was expelled; and came to the
deserved end of all tyrants. Dryden's Virgil's Æneid, Pref.

ARBITRA'RIOUS. adj.  [from arbitrarius, Lat.] Arbitrary; de­
pending on the will.
These are standing and irrepealable truths, such as have no
precarious existence, or arbitrarious dependance upon any will
or understanding whatsoever. Norris's Miscellanies.

ARBITRA'RIOUSLY. adv.  [from arbitrarious.] Arbitrarily; ac­
cording to mere will and pleasure.
Where words are imposed arbitrariously, distorted from their
common use, the mind must be led into misprision. Glanville.

A'RBITRARY. adj.  [arbitrarius, Lat.] 
1. Despotick; absolute; bound by no law; following the will
without restraint. It is applied both to persons and things.
In vain the Tyrian queen resigns her life
For the chaste glory of a virtuous wife,
If lying bards may false amours rehearse,
And blast her name with arbitrary verse. Walsh.
Their regal tyrants shall with blushes hide
Their little lusts of arbitrary pride,
Nor bear to see their vassals ty'd. Prior.
2. Depending on no rule; capricious.
It may be perceived, with what insecurity we ascribe effects
depending on the natural period of time, unto arbitrary calcu­
lations, and such as vary at pleasure. Brown's Vulgar Err.

To A'RBITRATE. v. a.  [arbitror, Lat.] 
1. To decide; to determine.
This might have been prevented, and made whole,
With very easy arguments of love,
Which now the manage of two kingdoms must
With fearful bloody issue arbitrate. Shakesp. King John.
2. To judge of.
Yet where an equal poise of hope and fear
Does arbitrate th' event, my nature is
That I incline to hope, rather than fear. Milton's Comus.

To A'RBITRATE. v. n.  To give judgment.
It did arbitrate upon the several reports of sense, not like a
drowsy judge, only hearing, but also directing their verdict. South.

A'RBITRARINESS. n. s.  [from arbitrary.] Despoticalness; ty­
ranny.
He that by harshness of nature, and arbitrariness of com­
mands, uses his children like servants, is what they mean by
a tyrant. Temple's Miscellanies.

ARBITRA'TION. n. s.  [from arbitror, Lat.] The determination
of a cause by a judge mutually agreed on by the parties con­
tending.

ARBITRA'TOR. n. s.  [from arbitrate.] 
1. An extraordinary judge between party and party, chosen by
their mutual consent. Cowel.
Be a good soldier, or upright trustee,
An arbitrator from corruption free. Dryd. Juv.
2. A governour; a president.
Though heav'n be shut,
And heav'n's high arbitrator sit secure
In his own strength, this place may be expos'd. M. Par. Lost.
3. He that has the power of acting by his own choice without
limit or controul.
Another Blenheim or Ramillies will make the confederates
masters of their own terms, and arbitrators of a peace.
Addison on the State of the War.
4. The determiner; he that puts an end to any affair.
But now the arbitrator of despairs,
Just death, kind umpire of man's miseries,
With sweet enlargement doth dismiss me hence. Sh. H. VI.
The end crowns all;
And that old common arbitrator, time,
Will one day end it. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

ARBI'TREMENT. n. s.  [from arbitror, Lat.] 
1. Decision; determination.
I know the knight is incensed against you, even to a morta
arbitrement; but nothing of the circumstance more.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Aid was granted, and the quarrel brought to the arbitrement
of the sword. Hayward.
2. Compromise.
Lukewarm persons think they may accommodate points of
religion by middle ways, and witty reconcilements; as if they
would make an arbitrement between God and man. Bacon's Ess.

A'RBORARY. adj.  [arborarius, Lat.] Of or belonging to a tree. D.

A'RBORET. n. s.  [arbor, Lat. a tree.] A small tree or shrub.
No arboret with painted blossoms drest,
And smelling sweet, but there it might be found,
To bud out fair, and her sweet smells throw all around.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 6.
Now hid, now seen,
Among thick woven arborets, and flow'rs,
Imbroider'd on each bank. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

ARBO'REOUS. adj.  [arboreus, Lat.] 
1. Belonging to trees.
2. A term in botany, to distinguish such funguses or mosses as
grow upon trees, from those that grow on the ground. Quincy.
They speak properly, who make it an arboreous excrescence,
or rather a superplant bred of a viscous and superfluous lopp,
which the tree itself cannot assimilate. Brown's Vulgar Err.

A'RBORIST. n. s.  [arboriste, Fr. from arbor, a tree.] A naturalist
who makes trees his study.
The nature of the mulberry, which the arborists observe to
be long in the begetting his buds; but the cold seasons being
past, he shoots them all out in a night. Howel's Vocal Forest.

A'RBOROUS. adj.  [from arbor, Lat.] Belonging to a tree.
From under shady arborous roof
Soon as they forth were come to open sight
Of day-spring, and the sun. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

A'RBOUR. n. s.  [from arbor, Lat. a tree.] A bower; a place
covered with green branches of trees.
Nay you shall see mine orchard, where, in an arbour, we will
eat a last year's pippin of my own grassing. Shak. Henry IV.
Let us divide our labours: thou, where choice
Leads thee, or where most needs, whether to wind
The woodbine round this arbour, or direct
The clasping ivy where to climb. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
For noon-day's heat are closer arbours made,
And for fresh ev'ning air the op'ner glade. Dryd. State of Inn.

ARBOUR VINE.  A species of bind weed; which see.

A'RBUSCLE. n. s.  [arbuscula, Lat.] Any little shrub. Dict.



A'RBUTE. n. s.  [arbutus, Lat.] 
Arbute, or strawberry tree, grows common in Ireland. It
is difficult to be raised from the seeds, but may be propagated
by layers. It grows to a goodly tree, endures our climate, un­
less the weather be very severe, and makes beautiful hedges.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.
Rough arbute slips into a hazel bough
Are oft ingrafted; and good apples grow
Out of a plain tree stock. May's Virgil's Georg.



ARC

ARC. n. s.  [arcus, Lat.] 
1. A segment; a part of a circle; not more than a semicircle.
Their segments, or arcs, for the most part, exceeded not the
third part of a circle. Newton's Opticks.
2. An arch.
Load some vain church with old theatrick state,
Turn arcs of triumph to a garden gate;
Reverse your ornaments, and hang them all
On some patch'd dog-hole ek'd with ends of wall. Pope.

ARCA'DE. n. s.  [French.] A continued arch; a walk arched
over.
Or call the winds through long arcades to roar,
Proud to catch hold at a Venetian door. Pope's Epistles.

ARCA'NUM. n. s. in the plural arcana.  A Latin word, signify­
ing a secret.

ARCH. n. s.  [arcus, Lat.] 
1. Part of a circle, not more than the half.
The mind perceives, that an arch of a circle is less than the
whole circle, as clearly as it does the idea of a circle. Locke.
2. A building in form of a segment of a circle, used for bridges
and other works.
Ne'er through an arch so hurried the blown tide,
As the recomforted through the gates. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch
Of the rais'd empire fall! here is my space.
Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
The royal squadron marches,
Erect triumphal arches
For Albion and Albanius. Dryden's Albion.
3. The sky, or vault of heaven.
Hath nature given them eyes
To see this vaulted arch, and the rich cope
Of sea and land. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. [from ἄϱχος.] A chief: obsolete.
The noble duke, my master,
My worthy arch and patron comes to night. Sh. King. Lear.

To ARCH. v. a.  [arcuo, Lat.] 
1. To build arches.
The nations of the field and wood
Build on the wave, or arch beneath the sand. Pope.
2. To cover with arches.
Gates of monarchs
Are arch'd so high, that giants may jet through. Sh. Cymbel.
The proud river which makes her bed at her feet, is arched
over with such a curious pile of stones, that considering the
rapid course of the deep stream that roars under it, it may well
take place among the wonders of the world. Howel's Voc. For.

ARCH. adj.  [from ἄϱχος, chief.] 
1. Chief; of the first class.
The tyrannous and bloody act is done;
The most arch deed of piteous massacre,
That ever yet this land was guilty of. Shakesp. Richard III.
There is sprung up
An heretick, an arch one, Cranmer. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. Waggish; mirthful; tristingly mischievous. This significa­
tion it seems to have gained, by being frequently applied to the
boy most remarkable for his pranks; as the arch rogue, &c.
Eugenio set out from the same university, and about the
same time with Corusades; he had the reputation of an arch lad
at school. Swift's Fates of Clergy.

ARCH, in composition, signifies chief, or of the first class,  [from
ἀϱχος, or αϱχι.] as, archangel, archbishop. It is pronounced va­
riously with regard to the ch, which before a consonant sound
as in cheese, as archdeacon; before a vowel like k, as archangel.

ARCHA'NGEL. n. s.  [archangelus, Lat.] One of the highest or­
der of angels.
His form had yet not lost
All her original brightness, nor appear'd
Less than archangel ruin'd, and th' excess
Of glory obscur'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
'Tis sure th' archangel's trump I hear,
Nature's great passing-bell, the only call
Of gods that will be heard by all. Norris's Miscellanies.

ARCHANGEL. n. s.  [lamium, Lat.] The name of a plant, called
also Dead nettle.
It hath a labiated flower of one leaf, whose upper lip is hol­
low like a spoon; but the under one divided into two seg­
ments, in the form of a heart, and both end in chaps brimmed
and edged; out of the flower cup, which is fistulous and cut
into segments, rises the pointal, fixed, like a nail, to the
hinder part of the flower, with four embryoes which be­
come triangular seeds inclosed in a husk formed of the flower
cup. The species are fourteen, and seven of them grow wild
on dry banks, or under hedges, two sorts of which are used in
medicine. Millar.

ARCHANGE'LICK. adj.  [from archangel.] Belonging to arch­
angels.
He ceas'd, and th' archangelick pow'r prepar'd
For swift descent; with him the cohort bright
Of watchful cherubim. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

ARCHBE'ACON. n. s.  [from arch and beacon.] The chief place
of prospect, or of signal.
You shall win the top of the Cornish archbeacon Hainbo­
rough, which may for prospect compare with Rama in Pales­
tina. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

ARCHBI'SHOP. n. s.  [from arch and bishop.] A bishop of the first
class, who superintends the conduct of other bishops his suffra­
gans.
Cranmer is return'd with welcome,
Install'd lord archbishop of Canterbury. Shakes. Henry VIII.
The archbishop was the known architect of this new fabrick.
Clarendon.

ARCHBI'SHOPRICK. n. s.  [from archbishop.] The state or juris­
diction of an archbishop.
'Tis the cardinal;
And merely to revenge him on the emperor,
For not bestowing on him, at his asking,
The archbishoprick of Toledo this is purpos'd. Sh. H. VIII.
This excellent man, from the time of his promotion to the
archbishoprick, underwent the envy and malice of men who
agreed in nothing else. Clarendon.

ARCHCHA'NTER. n. s.  [from arch and chanter.] The chief
chanter.

ARCHDE'ACON. n. s.  [archidiaconus, Lat.] One that supplies
the bishop's place and office in such matters as do belong to the
episcopal function. The law stiles him the bishop's vicar, or
vicegerent. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Lest negligence might foist in abuses, an archdeacon was ap­
pointed to take account of their doings. Carew's Surv. of Irel.

ARCHDE'ACONRY. n. s.  [archidiaconatus, Lat.] The office or
jurisdiction of an archdeacon.
It oweth subjection to the metropolitan of Canterbury, and
hath one only archdeaconry. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

ARCHDE'ACONSHIP. n. s.  [from archdeacon.] The office of an
archdeacon.

ARCHDU'KE. n. s.  [archidux, Lat.] A title given to some sove­
reign princes, as of Austria and Tuscany.
Philip archduke of Austria, during his voyage from the Ne­
therlands towards Spain, was weather-driven into Weymouth.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

ARCHDU'CHESS. n. s.  [from arch and duchess.] A title given to
the sister or daughter of the archduke of Austria, or to the wife
of an archduke of Tuscany.

ARCH-PHILO'SOPHER. n. s.  [from arch and philosopher.] Chief
philosopher.
It is no improbable opinion therefore, which the arch-philo­
sopher was of, that the chiefest person in every houshold was al­
ways as it were a king. Hooker, b. i.

ARCH-PRE'LATE. n. s.  [from arch and prelate.] Chief prelate.
May we not wonder, that a man of St. Basil's authority and
quality, an arch-prelate in the house of God, should have his
name far and wide called in question. Hooker, b. v. § 42.

ARCH-PRE'SBYTER. n. s.  [from arch and presbyter.] Chief pres­
byter.
As simple deacons are in subjection to presbyters, according
to the canon law; so are also presbyters and arch-presbyters in
subjection to these archdeacons. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ARCH-PRI'EST. n. s.  [from arch and priest.] Chief priest.
The word decanus was extended to an ecclesiastical dignity,
which included the arch-priests. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ARCHAIO'LOGY. n. s.  [from ἀϱχαῖος, ancient, and λόγος, a dis­
course.] A discourse on antiquity.

ARCHAIOLO'GICK. adj.  [from archaiology.] Relating to a dis­
course on antiquity.

A'RCHAISM. n. s.  [ἀϱχαισμὸς.] An ancient phrase, or mode of
expression.
I shall never use archaisms, like Milton. Watts.

A'RCHED. participial adj.  [from To arch.] Bent in the form of
an arch.
I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond; thou hast
the right arched bent of the brow. Shak. Merry Wives of Winds.

A'RCHER. n. s.  [archer, Fr. from arcus, Lat. a bow.] He that
shoots with a bow; he that carries a bow in battle.
Fight, gentlemen of England; fight, bold yeomen!
Draw, archers, draw your arrows to the head:
Spur your proud horses hard. Shakesp. Richard III.
This Cupid is no longer an archer, his glory shall be ours,
for we are the only love-gods. Shakesp. Much ado about Noth.
Thou frequent bring'st the smitten deer;
For seldom, archers say, thy arrows err. Prior.

A'RCHERY. n. s.  [from archer.] 
1. The use of the bow.
Among the English artillery, archery challengeth the pre­
eminence, as peculiar to our nation. Camden's Remains.


2. The act of shooting with the bow.
Flower of this purple dye,
Hit with Cupid's archery,
Sink in apple of his eye! Shakes. Mids. Night's Dr.
3. The art of an archer.
Blest seraphims shall leave their quire,
And turn love's soldiers upon thee,
To exercise their archery. Crashaw's Steps to Temple.

A'RCHES-COURT. n. s.  [from arches and court.] The chief and
most ancient consistory that belongs to the archbishop of Can­
terbury, for the debating of spiritual causes, so called from
Bow-church in London, where it is kept, whose top is raised
of stone-pillars, built arch-wise. The judge of this court is
termed the dean of the arches, or official of the arches-court:
dean of the arches, because with this office is commonly joined
a peculiar jurisdiction of thirteen parishes in London, termed
a deanery, being exempted from the authority of the bishop of
London, and belonging to the archbishop of Canterbury; of
which the parish of Bow is one. Some others say, that he was
first called dean of the arches, because the official to the arch­
bishop, the dean of the arches, was his substitute in his court;
and by that means the names became confounded. The ju­
risdiction of this judge is ordinary, and extends through the
whole province of Canterbury: so that, upon any appeal, he
forthwith, and without any further examination of the cause,
sends out his citation to the party appealed, and his inhibition
to the judge from whom the appeal is made. Cowell.

A'RCHETYPE. n. s.  [archetypum, Lat.] The original of which any
resemblance is made.
Our souls, though they might have perceived images them­
selves by simple sense; yet it seems inconceivable, how they
should apprehend their archetypes. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
As a man, a tree, are the outward objects of our perception,
and the outward archetypes or patterns of our ideas; so our sen­
sations of hunger, cold, are also inward archetypes or patterns of
our ideas. But the notions or pictures of these things, as they
are in the mind, are the ideas. Watts's Logick.

ARCHE'TYPAL. adj.  [archetypus, Lat.] Original; being a pat­
tern from which copies are made.
Through contemplation's opticks I have seen
Him who is fairer than the sons of men:
The source of good, the light archetypal. Norris's Miscell.

ARCHE'US. n. s.  [probably from ἄϱχος.] A word by which
Paracelsus seems to have meant a power that presides over the
animal œconomy, distinct from the rational soul.

ARCHIDIA'CONAL. adj.  [from archidiaconus, Lat. an archdea­
con.] Belonging to an archdeacon; as, this offence is liable
to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation.

ARCHIEPI'SCOPAL. adj.  [from archiepiscopus, Lat. an archbishop.] 
Belonging to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal
see; the suffragans are subject to archiepiscopal jurisdiction.

A'RCHITECT. n. s.  [architectus, Lat.] 
1. A professor of the art of building.
The architect's glory consists in the designment and idea of
the work; his ambition should be to make the form triumph
over the matter. Wotton.
2. A contriver of a building; a builder.
The hasty multitude
Admiring enter'd, and the work some praise,
And some the architect: his hand was known
In heav'n, by many a tow'red structure high,
Where scepter'd angels held their residence,
And sat as princes. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
3. The contriver or former of any compound body.
This inconvenience the divine architect of the body obviated.
Ray on the Creation.
4. The contriver of any thing.
An irreligious Moor,
Chief architect and plotter of these woes. Shak. Tit. Andron.

ARCHITE'CTIVE. adj.  [from architect.] That performs the
work of architecture.
How could the bodies of many of them, particularly the
last mentioned, be furnished with architective materials?
Derham's Physico-Theology.

ARCHITECTO'NICK. adj.  [from ἄϱχος, chief, and τέϰτων, an ar­
tificer.] That which has the power or skill of an architect; that
which can build or form any thing.
To say that some more fine part of either, or all the hypo­
statical principle, is the architect of this elaborate structure, is
to give occasion to demand, what proportion of the tria prima
afforded this architectonick spirit, and what agent made so skil­
ful and happy a mixture. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

ARCHITE'CTURE. n. s.  [architectura, Lat.] 
1. The art or science of building.
Architecture is divided into civil architecture, called by way of
eminence architecture; military architecture, or fortification; and
naval architecture, which, besides building of ships and vessels,
includes also ports, moles, docks, &c. Some think the Ty­
rians were the first improvers of architecture; but others con­
tend, that the rules of this art were delivered by God himself
to Solomon, from whom the Tyrians had their instruction,
which they afterwards communicated to the Egyptians; these
to the Grecians, and these again to the Romans. Under Au­
gustus, architecture arrived to its greatest glory; but it after­
wards dwindled by degrees, and at last fell with the western
empire, in the fifth century, when the Visigoths destroyed all
the most beautiful monuments of antiquity; and a new manner
of building took its rise, called the Gothick, coarse, artless,
and massive. Of the same kind was the Arabesk, Moorisk or
Moorish architecture, brought from the South by the Moors
and Saracens. The architects of the thirteenth, fourteenth,
and fifteenth centuries, who had some knowledge of sculpture,
seemed to make perfection consist altogether in the delicacy
and multitude of ornaments, which they frequently bestowed
on their buildings without any conduct or taste. In the two
last centuries, the architects of Italy and France were wholly
bent upon retrieving the primitive simplicity and beauty of an­
cient architecture, in which they did not fail of success. This
art is divided into five orders; the Tuscan, Dorick, Ionick,
Corinthian, and Composite; which took their rise from the
different proportions that the different kinds of buildings ren­
dered necessary, according to the bulk, strength, delicacy,
richness, or simplicity required. Chambers.
Our fathers next in architecture skill'd,
Cities for use, and forts for safety build:
Then palaces and lofty domes arose,
These for devotion, and for pleasure those. Blackm. Creat.
2. The effect or performance of the science of building.
The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine archi­
tecture, ascribed to a particular providence. Burnet's Theory.

A'RCHITRAVE. n. s.  [from ἀϱχὴ, chief, and trabs, Lat. a beam;
because it is supposed to represent the principal beam in timber
buildings.] That part of a column, or order of a column,
which lies immediately upon the capital, and is the lowest
member of the entablature. This member is different in the
different orders; and, in building architrave doors and win­
dows, the workman frequently follows his own fancy. The
architrave is sometimes called the reason piece, or master beam,
in timber buildings, as porticos, cloisters, &c. In chimnies it
is called the mantle piece; and over jambs of doors, and lintels
of windows, hyperthyron. Builders Dict.
The materials laid over this pillar were of wood; through
the lightness whereof the architrave could not suffer, nor the
column itself, being so substantial. Wotton's Architecture.
Westward a pompous frontispiece appear'd,
On Dorick pillars of white marble rear'd,
Crown'd with an architrave of antique mold,
And sculpture rising on the roughen'd gold. Pope's T. of F.

A'RCHIVES. n. s. without a singular.  [archiva, Lat.] The places
where records or ancient writings are kept. It is perhaps some­
times used for the writings themselves.
Though we think our words vanish with the breath that ut­
ters them, yet they become records in God's court, and are
laid up in his archives, as witnesses either for or against us.
Government of the Tongue, § 1.
I shall now only look a little into the Mosaick archives, to
observe what they furnish us with upon this subject. Woodward.

A'RCHWISE. adv.  [from arch and wise.] In the form of an arch.
The court of arches, so called ab arcuata ecclesia, or from Bow
church in London, which is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, by
reason of the steeple or clochier thereof, raised at the top with
stone pillars in fashion of a bow bent archwise. Ayliffe's Par.

ARCI'TENENT. adj.  [arcitenens, Lat.] Bow-bearing. Dict.

ARCTA'TION. n. s.  [from arcto, to streighten.] Streightening;
confinement to a narrower compass.

A'RCTICK. n. s.  [from Ἀϱϰτος, the northern constellation.] Nor­
thern; lying under the Arctos, or bear. See ARTICK.
Ever during snows, perpetual shades
Of darkness, would congeal their livid blood,
Did not the arctick tract spontaneous yield
A cheering purple berry big with wine. Philips.

A'RCTICK Circle.  See CIRCLE.

A'RCUATE. adj.  [arcuatus, Lat.] Bent in the form of an arch.
The cause of the confusion in sounds, and the inconfusion of
species visible, is, for that the sight worketh in right lines; but
sounds that move in oblique and arcuate lines, must needs en­
counter and disturb the one the other. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
In the gullet, where it perforateth the midriff, the carneous
fibres are inflected and arcuate. Ray on Creation.

A'RCUATILE, adj.  [from arcuate.] Bent; inflected. Dict.

ARCUA'TION. n. s.  [from arcuate.] 
1. The act of bending any thing; incurvation.
2. The state of being bent; curvity, or crookedness.
3. [In gardening.] The method of raising by layers such trees as
cannot be raised from seed, or that bear no seed, as the elm,
lime, alder, willow; and is so called from bending down to
the ground the branches which spring from the offsets or stools
after they are planted. Chambers.

A'RCUATURE. n. s.  [arcuatura, low Latin.] The bending or
curvature of an arch. Dict.

ARCUBA'LISTER. n. s.  [from arcus, a bow, and balista, an en­
gine.] A crossbow man.
King John was espied by a very good arcubalister, who said,
that he would soon dispatch the cruel tyrant. God forbid, vile


varlet, quoth the earl, that we should procure the death of the
holy one of God. Camden's Remains.

ARD.  [Saxon.] Signifies natural disposition; as, Goddard is a
divine temper; Reinard, a sincere temper; Giffard, a bounti­
ful and liberal disposition; Bernard, filial affection, &c.
Gibson's Camden.

A'RDENCY. n. s.  [from ardent.] Ardour; eagerness; warmth
of affection.
Accepted they shall be, if qualified with humility, and ar­
dency, and perseverance, so far as concerns the end immediate
to them. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
The ineffable happiness of our dear Redeemer must needs
bring an increase to ours, commensurate to the ardency of our
love for him. Boyle.

A'RDENT. adj.  [ardens, Lat. burning.] 
1. Hot; burning; fiery.
Chymists observe, that vegetables, as lavender, rue, marjo­
ram, &c. distilled before fermentation, yield oils without any
burning spirits; but, after fermentation, yield ardent spirits
without oils; which shews, that their oil is, by fermentation,
converted into spirit. Newton's Opticks.
2. Fierce; vehement.
A knight of swarthy face,
High on a cole-black steed pursued the chace;
With flashing flames his ardent eyes were filled. Dryd. Fab.
3. Passionate; affectionate: used generally of desire.
Another nymph with fatal pow'r may rise,
To damp the sinking beams of Cælia's eyes;
With haughty pride may hear her charms confest,
And scorn the ardent vows that I have blest. Prior.

A'RDENTLY. adv.  [from ardent.] Eagerly; affectionately.
With true zeal may our hearts be most ardently inflamed to
our religion. Sprat's Sermons.

A'RDOUR. n. s.  [ardor, Lat. heat.] 
1. Heat.
2. Heat of affection, as love, desire, courage.
Joy, like a ray of the sun, reflects with a greater ardour and
quickness, when it rebounds upon a man from the breast of his
friend. South.
The soldiers shout around with gen'rous rage;
He prais'd their ardour, inly pleas'd to see
His host. Dryden's Fables.
Unmov'd the mind of Ithacus remain'd,
And the vain ardours of our love restrain'd. Pope's Odyssey.
3. The person ardent or bright. This is only used by Milton.
Nor delay'd the winged saint,
After his charge receiv'd; but from among
Thousand celestial ardours, where he stood
Veil'd with his gorgeous wings, up-springing light,
Flew thro' the midst of heav'n. Paradise Lost, b. v.

ARDU'ITY. n. s.  [from arduous.] Height; difficulty. Dict.

A'RDUOUS. adj.  [arduus, Lat.] 
1. Lofty; hard to climb.
High on Parnassus' top her sons she show'd,
And pointed out those arduous paths they trod. Pope.
2. Difficult.
It was a means to bring him up in the school of arts and po­
licy, and so to fit him for that great and arduous employment
that God designed him to. South.

A'RDUOUSNESS. n. s.  [from arduous.] Height; difficulty.



ARE

ARE.  The third person plural of the present tense of the verb to
be; as, young men are rash, old are cautious.

ARE, or Alamire.  The lowest note but one in Guido's scale of
musick.
Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
Are to plead Hortensio's passion;
B mi Bianca take him for thy lord,
C faut, that loves with all affection. Shakesp. Tam. Shrew.

A'REA. n. s.  [Latin.] 
1. The surface contained between any lines or boundaries.
The area of a triangle is found by knowing the height and
the base. Watts's Logick.
2. Any open surface, as the floor of a room; the open part of a
church; the vacant part or stage of an amphitheatre. An in­
closed place, as lists, or a bowling-green, or grass-plot.
Let us conceive a floor or area of goodly length, with the
breadth somewhat more than half the longitude. Wotton.
The Alban lake is of an oval figure, and, by reason of the
high mountains that encompass it, looks like the area of some
vast amphitheatre. Addison on Italy.
In areas vary'd with Mosaic art,
Some whirl the disk, and some the jav'lin dart. Pope's Odyss.

To ARE'AD, or ARE'ED. v. a.  [aredan, Sax. to counsel.] To
advise; to direct.
Knights and ladies gentle deeds,
Whose praises having slept in silence long,
Me, all too meane, the sacred muse areeds
To blazon broad. Fairy Queen, b. i.
But mark what I aread thee now: avant,
Fly thither whence thou fled'st! If from this hour
Within these hallow'd limits thou appear,
Back to th' infernal pit I drag thee chain'd. Paradise Lost.

AREFA'CTION. n. s.  [arefacio, Lat. to dry.] The state of grow­
ing dry; the act of drying.
From them, and their motions, principally proceed arefac­
tion, and most of the effects of nature. Bacon's Nat. History.

To A'REFY. v. a.  [arefacio, Lat. to dry.] To dry; to exhale
moisture.
Heat drieth bodies that do easily expire, as parchment, leaves,
roots, clay, &c. and so doth time or age arefy, as in the same
bodies, &c. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 294.

ARENA'CEOUS. adj.  [arena, Lat. sand.] Sandy; having the
qualities of sand.
A piece of the stone of the same mines, of a yellowish brown
colour, an arenaceous friable substance, and with some white
spar mixed with it. Woodward on Fossils.

ARENA'TION. n. s.  [from arena, Lat. sand.] Is used by some
physicians for a fort of dry bath, when the patient sits with his
feet upon hot sand. Dict.

ARENO'SE. adj.  [from arena, Lat.] Sandy; full of sand. Dict.

ARE'NULOUS. adj.  [from arenula, Lat. sand.] Full of small
sand; gravelly. Dict.

AREO'TICK. adj.  [ἀϱαιοτιϰα.] Such medicines as open the pores
of the skin, so that the morbifick matter may be carried off by
sweat, or insensible perspiration. Dict.

ARETO'LOGY. n. s.  [from ἀϱετὴ, virtue, and λέγω, to discourse.] 
That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its na­
ture, and the means of arriving at it. Dict.



ARG

A'RGAL. n. s.  Hard lees sticking to the sides of wine vessels,
more commonly called tartar. Dict.

A'RGENT. adj.  [from argentum, Lat. silver.] 
1. The white colour used in the coats of gentlemen, knights, and
baronets, supposed to be the representation of that metal.
Rinaldo flings
As swift as fiery light'ning kindled new,
His argent eagle with her silver wings
In field of azure, fair Erminia knew. Fairfax, b. iii.
In an argent field, the god of war
Was drawn triumphant on his iron car. Dryden's Fables.
2. Silver; bright like silver.
Those argent fields more likely habitants,
Translated saints, or middle spirits hold,
Betwixt th' angelical and human kind. Milton.
Or ask of yonder argent fields above,
Why Jove's satellites are less than Jove. Pope's Ess. on Man.

ARGENTA'TION. n. s.  [from argentum, Lat. silver.] An over­
laying with silver. Dict.

A'RGENTINE. adj.  [argentin, Fr.] Sounding like silver. Dict.

A'RGIL. n. s.  [argilla, Lat.] Potters clay; a fat soft kind of
earth of which vessels are made.

ARGILLA'CEOUS. adj.  [from argil.] Clayey; partaking of the
nature of argil; consisting of argil, or potter's clay.

ARGI'LLOUS. adj.  [from argil.] Consisting of clay; clayish;
containing clay.
Albuquerque derives this redness from the sand and argillous
earth at the bottom. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

A'RGOSY. n. s.  [derived by Pope from Argo, the name of Jason's
ship.] A large vessel for merchandise; a carrack.
Your mind is tossing on the ocean;
There where your argosies with portly sail,
Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood,
Or as it were the pageants of the sea
Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.

To A'RGUE. v. n.  [arguo, Lat.] 
1. To reason; to offer reasons.
I know your majesty has always lov'd her
So dear in heart, not to deny her what
A woman of less place might ask by law;
Scholars allow'd freely to argue for her. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Publick arguing oft serves not only to exasperate the minds,
but to whet the wits of hereticks. Decay of Piety.
An idea of motion, not passing on, would perplex any one,
who should argue from such an idea. Locke.
2. To persuade by argument.
It is a sort of poetical logick which I would make use of, to
argue you into a protection of this play. Congr. Ded to Old Bat.
3. To dispute; with the particles with or against before the op­
ponent, and against before the thing opposed.
Why do christians, of several persuasions, so fiercely argue
against the salvability of each other. Decay of Piety.
He that by often arguing against his own sense, imposes false­
hoods on others, is not far from believing himself. Locke.
I do not see how they can argue with any one, without set­
ting down strict boundaries. Locke.

To A'RGUE. v. a. 1. To prove any thing by argument.
If the world's age and death be argued well,
By the sun's fall, which now toward's earth doth bend,
Then we might fear that virtue, since she fell
So low as woman, should be near her end. Donne.
2. To debate any question; as, to argue a cause.
3. To prove, as an argument.
So many laws argue so many sins
Among them: how can God with such reside? Parad. Lost.


It argues distemper of the mind as well as of the body, when
a man is continually tossing from one side to the other. South.
This argues a virtue and disposition in those sides of the rays,
which answers to that virtue and disposition of the crystal.
Newton's Opticks.
4. To charge with, as a crime; with of.
I have pleaded guilty to all thoughts and expressions of mine,
which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immo­
rality, and retract them. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
The accidents are not the same, which would have argued
him of a servile copying, and total barrenness of invention; yet
the seas were the same. Dryden's Fab. Pref.

A'RGUER. n. s.  [from argue.] A reasoner; a disputer; a con­
trovertist.
Men are ashamed to be proselytes to a weak arguer, as think­
ing they must part with their reputation as well as their sin.
Decay of Piety.

A'RGUMENT. n. s.  [argumentum, Lat.] 
1. A reason alleged for or against any thing.
We sometimes see, on our theatres, vice rewarded, at least
unpunished; yet it ought not to be an argument against the art.
Dryden's Pref. to Tyrannick Love.
When any thing is proved by as good arguments as that thing
is capable of, supposing it were; we ought not in reason to make
any doubt of the existence of that thing. Tillotson's Preface.
And thus we have our author's two great and only arguments
to prove, that heirs are lords over their brethren. Locke.
2. The subject of any discourse or writing.
That she who ev'n but now was your best object,
Your praise's argument, balm of your age,
Dearest and best. Shakesp. King Lear.
To the height of this great argument
I may assert eternal providence,
And justify the ways of God to man. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
Sad task! yet argument
Not less, but more heroick than the wrath
Of stern Achilles. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
A much longer discourse my argument requires; your merci­
ful dispositions a much shorter. Sprat's Sermons.
3. The contents of any work summed up by way of abstract.
The argument of the work, that is, its principal action, the
œconomy and disposition of it, are the things which distinguish
copies from originals. Dryden's Æn. Pref.
4. A controversy.
This day, in argument upon a case,
Some words there grew 'twixt Somerset and me. Sh. H. VI.
If the idea be not agreed on betwixt the speaker and hearer,
the argument is not about things, but names. Locke.
It was much like an argument that fell out last night, where
each of us fell in praise of our country mistresses. Sh. Cymbeline.
5. It has sometimes the particle to before the thing to be proved,
but generally for.
The best moral argument to patience, in my opinion, is the
advantage of patience itself. Tillotson.
This, before that revelation had enlightened the world, was
the very best argument for a future state. Atterbury's Sermons.
6. [In astronomy.] An arch by which we seek another unknown
arch, proportional to the first. Chambers.

ARGUME'NTAL. adj.  [from argument.] Belonging to argument;
reasoning.
Afflicted sense thou kindly dost set free,
Oppress'd with argumental tyranny,
And routed reason finds a safe retreat in thee. Pope.

ARGUMENTA'TION. n. s.  [from argument.] Reasoning; the
act of reasoning.
Argumentation is that operation of the mind, whereby we in­
fer one proposition from two or more propositions premised.
Or it is the drawing a conclusion, which before was unknown,
or doubtful, from some propositions more known and evident;
so when we have judged that matter cannot think, and that the
mind of man doth think, we conclude, that therefore the mind
of man is not matter. Watts's Logick.
I suppose it is no ill topick of argumentation, to shew the pre­
valence of contempt, by the contrary influences of respect. South.
His thoughts must be masculine, full of argumentation, and
that sufficiently warm. Dryden.
It is certain, that the whole course of his argumentation comes
to nothing. Addison. Freeholder, No 31.

ARGUME'NTATIVE. adj.  [from argument.] Consisting of ar­
gument; containing argument.
This omission, considering the bounds within which the ar­
gumentative part of my discourse was confined, I could not
avoid. Atterb. Pref. to his Sermons.

ARGUTA'TION. n. s.  [from arguo, Lat.] A proving by argu­
ment; a disputing for and against. Dict.

A'RGUTE. adj.  [arguto, Ital. argutus, Lat.] 
1. Subtile; witty; sharp.
2. Shrill.



ARI

A'RIA. n. s.  [Ital. in musick.] An air, song, or tune.

A'RID. adj.  [aridus, Lat. dry.] Dry; parched up.
My complexion is become adust, and my body arid, by visit­
ing lands. Arbuthnot and Pope's M. Scrill.
His harden'd fingers deck the gaudy spring,
Without him summer were an arid waste. Thoms. Autumn.

ARI'DITY. n. s.  [from arid.] 
1. Dryness; siccity.
Salt taken in great quantities will reduce an animal body to
the great extremity of aridity, or dryness. Arbuth. on Aliments.
2. In the theological sense, a kind of insensibility in devotion,
contrary to melting.
Strike my soul with lively apprehensions of thy excellencies,
to bear up my spirit under the greatest aridities and dejec­
tions, with the delightful prospect of thy glories. Norris.

A'RIES. n. s.  [Lat.] The Ram; one of the twelve signs of the
zodiack.
At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
And the bright Bull receives him. Thomson's Spring.

To ARI'ETATE. v. n.  [arieto, Lat.] 
1. To butt like a ram.
2. To strike in imitation of the blows which rams give with their
heads.

ARIETA'TION. n. s.  [from arietate.] 
1. The act of butting like a ram.
2. The act of battering with an engine called a ram.
The strength of the percussion, wherein ordnance do exceed
all arietations and ancient inventions. Bacon's Essays.
3. The act of striking, or conflicting in general.
Now those heterogeneous atoms, by themselves, hit so ex­
actly into their proper residence, in the midst of such tumultu­
ary motions, and arietations of other particles. Glanv. Scepsis.

ARIE'TTA. n. s.  [Ital. in musick.] A short air, song, or tune.

ARI'GHT. adv.  [from a and right.] 
1. Rightly; without mental errour.
How him I lov'd, and love with all my might;
So thought I eke of him, and think I thought aright. F. Q.
These were thy thoughts, and thou could'st judge aright,
Till interest made a jaundice in thy sight. Dryden's Fables.
The motions of the tongue are so easy, and so subtile, that
you can hardly conceive or distinguish them aright. Holder.
2. Rightly; without crime.
A generation that set not their heart aright. Ps. lxxviii. 8.
3. Rightly; without failing of the end designed.
Guardian of groves, and goddess of the night,
Fair queen, he said, direct my dart aright. Dryden's Æneid.

ARIOLA'TION, or HARIOLA'TION. n. s.  [hariolus, Lat. a sooth­
sayer.] Soothsaying; vaticination.
The priests of elder time have deluded their apprehensions
with ariolation, soothsaying, and such oblique idolatries.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.

ARIO'SO. n. s.  [Ital. in musick.] The movement of a common
air, song, or tune. Dict.

To ARI'SE. v. n. pret. arose, particip. arisen.  [from a and rise.] 
1. To mount upward as the sun.
He rose, and, looking up, beheld the skies
With purple blushing, and the day arise. Dryden's Æneid.
2. To get up as from sleep, or from rest.
So Esdras arose up, and said unto them, ye have transgressed
the law. 1 Esd. ix. 7.
How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard; when wilt thou arise
out of thy sleep? Prov. vi. 9.
3. To come into view, as from obscurity.
There shall arise false Christs and false prophets. Matt. xxiv.
4. To revive from death.
Thy dead men shall live, together with my body shall they
arise: awake and sing, ye that dwell in dust. Isaiah, xxvi. 19.
5. To proceed, or have its original.
They which were scattered abroad upon the persecution that
arose about Stephen, travelled as far as Phœnice. Acts xi. 19.
I know not what mischief may arise hereafter from the ex­
ample of such an innovation. Dryden.
6. To enter upon a new station.
Another Mary then arose,
And did rig'rous laws impose. Cowley.
7. To commence hostility.
And when he arose against me, I caught him by his beard,
and smote him. 1 Sam. xvii. 35.
For the various senses of this word, see RISE.

ARISTO'CRACY. n. s.  [ἄϱιϛος, greatest, and ϰϱατέω, to govern.] 
That form of government which places the supreme power in
the nobles, without a king, and exclusively of the people.
The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses
through the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its
duration seems to approach. Swift.

ARISTOCRA'TICAL, or ARISTOCRA'TICK. adj.  [from aristo­
cracy.] Relating to aristocracy; including a form of govern­
ment by the nobles.
Ockham distinguishes, that the papacy, or ecclesiastical mo­
narchy, may be changed in an extraordinary manner, for some
time, into an aristocratical form of government. Ayliffe's Par.

ARISTOCRA'TICALNESS. n. s.  [from aristocratical.] An aristo­
cratical state. Dict.

ARI'THMANCY. n. s.  [from ἀϱιϑμὸς, number, and μαντεία, divina­
tion.] A foretelling future events by numbers. Dict.



ARITHME'TICAL. adj.  [from arithmetick.] According to the
rules or method of arithmetick.
The principles of bodies may be infinitely small, not only
beyond all naked or assisted sense, but beyond all arithmetical
operation or conception. Grew's Cosm. Sacra.
The squares of the diameters of these rings, made by any
prismatick colour, were in arithmetical progression, as in the fifth
observation. Newton's Opticks.

ARITHME'TICALLY. adv.  [from arithmetical.] In an arithme­
tical manner; according to the principles of arithmetick.
Though the fifth part of a xestes being a simple fraction, and
arithmetically regular, it is yet no proper part of that measure.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

ARITHMETI'CIAN. n. s.  [from arithmetick.] A master of the
art of numbers.
A man had need be a good arithmetician, to understand this
author's works. His description runs on like a multiplication
table. Addison on ancient Medals.

ARI'THMETICK. n. s.  [ἀϱιϑμος, number, and μετϱέω, to mea­
sure.] The science of numbers; the art of computation.
We have very little intelligence about the origin and invention
of arithmetick; but probably it must have taken its rise from
the introduction of commerce, and consequently be of Tyrian
invention. From Asia it passed into Egypt, where it was greatly
cultivated. From thence it was transmitted to the Greeks,
who conveyed it to the Romans with additional improvements.
But, from some treatises of the ancients remaining on this sub­
ject, it appears that their arithmetick was much inferiour to that
of the moderns. Chambers.
On fair ground I could beat forty of them;
But now 'tis odds beyond arithmetick. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The christian religion, according to the Apostle's arithmetick,
hath but these three parts of it; sobriety, justice, religion. Taylor.

ARK. n. s.  [arca, Lat. a chest.] 
1. A vessel to swim upon the water, usually applied to that in
which Noah was preserved from the universal deluge.
Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make
in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without. Gen. vi. 14.
The one just man alive, by his command,
Shall build a wond'rous ark, as thou beheld'st,
To save himself and houshold, from amidst
A world devote to universal wreck. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
2. The repository of the covenant of God with the Jews.
This coffer was of shittim wood, covered with plates or leaves
of gold, being two cubits and an half in length, a cubit and a
half wide, and a cubit and a half high. It had two rings of
gold on each side, through which the staves were put for carry­
ing it. Upon the top of it was a kind of gold crown all around
it, and two cherubim were fastened to the cover. It contained
the two tables of stone, written by the hand of God. Calmet.



ARM

ARM. n. s.  [earm, eorm, Sax.] 
1. The limb which reaches from the hand to the shoulder.
If I have lift up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw
my help in the gate, then let mine arm fall from my shoulder­
blade, and mine arm be broken from the bone. Job, xxxi. 21.
Like helpless friends, who view from shore
The labouring ship, and hear the tempest roar,
So stood they with their arms across. Dryden.
2. The bough of a tree.
The trees spred out their arms to shade her face,
But she on elbow lean'd. Sidney.
Hide me, ye forests, in your closest bowers,
Where the tall oak his spreading arms entwines,
And with the beech a mutual shade combines. Gay.
3. An inlet of water from the sea.
Full in the centre of the sacred wood,
An arm ariseth of the Stygian flood. Dryden's Æneid.
We have yet seen but an arm of this sea of beauty. Norris.
4. Power; might. In this sense is used the secular arm, &c.
Cursed be the man that trusteth in man, and maketh flesh his
arm, and whose heart departeth from the Lord. Jer. xvii. 5.
O God, thy arm was here!
And not to us, but to thy arm alone,
Ascribe we all. Shakesp. Hen. V.

ARM'S END. n. s.  A phrase taken from boxing, in which the
weaker man may overcome the stronger, if he can keep him
from closing.
Such a one as can keep him at arm's end, need never wish
for a better companion. Sidney's Arcad.
For my sake be comfortable, hold death awhile at the arm's
end. Shakesp. As you like it.

To ARM. v. a.  [armo, Lat.] 
1. To furnish with armour of defence, or weapons of offence.
And when Abram heard that his brother was taken captive,
he armed his trained servants, born in his own house, three hun­
dred and eighteen, and pursued them unto Dan. Gen. xiv. 14.
True conscious honour is to feel no sin;
He's arm'd without, that's innocent within. Pope.
2. To plate with any thing that may add strength.
Their wounded steeds
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters. Sh. H. V.
3. To furnish; to fit up; as, to arm a loadstone, is to case it with
iron.
You must arm your hook with the line in the inside of it.
Walton's Angler.
Having wasted the callus, I left off those tents, and dressed
it with others armed with digestives. Wiseman's Surgery.

To ARM. v. n. 1. To take arms.
Think we king Harry strong;
And, princes, look you strongly arm to meet him. Sh. H. V.
2. To provide against.
His servant, throughly arm'd against such coverture,
Reported unto all, that he was sure
A noble gentleman of high regard. Spenser's Hubb. Tale.

ARMA'DA. n. s.  [Span. a fleet of war.] An armament for sea;
a fleet of war. It is often erroneously spelt armado.
In all the mid-earth seas was left no road
Wherein the pagan his bold head untwines,
Spred was the huge armado wide and broad,
From Venice, Genes, and towns which them confines.
Fairfax, b. i. stanza 79.
So by a roaring tempest on the flood,
A whole armado of collected sail
Is scatter'd and disjoin'd from fellowship. Shak. King John.
At length resolv'd t' assert the wat'ry ball,
He in himself did whole armados bring:
Him aged seamen might their master call,
And choose for general, were he not their king. Dryden.

ARMADI'LLO. n. s.  [Spanish.] A four-footed animal of Brasil,
as big as a cat, with a snout like a hog, a tail like a lizard, and
feet like a hedge-hog. He is armed all over with hard scales
like armour, whence he takes his name, and retires under them
like the tortoise. He lives in holes, or in the water, being of
the amphibious kind. His scales are of a bony or cartilaginous
substance; but they are easily pierced. This animal hides him­
self a third part of the year under ground. He feeds upon
roots, sugar-canes, fruits, and poultry. When he is caught, he
draws up his feet and head to his belly, and rolls himself up in
a ball, which the strongest hand cannot open; and he must be
brought near the fire before he will shew his nose. His flesh is
white, fat, tender, and more delicate than that of a sucking pig.
Trevoux.

A'RMAMENT. n. s.  [armamentum, Lat.] A force equipped for
war; generally used of a naval force.

ARMAME'NTARY. n. s.  [armamentarium, Lat.] An armoury;
a magazine or arsenal of warlike implements. Dict.

A'RMAN. n. s.  A confection for restoring lost appetite in horses. D.

A'RMATURE. n. s.  [armatura, Lat.] Armour; something to
defend the body from hurt.
Others should be armed with hard shells; others with pric­
kles; the rest that have no such armature, should be endued
with great swiftness and pernicity. Ray on the Creation.

A'RMED. adj.  [in heraldry.] Is used in respect of beasts and birds
of prey, when their teeth, horns, feet, beak, talons, or tusks,
are of a different colour from the rest; as, he bears a cock or
a falcon armed, or. Chambers.

ARMED Chair. n. s.  [from armed and chair.] An elbow chair,
or a chair with rests for the arms.

ARME'NIAN Bole. n. s.  A fatty medicinal kind of earth, of a pale
reddish colour, of considerable use as an absorbent, astringent,
and vulnerary; which takes its name from the country of Ar­
menia, whence it is chiefly brought.

ARMENIAN Stone. n. s.  A mineral stone or earth of a blue co­
lour, spotted with green, black and yellow; anciently brought
only from Armenia, but now found in Germany, and the Ty­
rol. It bears a near resemblance to lapis lazuli, from which it
seems only to differ in degree of maturity; it being softer, and
speckled with green instead of gold. Boerhaave ranks it among
semimetals; and supposes it composed of a metal and earth.
Woodward says, it owes its colour to an admixture of copper.
Its chief use is in mosaick work, though it has some place also
in physick. Chambers.

ARME'NTAL. adj.  [armentalis, or armentinus, Lat.] Belong­
ing to a drove or herd of cattle. Dict.

A'RMENTINE. adj.  [armentalis, or armentinus, Lat.] Belong­
ing to a drove or herd of cattle. Dict.

ARMENTO'SE. adj.  [armentosus, Lat.] Abounding with cattle. D.

A'RMGAUNT. adj.  [from arm and gaunt.] Slender as the arm.
So he nodded,
And soberly did mount an armgaunt steed. Sh. Ant. and Cl.

ARM-HOLE. n. s.  [from arm and hole.] The cavity under the
shoulder.
Tickling is most in the soles of the feet, and under the arm­
holes, and on the sides. The cause is the thinness of the skin in
those parts, joined with the rareness of being touched there.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 766.

ARMI'GEROUS. adj.  [from armiger, Lat. an armour-bearer.] 
Bearing arms.

A'RMILLARY. adj.  [from armilla, Lat. a bracelet.] Resembling
a bracelet.
When the circles of the mundane sphere are supposed to be
described on the convex surface of a sphere, which is hollow
within, and, after this, you imagine all parts of the sphere's sur­
face to be cut away, except those parts on which such circles
are described; then that sphere is called an armillary sphere, be­
cause it appears in the form of several circular rings, or brace­


lets, put together in a due position. Harris's Description of the
Globes.

A'RMILLATED. adj.  [armillatus, Lat.] Wearing bracelets. Dict.

A'RMINGS. n. s.  [in a ship.] The same with wasteclothes, being
red clothes, hung about the outside of the ship's upper works
fore and aft, and before the cubbrige heads. Some are also hung
round the tops, called top armings. Chambers.

ARMI'POTENCE. n. s.  [from arma, arms, and potentia, power,
Lat.] Power in war.

ARMI'POTENT. adj.  [armipotens, Lat.] Powerful in arms;
mighty in war.
This is your devoted friend, Sir, the manifold linguist, and
the armipotent soldier. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
For if our God the Lord armipotent,
Those armed angels in our aid down send,
That were at Dathan to his prophet sent,
Thou wilt come down with them, and well defend
Our host. Fairfax, b. iii. stan. 70.
Beneath the low'ring brow, and on a bent,
The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden's Fab.

ARMI'SONOUS. adj.  [armisonus, Lat.] Rustling with armour.

A'RMISTICE. n. s.  [armistitium, Lat.] A short truce; a cessa­
tion of arms for a short time.

A'RMLET. n. s.  [from arm.] 
1. A little arm; as, an armlet of the sea.
2. A piece of armour for the arm.
3. A bracelet for the arm.
And, when she takes thy hand, and doth seem kind,
Doth search what rings and armlets she can find. Donne.

ARMONI'ACK. n. s.  [erroneously so written for ammoniac.] A
sort of volatile salt. See AMMONIAC.

A'RMORER. n. s.  [armorier, Fr.] 
1. He that makes armour, or weapons.
Now thrive the armorers, and honour's thought
Reigns solely in the breast of every man. Shakesp. Henry V.
The armorers make their steel more tough and pliant, by
aspersion of water and juice of herbs. Bacon's Phys. Remains.
The whole division that to Mars pertains,
All trades of death that deal in steel for gains
Were there: The butcher, armorer, and smith,
Who forges sharpen'd fauchions, or the scythe. Dryd. Fab.
When arm'rers temper in the ford
The keen-edg'd pole-ax, or the shining sword,
The red-hot metal hisses in the lake. Pope's Odyssey, b. ix.
2. He that dresses another in armour.
The armorers accomplishing the knights,
With busy hammers closing rivets up,
Give dreadful note of preparation. Shakesp. Henry V.
The morning he was to join battle with Harold, his armorer
put on his backpiece before, and his breastplate behind. Cambd.

ARMO'RIAL. adj.  [armorial, Fr.] Belonging to the arms or es­
cutcheon of a family, as ensigns armorial.

A'RMORIST. n. s.  [from armour.] A person skilled in heral­
dry. Dict.

A'RMORY. n. s.  [from armour.] 
1. The place in which arms are reposited for use.
The sword
Of Michael, from the armory of God,
Was giv'n him temper'd so, that neither keen,
Nor solid, might resist that edge. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
With plain heroick magnitude of mind,
And celestial vigour arm'd,
Their armories and magazines contemns. Sampson Agonist.
Let a man consider these virtues, with the contrary sins, and
then, as out of a full armory, or magazine, let him furnish his
conscience with texts of scripture. South.
2. Armour; arms of defence.
Nigh at hand
Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears,
Hung high, with diamond flaming, and with gold. Par. Lost.
3. Ensigns armorial.
Well worthy be you of that armory,
Wherein you have great glory won this day. Fairy Queen.

A'RMOUR. n. s.  [armateur, Fr. armatura, Lat.] Defensive arms.
Your friends are up, and buckle on their armour.
Shakesp. Richard III.
That they might not go naked among their enemies, the only
armour that Christ allows them, is prudence and innocence.
South.

A'RMOUR BEARER. n. s.  [from armour and bear.] He that car­
ries the armour of another.
His armour bearer first, and next he kills
His charioteer. Dryden's Æneis.

A'RMPIT. n. s.  [from arm and pit.] The hollow place under
the shoulder.
The handles to these gouges are made so long, that the han­
dle may reach under the armpit of the workman.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
Others hold their plate under the left arm-pit, the best situa­
tion for keeping it warm. Swift's Direct. to the Footman.

ARMS. n. s. without the singular number.  [arma, Lat.] 
1. Weapons of offence, or armour of defence.
Those arms which Mars before
Had giv'n the vanquish'd, now the victor bore. Pope's Iliad.
2. A state of hostility.
Sir Edward Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
With many more confed'rates, are in arms. Shakes. R. III.
3. War in general.
Arms and the man I sing. Dryd. Virgil.
Him Paris follow'd to the dire alarms,
Both breathing slaughter, both resolv'd in arms. Pope's Iliad.
4. Action; the act of taking arms.
Up rose the victor angels, and to arms
The matin trumpet sung. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
5. The ensigns armorial of a family.

A'RMY. n. s.  [armée, Fr.] 
1. A collection of armed men, obliged to obey one man. Locke.
Number itself importeth not much in armies, where the peo­
ple are of weak courage. Bacon.
The meanest soldier, that has fought often in an army, has
a truer knowledge of war, than he that has writ whole volumes,
but never was in any battle. South.
The Tuscan leaders, and their army sing,
Which follow'd great Æneas to the war;
Their arms, their numbers, and their names declare. Dryd.
2. A great number.
The fool hath planted in his memory an army of good words.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

AROMA'TICAL. adj.  [from aromatick.] Spicy; fragrant; high
scented.
All things that are hot and aromatical do preserve liquors or
powders. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 346.
Volatile oils refresh the animal spirits, but likewise are en­
dued with all the bad qualities of such substances, producing
all the effects of an oily and aromatical acrimony.
Arbuthnot on Aliment.

AROMA'TICK. adj.  [from aroma, Lat. spice.] 
1. Spicy.
Amidst whole heaps of spices lights a ball,
And now their odours arm'd against them fly:
Some preciously by shatter'd porcelain fall,
And some by aromatick splinters die. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
2. Fragrant; strong scented.
Or quick effluvia darting through the brain,
Dye of a rose in aromatick pain. Pope's Essay on Man.

AROMA'TICKS. n. s.  Spices.
They were furnished for exchange of their aromaticks, and
other proper commodities. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

AROMATIZA'TION. n. s.  [from aromatize.] The mingling of
a due proportion of aromatick spices or drugs with any medi­
cine.

To ARO'MATIZE. v. a.  [from aroma, Lat. spice.] 
1. To scent with spices; to impregnate with spices.
Drink the first cup at supper hot, and half an hour before
supper something hot and aromatized. Bacon's Phys. Remains.
2. To scent; to perfume.
Unto converted Jews no man imputeth this unsavoury odour,
as though aromatized by their conversion. Brown's Vulg. Err.

ARO'SE.  The preterite of the verb arise. See ARISE.

ARO'UND. adv.  [from a and round.] 
1. In a circle.
He shall extend his propagated sway,
Where Atlas turns the rowling heav'ns around,
And his broad shoulders with their lights are crown'd. Dryd.
2. On every side.

AROUND. prep.  About.
From young Iülus head
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows, and on his temples fed. Dryden's Æn.

To ARO'USE. v. a.  [from a and rouse.] 
1. To wake from sleep.
2. To raise up; to excite.
But absent, what fantastick woes arous'd
Rage in each thought, by restless musing fed,
Chill the warm cheek, and blast the bloom of life. Thomson.

ARO'W. adv.  [from a and row.] In a row; with the breasts all
bearing against the same line.
Then some green gowns are by the lasses worn
In chastest plays, till home they walk arow. Sidney.
But with a pace more sober and more slow,
And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow. Dryden's Fab.

ARO'YNT. adv.  [a word of uncertain etymology, but very ancient
use.] Be gone; away: a word of expulsion, or avoiding.
Saint Withold footed thrice the wold,
He met the night-mare, and her name told,
Bid her alight, and her troth plight,
And aroynt thee, witch, aroynt thee right. Shak. King Lear.



ARQ

A'RQUEBUSE. n. s.  [Fr. spelt falsely harquebuss.] A hand gun.
It seems to have anciently meant much the same as our cara­
bine, or fusee.
A harquebuse, or ordnance, will be farther heard from the
mouth of the piece, than backwards or on the sides.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 204.



A'RQUEBUSIER. n. s.  [from arquebuse.] A soldier armed with
an arquebuse.
He compassed them in with fifteen thousand arquebusiers,
whom he had brought with him well appointed.
Knolles's History of the Turks.



ARR

ARRA'CK, or ARA'CK. n. s.  A spirituous liquor imported from
the East Indies, used by way of dram and in punch. The
word arack is an Indian name for strong waters of all kinds;
for they call our spirits and brandy English arack. But what
we understand by the name arack, is really no other than a spi­
rit procured by distillation from a vegetable juice called toddy,
which flows by incision out of the cocoa-nut tree. There are
divers kinds of it; single, double, and treble distilled. The
double distilled is commonly sent abroad, and is preferred to all
other aracks of India. Chambers.
I send this to be better known for choice of china, tea, ar­
rack, and other Indian goods. Spectator, No 288.

A'RRACH, O'RRACH, or O'RRAGE. n. s.  One of the quickest
plants both in coming up and running to seed. Its leaves are
very good in pottage. It should be used as soon as it peeps out,
because it decays quickly. It thrives very well in all sorts of
ground. See ORRAGE. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

To ARRA'IGN. v. a.  [arranger, Fr. to set in order.] 
1. To set a thing in order, or in its place. One is said to arraign
a writ in a county, that fits it for trial before the justices of the
circuit. A prisoner is said to be arraigned, where he is indicted
and brought forth to his trial. Cowel.
Summon a session, that we may arraign
Our most disloyal lady; for as she hath
Been publickly accused, so shall she have
A just and open trial. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. To accuse; to charge with faults in general, as in contro­
versy, in a satire.
Reverse of nature! shall such copies then
Arraign th' originals of Maro's pen? Roscommon.
He that thinks a man to the ground, will quickly endeavour
to lay him there: for while he despises him, he arraigns and
condemns him in his heart. South.
3. It has for before the fault.
My own enemies I shall never answer; and if your lordship
has any, they will not arraign you for want of knowledge.
Dryden's Dedication to the Æneid.

ARRA'IGNMENT. n. s.  [from arraign.] The act of arraigning;
an accusation; a charge.
In the sixth satire, which seems only an arraignment of the
whole sex, there is a latent admonition to avoid ill women.
Dryden's Juv. Dedication.

To ARRA'NGE. v. a.  [arranger, Fr.] To put in the proper
order for any purpose.
I chanc'd this day
To see two knights in travel on my way,
(A sorry sight!) arrang'd in battle new. Fairy Queen, b. i.
How effectually are its muscular fibres arranged, and with
what judgment are its columns and furrows disposed! Cheyne.

ARRA'NGEMENT. n. s.  [from arrange.] The act of putting in
proper order; the state of being put in order.
There is a proper arrangement of the parts to be brought
about in elastick bodies, which may be facilitated by use.
Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

A'RRANT. adj.  [a word of uncertain etymology, but probably
from errant, which being at first applied to its proper significa­
tion to vagabonds, as an errant or arrant rogue, that is, a ram­
bling rogue, lost, in time, its original signification, and be­
ing by its use understood to imply something bad, was applied
at large to any thing that was mentioned with hatred or con­
tempt.] Bad in a high degree.
Country folks, who hallooed and hooted after me, as at the
arrantest coward that ever showed his shoulders to the enemy.
Sidney, b. ii.
A vain fool grows forty times an arranter sot than before.
L'Estrange's Fables.
And let him every deity adore,
If his new bride prove not an arrant whore. Dryd. Juven.

A'RRANTLY. adv.  [from arrant.] Corruptly; shamefully.
Funeral tears are as arrantly hired out as mourning clokes.
L'Estrange.

A'RRAS. n. s.  [from Arras, a town in Artois, where hangings
are woven.] Tapestry; hangings woven with images.
Thence to the hall, which was on every side
With rich array and costly arras dight. Fairy Queen, b. i.
He's going to his mother's closet;
Behind the arras I'll convey myself,
To hear the process. Shakesp. Hamlet.
As he shall pass the galleries, I'll place
A guard behind the arras. Denham's Sophy.

ARRA'UGHT. v. a.  [a word used by Spenser in the preter tense,
of which I have not found the present, but suppose he derived
arreach from arracher, Fr.] Seized by violence.
His ambitious sons unto them twain
Arraught the rule, and from their father drew. Fairy Q.

ARRA'Y. n. s.  [arroy, Fr. arreo, Sp. arredo, Ital. from reye, Teut.
order. It was adopted into the middle Latin, mille hominum
arraitorum, Knighton.] 
1. Order, chiefly of war.
The earl espying them scattered near the army, sent one to
command them to their array. Sir J. Hayward.
Wer't thou sought to deeds,
That might require th' array of war, thy skill
Of conduct would be such, that all the world
Could not sustain thy prowess. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
A gen'ral sets his army in array
In vain, unless he fight and win the day. Sir J. Denham.
2. Dress.
A rich throne, as bright as sunny day,
On which there sat most brave embellished
With royal robes, and gorgeous array,
A maiden queen. Fairy Queen, b. i.
In this remembrance, Emily ere day
Arose, and dress'd herself in rich array;
Fresh as the month, and as the morning fair. Dryd. Fables.
3. In law. Array, of the Fr. array, i. e. ordo, the ranking or setting
forth of a jury or inquest of men impannelled upon a cause.
Thence is the verb to array a pannel, that is, to set forth one
by another the men impannelled. Cowel.

To ARRA'Y. v. a.  [arroyer, old Fr.] 
1. To put in order.
2. To deck; to dress; to adorn the person; with the particle
with.
Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency, and array
thyself with glory and beauty. Job, xl. 10.
Now went forth the morn,
Such as in highest heav'n, array'd in gold
Empyreal. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
One vest array'd the corps, and one they spread
O'er his clos'd eyes, and wrapp'd around his head. Dryden.
3. In law. See ARRAY in law.

ARRA'YERS. n. s.  [from array.] Officers who anciently had
the care of seeing the soldiers duly appointed in their armour.
Cowel.

ARRE'AR. adv.  [arriere, Fr. behind.] Behind. This is the pri­
mitive signification of the word, which, though not now in use,
seems to be retained by Spenser. See REAR.
To leave with speed Atlanta swift arrear,
Through forests wild and unfrequented land,
To chase the lion, boar, or rugged bear. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

ARRE'AR. n. s.  That which remains behind unpaid, though
due. See ARREARAGE.
His boon is giv'n; his knight has gain'd the day,
But lost the prize; th' arrears are yet to pay. Dryd. Fables.
If a tenant run away in arrear of some rent, the land re­
mains; that cannot be carried away, or lost. Locke.
It will comfort our grand-children, when they see a few rags
hung up in Westminster-hall, which cost an hundred millions,
whereof they are paying the arrears, and boasting as beggars
do, that their grandfathers were rich. Swift.

ARRE'ARAGE. n. s. a word now little used.  [from arriere, Fr. be­
hind.] 
Arrearage is the remainder of an account, or a sum of mo­
ney remaining in the hands of an accountant; or, more gene­
rally, any money unpaid at the due time, as arrearage of
rent. Cowel.
Paget set forth the king of England's title to his debts and
pension from the French king; with all arrearages. Hayward.
I think,
He'll grant the tribute, send th' arrearages,
Ere look upon our Romans. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The old arrearages under which that crown had long groan­
ed, being defrayed, he hath brought Lurana to uphold and
maintain herself. Howel's Vocal Forest.

ARRE'ARANCE. n. s.  The same with arrear. See ARREAR. D.

ARRENTA'TION. n. s.  [from arrendar, Span. to farm.] Is, in
the forest law, the licensing an owner of lands in the forest, to
inclose them with a low hedge and small ditch, in consideration
of a yearly rent. Dict.

ARREPTI'TIOUS. adj.  [arreptus, Lat.] 
1. Snatched away.
2. Crept in privily. Dict.

ARRE'ST. n. s.  [from arrester, Fr. to stop.] 
1. In law.
A stop or stay; as, a man apprehended for debt, is said to
be arrested. To plead in arrest of judgment, is to shew cause
why judgment should be stayed, though the verdict of the twelve
be passed. To plead in arrest of taking the inquest upon the
former issue, is to shew cause why an inquest should not be ta­
ken. An arrest is a certain restraint of a man's person, depriv­
ing him of his own will, and binding it to become obedient to
the will of the law, and may be called the beginning of im­
prisonment. Cowel.
If I could speak so wisely under an arrest, I would send for
my creditors; yet I had as lief have the foppery of freedom, as
the morality of imprisonment. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
2. Any caption.
To the rich man, who had promised himself ease for many
years, it was a sad arrest, that his soul was surprised the first
night. Taylor's Holy Living.


3. A stop.
The stop and arrest of the air sheweth, that the air hath
little appetite of ascending. Bacon's Nat. History, No 24.

To ARRE'ST. v. a.  [arrester, Fr. to stop.] 
1. To seize by a mandate from a court or officer of justice. See
ARREST.
Good tidings, my lord Hastings, for the which
I do arrest thee, traitor, of high treason. Shak. Hen. IV.
Well, well; there's one yonder arrested, and carried to pri­
son, was worth five thousand of you all. Shakes. Meas. for M.
2. To seize any thing by law.
He hath enjoyed nothing of Ford's but twenty pounds of
money, which must be paid to master Brook; his horses are
arrested for it. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. To seize; to lay hands on.
But when as Morpheus had with leaden maze
Arrested all that goodly company. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Age itself, which, of all things in the world, will not be baf­
fled or defied, shall begin to arrest, seize, and remind us of our
mortality. South.
4. To with-hold; to hinder.
This defect of the English justice was the main impediment
that did arrest and stop the course of the conquest.
Sir John Davies.
As often as my dogs with better speed
Arrest her flight, is she to death decreed. Dryd. Fables.
Nor could her virtues, nor repeated vows
Of thousand lovers, the relentless hand
Of death arrest. Philips.
5. To stop motion.
To manifest the coagulative power, we have arrested the flui­
dity of new milk, and turned it into a curdled substance. Boyle.

ARRE'ST. n. s.  [In horsemanship.] A mangey humour between
the ham and pastern of the hinder legs of a horse. Dict.

A'RRETED. adj.  [arrectatus, low Lat.] He that is convened
before a judge, and charged with a crime. It is used some­
times for imputed or laid unto; as, no folly may be arreted to
one under age. Cowel.

To ARRI'DE. v. a.  [arrideo, Lat.] 
1. To laugh at.
2. To smile; to look pleasantly upon one.

ARRI'ERE. n. s.  [French.] The last body of an army, for which
we now use rear.
The horsemen might issue forth without disturbance of the
foot, and the avant-guard without shuffling with the battail or
arriere. Sir J. Hayward.

ARRI'ERE BAN. n. s.  [Casseneuve derives this word from arriere
and ban; ban denotes the convening of the noblesse or vassals,
who hold fees immediately of the crown; and arriere, those
who only hold of the king mediately.] A general proclama­
tion, by which the king of France summons to the war all that
hold of him, both his own vassals or the noblesse, and the vas­
sals of his vassals.

ARRI'ERE FEE, or FIEF.  Is a fee dependant on a superior one.
These fees commenced, when the dukes and counts, rendering
their governments hereditary in their families, distributed to
their officers parts of the royal domains, which they found in
their respective provinces; and even permitted those officers to
gratify the soldiers under them, in the same manner.

ARRI'ERE VASSAL.  The vassal of a vassal. Trevoux.

ARRI'SION. n. s.  [arrisio, Lat.] A smiling upon. Dict.

ARRI'VAL. n. s.  [from arrive.] 
The act of coming to any place; and, figuratively, the at­
tainment of any purpose.
How are we changed, since we first saw the queen?
She, like the sun, does still the same appear,
Bright as she was at her arrival here. Waller.
The unravelling is the arrival of Ulysses upon his own island.
Broom's View of Epick Poetry.

ARRI'VANCE. n. s.  [from arrive.] Company coming.
Every minute is expectancy
Of more arrivance. Shakesp. Othello.

To ARRI'VE. v. n.  [arriver, Fr. to come on shore.] 
1. To come to any place by water.
At length arriving on the banks of Nile,
Wearied with length of ways, and worn with toil,
She laid her down. Dryden.
2. To reach any place by travelling.
When we were arrived upon the verge of his estate, we
stopped at a little inn, to rest ourselves and our horses.
3. To reach any point.
The bounds of all body we have no difficulty to arrive at;
but when the mind is there, it finds nothing to hinder its pro­
gress. Locke.
4. To gain any thing.
It is the highest wisdom by despising the world to arrive at
heaven; they are blessed who converse with God. Taylor.
The virtuous may know in speculation, what they could ne­
ver arrive at by practice, and avoid the snares of the crafty.
Addison. Spectator, No 245.
5. The thing at which we arrive is always supposed to be
good.
6. To happen; with to before the person. This sense seems not
proper.
Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives,
More to be valued than a thousand lives. Waller.

To ARRO'DE. v. a.  [arrodo, Lat.] To gnaw or nibble. Dict.

A'RROGANCE. n. s.  [arrogantia, Lat.] The act or quality of
taking much upon one's self; that species of
pride which consists in exorbitant claims.

A'RROGANCY. n. s.  [arrogantia, Lat.] The act or quality of
taking much upon one's self; that species of
pride which consists in exorbitant claims.
Stanley, notwithstanding she's your wife,
And loves not me; be you, good lord, assur'd,
I hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Pride hath no other glass
To shew itself but pride; for supple knees
Feed arrogance, and are the proud man's fees. Sh. Tr. and Cr.
Pride and arrogance, and the evil way, and the froward
mouth do I hate. Prov. viii. 13.
Discoursing of matters dubious, and on any controvertible
truths, we cannot, without arrogancy, entreat a credulity.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
Humility it expresses by the stooping and bending of the
head; arrogance, when it is lifted, or, as we say, tossed up.
Dryd. Dufresn.

A'RROGANT. adj.  [arrogans, Lat.] Given to make exorbitant
claims; haughty; proud.
Feagh's right unto that country which he claims, or the sig­
niory therein, must be vain and arrogant. Spenser on Ireland.
An arrogant way of treating with other princes and states,
is natural to popular governments. Temple.

A'RROGANTLY. adv.  [from arrogant.] In an arrogant manner.
Our poet may
Himself admire the fortune of his play;
And arrogantly, as his fellows do,
Think he writes well, because he pleases you.
Dryden's Prol. to Indian Emperour.
Another, warm'd
With high ambition, and conceit of prowess
Inherent, arrogantly thus presum'd;
What if this sword, full often drench'd in blood,
Should now cleave sheer the execrable head
Of Churchill. Philips.

A'RROGANTNESS. n. s.  [from arrogant.] The same with arro­
gance; which see. Dict.

To A'RROGATE. v. a.  [arrogo, Lat.] To claim vainly; to
exhibit unjust claims only prompted by pride.
I intend to describe this battle fully, not to derogate any
thing from one nation, or to arrogate to the other. Sir J. Hayw.
The popes arrogated unto themselves, that the empire was
held of them in homage. Sir Walter Raleigh's Essays.
Who, not content
With fair equality, fraternal state,
Will arrogate dominion undeserv'd,
Over his brethren. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Rome never arrogated to herself any infallibility, but what
she pretended to be founded upon Christ's promise. Tillot. Pr.

ARROGA'TION. n. s.  [from arrogate.] A claiming in a proud
unjust manner. Dict.

ARRO'SION. n. s.  [from arrosus, Lat.] A gnawing. Dict.

A'RROW. n. s.  [arewe, Sax.] The pointed weapon which is shot
from a bow. Darts are thrown by the hand, but in poetry
they are confounded.
I swear to thee by Cupid's strongest bow,
By his best arrow with the golden head.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Here were boys so desperately resolved, as to pull arrows out
of their flesh, and deliver them to be shot again by the archers
on their side. Sir J. Hayward.

A'RROWHEAD. n. s.  [from arrow and head.] A water plant,
so called from the resemblance of its leaves to the head of an
arrow. Dict.

A'RROWY. adj.  [from arrow.] Consisting of arrows.
He saw them in their forms of battle rang'd,
How quick they wheel'd, and flying, behind them shot
Sharp sleet of arrowy show'r against the face
Of their pursuers, and o'ercame by flight. Par. Lost, b. iii.



ARS

ARSE. n. s.  [earse, Sax.] The buttocks, or hind part of an
animal.

To hang an ARSE.  A vulgar phrase, signifying to be tardy, slug­
gish, or dilatory.
For Hudibras wore but one spur,
As wisely knowing, could he stir
To active trot one side of 's horse,
The other would not hang an arse. Hudibras, cant. i.

ARSE FOOT. n. s.  A kind of water fowl, called also a didapper. D.

ARSE-SMART.  [Persicaria, Lat.] 
It is a plant with an apetalous flower, having several chives
from the multifid calyx: the pointal becomes an oval pointed
smooth seed, inclosed in the capsule, which was before the
flower-cup; it hath jointed stalks, and the flowers are produced
in spikes. Several species of this plant grow wild upon moist
soils and dunghills. Millar.

A'RSENAL. n. s.  [arsenale, Ital.] A repository of things requisite
to war; a magazine.


I would have a room for the old Roman instruments of war,
where you might see all the ancient military furniture, as it
might have been in an arsenal of old Rome. Add. on An. Med.

ARSE'NICAL. adj.  [from arsenick.] Containing arsenick; con­
sisting of arsenick.
An hereditary consumption, or one engendered by arsenical
fumes under ground, is incapable of cure. Harvey on Consump.
There are arsenical, or other like noxious minerals lodged
underneath. Woodward's Natural History.

A'RSENICK. n. s.  [ἀϱσένιϰον.] A ponderous mineral substance,
volatile and uninflammable, which gives a whiteness to metals
in fusion, and proves a violent corrosive poison; of which there
are three sorts. Native or yellow arsenick, called also auripig­
mentum or orpiment, is chiefly found in copper mines, in a
sort of glebes or stones of different figures and sizes. Its colour,
though always yellow, yet admits of different shades and mix­
tures, as a golden yellow, a reddish yellow, or a green yellow.
It contains a small portion of gold, but not worth the expence
of separating it. White or crystalline arsenick is extracted from
the native kind, by subliming it with a proportion of sea salt,
and is chiefly used among us. It is said to be found native in
some German mines. The smallest quantity of crystalline
arsenick, being mixed with any metal, absolutely destroys its
malleability; and a single grain will turn a pound of copper
into a beautiful seeming silver, but without ductility. There
is a method practised in Hungary, of procuring yellow and
white arsenick from cobalt. Red arsenick is a preparation of
the white, made by adding to it a mineral sulphur. There
are several chymical preparations of arsenick, intended to blunt
its corrosive salts, and render it a safe medicine; but experi­
ence proves that it should never be used inwardly, in any form.
Chambers.
Arsenick is a very deadly poison; held to the fire, it emits
fumes, but liquates very little. Woodw. on Foss.



ART

ART. n. s.  [arte, Fr. ars, Lat.] 
1. The power of doing something not taught by nature and in­
stinct; as, to walk is natural, to dance is an art.
Art is properly an habitual knowledge of certain rules and
maxims, by which a man is governed and directed in his ac­
tions. South.
Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope.
Ev'n copious Dryden wanted, or forgot,
The last and greatest art, the art to blot. Pope.
2. A science; as, the liberal arts.
Arts that respect the mind were ever reputed nobler than
those that serve the body. Ben. Johnson's Discovery.
3. A trade.
This observation is afforded us by the art of making sugar.
Boyle.
4. Artfulness; skill; dexterity.
The art of our necessities is strange,
That can make vile things precious. Shak. King Lear.
5. Cunning.
6. Speculation.
I have as much of this in art as you;
But yet my nature could not bear it so. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.

ARTE'RIAL. adj.  [from artery.] That which relates to the ar­
tery; that which is contained in the artery.
Had not the Maker wrought the springy frame,
The blood, defrauded of its nitrous food,
Had cool'd and languish'd in th' arterial road. Blackmore.
As this mixture of blood and chyle passeth through the arte­
rial tube, it is pressed by two contrary forces; that of the
heart driving it forward against the sides of the tube, and the
elastick force of the air, pressing it on the opposite sides of those
air-bladders; along the surface of which this arterial tube
creeps. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ARTERIO'TOMY. n. s.  [from αϱτηϱία, and τέμνω, to cut.] The
operation of letting blood from the artery: a practice much in
use among the French.

A'RTERY. n. s.  [arteria, Lat.] An artery is a conical canal,
conveying the blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
Each artery is composed of three coats; of which the first seems
to be a thread of fine blood vessels and nerves, for nourishing
the coats of the artery; the second is made up of circular, or
rather spiral fibres, of which there are more or fewer strata, ac­
cording to the bigness of the artery. These fibres have a strong
elasticity, by which they contract themselves with some force,
when the power by which they have been stretched out ceases.
The third and inmost coat is a fine transparent membrane,
which keeps the blood within its canal, that otherwise, upon
the dilatation of an artery, would easily separate the spiral fibres
from one another. As the arteries grow smaller, these coats
grow thinner, and the coats of the veins seem only to be con­
tinuations of the capillary arteries. Quincy.
The arteries are elastick tubes, endued with a contractile
force, by which they drive the blood still forward; it being
hindered from going backward by the valves of the heart. Arb.

A'RTFUL. adj.  [from art and full.] 
1. Performed with art.
The last of these was certainly the most easy, but, for the
same reason, the least artful. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. Artificial; not natural.
3. Cunning; skilful; dexterous.
O still the same, Ulysses, she rejoin'd,
In useful craft successfully refin'd,
Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope's Od.

A'RTFULLY. adv.  [from artful.] With art; skilfully; dexte­
rously.
The rest in rank: Honoria chief in place,
Was artfully contriv'd to set her face,
To front the thicket, and behold the chace. Dryd. Fab.
Vice is the natural growth of our corruption. How irresis­
tibly must it prevail, when the seeds of it are artfully sown, and
industriously cultivated? Rogers's Sermons.

A'RTFULNESS. n. s.  [from artful.] 
1. Skill.
Consider with how much artfulness his bulk and situation is
contrived, to have just matter to draw round him these massy
bodies. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
2. Cunning.

ARTHRI'TICK. adj.  [from arthritis.] 
ARTHRI'TICAL. adj.  [from arthritis.] 
1. Gouty; relating to the gout.
Frequent changes produce all the arthritick diseases. Arbuth.
2. Relating to joints.
Serpents, worms, and leaches, though some want bones, and
all extended articulations, yet have they arthritical analogies;
and, by the motion of fibrous and musculous parts, are able to
make progression. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. i.

ARTHRI'TIS. n. s.  [ἄϱϑϱιτις, from ἄϱϑϱον, a joint.] Any distem­
per that affects the joints, but the gout most particularly. Quin.

A'RTICHOKE. n. s.  [artichault, Fr.] 
This plant is very like the thistle, but hath large scaly heads
shaped like the cone of the pine tree; the bottom of each scale,
as also at the bottom of the florets, is a thick fleshy eatable sub­
stance. The species are, 1. The garden artichoke, with prickly
and smooth leaves. 2. Garden artichoke, without prickles, and
reddish heads. 3. The wild artichoke of Bœotia. There is at
present but one sort of artichoke cultivated in the gardens near
London, which is commonly known by the name of the red
artichoke. It is propagated from slips or suckers taken from the
old roots in February or March. Millar.
No herbs have curled leaves, but cabbage and cabbage let­
tuce; none have double leaves, one belonging to the stalk, an­
other to the fruit or seed, but the artichoke. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Artichokes contain a rich, nutritious, stimulating juice.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

A'RTICHOKE of Jerusalem.  See SUN-FLOWER, of which it is
a species.

A'RTICK. adj.  [It should be written arctick, from ἄϱϰτιϰος.] Nor­
thern; under the Bear. See ARCTICK.
But they would have winters like those beyond the artick
circle; for the sun would be 80 degrees from them.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 5.
In the following example it is, contrary to custom, spelt af­
ter the French manner, and accented on the last syllable.
To you, who live in chill degree,
As map informs, of fifty three,
And do not much for cold atone,
By bringing thither fifty one,
Methinks all climes should be alike,
From tropick e'en to pole artique. Dryden.

A'RTICLE. n. s.  [articulus, Lat.] 
1. A part of speech, as the, an; the man, an ox.
2. A single clause of an account; a particular part of any com­
plex thing.
Laws touching matters of order are changeable by the power
of the church; articles concerning doctrine not so. Hooker.
Have the summary of all our griefs,
When time shall serve to shew in articles. Shak. Henry IV.
Many believe the article of remission of sins, but believe it
without the condition of repentance. We believe the article
otherwise than God intended it. Taylor's Holy Living.
All the precepts, promises, and threatenings of the gospel
will rise up in judgment against us; and the articles of our
faith will be so many articles of accusation; and the great
weight of our charge will be this, that we did not obey the
gospel which we professed to believe; that we made confession
of the christian faith, but lived like heathens. Tillotson.
You have small reason to repine upon that article of life.
Swift.
3. Terms; stipulations.
I embrace these conditions; let us have articles between us.
Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
It would have gall'd his furly nature,
Which easily endures not article,
Tying him to aught. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
4. Point of time; exact time.
If Cansfield had not, in that article of time, given them that
brisk charge, by which other troops were ready, the king him­
self had been in danger. Clarendon, b. viii.

To A'RTICLE. v. n.  [from the noun article.] To stipulate; to
make terms.


Such in love's warfare is my case,
I may not article for grace,
Having put love at last to show this face. Donne.
He had not infringed the least tittle of what was articled, that
they aimed at one mark, and their ends were concentrick.
Howel's Vocal Forest.
If it be said, God chose the successor, that is manifestly not
so in the story of Jephtha, where he articled with the people,
and they made him judge over them. Locke.

To ARTICLE. v. a.  To draw up in particular articles.
He, whose life seems fair, yet if all his errours and follies
were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and mi­
serable. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

ARTI'CULAR. adj.  [articularis, Lat. belonging to the joints.] Is,
in medicine, an epithet applied to a disease, which more imme­
diately infests the joints. Thus the gout is called morbus arti­
cularis.

ARTI'CULATE. adj.  [from articulus, Lat.] 
1. Distinct, as the parts of a limb by joints; not continued in
one tone, as articulate sounds; that is, sounds varied and chang­
ed at proper pauses, in opposition to the voice of animals, which
admit no such variety. An articulate pronunciation, a manner
of speaking clear and distinct, in which one sound is not con­
founded with another.
In speaking under water, when the voice is reduced to an
extreme exility, yet the articulate sounds, the words, are not
confounded. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 195.
The first, at least, of these I thought deny'd
To beasts; whom God, on their creation-day,
Created mute to all articulate sound. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. Branched out into articles. This is a meaning little in use.
His instructions were extreme curious and articulate; and,
in them, more articles touching inquisition, than negotiation:
requiring from his ambassadors an answer in distinct articles to
his questions. Bacon's Henry VII.

To ARTI'CULATE. v. a.  [from article.] 
1. To form words; to speak as a man.
The dogmatist knows not by what art he directs his tongue,
in articulating sounds into voices. Glanvile's Scepsis Scientifica.
Parisian academists, in their anatomy of apes, tell us, that the
muscles of the tongue, which do most serve to articulate a word,
were wholly like to those of man. Ray on Creation.
They would advance in knowledge, and not deceive them­
selves with a little articulated air. Locke.
2. To draw up in articles.
These things, indeed, you have articulated,
Proclaim'd at market-crosses, read in churches,
To face the garment of rebellion
With some fine colour. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. To make terms. These two latter significations are unusual.
Send us to Rome
The best, with whom we may articulate
For their own good and ours. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

ARTI'CULATELY. adv.  [from articulate.] In an articulate voice.
The secret purpose of our heart, no less articulately spoken to
God, who needs not our words to discern our meaning.
Decay of Piety.

ARTI'CULATENESS. n. s.  [from articulate.] The quality of be­
ing articulate.

ARTICULA'TION. n. s.  [from articulate.] 
1. The juncture, or joint of bones.
With relation to the motion of the bones in their articula­
tions, there is a twofold liquor prepared for the inunction and
lubrification of their heads, an oily one, and a mucilaginous,
supplied by certain glandules seated in the articulations. Ray.
2. The act of forming words.
I conceive that an extreme small, or an extreme great sound,
cannot be articulate, but that the articulation requireth a me­
diocrity of sound. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 190.
By articulation I mean a peculiar motion and figure of some
parts belonging to the mouth, between the throat and lips.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
3. [In botany.] The joints or knots in some plants, as the cane.

A'RTIFICE. n. s.  [artificium, Lat.] 
1. Trick; fraud; stratagem.
It needs no legends, no service in an unknown tongue; none
of all these laborious artifices of ignorance; none of all these
cloaks and coverings. South.
2. Art; trade.

ARTI'FICER. n. s.  [artifex, Lat.] 
1. An artist; a manufacturer; one by whom any thing is made.
The lights, doors, and stairs, rather directed to the use of
the guest, than to the eye of the artificer. Sidney.
The great artificer would be more than ordinarily exact in
drawing his own picture. South.
So in the practices of artificers, and the manufactures of se­
veral kinds, the end being proposed, we find out ways. Locke.
2. A forger; a contriver.
He soon aware,
Each perturbation smooth'd with outward calm,
Artificer of fraud! and was the first
That practis'd falsehood under saintly shew. Paradise Lost.
Th' artificer of lies
Renews th' assault, and his last batt'ry tries. Dryden's Fab.
3. A dexterous or artful follow.
Let you alone, cunning artificer. Ben. Johnson.

ARTIFICIAL. adj.  [artificiel, Fr.] 
1. Made by art; not natural.
Basilius used the artificial day of torches to lighten the sports
their inventions could contrive. Sidney, b. i.
The curtains closely drawn the light to skreen,
As if he had contriv'd to lie unseen:
Thus cover'd with an artificial night,
Sleep did his office. Dryden's Fables.
There is no natural motion perpetual; yet it doth not hin­
der but that it is possible to contrive such an artificial revolu­
tion. Wilkins's Dædalus.
2. Fictitious; not genuine.
Why, I can smile, and murder while I smile,
And cry, content, to that which grieves my heart,
And wet my cheeks with artificial tears. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
3. Artful; contrived with skill.
These seem to be the more artificial, as those of a single per­
son the more natural governments, orders, and institutions.
Temple.

ARTIFICIAL Arguments.  [in rhetorick.] Are proofs on conside­
rations which arise from the genius, industry, or invention of
the orator; such are definitions, causes, effects, &c. which are
thus called, to distinguish them from laws, authorities, citations,
and the like, which are said to be inartificial arguments.

ARTIFICIAL Lines,  on a sector or scale, are lines so contrived as
to represent the logarithmick sines and tangents; which, by
the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness,
questions in trigonometry, navigation, &c. Chambers.

ARTIFICIAL Numbers,  are the same with logarithms.

ARTIFI'CIALLY. adv.  [from artificial.] 
1. Artfully; with skill; with good contrivance.
How cunningly he made his faultiness less, how artificially he
set out the torments of his own conscience. Sidney.
Should any one be cast upon a desolate island, and find there
a palace artificially contrived, and curiously adorned. Ray.
2. By art; not naturally.
It is covered on all sides with earth, crumbled into powder,
as if it had been artificially sifted. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

ARTIFI'CIALNESS. n. s.  [from artificial.] Artfulness. Dict.

ARTIFI'CIOUS. adj.  [from artifice.] The same with artificial.

ARTI'LLERY. n. s. It has no plural.  [artillerie, Fr.] 
1. Weapons of war.
And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto
him, Go, carry them unto the city.
2. Cannon; great ordnance.
Have I not heard great ordnance in the field?
And heav'n's artillery thunder in the skies? Shak. T. Shrew.
I'll to the Tower with all the haste I can,
To view th' artillery and ammunition. Shak. Henry VI.
Upon one wing the artillery was drawn, being sixteen pieces,
every piece having pioneers to plain the ways. Hayward.
He that views a fort to take it,
Plants his artillery 'gainst the weakest place. Denh. Sophy.

ARTISA'N. n. s.  [French.] 
1. Artist; professor of an art.
What are the most judicious artisans, but the mimicks of
nature? Wotton's Architecture.
Best and happiest artisan,
Best of painters, if you can,
With your many-colour'd art,
Draw the mistress of my heart. Guardian.
2. Manufacturer; low tradesman.
I who had none but generals to oppose me, must have an ar­
tisan for my antagonist. Addison. Whig Examiner.

A'RTIST. n. s.  [artiste, Fr.] 
1. The professor of an art, generally of an art manual.
How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
Instruct the artists, and reward their haste. Waller.
Rich with the spoils of many a conquer'd land,
All arts and artists Theseus could command,
Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame:
The master painters and the carvers came. Dryden's Fables.
When I made this, an artist undertook to imitate it; but
using another way, fell much short. Newton's Opticks.
2. A skilful man; not a novice.
If any one thinks himself an artist at this, let him number up
the parts of his child's body. Locke.

A'RTLESLY. adv.  [from artless.] In an artless manner; natu­
rally; sincerely.
Nature and truth, though never so low or vulgar, are yet
pleasing when openly and artlesly represented. Pope's Letters.

A'RTLESS. adj.  [from art and less.] 
1. Unskilful; sometimes with the particle of.
The high-shoo'd plowman, should he quit the land,
Artless of stars, and of the moving sand. Dryden's Pers.
2. Without fraud; as, an artless maid.
3. Contrived without skill; as, an artless tale.

To A'RTUATE. v. a.  [artuatus, Lat.] To tear limb from limb. D.



ARUNDINA'CEOUS. adj.  [arundinaceus, Lat.] Of or like reeds.
Dict.

ARUNDI'NEOUS. adj.  [arundineus, Lat.] Abounding with reeds.

AS. conjunct.  [als, Teut.] 
1. In the same manner with something else.
When thou dost hear I am as I have been,
Approach me, and thou shalt be as thou wast.
Shakespeare' Henry IV.
In singing, as in piping, you excel;
And scarce your master could perform so well. Dryden.
I live as I did, I think as I did, I love you as I did; but all
these are to no purpose: the world will not live, think, or love
as I do. Swift's Letters.
2. In the manner that.
Mad as I was, I could not bear his fate
With silent grief, but loudly blam'd the state. Dryden's Æn.
The landlord, in his shirt as he was, taking a candle in one
hand, and a drawn sword in the other, ventured out of the
room. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.
3. That; in a consequential sense.
The cunningest mariners were so conquered by the storm, as
they thought it best with stricken sails to yield to be governed
by it. Sidney, b. ii.
He had such a dexterous proclivity, as his teachers were fain
to restrain his forwardness. Wotton.
The relations are so uncertain, as they require a great deal of
examination. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 986.
God shall by grace prevent sin so soon, as to keep the soul in
the virginity of its first innocence. South.
4. In the state of another.
Madam, were I as you, I'd take her counsel;
I'd speak my own distress. A. Philips, Distrest Mother.
5. Under a particular consideration; with a particular respect.
Besides that law which concerneth men as men, and that
which belongs unto men as they are men, linked with others in
some society; there is a third which touches all several bodies
politick, so far forth as one of them hath publick concerns with
another. Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, b. i.
I say 'tis copper. Dar'st thou be as good as thy word now?—
—— Why, Hal, thou knowest, as thou art but a man, I dare;
but as thou art a prince, I fear thee, as I fear the roaring of the
lion's whelp. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The objections that are raised against it as a tragedy, are as
follow. Gay's Pref. to What d'ye call it.
6. Like; of the same kind with.
A simple idea is one uniform idea, as sweet, bitter. Watts.
7. In the same degree with.
Where you, unless you are as matter blind,
Conduct and beauteous disposition find. Blackmore.
Well hast thou spoke, the blue-eyed maid replies,
Thou good old man, benevolent as wise. Pope's Odyssey.
8. As if; in the same manner.
The squire began nigher to approach,
And wind his horn under the castle-wall,
That with the noise it shook as it would fall. Fairy Queen.
They all contended to creep into his humour, and to do that,
as of themselves, which they conceived he desired they should
do. Sir J. Hayward.
Contented in a nest of snow
He lies, as he his bliss did know,
And to the wood no more would go. Waller.
So hot th' assault, so high the tumult rose,
As all the Dardan and Argolick race
Had been contracted in that narrow space. Dryden's Æn.
Can misery no place of safety know,
The noise pursues me wheresoe'er I go,
As fate sought only me. Dryden's Aurengz.
9. According to what.
Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by
whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man.
1 Cor. iii. 5.
Their figure being printed,
As just before, I think, I hinted,
Alma inform'd can try the case,
As she had been upon the place. Prior.
The republick is shut up in the great duke's dominions, who
at present is very much incensed against it. The occasion is as
follows. Addison on Italy.
10. As it were; in some sort.
As for the daughters of king Edward IV. they thought king
Richard had said enough for them; and took them to be but
as of the king's party, because they were in his power, and at
his disposal. Bacon's Henry VII.
11. While; at the same time that.
At either end, it whistled as it flew,
And as the brands were green, so dropp'd the dew;
Infected as it fell with sweat of sanguine hue. Dryd. Fab.
These haughty words Alecto's rage provoke,
And frighted Turnus trembled as she spoke. Dryden's Æn.
So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains
Of rushing torrents, and descending rains,
Works itself clear, and as it runs refines. Addison's Cato.
12. Because.
He that commanded the injury to be done, is first bound;
then he that did it; and they also are obliged who did so assist.
as without them the thing could not have been done. Taylor.
13. As being.
The kernels draw out of the earth juice fit to nourish the
tree, as those that would be trees themselves. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
14. Equally.
Before the place
A hundred doors a hundred entries grace;
As many voices issue, and the sound
Of Sibyl's word as many times rebound. Dryden's Æn.
15. How; in what manner.
Men are generally permitted to publish books, and contra­
dict others, and even themselves, as they please, with as little
danger of being confuted, as of being understood. Boyle.
16. With; answering to like or same.
Sister, well met; whither away so fast?—
—No further than the Tower; and, as I guess,
Upon the like devotion as yourselves,
To gratulate the gentle princes there. Shakesp. Richard III.
17. In a reciprocal sense, answering to as.
Every offence committed in the state of nature, may, in the
state of nature, be also punished, and as far forth as it may in
a commonwealth. Locke.
As sure as it is good, that human nature should exist; so cer­
tain it is, that the circular revolutions of the earth and planets,
rather than other motions which might as possibly have been,
do declare God. Bentley's Sermons.
18. Going before as, in a comparative sense; the first as being
sometimes understood.
Sempronius is as brave a man as Cato. Addison's Cato.
Bright as the sun, and like the morning fair. Granville.
19. Answering to such.
Is it not every man's interest, that there should be such a go­
vernour of the world as designs our happiness, as would govern
us for our advantage. Tillotson.
20. Having so to answer it; in a conditional sense.
As far as they carry light and conviction to any other man's
understanding, so far, I hope, my labour may be of use to
him. Locke.
21. So is sometimes understood.
As in my speculations I have endeavoured to extinguish pas­
sion and prejudice, I am still desirous of doing some good in
this particular. Spectator, No 126.
22. Answering to so conditionally.
So may th' auspicious queen of love,
To thee, O sacred ship, be kind;
As thou to whom the muse commends,
The best of poets and of friends,
Dost thy committed pledge restore. Dryden.
23. Before how it is sometimes redundant; but this is in low lan­
guage.
As how, dear Syphax? Addison's Cato.
24. It seems to be redundant before yet; to this time.
Though that war continued nine years, and this hath as yet
lasted but six, yet there hath been much more action in the pre­
sent war. Addison.
25. In a sense of comparison, followed by so.
As when a dab-chick waddles through the copse
On feet and wings, and flies, and wades, and hops;
So lab'ring on, with shoulders, hands, and head,
Wide as a windmill all his figure spread. Pope's Dunciad.
26. AS FOR; with respect to.
As for the rest of those who have written against me, they
deserve not the least notice. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
27. AS IF; in the same manner that it would be, if.
Answering their questions, as if it were a matter that needed
it. Locke.
28. AS TO; with respect to.
I pray thee, speak to me as to thy thinkings,
As thou dost ruminate; and give thy worst of thoughts
The worst of words. Shakesp. Othello.
They pretend, in general, to great refinements, as to what
regards christianity. Addison on Italy.
I was mistaken as to the day, placing that accident about
thirty-six hours sooner than it happened. Swift.
29. AS WELL AS; equally with.
Each man's mind has some peculiarity, as well as his face,
that distinguishes him from all others. Locke.
It is adorned with admirable pieces of sculpture, as well mo­
dern as ancient. Addison on Italy.
30. AS THOUGH; as if.
These should be at first gently treated, as though we expected
an imposthumation. Sharp's Surgery.



ASA

A'SA DULCIS.  See BENZOIN.
A'SA FOETIDA. n. s.  A gum or resin brought from the East
Indies, of a sharp taste, and a strong of­
fensive smell; which is said to distil, during the heat of sum­
mer, from a little shrub, frequent in Media, Persia, Assyria, and
Arabia. It is at first white, bordering on yellow, then on red,
and, lastly, violet; and melts under the fingers like wax. It is
of known efficacy in some uterine disorders; but the rankness
of its smell occasions it to be seldom used but by farriers; yet,
in the East Indies, it makes an ingredient in their ragouts.
Chambers.

A'SSA FOETIDA. n. s.  A gum or resin brought from the East
Indies, of a sharp taste, and a strong of­
fensive smell; which is said to distil, during the heat of sum­
mer, from a little shrub, frequent in Media, Persia, Assyria, and
Arabia. It is at first white, bordering on yellow, then on red,
and, lastly, violet; and melts under the fingers like wax. It is


of known efficacy in some uterine disorders; but the rankness
of its smell occasions it to be seldom used but by farriers; yet,
in the East Indies, it makes an ingredient in their ragouts.
Chambers.

ASARABA'CCA. n. s.  [asarum, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The flower cup is divided into four parts, and the fruit into
six cells, filled with oblong seeds. The leaves are roundish,
thick, and almost of the colour of those of the ivy tree. There
are two sorts, the common asarabacca, and that of Canada. The
first sort is used in medicine. It delights in a moist shady place,
and is increased by parting the roots in autumn. Millar.

ASBE'STINF. adj.  [from asbestos.] Something incombustible, or
that partakes of the nature and qualities of the lapis asbestos.

ASBE'STOS. n. s.  [ἄσβεϛος.] A sort of native fossile stone, which
may be split into threads and filaments, from one inch to ten
inches in length, very fine, brittle, yet somewhat tractable,
silky, and of a greyish colour, not unlike tale of Venice. It
is almost insipid to the taste, indissoluble in water, and endued
with the wonderful property of remaining unconsumed in the
fire, which only whitens it. But, notwithstanding the com­
mon opinion, in two trials before the Royal Society, a piece
of cloth made of this stone was found to lose a dram of its
weight each time. Paper as well as cloth has been made of
this stone; and Pliny says he had seen napkins of it, which, be­
ing taken foul from the table, were thrown into the fire, and
better scowered than if they had been washed in water. This
stone is found in many places of Asia and Europe; particularly
in the island of Anglesey in Wales, and in Aberdeenshire in
Scotland. Chambers.



ASC

ASCA'RIDES n. s.  [ἀσϰαϱιδες, from ἀσϰαϱίζω, to leap.] Little
worms in the rectum, so called from their continual trouble­
some motion, causing an intolerable itching. Quincy.

To ASCE'ND. v. n.  [ascendo, Lat.] 
1. To mount upwards.
Then to the heav'n of heav'ns shall he ascend
With victory, triumphing through the air
Over his foes and thine. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
2. To proceed from one degree of knowledge to another.
By these steps we shall ascend to more just ideas of the glory
of Jesus Christ, who is intimately united to God, and is one
with him. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. To stand higher in genealogy.
The only incest was in the ascending, not collateral or de­
scending branch; as when parents and children married, this
was accounted incest. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To ASCEND. v. a.  To climb up any thing.
They ascend the mountains, they descend the vallies.
Delane's Revelation examined.

ASCE'NDABLE. adj.  [from ascend.] That may be ascended. Dict.

ASCE'NDANT. n. s.  [from ascend.] 
1. The part of the ecliptick at any particular time above the ho­
rizon, which is supposed by astrologers to have great influence.
2. Height; elevation.
He was initiated, in order to gain instruction in sciences that
were there in their highest ascendant. Temple.
3. Superiority; influence.
By the ascendant he had in his understanding, and the dex­
terity of his nature, he could persuade him very much. Claren.
What star I know not, but some star I find,
Has giv'n thee an ascendant o'er my mind. Dryden's Pers.
When they have got an ascendant over them, they should use
it with moderation, and not make themselves scarecrows. Locke.
4. One of the degrees of kindred reckoned upwards.
The most nefarious kind of bastards, are incestuous bastards,
which are begotten between ascendants and descendants in in­
finitum; and between collaterals, as far as the divine prohibi­
tion. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ASCE'NDANT. adj. 1. Superiour; predominant; overpowering.
Christ outdoes Moses, before he displaces him; and shews an
ascendant spirit above him. South.
2. In an astrological sense, above the horizon.
Let him study the constellation of Pegasus, which is about
that time ascendant. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

ASCE'NDENCY. n. s.  [from ascend.] Influence; power.
Custom has some ascendency over understanding, and what at
one time seemed decent, appears disagreeable afterwards. Watts.

ASCE'NSION. n. s.  [ascensio, Lat.] 
1. The act of ascending or rising; frequently applied to the vi­
sible elevation of our Saviour to heaven.
Then rising from his grave,
Spoil'd principalities, and pow'rs, triumph'd
In open shew; and, with ascension bright,
Captivity led captive through the air. Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. The thing rising, or mounting.
Men err in the theory of inebriation, conceiving the brain
doth only suffer from vaporous ascensions from the stomach.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ASCE'NSION,  in astronomy, is either right or oblique. Right ascen­
sion of the sun, or a star, is that degree of the equinoctial,
counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with the sun
or star in a right sphere. Oblique ascension is an arch of the
equator intercepted between the first point of Aries, and that
point of the equator which rises together with a star in an
oblique sphere.

ASCE'NSION DAY.  The day on which the ascension of our Sa­
viour is commemorated, commonly called Holy Thursday; the
Thursday but one before Whitsuntide.

ASCE'NSIONAL.  Difference, is the difference between the right and
oblique ascension, of the same point to the surface of the sphere.
Chambers.

ASCE'NSIVE. adj.  [from ascend.] In a state of ascent.
The cold augments when the days begin to encrease, though
the sun be then ascensive, and returning from the winter tro­
pick. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

ASCE'NT. n. s.  [ascensus, Lat.] 
1. Rise; the act of rising.
To him with swift ascent he up return'd,
Into his blissful bosom reassum'd
In glory, as of old. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
2. The way by which one ascends.
The temple, and the several degrees of ascent, whereby men
did climb up to the same, as if it had been a scala cæli, be all
poetical and fabulous. Bacon's New Atlant.
It was a rock
Conspicuous far; winding with one ascent
Accessible from earth, one ent'rance high. Par. Lost, b. iv.
3. An eminence, or high place.
No land like Italy erects the sight,
By such a vast ascent, or swells to such a height. Addison.
A wide flat cannot be pleasant in the Elysian fields, unless it
be diversified with depressed valleys and swelling ascents. Bentl.

To ASCERTA'IN. v. a.  [acertener, Fr.] 
1. To make certain; to fix; to establish.
The divine law both ascertaineth the truth, and supplieth unto
us the want of other laws. Hooker, b. i.
Money differs from uncoined silver in this, that the quan­
tity of silver in each piece is ascertained by the stamp. Locke.
2. To make confident; to take away doubt; often with of.
If it be on right judgment of myself, it may give me the
other certainty, that is, ascertain me that I am in the number
of God's children. Hammond's Practical Catechism.
This makes us act with a repose of mind and wonderful
tranquillity, because it ascertains us of the goodness of our
work. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

ASCERTA'INER. n. s.  [from ascertain.] The person that proves
or establishes.

ASCERTA'INMENT. n. s.  [from ascertain.] A settled rule; an
established standard.
For want of ascertainment, how far a writer may express his
good wishes for his country, innocent intentions may be charg­
ed with crimes. Swift to Lord Middleton.

ASCE'TICK. adj.  [ἀσϰητιϰὸς.] Employed wholly in exercises of
devotion and mortification.
None lived such long lives as monks and hermits, sequestered
from plenty to a constant ascetick course of the severest absti­
nence and devotion. South.

ASCE'TICK. n. s.  He that retires to devotion and mortification;
a hermit.
I am far from commending those asceticks, that, out of a pre­
tence of keeping themselves unspotted from the world, take up
their quarters in desarts. Norris.
He that preaches to man, should understand what is in man;
and that skill can scarce be attained by an ascetick in his soli­
tudes. Atterbury's Sermons.

A'SCII. n. s. It has no singular.  [from α. without, and σϰιὰ, a sha­
dow.] Those people who, at certain times of the year, have
no shadow at n on; such are the inhabitants of the torrid zone,
because they have the sun twice a year vertical to them. Dict.

ASCI'TES. n. s.  [from ἄσϰος, a bladder.] A particular species of
dropsy; a swelling of the lower belly and depending parts,
from an extravasation and collection of water broke out of its
proper vessels. This case, when certain and inveterate, is uni­
versally allowed to admit of no cure but by means of the manual
operation of tapping. Quincy.
There are two kinds of dropsy, the anasarca, called also leu­
cophlegmacy, when the extravasated matter swims in the cells
of the membrana adiposa; and the ascites, when the water pos­
sesses the cavity of the abdomen. Sharp's Surgery.

ASCI'TICAL. adj.  [from ascites.] Belonging to an ascites; drop­
sical; hydropical.

ASCI'TICK. adj.  [from ascites.] Belonging to an ascites; drop­
sical; hydropical.
When it is part of another tumour, it is hydropical, either
anasarcous or ascitical. Wiseman's Surgery.

ASCITI'TIOUS. adj.  [ascititius, Lat.] Supplemental; additional;
not inherent; not original.
Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name, from some ac­
cident of his life. Pope's Essay on Homer.

ASCRI'RABLE. adj.  [from ascribe.] That which may be ascribed.
The greater part have been forward to reject it, upon a mis­
taken persuasion, that those phœnomena are the effects of na­
ture's abhorrency of a vacuum, which seem to be more fitly
ascribable to the weight and spring of the air. Boyle.

To ASCRI'BE. v. a.  [ascribe, Lat.] 
1. To attribute to as a cause.


The cause of his banishment is unknown, because he was
unwilling to provoke the emperor, by ascribing it to any other
reason than what was pretended. Dryden.
To this we may justly ascribe those envies, jealousies, and
encroachments, which render mankind uneasy to one another.
Rogers's Sermons.
2. To attribute to as a possessor, or substance receiving accidents.
These perfections must be somewhere, and therefore may
much better be ascribed to God, in whom we suppose all other
perfections to meet, than to any thing else. Tillotson.

ASCRI'PTION. n. s.  [ascriptio, Lat.] The act of ascribing. Dict.

ASCRIPTI'TIOUS. adj.  [ascriptitius, Lat.] That which is ascrib­
ed. Dict.

ASH. n. s.  [fraxinus, Lat. æsc, Saxon.] 
This tree hath pennated leaves, which end in an odd lobe.
The male flowers, which grow at a remote distance from the
fruit, have no petals, but consist of many stamina. The ovary
becomes a seed vessel, containing one seed at the bottom, shaped
like a bird's tongue. The species are, 1. The common ash
tree. 2. The striped ash. 3. The manna ash, &c. The first
sort is a common timber tree in every part of England. The
second is a variety of the first. The third sort is supposed to
be the tree from whence the true Calabrian manna is taken.
The timber is of excellent use to the wheelwright and cart­
wright. Millar.
Let me twine
Mine arms about that body, where against
My grained ash an hundred times hath broke,
And scar'd the moon with splinters. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
With which of old he charm'd the savage train,
And call'd the mountain ashes to the plain. Dryd. Silenus.

ASH COLOURED. adj.  [from ash and colour.] Coloured between
brown and grey, like the bark of an ashen branch.
Clay, ash coloured, was part of a stratum which lay above the
strata of stone. Woodward on Fossils.

ASHA'MED. adj.  [from shame.] Touched with shame; gene­
rally with of before the cause of shame.
Profess publickly the doctrine of Jesus Christ, not being a­
shamed of the word of God, or of any practices enjoined by it.
Taylor's Holy Living.
One wou'd have thought she would have stirr'd; but strove
With modesty, and was asham'd to move. Dryd. Fables.
This I have shadowed, that you may not be ashamed of that
hero, whose protection you undertake. Dryd. Conq. of Gr. Ded.

A'SHEN. adj.  [from ash.] Made of ash wood.
At once he said, and threw
His ashen spear; which quiver'd as it flew. Dryden.

A'SHES. n. s. wants the singular.  [asca, Sax. asche, Dutch.] 
1. The remains of any thing burnt.
Some relicks would be left of it, as when ashes remain of
burned bodies. Digby on Bodies.
This late dissension, grown betwixt the peers,
Burns under feigned ashes of forg'd love,
And will at last break out into a flame. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Ashes contain a very fertile salt, and are the best manure for
cold lands, if kept dry, that the rain doth not wash away their
salt. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. The remains of the body; often used in poetry for the carcase,
from the ancient practice of burning the dead.
Poor key-cold figure of a holy king!
Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster!
Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood! Shak. R. III.
To great Laërtes I bequeath
A task of grief, his ornaments of death;
Lest, when the fates his royal ashes claim,
The Grecian matrons taint my spotless name. Pope.

ASHWEDNESDAY. n. s.  The first day of Lent, so called from
the ancient custom of sprinkling ashes on the head.

A'SHLAR. n. s.  [with masons.] Free stones as they come out of
the quarry, of different lengths, breadths, and thicknesses.

A'SHLERING. n. s.  [with builders.] Quartering to tack to in
garrets, about two foot and a half or three foot high, perpen­
dicular to the floor, and reaching to the underside of the raf­
ters. Builder's Dict.

ASHO'RE. adv.  [from a and shore.] 
1. On shore; on the land.
The poor Englishman riding in the road, having all that he
brought thither ashore, would have been undone. Raleigh.
Moor'd in a Chian creek, ashore I went,
And all the following night in Chios spent. Addison's Ovid.
2. To the shore; to the land.
We may as bootless spend our vain command,
As send our precepts to the leviathan
To come ashore. Shakesp. Henry V.
May thy billows rowl ashore
The beryl, and the golden ore. Milton's Comus.

A'SHWEED. n. s.  [from ash and weed.] An herb.

A'SHY. adj.  [from ash.] Ash coloured; pale; inclining to a whitish
grey.
Oft have I seen a timely parted ghost
Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless. Sh. H. VI.



ASI

ASI'DE. adv.  [from a and side.] 
1. To one side; out of the perpendicular direction.
The storm rush'd in, and Arcite stood aghast;
The flames were blown aside, yet shone they bright,
Fann'd by the wind, and gave a ruffled light. Dryd. Fables.
2. To another part; out of the true direction.
He had no brother; which though it be a comfortable thing
for kings to have, yet it draweth the subjects eyes a little
aside. Bacon's Henry VIII.
3. From the company; as, to speak aside.
He took him aside from the multitude. Mark, vii. 33.

A'SINARY. adj.  [asinarius, Lat.] Belonging to an ass. Dict.

A'SININE. adj.  [from asinus, Lat.] Belonging to an ass.
You shall have more ado to drive our dullest youth, our
stocks and stubs, from such nurture, than we have now to hale
our choicest and hopefullest wits to that asinine feast of sow
thistles and brambles. Milt. on Education.



ASK

To ASK. v. a.  [ascian, Saxon.] 
1. To petition; to beg; sometimes with an accusative only;
sometimes with for.
When thou dost ask me blessing, I'll kneel down,
And ask of thee forgiveness. Shakesp. King Lear.
We have nothing else to ask, but that
Which you deny already: yet will ask,
That, if we fail in our request, the blame
May hang upon your hardness. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
My son, hast thou sinned? do so no more, but ask pardon
for thy former sins. Ecclus, xxi. 1.
If he ask for bread, will he give him a stone? Matt. vii. 9.
In long journies, ask your master leave to give ale to the
horses. Swift.
2. To demand; to claim; as, to ask a price for goods.
Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give ac­
cording as ye shall say unto me: but give me the damsel to
wife. Gen. xxxiv. 12.
He saw his friends, who, whelm'd beneath the waves,
Their funeral honours claim'd, and ask'd their quiet graves.
Dryden's Æneid.
3. To enquire; to question; with for before the thing, and some­
times of before the person.
Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths,
where is the good way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest
for your souls. Jerem. vi. 16.
For ask now of the days that are past, which were before
thee, since the day that God created man upon the earth, and
ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether there
hath been any such thing as this great thing is, or hath been
heard like it. Deut. iv. 32.
O inhabitant of Aroer, stand by the way and espy, ask him
that flieth, and her that escapeth, and say, what is done?
Jeremiah, xlviii. 19.
4. To enquire; with after before the thing.
He said, wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name?
And he blessed him there. Genesis, xxxii. 29.
5. To require, as physically necessary.
A lump of ore in the bottom of a mine will be stirred by
two men's strength; which, if you bring it to the top of the
earth, will ask six men to stir it. Bacon's Natural History.
The administration passes into different hands at the end of
two months, which contributes to dispatch: but any exigence
of state asks a much longer time to conduct any design to its
maturity. Addison's Rem. on Italy.

ASK, ASH, AS,  do all come from the Saxon æsc, an ash tree.
Gibson's Camden.

ASKA'NCE. adv.  Sideways; obliquely.

ASKA'UNCE. adv.  Sideways; obliquely.
Zelmane, keeping a countenance askance, as she understood
him not, told him, it became her evil. Sidney, b. i.
His wannish eyes upon them bent askance.
And when he saw their labours well succeed,
He wept for rage, and threaten'd dire mischance. Fairfax.
Some say, he bid his angels turn askance
The poles of earth, twice ten degrees, and more,
From the sun's axle; they with labour push'd
Oblique the centrick globe. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

ASKA'UNT. adv.  Obliquely; on one side.
At this Achilles roll'd his furious eyes,
Fix'd on the king askaunt; and thus replies,
O, impudent. Dryden's Iliad.
Since the space, that lies on either side
The solar orb, is without limits wide,
Grant that the sun had happen'd to prefer
A seat askaunt, but one diameter:
Lost to the light by that unhappy place,
This globe had lain a frozen lonesome mass. Blackmore.

A'SKER. n. s.  [from ask.] 
1. Petitioner.
Have you
Ere now denied the asker? and, now again
On him that did not ask, but mock, bestow
Your su'd for tongues. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The greatness of the asker, and the smallness of the thing
asked, had been sufficient to enforce his request. South.


2. Enquirer.
Every asker being satisfied, we may conclude, that all their
conceptions of being in a place are the same. Digby of Bodies.

ASKER. n. s.  A water newt.

ASKE'W. adv.  [from a and skew.] Aside; with contempt; con­
temptuously; disdainfully.
For when ye mildly look with lovely hue,
Then is my soul with life and love inspir'd:
But when ye lowre, or look on me askew,
Then do I die. Spenser, Sonnet vii.
Then take it, Sir, as it was writ,
Nor look askew at what it saith;
There's no petition in it.——— Prior.

To ASLA'KE. v. a.  [from a and slake, or slack.] To remit; to
mitigate; to slacken.
But this continual, cruel, civil war,
No skill can stint, nor reason can aslake. Spenser, Son. xliv.
Whilst seeking to aslake thy raging fire,
Thou in me kindlest much more great desire. Spenser.

ASLA'NT. adv.  [from a and slant.] Obliquely; on one side;
not perpendicularly.
There is a willow grows aslant a brook,
That shews his hoar leaves in the glassy stream. Sh. Hamlet.
He fell; the shaft
Drove through his neck aslant; he spurns the ground,
And the soul issues through the weazon's wound. Dryden.
Aslant the dew-bright earth, and colour'd air,
He looks in boundless majesty abroad. Thomson's Summer.

ASLE'EP. adv.  [from a and sleep.] 
1. Sleeping; at rest.
How many thousands of my poorest subjects
Are at this hour asleep! O gentle sleep,
Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee! Sh. H. IV.
The diligence of trade, and noiseful gain,
And luxury more late asleep were laid:
All was the night's, and, in her silent reign,
No sound the rest of nature did invade. Dryden's Ann. M.
There is no difference between a person asleep, and in an
apoplexy, but that the one can be awaked, and the other can­
not. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To sleep.
If a man watch too long, it is odds but he will fall asleep.
Bacon's Essays.
Thus done the tales, to bed they creep,
By whispering winds soon lull'd asleep. Milton's l'Allegro.

ASLO'PE. adv.  [from a and slope.] With declivity; obliquely;
not perpendicularly.
Set them not upright, but aslope, a reasonable depth under the
ground. Bacon's Nat. History, No 425.
The curse aslope
Glanc'd on the ground; with labour I must earn
My bread: what harm? Idleness had been worse:
My labour will sustain me. Milt. Par. Lost, b. x.
The knight did stoop,
And sate on further side aslope. Hudibras.

ASO'MATOUS. adj.  [from α, priv. and σῶμα, a body.] Incorpo­
real, or without a body.



ASP

ASP. n. s.  [aspis, Lat.] A kind of serpent, whose poison
is so dangerous and quick in its operation, that it
kills without a possibility of applying any remedy. It is said
to be very small, and peculiar to Egypt and Lybia. Those that
are bitten by it, die within three hours; and the manner of
their dying being by sleep and lethargy, without any pain,
Cleopatra chose it, as the easiest way of dispatching herself.
Calmet.

A'SPICK. n. s.  [aspis, Lat.] A kind of serpent, whose poison
is so dangerous and quick in its operation, that it
kills without a possibility of applying any remedy. It is said
to be very small, and peculiar to Egypt and Lybia. Those that
are bitten by it, die within three hours; and the manner of
their dying being by sleep and lethargy, without any pain,
Cleopatra chose it, as the easiest way of dispatching herself.
Calmet.
High-minded Cleopatra, that with stroke
Of asp's sting, herself did kill. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbæna dire,
And dipsas. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

ASP. n. s.  A tree. See ASPEN.

ASPA'LATHUS. n. s.  [Latin.] 
1. A plant called the rose of Jerusalem, or our lady's rose.
2. The wood of a prickly tree, heavy, oleaginous, somewhat
sharp and bitter to the taste, and anciently in much repute as an
astringent, but now little used. There are four kinds of this
wood; the first of the colour of box, hard, solid, heavy, and
smelling like roses; which is therefore called rosewood. The
second, red like yew, and of a very agreeable smell. The third,
hard, twisted, knotty, of a rank smell, like that of a goat, and
a disagreeable taste. The fourth has an ash coloured bark, and
the wood is of a purple dye. Aspalathus affords an oil of ad­
mirable scent, reputed one of the best perfumes. Chambers.
I gave a sweet smell like cinnamon and aspalathus, and I
yielded a pleasant odour like the best myrrh. Ecclus, xxiv. 15.

ASPA'RAGUS. n. s.  [Lat.] The name of a plant. It has a ro­
saceous flower of six leaves, placed orbicularly, out of whose
center rises the pointal, which turns to a soft globular berry,
full of hard seeds. The leaves are finely cut. The species are
twelve, of which all but the two first are exoticks. 1. Gar­
den asparagus. 2. Wild asparagus, with narrow leaves. The
first sort is cultivated for the table, and propagated by the seeds,
which should be sown in the beginning of February. The
next year they should be planted out; the third spring, after
planting, they may be begun to be cut, and, by proper manage­
ment, a plot of asparagus may be continued ten or twelve years
in cutting. The second sort grows wild in some parts, but,
producing slender shoots, it is rarely cultivated. Millar.
Asparagus affects the urine with a fetid smell, especially if
cut when they are white; and therefore have been suspected
by some physicians, as not friendly to the kidneys; when they
are older, and begin to ramify, they lose this quality; but then
they are not so agreeable. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

A'SPECT. n. s.  [aspectus, Lat. It appears anciently to have been
pronounced with the accent on the last syllable, which is now
placed on the first.] 
1. Look; air; appearance.
I have presented the tongue under a double aspect, such as
may justify the definition, that it is the best and worst part.
Government of the Tongue.
They are both, in my judgment, the image or picture of a
great ruin, and have the true aspect of a world lying in its rub­
bish. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Countenance; look.
Fairer than fairest, in his faining eye,
Whose sole aspect he counts felicity. Spens. Hymn on Love.
Those eyes of thine from mine have drawn salt tears,
Sham'd their aspects with store of childish drops. Sh. R. III.
I am fearful: wherefore frowns he thus?
'Tis his aspect of terrour. All's not well. Sh. Richard III.
Yet had his aspect nothing of severe,
But such a face as promis'd him sincere. Dryden's Fables.
Then shall thy Craggs (and let me call him mine)
On the cast ore another Pollio shine;
With aspect open shall erect his head. Pope.
3. Glance; view; act of beholding.
When an envious or an amorous aspect doth infect the spi­
rits of another, there is joined both affection and imagination.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 908.
The setting sun
Slowly descended; and with right aspect
Against the eastern gate of paradise,
Levell'd his ev'ning rays. Paradise Lost, b. iv.
4. Direction towards any point; view; position.
I have built a strong wall, faced to the south aspect with
brick. Swift's Last Will.
5. Disposition of any thing to something else; relation.
The light got from the opposite arguings of men of parts,
shewing the different sides of things, and their various aspects
and probabilities, would be quite lost, if every one were obliged
to assent to, and say after the speaker. Locke.
6. Disposition of a planet to other planets.
There's some ill planet reigns,
I must be patient till the heavens look
With an aspect more favourable. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Not unlike that which astrologers call a conjunction of pla­
nets, of no very benign aspect the one to the other. Wotton.
To the blank moon
Her office they prescrib'd: to th' other five
Their planetary motions, and aspects,
In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite. Paradise Lost.
Why does not every single star shed a separate influence, and
have aspects with other stars of their own constellation?
Bentley's Sermons.

To ASPE'CT. v. a.  [aspicio, Lat.] To behold.
Happy in their mistake, those people whom
The northern pole aspects; whom fear of death
(The greatest of all human fears) ne'er moves. Temple.

ASPE'CTABLE. adj.  [aspectabilis, Lat.] Visible; being the ob­
ject of sight.
He was the sole cause of this aspectable and perceivable uni­
versal. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
To this use of informing us what is in this aspectable world,
we shall find the eye well fitted. Ray on Creation.

ASPE'CTION. n. s.  [from aspect.] Beholding; view.
A Moorish queen, upon aspection of the picture of Andro­
meda, conceived and brought forth a fair one. Brown's V. Err.

A'SPEN, or ASP. n. s.  [espe, Dutch; asp, Dan. epse,, trembling,
Sax. Somner.]  See POPLAR, of which it is a species. The
leaves of this tree always tremble.
The aspen or asp tree hath leaves much the same with the
poplar, only much smaller, and not so white. Mortim. Husb.
The builder oak sole king of forests all,
The aspen, good for statues, the cypress funeral. Spenser.

ASPEN. adj.  [from asp or aspen.] 
1. Belonging to the asp tree.
Oh! had the monster seen those lily hands
Tremble like aspen leaves upon a lute. Shak. Titus Andron.
No gale disturbs the trees,
Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay.
2. Made of aspen wood.

A'SPER. adj.  [Lat.] Rough; rugged. This word I have found
only in the following passage.
All base notes, or very treble notes, give an asper sound; for that
the base striketh more air than it can well strike equally. Bacon.



To A'SPERATE. v. a.  [aspero, Lat.] To roughen; to make
rough or uneven.
Those corpuscles of colour, insinuating themselves into all
the pores of the body to be dyed, may asperate its superficies,
according to the bigness and texture of the corpuscles. Boyle.

ASPERA'TION. n. s.  [from asperate.] A making rough. Dict.

ASPERIFO'LIOUS. adj.  [from asper, rough, and folium, a leaf,
Lat.] One of the divisions of plants, so called from the rough­
ness of their leaves.

ASPE'RITY. n. s.  [asperitas, Lat.] 
1. Unevenness; roughness of surface.
Sometimes the pores and asperities of dry bodies are so in­
commensurate to the particles of the liquor, that they glide over
the surface. Boyle.
2. Roughness of sound; harshness of pronunciation.
3. Roughness, or ruggedness of temper; moroseness; sourness;
crabbedness.
The charity of the one, like kindly exhalations, will de­
scend in showers of blessings; but the rigour and asperity of
the other, in a severe doom upon ourselves. Govern. Tongue.
Avoid all unseemliness and asperity of carriage; do nothing
that may argue a peevish or froward spirit. Rogers.

ASPERNA'TION. n. s.  [aspernatio, Lat.] Neglect; disregard. D.

A'SPEROUS. adj.  [asper, Lat.] Rough; uneven.
Black and white are the most asperous and unequal of co­
lours; so like, that it is hard to distinguish them: black is the
most rough. Boyle.

To ASPE'RSE. v. a.  [aspergo, Lat.] To bespatter with censure
or calumny.
In the business of Ireland, besides the opportunity to asperse
the king, they were safe enough. Clarendon, b. viii.
Curb that impetuous tongue, nor rashly vain,
And singly mad, asperse the sov'reign reign. Pope's Iliad.
Unjustly poets we asperse,
Truth shines the brighter clad in verse. Swift.

ASPE'RSION. n. s.  [aspersio, Lat.] 
1. A sprinkling.
If thou dost break her virgin knot, before
All sanctimonious ceremonies,
No sweet aspersions shall the heav'ns let fall,
To make this contract grow. Shakesp. Tempest.
It exhibits a mixture of new conceits and old; whereas the
instauration gives the new unmixed, otherwise than with some
little aspersion of the old, for taste's sake. Bacon's Holy War.
2. Calumny; censure.
The same aspersions of the king, and the same grounds of a
rebellion. Dryden's Epistle to the Whigs.

ASPHA'LTICK. adj.  [from asphaltos.] Gummy; bituminous.
And with asphaltick slime, broad as the gate,
Deep to the roots of hell, the gather'd beach
They fasten'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

ASPHA'LTOS. n. s.  [ἀσφαλτὸς, bitumen.] A solid, brittle, black,
bituminous, inflammable substance, resembling pitch, and chief­
ly found swimming on the surface of the Lacus Asphaltites, or
Dead sea, where anciently stood the cities of Sodom and Go­
morrah. It is cast up from time to time, in the nature of li­
quid pitch, from the earth at the bottom of this sea; and, be­
ing thrown upon the water, swims like other fat bodies, and
condenses gradually by the heat of the sun, and the salt that is
in it. It burns with great vehemence. The Arabs use it for
pitching their ships; and much of it was employed in the em­
balming of the ancients.

ASPHA'LTUM. n. s.  [Lat.] A bituminous stone found near
the ancient Babylon, and lately in the province of Neuschâtel;
which, mixed with other matters, makes an excellent cement,
incorruptible by air, and impenetrable by water; supposed to
be the mortar so much celebrated among the ancients, with
which the walls of Babylon were laid. Chambers.

A'SPHODEL. n. s.  [lilio-asphodelus, Lat.] Day-lily.
The characters are; It hath a root like kingspear; the
flower consists of one leaf, which is deeply cut into six seg­
ments, and expands in form of a lily; the flower is succeeded
by an oval fruit, which contains several roundish seeds. The
species are, 1. The yellow asphodel. 2. The red asphodel.
These two sorts are very common in most of the English gar­
dens; the first is often called by the gardeners the yellow tube­
rose, from its having a very agreeable scent; but the other is
called the day-lily, or the tuberose orange-lily, in most places.
They are both hardy plants, and multiply exceedingly, if suf­
fered to remain two or three years undisturbed; especially the
red sort, which sends forth offsets. The best time to transplant
their roots is in September or October. They will grow in any
soil or situation; the yellow produces its flowers in May and
June; the red a month later. Millar.
Asphodels were by the ancients planted near burying-places,
in order to supply the manes of the dead with nourishment.
By those happy souls who dwell
In yellow meads of asphodel. Pope's St. Cæcilia.

A'SPICK. n. s.  [See ASP.] The name of a serpent.
Why did I 'scape th' invenom'd aspick's rage,
And all the fiery monsters of the desart,
To see this day? Addison's Cato.

To A'SPIRATE. v. a.  [aspiro, Lat.] To pronounce with as­
piration, or full breath; as we aspirate horse, house, and hog.

To A'SPIRATE. v. n.  [aspiro, Lat.] To be pronounced with
full breath.
Where a vowel ends a word, the next begins either with a
consonant, or what is its equivalent; for our w and h aspirate.
Dryd. Dedication to Æneid.

A'SPIRATE. adj.  [aspiratus, Lat.] Pronounced with full breath.
For their being pervious, you may call them, if you please,
perspirate; but yet they are not aspirate, i. e. with such an as­
piration as h. Holder's Elements of Speech.

ASPIRA'TION. n. s.  [aspiratio, Lat.] 
1. A breathing after; an ardent wish; used generally of a wish
for spiritual blessings.
A soul inspired with the warmest aspirations after celestial
beatitude, keeps its powers attentive. Watts's Impr. of the Mind.
2. The act of aspiring, or desiring something high and great.
'Tis he; I ken the manner of his gate;
He rises on his toe; that spirit of his
In aspiration lifts him from the earth. Shak. Troil. and Cress.
3. The pronounciation of a vowel with full breath.
H is only a guttural aspiration, i. e. a more forcible impulse
of the breath from the lungs. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To ASPI'RE. v. n.  [aspiro, Lat.] 
1. To desire with eagerness; to pant after something higher;
sometimes with the particle to.
Most excellent lady, no expectation in others, nor hope in
himself, could aspire to a higher mark, than to be thought wor­
thy to be praised by you. Sidney, b. ii.
Hence springs that universal strong desire,
Which all men have of immortality:
Not some few spirits unto this thought aspire,
But all men's minds in this united be. Sir J. Davies.
Horace did ne'er aspire to epic bays:
Nor lofty Maro stoop to lyrick lays. Roscommon.
Till then a helpless, hopeless, homely swain;
I fought not freedom, nor aspir'd to gain. Dryden's Virgil.
Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell,
Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope's Essay on Man.
2. Sometimes with after.
Those are raised above sense, and aspire after immortality,
who believe the perpetual duration of their souls. Tillotson.
There is none of us but who would be thought, throughout
the whole course of his life, to aspire after immortality.
Atterbury's Sermons, Pref.
3. To rise higher.
There is betwixt that smile we would aspire to,
That sweet aspect of princes and our ruin,
More pangs and fears than war or women have. Sh. H. VIII.
My own breath still foment the fire,
Which flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller.

ASPORTA'TION. n. s.  [asportatio, Lat.] A carrying away. D.

ASQU'INT. adv.  [from a and squint.] Obliquely; not in the
strait line of vision.
A single guide may direct the way better than five hundred,
who have contrary views, or look asquint, or shut their eyes.
Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.



ASS

ASS. n. s.  [asinus, Lat.] 
1. An animal of burden, remarkable for sluggishness, patience,
hardiness, coarseness of food, and long life.
You have among you many a purchas'd slave,
Which, like your asses, and your dogs and mules,
You use in abject and in slavish part,
Because you bought them. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. A stupid, heavy, dull fellow; a dolt.
I do begin to perceive that I am made an ass.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
That such a crafty mother
Should yield the world to this ass!—a woman that
Bears all down with her brain; and her son
Cannot take two from twenty for his heart,
And leave eighteen. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To ASSA'IL. v. a.  [assailler, Fr.] 
1. To attack in a hostile manner; to assault; to fall upon; to
invade.
So when he saw his flatt'ring arts to fail,
With greedy force he 'gan the fort t' assail. Fairy Queen.
2. To attack with argument; censure; or motives applied to the
passions.
My gracious lord, here in the parliament
Let us assail the family of York. Shakesp. Henry VI.
She will not stay the siege of loving terms,
Nor bide th' encounter of assailing eyes. Sh. Romeo and Jul.
How have I fear'd your fate! but fear'd it most,
When love assail'd you on the Libyan coast. Dryden's Æn.
All books he reads, and all he reads assails,
From Dryden's Fables down to D—y's Tales. Pope.
In vain Thalestris with reproach assails;
For who can move when fair Belinda fails? Pope.

ASSA'ILABLE. adj.  [from assail.] That which may be at­
tacked.


Banquo, and his Fleance, lives.——
— But in them nature's copy's not eternal.—
— There's comfort yet, they are assailable. Shak. Macbeth.

ASSA'ILANT. n. s.  [assaillant, Fr.] He that attacks; in oppo­
sition to defendant.
The same was so well encountered by the defendants, that
the obstinacy of the assailants did but increase the loss.
Sir J. Hayward.
I'll put myself in poor and mean attire,
And with a kind of umber smirch my face,
The like do you; so shall we pass along,
And never stir assailants. Shakesp. As you like it.

ASSA'ILANT. adj.  Attacking; invading.
And as ev'ning dragon came,
Assailant on the perched roosts
Of tame villatick fowl. Milton's Sampson Agonistes.

ASSA'ILER. n. s.  [from assail.] One who attacks another.
Palladius heated, so pursued our assailers, that one of them
flew him. Sidney, b. ii.

ASSAPA'NICK. n. s.  A little animal of Virginia, which is said to
fly by stretching out its shoulders and its skin, and is called in
English the flying squirrel. Trevoux.

ASSARABA'CCA.  See ASARAEACCA.
ASSA'RT. n. s.  [essart, from essarter, Fr. to clear away wood in
a forest.] An offence committed in the forest, by plucking up
those woods by the roots, that are thickets or coverts of the fo­
rest, and by making them as plain as arable land. Cowel.

To ASSA'RT. v. a.  [essartir, Fr.] To commit an assart. See
ASSART.

ASSA'SSIN. n. s.  [assassin, Fr. a word brought originally
from Asia, where, about the time of the holy
war, there was a set of men called assassins, as is supposed for
Arsacidæ, who killed any man, without regard to danger, at the
command of their chief.] A murderer; one that kills by
treachery, or sudden violence.

ASSA'SSINATE. n. s.  [assassin, Fr. a word brought originally
from Asia, where, about the time of the holy
war, there was a set of men called assassins, as is supposed for
Arsacidæ, who killed any man, without regard to danger, at the
command of their chief.] A murderer; one that kills by
treachery, or sudden violence.
In the very moment as the knight withdrew from the duke,
this assassinate gave him, with a back blow, a deep wound in­
to his left side. Wotton.
The Syrian king, who, to surprize
One man, assassin like, had levy'd war,
War unproclaim'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Here hir'd assassins for their gain invade,
And treach'rous pois'ners urge their fatal trade. Dryd. Juv.
When she hears of a murder, she enlarges more on the guilt
of the suffering person, than of the assassin. Addison. Spectator.
Orestes brandish'd the revenging sword,
Slew the dire pair, and gave to fun'ral flame
The vile assassin, and adult'rous dame. Pope's Odyssey.
Useful, we grant, it serves what life requires,
But dreadful too, the dark assassin hires. Pope, Epist. iii.

ASSA'SINATE. n. s.  [from assassin.] The crime of an assassin;
murder.
Were not all assassinates and popular insurrections wrong­
fully chastised, if the meanness of the offenders indemnified
them from punishment? Pope's Dunciad.

To ASSA'SSINATE. v. a.  [from assassin.] 
1. To murder by violence.
Help, neighbours, my house is broken open by force, and
I am ravished, and like to be assassinated. Dryd. Span. Friar.
What could provoke thy madness
To assassinate so great, so brave a man! A. Philips, D. Moth.
2. To way-lay; to take by treachery. This meaning is perhaps
peculiar to Milton.
Such usage as your honourable lords
Afford me, assassinated and betray'd,
Who durst not, with your whole united pow'rs,
In fight withstand one single and unarm'd. Samps. Agonist.

ASSASSINA'TION. n. s.  [from assassinate.] The act of assassinat­
ing; murder by violence.
If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well
It were done quickly: if th' assassination
Could trammel up the consequence, and catch,
With its surcease, success. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The duke finish'd his course by a wicked assassination. Claren.

ASSASSINA'TOR. n. s.  [from assassinate.] Murderer; mankiller;
the person that kills another by violence.

ASSA'TION. n. s.  [assatus,, roasted, Lat.] Roasting.
The egg expiring less in the elixation or boiling; whereas,
in the assation or roasting, it will sometimes abate a drachm.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

ASSA'ULT. n. s.  [assault, French.] 
1. Attack; hostile onset; opposed to defence.
Her spirit had been invincible against all assaults of affection.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Not to be shook thyself, but all assaults
Baffling, like thy hoar cliffs the loud sea wave. Thomson.
2. Storm; opposed to sap or siege.
Jason took at least a thousand men, and suddenly made an
assault upon the city. 2 Macc. v. 5.
After some days siege, he resolved to try the fortune of an
assault: be succeeded therein so far, that he had taken the prin­
cipal tower and fort. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Violence.
Themselves at discord fell,
And cruel combat join'd in middle space,
With horrible assault, and fury fell. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
4. Invasion; hostility; attack.
After some unhappy assaults upon the prerogative by the par­
liament, which produced its dissolution, there followed a com­
posure. Clarendon.
Theories built upon narrow foundations, are very hard to
be supported against the assaults of opposition. Locke.
5. In law. A violent kind of injury offered to a man's person.
It may be committed by offering of a blow, or by a fearful
speech. Cowel.
6. It has upon before the thing assaulted.

To ASSA'ULT. v. a.  [from the noun.] To attack; to invade;
to fall upon with violence.
The king granted the Jews to gather themselves together,
and to stand for their life, to destroy all the power that would
assault them. Esth. viii. 11.
Before the gates the cries of babes new-born,
Whom fate had from their tender mothers torn,
Assault his ears. Dryd. Æneid vi.
Curs'd steel, and more accursed gold,
Gave mischief birth, and made that mischief bold:
And double death did wretched man invade,
By steel assaulted, and by gold betray'd. Dryden's Ovid.

ASSA'ULTER. n. s.  [from assault.] One who violently assaults
another.
Neither liking their eloquence, nor fearing their might, we
esteemed few swords in a just defence, able to resist many un­
just assaulters. Sidney, b. ii.

ASSA'Y. n. s.  [essaye, Fr. from which the ancient writers bor­
rowed assay, according to the sound, and the latter, essay, ac­
cording to the writing; but the senses now differing, they may
be considered as two words.] 
1. Examination.
This cannot be
By no assay of reason. 'Tis a pageant,
To keep us in false gaze. Shakesp. Othello.
2. In law. The examination of measures and weights used by
the clerk of the market. Cowel.
3. The first enterance upon any thing; a taste.
For well he weened, that so glorious bait
Would tempt his guest to take thereof assay. Fairy Queen.
4. Attack; trouble.
She heard with patience all unto the end,
And strove to master sorrowful assay. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The men he prest from Tours and Blois but late,
To hard assays unfit, unsure at need,
Yet arm'd to point in well attempted plate. Fairfax, b. i.
Be sure to find,
What I foretel thee, many a hard assay
Of dangers, and adversities, and pains,
Ere thou of Israel's sceptre get fast hold. Parad. Lost, b. iv.

To ASSA'Y. v. a.  [essayer, Fr.] 
1. To make trial of; to make experiment of.
Gray and Bryan obtained leave of the general a little to as­
say them; and so with some horsemen charged them home.
Sir J. Hayward.
What unweighed behaviour hath this drunkard picked out of
my conversation, that he dares in this manner assay me?
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. To apply to, as the touchstone in assaying metals.
Whom thus afflicted, when sad Eve beheld,
Desolate where she sat, approaching nigh,
Soft words to his fierce passion she assay'd. Par. Lost, b. x.
3. To try; to endeavour.
David girded his sword upon his armour, and he assayed to
go, for he had not proved it. 1 Sam. xvii. 39.

ASSA'YER. n. s.  [from assay.] An officer of the mint, for the
due trial of silver, appointed between the master of the mint
and the merchants that bring silver thither for exchange.
Cowel.
The smelters come up to the assayers within one in twenty.
Woodward on Fossils.

ASSECTA'TION. n. s.  [assectatio, Lat.] Attendance, or waiting
upon. Dict.

ASSECU'TION. n. s.  [from assequor, assecutum, to obtain.] Ac­
quirement; the act of obtaining.
By the canon law, a person, after he has been in full posses­
sion of a second benefice, cannot return again to his first; be­
cause it is immediately void by his assecution of a second.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

ASSE'MBLAGE. n. s.  [assemblage, Fr.] A collection; a number
of individuals brought together. It differs from assembly, by
being applied only, or chiefly, to things; assembly being used
only, or generally, of persons.
All that we amass together in our thoughts is positive, and
the assemblage of a great number of positive ideas of space or
duration. Locke.
O Hartford, fitted or to shine in courts
With unaffected grace, or walk the plains,


With innocence and meditation join'd
In soft assemblage, listen to my song. Thomson's Spring.

To ASSEMBLE. v. a.  [assembler, Fr.] To bring together in­
to one place. It is used both of persons and things.
And he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall as­
semble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the dispersed
of Judah. Job, xi. 12.
He wonders for what end you have assembled
Such troops of citizens to come to him. Shak. Richard III.

To ASSEMBLE. v. n.  To meet together.
These men assembled, and found Daniel praying. Dan. vi. 11.

ASSE'MBLY. n. s.  [assemblee, Fr.] A company met together.
Having heard, by fame,
Of this so noble, and so fair assembly,
This night to meet here, they could do no less,
Out of the great respect they bear to beauty. Shak. H. VIII.

ASSE'NT. n. s.  [assensus, Lat.] 
1. The act of agreeing to any thing.
All the arguments on both sides must be laid in balance, and,
upon the whole, the understanding determine its assent. Locke.
2. Consent; agreement.
To urge any thing upon the church, requiring thereunto
that religious assent of christian belief, wherewith the words
of the holy prophets are received, and not to shew it in scrip­
ture; this did the Fathers evermore think unlawful, impious,
and excerable. Hooker, b. ii. § 5.
The evidence of God's own testimony, added unto the natu­
ral assent of reason concerning the certainty of them, doth not
a little comfort and confirm the same. Hooker, b. i. § 12.
Without the king's assent or knowledge,
You wrought to be a legate. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Faith, on the other side, is the assent to any proposition, not
thus made out by the deduction of reason, but upon the credit
of the proposer. Locke.

To ASSE'NT. v. n.  [assentire, Lat.] To concede; to yield to,
or agree to.
And the Jews also assented, saying, that these things were
so. Acts, xxiv. 9.

ASSENTA'TION. n. s.  [assentatio, Lat.] Compliance with the
opinion of another out of flattery or dissimulation. Dict.

ASSE'NTMENT. n. s.  [from assent.] Consent.
We may shrink at their bare testimonies, whose arguments
are but precarious, and subsist upon the charity of our assent­
ments. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

To ASSE'RT. v. a.  [assero, Lat.] 
1. To maintain; to defend either by words or actions.
Your forefathers have asserted the party which they chose till
death, and died for its defence. Dryden's Virgil, Dedication.
2. To affirm.
3. To claim; to vindicate a title to.
Nor can the grovelling mind,
In the dark dungeon of the limbs confin'd,
Assert the native skies, or own its heav'nly kind. Dryden.

ASSE'RTION. n. s.  [from assert.] The act of asserting.
If any affirm the earth doth move, and will not believe with
us it standeth still; because he hath probable reasons for it, and
I no infallible sense or reason against it, I will not quarrel with
his assertion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

ASSE'RTIVE. adj.  [from assert.] Positive; dogmatical; peremptory.
He was not so fond of the principles he undertook to illustrate,
as to boast their certainty; proposing them not in a confident
and assertive form, but as probabilities and hypotheses. Glanv.

ASSE'RTOR. n. s.  [from assert.] Maintainer; vindicator; sup­
porter; affirmer.
Among th' assertors of free reason's claim,
Our nation's not the least in worth or fame. Dryden.
Faithful assertor of thy country's cause,
Britain with tears shall bathe thy glorious wound. Prior.
It is an usual piece of art to undermine the authority of fun­
damental truths, by pretending to shew how weak the proofs
are, which their assertors employ in defence of them. Atterbury.

To ASSE'RVE. v. a.  [asservio, Lat.] To serve, help, or se­
cond. Dict.

To ASSE'SS. v. a.  [from assestare, Ital. To make an equili­
brium, or balance.] To charge with any certain sum.
Before the receipt of them in this office, they were assessed
by the affidavit from the time of the inquisition found. Bacon.

ASSE'SSION. n. s.  [assessio, Lat.] A sitting down by one; a giv­
ing assistance or advice. Dict.

ASSE'SSMENT. n. s.  [from to assess.] 
1. The sum levied on certain property.
2. The act of assessing.
What greater immunity and happiness can there be to a peo­
ple, than to be liable to no laws, but what they make them­
selves? To be subject to no contribution, assessment, or any
pecuniary levy whatsoever, but what they vote, and volunta­
rily yield unto themselves? Howel's Pre-eminence of Parliam.

ASSE'SSOR. n. s.  [assessor, Lat.] 
1. The person that sits by another; generally used of those who
assist the judge.
Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears;
And lives and crimes, with his assessors, hears.
Round in his urn the blended balls he rowls,
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryden's Æn.
2. He that sits by another as next in dignity.
To his Son,
Th' assessor of his throne, he thus began. Par. Lost, b. vi.
Twice stronger than his fire, who sat above,
Assessor to the throne of thund'ring Jove. Dryden's Iliad.
3. He that lays taxes; derived from assess.

A'SSETS. n. s.  without the singular. [assez, Fr.] Goods sufficient
to discharge that burden, which is cast upon the executor or
heir, in satisfying the testators or ancestors debts or legacies.
Whoever pleads assets, sayeth nothing; but that the person
against whom he pleads, hath enough come to his hands, to
discharge what is in demand. Cowel.

To ASSE'VER. v. a.  [assevero, Lat.] To affirm with great
solemnity, as upon oath.

To ASSE'VERATE. v. a.  [assevero, Lat.] To affirm with great
solemnity, as upon oath.

ASSEVERA'TION. n. s.  [from asseverate.] Solemn affirmation,
as upon oath.
That which you are persuaded of, ye have it no otherwise
than by your own only probable collection; and therefore such
bold asseverations, as in him were admirable, should, in your
mouths, but argue rashness. Hooker, Preface.
Another abuse of the tongue I might add; vehement asseve­
rations upon slight and trivial occasions. Ray on Creation.
The repetition gives a greater emphasis to the words, and
agrees better with the vehemence of the speaker in making his
asseveration. Broome's Notes on Odyssey.

A'SSHEAD. n. s.  [from ass and head.] One slow of apprehen­
sion; a blockhead.
Will you help an asshead, and a coxcomb, and a knave, a
a thin-faced knave, a gull. Shakesp. Hamlet.

ASSIDU'ITY. n. s.  [assiduité, Fr. assiduitas, Lat.] Diligence;
closeness of application.
Can he, who has undertaken this, want conviction of the ne­
cessity of his utmost vigour and assiduity to acquit himself of
it? Rogers.
We observe the address and assiduity they will use to corrupt
us. Rogers.
I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a
nomenclator. Addison. Guardian, No 107.

ASSI'DUOUS. adj.  [assiduus, Lat.] Constant in application.
And if by pray'r
Incessant I could hope to change the will
Of him who all things can, I would not cease
To weary him with my assiduous cries. Parad. Lost, b. xi.
The most assiduous talebearers, and bitterest revilers, are of­
ten half-witted people. Government of the Tongue, § 6.
In summer, you see the hen giving herself greater freedoms,
and quitting her care for above two hours together; but in win­
ter, when the rigour of the season would chill the principles of
life, and destroy the young one, she grows more assiduous in her
attendance, and stays away but half the time. Addison. Spectator.
Each still renews her little labour,
Nor justles her assiduous neighbour. Prior.

ASSI'DUOUSLY. adv.  [from assiduous.] Diligently; continually.
The trade, that obliges artificers to be assiduously conversant
with their materials, is that of glass-men. Boyle.
The habitable earth may have been perpetually the drier,
seeing it is assiduously drained and exhausted by the seas. Bentley.

To ASSI'EGE. v. a.  [assieger, Fr.] To besiege. Dict.

ASSIE'NTO. n. s.  [In Spanish a contract or bargain.] A
contract or convention between the king of Spain and other
powers, for furnishing the Spanish dominions in America with
negro slaves. This contract was transferred from the French
to the English South-Sea company, by the treaty of 1713, for
thirty years; who were likewise permitted to send a register
ship, of 500 tuns, yearly to the Spanish settlements, with Euro­
pean goods. Chambers.

To ASSI'GN. v. a.  [assigner, Fr. assigno, Lat.] 
1. To mark out; to appoint.
He assigned Uriah unto a place where he knew that valiant
men were. 2 Sam. xi. 16.
Both joining,
As join'd in injuries, one enmity
Against a foe by doom express assign'd us,
That cruel serpent. Milt. Par. Lost, b. x.
True quality is neglected, virtue is oppressed, and vice tri­
umphant. The last day will assign to every one a station suit­
able to his character. Addison. Spect. No 219.
2. To fix with regard to quantity or value.
There is no such intrinsick, natural, settled value in any
thing, as to make any assigned quantity of it constantly worth
any assigned quantity of another. Locke.
3. In law. In general, to appoint a deputy, or make over a right
to another; in particular, to appoint or set forth, as to assign
error, is to shew in what part of the process error is committed:
to assign false judgment, is to declare how and where the judg­
ment is unjust: to assign the cessor, is to shew how the plain­
tiff had cessed, or given over: to assign waste, is to shew where­
in especially the waste is committed. Cowel.

ASSI'GNABLE. adj.  [from assign.] That which may be marked
out, or fixed.


Aristotle hold that it streamed by connatural result and ema­
nation from God; so that there was no instant assignable of
God's eternal existence, in which the world did not also co­
exist. South.

ASSIGNA'TION. n. s.  [assignation, French.] 
1. An appointment to meet; used generally of love appoint­
ments.
The lovers expected the return of this stated hour with as
much impatience as if it had been a real assignation. Spectator.
Or when a whore, in her vocation,
Keeps punctual to an assignation. Swift.
2. A making over a thing to another.

ASSIGNEE'. n. s.  [assigné, Fr.] He that is appointed or deputed
by another, to do any act, or perform any business, or enjoy
any commodity. And an assignee may be either in deed or in
law; assignee in deed, is he that is appointed by a person; as­
signee in law, is he whom the law maketh so, without any ap­
pointment of the person. Cowel.

ASSI'GNER. n. s.  [from assign.] He that appoints.
The Gospel is at once the assigner of our tasks, and the ma­
gazine of our strength. Decay of Piety.

ASSI'GNMENT. n. s.  [from assign.] Appointment of one thing
with regard to another thing or person.
The only thing which maketh any place publick, is the pu­
blick assignment thereof unto such duties. Hooker, b. v. § 12.
This institution, which assigns it to a person, whom we have
no rule to know, is just as good as an assignment to no body at
all. Locke.

ASSI'MILABLE. adj.  [from assimilate.] That which may be con­
verted to the same nature with something else.
The spirits of many, long before that time, will find but na­
ked habitations; and meeting no assimilables wherein to re­
act their natures, must certainly participate such natural deso­
lations. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

To ASSI'MILATE. v. a.  [assimilo, Lat.] 
1. To convert to the same nature with another thing.
Birds assimilate less, and excern more, than beasts; for
their excrements are ever liquid, and their flesh generally more
dry. Bacon's Nat. History.
Birds be commonly better meat than beasts, because their
flesh doth assimilate more finely, and secerneth more subtely.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 680.
Tasting concoct, digest, assimilate,
And corporeal to incorporeal turn. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nou­
rishment; moist nourishment easily changing its texture, till it
becomes like the dense earth. Newton.
2. To bring to a likeness, or resemblance.
A ferine and necessitous kind of life would easily assimilate at
least the next generation to barbarism and ferineness.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
They are not over patient of mixture; but such, whom they
cannot assimilate, soon find it their interest to remove. Swift.

ASSI'MILATENESS. n. s.  [from assimilate.] Likeness. Dict.

ASSIMILA'TION. n. s.  [from assimilate.] 
1. The act of converting any thing to the nature or substance of
another.
It furthers the very act of assimilation of nourishment, by
some outward emollients that make the parts more apt to assi­
milate. Bacon's Natural History, No 59.
2. The state of being assimilated.
A nourishment in a large acceptation, but not in propriety,
conserving the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but pre­
serving it by ventilation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
3. The act of growing like some other being.
It is as well the instinct as duty of our nature, to aspire to
an assimilation with God; even the most laudable and generous
ambition. Dec. of Piety.

To ASSI'MULATE. v. a.  [assimulo, Lat.] To feign; to coun­
terfeit. Dict.

ASSIMULA'TION. n. s.  [assimulatio, Lat.] A dissembling; a
counterfeiting. Dict.

To ASSI'ST. v. a.  [assister, Fr. assisto, Lat.] To help.
Receive her in the Lord, as becometh saints, and assist her in
whatsover business she hath need. Rom. xvi. 2.
It is necessary and assisting to all our other intellectual facul­
ties. Locke.
Acquaintance with method will assist one in ranging human
affairs. Watts's Logick.
She no sooner yielded to adultery, but she agreed to assist in
the murder of her husband. Broome on Odyssey.

ASSI'STANCE. n. s.  [assistance, French.] Help; furtherance.
The council of Trent commends recourse, not only to the
prayers of the saints, but to their aid and assistance: What doth
this aid and assistance signify? Stillingfleet.
You have abundant assistances for this knowledge, in excellent
books. Wake's Preparation for Death.
Let us entreat this necessary assistance, that by his grace he
would lead us. Rogers.

ASSI'STANT. adj.  [from assist.] Helping; lending aid.
Some perchance did adhere to the duke, and were assistant to
him openly, or at least under hand. Hale's Com. Law of Engl.

ASSI'STANT. n. s.  [from assist.] 
1. A person engaged in an affair not as principal, but as auxiliary
or ministerial.
Some young towardly noblemen or gentlemen were usually
sent as assistants or attendants, according to the quality of the
persons. Bacon's Advice to Sir George Villiers.
2. Sometimes it is only a softer word for an attendant.
The pale assistants on each other star'd,
With gaping mouths for issuing words prepar'd. Dryden.

ASSI'ZE. n. s.  [assise, a sitting, Fr.] 
1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with the
bailiff or justice, in a certain place, and at a certain time.
2. A jury.
3. An ordinance or statute.
4. The court, place, or time, where and when the writs and pro­
cesses of assize are taken. Cowel.
The law was never executed by any justices of assize, but
the people left to their own laws. Sir J. Davies on Ireland.
At each assize and term we try
A thousand rascals of as deep a dye. Dryden's Juvenal.
5. Any court of justice.
The judging God shall close the book of fate,
And there the last assizes keep,
For those who wake, and those who sleep. Dryden.
6. Assize of bread, ale, &c. Measure, or quantity. Thus it is said,
when wheat is of such a price, the bread shall be of such assize.
7. Measure; rate: for which we now use size. See SIZE.
On high hill's top I saw a stately frame,
An hundred cubits high by just assize,
With hundred pillars. Spen. Vision of Bellay.

To ASSI'ZE. v. a.  [from the noun.] To fix the rate of any
thing by an assize or writ.

ASSI'ZER, or ASSISER. n. s.  [from assize.] Is an officer that has
the care and oversight of weights and measures. Chambers.

ASSO'CIABLE. adj.  [associabilis, Lat.] That which may be joined
to another.

To ASSO'CIATE. v. a.  [associer, Fr. associo, Lat.] 
1. To unite with another as a confederate.
A fearful army led by Caius Marcius,
Associated with Aufidius, rages
Upon our territories. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To adopt as a friend upon equal terms.
Associate in your town a wand'ring train,
And strangers in your palace entertain. Dryden's Æneid.
3. To accompany; to keep company with another.
Friends should associate friends in grief and woe.
Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
4. It has generally the particle with; as, he associated with his
master's enemies.

ASSO'CIATE. adj.  [from the verb.] Confederate; joined in in­
terest or purpose.
While I descend through darkness,
To my associate pow'rs, them to acquaint
With these successes. Milt. Par. Lost, b. x.

ASSO'CIATE. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. A person joined with another; a partner.
They persuade the king, now in old age, to make Plangus
his associate in government with him. Sidney, b. ii.
2. A confederate.
Their defender, and his associates, have sithence proposed to
the world a form such as themselves like. Hooker, b. v. § 27.
3. A companion; implying some kind of equality.
He was accompanied with a noble gentleman, no unsuitable
associate. Wotton.
Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond
Compare, above all living creatures dear.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
But my associates now my stay deplore,
Impatient. Pope's Odyssey.

ASSOCIA'TION. n. s.  [from associate.] 
1. Union; conjunction; society.
The church being a society, hath the self same original
grounds, which other politick societies have; the natural in­
clination which all men have unto sociable life, and consent to
some certain bond of association; which bond is the law that
appointeth what kind of order they shall be associated in.
Hooker, b. i.
2. Confederacy; union for particular purposes.
This could not be done but with mighty opposition: against
which, to strengthen themselves, they secretly entered into a
league of association. Hooker, Preface.
3. Partnership.
Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God; and, by
making you his partner, interests you in all his happiness Boyle.
4. Connection.
Association of ideas is of great importance, and may be of
excellent use. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
5. Apposition; union of matter.
The changes of corporeal things are to be placed only in
the various separations, and new associations and motions of
these permanent particles. Newton's Opticks.



A'SSONANCE. n. s.  [assonance, Fr.] Reference of one sound to
another resembling it. Dict.

A'SSONANT. adj.  [assonant, French.] Sounding in a manner
resembling another sound. Dict.

To ASSO'RT. v. a.  [assortir, Fr.] To range in classes, as one
thing suits with another.

To ASSO'T. v. a.  [from sot; assoter, Fr.] To infatuate; to be­
sot: a word out of use.
But whence they sprung, or how they were begot,
Uneath is to assure, uneath to weene
That monstrous errour which doth some assot. Fairy Queen.

To ASSUA'GE. v. a.  [The derivation of this word is uncer­
tain; Minshew deduces it from adsuadere, or assuaviare; Ju­
nius, from swæs, sweet; from whence Skinner imagines aswæ­
san might have been formed.] 
1. To mitigate; to soften; to allay.
Refreshing winds the summer's heats assuage,
And kindly warmth disarms the winter's rage. Addison.
2. To appease; to pacify.
Yet is his hate, his rancour ne'er the less,
Since nought assuageth malice when 'tis told. Fairfax, b. iv.
This was necessary for the securing the people from their
fears; which were capable of being assuaged by no other means.
Clarendon, b. viii.
Shall I, t' assuage
Their brutal rage,
The regal stem destroy? Dryden's Albion.
3. To ease; as, the medecine assuages pain.

To ASSUA'GE. v. n.  To abate.
God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters as­
suaged. Gen. viii. 1.

ASSUA'GEMENT. n. s.  [from assuage.] What mitigates or sof­
tens.
Tell me, when shall these weary woes have end,
Or shall their ruthless torment never cease?
But all my days in pining languor spend,
Without hope of assuagement or release. Spenser's Sonnets.

ASSUA'GER. n. s.  [from assuage.] One who pacifies or ap­
peases.

ASSUA'SIVE. adj.  [from assuage.] Softening; mitigating.
If in the breast tumultuous joys arise.
Musick her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope's St. Cæcilia.

To ASSU'BJUGATE. v. a.  [subjugo, Lat.] To submit to.
This valiant lord
Must not so state his palm, nobly acquir'd;
Nor by my will assubjugate his merit,
By going to Achilles. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

ASSUEFA'CTION. n. s.  [assuefacio, Lat.] The state of being
accustomed to any thing.
Right and left, as parts inservient unto the motive faculty,
are differenced by degrees from use and assuefaction, or accord­
ing whereto the one grows stronger. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ASSU'ETUDE. n. s.  [assuetudo, Lat.] Accustomance; custom.
We see that assuetude of things hurtful, doth make them lose
the force to hurt. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 67.

To ASSU'ME. v. a.  [assumo, Lat.] 
1. To take.
This when the various God had urg'd in vain,
He strait assum'd his native form again. Pope.
2. To take upon one's self.
With ravish'd ears,
The monarch hears,
Assumes the God,
Affects to nod,
And seems to shake the spheres. Dryden's St. Cæcilia.
3. To arrogate; to claim or seize unjustly.
This makes him over-forward in business, assuming in con­
versation, and peremptory in answers. Collier of Confidence.
4. To suppose something granted without proof.
In every hypothesis, something is allowed to be assumed. Boyle.
5. To apply to one's own use; to appropriate.
His majesty might well assume the complaint and expression
of king David. Clarendon, b. viii.

ASSU'MER. n. s.  [from assume.] An arrogant man; a man who
claims more than his due.
Can man be wise in any course, in which he is not safe too?
But can these high assumers and pretenders to reason, prove
themselves so? South.

ASSU'MING. participial adj.  [from assume.] Arrogant; haughty.
His haughty looks, and his assuming air,
The son of Isis could no longer bear. Dryden.

ASSU'MPSIT. n. s.  [assumo, Lat.] A voluntary promise made
by word, whereby a man taketh upon him to perform or pay
any thing to another: It contains any verbal promise made
upon consideration. Cowel.

ASSU'MPTION. n. s.  [assumptio, Lat.] 
1. The act of taking any thing to one's self.
The personal descent of God himself, and his assumption of
our flesh to his divinity, more familiarly to insinuate his pleasure
to us, was an enforcement beyond all methods of wisdom.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. The supposition, or act of supposing of any thing without far­
ther proof.
These by way of assumption, under the two general proposi­
tions, are intrinsically and naturally good or bad. Norris.
For the assumption, that Christ did such miraculous and su­
pernatural works, to confirm what he said, we need only repeat
the message sent by him to John the Baptist. South.
3. The thing supposed; a postulate.
Hold, says the Stoick, your assumption's wrong:
I grant, true freedom you have well defin'd. Dryd. Persius.
4. The taking up any person into heaven, which is supposed by
the Romish church of the Blessed Virgin.
Upon the feast of the assumption of the Blessed Virgin, the
pope and cardinals keep the vespers. Stillingfl. on Rom. Idolat.
Had Adam done this after a certain period of years, he would
have been rewarded with an assumption to eternal felicity.
Wake's Preparation for Death.

ASSU'MPTIVE. adj.  [assumptivus, Lat.] That may be assumed.

ASSU'RANCE. n. s.  [assurance, French.] 
1. Certain expectation.
Though hope be, indeed, a lower and lesser thing than as­
surance, yet, as to all the purposes of a pious life, it may prove
more useful. South.
What encouragement can be given to goodness, beyond the
hopes of heaven, and the assurance of an endless felicity? Tillot.
2. Secure confidence; trust.
What man is he, that boasts of fleshly might,
And vain assurance of mortality,
Which all so soon as it doth come to fight
Against spiritual foes, yields by and by. Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. Freedom from doubt; certain knowledge.
I grant that proof from the authority of man's judgment, is
not able to work that assurance, which doth grow by a stronger
proof. Hooker, b. ii.
'Tis far off,
And rather like a dream, than an assurance
That my remembrance warrants. Shakesp. Tempest.
The obedient, and the man of practice, shall outgrow all
their doubts and ignorances, till persuasion pass into knowledge,
and knowledge advance into assurance. South.
Hath he found, in an evil course, that comfortable assurance
of God's favour, and good hopes of his future condition, which
a religious life would have given him? Tillotson.
4. Firmness; undoubting steadiness.
Men whose consideration will relieve our modesty, and give
us courage and assurance in the duties of our profession. Rogers.
5. Confidence; want of modesty; exemption from awe or fear.
My behaviour ill governed, gave you the first comfort; my
affection ill hid, hath given you this last assurance. Sidney.
Conversation, when they come into the world, will add to
their knowledge and assurance. Locke.
6. Ground of confidence; security given.
The nature of desire itself is no easier to receive belief, than
it is hard to ground belief; for as desire is glad to embrace the
first shew of comfort, so is desire desirous of perfect assurance.
Sidney, b. ii.
As the conquest was but slight and superficial, so the pope's
donation to the Irish submissions were but weak and fickle as­
surances. Sir J. Davies on Ireland.
None of woman born
Shall harm Macbeth.———
— Then live, Macduff, what need I fear of thee?
But yet I'll make assurance double sure,
And take a bond of fate; Thou shalt not live. Shak. Macb.
I must confess your offer is the best;
And, let your father make her the assurance,
She is your own, else you must pardon me,
If you should die before him, where's her dower.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
7. Spirit; intrepidity.
With all th' assurance innocence can bring,
Fearless without, because secure within;
Arm'd with my courage, unconcern'd I see
This pomp, a shame to you, a pride to me. Dryd. Aureng.
8. Sanguinity; readiness to hope.
This is not the grace of hope, but a good natural assurance
or confidence, which Aristotle observes young men to be full
of, and old men not so inclined to. Hammond's Pract. Cat.
9. Testimony of credit.
I am a gentleman of blood and breeding,
And from some knowledge and assurance of you,
Offer this office. Shakesp. King Lear.
We have as great assurance that there is a God, as we could
expect to have, supposing that he were. Tillotson, Preface.
10. Conviction.
Such an assurance of things as will make men careful to avoid
a lesser danger, ought to awaken men to avoid a greater. Tillot.
11. The same with insurance. See INSURANCE.

To ASSU'RE. v. a.  [asseurer, Fr. from assecurare, low Latin.] 
1. To give confidence by a firm promise.
So when he had assured them with many words, that he
would restore them without hurt, according to the agreement,
they let him go for the saving of their brethren. 2 Mac. xii. 25.


2. To secure to another.
And, for that dowry, I'll assure her of
Her widowhood, be it that she survives me,
In all my lands and leases whatsoever.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
So irresistible an authority cannot be reflected on, without
the most awful reverence, even by those whose piety assures its
favour to them. Rogers.
3. To make confident; to exempt from doubt or fear; to confer
security.
And hereby we know, that we are of the truth, and shall as­
sure our hearts before him. 1 John, iii. 19.
I revive
At this last sight; assur'd that man shall live
With all the creatures, and their seed preserve. Parad. Lost.
4. To make secure.
But what on earth can long abide in state?
Or who can him assure of happy day? Spens. Muiopotmos.
5. To affiance; to betroth.
This diviner laid claim to me, called me Dromio, swore I
was assured to her. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.

ASSU'RED. participial adj.  [from assure.] 
1. Certain; indubitable.
It is an assured experience, that flint laid about the bottom
of a tree makes it prosper. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 422.
2. Certain; not doubting.
Young princes, close your hands,
—— And your lips too; for, I am well assured,
That I did so, when I was first assur'd. Shak. King John.
As when by night the glass
Of Galilæo, less assur'd, observes
Imagin'd lands, and regions, in the moon. Par. Lost, b. v.
3. Immodest; viciously confident.

ASSU'REDLY. adv.  [from assured.] Certainly; indubitably.
They promis'd me eternal happiness,
And brought me garlands, Griffith, which I feel
I am not worthy yet to wear: I shall assuredly.
Shakesp. Henry VIII.
God is absolutely good, and so, assuredly, the cause of all that
is good; but, of any thing that is evil, he is no cause at all.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Assuredly he will stop our liberty, till we restore him his wor­
ship. South.

ASSU'REDNESS. n. s.  [from assured.] The state of being assured;
certainty.

ASSU'RER. n. s.  [from assure.] 
1. He that gives assurance.
2. He that gives security to make good any loss.

To ASSW'AGE.  See ASSUAGE.


AST

A'STERISK. n. s.  [ἀϛέϱίσϰος.] A mark in printing or writing, in
form of a little star; as*.
He also published the translation of the Septuagint by itself,
having first compared it with the Hebrew, and noted by aste­
risks what was defective, and by obelisks what was redundant.
Grew's Cosmol. Sacra, b. iv.

A'STERISM. n. s.  [asterismus, Lat.] 
1. A constellation.
Poetry had filled the skies with asterisms, and histories be­
longing to them; and then astrology devises the feigned virtues
and influences of each. Bentley's Sermons.
2. An asterisk, or mark. This is a very improper use.
Dwell particularly on passages with an asterism*; for the
observations which follow such a note, will give you a clear
light. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

A'STHMA. n. s.  [ἄσϑμα.] A frequent, difficult, and short respi­
ration, joined with a hissing sound and a cough, especially in
the night-time, and when the body is in a prone posture; be­
cause then the contents of the lower belly bear so against the
diaphragm, as to lessen the capacity of the breast, whereby the
lungs have less room to move. Quincy.
An asthma is the inflation of the membranes of the lungs,
and of the membranes covering the muscles of the thorax, but
does not continue long. Floyer on the Humours.

ASTHMA'TICAL. adj.  [from asthma.] Troubled with an
asthma.

ASTHMA'TICK. adj.  [from asthma.] Troubled with an
asthma.
In asthmatical persons, we often see, that though the lungs
be very much stuffed with tough phlegm, yet the patient may
live some months, if not some years. Boyle.
After drinking, our horses are most asthmatick; and, for a­
voiding the watering of them, we wet their hay.
Floyer on the Humours.

ASTE'RN. adv.  [from a and stern.] In the hinder part of the
ship; behind the ship.
The galley gives her side, and turns her prow,
While those astern descending down the steep,
Thro' gaping waves behold the boiling deep. Dryden.

To ASTE'RT. v. a.  [a word used by Spenser, as it seems, for
start, or startle.] To terrify; to startle; to fright.
We deem of death, as doom of ill desert;
But knew we fools what it us brings until,
Die would we daily, once it to expert;
No danger there the shepherd can astert. Spenser's Past.

ASTO'NIED. particip. adj.  A word used in the version of the
bible for astonished.
Many were astonied at thee. Isaiah, lii. 14.

To ASTO'NISH. v. a.  [astonner, Fr. from attonitus, Lat.] To
confound with some sudden passion, as with fear or wonder;
to amaze; to surprise.
It is the part of men to fear and tremble,
When the most mighty gods, by tokens, send
Such dreadful heralds to astonish us. Shak. Julius Cæsar.
Astonish'd at the voice, he stood amaz'd,
And all around with inward horror gaz'd. Addison's Ovid.
A genius universal as his theme,
Astonishing as chaos. Thomson's Summer.

ASTO'NISHINONESS. n. s.  [from astonish.] Of a nature to ex­
cite astonishment.

ASTO'NISHMENT. n. s.  [estonnement, Fr.] Amazement; con­
fusion of mind from fear or wonder.
We found, with no less wonder to us, than astonishment to
themselves, that they were the two valiant and famous bro­
thers. Sidney, b. ii.
She esteemed this as much above his wisdom, as astonishment
is beyond bare admiration. South.

To ASTO'UND. v. a.  [estonner, Fr.] To astonish; to confound
with fear or wonder. This word is now somewhat obsolete.
These thoughts may startle well, but not astound
The virtuous mind, that ever walks attended
By a strong siding champion, conscience. Paradise Regain.

ASTRA'DDLE. adv.  [from a and straddle.] With one's legs a­
cross any thing. Dict.

A'STRAGAL. n. s.  [ἀϛράγαλος, the ankle, or ankle-bone.] A little
round member, in the form of a ring or bracelet, serving as an
ornament at the tops and bottoms of columns. Build. Dict.
We see none of that ordinary confusion, which is the result
of quarter rounds of the astragal, and I know not how many
other intermingled particulars. Spectator, No 415.

A'STRAL. adj.  [from astrum, Lat.] Starry; relating to the stars.
Some astral forms I must invoke by pray'r,
Fram'd all of purest atoms of the air;
Not in their natures simply good or ill;
But most subservient to bad spirits will. Dryd. Tyran. Love.

ASTRA'Y. adv.  [from a and stray.] Out of the right way.
May seem the wain was very evil led,
When such an one had guiding of the way,
That knew not, whether right he went, or else astray. F. Q.
You run astray, for whilst we talk of Ireland, you rip up the
original of Scotland. Spenser on Ireland.
Like one that had been led astray
Through the heav'n's wide pathless way. Milt. Il Penseroso.

To ASTRI'CT. v. a.  [astringo, Lat.] To contract by applica­
tions, in opposition to relax: a word not so much used as con­
stringe.
The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted, as they let the
humours pass either in too small or too great quantities.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ASTRI'CTION. n. s.  [astrictio, Lat.] The act or power of con­
tracting the parts of the body by applications.
Astriction is in a substance that hath a virtual cold; and it
worketh partly by the same means that cold doth. Bacon.
This virtue requireth an astriction, but such an astriction as is
not grateful to the body; for a pleasing astriction doth rather
bind in the nerves than expel them: and therefore such astric­
tion is found in things of a harsh taste. Bacon's Nat. History.
Such lenitive substances are proper for dry atrabilarian con­
stitutions, who are subject to astriction of the belly and the piles.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

ASTRI'CTIVE. adj.  [from astrict.] Stiptick; of a binding qua­
lity. Dict.

ASTRI'CTORY. adj.  [astrictorias, Lat.] Astringent; apt to
bind. Dict.

ASTRI'DE. adv.  [from a and stride.] With the legs open.
To lay their native arms aside,
Their modesty, and ride astride. Hudibras.
I saw a place, where the Rhone is so straitened between two
rocks, that a man may stand astride upon both at once. Boyle.

ASTRI'FEROUS. adj.  [astrifer, Lat.] Bearing, or having stars. D.

ASTRI'GEROUS. adj.  [astriger, Lat.] Adorned with stars. Dict.

To ASTRI'NGE. v. a.  [astringo, Lat.] To press by contrac­
tion; to make the parts draw together.
Tears are caused by a contraction of the spirits of the brain;
which contraction, by consequence, astringeth the moisture of
the brain, and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes. Bacon.

ASTRI'NGENCY. n. s.  [from astringe.] The power of contrac­
ting the parts of the body; opposed to the power of relaxa­
tion.
Astriction prohibiteth dissolution; as, in medicines, astrin­
gents inhibit putrefaction: and, by astringency, some small quan­
tity of oil of vitriol will keep fresh water long from putrefying.
Bacon's Natural History, No 342.
Acid, acrid, austere, and Fater substances, by their astrin­
gency, create horrour, that is, stimulate the fibres. Arbuthnot.

ASTRI'NGENT. adj.  [astringens, Lat.] Binding; contracting;
opposed to laxative.


Astringent medicines are binding, which act by the asperity
of their particles, whereby they corrugate the membranes, and
make them draw up closer. Quincy.
The juice is very astringent, and therefore of slow motion.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 641.
What diminisheth sensible perspiration, encreaseth the in­
sensible; for that reason a strengthening and astringent diet of­
ten conduceth to this purpose. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

A'STROGRAPHY. n. s.  [from ἀϛϱον and γραφω.] The science of
describing the stars. Dict.

A'STROLABE. n. s.  [ἀϛρολάβιον, of ἀϛὴϱ, and λαβεῖν, to take.] 
1. An instrument chiefly used for taking the altitude of the pole,
the sun or stars, at sea.
2. A stereographick projection of the circles of the sphere upon
the plain of some great circle. Chambers.

ASTRO'LOGER. n. s.  [astrologus, Lat. from ἀϛϱον and λόγος.] 
1. One that, supposing the influences of the stars to have a causal
power, professes to foretel or discover events depending on
those influences.
Not unlike that which astrologers call a conjunction of pla­
nets, of no very benign aspect the one to the other. Wotton.
A happy genius is the gift of nature: it depends on the in­
fluence of the stars, say the astrologers; on the organs of the
body, say the naturalists; it is the particular gift of heaven,
say the divines, both christians and heathens. Dryd. Pr. Dufr.
Astrologers, that future fates foreshew. Pope.
I never heard a finer satire against lawyers, than that of astro­
logers, when they pretend, by rules of art, to tell when a suit
will end, and whether to the advantage of the plaintiff or de­
fendant. Swift.
2. It was antiently used for one that understood or explained the
motions of the planets, without including prediction.
A worthy astrologer now living, who, by the help of perspec­
tive glasses, hath found in the stars many things unknown to
the ancients, affirms much to have been discovered in Venus.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

ASTROLO'GIAN. n. s.  [from astrology.] The same with astro­
loger.
The twelve houses of heaven, in the form which astrologians
use. Camden.
The stars, they say, cannot dispose,
No more than can the astrologian. Hudibras.

ASTROLO'GICAL. adj.  [from astrology.] Relating to astrology;
professing astrology.

ASTROLO'GICK. adj.  [from astrology.] Relating to astrology;
professing astrology.
Some seem a little astrological, as when they warn us from
places of malign influence. Wotton.
No astrologick wizard honour gains,
Who has not oft been banish'd, or in chains. Dryd. Juv.
Astrological prayers seem to me to be built on as good rea­
son as the predictions. Stillingfl. Def. of Disc. on R. Idol.
The poetical fables are more ancient than the astrological in­
fluences, that were not known to the Greeks till after Alexan­
der the Great. Bentley's Sermons.

ASTROLO'GICALLY. adv.  [from astrology.] In an astrological
manner.

To ASTRO'LOGIZE. v. n.  [from astrology.] To practise astro­
logy.

ASTRO'LOGY. n. s.  [astrologia, Lat.] The practice of fore­
telling things by the knowledge of the stars; an art now gene­
rally exploded, as without reason.
I know it hath been the opinion of the learned, who think
of the art of astrology, that the stars do not force the actions or
wills of men. Swift.

ASTRO'NOMER. n. s.  [from ἄϛϱον, a star, and νόμος, a rule or law.] 
He that studies the celestial motions, and the rules by which
they are governed.
The motions of factions under kings, ought to be like the
motions, as the astronomers speak of, in the inferiour orbs. Bacon.
The old and new astronomers in vain
Attempt the heav'nly motions to explain. Blackmore.
Since astronomers no longer doubt of the motion of the pla­
nets about the sun, it is fit to proceed upon that hypothesis.
Locke.

ASTRONO'MICAL. adj.  [from astronomy.] Belonging to astro­
nomy.

ASTRONO'MICK. adj.  [from astronomy.] Belonging to astro­
nomy.
Our forefathers marking certain mutations to happen in the
sun's progress through the zodiack, they registrate and set them
down in their astronomical canons. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Can he not pass an astronomick line,
Or does he dread th' imaginary sign,
That he should ne'er advance to either pole. Blackmore.

ASTRONO'MICALLY. adv.  [from astronomical.] In an astrono­
mical manner.

ASTRO'NOMY. n. s.  [ἀϛϱονομία, from ἄϛϱὸν, a star, and νόμος, a
law, or rule.] A mixed mathematical science teaching the
knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions,
distances, periods, eclipses, and order. The origin of astro­
nomy is uncertain; but from Egypt it travelled into Greece,
where Pythagoras was the first European who taught that the
earth and planets turn round the sun, which stands immoveable
in the center; as he himself had been instructed by the Egyp­
tian priests. From the time of Pythagoras, astronomy sunk in­
to neglect, till it was revived by the Ptolemys, kings of Egypt'
and the Saracens, after their conquest of that country, having
acquired some knowledge of it, brought it from Africa to Spain,
and again restored this science to Europe, where it has since re­
ceived very considerable improvements. Chambers.
To this must be added the understanding of the globes, and
the principles of geometry and astronomy. Cowley.

A'STROSCOPY. n. s.  [ἄϛὴϱ, a star, and σϰοπέω, to view.] Obser­
vation of the stars. Dict.

ASTRO-THEOLOGY. n. s.  [from >astrum, a star, and theologia, di­
vinity.] Divinity founded on the observation of the celestial
bodies.
That the diurnal and annual revolutions are the motions of
the terraqueous globe, not of the sun, I shew in the preface of
my Astro-Theology. Derham's Physico-Theology.

ASU'NDER. adv.  [asundran, Sax.] Apart; separately; not to­
gether.
Two indirect lines, the further that they are drawn out, the
further they go asunder. Spenser on Ireland.
Sense thinks the planets spheres not much asunder;
What tells us then their distance is so far. Sir J. Davies.
Greedy hope to find
His wish, and best advantage, us asunder. Paradise Lost, b. ix.
The fall'n archangel, envious of our state,
Seeks hid advantage to betray us worse;
Which, when asunder, will not prove too hard,
For both together are each other's guard. Dryd. State of Inn.
Born far asunder by the tides of men,
Like adamant and steel they meet agen. Dryd. Fables.
All this metallick matter, both that which continued asun­
der, and in single corpuscles, and that which was amassed and
concreted into nodules, subsided. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

ASY'LUM. n. s.  [Lat. ἄσυλον, from α, not, and συλέω, to pillage.] 
A place out of which he that has fled to it, may not be taken; a
sanctuary; a refuge.
So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an
asylum, or sanctuary. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ASY'MMETRY. n. s.  [from α, without, and συμμέτϱία, symmetry.] 
1. Contrariety to symmetry; disproportion.
The asymmetries of the brain, as well as the deformities of
the legs or face, may be rectified in time. Grew's Cosm. Sacra.
2. This term is sometimes used in mathematicks, for what is
more usually called incommensurability; when between two
quantities there is no common measure.

A'SYMPTOTE. n. s.  [from α, priv. σὺν, with, and πτόω, to fall;
which never meet; incoincident.] Asymptotes are right lines,
which approach nearer and nearer to some curve; but which,
though they and their curve were infinitely continued, would
never meet; and may be conceived as tangents to their curves
at an infinite distance. Chambers.
Asymptote lines, though they may approach still nearer toge­
ther, till they are nearer than the least assignable distance, yet,
being still produced infinitely, will never meet. Grew's Cosm.

ASYMPTO'TICAL. adj.  [from asymptote.] Curves are said to be
asymptotical, when they continually approach, without a possibi­
lity of meeting.

ASY'NDETON. n. s.  [ἀσύνδετον, of α, priv. and συνδέω, to bind to­
gether.] A figure in grammar, when a conjunction copula­
tive is omitted in a sentence; as in veni, vidi, vici, & is
left out.



AT

AT. prep.  [æt, Saxon.] 
1. At before a place, notes the nearness of the place; as, a man
is at the house before he is in it.
This custom continued among many, to say their prayers at
fountains. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Romish Idolatry.
To all you ladies now at land
We men at sea indite. Buckhurst.
2. At before a word signifying time, notes the coexistence of the
time with the event; the word time is sometimes included in
the adjective.
We thought it at the very first a sign of cold affection. Hooker.
How frequent to desert him, and at last
To heap ingratitude on worthiest deeds. Milt. Samp. Agon.
At the same time that the storm beats upon the whole spe­
cies, we are falling foul upon one another. Addison. Spect.
We made no efforts at all, where we could have most wea­
kened the common enemy, and, at the same time, enriched
ourselves. Swift.
3. At before a causal word signifies nearly the same as with.
At his touch,
Such sanctity hath heav'n giv'n his hand,
They presently amend. Shakesp. Macbeth.
O sir, when he shall hear of your approach,
If that young Arthur be not gone already,
Ev'n at this news he dies. Shakesp. King John.
Much at the sight was Adam in his heart
Dismay'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
High o'er their heads a moulding rock is plac'd,
That promises a fall, and shakes at ev'ry blast. Dryden.
4. At before a superlative adjective implies in the state, as at most,
in the state of most perfection, &c.


Consider any man as to his personal powers, they are not
great; for, at greatest, they must still be limited. South.
We bring into the world with us a poor needy uncertain life,
short at the longest, and unquiet at the best. Temple.
5. At before a person, is seldom used otherwise than ludicrously;
as, he longed to be at him, that is, to attack him.
6. At before a substantive sometimes signifies the particular con­
dition or circumstances of the person; as, at peace, in a state of
peace.
Under pardon,
You are much more at task for want of wisdom,
Than prais'd for harmful mildness. Shakesp. King Lear.
It bringeth the treasure of a realm into a few hands: for the
usurer being at certainties, and others at uncertainties, at the
the end of the game most of the money will be in the box. Bac.
Hence walk'd the fiend at large in spacious field. P. Lost.
The rest, for whom no lot is yet decreed,
May run in pastures, and at pleasure feed. Dryden's Virgil.
Deserted, at his utmost need,
By those his former bounty fed. Dryden's St. Cæcilia.
What hinder'd either in their native soil,
At ease to reap the harvest of their toil. Dryden's Fables.
Wise men are sometimes over-borne, when they are taken at
a disadvantage. Collier of Confidence.
These have been the maxims they have been guided by:
take these from them, and they are perfectly at a loss, their
compass and pole-star then are gone, and their understanding is
perfectly at a nonplus. Locke.
One man manages four horses at once, and leaps from the
back of another at full speed. Pope's Essay on Homer's Battles.
They will not let me be at quiet in my bed, but pursue me
to my very dreams. Swift.
7. At before a substantive sometimes marks employment or atten­
tion.
We find some arrived to that sottishness, as to own roundly
what they would be at. South.
How d'ye find yourself, says the doctor to his patient? A little
while after he is at it again, with a pray how d'ye find your
body? L'Estrange.
But she who well enough knew what,
Before he spoke, he would be at,
Pretended not to apprehend. Hudibras.
The creature's at his dirty work again. Pope.
8. At sometimes the same with furnished with, after the French a.
Infuse his breast with magnanimity,
And make him naked foil a man at arms. Shak. Henry VI.
9. At sometimes notes the place where any thing is, or acts.
Your husband is at hand, I hear his trumpet. Sh. M. of Ven.
He that in tracing the vessels began at the heart, though he
thought not at all of a circulation; yet made he the first true
step towards the discovery. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
There various news I heard, of love and strife,
Of storms at sea, and travels on the shore. Pope.
10. At sometimes signifies in consequence of.
Impeachments at the prosecution of the house of commons,
have received their determinations in the house of lords. Hale.
11. At marks sometimes the effect proceeding from an act.
Rest in this tomb, rais'd at thy husband's cost. Dryden.
Tom has been at the charge of a penny upon this occasion.
Addison. Spectator, No 482.
Those may be of use to confirm by authority, what they will
not be at the trouble to deduce by reasoning. Arbuth. on Alim.
12. At sometimes is nearly the same as in, noting situation.
She hath been known to come at the head of these rascals,
and beat her lover. Swift.
13. At sometimes marks the occasion, like on.
Others, with more helpful care,
Cry'd out aloud, Beware, brave youth, beware!
At this he turn'd, and, as the bull drew near,
Shunn'd, and receiv'd him on his pointed spear. Dryden.
14. At sometimes seems to signify in the power of, or obedient to.
But thou of all the kings, Jove's care below,
Art least at my command, and most my foe. Dryd. Iliad.
15. At sometimes notes the relation of a man to an action.
To make pleasure the vehicle of health, is a doctor at it in
good earnest. Collier of Friendship.
16. At sometimes imports the manner of an action.
One warms you by degrees, the other sets you on fire all at
once, and never intermits his heat. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Not with less ruin than the Bajan mole,
At once comes tumbling down. Dryden's Æneid.
17. At, like the French chez, means sometimes application to, or
dependence on.
The worst authors might endeavour to please us, and in that
endeavour deserve something at our hands. Pope.
18. At all. In any manner; in any degree.
Nothing more true than what you once let fall,
Most women have no characters at all. Pope.



ATA

A'TABAL. n. s.  A kind of tabour used by the Moors.
Children shall beat our atabals and drums,
And all the noisy trades of war no more
Shall wake the peaceful morn. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

ATARA'XIA. n. s.  [ἀταϱαξία.] Exemption from vexation;
tranquillity.

A'TARAXY. n. s.  [ἀταϱαξία.] Exemption from vexation;
tranquillity.
The scepticks affected an indifferent equiponderous neutra­
lity, as the only means to their ataraxia, and freedom from pas­
sionate disturbances. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

ATE.  The preterite of eat. See To EAT.
And by his side, his steed the grassy forage ate. Fairy Q.
Even our first parents ate themselves out of paradise; and
Job's children junketted and feasted together often. South.



ATH

ATHA'NOR. n. s.  [a chymical term, borrowed from ἀϑάνατος;
or, as others think, תכוד.] A digesting furnace, to keep heat
for some time; so that it may be augmented or diminished at
pleasure, by opening or shutting some apertures made on pur­
pose with sliders over them, called registers. Quincy.

A'THEISM. n. s.  [from atheist. It is only of two syllables in poe­
try.] The disbelief of a God.
God never wrought miracles to convince atheism, because
his ordinary works convince it. Bacon's Essays.
It is the common interest of mankind, to punish all those who
would seduce men to atheism. Tillotson.

A'THEIST. n. s.  [ἄϑεος, without God.] One that denies the
existence of God.
To these, that sober race of men, whose lives
Religious, titled them the sons of God,
Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame,
Ignobly! to the trains, and to the smiles
Of these fair atheists. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Though he were really a speculative atheist, yet if he would
but proceed rationally, he could not however be a practical
atheist, nor live without God in this world. South.
Atheist, use thine eyes,
And having view'd the order of the skies,
Think, if thou canst, that matter blindly hurl'd,
Without a guide, should frame this wond'rous world. Creech.
No atheist, as such, can be a true friend, an affectionate re­
lation, or a loyal subject. Bentley's Sermons.

ATHEIST. adj.  Atheistical; denying God.
Nor stood unmindful Abdiel to annoy
The atheist crew. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

ATHEI'STICAL. adj.  [from atheist.] Given to atheism; im­
pious.
Men are atheistical, because they are first vicious; and ques­
tion the truth of christianity, because they hate the practice.
South.

ATHEI'STICALLY. adv.  [from atheistical.] In an atheistical
manner.
Is it not enormous, that a divine, hearing a great sinner talk
atheistically, and scoff profanely at religion, should, instead of
vindicating the truth, tacitely approve the scoffer. South.
I entreat such as are atheistically inclined, to consider these
things. Tillotson.

ATHEI'STICALNESS. n. s.  [from atheistical.] The quality of
being atheistical.
Lord, purge out of all hearts profaneness and atheisticalness.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

ATHEI'STICK. adj.  [from atheist.] Given to atheism.
This argument demonstrated the existence of a Deity, and
convinced all atheistick gainsayers. Ray on the Creation.

A'THEL, ATHELING, ADEL, and ÆTHEL.  [from adel, noble,
Germ.] So Æthelred is noble for counsel; Æthelard, a noble ge­
nius; Æthelbert, eminently noble; Æthelward, a noble protector.
Gibson's Camden.

A'THEOUS. adj.  [ἄϑεος.] Atheistick; godless.
Thy Father, who is holy, wise, and pure,
Suffers the hypocrite, or atheous priest,
To tread his sacred courts. Paradise Regained, b. i.

ATHERO'MA. n. s.  [ἀϑέϱωμα, from ἄϑεϱα, pap or pulse.] A spe­
cies of wen, which neither causes pain, discolours the skin, nor
yields easily to the touch.
If the matter forming them, resembles milk curds, the tu­
mour is called atheroma; if it be like honey, meliceris; and
if composed of fat, or a suety substance, steatoma. Sharp.

ATHERO'MATOUS. adj.  [from atheroma.] Having the qualities
of an atheroma, or curdy wen.
Feeling the matter fluctuating, I thought it atheromatous.
Wiseman's Surgery.

ATHI'RST. adv.  [from a and thirst.] Thirsty; in want of drink,
With scanty measure then supply their food;
And, when athirst, restrain 'em from the flood. Dryden.

ATHLE'TICK. adj.  [from athleta, Lat. ἀϑλητὴς, a wrestler.] 
1. Belonging to wrestling.
2. Strong of body; vigorous; lusty; robust.
Seldom shall one see in rich families that athletick soundness
and vigour of constitution, which is seen in cottages, where
nature is cook, and necessity caterer. South.
Science distinguishes a man of honour from one of those
athletick brutes, whom undeservedly we call heroes. Dryden.

ATHWA'RT. prep.  [from a and thwart.] 
1. Across; transverse to any thing.
Themistocles made Xerxes post out of Grecia, by giving
out a purpose to break his bridge athwart the Hellespont.
Bacon's Essays.


Execrable shape!
That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance
Thy miscreated front athwart my way. Parad. Lost, b. ii.
2. Through.
Now, athwart the terrors that thy vow
Has planted round thee, thou appear'st more fair. Add. Cato.

ATHW'ART. adv. 1. In a manner vexatious and perplexing; crossly.
All athwart there came
A post from Wales, loaden with heavy news. Sh. Hen. IV.
2. Wrong.
The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart
Goes all decorum. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

ATI'LT. adv.  [from a and tilt.] 
1. In the manner of a tilter; with the action of a man making
a thrust at an antagonist.
In the city Tours,
Thou ran'st atilt, in honour of my love,
And stol'st away the ladies hearts from France. Sh. Hen. VI.
To run atilt at men, and wield
Their naked tools in open field. Hudibras, p. i. c. i.
2. In the posture of a barrel raised or tilted behind, to make it
run out
Such a man is always atilt; his favours come hardly from
him. Spectator.

A'TLAS. n. s. 1. A collection of maps, so called probably from a picture of
Atlas supporting the heavens, prefixed to some collection.
2. A large square folio; so called from these folios, which, con­
taining maps, were made large and square.
3. Sometimes the supporters of a building.
4. A rich kind of silk or stuff made for women's cloaths.
I have the conveniency of buying Dutch atlasses with gold
and silver, or without. Spectator, No 288.

A'TMOSPHERE. n. s.  [ἄτμος, vapour, and σφαῖϱα, a sphere.] 
The exteriour part of this our habitable world is the air, or
atmosphere; a light, thin, fluid, or springy body, that encom­
passes the solid earth on all sides. Locke.
It is generally supposed to be about forty-five miles high.
Immense the whole excited atmosphere
Impetuous rushes o'er the sounding world. Thomson's Aut.

ATMOSPHE'RICAL. adj.  [from atmosphere.] Consisting of the
atmosphere; belonging to the atmosphere.
We did not mention the weight of the incumbent atmosphe­
rical cylinder, as a part of the weight resisted. Boyle.



ATO

A'TOM. n. s.  [atomus, Lat. ἄτομος.] 
1. Such a small particle as cannot be physically divided: and these
are the first rudiments, or the component parts of all bodies. Quin.
Innumerable minute bodies are called atoms, because, by rea­
son of their perfect solidity, they were really indivisible. Ray.
See plastick nature working to this end,
The single atoms each to other tend,
Attract, attracted to, the next in place,
Form'd and impell'd its neighbour to embrace. Pope.
2. Any thing extremely small.
It is as easy to count atoms, as to resolve the propositions of
a lover. Shakesp. As you like it.

ATO'MICAL. adj.  [from atom.] 
1. Consisting of atoms.
Vitrified and pellucid bodies are clearer in their continuities,
than in powders and atomical divisions. Brown's Vulgar Err.
2. Relating to atoms.
Vacuum is another principal doctrine of the atomical philo­
sophy. Bentley's Sermons.

A'TOMIST. n. s.  [from atom.] One that holds the atomical phi­
losophy, or doctrine of atoms.
The atomists, who define motion to be a passage from one
place to another, what do they more than put one synonymous
word for another? Locke.
Now can judicious atomists conceive,
Chance to the sun could his just impulse give? Blackmore.

A'TOMY. n. s.  An obsolete word for atom.
Drawn with a team of little atomies,
Athwart men's noses, as they be asleep. Shak. Rom. and Jul.

To ATO'NE. v. n.  [from at one, as the etymologists remark,
to be at one, is the same as to be in concord. This derivation is
much confirmed by the following passage.] 
1. To agree; to accord.
He and Aufidus can no more atone,
Than violentest contrariety. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To stand as an equivalent for something; and particularly used
of expiatory sacrifices; with the particle for before the thing
for which something else is given.
From a mean stock the pious Decii came;
Yet such their virtues, that their loss alone,
For Rome and all our legions did atone. Dryden's Juvenal.
The good intention of a man of weight and worth, or a real
friend, seldom atones for the uneasiness produced by his grave
representations. Locke.
Let thy sublime meridian course
For Mary's setting rays atone:
Our lustre; with redoubl'd force,
Must now proceed from thee alone. Prior.
His virgin sword Ægysthus' veins imbru'd;
The murd'rer fell, and blood aton'd for blood. Pope's Odys.

To ATO'NE. v. a.  To expiate; to answer for.
Soon should yon' boasters cease their haughty strife,
Or each atone his guilty love with life. Pope's Odyssey.

ATO'NEMENT. n. s.  [from atone.] 
1. Agreement; concord.
He seeks to make atonement
Between the duke of Glo'ster and your brothers. Sh. R. III.
2. Expiation; expiatory equivalent; with for.
And the Levites were purified, and they washed their cloaths:
and Aaron offered them as an offering before the Lord; and
Aaron made an atonement for them to cleanse them. Num. viii. 21.
Surely it is not a sufficient atonement for the writers, that they
profess loyalty to the government, and sprinkle some arguments
in favour of the dissenters, and, under the shelter of popular
politicks and religion, undermine the foundations of all piety
and virtue. Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of England man.

ATO'P. adv.  [from a and top.] On the top; at the top.
Atop whereof, but far more rich, appear'd
The work as of a kingly palace-gate. Par. Lost, b. iii.
What is extracted by water from coffee is the oil, which
often swims atop of the decection. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ATRABILA'RIAN. adj.  [from atra bilis, black choler.] Melan­
choly; replete with black choler.
The atrabilarian constitution, or a black, viscous, pitchy
consistence of the fluids, makes all secretions difficult and spar­
ing. Arbuthnot on Diet.

ATRABILA'RIOUS. adj.  [from atra bilis, black choler.] Melan­
cholick.
The blood, deprived of its due proportion of serum, or
finer and more volatile parts, is atrabilarious; whereby it is
rendered gross, black, unctuous, and earthy. Quincy.
From this black adust state of the blood, they are atrabila­
rious. Arbuthnot on Air.

ATRABILA'RIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from atrabilarious.] The state of
being melancholy; repletion with melancholy.

ATRAME'NTAL. adj.  [from atramentum, ink. Lat.] Inky; black.
If we enquire in what part of vitriol this atramental and de­
nigrating condition lodgeth, it will seem especially to lie in the
more fixed salt thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

ATRAME'NTOUS. adj.  [from atramentum, ink, Lat.] Inky; black.
I am not satisfied, that those black and atramentous spots,
which seem to represent them, are ocular. Brown's Vulg. Err.

ATRO'CIOUS. adj.  [atrox, Lat.] Wicked in a high degree;
enormous; horribly criminal.
An advocate is necessary, and therefore audience ought not
to be denied him in defending causes, unless it be an atrocious
offence. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ATRO'CIOUSLY. adv.  [from atrocious.] In an atrocious man­
ner; with great wickedness.

ATRO'CIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from atrocious.] The quality of being
enormously criminal.

ATRO'CITY. n. s.  [atrocitas, Lat.] Horrible wickedness; excess
of wickedness.
I never recall it to mind, without a deep astonishment of the
very horrour and atrocity of the fact in a christian court. Wotton.
They desired justice might be done upon offenders, as the
atrocity of their crimes deserved. Clarendon.

A'TROPHY. n. s.  [ἄτϱοφὶα.] Want of nourishment; a disease in
which what is taken at the mouth cannot contribute to the sup­
port of the body.
Pining atrophy,
Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence. Par. Lost, b. xi.
The mouths of the lacteals may be shut up by a viscid mucus,
in which case the chyle passeth by stool, and the person falleth
into an atrophy. Arbuthnot on Aliments.



ATT

To ATTA'CH. v. a.  [attacher, Fr.] 
1. To arrest; to take or apprehend by commandment or writ.
Cowel.
Eftsoons the guard, which on his state did wait,
Attach'd that traitor false, and bound him strait. Fairy Q.
The Tower was chosen, that if Clifford should accuse great
ones, they might, without suspicion or noise, be presently at­
tached. Bacon's Henry VII.
Bohemia greets you,
Desires you to attach his son, who has
His dignity and duty both cast off. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. Sometimes with the particle of, but not in present use.
You. lord archbishop, and you, lord Mowbray,
Of capital treason I attach you both. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. To seize.
France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
Our merchants goods at Bourdeaux. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. To lay hold on.
I cannot blame thee,
Who am myself attach'd with weariness,
To th' dulling of my spirits. Shakesp. Tempest.
5. To win; to gain over; to enamour.
Songs, garlands, flow'rs,
And charming symphonies, attach'd the heart
Of Adam. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.


6. To fix to one's interest.
The great and rich depend on those whom their power or
their wealth attaches to them. Rogers.

ATTA'CHMENT. n. s.  [attachment, Fr.] 
1. Adherence; attention; regard.
The Jews are remarkable for an attachment to their own
country. Addison. Freeholder, No 5.
The Romans burnt this last fleet, which is another mark of
their small attachment to the sea. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. An apprehension of a man to bring him to answer an action;
and sometimes it extends to his moveables.
3. Foreign attachment, is the attachment of a foreigner's goods
found within a city, to satisfy creditors within a city.

To ATTA'CK. v. a.  [attaquer, Fr.] 
1. To assault an enemy; opposed to defence.
The front, the rear
Attack, while Yvo thunders in the center. A. Philips's Briton.
Those that attack, generally get the victory, though with
disadvantage of ground. Cane's Campaigns.
2. To impugn in any manner, as with satire, confutation, ca­
lumny; as, the declaimer attacked the reputation of his adver­
saries.

ATTA'CK. n. s.  [from the verb.] An assault upon an enemy.
Hector opposes, and continues the attack; in which, after
many actions, Sarpedon makes the first breach in the wall.
Pope's Iliad, argum. b. xii.
If appriz'd of the severe attack,
The country be shut up. Thomson.
I own 'twas wrong, when thousands call'd me back,
To make that hopeless, ill-advis'd attack. Young.

ATTA'CKER. n. s.  [from attack.] The person that attacks.

To ATTA'IN. v. a.  [atteindre, Fr. attineo, Lat.] 
1. To gain; to procure; to obtain.
Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high; I can­
not attain unto it. Ps. cxxxix. 6.
Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means,
nay by means that are quite contrary to it? Tillotson.
2. To overtake; to come up with: a sense now little in use.
The earl hoping to have overtaken the Scottish king, and to
have given him battle; but not attaining him in time, set down
before the castle of Aton. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. To come to; to enter upon.
Canaan he now attains; I see his tents
Pitch'd above Sichem. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
4. To reach to equal.
So the first precedent, if it be good, is seldom attained by
imitation. Bacon's Essays.
To have knowledge in most objects of contemplation, is
what the mind of one man can hardly attain unto. Locke.

To ATTA'IN. v. n. 1. To come to a certain state.
Milk will soon separate itself into a cream, and a more serous
liquor, which, after twelve days, attains to the highest degree
of acidity. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To arrive at.

ATTA'IN. n. s.  [from the verb.] The thing attained; attain­
ment: a word notin use.
Crowns and diadems, the most splendid terrene attains, are
akin to that which to-day is in the field, and to-morrow is cut
down. Glanville's Scepsis.

ATTA'INABLE. adj.  [from attain.] That which may be at­
tained; procurable.
He wilfully neglects the obtaining unspeakable good, which
he is persuaded is certain and attainable. Tillotson.
None was proposed that appeared certainly attainable, or of
value enough. Rogers.

ATTA'INABLENESS. n. s.  [from attainable.] The quality of be­
ing attainable.
Persons become often enamoured of outward beauty, with­
out any particular knowledge of its possessor, or its attainable­
ness by them. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

ATTA'INDER. n. s.  [from to attaint.] 
1. The act of attaining in law; conviction of a crime. See To
ATTAINT.
The ends in calling a parliament were chiefly to have the
attainders of all of his party reversed; and, on the other side,
to attaint by parliament his enemies. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. Taint.
So smooth he daub'd his vice with show of virtue,
He liv'd from all attainder of suspect. Shakesp. Richard III.

ATTA'INMENT. n. s.  [from attain.] 
1. That which is attained; acquisition.
We dispute with men that count it a great attainment to be
able to talk much, and little to the purpose. Glanville's Scepsis.
Our attainments are mean, compared with the perfection of
the universe. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii.
2. The act or power of attaining.
The Scripture must be sufficient to imprint in us the charac­
ter of all things necessary for the attainment of central life.
Hooker, b. v.
Education in extent, more large, of time shorter, and of at­
tainment more certain. Milton on Education.
Government is an art above the attainment of an ordinary
genius. South.
If the same actions be the instruments, both of acquiring
fame and procuring this happiness, they would nevertheless fail
in the attainment of this last end, if they proceeded from a de­
sire of the first. Addison. Spectator, No 257.
The great care of God for our salvation must appear in the
concern he expressed for our attainment of it. Rogers.

To ATTA'INT. v. a.  [attenter, Fr.] 
1. To attaint is particularly used for such as are sound guilty of
some crime or offence, and especially of selony or treason. A
man is attainted two ways, by appearance, or by process. At­
tainder by appearance is by confession, battle, or verdict. Con­
fession is double; one at the bar before the judges, when the
prisoner, upon his indictment read, being asked guilty or not
guilty, answers guilty, never putting himself upon the verdict
of the jury. The other is before the coroner in sanctuary,
where he, upon his confession, was in former times constrained
to abjure the realm; which kind is called attainder by abjura­
tion. Attainder by battle is, when the party appealed, and
choosing to try the truth by combat rather than by jury, is van­
quished. Attainder by verdict is, when the prisoner at the
bar, answering to the indictment not guilty, hath an inquest of
life and death passing upon him, and is by the verdict pro­
nounced guilty. Attainder by process is, where a party flies,
and is not found till five times called publickly in the county,
and at last outlawed upon his default. Cowel.
Were it not an endless trouble, that no traitor or selon should
be attainted, but a parliament must be called. Spenser on Ireland.
I must offend before I be attainted. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
2. To taint; to corrupt.
My tender youth was never yet attaint
Wish any passion of inflaming love. Shakesp. Henry VI.

ATTA'INT. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. Any thing injurious, as illness, weariness. This sense is now
obsolete.
Nor doth he dedicate one jot of colour
Unto the weary and all-watched night;
But freshly looks, and overbears attaint
With chearful semblance. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. Stain; spot; taint.
No man hath a virtue that he has not a glimpse of; nor any
man an attaint, but he carries some stain of it.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
3. In horsemanship. A blow or wound on the hinder feet of an
horse. Farrier's Dict.

ATTA'INTURE. n. s.  [from attaint.] Reproach; imputation.
Hume's knavery will be the duchess's wreck,
And her attainture will be Humphry's fall.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.

To ATTA'MINATE. v. a.  [attamino, Lat.] To corrupt; to
spoil.

To ATTE'MPER. v. a.  [attempero, Lat.] 
1. To mingle; to weaken by the mixture of something else; to
dilute.
Nobility attempers sovereignty, and draws the eyes of the
people somewhat aside from the line royal. Bacon's Essays.
Attemper'd suns arise,
Sweet-beam'd, and shedding oft thro' lucid clouds
A pleasing calm. Thomson's Summer.
2. To regulate; to soften.
His early providence could likewise have attempered his na­
ture therein. Bacon's Henry VII.
Those smiling eyes, attemp'ring ev'ry ray,
Shone sweetly lambent with celestial day. Pope's El. to Abel.
3. To mix in just proportions.
Alma, like a virgin queen most bright,
And to her guests doth bounteous banquet dight,
Attemper'd, goodly, well for health and for delight. F. Queens.
4. To fit to something else.
Phemius! let arts of gods and heroes old,
Attemper'd to the lyre, your voice employ. Pope's Odyssey.

To ATTE'MPERATE. v. a.  [attempero, Lat.] To proportion to
something.
Hope must be proportioned and attemperate to the promise;
if it exceed that temper and proportion, it becomes a tumour
and tympany of hope. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.

To ATTE'MPT. v. a.  [attenter, Fr.] 
1. To attack; to invade; to venture upon.
He flatt'ring his displeasure,
Tript me behind, got praises of the king,
For him attempting who was self-subdu'd. Shak. K. Lear.
Who, in all things wise and just,
Hinder'd not Satan to attempt the mind
Of man; with strength entire, and free-will, arm'd.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
I have been so hardy to attempt upon a name, which among
some is yet very sacred. Glanville's Scepsis, Preface.
2. To try; to endeavour.
I have nevertheless attempted to send unto you, for the renew­
ing of brotherhood and friendship. 1 Macc. xii. 17.



ATTE'MPT. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. An attack.
If we be always prepared to receive an enemy, we shall long
live in peace and quietness, without any attempts upon us. Bacon.
2. An essay; an endeavour.
Alack! I am afraid, they have awak'd;
And 'tis not done, th' attempt, and not the deed,
Confounds us. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He would have cry'd; but hoping that he dreamt,
Amazement ty'd his tongue, and stopp'd th' attempt. Dryd.
I subjoin the following attempt towards a natural history of
fossils. Woodward on Fossils.

ATTE'MPTABLE. adj.  [from attempt.] Liable to attempts or
attacks.
The gentleman vouching his to be more fair, virtuous, wise,
and less attemptable than the rarest of our ladies. Shak. Cymbel.

ATTE'MPTER. n. s.  [from attempt.] 
1. The person that attempts; an invader.
The Son of God, with godlike force endu'd
Against th' attempter of thy Father's throne. Par. Lost, b. iv.
2. An endeavourer.
You are no factors for glory or treasure, but disinterested
attempters for the universal good. Glanville's Sceps. Scientifica.

To ATTE'ND. v. a.  [attendre, Fr. attendo, Lat.] 
1. To regard; to fix the mind upon.
The crow doth sing as sweetly as the stork,
When neither is attended. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
2. To wait on; to accompany as an inferiour.
His companion, youthful Valentine,
Attends the emperour in his royal court. Sh. T. Gent. of Ver.
3. To accompany as an enemy.
He was at present strong enough to have stopped or attended
Walter in his western expedition. Clarendon, b. viii.
4. To be present with, upon a summons.
If any minister refused to admit a lecturer recommended by
him, he was required to attend upon the committee, and not
discharged till the houses met again. Clarendon.
5. To accompany; to be appendant to.
England is so idly king'd,
Her sceptre so fantastically born,
That fear attends her not. Shakesp. Henry V.
My pray'rs and wishes always shall attend
The friends of Rome. Addison's Cato.
A vehement, burning, fixed, pungent pain in the stomach,
attended with a fever. Arbuthnot on Diet.
6. To expect. This sense is French.
So dreadful a tempest, as all the people attended therein the
very end of the world, and judgment-day. Raleigh's Hist.
7. To wait on, as on a charge.
The fifth had charge sick persons to attend,
And comfort those in point of death which lay. Fairy Q.
8. To be consequent to.
The duke made that unfortunate descent upon Rhée, which
was afterwards attended with many unprosperous attempts. Clar.
9. To remain to; to await; to be in store for.
To him, who hath a prospect of the state that attends all men
after this, the measures of good and evil are changed. Locke.
10. To wait for insidiously.
Thy interpreter, full of despight, bloody as the hunter, at­
tends thee at the orchard end. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
11. To be bent upon any object.
Their hunger thus appeas'd, their care attends
The doubtful fortune of their absent friends. Dryd. Virgil.
12. To stay for.
I died whilst in the womb he staid,
Attending nature's law. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I hasten to our own; nor will relate
Great Mithridates, and rich Crœsus' fate;
Whom Solon wisely counseil'd to attend
The name of happy, till he knew his end. Dryden's Juv.

To ATTE'ND. v. n. 1. To yield attention.
But, thy relation now! for I attend,
Pleas'd with thy words. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
Since man cannot at the same time attend to two objects, if
you employ your spirit upon a book or a bodily labour, you
have no room left for sensual temptation. Taylor's Holy Living.
2. To stay; to delay.
This first true cause, and last good end,
She cannot here so well, and truly see;
For this perfection she must yet attend,
Till to her Maker she espoused be. Sir J. Davies.
Plant anemonies after the first rains, if you will have flowers
very forward; but it is surer to attend till October, or the
month after. Evelyn's Kalendar.

ATTE'NDANCE. n. s.  [attendance, Fr.] 
1. The act of waiting on another; or of serving.
I dance attendance here,
I think the duke will not be spoke withal. Shakesp. R. III.
For he, of whom these things are spoken, pertaineth to
another tribe, of which no man gave attendance at the al­
tar. Heb. vii. 13.
The other, after many years attendance upon the duke, was
now one of the bedchamber to the prince. Clarendon.
2. Service.
Why might not you, my lord, receive attendance
From those that she calls servants? Shakesp. King Lear.
3. The persons waiting; a train.
Attendance none shall need, nor train; where none
Are to behold the judgment, but the judg'd,
Those two. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 80.
4. Attention; regard.
Give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to doctrine.
1 Tim. iv. 13.
5. Expectation; a sense now out of use.
That which causeth bitterness in death, is the languishing
attendance and expectation thereof ere it come. Hooker, b. i.

ATTE'NDANT. adj.  [attendant, Fr.] Accompanying as subor­
dinate.
Other suns, perhaps,
With their attendant moons, thou wilt descry,
Communicating male and female light. Par. Lost, b. viii.

ATTE'NDANT. n. s. 1. One that attends.
I will be returned forthwith; dismiss your attendant there;
look it be done. Shakesp. Othello.
2. One that belongs to the train.
When some gracious monarch dies,
Soft whispers first and mournful murmurs rise
Among the sad attendants. Dryden.
3. One that waits the pleasure of another, as a suitor or agent.
I endeavour that my reader may not wait long for my
meaning: to give an attendant quick dispatch is a civility.
Burnet's Theory, Preface.
4. One that is present at any thing.
He was a constant attendant at all meetings relating to cha­
rity, without contributing. Swift's Fates of Clergymen.
5. In law. One that oweth a duty or service to another; or,
after a sort, dependeth upon another. Cowel.
6. That which is united with another; a concomitant; a con­
sequent.
Beware,
And govern well thy appetite, lest sin
Surprize thee, and her black attendant, death. Par. L. b. vii.
They secure themselves first from doing nothing, and then
from doing ill; the one being so close an attendant on the
other, that it is scarce possible to sever them. Decay of Piety.
He had an unlimited sense of fame, the attendant of noble
spirits, which prompted him to engage in travels. Pop. Ess. on H.
It is hard to take into view all the attendants or consequents
that will be concerned in the determination of a question.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

ATTE'NDER. n. s.  [from attend.] Companion; associate.
The gypsies were there,
Like lords to appear,
With such their attenders,
As you thought offenders. Ben Johnson's Gypsies.

ATT'ENT. adj.  [attentus, Lat.] Intent; attentive; heedful;
regardful.
Now mine eyes shall be open, and mine ears attent unto the
prayer that is made in this place. 2 Chron. vii. 15.
What can then be less in me than desire,
To see thee, and approach thee, whom I know,
Declar'd the Son of God, to hear attent
Thy wisdom, and behold thy godlike deeds. Par. Regained.
Read your chapter in your prayers; little interruptions will
make your prayers less tedious, and yourself more attent upon
them. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
To want of judging abilities, we may add their want of
leisure to apply their minds to such a serious and attent conside­
ration. South.
Being denied communication by their ear, their eyes are
more vigilant, attent, and heedful. Holder's El. of Speech.

A'TTENTATES. n. s.  [attentata, Lat.] Proceedings in a court
of judicature, pending suit, and after an inhibition is decreed
and gone out; those things which are done after an extraju­
dicial appeal, may likewise be stiled attentates. Ayliff. Par.

ATTE'NTION. n. s.  [attention, Fr.] The act of attending or
heeding; the act of bending the mind upon any thing.
They say the tongues of dying men
Inforce attention like deep harmony. Shakesp. Richard II.
He perceived nothing but silence, and signs of attention to
what he would further say. Bacon's Holy War.
But him the gentle angel by the hand
Soon rais'd, and his attention thus recall'd. Par. Lost, b. xi.
By attention the ideas, that offer themselves, are taken notice
of, and, as it were, registered in the memory. Locke.
Attention is a very necessary thing; truth doth not always
strike the soul at first sight. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

ATTE'NTIVE. adj.  [from attent.] Heedful; regardful; full of
attention.
Being moved with these and the like your effectual dis­
courses, whereunto we gave most attentive ear, till they entered
even unto our souls. Hooker, Preface.


I'm never merry when I hear sweet musick.
— The reason is, your spirits are attentive. Sh. M. of Venice.
I saw most of them attentive to three Sirens, distinguished by
the names of Sloth, Ignorance, and Pleasure. Tatler, No 81.
A critick is a man who, on all occasions, is more attentive to
what is wanting than what is present. Addison. Guardian.
Musick's force can tame the furious beast;
Can make the wolf, or foaming boar, restrain
His rage; the lion drop his crested main,
Attentive to the song. Prior.

ATTE'NTIVELY. adv.  [from attentive.] Heedfully; carefully.
If a man look sharply and attentively, he shall see Fortune;
for though she be blind, she is not invisible. Bacon.
The cause of cold is a quick spirit in a cold body; as will
appear to any that shall attentively consider of nature. Bacon.

ATTE'NTIVENESS. n. s.  [from attentive.] The state of being
attentive; heedfulness; attention.
At the relation of the queen's death, bravely confessed and
lamented by the king, how attentiveness wounded his daughter.
Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

ATTE'NUANT. adj.  [attenuans, Lat.] What has the power of
making thin, or diluting.

To ATTE'NUATE. v. a.  [attenuo, Lat.] To make thin, or
slender.
The finer part belonging to the juice of grapes, being atte­
nuated and subtilized, was changed into an ardent spirit. Boyle.
Vinegar curd, put upon an egg, not only dissolves the shell,
but also attenuates the white contained in it into a limpid water.
Wiseman's Surgery.
It is of the nature of acids to dissolve or attenuate, and of
alkalies to precipitate or incrassate. Newton's Opticks.
The ingredients are digested and attenuated by heat; they
are stirred and constantly agitated by winds. Arbuth. on Air.

ATTE'NUATE. adj.  [from the verb.] Made thin, or slender.
Vivification ever consisteth in spirits attenuate, which the
cold doth congeal and coagulate. Bacon's Natural History.

ATTENUA'TION. n. s.  [from attenuate.] The act of making
any thing thin or slender; lessening.
Chiming with a hammer upon the outside of a bell, the sound
will be according to the inward concave of the bell; whereas
the elision or attenuation of the air, can be only between the
hammer and the outside of the bell. Bacon's Nat. History.

A'TTER. n. s.  [ater, Sax. venom.] Corrupt matter. A word
much used in Lincolnshire. Skinner.

To ATTE'ST. v. a.  [attestor, Lat.] 
1. To bear witness of; to witness.
Many particular facts are recorded in holy writ, attested by
particular pagan authors. Addison on the Christian Religion.
2. To call to witness; to invoke as conscious.
The sacred streams, which heav'n's imperial state
Attests in oaths, and fears to violate. Dryden's Æneid.

ATTE'ST. n. s.  [from the verb.] Witness; testimony; at­
testation.
With the voice divine
Nigh thunderstruck, th' exalted man, to whom
Such high attest was giv'n, a while survey'd
With wonder. Paradise Regained, b. i.

ATTESTA'TION. n. s.  [from attest.] Testimony; witness; evi­
dence.
There remains a second kind of peremptoriness, of those
who can make no relation without an attestation of its cer­
tainty. Government of the Tongue.
The next coal-pit, mine, quarry, or chalk-pit, will give at­
testation to what I write, these are so obvious that I need not
seek for a compurgator. Woodward's Nat. History.
We may derive a probability from the attestation of wise and
honest men by word or writing, or the concurring witness of
multitudes who have seen and known what they relate. Watts.

ATTI'GUOUS. adj.  [attiguus, Lat.] Hard by; adjoining. Dict.

To ATTI'NGE. v. a.  [attingo, Lat.] To touch lightly or gently.
Dict.

To ATTI'RE. v. a.  [attirer, Fr.] To dress; to habit; to ar­
ray.
Let it likewise your gentle breast inspire
With sweet infusion, and put you in mind
Of that proud maid, whom now those leaves attire,
Proud Daphne. Spenser, Sonnet xxxvii.
My Nan shall be the queen of all the fairies;
Finely attired in a robe of white. Shakesp. M. W. of Winds.
With the linen mitre shall he be attired. Lev. xvi. 4.
Now the sappy boughs
Attire themselves with blooms. Philips.

ATTI'RE. n. s.  [from the verb.] 
1. Clothes; dress; habit.
It is no more disgrace to Scripture to have left things free to
be ordered by the church, than for nature to have left it to the
wit of man to devise his own attire. Hooker, b. iii.
After that the Roman attire grew to be in account, and the
gown to be in use among them. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
Thy sumptuous buildings, and thy wife's attire,
Hath cost a mass of publick treasury.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
And in this coarse attire, which I now wear,
With God and with the Muses I confer. Donne.
When lavish nature, with her best attire,
Cloaths the gay spring, the season of desire. Waller.
I pass their form, and ev'ry charming grace,
But their attire, like liveries of a kind,
All rich and rare, is fresh within my mind. Dryd.
2. In hunting. The horns of a buck or stag.
3. In botany. The flower of a plant is divided into three parts,
the empalement, the foliation, and the attire, which is either
florid or semiform. Florid attire, called thrums or suits, as in
the flowers of marigold and tansey, consist sometimes of two,
but commonly of three parts. The outer part is the floret,
the body of which is divided at the top, like the cowslip flower,
into five distinct parts. Semiform attire consists of two parts,
the chives and apices; one upon each attire. Dict.

ATTI'RER. n. s.  [from attire.] One that attires another; a
dresser. Dict.

A'TTITUDE. n. s.  [attitude, Fr. from atto, Ital.] The posture
or action in which a statue or painted figure is placed.
Bernini would have taken his opinion upon the beauty and
attitude of a figure. Prior's Dedication.
They were famous originals that gave rise to statues, with
the same air, posture, and attitudes. Addison.

ATTO'LLENT. adj.  [attollens, Lat.] That which raises or lifts up.
I shall farther take notice of the exquisite libration of the
attollent and depriment muscles. Derham's Physico-Theology.

ATTO'RNEY. n. s.  [attornatus, low Lat. from tour, Fr. Celui qui
vient à tour d'autrui; qui alterius vices subit.] 
1. Such a person as by consent, commandment, or request, takes
heed, sees, and takes upon him the charge of other men's busi­
ness, in their absence. Attorney is either general or special;
Attorney general is he that by general authority is appointed to
all our affairs or suits; as the attorney general of the king, which
is nearly the same with Procurator Cæsaris in the Roman em­
pire. Attorneys general are made either by the king's letters
patent, or by our appointment before justices in eyre, in open
court. Attorney special or particular, is he that is employed in
one or more causes particularly specified. There are also, in
respect of the divers courts, attorneys at large, and attorneys spe­
cial, belonging to this or that court only. Cowel.
Attorneys in common law, are nearly the same with proctors
in the civil law, and solicitors in courts of equity. Attorneys
sue out writs or process, or commence, carry on, and defend
actions, or other proceedings, in the names of other persons,
in the courts of common law. None are admitted to act
without having served a clerkship for five years, taking the
proper oath, being enrolled, and examined by the judges. The
attorney general pleads within the bar. To him come warrants
for making out patents, pardons, &c. and he is the principal
manager of all law affairs of the crown. Chambers.
I am a subject,
And challenge law: attorneys are deny'd me,
And therefore personally I lay my claim
To mine inheritance. Shakesp. Richard II.
The king's attorney, on the contrary,
Urg'd on examinations, proofs, confessions,
Of divers witnesses. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Despairing quacks with curses fled the place,
And vile attorneys, now an useless race. Pope, Epist. iii.
2. It was anciently used for those who did any business for an­
other; now only in law.
I will attend my husband; it is my office;
And will have no attorney but myself;
And therefore let me have him home. Shak. Com. of Err.
Why should calamity be full of words?——
— Windy attorneys to their client woes,
Airy succeeders of intestate joys. Shakesp. Richard III.

To ATTO'RNEY. v. a.  [from the noun; the verb is now no
in use.] 
1. To perform by proxy.
Their encounters, though not personal, have been royally
attornied with interchange of gifts. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. To employ as a proxy.
As I was then
Advertising, and holy to your business,
Not changing heart with habit, I am still
Attornied to your service. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

ATTO'RNEYSHIP. n. s.  [from attorney.] The office of an at­
torney.
But marriage is a matter of more worth,
Than to be dealt in by attorneyship. Shakesp. Henry VI.

ATTO'URNMENT. n. s.  [attournement, Fr.] An yielding of the
tenant to a new lord, or acknowledgment of him to be his
lord; for, otherwise, he that buyeth or obtaineth any lands or
tenements of another, which are in the occupation of a third,
cannot get possession. Cowel.

To ATTRA'CT. v. a.  [attraho, attractum, Lat.] 
1. To draw to something.
A man should scarce persuade the affections of the loadstone,
or that jet and amber attracteth straws and light bodies.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.


The single atoms each to other tend,
Attract, attracted to, the next in place,
Form'd and impell'd its neighbour to embrace. Pope.
2. To allure; to invite.
Adorn'd
She was indeed, and lovely, to attract
Thy love; not thy subjection. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Shew the care of approving all actions so, as may most effec­
tually attract all to this profession. Hammond's Fundam.
Deign to be lov'd, and ev'ry heart subdue!
What nymph could e'er attract such crowds as you! Pope.

ATTRA'CT. n. s.  [from to attract.] Attraction; the power of
drawing.
Feel darts and charms, attracts and flames,
And woe and contract in their names. Hudibras.

ATTRA'CTICAL. adj.  [from attract.] Having the power to
draw to it.
Some stones are endued with an electrical or attractical
virtue. Ray on the Creation.

ATTRA'CTION. n. s.  [from attract.] 
1. The power of drawing any thing.
The drawing of amber and jet, and other electrick bodies,
and the attraction in gold of the spirit of quicksilver at dis­
tance; and the attraction of heat at distance; and that of fire
to naphtha; and that of some herbs to water, though at dis­
tance; and divers others, we shall handle. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Loadstones and touched needles, laid long in quicksilver,
have not admitted their attraction. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Attraction may be performed by impulse, or some other
means; I use that word, to signify any force by which bodies
tend towards one another. Newton's Opticks.
2. The power of alluring or enticing.
Setting the attraction of my good parts aside, I have no other
charms. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

ATTRA'CTIVE: adj.  [from attract.] 
1. Having the power to draw any thing.
What if the sun
Be centre to the world; and other stars,
By his attractive virtue, and their own,
Incited, dance about him various rounds. Paradise Lost.
Some the round earth's cohesion to secure,
For that hard task employ magnetick power;
Remark, say they, the globe, with wonder own
Its nature, like the fam'd attractive stone. Blackmore.
Bodies act by the attractions of gravity, magnetism, and
electricity; and these instances make it not improbable but
there may be more attractive powers than these. Newt. Opt.
2. Inviting; alluring; enticing.
Happy is Hermia, wheresoe'er she lies;
For she hath blessed and attractive eyes.
Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
I pleas'd, and with attractive graces won,
The most averse, thee chiefly. Paradise Lost, b. ii.

ATTRA'CTIVE. n. s.  [from attract.] That which draws or in­
cites allurement; except that attractive is of a good or indiffe­
rent sense, and allurement generally bad.
The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance;
but the gospel speaks nothing but attractives and invitation.
South.

ATTRA'CTIVELY. adv.  [from attractive.] With the power of
attracting or drawing.

ATTRA'CTIVENESS. n. s.  [from attractive.] The quality of
being attractive.

ATTRA'CTOR. n. s.  [from attract.] The agent that attracts;
a drawer.
If the straws be in oil, amber draweth them not; oil makes
the straws to adhere so, that they cannot rise unto the attrac­
tor. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

A'TTRAHENT. n. s.  [attrahens, Lat.] That which draws.
Our eyes will inform us of the motion of the steel to its at­
trahent. Glanville's Scepsis.

ATTRECTA'TION. n. s.  [attrectatio, Lat.] Frequent handling. D.

ATTRI'BUTABLE. adj.  [attribuo, Lat.] That which may be
ascribed or attributed; ascribable; imputable.
Much of the origination of the Americans seems to be at­
tributable to the migrations of the Seri.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To ATTRI'BUTE. v. a.  [attribuo, Lat.] 
1. To ascribe; to give; to yield.
To their very bare judgment somewhat a reasonable man
would attribute, notwithstanding the common imbecillities
which are incident unto our nature. Hooker, b. ii.
We attribute nothing to God that hath any repugnancy or
contradiction in it. Power and wisdom have no repugnancy
in them. Tillotson.
2. To impute, as to a cause.
I have observed a Campania determine contrary to appear­
ances, by the caution and conduct of a general, which were
attributed to his infirmities. Temple.
The imperfection of telescopes is attributed to spherical
glasses; and mathematicians have propounded to figure them
by the conical sections. Newton's Opticks.

A'TTRIBUTE. n. s.  [from to attribute.] 
1. The thing attributed to another, as perfection to the Supreme
Being.
Power, light, virtue, wisdom, and goodness, being all but at­
tributes of one simple essence, and of one God, we in all ad­
mire, and in part discern. Sir Walter Raleigh.
Your vain poets after did mistake,
Who ev'ry attribute a god did make. Dryden's Tyr. Love.
All the perfections of God are called his attributes; for he
cannot be without them. Watts's Logick.
2. Quality; adherent.
They must have these three attributes; they must be men of
courage, fearing God, and hating covetousness. Bacon.
3. A thing belonging to another; an appendant.
His sceptre shews the force of temporal pow'r,
The attribute to awe and majesty;
But mercy is above this scepter'd sway,
It is an attribute to God himself. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
The sculptor, to distinguish him, gave him, what the me­
dallists call his proper attributes, a spear and a shield. Addison.
4. Reputation; honour.
It takes
From our atchievements, though perform'd at height,
The pith and marrow of our attribute. Shakesp. Hamlet.

ATTRIBU'TION. n. s.  [from to attribute.] Commendation.
If speaking truth,
In this fine age, were not thought flattery,
Such attribution should the Douglas have,
As not a soldier of this season's stamp
Should go so general current through the world.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

ATTRI'TE. adj.  [attritus, Lat.] Ground; worn by rubbing.
Or by collision of two bodies, grind
The air attrite to fire. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

ATTRI'TENESS. n. s.  [from attrite.] The being much worn.

ATTRI'TION. n. s.  [attritio, Lat.] 
1. The act of wearing things, by rubbing one against another.
This vapour, ascending incessantly out of the abyss, and
pervading the strata of gravel, and the rest, decays the bones
and vegetables lodged in those strata; this fluid, by its conti­
nual attrition, fretting the said bodies. Woodw. Nat. History.
The change of the aliment is effected by attrition of the in­
ward stomach, and dissolvent liquor assisted with heat.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. [With divines.] Grief for sin, arising only from the fear of
punishment; the lowest degree of repentance.

To ATTU'NE. v. a.  [from tune.] 
1. To make any thing musical.
Airs, vernal airs,
Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune
The trembling leaves. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
2. To tune one thing to another; as, he attunes his voice to his
harp.

ATTU'RNEY. n. s.  See ATTORNEY.
ATWE'EN. adv. or prep.  [See BETWEEN.] Betwixt; between;
in the midst of two things.
Her loose long yellow locks, like golden wire,
Sprinkled with pearl, and perling flowers atween,
Do, like a golden mantle, her attire. Spenser's Epithalam.

ATWI'XT. prep.  [See BETWIXT.] In the middle of two things.
But with outrageous strokes did him restrain,
And with his body barr'd the way atwixt them twain.
Fairy Queen, b. i.



AVA

To AVA'IL. v. a.  [from valoir, Fr. to avail being nearly the
same thing with faire valoir.] 
1. To profit; to turn to profit; with of before the thing used.
Then shall they seek t' avail themselves of names,
Places, and titles; and with these to join
Secular pow'r. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
Both of them avail themselves of those licences, which A­
pollo has equally bestowed on them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. To promote; to prosper; to assist.
Meantime he voyag'd to explore the will
Of Jove on high Dodona's holy hill,
What means might best his safe return avail. Pope's Odyss.

To AVA'IL. v. n.  To be of use; to be of advantage.
Nor can my strength avail, unless by thee
Endu'd with force, I gain the victory. Dryden's Fables.
When real merit is wanting, it avails nothing to have been
encouraged by the great. Pope's Preface to his Works.

AVA'IL. n. s.  [from to avail.] Profit; advantage; benefit.
For all that else did come, were sure to fail;
Yet would he further none but for avail.
Spenser's Hubbard's Tale.
I charge thee,
As heav'n shall work in me for thine avail,
To tell me truly. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Truth, light upon this way, is of no more avail to us than
errour. Locke.

AVA'ILABLE. adj.  [from avail.] 
1. Profitable; advantageous.
All things subject to action, the will does so far incline unto,


as reason judges them more available to our bliss. Hooker, b. i.
2. Powerful; in force.
Laws human are available by consent. Hooker, b. i.
Mighty is the efficacy of such intercessions to avert judg­
ments; how much more available then may they be to secure
the continuance of blessings? Atterbury's Serm.

AVA'ILABLENESS. n. s.  [from available.] Power of promoting
the end for which it is used.
We differ from that supposition of the efficacy or available­
ness, or suitableness of these to the end. Hale's Origin of Man.

AVA'ILABLY. adv.  [from available.] Powerfully; profitably;
advantageously.

AVA'ILMENT. n. s.  [from avail.] Usefulness; advantage; profit.

To AVA'LE. v. a.  [avaler, to let sink, Fr.] To let fall; to de­
press; to make abject; to sink: a word out of use.
He did abase and avale the sovereignty into more servitude
towards that see, than had been among us. Wotton.

To AVA'LE. v. n.  To sink.
But when his latter ebb 'gins to avale,
Huge heaps of mud he leaves. Spenser.

AVA'NT.  See VAN.
AVA'NT-GUARD. n. s.  [avantgarde, Fr.] The van; the first
body of an army.
The horsemen might issue forth without disturbance of the
foot, and the avant-guard without shuffling with the battail or
arriere. Sir J. Hayward.

A'VARICE. n. s.  [avarice, Fr. avaritia, Lat.] Covetousness;
insatiable desire.
There grows
In my most ill compos'd affection, such
A stanchless avarice, that were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands. Shakesp. Macbeth.
This avarice of praise in times to come,
Those long inscriptions crouded on the tomb. Dryd. Juv.
Nor love his peace of mind destroys,
Nor wicked avarice of wealth. Dryden.
Avarice is insatiable; and so he went still pushing on for
more. L'Estrange.

AVARI'CIOUS. adj.  [avaricieux, Fr.] Covetous; insatiably desirous.
I grant him bloody,
Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful. Shakesp. Macbeth.
This speech has been condemned, as avaricious; and Eusta­
thius judges it to be spoken artfully. Broome on the Odyssey.

AVARI'CIOUSLY. adv.  [from avaricious.] Covetously.

AVARI'CIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from avaricious.] The quality of be­
ing avaricious.

AVA'ST. adv.  [from basta, Ital. it is enough.] Enough; cease.
A word used among seamen.

AVA'UNT.  interject. [avaunt, Fr.] A word of abhorrence, by
which any one is driven away.
O, he is bold, and blushes not at death;
Avaunt, thou hateful villain, get thee gone! Sh. King John.
After this process
To give her the avaunt! it is a pity
Would move a monster. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Mistress! dismiss that rabble from your throne.
Avaunt!—is Aristarchus yet unknown? Dunciad, b. iv.

A'UBURNE. adj.  [from aubour, bark, Fr.] Brown; of a tan
colour.
Her hair is auburne, mine is perfect yellow. Sh. T. G. of Ver.
His auburne locks on either shoulder flow'd,
Which to the fun'ral of his friend he vow'd. Dryd. Fables.
Lo, how the arable with barley grain
Stands thick, o'ershadow'd, these, as modern use
Ordains, infus'd, an auburne drink compose,
Wholesome, of deathless fame. Philips.

A'UCTION. n. s.  [auctio, Lat.] 
1. A manner of sale in which one person bids after another, till
so much is bid as the seller is content to take.
2. The things sold by auction.
Ask you why Phrine the whole auction buys;
Phrine foresees a general excise. Pope.

To A'UCTION. v. a.  [from auction.] To sell by auction.

A'UCTIONARY. adj.  [from auction.] Belonging to an auction.
And much more honest, to be hir'd, and stand,
With auctionary hammer in thy hand,
Provoking to give more, and knocking thrice
For the old houshold stuff of picture's price. Dryd. Juven.

A'UCTIONIER. n. s.  [from auction.] The person that manages
an auction.

A'UCTIVE. adj.  [from auctus, Lat.] Of an increasing quality. D.

AUCUPA'TION. n. s.  [aucupatio, Lat.] Fowling; bird-catching.



AUD

AUDA'CIOUS. adj.  [audacieux, Fr. audax, Lat.] Bold; im­
pudent; daring; always in a bad sense.
Such is thy audacious wickedness,
Thy leud, pestif'rous, and dissentious pranks. Shak. H. VI.
Till Jove, no longer patient, took his time
T' avenge with thunder their audacious crime. Dryden.
Young students, by a constant habit of disputing, grow im­
pudent and audacious, proud and disdainful.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

AUDA'CIOUSLY. adv.  [from audacious.] Boldly; impudently.
An angel shalt thou see,
Yet fear not thou, but speak audaciously. Sh. Love's Lab. L.

AUDA'CIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from audacious.] Impudence.

AUDA'CITY. n. s.  [from audax, Lat.] Spirit; boldness; con­
fidence.
Lean, raw-bon'd rascals! who would e'er suppose,
They had such courage and audacity. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Great effects come of industry and perseverance; for au­
dacity doth almost bind and mate the weaker sort of minds.
Bacon's Natural History, No 902.
For want of that freedom and audacity, necessary in com­
merce with men, his personal modesty overthrew all his pub­
lick actions. Tatler, No 52.

A'UDIBLE. adj.  [audibilis, Lat.] 
1. That which may be perceived by hearing.
Visibles work upon a looking-glass, and audibles upon the
places of echo, which resemble in some sort the cavern of the
ear. Bacon's Nat. History, No 263.
Eve, who unseen,
Yet all had heard, with audible lament
Discover'd soon the place of her retire. Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Every sense doth not operate upon fancy with the same force.
The conceits of visibles are clearer and stronger than those of
audibles. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii.
2. Loud enough to be heard.
One leaning over a wall twenty-five fathom deep, and speak­
ing softly, the water returned an audible echo. Bacon.

A'UDIBLENESS. n. s.  [from audible.] Capableness of being
heard.

A'UDIBLY. adv.  [from audible.] In such a manner as to be heard.
And last, the sum of all, my Father's voice
Audibly heard from heav'n, pronounc'd me his. Par. Reg.

A'UDIENCE. n. s.  [audience, Fr.] 
1. The act of hearing or attending to any thing.
Now I breathe again
Aloft the flood, and can give audience
To any tongue, speak it of what it will. Shak. King John.
Thus far his bold discourse, without controul,
Had audience. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
His look
Drew audience, and attention still as night,
Or summer's noon-tide air. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
2. The liberty of speaking granted; a hearing.
Were it reason to give men audience, pleading for the over­
throw of that which their own deed hath ratified? Hooker.
According to the fair play of the world,
Let me have audience: I am sent to speak,
My holy lord of Milan, from the king. Shakesp. K. John.
3. An auditory; persons collected to hear.
Or, if the star of ev'ning, and the moon,
Haste to thy audience, night with her will bring
Silence. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
The hall was filled with an audience of the greatest eminence
for quality and politeness. Addison. Guard. No 115.
It proclaims the triumphs of goodness in a proper audience,
even before the whole race of mankind. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. The reception of any man who delivers a solemn message.
In this high temple, on a chair of state,
The seat of audience, old Latinus sate. Dryden's Æneid.

AUDIENCE  Court. A court belonging to the archbishop of Can­
terbury, of equal authority with the arches court, though infe­
riour both in dignity and antiquity. The original of this court
was, because the archbishop of Canterbury heard several causes
extrajudicially at home in his own palace; in which, before he
would finally determine any thing, he usually committed them
to be discussed by men learned in the civil and canon laws, whom
thereupon he called his auditors: and so in time it became the
power of the man, who is called causarum negotiorumque audien­
tiæ Cantuariensis auditor, seu officinalis. Cowel.

A'UDIT. n. s.  [from audit, he hears, Lat.] A final account.
If they, which are accustomed to weigh all things, shall here
sit down to receive our audit, the sum, which truth amounteth
to, will appear to be but this. Hooker, b. v.
He took my father grossly, full of bread,
With all his crimes broad blown, and flush as May;
And how his audit stands, who knows save heav'n? Hamlet.
I can make my audit up, that all
From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
And leave me but the bran. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To A'UDIT. v. a.  [from audit.] To take an account finally.
Bishops ordinaries auditing all accounts, take twelve pence.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
I love exact dealing, and let Hocus audit; he knows how the
money was disbursed. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

AUDI'TION. n. s.  [auditio, Lat.] Hearing.

A'UDITOR. n. s.  [auditor, Lat.] 
1. A hearer.
Dear cousin, you that were last day so high in the pulpit
against lovers, are you now become so mean an auditor?
Sidney, b. ii.
What a play tow'rd? I'll be an auditor;
An actor too, perhaps. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.


This first doctrine, though admitted by many of his audi­
tors, is expressly against the Epicureans. Bentley's Sermons.
2. A person employed to take an account ultimately.
If you suspect my husbandry,
Call me before th' exactest auditors,
And set me on the proof. Shakesp. Timon.
3. In ecclesiastical law.
The archbishop's usage was to commit the discussing of causes
to certain persons learned in the law, stiled his auditors.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. In the state.
A king's officer, who, yearly examining the accounts of all
under-officers accountable, makes up a general book. Cowel.

A'UDITORY. adj.  [auditorius, Lat.] That which has the power
of hearing.
Is not hearing performed by the vibrations of some medium,
excited in the auditory nerves by the tremours of the air, and
propagated through the capillaments of those nerves? Newton.

A'UDITORY. n. s.  [auditorium, Lat.] 
1. An audience; a collection of persons assembled to hear.
Met in the church, I look upon you as an auditory fit to be
waited on, as you are, by both universities. South.
Demades never troubled his head to bring his auditory to
their wits, by dry reason. L'Estrange.
Several of this auditory were, perhaps, entire strangers to the
person whose death we now lament. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. A place where lectures are to be heard.

A'UDITRESS. n. s.  [from auditor.] The woman that hears; a
she hearer.
Yet went she not, as not with such discourse
Delighted, or not capable her ear
Of what was high: such pleasure she reserv'd,
Adam relating, she sole auditress. Milt. Par. Lost, b. viii.



AVE

To AVE'L. v. a.  [avello, Lat.] To pull away.
The beaver in chase makes some divulsion of parts, yet are
not these parts avelled to be termed testicles. Brown's Vulg. Err.

A'VE MARY. n. s.  [from the first words of the salutation to the
Blessed Virgin, Ave Maria.] A form of worship repeated by
the Romanists in honour of the Virgin Mary.
All his mind is bent on holiness,
To number Ave Maries on his beads. Shakesp. Henry VI.

A'VENAGE. n. s.  [of avena, oats, Lat.] A certain quantity of
oats paid to a landlord, instead of some other duties, or as a
rent by the tenant. Dict.

To AVE'NGE. v. a.  [venger, Fr.] 
1. To revenge.
I will avenge me of mine enemies. Isaiah, i. 24.
They stood against their enemies, and were avenged of their
adversaries. Wisd. xi. 3.
I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu.
Hosea, i. 4.
2. To punish.
Till Jove, no longer patient, took his time
T' avenge with thunder your audacious crime. Dryden.

AVE'NGEANCE. n. s.  [from avenge.] Punishment.
This neglected fear
Signal avengeance, such as overtook
A miser. Philips.

AVE'NGEMENT. n. s.  [from avenge.] Vengeance; revenge.
That he might work th' avengement for his shame
On those two caitives which had bred him blame.
Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.
All those great battles which thou boasts to win
Through strife and bloodshed, and avengement
Now praised, hereafter thou shalt repent. Fairy Queen, b. i.

AVE'NGER. n. s.  [from avenge.] 
1. Punisher.
That no man go beyond his brother, because that the Lord
is the avenger of all such. 1 Thess. iv. 6.
Ere this he had return'd, with fury driv'n
By his avengers; since no place like this
Can fit his punishment, or their revenge. Par. Lost, b. x.
2. Revenger; taker of vengeance for.
The just avenger of his injured ancestors, the victorious Louis
was darting his thunder. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
But just disease to luxury succeeds,
And ev'ry death its own avenger breeds. Pope's Ess. on M.

A'VENS. n. s.  [caryophyllata, Lat.] The same with herb bennet.
The characters are; It hath pennated or winged leaves; the
cup of the flower consists of one leaf, cut into ten segments;
the flower consists of five leaves, spreading open; the seeds are
formed into a globular figure, each having a tail; the roots are
perennial, and smell sweet. The species are, 1. Common avens.
2. Mountain avens, with large yellow flowers, &c. The first
sort grows wild in England, Scotland and Ireland; but the se­
cond sort came from the Alps. The first is used in medicine,
and in confectionary for seed-cakes. Millar.

AVE'NTURE. n. s.  [aventure, Fr.] A mischance, causing a man's
death, without felony; as when he is suddenly drowned, or
burnt, by any sudden disease falling into the fire or water. See
ADVENTURE. Cowel.

A'VENUE. n. s.  [avenue, Fr. It is sometimes pronounced with
the accent on the second syllable, as Watts observes; but it is
generally placed on the first.] 
1. A way by which any place may be entered.
Good guards were set up at all the avenues of the city, to
keep all people from going out. Clarendon, b. viii.
Truth is a strong-hold, and diligence is laying siege to it:
so that it must observe all the avenues and passes to it. South.
2. An alley, or walk of trees before a house.

To AVE'R. v. a.  [averer, Fr. from verum, truth, Lat.] To de­
clare positively, or peremptorily.
The reason of the thing is clear;
Would Jove the naked truth aver. Prior.
Then vainly the philosopher avers,
That reason guides our deed, and instinct theirs.
How can we justly diff'rent causes frame,
When the effects entirely are the same? Prior.
We may aver, though the power of God be infinite, the
capacities of matter are within limits. Bentley's Sermons.

A'VERAGE. n. s.  [averagium, Lat.] 
1. In law, that duty or service which the tenant is to pay to the
king, or other lord, by his beasts and carriages, Chambers.
2. In navigation, a certain contribution that merchants and
others proportionably make towards the losses of such as have
their goods cast overboard for the safety of the ship; or of the
goods and lives of those in the ship, in a tempest; and this con­
tribution seems to be so called, because it is so proportioned,
after the rate of every man's average or goods carried. Cowel.
3. A small duty which merchants, who send goods in another
man's ship, pay to the master thereof for his care of them, over
and above the freight. Chambers.
4. A medium; a mean proportion.

AVE'RMENT. n. s.  [from aver.] 
1. Establishment of any thing by evidence.
To avoid the oath, for averment of the continuance of some
estate, which is eigne, the party will sue a pardon. Bacon on Alien.
2. An offer of the defendant to justify an exception, and the act
as well as the offer. Blount.

AVE'RNAT. n. s.  A sort of grape. See VINE.

AVERRUNCA'TION. n. s.  [from averruncate.] The act of root­
ing up any thing.

To AVERRU'NCATE. v. a.  [averrunco, Lat.] To root up; to
tear up by the roots.
Sure some mischief will come of it,
Unless by providential wit,
Or force, we averruncate it. Hudibras.

AVERSA'TION. n. s.  [from aversor, Lat.] 
1. Hatred; abhorrence; turning away with detestation.
Hatred is the passion of defiance, and there is a kind of aver­
sation and hostility included in its essence. South.
2. It is most properly used with from before the object of hate.
There was a stiff aversation in my lord of Essex from apply­
ing himself to the earl of Leicester. Wotton.
3. Sometimes with to, less properly.
There is such a general aversation in human nature to con­
tempt, that there is scarce any thing more exasperating. I will
not deny, but the excess of the aversation may be levelled against
pride. Government of the Tongue, § 7.
4. Sometimes, very improperly, with towards.
A natural and secret hatred and aversation towards society,
in any man, hath somewhat of the savage beast. Bacon.

AVE'RSE. adj.  [aversus, Lat.] 
1. Malign; not favourable.
Their courage languish'd, as their hopes decay'd,
And Pallas, now averse, refus'd her aid. Dryden's Æneid.
2. Not pleased with; unwilling to; having such a hatred as to
turn away.
Has thy uncertain bosom ever strove
With the first tumults of a real love?
Hast thou now dreaded, and now bless'd his sway,
By turns averse, and joyful to obey? Prior.
Averse alike to flatter, or offend,
Not free from faults, nor yet too vain to mend. Pope.
3. It has most properly from before the object of aversion.
Laws politick are never framed as they should be, unless pre­
suming the will of man to be inwardly obstinate, rebellious,
and averse from all obedience unto the sacred laws of his nature.
Hooker, b. i.
They believed all who objected against their undertaking to
be averse from peace. Clarendon, b. viii.
These cares alone her virgin breast employ,
Averse from Venus and the nuptial joy. Pope.
4. Very frequently, but improperly, to.
He had, from the beginning of the war, been very averse to
any advice of the privy council. Clarendon, b. viii.
Diodorus tells us of one Charondos, who was averse to all
innovation, especially when it was to proceed from particular
persons. Swift on the Dissensions in Athens and Rome.

AVE'RSELY. adv.  [from averse.] 
1. Unwillingly.
2. Backwardly.
Not only they want those parts of secretion, but it is emit­
ted aversely, or backward, by both sexes. Brown's Vulgar Err.



AVE'RSENES. n. s.  [from averse.] Unwillingness; backwardness.
The corruption of man is in nothing more manifest, than in
his averseness to entertain any friendship or familiarity with
God. Atterbury's Sermons.

AVE'RSION. n. s.  [aversion, Fr. aversio, Lat.] 
1. Hatred; dislike; detestation; such as turns away from the object.
What if with like aversion I reject
Riches and realms? Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
2. It is used most properly with from before the object of hate.
They had an inward aversion from it, and were resolved to
prevent it by all possible means. Clarendon, b. viii.
With men these considerations are usually causes of despite,
disdain, or aversion from others; but with God, so many rea­
sons of our greater tenderness towards others. Sprat's Sermons.
The same adhesion to vice, and aversion from goodness, will
be a reason for rejecting any proof whatsoever. Atterbury.
3. Sometimes, less properly, with to.
A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection. Addison.
I might borrow illustrations of freedom and aversion to re­
ceive new truths from modern astronomy. Watts.
4. Sometimes with for.
The Lucquese would rather throw themselves under the go­
vernment of the Genoese, than submit to a state for which
they have so great aversion. Addison on Italy.
This aversion of the people for the late proceedings of the
commons, might be improved to good uses. Swift.
5. Sometimes, very improperly, with towards.
His aversion towards the house of York was so predominant,
as it found place not only in his councils but in his bed. Bacon.
6. The cause of aversion.
They took great pleasure in compounding law-suits among
their neighbours; for which they were the aversion of the
gentlemen of the long robe. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
Self-love and reason to one end aspire;
Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. Pope's Ess. on Man.

To AVE'RT. v. a.  [averto, Lat.] 
1. To turn aside; to turn off.
I beseech you
T' avert your liking a more worthy way,
Than on a wretch. Shakesp. King Lear.
At this, for the last time, she lifts her hand,
Averts her eyes, and half unwilling drops the brand. Dryden.
2. To put by, as a calamity.
O Lord! avert whatsoever evil our swerving may threaten
unto his church. Hooker, b. iv.
Diversity of conjectures made many, whose conceits averted
from themselves the fortune of that war, to become careless
and secure. Knolles's History of the Turks.
These affections earnestly fix our minds on God, and for­
cibly avert from us those things which are displeasing to him,
and contrary to religion. Sprat's Sermons.
Thro' threaten'd lands they wild destruction throw,
Till ardent prayer averts the publick woe. Prior.

AUF. n. s.  [of alf, Dutch.] A fool, or silly fellow. Dict.



AUG

A'UGER. n. s.  [egger, Dut.] A carpenter's tool to bore holes with.
The auger hath a handle and bit; its office is to make great
round holes. When you use it, the stuff you work upon is
commonly laid low under you, that you may the easier use
your strength; for in twisting the bit about by the force of
both your hands, on each end of the handle one, it cuts great
chips out of the stuff. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

AUGHT. pronoun.  [auht, awht, Saxon. It is sometimes, impro­
perly, written ought.] Any thing.
If I can do it,
By aught that I can speak in his dispraise,
She shall not long continue love to him. Sh. T. G. of Verona.
They may, for aught I know, obtain such substances as may
induce the chymists to entertain other thoughts. Boyle.
But go, my son, and see if aught be wanting
Among thy father's friends. Addison's Cato.

To AUGME'NT. v. a.  [augmenter, Fr.] To encrease; to make
bigger, or more.
Some cursed weeds her cunning hand did know,
That could augment his harm, encrease his pain. Fairfax.
Rivers, though they continue the denomination of their first
stream, have streams added to them in their passage, which en­
large and augment them. Hale's Common Law of England.

To AUGME'NT. v. n.  To encrease; to grow bigger.
But as his heat with running did augment,
Much more his sight encreas'd his hot desire. Sidney.
The rocks are from their old foundations rent;
The winds redouble, and the rains augment;
The waves on heaps are dash'd. Dryd. Virgil, Georg.

A'UGMENT. n. s.  [augmentum, Lat.] 
1. Encrease.
You shall find this augment of the tree to be without the di­
minution of one drachm of the earth. Walton's Angler.
2. State of encrease.
Discutients are improper in the beginning of inflammations
but proper, when mixed with repellents, in the augment. Wisem.

AUGMENTA'TION. n. s.  [from augment.] 
1. The act of encreasing or making bigger.
Those who would be zealous against regular troops after a
peace, will promote an augmentation of those on foot. Addison.
2. The state of being made bigger.
What modification of matter can make one embryo capable
of so prodigiously vast augmentation, while another is confined
to the minuteness of an insect. Bentley's Sermons.
3. The thing added, by which another is made bigger.
By being glorified, it does not mean that he doth receive any
augmentation of glory at our hands; but his name we glorify,
when we testify our acknowledgment of his glory. Hooker.

AUGMENTATION Court.  A court erected by king Henry the
eight, for the increase of the revenues of his crown, by the
suppression of monasteries. Dict.

A'UGRE. n. s.  A carpenter's tool. See AUGER.
Your temples burned in the cement, and
Your franchises, whereon you stood, confin'd
Into an augre's bore. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

AUGRE-HOLE. n. s.  [from augre and hole.] A hole made by bor­
ing with an augre.
What should be spoken here,
Where our fate hid within an augre-hole,
May rush and seize us? Shakesp. Macbeth.

A'UGUR. n. s.  [augur, Lat.] One who pretends to predict by
omens, particularly by the flight of birds.
What say the augurs?———
—They would not have you stir forth to-day:
Plucking the entrails of an offering forth,
They could not find a heart within the beast. Shak. J. Cæs.
Calchas, the sacred seer, who had in view
Things present and the past, and things to come foreknew:
Supreme of augurs. Dryden's Fables.
As I and mine consult thy augur,
Grant the glad omen; let thy fav'rite rise
Propitious, ever soaring from the right. Prior.

To A'UGUR. v. n.  [from augur.] To guess; to conjecture by
signs.
The people love me, and the sea is mine,
My pow'r's a crescent, and my aug'ring hope
Says it will come to the full. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
Fought for a crown and bright Lavinia's bed;
So will I meet thee hand to hand oppos'd;
My aug'ring mind assures the same success. Dryd. K. Arthur.

To A'UGURATE. v. n.  [auguror, Lat.] To judge by augury.

AUGURA'TION. n. s.  [from augur.] The practice of augury,
or of foretelling by events and prodigies.
And Claudius Pulcher underwent the like success, when he
continued the tripudiary augurations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

A'UGURER. n. s.  [from augur.] The same with augur.
These apparent prodigies,
The unaccustom'd terrour of this night,
And the persuasion of his augurers,
May hold him from the capitol to-day. Shakesp. Julius Cæs.

A'UGURIAL. adj.  [from augury.] Relating to augury.
On this foundation were built the conclusions of southsayers,
in their augurial and tripudiary divinations. Brown's Vulg. Err.

To A'UGURISE. v. n.  [from augur.] To practise divination by
augury. Dict.

A'UGUROUS. adj.  [from augur.] Predicting; prescient; fore­
boding.
So fear'd
The fair-man'd horses, that they flew back, and their chariots
turn'd,
Presaging in their augurous hearts the labours that they
mourn'd. Chapman's Iliad.

A'UGURY. n. s.  [augurium, Lat.] 
1. The act of prognosticating by omens or prodigies.
The winds are chang'd, your friends from danger free,
Or I renounce my skill in augury. Dryden's Æneid.
She knew by augury divine,
Venus would fail in her design. Swift.
2. The rules observed by augurs.
The goddess has such an aversion to ye, that you are parti­
cularly excluded out of all auguries. L'Estrange.
3. An omen or prediction.
Thy face and thy behaviour,
Which, if my augury deceive me not,
Witness good breeding. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
What if this death, which is for him design'd,
Had been your doom (far be that augury!)
And you not, Aurengzebe, condemn'd to die. Dryden.
The pow'rs we both invoke,
To you, and yours, and mine, propitious be,
And firm our purpose with an augury. Dryden's Æneid.

AUGU'ST. adj.  [augustus, Lat.] Great; grand; royal; magni­
ficent; awful.
There is nothing so contemptible, but antiquity can render
it august and excellent. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 22.
The Trojan chief appear'd in open sight,
August in visage, and serenely bright;
His mother goddess, with her hands divine,
Had form'd his curling locks, and made his temples shine. Dry.

A'UGUST. n. s.  [augustus, Lat.] The name of the eight month
from January inclusive.


August was dedicated to the honour of Augustus Cæsar, be­
cause, in the same month, he was created consul, thrice tri­
umpher in Rome, subdued Egypt to the Roman empire, and
made an end of civil wars; being before called Sextilis, or the
sixth from March. Peacham.

AUGU'STNESS. n. s.  [from august.] Elevation of look; dignity;
loftiness of mien or aspect.

A'VIARY. n. s.  [from avis, Lat. a bird.] A place inclosed to
keep birds in.
In aviaries of wire, to keep birds of all sorts, the Italians
bestow vast expence; including great scope of ground, variety
of bushes, trees of good height, running waters, and some­
times a stove annexed, to contemper the air in the winter.
Wotton's Architecture.
Look now to your aviary; for now the birds grow sick of
their feathers. Evelyn's Kalendar.

AVI'DITY. n. s.  [avidité, Fr. aviditas, Lat.] Greediness; eager­
ness; appetite; insatiable desire.

A'VITOUS. adj.  [avitus, Lat.] Left by a man's ancestors; an­
cient. Dict.

To AVI'ZE. v. a.  [aviser, Fr.] A word out of use.
1. To counsel.
With that, the husbandman 'gan him avize,
That it for him was fittest exercise. Spens. Hubb. Tale.
2. With a reciprocal pronoun, to bethink himself; s'aviser, Fr.
But him avizing, he that dreadful deed
Forbore, and rather chose, with scornful shame,
Him to avenge. Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.
3. To consider.
No power he had to stir, nor will to rise,
That when the careful knight 'gan well avize,
He lightly left the foe. Fairy Queen, b. i.

A'UKWARD.  See AWKWARD.
AULD. adj.  [ald, Sax.] A word now obsolete; but still used in
the Scotch dialect.
'Tis pride that pulls the country down;
Then take thine auld cloak about thee. Shakesp. Othello.

AULE'TICK. adj.  [auleticus, Lat.] Belonging to pipes. Dict.

A'ULICK. adj.  [aulicus, Lat.] Belonging to the court.

AULN. n. s.  [aulne, Fr.] A French measure of length; an ell.

To AUMA'IL. v. a.  [from maille, Fr. the mesh of a net; whence
a coat of amail, a coat with network of iron.] To variegate;
to figure.
In golden buskins of costly cordwaine,
All hard with golden bendes, which were entail'd
With curious anticks, and full fair aumail'd. Fairy. Queen.

AU'MBRY.  See AMBRY.
AUNT. n. s.  [tante, Fr. amita, Lat.] A father or mother's sis­
ter; correlative to nephew or niece.
Who meets us here? my niece Plantagenet,
Led in the hand of her kind aunt of Glo'ster. Shak. R. III.
She went to plain work, and to purling brooks,
Old fashion'd halls, dull aunts, and croaking rooks. Pope.



AVO

AVOCA'DO. n. s.  [Span. Persica, Lat.] The name of a plant.
This plant hath a rose-shaped flower, consisting of several
leaves, which are ranged in a circle; from whose middle rises
the pointal, which afterwards becomes a soft, fleshy, pear-shaped
fruit, in which is an hard stone or seed, having two lobes,
which is included in a membrane or pericardium.
The tree grows in great plenty in the Spanish West Indies,
as also in the island of Jamaica; and hath been transplanted in­
to the English settlements in America, upon account of its
fruit, which is very necessary for the support of life. The
fruit is of itself very insipid, for which reason they generally
eat it with the juice of lemons and sugar, to give it a poignan­
cy. This tree, in warm countries where it is planted, grows to
the height of thirty feet, with a trunk as large as common
apple-trees; the bark smooth and of an ash colour; the branches
are beset with pretty large oblong smooth leaves, of a deep
green colour throughout the year. The flowers and fruit are
produced towards the extremity of the branches. Millar.

To A'VOCATE. v. a.  [avoco, Lat.] To call off from busi­
ness; to call away.
Their divesture of mortality dispenses them from those la­
borious and avocating duties to distressed christians, and their
secular relations, which are here requisite. Boyle.

AVOCA'TION. n. s.  [from avocate.] 
1. The act of calling aside.
The bustle of business, the avocations of our senses, and the
din of a clamorous world, are impediments. Glanville's Scep.
Stir up that remembrance, which his many avocations of bu­
siness have caused him to lay aside. Dryd. Aurengz. Pref.
2. The business that calls; or the call that summons away,
It is a subject that we may make some progress in its con­
teraplation within the time, that the ordinary time of life, and
the permission of necessary avocations, a man may employ in
such a contemplation. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
God does frequently inject into the soul blessed impulses to
duty, and powerful avocations from sin. South.
By the secular cares and avocations which accompany mar­
riage, the clergy have been furnished with skill in common
life. Atterbury.

To AVOID. v. a.  [vuider, Fr.] 
1. To shun; to escape.
The wisdom of pleasing God, by doing what he commands,
and avoiding what he forbids. Tillotson.
2. To endeavour to shun.
The fashion of the world is to avoid cost, and you encoun­
ter it. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
3. To evacuate; to quit.
What have you to do here, fellow? pray you, avoid the
house. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
If any rebel should be required of the prince confederate,
the prince confedederate should command him to avoid the
country. Bacon's Henry VII.
He desired to speak with some few of us: whereupon six of
us only stayed, and the rest avoided the room. Bacon's N. Atl.
4. To oppose; to hinder effect.
The removing that which caused putrefaction, doth prevent
and avoid putrefaction. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 340.

To AVOID. v. n. 1. To retire.
And Saul cast the javelin; for he said, I will smite David
even to the wall with it: and David avoided out of his pre­
sence twice. 1 Sam. xviii. 11.
2. To become void or vacant.
Bishopricks are not included under benefices: so that if a
person takes a bishoprick, it does not avoid by force of that law
of pluralities, but by the ancient common law.
Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici.

AVO'IDABLE. adj.  [from avoid.] That which may be avoided,
shunned, or escaped.
Want of exactness in such nice experiments is scarce avoid­
able. Boyle.
To take several things for granted, is hardly avoidable to any
one, whose task it is to shew the falsehood or improbability of
any truth. Locke.

AVO'IDANCE. n. s.  [from avoid.] 
1. The act of avoiding.
It is appointed to give us vigour in the pursuit of what is
good, or in the avoidance of what is hurtful. Watts's Logick.
2. The course by which any thing is carried off.
For avoidances, and drainings of water, where there is too
much, we shall speak of. Bacon's Nat. History, No 600.

AVO'IDER. n. s.  [from avoid.] 
1. The person that avoids or shuns any thing.
2. The person that carries any thing away.
3. The vessel in which things are carried away.

AVO'IDLESS. adj.  [from avoid.] Inevitable; that which cannot
be avoided.
That avoidless ruin in which the whole empire would be in­
volved. Dennis's Letters.

AVOIRDUPO'IS. n. s.  [avoir du poids, Fr.] A kind of weight,
of which a pound contains sixteen ounces, and is in proportion
to a pound Troy, as seventeen to fourteen. All the larger and
coarser commodities are weighed by avoirdupois weight.
Chambers.
Probably the Romans left their ounce in Britain, which is
now our avoirdupois ounce: for our Troy ounce we had else­
where. Arbuthnot on Coins.

AVOLA'TION. n. s.  [from avolo, to fly away, Lat.] The act of
flying away; flight; escape.
These airy vegetables are made by the relicks of plantal
emissives, whose avolation was prevented by the condensed en­
closure. Glanville's Scepsis, c. vii.
Strangers, or the fungous parcels about candles, only signify
a pluvious air hindering the avolation of the favillous particles.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To AVO'UCH. v. a.  [avouer, Fr. for this word we now gene­
rally say vouch.] 
1. To affirm; to maintain; to declare peremptorily.
They boldly avouched that themselves only had the truth,
which they would at all times defend. Hooker, Pref.
Wretched though I seem,
I can produce a champion that will prove
What is avouched here. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. To produce in favour of another.
Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish.
Spenser's Ireland.
3. To vindicate; to justify.
You will think you made no offence, if the duke avouch the
justice of your dealing. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

AVO'UCH. n. s.  [from the verb.] Declaration; evidence.
I might not this believe,
Without the sensible and try'd avouch
Of mine own eyes. Shakesp. Hamlet.

AVO'UCHABLE. adj.  [from avouch.] That may be avouched.

AVO'UCHER. n. s.  [from avouch.] He that avouches.

To AVO'W. v. a.  [avouer, Fr.] To declare with confidence;
to justify; not to dissemble.
His cruel stepdame seeing what was done,
Her wicked days with wretched knife did end;
In death avowing th' innocence of her son. Fairy Queen.
He that delivers them mentions his doing it upon his own


particular knowledge, or the relation of some credible person,
avowing it upon his own experience. Boyle.
Left to myself, I must avow, I strove,
From publick shame to skreen my secret love. Dryden.
Such assertions proceed from principles which cannot be
avowed by those who are for preserving church and state. Swift.
Then blaz'd his smother'd flame, avow'd and bold. Thoms.

AVO'WABLE. adj.  [from avow.] That which may be openly de­
clared; that which may be declared without shame.

AVO'WAL. n. s.  [from avow.] Justificatory declaration; open
declaration.

AVO'WEDLY. adv.  [from avow.] In an avowed manner.
Wilmot could not avowedly have excepted against the other.
Clarendon, b. viii.

AVOWE'E. n. s.  [avoué, Fr.] He to whom the right of advow­
son of any church belongs. Dict.

AVO'WER. n. s.  [from avow.] He that avows or justifies.
Virgil makes Æneas a bold avower of his own virtues. Dryd.

AVO'WRY. n. s.  [from avow.] In law, is where one takes a dis­
tress for rent, or other thing, and the other sues replevin. In
which case the taker shall justify, in his plea, for what cause he
took it; and, if he took it in his own right, is to shew it, and
so avow the taking, which is called his avowry. Chambers.

AVO'WSAL. n. s.  [from avow.] A confession. Dict.

AVO'WTRY. n. s.  [See ADVOWTRY.] Adultery.

A'URATE. n. s.  A sort of pear; which see.

AURE'LIA. n. s.  [Lat.] A term used for the first apparent change
of the eruca, or maggot of any species of insects. Chambers.
The solitary maggot, found in the dry heads of teasel, is
sometimes changed into the aurelia of a butterfly, sometimes
into a fly-case. Ray on Creation.

A'URICLE. n. s.  [auricula, Lat.] 
1. The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent
from the head.
2. Two appendages of the heart; being two muscular caps,
covering the two ventricles thereof; thus called from the re­
semblance they bear to the external ear. They move regu­
larly like the heart, only in an inverted order; their systole
corresponding to the diastole of the heart. Chambers.
Blood should be ready to join with the chyle, before it reaches
the right auricle of the heart. Ray on Creation.

AURI'CULA. n. s.  See BEARS EAR.
AURI'CULAR. n. s.  [from auricula, Lat. the ear.] 
1. Within the sense or reach of hearing.
You shall hear us confer, and by an auricular assurance have
your satisfaction. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. Secret; told in the ear; as auricular confession.

AURI'CULARLY. adv.  [from auricular.] In a secret manner.
These will soon confess, and that not auricularly, but in a
loud and audible voice. Decay of Piety.

AURI'FEROUS. adj.  [aurifer, Lat.] That which produces gold.
Rocks rich in gems, and mountains big with mines,
Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson.

AURIGA'TION. n. s.  [auriga, Lat.] The act or practice of driv­
ing carriages. Dict.

AURI'PIGMENTUM.  See ORPIMENT.
AURO'RA. n. s.  [Lat.] 
1. A species of crowfoot; which see.
2. The goddess that opens the gates of day; poetically, the morn­
ing.
Aurora sheds,
On Indus' smiling banks the rosy shower. Thomson's Summ.

AURO'RA Borealis.  See STREAMERS.
A'URUM fulminans.  [Latin.] A preparation made by dissolv­
ing gold in aqua regia, and precipitating it with salt of tar­
tar; whence a very small quantity of it becomes capable, by a
moderate heat, of giving a report like that of a pistol. Quincy.
Some aurum fulminans the fabrick shook. Garth.



AUS

AUSCULTA'TION. n. s.  [from ausculto, Lat.] A hearkening or
listening to. Dict.

A'USPICE. n. s.  [auspicium, Lat.] 
1. The omens of any future undertaking drawn from birds.
2. Protection; favour shewn by prosperous men.
Great father Mars, and greater Jove,
By whose high auspice Rome hath stood
So long. Ben Johnson's Catiline.
3. Influence; good derived to others from the piety of their pa­
tron.
But so may he live long, that town to sway,
Which by his auspice they will nobler make,
As he will hatch their ashes by his stay. Dryd. Ann. Mir.

AUSPI'CIAL. adj.  [from auspice.] Relating to prognosticks.

AUSPI'CIOUS. adj.  [from auspice.] 
1. With omens of success.
You are now, with happy and auspicious beginnings, form­
ing a model of a christian charity. Sprat.
2. Prosperous; fortunate; applied to persons.
Auspicious chief! thy race in times to come,
Shall spread the conquests of imperial Rome. Dryd. Æneid.
3. Favourable; kind; propitious; applied to persons.
Fortune play upon thy prosp'rous helm,
As thy auspicious mistress! Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
4. Lucky; happy; applied to things.
I'll deliver all,
And promise you calm seas, auspicious gales,
And sails expeditious. Shakesp. Tempest.
A pure, an active, an auspicious flame,
And bright as heav'n from whence the blessing came.
Roscommon.
Two battles your auspicious cause has won;
Thy sword can perfect what it has begun;
And, from your walls, dislodge that haughty son. Dryden.

AUSPI'CIOUSLY. adv.  [from auspicious.] Happily; prosperously;
with prosperous omens.

AUSPI'CIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from auspicious.] Prosperity; happi­
ness.

AUSTE'RE. adj.  [austerus, Lat.] 
1. Severe; harsh; rigid.
When men represent the Divine nature, as an austere and
rigorous master, always lifting up his hand to take vengeance;
such conceptions must unavoidably raise terrour. Rogers.
Austere Saturnius, say,
From whence this wrath? or who controuls thy sway? Pope.
2. Sower of taste; harsh.
Th' austere and pond'rous juices they sublime, 
Make them ascend the porous soil, and climb 
The orange-tree, the citron, and the lime. Blackm.
Austere wines, diluted with water, cool more than water a­
lone, and at the same time do not relax. Arbuth. on Aliments.

AUSTE'RELY. adv.  [from austere.] Severely; rigidly.
Ah! Luciana, did he tempt thee so?
Might'st thou perceive austerely in his eye,
That he did plead in earnest, yea or no?
Look'd he or red, or pale, or sad, or merrily?
Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
Hypocrites austerely talk
Of purity, and place, and innocence. Paradise Lost, b. iv.

AUSTE'RENESS. n. s.  [from austere.] 
1. Severity; strictness; rigour.
My unsoil'd name, th' austereness of my life,
May vouch against you; and my place i' th' state
Will so your accusation overweigh. Shak. Measure for M.
2. Roughness in taste.

AUSTE'RITY. n. s.  [from austere.] 
1. Severity; mortified life; strictness.
Now, Marcus Cato, our new consul's spy,
What is your sower austerity sent t'explore? B. Johns. Catil.
What was that snaky-headed Gorgon shield
That wise Minerva wore, unconquer'd virgin,
Wherewith she freez'd her foes to congeal'd stone,
But rigid looks of chaste austerity,
And noble grace, that dash'd brute violence
With sudden adoration and blank awe? Milton.
This prince kept the government, and yet lived in this con­
vent with all the rigour and austerity of a capuchin. Add. Italy.
2. Cruelty; harsh discipline.
Let not austerity breed servile fear;
No wanton sound offend her virgin ear. Roscommon.

A'USTRAL. adj.  [australis, Lat.] Southern; as the austral signs.

To A'USTRALIZE. v. n.  [from auster, the south wind, Lat.] To
tend towards the south.
Steel and good iron discover a verticity, or polary faculty;
whereby they do septentriate at one extreme, and australize at
another. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

A'USTRINE. adj.  [from austrinus, Lat.] Southern; southernly.



AUT

AUTHE'NTICAL. adj.  [from authentick.] The same with au­
thentick.
Of statutes made before time of memory, we have no authen­
tical records, but only transcripts. Hale's Common Law of Engl.

AUTHE'NTICALLY. adv.  [from authentical.] After an authen­
tick manner; with all the circumstances requisite to procure
authority.
This point is dubious, and not yet authentically decided.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.
Conscience never commands or forbids any thing authenti­
cally, but there is some law of God which commands or for­
bids it first. South.

AUTHE'NTICALNESS. n. s.  [from authentical.] The quality of
being authentick; genuineness; authority.
Nothing can be more pleasant than to see a circle of these
virtuoso's about a cabinet of medals, descanting upon the va­
lue, rarity, and authenticalness of the several pieces.
Addison on ancient Medals.

AUTHENTI'CITY. n. s.  [from authentick.] Authority; genuine­
ness; the being authentick.

AUTHE'NTICK. adj.  [authenticus, Lat.] That which has
every thing requisite to give it authority, as an authentick re­
gister. It is used in opposition to any thing by which autho­
rity is destroyed, as authentick, not counterfeit. It is never used
of persons.
Thou art wont his great authentick will
Interpreter through highest heav'n to bring. Par. Lost, b. iii.
She joy'd th' authentick news to hear,
Of what she guess'd before, with jealous fear. Cowley.


But censure's to be understood
Th' authentick mark of the elect,
The publick stamp heav'n sets on all that's great and good. Swift.

AUTHE'NTICKLY. adv.  [from authentick.] After an authentick
manner.

AUTHE'NTICKNESS. n. s.  [from authentick.] The same with
authenticity.

A'UTHOR. n. s.  [auctor, Lat.] 
1. The first beginner or mover of any thing; he to whom any
thing owes its original.
That law, the author and observer whereof is one only God,
to be blessed for ever. Hooker, b. i.
The author of that which causeth another thing to be, is
author of that thing also which thereby is caused. Hooker, b. iii.
I'll never
Be such a gosling to obey instinct; but stand
As if a man was author of himself,
And knew no other kin. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thou art my father, thou my author, thou
My being gav'st me; whom should I obey,
But thee? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
But Faunus came from Picus, Picus drew
His birth from Saturn, if records be true.
Thus king Latinus, in the third degree,
Had Saturn author of his family. Dryden, Æneid vii.
If the worship of false Gods had not blinded the heathen, in­
stead of teaching to worship the sun, and dead heroes, they
would have taught us to worship our true Author and benefac­
tor, as their ancestors did under the government of Noah and
his sons, before they corrupted themselves. Newton's Opticks.
2. The efficient; he that effects or produces any thing.
That which is the strength of their amity, shall prove the
immediate author of their variance. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopat.
Now while the tortur'd savage turns around,
And flings about his foam, impatient of the wound;
The wound's great author close at hand provokes
His rage. Dryden's Fables.
From his loins
New authors of dissention spring; from him
Two branches, that in hosting long contend
For sov'reign sway. Philips.
3. The first writer of any thing; distinct from the translator or
compiler.
To stand upon every point in particulars, belongeth to the
first author of the story. 2 Macc. ii. 30.
An author has the choice of his own thoughts and words,
which a translator has not. Dryden.
4. A writer in general.
Yet their own authors faithfully affirm,
That the land Salike lies in Germany. Shakesp. Henry V.

AUTHO'RITATIVE. adj.  [from authority.] 
1. Having due authority.
2. Having an air of authority.
I dare not give them the authoritative title of aphorisms,
which yet may make a reasonable moral prognostick. Wotton.
The two worthies have done mischief, the mock authorita­
tive manner of the one, and the insipid mirth of the other.
Swift's Examiner, No 15.

AUTHO'RITATIVELY. adv.  [from authoritative.] 
1. In an authoritative manner; with a shew of authority.
2. With due authority.
No law that is foreign binds here in England, till it be re­
ceived, and authoritatively engrafted, into the law of England.
Hale's History of Law.

AUTHO'RITATIVENESS. n. s.  [from authoritative.] An acting
by authority; authoritative appearance. Dict.

AUTHO'RITY. n. s.  [auctoritas, Lat.] 
1. Legal power.
Idle old man,
That still would manage those authorities,
That he hath given away! Shakes. King Lear.
I know, my lord,
If law, authority, and pow'r deny not,
It will go hard with poor Antonio. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
Power arising from strength, is always in those that are go­
verned, who are many: but authority arising from opinion, is in
those that govern, who are few. Temple.
Adam's sovereignty, that by virtue of being proprietor of
the whole world, he had any authority over men, could not have
been inherited by any of his children. Locke.
2. Influence; credit.
The woods are fitter to give rules than cities, where those
that call themselves civil and rational, go out of their way, by
the authority of example. Locke.
3. Power; rule.
But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority
over the man, but to be in silence. 1 Tim. ii. 12.
4. Support; justification; countenance.
Do'st thou expect th' authority of their voices,
Whose silent wills condemn thee? Ben. Johns. Catiline.
5. Testimony.
Something I have heard of this, which I would be glad to
find by so sweet an authority confirmed. Sidney, b. ii.
We urge authorities in things that need not, and introduce
the testimony of ancient writers, to confirm things evidently
believed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.
Having been so hardy as to undertake a charge against the
philosophy of the schools, I was liable to have been overborn
by a torrent of authorities. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, Pref.
6. Weight of testimony; credibility.
They consider the main consent of all the churches in the
whole world, witnessing the sacred authority of scriptures, ever
sithence the first publication thereof, even till this present day
and hour. Hooker, b. v. § 22.

AUTHORIZA'TION. n. s.  [from authorize.] Establishment by
authority.
The obligation of laws arises not from their matter, but
from their admission and reception, and authorization in this
kingdom. Hale's History of Law.

To A'UTHORIZE. v. a.  [autoriser, Fr.] 
1. To give authority to any person.
Making herself an impudent suitor, authorizing herself very
much, with making us see, that all favour and power depended
upon her. Sidney, b. ii.
Deaf to complaints they wait upon the ill,
Till some safe crisis authorize their skill. Dryden.
2. To make any thing legal.
Yourself first made that title which I claim,
First bid me love, and authoriz'd my flame. Dryd. Aurengz.
My prayers are heard,
And I have nothing farther to desire,
But Sancho's leave to authorize our marriage. Dryd. Sp. Fr.
To have countenanced in him irregularity and disobedience
to that light which he had, would have been, to have authorized
disorder, confusion, and wickedness in his creatures. Locke.
3. To establish any thing by authority.
Lawful it is to devise any ceremony, and to authorize any
kind of regiment, no special commandment being thereby vio­
lated. Hooker, b. iii. §. 4.
Those forms are best which have been longest received and
authorized in a nation by custom and use. Temple.
4. To justify; to prove a thing to be right.
All virtue lies in a power of denying our own desires, where
reason does not authorize them. Locke.
5. To give credit to any person or thing.
Although their intention be sincere, yet doth it notoriously
strengthen vulgar errour, and authorize opinions injurious unto
truth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 9.
Be a person in vogue with the multitude, he shall authorize
any nonsense, and make incoherent stuff, seasoned with twang
and tautology, pass for rhetorick. South.

AUTO'CRASY. n. s.  [ἀυτοϰϱατεῖα, from ἀυτος, self, and ϰϱάτος,
power.] Independent power; supremacy. Dict.

AUTOGRA'PHICAL. adj.  [from autography.] Of one's own
writing. Dict.

AUTO'GRAPHY. n. s.  [ἀυτογϱαφὸν, from ἀυτὸς, and γϱάφω, to write.] 
A particular person's own writing; or the original of a treatise,
in opposition to a copy.

AUTO'LOGY. n. s.  [ἀυτολογία.] A speaking of, or to one's own
self. Dict.

AUTOMA'TICAL. adj.  [from automaton.] Belonging to an au­
tomaton; having the power of moving themselves.

AUTO'MATON. n. s.  [αυτόματον. In the plural, automata.] A ma­
chine that hath the power of motion within itself, and which
stands in need of no foreign assistance. Quincy.
For it is greater to understand the art, whereby the Almighty
governs the motions of the great automaton, than to have learned
the intrigues of policy. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, Pref.
The particular circumstances for which the automata of this
kind are most eminent, may be reduced to four.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

AUTO'MATOUS. adj.  [from automaton.] Having in itself the
power of motion.
Clocks, or automatous organs, whereby we distinguish of
time, have no mention in ancient writers. Vulgar. Err. b. v.

AUTO'NOMY. n. s.  [ἀυτονομία.] The living according to one's
mind and prescription. Dict.

A'UTOPSY. n. s.  [ἀυτοψία.] Ocular demonstration; seeing a
thing one's self. Quincy.
In those that have forked tails, autopsy convinceth us, that it
hath this use. Ray on the Creation.

AUTO'PTICAL. adj.  [from autopsy.] Perceived by one's own
eyes.

AUTO'PTICALLY. adv.  [from autoptical.] By means of one's
own eyes.
Were this true, it would autoptically silence that dispute, out
of which Eve was framed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
That the galaxy is a meteor, was the account of Aristotle;
but the telescope hath autoptically confuted it: and he, who is
not Pyrrhonian enough to the disbelief of his senses, may see
that it is no exhalation. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 20.

AUTOTHE'IST. n. s.  [from ἀυτὸς and Θεὸς, God.] One who be­
lieves God's self-subsistence. Dict.

A'UTUMN. n. s.  [autumnus, Lat.] The season of the year be­
tween summer and winter, beginning astronomically at the


equinox, and ending at the solstice; popularly, autumn com­
prises August, September, and October.
For I will board her, though she chide as loud
As thunder, when the clouds in autumn crack. As you like it.
I would not be over confident, till he hath passed a spring or
autumn. Wiseman's Surgery.
The starving brood,
Void of sufficient sustenance, will yield
A slender autumn. Philips.
While autumn nodding o'er the yellow plain,
Comes jovial on; the Dorick reed once more
Well pleas'd I'll tune. Thomson's Autumn.

AUTU'MNAL. adj.  [from autumn.] Belonging to autumn; pro­
duced in autumn.
No spring, or summer's beauty, hath such grace,
As I have seen in one autumnal face. Donne.
Thou shalt not long
Rule in the clouds; like an autumnal star,
Or light'ning, thou shalt fall. Milt. Par. Lost, b. iv. l. 620.
Bind now up your autumnal flowers, to prevent sudden gusts,
which will prostrate all. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Not the fair fruit that on yon branches glows,
With that ripe red th' autumnal sun bestows. Pope.

AVU'LSION. n. s.  [avulsio, Lat.] The act of pulling one thing
from another.
Spare not the little offsprings, if they grow
Redundant; but the thronging clusters thin
By kind avulsion. Philips.
The pressure of any ambient fluid can be no intelligible cause
of the cohesion of matter; though such a pressure may hinder
the avulsion of two polished superficies one from another, in a
line perpendicular to them. Locke.

AUXE'SIS. n. s.  [Latin.] An encreasing; an exornation, when,
for amplification, a more grave and magnificent word is put
instead of the proper word. Smith's Rhetorick.

AUXI'LIAR. n. s.  [from auxilium, Lat.] Helper; assistant;
confederate.

AUXI'LIARY. n. s.  [from auxilium, Lat.] Helper; assistant;
confederate.
In the strength of that power, he might, without the auxi­
liaries of any further influence, have determined his will to a
full choice of God. South.
There are, indeed, a sort of underling auxiliars to the diffi­
culty of a work, called commentators and criticks. Pope.

AUXI'LIAR. adj.  [from auxilium, Lat.] Assistant; helping;
confederate.

AUXI'LIARY. adj.  [from auxilium, Lat.] Assistant; helping;
confederate.
The giant brood,
That fought at Thebes and Ilium on each side,
Mix'd with auxiliar gods. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Their tractates are little auxiliary unto ours, nor afford us
any light to detenebrate this truth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
There is not the smallest capillary vein but it is present with,
and auxiliary to it, according to its use. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
Nor from his patrimonial heav'n alone
Is Jove content to pour his vengeance down;
Aid from his brother of the seas he craves,
To help him with auxiliary waves. Dryden.

AUXILIARY Verb.  A verb that helps to conjugate other verbs.
In almost all languages, some of the commonest nouns and
verbs have many irregularities; such are the common auxiliary
verbs, to be and to have, to do and to be done, &c. Watts.

AUXILIA'TION. n. s.  [from auxiliatus, Lat.] Help; aid; suc­
cour. Dict.



AWA

To AWA'IT. v. a.  [from a and wait. See WAIT.] 
1. To expect; to wait for.
Even as the wretch condemn'd to lose his life,
Awaits the falling of the murd'ring knife. Fairfax, b. iv.
Betwixt the rocky pillars Gabriel sat,
Chief of th' angelick guards, awaiting night. Par. Lost, b. iv.
2. To attend; to be in store for.
To shew thee what reward
Awaits the good; the rest, what punishment. Par. L. b. xi.
Unless his wrath be appeased, an eternity of torments awaits
the objects of his displeasure. Rogers.

AWA'IT. n. s.  [from the verb.] Ambush. See WAIT.
And least mishap the most bliss alter may?
For thousand perils lie in close await
About us daily, to work our decay. Spenser's Muiopotmos.

To AWA'KE. v. a.  [&wyn;eccian, Sax. To awake has the preterite
awoke, or, as we now more commonly speak, awaked.] 
1. To rouse out of sleep.
Take heed,
How you awake our sleeping sword of war. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Our friend Lazarus sleepeth; but I go that I may awake him
out of sleep. John, xi. 11.
2. To raise from any state resembling sleep.
Hark, hark, the horrid sound
Has rais'd up his head:
As awak'd from the dead,
And amaz'd he stairs round. Dryden's St. Cæcilia.
3. To put into new action.
The fair
Repairs her smiles, awakens ev'ry grace,
And calls forth all the wonders of her face. Pope.

To AWA'KE. v. n.  To break from sleep; to cease to sleep.
Alack, I am afraid, they have awak'd;
And 'tis not done. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I awaked up last of all, as one that gathereth after the grape­
gatherers. Ecclus, xxxiii. 16.

AWA'KE. adj.  [from the verb.] Without sleep; not sleeping.
Imagination is like to work better upon sleeping men, than
men awake. Bacon's Nat. History, No 955.
Cares shall not keep him on the throne awake,
Nor break the golden slumbers he would take. Dryden.

To AWA'KEN. v. a. and v. n.  See AWAKE.
To AWA'RD. v. a.  [derived by Skinner, somewhat improbably,
from weard, Sax. towards.] 
1. To adjudge; to give any thing by a judicial sentence.
A pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine;
The court awards it, and the law doth give it.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
A church which allows salvation to none without it, nor
awards damnation to almost any within it. South.
It advances that grand business, and according to which their
eternity hereafter will be awarded. Decay of Piety.
Satisfaction for every affront cannot be awarded by stated
laws. Collier on Duelling.
2. To judge; to determine.
Th' unwise award to lodge it in the tow'rs,
An off'ring sacred. Pope's Odyssey, b. viii. l. 555.

AWA'RD. n. s.  [from the verb.] Judgment; sentence; deter­
mination.
Now hear th' award, and happy may it prove
To her, and him who best deserves her love. Dryden's Fab.
Affection bribes the judgment, and we cannot expect an equi­
table award, where the judge is made a party. Glanville's Sceps.
To urge the foe,
Prompted by blind revenge and wild despair,
Were to refuse th' awards of providence. Addison's Cato.

AWA'RE. adv.  [from a and ware; and old word for cautious; it
is however, perhaps an adjective; gewarian, Sax.] Vigilant;
in a state of alarm; attentive.
Ere I was aware, I had left myself nothing but the name of
a king. Sidney.
Ere sorrow was aware, they made his thoughts bear away
something else besides his own sorrow. Sidney's Arcadia.
Temptations of prosperity insinuate themselves; so that we
are but little aware of them, and less able to withstand them.
Atterbury's Sermons.

To AWA'RE. v. n.  To beware; to be cautious.
So warn'd he them, aware themselves; and
Instant, without disturb, they took alarm. Par. Lost, b. vi.

AWA'Y. adv.  [aweg, Saxon.] 
1. Absent.
They could make
Love to your dress, although your face were away.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
It is impossible to know properties that are so annexed to it,
that any of them being away, that essence is not there. Locke.
2. From any place or person.
I have a pain upon my forehead here———
—Why that's with watching; 'twill away again.
Shakesp. Othello.
When the fowls came down upon the carcases, Abraham
drove them away again. Gen. xv. 11.
Would you youth and beauty stay,
Love hath wings, and will away. Waller.
Summer suns roll unperceiv'd away. Pope.
3. Let us go.
Away, old man; give me thy hand; away;
King Lear hath lost, he and his daughter ta'en;
Give me thy hand. Come on. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. Begone.
Away, and glister like the god of war,
When he intendeth to become the field. Shakesp. King John.
I'll to the woods among the happier brutes:
Come, let's away; hark, the still horn resounds.
Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.
Away, you flatt'rer!
Nor charge his gen'rous meaning. Rowe's Jane Shore.
5. Out of one's own hands; into the power of something else.
It concerns every man, who will not trifle away his soul,
and fool himself into irrecoverable misery, to enquire into these
matters. Tillotson.
6. It is often used with a verb; as, to drink away an estate; to
idle away a manor; that is, to drink or idle till an estate or ma­
nor is gone.
He play'd his life away. Pope.
7. On the way; on the road: perhaps this is the original import
of the following phrase.
Sir Valentine, whither away so fast? Sh. T. G. of Verona.
8. Perhaps the phrase, he cannot away with, may mean he cannot
travel with; he cannot bear the company.
She never could away with me.———Never, never: she
would always say, she could not abide master Shallow.
Shakesp. Henry IV.


9. Away with. Throw away; take away.
If you dare think of deserving our charms,
Away with your sheephooks, and take to your arms. Dryd.

AWE. n. s.  [ege, oga, Saxon.] Reverential fear; reverence.
They all be brought up idly, without awe of parents, with­
out precepts of masters, and without fear of offence.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
It fixed upon him who is only to be feared, God: and yet
with a filial fear, which at the same time both fears and loves.
It was awe without amazement, and dread without distrac­
tion. South.
What is the proper awe and fear, which is due from man to
God? Rogers.

To AWE. v. a.  [from the noun.] To strike with reverence,
or fear.
If you will work on any man, you must either know his
nature and fashions, and so lead him; or his ends, and so per­
suade him; or his weaknesses and disadvantages, and so awe
him; or those that have interest in him, and so govern him.
Bacon.
Why then was this forbid? Why, but to awe?
Why, but to keep you low, and ignorant,
His worshippers? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Heav'n that hath plac'd this island to give law,
To balance Europe, and her states to awe. Waller.
The rods and axes of princes, and their deputies, maye awe
many into obedience; but the fame of their goodness, justice,
and other virtues, will work on more. Atterbury's Sermons.

A'WEBAND. n. s.  [from awe and band.] A check. Dict.

A'WFUL. adj.  [from awe and full.] 
1. That which strikes with awe, or fills with reverence.
So awful, that with honour thou may'st love
Thy mate; who sees, when thou art seen least wise.
Milt. Par. Lost, b. viii. l. 577.
I approach thee thus, and gaze
Insatiate; I thus single; nor have fear'd
Thy awful brow, more awful thus retir'd,
Fairest resemblance of thy Maker fair!
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
2. Worshipful; in authority; invested with dignity. This sense
is obsolete.
Know then, that some of us are gentlemen,
Such as the fury of ungovern'd youth
Thrust from the company of awful men.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
3. Struck with awe; timorous; scrupulous. This sense occurs
but rarely.
It is not nature and strict reason, but a weak and awful re­
verence for antiquity, and the vogue of fallible men.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

A'WFULLY. adv.  [from awful.] In a reverential manner.
It will concern a man, to treat this great principle awfully
and warily, by still observing what it commands, but especially
what it forbids. South.

A'WFULNESS. n. s.  [from awful.] 
1. The quality of striking with awe; solemnity.
These objects naturally raise seriousness; and night heightens
the awfulness of the place, and pours out her supernumerary
horrours upon every thing. Addison. Spect. No 110.
2. The state of being struck with awe.
An help to prayer, producing in us reverence and awfulness
to the divine majesty of God. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To AWHA'PE. v. a.  [This word I have met with only in Spenser,
nor can I discover whence it is derived; but imagine, that the
Teutonick language had anciently wapen, to strike, or some
such word, from which weapons, or offensive arms, took their
denomination.] To strike; to confound.
Ah! my dear gossip, answer'd then the ape,
Deeply do your sad words my wits awhape,
Both for because your grief doth great appear,
And eke because myself am touched near. Hubberd's Tale.

AWHI'LE. adv.  [This word, generally reputed an adverb, is only
a while, that is, a time, an interval.] Some time; some space
of time.
Stay, stay, I say;
And if you love me, as you say you do,
Let me persuade you to forbear awhile. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Into this wild abyss the wary fiend
Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhile,
Pond'ring his voyage. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 918.



AWK

AWK. adj.  [a barbarous contraction of the word awkward.] Odd;
out of order.
We have heard as arrant jangling in the pulpits, as the
steeples; and professors ringing as awk as the bells to give no­
tice of the conflagration. L'Estrange.

A'WKWARD. adj.  [[æward, Saxon; that is, backward, unto­
ward.] 
1. Inelegant; unpolite; untaught; ungenteel.
Proud Italy,
Whose manners still our tardy, apish nation
Limps after in base awkward imitation. Shak. Rich. II.
Their own language is worthy their care; and they are
judged of by their handsome or awkward way of expressing
themselves in it. Locke.
An awkward shame, or fear of ill usage, has a share in this
conduct. Swift.
2. Unready; unhandy; not dexterous; clumsy.
Slow to resolve, but in performance quick:
So true, that he was awkward at a trick. Dryd. Hind and P.
3. Perverse; untoward.
A kind and constant friend
To all that regularly offend;
But was implacable, and awkward,
To all that interlop'd and hawker'd. Hudibras.

A'WKWARDLY. adv.  [from awkward.] Clumsily; unreadily;
inelegantly; ungainly.
Dametas nodding from the waste upwards, and swearing he
never knew man go more awkwardly to work. Sidney.
If any pretty creature is void of genius, and would perform
her part but awkwardly, I must nevertheless insist upon her
working. Addison. Spectator, No 606.
And when any thing is done awkwardly, the common say­
ing will pass upon them, that it is suitable to their breed­
ing. Locke.
She still renews the ancient scene;
Forgets the forty years between;
Awkwardly gay, and oddly merry;
Her scarf pale pink, her kead-knot cherry. Prior.
If a man be taught to hold his pen awkwardly, yet writes
sufficiently well, it is not worth while to teach him the accurate
methods of handling that instrument. Watts's Imp. of the Mind.

A'WKWARDNESS. n. s.  [from awkward.] Inelegance; want of
gentility; oddness; unsuitableness.
One may observe awkwardness in the Italians, which easily
discovers their airs not to be natural. Addis. Rem. on Italy.
All his airs of behaviour have a certain awkwardness in them;
but these awkward airs are worn away by degrees in company.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

AWL. n. s.  [æle, ale, Sax.] A pointed instrument to bore holes
with.
He which was minded to make himself a perpetual servant,
should, for a visible token thereof, have also his ear bored
through with an awl. Hooker, b. iv. § 1.
You may likewise prick many holes with an awl, about a
joint that will lie in the earth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A'WLESS. adj.  [from awe, and the negative less.] 
1. Without reverence.
Against whose fury, and th' unmatched force,
The awless lion could not wage the fight. Shak. King John.
He claims the bull with awless insolence,
And having seiz'd his horns, accosts the prince. Dryden.
2. Without the power of causing reverence.
Ah me! I see the ruin of my house;
The tyger now hath seiz'd the gentle hind:
Insulting tyranny begins to jut
Upon the innocent and awless throne. Shakesp. Rich. III.

AWME, or AUME. n. s.  A Dutch measure of capacity for li­
quids, containing eight steckans, or twenty verges or verteels;
answering to what in England is called a tierce, or one sixth of
a ton of France, or one seventh of an English ton. Arbuth. Tab.

AWN. n. s.  [arista, Lat.] The beard growing out of the corn
or grass. Chambers.

A'WNING. n. s.  A cover spread over a boat or vessel, to keep
off the weather.
Of these boards I made an awning over me. Robinson Cruso.

AWO'KE.  The preterite from awake.
And she said, the Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he
awoke out of his sleep. Judges, xvi. 20.

A'WORK. adv.  [from a and work.] On work; into a state of
labour.
So after Pyrrhus' pause,
Aroused vengeance sets him new awork. Shakesp. Hamlet.
By prescribing the condition, it sets us awork to the perfor­
mances of it, and that by living well. Hammond's Pract. Cat.

A'WORKING. adj.  [from awork.] In the state of working.
Long they thus travelled, yet never met
Adventure which might them aworking set. Hubberd's Tale.



AWR

AWRY'. adv.  [from a and wry.] 
1. Not in a strait direction; obliquely.
But her sad eyes still fast'ned on the ground,
Are governed with goodly modesty;
That suffers not one look to glance awry,
Which may let in a little thought unsound. Spens. Epithal.
Like perspectives which rightly gaz'd upon,
Shew nothing but confusion; ey'd awry,
Distinguish form. Shakesp. Richard II.
When lo!
A violent cross wind, from either coast,
Blows them transverse; ten thousand leagues awry
Into the devious air. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
2. Asquint; with oblique vision.
You know the king
With jealous eyes has look'd awry
On his son's actions. Denham's Sophy.


3. Not level; unevenly.
I hap to step awry, where I see no path, and can discern but
few steps afore me. Brerewood on Languages.
4. Not equally between two points.
Not tyrants fierce that unrepenting die,
Not Cynthia when her manteau's pinn'd awry,
Ere felt such rage. Pope's Rape of the Lock.
5. Not in a right state; perversely.
All awry, and which wried it to the most wry course of all,
wit abused, rather to feign reason why it should be amiss, than
how it should be amended. Sidney, b. ii.
Much of the soul they talk, but all awry,
And in themselves seek virtue, and to themselves
All glory arrogate, to God give none. Paradise Regained.

AXE. n. s.  [eax, acse, Sax. ascia, Lat.] An instrument con­
sisting of a metal head, with a sharp edge, fixed in a helve or
handle, to cut with.
No metal can,
No, not the hangman's axe, bear half the keenness
Of thy sharp envy. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
There stood a forest on the mountain's brow,
Which overlook'd the shaded plains below;
No sounding axe presum'd these trees to bite,
Coeval with the world; a venerable sight. Dryden's Fables.

AXI'LLA. n. s.  [axilla, Lat.] The cavity under the upper part
of the arm, called the arm-pit. Quincy.

AXI'LLAR. adj.  [from axilla, Lat.] Belonging to the arm­
pit.

A'XILLARY. adj.  [from axilla, Lat.] Belonging to the arm­
pit.
In the same manner is the axillary artery distributed unto
the hand; below the cubit, it divideth unto two parts.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

A'XIOM. n. s.  [axioma, Lat. ἀξίωμα, from ἀξιόω.] 
1. A proposition evident at first sight, that cannot be made plainer
by demonstration.
Axioms, or principles more general, are such as this, that the
greater good is to be chosen before the lesser. Hooker, b. i.
2. An established principle to be granted without new proof.
The axioms of that law, whereby natural agents are guided,
have their use in the moral. Hooker, b. i.
Their affirmations are unto us no axioms; we esteem thereof
as things unsaid, and account them but in list of nothing.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

A'XIS. n. s.  [axis, Lat.] The line real or imaginary that passes
through any thing, on which it may revolve.
But since they say our earth, from morn to morn,
On its own axis is oblig'd to turn;
That swift rotation must disperse in air
All things which on the rapid orb appear. Blackmore.
It might annually have compassed the sun, and yet never
have once turned upon its axis. Bentley's Sermons.
On their own axis as the planets run,
And make at once their circle round the sun;
So two consistent motions act the soul,
And one regards itself, and one the whole.
Pope's Essay on Man, epist. iii. l. 313.



AXL

A'XLE. n. s.  [axis, Lat.] The pin which passes through
the midst of the wheel, on which the circum­
volutions of the wheel are performed.

A'XLE-TREE. n. s.  [axis, Lat.] The pin which passes through
the midst of the wheel, on which the circum­
volutions of the wheel are performed.
Venerable Nestor
Should with a bond of air, strong as the axle-tree
On which heav'n rides, knit all the Grecians ears
To his experienc'd tongue. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
The fly fate upon the axle-tree of the chariot-wheel, and
said, what a dust do I raise? Bacon's Essays.
And the gilded car of day
His glowing axle doth allay
In the steep Atlantick stream. Milton's Comus.
He saw a greater sun appear,
Than his bright throne or burning axle-tree could bear.
Milton's Christ's Nativity.

AY. adv.  [perhaps from aio, Lat.] 
1. Yes; an adverb of answering affirmatively.
Return you thither? ———
— Ay, madam, with the swiftest wing of speed.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
What say'st thou? Wilt thou be of our consort?
Say ay; and be the captain of us all.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
2. It is a word by which the sense is enforced; even; yes, cer­
tainly; and more than that.
Remember it, and let it make thee crest-fall'n;
Ay, and allay this thy abortive pride. Shakesp. Henry VI.

AYE. adv.  [awa, Saxon.] Always; to eternity; for ever.
And now in darksome dungeon, wretched thrall,
Remedyless for aye he doth him hold. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Either prepare to die,
Or on Diana's altar to protest,
For aye, austerity and single life.
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.
The soul, though made in time, survives for aye;
And, though it hath beginning, sees no end.
Sir John Davies.
And hears the muses, in a ring,
Aye round about Jove's altar sing. Milton's Il Penseroso.
Th' astonish'd mariners aye ply the pump;
No stay, nor rest, till the wide breach is clos'd. Philips.

A'YGREEN. n. s.  The same with houseleek; which see. Dict.

A'YRY. n. s.  [See AIRY.]
I should discourse on the brancher, the haggard, and then
treat of their several ayries. Walton's Angler.

A'ZIMUTH. n. s.  [Arab.] 
1. The azimuth of the sun, or of a star, is an arch between the
meridian of the place and any given vertical line.
2. Magnetical azimuth, is an arch of the horizon contained be­
tween the sun's azimuth circle and the magnetical meridian; or
it is the apparent distance of the sun from the north or south
point of the compass.
3. Azimuth Compass, is an instrument used at sea for finding the
sun's magnetical azimuth.
4. Azimuth Dial, is a dial whose style or gnomon is at right an­
gles to the plane of the horizon.
5. Azimuths, called also vertical circles, are great circles intersec­
ting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon
at right angles, in all the points thereof. Chambers.



AZU

AZU'RE. adj.  [azur, Fr. azurro, Span. lazur, Arab. from lazuli,
a blue stone.] Blue; faint blue.
The blue of the first order, though very faint and little, may
be the colour of some substances; and the azure colour of the
skies seems to be of this order. Newton's Opticks.
Thus replies
Minerva, graceful with her azure eyes. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
The sea,
Far through his azure turbulent domain,
Your empire owns. Thomson's Spring.





B

B 
The second letter of the English alphabet, is pro­
nounced as in most other European languages, by
pressing the whole length of the lips together, and
forcing them open with a strong breath. It has a
near affinity with the other labial letters, and is con­
founded by the Germans with P, and by the Gascons with V;
from which an epigrammatist remarks, that bibere and vivere
are in Gascony the same. The Spaniards, in most words, use
B or V indifferently.

BAA. n. s. [See the verb.] The cry of a sheep.

To BAA. v. n. [balo, Lat.] To cry like a sheep.
Or like a lamb, whose dam away is fet,
He treble baas for help, but none can get. Sidney.

BAB

To BA'BBLE. v. n. [babbelen, Germ. babiller, Fr.]
1. To prattle like a child; to prate imperfectly.
My babbling praises I repeat no more,
But hear, rejoice, stand silent, and adore. Prior.
2. To talk idly, or irrationally.
John had conned over a catalogue of hard words; these he
used to babble indifferently in all companies. Arbuthn. J. Bull.
Let the silent sanctuary show,
What from the babbling schools we may not know. Prior.
3. To talk thoughtlessly; to tell secrets.
There is more danger in a reserved and silent friend, than in
a noisy babbling enemy. L'Estrange.
4. To talk much.
The babbling echo mocks the hounds,
Replying shrilly to the well tun'd horns,
As if a double hunt were heard at once. Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
And had I pow'r to give that knowledge birth,
In all the speeches of the babbling earth. Prior.
The babbling echo had descry'd his face;
She, who in others words her silence breaks. Addison's Ovid.

BA'BBLE. n. s. [babil, Fr.] Idle talk; senseless prattle.
This babble shall not henceforth trouble me;
Here is a coil with protestation! Shakesp. Two G. of Verona.
Come, no more,
This is mere moral babble. Milton.
With volleys of eternal babble,
And clamour more unanswerable. Hudibras.
The babble, impertinence, and folly, I have taken notice of in
disputes. Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.

BA'BBLEMENT. n. s. [from babble.] Senseless prate.
Deluded all this while with ragged notions and babblements,
while they expected worthy and delightful knowledge. Milton.

BA'BBLER. n. s. [from babble.]
1. An idle talker; an irrational prattler.
We hold our time too precious to be spent
With such a babbler. Shakesp. King John.
Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust. L'Estrange.
The apostle of my text had no sooner proposed it to the
greater masters at Athens, but he himself was ridiculed as a
babbler. Rogers.
2. A teller of secrets.
Utterers of secrets he from thence debarr'd;
Babblers of folly, and blazers of crime. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

BABE. n. s. [baban, Welch; babbaerd, Dutch.] An infant; a
child of either sex.
Those that do teach your babes,
Do it with gentle means, and easy tasks;
He might have chid me so: for, in good faith,
I am a child to chiding. Shakesp. Othello.
Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name
Be longer us'd, to lull the crying babe. Dryden's Don Seb.
The babe had all that infant care beguiles,
And early knew his mother in her smiles. Dryden.

BA'BERY. n. s. [from babe.] Finery to please a babe or child.
So have I seen trim books in velvet dight,
With golden leaves and painted babery
Of seely boys, please unacquainted sight. Sidney.

BA'BISH. adj. [from babe.] Childish.
If he be bashful, and will soon blush, they call him a babish
and ill brought up thing. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

BABO'ON. n. s. [babouin, Fr. It is supposed by Skinner to be the
augmentation of babe, and to import a great babe.] A monkey
of the largest kind.
You had looked through the grate like a geminy of baboons.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
He cast every human feature out of his countenance, and
became a baboon. Addison. Spect. No 174.

BA'BY. n. s. [See BABE.]
1. A child; an infant.
The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart
Goes all decorum. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
The child must have sugar plumbs, rather than make the
poor baby cry. Locke.
He must marry, and propagate: the father cannot stay for
the portion, nor the mother for babies to play with. Locke.
2. A small image in imitation of a child, which girls play with.
The archduke saw that Perkin would prove a runnagate;
and that it was the part of children to fall out about babies.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Since no image can represent the great Creator, never think
to honour him by your foolish puppets, and babies of dirt and
clay. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idolatry.


BAC

BA'CCATED. adj. [baccatus, Lat.] Beset with pearls; having
many berries. Dict.

BACCHANA'LIAN. n. s. [from bacchanalia, Lat.] A riotous per­
son; a drunkard.

BA'CCHANALS. n. s. [bacchanalia, Lat.] The drunken feasts and
revels of Bacchus, the god of wine.
Ha, my brave emperor, shall we dance now the Egyptian
bacchanals, and celebrate our drink? Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
What wild fury was there in the heathen bacchanals, which
we have not seen equalled. Decay of Piety.
Both extremes were banished from their walls,
Carthusian fasts, and fulsome bacchanals. Pope.

B'ACCHUS BOLE. n. s. A flower not tall, but very full and
broad-leaved; of a sad light purple, and a proper white; hav­
ing the three outmost leaves edged with a crimson colour,
bluish bottom, and dark purple. Mortimer.

BACCI'FEROUS. adj. [from bacca, a berry, and fero, to bear, Lat.]
Berry-bearing.
Bacciferous trees are of four kinds.
1. Such as bear a caliculate or naked berry; the flower and ca­
lix both falling off together, and leaving the berry bare; as the
sassafras trees.
2. Such as have a naked monospermous fruit, that is, contain­
ing in it only one seed; as the arbutes.
3. Such as have but polyspermous fruit, that is, containing two or
more kernels or seeds within it; as the jasminum, ligustrum.
4. Such as have their fruit composed of many acini, or round soft
balls set close together like a bunch of grapes; as the uva ma­
rina. Ray.

BACCI'VOROUS. adj. [from bacca, a berry, and voro, to devour,
Lat.] A devourer of berries. Dict.

BA'CHELOR. n. s. [This is a word of very uncertain etymology,
it not being well known what was its original sense. Junius
derives it from βάϰηλος, foolish; Menage, from bas chevalier, a
knight of the lowest rank; Spelman, from baculus, a staff; Cu­
jas, from buccella, an allowance of provision. The most pro­
bable derivation seems to be from bacca laurus, the berry of a
laurel or bay; bachelors being young, are of good hopes, like
laurels in the berry. In Latin, baccalaureus.]
1. A man unmarried.
Such separation
Becomes a virtuous bachelor and a maid.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
The haunting of those dissolute places, or resort to courte­
sans, are no more punished in married men than in bachelors.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
A true painter naturally delights in the liberty which be­
longs to the bachelor's estate. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Let sinful bachelors their woes deplore,
Full well they merit all they feel, and more. Pope.
2. A man who takes his first degrees at the university in any pro­
fession.
Being a boy, new bachelor of arts, I chanced to speak against
the pope. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
I appear before your honour, in behalf of Martinus Scrible­
rus, bachelor of physick. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.
3. A knight of the lowest order. This is a sense now little used.

BA'CHELORS Button. [See CAMPION, of which it is a species.]
All the sorts of this plant are hardy; they grow above two foot,
and produce their flower in June and July. Millar.

BA'CHELORSHIP. n. s. [from bachelor.] The condition of a
bachelor.
Her mother, living yet, can testify,
She was the first fruit of my bachelorship. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

BACK. n. s. [bac, bæc, Sax. bach, Germ.]
1. The hinder part of the body, from the neck to the thighs.
As the voice goeth round, as well towards the back as to­
wards the front of him that speaketh, so likewise doth the echo:
for you have many back echoes to the place where you stand.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 247.
Part following enter, part remain without,
With envy hear their fellow's conqu'ring shout;
And mount on others backs, in hope to share. Dryden.
2. The outer part of the hand when it is shut; opposed to the
palm.
Methought love pitying me, when he saw this,
Gave me your hands, the backs and palms to kiss. Donne.


3. The outward part of the body; that which requires cloaths;
opposed to the belly.
Those who, by their ancestors, have been set free from a
constant drudgery to their backs and their bellies, should bestow
some time on their heads. Locke.
4. The rear; opposed to the van.
He might conclude, that Walter would be upon the king's
back, as his majesty was upon his. Clarendon, b. viii.
5. The place behind.
Antheus, Sergestus grave, Cleanthus strong,
And at their backs a mighty Trojan throng. Dryden.
6. The part of any thing out of sight.
Trees set upon the backs of chimneys do ripen fruit sooner.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 856.
7. The thick part of any tool, opposed to the edge; as the back
of a knife or sword; whence backsword, or sword with a
back; as,
Bull dreaded not old Lewis either at backsword, single faul­
chion, or cudgel-play. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
8. To turn the back on one, is to forsake him, or neglect him.
At the hour of death, all the friendships of the world shall
bid him adieu, and the whole creation turn its back upon him.
South.
9. To turn the back, is to go away; to be not within the reach of
taking cognizance.
His back was no sooner turned, but they returned to their
former rebellion. Sir J. Davies on Ireland.

BACK. adv. [from the noun.]
1. To the place from which one came.
Back you shall not to the house, unless
You undertake that with me. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
He sent many to seek the ship Argo, threatening that if they
brought not back Medea, they should suffer in her stead.
Raleigh's History of the World.
But where they are, and why they came not back,
Is now the labour of my thoughts. Milton.
Back to thy native island might'st thou sail,
And leave half-heard the melancholy tale. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Backward; from the present station.
I've been surprised in an unguarded hour,
But must not now go back; the love that lay
Half smother'd in my breast, has broke through all
Its weak restraints. Addison's Cato.
3. Behind; not coming forward.
I thought to promote thee unto great honour; but lo the
Lord hath kept thee back from honour. Numb. xxiv. 11.
Constrains the glebe, keeps back the hurtful weed.
Blackmore's Creation, b. ii.
4. Toward things past.
I had always a curiosity to look back unto the sorrows of
things, and to view in my mind the beginning and progress of
a rising world. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
5. Again; in return.
The lady's mad; yet if 'twere so,
She could not sway her house, command her followers,
Take and give back affairs, and their despatch,
With such a smooth, discreet, and stable bearing.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
6. Again; a second time.
This Cæsar found, and that ungrateful age,
With losing him, went back to blood and rage. Waller.
The epistles being written from ladies forsaken by their lov­
ers, many thoughts came back upon us in divers letters. Dryd.

To BACK. v. a. [from the noun back.]
1. To mount on the back of a horse.
That roan shall be my throne.
Well I will back him strait. O Esperance!
Bid Butler lead him forth into the park. Shak. Henry IV.
2. To break a horse; to train him to bear upon his back.
Direct us how to back the winged horse;
Favour his flight, and moderate his course. Roscommon.
3. To place upon the back.
As I slept, methought
Great Jupiter, upon his eagle back'd,
Appear'd to me. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. To maintain; to strengthen.
Belike, he means,
Back'd by the pow'r of Warwick, that false peer,
T' aspire unto the crown. Shakesp. Henry VI.
You are strait enough in the shoulders, you care not who
sees your back: call you that backing of your friends? a plague
upon such backing! give me them that will face me. Sh. H. VI.
These were seconded by certain demilaunces, and both
backed with men at arms. Sir J. Hayward.
Did they not swear, in express words,
To prop and back the house of lords?
And after turn'd out the whole houseful. Hudibras.
A great malice, backed with a great interest, can have no ad­
vantage of a man, but from his expectations of something with­
out himself. South.
How shall we treat this bold aspiring man?
Success still follows him, and backs his crimes. Addis. Cato.
5. To justify; to support.
The patrons of the ternary number of principles, and those
that would have five elements, endeavour to back their experi­
ments with a specious reason. Boyle.
We have I know not how many adages to back the reason of
this moral. L'Estrange.
6. To second.
Factious, and fav'ring this or t'other side,
Their wagers back their wishes. Dryden's Fables.

To BA'CKBITE. v. a. [from back and bite.] To censure or re­
proach the absent.
Most untruly and maliciously do these evil tongues backbite
and slander the sacred ashes of that most just and honourable
personage. Spenser's Ireland.
I will use him well; a friend i' th' court is better than a
penny in purse. Use his men well, Davy, for they are arrant
knaves, and will backbite. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BA'CKBITER. n. s. [from backbite.] A privy calumniator; a
censurer of the absent.
No body is bound to look upon his backbiter, or his under­
miner, his betrayer, or his oppressor, as his friend. South.

BA'CKBONE. n. s. [from back and bone.] The bone of the back.
The backbone should be divided into many vertebres for com­
modious bending, and not be one entire rigid bone. Ray.

BA'CKCARRY. Having on the back.
Manwood, in his forest laws, noteth it for one of the four
circumstances, or cases, wherein a forester may arrest an offen­
der against vert or venison in the forest, viz. stable-stand, dog­
draw, backcarry, and bloody hand. Cowel.

BA'CKDOOR. n. s. [from back and door.] The door behind the
house; privy passage.
The procession durst not return by the way in came; but,
after the devotion of the monks, passed out at a backdoor of the
convent. Addison on Italy.
Popery, which is so far shut out as not to re-enter openly, is
stealing in by the backdoor of atheism. Atterbury.

BA'CKED. adj. [from back.] Having a back.
Lofty-neck'd,
Sharp headed, barrel belly'd, broadly back'd. Dryd. Virgil.

BA'CKFRIEND. n. s. [from back and friend.] A friend back­
wards; that is, an enemy in secret.
Set the restless importunities of talebearers and backfriends
against fair words and professions. L'Estrange.
Far is our church from encroaching upon the civil power;
as some who are backfriends to both, would maliciously insinu­
ate. South.

BACKGA'MMON. n. s. [from bach gammon, Welch, a little battle.]
A play or game at tables, with box and dice.
In what esteem are you with the vicar of the parish? can
you play with him at backgammon? Swift.

BA'CKHOUSE. n. s. [from back and house.] The buildings be­
hind the chief part of the house.
Their backhouses, of more necessary than cleanly service, as
kitchens, stables, are climbed up unto by steps.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BA'CKPIECE. n. s. [from back and piece.] The piece of armour
which covers the back.
The morning that he was to join battle, his armourer put on
his backpiece before, and his breastplate behind. Camden.

BA'CKROOM. n. s. [from back and room.] A room behind; not
in the front.
If you have a fair prospect backwards of gardens, it may be
convenient to make backrooms the larger. Mox. Mech. Exerc.

BA'CKSIDE. n. s. [from back and side.]
1. The hinder part of any thing.
If the quicksilver were rubbed from the backside of the spe­
culum, the glass would cause the same rings of colours, but
more faint; the phænomena depends not upon the quicksilver,
unless so far as it encreases the reflection of the backside of the
glass. Newton's Opticks.
2. The hind part of an animal.
A poor ant carries a grain of corn, climbing up a wall with
her head downwards and her backside upwards. Addison.
3. The yard or ground behind a house.
The wash of pastures, fields, commons, roads, streets, or
backsides, are of great advantage to all sorts of land. Mortimer.

To BACKSLI'DE. v. n. [from back and slide.] To fall off; to
apostatize: a word only used by divines.
Hast thou seen that which backsliding Israel hath done? She
is gone up upon every high mountain, and under every green
tree. Jeremiah, iii. 6.

BACKSLI'DER. n. s. [from backslide.] An apostate.
The backslider in heart shall be filled. Prov. xiv. 14.

BA'CKSTAFF. n. s. [from back and staff; because, in taking an
observation, the observer's back is turned towards the sun.]
An instrument useful in taking the sun's altitude at sea; in­
vented by Captain Davies.

BA'CKSTAIRS. n. s. [from back and stairs.] The private stairs
in the house.
I condemn the practice which hath lately crept into the court
at the backstairs, that some pricked for sheriffs get out of the
bill. Bacon's Advice to Sir George Villiers.



BA'CKSTAYS. n. s. [from back and stay.] Ropes or stays which
keep the masts of a ship from pitching forward or overboard.

BA'CKSWORD. n. s. [from back and sword.] A sword with one
sharp edge.
Bull dreaded not old Lewis at backsword. Arbuth. J. Bull.

BA'CKWARD. adv. [from back and weard, Sax. that is, to­
wards the back.]

BA'CKWARDS. adv. [from back and weard, Sax. that is, to­
wards the back.]
1. With the back forwards.
They went backward, and their faces were backward. Gen. ix.
2. Towards the back.
In leaping with weights, the arms are first cast backwards,
and then forwards, with so much the greater force; for the
hands go backward before they take their rise. Bacon's Nat. H.
3. On the back.
Then darting from her malignant eyes,
She cast him backward as he strove to rise. Dryden's Æneid.
4. From the present station to the place behind the back.
We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
And beat them backward home. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The monstrous sight
Struck them with horrour backward; but far worse
Urg'd them behind. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
5. Regressively.
Are not the rays of light, in passing by the edges and sides of
bodies, bent several times backwards and forwards with a mo­
tion like that of an eel? Newton's Opticks.
6. Towards something past.
To prove the possibility of a thing, there is no argument to
that which looks backwards; for what has been done or suffer­
ed, may certainly be done or suffered again. South.
7. Out of the progressive state; reflex.
No, doubtless; for the mind can backward cast
Upon herself, her understanding light. Sir J. Davies.
8. From a better to a worse state.
The work went backward; and the more he strove
T' advance the suit, the farther from her love. Dryden.
9. Past; in time past.
They have spread one of the worst languages in the world,
if we look upon it some reigns backwards. Locke.
10. Perversely; from the wrong end.
I never yet saw man,
But she would spell him backward; if fair-fac'd,
She'd swear the gentleman should be her sister;
If black, why, nature, drawing of an antick,
Made a foul blot; if tall, a launce ill-headed.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.

BA'CKWARD. adj. 
1. Unwilling; averse.
Cities laid waste, they storm'd the dens and caves;
For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves. Pope.
We are strangely backward to lay hold of this safe, this only
method of cure. Atterbury.
Our mutability makes the friends of our nation backward to
engage with us in alliances. Addison. Freeholder.
2. Hesitating.
All things are ready, if our minds be so;
Perish the man, whose mind is backward now. Shak. H. V.
3. Sluggish; dilatory.
The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of weighing
every argument. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. Dull; not quick or apprehensive.
It often falls out, that the backward learner makes amends
another way. South.

BA'CKWARD. n. s. The things or state behind or past.
What seest thou else
In the dark backward or abysm of time? Shakesp. Tempest.

BA'CKWARDLY. adv. [from backward.]
1. Unwillingly; aversely; with the back forward.
Like Numid lions by the hunters chas'd,
Though they do fly, yet backwardly do go
With proud aspect, disdaining greater haste. Sidney.
2. Perversely.
I was the first man
That e'er receiv'd gift from him;
And does he think so backwardly of me,
That I'll requite it last? Shakesp. Timon.

BA'CKWARDNESS. n. s. [from backward.] Dulness; unwilling­
ness; sluggishness.
The thing by which we are apt to excuse our backwardness
to good works, is the ill success that hath been observed to at­
tend well designed charities. Atterbury.

BA'CON. n. s. [probably from baken, that is, dried flesh.]
1. The flesh of a hog salted and dried.
High o'er the hearth a chine of bacon hung,
Good old Philemon seiz'd it with a prong,
Then cut a slice. Dryden's Fables.
2. To save the bacon, is a phrase for preserving one's self from
being unhurt; borrowed from the care of housewives in the
country, where they have seldom any other provision in the
house than dried bacon, to secure it from the marching soldiers.
What frightens you thus? my good son! says the priest;
You murder'd, are sorry, and have been confest.
O father! my sorrow will scarce save my bacon;
For 'twas not that I murder'd, but that I was taken. Prior.

BACULO'METRY. n. s. [from baculus, Lat. and μέτϱον.] The art
of measuring distances by one or more staves. Dict.

BAD. adj. [quaad, Dutch; compar. worse; superl. worst.]
1. Ill; not good: a general word used in regard to physical or
moral faults, either of men or things.
Most men have politicks enough to make, through violence,
the best scheme of government a bad one. Pope.
2. Vitious; corrupt.
Thou may'st repent,
And one bad act, with many deeds well done,
May'st cover. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 256.
Thus will the latter, as the former, world
Still tend from bad to worse. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. xii.
Our unhappy fates
Mix thee amongst the bad, or make thee run
Too near the paths, which virtue bids thee shun. Prior.
3. Unfortunate; unhappy.
The sun his annual course obliquely made,
Good days contracted, and enlarg'd the bad. Dryden.
4. Hurtful; unwholesome.
Reading was bad for his eyes, writing made his head ake. Add.
5. Sick.

BAD. The preterite of bid.

BADE. The preterite of bid.
And, for an earnest of greater honour,
He bad me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawder. Macb.

BADGE. n. s. [A word of uncertain etymology; derived by Ju­
nius from bode or bade, a messenger; and supposed to be cor­
rupted from badage, the credential of a messenger: but taken
by Skinner and Minshew from bagghe, Dut. a jewel, or bague, a
ring, Fr.]
1. A mark or cognizance worn to shew the relation of the wearer
to any person or thing.
But on his breast a bloody cross he bore,
The dear remembrance of his dying lord;
For whose sweet sake that glorious badge he wore. Spenser.
The outward splendour of his office, is the badge and token
of that glorious and sacred character which he inwardly bears.
Atterbury's Sermons.
2. A token by which one is known.
A savage tygress on her helmet lies;
The famous badge Clarinda us'd to bear. Fairfax, b. ii.
3. The mark of any thing.
There appears much joy in him; even so much, that joy
could not shew itself modest enough, without a badge of bit­
terness. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. Shakes. Tit. Andron.
Let him not bear the badges of a wreck,
Nor beg with a blue table on his back. Dryden's Persius.

To BADGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To mark as with a badge.
Your royal father's murder'd.———
—— Oh, by whom?———
Those of his chamber, as it seem'd, had don't;
Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood,
So were their daggers. Shakesp. Macbeth.

BADGER. n. s. [bedour, Fr.] An animal that earths in the
ground, used to be hunted.
That a brock, or badger, hath legs of one side shorter than the
other, is very generally received not only by theorists and unex­
perienced believers, but most who behold them daily.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

BADGER LEGGED. adj. [from badger and legged.] Having legs
of an unequal length, as the badger is supposed to have.
His body crooked all over, big-bellied, badger legged, and his
complexion swarthy. L'Estrange.

BA'DGER. n. s. [perhaps from the Latin bajulus, a carrier; but,
by Junius, derived from the badger, a creature who stows up
his provision.] One that buys corn and victuals in one place,
and carries it unto another. Cowel.

BA'DLY. adv. [from bad.] In a bad manner; not well.
How goes the day with us? Oh tell me, Hubert.—
Badly, I fear. How fares your majesty? Shak. King John.

BA'DNESS. n. s. [from bad.] Want of good qualities, either na­
tural or moral.
It was not your brother's evil disposition made him seek his
death; but a provoking merit, set awork by a reprovable bad­
ness in himself. Shakesp. King Lear.
There is one convenience in this city, which makes some
amends for the badness of the pavement. Addison on Italy.
I did not see how the badness of the weather could be the
king's fault. Addison. Freeholder.


BAF

To BA'FFLE. v. a. [beffler, Fr.]
1. To elude.
They made a shift to think themselves guiltless, in spite of all
their sins; to break the precept, and at the same time to baffle
the curse. South.
He hath deserved to have the grace withdrawn, which he
hath so long baffled and defied. Atterbury.
2. To consound; to defeat with some confusion, as by perplex­
ing or amusing; to baffle is sometimes less than to conquer.


Etruria lost,
He brings to Turnus' aid his baffled host. Dryden's Æneid.
When the mind has brought itself to close thinking, it may
go on roundly. Every abstruse problem, every intricate ques­
tion will not baffle, discourage, or break it. Locke.
3. To crush; to bring to nothing.
A foreign potentate trembles at a war with the English na­
tion, ready to employ against him such revenues as shall baffle
his designs upon their country. Addison. Freeholder, No 20.

BA'FFLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A defeat.
It is the skill of the disputant that keeps off a baffle. South.
The authors having missed of their aims, are fain to retreat
with frustration and a baffle. South.

BA'FFLER. n. s. [from baffle.] He that puts to confusion, or
defeats.
Experience, that great baffler of speculation, assures us the
thing is too possible, and brings, in all ages, matter of fact to
confute our suppositions. Government of the Tongue, § 2.


BAG

BAG. n. s. [belge, Sax. from whence perhaps by dropping, as is
usual, the harsh consonant, came bege, bage, bag.]
1. A sack, or pouch, to put any thing in, as money, corn.
Cousin, away for England; haste before,
And, ere our coming, see thou shake the bags
Of hoarding abbots; their imprison'd angels
Set thou at liberty. Shakesp. King John.
What is it that opens thy mouth in praises? Is it that thy
bags and thy barns are full? South.
Those waters were inclosed within the earth as in a bag.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Once, we confess, beneath the patriot's cloak,
From the crack'd bag the dropping guinea spoke. Pope.
2. That part of animals in which some particular juices are con­
tained, as the poison of vipers.
The swelling poison of the several sects,
Which, wanting vent, the nation's health infects,
Shall burst its bag. Dryden.
Sing on, sing on, for I can ne'er be cloy'd;
So may thy cows their burden'd bags distend. Dryden.
3. An ornamental purse of silk tied to men's hair.
We saw a young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with
a bob wig and black silken bag tied to it. Addison. Spectator.
4. A term used to signify different quantities of certain commodi­
ties; as a bag of pepper; a bag of hops.

To BAG. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put into a bag.
Accordingly he drain'd those marshy grounds,
And bagg'd them in a blue cloud. Dryden's King Arthur.
Hops ought not to be bagged up hot. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To load with a bag.
Like a bee bagg'd with his honey'd venom,
He brings it to your hive. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

To BAG. v. n. To swell like a full bag.
The skin seemed much contracted, yet it bagged, and had a
porringer full of matter in it. Wiseman's Surgery.
Two kids that in the valley stray'd,
I found by chance, and to my fold convey'd:
They drain two bagging udders every day. Dryden's Virgil.

BA'GATELLE. n. s. [bagatelle, Fr.] A trifle; a thing of no im­
portance.
Heaps of hair rings and cypher'd seals;
Rich trifles, serious bagatelles. Prior.

BA'GGAGE. n. s. [from bag, bagage, Fr.]
1. The furniture and utensils of an army.
The army was an hundred and seventy thousand footmen,
and twelve thousand horsemen, beside the baggage. Judith, vii. 2.
Riches are the baggage of virtue; they cannot be spared, nor
left behind, but they hinder the march. Bacon.
They were probably always in readiness, and carried among
the baggage of the army. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. The goods that are to be carried away, as bag and baggage.
Dolabella designed, when his affairs grew desperate in Egypt,
to pack up bag and baggage, and sail for Italy. Arbuth. on Coins.
3. A worthless woman; in French bagaste; so called, because
such women follow camps.
A spark of indignation did rise in her, not to suffer such a
baggage to win away any thing of hers. Sidney.
When this baggage meets with a man who has vanity to cre­
dit relations, she turns him to account. Spectat. No 205.

BA'GNIO. n. s. [bagno, Ital. a bath.] A house for bathing, sweat­
ing, and otherwise cleansing the body.
I have known two instances of malignant fevers produced by
the hot air of a bagnio. Arbuthnot on Air.

BA'GPIPE. n. s. [from bag and pipe; the wind being received in
a bag.] A musical instrument, consisting of a leathern bag,
which blows up like a foot-ball, by means of a port vent or
little tube fixed to it, and stopped by a valve; and three pipes
or flutes, the first called the great pipe or drone, and the second
the little one; which pass the wind out only at the bottom;
the third has a reed, and is plaid on by compressing the bag
under the arm, when full; and opening or stopping the holes,
which are eight, with the fingers. The bagpipe takes in the
compass of three octaves. Chambers.
No banners but shirts, with some bad bagpipes instead of
drum and sife. Sidney, b. i.
He heard a bagpipe, and saw a general animated with the
sound. Addison. Freeholder, No 27.

BAGPI'PER. n. s. [from bagpipe.] One that plays on a bagpipe.
Some that will evermore peep thro' their eyes,
And laugh, like parrots, at a bagpiper. Shak. M. of Venice.

BAGUETTE. n. s. [Fr. a term of architecture.] A little round
moulding, less than an astragal; sometimes carved and en­
riched.


BAI

To BAIGNE. v. a. [bagner, Fr.] To drench; to soak: a word
out of use.
The women forslow not to baigne them, unless they plead
their heels, with a worse perfume than Jugurth found in the
dungeon. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BAIL. n. s. [of this word the etymologists give many derivations;
it seems to come from the French bailler, to put into the hand;
to deliver up, as a man delivers himself up in surety.]
Bail is the freeing or setting at liberty one arrested or im­
prisoned upon action either civil or criminal, under security ta­
ken for his appearance. There is both common and special
bail; common bail is in actions of small prejudice, or slight proof,
called common, because any sureties in that case are taken:
whereas, upon causes of greater weight, or apparent speciality,
special bail or surety must be taken. There is a difference be­
tween bail and mainprise; for he that is mainprised, is at large,
until the day of his appearance: but where a man is bailed, he
is always accounted by the law to be in their ward and custody
for the time: and they may, if they will, keep him in ward or
in prison at that time, or otherwise at their will. Cowel.
Worry'd with debts, and past all hopes of bail,
The unpity'd wretch lies rotting in a jail. Roscommon.
And bribe with presents, or when presents fail,
They send their prostituted wives for bail. Dryden.

To BAIL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To give bail for another.
Let me be their bail—
They shall be ready at your highness' will,
To answer their suspicion——
Thou shalt not bail them. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
2. To admit to bail.
When they had bailed the twelve bishops, who were in the
Tower, the house of commons, in great indignation, caused
them immediately again to be recommitted to the Tower.
Clarendon.

BA'ILABLE. adj. [from bail.] That may be set at liberty by
bail or sureties.

BA'ILIFF. n. s. [a word of doubtful etymology in itself, but bor­
rowed by us from baillie, Fr.]
1. A subordinate officer.
Lausanne is under the canton of Berne, and governed by a
bailiff sent them every three years from the senate of Berne.
Addison on Italy.
2. An officer whose business it is to execute arrests.
It many times happeneth, that, by the under-sheriffs and
their bailiffs, the owner hath incurred the forfeiture, before he
cometh to the knowledge of the process that runneth against
him. Bacon.
A bailiff, by mistake, seized you for a debtor, and kept you
the whole evening in a spunging-house. Swift.
Swift as a bard the bailiff leaves behind. Pope.
3. An under-steward of a manor.

BA'ILIWICK. n. s. [of baillie, Fr. and wic, Sax.] The place of
the jurisdiction of a bailiff within his hundred, or the lord's
franchise. It is that liberty which is exempted from the she­
riff of the county, over which the lord of the liberty appointeth
a bailiff. Cowel.
A proper officer is to walk up and down his bailiwick.
Spenser on Ireland.
There issued writs to the sheriffs, to return the names of the
several land-owners in their several bailiwicks.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To BAIT. v. a. [batan, Sax. baitzen, Germ.]
1. To put meat upon a hook, in some place, to tempt fish or
other animals.
Oh, cunning enemy, that to catch a saint,
With saints dost bait thy hook! most dangerous
Is that temptation that doth goad us on
To sin in loving virtue. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Let's be revenged on him; let's appoint him a meeting,
give him a show of comfort in his suit, and lead him on with a
sure baited delay, till he hath pawned his horses to mine host of
the garter. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well known to
anglers, who bait their hooks with them. Ray.
How are the sex improv'd in am'rous arts!
What new-found snares they bait for human hearts! Gay.
2. To give meat to one's self, or horses, on the road.
What so strong,
But wanting rest, will also want of might?
The sun, that measures heaven all day long,
At night doth bait his steeds the ocean waves among. F. Q.



To BAIT. v. a. [from battre, Fr. to beat.] To attack with vio­
lence; to set dogs upon.
Who seeming sorely chaffed at his band,
As chained bear, whom cruel dogs do bait,
With idle force did fain them to withstand. Fairy Queen.
I will not yield
To kiss the ground before young Malcolm's feet;
And so be baited with the rabble's curse. Shak. Macbeth.

To BAIT. v. n. To stop at any place for refreshment; per­
haps this word is more properly bate; to abate speed.
But our desires, tyrannical extorsion
Doth force us there to set our chief delightfulness,
Where but a baiting place is all our portion. Sidney.
As one who on his journey baits at noon,
Tho'bent on speed: so here the archangel paus'd. Par. Lost.
In all our journey from London to his house, we did not so
much as bait at a whig inn. Addison. Spectat. No 126.

To BAIT. v. n. [as an hawk.] To clap the wings; to make an
offer of flying; to flutter.
All plum'd like estridges, that with the wind
Baited like eagles having lately bath'd;
Glittering in golden coats like images. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Hood my unman'd blood baiting in my cheeks
With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold,
Thinks true love acted simple modesty. Shak. Rom. and Jul.
Another way I have to man my haggard,
To make her come, and know her keepers call;
That is, to watch her as we watch these kites,
That bait and beat, and will not be obedient.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

BAIT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Meat set to allure fish, or other animals, to a snare.
The pleasant'st angling is to see the fish
Cut with her golden oars the silver stream,
And greedily devour the treacherous bait.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
2. A temptation; an enticement.
And that same glorious beauty's idle boast,
Is but a bait such wretches to beguile. Spens. sonnet xli.
Taketh therewith the souls of men, as with certain baits.
Hooker, b. v. § 35.
Sweet words I grant, baits and allurements sweet
But greatest hopes of greatest crosses meet. Fairfax, b. ii.
Fruit, like that
Which grew in paradise, the bait of Eve
Us'd by the tempter. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 551.
Secure from foolish pride's affected state,
And specious flattery's more pernicious bait. Roscommon.
Her head was bare,
But for her native ornament of hair,
Which in a simple knot was ty'd above:
Sweet negligence! unheeded bait of love! Dryden's Fab.
Grant that others could with equal glory,
Look down on pleasures, and the baits of sense. Add. Cato.
3. A refreshment on a journey.

BAIZE. n. s. A kind of coarse open cloth stuff, having a long
nap; sometimes frized on one side, and sometimes not frized,
according to the uses it is intended for. This stuff is without
wale, being wrought on a loom with two treddles, like flan­
nel. Chambers.


BAK

To BAKE. v. a. participle passive, baked, or baken. [bæcan, Sax.
becken, Germ. supposed by Wachter to come from bec, which,
in the Phrygian language, signified bread.]
1. To heat any thing in a close place; generally in an oven.
He will take thereof, and warm himself; yea, he kindleth it,
and baketh bread. Isaiah, xliv. 15.
The difference of prices of bread proceeded from their de­
licacy in bread, and perhaps something in their manner of bak­
ing. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To harden in the fire.
The work of the fire is a kind of baking; and whatsoever
the fire baketh, time doth in some degree dissolve. Bacon.
3. To harden with heat.
With vehement suns
When dusty summer bakes the crumbling clods,
How pleasant is't, beneath the twisted arch,
To ply the sweet carouse! Philips.
The sun with flaming arrows pierc'd the flood,
And, darting to the bottom, bak'd the mud. Dryden.

To BAKE. v. n. 
1. To do the work of baking.
I keep his house, and I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour, dress
meat, and make the beds, and do all myself.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. To be heated or baked.
Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the cauldron boil and bake. Shakesp. Macbeth.

BAKED Meats. Meats dressed by the oven.
There be some houses, wherein sweetmeats will relent, and
baked meats will mould, more than others. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

BA'KEHOUSE. n. s. [from bake and house.] A place for baking
bread.
I have marked a willingness in the Italian artizans, to distri­
bute the kitchen, pantry, and bakehouse, under ground. Wotton.

BA'KEN. The participle from to bake.
There was a cake baken on the coals, and a cruse of water at
his head. 1 Kings, xix. 6.

BA'KER. n. s. [from to bake.] He whose trade is to bake.
In life and health, every man must proceed upon trust, there
being no knowing the intention of the cook or baker. South.


BAL

BA'LANCE. n. s. [balance, Fr. bilanx, Lat.]
1. One of the six simple powers in mechanicks, used principally
for determining the difference of weight in heavy bodies. It
is of several forms. Chambers.
2. A pair of scales.
A balance of power, either without or within a state, is best
conceived by considering what the nature of a balance is. It
supposes three things; first, the part which is held, together
with the hand that holds it; and then the two scales, with
whatever is weighed therein. Swift.
For when on ground the burden'd balance lies,
The empty part is lifted up the higher. Sir John Davies.
3. A metaphorical balance, or the mind employed in comparing
one thing with another.
I have in equal balance justly weighed,
What wrong our arms may do, what wrongs we suffer:
Griefs heavier than our offences. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. The act of comparing two things, as by the balance.
Comfort arises not from others being miserable, but from this
inference upon the balance, that we suffer only the lot of na­
ture. L'Estrange's Fables.
Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either side, it will
appear, that the rules of the gospel are more powerful means of
conviction than such message. Atterbury.
5. The overplus of weight; that quantity by which, of two
things weighed together, one exceeds the other.
Care being taken, that the exportation exceed in value the
importation; and then the balance of trade must of necessity
be returned in coin or bullion. Bacon's Adv. to Sir G. Villiers.
6. That which is wanting to make two parts of an account even;
as, he stated the account with his correspondent, and paid the
balance.
7. Equipoise; as balance of power. See the second sense.
Love, hope, and joy, fair pleasure's smiling train,
Hate, fear, and grief, the family of pain;
These mixed with art, and to due bounds confin'd,
Make and maintain the balance of the mind. Pope.
8. The beating part of a watch.
It is but supposing that all watches, whilst the balance beats,
think; and it is sufficiently proved, that my watch thought all
last night. Locke.
9. In astronomy. One of the twelve signs of the zodiack, com­
monly called Libra.

To BA'LANCE. v. a. [valancer, Fr.]
1. To weigh in a balance, either real or figurative; to compare
by the balance.
If men would but balance the good and the evil of things,
they would not venture soul and body for a little dirty interest.
L'Estrange's Fables.
2. To regulate the weight in a balance.
Heav'n that hath plac'd this island to give law,
To balance Europe, and her states to awe. Waller.
3. To counterpoise; to weigh equal to.
The attraction of the glass is balanced, and rendered ineffec­
tual by the contrary attraction of the liquor. Newton's Opt.
4. To regulate an account, by stating it on both sides.
Judging is, balancing an account, and determining on which
side the odds lie. Locke.
5. To pay that which is wanting to make the two parts of an ac­
count equal.
Give him leave
To balance the account of Blenheim's day. Prior.
Though I am very well satisfied, that it is not in my
power to balance accounts with my Maker, I am resolved, how­
ever, to turn all my endeavours that way. Addison. Spectator.

To BA'LANCE. v. n. To hesitate; to fluctuate between equal
motives, as a balance plays when charged with equal weights.
Were the satisfaction of lust, and the joys of heaven, offered
at any one's present possession, he would not balance, or err in
the determination of his choice. Locke.
Since there is nothing that can offend, I see not why you
should balance a moment about printing it. Atterbury to Pope.

BA'LANCER. n. s. [from balance.] The person that weighs any
thing.

BA'LASS Ruby. n. s. [balas, Fr. supposed to be an Indian term.]
A kind of ruby.
Balass ruby is of a crimson colour, with a cast of purple, and
seems best to answer the description of the ancients.
Woodward on Fossils.

To BALBU'CINATE. v. n. [from balbutio, Lat.] To stammer in
speaking. Dict.

To BALBU'TIATE. v. n. The same with balbucinate. Dict.

BALCO'NY. n. s. [balcon, Fr. balcone, Ital.] A frame of iron,
wood, or stone, before the window of a room.


Then pleasure came, who, liking not the fashion,
Began to make balconies, terraces,
Till she had weaken'd all by alteration. Herbert.
When dirty waters from balconies drop,
And dext'rous damsels twirl the sprinkling mop. Gay.

BALD. adj. [bal, Welch.]
1. Without hair.
Neither shall men make themselves bald for them. Jer. xvi. 6.
I find it remarked by Marchetti, that the cause of baldness
in men is the dryness of the brain, and its shrinking from the
skull; he having observed, that in bald persons, under the bald
part, there was a vacuity between the skull and the brain. Ray.
He should imitate Cæsar, who, because his head was bald,
covered that defect with laurels. Addison. Spect. No 232.
2. Without natural covering.
Under an oak, whose boughs were moss'd with age,
And high top bald with dry antiquity. Shakesp. As you like it.
3. Without the usual covering.
He is set at the upper end o' th' table; but they stand bald
before him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. Unadorned; inelegant.
Hobbes, in the preface to his own bald translation of the
Ilias, begins the praise of Homer when he should have ended it.
Dryden's Fables, Preface.
And that, though labour'd, line must bald appear,
That brings ungrateful musick to the ear. Creech.
5. Stripped; naked; without dignity; without value; bare.
What should the people do with these bald tribunes?
On whom depending, their obedience fails
To th' greater bench. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
6. Bald was used by the northern nations, to signify the same as
audax, bold; and is still in use. So Baldwin, and by inversion
Winbald, is bold conqueror; Ethelbald, nobly bold; Eadbald, hap­
pily bold; which are of the same import as Thraseas, Thrasyma­
chus, and Thrasybulus, &c. Gibson's Camden.

BA'LDACHIN. n. s. [baldachino, Ital.] A piece of architecture,
in form of a canopy, supported with columns, and serving as a
covering to an altar. It properly signifies a rich silk, du cange,
and was a canopy carried over the host. Build. Dict.

BA'LDERDASH. n. s. [probably of bald, Sax. bold, and dash, to
mingle.] Any thing jumbled together without judgment;
rude mixture; a confused discourse.

To BA'LDERDASH. v. a. [from the noun.] To mix or adulte­
rate any liquor.

BA'LDLY. adv. [from bald.] Nakedly; meanly; inelegantly.

BA'LDMONY. n. s. The same with GENTIAN; which see.

BA'LDNESS. n. s. [from bald.]
1. The want of hair.
2. The loss of hair.
Which happen'd on the skin to light,
And there corrupting to a wound,
Spreads leprosy and baldness round. Swift.
3. Meanness of writing; inelegance.

BA'LDRICK. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. A girdle. By some Dictionaries it is explained a bracelet; but
I have not found it in that sense.
Athwart his breast a baldrick brave he ware,
That shin'd like twinkling stars, with stones most precious
rare. Fairy Queen, b. i.
A radiant baldrick, o'er his shoulders ty'd,
Sustain'd the sword, that glitter'd at his side. Pope.
2. The zodiack.
That like the twins of Jove, they seem'd in sight,
Which deck the baldrick of the heavens bright. Spenser.

BALE. n. s. [balle, Fr.] A bundle or parcel of goods packed up
for carriage.
One hired an ass in the dog-days, to carry certain bales of
goods to such a town. L'Estrange.
It is part of the bales in which bohea tea was brought over
from China. Woodward on Fossils.

BALE. n. s. [bæl, Sax. bale, Dan. bal, bol, Icelandish.] Misery;
calamity.
She look'd about, and seeing one in mail,
Armed to point, sought back to turn again;
For light she hated as the deadly bale. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To BALE. v. a. A word used by the sailors, who bid bale out the
water; that is, lave it out, by way of distinction from pump­
ing. Skinner.

To BALE. v. n. [embeller, Fr. imballure, Ital.] To make up in­
to a bale.

BA'LEFUL. adj. [from bale]
1. Full of misery; full of grief; sorrowful; sad; woful.
Ah! luckless babe, born under cruel star,
And in dead parents baleful ashes bred. Fairy Queen, b. i.
But when I feel the bitter baleful smart,
Which her fair eyes unwares do work in me,
I think that I a new Pandora see. Spenser, sonnet xxiv.
Round he throws his baleful eyes,
That witness'd huge affliction and dismay,
Mix'd with obdurate pride and stedfast hate. Par. Lost, b. i.
2. Full of mischief; destructive.
But when he saw his threat'ning was but vain,
He turn'd about, and search'd his baleful books again. F. Q.
Boiling choler chokes,
By sight of these, our baleful enemies. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Unseen, unfelt, the firy serpent skims
Betwixt her linen and her naked limbs;
His baleful breath inspiring, as he glides. Dryden's Æneid.
Happy Iërne, whose most wholesome air
Poisons envenom'd spiders, and forbids
The baleful toad, and vipers from her shore. Philips.

BA'LEFULLY. adv. [from baleful.] Sorrowfully; mischievously.

BALK. n. s. [balk, Dut. and Germ.] A great beam, such as is
used in building; a rafter over an outhouse or barn.

BALK. n. s. [derived by Skinner from valicare, Ital. to pass over.]
A ridge of land left unploughed between the furrows, or at the
end of the field.

To BALK. v. a. [See the noun.] 
1. To disappoint; to frustrate.
Another thing in the grammar schools I see no use of, unless
it be to balk young lads in the way to learning languages. Locke.
Every one has a desire to keep up the vigour of his faculties,
and not to balk his understanding by what is too hard for it. Locke.
But one may balk this good intent,
And take things otherwise than meant. Prior.
The prices must have been high; for a people so rich would
not balk their fancy. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Balk'd of his prey, the yelling monster flies,
And fills the city with his hideous cries. Pope's Odyssey.
Is there a variance? enter but his door,
Balk'd are the courts, and contest is no more. Pope.
2. To miss any thing.
By grisly Pluto he doth swear,
He rent his clothes, and tore his hair;
And as he runneth here and there,
An acorn cup he greeteth;
Which soon he taketh by the stalk,
About his head he lets it walk,
Nor doth he any creature balk,
But lays on all he meeteth. Drayt. Nymphid.
3. To omit, or refuse any thing.
This was looked for at your hand, and this was balkt.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
4. To heap, as on a ridge. This, or something like this, seems
to be intended here.
Ten thousand bold Scots, three and twenty knights,
Balk'd in their own blood, did Sir Walter see
On Holmedon's plains. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BA'LKERS. n. s. [In fishery.] Men who stand on a cliff, or high
place on the shore, and give a sign to the men in the fishing­
boats, which way the passage or shole of herrings is. Cowel.
The pilchards are pursued by a bigger fish, called a plusher,
who leapeth above water, and bewrayeth them to the balker.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BALL. n. s. [bol, Dan. bol. Dut.]
Bel, diminutively Belin, the sun, or Apollo of the Celtæ, was
called by the ancient Gauls Abellio. Whatever was round, and
in particular the head, was called by the ancients either Bâl,
or Bel, and likewise Ból and Biil. Among the modern Per­
sians, the head is called Pole; and the Flemings still call the
head Bolle. Πόλ is the head or poll, and πολεῖν, is to turn.
Βο̃λ likewise signifies a round ball, whence bowl, and bell, and
ball, which the Welch term bêl. By the Scotch also the head
is named bhél; whence the English bill is derived, signifying the
beak of a bird. Figuratively, the Phrygians and Thurians, by
βάλλην understood a king. Hence also, in the Syriack dialects,
βαάλ, βήλ, and likewise Βῶλ, signifies lord, and by this name
also the sun; and, in some dialects, Ἤλ and Ἲλ, whence Ἲλ,
and Ἥλι, Ϝήλι, and Βηλι, and also in the Celtick diminu­
tive way of expression, Ἕλεν, Ϝέλεν, and Βέλεν, signified the
sun; and Ἑλένη, Ϝελένη, and Βελένη, the moon. Among the Teu­
tonicks, hol and heil have the same meaning; whence the ad­
jective holig, or heilig, is derived, and signifies divine or holy;
and the aspiration being changed into s, the Romans form their
Sol. Baxter.
1. Any thing made in a round form.
The worms with many feet, which round themselves into
balls under logs of timber, but not in the timber. Bacon.
Nor arms they wear, nor swords and bucklers wield,
But whirl from leathern strings huge balls of lead. Dryden.
Like a ball of snow tumbling down a hill, he gathered strength
as he passed. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Still unripen'd in the dewy mines,
Within the ball a trembling water shines,
That through the chrystal darts. Addison's Rem. on Italy.
Such of those corpuscles as happened to combine into one
mass, formed the metallick and mineral balls, or nodules, which
we find. Woodward's Natural History.
2. A round thing to play with, either with the hand or foot, or
a racket.
Balls to the stars, and thralls to fortune's reign,
Turn'd from themselves, infected with their cage,
Where death is fear'd, and life is held with pain. Sidney.
Those I have seen play at ball, grow extremely earnest who
should have the ball. Sidney.


3. A small round thing, with some particular mark, by which
votes are given, or lots cast.
Let lots decide it.
For ev'ry number'd captive put a ball
Into an urn; three only black be there,
The rest, all white, are safe. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears;
Round in his urn the blended balls he rowls;
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryden.
4. A globe; as, the ball of the earth.
Julius and Antony, those lords of all,
Low at her feet present the conquer'd ball. Granville.
Ye gods, what justice rules the ball?
Freedom and arts together fall. Pope.
5. A globe borne as an ensign of sovereignty.
Hear the tragedy of a young man, that by right ought to
hold the ball of a kingdom; but, by fortune, is made himself
a ball, tossed from misery to misery, and from place to place.
Bacon's Henry VII.
6. Any part of the body that approaches to roundness; as the
lower and swelling part of the thumb, the apple of the eye.
Be subject to no sight but mine; invisible
To every eye ball else. Shakesp. Tempest.
To make a stern countenance, let your brow bend so, that
that it may almost touch the ball of the eye. Peacham.
7. The parchment spread over a hollow piece of wood, stuffed
with hair or wool, which the printers dip in ink, to spread it
on the letters.

BALL. n. s. [bal, Fr. from ballare, low Lat. from βαλλίζειν, to
dance.] An entertainment of dancing, at which the prepara­
tions are made at the expence of some particular person.
If golden sconces hang not on the walls,
To light the costly suppers and the balls. Dryden.
He would make no extraordinary figure at a ball; but I can
assure the ladies, for their consolation, that he has writ better
verses on the sex than any man. Swift.

BA'LLAD. n. s. [balade, Fr.] A song.
Ballad once signified a solemn and sacred song, as well as
trivial, when Solomon's Song was called the ballad of ballads;
but now it is applied to nothing but trifling verse. Watts.
An' I have not ballads made on you all, and sung to filthy
tunes, may a cup of sack be my poison. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Like the sweet ballad, this amusing lay
Too long detains the lover on his way. Gay's Trivia.

To BA'LLAD. v. n. [from the noun.] To make or sing bal­
lads.
Saucy lictors
Will catch at us like strumpets, and scall'd rhimers
Ballad us out o' tune. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BA'LLAD-SINGER. n. s. [from ballad and sing.] One whose em­
ployment it is to sing ballads in the streets.
No sooner 'gan he raise his tuneful song,
But lads and lasses round about him throng.
Not ballad-singer, plac'd above the crowd,
Sings with a note so shrilling, sweet and loud. Gay.

BA'LLAST. n. s. [ballaste, Dutch.]
1. Something put at the bottom of the ship to keep it steady
to the center of gravity.
There must be some middle counsellors to keep things
steady; for, without that ballast, the ship will roul too much.
Bacon's Essays.
As for the ascent of it, this may be easily contrived, if there
be some great weight at the bottom of the ship, being part of
its ballast; which, by some cord within, may be loosened from
it. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
As when empty barks or billows float,
With sandy ballast sailors trim the boat;
So bees bear gravel stones, whose poising weight
Steers through the whistling winds their steddy flight. Dryd.
2. That which is used to make any thing steady.
Why should he sink where nothing seem'd to press?
His lading little, and his ballast less. Swift.

To BA'LLAST. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put weight at the bottom of a ship, in order to keep her
steady.
If this ark be so ballasted, as to be of equal weight with the
like magnitude of water, it will be moveable.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
2. To keep any thing steady.
Whilst thus to ballast love, I thought,
And so more steddily t' have gone,
I saw, I had love's pinnace overfraught. Donne.
Now you have given me virtue for my guide,
And with true honour ballasted my pride. Dryden's Aureng.

BALLE'TTE. n. s. [ballette, Fr.] A dance in which some history
is represented.

BA'LLIARDS. n. s. [from ball and yard, or stick to push it with.]
A play at which a ball is driven by the end of a stick; now
corruptly called billiards.
With dice, with cards, with balliards, far unfit,
With shuttlecocks misseeming manly wit. Hubberd's Tale.

BA'LLISTER. See BALUSTRE.

BALLO'N. n. s. [ballon, Fr.]

BALLO'ON. n. s. [ballon, Fr.]
1. A large round short-necked vessel used in chymistry.
2. In architecture; a ball or globe placed on the top of a pillar.
3. In fireworks; a ball of pasteboard, stuffed with combustible
matter, which, when fired, mounts to a considerable height in
the air, and then bursts into bright sparks of fire, resembling
stars.

BA'LLOT. n. s. [ballote, Fr.]
1. A little ball or ticket used in giving votes, being put privately
into a box or urn.
2. The act of voting by ballot.

To BA'LLOT. v. n. [balloter, Fr.] To choose by ballot, that is, by
putting little balls or tickets, with particular marks, privately in
a box; by counting which it is known what is the result of the
poll, without any discovery by whom each vote was given.
No competition arriving to a sufficient number of balls, they
fell to ballot some others. Wotton.
Giving their votes by balloting, they lie under no awe. Swift.

BALLOTA'TION. n. s. [from ballot.] The act of voting by ballot.
The election is intricate and curious, consisting of ten se­
veral ballotations. Wotton.

BALM. n. s. [baume, Fr. balsamum, Lat.]
1. The sap or juice of a shrub, remarkably odoriferous.
Balm trickles through the bleeding veins
Of happy shrubs, in Idumean plains. Dryden's Virgil.
2. Any valuable or fragrant ointment.
Thy place is filled, thy sceptre wrung from thee;
Thy balm wash'd off wherewith thou wast anointed.
Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Any thing that sooths or mitigates pain.
You were conducted to a gentle bath,
And balms apply'd to you. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Your praise's argument, balm of your age;
Dearest and best. Shakesp. King Lear.

BALM. n. s. [melissa, Lat.] The name of a plant.

BALM Mint. n. s. [melissa, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It is a verticillate plant, with a labiated flower, consisting of
one leaf, whose upper lip is roundish, upright, and divided into
two; but the under lip, into three parts: out of the flower­
cup rises the pointal, attended, as it were, with four embryos;
these afterwards turn to so many seeds, which are roundish, and
inclosed in the flower-cup; to these notes may be added, the
flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves, but are not
whorled round the stalks. The species are, 1. Garden balm.
2. Garden balm, with yellow variegated flowers. 3. Stinking
Roman balm, with softer hairy leaves. The first of these sorts
is cultivated in gardens for medicinal and culinary use: it is
propagated by parting the roots either in spring or autumn.
When they are first planted, if the season proves dry, you must
carefully water them until they have taken root. Millar.

BALM of Gilead. 
1. The juice drawn from the balsam tree, by making incisions in
its bark. Its colour is first white, soon after green; but when
it comes to be old, it is of the colour of honey. The smell of
it is agreeable, and very penetrating; the taste of it bitter, sharp
and astringent. As little issues from the plant by incision, the
balm sold by the merchants, is made of the wood and green
branches of the tree, distilled by fire, which is generally adul­
terated with turpentine. Calmet.
It seems most likely to me, that the zori of Gilead, which we
render in our English bible by the word balm, was not the same
with the balsam of Mecca, but only a better sort of turpentine,
then in use for the cure of wounds and other diseases.
Prideaux's Connection.
2. A plant remarkable for the strong balsamick scent, which its
leaves emit, upon being bruised; whence some have supposed,
erroneously, that the balm of Gilead was taken from this plant.
Millar.

To BALM. v. a. [from balm.]
1. To anoint with balm.
Balm his soul head with warm distilled waters,
And burn sweet wood. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
2. To sooth; to mitigate; to assuage.
Opprest nature sleeps:
This rest might yet have balm'd thy senses,
Which stand in hard cure. Shakesp. King Lear.

BA'LMY. adj. [from balm.]
1. Having the qualities of balm.
Soft on the flow'ry herb I found me laid,
In balmy sweat; which with his beams the sun
Soon dry'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
2. Producing balm.
3. Soothing; soft; mild.
Come, Desdemona, 'tis the soldier's life
To have their balmy slumbers wak'd with strife. Shak. Othello.
Such visions hourly pass before my sight,
Which from my eyes their balmy slumbers fright. Dryden.
4. Fragrant; odoriferous.
Those rich perfumes which, from the happy shore,
The winds upon their balmy winds convey'd,
Whose guilty sweetness first the world betray'd. Dryden.


First Eurus to the rising morn is sent,
The regions of the balmy continent. Dryden's Ovid.
5. Mitigating; assuasive.
Oh balmy breath, that dost almost persuade
Justice to break her sword! Shakesp. Othello.

BA'LNEARY. n. s. [balnearium, Lat.] A bathing-room.
The balnearies, and bathing-places, he exposeth unto the sum­
mer setting. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

BALNEA'TION. n. s. [from balneum, Lat. a bath.] The act of
bathing.
As the head may be disturbed by the skin, it may the same
way be relieved, as is observable in balneations, and fomenta­
tions of that part. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.

BA'LNEATORY. adj. [balneatorius, Lat.] Belonging to a bath
or stove.

BA'LOTADE. n. s. The leap of an horse, so that when his
fore-feet are in the air, he shews nothing but the shoes of his
hinder-feet, without yerking out. A balotade differs from a
capriole; for when a horse works at caprioles, he yerks out his
hinder legs with all his force. Farrier's Dict.

B'ALSAM. n. s. [balsamum, Lat.] Ointment; unguent; an unc­
tuous application thicker than oil, and softer than salve.
Christ's blood's our balsam; if that cure us here,
Him, when our judge, we shall not find severe. Denham.

BALSAM Apple. [momordica, Lat.] An annual Indian plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, is of the expanded bell-shaped
kind, but so deeply cut, as to appear composed of five distinct
leaves: the flowers are some male, or barren; others female,
growing upon the top of the embryo, which is afterwards
changed into a fruit, which is fleshy, and sometimes more or
less tapering and hollow, and, when ripe, usually bursts, and
casts forth the seeds with an elasticity; which seeds are wrap­
ped up in a membranous covering, and are, for the most part,
indented on the edges. Millar.

BALSAM Tree. 
This is a shrub which scarce grows taller than the pomegra­
nate tree; it shoots out abundance of long slender branches,
with a few small rounding leaves, always green; the wood of
it is gummy, and of a reddish colour; the blossoms are like
small stars, white, and very fragrant; whence spring out little
pointed pods, inclosing a fruit like an almond, called carpobal­
samum, as the wood is called xylobalsamum, and the juice opo­
balsamum; which see. This tree is cultivated in Arabia and
Judea; but it is forbid to be sown or multiplied without the per­
mission of the grand signior. Calmet. Chambers.

BALSA'MICAL. adj. [from balsam.] Having the qualities of
balsam; unctuous; mitigating; soft; mild;
oily.

BALSA'MICK. adj. [from balsam.] Having the qualities of
balsam; unctuous; mitigating; soft; mild;
oily.
If there be a wound in my leg, the vital energy of my soul
thrusts out the balsamical humour of my blood to heal it.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The aliment of such as have fresh wounds ought to be such
as keeps the humours from putrefaction, and renders them oily
and balsamick. Arbuthnot on Diet.

BA'LUSTER. n. s. [according to du Cange, from balaustrium, low
Lat. a bathing place.] A small column or pilaster, from an inch
and three quarters to four inches square or diameter. Their di­
mensions and forms are various; they are frequently adorned
with mouldings; they are placed with rails on stairs, and in
the fronts of galleries in churches.
This should first have been planched over, and railed about
with balusters. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BA'LUSTRADE. n. s. [from baluster.] An assemblage of one or
more rows of little turned pillars, called balusters, fixed upon a
terras, or the top of a building, for separating one part from an­
other.

BAM, BEAM, being initials in the name of any place, usually
imply it to have been woody; from the Saxon beam, which we
use in the same sense to this day. Gibson's Camden.

BA'MBOO. n. s. An Indian plant of the reed kind. It has se­
veral shoots, much larger than our ordinary reeds, which are
knotty, and separated from space to space by joints. They
are said by some, but by mistake, to contain sugar; the bam­
boo being much larger than the sugar-cane. The leaves grow
out of each knot, and are prickly. They are four or five inches
long, and an inch in breadth, somewhat pointed, and ribbed
through the whole length with green and sharp fibres. Its
flowers grow in ears, like those of wheat.

To BAMBO'OZLE. v. a. [a cant word not used in pure or in grave
writings.] To deceive; to impose upon; to confound.
After Nick had bamboozled about the money, John called for
counters. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

BAMBO'OZLER. n. s. [from bamboozle.] A tricking fellow; a
cheat.
There are a set of fellows they call banterers and bamboozlers,
that play such tricks. Arbuthnot's John Bull.


BAN

BAN. n. s. [ban, Teut. a publick proclamation, as of proscrip­
tion, interdiction, excommunication, publick sale.]
1. Publick notice given of any thing, whereby any thing is pub­
lickly commanded or forbidden. This word we use especially
in the publishing matrimonial contracts in the church, before
marriage, to the end that if any man can say against the inten­
tion of the parties, either in respect of kindred or otherwise,
they may take their exception in time. And, in the canon law,
banna sunt proclamationes sponsi & sponsæ in ecclesiis fieri soliti.
Cowel.
I bar it in the interest of my wife;
'Tis she is subcontracted to this lord,
And I her husband contradict your bans. Shakesp. King Lear.
Our bans thrice bid! and for our wedding-day
To draw her neck into the bans. Hudibras.
2. A curse; excommunication.
My kerchief bought! then press'd, then forc'd away! Gay.
In th' interim, spare for no trepans
Thou mixture rank of midnight weeds collected,
With Hecate's ban thrice blasted, thrice infected. Hamlet.
A great oversight it was of St. Peter, that he did not accurse
Nero, whereby the pope might have got all; yet what need of
such a ban, since friar Vincent could tell Atasalipa, that king­
doms were the pope's. Raleigh's Essays.
3. Interdiction.
Much more to taste it, under ban to touch. Parad. Lost.
4. Ban of the Empire; a publick censure by which the privileges
of any German prince are suspended.
He proceeded so far by treaty, that he was proferred to have
the imperial ban taken off Altapinus, upon submission. Howel.

To BAN. v. a. [bannen, Dut. to curse.] To curse; to execrate.
Shall we think that it baneth the work which they leave
behind them, or taketh away the use thereof. Hooker, b. v.
It is uncertain whether this word, in the foregoing sense, is
to be deduced from ban, to curse, or bane, to poison.
In thy closet pent up, rue my shame,
And ban our enemies, both mine and thine. Shakesp. H. VI.
Before these Moors went a Numidian priest, bellowing out
charms, and casting scrowls of paper on each side, wherein he
cursed and banned the Christians. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

BANA'NA Tree. See PLANTAIN; of which it is a species.

BAND. n. s. [bende, Dut. band, Saxon.]
1. A tye; a bandage; that by which one thing is joined to an­
other.
You shall find the band, that seems to tie their friendship to­
gether, will be the very strangler of their amity.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
2. A chain by which any animal is kept in restraint. This is
now usually spelt, less properly, bond.
So wild a beast, so tame ytaught to be,
And buxom to his bands, is joy to see. Hubberd's Tale.
Since you deny him ent'rance, he demands
His wife, whom cruelly you hold in bands. Dryd. Aurengz.
3. Any means of union or connexion between persons.
Here's eight that must take hands,
To join in Hymen's bands. Shakesp. As you like it.
4. Something worn about the neck; a neckcloth. It is now re­
strained to a neckcloth of particular form worn by clergymen,
lawyers, and students in colleges.
For his mind I do not care,
That's a toy that I could spare:
Let his title be but great,
His cloaths rich, and band sit neat. Ben Johnson's Underwoods.
He took his present lodging at the mansion-house of a taylor's
widow, who washes and can clear-starch his bands. Addison.
5. Any thing bound round another.
In old statues of stone in cellars, the feet of them being bound
with leaden bands, it appeared that the lead did swell. Bacon.
6. A company of persons joined together in any common design.
And, good my lord of Somerset, unite
Your troops of horsemen with his bands of foot.
Shakesp. Henry VI p. i.
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. Sh. H. V.
The queen in white array before her band,
Saluting took her rival by the hand. Dryden's Fables.
On a sudden, methought this select band sprang forward,
with a resolution to climb the ascent, and follow the call of
that heavenly musick. Tatler, No 81.
Strait the three bands prepare in arms to join,
Each band the number of the sacred Nine. Pope.
7. In architecture. Any flat low member or moulding, called
also fascia, face, or plinth.

To BAND. v. a. [from band.]
1. To unite together into one body or troop.
The bishop, and the duke of Glo'ster's men,
Have fill'd their pockets full of pebble stones,
And banding themselves in contrary parts,
Do pelt at one another's pates. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Some of the boys banded themselves as for the major, and
others for the king; who, after six days skirmishing, at last
made a composition, and departed. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
To live exempt
From heav'n's high jurisdiction, in new league
Banded against his throne. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
2. To bind over with a band.
And by his mother stood an infant lover,
With wings unfledg'd, his eyes were banded over. Dryden.



BANDS of a saddle,  are two pieces of iron nailed upon the bows
of the saddle, to hold the bows in the right situation.

BA'NDAGE. n. s. [bandage, Fr.]
1. Something bound over another.
Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over
her eyes; though one would not have expected to have seen
her represented in snow. Addison. Freeholder, No 27.
Cords were fastened by hooks to my bandages, which the
workmen had girt round my neck. Gulliver's Travels.
2. It is used, in surgery, for the fillet or roller wrapped over a
wounded member; and, sometimes, for the act or practice of
applying bandages.

BANDBOX. n. s. [from band and box.] A slight box used for
bands and other things of small weight.
My friends are surprized to find two bandboxes among my
books, till I let them see that they are lined with deep erudition.
Addison. Spectator, No 85.
With empty bandbox she delights to range,
And feigns a distant errand from the 'Change. Gay's Trivia.

BA'NDELET. n. s. [bandelet, Fr. In architecture.] Any little band,
flat moulding, or fillet.

BA'NDIT. n. s. [bandito, Ital.] A man outlawed.
No savage fierce, bandit, or mountaineer,
Will dare to soil her virgin purity. Milton's Poems.
No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride,
No cavern'd hermit, rests self satisfy'd. Pope's Essay on Man.

BANDI'TTO. n. s. in the plural banditti. [bandito, Ital.]
A Roman sworder, and banditto slave,
Murder'd sweet Tully. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.

BA'NDOG. n. s. [from ban or band, and dog. The original of this
word is very doubtful. Caius, de canibus Britannicis, derives it
from band, that is, a dog chained up. Skinner inclines to deduce
it from bana, a murderer. May it not come from ban a curse,
as we say a curst cur; or rather from baund, swelled or large, a
Danish word; from whence, in some counties, they call a great
nut a ban-nut.] A kind of large dog.
The time of night when Troy was set on fire,
The time when screech-owls cry, and bandogs howl.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
Or privy, or pert, if any bin,
We have great bandogs will tear their skin. Spens. Pastorals.

BA'NDOLEERS. n. s. [bandouliers, Fr.] Small wooden cases co­
vered with leather, each of them containing powder that is a
sufficient charge for a musket.

BA'NDROL. n. s. [banderol, Fr.] A little flag or streamer; the
little fringed silk flag that hangs on a trumpet.

BA'NDY. n. s. [from bander, Fr.] A club turned round at bot­
tom for striking a ball at play.

To BA'NDY. v. a. [probably from bandy, the instrument with
which they strike balls at play, which being crooked, is named
from the term bander un arc, to string or bend a bow.]
1. To beat to and fro, or from one to another.
They do cunningly, from one hand to another, bandy the
service like a tennis-ball. Spenser's Ireland.
And like a ball bandy'd 'twixt pride and wit,
Rather than yield, both sides the prize will quit. Denham.
What, from the tropicks, can the earth repel?
What vigorous arm, what repercussive blow,
Bandies the mighty globe still to and fro? Blackmore.
2. To exchange; to give and take reciprocally.
Do you bandy looks with me, you rascal? Shakesp. K. Lear.
'Tis not in thee
To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train,
To bandy hasty words. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To agitate; to toss about.
This hath been so bandied amongst us, that one can hardly
miss books of this kind. Locke.
Ever since men have been united into governments, the en­
deavours after universal monarchy have been bandied among
them. Swift.
Let not obvious and known truths, or some of the most plain
and certain propositions, be bandied about in a disputation.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To BA'NDY. v. n. To contend, as at some game, in which
each strives to drive the ball his own way.
No simple man that sees
This factious bandying of their favourites,
But that he doth presage some ill event. Shakesp. Henry VI.
A valiant son in law thou shalt enjoy:
One fit to bandy with thy lawless sons,
To ruffle in the commonwealth. Shakesp. Tit. Andron.
Could set up grandee against grandee,
To squander time away, and bandy,
Make lords and commoners lay sieges
To one another's privileges. Hudibras.
After all the bandying attempts of resolution, it is as much a
question as ever. Glanville's Scepsis, c. iv.

BA'NDYLEG. n. s. [from bander, Fr.] A crooked leg.
He tells aloud your greatest failing,
Nor makes a scruple to expose
Your bandyleg, or crooked nose. Swift.

BA'NDYLEGGED. adj. [from bandyleg.] Having crooked legs.
The Ethiopians had an one-eyed bandylegged prince; such a
person would have made but an odd figure. Collier on Duelling.

BANE. n. s. [bana, Sax. a murderer.]
1. Poison.
Begone, or else let me. 'Tis bane to draw
The same air with thee. Ben Johnson's Catiline.
All good to me becomes
Bane; and in heav'n much worse would be my state.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix. l. 122.
They, with speed,
Their course through thickest constellations held,
Spreading their bane. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 412.
Thus, am I doubly armed; my death and life,
My bane and antidote, are both before me:
This, in a moment, brings me to an end;
But that informs me I shall never die. Addison's Cato.
2. That which destroys; mischief; ruin.
Insolency must be represt, or it will be the bane of the Chris­
tian religion. Hooker, b. ii. § 7.
I will not be afraid of death and bane,
Till Birnam forest come to Dunsinane. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Suffices that to me strength is my bane,
And proves the source of all my miseries. Milton's S. Agon.
So entertain'd those odorous sweets the fiend,
Who came their bane. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 167.
Who can omit the Gracchi, who declare
The Scipios' worth, those thunderbolts of war,
The double bane of Carthage? Dryden, Æneid vi.
False religion is, in its nature, the greatest bane and destruc­
tion to government in the world. South.

To BANE. v. a. [from the noun.] To poison.
What if my house be troubled with a rat,
And I be pleas'd to give ten thousand ducats
To have it ban'd. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

BA'NEFUL. adj. [from bane and full.]
1. Poisonous.
For voyaging to learn the direful art,
To taint with deadly drugs the barbed dart;
Observant of the gods, and sternly just,
Ilus refus'd t' impart the baneful trust. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
2. Destructive.
The silver eagle too is sent before,
Which I do hope will prove to them as baneful,
As thou conceiv'st it to the commonwealth. B. Johns. Catil.
The nightly wolf is baneful to the fold,
Storms to the wheat, to buds the bitter cold. Dryden's Virgil.

BA'NEFULNESS. n. s. [from baneful.] Poisonousness; destruc­
tiveness.

B'ANEWORT. n. s. [from bane and wort.] A plant, the same
with deadly nightshade. See NIGHTSHADE.

To BANG. v. a. [vengolen, Dutch.]
1. To beat; to thump; to cudgel: a low and familiar word.
One receiving from them some affronts, met with them
handsomely, and banged them to good purpose. Howel's V. For.
He having got some iron out of the earth, put it into his ser­
vants hands to fence with, and bang one another. Locke.
Formerly I was to be banged, because I was too strong, and
now, because I am too weak to resist; I am to be brought down,
when too rich, and oppressed, when too poor. Arbuth. J. Bull.
2. To handle roughly; to treat with violence in general.
The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks,
That their designment halts. Shakesp. Othello.
You should accost her with jests fire-new from the mint;
you should have banged the youth into dumbness.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

BANG. n. s. [from the verb.] A blow; a thump; a stroke: a
low word.
I am a bachelor.—That's to say, they are fools that marry;
you'll bear me a bang for that. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
With many a stiff twack, many a bang,
Hard crabtree and old iron rang. Hudibras, cant. ii.
I heard several bangs or buffets, as I thought, given to the
eagle that held the ring of my box in his beak. Gulliv. Travels.

To BA'NISH. v. a. [banir, Fr. banio, low Lat. probably from
ban, Teut. an outlawry, or proscription.]
1. To condemn to leave his own country.
Oh, fare thee well!
Those evils thou repeat'st upon thyself,
Have banish'd me from Scotland. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To drive away.
It is for wicked men only to dread God, and to endeavour to
banish the thoughts of him out of their minds. Tillotson.
Successless all her soft caresses prove,
To banish from his breast his country's love. Pope's Odyss.

BA'NISHER. n. s. [from banish.] He that forces another from
his own country.
In mere spite,
To be full quit of those my banishers,
Stand I before thee here. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BA'NISHMENT. n. s. [bannissement, Fr.]
1. The act of banishing another; as, he secured himself by the
banishment of his enemies.


2. The state of being banished; exile.
Now go we in content
To liberty, and not to banishment. Shakesp. As you like it.
Round the wide world in banishment we roam,
Forc'd from our pleasing fields and native home. Dryden.

BANK. n. s. [banc, Saxon.]
1. The earth rising on each side of a water. We say, properly,
the shore of the sea, and the banks of a river, brook, or small
water.
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tyber trembled underneath his bank. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
Richmond, in Devonshire, sent out a boat
Unto the shore, to ask those on the banks,
If they were his assistants. Shakesp. Richard III.
A brook whose stream so great, so good,
Was lov'd, was honour'd as a stood:
Whose banks the Muses dwelt upon. Crashaw.
'Tis happy when our streams of knowledge flow,
To fill their banks, but not to overthrow. Denham.
O early lost! what tears the river shed,
When the sad pomp along his banks was led! Pope.
2. Any heap of earth piled up.
They besieged him in Abel of Bethmaachah, and they cast up
a bank against the city; and it stood in the trench.
2 Samuel, xx. 15.
3. [from banc, Fr. a bench.] A seat or bench of rowers.
Plac'd on your banks, the lusty Trojans sweep
Neptune's smooth face, and cleave the yielding deep. Waller.
Mean time the king with gifts a vessel stores,
Supplies the banks with twenty chosen oars. Dryd. Homer.
That banks of oars were not in the same plain, but raised
above one another, is evident from descriptions of ancient ships.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. A place where money is laid up to be called for occasionally.
Let it be no bank, or common stock, but every man be mas­
ter of his own money. Not that I altogether mislike banks, but
they will hardly be brooked in regard of certain suspicions.
Bacon's Essays.
This mass of treasure you should now reduce;
But you your store have hoarded in some bank. Denham.
Their pardons and indulgences, and giving men a share in
saints merits, out of the common bank and treasury of the
church, which the pope has the sole custody of. South.
5. The company of persons concerned in managing a bank.

To BANK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To lay up money in a bank.
2. To inclose with banks.
Amid the cliffs
And burning sands, that bank the shrubby vales. Thomson.

BA'NK-BILL. n. s. [from bank and bill] A note for money laid
up in a bank, at the sight of which the money is paid.
Let three hundred pounds be paid her out of my ready mo­
ney, or bank-bills. Swift's Last Will.

BA'NKER. n. s. [from bank.] One that trafficks in money; one
that keeps or manages a bank.
Whole droves of lenders croud the banker's doors,
To call in money. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
By powerful charms of gold and silver led,
The Lombard bankers and the change to waste. Dryden.

BA'NKRUPCY. n. s. [from bankrupt.]
1. The state of a man broken, or bankrupt.
2. The act of declaring one's self bankrupt; as, he silenced the
clamours of his creditors by a sudden bankrupcy.

BA'NKRUPT. adj. [banqueroute, Fr. bancorupto, Ital.] In debt
beyond the power of payment.
The king's grown bankrupt, like a broken man.
Shakesp. Richard III.
Sir, if you spend word for word with me,
I shall make your wit bankrupt. Shak. Two Gent. of Verona.

BA'NKRUPT. n. s. A man in debt beyond the power of pay­
ment.
Perkin gathered together a power, neither in number nor in
hardiness contemptible; but, in their fortunes, to be feared;
being bankrupts, and many of them felons. Bacon's Henry VII.
It is with wicked men as with a bankrupt: when his credi­
tors are loud and clamorous, and speak big, he giveth them
many good words. Calamy.
In vain at court the bankrupt pleads his cause;
His thankless country leaves him to her laws. Pope.

To BA'NKRUPT. v. a. To break; to disable one from satisfy­
ing his creditors.
We cast off the care of all future thirst, because we are al­
ready bankrupted. Hammond's Fundamentals.

BA'NNER. n. s. [banniere, Fr. banair, Welch.]
1. A flag; a standard; a military ensign.
From France there comes a power,
Who already have secret seize
In some of our best ports, and are at point
To shew their open banner. Shakesp. King Lear.
All in a moment through the gloom were seen
Ten thousand banners rise into the air,
With orient colours waving. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
He said no more;
But left his sister and his queen behind,
And wav'd his royal banner in the wind. Dryden.
Fir'd with such motives, you do well to join
With Cato's foes, and follow Cæsar's banners. Addison's Cato.
2. A streamer borne at the end of a lance, or elsewhere.

BA'NNERET. n. s. [from banner.] A knight made in the field,
with the ceremony of cutting off the point of his standard, and
making it a banner. They are next to barons in dignity; and
were anciently called by summons to parliament. Blount.
A gentleman told king Henry, that Sir Richard Crostes,
made banneret at Stoke, was a wise man; the king answered,
he doubted not that, but marvelled how a fool could know.
Cambden's Remains.

BA'NNEROL, more properly BANDEROL. n. s. [from banderole,
Fr.] A little flag or streamer.
King Oswald had a bannerol of gold and purple set over his
tomb. Camden's Remains.

BA'NNIAN. n. s. A man's undress, or morning-gown; such as
is worn by the Bannians in the East Indies.

BA'NNOCK. n. s. A kind of oaten or pease meal cake, mixed
with water, and baked upon an iron plate over the fire; used
in the northern counties, and in Scotland.

BA'NQUET. n. s. [banquet, Fr. banchetto, Ital. vanqueto, Span.]
A feast.
If a fasting day come, he hath on that day a banquet to make.
Hooker, b. v. § 41.
In his commendations I am fed;
It is a banquet to me. Shakesp. Macbeth.
You cannot have a perfect palace, except you have two se­
veral sides; a side for the banquet, and a side for the houshold;
the one for feasts and triumphs, and the other for dwelling.
Bacon's Essays.
Shall the companions make a banquet of him? Shall they
part him among the merchants? Job, xli. 6.
At that tasted fruit,
The sun, as from Thyestean banquet, turn'd
His course intended. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 688.
That dares prefer the toils of Hercules
To dalliance, banquets, and ignoble ease. Dryden's Juvenal.

To BA'NQUET. v. a. [from the noun.] To treat any one with
seasts.
Welcome his friends,
Visit his countrymen, and banquet them.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
They were banqueted by the way, and the nearer they ap­
proached, the more encreased the nobility. Sir J. Havward.

To BA'NQUET. v. n. To feast; to fare daintily.
The mind shall banquet, tho' the body pine;
Fat paunches make lean pates, and dainty bits
Make rich the ribs, but banker out the wits.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
So long as his innocence is his repast, he feasts and banquets
upon bread and water. South.
I purpos'd to unbend the evening hours,
And banquet private in the women's bow'rs. Prior.

BA'NQUETER. n. s. [from banquet.]
1. A feaster; one that lives deliciously.
2. He that makes feasts.

BA'NQUET-HOUSE. n. s. [from banquet and house.] A
house where banquets are kept.

BA'NQUETING-HOUSE. n. s. [from banquet and house.] A
house where banquets are kept.
In a banqueting-house, among certain pleasant trees, the table
was set near to an excellent water-work. Sidney.
But at the walk's end behold, how rais'd on high
A banquet-house salutes the southern sky. Dryden's Juvenal.

BANQUE'TTE. n. s. [Fr. in fortification.] A small bank at
the foot of the parapet, for the soldiers to mount upon when
they fire.

BA'NSTICLE. n. s. A small fish, called also a stickleback.

To BA'NTER. v. a. [a barbarous word, without etymology,
unless it be derived from badiner, Fr.] To play upon; to rally;
to turn to ridicule; to ridicule.
The magistrate took it that he bantered him, and bad an offi­
cer take him into custody. L'Estrange.
It is no new thing for innocent simplicity to be the subject
of bantering drolls. L'Estrange.
Could Alcinous' guests withold
From scorn or rage? Shall we, cries one, permit
His leud romances, and his bant'ring wit? Tate's Juvenal.

BA'NTER. n. s. [from the verb.] Ridicule; raillery.
This humour, let it look never so silly, as it passes many times
for frolick and banter, is one of the most pernicious snares in
human life. L'Estrange.
Metaphysicks are so necessary to a distinct conception, solid
judgment, and just reasoning on many subjects, that those who
ridicule it, will be supposed to make their wit and banter a re­
fuge and excuse for their own laziness. Watts's Logick.

BA'NTERER. n. s. [from banter.] One that banters; a droll.
What opinion have these religious banterers of the divine
power? or what have they to say for this mockery and con­
tempt? L'Estrange.

BA'NTLING. n. s. [if it has any etymology, it is perhaps corrup­


ted from the old word bairn, bairnling, a little child.] A little
child: a low word.
If the object of their love
Chance by Lucina's aid to prove,
They seldom let the bantling roar,
In basket, at a neighbour's door. Prior.

BA'PTISM. n. s. [baptismus, Lat. βαϖτισμὸς.]
1. An external ablution of the body, with a certain form of
words, which operates and denotes an internal ablution or
washing of the soul from original sin. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Baptism is given by water, and that prescript form of words
which the church of Christ doth use. Hooker, b. iv. § 1.
To his great baptism flock'd,
With awe, the regions round, and with them came
From Nazareth the son of Joseph deem'd,
Unmarkt, unknown. Paradise Regained, b. i. l. 21.
2. Baptism is often taken in Scripture for sufferings.
I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how am I strait­
ened till it be accomplished? Luke, xii. 15.

BAPTI'SMAL. adj. [from baptism.] Of or pertaining to bap­
tism.
When we undertake the baptismal vow, and enter on their
new life, it would be apt to discourage us. Hammond.

BA'PTIST. n. s. [baptiste, Fr. βαϖτιϛης.] He that administers
baptism.
Him the Baptist soon
Descry'd, divinely warn'd, and witness bore
As to his worthier—— Parad. Regained, b. i. l. 25.

BA'PTISTERY. n. s. [baptisterium, Lat.] The place where the
sacrament of baptism is administered.
The great church, baptistery, and leaning tower, are well
worth seeing. Addison on Italy.

To BAPTIZE. v. a. [baptiser, Fr. from βαϖτίζω.] To christen;
to administer the sacrament of baptism.
He to them shall leave in charge,
To teach all nations what of him they learn'd,
And his salvation; them who shall believe,
Baptizing in the profluent stream, the sign
Of washing them from guilt of sin, to life
Pure, and in mind prepar'd, if so befal,
For death, like that which the Redeemer dy'd.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
Let us reflect that we are christians; that we are called by
the name of the Son of God, and baptized into an irreconcile­
able enmity with sin, the world, and the devil. Rogers.

BAPTI'ZER. n. s. [from to baptize.] One that christens; one
that administers baptism.


BAR

BAR. n. s. [barre, Fr.]
1. A piece of wood, iron, or other matter, laid cross a passage
to hinder entrance.
And he made the middle bar to shoot through the boards
from the one end to the other. Exodus, xxxvi. 33.
2. A bolt; a piece of iron or wood fastened to a door, and en­
tering into the post or wall to hold it.
The fish-gate did the sons of Hassenaah build, who also laid
the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, the locks there­
of, and the bars thereof. Nehem. iii. 3.
3. Any obstacle which hinders or obstructs.
I brake up for it my decreed place, and set bars and doors,
and said, hitherto shalt thou come, and no farther.
Job, xxxviii. 10.
And had his heir surviv'd him in due course,
What limits, England, hadst thou found? what bar?
What world could have resisted? Daniel's Civil War.
Hard, thou know'st it, to exclude
Spiritual substance with corporeal bar. Parad. Lost, b. iv.
Must I new bars to my own joy create,
Refuse myself, what I had forc'd from fate? Dryd. Aureng.
Fatal accidents have set
A most unhappy bar between your friendship.
Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
4. A rock, or bank of sand, at the entrance of a harbour or ri­
ver, which ships cannot sail over at low water.
5. Any thing used for prevention.
Lest examination should hinder and lett your proceedings,
behold, for a bar against that impediment, one opinion newly
added. Hooker, Preface.
Which Salique land the French unjustly gloze to be
The founder of this law, and female bar. Shakesp. Hen. V.
6. The place where causes of law are tried, or where criminals
are judged; so called from the bar placed to hinder crouds
from incommoding the court.
The great duke
Came to the bar, where, to his accusations,
He pleaded still not guilty. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Some at the bar with subtlety defend,
Or on the bench the knotty laws untye. Dryd. Juvenal.
7. An inclosed place in a tavern or coffeehouse, where the house­
keeper sits and receives reckonings.
I was under some apprehension that they would appeal to
me; and therefore laid down my penny at the bar, and made
the best of my way. Addison. Spectator, No 403.
8. In law. A peremptory exception against a demand or plea
brought by the defendant in an action, that destroys the action
of the plaintiff for ever. It is divided into a bar to common
intent, and a bar special: a bar to a common intent, is an or­
dinary or general bar, that disables the declaration or plea of the
plaintiff: a bar special, is that which is more than ordinary,
and falls out in the case in hand, upon some special circum­
stance of the fact. Cowel.
Bastardy is laid in bar of something that is principally com­
menced. Ayliffe's Parergon.
9. Any thing by which the compages or structure is held to­
gether.
I went down to the bottoms of the mountains: the earth,
with her bars, was about me for ever. Jonah, ii. 6.
10. Any thing which is laid across another, as bars in heraldry.
11. Bar of gold or silver, is a lump or wedge from the mines,
melted down into a sort of mould, and never wrought.
12. Bars of a horse. The upper part of the gums between the
tusks and grinders, which bears no teeth, and to which the
bit is applied, and, by its friction, the horse governed.
13. Bars, in musick, are strokes drawn perpendicularly across
the lines of a piece of musick; used to regulate the beating or
measure of musical time.

BAR SHOT. n. s. Two half bullets joined together by an iron
bar; used in sea engagements for cutting down the masts and
rigging.

To BAR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten or shut any thing with a bolt, or bar.
My duty cannot suffer
T' obey in all your daughter's hard commands;
Though their injunction be to bar my doors,
And let this tyrannous night take hold upon you.
Shakesp. King Lear.
When you bar the window-shutters of your lady's bedcham­
ber at nights, leave open the sashes to let in the air.
Swift's Directions to the Chambermaid.
2. To hinder; to obstruct.
When law can do no right,
Let it be lawful, that law bar no wrong. Shakesp. K. Lear.
3. To prevent.
The houses of the country were all scattered, and yet not so
far off as that it barred mutual succour. Sidney, b. i.
Doth it not seem a thing very probable, that God doth pur­
posely add, Do after my judgments; as giving thereby to un­
derstand, that his meaning in the former sentence was but to bar
similitude in such things as were repugnant to his ordinances,
laws, and statutes? Hooker.
4. To shut out from.
Hath he set bounds between their love and me?
I am their mother; who shall bar them from me?
Shakesp. Richard III.
Our hope of Italy not only lost,
But shut from ev'ry shore, and barr'd from ev'ry coast. Dryd.
5. To exclude from a claim.
God hath abridged it, by barring us from some things of
themselves indifferent. Hooker, b. ii. § 4.
Give my voice on Richard's side,
To bar my master's heirs in true descent!
God knows I will not. Shakesp. Richard III.
His civil acts do bind and bar them all;
And as from Adam, all corruption take,
So, if the father's crime be capital,
In all the blood, law doth corruption make. Sir J. Davies.
It was thought sufficient not only to exclude them from that
benefit, but to bar them from their money. Clarendon.
If he is qualified, why is he barred the profit, when he only
performs the conditions? Collier on Pride.
6. To prohibit.
For though the law of arms doth bar
The use of venom'd shot in war. Hudibras.
What is a greater pedant than a mere man of the town?
Bar him the playhouses, and you strike him dumb. Addison.
7. To except; to make an exception.
Well, we shall see your bearing.—
—Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me
By what we do to-night. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
8. In law. To hinder the process of a suit.
But buff and belt men never know these cares;
No time, nor trick of law, their action bars:
Their cause they to an easier issue put. Dryden's Juvenal.
From such delays as conduce to the finding out of truth, a
criminal cause ought not to be barred. Ayliffe's Parergon.
If a bishop be a party to a suit, and excommunicates his ad­
versary, such excommunication shall not disable or bar his ad­
versary. Ayliffe's Parergon.
9. To bar a vein.
This is an operation performed upon the veins of the legs of
a horse, and other parts, with intent to stop the malignant hu­
mours. It is done by opening the skin above it, disengaging
it, and tying it both above and below, and striking between
two ligatures.



BARB. n. s. [barba, a beard, Lat.]
1. Any thing that grows in the place of the beard.
The barbel, so called by reason of his barb or wattels at his
mouth, under his chaps. Walton's Angler.
2. The points that stand backward in an arrow, or fishing-hook,
to hinder them from being extracted.
Nor less the Spartan fear'd, before he found
The shining barb appear above the wound. Pope's Iliad.
3. The armour for horses.
Their horses were naked, without any barbs; for albeit ma­
ny brought barbs, few regarded to put them on. Hayward.

BARB. n. s. [contracted from Barbary] A Barbary horse.
These horses are brought from Barbary; they are commonly
of a slender light size, and very lean and thin, usually chosen
for stallions. Barbs, as it is said, may die, but never grow old;
the vigour and mettle of barbs never cease, but with their
life. Farrier's Dict.

To BARB. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shave; to dress out the beard.
Shave the head, and tie the beard, and say it was the desire
of the penitent to be so barbed before his death.
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
2. To furnish horses with armour.
A warriour train
That like a deluge pour'd upon the plain;
On barbed steeds they rode in proud array,
Thick as the college of the bees in May. Dryden's Fables.
3. To jag arrows with hooks.
The twanging bows
Send showers of shafts, that on their barbed points
Alternate ruin bear. Philips.

BA'RBACAN. n. s. [barbacane, Fr. barbacana, Span.]
1. A fortification placed before the walls of a town.
Within the barbacan a porter sate,
Day and night duly keeping watch and ward:
Nor wight, nor word mote pass out of the gate,
But in good order, and with due regard. Fairy Queen.
2. A fortress at the end of a bridge.
3. An opening in the wall through which the guns are levelled.

BARBADOES Cherry. [malphigia, Lat.]
It has a small quinquesid calix, of one leaf, having bifid seg­
ments; the flower consists of five leaves, in form of a rose,
having several stamina collected in form of a tube; the ovary,
in the bottom of the flower-cup, becomes a globular, fleshy,
soft fruit; in which is a single capsule, containing three stony
winged nuts. In the West Indies, it rises to be fifteen or six­
teen feet high, where it produces great quantities of a pleasant
tart fruit; propagated in gardens there, but in Europe it is a
curiosity. Millar.

BA'RBA'DOES Tar. A bituminous substance, differing little from
the petroleum floating on several springs in England and Scot­
land. Woodward's Method of Fossils.

BARBA'RIAN. n. s. [barbarus, Lat. It seems to have signified at
first only foreign, or a foreigner; but, in time, implied some de­
gree of wildness or cruelty.]
1. A man uncivilized; untaught; a savage.
Proud Greece, all nations else barbarians held,
Boasting, her learning all the world excell'd. Denham.
There were not different gods among the Greeks and barba­
rians. Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Romish Idolatry.
But with descending show'rs of brimstone fir'd,
The wild barbarian in the storm expir'd. Addison.
2. A foreigner.
I would they were barbarians, as they are,
Though in Rome litter'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
3. A brutal monster; a man without pity: a term of reproach.
Thou fell barbarian!
What had he done? what could provoke thy madness
To assassinate so great, so brave a man! A. Philips D. Mot.

BARBA'RIAN. adj. Belonging to barbarians; savage.
Some felt the silent stroke of mould'ring age,
Barbarian blindness. Pope's Epistles.

BARBA'RICK. adj. [barbaricus, Lat.] Foreign; far-fetched.
The gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Show'rs on her kings barbarick pearl and gold. Par. Lost.
The eastern front was glorious to behold,
With diamond flaming, and barbarick gold. Pope.

BA'RBARISM. n. s. [barbarismus, Lat.]
1. A form of speech contrary to the purity and exactness of any
language.
The language is as near approaching to it, as our modern
barbarism will allow; which is all that can be expected from
any now extant. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
2. Ignorance of arts; want of learning.
I have for barbarism spoke more
Than for that angel knowledge you can say.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
The genius of Raphael having succeeded to the times of
barbarism and ignorance, the knowledge of painting is now ar­
rived to perfection. Dryd. Dufresnoy, Preface.
3. Brutality; savageness of manners; incivility.
Moderation ought to be had in tempering and managing the
Irish, to bring them from their delight of licentious barbarism
unto the love of goodness and civility. Spenser's State of Irel.
Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to civi­
lity, and fallen again to ruin. Sir J. Davies on Ireland.
4. Cruelty; barbarity; unpitying hardness of heart.
They must per force have melted,
And barbarism itself have pity'd him. Shakesp. Richard II.

BARBA'RITY. n. s. [from barbarous.]
1. Savageness; incivility.
2. Cruelty; inhumanity.
And they did treat him with all the rudeness, reproach, and
barbarity imaginable. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. Barbarisin; impurity of speech.
Next Petrarch followed, and in him we see
What rhime improv'd in all its height, can be
At best a pleasing sound, and sweet barbarity. Dryden.
Latin often expresses that in one word, which either the bar­
barity or narrowness of modern tongues cannot supply in more.
Dryden.
Affected refinements, which ended by degrees in many bar­
barities, before the Goths had invaded Italy. Swift.

BA'RBAROUS. adj. [barbare, Fr. βάϱβαρος.]
1. Stranger to civility; savage; uncivilized.
What need I say more to you? What ear is so barbarous,
but hath heard of Amphialus? Sidney.
The doubtful damsel dare not yet commit
Her single person to their barbarous truth. Fairy Q. b. i.
Thou art a Roman; be not barbarous. Shakesp. T. Andron.
And he left governour, Philip, for his country a Phrygian,
and for manners more barbarous than he that set him there.
2 Macc. v. 22.
A barbarous country must be broken by war, before it be ca­
pable of government; and when subdued, if it be not well
planted, it will eftsoons return to barbarism. Davies on Ireland.
2. Ignorant; unacquainted with arts.
They who restored painting in Germany, not having those
reliques of antiquity, retained that barbarous manner. Dryden.
3. Cruel; inhuman.
By their barbarous usage, he died within a few days, to the
grief of all that knew him. Clarendon, b. viii.

BA'RBAROUSLY. adv. [from barbarous.]
1. Ignorantly; without knowledge or arts.
2. In a manner contrary to the rules of speech.
We barbarously call them blest,
Whilst swelling coffers break their owner's rest. Stepney.
3. Cruelly; inhumanly.
But yet you barbarously murder'd him. Dryd. Span. Friar.
She wishes it may prosper; but her mother used one of her
nieces very barbarously. Spectator, No 483.

BA'RBAROUSNESS. n. s. [from barbarous.]
1. Incivility of manners.
Excellencies of musick and poetry are grown to be little
more, but the one fiddling, and the other rhiming; and are
indeed very worthy of the ignorance of the friar, and the bar­
barousness of the Goths. Temple.
2. Impurity of language.
It is also much degenerated and impaired, as touching the
pureness of speech; being overgrown with barbarousness.
Brerewood on Languages.
3. Cruelty.
The barbarousness of the trial, and the persuasives of the
clergy, prevailed to antiquate it. Hale's Common Law of Engl.

To BA'RBECUE. v. a. A term used in the West-Indies for dres­
sing a hog whole; which, being split to the backbone, is laid
flat upon a large gridiron, raised about two foot above a char­
coal fire, with which it is surrounded.
Oldfield, with more than harpy throat endu'd,
Cries, send me, gods, a whole hog barbecu'd. Pope.

BA'RBECUE. n. s. A hog drest whole, in the West Indian manner.

BA'RBED. participial adj. [from to barb.]
1. Furnished with armour.
His glittering armour he will command to rust,
His barbed steeds to stables. Shakesp. Richard II.
2. Bearded; jagged with hooks or points.
If I conjecture right, no drizzling show'r,
But rattling storm of arrows barb'd with fire.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi. l. 544.

BA'RBEL. n. s. [from barb.]
1. A kind of fish found in rivers, large and strong, but coarse.
The barbel is so called, by reason of the barb or wattels at
his mouth, or under his chaps. Walton's Angler.
2. Knots of superfluous flesh growing up in the channels of the
mouth of a horse. Farrier's Dict.

BA'RBER. n. s. [from to barb.] A man who shaves the beard.
His chamber being stived with friends or suitors, he gave his
legs, arms, and breasts to his servants to dress; his head and
face to his barber; his eyes to his letters, and his ears to peti­
tioners. Wotton.
With those thy boist'rous locks, no worthy match
For valour to assail ——
But by the barber's razor best subdu'd. Milton's Sams. Agon.


What system, Dick, has right averr'd
The cause, why woman has no beard?
In points like these we must agree;
Our barber knows as much as we. Prior.

To BA'RBER. v. a. [from the noun.] To dress out; to powder.
Our courteous Antony,
Whom ne'er the word of No, woman heard speak,
Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BARBER-CHIRURGEON. n. s. A man who joins the practice of
surgery to the barber's trade; such as were all surgeons for­
merly, but now it is used only for a low practiser of surgery.
He put himself into barber-chirurgeons hands, who, by unfit
applications, rarified the tumour. Wiseman's Surgery.

BARBER-MONGER. n. s. A word of reproach in Shakespeare,
which seems to signify a fop; a man decked out by his barber.
Draw, you rogue; for though it be night, the moonshines;
I'll make a sop of the moonshine of you; you whoreson, cul­
lionly, barber-monger, draw. Shakesp. King Lear.

BA'RBERRY. n. s. [berberis, Lat.] Pipperidge bush.
It is set with sharp prickles; the leaves are long, and serrat­
ed on the edges; the flowers consist of six leaves, which ex­
pand in form of a rose, and are of a yellow colour; the fruit
is long, of an acid taste, and, for the most part, of a red colour,
and grows in clusters; the bark of the tree is whitish. The
species are, 1. The common barberry. 2. Barberry without
stones. The first of these sorts is very common in England,
and often planted for hedges. Millar.
Barberry is a plant that bears a fruit very useful in house­
wifery; that which beareth its fruit without stones is counted
best. Mortimer's Husbandry.

BARD. n. s. [bardd, Welch.] A poet.
There is amongst the Irish a kind of people called bards,
which are to them instead of poets; whose profession is to set
forth the praises or dispraises of men in their poems or rhimes;
the which are had in high regard and estimation among them.
Spenser on Ireland.
And many bards that to the trembling chord,
Can tune their timely voices cunningly. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The bard who first adorn'd our native tongue,
Tun'd to his British lyre this ancient song,
Which Homer might without a blush rehearse. Dryden.

BARE. adj. [bare, Sax. bar, Dan.]
1. Naked; without covering.
The trees are bare and naked, which use both to cloath and
house the kern. Spenser on Ireland.
Then stretch'd her arms t' embrace the body bare;
Her clasping hands inclose but empty air. Dryden.
In the old Roman statues, these two parts were always bare,
and exposed to view, as much as our hands and face at present.
Addison's Travels.
2. Uncovered in respect.
Though the lords used to be covered whilst the commons
were bare, yet the commons would not be bare before the Scot­
tish commissioners; and so none were covered. Clarendon.
3. Unadorned; plain; simple; without ornament.
Yet was their manners then but bare and plain;
For th' antique world excess and pride did hate. Fairy Q.
4. Detected; without concealment.
These false pretexts and varnish'd colours failing,
Bare in thy guilt, how foul must thou appear?
Milton's Sampson Agonistes, l. 901.
5. Poor; without plenty.
Were it for the glory of God, that the clergy should be left
as bare as the apostles, when they had neither staff nor scrip;
God would, I hope, endue them with the self-same affection.
Hooker, Preface.
Even from a bare treasury, my success has been contrary to
that of Mr. Cowley. Dryden's Epistles, Dedication.
6. Mere.
It was a bare petition of a state
To one whom they had punish'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
You have an exchequer of words, and no other treasure for
your followers; for it appears, by their bare liveries, that they
live by your bare words. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
Nor are men prevailed upon by bare words, only through a
defect of knowledge; but carried, with these puffs of wind,
contrary to knowledge. South.
7. Threadbare; much worn; as, bare liveries, in the last quota­
tion from Shakespeare.
8. Not united with any thing else.
A desire to draw all things to the determination of bare and
naked Scripture, hath caused much pains to be taken in abating
the credit of man. Hooker, b. ii. § 7.
That which offendeth us, is the great disgrace which they
offer unto our custom of bare reading the word of God. Hooker.
9. Sometimes it has of before the thing taken away.
Tempt not the brave and needy to despair;
For, tho' your violence should leave them bare
Of gold and silver, swords and darts remain. Dryden's Juv.
Making a law to reduce interest, will not raise the price of
land; it will only leave the country barer of money. Locke.

To BARE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To strip; to make bare
or naked.
The turtle on the bared branch,
Laments the wounds that death did launch. Spenser.
There is a fabulous narration, that an herb groweth in the
likeness of a lamb, and feedeth upon the grass, in such sort as it
will bare the grass round about. Bacon's Natural History.
Eriphyle here he found
Baring her breast, yet bleeding with the wound. Dryden.
He bar'd an ancient oak of all her boughs:
Then on a rising ground the trunks he plac'd. Dryden.
For virtue, when I point the pen,
Bare the mean heart that lurks beneath a star;
Can there be wanting to defend her cause,
Lights of the church, or guardians of the laws? Pope.

BARE, or BORE. The preterite of to bear. See To BEAR.

BA'REBONE. n. s. [from bare and bone.] Lean, so that the bones
appear.
Here comes lean Jack, here comes barebone; how long is it
ago, Jack, since thou sawest thy own knee? Shakesp. Hen. IV.

BAREFACED. adj. [from bare and face.]
1. With the face naked; not masked.
Your French crowns have no hair at all, and then you will
play barefaced. Shakesp. Midsummer's Night's Dream.
2. Shameless; unreserved; without concealment; without dis­
guise.
The animosities encreased, and the parties appeared bare­
faced against each other. Clarendon, b. viii.
It is most certain, that barefaced bawdry is the poorest pre­
tence to wit imaginable. Dryden.

BAREFA'CEDLY. adv. [from barefaced.] Openly; shamefully;
without disguise.
Though only some profligate wretches own it too barefaced­
ly, yet, perhaps, we should hear more, did not fear tie people's
tongues. Locke.

BAREFA'CEDNESS. n. s. [from barefaced.] Effrontery; assu­
rance; audaciousness.

BA'REFOOT. adj. [from bare and foot.] Without shoes.
She must have a husband;
I must dance barefoot on her wedding day. Shakesp.
Going to find a barefoot brother out,
One of our order. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Ambitious love hath so in me offended,
That barefoot plod I the cold ground upon
With sainted vow. Shakespeare.
Envoys describe this holy man, with his Alcaydes about
him, standing barefoot, bowing to the earth. Addison.

BAREFO'OTED. adj. Without shoes.
He himself, with a rope about his neck, barefooted, came to
offer himself to the discretion of Leonatus. Sidney, b. ii.

BA'REGNAWN. adj. [from bare and gnawn.] Eaten bare.
Know my name is lost;
By treason's tooth baregnawn and cankerbit. Shak. K. Lear.

BA'REHEADED. adj. [from bare and head.] Uncovered in re­
spect.
He, bareheaded, lower than his proud steed's neck,
Bespoke them thus. Shakesp. Richard II.
Next, before the chariot, went two men bareheaded. Bacon.
The victor knight had laid his helm aside,
Bareheaded, popularly low he bow'd. Dryden's Fables.

BA'RELY. adv. [from bare.]
1. Nakedly.
2. Merely; only; without any thing more.
The external administration of his word is as well by read­
ing barely the Scripture, as by explaining the same. Hooker.
The duke of Lancaster is dead;
And living too, for now his son is duke—
——Barely in title, not in revenue. Shakesp. Richard II.
He barely nam'd the street, promis'd the wine;
But his kind wife gave me the very sign. Donne.
Where the balance of trade barely pays for commodities with
commodities, there money must be sent, or else the debts can­
not be paid. Locke.

BA'RENESS. n. s. [from bare.]
1. Nakedness.
So you serve us,
Till we serve you; but when you have our roses,
You barely leave our thorns to prick ourselves,
And mock us with our bareness. Shak All's well that ends well.
2. Leanness.
For their poverty, I know not where they had that; and
for their bareness, they never learned that of me. Shak. Hen. IV.
3. Poverty.
Were it stript of its privileges, and made as like the primi­
tive church for its bareness as its purity, it could legally want
all such privileges. South.
4. Meanness of clothes.

BA'RGAIN. n. s. [bargen, Welch; bargaigne, Fr.]
1. A contract or agreement concerning the sale of something.
What is marriage but a very bargain? wherein is sought al­
liance, or portion, or reputation, with some desire of issue;
and not the faithful nuptial union of man and wife. Bacon.


No more can be due to me,
Than at the bargain made was meant. Donne.
2. The thing bought or sold.
Give me but my price for the other two, and you shall even
have that into the bargain. L'Estrange.
He who is at the charge of a tutor at home, may give his
son a more genteel carriage, with greater learning into the bar­
gain, than any at school can do. Locke.
3. Stipulation.
There was a difference between courtesies received from
their master and the duke; for that the duke's might have ends
of utility and bargain; whereas their master's could not.
Bacon's Henry VII.
4. An unexpected reply, tending to obscenity.
Where sold he bargains, whipstitch? Dryden's Macflecknoe.
As to bargains, few of them seem to be excellent, because
they all terminate in one single point. Swift.
No maid at court is less asham'd,
Howe'er for selling bargains fam'd. Swift.
5. An event; an upshot: a low sense.
I am sorry for thy misfortune; however we must make the
best of a bad bargain: thou art in jeopardy, that is certain.
Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
6. In law.
Bargain and sale is a contract or agreement made for ma­
nours, lands, &c. also the transferring the property of them
from the bargainer to the bargainee. Cowel.

To BA'RGAIN. v. n. [from the noun.] To make a contract for
the sale or purchase of any thing; often with for.
Henry is able to enrich his queen;
And not to seek a queen to make him rich.
So worthless peasants bargain for their wives,
As market men for oxen, sheep, or horse. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
For those that are like to be in plenty, they may be bargained
for upon the ground. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 675.
The thrifty state will bargain ere they fight. Dryden.
It is possible the great duke may bargain for the republick of
Lucca, by the help of his great treasures. Addison on Italy.

BARGAINEE'. n. s. [from bargain.] He or she that accepts a
bargain.

BA'RGAINER. n. s. [from bargain.] The person who profers,
or makes a bargain.

BARGE. n. s. [bargie, Dut. from barga, low Lat.]
1. A boat for pleasure.
The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne,
Burnt on the water. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
It was consulted, when I had taken my barge, and gone a­
shore, that my ship should have set sail and left me there.
Raleigh's Essays.
Plac'd in the gilded barge,
Proud with the burden of so sweet a charge;
With painted oars the youths begin to sweep
Neptune's smooth face. Waller.
2. A boat for burden.

BA'RGER. n. s. [from barge.] The manager of a barge.
Howsoever, many wafarers make themselves glee, by put­
ting the inhabitants in mind of this privilege; who again,
especially the women, like the Campellians in the north, and
the London bargers, forslow not to baigne them.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BARK. n. s. [barck, Dan.]
1. The rind or covering of a tree.
Trees last according to the strength and quantity of their sap
and juice; being well munited by their bark against the inju­
ries of the air. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 583.
Wand'ring in the dark,
Physicians for the tree have found the bark. Dryden.
2. A small ship. [from barca, low Lat.]
Things, I say, being in this state, it came to pass, that the
duke of Parma must have flown, if he would have come into
England; for he could neither get bark nor mariner to put to
sea. Bacon on the War with Spain.
It was that fatal and perfidious bark,
Built in th' eclipse, and rigg'd with curses dark,
That sunk so low that sacred head of thine. Milton.
Who to a woman trusts his peace of mind,
Trusts a frail bark with a tempestuous wind. Granville.

To BARK. v. n. [beorcan, Saxon.]
1. To make the noise which a dog makes, when he threatens or
pursues.
Sent before my time
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up,
And that so lamely and unfashionably,
That dogs bark at me. Shakesp. Richard III.
Why do your dogs bark so? be there bears i' th' town?
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
In vain the herdman calls him back again;
The dogs stand off afar, and bark in vain. Cowley.
2. To clamour at; to pursue with reproaches.
Vile is the vengeance on the ashes cold,
And envy base, to bark at sleeping fame.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. viii.
You dare patronage
The envious barking of your saucy tongue,
Against my lord the duke of Somerset! Shakesp. Henry VI.

To BARK. v. a. [from the noun.] To strip trees of their
bark.
The severest penalties ought to be put upon barking any tree
that is not felled. Temple.
These trees, after they are barked, and cut into shape, are
tumbled down from the mountains into the stream.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

BARK-BARED. adj. [from bark and bare.] Stripped of the
bark.
Excorticated and bark-bared trees may be preserved, by nou­
rishing up a shoot from the foot, or below the stripped place,
cutting the body of the tree sloping off a little above the shoot,
and it will quickly heal, and be covered with bark.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

BA'RKER. n. s. [from bark.]
1. One that barks or clamours.
What hath he done more than a base cur? barked and made
a noise? had a fool or two to spit in his mouth? But they are
rather enemies of my fame than me, these barkers.
Ben. Johnson's Discovery.
2. [from bark of trees.] One that is employed in stripping
trees.

BA'RKY. adj. [from bark.] Consisting of bark; containing
bark.
Ivy so enrings the barky fingers of the elm.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

BA'RLEY. n. s. [derived by Junius from בד.]
It hath a thick spike; the calyx, husk, awn, and flower, are
like those of wheat or rye, but the awns are rough; the seed is
swelling in the middle, and, for the most part, ends in a sharp
point, to which the husks are closely united. The species are,
1. Common long-eared barley. 2. Winter or square barley, by
some called big. 3. Sprat barley, or battledoor barley. All these
sorts of barley are sown in the spring of the year, in a dry time.
In some very dry light land, the barley is sown early in March;
but in strong clayey soils it is not sown till April. The square
barley, or big, is chiefly cultivated in the north of England, and
in Scotland; and is hardier than the other sorts. Where barley
is sown upon new broken up land, the usual method is to
plough up the land in March, and let it lie fallow until June;
at which time it is ploughed again, and sown with turneps,
which are eaten by sheep in winter, by whose dung the land is
greatly improved; and then, in March following, the ground
is ploughed again, and sown with barley. Millar.
Barley is emollient, moistening, and expectorating; barley
was chosen by Hippocrates as proper food in inflammatory dis­
tempers. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BA'RLEYBRAKE. n. s. A kind of rural play.
By neighbours prais'd she went abroad thereby,
At barleybrake her sweet swift feet to try. Sidney.

BARLEY BROTH. n. s. [from barley and broth.] A low word,
sometimes used for strong beer.
Can sodden water,
A drench for surreyn'd jades, their barley broth,
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat? Shak. Hen. V.

BARLEY CORN. n. s. [from barley and corn.] A grain of bar­
ley; the beginning of our measure of length; the third part
of an inch.
A long, long journey, choak'd with brakes and thorns,
Ill measur'd by ten thousand barley corns. Tickell.

BARLEY MOW. n. s. [from barley and mow.] The place where
reaped barley is stowed up.
Whenever by yon barley mow I pass,
Before my eyes will trip the tidy lass. Gay's Pastorals.

BARM. n. s. [burm, Welch; beorm, Sax.] Yeast; the ferment
put into drink to make it work, and into bread, to lighten and
swell it.
Are you not he
That sometimes make the drink to bear no barm,
Mislead light wand'rers, laughing at their harm? Shakespear.
You may try the force of imagination, upon staying the
working of beer when the barm is put into it.
Bacon's Nat. History, No 992.

BA'RMY. adj. [from barm.] Containing barm.
Their jovial nights in frolicks and in play
They pass, to drive the tedious hours away;
And their cold stomachs with crown'd goblets cheer,
Of windy cider, and of barmy bear. Dryden's Virgil.

BARN. n. s. [bern, Sax.] A place or house for laying up any
sort of grain, hay, or straw, &c.
In vain the barns expect their promis'd load,
Nor barns at home, nor reeks are heap'd abroad. Dryden.
I took notice of the make of several barns here: after hav­
ing laid a frame of wood, they place, at the four corners of it,
four blocks, in such a shape as neither mice nor vermin can
creep up. Addison on Italy.

BA'RNACLE. n. s. [probably of bearn, Sax. a child, and aac, Sax.
an oak.]


1. A bird like a goose, fabulously supposed to grow on trees.
Surely it is beyond even an atheist's credulity and impu­
dence, to affirm that the first men might grow upon trees, as
the story goes about barnacles; or perhaps might be the lice of
some vast prodigious animals, whose species is now extinct.
Bentley's Sermons.
And from the most refin'd of saints,
As naturally grow miscreants,
As barnacles turn solan geese
In th' islands of the Orcades. Hudibras, p. iii. c. ii.
2. An instrument made commonly of iron for the use of farriers,
to hold a horse by the nose, to hinder him from struggling when
any incision is made. Farrier's Dict.

BARO'METER. n. s. [from βάϱος, weight, and μέτϱον, measure.]
A machine for measuring the weight of the atmosphere, and
the variations in it, in order chiefly to determine the changes
of the weather. It differs from the baroscope, which only
shews that the air is heavier at one time than another, without
specifying the difference. The barometer is founded upon the
Torricellian experiment, so called from Torricelli the inventor
of it, at Florence, in 1643; which is a glass tube filled with
mercury, horizontally sealed at one end; the other open and
immerged in a bason of stagnant mercury; so that, as the
weight of the atmosphere diminishes, the mercury in the tube
will descend, and, as it encreases, the mercury will ascend; the
column of mercury suspended in the tube, being always equal to
the weight of the incumbent atmosphere. Many attempts have
been made to render the changes in the barometer more sensible,
in order to measure the atmosphere more accurately; and hence
arose a great number of barometers, of different structures. Dr.
Halley observes, in the Philosophical Transactions, that in calm
weather, when the air is inclined to rain, the mercury is com­
monly low; in serene good settled weather, high. On great
winds, though unaccompanied with rain, the mercury is lowest
of all, with regard to the point of the compass the wind blows
on. The greatest heights of the mercury are on easterly and
north-easterly winds, cæteris paribus. After great storms of
wind, when the mercury has been low, it rises again very fast.
In calm frosty weather, it stands high. The more northerly
places find greater alterations than the more southern; and
within the tropicks, and near them, there is little or no varia­
tion of the height of the mercury. The rising of the mercury
forebodes fair weather after foul, and an easterly or north­
easterly wind; its falling portends southerly or westerly winds,
or both. In a storm, the mercury beginning to rise, is a pretty
sure sign that it begins to abate. But there are frequently great
changes in the air, without any perceptible alteration in the ba­
rometer. The alterations of the weight of the air, are gene­
rally allowed to be the cause of those in the barometer; but
philosophers cannot easily determine whence those alterations
rise in the atmosphere.
The measuring the heights of mountains, and finding the
elevation of places above the level of the sea, hath been much
promoted by barometrical experiments, founded upon that es­
sential property of the air, its gravity or pressure. As the co­
lumn of mercury in the barometer is counterpoised by a column
of air of equal weight, so whatever causes make the air heavier
or lighter, the pressure of it will be thereby encreased or lessen­
ed, and of consequence the mercury will rise or fall. Again,
the air is condensed or expanded, in proportion to the weight or
force that presses it. Hence it is, that the higher from the sea,
in the midland countries, the mercury descends the lower; be­
cause the air becomes more rarified and lighter, and it falls
lowest upon the tops of the highest mountains. Harris.
Gravity is another property of air, whereby it counterpoises
a column of mercury from twenty-seven inches and one half
to thirty and one half, the gravity of the atmosphere varying
one tenth, which are its utmost limits; so that the exact speci­
fick gravity of the air cannot be determined when the barometer
stands at thirty inches, with a moderate heat of the weather.
Arbuthnot on Air.

BAROME'TRICAL. adj. [from barometer.] Relating to the baro­
meter.
He is very accurate in making barometrical and thermome­
trical instruments. Derham's Physico-Theology.

BA'RON. n. s. [The etymology of this word is very uncertain.
Baro, among the Romans, signified a brave warriour, or a bru­
tal man; and, from the first of these significations, Menage de­
rives baron, as a term of military dignity. Others suppose it
originally to signify only a man; in which sense baron, or va­
ron, is still used by the Spaniards; and, to confirm this conjec­
ture, our law yet uses baron and femme, husband and wife.
Others deduce it from ber, an old Gaulish word, signifying
commander; others from the Hebrew נבד, of the same im­
port. Some think it a contraction of par homme, or peer, which
seems least probable.]
1. A degree of nobility next to a viscount. It may be probably
thought, that anciently, in England, all those were called ba­
rons, that had such signiories as we now call court barons. And
it is said, that, after the conquest, all such came to the parlia­
ment, and sat as nobles in the upper house. But when, by ex­
perience, it appeared, that the parliament was too much crouded
with such multitudes, it became a custom, that none should
come, but such as the king, for their extraordinary wisdom or
quality, thought good to call by writ; which writ ran hac vice
tantum. After that, men, seeing that this state of nobility was
but casual, and depending merely on the prince's pleasure, ob­
tained of the king letters patent of this dignity to them and
their heirs male: and these were called barons by letters patent,
or by creation; whose posterity are now those barons that are
called lords of the parliament; of which kind the king may
create more at his pleasure. It is nevertheless thought, that there
are yet barons by writ, as well as barons by letters patent, and that
they may be discerned by their titles; the barons by writ being
those, that to the title of lord have their own surnames annex­
ed; whereas the barons by letters patent, are named by their
baronies. These barons which were first by writ, may now
justly also be called barons by prescription; for that they have
continued barons, in themselves and their ancestors, beyond the
memory of man. There are also barons by tenure, as the bi­
shops of the land, who, by virtue of baronies annexed to their
bishopricks, have always had place in the upper house of parlia­
ment, and are called lords spiritual.
2. Baron is an officer, as barons of the exchequer to the king: of
these the principal is called lord chief baron, and the three others
are his assistants, between the king and his subjects, in causes
of justice, belonging to the exchequer.
3. There are also barons of the cinque ports; two to each of the
seven towns, Hastings, Winchelsea, Rye, Rumney, Hithe, Do­
ver, and Sandwich, that have places in the lower house of par­
liament. Cowel.
They that bear
The cloth of state above, are four barons
Of the cinque ports. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. Baron is used for the husband in relation to his wife. Cowel.
5. A baron of beef is when the two sirloins are not cut asunder,
but joined together by the end of the backbone. Dict.

BA'RONAGE. n. s. [from baron.]
1. The body of barons and peers.
His charters of the liberties of England, and of the forest,
were hardly, and with difficulty, gained by his baronage at
Staines, A. D. 1215. Hale's Common Law of England.
2. The dignity of a baron.
3. The land which gives title to a baron.

BA'RONESS. n. s. [baronessa, Ital. baronissa, Lat.] A baron's lady.

BA'RONET. n. s. [of baron and et, diminutive termination.] The
lowest degree of honour that is hereditary; it is below a baron
and above a knight; and has the precedency of all other knights,
except the knights of the garter. It was first founded by king
James I. A. D. 1611. Cowel. But it appears by the following
passage, that the term was in use before, though in another
sense.
King Edward III. being bearded and crossed by the clergy,
they being too strong for him, so as he could not order and
reform things, was advised to direct out his writs to certain
gentlemen of the best abilities, entitling them therein barons
in the next parliament. By which means he had so many ba­
rons in his parliament, as were able to weigh down the cler­
gy; which barons were not afterwards lords, but baronets, as
sundry of them do yet retain the name. Spenser on Ireland.

BA'RONY. n. s. [baronnie, Fr. beorny, Sax.] That honour or
lordship that gives title to a baron. Such are not only the fees
of temporal barons, but of bishops also. Cowel.

BA'ROSCOPE. n. s. [βάρ and σϰοϖέω.] An instrument to shew
the weight of the atmosphere. See BAROMETER.
If there was always a calm, the equilibrium could only be
changed by the contents; where the winds are not variable,
the alterations of the baroscope are very small. Arbuth. on Air.

BA'RRACAN. n. s. [bouracan, or barracan, Fr.] A strong thick
kind of camelot.

BA'RRACK. n. s. [barracca, Span.]
1. Little cabins made by the Spanish fishermen on the sea shore;
or little lodges for soldiers in a camp.
2. It is generally taken among us for buildings to lodge soldiers.

BA'RRATOR. n. s. [from barat, old Fr. from which is still retained
barateur, a cheat.] A wrangler, and encourager of law suits.
Will it not reflect as much on thy character, Nic, to turn
barrator in thy old days, a stirrer up of quarrels amongst thy
neighbours. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

BA'RRATRY. n. s. [from barrator.] The practice or crime of
a barrator; soul practice in law.
'Tis arrant barratry, that bears
Point blank an action 'gainst our laws. Hudibras.

BA'RREL. n. s. [baril, Welch.]
1. A round wooden vessel to be stopped close.
It hath been observed by one of the ancients, that an empty
barrel knocked upon with the finger, giveth a diapason to the
sound of the like barrel full. Bacon's Nat. History, No 186.
Trembling to approach
The little barrel, which he fears to broach. Dryden's Persius.
2. A particular measure in liquids. A barrel of wine is thirty
one gallons and a half; of ale, thirty two gallons; of beer,
thirty six gallons, and of beer vinegar, thirty four gallons.
3. In dry measure. A barrel of Essex butter contains one hundred


and six pounds; of Suffolk butter, two hundred and fifty six. A
barrel of herrings should contain thirty two gallons wine
measure, holding usually a thousand herrings.
Several colleges, instead of limiting their rents to a certain
sum, prevailed with their tenants to pay the price of so many
barrels of corn, as the market went. Swift.
4. Any thing hollow, as the barrel of a gun; that part which
holds the shot.
Take the barrel of a long gun perfectly bored, set it upright
with the breech upon the ground, and take a bullet exactly fit
for it; then if you suck at the mouth of the barrel ever so
gently, the bullet will come up so forcibly, that it will hazard
the striking out your teeth. Digby on Bodies.
5. A cylinder; frequently that cylinder about which any thing is
wound.
Your string and bow must be accommodated to your drill;
if too weak, it will not carry about the barrel.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
6. Barrel of the ear, is a cavity behind the tympanum, covered
with a fine membrane. Dict.

To BA'RREL. v. a. [from the noun.] To put any thing in a
barrel for preservation.
I would have their beef beforehand barrelled, which may be
used as it is needed. Spenser on Ireland.
Barrel up earth, and sow some seed in it, and put it in the
bottom of a pond. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 531.

BA'RREL-BELLIED. adj. [from barrel and belly.] Having a large
belly.
Dauntless at empty noises; lofty neck'd,
Sharp headed, barrel-belly'd, broadly back'd. Dryd. Virgil.

BA'RREN. adj. [bare, Sax. naked; properly applied to trees
or ground unfruitful.]
1. Without the quality of producing its kind; not prolifick; ap­
plied to animals.
They hail'd him father to a line of kings.
Upon my head they plac'd a fruitless crown,
And put a barren sceptre in my gripe,
No son of mine succeeding. Shakesp. Macbeth.
There shall not be male or female barren among you, or
among your cattle. Deuter. vii. 14.
2. Unfruitful; not fertile; sterile.
The situation of this city is pleasant, but the water is naught,
and the ground barren. 2 Kings, ii. 19.
Telemachus is far from exalting the nature of his country;
he confesses it to be barren. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv. notes.
From his far excursion thro' the wilds
Of barren ether, faithful to his time,
They see the blazing wonder rise anew. Thomson's Summer.
3. Not copious; scanty.
Some schemes will appear barren of hints and matter, but
prove to be fruitful. Swift.
4. Unmeaning; uninventive; dull.
There be of them that will make themselves laugh, to set on
some quantity of barren spectators to laugh too. Shakespeare.

BA'RRENLY. adv. [from barren.] Unfruitfully.

BA'RRENNESS. n. s. [from barren.]
1. Want of offspring; want of the power of procreation.
I pray'd for children, and thought barrenness
In wedlock a reproach. Milton's Agonistes, l. 350.
No more be mention'd then of violence
Against ourselves; and wilful barrenness,
That cuts us off from hope. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
2. Unfruitfulness; sterility; infertility.
Within the self same hamlet, lands have divers degrees of
value, through the diversity of their fertility or barrenness.
Bacon on Alienations.
3. Want of invention; want of the power of producing any
thing new.
The adventures of Ulyssee are imitated in the Æncis; though
the accidents are not the same, which would have argued him
of a total barrenness of invention. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
4. Want of matter.
The importunity of our adversaries hath constrained us
longer to dwell than the barrenness of so poor a cause could
have seemed either to require or to admit. Hooker, b. v. § 22.
5. In theology: aridity; want of emotion or sensibility.
The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and sometimes feel
a barrenness of devotion. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

BA'RREN WORT. n. s. [epimedium, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The stalks are divided into three branches, each sustaining
three leaves, shaped like ivy; the calyx consists of four leaves;
the flower, of four petals, hollow, and expanded in form of a
cross; the pointal of the flower becomes a pod with one cell,
having two valves, in which are contained round flat seeds.
Millar.

BA'RRFUL. adj. [from bar and full.] Full of obstructions.
A barrful strife!
Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife. Shak. Tw. Night.

BARRICA'DE. n. s. [barricade, Fr.]
1. A fortification made in haste, of trees, earth, waggons, or any
thing else, to keep off an attack.
2. Any stop; bar; obstruction.
There must be such a barricade, as would greatly annoy, or
rather absolutely stop, the currents of the atmosphere.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

To BARRICA'DE. v. a. [barricader, Fr.] To stop up a passage.
A new vulcano continually discharging that matter, which
being till then barricaded up, and imprisoned in the bowels of
the earth, was the occasion of very great and frequent calami­
ties. Woodward's Natural History.
Now all the pavement sounds with trampling feet,
And the mixt hurry barricades the street,
Entangled here, the waggon's lengthen'd team. Gay.

BARRICA'DO. n. s. [barricada, Span.] A fortification; a bar;
any thing fixed to hinder entrance.
The access of the town was only by a neck of land, between
the sea on the one part, and the harbour water, or inner sea on
the other; fortified clean over with a strong rampier and barri­
cado. Bacon's War with Spain.

To BARRICADO. v. a. [from the noun.] To fortify; to bar;
to stop up.
Fast we found, fast shut
The dismal gates, and barricado'd strong! Paradise Lost.
He had not time to barricado the doors; so that the enemy
entered. Clarendon, b. viii.
The truth of causes we find so obliterated, that it seems al­
most barricadoed from any intellectual approach.
Harvey on Consumptions.

BA'RRIER. n. s. [barriere, Fr. It is sometimes pronounced with
the accent on the last syllable, but it is placed more properly
on the first.]
1. A barricade; an entrenchment.
Safe in the love of heav'n an ocean flows
Around our realm, a barrier from the foes. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A fortification, or strong place, as on the frontiers of a coun­
try.
The queen is under the obligation of being guarantee of the
Dutch having possession of the said barrier, and the revenues
thereof, before a peace. Swift.
3. A stop; an obstruction.
If you value yourself as a man of learning, you are build­
ing a most unpassable barrier against all improvement.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. A bar to mark the limits of any place.
For justs, and tourneys, and barriers, the glories of them
are chiefly in the chariots, wherein the challengers make their
entries. Bacon's Essays.
Pris'ners to the pillar bound,
At either barrier plac'd; nor, captives made,
Be freed, or arm'd anew. Dryden's Fables.
5. A boundary.
But wave whate'er to Cadmus may belong,
And six, O muse, the barrier of thy song,
At Oedipus. Pope's Statius.
How instinct varies in the groveling swine,
Compar'd, half reas'ning elephant! with thine:
'Twixt that and reason, what a nice barrier!
For ever sep'rate, yet for ever near. Pope's Essay on Man.

BA'RRISTER. n. s. [from bar.] A person qualified to plead the
causes of clients in the courts of justice, called an advocate or
licentiate in other countries and courts. Barristers, now usu­
ally denominated counsellors at law, were formerly obliged to
study eight years before they were passed, now only seven, and
sometimes fewer. Outer barristers are pleaders without the
bar, to distinguish them from inner barristers; such are the
benchers, or those who have been readers, the council of the
king, queen, and princes, who are admitted to plead within
the bar. Blount. Chambers.

BA'RROW. n. s. [berewe, Sax. supposed by Skinner to come from
bear.] Any kind of carriage moved by the hand, as a hand­
barrow; a frame of boards, with handles at each end, carried
between two men; a wheelbarrow, that which one man pushes
forward, by raising it upon one wheel.
Have I lived to be carried in a basket, like a barrow of
butcher's offal, and to be thrown into the Thames?
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
No barrow's wheel
Shall mark thy stocking with a miry trace. Gay's Trivia.

BA'RROW. n. s. [berg, Saxon.] A hog; whence barrow grease,
or hog's lard.

BARROW, whether in the beginning or end of names of places, sig­
nifies a grove; from bearwe, which the Saxons used in the same
sense. Gibson's Camden.

BARROW is likewise used in Cornwal for a hillock, under which,
in old times, bodies have been buried.

To BA'RTER. v. n. [baratter, Fr. to trick in traffick; from
barat, craft, fraud.] To traffick by exchanging one commo­
dity for another, in opposition to purchasing with money.
As if they scorn'd to trade and barter,
By giving or by taking quarter. Hudibras, p. iii. c. i.
A man has not every thing growing upon his soil, and there­
fore is willing to barter with his neighbour. Collier.

To BA'RTER. v. a. 
1. To give any thing in exchange for something else.


For him was I exchang'd and ransom'd;
But with a baser man of arms by far,
Once, in contempt, they would have barter'd me.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Then as thou wilt dispose the rest,
To those who, at the market rate,
Can barter honour for estate. Prior.
I see nothing left us, but to truck and barter our goods, like
the wild Indians, with each other. Swift.
2. Sometimes it is used with the particle away before the thing
given.
If they will barter away their time, methinks they should at
least have some ease in exchange. Decay of Piety.
He also bartered away plums that would have rotted in a
a week, for nuts that would last good for his eating a whole
year. Locke.

BA'RTER. n. s. [from the verb.] The act or practice of traf­
ficking by exchange of commodities; sometimes the thing gi­
ven in exchange.
From England they may be furnished with such things as
they may want, and, in exchange or barter, send other things,
with which they may abound. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
He who corrupteth English with foreign words, is as wise as
ladies that change plate for china; for which, I think, the lau­
dable traffick of old cloaths is much the fairest barter.
Felton on the Classicks.

BA'RTERER. n. s. [from barter.] He that trafficks by exchange
of commodities.

BA'RTERY. n. s. [from barter.] Exchange of commodities.
It is a received opinion, that, in most ancient ages, there
was only bartery or change of commodities amongst most na­
tions. Camden's Remains.

BA'RTRAM. n. s. A plant; the same with pellitory; which see.

BA'RTON. n. s. The demesne lands of a manour; the manour­
house itself; and sometimes the out-houses. Blount.


BAS

BASE. adj. [bas, Fr. basso, Ital. baxo, Span. bassus, low Latin;
βάσις.]
1. Mean; vile; worthless.
The harvest white plumb is a base plumb, and the white
date plumb are no very good plumbs. Bacon's Natural Hist.
Pyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all base things,
as earthen pitchers, a scullery; whereupon he was surnamed
Rupographus. Peacham.
2. Of mean spirit; disingenuous; illiberal; ungenerous; low;
without dignity of sentiment.
Since the perfections are such in the party I love, as the feel­
ing of them cannot come unto any unnoble heart; shall that
heart, lifted up to such a height, be counted base? Sidney.
It is base in his adversaries thus to dwell upon the excesses of
a passion. Atterbury.
I might be base enough to suspect, that you acted like some
philosopher, who writ much better upon virtue than he prac­
tised it. Swift.
3. Of low station; of mean account; without dignity of rank;
without honour.
If the lords and chief men degenerate, what shall be hoped
of the peasants and baser people? Spenser on Ireland.
If that rebellion
Came like itself, in base and abject routs,
You reverend father, and these noble lords,
Had not been here. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
It could not else be, I should prove so base,
To sue and be denied such common grace. Shak. Timon.
And I will yet be more vile than this, and will be base in
mine own sight. 2 Sam. vi. 22.
Insurrections of base people are commonly more furious in
their beginnings. Bacon's Henry VII.
He whose mind
Is virtuous, is alone of noble kind;
Though poor in fortune, of celestial race,
And he commits the crime who calls him base. Dryden.
4. Base-born; born out of wedlock, and by consequence of no
honourable birth.
Why bastard? wherefore base?
When my dimensions are as well compact
As honest madam's issue. Shakesp. King Lear.
This young lord lost his life with his father in the field, and
with them a base son. Camden's Remains.
5. Applied to metals: without value; it is used in this sense of all
metal except gold and silver.
A guinea is pure gold, if it has nothing but gold in it, with­
out any alloy or baser metal. Watts's Logick.
6. Applied to sounds, deep; grave. It is more frequently writ­
ten bass, though the comparative baser seems to require base.
In pipes, the lower the note holes be, and the further from
the mouth of the pipe, the more base sound they yield.
Bacon's Natural History, No 178.

BASE-BORN. adj. Born out of wedlock.
But see thy base-born child, thy babe of shame,
Who, left by thee, upon our parish came. Gay.

BASE-COURT. n. s. Lower court; not the chief court that leads
to the house.
My lord, in the base-court he doth attend,
To speak with you. Shakesp. Richard II.

BASE-MINDED. adj. Mean spirited; worthless.
It signifieth, as it seemeth, no more than abject, base-minded,
false hearted, coward, or nidget. Camden's Remains.

BASE-VIOL. n. s. [usually written bass viol.] An instrument
which is used in concerts for the base sound.
At the very first grin he cast every human feature out of his
countenance; at the second, he became the head of a base-viol.
Addison. Spectator, No 174.

BASE. n. s. [bas, Fr. basis, Lat.]
1. The bottom of any thing; commonly used for the lower part
of a building, or column.
What if it tempt thee tow'rd the flood, my lord?
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Firm Dorick pillars found your solid base;
The fair Corinthian crowns the higher space. Dryden.
Columns of polish'd marble firmly set
On golden bases, are his legs and feet. Prior.
2. The pedestal of a statue.
Men of weak abilities in great place, are like little statues
set on great bases, made the less by their advancement. Bacon.
Mercury was patron of flocks, and the ancients placed a ram
at the base of his images. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
3. That part of any ornament which hangs down, as housings.
Phalantus was all in white, having his bases and caparison
embroidered. Sidney.
4. The broad part of any body; as the bottom of a cone.
5. Stockings, or perhaps the armour for the legs, from bas, Fr.
Nor shall it e'er be said that wight,
With gauntlet blue and bases white,
And round blunt truncheon by his side,
So great a man at arms defy'd. Hudibras.
6. The place from which racers or tilters run; the bottom of the
field.
He said; to their appointed base they went;
With beating heart th' expecting sign receive,
And, starting all at once, the barrier leave. Dryden's Virg.
7. The string that gives a base sound.
At thy well sharpen'd thumb, from shore to shore,
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden's Mackfl.
8. An old rustick play; written by Skinner, bays.
He with two striplings (lads, more like to run
The country base, than to commit such slaughter)
Made good the passage. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To BASE. v. a. [basier, Fr.] To embase; to make less valu­
able by admixture of meaner metals.
I am doubtful whether men have sufficiently refined metals,
which we cannot base; as, whether iron, brass, and tin be re­
fined to the height? Bacon's Natural History, No 849.

BA'SELY. adv. [from base.]
1. In a base manner; meanly; dishonourably.
The king is not himself, but basely led
By flatterers. Shakesp. Richard II.
A lieutenant basely gave it up, as soon as Essex in his pas­
sage demanded it. Clarendon.
With broken vows his fame he will not stain,
With conquest basely bought, and with inglorious gain.
Dryden.
2. In bastardy.
These two Mitylene brethren, basely born, crept out of a
small galliot unto the majesty of great kings.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

BA'SENESS. n. s. [from base.]
1. Meanness; vileness; badness.
Such is the power of that sweet passion,
That it all sordid baseness doth expel. Spens. Hymn on Love.
When a man's folly must be spread open before the angels,
and all his baseness ript up before those pure spirits, this will be
a double hell. South.
Your soul's above the baseness of distrust:
Nothing but love could make you so unjust. Dryd. Aureng.
2. Vileness of metal.
We alleged the fraudulent obtaining and executing his pa­
tent, the baseness of his metal, and the prodigious sum to be
coined. Swift.
3. Bastardy.
Why brand they us
With base? with baseness? bastardy? Shakesp. King Lear.
4. Deepness of sound.
The just and measured proportion of the air percussed to­
wards the baseness or trebleness of tones, is one of the greatest
secrets in the contemplation of sounds. Bacon's Nat. History.

To BASH. v. n. [probably from base.] To be ashamed; to be
confounded with shame.
His countenance was bold, and bash'd not
For Guyon's looks, but scornful eye-glance at him shot.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. iv.

BASHA'W. n. s. [sometimes written bassa.] A title of honour
and command among the Turks; the viceroy of a province;
the general of an army.


The Turks made an expedition into Persia; and because of
the straits of the mountains, the bashaw consulted which way
they should get in. Bacon's Apophthegms.

BA'SHFUL. adj. [This word, with all those of the same race,
are of uncertain etymology. Skinner imagines them derived
from base, or mean; Minshew, from verbaesen, Dut. to strike
with astonishment; Junius, from βάσις, which he finds in He­
sychius to signify shame. The conjecture of Minshew seems
most probable.]
1. Modest; shamefaced.
I never tempted her with word too large;
But, as a brother to his sister, shew'd
Bashful sincerity, and comely love. Shakesp. M. ado about N.
2. Sheepish; vitiously modest.
He looked with an almost bashful kind of modesty, as if he
feared the eyes of man. Sidney.
Hence, bashful cunning!
And prompt me plain and holy innocence. Shakesp. Tempest.
Our authour, anxious for his fame to night,
And bashful in his first attempt to write,
Lies cautiously obscure. Addison's Drummer, Prologue.

BA'SHFULLY. adv. [from bashful.] Timorously; modestly.

BA'SHFULNESS. n. s. [from bashful.]
1. Modesty, as shewn in outward appearance.
Philoclea a little mused how to cut the thread even, with
eyes, cheeks and lips, whereof each sang their part, to make
up the harmony of bashfulness. Sidney.
Such looks, such bashfulness might well adorn
The cheeks of youths that are more nobly born. Dryden.
2. Vitious or rustick shame.
For fear had bequeathed his room to his kinsman bashfulness,
to teach him good manners. Sidney, b. i.
There are others who have not altogether so much of this
foolish bashfulness, and who ask every one's opinion. Dryden.

BA'SIL. n. s. [ocymum, Lat.] The name of a plant.
This plant hath a labiated flower of one leaf, whose crest is
upright, roundish, notched, and larger than the beard, which
is generally curled, or gently cut. Out of the flower cup rises
the pointal, attended by four embryos, that become so many
seeds inclosed in a husk, which was before the flower cup; the
husk is divided into two lips, the upper one growing upright,
and is split into two; but the under one is cut into several parts.
The species are eight; 1. Common basil. 2. Common basil,
with dark green leaves, and white flowers. 3. Lesser basil,
with narrow serrated leaves. 4. The least basil, commonly
called bush-basil, &c. These annual plants are propagated
from seeds in March, upon a moderate hot bed. In August
they perfect their seeds. The first sort is prescribed in medi­
cine; but the fourth is most esteemed for its beauty and scent.
Millar.

BA'SIL. n. s. The angle to which the edge of a joiner's tool is
ground away.

BA'SIL. n. s. The skin of a sheep tanned. Dict.

To BA'SIL. v. a. To grind the edge of a tool to an angle.
These chissels are not ground to such a basil as the joiners
chissels on one of the sides, but are basiled away on both the
flat sides; so that the edge lies between both the sides in the
middle of the tool. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

BASI'LICA. n. s. [βασιλιϰὴ.] The middle vein of the arm so
called, by way of pre-eminence. It is likewise attributed to
many medicines for the same reason. Quincy.

BASI'LICAL. adj. [from basilica. See BASILICA.] Belonging
to the basilick vein.

BASI'LICK. adj. [from basilica. See BASILICA.] Belonging
to the basilick vein.
These aneurisms following always upon bleeding the basi­
lick vein, must be aneurisms of the humeral artery. Sharp.

BASILICK. n. s. [basilique, Fr. βασιλιϰὴ.] A large, hall, having
two ranges of pillars, and two isles or wings, with galleries
over them. These basilicks were first made for the palaces of
princes, and afterwards converted into courts of justice, and
lastly into churches; whence a basilick is generally taken for a
magnificent church, as the basilick of St. Peter at Rome.

BASI'LICON. n. s. [βασιλιϰὸν.] An ointment called also tetra­
pharmacon. Quincy.
I made incision into the cavity, and put a pledget of basili­
licon over it. Wiseman's Surgery.

BA'SILISK. n. s. [basiliscus, Lat. of βασιλισϰ, of βασιλευς, a king.]
1. A kind of serpent, called also a cockatrice, which is said to
drive away all others by his hissing, and to kill by looking.
Make me not sighted like the basilisk;
I've look'd on thousands who have sped the better
By my regard, but kill'd none so. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The basilisk was a serpent not above three palms long, and
differenced from other serpents by advancing his head, and
some white marks or coronary spots upon the crown.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. A species of cannon or ordnance.
There we imitate and practise to make swister motions than
any you have: and to make them stronger and more violent
than yours are; exceeding your greatest cannons and basilisks.
Bacon's New Atlantis.

BA'SIN. n. s. [basun, Fr. bacile, bacino, Ital. It is often written
bason, but not according to etymology.]
1. A small vessel to hold water for washing, or other uses.
Let one attend him with a silver basin,
Full of rosewater, and bestrew'd with flowers.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
We have little wells for infusions, where the waters take the
virtue quicker and better, than in vessels and basins. Bacon.
We behold a piece of silver in a basin, when water is put up­
on it, which we could not discover before, as under the verge
thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. A small pond.
On one side of the walk you see this hollow basin, with its
several little plantations lying conveniently under the eye of the
beholder. Spectator, No 477.
3. A part of the sea inclosed in rocks, with a narrow entrance.
The jutting land two ample bays divides;
The spacious basins arching rocks inclose,
A sure defence from ev'ry storm that blows. Pope's Odyssey.
4. Any hollow place capacious of liquids.
If this rotation does the seas affect,
The rapid motion rather would eject
The stores, the low capacious caves contain,
And from its ample basin cast the main. Blackmore's Creat.
5. A dock for repairing and building ships.
6. In anatomy, a round cavity situated between the anterior ven­
tricles of the brain.
7. A concave piece of metal by which glass grinders form their
convex glasses.
8. A round shell or case of iron placed over a furnace, in which
hatters mould the matter of a hat into form.
9. Basins of a balance; the same with the scales; one to hold the
weight, the other the thing to be weighed.

BA'SIS. n. s. [basis, Lat.]
1. The foundation of any thing, as of a column or a building.
It must follow, that paradise, being raised to this height,
must have the compass of the whole earth for a basis and foun­
dation. Raleigh's History of the World.
Ascend my chariot, guide the rapid wheels
That shake heav'n's basis. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
In altar-wise a stately pile they rear;
The basis broad below, and top advanc'd in air. Dryden.
2. The lowest of the three principal parts of a column, which
are the basis, shaft, and capital.
Upon our coming to the bottom, observing an English in­
scription upon the basis, we read it over several times.
Addison's Freeholder, No 47.
3. That on which any thing is raised.
Such seems thy gentle height, made only proud
To be the basis of that pompous load,
Than which a nobler weight no mountain bears. Denham.
4. The pedestal.
How many times shall Cæsar bleed in sport,
That now on Pompey's basis lies along
No worthier than the dust? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
5. The groundwork or first principle of any thing.
Build me thy fortune upon the basis of valour.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
The friendships of the world are oft
Confederacies in vice, or leagues of pleasure;
Ours has severest virtue for its basis. Addison's Cato.

To BASK. v. a. [backeren, Dut. Skinner.] To warm by laying
out in the heat; used almost always of animals.
And stretched out all the chimney's length,
Basks at the fire his hairy strength. Milton.
He was basking himself in the gleam of the sun. L'Estrange.
'Tis all thy business, business how to shun,
To bask thy naked body in the sun. Dryden's Persius.

To BASK. v. n. To lie in the warmth.
About him, and above, and round the wood,
The birds that haunt the borders of his flood;
That bath'd within, or bask'd upon his side,
To tuneful songs their narrow throats apply'd. Dryden.
Unlock'd, in covers let her freely run,
To range thy courts, and bask before the sun. Tickell.
Some in the fields of purest æther play,
And bask and whiten in the blaze of day. Pope.

BA'SKET. n. s. [basged, Welch; bascauda, Lat. Barbara depictis
venit bascauda Britannis. Martial.] A vessel made of twigs,
rushes, or splinters, or some other slender body interwoven.
Here is a basket; he may creep in, and throw soul linen up­
on him, as if going to bucking. Shak. Merry Wives of Winds.
Thus while I sung, my sorrows I deceiv'd,
And bending osiers into baskets weav'd. Dryden.
Poor Peg was forced to go hawking and peddling; now and
then carrying a basket of fish to the market. Arbuth. J. Bull.

BA'SKET-HILT. n. s. [from basket and hilt.] A hilt of a weapon
so made as to contain the whole hand, and defend it from be­
ing wounded.
His puissant sword unto his side,
Near his undaunted heart, was ty'd:
With basket-hilt, that would hold broth,
And serve for fight and dinner both. Hudibras, cant. i.


Their beef they often in their murrions stew'd,
And in their basket hilts their bev'rage brew'd.
King's Art of Cookery.

BA'SKET-WOMAN. n. s. [from basket and woman.] A woman
that plies at markets with a basket, ready to carry home any
thing that is bought.

BASS. adj. [See BASE.] In musick; grave; deep.

BASS-VIOL. See BASE-VIOL.
On the sweep of the arch lies one of the Muses, playing on
a bass-viol. Dryden.

BASS. n. s. [supposed by Junius to be derived, like basket, from
some British word signifying a rush; but perhaps more properly
written boss, from the French bosse.] A mat used in churches.
Having woollen yarn, bass mat, or such like, to bind them
withal. Mortimer's Husbandry.

BASS-RELIEF. n. s. [from bas, and relief, raised work, Fr.]
Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand out from the
ground in their full proportion. Felibien distinguishes three
kinds of bass-relief; in the first, the front figures appear almost
with the full relief; in the second, they stand out no more than
one half; and, in the third, much less, as in coins.

BA'SSA. See BASHAW.

BA'SSET. n. s. [basset, Fr.] A game at cards, invented at Ve­
nice.
Gamesters would no more blaspheme; and lady Dabcheek's
basset bank would be broke. Dennis.

BASSO RELIEVO. [Ital.] See BASS-RELIEF.

BASSO'N. n. s. [basson, Fr.] A musical instrument of the wind
kind, blown with a reed, and furnished with eleven
holes, which are stopped like other large flutes; its diameter at
bottom is nine inches, and it serves for the bass in concerts of
hautboys, &c. Trevoux.

BASSO'ON. n. s. [basson, Fr.] A musical instrument of the wind
kind, blown with a reed, and furnished with eleven
holes, which are stopped like other large flutes; its diameter at
bottom is nine inches, and it serves for the bass in concerts of
hautboys, &c. Trevoux.

BA'SSOCK. n. s. The same with bass.

BA'STARD. n. s. [bastardd, Welch, of low birth; bastarde, Fr.]
1. Bastard, according to the civil and canon law, is a person
born of a woman out of wedlock, or not married; so that, ac­
cording to order of law, his father is not known. Ayliffe.
Him to the Lydian king Lycimnia bare,
And sent her boasted bastard to the war. Dryden.
2. Any thing spurious or false.
It lies on you to speak to th' people;
Not by your own instruction, but with words
But rooted in your tongue; bastards and syllables
Of no allowance to your bosom's truth. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BA'STARD. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Begotten out of wedlock.
Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, insensible, a getter of
more bastard children than war's a destroyer of men.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Spurious; not genuine; supposititious; false; adulterate. In
this sense, any thing which bears some relation or resemblance to
another, is called spurious or bastard.
You may partly hope that your father got you not, that you
are not the Jew's daughter.—That were a kind of bastard hope
indeed. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Men who, under the disguise of publick good, pursue their
own designs of power, and such bastard honours as attend
them. Temple.

BA'STARD Cedar Tree. [called guazuma in the West Indies.]
The characters are; It hath a regular flower, consisting of
five leaves, hollowed like a spoon at their base; but, at their
tops, divided into two parts, like a fork. The flower cup con­
sists of three leaves, from whence arises the pointal, which af­
terwards becomes a roundish warted fruit, which has five cells,
inclosing many seeds.
It grows plentifully in the low lands in Jamaica, where it
rises to the height of forty or fifty feet, and has a large trunk.
The timber of this tree is cut into staves, for cases of all sorts,
and used for many other purposes. The fruit is eat by cattle,
as it falls from the trees, and is esteemed very good to fatten
them; so that the planters often leave these trees standing in
their savannas, when they clear them from all other wood.
Millar.

To BA'STARD. v. a. [from the noun.] To convict of being a
bastard; to stigmatize with bastardy.
She lived to see her brother beheaded, and her two sons de­
posed from the crown, bastarded in their blood, and cruelly
murdered. Bacon's Henry VII.

To BA'STARDIZE. v. a. [from bastard.]
1. To convict of being a bastard.
2. To beget a bastard.
I should have been what I am, had the maidenliest star in the
firmament twinkled on my bastardizing. Shakesp. King Lear.

BA'STARDLY. adv. [from bastard.] In the manner of a bastard;
spuriously.
Good seed degenerates, and oft obeys
The soil's disease, and into cockle strays;
Let the mind's thoughts but be transplanted so
Into the body, and bastardly they grow. Donne.

BA'STARDY. n. s. [from bastard.] An unlawful state of birth,
which disables the bastard, both according to the laws of God
and man, from succeeding to an inheritance. Ayliffe's Parerg.
Once she slander'd me with bastardy;
But whether I be true begot, or no,
That still I lay upon my mother's head. Shakesp. K. John.
In respect of the evil consequents, the wife's adultery is worse,
as bringing bastardy into a family. Taylor's Holy Living.
No more of bastardy in heirs of crowns. Pope's Epistles.

To BASTE. v. a. participle pass. basted, or basten. [bastonner, Fr.
Bazata, in the Armorick dialect, signifies to strike with a stick;
from which perhaps baston a stick, and all its derivatives, or
collaterals, may be deduced.]
1. To beat with a stick.
Quoth she, I grant it is in vain
For one's that basted to feel pain,
Because the pangs his bones endure,
Contribute nothing to the cure. Hudibras.
Tir'd with dispute, and speaking Latin,
As well as basting, and bear bating. Hudibras.
Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse,
Only dulness can produce;
While a little gentle jerking
Sets the spirits all aworking. Swift.
2. To drip butter, or any thing else, upon meat as it turns upon
the spit.
Sir, I think the meat wants what I have, a basting.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
3. To moisten meat on the spit by falling upon it.
The fat of roasted mutton falling on the birds, will serve to
baste them, and so save time and butter.
Swift's Directions to the Cook.
4. To sew slightly. [baster, Fr. to stitch.]

BASTINA'DE. n. s. [bastonnade, Fr.]

BASTINA'DO. n. s. [bastonnade, Fr.]
1. The act of beating with a cudgel; the blow given with a
cudgel.
But this courtesy was worse than a bastinado to Zelmane;
so that again, with rageful eyes, she bad him defend himself.
Sidney, b. ii.
And all those harsh and rugged sounds
Of bastinados, cuts and wounds. Hudibras.
2. It is sometimes taken for a Turkish punishment of beating an
offender on the soals of his feet.

To BASTINA'DE. v. a. [from the noun; bastonner, Fr.] To
beat; to give the bastinado.

To BASTINA'DO. v. a. [from the noun; bastonner, Fr.] To
beat; to give the bastinado.
Nick seized the longer end of the cudgel, and with it began
to bastinado old Lewis, who had slunk into a corner, waiting the
event of the squabble. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

BA'STION. n. s. [bastion, Fr.] A huge mass of earth, usually
faced with sods, sometimes with brick, rarely with stone, stand­
ing out from a rampart, of which it is a principal part, and
was anciently called a bulwark. Harris.
Toward: but how? ay there's the question;
Fierce the assault, unarm'd the bastion. Prior.


BAT

BAT. n. s. [bat, Sax. This word seems to have given rise to a
great number of words in many languages; as, battre, Fr. to
beat; baton, battle, beat, batty, and others. It probably signi­
fied a weapon that did execution by its weight, in opposition to
a sharp edge; whence whirlbat and brickbat.] A heavy stick or
club.
A handsome bat he held,
On which he leaned, as one far in eld. Hubberd's Tale.
They were fried in arm chairs, and their bones broken with
bats. Hakewell on Providence.

BAT. n. s. [the etymology unknown.] An animal having the
body of a mouse and the wings of a bird; not with feathers,
but with a sort of skin which is extended. It lays no eggs, but
brings forth its young alive, and suckles them. It never grows
tame, feeds upon flies, insects, and satty substances, such as
candles, oil, and cheese; and appears only in the summer even­
ings, when the weather is fine. Calmet.
When owls do cry,
On the bat's back I do fly. Shakesp. Tempest.
But then grew reason dark; that fair star no more
Could the fair forms of good and truth discern;
Bats they became who eagles were before;
And this they got by their desire to learn. Sir J. Davies.
Some animals are placed in the middle betwixt two kinds, as
bats, which have something of birds and beasts. Locke.
Where swallows in the winter season keep,
And how the drowsy bat and dormouse sleep. Gay.

BAT-FOWLING. n. s. [from bat and fowl.] A particular manner
of birdcatching in the night time, while they are at roost upon
perches, trees, or hedges. They light torches or straw, and
then beat the bushes; upon which the birds flying to the flames,
are caught either with nets, or otherwise.
You would lift the moon out of her sphere, if she would
continue in it five weeks without changing.—We should so,
and then go a bat-fowling. Shakesp. Tempest.
Bodies lighted at night by fire, must have a brighter lustre gi­
ven them than by day; as sacking of cities, bat-fowling, &c.
Peacham on Drawing.

BA'TABLE. adj. [from bate.] Disputable.


Batable ground seems to be the ground heretofore in ques­
tion, whether it belonged to England or Scotland, lying be­
tween both kingdoms. Cowel.

BATCH. n. s. [from bake.]
1. The quantity of bread baked at a time.
The joiner puts the boards into ovens after the batch is
drawn, or lays them in a warm stable. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Any quantity of any thing made at once, so as to have the
same qualities.
Except he were of the same meal and batch. Ben. Johnson.

BA'TCHELOR.  See BACHELOR.

BATE. n. s. [perhaps contracted from debate.] Strife; conten­
tion; as a make-bate.

To BATE. v. a. [contracted from abate.]
1. To lessen any thing; to retrench.
Shall I bend low, and in a bondman's key,
With bated breath, and whisp'ring humbleness,
Say this? Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Nor envious at the sight will I forbear
My plenteous bowl, nor bate my plenteous cheer. Dryden.
2. To sink the price.
When the landholder's rent falls, he must either bate the la­
bourer's wages, or not employ, or not pay him. Locke.
3. To lessen a demand.
Bate me some, and I will pay you some, and, as most debt­
ors do, promise you infinitely. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. To cut off; to take away.
Bate but the last, and 'tis what I would say. Dryd. Sp. Friar.

To BATE. v. n. 
1. To grow less.
Bardolph, am not I rallen away vilely since this last elec­
tion? Do I not bate? do I not dwindle? Why, my skin
hangs about me like an old lady's loose gown. Shak. Hen. IV.
2. To remit; with of before the thing.
Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Dryden.

BATE seems to have been once the preterite of bite, as Shakespeare
uses biting faulchion; unless, in the following lines, it may be
rather deduced from beat.
Yet there the steel staid not, but inly bate
Deep in his flesh, and open'd wide a red flood gate. F. Queen.

BA'TEFUL. adj. [from bate and full.] Contentious.
He knew her haunt, and haunted in the same,
And taught his sheep her sheep in food to thwart;
Which soon as it did bateful question frame,
He might on knees confess his guilty part. Sidney.

BA'TEMENT. n. s. [from abatement.] Diminution; a term only
used among artificers.
To abate, is to waste a piece of stuff; instead of asking how
much was cut off, carpenters ask what batement that piece of
stuff had. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

BATH. n. s. [bath, Saxon.]
1. A bath is either hot or cold, either of art or nature. Artificial
baths have been in great esteem with the ancients, especially in
complaints to be relieved by revulsion, as inveterate headaches,
by opening the pores of the feet, and also in cutaneous cases.
But the modern practice has greatest recourse to the natural
baths; most of which abound with a mineral sulphur, as ap­
pears from their turning silver and copper blackish. The cold
baths are the most convenient springs, or reservatories, of cold
water to wash in, which the ancients had in great esteem; and
the present age can produce abundance of noble cures perform­
ed by them. Quincy.
Why may not the cold bath, into which they plunged them­
selves, have had some share in their cure? Addison. Spectator.
2. A state in which great outward heat is applied to the body, for
the mitigation of pain, or any other purpose.
In the height of this bath, when I was more than half stewed
in grease like a Dutch dish, to be thrown into the Thames.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Sleep, the birth of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
Balm of hurt minds. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. In chymistry, it generally signifies a vessel of water, in which
another is placed that requires a softer heat than the naked fire.
Balneum Mariæ is a mistake, for balneum maris, a sea or water
bath. A sand heat is sometimes called balneum siccum, or cine­
reum. Quincy.
We see that the water of things distilled in water, which
they call the bath, differeth not much from the water of things
distilled by fire. Bacon's Natural History, No 684.
4. A sort of Hebrew measure, containing the tenth part of an
homer, or seven gallons and four pints, as a measure for things
liquid; and three pecks and three pints, as a measure for things
dry. Calmet.
Ten acres of vineyard shall yield one bath, and the seed of an
homer shall yield an ephah. Isaiah, v. 10.

To BATHE. v. a. [bathian, Saxon.]
1. To wash in a bath.
Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bath'd
Their downy breast. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 437.
Chancing to bathe himself in the river Cydnus, through the
excessive coldness of these waters, he fell sick, near unto death,
for three days. South.
2. To supple or soften by the outward application of warm li­
quours.
Bathe them and keep their bodies soluble the while by clys­
ters, and lenitive boluses. Wiseman's Surgery.
I'll bathe your wounds in tears for my offence. Dryden.
3. To wash with any thing.
Phœnician Dido stood,
Fresh from her wound, her bosom bath'd in blood. Dryden.
Mars could in mutual blood the centaurs bathe,
And Jove himself give way to Cinthia's wrath. Dryden.

To BATHE. v. n. To be in the water, or in any thing resem­
bling a bath.
Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,
I cannot tell. Macbeth.
The delighted spirit
To bathe in firy floods, or to reside
In thrilling regions of thick ribbed ice. Sh. Meas. for Meas.
The gallants dancing by the river side,
They bathe in summer, and in winter slide. Waller.
But bathe, and, in imperial robes array'd,
Pay due devotions. Pope's Odyssey.

BA'TING, or ABA'TING. prep. [from bate, or abate. This word,
though a participle in itself, seems often used as a preposition.]
Except.
The king, your brother, could not choose an advocate,
Whom I would sooner hear on any subject,
Bating that only one, his love, than you. Rowe's R. Conv.
If we consider children, we have little reason to think, that
they bring many ideas with them, bating, perhaps, some faint
ideas of hunger and thirst. Locke.

BA'TLET. n. s. [from bat.] A square piece of wood, with a
handle, used in beating linen when taken out of the buck.
I remember the kissing of her batlet, and the cow's dugs that
her pretty chopt hands had milked. Shakesp. As you like it.

BATO'ON. n. s. [baston, or bâton, Fr. formerly spelt baston.]
1. A staff or club.
We came close to the shore, and offered to land; but
straightways we saw divers of the people with bastons in their
hands, as it were, forbidding us to land. Bacon's N. Atlantis.
That does not make a man the worse,
Although his shoulders with batoon
Be claw'd and cudgell'd to some tune. Hudibras.
2. A truncheon or marshal's staff; a badge of military honour.

BA'TTAILLOUS. adj. [from battaille, Fr.] Having the appear­
ance of a battle; warlike; with military appearance.
He started up, and did himself prepare
In sun bright arms and battailous array. Fairfax, b. i.
The French came foremost battailous and bold. Fairf. b. i.
A firy region, stretch'd
In battailous aspect, and nearer view
Bristled with upright beams innumerable
Of rigid spears, and helmets throng'd. Paradise Lost, b. vi.

BATTA'LIA. n. s. [battaglia, Ital.] The order of battle.
Next morning the king put his army into battalia. Clarend.

BATTA'LION. n. s. [bataillon, Fr.]
1. A division of an army; a troop; a body of forces. It is now
confined to the infantry, and the number is uncertain, but ge­
nerally from five to eight hundred men. Some regiments consist
of one battalion, and others are divided into two, three, or more.
When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
But in battalions. Shakesp. Hamlet.
In this battalion there were two officers, called Thersites and
Pandarus. Tatler, No 56.
The pierc'd battalions disunited fall,
In heaps on heaps: one fate o'erwhelms them all. Pope.
2. An army. This sense is not now in use.
Six or seven thousand is their utmost power.
—Why, our battalion trebles that account. Shakesp. Rich. III.

To BA'TTEN. v. a. [a word of doubtful etymology.]
1. To fatten, or make fat; to feed plenteously.
We drove afield,
Batt'ning our flock with the fresh dews of night. Milton.
2. To fertilize.
The meadows here, with batt'ning ooze enrich'd,
Give spirit to the grass; three cubits high
The jointed herbage shoots. Philips.

To BA'TTEN. v. n. To grow fat; to live in indulgence.
Follow your function, go and batten on cold bits. Sh. Coriol.
Burnish'd and batt'ning on their food, to show
The diligence of careful herds below. Dryden's H. and P.
The lazy glutton safe at home will keep,
Indulge his sloth, and batten on his sleep. Dryden.
As at full length the pamper'd monarch lay,
Batt'ning in ease, and slumb'ring life away. Garth.
Tway mice, full blythe and amicable,
Batten beside erle Robert's table. Prior.
While paddling ducks the standing lake desire,
Or batt'ning hogs roll in the sinking mire. Gay's Pastorals.

BA'TTEN. n. s. A word used only by workmen.
A batten is a scantling of wooden stuff, two, three or four
inches broad, seldom above one thick, and the length unlimited.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.



To BA'TTER. v. a. [battre, to beat, Fr.]
1. To beat; to beat down; frequently used of walls thrown
down by artillery, or of the violence of engines of war.
To appoint battering rams against the gates, to cast a mount,
and to build a fort. Ezek. xxi. 22.
These haughty words of hers
Have batter'd me like roaring cannon shot,
And made me almost yield upon my knees. Shakesp. H. VI.
Britannia there, the fort in vain
Had batter'd been with golden rain:
Thunder itself had fail'd to pass. Waller.
Be then, the naval stores, the nation's care,
New ships to build, and batter'd to repair. Dryden.
2. To wear with beating.
Crowds to the castle mounted up the street,
Batt'ring the pavement with their coursers feet. Dryden.
If you have a silver saucepan for the kitchen use, let me ad­
vise you to batter it well; this will shew constant good house­
keeping. Swift's Directions to the Cock.
3. Applied to persons: to wear out with service.
The batter'd veteran strumpets here,
Pretend at least to bring a modest ear. Southern.
I am a poor old battered fellow, and I would willingly end
my days in peace. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
As the same dame, experienc'd in her trade,
By names of toasts retails each batter'd jade. Pope.

To BA'TTER. v. n. A word used only by workmen.
The side of a wall, or any timber, that bulges from its bot­
tom or foundation, is said to batter. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.

BA'TTER. n. s. [from to batter.] A mixture of several ingredi­
ents beaten together with some liquor; so called from its be­
ing so much beaten.
One would have all things little, hence has try'd
Turkey poults fresh'd from th' egg in batter fry'd.
King's Art of Cookery.

BA'TTERER. n. s. [from batter.] He that batters.

BA'TTERY. n. s. [from batter, or batterie, Fr.]
1. The act of battering.
Strong wars they make, and cruel battery bend,
'Gainst fort of reason, it to overthrow. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Earthly minds, like mud walls, resist the strongest batteries.
Locke.
2. The instruments with which a town is battered, placed in or­
der for action.
Where is best place to make our batt'ry next?——
—— I think at the north gate. Shakesp. Henry VI.
It plants this reasoning and that argument, this consequence
and that distinction, like so many intellectual batteries, till at
length it forces a way and passage into the obstinate inclosed
truth. South.
See, and revere th' artillery of heav'n,
Drawn by the gale, or by the tempest driv'n:
A dreadful fire the stoating batt'ries make,
O'erturn the mountain, and the forest shake. Blackmore.
3. The frame, or raised work, upon which cannons are mounted.
4. In law, a violent striking of any man. In trespass for assault
and battery, one may be found guilty of the assault, yet acquit­
ted of the battery. There may therefore be assault without
battery; but battery always implies an assault. Chambers.
Why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock him about
the sconce with a dirty shovel, and will not tell him of his ac­
tion and battery? Shakesp. Hamlet.
Sir, quo' the lawyer, not to flatter ye,
You have as good and fair a battery,
As heart can wish, and need not shame
The proudest man alive to claim. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.

BA'TTLE. n. s. [bataille, Fr.]
1. A fight; an encounter between opposite armies. We gene­
rally say a battle of many, and a combat of two.
The English army that divided was
Into two parts, is now conjoin'd in one;
And means to give you battle presently. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The battle done, and they within our power,
She'll never see his pardon. Shakesp. King Lear.
The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong.
Eccles. ix. 11.
So they joined battle, and the heathen being discomfited fled
into the plain. 1 Maccab. iv. 14.
2. A body of forces, or division of an army.
The king divided his army into three battles; whereof the
vanguard only, well strengthened with wings, came to fight.
Bacon's Henry VII.
3. The main body, as distinct from the van and rear.
The earl of Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with
the battle a good distance behind, and after came the arrier.
Hayward.
4. We say to join battle; to give battle.

To BA'TTLE. v. n. [batailler, Fr.] To join battle; to contend
in fight.
'Tis ours by craft and by surprize to gain:
'Tis yours to meet in arms, and battle in the plain. Prior.
We daily receive accounts of ladies battling it on both sides.
Addison. Freeholder, No 23.
I own, he hates an action base,
His virtues batt'ling with his place. Swift.

BA'TTLE-ARRAY. n. s. [See BATTLE and ARRAY.] Array,
or order of battle.
Two parties of fine women, placed in the opposite side boxes,
seemed drawn up in battle-array one against another. Addison.

BA'TTLE-AXE. n. s. A weapon used anciently, probably the
same with a bill.
Certain tinners, as they were working, found spear heads,
battle-axes, and swords of copper, wrapped in linen clouts.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BA'TTLEDOOR. n. s. [so called from door, taken for a flat board,
and battle, or striking.] An instrument with a handle and a flat
blade, used in play to strike a ball, or shuttlecock.
Play-things, which are above their skill, as tops, gigs, battle­
doors, and the like, which are to be used with labour, should
indeed be procured them. Locke.

BA'TTLEMENT. n. s. [generally supposed to be formed from
battle, as the parts from whence a building is defended against
assailants; perhaps only corrupted from bâtiment, Fr.] A wall
raised round the top of a building, with embrasures, or inter­
stices, to look through, to annoy an enemy.
He fix'd his head upon our battlements. Shak. Macbeth.
Thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring
not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.
Deut. xxii. 8.
Through this we pass
Up to the highest battlement, from whence
The Trojans threw their darts. Denham.
Their standard planted on the battlement,
Despair and death among the soldiers sent. Dryd. Aurengz.
No, I shan't envy him, whoe'er he be,
That stands upon the battlements of state;
I'd rather be secure than great. Norris.
The weighty mallet deals resounding blows,
Till the proud battlements her tow'rs inclose. Gay's Trivia.

BA'TTY. adj. [from bat.] Belonging to a bat.
Till o'er their brows death counterfeiting sleep,
With leaden legs and batty wings doth creep.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.

BA'VAROY. n. s. A kind of cloke, or surtout.
Let the loop'd bavaroy the fop embrace,
Or his deep cloke be spatter'd o'er with lace. Gay's Trivia.

BA'UBEE. n. s. A word used in Scotland, and the northern
counties, for a halfpenny.
Tho' in the draw'rs of my japan bureau,
To lady Gripeall I the Cæsars show,
'Tis equal to her ladyship or me,
A copper Otho, or a Scotch baubee. Bramst. Man of Taste.

BA'VIN. n. s. [of uncertain derivation.] A stick like those bound
up in faggots; a piece of waste wood.
He ambled up and down
With shallow jesters and rash bavin wits,
Soon kindled, and soon burnt. Shakesp. Henry IV.
For moulded to the life in clouts,
Th' have pick'd from dunghills thereabouts,
He's mounted on a hazel bavin,
A crop'd malignant baker gave him. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.
The smaller truncheons make billet, bavin, and coals.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

To BAULK.  See BALK.


BAW

BA'WBLE. n. s. [Baubellum, in barbarous Latin, signified a jewel,
or any thing valuable, but not necessary. Omnia baubella sua
dedit Othoni. Howden. Probably from beau, Fr.] A gew­
gaw; a trifling piece of finery; a thing of more show than use;
a trifle. It is in general, whether applied to persons or things,
a term of contempt.
She haunts me in every place. I was on the sea bank with
some Venetians, and thither comes the bawble, and falls me
thus about my neck. Shakesp. Othello.
It is a paltry cap,
A custard coffin, a bawble, a silken pie. Shak. Tam. Shrew.
If, in our contest, we do not interchange useful notions, we
shall traffick toys and bawbles. Government of the Tongue.
This shall be writ to fright the fry away,
Who draw their little bawbles, when they play. Dryden.
A lady's watch needs neither figures nor wheels;
'Tis enough that 'tis loaded with bawbles and seals. Prior.
Our author then, to please you in your way,
Presents you now a bawble of a play,
In gingling rhyme. Granville.
A prince, the moment he is crown'd,
Inherits every virtue round,
As emblems of the sov'reign pow'r;
Like other bawbles of the Tow'r. Swift.

BA'WBLING. adj. [from bawble.] Trifling; contemptible: a
word not now in use, except in conversation.
A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
For shallow draught and bulk unprized;
With which such scathful grapple did he make,
With the most noble bottom of our fleet.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.



BA'WCOCK. n. s. [perhaps from beau, or baude, and cock.] A
familiar word, which seems to signify the same as fine fellow.
Why, how now, my bawcock? how dost thou, chuck?
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

BAWD. n. s. [baude, old Fr.] A procurer, or procuress; one
that introduces men and women to each other, for the promo­
tion of debauchery.
If your worship will take order for the drabs and the knaves,
you need not to fear the bawds. Shakesp. Measure for Meas.
This commodity,
This bawd, this broker, this all changing word,
Hath drawn him from his own determin'd aid. Sh. K. John.
Our author calls colouring lena sororis, the bawd of her sister
design; she dresses her up, she paints her, she procures for the
design, and makes lovers for her. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To BAWD. v. n. [from the noun.] To procure; to provide
gallants with strumpets.
Leucippe is agent for the king's lust, and bawds, at the same
time, for the whole court. Addison. Spectator, No 266.
And in four months a batter'd harridan;
Now nothing's left, but wither'd, pale, and shrunk,
To bawd for others, and go shares with punk. Swift.

BA'WDILY. adv. [from bawdy.] Obscenely.

BA'WDINESS. n. s. [from bawdy.] Obsceneness.

BA'WDRICK. n. s. [See BALDRICK.] A belt.
Fresh garlands too, the virgin's temples crown'd;
The youth's gilt swords wore at their thighs, with silver baw­
dricks bound. Chapman's Iliad, b. xviii.

BA'WDRY. n. s. [contracted from bawdery, the practice of a
bawd.]
1. A wicked practice of procuring and bringing whores and
rogues together. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Cheating and bawdry go together in the world. L'Estrange.
2. Obscenity; unchaste language.
Pr'ythee, say on; he's for a jig, or a tale of bawdry, or he
sleeps. Shakesp. Hamlet.
I have no salt: no bawdry he doth mean:
For witty, in his language, is obscene. B. Johnson.
It is most certain, that barefaced bawdery is the poorest pre­
tence to wit imaginable. Dryden.

BA'WDY. adj. [from bawd.] Obscene; unchaste; generally ap­
lied to language.
The bawdy wind that kisses all it meets,
Is hush'd within the hollow mine of earth,
And will not hear't. Shakesp. Othello.
Only they,
That come to hear a merry bawdy play,
Will be deceiv'd. Shakesp. Henry VIII. Prologue.
Not one poor bawdy jest shall dare appear;
For now the batter'd veteran strumpets here
Pretend at least to bring a modest ear. Southern.

BA'WDY-HOUSE. n. s. A house where traffick is made by wic­
kedness and debauchery.
Has the pope lately shut up the bawdy-houses, or does he con­
tinue to lay a tax upon sin? Dennis.

To BAWL. v. n. [balo, Lat.]
1. To hoot; to cry with great vehemence, whether for joy or
pain. A word always used in contempt.
They bawl for freedom in their senseless mood,
And still revolt, when truth would set them free. Par. Reg.
To cry the cause up heretofore,
And bawl the bishops out of door. Hudibras.
Through the thick shades th' eternal scribbler bawls,
And shakes the statues on their pedestals. Dryd. Juvenal.
From his lov'd home no lucre him can draw;
The senate's mad decrees he never saw;
Nor heard at bawling bars corrupted law. Dryden.
Loud menaces were heard, and foul disgrace,
And bawling infamy, in language base,
Till sense was lost in sound, and silence fled the place.
Dryden's Fables.
So on the tuneful Margarita's tongue
The list'ning nymphs, and ravish'd heroes hung;
But citts and fops the heav'n born musick blame,
And bawl, and hiss, and damn her into fame.
Smith on J. Philips.
I have a race of orderly elderly people, who can bawl when I
am deaf, and tread softly when I am only giddy and would
sleep. Swift.
2. To cry as a froward child.
A little child was bawling, and an old woman chiding it.
L'Estrange's Fables.
If they were never suffered to have what they cried for, they
would never, with bawling and peevishness, contend for mas­
tery. Locke.
My husband took him in, a dirty boy; it was the business of
the servants to attend him, the rogue did bawl and make such a
noise. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

To BAWL. v. a. To proclaim as a crier.
It grieved me, when I saw labours which had cost so much,
bawled about by common hawkers. Swift.

BA'WREL. n. s. A kind of hawk. Dict.

BA'WSIN. n. s. A badger. Dict.


BAY

BAY. adj. [badius, Lat.]
A bay horse is what is inclining to a chesnut; and this co­
lour is various, either a light bay or a dark bay, according as it
is less or more deep. There are also coloured horses, that
are called dappled bays. All bay horses are commonly called
brown by the common people.
All bay horses have black manes, which distinguish them
from the sorrel, that have red or white manes.
There are light bays and gilded bays, which are somewhat of
a yellowish colour. The chesnut bay is that which comes
nearest to the colour of the chesnut. Farrier's Dict.
I remember, my lord, you gave good words the other day of
a bay courser I rode on. 'Tis yours because you liked it.
Shakesp. Timon.
Poor Tom! proud of heart, to ride on a bay trotting horse
over four inch'd bridges. Shakesp. King Lear.
His colour grey,
For beauty dappled, or the brightest bay. Dryden's Virgil.

BAY. n. s. [baye, Dutch.]
1. An opening into the land, where the water is shut in on all
sides, except at the entrance.
A reverend Syracusan merchant,
Who put unluckily into this bay. Shakesp. Comedy of Err.
We have also some works in the midst of the sea, and some
bays upon the shore for some works, wherein is required the air
and vapour of the sea. Bacon.
Here in a royal bed the waters sleep,
When tir'd at sea, within this bay they creep. Dryden.
Some of you have already been driven to this bay.
Dryden's Epistle to the Whigs.
Hail, sacred solitude! from this calm bay
I view the world's tempestuous sea. Roscommon.
2. A pond head raised to keep in store of water for driving a mill.

BAY. n. s. [abboi, Fr. signifies the last extremity; as, Innocence
est aux abboins. Boileau. Innocence is in the utmost distress. It
is taken from abboi, the barking of a dog at hand, and thence
signified the condition of a stag when the hounds were almost
upon him.] The state of any thing surrounded by enemies,
and obliged to face them by an impossibility of escape.
This ship, for fifteen hours, sate like a stag among hounds
at the bay, and was sieged and fought with, in turn, by fifteen
great ships. Bacon's War with Spain.
Fair liberty pursu'd, and meant a prey
To lawless power, here turn'd, and stood at bay. Denham.
Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his way;
Embolden'd by despair, he stood at bay;
Resolv'd on death, he dissipates his fears,
And bounds aloft against the pointed spears. Dryden's Æneid.
All, fir'd with noble emulation, strive;
And, with a storm of darts, to distance drive
The Trojan chief; who held at bay, from far
On his Vulcanian orb, sustain'd the war. Dryden's Virgil.
We have now, for ten years together, turned the whole force
and expence of the war, where the enemy was best able to hold
us at a bay. Swift.
He stands at bay,
And puts his last weak refuge in despair. Thomson.

BAY. n. s. In architecture, a term used to signify the magni­
tude of a building; as if a barn consists of a floor and two
heads, where they lay corn, they call it a barn of two bays.
These bays are from fourteen to twenty feet long, and floors,
from ten to twelve broad, and usually twenty feet long, which
is the breadth of the barn. Builder's Dict.
If this law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the fairest
house in it after threepence a bay. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
There may be kept one thousand bushels in each bay, there
being sixteen bays, each eighteen foot long, about seventeen
wide, or three hundred square feet in each bay. Mortimer.

BAY Tree. [laurus, Lat.] This tree hath a flower of one leaf,
shaped like a funnel, and divided into four or five segments.
The male flowers, which are produced on separate trees from
the female, have eight stamina, which are branched into arms;
the ovary of the female flowers becomes a berry, inclosing a
single seed within an horny shell, which is covered with a skin.
The species are, 1. The common bay with male flowers. 2.
The common fruit bearing bay tree. 3. The gold striped bay
tree, &c. The first and second sorts are old inhabitants of the
English gardens; and as there are varieties obtained from the
same seeds, they are promiscously cultivated, and are not to be
distinguished asunder until they have produced flowers. These
plants are propagated either from seeds, or by laying down the
tender branches, which will take root in one year's time. Mill.
I have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself
like a green bay tree. Psalm xxxvii 35.

BAY. n. s. A poetical name for an honorary crown or garland,
bestowed as a prize for any kind of victory or excellence.
Beneath his reign shall Eusden wear the bays. Pope.

To BAY. v. n. [abboyer, Fr.]
1. To bark as a dog at a thief, or at the game which he pursues.
And all the while she stood upon the ground,
The wakeful dogs did never cease to bay. Fairy Queen, b. i.


The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay'd;
The hunter close pursu'd the visionary maid;
She rent the heav'n with loud laments, imploring aid.
Dryden's Fables.
2. [from bay, an inclosed place.] To encompass about; to shut in.
We are at the stake,
And bay'd about with many enemies. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

To BAY. v. a. To follow with barking; to bark at.
I was with Hercules and Cadmus once,
When in the wood of Crete they bay'd the bear
With hounds of Sparta. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
If he should do so,
He leaves his back unarm'd, the French and Welch
Baying him at the heels. Shak. Henry IV.

BAY Salt. Salt made of sea water, which receives its consist­
ence from the heat of the sun, and is so called from its brown
colour. The greatest quantities of this salt are made in France,
on the coast of Bretagne, Saintonge, &c. from the middle of
May to the end of August, by letting the sea water into square
pits or basons, where its surface being struck and agitated by
the rays of the sun, it thickens at first imperceptibly, and be­
comes covered over with a slight crust, which hardening by
the continuance of the heat, is wholly converted into salt.
The water in this condition is scalding hot, and the crystalli­
zation is perfected in eight, ten, or at most fifteen days. Chamb.
All eruptions of air, though small and slight, give sound,
which we call crackling, puffing, spitting, &c. as in bay salt and
bay leaves cast into the fire. Bacon's Nat. History, No 123.

BAY Window. A window jutting outward, and therefore form­
ing a kind of bay or hollow in the room.
It hath bay windows transparent as barricadoes.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

BAY Yarn. A denomination sometimes used promiscuously with
woollen yarn. Chambers.

BA'YARD. n. s. [from bay.] A bay horse.

BA'YONET. n. s. [bayonette, Fr.] A short sword or dagger fixed
at the end of a musket, by which the foot hold off the horse.
One of the black spots is long and slender, and resembles a
dagger or bayonet. Woodward on Fossils.

BAYZE.  See BAIZE.

BDE'LLIUM. n. s. [βδελλιον; בךלה.] An aromatick gum
brought from the Levant, used as a medicine and a perfume.
Bdellium is mentioned both by the ancient naturalists and in
scripture; but it is doubtful whether any of these be the same
with the modern kind. Chambers.
This bdellium is a tree of the bigness of an olive, whereof
Arabia hath great plenty, which yieldeth a certain gum, sweet
to smell to, but bitter in taste, called also bdellium. The He­
brews take the loadstone for bdellium. Raleigh's History.


BE

To BE. v. n. [This word is so remarkably irregular, that it is
necessary to set down many of its terminations.
Present. I am, thou art, he is, we are, &c.
eom, eart, is, aron, Sax.
Preter. I was, thou wert, he was, we were, &c.
wæs, wære, was, wæron, Sax.
The conjunctive mood.
I be, thou beest, he be, we be, &c.
beo, bist, beo, beon, Sax.]
1. To have some certain state, condition, quality, or accident;
as, the man is wise.
Seventy senators died
By their proscriptions, Cicero being one. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
He hath to night been in unusual pleasure. Macbeth.
Be what thou hop'st to be, or what thou art,
Resign to death, it is not worth enjoying. Shakesp. H. VI.
Be but about
To say, she's a goodly lady, and
The justice of your hearts will add thereto,
'Tis pity she's not honest, honourable. Shak. Winter's Tale.
Let them shew the former things what they be, that we may
consider them. Isaiah, xli. 22.
Therefore be sure,
Thou, when the bridegroom with his feastful friends
Passes to bliss at the mid hour of night,
Hast gain'd thy entrance, virgin wise and pure. Par. Reg.
Is it not easy to discern what such men would be at. Stillingfl.
To say a man has a clear idea of quantity, without knowing
how great it is, is to say, he has the clear idea of the number
of the sands, who knows not how many they be. Locke.
2. It is the auxiliary verb by which the verb passive is formed.
The wine of life is drawn, and the meer lees
Is left this vault to brag of. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To exist; to have existence.
The times have been,
That when the brains were out the man would die. Macbeth.
Here cease, ye pow'rs, and let your vengeance end,
Troy is no more, and can no more offend. Dryden.
All th' impossibilities, which poets
Count to extravagance of loose description,
Shall sooner be. Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
To be contents his natural desire;
He asks no angel's wing, nor seraph's fire. Pope's Ess. on M.
4. To have something by appointment or rule.
If all political power be derived only from Adam, and be to
descend only to his successive heirs, by the ordinance of God,
and divine institution, this is a right antecedent and paramount
to all government. Locke.


BEA

BEACH. n. s. The shore; particularly that part that is dashed
by the waves; the strand.
The fishermen, that walk upon the beach,
Appear like mice. Shakesp. King Lear.
Deep to the rocks of hell, the gather'd beach
They fasten'd, and the mole immense wrought on,
Over the foaming deep. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 299.
They find the washed amber further out upon the beaches and
shores, where it has been longer exposed. Woodward on Fossils.

BE'ACHED. adj. [from beach.] Exposed to the waves.
Timon hath made his everlasting mansion
Upon the beached verge of the salt flood;
Which once a day, with his embossed froth,
The turbulent surge shall cover. Shakesp. Timon.

BE'ACHY. adj. [from beach.] Having beaches.
Other times, to see
The beachy girdle of the ocean
Too wide for Neptune's hips. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BE'ACON. n. s. [beacon, Sax. from been, a signal, and becnan,
whence beckon, to make a signal.]
1. Something raised on an eminence, to be fired on the approach
of an enemy, to alarm the country.
His blazing eyes, like two bright shining shields,
Did burn with wrath, and sparkled living fire;
As two broad beacons set in open fields,
Send forth their flames. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Modest doubt is called
The beacon of the wise. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
The king seemed to account of the designs of Perkin as a
may-game; yet had given order for the watching of beacons
upon the coasts, and erecting more where they stood too thin.
Bacon's Henry VII.
No flaming beacons cast their blaze afar,
The dreadful signal of invasive war. Gay's Rural Sports
2. Marks erected, or lights made in the night, to direct naviga­
tors in their courses, and warm them from rocks, shallows and
sandbanks.

BEAD. n. s. [beade, prayer, Saxon.]
1. Small globes or balls of glass or pearl, or other substance,
strung upon a thread, and used by the Romanists to count their
prayers; from whence the phrase to tell beads, or to be at one's
beads, is to be at prayer.
That aged dame, the lady of the place,
Who all this while was busy at her beads. Fairy Q. b. i.
Thy voice I seem in every hymn to hear,
With ev'ry bead I drop too soft a tear. Pope's El. to Abel.
2. Little balls worn about the neck for ornament.
With scarfs and fans, and double change of brav'ry,
With amber bracelets, beads, and all such knav'ry.
Shakesp. Taming of a Shrew.
3. Any globular bodies.
Thy spirit within thee hath been so at war,
That beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. Sh. H. IV.
Several yellow lumps of amber, almost like beads, with
one side flat, had fastened themselves to the bottom. Boyle.

BEAD Tree. [AZEDARACH.] 
It hath pennated leaves like those of the ash; the flowers
consist of five leaves, which expand in form of a rose; in the
centre of the flower is a long fimbriated tube, containing the
style; the fruit is roundish and fleshy, containing a hard fur­
rowed nut, divided into five cells, each containing one oblong
broadish seed. The outside pulp of the fruit in some countries
is eaten; but the nut is, by religious persons, bored through,
and strung as beads; whence it takes its name. It produces
ripe fruits in Italy and Spain. Millar.

BE'ADLE. n. s. [bydel, Sax. a messenger; bedeau, Fr. bedel, Sp.
bedelle, Dutch.]
1. A messenger or servitor belonging to a court. Cowel.
2. A petty officer in parishes, whose business it is to punish petty
offenders.
A dog's obey'd in office.
Thou rascal beadle, hold thy bloody hand:
Why dost thou lash that whore? Shakesp. King Lear.
They ought to be taken care of in this condition, either by
the beadle or the magistrate. Spectator, No 130.
Their common loves, a lewd abandon'd pack,
The beadle's lash still flagrant on their back. Prior.

BE'ADROLL. n. s. [from bead and roll.] A catalogue of those
who are to be mentioned at prayers.
The king, for the better credit of his espials abroad, did
use to have them cursed by name amongst the beadroll of the
king's enemies. Bacon's Henry VII.

BE'ADSMAN. n. s. [from bead and man.] A man employed in
praying, generally in praying for another.
An holy hospital,
In which seven beadsmen, that had vowed all
Their life to service of high heaven's king. Fairy Queen, b. i.


In thy danger,
Commend thy grievance to my holy prayer;
For I will be thy beadsman, Valentine. Sh. T. Gentl. of Ver.

BE'AGLE. n. s. [bigle, Fr.] A small hound with which hares
are hunted.
The rest were various huntings.
The graceful goddess was array'd in green;
About her feet were little beagles seen,
That watch'd with upward eyes the motions of their queen.
Dryden's Fables.
To plains with well bred beagles we repair,
And trace the mazes of the circling hare. Pope.

BEAK. n. s. [bec, Fr. pig, Welch.]
1. The bill or horny mouth of a bird.
His royal bird
Prunes the immortal wing, and cloys his beak,
As when his god is pleas'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He saw the ravens with their horny beaks
Food to Elijah bringing. Milton's Par. Regained, b. ii.
The magpye, lighting on the stock,
Stood chatt'ring with incessant din,
And with her beak gave many a knock. Swift.
2. A piece of brass like a beak, fixed at the head of the ancient
gallies, with which they pierced their enemies.
With boiling pitch another, near at hand,
From friendly Sweden brought, the seams instops;
Which, well laid o'er, the salt sea waves withstand,
And shakes them from the rising beak in drops. Dryden.
3. A beak is a little shoe, at the toe about an inch long, turned
up and fastened in upon the forepart of the hoof. Farrier's D.
4. Any thing ending in a point like a beak; as the spout of a
cup; a prominence of land.
Cuddenbeak, from a well advanced promontory, which en­
titled it beak, taketh a prospect of the river. Carew's Survey.

BE'AKED. adj. [from beak.] Having a beak; having the form
of a beak.
And question'd every gust of rugged winds,
That blows from off each beaked promontory. Milton.

BE'AKER. n. s. [from beak.] A cup with a spout in the form of
a bird's beak.
And into pikes and musqueteers
Stampt beakers, cups and porringers. Hudibras, cant. ii.
With dulcet bev'rage this the beaker crown'd,
Fair in the midst, with gilded cups around. Pope's Odyssey.

BEAL. n. s. [bolla, Ital.] A whelk or pimple.

To BEAL. v. n. [from the noun.] To ripen; to gather mat­
ter, or come to a head, as a sore does.

BEAM. n. s. [beam, Sax. a tree; sunnebeam, a ray of the sun.]
1. The main piece of timber that supports the house.
A beam is the largest piece of wood in a building, which al­
ways lies cross the building or the walls, serving to support
the principal rafters of the roof, and into which the feet of the
principal rafters are framed. No building has less than two
beams, one at each head. Into these, the girders of the garret
floor are also framed; and if the building be of timber, the
teazel-tenons of the posts are framed. The proportions of
beams in or near London, are fixed by act of parliament. A
beam fifteen feet long, must be seven inches on each side its
square, and five on the other; if it be sixteen feet long, one
side must be eight inches, the other six; and so proportionable
to their lengths. Builder's Dict.
The building of living creatures is like the building of a
timber house; the walls and other parts have columns and
beams, but the roof is tile, or lead, or stone. Bacon's N. Hist.
He heav'd, with more than human force, to move
A weighty stone, the labour of a team,
And rais'd from thence he reach'd the neighb'ring beam. Dryd.
2. Any large and long piece of timber: a beam must have more
length than thickness, by which it is distinguished from a
block.
But Lycus, swifter,
Springs to the walls and leaves his foes behind,
And snatches at the beam he first can find. Dryden's Æneid.
3. That part of a balance, at the ends of which the scales are sus­
pended.
Poise the cause in justice' equal scales,
Whose beam stands sure, whose rightful cause prevails.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
If the length of the sides in the balance, and the weights at
the ends be both equal, the beam will be in a horizontal situa­
tion: but if either the weights alone be equal, or the distances
alone, the beam will accordingly decline. Wilk. Mathem. Mag.
4. The horn of a stag.
And taught the woods to echo to the stream
His dreadful challenge, and his clashing beam. Denham.
5. The pole of a chariot; that piece of wood which runs between
the horses.
Juturna heard, and seiz'd with mortal fear,
Forc'd from the beam her brother's charioteer. Dryden.
6. Among weavers, a cylindrical piece of wood belonging to the
loom, on which the web is gradually rolled as it is wove.
The staff of his spear was like a weaver's beam. 1 Chr. xi. 23.
7. The ray of light emitted from some luminous body, or receiv­
ed by the eye.
Let them present me death upon the wheel,
Or pile ten hills on the Tarpeian rock,
That the precipitation might downstretch
Below the beam of sight. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Pleasing, yet cold, like Cynthia's silver beam. Dryden.
As heav'n's blest beam turns vinegar to sour. Pope.

BEAM of an anchor. The straight part or shank of an anchor,
to which the hooks are fastened.

BEAM Compasses. A wooden or brass instrument, with sliding
sockets, to carry several shifting points, in order to draw cir­
cles with very long radii; and useful in large projections, for
drawing the furniture on wall dials. Harris.

To BEAM. v. n. [from the noun.] To emit rays or beams.
Each emanation of his fires
That beams on earth, each virtue he inspires. Pope.

BEAM Tree. See WILDSERVICE, of which it is a species.

BE'AMY. adj. [from beam.]
1. Radiant; shining; emitting beams.
His double-biting axe, and beamy spear;
Each asking a gigantick force to rear. Dryden's Fables.
All-seeing sun!
Hide, hide in shameful night, thy beamy head. Smith.
2. Having horns or antlers.
Rouze from their desert dens the bristled rage
Of boars, and beamy stags in toils engage. Dryden's Virgil.

BEAN. n. s. [faba, Lat.]
It hath a papilionaceous flower, succeeded by a long pod, filled
with large flat kidney-shaped seeds; the stalks are firm and
hollow; the leaves grow by pairs, and are fastened to a mid­
rib. The species are, 1. The common garden bean. 2. The
horse bean. There are several varieties of the garden beans,
differing either in colour or size. The principal sorts which
are cultivated in England, are the Mazagan, the small Lisbon,
the Spanish, the Tokay, the Sandwich, and Windsor beans.
The Mazagan bean is brought from a settlement of the Portu­
guese on the coast of Africa, of the same name; and is by far
the best sort to plant for an early crop, a great bearer, and al­
so an excellent tasted bean. The broad Spanish, Tokay, Sand­
wich, and Windsor beans are for the latter crops. Millar.
His allowance of oats and beans for his horse was greater than
his journey required. Swift.

BEAN Caper. [fabago.]
The leaves of this plant are produced by pairs upon the same
footstalk, and the footstalks grow opposite at the joints of the
stalks; the cup of the flower consists of five leaves; and the
flowers have also five leaves, expanded like a rose, with sta­
mina surrounding the style, in the center of the flower cup.
This style becomes a cylindrical fruit, five cornered, divided
into five cells, each containing many flat seeds. Millar.

BEAN Tressel. An herb.

To BEAR. v. a. pret. I bore, or bare; part. pass. bore, or born. 
[beoran, beran, Sax. bairan, Gothick. It is sounded as bare,
as the are in care and dare.]
1. This is a word used with such latitude, that it is not easily ex­
plained.
We say to bear a burden, to bear sorrow or reproach, to
bear a name, to bear a grudge, to bear fruit, or to bear chil­
dren. The word bear is used in very different senses.
Watts's Logick.
2. To carry as a burden.
They bear him upon the shoulder; they carry him and set
him in his place. Isaiah, xlvi. 7.
And Solomon had threescore and ten thousand that bare
burdens. 1 Kings, v. 15.
As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young,
spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, beareth them on her
wings. Deuteronomy, xxxii. 11.
We see some, who, we think, have born less of the burden,
rewarded above ourselves. Decay of Piety.
3. To convey or carry.
My message to the ghost of Priam bear;
Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there. Dryden's Æneid.
A guest like him, a Trojan guest before,
In shew of friendship, sought the Spartan shore,
And ravish'd Helen from her husband bore. Dryd.
4. To carry as a mark of authority.
I do commit into your hand
Th' unstained sword that you have us'd to bear.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
5. To carry as a mark of distinction.
He may not bear so fair and so noble an image of the divine
glory, as the universe in its full system. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
His pious brother, sure the best
Who ever bore that name. Dryden.
The sad spectators stiffen'd with their fears,
She sees, and sudden every limb she smears;
Then each of savage beasts the figure bears. Garth.
His supreme spirit or mind will bear its best resemblance,
when it represents the supreme infinite. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
So we say, to bear arms in a coat.


6. To carry as in show.
Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye,
Your hand, your tongue; look like the innocent flower,
But be the serpent under't. Shakesp. King Lear.
7. To carry as in trust.
He was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put
therein. John, xii. 6.
8. To support; to keep from falling.
Under colour of rooting out popery, the most effectual means
to bear up the state of religion may be removed, and so a way
be made either for paganism, or for extreme barbarism to enter.
Hooker, b. iv. § 1.
And Samson took hold of the two middle pillars, upon which
the house stood, and on which it was born up. Judges, xvi. 29.
A religious hope does not only bear up the mind under her
sufferings, but makes her rejoice in them. Addison. Spectat.
Some power invisible supports his soul,
And bears it up in all its wonted greatness. Addison's Cato.
9. To keep afloat.
The waters encreased, and bare up the ark, and it was lifted
up above the earth. Genesis, vii. 17.
10. To support with proportionate strength.
Animals that use a great deal of labour and exercise, have
their solid parts more elastick and strong; they can bear, and
ought to have stronger food. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
11. To carry in the mind, as love, hate.
How did the open multitude reveal
The wond'rous love they bear him under hand!
Daniel's Civil War.
They bare great faith and obedience to the kings. Bacon.
Darah, the eldest bears a generous mind,
But to implacable revenge inclin'd. Dryden's Aurengz.
The coward bore the man immortal spite. Dryden's Ovid.
As for this gentleman, who is fond of her, she beareth him an
invincible hatred. Swift.
That inviolable love I bear to the land of my nativity, pre­
vailed upon me to engage in so bold an attempt. Swift.
12. To endure, as pain, without sinking.
It was not an enemy that reproached me, then I could have
born it. Psalm liv. 12.
13. To suffer; to undergo.
I have born chastisements, I will not offend any more.
Job, xxxiv. 31.
That which was torn of beasts, I brought not unto thee, I
I bare the loss of it; of my hand didst thou require it.
Genesis, xxxi. 39.
14. To permit; to suffer without resentment.
Not the gods, nor angry Jove will bear
Thy lawless wand'ring walks in upper air. Dryd. Æneid.
15. To be capable of; to admit.
To reject all orders of the church which men have establish­
ed, is to think worse of the laws of men in this respect, than
either the judgment of wise men alloweth, or the law of God
itself will bear. Hooker, b. iii.
Being the son of one earl of Pembroke, and younger brother
to another, who liberally supplied his expence, beyond what his
annuity from his father would bear. Clarendon.
Give his thought either the same turn, if our tongue will
bear it, or, if not, vary but the dress. Dryden.
Do not charge your coins with more uses than they can bear.
It is the method of such as love any science, to discover all
others in it. Addison on Medals.
Had he not been eager to find mistakes, he would not have
strained my words to such a sense as they will not bear. Atterb.
In all criminal cases, the most favourable interpretation
should be put upon words that they possibly can bear. Swift.
16. To produce, as fruit.
There be some plants that bear no flower, and yet bear fruit:
there be some that bear flowers, and no fruit: there be some
that bear neither flowers nor fruit. Bacon's Natural History.
They wing'd their flight aloft; then stooping low,
Perch'd on the double tree that bears the golden bough.
Dryden's Æneid.
Say, shepherd, say, in what glad soil appears
A wond'rous tree that sacred monarchs bears. Pope's Past.
17. To bring forth, as a child.
The queen that bore thee,
Oftner upon her knees than on her feet,
Died every day she liv'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Ye know that my wife bare two sons. Genesis, xliv. 27.
What could that have done?
What could the muse herself that Orpheus bore,
The muse herself, for her enchanting son? Milton.
The same Æneas, whom fair Venus bore
To fam'd Anchises on th' Idean shore. Dryden's Æneid.
18. To give birth to.
Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore,
But now self-banish'd from his native shore. Dryden.
19. To possess, as power or honour.
When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
The post of honour is a private station. Addison's Cato.
20. To gain; to win.
As it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
So may he with more facile question bear it;
For that it stands not in such warlike brace. Shakesp. Othello.
Because the Greek and Latin have ever born away the pre­
rogative from all other tongues, they shall serve as touchstones
to make our trials by. Camden.
Some think to bear it by speaking a great word, and being
peremptory; and go on, and take by admittance that which
they cannot make good. Bacon.
21. To maintain; to keep up.
He finds the pleasure and credit of bearing a part in the con­
versation, and of hearing his reasons approved. Locke.
22. To support any thing good or bad.
I was carried on to observe, how they did bear their for­
tunes, and principally, how they did employ their times.
Bacon's Holy War.
23. To exhibit.
Ye Trojan flames, your testimony bear,
What I perform'd and what I suffer'd there. Dryden.
24. To be answerable for.
If I bring him not unto thee, let me bear the blame for ever.
Genesis, xliii. 9.
O more than madmen! you yourselves shall bear
The guilt of blood and sacrilegious war. Dryden.
25. To supply.
What have you under your arm? Somewhat, that will
bear your charges in your pilgrimage? Dryden's Spanish Friar.
26. To be the object of.
I'll be your father and your brother too;
Let me but bear your love, I'll bear your cares.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
27. To behave; to act in character.
Some good instruction give,
How I may bear me here. Shakesp. Tempest.
Hath he born himself penitent in prison?
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
28. To hold; to restrain.
Do you suppose the state of this realm to be now so feeble,
that it cannot bear off a greater blow than this? Hayward.
29. To impel; to urge; to push.
The residue were so disordered as they could not conveni­
ently fight or fly, and not only justled and bore down one an­
other, but, in their confused tumbling back, brake a part of
the avant-guard. Sir J. Hayward.
Contention, like a horse
Full of high feeding, madly hath broke loose,
And bears down all before him. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Their broken oars, and floating planks, withstand
Their passage, while they labour to the land;
And ebbing tides bear back upon th' uncertain sand.
Dryden's Æneid.
Now with a noiseless gentle course
It keeps within the middle bed;
Anon it lifts aloft the head,
And bears down all before it with impetuous force. Dryden.
Truth is born down, attestations neglected, the testimony
of sober persons despised. Swift.
The hopes of enjoying the abbey lands would soon bear
down all considerations, and be an effectual incitement to their
perversion. Swift.
30. To conduct; to manage.
My hope is
So to bear through, and out, the consulship,
As spite shall ne'er wound you, though it may me.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
31. To press.
Cæsar doth bear me hard; but he loves Brutus.
Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Though he bear me hard,
I yet must do him right. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
These men bear hard upon the suspected party, pursue her
close through all her windings. Addison. Spectator, No 170.
32. To incite; to animate.
But confidence then bore thee on; secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i. l. 1175.
33. To bear a body. A colour is said to bear a body in painting,
when it is capable of being ground so fine, and mixing with
the oil so entirely, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same
colour.
34. To bear date. To carry the mark of the time when any thing
was written.
35. To bear a price. To have a certain value.
36. To bear in hand. To amuse with false pretences; to deceive.
Your daughter, whom she bore in hand to love
With such integrity, she did confess,
Was as a scorpion to her sight. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He griev'd,
That so his sickness, age, and impotence,
Was falsely born in hand, sends out arrests
On Fortinbras. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He repaired to Bruges, desiring of the states of Bruges, to


enter peaceably into their town, with a retinue fit for his estate;
and bearing them in hand, that he was to communicate with
them of divers matters of great importance, for their good.
Bacon's Henry VII.
It is no wonder, that some would bear the world in hand,
that the apostle's design and meaning is for presbytery, though
his words are for episcopacy. South.
37. To bear off. To carry away by force.
I will respect thee as a father, if
Thou bear'st my life off hence. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The sun views half the earth on either way,
And here brings on, and there bears off the day. Creech.
Give but the word, we'll snatch this damsel up,
And bear her off. Addison's Cato.
My soul grows desperate.
I'll bear her off. A. Philips's Distrest Mother.
38. To bear out. To support; to maintain; to defend.
I hope your warrant will bear out the deed. Shak. K. John.
I can once or twice a quarter bear out a knave against an ho­
nest man. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Changes are never without danger, unless the prince be able
to bear out his actions by power. Sir J. Hayward.
Quoth Sidrophel, I do not doubt
To find friends that will bear me out. Hudibras.
It is company only that can bear a man out in an ill thing.
South.
I doubted whether that occasion could bear me out in the
confidence of giving your ladyship any further trouble. Temple.

To BEAR. v. n. 
1. To suffer pain.
Stranger, cease thy care;
Wise is the soul; but man is born to bear:
Jove weighs affairs of earth in dubious scales,
And the good suffers while the bad prevails. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To be patient.
I cannot, cannot bear; 'tis past, 'tis done;
Perish this impious, this detested son. Dryden's Fables.
3. To be fruitful or prolifick.
A fruit tree hath been blown up almost by the roots, and set
up again, and the next year bear exceedingly. Bacon.
Betwixt two season comes th' auspicious air,
This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Dryden.
Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear,
And, strangers to the sun, yet ripen here. Granville.
4. To take effect; to succeed.
Having pawned a full suit of cloaths for a sum of money,
which, my operator assured me, was the last he should want to
bring all our matters to bear. Guardian, No 166.
5. To act in character.
Instruct me
How I may formally in person bear,
Like a true friar. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
6. To tend; to be directed to any point.
The oily drops swimming on the spirit of wine, moved
restlessly to and fro, sometimes bearing up to one another, as
if all were to unite into one body, and then falling off, and
continuing to shift places. Boyle.
Never did men more joyfully obey,
Or sooner understood the sign to fly:
With such alacrity they bore away. Dryden's Annus Mirab.
Whose navy like a stiff-stretch'd cord did shew,
Till he bore in, and bent them into flight. Dryden.
On this the hero fix'd an oak in fight,
The mark to guide the mariners aright:
To bear with this, the seamen stretch their oars,
Then round the rock they steer, and seek the former shores.
Dryden's Æneid.
In a convex mirrour, we view the figures and all other
things, which bear out with more life and strength than nature
itself. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
7. To act as an impellent, or as a reciprocal power; generally
with the particles upon or against.
We were encounter'd by a mighty rock,
Which being violently born upon,
Our helpless ship was splitted in the midst. Shakespeare.
Upon the tops of mountains, the air which bears against the
restagnant quicksilver, is less pressed. Boyle.
The sides bearing one against the other, they could not lie so
close at the bottoms. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
As a lion bounding in his way,
With force augmented bears against his prey,
Sideling to seize. Dryden's Fables.
Because the operations to be performed by the teeth, require
a considerable strength in the instruments which move the
lower jaw, nature hath provided this with strong muscles, to
make it bear forcibly against the upper jaw. Ray.
The weight of the body doth bear most upon the knee-joints,
in raising itself up, and most upon the muscles of the thighs, in
coming down. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
The waves of the sea bear violently and rapidly upon some
shores, the waters being pent up by the land.
Broome on the Odyssey.
8. To act upon.
Spinola, with his shot, did bear upon those within, who ap­
peared upon the walls. Hayward.
9. To be situated with respect to other places.
10. To bear up. To stand firm without falling.
So long as nature
Will bear up with this exercise, so long
I daily vow to use it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Persons in distress may speak of themselves with dignity; it
shews a greatness of soul, that they bear up against the storms
of fortune. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
The consciousness of integrity, the sense of a life spent in
doing good, will enable a man to bear up under any change of
circumstances. Atterbury.
When our commanders and soldiers were raw and unexpe­
rienced, we lost battles and towns; yet we bore up then, as the
French do now; nor was there any thing decisive in their suc­
cesses. Swift.
11. To bear with. To endure an unpleasing thing.
They are content to bear with my absence and folly. Sidney.
Though I must be content to bear with those that say you
are reverend grave men; yet they lie deadly, that tell you, you
have good faces. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Look you lay home to him;
Tell him his pranks have been too broad to bear with.
Shakesp. Hamlet.
Bear with me then, if lawful what I ask. Paradise Lost.

BEAR. n. s. [bera, Saxon.]
1. A rough savage animal.
Every part of the body of these animals is covered with
thick shaggy hair, of a dark brown colour, and their claws
are hooked, which they use in climbing trees. They feed upon
fruits, honey, bees, and flesh. Some have falsely reported, that
bears bring their young into the world shapeless, and that their
dams lick them into form. The dams go no longer than thirty
days, and generally produce five young ones. In the winter,
they lie hid and asleep, the male forty days, and the female four
months; and so soundly for the first fourteen days, that blows
will not wake them. In the sleepy season, they are said to
have no nourishment but from licking their feet; for it is cer­
tain they eat nothing, and, at the end of it, the males are very
fat. This animal has naturally an hideous look, but when en­
raged it is terrible; and, as rough and stupid as it seems to be,
it is capable of discipline; it leaps, dances, and plays a thou­
sand little tricks at the sound of a trumpet. The flesh of bears
was much esteemed by the ancients. They abound in Poland,
Muscovy, Lithuania, and the great forests in Germany; and
also in the remote northern countries, where the species is white.
Calmet.
Call hither to the stake my two brave bears,
Bid Salisbury and Warwick come to me.—
—Are these thy bears? we'll bait thy bears to death,
And manacle the bearward in their chains. Shak. Henry VI.
Thou'dst shun a bear;
But if thy flight lay tow'rd the roaring sea,
Thou'dst meet the bear i' th' mouth. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. The name of two constellations, called the greater and lesser
bear; in the tail of the lesser bear, is the pole star.
E'en then when Troy was by the Greeks o'erthrown,
The bear oppos'd to bright Orion shone. Creech.

BEAR-BIND. n. s. A species of bindweed; which see.

BEAR-FLY. n. s. [from bear and fly.] An insect.
There be of flies, caterpillars, canker-flies, and bear-flies.
Bacon's Natural History.

BEAR-GARDEN. n. s. [from bear and garden.]
1. A place in which bears are kept for sport.
Hurrying me from the playhouse, and the scenes there,
to the bear-garden, to the apes, and asses, and tygers. Stillingfl.
I could not forbear going to a place of renown for the gal­
lantry of Britons, namely to the bear-garden. Spect. No 436.
2. Any place of tumult or misrule.

BEAR-GARDEN. adj. A word used in familiar or low phrase for
rude or turbulent; as, a bear-garden fellow; that is, a man rude
enough to be a proper frequenter of the bear-garden. Bear­
garden sport, is used for gross inelegant entertainment.

BEAR'S-BREECH. n. s. [acanthus.] The name of a plant.
The leaves are like those of the thistle; the flowers labiated;
the under lip of the flower is divided into three segments, which,
in the beginning, is curled up in the form of a tube; in the
place of the under lip are produced the stamina, which support
the pointals; the cup of the flowers is composed of prickly
leaves, the upper part of which is bent over, like an arch, and
supplies the defect of the upper lip of the flower; the fruit is of
an oval form, divided in the middle into two cells, each con­
taining one smooth seed. The species are, 1. The smooth­
leaved garden bear's-breech. 2. The prickly bear's-breech. 3. The
middle bear's-breech, with short spines, &c. The first is used
in medicine, and is supposed to be the mollis acanthus of Virgil.
The leaves of this plant are cut upon the capitals of the Corin­
thian pillars, and were formerly in great esteem with the Ro­
mans. They are easily propagated by paring the roots in Fe­
bruary or March, or by the seeds sown at the same time. Millar.



BEAR'S-EAR, or Auricula. [auricula ursi, Lat.] The name of
a plant.
It hath a perennial root; the leaves are thicker and smoother
than those of the primrose; the cup of the flower is shorter, so
that the tube appears naked; the flower is shaped like a funnel;
the upper part is expanded, and divided into five segments; this
is succeeded by a globular seed-vessel, containing many small
seeds; every year it produces vast quantities of new flowers,
differing in shape, size, or colour; and there is likewise a great
variety in the leaves of these plants. They flower in April,
and ripen their seeds in June. Millar.

BEAR'S-EAR, or Sanicle. [cortusa, Lat.]
This plant hath a perennial root; the leaves are roundish,
rough, and crenated on the edges, like those of ground ivy;
the cup of the flower is small, and divided into six parts; the
flowers are shaped, like a funnel, cut at the top into many seg­
ments, and disposed in an umbel; the fruit is roundish, ter­
minating in a point, and is closely fixt in the cup, in which are
contained many small angular seeds. We have but one species
of this plant, which is nearly allied to the auricula ursi; but the
flowers are not quite so large and fair. It loses its leaves in
winter, but puts out new ones early in the spring; and, in A­
pril, it produces flowers, which are sometimes succeeded by
seed pods; but it is very rare that they perfect their seeds with
us. Millar.

BEAR'S-FOOT. n. s. See HELLEBORE, of which it is a species.

BEAR'S-WORT. n. s. An herb.

BEARD. n. s. [beard, Saxon.]
1. The hair that grows on the lips and chin.
Ere on thy chin the springing beard began
To spread a doubtful down, and promise man. Prior.
2. Beard is used for the face; as, to do any thing to a man's beard,
is to do it in defiance, or to his face.
Rail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd
Their rev'rend parsons to my beard. Hudibras.
3. Beard is used to mark age or virility; as, he has a long beard,
means he is old.
This ancient ruffian, Sir, whose life I have spared at suit of
his grey beard. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Some thin remains of chastity appear'd,
Ev'n under Jove, but Jove without a beard. Dryden.
Would it not be an insufferable thing, for a professor to have
his authority, of forty years standing, confirmed by general tra­
dition, and a reverend beard, overturned by an upstart nove­
list? Locke.
4. Sharp prickles growing upon the ears of corn.
The ploughman lost his sweat, and the green corn
Hath rotted ere its youth attain'd a beard.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
A certain farmer complained, that the beards of his corn cut
the reapers and threshers fingers. L'Estrange.
5. A barb on an arrow.
6. The beard or chuck of a horse, is that part which bears the
curb of the bridle. Farrier's Dict.

To BEARD. v. a. [from beard.]
1. To take or pluck by the beard, in contempt or anger.
No man so potent breathes upon the ground,
But I will beard him. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
2. To oppose to the face; to set at open defiance.
He, whensoever he should swerve from duty, may be able to
beard him. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The design of utterly extirpating monarchy and episcopacy,
the presbyterians alone begun, continued, and would have
ended, if they had not been bearded by that new party, with
whom they could not agree about dividing the spoil. Swift.

BE'ARDED. adj. [from beard.]
1. Having a beard.
Think every bearded fellow, that's but yok'd,
May draw with you. Shakesp. Othello.
Old prophecies foretel our fall at hand,
When bearded men in floating castles land. Dryden.
2. Having sharp prickles, as corn.
As when a field
Of Ceres, ripe for harvest, waving bends
Her bearded grove of ears, which way the wind
Sways them. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 982.
The fierce virago
Flew o'er the fields, nor hurt the bearded grain. Dryden.
3. Barbed or jagged.
Thou shouldst have pull'd the secret from my breast,
Torn out the bearded steel to give me rest. Dryd. Aurengz.

BE'ARDLESS. adj. [from beard.]
1. Without a beard.
There are extant some coins of Cunobelin, king of Essex
and Middlesex, with a beardless image, inscribed Cunobelin.
Cambden's Remains.
2. Youthful.
And, as young striplings wheep the top for sport,
On the smooth pavement of an empty court,
The wooden engine flies and whirls about,
Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout. Dryden.

BE'ARER. n. s. [from to bear.]
1. A carrier of any thing, who conveys any thing from one plate
or person to another.
He should the bearers put to sudden death,
Not shriving time allow'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Forgive the bearer of unhappy news;
Your alter'd father openly pursues
Your ruin. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
No gentleman sends a servant with a message, without en­
deavouring to put it into terms brought down to the capacity of
the bearer. Swift.
2. One employed in carrying burthens.
And he set threescore and ten thousand of them to be bearers
of burdens. 2 Chron. ii. 18.
3. One who wears any thing.
O majesty!
When thou dost pinch thy bearer, thou dost sit
Like a rich armour worn in heat of day,
That scalds with safety. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
4. One who carries the body to the grave.
5. A tree that yields its produce.
This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some that are good
bearers, will succeed. Boyle.
Reprune apricots and peaches, saving as much of the young
likeliest shoots as are well placed; for the raw bearers com­
monly perish the new ones succeeding. Evelyn's Kalendar.
6. In architecture. A post or brick wall raised up between
the ends of a piece of timber, to shorten its bearing; or to
prevent its bearing with the whole weight at the ends only.
7. In heraldry. See SUPPORTER.

BE'ARHERD. n. s. [from bear and herd; as shepherd, from sheep.]
A man that tends bears.
He that is more than a youth, is not for me; and he that is
less than a man, I am not for him; therefore I will even take
sixpence in earnest of the bearherd, and lead his apes into hell.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.

BE'ARING. n. s. [from bear.]
1. The site or place of any thing with respect to something else.
But of this frame, the bearings and the ties,
The strong connections, nice dependencies,
Gradations just, has thy pervading soul
Look'd through? or can a part contain the whole? Pope.
2. Gesture; mien; behaviour.
That is Claudio; I know him by his bearing.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
3. In architecture. Bearing of a piece of timber, with carpen­
ters, is the space either between the two fixt extremes thereof,
or between one extreme and a post, brick-wall, &c. trimmed up
between the ends, to shorten its bearing. Builder's Dict.

BE'ARWARD. n. s. [from bear and ward.] A keeper of bears.
We'll bait thy bears to death,
And manacle the bearward in their chains. Shak. Henry VI.
The bear is led after one manner, the multitude after an­
other; the bearward leads but one brute, and the mountebank
leads a thousand. L'Estrange.

BEAST. n. s. [beste, Fr. bestia, Lat.]
1. An animal distinguished from birds, insects, fishes, and man.
The man that once did sell the lion's skin,
While the beast liv'd, was kill'd with hunting him. Shakesp.
Beasts of chase are the buck, the doe, the fox, the martern,
and the roe. Beasts of the forest are the hart, the hind, the
hare, the boar, and the wolf. Beasts of warren are the hare
and cony. Cowel.
2. An irrational animal, opposed to man; as man and beast.
I dare do all that may become a man;
Who dares do more, is none.——
———What beast was't then
That made you break this enterprize to me? Macbeth.
Medea's charms were there, Circean feasts,
With bowls that turn'd enamour'd youths to beasts. Dryden.
3. A brutal savage man, a man acting in any manner unworthy
of a reasonable creature.

BE'ASTINGS. See BEESTINGS.

BE'ASTLINESS. n. s. [from beastly.] Brutality; practice of any
kind contrary to the rules of humanity.
They held this land, and with their filthiness
Polluted this same gentle soil long time;
That their own mother loath'd their beastliness,
And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime. Fairy Queen.

BE'ASTLY. adj. [from beast.]
1. Brutal; contrary to the nature and dignity of man. It is used
commonly as a term of reproach.
Wouldst thou have thyself fall in the confusion of men, or
remain a beast with beasts?—Ay—a beastly ambition. Shakesp.
You beastly knave, know you no reverence? King Lear.
With lewd, prophane, and beastly phrase,
To catch the world's loose laughter or vain gaze. B. Johns.
Vain idols,
It is commonly charged upon the gentlemen of the army,
that the beastly vice of drinking to excess, hath been lately, from
their example, restored among us. Swift.
2. Having the nature or form of beasts.
Beastly divinities, and droves of gods. Prior.



To BEAT. v. a. preter. beat, part. pass. beat, or beaten. [battre,
French.]
1. To strike; to knock; to lay blows upon.
So fight I, not as one that beateth the air. 1 Cor. ix. 26.
He rav'd with all the madness of despair;
He roar'd, he beat his breast, he tore his hair. Dryden.
2. To punish with stripes or blows.
They've chose a consul that will from them take
Their liberties; make them of no more voice
Than dogs, that are as often beat for barking,
And therefore kept to do so. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Mistress Ford, good heart, is beaten black and blue, that you
cannot see a white spot about her. Shakesp. M. Wives of Winds.
There is but one fault for which children should be beaten;
and that is obstinacy or rebellion. Locke.
3. To strike an instrument of musick.
Bid them come forth and hear,
Or at their chamber door I'll beat the drum,
Till it cry, sleep to death. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. To break to powder, or comminute by blows.
The people gathered manna, and ground it in mills, or beat
it in a mortar, and baked it. Numbers, xi. 8.
They did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires,
to work it. Exodus, xxxix. 3.
They save the laborious work of beating of hemp, by making
the axletree of the main wheel of their corn mills longer than
ordinary, and placing of pins in them, to raise large hammers
like those used for paper and fulling mills, with which they beat
most of their hemp. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Nestor, we see, furnished the gold, and he beat it into leaves,
so that he had occasion to make use of his anvil and hammer.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
5. To strike bushes or ground, or make a motion to rouze game.
It is strange how long some men will lie in wait to speak,
and how many other matters they will beat over to come near
it. Bacon's Essays.
When from the cave thou risest with the day,
To beat the woods, and rouze the bounding prey. Prior.
Together let us beat this ample field,
Try what the open, what the covert yield. Pope.
6. To thresh; to drive the corn out of the husk.
She gleaned in the field, and beat out that she had gleaned.
Ruth, ii. 17.
7. To mix things by long and frequent agitation.
By long beating the white of an egg, you may bring it into
white curds. Boyle.
8. To batter with engines of war.
And he beat down the tower of Penuel, and slew the men of
the city. Judges, viii. 17.
9. To dash, as water, or brush as wind.
Beyond this flood a frozen continent
Lies dark and wild; beat with perpetual storms
Of whirlwind and dire hail. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. ii.
With tempests beat, and to the winds a scorn. Rescommon.
While winds and storms his lofty forehead beat,
The common fate of all that's high or great. Denham.
As when a lion in the midnight hours,
Beat by rude blasts, and wet with wintry show'rs,
Descends terrifick from the mountain's brow. Pope.
10. To tread a path.
While I this unexampled task essay,
Pass awful gulfs, and beat my painful way,
Celestial dove, divine assistance bring. Blackmore.
11. To make a path by marking it with tracks.
He that will know the truth of things, must leave the com­
mon and beaten track. Locke.
12. To conquer; to subdue; to vanquish.
If Hercules and Lichas play at dice,
Which is the better man? The greater throw
May turn by fortune from the weaker hand:
So is Alcides beaten by his page. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
You souls of geese,
That bear the shapes of men, how have you run
From slaves that apes would beat? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Five times, Marcius,
I have fought with thee, so often hast thou beat me. Shakesp.
I have discern'd the foe securely lie,
Too proud to fear a beaten enemy. Dryden's Indian Emp.
The common people of Lucca are firmly persuaded, that one
Lucquese can beat five Florentines. Addison on Italy.
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, joining his ships to those of the Sy­
racusans, beat the Carthaginians at sea. Arbuthnot on Coins.
13. To harrass; to over-labour.
It is no point of wisdom for a man to beat his brains, and
spend his spirits about things impossible. Hakewell on Providence.
And as in prisons mean rogues beat
Hemp, for the service of the great;
So Whacum beat his dirty brains
T' advance his master's fame and gains. Hudibras.
I know not why any one should waste his time, and beat his
head about the Latin grammar, who does not intend to be a
critick. Locke.
14. To lay, or press, as standing corn by hard weather.
Her own shall bless her;
Her foes shake, like a field of beaten corn,
And hang their heads with sorrow. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
15. To depress; to crush by repeated opposition; usually with
the particle down.
Albeit a pardon was proclaimed, touching any speech tend­
ing to treason, yet could not the boldness be beaten down either
with that severity, or with this lenity be abated. Hayward.
Our warriours propagating the French language, at the same
time they are beating down their power. Addison. Spect. No 165.
Such an unlook'd for storm of ills falls on me,
It beats down all my strength. Addison's Cato.
16. To drive by violence.
Twice have I sally'd, and was twice beat back. Dryden.
He that proceeds upon other principles in his inquiry, does
at least post himself in a party, which he will not quit, till he
be beaten out. Locke.
He cannot beat it out of his head, but that it was a cardinal
who picked his pocket. Addison. Freeholder, No 44.
The younger part of mankind might be beat off from the be­
lief of the most important points even of natural religion, by
the impudent jests of a profane wit. Watts's Impr. of the Mind.
17. To move with fluttering agitation.
Thrice have I beat the wing, and rid with night
About the world. Dryden's State of Innocence.
18. To beat down. To endeavour by treaty to lessen the price
demanded.
Surveys rich moveables with curious eye,
Beats down the price, and threatens still to buy. Dryden.
She persuaded him to trust the renegado with the money he
had brought over for their ransom; as not questioning but he
would beat down the terms of it. Addison. Spectat. No 199.
19. To beat down. To sink or lessen the value.
Usury beats down the price of land; for the employment of
money is chiefly either merchandizing or purchasing; and usury
way-lays both. Bacon's Essays, No 42.
20. To beat up. To attack suddenly; to alarm.
They lay in that quiet posture, without making the least im­
pression upon the enemy, by beating up his quarters, which
might easily have been done. Clarendon, b. viii.
Will. fancies he should never have been the man he is, had
not he broke windows, knocked down constables, and beat up
a lewd woman's quarters, when he was a young fellow. Addis.
21. To beat the hoof. To walk; to go on foot.

To BEAT. v. n. 
1. To move in a pulsatory manner.
I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and see
it beat the first conscious pulse. Collier on Thought.
2. To dash, as a flood or storm.
This publick envy seemeth to beat chiefly upon ministers.
Bacon's Essays, No 9.
Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know,
Sees rowling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden.
And one sees many of the like hollow spaces worn in the
bottoms of the rocks, as they are more or less able to resist the
impressions of the water that beats against them. Addison.
3. To knock at a door.
The men of the city beset the house round about, and beat
at the door, and spake to the master of the house. Judg. xix. 22.
4. To move with frequent repetitions of the same act or stroke.
No pulse shall keep
His nat'ral progress, but surcease to beat. Sh. Rom. and Jul.
My temp'rate pulse does regularly beat;
Feel, and be satisfy'd. Dryden's Persius, Sat. iii.
A man's heart beats, and the blood circulates, which it is not
in his power, by any thought or volition, to stop. Locke.
5. To throb; to be in agitation, as a sore swelling.
A turn or two I'll walk,
To still my beating mind. Shakesp. Tempest.
6. To fluctuate; to be in agitation.
The tempest in my mind
Doth from my senses take all feeling else,
Save what beats there. Shakesp. King Lear.
7. To try different ways; to search.
I am always beating about in my thoughts for something that
may turn to the benefit of my dear countrymen. Addison. Guard.
To find an honest man, I beat about,
And love him, court him, praise him in or out. Pope.
8. To act upon with violence.
The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and
wished in himself to die. Jonah, iv. 48.
9. To speak frequently; to repeat; to enforce by repetition.
We are drawn on into a larger speech, by reason of their so
great earnestness, who beat more and more upon these last al­
leged words. Hooker, b. ii. § 4.
How frequently and servently doth the scripture beat upon
this cause? Hakewell on Providence.
10. To beat up; as, to beat up for soldiers. The word up seems re­
dundant.

BEAT. part. passive. [from the verb.]


Like a rich vessel beat by storms to shore,
'Twere madness should I venture out once more. Dryden.

BEAT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Stroke.
2. Manner of striking.
Albeit the base and treble strings of a viol be turned to an
unison; yet the former will still make a bigger or broader
sound than the latter, as making a broader beat upon the air.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 2.
With a careless beat,
Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryd. Hind and P.
3. Manner of being struck; as, the beat of the pulse, or a drum.

BE'ATEN. particip. adj. [from to beat.]
What makes you, Sir, so late abroad,
Without a guide, and this no beaten road? Dryd. W. of Bath.

BE'ATER. n. s. [from beat.]
1. An instrument with which any thing is comminuted or ming­
led.
Beat all your mortar with a beater three or four times over,
before you use it; for thereby you incorporate the sand and
lime well together. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
2. A person much given to blows.
The best schoolmaster of our time, was the greatest beater.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.

BEATI'FICAL. adj. [beatificus, low Lat. from beatus, happy.]
That which has the power of making happy,
or compleating fruition; blissful. It is used only of heavenly
fruition after death.

BEATI'FICK. adj. [beatificus, low Lat. from beatus, happy.]
That which has the power of making happy,
or compleating fruition; blissful. It is used only of heavenly
fruition after death.
Admiring the riches of heav'n's pavement
Than ought divine or holy else, enjoy'd
In vision beatifick. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i. l. 684.
It is also their selicity to have no faith; for, enjoying the
beatifical vision in the fruition of the object of faith, they have
received the full evacuation of it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
We may contemplate upon the greatness and strangeness of
the beatifick vision; how a created eye should be so fortified, as
to bear all those glories, that stream from the fountain of un­
created light. South.

BEATI'FICALLY. adv. [from beatifical.] In such a manner as to
compleat happiness.
Beatifically to behold the face of God in the fulness of wis­
dom, righteousness and peace, is blessedness no way incident un­
to the creatures beneath man. Hakewell on Providence.

BEATIFICA'TION. n. s. [from beatifick.] A term in the Romish
church, distinguished from canonization. Beatification is an
acknowledgment made by the pope, that the person beatified is
in heaven, and therefore may be reverenced as blessed; but is
not a concession of the honours due to saints, which are con­
ferred by canonization.

To BEA'TIFY. v. a. [beatifico, Lat.]
1. To make happy; to bless with the completion of celestial en­
joyment.
I wish I had the wings of an angel, to have ascended into pa­
radise, and to have beheld the forms of those beatified spirits,
from which I might have copied my archangel. Dryden.
The use of spiritual conference is unimaginable and un­
speakable, especially if free and unrestrained, bearing an image
of that conversation which is among angels and beatified saints.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
We shall know him to be the fullest good, the nearest to us,
and the most certain; and, consequently, the most beatifying
of all others. Brown's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 4.
2. To settle the character of any person by a publick acknow­
ledgment that he is received in heaven, though he is not in­
vested with the dignity of a saint.
Over-against this church stands a large hospital, erected by a
shoemaker, who has been beatified, though never sainted.
Addison on Italy.

BE'ATING. n. s. [from beat.] Correction; punishment by blows.
Playwright, convict of publick wrongs to men,
Takes private beatings, and begins again. Ben. Johnson.

BEA'TITUDE. n. s. [beatitudo, Lat.]
1. Blessedness; felicity; happiness: commonly used of the joys
or heaven.
The end of that government, and of all man's aims, is agreed
to be beatitude, that is, his being completely well. Digby.
This is the image and little representation of heaven; it is
beatitude in picture. Taylor's Holy Living.
He set out the felicity of his heaven, by the delights of sense;
slightly passing over the accomplishment of the soul, and the
beatitude of that part which earth and visibilities too weakly
affect. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.
2. A declaration of blessedness made by our Saviour to particular
virtues.

BEAU. n. s. [beau, Fr. It is sounded like bo, and has often the
French plural beaux.] A man of dress; a man whose great
care is to deck his person.
What, will not beaux attempt to please the fair? Dryden.
The water nymphs are too unkind
To Vill'roy; are the land nymphs so?
And fly they all, at once combin'd
To shame a general, and a beau? Prior.
You will become the delight of nine ladies in ten, and the
envy of ninety-nine beaux in a hundred. Swift's Direct. to Footm.

BE'AVER. n. s. [bievre, Fr.]
1. An animal, otherwise named the castor, amphibious, and re­
markable for his art in building his habitation; of which many
wonderful accounts are delivered by travellers. His skin is
very valuable on account of the fur.
The beaver being hunted, biteth off his stones, knowing that
for them only his life is sought. Hakewell on Providence.
They placed this invention upon the beaver, for the saga­
city and wisdom of that animal; indeed from its artifice in
building. Brown's Vulgar Errours, c. 4.
2. A hat of the best kind; so called from being made of the fur
of beaver.
You see a smart rhetorician turning his hat, moulding it in­
to different cocks, examining the lining and the button during
his harangue: A deaf man would think he was cheapening a
beaver, when he is talking of the fate of a nation. Addison. Sp.
The broker here his spacious beaver wears,
Upon his brow sit jealousies and cares. Gay's Trivia.
3. The part of a helmet that covers the face. [baviere, Fr.]
His dreadful hideous head
Close couched on the beaver, seem'd to throw,
From flaming mouth, bright sparkles firy red. Fairy Queen.
Big Mars seems bankrupt in their beggar'd host,
And faintly through a rusty beaver peeps. Shakesp. H. V.
He was slain upon a course at tilt, the splinters of the staff
going in at his beaver. Bacon's Essays, No 36.

BE'AVERED. adj. [from beaver.] Covered with a beaver; wear­
ing a beaver.
His beaver'd brow a birchen garland bears,
Dropping with infant's blood, and mother's tears:
All flesh is humbled. Pope's Dunciad.

BEAU'ISH. adj. [from beau.] Befitting a beau; foppish.

BEAU'TEOUS. adj. [from beauty.] Fair; elegant in form;
pleasing to the sight; beautiful. This word is chiefly poetical.
I can, Petrucio, help thee to a wife,
With wealth enough, and young, and beautcous.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Alas! not hoping to subdue,
I only to the flight aspir'd;
To keep the beauteous foe in view,
Was all the glory I desir'd. Prior.

BEAU'TEOUSLY. adv. [from beauteous.] In a beauteous man­
ner; in a manner pleasing to the sight; beautifully.
Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is next the sun,
or where they look beautcously; that is, as they come towards
you to be enjoyed. Taylor's Holy Living.

BEAU'TEOUSNESS. n. s. [from beauteous.] The state or quality
of being beauteous; beauty.
From less virtue, and less beautcousness,
The gentiles fram'd them gods and goddesses. Donne.

BEAU'TIFUL. adj. [from beauty and full.] Fair; having the
qualities that constitute beauty.
He stole away and took by strong hand all the beautiful wo­
men in his time. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
The principal and most important parts of painting, is to
know what is most beautiful in nature, and most proper for
that art; that which is the most beautiful, is the most noble
subject: so, in poetry, tragedy is more beautiful than comedy,
because the persons are greater whom the poet instructs, and
consequently the instructions of more benefit to mankind.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
Beautiful looks are rul'd by fickle minds,
And summer seas are turn'd by sudden winds. Prior.

BEAU'TIFULLY. adv. [from beautiful.] In a beautiful manner.
No longer shall the boddice aptly lac'd,
From thy full bosom to thy slender waist,
That air and harmony of shape express,
Fine by degrees, and beautifully less. Prior.

BEAU'TIFULNESS. n. s. [from beautiful] The quality of being
beautiful; beauty; excellence of form.

To BEAU'TIFY. v. a. [from beauty.] To adorn; to embellish;
to deck; to grace; to add beauty to.
Never was sorrow more sweetly set forth, their faces seeming
rather to beautify their sorrow, than their sorrow to cloud the
beauty of their faces. Hayward on Edward VI.
Sufficeth not that we are brought to Rome,
To beautify thy triumphs and return,
Captive to thee and to thy Roman yoke. Shakesp. T. Andron.
These were not created to beautify the earth alone, but for
the use of man and beast. Raleigh's History of the World.
How all conspire to grace
Th' extended earth, and beautify her face. Blackmore's Creat.
There is charity and justice; and the one serves to heighten
and beautify the other. Atterbury.

To BEAU'TIFY. v. n. To grow beautiful; to advance in
beauty.
It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to see his
creation for ever beautifying in his eyes, and drawing nearer to
him, by greater degrees of resemblance. Addison. Spectator.

BEAU'TY. n. s. [beaute, Fr.]


1. That assemblage of graces, or proportion of parts, which
pleases the eye.
Beauty consists of a certain composition of colour and figure,
causing delight in the beholder. Locke.
Your beauty was the cause of that effect,
Your beauty, that did haunt me in my sleep.—
—If I thought that, I tell thee, homicide,
These nails should rend that beauty from my cheeks.
Shakesp. Richard III.
Beauty is best in in a body that hath rather dignity of pre­
sence than beauty of aspect. The beautiful prove accomplish­
ed, but not of great spirit, and study for the most part rather
behaviour than virtue. Bacon.
The best part of beauty is that which a picture cannot ex­
press. Bacon's Ornament. Ration. No 64.
Of the beauty of the eye I shall say little, leaving that to
poets and orators; that it is a very pleasant and lovely object to
behold, if we consider the figure, colours, splendour of it, is the
least I can say. Ray on Creation.
He view'd their twining branches with delight,
And prais'd the beauty of the pleasing sight. Pope.
2. A particular grace, feature, or ornament.
The ancient pieces are beautiful, because they resemble the
beauties of nature; and nature will ever be beautiful, which re­
sembles those beauties of antiquity. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Wherever you place a patch, you destroy a beauty. Addison.
3. Any thing more eminently excellent than the rest of that with
which it is united.
This gave me an occasion of looking backward on some
beauties of my author in his former books. Dryd. Fab. Pref.
With incredible pains have I endeavoured to copy the several
beauties of the ancient and modern historians. Arbuthnot.
4. A beautiful person.
Remember that Pellean conquerour,
A youth, how all the beauties of the east
He slightly view'd, and slightly overpass'd. Paradise Lost.
What can thy ends, malicious beauty, be?
Can he, who kill'd thy brother, live for thee? Dryden.

To BEAU'TY. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn; to beautify;
to embellish.
The harlot's cheek, beautied with plast'ring art,
Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it,
Than is my deed to your most painted word. Shak. Hamlet.

BEAUTY-SPOT. n. s. [from beauty and spot.] A spot placed to
direct the eye to something else, or to heighten some beauty; a
foil; a patch.
The filthiness of swine makes them the beauty-spot of the ani­
mal creation. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 2. § 49.


BEC

BECAFI'CO. n. s. [becafigo, Span.] A bird like a nightingale,
feeding on figs and grapes; a fig-pecker. Pineda.
The robin-redbreast, till of late, had rest,
And children sacred held a martin's nest;
Till becaficos sold so dev'lish dear,
To one that was, or would have been, a peer. Pope.

To BECA'LM. v. a. [from calm.]
1. To still the elements.
The moon shone clear on the becalmed flood. Dryden.
2. To keep a ship from motion.
A man becalmed at sea, out of sight of land, in a fair day,
may look on the sun, or sea, or ship, a whole hour, and per­
ceive no motion. Locke.
3. To quiet the mind.
Soft whisp'ring airs, and the lark's mattin song,
Then woo to musing, and becalm the mind
Perplex'd with irksome thoughts. Philips.
Banish his sorrows, and becalm his soul
With easy dreams. Addison's Cato.
4. To becalm and to calm differ in this, that to calm is to stop mo­
tion, and to becalm is to with-hold from motion.

BECA'ME. The preterite of become; which see.

BECA'USE. conjunct. [from by and cause.]
1. For this reason that; on this account that; for this cause that.
How great soever the sins of any person are, Christ died for
him, because he died for all; and he died for those sins, because
he died for all sins; only he must reform. Hammond's Fundam.
Men do not so generally agree in the sense of these as of the
other, because the interests, and lusts, and passions of men,
are more concerned in the one than the other. Tillots. Preface.
2. It has, in some sort, the force of a preposition; but, because it
is compounded of a noun, has of after it.
Infancy demands aliment, such as lengthens fibres without
breaking, because of the state of accretion. Arbuth. on Aliments.

To BECHA'NCE. v. n. [from be and chance.] To befal; to hap­
pen to: a word proper, but now in little use.
My sons, God knows what has bechanced them.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
All happiness bechance to thee at Milan.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

BE'CHICKS. n. s. [βήχιϰα, of βῆξ, a cough.] Medicines proper
for relieving coughs. Dict.

To BECK. v. a. [beacn, Sax. bec, Fr. head.] To make a sign
with the head.
Bell, book, and candle, shall not drive me back,
When gold and silver beck me to come on. Shakes. K. John.
Oh, this false soul of Egypt, this gay charm,
Whose eye beck'd forth my wars, and called them home.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BECK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sign with the head; a nod.
Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee
Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles,
Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles. Milton.
2. A nod of command.
Neither the lusty kind shewed any roughness, nor the easier
any idleness; but still like a well obeyed master, whose beck is
enough for discipline. Sidney, b. ii.
Then forthwith to him takes a chosen band
Of spirits, likest to himself in guile,
To be at hand, and at his beck appear. Milton's Par. Reg.
The menial fair, that round her wait,
At Helen's beck prepare the room of state. Pope's Odyss. b. iii.

To BE'CKON. v. a. [from beck, or beacn, Sax. a sign.] To make
a sign to.
With her two crooked hands she signs did make,
And beckon'd him. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. iv. stanz. 13.
It beckons you to go away with it,
As if it some impartment did desire
To you alone. Shakesp. Hamlet.
With this his distant friends he beckons near,
Provokes their duty, and prevents their fear. Dryden.

To BE'CKON. v. n. To make a sign.
Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made his
defence unto the people. Acts, xix. 33.
When he had raised my thoughts by those transporting airs,
he beckoned to me, and, by the waving of his hand, directed
me to approach. Addison. Spectator, No 159.
Sudden you mount! you beckon from the skies,
Clouds interpose, waves roar, and winds arise. Pope.

To BECLI'P. v. a. [of be clyppan, Sax.] To embrace. Dict.

To BECO'ME. v. a. pret. I became; comp. pret. I have become. 
[from by and come.]
1. To enter into some state or condition, by a change from some
other.
The Lord God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life,
and man became a living soul. Gen. ii. 7.
And unto the Jews I became a Jew, that I might gain the
Jews. 1 Cor. ix. 20.
A smaller pear, grafted upon a stock that beareth a greater
pear, will become great. Bacon's Natural History, No 453.
My voice thou oft hast heard, and hast not fear'd,
But still rejoic'd; how is it now become
So dreadful to thee? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 120.
So the least faults, if mix'd with fairest dead,
Of future ill become the fatal seed. Prior.
2. To become of. To be the fate of; to be the end of; to be the
final condition of. It is observable, that this word is never, or
very seldom, used but with the interrogative what.
What is then become of so huge a multitude, as would have
overspread a great part of the continent? Raleigh's Essays.
Perplex'd with thoughts, what would become
Of me, and all mankind. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 275.
The first hints of the circulation of the blood were taken
from a common person's wondering what became of all the
blood which issued out of the heart. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
What will become of me then? for when he is free, he will
infallibly accuse me. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
What became of this thoughtful busy creature, when removed
from this world, has amazed the vulgar, and puzzled the wise.
Rogers's Sermons.
3. In the following passage, the phrase, where is he become, is used
for what is become of him.
I cannot joy, until I be resolved
Where our right valiant father is become. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

To BECO'ME. v. a. [from be or by, and cwemen, Sax. to please.]
1. Applied to persons; to appear in a manner suitable to some­
thing.
If I become not a cart as well as another man, a plague on
my bringing up. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Why would I be a queen? because my face
Would wear the title with a better grace;
If I became it not, yet it would be
Part of your duty, then, to flatter me. Dryd. Conq. of Gran.
2. Applied to things; to be suitable to the person; to befit; to
be congruous to the appearance, or character, or circumstances,
in such a manner as to add grace; to be graceful.
She to her sire made humble reverence,
And bowed low, that her right well became,
And added grace unto her excellence. Fairy Queen, b. i.
I would I had some flowers of the spring that might
Become your time of day; and your's, and your's,
That wear upon your virgin branches yet
Your maidenheads growing. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Yet be sad, good brothers;
For, to speak truth, it very well becomes you. Sh. Henry IV.


Your dishonour
Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state
Of that integrity, which should become it. Shakesp. Coriol.
Wicherly was of my opinion, or, rather, I of his: for it be­
comes me so to speak of so excellent a poet. Dryd. Dufr. Pref.
He utterly rejected their fables concerning their gods, as not
becoming good men, much less those which were worshipped
for gods. Stillingfl. Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idolatry.

BECO'MING. particip. adj. [from become.] That which pleases
by an elegant propriety; graceful. It is sometimes used with
the particle of; but generally without any government of the
following words.
Of thee, kind boy, I ask no red and white
To make up my delight,
No odd becoming graces,
Black eyes, or little know not what, in faces. Suckling.
Their discourses are such as belong to their age, their call­
ing, and their breeding; such as are becoming of them, and of
them only. Dryd. Fables, Preface.
Yet some becoming boldness I may use;
I've well deserv'd, nor will he now refuse. Dryd. Aurengz.
Make their pupils repeat the action, that they may correct
what is constrained in it, till it be perfected into an habitual
and becoming easiness. Locke.

BECO'MING. n. s. [from become.] Behaviour: a word not now
in use.
Sir, forgive me,
Since my becomings kill me, when they do not
Eye well to you. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BECO'MINGLY. adv. [from becoming.] After a becoming or pro­
per manner.

BECO'MINGNESS. n. s. [from becoming. See To BECOME.] De­
cency; elegant congruity; propriety.
Nor is the majesty of the divine government greater in its
extent, than the becomingness hereof is in its manner and form.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 1.


BED

BED. n. s. [bed, Sax.]
1. Something made to sleep on.
Lying not erect, but hollow, which is in the making of the
bed; or with the legs gathered up, which is in the posture of
the body, is the more wholsome. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 738.
Rigour now is gone to bed,
And advice with scrupulous head. Milton.
Those houses then were caves, or homely sheds,
With twining oziers fenc'd, and moss their beds. Dryden.
2. Lodging; the convenience of a place to sleep in.
On my knees I beg,
That you'll vouchsafe me, raiment, bed, and food.
Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Marriage.
George, the eldest son of this second bed, was, after the
death of his father, by the singular care and affection of his
mother, well brought up. Clarendon.
4. Bank of earth raised in a garden.
Herbs will be tenderer and fairer, if you take them out of
beds, when they are newly come up, and remove them into
pots, with better earth. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 459.
5. The channel of a river, or any hollow.
So high as heav'd the tumid hills, so low
Down sunk a hollow bottom, broad, and deep,
Capacious bed of waters. Milt. Par. Lost, b. vii. l. 288.
The great magazine for all kinds of treasure is supposed to be
the bed of the Tiber. We may be sure, when the Romans lay
under the apprehensions of seeing their city sacked by a barba­
rous enemy, that they would take care to bestow such of their
riches that way, as could best bear the water. Addison.
6. The place where any thing is generated, or reposited.
See hoary Albula's infected tide
O'er the warm bed of smoaking sulphur glide. Addison.
7. A layer; a stratum; a body spread over another.
I see no reason, but the surface of the land should be as re­
gular as that of the water, in the first production of it; and
the strata, or beds within, lie as even. Burnet's Theory.
8. To bring to BED. To deliver of a child. It is often used
with the particle of; as, she was brought to bed of a daughter.
Ten months after Florimel happen'd to wed,
And was brought in a laudable manner to bed. Prior.
9. To make the BED. To put the bed in order after it has been
used.
I keep his house, and I wash, wring, brew, bake, scour, dress
meat, and make the beds, and do all myself.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

BED of a Mortar. [with gunners.] A solid piece of oak hol­
lowed in the middle, to receive the breech and half the trun­
nions. Dict.

BED of a great gun. That thick plank which lies immediately
under the piece, being, as it were, the body of the car­
riage. Dict.

To BED. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To go to bed with.
They have married me:
I'll to the Tuscan wars, and never bed her.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
2. To be placed in bed.
She was publickly contracted, stated as a bride, and solemnly
bedded; and, after she was laid, Maximilian's ambassadour put
his leg, stript naked to the knee, between the espousal sheets.
Bacon's Henry VII.
3. To be made partaker of the bed.
There was a doubt ripped up, whether Arthur was bedded
with his lady. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. To sow, or plant in earth.
Lay the turf with the grass-side downward, upon which lay
some of your best mould to bed your quick in, and lay your
quick upon it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. To lay in a place of rest, or security.
Let coarse bold hands, from slimy nest,
The bedded fish in banks outwrest. Donne.
A snake bedded himself under the threshold of a country­
house. L'Estrange's Fables.
6. To lay in order; in strata.
And as the sleeping soldiers in th' alarm,
Your bedded hairs, like life in excrements,
Start up, and stand on end. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To BED. v. n. To cohabit.
If he be married, and bed with his wife, and afterwards re­
lapse, he may possibly fancy that she infected him.
Wiseman's Surgery.

To BEDA'BBLE. v. a. [from dabble.] To wet; to besprinkle.
It is generally applied to persons, in a sense including inconve­
nience.
Never so weary, never so in woe,
Bedabbled with the dew, and torn with briars,
I can no further crawl, no further go.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.

To BEDA'GGLE. v. a. [from daggle.] To bemire; to soil
cloaths, by letting them reach the dirt in walking.

To BEDA'SH. v. a. [from dash.] To bemire by throwing dirt;
to bespatter; to wet with throwing water.
When thy warlike father, like a child,
Told the sad story of my father's death,
That all the standers by had wet their cheeks,
Like trees bedash'd with rain. Shakesp. Richard III.

To BEDA'WB. v. a. [from dawb.] To dawb over; to besmear;
to soil, with spreading any viscous body over it.
A piteous coarse, a bloody piteous coarse,
Pale, pale as ashes, all bedawb'd in blood,
All in gore blood. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

To BEDA'ZZLE. v. a. [from dazzle.] To make the sight dim
by too much lustre.
My mistaken eyes,
That have been so bedazzled by the sun,
That every thing I look on seemeth green.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

BEDCHA'MBER. n. s. [from bed and chamber.] The chamber
appropriated to rest.
They were brought to the king, abiding then in his bed­
chamber. Hayward.
He was now one of the bedchamber to the prince. Clarendon.

BEDCLO'ATHS. n. s. [from bed and cloaths. It has no singular.]
Coverlets spread over a bed.
For he will be swine drunk, and, in his sleep, he does little
harm, save to his bedcloaths about him.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

BE'DDER. n. s. [from bed.] The nether-stone of an oil­
mill. Dict.

BEDE'TTER. n. s. [from bed.] The nether-stone of an oil­
mill. Dict.

BE'DDING. n. s. [from bed.] The materials of a bed; a bed.
There be no inns where meet bedding may be had; so that
his mantle serves him then for a bed. Spenser's Ireland.
First, with assiduous care from winter keep,
Well fother'd in the stalls, thy tender sheep;
Then spread with straw the bedding of thy fold,
With fern beneath, to fend the bitter cold. Dryd. Georg.
Arcite return'd, and, as in honour ty'd,
His foe with bedding, and with food supply'd. Dryden.

To BEDE'CK. v. a. [from deck.] To deck; to adorn; to grace.
Thou sham'st thy shape, thy love, thy wit,
And usest none in that true use indeed,
Which should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Female it seems,
That so bedeck'd, ornate, and gay,
Comes this way. Milton's Sams. Agonistes, l. 710.
With ornamental drops bedeck'd I stood,
And writ my victory with my enemy's blood. Norris.
Now Ceres, in her prime,
Smiles fertile, and with ruddiest freight bedeckt. Philips.

BE'DEHOUSE. n. s. [from bede, Sax. a prayer, and house.] An
hospital or almshouse, where the poor people prayed for their
founders and benefactors.

BEDE'TTER. See BEDDER.

To BEDE'W. v. a. [from dew.] To moisten gently, as with the
fall of dew.
Bedew her pasture's grass with faithful English blood.
Shakesp. Richard II.


Let all the tears that should bedew my herse,
Be drops of balm to sanctify thy head. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
The countess received a letter from him, whereunto all the
while she was writing her answer, she bedewed the paper with
her tears. Wotton.
What slender youth, bedew'd with liquid odours,
Courts thee on roses, in some pleasant cave? Milton.
Balm from a silver box distill'd around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground. Dryd.
He said: and falling tears his face bedew. Dryd. Æneid.

BE'DFELLOW. n. s. [from bed and fellow.] One that lies in the
same bed.
He loves your people,
But tie him not to be their bedfellow. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.
Shakesp. Tempest.
And how doth my cousin, your bedfellow?
And your fairest daughter, and mine? Shakesp. Henry IV.
Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow,
Being so troublesom a bedfellow? Shakesp. Henry IV.
A man would as soon choose him for his bedfellow as his play­
fellow. L'Estrange.
What charming bedfellows, and companions for life, men
choose out of such women? Addison. Guardian, No 120.

To BEDI'GHT. v. a. [from dight.] To adorn; to dress; to
set off.
A maiden fine bedight he hapt to love;
The maiden fine bedight his love retains,
And for the village he forsakes the plains. Gay.

To BEDI'M. v. a. [from dim.] To make dim; to obscure; to
cloud; to darken.
I have bedimm'd
The noontide sun, call'd forth the mutinous winds,
And 'twixt the green sea and the azur'd vault
Set roaring war. Shakesp. Tempest.

To BEDI'ZEN. v. a. [from dizen.] To dress out.

BE'DLAM. n. s. [corrupted from Bethlehem, the name of a reli­
gious house in London, converted afterwards into an hospital
for the mad and lunatick.]
1. A madhouse; a place appointed for the cure of lunacy.
2. A madman; a lunatick.
Let's follow the old earl, and get the bedlam
To lead him where he would; his roguish madness
Allows itself to any thing. Shakesp. King Lear.

BE'DLAM. adj. [from the noun.] Belonging to a madhouse;
fit for a madhouse.
The country gives me proof and precedent
Of bedlam beggars, who, with roaring voices,
Strike in their numb'd and mortify'd bare arms,
Pins, wooden pricks. Shakesp. King Lear.

BE'DLAMITE. n. s. [from bedlam.] An inhabitant of Bedlam;
a madman.
If wild ambition in thy bosom reign,
Alas! thou boast'st thy sober sense in vain;
In these poor bedlamites thyself survey. Lewis's Miscel.

BE'DMAKER. n. s. [from bed and make.] A person in the uni­
versities, whose office it is to make the beds, and clean the
chambers.
I was deeply in love with my bedmaker, upon which I was
rusticated for ever. Spectator, No 598.

BE'DMATE. n. s. [from bed and mate.] A bedfellow; one that
partakes of the same bed.
Had I so good occasion to lie long
As you, prince Paris, nought but heav'nly business
Should rob my bedmate of my company. Shak. Tr. and Cress.

BE'DMOULDING. n. s. [from bed and mould.] A term
used by workmen, to signify those
members in the cornice, which are placed below the coronet.
Builder's Dict.

BE'DDING MOULDING. n. s. [from bed and mould.] A term
used by workmen, to signify those
members in the cornice, which are placed below the coronet.
Builder's Dict.

BE'DPOST. n. s. [from bed and post] The post at the corner of
the bed, which supports the canopy.
I came the next day prepared, and placed her in a clear light,
her head leaning to a bedpost, another standing behind, hold­
ing it steady. Wiseman's Surgery.

BE'DPRESSER. n. s. [from bed and press.] A heavy lazy fellow.
This sanguine coward, this bedpresser, this horseback-break­
er, this huge hill of flesh. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

To BEDRA'GGLE. v. a. [from be and draggle.] To soil the
cloaths, by suffering them, in walking, to reach the dirt.
Poor Patty Blount, no more be seen
Bedraggled in my walks so green. Swift.

To BEDRE'NCH. v. a. [from be and drench.] To drench; to
soak; to saturate with moisture.
Far off from the mind of Bolingbroke
It is, such crimson tempest should bedrench
The fresh green lap of fair king Richard's land.
Shakesp. King Richard III.

BE'DRID. adj. [from bed and ride.] Confined to the bed by age
or sickness.
Norway, uncle of young Fontinbras,
Who, impotent and bedrid, scarcely hears
Of this his nephew's purpose. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Lies he not bedrid? and, again, does nothing,
But what he did being childish? Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Now, as a myriad
Of ants durst th' emperor's lov'd snake invade:
The crawling galleys, seagulls, finny chips,
Might brave our pinnaces, our bedrid ships. Donne.
Hanging old men, who were bedrid, because they would not
discover where their money was. Clarendon, b. viii.
Infirm persons, when they come to be so weak as to be fixed
to their beds, hold out many years; some have lain bedrid
twenty years. Ray.

BE'DRITE. n. s. [from bed and rite.] The privilege of the mar­
riage bed.
Whose vows are, that no bedrite shall be paid
Till Hymen's torch be lighted. Shakesp. Tempest.

To BEDRO'P. v. a. [from be and drop.] To besprinkle; to
mark with spots or drops; to speckle.
Not so thick swarm'd once the soil
Bedrop'd with blood of Gorgon. Milt. Par. Lost, b. x. l. 527.
Our plenteous streams a various race supply;
The silver eel in shining volumes roll'd,
The yellow carp, in scales bedrop'd with gold. Pope's W. For.

BE'DSTEAD. n. s. [from bed and stead.] The frame on which
the bed is placed.
Chimnies with scorn rejecting smoak;
Stools, tables, chairs, and bedsteads broke. Swift.

BE'DSTRAW. n. s. [from bed and straw.] The straw laid un­
der a bed to make it soft.
Fleas breed principally of straw or mats, where there hath
been a little moisture; or the chamber or bedstraw kept close,
and not aired. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 696.

BEDSWE'RVER. n. s. [from bed and swerve.] One that is false
to the bed; one that ranges or swerves from one bed to an­
other.
She's a bedswerver, even as bad as those,
That vulgars give bold'st titles to. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

BE'DTIME. n. s. [from bed and time.] The hour of rest; sleep­
ing time.
What masks, what dances shall we have,
To wear away this long age of three hours,
Between our after-supper and bedtime?
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
After evening repasts, till bedtime, their thoughts will be best
taken up in the easy grounds of religion. Milt. on Education.
The scouring drunkard, if he does not fight
Before his bedtime, takes no rest that night. Dryden's Juv.

To BEDU'NG. v. a. [from be and dung.] To cover, or manure
with dung.

To BEDU'ST. v. a. [from be and dust.] To sprinkle with dust.

BE'DWARD. adv. [from bed and ward.] Toward bed.
In heart
As merry, as when our nuptial day was done,
And tapers burnt to bedward. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To BEDWA'RF. v. a. [from be and dwarf.] To make little;
to hinder in growth; to stunt.
'Tis shrinking, not close weaving, that hath thus
In mind and body both bedwarfed us. Donne.

BE'DWORK. n. s. [from bed and work.] Work done in bed;
work performed without toil of the hands.
The still and mental parts,
That do contrive how many hands shall strike,
When fulness call them on, and know, by measure
Of their observant toil, the enemy's weight;
Why this hath not a finger's dignity,
They call this bedwork, mapp'ry, closet war.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.


BEE

BEE. n. s. [beo, Saxon.]
1. The animal that makes honey, remarkable for its industry
and art.
So work the honey bees,
Creatures that, by a ruling nature, teach
The art of order to a peopled kingdom. Shakesp. Hen. V.
From the Moorish camp,
There has been heard a distant humming noise,
Like bees disturb'd, and arming in their hives. Dryden.
A company of poor insects, whereof some are bees, delight­
ed with flowers, and their sweetness; others beetles, delighted
with other viands. Locke.
2. An industrious and careful person. This signification is only
used in familiar language.

BEE-EATER. n. s. [from bee and eat.] A bird that feeds upon
bees.

BEE-FLOWER. n. s. [from bee and flower.] A species of fool­
stones; which see. It grows upon dry places, and flowers in
April. Millar.

BEE-GARDEN. n. s. [from bee and garden.] A place to set hives
of bees in.
A convenient and necessary place ought to be made choice
of, for your apiary, or bee-garden. Mortimer's Husbandry.

BEE-HIVE. n. s. [from bee and hive.] The case, or box, in which
bees are kept.

BEE-MASTER. n. s. [from bee and master.] One that keeps bees.


They that are bee-masters, and have not care enough of
them, must not expect to reap any considerable advantage by
them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

BEECH. n. s. [bece, or boc, Saxon.]
This tree hath leaves somewhat resembling those of the horn­
beam; the male flowers grow together in a round bunch, at
remote distances from the fruit, which consists of two triangu­
lar nuts, inclosed in a rough hairy rind, divided into four parts.
There is but one species of this tree at present known, except
two varieties, with striped leaves. It will grow to a conside­
rable stature, though the soil be stony and barren; as also, up­
on the declivities of mountains. The shade of this tree is very
injurious to most sorts of plants, which grow near it; but is
generally believed to be very salubrious to human bodies. The
timber is of great use to turners and joiners. The mast is very
good to fatten swine and deer; and affords a sweet oil, and has
supported some families with bread. Millar.
Black was the forest, thick with beech it stood. Dryden.
Nor is that sprightly wildness in their notes,
Which, clear and vigorous, warbles from the beech.
Thomson's Spring.

BE'ECHEN. adj. [bucene, Sax.] Consisting of the wood of the
beech; belonging to the beech.
With diligence he'll serve us when we dine,
And in plain beechen vessels fill our wine. Dryden's Juv.

BEEF. n. s. [bœuf, French.]
1. The flesh of black cattle prepared for food.
What say you to a piece of beef and mustard?
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The fat of roasted beef falling on the birds, will baste them.
Swift.
2. An ox, bull, or cow, considered as fit for food. In this
sense it has the plural beeves; the singular is seldom found.
A pound of man's flesh
Is not so estimable or profitable,
As flesh of muttons, beeves, or goats. Shakesp. M. of Ven.
Alcinoüs slew twelve sheep, eight white-tooth'd swine,
Two crook-haunch'd beeves. Chapman's Odyssey.
There was not any captain, but had credit for more victuals
than we spent there; and yet they had of me fifty beeves among
them. Sir Walter Raleigh's Apology.
On hides of beeves, before the palace gate,
Sad spoils of luxury! the suitors sate. Pope's Odyssey.

BEEF. adj. [from the substantive.] Consisting of the flesh of
black cattle.
If you are employed in marketing, do not accept of a treat
of a beef stake, and a pot of ale, from the butcher. Swift.

BEEF-EATER. n. s. [from beef and eat, because the commons is
beef when on waiting.] A yeoman of the guard.

BE'EMOL. n. s. This word I have found only in the example,
and know nothing of the etymology, unless it be a corruption
of bymodule, from by and modulus, a note; that is, a note out of
the regular order.
There be intervenient in the rise of eight, in tones, two bee­
mols, or half notes; so as, if you divide the tones equally, the
eight is but seven whole and equal notes. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

BEEN. [beon, Saxon.] The participle preterite of To BE; which
see.

BEER. n. s. [bîr, Welch.] Liquour made of malt and hops. It
is distinguished from ale, either by being older or smaller.
Here's a pot of good double beer, neighbour; drink.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
It were good to try clarifying with almonds in new beer.
Bacon's Natural History, No 768.
Flow, Welsted! flow, like thine inspirer, beer;
Tho' stale, not ripe; tho' thin, yet never clear;
So sweetly mawkish, and so smoothly dull;
Heady, not strong; and foaming, tho' not full. Pope.

BE'ESTINGS. See BIESTINGS.

BEET. n. s. [beta, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It hath a thick, fleshy root; the flowers have no visible
leaves, but many stamina, or threads, collected into a globe;
the cup of the flower is divided into five segments; the seeds
are covered with an hard outer coat, and grow two or three
together in a bunch. The species are; 1. The common white
beet. 2. The common green beet. 3. The common red
beet. 4. The turnep-rooted red beet. 5. The great red beet.
6. The yellow beet. 7. The Swiss or Chard beet. The two
first mentioned are preserved in gardens, for the use of their
leaves in pot herbs. The other sorts are propagated for their
roots, which are boiled as parsneps. The red beet is most com­
monly cultivated and used in garnishing dishes. The Swiss
beet is by some much esteemed. Millar.

BE'ETLE. n. s. [bytel, Saxon.]
1. An insect distinguished by having hard cases or sheaths, under
which he folds his wings.
They are as shards, and he their beetle. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.
The poor beetle, that we tread upon,
In corporal suff'rance finds a pang as great,
As when a giant dies. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Others come in place, sharp of sight, and too provident for
that which concerned their own interest; but as blind as
beetles in foreseeing this great and common danger.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
A grott there was with hoary moss o'ergrown,
The clasping ivies up the ruins creep,
And there the bat and drowsy beetle sleep. Garth.
The butterflies and beetles are such numerous tribes, that I
believe, in our own native country alone, the species of each
kind may amount to one hundred and fifty, or more. Ray.
2. A heavy mallet, or wooden hammer, with which wedges are
driven.
If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When, by the help of wedges and beetles, an image is cleft
out of the trunk of some well grown tree; yet, after all the
skill of artificers to set forth such a divine block, it cannot,
one moment, secure itself from being eaten by worms, or de­
filed by birds, or cut in pieces by axes. Stillingfleet.

To BE'ETLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To jut out; to hang
over.
What if it tempt you tow'rd the flood, my lord?
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff,
That beetles o'er his base into the sea. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Or where the hawk,
High in the beetling cliff, his airy builds. Thomson's Spring.

BEETLEBRO'WED. adj. [from beetle and brow.] Having pro­
minent brows.

BEETLEHE'ADED. adj. [from beetle and head.] Loggerheaded;
wooden headed; having a head stupid, like the head of a wooden
beetle.
A whoreson, beetleheaded, flap-ear'd knave.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

BE'ETLESTOCK. n. s. [from beetle and stock.] The handle of a
beetle.
To crouch, to please, to be a beetlestock
Of thy great master. Shakespeare.

BE'ETRAVE. See BEET.

BE'ET RADISH. See BEET.

BEEVES. n. s. [The plural of beef.] Black cattle; oxen.
One way, a band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine,
From a fat meadow ground. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Others make good the paucity of their breed with the length
and duration of their days; whereof there want not examples
in animals uniparous: first, in bisulcous or cloven-hoofed, as
camels and beeves; whereof there is above a million annually
slain in England. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.
Beeves, at his touch, at once to jelly turn,
And the huge boar is shrunk into an urn. Pope's Dunciad.


BEF

To BEFA'LL. v. n. [from fall. It befell, it hath befallen.]
1. To happen to: used generally of ill.
Let me know
The worst that may befall me in this case.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Other doubt possesses me, lest harm
Befall thee, sever'd from me. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. ix.
This venerable person, who probably heard our Saviour's
prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem, drew his congrega­
tion out of those unparalleled calamities, which befell his coun­
trymen. Addison on the Christian Religion.
This disgrace has befallen them, not because they deserved it,
but because the people love new faces. Addison's Freeholder.
2. To happen to, as good.
Bion asked an envious man, that was very sad, what harm
had befallen unto him, or what good had befallen unto another
man? Bacon's Apophthegms.
No man can certainly conclude God's love or hatred to any
person, from what befalls him in this world. Tillotson.
3. To happen; to come to pass.
But since th' affairs of men are still uncertain,
Let's reason with the worst that may befall. Shak. J. Cæsar.
I have reveal'd
This discord which befell, and was in heav'n
Among th' angelick pow'rs. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. vi.
4. It is used sometimes with to before the person to whom any
thing happens.
Some great mischief hath befall'n
To that meek man. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
5. To befall of. To become of; to be the state or condition of:
a phrase little used.
Do me the favour to dilate at full,
What hath befall'n of them, and thee, till now.
Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.

To BEFI'T. v. a. [from be and fit.] To suit; to be suitable to;
to become.
Blind is his love, and best befits the dark.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Out of my sight, thou serpent!—That name best
Befits thee, with him leagu'd; thyself as false. Parad. Lost.
I will bring you where she sits,
Clad in splendour, as befits
Her deity. Milton.
Thou, what befits the new lord mayor,
Art anxiously inquisitive to know. Dryden.



To BEFO'OL. v. a. [from be and fool.] To infatuate; to fool;
to deprive of understanding; to lead into errour.
Men befool themselves infinitely, when, by venting a few
sighs, they will needs persuade themselves that they have re­
pented. South.
Jeroboam thought policy the best piety, though in nothing
more befooled; the nature of sin being not only to defile, but
to infatuate. South.

BEFO'RE. prep. [biforan, Sax.]
1. Farther onward in place.
Their common practice was to look no further before them
than the next line; whence it will follow, that they can drive
to no certain point. Dryden.
2. In the front of; not behind.
Who shall go
Before them in a cloud, and pillar of fire:
By day a cloud, by night a pillar of fire,
To guide them in their journey, and remove
Behind them, while th' obdurate king pursues. Par. Lost.
3. In the presence of; noting authority or conquest.
Great queen of gathering clouds,
See, we fall before thee!
Prostrate we adore thee! Dryden's Albion.
The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him. Addison's Cato.
4. In the presence of; noting respect.
We see that blushing, and the casting down of the eyes
both, are more when we come before many. Bacon.
They represent our poet betwixt a farmer and a courtier,
when he drest himself in his best habit, to appear before his
patron. Dryden's Virgil, Dedication.
5. In sight of.
Before the eyes of both our armies here,
Let us not wrangle. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
6. Under the cognizance of; noting jurisdiction.
If a suit be begun before an archdeacon, the ordinary may
license the suit to an higher court. Ayliffe's Parergon.
7. In the power of; noting the right of choice.
Give us this evening; thou hast morn and night,
And all the year before thee, for delight. Dryden.
He hath put us in the hands of our own counsel. Life and
death, prosperity and destruction, are before us. Tillotson.
8. By the impulse of something behind.
Her part, poor soul! seeming as burdened
With lesser weight, but not with lesser woe,
Was carried with more speed before the wind. Sh. Com. of Err.
Hurried by fate, he cries, and born before
A furious wind, we leave the faithful shore. Dryden.
9. Preceding in time.
Particular advantages it has before all the books which have
appeared before it in this kind. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
10. In preference to.
We should but presume to determine which should be the
fittest, till we see he hath chosen some one, which one we may
then boldly say to be the fittest, because he hath taken it before
the rest. Hooker, b. iii.
We think poverty to be infinitely desirable before the tor­
ments of covetousness. Taylor's Holy Living.
11. Prior to; nearer to any thing; as, the eldest son is before the
younger in succession.
12. Superiour to; as, he is before his competitors both in right
and power.

BEFORE. adv. 
1. Sooner than; earlier in time.
Heav'nly born,
Before the hills appear'd, or fountain flow'd,
Thou with eternal wisdom didst converse. Par. Lost, b. vii.
Before two months their orb with light adorn,
If heav'n allow me life, I will return. Dryden's Fables.
2. In time past.
Such a plenteous crop they bore
Of purest and well winnow'd grain,
As Britain never knew before. Dryden.
3. In some time lately past.
I shall resume somewhat which hath been before said, touch­
ing the question beforegoing. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
4. Previously to; in order to.
Before this elaborate treatise can become of use to my coun­
try, two points are necessary. Swift.
5. To this time; hitherto.
The peaceful cities of th' Ausonian shore,
Lull'd in their ease, and undisturb'd before,
Are all on fire. Dryden's Æneid.
6. Already.
You tell me, mother, what I knew before,
The Phrygian fleet is landed on the shore. Dryden's Æneid.
7. Farther onward in place.
Thou'rt so far before,
The swiftest wing of recompence is slow
To overtake. Shakespeare.

BEFO'REHAND. adv. [from before and hand.]
1. In a state of anticipation, or preoccupation; sometimes with
the particle with.
Quoth Hudibras, I am beforehand
In that already, with your command. Hudibras.
Your soul has been beforehand with your body,
And drunk so deep a draught of promis'd bliss,
She slumbers o'er the cup. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
I have not room for many reflections; the last cited author
has been beforehand with me, in its proper moral. Addison.
2. Previously; by way of preparation, or preliminary.
His profession is to deliver precepts necessary to eloquent
speech; yet so, that they which receive them, may be taught
beforehand the skill of speaking. Hooker, b. i.
It would be resisted by such as had beforehand resisted the ge­
neral proofs of the gospel. Atterbury.
When the lawyers brought extravagant bills, Sir Roger used
to bargain beforehand, to cut off a quarter of a yard in any
part of the bill. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
3. In a state of accumulation, or so as that more has been receiv­
ed than expended.
Stranger's house is at this time rich, and much beforehand;
for it hath laid up revenue these thirty-seven years. Bacon.
4. At first; before any thing is done.
What is a man's contending with insuperable difficulties,
but the rolling of Sisyphus's stone up the hill, which is soon
beforehand to return upon him again? L'Estrange's Fables.

BEFO'RETIME. adv. [from before and time.] Formerly; of old
time.
Beforetime in Israel, when a man went to enquire of God,
thus he spake. 1 Sam. ix. 9.

To BEFO'RTUNE. v. n. [from be and fortune.] To happen to;
to betide.
I give consent to go along with you;
Recking as little what betideth me,
As much I wish all good befortune you.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

To BEFO'UL. v. a. [from be and foul.] To make foul; to soil;
to dirt.

To BEFRI'END. v. a. [from be and friend.] To favour; to be
kind to; to countenance; to shew friendship to; to benefit.
If it will please Cæsar
To be so good to Cæsar, as to hear me,
I shall beseech him to befriend himself. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
Now if your plots be ripe, you are befriended
With opportunity. Denham's Sophy.
See them embarked,
And tell me if the winds and seas befriend them. Addison.
Be thou the first true merit to befriend;
His praise is lost, who stays till all commend. Pope.
Brother-servants must always befriend one another. Swift.

To BEFRI'NGE. v. a. [from be and fringe.] To decorate, as
with fringes.
When I flatter, let my dirty leaves
Cloath spice, line trunks, or, flutt'ring in a rowe,
Befringe the rails of Bedlam and Soho. Pope.


BEG

To BEG. v. n. [beggeren, Germ.] To live upon alms; to live
by asking relief of others.
I cannot dig; to beg I am ashamed. Luke, xvi. 3.

To BEG. v. a. 
1. To ask; to seek by petition.
He went to Pilate, and begged the body. Matth. xxvii. 58.
2. To take any thing for granted, without evidence or proof.
We have not begged any principles or suppositions, for the
proof of this; but taking that common ground, which both
Moses and all antiquity present. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To BEGE'T. v. a. I begot, or begat; I have begotten, or begot.
[begettan, Saxon; to obtain. See To GET.]
1. To generate; to procreate; to become the father of children.
But first come the hours, which were begot
In Jove's sweet paradise, of day and night,
Which do the seasons of the year allot. Spenser's Epithal.
I talk of dreams,
Which are the children of an idle brain,
Begot of nothing but vain phantasy. Shakesp. Romeo and Jul.
Who hath begotten me these, seeing I have lost my children,
and am desolate. Isaiah, xlix. 21.
'Twas he the noble Claudian race begat. Dryden's Æneid.
Love is begot by fancy, bred
By ignorance, by expectation fed. Granville.
2. To produce, as effects.
If to have done the thing you gave in charge,
Beget you happiness, be happy then;
For it is done. Shakesp. Richard II.
My whole intention was to beget, in the minds of men, mag­
nificent sentiments of God and his works. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
3. To produce, as accidents.
Is it a time for story, when each minute
Begets a thousand dangers? Denham's Sophy.
4. It is sometimes used with on, or upon, before the mother.
Begot upon
His mother Martha by his father John. Spectator.

BEGE'TTER. n. s. [from beget.] He that procreates, or begets;
the father.


For what their prowess gain'd, the law declares
Is to themselves alone, and to their heirs:
No share of that goes back to the begetter,
But if the son fights well, and plunders better,—— Dryden.
Men continue the race of mankind, commonly without the
intention, and often against the consent and will of the beget­
ter. Locke.

BE'GGAR. n. s. [from beg. It is more properly written begger;
but the common orthography is retained, because the deriva­
tives all preserve the a.]
1. One who lives upon alms; one who has nothing but what is
given him.
He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the
beggar from the dunghill, to set them among princes.
1 Samuel, ii. 8.
We see the whole equipage of a beggar so drawn by Homer,
as even to retain a nobleness and dignity. Broome on the Odyssey.
2. One who supplicates for any thing; a petitioner; for which,
beggar is a harsh and contemptuous term.
What subjects will precarious kings regard?
A beggar speaks too softly to be heard. Dryd. Conq. of Gran.
3. One who assumes what he does not prove.
These shameful beggars of principles, who give this preca­
rious account of the original of things, assume to themselves to
be men of reason. Tillotson.

To BE'GGAR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To reduce to beggary; to impoverish.
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
And beggar'd your's for ever. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They shall spoil the clothiers wool, and beggar the present
spinners. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
If the miser durst his farthings spare,
With heav'n, for twopence, cheaply wipes his score,
Lifts up his eyes, and hastes to beggar more. Gay's Trivia.
2. To deprive.
Necessity, of matter beggar'd,
Will nothing stick our persons to arraign
In ear and ear. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. To exhaust.
For her person,
It beggar'd all description; she did lie
In her pavilion, cloth of gold, of tissue,
O'er-picturing Venus. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BE'GGARLINESS. n. s. [from beggarly.] The state of being beg­
garly; meanness; poverty.

BE'GGARLY. adj. [from beggar.] Mean; poor; indigent; in
the condition of a beggar: used both of persons and things.
I ever will, though he do shake me off
To beggarly divorcement, love him dearly. Shakesp. Othello.
Who, that beheld such a bankrupt beggarly fellow as Crom­
well entering the parliament house, with a thread bare torn
cloak, and a greasy hat, could have suspected, that he should,
by the murder of one king, and the banishment of another,
ascend the throne? South.
The next town has the reputation of being extremely poor
and beggarly. Addison on Italy.
Corusodes, by extreme parsimony, saved thirty-four pounds
out of a beggarly fellowship. Swift.

BE'GGARLY. adv. [from beggar.] Meanly; despicably; indi­
gently.
Touching God himself, hath he revealed, that it is his de­
light to dwell beggarly? and that he taketh no pleasure to be
worshipped, saving only in poor cottages? Hooker, b. v.

BE'GGARY. n. s. [from beggar.] Indigence; poverty in the ut­
most degree.
On he brought me into so bare a house, that it was the pic­
ture of miserable happiness and rich beggary. Sidney, b. ii.
While I am a beggar, I will rail,
And say there is no sin, but to be rich:
And being rich, my virtue then shall be,
To say there is no vice, but beggary. Shakesp. King John.
We must become not only poor for the present, but reduc­
ed, by further mortgages, to a state of beggary for endless years
to come. Swift.

To BEGI'N. v. n. I began, or begun; I have begun. [beginnan,
Sax. from be, or by to, and gangan, gaan, or gan, to go.]
1. To enter upon something new: applied to persons.
Begin every day to repent; not that thou shouldst at all de­
fer it; but all that is past ought to seem little to thee, seeing it
is so in itself. Begin the next day with the same zeal, fear,
and humility, as if thou hadst never begun before. Taylor.
I'll sing of heroes and of kings;
Begin my muse. Cowley.
2. To commence any action or state; to do the first act, or first
part of an act; to make the first step from not doing to doing.
They began at the ancient men which were before the house.
Ezekiel, ix. 6.
Of these no more you hear him speak;
He now begins upon the Greek:
These rang'd and show'd, shall, in their turns,
Remain obscure as in their urns. Prior.
Beginning from the rural gods, his hand
Was lib'ral to the pow'rs of high command. Dryden's Fab.
Rapt into future times, the bard begun,
A virgin shall conceive. Pope's Messiah.
3. To enter upon existence; as, the world began; the practice
began.
4. To have its original.
And thus the hard and stubborn race of man,
From animated rock and flint began. Blackmore.
From Nimrod first the savage chase began;
A mighty hunter, and his game was man. Pope.
5. To take rise.
Judgment must begin at the house of God. 1 Pet. iv. 17.
The song begun from Jove. Dryden.
All began,
All ends in love of God, and love of man. Pope.
6. To come into act.
Now and then a sigh he stole,
And tears began to flow. Dryden.

To BEGIN. v. a. 
1. To do the first act of any thing; to pass from not doing to do­
ing, by the first act.
Ye nymphs of Solyma, begin the song. Pope's Messiah.
They have been awaked, by these awful scenes, to begin re­
ligion; and, afterwards, their virtue has improved itself into
more refined principles, by divine grace. Watts.
2. To trace from any thing as the first ground.
The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures, which
leads us to the knowledge of God. Locke.
3. To begin with. To enter upon; to fall to work upon.
A lesson which requires so much time to learn, had need be
early begun with. Government of the Tongue.

BEGI'NNER. n. s. [from begin.]
1. He that gives the first cause, or original, to any thing.
Thus heaping crime on crime, and grief on grief,
To loss of love adjoining loss of friend,
I meant to purge both with a third mischief,
And, in my woe's beginner, it to end. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Socrates maketh Ignatius, the bishop of Antioch in Syria, the
first beginner thereof, even under the apostles themselves. Hook.
2. An unexperienced attempter; one in his rudiments; a young
practitioner.
Palladius, behaving himself nothing like a beginner, brought
the honour to the Iberian side. Sidney, b. i.
They are, to beginners, an easy and familiar introduction; a
mighty augmentation of all virtue and knowledge in such as
are entered before. Hooker, b. v. §. 37.
I have taken a list of several hundred words in a sermon of
a new beginner, which not one hearer could possibly under­
stand. Swift.

BEGI'NNING. n. s. [from begin.]
1. The first original or cause.
Wherever we place the beginning of motion, whether from
the head or the heart, the body moves and acts by a consent of
all its parts. Swift.
2. The entrance into act, or being.
Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days,
and in the beginnings of your months, you shall blow the trum­
pets over your burnt offering. Numbers, x. 10.
Youth, what man's age is like to be, doth show;
We may our end by our beginning know. Denham.
3. The state in which any thing first is.
By viewing nature, nature's handmaid, art
Makes mighty things from small beginnings grow:
Thus fishes first to shipping did impart,
Their tail the rudder, and their head the prow. Dryden.
4. The rudiments, or first grounds or materials.
The understanding is passive; and whether or not it will
have these beginnings, and materials of knowledge, is not in its
own power. Locke.
5. The first part of any thing.
The causes and designs of an action, are the beginning; the
effects of these causes, and the difficulties that are met with in
the execution of these designs, are the middle; and the unra­
velling and resolution of these difficulties, are the end.
Pope on Epick Poetry.

To BEGI'RD. v. a. I begirt, or begirded; I have begirt. [from be
and gird.]
1. To bind with a girdle.
Or should she confident,
As sitting queen ador'd on beauty's throne,
Descend, with all her winning charms begirt,
T' enamour. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 213.
2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass.
Begird th' almighty throne,
Beseeching, or besieging. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 868.
At home surrounded by a servile croud,
Prompt to abuse, and in detraction loud:
Abroad begirt with men, and swords, and spears;
His very state acknowledging his fears. Prior.
3. To shut in with a siege; to beleaguer; to block up.
It was so closely begirt before the king's march into the west,
that the council humbly desired his majesty, that he would re­
lieve it. Clarendon, b. viii.



To BEGI'RT. v. a. [This is, I think, only a corruption of be­
gird; perhaps by the printer.] To begird. See BEGIRD.
And, Lentulus, begirt you Pompey's house,
To seize his sons alive; for they are they
Must make our peace with him. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

BE'GLERBEG. n. s. [Turkish.] The chief governour of a
province among the Turks.

To BEGNA'W. v. a. [from be and gnaw.] To bite; to eat a­
way; to corrode; to nibble.
His horse is stark spoiled with the staggers, begnawn with the
bots, waid in the back, and shoulder shotten.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul.
Shakesp. Richard III.

BEGO'NE. interject. [only a coalition of the words be gone.] Go
away; hence; haste away.
Begone! the goddess cries, with stern disdain;
Begone! nor dare the hallow'd stream to stain. Addison.
She fled, for ever banish'd from the train. Addison.

BEGO'T. The participle passive of the verb beget.

BEGO'TTEN. The participle passive of the verb beget.
Remember that thou wast begot of them. Ecclus, vii. 28.
The first he met, Antiphates the brave,
But base begotten on a Theban slave. Dryden's Æneid.

To BEGRE'ASE. v. a. [from be and grease.] To soil or dawb
with unctuous or fat matter.

To BEGRI'ME. v. a. [from be and grime. See GRIME and GRIM.]
To soil with dirt deep impressed; to soil in such a manner that
the natural hue cannot easily be recovered.
Her name, that was as fresh
As Dian's visage, is now begrim'd, and black
As my own face. Shakesp. Othello.

To BEGUI'LE. v. a. [from be and guile.]
1. To impose upon; to delude; to cheat.
This I say, lest any man should beguile you with enticing
words. Coloss. ii. 4.
The serpent me beguil'd, and I did eat!
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Whosoever sees a man, who would have beguiled, and im­
posed upon him, by making him believe a lie, he may truly
say, that is the man who would have ruined me. South.
2. To deceive; to evade.
Is wretchedness depriv'd that benefit,
To end itself by death? 'Twas yet some comfort,
When misery could beguile the tyrant's rage,
And frustrate his proud will. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To deceive pleasingly; to amuse.
With these sometimes she doth her time beguile;
These do by fits her phantasy possess. Sir J. Davies.
Sweet leave me here a while;
My spirits grow dull, and fain I would beguile
The tedious day with sleep. Hamlet.

BEGU'N. The participle passive of begin.
But thou bright morning star, thou rising sun,
Which in these latter times hast brought to light
Those mysteries, that, since the world begun,
Lay hid in darkness and eternal night. Sir J. Davies.


BEH

BEHA'LF. n. s. [This word Skinner derives from half, and inter­
prets it, for my half; as, for my part. It seems to me rather
corrupted from behoof, profit; the pronunciation degenerating
easily to behafe; which, in imitation of other words so sound­
ed, was written, by those who knew not the etymology, be­
half.]
1. Favour; cause.
He was in confidence with those who designed the destruc­
tion of Strafford; against whom he had contracted some pre­
judice, in the behalf of his nation. Clarendon, b. viii.
Were but my heart as naked to thy view,
Marcus would see it bleed in his behalf. Addison's Cato.
Never was any nation blessed with more frequent interposi­
tions of divine providence in its behalf. Atterbury.
2. Vindication; support.
He might, in his presence, defy all Arcadian knights, in the
behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sidney.
Lest the fiend,
Or in behalf of man, or to invade
Vacant possession, some new trouble raise. Paradise Lost.
Others believe, that, by the two Fortunes, were meant pro­
sperity or affliction; and produce, in their behalf, an ancient
monument. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

To BEHA'VE. v. a. [from be and have.]
1. To carry; to conduct: used almost always with the recipro­
cal pronoun.
We behaved not ourselves disorderly among you.
2 Thessal. iii. 7.
Manifest signs came from heaven, unto those that behaved
themselves manfully. 2 Macc. ii. 21.
To their wills wedded, to their errours slaves,
No man, like them, they think, himself behaves. Denham.
We so live, and so act, as if we were secure of the final issue
and event of things, however we may behave ourselves.
Atterbury.
2. It seems formerly to have had the sense of, to govern; to sub­
due; to discipline: but this is not now used.
But who his limbs with labours, and his mind
Behaves with cares, cannot so easy miss. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
With such sober and unnoted passion,
He did behave his anger ere 'twas spent,
As if he had but prov'd an argument. Shakesp. Timon.

To BEHAVE. v. n. To act; to conduct one's self. It is taken
either in a good or a bad sense; as, he behaved well or ill.

BEHA'VIOUR. n. s. [from behave.]
1. Manner of behaving one's self, whether good or bad; man­
ners.
Mopsa, curious in any thing but her own good behaviour,
followed Zelmane. Sidney.
2. External appearance.
And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned him­
self mad in their hands. 1 Sam. xxi. 13.
3. Gesture; manner of action, adapted to particular occasions.
Well witnessing the most submissive behaviour, that a thralled
heart could express. Sidney.
When we make profession of our faith, we stand; when we
acknowledge our sins, or seek unto God for favour, we fall
down; because the gesture of constancy becometh us best in
the one, in the other the behaviour of humility. Hooker, b. v.
One man sees how much another man is a fool, when he
dedicates his behaviour to love. Shakesp. Much ado about Noth.
4. Elegance of manners; gracefulness.
He marked, in Dora's dancing, good grace and handsome be­
haviour. Sidney, b. i.
The beautiful prove accomplished, but not of great spirit;
and study, for the most part, rather behaviour than virtue.
Bacon's Ornam Rational. No 63.
He who adviseth the philosopher, altogether devoted to the
Muses, sometimes to offer sacrifice to the altars of the Graces,
thought knowledge imperfect without behaviour. Wotton.
5. Conduct; general practice; course of life.
To him, who hath a prospect of the state that attends men af­
ter this life, depending on their behaviour here, the measures of
good and evil are changed. Locke.
6. To be upon one's behaviour. A familiar phrase, noting such a
state as requires great caution; a state in which a failure in be­
behaviour will have bad consequences.
Tyrants themselves are upon their behaviour to a superiour
power. L'Estrange's Fables.

To BEHE'AD. v. a. [from be and head.] To deprive of the
head; to kill by cutting off the head.
See a reverend Syracusan merchant
Beheaded publickly. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
His beheading he underwent with all christian magnanimity.
Clarendon, b. vii.
On each side they fly,
By chains connext, and, with destructive sweep,
Behead whole troops at once. Philips.
Mary, queen of the Scots, was beheaded in the reign of queen
Elizabeth. Addison on Italy.

BEHE'LD. particip. passive, from behold; which see.
All hail! ye virgin daughters of the main!
Ye streams, beyond my hopes beheld again! Pope's Odyssey.

BE'HEMOTH. n. s. Behemoth, in Hebrew, signifies beasts in ge­
neral, particularly the larger kind, fit for service. But Job
speaks of an animal, which he calls behemoth, and describes its
particular properties at large, in chap. xl. 15. Bochart has ta­
ken much care to make it appear to be the hippopotamus, or
river-horse. Sanctius thinks it is an ox. The Fathers suppose
the devil to be meant by it. But we agree with the generality
of interpreters, in their opinion, that it is the elephant. Calmet.
Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth
grass as an ox. Job, xl. 15.
Behold! in plaited mail
Behemoth rears his head. Thomson's Summer, l. 695.

BE'HEN. n. s. Valerian roots. Also a fruit resembling the tama­
risk, from which perfumers extract an oil. Dict.

BEN. n. s. Valerian roots. Also a fruit resembling the tama­
risk, from which perfumers extract an oil. Dict.

BEHE'ST. n. s. [from be and hest; hæs, Saxon.] Command;
precept; mandate.
Her tender youth had obediently lived under her parents
behests, without framing, out of her own will, the forechoosing
of any thing. Sidney, b. ii.
Such joy he had their stubborn hearts to quell,
And sturdy courage tame with dreadful awe,
That his behest they fear'd as proud tyrant's law. Fairy Q.
I, messenger from everlasting Jove,
In his great name thus his behest do tell. Fairfax, b. i. st. 17.
To visit oft those happy tribes,
On high behests his angels to and fro
Pass'd frequent. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 153.
Reign thou in hell, thy kingdom; let me serve
In heav'n God ever blest, and his divine
Behests obey, worthiest to be obey'd! Paradise Lost, b. vi.

To BEHI'GHT. v. a. pret. behot, part. behight. [from hatan, to
promise, Sax.]
1. To promise.


Sir Guyon, mindful of his vow yplight,
Up rose from drowsy couch, and him addrest,
Unto the journey which he had behight.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. ii.
2. To entrust; to commit.
That most glorious house that glist'reth bright,
Whereof the keys are to thy hand behight
By wise Fidelia. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. x. stanz. 50.
3. Perhaps to call; to name; hight being often put, in old au­
thors, for named, or was named.

BEHI'ND. prep. [hindan, Saxon.]
1. At the back of another.
Acomates hasted with two hundred harquebusiers, which he
had caused his horsemen to take behind them upon their horses.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. On the back part; not before.
She came in the press behind, and touched. Mark, v. 27.
3. Towards the back.
The Benjamites looked behind them. Judges, xx. 40.
4. Following another.
Her husband went with her, weeping behind her. 2 Sam. iii. 16.
5. Remaining after the departure of something else.
He left behind him, myself, and a sister, both born in one
hour. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Piety and virtue are not only delightful for the present, but
they leave peace and contentment behind them. Tillotson.
6. Remaining after the death of those to whom it belonged.
What he gave me to publish, was but a small part of what he
left behind him. Pope's Letters.
7. At a distance from something going before.
Such is the swiftness of your mind,
That, like the earth's, it leaves our sense behind. Dryden.
8. Inferiour to another; having the posteriour place with regard
to excellence.
After the overthrow of this first house of God, a second was
erected; but with so great odds, that they wept, which beheld
how much this latter came behind it. Hooker, b. 5. § 1.
9. On the other side of something.
From light retir'd, behind his daughter's bed,
He, for approaching sleep, compos'd his head. Dryden.

BEHI'ND. adv. 
1. Out of sight; not yet produced to view; remaining.
We cannot be sure, that we have all the particulars before
us; and that there is no evidence behind, and yet unseen, which
may cast the probability on the other side. Locke.
2. Most of the former senses may become adverbial, by suppres­
sing the accusative case; as, I left my money behind, or be­
hind me.

BEHI'NDHAND. adv. [from behind and hand.]
1. In a state in which rents or profits, or any advantage, is anti­
cipated; so that less is to be received, or more performed, than
the natural or just proportion.
Your trade would suffer, if your being behindhand has made
the natural use so high, that your tradesman cannot live upon
his labour. Locke.
2. Not upon equal terms, with regard to forwardness. In this
sense, it is followed by with.
Consider, whether it is not better to be half a year behindband
with the fashionable part of the world, than to strain beyond
his circumstances. Spectator, No 488.
3. Shakespeare uses it as an adjective, but licentiously, for back­
ward; tardy.
And these thy offices,
So rarely kind, are as interpreters
Of my behindhand slackness. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

To BEHO'LD. v. a.  pret. I beheld, I have beheld, or beholden. 
[behealdan, Saxon.] To view; to see; to look upon.
Son of man, behold with thine eyes, and hear with thine
ears. Ezek. xl. 4.
When some young Thessalians, on horseback, were beheld
afar off, while their horses watered, while their heads were de­
pressed, they were conceived by the spectators to be one animal.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.
Man looks aloft, and, with erected eyes,
Beholds his own hereditary skies. Dryden.
At this, the former tale again he told,
With thund'ring tone, and dreadful to behold. Dryden's Fab.

BEHO'LD. interject. [from the verb.] See; lo: a word by which
attention is excited, or admiration noted.
Behold! I am with thee, and will keep thee. Gen. xxviii. 15.
When out of hope, behold her! not far off,
Such as I saw her in my dream, adorn'd
With what all earth or heaven could bestow,
To make her amiable. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 481.

BEHO'LDEN. particip. adj. [gehouden, Dutch; that is, held in ob­
ligation. It is very corruptly written beholding.] Obliged;
bound in gratitude; with the particle to.
Horns, which such as you are fain to be beholden to your
wives for. Shakesp. As you like it.
Little are we beholden to your love,
And little looked for at your helping hands. Shakesp. R. III.
I found you next; in respect of bond both of near alliance,
and particularly of communication in studies: wherein I must
acknowledge myself beholden to you. Bacon's Essays.
I think myself mightily beholden to you for the reprehension
you then gave us. Addison. Guardian, No 109.
We, who see men under the awe of justice, cannot conceive,
what savage creatures they would be without it; and how
much beholden we are to that wise contrivance. Atterbury.

BEHO'LDER. n. s. [from behold.] Spectator; he that looks up­
on any thing.
Was this the face,
That, like the sun, did make beholders wink? Shakesp. R. II.
These beasts among
Beholders rude, and shallow to discern
Half what in thee is fair, one man except,
Who sees thee? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 543.
Things of wonder give no less delight
To the wise Maker's, than beholder's sight. Denham.
The justling chiefs in rude encounters join,
Each fair beholder trembling for her knight. Granville.
The charitable foundations in the church of Rome, exceed
all the demands of charity, and raise envy, rather than compas­
sion, in the breasts of beholders. Atterbury.

BEHO'LDING. adj. [corrupted from beholden.] Obliged. See
BEHOLDEN.
Because I would not be beholding to fortune for any part of
the victory, I descended. Sidney, b. ii.

BEHO'LDING. n. s. Obligation.
Love to virtue, and not to any particular beholdings, hath ex­
pressed this my testimony. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BEHO'LDINGNESS. n. s. [from beholding, mistaken for beholden.]
The state of being obliged.
The king invited us to his court, so as I must acknowledge
a beholdingness unto him. Sidney, b. ii.
In this my debt I seem'd loth to confess,
In that I shunn'd beholdingness. Donne.

BEHO'OF. n. s. [from behoove.] That which behooves; that
which is advantageous; profit; advantage.
Her majesty may alter any thing of those laws, that may be
more both for her own behoof, and for the good of the people.
Spenser on Ireland.
No mean recompence it brings
To your behoof: if I that region lost,
All usurpation thence expell'd, reduce
To her original darkness, and your sway. Milton.
Wer't thou some star, which, from the ruin'd roof
Of shak'd Olympus, by mischance didst fall;
Which careful Jove, in nature's true behoof,
Took up, and in fit place did reinstate. Milton.
Because it was for the behoof of the animal, that, upon any
sudden accident, it might be awakened, there were no shuts or
stopples made for the ears. Ray on the Creation.
It would be of no behoof, for the settling of government un­
less there were a way taught, how to know the person to whom
belonged this power and dominion. Locke.

To BEHO'OVE. v. n. [behofaw, Saxon; it is a duty.] To be
fit; to be meet; either with respect to duty, necessity, or con­
venience. It is used only impersonally with it.
For better examination of their quality, it behooveth the very
foundation and root, the highest wellspring and fountain of
them, to be discovered. Hooker, b. i. § 1.
He did so prudently temper his passions, as that none of them
made him wanting in the offices of life, which it behooved, or
became him to perform. Atterbury.
But should you lure the monarch of the brook,
Behooves you then to ply your finest art. Thomson's Spring.

BEHO'OVEFUL. adj. [from behoof.] Useful; profitable; advan­
tageous. This word is somewhat antiquated.
It is very behooveful in this country of Ireland, where there
are waste deserts full of grass, that the same should be eaten
down. Spenser on Ireland.
Laws are many times full of imperfections; and that which
is supposed behooveful unto men, proveth oftentimes most per­
nicious. Hooker, b. iv. §. 14.
Madam, we have culled such necessaries
As are behooveful for our state tomorrow. Sh. Rom. and Jul.
It may be most behooveful for princes, in matters of grace, to
transact the same publickly: so it is as requisite, in matters of
judgment, punishment, and censure, that the same be trans­
acted privately. Clarendon.

BEHO'OVEFULLY. adv. [from behooveful.] Profitably; usefully.
Tell us of more weighty dislikes than these, and that may
more behoovefully import the reformation. Spenser on Ireland.

BEHO'T. [preterite, as it seems, of behight, to promise.]
With sharp intended sting so rude him smote,
That to the earth him drove as striken dead,
Ne living wight would have him life behot. Fairy Q. b. i.

To BEHO'WL. v. a. [from be and howl.]
1. To howl at.
Now the hungry lion roars,
And the wolf behowls the moon. Shakesp. Midsum. N. Dr.
2. Perhaps, to howl over, or lament clamorously.


BEI

BE'ING. particip. [from be.]


Those, who have their hope in another life, look upon
themselves as being on their passage through this. Atterbury.

BE'ING. n. s. [from be.]
1. Existence; opposed to nonentity.
Of him all things have both received their first being, and
their continuance to be that which they are. Hooker, b. v.
Yet is not God the author of her ill,
Though author of her being, and being there. Davies.
There is none but he,
Whose being I do fear: and under him
My genius is rebuked. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Thee, Father, first they sung, omnipotent,
Immutable, immortal, infinite,
Eternal king! Thee, author of all being,
Fountain of light! Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii. l. 374.
Merciful and gracious, thou gavest us being, raising us from
nothing to be an excellent creation. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Consider every thing as not yet in being; then examine, if
it must needs have been at all, or what other ways it might
have been. Bentley.
2. A particular state or condition.
Those happy spirits, which ordain'd by fate
For future being, and new bodies wait. Dryden's Æneid.
Heav'n from all creatures hides the book of fate;
From brutes what men, from men what spirits know;
Or who could suffer being here below? Pope's Essay on Man.
3. The person existing.
Ah, fair, yet false; ah, being form'd to cheat,
By seeming kindness, mixt with deep deceit. Dryden.
It is folly to seek the approbation of any being, besides the
supreme; because no other being can make a right judgment of
us, and because we can procure no considerable advantage
from the approbation of any other being. Addison. Spectator.
As now your own, our beings were of old,
And once inclos'd in woman's beauteous mold. Pope.

BE'ING. conjunct. [from be.] Since. Dict.

BE IT SO. A phrase of anticipation, suppose it be so; or of per­
mission, let it be so.
My gracious duke,
Be't so she will not here, before your grace,
Consent to marry with Demetrius;
I beg the ancient privilege of Athens. Sh. Mids. N. Dream.


BEL

To BELA'BOUR. v. a. [from be and labour.] To beat; to
thump: a word in low speech.
What several madnesses in men appear:
Orestes runs from fancy'd furies here;
Ajax belabours there an harmless ox,
And thinks that Agamemnon feels the knocks. Dryden, jun.
He sees virago Nell belabour,
With his own staff, his peaceful neighbour. Swift.

To BELA'CE. v. a. [Sea term.] To fasten; as to belace a rope. D.

BE'LAMIE. n. s. [bel amie, Fr.] A friend; an intimate. This
word is out of use.
Wise Socrates
Pour'd out his life, and last philosophy,
To the fair Critias, his dearest belamie. Fairy Q. b. ii. c. vii.

BE'LAMOUR. n. s. [bel amour, Fr.] Gallant; consort; para­
mour: obsolete.
Lo, lo, how brave she decks her bounteous bow'r,
With silken curtains, and gold coverlets,
Therein to shrowd her sumptuous belamour. Fairy Q. b. ii.

BELA'TED. adj. [from be and late.] Benighted; out of doors
late at night.
Fairy elves,
Whose midnight revels, by a forest side,
Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,
Or dreams he sees. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 781.
Or near Fleetditch's oozy brinks,
Belated, seems on watch to lie. Swift.

To BELA'Y. v. a. [from be and lay; as, to waylay, to lie in wait,
to lay wait for.]
1. To block up; to stop the passage.
The speedy horse all passages belay,
And spur their smoaking steeds to cross their way. Dryden.
2. To place in ambush.
'Gainst such strong castles needeth greater might,
Than those small forces ye were wont belay. Spens. sonn. xiv.

To BELAY a rope. [Sea term.] To splice; to mend a rope, by
laying one end over another.

To BELCH. v. n. [bealcan, Saxon.]
1. To eject the wind from the stomach; to eruct.
The waters boil, and, belching from below,
Black sands as from a forceful engine throw. Dryden's Virg.
The symptoms are, a sour smell in their fæces, belchings, and
distensions of the bowels. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To issue out by eructation.
A triple pile of plumes his crest adorn'd,
On which with belching flames Chimæra burn'd. Dryden.

To BELCH. v. a. To throw out from the stomach; to eject
from any hollow place. It is a word implying coarseness;
hatefulness; or horrour.
They are all but stomachs, and we all but food;
They eat us hungerly, and, when they're full,
They'll belch us. Shakespeare.
The bitterness of it I now belch from my heart. Sh. Cymbel.
Immediate in a flame,
But soon obscur'd with smoke, all heav'n appear'd,
From those deep-throated engines belch'd. Parad. Lost, b. vi.
The gates that now
Stood open wide, belching outrageous flame
Far into chaos, since the fiend pass'd through. Parad. Lost.
Rough as their savage lords who rang'd the wood,
And, fat with acorns, belch'd their windy food. Dryden.
There belcht the mingl'd streams of wine and blood,
And human flesh, his indigested food. Pope's Odyssey, b. ix.
When I an am'rous kiss design'd,
I belch'd an hurricane of wind. Swift.

BELCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of eructation.
2. A cant term for malt liquour.
A sudden reformation would follow, among all sorts of peo­
ple; porters would no longer be drunk with belch. Dennis.

BELDA'M. n. s. [belle dame, which, in old French, signified pro­
bably an old woman, as belle age, old age.]
1. An old woman; generally a term of contempt, marking the
last degree of old age, with all its faults and miseries.
Then sing of secret things that came to pass,
When beldam nature in her cradle was. Milton.
2. A hag.
Why, how now, Hecat, you look angerly?—
—Have I not reason, beldams, as you are?
Saucy and overbold? Shakesp. Macbeth.
The resty sieve wagg'd ne'er the more;
I wept for woe, the testy beldam swore. Dryden.

To BELE'AGUER. v. a. [beleggeren, Dutch.] To besiege; to
block up a place; to lie before a town.
Their business, which they carry on, is the general concern­
ment of the Trojan camp, then beleaguer'd by Turnus and the
Latins. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
Against beleaguer'd heav'n the giants move:
Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie,
To make their mad approaches to the sky. Dryden. Ovid.

BELE'AGURER. n. s. [from beleaguer.] One that besieges a place.

BELEMNI'TES. n. s. [from βέλ, a dart or arrow, because of its
resemblance to the point of an arrow.] Arrowhead, or finger­
stone, of a whitish and sometimes a gold colour.

BELFLO'WER. n. s. [from bell and flower, because of the shape of
its flower; in Latin campanula.] A plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, shaped like a bell, and, be­
fore it is blown, is of a pentagonal figure; and, when fully
opened, cut into five segments at the top. The seed vessel is
divided into three cells, each having a hole at the bottom, by
which the seed is emitted. There is a vast number of the spe­
cies of this plant. 1. The tallest pyramidal belflower. 2. The
blue peach-leaved belflower. 3. The white peach-leaved bel­
flower. 4. Garden belflower, with oblong leaves and flowers;
commonly called Canterbury bells. 5. Canary belflower, with
orrach leaves and a tuberose root. 6. Blue belflower, with edible
roots, commonly called rampions. 7. Venus looking-glass bel­
flower, &c. The first sort is commonly cultivated to adorn
chimnies, halls, &c. in summer. It produces sometimes
twelve branches, four or five feet high, with large beautiful
flowers, almost the whole length of the stalks. The peach­
leaved belflowers are very hardy, and may be planted in open
beds or borders, where they will flower very strong. The Can­
terbury bells are biennial. The Canary belflower is one of the
most beautiful plants of the greenhouse, yielding its flowers
in December, January, and February. The rampion is propa­
qated for its root, which was formerly in greater esteem in Eng­
land than at present. The sorts of Venus looking-glass are an­
nual plants. Millar.

BELFO'UNDER. n. s. [from bell and found.] He whose trade it
is to found or cast bells.
Those that make recorders know this, and likewise bel­
founders, in fitting the tune of their bells. Bacon's Natural Hist.

BE'LFRY. n. s. [Beffroy, in French, is a tower; which was per­
haps the true word, till those, who knew not its original, cor­
rupted it to belfry, because bells were in it.] The place where
the bells are rung.
Fetch the leathern bucket that hangs in the belfry; that is cu­
riously painted before, and will make a figure.
Gay's What d' ye call it.

BELGA'RD. n. s. [belle egard, Fr.] A soft glance; a kind re­
gard: an old word, now wholly disused.
Upon her eyelids many graces sat,
Under the shadow of her even brows,
Working belgards, and amorous retreats. Fairy Q. b. ii. c. iii.

To BELI'E. v. a. [from be and lie.]
1. To counterfeit; to feign; to mimick.
Which durst, with horses hoofs that beat the ground,
And martial brass, belie the thunder's sound. Dryden.
The shape of man, and imitated beast
The walk, the words, the gesture could supply,
The habit mimick, and the mien belie. Dryden's Fables.


2. To give the lie to; to charge with falsehood.
Sure there is none but fears a future state;
And when the most obdurate swear they do not,
Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden.
Paint, patches, jewels laid aside,
At night astronomers agree,
The evening has the day belied,
And Phyllis is some forty-three. Prior.
3. To calumniate; to raise false reports of any man.
'Tis slander, whose breath
Rides on the posting winds, and doth belie
All corners of the world. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Thou dost belie him, Piercy, thou beliest him;
He never did encounter with Glendower. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
4. To give a false representation of any thing.
Uncle, for heav'n's sake, comfortable words.—
—Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shakesp. R. II.
Tuscan Valerus by force o'ercame,
And not belied his mighty father's name. Dryden's Æneid.
In the dispute whate'er I said,
My heart was by my tongue belied;
And in my looks you might have read,
How much I argu'd on your side. Prior.

BELI'EF. n. s. [from believe.]
1. Credit given to something which we know not of ourselves,
on account of the authority by which it is delivered.
Those comforts that shall never cease,
Future in hope, but present in belief. Wotton.
Faith is a firm belief of the whole word of God, of his gos­
pel, commands, threats, and promises. Wake's Prep. for Death.
2. The theological virtue of faith, or firm confidence of the truths
of religion.
No man can attain belief by the bare contemplation of heaven
and earth; for that they neither are sufficient to give us as
much as the least spark of light concerning the very principal
mysteries of our faith. Hooker, b. v. §. 22.
3. Religion; the body of tenets held by the professors of faith.
In the heat of general persecution, whereunto christian be­
lief was subject upon the first promulgation, it much confirm­
ed the weaker minds, when relation was made how God had
been glorified through the sufferings of martyrs. Hooker, b. v.
4. Persuasion; opinion.
He can, I know, but doubt to think he will;
Yet hope would fain subscribe, and tempts belief. Milton.
All treaties are grounded upon the belief, that states will be
found in their honour and observance of treaties. Temple.
5. The thing believed; the object of belief.
Superstitious prophecies are not only the belief of fools, but
the talk sometimes of wise men. Bacon.
6. Creed; a form containing the articles of faith.

BELI'EVABLE. adj. [from believe.] Credible; that which may
be credited or believed.

To BELI'EVE. v. a. [gelyfan, Saxon.]
1. To credit upon the authority of another, or from some other
reason than our personal knowledge.
A proposition, which they are persuaded, but do not know
to be true, it is not seeing, but believing. Locke.
Ten thousand things there are, which we believe merely up­
on the authority or credit of those who have spoken or writ­
ten of them. Watts's Logick.
2. To put confidence in the veracity of any one.
The people may hear when I speak with thee, and believe
thee for ever. Exodus, xix. 9.

To BELIEVE. v. n. 
1. To have a firm persuasion of any thing.
They may believe that the Lord God of their fathers, the
God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob,
hath appeared unto thee. Genesis, xlv.
2. To exercise the theological virtue of faith.
Now God be prais'd, that, to believing souls,
Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair. Shakesp. H. VI.
For with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, and with
the mouth confession is made unto salvation. Romans, x. 10.
3. With the particle in; to hold as an object of faith.
Believe in the Lord your God, so shall you be established.
2 Chron. xx. 20.
4. With the particle upon; to trust; to place full confidence in;
to rest upon with faith.
To them gave he power to become the sons of God, even
to them that believe on his name. John, i. 12.
5. I believe, is sometimes used as a way of slightly noting some
want of certainty or exactness.
Though they are, I believe, as high as most steeples in Eng­
land, yet a person, in his drink, fell down, without any other
hurt than the breaking of an arm. Addison on Italy.

BELI'EVER. n. s. [from believe.]
1. He that believes, or gives credit.
Discipline began to enter into conflict with churches, which,
in extremity, had been believers of it. Hooker, Pref.
2. A professour of christianity.
Infidels themselves did discern in matters of life, when be­
lievers did well, when otherwise. Hooker, b. 2. §. 2.
If he which writeth, do that which is forcible, how should
he which readeth, be thought to do that, which, in itself, is of
no force to work belief, and to save believers? Hooker, b. v.
Mysteries held by us have no power, pomp, or wealth, but
have been maintained by the universal body of true believers,
from the days of the apostles, and will be to the resurrection;
neither will the gates of hell prevail against them. Swift.

BELI'EVINGLY. adv. [from to believe.] After a believing man­
ner.

BELI'KE. adv. [from like, as by likelihood.]
1. Probably; likely; perhaps.
There came out of the same woods a horrible foul bear,
which fearing, belike, while the lion was present, came furi­
ously towards the place where I was. Sidney.
Belike fortune was afraid to lay her treasures, where they
should be stained with so many perfections. Sidney.
Lord Angelo, belike, thinking me remiss in my office, awa­
kens me with this unwonted putting on. Shakesp. M. for Meas.
Josephus affirmeth, that one of them remained even in his
time; meaning, belike, some ruin or foundation thereof.
Raleigh's History of the World.
2. It is sometimes used in a sense of irony; as, we are to suppose.
We think, belike, that he will accept what the meanest of
them would disdain. Hooker, b. viii. § 15.
God appointed the sea to one of them, and the land to the
other, because they were so great, that the sea could not hold
them both; for else, belike, if the sea had been large enough, we
might have gone a fishing for elephants. Brerew. on Languages.

BELI'VE. adv. [bilive, Sax. probably from bi and life, in the
sense of vivacity; speed; quickness.] Speedily; quickly: a
word out of use.
By that same way the direful dames do drive
Their mournful chariot, fill'd with rusty blood,
And down to Pluto's house are come belive. Fairy Q. b. i.

BELL. n. s. [bel, Saxon; supposed, by Skinner, to come from
pelvis, Lat. a basin. See BALL.]
1. A vessel, or hollow body of cast metal, formed to make a noise
by the act of a clapper, hammer, or some other instrument
striking against it. Bells are always in the towers of churches,
to call the congregation together.
Your flock, assembled by the bell,
Encircled you, to hear, with rev'rence. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Get thee gone, and dig my grave thyself,
And bid the merry bells ring to thy ear,
That thou art crowned, not that I am dead. Shakesp. H. IV.
Four bells admit twenty four changes in ringing, and five
bells one hundred and twenty. Holder's Elements of Speech.
He has no one necessary attention to any thing, but the bell,
which calls to prayers twice a day. Addison. Spect. No 264.
2. It is used for any thing in the form of a bell, as the cups of
flowers.
Where the bee sucks, there suck I,
In a cowslip's bell I lie. Shakesp. Tempest.
The humming bees that hunt the golden dew,
In summer's heat on tops of lilies feed,
And creep within their bells to suck the balmy seed. Dryden.
3. A small hollow globe of metal perforated, and containing in it
a solid ball; which, when it is shaken by bounding against the
sides, gives a sound.
As the ox hath his yoke, the horse his curb, and the faulcon
his bells, so hath man his desire. Shakesp. As you like it.
4. To bear the bell. To be the first, from the wether, that car­
ries a bell among the sheep, or the first horse of a drove that has
bells on his collar.
5. The Italians have carried away the bell from all other nations,
as may appear both by their books and works.
Hakewell on Providence.

To shake the bells. A phrase, in Shakespeare, taken from the bells
of a hawk.
Neither the king, nor he that loves him best,
The proudest he that holds up Lancaster,
Dares stir a wing, if Warwick shakes his bells. Shakesp. H. VI.

To BELL. v. n. [from the noun.] To grow in buds or flowers,
in the form of a bell.
Hops, in the beginning of August, bell, and are sometimes
ripe. Mortimer's Husbandry.

BELL-FASHIONED. adj. [from bell and fashion.] Having the
form of a bell.
The thorn apple rises with a strong round stalk, having large
bell-fashioned flowers at the joints. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

BELLE. n. s. [beau, belle, Fr.] A young lady.
What motive could compel
A well-bred lord t' assault a gentle belle;
O say, what stranger cause yet unexplor'd,
Could make a gentle belle reject a lord? Pope's R. of the Lock.

BELLES LETTRES. n. s. [Fr.] Polite literature. It has no
singular.
The exactness of the other, is to admit of something like
discourse, especially in what regards the belles lettres. Tatler.

BE'LLIBONE. n. s. [from bellus, beautiful, and bonus, good, Lat.
belle & bonne, Fr.] A woman excelling both in beauty and
goodness. A word now out of use.


Pan may be proud, that ever he begot
Such a bellibone,
And Syrinx rejoice, that ever was her lot
To bear such a one. Spenser's Pastorals.

BELLI'GEROUS. adj. [belliger, Lat.] Waging war. Dict.

BE'LLING. n. s. A hunting term, spoken of a roe, when she
makes a noise in rutting time. Dict.

BELLI'POTENT. adj. [bellipotens, Lat.] Puissant; mighty in
war. Dict.

To BE'LLOW. v. n. [bellan, Saxon.]
1. To make a noise as a bull.
Jupiter became a bull, and bellow'd; the green Neptune
A ram, and bleated. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
What bull dares bellow, or what sheep dares bleat
Within the lion's den? Dryden's Spanish Friar.
But now, the husband of a herd must be
Thy mate, and bellowing sons thy progeny. Dryden.
2. To make any violent outcry.
He fasten'd on my neck, and bellow'd out,
As he'd burst heav'n. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To vociferate; to clamour. In this sense, it is a word of
contempt.
The dull fat captain, with a hound's deep throat,
Would bellow out a laugh in a base note. Dryd. Pers. sat. v.
This gentleman is accustomed to roar and bellow so terribly
loud, that he frightens us. Tatler, No 54.
4. To roar as the sea in a storm; or as the wind; to make any
continued noise, that may cause terrour.
Till, at the last, he heard a dreadful sound,
Which through the wood loud bellowing did rebound.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 7. stanz. 7.
The rising rivers float the nether ground;
And rocks the bellowing voice of boiling seas rebound. Dryd.

BE'LLOWS. n. s. [bilig, Sax. perhaps it is corrupted from bellies,
the wind being contained in the hollow, or belly. It has no sin­
gular; for we usually say a pair of bellows; but Dryden has
used bellows as a singular.]
1. The instrument used to blow the fire.
Since sighs into my inward furnace turned,
For bellows serve to kindle more the fire. Sidney.
One, with great bellows, gather'd filling air,
And, with forc'd wind, the fuel did inflame. Fairy Q. b. ii.
The smith prepares his hammer for the stroke,
While the lung'd bellows hissing fire provoke. Dryden's Juv.
The lungs, as bellows, supply a force of breath; and the as­
pera arteria is as the nose of bellows, to collect and convey the
breath. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. In the following passage, it is singular.
Thou neither, like a bellows, swell'st thy face,
As if thou wert to blow the burning mass
Of melting ore. Dryden's Persius, sat. v.

BE'LLUINE. adj. [belluinus, Lat.] Beastly; belonging to a beast;
savage; brutal.
If human actions were not to be judged, men would have
no advantage over beasts. At this rate, the animal and belluine
life would be the best. Atterbury's Preface to his Sermons.

BE'LLY. n. s. [balg, Dutch; bol, bola, Welch.]
1. That part of the human body which reaches from the breast
to the thighs, containing the bowels.
The body's members
Rebell'd against the belly; thus accus'd it;—
That only like a gulf it did remain,
Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing
Like labour with the rest. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. In beasts, it is used, in general, for that part of the body next
the ground.
And the Lord said unto the serpent, upon thy belly shalt thou
go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life. Gen. iii. 14.
3. The womb; in this sense, it is commonly used ludicrously or
familiarly.
I shall answer that better, than you can the getting up of the
negro's belly: the Moor is with child by you.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The secret is grown too big for the pretence, like Mrs. Prim­
ly's big belly. Congreve's Way of the World.
4. That part of man which requires food, in opposition to the
back, or that which demands cloaths.
They were content with a licentious and idle life, wherein
they might fill their bellies by spoil, rather than by labour.
Sir J. Hayward.
Whose god is their belly. Phil. iii. 19.
He that sows his grain upon marble, will have many a hun­
gry belly before harvest. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
5. The part of any thing that swells out into a larger capacity.
Fortune sometimes turneth the handle of the bottle, which
is easy to be taken hold of; and, after, the belly, which is hard
to grasp. Bacon's Ornament. Ration.
An Irish harp hath the concave, or belly, not along the strings,
but at the end of the strings. Bacon's Nat. History, No 146.
6. Any place in which something is inclosed.
Out of the belly of hell cried I, and thou heardst my voice.
Jonah, ii. 2.

To BE'LLY. v. n. [from the noun.] To swell into a larger ca­
pacity; to hang out; to bulge out.
Thus by degrees day wastes, signs cease to rise,
For bellying earth, still rising up, denies
Their light a passage, and confines our eyes. Creech's Manilius.
The pow'r appeas'd, with winds suffic'd the sail,
The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden's Fables.
Loud ratt'ling shakes the mountains and the plain,
Heav'n bellies downwards, and descends in rain. Dryden.
'Midst these disports, forget they not to drench
Themselves with bellying goblets. Philips.

BE'LLYACHE. n. s. [from belly and ache.] The colick; or pain
in the bowels.

BE'LLYBOUND. adj. [from belly and bound.] Diseased, so as to
be costive, and shrunk in the belly.

BE'LLY-FRETTING. n. s. [from belly and fret.]
1. [With farriers.] The chasing of a horse's belly with the fore­
girt.
2. A great pain in a horse's belly, caused by worms. Dict.

BE'LLYFUL. n. s. [from belly and full.] As much food as fills
the belly, or satisfies the appetite.

BE'LLYGOD. n. s. [from belly and god.] A glutton; one who
makes a god of his belly.
What infinite waste they made this way, the only story of
Apicus, a famous bellygod, may suffice to shew.
Hakewell on Providence.

BE'LLY-PINCHED. adj. [from belly and pinch.] Starved.
This night, wherein the cubdrawn bear would couch,
The lion, and the belly-pinched wolf,
Keep their furr dry; unbonnetted he runs. Shakesp. K. Lear.

BE'LLYROLL. n. s. [from belly and roll.] A roll so called, as it
seems, from entering into the hollows.
They have two small harrows that they clap on each side of
the ridge, and so they harrow right up and down, and roll it
with a bellyroll, that goes between the ridges, when they have
sown it. Mortimer's Husbandry.

BE'LLY-TIMBER. n. s. [from belly and timber.] Food; mate­
rials to support the belly.
Where belly-timber, above ground
Or under, was not to be found. Hudibras, cant. i.
The strength of every other member
Is founded on your belly-timber. Prior.

BE'LLY-WORM. n. s. [from belly and worm.] A worm that
breeds in the belly.

BE'LMAN. n. s. [from bell and man.] He whose business it is to
proclaim any thing in towns, and to gain attention by ringing
his bell.
It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal belman
Which gives the stern'st good night. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Where Titian's glowing paint the canvas warm'd,
Now hangs the belman's song, and pasted here
The colour'd prints of Overton appear. Gay's Trivia.
The belman of each parish, as he goes his circuit, cries out
every night, Past twelve o' clock. Swift.

BE'LMETAL. n. s. [from bell and metal.] The metal of which
bells are made; being a mixture of five parts copper with one
of pewter.
Belmetal has copper one thousand pounds, tin from three
hundred to two hundred pounds, brass one hundred and fifty
pounds. Bacon's Physical Remains.
Colours which arise on belmetal, when melted and poured on
the ground, in open air, like the colours of water bubbles, are
changed by viewing them at divers obliquities. Newton's Opt.

To BELO'CK. v. a. [from be and lock.] To fasten, as with a
lock.
This is the hand, with which a vow'd contract
Was fast belock'd in thine. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

BE'LOMANCY. n. s. [from βέλ and μάνεια.]
Belomancy, or divination by arrows, hath been in request
with Scythians, Alans, Germans, with the Africans and Turks
of Algier. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 22.

To BELO'NG. v. n. [belangen, Dutch.]
1. To be the property of.
To light on a part of a field belonging to Boaz. Ruth, ii. 3.
2. To be the province or business of.
There is no need of any such redress;
Or if there were, it not belongs to you. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
The declaration of these latent philosophers belongs to an­
other paper. Boyle.
To Jove the care of heav'n and earth belongs. Dryd. Virg.
3. To adhere, or be appendent to.
He went into a desart belonging to Bethsaida. Luke, ix. 10.
4. To have relation to.
To whom belongest thou? whence art thou? 1 Sam. xxx. 13.
5. To be the quality or attributes of.
The faculties belonging to the supreme spirit, are unlimited
and boundless, fitted and designed for infinite objects.
Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
6. To be referred to.
He careth for things that belong to the Lord. 1 Cor. vii. 32.

BELO'VED. participle. [from belove, derived of love. It is ob­


servable, that, though the participle be of very frequent use, the
verb is seldom or never admitted; as we say, you are much
beloved by me, but not, I belove you.] Loved; dear.
I think, it is not meet,
Mark Anthony, so well belov'd of Cæsar,
Should outlive Cæsar. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
In likeness of a dove
The spirit descended, while the father's voice
From heav'n pronounc'd him his beloved son.
Milton's Paradise Regained, b. i. l. 32.

BELO'W. prep. [from be and low.]
1. Under in place; not so high.
He'll beat Aufidius' head below his knee,
And tread upon his neck. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Inferiour in dignity.
The noble Venetians think themselves equal at least to the
electors of the empire, and but one degree below kings.
Addison on Italy.
3. Inferiour in excellence.
His Idylliums of Theocritus are as much below his Manilius,
as the fields are below the stars. Felton on the Classicks.
4. Unworthy of; unbefitting.
'Tis much below me on his throne to sit;
But when I do, you shall petition it. Dryden's Indian Emp.

BELO'W. adv. 
1. In the lower place; in the place nearest the center.
To men standing below on the ground, those that be on the
top of Paul's, seem much less than they are, and cannot be
known; but, to men above, those below seem nothing so much
lessened, and may be known. Bacon's Nat. History, No 205.
The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the
matter of the tempests and winds before the air here below;
and therefore the obscuring of the smaller stars, is a sign of tem­
pest following. Bacon's Natural History, No 818.
His sultry heat infects the sky;
The ground below is parch'd, the heav'ns above us fry. Dryd.
This said, he led them up the mountain's brow,
And shews them all the shining fields below. Dryden.
2. On earth; in opposition to heaven.
And let no tears from erring pity flow,
For one that's bless'd above, immortaliz'd below.
Smith, To the Memory of J. Philips.
The fairest child of Jove,
Below for ever sought, and bless'd above. Prior.
3. In hell; in the regions of the dead; opposed to heaven and
earth.
The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend,
Delight to hover near; and long to know
What bus'ness brought him to the realms below. Dryd. Æn.
When suff'ring saints aloft in beams shall glow,
And prosp'rous traitors gnash their teeth below. Tickell.

To BELO'WT. v. a. [from be and lowt, a word of contempt.]
To treat with opprobrious language; to call names.
Sieur Gaulard, when he heard a gentleman report, that, at a
supper, they had not only good cheer, but also savoury epi­
grams, and fine anagrams, returning home, rated and belowted
his cook, as an ignorant scullion, that never dressed him either
epigrams or anagrams. Camden's Remains.

BELSWA'GGER. n. s. A cant word for a whoremaster.
You are a charitable belswagger; my wife cried out fire, and
you called out for engines. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

BELT. n. s. [belt, Sax. baltheus, Lat.] A girdle; a cincture in
which a sword, or some weapon, is commonly hung.
He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Ajax slew himself with the sword given him by Hector, and
Hector was dragged about the walls of Troy by the belt given
him by Ajax. South.
Then snatch'd the shining belt, with gold inlaid;
The belt Eurytion's artful hands had made. Dryden's Æneid.

BELWE'THER. n. s. [from bell and wether.] A sheep which leads
the flock with a bell on his neck.
The fox will serve my sheep to gather,
And drive to follow after their belwether. Spens. Hub. Tale.
To offer to get your living by the copulation of cattle; to
be a bawd to a belwether. Shakesp. As you like it.
The flock of sheep, and belwether, thinking to break into
another's pasture, and being to pass over another bridge, just­
led till both fell into the ditch. Howel's England's Tears.

To BELY'. See BELIE.


BEM

To BEMA'D. v. a. [from be and mad.] To make mad; to turn
the brain.
Making just report
Of how unnatural and bemadding sorrow,
The king hath cause to plain. Shakesp. King Lear.

To BEMI'RE. v. a. [from be and mire.] To drag, or incumber
in the mire; to soil by passing through dirty places.
Away they rode in homely sort,
Their journey long, their money short,
The loving couple well bemir'd;
The horse and both the riders tir'd. Swift.

To BEMO'AN. v. a. [from to moan.] To lament; to bewail;
to express sorrow for.
He falls, he fills the house with heavy groans,
Implores their pity, and his pain bemoans. Dryden's Æneid.
The gods themselves the ruin'd seats bemoan,
And blame the mischiefs that themselves have done.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

BEMO'ANER. n. s. [from the verb.] A lamenter; the person
that laments.

To BEMO'IL. v. a. [be and moil, from mouiller, Fr.] To be­
draggle; to bemire; to encumber with dirt and mire.
Thou shouldst have heard in how miry a place, how she was
bemoiled, how he left her with the horse upon her. Shakesp.

To BEMO'NSTER. v. a. [from be and monster.] To make mon­
strous.
Thou chang'd, and self-converted thing! for shame,
Bemonster not thy feature. Shakesp. King Lear.

BEMU'SED. adj. [from to muse.] Overcome with musing;
dreaming: a word of contempt.
Is there a parson much bemus'd in beer,
A maudlin poetess, a rhiming peer? Pope's Epistles.


BEN

BEN. See BEHEN.

BENCH. n. s. [benc, Sax. banc, Fr.]
1. A seat, distinguished from a stool by its greater length.
The seats and benches shone of ivory,
An hundred nymphs sat side by side about. Spens. Vis. of Bellay.
All Rome is pleas'd, when Statius will rehearse,
And longing crouds expect the promis'd verse;
His lofty numbers, with so great a gust,
They hear, and swallow with such eager lust:
But while the common suffrage crown'd his cause,
And broke the benches with their loud applause,
His muse had starv'd, had not a piece unread,
And by a player bought, supply'd her bread. Dryd. Juvenal.
2. A seat of justice; the seat where judges sit.
A son set your decrees at naught:
To pluck down justice from your awful bench;
To trip the course of law, and blunt the sword
That guards the peace and safety of your person.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Cyriac, whose grandsire on the royal bench
Of British Themis, with no mean applause,
Pronounc'd, and in his volumes taught our laws,
Which others at their bar so often wrench. Milton.
3. The persons sitting on a bench; as, the whole bench voted the
same.
Fools to popular praise aspire,
Of publick speeches, which worse fools admire;
While, from both benches, with redoubl'd sounds,
Th' applause of lords and commoners abounds. Dryd. Virg.

To BENCH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with benches.
'Twas bench'd with turf, and, goodly to be seen,
The thick young grass arose in fresher green. Dryden's Fab.
2. To seat upon a bench.
His cupbearer, whom I from meaner form
Have bench'd, and rear'd to worship. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

BE'NCHER. n. s. [from bench.] Those gentlemen of the inns of
court are called benchers, who have been readers; they being
admitted to plead within the bar, are also called inner barristers.
The benchers, being the seniors of the house, are intrusted with
its government and direction, and out of them is a treasurer
yearly chosen. Blount. Chambers.
I was taking a walk in the gardens of Lincoln's-Inn, a fa­
vour that is indulged me by several benchers, who are grown old
with me. Tatler, No 100.

To BEND. v. a. pret. bended, or bent; part. pass. bended, or bent. 
[bendan, Saxon; bander, Fr. as Skinner thinks, from pandare,
Lat.]
1. To make crooked; to crook; to inflect.
The rainbow compasseth the heaven with a glorious circle,
and the hands of the Most High hath bended it. Ecclus, xliii. 12.
They bend their bows, they whirl their slings around:
Heaps of spent arrows fall, and strew the ground;
And helms, and shields, and rattling arms resound.
Dryden's Æneid.
2. To direct to a certain point.
Octavius, and Mark Anthony,
Came down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expedition tow'rd Philippi. Shakesp. J. Csar.
Why dost thou bend thy eyes upon the earth,
And start so often, when thou sitt'st alone. Shakesp.
Your gracious eyes upon this labour bend. Fairfax, b. i.
To that sweet region was our voyage bent,
When winds, and ev'ry warring element,
Disturb'd our course. Dryden's Virgil.
Then, with a rushing sound, th' assembly bend
Diverse their steps: the rival rout ascend
The royal dome. Pope's Odyssey, b. ii. l. 295.
3. To apply.
Men will not bend their wits to examine, whether things,
wherewith they have been accustomed, be good or evil. Hooker.
He is within, with two right reverend fathers,
Divinely bent to meditation. Shakesp. Richard III.


When he fell into the gout, he was no longer able to bend
his mind or thoughts to any publick business. Temple.
4. To put any thing in order for use; a metaphor taken from
bending the bow.
I'm settled, and bend up
Each corporal agent to this terrible feat. Shakesp. King Lear.
As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked him what
he was doing. L'Estrange, fab. xcvi.
5. To incline.
But when to mischief mortals bend their will,
How soon they find fit instruments of ill? Pope's R. of the L.
6. To subdue; to make submissive; as, war and famine will bend
our enemies.
7. To bend the brow. To knit the brow; to frown.
Some have been seen to bite their pen, scratch their head,
bend their brows, bite their lips, beat the board, and tear their
paper. Camden's Remains.

To BEND. v. n. 
1. To be incurvated.
2. To lean or jut over.
There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully on the confined deep. Shakesp.
Earth seems
Far stretch'd around, to meet the bending sphere. Thomson.
3. To resolve; to determine.
Not so, for once, indulg'd they sweep the main,
Deaf to the call, or, hearing, hear in vain;
But, bent on mischief, bear the waves before. Dryd. Fables.
While good, and anxious for his friend,
He's still severely bent against himself;
Renouncing sleep, and rest, and food, and ease. Addis. Cato.
A state of slavery, which they are bent upon with so much
eagerness and obstinacy. Addison. Freeholder.
He is every where bent on instruction, and avoids all manner
of digressions. Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
4. To be submissive; to bow.
The sons of them that afflicted thee, shall come bending unto
thee. Isaiah, lx. 14.

BEND. n. s. [from to bend.]
1. Flexure; incurvation.
'Tis true, this god did shake;
His coward lips did from their colour fly;
And that same eye, whose bend doth awe the world,
Did lose its lustre. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
2. The crooked timbers which make the ribs or sides of a ship.
Skinner.
3. With heralds. One of the eight honourable ordinaries, con­
taining a fifth when uncharged; but when charged, a third part
of the escutcheon. It is made by two lines, drawn thwart­
ways from the dexter chief to the sinister base point. Harris.

BE'NDABLE. adj. [from bend.] That may be incurvated; that
may be inclined.

BE'NDER. n. s. [from to bend.]
1. The person who bends.
2. The instrument with which any thing is bent.
These bows, being somewhat like the long bows in use a­
mongst us, were bent only by a man's immediate strength, with­
out the help of any bender, or rack, that are used to others.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

BE'NDWITH. n. s. An herb. Dict.

BENE'APED. adj. [from neap.] A ship is said to be beneaped,
when the water does not flow high enough to bring her off the
ground, over a bar, or out of a dock. Dict.

BENE'ATH. prep. [beneow, Sax. beneden, Dutch.]
1. Under; lower in place.
Their woolly fleeces, as the rites requir'd,
He laid beneath him, and to rest retir'd. Dryden, Æn. vii.
Ages to come might Ormond's picture know;
And palms for thee beneath his laurels grow. Prior.
2. Under, as overborn or overwhelmed by some pressure.
Our country sinks beneath the yoke;
It weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash
Is added to her wounds. Shakesp. Macbeth.
And oft on rocks their tender wings they tear,
And sink beneath the burdens which they bear. Dryden's Virg.
3. Lower in rank, excellence, or dignity.
We have reason then to be persuaded, that there are far more
species of creatures above us, than there are beneath. Locke.
4. Unworthy of; unbeseeming; not equal to.
He will do nothing that is beneath his high station, nor omit
doing any thing which becomes it. Atterbury.

BENE'ATH. adv. 
1. In a lower place; under.
I destroyed the Amorite before them; I destroyed his fruits
from above, and his roots from beneath. Amos, ii. 9.
The earth which you take from beneath, will be barren and
unfruitful. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.
2. Below, as opposed to heaven.
Any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth
beneath. Exodus, xx. 4.

BE'NEDICT. adj. [benedictus, Lat.] Having mild and salubrious
qualities: an old physical term.
It is not a small thing won in physick, if you can make rhu­
barb, and other medicines that are benedict, as strong purgers
as those that are not without some malignity. Bacon's N. Hist.

BENEDI'CTION. n. s. [benedictio, Lat.]
1. Blessing; a decretory pronunciation of happiness.
A sov'reign shame so bows him; his unkindness,
That stript her from his benediction, turn'd her
To foreign casualties, gave her dear rights
To his doghearted daughters. Shakesp. King Lear.
From him will raise
A mighty nation; and upon him show'r
His benediction so, that, in his seed,
All nations shall be blest. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 125.
2. The advantage conferred by blessing.
Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; adversity is
the blessing of the New; which carrieth the greater benedic­
tion, and the clearer revelation of God's favour. Bacon's Essays.
3. Acknowledgments for blessings received; thanks.
Could he less expect
Than glory and benediction, that is, thanks? Parad. Reg.
Such ingenious and industrious persons are delighted in
searching out natural rarities; reflecting upon the Creator of
them his due praises and benedictions. Ray on the Creation.
4. The form of instituting an abbot.
What consecration is to a bishop, that benediction is to an
abbot; but in a different way: for a bishop is not properly
such, till consecration; but an abbot, being elected and con­
firmed, is properly such before benediction. Ayliffe's Parergon.

BENEFA'CTION. n. s. [from benefacio, Lat.]
1. The act of conferring a benefit.
2. The benefit conferred; which is the more usual sense.
One part of the benefactions, was the expression of a gene­
rous and grateful mind. Atterbury.

BENEFA'CTOR. n. s. [from benefacio, Lat.] He that confers a
benefit; frequently he that contributes to some publick cha­
rity.
Then swell with pride, and must be titled gods,
Great benefactors of mankind, deliverers,
Worshipp'd with temple, priest, and sacrifice.
Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iii. l. 82.
From that preface he took his hint, though he had the base­
ness not to acknowledge his benefactor. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
I cannot but look upon the writer as my benefactor, if he
conveys to me an improvement of my understanding.
Addison. Freeholder, No 40.
Whoever makes ill returns to his benefactor, must needs be
a common enemy to mankind. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

BENEFA'CTRESS. n. s. [from benefactor.] A woman who con­
fers a benefit.

BE'NEFICE. n. s. [from beneficium, Lat.] Advantage conferred
on another. This word is generally taken for all ecclesiastical
livings, be they dignities or others. Cowel.
And of the priest eftsoons 'gan to enquire,
How to a benefice he might aspire. Spenser's Hubb. Tale.
Much to himself he thought, but little spoke,
And, undepriv'd, his benefice forsook. Dryden's Fables.

BE'NEFICED. adj. [from benefice.] Possessed of a benefice, or
church preferment.
The usual rate between the beneficed man and the religious
person, was one moiety of the benefice. Ayliffe's Parergon.

BENE'FICENCE. n. s. [from beneficent.] The practice of doing
good; active goodness.
You could not extend your beneficence to so many persons;
yet you have lost as few days as that excellent emperour.
Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.
Love and charity extends our beneficence to the miseries of
our brethren. Rogers.

BENE'FICENT. adj. [from beneficus, beneficentior, Lat.] Kind;
doing good. It differs from benign, as the act from the dispo­
sition; beneficence being kindness, or benignity, exerted in action.
Such a creature could not have his origination from any less
than the most wise and beneficent being, the great God.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
But Phœbus, thou, to man beneficent,
Delight'st in building cities. Prior.

BENEFI'CIAL. adj. [from beneficium, Lat.]
1. Advantageous; conferring benefits; profitable; useful; with
to before the person benefited.
Not that any thing is made to be beneficial to him, but all
things for him, to shew beneficence and grace in them.
Hooker, b. i. § 8.
This supposition grants the opinion to conduce to order in
the world, and consequently to be very beneficial to mankind.
Tillotson, sermon i.
The war, which would have been most beneficial to us, and
destructive to the enemy, was neglected. Swift.
Are the present revolutions in circular orbs, more beneficial
than the other would be? Bentley's Sermons.
2. Helpful; medicinal.
In the first access of such a disease, any deobstruent, without
much acrimony, is beneficial. Arbuthnot on Diet.

BENEFI'CIAL. n. s. An old word for a benefice.


For that the groundwork is, and end of all,
How to obtain a beneficial. Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.

BENEFI'CIALLY. adv. [from beneficial.] Advantageously; pro­
fitably; helpfully.

BENEFI'CIALNESS. n. s. [from beneficial.] Usefulness; profit;
helpfulness.
Though the knowledge of these objects be commendable
for their contentation and curiosity, yet they do not commend
their knowledge to us, upon the account of their usefulness
and beneficialness. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

BENEFI'CIARY. adj. [from benefice.] Holding something in sub­
ordination to another; having a dependent and secondary pos­
session, without sovereign power.
The duke of Parma was tempted by no less promise, than
to be made a feudatory, or beneficiary king of England, under
the seignory in chief of the pope. Bacon's War with Spain.

BENEFI'CIARY. n. s. He that is in possession of a benefice.
A benefice is either said to be a benefice with the cure of
souls, or otherwise. In the first case, if it be annexed to an­
other benefice, the beneficiary is obliged to serve the parish church
in his own proper person. Ayliffe's Parergon.

BE'NEFIT. n. s. [beneficium, Lat.]
1. A kindness; a favour conferred; an act of love.
When noble benefits shall prove
Not well dispos'd, the mind grown once corrupt,
They turn to vicious forms. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.
Psalm ciii. 2.
As many as offer'd life,
Neglect not, and the benefit embrace
By faith, not void of works. Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 426.
2. Advantage; profit; use.
The creature abateth his strength for the benefit of such as
put their trust in thee. Wisdom, xvi. 24.
3. In law.
Benefit of clergy is an ancient liberty of the church, when a
priest, or one within orders, is arraigned of selony before a se­
cular judge, he may pray his clergy; that is, pray to be de­
livered to his ordinary, to purge himself of the offence objected
to him: and this might be done in case of murder. The an­
cient law, in this point of clergy, is much altered; for clerks
are no more delivered to their ordinaries to be purged, but now
every man, though not within orders, is put to read at the bar,
being found guilty, and convicted of such felony as this benefit
is granted for; and so burnt in the hand, and set free for the
first time, if the ordinary's commissioner, or deputy, standing
by, do say, Legit ut clericus; or, otherwise, suffereth death for
his transgression. Cowel.

To BE'NEFIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To do good to; to ad­
vantage.
What course I mean to hold,
Shall nothing benefit your knowledge. Shakesp. Wint. Tale.
He was so far from benefiting trade, that he did it a great in­
jury, and brought Rome in danger of a famine. Arbuthnot.

To BENEFIT. v. n. To gain advantage.
To tell you therefore what I have benefited herein, among old
renowned authors, I shall spare. Milton on Education.

BENE'MPT. adj. [See NEMPT.] Appointed; marked out; an
obsolete word.
Much greater gifts for Guerdon thou shalt gain,
Than kid or cosset, which I thee benempt;
Then up, I say. Spenser's Pastorals.

To BENE'T. v. a. [from net.] To ensnare; to surround as
with toils.
Being thus benetted round with villains,
Ere I could mark the prologue, to my bane,
They had begun the play. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BENE'VOLENCE. n. s. [benevolentia, Lat.]
1. Disposition to do good; kindness; charity; good will.
Grasp the whole worlds of reason, life, and sense,
In one close system of benevolence. Pope's Essay on Man.
2. The good done; the charity given.
3. A kind of tax.
This tax, called a benevolence, was devised by Edward IV. for
which he sustained much envy. It was abolished by Richard
III. Bacon's Henry VII.

BENE'VOLENT. adj. [benevolens, benevolentia, Lat.] Kind; hav­
ing good will, or kind inclinations.
Thou good old man, benevolent as wise. Pope's Odyssey.
Nature all
Is blooming and benevolent like thee. Thomson.

BENE'VOLENTNESS. n. s. The same with benevolence.

BENGA'L. n. s. [from Bengal in the East Indies.] A sort of thin
slight stuff, made of silk and hair, for womens apparel.

BE'NJAMIN. n. s. [Benzoin.] The name of a tree.
From a calyx, which consists of four leaves, are produced
three small flowers, which have an oblong tube; the upper
part, which is expanded, is divided into eight segments; be­
tween which are several short threads, and, in the middle of the
tube, is the ovarium, which becomes a fruit. It was brought
from Virginia into England, and is propagated by laying down
the tender branches in the spring of the year. Millar.

BE'NJAMIN. n. s. A gum. See BENZOIN.

To BENI'GHT. v. a. [from night.]
1. To involve in darkness; to embarrass by want of light; to
bring on night.
He that has light within his own breast,
May sit i' th' centre, and enjoy bright day;
But he that hides a dark soul, and foul thoughts,
Benighted walks under the mid-day sun;
Himself is his own dungeon. Milton.
Those bright stars that did adorn our hemisphere, as those
dark shades that did benight it, vanish. Boyle.
But what so long in vain, and yet unknown
By poor mankind's benighted wit, is sought,
Shall in this age to Britain first be shown. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
A storm begins, the raging waves run high,
The clouds look heavy, and benight the sky. Garth's Ovid.
The miserable race of men, that live
Benighted half the year, benumm'd with frosts
Under the polar Bear. Philips.
2. To surprise with the coming on of night.
Being benighted, the sight of a candle I saw a good way off,
directed me to a young shepherd's house. Sidney, b. i.
Or some benighted angel, in his way,
Might ease his wings; and, seeing heav'n appear
In its best work of mercy, think it there. Dryden.

BENI'GN. adj. [benignus, Lat. It is pronounced without the g,
as if written benine; but the g is preserved in benignity.]
1. Kind; generous; liberal; actually good. See BENEFICENT.
This turn hath made amends! Thou hast fulfill'd
Thy words, Creator bounteous and benign!
Giver of all things fair. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. viii. l. 492.
So shall the world go on,
To good malignant, to bad men benign. Par. Lost, b. xii.
We owe more to heav'n than to the sword,
The wish'd return of so benign a lord. Waller.
What heaven bestows upon the earth, in kind influences and
benign aspects, is paid it back again in sacrifice and adoration.
South.
They who delight in the suffering of inferiour creatures, will
not be very compassionate or benign. Locke.
Diff'rent are thy names,
As thy kind hand has founded many cities,
Or dealt benign thy various gifts to men. Prior.
2. Wholesome; not malignant.
These salts are of a benign mild nature, in healthy persons;
but, in others, retain their original qualities, which they dis­
cover in cachexies. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BENIGN Disease, is when all the usual symptoms appear in the
small pox, or any acute disease, favourably, and without any ir­
regularities, or unexpected changes. Quincy.

BENI'GNESS. n. s. [from benign.] The same with benignity.

BENI'GNITY. n. s. [from benign.]
1. Graciousness; goodness; actual kindness.
He which useth the benefit of any special benignity, may en­
joy it with good conscience. Hooker, b. v. § 9.
The king was desirous to establish peace rather by benignity
than blood. Hayward.
It is true, that his mercy will forgive offenders, or his benig­
nity co-operate to their conversions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Although he enjoys the good that is done him, he is uncon­
cerned to value the benignity of him that does it. South.
2. Salubrity; wholesome quality; friendliness to vital nature.
Bones receive a quicker agglutination in sanguine than in
cholerick bodies, by reason of the benignity of the serum, which
sendeth out better matter for a callus. Wiseman's Surgery.

BENI'GNLY. adv. [from benign.] Favourably; kindly; gra­
ciously.
'Tis amazement more than love,
Which her radiant eyes do move;
If less splendour wait on thine,
Yet they so benignly shine,
I would turn my dazled sight
To behold their milder light. Waller.
Oh truly good, and truly great!
For glorious as he rose, benignly so he set. Prior.

BE'NISON. n. s. [benir, to bless; benissons, Fr.] Blessing; bene­
diction.
We have no such daughter; nor shall ever see
That face of hers again; therefore, begone
Without our grace, our love, our benison. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Unmussle, ye fair stars, and thou, fair moon,
That wont'st to love the traveller's benison. Milton.

BE'NNET. n. s. An herb; the same with avens, which see.

BENT. n. s. [from the verb to bend.]
1. The state of being bent; a state of flexure; curvity.
Strike gently, and hold your rod at a bent a little while.
Walton's Angler.
2. Degree of flexure.
There are divers subtle inquiries concerning the strength re­
quired to the bending of them; the force they have in the dis­
charge, according to the several bents; and the strength required
to be in the string of them. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.


3. Declivity.
A mountain stood,
Threat'ning from high, and overlook'd the wood:
Beneath the lowring brow, and on a bent,
The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryd. Pal. and Arc.
4. Utmost power, as of a bent bow.
Then let thy love be younger than thyself,
Or thy affection cannot hold the bent. Shakesp. Tw. Night.
We both obey,
And here give up ourselves, in the full bent,
To lay our service freely at your feet. Shakesp. Hamlet.
5. Application of the mind; strain of the mental powers.
The understanding should be brought to the knotty parts of
knowledge, that try the strength of thought, and a full bent of
the mind, by insensible degrees. Locke.
6. Inclination; disposition towards something.
O who does know the bent of womens fantasy!
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. iv. stanz. 24.
To your own bents dispose you; you'll be found,
Be you beneath the sky. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
He knew the strong bent of the country towards the house of
York. Bacon's Henry VII.
Soon inclin'd t' admit delight,
The bent of nature! Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 597.
The golden age was first; when man, yet new,
No rule but uncorrupted reason knew;
And, with a native bent, did good pursue. Dryden. Ovid.
Let there be the same propensity and bent of will to religion,
and there will be the same sedulity and indefatigable industry.
South.
'Tis odds but the scale turns at last on nature's side, and the
evidence of one or two senses gives way to the united bent and
tendency of all the five. Atterbury.
7. Determination; fixed purpose.
Their unbelief we may not impute unto insufficiency in the
mean which is used, but to the wilful bent of their obstinate
hearts against it. Hooker, b. v. § 22.
Yet we saw them forced to give way to the bent, and current
humour of the people, in favour of their ancient and lawful go­
vernment. Temple.
8. Turn of the temper, or disposition; shape, or fashion, super­
induced by art.
Not a courtier,
Although they wear their faces to the bent
Of the king's look, but hath a heart that is
Glad at the thing they scoul at. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Two of them hath the very bent of honour.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Then thy streight rule set virtue in my sight,
The crooked line reforming by the right;
My reason took the bent of thy command,
Was form'd and polish'd by thy skilful hand. Dryden's Pers.
9. Tendency; flexion; particular direction.
The exercising the understanding, in the several ways of rea­
soning, teacheth the mind suppleness, to apply itself more dex­
terously to bents and turns of the matter, in all its researches.
Locke.
10. A stalk of grass, called bent-grass.
His spear, a bent both stiff and strong,
And well near of two inches long;
The pile was of a horse-fly's tongue,
Whose sharpness naught reversed. Drayt. Nymphid.
Then the flowers of the vines; it is a little dust, like the
dust of a bent, which grows upon the cluster, in the first com­
ing forth. Bacon's Essays.
June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass-green, upon his
head a garland of bents, kingcups, and maidenhair.
Peacham on Drawing.

BE'NTING Time. [from bent.] The time when pigeons feed on
bents before peas are ripe.
Bare benting times, and moulting months, may come,
When, lagging late, they cannot reach their home.
Dryden's Hind and Panther.

To BENU'M. v. a. [benumen, Saxon.]
1. To make torpid; to take away the sensation and use of any
part by cold, or by some obstruction.
So stings a snake that to the fire is brought,
Which harmless lay with cold benumm'd before.
Fairfax, b. ii. stanz. 85.
The winds blow moist and keen, which bids us seek
Some better shroud, some better warmth, to cherish
Our limbs benumm'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 1069.
My sinews slacken, and an icy stiffness
Benums my blood. Denham's Sophy.
It seizes upon the vitals, and benums the senses; and where
there is no sense, there can be no pain. South.
Will they be the less dangerous, when warmth shall bring
them to themselves, because they were once frozen and benum­
med with cold? L'Estrange, fab. ix.
2. To stupify.
These accents were her last: the creeping death
Benumm'd her senses first, then stopp'd her breath. Dryden.

BENZO'IN. n. s. A medicinal kind of resin imported from the
East Indies, and vulgarly called benjamin. It is procured by
making an incision in a tree, whose leaves resemble those of the
lemon tree. It is of a yellowish colour, an agreeable scent,
it melts easily, and is of three sorts. The first, which is
esteemed the best, comes from Siam, and is called amygdaloides,
being interspersed with white spots, resembling broken almonds.
The second is black, and very odoriferous; it drops from
young trees, and comes from Sumatra. The third is also
black, but less odoriserous, and is found in Java and Sumatra.
Trevoux. Chambers.
The liquor we have distilled from benzoin, is subject to fre­
quent vicissitudes of fluidity and firmness. Boyle.

BENZOIN Tree. See BENJAMIN Tree.

To BEPA'INT. v. a. [from paint.] To cover with paint.
Thou know'st, the mask of night is on my face,
Else would a maiden blush bepaint my check.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

To BEPI'NCH. v. a. [from pinch.] To mark with pinches.
In their sides, arms, shoulders, all bepincht,
Ran thick the weals, red with blood, ready to start out.
Chapman's Iliad.

To BEPI'SS. v. a. [from piss.] To wet with urine.
One caused, at a feast, a bagpipe to be played, which made
the knight bepiss himself, to the great diversion of all then pre­
sent, as well as confusion of himself. Derham's Physico-Theol.

To BEQUE'ATH. v. a. [cwiw, Sax. a will.] To leave by will
to another.
She had never been disinherited of that goodly portion,
which nature had so liberally bequeathed to her. Sidney.
Let's choose executors, and talk of wills;
And yet not so—for what can we bequeath,
Save our deposed bodies to the ground? Shakesp. Richard II.
My father bequeath'd me by will but a poor thousand crowns.
Shakesp. As you like it.
Methinks this age seems resolved to bequeath posterity some­
what to remember it. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 21.
For you, whom best I love and value most,
But to your service I bequeath my ghost. Dryden's Fables.

BEQUE'ATHMENT. n. s. [from bequeath.] A legacy. Dict.

BEQU'EST. n. s. [from bequeath.] Something left by will; a
legacy.
He claimed the crown to himself; pretending an adoption,
or bequest, of the kingdom unto him by the Confessor.
Hale's Common Law of England.


BER

To BERA'TTLE. v. a. [from rattle.] To rattle off; to make
a noise at in contempt.
These are now the fashion, and so berattle the common stage,
so they call them, that many, wearing rapiers, are afraid of
goosequills, and dare scarce come thither. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BE'RBERRY. n. s. [berberis, sometimes written barberry, which
see.] A berry of a sharp taste, used for pickles.
Some never ripen to be sweet, as tamarinds, berberries, crabs,
sloes, &c. Bacon's Natural History, No 644.

To BERE'AVE. v. n. preter. I bereaved, or berest. [bereofian, Saxon.]
1. To strip of; to deprive of. It has generally the particle of
before the thing taken away.
Madam, you have bereft me of all words,
Only my blood speaks to you in my veins. Shakesp. M. of V.
That when thou com'st to kneel at Henry's feet,
Thou may'st bereave him of his wits with wonder.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
There was never a prince bereaved of his dependences by
his council, except there hath been either an overgreatness in
one counsellor. Bacon's Essays.
The sacred priests with ready knives bereave
The beasts of life. Dryden's Æneid.
To deprive us of metals, is to make us mere savages; it is
to bereave us of all arts and sciences, of history and letters, nay
of revealed religion too, that inestimable favour of heaven.
Bentley's Sermons.
2. Sometimes it is used without of.
Bereave me not,
Whereon I live! thy gentle looks, thy aid,
Thy counsel, in this uttermost distress. Parad. Lost, b. x.
3. To take away from.
All your interest in those territories
Is utterly berest you, all is lost. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.

BERE'AVEMENT. n. s. [from bereave.] Deprivation. Dict.

BERE'FT. part. pass. of bereave. 
The chief of either side, bereft of life,
Or yielded to the foe, concludes the strife. Dryden's Fab.

BERG. See BURROW.

BE'RGAMOT. n. s. [bergamotte, Fr.]
1. A sort of pear, commonly called burgamot. See PEAR.
2. A sort of essence, or perfume, drawn from a fruit produced by
ingrafting a lemon tree on a bergamot pear stock.
3. A sort of snuff, which is only clean tobacco, with a little of the
essence rubbed into it.

BE'RGMASTER. n. s. [from berg, Sax. and master.] The bai­
liff, or chief officer, among the Derbyshire miners.



BE'RGMOTE. n. s. [of berg, a mountain, and mote, a meeting,
Saxon.] A court held upon a hill for deciding controversies
among the Derbyshire miners. Blount.

To BERHY'ME. v. a. [from rhyme.] To celebrate in rhyme, or
verses: a word of contempt.
Now is he for the numbers that Petrarch flow'd in: Laura to
his lady was but a kitchen wench; marry, she had a better
love to berhyme her. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
I sought no homage from the race that write;
I kept, like Asian monarchs, from their sight:
Poems I heeded, now berhymed so long,
No more than thou, great George! a birthday song. Pope.

BERLI'N. n. s. [from Berlin, the city where they were first made.]
A coach of a particular form.
Beware of Latin authors all!
Nor think your verses sterling,
Though with a golden pen you scrawl,
And scribble in a berlin. Swift.

BERME. n. s. [Fr. In fortification.] A space of ground three,
four, or five feet wide, left without between the foot of the
rampart and the side of the mote, to prevent the earth from
falling down into the mote; and sometimes it is palisadoed.
Harris.

To BERO'E. v. a. [from rob.] To rob; to plunder; to wrong
any, by taking away something from him by stealth or vio­
lence.
She said, ah dearest lord! what evil star
On you hath frown'd, and pour'd his influence bad,
That of yourself you thus berobbed are. Fairy Queen, b. viii.

BE'RRY. n. s. [berig, Sax. from beran, to bear.] Any small
fruit, with many seeds or small stones.
She smote the ground, the which straight forth did yield
A fruitful olive tree, with berries spread,
That all the gods admir'd. Spens. Muiopotmos.
The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbour'd by fruit of basest quality. Shakesp. Henry V.

To BE'RRY. v. n. [from the noun.] To bear berries.

BE'RRY-BEARING Cedar. [cedrus baccifera.]
The leaves are squamose, somewhat like those of the cypress.
The katkins, or male flowers, are produced at remote distances
from the fruit on the same tree. The fruit is a berry, inclos­
ing three hard seeds in each. The species are, 1. The yellow
berry-bearing cedar. 2. The Phœnician cedar. These trees are
propagated by sowing their berries, which are brought from the
Streights, in boxes of light sandy earth; but they are at pre­
sent very rare, and only to be found in some curious old collec­
tions. The wood is of great use in the Levant, is large tim­
ber, and may be thought the shittim-wood mentioned in the
Scripture, of which many of the ornaments to the famous tem­
ple of Solomon were made. It is accounted excellent for carv­
ing, and esteemed equal almost to any sort of timber for its
durableness. Millar.

BE'RRY-BEARING Orach.  See MULBERRY BLIGHT.

BERT, is the same with our bright; in the Latin, illustris and
clarus. So Ecbert, eternally famous, or bright; Sigbert, famous
conquerour. And she who was termed by the Germans Bertha,
was by the Greeks called Eudoxia, as is observed by Lintprandus.
Of the same sort were these, Phædrus, Epihanius, Photius,
Lampridius, Fulgentius, Illustrius. Gibson's Camden.

BERTH. n. s. [with sailors.] See BIRTH.

BE'RTRAM. n. s. [pyrethrum, Lat.] A sort of herb, called also
bastard pellitory.

BE'RYL. n. s. [beryllus, Lat.] A kind of precious stone.
May thy billows roul ashore
The beryl and the golden ore. Milton.
The beryl of our lapidaries is only a fine sort of cornelian,
of a more deep bright red, sometimes with a cast of yellow,
and more transparent than the common cornelian.
Woodward's Method of Fossils.


BES

To BESCRE'EN. v. a. [from screen.] To cover with a screen;
to shelter; to conceal.
What man art thou, that thus bescreen'd in night,
So stumblest on my counsel? Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

To BESE'ECH. v. a. pret. I besought, I have besought. [from se­
can, Sax. versoeken, Dutch.]
1. To entreat; to supplicate; to implore; sometimes before a
person.
I beseech you, Sir, pardon me; it is only a letter from my
brother, that I have not all over-read. Shakesp. King Lear.
I beseech thee for my son Onesimus, whom I have begotten in
my bonds. Philemon, 10.
I, in the anguish of my heart, beseech you
To quit the dreadful purpose of your soul. Addison's Cato.
2. To beg; to ask; before a thing.
But Eve fell humble, and besought
His peace, and thus proceeded in her plaint. Par. Lost, b. x.
Before I come to them, I beseech your patience, whilst I
speak something to ourselves here present. Sprat.

To BESE'EM. v. n. [beziemen, Dutch.] To become; to be fit;
to be decent for.
What form of speech, or behaviour, beseemeth us in our pray­
ers to Almighty God? Hooker, b. v. § 34.
This oversight
Beseems thee not, in whom such virtues spring.
Fairfax, b. i. stanz. 78.
Verona's ancient citizens
Cast by their brave beseeming ornaments.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
What thoughts he had, beseems not me to say;
Though some surmise he went to fast and pray. Dryden.

BESE'EN. particip. [from besie. Skinner. This word I have only
found in Spenser.] Adapted; adjusted; becoming.
Forth came that ancient lord and aged queen,
Armed in antique robes down to the ground,
And sad habiliments, right well beseen. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To BESE'T. v. a. pret. I beset; I have beset. [besittan, Sax.]
1. To besiege; to hem in; to inclose, as with a siege.
Follow him that's fled;
The thicket is beset, he cannot 'scape. Shakes. T. G. of Ver.
Now, Cæsar, let thy troops beset our gates,
And barr each avenue———
Cato shall open to himself a passage. Addison's Cato.
I know thou look'st on me, as on a wretch
Beset with ills, and cover'd with misfortunes. Addis. Cato.
2. To embarrass; to perplex; to entangle without any means of
escape.
Now, daughter Sylvia, you are hard beset.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Thus Adam, sore beset, reply'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Sure, or I read her visage much amiss,
Or grief besets her hard. Rowe's Jane Shore.
We be in this world beset with sundry uneasinesses, distracted
with different desires. Locke.
3. To waylay; to surround.
Draw forth thy weapon; we're beset with thieves;
Rescue thy mistress. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The only righteous in a world perverse,
And therefore hated, therefore so beset
With foes, for daring single to be just. Paradise Lost, b. xi.
True fortitude I take to be the quiet possession of a man's self,
and an undisturbed doing his duty, whatever evil besets, or dan­
ger lies in his way. Locke.
4. To fall upon; to harrass.
But they him spying, both with greedy force
At once upon him ran, and him beset
With strokes of mortal steel. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. ii.

To BESHRE'W. v. a. [The original of this word is somewhat ob­
scure; as it evidently implies to wish ill, some derive it from
beschryen, Germ. to enchant. Topsel, in his Book of Animals,
deduces it from the shrew mouse, an animal, says he, so poiso­
nous, that its bite is a severe curse. A shrew likewise signifies
a scolding woman; but its origin is not known.]
1. To wish a curse to.
Nay, quoth the cock; but I beshrew us both,
If I believe a saint upon his oath. Dryden's Fables.
2. To happen ill to.
Beshrew thee, cousin, which did'st lead me forth
Of that sweet way I was in to despair. Shakesp. Richard II.
Now much beshrew my manners, and my pride,
If Hermia meant to say Lysander lied. Shakesp.

BESI'DE. prep. [from be and side.]

BESI'DES. prep. [from be and side.]
1. At the side of another; near.
Beside the hearse a fruitful palmtree grows,
Ennobled since by this great funeral. Fairfax, b. iii. st. 72.
He caused me to sit down beside him. Bacon's N. Atlantis.
At his right hand, Victory
Sat eagle-wing'd: beside him hung his bow. Par. Lost, b. vi.
Fair Lavinia fled the fire
Before the gods, and stood beside her sire. Dryden's Æneid.
Fair is the kingcup that in meadow blows;
Fair is the daisy that beside her grows. Gay's Pastorals.
Now under hanging mountains,
Beside the falls of fountains,
Unheard, unknown,
He makes his moan. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
2. Over and above.
Doubtless, in man there is a nature found,
Beside the senses, and above them far. Sir J. Davies.
In brutes, besides the exercise of sensitive perception and
imagination, there are lodged instincts antecedent to their ima­
ginative faculty. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
We may be sure there were great numbers of wise and
learned men, beside those whose names are in the christian re­
cords, who took care to examine our Saviour's history.
Addison on the Christian Religion.
Precepts of morality, besides the natural corruption of our
tempers, are abstracted from ideas of sense.
Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
3. Not according to, though not contrary; as we say, some
things are beside nature, some are contrary to nature.
The Stoicks did hold a necessary connexion of causes; but
they believed, that God doth act præter & contra naturam, be­


sides and against nature. Bramhall against Hobbes.
To say a thing is a chance, as it relates to second causes, sig­
nifies no more, than that there are some events beside the know­
ledge, purpose, expectation, and power of second causes. South.
Providence often disposes of things by a method beside, and
above the discoveries of man's reason. South.
It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this specula­
tion. Locke.
4. Out of; in a state of deviating from.
You are too wilful blame,
And, since your coming here, have done
Enough to put him quite besides his patience. Shakesp. H. IV.
Of vagabonds we say,
That they are ne'er beside their way. Hudibras, cant. i.
These may serve as landmarks, to shew what lies in the di­
rect way of truth, or is quite besides it. Locke.
5. Before a reciprocal pronoun, out of; as, beside himself; out of
the order of rational beings; out of his wits.
They be carried besides themselves, to whom the dignity of
publick prayer doth not discover somewhat more fitness in men
of gravity, than in children. Hooker, b. ii. § 31.
Only be patient, till we have appeas'd
The multitude, beside themselves with fear. Shakesp. J. Cæs.
Festus said with a loud voice, Paul, thou art beside thyself:
much learning doth make thee mad. Acts, xxvi. 24.

BESIDE. adv. BESIDES. adv. 
1. More than that; over and above.
If Cassio do remain,
He hath a daily beauty in his life,
That makes me ugly; and, besides, the Moor
May unfold me to him; there stand I in peril. Othello.
Besides, you know not, while you here attend,
Th' unworthy fate of your unhappy friend. Dryden's Æn.
That man that doth not know those things, which are of ne­
cessity for him to know, is but an ignorant man, whatever he
may know besides. Tillotson, serm. i.
Some wondered, that the Turk never attacks this treasury.
But, besides, that he has attempted it formerly with no success,
it is certain the Venetians keep too watchful an eye.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. Not in this number; beyond this class; not included here.
And the men said unto Lot, hast thou here any besides?
Genesis, xix. 12.
Outlaws and robbers, who break with all the world besides,
must keep faith among themselves. Locke.
All that we feel of it, begins and ends
In the small circle of our foes or friends;
To all beside as much an empty shade,
An Eugene living, as a Cæsar dead. Pope's Essay on Man.
And dead, as living, 'tis our author's pride
Still to charm those who charm the world beside. Pope.

BESI'DERY. n. s. A species of pear, which see.

To BESI'EGE. v. a. [from siege.] To beleaguer; to lay siege
to; to beset with armed forces; to endeavour to win a town
or fortress, by surrounding it with an army, and forcing the
defendants, either by violence or famine, to give admission.
And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and
fenced walls come down. Deut. xxviii. 52.
The queen, with all the northern earls and lords,
Intend here to besiege you in your castle. Shakesp. Henry VI.

BESI'EGER. n. s. [from besiege.] One employed in a siege.
There is hardly a town taken, in the common forms, where
the besiegers have not the worse of the bargain. Swift.

To BESLU'BBER. v. a. [from slubber.] To dawb; to smear.
He persuaded us to tickle our noses with speargrass, and make
them bleed; and then beslubber our garments with it, and swear
it was the blood of true men. Shakesp. Henry IV.

To BESME'AR. v. a. [from smear.]
1. To bedawb; to overspread with something that sticks on.
He lay as in a dream of deep delight,
Besmear'd with precious balm, whose virtuous might
Did heal his wounds. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. ii.
That face of his I do remember well;
Yet when I saw it last, it was besmear'd
As black as Vulcan. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
First Moloch! horrid king! besmear'd with blood
Of human sacrifice, and parents tears. Paradise Lost, b. i.
Her fainting hand let fall the sword, besmear'd
With blood. Sir J. Denham.
Her gushing blood the pavement all besmear'd. Dryden.
2. To soil; to foul.
My honour would not let ingratitude
So much besmear it. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

To BESMI'RCH. v. a. To soil; to discolour.
Perhaps he loves you now,
And now no soil of cautel doth besmirch
The virtue of his will. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Our gayness, and our gilt, are all besmirch'd
With rainy marching in the painful field. Shakesp. Henry V.

To BESMO'KE. v. a. [from smoke.]
1. To foul with smoke.
2. To harden or dry in smoke.

To BESMU'T. v. a. [from smut.] To blacken with smoke or soot.

BE'SOM. n. s. [besm, besma, Saxon.] An instrument to sweep
with.
Bacon commended an old man that sold besoms: a proud
young fellow came to him for a besom upon trust; the old man
said, borrow of thy back and belly, they will never ask thee a­
gain; I shall dun thee every day. Bacon's Apophthegms.
I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the Lord
of hosts. Isaiah, xiv. 22.

To BESO'RT. v. a. [from sort.] To suit; to fit; to become.
Such men as may besort your age,
And know themselves and you. Shakesp. King Lear.

BESO'RT. n. s. [from the verb.] Company; attendance; train.
I crave fit disposition for my wife,
With such accommodation and besort,
As levels with her breeding. Shakesp. Othello.

To BESO'T. v. a. [from sot.]
1. To infatuate; to stupify; to dull; to take away the senses.
Swinish gluttony
Ne'er looks to heav'n amidst his gorgeous feast,
But, with besotted base ingratitude,
Crams and blasphemes his feeder. Milton.
Or fools besotted with their crimes,
That know not how to shift betimes. Hudibras, p. iii. c. ii.
He is besotted, and has lost his reason; and what then can
there be for religion to take hold of him by. South.
2. To make to doat.
Paris, you speak
Like one besotted on your sweet delights.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Trust not thy beauty; but restore the prize,
Which he, besotted on that face and eyes,
Would rend from us. Dryden's Fables.

BESO'UGHT. [part. passive of beseech; which see.]
Hasten to appease
Th' incensed Father, and th' incensed Son,
While pardon may be found, in time besought.
Milt. Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 848.

To BESPA'NGLE. v. a. [from spangle.] To adorn with span­
gles; to besprinkle with something shining.
Not Berenice's locks first rose so bright,
The heav'ns bespangling with dishevell'd light. Pope.

To BESPA'TTER. v. a. [from spatter.] To soil by throwing
filth; to spot or sprinkle with dirt or water.
Those who will not take vice into their bosoms, shall yet
have it bespatter their faces. Government of the Tongue, § 5.
His weapons are the same which women and children use;
a pin to scratch, and a squirt to bespatter. Swift, lett. lxix.
Fair Britain, in the monarch blest,
Whom never faction could bespatter. Swift.

To BESPA'WL. v. a. [from spawl.] To dawb with spittle.

To BESPE'AK. v. a. I bespoke, or bespake; I have bespoke, or be­
spoken. [from speak.]
1. To order, or entreat any thing beforehand, or against a future
time.
If you will marry, make your loves to me;
My lady is bespoke. Shakesp. King Lear.
Here is the cap your worship did bespeak.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
When Baboon came to Strutt's estate, his tradesmen waited
upon him, to bespeak his custom. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
A heavy writer was to be encouraged, and accordingly many
thousand copies were bespoke. Swift.
2. To make way by a previous apology.
My preface looks as if I were afraid of my reader, by so te­
dious a bespeaking of him. Dryden.
3. To forebode; to tell something beforehand.
Thy started fears bespoke dangers, and formed ominous prog­
nosticks, in order to scare the allies. Swift, Examin. No 45.
4. To speak to; to address. This sense is chiefly poetical.
With hearty words her knight she 'gan to chear,
And, in her modest manner, thus bespake,
Dear knight. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. i. stanz. 8.
At length with indignation thus he broke
His awful silence, and the powers bespoke. Dryden.
Then staring on her with a ghastly look,
And hollow voice, he thus the queen bespoke. Dryden.
5. To betoken; to shew.
When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little of
the figure of a man, that it bespoke him rather a monster. Locke.
He has dispatch'd me hence,
With orders that bespeak a mind compos'd. Addison's Cato.

BESPE'AKER. n. s. [from bespeak.] He that bespeaks any thing.
They mean not with love to the bespeaker of the work, but
delight in the work itself. Wotton's Architecture.

To BESPE'CKLE. v. a. [from speckle.] To mark with speckles,
or spots.

To BESPE'W. v. a. [from spew.] To dawb with spew or vomit.

To BESPI'CE. v. a. [from spice.] To season with spices.
Thou might'st bespice a cup
To give mine enemy a lasting wink. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.



To BESPI'T. v. a.  I bespat, or bespit; I have bespit, or bespitten.
[from spit.] To dawb with spittle.

BESPO'KE. [irreg. particip. from bespeak; which see.]

To BESPO'T. v. a. [from spot.] To mark with spots.
Mildew rests on the wheat, bespotting the stalks with a dif­
ferent colour from the natural. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To BESPRE'AD. v. a. [from spread.] To spread over; to co­
ver over.
His nuptial bed,
With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers bespread.
Dryden.
The globe is equally bespread; so that no place wants proper
inhabitants. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To BESPRI'NKLE. v. a. [from sprinkle.] To sprinkle over; to
scatter over.
He indeed, imitating the father poet, whose life he had also
written, hath besprinkled his work with many fabulosities.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 8.
A purple flood
Flows from the trunk, that welters in the blood:
The bed besprinkles, and bedews the ground. Dryden.

To BESPU'TTER. v. a. [from sputter.] To sputter over some­
thing; to dawb any thing by sputtering, or throwing out spit­
tle upon it.

BEST. adj. the superlative from good. [bet, betera, betst, good,
better, best, Saxon.]
1. Most good; that which has good qualities in the highest de­
gree.
And he will take your fields, even the best of them, and give
them to his servants. 1 Samuel, viii. 14.
When the best things are not possible, the best may be made
of those that are. Hooker, b. v. § 9.
When he is best, he is a little more than a man; and when
he is worst, he is a little better than a beast. Shakesp. M. of Ven.
I think it a good argument to say, the infinitely wise God
hath made it so: and therefore it is best. But it is too much
confidence of our own wisdom, to say, I think it best, and
therefore God hath made it so. Locke.
An evil intention perverts the best actions, and makes them
sins. Addison. Spectator, No 213.
2. The best. The utmost power; the strongest endeavour; the
most; the highest perfection.
I profess not talking: only this,
Let each man do his best. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
The duke did his best to come down. Bacon's War with Sp.
He does this to the best of his power. Locke.
My friend, said he, our sport is at the best. Addis. Ovid.
3. To make the best. To carry to its greatest perfection; to im­
prove to the utmost.
Let there be freedom to carry their commodities where they
may make the best of them, except there be some special cause
of caution. Bacon.
His father left him an hundred drachmas; Alnaschar, in or­
der to make the best of it, laid it out in glasses. Addison. Spect.
We set sail, and made the best of our way, till we were
forced, by contrary winds, into St. Remo. Addison on Italy.

BEST. adv. [from well.] In the highest degree of goodness.
He shall dwell in that place where he shall choose in one of
thy gates, where it liketh him best. Deut. xxiii. 16.

BEST is sometimes used in composition.
These latter best-be-trust-spies had some of them further in­
structions, to draw off the best friends and servants of Perkin,
by making remonstrances to them, how weakly his enterprize
and hopes were built. Bacon's Henry VII.
By this law of loving even our enemies, the christian religion
discovers itself to be the most generous and bestnatured institu­
tion that ever was in the world. Tillotson, sermon v.

To BESTA'IN. v. a. [from stain.] To mark with stains; to
spot.
We will not line his thin bestained cloke
With our pure honours. Shakesp. King John.

To BESTE'AD. v. a. I bested; I have bested. [from stead.]
1. To profit.
Hence vain deluding joys,
The brood of folly, without father bred,
How little you bestead,
Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys. Milton.
2. To treat; to accommodate.
And they shall pass through it hardly bestead, and hungry.
Isaiah, viii. 21.

BE'STIAL. adj. [from beast.]
1. Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts.
His wild disorder'd walk, his haggard eyes,
Did all the bestial citizens surprize. Dryden's Hind and P.
2. Having the qualities of beasts; brutal; below the dignity of
reason or humanity; carnal.
I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is
bestial. Shakesp. Othello.
Moreover, urge his hateful luxury,
And bestial appetite, in change of lust. Shakesp. Rich. III.
For those, the race of Israel oft forsook
Their living strength, and, unfrequented, left
His righteous altar, bowing lowly down
To bestial gods. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 435.
The things promised are not gross and carnal, such as may
court and gratify the most bestial part of us. Decay of Piety.

BESTIA'LIITY. n. s. [from bestial.] The quality of beasts; de­
generacy from human nature.
What can be a greater absurdity, than to affirm bestiality to
be the essence of humanity, and darkness the center of light?
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

BE'STIALLY. adv. [from bestial.] Brutally; in a manner be­
low humanity.

To BESTI'CK. v. a. preter. I bestuck, I have bestuck. [from stick.]
To stick over with any thing; to mark any thing by infixing
points or spots here and there.
Truth shall retire,
Bestuck with sland'rous darts; and works of faith
Rarely be found. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 536.

To BESTI'R. v. a. [from stir.]
1. To put into vigorous action. It is seldom used otherwise than
with the reciprocal pronoun.
As when men wont to watch
On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread,
Rouze and bestir themselves ere well awake. Milton.
Bestirs her then, and from each tender stalk
Whatever earth, all-bearing mother, yields,
She gathers. Par. Lost, b. v.
But, as a dog that turns the spit,
Bestirs himself, and plies his feet
To climb the wheel, but all in vain,
His own weight brings him down again. Hudibras, p. ii. c. iii.
What aileth them, that they must needs bestir themselves to
get in air, to maintain the creature's life? Ray on Creation.
2. It is used by Shakespeare with a common word.
I am scarce in breath, my lord.—No marvel you have so be­
stirred your valour, you cowardly rascal! Shakesp. King Lear.

To BESTO'W. v. a. [besteden, Dutch.]
1. To give; to confer upon.
All men would willingly have yielded him praise; but his
nature was such as to bestow it upon himself, before any could
give it. Sidney.
All the dedicate things of the house of the Lord did they be­
stow upon Baalim. 2 Chron. xxiv. 7.
Sir Julius Cæsar had, in his office, the disposition of the six
clarks places; which he had bestowed to such persons as he
thought fit. Clarendon.
2. To give as charity.
Our Saviour doth plainly witness, that there should not be
as much as a cup of cold water bestowed for his sake, without re­
ward. Hooker, b. ii. § 8.
And though he was unsatisfied in getting,
Which was a sin; yet in bestowing, madam,
He was most princely. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Spain to your gift alone her Indies owes;
For what the pow'rful takes not, he bestows. Dryden.
You always exceed expectations: as if yours was not your
own, but to bestow on wanting merit. Dryden's Fables, Ded.
3. To give in marriage.
Good rev'rend father, make my person yours;
And tell me how you would bestow yourself. Shakesp.
I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman, who ex­
tremely admired her. Tatler, No 75.
4. To give as a present.
Pure oil and incense on the fire they throw,
And fat of victims which his friends bestow. Dryden.
5. To apply.
The sea was not the duke of Marlborough's element; other­
wise the whole force of the war would infallibly have been be­
stowed there. Swift.
6. To lay out upon.
And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul
lusteth after, for oxen, for sheep, or for wine. Deut. xiv. 26.
7. To lay up; to stow; to place.
And when he came to the tower, he took them from their
hand, and bestowed them in the house. 2 Kings, v. 24.

BESTO'WER. n. s. [from bestow.] Giver; he that confers any
thing; disposer.
They all agree in making one supreme God; and that there
are several beings that are to be worshipped under him; some as
the bestowers of thrones, but subordinate to the Supreme. Stillingfl.

BESTRA'UGHT. particip. [Of this participle I have not found the
verb; by analogy we may derive it from bestract; perhaps it is
corrupted from distraught.] Distracted; mad; out of one's
senses; out of one's wits.
Ask Marian, the fat alewife, if she knew me not. What!
I am not bestraught. Shakesp. Tam. the Shrew.

To BESTRE'W. v. a. particip. pass. bestrewed, or bestrown. [from
strew.] To sprinkle over.
So thick bestrown,
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood. Par. Lost, b. i.

To BESTRI'DE. v. a. I bestrid; I have bestrid, or bestridden. [from
stride.]
1. To stride over any thing; to have any thing between one's legs.


Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a colossus. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Make him bestride the ocean, and mankind
Ask his consent, to use the sea and wind. Waller.
2. To step over.
That I see thee here,
Thou noble thing! more dances my rapt heart,
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
3. It is often used of riding.
He bestrides the lazy pacing clouds,
And sails upon the bosom of the air. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
That horse, that thou so often hast bestrid:
That horse, that I so carefully have dress'd. Shakesp. R. II.
Venetians do not more uncouthly ride,
Than did their lubber state mankind bestride. Dryden.
The bounding steed you pompously bestride,
Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride. Pope.
4. It is used sometimes of a man standing over something which
he defends.
He bestrid
An o'erpress'd Roman, and i' th' consul's view
Slew three opposers: Tarquin's self he met,
And struck him on his knee. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Let us rather
Hold fast the mortal sword; and, like good men,
Bestride our downfaln birthdom. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If thou see me down in the battle, and bestride me, so; 'tis
a point of friendship. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
He doth bestride a bleeding land,
Gasping for life, under great Bolingbroke. Shak. Henry IV.

To BESTU'D. v. a. [from stud.] To adorn with studs, or shin­
ing prominences.
Th' unsought diamonds
Would so emblaze the forehead of the deep,
And so bestud with stars, that they below
Would grow inur'd to light. Milton.


BET

BET. n. s. [weddian, to wager; wed, a wager, Sax. from which
the etymologists derive bet. I should rather imagine it to come
from betan, to mend, encrease, or better, as a bet encreases the
original wager.] A wager; something laid to be won upon
certain conditions.
The hoary fool, who many days
Has struggl'd with continu'd sorrow,
Renews his hope, and blindly lays
The desp'rate bet upon tomorrow. Prior.
His pride was in piquette,
Newmarket fame, and judgment at a bet. Pope.

To BET. v. a. [from the noun.] To wager; to stake at a
wager.
He drew a good bow: and dead? John of Gaunt loved him
well, and betted much upon his head. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
He flies the court for want of clothes,
Cries out 'gainst cocking, since he cannot bet. B. Johnson.
The god, unhappily engag'd,
Complain'd, and sigh'd, and cry'd, and fretted,
Lost ev'ry earthly thing he betted. Prior.

BET. The old preterite of beat.
He staid for a better hour, till the hammer had wrought and
bet the party more pliant. Bacon's Henry VII.

To BETA'KE. v. a. preter. I betook; part. pass. betaken. [from
take.]
1. To take; to seize: an obsolete sense.
Then to his hands that writ he did betake,
Which he disclosing read. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. xii. st. 25.
2. To have recourse to; with the reciprocal pronoun.
The adverse party betaking itself to such practices as men em­
brace, when they behold things brought to desperate extremi­
ties. Hooker, b. iv. § 14.
Thou tyrant!
Do not repent these things; for they are heavier
Than all thy woes can stir: therefore betake thee
To nothing but despair. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The rest, in imitation, to like arms
Betook them, and the neighb'ring hills up tore.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 663.
3. To apply; with the reciprocal pronoun.
With ease such fond chimeras we pursue,
As fancy frames for fancy to subdue:
But when ourselves to action we betake,
It shuns the mint, like gold that chymists make. Dryden.
As my observations have been the light whereby I have hi­
therto steer'd my course, so I here betake myself to them again.
Woodward's Natural History.
4. To move; to remove.
Soft she withdrew; and, like a wood nymph light,
Oread or Dryad, or of Delia's train,
Betook her to the groves. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 389.
They both betook them several ways;
Both to destroy. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 610.

To BETE'EM. v. a. [from teem.] To bring forth; to bestow;
to give.
So would I, said th' enchanter, glad and fain
Beteem to you his sword, you to defend;
But that this weapon's pow'r I well have kend,
To be contrary to the work that ye intend. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Belike for want of rain; which I could well
Beteem them from the tempest of mine eyes.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.

To BETHI'NK. v. a. I bethought; I have bethought. [from think.]
To recal to reflection; to bring back to consideration, or re­
collection. It is generally used with the reciprocal pronoun,
and of before the subject of thought.
They were sooner in danger than they could almost bethink
themselves of change. Sidney, b. ii.
I have bethought me of another fault. Shak. Meas. for M.
I, better bethinking myself, and misliking his determination,
gave him this order. Raleigh's Essays.
He himself,
Insatiable of glory, had lost all:
Yet of another plea bethought him soon. Parad. Regained.
The nets were laid, yet the birds could never bethink them­
selves, till hamper'd, and past recovery. L'Estrange.
Cherippus, then in time yourself bethink,
And what your rags will yield by auction sink. Dryden.
A little consideration may allay his heat, and make him be­
think himself, whether this attempt be worth the venture. Locke.

BE'THLEHEM. n. s. [See BEDLAM.] An hospital for lu­
naticks.

BE'THLEHEMITE. n. s. [See BEDLAMITE.] A lunatick; an
inhabitant of a madhouse.

BETHO'UGHT. particip. [from bethink; which see.]

To BETHRA'L. v. a. [from thrall.] To enslave; to conquer;
to bring into subjection.
Ne let that wicked woman 'scape away,
For she it is that did my lord bethral. Shakesp. King John.

To BETHU'MP. v. a. [from thump.] To beat; to lay blows
upon: a ludicrous word.
I was never so bethumpt with words,
Since first I call'd my brother's father dad. Shak. King John.

To BETI'DE. v. n.  pret. It betided, or betid; part. pass. betid.
[from tid, Sax. See TIDE.]
1. To happen to; to befal; to bechance; whether good or bad.
Said he then to the Palmer, reverend sire,
What great misfortune hath betid this knight? Fairy Queen.
But say, if our deliverer up to heav'n
Must reascend, what will betide the few,
His faithful, left among th' unfaithful herd,
The enemies of truth? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 480.
2. Sometimes it has to.
Neither know I,
What is betid to Cloten; but remain
Perplext in all. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. To come to pass; to fall out; to happen.
She, when her turn was come her tale to tell,
Told of a strange adventure that betided,
Betwixt the fox and th' ape by him misguided. Spens. Hubb.
In winter's tedious nights, sit by the fire
With good old folks, and let them tell thee tales
Of woful ages, long ago betid. Shakesp. Richard II.
Let me hear from thee by letters,
Of thy success in love; and what news else
Betideth here in absence of thy friend. Sh. Two Gent. of Ver.
4. To become.
If he were dead, what would betide of thee? Sh. Rich. III.

BETI'ME. adv. [from by and time; that is, by the proper
time.]

BETI'MES. adv. [from by and time; that is, by the proper
time.]
1. Seasonably; early.
Send succours, lords, and stop the rage betime.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
To measure life, learn thou betimes, and know
Toward solid good what leads the nearest way. Par. Reg.
2. Soon; before long time has passed.
Whiles they are weak, betimes with them contend;
For when they once to perfect strength do grow,
Strong wars they make. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. iv. st. 34.
He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes. Sh. Rich. II.
There be some have an over early ripeness in their years,
which fadeth betimes: these are first, such as have brittle wits,
the edge whereof is soon turned. Bacon's Essays.
Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth; that is,
enter upon a religious course betimes. Tillotson, sermon i.
Short is the date, alas! of modern rhymes;
And 'tis but just to let them live betimes. Pope's Essay on Crit.
3. Early in the day.
He that drinks all night, and is hanged betimes in the morn­
ing, may sleep the sounder next day. Sh. Measure for Measure.
They rose betimes in the morning, and offered sacrifice.
1 Macc. iv. 52.

BE'TLE. n. s. An Indian plant, called water pepper. Dict.

BE'TRE. n. s. An Indian plant, called water pepper. Dict.

To BETO'KEN. v. a. [from token.]
1. To signify; to mark; to represent.
We know not wherefore churches should be the worse, if, at


this time, when they are delivered into God's own possession,
ceremonies fit to betoken such intents, and to accompany such
actions, be usual. Hooker, b. v. § 12.
2. To foreshew; to presignify.
The kindling azure, and the mountain's brow,
Illum'd with fluid gold, his near approach
Betoken glad. Thomson's Summer, l. 80.

BE'TONY. n. s. [betonica, Lat.] A plant.
The leaves are green, rough, and crenated on the edges: the
flowers are disposed in a spike; the upper crest of the flower is
advanced, and divided into two segments; the beard, or lower
part of the flower, is divided into three, and the middle seg­
ment is bifid; each flower is, for the most part, succeeded by
four naked seeds. The species are, 1. Common or wood be­
tony. 2. Betony, with a white flower. 3. Greater Danish betony.
The first is very common in woods and shady places, and is
greatly esteemed as a vulnerary herb. Millar.

BETO'OK. [irreg. pret. from betake; which see.]

To BETO'SS. v. a. [from toss.] To disturb; to agitate; to put
into violent motion.
What said my man, when my betossed soul
Did not attend him as we rode? Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

To BETRA'Y. v. a. [trahir, Fr.]
1. To give into the hands of enemies by treachery, or breach of
trust.
If ye be come to betray me to mine enemies, seeing there is
no wrong in mine hands, the God of our fathers look thereon,
and rebuke it. 1 Chron. xii. 17.
Jesus said unto them, the Son of man shall be betrayed into
the hands of men. Matt. xvii. 22.
For fear is nothing else but a betraying of the succours which
reason offereth. Wisdom, xvii. 12.
He was not to be won, either by promise or reward, to be­
tray the city. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. To discover that which has been entrusted to secrecy.
3. To make known something that were better concealed.
Be swift to hear, but be cautious of your tongue, left you
betray your ignorance. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. To make liable to fall into something inconvenient.
His abilities created in him great confidence; and this was
like enough to betray him to great errours, and many enemies.
King Charles.
The bright genius is ready to be so forward, as often betrays
itself into great errours in judgment. Watts.
5. To show; to discover; in a neutral sense.
The Veian and the Gabian tow'rs shall fall,
And one promiscuous ruin cover all;
Nor, after length of years, a stone betray
The place where once the very ruins lay. Addison on Italy.

BETRA'YER. n. s. [from betray.] He that betrays; a traitor.
The wise man doth so say of fear, that it is a betrayer of the
forces of reasonable understanding. Hooker, b. v. § 3.
You cast down your courage through fear, the betrayer of
all succours which reason can afford. Sir J. Hayward.
They are only a few betrayers of their country; they are to
purchase coin, perhaps, at half price, and vend it among us to
the ruin of the publick. Swift.

To BETRI'M. v. a. [from trim.] To deck; to dress; to grace;
to adorn; to embellish; to beautify; to decorate.
Thy banks with pionied and tulip'd brims,
Which spungy April at thy hest betrims,
To make cold nymphs chaste crowns. Shakesp. Tempest.

To BETRO'TH. v. a. [from troth; betrowen, Dutch.]
1. To contract to any one, in order to marriage; to affiance.
He, in the first flower of my freshest age,
Betrothed me unto the only heir
Of a most mighty king, most rich and sage. Fairy Q. b. i.
To her, my lord,
Was I betrothed, ere I Hermia saw. Shakesp. Midsum. N. Dr.
By soul's publick promise she
Was sold then, and betroth'd to Victory. Cowley's Davideis.
2. To unite any one to another by promise of marriage.
And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife, and hath
not taken her? let him go and return unto his house.
Deut. xx. 7.
3. To nominate to a bishoprick, in order to consecration.
If any person be consecrated a bishop to that church, where­
unto he was not before betrothed, he shall not receive the habit
of consecration, as not being canonically promoted. Ayliffe.

To BETRU'ST. v. a. [from trust.] To entrust; to put into the
power of another, in confidence of fidelity.
Betrust him with all the good, which our own capacity will
allow us, or his sufficiency encourage us to hope for, either in
this life, or that to come. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 5.
Whatsoever you would betrust to your memory, let it be
disposed in a proper method. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

BE'TTER. adj. The comparative of good. [bet, good, betera, better,
Sax.] Having good qualities in a greater degree than some­
thing else. See GOOD.
He has a horse better than the Neapolitan's; a better bad
habit of frowning than the count Palatine.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
I have seen better faces in my time,
Than stand on any shoulders that I see
Before me at this instant. Shakesp. King Lear.
Having a desire to depart, and be with Christ; which is far
better. Phil. i. 23.

The BETTER. 
1. The superiority; the advantage; with the particle of before
him, or that, over which the advantage is gained.
The Corinthians that morning, as the days before, had the
better. Sidney, b. ii.
The voyage of Drake and Hawkins was unfortunate; yet,
in such sort, as doth not break our prescription, to have had
the better of the Spaniards. Bacon's War with Spain.
Dionysius, his countryman, in an epistle to Pompey, after
an express comparison, affords him the better of Thucydides.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 8.
You think fit
To get the better of me, and you shall;
Since you will have it so—I will be yours. Southerne.
The gentleman had always so much the better of the satyrist,
that the persons touched did not know where to fix their re­
sentment. Prior, Preface to his Poems.
2. Improvement; as, for the better, so as to improve it
If I have altered him any where for the better, I must at the
same time acknowledge, that I could have done nothing with­
out him. Dryden's Fab. Preface.

BE'TTER. adv. [comparative of well.] Well, in a greater degree.
Then it was better with me than now. Hos. vii.
Better a mechanick rule were stretched or broken, than a
great beauty were omitted. Dryd. Virg. Dedication.
The better to understand the extent of our knowledge, one
thing is to be observed. Locke.
He that would know the idea of infinity, cannot do better,
than by considering to what infinity is attributed. Locke.

To BE'TTER. v. a. [from the noun]
1. To improve; to meliorate.
The very cause of his taking upon him our nature, was to
better the quality, and to advance the condition thereof.
Hooker, b. viii. § 54.
He is furnished with my opinion, which is bettered with his
own learning. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Heir to all his lands and goods,
Which I have better'd, rather than decreas'd.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
But Jonathan, to whom both hearts were known,
With well-tim'd zeal, and with an artful care,
Restor'd, and better'd soon, the nice affair. Cowley's David.
The church of England, the purest and best reformed
church in the world; so well reformed, that it will be found
easier to alter than to better its constitution. South.
The Romans took pains to hew out a passage for these lakes,
to discharge themselves, for the bettering of the air. Addison.
2. To surpass; to exceed.
The works of nature do always aim at that which cannot
be bettered. Hooker, b. i. § 5.
He hath born himself beyond the promise of his age; he
hath, indeed, better bettered expectation, than you must expect
of me to tell you. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
What you do
Still betters what is done; when you speak sweet,
I'd have you do it ever. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. To advance.
The king thought his honour would suffer, during a treaty,
to better a party. Bacon's Henry VII.

BE'TTER. n. s. [from the adjective.] Superiour in good­
ness.
Their betters would be hardly found, if they did not live a­
mong men, but in a wilderness by themselves. Hooker, b. i.
The courtesy of nations allows you my better, in that you
are the first-born. Shakesp. As you like it.
That ye thus hospitably live,
Is mighty grateful to your betters,
And makes e'en gods themselves your debtors. Prior.
I have some gold and silver by me, and shall be able to make
a shift, when many of my betters are starving. Swift.

BE'TTOR. n. s. [from to bet.] One that lays betts or wa­
gers.
I observed a stranger among them, of a genteeler behaviour
than ordinary; but notwithstanding he was a very fair bettor,
nobody would take him up. Addison. Spectator, No 126.

BE'TTY. n. s. [probably a cant word, without etymology.] An
instrument to break open doors.
Record the stratagems, the arduous exploits, and the noctur­
nal scalades of needy heroes, describing the powerful betty, or
the artful picklock. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

BETWE'EN. prep. [betweonan, betwinan, Saxon; from the ori­
ginal word twa, two.]
1. In the intermediate space.
What modes
Of smell the headlong lioness between,
And hound sagacious on the tainted green? Pope.


2. From one to another; noting intercourse.
He should think himself unhappy, if things should go so be­
tween them, as he should not be able to acquit himself of in­
gratitude towards them both. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Belonging to two in partnership.
I ask, whether Castor and Pollux, with only one soul between
them, which thinks and perceives in one what the other is
never conscious of, are not two distinct persons? Locke.
4. Bearing relation to two.
If there be any discord or suits between them and any of the
family, they are compounded and appeased. Bacon's Atlantis.
Friendship requires, that it be between two at least; and there
can be no friendship where there are not two friends. South.
5. In separation, or distinction of one from the other.
Their natural constitutions put so wide a difference between
some men, that art would never master. Locke.
Children quickly distinguish between what is required of
them, and what not. Locke.
6. Between is properly used of two, and among of more; but per­
haps this accuracy is not always preserved.

BETWI'XT. prep. [betwyx, Saxon. It has the same signification
with between, and is indifferently used for it.]
1. In the midst of two:
Hard by, a cottage chimney smokes,
From betwixt two aged oaks. Milton.
Methinks, like two black storms on either hand,
Our Spanish army and your Indians stand;
This only place betwixt the clouds is clear. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
If contradicting interests could be mixt,
Nature herself has cast a bar betwixt. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
2. From one to another.
Five years since there was some speech of marriage
Betwixt myself and her. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

BE'VEL. n. s. In masonry and joinery, a kind of square, one
leg of which is frequently crooked, according to the
sweep of an arch or vault. It is moveable on a point or cen­
tre, and so may be set to any angle. An angle that is not
square, is called a bevil angle, whether it be more obtuse, or
more acute, than a right angle. Builder's Dict.

BE'VIL. n. s. In masonry and joinery, a kind of square, one
leg of which is frequently crooked, according to the
sweep of an arch or vault. It is moveable on a point or cen­
tre, and so may be set to any angle. An angle that is not
square, is called a bevil angle, whether it be more obtuse, or
more acute, than a right angle. Builder's Dict.
Their houses are very ill built, their walls bevil, without one
right angle in any apartment. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

To BE'VEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut to a bevel angle.
These rabbets are ground square; but the rabbets on the
groundsel are bevelled downwards, that rain may the freelier
fall off. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

BE'VER. See BEAVER.

BE'VERAGE. n. s. [from bevere, to drink, Ital.]
1. Drink; liquour to be drank in general.
I am his cupbearer;
If from me he have wholesome beverage,
Account me not your servant. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Grains, pulses, and all sorts of fruits, either bread or beverage,
may be made almost of all. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
A pleasant beverage he prepar'd before,
Of wine and honey mix'd. Dryden's Fables.
The coarse lean gravel on the mountain sides,
Scarce dewy bev'rage for the bees provides. Dryden's Virgil.
2. Beverage, or water cyder, is made by putting the mure into a
fat, adding water, as you desire it stronger or smaller. The
water should stand forty eight hours on it, before you press it;
when it is pressed, turn it up immediately. Mortimer's Husb.
3. A treat upon wearing a new suit of cloaths.
4. A treat at first coming into a prison, called also garnish.

BE'VY. n. s. [beva, Ital.]
1. A flock of birds.
2. A company; an assembly.
And in the midst thereof, upon the floor,
A lovely bevy of fair ladies sat,
Courted of many a jolly paramour. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. ix.
They on the plain
Long had not walk'd, when, from the tents, behold
A bevy of fair women. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 582.
Nor rode the nymph alone,
Around a bevy of bright damsels shone. Pope's Odyssey.


BEW

To BEWA'IL. v. a. [from wail.] To bemoan; to lament; to
express sorrow for.
In this city he
Hath widow'd and unchilded many a one,
Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thy ambition,
Thou scarlet sin, robb'd this bewailing land
Of noble Buckingham, my father in law. Shakesp. H. VIII.
Yet wiser Ennius gave command to all
His friends, not to bewail his funeral. Sir J. Denham.
I cannot but bewail, as in their first principles, the miseries
and calamities of our children. Addison. Spectator, No 127.

To BEWA'RE. v. n. [from be and ware, or wary; that is, cau­
tious: thus, in an old treatise, I have found, be ye ware. See
WARY. Gewarian, Saxon; warer, Danish.]
1. To regard with caution; to be suspicious of danger from: ge­
nerally the particle of goes before the thing which excites cau­
tion.
You must beware of drawing or painting clouds, winds, and
thunder, towards the bottom of your piece. Dryden's Dufres.
Every one ought to be very careful to beware what he ad­
mits for a principle. Locke.
Warn'd by the sylph, oh, pious maid, beware!
This to disclose is all thy guardian can;
Beware of all, but most beware of man. Pope's Rape of the L.
2. It is observable, that it is only used in such forms of speech as
admit the word be: thus we say, he may beware, let him beware,
he will beware; but not, he did beware, or he has been ware.

To BEWE'EP. v. a. [from weep.] To weep over or upon; to
bedew with tears.
Old fond eyes,
Beweep this cause again; I'll pluck ye out,
And cast you, with the waters that you lose,
To temper clay. Shakesp. King Lear.
Larded all with sweet flowers,
Which bewept to the grave did go,
With true love showers. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To BEWE'T. v. a. [from wet.] To wet; to moisten; to be­
dew; to water.
His napkin, with his true tears all bewet,
Can do no service on her sorrowful cheeks.
Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.

To BEWI'LDER. v. a. [from wild.] To lose in pathless places;
to confound for want of a plain road; to perplex; to entangle;
to puzzle.
We parted thus; I homeward sped my way,
Bewilder'd in the wood till dawn of day. Dryden's Fables.
We no solution of our question find;
Your words bewilder, not direct the mind. Blackmore.
Our understanding traces 'em in vain,
Lost and bewilder'd in the fruitless search. Addison's Cato.
It is good sometimes to lose and bewilder ourselves in such
studies. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To BEWI'TCH. v. a. [from witch.]
1. To injure by witchcraft, or fascination, or charms.
Look how I am bewitch'd; behold, mine arm
Is like a blasted sapling wither'd up. Shakesp. Richard III.
I have forsworn his company hourly this twenty year, and
yet I am bewitched with the rogue's company. If the rascal
has not given me medicines to make me love him, I'll be
hang'd. Shakesp. Henry IV.
My flocks are free from love, yet look so thin;
What magick has bewitch'd the woolly dams,
And what ill eyes beheld the tender lambs? Dryden's Virgil.
2. To charm; to please to such a degree, as to take away the
power of resistance.
Doth even beauty beautify,
And most bewitch the wretched eye. Sidney, b. ii.
The charms of poetry our souls bewitch;
The curse of writing is an endless itch. Dryden's Juvenal.
I do not know, by the character that is given of her works,
whether it is not for the benefit of mankind that they were
lost; they were filled with such bewitching tenderness and rap­
ture, that it might have been dangerous to have given them a
reading. Addison. Spectator, No 223.

BEWI'TCHERY. n. s. [from bewitch.] Fascination; charm; re­
sistless prevalence.
There is a certain bewitchery, or fascination in words, which
makes them operate with a force beyond what we can give an
account of. South.

BEWI'TCHMENT. n. s. [from bewitch.] Fascination; power of
charming.
I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some popular man, and
give it bountifully to the desirers. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To BEWRA'Y. v. a. [wregan, bewregan, Saxon.]
1. To betray; to discover perfidiously.
Fair feeling words he wisely 'gan display,
And, for her humour fitting purpose, fain
To tempt the cause itself for to bewray. Fairy Queen, b. i.
2. To shew; to make visible: this word is now little in use.
She saw a pretty blush in Philodea's cheeks bewray a modest
discontentment. Sidney.
Men do sometimes bewray that by deeds, which to confess
they are hardly drawn. Hooker, b. i. § 7.
Next look on him that seems for counsel fit,
Whose silver locks bewray his store of days. Fairfax, b. iii.

BEWRA'YER. n. s. [from bewray.] Betrayer; discoverer; di­
vulger.
When a friend is turned into an enemy, and a bewrayer of se­
crets, the world is just enough to accuse the perfidiousness of
the friend. Addison. Spectator, No 225.


BEY

BEYO'ND. prep. [begeond, begeondan, Saxon.]
1. Before; at a distance not yet reached.
What's fame? a fancy'd life in others breath,
A thing beyond us, ev'n before our death
Just what you hear, you have. Pope's Essay on Man.
2. On the farther side of.
Neither is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldst say, who shall
go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us. Deut. xxx. 13.


Now we are on land, we are but between death and life;
for we are beyond the old world and the new.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
We cannot think men beyond sea will part with their money
for nothing. Locke.
3. Farther onward than.
He that sees a dark and shady grove,
Stays not, but looks beyond it on the sky. Herbert.
4. Past; out of the reach of.
Beyond the infinite and boundless reach
Of mercy, if thou did'st this deed of death,
Art thou damn'd, Hubert. Shakesp. King John.
Yet these declare
Thy goodness beyond thought, and pow'r divine.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 158.
The just, wise, and good God, neither does, nor can require
of man any thing that is impossible, or naturally beyond his
power to do. South.
Consider the situation of our earth; it is placed so conve­
niently, that plants flourish, and animals live; this is matter of
fact, and beyond all dispute. Bentley's Sermons.
5. Above; exceeding to a greater degree than.
Timotheus was a man both in power, riches, parentage,
goodness, and love of his people, beyond any of the great men
of my country. Sidney.
One thing, in this enormous accident, is, I must confess, to
me beyond all wonder. Wotton.
To his expences, beyond his income, add debauchery, idle­
ness, and quarrels amongst his servants, whereby his manufac­
tures are disturbed, and his business neglected. Locke.
As far as they carry conviction to any man's understanding,
my labour may be of use: beyond the evidence it carries with it,
I advise him not to follow any man's interpretation. Locke.
6. Above in excellence.
His satires are incomparably beyond Juvenal's; if to laugh
and rally, is to be preferred to railing and declaiming. Dryden.
7. Remote from; not within the sphere of.
With equal mind, what happens, let us bear;
Nor joy, nor grieve too much for things beyond our care.
Dryden's Fables.
8. To go beyond, is to deceive; to circumvent.
She made earnest benefit of his jest, forcing him to do her
such services, as were both cumbersome and costly; while he
still thought he went beyond her, because his heart did not com­
mit the idolatry. Sidney.
That no man go beyond, and defraud his brother in any mat­
ter. 1 Thess. iv. 6.

BE'ZEL. n. s. That part of a ring in which the stone is
fixed.

BE'ZIL. n. s. That part of a ring in which the stone is
fixed.

BE'ZOAR. n. s. [from pa, against, and zahar, poison, Persick.]
A medicinal stone, formerly in high esteem as an antidote, and
brought from the East Indies, where it is said to be found in
the dung of an animal of the goat kind, called pazan; the
stone being formed in its belly, and growing to the size of an
acorn, and sometimes to that of a pigeon's egg. Were the
real virtues of this stone answereable to its reputed ones, it
were doubtless a panacea. Indeed its rarity, and the peculiar
manner of its formation, which is now supposed to be fabu­
lous, have perhaps contributed as much to its reputation as its
intrinsick worth. At present, it begins to be discarded in the
practice of medicine, as of no efficacy at all. There are also
some occidental bezoars brought from Peru, which are reckon­
ed inferiour to the oriental. The name of this stone is also ap­
plied to several chymical compositions, designed for antidotes,
or counter-poisons; as mineral, solar, and jovial bezoars.
Savary. Chambers.

BEZOA'RDICK. adj. [from bezoar.] Medicines compounded with
bezoar.
The bezoardicks are necessary to promote sweat, and drive
forth the putrefied particles. Floyer on the Humours.


BIA

BIA'NGULATED. adj. [from binus and angulus, Lat.] Having
corners or angles. Dict.

BIA'NGULOUS. adj. [from binus and angulus, Lat.] Having
corners or angles. Dict.

BI'AS. n. s. [biais, Fr. said to come from bihay, an old Gaulish
word, signifying cross, or thwart.]
1. The weight lodged on one side of a bowl, which turns it from
the strait line.
Madam, we'll play at bowls——
——'Twill make me think the world is full of rubs,
And that my fortune runs against the bias. Shakesp. R. II.
2. Any thing which turns a man to a particular course; or gives
the direction to his measures.
You have been mistook:
But nature to her bias drew in that. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
This is that boasted bias of thy mind,
By which one way to dulness 'tis inclin'd. Dryden's Mackfl.
Morality influences mens lives, and gives a bias to all their
actions. Locke.
Wit and humour, that expose vice and folly, furnish useful
diversions. Raillery, under such regulations, unbends the
mind from severer contemplations, without throwing it off
from its proper bias.
Addison's Freeholder, No 45.
Thus nature gives us, let it check our pride,
The virtue nearest to our vice ally'd;
Reason the bias turns to good or ill. Pope's Essay on Man.
3. Propension; inclination.
As for the religion of our poet, he seems to have some little
bias towards the opinions of Wickliff. Dryd. Fab. Preface.

To BI'AS. v. a. [from the noun.] To incline to some side; to
balance one way; to prejudice.
Were I in no more danger to be misled by ignorance, than I
am to be biassed by interest, I might give a very perfect ac­
count. Locke.
A desire leaning to either side, biasses the judgment strange­
ly; by indifference for every thing but truth, you will be ex­
cited to examine. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

BI'AS. adv. It seems to be used adverbially in the following pas­
sage, conformably to the French, mettre une chose de biais, to
give any thing a wrong interpretation.
Every action that hath gone before,
Whereof we have record, trial did draw
Bias and thwart, not answering the aim.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

BIB. n. s. A small piece of linen put upon the breasts of chil­
dren, over their cloaths.
I would fain know, why it should not be as noble a task, to
write upon a bib and hanging-sleeves, as on the bulla and præ­
texta. Addison on ancient Medals.

To BIB. v. n. [bibo, Lat.] To tipple; to sip; to drink fre­
quently.
He playeth with bibbing mother Meroë, as though she were
so named, because she would drink mere wine without water.
Camden.
To appease a froward child, they gave him drink as often as
he cried; so that he was constantly bibbing, and drank more in
twenty four hours than I did. Locke.

BIBA'CIOUS. adj. [bibax, Lat.] Much addicted to drinking. D.

BIBA'CITY. n. s. [bibacitas, Lat.] The quality of drinking
much.

BI'BBER. n. s. [from to bib.] A tippler; a man that drinks
often.

BI'BLE. n. s. [from βἴλιον, a book; called, by way of excellence,
The Book.] The sacred volume in which are contained the re­
velations of God.
If we pass from the apostolic to the next ages of the church,
the primitive christians looked on their bibles as their most im­
portant treasure. Government of the Tongue, § 3.
We must take heed how we accustom ourselves to a slight
and irreverent use of the name of God, and of the phrases and
expressions of the holy bible, which ought not to be applied up­
on every slight occasion. Tillotson, sermon i.
In questions of natural religion, we should confirm and im­
prove, or connect our reasonings, by the divine assistance of
the bible. Watts's Logick.

BIBLIO'GRAPHER. n. s. [from βιβλὸς, and γϱαφω, to write.] A
writer of books; a transcriber. Dict.

BIBLIOTHE'CAL. adj. [from bibliotheca, Lat.] Belonging to a
library. Dict.

BI'BULOUS. adj. [bibulus, Lat.] That which has the quality of
drinking moisture; spungy.
Strow'd bibulous above, I see the sands,
The pebbly gravel next, and guttur'd rocks. Thomson.


BIC

BICA'PSULAR. adj. [bicapsularis, Lat.] A plant whose seed ves­
is divided into two parts.

BICE. n. s. The name of a colour used in painting. It is either
green or blue.
Take green bice, and order it as you do your blue bice, you
may diaper upon it with the water of deep green. Peacham.

BICI'PITAL. adj. [bicaps, bicipitis, Lat.]

BICI'PITOUS. adj. [bicaps, bicipitis, Lat.]
1. Having two heads.
While men believe bicipitous conformation in any species,
they admit a gemination of principal parts. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. It is applied to one of the muscles of the arm.
A piece of flesh is exchanged from the bicipital muscle of
either party's arm. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

To BI'CKER. v. n. [bicre, Welsh, a contest.]
1. To skirmish; to fight without a set battle; to fight off
and on.
They fell to such a bickering, that he got a halting, and lost
his picture. Sidney.
In thy face
I see thy fury; if I longer stay,
We shall begin our ancient bickerings. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. To quiver; to play backward and forward.
And from about him fierce effusion rowl'd
Of smoke, and bickering flame, and sparkles dire.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 674.
An icy gale, oft shifting o'er the pool,
Breathes a blue film, and, in its mid career,
Arrests the bickering stream. Thomson's Winter, l. 730.

BI'CKERER. n. s. [from the verb.] A skirmisher.

BI'CKERN. n. s. [apparently corrupted from beakiron.] An iron
ending in a point.


A blacksmith's anvil is sometimes made with a pike, or bic­
kern, or beakiron, at one end. Moxon's Mechan. Exercises.

BICO'RNE. adj. [bicornis, Lat.] Having two horns.

BICO'RNOUS. adj. [bicornis, Lat.] Having two horns.
We should be too critical, to question the letter Y, or bi­
cornous element of Pythagoras; that is, the making of the horns
equal. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 19.

BICO'RPORAL. adj. [bicorpor, Lat.] Having two bodies.


BID

To BID. v. a. pret. I bid, bad, bade, I have bid, or bidden. [bid­
dan, Saxon.]
1. To desire; to ask; to call; to invite.
I am bid forth to supper, Jessica;
There are my keys. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Go ye into the highways, and, as many as you shall find, bid
to the marriage. Matt. xxii. 9.
We ought, when we are bidden to great feasts and meetings,
to be prepared beforehand. Hakewell on Providence.
2. To command; to order; before things or persons.
Saint Withold footed thrice the wold,
He met the nightmare, and her name told,
Bid her alight, and her troth plight. Shakesp. King Lear.
He chid the sisters,
When first they put the name of king upon me,
And bade them speak to him. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Haste to the house of sleep, and bid the god,
Who rules the nightly visions with a nod,
Prepare a dream. Dryden's Fables.
Curse on the tongue that bids this general joy.
—Can they be friends of Antony, who revel
When Antony's in danger? Dryd. All for Love.
Thames heard the numbers, as he flow'd along,
And bade his willows learn the moving song. Pope.
Acquire a government over your ideas, that they may come
when they are called, and depart when they are bidden.
Watts's Logick.
3. To offer; to propose; as, to bid a price.
Come, and be true.—
—Thou bidst me to my loss: for true to thee,
Were to prove false. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
When a man is resolute to keep his sins while he lives, and
yet unwilling to relinquish all hope, he will embrace that pro­
fession, which bids fairest to the reconciling those so distant in­
terests. Decay of Piety.
As when the goddesses came down of old,
With gifts, their young Dardanian judge they try'd,
And each bade high to win him to their side. Granville.
To give interest a share in friendship, is to sell it by inch of
candle; he that bids most shall have it: and when it is merce­
nary, there is no depending on it. Collier on Friendship.
4. To proclaim; to offer; or to make known by some publick
voice.
Our bans thrice bid! and for our wedding day
My kerchief bought! then press'd, then forc'd away.
Gay's What d'ye call it.
5. To pronounce; to declare.
You are retir'd,
As if you were a feasted one, and not
The hostess of the meeting; pray you, bid
These unknown friends to's welcome. Shakesp. Wint. Tale.
Divers of them, as we passed by them, put their arms a little
abroad; which is their gesture, when they bid any welcome.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
How, Didius, shall a Roman, sore repuls'd,
Greet your arrival to this distant isle?
How bid you welcome to these shatter'd legions? A. Philips.
6. To denounce.
Thyself and Oxford, with five thousand men,
Shall cross the seas, and bid false Edward battle.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
She bid war to all that durst supply
The place of those her cruelty made die. Waller.
The captive cannibal, opprest with chains,
Yet braves his foes, reviles, provokes, disdains;
Of nature fierce, untameable, and proud,
He bids defiance to the gaping croud,
And spent at last, and speechless as he lies,
With fiery glances mocks their rage, and dies. Granville.
7. To pray. See BEAD.
If there come any unto you, and bring not this doctrine, re­
ceive him not into your house, neither bid him God speed.
2 John, 10.
When they desired him to tarry longer with them, he con­
sented not, but bade them farewel. Acts, xviii. 21.
By some haycock, or some shady thorn,
He bids his beads both even song and morn. Dryd. W. of B.

BI'DALE. n. s. [from bid and ale.] An invitation of friends to
drink at a poor man's house, and there to contribute cha­
rity. Dict.

BI'DDEN. part. pass. [from to bid.]
1. Invited.
There were two of our company bidden to a feast of the fa­
mily. Bacon.
Madam, the bidden guests are come. A. Philips.
2. Commanded.
'Tis these that early taint the female soul,
Instruct the eyes of young coquettes to roll,
Teach infants cheeks a bidden blush to know,
And little hearts to flutter at a beau. Pope's R. of the Lock.

BI'DDER. n. s. [from to bid.] One who offers or proposes a
price.
He looked upon several dresses which hung there, and ex­
posed to the purchase of the best bidder. Addison. Spectator.

BI'DDING. n. s. [from bid.] Command; order.
How, say'st thou, that Macduff denies his person
At our great bidding? Shakesp. Macbeth.
At his second bidding, darkness fled,
Light shone, and order from disorder sprung.
Milton's Parad. Lost, b. iii. l. 712.

To BI'DE. v. a. [bidan, Sax.] To endure; to suffer.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The wary Dutch this gathering storm foresaw,
And durst not bide it on the English coast. Dryd. Ann. Mir.

To BIDE. v. n. 
1. To dwell; to live; to inhabit.
All knees to thee shall bow, of them that bide
In heav'n, or earth, or under earth in hell. Par. Lost, b. iii.
2. To remain in a place.
Safe in a ditch he bides,
With twenty trenched gashes on his head;
The least a death to nature. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To continue in a state.
And they also, if they bide not still in unbelief, shall be graf­
fed in. Romans, xi. 23.
4. It has probably all the significations of the word abide; which
see: but it being grown somewhat obsolete, the examples of
its various meanings are not easily found.

BIDE'NTAL. adj. [bidens, Lat.] Having two teeth.
Ill management of forks is not to be helped, when they are
only bidental. Swift.

BI'DING. n. s. [from bide.] Residence; habitation.
At Antwerp has my constant biding been. Rowe's J. Sh.

BIE'NNIAL. adj. [biennis, Lat.] Of the continuance of two
years.
Then why should some be very long lived, others only an­
nual or biennial? Ray on the Creation.

BIER. n. s. [from to bear, as feretrum, in Latin, from fero.] A
carriage, or frame of wood, on which the dead are carried to
the grave.
And now the prey of fowls he lies,
Nor wail'd of friends, nor laid on groaning bier. Fairy Q.
They bore him barefaced on the bier,
And on his grave remains many a tear. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He must not float upon his wat'ry bier,
Unwept. Milton.
Griefs always green, a houshold still in tears:
Sad pomps, a threshold throng'd with daily biers,
And liveries of black. Dryden's Juvenal, sat. x.
Make as if you hanged yourself, they will convey your bo­
dy out of prison in a bier. Arbuthnot's J. Bull.

BI'ESTINGS. n. s. [bysting, Saxon.] The first milk given by a
cow after calving, which is very thick.
And twice besides, her biestings never fail
To store the dairy with a brimming pale. Dryden's Virgil.

BIFA'RIOUS. adj. [bifarius, Lat.] Twofold; what may be un­
derstood two ways. Dict.

BI'FEROUS. adj. [biferens, Lat.] Bearing fruit twice a year.

BI'FID. adj. [bifidus, Lat. a botanical term.] Divided
in two; split in two; opening with a cleft.

BI'FIDATED. adj. [bifidus, Lat. a botanical term.] Divided
in two; split in two; opening with a cleft.

BIFO'LD. adj. [from binus, Lat. and fold.] Twofold; double.
If beauty have a soul, this is not she;
If souls guide vows, if vows are sanctimony,
If sanctimony be the gods delight,
If there be rule in unity itself,
This is not she; O madness of discourse!
That cause sets up with and against thyself!
Bifold authority. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

BIFO'RMED. adj. [biformis, Lat.] Compounded of two forms,
or bodies.

BIFU'RCATED. adj. [from binus, two, and furca, a fork, Lat.]
Shooting out, by a division, into two heads.
A small white piece, bifurcated, or branching into two, and
finely reticulated all over. Woodward on Fossils.

BIFURCA'TION. n. s. [from binus and furca, Lat.] Division in­
to two; opening into two parts.
The first catachrestical and far derived similitude, it holds
with man; that is, in a bifurcation, or division of the root into
two parts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.


BIG

BIG. adj. [This word is of uncertain, or unknown etymology;
Junius derives it from βαγαῖ; Skinner, from bug, which, in
Danish, signifies the belly.]
1. Great in bulk; large.
Both in addition and division, either of space or duration,
when the idea under consideration becomes very big, or very


small, its precise bulk becomes very obscure and confused.
Locke.
A troubled ocean, to a man who fails in it, is, I think, the
biggest object that he can see in motion. Spectator, No 489.
Then commerce brought into the publick walk
The busy merchant, the big warehouse built. Thomson.
2. Teeming; pregnant; great with young; with the particle
with.
A bear big with young hath seldom been seen. Bacon.
Lately on yonder swelling bush,
Big with many a common rose,
This early bud began to blush. Waller.
3. Sometimes with of; but rarely.
His gentle lady,
Big of this gentleman, our theam, deceas'd
As he was born. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. Full of something; and desirous, or about, to give it vent.
The great, th' important day,
Big with the fate of Cato and of Rome. Addison's Cato.
Now big with knowledge of approaching woes,
The prince of augurs, Halithreses, rose. Pope's Odyssey.
5. Distended; swoln; ready to burst; used often of the effects of
passion, as grief, rage.
Thy heart is big; get thee apart, and weep.
Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
6. Great in air and mien; proud; swelling; tumid; haughty;
surly.
How else, said he, but with a good bold face,
And with big words, and with a stately pace. Hub. Tale.
To the meaner man, or unknown in the court, seem some­
what solemn, coy, big, and dangerous of look, talk, and an­
swer. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
If you had but looked big, and spit at him, he'd have run.
Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Or does the man i' th' moon look big,
Or wear a huger perriwig,
Than our own native lunaticks. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. iii.
Of governments that once made such a noise, and looked so
big in the eyes of mankind, as being founded upon the deepest
counsels, and the strongest force; nothing remains of them but
a name. South.
In his most prosperous season, he fell under the reproach of
being a man of big looks, and of a mean and abject spirit.
Clarendon.
Thou thyself, thus insolent in state,
Art but perhaps some country magistrate,
Whose power extends no farther than to speak
Big on the bench, and scanty weights to break. Dryden.
To grant big Thraso valour, Phormio sense,
Should indignation give, at least offence. Garth.
7. Great in spirit; lofty; brave.
What art thou? have not I
An arm as big as thine? a heart as big?
Thy words, I grant, are bigger: for I wear not
My dagger in my mouth. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

BI'GAMIST. n. s. [bigamius, low Lat.] One that has commit­
ted bigamy. See BIGAMY.
By the papal canons, a clergyman, that has a wife, cannot
have an ecclesiastical benefice; much less can a bigamist have
such a benefice, according to that law. Ayliffe's Parergon.

BI'GAMY. n. s. [bigamia, low Latin.]
1. The crime of having two wives at once.
A beauty-waining and distressed widow
Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his thoughts,
To base declension, and loath'd bigamy. Shakesp. Richard III.
Randal determined to commence a suit against Martin, for
bigamy and incest. Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.
2. In the canon law. The marriage of a second wife, or of a
widow, or a woman already debauched; which, in the church
of Rome, were considered as bringing a man under some in­
capacities for ecclesiastical offices.

BIGBE'LLIED. adj. [from big and belly.] Pregnant; with child;
great with young.
When we have laught to see the sails conceive,
And grow bigbellied with the wanton wind.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Children, and bigbellied women require antidotes somewhat
more grateful to the palate. Harvey on the Plague.
So many well shaped innocent virgins are blocked up, and
waddling up and down like bigbellied women. Addison. Spect.
We pursued our march, to the terrour of the market peo­
ple, and the miscarriage of half a dozen bigbellied women.
Addison's Freeholder.

BI'GGIN. n. s. [beguin, Fr.] A child's cap.
Sleep now!
Yet not so sound, and half so deeply sweet,
As he, whose brow with homely biggin bound,
Snores out the watch of night. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

BIGHT. n. s. It is explained by Skinner, the circumference of a
a coil of rope.

BI'GLY. adv. [from big.] Tumidly; haughtily; with a blus­
tering manner.
Would'st thou not rather choose a small renown,
To be the may'r of some poor paltry town;
Bigly to look, and barb'rously to speak;
To pound false weights, and scanty measures break?
Dryden's Juvenal, sat. x.

BI'GNESS. n. s. [from big.]
1. Bulk; greatness of quantity.
If panicum be laid below, and about the bottom of a root,
it will cause the root to grow to an excessive bigness. Bacon.
People were surprised at the bigness, and uncouth deformity
of the camel. L'Estrange's Fables.
The brain of man, in respect of his body, is much larger
than in any other animal's; exceeding in bigness three oxens
brains. Ray on the Creation.
2. Size; whether greater or smaller.
Several sorts of rays make vibrations of several bignesses,
which, according to their bignesses, excite sensations of several
colours; and the air, according to their bignesses, excites sen­
sations of several sounds. Newton's Opticks.

BI'GOT. n. s. [The etymology of this word is unknown; but
it is supposed, by Camden and others, to take its rise from some
occasional phrase.] A man devoted to a certain party; pre­
judiced in favour of certain opinions; a blind zealot. It is
used often with to before the object of zeal; as, a bigot to the
Cartesian tenets.
Religious spite, and pious spleen bred first
This quarrel, which so long the bigots nurst. Tate. Juvenal.
In philosophy and religion, the bigots of all parties are gene­
rally the most positive. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

BI'GOTED. adj. [from bigot.] Blindly prepossessed in favour
of something; irrationally zealous; with to.
Bigotted to this idol, we disclaim
Rest, health, and ease, for nothing but a name. Garth.
Presbyterian merit, during the reign of that weak, bigotted,
and ill advised prince, will easily be computed. Swift.

BI'GOTRY. n. s. [from bigot.]
1. Blind zeal; prejudice; unreasonable warmth in favour of
party or opinions; with the particle to.
Were it not for a bigotry to our own tenets, we could hardly
imagine, that so many absurd, wicked, and bloody principles,
should pretend to support themselves by the gospel. Watts.
2. The practice or tenet of a bigot.
Our silence makes our adversaries think we persist in those
bigotries, which all good and sensible men despise. Pope.

BI'GSWOLN. adj. [from big and swoln.] Turgid; ready to burst.
Might my bigswoln heart
Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow. Addis. Cato.

BI'G-UDDERED. adj. [from big and udder.] Having large ud­
ders; having dugs swelled with milk.
Now driv'n before him, through the arching rock,
Came, tumbling heaps on heaps, th' unnumber'd flock,
Big-udder'd ews, and goats of female kind. Pope's Odyssey.


BIL

BI'LANDER. n. s. [belandre, Fr.] A small vessel of about eighty
tons burden, used for the carriage of goods. It is a kind of
hoy, manageable by four or five men, and has masts and sails
after the manner of a hoy. They are used chiefly in Holland,
as being particularly fit for the canals. Savary. Trevoux.
Like bilanders to creep
Along the coast, and land in view to keep. Dryden.

BI'LBERRY. n. s. [from bilig, Sax. a bladder, and berry; accord­
ing to Skinner.] The same with whortleberry; which see.
Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou leap;
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberries.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

BI'LBO. n. s. [corrupted from Bilbod, where the best weapons are
made.] A rapier; a sword.
To be compassed like a good bilbo, in the circumference of a
peck, hilt to point, heel to head. Shakesp. M. W. of Windsor.

BI'LBOES. n. s. A sort of stocks, or wooden sheckles for the
feet, used for punishing offenders at sea.
Methought I lay,
Worse than the mutines, in the bilboes. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BILE. n. s. [bilis, Lat.] A thick, yellow, bitter liquour, sepa­
rated in the liver, collected in the gall-bladder, and discharged
into the lower end of the duodenum, or beginning of the jeju­
num, by the common duct. Its use is to sheathe or blunt the
acids of the chyle; because they, being entangled with its sul­
phurs, thicken it so, that it cannot be sufficiently diluted by
the succus pancreaticus, to enter the lacteal vessels. Quincy.
In its progression, soon the labour'd chyle
Receives the confluent rills of bitter bile;
Which, by the liver sever'd from the blood,
And striving through the gall-pipe, here unload
Their yellow streams. Blackmore.

BILE. n. s. [bile Sax. perhaps from bilis, Lat. This is generally
spelt boil; but, I think, less properly.] A sore angry swelling.
But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter;
Or, rather, a disease that's in my flesh;
Thou art a bile in my corrupted blood. Shakesp. King Lear.
Those biles did run—say so—did not the general run? were
not that a botchy sore? Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.


A furunculus is a painful tubercle, with a broad basis, aris­
ing in a cone. It is generally called a bile, and, in it its state,
is accompanied with inflammation, pulsation, and tension.
Wiseman's Surgery.

BILGE in a ship. The compass or breadth of the ship's bottom.
Skinner.

To BILGE. v. n. [from the noun.] To spring a leak; to let in
water, by striking upon a rock: a sea term. Skinner.

BI'LIARY. adj. [from bilis, Lat.] Belonging to the bile.
Voracious animals, and such as do not chew, have a great
quantity of gall; and some of them have the biliary duct in­
serted into the pylorus. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BI'LINGSGATE. n. s. [A cant word, borrowed from Bilingsgate
in London, a place where there is always a croud of low peo­
ple, and frequent brawls and foul language.] Ribaldry; foul
language.
There stript, fair rhet'rick languish'd on the ground,
And shameful bilingsgate her robes adorn. Dunciad, b. iv.

BILI'NGUOUS. adj. [bilinguis, Lat.] Having, or speaking two
tongues.

BI'LIOUS. adj. [from bilis, Lat.] Consisting of bile; partaking
of bile.
Why bilious juice a golden light puts on,
And floods of chyle in silver currents run. Garth.
When the taste of the mouth is bitter, it is a sign of redun­
dance of a bilious alkali. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To BILK. v. a. [derived by Mr. Lye from the Gothick, bilai­
can.] To cheat; to defraud, by running in debt, and avoid­
ing payment.
Bilk'd stationers for yeomen stood prepar'd. Dryden.
What comedy, what farce can more delight,
Than grinning hunger, and the pleasing sight
Of your bilk'd hopes? Dryden's Juvenal, sat. v.

BILL n. s. [bile, Sax. See BALL.] The beak of a sowl.
Their bills were thwarted crossways at the end, and, with
these, they would cut an apple in two at one snap.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
It may be tried, whether birds may not be made to have
greater or longer bills, or greater and longer talons.
Bacon's Natural History, No 757.
In his bill
An olive leaf he brings, pacifick sign! Paradise Lost, b. xi.
No crowing cock does there his wings display,
Nor with his horny bill provoke the day. Dryden's Fables.

BILL. n. s. [bille, Sax. twibille, a two edged axe.]
1. A kind of hatchet with a hooked point, used in country work,
as a hedging bill; so called from its resemblance in form to the
beak of a bird of prey.
Standing troops are servants armed, who use the lance and
sword, as other servants do the sickle, or the bill, at the com­
mand of those who entertain them. Temple.
2. A kind of weapon anciently carried by the foot; a battle axe.
Yea distaff women manage rusty bills;
Against thy seat both young and old rebel. Shakesp. R. II.

BILL. n. s. [billet, French.]
1. A written paper of any kind.
He does receive
Particular addition from the bill
That writes them all alike. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. An account of money.
Ordinary expence ought to be limited by a man's estate, and
ordered to the best, that the bills may be less than the estima­
tion abroad. Bacon's Essays.
3. A law presented to the parliament, not yet made an act.
No new laws can be made, nor old laws abrogated or alter­
ed, but by parliament; where bills are prepared, and presented
to the two houses. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
How now, for mitigation of this bill,
Urg'd by the commons? Doth his majesty
Incline to it, or no? Shakesp. Henry V.
4. An act of parliament.
There will be no way left for me to tell you, that I remem­
ber you, and that I love you; but that one, which needs no
open warrant, or secret conveyance; which no bills can pre­
clude, or no kings prevent. Atterbury to Pope.
5. A physician's prescription.
Like him that took the doctor's bill,
And swallow'd it instead o' th' pill. Hudibras, p. i. cant. ii.
The medicine was prepar'd according to the bill.
L'Estrange, fab. 183.
Let them, but under your superiours, kill,
When doctors first have sign'd the bloody bill. Dryden.
6. An advertisement.
And in despair, their empty pit to fill,
Set up some foreign monster in a bill. Dryden.
7. In law.
1. An obligation, but without condition or forfeiture for
nonpayment. 2. A declaration in writing, that expresseth ei­
ther the grief and the wrong, that the complainant hath suffer­
ed by the party complained of; or else some fault, that the
party complained of, hath committed against some law. This
bill is sometimes offered to justices errants in the general as­
sizes; but most to the lord chancellor. It containeth the fact
complained of, the damages thereby suffered, and petition of
process against the desendant for redress. Cowel.
The fourth thing very maturely to be consulted by the jury,
is, what influence their finding the bill may have upon the
kingdom. Swift.
8. A bill of mortality. An account of the numbers that have died
in any district.
Most who took in the weekly bills of mortality, made little
other use of them, than to look at the foot, how the burials en­
creased or decreased. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
So liv'd our sires, ere doctors learn'd to kill,
And multiply'd with theirs the weekly bill. Dryden.
9. A bill of fare. An account of the season of provisions, or of
the dishes at a feast.
It may seem somewhat difficult to make out the bills of fare
for some of the forementioned suppers. Arbuthnot on Coins.
10. A bill of exchange. A note ordering the payment of a sum of
money in one place, to some person assigned by the drawer or
remitter, in consideration of the value paid to him in another
place.
The comfortable sentences are our bills of exchange, upon the
credit of which we lay our cares down, and receive provisions.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
All that a bill of exchange can do, is to direct to whom mo­
ney is due, or taken up upon credit, in a foreign country, shall
be paid. Locke.

To BILL. v. n. [from bill, a beak.] To caress, as doves by
joining bills; to be fond.
Doves, they say, will bill, after their pecking, and their mur­
muring. Ben Johnson's Catiline.
Still amorous, and fond, and billing,
Like Philip and Mary on a shilling. Hudibras, p. iii. c. i.
They bill, they tread; Alcyone compress'd,
Seven days sits brooding on her floating nest. Dryden.
He that bears th' artillery of Jove,
The strong pounc'd eagle, and the billing dove. Dryden.

To BILL. v. a. [from bill, a writing.] To publish by an adver­
tisement: a cant word.
His masterpiece was a composition that he billed about under
the name of a sovereign antidote. L'Estrange.

BI'LLET. n. s. [billet, French.]
1. A small paper; a note.
When he found this little billet, in which was only written,
Remember Cæsar, he was exceedingly confounded. Clarendon.
2. A ticket directing soldiers at what house to lodge.
3. Billet doux, or a soft billet; a love letter.
'Twas then, Belinda! if report say true,
Thy eyes first open'd on a billet doux. Pope's Rape of the L.
Bawds and pimps will be carrying about billet doux.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.
4. A small log of wood for the chimney.
Let us then calculate, when the bulk of a faggot or billet, is
dilated and rarified to the degree of fire, how vast a place it
must take up. Digby on Bodies.
Their billet at the fire was found. Prior.

To BI'LLET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To direct a soldier by a ticket, or note, where he is to lodge.
Retire thee; go where thou art billeted:
Away, I say. Shakesp. Othello.
2. To quarter soldiers.
They remembered him of charging the kingdom, by billeting
soldiers. Raleigh's History of the World.
The counties throughout the kingdom were so incensed, and
their affections poisoned, that they refused to suffer the soldiers
to be billeted upon them. Clarendon.

BI'LLIARDS. n. s. without a singular. [billard, Fr. of which that
language has no etymology; and therefore they probably de­
rived from England both the play and the name; which is cor­
rupted from balyards; yards or sticks with which a ball is dri­
ven along a table. Thus Spenser:
Balyards much unfit,
And shuttlecocks misseeming manly wit. Hubb. Tale.]
A game at which a ball is forced against another on a table.
Let it alone; let's to billiards. Shakesp. Antony and Cleop.
Even nose and cheek, withal,
Smooth as is the billiard ball. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
Some are forced to bound or fly upwards, almost like ivory
balls meeting on a billiard table. Boyle.
When the ball obeys the stroke of a billiard stick, it is not
any action of the ball, but bare passion. Locke.

BI'LLOW. n. s. [bilge, Germ. bolg, Dan. probably of the same
original with bilig, Sax. a bladder.] A wave swoln, and
hollow.
From whence the river Dee, as silver cleen,
His tumbling billows roll with gentle rore. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Billows sink by degrees, even when the wind is down that
first stirred them. Wotton.
Chasing Nercus with his trident throws
The billows from the bottom. Sir J. Denham.
But when loud billows lash the sounding shore,
The hoarse rough verse should like the torrent roar. Pope.



To BI'LLOW. v. n. [from the noun.] To swell, or roll, as a
wave.
The billowing snow, and violence of the show'r,
That from the hills disperse their dreadful store,
And o'er the vales collected ruin pour. Prior.

BI'LLOWY. adj. [from billow.] Swelling; turgid; wavy.
And whitening down the mossy-tinctur'd stream,
Descends the billowy foam. Thomson's Spring, l. 380.


BIN

BIN. n. s. [binne, Sax.] A place where bread, or corn, or wine,
is reposited.
The most convenient way of picking hops, is into a long
square frame of wood, called a bin. Mortimer's Husbandry.
As when from rooting in a bin,
All pouder'd o'er from tail to chin,
A lively maggot sallies out,
You know him by his hazel snout. Swift.

BI'NARY. adj. [from binus, Lat.] Two; dual; double.

BI'NARY Arithmetick. A method of computation proposed by
Mr. Leibnitz, in which, in lieu of the ten figures in the
common arithmetick, and the progression from ten to ten, he
has only two figures, and uses the simple progression from two
to two. This method appears to be the same with that used
Chinese four thousand years ago. Chambers.

To BIND. v. a.  pret. I bound; particip. pass. bound, or bounden.
[bindan, Saxon.]
1. To confine with bonds; to enchain.
Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? or wilt thou bind
him for thy maidens? Job, xli. 5.
2. To gird; to enwrap; to involve.
Who hath bound the waters in a garment. Prov. xxx. 4.
3. To fasten to any thing.
Thou shalt bind this line of scarlet thread in the window,
which thou didst let us down by. Joshua, ii. 18.
Keep my commandments, and live: and my law, as the
apple of thine eye. Bind them upon thy fingers, write them
upon the table of thine heart. Prov. vii. 3, 4.
4. To fasten together.
Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles,
to burn them. Matt. xiii. 20.
5. To cover a wound with dressings and bandages.
When he saw him, he had compassion on him, and went to
him, and bound up his wounds. Luke, x. 34.
Having filled up the bared cranium with our dressings, we
bound up the wound. Wiseman's Surgery.
6. To compel; to constrain.
Those canons, or imperial constitutions, which have not
been received here, do not bind. Hale's Common Law of Engl.
7. To oblige by stipulation, or oath.
If a man vow a vow, or swear an oath to bind his soul with
a bond, he shall not break his word. Numbers, xxx. 2.
Swear by the solemn oath, that binds the gods. Pope.
8. To oblige by duty or law.
Though I am bound to every act of duty,
I am not bound to that, all slaves are free to. Shakesp. Othello.
Duties expressly required in the plain language of Scripture,
ought to bind our consciences more than those which are but
dubiously inferred. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
9. To oblige by kindness.
10. To confine; to hinder.
Now I'm cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears. Shakesp. Macbeth.
You will sooner, by imagination, bind a bird from singing,
than from eating or flying. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 989.
Though passion be the most obvious and general, yet it is
not the only cause that binds up the understanding, and con­
fines it, for the time, to one object, from which it will not be
taken off. Locke.
In such a dismal place,
Where joy ne'er enters, which the sun ne'er cheers,
Bound in with darkness, overspread with damps. Dryden.
11. To hinder the flux of the bowels; to make costive.
Rhubarb hath manifestly in it parts of contrary operations;
parts that purge, and parts that bind the body. Bacon.
The whey of milk doth loose, the milk doth bind. Herbert.
12. To restrain.
The more we are bound up to an exact narration, we want
more life, and fire, to animate and inform the story. Felton.
13. To bind a book. To put it in a cover.
Was ever book, containing such vile matter,
So fairly bound? Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Those who could never read the grammar,
When my dear volumes touch the hammer,
May think books best, as richest bound. Prior.
14. To bind to. To oblige to serve some one.
If still thou do'st retain
The same ill habits, the same follies too,
Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave. Dryden's Pers.
15. To bind to. To contract with any body.
Art thou bound to a wife? seek not to be loosed. 1 Cor. vii.
16. To bind over. To oblige to make appearance.
Sir Roger was staggered with the reports concerning this
woman, and would have bound her over to the country ses­
sions. Addison. Spectator, No 117.

To BIND. v. n. 
1. To contract the parts together; to grow stiff and hard.
If the land rise full of clots, and if it is a binding land, you
must make it fine by harrowing of it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To make costive.
3. To be obligatory.
The promises and bargains for truck, between a Swiss and
an Indian, in the woods of America, are binding to them,
though they are perfectly in a state of nature, in reference to
one another. Locke.

BIND. n. s. A species of hops.
The two best sorts are the white and the grey bind; the
latter is a large square hop, and more hardy. Mortimer.

BI'NDER. n. s. [from to bind.]
1. A man whose trade it is to bind books.
2. A man that binds sheaves.
Three binders stood, and took the handfuls reapt
From boys that gather'd quickly up. Chapman's Iliads.
A man, with a binder, may reap an acre of wheat in a day,
if it stand well. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. A fillet; a shred cut to bind with.
Upon that I laid a double cloth, of such length and breadth
as might serve to encompass the fractured member; which I
cut from each end to the middle, into three binders. Wiseman.

BI'NDING. n. s. [from bind.] A bandage.
This beloved young woman began to take off the binding of
his eyes. Tattler, No 55.

BI'NDWEED. n. s. [convolvulus, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It hath, for the most part, trailing stalks; the leaves grow
alternately on the branches; the flower consists of one leaf,
shaped like a bell, whose mouth is widely expanded; the ovary
becomes a roundish membraneous fruit, wrapped up within the
flower cup; and is generally divided into three cells, each con­
taining one angular seed. The species are thirty six. 1. The
common white great bindweed, vulgarly called bearbind. 2.
Lesser field bindweed, with a rose coloured flower, vulgarly call­
ed gravelbind. 3. Common sea bindweed, with round leaves.
4. Great American bindweed, with spacious yellow sweet scen­
ted flowers, commonly called Spanish arbour vine, or Spanish
woodbine. 5. White and yellow Spanish potatoes. 6. Red
Spanish potatoes. 7. The jalap, &c. The first of these spe­
cies is a very troublesome weed in gardens; and the second
sort is still a worse weed than the former. The third sort is
found upon gravelly or sandy shores, where the salt water over­
flows: this is a strong purge, and, as such, is often used in me­
dicine. The fourth sort is common in the hot parts of Ame­
rica, and is planted to cover arbours and seats: one of these
plants will grow to the length of sixty or an hundred feet, and
produce great quantities of side branches, and large fragrant
yellow flowers, succeeded by three large angular seeds. The
two kinds of potatoes are much cultivated in the West Indies,
for food; and, from the roots, a drink is made, called mobby,
stronger or weaker: it is a sprightly liquour, but not subject
to fly into the head; nor will it keep beyond four or five days.
These roots have been brought from America, and are culti­
vated in Spain and Portugal; but, in general, they are not so
well liked as the common potato, being too sweet and lus­
cious. The jalap, whose root has been long used in medicine,
is a native of the province of Italapa, about two days journey
from La Vera Cruz. Millar.
Bindweed is of two sorts, the larger and the smaller; the
first sort flowers in September, and the last in June and July.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

BI'NOCLE. n. s. [from binus and oculus.] A kind of dioptrick tele­
scope, fitted so with two tubes joining together in one, as that
a distant object may be seen with both eyes together. Harris.

BINO'CULAR. adj. [from binus and oculus, Lat.] Having two
eyes.
Most animals are binocular, spiders, for the most part, octo­
nocular, and some senocular. Derham's Physico-Theology.

BINO'MIAL. Root. [in algebra.] A root composed of only two
parts or members, connected with the signs plus or minus.
Harris.

BINO'MINOUS. adj. [from binus and nomen, Lat.] Having two
names.


BIO

BIO'GRAPHER. n. s. [βί and γραφω.] A writer of lives; a re­
lator not of the history of nations, but of the actions of parti­
cular persons.
Our Grubstreet biographers watch for the death of a great
man, like so many undertakers, on purpose to make a penny
of him. Addison. Freeholder, No 35.

BIO'GRAPHY. n. s. [βί and γϱαφω.]
In writing the lives of men, which is called biography, some
authors place every thing in the precise order of time when it
occurred. Watts's Logick.

BI'OVAC. n. s. [Fr. from wey wach, a double guard, Germ.
in war.] A guard at night performed by the whole
army; which, either at a siege, or lying before an
enemy, every evening draws out from its tents or huts, and con­
tinues all night in arms before its lines or camp, to prevent any
surprise. To raise the biovac, is to return the army to their
tents at break of day. Trevoux. Harris.

BI'HOVAC. n. s. [Fr. from wey wach, a double guard, Germ.
in war.] A guard at night performed by the whole
army; which, either at a siege, or lying before an
enemy, every evening draws out from its tents or huts, and con­
tinues all night in arms before its lines or camp, to prevent any
surprise. To raise the biovac, is to return the army to their
tents at break of day. Trevoux. Harris.

BI'VOUAC. n. s. [Fr. from wey wach, a double guard, Germ.
in war.] A guard at night performed by the whole
army; which, either at a siege, or lying before an
enemy, every evening draws out from its tents or huts, and con­
tinues all night in arms before its lines or camp, to prevent any
surprise. To raise the biovac, is to return the army to their
tents at break of day. Trevoux. Harris.



BI'PAROUS. adj. [from binus and pario, Lat.] Bringing forth
two at a birth.

BI'PARTITE. adj. [from binus and partior, Lat.] Having two
correspondent parts; divided into two.

BIPARTI'TION. n. s. [from bipartite.] The act of dividing into
two; or of making two correspondent parts.

BI'PED. n. s. [bipes, Lat.] An animal with two feet.
No serpent, or fishes oviparous, have any stones at all; nei­
ther biped nor quadruped oviparous, have any exteriourly.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 4.

BI'PEDAL. adj. [bipedalis, Lat.] Two feet in length; or having
two feet.

BIPE'NNATED. adj. [from binus and penna, Lat.] Having two
wings.
All bipennated insects have poises joined to the body.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

BIPE'TALOUS. adj. [of bis, Lat. and ϖεαλον.] A flower consist­
ing of two leaves. Dict.

BI'QUADRATE. n. s. [in algebra.] The fourth power, arising
from the multiplication of a square num­
ber, or quantity by itself. Harris.

BIQUADRA'TICK. n. s. [in algebra.] The fourth power, arising
from the multiplication of a square num­
ber, or quantity by itself. Harris.


BIR

BIRCH Tree. [birc, Sax. betula, Lat.]
The leaves are like those of the poplar; the shoots are very
slender and weak; the katkins are produced at remote dis­
tances from the fruits, on the same tree; the fruit becomes a
little squamose cone; the seeds are winged, and the tree casts its
outer rind every year. This tree is propagated by suckers,
which may be transplanted either in October or February; it
delights in a poor soil. The timber of this tree is used to make
chairs, &c. It is also planted for hop poles, hoops, &c. and it
is often used to make brooms. Millar.

BI'RCHEN. adj. [from birch.] Made of birch.
His beaver'd brow a birchen garland bears. Dunciad, b. iv.

BIRD. n. s. [bird, or brid, a chicken, Saxon.] A general term
for the feathered kind; a fowl. In common talk, fowl is used
for the larger, and bird for the smaller kind of feathered ani­
mals.
The poor wren,
The most diminutive of birds, will fight,
Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Macbeth.
Sh' had all the regal makings of a queen;
As holy oil, Edward confessor's crown,
The rod and bird of peace, and all such emblems,
Laid nobly on her. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The bird of Jove, stoop'd from his airy tour,
Two birds of gayest plume before him drove.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 186.
Hence men and beasts the breath of life obtain,
And birds of air, and monsters of the main. Dryden's Æn.
There are some birds that are inhabitants of the water, whose
blood is cold as fishes, and their flesh is so like in taste, that
the scrupulous are allowed them on fish days. Locke.
Some squire perhaps you take delight to rack,
Who visits with a gun, presents with birds. Pope.

To BIRD. v. n. [from the noun.] To catch birds.
I do invite you tomorrow morning to my house, to break­
fast; after, we'll a birding together. Shakesp. M. W. of Winds.

BI'RDBOLT. n. s. [from bird and bolt, or arrow.] A small shot,
or arrow, to be shot at birds.
To be generous, guiltless, and of free disposition, is to take
those things for birdbolts, that you deem cannon bullets.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

BI'RDCAGE. n. s. [from bird and cage. See CAGE.]
Birdcages taught him the pulley, and tops the centrifugal
force. Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.

BI'RDCATCHER. n. s. [from bird and catch.] One that makes
it his employment to take birds.
A poor lark entered into a miserable expostulation with a
birdcatcher, that had taken her in his net. L'Estrange.

BI'RDER. n. s. [from bird.] A birdcatcher.

BI'RDING PIECE. n. s. [from bird and piece.] A fowling piece;
a gun to shoot birds with.
I'll creep up into the chimney.—There they always use to
discharge their birding pieces; creep into the kill hole.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

BI'RDLIME. n. s. [from bird and lime.] A glutinous substance,
which is spread upon twigs, by which the birds that light upon
them are entangled.
Birdlime is made of the bark of holly, boiled for ten or twelve
hours; and when the green coat is separated from the other,
they cover it up for a fortnight, in a moist place, and pound it
into a tough paste, that no fibres of the wood be left; then it is
washed in a running stream, till no motes appear, and put up
to serment for four or five days, and scummed as often as any
thing arises, and then laid up for use; at which time they in­
corporate with it a third part of nut oil, over the fire. The
birdlime brought from Damascus is supposed to be made of se­
bestens, the kernels being frequently sound in it; but this will
not endure the frost or wet. That brought from Spain is of an
ill smell; but the bark of our lantone, or wayfaring shrub,
will make very good birdlime. Chambers.
Holly is of so viscous a juice, as they make birdlime of the
bark of it. Bacon's Natural History, No 592.
With stores of gather'd glue, contrive
To stop the vents and crannies of their hive;
Not birdlime, or Idean pitch, produce
A more tenacious mass of clammy juice. Dryden's Virgil.
I'm ensnar'd;
Heav'ns birdlime wraps me round, and glues my wings.
Dryden's King Arthur.
The woodpecker, and other birds of this kind, because they
prey upon flies which they catch with their tongue, have a
couple of bags filled with a viscous humour, as if it were a
natural birdlime, or liquid glue.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. i. c. 5.

BI'RDMAN. n. s. [from bird and man.] A birdcatcher; a
fowler.
As a fowler was bending his net, a blackbird asked him what
he was doing; why, says he, I am laying the foundations of a
city; and so the birdman drew out of sight. L'Estrange.

BI'RDSEYE. n. s. [Adonis, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The leaves are like fennel or chamomile; the flowers con­
sist of many leaves, which are expanded in form of a rose; the
seeds are collected into oblong heads. The species are, 1. The
common red birds eye. 2. The long leaved yellow birds eye,
&c. The first sort is sown in open borders, as an annual
flower plant. The yellow sort is uncommon in England.
Millar.

BI'RDSFOOT. [ornithopodium, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It has a papilionaceous flower; the ovary, which rises out of
the flower cup, afterwards becomes a pod, sometimes distin­
guished into bells by transverse partitions, full of seeds, for the
most part roundish; the leaves grow by threes, but have two
wings, or little leaves, at the origin of their foot stalks. The
species are, 1. The tallest hairy birdsfoot tresoil, with a glome­
rated flower. 2. Upright hoary birdsfoot trefoil, &c. The
first of these plants is, by some, supposed to be the cytisis of Vir­
gil; it dies to the ground with us every winter, and rises again
the succeeding spring; and, when the roots are strong, the
shoots will rise to four or five feet high, and produce flowers in
great plenty; if it be cut while young, the cows are very fond
of it, but horses will not eat it, unless they are very hungry.
Millar.

BI'RDSNEST. n. s. An herb. Dict.

BI'RDSTONGUE. n. s. An herb. Dict.

BI'RGANDER. n. s. A fowl of the goose kind. Dict.

BIRT. n. s. A fish; the same with the turbot; which see.

BIRTH. n. s. [beorth, Sax.]
1. The act of coming into life.
But thou art fair, and, at thy birth, dear boy,
Nature and fortune join'd to make thee great. Shakesp. K. J.
In Spain, our springs like old mens children be,
Decay'd and wither'd from their infancy:
No kindly showers fall on our barren earth,
To hatch the seasons in a timely birth. Dryden.
2. Extraction; lineage.
Most virtuous virgin, born of heav'nly birth. Fairy Q.
All truth I shall relate: nor first can I
Myself to be of Grecian birth deny. Sir J. Denham.
3. Rank which is inherited by descent.
He doth object, I am too great of birth.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Be just in all you say, and all you do;
Whatever be your birth, you're sure to be
A peer of the first magnitude to me. Dryden's Juvenal.
4. The condition, or circumstances, in which any man is born.
High in his chariot then Halesus came,
A foe by birth to Troy's unhappy name. Dryden's Virgil.
5. Thing born; production.
The people fear me; for they do observe
Unfather'd heirs and loathly births of nature. Shakesp. H. IV.
That poets are far rarer births than kings,
Your noblest father prov'd. Ben. Johnson's Epigrams.
Who of themselves
Abhor to join: and, by imprudence mix'd,
Produce prodigious births, of body, or mind.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 687.
She, for this many thousand years,
Seems to have practis'd with much care,
To frame the race of woman fair;
Yet never could a perfect birth
Produce before, to grace the earth. Waller.
His eldest birth
Flies, mark'd by heav'n, a fugitive o'er earth. Prior.
The vallies smile, and, with their flow'ry face,
And wealthy births, confess the flood's embrace. Blackmore.
Others hatch their eggs, and tend the birth, till it is able to
shift for itself. Addison. Spectator, No 120.
6. The act of bringing forth.
That fair Syrian shepherdess,
Who after years of barrenness,
The highly favour'd Joseph bore
To him that serv'd for her before;


And at her next birth, much like thee,
Through pangs fled to felicity. Milton.
7. The seamen call a due or proper distance between ships lying
at an anchor, or under sail, a birth. Also the proper place a­
board for a mess to put their chests, &c. is called the birth of
that mess. Also a convenient place to moor a ship in, is called
a birth. Harris.

BI'RTHDAY. n. s. [from birth and day.]
1. The day on which any one is born.
Orient light,
Exhaling first from darkness, they beheld
Birthday of heaven and earth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
2. The day of the year in which any one was born, annually ob­
served.
This is my birthday; as this very day
Was Cassius born. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
They tell me, 'tis my birthday, and I'll keep it
With double pomp of sadness:
'Tis what the day deserves, which gave me breath. Dryden.
Your country dames,
Whose cloaths returning birthday claims. Prior.

BI'RTHDOM. n. s. [This is erroneously, I think, printed in
Shakespeare, birthdoom. It is derived from birth and dom. See
DOM; as kingdom, dukedom.] Privilege of birth.
Let us rather
Hold fast the mortal sword; and, like good men,
Bestride our downfaln birthdom. Shakesp. Macbeth.

BI'RTHNIGHT. n. s. [from birth and night.]
1. The night in which any one is born.
Th' angelick song in Bethlehem field,
On thy birthnight, that sung the Saviour born. Par. Regain.
2. The night annually kept in memory of any one's birth.
A youth more glitt'ring than a birthnight beau. Pope.

BI'RTHPLACE. n. s. [from birth and place.] Place where any
one is born.
My birthplace have I and my lovers left;
This enemy's town I'll enter. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A degree of stupidity beyond even what we have been ever
charged with, upon the score of our birthplace and climate.
Swift's Address to Parliament.

BI'RTHRIGHT. n. s. [from birth and right.] The rights and
privileges to which a man is born; the right of the first born.
Thy blood and virtue
Contend for empire in thee, and thy goodness
Shares with thy birthright. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
And hast been found
By merit, more than birthright, Son of God.
Milton's Parad. Lost, b. iii. l. 308.
I lov'd her first, I cannot quit the claim,
But will preserve the birthright of my passion. Otway's Orph.
While no baseness in this breast I find,
I have not lost the birthright of my mind. Dryden's Aurengz.
To say, that liberty and property are the birthright of the
English nation, but that if a prince invades them by illegal me­
thods, we must upon no pretence resist, is to confound govern­
ments. Addison's Whig Examiner.

BIRTHSTRA'NGLED. adj. [from birth and strangle.] Strangled
or suffocated in being born.
Finger of birthstrangl'd babe,
Ditch deliver'd by a drab. Shakesp. Macbeth.

BI'RTHWORT. n. s. [from birth and wort; I suppose from a qua­
lity of hastening delivery. Aristolochia, Lat.] The name of a
plant.
The stalks are flexible; the leaves are placed alternately on
the branches; the flowers consist of one leaf, are of an ano­
malous figure, hollowed like a pipe, and shaped like a tongue,
generally hooked; the flower cup turns to a membraneous,
oval shaped fruit, divided into five cells, and full of flat seeds.
The species are, 1. The round rooted birthwort. 2. The climb­
ing birthwort. 3. Spanish birthwort, &c. The first and second
are sometimes used in medicine, and are easily propagated by
parting their roots. Millar.


BIS

BI'SCOTIN. n. s. [French.] A confection made of flour, sugar,
marmalade, eggs, &c.

BI'SCUIT. n. s. [from bis, twice, Lat. and cuit, baked, Fr.]
1. A kind of hard dry bread, made to be carried to sea; it is
baked for long voyages four times.
The biscuit also in the ships, especially in the Spanish gal­
lies, was grown hoary, and unwholesome.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Many have been cured by abstinence from drink, eating dry
biscuit, which creates no thirst, and strong frictions four or five
times a day. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. A composition of fine flour, almonds, and sugar, made by the
confectioners.

To BISE'CT. v. a. [from binus and seco, to cut, Lat.] To divide
into two parts.
The rational horizon bisecteth the globe into two equal parts.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 5.

BISE'CTION. n. s. [from the verb.] A geometrical term, signi­
fying the division of any quantity into two equal parts.

BI'SHOP. n. s. [from episcopus, Lat. the Saxons formed biscop,
which was afterwards softened into bishop.] One of the head
order of the clergy.
A bishop is an overseer, or superintendant, of religious mat­
ters in the christian church. Ayliffe's Parergon.
You shall find him well accompany'd
With reverend fathers, and well learned bishops.
Shakesp. Richard III.
Their zealous superstition thinks, or pretends, they cannot
do God a greater service, than to destroy the primitive, aposto­
lical, and anciently universal government of the church by bi­
shops. K. Charles.
In case a bishop should commit reason and felony, and forfeit
his estate, with his life, the lands of his bishoprick remain still
in the church. South.
On the word bishop, in French evêque, I would observe, that
there is no natural connexion between the sacred office and the
letters or sound; for evêque, and bishop, signify the same office,
though there is not one letter alike in them. Watts's Logick.

BI'SHOP. n. s. A cant word for a mixture of wine, oranges, and
sugar.
Fine oranges,
Well roasted, with sugar and wine in a cup,
They'll make a sweet bishop, when gentle folks sup. Swift.

To BI'SHOP. v. a. [from the noun.] To confirm; to admit so­
lemnly into the church.
They are prophane, imperfect, oh! too bad,
Except confirm'd and bishoped by thee. Donne.

BI'SHOPRICK. n. s. [biscoprice, Saxon.] The diocese of a bi­
shop; the district over which the jurisdiction of a bishop ex­
tends.
It will be sit, that, by the king's supreme power in causes ec­
clesiastical, they be subordinate under some bishop, and bishop­
rick, of this realm. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
A virtuous woman should reject marriage, as a good man
does a bishoprick; but I would advise neither to persist in refus­
ing. Addison. Spectator, No 89.
Those pastors had episcopal ordination, possessed prefer­
ments in the church, and were sometimes promoted to bishop­
ricks themselves. Swift on the Sentiments of a Church of E. man.

BI'SHOPSWEED. [Ammi, Lat.] The name of a plant.
This is an umbelliferous weed, with small striated seeds;
the petals of the flowers are unequal, and shaped like a heart.
The seeds of the greater bishopsweed are used in medicine, and
should be sown in an open situation, early in the spring. Mill.

BISK. n. s. [bisque, Fr.] Soup; broth made by boiling several
sorts of flesh.
A prince, who in a forest rides astray,
And, weary, to some cottage finds the way,
Talks of no pyramids, or fowl, or bisks of fish,
But hungry sups his cream serv'd up in earthen dish.
King's Art of Cookery.

BI'SKET. See BISCUIT.

BI'SMUTH. n. s. The same as marcasite; it properly signifies
a hard, white, brittle, mineral substance, of a metalline na­
ture, found at Misnia; though supposed to be only a recre­
mentitious matter thrown off in the formation of tin, as unfit
to enter its composition. There are some, however, who
esteem it a metal sui generis; though it usually contains some
silver. There is an artificial bismuth made, for the shops, of
tin. Quincy.

BI'SSEXTILE. n. s. [from bis, and sextilis, Lat.] Leap year;
the year in which the day, arising from six odd hours in each
year, is intercalated.
The year of the sun consisteth of three hundred and sixty
five days and six hours, wanting eleven minutes; which six
hours omitted, will, in time, deprave the compute; and this
was the occasion of bissextile, or leap year.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Towards the latter end of February is the bissextile or inter­
calar day; called bissextile, because the sixth of the calends of
March is twice repeated. Holder on Time.

BI'SSON. adj. [derived by Skinner from by and sin.] Blind.
But who, oh! who hath seen the mobled queen,
Run barefoot up and down, threat'ning the flames
With bisson rheum. Shakesp. Hamlet.
What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean out of this
character. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BI'STRE. n. s. [French.] A colour made of chimney soot boil­
ed, and then diluted with water; used by painters in washing
their designs. Trevoux.

BI'STORT. n. s. [bistorta, Lat.] The name of a plant called also
snakeweed; which see.

BI'STOURY. n. s. [bistouri, Fr.] A surgeon's instrument used in
making incisions, of which there are three sorts; the blade of
the first turns like that of a lancet; but the straight bistoury has
the blade fixed in the handle; the crooked bistoury is shaped
like a half moon, having the edge on the inside. Chambers.

BISU'LCOUS. adj. [bisulcus, Lat.] Clovenfooted.
For the swine, although multiparous, yet being bisulcous, and
only clovenhoofed, are farrowed with open eyes, as other bisul­
cous animals. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 26.


BIT

BIT. n. s. [bitol, Saxon.] Signifies the whole machine of all the


iron appurtenances of a bridle, as the bit-mouth, the branches,
the curb, the sevil holes, the tranchefil, and the cross chains;
but sometimes it is used to signify only the bit-mouth in parti­
cular. Farrier's Dict.
They light from their horses, pulling off their bits, that they
might something refresh their mouths upon the grass. Sidney.
We have strict statutes, and most biting laws,
The needful bits and curbs of headstrong steeds.
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
He hath the bit fast between his teeth, and away he runs.
Stillingfleet.
Unus'd to the restraint
Of curbs and bits, and fleeter than the winds. Addis. Cato.

BIT. n. s. [from bite.]
1. As much meat as is put into the mouth at once.
How many prodigal bits have slaves and peasants
This night englutted? Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Follow your function, go and batten on cold bits. Shakesp.
The mice found it troublesome to be still climbing the oak
for every bit they put in their bellies. L'Estrange.
By this the boiling kettle had prepar'd,
And to the table sent the smoaking lard,
A sav'ry bit, that serv'd to relish wine. Dryden's Fables.
John was the darling; he had all the good bits, was cram­
med with good puller, chicken, and capon. Arbuthnot's J. Bull.
2. A small piece of any thing.
Then clap four slices of pilaster on't,
That, lac'd with bits of rustick, makes a front. Pope.
He bought at thousands, what with better wit
You purchase as you want, and bit by bit. Pope's Epistles.
His majesty has power to grant a patent for stamping round
bits of copper, to every subject he hath. Swift.
3. A Spanish West Indian silver coin, valued at sevenpence half­
penny.
4. A bit the better or worse. In the smallest degree.
There are few that know all the tricks of these lawyers;
for aught I can see, your case is not a bit clearer than it was
seven years ago. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

To BIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To put the bridle upon a
horse.

BITCH. n. s. [bitge, Saxon.]
1. The female of the canine kind; as the wolf, the dog, the fox,
the otter.
And at his feet a bitch wolf suck did yield
To two young babes. Spens. Vision of Bellay.
I have been credibly informed, that a bitch will nurse, play
with, and be fond of young foxes, as much as, and in place of
her puppies. Locke.
2. A name of reproach for a woman.
John had not run a madding so long, had it not been for an
extravagant bitch of a wife. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

To BITE. v. a. pret. I bit; part. pass. I have bit, or bitten. [bi­
tan, Saxon.]
1. To crush, or pierce with the teeth.
My very enemy's dog,
Though he had bit me, should have stood that night
Against my fire. Shakesp. King Lear.
Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords in twain,
Too intricate t' unloose. Shakesp. King Lear.
These are the youths that thunder at a playhouse, and fight
for bitten apples. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He falls; his arms upon his body found,
And with his bloody teeth he bites the ground. Dryden.
There was lately a young gentleman bit to the bone, who has
now indeed recovered. Tatler, No 62.
Their foul mouths have not opened their lips without a fal­
sity; though they have showed their teeth as if they would bite
off my nose. Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.
2. To give pain by cold.
Here feel we the icy phang,
And churlish chiding of the winter's wind;
Which when it bites and blows upon my body,
Ev'n till I shrink with cold, I smile. Shakesp. As you like it.
Full fifty years harness'd in rugged steel,
I have endur'd the biting winter's blast,
And the severer heats of parching summer.
Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
3. To hurt or pain with reproach.
Each poet with a diff'rent talent writes;
One praises, one instructs, another bites. Roscommon.
4. To cut; to wound.
I've seen the day, with my good biting faulchion,
I would have made them skip. Shakesp. King Lear.
5. To make the mouth smart with an acrid taste.
It may be the first water will have more of the scent, as
more fragrant; and the second more of the taste, as more bit­
ter, or biting. Bacon's Natural History, No 21.
6. To cheat; to trick; to defraud: a low phrase.
Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,
An honest factor stole a gem away:
He pledg'd it to the knight; the knight had wit,
So kept the diamond, and the rogue was bit. Pope.
If you had allowed half the fine gentlemen to have conversed
with you, they would have been strangely bit, while they
thought only to fall in love with a fair lady. Pope's Letters.

BITE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The seizure of any thing by the teeth.
Does he think he can endure the everlasting burnings, or
arm himself against the bites of the never dying worm? South.
Nor dogdays parching heat, that splits the rocks,
Are half so harmful as the greedy flocks;
Their venom'd bite, and scars indented on the stocks.
Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks, b. ii. l. 522.
2. The act of a fish that takes the bait.
I have known a very good fisher angle diligently four or six
hours for a river carp, and not have a bite. Walton's Angler.
3. A cheat; a trick; a fraud; in low and vulgar language.
Let a man be ne'er so wise,
He may be caught with sober lies;
For take it in its proper light,
'Tis just what coxcombs call a bite. Swift.
4. A sharper; one who commits frauds.

BI'TER. n. s. [from bite.]
1. He that bites.
Great barkers are no biters. Camden's Remains.
2. A fish apt to take the bait.
He is so bold, that he will invade one of his own kind, and
you may therefore easily believe him to be a bold biter. Walton.
3. A tricker; a deceiver.
A biter is one who tells you a thing, you have no reason to
disbelieve in itself, and perhaps has given you, before he bit
you, no reason to disbelieve it for his saying it; and, if you
give him credit, laughs in your face, and triumphs that he has
deceived you. He is one who thinks you a fool, because you
do not think him a knave. Spectator, No 504.

BI'TTACLE. n. s. A frame of timber in the steerage of a ship,
where the compass is placed. Dict.

BI'TTEN. particip. pass. [from to bite; which see.]

BI'TTER. adj. [biter, Saxon.]
1. Having a hot, acrid, biting taste, like wormwood.
Bitter things are apt rather to kill than engender putrefac­
tion. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 696.
Though a man in a fever should, from sugar, have a bitter
taste, which, at another time, produces a sweet one; yet the
idea of bitter in that man's mind, would be as clear and dis­
tinct from the idea of sweet, as if he had tasted only gall.
Locke.
2. Sharp; cruel; severe.
Friends now fast sworn,
Unseparable, shall within this hour,
On a dissension of a doit, break out
To bitterest enmity. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them.
Coloss. iii. 19.
The word of God, instead of a bitter, teaches us a charitable
zeal. Sprat.
3. Calamitous; miserable.
Noble friends and fellows, whom to leave
Is only bitter to him, only dying;
Go with me, like good angels, to my end. Shakesp. H. VIII.
A dire induction am I witness to;
And will to France, hoping, the consequence
Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Tell him, that if I bear my bitter fate,
'Tis to behold his vengeance for my son. Dryden's Æneis.
4. Painful; inclement.
And shun the bitter consequence: for know,
The day thou eat'st thereof, my sole command
Transgrest, inevitably thou shalt die. Paradise Lost, b. viii.
The fowl the borders fly,
And shun the bitter blast, and wheel about the sky. Dryden.
5. Sharp; reproachful; satirical.
Go with me,
And, in the breath of bitter words, let's smother
My damned son. Shakesp. Richard III.
6. Mournful; afflicted.
Wherefore is light given unto him that is in misery, and life
unto the bitter in soul? Job, iii. 20.
7. In any manner, unpleasing or hurtful.
Bitter is an equivocal word; there is bitter wormwood,
there are bitter words, there are bitter enemies, and a bitter cold
morning. Watts's Logick.

BI'TTERGOURD. n. s. [colocynthis, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It is, in all respects, like the gourd, excepting the leaves of
the plant being deeply jagged, and the fruit being excessively
bitter, and not eatable. There are several varieties of this
plant, which are very common in divers parts of the East and
West Indies. Millar.

BI'TTERLY. adv. [from bitter.]
1. With a bitter taste.
2. In a bitter manner; sorrowfully; calamitously.
I so lively acted with my tears,
That my poor mistress, moved therewithal,
Wept bitterly. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.


Bitterly hast thou paid, and still art paying
That rigid score. Milton's Agonistes, l. 432.
3. Sharply; severely.
His behaviour is not to censure bitterly the errours of their
zeal. Sprat.

BI'TTERN. n. s. [butour, Fr.] A bird with long legs, and a
long bill, which feeds upon fish; remarkable for the noise
which he makes, usually called bumping. See BITTOUR.
The poor fish have enemies enough, besides such unnatural
fishermen as otters, the cormorant, and the bittern. Walton.
So that scarce
The bittern knows his time, with bill ingulpht,
To shake the sounding marsh. Thomson's Spring.

BI'TTERN. n. s. [from bitter.] A very bitter liquour, which
drains off in making of common salt, and used in the prepara­
tion of Epsom salt. Quincy.

BI'TTERNESS. n. s. [from bitter.]
1. A bitter taste.
The idea of whiteness, or bitterness, is in the mind, exactly
answering that power which is in any body to produce it there.
Locke.
2. Malice; grudge; hatred; implacability.
The bitterness and animosity between the chief commanders
was such, that a great part of the army was marched. Clarend.
3. Sharpness; severity of temper.
His sorrows have so overwhelm'd his wits,
Shall we be thus afflicted in his wreaks,
His fits, his frenzy, and his bitterness? Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
Pierpoint and Crew appeared now to have contracted more
bitterness and sourness than formerly, and were more reserved
towards the king's commissioners. Clarendon, b. viii.
4. Satire; piquancy; keenness of reproach.
Some think their wits have been asleep, except they dart out
somewhat piquant, and to the quick: men ought to find the
difference between saltness and bitterness. Bacon, Essay 33.
5. Sorrow; vexation; affliction.
There appears much joy in him, even so much, that joy
could not shew itself modest enough, without a badge of bitter­
ness. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
They shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son,
and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for
his firstborn. Zech. xii. 10.
Most pursue the pleasures, as they call them, of their natures,
which begin in sin, are carried on with danger, and end in
bitterness. Wake's Preparation for Death.
I oft, in bitterness of soul, deplor'd
My absent daughter, and my dearer lord. Pope's Odyssey.

BI'TTERSWEET. n. s. [from bitter and sweet.] The name of
an apple, which has a compound taste of sweet and bitter.
It is but a bittersweet at best, and the fine colours of the ser­
pent do by no means make amends for the smart and poison of
his sting. South.
When I express the taste of an apple, which we call the
bittersweet, none can mistake what I mean. Watts's Logick.

BI'TTERVETCH. n. s. [orobus, Lat.]
This plant hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose em­
palement rises the pointal, wrapt up in the membrane, which
becomes a round pod, full of oval shaped seeds; two leaves,
joined together, grow upon a rib that terminates in a point.
Millar.

BI'TTOUR. n. s. [butour, Fr.] The name of a bird, commonly
called the bittern; [See BITTERN.] but perhaps as properly
bittour.
Then to the waters brink she laid her head;
And, as a bittour bumps within a reed,
To thee alone, O lake, she said, I tell. Dryden's W. of Bath.

BITU'ME. n. s. [from bitumen.] Bitumen. See BITUMEN.
Mix with these
Idæan pitch, quick sulphur, silver's spume,
Sea onion, hellebore, and black bitume. May's Virgil.

BITU'MEN. n. s. [Lat.] A fat unctuous matter dug out of
the earth, or scummed off lakes, as the Asphaltis in Judæa, of
various kinds; some so hard as to be used for coals; others so
glutinous as to serve for mortar. Savary.
It is reported, that bitumen mingled with lime, and put un­
der water, will make, as it were, an artificial rock, the sub­
stance becometh so hard. Bacon's Nat. History, No 783.
The fabrick seem'd a work of rising ground,
With sulphur and bitumen cast between. Dryden's Fables.
Bitumen is a body that readily takes fire, yields an oil, and is
soluble in water. Woodward's Method of Fossils.

BITU'MINOUS. adj. [from bitumen.] Having the nature and
qualities of bitumen; compounded of bitumen.
Naphtha, which was the bituminous mortar used in the walls
of Babylon, grows to an entire and very hard matter, like a
stone. Bacon's Physical Remains.
The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew
Near that bituminous lake, where Sodom flam'd.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 562.


BIV

BIVA'LVE. adj. [from binus and valvæ, Lat.] Having two
valves or shutters; a term used of those fish that have two
shells, as oysters; and of those plants whose seed pods open
their whole length, to discharge their seeds, as peas.
In the cavity lies loose the shell of some sort of bivalve, lar­
ger than could be introduced in at either of those holes.
Woodward on Fossils.

BIVA'LVULAR. adj. [from bivalve.] Having two valves. Dict.

BI'XWORT. n. s. An herb. Dict.

BI'ZANTINE. n. s. [more properly spelt byzantine; from Byzan­
tium.] A great piece of gold valued at fifteen pound, which the
king offereth upon high festival days; it is yet called a bizan­
tine, which anciently was apiece of gold coined by the empe­
rours of Constantinople. Camden's Remains.


BLA

To BLAB. v. a. [blabberen, Dutch.]
1. To tell what ought to be kept secret; it usually implies rather
thoughtlessness than treachery; but may be used in either sense.
The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day,
Is crept into the bosom of the sea. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Thy dues be done, and none left out,
Ere the blabbing eastern scout
The nice morn on the Indian steep,
From her cabin'd loophole peep. Milton.
Nature has made man's breast no windores,
To publish what he does within doors;
Nor what dark secrets there inhabit,
Unless his own rash folly blab it. Hudibras, p. ii. c. ii.
Sorrow nor joy can be disguis'd by art,
Our foreheads blab the secrets of our heart. Dryden's Juv.
It is unlawful to give any kind of religious worship to a crea­
ture; but the very indices of the fathers cannot escape the in­
dex expurgatorius, for blabbing so great a truth. Stillingfleet.
Nor whisper to the tattling reeds
The blackest of all female deeds;
Nor blab it on the lonely rocks,
Where echo sits, and list'ning mocks. Swift.
2. To tell; in a good sense.
That delightful engine of her thoughts,
That blabb'd them with such pleasing eloquence,
Is torn from forth that pretty hollow cage.
Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.

To BLAB. v. n. To tattle; to tell tales.
Your mute I'll be;
When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

BLAB. n. s. [from the verb.] A teltale; a thoughtless babbler;
a treacherous betrayer of secrets.
The secret man heareth many confessions; for who will open
himself to a blab, or babbler? Bacon, Essay 6.
To have reveal'd
Secrets of man, the secrets of a friend,
Contempt and scorn of all, to be excluded
All friendship, and avoided as a blab. Milton's Agonistes.
Whoever shews me a very inquisitive body, I'll shew him a
blab, and one that shall make privacy as publick as a proclama­
tion. L'Estrange.
I should have certainly gone about shewing my letters, under
the charge of secrecy, to every blab of my acquaintance.
Swift's Letters.

BLA'BBER. n. s. [from blab.] A tattler; a teltale.

To BLA'BBER. v. n. To whistle to a horse. Skinner.

BLA'BBERLIPPED.  Skinner. See BLOBBERLIPPED.

BLACK. adj. [blac, Saxon.]
1. Of the colour of night.
In the twilight in the evening, in the black and dark night.
Prov. vii. 9.
By Aristotle it seems to be implied, in these problems which
enquire why the sun makes man black, and not the fire, why it
whitens wax, yet blacks the skin. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Dark.
The heaven was black with clouds and wind, and there was a
great rain. 1 Kings, xviii. 45.
3. Cloudy of countenance; sullen.
She hath abated me of half my train;
Look'd black upon me. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. Horrible; wicked; atrocious.
Either my country never must be freed,
Or I consenting to so black a deed. Dryden's Indian Emp.
5. Dismal; mournful.
A dire induction am I witness to;
And will to France, hoping, the consequence,
Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical. Shakesp. Rich. III.
6. Black and blue. The colour of a bruise; a stripe.
Mistress Ford, good heart, is beaten black and blue, that you
cannot see a white spot about her. Merry Wives of Windsor.
And, wing'd with speed and fury, flew
To rescue knight from black and blue. Hudibras, cant. ii.

BLACK-BROWED. adj. [from black and brow.] Having black
eyebrows; gloomy; dismal; threatening.
Come, gentle night; come, loving, black-brow'd night,
Give me my Romeo. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Thus when a black-brow'd gust begins to rise,
White foam at first on the curl'd ocean fries,
Then roars the main, the billows mount the skies.
Dryden, Æneid vii. l. 736.



BLACK-BRYONY. n. s. [tamnus, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It is male and female in different plants; the flowers of the
male plant consist of one leaf, and are bell shaped; but these
are barren; the embryos are produced on the female plants,
which become oval berries, including roundish seeds. These
plants have no clasper, as the white bryony hath. The spe­
cies are, 1. The common black-bryony. 2. Black-bryony of Crete,
with a trifid leaf, &c. The first is rarely cultivated in gar­
dens, but grows wild under hedges, and is gathered for medi­
cinal use. It may be easily propagated by sowing the seeds,
soon after they are ripe, under the shelter of bushes; where, in
the spring, the plants will come up, and spread their branches
over the bushes. Millar.

BLACK-CATTLE. Oxen; bulls; and cows.
The other part of the grazier's business is what we call
black-cattle, producing hides, tallow, and beef, for exportation.
Swift.

BLACK-EARTH. n. s. It is every where obvious on the surface
of the ground, and what we call mould. Woodw. on Fossils.

BLACK-GUARD. adj. [from black and guard.] A cant word a­
mongst the vulgar; by which is implied a dirty fellow; of the
meanest kind.
Let a black-guard boy be always about the house, to send on
your errands, and go to market for you on rainy days. Swift.

BLACK-LEAD. n. s. [from black and lead.] A mineral found in
the lead-mines, much used for pencils; it is not fusible, or not
without a very great heat.
You must first get your black-lead sharpened finely, and put
fast into quills, for your rude and first draught. Peacham.

BLACK-MAIL. n. s. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or
other consideration, paid to men allied with robbers, to be by
them protected from the danger of such as usually rob or steal.
Cowel.

BLACK-PUDDING. n. s. [from black and pudding.] A kind of
food made of blood and grain.
Through they were lin'd with many a piece
Of ammunition bread and cheese,
And fat black-puddings, proper food
For warriours that delight in blood. Hudibras, p. i. cant. i.

BLACK-ROD. n. s. [from black and rod.] The usher belonging to
the order of the garter; so called from the black rod he carries
in his hand. He is of the king's chamber, and likewise usher
of the parliament. Cowel.

BLACK. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A black colour.
Black is the badge of hell,
The hue of dungeons, and the scowl of night.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
For the production of black, the corpuscles must be less than
any of those which exhibit colours. Newton's Opticks.
2. Mourning.
Rise, wretched widow, rise; nor, undeplor'd,
Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford:
But rise, prepar'd in black, to mourn thy perish'd lord.
Dryden's Fables.
3. A blackamoor.
4. That part of the eye which is black.
It suffices that it be in every part of the air, which is as big
as the black or sight of the eye. Digby.

To BLACK. v. a. [from the noun.] To make black; to blacken.
Blacking over the paper with ink, not only the ink would be
quickly dried up, but the paper, that I could not burn before,
would be quickly set on fire. Boyle on Colours.
Then in his fury black'd the raven o'er,
And bid him prate in his white plumes no more.
Addison's Ovid's Metamorph. b. ii.

BLA'CKAMOOR. n. s. [from black and Moor.] A man by na­
ture of a black complexion; a negro.
They are no more afraid of a blackamoor, or a lion, than of
a nurse, or a cat. Locke on Education, § 115.

BLA'CKBERRIED Heath. [empetrum, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It hath leaves like those of the heath; the flowers are male
and female, which grow in different parts of the same plant;
the male flowers have no petals; the female are succeeded by
blackberries, in each of which are contained three or four hard
seeds. This little shrub grows wild upon the mountains in
Staffordshire, Devonshire, and Yorkshire. Millar.

BLA'CKBERRY Bush. n. s. A species of bramble; which see.

BLA'CKBERRY. n. s. The fruit of the blackberry bush.
The policy of these crafty sneering rascals, that stale old
mouse eaten cheese Nestor, and that same dogfox Ulysses, is
not proved worth a blackberry. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Then sad he sung the children in the wood;
How blackberries they pluck'd in desarts wild,
And fearless at the glittering faulchion smil'd. Gay's Past.

BLA'CKBIRD. n. s. [from black and bird.] The name of a bird.
Of singing birds, they have linnets, goldfinches, blackbirds,
thrushes, and divers others. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
A schoolboy ran unto't, and thought
The crib was down, the blackbird caught. Swift.

To BLA'CKEN. v. a. [from black.]
1. To make of a black colour.
Bless'd by aspiring winds, he finds the strand
Blacken'd by crouds. Prior.
While the long fun'rals blacken all the way. Pope.
2. To darken.
That little cloud that appear'd at first to Elijah's servant, no
bigger than a man's hand, but presently after grew, and spread,
and blackened the face of the whole heaven. South.
3. To defame; or make infamous.
Let us blacken him what we can, said that miscreant Harri­
son, of the blessed king, upon the wording and drawing up his
charge against his approaching trial. South.
The morals blacken'd, when the writings 'scape
The libell'd person, and the pictur'd shape. Pope.

To BLA'CKEN. v. n. To grow black.
The hollow sound
Sung in the leaves, the forest shook around,
Air blacken'd, roll'd the thunder, groan'd the ground. Dryden.

BEA'CKISH. adj. [from black.] Somewhat black.
Part of it all the year continues in the form of a blackish
oil. Boyle.

BLA'CKMOOR. n. s. [from black and Moor.] A negro.
The land of Chus makes no part of Africa; nor is it the ha­
bitation of blackmoors; but the country of Arabia, especially the
happy and stony. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 11.
More to west
The realm of Bacchus to the blackmoor sea. Par. Reg. b. iv.

BLA'CKNESS. n. s. [from black.]
1. Black colour.
Blackness is only a disposition to absorb, or stifle, without re­
flection, most of the rays of every sort that fall on the bodies.
Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy, c. ii.
There would emerge one or more very black spots, and,
within those, other spots of an intenser blackness. Newt. Opt.
His tongue, his prating tongue, had chang'd him quite,
To sooty blackness from the purest white. Addison's Ovid.
2. Darkness.
His faults in him seem as the spots of heav'n,
More fiery by night's blackness. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

BLA'CKSMITH. n. s. [from black and smith.] A smith that works
in iron; so called from being very smutty.
The blacksmith may forge what he pleases. Howel's E. Tears.
Shut up thy doors with bars and bolts; it will be impossible
for the blacksmith to make them so fast, but a cat and a whore­
master will find a way through them. Spectator, No 205.

BLA'CKTAIL. n. s. [from black and tail.] A fish; a kind of
perch, by some called ruffs, or popes. See POPE. Dict.

BLA'CKTHORN. n. s. [from black and thorn.] The same with
the sloe. See PLUM, of which it is a species.

BLA'DDER. n. s. [bladdre, Saxon; blader, Dutch.]
1. That vessel in the body which contains the urine.
The bladder should be made of a membranous substance, and
extremely dilatable for receiving and containing the urine,
till an opportunity of emptying it. Ray on the Creation.
2. It is often filled with wind, to which allusions are frequently
made.
That huge great body which the giant bore,
Was vanquish'd quite, and of that monstrous mass
Was nothing left, but like an empty bladder was. Fairy Q.
A bladder but moderately filled with air, and strongly tied,
being held near the fire, grew exceeding turgid and hard; but
afterwards being brought nearer to the fire, it suddenly broke,
with so loud a noise as made us for a while after almost deaf.
Boyle.
3. It is usual for those that learn to swim, to support themselves
with blown bladders.
I have ventur'd,
Like little wanton boys, that swim on bladders,
These many summers, in a sea of glory;
But far beyond my depth: my highblown pride
At length broke under me. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. A blister; a pustule.

BLA'DDER-NUT. n. s. [staphylodendron, Lat.] A plant.
The flower consists of several leaves, which are placed circu­
larly, and expand in form of a rose; out of whose many headed
flower cup rises the pointal, which becomes a membranaceous
fruit, somewhat like the inflated bladder of fishes, and divided
into two or three cells, containing seeds in form of a scull.
The species are, 1. The common wild bladder-nut. 2. Three
leaved Virginian bladder-nut. 3. Bladder-nut, with single shining
leaves. 4. Bladder-nut, with narrow bay leaves. 5. Three
leaved American bladder-nut, with cut leaves. The first of these
trees is found wild in the woods, and other shady places, in the
northern parts of England. The second sort is a native of A­
merica, but is so hardy as to endure the severest cold of our
climate, in the open air. Both these kinds may be propagated,
by sowing their seeds early in the spring. They will commonly
grow in England to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. Mill.

BLA'DDER-SENA. n. s. [colutea, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, succeeded by pods, resemb­
bling the inflated bladder of fishes, in which are contained se­
veral kidney shaped seeds. The species are five. These shrubs
grow to the height of eight or ten feet; and, among flowering


trees, the oddness of their flowers and pods will make a pretty
variety. Millar.

BLADE. n. s. [blæd, bled, Sax. bled, Fr.] The spire of grass
before it grows to seed; the green shoots of corn which rise
from the seed. This seems to me the primitive signification of
the word blade; from which, I believe, the blade of a sword
was first named, because of its similitude in shape; and, from
the blade of a sword, that of other weapons or tools.
There is hardly found a plant that yieldeth a red juice in the
blade or ear, except it be the tree that beareth sanguis draco­
nis. Bacon.
Sends in his feeding flocks betimes, t' invade
The rising bulk of the luxuriant blade. Dryden's Georg.
If we were able to dive into her secret recesses, we should
find that the smallest blade of grass, or most contemptible weed,
has its particular use. Swift on the Faculties of the Mind.
Hung on every spray, on every blade
Of grass, the myriad dewdrops twinkle round. Thomson.

BLADE. n. s. [blatte, Germ. blad, Dutch.]
1. The sharp of striking part of a weapon or instrument, distinct
from the handle. It is usually taken for a weapon, and so call­
ed probably from the likeness of a sword blade to a blade of grass.
He sought all round about, his thirsty blade
To bathe in blood of faithless enemy. Fairy Queen, b. i.
She knew the virtue of her blade, nor would
Pollute her sabre with ignoble blood. Dryden's Hind and P.
Be his this sword, whose blade of brass displays
A ruddy gleam; whose hilt a silver blaze. Pope.
2. A brisk man, either fierce or gay, called so in contempt. So we
say mettle for courage.
You'll find yourself mistaken, Sir, if you'll take upon you to
judge of these blades by their garbs, looks, and outward ap­
pearance. L'Estrange.
Then turning about to the hangman, he said,
Dispatch me, I pri'thee, this troublesome blade. Prior.

BLADE of the Shoulder. n. s. The bone called by anatomists the
scapula, or scapular bone.

BLA'DEBONE. n. s. The bone called by anatomists the
scapula, or scapular bone.
He fell most furiously on the broiled relicks of a shoulder of
mutton, commonly called a bladebone. Pope.

To BLADE. v. a. [from the noun.] To furnish, or fit with a
blade.

BLA'DED. adj. [from blade.] Having blades or spires.
Her silver visage in the wat'ry glass,
Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
As where the lightning runs along the ground,
Nor bladed grass, nor bearded corn succeeds,
But scales of scurf and putrefaction breeds. Dryden.

BLAIN. n. s. [blegene, Sax. bleyne, Dutch.] A pustule; a botch;
a blister.
Itches, blains,
Sow all th' Athenian bosoms, and the crop
Be general leprosy. Shakesp. Timon.
Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss,
And all his people. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 180.
Whene'er I hear a rival nam'd,
I feel my body all inflam'd;
Which breaking out in boils and blains,
With yellow filth my linen stains. Swift.

BLA'MABLE. adj. [from blame.] Culpable; faulty.
Virtue is placed between two extremes, which are on both
sides equally blamable. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

BLA'MABLENESS. n. s. [from blamable.] Fault; the state of be­
ing liable to blame.

BLA'MABLY. adv. [from blamable.] Culpable; in a manner
liable to censure.
A process may be carried on against a person, that is mali­
ciously or blamably absent, even to a definitive sentence. Ayliffe.

To BLAME. v. a. [blâmer, Fr.]
1. To censure; to charge with a fault: it generally implies a
slight censure.
Our pow'r
Shall do a court'sy to our wrath, which men
May blame, but not controul. Shakesp. King Lear.
Porphyrius, you too far did tempt your fate;
'Tis true, your duty to me it became;
But praising that, I must your conduct blame.
Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
Each finding, like a friend,
Something to blame, and something to commend. Pope.
2. To blame has usually the particle for before the fault.
The reader must not blame me for making use here, all along
of the word sentiment. Locke.
3. Sometimes, but rarely, of.
Tomoreus he blam'd of inconsiderate rashness, for that he
would busy himself in matters not belonging to his vocation.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

BLAME. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Fault; imputation of a fault.
In arms, the praise of success is shared amongst many; yet
the blame of misadventures is charged upon one.
Sir J. Hayward.
They lay the blame on the poor little ones, sometimes pas­
sionately enough, to divert it from themselves. Locke.
2. Crime; that which produces or deserves censure.
Who would not judge us to be discharged of all blame,
which are confest to have no great fault, even by their very
word and testimony, in whose eyes no fault of ours hath ever
hitherto been accustomed to seem small. Hooker, b. v. § 27.
I unspeak mine own detraction; here abjure
The taints and blames I laid upon myself,
For strangers to my nature. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Hurt.
Therewith upon his crest,
With rigour so outrageous he smit,
That a large share it hew'd out of the rest,
And glancing down his shield, from blame him fairly blest.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. ii. stanz. 18.
4. There is a peculiar structure of this word, in which it is not
very evident whether it be a noun or a verb; but I conceive it
to be the noun. To blame, in French, à tort.
You were to blame, I must be plain with you,
To part so slightly with your wife's first gift.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
I do not ask whether they were mistaken; but, on supposi­
tion they were not, whether they were to blame in the manner.
Stillingfleet.
Now we should hold them much to blame,
If they went back before they came. Prior.

BLA'MEFUL. adj. [from blame and full.] Criminal; guilty;
meriting blame.
Is not the causer of these timeless deaths,
As blameful as the executioner? Shakesp. Richard III.
Bluntwitted lord, ignoble in demeanour,
If ever lady wrong'd her lord so much,
Thy mother took into her blameful bed
Some stern untutor'd churl. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.

BLA'MELESS. adj. [from blame.]
1. Guiltless; innocent; exempt from censure or blame.
She found out the righteous, and preserved him blameless un­
to God. Wisdom, x. 5.
The flames ascend on either altar clear,
While thus the blameless maid address'd her pray'r. Dryden.
Such a lessening of our coin will deprive great numbers of
blameless men, of a fifth part of their estates. Locke.
2. Sometimes it is used with of.
We will be blameless of this thine oath. Joshua, ii. 17.

BLA'MELESLY. adv. [from blameless.] Innocently; without
crime.
It is the wilful opposing explicit articles, and not the not
believing them when not revealed, or not with that conviction,
against which he cannot blamelesly, without pertinacy, hold out,
that will bring danger of ruin on any. Hammond's Fundamentals.

BLA'MELESNESS. n. s. [from blameless.] Innocence; exemp­
tion from censure.
Having resolved, with him in Homer, that all is chargeable
on Jupiter and fate, they infer, with him, the blamelessness of
the inferiour agent. Hammond's Fundamentals.

BLA'MER. n. s. [from blame.] One that blames or finds fault;
a censurer.
In me you've hallowed a pagan muse,
And denizon'd a stranger, who, mistaught
By blamers of the times they marr'd, hath sought
Virtues in corners. Donne.

BLAMEWO'RTHY. adj. [from blame and worthy.] Culpable;
blameable; worthy of blame or censure.
Although the same should be blameworthy, yet this age hath
reasonably well forborn to incur the danger of any such blame.
Hooker, b. v. § 12.

To BLANCH. v. a. [blanchir, Fr.]
1. To whiten; to change from some other colour to white.
You can behold such sights,
And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
When mine is blanch'd with fear. Shakesp. Macbeth.
A way of whiting wax cheaply may be of use; and we have
set down the practice of tradesmen who blanch it. Boyle.
And sin's black dye seems blanch'd by age to virtue.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
2. To strip or peel such things as have husks.
Their suppers may be bisket, raisins of the sun, and a few
blanched almonds. Wiseman's Surgery.
3. To obliterate; to wash out; to balk; to pass over.
The judges thought it dangerous to admit ifs and ands, to
qualify treason; whereby every one might express his malice,
and blanch his danger. Bacon's Henry VII.
You are not transported in an action that warms the blood
and is appearing holy, to blanch, or take for admitted, the point
of lawfulness. Bacon's Holy War.

To BLANCH. v. n. To evade; to shift; to speak soft.
Optimi consiliarii mortui; books will speak plain, when coun­
sellors blanch. Bacon.

BLA'NCHER. n. s. [from blanch.] A whitener. Dict.

BLAND. adj. [blandus, Lat.] Soft; mild; gentle.


In her face excuse
Came prologue; and apology too prompt;
Which, with bland words at will, she thus address'd.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix. l. 855.
An even calm
Perpetual reign'd, save what the zephyrs bland
Breath'd o'er the blue expanse. Thomson's Spring.

To BLA'NDISH. v. a. [blandior, Lat.] To smooth; to soften.
I have met with this word in no other passage.
Must'ring all her wiles,
With blandish'd parleys, feminine assaults,
Tongue-batteries, she surceas'd not day nor night,
To storm me over-watch'd, and weary'd out.
Milton's Agonistes, l. 402.

BLA'NDISHMENT. n. s. [from blandish; blanditiæ, Lat.]
1. Act of fondness; expression of tenderness by gesture.
The little babe up in his arms he hent,
Who, with sweet pleasure and bold blandishment,
'Gan smile. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. ii. stanz. 1.
Each bird and beast, behold
Approaching two and two; these cow'ring low
With blandishment. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 351.
2. Soft words; kind speeches.
He was both well and fair spoken, and would use strange
sweetness and blandishment of words, where he desired to effect
or persuade any thing that he took to heart. Bacon's H. VII.
3. Kind treatment; caress.
Him Dido now with blandishment detains;
But I suspect the town where Juno reigns. Dryden's Virgil.
In order to bring those infidels within the wide circle of
whiggish community, neither blandishments nor promises are
omitted. Swift's Examiner, No 47.

BLANK. adj. [blanc, Fr. derived by Menage from Albianus, thus:
Albianus, albianicus, bianicus, biancus, bianco, blanicut, blancus,
blanc; by others, from blanc, which, in Danish, signifies shin­
ing; in conformity to which, the Germans have blancker, to
shine; the Saxons, blæcan; and the English, bleach, to whiten.]
1. White.
To the blank moon
Her office they prescrib'd: to th' other five
Their planetary motions. Parad. Lost, b. x. l. 656.
2. Without writing; unwritten; empty of all marks.
Our substitutes at home shall have blank charters,
Whereto, when they know that men are rich,
They shall subscribe them for large sums of gold.
Shakesp. Richard II.
Upon the debtor side, I find innumerable articles; but, upon
the creditor side, little more than blank paper. Addison. Spectat.
3. Confused; crushed; dispirited; subdued; depressed.
There without such boast, or sign of joy,
Solicitous and blank, he thus began. Par. Regained, b. ii.
Adam soon as he heard
The fatal trespass done by Eve, amaz'd,
Astonied stood, and blank, while horrour chill
Ran through his veins, and all his joints relax'd.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 888.
But now no face divine contentment wears;
'Tis all blank sadness, or continual fears. Pope.
4. Without rhime; where the rhime is blanched, or missed.
The lady shall say her mind freely, or the blank verse shall
halt for it. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Long have your ears been fill'd with tragick parts;
Blood and blank verse have harden'd all your hearts.
Addison's Drummer, Prologue.
Our blank verse, where there is no rhime to support the ex­
pression, is extremely difficult to such as are not masters in the
tongue. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

BLANK. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A void space.
I cannot write a paper full as I used to do; and yet I will
not forgive a blank of half an inch from you. Swift.
2. A lot, by which nothing is gained; which has no prize mark­
ed upon it.
If you have heard your general talk of Rome,
And of his friends there, it is lots to blanks
My name hath touch'd your ears. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
In fortune's lottery lies
A heap of blanks, like this, for one small prize. Dryden.
The world the coward will despise,
When life's a blank, who pulls not for a prize. Dryden.
3. A paper from which the writing is effaced.
She has left him
The blank of what he was;
I tell thee, eunuch, she has quite unmann'd him. Dryden.
4. A paper unwritten; any thing without marks or characters.
For him, I think not on him; for his thoughts,
Would they were blanks, rather than fill'd with me.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Omission to do what is necessary,
Seals a commission to a blank of danger. Shakesp. Tr. and Cr.
For the book of knowledge fair,
Presented with an universal blank
Of nature's works, to me expung'd and ras'd. Par. Lost.
A life so spent is one great blank, which, though not blotted
with sin, is yet without any characters of grace or virtue.
Rogers, serm. xii.
5. The point to which an arrow is directed; so called, because,
to be more visible, it was marked with white.
Slander,
Whose whisper o'er the world's diameter,
As level as the cannon to his blank,
Transports its poison'd shot. Shakesp. Hamlet.
6. Aim; shot.
The harlot king
Is quite beyond my aim; out of the blank
And level of my brain. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I have spoken for you all my best,
And stood within the blank of his displeasure,
For my free speech. Shakesp. Othello.
7. Object to which any thing is directed.
See better, Lear, and let me still remain
The true blank of thine. Shakesp. King Lear.

To BLANK. v. a. [from blank; blanchir, Fr.]
1. To damp; to confuse; to dispirit.
Each opposite, that blanks the face of joy,
Meet what I would have well, and it destroy. Shakesp. Haml.
Dagon must stoop, and shall ere long receive
Such a discomfit, as shall quite despoil him
Of all these boasted trophies won on me,
And with confusion blank his worshippers. Milton's Agonist.
If the atheist, when he dies, should find that his soul remains,
how will this man be amazed and blanked? Tillotson.
2. To efface; to annul.
All former purposes were blanked, the governour at a bay,
and all that charge lost and cancelled. Spenser on Ireland.

BLA'NKET. n. s. [blanchette, Fr.]
1. An woollen cover, soft, and loosely woven, spread commonly
upon a bed, over the linen sheet, for the procurement of
warmth.
Nor heav'n peep through the blanket of the dark,
To cry, hold! hold! Shakesp. King Lear.
The abilities of man must fall short on one side or other, like
too scanty a blanket when you are abed; if you pull it upon
your shoulders, you leave your feet bare; if you thrust it down
upon your feet, your shoulders are uncovered. Temple.
Himself among the storied chiefs he spies,
As from the blanket high in air he flies. Pope's Dunciad.
2. A kind of pear, sometimes written blanquet. See PEAR.

To BLA'NKET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with a blanket.
My face I'll grime with filth;
Blanket my loins; tie all my hair in knots. Sh. King Lear.
2. To toss in a blanket, by way of penalty or contempt.
Ah, oh! he cry'd, what street, what lane, but knows
Our purgings, pumpings, blanketings, and blows? Pope.

BLA'NKLY. adv. [from blank.] In a blank manner; with white­
ness; with paleness; with confusion.

To BLARE. v. n. [blaren, Dutch.] To bellow; to roar. Skinn.

To BLASPHE'ME. v. a. [blasphemo, low Lat.]
1. To speak in terms of impious irreverence of God.
2. To speak evil of.
The truest issue of thy throne,
By his own interdiction stands accurs'd,
And does blaspheme his breed. Shakes. Macbeth.
Those who from our labours heap their board,
Blaspheme their feeder, and forget their lord. Pope's Odyssey.

To BLASPHE'ME. v. n. To speak blasphemy.
Liver of blaspheming Jew,
Gall of goat, and stips of yew. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I punished them oft in every synagogue, and compelled them
to blaspheme. Acts, xxvi. 11.

BLASPHE'MER. n. s. [from blaspheme.] A wretch that speaks of
God in impious and irreverent terms.
Who was before a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and inju­
rious. 1 Tim. i. 13.
Even that blasphemer himself would inwardly reverence him,
as he in his heart really despises him for his cowardly base
silence. South.
Deny the curst blasphemer's tongue to rage,
And turn God's fury from an impious age. Tickell.
Should each blasphemer quite escape the rod,
Because the insult's not to man, but God. Pope.

BLA'SPHEMOUS. adj. [from blaspheme. It is usually spoken with
the accent on the first syllable, but used by Milton with it on
the second.] Impiously irreverent with regard to God.
O man, take heed how thou the gods do move,
To cause full wrath, which thou canst not resist;
Blasphemous words the speaker vain do prove. Sidney, b. ii.
And dar'st thou to the Son of God propound,
To worship thee accurst; now more accurst
For this attempt, bolder than that on Eve,
And more blasphemous? Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iii.
A man can hardly pass the streets, without having his ears
grated with such horrid and blasphemous oaths and curses. Tillot.
That any thing that wears the name of a christian, or but of


man, should venture to own such a villainous, impudent, and
blasphemous assertion in the face of the world, as this! South.

BLA'SPHEMOUSLY. adv. [from blaspheme.] Impiously; with
wicked irreverence.
Where is the right use of his reason, while he would blasphe­
mously set up to controul the commands of the Almighty? Swift.

BLA'SPHEMY. n. s. [from blaspheme.]
Blasphemy, strictly and properly, is an offering of some indig­
nity, or injury, unto God himself, either by words or writing.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
But that my heart's on future mischief set,
I would speak blasphemy, ere bid you fly;
But fly you must. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
Intrinsick goodness consists in accordance, and sin in contra­
riety, to the secret will of God; or else God could not be de­
fined good, so far as his thoughts and secrets, but only superfi­
cially good, as far as he is pleased to reveal himself, which is
perfect blasphemy to imagine. Hammond's Fundamentals.

BLAST. n. s. [from blæst, Saxon; blasen, Germ. to blow.]
1. A gust, or puff of wind.
They that stand high, have many blasts to shake them;
And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces.
Shakesp. Richard III.
Welcome, then,
Thou unsubstantial air, that I embrace;
The wretch that thou hast blown unto the worst,
Owes nothing to thy blasts. Shakesp. King Lear.
Perhaps thy fortune doth controul the winds,
Doth loose or bind their blasts in secret cave. Fairfax, b. i.
Three ships were hurry'd by the southern blast,
And on the secret shelves with fury cast. Dryden's Æneid.
2. The sound made by blowing any instrument of wind musick.
In peace there's nothing so becomes a man,
As modest stilness and humility;
But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
Then imitate the action of the tyger. Shakesp. Henry V.
He blew his trumpet—the angelick blast
Fill'd all the regions. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 76.
The Veline fountains, and sulphureous Nar,
Shake at the baleful blast, the signal of the war. Dryden's Æn.
Whether there be two different goddesses called Fame, or
one goddess sounding two different trumpets, it is certain, vil­
lainy has as good a title to a blast from the proper trumpet, as
virtue has from the former. Swift.
3. The stroke of a malignant planet; the infection of any thing
pestilential.
By the blast of God they perish. Job, iv. 9.

To BLAST. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To strike with some sudden plague or calamity.
You nimble lightnings, dart your blinding flames
Into her scornful eyes! infect her beauty,
You fensuck'd fogs, drawn by the powerful sun,
To fall and blast her pride. Shakesp. King Lear.
Oh! Portius, is there not some chosen curse,
Some hidden thunder in the store of heaven,
Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man,
Who owes his greatness to his country's ruin. Addison. Cato.
2. To make to wither.
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way. Macbeth.
And behold seven thin ears, and blasted with the eastwind
sprung up after them. Gen. xli. 6.
She that like lightning shin'd, while her face lasted,
The oak now resembles, which lightning had blasted.
Waller.
To his green years your censures you would suit,
Not blast that blossom, but expect the fruit. Dryden.
Agony unmix'd, incessant gall
Corroding every thought, and blasting all
Love's paradise. Thomson's Spring, l. 1075.
3. To injure; to invalidate.
He shews himself either very weak, if he will take my word,
when he thinks I deserve no credit; or very malicious, if he
knows I deserve credit, and yet goes about to blast it.
Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourses on Romish Idolatry.
4. To cut off; to hinder from coming to maturity.
This commerce, Jeshophat king of Juda endeavoured to re­
new; but his enterprize was blasted by the destruction of vessels
in the harbour. Arbuthnot on Coins.
5. To confound; to strike with terrour.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din, blast you the city's ears;
Make mingle with your ratt'ling tabourines.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BLA'STMENT. n. s. [from blast.] Blast; sudden stroke of in­
fection.
In the morn, and liquid dew of youth,
Contagious blastments are most imminent. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BLA'TANT. adj. [blatttant, Fr.] Bellowing as a calf.
You learn'd this language from the blatant beast. Dryden.

To BLA'TTER. v. n. [from blatero, Lat.] To roar; to make
a senseless noise. It is a word not now used.
She rode at peace, through his only pains and excellent en­
durance, however envy list to blatter against him. Spens. Irel.

BLATTERA'TION. n. s. [blateratio, Lat.] Noise; senseless roar.

BLAY. n. s. A small white river fish; called also a bleak, which
see.

BLAZE. n. s. [blase, a torch, Saxon.]
1. A flame; the light of the flame: blaze implies more the light
than the heat.
They are in a most warlike preparation, and hope to come
upon them in the heat of their division.—The main blaze of it
is past; but a small thing would make it flame again.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thy throne is darkness in th' abyss of light,
A blaze of glory that forbids the sight. Dryden's Hind and P.
What groans of men shall fill the martial field!
How fierce a blaze his flaming pile shall yield!
What fun'ral pomp shall floating Tiber see! Dryden's Æn.
2. Publication; wide diffusion of report.
For what is glory but the blaze of fame;
The people's praise, if always praise unmixt?
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 47.
3. Blaze is a white mark upon a horse, descending from the fore­
head almost to the nose. Farrier's Dict.

To BLAZE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To flame; to shew the light of the flame.
Thus you may long live an happy instrument for your king
and country; you shall not be a meteor, or a blazing star, but
stella fixa; happy here, and more happy hereafter.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The third fair morn now blaz'd upon the main,
Then glossy smooth lay all the liquid plain. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To be conspicuous.

To BLAZE. v. a. 
1. To publish; to make known; to spread far and wide.
The noise of this fight, and issue thereof, being blazed by the
country people to some noblemen thereabouts, they came thi­
ther. Sidney, b. ii.
My words, in hopes to blaze a stedfast mind,
This marble chose, as of like temper known. Sidney.
Thou shalt live, till we can find a time
To blaze your marriage, reconcile your friends,
Beg pardon of thy prince, and call thee back.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
When beggars die, there are no comets seen;
The heav'ns themselves blaze forth the death of princes.
Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
But he went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze
abroad the matter. Mark, i. 45.
Such musick worthiest were to blaze
The peerless height of her immortal praise,
Whose lustre leads us. Milton.
Far beyond
The sons of Anak, famous now and blaz'd,
Fearless of danger, like a petty god
I walk'd about. Milton's Agonistes, l. 527.
Whose follies, blaz'd about, to all are known,
And are a secret to himself alone. Granville.
But, mortals, know, 'tis still our greatest pride
To blaze those virtues, which the good would hide. Pope.
2. To blazon; to give an account of ensigns armorial in proper
terms. This is not now used.
This, in ancient times, was called a fierce; and you should
then have blazed it thus: he bears a fierce, sable, between two
fierces, or. Peacham on Drawing.
3. To inflame; to fire. This is not a proper use.
Pall'd thy blazed youth
Becomes assuag'd, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

BLA'ZER. n. s. [from blaze.] One that spreads reports.
Utterers of secrets he from thence debarr'd,
Babblers of folly, and blazers of crime;
His larum-bell might loud and wide be heard,
When cause requir'd, but never out of time;
Early and late it rung, at evening and at prime. Fairy Queen.

To BLA'ZON. v. a. [blasonner, Fr.]
1. To explain, in proper terms, the figures on ensigns armorial.
King Edward gave to them the coat of arms, which I am
not herald enough to blazon into English. Addison. Guardian.
2. To deck; to embellish; to adorn.
Then blazons in dread smiles her hideous form;
So lightning gilds the unrelenting storm. Garth's Dispensat.
3. To display; to set to show.
O thou goddess,
Thou divine nature! how thyself thou blazon'st
In these two princely boys! they are as gentle
As zephyrs blowing below the violet,
Not wagging his sweet head. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. To celebrate; to set out.
One that excels the quirk of blazoning pens,
And, in terrestrial vesture of creation,
Does bear all excellency. Shakesp. Othello.
5. To blaze about; to make publick.


What's this but libelling against the senate,
And blazoning our injustice every where? Shakesp. Tit. Andr.

BLA'ZON. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The art of drawing or explaining coats of arms.
Proceed unto beasts that are given in arms, and teach me
what I ought to observe in their blazon. Peacham.
2. Show; divulgation; publication.
But this eternal blazon must not be
To ears of flesh and blood. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. Celebration; proclamation of some quality.
I am a gentleman.—I'll be sworn thou art;
Thy tongue, thy face, thy limbs, action, and spirit,
Do give thee five-fold blazon. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Men con over their pedigrees, and obtrude the blazon of their
exploits upon the company. Collier on Pride.

BLA'ZONRY. n. s. [from blazon.] The art of blazoning.
Give me certain rules as to the principles of blazonry.
Peacham on Drawing.


BLE

To BLEACH. v. a. [bleechen, Germ.] To whiten; common­
ly to whiten by exposure to the open air.
When turtles tread, and rooks and daws;
And maidens bleach their summer smocks.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
Should I not seek
The clemency of some more temp'rate clime,
To purge my gloom; and, by the sun refin'd,
Bask in his beams, and bleach me in the wind? Dryden.
For there are various penances enjoin'd;
And some are hung to bleach upon the wind;
Some plung'd in waters. Dryden's Æneid.

To BLEACH. v. n. To grow white; to grow white in the
open air.
The white sheet bleaching in the open field. Sh. W. Tale.
On every nerve
The deadly winter seizes; shuts up sense;
Lays him along the snows, a stiffen'd corse,
Stretch'd out, and bleaching in the northern blast. Thomson.

BLEAK. adj. [blac, blæc, Saxon.]
1. Pale.
2. Cold; chill.
Intreat the north
To make his bleak winds kiss my parched lips,
And comfort me with cold. Shakesp. King John.
The goddess that in rural shrine
Dwell'st here with Pan, or Sylvan, by blest song
Forbidding every bleak unkindly fog
To touch the prosperous growth of this tall wood. Milton.
Her desolation presents us with nothing but bleak and barren
prospects. Addison. Spectator, No 477.
Say, will ye bless the bleak Atlantick shore,
Or bid the furious Gaul be rude no more. Pope.

BLEAK. n. s. [from his white or bleak colour.] A small river fish.
The bleak, or freshwater sprat, is ever in motion, and there­
fore called by some the river swallow. His back is of a plea­
sant, sad sea water green; his belly white and shining like the
mountain snow. Bleaks are excellent meat, and in best season
in August. Walton's Angler.

BLE'AKNESS. n. s. [from bleak.] Coldness; chilness.
The inhabitants of Nova Zembla go naked, without com­
plaining of the bleakness of the air in which they are born; as
the armies of the northern nations keep the field all winter.
Addison. Guardian, No 102.

BLE'AKY. adj. [from bleak.] Bleak; cold; chill.
On shrubs they browze, and, on the bleaky top
Of rugged hills, the thorny bramble crop. Dryden.

BLEAR. adj. [blaer, a blister, Dutch.]
1. Dim with rheum or water; sore with rheum.
It is an ancient tradition, that blear eyes affect sound eyes.
Bacon's Natural History, No 923.
It is no more in the power of calumny to blast the dignity
of an honest man, than of the blear eyed owl to cast scandal
on the sun. L'Estrange.
His blear eyes ran in gutters to his chin;
His beard was stubble, and his cheeks were thin. Dryden.
When thou shalt see the blear ey'd fathers teach
Their sons this harsh and mouldy sort of speech. Dryden.
2. Dim; obscure in general; or that which makes dimness.
Thus I hurl
My dazling spells into the spungy air,
Of power to cheat the eye with blear illusion,
And give it false presentments. Milton.

To BLEAR. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make the eyes watry, or sore with rheum.
All tongues speak of him, and the bleared sights
Are spectacled to see him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The Dardanian wives,
With bleared visages, come forth to view
Th' issue of th' exploit. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
When I was young, I, like a lazy fool,
Would blear my eyes with oil, to stay from school;
Averse to pains. Dryden's Persius, sat. iii.
2. To dim the eyes.
This may stand for a pretty superficial argument, to blear
our eyes, and lull us asleep in security. Raleigh's Essays.

BLE'AREDNESS. n. s. [from bleared.] The state of being blear­
ed, or dimmed with rheum.
The defluxion falling upon the edges of the eyelids, makes a
blearedness. Wiseman's Surgery.

To BLEAT. v. n. [blætan, Sax.] To cry as a sheep.
We were as twinn'd lambs, that did frisk i' th' sun,
And bleat the one at th' other. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
You may as well use question with the wolf,
Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
While on sweet grass her bleating charge does lie,
Our happy lover feeds upon her eye. Roscommon.
What bull dares bellow, or what sheep dares bleat
Within the lion's den? Dryden's Spanish Friar.

BLEAT. n. s. [from the verb.] The cry of a sheep or lamb.
Set in my ship, mine ear reach'd, where we rod,
The bellowing of oxen, and the bleat
Of fleecy sheep. Chapman's Odyssey, b. xii.
The rivers and their hills around,
With lowings, and with dying bleats resound. Dryden.

BLEB. n. s. [blaen, to swell, Germ.] A blister. Skinner.

BLED. particip. [from to bleed.]

To BLEED. v. n. pret. I bled; I have bled. [bledan, Saxon.]
1. To lose blood; to run with blood.
I bleed inwardly for my lord. Shakesp. Timon.
Bleed, bleed, poor country!
Great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure;
For goodness dare not check thee! Shakesp. Macbeth.
Many, upon the seeing of others bleed, or strangled, or tor­
tured, themselves are ready to faint, as if they bled.
Bacon's Nat. History, No 795.
2. To die a violent death.
The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed today;
Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? Pope.
3. To drop, as blood. It is applied to any thing that drops from
some body, as blood from an animal.
For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow,
The coral redden, and the ruby glow. Pope's Winds. Forest.

To BLEED. v. a. To let blood; to take blood from.
That from a patriot of distinguish'd note,
Have bled, and purg'd me to a simple vote. Pope.

BLEIT. adj. Bashful. It is used in Scotland, and the border­
ing counties.

BLATE. adj. Bashful. It is used in Scotland, and the border­
ing counties.

To BLE'MISH. v. a. [from blame, Junius; from blême, white,
Fr. Skinner.]
1. To mark with any deformity.
Likelier that my outward face might have been disguised,
than that the face of so excellent a mind could have been thus
blemished. Sidney.
2. To defame; to tarnish, with respect to reputation.
Not that my verse would blemish all the fair;
But yet if some be bad, 'tis wisdom to beware. Dryden.
Those, who, by concerted defamations, endeavour to blemish
his character, incur the complicated guilt of slander and per­
jury. Addison. Freeholder.

BLE'MISH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A mark of deformity; a scar; a diminution of beauty.
As he hath caused a blemish in a man, so shall it be done to
him again. Lev. xxiv. 20.
Open it such a distance off from the eyelid, that you divide
not that; for, in so doing, you will leave a remediless blemish.
Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Reproach; disgrace; imputation.
Live thou, and to thy mother dead attest,
That clear she died from blemish criminal. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
That you have been earnest, should be no blemish or discredit
at all unto you. Hooker, Preface.
And if we shall neglect to propagate these blessed dispositions,
what others can undertake it, without some blemish to us? some
reflection on our negligence? Sprat.
None more industriously publish the blemishes of an extraor­
dinary reputation, than such as lie open to the same censures;
raising applause to themselves, for resembling a person of an ex­
alted reputation, though in the blamable parts of his cha­
racter. Addison. Spectator, No 256.
3. A soil; turpitude; taint; deformity.
First shall virtue be vice, and beauty be counted a blemish,
Ere that I leave with song of praise her praise to solemnize.
Sidney, b. i.
Is conformity with Rome a blemish unto the church of Eng­
land, and unto churches abroad an ornament?
Hooder, b. iv. § 6.
Not a hair perish'd:
On their sustaining garments not a blemish,
But fresher than before. Shakesp. Tempest.
Evadne's husband 'tis a fault
To love, a blemish to my thought. Waller's M. Trag.
That your duty may no blemish take,
I will myself your father's captive make. Dryd. Indian Emp.


Such a mirth as this is capable of making a beauty, as well
as a blemish, the subject of derision. Addison. Spect. No 291.

To BLENCH. v. n. To shrink; to start back; to fly off.
I'll observe his looks;
I'll tent him to the quick; if he but blench,
I know my course. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Patience herself, what goddess ere she be,
Doth lesser blench at sufferance than I do. Shakesp. Tr. and Cr.
Hold you ever to our special drift;
Though sometimes you do blench from this to that,
As cause doth minister. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

To BLENCH. v. a. To hinder; to obstruct.
The rebels besieged them, winning the even ground on the
top, by carrying up great trusses of hay before them, to blench
the defendants sight, and dead their shot. Carew's Survey.

To BLEND. v. a. preter. I blended; anciently, blent. [blendan,
Saxon.]
1. To mingle together.
'Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white
Nature's own sweet and cunning hand hath laid on.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
The mistion taught by the ancients is too slight or gross;
for bodies, mixed according to their hypothesis, would not ap­
pear such to the acute eyes of a lynx, who would discern the
elements, if they were no otherwise mingled, than but blended,
but not united. Boyle.
He had his calmer influence, and his mien
Did love and majesty together blend. Dryden.
The grave, where even the great find rest,
And blended lie th' oppressor and th' oppress'd. Pope.
2. To confound.
The moon should wander from her beaten way, the times
and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and con­
fused mixture. Hooker, b. i. § 3.
3. To pollute; to spoil; to corrupt. This signification was an­
ciently much in use, but is now wholly obsolete.
Which when he saw, he burnt with jealous fire;
The eye of reason was with rage yblent. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Regard of worldly muck doth foully blend,
And low abase the high heroick spirit. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The whilst thy kingdom from thy head is rent,
And thy throne royal with dishonour blent. Spens. Hubb.

BLE'NDER. n. s. [from to blend.] The person that mingles.

BLENT. The obsolete participle of blend. See BLEND.

To BLESS. v. a. [blessian, Saxon.]
1. To make happy; to prosper.
The quality of mercy is not strain'd;
It droppeth as the gentle rain of heaven
Upon the place beneath. It is twice bless'd;
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes. Merch. of Ven.
Had I but died an hour before this chance,
I had liv'd a blessed time: for, from this instant,
There's nothing. Shakesp. Macbeth.
This kingdom enjoyed the greatest calm, and the fullest mea­
sure of felicity, that any people, in any age for so long time to­
gether, have been blessed with. Clarendon.
Happy this isle, which such a hero blest;
What virtue dwells not in his loyal breast? Waller.
In vain with folding arms the youth assay'd
To stop her flight, and strain the flying shade;
But she return'd no more, to bless his longing eyes. Dryden.
O hospitable Jove! we thus invoke,
Bless to both nations this auspicious hour. Dryden's Æn.
2. To wish happiness to another; to pronounce a blessing upon
him.
And this is the blessing wherewith Moses the man of God
blessed the children of Israel, before his death. Deut. xxxiii. 1.
3. To praise; to glorify for benefits received; to celebrate.
Unto us there is one only guide of all agents natural, and he
both the creator and worker of all in all, alone to be blessed,
adored, and honoured by all for ever. Hooker, b. i. § 3.
But bless'd be that great pow'r, that hath us bless'd
With longer life than earth and heav'n can have. Davies.
4. It seems, in one place of Spenser, to signify the same as to
wave; to brandish; to flourish.
Whom when the prince to battle new addrest,
And threat'ning high his dreadful stroke did see,
His sparkling blade about his head he blest,
And smote off quite his right leg by the knee. Fairy Q. b. i.

BLE'SSED. particip. adj. [from to bless.] Happy; enjoying hea­
venly felicity.

BLE'SSED Thistle. [cnicus, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The characters are; It hath flosculous flowers; consisting of
many florets, which are multifid, and stand upon the embryo;
these florets are inclosed in a scaly cup, surrounded with leaves.
The species are, 1. The blessed thistle. 2. The yellow distaff
thistle. The blessed thistle is cultivated in gardens for the herb,
which is dried and preserved for medicinal uses; but of late
years it hath been less used than formerly. Millar.

BLE'SSEDLY. adv. [from blessed.] Happily.
This accident of Clitophon's taking had so blessedly procured
their meeting. Sidney, b. i.

BLE'SSEDNESS. n. s. [from blessed.]
1. Happiness; felicity.
Many times have I, leaning to yonder palm, admired the
blessedness of it, that it could bear love without the sense of
pain. Sidney.
His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
For then, and not till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
2. Sanctity.
Earthlier happy is the rose distill'd,
Than that, which, withering on the virgin thorn,
Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
3. Heavenly felicity.
It is such an one, as, being begun in grace, passes into glory,
blessedness, and immortality. South.
4. Divine favour.

BLE'SSER. n. s. [from bless.] He that blesses, or gives a bles­
sing; he that makes any thing prosper.
When thou receivest praise, take it indifferently, and return
it to God, as the giver of the gift, or the blesser of the action.
Taylor's Holy Living.

BLE'SSING. n. s. [from bless.]
1. Benediction; a prayer by which happiness is implored for any
one.
2. A declaration by which happiness is promised in a prophetick
and authoritative manner.
The person that is called, kneeleth down before the chair,
and the father layeth his hand upon his head, or her head, and
giveth the blessing. Bacon's New Atlantis.
3. Any of the means of happiness; a gift; an advantage; a be­
nefit.
Nor are his blessings to his banks confin'd,
But free, and common, as the sea and wind. Denham.
Political jealousy is very reasonable in persons persuaded of
the excellency of their constitution, who believe that they de­
rive from it the most valuable blessings of society. Addison.
A just and wise magistrate is a blessing as extensive as the
community to which he belongs: a blessing which includes all
other blessings whatsoever, that relate to this life. Atterbury.
4. Divine favour.
My pretty cousin,
Blessing upon you! Shakesp. Macbeth.
I had most need of blessing, and amen,
Stuck in my throat. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Honour thy father and mother, both in word and deed, that
a blessing may come upon thee from them. Ecclus, iii. 8.
He shall receive the blessing from the Lord. Psalm xxix. 5.
5. The Hebrews, under this name, often understand the presents
which friends make to one another; in all probability, because
they are generally attended with blessings and compliments both
from those who give, and those who receive. Calmet.
And Jacob said, receive my present at my hand; take, I
pray thee, my blessing that is brought to thee. Gen. xxxiii. 10.

BLEST. particip. adj. [from bless.]
Peace to thy gentle shade, and endless rest!
Blest in thy genius, in thy love too blest! Pope.

BLEW. The preterite from blow; which see.
The rest fled into a strong tower, where, seeing no remedy,
they desperately blew up themselves, with a great part of the
castle, with gunpowder. Knolles's History of the Turks.

BLEYME. n. s. An inflammation in the foot of a horse, pro­
ceeding from bruised blood, between the sole and the bone.
Farrier's Dict.


BLI

BLIGHT. n. s. [The etymology unknown.]
1. Mildew; according to Skinner; but it seems taken by most
writers, in a general sense, for any cause of the failure of
fruits.
I complained to the oldest and best gardeners, who often fell
into the same misfortune, and esteemed it some blight of the
spring. Temple.
2. Any thing nipping, or blasting.
When you come to the proof once, the first blight of frost
shall most infallibly strip you of all your glory. L'Estrange.

To BLIGHT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To corrupt with mildew.
This vapour bears up along with it any noxious mineral
steams; it then blasts vegetables, blights corn and fruit, and is
sometimes injurious even to men. Woodward's Natural Hist.
2. In general, to blast; to hinder from fertility.
My country neighbours do not find it impossible to think of
a lame horse they have, or their blighted corn, till they have run
over in their minds all beings. Locke.
But lest harsh care the lover's peace destroy,
And roughly blight the tender buds of joy,
Let reason teach. Lyttleton.

BLIND. adj. [blind, Saxon.]
1. Without sight; deprived of the sense of seeing; dark.
The blind man that governs his steps by feeling, in defect of
eyes, receives advertisement of remote things through a staff.
Digby on the Soul.


Those other two equall'd with me in fate,
So were I equall'd with them in renown!
Blind Thamyris, and blind Mæonides;
And Tiresias, and Phineus, prophets old. Par. Lost, b. iii.
2. Intellectually dark; unable to judge; ignorant; with to be­
fore that which is unseen.
All authors to their own defects are blind;
Hadst thou, but Janus like, a face behind,
To see the people, what splay mouths they make;
To mark their fingers, pointed at thy back. Dryden's Pers.
3. Sometimes of.
Blind of the future, and by rage misled,
He pulls his crimes upon his people's head. Dryden's Fab.
4. Unseen; out of the publick view; private; generally with
some tendency to some contempt or censure.
To grievous and scandalous inconveniencies they make
themselves subject, with whom any blind or secret corner is
judged a fit house of common prayer. Hooker, b. v. § 25.
5. Not easily discernible; hard to find; dark; obscure; unseen.
There be also blind fires under stone, which flame not out;
but oil being poured upon them, they flame out. Bacon.
Where else
Shall I inform my unacquainted feet
In the blind mazes of this tangl'd wood? Milton.
How have we wander'd a long dismal night,
Led through blind paths by each deluding light. Roscommon.
Part creeping underground, their journey blind,
And climbing from below, their fellows meet. Dryden.
So mariners mistake the promis'd gust,
And, with full sails, on the blind rocks are lost. Dryden.
A postern door, yet unobserv'd and free,
Join'd by the length of a blind gallery,
To the king's closet bed. Dryden's Æneid.
6. Blind Vessels. [with chymists.] Such as have no opening but
on one side.

To BLIND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make blind; to deprive of sight.
You nimble lightnings, dart your blinding flames
Into her scornful eyes! Shakesp. King Lear.
Of whose hand have I received any bribe to blind mine eyes
therewith? and I will restore it. 1 Sam. xii. 3.
A blind guide is certainly a great mischief; but a guide that
blinds those whom he should lead, is undoubtedly a much
greater. South.
2. To darken; to obscure to the eye.
So whirl the seas, such darkness blinds the sky,
That the black night receives a deeper dye. Dryden's Fab.
3. To obscure to the understanding
The state of the controversy between us he endeavoured,
with all his art, to blind and confound. Stillingfleet.

BLIND. n. s. 
1. Something to hinder the sight.
Hardly any thing in our conversation is pure and genuine;
civility casts a blind over the duty, under some customary
words. L'Estrange.
2. Something to mislead the eye, or the understanding.
These discourses set an opposition between his commands
and decrees; making the one a blind for the execution of the
other. Decay of Piety.

To BLI'NDFOLD. v. a. [from blind and fold.] To hinder from
seeing, by blinding the eyes.
When they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the
face. Luke, xxii. 64.

BLI'NDFOLD. adj. [from the verb.] Having the eyes covered.
And oft himself he chanc'd to hurt unwares,
Whilst reason, blent through passion, nought descried,
But, as a blindfold bull, at random fares,
And where he hits, nought knows, and where he hurts,
nought cares. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. iv. stanz. 7.
Who blindfold walks upon a river's brim,
When he should see, has he deserv'd to swim? Dryden.
When lots are shuffled together, or a man blindfold casts a
dye, what reason can he have to presume, that he shall draw a
white stone rather than a black? South.
They will look into the state of the nation with their own
eyes, and be no longer led blindfold by a male legislature.
Addison. Freeholder, No 32.

BLI'NDLY. adv. [from blind.]
1. Without sight.
2. Implicitely; without examination.
The old king, after a long debate,
By his imperious mistress blindly led,
Has given Cydaria to Orbellan's bed. Dryd. Indian Emp.
How ready zeal for interest and party, is to charge atheism
on those, who will not, without examining, submit, and blindly
swallow their nonsense. Locke.
2. Without judgment or direction.
How seas, and earth, and air, and active flame,
Fell through the mighty void; and, in their fall,
Were blindly gather'd in this goodly ball. Dryden's Silenus.

BLI'NDMAN'S BUFF. n. s. A play in which some one is to have
his eyes covered, and hunt out the rest of the company.
Disguis'd in all the mask of night,
We left our champion on his flight:
At blindman's buff to grope his way,
In equal fear of night and day. Hudibras, p. iii. c. ii.
He imagines I shut my eyes again; but surely he fancies I
play at blindman's buff with him; for he thinks I never have
my eyes open. Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Romish Idolatry.

BLI'NDNESS. n. s. [from blind.]
1. Want of sight.
Nor can we call it choice, when what we chuse,
Folly and blindness only could refuse. Denham.
2. Ignorance; intellectual darkness.
All the rest as born of savage brood,
But with base thoughts are into blindness led,
And kept from looking on the lightsome day. Spenser.
Whensoever we would proceed beyond these simple ideas,
we fall presently into darkness and difficulties, and can discover
nothing farther but our own blindness and ignorance. Locke.

BLI'NDSIDE. n. s. [from blind and side.] Weakness; foible;
weak part.
He is too great a lover of himself; but this is one of his
blindsides; and the best of men, I fear, are not without them.
Swift's Wonderful Wonder of Wonders.

BLI'NDWORM. n. s. [from blind and worm.] A small viper, the
least of our English serpents, but venemous.
You spotted snakes, with double tongue,
Thorny hedgehogs, be not seen;
Newts and blindworms, do no wrong;
Come not near our fairy queen. Shakesp. Mid. N. Dr.
The greater slow worm, called also the blindworm, is com­
monly thought to be blind, because of the littleness of his eyes.
Grew's Musæum.

To BLINK. v. n. [blincken, Danish.]
1. To wink, or twinkle with the eyes.
So politick, as if one eye
Upon the other were a spy;
That to trepan the one to think
The other blind, both strove to blink. Hudibras, p. iii. c. ii.
2. To see obscurely.
What's here! the portrait of a blinking idiot.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Sweet and lovely well,
Shew me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyne.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
His figure such as might his soul proclaim;
One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame. Pope's Iliad.

BLI'NKARD. n. s. [from blink.]
1. One that has bad eyes.
2. Something twinkling.
In some parts we see many glorious and eminent stars, in
others few of any remarkable greatness, and, in some, none
but blinkards, and obscure ones. Hakewell on Providence.

BLISS. n. s. [blisse, Sax. from blithasian, to rejoice.]
1. The highest degree of happiness; blessedness; felicity; gene­
rally used of the happiness of blessed souls.
A mighty Saviour hath witnessed of himself, I am the way;
the way that leadeth us from misery into bliss. Hooker, b. i.
Dim sadness did not spare
That time celestial visages; yet, mix'd
With pity, violated not their bliss. Par. Lost, b. x. l. 25.
With me
All my redeem'd may dwell, in joy and bliss. Par. Lost, b. xi.
2. Felicity in general.
Condition, circumstance is not the thing;
Bliss is the same in subject or in king. Pope.

BLI'SSFUL. adj. [from bliss and full.] Full of joy; happy in
the highest degree.
Yet swimming in that sea of blissful joy,
He nought forgot. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. i. stan. 41.
The two saddest ingredients in hell, are deprivation of the
blisful vision, and confusion of face. Hammond.
Reaping immortal fruits of joy and love,
Uninterrupted joy, unrival'd love,
In blissful solitude. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 89.
First in the fields I try the silvan strains,
Nor blush to sport in Windsor's blissful plains. Pope.

BLI'SSFULLY. adv. [from blissful.] Happily.

BLI'SSFULNESS. n. s. [from blissful.] Happiness; fulness of joy.

To BLI'SSOM. v. n. To caterwaul; to be lustful. Dict.

BLI'STER. n. s. [bluyster, Dutch.]
1. A pustule formed by raising the cuticle from the cutis, and
filled with serous blood.
In this state she gallops, night by night,
O'er ladies lips, who strait on kisses dream,
Which oft the angry mob with blisters plagues,
Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
I found a great blister drawn by the garlick, but had it cut,
which run a good deal of water, but filled again by next
night. Temple.
2. Any swelling made by the separation of a film or skin from
the other parts.


Upon the leaves there riseth a tumour like a blister. Bacon.

To BLI'STER. v. n. [from the noun.] To rise in blisters.
If I prove honeymouth, let my tongue blister,
And never to my red look'd anger be
The trumpet any more. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Embrace thy knees with loathing hands,
Which blister when they touch thee. Dryden's Don Sebast.

To BLI'STER. v. a. 
1. To raise blisters by some hurt, as a burn, or rubbing.
Look, here comes one, a gentlewoman of mine,
Who falling in the flames of her own youth,
Hath blister'd her report. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
2. To raise blisters with a medical intention.
I blistered the legs and thighs; but was too late, he died
howling. Wiseman's Surgery.

BLITHE. adj. [blithe, Saxon.] Gay; airy; merry; joyous;
sprightly; mirthful.
We have always one eye fixed upon the countenance of our
enemies; and, according to the blithe or heavy aspect thereof,
our other eye sheweth some other suitable token either of dislike
or approbation. Hooker, b. iv. § 9.
Then sigh not so, but let them go,
And be you blithe and bonny. Shakesp. M. ado about Noth.
For that fair female troop thou saw'st, that seem'd
Of goddesses, so blithe, so smooth, so gay;
Yet empty of all good. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
To whom the wily adder, blithe and glad:
Empress! the way is ready, and not long. Par. Lost, b. ix.
And the milkmaid singeth blithe,
And the mower whets his scythe. Milton.
Should he return, that troop so blithe and bold,
Precipitant in fear, would wing their flight. Pope.

BLI'THLY. adv. [from blithe.] In a blithe manner.

BLI'THNESS. n. s. [from blithe.] The quality of being
blithe.

BLI'THSOMNESS. n. s. [from blithe.] The quality of being
blithe.

BLI'THSOME. adj. [from blithe.] Gay; cheerful.
Frosty blasts deface
The blithsome year: trees of their shrivell'd fruits
Are widow'd. Philips.


BLO

To BLOAT. v. a. [probably from blow.] To swell, or make
turgid with wind.
His rude essays
Encourage him, and bloat him up with praise,
That he may get more bulk before he dies. Dryden.
The strutting petticoat smooths all distinctions, levels the
mother with the daughter. I cannot but be troubled to see
so many well-shaped innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling
up and down like bigbellied women. Addison. Spectator.

To BLOAT. v. n. To grow turgid.
If a person of a firm constitution begins to bloat, from be­
ing warm grows cold, his fibres grow weak. Arbuthnot.

BLO'ATEDNESS. n. s. [from bloat.] Turgidness; swelling; tu­
mour.
Lassitude, laziness, bloatedness, and scorbutical spots, are sym­
ptoms of weak fibres. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BLO'BBER. n. s. [from blob.] A word used in some counties for a bubble.
There swimmeth also in the sea a round slimy substance,
called a blobber, reputed noisome to the fish. Carew.

BLO'BBERLIP. n. s. [from blob, or blobber, and lip.] A thick lip.
They make a wit of their insipid friend,
His blobberlips and beetlebrows commend. Dryden's Juvenal.

BLO'BLIPPED. adj. Having swelled or thick lips.

BLO'BBERLIPPED. adj. Having swelled or thick lips.
A bloblipped shell, which seemeth to be a kind of mussel.
Grew's Musæum.
His person deformed to the highest degree; flat nosed, and
blobberlipped. L'Estrange.

BLOCK. n. s. [block, Dutch; bloc, Fr.]
1. A heavy piece of timber, rather thick than long.
2. A mass of matter.
Homer's apotheosis consists of a groupe of figures, cut in the
same block of marble, and rising one above another. Addison.
3. A massy body.
Small causes are sufficient to make a man uneasy, when great
ones are not in the way: for want of a block, he will stumble
at a straw. Swift's Thoughts on various Subjects.
4. A rude piece of timber; in contempt.
When, by the help of wedges and beetles, an image is cleft
out of the trunk of some tree, yet, after all the skill of artifi­
cers to set forth such a divine block, it cannot one moment se­
cure itself from being eaten by worms. Stillingfleet.
5. The piece of wood on which hats are formed.
He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat; it ever
changes with the next block. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
6. The wood on which criminals are beheaded.
Some guard these traitors to the block of death,
Treason's true bed, and yielder up of breath. Shakesp. H. IV.
At the instant of his death, having a long beard, after his
head was upon the block, he gently drew his beard aside, and
said, this hath not offended the king. Bacon's Apophthegms.
I'll drag him thence,
Even from the holy altar to the block. Dryden's W. of B.
7. An obstruction; a stop.
Can he ever dream, that the suffering for righteousness sake
is our felicity, when he sees us run so from it, that no crime
is block enough in our way, to stop our flight? Decay of Piety.
8. A sea term for a pully.
9. A blockhead; a fellow remarkable for stupidity.
The country is a desert, where the good
Gain'd, inhabits not; born's not understood;
There men become beasts, and prone to all evils;
In cities, blocks. Donne.
What tongueless blocks were they, would they not speak?
Shakesp. Richard III.

To BLOCK. v. a. [bloquer, Fr.] To shut up; to inclose, so as
to hinder egress.
The states about them should neither by encrease of domi­
nion, nor by blocking of trade, have it in their power to hurt
or annoy. Bacon's War with Spain.
Recommend it to the governour of Abingdon, to send some
troops to block it up, from infesting the great road. Clarendon.
They block the castle kept by Bertram;
But now they cry, down with the palace, fire it. Dryden.
The abbot raises an army, and blocks up the town on the
side that faces his dominions. Addison on Italy.

BLOCK-HOUSE. n. s. [from block and house.] A fortress built to
obstruct or block up a pass.
His entrance is guarded with block-houses, and that on the
town's side fortified with ordnance. Carew's Survey of Cornw.
Rochester water reacheth far within the land, and is under
the protection of some block-houses. Raleigh's Essays.

BLOCK-TIN. n. s. [from block and tin.] So the tradesmen call
that which is most pure or unmixed, and as yet unwrought.
Boyle.

BLOCKA'DE. n. s. [from block.] A siege carried on by shutting
up the place.
The enemy was necessitated wholly to abandon the blockade
of Olivenza. Tatler, No 51.
Round the goddess roll
Broad hats and hoods, and caps, a sable shoal;
Thick, and more thick, the black blockade extends. Pope.

To BLOCKA'DE. v. a. [from the noun.] To shut up.
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door,
A hundred oxen at your levee roar. Pope.

BLO'CKHEAD. n. s. [from block and head.] A stupid fellow; a
dolt; a man without parts.
Your wit will not so soon out as another man's will; it is
strongly wedged up in a blockhead. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
We idly sit like stupid blockheads,
Our hands committed to our pockets. Hudibras, p. iii. c. ii.
A blockhead rubs his thoughtless skull,
And thanks his stars he was not born a fool. Pope.

BLO'CKHEADED. adj. [from blockhead.] Stupid; dull.
Says a blockheaded boy, these are villainous creatures.
L'Estrange's Fables.

BLO'CKISH. adj. [from block.] Stupid; dull.
Make a lott'ry,
And, by decree, let blockish Ajax draw
The sort to fight with Hector. Shakesp. Troilus and Cress.

BLO'CKISHLY. adv. [from blockish.] In a stupid manner.

BLO'CKISHNESS. n. s. [from blockish.] Stupidity.

BLO'MARY. n. s. The first forge in the iron mills, through
which the metal passes, after it has been first melted from the
mine. Dict.

BLO'NKET. n. s. [I suppose for blanket.]
Our blonket livery's been all too sad
For thilke same season, when all is yclad
With pleasance. Spenser's Pastorals.

BLOOD. n. s. [blod, Saxon.]
1. The red liquour that circulates in the bodies of animals.
But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof,
shall you not eat. Gen. ix. 4.
2. Child; progeny.
We'll no more meet, no more see one another:
But yet thou art my flesh, my blood, my daughter.
Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Family; kindred.
As many and as well born bloods as those,
Stand in his face, to contradict his claim. Shakesp. K. John.
O! what an happiness is it to find
A friend of our own blood, a brother kind. Waller.
According to the common law of England, in administra­
tions, the whole blood ought to be preferred to the half blood.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. Descent; lineage.
Epithets of flattery, deserved by few of them; and not run­
ning in a blood, like the perpetual gentleness of the Ormond
family. Dryden's Fab. Dedication.
5. Blood royal; royal lineage.
They will almost
Give us a prince o' th' blood, a son of Priam,
In change of him. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
6. Birth; high extraction.
I am a gentleman of blood and breeding. Shakesp. K. Lear.


7. Murder; violent death.
It will have blood; they say, blood will have blood.
Shakesp. Macbeth.
The voice of thy brother's blood crieth unto me from the
ground. Gen. iv. 10.
8. Life.
When wicked men have slain a righteous person in his own
house, upon his bed, shall I not therefore now require his blood
at your hand? 2 Sam. iv. 11.
9. For blood. Though his blood or life was at stake: a low phrase.
A crow lay battering upon a muscle, and could not, for his
blood, break the shell to come at the fish. L'Estrange.
10. The carnal part of man.
Flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my fa­
ther which is in heaven. Matt. xvi. 17.
11. Temper of mind; state of the passions.
Will you, great sir, that glory blot,
In cold blood, which you gain'd in hot? Hudibras.
12. Hot spark; man of fire.
The news put divers young bloods into such a fury, as the
English ambassadors were not, without peril, to be outraged.
Bacon's Henry VII.
13. The juice of any thing.
He washed his garments in wine, and his cloaths in the blood
of grapes. Gen. xlix. 11.

To BLOOD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To stain with blood.
When the faculties intellectual are in vigour, not drenched,
or, as it were, blooded by the affections. Bacon's Apophth.
Then all approach the slain with vast surprise,
And, scarce secure, reach out their spears afar,
And blood their points, to prove their partnership in war.
Dryden's Fables.
He was blooded up to his elbows by a couple of Moors, whom
he had been butchering with his own imperial hands. Addison.
2. To enter; to enure to blood, as a hound.
Fairer than fairest, let none ever say,
That ye were blooded in a yielded prey. Spenser, sonn. xx.
3. To blood, is sometimes to let blood medically.
4. To heat; to exasperate.
By this means, matters grew more exasperate; the auxiliary
forces of French and English were much blooded one against an­
other. Bacon's Henry VII.

BLOOD-BOLTERED. adj. [from blood and bolter.] Blood-sprinkled.
The blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles upon me. Macbeth.

BLOOD-HOT. adj. [from blood and hot.] Hot in the same de­
gree with blood.
A good piece of bread first to be eaten, will gain time to
warm the beer blood-hot, which then he may drink safely. Locke.

To BLOOD-LET. v. a. [from blood and let.] To bleed; to open
a vein medicinally.
The chyle is not perfectly assimilated into blood, by its cir­
culation through the lungs, as is known by experiments of
blood-letting. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BLOOD-LETTER. n. s. [from blood-let.] A phlebotomist; one
that takes away blood medically.
This mischief happening to aneurisms, proceedeth from the
ignorance of the blood-letter, who, not considering the errour
committed in letting blood, binds up the arm carelessly.
Wiseman's Surgery.

BLOOD-STONE. n. s. [from blood and stone.] The name of a
stone.
There is a stone, which they call the blood-stone, which, worn,
is thought to be good for them that bleed at the nose; which,
no doubt, is by astriction, and cooling of the spirits. Bacon.
The blood-stone is green, spotted with a bright blood-red.
Woodward on Fossils.

BLOOD-THIRSTY. adj. [from blood and thirst.] Desirous to shed
blood.
And high advancing his blood-thirsty blade,
Struck one of those deformed heads. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The image of God the blood-thirsty have not; for God is cha­
rity and mercy itself. Raleigh's History.

BLOOD-VESSEL. n. s. [from blood and vessel.] A vessel appropri­
ated by nature to the conveyance of the blood.
The skins of the forehead were extremely tough and thick,
and had not in them any blood-vessel, that we were able to dis­
cover. Addison. Spectator, No 275.

BLO'ODFLOWER. n. s. [hæmanthus, Lat.] A plant.
This plant was originally brought from the Cape of Good
Hope, and has been many years preserved in the curious gar­
dens in Holland, where they now have many sorts; but in
England it is still very rare. Millar.

BLOODGUI'LTINESS. n. s. [from blood and guilty.] Murder;
the crime of shedding blood.
And were there rightful cause of difference,
Yet were't not better, fair it to accord,
Than with bloodguiltiness to heap offence,
And mortal vengeance join to crime abhorr'd. Fairy Q. b. ii.

BLO'ODHOUND. n. s. [from blood and hound.] A hound that
follows by the scent, and seizes with great fierceness.
Hear this, hear this, thou tribune of the people.
Thou zealous, publick bloodhound, hear, and melt. Dryden.
Where are these rav'ning bloodhounds, that pursue
In a full cry, gaping to swallow me? Southerne's Inn. Adult.
A bloodhound will follow the tract of the person he pursues,
and all hounds the particular game they have in chace.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
And though the villain 'scape a while, he feels
Slow vengeance, like a bloodhound, at his heels. Swift.

BLO'ODILY. adv. [from bloody.] With disposition to shed blood;
cruelly.
I told the pursuivant,
As too triumphing, how mine enemies,
To day at Pomfret, bloodily were butcher'd. Shakesp. R. III.
This day, the poet, bloodily inclin'd,
Has made me die, full sore against my mind. Dryden.

BLO'ODINESS. n. s. [from bloody.] The state of being bloody.
It will manifest itself by its bloodiness; yet sometimes the scull
is so thin as not to admit of any. Sharp's Surgery.

BLO'ODLESS. adj. [from blood.]
1. Without blood; dead.
He cheer'd my sorrows, and, for sums of gold,
The bloodless carcase of my Hector sold. Dryden's Æneid.
2. Without slaughter.
War brings ruin where it should amend;
But beauty, with a bloodless conquest, finds
A welcome sov'reignty in rudest minds. Waller.

BLO'ODSHED. n. s. [from blood and shed.]
1. The crime of blood, or murder.
Full many mischiefs follow cruel wrath;
Abhorred bloodshed, and tumultuous strife,
Unmanly murder, and unthrifty scath. Fairy Queen, b. i.
All murders past do stand excus'd in this;
And this so sole, and so unmatchable,
Shall prove a deadly bloodshed but a jest,
Exampled by this heinous spectacle. Shakesp. King John.
A man, under the transports of a vehement rage, passes a
different judgment upon murder and bloodshed, from what he
does when his revenge is over. South.
2. Slaughter.
So by him Cæsar got the victory,
Through great bloodshed, and many a sad assay. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Of wars and bloodshed, and of dire events,
I could with greater certainty foretel. Dryden's Tyran. Love.

BLO'ODSHEDDER. n. s. [from bloodshed.] Murderer.
He that taketh away his neighbour's living, slayeth him: and
he that defraudeth the labourer of his hire, is a bloodshedder.
Ecclus, xxxiv. 22.

BLO'ODSHOT. adj. [from blood and shot.] Filled with
blood bursting from its proper vessels.

BLOODSHO'TTEN. adj. [from blood and shot.] Filled with
blood bursting from its proper vessels.
And that the winds their bellowing throats would try,
When redd'ning clouds reflect his bloodshot eye. Garth.

BLO'ODSUCKER. n. s. [from blood and suck.]
1. A leech; a fly; any thing that sucks blood.
2. A cruel man; a murderer.
God keep the prince from all the pack of you;
A knot you are of damned bloodsuckers. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The nobility cried out upon him, that he was a bloodsucker,
a murderer, and a parricide. Hayward.

BLO'ODY. adj. [from blood.]
1. Stained with blood.
2. Cruel; murderous; applied either to men or facts.
By continual martial exercises, without blood, she made
them perfect in that bloody art. Sidney, b. ii.
False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand. Shakesp. K. Lear.
I grant him bloody,
Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Thou bloodier villain,
Than terms can give thee out. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Alas! why gnaw you so your nether lip?
Some bloody passion shakes your very frame;
These are portents: but yet I hope, I hope,
They do not point on me. Shakesp. Othello.
The bloody fact
Will be aveng'd; and th' other's faith approv'd,
Lose no reward; though here thou see him die,
Rolling in dust and gore. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 457.
The bloodiest vengeance which she could pursue,
Would be a trifle to my loss of you. Dryden's Indian Emp.
Proud Nimrod first the bloody chace began,
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man. Pope's W. Forest.

BLOODY-FLUX. See FLUX.
Cold, by retarding the motion of the blood, and suppressing
perspiration, produces giddiness, sleepiness, pains in the bow­
els, looseness, bloody-fluxes. Arbuthnot on Air.

BLOODY-MINDED. adj. [from bloody and mind.] Cruel; in­
clined to bloodshed.
I think you'll make me mad: truth has been at my tongue's
end this half hour, and I have not the power to bring it out, for
fear of this bloody-minded colonel. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

BLOOM. n. s. [blum, Germ. bloem, Dutch.]
1. A blossom; the flower which precedes the fruit.


How nature paints her colours, how the bee
Sits on the bloom, extracting liquid sweet. Par. Lost, b. v.
A medlar tree was planted by;
The spreading branches made a goodly show,
And full of opening blooms was ev'ry bough. Dryden.
Haste to yonder woodbine bow'rs;
The turf with rural dainties shall be crown'd,
While opening blooms diffuse their sweets around. Pope.
2. The state of immaturity; the state of any thing improving, and
ripening to higher perfection.
Were I no queen, did you my beauty weigh,
My youth in bloom, your age in its decay. Dryden's Aurengz.
3. The blue colour upon plums and grapes newly gathered.
4. [In the iron works.] A piece of iron wrought into a mass,
two feet square.

To BLOOM. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To bring or yield blossoms.
The rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and
brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds.
Numb. xvii. 8.
It is a common experience, that if you do not pull off some
blossoms the first time a tree bloometh, it will blossom itself to
death. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 449.
2. To produce, as blossoms.
Rites and customs, now superstitious, when the strength of
virtuous, devout, or charitable affection bloomed them, no man
could justly have condemned as evil. Hooker, b. v. § 3.
3. To be in a state of youth and improvement.
Beauty, frail flow'r, that ev'ry season fears,
Blooms in thy colours for a thousand years. Pope's Epistles.
O greatly bless'd with every blooming grace!
With equal steps the paths of glory trace. Pope's Odyss. b. i.

BLO'OMY. adj. [from bloom.] Full of blooms; flowery.
O nightingale! that on you bloomy spray
Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still. Milton.
Departing spring could only stay to shed
Her bloomy beauties on the genial bed,
But left the manly summer in her stead. Dryden.
Hear how the birds, on ev'ry bloomy spray,
With joyous musick wake the dawning day. Pope.

BLORE. n. s. [from blow.] Act of blowing; blast.
Out rusht, with an unmeasur'd roar,
Those two winds, tumbling clouds in heaps; ushers to ei­
ther's blore. Chapman's Iliads.

BLO'SSOM. n. s. [blosme, Sax.] The flower that grows on
any plant, previous to the seed or fruit. We generally call
those flowers blossoms, which are not much regarded in them­
selves, but as a token of some following production.
Cold news for me:
Thus are my blossoms blasted in the bud,
And caterpillars eat my leaves away. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Merrily, merrily shall I live now,
Under the blossom that hangs on the bough. Shakesp. Tempest.
The pulling off many of the blossoms of a fruit tree, doth
make the fruit fairer. Bacon's Natural History, No 449.
To his green years your censure you would suit,
Not blast the blossom, but expect the fruit. Dryden.
Sweeter than spring,
Thou sole surviving blossom from the root,
That nourish'd up my fortune. Thomson's Autumn.

To BLO'SSOM. v. n. [from the noun.] To put forth blossoms.
This is the state of man: to day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hope; tomorrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him. Sh. H. VIII.
Although the figtree shall not blossom, neither shall fruit be in
the vines, yet I will rejoice in the Lord. Habb. iii. 17.
The want of rain at blossoming time, often occasions the
dropping off of the blossoms, for want of sap. Mortimer.

To BLOT. v. a. [from blottir, Fr. to hide.]
1. To obliterate; to make writing invisible, by covering it with
ink.
You that are king,
Have caus'd him, by new act of parliament,
To blot out me, and put his own son in. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Ev'n copious Dryden wanted, or forgot,
The last and greatest art, the art to blot. Pope.
A man of the most understanding will find it impossible to
make the best use of it, while he writes in constraint, perpetu­
ally softening, correcting, or blotting out expressions. Swift.
2. To efface; to erase.
O Bertran, oh! no more my soe, but brother:
One act like this blots out a thousand crimes. Dryden.
These simple ideas, offered to the mind, the understanding
can no more refuse, nor alter, nor blot out, than a mirrour can
refuse, alter, or obliterate, the images which the objects pro­
duce. Locke.
3. To make black spots on a paper; to blur.
Heads overfull of matter, be like pens over full of ink,
which will sooner blot, than make any fair letter at all.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
O sweet Portia!
Here are a few of the unpleasant'st words
That ever blotted paper. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. To disgrace; to disfigure.
Unknit that threat'ning unkind brow;
It blots thy beauty, as frost bites the meads,
Confounds thy fame. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
My guilt thy growing virtues did defame;
My blackness blotted thy unblemish'd name. Dryden's Æn.
For mercy's sake, restrain thy hand,
Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. Rowe.
5. To darken.
He sung how earth blots the moon's gilded wane,
Whilst foolish men beat sounding brass in vain. Cowley.

BLOT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An obliteration of something written.
Let flames on your unlucky papers prey,
Your wars, your loves, your praises, be forgot,
And make of all an universal blot. Dryden's Juven. sat. vii.
2. A blur; a spot upon paper.
3. A spot in reputation; a stain; a disgrace; a reproach.
Make known,
It is no vicious blot, murder, or foulness,
That hath depriv'd me. Shakesp. King Lear.
A lie is a foul blot in a man; yet it is continually in the
mouth of the untaught. Ecclus, xx. 24.
A disappointed hope, a blot of honour, a strain of consci­
ence, an unfortunate love, will serve the turn. Temple.
4. [At backgammon.] When a single man lies open to be ta­
ken up; whence to hit a blot.
He is too great a master of his art, to make a blot which may
so easily be hit. Dryden's Dedication, Æneid.

BLOTCH. n. s. [from blot.] A spot or pustule upon the skin.
Spots and blotches, of several colours and figures, straggling
over the body; some are red, others yellow, livid, or black.
Harvey on Consumptions.

To BLOTE. v. a. To smoke, or dry by the smoke; as bloted
herrings, or red herrings.

BLOW. n. s. [blowe, Dutch.]
1. A stroke.
A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows,
Who, by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. Shakesp. King Lear.
A woman's tongue,
That gives not half so great a blow to th' ear,
As will a chesnut. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Words of great contempt, commonly finding a return of
equal scorn, blows were fastened upon the most pragmatical of
the crew. Clarendon.
2. The fatal stroke; the stroke of death.
Assuage your thirst of blood, and strike the blow. Dryd.
3. A single action; a sudden event.
Every year they gain a victory, and a town; but if they are
once defeated, they lose a province at a blow. Dryden.
4. The act of a fly, by which she lodges eggs in flesh.
I much fear, lest with the blows of flies,
His brass inflicted wounds are fill'd. Chapman's Iliads.

To BLOW. v. n. pret. blew; particip. pass. blown. [blawan, Sax.]
1. To move with a current of air.
At his fight the mountains are shaken, and at his will the
south wind bloweth. Ecclus, xliii. 16.
Fruits, for long keeping, gather before they are full ripe, and
in a dry day, towards noon, and when the wind bloweth not
south; and when the moon is in decrease. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
By the fragrant winds that blow
O'er th' Elysian flow'rs. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
2. This word is used sometimes impersonally with it.
It blew a terrible tempest at sea once, and there was one sea­
man praying. L'Estrange.
If it blows a happy gale, we must set up all our sails, though
it sometimes happens, that our natural heat is more powerful
than our care and correctness. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. To pant; to puff; to be breathless.
Here's Mrs. Page at the door, sweating and blowing, and
looking wildly. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Each aking nerve refuse the lance to throw,
And each spent courser at the chariot blow. Pope's Iliad.
4. To breathe.
Says the satyr, if you have gotten a trick of blowing hot and
cold out of the same mouth, I've e'en done with ye. L'Estrange.
5. To sound by being blown.
Nor with less dread the loud
Ethereal trumpet from on high 'gan blow. Par. Lost, b. vi.
There let the prating organ blow,
To the full-voic'd quire below. Milton.
6. To sound, or play musically by wind.
When ye blow an alarm, then the camps that lie on the east
parts shall go forward. Numb. x. 5.
7. To blow over. To pass away without effect.
Storms, though they blow over divers times, yet may fall at
last. Bacon's Essays, No 16.
When the storm is blown over,
How blest is the swain,
Who begins to discover
An end of his pain. Granville.


But those clouds being now happily blown over, and our sun
clearly shining out again, I have recovered the relapse. Denham.
8. To blow up. To fly into the air by the force of gunpowder.
On the next day, some of the enemy's magazines blew up;
and it is thought they were destroyed on purpose by some of
their men. Tatler, No 59.

To BLOW. v. a. 
1. To drive by the force of the wind.
Though you unty the winds,
Though bladed corn be lodg'd, and trees blown down,
Though castles topple on their warders heads. Macbeth.
Fair daughter, blow away those mists and clouds,
And let thy eyes shine forth in their full lustre. Denham.
These primitive heirs of the christian church, could not so
easily blow off the doctrine of passive obedience. South.
2. To inflame with wind.
I have created the smith that bloweth the coals in the fire.
Isaiah, liv. 16.
3. To swell; to puff into size.
No blown ambition doth our arms incite,
But love, dear love, and our ag'd father's right. King Lear.
4. To form by blowing them into shape.
Spherical bubbles, that boys sometimes blow with water, to
which soap hath given a tenacity. Boyle.
5. To sound an instrument of wind musick.
Where the bright seraphim, in burning row,
Their loud uplifted angel trumpets blow. Milton.
6. To warm with the breath.
When isicles hang by the wall,
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail,
And Tom bears logs into the hall,
And milk comes frozen home in pail. Shak. L. Lab. Lost.
7. To spread by report.
But never was there man of his degree,
So much esteem'd, so well belov'd as he:
So gentle of condition was he known,
That through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden.
8. To blow out. To extinguish by wind or the breath.
Your breath first kindled the dead coal of war,
And brought in matter, that should feed this fire:
And now 'tis far too huge to be blown out,
With that same weak wind which enkindled it. Sh. K. John.
Moon, slip behind some cloud, some tempest, rise,
And blow out all the stars that light the skies. Dryden.
9. To blow up. To raise or swell with breath.
A plague of sighing and grief! it blows a man up like a blad­
der. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Blown up with the conceit of his merit, he did not think he
had received good measure from the king. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Before we had exhausted the receiver, the bladder appeared
as full as if blown up with a quill. Boyle.
It was my breath that blow this tempest up,
Upon your stubborn usage of the pope. Shakesp. K. John.
His presence soon blows up the unkindly fight,
And his loud guns speak thick like angry men. Dryden.
An empty bladder gravitates no more than when blown up,
but somewhat less; yet descends more easily, because with less
resistance. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 6.
When the mind finds herself very much inflamed with de­
votion, she is too much inclined to think that it is blown up
with something divine within herself. Addis. Spect. No 201.
10. To blow up. To destroy with gunpowder; to raise into
the air.
The captains hoping, by a mine, to gain the city, approach­
ed with soldiers ready to enter upon blowing up of the mine.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Their chief blown up in air, not waves, expir'd,
To which his pride presum'd to give the law. Dryden.
Not far from the said well, blowing up a rock, he formerly
observed some of these. Woodward on Fossils.
11. To infect with the eggs of flies.
I would no more endure
This wooden slavery, than I would suffer
The flesh-fly blow my mouth. Shakesp. Tempest.
Rather at Nilus' mud
Lay me stark naked, and let the water flies
Blow me into abhorring. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
12. To blow upon. To make stale.
I am wonderfully pleased, when I meet with any passage in
an old Greek or Latin author, that is not blown upon, and
which I have never met with in any quotation. Addison.
He will whisper an intrigue that is not yet blown upon by
common fame. Addison. Spectator, No 105.

To BLOW. v. n. [blowan, Saxon.] To bloom; to blossom.
We lose the prime to mark how spring
Our tended plants, how blows the citron grove,
What drops the myrrh, and what the balmy reed.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 22.
This royal fair
Shall, when the blossom of her beauty's blown,
See her great brother on the British throne. Waller.
Fair is the kingcup that in meadow blows,
Fair is the daisy that beside her grows. Gay's Pastorals.
For thee Idume's spicy forests blow,
And seeds of gold in Ophir's mountains glow. Pope.

BLO'WER. n. s. [from blow.] A melter of tin.
Add his care and cost in buying wood, and in fetching the
same to the blowing-house, together with the blowers, two or
three months extreme and encreasing labour. Carew's Survey.

BLOWN. The participle passive of blow.
All the sparks of virtue, which nature had kindled in them,
were so blown to give forth their uttermost heat, that justly it
may be affirmed, they inflamed the affections of all that knew
them. Sidney, b. ii.
The trumpets sleep, while cheerful horns are blown,
And arms employ'd on birds and beasts alone. Pope.

BLO'WPOINT. n. s. A child's play.
Shortly boys shall not play
At spancounter or blowpoint, but shall pay
Toll to some courtier. Donne.

BLOWTH. n. s. [from blow.] Bloom, or blossom.
Ambition and covetousness being but green, and newly
grown up, the seeds and effects were as yet but potential, and
in the blowth and bud. Raleigh's History of the World.

BLOWZE. n. s. A ruddy fat-faced wench.

BLO'WZY. adj. [from blowze.] Sun burnt; high coloured.


BLU

BLU'BBER. n. s. [See BLOB.] The part of a whale that con­
tains the oil.

To BLU'BBER. v. n. [from the noun.] To weep in such a
manner as to swell the cheeks.
Even so lies she,
Blubb'ring and weeping, weeping and blubb'ring.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
A thief came to a boy that was blubbering by the side of a
well, and asked what he cried for. L'Estrange.
Soon as Glumdalclitch miss'd her pleasing care,
She wept, she blubber'd, and she tore her hair. Swift.

To BLU'BBER. v. a. To swell the cheeks with weeping.
Fair streams represent unto me my blubbered face; let tears
procure your stay. Sidney.
The wild wood gods arrived in the place,
There find the virgin doleful, desolate,
With ruffled raiment, and fair blubber'd face,
As her outrageous foe had left her late. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Tir'd with the search, not finding what she seeks,
With cruel blows she pounds her blubber'd cheeks. Dryden.

BLU'BBERED. particip. adj. [from to blubber.] Swelled; big;
applied commonly to the lip.
Thou sing with him, thou booby! never pipe
Was so profan'd, to touch that blubber'd lip. Dryden.

BLU'DGEON. n. s. A short stick, with one end loaded, used as
an offensive weapon.

BLUE. adj. [blæw, Sax. bleu, Fr.] One of the seven original
colours.
There's gold, and here,
My bluest veins to kiss; a hand that kings
Have lipt. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Where fires thou find'st unrak'd, and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
O coward conscience! how dost thou afflict me?
The lights burn blue—Is it not dead midnight?
Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh.
Shakesp. Richard III.
Why does one climate, and one soil endue
The blushing poppy with a crimson hue;
Yet leave the lily pale, and tinge the violet blue? Prior.
There was scarce any other colour sensible, besides red and
blue; only the blues, and principally the second blue, inclined a
little to green. Newton's Opticks.

BLUEBO'TTLE. n. s. [from blue and bottle.]
1. A flower of the bell shape; a species of bottleflower; which see.
If you put bluebottles, or other blue flowers, into an ant-hill,
they will be stained with red; because the ants thrust their
stings, and instil into them their stinging liquour. Ray.
2. A fly with a large blue belly.
Say, sire of insects, mighty Sol,
A fly upon the chariot-pole
Cries out, what bluebottle alive
Did ever with such fury drive? Prior.

BLUE-EYED. adj. [from blue and eye.] Having blue eyes.
Rise then, fair blue-cy'd maid, rise and discover
Thy silver brow, and meet thy golden lover. Crashaw.
Nor to the temple was she gone, to move,
With prayers, the blue-ey'd progeny of Jove. Dryden.

BLUEHA'IRED. adj. [from blue and hair.] Having blue hair.
This place,
The greatest and the best of all the main,
He quarters to his bluehair'd deities. Milton's Par. Regain.

BLU'ELY. adv. [from blue.] With a blue colour.
This 'squire he drop'd his pen full soon,
While as the light burnt bluely. Swift.

BLU'ENESS. n. s. [from blue.] The quality of being blue.
In a moment our liquor may be deprived of its blueness, and
restored to it again, by the affusion of a few drops of liquours.
Boyle on Colours.



BLUFF. adj. Big; surly; blustering.
Like those whom stature did to crowns prefer,
Black-brow'd and bluff, like Homer's Jupiter. Dryden.

BLU'ISH. adj. [from blue.] Blue in a small degree.
Side sleeves and skirts, round underborne, with a bluish tinsel.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
At last, as far as I could cast my eyes
Upon the sea, somewhat, methought, did rise
Like bluish mists. Dryden's Indian Emperour.
Here, in full light, the russet plains extend,
There wrapt in clouds the bluish hills ascend. Pope.

BLU'ISHNESS. n. s. [from blue.] A small degree of blue colour.
I could make, with crude copper, a solution without the
bluishness, that is wont to accompany its vulgar solutions. Boyle.

To BLU'NDER. v. n. [blunderen, Dutch; perhaps from blind.]
1. To mistake grossly; to err very widely; to mistake stu­
pidly. It is a word implying contempt.
It is one thing to forget matter of fact, and another to blun­
der upon the reason of it. L'Estrange.
The grandees and giants in knowledge, who laughed at all
besides themselves, as barbarous and insignificant, yet blunder­
ed, and stumbled, about their grand and principal concern.
South.
2. To flounder; to stumble.
He who now to sense, now nonsense leaning,
Means not, but blunders round about a meaning. Pope.

To BLUNDER. v. a. To mix foolishly or blindly.
He seems to understand no difference between titles of re­
spect and acts of worship; between expressions of esteem and
devotion; between religious and civil worship: for he blunders
and confounds all these together; and whatever proves one,
he thinks, proves all the rest. Stillingfleet.

BLU'NDER. n. s. [from the verb.] A gross or shameful mistake.
It was the advice of Schomberg to an historian, that he
should avoid being particular in the drawing up of an army,
and other circumstances in the day of battle; for that he had
observed notorious blunders and absurdities committed by writ­
ers not conversant in the art of war. Addison. Freeholder.
It is our own ignorance that makes us charge those works of
the Almighty, as defects or blunders, as ill-contrived or ill­
made. Derham's Physico-Theology.

BLU'NDERBUSS. n. s. [from blunder.] A gun that is charged
with many bullets, so that, without any exact aim, there is a
chance of hitting the mark.
There are blunderbusses in every loop-hole, that go off of
their own accord, at the squeaking of a fiddle. Dryden.

BLU'NDERER. n. s. [from blunder.] A man apt to commit blun­
ders; a blockhead.
Another sort of judges will decide in favour of an authour,
or will pronounce him a mere blunderer, according to the com­
pany they have kept. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

BLU'NDERHEAD. n. s. [from blunder and head.] A stupid
fellow.
At the rate of this thick-skulled blunderhead, every plow­
jobber shall take upon him to read upon divinity. L'Estrange.

BLUNT. adj. [etymology uncertain.]
1. Dull on the edge or point; not sharp.
If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then must
he put to more strength. Eccles. x. 10.
Thanks to that beauty, which can give an edge to the blunt­
est swords. Sidney, b. i.
2. Dull in understanding; not quick.
Valentine being gone, I'll quickly cross,
By some sly trick, blunt Thurio's dull proceeding.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Whitehead, a grave divine, was of a blunt stoical nature;
one day the queen happened to say, I like thee the better, be­
cause thou livest unmarried. He answered; Madam, I like you
the worse. Bacon's Apophthegms.
3. Rough; not delicate; not civil.
The mayor of the town came to seize them in a blunt man­
ner, alleging a warrant to stop them. Wotton.
'Tis not enough your counsel still be true;
Blunt truths more mischief than nice falsehoods do. Pope.
4. Abrupt; not elegant.
To use too many circumstances, ere one come to the matter,
is wearisome; to use none at all, is blunt. Bacon.
5. Hard to penetrate. This use is improper.
I find my heart hardened and blunt to new impressions; it
will scarce receive or retain affections of yesterday.
Pope, Lett. lxxxiii. to Swift.

To BLUNT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dull the edge or point.
So sicken waining moons too near the sun,
And blunt their crescents on the edge of day. Dryden.
Earthly limbs, and gross allay,
Blunt not the beams of heav'n, and edge of day. Dryden.
He had such things to urge against our marriage,
As, now declar'd, would blunt my sword in battle,
And dastardize my courage. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. To repress, or weaken any appetite, desire, or power of the
mind.
Blunt not his love;
Nor loose the good advantage of his grace,
By seeming cold. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. 2.

BLU'NTLY. adv. [from blunt.]
1. In a blunt manner; without sharpness.
2. Coarsely; plainly; roughly.
I can keep honest counsels, marr a curious tale in telling it,
and deliver a plain message bluntly. Shakesp. King Lear.
A man of honest blood,
Who to his wife, before the time assign'd
For childbirth came, thus bluntly spoke his mind. Dryden.

BLU'NTNESS. n. s. [from blunt.]
1. Want of edge or point; dulness; obtuseness; want of
sharpness.
The crafty boy, that had full oft essay'd
To pierce my stubborn and resisting breast,
But still the bluntness of his darts betray'd. Suckling.
2. Coarseness; roughness of manners; rude sincerity.
His silence grew wit, his bluntness integrity, his beastly ig­
norance, virtuous simplicity. Sidney, b. i.
Manage disputes with civility; whence some readers will be
assisted to discern a difference betwixt bluntness of speech and
strength of reason. Boyle.
False friends, his deadliest foes, could find no way,
But shows of honest bluntness to betray. Dryd. H. and Pan.

BLU'NTWITTED. adj. [from blunt and wit.] Dull; stupid.
Bluntwitted lord, ignoble in demeanour. Shakesp. H. VI.

BLUR. n. s. [borra, Span. a blot. Skinn.] A blot; a stain; a spot.
Man, once fallen, was nothing but a great blur; a total uni­
versal pollution. South.

To BLUR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To blot; to efface; to obscure.
Such an act,
That blurs the grace and blush of modesty,
Calls virtue hypocrite. Shakesp. King Lear.
Long is it since I saw him;
But time hath nothing blurr'd those lines of favour,
Which then he wore. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Concerning innate principles, I desire these men to say,
whether they can, or cannot, by education and custom, be blur­
red and blotted out. Locke.
2. To blot; to stain.
Sarcasms may eclipse thine own,
But cannot blur my lost renown. Hudibras, p. i. cant. iii.

To BLURT. v. a. [without etymology.] To speak inadvert­
ently; to let fly without thinking.
Others cast out bloody and deadly speeches at random, and
cannot hold, but blurt out those words, which afterwards they
are forced to eat. Hakewell on Providence.
They had some belief of a Deity, which they, upon sur­
prizal, thus blurt out. Government of the Tongue, § 5.

To BLUSH. v. n. [blosen, Dutch.]
1. To betray shame or confusion, by a red colour in the cheek.
I have mark'd
A thousand blushing apparitions
To start into her face; a thousand innocent shames,
In angel whiteness, bear away these blushes.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Pale and bloodless,
Being all descended to the lab'ring heart,
Which with the heart there cools, and ne'er returneth
To blush and beautify the cheek again. Shakesp. Henry VI.
I will go wash:
And when my face is fair, you shall perceive
Whether I blush, or no. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
All these things are graceful in a friend's mouth, which are
blushing in a man's own. Bacon, Essay 28.
Shame causeth blushing; blushing is the resort of the blood
to the face; although blushing will be seen in the whole breast,
yet that is but in passage to the face. Bacon's Nat. History.
Blush then, but blush for your destructive silence,
That tears your soul. Smith's Phædr. and Hippolitus.
2. To carry a red colour, or any soft and bright colour.
To day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hope; tomorrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him. Sh. H. VI.
Along those blushing borders, bright with dew. Thomson.
3. It has at before the cause of shame.
He whin'd, and roar'd away your victory,
That pages blush'd at him; and men of heart
Look'd wond'ring at each other. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
You have not yet lost all your natural modesty, but blush at
your vices. Calamy's Sermons.

BLUSH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The colour in the cheeks, raised by shame or confusion.
The virgin's wish, without her fears, impart,
Excuse the blush, and pour out all the heart. Pope.
2. A red or purple colour.
But here the roses blush so rare,
Here the mornings smile so fair,
As if neither cloud, nor wind,
But would be courteous, would be kind. Crashaw.


3. Sudden appearance; a signification that seems barbarous, yet
used by good writers.
All purely identical propositions, obviously and at first blush,
appear to contain no certain instruction in them. Locke.

BLU'SHY. adj. [from blush.] Having the colour of a blush.
Blossoms of trees, that are white, are commonly inodorate;
those of apples, crabs, and peaches, are blushy, and smell sweet.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 507.
Stratonica entering, moved a blushy colour in his face; but,
deserting him, he relapsed into the same paleness and languour.
Harvey on Consumptions.

To BLU'STER. v. n. [supposed from blast.]
1. To roar as a storm; to be violent and loud.
Earth his uncouth mother was,
And blust'ring Æolus his boasted sire. Spenser.
So now he storms with many a sturdy stoure;
So now his blust'ring blast each coast doth scour. Spenser.
2. To bully; to puff; to swagger; to be tumultuous.
My heart's too big to bear this, says a blustering fellow; I'll
destroy myself. Sir, says the gentleman, here's a dagger at
your service; so the humour went off. L'Estrange.
Either he must sink to a downright confession, or else he
must huff and bluster, till perhaps he raise a counter-storm.
Government of the Tongue.
Virgil had the majesty of a lawful prince, and Statius only
the blustering of a tyrant. Dryden's Spanish Friar, Dedication.
There let him reign the jailor of the wind;
With hoarse commands his breathing subjects call,
And boast and bluster in his empty hall. Dryden's Æneid.

BLU'STER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Roar; noise; tumult.
The skies look grimly,
And threaten present blusters. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
To the winds they set
Their corners; when with bluster to confound
Sea, air, and shore. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 665.
So, by the brazen trumpet's bluster,
Troops of all tongues and nations muster. Swift.
2. Boast; boisterousness; turbulence; fury.
Spare thy Athenian cradle, and those kin,
Which in the bluster of thy wrath must fall
With those that have offended. Shakesp. Timon.
A coward makes a great deal more bluster than a man of ho­
nour. L'Estrange.

BLU'STERER. n. s. [from bluster.] A swaggerer; a bully; a tu­
multuous noisy fellow.

BLU'STROUS. adj. [from bluster.] Tumultuous; noisy.
The ancient heroes were illustrious
For being benign, and not blustrous. Hudibras, p. i. c. iii.

BMI. n. s. A note in musick.
Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
Bmi, Bianca, take him for thy lord. Shakesp. Tam. Shrew.

BO. interj. A word of terrour; from Bo, an old northern cap­
tain, of such fame, that his name was used to terrify the
enemy. Temple.


BOA

BOAR. n. s. [bar, Saxon; beer, Dutch.] The male swine.
To fly the boar, before the boar pursues,
Were to incense the boar to follow us. Shakesp. Rich. III.
She sped the boar away;
His eyeballs glare with fire, suffus'd with blood;
His neck shuts up a thickest thorny wood;
His bristled back a trench impal'd appears. Dryden's Fables.

BO'AR-SPEAR. n. s. [from boar and spear.] A spear used in
hunting the boar.
And in her hand a sharp boar-spear she held,
And at her back a bow and quiver gay,
Stuff'd with steel-headed darts. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. iii.
Echion threw the first, but miss'd his mark,
And struck his boar-spear on a maple bark. Dryden's Ovid.

BOARD. n. s. [baurd, Goth. bræd, Saxon.]
1. A piece of wood of more length and breadth than thickness.
With the saw they have sundred trees in boards and planks.
Raleigh's Essays.
Every house has a board over the door, whereon is written
the number, sex, and quality of the persons living in it. Temple.
Go now, go trust the wind's uncertain breath,
Remov'd four fingers from approaching death;
Or seven at most, when thickest is the board. Dryden's Juv.
2. A table. [from burdd, Welch.]
Soon after which, three hundred lords he slew,
Of British blood, all sitting at his board. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
In bed he slept not, for my urging it;
At board he fed not, for my urging it. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
I'll follow thee in fun'ral flames; when dead,
My ghost shall thee attend at board and bed. Sir J. Denham.
Cleopatra made Antony a supper, which was sumptuous and
royal; howbeit there was no extraordinary service upon the
board. Hakewell on Providence.
May ev'ry god his friendly aid afford;
Pan guard thy flock, and Ceres bless thy board. Prior.
3. Entertainment; food.
4. A table at which a council or court is held.
Both better acquainted with affairs, than any other who sat
then at that board. Clarendon.
5. An assembly seated at a table; a court of jurisdiction.
I wish the king would be pleased sometimes to be present at
that board; it adds a majesty to it. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
6. The deck or floor of a ship; on board signifies in a ship.
Now board to board the rival vessels row,
The billows lave the skies, and ocean groans below. Dryd.
Our captain thought his ship in so great danger, that he
confessed himself to a capuchin, who was on board. Addison.
He ordered his men to arm long poles with sharp hooks,
wherewith they took hold of the tackling, which held the main­
yard to the mast of their enemy's ship; then, rowing their own
ship, they cut the tackling, and brought the mainyard by the
board. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To BOARD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To enter a ship by force; the same as to storm, used of a city.
I boarded the king's ship: now on the beak,
Now in the waste, the deck, in every cabin,
I flam'd amazement. Shakesp. Tempest.
Yet not inclin'd the English ship to board,
More on his guns relies than on his sword,
From whence a fatal volley we receiv'd;
It miss'd the duke; but his great heart it griev'd. Waller.
Arm, arm, she cry'd, and let our Tyrians board
With our's his fleet, and carry fire and sword. Denham.
2. To attack, or make the first attempt upon a man; aborder
quelqu'un, Fr.
Whom thus at gaze, the Palmer 'gan to board
With goodly reason, and thus fair bespake. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Away, I do beseech you, both away;
I'll board him presently. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Sure, unless he knew some strain in me, that I knew not my­
self, he would never have boarded me in this fury. Shakespeare.
They learn what associates and correspondents they had,
and how far every one is engaged, and what new ones they
meant afterwards to try or board. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. To lay or pave with boards.
Having thus boarded the whole room, the edges of some
boards lie higher than the next board; therefore they peruse
the whole floor; and, where they find any irregularities, plane
them off. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

To BOARD. v. n. To live in a house, where a certain rate is
paid for eating.
That we might not part,
As we at first did board with thee,
Now thou wouldst taste our misery. Herbert.
We are several of us, gentlemen and ladies, who board in the
same house; and, after dinner, one of our company stands up,
and reads your paper to us all. Spectator, No 961.

To BOARD. v. a. To place as a boarder in another's house.

BOARD-WAGES. n. s. [from board and wages.] Wages allowed
to servants to keep themselves in victuals.
What more than madness reigns,
When one short sitting many hundreds drains,
And not enough is left him, to supply
Board-wages, or a footman's livery? Dryden's Juv. sat. i.

BO'ARDER. n. s. [from board.] A tabler; one that eats with an­
other at a settled rate.

BO'ARDING-SCHOOL. n. s. [from board and school.] A school
where the scholars live with the teacher.
A blockhead, with melodious voice,
In boarding-schools can have his choice. Swift.

BO'ARISH. adj. [from boar.] Swinish; brutal; cruel.
I would not see thy cruel nails
Pluck out his poor old eyes; nor thy fierce sister,
In his anointed flesh stick boarish phangs. Shakesp. K. Lear.

To BOAST. v. n. [bôst, Welch.]
1. To brag; to display one's own worth, or actions, in great
words; to talk ostentatiously; with of.
For I know the forwardness of your mind, for which I beast
of you to them of Macedonia. 2 Cor. ix. 2.
2. Sometimes it is used with in.
Some surgeons I have met, carrying bones about in their
pockets, boasting in that which was their shame. Wiseman.
3. To exalt one's self.
Thus with your mouth you have boasted against me, and mul­
tiplied your words against me. Ezek. xxxv. 13.

To BOAST. v. a. 
1. To brag of; to display with ostentatious language.
For if I have boasted any thing to him of you, I am not a­
shamed. 2 Cor. vii. 14.
If they vouchsafed to give god the praise of his goodness;
yet they did it only, in order to boast the interest they had in
him. Atterbury.
2. To magnify; to exalt.
They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in the
multitude of their riches. Psalm xlix. 6.
Confounded be all them that serve graven images, that boast
themselves of idols. Psalm xcvii. 7.

BOAST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A cause of boasting; an occasion of pride; the thing boasted.


Not Tyro, nor Mycene, match her name,
Nor great Alcmena, the proud boasts of fame. Pope's Odyss.
2. An expression of ostentation; a proud speech.
Thou that makest thy boast of the law, through breaking
the law dishonourest thou God? Rom. ii. 23.
The world is more apt to find fault than to commend; the
boast will probably be censured, when the great action that oc­
casioned it, is forgotten. Spectator, No 255.

BO'ASTER. n. s. [from boast.] A bragger; a man that vaunts
any thing ostentatiously.
Complaints the more candid and judicious of the chymists
themselves are wont to make of those boasters, that confidently
pretend, that they have extracted the salt or sulphur of quick­
silver, when they have disguised it by additaments, wherewith
it resembles the concretes. Boyle.
No more delays, vain boaster! but begin;
I prophesy beforehand I shall win:
I'll teach you how to brag another time. Dryden's Virgil.
He the proud boasters sent, with stern assault,
Down to the realms of night. Philips.

BO'ASTFUL. adj. [from boast and full.] Ostentatious; inclined
to brag.
Boastful, and rough, your first son is a 'squire;
The next a tradesman, meek, and much a liar. Pope.

BO'ASTINGLY. adv. [from boasting.] Ostentatiously.
We look on it as a pitch of impiety, boastingly to avow our
sins; and it deserves to be considered, whether this kind of con­
fessing them, have not some affinity with it. Decay of Piety.

BOAT. n. s. [bat, Saxon.]
1. A vessel to pass the water in. It is usually distinguished from
other vessels, by being smaller and uncovered, and commonly
moved by rowing.
I do not think that any one nation, the Syrian excepted, to
whom the knowledge of the ark came, did find out at once
the device of either ship or boat, in which they durst venture
themselves upon the seas. Raleigh's Essays.
An effeminate scoundrel multitude!
Whose utmost daring is to cross the Nile,
In painted boats, to fright the crocodile. Tate. Juv. sat. xv.
2. A ship of a small size; as, a passage boat, pacquet boat, advice
boat, fly boat.

BOA'TION. n. s. [from boare, Lat.] Roar; noise; loud sound.
In Messina insurrection, the guns were heard from thence
as far as Augusta and Syracuse, about an hundred Italian miles.
These distances being, in a short time, in loud boations.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

BO'ATMAN. n. s. [from boat and man.] He that manages a
boat.

BO'ATSMAN. n. s. [from boat and man.] He that manages a
boat.
Boatsmen through the crystal water show,
To wond'ring passengers, the walls below. Dryden.
That booby Phaon only was unkind,
An ill-bred boatman, rough as waves and wind. Prior.

BO'ATSWAIN. n. s. [from boat and swain.] An officer on board
a ship, who has charge of all her rigging, ropes, cables, anchors,
sails, flags, colours, pendants, &c. He also takes care of the
long-boat and its furniture, and steers her either by himself or
his mate. He calls out the several gangs and companies to the
execution of their watches, works, and spells; and he is also a
kind of provost marshal, seizes, and punishes all offenders, that
are sentenced by the captain, or court martial of the whole
fleet. Harris.
Sometimes the meanest boatswain may help to preserve the
ship from sinking. Howel's Pre-eminence of Parliament.


BOB

To BOB. v. a. [of uncertain etymology; Skinner deduces it
from bobo, foolish, Span.]
1. To cut. Junius.
2. To beat; to drub; to bang.
Those bastard Britons, whom our fathers
Have in their own land beaten, bobb'd, and thump'd.
Shakesp. Richard III.
3. To cheat; to gain by fraud.
I have bobbed his brain more than he has beat my bones.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Live, Rodorigo!
He calls me to a restitution large,
Of gold and jewels, that I bobb'd from him,
As gifts to Desdemona. Shakesp. Othello.
Here we have been worrying one another, who should have
the booty, till this cursed fox has bobbed us both on't. L'Estr.

To BOB. v. n. To play backward and forward; to play loosely
against any thing.
And sometimes lurk I in a gossip's bowl,
In very likeness of a roasted crab;
And when she drinks, against her lips I bob,
And on her wither'd dewlap pour the ale. Midsum. N. Dr.
They comb, and then they order ev'ry hair;
A birthday jewel bobbing at their ear. Dryd. Persius, sat. i.
You may tell her,
I'm rich in jewels, rings, and bobbing pearls,
Pluck'd from Moors ears. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

BOB. n. s. [from the verb neuter.]
1. Something that hangs so as to play loosely; generally an orna­
ment at the ear; a pendant; an ear-ring.
The gaudy gossip, when she's set agog,
In jewels drest, and at each ear a bob. Dryd. Juv. sat. vi.
2. The word repeated at the end of a stanza.
To bed, to bed, will be the bob of the song. L'Estrange.
3. A blow.
I am sharply taunted, yea, sometimes with pinches, nips,
and bobs. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

BO'BBIN. n. s. [bobine, Fr. from bombyx, Lat.] A small pin of
wood, with a notch, to wind the thread about, when women
weave lace.
The things you follow, and make songs on now, should be
sent to knit, or sit down to bobbins, or bone-lace. Tatler.

BO'BBINWORK. n. s. [from bobbin and work.] Work woven with
bobbins.
Not netted nor woven with warp and woof, but after the
manner of bobbinwork. Grew's Musæum.

BO'BCHERRY. n. s. [from bob and cherry.] A play among chil­
dren, in which the cherry is hung so as to bob against the
mouth.
Bobcherry teaches at once two noble virtues, patience and
constancy; the first, in adhering to the pursuit of one end;
the latter, in bearing a disappointment. Arb. and Pop. M. Ser.

BO'BTAIL. [from bob, in the sense of cut.] Cut tail; short tail.
Avaunt, you curs!
Be thy mouth or black or white,
Or bobtail like, or trundle tail,
Tom will make him weep and wail. Shakesp. King Lear.

BO'BTAILED. adj. [from bobtail.] Having a tail cut, or short.
There was a bobtailed cur cried in a gazette, and one that
found him, brought him home to his master. L'Estrange.

B'OBWIG. n. s. [from bob and wig.] A short wig.
A young fellow riding towards us full gallop, with a bobwig
and a black silken bag tied to it, stopt short at the coach, to ask
us how far the judges were behind. Spectator, No 129.

BO'CASINE. n. s. A sort of linen cloth; a fine buckram. Dict.

BO'CKELET. n. s. A kind of long-winged hawk. Dict.

BO'CKERET. n. s. A kind of long-winged hawk. Dict.


BOD

To BODE. v. a. [bodian, Sax.] To portend; to be the omen
of. It is used in a sense of either good or bad.
This bodes some strange eruption to our state. Hamlet.
By this design, you have opposed their false policy, with
true and great wisdom; what they boded would be a mischief to
us, you are providing, shall be one of our principal strengths.
Sprat's Sermons.
It happen'd once, a boding prodigy!
A swarm of bees that cut the liquid sky,
Upon the topmost branch in clouds alight. Dryden's Æneid.
If firy red his glowing globe descends,
High winds and furious tempests he portends:
But if his cheeks are swoln with livid blue,
He bodes wet weather by his watry hue. Dryden's Georg.

To BODE. v. n. To be an omen; to foreshew.
Sir, give me leave to say, whatever now
The omen prove, it boded well to you. Dryden's Aurengz.

BO'DEMENT. n. s. [from bode.] Portent; omen; prognostick.
This foolish, dreaming, superstitious girl
Makes all these bodements. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Macbeth shall never vanquisht be, until
Great Birnam wood to Dunsinane's high hill
Shall come against him.——
——————That will never be:
Sweet bodements, good. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To BODGE. v. n. [a word in Shakespeare, which is perhaps cor­
rupted from boggle.] To boggle; to stop; to fail.
With this we charg'd again; but out! alas,
We bedg'd again; as I have seen a swan,
With bootless labour, swim against the tide. Shakesp. H. VI.

BO'DICE. n. s. [from bodies.] Stays; a waistcoat quilted with
whalebone, worn by women.
Her bodice halfway she unlac'd,
About his arms she slily cast
The silken band, and held him fast. Prior.
This consideration should keep ignorant nurses and bodice
makers from meddling. Locke on Education, § 11.

BO'DILESS. adj. [from body.] Incorporeal; without a body.
Which bodiless and immaterial are,
And can be only lodg'd within our minds. Davies.
This is the very coinage of your brain,
This bodiless creation ecstasy
Is very cunning in. Shakesp. Hamlet.
These are but shadows,
Phantoms bodiless and vain,
Empty visions of the brain. Swift.

BO'DILY. adj. [from body.]
1. Corporeal; containing body.
What resemblance could wood or stone bear to a spirit void
of all sensible qualities, and bodily dimensions? South.
2. Relating to the body, not the mind.
Of such as resorted to our Saviour Christ, being present on
earth, there came not any unto him with better success, for the
benefit of their souls everlasting happiness, than they whose bo­
dily necessities gave occasion of seeking relief. Hooker, b. v.


Virtue atones for bodily defects; beauty is nothing worth,
without a mind. L'Estrange.
As clearness of the bodily eye doth dispose it for a quicker
sight, so doth freedom from lust and passion, dispose us for the
most perfect acts of reason. Tillotson.
I would not have children much beaten for their faults, be­
cause I would not have them think bodily pain the greatest pu­
nishment. Locke on Education, § 115.
3. Real; actual.
Whatever hath been thought on in this state,
That could be brought to bodily act, ere Rome
Had circumvention? Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BO'DILY. adv. Corporeally; united with matter.
It is his human nature, in which the godhead dwells bodily,
that is advanced to these honours, and to this empire. Watts.

BO'DKIN. n. s. [boddiken, or small body, Skinner.]
1. An instrument with a small blade and sharp point, used to bore
holes.
Each of them had bodkins in their hands, wherewith conti­
nually they pricked him. Sidney's Arcadia.
2. An instrument to draw a thread or ribbond through a loop.
Or plung'd in lakes of bitter washes lie,
Or wedg'd whole ages in a bodkin's eye. Pope's R. of the L.
3. An instrument to dress the hair.
You took constant care
The bodkin, comb, and essence to prepare:
For this your locks in paper-durance bound. Pope.

BO'DY. n. s. [bodig, Saxon; it originally signified the height or
stature of a man.]
1. The material substance of an animal, opposed to the immate­
rial soul.
All the valiant men arose, and went all night, and took the
body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, from the wall.
1 Sam. xxxi. 12.
Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye
shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on.
Matt. vi. 25.
By custom, practice, and patience, all difficulties and hard­
ships, whether of body or of fortune, are made easy to us.
L'Estrange.
2. Matter; opposed to spirit.
3. A person; a human being; whence somebody, and nobody.
Surely, a wise body's part it were not, to put out his fire, be­
cause his foolish neighbour, from whom he borrowed where­
with to kindle it, might say, were it not for me, thou wouldst
freeze. Hooker, b. iv. § 9.
A deflowred maid!
And by an eminent body, that enforc'd
The law against it! Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
'Tis a passing shame,
That I, unworthy body as I am,
Should censure thus one lovely gentleman. Sh. Two G. of Ver.
No body seeth me; what need I to fear? the Most High will
not remember my sins. Ecclus, xxiii. 18.
All civility and reason obliged every body to submit. Clarend.
Good may be drawn out of evil, and a body's life may be
saved, without having any obligation to his preserver. L'Estr.
4. Reality; opposed to representation.
A shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ. Coloss.
5. A collective mass; a joint power.
There is in the knowledge both of God and man this cer­
tainty, that life and death have divided between them the whole
body of mankind. Hooker, b. v. § 49.
There were so many disaffected persons of the nobility, that
there might a body start up for the king. Clarendon, b. viii.
When these pigmies pretend to form themselves into a body,
it is time for us, who are men of figure, to look about us.
Addison. Guardian, No 108.
6. The main army; the battle; distinct from the wings, van
and rear.
The van of the king's army was led by the general and
Wilmot; in the body was the king and the prince; and the
rear consisted of one thousand foot, commanded under colonel
Thelwell. Clarendon, b. viii.
7. A corporation; a number of men united by some common
tye.
I shall now mention a particular, wherein your whole body
will be certainly against me, and the laity, almost to a man,
on my side. Swift.
Nothing was more common, than to hear that reverend body
charged with what is inconsistent, despised for their poverty,
and hated for their riches. Swift.
8. The outward condition.
I verily, as absent in body, have judged. 1 Cor. v. 3.
9. The main part; the bulk; as, the body, or hull, of a ship;
the body of a coach; the body of a church; the body, or trunk,
of a man; the body, or trunk, of a tree.
Thence sent rich merchandizes by boat to Babylon, from
whence, by the body of Euphrates, as far as it bended west­
ward, and, afterward, by a branch thereof. Raleigh's History.
This city has navigable rivers, that run up into the body of
Italy, by which they might supply many countries with fish.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
10. A substance.
Even a metalline body, and therefore much more a vegetable
or animal, may, by fire, be turned into water. Boyle.
11. [In geometry.] Any solid figure.
12. A pandect; a general collection; as, a body of the civil law;
a body of divinity.
13. Strength; as, wine of a good body.

BODY-CLOATHS. n. s. [from body and cloaths.] Cloathing for
horses that are dieted.
However it be, I am informed, that several asses are kept in
body-cloaths, and sweated every morning upon the heath.
Addison. Spectator, No 173.

To BO'DY. v. a. [from the noun.] To produce in some form.
As imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shape. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.

BOG. n. s. [bog, soft, Irish.] A marish; a morass; a ground
too soft to bear the weight of the body.
Through fire and through flame, through ford and whirl­
pool, o'er bog and quagmire. Shakesp. King Lear.
A gulf profound! as that Serbonian bog,
Betwixt Damiata and Mount Casius old. Par. Lost, b. ii.
He walks upon bogs and whirlpools; wheresoever he treads,
he sinks. South.
Learn from so great a wit, a land of bogs
With ditches fenc'd, a heaven fat with fogs. Dryden.
He is drawn, by a sort of ignis fatuus, into bogs and mire, al­
most every day of his life. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

BOG-TROTTER. n. s. [from bog and trot.] One that lives in a
boggy country.

To BO'GGLE. v. n. [from bogil, Dutch, a spectre; a bugbear;
a phantom.]
1. To start; to fly back; to fear to come forward.
You boggle shrewdly; every feather starts you.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
We start and boggle at every unusual appearance, and cannot
endure the sight of the bugbear. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 16.
Nature, that rude, and in her first essay,
Stood boggling at the roughness of the way;
Us'd to the road, unknowing to return,
Goes boldly on, and loves the path when worn. Dryden.
2. To hesitate; to be in doubt.
And never boggle to restore
The members you deliver o'er,
Upon demand. Hudibras, p. iii. c. i.
The well-shaped changeling is a man that has a rational
soul, say you. Make the ears a little longer, and more point­
ed, and the nose a little flatter than ordinary, and then you be­
gin to boggle. Locke.
3. To play fast and loose; to dissemble.
When summoned to his last end, it was no time for him to
boggle with the world. Howel's Vocal Forest.

BO'GGLER. n. s. [from boggle.] A doubter; a timorous man.
You have been a boggler ever. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

BO'GGY. adj. [from bog.] Marshy; swampy.
Their country was very narrow, low, and boggy, and, by
great industry and expences, defended from the sea. Arbuthnot.

BO'GHOUSE. n. s. [from bog and house.] A house of office.

BOHE'A. n. s. [an Indian word.] A species of tea, of higher
colour, and more astringent taste, than green tea.
Coarse pewter, appearing to consist chiefly of lead, is part of
the bales in which bohea tea was brought from China. Woodw.
As some frail cup of China's fairest mold,
The tumults of the boiling bohea braves,
And holds secure the coffee's sable waves. Tickell.
She went from op'ra, park, assembly, play,
To morning walks, and pray'rs three hours a day;
To part her time 'twixt reading and bohea,
To muse, and spill her solitary tea. Pope.


BOI

To BOIL. v. n. [bouiller, Fr. bullio, Lat.]
1. To be agitated by heat; to fluctuate with heat.
He saw there boil the firy whirlpools. Chapman's Odyssey.
Suppose the earth removed, and placed nearer to the sun, in
the orbit of Mercury, there the whole ocean would boil with
extremity of heat. Bentley.
2. To be hot; to be fervent, or effervescent.
That strength with which my boiling youth was fraught,
When in the vale of Balasor I fought. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Well I knew,
What perils youthful ardour would pursue,
That boiling blood would carry thee too far. Dryden's Æn.
3. To move with an agitation like that of boiling water.
Then headlong shoots beneath the dashing tide,
The trembling fins the boiling waves divide. Gay.
In the dubious point, where, with the pool,
Is mixt the trembling stream, or where it boils
Around the stone. Thomson's Spring.
4. To be in hot liquour, in order to be made tender by the heat.
Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the cauldron boil and bake. Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. To cook by boiling.
If you live in a rich family, roasting and boiling are below


the dignity of your office, and which it becomes you to be ig­
norant of. Swift's Directions to the Cook.
6. To boil over. To run over the vessel with heat.
A few soft words and a kiss, and the good man melts; see
how nature works and boils over in him. Congreve's Old Batchel.
This hollow was a vast cauldron, filled with melted matter,
which, as it boiled over in any part, ran down the sides of the
mountain. Addison on Italy.

To BOIL. v. a. To heat, by putting into boiling water; to seeth.
To try whether seeds be old or new, the sense cannot in­
form; but if you boil them in water, the new seeds will sprout
sooner. Bacon's Natural History.
In eggs boiled and roasted, into which the water entereth not
at all, there is scarce any difference to be discerned. Bacon.

BOIL. n. s. See BILE.

BO'ILARY. n. s. [from to boil.] A place at the salt-works where
the salt is boiled.

BO'ILER. n. s. [from boil.]
1. The person that boils any thing.
That such alterations of terrestrial matter are not impossible,
seems evident from that notable practice of the boilers of salt­
petre. Boyle.
2. The vessel in which any thing is boiled.
This coffee-room is much frequented; and there are gene­
rally several pots and boilers before the fire. Woodward.

BO'ISTEROUS. adj. [byster, furious, Dutch.]
1. Violent; loud; roaring; stormy.
By a divine instinct, men's minds mistrust
Ensuing danger; as by proof we see
The waters swell before a boisterous storm. Shakesp. R. III.
As when loud winds a well-grown oak would rend
Up by the roots, this way and that they bend
His reeling trunk, and with a boist'rous sound
Scatter his leaves, and strew them on the ground. Waller.
2. Turbulent; tumultuous; furious.
Spirit of peace,
Wherefore do you so ill translate yourself
Out of the speech of peace, that bears such grace,
Into the harsh and boist'rous tongue of war? Shakesp. H. IV.
His sweetness won a more regard
Unto his place, than all the boist'rous moods
That ignorant greatness practiseth. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
God, into the hands of their deliverer,
Puts invincible might,
To quell the mighty of the earth, th' oppressor,
The brute and boist'rous force of violent men. Milton.
Still must I beg thee not to name Sempronius:
Lucia; I like not that loud boisterous man. Addison's Cato.
3. Unwieldy.
His boisterous club, so buried in the ground,
He could not rearen up again so light,
But that the knight him at avantage found. Fairy Q. b. i.
4. It is used by Woodward of heat.
When the sun hath gained a greater strength, the heat be­
comes too powerful and boisterous for them. Natural History.

BO'ISTEROUSLY. adv. [from boisterous.] Violently; tumultu­
ously.
A sceptre snatch'd, with an unruly hand,
Must be as boisterously maintain'd, as gain'd. Sh. King John.
Those are all remains of the universal deluge, when the wa­
ter of the ocean, being boisterously turned out upon the earth,
bore along with it all moveable bodies. Woodward's N. Hist.
Another faculty of the intellect comes boisterously in, and
wakes me from so pleasing a dream. Swift's Letters.

BO'ISTEROUSNESS. n. s. [from boisterous.] The state or quality
of being boisterous; tumultuousness; turbulence.


BOL

BO'LARY. adj. [from bole.] Partaking of the nature of bole, or
clay.
A weak and inanimate kind of loadstone, with a few mag­
netical lines, but chiefly consisting of a bolary and clammy sub­
stance. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

BOLD. adj. [bald, Saxon.]
1. Daring; brave; stout; courageous; magnanimous; fearless;
intrepid.
The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the righteous
are bold as a lion. Prov. xxviii. 1.
I have seen the councils of a noble country grow bold, or ti­
morous, according to the fits of his good or ill health that ma­
naged them. Temple.
2. Executed with spirit, and without mean caution.
These, nervous, bold; those, languid and remiss. Roscom.
The cathedral church is a very bold work, and a master­
piece in Gothick architecture. Addison on Italy.
3. Confident; not scrupulous; not timorous.
We were bold in our God to speak unto you the gospel of
God with much contention. 1 Thess. ii. 2.
I can be bold to say, that this age is adorned with some men
of that judgment, that they could open new and undiscovered
ways to knowledge. Locke.
4. Impudent; rude.
In thy prosperity he will be as thyself, and will be bold over
thy servants. If thou be brought low, he will be against thee.
Ecclus, vi. 11.
5. Licentious; such as shew great liberty of fiction.
Which no bold tales of Gods or monsters swell,
But human passions, such as with us dwell. Waller.
6. Standing out to the view; striking to the eye.
Catechreses and hyperboles are to be used judiciously, and
placed in poetry, as heightenings and shadows are in painting,
to make the figures bolder, and cause it to stand off to sight.
Dryden's State of Innocence, Preface.
7. Open; smooth; even; level: a sailor's term.
Her dominions lie scattered, and have bold accessible coasts.
Howel's Vocal Forest.
8. To make bold. To take freedoms: a phrase not grammatical,
though common. To be bold is better; as, I was bold to speak.
I have made bold to send to your wife;
My suit is, that she will to Desdemona
Procure me some access. Shakesp. Othello.
Making so bold,
My fears forgetting manners, to unseal
Their grand commission. Shakesp. Hamlet.
And were y' as good as George a Green,
I shall make bold to turn agen. Hudibras, p. ii. c. ii.
I durst not make thus bold with Ovid, lest some future Mil­
bourn should arise. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
Some men have the fortune to be esteemed wits, only for
making bold to scoff at these things, which the greatest part of
mankind reverence. Tillotson.

To BO'LDEN. v. a. [from bold.] To make bold; to give con­
fidence.
Quick inventers, and fair ready speakers, being boldened with
their present abilities, to say more, and perchance better too,
at the sudden, for that present, than any other can do, use less
help of diligence and study. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
I am much too vent'rous,
In tempting of your patience; but am bolden'd
Under your promis'd pardon. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

BO'LDFACE. n. s. [from bold and face.] Impudence; sauciness;
a term of reproach and reprehension.
How now, boldface! cries an old trot; sirrah, we eat our
own hens, I'd have you to know; and what you eat, you steal.
L'Estrange.

BO'LDFACED. adj. [from bold and face.] Impudent.
I have seen those silliest of creatures; and, seeing their rare
works, I have seen enough to confute all the boldfaced atheists
of this age. Bramhall against Hobbes.

BO'LDLY. adv. [from bold.]
1. In a bold manner; with courage; with spirit.
Thus we may boldly speak, being strengthened with the ex­
ample of so reverend a prelate. Hooker, b. v. § 19.
I speak to subjects, and a subject speaks,
Stirr'd up by heav'n thus boldly for his king. Shakesp. R. III.
2. It may perhaps be sometimes used in a bad sense, for impudently.

BO'LDNESS. n. s. [from bold.]
1. Courage; bravery; intrepidity; spirit; fortitude; magnani­
mity; daringness.
Her horse she rid so, as might shew a fearful boldness, daring
to do that, which she knew not how to do. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Exemption from caution, and scrupulous nicety.
The boldness of the figures is to be hidden, sometimes by the
address of the poet, that they may work their effect upon the
mind. Dryden's State of Innocence, Preface.
3. Freedom; liberty.
Great is my boldness of speech toward you; great is my glo­
rying in you. 2 Cor. vii. 4.
4. Confident trust in God.
Our fear excludeth not that boldness which becometh saints.
Hooker, b. v. § 47.
We have boldness and access with confidence, by the faith
of him. Ephes. iii. 12.
Having therefore boldness to enter into the holiest by the
blood of Jesus. Heb. x. 19.
5. Assurance; freedom from fear.
Wonderful is the case of boldness in civil business; what first?
Boldness. What second, and third? Boldness. And yet boldness
is a child of ignorance and baseness, far inferiour to other
parts. Bacon's Essays, No 12.
Sure if the guilt were theirs, they could not charge thee
With such a gallant boldness: if 'twere thine,
Thou couldst not hear't with such a silent scorn. Denham.
His distance, though it does not instruct him to think wiser
than other princes, yet it helps him to speak with more boldness
what he thinks. Temple.
Boldness is the power to speak or do what we intend, before
others, without fear or disorder. Locke.
6. Impudence.
That moderation, which useth to suppress boldness, and to
make them conquer that suffer. Hooker, Dedication.

BOLE. n. s. 
1. The body or trunk of a tree.
All fell upon the high-hair'd oaks, and down their curled
brows
Fell bustling to the earth; and up went all the boles and
boughs. Chapman's Iliads.


But when the smoother bole from knots is free,
We make a deep incision in the tree. Dryden's Virgil, Georg.
View well this tree, the queen of all the grove;
How vast her bole, how wide her arms are spread;
How high above the rest she shoots her head! Dryden.
2. A kind of earth.
Bole Armeniack is an astringent earth, which takes its name
from Armenia, the country from which we have it. Woodward.
3. A measure of corn, containing six bushels.
Of good barley put eight boles, that is, about six English
quarters, in a stone trough. Mortimer.

BO'LIS. n. s. [Lat.]
Bolis is a great firy ball, swiftly hurried through the air, and
generally drawing a tail after it. Aristotle calls it capra. There
have often been immense balls of this kind. Muschenbrock.

BOLL. n. s. A round stalk or stem; as, a boll of flax.

To BOLL. v. n. [from the noun.] To rise in a stalk.
And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was
in the ear, and the flax was bolled. Exodus, ix. 31.

BO'LSTER. n. s. [bolstre, Sax. bolster, Dutch.]
1. Something laid on the bed, to raise and support the head;
commonly a bag filled with down or feathers.
Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now,
Or 'gainst the rugged bark of some broad elm,
Leans her unpillow'd head. Milton.
This arm shall be a bolster for thy head;
I'll fetch clean straw to make a soldier's bed. Gay.
2. A pad, or quilt, to hinder any pressure, or fill up any vacuity.
Up goes her hand, and off she slips
The bolsters that supply her hips. Swift.
3. A pad, or compress, to be laid on a wound.
The bandage is the girt, which hath a bolster in the middle,
and the ends tacked firmly together. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. In horsemanship.
The bolsters of a saddle are those parts raised upon the bows,
to hold the rider's thigh. Farrier's Dict.

To BO'LSTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To support the head with a bolster.
2. To afford a bed to.
Mortal eyes do see them bolster,
More than their own. Shakesp. Othello.
3. To hold wounds together with a compress.
The practice of bolstering the cheeks forward, does little ser­
vice to the wound, and is very uneasy to the patient. Sharp.
4. To support; to hold up; to maintain. This is now an ex­
pression somewhat coarse and obsolete.
We may be made wiser by the publick persuasions grafted in
men's minds, so they be used to further the truth, not to bolster
errour. Hooker, b. iii. § 4.
The lawyer sets his tongue to sale for the bolstering out of
unjust causes. Hakewell on Providence.
It was the way of many to bolster up their crazy, doating
consciences with confidences. South.

BOLT. n. s. [boult, Dutch; βόλις.]
1. An arrow; a dart shot from a crossbow.
Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell;
It fell upon a little western flower;
Before milk white, now purple with love's wound.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
The blunted bolt against the nymph he drest;
But, with the sharp, transfix'd Apollo's breast. Dryden.
2. Lightning; a thunderbolt.
Sing'd with the flames, and with the bolts transfix'd,
With native earth your blood the monsters mix'd. Dryden.
3. Bolt upright; that is, upright as an arrow.
Brush-iron, native or from the mine, consisteth of long
striæ, about the thickness of a small knitting needle, bolt upright,
like the bristles of a stiff brush. Grew's Musæum.
As I stood bolt upright upon one end, one of the ladies burst
out. Addison. Spectator, No 90.
4. The bar of a door, so called from being strait like an arrow;
we now say, shoot the bolt, when we speak of fastening or open­
ing a door.
'Tis not in thee, to oppose the bolt
Against my coming in. Shakesp. King Lear.
5. An iron to fasten the legs of a prisoner.
Away with him to prison; lay bolts enough upon him.
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
6. A spot or stain. See BLOOD-BOLTERED.
That supernal judge, that stirs good thoughts
In my breast, of strong authority,
To look into the bolts and stains of right. Shakesp. K. John.

To BOLT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut or fasten with a bolt.
The bolted gates flew open at the blast;
The storm rush'd in, and Arcite stood aghast. Dryden.
2. To blurt out, or throw out precipitantly.
I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
And virtue has no tongue to check her pride. Milton.
3. To fasten, as a bolt or pin; to pin; to keep together.
That I could reach the axel, where the pins are,
Which bolt this frame; that I might pull them out.
B. Johns.
4. To fetter; to shackle.
It is great
To do that thing that ends all other deeds,
Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
5. To sift; or separate the parts of any thing with a sieve. [blu­
ter, Fr.]
Saying, he now had boulted all the flour,
And that it was a groom of base degree,
Which of my love was partner. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 4.
In the bolting and sifting of fourteen years of power and fa­
vour, all that came out could not be pure meal. Wotton.
I cannot bolt this matter to the bran,
As Bradwardin and holy Austin can. Dryden's Fables.
6. To examine by sifting; to try out; to lay open.
It would be well bolted out, whether great refractions may
not be made upon reflections, as well as upon direct beams.
Bacon's Natural History, No 762.
The judge, or jury, or parties, or the council, or attornies,
propounding occasional questions, beats and bolts out the truth
much better than when the witness delivers only a formal series.
Hale's History of the Common Law.
Time and nature will bolt out the truth of things, through
all disguises. L'Estrange.
7. To purify; to purge.
The fanned snow
That's bolted by the northern blast twice o'er. Winter's Tale.

To BOLT. v. n. To spring out with speed and suddenness; to
start out with the quickness of an arrow.
This Puck seems but a dreaming dolt,
Still walking like a ragged colt,
And oft out of a bush doth bolt,
Of purpose to deceive us. Drayton's Nymphid.
They erected a fort, and from thence they bolted like beasts
of the forest, sometimes into the forest, sometimes into the
woods and fastnesses, and sometimes back again to their den.
Bacon's War with Spain.
As the house was all in a flame, out bolts a mouse from the
ruins, to save herself. L'Estrange.
I have reflected on those men, who, from time to time, have
shot themselves into the world. I have seen many successions
of them; some bolting out upon the stage with vast applause,
and others hissed off. Dryden.
The birds to foreign seats repair'd,
And beasts, that bolted out, and saw the forest bar'd. Dryd.

BOLT-ROPE. n. s. [from bolt and rope.] The rope on which
the sail of a ship is sewed and fastened. Sea Dict.

BO'LTER. n. s. [from the verb.] A sieve to separate meal from
bran or husks; or to separate finer from coarser parts.
These hakes, and divers others of the fore-cited, are taken
with threads, and some of them with the bolter, which is a
spiller of a bigger size. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Dowlas, filthy dowlas: I have given them away to bakers
wives, and they have made bolters of them. Shakesp. Henry IV.
With a good strong chopping-knife mince the two capons,
bones and all, as small as ordinary minced meat; put them in­
to a large neat bolter. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 46.
When superciliously he sifts
Through coarsest bolter others gifts. Hudibras, p. i. c. iii.

BO'LTHEAD. n. s. A long strait-necked glass vessel, for chymi­
cal distillations, called also a matrass, or receiver.
This spirit abounds in salt, which may be separted, by put­
ting the liquour into a bolthead, with a long and narrow neck.
Boyle's Sceptical Chymistry.

BO'LTING-HOUSE. n. s. [from bolt and house.] The place where
meal is sifted.
The jade is returned as white, and as powdered, as if she
had been at work in a bolting-house. Dennis's Letters.

BO'LTSPRIT. n. s. A mast running out at the head of a ship,
not standing upright, but aslope. The but-end
of it is generally set against the foot of the foremast; so that
they are a stay to one another. The length without board is
sufficient to let its sails hang clear of all incumbrances. If the
boltsprit fail in bad weather, the foremast cannot hold long after.
Bowsprit is perhaps the right spelling. Sea Dictionary.

BO'WSPRIT. n. s. A mast running out at the head of a ship,
not standing upright, but aslope. The but-end
of it is generally set against the foot of the foremast; so that
they are a stay to one another. The length without board is
sufficient to let its sails hang clear of all incumbrances. If the
boltsprit fail in bad weather, the foremast cannot hold long after.
Bowsprit is perhaps the right spelling. Sea Dictionary.
Sometimes I'd divide,
And burn in many places; on the topmast,
The yards, and boltsprit, would I flame distinctly. Sh. Temp.

BO'LUS. n. s. [βόλ.] A form of medicine, in which the ingre­
dients are made up into a soft mass, larger than pills, to be
swallowed at once.
Keep their bodies soluble the while by clysters, lenitive bo­
luses of cassia and manna, with syrup of violets. Wiseman.
By poets we are well assur'd,
That love, alas! can ne'er be cur'd;
A complicated heap of ills,
Despising boluses and pills. Swift.


BOM

BOMB. n. s. [bombus, Lat.]
1. A loud noise.
There was an upper chamber, which being thought weak,
was supported by a pillar of iron, of the bigness of one's arm
in the midst; which, if you had struck, would make a little flat


noise in the room, but a great bomb in the chamber beneath.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 151.
2. A hollow iron ball, or shell, filled with gunpowder, and fur­
nished with a vent for a fusee, or wooden tube, filled with
combustible matter; to be thrown out from a mortar, which
had its name from the noise it makes. The fusee, being set on
fire, burns slowly till it reach the gunpowder, which goes off
at once, bursting the shell to pieces with incredible violence;
whence the use of bombs in besieging towns. The largest are
about eighteen inches in diameter. By whom they were in­
vented, is not known, and the time is uncertain, some fixing it
to 1588, and others to 1495. Chambers.
The loud cannon missive iron pours,
And in the slaught'ring bomb Gradivus roars. Rowe.

To BOMB. v. a. [from the noun.] To fall upon with bombs;
to bombard.
Our king thus trembles at Namur,
Whilst Villeroy, who ne'er afraid is,
To Bruxelles marches on secure,
To bomb the monks, and scare the ladies. Prior.

BOMB-CHEST. n. s. [from bomb and chest.] A kind of chest fill­
ed usually with bombs, and sometimes only with gunpowder,
placed under ground, to tear and blow it up in the air, with
those who stand on it. They are now much disused.
Chambers.

BOMB-KETCH. n. s. A kind of ship, strongly built, to bear
the shock of a mortar, when bombs are to be
fired into a town.

BOMB-VESSEL. n. s. A kind of ship, strongly built, to bear
the shock of a mortar, when bombs are to be
fired into a town.
Nor could an ordinary fleet, with bomb-vessels, hope to suc­
ceed against a place that has in its arsenal gallies and men of
war. Addison on Italy.

BO'MBARD. n. s. [bombardus, Lat.] A great gun; a cannon:
it is a word now obsolete.
They planted in divers places twelve great bombards, where­
with they threw huge stones into the air, which, falling down
into the city, might break down the houses. Knolles's History.

To BOMBA'RD. v. a. [from the noun.] To attack with
bombs.
A medal is struck on the English failing in their attempts
on Dunkirk, when they endeavoured to blow up a fort, and
bombard the town. Addison on ancient Medals.

BOMBARDI'ER. n. s. [from bombard.] The engineer whose em­
ployment it is to shoot bombs.
The bombardier tosses his balls sometimes into the midst of a
city, with a design to fill all around him with terrour and com­
bustion. Tatler, No 88.

BOMBA'RDMENT. n. s. [from bombard.] An attack made upon
any city, by throwing bombs into it.
Genoa is not yet secure from a bombardment, though it is not
so exposed as formerly. Addison on Italy.

BO'MBASIN. n. s. [bombasin, Fr. from bombycinus, silken, Lat.]
A slight silken stuff, for mourning.

BO'MBAST. n. s. [This word seems to be derived from Bombas­
tius, one of the names of Paracelsus; a man remarkable for
sounding professions, and unintelligible language.] Fustian; big
words, without meaning.
Not pedants motley tongue, soldiers bombast,
Mountebanks drug-tongue, nor the terms of law,
Are strong enough preparatives to draw
Me to hear this. Donne.
Are all the flights of heroick poetry to be concluded bombast,
unnatural, and mere madness, because they are not affected with
their excellencies? Dryden's State of Innocence, Preface.

BO'MBAST. adj. [from the substantive.] High sounding; of big
sound without meaning.
He, as loving his own pride and purpose,
Evades them with a bombast circumstance,
Horribly stuff'd with epithets of war. Shakesp. Othello.

BOMBILA'TION. n. s. [from bombus, Lat.] Sound; noise; re­
port.
How to abate the vigour, or silence the bombilation of guns,
a way is said to be by borax and butter, mixt in a due propor­
tion, which will almost take off the report, and also the force of
the charge. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.

BOMBY'CINOUS. adj. [bombycinus, Lat.] Silken; made of silk. D.


BON

BONA ROBA. n. s. [Ital. a fine gown.] A whore.
We knew where the bona robas were. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BONA'SUS. n. s. [Lat.] A kind of buffalo, or wild bull.

BONCHRE'TIEN. n. s. [French.] A species of pear, so call­
ed, probably, from the name of a gardener. See PEAR.

BOND. n. s. [bond, Sax. bound; it is written indifferently, in
many of its senses, bond, or band. See BAND.]
1. Cords, or chains, with which any one is bound.
There left me, and my man, both bound together;
Till, gnawing with my teeth my bonds asunder,
I gain'd my freedom. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
2. Ligament that holds any thing together.
Let any one send his contemplation to the extremities of the
universe, and see, what conceivable hoops, what bond he can
imagine to hold this mass of matter in so close a pressure to­
gether. Locke.
3. Union; connexion.
Observe, in working up the walls, that no side of the house,
nor any part of the walls, be wrought up three feet above the
other, before the next adjoining wall be wrought up to it, so
that they may be all joined together, and make a good bond.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Chains; imprisonment; captivity.
Whom I perceived to have nothing laid to his charge, wor­
thy of death, or of bonds. Acts, xxiii. 29.
5. Cement of union; cause of union; link of connexion.
Wedding is great Juno's crown;
O blessed bond of board and bed! Shakesp. As you like it.
Love cools, brothers divide, and the bond is cracked 'twixt
son and father. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. A writing of obligation to pay a sum, or perform a contract.
Go with me to a notary, seal me there
Your single bond. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
What if I ne'er consent to make you mine;
My father's promise ties me not to time;
And bonds without a date, they say are void. Dryden.
7. Obligation; law by which any man is obliged.
Unhappy that I am! I cannot heave
My heart into my mouth: I love your majesty
According to my bond, no more nor less. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Take which you please, it dissolves the bonds of government
and obedience. Locke.

BOND. adj. [from bind, perhaps for bound; from gebonden,
Saxon.] Captive; in a servile state.
Whether we be Jews or Gentiles, whether we be bond or
free. 1 Cor. xii. 13.

BO'NDAGE. n. s. [from bond.] Captivity; imprisonment; state
of restraint.
You only have overthrown me, and in my bondage consists
my glory. Sidney, b. ii.
Say, gentle princess, would you not suppose
Your bondage happy, to be made a queen?—
—To be a queen in bondage, is more vile
Than is a slave in base servility. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Our cage
We make a choir, as doth the prison'd bird,
And sing our bondage freely. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He must resolve by no means to be enslaved, and brought
under the bondage of observing oaths, which ought to vanish,
when they stand in competition with eating or drinking, or
taking money. South.
The king, when he design'd you for my guard,
Resolv'd he would not make my bondage hard. Dryden.
If she has a struggle for honour, she is in a bondage to love;
which gives the story its turn that way. Pope; notes on Iliad.

BO'NDMAID. n. s. [from bond, captive, and maid.] A woman
slave.
Good sister, wrong me not, nor wrong yourself,
To make a bondmaid and a slave of me. Shakesp. T. Shrew.

BO'NDMAN. n. s. [from bond and man.] A man slave.
Amongst the Romans, in making of a bondman free, was it
not wondered wherefore so great ado should be made; the
master to present his slave in some court, to take him by the
hand, and not only to say, in the hearing of the publick ma­
gistrate, I will that this man become free; but, after those so­
lemn words uttered, to strike him on the cheek, to turn him
round, the hair of his head to be shaved off, the magistrate to
touch him thrice with a rod; in the end, a cap and a white gar­
ment given him. Hooker, b. iv. § 1.
O freedom! first delight of human kind;
Not that which bondmen from their masters find. Dryden.

BONDSE'RVANT. n. s. [from bond and servant.] A slave; a ser­
vant without the liberty of quitting his master.
And if thy brother, that dwelleth by thee, be waxen poor,
and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a
bondservant. Lev. xxv. 39.

BONDSE'RVICE. n. s. [from bond and service.] The condition of
a bondservant; slavery.
Upon those did Solomon levy a tribute of bondservice.
1 Kings, ix. 21.

BO'NDSLAVE. n. s. [from bond and slave.] A man in slavery;
a slave.
Love enjoined such diligence, that no apprentice, no, no
bondslave, could ever be, by fear, more ready at all command­
ments, than that young princess was. Sidney, b. ii.
All her ornaments are taken away; of a freewoman she is
become a bondslave. 1 Mac. ii. 11.
Commonly the bondslave is fed by his lord, but here the lord
was fed by his bondslave. Sir J. Davies on Ireland.

BO'NDSMAN. n. s. [from bond and man.]
1. A slave.
Carnal greedy people, without such a precept, would have
no mercy upon their poor bondsmen and beasts. Derh. Ph. Theol.
2. A person bound, or giving security for another.

BO'NDSWOMAN. n. s. [from bond and woman.] A woman
slave.
My lords, the senators
Are sold for slaves, and their wives for bondswomen.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.



BONE. n. s. [ban, Saxon.]
1. The solid parts of the body of an animal are made up of hard
fibres, tied one to another by small transverse fibres, as those
of the muscles. In a fœtus they are porous, soft, and easily dis­
cerned. As their pores fill with a substance of their own na­
ture, so they increase, harden, and grow close to one another.
They are all spongy, and full of little cells, or are of a conside­
rable firm thickness, with a large cavity, except the teeth; and
where they are articulated, they are covered with a thin and
strong membrane, called the periosteum. Each bone is much
bigger at its extremity than in the middle, that the articula­
tions might be firm, and the bones not easily put out of joint.
But, because the middle of the bone should be strong, to sustain
its alloted weight, and resist accidents, the fibres are there more
closely compacted together, supporting one another; and the
bone is made hollow, and consequently not so easily broken, as
it must have been, had it been solid and smaller. Quincy.
Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold. Macbeth.
There was lately a young gentleman bit to the bone. Tatler.
2. A fragment of meat; a bone with as much flesh as adheres
to it.
Like Æsop's hounds, contending for the bone,
Each pleaded right, and would be lord alone. Dryden.
3. To be upon the bones. To attack.
Puss had a month's mind to be upon the bones of him, but was
not willing to pick a quarrel. L'Estrange.
4. To make no bones. To make no scruple; a metaphor taken
from a dog, who readily swallows meat that has no bones.
5. BONES. A sort of bobbins, made of trotter bones, for weav­
ing bonelace.
6. BONES. Dice.
But then my study was to cog the dice,
And dext'rously to throw the lucky sice:
To shun ames ace that swept my stakes away;
And watch the box, for fear they should convey
False bones, and put upon me in the play. Dryden's Pers.

To BONE. v. a. [from the noun.] To take out the bones from
the flesh.

BO'NELACE. n. s. [from bone and lace; the bobbins with which
lace is woven being frequently made of bones.] Flaxen lace,
such as women wear on their linen.
The things you follow, and make songs on now, should be
sent to knit, or sit down to bobbins or bonelace. Tatler.
We destroy the symmetry of the human figure, and foolishly
contrive to call off the eye from great and real beauties, to
childish gewgaw ribbands and bonelace. Spectator, No 99.

BO'NELESS. adj. [from bone.] Without bones.
I would, while it was smiling in my face,
Have pluckt my nipple from his boneless gums,
And dasht the brains out. Shakesp. King Lear.

To BO'NESET. v. n. [from bone and set.] To restore a bone
out of joint to its place; or join a bone broken to the other
part.
A fractured leg set in the country by one pretending to bone­
setting. Wiseman's Surgery.

BO'NESETTER. n. s. [from boneset.] A chirurgeon; one who
particularly professes the art of restoring broken or luxated
bones.
At present my desire is only to have a good bonesetter.
Denham's Sophy.

BO'NFIRE. n. s. [from bon, good, Fr. and fire.] A fire made for
some publick cause of triumph or exultation.
Ring ye the bells to make it wear away,
And bonfires make all day. Spenser's Epithalamium.
How came so many bonfires to be made in queen Mary's
days? Why, she had abused and deceived her people. South.
Full soon by bonfire, and by bell,
We learnt our liege was passing well. Gay.

BO'NGRACE. n. s. [bonne grace, Fr.] A forehead-cloth, or co­
vering for the forehead. Skinner.
I have seen her beset all over with emeralds and pearls, rang­
ed in rows about her cawl, her peruke, her bongrace, and chap­
let. Hakewell on Providence.

BO'NNET. n. s. [bonet, Fr.] A covering for the head; a hat;
a cap.
Go to them with this bonnet in thy hand,
And thus far having stretch'd it, here be with them,
Thy knee bussing the stones; for, in such business,
Action is eloquence. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
They had not probably the ceremony of veiling the bonnet
in their salutations; for, in medals, they still have it on their
heads. Addison on ancient Medals.

BO'NNET. [In fortification.] A kind of little ravelin, without
any ditch, having a parapet three feet high, anciently placed
before the points of the saliant angles of the glacis; being pal­
lisadoed round: of late also used before the angles of bastions,
and the points of ravelins.

BO'NNET à prestre, or priest's cap, is an outwork, having at the
head three saliant angles, and two inwards. It differs from the
double tenaille, because its sides, instead of being parallel, grow
narrow at the gorge, and open wider at the front.

BO'NNETS. [In the sea language.] Small sails set on the courses
on the mizzen, mainsail, and foresail of a ship, when these are
too narrow or shallow to cloath the mast, or in order to make
more way in calm weather. Chambers.

BO'NNILY. adv. [from bonny.] Gayly; handsomely; plumply.

BO'NNINESS. n. s. [from bonny.] Gayety; handsomeness;
plumpness.

BO'NNY. adj. [from bon, bonne, Fr. It is a word now almost
confined to the Scottish dialect.]
1. Handsome; beautiful.
Match to match I have encounter'd him,
And made a prey for carrion kites and crows,
Ev'n of the bonny beast he lov'd so well. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Thus wail'd the louts in melancholy strain,
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain. Gay's Pastorals.
2. Gay; merry; frolicksome; cheerful; blithe.
Then sigh not so, but let them go,
And be you blithe and bonny. Shakesp. Much ado about N.
3. It seems to be generally used in conversation for plump.

BONNY-CLABBER. n. s. A word used in some counties for four
buttermilk.
We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber,
Of parties o'er our bonny-clabber;
Nor are we studious to enquire,
Who votes for manours, who for hire. Swift.

BO'NUM MAGNUM. n. s. See PLUM; of which it is a
species.

BO'NY. adj. [from bone.]
1. Consisting of bones.
At the end of this hole is a membrane, fastened to a round
bony limb, and stretched like the head of a drum; and there­
fore, by anatomists, called tympanum. Ray on the Creation.
2. Full of bones.


BOO

BO'OBY. n. s. [a word of no certain etymology; Henshaw thinks
it a corruption of bull-beef ridiculously; Skinner imagines it
to be derived from bobo, foolish, Span. Junius finds bowbard to
be an old Scottish word for a coward, a contemptible fellow;
from which he naturally deduces booby; but the original of
bowbard is not known.] A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a
lubber.
But one exception to this fact we find,
That booby Phaon only was unkind,
An ill-bred boatman, rough as waves and wind. Prior.
Young master next must rise to fill him wine,
And starve himself to see the booby dine. King.

BOOK. n. s. [boc, Sax. supposed from boc, a beech; because
they wrote on beechen boards, as liber in Latin, from the rind
of a tree.]
1. A volume in which we read or write.
See a book of prayer in his hand;
True ornaments to know a holy man. Shakesp. Richard III.
Receive the sentence of the law for sins,
Such as by God's book are adjudg'd to death.
Shakesp. Henry IV.
But in the coffin that had the books, they were found as fresh
as if they had been but newly written; being written on parch­
ment, and covered over with watch candles of wax. Bacon.
Books are a sort of dumb teachers; they cannot answer sud­
den questions, or explain present doubts: this is properly the
work of a living instructor. Watts.
2. A particular part of a work.
The first book we divide into sections; whereof the first is
these chapters past. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. The register in which a trader keeps an account of his debts.
This life
Is nobler than attending for a check;
Prouder, than rustling in unpaid for silk:
Such gain the cap of him that makes them fine,
Yet keeps his book uncross'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. In books. In kind remembrance.
I was so much in his books, that, at his decease, he left me
the lamp by which he used to write his lucubrations. Addison.
5. Without book. By memory; by repetition; without reading.
Sermons read they abhor in the church; but sermons with­
out book, sermons which spend their life in their birth, and may
have publick audience but once. Hooker, b. v. § 21.

To BOOK. v. a. [from the noun.] To register in a book.
I beseech your grace, let it be booked with the rest of this
day's deeds; or I will have it in a particular ballad else, with
mine own picture on the top of it. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
He made wilful murder high treason; he caused the march­
ers to book their men, for whom they should make answer.
Davies on Ireland.

BOOK-KEEPING. n. s. [from book and keep.] The art of keep­
ing accounts, or recording the transactions of a man's affairs,
in such a manner, that at any time he may thereby know the
true state of the whole, or any part, of his affairs, with clear­
ness and expedition. Harris.

BO'OKBINDER. n. s. [from book and bind.] A man whose pro­
fession it is to bind books.

BO'OKFUL. adj. [from book and full.] Full of notions gleaned
from books; crouded with undigested knowledge.


The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head,
With his own tongue still edifies his ears,
And always lift'ning to himself appears. Pope's Ess. on Crit.

BO'OKISH. adj. [from book.] Given to books; acquainted only
with books. It is generally used contemptuously.
I'll make him yield the crown,
Whose bookish rule hath pull'd fair England down.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
I'm not bookish, yet I can read waiting gentlewomen in the
'scape. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Xantippe follows the example of her namesake; being mar­
ried to a bookish man, who has no knowledge of the world.
Spectator, No 482.

BO'OKISHNESS. n. s. [from bookish.] Much application to books;
over-studiousness.

BOOKLE'ARNED. adj. [from book and learned.] Versed in books,
or literature: a term implying some slight contempt.
Whate'er these booklearn'd blockheads say,
Solon's the veri'st fool in all the play. Dryden's Persius.
He will quote passages out of Plato and Pindar, at his own
table, to some booklearned companion, without blushing. Swift.

BOOKLE'ARNING. n. s. [from book and learning.] Skill in lite­
rature; acquaintance with books; a term of some contempt.
They might talk of booklearning what they would; but, for
his part, he never saw more unfeaty fellows than great clerks.
Sidney.
Neither does it so much require booklearning and scholarship,
as good natural sense, to distinguish true and false, and to dis­
cern what is well proved, and what is not. Burnet's Th. Earth.

BO'OKMAN. n. s. [from book and man.] A man whose profession
is the study of books.
This civil war of wits were much better us'd
On Navarre and his bookmen; for here 'tis abus'd.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

BO'OKMATE. n. s. [from book and mate.] Schoolfellow.
This Armado is a Spaniard that keeps here in court,
A phantasm, a monarch, and one that makes sport
To the prince and his bookmates. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

BO'OKSELLER. n. s. [from book and sell.] He whose profession it
is to sell books.
He went to the bookseller, and told him in anger, he had sold
a book in which there was false divinity.
Walton's Life of Bishop Saunderson.

BO'OKWORM. n. s. [from book and worm.]
1. A worm or mite that eats holes in books, chiefly when damp.
My lion, like a moth or bookworm, feeds upon nothing but
paper, and I shall beg of them to diet him with wholesome and
substantial food. Guardian, No 114.
2. A student too closely given to books; a reader without judg­
ment.
Among those venerable galleries and solitary scenes of the
university, I wanted but a black gown, and a salary, to be as
mere a bookworm as any there. Pope's Letters.

BO'OLY. n. s. [an Irish term.]
All the Tartarians, and the people about the Caspian sea,
which are naturally Scythians, live in herds; being the very
same that the Irish boolies are, driving their cattle continually
with them, and feeding only on their milk and white meats.
Spenser's Ireland.

BOOM. n. s. [from boom, a tree, Dutch.]
1. [In sea language.] A long pole used to spread out the clue of
the studding sail; and sometimes the clues of the mainsail and
foresail are boomed out.
2. Apole with bushes or baskets, set up as a mark to shew the sail­
ors how to steer in the channel, when a country is overflown.
Sea Dict.
3. A bar of wood laid cross a harbour, to keep off the enemy.
As his heroick worth struck envy dumb,
Who took the Dutchman, and who cut the boom. Dryden.

To BOOM. v. n. [from the noun. A sea term.] To rush with
violence; as a ship is said to come booming, when she makes all
the sail she can.
Forsook by thee, in vain I sought thy aid,
When booming billows clos'd above my head. Pope's Odyss.

BOON. n. s. [from bene, Sax. a petition.] A gift; a grant; a
benefaction; a present.
Vouchsafe me for my meed but one fair look:
A smaller boon than this I cannot beg,
And less than this, I'm sure, you cannot give.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
That courtier, who obtained a boon of the emperour, that he
might every morning whisper him in the ear, and say nothing,
asked no unprofitable suit for himself. Bacon.
The blust'ring fool has satisfy'd his will;
His boon is giv'n; his knight has gain'd the day,
But lost the prize. Dryden's Fables.
What rhetorick didst thou use,
To gain this mighty boon? she pities me! Addison's Cato.

BOON. adj. [bon, Fr.] Gay; merry; as, a boon companion.
Satiate at length,
And heighten'd as with wine, jocund and boon,
Thus to herself she pleasingly began. Parad. Lost, b. ix.
I know the infirmity of our family; we are apt to play the
boon companion, and throw our money away in our cups.
Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

BOOR. n. s. [beer, Dutch; gebure, Sax.] A ploughman; a
country fellow; a lout; a clown.
The bare sense of a calamity is called grumbling; and if a
man does but make a face upon the boor, he is presently a male­
content. L'Estrange.
He may live as well as a boor of Holland, whose cares of
growing still richer waste his life. Temple.
To one well-born, th' affront is worse and more,
When he's abus'd and baffl'd by a boor. Dryden.

BO'ORISH. adj. [from boor.] Clownish; rustick; untaught;
uncivilized.
Therefore, you clown, abandon, which is in the vulgar,
leave the society, which, in the boorish, is, company of this fe­
male. Shakesp. As you like it.

BO'ORISHLY. adv. [from boorish.] In a boorish manner; after
a clownish manner.

BO'ORISHNESS. n. s. [from boorish.] Clownishness; rusticity;
coarseness of manners.

BOOSE. n. s. [bosig, Sax.] A stall for a cow or an ox.

To BOOT. v. a. [baten, to profit, Dutch; bot, in Saxon, is re­
compence, repentance, or fine paid by way of expiation; botan
is, to repent, or to compensate; as,
He is wis thæt bit and bote,
And bet bivoren dome.]
1. To profit; to advantage.
It shall not boot them, who derogate from reading, to excuse
it, when they see no other remedy; as if their intent were only
to deny, that aliens and strangers from the family of God are
won, or that belief doth use to be wrought at the first in them,
without sermons. Hooker, b. v. § 22.
For what I have, I need not to repeat;
And what I want, it boots not to complain. Shakesp. R. II.
If we shun
The purpos'd end, or here lie fixed all,
What boots it us these wars to have begun. Fairfax, b. i.
What boots the regal circle on his head,
That long behind he trails his pompous robe? Pope.
2. To enrich; to benefit.
And I will boot thee with what gift beside,
That modesty can beg. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

BOOT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Profit; gain; advantage.
My gravity,
Wherein, let no man hear me, I take pride,
Could I, with boot, change for an idle plume,
Which the air beats for vain. Shakesp. Measure for Meas.
2. To boot. With advantage; over and above.
Canst thou, O partial sleep, give thy repose
To the wet seaboy, in an hour so rude:
And, in the calmest and the stillest night,
With all appliances, and means to boot,
Deny it to a king? Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Man is God's image; but a poor man is
Christ's stamp to boot: both images regard. Herbert.
He might have his mind and manners formed, and he be in­
structed to boot in several sciences. Locke.
3. It seems, in the following lines, used for booty, or plunder.
Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings,
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds. Shakesp. Henry V.

BOOT. n. s. [bottas, Armorick; botes, a shoe, Welch; botte,
French.]
1. A covering for the leg, used by horsemen.
That my leg is too long—
—No; that it is too little.—
—I'll wear a boot, to make it somewhat rounder.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Shew'd him his room, where he must lodge that night,
Pull'd off his boots, and took away the light. Milton.
Bishop Wilkins says, he does not question, but it will be as
usual for a man to call for his wings, when he is going a jour­
ney, as it is now to call for his boots. Addison. Guardian.
2. A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used in Scotland for tor­
turing criminals.

BOOT of a Coach. The space between the coachman and the
coach.

To BOOT. v. a. [from the noun.] To put on boots.
Boot, boot, Master Shallow; I know the young king is sick
for me: let us take any man's horses. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

BOOT-HOSE. n. s. [from boot and hose.] Stockings to serve for
boots; spatterdashes.
His lacquey with a linen stock on one leg, and a boot-hose on
the other, gartered with a red and blue list.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

BOOT-TREE. n. s. [from boot and tree.] Two pieces of wood,
shaped like a leg, to be driven into boots, for stretching and
widening them.

BO'OTCATCHER. n. s. [from boot and catch.] The person whose
business at an inn is to pull off the boots of passengers.


The ostler and the bootcatcher ought to partake. Swift.

BO'OTED. adj. [from boot.] In boots; in a horseman's habit.
A booted judge shall sit to try his cause,
Not by the statute, but by martial laws. Dryden's Juvenal.

BOOTH. n. s. [boed, Dutch; bwth, Welch.] A house built of
boards, or boughs, to be used for a short time.
The clothiers found means to have all the quest made of the
northern men, such as had their booths standing in the fair.
Camden's Remains.
Much mischief will be done at Bartholomew fair, by the fall
of a booth. Swift's Predictions.

BO'OTLESS. adj. [from boot.]
1. Useless; unprofitable; unavailing; without advantage.
When those accursed messengers of hell
Came to their wicked man, and 'gan tell
Their bootless pains, and ill succeeding night. Fairy Q. b. i.
God did not suffer him, being desirous of the light of wis­
dom, with bootless expence of travel, to wander in darkness.
Hooker, b. i. p. 36.
Bootless speed,
When cowardice pursues, and valour flies. Shakespeare.
Let him alone;
I'll follow him no more with bootless pray'rs:
He seeks my life. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. Without success; perhaps without booty; Shakespeare having,
In another place, used the word boot for booty.
Thrice from the banks of Wye,
And sandy bottom'd Severn, have I sent
Him bootless home, and weatherbeaten back. Shakesp. H. IV.

BO'OTY. n. s. [buyt, Dutch; butin, Fr.]
1. Plunder; pillage; spoils gained from the enemy.
One way a band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine,
Their booty. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 650.
His conscience is the hue and cry that pursues him; and
when he reckons that he has gotten a booty, he has only caught
a Tartar. L'Estrange.
For, should you to extortion be inclin'd,
Your cruel guilt will little booty find. Dryden's Juv. sat. viii.
2. Things gotten by robbery.
If I had a mind to be honest, I see, fortune would not suffer
me; she drops booties in my mouth. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. To play booty. To play dishonestly, with an intent to lose. The
French use, Je suis botte, when they mean to say, I will not go.
We understand what we ought to do; but when we delibe­
rate, we play booty against ourselves: our consciences direct us
one way, our corruptions hurry us another. L'Estrange.
I have set this argument in the best light, that the ladies may
not think I write booty. Dryden.

BOPE'EP. n. s. [from bo and peep.] To look out, and draw back
as if frighted, or with the purpose to fright some other.
Then they for sudden joy did weep,
And I for sorrow sung,
That such a king should play bopeep,
And go the fools among. Shakesp. King Lear.
Rivers,
That serve instead of peaceful barriers,
To part th' engagements of their warriours,
Where both from side to side may skip,
And only encounter at bopeep. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.
There the devil plays at bopeep, puts out his horns to do mis­
chief, then shrinks them back for safety. Dryden's Span. Friar.


BOR

BORACHIO. n. s. [borracho, Span.] A drunkard.
How you stink of wine! D' ye think my niece will ever en­
dure such a borachio! you're an absolute borachio.
Congreve's Way of the World.

BO'RABLE. adj. [from bore.] That may be bored.

BO'RAGE. n. s. [from borago, Lat.] A plant.
The leaves are broad and rough; the flowers consist of one
leaf; are of a wheel shape, and divided into five segments, al­
most to the bottom, which end in sharp points, like a star; the
apices, in the middle of the flower, are sharp-pointed, and ad­
here together; the seeds are rough, and appear like a viper's
head. This plant is often used in the kitchen, and for a cool
tankard in the summer time; and the flowers are used in me­
dicinal cordials. Millar.

BO'RAMEZ. n. s. The Scythian lamb, generally known by
the name of Agnus Scythicus.
Much wonder is made of the boramez, that strange plant­
animal, or vegetable lamb of Tartary, which wolves delight to
feed on; which hath the shape of a lamb, affordeth a bloody
juice upon breaking, and liveth while the plants be consumed
about it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 27.

BO'RAX. n. s. [borax, low Latin.] An artificial salt, prepared
from sal armoniac, nitre, calcined tartar, sea salt, and alum,
dissolved in wine. It is principally used to solder metals, and
sometimes an uterine ingredient in medicine. Quincy.

BO'RDEL. n. s. [bordeel, Teut. bordel, Armorick.] A brothel;
a bawdyhouse.
Making even his own house a stews, a bordel, and a school
of lewdness, to instil vice into the unwary years of his poor
children. South.

BO'RDER. n. s. [bord, Germ. bord, Fr.]
1. The outer part or edge of any thing.
They have, of Paris work, looking-glasses, bordered with
broad borders of crystal, and great counterfeit precious stones.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 960.
The light must strike on the middle, and extend its greatest
clearness on the principal figures; diminishing by degrees, as
it comes nearer and nearer to the borders. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. The march or edge of a country; the confine.
If a prince keep his residence on the border of his domi­
nions, the remote parts will rebel; but if he make the centre
his seat, he shall easily keep them in obedience. Spenser.
3. The outer part of a garment, generally adorned with needle­
work, or ornaments.
4. A bank raised round a garden, and set with flowers; a nar­
row rank of herbs or flowers.
There he arriving, round about doth fly
From bed to bed, from one to other border,
And takes survey, with curious busy eye,
Of every flower and herb there set in order. Spenser's Muiop.
All with a border of rich fruit trees crown'd,
Whose loaded branches hide the lofty mound:
Such various ways the spacious alleys lead,
My doubtful muse knows not what path to tread. Waller.

To BO'RDER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To confine upon; to touch something else at the side or edge.
It bordereth upon the province of Croatia, which, in time
past, was continual wars with the Turks garrisons.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Virtue and Honour had their temples bordering on each
other, and are sometimes both on the same coin. Addison.
2. To approach nearly to.
All wit, which borders upon profaneness, and makes bold
with those things to which the greatest reverence is due, de­
serves to be branded with folly. Tillotson.

To BO'RDER. v. a. 
1. To adorn with a border of ornaments.
2. To reach; to touch; to confine upon.
Sheba and Raamah are those parts of Arabia, which border
the sea called the Persian gulf. Raleigh's History.

BO'RDERER. n. s. [from border.] He that dwells on the bor­
ders, extreme parts, or confines.
They of those marches, gracious sovereign!
Shall be a wall sufficient to defend
Our inland from the pilfering borderers. Shakesp. Henry V.
An ordinary horse will carry two sacks of sand; and, of
such, the borderers on the sea do bestow sixty, at least in every
acre; but most husbands double that number. Carew's Survey.
The easiest to be drawn
To our society, and to aid the war:
The rather for their seat, being next bord'rers
On Italy; and that they abound with horse. B. Johns. Catil.
The king of Scots in person, with Perkin in his company,
entered with a great army, though it chiefly consisted of bor­
derers, being raised somewhat suddenly. Bacon's Henry VII.
Volga's stream
Sends opposite, in shaggy armour clad,
Her borderers; on mutual slaughter bent,
They rend their countries. Philips.

To BO'RDRAGE. v. n. [from border.] To plunder the borders.
Long time in peace his realm established,
Yet oft annoy'd with sundry bordragings
Of neighbour Scots, and foreign scatterlings. Fairy Q. b. ii.

To BORE. v. a. [borian, Sax.] To pierce in a hole.
I'll believe as soon,
This whole earth may be bor'd; and that the moon
May through the centre creep. Shakep. Midsum. Night's Dr.
Mulberries will be fairer, if you bore the trunk of the tree
through, and thrust, into the places bored, wedges of some hot
trees. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 456.
Take the barrel of a long gun, perfectly bored, and set it up­
right, and take a bullet exactly fit for it; and then if you suck
at the mouth of the barrel never so gently, the bullet will come
up so forcibly, that it will hazard the striking out your teeth.
Digby on Bodies.
But Capys, and the graver sort, thought fit
The Greeks suspected present to commit
To seas or flames; at least, to search and bore
The sides, and what that space contains t'explore. Denham.
These diminutive caterpillars are able, by degrees, to pierce
or bore their way into a tree, with very small holes; which, af­
ter they are fully entered, grow together. Ray.
Consider, reader, what fatigues I've known,
What riots seen, what bustling crouds I bor'd,
How oft I cross'd where carts and coaches roar'd. Gay.

To BORE. v. n. 
1. To make a hole.
A man may make an instrument to bore a hole an inch wide,
or half an inch, and so less; not to bore a hole of a foot.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
2. To push forward towards a certain point.


Those milk paps,
That through the window lawn bore at men's eyes,
Are not within the leaf of pity writ. Shakesp. Timon.
Nor southward to the raining regions run;
But boring to the west, and hov'ring there,
With gaping mouths they draw prolifick air. Dryden.

To BORE. v. n. [with farriers.] Is when a horse carries his nose
near the ground. Dict.

BORE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The hole made by boring.
Into hollow engines long and round,
Thick ramm'd, at th' other bore with touch of fire
Dilated, and infuriate. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
We took a cylindrical pipe of glass, whose bore was about a
quarter of an inch in diameter. Boyle.
2. The instrument with which a hole is bored.
So shall that hole be fit for the file, or square bore, if the cu­
riosity of your proposed work cannot allow it to pass without
filing. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
3. The size of any hole.
Our careful monarch stands in person by,
This new-cast cannon's firmness to explore;
The strength of big-corn'd powder loves to try,
And ball and cartridge sorts for every bore. Dryden.
It will best appear in the bores of wind instruments; there­
fore cause pipes to be made with a single, double, and so on, to
a sextuple bore; and mark what tone every one giveth. Bacon.

BORE. The preterite of bear.
The father bore it with undaunted soul,
Like one who durst his destiny controul;
Yet with becoming grief he bore his part,
Resign'd his son, but not resign'd his heart. Dryden.
'Twas my fate
To kill my father, and pollute his bed,
By marrying her who bore me. Dryden and Lee's OEdipus.

BO'REAL. adj. [borealis, Lat.] Northern.
Crete's ample fields diminish to our eye;
Before the boreal blasts the vessels fly. Pope's Odyssey.

BO'REAS. n. s. [Lat.] The north wind.
Boreas, and Cærias, and Argestas loud,
And Thrascias, rend the woods, and seas up-turn.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 699.

BO'REE. n. s. A kind of dance.
Dick could neatly dance a jig,
But Tom was best at borees. Swift.

BO'RER. n. s. [from bore.] A piercer; an instrument to make
holes with.
The master-bricklayer must try all the foundations, with a
borer, such as well-diggers use, to try what ground they have.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

BORN. The participle passive of bear.
Their charge was always born by the queen, and duly paid
out of the exchequer. Bacon.
The great men were enabled to oppress their inferiours; and
their followers were born out and countenanced in wicked ac­
tions. Sir John Davies on Ireland.
Upon some occasions, Clodius may be bold and insolent,
born away by his passion. Swift.

To be BORN. v. n. pass. [derived from the word to bear, in the
sense of bringing forth; as, my mother bore me twenty years
ago; or, I was born twenty years ago.]
1. To come into life.
When we are born, we cry, that we are come
To this great stage of fools. Shakesp. King Lear.
Nor nature's law with fruitless sorrow mourn,
But die, O mortal man! for thou wast born. Prior.
All that are born into the world, are surrounded with bodies,
that perpetually and diversly affect them. Locke.
2. It is usually spoken with regard to circumstances; as, he was
born a prince; he was born to empire; he was born for great­
ness; that is, formed at the birth.
The stranger that dwelleth with you, shall be unto you as
one born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself.
Levit. xix. 34.
Yet man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward.
Job, v. 7.
A friend loveth at all times, and a brother is born for adver­
sity. Prov. xvii. 17.
The new born babe by nurses overlaid. Dryden.
Either of you knights may well deserve
A princess born; and such is she you serve. Dryden's Fab.
Two rising crests his royal head adorn;
Born from a god, himself to godhead born. Dryden's Æn.
Both must alike from heav'n derive their light;
These born to judge, as well as those to write. Pope.
For all mankind alike require their grace;
All born to want; a miserable race! Pope's Odyssey.
I was born to a good estate, although it now turneth to little
account. Swift's Story of an injured Lady.
Their lands are let to lords, who never designed to be te­
nants, naturally murmur at the payment of rents, as a sub­
serviency they were not born to. Swift.
3. It has usually the particle of before the mother.
Be bloody, bold, and resolute, laugh to scorn
The pow'r of man; for none of woman born
Shall harm Macbeth. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I being born of my father's first wife, and she of his third, she
converses with me rather like a daughter than a sister. Tatler.

BO'ROUGH. n. s. [borhoe, Saxon.]
1. It signified anciently a surety, or a man bound for others.
A borough, as I here use it, and as the old laws still use, is
not a borough town, that is, a franchised town; but a main
pledge of an hundred free persons, therefore called a free bo­
rough, or, as you say, francplegium. For borth, in old Saxon,
signifieth a pledge or surety; and yet it is so used with us in
some speeches, as Chaucer saith, St. John to Boroh; that is, for
assurance and warranty. Spenser's Ireland.
2. A town with a corporation.

BO'ROUGH English, is a customary descent of lands or tenements,
whereby, in all places where this custom holds, lands and te­
nements descend to the youngest son; or, if the owner have
no issue, to his youngest brother. Cowel.

BO'RREL. n. s. [it is explained by Junius without etymology.]
A mean fellow.
Siker thou speak'st like a lewd sorrel,
Of heaven, to deemen so:
Howbe I am but rude and borrel,
Yet nearer ways I know. Spenser's Past.

To BO'RROW. v. a. [borgen, Dutch; borgian, Saxon.]
1. To take something from another upon credit.
He borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and swore
he would pay him again when he was able.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
We have borrowed money for the king's tribute, and that
upon our lands and vineyards. Neh. v. 4.
2. To ask of another the use of something for a time.
Then he said, go, borrow thee vessels abroad of all thy neigh­
bours. 2 Kings, iv. 3.
Where darkness and surprize made conquest cheap!
Where virtue borrowed the arms of chance,
And struck a random blow! Dryden's Span. Friar.
3. To take something of another.
A borrow'd title hast thou bought too dear;
Why didst thou tell me that thou wert a king? Sh. H. IV.
They may borrow something of instruction even from their
past guilt. Decay of Piety.
I was engaged in the translation of Virgil, from whom I have
borrowed only two months. Dryden's Dufresn.
These verbal signs they sometimes borrow from others, and
sometimes make themselves; as one may observe among the
new names children give to things. Locke.
Some persons of bright parts have narrow remembrance; for
having riches of their own, they are not solicitous to borrow.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. To use as one's own, though not belonging to one.
Unkind and cruel, to deceive your son
In borrow'd shapes, and his embrace to shun. Dryden's Æn.

BO'RROW. n. s. [from the verb.] The thing borrowed.
Yet of your royal presence I'll adventure
The borrow of a week. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

BO'RROWER. n. s. [from borrow.]
1. He that borrows; he that takes money upon trust.
His talk is of nothing but of his poverty, for fear belike lest
I should have proved a young borrower. Sidney, b. ii.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be;
For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. Hamlet.
Go not, my horse, the better;
I must become a borrower of the night
For a dark hour or twain. Shakesp. Macbeth.
But you invert the cov'nants of her trust,
And harshly deal, like an ill borrower,
With that which you receiv'd on other terms. Milton.
2. He that takes what is another's, and uses it as his own.
Some say, that I am a great borrower; however, none of my
creditors have challenged me for it. Pope.


BOS

BO'SCAGE. n. s. [boscage, Fr.] Wood, or woodlands; repre­
sentation of woods.
We bent our course thither, where we saw the appearance of
land; and, the next day, we might plainly discern that it was
a land flat to our sight, and full of boscage, which made it shew
the more dark. Bacon's N. Atlantis.
Chearful paintings in feasting and banqueting rooms; graver
stories in galleries; landskips and boscage, and such wild works,
in open terraces, or summer-houses. Wotton.

BO'SKY. adj. [bosque, Fr.] Woody.
And with each end of thy blue bow do'st crown
My bosky acres, and my unshrub'd down. Shakesp. Tempest.
I know each land, and every alley green,
Dingle, or bushy dell, of this wild wood,
And every bosky bourn from side to side. Milton.

BO'SOM. n. s. [bosme, bosom, Saxon.]
1. The embrace of the arms holding any thing to the breast.
2. The breast; the heart.


Our good old friend,
Lay comforts to your bosom; and bestow
Your needful counsel to our businesses. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. The inclosure.
Unto laws thus made and received by a whole church, they
which live within the bosom of that church, must not think it a
matter indifferent, either to yield, or not to yield, obedience.
Hooker, b. ii.
4. The folds of the dress that cover the breast.
Put now thy hand into the bosom; and he put his hand into
his bosom: and when he took it out, behold his hand was le­
prous as snow. Exodus, iv. 6.
5. The tender affections; kindness; favour.
Whose age has charms in it, whose title more,
To pluck the common bosoms on his side. Shakesp. K. Lear.
To whom the great Creator thus reply'd:
O Son, in whom my soul hath chief delight;
Son of my bosom, Son who art alone
My word, my wisdom, and effectual might. Par. Lost, b. iii.
6. Inclination; desire.
If you can pace your wisdom
In that good path that I could wish it go,
You shall have your bosom on this wretch.
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

BOSOM, in composition, implies intimacy; confidence; a fond­
ness.
No more that thane of Cawder shall deceive
Our bosom-int'rest; go, pronounce his death. Macbeth.
This Antonio,
Being the bosom-lover of my lord,
Must needs be like my lord. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Those domestick traitors, bosom-thieves,
Whom custom hath call'd wives; the readiest helps
To betray the heady husbands, rob the easy.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
He sent for his bosom-friends, with whom he most confidently
consulted, and shewed the paper to them; the contents where­
of he could not conceive. Clarendon.
The fourth privilege of friendship is that which is here spe­
cified in the text, a communication of secrets. A bosom-secret,
and a bosom-friend, are usually put together. South.
She who was a bosom-friend of her royal mistress, he calls an
insolent woman, the worst of her sex. Addison's Whig Exam.

To BO'SOM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To inclose in the bosom.
Bosom up my counsel;
You'll find it wholesome. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I do not think my sister so to seek,
Or so unprincipl'd in virtue's book,
And the sweet peace that bosoms goodness ever. Milton.
2. To conceal in privacy.
The groves, the fountains, and the flow'rs,
That open now their choicest bosom'd smells,
Reserv'd for night, and kept for thee in store. Par. Lost, b. v.
Towers and battlements it sees,
Bosom'd high in tufted trees,
Where perhaps some beauty lies,
The cynosure of neighbouring eyes. Milton.
To happy convents, bosom'd deep in vines,
Where slumber abbots, purple as their wines. Pope.

BO'SON. n. s. [corrupted from boatswain.]
The barks upon the billows ride,
The master will not stay;
The merry boson from his side
His whistle takes, to check and chide
The ling'ring lad's delay. Dryden's Albion.

BOSS. n. s. [bosse, Fr.]
1. A stud; an ornament raised above the rest of the work; a
shining prominence.
What signifies beauty, strength, youth, fortune, embroidered
furniture, or gaudy bosses? L'Estrange.
This ivory was intended for the bosses of a bridle, was laid up
for a prince, and a woman of Caria or Mæonia dyed it.
Pope's Notes on Iliad.
2. The part rising in the midst of any thing.
He runneth upon him, even on his neck, upon the thick
bosses of his bucklers. Job, xv. 26.
3. A thick body of any kind.
A boss made of wood, with an iron hook, to hang on the
laths, or on a ladder, in which the labourer puts the mortar at
the britches of the tiles. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
If a close appulse be made by the lips, then is framed M; if
by the boss of the tongue to the palate, near the throat, then K.
Holder's Elements of Speech.

BO'SSAGE. n. s. [in architecture.]
1. Any stone that has a projecture, and is laid in a place in a
building, to be afterwards carved.
2. Rustick work, which consists of stones, which seem to advance
beyond the naked of a building, by reason of indentures or
channels left in the joinings: these are chiefly in the corners
of edifices, and called rustick quoins. Builder's Dict.

BO'SVEL. n. s. A species of crowfoot; which see.


BOT

BOTA'NICAL. adj. [from βότάνη, an herb.] Relating to herbs;
skilled in herbs.

BOTA'NICK. adj. [from βότάνη, an herb.] Relating to herbs;
skilled in herbs.
Some botanical criticks tell us, the poets have not rightly fol­
lowed the traditions of antiquity, in metamorphosing the sisters
of Phaeton into poplars. Addison on Italy.

BO'TANIST. n. s. [from botany.] One skilled in plants; one
who studies the various species of plants.
The uliginous lacteous matter, taken notice of by that dili­
gent botanist, was only a collection of corals. Woodward.
Then spring the living herbs, beyond the power
Of botanist to number up their tribes. Thomson's Spring.

BOTANO'LOGY. n. s. [βότανολογία.] A discourse upon plants. D.

BO'TANY. n. s. [from βοτάνη, an herb.] The science of plants;
that part of natural history which relates to vegetables.

BOTA'RGO. n. s. [botarga, Span.] A relishing sort of food,
made of the roes of the mullet fish; much used on the coasts
of the Mediterranean, as an incentive to drink. Chambers.

BOTCH. n. s. [bozza, pronounced botza, Ital.]
1. A swelling, or eruptive discoloration of the skin.
Time, which rots all, and makes botches pox,
And, plodding on, must make a calf an ox,
Hath made a lawyer. Donne.
Botches and blains must all his flesh imboss,
And all his people. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 180.
It proves far more incommodious, which, if it were propelled
in boils, botches, or ulcers, as in the scurvy, would rather con­
duce to health. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. A part in any work ill finished, so as to appear worse than the
rest.
With him,
To leave no rubs or botches in the work,
Fleance, his son, must embrace the fate. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. An adscititious, adventitious part clumsily added.
If both those words are not notorious botches, I am much de­
ceived; though the French translator thinks otherways.
Dryden's Dedication, Æneid.
A comma ne'er could claim
A place in any British name;
Yet, making here a perfect botch,
Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch. Swift.

To BOTCH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mend or patch cloaths clumsily.
Their coats, from botching newly brought, are torn. Dryden.
2. To mend any thing awkwardly.
To botch up what th' had torn and rent,
Religion and the government. Hudibras, p. iii. c. ii.
3. To put together unsuitably, or unskilfully; to make up of un­
suitable pieces.
Go with me to my house,
And hear thou there, how many fruitless pranks
This ruffian hath botch'd up, that thou thereby
May smile at this. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Her speech is nothing,
Yet the unshaped use of it doth move
The hearers to collection; they aim at it,
And botch the words up fit to their own thoughts. Hamlet.
For treason botch'd in rhyme will be thy bane;
Rhime is the rock on which thou art to wreck. Dryden.
4. To mark with botches.
Young Hylas, botch'd with stains too soul to name,
In cradle here renews his youthful frame. Garth's Dispens.

BO'TCHER. n. s. [from botch.] A mender of old cloaths; the
same to a taylor as a cobler to a shoemaker.
He was a botcher's prentice in Paris, from whence he was
whipt for getting the sheriff's fool with child.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Botchers lest old cloaths in the lurch,
And fell to turn and patch the church. Hudibras, c. ii.

BO'TCHY. adj. [from botch.] Marked with botches.
And those boils did run—say so—Did not the general run?
Were not that a botchy sore? Shakesp. Troilus and Cress.

BOTE. n. s. [bote, Sax. a word now out of use.]
1. A compensation or amends for a man slain, which is bound
to another. Cowel.
2. It was used for any payment.

BOTH. adj. [batu, battha, Sax.] The two; as well the one as
the other. Et l'un & l'autre, Fr. It is used only of two.
And the next day, both morning and afternoon, he was kept
by our party. Sidney, b. ii.
Moses and the prophets, Christ and his apostles, were in their
times all preachers of God's truth; some by word, some by
writing; some by both. Hooker, b. v. § 19.
Which of them shall I take?
Both? one? or neither? neither can be enjoy'd,
If both remain alive. Shakesp. King Lear.
Two lovers cannot share a single bed;
As therefore both are equal in degree,
The lot of both he left to destiny. Dryden's Fables.
A Venus and a Helen have been seen,
Both perjur'd wives, the goddess and the queen. Granville.

BOTH. conj. [from the adjective.] As well: it has the conjunc­
tion and to correspond with it.


Both the boy was worthy to be prais'd,
And Stimichon has often made me long,
To hear, like him, so soft, so sweet a song. Dryden's Past.

BO'TRYOID. adj. [βοϱυοείδης.] Having the form of a bunch of
grapes.
The outside is thick set with botryoid efflorescencies, or small
knobs, yellow, bluish, and purple; all of a shining metallick
hue. Woodward of Fossils.

BOTS. n. s. [without a singular.] A species of small worms in the
entrails of horses; answering, perhaps, to the ascarides in hu­
man bodies.
Pease and beans are as dank here as a dog, and that is the
next way to give poor jades the bots: this house is turned up­
side down since Robin the ostler died. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

BO'TTLE. n. s. [bouteille, Fr.]
1. A small vessel of glass, or other matter, with a narrow mouth,
to put liquour in.
The shepherd's homely curds,
His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle,
Is far beyond a prince's delicates. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Many have a manner, after other men's speech, to shake
their heads. A great officer would say, it was as men shake a
bottle, to see if there was any wit in their heads, or no. Bacon.
Then if thy ale in glass thou wouldst confine,
Let thy clean bottle be entirely dry. King's Molly of Mount.
He threw into the enemy's ships earthen bottles filled with
serpents, which put the crew in disorder, and made them fly.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. A quantity of wine usually put into a bottle; a quart.
Sir, you shall stay, and take t'other bottle. Spect. No 462.
3. A quantity of hay or grass bundled up.
Methinks I have a great desire to a bottle of hay; good hay,
sweet hay, hath no fellow. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
But I should wither in one day, and pass
To a lock of hay, that am a bottle of grass. Donne.

To BO'TTLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose in bottles.
You may have it a most excellent cyder royal, to drink or to
bottle. Mortimer's Husbandry.
When a hogshead of wine is to be bottled off, wash your
bottles immediately before you begin; but be sure not to drain
them. Swift's Directions to the Butler.

BO'TTLE is often compounded with other words; as, bottle-friend,
a drinking friend; bottle-companion.
Sam, who is a very good bottle-companion, has been the di­
version of his friends. Addison. Spect. No 89.

BO'TTLEFLOWER. n. s. [cyanus, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a squamose hairy calyx; the disk of the flower is al­
most plain, but the outer florets, round the borders, are large,
tubulous, and deeply cut in; these outer florets are always bar­
ren; but the inner florets have a single naked seed succeeding
each. The species are, 1. The greater broad-leaved blue-bottle,
commonly called globe-flower. 2. The greater narrow-leaved
blue bottle, or globe-flower. 3. The purple sweet sultan. 4. Corn­
bottle, with a white flower. The first and second sorts are a­
biding plants, which increase greatly by their creeping roots.
The sweet sultans will begin to flower, and continue till the frost
prevents them. The corn-bottles were also annuals, which, for
the diversity of their flowers, were propagated in gardens; but
of late years they are almost excluded. Millar.

BO'TTLESCREW. n. s. [from bottle and screw.] A screw to pull
out the cork.
A good butler always breaks off the point of his bottlescrew
in two days, by trying which is hardest, the point of the screw,
or the neck of the bottle. Swift.

BO'TTOM. n. s. [botm, Saxon; bodem, Germ.]
1. The lowest part of any thing.
2. The ground under the water.
Shallow brooks that flow'd so clear,
The bottom did the top appear. Dryden.
3. The foundation; the ground-work.
On this supposition my reasonings proceed, and cannot be
affected by objections which are far from being built on the
same bottom. Atterbury.
4. A dale; a valley; a low ground.
In the purlieus stands a sheep-cote,
West of this place; down in the neighbour bottom.
Shakesp. As you like it.
On both the shores of that fruitful bottom, which I have be­
fore mentioned, are still to be seen the marks of ancient edifices.
Addison on Italy.
Equal convexity could never be seen: the inhabitants of
such an earth could have only the prospect of a little circular
plane, which would appear to have an acclivity on all sides; so
that every man would fancy himself the lowest, and that he al­
ways dwelt and moved in a bottom. Bentley.
5. The part most remote from the view; the deepest part.
His proposals and arguments should with freedom be exa­
mined to the bottom, that, if there be any mistake in them, no
body may be missed by his reputation. Locke.
6. Bound; limit.
But there's no bottom, none,
In my voluptuousness. Shakesp. Macbeth.
7. The utmost extent or profundity of any man's capacity, whe­
ther deep or shallow.
As I return, I will fetch off these justices: I do see the bot­
tom of Justice Shallow: how subject we old men are to the vice
of lying! Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
8. The last resort; the remotest cause; first motion.
He wrote many things which are not published in his name;
and was at the bottom of many excellent counsels, in which he
did not appear. Addison.
9. A ship; a vessel for navigation.
A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
With which, such scathful grapple did he make
With the most noble bottom of our fleet. Shakesp. T. Night.
My ventures are not in one bottom trusted;
Nor to one place. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
We have memory, not of one ship that ever returned, and
but of thirteen persons only, at several times, that chose to re­
turn in our bottoms. Bacon's New Atlantis.
He's a foolish seaman,
That when his ship is sinking, will not
Unlade his hopes into another bottom. Denham's Sophy.
He puts to sea upon his own bottom; holds the stern himself;
and now, if ever, we may expect new discoveries. Norris.
He spreads his canvas, with his pole he steers,
The freights of flitting ghosts in his thin bottom bears. Dryd.
10. A chance; an adventure; or security.
He began to say, that himself and the prince were too much
to venture in one bottom. Clarendon, b. viii.
We are embarked with them on the same bottom, and must
be partakers of their happiness or misery. Spect. No 273.
11. A ball of thread wound up together.
This whole argument will be like bottoms of thread, close
wound up. Bacon's War with Spain.
The silkworms finish their bottoms in about fifteen days.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
Each Christmas they accounts did clear,
And wound their bottom round the year. Prior.
12. BOTTOM of a lane. The lowest end.
13. BOTTOM of beer. The grounds, or dregs.

To BO'TTOM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To build upon; to fix upon as a support.
They may have something of obscurity, as being bottomed
upon, and fetched from the true nature of the things. Hale.
Pride has a very strong foundation in the mind; it is bottomed
upon self-love. Collier on Pride.
The grounds upon which we bottom our reasoning, are but
a part; something is left out, which should go into the reckon­
ing. Locke.
Every action is supposed to be bottomed upon some principle.
Atterbury.
2. To wind upon something; to twist thread round something.
Therefore, as you unwind your love for him,
Lest it should ravel, and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on me. Shakesp. T. G. of Ver.

To BO'TTOM. v. n. To rest upon as its support.
Find out upon what foundation any proposition, advanced,
bottoms; and observe the intermediate ideas, by which it is join­
ed to that foundation upon which it is erected. Locke.

BO'TTOMED. adj. [from bottom.] Having a bottom; it is usu­
ally compounded.
There being prepared a number of flat-bottomed boats, to
transport the land-forces, under the wing and protection of the
great navy. Bacon's War with Spain.

BO'TTOMLESS. adj. [from bottom.] Without a bottom; fa­
thomless.
Wickedness may well be compared to a bottomless pit, into
which it is easier to keep one's self from falling, than, being
fallen, to give one's self any stay from falling infinitely. Sidney.
Is not my sorrow deep, having no bottom?
Then be my passions bottomless with them. Shakesp. T. Andr.
Him the Almighty pow'r
Hurl'd headlong, flaming from th' etherial sky,
To bottomless perdition. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i. l. 47.

BO'TTOMRY. n. s. [in navigation and commerce.] The act of
borrowing money on a ship's bottom; that is, by engaging the
vessel for the repayment of it, so as that, if the ship miscarry,
the lender loses the money advanced; but, if it arrives safe at
the end of the voyage, he is to repay the money lent, with a
certain premium or interest agreed on; and this on pain of for­
feiting the ship. Harris.


BOU

BO'UCHET. n. s. [French.] A sort of pear. Dict.

BOUD. n. s. An insect which breeds in malt; called also a
weevil. Dict.

To BOUGE. v. n. [bouge, Fr.] To swell out.

BOUGH. n. s. [bog, Saxon; the gh is mute.] An arm or large
shoot of a tree, bigger than a branch, yet not always distin­
guished from it.
He saw a vine-labourer, that, finding a bough broken, took
a branch of the same bough, and tied it about the place broken.
Sidney, b. ii.
Their lord and patron loud did him proclaim,
And at his feet their laurel boughs did throw. Fairy Q. b. i.


From the bough
She gave him of that fair enticing fruit. Parad. Lost, b. ix.
As the dove's flight did guide Æneas, now
May thine conduct me to the golden bough. Denham.
Under some fav'rite myrtle's shady boughs,
They speak their passions in repeated vows. Roscommon.
See how, on every bough, the birds express,
In their sweet notes, their happiness. Dryden's Indian Emp.
'Twas all her joy the rip'ning fruits to tend,
And see the boughs with happy burdens bend. Pope.

BOUGHT. preter. of to buy; which see.

BOUGHT. n. s. [from to bow.]
1. A twist; a link; a knot.
His huge long tail wound up in hundred folds,
Whose wreathed boughts whenever he unfolds,
And thick entangled knots adown does slack. Fairy Q. b. i.
Immortal verse,
Such as the meeting soul may pierce
In notes, with many a winding bought
Of linked sweetness, long drawn out. Milton.
2. A flexure.
The flexure of the joints is not the same in elephants as in
other quadrupeds, but nearer unto those of a man; the bought
of the fore-legs not directly backward, but laterally, and some­
what inward. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. i.

BOUI'LLON. n. s. [French.] Broath; soup; any thing made
to be supped: a term used in cookery.

BO'ULDER Walls. [in architecture.] Walls built of round flints or
pebbles, laid in a strong mortar; used where the sea has a beach
cast up, or where there are plenty of flints. Builder's Dict.

To BOULT. v. a. See To BOLT.

To BOUNCE. v. n. [a word formed, says Skinner, from the
sound.]
1. To fall or fly against any thing with great force, so as to re­
bound.
The fright awaken'd Arcite with a start,
Against his bosom bounc'd his heaving heart. Dryden.
Just as I was putting out my light, another bounces as hard as
he can knock. Swift's Bickerstaff detected.
2. To spring; to make a sudden leap.
High nonsense is like beer in a bottle, which has, in reality,
no strength and spirit, but frets, and flies, and bounces, and imi­
tates the passions of a much nobler liquour. Add. Whig Exam.
Rous'd by the noise,
And musical clatter,
They bounce from their nest,
No longer will tarry. Swift.
Out bounc'd the mastiff of the triple head;
Away the hare with double swiftness fled. Swift.
3. To boast; to bully: a sense used only in familiar speech.
4. To be bold, or strong.
Forsooth the bouncing Amazon,
Your buskin'd mistress, and your warriour love,
To Theseus must be wedded. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dr.

BOUNCE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A strong sudden blow.
The bounce burst ope the door; the scornful fair
Relentless look'd, and saw him beat his quiv'ring feet in air.
Dryden.
2. A sudden crack or noise.
What cannoneer begot this lusty blood?
He speaks plain cannon fire, and smoke, and bounce;
He gives the bastinado with his tongue. Shakesp. K. John.
Two hazel-nuts I threw into the flame,
And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name;
This with the loudest bounce me sore amaz'd,
That in a flame of brightest colour blaz'd. Gay.
3. A boast; a threat; in low language.

BO'UNCER. n. s. [from bounce.] A boaster; a bully; an empty
threatner.

BOUND. n. s. [from bind.]
1. A limit; a boundary; that by which any thing is terminated.
Illimitable ocean! without bound;
Without dimension; where length, breadth, and height,
And time, and place, are lost. Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 892.
Those vast Scythian regions were separated by the common
natural bounds, of rivers, lakes, mountains, woods, or marshes.
Temple.
Indus and Ganges, our wide empire's bounds,
Swell their dy'd currents with their natives wounds. Dryden.
Through all th' infernal bounds,
Which flaming Phlegethon surrounds,
Sad Orpheus sought his consort lost. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
2. A limit by which any excursion is restrained.
Hath he set bounds between their love and me?
I am their mother, who shall bar me from them. Rich. III.
Stronger and fiercer by restraint he roars,
And knows no bound, but makes his pow'r his shores. Denh.
Any bounds made with body, even adamantine walls, are far
from putting a stop to the mind, in its farther progress in space.
Locke.
3. [from to bound, v. n.] A leap; a jump; a spring.
Do but note a wild and wanton herd,
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing, and neighing loud.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The horses started with a sudden bound,
And flung the reins and chariot to the ground. Addis. Ovid.
Dext'rous he 'scapes the coach with nimble bounds,
Whilst ev'ry honest tongue stop thief resounds. Gay.
4. A rebound; the leap of something flying back by the force of
the blow.
These inward disgusts are but the first bound of this ball of
contention. Decay of Piety.

To BOUND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To limit; to terminate.
A lofty tow'r, and strong on every side,
With treble walls, which Phlegethon surrounds,
Whose firy flood the burning empire bounds. Dryden's Æn.
2. To restrain; to confine.
Take but degree away, untune that string,
The bounded waters
Would lift their bosoms higher than the shores,
And make a sop of all this solid globe. Shakesp. Tr. and Cr.

To BOUND. v. n. [bondir, Fr.]
1. To jump; to spring; to move forward by leaps.
My mother's blood
Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
Bounds in my sire's. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Torrismond appear'd,
Gave me his hand, and led me lightly o'er,
Leaping and bounding on the billows heads. Dryden.
Before his lord the ready spaniel bounds,
Panting with hope, he tries the surrow'd grounds. Pope.
When sudden through the woods a bounding stag
Rush'd headlong down, and plung'd amidst the river. Rowe.
Warbling to the vary'd strain, advance
Two sprightly youths, to form the bounding dance. Pope.
2. To rebound; to fly back by repercussion.
Mark then a bounding valour in our English,
That being dead, like to the bullets grazing,
Breaks out into a second course of mischief. Shakesp. H. V.

To BOUND. v. a. To make to bound.
If I might buffet for any love, or bound my horse for her fa­
vours, I would lay on like a butcher, and sit like a jackanapes,
never off. Shakesp. Henry V.
If love, ambitious, sought a match of birth,
Whose veins bound richer blood than lady Blanch. Rich. III.

BOUND. participle passive of bind.
Nay, said Pamela, none shall take that office from myself,
being so much bound as I am for my education. Sidney, b. ii.
This is Antonio,
To whom I am so infinitely bound.—
—You should in all sense be much bound to him;
For, as I hear, he was much bound for you. Merch. of Ven.
The gentleman is learn'd, a most rare speaker,
To nature none more bound. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The bishops of Hungary, being wonderfully rich, were bound
to keep great numbers of horsemen, which they used to bring
into the field. Knolles's History of the Turks.
They summoned the governour to deliver it to them, or else
they would not leave one stone upon another. To which the
governour made no other reply, than that he was not bound to
repair it; but, however, he would, by God's help, keep the
ground afterwards. Clarendon, b. viii.

BOUND. adj. [a word of doubtful etymology.] Destined; in­
tending to come to any place.
His be that care, whom most it doth concern,
Said he; but whither with such hasty flight
Art thou now bound? for well might I discern
Great cause, that carries thee so swift and light. Fairy Q. b. ii.
To be bound for a port one desires extremely, and sail to it,
with a fair gale, is very pleasant. Temple.
Willing we sought your shores, and hither bound,
The port so long desir'd, at length we found. Dryden.

BO'UNDARY. n. s. [from bound.] Limit; bound.
He suffers the confluence and clamours of the people to pass
all boundaries of laws, and reverence to his authority. K. Charles.
Sensation and reflection are the boundaries of our thoughts;
beyond which the mind, whatever efforts it would make, is not
able to advance. Locke.
Great part of our sins consist in the irregularities attending
the ordinary pursuits of life; so that our reformation must ap­
pear, by pursuing them within the boundaries of duty. Rogers.

BO'UNDEN. participle passive of bind.
Hereafter, in a better world than this,
I shall desire more love and knowledge of you.—
—I rest much bounden to you: fare you well. Shakesp.
We also most humbly besought him to accept of us as his true
servants, by as just a right as ever men on earth were bounden.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
To be careful for a provision of all necessaries for ourselves,
and those who depend on us, is a bounden duty. Rogers.



BO'UNDING-STONE. n. s. A stone to play with.

BOUND-STONE. n. s. A stone to play with.
I am past a boy;
A sceptre's but a play-thing, and a globe
A bigger bounding-stone. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

BO'UNDLESNESS. n. s. [from boundless.] Exemption from limits.
God has corrected the boundlesness of his voluptuous desires,
by stinting his capacities. South.

BO'UNDLESS. adj. [from bound.] Unlimited; unconfined; im­
measurable; illimitable.
Beyond the infinite and boundless reach
Of mercy, if thou didst this deed of death,
Art thou damn'd, Hubert. Shakesp. King John.
Heav'n has of right all victory design'd;
Whence boundless power dwells in a will confin'd. Dryden.
Man seems as boundless in his desires, as God is in his being;
and therefore nothing but God himself can satisfy him. South.
Though we make duration boundless as it is, we cannot ex­
tend it beyond all being. God fills eternity, and it is hard to
find a reason, why any one should doubt that he fills immen­
sity. Locke.
Some guide the course of wand'ring orbs on high,
Or roll the planets through the boundless sky. Pope.

BO'UNTEOUS. adj. [from bounty.] Liberal; kind; generous;
munificent; beneficent: a word used chiefly in poetry for
bountiful.
Every one,
According to the gift, which bounteous nature
Hath in him inclos'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Her soul abhorring avarice,
Bounteous; but almost bounteous to a vice. Dryden.

BO'UNTEOUSLY. adv. [from bounteous.] Liberally; generously;
largely.
He bounteously bestow'd unenvy'd good
On me. Dryden's State of Innocence.

BO'UNTEOUSNESS. n. s. [from bounteous.] Munificence; libe­
rality; kindness.
He filleth all things living with bounteousness. Psalms.

BO'UNTIFUL. adj. [from bounty and full.]
1. Liberal; generous; munificent.
As bountiful as mines of India. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
If you will be rich, you must live frugal; if you will be po­
pular, you must be bountiful. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
I am obliged to return my thanks to many, who, without
considering the man, have been bountiful to the poet. Dryden.
God, the bountiful authour of our being. Locke.
2. It has of before the thing given, and to before the person re­
ceiving.
Our king spares nothing, to give them the share of that feli­
city, of which he is so bountiful to his kingdom. Dryden's Dufr.

BO'UNTIFULLY. adv. [from bountiful.] Liberally; in a boun­
tiful manner; largely.
And now thy alms is giv'n,
And thy poor starv'ling bountifully fed. Donne.
It is affirmed, that it never raineth in Egypt; the river boun­
tifully requiting it in its inundation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

BO'UNTIFULNESS. n. s. [from bountiful.] The quality of being
bountiful; generosity.
Enriched to all bountifulness. 2 Cor. ix. 11.

BO'UNTIHEAD. n. s. [from bounty and head, or hood. See
HOOD.] Goodness; virtue. It is now
wholly out of use.

BO'UNTIHEDE. n. s. [from bounty and head, or hood. See
HOOD.] Goodness; virtue. It is now
wholly out of use.

BO'UNTIHOOD. n. s. [from bounty and head, or hood. See
HOOD.] Goodness; virtue. It is now
wholly out of use.
This goodly frame of temperance,
Formerly grounded, and fast settled
On firm foundation of true bountihead. Fairy Q. b. ii.
How shall frail pen, with fear disparaged,
Conceive such sovereign glory, and great bountihood? F. Q.

BO'UNTY. n. s. [bonté, Fr.]
1. Generosity; liberality; munificence.
We do not so far magnify her exceeding bounty, as to affirm,
that she bringeth into the world the sons of men, adorned with
gorgeous attire. Hooker, b. iii. § 4.
If you knew to whom you shew this honour,
I know you would be prouder of the work,
Than customary bounty can enforce you. Shakesp.
Such moderation with thy bounty join,
That thou may'st nothing give, that is not thine. Denham.
Those godlike men, to wanting virtue kind,
Bounty well plac'd preferr'd, and well design'd,
To all their titles. Dryden's Juv. sat. v.
2. It seems distinguished from charity, as a present from an alms;
being used, when persons, not absolutely necessitous, receive
gifts; or when gifts are given by great persons.
Tell a miser of bounty to a friend, or mercy to the poor, and
he will not understand it. South.
Her majesty did not see this assembly so proper to excite cha­
rity and compassion; though I question not but her royal
bounty will extend itself to them. Addison. Guardian, No 105.

To BO'URGEON. v. n. [bourgeonner, Fr.] To sprout; to shoot
into branches; to put forth buds.
Long may the dew of heaven distil upon them, to make them
bourgeon, and propagate among themselves. Howel.
O that I had the fruitful heads of Hydra,
That one might bourgeon where another fell!
Still would I give thee work! Dryden's Don Sebastian.

BOURN. n. s. [borne, Fr.]
1. A bound; a limit.
Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none. Sh. Tempest.
That undiscover'd country, from whose bourn
No traveller e'er returns. Shakesp. Hamlet.
False,
As dice are to be wish'd, by one that fixes
No bourn 'twixt his and mine. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I know each lane, and every alley green,
And every bosky bourn from side to side. Milton.
2. [from burn, Saxon.] A brook; a torrent: whence many
towns, seated near brooks, have names ending in bourn. It is
not now used in either sense; though the second continues in
the Scottish dialect.
Ne swelling Neptune, ne loud thund'ring Jove,
Can change my cheer, or make me ever mourn;
My little boat can safely pass this perilous bourn. Fairy Q.

To BOUSE. v. n. [buysen, Dut.] To drink lavishly; to tope.
As he rode, he somewhat still did eat,
And in his hand did bear a bousing can,
Of which he sipt. Fairy Queen, b. iii. c. iv.

BO'USY. adj. [from bouse.] Drunken.
The guests upon the day appointed came,
Each bousy farmer, with his simp'ring dame. King.
With a long legend of romantick things,
Which in his cups the bousy poet sings. Dryden's Juv. sat. x.

BOUT. n. s. [botta, Ital.] A turn; as much of an action as is
performed at one time, without interruption; a single part of
any action carried on by successive intervals.
The play began: Pas durst not Cosma chace;
But did intend next bout with her to meet. Sidney.
Ladies, that have your feet
Unplagu'd with corns, we'll have a bout. Shakesp.
When in your motion you are hot,
As make your bouts more violent to that end,
He calls for drink. Shakesp. Hamlet.
If he chance to 'scape this dismal bout,
The former legatees are blotted out. Dryden's Juv. sat. xii.
A weasel seized a bat; the bat begged for life: says the wea­
sel, I give no quarter to birds: says the bat, I am a mouse;
look on my body: so she got off for that bout. L'Estrange.
We'll see when 'tis enough,
Or if it wants the nice concluding bout. King.

BO'UTEFEU. n. s. [French.] An incendiary; one who kindles
feuds and discontents.
Animated by a base fellow, called John à Chamber, a very
boutefeu, who bore much sway among the vulgar, they entered
into open rebellion. Bacon's Henry VII.
Nor could ever any order be obtained impartially to punish
the known boutefeus, and open incendiaries. King Charles.
Besides the herd of boutefeus,
We set on work without the house. Hudibras.

BO'UTISALE. n. s. [I suppose from bouty, or booty, and sale.] A
sale at a cheap rate; as booty or plunder is commonly sold.
To speak nothing of the great boutisale of colleges and chan­
tries. Sir J Hayward.

BOUTS RIMEZ. [French.] The last words or rhimes of a
number of verses given to be filled up.


BOW

To BOW. v. a. [bugen, Saxon.]
1. To bend, or inflect.
A threepence bow'd, would hire me,
Old as I am, to queen it. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Orpheus, with his lute, made trees,
And the mountain tops, that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Some bow the vines, which bury'd in the plain,
Their tops in distant arches rise again. Dryden's Virgil.
The mind has not been made obedient to discipline, when at
first it was most tender, and most easy to be bowed. Locke.
2. To bend the body in token of respect or submission.
They came to meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground
before him. 2 Kings, ii. 15.
Is it to bow down his head as a bulrush, and to spread sack­
cloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call this a fast, and an
acceptable day to the Lord? Isaiah, lviii. 5.
3. To bend, or incline, in condescension.
Let it not grieve thee to bow down thine ear to the poor,
and give him a friendly answer. Ecclus, iv. 8.
4. To depress; to crush.
Are you so gospell'd,
To pray for this good man, and for his issue,
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
And beggar'd yours for ever. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Now wasting years my former strength confound,
And added woes may bow me to the ground. Pope.

To BOW. v. n. 
1. To bend; to suffer flexure.
2. To make a reverence.


Rather let my head
Stoop to the block, than these knees bow to any,
Save to the God of heav'n, and to my king. Shakesp. H. VI.
This is the great idol to which the world bows; to this we
pay our devoutest homage. Decay of Piety.
Admir'd, ador'd by all the circling crowd,
For wheresoe'er she turn'd her face, they bow'd. Dryden.
3. To stoop.
The people bowed down upon their knees, to drink water.
Judges, vii. 6.
4. To sink under pressure.
They stoop, they bow down together; they could not de­
liver the burden. Isaiah, xlvi. 2.

BOW. n. s. [from the verb. It is pronounced, like the verb, as now,
how.] An act of reverence or submission, by bending the body.
Some clergy too she wou'd allow,
Nor quarrel'd at their awkward bow. Swift.

BOW. n. s. [pronounced as grow, no, lo, without any regard to
the w.]
1. An instrument of war, made by holding wood or metal bent
with a string, which, by its spring, shoots arrows with great
force.
Take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow,
and go out to the field, and take me some venison. Gen. xxvii. 3.
The white faith of hist'ry cannot show,
That e'er the musket yet could beat the bow.
Alleyne's Henry VII.
Twining woody haunts, or the tough yew
To bows strong-straining. Thomson's Autumn.
2. A rainbow.
I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of
a covenant between me and the earth. Gen. ix. 13.
3. The instrument with which string-instruments are struck.
Their instruments were various in their kind;
Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind:
The sawtry, pipe, and hautboy's noisy band,
And the soft lute trembling beneath the touching hand.
Dryden's Fables.
4. The doubling of a string in a slip-knot.
Make a knot, and let the second knot be with a bow.
Wiseman's Surgery.
5. A yoke.
As the ox hath his bow, Sir, the horse his curb, and the faul­
con his bells, so man hath his desire. Shakesp. As you like it.
6. Bow of a saddle. The bows of a saddle are two pieces of wood
laid archwise, to receive the upper part of a horse's back, to
give the saddle its due form, and to keep it tight. Farrier's D.
7. BOW of a ship. That part of her which begins at the loof,
and compassing ends of the stern, and ends at the sternmost
parts of the forecastle. If a ship hath a broad bow, they call
it a bold bow; if a narrow thin bow, they say she hath a lean
bow. The piece of ordnance that lies in this place, is called
the bowpiece; and the anchors that hang here, are called her
great and little bowers.
8. BOW is also a mathematical instrument, made of wood, for­
merly used by seamen in taking the sun's altitude.
9. BOW is likewise a beam of wood or brass, with three long
screws, that direct a lath of wood or steel to any arch; used
commonly to draw draughts of ships, projections of the sphere,
or wherever it is requisite to draw long arches. Harris.

BOW-BEARER. n. s. [from bow and bear.] An under-officer of
the forest. Cowel.

BOW-BENT. adj. [from bow and bent.] Crooked.
A sibyl old, bow-bent with crooked age,
That far events full wisely could presage. Milton.

BOW-HAND. n. s. [from bow and hand.] The hand that draws
the bow.
Surely he shoots wide on the bow-hand, and very far from
the mark. Spenser's Ireland.

BOW-LEGGED. adj. [from bow and leg.] Having crooked legs.

BOW-SHOT. n. s. [from bow and shot.] The space which an ar­
row may pass in its flight from the bow.
Though he were not then a bow-shot off, and made haste;
yet, by that time he was come, the thing was no longer to be
seen. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

To BO'WEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To pierce the bowels.
But to the bowell'd cavern darting deep
The mineral kinds confess thy mighty power. Thomson.

BO'WELS. n. s. [boyaux, Fr.]
1. Intestines; the vessels and organs within the body.
He smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed out his
bowels. 2 Sam. xx. 10.
2. The inner parts of any thing.
Had we no quarrel else to Rome, but that
Thou art thence banish'd, we would muster all
From twelve to seventy; and pouring war
Into the bowels of ungrateful Rome,
Like a bold flood appear. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
His soldiers spying his undaunted spirit,
A Talbot! Talbot! cried out amain,
And rush'd into the bowels of the battle. Shakesp. Henry VI.
As he saw drops of water distilling from the rock, by fol­
lowing the veins, he has made himself two or three fountains
in the bowels of the mountain. Addison on Italy.
3. Tenderness; compassion.
He had no other consideration of money, than for the sup­
port of his lustre; and whilst he could do that, he cared not
for money; having no bowels in the point of running in debt,
or borrowing all he could. Clarendon.
4. This word seldom has a singular, except in writers of ana­
tomy.

BO'WER. n. s. [from bough or branch, or from the verb to bow or
bend.]
1. An arbour; a sheltered place covered with green trees, twined
and bent.
But, O sad virgin, that thy power
Might raise Musæus from his bower. Milton.
To Gods appealing, when I reach their bow'rs
With loud complaints, they answer me in show'rs. Waller.
Refresh'd, they wait them to the bow'r of state,
Where, circl'd with his peers, Atrides sat. Pope.
2. It seems to signify, in Spenser, a blow; a stroke: bourrer, Fr.
to fall upon.
His rawbone arms, whose mighty brawned bowers
Were wont to rive steel plates, and helmets hew,
Were clean consum'd, and all his vital powers
Decay'd. Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. viii. stanz. 41.

BO'WER. n. s. [from the bow of a ship.] Anchors so called. See
BOW.

To BO'WER. v. a. [from the noun.] To embower; to inclose.
Thou didst bower the spirit,
In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh. Shakesp.

BO'WERY. adj. [from bower.] Full of bowers.
Landskips how gay the bow'ry grotto yields,
Which thought creates, and lavish fancy builds. Tickell.
Snatch'd through the verdant maze, the hurried eye
Distracted wanders: now the bowery walk
Of covert close, where scarce a speck of day
Falls on the lengthen'd gloom, protracted sweeps. Thomson.

To BOWGE. See To BOUGE.

BOWL. n. s. [buelin, Welch; which signifies, according to Ju­
nius, any thing made of horn, as drinking cups anciently
were. It is pronounced bole.]
1. A vessel to hold liquids, rather wide than deep; distinguished
from a cup, which is rather deep than wide.
Give me a bowl of wine;
I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Richard III.
If a piece of iron be fastened on the side of a bowl of water,
a loadstone, in a boat of cork, will presently make into it.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. iii.
The sacred priests, with ready knives, bereave
The beasts of life, and in full bowls receive
The streaming blood. Dryden's Æneid.
While the bright Sein, t' exalt the soul,
With sparkling plenty crowns the bowl,
And wit and social mirth inspires. Fenton to Lord Gower.
2. The hollow part of any thing.
If you are allowed a large silver spoon for the kitchen, let
half the bowl of it be worn out with continual scraping.
Swift's Directions to the Cook.
3. A basin, or fountain.
But the main matter is so to convey the water, as it never
stay either in the bowl or in the cistern. Bacon's Essays.

BOWL. n. s. [boule, Fr. It is pronounced as cow, howl.] A
round mass, which may be rolled along the ground.
Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground,
I've tumbl'd past the throw. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
How finely dost thou times and seasons spin!
And make a twist checker'd with night and day!
Which, as it lengthens, winds, and winds us in,
As bowls go on, but turning all the way. Herbert.
Like him, who would lodge a bowl upon a precipice, either
my praise falls back, or stays not on the top, but rowls over.
Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
Men may make a game at bowls in the summer, and a game
at whisk in the winter. Dennis's Letters.
Though that piece of wood, which is now a bowl, may be
made square, yet, if roundness be taken away, it is no longer
a bowl. Watts's Logick.

To BOWL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To play at bowls.
2. To throw bowls at any thing.
Alas! I had rather be set quick i' th' earth,
And bowl'd to death with turnips. Merry W. of Windsor.

BO'WLDER-STONES. n. s. Lumps or fragments of stones or mar­
ble, broke from the adjacent cliffs, rounded by being tumbled to
and again by the action of the water; whence their name.
Woodward on Fossils.

BO'WLER. n. s. [from bowl.] He that plays at bowls.

BO'WLINE. n. s. [sea term.] A rope fastened to the middle
part of the outside of a sail; it is fastened in three
or four parts of the sail, called the bowling bridle. The use of the
bowling is to make the sails stand sharp or close to a wind. Harr.

BO'WLING. n. s. [sea term.] A rope fastened to the middle
part of the outside of a sail; it is fastened in three
or four parts of the sail, called the bowling bridle. The use of the
bowling is to make the sails stand sharp or close to a wind. Harr.



BO'WLING-GREEN. n. s. [from bowl and green.] A level piece
of ground, kept smooth for bowlers.
A bowl equally poised, and thrown upon a plain bowling­
green, will run necessarily in a direct line. Bentley.

BO'WMAN. n. s. [from bow and man.] An archer; he that shoots
with a bow.
The whole city shall flee, for the noise of the horsemen and
bowmen. Jerem. iv. 29.

BO'WSPRIT. n. s. [from the bow of the ship.] This word is ge­
nerally spelt boltsprit; which see.

To BO'WSSEN. v. a. [probably of the same original with bouse,
but found in no other passage.] To drench; to soak.
The water fell into a close walled plot; upon this wall was
the frantick person set, and from thence tumbled headlong in­
to the pond; where a strong fellow tossed him up and down,
until the patient, by foregoing his strength, had somewhat for­
got his fury: but if there appeared small amendment, he was
bowssened again and again, while there remained in him any
hope of life, for recovery. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

BO'WSTRING. n. s. [from bow and string.] The string by which
the bow is kept bent.
He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's bowstring, and the little
hangman dare not shoot at him. Shakesp. Much ado about Noth.
Sound will be conveyed to the ear, by striking upon a bow­
string, if the horn of the bow be held to the ear. Bacon.

BO'WYER. n. s. [from bow.]
1. An archer; one that uses the bow.
Call for vengeance from the bowyer king. Dryden.
2. One whose trade is to make bows.


BOX

BOX. n. s. [box, Saxon; buxus, Lat.] A tree.
The characters are; The leaves are pennated, and evergreen;
it hath male flowers, that are produced at remote distances
from the fruit, on the same tree; the fruit is shaped like a por­
ridge-pot inverted, and is divided into three cells, containing
two seeds in each, which, when ripe, are cast forth by the ela­
sticity of the vessels. The species are; 1. The box-tree. 2.
The narrow-leaved box-tree. 3. Striped box. 4. The golden
edged box-tree. 5. The dwarf box. 6. The dwarf striped box.
7. The silver edged box. On Boxhill, near Darking in Sur­
rey, were formerly many large trees of this kind; but, of late
years, their number is pretty much decreased; yet some re­
main of a considerable bigness. The wood is very useful for
engravers and mathematical instrument-makers; being so hard,
close, and ponderous, as to sink in water. Millar.
Box, there are two sorts of it; the dwarf box, and a taller sort,
that grows to a considerable height. The dwarf box is very
good for borders, and is easily kept in order, with one clipping
in the year. It will increase of slips set in March, or about
Bartholomew-tide, and may be raised of layers and suckers, and
will prosper on the declivity of cold, dry, barren, chalky hills,
where nothing else will grow. Mortimer.

BOX. n. s. [box, Sax. buste, Germ.]
1. A case made of wood, or other matter, to hold any thing. It
is distinguished from chest, as the less from the greater. It is
supposed to have its name from the box wood.
A perfect magnet, though but in an ivory box, will, through
the box, send forth his embracing virtue to a beloved needle.
Sidney, b. ii.
About his shelves
A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
This head is to open a most wide voracious mouth, which
shall take in letters and papers. There will be under it a box,
of which the key will be kept in my custody, to receive such
papers as are dropped into it. Addison. Guard. No 98.
This casket India's glowing gems unlocks,
And all Arabia breathes from yonder box. Pope.
2. The case of the mariners compass.
3. The chest into which money given is put.
So many more, so every one was used,
That to give largely to the box refused. Spenser.
4. The seats in the playhouse, where the ladies are placed.
'Tis left to you, the boxes and the pit
Are sovereign judges of this sort of wit. Dryden.
She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring,
A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing. Pope.

To BOX. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose in a box.
Box'd in a chair, the beau impatient sits,
While spouts run clatt'ring o'er the roof by fits. Swift.

BOX. n. s. [bock, a cheek, Welch.] A blow on the head given
with the hand.
For the box o' th' ear that the prince gave you, he gave it
like a rude prince. Shakesp. Henry IV.
If one should take my hand perforce, and give another a box
on the ear with it, the law punisheth the other.
Bramhall against Hobbes.
There may happen concussions of the brain from a box on the
ear. Wiseman's Surgery.
Olphis, the fisherman, received a box on the ear from Thes­
tylis. Addison. Spectator, No 233.

To BOX. v. n. [from the noun.] To fight with the fist.
The ass very fairly looked on, till they had boxed themselves
a-weary, and then left them fairly in the lurch. L'Estrange.
A leopard is like a cat; he boxes with his forefeet, as a cat
doth her kitlins. Grew.
The fighting with a man's shadow consists in brandishing
two sticks, loaden with plugs of lead; this gives a man all
the pleasure of boxing, without the blows. Spectat. No 115.
He hath had six duels, and four and twenty boxing matches,
in defence of his majesty's title. Spectator, No 629.

To BOX. v. a. To strike with the fist.

BO'XEN. adj. [from box.]
1. Made of box.
The young gentlemen learned, before all other things, to de­
sign upon tablets of boxen wood. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
As lads and lasses stood around,
To hear my boxen hautboy sound. Gay's Pastorals.
2. Resembling box.
Her faded cheeks are chang'd to boxen hue,
And in her eyes the tears are ever new. Dryden.

BO'XER. n. s. [from box.] A man who fights with his fist.

BOY. n. s. [bub, Germ. the etymology is not agreed on.]
1. A male child; not a girl.
2. One in the state of adolescence; older than an infant, yet not
arrived at puberty or manhood.
Speak thou, boy;
Perhaps thy childishness will move him more
Than can our reasons. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Sometimes forgotten things, long cast behind,
Rush forward in the brain, and come to mind:
The nurse's legends are for truths receiv'd,
And the man dreams but what the boy believ'd. Dryden.
3. A word of contempt for young men, as noting their imma­
turity.
Men of worth and parts will not easily admit the familiarity
of boys, who yet need the care of a tutor. Locke.
The pale boy senator yet tingling stands,
And holds his breeches close with both his hands. Pope.

To BOY. v. n. [from the noun.] To act apishly, or like a boy.
Anthony
Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness,
I' th' posture of a whore. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BO'YHOOD. n. s. [from boy.] The state of a boy; the part of
life in which we are boys.
If you should look at him, in his boyhood, through the magni­
fying end of a perspective, and, in his manhood, through the
other, it would be impossible to spy any difference; the same
air, the same strut. Swift.

BO'YISH. adj. [from boy.]
1. Belonging to a boy.
I ran it through, e'en from my boyish days,
To th' very moment that he bade me tell it. Shakesp. Othello.
2. Childish; trifling.
This unheard sauciness, and boyish troops,
The king doth smile at, and is well prepar'd
To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms. Sh. K. John.
Young men take up some English poet for their model, and
imitate him, without knowing wherein he is defective, where
he is boyish and trifling. Dryden.

BO'YISHLY. adv. [from boyish.] Childishly; triflingly.

BO'YISHNESS. n. s. [from boyish.] Childishness; trivialness.

BO'YISM. n. s. [from boy.] Puerility; childishness.
He had complained he was farther off, by being so near, and
a thousand such boyisms, which Chaucer rejected as below the
subject. Dryden's Fab. Preface.

BP. An abbreviation of bishop.


BRA

BRA'BBLE. n. s. [brabbelen, Dutch.] A clamorous contest; a
squabble; a broil.
Here in the streets, desperate in shame and state,
In private brabble did we apprehend him. Shakesp. T. Night.

To BRA'BBLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To clamour; to con­
test noisily.

BRA'BBLER. n. s. [from brabble.] A clamorous, quarrelsome,
noisy fellow.

To BRACE. v. a. [embrasser, Fr.]
1. To bind; to tie close with bandages.
The women of China, by bracing and binding them from
their infancy, have very little feet. Locke.
2. To intend; to make tense; to strain up.
The tympanum is not capable of tension that way, in such
a manner as a drum is braced. Holder's Elements of Speech.
The diminution of the force of the pressure of the external
air, in bracing the fibres, must create a debility in muscular
motion. Arbuthnot on Air.

BRACE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Cincture; bandage.
2. That which holds any thing tight.
The little bones of the ear-drum do the same office in strain­
ing and relaxing it, as the braces of the war drum do in that.
Derham's Physico-Theology.
3. BRACE. [in architecture.] Is a piece of timber framed in
with bevil joints, used to keep the building from swerving ei­
ther way. Builder's Dict.
4. BRACES. [a sea term.] Ropes belonging to all the yards, ex­


cept the mizen. They have a pendant seized to the yard-arm,
two braces to each yard; and, at the end of the pendant, a
block is seized, through which the rope called the brace is
reeved. The braces serve to square and traverse the yards.
Sea Dict.
5. BRACES of a coach. Thick straps of leather on which it
hangs.
6. Harness.
7. BRACE. [in printing.] A crooked line inclosing a passage,
which ought to be taken together, and not separately; as in a
triplet.
Charge Venus to command her son,
Wherever else she lets him rove,
To shun my house, and field, and grove;
Peace cannot dwell with hate or love. Prior.
8. Warlike preparation; from bracing the armour; as we say,
girded for the battle.
As it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
So may he with more facile question bear it;
For that it stands not in such warlike brace,
But altogether lacks th' abilities
That Rhodes is dress'd in. Shakesp. Othello.
9. Tension; tightness.
The most frequent cause of deafness is the laxness of the
tympanum, when it has lost its brace or tension. Holder.

BRACE. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. A pair; a couple. It is not braces, but brace, in the plural.
Down from a hill the beasts that reign in woods,
First hunter then, pursu'd a gentle brace,
Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind. Par. Lost, b. xi.
Ten brace and more of greyhounds, snowy fair,
And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around his chair.
Dryden's Fables.
2. It is used generally in conversation as a sportsman's word.
He is said, this summer, to have shot with his own hands
fifty brace of pheasants. Addison. Freeholder, No 36.
3. It is applied to men in contempt.
But you, my brace of lords, were I so minded,
I here could pluck his highness' frown upon you. Sh. Tempest.

BRA'CELET. n. s. [bracelet, Fr.]
1. An ornament for the arms.
Both his hands were cut off, being known to have worn
bracelets of gold about his wrists. Sir J. Hayward.
Tie about our tawny wrists
Bracelets of the fairy twists. Ben. Johnson's Fairy Prince.
A very ingenious lady used to wear, in rings and bracelets,
store of those gems. Boyle.
2. A piece of defensive armour for the arm.

BRA'CER. n. s. [from brace.] A cincture; a bandage.
When they affect the belly, they may be restrained by a
bracer, without much trouble. Wiseman's Surgery.

BRACH. n. s. [braque, Fr.] A bitch hound.
Truth's a dog must to kennel; he must be whipped out,
when the lady brach may stand by the fire, and stink. Shakesp.

BRA'CHIAL. adj. [from brachium, an arm, Lat.] Belonging to
the arm.

BRACHY'GRAPHY. n. s. [βϱαχὺς, short, and γϱάφω, to write.]
The art or practice of writing in a short compass.
All the certainty of those high pretenders, bating what they
have of the first principles, and the word of God, may be cir­
cumscribed by as small a circle as the creed, when brachygraphy
had confined it within the compass of a penny. Glanville.

BRACK. n. s. [from break.] A breach; a broken part.
The place was but weak, and the bracks fair; but the defen­
dants, by resolution, supplied all the defects. Hayward.
Let them compare my work with what is taught in the
schools, and if they find in theirs many bracks and short ends,
which cannot be spun into an even piece, and, in mine, a fair
coherence throughout, I shall promise myself an acquiescence.
Digby on the Soul, Dedicat.

BRA'CKET. n. s. A piece of wood fixed for the support of some­
thing.
Let your shelves be laid upon brackets, being about two feet
wide, and edged with a small lath. Mortimer.

BRA'CKISH. adj. [brack, Dutch.] Salt; somewhat salt: it is
used particularly of the water of the sea.
Pits upon the sea shore turn into fresh water, by percolation
of the salt through the sand: but it is farther noted, after a time,
the water in such pits will become brackish again. Bacon.
When I had gain'd the brow and top,
A lake of brackish waters on the ground,
Was all I found. Herbert.
The wise contriver, on his end intent,
Mix'd them with salt, and season'd all the sea.
What other cause could this effect produce?
The brackish tincture through the main diffuse? Blackmore.

BRA'CKISHNESS. n. s. [from brackish.] Saltness.
All the artificial strainings, hitherto discovered, leave a brack­
ishness in salt water, that makes it unfit for animal uses.
Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

BRAD, being an initial, signifies broad, spacious, from the Saxon
brad, and the Gothick braid. Gibson's Camden.

BRAD. n. s. A sort of nail to floor rooms with. They are about
the size of a tenpenny nail, but have not their heads made with
a shoulder over their shank, as other nails, but are made pretty
thick towards the upper end, that the very top may be driven
into, and buried in the board they nail down; so that the tops
of these brads will not catch the thrums of the mops, when the
floor is washing. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

To BRAG. v. n. [braggeren, Dutch.]
1. To boast; to display ostentatiously; to tell boastful stories.
Thou coward! art thou bragging to the stars?
Telling the bushes that thou look'st for wars,
And wilt not come? Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
Mark me, with what violence she first loved the Moor, but
for bragging, and telling her fantastical lies. Shakesp. Othello.
In bragging out some of their private tenets, as if they were
the received established doctrine of the church of England.
Sanderson's Pax Ecclesiæ.
The rebels were grown so strong there, that they intended
then, as they already bragged, to come over, and make this the
seat of war. Clarendon.
Mrs. Bull's condition was looked upon as desperate by all the
men of art; but there were those that bragged they had an in­
fallible ointment. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
2. It has of before the thing boasted.
Knowledge being the only thing whereof we poor old men
can brag, we cannot make it known but by utterance. Sidney.
Verona brags of him,
To be a virtuous and well govern'd youth. Shakesp.
Ev'ry busy little scribbler now,
Swells with the praises which he gives himself,
And taking sanctuary in the croud,
Brags of his impudence, and scorns to mend. Roscommon.
3. On is used, but improperly.
Yet lo! in me what authors have to brag on,
Reduc'd at last to hiss in my own dragon. Pope's Dunciad.

BRAG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A boast; a proud expression.
A kind of conquest
Cæsar made here; but made not here his brag
Of came, and saw, and overcame. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
It was such a new thing for the Spaniards to receive so little
hurt, upon dealing with the English, as Avellaneda made great
brags of it, for no greater matter than the waiting upon the
English afar off. Bacon's War with Spain.
2. The thing boasted.
Beauty is nature's brag, and must be shewn
In courts, at feasts, and high solemnities,
Where most may wonder. Milton.

BRAGGADO'CIO. n. s. [from brag.] A pussing, swelling, boast­
ing fellow.
The world abounds in terrible fanfarons, in the masque of
men of honour; but these braggadocios are easy to be detected.
L'Estrange.
By the plot, you may guess much of the characters of the per­
sons; a braggadocio captain, a parasite, and a lady of pleasure.
Dryden.

BRA'GGART. adj. [from brag.] Boastful; vainly ostentatious.
Shall I, none's slave, of high-born or rais'd men
Fear frowns; and my mistress, truth, betray thee
To th' huffing, braggart, puft nobility? Donne.

BRA'GGART. n. s. [from brag.] A boaster.
Who knows himself a braggart,
Let him fear this; for it will come to pass,
That every braggart shall be found an ass.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

BRA'GGER. n. s. [from brag.] A boaster; an ostentatious
fellow.
Such as have had opportunity to sound these braggers tho­
roughly, by having sometimes endured the penance of their sot­
tish company, have found them, in converse, empty and in­
sipid. South.

BRA'GLESS. adj. [from brag.] Without a boast; without osten­
tation.
The bruit is, Hector's slain, and by Achilles.——
———If it is so, bragless let it be,
Great Hector was as good a man as he. Shak. Tr. and Cress.

BRA'GLY. adv. [from brag.] Finely; so as it may be bragged.
Seest not thilk hawthorn stud,
How bragly it begins to bud,
And utter his tender head?
Flora new calleth forth each flower,
And bids make ready Maia's bower. Spenser's Past.

To BRAID. v. a. [brædan, Saxon.] To weave together.
Close the serpent sly,
Insinuating, wove with gordian twine
His braided train, and of his fatal guile
Gave proof unheeded. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv. l. 347.
Osier wands, lying loosely, may each of them be easily dis­
sociated from the rest; but when braided into a basket, they
cohere strongly. Boyle.
A ribband did the braided tresses bind,
The rest was loose, and wanton'd in the wind. Dryden.


Since in braided gold her foot is bound,
And a long trailing manteau sweeps the ground,
Her shoe disdains the street. Gay's Trivia.

BRAID. n. s. [from the verb.] A texture; a knot, or compli­
cation of something woven together.
Listen where thou art sitting,
Under the glossy, cool, translucent wave,
In twisted braids of lillies knitting
The loose train of thy amber-dropping hair. Milton.
No longer shall thy comely traces break
In flowing ringlets on thy snowy neck,
Or sit behind thy head, an ample round,
In graceful braids, with various ribbon bound. Prior.

BRAID. adj. [To brede, in Chaucer, is to deceive.] An old word,
which seems to signify deceitful.
Since Frenchmen are so braid,
Marry 'em that will. I'll live and die a maid.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

BRAILS. n. s. [Sea term.] Small ropes reeved through blocks,
which are seized on either side the ties, a little off upon the
yard; so that they come down before the sails of a ship, and
are fastened at the skirt of the sail to the crengles. Their use is,
when the sail is furled across, to hale up its bunt, that it may
the more readily be taken up or let fall. Harris.

BRAIN. n. s. [brægen, Sax. breyne, Dutch.]
1. That collection of vessels and organs in the head, from which
sense and motion arise.
The brain is divided into cerebrum and cerebellum. Cerebrum
is that part of the brain, which possesses all the upper and fore­
part of the cranium, being separated from the cerebellum by the
second process of the dura mater, under which the cerebellum is
situated. The substance of the brain is distinguished into outer
and inner; the former is called corticalis, cinerea, or glandulosa;
the latter, medullaris, alba, or nervea. Cheselden.
If I be served such another trick, I'll have my brains ta'en
out, and buttered, and give them to a dog for a new year's gift.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
That man proportionably hath the largest brain, I did, I con­
fess, somewhat doubt, and conceived it might have failed in
birds, especially such as having little bodies, have yet large cra­
nies, and seem to contain much brain, as snipes and woodcocks;
but, upon trial, I find it very true. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. That part in which the understanding is placed; therefore ta­
ken for the understanding.
The force they are under is a real force, and that of their
fate but an imaginary conceived one; the one but in their
brains, the other on their shoulders. Hammond's Fundamentals.
A man is first a geometrician in his brain, before he be such
in his hand. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. Sometimes the affections.
My son Edgar! had he a hand to write this, a heart and
brain to breed it in? Shakesp. King Lear.

To BRAIN. v. a. [from the noun.] To dash out the brains;
to kill by beating out the brains.
Why, as I told thee, 'tis a custom with him i' th' afternoon
to sleep; there thou may'st brain him. Shakesp. Tempest.
Outlaws of nature,
Fit to be shot and brain'd, without a process,
To stop infection; that's their proper death. Dryden.
Next seiz'd two wretches more, and headlong cast,
Brain'd on the rock, his second dire repast. Pope's Odyssey.

BRA'INISH. adj. [from brain.] Hotheaded; furious; as, cere­
brosus in Latin.
In his lawless fit,
Behind the arras hearing something stir,
He whips his rapier out, and cries, a rat!
And, in his brainish apprehension, kills
The unseen good old man. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BRA'INLESS. adj. [from brain.] Silly; thoughtless; witless.
Some brainless men have, by great travel and labour, brought
to pass, that the church is now ashamed of nothing more than
of saints. Hooker, b. v. § 20.
If the dull brainless Ajax come safe off,
We'll dress him up in voices. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
The brainless stripling, who, expell'd the town,
Damn'd the stiff college, and pedantick gown,
Aw'd by thy name, is dumb. Tickell.

BRA'INPAN. n. s. [from brain and pan.] The skull containing
the brains.
With those huge bellows in his hands, he blows
New fire into my head: my brainpan glows. Dryden.

BRA'INSICK. adj. [from brain and sick.] Diseased in the under­
standing; addleheaded; giddy; thoughtless.
Nor once deject the courage of our minds,
Because Cassandra's mad; her brainsick raptures
Cannot distaste the goodness of a quarrel. Troilus and Cress.
They were brainsick men, who could neither endure the go­
vernment of their king, nor yet thankfully receive the authours
of their deliverance. Knolles's History of the Turks.

BRA'INSICKLY. adv. [from brainsick.] Weakly; headily.
Why, worthy thane,
You do unbend your noble strength to think
So brainsickly of things. Shakesp. Macbeth.

BRA'INSICKNESS. n. s. [from brainsick.] Indiscretion; giddi­
ness.

BRAIT. n. s. A term used by jewellers for a rough diamond. D.

BRAKE. The preterite of break.
He thought it sufficient to correct the multitude with sharp
words, and brake out into this cholerick speech. Knolles's Hist.

BRAKE. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.] A thicket of bram­
bles, or of thorns.
A dog of this town used daily to fetch meat, and to carry
the same unto a blind mastiff, that lay in a brake without the
town. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
If I'm traduc'd by tongues, which neither know
My faculties nor person; let me say,
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
That virtue must go through. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
In every bush and brake, where hap may find
The serpent sleeping. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix. l. 160.
Full little thought of him the gentle knight,
Who, flying death, had there conceal'd his flight;
In brakes and brambles hid, and shunning mortal sight.
Dryden's Fables.

BRAKE. n. s. 
1. An instrument for dressing hemp or flax.
2. The handle of a ship's pump.
3. A baker's kneading trough.
4. A sharp bit or snaffle for horses. Dict.

BRA'KY. adj. [from brake.] Thorny; prickly; rough.
Redeem arts from their rough and braky seats, where they lie
hid and overgrown with thorns, to a pure, open light, where
they may take the eye, and may be taken by the hand.
Ben. Johnson's Discovery.

BRA'MBLE. n. s. [bremlas, Sax. rubus, Lat.]
1. This plant hath a flower consisting of five leaves, which are
placed circularly, and expand in form of a rose; the flower-cup
is divided into five parts, containing many stamina, or chives,
in the bosom of the flower; in the centre of which rises the
pointal, which afterwards becomes the fruit, consisting of many
protuberances, and full of juice. The species are; 1. The
common bramble, or blackberry bush. 2. The dewberry bush,
or lesser bramble. 3. The common greater bramble bush, with
white fruit. 4. The greater bramble bush, with a beautiful
striped leaf. 5. The raspberry bush, or hindberry. 6. The
raspberry bush, with white fruit. 7. The raspberry bush, with
late red fruit. 8. The raspberry bush, without thorns. 9. The
Virginian raspberry bush, with black fruit. The first and se­
cond sorts are very common in hedges, and upon dry banks,
in most parts of England, and are rarely cultivated in gardens.
The third sort was found by Mr. Jacob Bobart in a hedge, not
far from Oxford. The fourth sort is a variety of the common
bramble, differing therefrom only in having striped leaves. The
raspberry bush is also very common in divers woods, in the nor­
thern counties of England; but is cultivated in all curious gar­
dens, for the sake of its fruit. All these plants are easily pro­
pagated by suckers, which they send from the roots in great
plenty. The best time to take them off, and transplant them,
is in October. Millar.
2. It is taken, in popular language, for any rough prickly shrub.
The bush my bed, the bramble was my bow'r,
The woods can witness many a woful store. Spenser's Past.
There is a man haunts the forest, that abuses our young
plants with carving Rosalind on their barks; hangs odes upon
hawthorns, and elegies on brambles; all, forsooth, deifying the
name of Rosalind. Shakesp. As you like it.
Content with food, which nature freely bred,
On wildings and on strawberries they fed:
Cornels and bramble berries gave the rest,
And falling acorns furnish'd out a feast. Dryden's Ovid.
Thy younglings, Cuddy, are but just awake,
No thrustles shrill the bramble bush forsake. Gay's Past.

BRA'MBLING. n. s. A bird, called also a mountain chaffinch. Dict.

BRAN. n. s. [brenna, Ital.] The husks of corn ground; the re­
fuse of the sieve.
From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
And leave me but the bran. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The citizens were driven to great distress for want of vic­
tuals; bread they made of the coarsest bran, moulded in cloaths;
for otherwise it would not cleave together. Hayward.
In the sifting of fourteen years of power and favour, all that
came out, could not be pure meal, but must have, among it, a
certain mixture of padar and bran, in this lower age of human
fragility. Wotton.
I cannot bolt this matter to the bran,
As Bradwardin and holy Austin can. Dryden's Fables.
Then water him, and, drinking what he can,
Encourage him to thirst again with bran. Dryden's Virgil.

BRANCH. n. s. [branche, Fr.]
1. The shoot of a tree from one of the main boughs. See
BOUGH.
Why grow the branches, when the root is gone?
Why wither not the leaves that want their sap? Shakesp.
2. Any member or part of the whole; any distinct article; any
section or subdivision.


Your oaths are past, and now subscribe your names,
That his own hand may strike his honour down,
That violates the smallest branch herein.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
The belief of this was of special importance, to confirm our
hopes of another life, on which so many branches of christian
piety does immediately depend. Hammond's Fundamentals.
In the several branches of justice and charity, comprehended
in those general rules, of loving our neighbour as ourselves,
and of doing to others as we would have them do to us, there
is nothing but what is most fit and reasonable. Tillotson.
This precept will oblige us to perform our duty, according
to the nature of the various branches of it. Rogers.
3. Any part that shoots out from the rest.
And six branches shall come out of the sides of it; three
branches of the candlestick out of the one side, and three
branches of the candlestick out of the other side. Exod. xxv. 32.
His blood, which disperseth itself by the branches of veins,
may be resembled to waters carried by brooks. Raleigh's Hist.
4. A smaller river running into, or proceeding from a larger.
If, from a main river, any branch be separated and divided,
then, where that branch doth first bound itself with new banks,
there is that part of the river where the branch forsaketh the
main stream, called the head of the river. Raleigh's History.
5. Any part of a family descending in a collateral line.
His father, a younger branch of the ancient stock planted in
Somersetshire, took to wife the widow. Carew's Survey.
6. The offspring; the descendant.
Great Anthony! Spain's well-beseeming pride,
Thou mighty branch of emperours and kings! Crashaw.
7. The antlers or shoots of a stag's horn.
8. The branches of a bridle are two pieces of bended iron, that
bear the bit-mouth, the chains, and the curb, in the interval be­
tween the one and the other. Farrier's Dict.
9. [In architecture.] The arches of Gothick vaults; which arches
transversing from one angle to another, diagonal ways, form a
cross between the other arches, which make the sides of the
square, of which the arches are diagonals. Harris.

To BRANCH. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To spread in branches.
They were trained together in their childhoods, and there
rooted betwixt them such an affection, which cannot choose
but branch now. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The cause of scattering the boughs, is the hasty breaking
forth of the sap; and therefore those trees rise not in a body
of any height, but branch near the ground. The cause of the
Pyramis, is the keeping in of the sap, long before it branch,
and the spending of it, when it beginneth to branch by equal
degrees. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 588.
Plant it round with shade
Of laurel, ever-green, and branching plain. Milt. Agonistes.
Straight as a line in beauteous order stood,
Of oaks unshorn a venerable wood;
Fresh was the grass beneath, and ev'ry tree
At distance planted, in a due degree,
Their branching arms in air, with equal space,
Stretch'd to their neighbours with a long embrace. Dryden.
One sees her thighs transform'd, another views
Her arms shot out, and branching into boughs. Addison. Ovid.
2. To spread into separate and distinct parts and subdivisions.
The Alps at the one end, and the long range of Appenines
that passes through the body of it, branch out, on all sides, into
several different divisions. Addison on Italy.
If we would weigh, and keep in our minds, what it is we
are considering, that would best instruct us when we should,
or should not, branch into farther distinctions. Locke.
3. To speak diffusively, or with the distinction of the parts of a
discourse.
I have known a woman branch out into a long dissertation
upon the edging of a petticoat. Spectator, No 247.
4. To have horns shooting out into antlers.
The swift stag from under ground
Bore up his branching head. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii. l. 470.

To BRANCH. v. a. 
1. To divide as into branches.
The spirit of things animate are all continued within them­
selves, and are branched in canals, as blood is; and the spirits
have not only branches, but certain cells or seats, where the
principal spirits do reside. Bacon's Natural Hist.
2. To adorn with needlework, representing flowers and sprigs.
In robe of lily white she was array'd,
That from her shoulder to her heel down raught,
The train whereof loose far behind her stray'd,
Branch'd with gold and pearl, most richly wrought.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 9.

BRA'NCHER. n. s. [from branch.]
1. One that shoots out into branches.
If their child be not such a speedy spreader and brancher, like
the vine, yet he may yield, with a little longer expectation, as
useful and more sober fruit than the other. Wotton.
2. In falconry, a young hawk. [branchier, Fr.]
I enlarge my discourse to the observation of the eires, the
brancher, and the two sorts of lentners. Walton's Angler.

BRA'NCHINESS. n. s. [from branchy.] Fulness of branches.

BRA'NCHLESS. adj. [from branch.]
1. Without shoots or boughs.
2. Without any valuable product; naked.
If I lose mine honour,
I lose myself; better I were not yours,
Than yours so branchless. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BRA'NCHY. adj. [from branch.] Full of branches; spreading.
Trees on trees o'erthrown,
Fall crackling round him, and the forests groan;
Sudden full twenty on the plain are strow'd,
And lopp'd, and lighten'd of their branchy load. Pope.
What carriage can bear away all the various, rude, and un­
wieldy loppings of a branchy tree at once? Watts.

BRAND. n. s. [brand, Saxon.]
1. A stick lighted, or fit to be lighted in the fire.
Have I caught thee?
He that parts us shall bring a brand from heav'n,
And fire us hence. Shakesp. King Lear.
Take it, she said, and when your needs require,
This little brand will serve to light your fire. Dryden's Fab.
If, with double diligence they labour to retrieve the hours
they have lost, they shall be saved; though this is a service of
great difficulty, and like a brand plucked out of the fire. Rogers.
2. A sword, in old language. [brandar, Runick.]
They looking back, all the eastern side beheld
Of paradise, so late their happy seat!
Wav'd over by that flaming brand; the gate
With dreadful faces throng'd, and firy arms.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 643.
3. A thunderbolt.
The fire omnipotent prepares the brand,
By Vulcan wrought, and arms his potent hand;
Then flaming hurls it. Granville.
4. A mark made by burning a criminal with a hot iron, to note
him as infamous.
Clerks convict should be burned in the hand, both because
they might taste of some corporal punishment, and that they
might carry a brand of infamy. Bacon's Hen. VII.
The rules of good and evil are inverted, and a brand of in­
famy passes for a badge of honour. L'Estrange.
Where did his wit on learning fix a brand,
And rail at arts he did not understand? Dryden's Macfleckno.

To BRAND. v. a. [branden, Dutch.] To mark with a brand,
or note of infamy.
Have I liv'd thus long a wise, a true one,
Never yet branded with suspicion? Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The king was after branded, by Perkin's proclamation, for
an execrable breaker of the rights of holy church. Bacon.
Brand not their actions with so foul a name;
Pity, at least, what we are forc'd to blame. Dryden.
Ha! dare not for thy life, I charge thee, dare not
To brand the spotless virtue of my prince. Rowe.
Our Punick faith
Is infamous, and branded to a proverb. Addison's Cato.
The spreader of the pardons answered him an easier way, by
branding him with heresy. Atterbury.

BRA'NDGOOSE. n. s. A kind of wild fowl, less than a common
goose, having its breast and wings of a dark colour. Dict.

To BRA'NDISH. v. a. [from brand, a sword.]
1. To wave, or shake, or flourish, as a weapon.
Brave Macbeth,
Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel,
Like valour's minion, carved out his passage. Shakesp.
He said, and brandishing at once his blade,
With eager pace pursu'd the flaming shade. Dryden.
Let me march their leader, not their prince;
And, at the head of your renown'd Cydonians,
Brandish this fam'd sword. Smith's Phædr. and Hippol.
2. To play with; to flourish.
He, who shall employ all the force of his reason, only in
brandishing of syllogisms, will discover very little. Locke.

BRA'NDLING. n. s. The name for a particular worm.
The dew-worm, which some also call the lob-worm, and
the brandling, are the chief. Walton's Angler.

BRA'NDY. n. s. [contracted from brandewine, or burnt wine.] A
strong liquour distilled from wine.
If he travels the country, and lodgeth at inns, every dram of
brandy extraordinary that you drink, raiseth his character.
Swift's Directions to the Footman.

BRA'NDY-WINE. The same with brandy.
It has been a common saying, A hair of the same dog; and
thought, that brandy-wine is a common relief to such. Wiseman.

BRA'NGLE. n. s. [uncertainly derived.] Squabble; wrangle.
The payment of tythes in this kingdom, is subject to many
frauds, brangles, and other difficulties, not only from papists
and dissenters, but even from those who profess themselves pro­
testants. Swift.

To BRA'NGLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To wrangle; to
squabble.
When polite conversing shall be improved, company will be


no longer pestered with dull story-tellers, nor brangling dis­
puters. Swift's Introduct. to genteel Conversation.

BRA'NGLEMENT. n. s. [from brangle.] The same with brangle.

BRANK. n. s. Buckwheat, or brank, is a grain very useful and
advantageous in dry barren lands. Mortimer.

BRA'NNY. adj. [from bran.] Having the appearance of bran.
It became serpiginous, and was, when I saw it, covered with
white branny scales. Wiseman.

BRA'SIER. n. s. [from brass.]
1. A manufacturer that works in brass.
There is a fellow somewhat near the door, he should be a
brasier by his face. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Brasiers that turn andirons, pots, kettles, &c. have their lathe
made different from the common turners lathe. Moxon.
2. A pan to hold coals. [probably from embraser, Fr.]
It is thought they had no chimneys, but were warmed with
coals on brasiers. Arbuthnot on Coins.

BRASI'L. n. s. An American wood, commonly supposed to have
been thus denominated, because first brought from
Brasil: though Huet shews it had been known by that name,
many years before the discovery of that country; and the best
sort comes from Fernambuc. The tree ordinarily grows in dry
barren rocky places, is very thick and large, usually crooked
and knotty; its flowers, which are of a beautiful red, exhale
an agreeable smell, which strengthens the brain. The bark is
so thick, that when the trunk is peeled, which might before be
equal in circumference to the body of a man, it is reduced to
that of his leg. The wood is heavy, and so dry, that it scarce
raises any smoke. It is used by turners, and takes a good polish;
but chiefly in dying, though it gives but a spurious red. Chamb.

BRAZI'L. n. s. An American wood, commonly supposed to have
been thus denominated, because first brought from
Brasil: though Huet shews it had been known by that name,
many years before the discovery of that country; and the best
sort comes from Fernambuc. The tree ordinarily grows in dry
barren rocky places, is very thick and large, usually crooked
and knotty; its flowers, which are of a beautiful red, exhale
an agreeable smell, which strengthens the brain. The bark is
so thick, that when the trunk is peeled, which might before be
equal in circumference to the body of a man, it is reduced to
that of his leg. The wood is heavy, and so dry, that it scarce
raises any smoke. It is used by turners, and takes a good polish;
but chiefly in dying, though it gives but a spurious red. Chamb.

BRASS. n. s. [bras, Sax. pres, Welch.]
1. A yellow metal, made by mixing copper with lapis calaminaris.
It is used, in popular language, for any kind of metal in which
copper has a part.
Brass is made of copper and calaminaris. Bacon.
Men's evil manners live in brass, their virtues
We write in water. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Let others mold the running mass
Of metals, and inform the breathing brass. Dryden.
2. Impudence.

BRA'SSINESS. n. s. [from brassy.] An appearance like brass;
some quality of brass.

BRA'SSY. adj. [from brass.]
1. Partaking of brass.
The part in which they lie, is near black, with some sparks
of a brassy pyrites in it. Woodward.
2. Hard as brass.
Losses,
Enough to press a royal merchant down,
And pluck commiseration of his state
From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint. Shakesp.
3. Impudent.

BRAST. particip. adj. [from burst.] Burst; broken.
There creature never past,
That back returned without heavenly grace,
But dreadful furies which their chains have brast,
And damned sprights sent forth to make ill men agast.
Fairy Queen, b. v. c. v. stanz. 31.

BRAT. n. s. [Its etymology is uncertain; bratt, in Saxon, sig­
nifies a blanket; from which, perhaps, the modern significa­
tion may have come.]
1. A child, so called in contempt.
He leads them like a thing
Made by some other deity than nature,
That shapes man better; and they follow him,
Against us brats, with no less confidence,
Than boys pursuing summer butterflies. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
This brat is none of mine:
Hence with it, and, together with the dame,
Commit them to the fire. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The friends, that got the brats, were poison'd too;
In this sad case what could our vermin do? Roscommon.
Jupiter summoned all the birds and beasts before him, with
their brats and little ones, to see which of them had the pret­
tiest children. L'Estrange.
I shall live to see the invisible lady, to whom I was obliged,
and whom I never beheld, since she was a brat in hanging­
sleeves. Swift.
I give command to kill or save,
Can grant ten thousand pounds a year,
And make a beggar's brat a peer. Swift.
2. The progeny; the offspring.
The two late conspiracies were the brats and offspring of
two contrary factions. South.

BRAVA'DO. n. s. [from bravada, Span.] A boast; a brag.
Spain, to make good the bravado,
Names it the invincible armado. Anonymous.

BRAVE. adj. [brave, Fr.]
1. Courageous; daring; bold; generous; high-spirited.
An Egyptian soothsayer made Antonius believe, that his ge­
nius, which otherways was brave and confident, was, in the
presence of Octavius Cæsar, poor and cowardly. Bacon.
From armed foes to bring a royal prize,
Shows your brave heart victorious as your eyes. Waller.
2. Gallant; having a noble mien; lofty; graceful.
I'll prove the prettier fellow of the two,
And wear my dagger with a braver grace. Shakesp.
3. Magnificent; grand.
Rings put upon his fingers,
And brave attendants near him, when he wakes;
Would not the beggar then forget himself? Shakesp.
But whosoe'er it was nature design'd
First a brave place, and then as brave a mind. Denham.
4. Excellent; noble: it is an indeterminate word, used to ex­
press the superabundance of any valuable quality in men or
things.
Let not old age disgrace my high desire,
O heavenly soul, in human shape contain'd;
Old wood inflam'd doth yield the bravest fire,
When younger doth in smoke his virtue spend. Sidney.
If there be iron-ore, and mills, iron is a brave commodity
where wood aboundeth. Bacon.
If a statesman has not this science, he must be subject to a
braver man than himself, whose province it is to direct all his
actions to this end. Digby on the Soul, Dedication.

BRAVE. n. s. [brave, Fr.]
1. A hector; a man daring beyond decency or discretion.
Hot braves, like thee, may fight, but know not well
To manage this, the last great stake. Dryden.
Morat's too insolent, too much a brave,
His courage to his envy is a slave. Dryden's Aurengz.
2. A boast; a challenge; a defiance.
There end thy brave, and turn thy face in peace;
We grant thou canst outscold us. Shakesp. King John.

To BRAVE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To defy; to challenge; to set at defiance.
He upbraids Iago, that he made him
Brave me upon the watch. Shakesp. Othello.
My nobles leave me, and my state is brav'd,
Ev'n at my gates, with ranks of foreign powers. Shakesp.
The ills of love, not those of fate I fear;
These I can brave, but those I cannot bear. Dryden.
Like a rock unmov'd, a rock that braves
The raging tempest, and the rising waves. Dryden's Æneid.
2. To carry a boasting appearance of.
Both particular persons and factions are apt enough to flatter
themselves, or, at least, to brave that which they believe not.
Bacon's Essays, No 16.

BRA'VELY. adv. [from brave.] In a brave manner; courage­
ously; gallantly; splendidly.
Martin Swart, with his Germans, performed bravely. Bacon.
No fire, nor foe, nor fate, nor night,
The Trojan hero did affright,
Who bravely twice renew'd the fight. Denham.
Your valour bravely did th' assault sustain,
And fill'd the moats and ditches with the slain. Dryden.

BRA'VERY. n. s. [from brave.]
1. Courage; magnanimity; generosity; gallantry.
Certainly it denotes no great bravery of mind, to do that
out of a desire of same, which we could not be prompted to
by a generous passion for the glory of him that made us.
Spectator, No 255.
Juba, to all the bravery of a hero,
Adds softest love, and more than female sweetness. Addison.
2. Splendour; magnificence.
Where all the bravery that eye may see,
And all the happiness that heart desire,
Is to be found. Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.
3. Show; ostentation.
Let princes choose ministers more sensible of duty than of
rising, and such as love business rather upon conscience than
upon bravery. Bacon's Essays, No 37.
4. Bravado; boast.
Never could man, with more unmanlike bravery, use his
tongue to her disgrace, which lately had sung sonnets of her
praises. Sidney's Arcadia.
For a bravery upon this occasion of power, they crowned
their new king in the cathedral church of Dublin. Bacon.
There are those that make it a point of bravery, to bid de­
fiance to the oracles of divine revelation. L'Estrange.

BRA'VO. n. s. [bravo, Ital.] A man who murders for hire.
For boldness, like the bravoes and banditti, is seldom employ­
ed, but upon desperate services. Government of the Tongue.
No bravoes here profess the bloody trade,
Nor is the church the murd'rer's refuge made. Gay's Trivia.

To BRAWL. v. n. [brouiller, or brauler, Fr.]
1. To quarrel noisily and indecently.
She troubled was, alas! that it might be,
With tedious brawlings of her parents dear. Sidney.
Here comes a man of comfort, whose advice
Hath often still'd my brawling discontent. Shakesp.
How now, Sir John! what, are you brawling here?
Does this become your place, your time, your business?
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.


Their batt'ring cannon charged to the mouths,
Till their soul-fearing clamours have brawl'd down
The flinty ribs of this contemptuous city. Shakesp. K. John.
In council she gives licence to her tongue
Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. Dryden's Fables.
Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamours, brawling
language, and especially all personal scandal and scurrility to the
meanest part of the vulgar world. Watts.
2. To speak loud and indecently.
His divisions, as the times do brawl,
Are in three heads; one pow'r against the French,
And one against Glendower. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
3. To make a noise.
As he lay along
Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out
Upon the brook that brawls along this wood. Shakesp.

BRAWL. n. s. [from the verb.] Quarrel; noise; scurrility.
He findeth, that controversies thereby are made but brawls;
and therefore wisheth, that, in some lawful assembly of churches,
all these strifes may be decided. Hooker, Preface.
Never since that middle summer's spring
Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead,
But with thy brawls thou hast disturb'd our sport.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
That bonum is an animal,
Made good with stout polemick brawl. Hudibras.

BRA'WLER. n. s. [from brawl.] A wrangler; a quarrelsome,
noisy fellow.
An advocate may incur the censure of the court, for being a
brawler in court, on purpose to lengthen out the cause. Ayliffe.

BRAWN. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. The fleshy or musculous part of the body.
The brawn of the arm must appear full, shadowed on one
side, then shew the wrist-bone thereof. Peacham.
But most their looks on the black monarch bend,
His rising muscles and his brawn commend;
His double biting ax, and beamy spear,
Each asking a gigantick force to rear. Dryden's Fables.
2. The arm, so called from its being musculous.
I'll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver,
And in my vantbrace put this wither'd brawn. Shakesp.
I had purpose
Once more to hew thy target from thy brawn. Shakesp.
3. Bulk; muscular strength.
Thy boist'rous hands are then of use, when I,
With this directing head, those hands apply;
Brawn without brain is thine. Dryden's Fables.
4. The flesh of a boar.
The best age for the boar is from two years to five years old,
at which time it is best to geld him, or sell him for brawn.
Mortimer.
5. A boar.

BRA'WNER. n. s. [from brawn.] A boar killed for the table.
At Christmas time be careful of your fame,
See the old tenant's table be the same;
Then if you would send up the brawner head,
Sweet rosemary and bays around it spread. King.

BRA'WNINESS. n. s. [from brawny.] Strength; hardness.
This brawniness and insensibility of mind, is the best armour
we can have against the common evils and accidents of life.
Locke.

BRA'WNY. adj. [from brawn.] Musculous; fleshy; bulky; of
great muscles and strength.
The brawny fool, who did his vigour boast,
In that presuming confidence was lost. Dryden's Juven.
The native energy
Turns all into the substance of the tree,
Starves and destroys the fruit, is only made
For brawny bulk, and for a barren shade. Dryden's Virgil.

To BRAY. v. a. [bracan, Sax. braier, Fr.] To pound; or
grind small.
I'll burst him; I will bray
His bones as in a mortar. Chapman's Iliads.
Except you would bray christendom in a mortar, and mould
it into a new paste, there is no possibility of a holy war. Bacon.

To BRAY. v. n. [broire, Fr. barrio, Lat.]
1. To make a noise as an ass.
Laugh, and they
Return it louder than an ass can bray. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. To make an offensive or disagreeable noise.
What, shall our feast be kept with slaughter'd men?
Shall braying trumpets, and loud churlish drums,
Clamours of hell, be measures to our pomp? Shakesp.
Arms on armour clashing, bray'd
Horrible discord. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 209.
'Agad if he should hear the lion roar, he'd cudgel him into
an ass, and to his primitive braying. Congreve's Old Batchelor.

BRAY. n. s. [from the verb.] Noise; sound.
Boist'rous untun'd drums,
And harsh resounding trumpets dreadful bray. Shakesp.

BRA'YER. n. s. [from bray.]
1. One that brays like an ass.
Hold! cry'd the queen; a cat-call each shall win;
Equal your merits, equal is your din!
But that this well-disputed game may end,
Sound forth, my brayers! and the welkin rend. Pope.
2. [With printers; from to bray, or beat.] An instrument to
temper the ink.

To BRAZE. v. a. [from brass.]
1. To solder with brass.
If the nut be not to be cast in brass, but only hath a worm
brazed into it, this niceness is not so absolutely necessary, be­
cause that worm is first turned up, and bowed into the grooves
of the spindle, and you may try that before it is brazed in the
nut. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
2. To harden to impudence.
I have so often blushed to acknowledge him, that now I am
brazed to it. Shakesp. King Lear.
If damned custom hath not braz'd it so,
That it is proof and bulwark against sense. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BRA'ZEN. adj. [from brass.]
1. Made of brass.
Get also a small pair of brazen compasses, and a fine ruler,
for taking the distance. Peacham.
A bough his brazen helmet did sustain;
His heavier arms lay scatter'd on the plain. Dryden's Æn.
2. Proceeding from brass: a poetical use.
Trumpeters
With brazen din blast you the city's ear,
Make mingle with your rattling tabourines. Shakesp.
3. Impudent.

To BRA'ZEN. v. n. To be impudent; to bully.
When I used to reprimand him for his tricks, he would talk
saucily, lye, and brazen it out, as if he had done nothing amiss.
Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

BRA'ZENFACE. n. s. [from brazen and face.] An impudent
wretch.
You do, if you suspect me in any dishonesty.———Well
said, brazenface; hold it out. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Winds.

BRA'ZENFACED. adj. [from brazenface.] Impudent; shameless.
What a brazenfaced varlet art thou, to deny thou knowest
me? Is it two days ago, since I tript up thy heels, and beat thee
before the king? Shakesp. King Lear.
Quick-witted, brazenfac'd, with fluent tongues,
Patient of labours, and dissembling wrongs. Dryden.

BRA'ZENNESS. n. s. [from brazen.]
1. Appearing like brass.
2. Impudence.

BRA'ZIER. n. s. See BRASIER.
The halfpence and farthings in England, if you should sell
them to the brazier, you would not lose above a penny in a
shilling. Swift's Draper's Letters.


BRE

BREACH. n. s. [from break; breche, Fr.]
1. The act of breaking any thing.
This tempest
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
The sudden breach on't. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. The state of being broken.
O you kind gods!
Cure this great breach in his abused nature. Shakesp.
3. A gap in a fortification made by a battery.
The wall was blown up in two places; by which breach the
Turks seeking to have entered, made bloody fight. Knolles.
Till mad with rage upon the breach he fir'd,
Slew fiends and foes, and in the smoke retir'd. Dryden.
4. The violation of a law or contract.
That oath would sure contain them greatly, or the breach of
it bring them to shorter vengeance. Spenser's Ireland.
What are those breaches of the law of nature and nations,
which do forfeit all right in a nation to govern? Bacon.
Breach of duty towards our neighbours, still involves in it a
breach of duty towards God. South.
The laws of the gospel are the only standing rules of mora­
lity; and the penalties affixed by God to the breach of those
laws, the only guards that can effectually restrain men within
the true bounds of decency and virtue. Rogers.
5. The opening in a coast.
But th' heedful boatman strongly forth did stretch
His brawny arms, and all his body strain,
That th' utmost sandy breach they shortly fetch,
While the dread danger does behind remain. Fairy Queen.
6. Difference; quarrel; separation of kindness.
It would have been long before the jealousies and breaches
betwen the armies, would have been composed. Clarendon.
7. Infraction; injury.
This breach upon his kingly power was without a precedent.
Clarendon.

BREAD. n. s. [breod, Saxon.]
1. Food made of ground corn.
Mankind have found the means to make them into bread,
which is the lightest and properest aliment for human bodies.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Bread that decaying man with strength supplies,
And gen'rous wine, which thoughtful sorrow flies. Pope.


2. Food in general, such as nature requires; to get bread, im­
plies, to get sufficient for support without luxury.
In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. Gen. iii. 19.
If these pretenders were not supported by the simplicity of
the inquisitive fools, the trade would not find them bread.
L'Estrange.
This dowager on whom my tale I found,
A simple sober life in patience led,
And had but just enough to buy her bread. Dryden.
When I submit to such indignities,
Make me a citizen, a senator of Rome;
To sell my country, with my voice, for bread. Philips.
I neither have been bred a scholar, a soldier, nor to any kind
of business; this creates uneasiness in my mind, fearing I shall
in time want bread. Spectator, No 203.
3. Support of life at large.
God is pleased to try our patience by the ingratitude of those,
who, having eaten of our bread, have lift up themselves against
us. King Charles.
But sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed;
What then? Is the reward of virtue bread? Pope.

BREAD-CHIPPER. n. s. [from bread and chip.] One that chips
bread; a baker's servant.
No abuse, Hal, on my honour; no abuse.———Not to dis­
praise me, and call me pantler, and bread-chipper, and I know
not what? Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

BREAD-CORN. n. s. [from bread and corn.] Corn of which bread
is made.
There was not one drop of beer in the town; the bread,
and bread-corn, sufficed not for six days. Hayward.
When it is ripe, they gather it, and, bruising it among
bread-corn, they put it up into a vessel, and keep it as food for
their slaves. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey, b. viii.

BREAD-ROOM. n. s. [In a ship.] A part of the hold separated by
a bulk-head from the rest, where the bread and bisket for the
men are kept. Sea Dict.

BREADTH. n. s. [from brad, broad, Saxon.] The measure of
any plain superficies from side to side.
There is in Ticinum, in Italy, a church that hath windows
only from above: it is in length an hundred feet, in breadth
twenty, and in height near fifty; having a door in the midst.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 794.
The river Ganges, according unto later relations, if not in
length, yet in breadth and depth, may be granted to excel it.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.
Then all approach the slain with vast surprize,
Admire on what a breadth of earth he lies. Dryden.
In our Gothick cathedrals, the narrowness of the arch makes
it rise in height; the lowness opens it in breadth. Addison.

To BREAK. v. a. pret. I broke, or brake; part. pass. broke, or
broken. [breccan, Saxon.]
1. To part by violence.
When I brake the five loaves among five thousand, how
many baskets of fragments took ye up? Mark, viii. 19.
Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords
from us. Psalm ii. 3.
See, said the sire, how soon 'tis done;
Then took and broke them one by one:
So strong you'll be in friendship ty'd;
So quickly broke, if you divide. Swift.
2. To burst, or open by force.
Moses tells us, that the fountains of the earth were broke
open, or clove asunder. Burnet's Theory.
3. To pierce; to divide, as light divides darkness.
By a dim winking lamp, which feebly broke
The gloomy vapours, he lay stretch'd along. Dryden.
4. To destroy by violence.
This is the fabrick, which, when God breaketh down, none
can build up again. Burnet's Theory.
5. To overcome; to surmount.
Into my hand he forc'd the tempting gold,
While I with modest struggling broke his hold. Gay.
6. To batter; to make breaches or gaps in.
I'd give bay Curtal, and his furniture,
My mouth no more were broken than these boys,
And writ as little beard. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
7. To crush or destroy the strength of the body.
O father abbot!
An old man, broken with the storms of state,
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye;
Give him a little earth for charity. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The breaking of that parliament
Broke him; as that dishonest victory
At Chæronea, fatal to liberty,
Kill'd with report that old man eloquent. Milton.
Have not some of his vices weakened his body, and broke his
health? have not others dissipated his estate, and reduced him
to want? Tillotson.
8. To sink or appal the spirit.
I'll brave her to her face;
I'll give my anger its free course against her:
Thou shalt see, Phœnix, how I'll break her pride. Philips.
9. To subdue.
Why, then, thou can'st not break her to the lute.—
—Why, no; for she hath broke the lute to me.
Shakesp. Taming the Shrew.
Behold young Juba, the Numidian prince,
With how much care he forms himself to glory,
And breaks the fierceness of his native temper. Addison's Cato.
10. To crush; to disable; to incapacitate.
The defeat of that day at Cropredy was much greater than
it then appeared to be; and it even broke the heart of his army.
Clarendon.
Your hopes without are vanish'd into smoke;
Your captains taken, and your armies broke. Dryden.
11. To weaken the mind.
Opprest nature sleeps:
This rest might yet have balm'd thy broken senses,
Which, if conveniency will not allow,
Stand in hard cure. Shakesp. King Lear.
If any dabler in poetry dares venture upon the experiment,
he will only break his brains. Felton on the Classicks.
12. To tame; to train to obedience.
What boots it to break a colt, and to let him streight run
loose at random? Spenser's State of Ireland.
So fed before he's broke, he'll bear
Too great a stomach patiently to feel
The lashing whip, or chew the curbing steel. May's Virgil.
That hot-mouth'd beast that bears against the curb,
Hard to be broken even by lawful kings. Dryden.
No sports but what belong to war they know,
To break the stubborn colt, to bend the bow. Dryden.
Virtues like these,
Make human nature shine, reform the soul,
And break our fierce barbarians into men. Addison's Cato.
13. To make bankrupt.
For this few know themselves: for merchants broke,
View their estate with discontent and pain. Davies.
The king's grown bankrupt, like a broken man. Shakesp.
With arts like these, rich Matho, when he speaks,
Attracts all fees, and little lawyers breaks. Dryden.
A command or call to be liberal, all of a sudden impoverishes
the rich, breaks the merchant, and shuts up every private man's
exchequer. South.
14. To crack or open the skin, so as that the blood comes.
She could have run and waddled all about; even the day be­
fore she broke her brow; and then my husband took up the
child. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Weak soul! and blindly to destruction led:
She break her heart! she'll sooner break your head. Dryden.
15. To violate a contract or promise.
Lovers break not hours,
Unless it be to come before their time. Shakesp. T. G. of Ver.
Pardon this fault, and, by my soul I swear,
I never more will break an oath with thee. Shakesp.
Did not our worthies of the house,
Before they broke the peace, break vows? Hudibras.
16. To infringe a law.
Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
Of nature, pleading in his children's cause. Dryden.
17. To intercept; to hinder the effect of.
Break their talk, mistress, quickly; my kinsman shall speak
for himself. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Spirit of wine, mingled with common water, yet so as if the
first fall be broken, by means of a sop, or otherwise, it stayeth
above. Bacon's Physical Remains.
Think not my sense of virtue is so small;
I'll rather leap down first, and break your fall. Dryden.
As one condemn'd to leap a precipice,
Who sees before his eyes the depth below,
Stops short, and looks about for some kind shrub,
To break his dreadful fall. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
She held my hand, the destin'd blow to break,
Then from her rosy lips began to speak. Dryden.
18. To interrupt.
Some solitary cloister will I choose,
Coarse my attire, and short shall be my sleep,
Broke by the melancholy midnight bell. Dryden's Sp. Friar.
The father was so moved, that he could only command his
voice, broke with sighs and sobbings, so far as to bid her pro­
ceed. Addison. Spectator, No 164.
The poor shade shiv'ring stands, and must not break
His painful silence, till the mortal speak. Tickell.
Sometimes in broken words he sigh'd his care,
Look'd pale, and tumbled when he view'd the fair. Gay.
19. To separate company.
Did not Paul and Barnabas dispute with that vehemence,
that they were forced to break company? Atterbury.
20. To dissolve any union.
It is great folly, as well as injustice, to break off so noble a
relation. Collier of Friendship.
21. To reform; with of.
The French were not quite broken of it, until some time after
they became christians. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. 6.


22. To open something new; to propound something by an
overture.
When any new thing shall be propounded, no counsellor
should suddenly deliver any positive opinion, but only hear it,
and, at the most, but to break it, at first, that it may be the
better understood at the next meeting. Bacon.
I, who much desir'd to know
Of whence she was, yet fearful how to break
My mind, adventur'd humbly thus to speak. Dryden's Fab.
23. To break the back. To strain or dislocate the vertebræ with
too heavy burdens.
I'd rather crack my sinews, break my back,
Than you should such dishonour undergo. Shakesp. Tempest.
24. To break the back. To disable one's fortune.
O, many
Have broke their backs, with laying manors on 'em,
For this great journey. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
25. To break a deer. To cut it up at table.
26. To break fast. To eat the first time in the day.
27. To break ground. To plow.
When the price of corn falleth, men generally give over
surplus tillage, and break no more ground than will serve to sup­
ply their own turn. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
The husbandman must first break the land, before it be made
capable of good seed. Sir J. Davies on Ireland.
28. To break ground. To open trenches.
29. To break the heart. To destroy with grief.
Good my lord, enter here.——
—Will't break my heart?——
I'd rather break mine own. Shakesp. King Lear.
Should not all relations bear a part?
It were enough to break a single heart. Dryden.
30. To break a jest. To utter a jest unexpected.
31. To break the neck. To lux, or put out the neck joints.
I had as lief thou didst break his neck, as his fingers. Shakesp.
32. To break off. To put a sudden stop.
33. To break off. To preclude by some obstacle suddenly inter­
posed.
To check the starts and sallies of the soul,
And break off all its commerce with the tongue. Addison.
34. To break up. To dissolve; to put a sudden end to.
Who cannot rest till he good fellows find;
He breaks up house, turns out of doors his mind. Herbert.
He threatened, that the tradesmen would beat out his teeth,
if he did not retire immediately, and break up the meeting.
Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.
35. To break up. To open; to lay open.
The shells being thus lodged amongst this mineral matter,
when this comes now to be broke up, it exhibits impressions of
the shells. Woodward on Fossils.
36. To break up. To separate or disband.
After taking the strong city of Belgrade, Solyman returning
to Constantinople, broke up his army, and there lay still the
whole year following. Knolles's History of the Turks.
37. To break upon the wheel. To punish by stretching a criminal
upon the wheel, and breaking his bones with bats.
38. To break wind. To give vent to wind in the body.

To BREAK. v. n. 
1. To part in two.
Give sorrow words, the grief that does not speak,
Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and bids it break. Shakesp.
2. To burst.
The clouds are still above; and, while I speak,
A second deluge o'er our heads may break. Dryden.
The Roman camp
Hangs o'er us black and threatning, like a storm
Just breaking on our heads. Dryden's All for Love.
3. To burst by dashing, as waves on a rock.
He could compare the confusion of a multitude to that tu­
mult in the Icarian sea, dashing and breaking among its crowd
of islands. Pope's Essay on Homer.
At last a falling billow stops his breath,
Breaks o'er his head, and whelms him underneath. Dryden.
4. To break as a swelling; to open, and discharge matter.
Some hidden abscess in the mesentery, breaking some few
days after, was discovered to be an aposteme. Harvey.
Ask one who hath subdued his natural rage, how he likes the
change, and undoubtedly he will tell you, that it is no less
happy than the ease of a broken impostume, after the painful
gathering and filling of it. Decay of Piety.
5. To open as the morning.
The day breaks not, it is my heart,
Because that I and you must part.
Stay, or else my joys will die,
And perish in their infancy. Donne.
When a man thinks of any thing in the darkness of the
night, whatever deep impressions it may make in his mind,
they are apt to vanish as soon as the day breaks about him.
Addison. Spectator, No 465.
6. To burst forth; to exclaim.
Every man,
After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
A thing inspir'd; and, not consulting, broke.
Into a general prophecy. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
7. To become bankrupt.
I did mean, indeed, to pay you with this; which, if, like an
ill venture, it come unluckily home, I break, and you, my
gentle creditors, lose. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii. Epilogue.
He that puts all upon adventures, doth oftentimes break, and
come to poverty. Bacon's Essays, No 35.
Cutler saw tenants break, and houses fall,
For very want he could not build a wall. Pope.
8. To decline in health and strength.
Yet thus, methinks, I hear them speak;
See how the dean begins to break:
Poor gentleman! he droops apace. Swift.
9. To issue out with vehemence.
Whose wounds, yet fresh, with bloody hands he strook,
While from his breast the dreadful accents broke. Pope.
10. To make way with some kind of suddeness, impetuosity, or
violence.
Calamities may be nearest at hand, and readiest to break in
suddenly upon us, which we, in regard of times or circum­
stances, may imagine to be farthest off. Hooker, b. v. § 41.
The three mighty men broke through the host of the Philis­
tines. 2 Sam. xxiii. 16.
They came into Judah, and brake into it. 2 Chron. xxi. 17.
Or who shut up the sea within doors, when it brake forth, as
if it had issued out of the womb? Job, xxxviii. 8.
This, this is he; softly awhile,
Let us not break in upon him. Milton's Agonistes, l. 115.
He resolved, that Balfour should use his utmost endeavour to
break through with his whole body of horse. Clarendon, b. viii.
When the channel of a river is overcharged with water,
more than it can deliver, it necessarily breaks over the banks,
to make itself room. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Sometimes his anger breaks through all disguises,
And spares not gods nor men. Denham's Sophy.
Till through those clouds the sun of knowledge brake,
And Europe from her lethargy did wake. Denham.
Oh! could'st thou break through fate's severe decree,
A new Marcellus shall arise in thee. Dryden's Æneid.
At length I've acted my severest part;
I feel the woman breaking in upon me,
And melt about my heart, my tears will flow. Addison's Cato.
How does the lustre of our father's actions,
Through the dark cloud of ills that cover him,
Break out, and burn with more triumphant blaze! Addison.
And yet, methinks, a beam of light breaks in,
On my departing soul. Addison's Cato.
There are not wanting some, who, struck with the useful­
ness of these charities, break through all the difficulties and ob­
structions that now lie in the way towards advancing them.
Atterbury.
Almighty pow'r, by whose most wise command,
Helpless, forlorn, uncertain here I stand;
Take this faint glimmering of thyself away,
Or break into my soul with perfect day! Arbuthnot.
Heav'n its sparkling portals wide display,
And break upon thee in a flood of day! Pope's Messiah.
I must pay her the last duty of friendship wherever she is,
though I break through the whole plan of life which I have
formed in my mind. Swift's Letters.
11. To come to an explanation.
But perceiving this great alteration in his friend, he thought
fit to break with him thereof. Sidney, b. i.
Stay with me awhile;
I am to break with thee of some affairs,
That touch me near. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Break with them, gentle love,
About the drawing as many of their husbands
Into the plot, as can; if not, to rid 'em,
That'll be the easier practice. B. Johnson's Catiline.
12. To fall out; to be friends no longer.
Be not afraid to break
With murd'rers, and traitors, for the saving
A life so near and necessary to you,
As is your country's. B. Johnson's Catiline.
To break upon the score of danger or expence, is to be mean
and narrow-spirited. Collier on Friendship.
Sighing, he says, we must certainly break,
And my cruel unkindness compels him to speak. Prior.
13. To break from. To separate from with some vehemence.
How didst thou scorn life's meaner charms,
Thou who cou'dst break from Laura's arms? Roscommon.
Thus radiant from the circling crowd he broke;
And thus with manly modesty he spoke. Dryden's Virgil.
This custom makes bigots and scepticks; and those that
break from it, are in danger of heresy. Locke.
14. To break in. To enter unexpectedly, without proper prepa­
ration.
The doctor is a pedant, that, with a deep voice, and a ma­
gisterial air, breaks in upon conversation, and drives down all
before him. Addison on Italy.


15. To break. To discard.
When I see a great officer broke, a change made in the court,
or the ministry, and this under the most gracious princess that
ever reigned. Swift.
16. To break loose. To escape from captivity.
Who would not, finding way, break loose from hell,
And boldly venture to whatever place,
Farthest from pain? Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv. l. 889.
17. To break loose. To shake off restraint.
If we deal falsely in covenant with God, and break loose from
all our engagements to him, we release God from all the pro­
mises he has made to us. Tillotson.
18. To break off. To desist suddenly.
Do not peremptorily break off, in any business, in a fit of
anger; but howsoever you shew bitterness, do not act any
thing that is not revocable. Bacon.
Pius Quintus, at the very time when that memorable vic­
tory was won by the Christians at Lepanto, being then hearing
of causes in consistory, broke off suddenly, and said to those a­
bout him, it is now more time we should give thanks to God.
Bacon.
When you begin to consider, whether you may safely take
one draught more, let that be accounted a sign late enough to
break off. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
19. To break off from. To part from with violence.
I must from this enchanting queen break off. Shakesp.
20. To break out. To discover itself in sudden effects.
Let not one spark of filthy lustful fire
Break out, that may her sacred peace molest. Spenser.
They smother and keep down the flame of the mischief, so
as it may not break out in their time of government; what
comes afterwards, they care not. Spenser's Ireland.
Such a deal of wonder is broken out within this hour, that
ballad-makers cannot be able to express it. Shakesp.
As fire breaks out of flint by percussion, so wisdom and truth
issueth out of the agitation of argument. Howel.
Fully ripe, his swelling fate breaks out,
And hurries him to mighty mischiefs on. Dryden.
All turn'd their sides, and to each other spoke;
I saw their words break out in fire and smoke. Dryden.
Like a ball of fire, the further thrown,
Still with a greater blaze she shone,
And her bright soul broke out on ev'ry side. Dryden.
There can be no greater labour, than to be always dissem­
bling; there being so many ways by which a smothered truth is
apt to blaze, and break out. South.
They are men of concealed fire, that doth not break out in the
ordinary circumstances of life. Addison on the War.
A violent fever broke out in the place, which swept away great
multitudes. Addison. Spectator, No 164.
21. To break out. To have eruptions from the body, as pustules
or sores.
22. To break out. To become dissolute.
He broke not out into his great excesses, while he was re­
strained by the counsels and authority of Seneca. Dryden.
23. To break up. To cease; to intermit.
It is credibly affirmed, that, upon that very day, when the
river first riseth, great plagues in Cairo use suddenly to break up.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 743.
24. To break up. To dissolve itself.
These, and the like conceits, when men have cleared their
understanding, by the light of experience, will scatter and break
up, like mist. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 124.
The speedy depredation of air upon watery moisture, and
version of the same into air, appeareth in nothing more visible,
than the sudden discharge or vanishing of a little cloud of
breath, or vapour, from glass, or any polished body; for the
mistiness scattereth, and breaketh up suddenly. Bacon.
But, ere he came near it, the pillar and cross of light brake
up, and cast itself abroad, as it were, into a firmament of many
stars. Bacon's New Atlantis.
What we obtain by conversation, is oftentimes lost again,
as soon as the company breaks up, or, at least, when the day va­
nishes. Watts.
25. To break up. To begin holidays; to be dismissed from bu­
siness.
Our army is dispers'd already:
Like youthful steers unyok'd, they took their course
East, west, north, south: or, like a school broke up,
Each hurries tow'rds his home and sporting-place. Shakesp.
26. To break with. To part friendship with any.
There is a slave whom we have put in prison,
Reports, the Volscians, with two several powers,
Are entered in the Roman territories.—
—Go see this rumourer whipt. It cannot be,
The Volscians dare break with us. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Can there be any thing of friendship in snares, hooks, and
trapans? Whosoever breaks with his friend upon such terms,
has enough to warrant him in so doing, both before God and
and man. South.
Invent some apt pretence,
To break with Bertran. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
27. It is to be observed of this extensive and perplexed verb, that,
in all its significations, whether active or neutral, it has some re­
ference to its primitive meaning, by implying either detriment,
suddenness, or violence.

BREAK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. State of being broken; opening.
From the break of day until noon, the roaring of the can­
non never ceased. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
For now, and since first break of day, the fiend,
Mere serpent in appearance, forth was come. Parad. Lost.
They must be drawn from far, and without breaks, to avoid
the multiplicity of lines. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The sight of it would be quite lost, did it not sometimes dis­
cover itself through the breaks and openings of the woods that
grow about it. Addison.
2. A pause; an interruption.
3. A line drawn, noting that the sense is suspended.
All modern trash is
Set forth with num'rous breaks and dashes. Swift.

BRE'AKER. n. s. [from break.]
1. He that breaks any thing.
Cardinal, I'll be no breaker of the law. Shakesp. H. IV.
If the churches were not employed to be places to hear
God's law, there would be need of them, to be prisons for the
breakers of the laws of men. South.
2. A wave broken by rocks or sandbanks.

To BRE'AKFAST. v. n. [from break and fast.] To eat the first
meal in the day.
As soon as Phœbus' rays inspect us,
First, Sir, I read, and then I breakfast. Prior.

BRE'AKFAST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The first meal in the day.
The duke was at breakfast, the last of his repasts in this
world. Wotton.
2. The thing eaten at the first meal.
Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. Bacon.
A good piece of bread would be often the best breakfast for
my young master. Locke.
3. A meal, or food in general.
Had I been seized by a hungry lion,
I would have been a breakfast to the beast. Shakesp.
I lay me down to gasp my latest breath,
The wolves will get a breakfast by my death,
Yet scarce enough their hunger to supply. Dryden.

BRE'AKNECK. n. s. [from break and neck.] A fall in which the
neck is broken; a steep place endangering the neck.
I must
Forsake the court; to do't or no, is certain
To me a breakneck. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

BRE'AKPROMISE. n. s. [from break and promise.] One that
makes a practice of breaking his promise.
I will think you the most atheistical breakpromise, and the
most hollow lover. Shakesp. As you like it.

BRE'AKVOW. n. s. [from break and vow.] He that practises the
breach of vows.
That daily breakvow, he that wins of all,
Of kings, of beggars, old men, young men, maids.
Shakesp. King John.

BREAM. n. s. [brame, Fr.] The name of a fish.
The bream being at full growth, is a large fish; he will breed
both in rivers and ponds, but loves best to live in ponds. He
is, by Gesner, taken to be more elegant than wholsome. He is
long in growing, but breeds exceedingly in a water that pleases
him, and, in many ponds, so fast as to overstock them, and
starve the other fish. He is very broad, with a forked tail, and
his scales set in excellent order. He hath large eyes, and a
narrow sucking mouth, two sets of teeth, and a lozing bone,
to help his grinders. The male is observed to have two large
melts, and the female two large bags of eggs or spawn.
Walton's Angler.
A broad bream, to please some curious taste,
While yet alive in boiling water cast,
Vex'd with unwonted heat, boils, flings about. Waller.

BREAST. n. s. [breost, Saxon.]
1. The middle part of the human body, between the neck and
the belly.
2. The dugs or teats of women which contain the milk.
The substance of the breasts is composed of a great number
of glands, of an oval figure, which lie in a great quantity of
fat. Their excretory ducts, as they approach the nipple, join
and unite together, till at last they form seven, eight, or more,
small pipes, called tubuli lactiferi, which have several cross ca­
nals, by which they communicate with one another, that if any
of them be stopped, the milk, which was brought to it, might
not stagnate, but pass through by the other pipes, which all ter­
minate in the extremity of the nipple. They have arteries and
veins from the subclavian and intercostal. They have nerves
from the vertebral pairs, and from the sixth pair of the brain.
Their use is to separate the milk for the nourishment of the
sœtus. The tubes, which compose the glands of the breast in
maids, like a sphincter muscle, contract so closely, that no part
of the blood can enter them; but when the womb grows big


with a fœtus, and compresses the descending trunk of the great
artery, the blood flows in a greater quantity, and with a greater
force, through the arteries of the breasts, and forces a passage
into their glands, which, being at first narrow, admits only of
a thin water; but growing wider by degrees, as the womb
grows bigger, the glands receive a thick serum, and, after
birth, they run with a thick milk; because that blood, which
before did flow to the fœtus, and, for three or four days after­
wards, by the uterus, beginning then to stop, does more dilate
the mamillary glands. Quincy.
They pluck the fatherless from the breast. Job, xxiv. 9.
3. The part of a beast that is under the neck, between the fore­
legs.
4. The heart; the conscience; the disposition of the mind.
Needless was written law, where none opprest;
The law of man was written in his breast. Dryden's Ovid.
5. The passions; the regard.
Margarita first possess'd,
If I remember well, my breast. Cowley.

To BREAST. v. a. [from the noun.] To meet in front; to op­
pose breast to breast.
The threaden sails
Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow'd sea,
Breasting the lofty surge. Shakesp. Henry V.

BRE'ASTBONE. n. s. [from breast and bone.] The bone of the
breast; the sternum.
The belly shall be eminent by shadowing the flank, and un­
der the breastbone. Peacham.

BRE'ASTCASKET. n. s. [from breast and casket.] With mari­
ners. The largest and longest caskets, which are a sort of
strings placed in the middle of the yard.

BRE'ASTFAST. n. s. [from breast and fast.] In a ship. A rope
fastened to some part of her forward on, to hold her head to a
warp, or the like. Harris.

BRE'ASTHIGH. adj. [from breast and high.] Up to the breast.
The river itself gave way unto her, so that she was straight
breasthigh. Sidney.
Lay madam Partlet basking in the sun,
Breasthigh in sand. Dryden's Fables.

BRE'ASTHOOKS. n. s. [from breast and hook.] With shipwrights.
The compassing timbers before, that help to strengthen the
stem, and all the forepart of the ship. Harris.

BRE'ASTKNOT. n. s. [from breast and knot.] A knot or bunch
of ribbands worn by women on the breast.
Our ladies have still faces, and our men hearts, why may we
not hope for the same atchievements from the influence of this
breastknot? Addison. Freeholder, No 11.

BRE'ASTPLATE. n. s. [from breast and plate.] Armour for the
breast.
What stronger breastplate than a heart untainted?
Thrice is he arm'd, that hath his quarrel just. Shakesp.
'Gainst shield, helm, breastplate, and, instead of those,
Five sharp smooth stones from the next brook he chose.
Cowley.
This venerable champion will come into the field, armed
only with a pocket-pistol, before his old rusty breastplate could
be scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended. Swift.

BRE'ASTPLOUGH. n. s. [from breast and plough.] A plough used
for paring turf, driven by the breast.
The breastplough, which a man shoves before him. Mortim.

BRE'ASTROPES. n. s. [from breast and rope.] In a ship. Those
ropes which fasten the yards to the parrels, and, with the par­
rels, hold the yards fast to the mast. Harris.

BRE'ASTWORK. n. s. [from breast and work.] Works thrown
up as high as the breast of the defendants; the same with pa­
rapet.
Sir John Astley cast up breastworks, and made a redoubt for
the defence of his men. Clarendon, b. viii.

BREATH. n. s. [brathe, Saxon.]
1. The air drawn in and ejected out of the body by living ani­
mals.
Whither are they vanish'd?
Into the air: and what seem'd corporal
Melted, as breath into the wind. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. Life.
No man has more contempt than I of breath;
But whence hast thou the pow'r to give me death? Dryden.
3. The state or power of breathing freely; opposed to the con­
dition in which a man is breathless and spent.
At other times, he casts to sue the chace
Of swift wild beasts, or run on foot a race,
T' enlarge his breath, large breath in arms most needful,
Or else, by wrestling, to wax strong and heedful. Spenser.
What is your difference? speak.—
—I am scarce in breath, my lord. Shakesp. King Lear.
Spaniard, take breath; some respite I'll afford;
My cause is more advantage than your sword. Dryden.
Our swords so wholly did the fates employ,
That they, at length, grew weary to destroy;
Refus'd the work we brought, and out of breath,
Made sorrow and despair attend for death. Dryden's Aureng.
4. Respiration; the power of breathing.
Rest, that gives all men life, gave him his death,
And too much breathing put him out of breath. Milton.
5. Respite; pause; relaxation.
Give me some breath; some little pause, dear lord,
Before I positively speak. Shakesp. Richard III.
6. Breeze; moving air.
Vent all thy passion, and I'll stand its shock,
Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea,
When not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface. Addis. Cato.
7. A single act; an instant.
You menace me, and court me in a breath,
Your Cupid looks as dreadfully as death. Dryden.

BRE'ATHABLE. adj. [from breath.] That may be breathed;
as, breathable air.

To BREATHE. v. n. [from breath.]
1. To draw in and throw out the air by the lungs.
Safe return'd, the race of glory past,
New to his friends embrace, had breath'd his last. Pope.
2. To live.
Let him breathe, between the heav'ns and earth,
A private man in Athens. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
3. To take breath; to rest.
He presently followed the victory so hot upon the Scots, that
he suffered them not to breathe, or gather themselves together
again. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Three times they breath'd, and three times did they drink,
Upon agreement. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
When France had breath'd, after intestine broils,
And peace and conquest crown'd her foreign toils. Roscomm.
4. To pass by breathing.
Shall I not then be stifled in the vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,
And there be strangl'd ere my Romeo comes? Shakesp.

To BREATHE. v. a. 
1. To inspire, or inhale into one's own body, and eject or expire
out of it.
They wish to live,
Their pains and poverty desire to bear,
To view the light of heav'n, and breathe the vital air. Dryd.
They here began to breathe a most delicious kind of æther,
and saw all the fields about them covered with a kind of purple
light. Tatler, No 81.
2. To inject by breathing.
He breathed into us the breath of life, a vital active spirit;
whose motions, he expects, should own the dignity of its ori­
ginal. Decay of Piety.
I would be young, be handsome, be belov'd,
Could I but breathe myself into Adrastus. Dryden.
3. To expire; to eject by breathing.
She is called, by ancient authours, the tenth muse; and, by
Plutarch, is compared to Caius, the son of Vulcan, who
breathed out nothing but flame. Spectator, No 223.
4. To exercise; to keep in breath.
Thy greyhounds are as swift as breathed stags. Shakesp.
5. To inspire; to move or actuate by breath.
The artful youth proceed to form the quire;
They breathe the flute, or strike the vocal wire. Prior.
6. To exhale; to send out as breath.
His altar breathes
Ambrosial odours, and ambrosial flow'rs. Milton's Par. Lost.
7. To utter privately.
I have tow'rd heaven breath'd a secret vow,
To live in prayer and contemplation. Shakesp. Mer. of Ven.
8. To give air or vent to.
The ready cure to cool the raging pain,
Is underneath the foot to breathe a vein. Dryden's Virgil.

BRE'ATHER. n. s. [from breathe.]
1. One that breathes, or lives.
She shows a body rather than a life,
A statue than a breather. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
I will chide no breather in the world but myself. Shakesp.
2. One that utters any thing.
No particular scandal once can touch,
But it confounds the breather. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
3. Inspirer; one that animates or infuses by inspiration.
The breather of all life does now expire:
His milder father summons him away. Norris.

BRE'ATHING. n. s. [from breathe.]
1. Aspiration; secret prayer.
While to high heav'n his pious breathings turn'd,
Weeping he hop'd, and sacrificing mourn'd. Prior.
2. Breathing place; vent.
The warmth distends the chinks, and makes
New breathings, whence new nourishment she takes. Dryd.

BRE'ATHLESS. adj. [from breath.]
1. Out of breath; spent with labour.
Well knew
The prince, with patience and sufferance sly,
So hasty heat soon cooled to subdue;
Tho' when he breathless wax, that battle 'gan renew. Fairy Q.
I remember when the fight was done,
When I was dry with rage, and extreme toil,


Breathless, and faint, leaning upon my sword,
Came there a certain lord. Shakep. Henry IV. p. i.
Many so strained themselves in their race, that they fell
down breathless and dead. Hayward.
Breathless and tir'd, is all my fury spent,
Or does my glutted spleen at length relent? Dryden's Æn.
2. Dead.
Kneeling before this ruin of sweet life,
And breathing to this breathless excellence,
The incense of a vow, a holy vow. Shakesp. King John.
Yielding to the sentence, breathless thou
And pale shalt lie, as what thou buriest now. Prior.

BRED. particip. pass. [from to breed.]
Their malice was bred in them, and their cogitation would
never be changed. Wisdom, xii. 10.

BREDE. n. s. See BRAID.
In a curious brede of needle-work, one colour falls away by
such just degrees, and another rises so insensibly, that we see
the variety, without being able to distinguish the total vanish­
ing of the one, from the first appearance of the other. Addison.

BREECH. n. s. [supposed from bræcan, Sax.]
1. The lower part of the body; the back part.
When the king's pardon was offered by a herauld, a lewd
boy turned towards him his naked breech, and used words suit­
able to that gesture. Hayward.
The storks devour snakes and other serpents; which when
they begin to creep out at their breeches, they will presently clap
them close to a wall, to keep them in. Grew's Musæum.
2. Breeches.
Ah! that thy father had been so resolv'd!—
—That you might still have worn the petticoat,
And ne'er have stoln the breech from Lancaster. Shakespeare.
3. The hinder part of a piece of ordnance.
So cannons, when they mount vast pitches,
Are tumbl'd back upon their breeches. Anonym.

To BREECH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put into breeches.
2. To fit any thing with a breech; as, to breech a gun.

BRE'ECHES. n. s. [bræc, Sax. from bracca, an old Gaulish word;
so that Skinner imagines the name of the part covered with
breeches, to be derived from that of the garment. In this sense
it has no singular.]
1. The garment worn by men over the lower part of the body.
Petrachio is coming in a new hat and an old jerkin, and a
pair of old breeches, thrice turned. Shakesp. Taming the Shrew.
Rough satires, sly remarks, ill-natur'd speeches,
Are always aim'd at poets that wear breeches. Prior.
Give him a single coat to make, he'd do't;
A vest, or breeches, singly; but the brute
Cou'd ne'er contrive all three to make a suit.
King's Art of Cookery.
2. To wear the breeches, is, to usurp the authority of the hus­
bands.
The wife of Xanthus was proud and domineering, as if her
fortune, and her extraction, had entitled her to the breeches.
L'Estrange.

To BREED. v. a. preter. I bred, I have bred. [brædan, Sax.]
1. To procreate; to generate; to produce more of the species.
None fiercer in Numidia bred,
With Carthage were in triumph led. Roscommon.
2. To occasion; to cause; to produce.
Thereat he roared for exceeding pain,
That, to have heard, great horrour would have bred. F. Q.
Our own hearts we know, but we are not certain what hope
the rites and orders of our church have bred in the hearts of
others. Hooker, b. iv.
What hurt ill company, and overmuch liberty, breedeth in
youth! Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Intemperance and lust breed infirmities and diseases, which,
being propagated, spoil the strain of a nation. Tillotson.
3. To contrive; to hatch; to plot.
My son Edgar! had he a hand to write this! a heart and
brain to breed it in! Shakesp. King Lear.
4. To produce from one's self.
Children would breed their teeth with much less danger.
Locke on Education.
5. To give birth to; to be the native place.
Mr. Harding, and the worthiest divine christendom hath bred
for the space of some hundreds of years, were brought up toge­
ther in the same university. Hooker.
Hail, foreign wonder!
Whom, certain, these rough shades did never breed. Milton.
6. To educate; to qualify by education.
Whoe'er thou art, whose forward years are bent
On state-affairs to guide the government;
Hear first what Socrates of old has said
To the lov'd youth, whom he at Athens bred. Dryden.
To breed up the son to common sense,
Is evermore the parent's least expence. Dryden's Juvenal.
And left the pillagers, to rapine bred,
Without controul, to strip and spoil the dead. Dryden.
His farm may not remove his children too far from him, or
the trade he breeds them up in. Locke.
7. To bring up; to take care of from infancy.
Bred up in grief, can pleasure be our theme?
Our endless anguish, does not nature claim?
Reason and sorrow are to us the same. Prior.
Ah, wretched me! by fates averse decreed
To bring thee forth with pain, with care to breed. Dryden.

To BREED. v. n. 
1. To bring young.
Lucina, it seems, was breeding, and she did nothing but en­
tertain the company with a discourse upon the difficulty of rec­
koning to a day. Spectator, No 431.
2. To encrease by new production.
But could youth last, and love still breed,
Had joys no date, and age no need;
Then these delights my mind might move
To live with thee, and be thy love. Raleigh.
3. To be produced; to have birth.
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ'd,
The air is delicate. Shakesp. King Lear.
There is a worm that breedeth in old snow, and dieth soon
after it cometh out of the snow. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 696.
The caterpillar is one of the most general of worms, and
breedeth of dew and leaves. Bacon.
It hath been the general tradition and belief, that maggots
and flies breed in putrefied carcases. Bentley.
4. To raise a breed.
In the choice of swine, choose such to breed of as are of
long large bodies. Mortimer.

BREED. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A cast; a kind; a subdivision of species.
I bring you witnesses,
Twice fifteen thousand hearts of England's breed. Shakesp.
The horses were young and handsome, and of the best breed
in the north. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Walled towns, stored arsenals, and ordnance; all this is but
a sheep in a lion's skin, except the breed and disposition of the
people be stout and warlike. Bacon's Essays, No 30.
Infectious streams of crowding sins began,
And through the spurious breed and guilty nation ran.
Roscommon.
Rode fair Ascanius on a firy steed,
Queen Dido's gift, and of the Tyrian breed. Dryden.
A cousin of his last wife's was proposed; but John would
have no more of the breed. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
2. Progeny; offspring.
If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not
As to thy friend; for when did friendship take
A breed of barren metal of his friend? Shakesp. Mer. of Ven.
3. A number produced at once; a hatch.
She lays them in the sand, where they lie till they are hatch­
ed; sometimes above an hundred at a breed. Grew's Musæum.

BRE'EDBATE. n. s. [from breed and bate.] One that breeds
quarrels; an incendiary.
An honest, willing, kind fellow, as ever servant shall come
in house withal; and, I warrant you, no teltale, nor no breed­
bate. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

BRE'EDER. n. s. [from breed.]
1. That which produces any thing.
Time is the nurse and breeder of all good. Shakesp.
2. The person which brings up another.
Time was, when Italy and Rome have been the best breeders
and bringers up of the worthiest men. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
3. A female that is prolifick.
Get thee to a nunnery; why wouldst thou be a breeder of
sinners? Shakesp. Hamlet.
Here is the babe, as loathsome as a toad,
Amongst the fairest breeders of our time. Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
Let there be an hundred persons in London, and as many in
the country, we say, that if there be sixty of them breeders in
London, there are more than sixty in the country. Graunt.
Yet if a friend a night or two should need her,
He'd recommend her as a special breeder. Pope.
4. One that takes care to raise a breed.
The breeders of English cattle turned much to dairy, or else
kept their cattle to six or seven years old. Temple.

BRE'EDING. n. s. [from breed.]
1. Education; instruction; qualifications.
She had her breeding at my father's charge,
A poor physician's daughter. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
I am a gentleman of blood and breeding. Shakesp. K. Lear.
I hope to see it a piece of none of the meanest breeding, to be
acquainted with the laws of nature. Glanville's Scepsis, Pref.
2. Manners; knowledge of ceremony.
As men of breeding, sometimes men of wit,
T' avoid great errours, must the less commit. Pope.
The Graces from the court did next provide
Breeding, and wit, and air, and decent pride. Swift.
3. Nurture; care to bring up from the infant state.
Why was my breeding order'd and prescrib'd,
As of a person separate to God,
Design'd for great exploits. Milton's Agonistes, l. 30.

BREESE. n. s. [briosa, Saxon.] A stinging fly; the gadfly.


The learned write, the insect breese
Is but the mongrel prince of bees. Hudibras.
A fierce loud buzzing breese, their stings draw blood,
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood;
Seiz'd with unusual pains, they loudly cry;
Tanagrus hastens thence, and leaves his channels dry. Dryd.

BREEZE. n. s. [brezza, Ital.] A gentle gale; a soft wind.
We find, that these hottest regions of the world, seated un­
der the equinoctial line, or near it, are so refreshed with a daily
gale of easterly wind, which the Spaniards call breeze, that doth
ever more blow strongest in the heat of the day. Raleigh.
From land a gentle breeze arose by night,
Serenely shone the stars, the moon was light,
And the sea trembled with her silver light. Dryden.
Gradual sinks the breeze
Into a perfect calm: that not a breath
Is heard to quiver through the closing wood. Thomson.

BRE'EZY. adj. [from breeze.] Fanned with gales.
The seer, while zephyrs curl the swelling deep,
Basks on the breezy shore, in grateful sleep,
His oozy limbs. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii. l. 545.

BRE'HON. n. s. An Irish word.
In the case of murder, the brehon, that is, their judge, will
compound between the murderer and the party murdered,
which prosecute the action, that the malefactor shall give unto
them, or to the child or wife of him that is slain, a recom­
pence, which they call an eriach. Spenser's State of Ireland.

BREME. adj. [from bremman, Sax. to rage or fume.] Cruel;
sharp; severe.
And when the shining sun laugheth once,
You deemen the spring come at once:
But eft, when you count, you freed from fear,
Comes the breme winter, with chamfred brows,
Full of wrinkles, and frosty furrows. Spenser's Pastorals.

BRENT. adj. [from brennan, Sax. to burn.] Burnt.
What flames, quoth he, when I thee present see
In danger rather to be drent than brent? Fairy Queen, b. ii.

BREST. n. s. [In architecture.] That member of a column, called
also the torus, or tore.

BREST Summers. The pieces in the outward parts of any tim­
ber building, and in the middle floors, into which the girders
are framed. Harris.

BRET. n. s. A fish of the turbut kind, called also burt or brut.
Dict.

BRE'THREN. n. s. [The plural of brother.] See BROTHER.
All these sects are brethren to each other in faction, igno­
rance, iniquity, perverseness, pride. Swift.

BREVE. n. s. [In musick.] A note or character of time, equi­
valent to two measures or minims. Harris.

BRE'VIARY. n. s. [breviaire, Fr. breviarium, Lat.]
1. An abridgment; an epitome; a compendium.
Cresconius, an African bishop, has given us an abridgment,
or breviary thereof. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The book containing the daily service of the church of Rome.

BRE'VIAT. n. s. [from brevis, brevio, Lat.] A short compen­
dium.
It is obvious for the shallowest discourser to infer, that the
whole counsel of God, as far as it is incumbent for man to
know, is comprised in that one breviat of evangelical truth.
Decay of Piety.

BRE'VIATURE. n. s. [from brevio, Lat.] An abbreviation.

BREVI'ER. n. s. A particular size of letter used in printing;
so called, probably, from being originally used in printing a
breviary; as,
Not love thy life, nor hate, but what thou liv'st,
Live well, how long or short, permit to heav'n. Milton.

BRE'VITY. n. s. [brevitas, Lat.] Conciseness; shortness; con­
traction into few words.
Virgil, studying brevity, and having the command of his
own language, could bring those words into a narrow com­
pass, which a translator cannot render without circumlocu­
tions. Dryden.

To BREW. v. a. [brouwen, Dutch; brawen, German; briwan,
Saxon.]
1. To make liquours by mixing several ingredients.
We have drinks also brewed with several herbs, and roots,
and spices. Bacon.
Mercy guard me!
Hence with thy brew'd enchantments, foul deceiver. Milton.
2. To prepare by mixing things together.
Here's neither rush nor shrub to bear off any weather at all,
and another storm brewing. Shakesp. Tempest.
Take away these chalices; go, brew me a pottle of sack
finely. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Or brew fierce tempests on the watry main,
Or o'er the globe distil the kindly rain. Pope's R. of the L.
3. To contrive; to plot.
I found it to be the most malicious and frantick surmise, and
the most contrary to his nature, that, I think, had ever been
brewed from the beginning of the world, howsoever counte­
nanced by a libellous pamphlet of a fugitive physician, even in
print. Wotton.

To BREW. v. n. To perform the office of a brewer.
I keep his house, and wash, wring, brew, bake, scour, dress
meat, and make the beds, and do all myself. Shakesp.

BREW. n. s. [from the verb.] Manner of brewing; or thing
brewed.
Trial would be made of the like brew with potato roots, or
burr roots, or the pith of artichokes, which are nourishing
meats. Bacon's Natural History, No 47.

BRE'WAGE. n. s. [from brew.] Mixture of various things.
Go, brew me a pottle of sack finely.
———With eggs, Sir?———
—Simple of itself: I'll no pullet-sperm in my brewage.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

BRE'WER. n. s. [from brew.] A man whose profession it is to
make beer.
When brewers marr their malt with water. Sh. King Lear.
Men every day eat and drink, though I think no man can
demonstrate out of Euclid or Apollonius, that his baker, or
brewer, or cook, has not conveyed poison into his meat or
drink. Tillotson.

BRE'WHOUSE. n. s. [from brew and house.] A house appropri­
ated to brewing.
In our brewhouses, bakehouses, and kitchens, are made divers
drinks, breads, and meats. Bacon's New Atlantis.

BRE'WING. n. s. [from brew.] Quantity of liquour brewed.
A brewing of new beer, set by old beer, maketh it work
again. Bacon's Natural History, No 314.

BRE'WIS. n. s. A piece of bread soaked in boiling fat pot­
tage, made of salted meat.


BRI

BRI'AR. n. s. See BRIER.

BRIBE. n. s. [Bribe, in French, originally signifies a piece of
bread, and is applied to any piece taken from the rest; it is
therefore likely, that a bribe originally signified, among us, a
share of any thing unjustly got.] A reward given to pervert
the judgment, or corrupt the conduct.
You have condemn'd and noted Lucius Pella,
For taking bribes here of the Sardians. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Nor less may Jupiter to gold ascribe,
When he turn'd himself into a bribe. Waller.
If a man be covetous, profits or bribes may put him to the
test. L'Estrange.
There's joy when to wild will you laws prescribe,
When you bid fortune carry back her bribe. Dryden.

To BRIBE. v. a. [from the noun.] To gain by bribes; to give
bribes, rewards, or hire, to bad purposes. It is seldom, and
not properly, used in a good sense.
How pow'rful are chaste vows! the wind and tide
You brib'd to combat on the English side. Dryden.

BRI'BER. n. s. [from bribe.] One that pays for corrupt practices.
Affection is still a briber of the judgment; and it is hard for
a man to admit a reason against the thing he loves; or to con­
fess the force of an argument against an interest. South.

BRI'BERY. n. s. [from bribe.] The crime of taking rewards for
bad practices.
There was a law made by the Romans, against the bribery
and extortion of the governours of provinces: before, says Ci­
cero, the governours did bribe and extort as much as was
sufficient for themselves; but now they bribe and extort as
much as may be enough not only for themselves, but for judges,
jurors, and magistrates. Bacon.
No bribery of courts, or cabals of factions, or advantages of
fortune, can remove him from the solid foundations of honour
and fidelity. Dryden's Aurengz. Preface.

BRICK. n. s. [brick, Dutch; brique, Fr. according to Menage,
from imbrex, Lat. whence brica.]
1. A mass of burnt clay, squared for the use of builders.
For whatsoever doth so alter a body, as it returneth not a­
gain to that it was, may be called alteratio major; as coals
made of wood, or bricks of earth. Bacon's Natural History.
They generally gain enough by the rubbish and bricks, which
the present architects value much beyond those of a modern
make, to defray the charges of their search. Addison.
But spread, my sons, your glory thin or thick,
On passive paper, or on solid brick. Pope's Dunciad.
2. A loaf shaped like a brick.

To BRICK. v. a. [from the noun.] To lay with bricks.
The sexton comes to know where he is to be laid, and whe­
ther his grave is to be plain or bricked. Swift.

BRI'CKBAT. n. s. [from brick and bat.] A piece of brick.
Earthen bottles, filled with hot water, do provoke in bed a
sweat more daintily than brickbats hot. Bacon's Natural Hist.

BRI'CKCLAY. n. s. [from brick and clay.] Clay used for mak­
ing brick.
I have observed it only in pits wrought for tile and brickclay.
Woodward on Fossils.

BRI'CKDUST. n. s. [from brick and dust.] Dust made by pound­
ing bricks.
This ingenious authour, being thus sharp set, got together a
convenient quantity of brickdust, and disposed of it into several
papers. Spectator, No 283.

BRI'CKEARTH. n. s. [from brick and earth.] Earth used in
making bricks.


They grow very well both on the hazelly brickearths, and
on gravel. Mortimer.

BRICK-KILN. n. s. [from brick and kiln.] A kiln; a place to
burn bricks.
Like the Israelites in the brick-kilns, they multiplied the more
for their oppression. Decay of Piety.

BRI'CKLAYER. n. s. [from brick and lay.] A man whose trade
it is to build with bricks; a brick-mason.
The elder of them, being put to nurse,
And ignorant of his birth and parentage,
Became a bricklayer, when he came to age. Shakesp. H. VI.
If you had liv'd, Sir,
Time enough to have been interpreter
To Babel's bricklayers, sure the tow'r had stood. Donne.

BRI'CKMAKER. n. s. [from brick and make.] One whose trade
it is to make bricks.
They are common in clay-pits; but the brickmakers pick
them out of the clay. Woodward on Fossils.

BRI'DAL. adj. [from bride.] Belonging to a wedding; nuptial;
connubial.
Our wedding chear to a sad fun'ral feast,
Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,
Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse. Shakesp.
Come, I will bring thee to thy bridal chamber. Shakesp.
The amorous bird of night
Sung spousal, and bid haste the ev'ning star,
On his hill-top to light the bridal lamp. Parad. Lost, b. viii.
Your ill-meaning politician lords,
Under pretence of bridal friends and guests,
Appointed to await me thirty spies. Milton's Agonist. l. 1195.
When to my arms thou brought'st thy virgin love,
Fair angels sung our bridal hymn above. Dryden.
With all the pomp of woe, and sorrow's pride!
Oh, early lost! oh, fitter to be led
In chearful splendour to the bridal bed! Walsh.
For her the spouse prepares the bridal ring,
For her white virgins hymenæals sing. Pope's Eloisa to Abel.

BRI'DAL. n. s. The nuptial festival.
Nay, we must think, men are not gods;
Nor of them look for such observance always,
As fits the bridal. Shakesp. Othello.
Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky,
Sweet dews shall weep thy fall to-night;
For thou must die. Herbert.
In death's dark bow'rs our bridals we will keep,
And his cold hand
Shall draw the curtain when we go to sleep. Dryden.

BRIDE. n. s. [bryd, Saxon; brudur, in Runick, signifies a beau­
tiful woman.] A woman new married.
Help me mine own love's praises to resound,
Ne let the fame of any be envy'd;
So Orpheus did for his own bride. Spenser's Epithalamium.
The day approach'd, when fortune should decide
Th' important enterprize, and give the bride. Dryden's Fab.
These are tributes due from pious brides,
From a chaste matron, and a virtuous wife. Smith's Phædr.

BRI'DEBED. n. s. [from bride and bed.] Marriage-bed.
Now until the break of day,
Through this house each fairy stray;
To the best bridebed will we,
Which by us shall blessed be. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dr.
Would David's son, religious, just, and brave,
To the first bridebed of the world receive
A foreigner, a heathen, and a slave? Prior.

BRI'DECAKE. n. s. [from bride and cake.] A cake distributed to
the guests at the wedding.
With the phant'sies of hey-troll,
Troll about the bridal bowl,
And divide the broad bridecake
Round about the bride's stake. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
The writer, resolved to try his fortune, fasted all day, and,
that he might be sure of dreaming upon something at night,
procured an handsome slice of bridecake, which he placed very
conveniently under his pillow. Spectator, No 597.

BRI'DEGROOM. n. s. [from bride and groom.] A new married
man.
As are those dulcet sounds in break of day,
That creep into the dreaming bridegroom's ear,
And summon him to marriage. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Why, happy bridegroom!
Why dost thou steal so soon away to bed? Dryden.

BRI'DEMEN. n. s. The attendants on the bride and bride­
groom.

BRI'DEMAIDS. n. s. The attendants on the bride and bride­
groom.

BRI'DESTAKE. n. s. [from bride and stake.] It seems to be a
post set in the ground, to dance round, like a maypole.
And divide the broad bridecake,
Round about the bridestake. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.

BRI'DEWELL. n. s. [The palace built by St. Bride's, or Brid­
get's well, was turned into a workhouse.] A house of correction.
He would contribute more to reformation than all the work­
houses and Bridewells in Europe. Spectator, No 157.

BRIDGE. n. s. [bric, Saxon.]
1. A building raised over water for the convenience of passage.
What need the bridge much broader than the flood?
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
And proud Araxes, whom no bridge could bind. Dryden.
2. The upper part of the nose.
The raising gently the bridge of the nose, doth prevent the
deformity of a saddle nose. Bacon's Natural History, No 28.
3. The supporter of the strings in stringed instruments of musick.

To BRIDGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To raise a bridge over any
place.
Came to the sea; and over Hellespont
Bridging his way, Europe with Asia join'd. Par. Lost, b. x.

BRI'DLE. n. s. [bride, Fr.]
1. The headstall and reins by which a horse is restrained and go­
verned.
Creeping and crying, till they seiz'd at last
His courser's bridle, and his feet embrac'd. Dryden's Fables.
2. A restraint; a curb; a check.
The king resolved to put that place, which some men fancied
to be a bridle upon the city, into the hands of such a man as
he might rely upon. Clarendon.
A bright genius often betrays itself into many errours, with­
out a continual bridle on the tongue. Watts.

To BRI'DLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To restrain, or guide by a bridle.
I bridle in my struggling muse with pain,
That longs to launch into a bolder strain. Addison.
2. To put a bridle on any thing.
The queen of beauty stop'd her bridled doves;
Approv'd the little labour of the Loves. Prior.
3. To restrain; to govern.
The disposition of these things is committed to them, whom
law may at all times bridle, and superiour power controul.
Hooker, b. v. § 9.
With a strong, and yet a gentle hand,
You bridle faction, and our hearts command. Waller.

To BRI'DLE. v. n. To hold up the head.

BRI'DLEHAND. n. s. [from bridle and hand.] The hand which
holds the bridle in riding.
In the turning, one might perceive the bridlehand something
gently stir; but, indeed, so gently, as it did rather distil virtue
than use violence. Sidney, b. ii.
The heat of summer put his blood into a ferment, which
affected his bridlehand with great pain. Wiseman's Surgery.

BRIEF. adj. [brevis, Lat. brief, Fr.]
1. Short; concise. It is now seldom used but of words.
A play there is, my lord, some ten words long,
Which is as brief as I have known a play;
But by ten words, my lord, it is too long,
Which makes it tedious. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
I will be mild and gentle in my words.—
—And brief, good mother, for I am in haste. Shakesp. R. III.
I must begin with rudiments of art,
To teach you gamut in a briefer sort,
More pleasant, pretty, and effectual. Shakesp. Tam. Shrew.
They nothing doubt prevailing, and to make it brief wars.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The brief stile is that which expresseth much in little.
Ben. Johnson's Discovery.
If I had quoted more words, I had quoted more profane­
ness; and therefore Mr. Congreve has reason to thank me for
being brief. Collier's View of the Stage.
2. Contracted; narrow.
The shrine of Venus, or straight pight Minerva,
Postures beyond brief nature. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

BRIEF. n. s. [brief, Dutch, a letter.]
1. A writing of any kind.
There is a brief, how many sports are ripe:
Make choice of which your highness will see first. Shakesp.
The apostolical letters are of a twofold kind and difference,
viz. some are called briefs, because they are comprised in a
a short and compendious way of writing. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. A short extract, or epitome.
But how you must begin this enterprize,
I will your highness thus in brief advise. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I doubt not but I shall make it plain, as far as a sum or brief
can make a cause plain. Bacon's Holy War.
The brief of this transaction is, these springs that arise here,
are impregnated with vitriol. Woodward on Fossils.
3. In law.
A writ whereby a man is summoned to answer to any ac­
tion; or it is any precept of the king in writing, issuing out of
any court, whereby he commands any thing to be done. Cowel.
4. The writing given the pleaders, containing the case.
The brief with weighty crimes was charg'd,
On which the pleader much enlarg'd. Swift.
5. Letters patent, giving licence to a charitable collection for any
publick or private loss.
6. [In musick.] A measure of quantity, which contains two
strokes down in beating time, and as many up. Harris.

BRI'EFLY. adv. [from brief.] Concisely; in few words.


I will speak in that manner which the subject requires; that
is, probably, and moderately, and briefly. Bacon.
The modest queen a while, with downcast eyes,
Ponder'd the speech; then briefly thus replies. Dryden.

BRI'EFNESS. n. s. [from brief.] Conciseness; shortness.
They excel in grandity and gravity, in smoothness and pro­
priety, in quickness and briefness. Camden's Remains.

BRI'ER. n. s. [brær, Sax.] A plant.
The sweet and the wild sorts are both species of the rose;
which see.
What subtle hole is this,
Whose mouth is cover'd with rude growing briers? Shakesp.
Then thrice under a brier doth creep,
Which at both ends was rooted deep,
And over it three times doth leap;
Her magick much availing. Drayton's Nymphid.

BRI'ERY. adj. [from brier.] Rough; thorny; full of briers.

BRIG, and possibly also BRIX, is derived from the Saxon bricg,
a bridge; which, to this day, in the northern counties, is called
a brigg, and not a bridge. Gibson's Camden.

BRIGA'DE. n. s. [brigade, Fr. It is now generally pronounced
with the accent on the last syllable.] A division of forces; a
body of men, consisting of several squadrons of horse, or bat­
talions of foot.
Or fronted brigades form. Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Here the Bavarian duke his brigades leads,
Gallant in arms, and gaudy to behold. Philips.

BRIGA'DE Major. An officer appointed by the brigadier to as­
sist him in the management and ordering of his brigade; and
he there acts as as a major general does in an army. Harris.

BRIGADI'ER General. An officer who commands a brigade of
horse or foot in an army; next in order below a major general.

BRI'GAND. n. s. [brigand, Fr.] A robber; one that belongs to
a band of robbers.
There might be a rout of such barbarous theevish brigands
in some rocks; but it was a degeneration from the nature of
man, a political creature. Bramhal against Hobbes.

BRI'GANDINE. n. s. [from brigand.]

BRI'GANTINE. n. s. [from brigand.]
1. A light vessel; such as has been formerly used by corsairs or
pirates.
Like as a a warlike brigandine, apply'd
To fight, lays forth her threatful pikes afore
The engines, which in them sad death do hide. Spenser.
Scarce five years are past,
Since in your brigantine you sail'd to see
The Adriatick wedded. Otway's Venice Preserved.
The consul obliged him to deliver up his fleet, and restore
the ships, reserving only to himself two brigantines. Arbuthnot.
2. A coat of mail.
Then put on all thy gorgeous arms, thy helmet
And brigandine of brass, thy broad habergeon,
Vantbrass, and greves. Milton's Agonistes, l. 1119.

BRIGHT. adj. [beort, Saxon.]
1. Shining; glittering; full of light.
Through a cloud
Drawn round about thee like a radiant shrine,
Dark, with excessive bright, thy skirts appear. Par. L. b. iii.
Then shook the sacred shrine, and sudden light
Sprung through the vaulted roof, and made the temple bright.
Dryden.
2. Clear; evident.
He must not proceed too swiftly, that he may with more
ease, with brighter evidence, and with surer success, draw the
learner on. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Illustrious; as, a bright reign, a bright action.
4. Witty; acute; subtle; as a bright genius.

To BRI'GHTEN. v. a. [from bright.]
1. To make bright; to make to shine.
The purple morning rising with the year,
Salutes the spring, as her celestial eyes
Adorn the world, and brighten all the skies. Dryden.
2. To make luminous by light from without.
An ecstasy, that mothers only feel,
Plays round my heart, and brightens up my sorrow,
Like gleams of sunshine in a louring sky. Philips's D. Moth.
3. To make gay, or alert.
Hope elevates, and joy
Brightens his crest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 634.
4. To make illustrious.
The present queen would brighten her character, if she would
exert her authority to instil virtues into her people. Swift.
Yet time ennobles, or degrades each line;
It brighten'd Craggs's, and may darken thine. Pope.
5. To make acute, or witty.

To BRI'GHTEN. v. n. To grow bright; to clear up; as, the
sky brightens.

BRI'GHTLY. adv. [from bright.] Splendidly; with lustre.
Safely I slept, till brightly dawning shone
The morn conspicuous on her golden throne. Pope.

BRI'GHTNESS. n. s. [from bright.]
1. Lustre; splendour; glitter.
The blazing brightness of her beauty's beam,
And glorious light of her sun-shining face,
To tell, were as to strive against the stream. Fairy Q. b. i.
A sword, by long lying still, will contract a rust, which shall
deface its brightness. South.
Vex'd with the present moment's heavy gloom,
Why seek we brightness from the years to come? Prior.
2. Acuteness.
The brightness of his parts, the solidity of his judgment, and
the candour and generosity of his temper, distinguished him in
an age of great politeness. Prior.

BRI'LLIANCY. n. s. [from brilliant.] Lustre; splendour.

BRI'LLIANT. adj. [brillant, Fr.] Shining; sparkling; splen­
did; full of lustre.
So have I seen in larder dark
Of veal a lucid loin,
Replete with many a brilliant spark,
As wise philosophers remark,
At once both stink and shine. Dorset.

BRI'LLIANT. n. s. A diamond of the finest cut, formed into
angles, so as to refract the light, and shine more.
In deference to his virtues, I forbear
To shew you what the rest in orders were;
This brilliant is so spotless and so bright,
He needs not foil, but shines by his own proper light. Dryd.

BRI'LLIANTNESS. n. s. [from brilliant.] Splendour; lustre.

BRILLS. n. s. The hair on the eyelids of a horse. Dict.

BRIM. n. s. [brim, Icelandish.]
1. The edge of any thing.
His hat being in the form of a turban, daintily made, the
locks of his hair came down about the brims of it. Bacon.
2. The upper edge of any vessel.
To make the coming hours o'erflow with joy,
And pleasure down the brim. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
How my head in ointment swims!
How my cup o'erlooks her brims! Crashaw.
So when with crackling flames a cauldron fries,
The bubbling waters from the bottom rise,
Above the brims they force their firy way. Dryden's Æn.
Thus in a bason drop a shilling,
Then fill the vessel to the brim,
You shall observe, as you are filling,
The pond'rous metal seems to swim. Swift.
3. The top of any liquour.
The feet of the priests that bare the ark, were dipped in the
brim of the water. Josh. iii. 15.
4. The bank of a fountain.
It told me it was Cynthia's own,
Within whose cheerful brims
That curious nymph had oft been known
To bathe her snowy limbs. Drayton.

To BRIM. v. a. [from the noun.] To fill to the top.
May thy brimmed waves, for this,
Their full tribute never miss,
From a thousand rills. Milton.
This said, a double wreath Evander twin'd;
And poplars black and white his temples bind:
Then brims his ample bowl; with like design
The rest invoke the gods, with sprinkled wine. Dryden.

To BRIM. v. n. To be full to the brim.
Now horrid frays
Commence, the brimming glasses now are hurl'd
With dire intent. Philips.

BRI'MFUL. adj. [from brim and full.] Full to the top; over­
charged.
Measure my case, how by thy beauty's filling,
With seed of woes my heart brimful is charg'd. Sidney, b. i.
We have try'd the utmost of our friends;
Our legions are brimful, our cause is ripe. Shakesp. J. Cæs.
Her brimful eyes, that ready stood,
And only wanted will to weep a flood,
Releas'd their watry store. Dryden's Fables.
The good old king at parting wrung my hand,
His eyes brimful of tears; then sighing, cry'd,
Prithee, be careful of my son. Addison's Cato.

BRI'MFULNESS. n. s. [from brimful.] Fulness to the top.
The Scot, on his unfurnish'd kingdom,
Came pouring like a tide into a breach,
With ample and brimfulness of his force. Shakesp. Hen. V.

BRI'MMER. n. s. [from brim.] A bowl full to the top.
When healths go round, and kindly brimmers flow,
Till the fresh garlands on their foreheads glow. Dryden.

BRI'MMING. adj. [from brim.] Full to the brim.
And twice besides her beestings never fail,
To store the dairy with a brimming pail. Dryden.

BRI'MSTONE. n. s. [corrupted from brin or brenstone, that is,
firy stone.] Sulphur. See SULPHUR.
From his infernal furnace forth he threw
Huge flames, that dimmed all the heaven's light,
Enroll'd in duskish smoke and brimstone blue. Fairy Q. b. i.
This vapour is generally supposed to be sulphureous, though
I can see no reason for such a supposition: I put a whole bundle


of lighted brimstone matches to the smoke, they all went out in
an instant. Addison on Italy.

BRI'MSTONY. adj. [from brimstone.] Full of brimstone; con­
taining sulphur; sulphureous.

BRI'NDED. adj. [brin, Fr. a branch.] Streaked; tabby; mark­
ed with branches.
Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
She tam'd the brinded lioness,
And spotted mountain pard. Milton.
My brinded heifer to the stake I lay;
Two thriving calves she suckles twice a day. Dryden.

BRI'NDLE. n. s. [from brinded.] The state of being brinded.
A natural brindle. Clarissa.

BRI'NDLED. adj. [from brindle.] Brinded; streaked.
The boar, my sisters! aim the fatal dart,
And strike the brindled monster to the heart. Addison's Ovid.

BRINE. n. s. 
1. Water impregnated with salt.
The encreasing of the weight of water, will encrease its
power of bearing; as we see brine, when it is salt enough, will
bear an egg. Bacon's Nat. History, No 790.
Dissolve the sheeps dung in water, and add to it as much salt
as will make it a strong brine, in this liquour, to steep your
corn. Mortimer.
2. The sea.
All, but mariners,
Plung'd in the foaming brine, did quit the vessel,
Then all afire with me. Shakesp. Tempest.
The air was calm, and, on the level brine,
Sleek Panope, with all her sisters, play'd. Milton.
As when two adverse winds
Engage with horrid shock, the ruffled brine
Roars stormy. Philips.
3. Tears.
What a deal of brine
Hath wash'd thy fallow cheeks for Rosaline! Shakesp.

BRI'NEPIT. n. s. [from brine and pit.] Pit of salt water.
Then I lov'd thee,
And shew'd thee all the qualities o' th' isle,
The fresh springs, brinepits, barren place, and fertile.
Shakesp. Tempest.

To BRING. v. a. [bringan, Sax. preter. I brought; part. pass.
brought; broht, Sax.]
1. To fetch from another place; distinguished from to carry, or
convey, to another place.
I was the chief that rais'd him to the crown,
And I'll be chief to bring him down again. Shakesp. H. VI.
And as she was going to fetch it, he called to her, and said,
Bring me, I pray thee, a morsel of bread in thy hand.
1 Kings, xvii. 11.
A registry of lands may furnish easy securities of money,
that shall be brought over by strangers. Temple.
2. To convey in one's own hand; not to send by another.
And if my wish'd alliance please your king,
Tell him he should not send the peace, but bring. Dryden.
3. To produce; to procure.
There is nothing will bring you more honour, and more ease,
than to do what right in justice you may. Bacon.
4. To cause to come.
He protests he loves you,
And needs no other suitor, but his liking
To bring you in again. Shakesp. Othello.
There is but one God, who made heaven and earth, and sea
and winds; but the folly and madness of mankind brought in
the images of gods. Stillingfleet.
The fountains of the great deep being broke open, so as a
general destruction and devastation was brought upon the earth,
and all things in it. Burnet's Theory.
Bring back gently their wandering minds, by going before
them in the train they should pursue, without any rebuke. Locke.
The great question, which, in all ages, has disturbed man­
kind, and brought on them those mischiefs. Locke.
5. To introduce.
Since he could not have a seat among them himself, he would
bring in one, who had more merit. Tatler, No 81.
6. To reduce; to recal.
Nathan's fable had so good an effect, as to bring the man af­
ter God's own heart to a right sense of his guilt. Spect. No 83.
7. To attract; to draw along.
In distillation, the water ascends difficultly, and brings over
with it some part of the oil of vitriol. Newton's Opticks.
8. To put into any particular state or circumstances, to make
liable to any thing.
Having got the way of reasoning, which that study necessa­
rily brings the mind to, they might be able to transfer it to other
parts of knowledge, as they shall have occasion. Locke.
The question for bringing the king to justice was immediately
put, and carried without any opposition, that I can find.
Swift's Presbyterian Plea.
9. To conduct.
A due consideration of the vanities of the world, will natu­
rally bring us to the contempt of it; and the contempt of the
world will as certainly bring us home to ourselves. L'Estrange.
The understanding should be brought to the difficult and
knotty parts of knowledge, by insensible degrees. Locke.
10. To recal; to summons.
But those, and more than I to mind can bring,
Menalcas has not yet forgot to sing. Dryden.
11. To induce; to prevail upon.
The nature of the things, contained in those words, would
not suffer him to think otherwise, how, or whensoever, he is
brought to reflect on them. Locke.
It seems so preposterous a thing to men, to make themselves
unhappy in order to happiness, that they do not easily bring
themselves to it. Locke.
Profitable employments would be no less a diversion than any
of the idle sports in fashion, if men could but be brought to de­
light in them. Locke.
12. To bring about. [See ABOUT.] To bring to pass; to effect.
This he conceives not hard to bring about,
If all of you would join to help him out. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
This turn of mind threw off the oppositions of envy and
competition; it enabled him to gain the most vain and im­
practicable into his designs, and to bring about several great
events, for the advantage of the publick. Addison's Freeholder.
13. To bring forth. To give birth to; to produce.
The good queen,
For she is good, hath brought you forth a daughter:
Here 'tis; commends it to your blessing. Shakesp.
More wonderful
Than that which, by creation, first brought forth
Light out of darkness! Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 472.
Bewail thy falsehood, and the pious works
It hath brought forth, to make thee memorable
Among illustrious women, faithful wives. Milton's Agonist.
Bellona leads thee to thy lover's hand,
Another queen brings forth another brand,
To burn with foreign fires her native land!
Dryden, Æneid vii. l. 444.
Idleness and luxury bring forth poverty and want; and this
tempts men to injustice; and that causeth enmity and animo­
sity. Tillotson.
The value of land is raised, when it is fitted to bring forth a
greater quantity of any valuable product. Locke.
14. To bring forth. To bring to light.
The thing that is hid, bringeth he forth to light.
Job, xxviii. 11.
15. To bring in. To reduce.
Send over into that realm such a strong power of men, as
should perforce bring in all that rebellious rout, and loose peo­
ple. Spenser on Ireland.
16. To bring in. To afford gain.
The sole measure of all his courtesies is, what return they will
make him, and what revenue they will bring him in. South.
Trade brought us in plenty and riches. Locke.
17. To bring in. To introduce.
Entertain no long discourse with any; but, if you can, bring
in something to season it with religion. Taylor.
The fruitfulness of Italy and the like, are not brought in by
force, but naturally rise out of the argument. Addison.
Quotations are best brought in, to confirm some opinion
controverted. Swift.
18. To bring off. To clear; to procure to be acquitted; to
cause to escape.
I trusted to my head, that has betrayed me; and I found
fault with my legs, that would otherwise have brought me off.
L'Estrange.
Set a kite upon the bench, and it is forty to one he'll bring
off a crow at the bar. L'Estrange.
The best way to avoid this imputation, and to bring off the
credit of our understanding, is to be truly religious. Tillotson.
19. To bring on. To engage in action.
If there be any that would reign, and take up all the time,
let him find means to take them off, and bring others on.
Bacon, Essay 36.
20. To bring over. To convert; to draw to a new party.
This liberty should be made use of upon few occasions, of
small importance, and only with a view of bringing over his
own side, another time, to something of greater and more
publick moment. Swift on the Sentiments of a Ch. of Engl. man.
The protestant clergy will find it, perhaps, no difficult mat­
ter to bring great numbers over to the church. Swift.
21. To bring out. To exhibit; to shew.
If I make not this cheat bring out another, and the shearers
prove sheep, let me be unrolled. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Which he could bring out, where he had,
And what he bought them for, and paid. Hudibras.
These shake his soul, and, as they boldly press,
Bring out his crimes, and force him to confess. Dryden.
Another way made use of, to find the weight of the dena­
rii, was by the weight of Greek coins; but those experiments
bring out the denarius heavier. Arbuthnot.
22. To bring under. To subdue; to repress.
That sharp course which you have set down, for the bringing


under of those rebels of Ulster, and preparing a way for their
perpetual reformation. Spenser's Ireland.
To say, that the more capable, or the better deserver, hath
such right to govern, as he may compulsorily bring under the
less worthy, is idle. Bacon's Holy War.
23. To bring up. To educate; to instruct; to form.
The well bringing up of the people, serves as a most sure
bond to hold them. Sidney, b. i.
He that takes upon him the charge of bringing up young
men, especially young gentlemen, should have something more
in him than Latin. Locke.
They frequently conversed with this lovely virgin, who had
been brought up by her father in the same course of knowledge.
Addison. Guardian, No 167.
24. To bring up. To bring into practice.
Several obliging deferences, condescensions, and submissions,
with many outward forms and ceremonies, were first of all
brought up among the politer part of mankind, who lived in
courts and cities. Spectator, No 119.
25. To bring up. To cause to advance.
Bring up your army; but, I think, you'll find,
They've not prepar'd for us. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BRI'NGER. n. s. [from bring.] The person that brings any thing.
Yet the first bringer of unwelcome news
Hath but a losing office: and his tongue
Sounds ever after as a sullen bell,
Remember'd tolling a dead friend. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Best you see safe the bringer
Out of the host: I must attend mine office. Shakesp.

BRI'NGER UP. Instructor; educator.
Italy and Rome have been breeders and bringers up of the
worthiest men. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

BRI'NISH. adj. [from brine.] Having the taste of brine; salt.
Nero would be tainted with remorse
To hear and see her plaints, her brinish tears. Shakesp.
For now I stand, as one upon a rock,
Environ'd with a wilderness of sea,
Who marks the waxing tide grow wave by wave;
Expecting ever when some envious surge
Will, in his brinish bowels, swallow him. Shakesp. T. Andr.

BRI'NISHNESS. n. s. [from brinish.] Saltness; tendency to salt­
ness.

BRINK. n. s. [brink, Danish.] The edge of any place, as of a
precipice or a river.
Th' amazed flames stand gather'd in a heap,
And from the precipice's brink retire,
Afraid to venture on so large a leap. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
We stand therefore on the brinks and confines of those states
at the day of doom. Atterbury.
So have I seen, from Severn's brink,
A flock of geese jump down together;
Swim where the bird of Jove wou'd sink,
And, swimming, never wet a feather. Swift.

BRI'NY. adj. [from brine.] Salt.
He, who first the passage try'd,
In harden'd oak his heart did hide;
Or his, at least, in hollow wood,
Who tempted first the briny flood. Dryden.
Then, briny seas, and tasteful springs, farewel,
Where fountain nymphs, confus'd with Nereïds, dwell.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
A muriatick or briny taste seems to be produced by a mixture
of an acid and alkaline salt; for spirit of salt, and salt of tartar,
mixed, produce a salt like sea salt. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BRI'ONY. See BRYONY.

BRISK. adj. [brusque, Fr.]
1. Lively; vivacious; gay; sprightly; applied to men.
Pr'ythee, die, and set me free,
Or else be
Kind and brisk, and gay like me. Sir J. Denham.
A creeping young fellow, that had committed matrimony
with a brisk gamesome lass, was so altered in a few days, that he
was liker a sceleton than a living man. L'Estrange.
Why shou'd all honour then be ta'en
From lower parts, to load the brain:
When other limbs we plainly see,
Each in his way, as brisk as he? Prior.
2. Powerful; spirituous.
Our nature here is not unlike our wine;
Some sorts, when old, continue brisk and fine. Denham.
Under ground, the rude Riphæan race
Mimick brisk cyder, with the brake's product wild,
Sloes pounded, hips, and servis' harshest juice. Philips.
It must needs be some exteriour cause, and the brisk acting of
some objects without me, whose efficacy I cannot resist. Locke.
3. Vivid; bright.
Objects appeared much darker, because my instrument was
overcharged; had it magnified thirty or twenty five times, it
would have made the object appear more brisk and pleasant.
Newton's Opticks.

To BRISK UP. v. n. To come up briskly.

BRI'SKET. n. s. [brichet, Fr.] The breast of an animal.
See that none of the wool be wanting, that their gums be
red, teeth white and even, and the brisket skin red. Mortimer.

BRI'SKLY. adv. [from brisk.] Actively; vigorously.
We have seen the air in the bladder suddenly expand itself so
much, and so briskly, that it manifestly lifted up some light bo­
dies that leaned upon it. Boyle.
I could plainly perceive the creature to suck in many of the
most minute animalcula, that were swimming briskly about in
the water. Ray on the Creation.

BRI'SKNESS. n. s. [from brisk.]
1. Liveliness; vigour; quickness.
Some remains of corruption, though they do not conquer
and extinguish, yet will slacken and allay the vigour and brisk­
ness of the renewed principle. South.
2. Gayety.
But the most distinguishing part of his character seems to
me, to be his briskness, his jollity, and his good humour. Dryd.

BRI'STLE. n. s. [bristl, Sax.] The stiff hair of swine.
I will not open my lips so wide as a bristle may enter. Shakesp.
He is covered with hair, and not, as the boar, with bristles,
which probably spend more upon the same matter which, in
other creatures, makes the horns; for bristles seem to be no­
thing else but a horn split into a multitude of little ones. Grew.
Two boars whom love to battle draws,
With rising bristles, and with frothy jaws,
Their adverse breasts with tusks oblique they wound. Dryd.

To BRI'STLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To erect in bristles.
Now for the bare-pickt bone of majesty,
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest,
And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace. Shakesp. K. John.
Which makes him plume himself, and bristle up
The crest of youth against your dignity. Shakesp. H. IV.

To BRI'STLE. v. n. To stand erect as bristles.
Be it ounce, or cat, or bear,
Pard, or boar with bristled hair,
In thy eye that shall appear,
When thou wak'st, it is thy dear. Shakesp. Midsum. N. Dr.
Stood Theodore surpriz'd in deadly fright,
With chatt'ring teeth, and bristling hair upright;
Yet arm'd with inborn worth. Dryden's Fables.
Thy hair so bristles with unmanly fears,
As fields of corn that rise in bearded ears. Dryden's Persius.

To BRISTLE a thread. To fix a bristle to it.

BRI'STLY. adj. [from bristle.] Thick set with bristles.
The leaves of the black mulberry are somewhat bristly,
which may help to preserve the dew. Bacon's Natural Hist.
If the eye were so acute as to rival the finest microscope, the
sight of our own selves would affright us; the smoothest skin
would be beset all over with rugged scales and bristly hairs.
Bentley.
Thus mastful beech the bristly chesnut bears,
And the wild ash is white with bloomy pears. Dryden's Virg.
The careful master of the swine,
Forth hasted he to tend his bristly care. Pope's Odyss. b. xiv.

BRI'STOL STONE. A kind of soft diamond found in a rock near
the city of Bristol.
Of this kind of crystal are the better and larger sort of Bristol
stones, and the Kerry stones of Ireland. Woodward.

BRIT. n. s. The name of a fish.
The pilchards were wont to pursue the brit, upon which
they feed, into the havens. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

To BRITE. v. n. Barley, wheat, or hops, are said to brite,
when they grow over-ripe. Dict.

To BRIGHT. v. n. Barley, wheat, or hops, are said to brite,
when they grow over-ripe. Dict.

BRI'TTLE. adj. [brittan, Saxon.] Fragile; apt to break; not
tough.
The wood of vines is very durable; though no tree hath the
twigs, while they are green, so brittle, yet the wood dried is
extremely tough. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 622.
From earth all came, to earth must all return,
Frail as the cord, and brittle as the urn. Prior.
Of airy pomp, and fleeting joys,
What does the busy world conclude at best,
But brittle goods, that break like glass? Granville.
If the stone is brittle, it will often crumble, and pass in the
form of gravel. Arbuthnot on Diet.

BRI'TTLENESS. n. s. [from brittle.] Aptness to break; fra­
gility.
A wit quick without brightness, sharp without brittleness.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Artificers, in the tempering of steel, by holding it but a mi­
nute or two longer or lesser in the flame, give it very differing
tempers, as to brittleness or toughness. Boyle.

BRIZE. n. s. The gadfly.
A brize, a scorned little creature,
Through his fair hide his angry sting did threaten. Spenser.


BRO

BROACH. n. s. [broche, Fr.]
1. A spit.
He was taken into service in his court, to a base office in his
kitchen; so that he turned a broach, that had worn a crown.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Whose offered entrails shall his crime reproach,
And drip their fatness from the hazle broach. Dryden's Virgil.


2. A musical instrument, the sounds of which are made by turn­
ing round a handle. Dict.
3. [With hunters.] A start of the head of a young stag, growing
sharp like the end of a spit. Dict.

To BROACH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To spit; to pierce as with a spit.
As by a low but loving likelihood,
Were now the general of our gracious empress,
As in good time he may, from Ireland coming,
Bringing rebellion broached on his sword. Shakesp. Henry V.
He felled men as one would mow hay, and sometimes
broached a great number of them upon his pike, as one would
carry little birds spitted upon a stick. Hakewell on Providence.
2. To pierce a vessel in order to draw the liquour; to tap.
3. To open any store.
I will notably provide, that you shall want neither weapons,
victuals, nor aid; I will open the old armouries, I will broach
my store, and bring forth my stores. Knolles's History.
4. To give out, or utter any thing.
This errour, that Pison was Ganges, was first broached by Jo­
sephus. Raleigh.
Those who were the chief instruments of raising the noise,
made use of those very opinions themselves had broached, for
arguments to prove, that the change of ministers was dange­
rous. Swift's Examiner, No 45.
5. To let out any thing.
And now the field of death, the lists,
Were enter'd by antagonists,
And blood was ready to be broach'd,
When Hudibras in haste approach'd. Hudibras, cant. ii.

BRO'ACHER. n. s. [from broach.]
1. A spit.
The youth approach'd the fire, and, as it burn'd,
On five sharp broachers rank'd, the roast they turn'd;
These morsels stay'd their stomachs. Dryden.
2. An opener, or utterer of any thing; the first authour.
There is much pride and vanity in the affectation of being
the first broacher of an heretical opinion. L'Estrange.
Numerous parties denominate themselves, not from the grand
Authour and Finisher of our faith, but from the first broacher
of their idolized opinions. Decay of Piety.
This opinion is commonly, but falsely, ascribed to Aristotle,
not as its first broacher, but as its ablest patron. Cheyne.

BROAD. adj. [brad, Saxon.]
1. Wide; extended in breadth; distinguished from length.
The weeds that his broad spreading leaves did shelter,
Are pull'd up root and all by Bolingbroke. Shakesp. R. II.
The top may be justly said to grow broader, as the bottom
narrower. Temple.
Of all your knowledge this vain fruit you have,
To walk with eyes broad open to your grave. Dryden.
So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow,
With vigour drawn, must send the shaft below,
The bottom was full twenty fathom broad. Dryden's Fables.
He launch'd the firy bolt from pole to pole,
Broad burst the lightnings, deep the thunders roll. Pope.
As cloath'd in cloudy storm,
Weak, wan, and broad, he skirts the southern sky. Thomson.
2. Large.
To keep him at a distance from falsehood and cunning, which
has always a broad mixture of falsehood; this is the fittest pre­
paration of a child for wisdom. Locke.
3. Clear; open.
In mean time he, with cunning to conceal
All thought of this from others, himself bore
In broad house, with the wooers us before. Chapman's Odyss.
It no longer seeks the shelter of night and darkness, but ap­
pears in the broadest light. Decay of Piety.
If children were left alone in the dark, they would be no
more afraid than in broad sunshine. Locke.
4. Gross; coarse.
The reeve and the miller are distinguished from each other,
as much as the lady prioress and the broad speaking gap-toothed
wife of Bath. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Love made him doubt his broad barbarian sound;
By love, his want of words and wit he found. Dryden.
If open vice be what you drive at,
A name so broad will ne'er connive at. Dryden's Albion.
The broadest mirth unfeeling folly wears,
Less pleasing far than virtue's very tears. Pope.
Room for my lord! three jockeys in his train;
Six huntsmen with a shout precede his chair;
He grins, and looks broad nonsense with a stare. Pope.
5. Obscene; fulsom; tending to obscenity.
As chaste and modest as he is esteemed, it cannot be denied,
but in some places he is broad and fulsome. Dryden's Juv. Ded.
Though, now arraign'd, he read with some delight;
Because he seems to chew the cud again,
When his broad comment makes the text too plain. Dryden.
6. Bold; not delicate; not reserved.
Who can speak broader than he that has no house to put his
head in? Such may rail against great buildings. Shakesp.
From broad words, and 'cause he fail'd
His presence at the tyrant's feast, I hear,
Macduff lives in disgrace. Shakesp. Macbeth.

BROAD as long. Equal upon the whole.
The mobile are still for levelling; that is to say, for advanc­
ing themselves: for it is as broad as long, whether they rise to
others, or bring others down to them. L'Estrange.

BROAD-CLOTH. n. s. [from broad and cloth.] A fine kind of
cloath.
Thus, a wise taylor is not pinching;
But turns at ev'ry seam an inch in:
Or else, be sure, your broad-cloth breeches
Will ne'er be smooth, nor hold their stitches. Swift.

BROAD-EYED. adj. [from broad and eye.] Having a wide survey.
In despite of broad-ey'd watchful day,
I would into thy bosom pour my thoughts:
But, ah! I will not. Shakesp. King John.

BROAD-LEAVED. adj. [from broad and leaf.] Having broad
leaves.
Narrow and broad-leaved cyprus-grass of the same sort.
Woodward on Fossils.

To BRO'ADEN. v. n. [from broad.] To grow broad. I know
not whether this word occurs, but in the following passage.
Low walks the sun, and broadens by degrees,
Just o'er the verge of day. Thomson's Summer, l. 1605.

BRO'ADLY. adv. [from broad.] In a broad manner.

BRO'ADNESS. n. s. [from broad.]
1. Breadth; extent from side to side.
2. Coarseness; fulsomness.
I have used the cleanest metaphor I could find, to palliate
the broadness of the meaning. Dryden.

BRO'ADSHOULDERED. adj. [from broad and shoulder.] Having
a large space between the shoulders.
Big-bon'd, and large of limbs, with sinews strong,
Broadshouldered, and his arms were round and long. Dryden.
I am a tall, broadshouldered, impudent, black fellow; and, as
I thought, every way qualified for a rich widow. Spectator.

BRO'ADSIDE. n. s. [from broad and side.]
1. The side of a ship, distinct from the head or stern.
From vaster hopes than this he seem'd to fall,
That durst attempt the British admiral:
From her broadsides a ruder flame is thrown,
Than from the firy chariot of the sun. Waller.
2. The volly of shot fired at once from the side of a ship.
3. [In printing.] A sheet of paper containing one large page.

BRO'ADSWORD. n. s. [from broad and sword.] A cutting sword,
with a broad blade.
He, in fighting a duel, was run through the thigh with a
broadsword. Wiseman.

BRO'ADWISE. adv. [from broad and wise.] According to the
direction of the breadth.
If one should, with his hand, thrust a piece of iron broadwise
against the flat cieling of his chamber, the iron would not fall
as long as the force of the hand perseveres to press against it.
Boyle.

BROCA'DE. n. s. [brocado, Span.] A silken stuff, variegated
with colours of gold or silver.
I have the conveniency of buying and importing rich bro­
cades. Spectator, No 288.
Or stain her honour, or her new brocade,
Forget her pray'rs, or miss a masquerade. Pope.

BROCA'DED. adj. [from brocade.]
1. Drest in brocade.
2. Woven in the manner of a brocade.
Should you the rich brocaded suit unfold,
Where rising flow'rs grow stiff with frosted gold. Gay.

BRO'CAGE. n. s. [from broke.]
1. The gain gotten by promoting bargains.
Yet sure his honesty
Got him small gains, but shameless flattery,
And filthy brocage, and unseemly shifts,
And borrow base, and some good ladies gifts. Spenser.
2. The hire given for any unlawful office.
As for the politick and wholesome laws, they were inter­
preted to be but brocage of an usurer, thereby to woo and win
the hearts of the people. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. The trade of dealing in old things.
Poor poet ape, that would be thought our chief,
Whose works are e'en the frippery of wit,
From brocage is become so bold a thief,
As we, the rob'd, leave rage, and pity it. Ben. Johnson.
So much as the quantity of money is lessened, so much must
the share of every one that has a right to this money be the less,
whether he be landholder, for his goods, or labourer, for his
hire, or merchant, for his brocage. Locke.

BRO'CCOLI. n. s. [Ital.] See CABBAGE; of which it is a species.
Content with little, I can piddle here,
On broccoli and mutton round the year;
But ancient friends, tho' poor or out of play,
That touch my bell, I cannot turn away. Pope.

To BROCHE. See To BROACH.


So Geoffry of Boullion, at one draught of his bow, shoot­
ing against David's tower in Jerusalem, broched three feetless
birds. Camden's Remains.

BROCK. n. s. [broc, Saxon.] A badger.

BRO'CKET. n. s. A red deer, two years old.

BROGUE. n. s. [brog, Irish.]
1. A kind of shoe.
I thought he slept; and put
My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness
Answer'd my steps too loud. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Sometimes it is given out, that we must either take three
halfpence, or eat our brogues. Swift.
2. A cant word for a corrupt dialect, or manner of pronuncia­
tion.

To BRO'IDER. v. a. [brodir, Fr.] To adorn with figures of
needle-work.
A robe and a broidered coat, and a girdle. Exodus, xxviii. 4.
Infant Albion lay
In mantles broider'd o'er with gorgeous pride. Tickell.

BRO'IDERY. n. s. [from broider.] Embroidery; flower-work;
additional ornaments wrought upon cloath.
The golden broidery tender Milkah wove,
The breast to Kenna sacred, and to love,
Lie rent and mangled. Tickell.

BROIL. n. s. [brouiller, Fr.] A tumult; a quarrel.
Say to the king thy knowledge of the broil,
As thou didst leave it. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He has sent the sword both of civil broils, and publick war,
amongst us. Wake.
Rude were their revels, and obscene their joys,
The broils of drunkards, and the lust of boys. Granville.

To BROIL. v. a. [bruler, Fr.] To dress or cook by laying on
the coals, or before the fire.
Some strip the skin, some portion out the spoil,
Some on the fire the reeking entrails broil. Dryden's Æneid.

To BROIL. v. n. To be in the heat.
Where have you been broiling?—
——Among the croud i' th' abbey, where a finger
Could not be wedg'd in more. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Long ere now all the planets and comets had been broiling in
the sun, had the world lasted from all eternity. Cheyne.

To BROKE. v. n. [of uncertain etymology. Skinner seems in­
clined to derive it from to break, because broken men turn fac­
tors or brokers. Casanbon, from ϖϱὰτειν. Skinner thinks, again,
that it may be contracted from procurer. Mr. Lye more pro­
bably deduces it from bruccan, Sax. to be busy.] To transact
business for others, or by others. It is used generally in re­
proach.
He does, indeed,
And brokes with all that can, in such a suit,
Corrupt the tender honour of a maid. Shakesp.
The gains of bargains are of a more doubtful nature, when
men should wait upon other's necessity; broke by servants and
instruments to draw them on. Bacon.

BRO'KING. particip. adj. In the broker's hands.
Redeem from broking pawn the blemish'd crown,
Wipe off the dust that hides our sceptre's gilt. Shakesp.

BRO'KEN. [particip. pass. of break.]
Preserve men's wits from being broken with the very bent of
so long attention. Hooker.

BRO'KEN MEAT. Fragments; meat that has been cut.
Get three or four chairwomen to attend you constantly in
the kitchen, whom you pay at small charges; only with the
broken meat, a few coals, and all the cinders. Swift.

BRO'KENHEARTED. adj. [from broken and heart.] Having the
spirits crushed by grief or fear.
He hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted. Isa. lxi. 1.

BRO'KENLY. adv. [from broken.] Without any regular series.
Sir Richard Hopkins hath done somewhat of this kind, but
brokenly and glancingly; intending chiefly a discourse of his
own voyage. Hakewell on Providence.

BRO'KER. n. s. [from to broke.]
1. A factor; one that does business for another; one that makes
bargains for another.
Brokers, who, having no stock of their own, set up and trade
with that of other men; buying here, and selling there, and
commonly abusing both sides, to make out a little paultry gain.
Temple.
Some South-sea broker, from the city,
Will purchase me, the more's the pity;
Lay all my fine plantations waste,
To fit them to his vulgar taste. Swift.
2. One who deals in old houshold goods.
3. A pimp; a match-maker.
A goodly broker!
Dare you presume to harbour wanton lines?
To whisper and conspire against my youth? Shakesp.
In chusing for yourself, you shew'd your judgment;
Which being shallow, you shall give me leave
To play the broker in mine own behalf. Shakesp. Henry VI.

BRO'KERAGE. n. s. [from broker.] The pay or reward of a
broker. See BROCAGE.

BRO'NCHOCELE. n. s. [βρογϰοϰήλη.] A tumour of that part of
the aspera arteria, called the bronchus. Quincy.

BRO'NCHIAL. adj. [βρόγϰ.] Belonging to the throat.

BRO'NCHICK. adj. [βρόγϰ.] Belonging to the throat.
Inflammation of the lungs may happen either in the bronchial
or pulmonary vessels, and may soon be communicated from one
to the other, when the inflammation affects both the lobes.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

BRONCHO'TOMY. n. s. [βρόγϰ and τέμνω.] That operation
which opens the windpipe by incision, to prevent suffocation in
a quinsey. Quincy.
The operation of bronchotomy is an incision made into the
aspera arteria, to make way for the air into the lungs, when re­
spiration is obstructed by any tumour compressing the larynx.
Sharp's Surgery.

BROND. n. s. See BRAND.
Foolish old man, said then, the pagan wroth,
That weenest words or charms may force withstond,
Soon shalt thou see, and then believe for troth,
That I can carve with this enchanted brond. Fairy Q. b. ii.

BRONTO'LOGY. n. s. [βϱοντὴ and λογία.] A dissertation upon
thunder. Dict.

BRONZE. n. s. [bronze, Fr.]
1. Brass.
Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo! Henley stands,
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands. Pope's Dunc.
2. A medal.
I view with anger and disdain,
How little gives thee joy or pain;
A print, a bronze, a flower, a root,
A shell, a butterfly can do't. Prior.

BROOCH. n. s. [broke, Dutch.]
1. A jewel; an ornament of jewels.
Ay, marry, our chains and our jewels.—
Your brooches, pearls, and owches. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Richly suited, but unseasonable; just like the brooch and the
toothpick, which we wear not now. Shakesp.
I know him well; he is the brooch, indeed,
And gem of all the nation. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. [With painters.] A painting all of one colour. Dict.

To BROOCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn with jewels.
Not th' imperious shew
Of the full-fortun'd Cæsar, ever shall
Be brooch'd with me. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

To BROOD. v. n. [brædan, Saxon.]
1. To sit on eggs; to hatch them.
Thou from the first
Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread,
Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss,
And mad'st it pregnant. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i. l. 21.
Here nature spreads her fruitful sweetness round,
Breathes on the air, and broods upon the ground. Dryden.
2. To cover chickens under the wing.
Exalted hence, and drunk with secret joy,
Their young succession all their cares employ;
They breed, they brood, instruct and educate,
And make provision for the future state. Dryden's Virgil.
Find out some uncouth cell,
Where brooding darkness spreads his jealous wings,
And the night raven sings. Milton.
3. To watch, or consider any thing anxiously.
Defraud their clients, and, to lucre sold,
Sit brooding on unprofitable gold,
Who dare not give. Dryden's Æneid.
As rejoicing misers
Brood o'er their precious stores of secret gold. Smith's Phædr.
4. To mature any thing by care.
It was the opinion of Clinias, as if there were ever amongst
nations a brooding of a war, and that there is no sure league but
impuissance to do hurt. Bacon's War with Spain.

To BROOD. v. a. To cherish by care; to hatch.
Of crouds afraid, yet anxious when alone,
You'll sit and brood your sorrows on a throne. Dryden.

BROOD. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Offspring; progeny.
The heavenly father keep his brood
From foul infection of so great a vice. Fairfax, b. i.
With terrours, and with clamours compass'd round,
Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed. Par. L. b. ii.
Or any other of that heav'nly brood,
Let down in cloudy throne to do the world some good.
Milton.
Ælian discourses of storks, and their affection toward their
brood, whom they instruct to fly. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Generation.
Have you forgotten Libya's burning wastes,
Its barren rocks, parch'd earth, and hills of sand,
Its tainted air, and all its broods of poison? Addison's Cato.
3. A hatch; the number hatched at once.
I was wonderfully pleased to see the different workings of
instinct in a hen followed by a brood of ducks. Spect. No 121.
4. Something brought forth; a production.


Such things become the hatch and brood of time. Shakesp.
5. The act of covering the eggs.
Something's in his soul,
O'er which his melancholy sits on brood;
And I doubt the hatch and the disclose
Will be some danger. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BRO'ODY. adj. [from brood.] In a state of sitting on the eggs;
inclined to sit.
The common hen, all the while she is broody, sits, and leads
her chickens, and uses a voice which we call clocking. Ray.

BROOK. n. s. [broc, or broca, Saxon.] A running water, less
than a river; a rivulet.
A substitute shines brightly as a king,
Until a king be by; and then his state
Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Or many grateful altars I would rear,
Of grassy turf; and pile up every stone,
Of lustre, from the brook; in memory,
Of monument to ages. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 325.
And to Cephisus' brook their way pursue:
The stream was troubled, but the ford they knew. Dryden.
Springs make little rivulets; those united, make brooks; and
those coming together, make rivers, which empty themselves
into the sea. Locke.

To BROOK. v. a. [brucan, Sax.] To bear; to endure; to
support.
Even they, which brook it worst, that men should tell them
of their duties, when they are told the same by a law, think
very well and reasonably of it. Hooker, b. i.
A thousand more mischances than this one,
Have learn'd me to brook this patiently. Shakesp. T. G. of Ver.
How use doth breed a habit in a man!
This shadowy desart, unfrequented woods,
I better brook than flourishing peopl'd towns. Shakesp.
Heav'n, the seat of bliss,
Brooks not the works of violence, and war. Par. Lost, b. vi.
Most men can much rather brook their being reputed knaves,
than for their honesty be accounted fools. South.
Restraint thou wilt not brook; but think it hard,
Your prudence is not trusted as your guard. Dryden.

To BROOK. v. n. To endure; to be content.
He, in these wars, had flatly refused his aid; because he
could not brook, that the worthy prince Plangus was, by his
chosen Tiridates, preferred before him. Sidney's Arcadia.

BRO'OKLIME. n. s. [becabunga, Lat.] A sort of water speed­
well; very common in ditches.

BROOM. n. s. [brom, Saxon.]
1. This tree hath a papilionaceous flower, whose pointal, which
rises from the flower-cup, afterward becomes a short, roundish,
swelling pod, containing, for the most part, one kidney-shaped
seed in each. Millar.
Ev'n humble broom, and osiers, have their use,
And shade for sheep, and food for flocks, produce. Dryden.
2. A besom; so called from the matter of which it is made.
Not a mouse
Shall disturb this hallow'd house;
I am sent with broom before,
To sweep the dust behind the door. Sh. Midsum. Night's Dr.
If they came into the best apartment, to set any thing in or­
der, they were saluted with a broom. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

BRO'OMLAND. n. s. [broom and land.] Land that bears broom.
I have known sheep cured of the rot, when they have not
been far gone with it, only by being put into broomlands.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

BRO'OMSTAFF. n. s. [from broom and staff.] The staff to which
the broom is bound; the handle of a besom.
They fell on; I made good my place; at length they came
to the broomstaff with me; I defied 'em still. Shakesp. H. VIII.
From the age,
That children tread this worldly stage,
Broomstaff, or poker, they bestride,
And round the parlour love to ride. Prior.
Sir Roger pointed at something behind the door, which I
found to be an old broomstaff. Spectator, No 117.

BRO'OMY. adj. [from broom.] Full of broom.
If it grow mossy or broomy, which these lands are inclined to,
then break it up again, and order it as you did before, laying
of it down again from the wheat-stubble. Mortimer.
The youth with broomy stumps began to trace
The kennel edge, where wheels had worn the place. Swift.

BROTH. n. s. [broth, Sax.] Liquour in which flesh is boiled.
You may make the broth for two days, and take the one
half every day. Bacon's Physical Remains.
Instead of light desserts, and luscious froth,
Our authour treats to-night with Spartan broth. Southerne.
If a nurse, after being sucked dry, eats broth, the infant will
suck the broth almost unaltered. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BRO'THEL. n. s. [bordel, Fr.] A house of lewd enter­
tainment; a bawdyhouse.

BRO'THELHOUSE. n. s. [bordel, Fr.] A house of lewd enter­
tainment; a bawdyhouse.
Perchance
I saw him enter such a house of sale,
Videlicet, a brothel. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Then courts of kings were held in high renown,
Ere made the common brothels of the town:
There, virgins honourable vows receiv'd,
But chaste as maids in monasteries liv'd. Dryden's. W. of B.
From its old ruins brothelhouses rise,
Scenes of lewd loves, and of polluted joys. Dryden's Mackfl.
The libertine retires to the stews, and to the brothel. Rogers.

BRO'THER. n. s. [brother, brothor, Saxon.] Plural, brothers,
or brethren.
1. One born of the same father and mother.
Be sad, good brothers;
Sorrow so royally in you appears,
That I will deeply put the fashion on. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Whilst kin their kin, brother the brother foils,
Like ensigns all, against like ensigns bend. Daniel.
T' whom Michael! thus, he also mov'd, reply'd:
These two are brethren, Adam, and to come
Out of thy loins. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 454.
Comparing two men, in reference to one common parent, it
is very easy to form the ideas of brothers. Locke.
2. Any one closely united.
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
For he, to day that sheds his blood with me,
Shall be my brother. Shakesp. Henry V.
3. Any one resembling another in manner, form, or profession.
He also that is slothful in his work, is brother to him that is
a great waster. Prov. xviii. 9.
4. Brother is used, in theological language, for man in general.

BRO'THERHOOD. n. s. [from brother and hood.]
1. The state or quality of being a brother.
This deep disgrace of brotherhood
Touches me deeper than you can imagine. Shakesp. R. II.
Finds brotherhood in thee no sharper spur? Shakesp. R. II.
So it be a right to govern, whether you call it supreme father­
hood, or supreme brotherhood, will be all one, provided we know
who has it. Locke.
2. An association of men for any purpose; a fraternity.
There was a fraternity of men at arms, called the brother­
hood of St. George, erected by parliament, consisting of thir­
teen the most noble and worthy persons. Davies on Ireland.
3. A class of men of the same kind.
He was sometimes so engaged among the wheels, that not
above half the poet appeared; at other times, he became as
conspicuous as any of the brotherhood. Addison. Guardian.

BRO'THERLY. adj. [from brother.] Natural; such as becomes
or beseems a brother.
He was a priest, and looked for a priest's reward; which was
our brotherly love, and the good of our souls and bodies. Bacon.
Though more our money than our cause,
Their brotherly assistance draws. Denham.
They would not go before the laws, but follow them; obey­
ing their superiours, and embracing one another in brotherly
piety and concord. Addison's Freeholder, No 33.

BRO'THERLY. adv. After the manner of a brother; with kind­
ness and affection.
I speak but brotherly of him; but should I anatomize him to
thee as he is, I must blush and weep, and thou look pale and
wonder. Shakesp. As you like it.

BROUGHT. [participle passive of bring.]
The Turks, possessed with a needless fear, forsook the walls,
and could not, by any persuasions or threats of the captains, be
brought on again to the assault. Knolles's History.
The instances brought by our authour are but slender proofs.
Locke.

BROW. n. s. [browa, Saxon.]
1. The arch of hair over the eye.
'Tis now the hour which all to rest allow,
And sleep sits heavy upon every brow. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
2. The forehead.
She could have run, and waddled about;
For even the day before she broke her brow. Shakesp.
So we some antique hero's strength,
Learn by his launce's weight and length;
As these vast beams express the beast,
Whose shady brows alive they drest. Waller.
3. The general air of the countenance.
Then call them to our presence, face to face,
And frowning brow to brow. Shakesp. Richard II.
Though all things foul would bear the brows of grace,
Yet grace must look still so. Shakesp. Macbeth.
4. The edge of any high place.
The earl, nothing dismayed, came forwards that day unto a
little village, called Stoke, and there encamped that night, upon
the brow or hanging of a hill. Bacon's Henry VII.
On the brow of the hill beyond that city, they were some­
what perplexed by espying the French embassador, with the
king's coach, and others, attending him. Wotton.
Them with fire, and hostile arms,
Fearless assault; and, to the brow of heav'n
Pursuing, drive them out from God and bliss. Par. L. b. vi.

To BROW. v. a. [from the noun.] To bound; to limit; to
be at the edge of.


Tending my flocks hard by i' th' hilly crofts,
That brow this bottom glad. Milton.

To BRO'WBEAT. v. a. [from brow and beat.] To depress with
severe brows, and stern or lofty looks.
It is not for a magistrate to frown upon, and browheat those
who are hearty and exact in their ministry; and, with a grave,
insignificant nod, to call a resolved zeal, want of prudence.
South.
What man will voluntarily expose himself to the imperious
browbeatings and scorns of great men? L'Estrange.
Count Tariff endeavoured to browbeat the plaintiff, while he
was speaking; but though he was not so imprudent as the
count, he was every whit as sturdy. Addison.
I will not be browbeaten by the supercilious looks of my ad­
versaries, who now stand cheek by jowl by your worship.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

BRO'WBOUND. adj. [from brow and bound.] Crowned; having
the head encircled with a diadem.
In that day's feats,
He prov'd the best man i' th' field, and, for his meed,
Was browbound with the oak. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BRO'WSICK. adj. [from brow and sick.] Dejected; hanging the
head.
But yet a gracious influence from you,
May alter nature in our browsick crew. Suckling.

BROWN. adj. [brun, Saxon.] The name of a colour, com­
pounded of black and any other colour.
Brown, in High Dutch, is called braun; in the Netherlands,
bruyn; in French, coleur brune; in Italian, bruno; in Greek,
ὀϱφνινω ἄιϑοψ, from the colour of the Ethiopians; for ἀιϑω is to
burn, and ὠψ, a face; for that blackness or swarthiness in their
faces, is procured through heat. In Latin it is called fuscus,
quasi φῶς σϰιᾶται, that is, from darkening or overshadowing the
light; or of φωσϰεῖν, which is to burn or scorch. Peacham.
I like the new tire within excellently, if the hair were a little
browner. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
From whence high Ithaca overlooks the floods,
Brown with o'ercharging shades and pendent woods. Pope.
Long untravell'd heaths,
With desolation brown, he wanders waste. Thomson.

BRO'WNBILL. n. s. [from brown and bill.] The ancient weapon
of the English foot; why it is called brown, I have not disco­
vered; but we now say brown musket from it.
And brownbills, levied in the city,
Made bills to pass the grand committee. Hudibras.

BRO'WNISH. adj. [from brown.] Somewhat brown.
A brownish grey iron-stone, lying in thin strata, is poor, but
runs freely. Woodward on Fossils.

BRO'WNNESS. n. s. [from brown.] A brown colour.
She would confess the contention in her own mind, between
that lovely, indeed most lovely, brownness of Musidorus's face,
and this colour of mine. Sidney, b. ii.

BRO'WNSTUDY. n. s. [from brown and study.] Gloomy medi­
tations; study in which we direct our thoughts to no certain
point.
They live retired, and then they doze away their time in
drowsiness and brownstudies; or, if brisk and active, they lay
themselves out wholly in making common places. Norris.

To BROWSE. v. a. [brouser, Fr.] To eat branches, or shrubs.
And being down, is trod in the durt
Of cattle, and broused, and sorely hurt. Spenser's Pastorals.
Thy palate then did deign
The roughest berry on the rudest hedge:
Yea, like the stag, when snow the pasture sheets,
The barks of trees thou browsedst. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

To BROWSE. v. n. To feed: it is used with the particle on.
They have scared away two of my best sheep; if any where
I have them, 'tis by the sea-side, browsing on ivy. Shakesp.
A goat, hard pressed, took sanctuary in a vineyard; so soon as
he thought the danger over, he fell presently a browsing upon
the leaves. L'Estrange.
Could eat the tender plant, and, by degrees,
Browse on the shrubs, and crop the budding trees. Blackm.
The Greeks were the descendants of savages, ignorant of
agriculture, and browsing on herbage, like cattle. Arbuthnot.

BROWSE. n. s. [from the verb.] Branches, or shrubs, fit for the
food of goats, or other animals.
The greedy lioness the wolf pursues,
The wolf the kid, the wanton kid the browse. Dryden.
On that cloud-piercing hill,
Plinlimmon, from afar the traveller kens,
Astonish'd, how the goats their shrubby browse
Gnaw pendent. Philips.


BRU

To BRUISE. v. a. [briser, Fr.] To crush or mangle with the
heavy blow of something not edged or pointed; to crush by
any weight; to beat into gross powder; to beat together
coarsely.
Fellows in arms, and my most loving friends,
Bruis'd underneath the yoke of tyranny. Shakesp. R. III.
And fix far deeper in his head their stings,
Than temporal death shall bruise the victor's heel,
Or theirs whom he redeems. Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 433.
As in old chaos heav'n with earth confus'd,
And stars with rocks together crush'd and bruis'd. Waller.
They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow,
Till they turn'd livid, and corrupt the snow. Dryden's Fab.

BRUISE. n. s. [from the verb.] A hurt with something blunt
and heavy.
One arm'd with metal, th' other with wood,
This fit for bruise, and that for blood. Hudibras.
I since have labour'd
To bind the bruises of a civil war,
And stop the issues of their wasting blood. Dryden.

BRU'ISEWORT. n. s. An herb; the same with COMFREY;
which see.

BRUIT. n. s. [bruit, Fr.] Rumour; noise; report.
Wherewith a bruit ran from one to the other, that the king
was slain. Sidney, b. ii.
Upon some bruits he apprehended a fear, which moved him
to send to Sir William Herbert to remain his friend. Hayw.
I am not
One that rejoices in the common wreck,
As common bruit doth put it. Shakesp. Timon.

To BRUIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To report; to noise abroad;
to rumour. Neither the verb nor the noun are now much
in use.
His death,
Being bruited once, took fire and heat away
From the best temper'd courage in his troops. Shak. Hen. V.
It was bruited, that I meant nothing less than to go to Gui­
ana. Raleigh's Essays.

BRU'MAL. adj. [brumalis, Lat.] Belonging to the winter.
About the brumal solstice, it hath been observed, even unto a
proverb, that the sea is calm, and the winds do cease, till the
young ones are excluded, and forsake their nests.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 10.

BRUN, BRAN, BROWN, BOURN, BURN, are all derived from
the Sax. born, bourn, brunna, burna; all signifying a river or
brook. Gibson's Camden.

BRUNE'TT. n. s. [brunette, Fr.] A woman with a brown com­
plexion.
Your fair women therefore thought of this fashion, to insult
the olives and the brunettes. Addison. Guardian, No 109.

BRU'NION. n. s. [brugnon, Fr.] A sort of fruit between a plum
and a peach. Trevoux.

BRUNT. n. s. [brunst, Dutch.]
1. Shock; violence.
Erona chose rather to bide the brunt of war, than venture
him. Sidney, b. ii.
God, who caus'd a fountain, at thy pray'r,
From the dry ground to spring, thy thirst t' allay
After the brunt of battle. Milton's Agonistes, l. 581.
Faithful ministers are to stand and endure the brunt: a com­
mon soldier may fly, when it is the duty of him that holds the
standard to die upon the place. South.
2. Blow; stroke.
A wicked ambush, which lay hidden long
In the close covert of her guileful eyen,
Thence breaking forth, did thick about me throng,
Too feeble I t' abide the brunt so strong. Spenser's Sonnets.
The friendly rug preserv'd the ground,
And headlong knight, from bruise or wound,
Like featherbed betwixt a wall,
An heavy brunt of cannon-ball. Hudibras.

BRUSH. n. s. [brosse, Fr. from bruscus, Lat.]
1. An instrument to clean any thing, by rubbing off the dirt or
soil. It is generally made of bristles set in wood.
2. It is used for the larger and stronger pencils used by painters.
Whence comes all this rage of wit? this arming all the pen­
cils and brushes of the town against me? Stillingfleet.
With a small brush you must smear the glue well upon the
joint of each piece. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
3. A rude assault; a shock; rough treatment; which, by the
same metaphor, we call a scouring.
Let grow thy sinews till their knots be strong,
And tempt not yet the brushes of the war. Shakesp.
It could not be possible, that, upon so little a brush as Waller
had sustained, he could not be able to follow and disturb the
king. Clarendon, b. viii.
Else when we put it to the push,
They had not giv'n us such a brush. Hudibras.

To BRUSH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To sweep or rub with a brush.
If he be not in love with some woman, there is no believing
old signs; he brushes his hat o' morning; what should that
bode? Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
2. To strike with quickness, as in brushing.
The wrathful beast about him turned light,
And him so rudely passing by, did brush
With his long tail, that horse and man to ground did rush.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. ii. stanz. 16.
Has Somnus brush'd thy eyelids with his rod? Dryden.
His son Cupavo brush'd the briny flood,
Upon his stern a brawny centaur stood. Dryden's Æneid.


High o'er the billows flew the massy load,
And near the ship came thund'ring on the flood,
It almost brush'd the helm. Pope's Odyssey, b. ix.
3. To paint with a brush.
You have commissioned me to paint your shop, and I have
done my best to brush you up like your neighbours. Pope.
4. To carry away, by an act like that of brushing.
And from the boughs brush off the evil dew,
And heal the harms of thwarting thunder blew. Milton.
The receptacle of waters, into which the mouths of all ri­
vers must empty themselves, ought to have so spacious a sur­
face, that as much water may be continually brushed off by the
winds, and exhaled by the sun, as, besides what falls again, is
brought into it by all the rivers. Bentley.
5. To move as the brush.
A thousand nights have brush'd their balmy wings
Over these eyes. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

To BRUSH. v. n. 
1. To move with haste: a ludicrous word, applied to men.
Nor wept his fate, nor cast a pitying eye,
Nor took him down, but brush'd regardless by. Dryden.
The French had gather'd all their force,
And William met them in their way;
Yet off they brush'd, both foot and horse. Prior.
2. To fly over; to skim lightly.
Nor love is always of a vicious kind,
But oft to virtuous acts inflames the mind,
Awakes the sleepy vigour of the soul,
And, brushing o'er, adds motion to the pool. Dryden's Fab.

BRU'SHER. n. s. [from brush.] He that uses a brush.
Sir Henry Wotton used to say, that criticks were like brush­
ers of noblemens cloaths. Bacon's Apophthegms.

BRU'SHWOOD. n. s. [from brush and wood. I know not whether
it may not be corrupted from browsewood.] Rough, low, close,
shrubby thickets; small wood fit for fire.
It smokes, and then with trembling breath she blows,
Till in a cheerful blaze the flames arose.
With brushwood, and with chips, she strengthens these,
And adds at last the boughs of rotten trees. Dryden's Fab.

BRU'SHY. adj. [from brush.] Rough or shaggy, like a brush.
I suspected, that it might have proceeded from some small
unheeded drop of blood, wiped off by the brushy substance of
the nerve, from the knife wherewith it was cut. Boyle.

To BRU'STLE. v. n. [brastlian, Saxon.] To crackle; to make
a small noise. Skinner.

BRU'TAL. adj. [brutal, Fr. from brute.]
1. That which belongs to a brute; that which we have in com­
mon with brutes.
There is no opposing brutal force to the stratagems of human
reason. L'Estrange.
2. Savage; cruel; inhuman.
The brutal bus'ness of the war
Is manag'd by thy dreadful servants' care. Dryden.

BRUTA'LITY. n. s. [brutalité, Fr.] Savageness; churlishness;
inhumanity.
Courage, in an ill-bred man, has the air, and escapes not
the opinion of brutality. Locke.

To BRUT'ALIZE. v. n. [brutaliser, Fr.] To grow brutal or sa­
vage.
Upon being carried to the Cape of Good Hope, he mixed,
in a kind of transport, with his countrymen, brutalized with
them in their habit and manners, and would never again return
to his foreign acquaintance. Addison's Freeholder.

To BRUTA'LIZE. v. a. To make brutal or savage.

BRU'TALLY. adv. [from brutal.] Churlishly; inhumanly; cru­
elly.
Mrs. Bull aimed a knife at John, though John threw a bot­
tle at her head, very brutally indeed. Arbuthnot.

BRUTE. adj. [brutus, Lat.]
1. Senseless; unconscious.
Nor yet are we so low and base as their atheism would de­
press us; not walking statues of clay, not the sons of brute
earth, whose final inheritance is death and corruption. Bentl.
2. Savage; irrational; ferine.
Even brute animals make use of this artificial way of mak­
ing divers motions, to have several significations to call, warn,
chide, cherish, threaten. Holder's Elements of Speech.
In the promulgation of the Mosaick law, if so much as a
brute beast touched the mountain, it was to be struck through
with a dart. South.
3. Bestial; in common with beasts.
Then to subdue, and quell, through all the earth,
Brute violence, and proud tyrannick pow'r. Par. Regained.
4. Rough; ferocious; uncivilized.
The brute philosopher, who ne'er has prov'd
The joy of loving, or of being lov'd. Pope.

BRUTE. n. s. [from the adjective.] A brute creature; a creature
without reason; a savage.
What may this mean? Language of man pronounc'd
By tongue of brute, and human sense express'd? Par. Lost.
To judgment he proceeded, on th' accurs'd
Serpent, tho' brute; unable to transfer
The guilt on him, who made him instrument
Of mischief. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 165.
Brutes may be considered as either, aerial, terrestrial, aqua­
tick, or amphibious. I call those aerial, which have wings,
wherewith they can support themselves in the air; terrestrial
are those, whose only place of rest is upon the earth; aquatick
are those, whose constant abode is upon the water. Locke.
To those three present impulses, of sense, memory, and in­
stinct, most, if not all, the sagacities of brutes may be reduced.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Heav'n from all creatures hides the book of fate;
All but the page prescrib'd, this present state;
From brutes what men, from men what spirits know;
Or who could suffer being here below? Pope's Ess. on Man.

To BRUTE. v. a. [written ill for bruit.] To report.
This, once bruted through the army, filled them all with
heaviness. Knolles's History of the Turks.

BRU'TENESS. n. s. [from brute.] Brutality; a word not now
used.
Thou dotard vile,
That with thy bruteness shend'st thy comely age. Fairy Q.

To BRU'TIFY. v. a. [from brute.] To make a man a brute.
O thou salacious woman! am I then brutified? Ay; feel
it here; I sprout, I bud, I blossom, I am ripe horn mad.
Congreve's Old Batchelor.

BRU'TISH. adj. [from brute.]
1. Bestial; resembling a beast.
Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train,
With monstrous shapes and sorceries abus'd
Fanatick Egypt, and her priests, to seek
Their wand'ring gods disguis'd in brutish forms. Par. Lost.
2. Having the qualities of a brute; rough; savage; ferocious.
Brutes, and brutish men, are commonly more able to bear
pain, than others. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. 6.
3. Gross; carnal.
For thou thyself hast been a libertine,
As sensual as the brutish sting itself. Shakesp. As you like it.
After he has slept himself into some use of himself, by much
ado he staggers to his table again, and there acts over the same
brutish scene. South.
4. Ignorant; untaught; uncivilized.
They were not so brutish, that they could be ignorant to
call upon the name of God. Hooker, b. v. § 35.

BRU'TISHLY. adv. [from brutish.] In the manner of a brute;
of a savage and unnatural man.
I am not so diffident of myself, as brutishly to submit to any
man's dictates. K. Charles.
For a man to found a confident practice upon a disputable
principle, is brutishly to outrun his reason. South.

BRU'TISHNESS. n. s. [from brutish.] Brutality; savageness; in­
sensibility.
All other courage, besides that, is not true valour, but bru­
tishness. Sprat.

BRY'ONY. n. s. [bryonia, Lat.] A plant.
It has a climbing stalk, with spines; the leaves are like those
of the vine; the flowers consist of one leaf, which is expanded
at the top, and divided into five parts, and, in the female plants,
succeeded by round berries, growing on footstalks; the flowers
of the male plants have five apices in each, but are barren. The
species are, 1. The common white bryony. 2. Smooth African
bryony, with deep cut leaves, and yellow flowers, &c. The
first sort grows upon dry banks, under hedges, in many parts of
England; but may be cultivated in a garden for use, by sowing
the berries in the spring of the year, in a dry poor soil. The
roots of this plant have been formerly cut into a human shape,
and carried about the country, and shewn as mandrakes. Mill.


BUB

BUB. n. s. [a cant word.] Strong malt liquour.
Or if it be his fate to meet
With folks who have more wealth than wit,
He loves cheap port, and double bub,
And settles in the humdrum club. Prior.

BU'BBLE. n. s. [bobbel, Dutch.]
1. A small bladder of water; a film of water filled with wind.
Bubbles are in the form of a hemisphere; air within, and a
little skin of water without: and it seemeth somewhat strange,
that the air should rise so swiftly, while it is in the water, and,
when it cometh to the top, should be stayed by so weak a cover
as that of the bubble is. Bacon's Natural History, No 24.
The colours of bubbles, with which children play, are va­
rious, and change their situation variously, without any respect
to confine or shadow. Newton's Opticks.
2. Any thing which wants solidity and firmness; any thing that
is more specious than real.
The earl of Lincoln was induced to participate, not lightly
upon the strength of the proceedings there, which was but a
bubble, but upon letters from the lady Margaret. Bacon.
Then a soldier,
Seeking the bubble, reputation,
Even in the cannon's mouth. Shakesp. As you like it.
War, he sung, is toil and trouble,
Honour but an empty bubble,
Fighting still, and still destroying. Dryden.


3. A cheat; a false show.
The nation then too late will find,
Directors promises but wind,
South-sea at best a mighty bubble. Swift.
4. The person cheated.
Cease, dearest mother, cease to chide;
Gany's a cheat, and I'm a bubble;
Yet why this great excess of trouble. Prior.
He has been my bubble these twenty years, and, to my cer­
tain knowledge, understands no more of his own affairs, than
a child in swaddling clothes. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

To BU'BBLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To rise in bubbles.
Alas! a crimson river of warm blood,
Like to a bubbling fountain stirr'd with wind,
Doth rise and fall. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
Adder's fork, and blindworm's sting,
Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing:
For a charm of pow'rful trouble,
Like a hellbroth boil and bubble. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Still bubble on, and pour forth blood and tears. Dryden.
2. To run with a gentle noise.
For thee the bubbling springs appear'd to mourn,
And whispering pines made vows for thy return. Dryden.
The same spring suffers at some times a very manifest remis­
sion of its heat: at others, as manifest an increase of it; yea,
sometimes to that excess, as to make it boil and bubble with ex­
treme heat. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
Not bubbling fountains to the thirsty swain,
Not show'rs to larks, or sunshine to the bee,
Are half so charming as thy sight to me. Pope.

To BU'BBLE. v. a. To cheat: a cant word.
He tells me, with great passion, that she has bubbled him out
of his youth; and that she has drilled him on to five and fifty.
Addison. Spectator, No 89.
Charles Mather could not bubble a young beau better with a
toy. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

BU'BBLER. n. s. [from bubble.] A cheat.
What words can suffice to express, how infinitely I esteem
you, above all the great ones in this part of the world; above
all the Jews, jobbers, and bubblers. Digby to Pope.

BU'BBY. n. s. A woman's breast.
Foh! say they, to see a handsome, brisk, genteel, young fel­
low, so much governed by a doating old woman; why don't
you go and suck the bubby? Arbuthnot's John Bull.

BU'BO. n. s. [Lat. from βὼν, the groin.] That part of the groin
from the bending of the thigh to the scrotum; and therefore all
tumours in that part are called buboes. Quincy.
I suppurated it after the manner of a bubo, opened it, and en­
deavoured detersion. Wiseman's Surgery.

BUBONOCE'LE. n. s. [Lat. from βὼν, the groin, and ϰήλη, a rup­
ture.] A particular kind of rupture, when the intestines break
down into the groin. Quincy.
When the intestine, or omentum, falls through the rings of
the abdominal muscles into the groin, it is called hernia inguina­
lis, or, if into the scrotum, scrotalis: these two, though the first
only is properly so called, are known by the name of bubonocele.
Sharp's Surgery.


BUC

BUCANI'ERS. n. s. A cant word for the privateers, or pirates, of
America.

BUCCELLA'TION. n. s. [buccella, a mouthful, Lat.] In some chy­
mical authours, signifies a dividing into large pieces. Harris.

BUCK. n. s. [bauche, Germ. suds, or lye.]
1. The liquour in which cloaths are washed.
Buck? I would I could wash myself of the buck: I warrant
you, buck, and of the season too it shall appear. Shakesp.
2. The cloaths washed in the liquour.
Of late, not able to travel with her furred pack, she washes
bucks here at home. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.

BUCK. n. s. [bwch, Welch; bock, Dutch; bouc, Fr.] The male
of the fallow deer; the male of rabbets, and other animals.
Bucks, goats, and the like, are said to be tripping or saliant,
that is, going or leaping. Peacham.

To BUCK. v. a. [from the noun.] To wash clothes.
Here is a basket; he may creep in here, and throw foul linen
upon him, as if it were going to bucking. Shakesp.

To BUCK. v. n. [from the noun.] To copulate as bucks and
does.
The chief time of setting traps, is in their bucking time.
Mortimer.

BU'CKBASKET. n. s. The basket in which cloaths are carried to
the wash.
They conveyed me into a buckbasket; rammed me in with
foul shirts, foul stockings, and greasy napkins. Shakesp.

BU'CKBEAN. n. s. [bocksboonen, Dutch.] A plant; a sort of trefoil.
The bitter nauseous plants, as centaury, buckbane, gentian, of
which tea may be made, or wines by infusion. Floyer.

BU'CKET. n. s. [baquet, Fr.]
1. The vessel in which water is drawn out of a well.
Now is this golden crown like a deep well,
That owes two buckets, filling one another;
The emptier ever dancing in the air,
The other down unseen, and full of water. Shakesp. R. II.
Is the sea ever likely to be evaporated by the sun, or to be em­
ptied with buckets? Bentley.
2. The vessels in which water is carried, particularly to quench
a fire.
Now streets grow throng'd, and, busy as by day,
Some run for buckets to the hallow'd quire;
Some cut the pipes, and some the engines play;
And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire. Dryden.
The porringers, that in a row
Hung high, and made a glitt'ring show,
To a less noble substance chang'd,
Were now but leathern buckets rang'd. Swift.

BU'CKLE. n. s. [bwccl, Welch, and the same in the Armorick;
boucle, Fr.]
1. A link of metal, with a tongue or catch made to fasten one
thing to another.
Fair lined slippers for the cold,
With buckles of the purest gold. Shakesp.
The chlamys was a sort of short cloak tied with a buckle,
commonly to the right shoulder. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Three seal-rings; which after, melted down,
Form'd a vast buckle for his widow's gown. Pope.
2. The state of the hair crisped and curled, by being kept long in
the same state.
The greatest beau was dressed in a flaxen periwig; the wearer
of it goes in his own hair at home, and lets his wig lie in buckle
for a whole half year. Spectator, No 129.
That live-long wig, which Gorgon' self might own,
Eternal buckle takes in Parian stone. Pope.

To BU'CKLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with a buckle.
Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery,
Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee. Shakesp.
France, whose armour conscience buckl'd on,
Whom zeal and charity brought to the field. Shakesp.
Thus, ever, when I buckle on my helmet,
Thy fears afflict thee. Philips.
When you carry your master's riding-coat, wrap your own
in it, and buckle them up close with a strap. Swift.
2. To prepare to do any thing: the metaphor is taken from buck­
ling on the armour.
The Saracen, this hearing, rose amain,
And catching up in haste his three square shield,
And shining helmet, soon him buckled to the field. Fairy Q.
3. To join in battle.
The Lord Gray, captain of the men at arms, was forbidden
to charge, until the foot of the avantguard were buckled with
them in front. Hayward.
4. To confine.
How brief the life of man
Runs his erring pilgrimage!
That the stretching of a span
Buckles in his sum of age. Shakesp. As you like it.

To BU'CKLE. v. n. [bucken, Germ.]
1. To bend; to bow.
As the wretch, whose fever-weaken'd joints,
Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life,
Impatient of his fit, breaks like a fire
Out of his keeper's arms. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Now a covetous old crafty knave,
At dead of night, shall raise his son, and cry,
Turn out, you rogue! how like a beast you lie;
Go buckle to the law. Dryden.
2. To buckle to. To apply to; to attend. See active, second sense.
This is to be done in children, by trying them, when they
are by laziness unbent, or by avocation bent another way, and
endeavouring to make them buckle to the thing proposed. Locke.
3. To buckle with. To engage with; to encounter.
For single combat, thou shalt buckle with me. Shakesp.
Yet thou, they say, for marriage dost provide;
Is this an age to buckle with a bride? Dryden's Juv. sat. vi.

BUC'KLER. n. s. [bwccled, Welch; bouclier, Fr.] A shield; a
defensive weapon buckled on the arm.
He took my arms, and, while I forc'd my way,
Through troops of foes, which did our passage stay;
My buckler o'er my aged father cast,
Still fighting, still defending as I past. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
This medal compliments the emperour in the same sense as
the old Romans did their dictator Fabius, when they called him
the buckler of Rome. Addison on ancient Medals.

To BU'CKLER. v. a. [from the noun.] To support; to defend.
Fear not, sweet wench, they shall not touch thee, Kate;
I'll buckler thee against a million. Shakesp. Tam. the Shrew.
Can Oxford, that did ever fence the right,
Now buckler falshood with a pedigree? Shakesp. Henry VI.

BU'CKLER-THORN. n. s. Christ's-thorn.

BU'CKMAST. n. s. The fruit or mast of the beech tree.

BU'CKRAM. n. s. [bougran, Fr.] A sort of strong linen cloth,
stiffened with gum, used by taylors and staymakers.
I have peppered two of them; two, I am sure, I have paid,
two rogues in buckram suits. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BU'CKRAMS. n. s. The same with wild garlick. See GARLICK.



BU'CKSHORN PLANTAIN. n. s. [coronopus, Lat. from the form
of the leaf.] A plant.
It agrees in flower and fruit with the plantain; but its leaves
are deeply cut in on the edges; whereas the leaves of the plan­
tain are either entire, or but slightly indented. The species are
four; 1. Garden buckshorn plantain, or hartshorn, &c. The
first species, though entitled a garden plant, yet is found wild up­
on most commons, and barren heaths; where, from the poor­
ness of the soil, it appears to be very different from the garden
kind, as being little more than a fourth part so large. This
species was formerly cultivated in gardens as a salad herb, but,
at present, is little regarded, and wholly disused. Miller.

BU'CKTHORN. n. s. [rhamnus, Lat. supposed to be so called from
bucc, Sax. the belly.]
It hath a funnel-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf, divided
toward the top into four or five segments; out of the flower­
cup rises the pointal, which becomes a soft roundish berry,
very full of juice, inclosing four hard seeds. The species are,
Common purging buckthorn. 2. Lesser purging buckthorn. 3.
Buckthorn, with long spines, and a white bark of Montpelier.
The first of these trees is very common in hedges; the berries
of which are used in medicine, particularly for making a syrup,
which was formerly in great use; though, of late, other sorts of
berries have either been mixed with those of the buckthorn, or
wholly substituted in their place; which mixture hath spoiled
the syrup, and rendered it less esteemed. The buckthorn ber­
ries may be distinguished whether they are right or not, by
opening them, and observing the number of seeds in each; for
these have commonly four. The second sort is less common
in England. Both these sorts may be propagated, by laying
down their tender branches in autumn. The first sort will grow
to the height of eighteen or twenty feet; the second sort sel­
dom rises above eight feet high. They may also be propagated
by seeds. Miller.

BU'CKWHEAT. n. s. [buckweitz, Germ. fagopyrum, Lat.]
The flowers grow in a spike, or branched from the wings of
the leaves; the cup of the flower is divided into five parts, and
resembles the petals of a flower; the seeds are black, and three
cornered. The species are, 1. Common upright buckwheat.
2. Common creeping buckwheat. The first is cultivated in
England, and is a great improvement to dry barren lands. The
second grows wild, and is seldom cultivated. Miller.

BUCO'LICK. adj. [βουϰολιϰα, from βουϰολ, a cowherd.] Pastoral.


BUD

BUD. n. s. [bouton, Fr.] The first shoot of a plant; a gem.
Be as thou wast wont to be;
See as thou wast wont to see:
Dian's bud o'er Cupid's flower
Hath such force and blessed power. Shakesp. Mids. N. Dr.
Writers say, as the most forward bud
Is eaten by the canker ere it blow,
Even so by love the young and tender wit
Is turn'd to folly, blasting in the bud,
Losing his verdure even in the prime. Shakesp. T. G. of Ver.
When you the flow'rs for Chloe twine,
Why do you to her garland join,
The meanest bud that falls from mine? Prior.
Insects wound the tender buds, with a long hollow trunk, and
deposit an egg in the hole, with a sharp corroding liquour, that
causeth a swelling in the leaf, and closeth the orifice. Bentley.

To BUD. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To put forth young shoots, or gems.
Bud forth as a rose growing by the brook of the field.
Ecclus, xxxix. 13.
There the fruit, that was to be gathered from such a con­
flux, quickly budded out. Clarendon, b. ii.
Heav'n gave him all at once, then snatch'd away,
Ere mortals all his beauties could survey;
Just like the flow'r that buds and withers in a day. Dryd.
Tho' lab'ring yokes on their own necks they fear'd,
And felt for budding horns on their smooth foreheads rear'd.
Dryden's Silenus.
2. To be in the bloom, or growing.
Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet,
Whither away, or where is thy abode? Shakesp.

To BUD. v. a. To inoculate; to graff by inserting a bud into
the rind of another tree.
Of apricocks, the largest masculine is much improved by
budding upon a peach stock. Temple.

To BUDGE. v. n. [bouger, Fr.] To stir; to move off the
place: a low word.
All your prisoners
In the lime grove, which weatherfends your cell,
They cannot budge till your release. Shakesp. Tempest.
The mouse ne'er shun'd the cat, as they did budge
From rascals worse than they. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I thought th' hadst scorn'd to budge
For fear. Hudibras, cant. ii.

BUDGE. adj. [of uncertain etymology.] Surly; stiff; formal.
O foolishness of men! that lend their ears
To those budge doctors of the stoicks. Milton.

BUDGE. n. s. The dressed skin or fur of lambs. Dict.

BU'DGER. n. s. [from the verb.] One that moves or stirs from
his place.
Let the first budger die the other's slave,
And the gods doom him after. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BU'DGET. n. s. [bogette, Fr.]
1. A bag, such as may be easily carried.
If tinkers may have leave to live,
And bear the sowskin budget;
Then my account I well may give,
And in the stocks avouch it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Sir Robert Clifford, in whose bosom, or budget, most of Per­
kin's secrets were laid up, was come into England. Bacon.
His budget with corruptions cramm'd,
The contributions of the damn'd. Swift.
2. It is used for a store, or stock.
It was nature, in fine, that brought off the cat, when the
fox's whole budget of inventions failed him. L'Estrange.


BUF

BUFF. n. s. [from buffalo.]
1. A sort of leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo; used
for waist belts, pouches, &c.
A ropy chain of rheums, a visage rough,
Deform'd, unfeatur'd, and a skin of buff. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. The skins of elks and oxen dressed in oil, and prepared after
the same manner as that of the buffalo.
3. A military coat made of thick leather, so that a blow cannot
easily pierce it.
A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough,
A wolf, nay worse, a fellow all in buff. Shakesp.

To BUFF. v. a. [buffe, Fr.] To strike: it is a word not in use.
There was a shock,
To have buff'd out the blood
From ought but a block. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.

BU'FFALO. n. s. [Ital.] A kind of wild ox.
Become th' unworthy browse
Of buffaloes, salt goats, and hungry cows. Dryden's Virgil.

BU'FFET. n. s. [buffetto, Ital.] A blow with the fist; a box on
the ear.
O, I could divide myself, and go to buffets, for moving such
a dish of skimmed milk with so honourable an action. Shakesp.
A man that fortune's buffets and rewards
Hast ta'en with equal thanks. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Go, baffl'd coward, lest I run upon thee,
And with one buffet lay thy structure low. Milton's Agonist.
Round his hollow temples, and his ears,
His buckler beats; the son of Neptune, stunn'd
With these repeated buffets, quits the ground. Dryden.

BUFFE'T. n. s. [buffette, Fr.] A kind of cupboard; or set of
shelves, where plate is set out to shew, in a room of entertain­
ment.
The rich buffet well-colour'd serpents grace,
And gaping Triton's spew to wash your face. Pope.

To BU'FFET. v. n. [from the noun.] To strike with the hand;
to box; to beat.
Why, woman, your husband is in his old lunes again; he so
buffets himself on the forehead, crying, peer out, peer out! that
any madness I ever yet beheld, seemed but tameness. Shakesp.
Our ears are cudgell'd; not a word of his
But buffets better than a fist of France. Shakesp. K. John.
The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews; throwing it aside. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
Instantly I plung'd into the sea,
And, buffeting the billows to her rescue,
Redeem'd her life with half the loss of mine. Otway.

To BU'FFET. v. n. To play a boxing-match.
If I might buffet for my love, I could lay on like a butcher.
Shakesp. Henry V.

BU'FFETER. n. s. [from buffet.] A boxer; one that buffets.

BU'FFLE. n. s. [beuffle, Fr.] The same with buffalo; a wild ox.

To BU'FFLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To puzzle; to be at a
loss.
This was the utter ruin of that poor, angry, buffling, well­
meaning mortal, Pistorides, who lies equally under the con­
tempt of both parties. Swift.

BU'FFLEHEADED. adj. [from buffle and head.] A man with a
large head, like a buffalo; dull; stupid; foolish.

BUFFO'ON. n. s. [buffon, Fr.]
1. A man whose profession is to make sport, by low jests and an­
tick postures; a jackpudding.
No prince would think himself greatly honoured, to have his
proclamation canvassed on a publick stage, and become the sport
of buffoons. Watts.
2. A man that practises indecent raillery.
It is the nature of drolls and buffoons, to be insolent to those
that will bear it, and slavish to others. L'Estrange.
The bold buffoon, whene'er they trade the green,
Their motion mimicks, but with gest obscene. Garth.

BUFFO'ONERY. n. s. [from buffoon.]
1. The practice or art of a buffoon.
Courage, in an ill-bred man, has the air, and escapes not the
opinion of brutality; learning becomes pedantry, and wit buf­
foonery. Lock on Education.
2. Low jests; ridiculous pranks; scurrile mirth. Dryden places
the accent, improperly, on the first syllable.
Where publick ministers encourage buffoonery, it is no won­


der if buffoons set up for publick ministers. L'Estrange.
And whilst it lasts, let buffoonery succeed,
To make us laugh; for never was more need. Dryden.

BUG. n. s. A stinking insect bred in old houshold stuff. In the
following passage, wings are erroneously ascribed to it.
Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
This painted child of dirt, which stinks and stings. Pope.

BUG. n. s. [It is derived by some from big, by others from
pug; bug, in Welch, has the same meaning.] A
frightful object; a walking spectre, imagined to be seen; ge­
nerally now used for a false terrour to frighten babes.

BU'GBEAR. n. s. [It is derived by some from big, by others from
pug; bug, in Welch, has the same meaning.] A
frightful object; a walking spectre, imagined to be seen; ge­
nerally now used for a false terrour to frighten babes.
Each trembling leaf and whistling wind they hear,
As ghastly bug their hair on end does rear,
Yet both do strive their fearfulness to feign. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Sir, spare your threats;
The bug which you would fright me with, I seek. Shakesp.
Hast not slept to-night? would he not, naughty man, let it
sleep? a bugbear take him. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
We have a horrour for uncouth monsters; but, upon custom
and experience, all these bugs grow familiar and easy to us.
L'Estrange.
Such bugbear thoughts, once got into the tender minds of
children, sink deep, so as not easily, if ever, to be got out
again. Locke.
To the world, no bugbear is so great,
As want of figure, and a small estate. Pope.

BU'GGINESS. n. s. [from buggy.] Being infected with bugs.

BU'GGY. adj. [from bug.] Abounding with bugs.

BU'GLE. n. s. [from bugen, Sax. to bend, Skinner; from
bucala, Lat. a heifer, Junius; from bugle, the
bonasus. Lye.] A hunting horn.

BU'GLEHORN. n. s. [from bugen, Sax. to bend, Skinner; from
bucala, Lat. a heifer, Junius; from bugle, the
bonasus. Lye.] A hunting horn.
Then took that squire an horny bugle small,
Which hung adown his side in twisted gold,
And tassels gay. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. viii. stanz. 3.
That I will have a recheate winded in my forehead, or hang
my bugle in an invisible baldrick, all women shall pardon me.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
He gave his buglehorn a blast,
That through the woodland echo'd far and wide. Tickell.

BU'GLE. n. s. A shining bead of black glass.
Bugle bracelets, necklace amber,
Perfume for a lady's chamber. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream,
That can entame my spirits to your worship. Shakesp.

BU'GLE. n. s. [from bugula, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, divided into three
parts; out of the flower-cup arises the pointal, fixed like a
nail, attended by four embryos, which become so many ob­
long seeds, shut up in a husk; the flowers are placed in whorles
round the stalk. The species are, 1. Common bugle. 2. The
greatest bugle of the Alps. 3. Hairy eastern bugle, with an in­
verted blue flower, spotted with white. 4. Eastern bugle, with a
purplish violet coloured flower, &c. The first and second sorts
grow wild in moist woods and meadows, and continue in
flower from May to September. The bugle is greatly esteemed
as a vulnerary herb, and is used both externally and internally.
They are very hardy plants, and propagate greatly by their
trailing stalks. Miller.

BU'GLE. n. s. A sort of wild ox. Philips's World of Words.

BU'GLOSS. [from buglossum, Lat.] The herb ox-tongue.
The flowers are small and tubulous, divided at the top into
five obtuse segments, and are expanded in a round form; the
seeds are like the head of a viper. They may be cultivated by
sowing their seeds in the spring; its flowers are used in medi­
cinal cordials. Miller.


BUI

To BUILD. v. a. preter. I built, I have built. [bilden, Dutch.]
1. To raise from the ground; to make a fabrick, or an edifice.
Thus saith the Lord, thou shalt not build me an house to
dwell in. Hooker, b. ii. § 6.
When usurers tell their gold in the field,
And whores and bawds do churches build. Shakesp.
When the head-dress was built up in a couple of cones and
spires, which stood so excessively high on the side of the head,
that a woman, who was but a pigmy without her head-dress,
appeared like a colossus upon putting it on. Spectator, No 98.
To build, to plant, whatever you intend,
To rear the column, or the arch to bend. Pope.
2. To raise any thing on a support or foundation.
Love built on beauty, soon as beauty, dies;
Choose this face, chang'd by no deformities. Donne.
I would endeavour to destroy those curious, but groundless
structures, that men have built up of opinions alone. Boyle.

To BUILD. v. n. To depend on; to rest on.
By a man's authority, we here understand the force which
his word hath for the assurance of another's mind, that build­
eth upon it. Hooker.
Some build rather upon the abusing of others, and putting
tricks upon them, than upon soundness of their own proceed­
ings. Bacon's Essays, No 23.
Even those who had not tasted of your favours, yet built so
much on the fame of your beneficence, that they bemoaned the
loss of their expectations. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
This is certainly a much surer way, than to build on the in­
terpretations of an authour, who does not consider how the an­
cients used to think. Addison on ancient Medals.

BUI'LDER. n. s. [from build.] He that builds; an architect.
But fore-accounting oft makes builders miss;
They found, they felt, they had no lease of bliss. Sidney.
When they, which had seen the beauty of the first temple
built by Solomon, beheld how far it excelled the second, which
had not builders of like abilities, the tears of their grieved eyes
the prophets endeavoured, with comforts, to wipe away.
Hooker, b. v. § 14.
Mark'd out for such an use, as if 'twere meant
T' invite the builder, and his choice prevent. Denham.
Her wings with lengthen'd honour let her spread,
And, by her greatness, shew her builder's fame. Prior.

BUI'LDING. n. s. [from build.] A fabrick; an edifice.
Thy sumptuous buildings, and thy wife's attire,
Have cost a mass of publick treasury. Shakesp. Henry VI.
View not this spire by measure giv'n
To buildings rais'd by common hands:
That fabrick rises high as heav'n,
Whose basis on devotion stands. Prior.
Among the great variety of ancient coins which I saw at
Rome, I could not but take particular notice of such as relate
to any of the buildings or statues that are still extant. Addison.

BUILT. n. s. [from build.] The form; the structure.
As is the built, so different is the fight;
Their mounting shot is on our sails design'd;
Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light,
And through the yielding planks a passage find. Dryden.
There is hardly any country, which has so little shipping as
Ireland; the reason must be, the scarcity of timber proper for
this built. Temple.


BUL

BULB. n. s. [bulbus, Lat.] A round body, or root.
Take up your early autumnal tulips, and bulbs, if you will
remove them. Evelyn's Kalend.
If we consider the bulb, or ball of the eye, the exteriour
membrane, or coat thereof, is made thick, tough, or strong,
that it is a very hard matter to make a rupture in it. Ray.

BULBA'CEOUS. adj. [bulbaceus, Lat.] The same with bulbous. D.

BU'LBOUS. adj. [from bulb.] Containing bulbs; consisting of
bulbs.
There are of roots, bulbous roots, fibrous roots, and hirsute
roots. And I take it, in the bulbous, the sap hasteneth most to
the air and sun. Bacon's Nat. History, No 616.
Set up your traps for vermin, especially amongst your bulbous
roots. Evelyn's Kalendar.
There leaves, after they are swelled out, like a bulbous root,
to make the bottle, bend inward, or come again close to the
stalk. Ray on the Creation.
The beginning of the internal jugulars have a bulbous cavity.
Ray on the Creation.

To BULGE. v. n. [It was originally written bilge; bilge was the
lower part of the ship, where it swelled out; from bilig, Sax. a
bladder.]
1. To take in water; to founder.
Thrice round the ship was tost,
Then bulg'd at once, and in the deep was lost. Dryden.
2. To jut out.
The side, or part of the side of a wall, or any timber that
bulges from its bottom or foundation, is said to batter, or hang
over the foundation. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

BU'LIMY. n. s. [βλιμία, from βς, an ox, and λιμὸς, hunger.]
An enormous appetite, attended with fainting, and coldness of
the extremities. Dict.

BULK. n. s. [bulcke, Dutch, the breast, or largest part of a man.]
1. Magnitude; size; quantity.
Against these forces there were prepared near one hundred
ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more nimble mo­
tion, and more serviceable. Bacon's War with Spain.
The Spaniards and Portuguese have ships of great bulk, but
fitter for the merchant than the man of war; for burden than
for battle. Raleigh's Essays.
Though an animal arrives at its full growth, at a certain
age, perhaps it never comes to its full bulk till the last period of
life. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Greatness; largeness.
Things, or objects, cannot enter into the mind, as they sub­
sist in themselves, and, by their own natural bulk, pass into the
apprehension; but they are taken in by their ideas. South.
3. The gross; the majority.
Those very points, in which these wise men disagreed from
the bulk of the people, are points in which they agreed with the
received doctrines of our nature. Addison. Freeholder, No 51.
Change in property, through the bulk of a nation, makes
slow marches, and its due power always attends it. Swift.
The bulk of the debt must be lessened gradually. Swift.
4. Main fabrick.
He rais'd a sigh, so piteous and profound,
That it did seem to shatter all his bulk,
And end his being. Shakesp. King Lear.


5. The main part of a ship's cargo; as, to break bulk, is to open
the cargo.

BULK. n. s. [from bielcke, Dan. a beam.] A part of a building
jutting out.
Here stand behind this bulk. Straight will he come:
Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home. Shakesp. Othello.
The keeper coming up, found Jack with no life in him; he
took down the body, and laid it on a bulk, and brought out the
rope to the company. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

BU'LKHEAD. n. s. A partition made across a ship, with boards,
whereby one part is divided from another. Harris.

BU'LKINESS. n. s. [from bulky.] Greatness of stature, or size.
Wheat, or any other grain, cannot serve instead of money,
because of its bulkiness, and too quick change of its quantity.
Locke.

BU'LKY. adj. [from bulk.] Of great size or stature.
Latreus, the bulkiest of the double race,
Whom the spoil'd arms of slain Halesus grace. Dryden.
Huge Telephus, a formidable page,
Cries vengeance; and Orestes' bulky rage,
Unsatisfy'd with margins closely writ,
Foams o'er the covers. Dryden's Juvenal, sat. i.
The manner of sea engagements, which was to bore and
sink the enemy's ships with the rostra, gave bulky and high ships
a great advantage. Arbuthnot on Coins.

BULL. n. s. [bulle, Dutch.]
1. The male of black cattle; the male to a cow.
A proper gentlewoman, Sir, and a kinswoman of my mas­
ter's.—Even such kin as the parish heifers are to the town bull.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Bulls are more crisp upon the forehead than cows. Bacon.
Best age to go to bull, or calve, we hold,
Begins at four, and ends at ten years old. May's Virgil.
The nobler herds,
Where round the lordly bull, in rural ease,
They ruminating lie. Thomson's Summer, l. 920.
2. In the scriptural sense, an enemy powerful, fierce, and violent.
Many bulls have compassed me: strong bulls of Bashan have
beset me round. Psalm xxii. 12.
3. One of the twelve signs of the zodiack.
At last from Aries rolls the bounteous sun,
And the bright Bull receives him. Thomson's Spring.
4. A letter published by the pope.
A bull is letters called apostolick by the canonists, strength­
ened with a leaden seal, and containing in them the decrees and
commandments of the pope or bishop of Rome. Ayliffe.
There was another sort of ornament wore by the young no­
bility, called bullæ; round, or of the figure of a heart, hung
about their necks like diamond crosses. Those bullæ came af­
terwards to be hung to the diplomas of the emperours and
popes, from whence they had the name of bulls. Arbuthnot.
It was not till after a fresh bull of Leo's had declared how in­
flexible the court of Rome was in the point of abuses. Atterb.
5. A blunder; a contradiction.
I confess it is what the English call a bull, in the expression,
though the sense be manifest enough. Pope's Letters.

BULL, in composition, generally notes the large size of any
thing, as bull-head, bulrush, bull-trout; and is therefore only an
inclusive particle, without much reference to its original signifi­
cation.

BULL-BAITING. n. s. [from bull and bait.] The sport of baiting
bulls with doogs.
What am I the wiser for knowing that Trajan was in the
fifth year of his tribuneship, when he entertained the people
with a horse-race or bull-baiting? Addison on ancient Medals.

BULL-BEEF. n. s. [from bull and beef.] Coarse beef; the flesh of
bulls.
They want their porridge and their fat bull-beeves. Shakesp.

BULL-BEGGAR. n. s. [This word probably came from the inso­
lence of those who begged, or raised money by the pope's bull.]
Something terrible; something to fright children with.
These fulminations from the Vatican were turned into ridi­
cule; and, as they were called bull-beggars, they were used as
words of scorn and contempt. Ayliffe's Parergon.

BULL-CALF. n. s. [from bull and calf.] A he-calf; used for a
stupid fellow: a term of reproach.
And, Falstaff, you carried your guts away as nimbly, and
roared for mercy, and still ran and roared, as ever I heard bull­
calf. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BULL-DOG. n. s. [from bull and dog.] A dog of a particular
form, remarkable for his courage. He is used in baiting the
bull; and this species is so peculiar to Britain, that they are
said to degenerate when they are carried to other countries.
All the harmless part of him is no more than that of a bull­
dog; they are tame no longer than they are not offended.
Addison. Spectator, No 438.

BULL-FINCH. n. s. A small bird, that has neither song nor
whistle of its own, yet is very apt to learn, if taught by the
mouth. Philips's World of Words.
The blackbird whistles from the thorny brake,
The mellow bull-finch answers from the groves. Thomson.

BULL-FLY. n. s. An Insect. Philips's World of Words.

BULL-BEE. n. s. An Insect. Philips's World of Words.

BULL-HEAD. n. s. [from bull and head.]
1. A stupid fellow; a blockhead.
2. The name of a fish.
The miller's thumb, or bull-head, is a fish of no pleasing
shape; it has a head big and flat, much greater than suitable to
its body; a mouth very wide, and usually gaping; he is with­
out teeth, but his lips are very rough, much like a file; he hath
two fins near to his gills, which are roundish or crested; two
fins under his belly, two on the back, one below the vent, and
the fin of his tail is round. Nature hath painted the body of
this fish with whitish, blackish, brownish spots. They are usu­
ally full of spawn all the summer, which swells their vents in
the form of a dug. The bull-head begins to spawn in April;
in winter we know no more what becomes of them than of eels
or swallows. Walton's Angler.
3. A little black water vermin. Philips's World of Words.

BULL-TROUT. n. s. A kind of trout.
There is, in Northumberland, a trout called a bull-trout, of a
much greater length and bigness than any in these southern
parts. Walton's Angler.

BULL-WEED. n. s. The same with knapweed; which see.

BULL-WORT, or BISHOPS-WEED. n. s. [ammi, Lat.] An um­
belliferous plant with small striated seeds; the petals of the
flowers are unequal, and shaped like a heart. Its seeds are used
in medicine. Miller.

BU'LLACE. n. s. A wild four plum. See PLUM.
In October, and the beginning of November, come services,
medlars, bullaces; roses cut or removed, to come late; holy­
oaks, and such like. Bacon's Essays, No 47.

BU'LLET. n. s. [boulet, Fr.] A round ball of metal, usually shot
out of guns.
As when the devilish ironengine wrought
In deepest hell, and fram'd by furies skill,
With windy nitre and quick sulphur fraught,
And ramm'd with bullet round, ordain'd to kill. Fairy Q. b. i.
Giaffer, their leader, desperately fighting amongst the fore­
most of the janizaries, was at once shot with two bullets, and
slain. Knolles's History of the Turks.
And as the built, so different is the fight;
Their mounting shot is on our sails design'd:
Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light,
And through the yielding planks a passage find. Dryden.

BU'LLION. n. s. [billon, Fr.] Gold or silver in the lump; un­
wrought; uncoined.
The balance of trade must of necessity be returned in coin
or bullion. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
A second multitude,
With wond'rous art, found out the massy ore,
Severing each kind, and scumm'd the bullion dross.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
Bullion is silver, whose workmanship has no value. And
thus foreign coin hath no value here for its stamp, and our coin
is bullion in foreign dominions. Locke.
In every vessel there is stowage for immense treasures, when
the cargo is pure bullion. Addison on the State of the War.

BULLI'TION. n. s. [from bullio, Lat.] The act or state of boiling.
There is to be observed in these dissolutions, which will not
easily incorporate, what the effects are, as the bullition; the
precipitation to the bottom; the ejaculation towards the top;
the suspension in the midst; and the like. Bacon's Physical Rem.

BU'LLOCK. n. s. [from bull.] A young bull.
Why, that's spoken like an honest drover: so they sell bul­
locks. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Some drive the herds; here the fierce bullock scorns
Th' appointed way, and runs with threat'ning horns. Cowley.
Until the transportation of cattle into England was prohi­
bited, the quickest trade of ready money here was driven by the
sale of young bullocks. Temple.

BU'LLY. n. s. [Skinner derives this word from burly, as a cor­
ruption in the pronunciation; which is very probably right: or
from bulky, or bull-eyed; which are less probable. May it not
come from bull, the pope's letter, implying the insolence of those
who came invested with authority from the papal court?] A
noisy, blustering, quarrelling fellow: it is generally taken for a
man that has only the apperance of courage.
Mine host of the garter.—What says my bully rock? Speak
scholarly and wisely. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
All on a sudden the doors flew open, and in comes a crew of
roaring bullies, with their wenches, their dogs, and their bottles.
L'Estrange's Fables.
'Tis so ridic'lous, but so true withal,
A bully cannot sleep without a brawl. Dryden's Juv. sat. iii.
A scolding hero is, at the worst, a more tolerable character
than a bully in petticoats. Addison's Freeholder, No 38.
The little man is a bully in his nature, but, when he grows
cholerick, I confine him till his wrath is over. Addison. Spect.

To BU'LLY. v. a. [from the noun.] To overbear with noise or
menaces.
Prentices, parish clerks, and hectors meet,
He that is drunk, or bully'd, pays the treat. King's Cookery.

To BU'LLY. v. n. To be noisy and quarrelsome.

BU'LRUSH. n. s. [from bull and rush.] A large rush, such as


grows in rivers, without knots; though Dryden has given it
the epithet knotty, confounding it, probably, with the reed.
To make fine cages for the nightingale,
And baskets of bulrushes, was my wont. Spenser.
All my praises are as but a bulrush cast upon a stream; they
are born up by the strength of the current. Dryden.
The edges were with bending osiers crown'd;
The knotty bulrush next in order stood,
And all within of reeds a trembling wood. Dryden's Fables.

BU'LWARK. n. s. [bolwercke, Dutch; probably only from its
strength and largeness.]
1. A fortification; a citadel.
But him the squire made quickly to retreat,
Encountering fierce with single sword in hand,
And 'twixt him and his lord did like a bulwark stand.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. viii. stanz. 12.
Who oft repair
Their earthen bulwarks 'gainst the ocean flood. Fairfax, b. i.
Taking away needless bulwarks, divers were demolished up­
on the sea coasts. Hayward.
We have bulwarks round us;
Within our walls are troops enur'd to toil. Addison's Cato.
Our naval strength is a general bulwark to the British nation.
Addison's Freeholder, No 42.
2. A security.
Some making the wars their bulwark, that have before gored
the gentle bosom of peace with pillage and robbery. Shakesp.

To BU'LWARK. v. a. [from the noun.] To fortify; to strengthen
with bulwarks.
And yet no bulwark'd town, or distant coast,
Preserves the beauteous youth from being seen. Addison.


BUM

BUM. n. s. [bomme, Dutch.]
1. The buttocks; the part on which we sit.
The wisest aunt telling the saddest tale,
Sometime for threefoot stool mistaketh me,
Then slip I from her bum, down topples she. Shakesp.
This said, he gently rais'd the knight,
And set him on his bum upright. Hudibras.
From dusty shops neglected authours come,
Martyrs of pies, and relicks of the bum. Dryden's Mackfl.
The learned Sydenham does not doubt,
But profound thought will bring the gout;
And that with bum on couch we lie,
Because our reason's soar'd too high. W—n.
2. It is used, in composition, for any thing mean or low, as bum­
bailiff.

BUMBA'ILLIFF. n. s. [from bum and bailiff.] A bailiff of the
meanest kind; one that is employed in arrests.
Go, Sir Andrew, scout me for him at the corner of the
orchard, like a bumbailiff. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

BU'MBARD. n. s. [wrong written for bombard; which see.] A
great gun; a great barrel.
Yond same black cloud, yond huge one looks
Like a foul bumbard, that would shed his liquour.
Shakesp. Tempest.

BU'MBAST. n. s. [falsely written for bombast; the etymology of
which I am now very doubtful of; bombast and bombasine being
mentioned, with great probability, by Junius, as coming from
boom, a tree, and sein, silk; the silk or cotton of a tree.]
1. A cloth made by sewing one stuff upon another; patchwork.
The usual bumbast of black bits sewed into ermine, our
English women are made to think very fine. Grew.
2. Linen stuffed with cotton; stuffing.
We have received your letters full of love,
And, in our maiden council, rated them
As courtship, pleasant jest, and courtesy,
As bumbast, and as lining to the time. Shakesp.

BUMP. n. s. [perhaps from bum, as being prominent.] A swell­
ing; a protuberance.
It had upon its brow a bump as big as a young cockrel's stone;
a perilous knock, and it cried bitterly. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
Not though his teeth are beaten out, his eyes
Hang by a string, in bumps his forehead rise. Dryden's Juv.

To BUMP. v. a. [from bombus, Lat.] To make a loud noise, or
bomb. [See BOMB.] It is applied, I think, only to the bittern.
Then to the water's brink she laid her head,
And as a bittour bumps within a reed,
To thee alone, O lake, she said——— Dryden.

BU'MPER. n. s. [from bump.] A cup filled till the liquour swells
over the brims.
Places his delight
All day in plying bumpers, and at night
Reels to the bawds. Dryden's Juv. sat. viii.

BU'MPKIN. n. s. [This word is of uncertain etymology; Hen­
shaw derives it from pumpkin, a kind of worthless gourd, or
melon. This seems harsh. Bump is used amongst us for a
knob, or lump; may not bumpkin be much the same with clod­
pate, loggerhead, block, and blockhead.] An awkward heavy rus­
tick; a country lout.
The poor bumpkin, that had never seen nor heard of such de­
lights before, blessed herself at the change of her condition.
L'Estrange's Fables.
A heavy bumpkin, taught with daily care,
Can never dance three steps with a becoming air. Dryden.
In his white cloak the magistrate appears,
The country bumpkin the same liv'ry wears. Dryden.
It was a favour to admit them to breeding; they might be
ignorant bumpkins and clowns, if they pleased. Locke.

BU'MPKINLY. adj. [from bumpkin.] Having the manners or
appearance of a clown; clownish.
He is a simple, blundering, and yet conceited fellow, who,
aiming at description, and the rustick wonderful, gives an air
of bumpkinly romance to all he tells. Clarissa.


BUN

BUNCH. n. s. [buncker, Danish, the crags of the mountains.]
1. A hard lump; a knob.
They will carry their treasures upon the bunches of camels, to
a people that shall not profit them. Josh. xxx. 6.
He felt the ground, which he had wont to find even and
soft, to be grown hard with little round balls or bunches, like
hard boiled eggs. Boyle.
2. A cluster; many of the same kind growing together.
Vines, with clust'ring bunches growing. Shakesp. Tempest.
Titian said, that he knew no better rule for the distribution
of the lights and shadows, than his observations drawn from a
bunch of grapes. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
For thee, large bunches load the bending vine,
And the last blessings of the year are thine. Dryden.
3. A number of things tied together.
And on his arms a bunch of keys he bore. Fairy Q. b. i.
All? I know not what ye call all; but if I fought not with
fifty of them, I am a bunch of radish. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Ancient Janus, with his double face,
And bunch of keys, the porter of the place. Dryden.
The mother's bunch of keys, or any thing they cannot hurt
themselves with, serves to divert little children. Locke.
4. Any thing bound into a knot.
Upon the top of all his lofty crest,
A bunch of hairs discolour'd diversly,
With sprinkled pearl and gold full richly drest. Fairy Q. b. i.

To BUNCH. v. n. [from the noun.] To swell out in a bunch;
to grow out in protuberances.
It has the resemblance of a large champignon before it is
opened, bunching out into a large round knob at one end.
Woodward on Fossils.

BUNCHBA'CKED. adj. [from bunch and back.] Having bunches
on the back.
The day shall come, that thou shalt wish for me,
To help thee curse this pois'nous bunchback'd toad. Shakesp.

BU'NCHINESS. n. s. [from bunchy.] The quality of being bunchy,
or growing in bunches.

BU'NCHY. adj. [from bunch.] Growing into bunches; knotty.
He is more especially distinguished from other birds, by his
bunchy tail, and the shortness of his legs. Grew's Musæum.

BU'NDLE. n. s. [byndle, Sax. from bynd.]
1. A number of things bound together.
As to the bundles of petitions in parliament, they were, for
the most part, petitions of private persons. Hale's Law of Engl.
Try, lads, can you this bundle break;
Then bids the youngest of the six
Take up a well-bound heap of sticks. Swift.
In the north, they bind them up in small bundles, and make
small ricks of them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A roll; any thing rolled up cylindrically.
She carried a great bundle of Flanders lace under her arm;
but finding herself overloaden, she dropped the good man, and
brought away the bundle. Spectator, No 499.

To BU'NDLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To tie in a bundle; to
tie together; with up.
We ought to put things together, as well as we can, doctrinæ
causâ; but, after all, several things will not be bundled up to­
gether, under our terms and ways of speaking. Locke.
See how the double nation lies,
Like a rich coat with skirts of frize;
As if a man, in making posies,
Should bundle thistles up with roses. Swift.

BUNG. n. s. [bing, Welch.] A stopple for a barrel.
After three nights are expired, the next morning pull out the
bung stick, or plug. Mortimer.

To BUNG. v. a. [from the noun.] To stop; to close up.

BU'NGHOLE. n. s. [from bung and hole.] The hole at which the
barrel is filled, and which is afterward stopped up.
Why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander,
till he find it stopping a bunghole. Shakesp.

To BU'NGLE. v. n. [See BUNGLER.] To perform clumsily.
When men want light,
They make but bungling work. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Letters to me are not seldom opened, and then sealed in a
bungling manner before they come to my hands. Swift to Pope.

To BU'NGLE. v. a. To botch; to manage clumsily; to con­
duct awkwardly.
Other devils, that suggest by-treasons
Do botch and bungle up damnation,
With patches, colours, and with forms being fetcht
From glist'ring semblances of piety. Shakesp. Henry V.


They make lame mischief, though they mean it well:
Their int'rest is not finely drawn, and hid,
But seams are coarsely bungled up, and seen. Dryden's D. Seb.

BU'NGLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A botch; an awkwardness; an
inaccuracy; a clumsy performance.
Errours and bungles are committed, when the matter is inapt
or contumacious. Ray on the Creation.

BU'NGLER. n. s. [bwngler, Welch; q. bôn y glér, i. e. the last or
lowest of the profession. Davies.] A bad workman; a clumsy
performer; a man without skill.
Painters, at the first, were such bunglers, and so rude, that,
when they drew a cow or a hog, they were fain to write over
the head what it was; otherwise the beholder knew not what to
make of it. Peacham on Drawing.
Hard features every bungler can command;
To draw true beauty shews a master's hand. Dryden.
A bungler thus, who scarce the nail can hit,
With driving wrong will make the pannel split. Swift.

BU'NGLINGLY. adv. [from bungling.] Clumsily; awkwardly.
To denominate them monsters, they must have had some
system of parts, compounded of solids and fluids, that executed,
though but bunglingly, their peculiar functions. Bentley.

BUNN. n. s. [bunelo, Span.] A kind of sweet bread.
Thy songs are sweeter to mine ear,
Than to the thirsty cattle rivers clear;
Or winter porridge to the lab'ring youth,
Or bunns and sugar to the damsel's tooth. Gay's Pastorals.

BUNT. n. s. [corrupted, as Skinner thinks, from bent.] A swell­
ing part; an increasing cavity.
The Wear is a frith, reaching slopewise through the ooze,
from the land to low water mark, and having in it a bunt or
cod, with an eye-hook, where the fish entering, upon the com­
ing back with the ebb, are stopped from issuing out again, for­
saken by the water, and left dry on the ooze. Carew.

To BUNT. v. n. [from the noun.] To swell out, as the sail
bunts out.

BU'NTER. n. s. A cant word for a woman who picks up rags
about the street; and used, by way of contempt, for any low
vulgar woman.

BU'NTING. n. s. The name of a bird.
Then my dial goes not true; I took this lark for a bunting.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

BUOY. n. s. [bouë, or boye, Fr. boya, Span.] A piece of cork or
wood floating on the water, tied to a weight at the bottom.
The fishermen, that walk upon the beach,
Appear like mice; and yond tall anchoring bark
Diminish'd to her cock; her cock a buoy,
Almost too small for sight. Shakesp. King Lear.
Like buoys, that never sink into the flood,
On learning's surface we but lie and nod. Pope's Dunciad.

To BUOY. v. a. [from the noun. The u is mute in both.] To
keep afloat; to bear up by specifick lightness.
All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in
England; which was lately buoyed up in Scotland, by the like
artifice of a covenant. K. Charles.
The water which rises out of the abyss, for the supply of
springs and rivers, would not have stopped at the surface of the
earth, but marched directly up into the atmosphere, wherever
there was heat enough in the air to continue its ascent, and
buoy it up. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

To BUOY. v. n. To float.
Rising merit will buoy up at last. Pope's Essay on Crit.

BUO'YANCY. n. s. [from buoyant.] The quality of floating.
All the winged tribes owe their flight and buoyancy to it.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

BUO'YANT. adj. [from buoy.] Floating; light; that which will
not sink.
I swom with the tide, and the water under me was buoyant.
Dryden.
His once so vivid nerves,
So full of buoyant spirit, now no more
Inspire the course. Thomson's Autumn, l. 455.


BUR

BUR, BOUR, BOR, come from the Sax. bur, an inner-chamber,
or place of shade and retirement. Gibson's Camden.

BUR. n. s. [bourre, Fr. is down; the bur being filled with a soft
tomentum, or down.] A rough head of a plant, which sticks to
the hair or cloaths.
Nothing teems,
But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs,
Losing both beauty and utility. Shakesp. Henry V.
Hang off, thou cat, thou bur; vile thing, let loose;
Or I will shake thee from me like a serpent. Shakesp.
Dependents and suitors are always the burs, and sometimes
the briers of favourites. Wotton.
Whither betake her
From the chill dew, amongst rude burs and thistles. Milton.
And where the vales with violets once were crown'd,
Now knotty burs and thorns disgrace the ground. Dryden.
A fellow stuck like a bur, that there was no shaking him off.
Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

BU'RBOT. n. s. A fish full of prickles. Dict.

BU'RDELAIS. n. s. A sort of grape. See VINE.

BU'RDEN. n. s. [byrthen, Sax. and therefore properly written
burthen. It is supposed to come from burdo, Lat. a male, as
onus from ὄν, an ass.]
1. A load; something to be carried.
Camels have their provender
Only for bearing burdens, and sore blows
For sinking under them. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
It is of use in lading of ships, and may help to shew what
burden in the several kinds they will bear. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
2. Something grievous or wearisome.
Couldst thou support
That burden, heavier than the earth to bear? Par. Lost, b. x.
None of the things they are to learn, should ever be made a
burden to them, or imposed on them as a task. Locke.
Deaf, giddy, helpless, left alone,
To all my friends a burden grown. Swift.
3. A birth: now obsolete.
Thou hadst a wife once, called Æmilia,
That bore thee at a burden two fair sons. Shakesp.
4. The verse repeated in a song.
At ev'ry close she made, th' attending throng
Reply'd, and bore the burden of the song. Dryden's Fab.
5. The quantity that a ship will carry; or the capacity of a ship.

To BU'RDEN. v. a. [from the noun.] To load; to incumber.
Burden not thyself above thy power. Ecclus, xiii. 2.
I mean not that other men be eased, and you burdened.
Cor. viii. 13.

BU'RDENER. n. s. [from burden.] A loader; an oppressour.

BU'RDENOUS. adj. [from burden.]
1. Grievous; oppressive; wearisome.
Make no jest of that which hath so earnestly pierced me
through, nor let that be light to thee, which to me is so burde­
nous. Sidney, b. i.
2. Useless.
To what can I be useful, wherein serve,
But to sit idle on the houshold hearth,
A burd'nous drone; to visitants a gaze. Milton's Agonistes.

BU'RDENSOME. adj. [from burden.] Grievous; troublesome to
be born.
His leisure told him, that his time was come,
And lack of load made his life burdensome. Milton.
Could I but live till burdensome they prove,
My life would be immortal as my love. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
Assistances always attending us, upon the easy condition of
our prayers, and by which the most burdensome duty will be­
come light and easy. Rogers.

BU'RDENSOMENESS. n. s. [from burdensome.] Weight; heavi­
ness; uneasiness to be born.

BU'RDOCK. n. s. See DOCK.

BUREAU'. n. s. [bureau, Fr.] A chest of drawers. It is pro­
nounced as if it were spelt buro.
For not the desk with silver nails,
Nor bureau of expence,
Nor standish well japan'd, avails
To writing of good sense. Swift.

BURG. n. s.  See BURROW.

BU'RGAGE. n. s. [from burg, or burrow.] A tenure proper to
cities and towns, whereby men of cities or burrows hold their
lands or tenements of the king, or other lord, for a certain yearly
rent. Cowel.
The gross of the borough is surveyed together in the begin­
ning of the county; but there are some other particular bur­
gages thereof, mentioned under the titles of particular mens pos­
sessions. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

BU'RGAMOT. n. s. [bergamotte, Fr.] A species of pear.

BU'RGANET. n. s. [from bourginote, Fr.] A kind of hel­
met.

BU'RGONET. n. s. [from bourginote, Fr.] A kind of hel­
met.
Upon his head his glistering burganet,
The which was wrought by wonderous device,
And curiously engraven, he did fit. Spenser's Muiopotmos.
This day I'll wear aloft my burgonet,
Ev'n to affright thee with the view thereof. Shakesp. H. VI.
The demy Atlas of this earth, the arm
And burgonet of man. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
I was page to a footman, carrying after him his pike and
burganet. Hakewell on Providence.

BURGEO'IS. n. s. [bourgeois, Fr.]
1. A citizen; a burgess.
It is a republick itself, under the protection of the eight an­
cient cantons. There are in it an hundred burgeois, and about
a thousand souls. Addison on Italy.
2. A type of a particular sort, probably so called from him who
first used it; as,
Laugh where we must, be candid where we can,
But vindicate the ways of God to man. Pope.

BU'RGESS. n. s. [bourgeois, Fr.]
1. A citizen; a freeman of a city, or corporate town.
2. A representative of a town corporate.
The whole case was dispersed by the knights of shires, and
burgesses of towns, through all the veins of the land. Wotton.

BURGH. n. s. [See BURROW.] A corporate town or burrow.
Many towns in Cornwal, when they were first allowed to


send burgesses to the parliament, bore another proportion to
London than now; for several of these burghs send two bur­
gesses, whereas London itself sends but four. Graunt.

BU'RGHER. n. s. [from burgh.] One who has a right to certain
privileges in this or that place. Locke.
It irks me, the poor dappled fools,
Being native burghers of this desart city,
Should in their own confines, with forked heads,
Have their round haunches gor'd. Shakesp. As you like it.
After the multitude of the common people was dismissed,
and the chief of the burghers sent for, the imperious letter was
read before the knights of the order, and the better sort of ci­
tizens. Knolles's History of the Turks.

BU'RGHERSHIP. n. s. [from burgher.] The privilege of a bur­
gher.

BU'RGHMASTER. See BURGOMASTER.

BU'RGLAR. n. s. [See BURGLARY.] The crime of house­
breaking.

BU'RGLARY. n. s. [from burg, a house, and larron, a thief.]
In the natural signification of the word, is nothing but the rob­
bing of a house: but as it is a term of art, our common lawy­
ers restrain it to robbing a house by night, or breaking in with
an intent to rob, or do some other felony. The like offence
committed by day, they call house-robbing, by a peculiar name.
Cowel.
What say you, father? Burglary is but a venial sin among
soldiers. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

BU'RGOMASTER. n. s. [from burg and master.] One employed
in the government of a city.
They chuse their councils and burgomasters out of the bur­
geois, as in the other governments of Switzerland. Addison.

BURH, is a tower; and from that, a defence or protection; so
Cwenburh is a woman ready to assist; Cuthbur, eminent for as­
sistance. Gibson's Camden.

BU'RIAL. n. s. [from to bury.]
1. The act of burying; sepulture; interment.
Nor would we deign him burial of his men. Shakesp.
See my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
Vailing her high top lower than her ribs,
To kiss her burial. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Your body I sought, and had I found
Design'd for burial in your native ground. Dryden's Æneid.
2. The act of placing any thing under earth or water.
We have great lakes, both salt and fresh; we use them for
burials of some natural bodies: for we find a difference of
things buried in earth, and things buried in water. Bacon.
3. The church service for funerals.
The office of the church is performed by the parish priest,
at the time of his interment, if not prohibited unto persons ex­
communicated, and laying violent hands on themselves, by a
rubrick of the burial service. Ayliffe's Parergon.

BU'RIER. n. s. [from bury.] He that buries; he that performs
the act of interment.
Let one spirit of the firstborn Cain
Reign in all bosoms, that, each heart being set
On bloody courses, the rude scene may end,
And darkness be the burier of the dead. Shakesp. Henry IV.

BU'RINE. n. s. [French.] A graving tool; a graver.
Wit is like the graver's burine upon copper, or the corrod­
ings of aquafortis, which engrave and indent the characters,
that they can never be defaced. Government of the Tongue.

BU'RLACE. n. s. [corruptly written for burdelais.] A sort of
grape. See VINE.

To BURL. v. a. To dress cloth as fullers do. Dict.

BURLE'SQUE. adj. [Fr. from burlare, Ital. to jest.] Jocular;
tending to raise laughter, by unnatural or unsuitable language
or images.
Homer, in his character of Vulcan and Thersites, in his
story of Mars and Venus, in his behaviour of Irus, and in
other passages, has been observed to have lapsed into the bur­
lesque character, and to have departed from that serious air,
which seems essential to the magnificence of an epick poem.
Addison. Spectator, No 279.

BURLE'SQUE. n. s. Ludicrous language, or ideas; ridicule.
When a man lays out a twelvemonth on the spots in the
sun, however noble his speculations may be, they are very apt
to fall into burlesque. Addison on ancient Medals.

To BURLE'SQUE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To turn to ridi­
cule.
Would Homer apply the epithet divine to a modern swine­
herd? if not, it is an evidence, that Eumeus was a man of con­
sequence; otherwise Homer would burlesque his own poetry.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

BU'RLINESS. n. s. [from burly.] Bulk; bluster.

BU'RLY. adj. [junius has no etymology; Skinner imagines it
to come from boorlike, clownish.] Great of stature; great of
size; bulky; tumid.
Steel, if thou turn thine edge, or cut not out the burly boned
clown in chines of beef, ere thou sleep in thy sheath, I beseech
Jove on my knees, thou may'st be turned into hobnails.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
It was the orator's own burly way of nonsense. Cowley.
Away with all your Carthaginian state,
Let vanquish'd Hannibal without doors wait,
Too burly and too big to pass my narrow gate. Dryden.
Her husband, it seems, being a very burly man, she thought
it would be less trouble for her to bring away little Cupid.
Addison. Spectator, No 499.

To BURN. v. a. [bernan, Saxon.]
1. To consume with fire.
That where she fed his amorous desires
With soft complaints, and felt his hottest fires,
There other flames might waste his earthly part,
And burn his limbs, where love had burn'd his heart. Dryden.
O that I could but weep, to vent my passion!
But this dry sorrow burns up all my tears. Dryden's Sp. Fr.
A fleshy excrescence, becoming exceeding hard, is supposed
to demand extirpation, by burning away the induration, or
amputating. Sharp's Surgery.
2. To wound or hurt with fire or heat.
Hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wound
for wound, stripe for stripe. Exodus, xxi. 25.

To BURN. v. n. 
1. To be on fire; to be kindled.
The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne,
Burnt on the water. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
O coward conscience! how dost thou afflict me?
The light burns blue—Is it not dead midnight?
Cold trembling drops stand on my trembling flesh. Shakesp.
Oh! prince, oh! wherefore burn your eyes? and why
Is your sweet temper turn'd to fury? Rowe's Royal Convert.
2. To be inflamed with passion.
When I burnt in desire to question them further, they made
themselves air, into which they vanished. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish Tranio,
If I atchieve not this young modest girl. Shakesp.
3. To act as fire.
These things sting him
So venomously, that burning shame detains him
From his Cordelia. Shakesp. King Lear.
In Raleigh mark their every glory mix'd;
Raleigh, the scourge of Spain! whose breast with all
The sage, the patriot, and the hero burn'd. Thomson.
4. To be hot.
I had a glimpse of him; but he shot by me
Like a young hound upon a burning scent. Dryden's Sp. Fr.

BURN. n. s. [from the verb.] A hurt caused by fire.
We see the phlegm of vitriol is a very effectual remedy
against burns. Boyle.

BU'RNER. n. s. [from burn.] A person that burns any thing.

BU'RNET. n. s. [pimpinella, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The common burnet is found wild in great plenty upon dry
chalky hills; yet is often cultivated in gardens for medicinal
uses. Millar.
The even mead that erst brought sweetly forth
The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover. Shakesp.

BU'RNING. n. s. [from burn.] Fire; flame; state of inflamma­
tion.
The mind surely, of itself, can feel none of the burnings of a
fever. South.
In liquid burnings, or on dry to dwell,
Is all the sad variety of hell. Dryden's State of Innocence.

BU'RNING-GLASS. n. s. [from burning and glass.] A glass which
collects the rays of the sun into a narrow compass, and so in­
creases their force.
The appetite of her eye did seem to scorch me up like a
burning-glass. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Love is of the nature of a burning-glass, which, kept still in
one place, fireth; changed often, it doth nothing. Suckling.
O diadem, thou centre of ambition,
Where all its different lines are reconciled,
As if thou wert the burning-glass of glory. Dryden and Lee.

To BU'RNISH. v. a. [burnir, Fr.] To polish; to give a
gloss to.
The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne,
Burnt on the water. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Mislike me not for my complexion,
The shadow'd livery of the burnish'd sun,
To whom I am a neighbour, and near bred. Shakesp.
Make a plate of them, and burnish it as they do iron. Bacon.
The frame of burnish'd steel, that cast a glare
From far, and seem'd to thaw the freezing air. Dryden.

To BU'RNISH. v. n. To grow bright or glossy.
I've seen a snake in human form,
All stain'd with infamy and vice,
Leap from the dunghill in a trice,
Burnish, and make a gawdy show,
Become a gen'ral, peer, and beau. Swift.

To BU'RNISH. v. n. [of uncertain etymology.] To grow; to
spread out.
This they could do, while Saturn fill'd the throne,
Ere Juno burnish'd, or young Jove was grown.
Dryden's Juv. sat. xiii.
To shoot, and spread, and burnish into man. Dryden.


Mrs. Primly's great belly; she may lace it down before, but
it burnishes on her lips. Congreve's Way of the World.

BU'RNISHER. n. s. [from burnish.]
1. The person that burnishes or polishes.
2. The tool with which bookbinders give a gloss to the leaves of
books; it is commonly a dog's tooth set in a stick.

BURNT. [particip. pass. of burn.]
I find it very difficult to know,
Who, to refresh th' attendants to a grave,
Burnt claret first, or Naples bisket gave. King's Cookery.

BURR. n. s. [See BUR.] The lobe or lap of the ear. Dict.

BURR Pump. [In a ship.] A pump by the side of a ship, into
which a staff seven or eight foot long is put; having a burr or
knob of wood at the end, which is drawn up by a rope fasten­
ed to the middle of it, called also a bilge pump. Harris.

BU'RRAS Pipe. [With surgeons.] An instrument or vessel used to
keep corroding powders in, as vitriol, precipitate. Harris.

BU'RREL. n. s. A sort of pear, otherwise called the red butter
pear, from its smooth, delicious, and soft pulp, which is ripe in
the end of September. Phillips's World of Words.

BU'RREL Fly. [from bourreler, Fr. to execute; to torture.] An
insect, called also oxfly, gadbee, or breeze. Dict.

BU'RREL Shot. [from bourreler, to execute, Fr. and shot.] In gun­
nery. Small bullets, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, &c. put
into cases, to be discharged out of the ordnance; a sort of case­
shot. Harris.

BU'RROCK. n. s. A small wear or dam, where wheels are laid in
a river for catching of fish. Phillips's World of Words.

BU'RROW, BERG, BURG, BURGH. n. s. [derived from the Saxon
burg, byrg, a city, tower, or castle. Gibson's Camden.]
1. A corporate town, that is not a city, but such as sends burgesses
to the parliament. All places that, in former days, were called
borough, were such as were fenced or fortified. Cowel.
King of England shalt thou be proclaim'd
In ev'ry burrow, as we pass along. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Possession of land was the original right of election among
the commons; and burrows were entitled to sit, as they were
possessed of certain tracts. Temple.
2. The holes made in the ground by conies.
When they shall see his crest up again, and the man in
blood, they will out of their burrows, like conies after rain, and
revel all with him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To BU'RROW. v. n. [from the noun.] To make holes in the
ground; to mine, as conies or rabbits.
Some strew sand among their corn, which, they say, pre­
vents mice and rats burrowing in it; because of its falling into
their ears. Mortimer.
Little sinuses would often form, and burrow underneath.
Sharp's Surgery.

BU'RSAR. n. s. [bursarius, Lat.]
1. The treasurer of a college.
2. Students sent as exhibitioners to the universities in Scotland
by each presbytery, from whom they have a small yearly allow­
ance for four years.

BURSE. n. s. [bourse, Fr. bursa, Lat. a purse; or from byrsa, Lat.
the exchange of Carthage.] An exchange where merchants
meet, and shops are kept; so called, because the sign of the
purse was anciently set over such a place; whence the Exchange
in the Strand was termed Britain's Burse by James I. Phillips.

To BURST. v. n. I burst; I have burst, or bursten. [burstan,
Saxon.]
1. To break, or fly open.
So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy presses shall
burst out with new wine. Prov. iii. 10.
2. To fly asunder.
Yet am I thankful; if my heart were great,
'T would burst at this. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
3. To break away; to spring.
You burst, ah cruel! from my arms,
And swiftly shoot along the mall,
Or softly glide by the canal. Pope.
4. To come suddenly.
A resolved villain,
Whose bowels suddenly burst out; the king
Yet speaks, and, peradventure, may recover. Shakesp.
If the worlds
In worlds inclos'd, shou'd on his senses burst,
He wou'd abhorrent turn. Thomson's Summer, l. 310.
5. To come by violence.
Well didst thou, Richard, to suppress thy voice;
For had the passions of thy heart burst out,
I fear, we should have seen decypher'd there
More ranc'rous spight. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Where is the notable passage over the river Euphrates, burst­
ing out by the vallies of the mountain Antitaurus; from whence
the plains of Mesopotamia, then part of the Persian kingdom,
begin to open themselves. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Young spring protrudes the bursting gems. Thomson.
6. To begin an action violently.
She burst into tears, and wrung her hands. Arbuthnot.

To BURST. v. a. To break suddenly; to make a quick and
violent disruption.
My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage,
And from my shoulders crack my arms asunder,
But I will chastise this high-minded strumpet. Shakesp.
He fasten'd on my neck, and bellow'd out,
As if he would burst heav'n. Shakesp. King Lear.
Moses saith also, the fountains of the great abyss were burst
asunder, to make the deluge; and what means this abyss, and
the bursting of it, if restrained to Judea? what appearance is
there of this disruption there? Burnet's Theory.
If the juices of an animal body were, so as by the mixture
of the opposites, to cause an ebullition, they would burst the
vessels. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

BURST. n. s. [from the verb.] A sudden disruption; a sudden
and violent action of any kind.
Since I was man,
Such sheets of fire, such burst of horrid thunder,
Such groans of roaring wind and rain, I never
Remember to have heard. Shakesp. King Lear.
Down they came, and drew
The whole roof after them, with burst of thunder,
Upon the heads of all. Milton's Agonistes, l. 1650.
Imprison'd fire, in the close dungeons pent,
Roar to get loose, and struggle for a vent,
Eating their way, and undermining all,
Till with a mighty burst whole mountains fall. Addison.

BURST. participial adj. [from burst.] Diseased with a her­
nia, or rupture.

BU'RSTEN. participial adj. [from burst.] Diseased with a her­
nia, or rupture.

BU'RSTENESS. n. s. [from burst.] A rupture, or hernia.

BU'RSTWORT. n. s. [from burst and wort; herniaria, Lat.] An
herb good against ruptures. Dict.

BURT. n. s. A flat fish of the turbot kind.

To BU'RTHEN. v. a. See BURDEN.

BU'RTHEN. n. s. See BURDEN.
Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,
And the sad burthen of some merry song. Pope.

BU'RTON. n. s. [In a ship.] A small tackle to be fastened any
where at pleasure, consisting of two single pullies, for hoisting
small things in or out. Phillips's World of Words.

BU'RY. n. s. [from burg, Sax.] A dwelling-place; a termina­
tion still added to the names of several places; as, Al­
dermanbury, St. Edmund's bury. Phillips's World of Words.

BE'RY. n. s. [from burg, Sax.] A dwelling-place; a termina­
tion still added to the names of several places; as, Al­
dermanbury, St. Edmund's bury. Phillips's World of Words.

BU'RY. n. s. [corrupted from borough.]
It is his nature to dig himself buries, as the coney doth;
which he doth with very great celerity. Grew.

To BU'RY. v. a. [byrigean, Saxon.]
1. To inter; to put into a grave.
When he lies along,
After your way his tale pronounc'd, shall bury
His reasons with his body. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To inter, with the rites and ceremonies of sepulture.
Slave, thou hast slain me!
If ever thou wilt thrive, bury my body. Shakesp. King Lear.
If you have kindness left, there see me laid;
To bury decently the injur'd maid,
Is all the favour. Waller.
3. To conceal; to hide.
This is the way to make the city flat,
And bury all, which yet distinctly ranges,
In heaps and piles of ruin. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. To place one thing within another.
A tearing groan did break
The name of Antony; it was divided
Between her heart and lips; she render'd life,
Thy name so bury'd in her. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

BU'RYING-PLACE. n. s. A place appointed for the sepulture of
dead bodies.
The place was formerly a church-yard, and has still several
marks in it of graves and burying-places. Spectator, No 110.


BUS

BUSH. n. s. [bois, Fr.]
1. A thick shrub.
Est through the thick they heard one rudely rush,
With noise whereof, he, from his lofty steed,
Down fell to ground, and crept into a bush,
To hide his coward head from dying dread. Fairy Q. b. ii.
The poller, and exactor of fees, justifies the resemblance of
the courts of justice to the bush, whereunto while the sheep flies
for defence from the weather, he is sure to lose part of the fleece.
Bacon's Essays, No 47.
Her heart was that strange bush, whose sacred fire,
Religion did not consume, but inspire
Such piety, so chaste use of God's day,
That what we turn to feast, she turn'd to pray. Donne.
With such a care,
As roses from their stalks we tear,
When we would still prefer them new,
And fresh as on the bush they grew. Waller.
The sacred ground
Shall weeds and pois'nous plants refuse to bear;
Each common bush shall Syrian roses wear. Dryden's Virg.
2. A bough of a tree fixed up at a door, to shew that liquours are
sold there.


If it be true, that good wine needs no bush, 'tis true that a
good play needs no epilogue. Shakesp. As you like it.

To BUSH. v. n. [from the noun.] To grow thick.
The roses bushing round
About her glow'd; half stooping to support
Each flow'r of tender stalk. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
A gushing fountain broke
Around it, and above, for ever green,
The bushing alders form'd a shady scene. Pope's Odyssey.

BU'SHEL. n. s. [boisseau, Fr. bussellus, low Lat.]
1. A measure containing eight gallons; a strike.
His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of
chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them; and when you
have them, they are not worth the search. Shakesp.
2. It is used, in common language, indefinitely for a large quan­
tity.
The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with
bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of
pieces. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. Bushels of a cart-wheel. Irons within the hole of the nave, to
preserve it from wearing. [from bouche, Fr. a mouth.] Dict.

BU'SHINESS. n. s. [from bushy.] The quality of being bushy.

BU'SHMENT. n. s. [from bush.] A thicket; a cluster of bushes.
Princes thought how they might discharge the earth of woods,
briars, bushments, and waters, to make it more habitable and fer­
tile. Raleigh's History of the World.

BU'SHY. adj. [from bush.]
1. Thick; full of small branches, not high.
The gentle shepherd sat beside a spring,
All in the shadow of a bushy brier. Spenser's Pastorals.
Generally the cutting away of boughs and suckers at the root
and body, doth make trees grow high; and, contrariwise, the
polling and cutting of the top, make them spread and grow
bushy. Bacon's Nat. History, No 424.
2. Thick like a bush.
Statues of this god, with a thick bushy beard, are still many
of them extant in Rome. Addison on Italy.
3. Full of bushes.
The kids with pleasure browse the bushy plain;
The show'rs are grateful to the swelling grain. Dryden.

BU'SILESS. adj. [from busy.] At leisure; without business; un­
employed.
These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labour,
Most busiless when I do it. Shakesp.

BU'SILY. adv. [from busy.] With an air of importance; with
an air of hurry; actively; importunately.
Or if too busily they will enquire
Into a victory, which we disdain,
Then let them know, the Belgians did retire,
Before the patron saint of injur'd Spain. Dryden.

BU'SINESS. n. s. [from busy.]
1. Employment; multiplicity of affairs.
Must business thee from hence remove?
Oh! that's the worst disease of love. Donne.
2. An affair. In this sense it has the plural.
Bestow
Your needful counsel to our businesses,
Which crave the instant use. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. The subject of business; the affair or object that engages the
care.
You are so much the business of our souls, that while you
are in sight, we can neither look nor think on any else; there
are no eyes for other beauties. Dryden.
The great business of the senses, being to take notice of what
hurts or advantages the body. Locke.
4. Serious engagement, in opposition to trivial transactions.
I never knew one, who made it his business to lash the faults
of other writers, that was not guilty of greater himself. Addis.
He had business enough upon his hands, and was only a poet
by accident. Prior's Preface.
When diversion is made the business and study of life, though
the actions chosen be in themselves innocent, the excess will
render them criminal. Rogers.
5. Right of action.
What business has a tortoise among the clouds? L'Estrange.
6. A point; a matter of question; something to be examined or
considered.
Fitness to govern, is a perplexed business; some men, some
nations, excel in the one ability, some in the other. Bacon.
7. Something to be transacted.
They were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with
any one. Judges, xviii. 7.
8. Something required to be done.
To those people that dwell under or near the equator, this
spring would be most pestilent; as for those countries that
are nearer the poles, in which number are our own, and the
most considerable nations of the world, a perpetual spring will
not do their business; they must have longer days, a nearer ap­
proach of the sun. Bentley.
9. To do one's business. To kill, destroy, or ruin him.

BUSK. n. s. [busque, Fr.] A piece of steel or whalebone, worn
by women to strengthen their stays.
Off with that happy busk, which I envy,
That still can be, and still can stand so nigh. Donne.

BU'SKIN. n. s. [broseken, Dutch.]
1. A kind of half boot; a shoe which comes to the midleg.
The foot was dressed in a short pair of crimson velvet bus­
kins; in some places open, to shew the fairness of the skin.
Sidney.
Sometimes Diana he her takes to be,
But misseth bow, and shafts, and buskins to her knee.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. vi. stanz. 16.
There is a kind of rusticity in all those pompous verses;
somewhat of a holiday shepherd strutting in his country bus­
kins. Dryden.
2. A kind of high shoe wore by the ancient actors of tragedy, to
raise their stature.
Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
Nor greater Johnson dares in socks appear. Dryden.
In her best light the comick Muse appears,
When she, with borrow'd pride the buskin wears. Smith.

BU'SKINED. adj. [from buskin.] Dressed in buskins.
Or what, though rare, of later age,
Ennobl'd hath the buskin'd stage? Milton.
Here, arm'd with silver bows, in early dawn,
Her buskin'd virgins trac'd the dewy lawn. Pope.

BU'SKY. adj. [written more properly by Milton, bosky. See
BOSKY.] Woody; shaded with woods; overgrown with
trees.
How bloodily the sun begins to peer
Above yon busky hill! Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

BUSS. n. s. [bus, the mouth, Irish; baiser, Fr.]
1. A kiss; a salute with the lips.
Thou dost give me flattering busses.—By my troth, I kiss
thee with a most constant heart. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Some squire perhaps you take delight to rack,
Who visits with a gun, presents with birds,
Then gives a smacking buss. Pope.
2. A boat for fishing. [busse, German.]
If the king would enter towards building such a number of
boats and busses, as each company could easily manage, it would
be an encouragement both of honour and advantage. Temple.

To BUSS. v. a. [from the noun.] To kiss; to salute with the
lips.
Yonder walls, that partly front your town,
Yond towers, whose wanton tops do buss the clouds,
Must kiss their feet. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Go to them with this bonnet in thy hand,
Thy knee bussing the stones; for, in such business,
Action is eloquence. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

BUST. n. s. [busto, Ital.] A statue representing a man to his
breast.
Agrippa, or Caligula, is a common coin, but a very extra­
ordinary bust; and a Tiberius, a rare coin, but a common bust.
Addison on Italy.
Ambition sigh'd: she found it vain to trust
The faithless column, and the crumbling bust. Pope.

BU'STARD. n. s. [bistarde, Fr.] A wild turkey.
His sacrifices were phenicopters, peacocks, bustards, turkeys,
pheasants; and all these were daily offered. Hakewell.

To BU'STLE. v. n. [of uncertain etymology; perhaps from busy.]
To be busy; to stir; to be active.
Come, bustle, bustle—caparison my horse. Shakesp. R. III.
God take king Edward to his mercy,
And leave the world for me to bustle in. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Sir Henry Vane was a busy and bustling man, who had credit
enough to do his business in all places. Clarendon, b. ii.
A poor abject worm,
That crawl'd awhile upon a bustling world,
And now am trampled to my dust again. Southerne's Oroonoko.
Ye sov'reign lords, who sit like gods in state,
Awing the world, and bustling to be great! Granville.

BU'STLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A tumult; a hurry; a com­
bustion.
Wisdom's self
Oft seeks to sweet retired solitude;
She plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings,
That, in the various bustle of resort,
Were all too ruffl'd. Milton.
This is the creature that pretends to knowledge, and that
makes such a noise and bustle for opinions. Glanville's Scepsis.
Such a doctrine made a strange bustle and disturbance in the
world, which then sat warm and easy in a free enjoyment of
their lusts. South.
If the Count had given them a pot of ale after it, all would
have been well, without any of this bustle. Spectator, No 481.

BU'STLER. n. s. [from bustle.] An active stirring man.

BU'SY. adj. [bysgian, Sax. It is pronounced as bissy.]
1. Employed with earnestness.
My mistress sends you word, that she is busy, and cannot
come. Shakesp. Taming the Shr.
The christians, sometimes valiantly receiving the enemy, and
sometimes charging them again, repulsed the proud enemy, still
busy with them. Knolles's History of the Turks.


2. Bustling; active; meddling.
The next thing which she waking looks upon,
On meddling monkey, or on busy ape,
She shall pursue it with the soul of love. Shakesp.
This busy pow'r is working day and night;
For when the outward senses rest do take,
A thousand dreams, fantastical and light,
With flutt'ring wings, do keep her still awake. Davies.
The coming spring would first appear,
And all this place with roses strow,
If busy feet would let them grow. Waller.
All written since that time, seem to have little more than
events we are glad to know, or the controversy of opinions,
wherein the busy world has been so much employed. Temple.
Religious motives and instincts are so busy in the heart of
every reasonable creature, that no man would hope to govern a
society, without regard to those principles. Addison. Freeholder.

To BU'SY. v. a. [from the noun.] To employ; to engage; to
make or keep busy.
He in great passion all this while did dwell,
More busying his quick eyes her face to view,
Than his dull ears to hear what she did tell. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The pleasure which I took at my friend's pleasure herein,
idly busied me thus to express the same. Carew's Survey.
My Harry,
Be it thy course to busy giddy minds
With foreign quarrels. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
While they were busied to lay the foundations, their build­
ings were overthrown by an earthquake, and many thousands
of the Jews were overwhelmed. Raleigh's History.
The points which busied the devotion of the first ages, and
the curiosity of the later. Decay of Piety.
The ideas it is busied about, should be natural and congenial
ones, which it had in itself. Locke.
The learning and disputes of the schools have been much bu­
sied about genus and species. Locke.
For the rest, it must be owned, he does not busy himself, by
entering deep into any party, but rather spends his time in acts
of hospitality. Swift.

BU'SYBODY. n. s. [from busy and body.] A vain, meddling, fan­
tastical person.
Going from house to house, tatlers and busybodies, are the
canker and rust of idleness, as idleness is the rust of time.
Taylor's Holy Living.
Busybodies and intermeddlers are a dangerous sort of people
to have to do withal. L'Estrange.
She is well acquainted with all the favourite servants, busy­
bodies, dependants, and poor relations of all persons of condi­
tion in the whole town. Spectator, No 437.


BUT

BUT. conjunct. [bute, butan, Saxon.]
1. Except.
An emission of immateriate virtues we are a little doubtful to
propound, it is so prodigious: but that it is so constantly a­
vouched by many. Bacon.
Who can it be, ye gods! but perjur'd Lycon?
Who can inspire such storms of rage, but Lycon?
Where has my sword left one so black, but Lycon?
Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.
Your poem hath been printed, and we have no objection but
the obscurity of several passages, by our ignorance in facts and
persons. Swift.
2. Yet; nevertheless. It sometimes only enforces yet.
Then let him speak, and any that shall stand without, shall
hear his voice plainly; but yet made extreme sharp and exile,
like the voice of puppets: and yet the articulate sounds of the
words will not be confounded. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 155.
Our wants are many, and grievous to be born, but quite of
another kind. Swift.
3. The particle which introduces the minor of a syllogism; now.
If there be a liberty and possibility for a man to kill himself
today, then it is not absolutely necessary that he shall live till
tomorrow; but there is such a liberty, therefore no such ne­
cessity. Bramhall against Hobbes.
God will one time or another make a difference between the
good and the evil. But there is little or no difference made in
this world: therefore there must be another world, wherein
this difference shall be made. Watts's Logick, Introduct.
4. Only; nothing more than.
If my offence be of mortal kind,
That not my service, past or present sorrows,
Can ransom me into his love again;
But to know so, must be my benefit. Shakesp. Othello.
And but infirmity,
Which waits upon worn times, hath something seiz'd
His wish'd ability, he had himself
The lands and waters measur'd. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
What nymph soe'er his voice but hears,
Will be my rival, though she have but ears. Ben. Johnson.
No, Aurengzebe, you merit all my heart,
And I'm too noble but to give a part. Dryden.
Did but men consider the true notion of God, he would ap­
pear to be full of goodness. Tillotson.
If we do but put virtue and vice in equal circumstances, the
advantages of ease and pleasure will be found to be on the side
of religion. Tillotson.
The mischiefs or harms that come by play, inadvertency, or
ignorance, are not at all, or but very gently, to be taken notice
of. Locke on Education.
If a reader examines Horace's art of poetry, he will find but
very few precepts in it, which he may not meet with in Ari­
stotle. Addison. Spectator.
Prepar'd I stand: he was but born to try
The lot of man, to suffer and to die. Pope's Odyssey.
5. Than.
The full moon was no sooner up, and shining in all its
brightness, but he privately opened the gate of paradise.
Guardian, No 167.
6. But that; without this consequence that.
Frosts that constrain the ground,
Do seldom their usurping power withdraw,
But raging floods pursue their hasty hand. Dryden.
7. Otherwise than that.
It cannot be but nature hath some director, of infinite
power, to guide her in all her ways. Hooker, b. i. § 3.
Who shall believe,
But you misuse the reverence of your place? Shakesp.
8. Not otherwise than.
A genius so elevated and unconfined as Mr. Cowley's, was
but necessary to make Pindar speak English. Dryden.
9. By any other means means than.
Out of that will I cause those of Cyprus to mutiny: whose
qualification shall come into no true taste again, but by trans­
planting of Cassio. Shakesp. Othello.
10. If it were not for this; if this were not.
Believe me, I had rather have lost my purse
Full of cruzades. And but my noble Moor
Is true of mind, and made of no such baseness,
As jealous creatures are, it were enough
To put him to ill-thinking. Shakesp. Othello.
I here do give thee that with all my heart,
Which, but thou hast already, with all my heart
I would keep from thee. Shakesp. Othello.
11. However; howbeit.
I do not doubt but I have been to blame;
But, to pursue the end for which I came,
Unite your subjects first, then let us go,
And pour their common rage upon the foe. Dryden.
12. It is used after no doubt, no question, and such words, and sig­
nifies the same with that. It sometimes is joined with that.
They made no account, but that the navy should be absolute­
ly master of the seas. Bacon's War with Spain.
I fancied to myself a kind of ease in the change of the pa­
roxysm; never suspecting but that the humour would have
wasted itself. Dryden.
There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most
of the abuses. Addison on Italy.
13. That. This seems no proper sense in this place.
It is not therefore impossible, but I may alter the complexion
of my play, to restore myself into the good graces of my fair
criticks. Dryden's Aurengzebe, Preface.
14. Otherwise than.
I should sin
To think but nobly of my grandmother. Shakesp. Tempest.
15. Even; not longer ago than.
Beroe but now I left; whom, pin'd with pain,
Her age and anguish from these rites detain. Dryden.
It is evident, in the instance I gave but now, the conscious­
ness went along. Locke.
16. A particle by which the meaning of the foregoing sentence is
bounded or restrained.
Thus fights Ulysses, thus his fame extends,
A formidable man, but to his friends. Dryden.
17. An objective particle; yet it may be objected.
But yet, madam———
I do not like but yet; it does allay
The good precedence; fie upon but yet!
But yet is as a jaylour, to bring forth
Some monstrous malefactor. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Must the heart then have been formed and constituted, be­
fore the blood was in being? But here again, the substance of
the heart itself is most certainly made and nourished by the
blood, which is conveyed to it by the coronary arteries. Bentl.
18. But for; without; had not this been.
Rash man! forbear, but for some unbelief,
My joy had been as fatal as my grief. Waller.
Her head was bare,
But for her native ornament of hair,
Which in a simple knot was ty'd above. Dryden's Fables.
When the fair boy receiv'd the gift of right,
And, but for mischief, you had dy'd for spight. Dryden.

BUT. n. s. [bout, French.] A boundary.
But, if I ask you what I mean by that word, you will answer,
I mean this or that thing, you cannot tell which; but if I join
it with the words in construction and sense, as, but I will not,


a but of wine, but and boundary, the ram will but, shoot at but,
the meaning of it will be as ready to you as any other word.
Holder's Elements of Speech.

BUT. n. s. [In sea language.] The end of any plank which joins
to another on the outside of a ship, under water. Harris.

BUT-END. n. s. [from but and end.] The blunt end of any
thing; the end upon which it rests.
The reserve of foot galled their foot with several vollies, and
then fell on them with the but-ends of their muskets. Clarendon.
Thy weapon was a good one when I wielded it, but the but­
end remains in my hands. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
Some of the soldiers accordingly pushed them forwards with
the but-ends of their pikes, into my reach. Gulliver's Travels.

BU'TCHER. n. s. [boucher, Fr.]
1. One that kills animals to sell their flesh.
The shepherd and the butcher both may look upon one sheep
with pleasing conceits. Sidney.
Hence he learnt the butcher's guile,
How to cut your throat, and smile;
Like a butcher doom'd for life,
In his mouth to wear his knife. Swift.
2. One that is delighted with blood.
Honour and renown are bestowed on conquerours, who, for
the most part, are but the great butchers of mankind. Locke.

To BU'TCHER. v. a. [from the noun.] To kill; to murder.
In suff'ring thus thy brother to be slaughter'd,
Thou shewest the naked pathway to thy life,
Teaching stern murder how to butcher thee. Shakesp. R. II.
Uncharitably with me have you dealt,
And shamefully by you my hopes are butcher'd. Shakesp.
The poison and the dagger are at hand to butcher a hero,
when the poet wants brains to save him. Dryden's Don Sebast.

BUTCHERS-BROOM, or KNEEHOLLY. n. s. [ruscus, Lat.]
The flower-cup consists of one leaf, cut into several divi­
visions, out of which is produced a globular bell-shaped flower,
consisting also of one leaf, in the center of which rises the poin­
tal, which afterwards becomes a soft roundish fruit, in which
are inclosed one or two hard seeds. It is very common in the
woods, in divers parts of England, and is rarely cultivated in
gardens. The roots are sometimes used in medicine, and the
green shoots are cut and bound into bundles, and sold to the
butchers, who use it as besoms to sweep their blocks; from
whence it had the name of butchers-broom. Millar.

BU'TCHERLINESS. n. s. [from butcherly.] In a butcherly manner.

BU'TCHERLY. adj. [from butcher.] Cruel; bloody; barbarous.
There is a way, which, brought into schools, would take a­
way this butcherly fear in making of Latin. Ascham's Schoolm.
What stratagems, how fell, how butcherly,
This deadly quarrel daily doth beget! Shakesp. Henry VI.

BU'TCHERY. n. s. [from butcher.]
1. The trade of a butcher.
Yet this man, so ignorant in modern butchery, has cut up half
an hundred heroes, and quartered five or six miserable lovers, in
every tragedy he has written. Pope.
2. Murder; cruelty; slaughter.
If thou delight to view thy heinous deeds,
Behold this pattern of thy butcheries. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The butchery, and the breach of hospitality, is represented in
this fable under the mask of friendship. L'Estrange.
Can he a son to soft remorse incite,
Whom goals, and blood, and butchery delight? Dryden.
3. The place where blood is shed.
This is no place, this house is but a butchery;
Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it. Shakesp. As you like it.

BU'TLER. n. s. [bouteiller, Fr. boteler, or botiller, old English,
from bottle; he that is employed in the care of bottling li­
quours.] A servant in a family employed in furnishing the
table.
Butlers forget to bring up their beer time enough. Swift.

BU'TLERAGE. n. s. [from butler.] The duty upon wines im­
ported, claimed by the king's butler.
Those ordinary finances are casual or uncertain, as be the
escheats, the customs, butlerage, and impost. Bacon.

BU'TLERSHIP. n. s. [from butler.] The office of a butler.

BU'TMENT. n. s. [aboutement, Fr.] That part of the arch which
joins it to the upright pier.
The supporters or butments of the said arch cannot suffer so
much violence, as in the precedent flat posture. Wotton.

BUTT. n. s. [but, Fr.]
1. The place on which the mark to be shot at is placed.
He calls on Bacchus, and propounds the prize;
The groom his fellow groom at butts defies,
And bends his bow, and levels with his eyes. Dryd.
2. The point at which the endeavour is directed.
Be not afraid though you do see me weapon'd;
Here is my journey's end; here is my butt,
The very sea-mark of my journey's end. Shakesp. Othello.
3. The object of aim; the thing against which any attack is di­
rected.
The papists were the most common-place, and the butt
against whom all the arrows were directed. Clarendon.
4. A man upon whom the company break their jests.
I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very
smart, when my ill genius suggested to him such a reply as got
all the laughter on his side. Spectator, No 175.
5. A stroke given in fencing.
If disputes arise
Among the champions for the prize;
To prove who gave the fairer butt,
John shews the chalk on Robert's coat. Prior.

BUTT. n. s. [butt, Saxon.] A vessel; a barrel containing one
hundred and twenty six gallons of wine; a butt contains one
hundred and eight gallons of beer; and from fifteen to twenty
two hundred weight, is a butt of currans.
I escaped upon a butt of sack, which the sailors heaved over­
board. Shakesp. Tempest.

To BUTT. v. a. [botten, Dutch.] To strike with the head.
Come, leave your tears: a brief farewel: the beast
With many heads butts me away. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Nor wars are seen,
Unless, upon the green,
Two harmless lambs are butting one the other. Wotton.
A snow-white steer, before thy altar led,
Butts with his threat'ning brows, and bellowing stands.
Dryden's Æneid.
A ram will butt with his head, though he be brought up
tame, and never saw that manner of fighting. Ray on the Cr.

BU'TTER. n. s. [buttere, Sax. butyrum, Lat.]
1. An unctuous substance made by agitating the cream of milk,
till the oil separates from the whey.
And he took butter and milk, and the calf which he had
dressed, and set before them. Gen. xviii. 8.
2. Butter of antimony. A chymical preparation, made by unit­
ing the acid spirits of sublimate corrosive with regulus of anti­
mony. It is a great caustick. Harris.
3. Butter of tin, is made with tin and sublimate corrosive. This
preparation continually emits fumes. Harris.

To BU'TTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To smear, or oil with butter.
'Twas her brother, that, in pure kindness to his horse, but­
tered his hay. Shakesp. King Lear.
Words butter no parsnips. L'Estrange.
2. To encrease the stakes every throw, or every game: a cant
term among gamesters.
It is a fine simile in one of Mr. Congreve's prologues, which
compares a writer to a buttering gamester, that stakes all his
winning upon one cast; so that if he loses the last throw, he
is sure to be undone. Addison. Freeholder, No 40.

BU'TTERBUMP. n. s. A fowl; the same with bittourn.

BU'TTERBUR. n. s. [petasites, Lat.]
It is a plant with a flosculous flower, consisting of many flo­
rets, divided into many parts, sitting on the embryo, and con­
tinued in a cylindrical empalement, divided also into many
parts; the embryo becomes afterwards a seed furnished with
down, and the flowers appear before the leaves. It is used in
medicine, and grows wild in great plenty by the sides of
ditches. Millar.

BU'TTERFLOWER. n. s. A yellow flower, with which the fields
abound in the month of May.
Let weeds, instead of butterflow'rs, appear,
And meads, instead of daisies, hemlock bear. Gay.

BU'TTERFLY. n. s. [butterflege, Saxon.] A beautiful insect,
so named because it first appears at the beginning of the season
for butter.
Eftsoons that damsel, by her heav'nly might,
She turned into a winged butterfly,
In the wide air to make her wand'ring flight. Spenser.
Tell old tales, and laugh
At gilded butterflies; and hear poor rogues
Talk of court news. Shakesp. King Lear.
And so befel, that as he cast his eye
Among the colworts on a butterfly,
He saw false Reynard. Dryden's Fables.
That which seems to be a powder upon the wings of a but­
terfly, is an innumerable company of extreme small feathers,
not to be discerned without a microscope. Grew.

BU'TTERIS. n. s. An instrument of steel set in a wooden handle,
used in paring the foot, or cutting the hoof of a horse. Farr. D.

BU'TTERMILK. n. s. [from butter and milk.] The whey that is
separated from the cream when butter is made.
A young man, who was fallen into an ulcerous consumption,
devoted himself to buttermilk, by which sole diet he recovered.
Harvey on Consumptions.
The scurvy of mariners is cured by acids; as ripe fruits, le­
mons, oranges, buttermilk; and alkaline spirits hurt them.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

BU'TTERPRINT. n. s. [from butter and print.] A piece of carved
wood, used to mark butter.
A butterprint, in which were engraven figures of all sorts and
sizes, applied to the lump of butter, left on it the figure. Locke.

BU'TTERTOOTH. n. s. [from butter and tooth.] The great broad
foreteeth.

BU'TTERWOMAN. n. s. [from butter and woman.] A woman
that sells butter.


Tongue, I must put you into a butterwoman's mouth, and
buy myself another of Bajazet's mute, if you prattle me into
these perils. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

BU'TTERWORT. n. s. A plant; the same with sanicle.

BU'TTERY. adj. [from butter.] Having the appearance or qua­
lities of butter.
Nothing more convertible into hot cholerick humours, than
its buttery parts. Harvey on Consumptions.
The best oils, thickened by cold, have a white colour; and
milk itself has its whiteness from the caseous fibres, and its but­
tery oil. Floyer on the Humours.

BU'TTERY. n. s. [from butter; or, according to Skinner, from
bouter, Fr. to place or lay up.] The room where provisions are
laid up.
Go, sirrah, take them to the buttery,
And give them friendly welcome every one. Shakesp.
All that need a cool and fresh temper, as cellars, pantries,
and butteries, to the north. Wotton.
My guts ne'er suffer'd from a college-cook,
My name ne'er enter'd in a buttery book.
Brampston's Man of Taste.

BU'TTOCK. n. s. [supposed, by Skinner, to come from aboutir,
Fr. inserted by Junius without etymology.] The rump; the
part near the tail.
It is like a barber's chair that fits all the buttocks. Shakesp.
Such as were not able to stay themselves, should be holden
up by others of more strength, riding behind them upon the
buttocks of the horse. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The tail of a fox was never made for the buttocks of an ape.
L'Estrange's Fables.

BU'TTON. n. s. [bottwn, Welch; bouton, Fr.]
1. A catch, or small ball, by which the dress of man is fastened.
Pray you, undo this button. Shakesp. King Lear.
I mention those ornaments, because, of the simplicity of the
shape, want of ornaments, buttons, loops, gold and silver lace,
they must have been cheaper than ours. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Any knob or ball fastened to a smaller body.
We fastened to the upper marble certain wires, and a button.
Boyle.
Fair from its humble bed I rear'd this flow'r,
Suckled and chear'd, with air, and sun and show'r;
Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread,
Bright with the gilded button tipt its head. Pope's Dunciad.
3. The bud of a plant.
The canker galls the infants of the spring,
Too oft before their buttons be disclos'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

BU'TTON. n. s. The sea urchin, which is a kind of crabfish that
has prickles instead of feet. Ainsworth.

To BU'TTON. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dress; to cloath.
One whose hard heart is button'd up with steel. Shakesp.
He gave his legs, arm, and breast, to his ordinary servant, to
button and dress him. Wotton.
2. To fasten with buttons.

BU'TTONHOLE. n. s. [from button and hole.] The loop in which
the button of the cloaths is caught.
Let me take you a buttonhole lower. Shakesp. Love's Lab. L.
I'll please the maids of honour, if I can:
Without black velvet breeches, what is man?
I will my skill in buttonholes display,
And brag, how oft I shift me ev'ry day. Bramst. M. of Taste.

BU'TTRESS. n. s. [from aboutir, Fr.]
1. A prop; a wall built to support another wall.
No jutting frize,
Buttress, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird,
Hath made his pendant bed, and procreant cradle. Shakesp.
Fruit trees, set upon a wall against the sun, between elbows
or buttresses of stone, ripen more than upon a plain wall. Bacon.
But we inhabit a weak city here,
Which buttresses and props but scarcely bear. Dryden's Juv.
2. A prop; a support.
It will concern us to examine the force of this plea, which
our adversaries are still setting up against us, as the ground pil­
lar and buttress of the good old cause of nonconformity. South.

To BU'TTRESS. v. a. [from the noun.] To prop; to support.

BU'TWINK. n. s. The name of a bird. Dict.

BUTYRA'CEOUS. adj. [butyrum, Lat. butter.] Having the qua­
lities of butter.
Chyle has the same principles as milk; a viscidity from the
caseous parts, and an oiliness from the butyraceous parts.
Floyer on the Humours.

BU'TYROUS. adj. [butyrum, Lat.] Having the properties of
butter.
Its oily red part is from the butyrous parts of chyle. Floyer.


BUX

BU'XOM. adj. [bucsum, Sax. from bugan, to bend. It ori­
ginally signified obedient, as John de Trevisa, a clergyman, tells
his patron, that he is obedient and buxom to all his commands.
In an old form of marriage used before the Reformation, the
bride promised to be obedient and buxom in bed and at board;
from which expression, not well understood, its present mean­
ing seems to be derived.]
1. Obedient; obsequious.
He did tread down, and disgrace all the English, and set up
and countenance the Irish; thinking thereby to make them
more tractable and buxom to his government. Spenser's Ireland.
He, with broad sails,
Winnow'd the buxom air. Milton.
2. Gay; lively; brisk.
I'm born
Again a fresh child of the buxom morn,
Heir of the sun's first beams. Crashaw.
Zephyr, with Aurora playing,
As he met her once a maying,
Fill'd her with thee, a daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonnair. Milton.
Sturdy swains,
In clean array, for rustick dance prepare,
Mixt with the buxom damsels, hand in hand,
They frisk and bound. Philips.
3. Wanton; jolly.
Almighty Jove descends, and pours
Into his buxom bride his fruitful show'rs. Dryden's Virgil.
She feign'd the rites of Bacchus! cry'd aloud,
And to the buxom god the virgin vow'd. Dryden's Æneid.

BU'XOMLY. adv. [from buxom.] Wantonly; amorously.

BU'XOMNESS. n. s. [from buxom.] Wantonness; amorousness.

To BUY. v. a. preter. I bought; I have bought. [bicgean, Sax.]
1. To purchase; to acquire by paying a price; to obtain for
money, or something equivalent; to gain by sale, not gift or
theft.
They must buy up no corn growing within twelve miles
of Geneva, that so the filling of their magazines may not pre­
judice their market. Addison on Italy.
2. To procure some advantage by something that deserves it, or
at some price.
I have bought
Golden opinions from all sorts of people. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Pent to linger
But with a grain a day, I would not buy
Their mercy at the price of one fair word. Shakesp. Coriol.
Pleasure with praise, and danger they would buy,
And with a foe that would not only fly. Denham.
3. To manage by money.
You, and all the kings of christendom,
Are led so grossly by this meddling priest,
Dreading the curse that money may buy out. Shakesp. K. J.
What pitiful things are power, rhetorick, or riches, when
they would terrify, dissuade, or buy off conscience? South.

To BUY. v. n. To treat about a purchase.
I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with
you, and so following. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

BU'YER. n. s. [from to buy.] He that buys; a purchaser.
When a piece of art is set before us, let the first caution be,
not to ask who made it, lest the fame of the authour do capti­
vate the fancy of the buyer. Wotton's Architecture.


BUZ

To BUZZ. v. n. [bizzen, Teut. to growl. Junius.]
1. To hum; to make a noise like bees, flies, or wasps.
And all the chamber filled was with flies,
Which buzzed all about, and made such sound,
That they encumber'd all men's ears and eyes,
Like many swarms of bees assembled round. Fairy Q. b. ii.
There be more wasps, that buzz about his nose,
Will make this sting the sooner. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Herewith arose a buzzing noise among them, as if it had been
the rustling sound of the sea afar off. Hayward.
For still the flowers ready stand,
One buzzes round about,
One lights, one tastes, gets in, gets out. Suckling.
What though no bees around your cradle flew,
Nor on your lips distill'd their golden dew;
Yet have we oft' discover'd, in their stead,
A swarm of drones that buzz'd about your head. Pope.
We join, like flies and wasps, in buzzing about wit. Swift.
2. To whisper; to prate.
There is such confusion in my pow'rs,
As after some oration fairly spoke
By a beloved prince, there doth appear
Among the buzzing multitude. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

To BUZZ. v. a. To whisper; to spread secretly.
Where doth the world thrust forth a vanity,
That is not quickly buzz'd into his ears? Shakesp. Rich. II.
I will buzz abroad such prophecies,
That Edward shall be fearful of his life. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Did you not hear
A buzzing of a separation
Between the king and Catherine? Shakesp. Henry VIII.
They might buzz and whisper it one to another, and, tacite­
ly withdrawing from the presence of the apostles, they then lift
their voices, and noise it about the city. Bentley.

BUZZ. n. s. [from the verb.] A hum; a whisper; a talk.
The hive of a city or kingdom, is in best condition, when
there is least noise or buzz in it. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Where I found the whole outward room in a buzz of poli­
ticks. Addison. Spectator, No 403.



BU'ZZARD. n. s. [bvsard, Fr.]
1. A degenerate or mean species of hawk.
More pity that the eagle should be mawl'd,
While kites and buzzards prey at liberty. Shakesp. R. III.
The noble buzzard ever pleas'd me best;
Of small renown, 'tis true: for, not to lie,
We call him but a hawk by courtesy. Dryden's Hind and P.
2. A blockhead; a dunce.
Those blind buzzards, who, in late years, of wilful malici­
ousness, would neither learn themselves, nor could teach others
any thing at all. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

BU'ZZER. n. s. [from buzz.] A secret whisperer.
Her brother is in secret come from France,
And wants not buzzers to infest his ear
With petulant speeches of his father's death. Shak. Hamlet.


BY

BY. prep. [bi, big, Saxon.]
1. It notes the agent.
The Moor is with child by you, Launcelot. Shak. Hen. VI.
The grammar of a language is sometimes to be carefully stu­
died by a grown man. Locke.
2. It notes the instrument, and is always used after a verb neuter,
where with would be put after an active; as, he was killed with
a sword; he died by a sword.
But by Pelides' arms when Hector fell,
He chose Æneas, and he chose as well. Dryden, Æn. vi.
3. It notes the cause of any event.
This sight had the more weight with him, as by good luck
not above two of that venerable body were fallen asleep.
Addison. Freeholder.
4. It notes the means by which any thing is performed.
You must think, if we give you any thing, we hope to gain
by you. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Happier! had it suffic'd him to have known
Good by itself, and evil not at all. Parad. Lost, b. xi. l. 89.
The heart knows that by itself, which nothing in the world
besides can give it any knowledge of. South.
We obtain the knowledge of a multitude of propositions by
sensation and reflection. Watts's Logick.
5. It shews the manner of an action.
I have not patience; she consumes the time
In idle talk, and owns her false belief:
Seize her by force, and bear her hence unheard.
Dryden's Don Sebastian.
By chance, within a neighbouring brook,
He saw his branching horns, and alter'd look. Addison.
6. It has a signification, noting the method in which any succes­
sive action is performed, with regard to time or quantity.
The best for you, is to re-examine the cause, and to try it
even point by point, argument by argument, with all the exact­
ness you can. Hooker, Preface.
We are not to stay all together, but to come by him where
he stands, by ones, by twos, and by threes. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He calleth them forth by one, and by one, by the name, as he
pleaseth, though seldom the order be inverted. Bacon.
The captains were obliged to break that piece of ordnance,
and so by pieces to carry it away, that the enemy should not get
so great a spoil. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Common prudence would direct me to take them all out,
and examine them one by one. Boyle.
Others will soon take pattern and encouragement by your
building; and so house by house, street by street, there will at
last be finished a magnificent city. Sprat.
Explor'd her, limb by limb, and fear'd to find
So rude a gripe had left a livid mark behind. Dryden's Fab.
Thus year by year they pass, and day by day,
Till once, 'twas on the morn of chearful May,
The young Æmilia——— Dryden's Fab.
I'll gaze for ever on thy god like father,
Transplanting one by one into my life,
His bright perfections, till I shine like him. Addison's Cato.
Let the blows be by pauses laid on. Locke.
7. It notes the quantity had at one time.
Bullion will sell by the ounce for six shillings and fivepence
unclipped money. Locke.
What we take daily by pounds, is at least of as much impor­
tance as of what we take seldom, and only by grains and spoon­
fuls. Arbuthnot on Aliments, Preface.
The North, by myriads, pours her mighty sons;
Great nurse of Goths, of Alans, and of Huns. Pope.
8. At, or in; noting place.
We see the great effects of battles by sea; the battle of Ac­
tium decided the empire of the world. Bacon's Essays.
Arms, and the man, I sing, who, forc'd by fate,
Expell'd, and exil'd, left the Trojan shore;
Long labours both by sea and land he bore. Dryden's Æn.
I would have fought by land, where I was stronger:
You hinder'd it; yet, when I fought at sea,
Forsook me fighting. Dryden's All for Love.
9. According to; noting permission.
It is lawful, both by the laws of nature and nations, and by
the law divine, which is the perfection of the other two.
Bacon's Holy War.
10. According to; noting proof.
The present, or like, system of the world cannot possibly
have been eternal, by the first proposition; and, without God,
it could not naturally, nor fortuitously, emerge out of a chaos,
by the third proposition. Bentley.
The faculty, or desire, being infinite, by the preceding
proposition, may contain, or receive both these. Cheyne.
11. After; according to; noting imitation or conformity.
The gospel gives us such laws, as every man, that under­
stands himself, would chuse to live by. Tillotson.
In the divisions I have made, I have endeavoured, the best I
could, to govern myself by the diversity of matter. Locke.
This ship, by good luck, fell into their hands at last, and
served as a model to build others by. Arbuthnot on Coins.
12. From; noting judgment or token.
Thus, by the musick, we may know,
When noble wits a hunting go,
Through groves that on Parnassus grow. Waller.
By what he has done, before the war in which he was en­
gaged, we may expect what he will do after a peace. Dryden.
The son of Hercules he justly seems,
By his broad shoulders and gigantick limbs. Dryden.
Who's that stranger? By his warlike port,
His fierce demeanour, and erected look,
He's of no vulgar note. Dryden's All for Love.
Judge the event
By what has pass'd. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
The punishment is not to be measured by the greatness or
smallness of the matter, but by the opposition it carries, and
stands in, to that respect and submission that is due to the fa­
ther. Locke.
By your description of the town, I imagine it to lie under
some great enchantment. Pope's Letters.
By what I have always heard and read, I take the strength
of a nation— Swift.
13. It notes the sum of the difference between two things com­
pared.
Meantime she stands provided of a Laius,
More young and vigorous too by twenty springs. Dryden.
Her brother Rivers,
Ere this, lies shorter by the head at Pomfret.
Rowe's Jane Shore.
By giving the denomination to less quantities of silver by one
twentieth, you take from them their due. Locke.
14. It notes co-operation, or cohabitation.
By her he had two children at one birth. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
15. For; noting continuance of time. This sense is not now in
use.
Ferdinand and Isabella recovered the kingdom of Granada
from the Moors; having been in possession thereof by the space
of seven hundred years. Bacon's Henry VII.
16. As soon as; not later than; noting time.
By this, the sons of Constantine which fled,
Ambrise and Uther, did ripe years attain. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Hector, by the fifth hour of the sun,
Will, with a trumpet, 'twixt our tents and Troy,
Tomorrow morning call some knight to arms.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
He err'd not; for, by this, the heav'nly bands
Down from a sky of jasper lighted now
In paradise. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 208.
These have their course to finish round the earth
By morrow ev'ning. Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 662.
The angelick guards ascended, mute and sad
For man: for, of his state by this they knew. Par. L. b. x.
By that time a siege is carried on two or three days, I am al­
together lost and bewildered in it. Addison. Spect. No 165.
By this time, the very foundation was removed. Swift.
By the beginning of the fourth century from the building of
Rome, the tribunes proceeded so far, as to accuse and fine the
consuls. Swift.
17. Beside; noting passage.
Many beautiful places standing along the sea-shore, make
the town appear much longer than it is, to those that sail by it.
Addison on Italy.
18. Beside; near to; in presence; noting proximity of place.
So thou may'st say, the king lies by a beggar, if a beggar
dwell near him; or the church stands by thy tabour, if thy ta­
bour stand by the church. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Here he comes himself;
If he be worth any man's good voice,
That good man sit down by him. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
A spacious plain, whereon
Were tents of various hue: by some, were herds
Of cattle grazing. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 557.
Stay by me; thou art resolute and faithful;
I have employment worthy of thy arm. Dryden's D. Sebast.
19. Before himself, herself, or themselves, it notes the absence of all
others.
Sitting in some place, by himself, let him translate into En­
glish his former lesson. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Solyman resolved to assault the breach, after he had, by him­


self, in a melancholy mood, walked up and down in his tent.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
I know not whether he will annex his discourse to his appen­
dix, or publish it by itself, or at all. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
He will imagine, that the king, and his ministers, sat down,
and made them by themselves, and then sent them to their al­
lies, to sign. Swift.
More pleas'd to keep it, till their friends could come,
Then eat the sweetest by themselves at home. Pope.
20. It is the solemn form of swearing.
His godhead I invoke, by him I swear. Dryden's Fab.
21. At hand.
He kept then some of the spirit by him, to verify what he
believes. Boyle.
The merchant is not forced to keep so much money by him,
as in other places, where they have not such a supply. Locke.
22. It is used in forms of adjuring, or obtesting.
Which, O! avert by yon etherial light,
Which I have lost for this eternal night;
Or if, by dearer ties, you may be won,
By your dead sire, and by your living son. Dryden's Æn.
Now by your joys on earth, your hopes in heav'n,
O spare this great, this good, this aged king! Dryden.
O, cruel youth!
By all the pain that wrings my tortur'd soul!
By all the dear deceitful hopes you gave me,
O, cease! at least, once more delude my sorrows.
Smith's Phædrus and Hippolita.
23. It signifies specification and particularity.
Upbraiding heav'n, from whence his lineage came,
And cruel calls the gods, and cruel thee, by name. Dryden.
24. By proxy of; noting substitution.
The gods were said to feast with Ethiopians; that is, they
were present with them by their statues. Broome, notes on Odyss.
25. In the same direction with.
They are also striated, or furrowed, by the length, and the
sides curiously punched, or pricked. Grew.

BY. adv. 
1. Near; at a small distance.
And in it lies, the god of sleep;
And, snorting by,
We may descry
The monsters of the deep. Dryden's Albion.
2. Beside; passing.
I did hear
The galloping of horse. Who was't came by?
Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. In presence.
The same words in my lady Philoclea's mouth, as from one
woman to another, so as there was no other body by, might
have had a better grace. Sidney.
I'll not be by, the while, my lieges, farewel:
What will become hereof, there's none can tell.
Shakesp. Richard III.
There while I sing, if gentle youth be by,
That tunes my lute, and winds the strings so high. Waller.
Pris'ners and witnesses were waiting by;
These had been taught to swear, and those to die.
Roscommon.
You have put a principle into him, which will influence his
actions, when you are not by. Locke.

BY AND BY. In a short time.
He overtook Amphialus, who had been staid here, and by and
by called him to fight with him. Sidney.
The noble knight alighted by and by,
From lofty steed, and bad the lady stay,
To see what end of fight should him befall that day.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. viii. stanz. 2.
In the temple, by and by, with us,
These couples shall eternally be knit.
Shakesp. Midsummer's Night's Dream.
O how this spring of love resembleth
Th' uncertain glory of an April day;
Which now shews all the beauty of the sun,
And by and by a cloud takes all away.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Now a sensible man, by and by a fool, and presently a beast.
Shakesp. Othello.

BY. n. s. [from the preposition.] Something not the direct and
immediate object of regard.
In this instance, there is, upon the by, to be noted, the perco­
lation of the verjuice through the wood.
Bacon's Natural History, No 79.
This wolf was forced to make bold, ever and anon, with a
sheep in private, by the by. L'Estrange.
Hence we may understand, to add that upon the by, that it
is not necessary. Boyle.
So, while my lov'd revenge is full and high,
I'll give you back your kingdom by the by.
Dryden's Conquest of Granada.

BY, in composition, implies something out of the direct way;
and, consequently, some obscurity, as a by-road; something
irregular, as a by-end; or something collateral. as a by-concern­
ment; or private, as a by-law. This composition is used at
pleasure, and will be understood by the examples following.

BY-COFFEEHOUSE. n. s. A coffeehouse in an obscure place.
I afterwards entered a by-coffeehouse, that stood at the upper
end of a narrow lane, where I met with a nonjuror.
Addison. Spectator, No 403.

BY-CONCERNMENT. n. s. An affair which is not the main bu­
ness.
Our plays, besides the main design, have under-plots, or by­
concernments, or less considerable persons and intrigues, which
are carried on with the motion of the main plot.
Dryden on Dramatick Poetry.

BY-DEPENDENCE. n. s. An appendage; something accidentally
depending on another.
These,
And your three motives to the battle, with
I know not how much more, should be demanded;
And all the other by-dependences,
From chance to chance. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

BY-DESIGN. n. s. An incidental purpose.
And if she miss the mouse-trap lines,
They'll serve for other by-designs,
And make an artist understand,
To copy out her seal or hand;
Or find void places in the paper,
To steal in something to entrap her. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.

BY-END. n. s. Private interest; secret advantage.
All people that worship for fear, profit, or some other by­
end, fall within the intendement of this fable. L'Estrange.

BY-GONE. adj. [a Scotch word.] Past.
Tell him, you're sure
All in Bohemia's well: this satisfaction
The by-gone day proclaim'd. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
As we have a conceit of motion coming, as well as bygone;
so have we of time, which dependeth thereupon.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. iii.

BY-INTEREST. n. s. Interest distinct from that of the publick.
Various factions and parties, all aiming at by-interest, with­
out any sincere regard to the publick good. Atterbury.

BY-LAW. n. s. 
By-laws are orders made in court-leets, or court-barons, by
common assent, for the good of those that make them, farther
than the publick law binds. Cowel.
There was also a law, to restrain the by-laws and ordinances
of corporations. Bacon's Henry VII.
In the beginning of this record is inserted the law or institu­
tion; to which are added two by-laws, as a comment upon the
general law. Addison. Spectator, No 608.

BY-MATTER. n. s. Something incidental.
I knew one, that, when he wrote a letter, he would put that
which was most material into the postscript, as if it had been a
by-matter. Bacon's Essays, No 23.

BY-NAME. n. s. A nickname; name of reproach, or acciden­
tal appellation.
Robert, eldest son to the Conquerour, used short hose, and
thereupon was by-named Court-hose, and shewed first the use of
them to the English. Camden's Remains.

BY-PAST. adj. Past; a term of the Scotch dialect.
Wars, pestilences, and diseases, have not been fewer for these
three hundred years by-past, than ever they have been since we
have had records. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

BY-PATH. n. s. A private or obscure path.
Heav'n knows, my son,
By what by-paths, and indirect crooked ways,
I got this crown. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

BY-RESPECT. n. s. Private end or view.
It may be, that some, upon by-respects, find somewhat friend­
ly usage in usance, at some of their hands.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
The archbishops and bishops, next under the king, have the
government of the church: be not you the mean to prefer any
to those places, for any by-respects, but only for their learning,
gravity, and worth. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Augustus, who was not altogether so good as he was wise,
had some by-respects in the enacting of this law; for to do any
thing for nothing, was not his maxim.
Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.

BY-ROAD. n. s. An obscure unfrequented path.
Through slipp'ry by-roads, dark and deep,
They often climb, and often creep. Swift.

BY-ROOM. n. s. A private room within another.
I pr'ythee, do thou stand in some by-room, while I question
my puny drawer to what end he gave the sugar.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.


BYS

BY-SPEECH. n. s. An incidental or casual speech, not directly
relating to the point.
When they come to allege what word and what law they
meant, their common ordinary practice is to quote by-speeches
in some historical narration or other, and to use them as if they
were written in most exact form of law. Hooker, b. iii. § 4.

BY-STANDER. n. s. A looker one; one unconcerned.


She broke her feathers against the frame of the picture, and,
falling to the ground upon it, was taken up by the by-standers.
L'Estrange's Fables.
The by-standers asked him, why he ran away, his bread being
weight? That was more than I knew, says he. Locke.

BY-STREET. n. s. An obscure street.
The broker here his spacious beaver wears,
Upon his brow sit jealousies and cares;
Bent on some mortgage, to avoid reproach,
He seeks by-streets, and saves th' expensive coach.
Gay's Trivia.

BY-VIEW. n. s. Private self-interested purpose.
No by-views of his own shall mislead him. Atterbury.


BYW

BY-WALK. n. s. A private walk; not the main road.
All which he moves afterwards in by-walks, or under-plots,
as diversions to the main design, lest it should grow tedious;
though they are still naturally joined. Dryden.
The chief avenue ought to be the most ample and noble;
but there should be by-walks, to retire into sometimes, for ease
and refreshment. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

BY-WAY. n. s. A private and obscure way.
Night stealths are commonly driven in by-ways, and by blind
fords, unused of any but such like. Spenser on Ireland.
Other by-ways he himself betook,
Where never foot of living wight did tread.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. vii. stanz. 50.
Wholly abstain, or wed: thy beauteous Lord
Allows thee choice of paths; take no by-ways,
But gladly welcome what he doth afford;
Not grudging that thy lust hath bounds and stays. Herbert.
A servant, or a favourite, if he be in want, and no other
apparent cause of esteem, is commonly thought but a by-way to
close corruption. Bacon's Essays, No 11.
This is wonderfully diverting to the understanding, thus to
receive a precept, that enters, as it were, through a by-way, and
to apprehend an idea that draws a whole train after it.
Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.

BY-WEST. Westward; to the west of.
Whereupon grew that by-word, used by the Irish, that they
dwelt by-west the law, which dwelt beyond the river of the
Barrow. Sir John Davies on Ireland.

BY-WORD. n. s. A saying; a proverb.
Duke of York, be king;
And bashful Henry be deposed; whose cowardice
Hath made us by-words to our enemies. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
I knew a wise man, that had it for a by-word, when he saw
men hasten to a conclusion, Stay a little, that we may make an
end the sooner. Bacon's Essays, No 26.
We are become a by-word among the nations for our ridi­
culous feuds and animosities. Addison's Freeholder, No 50.
It will be his lot often, to look singular, in loose and licen­
tious times, and to become a by-word and a reproach, on that
account, among the men of wit and pleasure. Atterbury.

BY'ASS. n. s. See BIAS.
Every inordinate lust is a false byass upon men's understand­
ings, which naturally draws towards atheism. Tillotson.

BYE, BEE, come immediately from the Saxon, by, bying, i. e. a
dwelling. Gibson's Camden.


BYZ

BY'ZANTINE. See BIZANTINE.






C

C
The third letter of the alphabet, has two sounds;
one like k, as, call, clock, craft, coal, companion, cu­
neiform; the other as s, as, Cæsar, cessation, cinder.
It sounds like k before a, o, u, or a consonant; and
like s, before e, i, and y.

CAB

CAB. n. s. [קב.] A Hebrew measure, containing about three
pints English, or the eighteenth part of the ephah.

CABA’L. n. s. [cabale, Fr. קבלה, tradition.]
1. The secret science of the Hebrew rabbins.
2. A body of men united in some close design. A cabal differs
from a party, as few from many.
She often interposed her royal authority, to break the cabals
which were forming against her first ministers. Addison.
3. Intrigue.
When each, by curs'd cabals of women, strove,
To draw th' indulgent king to partial love. Dryden's Aureng.

To CABA’L. v. n. [cabaler, Fr.] To form close intrigues; to
intrigue; to unite in small parties.
His mournful friends, summon'd to take their leaves,
Are throng'd about his couch, and sit in council:
What those caballing captains may design,
I must prevent, by being first in action. Dryden's D. Sebast.

CA’BALIST. n. s. [from cabal.] One skilled in the traditions of
the Hebrews.
Then Jove thus spake: With care and pain
We form'd this name, renown'd in rhime,
Not thine, immortal Neufgermain!
Cost studious cabalists more time. Swift.

CABALLI’STICAL. adj. [from cabal.] Something that has an
occult meaning.

CABALLI’STICK. adj. [from cabal.] Something that has an
occult meaning.
The letters are caballistical, and carry more in them than it is
proper for the world to be acquainted with. Addison. Spect.
He taught him to repeat two caballistick words, in pronoun­
cing of which the whole secret consisted. Spectator, No 578.

CABA’LLER. n. s. [from cabal.] He that engages in close de­
signs; an intriguer.
Factious and rich, bold at the council board,
But cautious in the field, he shun'd the sword;
A close caballer, and tongue-valiant lord. Dryden.

CABA’LLINE. adj. [caballinus, Lat.] Belonging to a horse; as,
caballine aloes, or horse aloes.

CA’BARET. n. s. [French.] A tavern.
Suppose this servant passing by some cabaret, or tennis-court,
where his comrades were drinking or playing, should stay with
them, and drink or play away his money.
Bramhall against Hobbes.

CA’BBAGE. n. s. [cabus, Fr. brassica, Lat.] A plant.
The leaves are large, fleshy, and of a glaucous colour; the
flowers consist of four leaves, which are succeeded by long ta­
per pods, containing several round acrid seeds. The species
are, 1.  The common white cabbage. 2. The red cabbage. 3.
The Russian cabbage. 4. The flat-sided cabbage. 5. The su­
gar loaf cabbage. 6. The early Battersea cabbage. 7. The
white Savoy cabbage. 8. The green Savoy cabbage. 9. The
boorcole. 10. The green broccoli. 11.  The Italian broccoli.
12. The turnep-rooted cabbage. 13. The cauliflower. 14.
The turnep cabbage. 15. Curled colewort. 16. The musk
cabbage. 17. Branching tree cabbage, from the sea coast. 18.
Brown broccoli. 19. Common colewort. 20. Perennial Al­
pine colewort. 21.  Perfoliated wild cabbage, with a white
flower. 22. Perfoliated cabbage, with a purple flower. The
common white, red, flat, and long-sided cabbages, are chiefly
cultivated for winter use; the seeds of which must be sown in
the middle of March, in beds of good fresh earth. The Rus­
sian cabbage was formerly in much greater esteem than at pre­
sent, and is rarely brought to the market. The early Battersea
and sugar-loaf cabbages, are called Michaelmas cabbages; the
season for sowing them is in the middle of July, in an open spot
of ground. The Savoy cabbages are propagated for winter use,
as being generally esteemed the better, when pinched by frost.
The boorcole is never eaten till the frost has rendered it tender.
The turnep cabbage was formerly more cultivated in England
than at present; and some esteem this kind for soups, but it is
generally too strong, and seldom good, except in hard winters.
The curled colewort is more generally esteemed, and is fit for
use after Christmas, and continues good until April. The
musk cabbage has, through negligence, been almost lost in Eng­
land, though, for eating, it is one of the best kinds we have;
for it is always looser, and the leaves more crisp and tender,
and has a most agreeable musky scent when cut. It will be fit
for use in October, November, and December. The branch­
ing sea cabbage is found wild in England, and on the sea coast,
and is sometimes gathered by the poor inhabitants in the spring,
and eaten; but it is apt to be strong and bitter. The brown
broccoli is by many esteemed, though it does not deserve a place
in the kitchen garden, where the Roman broccoli can be ob­
tained, which is much sweeter, and will continue longer in sea­
son. The Roman broccoli has large heads, which appear in the
center of the plants like clusters of buds. The heads should
be cut before they run up to seed, with about four or five
inches of the stems; the skin of these stems should be strip­
ped off, before they are boiled; they will eat very tender, and
little inferiour to asparagus. The common colewort is now al­
most lost near London, where their markets are usually sup­
plied with cabbage or Savoy plants instead of them; which,
being tenderer and more delicate, are better worth cultivating.
The perennial Alpine colewort is also little cultivated at present.
The other two sorts of wild cabbage are varieties fit for a bota­
nick garden, but are plants of no use. The cauliflowers have,
of late years, been so far improved in England, as to exceed,
in goodness and magnitude, what are produced in most parts of
Europe; and, by the skill of the gardners, are continued for
several months together; but the most common season for them
is in May, June, and July. Miller.
Cole, cabbage, and coleworts, which are soft and demulcent,
without any acidity; the jelly, or juice, of red cabbage, baked
in an oven, and mixed with honey, is an excellent pectoral.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To CA’BBAGE. v. a. [a cant word among taylors.] To steal in
cutting clothes.
Your taylor, instead of shreads, cabbages whole yards of
cloth. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

CA’BBAGE TREE. n. s. A species of palm-tree; which see.
It is very common in the Caribee islands, where it grows to
a prodigious height. The leaves of this tree envelope each
other, so that those which are inclosed, being deprived of the
air, are blanched; which is the part the inhabitants cut for
plaits for hats, &c. and the genuine, or young shoots, are pick­
led, and sent into England by the name of cabbage; but when­
ever this part is cut out, the trees are destroyed; nor do they
rise again from the old roots; so that there are very few trees
left remaining near plantations, except for ornament; for their
stems being exceeding straight, and their leaves being produced
very regularly at top, will afford a most beautiful prospect; for
which reason, the planters generally spare two or three of them
near their habitations. Miller.

CA’BBAGE-WORM. n. s. An insect.

CA’BIN. n. s. [cabane, Fr. chabin, Welch, a cottage.]
1. A small room.
So long in secret cabin there he held
Her captive to his sensual desire,
Till that with timely fruit her belly swell'd,
And bore a boy unto a savage sire. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. vi.
2. A small chamber in a ship.
Give thanks you have lived so long, and make yourself
ready, in your cabin, for the mischance of the hour, if it so
happen. Shakesp. Tempest.
Men may not expect the use of many cabins, and safety at
once, in the sea service. Raleigh's Essays.
The chessboard, we say, is in the same place it was, if it re­
main in the same part of the cabin, though, perhaps, the ship it
is in, sails all the while. Locke.
3. A cottage, or small house.
Come from marble bow'rs, many times the gay harbour
of anguish,
Unto a silly cabin, though weak, yet stronger against woes.
Sidney, b. i.
Neither should that odious custom be allowed, of flaying off
the green surface of the ground, to cover their cabins, or make
up their ditches. Swift.


4. A tent.
Some of green boughs their slender cabins frame,
Some lodged were Tortosa's streets about. Fairfax, b. i.

To CA’BIN. v. n. [from the noun.] To live in a cabin.
I'll make you feed on berries and on roots,
And feed on curds and whey, and suck the goat,
And cabin in a cave. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.

To CA’BIN. v. a. To confine in a cabin.
Fleance is 'scap'd:
Then comes my fit again; I had else been perfect;
Whole as the marble, sounded as the rock;
As broad and gen'ral as the casing air;
But now I'm cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in,
To saucy doubts and fear. Shakesp. Macbeth.

CA’BINED. adj. [from cabin.] Belonging to a cabin.
The nice morn, on the Indian steep,
From her cabin'd loophole peep. Milton.

CA’BINET. n. s. [cabinet, Fr.]
1. A set of boxes or drawers for curiosities; a private box.
At both corners of the farther side, by way of return, let there
be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged,
glazed with crystaline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst, and
all other elegancy that may be thought on. Bacon's Essays.
Who sees a soul in such a body set,
Might love the treasure for the cabinet. Ben. Johnson.
In vain the workman shew'd his wit,
With rings and hinges counterfeit,
To make it seem, in this disguise,
A cabinet to vulgar eyes. Swift.
2. Any place in which things of value are hidden.
Thy breast hath ever been the cabinet,
Where I have lock'd my secrets. Denham's Sophy.
We cannot discourse of the secret, but by describing our
duty; but so much duty must needs open a cabinet of mysteries.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
3. A private room in which consultations are held.
You began in the cabinet what you afterwards practised in
the camp. Dryden.
4. In Spenser it seems to signify a hut, or house.
Hearken awhile in thy green cabinet,
The lawrel song of careful Colinet. Spenser's Pastorals.

CA’BINET-COUNCIL. n. s. A council held in a private manner,
with unusual privacy and confidence.
The doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings
times, hath introduced cabinet-councils. Bacon's Essays.
From the highest to the lowest it is universally read; from
the cabinet-council to the nursery. Gay to Swift.

CA’BINET-MAKER. n. s. [from cabinet and make.] One that
makes small nice work in wood.
The root of an old white thorn will make very fine boxes
and combs; so that they would be of great use for the cabinet­
makers, as well as the turners, and others. Mortimer.

CA’BLE. n. s. [cabl, Welch; cabel, Dutch.] The great rope of
a ship to which the anchor is fastened.
What though the mast be now blown overboard,
The cable broke, the holding anchor lost,
And half our sailors swallow'd in the flood,
Yet lives our pilot still? Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
True it is, that the length of the cable is the life of the ship in
all extremities; and the reason is, because it makes so many
bendings and waves, as the ship, riding at that length, is not
able to stretch it; and nothing breaks that is not stretched.
Raleigh's Essays.
The cables crack, the sailors fearful cries
Ascend; and sable night involves the skies. Dryden's Virg.

CA’BURNS. n. s. Small ropes used in ships. Dict.

CAC

CA’CAO. See CHOCOLATENUT.

CACHE’CTICAL. adj. [from cachexy.] Having an ill habit of
body; shewing an ill habit.

CACHE’CTICK. adj. [from cachexy.] Having an ill habit of
body; shewing an ill habit.
Young and florid blood, rather than vapid and cahectical.
Arbuthnot on Air.
The crude chyle swims in the blood, and appears as milk in
the blood, let out of some persons who are generally cachectick.
Floyer on the Humours.

CACHE’XY. n. s. [ϰαχεξία.] A general word to express a great
variety of symptoms; most commonly it denotes such a dis­
temperature of the humours, as hinders nutrition, and weakens
the vital and animal functions, proceeding from weakness of
the fibres, and an abuse of the non-naturals, and often from
severe acute distempers. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CACHINNA’TION. n. s. [cachinnatio, Lat.] A loud laughter. D.

CA’CKEREL. n. s. A fish, said to make those who eat it laxative.

To CA’CKLE. v. n. [kaeckelen, Dutch.]
1. To make a noise as a goose.
The nightingale, if she should sing by day,
When every goose is cackling, would be thought
No better a musician than the wren. Shakesp. M. of Venice.
Goose, if I had you upon Sarum plain,
I'd drive thee cackling home to Camelot. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Or rob the Roman geese of all their glories,
And save the state, by cackling to the tories. Pope.
2. Sometimes it is used for the noise of a hen.
Now to my story I return again:
The trembling widow, and her daughters twain,
This woful cackling cry, with horrour heard,
Of those distracted damsels in the yard. Dryden's Fab.
3. To laugh; to giggle.
Then Nic. grinned, cackled, and laughed, till he was like to
kill himself, and seemed to be so pleased, that he fell a frisking
and dancing about the room. Arbuthnot's J. Bull.

CA’CKLE. n. s. [from the verb.] The voice of a goose or fowl.
The silver goose before the shining gate
There flew, and, by her cackle, sav'd the state. Dryden.

CAC’KLER. n. s. [from cackle.]
1. A fowl that cackles.
2. A teltale; a tatler.

CACOCHY’MICAL. adj. [from cacochymy.] Having the humours
corrupted.

CACOCHY’MICK. adj. [from cacochymy.] Having the humours
corrupted.
It will prove very advantageous, if only cacochymick, to clarify
his blood with a laxative. Harvey on Consumptions.
If the body be cacochymical, the tumours are apt to degene­
rate into very venomous and malignant abscesses. Wiseman.
The ancient writers distinguished putrid fevers, by putrefac­
tion of blood, choler, melancholy, and phlegm; and this is to
be explained by an effervescence happening in a particular caco­
chymical blood. Floyer on the Humours.

CACOCHY’MY. n. s. [ϰαϰόχυμία.] A depravation of the hu­
mours from a sound state, to what the physicians call by a ge­
neral name of a cacochymy. Spots, and discolourations of the
skin, are signs of weak fibres; for the lateral vessels, which lie
out of the road of circulation, let gross humours pass, which
could not, if the vessels had their due degree of stricture.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Strong beer, a liquour that attributes the better half of its ill
qualities to the hops, consisting of an acrimonious firy nature,
sets the blood, upon the least cacochymy, into an orgasmus, by an
ill ferment. Harvey on Consumptions.

CACO’PHONY. n. s. [ϰαϰοφωνία.] A bad sound of words.

To CACU’MINATE. v. a. [cacumino, Lat.] To make sharp or
pyramidal. Dict.

CAD

CADA’VEROUS. adj. [cadaver, Lat.] Having the appearance of
a dead carcass; having the qualities of a dead carcass.
In vain do they scruple to approach the dead, who livingly
are cadaverous, for fear of any outward pollution, whose temper
pollutes themselves. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ix. c. 10.
The urine, long detained in the bladder, as well as glass,
will grow red, fœtid, cadaverous, and alkaline. The case is the
same with the stagnant waters of hydropical persons.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CA’DDIS. n. s. 
1. A kind of tape or ribbon.
He hath ribbons of all the colours of the rainbow; inkles,
caddises, cambricks, lawns; why, he sings them over as if they
were gods and goddesses. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. A kind of worm or grub found in a case of straw.
He especially loves the mayfly, which is bred of the cod­
worm, or caddis; and these make the trout bold and lusty.
Walton's Angler.

CADE. n. s. [It is deduced, by Skinner, from cadeler, Fr. an old
word, which signifies to breed up tenderly.] Tame; soft; de­
licate; as a cade lamb, a lamb bred at home.

To CADE. v. a. [from the noun.] To breed up in softness.

CADE. n. s. [cadus, Lat.] A barrel.
We John Cade, so termed of our supposed father.——Or
rather of stealing a cade of herrings. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
Soon as thy liquour from the narrow cells
Of close press'd husks is freed, thou must refrain
Thy thirsty soul; let none persuade to broach
Thy thick, unwholsome, undigested cades. Philips.

CADE-WORM. n. s. The same with caddis.

CA’DENCE. n. s. [cadence, Fr.]

CA’DENCY. n. s. [cadence, Fr.]
1. Fall; state of sinking; decline.
Now was the sun in western cadence low
From noon; and gentle airs, due at their hours,
To fan the earth, now wak'd. Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 92.
2. The fall of the voice.
The sliding, in the close or cadence, hath an agreement with
the figure in rhetorick, which they call præter expectatum; for
there is a pleasure even in being deceived. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
There be words not made with lungs,
Sententious show'rs! O! let them fall,
Their cadence is rhetorical. Crashaw.
3. The flow of verses, or periods.
The words, the versification, and all the other elegancies of
sound, as cadences, and turns of words upon the thought, per­
form exactly the same office both in dramatick and epick poe­
try. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The cadency of one line must be a rule to that of the next;
as the sound of the former must slide gently into that which
follows. Dryden.
4. The tone or sound.
Hollow rocks retain
The sound of blust'ring winds, which all night long


Had rous'd the sea, now with horse cadence lull
Sea-faring men, o'erwatch'd. Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 287.
He hath a confused remembrance of words since he left the
university; he hath lost half their meaning, and puts them to­
gether with no regard, except to their cadence. Swift.
5. In horsemanship.
Cadence is an equal measure or proportion, which a horse ob­
serves in all his motions, when he is thoroughly managed.
Farrier's Dict.

CA’DENT. adj. [cadens, Lat.] Falling down.

CADE’T. n. s. [cadet, Fr. pronounced cadè.]
1. The younger brother.
2. The youngest brother.
Joseph was the youngest of the twelve, and David the
eleventh son, and the cadet of Jesse. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. A voluntier in the army, who serves in expectation of a com­
mission.

CA’DEW. n. s. A straw worm. See CADDIS. Dict.

CA’DGER. n. s. A huckster; one who brings butter, eggs, and
poultry, from the country to market.

CA’DI. n. s. A magistrate among the Turks, whose office seems
to answer to that of a justice of peace.

CADI’LLACK. n. s. A sort of pear; which see.

CÆ’CIAS. n. s. [Lat.] A wind from the north.
Now, from the north,
Boreas and Cæcias and Argestes loud
And Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 699.

CÆSA’REAN. See CESARIAN.

CÆSU’RA. n. s. [Lat.] A figure in poetry, by which a short
syllable after a complete foot is made long.

CA’FTAN. n. s. [Persick.] A Persian vest or garment.

CAG. n. s. A barrel or wooden vessel, containing four or five
gallons.

CAGE. n. s. [cage, Fr. from cavea, Lat.]
1. An inclosure of twigs or wire, in which birds are kept.
See whether a cage can please a bird? or whether a dog
grow not fiercer with tying? Sidney.
He taught me how to know a man in love; in which cage
of rushes, I am sure, you are not a prisoner.
Shakesp. As you like it.
Though slaves, like birds that sing not in a cage,
They lost their genius, and poetick rage;
Homers again and Pindars may be found,
And his great actions with their numbers crown'd. Waller.
And parrots, imitating human tongue,
And singing birds in silver cages hung;
And ev'ry fragrant flow'r, and od'rous green,
Were sorted well, with lumps of amber laid between.
Dryden's Fables.
A man recurs to our fancy, by remembering his garment,
a beast, bird, or fish, by the cage, or court-yard, or cistern,
wherein it was kept. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
The reason why so few marriages are happy, is, because
young ladies spend their time in making nets, not in making
cages. Swift's Thoughts on various Subjects.
2. A place for wild beasts, inclosed with palisadoes.
3. A prison for petty malefactors.

To CAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose in a cage.
He swoln, and pamper'd with high fare,
Sits down, and snorts, cag'd in his basket-chair. Donne.

CAI

CA’IMAN. n. s. The American name of a crocodile.

To CAJO’LE. v. a. [cageoller, Fr.] To flatter; to sooth; to
coax: a low word.
Thought he, 'tis no mean part of civil
State-prudence, to cajole the devil. Hudibras, cant. ii. p. iii.
The one affronts him, while the other cajoles and pities him;
takes up his quarrel, shakes his head at it, clasps his hand upon
his breast, and then protests and protests. L'Estrange.

CAJO’LER. n. s. [from cajole.] A flatterer; a wheedler.

CAJO’LERY. n. s. [cajolerie, Fr.] Flattery.

CA’ISSON. n. s. [French.] A chest of bombs or powder, laid
in the enemy's way, to be fired at their approach.

CA’ITIFF. n. s. [cattivo, Ital. a slave; whence it came to signify
a bad man, with some implication of meanness; as knave in
English, and fur in Latin; so certainly does slavery destroy
virtue.
Ἡμισυ τῆς ἀϱετῆς ἀϖοάινυαι δλιον ἤμαϱ. Homer.
A slave and a scoundrel are signified by the same words in many
languages.] A mean villain; a despicable knave.
Vile caitiff, vassal of dread and despair,
Unworthy of the common breathed air;
Why livest thou, dead dog, a longer day,
And dost not unto death thyself prepare? Fairy Queen, b. ii.
'Tis not impossible
But one, the wicked'st caitiff on the ground,
May seem as shy, as grave, as just, as absolute,
As Angelo. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
The wretched caitiff, all alone,
As he believ'd, began to moan,
And tell his story to himself. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.

CAKE. n. s. [cuch, Teutonick.]
1. A kind of delicate bread.
You must be seeing christnings? do you look for ale and
cakes here, you rude rascals? Shakesp. Henry VIII.
My cake is dough, but I'll in among the rest,
Out of hope of all, but my share of the feast.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The dismal day was come, the priests prepare
Their leaven'd cakes, and fillets for my hair. Dryden's Æn.
2. Any thing of a form rather flat than high; by which it is
sometimes distinguished from a loaf.
There is a cake that groweth upon the side of a dead tree,
that hath gotten no name, but it is large and of a chesnut co­
lour, and hard and pithy. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 552.
Then when the fleecy skies new cloath the wood,
And cakes of rustling ice come rolling down the flood.
Dryden's Virgil, Georg, i. l. 418.

To CAKE. v. n. [from the noun.] To harden, as dough in the
oven.
This burning matter, as it sunk very leisurely, had time to
cake together, and form the bottom, which covers the mouth of
that dreadful vault that lies underneath it. Addison on Italy.
This is that very Mab,
That plats the manes of horses in the night,
And cakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,
Which, once entangl'd, much misfortune bodes. Shakesp.
He rins'd the wound,
And wash'd away the strings and clotted blood,
That cak'd within. Addison.

CAL

CALABA’SH Tree.
It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, divided at the brim in­
to several parts; from whose cup rises the pointal, in the hinder
part of the flower; which afterwards becomes a fleshy fruit,
having an hard shell. They rise to the height of twenty-five or
thirty feet in the West Indies, where they grow naturally in
woods, and the savannas. The shells are used by the negroes
for cups, as also for making instruments of musick, by making
a hole in the shell, and putting in small stones, with which they
make a sort of rattle. Miller.

CALAMA’NCO. n. s. [a word derived, probably by some acci­
dent, from calamancus, Lat. which, in the middle ages, signi­
fied a hat.] A kind of woollen stuff.
He was of a bulk and stature larger than ordinary, had a red
coat, flung open to shew a calamanco waistcoat. Tatler, No 96.

CA’LAMINE, or Lapis Calaminaris. n. s. A kind of fossile bitu­
minous earth, which, being mixed with copper, changes it in­
to brass; it is dug in barren rocky ground, and is often found
in lead mines, or has lead mixed with it. It is used as an absor­
bent and drier, in outward medicinal applications, but is sel­
dom given inwardly.
We must not omit those, which, though not of so much
beauty, yet are of greater use, viz. loadstones, whetstones of all
kinds, limestones, calamine, or lapis calaminaris. Locke.

CA’LAMINT. n. s. [calamintha, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It hath a long tubulous flower, which opens at the top into
two lips; the upper lip is roundish, and divided into two seg­
ments: these flowers are produced from the joints of the stalks,
at the footstalks of the leaves, in bunches, upon pretty long pe­
dicles, or footstalks. This plant grows wild, and is used in me­
dicine. Miller.

CALA’MITOUS. adj. [calamitosus, Lat.]
1. Miserable; involved in distress; oppressed with infelicity;
unhappy; wretched; applied to men.
This is a gracious provision God Almighty hath made in fa­
vour of the necessitous and calamitous; the state of some, in
this life, being so extremely wretched and deplorable, if com­
pared with others. Calamy.
2. Full of misery; distressful; applied to external circum­
stances.
What calamitous effects the air of this city wrought upon us
the last year, you may read in my discourse of the plague.
Harvey on Consumptions.
Strict necessity
Subdues me, and calamitous constraint!
Lest on my head both sin and punishment,
However insupportable, be all
Devolv'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 132.
Much rather I shall chuse
To live the poorest in my tribe, than richest,
And be in that calamitous prison left. Milton's Agonistes.
In this sad and calamitous condition, deliverance from an op­
pressour would have even revived them. South.

CALA’MITOUSNESS. n. s. [from calamitous.] Misery; distress.

CALA’MITY. n. s. [calamitas, Lat.] Misfortune; cause of
misery; distress.
Another ill accident is drought, and the spindling of the corn,
which with us is rare, but in hotter countries common; inso­
much as the word calamity was first derived from calamus, when
the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Which infinite calamity shall cause
To human life, and houshold peace confound. Par. L. b. x.


From adverse shores in safety let her hear
Foreign calamity, and distant war;
Of which, great heav'n, let her no portion bear. Prior.

CA’LAMUS. n. s. [Lat.] A sort of reed or sweet scented wood,
mentioned in scripture with the other ingredients of the sacred
perfumes. It is a knotty root, reddish without, and white with­
in, which puts forth long and narrow leaves, and brought from
the Indies. The prophets speak of it as a foreign commodity
of great value. These sweet reeds have no smell when they
are green, but when they are dry only. Their form differs not
from other reeds, and their smell is perceived upon entering
the marshes. Calmet.
Take thou also unto thee principal spices of pure myrrh, of
sweet cinnamon, and of sweet calamus. Exodus, xxx. 23.

CALA’SH. n. s. [caleche, Fr.] A small carriage of pleasure.
Daniel, a sprightly swain, that us'd to slash
The vig'rous steeds, that drew his lord's calash.
King's Mully of Mountown.
The ancients used calashes, the figures of several of them be­
ing to be seen on ancient monuments. They are very simple,
light, and drove by the traveller himself. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CA’LCEATED. adj. [calceatus, Lat.] Shod; fitted with shoes.

CALCEDO’NIUS. n. s. [Lat.] A kind of precious stone.
Calcedonius is of the agat kind, and of a misty grey, cloud­
ed with blue, or with purple. Woodward on Fossils.

To CA’LCINATE. See To CALCINE.

CALCINA’TION. n. s. [from calcine; calcination, Fr.] Such a
management of bodies by fire, as renders them reducible to
powder; wherefore it is called chymical pulverization. This
is the next degree of the power of fire beyond that of fusion;
for when fusion is longer continued, not only the more subtile
particles of the body itself fly off, but the particles of fire like­
wise insinuate themselves in such multitudes, and are so blend­
ed through its whole substance, that the fluidity, first caused by
the fire, can no longer subsist. From this union arises a third
kind of body, which, being very porous and brittle, is easily re­
duced to powder; for, the fire having penetrated everywhere
into the pores of the body, the particles are both hindered from
mutual contact, and divided into minute atoms. Quincy.
Divers residences of bodies are wont to be thrown away, as
soon as the distillation or calcination of the body that yielded
them is ended. Boyle.
This may be effected, but not without a calcination, or re­
ducing it by art into a subtile powder. Brown's Vulgar Err.

CALCI’NATORY. n. s. [from calcinate.] A vessel used in calci­
nation.

To CALCI’NE. v. a. [calciner, Fr. from calx, Lat.]
1. To burn in the fire to a calx, or friable substance. See CAL­
CINATION.
In hardening, by baking without melting, the heat hath these
degrees; first, it indurateth, then maketh fragile, and, lastly, it
doth calcinate. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 87.
The solids seem to be earth, bound together with some oil;
for if a bone be calcined, so as the least force will crumble it,
being immersed in oil, it will grow firm again.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To burn up.
Firy disputes that union have calcin'd,
Almost as many minds as men we find. Denham.

To CALCI’NE. v. n. To become a calx by heat.
This crystal is a pellucid fissile stone, clear as water, and
without colour, enduring a red heat without losing its transpa­
rency, and, in a very strong heat, calcining without fusion.
Newton's Opticks.

To CA’LCULATE. v. a. [calculer, Fr. from calculus, Lat. a
little stone or bead, used in operations of numbers.]
1. To compute; to reckon.
2. To compute the situation of the planets at any certain time.
A cunning man did calculate my birth,
And told me, that by water I should die. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Why all these fires, why all these gliding ghosts,
Why old men fools, and children calculate,
Why all those things change from their ordinance?
Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Who were there then in the world, to observe the births of
those first men, and calculate their nativities, as they sprawled
out of ditches? Bentley.
3. To adjust; to project for any certain end.
The reasonableness of religion clearly appears, as it tends
so directly to the happiness of men, and is, upon all accounts,
calculated for our benefit. Tillotson.

CALCULA’TION. n. s. [from calculate.]
1. A practice, or manner of reckoning; the art of numbering.
Cypher, that great friend to calculation; or rather, which
changeth calculation, into easy computation. Holder on Time.
2. A reckoning; the result of arithmetical operation.
If then their calculation be true; for so they reckon. Hooker.
Being different from calculations of the ancients, their obser­
vations confirm not ours. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CALCULA’TOR. n. s. [from calculate.] A computer; a reckoner.

CA’LCULATORY. adj. [from calculate.] Belonging to calcula­
tion.

CA’LCULE. n. s. [calculus, Lat.] Reckoning; compute.
The general calcule, which was made in the last perambula­
tion, exceeded eight millions. Howel's Vocal Forest.

CA’LCULOSE. adj. [from calculus, Lat.] Stony; gritty.

CA’LCULOUS. adj. [from calculus, Lat.] Stony; gritty.
The volatile salt of urine will coagulate spirits of wine;
and thus, perhaps, the stones, or calculose concretions in the
kidney or bladder, may be produced. Brown's Vulgar Err.
I have found, by opening the kidneys of a calculous person,
that the stone is formed earlier than I have suggested. Shakesp.

CA’LCULUS. n. s. [Latin.] The stone in the bladder.

CA’LDRON. n. s. [chauldron, Fr. from calidus, Lat.] A pot;
boiler; a kettle.
In the midst of all
There placed was a caldron wide and tall,
Upon a mighty furnace, burning hot. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Some strip the skin, some portion out the spoil;
The limbs, yet trembling, in the caldrons boil;
Some on the fire the reeking entrails broil. Dryden's Æn.
In the late eruptions, this great hollow was like a vast caldron,
filled with glowing and melted matter, which, as it boiled over
in any part, ran down the sides of the mountain.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

CALECHE. See CALASH.

CALEFA’CTION. n. s. [from calefacio, Lat.]
1. The act of heating any thing.
2. The state of being heated.

CALEFA’CTIVE. adj. [from calefacio, Lat.] That which makes
any thing hot; heating.

CALEFA’CTORY. adj. [from calefacio, Lat.] That which heats.

To CA’LEFY. v. n. [calefio, Latin.] To grow hot; to be
heated.
Crystal will calefy unto electricity; that is, a power to at­
tract straws, or light bodies, and convert the needle, freely
placed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1. 

CA’LENDAR. n. s. [calendarium, Lat.] A register of the year,
in which the months, and stated times, are marked, as festi­
vals and holidays.
What hath this day deserv'd? what hath it done,
That it in golden letter should be set
Among the high tides, in the calendar? Shakesp. K. John.
We compute from calendars differing from one another; the
compute of the one anticipating that of the other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Curs'd be the day when first I did appear;
Let it be blotted from the calendar,
Lest it pollute the month. Dryden's Fab.

To CA’LENDER. v. a. [calendrer, Fr. Skinner.] To dress
cloth; to lay the nap of cloth smooth.

CA’LENDER. n. s. [from the verb.] A hot press; a press in
which clothiers smooth their cloth.

CA’LENDS. n. s. [calendæ, Lat. It has no singular.] The first day
of every month among the Romans.

CA’LENTURE. n. s. [from caleo, Lat.] A distemper peculiar to
sailors, in hot climates; wherein they imagine the sea to be
green fields, and will throw themselves into it, if not restrained.
Quincy.
And for that lethargy was there no cure,
But to be cast into a calenture. Denham.
So, by a calenture misled,
The mariner with rapture sees,
On the smooth ocean's azure bed,
Enamell'd fields, and verdant trees;
With eager haste, he longs to rove
In that fantastick scene, and thinks
It must be some enchanted grove;
And in he leaps, and down he sinks. Swift.

CALF. n. s. calves in the plural. [cealf, Saxon; kalf, Dutch.]
1. The young of a cow.
The colt hath about four years of growth; and so the fawn,
and so the calf. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 759.
Acosta tells us of a fowl in Peru, called condores, which
will, of themselves, kill and eat up a whole calf at a time.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Ah! Blouzelind, I love thee more by half,
Than does their fawns, or cows the new-fall'n calf. Gay.
2. Calves of the lips, mentioned by Hosea, signify sacrifices of
praise and prayers, which the captives of Babylon addressed to
God, being no longer in a condition to offer sacrifices in his
temple. Calmet.
Take with you words, and turn to the Lord, and say unto
him, Take away all iniquity, and receive us graciously: so will
we render the calves of our lips. Hosea, xiv. 2.
3. The thick, plump, bulbous part of the leg. [kalf, Dutch.]
Into her legs I'd have love's issues fall,
And all her calf into a gouty small. Suckling.
The calf of that leg blistered. Wiseman's Surgery.

CA’LIBER. n. s. [calibre, Fr.] The bore; the diameter of the
barrel of a gun; the diameter of a bullet.

CA’LICE. n. s. [calix, Lat.] A cup; a chalice.
There is a natural analogy between the ablution of the body


and the purification of the soul; between eating the holy bread
and drinking the sacred calice, and a participation of the body
and blood of Christ. Taylor.

CA’LICO. n. s. [from Calecut in India.] An Indian stuff made of
cotton; sometimes stained with gay and beautiful colours.
I wear the hoop petticoat, and am all in calicoes, when the
finest are in silks. Addison. Spect. No 293.

CA’LID. adj. [calidus, Lat.] Hot; burning; fervent.

CALI’DITY. n. s. [from calid.] Heat.
Ice will dissolve in any way of heat; for it will dissolve with
fire, it will colliquate in water, or warm oil; nor doth it only
submit unto an actual heat, but not endure the potential cali­
dity of many waters. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1. 

CA’LIF. n. s. [khalifa, Arab. an heir or successor.] A title as­
sumed by the successors of Mahomet among the Sa­
racens, who were vested with absolute power in affairs, both
religious and civil.

CA’LIPH. n. s. [khalifa, Arab. an heir or successor.] A title as­
sumed by the successors of Mahomet among the Sa­
racens, who were vested with absolute power in affairs, both
religious and civil.

CALIGA’TION. n. s. [from caligo, Lat. to be dark.] Darkness;
cloudiness.
Instead of a diminution, or imperfect vision, in the mole, we
affirm an abolition, or total privation; instead of caligation, or
dimness, we conclude a cecity, or blindness. Brown's Vulg. Err.

CALI’GINOUS. adj. [caliginosus, Lat.] Obscure; dim; full of
darkness.

CALI’GINOUSNESS. n. s. [from caliginous.] Darkness; obscu­
rity.

CA’LIGRAPHY. n. s. [ϰαλιγϱαφία.] Beautiful writing.
This language is incapable of caligraphy. Prideaux's Conn.

CA’LIPERS. See CALLIPERS.

CA’LIVER. n. s. [from caliber.] A handgun; a harquebuse; an
old musket.
Come, manage me your caliver. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

CA’LIX. n. s. [Latin.] A cup; a word used in botany; as, the
calix of a flower.

To CALK. v. a. [from calage, Fr. hemp, with which leaks are
stopped; or from cæle, Sax. the keel. Skinner.] To stop the
leaks of a ship.
There is a great errour committed in the manner of calking
his majesty's ships; which being done with rotten oakum, is
the cause they are leaky. Raleigh's Essays.
So here some pick out bullets from the side;
Some drive old oakum through each seam and rift;
Their left-hand does the calking iron guide,
The rattling mallet with the left they lift. Dryden.

CA’LKER. n. s. [from calk.] The workman that stops the leaks
of a ship.
The ancients of Gebal, and the wise men thereof, were in
thee thy calkers; all the ships of the sea, with their mariners,
were in thee to occupy thy merchandize. Ezek. xxvii. 9.

CA’LKING. n. s. A term in painting, used where the backside is
covered with black lead, or red chalk, and the lines traced
through on a waxed plate, wall, or other matter, by passing
lightly over each stroke of the design with a point, which
leaves an impression of the colour on the plate or wall.
Chambers.

To CALL. v. a. [calo, Lat. kalder, Danish.]
1. To name; to denominate.
And God called the light day, and the darkness he called
night. Gen. i. 5.
2. To summon, or invite, to or from any place, thing, or person.
Be not amazed, call all your senses to you, defend my repu­
tation, or bid farewel to your good life for ever.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Why came not the slave back to me, when I called him?
Shakesp. King Lear.
Are you call'd forth from out a world of men,
To slay the innocent? Shakesp. Richard III.
Lodronius, that famous captain, was called up, and told by
his servants, that the general was fled. Knolles's Hist.
Or call up him, that left half told
The story of Cambuscan bold. Milton.
Drunkenness calls off the watchmen from their towers; and
then evils proceed from a loose heart, and an untied tongue.
Taylor's Holy Living.
The soul makes use of her memory, to call to mind what she
is to treat of. Duppa's Rules to Devotion.
Such fine employments our whole days divide,
The salutations of the morning tide
Call up the sun; those ended, to the hall
We wait the patron, hear the lawyers bawl. Dryden.
Then, by consent, abstain from further spoils,
Call off the dogs, and gather up the spoils. Addison.
By the pleasures of the imagination or fancy, I mean such as
arise from visible objects, when we call up their ideas into our
minds by paintings, statues, or descriptions. Addison. Spectator.
Why dost thou call my sorrows up afresh!
My father's name brings tears into my eyes. Addis. Cato.
I am called off from publick dissertations, by a domestick af­
fair of great importance. Tatler, No 750.
Æschylus has a tragedy, entitled Persæ, in which the shade
of Darius is called up. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
The passions call away the thoughts, with incessant impor­
tunity, toward the object that excited them. Watts.
3. To convoke; to summon together.
Now call we our high court of parliament. Shakesp.
The king being informed of much that had passed that night,
sent to the lord mayor to call a common council immediately.
Clarendon.
4. To summon judicially.
The king had sent for the earl to return home, where he
should be called to account for all his miscarriages. Clarendon.
Once a day, especially in the early years of life and study,
call yourselves to an account, what new ideas, what new pro­
position or truth, you have gained. Watts.
5. To summon by command.
In that day did the Lord God of hosts call to weeping, and to
mourning, and to baldness, and to girding with sackcloth.
Isaiah, xxii. 12.
6. In the theological sense, to inspire with ardours of piety; or
to summon into the church.
Paul a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, sepa­
rated unto the gospel of God. Rom. i. 1. 
7. To invoke; to appeal to.
I call God for a record upon my soul, that, to spare you, I
came not as yet unto Corinth. 2 Cor. i. 23.
When that lord perplexed their counsels and designs, with
inconvenient objections in law, the authority of the lord Man­
chester, who had trod the same paths, was still called upon.
Clarendon.
8. To proclaim; to publish.
Nor ballad-singer, plac'd above the croud,
Sings with a note so shrilling, sweet, and loud,
Nor parish-clerk, who calls the psalm so clear. Gay.
9. To make a short visit.
And, as you go, call on my brother Quintus,
And pray him, with the tribunes, to come to me.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
He ordered her to call at his house once a week, which she
did for some time after, when he heard no more of her. Temple.
That I might begin as near the fountain-head as possible, I
first of all called in at St. James's. Addison. Spect No 403.
We called in at Morge, where there is an artificial port.
Addison on Italy.
10. To excite; to put in action; to bring into view.
He swells with angry pride,
And calls forth all his spots on every side. Cowley.
See Dionysius Homer's thoughts refine,
And call new beauties forth from ev'ry line. Pope.
11.  To stigmatize with some opprobrious denomination.
Deafness unqualifies men for all company, except friends;
whom I can call names, if they do not speak loud enough.
Swift to Pope.
12. To call back. To revoke; to retract.
He also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his
words; but will arise against the house of the evil doers, and
against the help of them that work iniquity. Isaiah, xxxi. 2.
13. To call for. To demand; to require; to claim.
Madam, his majesty doth call for you,
And for your grace, and you, my noble lord. Shakesp.
You see, how men of merit are sought after; the undeserver
may sleep, when the man of action is called for. Shakesp.
Among them he a spirit of phrensy sent,
Who hurt their minds,
And urg'd you on, with mad desire,
To call in haste for their destroyer. Milton's Agonistes.
For master, or for servant, here to call,
Was all alike, where only two were all. Dryden's Fab.
He commits every sin that his appetite calls for, or perhaps
his constitution or fortune can bear. Rogers.
14. To call in. To resume money at interest.
Horace describes an old usurer, as so charmed with the plea­
sures of a country life, that, in order to make a purchase, he
called in all his money; but what was the event of it? why, in
a very few days after, he put it out again. Addison. Spectator.
15. To call in. To resume any thing that is in other hands.
If clipped money be called in all at once, and stopped from
passing by weight, I fear it will stop trade, and put our affairs
all at a stand. Locke.
Neither is any thing more cruel and oppressive in the French
government, than their practice of calling in their money, after
they have sunk it very low, and then coining it anew, at a
higher value. Swift.
16. To call in. To summon together; to invite.
The heat is past, follow me no farther now;
Call in the pow'rs, good cousin, Westmoreland. Shakesp.
He fears my subjects loyalty,
And now must call in strangers. Denham's Sophy.
17. To call on. To solicite for a favour, or a debt.
I would be loth to pay him before his day; what need I be so
forward with him, that calls not on me? Shakesp. Henry IV.
18. To call on. To repeat solemnly.
Thrice call upon my name, thrice beat your breast,
And hail me thrice to everlasting rest. Dryden.
The Athenians, when they lost any men at sea, went to the


shores, and, calling thrice on their names, raised a cenotaph,
or empty monument, to their memories. Broome on the Odyss.
19. To call over. To read aloud a list or muster-roll.
20. To call out. To challenge; to summon to fight.
When their sov'reign's quarrel calls 'em out,
His foes to mortal combat they defy. Dryden's Virgil.
21.  To call upon. To implore; to pray to.
Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver thee, and
thou shalt glorify me. Psalm i. 15.

CALL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A vocal address.
But would you sing, and rival Orpheus' strain,
The wond'ring forests soon should dance again:
The moving mountains hear the pow'rful call,
And headlong streams hang list'ning in their fall. Pope.
2. Requisition.
It may be feared, whether our nobility would contentedly suf­
fer themselves to be always at the call, and to stand to the sen­
tence of a number of mean persons. Hooker, Preface.
But death comes not at call; justice divine
Mends not her slowest pace, for pray'rs or cries. Par. Lost.
3. Divine vocation; summons to true religion.
Yet he at length, time to himself best known,
Rememb'ring Abraham, by some wond'rous call,
May bring them back repentant and sincere. Par. Regained.
St. Paul himself believed he did well, and that he had a call to
it, when he persecuted the christians, whom he confidently
thought in the wrong: but yet it was he, and not they, who
were mistaken. Locke.
4. A summons from heaven; an impulse.
How justly then will impious mortals fall,
Whose pride would soar to heav'n without a call? Roscomm.
Those who to empire by dark paths aspire,
Still plead a call to what they most desire. Dryden.
5. Authority; command.
Oh! Sir, I wish he were within my call, or your's. Denh.
6. A demand; a claim.
Dependence is a perpetual call upon humanity, and a greater
incitement to tenderness and pity, than any other motive what­
soever. Addison. Spectator, No 181. 
7. An instrument to call birds.
For those birds or beasts were made from such pipes or calls,
as may express the several tones of those creatures, which are
represented. Wilkins's Mathemat. Magick.
8. Calling; vocation; employment.
Now, through the land, his cure of souls he stretch'd,
And, like a primitive apostle, preach'd:
Still chearful, ever constant to his call;
By many follow'd, lov'd by most, admir'd by all. Dryden.
9. A nomination.
Upon the sixteenth was held the serjeants feast at Ely place,
there being nine serjeants of that call. Bacon's Henry VII.

CA’LLAT. n. s. A trull.

CA’LLET. n. s. A trull.
He call'd her whore; a beggar, in his drink,
Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. Shakesp.

CA’LLING. n. s. [from call.]
1. Vocation; profession; trade.
If God has interwoven such a pleasure with our ordinary
calling, how much superiour must that be, which arises from
the survey of a pious life? Surely, as much as christianity is
nobler than a trade. South.
We find ourselves obliged to go on in honest industry in our
callings. Rogers.
I cannot forbear warning you against endeavouring at wit
in your sermons; because many of your calling have made
themselves ridiculous by attempting it. Swift.
I left no calling for this idle trade,
No duty broke, no father disobey'd. Pope.
2. Proper station, or employment.
The Gauls found the Roman senators ready to die with ho­
nour in their callings. Swift.
3. Class of persons united by the same employment or profession.
It may be a caution to all christian churches and magistrates,
not to impose celibacy on whole callings, and great multitudes
of men or women, who cannot be supposable to have the gift of
continence. Hammond.
4. Divine vocation; invitation or impulse to the true religion.
St. Peter was ignorant of the calling of the Gentiles.
Hakewell on Providence.

CA’LLIPERS. n. s. [of this word I know not the etymology, nor
does any thing more probable occur, than that, perhaps, the
word is corrupted from clippers, instruments with which any
thing is clipped, inclosed or embraced.] Compasses with bowed
shanks.
Callipers measure the distance of any round, cylindrick, co­
nical body, either in their extremity, or any part less than the
extreme; so that, when workmen use them, they open the two
points to their described width, and turn so much stuff off the
intended place, till the two points of the callipers fit just over
their work. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CALLO’SITY. n. s. [callosité, Fr.] A kind of swelling without
pain, like that of the skin, by hard labour; and therefore, when
wounds, or the edges of ulcers, grow so, they are said to be
callous. Quincy.
The surgeon ought to vary the diet of his patient, as he finds
the fibres loosen too much, are too flaccid, and produce fun­
guses, or as they harden and produce callosities; in the first
case, wine and spirituous liquours are useful, in the last hurtful.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

CA’LLOUS. adj. [callus, Lat.]
1. Indurated; hardned; having the pores shut up.
In progress of time, the ulcers became sinuous and callous,
with induration of the glands. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Hardned; insensible.
Licentiousness has so long passed for sharpness of wit, and
greatness of mind, that the conscience is grown callous. L'Estr.
The wretch is drench'd too deep,
His soul is stupid, and his heart asleep:
Fatten'd in vice, so callous and so gross,
He sins, and sees not, senseless of his loss. Dryden's Persius.

CA’LLOUSNESS. n. s. [from callous.]
1. Hardness; induration of the fibres.
The oftner we use the organs of touching, the more of these
scales are formed, and the skin becomes the thicker, and so a
callousness grows upon it. Cheyne's Philosoph. Principles.
2. Insensibility.
If they let go their hope of everlasting life with willingness,
and entertain final perdition with exultation, ought they not to
be esteemed destitute of common sense, and abandoned to a
callousness and numbness of soul? Bentley.

CA’LLOW. adj. Unfledged; naked; without feathers.
Bursting with kindly rapture, forth disclos'd
Their callow young. Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 420.
Then as an eagle, who, with pious care,
Was beating widely on the wing for prey,
To her now silent airy does repair,
And finds her callow infants forc'd away. Dryden.
How in small flights they know to try their young,
And teach the callow child her parent's song. Prior.

CA’LLUS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. An induration of the fibres.
2. The hard substance by which broken bones are united.

CALM. adj. [calme, Fr. kalm, Dutch.]
1. Quiet; serene; not stormy; not tempestuous; applied to the
elements.
Calm was the day, and, through the trembling air,
Sweet breathing Zephyrus did softly play
A gentle spirit, that lightly did allay
Hot Titan's beams, which then did glister fair. Spenser.
2. Undisturb'd; unruffled; applied to the passions.
It is no ways congruous, that God should be frightning men
into truth, who were made to be wrought upon by calm evi­
dence, and gentle methods of persuasion. Atterbury.
The queen her speech with calm attention hears,
Her eyes restrain the silver-streaming tears. Pope's Odyssey.

CALM. n. s. 
1. Serenity; stillness; freedom from violent motion.
It seemeth most agreeable to reason, that the waters rather
stood in a quiet calm, than that they moved with any raging or
overbearing violence. Raleigh's History of the World.
Every pilot
Can steer the ship in calms; but he performs
The skilful part, can manage it in storms. Denham's Sophy.
Nor God alone in the still calm we find,
He mounts the storm, and walks upon the wind. Pope.
2. Freedom from disturbance; quiet; repose; applied to the pas­
sions.
Great and strange calms usually portend the most violent
storms: and therefore, since storms and calms do always follow
one another, certainly, of the two, it is much more eligible to
have the storm first, and the calm afterwards: since a calm before
a storm is commonly a peace of a man's own making; but a
calm after a storm, a peace of God's. South.

To CALM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To still; to quiet.
Neptune we find busy in the beginning of the Æneis, to calm
the tempest raised by Æolus. Dryden.
2. To pacify; to appease.
Jesus, whose bare word checked the sea, as much exerts him­
self in silencing the tempests, and calming the intestine storms
within our breasts. Decay of Piety.
Those passions, which seem somewhat calmed, may be entirely
laid asleep, and never more awakened. Atterbury.
He will'd to stay,
The sacred rites and hecatombs to pay,
And calm Minerva's wrath. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii. l. 175.

CA’LMER. n. s. [from calm.] The person or thing which has
the power of giving quiet.
Angling was, after tedious study, a rest to his mind, a cheerer
of his spirits, a diverter of sadness, a calmer of unquiet thoughts,
a moderator of passions, a procurer of contentedness. Walton.

CA’LMLY. adv. [from calm.]
1. Without storms, or violence; serenity.


In nature, things move violently to their place, and calmly in
their place; so virtue in ambition is violent, in authority set­
led and calm. Bacon's Essays, No 11. 
His curled brows
Frown on the gentle stream, which calmly flows. Denham.
2. Without passions; quietly.
The nymph did like the scene appear,
Serenely pleasant, calmly fair;
Soft fell her words, as flew the air. Prior.

CA’LMNESS. n. s. [from calm.]
1. Tranquillity; serenity.
While the steep horrid roughness of the wood
Strives with the gentle calmness of the flood. Denham.
2. Mildness; freedom from passion.
I've been i' th' market-place, and, Sir, 'tis fit
You have strong party, or defend yourself
By calmness, or by absence: all's in anger. Shakesp. Coriol.
I beg the grace,
You would lay by those terrours of your face;
Till calmness to your eyes you first restore,
I am afraid, and I can beg no more. Dryden's Conq. of Gran.

CA’LMY. adj. [from calm.] Calm; peaceful.
And now they nigh approached to the sted,
Where as those mermaides dwelt: it was a still
And calmy bay, on th' one side sheltered
With the broad shadow of an hoary hill. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

CA’LOMEL. n. s. [calomelas, a chymical word.] Mercury six
times sublimed.
He repeated lenient purgatives with calomel, once in three or
four days. Wiseman's Surgery.

CALORI’FICK. adj. [calorificus, Lat.] That which has the qua­
lity of producing heat; heating.
Calorifick principle is either excited within the heated body,
or transferred to it, through any medium, from some other.
Silver will grow hotter than the liquour it contains.
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. i. c. 2. § 9.

CALO’TTE. n. s. [French.]
1. A cap or coif, worn as an ecclesiastical ornament in France.
2. [In architecture.] A round cavity or depressure, in form of a
cap or cup, lathed and plaistered, used to diminish the rise or
elevation of a moderate chapel, cabinet, alcove, &c. Harris.

CALO’YERS. n. s. [ϰάλ.] Monks of the Greek church.

CA’LTROPS. n. s. [coltræppe, Saxon.]
1. An instrument made with three spikes, so that which way so­
ever it falls to the ground, one of them points upright, to
wound horses feet.
The ground about was thick sown with caltrops, which very
much incommoded the shoeless Moors.
Dr. Addison's Account of Tangiers.
2. A plant.
It is very common in the South of France, Spain, and Italy,
where it grows among corn, and on most of the arable land,
and is very troublesome to the feet of cattle; for the fruit be­
ing armed with strong prickles, run into the feet of the cattle,
which walk over the land. This is certainly the plant which is
mentioned in Virgil's Georgick, under the name of tribulus.
Miller.

To CALVE. v. n. [from calf.]
1. To bring a calf; spoken of a cow.
When she has calv'd, then set the dam aside,
And for the tender progeny provide. Dryden's Virgil.
2. It is used metaphorically for any act of bringing forth; and
sometimes of men, by way of reproach.
I would they were barbarians, as they are,
Though in Rome litter'd; not Romans: as they are not;
Though calved in the porch o' th' capitol. Shakesp. Coriolan.
The grassy clods now calv'd, now half appear'd
The tawny lion, pawing to get free
His hinder parts. Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 463.

CALVES-SNOUT. See SNAPDRAGON.

CALVI’LLE. n. s. [French.] A sort of apple. See APPLE.

To CALU’MNIATE. v. n. [calumnior, Lat.] To accuse falsely;
to charge without just ground.
Beauty, wit, high birth, desert in service,
Love, friendship, charity, are subject all
To envious and calumniating time. Shakesp. Tr. and Cress.
He mixes truth with falsehood, and has not forgotten the old
rule of calumniating strongly, that something may remain.
Dryden's Fables, Preface.
Do I calumniate! thou ungrateful Vanoc!—
Perfidious prince!—Is it a calumny
To say, that Gwendolen betroth'd to Yver,
Was by her father first assur'd to Valens? A. Philips, Brit.

To CALU’MNIATE. v. a. To slander.
One trade or art, even those that should be the most liberal,
shall make it their business to disdain and calumniate another.
Sprat.

CALUMNIA’TION. n. s. [from calumniate.] That which we call
calumniation, is a malicious and false representation of an ene­
my's words or actions, to an offensive purpose. Ayliffe.

CALUMNI’ATOR. n. s. [from calumniate.] A forger of accusa­
tion; a slanderer.
He that would live clear of the envy and hatred of potent
calumniators, must lay his finger upon his mouth, and keep his
hand out of the ink-pot. L'Estrange.
At the same time that Virgil was celebrated by Gallus, we
know that Bavius and Mævius were his declared foes and ca­
lumniators. Addison. Spectator.

CALU’MNIOUS. adj. [from calumny.] Slanderous; falsely re­
proachful.
Virtue itself 'scapes not calumnious strokes. Shakesp. Haml.
With calumnious art
Of counterfeited truth, thus held their ears. Par. L. b. v.

CA’LUMNY. n. s. [calumnia, Lat.] Slander; false charge;
groundless accusation.
Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow,
Thou shalt not escape calumny. Shakesp. Hamlet.
It is a very hard calumny upon our soil or climate, to affirm,
that so excellent a fruit will not grow here. Temple.

CALX. n. s. [Latin.] Any thing that is rendered reducible to
powder by burning.
Gold, that is more dense than lead, resists peremptorily all
the dividing power of fire; and will not at all be reduced into
a calx, or lime, by such operation as reduces lead into it.
Digby on Bodies.

CA’LYCLE. n. s. [calyculus, Lat.] A small bud of a plant. Dict.

CAM

CAMA’IEU. n. s. [from camachuia, which name is given by the
orientals to the onyx, when, in preparing it, they find another
colour.]
1. A stone with various figures and representations of landskips,
formed by nature.
2. [In painting.] A term used where there is only one colour,
and where the lights and shadows are of gold, wrought on a gol­
den or azure ground. This kind of work is chiefly used to
represent basso relievos. Chambers.

CA’MBER. n. s. [See CAMBERING.] A term among workmen.
Camber, a piece of timber cut arching, so as a weight con­
siderable being set upon it, it may, in length of time, be in­
duced to a straight. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CA’MBERING. n. s. A word mentioned by Skinner, as peculiar
to shipbuilders, who say, that a place is cambering, when they
mean arched. [from chambré, French.]

CA’MBRICK. n. s. [from Cambray, a city in Flanders, where it
was principally made.] A kind of fine linen, used for ruffles,
womens sleeves and caps.
He hath ribbons of all the colours of the rainbow; inkles,
caddises, cambricks, and lawns. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Rebecca had, by the use of a looking-glass, and by the fur­
ther use of certain attire, made of cambrick, upon her head, at­
tained to an evil art. Tatler, No 110.
Confed'rate in the cheat, they draw the throng,
And cambrick handkerchiefs reward the song. Gay's Trivia.

CAME. The preterite of to come.
Till all the pack came up, and ev'ry hound
Tore the sad huntsman, grov'ling on the ground. Addison.

CA’MEL. n. s. [camelus, Lat.] An animal very common in A­
rabia, Judea, and the neighbouring countries. One sort is
large, and full of flesh, and fit to carry burdens of a thousand
pounds weight, having one bunch upon its back. Another
have two bunches upon their backs, like a natural saddle, and
are fit either for burdens, or men to ride on. A third kind is
leaner, and of a smaller size, called dromedaries, because of
their swiftness; which are generally used for riding by men of
quality. See DROMEDARY.
Camels have large solid feet, but not hard; in the spring,
their hair falls entirely off, in less than three days time, when
the flies are extremely uneasy to them. Camels, it is said, will
continue ten or twelve days without eating or drinking, and
keep water a long time in their stomach, for their refreshment.
It is reported, that nature has furnished them, for this purpose,
with a very large ventricle, with many bags closed within the
coats of it, round about it, for reserving the water. But the
Jesuits in China, where they dissected several camels, found no
such bags. When a camel is upon a journey, his master follows
him, singing and whistling; and the louder he sings, the better
the camel goes. The flesh of camels is served up at the best ta­
bles, among the Arabians, Persians, and other eastern nations;
but the use of it was forbid the Hebrews, they being ranked by
Moses among the unclean creatures, Deut. xiv. 7. Calmet.
Patient of thirst and toil,
Son of the desart! even the camel feels,
Shot through his wither'd heart, the firy blast. Thomson.

CAME’LOPARD. n. s. [from camelus and pardus, Lat.] An Abys­
sinian animal, taller than an elephant, but not so thick. He is
so named, because he has a neck and head like a camel; he is
spotted like a pard, but his spots are white upon a red ground.
The Italians call him giaraffa. Trevoux.

CA’MELOT. n. s. [from camel.] A kind of stuff originally made
by a mixture of silk and camels hair; it is now
made with wool and silk.

CA’MLET. n. s. [from camel.] A kind of stuff originally made
by a mixture of silk and camels hair; it is now
made with wool and silk.
This habit was not of camels skin, nor any course texture of
its hair, but rather some finer weave of camelot, grograin, or
the like; in as much as these stuffs are supposed to be made of
the hair of that animal. Brown's Vulgar Errours.


Meantime the pastor shears their hoary beards,
And eases, of their hair, the loaden herds:
Their camelots warm in tents the soldier hold,
And shield the shiv'ring mariner from cold. Dryden's Virgil.

CAME’RA OBSCURA. [Latin.] An optical machine used in
a darkened chamber, so that the light coming only through a
double convex glass, objects exposed to daylight, and opposite
to the glass, are represented inverted upon any white matter
placed in the focus of the glass. Martin.

CA’MERADE. n. s. [from camera, a chamber, Lat.] One that
lodges in the same chamber; a bosom companion. By cor­
ruption we now use comrade.
Camerades with him, and confederates in his worthy design,
Rymer's Tragedies of last Age.

CA’MERATED. adj. [cameratus, Lat.] Arched; roofed slope­
wise.

CAMERA’TION. adj. [cameratio, Lat.] A vaulting or arching.

CAMISA’DO. n. s. [camisa, a shirt, Ital. camisium, low Lat.] An
attack made by soldiers in the dark; on which occasion they
put their shirts outward, to be seen by each other.
They had appointed the same night, whose darkness would
have encreased the fear, to have given a camisado upon the En­
glish. Hayward.

CA’MISATED. adj. [from camisa, a shirt.] Dressed with the shirt
outward.

CA’MLET. See CAMELOT.
He had on him a gown with wide sleeves, of a kind of water
camlet, of an excellent azure colour. Bacon.

CA’MMOCK. n. s. [cammoc, Saxon.] An herb; the same with
petty whin, or restharrow.
Its flower is papilionaceous, and succeeded by a swelling pod,
sometimes long, and sometimes short, which is bivalve, and
filled with kidney-shaped seeds.
There are many species of this plant, of which four sorts grow
wild in England; and that called the prickly restharrow, with
purple flowers, is used in medicine. The roots of this plant
spread far under ground, and are so tough, that, in ploughing,
it often stops the oxen. Miller.

CAMO’YS. adj. [camus, Fr.] Flat; level; depressed. It is only
used of the nose.
Many Spaniards, of the race of Barbary Moors, though after
frequent commixture, have not worn out the camoys nose unto
this day. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 10.

CAMP. n. s. [camp, Fr. camp, Sax. from campus, Lat.] The
order of tents, placed by armies when they keep the field. We
use the phrase to pitch a camp, to encamp.
From camp to camp, through the foul womb of night,
The hum of either army stilly sounds. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Next, to secure our camp, and naval pow'rs,
Raise an embattel'd wall, with lofty tow'rs. Pope's Iliad.

To CAMP. v. a. [from the noun.] To encamp; to lodge in
tents, for hostile purposes.
Had our great palace the capacity
To camp this host, we would all sup together. Shakesp.

CAMP-FIGHT. n. s. An old word for combat.
For their trial by camp-fight, the accuser was, with the peril
of his own body, to prove the accused guilty; and, by offering
him his glove or gantlet, to challenge him to this trial. Hakewell.

CAMPA’IGN. n. s. [campaigne, French; campania, Ital.]

CAMPA’NIA. n. s. [campaigne, French; campania, Ital.]
1. A large, open, level tract of ground, without hills.
The contrary of all this happens in countries thinly inhabit­
ed, and especially in vast campanias, where there are few cities,
besides what grow by the residence of kings. Temple.
Those grateful groves, that shade the plain,
Wher Tiber rolls majestick to the main,
And fattens, as he runs, the fair campaign. Garth's Ovid.
2. The time for which any army keeps the field, without enter­
ing into quarters.
This might have hastened his march, which would have made
a fair conclusion of the campaign. Clarendon.
An iliad rising out of one campaign. Addison.

CAMPA’NIFORM. adj. [of campana, a bell, and forma, Lat.] A
term used of flowers, which are in the shape of a bell. Harris.

CAMPA’NULATE. adj. The same with campaniform.

CAMPE’STRAL. adj. [campestris, Lat.] Growing in fields.
The mountain beech is the whitest; but the campestral, or
wild beech, is of a blacker colour, and more durable.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

CA’MPHIRE TREE. n. s. [camphora, Lat.]
It hath leaves like those of the pear tree, but full of ribs,
which grow alternately on the branches; the flowers consist of
one leaf, divided into five or six segments; the fruit is shaped
like a nut, the shell tender, and the kernel bifid. There are
two sorts of this tree; one is a native of the isle of Borneo,
from which the best camphire is taken, which is supposed to be
a natural exsudation from the tree, produced in such places
where the bark of the tree has been wounded or cut. The
other sort is a native of Japan, which Dr. Kempfer describes
to be a kind of bay, bearing black or purple berries, and from
whence the inhabitants prepare their camphire, by making a
simple decoction of the root and wood of this tree, cut into
small pieces; but this sort of camphire is, in value, eighty or an
hundred times less than the true Bornean camphire. Miller.

CA’MPHORATE. adj. [from camphora, Lat.] Impregnated with
camphire.
By shaking the saline and camphorate liquours together, we
easily confounded them into one high coloured liquour. Boyle.

CA’MPION. n. s. [lychnis, Lat.] A plant.
The leaves are whole, and grow opposite by pairs upon the
stalks; the cup of the flower is whole, and either tubulous or
swelling; the flower consists of five leaves, which expand in
form of a clove gilliflower, and are generally heart shaped; the
ovary, which rises in the centre of the calyx, becomes a conical
fruit, which is wrapt up in the flower cup, and has commonly
one cell, filled with seeds, which are roundish, angular, and
kidney-shaped. Miller.

CA’MUS. n. s. [probably from camisa, Lat.] A thin dress, men­
tioned by Spenser.
And was yclad, for heat of scorching air,
All in silken camus, lilly white,
Purfled upon with many a folded plight. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

CAN

CAN. n. s. [canne, Sax.] A cup; generally a cup made of metal,
or some other matter than earth.
I hate it as an unfill'd can. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
One tree, the coco, affordeth stuff for housing, cloathing,
shipping, meat, drink, and can. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
His empty can, with ears half worn away,
Was hung on high, to boast the triumph of the day. Dryden.

CAN. v. n. [konnen, Dutch. It is sometimes, though rarely, used
alone; but is in constant use as an expression of the potential
mood; as, I can do, thou canst do, I could do, thou couldest do.
It has no other terminations.]
1. To be able; to have power.
In place there is licence to do good and evil, whereof the lat­
ter is a curse; for, in evil, the best condition is not to will; the
second not to can. Bacon's Essays, No 11. 
O, there's the wonder!
Mecænas and Agrippa, who can most
With Cæsar, are his foes. His wife Octavia,
Driv'n from his house, sollicits her revenge,
And Dolabella, who was once his friend.
Dryden's All for Love.
He can away with no company, whose discourse goes beyond
what claret and dissoluteness inspires. Locke.
2. It expresses the potential mood; as, I can do it.
If she can make me blest? She only can:
Empire, and wealth, and all she brings beside,
Are but the train and trappings of her love. Dryden.
3. It is distinguished from may, as power from permission; I can do
it; it is in my power: I may do it; it is allowed me: but, in
poetry, they are confounded.
4. Can is used of the person with the verb active, where may is
used; of the thing, with the verb passive; as, I can do it; it
may be done.

CANA’ILLE. n. s. [French.] The lowest people; the dregs;
the lees; the offscouring of the people: a French term of re­
proach.

CANA’L. n. s. [canalis, Lat.]
1. A bason of water in a garden.
The walks and long canals reply. Pope.
2. Any tract or course of water made by art; as the canals in
Holland.
3. [In anatomy.] A conduit or passage through which any of the
juices of the body flow.

CA’NAL-COAL. n. s. A fine kind of coal, dug up in England.
Even our canal-coal nearly equals the foreign jet.
Woodward on Fossils.

CANALI’CULATED. adj. [from canaliculatus, Lat.] Channelled;
made like a pipe or gutter. Dict.

CANA’RY. n. s. [from the Canary islands.] Wine brought from
the Canaries; sack.
I will to my honest knight Falstaff, and drink canary with
him.——I think I shall drink in pipe wine first with him; I'll
make him dance. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

To CANA’RY. v. a. A cant word, which seems to signify to
frolick.
Master, will you win your love with a French brawl?——
How mean'st thou, brawling in French?——No, my compleat
master; but to jigg off a tune at the tongue's end, canary to it
with your feet, humour it with turning up your eyelids.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

CANA’RY BIRD. An excellent singing bird, of a green colour,
formerly bred in the Canaries, and nowhere else, but now bred
in several parts of Europe, particularly Germany.
Of singing birds, they have linnets, goldfinches, ruddocks,
canary birds, blackbirds, thrushes, and divers other.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

To CA’NCEL. v. a. [canceller, Fr. from cancellis notare, to mark
with cross lines.]
1. To cross a writing.
2. To efface; to obliterate in general.
Now welcome night, thou night so long expected,
That long day's labour doth at last defray,


And all my cares which cruel love collected,
Has summ'd in one, and cancelled for aye. Spenser.
Know then, I here forget all former griefs,
Cancel all grudge; repeal thee home again.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Thou whom avenging pow'rs obey,
Cancel my debt, too great to pay,
Before the sad accounting day. Roscommon.
I pass the bills, my lords,
For cancelling your debts. Southerne's Spartan Dame.

CA’NCELLATED. particip. adj. [from cancel.] Cross-barred,
marked with lines crossing each other.
The tail of the castor is almost bald, though the beast is very
hairy; and cancellated, with some resemblance to the scales of
fishes. Grew's Musæum.

CANCELLA’TION. n. s. [from cancel.] According to Bartolus,
is an expunging or wiping out of the contents of an instrument,
by two lines drawn in the manner of a cross. Ayliffe's Parerg.

CA’NCER. n. s. [cancer, Lat.]
1. A crabfish.
2. The sign of the summer solstice.
When now no more th' alternate twins are fir'd,
And Cancer reddens with the solar blaze,
Short is the doubtful empire of the night. Thomson.
3. A virulent swelling, or sore, not to be cured.
Any of these three may degenerate into a schirrus, and that
schirrus into a cancer. Wiseman.
As when a cancer on the body feeds,
And gradual death from limb to limb proceeds;
So does the chilness to each vital part,
Spread by degrees, and creeps into the heart. Addison's Ovid.

To CA’NCERATE. v. n. [from cancer.] To grow cancerous;
to become a cancer.
But striking his fist upon the point of a nail in the wall, his
hand cancerated, he fell into a fever, and soon after died on't.
L'Estrange's Fables.

CANCERA’TION. n. s. [from cancerate.] A growing cancerous.

CA’NCEROUS. n. s. [from cancer.] Having the virulence and
qualities of a cancer.
How they are to be treated when they are strumous, schir­
rhous, or cancerous, you may see in their proper places. Wisem.

CA’NCEROUSNESS. n. s. [from cancerous.] The state of being
cancerous.

CA’NCRINE. adj. [from cancer.] Having the qualities of a crab.

CA’NDENT. adj. [candens, Lat.] Hot; in the highest degree of
heat, next to fusion.
If a wire be heated only at one end, according as that end is
cooled upward or downward, it respectively requires a verti­
city, as we have declared in wires totally candent.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

CA’NDICANT. adj. [candicans, Lat.] Growing white; whitish.
Dict.

CA’NDID. adj. [candidus, Lat.]
1. White. This sense is very rare.
The box receives all black: but, pour'd from thence,
The stones came candid forth, the hue of innocence. Dryd.
2. Without malice; without deceit; fair; open; ingenuous.
The import of the discourse will, for the most part, if there
be no designed fallacy, sufficiently lead candid and intelligent
readers into the true meaning of it. Locke.
A candid judge will read each piece of wit,
With the same spirit that its authour writ. Pope.

CA’NDIDATE. n. s. [candidatus, Lat.] A competitor; one that
solicites, or proposes himself for something of advancement.
So many candidates there stand for wit,
A place at court is scarce so hard to get. Anonymous.
One would be surprised to see so many candidates for glory.
Addison. Spect. No 256.
2. It has generally for before the thing sought.
What could thus high thy rash ambition raise?
Art thou, fond youth, a candidate for praise? Pope.
3. Sometimes of.
Thy firstfruits of poesy were giv'n,
To make thyself a welcome inmate there,
While yet a young probationer,
And candidate of heav'n. Dryden.

CA’NDIDLY. adv. [from candid.] Fairly; without trick; with­
out malice; ingenuously.
We have often desired, they would deal candidly with us;
for if the matter stuck only there, we would propose, that every
man should swear, that he is a member of the church of Ire­
land. Swift.

CA’NDIDNESS. n. s. [from candid.] Ingenuity; openness of
temper; purity of mind.
It presently sees the guilt of a sinful action; and, on the other
side, observes the candidness of a man's very principles, and the
sincerity of his intentions. South.

To CA’NDIFY. v. a. [candifico, Lat.] To make white; to
whiten. Dict.

CA’NDLE. n. s. [candela, Lat.]
1. A light made of wax or tallow, surrounding a wick of flax or
cotton.
Here burns my candle out, ay, here it dies,
Which, while it lasted, gave King Henry light. Shakesp.
We see that wax candles last longer than tallow candles, be­
cause wax is more firm and hard. Bacon's Nat. History.
Take a child, and, setting a candle before him, he shall find his
pupil to contract very much, to exclude the light, with the
brightness whereof it would otherwise be dazzled. Ray.
2. Light, or luminary.
By these bless'd candles of the night,
Had you been there, I think you would have begg'd
The ring of me, to give the worthy doctor.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

CA’NDLEBERRY TREE. See SWEET-WILLOW; of which it is
a species.

CANDLEHO’LDER. n. s. [from candle and hold.]
1. He that holds the candle.
2. He that remotely assists.
Let wantons, light of heart,
Tickle the senseless rushes with their heels;
For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase,
To be a candleholder, and look on. Shakesp.

CA’NDLELIGHT. n. s. [from candle and light.] The light of a
candle.
In darkness, candlelight may serve to guide men's steps,
which, to use in the day, were madness. Hooker, b. ii. § 4.
Before the day was done, her work she sped,
And never went by candlelight to bed. Dryden's Fab.
The boding owl
Steals from her private cell by night,
And flies about the candlelight. Swift.
Such as are adapted to meals, will indifferently serve for din­
ners or suppers, only distinguishing between daylight and
candlelight. Swift's Introduct. to genteel Conversation.
2. The necessary candles for use.
I shall find him coals and candlelight. Molineux to Locke.

CA’NDLEMAS. n. s. [from candle and mass.] The feast of the
purification of the Blessed Virgin, which was formerly cele­
brated with many lights in churches.
The harvest dinners are held by every wealthy man, or, as
we term it, by every good liver, between Michaelmas and Can­
dlemas. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
There is a general tradition in most parts of Europe, that
inferreth the coldness of the succeeding winter, upon shining
of the sun upon Candlemas day. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Come Candlemas nine years ago she dy'd,
And now lies bury'd by the yew-tree side. Gay.

CA’NDLESTICK. n. s. [from candle and stick.] The instrument
that holds candles.
The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks,
With torch-staves in their hands; and their poor jades
Lob down their heads, dropping the hide and hips.
Shakesp. Henry V.
These countries were once christian, and members of the
church, and where the golden candlesticks did stand. Bacon.
I know a friend, who has converted the essays of a man of
quality, into a kind of fringe for his candlesticks. Addison.

CA’NDLESTUFF. n. s. [from candle and stuff.] Kitchen stuff;
grease; tallow.
But then you will say, that their vapour can last but a short
time; to that it may be answered, that, by the help of oil, and
wax, and other candlestuff, the flame may continue, and the
wick not burn. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 774.

CANDLEWA’STER. n. s. [from candle and waste.] That which
consumes candles; a spendthrift.
Patch grief with proverbs, make misfortune drunk
With candlewasters. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.

CA’NDOCK. n. s. A weed that grows in rivers.
Let them dry six or twelve months, both to kill the water­
weeds, as water-lilies, candocks, reate, and bulrushes, and also,
that as these die for want of water, so grass may grow on the
pond's bottom. Walton's Angler.

CA’NDOUR. n. s. [candor, Lat.] Sweetness of temper; purity
of mind; openness; ingenuity; kindness.
He should have so much of a natural candour and sweetness,
mixed with all the improvement of learning, as might convey
knowledge with a sort of gentle insinuation. Watts.

To CA’NDY. v. a. [probably from candare, a word used in later
times, for to whiten.]
1. To conserve with sugar, in such a manner as that the sugar
lies in flakes, or breaks into tangles.
Should the poor be flatter'd?
No, let the candy'd tongue lick absurd pomp,
And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee,
Where thrift may follow fawning. Shakesp. Hamlet.
They have in Turky confections like to candied conserves,
made of sugar and lemons, or sugar and citrons, or sugar and
violets, and some other flowers, and some mixture of amber.
Bacon.
With candy'd plantanes, and the juicy pine,
On choicest melons and sweet grapes they dine. Waller.
2. To form into congelations.


Will the cold brook,
Candied with ice, cawdle thy morning toast,
To cure thy o'er-night's surfeit? Shakesp. Timon.
3. To incrust with congelations.
Since when those frosts that winter brings,
Which candy every green,
Renew us like the teeming springs,
And we thus fresh are seen. Drayton.

To CA’NDY. v. n. To grow congealed.

CA’NDY Lion’s foot. [catanance, Lat.] A plant.
The cup of the flower is squamose; the florets round the
margin are much longer than those in the middle of the flower;
the seeds are wrapt up in a leafy or downy substance within
the cup, or outer covering. This plant begins to flower in
May, and continues till August or September. Miller.

CANE. n. s. [canna, Lat.]
1. A kind of strong reed, of which walking staffs are made; a
walking staff. See REED.
The king thrust the captain from him with his cane; where­
upon he took his leave, and went home. Harvey.
If the poker be out of the way, or broken, stir the fire with
your master's cane. Swift.
2. The plant which yields the sugar.
This cane or reed grows plentifully both in the East and
West Indies. Other reeds have their skin hard and dry, and
their pulp void of juice; but the skin of the sugar cane is soft,
and the spongy matter or pith it contains very juicy. It usu­
ally grows four or five feet high, and about half an inch in dia­
meter; though some have been mentioned in the island of Ta­
bago twenty four feet high. The stem or stalk is divided by
knots a foot and a half apart. At the top it puts forth a num­
ber of long green tufted leaves, from the middle of which arise
the flower and the seed. There are likewise leaves springing
out from each knot; but these usually fall as the cane rises.
The ground fit for sugar canes is light, soft, and spongy, lying
on a descent proper to carry off the water, and well turned to
the sun. They usually plant them in pieces cut a foot and a
half below the top of the flower, and they are ordinarily ripe in
ten months, though sometimes not till fifteen; at which time
they are found quite full of a white succulent marrow, whence
is expressed the liquour of which sugar is made. When ripe,
they are cut, their leaves cleared off, and they are carried in
bundles to the mills, which consist of three wooden rollers, co­
vered with steel plates. Chambers.
And the sweet liquour on the cane bestow,
From which prepar'd the luscious sugars flow. Blackmore.
3. A lance; a dart made of cane; whence the Spanish inego de
cannas.
Abenamar, thy youth these sports has known,
Of which thy age is now spectator grown;
Judge like thou sitt'st, to praise or to arraign,
The flying skirmish of the darted cane. Dryden's Conq. of Gr.
4. A reed.
Food may be afforded to bees, by small canes or troughs con­
veyed into their hives. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To CANE. v. a. [from the noun.] To beat with a walking
staff.

CANI’CULAR. adj. [canicularis, Lat.] Belonging to the dog­
star; as, canicular or dog-days.
In regard to different latitudes unto some, the canicular days
are in the winter; as unto such as are under the equinoctial
line; for, unto them, it ariseth, when the sun is about the tro­
pick of Cancer, which season unto them is winter.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

CANI’NE. adj. [caninus, Lat.]
1. Having the properties of a dog.
A third kind of women are made up of canine particles: these
are scolds, who imitate the animals out of which they were ta­
ken, always busy and barking, and snarl at every one that
comes in their way. Addison. Spectator, No 209.
2. Canine hunger, in medicine, is an appetite which cannot be
satisfied.
It may occasion an exorbitant appetite of usual things, which
they will take in such quantities, till they vomit them up like
dogs, from whence it is called canine. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CA’NISTER. n. s. [canistrum, Lat.]
1. A small basket.
My lovely care,
Take the presents, which the nymphs prepare:
White lilies in full canisters they bring,
With all the glories of the purple spring. Dryden's Virg.
2. A small vessel in which any thing, such as tea or coffee, is
laid up.

CA’NKER. n. s. [cancer, Lat. It seems to have the same meaning
and original with cancer, but to be accidentally written with a
k, when it denotes bad qualities in a less degree; or, canker
might come from chancre, Fr. and cancer from the Latin.]
1. A worm that preys upon, and destroys fruits.
And loathful idleness he doth detest,
The canker worm of every gentle breast. Spenser.
That which the locust hath left, hath the canker worm eaten.
Joel, i. 4.
A huffing, shining, flatt'ring, cringing coward,
A canker worm of peace, was rais'd above him. Otway.
2. A fly that preys upon fruits.
There be of flies, caterpillars, canker flies, and bear flies.
Walton's Angler.
3. Any thing that corrupts or consumes.
Yet writers say, as in the sweetest bud
The eating canker dwells; so eating love
Inhabits in the finest wits of all. Shakesp. Two G. of Verona.
It is the canker and ruin of many men's estates, which, in
process of time, breeds a publick poverty. Bacon.
Sacrilege may prove an eating canker, and a consuming moth,
in the estate that we leave them. Atterbury.
No longer live the cankers of my court;
All to your several states with speed resort;
Waste in wild riot what your land allows,
There ply the early feast, and late carouse. Pope.
4. A kind of wild worthless rose.
To put down Richard, that sweet lovely rose,
And plant this thorn, this canker Bolingbroke. Shakesp.
Draw a cherry with the leaf, the shaft of a steeple, a single or
canker rose. Peacham.
5. An eating or corroding humour.
I am not glad, that such a sore of time
Should seek a plaister by a contemn'd revolt,
And heal th' inveterate canker of one wound,
By making many. Shakesp. King John.
6. Corrosion; virulence.
As with age his body uglier grows,
So his mind with cankers. Shakesp. Tempest.
7. A disease in trees. Dict.

To CA’NKER. v. n. [from the noun.] To grow corrupt.
That cunning architect of canker'd guile,
Whom princes late displeasure left in bands,
For falsed letters, and suborned wile. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. i.
I will lift the down trod Mortimer
As high i' th' air as this unthankful king,
As this ingrate and canker'd Bolingbroke. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding; which, if
it might be corrected with a little mixture of gold, will be pro­
fitable. Bacon's Physical Remains.
Or what the cross dire looking planet smite,
Or hurtful worm with canker'd venom bite. Milton.
To some new clime, or to thy native sky,
Oh! friendless and forsaken virtue, fly:
The Indian air is deadly to thee grown;
Deceit and canker'd malice rule thy throne. Dryden's Auren.
Let envious jealousy, and canker'd spight
Produce my actions to severest light,
And tax my open day, or secret night. Prior.

To CA’NKER. v. a. 
1. To corrupt; to corrode.
Restore to God his due in tithe and time:
A tithe purloin'd, cankers the whole estate. Herbert.
2. To infect; to pollute.
An honest man will enjoy himself better in a moderate for­
tune, that is gained with honour and reputation, than in an over­
grown estate, that is cankered with the acquisitions of rapine and
exaction. Addison. Spectator, No 469.

CA’NKERBIT. particip. adj. [from canker and bit.] Bitten with
an envenomed tooth.
Know thy name is lost;
By treason's tooth baregnawn and cankerbit. Shakesp. K. Lear.

CA’NNABINE. adj. [cannabinus, Lat.] Hempen. Dict.

CA’NNIBAL. n. s. An anthropophagite; a man-eater.
The cannibals themselves eat no man's flesh, of those that die
of themselves, but of such as are slain. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
They were little better than cannibals, who do hunt one an­
other; and he that hath most strength and swiftness, doth eat
and devour all his fellows. Davies on Ireland.
It was my bent to speak,
Of the cannibals that each other eat;
The anthropophagi, and men whose heads
Did grow beneath their shoulders. Shakesp. Othello.
The captive cannibal, opprest with chains,
Yet braves his foes, reviles, provokes, disdains;
Of nature fierce, untameable, and proud,
He bids defiance to the gaping croud;
And spent at last, and speechless as he lies,
With firy glances mocks their rage, and dies. Granville.
If an eleventh commandment had been given, Thou shalt
not eat human flesh; would not these cannibals have esteemed
it more difficult than all the rest? Bentley.

CA’NNIBALLY. adv. [from cannibal.] In the manner of a can­
nibal.
Before Corioli, he scotcht him and notcht him like a carba­
nado.—Had he been cannibally given, he might have broiled,
and eaten him too. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

CA’NNIPERS. n. s. [corrupted from callipers; which see.]
The square is taken by a pair of cannipers, or two rulers
clapped to the side of a tree, measuring the distance between
them. Mortimer's Husbandry.



CA’NNON. n. s. [cannon, Fr. from canna, Lat. a pipe, meaning
a large tube.]
1. A great gun for battery.
2. A gun larger than can be managed by the hand. They are of
so many sizes, that they decrease in the bore from a ball of forty­
eight pounds to a ball of five ounces.
As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks,
So they redoubled strokes upon the foe. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He had left all the cannon he had taken; and now he sent all
his great cannon to a garrison. Clarendon.
The making, or price, of these gunpowder instruments, is
extremely expensive, as may be easily judged by the weight of
their materials; a whole cannon weighing commonly eight thou­
sand pounds; a half cannon, five thousand; a culverin, four
thousand five hundred; a demi-culverin, three thousand; which,
whether it be in iron or brass, must needs be very costly.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

CANNON-BALL. n. s. [from cannon, ball, bullet, and shot.]
The balls which are shot from great
guns.

CANNON-BULLET. n. s. [from cannon, ball, bullet, and shot.]
The balls which are shot from great
guns.

CANNON-SHOT. n. s. [from cannon, ball, bullet, and shot.]
The balls which are shot from great
guns.
He reckons those for wounds that are made by bullets, al­
though it be a cannon-shot. Wiseman's Surgery.
Let a cannon-bullet pass through a room, it must strike suc­
cessively the two sides of the room. Locke.

To CANNONA’DE. v. n. [from cannon.] To play the great guns;
to batter or attack with great guns.
Both armies cannonaded all the ensuing day. Tatler, No 63.

To CANNONA’DE. v. a. To fire upon the enemy with cannon.

CANNONI’ER. n. s. [from cannon.] The engineer that manages
the cannon.
Give me the cups:
And let the kettle to the trumpets speak,
The trumpets to the cannonier without,
The cannons to the heav'ns, the heav'ns to earth. Shakesp.
A third was a most excellent cannonier, whose good skill did
much endamage the forces of the king. Hayward.

CA’NNOT. A word compounded of can and not.
I cannot but believe many a child can tell twenty, long before
he has any idea of infinity at all. Locke.

CANO’A. n. s. A boat made by cutting the trunk of a tree in­
to a hollow vessel.

CA’NOE. n. s. A boat made by cutting the trunk of a tree in­
to a hollow vessel.
Others made rafts of wood, and others devised the boat of
one tree, called the canoa, which the Gauls, upon the river
Roan, used in assisting the transportation of Hannibal's army.
Raleigh's Essays.
They maintained a war against Semiramis, in which they
had four thousand monoxyla, or canoes, of one piece of timber.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

CA’NON. n. s. [ϰάνων.]
1. A rule; a law.
The truth is, they are rules and canons of that law, which is
written in all mens hearts; the church had for ever, no less
than now, stood bound to observe them, whether the apostle
had mentioned them, or no. Hooker, b. iii. § 4.
His books are almost the very canon to judge both doctrine
and discipline by. Hooker, Pref.
Religious canons, civil laws are cruel,
Then what should war be? Shakesp. Timon.
Canons in logick are such as these: every part of a division,
singly taken, must contain less than the whole; and a defini­
tion must be peculiar and proper to the thing defined.
Watts's Logick.
2. The laws made by ecclesiastical councils.
Canon law is that law, which is made and ordained in a ge­
neral council, or provincial synod of the church. Ayliffe.
These were looked on as lapsed persons, and great severities
of penance were prescribed them, as appears by the canons of
Ancyra, and many others. Stillingfleet.
3. The books of Holy Scripture; or the great rule.
Canon also denotes those books of Scripture, which are re­
ceived as inspired and canonical, to distinguish them from either
profane, apocryphal, or disputed books. Thus we say, that
Genesis is part of the sacred canon of the Scripture. Ayliffe.
4. A dignitary in cathedral churches.
For deans and canons, or prebends, of cathedral churches, in
their first institution, they were of great use in the church;
they were to be of counsel with the bishop for his revenue, and
for his government in causes ecclesiastical. Bacon.
Swift much admires the place and air,
And longs to be a canon there.
A canon! that's a place too mean:
No, doctor, you shall be a dean,
Two dozen canons round your stall,
And you the tyrant o'er them all. Swift.
5. Canons Regular. Such as are placed in monasteries. Ayliffe.
6. Canons Secular. Lay canons, who have been, as a mark of
honour, admitted into some chapters.
7. [Among chirurgeons.] An instrument used in sewing up
wounds. Dict.
8. A large sort of printing letter, probably so called from being
first used in printing a book of canons; or perhaps from its
size, and therefore properly written cannon.

CA’NON BIT. n. s. That part of the bit let into the horse's mouth.
A goodly person, and could manage fair,
His stubborn steed with canonbit,
Who under him did trample as the air. Fairy Queen, b. i.

CA’NONESS. n. s. [canonissa, low Lat.]
There are also, in popish countries, women which they call
secular canonesses, living after the example of secular canons.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

CANO’NICAL. adj. [canonicus, low Lat.]
1. According to the canon.
2. Constituting the canon.
Publick readings there are of books and writings, not cano­
nical, whereby the church doth also preach, or openly make
known the doctrine of virtuous conversation. Hooker, b. v.
No such book was found amongst those canonical scriptures.
Raleigh's History of the World.
3. Regular; stated; fixed by ecclesiastical laws.
Seven times in a day do I praise thee, said David; from this
definite number some ages of the church took their pattern for
their canonical hours. Taylor.
4. Spiritual; ecclesiastical; relating to the church.
York anciently had a metropolitan jurisdiction over all the
bishops of Scotland, from whom they had their consecration,
and to whom they swore canonical obedience. Ayliffe.

CANO’NICALLY. adv. [from canonical.] In a manner agreeable
to the canon.
It is a known story of the friar, who, on a fasting day, bids
his capon be carp, and then very canonically eat it.
Government of the Tongue.

CANO’NICALNESS. n. s. [from canonical.] The quality of being
canonical.

CA’NONIST. n. s. [from canon.] A man versed in the ecclesias­
tical laws; a professour of the canon law.
John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, when the king would have
translated him from that poor bishoprick, he refused, saying, he
would not forsake his poor little old wife; thinking of the fif­
teenth canon of the Nicene council, and that of the canonists,
Matrimonium inter episcopum & ecclesiam esse contractum, &c.
Camden's Remains.
Of whose strange crimes no canonist can tell,
In what commandment's large contents they dwell. Pope.

CANONIZA’TION. n. s. [from canonize.] The act of declaring
any man a saint.
It is very suspicious, that the interests of particular families,
or churches, have too great a sway in their canonizations.
Addison on Italy.

To CA’NONIZE. v. a. [from canon, to put into the canon, or rule
for observing festivals.] To declare any man a saint.
The king, desirous to bring into the house of Lancaster ce­
lestial honour, became suitor to pope Julius, to canonize king
Henry VI. for a saint. Bacon's Henry VII.
By those hymns all shall approve
Us canoniz'd for love. Donne.
They have a pope too, who hath the chief care of religion,
and of canonizing whom he thinks fit, and thence have the ho­
nour of saints. Stillingfleet.

CA’NONRY. n. s. [from canon.] An ecclesiastical benefice in
some cathedral or collegiate church, which has
a prebend, or a stated allowance out of the revenues of such
church, commonly annexed to it. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CA’NONSHIP. n. s. [from canon.] An ecclesiastical benefice in
some cathedral or collegiate church, which has
a prebend, or a stated allowance out of the revenues of such
church, commonly annexed to it. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CA’NOPIED. adj. [from canopy.] Covered with a canopy.
I sat me down to watch upon a bank,
With ivy canopy'd, and interwove
With flaunting honeysuckle. Milton.

CA’NOPY. n. s. [canopeum, low Lat.] A covering of state over
a throne or bed; a covering spread over the head.
She is there brought unto a paled green,
And placed under a stately canopy,
The warlike feats of both those knights to see. Fairy Queen.
Now spread the night her spangled canopy,
And summon'd every restless eye to sleep. Fairfax.
Nor will the raging fever's fire abate,
With golden canopies, and beds of state. Dryden.

To CA’NOPY. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with a canopy.
The birch, the myrtle, and the bay,
Like friends did all embrace;
And their large branches did display,
To canopy the place. Dryden.

CANO’ROUS. adj. [canorus, Lat.] Musical; tuneful.
Birds that are most canorous, and whose notes we most com­
mend, are of little throats, and short. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CANT. n. s. [probably from cantus, Lat. implying the odd tone
of voice used by vagrants; but imagined by some to be cor­
rupted from quaint.]
1. A corrupt dialect used by beggars and vagabonds.
2. A particular form of speaking peculiar to some certain class or
body of men.
I write not always in the proper terms of navigation, land
service, or in the cant of any profession. Dryden.
If we would trace out the original of that flagrant and avow­
ed impiety, which has prevailed among us for some years, we
should find, that it owes its rise to that cant and hypocrisy,


which had taken possession of the people's minds in the times of
the great rebellion. Addison. Freeholder, No 37.
Astrologers, with an old paltry cant, and a few pot-hooks
for planets, to amuse the vulgar, have too long been suffered to
abuse the world. Swift's Predictions for the Year 1701. 
A few general rules, with a certain cant of words, has some­
times set up an illiterate heavy writer, for a most judicious and
formidable critick. Addison. Spectator, No 291. 
3. A whining pretension to goodness, in formal and affected
terms.
Of promise prodigal, while pow'r you want,
And preaching in the self-denying cant. Dryden's Aurengz.
4. Barbarous jargon.
The affectation of some late authours, to introduce and
multiply cant words, is the most ruinous corruption in any
language. Swift.
5. Auction.
Numbers of these tenants, or their descendants, are now of­
fering to sell their leases by cant, even those which were for
lives. Swift.

To CANT. v. n. [from the noun.] To talk in the jargon of
particular professions, or in any kind of formal affected lan­
guage, or with a peculiar and studied tone of voice.
Men cant endlessly about materia and forma; hunt chimeras
by rules of art, or dress up ignorance in words of bulk or
sound, which may stop up the mouth of enquiry.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
That uncouth affected garb of speech, or canting language ra­
ther, if I may so call it, which they have of late taken up, is
the signal distinction and characteristical note of that, which,
in that their new language, they call the godly party. Sanderson.
The busy, subtile serpents of the law,
Did first my mind from true obedience draw;
While I did limits to the king prescribe,
And took for oracles that canting tribe. Roscommon.
Unskill'd in schemes by planets to foreshow,
Like canting rascals, how the wars will go. Dryden's Juven.

CANTA’LIVER. See CANTILIVER.

CANTA’TA. n. s. [Ital.] A song.

CANTA’TION. n. s. [from canto, Lat.] The act of singing.

CA’NTER. n. s. [from cant.] A term of reproach for hypocrites,
who talk formally of religion, without obeying it.

CANTERBURY BELLS. See BELFLOWER.

CANTERBURY GALLOP. [In horsemanship.] The hard gallop of
an ambling horse, commonly called a canter; and probably de­
rived from the monks riding to Canterbury on easy ambling
horses.

CANTHA’RIDES. n. s. [Latin.] Spanish flies; used to raise
blisters.
The flies, cantharides, are bred of a worm, or caterpillar, but
peculiar to certain fruit trees; as are the fig tree, the pine tree,
and the wild brier; all which bear sweet fruit, and fruit that
hath a kind of secret biting or sharpness: for the fig hath a
milk in it, that is sweet and corrosive; the pine apple hath a
kernel that is strong and abstersive. Bacon's Nat. History.

CA’NTHUS. n. s. [Latin.] The corner of the eye. The in­
ternal is called the greater, and the external the lesser canthus.
Quincy.
A gentlewoman was seized with an inflammation and tu­
mour in the great canthus, or angle of her eye. Wiseman.

CA’NTICLE. n. s. [from canto, Lat.] A song; used generally for
a song in scripture.
This right of estate, in some nations, is yet more significantly
expressed by Moses in his canticles, in the person of God to the
Jews. Bacon's Holy War.

CANTI’LIVERS. n. s. Pieces of wood framed into the front or
other sides of an house, to sustain the molding and eaves over
it. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CA’NTLE. n. s. [kant, Dutch, a corner; eschantillon, Fr. a piece.]
A piece with corners. Skinner.
See how this river comes, me crankling in,
And cuts me from the best of all my land,
A huge halfmoon, a monstrous cantle out. Shakesp. H. IV.

To CA’NTLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut in pieces.
For four times talking, if one piece thou take,
That must be cantled, and the judge go snack. Dryden's Juv.

CA’NTLET. n. s. [from cantle.] A piece; a fragment.
Raging with high disdain, repeats his blows;
Nor shield, nor armour can their force oppose;
Huge cantlets of his buckler strew the ground,
And no defence in his bor'd arms is found. Dryden.

CA’NTO. n. s. [Ital.] A book, or section of a poem.
Why, what would you do?———
—Make a willow cabbin at your gate,
And call upon my soul within the house;
Write loyal cantos of contemned love. Shakesp. Tw. Night.

CA’NTON. n. s. [from ϰανϑ, the corner of the eye; and hence
came the cantons of the Switzers. It is the reward of a prince
given to an earl. Peacham.]
1. A small parcel or division of land.
Only that little canton of land, called the English pale, con­
taining four small shires, did maintain a bordering war with the
Irish, and retain the form of English government. Davies.
2. A small community, or clan.
The same is the case of rovers by land; such, as yet, are
some cantons in Arabia, and some petty kings of the mountains,
adjacent to straits and ways. Bacon's Holy War.

To CA’NTON. v. a. [from the noun.] To divide into little
parts.
Families shall quit all subjection to him, and canton his em­
pire into less governments for themselves. Locke.
It would certainly be for the good of mankind, to have all
the mighty empires and monarchies of the world cantoned out
into petty states and principalities. Addison on Italy.
The late king of Spain, reckoning it an indignity to have his
territories cantoned out into parcels by other princes, during his
own life, and without his consent, rather chose to bequeath the
monarchy entire to a younger son of France. Swift.
They canton out to themselves a little province in the intel­
lectual world, where they fancy the light shines, and all the rest
is in darkness. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To CA’NTONIZE. v. a. [from canton.] To parcel out into small
divisions.
Thus was all Ireland cantonized among ten persons of the
English nation. Davies on Ireland.
The whole forest was in a manner cantonized amongst a very
few in number, of whom some had regal right. Howel.

CA’NTRED. n. s. The same in Wales as an hundred in England.
For cantre, in the British language, signifieth an hundred. Cowel.
The king regrants to him all that province, reserving only the
city of Dublin, and the cantreds next adjoining, with the ma­
ritime towns. Davies on Ireland.

CA’NVASS. n. s. [canevas, Fr. cannabis, Lat. hemp.] A kind of
cloth woven for several uses, as sails, painting cloths, tents.
The master commanded forthwith to set on all the canvass
they could, and fly homeward. Sidney.
And eke the pens that did his pinions bind,
Were like main yards with flying canvass lin'd. Fairy Q. b. i.
Their canvass castles up they quickly rear,
And build a city in an hour's space. Fairfax, b. ii.
Where-e'er thy navy spreads her canvass wings,
Homage to thee, and peace to all she brings. Waller.
With such kind passion hastes the prince to fight,
And spreads his flying canvass to the Sound;
Him whom no danger, were he there, could fright;
Now absent, every little noise can wound. Dryden.
Thou, Kneller, long with noble pride,
The foremost of thy art, hast vy'd
With nature in a generous strife,
And touch'd the canvass into life. Addison.

To CA’NVASS. v. a. [Skinner derives it from cannabasser, Fr. to
beat hemp; which being a very laborious employment, it is
used to signify, to search diligently into.]
1. To sift; to examine.
I have made careful search on all hands, and canvassed the
matter with all possible diligence. Woodward.
2. To debate; to controvert.
The curs discovered a raw hide in the bottom of a river,
and laid their heads together how to come at it: they canvassed
the matter one way and t'other, and concluded, that the way to
get it, was to drink their way to it. L'Estrange.

To CA’NVASS. v. n. To sollicite.
This crime of canvassing, or solliciting for church prefer­
ment, is, by the canon law, called simony. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CA’NY. adj. [from cane.]
1. Full of canes.
2. Consisting of canes.
But in his way lights on the barren plains
Of Sericana, where Chineses drive,
With sails and wind, their cany wagons light. Parad. Lost.

CA’NZONET. n. s. [canzonetta, Ital.] A little song.
Vecchi was most pleasing of all others, for his conceit and
variety, as well his madrigals as canzonets. Peacham.

CAP

CAP. n. s. [cap, Welch; cæppe, Sax. cappe, Germ. cappe, Fr.
cappa, Ital. capa, Span. kappe, Dan. and Dutch; caput, a head,
Latin.]
1. The garment that covers the head.
Here is the cap your worship did bespeak.—
Why, this was moulded on a porringer,
A velvet dish. Shakesp. Taming the Shrew.
I have ever held my cap off to thy fortune.—
—Thou hast serv'd me with much faith. Shakesp.
First, lolling, sloth in woollen cap,
Taking her after-dinner nap. Swift.
The cap, the whip, the masculine attire,
For which they roughen to the sense. Thomson's Autumn.
2. The ensign of the cardinalate.
Henry the fifth did sometimes prophesy,
If once he came to be a cardinal,
He'd make his cap coequal with the crown. Shakesp. H. VI.
3. The topmost; the highest.
Thou art the cap of all the fools alive. Shakesp. Timon.
4. A reverence made by uncovering the head.


They more and less, came in with cap and knee,
Met him in boroughs, cities, villages. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Should the want of a cap or a cringe so mortally discompose
him, as we find afterwards it did. L'Estrange.
5. A vessel made like a cap.
It is observed, that a barrel or cap, whose cavity will contain
eight cubical feet of air, will not serve a diver above a quarter
of an hour. Wilkins.
6. Cap of a great gun. A piece of lead laid over the touch-hole,
to preserve the prime.
7. Cap of maintenance. One of the regalia carried before the
king at the coronation.

To CAP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover on the top.
The bones next the joint are capped with a smooth cartilagi­
nous substance, serving both to strength and motion. Derham.
2. To snatch off the cap.
If one, by another occasion, take any thing from another,
as boys sometimes use to cap one another, the same is straight
felony. Spenser on Ireland.
3. To cap verses. To name alternately verses beginning with a
particular letter; to name alternately.
Where Henderson, and th' other masses,
Were sent to cap texts, and put cases. Hudibras.
Sure it is a pitiful pretence to ingenuity, that can be thus kept
up, there being little need of any other faculty but memory, to
be able to cap texts. Government of the Tongue, § 3.
There is an author of ours, whom I would desire him to read,
before he ventures at capping characters. Atterbury.

CAP à pè. [cap à piè, Fr.] From head to foot; all over.

CAP à piè. [cap à piè, Fr.] From head to foot; all over.
A figure like your father,
Arm'd at all points exactly, cap à pè,
Appears before them, and, with solemn march,
Goes slow and stately by them. Shakesp. Hamlet.
There for the two contending knights he sent,
Arm'd cap à piè, with rev'rence low they bent;
He smil'd on both. Dryden's Fables.
A woodlouse,
That folds up itself in itself for a house,
As round as a ball, without head, without tail,
Inclos'd cap à pè in a strong coat of mail. Swift.

CAP-PAPER. A sort of coarse brownish paper.
Having, for trial sake, filtred it through cap-paper, there re­
mained in the filtre a powder. Boyle.

CAPABI’LITY. n. s. [from capable.] Capacity; the quality of
being capable.

CA’PABLE. adj. [capable, Fr.]
1. Endued with powers equal to any particular thing.
To say, that the more capable, or the better deserver, hath
such right to govern, as he may compulsorily bring under the
less worthy, is idle. Bacon.
When we consider so much of that space, as is equal to, or
capable to receive a body of any assigned dimensions. Locke.
When you hear any person give his judgment, consider with
yourself whether he be a capable judge. Watts.
2. Intelligent; able to understand.
Look you, how pale he glares;
His form and cause conjoined, preaching to stones,
Would make them capable. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. Capacious; able to receive or understand.
I am much bound to God, that he hath endued you with one
capable of the best instructions. Digby.
4. Susceptible.
The soul, immortal substance, to remain,
Conscious of joy, and capable of pain. Prior.
5. Qualified for; without any natural impediment.
There is no man that believes the goodness of God, but must
be inclined to think, that he hath made some things for as long
a duration as they are capable of. Tillotson.
6. Qualified for; without legal impediment.
Of my land,
Loyal and natural boy! I'll work the means
To make thee capable. Shakesp. King Lear.
7. It has the particle of before a noun.
What secret springs their eager passions move,
How capable of death for injur'd love. Dryden's Virgil.
8. Hollow. This sense is not now in use.
Lean but upon a rush,
The cicatrice, and capable impressure,
Thy palm some moments keeps. Shakesp. As you like it.

CA’PABLENESS. n. s. [from capable.] The quality or state of
being capable; knowledge; understanding; power of mind.

CAPA’CIOUS. adj. [capax, Lat.]
1. Wide; large; able to hold much.
Beneath th' incessant weeping of those drains,
I see the rocky Siphons stretch'd immense,
The mighty reservoirs of harden'd chalk,
Or stiff compacted clay, capacious found. Thomson's Autumn.
2. Extensive; equal to much knowledge, or great design.
There are some persons of a good genius, and a capacious
mind, who write and speak very obscurely. Watts.

CAPA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from capacious.] The power of hold­
ing or receiving; largeness.
A concave measure, of known and denominate capacity,
serves to measure the capaciousness of any other vessel. In like
manner, to a given weight, the weight of all other bodies may
be reduced, and so found out. Holder on Time.

To CAPA’CITATE. v. a. [from capacity.] To make capable;
to enable; to qualify.
By this instruction we may be capacitated to observe those
errours. Dryden.
These sort of men were sycophants only, and were endued
with arts of life, to capacitate them for the conversation of the
rich and great. Tatler, No 56.

CAPA’CITY. n. s. [capacité, Fr.]
1. The power of holding or containing any thing.
Had our palace the capacity
To camp this host, we would all sup together. Shakesp.
Notwithstanding thy capacity
Receiveth as the sea, nought enters there,
Of what validity and pitch soe'er,
But falls into abatement and low price. Shakesp. Tw. Night.
For they that most and greatest things embrace,
Enlarge thereby their mind's capacity,
As streams enlarg'd, enlarge the channel's space. Davies.
Space, considered in length, breadth, and thickness, I think,
may be called capacity. Locke.
2. The force or power of the mind.
No intellectual creature in the world, is able, by capacity, to
do that which nature doth without capacity and knowledge.
Hooker, b. i. § 3.
In spiritual natures, so much as there is of desire, so much
there is also of capacity to receive. I do not say, there is always
a capacity to receive the very thing they desire; for that may be
impossible. South.
An heroick poem requires the accomplishment of some ex­
traordinary undertaking; which requires the strength and vi­
gour of the body, the duty of a soldier, and the capacity and
prudence of a general. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
3. Power; ability.
Since the world's wide frame does not include
A cause with such capacities endu'd,
Some other cause o'er nature must preside. Blackmore.
4. Room; space.
There remained, in the capacity of the exhausted cylinder,
store of little rooms, or spaces, empty or devoid of air. Boyle.
5. State; condition; character.
A miraculous revolution, reducing many from the head of a
triumphant rebellion, to their old condition of masons, smiths,
and carpenters; that, in this capacity, they might repair what,
as colonels and captains, they had ruined and defaced. South.
You desire my thoughts as a friend, and not as a member of
parliament; they are the same in both capacities. Swift.

CAPA’RISON. n. s. [caparazon, a great cloke, Span.] A horse­
cloth, or a sort of cover for a horse, which is spread over his
furniture. Farrier's Dict.
Tilting furniture, emblazon'd shields,
Impresses quaint, caparisons, and steeds,
Bases, and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights,
At joust, and tournament. Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 31. 
Some wore a breastplate, and a light juppon;
Their horses cloath'd with rich caparison. Dryden's Fab.

To CAPA’RISON. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dress in caparisons.
At his command,
The steeds, caparison'd with purple, stand;
With golden trappings, glorious to behold,
And champ betwixt their teeth the foaming gold. Dryden.
2. To dress pompously; in a ludicrous sense.
Don't you think, though I am caparisoned like a man, I have
a doublet and hose in my disposition? Shakesp. As you like it.

CAPE. n. s. [cape, Fr.]
1. Headland; promontory.
What from the cape can you discern at sea?—
—Nothing at all; it is a high wrought flood. Shakesp. Oth.
The parting sun,
Beyond the earth's green cape, and verdant isles,
Hesperean sets; my signal to depart. Parad. Lost, b. viii.
The Romans made war upon the Tarentines, and obliged
them by treaty not to sail beyond the cape. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. The neck-piece of a cloke.
He was cloathed in a robe of fine black cloth, with wide
sleeves and cape. Bacon.

CA’PER. n. s. [from caper, Latin, a goat.] A leap; a jump; a
skip.
We that are true lovers, run into strange capers; but as all
is mortal in nature, so is all nature in love mortal in folly.
Shakesp. As you like it.
Flimnap, the treasurer, is allowed to cut a caper on the
strait rope, at least an inch higher than any other lord in the
whole empire. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

CA’PER. n. s. [capparis, Lat.] An acid pickle. See CAPER-BUSH.
We invent new sauces and pickles, which resemble the


animal ferment in taste and virtue, as mangoes, olives, and ca­
pers. Floyer on the Humours.

CA’PER BUSH. n. s. [capparis, Lat.]
Its flower consists of four leaves, which are expanded in form
of a rose; the fruit is fleshy, and shaped like a pear; in which
are contained many roundish seeds. This plant grows in the
South of France, in Spain and in Italy, upon old walls and
buildings; and the buds of the flowers, before they are open,
are pickled for eating. Miller.

To CA’PER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To dance frolicksomely.
The truth is, I am only old in judgment; and he that will
caper with me for a thousand marks, let him lend me the mo­
ney, and have at him. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
2. To skip for merriment.
Our master
Cap'ring to eye her. Shakesp. Tempest.
His nimble hand's instinct then taught each string
A cap'ring cheerfulness, and made them sing
To their own dance. Crashaw.
The family tript it about, and caper'd, like hailstones bound­
ing from a marble floor. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
3. To dance; spoken in contempt.
The stage would need no force, nor song, nor dance,
Nor capering monsieur from active France. Rowe.

CA’PERER. n. s. [from caper.] A dancer; in contempt.
The tumbler's gambols some delight afford;
No less the nimble caperer on the cord:
But these are still insipid stuff to thee,
Coop'd in a ship, and toss'd upon the sea. Dryden's Juv.

CA’PIAS. n. s. [Lat.] A writ of two sorts, one before judgment,
called capias ad respondendum, in an action personal, if the she­
riff, upon the first writ of distress, return that he has no effects
in his jurisdiction. The other is a writ of execution after judg­
ment. Cowel.

CAPILLA’CEOUS. adj. The same with capillary.

CAPI’LLAMENT. n. s. [capillamentum, Lat.] Those small threads
or hairs which grow up in the middle of a flower, and adorned
with little herbs at the top, are called capillaments. Quincy.

CA’PILLARY. adj. [from capillus, hair, Lat.]
1. Resembling hairs; small; minute; applied to plants.
Capillary, or capillaceous plants, are such as have no main
stalk or stem, but grow to the ground, as hairs on the head;
and which bear their seeds in little tufts or protuberances on
the backside of their leaves. Quincy.
Our common hyssop is not the least of vegetables, nor ob­
served to grow upon walls; but rather, as Lemnius well con­
ceiveth, some kind of capillaries, which are very small plants,
and only grow upon walls and stony places.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.
2. Applied to vessels of the body. Small; as the ramifications of
the arteries. Quincy.
Ten capillary arteries in some parts of the body, as in the
brain, are not equal to one hair; and the smallest lymphatick
vessels are an hundred times smaller than the smallest capillary
artery. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CAPILLA’TION. n. s. [from capillus, Lat.] A vessel like a hair;
a small ramification of vessels.
Nor is the humour contained in smaller veins, or obscurer
capillations, but in a vesicle. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

CA’PITAL. adj. [capitalis, Lat.]
1. Relating to the head.
Needs must the serpent now his capital bruise
Expect with mortal pain. Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 383.
2. Criminal in the highest degree, so as to touch life.
Edmund, I arrest thee
On capital treason. Shakesp. King Lear.
Several cases deserve greater punishment than many crimes
that are capital among us. Swift.
3. That which affects life.
In capital causes, wherein but one man's life is in question,
the evidence ought to be clear; much more in a judgment up­
on a war, which is capital to thousands. Bacon.
4. Chief; principal.
I will, out of that infinite number, reckon but some that are
most capital, and commonly occurrent both in the life and con­
ditions of private men. Spenser on Ireland.
As to swerve in the least points, is errour; so the capital
enemies thereof God hateth, as his deadly foes, aliens, and,
without repentance, children of endless perdition. Hooker.
They are employed by me, and do, in themselves, tend to
confirm the truth of a capital article in religion. Atterbury.
5. Chief; metropolitan.
This had been
Perhaps thy capital seat, from whence had spread
All generations; and had hither come,
From all the ends of th' earth, to celebrate
And reverence thee, their great progenitor. Par. Lost, b. xi.
6. Applied to letters; large; such as are written at the begin­
nings or heads of books.
Our most considerable actions are always present, like capi­
tal letters to an aged and dim eye. Taylor's Rule of Living holy.
The first whereof is written in capital letters, without chapters
or verses. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
7. Capital Stock. The principal or original stock of a trading
company.

CA’PITAL. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The upper part of a pillar.
You see the volute of the Ionick, the foliage of the Corin­
thian, and the uovali of the Dorick, mixed, without any regu­
larity, on the same capital. Addison on Italy.
2. The chief city of a nation or kingdom.

CA’PITALLY. adv. [from capital.] In a capital manner.

CAPITA’TION. n. s. [from caput, the head, Lat.] Numeration
by heads.
He suffered also for not performing the commandment of
God, concerning capitation; that, when the people were num­
bered, for every head they should pay unto God a shekel.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 11. 

CA’PITE. n. s. [from caput, capitis, Lat.]
A tenure which holdeth immediately of the king, as of his
crown, be it by knight's service or socage, and not as of any
honour, castle, or manour: and therefore it is otherwise called
a tenure, that holdeth merely of the king; because, as the
crown is a corporation and seigniory in gross, as the common
lawyers term it, so the king that possesseth the crown, is, in ac­
count of law, perpetually king, and never in his minority, nor
ever dieth. Cowel.

CAPI’TULAR. n. s. [from capitulum, Lat. an ecclesiastical chap­
ter.]
1. A body of the statutes of a chapter.
That this practice continued to the time of Charlemain, ap­
pears by a constitution in his capitular. Taylor.
2. A member of a chapter.
Canonists do agree, that the chapter makes decrees and sta­
tutes, which shall bind the chapter itself, and all its members of
capitulars. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To CAPI’TULATE. v. n. [from capitulum, Lat.]
1. To draw up any thing in heads or articles.
Percy, Northumberland,
The archbishop of York, Douglas, and Mortimer,
Capitulate against us, and are up. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
2. To yield, or surrender up, on certain stipulations.
The king took it for a great indignity, that thieves should
offer to capitulate with him as enemies. Hayward.
I still pursued, and, about two o' clock this afternoon, she
thought fit to capitulate. Spectator, No 566.

CAPITULA’TION. n. s. [from capitulate.] Stipulation; terms;
conditions.
It was not a complete conquest, but rather a dedition upon
terms and capitulations, agreed between the conquerour and the
conquered; wherein, usually, the yielding party secured to
themselves their law and religion. Hale.

CAPI’VI TREE. n. s. [copaiba, Lat.]
It hath a flower consisting of five leaves, which expand in
form of a rose; the pointal is fixed in the centre of the flower,
which afterwards becomes a pod, containing one or two seeds,
which are surrounded with a pulp of a yellow colour. This
tree grows near a village called Ayapel, in the province of An­
tiochi, in the Spanish West Indies, about ten days journey
from Carthagena. There are great numbers of these trees in
the woods about this village, which grow to the height of sixty
feet; some of them do not yield any of the balsam; those that
do, are distinguished by a ridge, which runs along their trunks.
These trees are wounded in their centre, and they apply vessels
to the wounded part, to receive the balsam, which will all flow
out in a short time. One of these trees will yield five or six
gallons of balsam. Miller.

CA’PON. n. s. [capo, Lat.] A castrated cock.
In good roast beef my landlord sticks his knife;
The capon fat delights his dainty wife. Gay's Pastorals.

CAPONNI’ERE. n. s. [Fr. a term in fortification.] A covered
lodgment, of about four or five feet broad, encompassed with a
little parapet of about two feet high, serving to support planks
laden with earth. This lodgment contains fifteen or twenty
soldiers, and is usually placed at the extremity of the counter­
scarp, having little embrasures made in them, through which
they fire. Harris.

CAPO’T. n. s. [French.] Is when one party wins all the tricks of
cards at the game of picquet.

To CAPO’T. v. a. [from the noun.] When one party has won
all the tricks of cards at picquet, he is said to have capotted his
antagonist.

CAPO’UCH. n. s. [capuce, French.] A monk's hood. Dict.

CA’PPER. n. s. [from cap.] One who makes or sells caps.

CAPRE’OLATE. adj. [from capreolus, a tendril of a vine, Lat.]
Such plants as turn, wind, and creep along the ground, by
means of their tendrils, as gourds, melons, and cucumbers, are
termed, in botany, capreolate plants. Harris.

CAPRI’CE. n. s. [caprice, Fr. capricho, Span.] Freak;
fancy; whim; sudden change of humour.

CAPRI’CHIO. n. s. [caprice, Fr. capricho, Span.] Freak;
fancy; whim; sudden change of humour.
It is a pleasant spectacle to behold the shifts, windings, and
unexpected caprichios of distressed nature, when pursued by a
close and well managed experiment. Glanville's Scepsis, Pref.


Heav'n's great view is one, and that the whole;
That counterworks each folly and caprice,
That disappoints th' effect of ev'ry vice. Pope.
If there be a single spot more barren, or more distant from
the church, the rector or vicar may be obliged, by the caprice
or pique of the bishop, to build, under pain of sequestration.
Swift.
Their passions move in lower spheres,
Where'er caprice or folly steers. Swift.
All the various machines and utensils would now and then
play odd pranks and caprices, quite contrary to their proper
structures, and design of the artificers. Bentley.

CAPRI’CIOUS. adj. [capricieux, Fr.] Whimsical; fanciful; hu­
moursome.

CAPRI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from capricious.] Whimsically; in a
manner depending wholly upon fancy.

CAPRI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from capricious.] The quality of be­
ing led by caprice, humour, whimsicalness.
A subject ought to suppose, that there are reasons, although
he be not apprised of them; otherwise he must tax his prince
of capriciousness, inconstancy, or ill design. Swift.

CA’PRICORN. n. s. [capricornus, Lat.] One of the signs of the
zodiack; the winter solstice.
Let the longest night in Capricorn be of fifteen hours, the
day consequently must be of nine. Notes to Creech's Manilius.

CAPRIO’LE. n. s. [French. In horsemanship.] Caprioles are
leaps firma à firma, or such as a horse makes in one and the
same place, without advancing forwards, and in such a manner,
that when he is in the air, and height of his leap, he yerks or
strikes out with his hinder legs, even and near. A capriole is
the most difficult of all the high manage, or raised airs. It is
different from the croupade in this, that the horse does not show
his shoes; and from a balotade, in that he does not yerk out in
a balotade. Farrier's Dict.

CA’PSTAN. n. s. [corruptly called capstern; cabestan, Fr.] A cy­
linder, with levers to wind up any great weight, particularly
to raise the anchors.
The weighing of anchors by the capstan, is also new.
Raleigh's Essays.
No more behold thee turn my watch's key,
As seamen at a capstan anchors weigh. Swift.

CA’PSULAR. adj. [capsula, Lat.] Hollow like a chest.

CA’PSULARY. adj. [capsula, Lat.] Hollow like a chest.
It ascendeth not directly unto the throat, but ascending first
into a capsulary reception of the breast-bone, it ascendeth again
into the neck. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CA’PSULATE. adj. [capsula, Lat.] Inclosed, or in a box.

CA’PSULATED. adj. [capsula, Lat.] Inclosed, or in a box.
Seeds, such as are corrupted and stale, will swim; and this
agreeth unto the seeds of plants locked up and capsulated in their
husks. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. vi.
The heart lies immured, or capsulated, in a cartilage, which
includes the heart, as the skull doth the brain. Derham.

CA’PTAIN. n. s. [capitain, Fr.]
1. A chief commander.
Dismay'd not this
Our captains, Macbeth and Banquo? Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. The commander of a company in a regiment.
A captain! these villains will make the name of captain as
odious as the word occupy; therefore captains had need look to
it. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
The grim captain, in a surly tone,
Cries out, pack up, ye rascals, and be gone. Dryden.
3. The chief commander of a ship.
The Rhodian captain, relying on his knowledge, and the
lightness of his vessel, passed, in open day, through all the
guards. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. It was anciently written capitain.
And evermore their cruel capitain
Sought with his rascal routs t' inclose them round. Fairy Q.
5. Captain General. The general or commander in chief of an
army.
6. Captain Lieutenant. The commanding officer of the colonel's
troop or company, in every regiment. He commands as
youngest captain.

CA’PTAINRY. n. s. [from captain.] The power over a certain
district; the chieftainship.
There should be no rewards taken for captainries of counties,
nor no shares of bishopricks for nominating of bishops.
Spenser on Ireland.

CA’PTAINSHIP. n. s. [from captain.]
1. The rank, quality, or post of a captain.
The lieutenant of the colonel's company might well pretend
to the next vacant captainship in the same regiment. Wotton.
2. The condition or post of a chief commander.
Therefore so please thee to return with us,
And of our Athens, thine and ours, to take
The captainship. Shakesp. Timon.
3. The chieftainship of a clan, or government of a certain dis­
trict.
To diminish the Irish lords, he did abolish their pretended
and usurped captainships. Davies on Ireland.

CAPTA’TION. n. s. [from capto, Lat.] The practice of catch­
ing favour or applause; courtship; flattery.
I am content my heart should be discovered, without any of
those dresses, or popular captations, which some men use in their
speeches. King Charles.

CA’PTION. n. s. [from capio, Lat. to take.] The act of taking
any person by a judicial process.

CA’PTIOUS. adj. [captieux, Fr. captiosus, Lat.]
1. Given to cavils; eager to object.
If he shew a forwardness to be reasoning about things, take
care, that nobody check this inclination, or mislead it by cap­
tious or fallacious ways of talking with him. Locke.
2. Insidious; ensnaring.
She taught him likewise how to avoid sundry captious and
tempting questions, which were like to be asked of him. Bacon.

CA’PTIOUSLY. adv. [from captious.] In a captious manner;
with an inclination to object.
Use your words as captiously as you can, in your arguing on
one side, and apply distinctions on the other. Locke.

CA’PTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from captious.] Inclination to find fault;
inclination to object; peevishness
Captiousness is a fault opposite to civility; it often produces
misbecoming and provoking expressions and carriage. Locke.

To CA’PTIVATE. v. a. [captiver, Fr. captivo, Lat.]
1. To take prisoner; to bring into bondage.
How ill beseeming is it in thy sex,
To triumph like an Amazonian trull,
Upon their woes, whom fortune captivates? Shakesp. H. VI.
That hast by tyranny these many years
Wasted our country, slain our citizens,
And sent our sons and husbands captivate. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He deserves to be a slave, that is content to have the ratio­
nal sovereignty of his soul, and the liberty of his will, so capti­
vated. K. Charles.
They stand firm, keep out the enemy, truth, that would cap­
tivate or disturb them. Locke.
2. To charm; to overpower with excellence; to subdue.
Wisdom enters the last, and so captivates him with her ap­
pearance, that he gives himself up to her. Addison. Guardian.
3. To enslave; with to.
They lay a trap for themselves, and captivate their under­
standings to mistake, falsehood and errour. Locke.

CAPTIVA’TION. n. s. [from captivate.] The act of taking one
captive.

CA’PTIVE. n. s. [captif, Fr. captivus, Lat.]
1. One taken in war; a prisoner to an enemy.
You have the captives,
Who were the opposites of this day's strife. Shak. K. Lear.
This is no other than that forced respect a captive pays to
his conquerour, a slave to his lord. Rogers.
Free from shame
Thy captives: I ensure the penal claim. Pope's Odyssey.
2. It is used with to before the captor.
If thou say Antony lives, 'tis well,
Or friends with Cæsar, or not captive to him. Shakesp.
My mother, who the royal sceptre sway'd,
Was captive to the cruel victor made. Dryden.
3. One charmed, or ensnared by beauty or excellence.
My woman's heart
Grossly grew captive to his honey words. Shak. Richard III.

CA’PTIVE. adj. [captivus, Lat.] Made prisoner in war; kept
in bondage or confinement.
But fate forbids; the Stygian floods oppose,
And with nine circling streams the captive souls inclose.
Dryden, Æn. vi.

To CA’PTIVE. v. a. [from the noun. It was used formerly
with the accent on the last syllable, but now it is on the first.]
To take prisoner; to bring into a condition of servitude.
But being all defeated save a few,
Rather than fly, or be captiv'd, herself she slew. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Oft leavest them to hostile sword
Of heathen and profane, their carcasses
To dogs and fowls a prey, or else captiv'd. Milton's Agonist.
What further fear of danger can there be?
Beauty, which captives all things, sets me free. Dryden.
Still lay the god: the nymph surpriz'd,
Yet, mistress of herself, devis'd,
How she the vagrant might inthral,
And captive him, who captives all. Prior.

CAPTI’VITY. n. s. [captivité, Fr. captivitas, low Lat.]
1. Subjection by the fate of war; bondage; servitude to ene­
mies.
This is the serjeant,
Who, like a good and hardy soldier, fought
'Gainst my captivity. Shakesp. King Lear.
There in captivity he lets them dwell
The space of seventy years; then brings them back;
Rememb'ring mercy. Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 344.
The name of Ormond will be more celebrated in his capti­
vity, than in his greatest triumphs. Dryden's Fab. Dedicat.
2. Slavery; servitude.
For men to be tied, and led by authority, as it were with a


kind of captivity of judgment; and though there be reason to
the contrary, not to listen unto it. Hooker.
The apostle tells us, there is a way of bringing every thought
into captivity to the obedience of Christ. Decay of Piety.
When love's well timed, 'tis not a fault to love
The strong, the brave, the virtuous, and the wise,
Sink in the soft captivity together. Addison's Cato.

CA’PTOR. n. s. [from capio, to take, Lat.] He that takes a pri­
soner, or a prize.

CA’PTURE. n. s. [capture, Fr. captura, Lat.]
1. The act or practice of taking any thing.
The great sagacity, and many artifices used by birds, in the
investigation and capture of their prey. Derham's Phys. Theol.
2. The thing taken; a prize.

CAPU’CHED. adj. [from capuce, Fr. a hood.] Covered over as
with a hood.
They are differently cucullated and capuched upon the head
and back, and, in the cicada, the eyes are more prominent.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. iii.

CAPUCHI’N. n. s. A female garment, consisting of a cloak and
hood, made in imitation of the dress of capuchin monks;
whence its name is derived.

CAR

CAR, CHAR, in the names of places, seem to have relation to the
British caer, a city. Gibson's Camden.

CAR. n. s. [car, Welch; karre, Dut. cræt, Sax. carrus, Lat.]
1. A small carriage of burden, usually drawn by one horse or two.
When a lady comes in a coach to our shops, it must be fol­
lowed by a car loaded with Mr. Wood's money. Swift.
2. In poetical language, a chariot; a chariot of war, or triumph.
Henry is dead, and never shall revive;
Upon a wooden coffin we attend,
And death's dishonourable victory,
We with our stately presence glorify,
Like captives bound to a triumphant car. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Wilt thou aspire to guide the heav'nly car,
And with thy daring folly burn the world. Shakesp.
And the gilded car of day,
His glowing axle doth allay
In the steep Atlantick stream. Milton.
See, where he comes, the darling of the war!
See millions crouding round the gilded car! Prior.
3. The Charles's wain, or Bear; a constellation.
Ev'ry fixt and ev'ry wand'ring star,
The Pleiads, Hyads, and the Northern Car. Dryden.

CA’RABINE. n. s. [carabine, Fr.] A small sort of fire-arm,
shorter than a fusil, and carrying a ball of twenty­
four in the pound, hung by the light horse at a belt over the
left shoulder. It is a kind of medium between the pistol and
the musket, having its barrel two foot and a half long.

CA’RBINE. n. s. [carabine, Fr.] A small sort of fire-arm,
shorter than a fusil, and carrying a ball of twenty­
four in the pound, hung by the light horse at a belt over the
left shoulder. It is a kind of medium between the pistol and
the musket, having its barrel two foot and a half long.

CARABINI’ER. n. s. [from carabine.] A sort of light horse car­
rying longer carabines than the rest, and used sometimes on
foot. Chambers.

CA’RACK. n. s. [caraca, Spanish.] A large ship of burden; the
same with those which are now called galleons.
In which river, the greatest carack of Portugal may ride a­
float ten miles within the forts. Raleigh.
The bigger whale like some huge carack lay,
Which wanteth sea-room with her foes to play. Waller.

CA’RACOLE. n. s. [caracole, Fr. from caracol, Span. a snail.] An
oblique tread, traced out in semi-rounds, changing from one
hand to another, without observing a regular ground.
When the horse advance to charge in battle, they ride some­
times in caracoles, to amuse the enemy, and put them in doubt,
whether they are about to charge them in the front or in the
flank. Farrier's Dict.

To CA’RACOLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To move in caracoles.

CA’RAT. n. s. [carat, Fr.]

CA’RACT. n. s. [carat, Fr.]
1. A weight of four grains, with which diamonds are weighed.
2. A manner of expressing the fineness of gold.
A mark, being an ounce Troy, is divided into twenty-four
equal parts, called caracts, and each caract into four grains;
by this weight is distinguished the different fineness of their
gold; for, if to the finest of gold be put two caracts of alloy,
both making, when cold, but an ounce, or twenty-four caracts,
then this gold is said to be twenty-two caracts fine. Cocker.
Thou best of gold, art worst of gold;
Other, less fine in carat, is more precious. Shakesp. H. IV.

CA’RAVAN. n. s. [caravanne, Fr. from the Arabick.] A troop
or body of merchants or pilgrims, as they travel in the East.
Set forth
Their airy caravan, high over seas
Flying, and over lands, with mutual wing
Easing their flight. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii. c. 428.
When Joseph, and the Blessed Virgin Mother, had lost their
most holy Son, they sought him in the retinues of their kin­
dred, and the caravans of the Galilæan pilgrims. Taylor.

CARAVA’NSARY. n. s. [from caravan.] A house built in the
Eastern countries for the reception of travellers.
The inns which receive the caravans in Persia, and the Eas­
tern countries, are called by the name of caravansaries.
Spectator, No 289.
The spacious mansion, like a Turkish caravansary, enter­
tains the vagabond with only bare lodging. Pope's Letters.

CA’RAVEL. n. s. [caravela, Span.] A light, round, old fashion­
ed ship, with a square poop, formerly used in
Spain and Portugal.

CA’RVEL. n. s. [caravela, Span.] A light, round, old fashion­
ed ship, with a square poop, formerly used in
Spain and Portugal.

CA’RAWAY. n. s. [carui, Lat.] A plant.
This plant hath winged leaves, cut into small segments, and
placed opposite on the stalks, having no footstalk; the petals of
the flowers are bifid, and shaped like a heart; the seeds are
long, slender, smooth, and furrowed. It is sometimes found
wild in rich moist pastures, especially in Holland and Lincoln­
shire. The seeds are used in medicine, and likewise in the
confectionary. Miller.

CARBONA’DO. n. s. [carbonnade, Fr. from carbo, a coal, Lat.]
Meat cut cross, to be broiled upon the coals.
If I come in his way willingly, let him make a carbonado of
me. Shakesp. Henry IV.

To CARBONA’DO. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut, or hack.
Draw, you rogue, or I'll so carbonado
Your shanks. Shakesp. King Lear.

CA’RBUNCLE. n. s. [carbunculus, Lat. a little coal.]
1. A jewel shining in the dark, like a lighted coal or candle.
A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art,
Were not so rich a jewel. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
His head
Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes,
With burnish'd neck of verdant gold. Par. Lost, b. ix.
It is commonly related, and believed, that a carbuncle does
shine in the dark like a burning coal; from whence it hath its
name. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Carbuncle is a stone of the ruby kind, of a rich blood-red
colour. Woodward.
2. Red spots or pimples breaking out upon the face or body.
It was a pestilent fever, but there followed no carbuncle,
no purple or livid spots, or the like, the mass of the blood not
being tainted. Bacon's Henry VII.
Red blisters, rising on their paps, appear,
And flaming carbuncles, and noisome sweat. Dryden.

CA’RBUNCLED. adj. [from carbuncle.]
1. Set with carbuncles.
He gave thee, friend,
An armour all of gold; it was a king's.—
—He has deserv'd it, were it carbuncled
Like holy Phœbus' car. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
2. Spotted; deformed with carbuncles.

CARBU’NCULAR. adj. [from carbuncle.] Belonging to a car­
buncle; red like a carbuncle.

CARBUNCULA’TION. n. s. [carbunculatio, Lat.] The blasting
of the young buds of trees or plants, either by excessive heat
or excessive cold. Harris.

CA’RCANET. n. s. [carcan, Fr.] A chain or collar of jewels.
Say, that I linger'd with you at your shop,
To see the making of her carcanet. Shak. Comedy of Errours.
I have seen her beset and bedeckt all over with emeralds and
pearls, and a carcanet about her neck. Hakewell on Providence.

CA’RCASS. n. s. [carquasse, Fr.]
1. A dead body of any animal.
To blot the honour of the dead,
And with foul cowardice his carcass shame,
Whose living hands immortaliz'd his name. Fairy Q. b. ii.
Where cattle pastur'd late, now scatter'd lies,
With carcasses and arms, th' insanguin'd field,
Deserted. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 654.
If a man visits his sick friend, in hope of legacy, he is a vul­
ture, and only waits for the carcass. Taylor.
The scaly nations of the sea profound,
Like shipwreck'd carcasses, are driv'n aground. Dryden.
2. Body; in a ludicrous sense.
Today how many would have given their honours,
To've sav'd their carcasses? Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He that finds himself in any distress, either of carcass or of
fortune, should deliberate upon the matter, before he prays for
a change. L'Estrange.
3. The decayed parts of any thing; the ruins; the remains.
A rotten carcass of a boat, not rigg'd,
Nor tackle, sail, nor mast. Shakesp. Tempest.
4. The main parts, naked, without completion or ornament; as
the walls of a house.
What could be thought a sufficient motive to have had an
eternal carcass of an universe, wherein the materials and posi­
tions of it were eternally laid together? Hale's Origin of Mank.
5. [In gunnery.] A kind of bomb usually oblong, consisting of a
shell or case, sometimes of iron, with holes, more commonly of
a coarse strong stuff, pitched over, and girt with iron hoops, fill­
ed with combustibles, and thrown from a mortar. Harris.

CA’RCELAGE. n. s. [from carcer, Lat.] Prison fees. Dict.

CARCINO’MA. n. s. [from ϰαϱϰῖν, a crab.] A particular ulcer,
called a cancer, very difficult to cure. A disorder likewise
in the horny coat of the eye, is thus called by some writers.
Quincy.

CARCINO’MATOUS. adj. [from carcinoma.] Cancerous; tend­
ing to a cancer.



CARD. n. s. [carte, Fr. charta, Lat.]
1. A paper painted with figures, used in games of chance or skill.
A vengeance on your crafty wither'd hide!
Yet I have fac'd it with a card of ten.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
There all is marr'd, there lies a cooling card. Shakesp.
Soon as she spreads her hand, th' aerial guard
Descend, and sit on each important card;
First, Ariel perch'd upon a matadore. Pope.
2. The paper on which the winds are marked under the mari­
ner's needle.
Upon his cards and compass firms his eye,
The masters of his long experiment. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The very points they blow;
All the quarters that they know,
I' th' shipman's card. Shakesp. Macbeth.
How absolute the knave is? we must speak by the card, or
equivocation will undo us. Shakesp. Hamlet.
On life's vast ocean diversely we sail,
Reason the card, but passion is the gale. Pope.
3. [kaarde, Dutch.] The instrument with which wool is comb­
ed, or comminuted, or laid over for spinning.

To CARD. v. a. [from the noun.] To comb, or comminute
wool with a piece of wood, thick set with crooked wires.
The while their wives do sit
Beside them, carding wool. May's Virgil's Georgicks.
Go, card and spin,
And leave the business of the war to men. Dryden.

To CARD. v. n. To game; to play much at cards; as, a card­
ing wife.

CARDAMO’MUM. n. s. [Latin.] A medicinal seed, of the
aromatick kind, contained in pods, and brought from the East
Indies. Chambers.

CA’RDER. n. s. [from card.]
1. One that cards wool.
The clothiers all have put off
The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. One that plays much at cards.

CARDI’ACAL. adj. [ϰαϱδία, the heart.] Cordial; having the
quality of invigorating.

CA’RDIACK. adj. [ϰαϱδία, the heart.] Cordial; having the
quality of invigorating.

CA’RDIALGY. n. s. [from ϰαϱδία, the heart, and ἄλγ, pain.]
The heart-burn; a pain supposed to be felt in the heart, but
more properly in the stomach, which sometimes rises all along
from thence up to the œsophagus, occasioned by some acrimo­
nious matter. Quincy.

CA’RDINAL. adj. [cardinalis, Lat.] Principal; chief.
The divisions of the year in frequent use with astronomers,
according to the cardinal intersections of the zodiack; that is,
the two equinoctials, and both the solstitial points.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 3.
His cardinal perfection was industry. Clarendon.

CA’RDINAL. n. s. One of the chief governours of the Romish
church, by whom the pope is elected out of their own number,
which contains six bishops, fifty priests, and fourteen deacons,
who constitute the sacred college, and are chosen by the pope.
A cardinal is so stiled, because serviceable to the apostolick
see, as an axle or hinge on which the whole government of the
church turns; or as they have, from the pope's grant, the hinge
and government of all the affairs of the Romish church.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
You hold a fair assembly;
You are a churchman, or, I'll tell you, cardinal,
I should judge now unhappily. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

CARDINAL’S FLOWER. n. s. [rapuntium, Lat.]
The flower consists of one leaf, of an anomalous figure,
hollowed like a pipe, channelled, and divided into many parts,
in the shape of a tongue, defended by a covering, which in­
folds the pointal; when the flowers decay, the flower-cup turns
to a fruit, divided into three cells, full of small seeds, which
adhere to a placenta, divided into three parts. The species are,
1.  Greater rampions, with a crimson spiked flower, commonly
called the scarlet cardinal's flower. 2. The blue cardinal's flower.
The first sort is greatly prized for the beauty of its rich crim­
son flowers, exceeding all flowers in deepness. Miller.

CA’RDINALATE. n. s. [from cardinal.] The office and rank
of a cardinal.

CA’RDINALSHIP. n. s. [from cardinal.] The office and rank
of a cardinal.
An ingenious cavalier, hearing that an old friend of his was
advanced to a cardinalate, went to congratulate his eminence
upon his new honour. L'Estrange.

CARDMA’KER. n. s. [from card and make.] A maker of cards.
Am not I Christophero Sly, by occupation a cardmaker?
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

CA’RDMATCH. n. s. [from card and match.] A match made by
dipping pieces of card in melted sulphur.
Take care, that those may not make the most noise who have
the least to sell; which is very observable in the venders of
cardmatches. Addison. Spectator, No 251. 

CA’RDUUS. See THISTLE.

CARE. n. s. [care, Saxon.]
1. Solicitude; anxiety; perturbation of mind; concern.
Or, if I would take care, that care should be,
For wit that scorn'd the world, and liv'd like me. Dryden.
Nor sullen discontent, nor anxious care,
Ev'n though brought thither, could inhabit there. Dryden.
It will raise in your soul the greatest care of fulfilling the di­
vine will. Wake's Preparation for Death.
2. Caution.
Well, sweet Jack, have a care of thyself. Shakesp. H. IV.
The foolish virgins had taken no care for a further supply,
after the oil, which was at first put into their lamps, was spent,
as the wise had done. Tillotson.
Begone! the priest expects you at the altar.—
But, tyrant, have a care, I come not thither.
A. Philips's Distrest Mother.
3. Regard; charge; heed in order to protection and preserva­
tion.
You come in such a time,
As if propitious fortune took a care
To swell my tide of joys to their full height. Dryden.
If we believe that there is a God, that takes care of us, and
we be careful to please him, this cannot but be a mighty com­
fort to us. Tillotson.
4. It is a loose and vague word, implying attention or inclination,
in any degree more or less.
We take care to flatter ourselves with imaginary scenes and
prospects of future happiness. Atterbury.
5. The object of care, of caution, or of love.
O my poor kingdom, sick with civil blows!
When that my care could not with-hold thy riots,
What wilt thou do, when riot is thy care? Shakesp. H. IV.
Flush'd were his cheeks, and glowing were his eyes:
Is she thy care? is she thy care? he cries. Dryden.
Your safety, more than mine, was then my care:
Lest of the guide bereft, the rudder lost,
Your ship should run against the rocky coast. Dryden.
The wily fox,
Who lately filch'd the turkey's callow care. Gay's Trivia.
None taught the trees a nobler race to bear,
Or more improv'd the vegetable care. Pope.

To CARE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be anxious or solicitous; to be in concern about any
thing.
She cared not what pain she put her body to, since the better
part, her mind, was laid under so much agony. Sidney, b. ii.
As the Germans, both in language and manners, differed
from the Hungarians, so were they always at variance with
them; and therefore much cared not, though they were by him
subdued. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Well, on my terms thou wilt not be my heir;
If thou car'st little, less shall be my care. Dryden's Persius.
2. To be inclined; to be disposed; with for or to.
Not caring to observe the wind,
Or the new sea explore. Waller.
The remarks are introduced by a compliment to the works
of an authour, who, I am sure, would not care for being praised
at the expence of another's reputation. Addison. Guardian.
Having been now acquainted, the two sexes did not care to
part. Addison.
Great masters in painting never care for drawing people in
the fashion. Spectator, No 120.
3. To be affected with; to have regard to; with for.
You dote on her that cares not for your love.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
There was an ape that had twins; she doted upon one of
them, and did not much care for t'other. L'Estrange.
Where few are rich, few care for it; where many are so,
many desire it. Temple.

CA’RECRAZED. adj. [from care and craze.] Broken with care
and solicitude.
These both put off, a poor petitioner,
A carecraz'd mother of a many children. Shakesp. Rich. III.

To CARE’EN. v. a. [cariner, Fr. from carina, Lat.] A term in
the sea language. To lay a vessel on one side, to caulk, stop
up leaks, refit, or trim the other side. Chambers.

To CARE’EN. v. n. To be in the state of careening.

CARE’ER. n. s. [carriere, Fr.]
1. The ground on which a race is run.
They had run themselves too far out of breath, to go back
again the same career. Sidney, b. ii.
2. A course; a race.
What rein can hold licentious wickedness,
When down the hill he holds his fierce career? Shakesp.
3. Full speed; swift motion.
It is related of certain Indians, that they are able, when a
horse is running in his full career, to stand upright on his back.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Practise them now to curb the turning steed,
Mocking the foe; now to his rapid speed
To give the rein, and, in the full career,
To draw the certain sword, or send the pointed spear. Prior.
4. Course of action; uninterrupted procedure.
Shall quips and sentences, and these paper bullets of the brain,
awe a man from the career of his humour?
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.


The heir of a blasted family has rose up, and promised
fair, and yet, at length, a cross event has certainly met and stopt
him in the career of his fortune. South.
Knights in knightly deeds should persevere,
And still continue what at first they were;
Continue, and proceed in honour's fair career. Dryden.

To CARE’ER. v. n. [from the noun.] Running with swift mo­
tion.
With eyes, the wheels
Of beryl, and careering fires between. Parad. Lost, b. vi.

CA’REFUL. adj. [from care and full.]
1. Anxious; solicitous; full of concern.
Martha, thou art careful, and troubled about many things.
Luke, x. 41. 
Welcome, thou pleasing slumber;
A while embrace me in thy leaden arms,
And charm my careful thoughts. Denham's Sophy.
2. Provident; diligent; cautious; with of or for.
Behold, thou hast been careful for us with all this care; what
is to be done for thee? 2 Kings, iv. 13.
To cure their mad ambition, they were sent
To rule a distant province, each alone:
What could a careful father more have done? Dryden.
3. Watchful; with of.
It concerns us to be careful of our conversations. Ray.
4. Subject to perturbations; exposed to troubles; full of anxiety;
full of solicitude.
By him that rais'd me to this careful height,
From that contented hap, which I enjoy'd.
Shakesp. Richard III.

CA’REFULLY. adv. [from careful.]
1. In a manner that shews care.
Envy, how carefully does it look? how meager and ill-com­
plexion'd? Collier.
2. Heedfully; watchfully; vigilantly; attentively.
You come most carefully upon your hour. Shakesp. Hamlet.
By considering him so carefully as I did before my attempt, I
have made some faint resemblance of him. Dryden.
All of them, therefore, studiously cherished the memory of
their honourable extraction, and carefully preserved the evidences
of it. Atterbury.

CA’REFULNESS. n. s. [from careful.] Vigilance; heedfulness;
caution.
The death of Selymus was, with all carefulness, concealed by
Ferhates. Knolles's History of the Turks.

CA’RELESLY. adv. [from careless.] Negligently; inattentively;
without care; heedlesly.
There he him found all carelesly display'd,
In secret shadow from the sunny ray. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Not content to see,
That others write as carelesly as he. Waller.

CA’RELESNESS. n. s. [from careless.] Heedlesness; inattention;
negligence; absence of care; manner; void of care.
For Coriolanus, neither to care whether they love or hate
him, manifests the true knowledge he has in their disposition,
and, out of his noble carelesness, lets them plainly see it.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Who, in the other extreme, only doth
Call a rough carelesness good fashion;
Whose cloak his spurs tear, or whom he spits on,
He cares not. Donne.
It makes us to walk warily, and tread sure, for fear of our
enemies; and that is better, than to be flattered into pride and
carelesness. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The ignorance or carelesness of the servants can hardly leave
the master disappointed. Temple.
I who at sometimes spend, at others spare,
Divided between carelesness and care. Pope.

CA’RELESS. adj. [from care.]
1. Without care; without solicitude; unconcerned; negligent;
inattentive; heedless; regardless; thoughtless; neglectful;
unheeding; unthinking; unmindful; with of or about.
Knowing that if the worst befal them, they shall lose nothing
but themselves; whereof they seem very careless. Spenser's Irel.
Nor lose the good advantage of his grace,
By seeming cold, or careless of his will. Shakesp. Henry IV.
A woman the more curious she is about her face, is com­
monly the more careless about her house. Ben. Johnson.
A father, unnaturally careless of his child, sells or gives him
to another man. Locke.
2. Cheerful; undisturbed.
Thus wisely careless, innocently gay,
Cheerful he play'd. Pope.
In my cheerful morn of life,
When nurs'd by careless solitude I liv'd,
And sung of nature with unceasing joy,
Pleas'd have I wander'd through your rough domain.
Thomson's Autumn, l. 5.
3. Unheeded; thoughtless; unconsidered.
The freedom of saying as many careless things as other peo­
ple, without being so severely remarked upon. Pope.
4. Unmoved by; unconcerned at.
Careless of thunder from the clouds that break,
My only omens from your looks I take. Granville.

To CARE’SS. v. a. [caresser, Fr. from carus, Lat.] To endear;
to fondle; to treat with kindness.
If I can feast, and please, and caress my mind with the plea­
sures of worthy speculations, or virtuous practices, let greatness
and malice vex and abridge me, if they can. South.

CARE’SS. n. s. [from the verb.] An act of endearment; an ex­
pression of tenderness.
He, she knew, would intermix
Grateful digressions, and solve high disupte
With conjugal caresses. Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 54.
There are some men who seem to have brutal minds wrapt
up in human shapes; their very caresses are crude and impor­
tune. L'Estrange.
After his successour had publickly owned himself a Roman
catholick, he began with his first caresses to the church party.
Swift.

CA’RET. n. s. [caret, Lat. there is wanting.] A note which
shews where something interlined should be read.

CA’RGASON. n. s. [cargaçon, Spanish.] A cargo.
My body is a cargason of ill humours. Howel's Letters.

CA’RGO. n. s. [charge, Fr.] The lading of a ship; the merchan­
dise or wares contained and conveyed in a ship.
In the hurry of the shipwreck, Simonides was the only man
that appeared unconcerned, notwithstanding that his whole for­
tune was at stake in the cargo. L'Estrange.
A ship, whose cargo was no less than a whole world, that
carried the fortune and hopes of all posterity. Burnet's Theory.
This gentleman was then a young adventurer in the repub­
lick of letters, and just fitted out for the university with a good
cargo of Latin and Greek. Addison. Spectator, No 494.

CA’RICOUS Tumour. [from carica, a fig, Lat.] A swelling in the
form of a fig.

CA’RIES. n. s. [Latin.] That rottenness which is peculiar to a
bone. Quincy.
Fistulas of a long continuance, are, for the most part, ac­
companied with ulcerations of the gland, and caries in the
bone. Wiseman's Surgery.

CARIO’SITY. n. s. [from carious.] Rottenness.
This being too general, taking in all cariosity and ulcers of
the bones. Wiseman's Surgery.

CA’RIOUS. adj. [cariosus, Lat.] Rotten.
I discovered the blood to arise by a carious tooth. Wiseman.

CARK. n. s. [cearc, Saxon.] Care; anxiety; solicitude; con­
cern; heedfulness. This word is now obsolete.
And Klaius taking for his youngling cark,
Lest greedy eyes to them might challenge lay,
Busy with oker did their shoulders mark. Sidney.
Down did lay
His heavy head, devoid of careful cark. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To CARK. v. n. [cearcan, Saxon.] To be careful; to be so­
licitous; to be anxious. It is now very little used, and always
in an ill sense.
I do find what a blessing is chanced to my life, from such
muddy abundance of carking agonies, to states which still be
adherent. Sidney, b. i.
What can be vainer, than to lavish out our lives in the search
of trifles, and to lie carking for the unprofitable goods of this
world? L'Estrange.
Nothing can supersede our own carkings and contrivances for
ourselves, but the assurance that God cares for us. Decay of Piety.

CARLE. n. s. [ceorl, Saxon.] A mean, rude, rough, brutal
man. We now use churl.
The carle beheld, and saw his guest
Would safe depart, for all his subtile sleight. Fairy Q. b. i.
Answer, thou carle, and judge this riddle right,
I'll frankly own thee for a cunning wight. Gay's Pastorals.
The editor was a covetous carle, and would have his pearls
of the highest price. Bentley.

CA’RLINE THISTLE. [carlina, Lat.] A plant; placed in the
catalogue of simples in the college dispensatory, but rarely or­
dered in medicine. Miller.

CA’RLINGS. n. s. [In a ship.] Timbers lying fore and aft, along
from one beam to another; on these the ledges rest, on which
the planks of the deck are made fast. Harris.

CA’RMAN. n. s. [from car and man.] A man whose employ­
ment it is to drive cars.
If the strong cane support thy walking hand,
Chairmen no longer shall the wall command;
E'en sturdy carmen shall thy nod obey,
And rattling coaches stop to make thee way. Gay's Trivia.

CA’RMELITE. n. s. [carmelite, Fr.] A sort of pear; which see.

CARMI’NATIVE. adj. [supposed to be so called, as having vim
carminis, the power of a charm.]
Carminatives are such things as dilute and relax at the same
time, because wind occasions a spasm, or convulsion in some
parts. Whatever promotes insensible perspiration, is carmina­
tive; for wind is perspirable matter retained in the body.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Carminative and dieuretick
Will damp all passion sympathetick. Swift.



CA’RMINE. n. s. A bright red or crimson colour, bordering on
purple, used by painters in miniature. It is the most valuable
product of the cochineal mastick, and of an excessive price.
Chambers.

CA’RNAGE. n. s. [carnage, Fr. from caro, carnis, Lat.]
1. Slaughter; havock; massacre.
He brought the king's forces upon them rather as to carnage
than to fight, insomuch as without any great loss or danger to
themselves, the greatest part of the seditious were slain. Hayw.
2. Heaps of flesh.
Such a scent I draw
Of carnage, prey innumerable! and taste
The savour of death from all things there that live. Milton.
His ample maw, with human carnage fill'd,
A milky deluge next the giant swill'd. Pope's Odyssey.

CA’RNAL. adj. [carnal, Fr. carnalis, low Lat.]
1. Fleshly; not spiritual.
Thou dost justly require us, to submit our understanding to
thine, and deny our carnal reason, in order to thy sacred myste­
ries and commands. King Charles.
From that pretence
Spiritual laws by carnal pow'r shall force
On every conscience. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 521. 
Not such in carnal pleasure: for which cause,
Among the beasts no meat for thee was found. Parad. Lost.
A glorious apparition! had not doubt,
And carnal fear, that day dim'd Adam's eye. Par. Lost, b. xi.
He perceives plainly, that his appetite to spiritual things a­
bates, in proportion as his sensual appetite is indulged and en­
couraged; and that carnal desires kill not only the desire, but
even the power of tasting purer delights. Atterbury.
2. Lustful; lecherous; libidinous.
This carnal cur
Preys on the issue of his mother's body. Shak. R. III.

CARNA’LITY. n. s. [from carnal.]
1. Fleshly lust; compliance with carnal desires.
If godly, why do they wallow and sleep in all the carnalities
of the world, under pretence of christian liberty? South.
2. Grossness of mind.
He did not institute this way of worship, but because of the
carnality of their hearts, and the proneness of that people to ido­
latry. Tillotson.

CA’RNALLY. adv. [from carnal.] According to the flesh; not
spiritually.
Where they found men in diet, attire, furniture of house, or
any other way observers of civility and decent order, such they
reproved, as being carnally and earthly minded.
Hooker, Preface.
In the sacrament we do not receive Christ carnally, but we
receive him spiritually; and that of itself is a conjugation of
blessings and spiritual graces. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

CA’RNALNESS. n. s. The same with carnality. Dict.

CARNA’TION. n. s. [carnes, Lat.] The name of the natural flesh
colour; from whence perhaps the flower is named; the name
of a flower. See CLOVEGILLIFLOWER.
And lo the wretch! whose vile, whose insect lust
Laid this gay daughter of the spring in dust:
O punish him! or to th' Elysian shades
Dismiss my soul, where no carnation fades. Pope.

CARNE’LION. n. s. A precious stone.
The common carnelion has its name from its flesh colour;
which is, in some of these stones, paler, when it is called the
female carnelion; in others deeper, called the male. Woodward.

CARNE’OUS. adj. [carneus, Lat.] Fleshy.
I have observed in a calf, the umbilical vessels to terminate
in certain bodies, divided into a multitude of carneous papillæ.
Ray on the Creation.

To CARNI’FY. v. n. [from caro, carnis, Lat.] To breed flesh;
to turn nutriment into flesh.
At the same time I think, I deliberate, I purpose, I command:
in inferiour faculties, I walk, I see, I hear, I digest, I sanguify,
I carnify. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CA’RNIVAL. n. s. [carnaval, Fr.] The feast held in the popish
countries before Lent.
The whole year is but one mad carnival, and we are volup­
tuous not so much upon desire or appetite, as by way of exploit
and bravery. Decay of Piety.

CARNI’VOROUS. adj. [from carnis and voro.] Flesh-eating;
that of which flesh is the proper food.
In birds there is no mastication or comminution of the meat
in the mouth; but in such as are not carnivorous, it is immedi­
ately swallowed into the crop or crow. Ray on the Creation.
Man is by his frame, as well as his appetite, a carnivorous
animal. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CARNO’SITY. n. s. [carnosité, Fr.] Fleshy excrescences.
By this method, and by this course of diet, with sudorificks,
the ulcers are healed, and that carnosity resolved. Wiseman.

CA’RNOUS. adj. [from caro, carnis, Lat.] Fleshy.
The first or outward part is a thick and carnous covering,
like that of a walnut; the second, a dry and flosculous coat,
commonly called mace. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.
The muscle whereby he is enabled to draw himself toge­
ther, the academists describe to be a distinct carnous muscle, ex­
tended to the ear. Ray on the Creation.

CA’ROB, or St. John’s Bread. [siliqua, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a petalous flower, having many stamina, which grow
from the divisions of the flower-cup; in the centre of which
rises the pointal, which afterward becomes a fruit or pod, which
is plain and fleshy, containing several roundish plain seeds.
This tree is very common in Spain, and in some parts of Italy,
as also in the Levant, where it grows in the hedges, and pro­
duces a great quantity of long, flat, brown-coloured pods, which
are thick, mealy, and of a sweetish taste. These pods are many
times eaten by the poorer sort of inhabitants. Miller.

CARO’CHE. n. s. [from carosse, Fr.] A coach; a carriage of
pleasure. It is used in the comedy of Albumazar, but now it is
obsolete.

CA’ROL. n. s. [carola, Ital. from choreola, Lat.]
1. A song of joy and exultation.
And let the Graces dance unto the rest,
For they can do it best:
The whiles the maidens do their carol sing,
To which the woods shall answer, and their echo ring.
Spenser's Epithalamium.
Even in the old testament, if you listen to David's harp, you
shall hear as many herse-like airs as carols. Bacon.
Oppos'd to her, on t' other side advance
The costly feast, the carol, and the dance,
Minstrels and musick, poetry and play,
And balls by night, and tournaments by day. Dryden's Fab.
2. A song of devotion.
No night is now with hymn or carol blest. Shakesp.
They gladly thither haste; and, by a choir
Of squadron'd angels, hear his carol sung. Par. Lost, b. xii.
3. A song in general.
The carol they began that hour,
How that a life was but a flower,
In the spring time. Shakesp. As you like it.

To CA’ROL. v. n. [carolare, Ital.] To sing; to warble; to sing
in joy and festivity.
Hark, how the cheerful birds do chant their lays,
And carol of love's praise. Spenser's Epithalamium.
This done, she sung, and caroll'd out so clear,
That men and angels might rejoice to hear. Dryden.
Hov'ring swans their throats releas'd
From native silence, carol sounds harmonious. Prior.

To CA’ROL. v. a. To praise; to celebrate.
She with precious viol'd liquours heals,
For which the shepherds at their festivals,
Carol her goodness loud in rustick lays. Milton.

CA’ROTID. adj. [carotides, Lat.] Two arteries which arise out
of the ascending trunk of the aorta, near where the subclavian
arteries arise.
The carotid, vertebral, and splenick arteries, are not only va­
riously contorted, but also here and there dilated, to moderate
the motion of the blood; so the veins are also variously di­
lated. Ray on the Creation.

CARO’USAL. n. s. [from carouse. It seems more properly pro­
nounced with the accent upon the second syllable; but Dryden
accents it on the first.] A festival.
This game, these carousals Ascanius taught,
And building Alba to the Latins brought. Dryden's Æn.

To CARO’USE. v. n. [carousser, Fr. from gar ausz, all out,
Germ.] To drink; to quaff; to drink largely.
He calls for wine: a health, quoth he, as if
H'ad been aboard carousing to his mates
After a storm. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Learn with how little life may be preserved,
In gold and myrrh they need not to carouse. Raleigh.
Now hats fly off, and youths carouse,
Healths first go round, and then the house,
The brides came thick and thick. Suckling.
Under the shadow of friendly boughs
They sit carousing, where their liquour grows. Waller.

To CARO’USE. v. a. To drink.
Now my sick fool, Roderigo,
Whom love hath turn'd almost the wrong side out,
To Desdemona hath tonight carous'd
Potations pottle deep. Shakesp. Othello.
Our cheerful guests carouse the sparkling tears
Of the rich grape, whilst musick charms their ears. Denham.

CARO’USE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A drinking match.
Waste in wild riot what your land allows,
There ply the early feast, and late carouse. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A hearty dose of liquour.
He had so many eyes watching over him, as he could not
drink a full carouse of sack; but the state was advertised there­
of within few hours after. Davies on Ireland.
Please you, we may contrive this afternoon,
And quaff carouses to our mistress' health. Shakesp.

CARO’USER. n. s. [from carouse.] A drinker; a toper.
The bold carouser, and advent'ring dame,
Nor fear the fever, nor refuse the flame;


Safe in his skill from all constraint set free,
But conscious shame, remorse, and piety. Granville.

CARP. n. s. [carpe, Fr.] A pond fish.
A friend of mine stored a pond of three or four acres with
carps and tench. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To CARP. v. n. [carpo, Lat.] To censure; to cavil; to find
fault; with at before the thing or person censured.
Tertullian, even often through discontentment, carpeth inju­
riously at them, as though they did it even when they were
free from such meaning. Hooker, b. iv. § 7.
This your all licens'd fool
Does hourly carp and quarrel, breaking forth
In rank and not to be endured riots. Shakesp. King Lear.
No, not a tooth or nail to scratch,
And at my actions carp or catch. Herbert.
When I spoke,
My honest homely words were carp'd, and censur'd,
For want of courtly stile. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

CA’RPENTER. n. s. [charpentier, Fr.] An artificer in wood; a
builder of houses and ships. He is distinguished from a joiner,
as the carpenter performs larger and stronger work.
This work performed with advisement good,
Godfrey his carpenters, and men of skill,
In all the camp, sent to an aged wood. Fairfax, b. iii.
In building Hiero's great ship, there were three hundred car­
penters employed for a year together. Wilkins's Dædalus.
In burden'd vessels, first with speedy care,
His plenteous stores do season'd timbers send,
Thither the brawny carpenters repair,
And, as the surgeons of maim'd ships, attend. Dryden.

CA’RPENTRY. n. s. [from carpenter.] The trade or art of a car­
penter.
It had been more proper for me to have introduced carpentry
before joinery, because necessity did doubtless compel our fore­
fathers to use the conveniency of the first, rather than the extra­
vagancy of the last. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CA’RPER. n. s. [from to carp.] A caviller; a censorious man.
I have not these weeds,
By putting on the cunning of a carper. Shakesp. Timon.

CA’RPET. n. s. [karpet, Dutch.]
1. A covering of various colours, spread upon floors or tables.
Be the Jacks fair within, the Jills fair without, carpets laid,
and every thing in order. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Against the wall, in the middle of the halfpace, is a chair
placed before him, with a table and carpet before it. Bacon.
2. Ground variegated with flowers, and level and smooth.
Go signify as much, while here we march
Upon the grassy carpet of this plain. Shakesp. Richard III.
The carpet ground shall be with leaves o'erspread,
And boughs shall weave a cov'ring for your head. Dryden.
3. Any thing variegated.
The whole dry land is, for the most part, covered over with
a lovely carpet of green grass, and other herbs. Ray.
4. Carpet is used, proverbially, for a state of ease and luxury; as,
a carpet knight, a knight that has never known the field, and
has recommended himself only at table.
He is knight, dubbed with unhacked rapier, and on carpet
consideration. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
5. To be on the carpet, [sur le tapis, Fr.] is the subject of consi­
deration; an affair in hand.

To CA’RPET. v. a. [from the noun.] To spread with carpets.
We found him in a fair chamber, richly hanged and carpeted
under foot, without any degrees to the state; he was set upon
a low throne, richly adorned, and a rich cloth of state over his
head, of blue sattin embroidered. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The dry land surface we find every where almost naturally
carpeted over with grass, and other agreeable wholesome plants.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

CA’RPING. particip. adj. [from to carp.] Captious; censorious.
No carping critick interrupts his praise,
No rival strives, but for a second place. Granville.
Lay aside therefore a carping spirit, and read even an adver­
sary with an honest design to find out his true meaning: do not
snatch at little lapses, and appearances of mistake. Watts.

CA’RPINGLY. adv. [from carping.] Captiously; censoriously.
We derive out of the Latin at second hand by the French,
and make good English, as in these adverbs, carpingly, current­
ly, actively, colourably. Camden's Remains.

CA’RPMEALS. n. s. A kind of coarse cloth made in the North
of England. Phillips's World of Words.

CA’RPUS. n. s. [Latin.] The wrist, so named by anatomists,
which is made up of eight little bones, of different figures and
thickness, placed in two ranks, four in each rank. They are
strongly tied together by the ligaments which come from the
radius, and by the annulary ligament. Quincy.
I found one of the bones of the carpus lying loose in the
wound. Wiseman's Surgery.

CA’RRACK. See CARACK.

CA’RRAT. See CARAT.

CARRA’WAY. See CARAWAY.
Nay, you shall see mine orchard, where, in an arbour, we
will eat a last year's pippin of my own grasting, with a dish of
carraways, and so forth; come, cousin, silence, and then to
bed. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

CA’RRIAGE. n. s. [cariage, Fr. baggage; from carry.]
1. The act of carrying or transporting, or bearing any thing.
The unequal agitation of the winds, though material to the
carriage of sounds farther or less way, yet do not confound the
articulation. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 193.
If it seem so strange to move this obelisk for so little space,
what may we think of the carriage of it out of Egypt?
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
2. Conquest; acquisition.
Solyman resolved to besiege Vienna, in good hope, that, by
the carriage away of that, the other cities would, without re­
sistance, be yielded. Knolles's History of the Turks.
3. Vehicle; that in which any thing is carried.
What horse or carriage can take up and bear away all the
loppings of a branchy tree at once? Watts.
4. The frame upon which cannon is carried.
He commanded the great ordnance to be laid upon carriages,
which before lay bound in great unwieldy timber, with rings
fastened thereto, and could not handsomely be removed to or
fro. Knolles's History of the Turks.
5. Behaviour; personal manners.
Before his eyes he did cast a mist, by his own insinuation,
and by the carriage of his youth, that expressed a natural prince­
ly behaviour. Bacon's Henry VII.
Though in my face there's no affected frown,
Nor in my carriage a feign'd niceness shown,
I keep my honour still without a stain. Dryden.
Let them have ever so learned lectures of breeding, that
which will most influence their carriage, will be the company
they converse with, and the fashion of those about them. Locke.
6. Conduct; measures; practices.
You may hurt yourself; nay, utterly
Grow from the king's acquaintance by this carriage.
Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He advised the new governour to have so much discretion in
his carriage, that there might be no notice taken in the exercise
of his religion. Clarendon, b. viii.
7. Management; manner of tranfacting.
The manner of carriage of the business, was as if there had
been secret inquisition upon him. Bacon's Henry VII.

CA’RRIER. n. s. [from to carry.]
1. One who carries something.
You must distinguish between the motion of the air, which
is but a vehiculum causæ, a carrier of the sounds, and the sounds
conveyed. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 125.
For winds, when homeward they return, will drive
The loaded carriers from their evening hive. Dryden.
2. One whose profession or trade is to carry goods for others.
I have rather made it my choice to transcribe all, than to
venture the loss of my originals by post or carrier. Pierce's Lett.
The roads are crouded with carriers, laden with rich manu­
factures. Swift.
3. A messenger; one who carries a message.
The welcome news is in the letter found;
The carrier's not commission'd to expound;
It speaks itself. Dryden's Religio Laici.
4. The name of a species of pigeons, so called from the reported
practice of some nations, who send them with letters tied to
their necks, which they carry to the place where they were bred,
however remote.
There are tame and wild pigeons, and of tame there are
croppers, carriers, runts. Walton's Angler.

CA’RRION. n. s. [charogne, Fr.]
1. The carcase of something not proper for food.
They did eat the dead carrions, and one another soon after;
insomuch that the very carcases they scraped out of their graves.
Spenser on Ireland.
It is I,
That, lying by the violet in the sun,
Do, as the carrion does, not as the flower. Shakesp.
This foul deed shall smell above the earth,
With carrion men groaning for burial. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
You'll ask me why I rather chuse to have
A weight of carrion flesh, than to receive
Three thousand ducats. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Ravens are seen in flocks where a carrion lies, and wolves in
herds to run down a deer. Temple.
Sheep, oxen, horses fall; and heap'd on high,
The diff'ring species in confusion lie,
Till, warn'd by frequent ills, the way they found,
To lodge their lothsome carrion under ground. Dryden.
Criticks, as they are birds of prey, have ever a natural incli­
nation to carrion. Pope.
2. A name of reproach for a worthless woman.
Shall we send that foolish carrion, Mrs. Quickly, to him, and
excuse his throwing into the water.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. Any flesh so corrupted as not to be fit for food.
Not all that pride that makes thee swell,
As big as thou dost blown up veal;


Nor all thy tricks and slights to cheat,
Sell all thy carrion for good meat. Hudibras.
The wolves will get a breakfast by my death,
Yet scarce enough their hunger to supply,
For love has made me carrion ere I die. Dryden.

CA’RRION. adj. [from the subst.] Relating to carcases; feed­
ing upon carcases.
Match to match I have encounter'd him,
And made a prey for carrion kites and crows,
Ev'n of the bonny beasts he lov'd so well. Shakesp. H. VI.
The charity of our death-bed visits from one another, is much
at a rate with that of a carrion crow to a sheep; we smell a car­
case. L'Estrange.

CA’RROT. n. s. [carote, Fr. daucus, Lat.]
It hath a fleshy root; the leaves are divided into narrow seg­
ments; the petals of the flower are unequal, and shaped like a
heart; the umbel, when ripe, is hollowed and contracted, ap­
pearing somewhat like a bird's nest; the seeds are hairy, and in
shape of lice. The species are; 1.  Common wild carrot. 2.
Dwarf wild carrot, with broader leaves. 3. Dark red-rooted
garden carrot. 4. The orange coloured carrot. 5. The white
carrot. The first grows wild upon arable land, and is seldom
cultivated. This is the particular sort which should be used in
medicine, and for which the druggists commonly sell the seeds
of the garden carrot. The third and fourth sorts are com­
monly cultivated for the kitchen; as is the fifth sort, though
not so common in England. The white is generally preferred
for the sweetest. But, in order to preserve carrots for use all
the winter and spring, about the beginning of November, when
the green leaves are decayed, dig them up, and lay them in sand
in a dry place, where the frost cannot come to them. Miller.
Carrots, though garden roots, yet they do well in the fields
for seed, though the land for them should rather be digged than
plowed. Mortimer.
His spouse orders the sack to be immediately opened, and
greedily pulls out of it half a dozen bunches of carrots. Dennis.

CA’RROTINESS. n. s. [from carroty.] Redness of hair.

CA’RROTY. adj. [from carrot.] Spoken of red hair, on account
of its resemblance in colour to carrots.

CA’RROWS. n. s. [an Irish word.]
The carrows are a kind of people that wander up and down
to gentlemens houses, living only upon cards and dice; who,
though they have little or nothing of their own, yet will they
play for much money. Spenser on Ireland.

To CA’RRY. v. a. [charier, Fr. from currus, Lat. See CAR.]
1. To convey from a place; opposed to bring, or convey to a place.
When he dieth, he shall carry nothing away. Ps. xlix. 18.
And devout men carried Stephen to his burial. Acts, viii. 2.
I mean to carry her away this evening, by the help of these
two soldiers. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
As in a hive's vimineous dome,
Ten thousand bees enjoy their home;
Each does her studious action vary,
To go and come, to fetch and carry. Prior.
They exposed their goods with the price marked upon them,
then retired; the merchants came, left the price which they
would give upon the goods, and likewise retired; the Seres re­
turning, carried off either their goods or money, as they liked
best. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To transport.
They began to carry about in beds those that were sick.
Mark, vi. 55.
The species of audibles seem to be carried more manifestly
through the air, than the species of visibles. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Where many great ordnance are shot off together, the sound
will be carried, at the least, twenty miles upon the land. Bacon.
3. To bear; to have about one.
Do not take out bones like surgeons I have met with, who
carry them about in their pockets. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. To take; to have with one.
If the ideas of liberty and volition were carried along with us
in our minds, a great part of the difficulties that perplex men's
thoughts would be easier resolved. Locke.
I have listened with my utmost attention for half an hour to
an oratour, without being able to carry away one single sentence
out of a whole sermon. Swift.
5. To convey by force.
Go, carry Sir John Falstaff to the Fleet;
Take all his company along with him. Shakesp. Henry IV.
6. To effect any thing.
There are some vain persons, that whatsoever goeth alone, or
moveth upon greater means, if they have never so little hand
in it, they think it is they that carry it. Bacon.
Oft-times we lose the occasion of carrying a business well
thoroughly by our too much haste. Ben. Johnson's Discovery.
These advantages will be of no effect, unless we improve
them to words, in the carrying of our main point. Addison.
7. To gain in competition.
And hardly shall I carry out my side,
Her husband being alive. Shakesp. King Lear.
How many stand for consulships?—Three, they say; but
it is thought of every one Coriolanus will carry it. Shakesp.
I see not yet how many of these six reasons can be fairly a­
voided; and yet if any of them hold good, it is enough to carry
the cause. Saunderson.
The latter still enjoying his place, and continuing a joint
commissioner of the treasury, still opposed, and commonly car­
ried away every thing against him. Clarendon.
8. To gain after resistance.
The count wooes your daughter,
Lays down his wanton siege before her beauty;
Resolves to carry her; let her consent,
As we'll direct her now, 'tis best to bear it. Shakesp.
What a fortune does the thick lips owe,
If he can carry her thus? Shakesp. Othello.
The town was distressed, and ready for an assault, which, if
it had been given, would have cost much blood; but yet the
town would have been carried in the end. Bacon's Henry VII.
9. To prevail; with it. [le porter, Fr.]
Are you all resolved to give your voices?
But that's no matter; the greater part carries it. Shakesp.
By these, and the like arts, they promised themselves, that
they should easily carry it; so that they entertained the house
all the morning with other debates. Clarendon.
If the numerousness of a train must carry it, virtue may go
follow Astræa, and vice only will be worth the courting. Glanv.
Children, who live together, often strive for mastery, whose
wills shall carry it over the rest. Locke.
In pleasures and pains, the present is apt to carry it, and those
at a distance have the disadvantage in the comparison. Locke.
10. To bear out; to face through; to outface.
If a man carries it off, there is so much money saved; and
if he be detected, there will be something pleasant in the fro­
lick. L'Estrange.
11.  To preserve external appearance.
My niece is already in the belief that he's mad; we may
carry it thus for our pleasure, and his penance. Shak. T. Night.
12. To manage; to transact.
The senate is generally as numerous as our house of com­
mons; and yet carries its resolutions so privately, that they are
seldom known. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
13. To behave; to conduct; with the reciprocal pronoun.
Neglect not also the examples of those that have carried
themselves ill in the same place. Bacon.
He attended the king into Scotland, where he did carry him­
self with much singular sweetness and temper. Wotton.
He carried himself so insolently in the house, and out of the
house, to all persons, that he became odious. Clarendon.
14. To bring forward; to advance in any progress.
It is not to be imagined how far constancy will carry a man;
however, it is better walking slowly in a rugged way, than to
break a leg and be a cripple. Locke.
This plain natural way, without grammar, can carry them to
a great degree of elegancy and politeness in their language.
Locke on Education, § 168.
There is no vice which mankind carries to such wild ex­
tremes, as that of avarice. Swift.
15. To urge; to bear on with some kind of external impulse.
Men are strongly carried out to, and hardly took off from,
the practice of vice. South.
He that the world, or flesh, or devil, can carry away from
the profession of an obedience to Christ, is no son of the faith­
ful Abraham. Hammond's Practical Catechism.
Ill nature, passion, and revenge, will carry them too far in
punishing others; and therefore God hath certainly appointed
government to restrain the partiality and violence of men.
Locke.
16. To bear; to have; to obtain.
In some vegetables, we see something that carries a kind of
analogy to sense; they contract their leaves against the cold;
they open them to the favourable heat. Hale's Origin of Mank.
17. To exhibit to show; to display on the outside; to set to
view.
The aspect of every one in the family carries so much satis­
faction, that it appears he knows his happy lot. Addison. Spect.
18. To imply; to import.
It carries too great an imputation of ignorance, lightness or
folly, for men to quit and renounce their former tenets, pre­
sently upon the offer of an argument, which they cannot imme­
diately answer. Locke.
19. To contain.
He thought it carried something of argument in it, to prove
that doctrine. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
20. To have annexed; to have any thing joined.
There was a righteous and a searching law, directly forbid­
ding such practices; and they knew that it carried with it the
divine stamp. South.
There are many expressions, which carry with them to my
mind no clear ideas. Locke.
The obvious portions of extension, that affect our senses,
carry with them into the mind the idea of finite. Locke.
21.  To convey or bear any thing united or adhering, by commu­
nication of motion.
We see also manifestly, that sounds are carried with wind;


and therefore sounds will be heard further with the wind than
against the wind. Bacon's Natural History, No 125.
22. To move or continue any thing in a certain direction.
His chimney is carried up through the whole rock, so that
you see the sky through it, notwithstanding the rooms lie very
deep. Addison on Italy.
23. To push on ideas in a train.
Manethes, that wrote of the Egyptians, hath carried up their
government to an incredible distance. Hale's Origin of Mank.
24. To receive; to endure.
Some have in readiness so many odd stories, as there is no­
thing but they can wrap it into a tale, to make others carry it
with more pleasure. Bacon, Essay 23.
25. To support; to sustain.
Carry camomile, or wild thyme, or the green strawberry,
upon sticks, as you do hops upon poles. Bacon's Nat. History.
26. To bear, as trees.
Set them a reasonable depth, and they will carry more shoots
upon the stem. Bacon's Natural History, No 425.
27. To fetch and bring, as dogs.
Young whelps learn easily to carry; young popinjays learn
quickly to speak. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
28. To carry off. To kill.
Old Parr lived to one hundred and fifty three years of age,
and might have gone further, if the change of air had not car­
ried him off. Temple.
29. To carry on. To promote; to help forward.
It carries on the same design that is promoted by authours of
a graver turn, and only does it in another manner. Addison.
30. To carry on. To continue; to advance from one stage to
another.
By the administration of grace, begun by our Blessed Sa­
viour, carried on by his disciples, and to be completed by their
successours to the world's end, all types that darkened this faith,
are enlightned. Sprat.
Æneas's settlement in Italy was carried on through all the
oppositions in his way to it, both by sea and land. Addison.
31.  To carry on. To prosecute; not to let cease.
France will not consent to furnish us with money sufficient
to carry on the war. Temple.
32. To carry through. To support; to keep from failing, or be­
ing conquered.
That grace will carry us, if we do not wilfully betray our
succours, victoriously through all difficulties. Hammond.

To CA’RRY. v. n. 
1. A hare is said, by hunters, to carry, when she runs on rotten
ground, or on frost, and it sticks to her feet.
2. A horse is said to carry well, when his neck is arched, and he
holds his head high; but when his neck is short, and ill shaped,
and he lowers his head, he is said to carry low.
3. To carry it high. To be proud.

CA’RRY-TALE. n. s. [from carry and tale.] A talebearer.
Some carry-tale, some pleaseman, some slight zany,
Told our intents before. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

CART. n. s. See CAR. [cræt, crat, Sax.]
1. A carriage in general.
The Scythians are described by Herodotus to lodge always
in carts, and to feed upon the milk of mares. Temple.
Triptolemus, so sung the Nine,
Strew'd plenty from his cart divine. Dryden.
2. A wheel-carriage, used commonly for luggage.
Now while my friend, just ready to depart,
Was packing all his goods in one poor cart,
He stopp'd a little—— Dryden's Juvenal.
3. A small carriage with two wheels, used by husbandmen, dis­
tinguished from a waggon, which has four wheels.
Alas! what weights are these that load my heart!
I am as dull as winter-starved sheep,
Tir'd as a jade in overloaden cart. Sidney.
4. The vehicle in which criminals are carried to execution.
The squire, whose good grace was to open the scene,
Now fitted the halter, now travers'd the cart,
And often took leave, but was loth to depart. Prior.

To CART. v. a. [from the noun.] To expose in a cart by way
of punishment.
Democritus ne'er laugh'd so loud,
To see bawds carted through the croud. Hudibras.
No woman led a better life:
She to intrigues was e'en hard-hearted;
She chuckl'd when a bawd was carted;
And thought the nation ne'er would thrive,
Till all the whores were burnt alive. Prior.

To CART. v. n. To use carts for carriage.
Oxen are not so good for draught, where you have occasion
to cart much, but for winter ploughing. Mortimer.

CART-HORSE. n. s. [from cart and horse.] A coarse unwieldy
horse, fit only for the cart.
It was determined, that these sick and wounded soldiers
should be carried upon the cart-horses. Knolles.

CART-JADE. n. s. [from cart and jade.] A vile horse, fit only
for the cart.
He came out with all his clowns, horsed upon such cart­
jades, so furnished, I thought if that were thrift, I wished none
of my friends or subjects ever to thrive. Sidney, b. ii.

CART-LOAD. n. s. [from cart and load.]
1. A quantity of any thing piled on a cart.
A cart-load of carrots appeared of darker colour, when look­
ed upon where the points were obverted to the eye, than where
the sides were so. Boyle.
Let Wood and his accomplices travel about a country with
cart-loads of their ware, and see who will take it. Swift.
2. A quantity sufficient to load a cart.

CART-WAY. n. s. [from cart and way.] A way through which
a carriage may conveniently travel.
Where your woods are large, it is best to have a cart-way
along the middle of them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CARTE BLANCHE. [French.] A blank paper; a paper to
be filled up with such conditions as the person to whom it is
sent thinks proper.

CA’RTEL. n. s. [cartel, Fr. cartello, Ital.] A writing containing,
for the most part, stipulations between enemies.
As this discord among the sisterhood is likely to engage them
in a long and lingring war, it is the more necessary that there
should be a cartel settled among them. Addison's Freeholder.

CA’RTER. n. s. [from cart.] The man who drives a cart, or
whose trade it is to drive a cart.
If he love her not,
Let me be no assistant for a state,
But keep a farm, and carters. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The divine goodness never fails, provided that, according to
the advice of Hercules to the carter, we put our own shoulders
to the work. L'Estrange.
The criminals are seiz'd upon the place:
Carter and host confronted face to face. Dryden.
It is the prudence of a carter to put bells upon his horses, to
make them carry their burdens cheerfully. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

CA’RTILAGE. n. s. [cartilago, Lat.] A smooth and solid bo­
dy, softer than a bone, but harder than a ligament. In it are
no cavities or cells for containing of marrow; nor is it cover­
ed over with any membrane to make it sensible, as the bones
are. The cartilages have a natural elasticity, by which, if they
are forced from their natural figure or situation, they return to
it of themselves, as soon as that force is taken away. Quincy.
Those canals, by degrees, are abolished, and grow solid;
several of them united, grow a membrane; these membranes
further consolidated, become cartilages, and cartilages bones.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CARTILAGI’NEOUS. n. s. [from cartilage.] Consisting of car­
tilages.

CARTILA’GINOUS. n. s. [from cartilage.] Consisting of car­
tilages.
By what artifice the cartilagineous kind of fishes poise them­
selves, ascend and descend at pleasure, and continue in what
depth of water they list, is as yet unknown. Ray.
The larynx gives passage to the breath, and, as the breath
passeth through the rimula, makes a vibration of those cartila­
ginous bodies, which forms that breath into a vocal sound or
voice. Holder's Elements of Speech.

CARTO’ON. n. s. [cartone, Ital.] A painting or drawing upon
large paper.
It is with a vulgar idea that the world beholds the cartoons of
Raphael, and every one feels his share of pleasure and enter­
tainment. Watts's Logick.

CARTO’UCH. n. s. [cartouche, Fr.] A case of wood three inches
thick at the bottom, girt round with marlin, and holding forty­
eight musket balls, and six or eight iron balls of a pound weight.
It is fired out of a hobit or small mortar, and is proper for de­
fending a pass. Harris.

CA’RTRAGE. n. s. [cartouche, Fr.] A case of paper or parch­
ment filled with gunpowder, used for the greater
expedition in charging guns.

CA’RTRIDGE. n. s. [cartouche, Fr.] A case of paper or parch­
ment filled with gunpowder, used for the greater
expedition in charging guns.
Our careful monarch stands in person by,
His new-cast cannons firmness to explore;
The strength of big-corn'd powder loves to try,
And ball and cartrage sorts for every bore. Dryden.

CA’RTRUT. n. s. [from cart and rut; route, a way.] The track
made by a cart wheel.

CA’RTULARY. n. s. [from charta, paper, Lat.] A place where
papers or records are kept.

CA’RTWRIGHT. n. s. [from cart and wright.] A maker of carts.
After local names, the most names have been derived from
occupations or professions; as, Taylor, Potter, Smith, Cart­
wright. Camden's Remains.

To CARVE. v. a. [ceorfan, Sax. kerven, Dutch.]
1. To cut wood, or stone, or other matter, into elegant forms.
Taking the very refuse among those which served to no use,
he hath carved it diligently when he had nothing else to do.
Wisdom, xiii. 13.
Had Democrates really carved mount Athos into a statue of
Alexander the Great, and had the memory of the fact been ob­
literated by some accident, who could afterwards have proved it
impossible, but that it might casually have been? Bentley.
2. To cut meat at the table.
3. To make any thing by carving or cutting.
Yet fearing idleness, the nurse of ill,
In sculpture exercis'd his happy skill;


And carv'd in iv'ry such a maid so fair,
As nature could not with his art compare,
Were she to work. Dryden.
4. To engrave.
O Rosalind! these trees shall be my books,
And in their barks my thoughts I'll character;
That every eye, which in this forest looks,
Shall see thy virtue witness'd every where.
Run, run, Orlando, carve on every tree,
The fair, the chaste, the unexpressive she. Shakesp.
5. To chuse one's own part.
He had been a keeper of his flocks, both from the violence
of robbers and his own soldiers; who could easily have carved
themselves their own food. South.
How dares sinful dust and ashes invade the prerogative of pro­
vidence, and carve out to himself the seasons and issues of life
and death? South.
The labourer's share, being seldom more than a bare sub­
sistence, never allows that body of men opportunity to struggle
with the richer, unless when some common and great distress
emboldens them to carve to their wants. Locke.
6. To cut; to hew.
Or they will buy his sheep forth of the cote,
Or they will carve the shepherd's throat. Spenser's Pastorals.
Brave Macbeth, with his brandish'd steel,
Like valour's minion, carved out his passage. Shakesp.

To CARVE. v. n. 
1. To exercise the trade of a sculptor.
2. To perform at table the office of supplying the company from
the dishes.
I do mean to make love to Ford's wife; I spy entertainment
in her; she discourses, she carves, she gives the leer of invita­
tion. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Well then, things handsomely were serv'd;
My mistress for the strangers carv'd. Prior.

CA’RVEL. n. s. [See CARAVEL.] A small ship.
I gave them order, if they found any Indians there, to send
in the little fly-boat, or the carvel, into the river; for, with our
great ships, we durst not approach the coast. Raleigh.

CA’RVER. n. s. [from carve.]
1. A sculptor.
All arts and artists Perseus could command,
Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame,
The master painters and the carvers came. Dryden.
2. He that cuts up the meat at the table.
Meanwhile thy indignation yet to raise,
The carver, dancing round each dish, surveys
With flying knife, and, as his art directs,
With proper gestures ev'ry fowl dissects. Dryden.
3. He that chooses for himself.
In this kind, to come in braving arms,
Be his own carver, and cut out his way,
To find out right with wrongs it may not be. Shak. R. II.
We are not the carvers of our own fortunes. L'Estrange.

CA’RVING. n. s. [from carve.] Sculpture; figures carved.
They can no more last like the ancients, than excellent carv­
ings in wood, like those in marble and brass. Temple.
The lids are ivy, grapes in clusters lurk
Beneath the carving of the curious work. Dryden's Virgil.

CARU’NCLE. n. s. [caruncula, Lat.] A small protuberance of
flesh, either natural or morbid.
Caruncles are a sort of loose flesh, arising in the urethra by the
erosion made by virulent acid matter. Wiseman.

CARYATES. n. s. [from Carya, a city taken by the Greeks,
who led away the women captives; and, to
perpetuate their slavery, represented them in buildings as charg­
ed with burdens.] An order of columns or pilasters under the
figures of women, dressed in long robes, serving to support en­
tablatures. Chambers.

CARYA’TIDES. n. s. [from Carya, a city taken by the Greeks,
who led away the women captives; and, to
perpetuate their slavery, represented them in buildings as charg­
ed with burdens.] An order of columns or pilasters under the
figures of women, dressed in long robes, serving to support en­
tablatures. Chambers.

CAS

CASCA’DE. n. s. [cascade, Fr. cascata, Ital. from cascare, a low
word, to fall.] A cataract; a water-fall.
Rivers diverted from their native course,
And bound with chains of artificial force,
From large cascades in pleasing tumult roll'd,
Or rose through figur'd stone, or breathing gold. Prior.
The most enlivening part of all is the river Teverone, which
throws itself down a precipice, and falls by several cascades, from
one rock to another, till it gains the bottom of the valley.
Addison on Italy.

CASE. n. s. [caisse, Fr. a box.]
1. Something that covers or contains any thing else; a covering;
a box; a sheath.
O cleave, my sides!
Heart, once be stronger than thy continent,
Crack thy frail case. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Each thought was visible that roll'd within,
As through a crystal case the figur'd hours are seen. Dryden.
Other caterpillars produced maggots, that immediately made
themselves up in cases. Ray on the Creation.
The body is but a case to this vehicle. Broome on the Odyssey.
Just then Clarissa drew, with tempting grace,
A two-edg'd weapon from her shining case. Pope.
2. The outer part of a house or building.
The case of the holy house is nobly designed, and executed
by great masters. Addison on Italy.
3. A building unfurnished.
He had a purpose likewise to raise, in the university, a fair
case for such monuments, and to furnish it with other choice
collections from all parts of his own charge. Wotton.

CASE-KNIFE. n. s. [from case and knife.] A large kitchen knife.
The king always acts with a great case-knife stuck in his
girdle, which the lady snatches from him in the struggle, and
so defends herself. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

CASE-SHOT. n. s. [from case and shot.] Bullets inclosed in a
case.
In each seven small brass and leather guns, charged with
case-shot. Clarendon, b. viii.

CASE. n. s. [casus, Lat.]
1. Condition with regard to outward circumstances.
Unworthy wretch, quoth he, of so great grace,
How dare I think such glory to attain?
These that have it attain'd, were in like case,
Quoth he, as wretched, and liv'd in like pain. Fairy Queen.
Question your royal thoughts, make the case yours;
Be now a father, and propose a son. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Some knew the face,
And all had heard the much lamented case. Dryden.
These were the circumstances under which the Corinthians
then were, and the argument which the apostle advances, is in­
tended to reach their particular case. Atterbury.
My youth may be made, as it never fails in executions, a case
of compassion. Pope's Preface to his Works.
2. State of things.
He saith, that if there can be found such an inequality be­
tween man and man, as there is between man and beast, or be­
tween soul and body, it investeth a right of government, which
seemeth rather an impossible case, than an untrue sentence.
Bacon's Holy War.
Here was the case; an army of English, wasted and tired
with a long winter's siege, engaged an army of a greater num­
ber than themselves, fresh and in vigour. Bacon.
I can but be a slave where-ever I am; so that taken or not
taken, 'tis all a case to me. L'Estrange.
They are excellent in order to certain ends; he hath no need
to use them, as the case now stands, being provided for with
the provision of an angel. Taylor's Holy Living.
Your parents did not produce you much into the world,
whereby you have fewer ill impressions; but they failed, as is
generally the case, in too much neglecting to cultivate your
mind. Swift.
3. In physick; state of the body.
It was well; for we had rather met with calms and contrary
winds, than any tempests; for our sick were many, and in very
ill case. Bacon.
Chalybeate water seems to be a proper remedy in hypochon­
driacal cases. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. In ludicrous language, condition with regard to leanness, or
health.
Thou liest, most ignorant monster, I am in case to justle a
constable. Shakesp. Tempest.
Pray have but patience till then, and when I am in little bet­
ter case, I'll throw myself in the very mouth of you. L'Estr.
Quoth Ralph, I should not, if I were
In case for action, now be here. Hudibras, p. i. cant. iii.
For if the sire be faint, or out of case,
He will be copy'd in his famish'd race. Dryden's Virgil.
The priest was pretty well in case,
And shew'd some humour in his face;
Look'd with an easy careless mien,
A perfect stranger to the spleen. Swift.
5. Contingence.
The atheist, in case things should fall out contrary to his be­
lief or expectation, hath made no provision for this case; if,
contrary to his confidence, it should prove in the issue that
there is a God, the man is lost and undone for ever. Tillotson.
6. Question relating to particular persons or things.
Well do I find each man most wise in his own case. Sidney.
It is strange, that the ancient fathers should not appeal to
this judge, in all cases, it being so short and expedite a way for
the ending of controversies. Tillotson.
7. Representation of any fact or question.
If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one
thing, to prove and illustrate another, let him study the law­
yers cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special re­
ceipt. Bacon, Essay 51. 
8. The variation of nouns.
The several changes which the noun undergoes in the Latin
and Greek tongues, in the several numbers, are called cases, and
are designed to express the several views or relations under which
the mind considers things with regard to one another; and the
variation of the noun for this purpose is called declension.
Clark's Latin Grammar.
9. In case. [nel caso, Ital.] If it should happen; upon the suppo­
sition that: a form of speech now little used.


For in case it be certain, hard it cannot be for them to shew
us where we shall find it; that we may say these were the or­
ders of the apostles. Hooker, b. iii.
A sure retreat to his forces, in case they should have an ill day,
or unlucky chance in the field. Bacon's Henry VII.
This would be the accomplishment of their common felicity,
in case, either by their evil destiny or advice, they suffered not
the occasion to be lost. Hayward.

To CASE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put in a case or cover.
Case ye, case ye; on with your vizours; there's money of
the king's coming down the hill. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
The cry went once for thee,
And still it might, and yet it may again,
If thou would'st not entomb thyself alive,
And case thy reputation in a tent. Shakesp. Troil. and Cress.
On whose luxuriant herbage, half conceal'd,
Like a fall'n cedar, far diffus'd his train,
Cas'd in green scales, the crocodile extends. Thomson.
2. To cover as a case.
Then comes my fit again, I had else been perfect;
As broad, and gen'ral, as the casing air,
To saucy doubts and fears. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To cover on the outside with materials different from the in­
side.
Then they began to case their houses with marble.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. To strip off the covering; to take off the skin.
We'll make you some sport with the fox ere we case him.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

To CASE. v. n. To put cases; to contrive representations of
facts.
They fell presently to reasoning and casing upon the matter
with him, and laying distinctions before him. L'Estrange.

To CASEHA’RDEN. v. a. [from case and harden.] To harden
on the outside.
The manner of casehardening is thus: Take cow horn or
hoof, dry it thoroughly in an oven, then beat it to powder;
put about the same quantity of bay salt to it, and mingle them
together with stale chamberlye, or else white wine vinegar.
Lay some of this mixture upon loam, and cover your iron all
over with it; then wrap the loam about all, and lay it upon the
hearth of the forge to dry and harden. Put it into the fire,
and blow up the coals to it, till the whole lump have just a
blood-red heat. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CA’SEMATE. n. s. [from casa armata, Ital. casamata, Span. a
vault formerly made to separate the platforms of the lower and
upper batteries.]
1. [in fortification.] A kind of vault or arch of stone-work, in
that part of the flank of a bastion next the curtin, somewhat
retired or drawn back towards the capital of the bastion, serv­
ing, as a battery, to defend the face of the opposite bastion, and
the moat or ditch. Chambers.
2. The well, with its several subterraneous branches, dug in the
passage of the bastion, till the miner is heard at work, and air
given to the mine. Harris.

CA’SEMENT. n. s. [casamento, Ital.] A window opening upon
hinges.
Why, then may you have a casement of the great chamber
window, where we play, open, and the moon may shine in
at the casement. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Here in this world they do much knowledge read,
And are the casements which admit most light. Davies.
They, waken'd with the noise, did fly
From inward room to window eye,
And gently op'ning lid, the casement,
Look'd out, but yet with some amazement. Hudibras.
There is as much difference between the clear representa­
tions of the understanding then, and the obscure discoveries
that it makes now, as there is between the prospect of a case­
ment and a key-hole. South.

CA’SEOUS. adj. [caseus, Lat.] Resembling cheese; cheesy.
Its fibrous parts are from the caseous parts of the chyle.
Floyer on Humours.

CA’SERN. n. s. [caserne, Fr.] A little room or lodgement erec­
ted between the rampart and the houses of fortified towns, to
serve as apartments or lodgings for the soldiers of the garrison,
with beds. Harris.

CA’SEWORM. n. s. [from case and worm.] A grub that makes it­
self a case.
Cadises, or caseworms, are to be found in this nation, in se­
veral distinct counties, and in several little brooks. Floyer.

CASH. n. s. [caisse, Fr. a chest.] Money; properly ready mo­
ney; money in the chest, or at hand.
A thief, bent to unhoard the cash
Of some rich burgher. Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 188.
He is at an end of all his cash; he has both his law and his
daily bread now upon trust. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
He sent the thief, that stole the cash, away,
And punish'd him that put it in his way. Pope.

CA’SH-KEEPER. n. s. [from cash and keep.] A man entrusted with
the money.
Dispensator was properly a cash-keeper, or privy-purse.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

CA’SHEWNUT. n. s. A tree.
The cup of the flower, which is produced at the extremity
of a footstalk, is oblong and quinquefid; the flower consists of
one leaf, which is divided into five long narrow segments; in
the bottom of the calyx is the ovary, which becomes a soft
pear-shaped fruit; upon the apex of which grows a vessel, in
which is contained one kidney-shaped seed. This tree is very
common in Jamaica and Barbadoes, where it grows very large,
but in England will rarely stand through our winters. The in­
habitants of the West Indies plant them from branches taken
from the old trees; which, with them, take root very well,
and in two years time produce fruits. Miller.

CASHI’ER. n. s. [from cash.] He that has charge of the money.
If a steward or cashier be suffered to run on, without bring­
ing him to a reckoning, such a sottish forbearance will teach
him to shuffle. South.
A Venetian, finding his son's expences grow very high, or­
dered his cashier to let him have no more money than what he
should count when he received it. Locke.
Flight of cashiers, or mobs, he'll never mind;
And knows no losses, while the muse is kind. Pope.

To CASHI’ER. v. a. [casser, Fr. cassare, Lat.]
1. To discard; to dismiss from a post, or a society, with re­
proach.
Does 't not go well? Cassio hath beaten thee,
And thou by that small hurt hast cashier'd Cassio. Shakesp.
Seconds in factions many times prove principals; but many
times also they prove cyphers, and are cashiered. Bacon.
If I had omitted what he said, his thoughts and words be­
ing thus cashiered in my hands, he had no longer been Lucre­
tius. Dryden.
They have already cashiered several of their followers as mu­
tineers. Addison's Freeholder.
The ruling rogue, who dreads to be cashier'd,
Contrives, as he is hated, to be fear'd. Swift.
2. It seems, in the following passages, to signify the same as to an­
nul; to vacate; which is sufficiently agreeable to the deriva­
tion.
If we should find a father corrupting his son, or a mother her
daughter, we must charge this upon a peculiar anomaly and
baseness of nature; if the name of nature may be allowed to
that which seems to be utter cashiering of it, and deviation
from, and a contradiction to, the common principles of hu­
manity. South.
Some, out of an overfondness of that darling invention,
cashier, or at least endeavour to invalidate, all other argu­
ments, and forbid us to hearken to those proofs, as weak or
fallacious. Locke.

CASK. n. s. [casque, Fr. cadus, Lat.]
1. A barrel; a wooden vessel to stop up liquour or provisions.
The patient turning himself abed, it makes a fluctuating kind
of noise, like the rumbling of water in a cask. Harvey.
Perhaps tomorrow he may change his wine,
And drink old sparkling Alban, or Setine,
Whose title, and whose age, with mould o'ergrown,
The good old cask for ever keeps unknown. Dryden.
2. It has cask in a kind of plural sense, to signify the commodity
or provision of casks.
Great inconveniencies grow by the bad cask being commonly
so ill seasoned and conditioned, as that a great part of the beer
is ever lost and cast away. Raleigh.

CASK. n. s. [casque, Fr. cassis, Lat.] A helmet; armour for
the head: a poetical word.

CASQUE. n. s. [casque, Fr. cassis, Lat.] A helmet; armour for
the head: a poetical word.
Let thy blows, doubly redoubled,
Fall like amazing thunder on the casque
Of thy pernicious enemy. Shakesp. Richard II.
And these
Sling weighty stones, when from afar they fight;
Their casques are cork, a covering thick and light. Dryden.
What are his aims? why does he load with darts
His trembling hands, and crush beneath a cask
His wrinkled brows? Addison's Cato.

CA’SKET. n. s. [a diminutive of caisse, a chest, Fr. casse, cassette.]
A small box or chest for jewels, or things of particular value.
O ignorant poor man! what dost thou bear,
Lock'd up within the casket of thy breast?
What jewels, and what riches hast thou there?
What heav'nly treasure in so weak a chest? Davies.
They found him dead, and cast into the streets,
An empty casket, where the jewel, life,
By some damn'd hand was robb'd, and ta'en away. Shakesp.
Mine eye hath found that sad sepulchral rock,
That was the casket of heav'n's richest store. Milton.
That had by chance pack'd up his choicest treasure
In one dear casket, and sav'd only that. Otway's Ven. Preserv.
This casket India's glowing gems unlocks,
And all Arabia breathes from yonder box. Pope.

To CA’SKET. v. a. [from the noun.] To put in a casket.
I have writ my letters, casketed my treasure, and given order
for our horses. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

CASSAMUNA’IR. n. s. An aromatick vegetable, being a species
of galangal, brought from the East, and highly valued as a ner­
vous and stomachick simple. Quincy.



To CA’SSATE. v. a. [casser, Fr. cassare, low Lat.] To vacate;
to invalidate; to make void; to nullify.
This opinion supersedes and cassates the best medium we
have. Ray on the Creation.

CASSA’TION. n. s. [cassatio, Lat.] A making null or void. D.

CA’SSAVI. n. s. An American plant.

CA’SSADA. n. s. An American plant.
It has a short spreading bell-shaped flower, consisting of one
leaf, cut into several parts, whose pointal afterwards becomes a
roundish fruit, composed of three cells joined together, each
containing one oblong seed. To these notes should be added,
male flowers having no pointal, and which, growing round the
female flower, fall off, and are never fruitful. The species are
six: 1.  The common cassavi, or cassada. 2. The most prickly
cassavi, with a chaste tree leaf. 3. Tree-like less prickly cas­
savi, with white flowers growing in umbels, and a stinging
wolfsbane leaf. 4. Shrubby cassavi, without prickles, and
smooth leaves, which are less divided, &c. The first sort is
cultivated in all the warm parts of America, where the root,
after being divested of its milky juice, is ground to flour, and
then made into cakes of bread. Of this there are two sorts.
The most common has purplish stalks, with the veins and
leaves of a purplish colour; but the stalks of the other are
green, and the leaves of a lighter green. The last sort is not
venomous, even when the roots are fresh and full of juice;
which the negroes frequently dig up, roast, and eat, like pota­
toes, without any ill effects. The cassada is propagated by cut­
tings, about fifteen or sixteen inches long, taken from those
plants whose roots are grown to maturity. These cuttings are
planted by the Americans in their rainy seasons, a foot or four­
teen inches deep in the ground; and the land in which they are
placed, must be well wrought. When the cuttings have taken
root, they require no farther care than to be kept clear from
weeds; and, in about eight or nine months, when grown to
maturity, in good ground they will be as large as the calf of a
man's leg, but commonly equal to the size of good parsneps.
Miller.

CA’SSAWARE. See CASSIOWARY.

CA’SSIA. n. s. A sweet spice mentioned by Moses, Exod. xxx.
24. as an ingredient in the composition of the holy oil, which
was to be made use of in the consecration of the sacred vessels
of the tabernacle. This aromatick is said to be the bark of a
tree very like cinamon, and grows in the Indies without being
cultivated. Calmet.
All thy garments smell of myrrh, aloes, and cassia. Ps. xlv. 8.

CA’SSIA. n. s. The name of a tree.
It hath a cylindrical, long, taper, or flat pod, divided into
many cells by transverse diaphragms; in each of which is con­
tained one hard seed, lodged, for the most part, in a clammy
black substance, which is purgative. The flowers have five
leaves, disposed orbicularly. The species are nine; 1.  The
American cassia, with roundish pointed leaves. 2. The purg­
ing cassia, or pudding pipe tree, &c. Many of these plants will
flower the second year, and some of them will produce ripe
seeds with us. The second sort grows to be a very large tree,
not only in Alexandria, but also in the West Indies. This is
what produces the purging cassia of the shops. Miller.

CA’SSIDONY, or Stickadore. n. s. [stoechas, Latin.] The name
of a plant.

CA’SSIOWARY. n. s. A large bird of prey in the East Indies.
Have a clear idea of the relation of dam and chick, between
the two cassiowaries in St. James's Park. Locke.

CA’SSOCK. n. s. [casaque, Fr.] A close garment; now gene­
rally that which clergymen wear under their gowns.
Half of the which dare not shake the snow from off their
cassocks, lest they shake themselves to pieces.
Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
His scanty salary compelled him to run deep in debt for a
new gown and cassock, and now and then forced him to write
some paper of wit or humour, or preach a sermon for ten shil­
lings, to supply his necessities. Swift.

CA’SSWEED. n. s. A common weed, otherwise called shepherd's
pouch.

To CAST. v. a. preter. cast; particip. pass. cast. [kaster, Da­
nish.]
1. To throw with the hand.
I rather chuse to endure the wounds of those darts, which
envy casteth at novelty, than to go on safely and sleepily in the
easy ways of ancient mistakings. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
They had compassed in his host, and cast darts at the people
from morning till evening. 1 Macc. vii. 80.
Then cast thy sword away,
And yield thee to my mercy, or I strike. Dryden and Lee.
2. To throw away, as useless or noxious.
Old Capulet, and Montague,
Have made Verona's ancient citizens
Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments. Shakesp.
I have bought
Golden opinion from all sort of people,
Which would be worn now in their newest gloss,
Not cast aside so soon. Shakesp. Macbeth.
When men, presuming themselves to be the only masters of
right reason, cast by the votes and opinions of the rest of man­
kind, as not worthy of reckoning. Locke.
3. To throw dice, or lots.
And Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh. Josh. xviii. 10.
4. To throw from a high place.
Bear him to the rock Tarpeian, and from thence
Into destruction cast him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. To throw in wrestling.
And I think, being too strong for him, though he took my
legs sometime, yet I made a shift to cast him. Shakesp. Macbeth.
6. To throw as a net or snare.
I speak for your own profit, not that I may cast a snare up­
on you. 1 Cor. vii. 35.
7. To drop; to let fall.
They let down the boat into the sea, as though they would
have cast anchor. Acts, xxvii. 30.
8. To expose.
His friends contend to embalm his body, his enemies, that
they may cast it to the dogs. Pope's Essay on Homer.
9. To drive by violence of weather.
Howbeit we must be cast upon a certain island. Acts, xxvii. 26.
What length of lands, what ocean have you pass'd,
What storms sustain'd, and on what shore been cast? Dryd.
10. To build by throwing up earth; to raise.
And shooting in the earth, casts up a mount of clay.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. c. viii. stanz. 9.
The king of Assyria shall not come into this city, nor shoot
an arrow there, nor come before it with shield, nor cast a bank
against it. 2 Kings, xix. 32.
At length Barbarossa having cast up his trenches, landed fifty­
four pieces of artillery for battery. Knolles's History.
Earth-worms will come forth, and moles will cast up more,
and fleas bite more, against rain. Bacon's Nat. History.
11.  To put into any certain state.
Jesus had heard that John was cast into prison. Matt. iv. 12.
At thy rebuke both the chariot and horse are cast into a dead
sleep. Psalm lxxvi. 6.
12. To condemn in a trial.
But oh, that treacherous breast! to whom weak you
Did trust our counsels, and we both may rue,
Having his falsehood found too late, 'twas he
That made me cast you guilty, and you me. Donne.
We take up with the most incompetent witnesses, nay, often
suborn our own surmises and jealousies, that we may be sure to
cast the unhappy criminal. Governm. of the Tongue, § 6.
He could not, in this forlorn case, have made use of the very
last plea of a cast criminal; nor so much as have cried, Mercy!
Lord, mercy! South.
There then we met; both try'd, and both were cast,
And this irrevocable sentence past. Dryden's Theod. and Hon.
13. To condemn in a law-suit. [from caster, Fr.]
The northern men were agreed, and, in effect, all the other,
to cast our London escheatour. Camden's Remains.
Were the case referred to any competent judge, they would
inevitably be cast. Decay of Piety.
14. To defeat.
No martial project to surprise,
Can ever be attempted twice;
Nor cast design serve afterwards,
As gamesters tear their losing cards. Hudibras, p. iii. c. iii.
15. To cashier.
You are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in po­
licy than in malice; even so as one would beat his offenceless
dog, to affright an imperious lion. Shakesp. Othello.
16. To leave behind in a race.
In short, so swift your judgments turn and wind,
You cast our fleetest wits a mile behind. Dryden.
17. To shed; to let fall; to lay aside; to moult.
Our chariot lost her wheels, their points our spears,
The bird of conquest her chief feather cast. Fairfax, b. iii.
Of plants some are green all winter, others cast their leaves.
Bacon's Natural History, No 592.
The casting of the skin is, by the ancients, compared to the
breaking curd of the secundine, or cawl, but not rightly; for
that were to make every casting of the skin a new birth: and
besides, the secundine is but a general cover, not shaped ac­
cording to the parts, but the skin is shaped according to the
parts. The creatures that cast the skin, are the snake, the
viper, the grashopper, the lizzard, the silkworm, &c.
Bacon's Natural History, No 732.
O fertile head, which ev'ry year
Could such a crop of wonders bear!
Which might it never have been cast,
Each year's growth added to the last,
These lofty branches had supply'd
The earth's bold sons prodigious pride. Waller.
The waving harvest bends beneath his blast,
The forest shakes, the groves their honours cast. Dryden.
From hence, my lord, and love, I thus conclude,
That though my homely ancestors were rude,
Mean as I am, yet may I have the grace
To make you father of a generous race:


And noble then am I, when I begin,
In virtue cloath'd, to cast the rags of sin. Dryden's W. of B.
The ladies have been in a kind of moulting season, having
cast great quantities of ribbon and cambrick, and reduced the
human figure to the beautiful globular form. Addison. Spectator.
18. To lay aside, as fit to be worn no longer.
So may cast poets write; there's no pretension
To argue loss of wit, from loss of pension. Dryden's D. Seb.
He has ever been of opinion, that giving cast clothes to be
worn by valets, has a very ill effect upon little minds. Addison.
19. To have abortions; to bring forth before the time.
Thy ews and thy she-goats have not cast their young, and the
rams of thy flock have I not eaten. Gen. xxxi. 38.
20. To overweigh; to make to preponderate; to decide by over­
ballancing.
Which being inclined, not constrained, contain within
themselves the casting act, and a power to command the con­
clusion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
How much interest casts the balance in cases dubious. South.
Life and death are equal in themselves,
That which could cast the balance, is thy falshood. Dryden.
Not many years ago, it so happened, that a cobler had the
casting vote for the life of a criminal, which he very graciously
gave on the merciful side. Addison on Italy.
Suppose your eyes sent equal rays
Upon two distant pots of ale,
In this sad state, your doubtful choice
Would never have the casting voice. Prior.
21.  To compute; to reckon; to calculate.
Hearts, tongues, figure, scribes, bards, poets, cannot
Think, speak, cast, write, sing, number, ho!
His love to Antony. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Here is now the smith's note for shoeing and plow-irons.—
Let it be cast and paid. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
You cast th' event of war, my noble lord,
And summ'd th' account of chance, before you said,
Let us make head. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
The best way to represent to life the manifold use of friend­
ship, is to cast and see how many things there are, which a man
cannot do himself. Bacon's Essays.
I have lately been casting in my thoughts the several unhap­
pinesses of life, and comparing the infelicities of old age to those
of infancy. Addison. Spectator, No 131. 
22. To contrive; to plan out.
The cloister facing the South, is covered with vines, and
would have been proper for an orange-house; and had, I doubt
not, been cast for that purpose, if this piece of gardening had
been then in as much vogue as it is now. Temple.
23. To judge; to consider in order to judgment.
If thou couldst, doctor, cast
The water of my land, find her disease,
And purge it to a sound and pristine health,
I would applaud thee to the very echo,
That should applaud again. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Peace, brother, be not over exquisite
To cast the fashion of uncertain evils. Milton.
24. To fix the parts in a play.
Our parts in the other world will be new cast, and mankind
will be there ranged in different stations of superiority.
Addison. Spectator, No 219.
25. To glance; to direct the eye.
Zelmanes's languishing countenance, with crossed arms, and
sometimes cast up eyes, she thought to have an excellent grace.
Sidney, b. ii.
As he past along,
How earnestly he cast his eyes upon me. Shakesp. H. VIII.
Begin, auspicious boy, to cast about
Thy infant eyes, and, with a smile, thy mother single out.
Dryden's Virgil, Past. iv.
Far eastward cast thine eye, from whence the sun,
And orient science, at a birth begun. Pope's Dunciad.
He then led me to the rock, and, placing me on the top of
it, Cast thy eyes eastward, said he, and tell me what thou
seest. Addison. Spectator, No 159.
26. To found; to form by running in a mould.
When any such curious work of silver is to be cast, as re­
quires that the impression of hairs, or very slender lines, be ta­
ken off by the metal, it is not enough, that the silver be barely
melted; but it must be kept a considerable while in a strong
fusion. Boyle.
How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast,
Instruct the artist. Waller.
The father's grief restrain'd his art;
He twice essay'd to cast his son in gold,
Twice from his hands he dropp'd the forming mould.
Dryden, Æneid vi.
27. To melt metal into figures.
Yon' croud, he might reflect, yon' joyful croud
With restless rage would pull my statue down,
And cast the brass anew to his renown. Prior.
This was but as a refiner's fire, to purge out the dross, and
then cast the mass again into a new mould. Burnet's Theory.
28. To model; to form.
We may take a quarter of a mile for the common measure
of the depth of the sea, if it were cast into a channel of an
equal depth every where. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Under this influence, derived from mathematical studies,
some have been tempted to cast all their logical, their metaphy­
sical, and their theological and moral learning into this method.
Watts's Logick.
29. To communicate by reflection or emanation.
So bright a splendour, so divine a grace,
The glorious Daphnis casts on his illustrious race. Dryden.
We may happen to find a fairer light cast over the same
scriptures, and see reason to alter our sentiments even in some
points of moment. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
30. To yield, or give up, without reserve or condition.
The reason of mankind cannot suggest any solid ground of
satisfaction, but in making God our friend, and in carrying a
conscience so clear, as may encourage us, with confidence, to
cast ourselves upon him. South.
31.  To inflict.
The world is apt to cast great blame on those who have an in­
differency for opinions, especially in religion. Locke.
32. To cast away. To shipwreck.
Sir Francis Drake, and John Thomas, meeting with a storm,
it thrust John Thomas upon the islands to the South, where he
was cast away. Raleigh's Essays.
His father Philip had, by like mishap, been like to have been
cast away upon the coast of England. Knolles's History.
With pity mov'd, for others cast away
On rocks of hope and fears. Roscommon.
But now our fears tempestuous grow,
And cast our hopes away;
Whilst you, regardless of our woe,
Sit careless at a play. Dorset.
33. To cast away. To lavish; to waste in profusion; to turn to
no use.
They that want means to nourish children, will abstain from
marriage; or, which is all one, they cast away their bodies up­
on rich old women. Raleigh's Essays.
France, hast thou yet more blood to cast away?
Say, shall the current of our right run on? Shakesp. K. J.
He might be silent, and not cast away
His sentences in vain. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
O Marcia, O my sister, still there's hope!
Our father will not cast away a life,
So needful to us all, and to his country. Addison's Cato.
34. To cast away. To ruin.
It is no impossible thing for states, by an oversight in some one
act or treaty between them and their potent opposites, utterly to
cast away themselves for ever. Hooker, b. iii. § 10.
35. To cast down. To deject; to depress the mind.
We're not the first,
Who, with best meaning, have incurr'd the worst;
For thee, oppressed king, I am cast down;
Myself could else outfrown false fortune's frown.
Shakesp. King Lear.
The best way will be to let him see you are much cast down,
and afflicted, for the ill opinion he entertains of you.
Addison. Spectator, No 171. 
36. To cast off. To discard; to put away.
The prince will, in the perfectness of time,
Cast off his followers. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
He led me on to mightiest deeds,
But now hath cast me off, as never known. Milt. Agonistes.
How! not call him father? I see preferment alters a man
strangely; this may serve me for an use of instruction, to cast
off my father, when I am great. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
I long to clasp that haughty maid,
And bend her stubborn virtue to my passion:
When I have gone thus far, I'd cast her off. Addison's Cato.
37. To cast off. To reject.
It is not to be imagined, that a whole society of men should
publickly and professedly disown, and cast off a rule, which
they could not but be infallibly certain was a law. Locke.
38. To cast off. To disburden one's self of.
All conspired in one to cast off their subjection to the crown
of England. Spenser's State of Ireland.
This maketh them, through an unweariable desire of receiv­
ing instruction, to cast off the care of those very affairs, which
do most concern their estate. Hooker, Preface.
The true reason why any man is an atheist, is because he is
a wicked man: religion would curb him in his lusts; and
therefore he casts it off, and puts all the scorn upon it he can.
Tillotson, Serm. ii.
Company, in any action, gives credit and countenance to
the agent; and so much as the sinner gets of this, so much he
casts off of shame. South.
We see they never fail to exert themselves, and to cast off the
oppression, when they feel the weight of it. Addison.
39. To cast off. To leave behind.
Away he scours cross the fields, casts off the dogs, and gains
a wood; but, pressing through a thicket, the bushes held him


by the horns, till the hounds came in, and plucked him down.
L'Estrange, Fab. xliii.
40. To cast off. [hunting term.] To let go, or set free; as, to
cast off the dogs.
41.  To cast out. To reject; to turn out of doors.
Thy brat hath been cast out, like to itself, no father own­
ing it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
42. To cast out. To vent; to speak; with some intimation of
negligence or vehemence.
Why dost thou cast out such ungenerous terms
Against the lords and sovereigns of the world? Add. Cato.
43. To cast up. To compute; to calculate.
Some writers, in casting up the goods most desirable in life,
have given them this rank, health, beauty, and riches. Temple.
A man who designs to build, is very exact, as he supposes, in
casting up the cost beforehand; but, generally speaking, he is
mistaken in his account. Dryden's Fab. Preface.
44. To cast up. To vomit.
Thou, beastly feeder, art so full of him,
That thou provok'st thyself to cast him up. Shakesp. H. IV.
Their villainy goes against my weak stomach, and therefore
I must cast it up. Shakesp. Henry V.
O, that in time Rome did not cast
Her errours up, this fortune to prevent. Ben. Johnson's Catil.
Thy foolish errour find;
Cast up the poison that infects thy mind. Dryden.

To CAST. v. n. 
1. To contrive; to turn the thoughts.
Then closely as he might, he cast to leave
The court, not asking any pass or leave. Spenser.
From that day forth, I cast in careful mind,
To seek her out with labour and long time. Fairy Q. b. i.
We have three that bend themselves, looking into the expe­
riments of their fellows, and cast about how to draw out of
them things of use and practice for man's life and knowledge.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
But first he casts to change his proper shape;
Which else might work him danger or delay. Par. L. b. iii.
As a fox, with hot pursuit
Chas'd through a warren, cast about
To save his credit. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. iii.
All events, called casual, among inanimate bodies, are me­
chanically produced according to the determinate figures, tex­
tures, and motions of those bodies, which are not conscious of
their own operations, nor contrive and cast about how to bring
such events to pass. Bentley.
This way and that I cast to save my friends,
Till one resolve my varying counsel ends. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To admit of a form, by casting or melting.
It comes at the first fusion into a mass that is immediately
malleable, and will not run thin, so as to cast and mould, un­
less mixed with poorer ore, or cinders. Woodward on Fossils.
3. To warp; to grow out of form.
Stuff is said to cast or warp, when, by its own drought, or
moisture of the air, or other accident, it alters its flatness and
straightness. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CAST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of casting or throwing; a throw.
So when a sort of lusty shepherds throw
The bar by turns, and none the rest outgo
So far, but that the rest are measuring casts,
Their emulation and their pastime lasts. Waller.
Yet all these dreadful deeds, this deadly fray,
A cast of dreadful dust will soon allay. Dryden's Virgil.
2. The thing thrown.
Some harrow their ground over, and sow wheat or rye on it
with a broad cast; some only with a single cast, and some with
a double. Mortimer.
3. State of any thing cast or thrown.
In his own instance of casting ambs-ace, though it partake
more of contingency than of freedom; supposing the positure
of the party's hand, who did throw the dice; supposing the
figure of the table, and of the dice themselves; supposing the
measure of force applied, and supposing all other things which
did concur to the production of that cast, to be the very same
they were, there is no doubt but, in this case, the cast is neces­
sary. Bramhall's Answer to Hobbes.
Plato compares life to a game at tables; there what cast we
shall have is not in our power, but to manage it well, that is.
Norris.
4. The space through which any thing is thrown.
And he was withdrawn from them about a stone's cast, and
kneeled down and prayed. Luke, xxii. 41. 
5. A stroke; a touch.
We have them all with one voice for giving him a cast of
their court prophecy. South.
Another cast of their politicks, was that of endeavouring to
impeach an innocent lady, for her faithful and diligent service
of the queen. Swift's Examiner, No 19.
This was a cast of Wood's politicks; for his information was
wholly false and groundless, which he knew very well. Swift.
6. Motion of the eye.
Pity causeth sometimes tears, and a flexion or cast of the
eye aside; for pity is but grief in another's behalf; the cast of
the eye is a gesture of aversion, or lothness, to behold the ob­
ject of pity. Bacon's Natural History.
If any man desires to look on this doctrine of gravity, let
him turn the first cast of his eyes on what we have said of fire.
Digby on the Soul.
There held in holy passion still,
Forget thyself to marble, till,
With a sad leaden downward cast,
Thou fix them on the earth as fast. Milton.
They are the best epitomes in the world, and let you see,
with one cast of an eye, the substance of above an hundred
pages. Addison on ancient Medals.
7. The throw of dice.
8. Chance from the cast of dice.
Were it good,
To set the exact wealth of all our states
All at one cast; to set so rich a main
On the nice hazard of some doubtful hour? Shakesp. H. IV.
In the last war, has it not sometimes been an even cast, whe­
ther the army should march this way or that way? South.
9. Venture from throwing dice.
When you have brought them to the very last cast, they will
offer to come to you, and submit themselves. Spenser on Ireland.
With better grace an ancient chief may yield
The long contended honours of the field,
Than venture all his fortune at a cast,
And fight, like Hannibal, to lose at last. Dryden.
Will you turn recreant at the last cast? you must along.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
10. A mould; a form.
The whole would have been an heroick poem, but in an­
other cast and figure, than any that ever had been written be­
fore. Prior.
11.  A shade; or tendency to any colour.
A flaky mass, grey, with a cast of green, in which the talky
matter makes the greatest part of the mass. Woodward.
The qualities of blood in a healthy state are to be florid, the
red part congealing, and the serum ought to be without any
greenish cast. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
12. Exteriour appearance.
The native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shakesp. Hamlet.
New names, new dressings, and the modern cast,
Some scenes, some persons alter'd, and outfac'd
The world. Sir J. Denham.
13. Manner; air; mien.
Pretty conceptions, fine metaphors, glittering expressions,
and something of a neat cast of verse, are properly the dress,
gems, or loose ornaments of poetry. Pope's Letters.
Neglect not the little figures and turns on the words, nor
sometimes the very cast of the periods; neither omit or con­
found any rites or customs of antiquity. Pope's Ess. on Homer.
14. A flight; a number of hawks dismissed from the fist.
A cast of merlins there was besides, which, flying of a gal­
lant height over certain bushes, would beat the birds that rose,
down unto the bushes, as falcons will do wild fowl over a river.
Sidney, b. ii.

CA’STANET. n. s. [castaneta, Sp.] Small shells of ivory, or hard
wood, which dancers rattle in their hands.
If there had been words enow between them, to have ex­
pressed provocation, they had gone together by the ears like a
pair of castanets. Congreve's Way of the World.

CA’STAWAY. n. s. [from cast and away.] A person lost, or
abandoned by providence.
Neither given any leave to search in particular who are the
heirs of the kingdom of God, who castaways. Hooker, b. v.
Lest that by any means, when I have preached to others, I
myself should be a castaway. 1 Cor. ix. 27.

CA’STAWAY. adj. [from the subst.] Useless; of no value.
We only prize, pamper, and exalt this vassal and slave of
death, or only remember, at our castaway leisure, the impri­
soned immortal soul. Raleigh's History.

CA’STED. The participle preterite of cast, but improperly, and
found perhaps only in the following passage.
When the mind is quicken'd, out of doubt,
The organs, though defunct and dead before,
Break up their drowsy grave, and newly move
With casted slough and fresh legerity. Shakesp. Henry V.

CA’STELLAIN. n. s. [castellano, Span.] The captain, governour,
or constable of a castle.

CA’STELLANY. n. s. [from castle.] The manour or lordship be­
longing to a castle; the extent of its land and jurisdiction.
Phillips's World of Words.

CA’STELLATED. adj. [from castle.] Inclosed within a building,
as a fountain or cistern castellated. Dict.

CA’STER. n. s. [from to cast.]
1. A thrower; he that casts.
If, with this throw, the strongest caster vye,
Still, further still, I bid the discus fly. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A calculator; a man that calculates fortunes.


Did any of them set up for a caster of fortunate figures, what
might he not get by his predictions? Addison. Spect. No 191. 

To CA’STIGATE. v. a. [castigo, Lat.] To chastise; to chas­
ten; to correct; to punish.
If thou didst put this sour cold habit on,
To castigate thy pride, 'twere well. Shakesp. Timon.

CASTIGA’TION. n. s. [from to castigate.]
1. Penance; discipline.
This hand of yours requires
A sequester from liberty; fasting and prayer,
With castigation, exercise devout. Shakesp. Othello.
2. Punishment; correction.
The ancients had these conjectures touching these floods and
conflagrations, so as to frame them into an hypothesis for the
castigation of the excesses of generation. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
3. Emendation.
Their castigations were accompanied with encouragements;
which care was taken, to keep me from looking upon as mere
compliments. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

CA’STIGATORY. adj. [from castigate.] Punitive, in order to
amendment.
There were other ends of penalties inflicted, either proba­
tory, castigatory, or exemplary. Bramhall against Hobbes.

CA’STING-NET. n. s. [from casting and net.] A net to be thrown
into the water.
Casting-nets did rivers bottoms sweep. May's Virgil.

CA’STLE. n. s. [castellum, Lat.]
1. A strong house, fortified against assaults.
The castle of Macduff I will surprise. Shakesp. Macbeth.
To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements,
And castles. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. CASTLES in the air. [chateaux d'Espagne, Fr.] Projects with­
out reality.
These were but like castles in the air, and in men's fancies
vainly imagined. Raleigh's History of the World.

CASTLE SOAP. n. s. [I suppose corrupted from Castile soap.] A
kind of soap.
I have a letter from a soap-boiler, desiring me to write upon
the present duties on Castle soap. Addison. Spectator, No 488.

CASTLED. adj. [from castle.] Furnished with castles.
The horses neighing by the wind is blown,
And castled elephants o'erlook the town. Dryden's Aurengz.

CA’STLEWARD. n. s. [from castle and ward.]
An imposition laid upon such of the king's subjects, as dwell
within a certain compass of any castle, toward the maintenance
of such as watch and ward the castle. Cowel.

CA’STLING. n. s. [from cast.] An abortive.
We should rather rely upon the urine of a castling's bladder,
a resolution of crabs eyes, or a second distillation of urine, as
Helmont hath commended. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CA’STOR, CHESTER, are derived from the Sax. ceaster, a city,
town, or castle; and that from the Latin castrum; the Saxons
chusing to fix in such places of strength and figure, as the Ro­
mans had before built or fortified. Gibson's Camden.

CA’STOR. n. s. [castor, Lat.]
1. A beaver. See BEAVER.
2. A fine hat made of the furr of a beaver.

CA’STOR and POLLUX. [In meteorology.] A firy meteor,
which, at sea, appears sometimes sticking to a part of the ship,
in form of one, two, or even three or four balls. When one
is seen alone, it is more properly called Helena, which portends
the severest part of the storm to be yet behind; two are deno­
minated Castor and Pollux, and sometimes Tyndarides, which
portend a cessation of the storm. Chambers.

CASTO’REUM. n. s. [from castor. In pharmacy.] A liquid
matter inclosed in bags or purses, near the anus of the castor,
falsely taken for his testicles. These bags are about the bigness
of a goose's egg, and found indifferently in males and females;
when taken off, the matter dries and condenses, so as to be re­
duced to a powder, which is oily, of a sharp bitter taste, and a
strong disagreeable smell, and used to fortify the head and ner­
vous parts. Chambers.

CASTRAMETA’TION. n. s. [from castrametor, Lat.] The art or
practice of encamping.

To CA’STRATE. v. a. [castro, Lat.]
1. To geld.
2. To take away the obscene parts of a writing.

CASTRA’TION. n. s. [from castrate.] The act of gelding.
The largest needle should be used, in taking up the sperma­
tick vessels in castration. Sharp's Surgery.

CA’STERIL. n. s. A kind of hawk.

CA’STREL. n. s. A kind of hawk.

CASTRE’NSIAN. adj. [castrensis, Lat.] Belonging to a camp. D.

CA’SUAL. adj. [casuel, Fr. from casus, Lat.] Accidental; aris­
ing from chance; depending upon chance; not certain.
The revenue of Ireland, both certain and casual, did not
rise unto ten thousand pounds. Davies on Ireland.
That which seemeth most casual and subject to fortune, is
yet disposed by the ordinance of God. Raleigh's History.
Whether found, where casual fire
Had wasted woods, on mountain, or in vale
Down to the veins of earth. Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 566.
The commissioners entertained themselves by the fire-side,
in general and casual discourses. Clarendon, b. viii.
Most of our rarities have been found out by casual emergen­
cy, and have been the works of time and chance, rather than of
philosophy. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 21. 
The expences of some of them always exceed their certain
annual income; but seldom their casual supplies. I call them
casual, in compliance with the common form. Atterbury.

CA’SUALLY. adv. [from casual.] Accidentally; without de­
sign, or set purpose.
Go, bid my woman
Search for a jewel, that too casually
Hath left mine arm. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Wool new shorn, laid casually upon a vessel of verjuice, had
drunk up the verjuice, though the vessel was without any flaw.
Bacon's Natural Hist. No 79.
I should have acquainted my judge with one advantage, and
which I now casually remember. Dryden's Virgil, Dedication.

CA’SUALNESS. n. s. [from casual.] Accidentalness.

CA’SUALTY. n. s. [from casual.]
1. Accident; a thing happening by chance, not design.
With more patience men endure the losses that befall them
by mere casualty, than the damages which they sustain by injus­
tice. Raleigh's Essays.
That Octavius Cæsar should shift his camp that night that it
happened to be took by the enemy, was a mere casualty; yet
it preserved a person, who lived to establish a total alteration of
government in the imperial city of the world. South.
2. Chance that produces unnatural death.
Builds in the weather on the outward wall,
Ev'n in the force and road of casualty.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
It is observed in particular nations, that, within the space of
two or three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties, the
number of men doubles. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
We find one casualty in our bills, of which, though there be
daily talk, there is little effect. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

CA’SUIST. n. s. [casuiste, Fr. from casus, Lat.] One that studies
and settles cases of conscience.
The judgment of any casuist, or learned divine, concerning
the state of a man's soul, is not sufficient to give him confi­
dence. South.
You can scarce see a bench of porters without two or three
casuists in it, that will settle you the rights of princes.
Addison. Freeholder, No 53.
Who shall decide, when doctors disagree,
And soundest casuists doubt, like you and me? Pope.

CASUI’STICAL. adj. [from casuist.] Relating to cases of con­
science; containing the doctrine relating to cases.
What arguments they have to beguile poor, simple, unstable
souls with, I know not; but surely the practical, casuistical,
that is, the principal, vital part of their religion favours very
little of spirituality. South.

CA’SUISTRY. n. s. [from casuist.] The science of a casuist; the
doctrine of cases of conscience.
Concession would not pass for good casuistry in these ages.
Pope's Odyssey, Notes.
Morality, by her false guardians drawn,
Chicane in furs, and casuistry in lawn. Pope's Dunciad.

CAT

CAT. n. s. [katz, Teuton. chat, Fr.] A domestick animal that
catches mice, commonly reckoned by naturalists the lowest or­
der of the leonine species.
'Twas you incens'd the rabble:
Cats, that can judge as fitly of his worth,
As I can of those mysteries, which heav'n
Will not have earth to know. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
A cat, as she beholds the light, draws the ball of her eye
small and long, being covered over with a green skin, and di­
lates it at pleasure. Peacham on Drawing.

CAT. n. s. A sort of ship.

CAT in the pan. [imagined by some to be rightly written Catipan,
as coming from Catipani, revolted governours. An unknown
correspondent imagines, very naturally, that it is corrupted
from Cate in the pan.]
There is a cunning which we, in England, call the turning
of the cat in the pan; which is, when that which a man says to
another, he lays it as if another had said it to him. Bacon.

CAT o' nine tails. A whip with nine lashes, used for the punish­
ment of crimes.
You dread reformers of an impious age,
You awful cat o' nine tails to the stage,
This once be just, and in our cause engage.
Prologue to Vanbrugh's False Friend.

CATACHRE’SIS. n. s. [ϰαάχϱησις, abuse.] It is, in rhetorick,
the abuse of a trope, when the words are too far wrested from
their native signification, or when one word is abusively put for
another, for want of the proper word; as, a voice beautiful to
the ear. Smith's Rhetorick.

CATACHRE’STICAL. adj. [from catachresis.] Contrary to pro­
per use; forced; far fetched.


A catachrestical and far derived similitude it holds with men,
that is, in a bifurcation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CA’TACLYSM. n. s. [ϰααϰλύσμ.] A deluge; an inundation;
used generally for the universal deluge.
The opinion that held these cataclysms and empyroses univer­
sal, was such, as held, that it put a total consummation unto
things in this lower world. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CA’TACOMES. n. s. [from ϰαὰ and ϰομβ, a hollow or cavity.]
Subterraneous cavities for the burial of the dead; of which there
are a great number about three miles from Rome, supposed to
be the caves and cells where the primitive christians hid and as­
sembled themselves, and where they interred the martyrs, which
are accordingly visited with devotion. But, anciently, the word
catacomb was only understood of the tombs of St. Peter and St.
Paul; and Mr. Monro, in the Philosophical Transactions, sup­
poses the catacombs to have been originally the sepulchres of the
first Romans. Places like these might afford convenient re­
sortments to the primitive christians, but could never be built
by them. Chambers.

CATAGMA’TICK. adj. [ϰάαγμα, a fracture.] That which has
the quality of consolidating the parts.
I put on a catagmatick emplaster, and, by the use of a laced
glove, scattered the pituitous swelling, and strengthened it.
Wiseman's Surgery.

CATALE’PSIS. n. s. [ϰαάληψσις.] A lighter species of the apo­
plexy, or epilepsy.
There is a disease called a catalepsis, wherein the patient is
suddenly seized without sense or motion, and remains in the
same posture in which the disease seizeth him. Arbuthnot.

CA’TALOGUE. n. s. [ϰαάλογ.] An enumeration of particu­
lars; a list; a register of things one by one.
In the catalogue ye go for men,
As hounds, and greyhounds, mungrels, spaniels, curs,
Showghes, water rugs, and demy wolves, are cleped
All by the name of dogs. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Make a catalogue of all the prosperous sacrilegious persons,
and I believe they will be repeated much sooner than the alpha­
bet. South.
I was in the library of manuscripts belonging to St. Lau­
rence, of which there is a printed catalogue; I looked into the
Virgil which disputes its antiquity with that of the Vatican.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The bright Tygete, and the shining Bears,
With all the sailors catalogue of stars. Addison's Ovid.

CATAMO’UNTAIN. n. s. [from cat and mountain.] A fierce ani­
mal, resembling a cat.
The black prince of Monomotapa, by whose side were seen
the glaring catamountain, and the quill-darting porcupine.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

CA’TAPHRACT. n. s. [cataphracta, Lat.] A horseman in com­
plete armour.
On each side went armed guards,
Both horse and foot before him and behind,
Archers and slingers, cataphracts and spears. Milt. Agonist.

CA’TAPLASM. n. s. [ϰαᾴπλασμα.] A poultice; a soft and moist
application.
I bought an unction of a mountebank,
So mortal, that but dip a knife in it,
Where it draws blood, no cataplasm so rare,
Collected from all simples that have virtue
Under the moon, can save. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Warm cataplasms discuss, but scalding hot may confirm the
tumour. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CA’TAPULT. n. s. [catapulta, Lat.] An engine used anciently
to throw stones.
The balista violently shot great stones and quarrels, as also
the catapults. Camden's Remains.

CA’TARACT. n. s. [ϰααϱαϰὴ.] A fall of water from on high;
a shoot of water; a cascade.
Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks; rage, blow!
You cataracts and hurricanes, spout,
Till you have drench'd our steeples, drown'd the cocks.
Shakesp. King Lear.
What if all
Her stores were open'd, and this firmament
Of hell should spout her cataracts of fire?
Impendent horrours! Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii. l. 170.
No sooner he, with them of man and beast
Select for life, shall in the ark be lodg'd,
And shelter'd round; but all the cataracts
Of heav'n set open, on the earth shall pour
Rain, day and night. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 824.
Torrents and loud impetuous cataracts,
Through roads abrupt, and rude unfashion'd tracts,
Run down the lofty mountain's channel'd sides,
And to the vale convey their foaming tides. Blackmore.

CA’TARACT. [In medicine.] A suffusion of the eye, when little
clouds, motes, and flies, seem to float about in the air; when
confirmed, the pupil of the eye is either wholly, or in part,
covered, and shut up with a little thin skin, so that the light has
no admittance. Quincy.
Saladine hath a yellow milk, which hath likewise much acri­
mony; for it cleanseth the eyes: it is good also for cataracts.
Bacon's Natural History, No 639.

CATA’RRH. n. s. [ϰααῤῥέω, defluo.] A defluxion of a sharp se­
rum from the glands about the head and throat, generally occa­
sioned by a diminution of insensible perspiration, or cold,
wherein what should pass by the skin, ouzes out upon those
glands, and occasions irritations. The causes are, whatsoever
occasions too great a quantity of serum in the body; whatso­
ever hinders the discharge by urine, and the pores of the skin.
Quincy.
All fev'rous kinds,
Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs. Par. Lost, b. xi.
Neither was the body then subject to die by piecemeal, and
languish under coughs, catarrhs, or consumptions. South.

CATA’RRHAL. adj. [from catarrh.] Relating to a catarrh;
proceeding from a catarrh.

CATA’RRHOUS. adj. [from catarrh.] Relating to a catarrh;
proceeding from a catarrh.
The catarrhal fever requires evacuations. Floyer.
Old age attended with a glutinous, cold, catarrhous, leuco­
phlegmatick constitution. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CATA’STROPHE. n. s. [ϰαασϱοφὴ.]
1. The change or revolution, which produces the conclusion or
final event of a dramatick piece.
Pat!—He comes like the catastrophe of the old comedy.
Shakesp. King Lear.
That philosopher declares for tragedies, whose catastrophes
are unhappy, with relation to the principal characters. Dennis.
2. A final event; a conclusion generally unhappy.
Here was a mighty revolution, the most horrible and porten­
tuous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw; an elegant and ha­
bitable earth quite shattered. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

CA’TCAL. n. s. [from cat and call.] A squeaking instrument,
used in the playhouse to condemn plays.
A young lady, at the theatre, conceived a passion for a noto­
rious rake that headed a party of catcals. Spectator, No 602.
Three catcals be the bribe
Of him, whose chatt'ring shames the monkey tribe. Pope.

To CATCH. v. a. preter. I catched, or caught; I have catched
or caught. [ketsen, Dutch.]
1. To lay hold on with the hand; intimating the suddenness of
the action.
And when he arose against me, I caught him by his beard,
and smote him, and slew him. 1 Sam. xvii. 35.
2. To stop any thing flying; to receive any thing in the passage.
Others, to catch the breeze of breathing air,
To Tusculum or Algido repair;
Or in moist Tivoli's retirement find
A cooling shade. Addison on Italy.
3. To seize any thing by pursuit.
I saw him run after a gilded butterfly, and, when he caught
it, he let it go again; and after it again; and over and over he
comes, and up again; and caught it again. Shakesp. Coriolan.
4. To stop any thing.
A shepherd diverted himself with tossing up eggs, and catch­
ing them again. Spectator, No 160.
5. To ensnare; to intangle in a snare; to hold in a trap.
And they sent unto him certain of the Pharisees and of the
Herodians, to catch him in his words. Mar. xii. 13.
These artificial methods of reasoning are more adapted to
catch and entangle the mind, than to instruct and inform the
understanding. Locke.
6. To receive suddenly.
The curling smoke mounts heavy from the fires,
At length it catches flame, and in a blaze expires. Dryden.
But stopp'd for fear, thus violently driv'n,
The sparks should catch his axletree of heav'n. Dryden.
7. To fasten suddenly upon; to seize.
The mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and
his head caught hold of the oak. 2 Sam. xviii. 19.
Would they, like Benhadad's embassadours, catch hold of
every amicable expression? Decay of Piety.
8. To seize unexpectedly.
To catch something out of his mouth, that they might ac­
cuse him. Luke, xi. 54.
9. To seize eagerly.
They have caught up every thing greedily, with that busy
minute curiosity, and unsatisfactory inquisitiveness, which Se­
neca calls the disease of the Greeks. Essay on Homer.
10. To please; to seize the affections; to charm.
For I am young, a novice in the trade,
The fool of love, unpractis'd to persuade,
And wanting the soothing arts that catch the fair,
But, caught myself, lie struggling in the snare. Dryden.
I've perus'd her well;
Beauty and honour in her are so mingled,
That they have caught the king. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
11.  To receive any contagion or disease.
I cannot name the disease, and it is caught
Of you that yet are well. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Those measles,
Which we disdain should tetter us, yet seek
The very way to catch them. Shakesp. Coriolanus.


In sooth I know not why I am so sad:
It wearies me; you say it wearies you;
But how I caught it, found it, or came by it,
I am to learn. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The softest of our British ladies expose their necks and arms
to the open air, which the men could not do, without catching
cold, for want of being accustomed to it. Addison. Guardian.
Or call the winds through long arcades to roar,
Proud to catch cold at a Venetian door. Pope.
12. To catch at. To endeavour suddenly to lay hold on.
Saucy lictors
Will catch at us like strumpets, and scald rhimers
Ballad us out of tune. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Make them catch at all opportunities of subverting the state.
Addison's State of the War.

To CATCH. v. n. To be contagious; to spread infection.
'Tis time to give them physick, their diseases
Are grown so catching. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Sickness is catching; oh, were favour so!
Your's would I catch, fair Hermia, ere I go. Shakesp.
Considering it with all its malignity and catching nature, it
may be enumerated with the worst of epidemicks. Harvey.
When the yellow hair in flame should fall,
The catching fire might burn the golden cawl. Dryden.
The palace of Deiphobus ascends
In smoaky flames, and catches on his friends. Dryden.
Does the sedition catch from man to man,
And run among the ranks? Addison's Cato.

CATCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Seizure; the act of seizing any thing that flies, or hides.
And surely taught by his open eye,
His eye, that ev'n did mark her trodden grass,
That she would fain the catch of Strephon fly. Sidney.
2. The act of taking quickly from another.
Several quires, placed one over against another, and taking
the voice by catches anthem-wise, give great pleasure. Bacon.
3. A song sung in succession, where one catches it from another.
This is the tune of our catch, plaid by the picture of nobody.
Shakesp. Tempest.
Far be from thence the glutton parasite,
Singing his drunken catches all the night. Dryden, jun.
The meat was serv'd, the bowls were crown'd,
Catches were sung, and healths went round. Prior.
4. Watch; the posture of seizing.
Both of them lay upon the catch for a great action; it is no
wonder therefore, that they were often engaged on one subject.
Addison on ancient Medals.
5. An advantage taken; hold laid on.
All which notions are but ignorant catches of a few things,
which are most obvious to men's observations. Bacon.
The motion is but a catch of the wit upon a few instances;
as the manner is in the philosophy received. Bacon.
Fate of empires, and the fall of kings,
Should turn on flying hours, and catch of moments. Dryden.
6. The thing caught; profit; advantage.
Hector shall have a great catch, if he knock out either of
your brains; he were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
7. A snatch; a short interval of action.
It has been writ by catches, with many intervals. Locke.
8. A taint; a slight contagion.
We retain a catch of those pretty stories, and our awakened
imagination smiles in the recollection. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 3.
9. Any thing that catches and holds, as a hook.
10. A small swift sailing ship.

CA’TCHER. n. s. [from catch.]
1. He that catches.
2. That in which any thing is caught.
Scallops will move so strongly, as oftentimes to leap out of
the catcher wherein they are caught. Grew's Musæum.

CA’TCHFLY. n. s. [from catch and fly.] A plant; a species of
campion; which see.

CA’TCHPOLL. n. s. [from catch and poll.] A serjeant; a bum­
bailiff.
Though now it be used as a word of contempt, yet, in an­
cient times, it seems to have been used without reproach, for
such as we now call serjeants of the mace, or any other that
uses to arrest men upon any cause. Cowel.
They call all temporal businesses undersheriffries, as if they
were but matters for undersheriffs and catchpolls; though many
times those undersheriffries do more good than their high spe­
culations. Bacon's Essays.
Another monster,
Sullen of aspect, by the vulgar call'd
A catchpoll, whose polluted hands the gods,
With force incredible and magick charms,
Erst have endu'd, if he his ample palm
Should haply on ill fated shoulder lay
Of debtor. Philips.

CA’TCHWORD. n. s. [from catch and word. With printers.]
The word at the corner of the page under the last line, which
is repeated at the top of the next page.

CATECHE’TICAL. adj. [from ϰαηχέω.] Consisting of questions
and answers.
Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing; he
would ask his adversary question upon question, till he con­
vinced him out of his own mouth, that his opinions were
wrong. Addison. Spectator, No 238.

CATECHE’TICALLY. adv. [from catechetical.] In the way of
question and answer.

To CA’TECHISE. v. a. [ϰαηχέω.]
1. To instruct by asking questions, and correcting the answers.
I will catechise the world for him; that is, make questions,
and bid them answer. Shakesp. Othello.
Had those three thousand souls been catechised by our mo­
dern casuists, we had seen a wide difference. Decay of Piety.
2. To question; to interrogate; to examine; to try by inter­
rogatories.
Why then I suck my teeth, and catechise
My piked man of countries. Shakesp. King John.
There flies about a strange report,
Of some express arriv'd at court;
I'm stopp'd by all the fools I meet,
And catechis'd in ev'ry street. Swift.

CA’TECHISER. n. s. [from to catechise.] One who catechizes.

CA’TECHISM. n. s. [from ϰαηχίζω.] A form of instruction by
means of questions and answers, concerning religion.
Ways of teaching there have been sundry always usual in
God's church; for the first introduction of youth to the know­
ledge of God, the Jews even till this day have their catechisms.
Hooker, b. v. § 19.
He had no catechism but the creation, needed no study but re­
flection, and read no book but the volume of the world. South.

CA’TECHIST. n. s. [ϰαηχιϛὴς.] One whose charge is to instruct
by questions, or to question the uninstructed concerning reli­
gion.
None of years and knowledge was admitted, who had not
been instructed by the catechist in this foundation, which the
catechist received from the bishop. Hammond's Fundamentals.

CATECHU’MEN. n. s. [ϰαηχμεν.] One who is yet in the first
rudiments of christianity; the lowest order of christians in the
primitive church.
The prayers of the church did not begin in St. Austin's
time, till the catechumens were dismissed. Stillingfleet.

CATECHUME’NICAL. adj. [from catechumen.] Belonging to the
catechumens. Dict.

CATEGO’RICAL. adj. [from category.] Absolute; adequate;
positive; equal to the thing to be expressed.
The king's commissioners desired to know whether the par­
liament's commissioners did believe, that bishops were unlaw­
ful? To which they could never obtain a categorical answer.
Clarendon, b. viii.
A single proposition, which is also categorical, may be divided
again into simple and complex. Watts's Logick.

CATEGO’RICALLY. adv. [from categorical.] Positively; ex­
pressly.
I dare affirm, and that categorically, in all parts where-ever
trade is great, and continues so, that trade must be nationally
profitable. Child's Discourse of Trade.

CA’TEGORY. n. s. [ϰαηγοϱία.] A class; a rank; an order of
ideas; a predicament.
The absolute infinitude, in a manner, quite changes the na­
ture of beings, and exalts them into a different category. Cheyne.

CATENA’RIAN. adj. [from catena, Lat.] Relating to a chain;
resembling a chain.
In geometry, the catenarian curve is formed by a rope or chain
hanging freely between two points of suspension. Harris.
The back is bent after the manner of the catenarian curve,
by which it obtains that curvature that is safest for the included
marrow. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

To CA’TENATE. v. a. [from catena, Lat.] To chain. Dict.

CATENA’TION. n. s. [from catena, Lat.] Link; regular con­
nexion.
Which catenation, or conserving union, whenever his plea­
sure shall divide, let go, or separate, they shall fall from their
existence. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To CA’TER. v. n. [from cates.] To provide food; to buy in
victuals.
He that doth the ravens feed,
Yea providently caters for the sparrow,
Be comfort to my age. Shakesp. As you like it.

CA’TER. n. s. [from the verb.] Provider; collector of provi­
sions, or victuals.
The oysters dredged in this Lyner, find a welcomer accep­
tance, where the taste is cater for the stomach, than those of the
Tamar. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

CA’TER. n. s. [quatre, Fr.] The four of cards and dice.

CA’TER-COUSIN. n. s. A corruption of quatre-cousin, from the
ridiculousness of calling cousin or relation to so remote a de­
gree.
His master and he, saving your worship's reverence, are scarce
cater-cousins. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Poetry and reason, how come these to be cater-cousins?
Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.



CA’TERER. n. s. [from cater.] One employed to select and buy
in provisions for the family; the providore or purveyor.
Let no scent offensive the chamber infest;
Let fancy, not cost, prepare all our dishes;
Let the caterer mind the taste of each guest,
And the cook in his dressing comply with their wishes.
Ben. Johnson's Tavern Academy.
He made the greedy ravens to be Elias's caterers, and bring
him food. King Charles.
Seldom shall one see in cities or courts that athletick vigour,
which is seen in poor houses, where nature is their cook, and
necessity their caterer. South.

CA’TERESS. n. s. [from cater.] A woman employed to cater,
or provide victuals.
Impostor! do not charge innocent nature,
As if she would her children should be riotous
With her abundance? she, good cateress,
Means her provision only to the good. Milton.

CATERPI’LLAR. n. s. [This word Skinner and Minshew are in­
clined to derive from chatte peluse, a weasel; it seems easily de­
ducible from cates, food, and piller, Fr. to rob; the animal that
eats up the fruits of the earth.] A worm which, when it gets
wings, is sustained by leaves and fruits.
The caterpillar breedeth of dew and leaves; for we see in­
finite caterpillars breed upon trees and hedges, by which the
leaves of the trees or hedges are consumed. Bacon.
Auster is drawn with a pot pouring forth water, with which
descend grasshoppers, caterpillars, and creatures bred by mois­
ture. Peacham on Drawing.

CATERPI’LLAR. n. s. [scorpioides, Lat.] The name of a plant.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose empalement
rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a jointed pod, con­
voluted like a snail or caterpillar. Miller.

To CATERWA’UL. v. n. [from cat.]
1. To make a noise as cats in rutting time.
2. To make any offensive or odious noise.
What a caterwauling do you keep here? If my lady has not
called up her steward Malvolio, and bid him turn you out of
doors, never trust me. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Was no dispute between
The caterwauling bretheren? Hudibras, p. i. c. iii.

CATES. n. s. [of uncertain etymology; Skinner imagines it may
be corrupted from delicate; which is not likely, because Junius
observes, that the Dutch have kater in the same sense with our
cater. It has no singular.] Viands; food; dish of meat; ge­
nerally employed to signify nice and luxurious food.
The fair acceptance, Sir, creates
The entertainment perfect, not the cates. Ben Johnson.
O wasteful riot, never well content
With low priz'd fare; hunger ambitious
Of cates by land and sea far fetcht and sent. Raleigh.
Alas, how simple to these cates,
Was that crude apple, that diverted Eve! Par. Lost, b. ii.
They by th' alluring odour drawn, in haste
Fly to the dulcet cates, and crouding sip
Their palatable bane. Philips.
With costly cates she stain'd her frugal board,
Then with ill-gotten wealth she bought a lord. Arbuthnot.

CA’TFISH. n. s. The name of a sea-fish in the West Indies; so
called from its round head and large glaring eyes, by which
they are discovered in hollow rocks. Philips's World of Words.

CA’THARPINGS. n. s. Small ropes in a ship, running in little
blocks from one side of the shrouds to the other, near the
deck; they belong only to the main shrouds; and their use is
to force the shrouds tight, for the ease and safety of the masts,
when the ship rolls. Harris.

CATHA’RTICAL. adj. [ϰαϑαϱτιϰὸς.] Purging medicines. The
vermicular or peristaltick motion of the guts
continually helps on their contents, from the pylorus to the
rectum; and every irritation either quickens that motion in its
natural order, or occasions some little inversions in it. In both,
what but slightly adheres to the coats, will be loosened, and
they will be more agitated, and thus rendered more fluid. By
this only it is manifest, how a cathartic hastens and increases the
discharges by stool; but where the force of the stimulus is
great, all the appendages of the bowels, and all the viscera in
the abdomen, will be twitched; by which a great deal will be
drained back into the intestines, and made a part of what they
discharge. Quincy.

CATHA’RTICK. adj. [ϰαϑαϱτιϰὸς.] Purging medicines. The
vermicular or peristaltick motion of the guts
continually helps on their contents, from the pylorus to the
rectum; and every irritation either quickens that motion in its
natural order, or occasions some little inversions in it. In both,
what but slightly adheres to the coats, will be loosened, and
they will be more agitated, and thus rendered more fluid. By
this only it is manifest, how a cathartic hastens and increases the
discharges by stool; but where the force of the stimulus is
great, all the appendages of the bowels, and all the viscera in
the abdomen, will be twitched; by which a great deal will be
drained back into the intestines, and made a part of what they
discharge. Quincy.
Quicksilver precipitated either with gold, or without addi­
tion, into a powder, is wont to be strongly enough cathartical,
though the chymists have not yet proved, that either gold or
mercury hath any salt at all, much less any that is purgative.
Boyle's Sceptical Chymistry.
Lustrations and catharticks of the mind were sought for, and
all endeavour used to calm and regulate the fury of the pas­
sions. Decay of Piety.
The piercing causticks ply their spiteful pow'r,
Emeticks ranch, and keen catharticks scour. Garth.
Plato has called mathematical demonstrations the catharticks
or purgatives of the soul. Addison. Spectator, No 507.

CATHA’RTICALNESS. n. s. [from cathartical.] Purging quality.

CA’THEAD. n. s. A kind of fossil.
These nodules, with leaves in them, called catheads, seem to
consist of a sort of iron stone, not unlike that which is found
in the rocks near Whitehaven in Cumberland, where they call
them catscaups. Woodward on Fossils.

CA’THEAD. n. s. [In a ship.] A piece of timber with two shi­
vers at one end, having a rope and a block, to which is fasten­
ed a great iron hook, to trice up the anchor from the hawse to
the top of the forecastle. Sea Dict.

CATHE’DRAL. adj. [from cathedra, Lat. a chair of authority;
an episcopal see.]
1. Episcopal; containing the see of a bishop.
A cathedral church is that wherein there are two or more
persons, with a bishop at the head of them, that do make as it
were one body politick. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Methought I sat in seat of majesty,
In the cathedral church of Westminster. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. Belonging to an episcopal church.
His constant and regular assisting at the cathedral service was
never interrupted by the sharpness of weather. Locke.
3. In low phrase, antique; venerable; old. This seems to be
the meaning in the following lines.
Here aged trees cathedral walks compose,
And mount the hill in venerable rows;
There the green infants in their beds are laid. Pope.

CATHE’DRAL. n. s. The head church of a diocese.
There is nothing in Leghorn so extraordinary as the cathedral,
which a man may view with pleasure, after he has seen St. Pe­
ter's. Addison on Italy.

CA’THERINE PEAR. See PEAR.
For streaks of red were mingled there,
Such as are on a Catherine pear,
The side that's next the sun. Suckling.

CATHE’TER. n. s. [ϰαϑετὴϱ.] A hollow and somewhat crooked in­
strument, to thrust into the bladder, to assist in bringing away
the urine, when the passage is stopped by a stone or gravel.
A large clyster, suddenly injected, hath frequently forced the
urine out of the bladder; but if it fail, a catheter must help
you. Wiseman's Surgery.

CA’THOLES. n. s. [In a ship.] Two little holes astern above the
gun-room ports, to bring in a cable or hawser through them to
the capstain, when there is occasion to heave the ship astern.
Sea Dict.

CATHO’LICISM. n. s. [from catholick.] Adherence to the catho­
lick church.

CA’THOLICK. adj. [catholique, Fr. ϰαϑόλιϰ.] Universal or ge­
neral.
1. The church of Jesus Christ is called catholick, because it ex­
tends throughout the world, and is not limited by time.
2. Some truths are said to be catholick, because they are received
by all the faithful.
3. Catholick is often set in opposition to heretick or sectary, and
to schismatick.
4. Catholick, or canonical epistles, are seven in number; that of
St. James, two of St. Peter, three of St. John, and that of St.
Jude. They are called catholick, because they are directed to all
the faithful, and not to any particular church; and canonical,
because they contain excellent rules of faith and morality.
Calmet.
Doubtless the success of those your great and catholick endea­
vours will promote the empire of man over nature, and bring
plentiful accession of glory to your nation. Glanville's Scepsis.
Those systems undertake to give an account of the formation
of the universe, by mechanical hypotheses of matter, moved
either uncertainly, or according to some catholick laws. Ray.

CATHO’LICON. n. s. [from catholick; ϰαϑόλιϰον ἴαμα.] An uni­
versal medicine.
Preservation against that sin, is the contemplation of the last
judgment. This is indeed a catholicon against all; but we find
it particularly applied by St. Paul to judging and despising our
brethren. Government of the Tongue.

CA’TKINS. n. s. [kattekens, Dutch. In botany.] An assemblage
of imperfect flowers hanging from trees, in manner of a
rope or cat's tail; serving as male blossoms, or flowers of the
trees, by which they are produced. Chambers.

CA’TLIKE. adj. [from cat and like.] Like a cat.
A lioness, with udders all drawn dry,
Lay couching head on ground, with catlike watch.
Shakesp. As you like it.

CA’TLING. n. s. 
1. A dismembring knife, used by surgeons. Harris.
2. It seems to be used by Shakespeare for catgut; the materials of
fiddle strings.
What musick there will be in him after Hector has knocked
out his brains, I know not. But, I am sure, none; unless the
fidler Apollo get his sinews to make catlings of. Tr. and Cress.
3. The down or moss growing about walnut trees, resembling
the hair of a cat. Harris.

CA’TMINT. n. s. [cataria, Lat.] The name of a plant.
The leaves are like those of the nettle or betony, for the most
part hoary, and of a strong scent. The flowers are collected in­
to a thick spike; the crest of the flower is broad and bifid;


and the lip divided into three segments. It grows wild, and
is used in medicine. Miller.

CATO’PTRICAL. adj. [from catoptricks.] Relating to catop­
tricks, or vision by reflection.
A catoptrical or dioptrical heat is superiour to any, vitrifying
the hardest substances. Arbuthnot on Air.

CATO’PTRICKS. n. s. [ϰάτοϖϱον, a looking glass.] That part of
opticks which treats of vision by reflection.

CA’TPIPE. n. s. [from cat and pipe.] The same with catcal;
an instrument that makes a squeaking noise.
Some songsters can no more sing in any chamber but their
own, than some clerks can read in any book but their own;
put them out of their road once, and they are mere catpipes
and dunces. L'Estrange.

CAT’S-EYE. A stone.
Cat's-eye is of a glistering grey, interchanged with a straw co­
lour. Woodward on Fossils.

CAT’S-FOOT. n. s. An herb; the same with alehoof, or ground­
ivy; which see.

CAT’S-HEAD. n. s. A kind of apple.
Cat's-head, by some called the go-no-further, is a very large
apple, and a good bearer. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CA’TSILVER. n. s. A kind of fossile.
Catsilver is composed of plates that are generally plain and
parallel, and that are flexible and elastick; and is of three sorts,
the yellow or golden, the white or silvery, and the black.
Woodward on Fossils.

CAT’S-TAIL. n. s. 
1. A long round substance, that grows in winter upon nut-trees,
pines, &c.
2. A kind of reed which bears a spike like the tail of a cat.
Phillips's World of Words.

CA’TSUP. n. s. A kind of pickle, made from mushrooms.
And, for our home-bred British cheer,
Botargo, catsup, and cavier. Swift.

CA’TTLE. n. s. [a word of very common use, but of doubtful or
unknown etymology. It is derived by Skinner, Menage, and
Spelman, from capitalia, quæ ad caput pertinent; personal goods:
in which sense chattels is yet used in our law. Mandeville uses
catele for price.]
1. Beasts of pasture; not wild nor domestick.
Make poor men's cattle break their necks. Shakesp. T. Andr.
And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and
cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the
earth after his kind. Gen. i. 25.
2. It is used in reproach of human beings.
Boys and women are for the most part cattle of this colour.
Shakesp. As you like it.

CAVALCA’DE. n. s. [Fr. from cavallo, a horse, Ital.] A proces­
sion on horseback.
Your cavalcade the fair spectators view,
From their high standings, yet look up to you:
From your brave train each singles out a ray,
And longs to date a conquest from your day. Dryden.
How must the heart of the old man rejoice, when he saw
such a numerous cavalcade of his own raising? Addison. Spect.

CAVALI’ER. n. s. [cavalier, Fr.]
1. A horseman; a knight.
2. A gay sprightly military man.
For who is he, whose chin is but enrich'd
With one appearing hair, that will not follow
These cull'd and choice drawn cavaliers to France?
Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. The appellation of the party of king Charles the first.
Each party grows proud of that appellation, which their ad­
versaries at first intend as a reproach: of this sort were the
Guelfs and Gibelines, Hugenots, and Cavaliers. Swift.

CAVALI’ER. adj. [from the subst.]
1. Gay; sprightly; warlike.
2. Generous; brave.
The people are naturally not valiant, and not much cavalier.
Now it is the nature of cowards to hurt, where they can re­
ceive none. Suckling.
3. Disdainful; haughty.

CAVALI’ERLY. adv. [from cavalier.] Haughtily; arrogantly;
disdainfully.

CA’VALRY. n. s. [cavalerie, Fr.] Horse troops; bodies of men
furnished with horses for war.
If a state run most to gentlemen, and the husbandmen and
plowmen be but as their workfolks, you may have a good ca­
valry, but never good stable bands of foot. Bacon's Henry VII.
Their cavalry, in the battle of Blenheim, could not sustain the
shock of the British horse. Addison on the State of the War.

To CA’VATE. v. a. [cavo, Lat.] To hollow out; to dig into
a hollow.

CAVA’ZION. n. s. [from cavo, Lat. In architecture.] The hol­
lowing or underdigging of the earth for cellarage; allowed to
be the sixth part of the height of the whole building.
Phillips's World of Words.

CAU

CA’UDEBECK. n. s. A sort of light hats, so called from a town
in France where they were first made.
Phillips's World of Words.

CA’UDLE. n. s. [chaudeau, Fr.] A mixture of wine and other
ingredients, given to women in childbed, and sick persons.
Ye shall have a hempen caudle then, and the help of a hatchet.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
He had good broths, caudle, and such like; and I believe he
did drink some wine. Wiseman's Surgery.

To CA’UDLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To make caudle; to mix
as caudle.
Will the cold brook,
Candied with ice, caudle thy morning taste,
To cure thy o'ernight's surfeit? Shakesp. Timon.

CAV

CAVE. n. s. [cave, Fr. cavea, Lat.]
1. A cavern; a den; a hole entering horizontally under the
ground; a habitation in the earth.
The wrathful skies
Gallow the very wand'rers of the dark,
And make them keep their caves. Shakesp. King Lear.
Bid him bring his power
Before sun-rising, lest his son George fall
Into the blind cave of eternal night. Shakesp. Richard III.
They did square, and carve, and polish their stone and mar­
ble works, even in the very cave of the quarry. Wotton.
Through this a cave was dug with vast expence,
The work it seem'd of some suspicious prince. Dryden.
2. A hollow; any hollow place.
The object of sight doth strike upon the pupil of the eye di­
rectly; whereas the cave of the eye doth hold off the sound a
little. Bacon's Natural History, No 272.

To CAVE. v. n. [from the noun.] To dwell in a cave.
It may be heard at court, that such as we
Cave here, haunt here, are outlaws, and in time
May make some stronger heed. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

CAVE’AT. n. s. [caveat, Lat. let him beware.]
A caveat is an intimation given to some ordinary or ecclesi­
astical judge by the act of man, notifying to him, that he ought
to beware how he acts in such or such an affair. Ayliffe.
The chiefest caveat in reformation must be to keep out the
Scots. Spenser on Ireland.
I am in danger of commencing poet, perhaps laureat; pray
desire Mr. Rowe to enter a caveat. Trumball to Pope.

CA’VERN. n. s. [caverna, Lat.] A hollow place in the ground.
Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough
To mask thy monstrous visage? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Monsters of the foaming deep,
From the deep ooze, and gelid cavern rous'd,
They flounce and tremble in unwieldy joy. Thomson.

CA’VERNED. adj. [from cavern.]
1. Full of caverns; hollow; excavated.
Embattled troops, with flowing banners, pass
Through flow'ry meads, delighted; nor distrust
The smiling surface; whilst the cavern'd ground
Bursts fatal, and involves the hopes of war
In firy whirles. Philips.
High at his head from out the cavern'd rock,
In living rills a gushing fountain broke. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Inhabiting a cavern.
No bandit fierce, no tyrant mad with pride,
No cavern'd hermit, rest self-satisfy'd. Pope's Essay on Man.

CA’VERNOUS. adj. [from cavern.] Full of caverns.
No great damages are done by earthquakes, except only in
those countries which are mountainous, and consequently stony
and cavernous underneath. Woodward's Nat. History.

CAVE’SSON. n. s. [Fr. In horsemanship.]
A sort of noseband, sometimes made of iron, and sometimes
of leather or wood; sometimes flat, and sometimes hollow or
twisted; which is put upon the nose of a horse, to forward the
suppling and breaking of him.
An iron cavesson saves and spares the mouths of young horses
when they are broken; for, by the help of it, they are accus­
tomed to obey the hand, and to bend the neck and shoulders,
without hurting their mouths, or spoiling their bars with the
bit. Farrier's Dict.

CAUF. n. s. A chest with holes on the top, to keep fish alive in
the water. Phillips's World of Words.

CAUGHT. particip. pass. [from to catch; which see.]

CAVIA’RE. n. s. [the etymology uncertain, unless it come from
garum, Lat. sauce, or pickle, made of fish salted.]
The eggs of a sturgeon being salted, and made up into a
mass, were first brought from Constantinople by the Italians,
and called caviare. Grew's Musæum.

CAVI’ER. n. s. A corruption of caviare. See CATSUP.

To CA’VIL. v. n. [caviller, Fr. cavillari, Lat.] To raise cap­
tious and frivolous objections.
I'll give thrice so much land
To any well deserving friend;
But, in the way of bargain, mark ye me,
I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. Shakesp. Henry IV.
My lord, you do not well, in obstinacy
To cavil in the course of this contract. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He cavils first at the poet's insisting so much upon the effects
of Achilles's rage. Pope's Notes on the Iliad.

To CA’VIL. v. a. To receive or treat with objections.


Thou didst accept them: wilt thou enjoy the good,
Then cavil the conditions? Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 579.

CA’VIL. n. s. [from the verb.] False or frivolous objections.
Wiser men consider how subject the best things have been
unto cavil, when wits, possessed with disdain, have set them up
as their mark to shoot at. Hooker, b. v. § 4.
Several divines, in order to answer the cavils of those adver­
saries to truth and morality, began to find out farther explana­
tions. Swift.

CAVILLA’TION. n. s. [from cavil.] The disposition to make
captious objection; the practice of objecting.
I might add so much concerning the large odds between the
case of the eldest churches, in regard of heathens, and ours, in
respect of the church of Rome, that very cavillation itself should
be satisfied. Hooker, b. iv. § 7.

CA’VILLER. n. s. [cavillator, Lat.] A man fond of making ob­
jections; an unfair adversary; a captious disputant.
The candour which Horace shews, is that which distinguishes
a critick from a caviller; he declares, that he is not offended at
those little faults, which may be imputed to inadvertency.
Addison. Guardian, No 110.
There is, I grant, room still left for a caviller to misrepresent
my meaning. Atterbury's Pref. to his Sermons.

CA’VILLINGLY. adv. [from cavilling.] In a cavilling manner.

CA’VILLOUS. adj. [from cavil.] Full of objections.
Those persons are said to be cavillous and unfaithful advo­
cates, by whose fraud and iniquity justice is destroyed. Ayliffe.

CAVIN. n. s. [French.] In the military art it signifies a natu­
ral hollow, fit to cover a body of troops, and consequently fa­
cilitate their approach to a place. Dict.

CA’VITY. n. s. [cavitas, Latin.] Hollowness; hollow; hollow
place.
The vowels are made by a free passage of breath, vocalized
through the cavity of the mouth; the said cavity being diffe­
rently shaped by the postures of the throat, tongue, and lips.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
There is nothing to be left void in a firm building; even
the cavities ought not to be filled with rubbish, which is of a
perishing kind. Dryden's Dedication to Æneid.
Materials packed together with wonderful art in the several
cavities of the scull. Addison. Spectator, No 275.
An instrument with a small cavity, like a small spoon, dipt in
oil, may fetch out the stone. Arbuthnot on Diet.
If the atmosphere was reduced into water, it would not make
an orb above thirty two feet deep, which would soon be swal­
lowed up by the cavity of the sea, and the depressed parts of the
earth. Bentley.

CAUK. n. s. It denotes a coarse talky spar. Woodward.

CA’UKY. adj. [from cauk.] A white, opaque, cauky spar, shot
or pointed. Woodward on Fossils.

CAUL. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. The net in which women inclose their hair; the hinder part
of a woman's cap.
Ne spared they to strip her naked all,
Then when they had despoil'd her tire and caul,
Such as she was, their eyes might her behold. Fairy Q. b. i.
Her head with ringlets of her hair is crown'd,
And in a golden caul the curls are bound. Dryden's Æneid.
2. Any kind of small net.
An Indian mantle of feathers, and the feathers wrought into
a caul of packthread. Grew's Musæum.
3. The omentum; the integument in which the guts are in­
closed.
The caul serves for the warming the lower belly, like an
apron or piece of woollen cloth. Hence a certain gladiatour,
whose caul Galen cut out, was so liable to suffer cold, that he
kept his belly constantly covered with wool. Ray on the Creation.
The beast they then divide, and disunite
The ribs and limbs, observant of the rite:
On these, in double cauls involv'd with art,
The choicest morsels lay. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii. l. 585.

CAULI’FEROUS. adj. [from caulis, a stalk, and fero, to bear, Lat.]
A term in botany for such plants as have a true stalk, which a
great many have not.

CAULI’FLOWER. n. s. [from caulis, Lat. the stalk of a plant.] A
species of cabbage; which see.
Towards the end of the month, earth up your winter plants
and salad herbs; and plant forth your cauliflowers and cabbage,
which were sown in August. Evelyn's Kalendar.

To CAULK. See To CALK.

To CAUPO’NATE. v. n. [caupono, Lat.] To keep a victualling­
house; to sell wine or victuals. Dict.

CAU’SABLE. adj. [from causo, low Lat.] That which may be
caused, or effected by a cause.
That may be miraculously effected in one, which is naturally
causable in another. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 21. 

CAU’SAL. adj. [causalis, low Lat.] Relating to causes; imply­
ing or containing causes.
Every motion owning a dependence on prerequired motors,
we can have no true knowledge of any, except we would dis­
tinctly pry into the whole method of causal concatenations.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica, c. 35.
Causal propositions are, where two propositions are joined by
causal particles; as, houses were not built, that they might be
destroyed; Rehoboam was unhappy, because he followed evil
counsel. Watts's Logick.

CAUSA’LITY. n. s. [causalitas, low Latin.] The agency of a
cause; the quality of causing.
As he created all things, so is he beyond and in them all, in
his very essence, as being the soul of their causalities, and the
essential cause of their existences. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
By an unadvised transiliency from the effect to the remotest
cause, we observe not the connection, through the interposal of
more immediate causalities. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 14.

CA’USALLY. adv. [from causal.] According to the order or se­
ries of causes.
Thus may it more be causally made out, what Hippocrates
affirmeth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CAUSA’TION. n. s. [from causo, low Lat.] The act or power of
causing.
Thus doth he sometimes delude us in the conceits of stars
and meteors, besides their allowable actions, ascribing effects
thereunto of independent causation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CA’USATIVE. adj. [a term in grammar.] That expresses a
cause or reason.

CA’USATOR. n. s. [from causo, low Lat.] A causer; an authour
of any effect.
Demonstratively understanding the simplicity of perfection,
and the invisible condition of the first causator, it was out of
the power of earth, or the areopagy of hell, to work them from
it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 10.

CAUSE. n. s. [causa, Lat.]
1. That which produces or effects any thing; the efficient.
The wise and learned amongst the very heathens them­
selves, have all acknowledged some first cause, whereupon ori­
ginally the being of all things dependeth; neither have they
otherwise spoken of that cause, than as an agent, which, know­
ing what and why it worketh, observeth, in working, a most
exact order or law. Hooker, b. i. § 2.
Butterflies, and other flies, revive easily when they seem
dead, being brought to the sun or fire; the cause whereof is the
diffusion of the vital spirit, and the dilating of it by a little
heat. Bacon's Natural History, No 697.
Cause is a substance exerting its power into act, to make one
thing begin to be. Locke.
2. The reason; motive to any thing.
The rest shall bear some other fight,
As cause will be obey'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
So great, so constant, and so general a practice, must needs
have not only a cause, but also a great, a constant, and a gene­
ral cause, every way commensurate to such an effect. South.
Thus, royal sir! to see you landed here,
Was cause enough of triumph for a year. Dryden.
Æneas wond'ring stood: then ask'd the cause,
Which to the stream the crouding people draws. Dryden.
Even he,
Lamenting that there had been cause of enmity,
Will often wish fate had ordain'd you friends.
Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
3. Cause of debate; subject of litigation.
O madness of discourse!
That cause sets up with and against thyself!
Bisold authority. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge righte­
ously between every man and his brother, and the stranger that
is with him. Deut. i. 16.
4. Side; party; ground or principle of action or opposition.
Ere to thy cause, and thee, my heart inclin'd,
Or love to party had seduc'd my mind. Tickell.

To CAUSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To effect as an agent; to
produce.
She weeping ask'd, in these her blooming years,
What unforeseen misfortune caus'd her care
To loath her life, and languish in despair. Dryden's Fables.
Things that move so swift, as not to affect the senses dis­
tinctly, and so cause not any train of ideas in the mind, are not
perceived to move. Locke.

CAU’SELESLY. adv. [from causeless.] Without cause; without
reason.
Human laws are not to be broken with scandal, nor at all
without reason; for he that does it causelesly, is a despiser of
the law, and undervalues its authority. Taylor's Holy Living.

CAU’SELESS. adj. [from cause.]
1. Without cause; original to itself.
Reach th' Almighty's sacred throne,
And make his causeless pow'r, the cause of all things, known.
Blackmore's Creation.
2. Without just ground or motive.
Yet is my truth yplight,
And love avow'd to other lady late,
That, to remove the same, I have no might;
To change love causeless, is reproach to warlike knight.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. vii. stanz. 50.


And me and mine, threats not with war but death;
Thus causeless hatred endless is uneath. Fairfax, b. iv.
The causeless dislike, which others have conceived, is no suf­
ficient reason for us to forbear in any place. Hooker, b. v.
As women yet who apprehend
Some sudden cause of causeless fear,
Although that seeming cause take end,
A shaking through their limbs they find. Waller.
Alas! my fears are causeless and ungrounded,
Fantastick dreams, and melancholy fumes. Denham's Sophy.

CA’USER. n. s. [from cause.] He that causes; the agent by
which an effect is produced.
Is not the causer of these timeless deaths,
As blameful as the executioner? Shakesp. Richard III.

CA’USEY. n. s. [chaussée, Fr. This word, by a false notion of
its etymology, has been lately written cause­
way.] A way raised and paved; a way raised above the rest
of the ground.

CA’USEWAY. n. s. [chaussée, Fr. This word, by a false notion of
its etymology, has been lately written cause­
way.] A way raised and paved; a way raised above the rest
of the ground.
To Shuppim the lot came forth westward by the causey.
1 Chron. xxvi. 16.
Th' other way Satan went down,
The causeway to hell-gate. Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 415.
But that broad causeway will direct your way,
And you may reach the town by noon of day. Dryden.
Whose causeway parts the vale with shady rows;
Whose seats the weary traveller repose. Pope.

CA’USTICAL. adj. [ϰαυϛιϰὸς.] Medicaments which, by their
violent activity and heat, destroy the texture
of the part to which they are applied, and eat it away,
or burn it into an eschar, which they do by the extreme mi­
nuteness, asperity, and quantity of motion, that, like those of
fire itself, destroy the texture of the solids themselves, and
change what they are applied to, into a substance like burnt
flesh; which, in a little time, with detergent dressing, falls quite
off, and leaves a vacuity in the part. Quincy.

CA’USTICK. adj. [ϰαυϛιϰὸς.] Medicaments which, by their
violent activity and heat, destroy the texture
of the part to which they are applied, and eat it away,
or burn it into an eschar, which they do by the extreme mi­
nuteness, asperity, and quantity of motion, that, like those of
fire itself, destroy the texture of the solids themselves, and
change what they are applied to, into a substance like burnt
flesh; which, in a little time, with detergent dressing, falls quite
off, and leaves a vacuity in the part. Quincy.
If extirpation be safe, the best way will be by caustical medi­
cines or escaroticks. Wiseman's Surgery.
I proposed eradicating by escaroticks, and began with a caus­
tick stone. Wiseman's Surgery.
Air too hot, cold and moist, abounding perhaps with caus­
tick, astringent, and coagulating particles. Arbuthnot.

CA’USTICK. n. s. A caustick or burning application.
It was a tenderness to mankind, that introduced corrosives
and causticks, which are indeed but artificial fires. Temple.
The piercing causticks ply their spiteful pow'r,
Emeticks ranch, and keen catharticks scour. Garth.

CA’UTEL. n. s. [cautela, Lat.] Caution; scruple; a word dis­
used.
Perhaps he loves you now;
And now no soil of cautel doth besmerch
The virtue of his will. Shakesp. Hamlet.

CA’UTELOUS. adj. [cauteleux, Fr.]
1. Cautious; wary; provident.
Palladio doth wish, like a cautelous artisan, that the inward
walls might bear some good share in the burden. Wotton.
2. Wily; cunning; treacherous.
Of themselves, for the most part, they are so cautelous and
wily headed, especially being men of so small experience and
practice in law matters, that you would wonder whence they
borrow such subtilties and sly shifts. Spenser on Ireland.
Your son
Will or exceed the common, or be caught
With cautelous baits and practice. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

CA’UTELOUSLY. adv. [from cautelous.] Cunningly; slily;
treacherously; cautiously; warily.
The Jews, not undoubtedly resolved of the sciatica side of
Jacob, do cautelously, in their diet, abstain from both.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 1. 
All pretorian courts, if any of the parties be laid asleep, un­
der pretence of a retirement, and the other party doth caute­
lously get the start and advantage, yet they will set back all
things in statu quo prius. Bacon's War with Spain.

CAUTERIZA’TION. n. s. [from cauterize.] The act of burning
flesh with hot irons, or caustick medicaments.
They require, after cauterization, no such bandage, as that
thereby you need to fear interception of the spirits. Wiseman.

To CA’UTERIZE. v. a. [cauteriser, Fr.] To burn with the cau­
tery.
For each true word a blister, and each false,
Be cauterizing to the root o' th' tongue,
Consuming it with speaking. Shakesp. Timon.
No marvel though cantharides have such a corrosive and cau­
terizing quality; for there is not one other of the insecta, but
is bred of a duller matter. Bacon's Natural History.
The design of the cautery is to prevent the canal from clos­
ing; but the operators confess, that, in persons cauterized, the
tears trickle down ever after. Sharp's Surgery.

CA’UTERY. n. s. [ϰαίω, uro.]
Cautery is either actual or potential; the first is burning by
a hot iron, and the latter with caustick medicines. The actual
cautery is generally used to stop mortification, by burning the
dead parts to the quick; or to stop the effusion of blood, by
searing up the vessels. Quincy.
In heat of fight it will be necessary to have your actual cau­
tery always ready; for that will secure the bleeding arteries in
a moment. Wiseman's Surgery.

CA’UTION. n. s. [caution, Fr. cautio, Lat.]
1. Prudence, as it respects danger; foresight; provident care;
wariness.
2. Security for.
Such conditions, and cautions of the condition, as might as­
sure the people with as much assurance as worldly matters bear.
Sidney.
The Cedar, upon this new acquest, gave him part of Bac­
charia for caution for his disbursements. Howel's Vocal Forest.
The parliament would yet give his majesty sufficient caution
that the war should be prosecuted. Clarendon.
He that objects any crime, ought to give caution by the
means of sureties, that he will persevere in the prosecution of
such crimes. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. Provision or security against; direction.
In despite of all the rules and cautions of government, the
most dangerous and mortal of vices will come off. L'Estrange.
4. Provisionary precept.
Attention to the forementioned symptoms affords the best
cautions and rules of diet, by way of prevention. Arbuthnot.
5. Warning.

To CA’UTION. v. a. [from the noun.] To warn; to give no­
tice of a danger.
How shall our thought avoid the various snare?
Or wisdom to our caution'd soul declare
The diff'rent shapes thou pleasest to employ,
When bent to hurt, and certain to destroy? Prior.
You caution'd me against their charms,
But never gave me equal arms;
Your lessons found the weakest part,
Aim'd at the head, but reach'd the heart. Swift.

CA’UTIONARY. adj. [from caution.] Given as a pledge, or in
security.
I am made the cautionary pledge,
The gage and hostage of your keeping it. Southerne.
Is there no security for the island of Britain? Has the enemy
no cautionary towns and sea-ports, to give us for securing
trade? Swift.

CA’UTIOUS. adj. [from cautus, Lat.] Wary; watchful.
Be cautious of him; for he is sometimes an inconstant lovers
because he hath a great advantage. Swift.

CA’UTIOUSLY. adv. [from cautious.] In an attentive, wary
manner.
They know how fickle common lovers are:
Their oaths and vows are cautiously believ'd;
For few there are but have been once deceiv'd. Dryden.

CA’UTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from cautious.] Watchfulness; vigi­
lance; circumspection; provident care; prudence with respect
to danger.
I could not but approve their generous constancy and cau­
tiousness. K. Charles.
We should always act with great cautiousness and circum­
spection, in points where it is not impossible that we may be
deceived. Addison. Spectator, No 399.

To CAW. v. n. [taken from the sound.] To cry as the rook,
raven, or crow.
Russet-pated choughs, many in sort,
Rising and cawing at the gun's report. Shakesp.
There is a walk of aged elms, so very high, that the rooks
and crows upon the tops seem to be cawing in another region.
Addison. Spectator, No 110.
The rook, who high amid the boughs
In early spring, his airy city builds,
And ceaseless caws. Thomson's Spring.

CA’YMAN. n. s. The American name for the alligator or cro­
codile.

CEA

To CEASE. v. n. [cesser, Fr. cesso, Lat.]
1. To leave off; to stop; to give over; to desist.
The lives of all, who cease from combat, spare;
My brother's be your most peculiar care. Drdyen's Aureng.
2. To fail; to be extinct.
The poor man shall never cease out of the land. Deut. xv. 11. 
The soul being removed, the faculties and operations of life,
sense and intellection cease from that moles corporea, and are no
longer in it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. To be at an end.
But now the wonder ceases, since I see
She kept them only, Tityrus, for thee. Dryden's Virgil's Past.
4. To rest.
The ministers of Christ have ceased from their labours. Sprat.

To CEASE. v. a. To put a stop to; to put an end to.
Haste you to lord Timon;
Importune him for monies; be not ceas'd
With slight denial. Shakesp. Timon.
You may sooner, by imagination, quicken or slack a motion,
than raise or cease it; as it is easier to make a dog go slower,


than to make him stand still. Bacon's Natural Hist. No 990.
Cease then this impious rage. Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 845.
But he her fears to cease,
Sent down the meek-ey'd peace. Milton.
The discord is compleat, nor can they cease
The dire debate, nor yet command the peace. Dryden.

CEASE. n. s. [from the verb.] Extinction; failure.
The cease of majesty
Dies not alone, but, like a gulph, withdraws.
What's near it, with it. Shakesp. Hamlet.

CE’ASELESS. adj. [from cease.] Incessant; perpetual; continual;
without pause; without stop; without end.
My guiltless blood must quench the ceaseless fire,
On which my endless tears were bootless spent. Fairfax.
All these, with ceaseless praise his works behold,
Both day and night. Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 679.
Like an oak
That stands secure, though all the winds employ
Their ceaseless roar, and only sheds its leaves,
Or mast, which the revolving spring restores. Philips.

CE’CITY. n. s. [cæcitas, Lat.] Blindness; privation of sight.
They are not blind, nor yet distinctly see; there is in them
no cecity, yet more than a cecutiency; they have sight enough
to discern the light, though not perhaps to distinguish objects or
colours. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CECU’TIENCY. n. s. [cæcutio, Lat.] Tendency to blindness;
cloudiness of sight.
There is in them no cecity, yet more than a cecutiency.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 18.

CE’DAR. n. s. [cedrus, Lat.] A tree.
It is evergreen; the leaves are much narrower than those of
the pine-tree, and many of them produced out of one tubercle,
resembling a painter's pencil; it hath male flowers, or katkins,
produced at remote distances from the fruit on the same tree.
The seeds are produced in large cones, squamose and turbinat­
ed. The extension of the branches is very regular in cedar
trees; the ends of the shoots declining, and thereby shewing
their upper surface, which is constantly cloathed with green
leaves, so regularly as to appear at a distance like a green car­
pet, and, in waving about, make an agreeable prospect. It is
surprising that this tree has not been more cultivated in Eng­
land; for it would be a great ornament to barren bleak moun­
tains, even in Scotland, where few other trees would grow; it
being a native of Mount Libanus, where the snow continues
most part of the year. What we find in Scripture, of the lofty
cedars, is no ways applicable to the stature of this tree; for we
find by those now growing in England, and by the testimony of
travellers, that have seen those few remaining trees on Mount
Libanus, they are not inclined to grow very lofty, but extend
their branches very far; to which the allusion, made by the
Psalmist, agrees very well, when, describing the flourishing
state of a people, he says, they shall spread their branches like the
cedar tree. Maundrel, in his Travels, says, he measured one of
the largest cedars on Mount Libanus, and found it to be twelve
yards six inches in circumference, and sound, and thirty seven
yards in the spread of its boughs. At about five or six yards
from the ground, it was divided into five limbs, each of which
was equal to a great tree. The wood of this famous tree is ac­
counted proof against the putrefaction of animal bodies. The
saw dust is thought to be one of the secrets used by the mounte­
banks, who pretend to have the embalming mystery. This
wood is also said to yield an oil, which is famous for preserving
books and writings, and the wood is thought by my lord Bacon
to continue above a thousand years sound. It is also recorded,
that, in the temple of Apollo, at Utica, there was found tim­
ber of near two thousand years old; and the statue of the god­
dess, in the famous Ephesian temple, was said to be of this ma­
terial, as well as the timber work of that glorious structure.
This sort of timber is very dry, and subject to split; nor does
it well endure to be fastened with nails; therefore pins of the
same wood are much preferable. Miller.
I must yield my body to the earth:
Thus yields the cedar to the axe's edge,
Whose arms gave shelter to the princely eagle;
Under whose shade the ramping lion slept,
Whose top branch overpeer'd Jove's spreading tree,
And kept low shrubs from winter's pow'rful wind.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.

CE’DRINE. adj. [cedrinus, Lat.] Of or belonging to the cedar
tree.

CEI

To CEIL. v. a. [cælo, Lat.] To overlay, or cover the inner
roof of a building.
And the greater house he ceiled with fir-tree, which he over­
laid with fine gold. 2 Chron. iii. 5.
How will he, from his house ceiled with cedar, be content
with his Saviour's lot, not to have where to lay his head?
Decay of Piety.

CE’ILING. n. s. [from ceil.] The inner roof.
Varnish makes ceilings not only shine, but last. Bacon.
And now the thicken'd sky
Like a dark ceiling stood; down rush'd the rain
Impotuous. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 743.
So when the sun by day, or moon by night,
Strike on the polish'd brass their trembling light,
The glitt'ring species here and there divide,
And cast their dubious beams from side to side:
Now on the walls, now on the pavement play,
And to the ceiling flash the glaring day. Dryden's Æneid.

CEL

CE’LANDINE, (greater.) [chelidonium, Lat.] A plant.
The cup of the flower consists of two leaves, which soon
fall away; the flower has four leaves, that are expanded in form
of a cross. It grows wild, and is used in medicine. Miller.

CE’LANDINE, (the lesser, or Pilewort.) [chelidonium minus, Lat.]
It hath a gramose or granulose root; the leaves are roun­
dish; the flower stalks trail upon the ground; the cup of the
flower consists of three leaves. Miller.

CE’LATURE. n. s. [cælatura, Lat.] The art of engraving or
cutting in metals.

To CE’LEBRATE. v. a. [celebro, Lat.]
1. To praise; to commend; to give praise to; to make famous.
The songs of Sion were psalms and pieces of poetry, that
adored or celebrated the Supreme Being. Addison. Spectator.
I would have him read over the celebrated works of antiqui­
ty, which have stood the test of so many different ages. Addison.
2. To distinguish by solemn rites; to perform solemnly.
He slew all them that were gone to celebrate the sabbath.
2 Maccab. v. 26.
On the feast day, the father cometh forth, after divine ser­
vice, into a large room, where the feast is celebrated. Bacon.
3. To mention in a set or solemn manner, whether of joy or sor­
row.
This pause of pow'r, 'tis Ireland's hour to mourn;
While England celebrates your safe return. Dryden.

CELEBRA’TION. n. s. [from celebrate.]
1. Solemn performance; solemn remembrance.
He laboured to drive sorrow from her, and to hasten the ce­
lebration of their marriage. Sidney.
He shall conceal it,
While you are willing it shall come to note;
What time we will our celebration keep,
According to my birth. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
During the celebration of this holy sacrament, you attend ear­
nestly to what is done by the priest. Taylor.
2. Praise; renown; memorial.
No more shall be added in this place, his memory deserving
a particular celebration, than that his learning, piety and virtue,
have been attained by few. Clarendon.
Some of the ancients may be thought sometimes to have used
a less number of letters, by the celebration of those who have add­
ed to their alphabet. Holder's Elements of Speech.

CELE’BRIOUS. adj. [celeber, Lat.] Famous; renowned; noted.
The Jews, Jerusalem, and the Temple, having been always
so celebrious; yet when, after their captivities, they were de­
spoiled of their glory, even then, the Assyrians, Greeks, and
Romans, honoured, with sacrifices, the most high God, whom
that nation worshipped. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.

CELE’BRIOUSLY. adv. [from celebrious.] In a famous manner.

CELE’BRIOUSNESS. n. s. [from celebrious.] Renown; fame.

CELE’BRITY. n. s. [celebritas, Lat.] Celebration; fame.
The manner of her receiving, and the celebrity of the mar­
riage, were performed with great magnificence. Bacon.

CELE’RIACK. n. s. A species of parsley; it is also called turnep­
rooted celery.

CELE’RITY. n. s. [celeritas, Lat.] Swiftness; speed; velocity.
We very well see in them, who thus plead, a wonderful cele­
rity of discourse; for, perceiving at the first but only some cause
of suspicion, and fear lest it should be evil, they are presently,
in one and the self-same breath, resolved, that what beginning
soever it had, there is no possibility it should be good. Hooker.
His former custom and practice was ever full of forwardness
and celerity, to make head against them. Bacon's Henry VII.
Thus, with imagin'd wings, our swift scene flies,
In motion with no less celerity
Than that of thought. Shakesp. Henry V.
Three things concur to make a percussion great; the bigness,
the density, and the celerity of the body moved. Digby.
Whatever encreaseth the density of the blood, even without
encreasing its celerity, heats, because a denser body is hotter than
a rarer. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CE’LERY. n. s. A species of parsley; which see.

CELE’STIAL. adj. [celestis, Lat.]
1. Heavenly; relating to the superiour regions.
There stay, until the twelve celestial signs
Have brought about their annual reckoning.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
The ancients commonly applied celestial descriptions of other
climes to their own. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
2. Heavenly; relating to the blessed state.
Play that sad note
I nam'd my knell; whilst I sit meditating
On that celestial harmony I go to. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. Heavenly, with respect to excellence.
Canst thou pretend desire, whom zeal inflam'd
To worship, and a pow'r celestial nam'd? Dryden.


Telemachus, his bloomy face
Glowing celestial sweet, with godlike grace. Pope's Odyssey.

CELE’STIAL. n. s. [from the adj.] An inhabitant of heaven.
Thus affable and mild, the prince precedes,
And to the dome th' unknown celestial loads. Pope's Odyssey.

CELE’STIALLY. adv. [from celestial.] In a heavenly manner.

To CELE’STIFY. v. a. [from celestis, Lat.] To give something
of heavenly nature to any thing.
We should affirm, that all things were in all things, that
heaven were but earth terrestrified, and earth but heaven celes­
tified, or that each part above had influence upon its affinity be­
low. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CE’LIACK. adj. [ϰοιλία, the belly.] Relating to the lower belly.
The blood moving slowly through the celiack and mesenterick
arteries, produce complaints. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CE’LIBACY. n. s. [from cœlebs, Latin.] Single life; unmarried
state.
I can attribute their numbers to nothing but their frequent
marriages; for they look on celibacy as an accursed state, and
generally are married before twenty. Spectator, No 495.
By teaching them how to carry themselves in their relations
of husbands and wives, parents and children, they have, with­
out question, adorned the gospel, glorified God, and benefited
man, much more than they could have done in the devoutest
and strictest celibacy. Atterbury.

CE’LIBATE. n. s. [cœlibatus, Lat.] Single life.
Where polygamy is forbidden, the males oblige themselves
to celibate, and then multiplication is hindered. Graunt.

CELL. n. s. [cella, Lat.]
1. A small cavity or hollow place.
The brain contains ten thousand cells,
In each some active fancy dwells. Prior.
How these for ever, though a monarch reign,
Their sep'rate cells and properties maintain. Pope.
2. The cave or little habitation of a religious person.
Besides, she did intend confession
At Patrick's cell this even; and there she was not. Shakesp.
Then did religion in a lazy cell,
In empty, airy contemplations dwell. Denham.
3. A small and close apartment in a prison.
4. Any small place of residence.
Mine eyes he clos'd, but open left the cell
Of fancy, my internal sight. Par. Lost, b. viii. l. 460.
5. Little bags or bladders, where fluids, or matter of different sorts
are lodged; common both to animals and plants. Quincy.

CE’LLAR. n. s. [cella, Lat.] A place under ground, where stores
are reposited.
If this fellow had lived in the time of Cato, he would, for his
punishment, have been confined to the bottom of a cellar during
his life. Peacham on Drawing.

CE’LLARAGE. n. s. [from cellar.] The part of the building
which makes the cellars.
Come on, you hear this fellow in the cellarage. Shakesp.
Take care also, that it be well watered and wooded; that it
have a good ascent to it, which makes a house wholesome, and
gives opportunity for cellarage. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CE’LLARIST. n. s. [cellarius, Lat.] The butler in a religious
house. Dict.

CE’LLULAR. adj. [cellula, Lat.] Consisting of little cells or ca­
vities.
The urine, insinuating itself amongst the neighbouring mus­
cles, and cellular membranes, destroyed four. Sharp's Surgery.

CE’LSITUDE. n. s. [celsitudo, Lat.] Height. Dict.

CEM

CE’MENT. n. s. [cæmentum, Lat.]
1. The matter with which two bodies are made to cohere; as,
mortar or glue.
Your temples burned in their cement, and your franchises
confined into an augre's bore. Shak. Coriol.
There is a cement compounded of flower, whites of eggs, and
stones powdered, that becometh hard as marble. Bacon.
You may see divers pebbles, and a crust of cement or stone be­
tween them, as hard as the pebbles themselves. Bacon.
The foundation was made of rough stone, joined together
with a most firm cement; upon this was laid another layer,
consisting of small stones and cement. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Bond of union in friendship.
Let not the piece of virtue which is set
Betwixt us, as the cement of our love,
To keep it builded, be the ram to batter.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
What cement should unite heaven and earth, light and dark­
ness? Glanville's Scepsis, c. iv.
Look over the whole creation, and you shall see, that the
band or cement, that holds together all the parts of this great and
glorious fabrick, is gratitude. South.

To CEME’NT. v. a. [from the noun.] To unite by means of
something interposed.
But how the fear of us
May cement their divisions, and bind up
The petty difference, we yet not know. Shak. Ant. and Cl.
Liquid bodies have nothing to cement them; they are all loose
and incoherent, and in a perpetual flux: even an heap of sand,
or fine powder, will suffer no hollowness within them, though
they be dry substances. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Edgar
Cemented all the long contending powers. Philips.
Love with white lead cements his wings;
White lead was sent us to repair
Two brightest, brittlest earthly things,
A lady's face, and china ware. Swift.

To CEME’NT. v. n. To come into conjunction; to cohere.
When a wound is recent, and the parts of it are divided by
a sharp instrument, they will, if held in close contact for some
time, reunite by inosculation, and cement like one branch of a
tree ingrafted on another. Sharp's Surgery.

CEMENTA’TION. n. s. [from cement.] The act of cementing,
or uniting with cement.

CE’METERY. n. s. [ϰοιμηήϱιον.] A place where the dead are re­
posited.
The souls of the dead appear frequently in cemeteries, and
hover about the places where their bodies are buried, as still
hankering about their old brutal pleasures, and desiring again to
enter the body. Addison. Spectator, No 90.

CEN

CEN, and CIN, denote kinsfolk; so Cinulph is a help to his kin­
dred; Cinehelm, a protector of his kinsfolk; Cinburg, the de­
fence of his kindred; Cinric, powerful in kindred.
Gibson's Camden.

CE’NATORY. adj. [from ceno, to sup, Lat.] Relating to supper.
The Romans washed, were anointed, and wore a cenatory
garment; and the same was practised by the Jews.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CENOBI’TICAL. adj. [ϰοῖν and βί.] Living in community.
They have multitudes of religious orders, black and gray,
eremitical and cenobitical, and nuns. Stillingfleet.

CE’NOTAPH. n. s. [ϰέν and άφ.] A monument for one bu­
ried elsewhere.
Priam, to whom the story was unknown,
As dead, deplor'd his metamorphos'd son;
A cenotaph his name and title kept,
And Hector round the tomb with all his brothers wept.
Dryden's Fables.
The Athenians, when they lost any men at sea, raised a ce­
notaph, or empty monument. Notes on Odyssey.

CENSE. n. s. [census, Lat.] Publick rates.
We see what floods of treasure have flowed into Europe by
that action; so that the cense, or rates of Christendom, are rais­
ed since ten times, yea twenty times told. Bacon.

To CENSE. v. a. [encenser, Fr.] To perfume with odours.
The Salii sing, and cense his altars round
With Saban smoke, their heads with poplar bound. Dryden.
Grineus was near, and cast a furious look
On the side-altar, cens'd with sacred smoke,
And bright with flaming fires. Dryden.

CE’NSER. n. s. [encensoir, Fr.] The pan or vessel in which in­
cense is burned.
Here's snip, and nip, and cut, and slish, and slush,
Like to a censer in a barber's shop.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Antoninus gave piety in his money, like a lady with a censer
before an altar. Peacham on Drawing.
Of incense clouds,
Fuming from golden censers, hid the mount. Par. Lost, b. vii.

CE’NSOR. n. s. [censor, Lat.]
1. An officer of Rome, who had the power of correcting man­
ners.
2. One who is given to censure and exprobation.
Ill-natur'd censors of the present age,
And fond of all the follies of the past. Roscommon.
The most severe censor cannot but be pleased with the pro­
digality of his wit, though, at the same time, he could have
wished, that the master of it had been a better manager. Dryd.

CENSO’RIAN. adj. [from censor.] Relating to the censor.
As the chancery had the pretorian power for equity, so the
star-chamber had the censorian power for offences under the de­
gree of capital. Bacon's Henry VII.

CENSO’RIOUS. adj. [from censor.]
1. Addicted to censure; severe; full of invectives.
Do not too many believe no religion to be pure, but what is
intemperately rigid? no zeal to be spiritual, but what is censo­
rious, or vindicative? Sprat.
O! let my presence make my travels light,
And potent Venus shall exalt my name
Above the rumours of censorious fame. Prior.
2. Sometimes it has of before the object of reproach.
A dogmatical spirit inclines a man to be censorious of his neigh­
bours. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Sometimes on.
He treated all his inferiours of the clergy with a most sancti­
fied pride; was rigorously and universally censorious upon all his
brethren of the gown. Swift.

CENSO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from censorious.] In a severe reflecting
manner.

CENSO’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from censorious.] Disposition to re­
proach; habit of reproaching.


Sourness of disposition, and rudeness of behaviour, censori­
ousness and sinister interpretation of things, all cross and dis­
tasteful humours, render the conversation of men grievous and
uneasy to one another. Tillotson.

CE’NSORSHIP. n. s. [from censor.]
1. The office of a censor.
2. The time in which the office of censor is born.
It was brought to Rome in the censorship of Claudius.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 12.

CE’NSURABLE. adj. [from censure.] Worthy of censure; blame­
able; culpable.
A small mistake may leave upon the mind the lasting me­
mory of having been taunted for something censurable. Locke.

CE’NSURABLENESS. n. s. [from censurable.] Blamableness; liable
to be censured.

CE’NSURE. n. s. [censura, Latin.]
1. Blame; reprimand; reproach.
Enough for half the greatest of these days,
To 'scape my censure, not expect my praise. Pope.
2. Judgment; opinion.
Madam, and you, my sister, will you go
To give your censures in this weighty business?
Shakesp. Richard III.
3. Judicial sentence.
To you, lord governour,
Remains the censure of this hellish villain. Shakesp. Othello.
4. A spiritual punishment inflicted by some ecclesiastical judge.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
Upon the unsuccessfulness of milder medicaments, use that
stronger physick, the censures of the church. Hammond.

To CE’NSURE. v. a. [censurer, Fr.]
1. To blame; to brand publickly.
The like censurings and despisings have embittered the spirits,
and whetted both the tongues and pens of learned men one a­
gainst another. Sanderson.
2. To condemn by a judicial sentence.

CE’NSURER. n. s. [from censure.] He that blames; he that re­
proaches.
We must not stint
Our necessary actions, in the fear
To cope malicious censurers. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
A statesman, who is possest of real merit, should look upon
his political censurers with the same neglect, that a good writer
regards his criticks. Addison, Freeholder, No 17.

CENT. n. s. [centum, Lat. a hundred.] A hundred; as, five per
cent, that is, five in the hundred.

CE’NTAUR. n. s. [centaurus, Lat.]
1. A poetical being, supposed to be compounded of a man and a
horse.
Down from the waste they are centaurs, though women all
above. Shakesp. King Lear.
The idea of a centaur has no more falsehood in it, than the
name centaur. Locke.
Feats, Thessalian centaurs never knew,
And their repeated wonders shake the dome. Thomson.
2. The archer in the zodiack.
The chearless empire of the sky,
To Capricorn, the Centaur archer yields. Thomson.

CE’NTAURY, (greater.) [centaurium majus, Lat.] A plant.
It is one of the plantæ capitulæ, or of those plants whose
flowers are collected into a head, as the thistle, and hath
a perennial root; its leaves are without spines, and are saw­
ed on the edges; the cup of the flower is squamose, but hath
no spines; the florets are large and spacious. One of the spe­
cies, having cut leaves, is used in medicine. Miller.

CE’NTAURY, (lesser.) [centaurium minus, Lat.]
The leaves grow by pairs, opposite to each other; the flowers
consist of one leaf, funnel shaped, and divided into five acute
segments; they grow on the tops of the stalks in clusters; the
seed vessel is of a cylindrick form, and is divided into two cells,
wherein many small seeds are contained. It grows wild, and
is used in medicine. Miller.
Add pounded galls, and roses dry,
And with Cecropian thyme strong scented centaury. Dryden.

CE’NTENARY. n. s. [centenarius, Lat.] The number of a hun­
dred.
In every centenary of years from the creation, some small a­
batement should have been made. Hakewell on Providence.

CENTE’SIMAL. n. s. [centesimus, Latin.] Hundredth; the next
step of progression after decimal in the arithmetick of frac­
tions.
The neglect of a few centesimals in the side of the cube,
would bring it to an equality with the cube of a foot.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

CENTIFO’LIOUS. adj. [from centum and folium, Lat.] Having
an hundred leaves.

CE’NTIPEDE. n. s. [from centum and pes.] A poisonous insect
in the West Indies, commonly called by the English forty legs.

CE’NTO. n. s. [cento, Lat.] A composition formed by joining
scrapes from other authours.
It is quilted, as it were, out of shreds of divers poets, such as
scholars call a cento. Camden's Remains.
If any man think the poem a cento, our poet will but have
done the same in jest which Boileau did in earnest.
Advertisement to Pope's Dunciad.

CE’NTRAL. adj. [from centre.] Relating to the centre; con­
taining the centre.
There is now, and was then, a space or cavity in the central
parts of it; so large as to give reception to that mighty mass
of water. Woodward's Natural History.
Umbriel, a dusky melancholy sprite,
Down to the central earth, his proper scene,
Repairs. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

CE’NTRALLY. adv. [from central.] With regard to the centre.
Though one of the feet most commonly bears the weight,
yet we see that the whole weight rests centrally upon it.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.

CE’NTRE. n. s. [centrum, Lat.] The middle; that which is
equally distant from all extremities.
The heav'ns themselves, the planets, and this centre,
Observe degree, priority, and place.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
If we frame an image of a round body all of fire, the flame
proceeding from it, would diffuse itself every way; so that the
source, serving for the centre there, would be round about an
huge sphere of fire and light. Digby on Bodies.

To CE’NTRE. v. a. [from the noun.] To place on a centre;
to fix as on a centre.
One foot he centred, and the other turn'd
Round through the vast profundity obscure.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 228.
By thy each look, and thought, and care, 'tis shown,
Thy joys are centred all in me alone. Prior.
He may take a range all the world over, and draw in all that
wide air and circumference of sin and vice, and centre it in his
own breast. South.
O impudent, regardful of thy own,
Whose thoughts are centred on thyself alone! Dryden.

To CE’NTRE. v. n. 
1. To rest on; to repose on; as bodies when they gain an equi­
librium; to meet in a point, as lines in a centre.
Where there is no visible truth wherein to centre, errour is
as wide as men's fancies, and may wander to eternity.
Decay of Piety.
What hopes you had in Diomede, lay down;
Our hopes must centre on ourselves alone. Dryden's Æneid.
The common acknowledgments of the body will at length
centre in him, who appears sincerely to aim at the common be­
nefit. Atterbury.
It was attested by the visible centring of all the old prophe­
cies in the person of Christ, and by the completion of these pro­
phecies since, which he himself uttered. Atterbury.
2. To be placed in the midst or centre.
As God in heav'n
Is centre, yet extends to all; so thou,
Centring, receiv'st from all those orbs. Par. Lost, b. ix.

CE’NTRICK. adj. [from centre.] Placed in the centre.
Some that have deeper digg'd in mine than I,
Say, where his centrick happiness doth lie. Donne.

CENTRI’FUGAL. adj. [from centrum and fugio, Lat.] Having
the quality acquired by bodies in motion, of receding from the
centre.
They described an hyperbola, by changing the centripetal
into a centrifugal force. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

CENTRI’PETAL. adj. [from centrum and peto, Lat.] Having a
tendency to the center; having gravity.
The direction of the force, whereby the planets revolve in
their orbits, is towards their centres; and this force may be
very properly called attractive, in respect of the central body,
and centripetal, in respect of the revolving body. Cheyne.

CE’NTRY. See SENTINEL.

SE’NTRY. See SENTINEL.
The thoughtless wits shall frequent forfeits pay,
Who 'gainst the centry's box discharge their tea. Gay.

CE’NTUPLE. adj. [centuplex, Lat.] An hundred fold.

To CENTU’PLICATE. v. a. [centuplicatum, of centum and plico,
Lat.] To make a hundred fold; to repeat a hundred times. D.

To CENTU’RIATE. v. a. [centurio, Lat.] To divide into hun­
dreds.

CENTURIA’TOR. n. s. [from century.] A name given to his­
torians, who distinguish times by centuries; which is generally
the method of ecclesiastical history.
The centuriators of Magdeburg were the first that discovered
this grand imposture. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CENTU’RION. n. s. [centurio, Latin.] A military officer among
the Romans, who commanded an hundred men.
Have an army ready, say you?—A most royal one. The
centurions, and their charges, distinctly billeted already in the
entertainment, and to be on foot at an hour's warning.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.

CE’NTURY. n. s. [centuria, Lat.]
1. A hundred; usually employed to specify time; as, the second
century.
The nature of eternity is such, that, though our joys, after


some centuries of years, may seem to have grown older, by
having been enjoyed so many ages, yet will they really still con­
tinue new. Boyle.
And now time's whiter series is begun,
Which in soft centuries shall smoothly run. Dryden.
The lists of bishops are filled with greater numbers than one
would expect; but the succession was quick in the three first
centuries, because the bishop very often ended in the martyr.
Addison on the Christian Religion.
2. It is sometimes used simply for a hundred.
Romulus, as you may read, did divide the Romans into
tribes, and the tribes into centuries or hundreds. Spenser.
When
With wild woodleaves and weeds I have strew'd his grave,
And on it said a century of pray'rs,
Such as I can, twice o'er, I'll weep and sigh. Shakesp. Cymb.

CEOL. An initial in the names of men, which signifies a ship or
vessel, such as those that the Saxons landed in. Gibson's Camden.

CE’PHALALGY. n. s. [ϰεφαλαλγία.] The headach. Dict.

CEPHA’LICK. adj. [ϰεφαλὴ.] That which is medicinal to the
head.
Cephalick medicines are all such as attenuate the blood, so as
to make it circulate easily through the capillary vessels of the
brain. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
I dressed him up with soft folded linen, dipped in a cephalick
balsam. Wiseman.

CER

CERA’STES. n. s. [ϰεϱαϛὴς.] A serpent having horns, or sup­
posed to have them.
Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbena dire,
Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear. Par. Lost, b. x.

CE’RATE. n. s. [cera, Lat. wax.] A medicine made of wax,
which, with oil, or some softer substance, makes a consistence
softer than a plaister. Quincy.

CE’RATED. adj. [ceratus, Lat.] Waxed; covered with wax.

To CERE. v. a. [from cera, Lat. wax.] To wax.
You ought to pierce the skin with a needle, and strong
brown thread, cered about half an inch from the edges of the
lips. Wiseman.

CE’REBEL. n. s. [cerebellum, Lat.] Part of the brain.
In the head of man, the base of the brain and cerebel, yea, of
the whole scull, is set parallel to the horizon. Derham.

CE’RECLOTH. n. s. [from cere and cloth.] Cloth smeared over
with glutinous matter, used to wounds and bruises.
The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrowded in a num­
ber of folds of linen, besmeared with gums, in manner of cere­
cloth. Bacon.

CE’REMENT. n. s. [from cera, Lat. wax.] Cloaths dipped in
melted wax, with which dead bodies were infolded when they
were embalmed.
Let me not burst in ignorance, but tell,
Why canonized bones, hearsed in earth,
Have burst their cerements? Shakesp. Hamlet.

CEREMO’NIAL. adj. [from ceremony.]
1. Relating to ceremony, or outward rite.
What mockery will it be,
To want the bridegroom, when the priest attends,
To speak the ceremonial rites of marriage?
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
We are to carry it from the hand to the heart, to improve a
ceremonial nicety into a substantial duty, and the modes of ci­
vility into the realities of religion. South.
Christ did take away that external ceremonial worship that
was among the Jews. Stillingfleet.
2. Formal; observant of old forms.
Oh monstrous, superstitious puritan,
Of refin'd manners, yet ceremonial man,
That when thou meet'st one, with enquiring eyes
Dost search, and, like a needy broker, prize
The silk and gold he wears. Donne.
With dumb pride, and a set formal face,
He moves in the dull ceremonial track,
With Jove's embroider'd coat upon his back. Dryden.

CEREMO’NIAL. n. s. [from ceremony.]
1. Outward form; external rite.
The only condition that could make it prudent for the cler­
gy, to alter the ceremonial, or any indifferent part, would be a
resolution in the legislature to prevent new sects. Swift.
2. The order for rites and forms in the Romish church.

CEREMO’NIALNESS. n. s. [from ceremonial.] The quality of be­
ing ceremonial; over much use of ceremony.

CEREMO’NIOUS. adj. [from ceremony.]
1. Consisting of outward rites.
Under a different oeconomy of religion, God was more ten­
der of the shell and ceremonious part of his worship. South.
2. Full of ceremony; awful.
O, the sacrifice,
How ceremonious, solemn, and unearthly,
It was i' th' offering! Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. Attentive to the outward rites of religion.
You are too senseless obstinate, my lord;
Too ceremonious, and traditional. Shakesp. Richard III.
4. Civil; according to the strict rules of civility; formally re­
spectful.
They have a set of ceremonious phrases, that run through all
ranks and degrees among them. Addison. Guard. No 104.
5. Observant of the rules of civility.
Then let us take a ceremonious leave,
And loving farewel of our several friends. Shakesp. R. III.
6. Civil and formal to a fault.
The old caitiff was grown so ceremonious, as he would needs
accompany me some miles in my way. Sidney, b. ii.

CEREMO’NIOUSLY. adv. [from ceremonious.] In a ceremonious
manner; formally; respectful.
Ceremoniously let us prepare
Some welcome for the mistress of the house.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

CEREMO’NIOUSNESS. n. s. [from ceremonious.] Fondness of ce­
remony; using too much ceremony.

CE’REMONY. n. s. [ceremonia, Lat.]
1. Outward rite; external form in religion.
Bring her up to the high altar, that she may
The sacred ceremonies partake. Spenser's Epithalamium.
He is superstitious grown of late,
Quite from the main opinion he held once
Of fantasy, of dreams, and ceremonies. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
Disrobe the images,
If you find them deck'd with ceremony. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
2. Forms of civility.
The sauce to meat is ceremony;
Meeting were bare without it. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not to use them
again, and so diminish respect to himself. Bacon.
3. Outward forms of state.
What art thou, thou idle ceremony?
What kind of god art thou, that suffer'st more
Of mortal grief, than do thy worshippers?
Art thou aught else but place, degree, and form?
Shakesp. Henry V.
A coarser place,
Where pomp and ceremonies enter'd not,
Where greatness was shut out, and bigness well forgot.
Dryden's Fables.

CE’ROTE. n. s. The same with cerate; which see.
In those which are critical, a cerote of oil of olives, with
white wax, hath hitherto served my purpose. Wiseman.

CE’RTAIN. adj. [certus, Lat.]
1. Sure; indubitable; unquestionable; undoubted; that which
cannot be questioned, or denied.
This it is equally certain of, whether these ideas be more or
less general. Locke.
Those things are certain among men, which cannot be de­
nied, without obstinacy and folly. Tillotson.
2. Resolved; determined.
However I with thee have fix'd my lot,
Certain to undergo like doom of death,
Consort with thee. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix. l. 953.
3. In an indefinite sense, some; as, a certain man told me this.
How bad soever this fashion may justly be accounted, certain
of the same countrymen do pass far beyond it. Carew's Survey.
I got them in my country's service, when
Some certain of your brethren roar'd, and ran
From noise of our own drums. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Let there be certain leather bags made of several bignesses,
which, for the matter of them, should be tractable. Wilkins.
4. Undoubting; put past doubt.
This form before Alcyone present,
To make her certain of the sad event. Dryden.

CE’RTAINLY. adv. [from certain.]
1. Indubitably; without question; without doubt.
Certainly he that, by those legal means, cannot be secured,
can be much less so by any private attempt. Decay of Piety.
What precise collection of simple ideas, modesty or fruga­
lity stand for, in another's use, is not so certainly known. Locke.
2. Without fail.

CE’RTAINNESS. n. s. [from certain.] The same with certainty.

CE’RTAINTY. n. s. [from certain.]
1. Exemption from doubt.
Certainty is the perception of the agreement or disagreement
of our ideas. Locke.
2. That which is real and fixed.
Doubting things go ill, often hurts more
Than to be sure they do; for certainties
Or are past remedies, or timely knowing,
The remedy then born. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

CE’RTES. adv. [certes, Fr.] Certainly; in truth; in sooth: an
old word.
Certes, Sir Knight, ye've been too much to blame,
Thus for to blot the honour of the dead,
And with foul cowardice his carcase shame,
Whose living hands immortaliz'd his name. Fairy Q. b. ii.
For, certes, these are people of the island. Shakesp. Tempest.
Certes, our authours are to blame. Hudibras.



CERTI’FICATE. n. s. [certificat, low Lat. he certifies.]
1. A writing made in any court, to give notice to another court
of any thing done therein. Cowel.
2. Any testimony.
A certificate of poverty is as good as a protection. L'Estr.
I can bring certificates, that I behave myself soberly before
company. Addison. Spectator, No 577.

To CE’RTIFY. v. a. [certifier, Fr.]
1. To give certain information of.
The English embassadours returned out of Flanders from
Maximilian, and certified the king, that he was not to hope for
any aid from him. Bacon's Henry VII.
This is designed to certify those things that are confirmed of
God's favour. Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. It has of before the thing told.

CERTIORA’RI. n. s. [Latin.] A writ issuing out of the chan­
cery, to call up the records of a cause therein depending, that
justice may be done; upon complaint made by bill, that the
party, who seeks the said writ, hath received hard dealing in
the said court. Cowel.

CE’RTITUDE. n. s. [certitudo, Lat.] Certainty; freedom from
doubt.
They thought at first they dream'd; for 'twas offence
With them, to question certitude of sense. Dryden.
There can be no majus and minus in the certitude we have of
things, whether by mathematick demonstration, or any other
way of consequence. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. ii. c. iv. § 2.

CERVI’CAL. adj. [cervicalis, Lat.] Belonging to the neck.
The aorta bending a little upwards, sends forth the cervical
and axillary arteries; the rest turning down again, forms the
descending trunk. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

CERU’LEAN. adj. [cœruleus, Lat.] Blue; sky coloured.

CERU’LEOUS. adj. [cœruleus, Lat.] Blue; sky coloured.
It afforded a solution, with, now and then, a light touch of
sky colour, but nothing near so high as the ceruleous tincture of
silver. Boyle.
From thee the saphire solid ether takes,
Its hue cerulean. Thomson's Summer.

CERULI’FICK. adj. [from ceruleous.] Having the power to pro­
duce a blue colour.
The several species of rays, as the rubifick, cerulifick, and
others are separated one from another. Grew's Cosmol. Sacra.

CERU’MEN. n. s. [Latin.] The wax or excrement of the
ear.

CE’RUSE. n. s. [cerussa, Lat.] White lead.
A preparation of lead with vinegar, which is of a white co­
lour; whence many other things, resembling it in that parti­
cular, are by chymists called ceruse, as the ceruse of antimony,
and the like. Quincy.

CES

CESA’RIAN. adj. [from Cæsar.]
The Cesarian section is cutting a child out of the womb ei­
ther dead or alive, when it cannot otherwise be delivered.
Which circumstance, it is said, first gave the name of Cæsar
to the Roman family so called. Quincy.

CESS. n. s. [probably corrupted from cense; See CENSE; though
imagined by Junius to be derived from saisire, to seize.]
1. A levy made upon the inhabitants of a place, rated according
to their property.
The like cess is also charged upon the country sometimes for
victualling the soldiers, when they lie in garrison. Spenser.
2. The act of laying rates.
3. [from cesse, Fr.] It seems to have been used by Shakespeare for
bounds, or limits.
I pr'ythee, Tom, beat Cutts's saddle, put a few flocks in the
point; the poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

To CESS. v. a. [from the noun.] To rate; to lay charge on.
We are to consider how much land there is in all Ulster,
that, according to the quantity thereof, we may cess the said
rent, and allowance issuing thereout. Spenser on Ireland.

CESSA’TION. n. s. [cessatio, Lat.]
1. A stop; a rest; a vacation.
The day was yearly observed for a festival, by cessation from
labour, and by resorting to church. Hayward.
True piety, without cessation tost
By theories, the practick part is lost. Denham.
There had been a mighty confusion of things, an interrup­
tion and perturbation of the ordinary course, and a cessation
and suspension of the laws of nature. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The rising of a parliament is a kind of cessation from poli­
ticks. Addison. Freeholder, No 55.
The serum, which is mixed with an alkali, being poured out
to that which is mixed with an acid, raiseth an effervescence; at
the cessation of which, the salts of which the acid was composed,
will be regenerated. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A pause of hostility, without peace.
When the succours of the poor protestants in Ireland were
diverted, I was intreated to get them some respite, by a cessa­
tion. K. Charles.

CESSA’VIT. n. s. [Latin.]
A writ that lies upon this general ground, that the person,
against whom it is brought, hath, for two years, omitted to
perform such service, or pay such rent, as he is obliged by his
tenure, and hath not, upon his land or tenement, sufficient
goods or chattels to be distrained. Cowel.

CESSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from cedo, cessum, Latin.] The quality of
receding, or giving way, without resistance.
If the subject strucken be of a proportionate cessibility, it
seems to dull and deaden the stroke; whereas if the thing struc­
ken be hard, the stroke seems to lose no force, but to work a
greater effect. Digby on the Soul.

CE’SSIBLE. adj. [from cedo, cessum, Lat.] Easy to give way.
If the parts of the strucken body be so easily cessible, as with­
out difficulty the stroke can divide them, then it enters into such
a body, till it has spent its force. Digby on the Soul.

CE’SSION. n. s. [cession, Fr. cessio, Lat.]
1. Retreat; the act of giving way.
Sound is not produced without some resistance either in the
air or the body percussed; for if there be a mere yielding or ces­
sion, it produceth no sound. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No 125.
2. Resignation; the act of yielding up or quitting to another.
A parity in their council would make and secure the best
peace they can with France, by a cession of Flanders to that
crown, in exchange for other provinces. Temple.

CE’SSIONARY. adj. [from cession.] As a cessionary bankrupt, one
who has delivered up all his effects. Martin.

CE’SSMENT. n. s. [from cess.] An assessment or tax. Dict.

CE’SSOR. n. s. [from cesso, Lat.]
In law, he that ceaseth or neglecteth so long to perform a
duty belonging to him, as that by his cess, or cessing, he incur­
reth the danger of law, and hath, or may have, the writ cessa­
vit brought against him. Where it is said the tenant cesseth,
such phrase is to be understood, as if it were said, the tenant
cesseth to do that which he ought, or is bound to do by his
land or tenement. Cowel.

CE’STUS. n. s. [Latin.] The girdle of Venus.
Venus, without any ornament but her own beauties, not so
much as her own cestus. Addison. Spectator, No 425.

CETA’CEOUS. adj. [from cete, whales, Lat.] Of the whale kind.
Such fishes as have lungs or respiration, are not without the
wezzon, as whales and cetaceous animals. Brown's Vulg. Err.
He hath created variety of these cetaceous fishes, which con­
verse chiefly in the northern seas, whose whole body being en­
compassed round with a copious fat or blubber, it is enabled to
abide the greatest cold of the sea-water. Ray on the Creation.

C’FAUT. A note in the scale of musick.
Gamut I am, the ground of all accord,
A re, to plead Hortensio's passion;
B mi Bianca, take him for thy lord,
C faut, that loves with all affection.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

CH has, in words purely English, or fully naturalized, the sound
of tch; a peculiar pronunciation, which it is hard to describe
in words. In some words derived from the French, it has the
sound of sh, as chaise; and, in some derived from the Greek,
the sound of k, as cholerick.

CHA

CHACE. See CHASE.

CHAD. n. s. A sort of fish.
Of round fish there are brit, sprat, whiting, chad, eels,
congar, millet. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

To CHAFE. v. a. [echauffer, Fr.]
1. To warm with rubbing.
They laid him upon some of their garments, and fell to rub
and chafe him, till they brought him to recover both breath, the
servant, and warmth, the companion of living. Sidney.
At last, recovering heart, he does begin
To rub her temples, and to chafe her skin. Fairy Q. b. i.
Soft, and more soft, at ev'ry touch it grew;
Like pliant wax, when chafing hands reduce
The former mass to form, and frame to use. Dryden.
2. To heat.
Have I not heard the sea, puff'd up with winds,
Rage like an angry boar, chafed with sweat? Shakesp.
3. To perfume.
Lilies more white than snow,
New fall'n from heav'n, with violets mix'd, did grow;
Whose scent so chaf'd the neighbour air, that you
Would surely swear Arabick spices grew. Suckling.
4. To make angry.
Her intercession chaf'd him so,
When she for thy repeal was suppliant,
That to close prison he commanded her. Shakesp.
An offer of pardon more chafed the rage of those, who were
resolved to live or die together. Sir John Hayward.
For all that he was inwardly chafed with the heat of youth
and indignation, against his own people as well as the Rhodi­
ans, he moderated himself betwixt his own rage, and the of­
fence of his soldiers. Knolles's History of the Turks.
This chaf'd the boar, his nostrils flames expire,
And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden.

To CHAFE. v. n. 
1. To rage; to fret; to fume; to rave; to boil.
Therewith he 'gan full terribly to roar,
And chaf'd at that indignity right sore. Spenser's Hub. Tale.


My husband will not rejoice so much at the abuse of Fal­
staff, as he will chafe at the doctor's marrying my daughter.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Be lion mettled, proud, and take no care,
Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are.
Shakesp. Macbeth.
How did they fume, and stamp, and roar, and chafe,
And swear; not Addison himself was safe. Pope.
2. To fret against any thing.
Once upon a raw and gusty day,
The troubled Tyber chafing with his shores. Shakesp. J. Cæs.
The murmuring surge,
That on th' unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes,
Cannot be heard so high. Shakesp. King Lear.

CHAFE. n. s. [from the verb.] A heat; a rage; a fury; a pas­
sion; a fume; a pett; a fret; a storm.
When Sir Thomas More was speaker of the parliament,
with his wisdom and eloquence, he so crossed a purpose of car­
dinal Wolsey's, that the cardinal, in a chafe, sent for him to
Whitehall. Camden's Remains.
At this the knight grew high in chafe,
And staring furiously on Ralph,
He trembled. Hudibras, p. ii. c. ii.

CHAFE-WAX. n. s. An officer belonging to the lord high chan­
cellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. Harris.

CHA’FER. n. s. [ceafor, Sax. kever, Dutch.] An insect; a sort
of yellow beetle.

CHA’FERY. n. s. A forge in an iron mill, where the iron is
wrought into complete bars, and brought to perfection.
Phillips's World of Words.

CHAFF. n. s. [ceaf, Sax. kaf, Dutch.]
1. The husks of corn that are separated by threshing and win­
nowing.
We shall be winnow'd with so rough a wind,
That ev'n our corn shall seem as light as chaff,
And good from bad find no partition. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Pleasure with instruction should be join'd;
So take the corn, and leave the chaff behind. Dryden.
He set before him a sack of wheat, as it had been just thresh­
ed out of the sheaf; he then bid him pick out the chaff from
among the corn, and lay it aside by itself. Spectator, No 291. 
2. It is used for any thing worthless.

To CHA’FFER. v. n. [kauffen, Germ. to buy.] To treat about
a bargain; to haggle; to bargain.
Nor rode himself to Paul's, the publick fair,
To chaffer for preferments with his gold,
Where bishopricks and sinecures are sold. Dryden's Fables.
The chaffering with dissenters, and dodging about this or
t'other ceremony, is but like opening a few wickets, and leav­
ing them a-jar. Swift.
In disputes with chairmen, when your master sends you to
chaffer with them, take pity, and tell your master that they will
not take a farthing less. Swift.

To CHA’FFER. v. a. [The active sense is obsolete.]
1. To buy.
He chaffer'd chairs in which churchmen were set,
And breach of laws to privy farm did let. Spenser.
2. To exchange.
Approaching nigh, he never staid to greet,
Ne chaffer words, proud courage to provoke. Fairy Queen.

CHA’FFERER. n. s. [from chaffer.] A buyer; bargainer; pur­
chaser.

CHA’FFERN. n. s. [from eschauffer, Fr. to heat.] A vessel for
heating water. Dict.

CHA’FFERY. n. s. [from chaffer.] Traffick; the practice of
buying and selling.
The third is, merchandize and chaffery, that is, buying and
selling. Spenser's State of Ireland.

CHA’FFINCH. n. s. [from chaff and finch.] A bird so called, be­
cause it delights in chaff, and is by some much admired for its
song. Phillips's World of Words.
The chaffinch, and other small birds, are injurious to some
fruits. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CHA’FFLESS. adj. [from chaff.] Without chaff.
The love I bear him,
Made me to fan you thus; but the gods made you,
Unlike all others, chaffless. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

CHA’FFWEED. n. s. [gnaphalium, Lat.] An herb; the same with
cudweed; which see.

CHA’FFY. adj. [from chaff.] Like chaff; full of chaff; light.
If the straws be light and chaffy, and held at a reasonable dis­
tance, they will not rise unto the middle. Brown's Vulgar Err.

CHA’FINGDISH. n. s. [from chafe and dish.] A vessel to make
any thing hot in; a portable grate for coals.
Make proof of the incorporation of silver and tin in equal
quantities, whether it will endure the ordinary fire which be­
longeth to chafingdishes, posnets, and such other silver vessels.
Bacon's Physical Remains.

CHAGRI’N. n. s. [chagrine, Fr.] Ill humour; vexation; fret­
fulness; peevishness. It is pronounced shagreen.
Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin;
That single act gives half the world the spleen. Pope.
I grieve with the old, for so many additional inconvenien­
cies and chagrins, more than their small remain of life seemed
destined to undergo. Pope's Letters.

To CHAGRI’N. v. a. [chagriner, Fr.] To vex; to put out of
temper; to teaze; to make uneasy.

CHAIN. n. s. [chaine, Fr.]
1. A series of links fastened one within another.
And Pharaoh took off his ring, and put it upon Joseph's
hand, and put a gold chain about his neck. Gen. xli. 42.
2. A bond; a manacle; a fetter; something with which prison­
ers are bound.
Still in constraint your suff'ring sex remains,
Or bound in formal, or in real chains. Pope.
3. A line of links with which land is measured.
A surveyour may as soon, with his chain, measure out infi­
nite space, as a philosopher, by the quickest flight of mind,
reach it, or, by thinking, comprehend it. Locke.
4. A series linked together.
Those so mistake the Christian religion, as to think it is
only a chain of fatal decrees, to deny all liberty of man's choice
toward good or evil. Hammond.
As there is pleasure in the right exercise of any faculty, so
especially in that of right reasoning; which is still the greater,
by how much the consequences are more clear, and the chains of
them more long. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To CHAIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten or link with a chain.
They repeal daily any wholesome act established against the
rich, and provide more piercing statutes daily to chain up and
restrain the poor. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The mariners he chained in his own galleys for slaves.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Or, march'd I chain'd behind the hostile car,
The victor's pastime, and the sport of war? Prior.
They, with joint force oppression chaining, set
Imperial justice at the helm. Thomson.
2. To bring into slavery.
This world, 'tis true,
Was made for Cæsar, but for Titus too:
And which more blest? who chain'd his country, say,
Or he, whose virtue sigh'd to lose a day? Pope.
3. To put on a chain.
The admiral seeing the mouth of the haven chained, and the
castles full of ordnance, and strongly manned, durst not attempt
to enter. Knolles's History of the Turks.
4. To unite.
O Warwick, I do bend my knee with thine,
And in this vow do chain my soul with thine.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.

CHA’INPUMP. n. s. [from chain and pump.] A pump used in
large English vessels, which is double, so that one rises as the
other falls. It yields a great quantity of water, works easily,
and is easily mended, but takes up a great deal of room, and
makes a disagreeable noise. Chambers.
It is not long since the striking of the topmast, a wonderful
great ease to great ships both at sea and in harbour, hath been
devised, together with the chainpump, which takes up twice as
much water as the ordinary did; and we have lately added the
bonnet and the drabble. Raleigh's Essays.

CHA’INSHOT. n. s. [from chain and shot.] Two bullets or half
bullets, fastened together by a chain, which, when they fly open,
cut away whatever is before them.
In sea fights oftentimes, a buttock, the brawn of the thigh,
and the calf of the leg, are torn off by the chainshot, and splin­
ters. Wiseman's Surgery.

CHA’INWORK. n. s. [from chain and work.] Work with open
spaces like the links of a chain.
Nets of chequerwork, and wreaths of chainwork, for the cha­
piters which were upon the tops of the pillars. 1 Kings, vii. 17.

CHAIR. n. s. [chair, Fr.]
1. A moveable seat.
Whether thou choose Cervantes' serious air,
Or laugh and shake in Rab'lais' easy chair,
Or praise the court, or magnify mankind,
Or thy griev'd country's copper chains unbind. Pope.
If a chair be defined a seat for a single person, with a back
belonging to it, then a stool is a seat for a single person, without
a back. Watts's Logick.
2. A seat of justice, or of authority.
He makes for England, here to claim the crown.—
—Is the chair empty? Is the sword unsway'd?
Is the king dead? Shakesp. Richard III.
If thou be that princely eagle's bird,
Show thy descent by gazing 'gainst the sun;
For chair and dukedom, throne and kingdom, say;
Either that's thine, or else thou wert not his.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
The honour'd gods.
Keep Rome in safety, and the chairs of justice
Supply with worthy men. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The committee of the commons appointed Mr. Pym to take
the chair. Clarendon.


Her grace sat down to rest a while,
In a rich chair of state. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
In this high temple, on a chair of state,
The seat of audience, old Latinus sate. Dryden's Æneid.
3. A vehicle born by men; a sedan.
Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope.

CHA’IRMAN. n. s. [from chair and man.]
1. The president of an assembly.
In these assemblies generally one person is chosen chairman or
moderator, to keep the several speakers to the rules of order.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. One whose trade it is to carry a chair.
One elbows him, one justles in the shole,
A rafter breaks his head, or chairman's pole. Dryden.
Troy chairmen bore the wooden steed,
Pregnant with Greeks, impatient to be freed;
Those bully Greeks, who, as the moderns do,
Instead of paying chairmen, run them through. Swift.

CHAISE. n. s. [chaise, Fr.] A carriage of pleasure drawn by
one horse.
Instead of the chariot he might have said the chaise of go­
vernment; for a chaise is driven by the person that sits in it.
Addison's Whig Examiner.

CHALCO’GRAPHER. n. s. [χαλϰογϱάφ, of χαλϰ, brass, and γϱαφω,
to write or engrave.] An engraver in brass.

CHALCO’GRAPHY. n. s. [χαλϰογϱαφία.] Engraving in brass.

CHA’LDER. n. s. A dry English measure of coals, consisting
of thirty six bushels heaped up, according to the
sealed bushel kept at Guildhall, London. The
chauldron should weigh two thousand pounds. Chambers.

CHA’LDRON. n. s. A dry English measure of coals, consisting
of thirty six bushels heaped up, according to the
sealed bushel kept at Guildhall, London. The
chauldron should weigh two thousand pounds. Chambers.

CHA’UDRON. n. s. A dry English measure of coals, consisting
of thirty six bushels heaped up, according to the
sealed bushel kept at Guildhall, London. The
chauldron should weigh two thousand pounds. Chambers.

CHA’LICE. n. s. [calic, Sax. calice, Fr. calix, Lat.]
1. A cup; a bowl.
When in your motion you are hot,
And, that he calls for drink, I'll have prepar'd him
A chalice for the nonce. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. It is generally used for a cup used in acts of worship.
All the church at that time did not think emblematical figures
unlawful ornaments of cups or chalices. Stillingfleet.

CHA’LICED. adj. [from calix, Lat. the cup of a flower.] Having
a cell or cup; applied by Shakespeare to a flower, but now ob­
solete.
Hark, hark! the lark at heav'n's gate sings,
And Phœbus 'gins arise,
His steeds to water at these springs,
On chalic'd flowers that lies. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

CHALK. n. s. [cealc; cealcstan, Sax. calck, Welch.]
Chalk is a white fossile, usually reckoned a stone, but by
some ranked among the boles. It is used in medicine as an ab­
sorbent, and is celebrated for curing the heartburn. Chambers.
He maketh all the stones of the altar as chalk stones, that are
beaten in sunder. Isaiah, xxvii. 9.
Chalk is of two sorts; the hard, dry, strong chalk, which is
best for lime; and a soft, unctuous chalk, which is best for
lands, because it easily dissolves with rain and frost. Mortimer.
With chalk I first describe a circle here,
Where these ethereal spirits must appear. Dryden.

To CHALK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To rub with chalk.
2. To manure with chalk.
Land that is chalked, if it is not well dunged, will receive but
little benefit from a second chalking. Mortimer.
3. To mark or trace out as with chalk.
Being not propt by ancestry, whose grace
Chalks successours their way. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
His own mind chalked out to him the just proportions and
measures of behaviour to his fellow creatures. South.
With these helps I might at least have chalked out a way for
others, to amend my errours in a like design. Dryden.
The time falls within the compass here chalked out by nature,
very punctually. Woodward's Natural History.

CHALK-CUTTER. n. s. [from chalk and cut.] A man that digs
chalk.
Shells, by the seamen called chalk eggs, are dug up com­
monly in the chalk-pits, where the chalk-cutters drive a great
trade with them. Woodward.

CHALK-PIT. n. s. [from chalk and pit.] A pit in which chalk
is dug. See CHALK-CUTTER.

CHA’LKY. adj. [from chalk.]
1. Consisting of chalk; white with chalk.
As far as I could ken the chalky cliffs,
When from thy shore the tempest beats us back,
I stood upon the hatches in the storm. Shakesp. Henry VI.
That bellowing beats on Dover's chalky cliff.
Rowe's Royal Convert.
2. Impregnated with chalk.
Chalky water towards the top of earth is too fretting. Bacon.

To CHA’LLENGE. v. a. [chalenger, Fr.]
1. To call another to answer for an offence by combat.
The prince of Wales stept forth before the king,
And, nephew, challeng'd you to single fight. Shakesp. H. IV.
2. To call to a contest.
Thus form'd for speed, he challenges the wind,
And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind;
He scours along the field with loosen'd reins. Dryden.
I challenge any man to make any pretence to power by right
of fatherhood, either intelligible or possible. Locke.
3. To accuse.
Were the grac'd person of our Banquo present,
Whom I may rather challenge for unkindness. Shak. Macbeth.
4. In law; to object to the impartiality of any one. [See the
noun.]
Though only twelve are sworn, yet twenty four are to be
returned, to supply the defects or want of appearance of those
that are challenged off, or make default. Hale's Common Law.
5. To claim as due.
The utter disturbance of that divine order, whereby the pre­
eminence of chiefest acceptation is by the best things worthily
challenged. Hooker, b. i. § 7.
Which of you, shall we say, doth love us most?
That we our largest bounty may extend,
Where nature doth with merit challenge. Shakesp. K. Lear.
And so much duty as my mother shew'd
To you, preferring you before her father;
So much I challenge, that I may profess
Due to the moor, my lord. Shakesp. Othello.
Had you not been their father, these white flakes
Did challenge pity of them. Shakesp. K. Lear.
So when a tyger sucks the bullocks blood,
A famish'd lion, issuing from the wood,
Roars loudly fierce, and challenges the food.
Dryden's Fables.
Hast thou yet drawn o'er young Juba?
That still would recommend thee more to Cæsar,
And challenge better terms. Addison's Cato.
6. To call any one to the performance of conditions.
I will now challenge you of your promise, to give me certain
rules as to the principles of blazonry. Peacham on Drawing.

CHA’LLENGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A summons to combat.
I never in my life
Did hear a challenge urg'd more modestly. Shakesp. H. IV.
2. A demand of something as due.
There must be no challenge of superiority, or discounte­
nancing of freedom. Collier of Friendship.
3. In law. An exception taken either against persons or things;
persons, as in assize to the jurors, or any one or more of them,
by the prisoner at the bar. Challenge made to the jurours, is
either made to the array, or to the polls: challenge made to the
array is, when the whole number is excepted against, as partially
empannelled: challenge to or by the poll, is when some one or
more are excepted against, as not indifferent: challenge to the
jurours is divided into challenge principal, and challenge for cause:
challenge principal is that which the law allows without cause
alleged, or farther examination; as a prisoner at the bar, ar­
raigned upon felony, may peremptorily challenge to the num­
ber of twenty, one after another, of the jury empannelled upon
him, alleging no cause. Cowel.
You are mine enemy, I make my challenge,
You shall not be my judge. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

CHA’LLENGER. n. s. [from challenge.]
1. One that defies or summons another to combat.
Young man, have you challenged Charles the wrestler?—
No, fair princess; he is the general challenger.
Shakesp. As you like it.
Death was denounc'd;
He took the summons, void of fear,
And unconcernedly cast his eyes around,
As if to find and dare the griefly challenger. Dryden.
2. One that claims superiority.
Whose worth
Stood challenger on mount of all the age,
For her perfections. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. A claimant; one that requires something as of right.
Earnest challengers there are of trial, by some publick dispu­
tation. Hooker, Preface.

CHALY’BEATE. adj. [from chalybs, Lat. steel.] Impregnated
with iron or steel; having the qualities of steel.
The diet ought to strengthen the solids, allowing spices and
wine, and the use of chalybeate waters. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CHAMA’DE. n. s. [French.] The beat of the drum which de­
clares a surrender.
Several French battalions made a shew of resistance; but,
upon our preparing to fill up a little fossé, in order to attack
them, they beat the chamade, and sent us charte blanche.
Addison. Spectator, No 165.

CHA’MBER. n. s. [chambre, Fr. camera, Lat. siambr, Welch.]
1. An apartment in a house; generally used for those appropriat­
ed to lodging.
Welcome, sweet prince, to London, to your chamber.
Shakesp. Richard III.


Bid them come forth, and hear me,
Or at their chamber door I'll beat the drum,
Till it cry sleep to death. Shakesp. King Lear.
When we have mark'd with blood those sleepy two,
Of his own chamber. Shakesp. Hamlet.
A natural cave in a rock may have something not much un­
like to parlours or chambers. Bentley.
2. Any retired room.
The dark caves of death, and chambers of the grave. Prior.
3. Any cavity or hollow.
Petit has, from an examination of the figure of the eye, ar­
gued against the possibility of a film's existence in the poste­
riour chamber. Sharp.
4. A court of justice.
In the Imperial chamber this vulgar answer is not admitted,
viz. I do not believe it, as the matter is propounded and al­
leged. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. The hollow part of a gun where the charge is lodged.
6. A species of great gun.
Names given them, as cannons, demi-cannons, chambers, ar­
quebuse, musket, &c. Camden's Remains.
7. The cavity where the powder is lodged in a mine.

To CHA’MBER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be wanton; to intrigue.
Let us walk honestly as in the day, not in rioting and drun­
kenness, not in chambering and wantonness. Rom. xiii. 13.
2. To reside as in a chamber.
The best blood chamber'd in his bosom. Shakesp. Rich. II.

CHA’MBERER. n. s. [from chamber.] A man of intrigue.
I have not those soft parts of conversation,
That chamberers have. Shakesp. Othello.

CHA’MBERFELLOW. n. s. [from chamber and fellow.] One that
lies in the same chamber.
It is my fortune to have a chamberfellow, with whom I agree
very well in many sentiments. Spectator, No 286.

CHA’MBERLAIN. n. s. [from chamber.]
1. Lord great chamberlain of England is the sixth officer of the
crown; a considerable part of his function is at a coronation;
to him belongs the provision of every thing in the house of
lords; he disposes of the sword of state; under him are the gen­
tleman usher of the black rod, yeomen ushers, and door-keep­
ers. To this office the duke of Ancaster makes an hereditary
claim. Chambers.
2. Lord chamberlain of the houshold has the oversight of all offi­
cers belonging to the king's chambers, except the precinct of
the bedchamber. Chambers.
Humbly complaining to her deity,
Got my lord chamberlain his liberty. Shakesp. Rich. II.
He was made lord steward, that the staff of chamberlain might
be put into the hands of his brother. Clarendon.
A patriot is a fool in every age,
Whom all lord chamberlains allow the stage. Pope.
3. A servant who has the care of the chambers.
Think'st thou,
That the bleak air, thy boisterous chamberlain,
Will put thy shirt on warm? Shakesp. Timon.
When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains
We will with wine and wassel convince. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He serv'd at first Æmilia's chamberlain. Dryden's Fables.
4. A receiver of rents and revenues; as, chamberlain of the exche­
quer, of Chester, of the city of London. Chambers.

CHA’MBERLAINSHIP. n. s. [from chamberlain.] The office of
a chamberlain.

CHA’MBERMAID. n. s. [from chamber and maid.] A maid whose
business is to dress a lady, and wait in her chamber.
Men will not hiss,
The chambermaid was named Ciss. Ben. Johnson.
Some coarse country wench, almost decay'd,
Trudges to town, and first turns chambermaid. Pope.
When he doubted whether a word were intelligible or no, fie
used to consult one of his lady's chambermaids. Swift.
If these nurses ever presume to entertain the girls with the
common follies practised by chambermaids among us, they are
publickly whipped. Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

To CHA’MBLET. v. a. [from camelot. See CAMELOT.] To
vary; to variegate.
Some have the veins more varied and chambleted; as oak,
whereof wainscot is made. Bacon's Natural History.

CHA’MBREL of a Horse. The joint or bending of the upper part
of the hinder leg. Farrier's Dict.

CHAME’LEON. n. s. [χαμάιλεων.]
The chameleon has four feet, and on each foot three claws.
Its tail is long; with this, as well as with its feet, it fastens it­
self to the branches of trees. Its tail is flat, its nose long, and
made in an obtuse point; its back is sharp, its skin plaited, and
jagged like a saw from the neck to the last joint of the tail, and
upon its head it has something like a comb; like a fish, it has
no neck. Some have asserted, that it lives only upon air; but
it has been observed to feed on flies, catched with its tongue,
which is about ten inches long, and three thick; made of white
flesh, round, but flat at the end; or hollow and open, resembling
an elephant's trunk. It also shrinks, and grows longer. This
animal is said to assume the colour of those things to which it
is applied; but our modern observers assure us, that its natural
colour, when at rest and in the shade, is a bluish grey; though
some are yellow, and others green, but both of a smaller kind.
When it is exposed to the sun, the grey changes into a darker
grey, inclining to a dun colour, and its parts, which have least
of the light upon them, are changed into spots of different co­
lours. The grain of its skin, when the light doth not shine
upon it, is like cloth mixed with many colours. Sometimes
when it is handled, it seems to be speckled with dark spots, in­
clining to green. If it be put upon a black hat, it appears to be
of a violet colour; and sometimes if it be wrapped up in linen,
when it is taken off, it is white; but it changes colour only in
some parts of the body. Calmet.
A chameleon is a creature about the bigness of an ordinary
lizard; his head unproportionably big, and his eyes great; he
moveth his head without writhing of his neck, which is inflex­
ible, as a hog doth; his back crooked, his skin spotted with
little tumours, less eminent nearer the belly; his tail slender
and long; on each foot he hath five fingers, three on the out­
side, and two on the inside; his tongue of a marvellous length
in respect of his body, and hollow at the end, which he will
launch out to prey upon flies; of colour green, and of a dusky
yellow, brighter and whiter towards the belly; yet spotted with
blue, white, and red. Bacon's Natural History, No 360.
I can add colours ev'n to the chameleon;
Change shapes with Proteus, for advantage. Shakesp. Hen VI.
One part devours the other, and leaves not so much as a
mouthful of that popular air, which the chameleons gasp after.
Decay of Piety.
The thin chameleon, fed with air, receives
The colour of the thing to which he cleaves. Dryden.

To CHA’MFER. v. a. [chambrer, Fr.] To channel; to make
furrows or gutters upon a column.

CHA’MFER. n. s. [from to chamfer.] A small furrow or gut­
ter on a column.

CHA’MFRET. n. s. [from to chamfer.] A small furrow or gut­
ter on a column.

CHA’MLET. n. s. [See CAMELOT.]
To make a chamlet, draw five lines, waved overthwart, if
your diapering consist of a double line. Peacham on Drawing.

CHA’MOIS. n. s. [chamois, Fr.] An animal of the goat kind,
whose skin is made into soft leather, called among us shammy.
These are the beasts which you shall eat; the ox, the sheep,
and wild ox, and the chamois. Deut. xiv. 5.

CHA’MOMILE. n. s. [χαμαιμῆλον.] The name of an odoriferous
plant.
It hath a fibrose root; the cup of the flower is squamose,
which expands, and appears like many leaves; the flowers are
radicated; the petals of the flower are white, and the dish yel­
low; the leaves are cut into five segments. This plant was
formerly in great request for making green walks, and is still
cultivated in physick gardens for medicinal use, though it grows
wild in great plenty. Miller.
Cool violets, and orpine growing still,
Embathed balm, and cheerful galingale,
Fresh costmary, and breathful chamomile,
Dull poppy, and drink-quick'ning setuale. Spenser's Muiop.
For though the chamomile, the more it is trodden on the fas­
ter it grows; yet youth, the more it is wasted, the sooner it
wears. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Watery liquours force it, as distilled waters with diureticks,
posset drink with chamomile flowers. Floyer on the Humours.

To CHAMP. v. a. [champayer, Fr.]
1. To bite with a frequent action of the teeth.
Coffee and opium are taken down, tobacco but in smoke, and
betle is but champed in the mouth with a little lime. Bacon.
The fiend reply'd not, overcome with rage;
But, like a proud steed rein'd, went haughty on,
Champing his iron curb. Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 857.
At his command,
The steeds caparison'd with purple stand,
And champ betwixt their teeth the foaming gold. Dryden.
2. To devour.
A tobacco pipe happened to break in my mouth, and the
pieces left such a delicious roughness on my tongue, that I
champed up the remaining part. Spectator, No 431. 

To CHAMP. v. n. To perform frequently the action of biting.
Muttering and champing, as though his cud had troubled him,
he gave occasion to Musidorus to come near him. Sidney.
They began to repent of that they had done, and irefully to
champ upon the bit they had taken into their mouths. Hooker.
His jaws did not answer equally to one another; but by his
frequent motion and champing with them, it was evident they
were neither luxated nor fractured. Wiseman.

CHA’MPAIGN. n. s. [campagne, Fr.] A flat open country.
In the abuses of the customs, meseems, you have a fair cham­
paign laid open to you, in which you may at large stretch out
your discourse. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Of all these bounds,
With shadowy forests and with champaigns rich'd,
We make thee lady. Shakesp. King Lear.
If two bordering princes have their territory meeting on an
open champaign, the more mighty will continually seek occasion


to extend his limits unto the further border thereof. Raleigh.
Sir John Norris maintained a retreat without disarray, by the
space of some miles, part of the way champaign, unto the city
of Gaunt, with less loss of men than the enemy. Bacon.
From his side two rivers flow'd,
Th' one winding, th' other straight, and left between
Fair champaign, with less rivers interveen'd. Paradise Reg.

CHA’MPERTORS. n. s. [from champerty. In law.] Such as move
suits, or cause them to be moved, either by their own or others
procurement, and pursue, at their proper costs, to have part of
the land in contest, or part of the gains. Cowel.

CHA’MPERTY. n. s. [champart, Fr. In law.] A maintenance of
any man in his suit while depending, upon condition to have
part of the thing when it is recovered. Cowel.

CHAMPI’GNON. n. s. [champignon, Fr.] A kind of mushroom.
He viler friends with doubtful mushrooms treats,
Secure for you, himself champignons eats. Dryden.
It has the resemblance of a large champignon before it is open­
ed, branching out into a large round knob at one end.
Woodward on Fossils.

CHA’MPION. n. s. [champion, Fr. campio, low Lat.]
1. A man who undertakes a cause in single combat.
In many armies, if the matter should be tried by duel be­
tween two champions, the victory would go on the one side.
Bacon's Coll. of Good and Evil.
For hot, cold, moist, and dry, four champions fierce,
Strive here for mast'ry, and to battle bring
Their embryon atoms. Par. Lost, b. ii. l. 898.
O light of Trojans, and support of Troy,
Thy father's champion, and thy country's joy! Dryden.
At length the adverse admirals appear,
The two bold champions of each country's right. Dryden.
2. A hero; a stout warriour.
A stouter champion never handled sword. Shakesp. H. VI.
This makes you incapable of conviction, and they applaud
themselves as zealous champions for truth, when indeed they are
contending for errour. Locke.
3. In law.
In our common law, champion is taken no less for him that
trieth the combat in his own case, than for him that fighteth
in the case of another. Cowel.

To CHA’MPION. v. a. [from the noun.] To challenge to the
combat.
The seed of Banquo, kings!
Rather than so, come, fate, into the list,
And champion me to th' utterance. Shakesp. Macbeth.

CHANCE. n. s. [chance, Fr.]
1. Fortune; the cause of fortuitous events.
As th' unthought accident is guilty
Of what we wildly do, so we profess
Ourselves to be the slaves of chance, and flies
Of every wind that blows. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The only man of all that chance could bring,
To meet my arms, was worth the conquering. Dryden.
Chance is but a mere name, and really nothing in itself; a
conception of our minds, and only a compendious way of speak­
ing, whereby we would express, that such effects as are com­
monly attributed to chance, were verily produced by their true
and proper causes, but without their design to produce them.
Bentley.
2. Fortune; the act of fortune, or chance.
These things are commonly not observed, but left to take
their chance. Bacon's Essays.
3. Accident; casual occurrence; fortuitous event.
To say a thing is a chance or casualty, as it relates to second
causes, is not profaneness, but a great truth; as signifying no
more, than that there are some events besides the knowledge
and power of second agents. South.
The beauty I beheld, has struck me dead;
Unknowingly she strikes, and kills by chance;
Poison is in her eyes, and death in ev'ry glance. Dryden.
All nature is but art, unknown to thee;
All chance direction, which thou canst not see. Pope.
4. Event; success; luck.
Now we'll together, and the chance of goodness
Be like our warranted quarrel! Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. Misfortune; unlucky accident.
You were us'd
To say, extremity was the trier of spirits,
That common chances common men could bear.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
6. Possibility of any occurrence.
A chance, but chance may lead, where I may meet
Some wand'ring spirit of heav'n, by fountain side,
Or in thick shade retir'd. Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 530.
Then your ladyship might have a chance to escape this ad­
dress. Swift.

CHANCE. adj. [It is seldom used but in composition.] Happen­
ing by chance.
Now should they part, malicious tongues would say,
They met like chance companions on the way.
Dryden's Hind and Panther.
I would not take the gift,
Which, like a toy dropt from the hands of fortune,
Lay for the next chance comer. Dryden and Lee's OEdipus.

To CHANCE. v. n. [from the noun.] To happen; to fall out;
to fortune.
Think what a chance thou chancest on; but think;——
Thou hast thy mistress still. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
How chance thou art not with the prince thy brother?
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Ay, Casca, tell us what hath chanc'd today,
That Cæsar looks so sad. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
He chanced upon divers of the Turks victuallers, whom he
easily took. Knolles's History of the Turks.
I chose the safer sea, and chanc'd to find
A river's mouth impervious to the wind. Pope's Odyssey.

CHANCE-MEDLEY. n. s. [from chance and medley. In law.]
The casual slaughter of a man, not altogether without the
fault of the slayer, when ignorance or negligence is joined
with the chance; as if a man lop trees by an highway-side, by
which many usually travel, and cast down a bough, not giving
warning to take heed thereof, by which bough one passing by is
slain: in this case he offends, because he gave no warning, that
the party might have taken heed to himself. Cowel.
If such an one should have the ill hap, at any time, to strike
a man dead with a smart saying, it ought, in all reason and con­
science, to be judged but a chancemedley. South.

CHA’NCEABLE. adj. [from chance.] Accidental.
The trial thereof was cut off by the chanceable coming thither
of the king of Iberia. Sidney, b. ii.

CHA’NCEL. n. s. [from cancelli, Lat. lettices, with which the
chancel was inclosed.] The eastern part of the church, in
which the altar is placed.
Whether it be allowable or no, that the minister should say
service in the chancel. Hooker, b. v. § 30.
The chancel of this church is vaulted with a single stone of
four feet in thickness, and an hundred and fourteen in circum­
ference. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

CHA’NCELLOR. n. s. [cancellarius, Lat. chancelier, Fr. from can­
cellare, literas vel scriptum linea per medium ducta damnare, and
seemeth of itself likewise to be derived à cancellis, which signify
all one with ϰινϰλιδις, a lettice; that is, a thing made of wood or
iron bars, laid crossways one over another, so that a man may
see through them in and out. It may be thought that judgment
seats were compassed in with bars, to defend the judges and
other officers from the press of the multitude, and yet not to
hinder any man's view.]
Quæsitus regni tibi cancellarius Angli,
Primus solliciti mente petendus erit.
Hic est, qui regni leges cancellat iniquas,
Et mandata pii principis æqua facit.
Verses of Nigel de Wetekre to the bishop of Ely, chan­
cellor to Richard I.
1. Cancellarius, at the first, signified the registers or actuaries in
court; grapharios, scil. qui conscribendis & excipiendis judicum
actis dant operam. But this name is greatly advanced, and not
only in other kingdoms but in this, is given to him that is the
chief judge in causes of property; for the chancellor hath power
to moderate and temper the written law, and subjecteth himself
only to the law of nature and conscience. Cowel.
Turn out, you rogue, how like a beast you lie:
Go, buckle to the law: Is this an hour
To stretch your limbs? you'll ne'er be chancellor. Dryd. jun.
Aristides was a person of the strictest justice, and best ac­
quainted with the laws, as well as forms of their government;
so that he was in a manner chancellor of Athens. Swift.
2. CHANCELLOR in the Ecclesiastical Court. A bishop's lawyer;
a man trained up in the civil and canon law, to direct the bi­
shops in matters of judgment, relating as well to criminal as to
civil affairs in the church. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. CHANCELLOR of a Cathedral. A dignitary, whose office it is
to superintend the regular exercise of devotion.
4. CHANCELLOR of the Exchequer. An officer who sits in that
court, and in the exchequer chamber, and, with the rest of the
court, ordereth things to the king's best benefit. He has power,
with others, to compound for forfeitures on penal statutes,
bonds and recognizances entered into by the king. He has
great authority in managing the royal revenue, and in matters
of first-fruits. The court of equity is in the exchequer cham­
ber, and is held before the lord treasurer, chancellor, and barons,
as that of common law before the barons only. Cowel. Chamb.
5. CHANCELLOR of an University. The principal magistrate,
who, at Oxford, holds his office during life, but, at Cambridge,
he may be elected every three years.
6. CHANCELLOR of the Order of the Garter, and other military
orders, is an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of
the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of
their deliberations, and delivers their acts under the seal of the
order. Chambers.

CHA’NCELLORSHIP. n. s. The office of chancellor.
The next Sunday after he gave up his chancellorship of Eng­
land, he came himself to his wife's pew, and used the usual
words of his gentleman-usher, Madam, my lord is gone. Camd.



CHA’NCERY. n. s. [from chancellor; probably chancellery; then
shortened.] The court of equity and conscience, moderating
the rigour of other courts, that are tied to the letter of the
law; whereof the lord chancellor of England is the chief judge,
or the lord keeper of the great seal. Cowel.
The contumacy and contempt of the party must be signified
in the court of chancery, by the bishops letters under the seal
episcopal. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CHA’NCRE. n. s. [chancre, Fr.] An ulcer usually arising from
venereal maladies.
It is possible he was not well cured, and would have relapsed
with a chancre. Wiseman.

CHA’NCROUS. adj. [from chancre.] Having the qualities of a
chancre; ulcerous.
You may think I am too strict in giving so many internals
in the cure of so small an ulcer as a chancre, or rather a chan­
crous callus. Wiseman.

CHANDELI’ER. n. s. [chandelier, Fr.] A branch for candles.

CHA’NDLER. n. s. [chandelier, Fr.] An artisan whose trade it is
to make candles, or a person who sells them.
The sack that thou hast drunken me, would have bought me
lights as good cheap at the dearest chandlers in Europe.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
But whether black or lighter dies are worn,
The chandler's basket, on his shoulder born,
With tallow spots thy coat. Gay's Trivia.

CHA’NFRIN. n. s. [old French.] The forepart of the head of
a horse, which extends from under the ears, along the interval
between the eyebrows, down to his nose. Farrier's Dict.

To CHANGE. v. a. [changer, Fr. cambio, Lat.]
1. To put one thing in the place of another.
He that cannot look into his own estate, had need choose
well whom he employeth, and change them often; for new are
more timorous, and less subtile. Bacon's Essays.
2. To resign any thing for the sake of another, with for before the
thing taken or received.
Persons grown up in the belief of any religion, cannot change
that for another, without applying their understanding duly to
consider and compare both. South.
The French and we still change; but here's the curse,
They change for better, and we change for worse.
Dryden's Spanish Friar, Prologue.
3. To discount a larger piece of money into several smaller.
A shopkeeper might be able to change a guinea, or a moi­
dore, when a customer comes for a crown's worth of goods.
Swift's Intelligencer, No 19.
4. To give and take reciprocally, with the particle with before
the person to whom we give, and from whom we take.
To secure thy content, look upon those thousands, with
whom thou wouldst not, for any interest, change thy fortune
and condition. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
5. To alter.
Thou shalt not see me blush,
Nor change my countenance for this arrest;
A heart unspotted is not easily daunted. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Whatsoever is brought upon thee, take chearfully, and be
patient when thou art changed to a low estate. Ecclus, ii. 4.
For the elements were changed in themselves by a kind of
harmony, like as in a psaltery notes change the name of the
tune, and yet are always sounds. Wisdom, xix. 18.
6. To mend the disposition or mind.
I would she were in heaven, so she could
Intreat some pow'r to change this currish Jew.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
7. To change a horse, or to change hand, is to turn or bear the
horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left to the
right, or from the right to the left. Farrier's Dict.

To CHANGE. v. n. 
1. To undergo change; to suffer alteration; as, his fortune may
soon change, though he is now so secure.
One Julia, that his changing thought forgot,
Would better fit his chamber. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
2. To change, as the moon; to begin a new monthly revolu­
tion.
I am weary of this moon; would he would change.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.

CHANGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An alteration of the state of any thing.
Since I saw you last,
There is a change upon you. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
2. A succession of one thing in the place of another.
O wond'rous changes of a fatal scene,
Still varying to the last! Dryden.
Nothing can cure this part of ill breeding, but change and
variety of company, and that of persons above us. Locke.
Empires by various turns shall rise and set;
While thy abandon'd tribes shall only know
A diff'rent master, and a change of time. Prior.
Hear how Timotheus' various lays surprize,
And bid alternate passions fall and rise!
While, at each change, the son of Libyan Jove
Now burns with glory, and then melts with love. Pope.
3. The time of the moon in which it begins a new monthly re­
volution.
Take seeds or roots, and set some of them immediately after
the change, and others of the same kind immediately after the
full. Bacon's Nat. History, No 893.
4. Novelty.
The hearts
Of all his people shall revolt from him,
And kiss the lips of unacquainted change. Shakesp. K. John.
Our fathers did, for change, to France repair,
And they, for change, will try our English air.
Dryden's Spanish Friar, Prologue.
5. In ringing; an alteration of the order in which a set of bells
is sounded.
Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing, and five bells
one hundred and twenty. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Easy it may be to contrive new postures, and ring other
changes upon the same bells. Norris.
6. That which makes a variety; that which may be used for an­
other of the same kind.
I will now put forth a riddle unto you; if you can find it
out, then I will give you thirty sheets, and thirty change of
garments. Judges, xiv. 12.
7. Small money, which may be given for larger pieces.
Wood buys up our old halfpence, and from thence the pre­
sent want of change arises; but supposing not one farthing of
change in the nation, five and twenty thousand pounds would
be sufficient. Swift.

CHA’NGEABLE. adj. [from change.]
1. Subject to change; fickle; inconstant.
A steady mind will admit steady methods and counsels; but
there is no measure to be taken of a changeable humour.
L'Estrange.
As I am a man, I must be changeable; and sometimes the
gravest of us all are so, even upon ridiculous accidents.
Dryden's Aurengzebe, Preface.
2. Possible to be changed.
The fibrous or vascular parts of vegetables seem scarce
changeable in the alimentary duct. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Having the quality of exhibiting different appearances.
Now the taylor make thy doublet of changeable taffata; for
thy mind is a very opal. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

CHA’NGEABLENESS. n. s. [from changeable.]
1. Inconstancy; fickleness.
At length he betrothed himself to one worthy to be liked, if
any worthiness might excuse so unworthy a changeableness.
Sidney, b. ii.
There is no temper of mind more unmanly than that change­
ableness with which we are too justly branded by all our neigh­
bours. Addison. Freeholder, No 25.
2. Susceptibility of change.
If how long they are to continue in force, be no where ex­
pressed, then have we no light to direct our judgment concern­
ing the changeableness or immutability of them, but considering
the nature and quality of such laws. Hooker, b. iii. § 10.

CHA’NGEABLY. adv. [from changeable.] Inconstantly.

CH’ANGEFUL. adj. [from change and full.] Full of change;
inconstant; uncertain; mutable; subject to variation; fickle.
Unsound plots, and changeful orders, are daily devised for
her good, yet never effectually prosecuted or performed.
Spenser on Ireland.
Britain, changeful as a child at play,
Now calls in princes, and now turns away. Pope.

CHA’NGELING. n. s. [from change; the word arises from an odd
superstitious opinion, that the fairies steal away children, and
put others that are ugly and stupid in their places.]
1. A child left or taken in the place of another.
And her base elfin breed there for thee left;
Such, men do changelings call, so chang'd by fairies theft.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. c. x. stanz. 65.
She, as her attendant, hath
A lovely boy stol'n from an Indian king;
She never had so sweet a changeling.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
2. An ideot; a fool; a natural.
Changelings and fools of heav'n, and thence shut out,
Wildly we roam in discontent about. Dryden's Tyrr. Love.
Would any one be a changeling, because he is less determin­
ed by wise considerations than a wise man? Locke.
3. One apt to change; a waverer.
'Twas not long
Before from world to world they swung;
As they had turn'd from side to side,
And as they changelings liv'd, they died. Hudibras.

CHA’NGER. n. s. [from change.] One that is employed in
changing or discounting money.

CHA’NNEL. n. s. [canal, Fr. canalis, Lat.]
1. The hollow bed of running waters.
It is not so easy, now that things are grown into an habit,
and have their certain course, to change the channel, and turn
their streams another way. Spenser's State of Ireland.


Draw them to Tyber's bank, and weep your tears
Into the channel, till the lowest stream
Do kiss the most exalted shores of all. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.
So th' injur'd sea, which, from her wonted course,
To gain some acres, avarice did force;
If the new banks, neglected once, decay,
No longer will from her old channel stay. Waller.
Had not the said strata been dislocated, some of them elevat­
ed, and others depressed, there would have been no cavity or
channel to give reception to the water of the sea. Woodward.
The tops of mountains and hills will be continually washed
down by the rains, and the channels of rivers abraded by the
streams. Bentley.
2. Any cavity drawn longways.
Complaint and hot desires, the lover's hell,
And scalding tears, that wore a channel where they fell.
Dryden's Fables.
3. A strait or narrow sea, between two countries; as the British
Channel between Britain and France; St. George's Channel be­
tween Britain and Ireland.
4. A gutter or furrow of a pillar.

To CHA’NNEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut any thing in
channels.
No more shall trenching war channel her fields,
Nor bruise her flowrets with the armed hoofs
Of hostile paces. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
The body of this column is perpetually channelled, like a
thick plaited gown. Wotton's Architecture.
Torrents, and loud impetuous cataracts,
Roll down the lofty mountain's channel'd sides,
And to the vale convey their foaming tides. Blackmore.

To CHANT. v. a. [chanter, Fr.]
1. To sing.
Wherein the chearful birds of sundry kind
Do chant sweet musick. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. vii.
2. To celebrate by song.
The poets chant it in the theatres, the shepherds in the
mountains. Bramhall.
3. To sing in the cathedral service.

To CHANT. v. n. To sing; to make melody with the voice.
They chant to the sound of the viol, and invent to them­
selves instruments of musick. Amos, vi. 7.
Heav'n heard his song, and hasten'd his relief;
And chang'd to snowy plumes his hoary hair,
And wing'd his flight, to chant aloft in air. Dryden.

CHANT. n. s. [from the verb.] Song; melody.
A pleasant grove,
With chant of tuneful birds resounding loud.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 290.

CHA’NTER. n. s. [from chant.] A singer; a songster.
You curious chanters of the wood,
That warble forth dame Nature's lays. Wotton.
Jove's etherial lays, resistless fire,
The chanter's soul, and raptur'd song inspire,
Instinct divine! nor blame severe his choice,
Warbling the Grecian woes with harp and voice. Pope.

CHA’NTICLEER. n. s. [from chanter and clair, Fr.] The name
given to the cock, from the clearness and loudness of his crow.
And chearful chanticleer, with his note shrill,
Had warned once, that Phœbus' firy car
In haste was climbing up the eastern hill. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Hark, hark, I hear
The strain of strutting chanticleer. Shakesp. Tempest.
Stay, the chearful chanticleer
Tells you that the time is near. Ben. Johnson's Mask.
These verses were mentioned by Chaucer, in the description
of the sudden stir, and panical fear, when Chanticleer the cock
was carried away by Reynold the fox. Camden's Remains.
Within this homestead liv'd without a peer,
For crowing loud, the noble chanticleer. Dryden's Fab.

CHA’NTRESS. n. s. [from chant.] A woman singer.
Sweet bird, that shun'st the noise of folly,
Most musical, most melancholy,
Thee, chantress of the woods among,
I woo to hear thy even-song. Milton.

CHA’NTRY. n. s. [from chant.]
Chantry is a church or chapel endowed with lands, or other
yearly revenue, for the maintenance of one or more priests,
daily to sing mass for the souls of the donors, and such others
as they appoint. Cowel.
Now go with me, and with this holy man,
Into the chantry by; to those before him,
And, underneath that consecrated roof,
Plight me the full assurance of your faith. Shakesp. T. Night.

CHA’OS. n. s. [chaos, Lat. χά.]
1. The mass of matter supposed to be in confusion before it was
divided by the creation into its proper classes and elements.
The whole universe would have been a confused chaos, with­
out beauty or order. Bentley.
2. Confusion; irregular mixture.
Had I followed the worst, I could not have brought church
and state to such a chaos of confusions, as some have done.
K. Charles.
Their reason sleeps, but mimick fancy wakes,
Supplies her parts, and wild ideas takes
From words and things, ill sorted, and misjoin'd,
The anarchy of thought, and chaos of the mind. Dryden.
3. Any thing where the parts are undistinguished.
We shall have nothing but darkness and a chaos within,
whatever order and light there be in things without us. Locke.
Pleas'd with a work, where nothing's just or fit,
One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit. Pope.

CHAO’TICK. adj. [from chaos.] Resembling chaos; confused.
When the terraqueous globe was in a chaotick state, and the
earthy particles subsided, then those several beds were, in all
probability, reposited in the earth. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To CHAP. v. a. [kappen, Dutch, to cut. This word seems ori­
ginally the same with chop; nor were they probably distin­
guished at first, otherwise than by accident; but they have now
a meaning something different, though referable to the same
original sense.] To break into hiatus, or gapings.
It also weakened more and more the arch of the earth, dry­
ing it immoderately, and chapping it in sundry places.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Then would unbalanc'd heat licentious reign,
Crack the dry hill, and chap the russet plain. Blackmore.

CHAP. n. s. [from the verb.] A cleft; an aperture; an open­
ing; a gaping; a chink.
What moisture the heat of the summer sucks out of the
earth, it is repaid in the rains of the next winter; and what
chaps are made in it, are filled up again. Burnet's Theory.

CHAP. n. s. [This is not often used, except by anatomists, in the
singular.] The upper or under part of a beast's mouth.
Froth fills his chaps, he sends a grunting sound,
And part he churns, and part befoams the ground. Dryden.
The nether chap in the male skeleton is half an inch broader
than in the female, as being made to accommodate a bigger
muscle for the motion of the teeth. Grew's Musæum.

CHAPE. n. s. [chappe, Fr.]
1. The catch of any thing by which it is held in its place; as the
hook of a scabbard by which it sticks in the belt; the point by
which a buckle is held to the back strap.
This is Monsieur Parolles, that had the whole theory of the
war in the knot of his scarf, and the practice in the chape of his
dagger. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
2. A brass or silver tip or case, that strenghtens the end of the
scabbard of a sword. Phillips's World of Words.

CHA’PEL. n. s. [capella, Lat.]
A chapel is of two sorts, either adjoining to a church, as a
parcel of the same, which men of worth build, or else separate
from the mother church, where the parish is wide, and is com­
monly called a chapel of ease, because it is built for the ease of
one or more parishioners, that dwell too far from the church,
and is served by some inferiour curate, provided for at the
charge of the rector, or of such as have benefit by it, as the
composition or custom is. Cowel.
She went in among those few trees, so closed in the tops to­
gether, as they might seem a little chapel. Sidney.
Will you dispatch us here under this tree, or shall we go
with you to your chapel? Shakesp. As you like it.
Where truth erecteth her church, he helps errour to rear up
a chapel hard by. Howel's Vocal Forest.
A chapel will I build with large endowment. Dryden.
A free chapel is such as is founded by the king of England.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

CHA’PELESS. adj. [from chape.] Without a chape.
An old rusty sword, with a broken hilt, and chapeless, with
two broken points. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

CHAPE’LLANY. n. s. [from chapel.]
A chapellany is usually said to be that which does not subsist of
itself, but is built and founded within some other church, and is
dependent thereon. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CHA’PELRY. n. s. [from chapel.] The jurisdiction or bounds of
a chapel.

CHA’PERON. n. s. [French.] A kind of hood or cap worn
by the knights of the garter in their habits.
I will omit the honourable habiliments, as robes of state,
parliament robes, chaperons, and caps of state. Camden.

CHA’PFALN. adj. [from chap and faln.] Having the mouth
shrunk.
A chapfaln beaver loosely hanging by
The cloven helm. Dryden's Juv. sat. 10.

CHA’PITER. n. s. [chapiteau, Fr.] The upper part or capital of
a pillar.
He overlaid your chapiters and your fillets with gold.
Exodus, xxxvi. 38.

CHA’PLAIN. n. s. [capellanus, Latin.] He that performs divine
service in a chapel, and attends the king, or other person, for
the instruction of him and his family, to read prayers, and
preach. Cowel.
Wishing me to permit
John de la Court, my chaplain, a choice hour,
To hear from him a matter of some moment. Shakesp.
Chaplain, away! thy priesthood saves thy life.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.


A chief governour can never fail of some worthless illiterate
chaplain, fond of a title and precedence. Swift.

CHA’PLAINSHIP. n. s. [from chaplain.]
1. The office or business of a chaplain.
2. The possession or revenue of a chapel.

CHA’PLESS. adj. [from chap.] Without any flesh about the
mouth.
Now my lady Worm's chapless, and knocked about the muz­
zard with a sexton's spade. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Shut me nightly in a charnel-house,
With reeky shanks and yellow chapless bones.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

CHA’PLET. n. s. [chapelet, Fr.]
1. A garland or wreath to be worn about the head.
Upon old hyems' chin, and icy crown,
An od'rous chaplet of sweet summer's buds,
Is, as in mockery, set. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
I strangely long to know,
Whether they nobler chaplets wear,
Those that their mistress' scorn did bear,
Or those that were us'd kindly. Suckling.
All the quire was grac'd
With chaplets green, upon their foreheads plac'd. Dryden.
The winding ivy chaplet to invade,
And folded fern, that your fair forehead shade. Dryden.
They with joyful nimble wing,
Flew dutifully back again,
And made an humble chaplet for the king. Swift.
2. A string of beads used in the Romish church for keeping an
account of the number rehearsed of pater nosters and ave ma­
rias. A different sort of chaplets is also used by the Mahome­
tans.
3. [In architecture.] A little moulding carved into round beads,
pearls, or olives.
4. [In horsemanship.] A couple of stirrup leathers, mounted
each of them with a stirrup, and joining at top in a sort of lea­
ther buckle, which is called the head of the chaplet, by which
they are fastened to the pummel of a saddle, after they have
been adjusted to the length and bearing of the rider. They
are made use of both to avoid the trouble of taking up or let­
ting down the stirrups, every time a person mounts on a diffe­
rent horse and saddle, and to supply the want of academy sad­
dles, which have no stirrups to them. Farrier's Dict.
5. A tuft of feathers on the peacock's head.

CHA’PMAN. n. s. [ceapman, Sax.] A cheapner; one that of­
fers as a purchaser.
Fair Diomede, you do as chapmen do,
Dispraise the thing that you intend to buy.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Yet have they seen the maps, and bought 'em too,
And understand 'em as most chapmen do. Ben. Johnson.
There was a collection of certain rare manuscripts, exqui­
sitely written in Arabick; these were upon sale to the Jesuits at
Antwerp, liquourish chapmen of such wares. Wotton.
He dressed two, and carried them to Samos, as the likeliest
place for a chapman. L'Estrange.
Their chapmen they betray,
Their shops are dens, the buyer is their prey. Dryden.

CHAPS. n. s. [from chap.]
1. The mouth of a beast of prey.
So on the downs we see
A hasten'd hare from greedy greyhound go,
And past all hope, his chaps to frustrate so. Sidney.
Open your mouth; this will shake your shaking, I can tell
you, and that soundly; you cannot tell who's your friend;
open your chaps again. Shakesp. Tempest.
Their whelps at home expect the promis'd food,
And long to temper their dry chaps in blood. Dryden.
2. It is used in contempt for the mouth of a man.

CHAPT. particip. pass. [from to chap.]

CHA’PPED. particip. pass. [from to chap.]
Like a table upon which you may run your finger without
rubs, and your nail cannot find a joint; not horrid, rough,
wrinkled, gaping, or chapt. Ben. Johnson's Discovery.
Cooling ointment made,
Which on their sun-burnt cheeks and their chapt skins they
laid. Dryden's Fab.

CHA’PTER. n. s. [chapitre, Fr. from capitulum, Lat.]
1. A division of a book.
The first book we divide into three sections; whereof the
first is these three chapters. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
If these mighty men at chapter and verse, can produce then
no scripture to overthrow our church ceremonies, I will under­
take to produce scripture enough to warrant them. South.
2. From hence comes the proverbial phrase, to the end of the chap­
ter; throughout; to the end.
Money does all things; for it gives and it takes away, it
makes honest men and knaves, fools and philosophers; and so
forward, mutatis mutandis, to the end of the chapter. L'Estrange.
3. Chapter, from capitulum, signifieth, in our common law, as in
the canon law, whence it is borrowed, an assembly of the clergy
of a cathedral or collegiate church. Cowel.
The abbot takes the advice and consent of his chapter, before
he enters on any matters of importance. Addison on Italy.
4. The place in which assemblies of the clergy are held.
Though the canonical constitution does not strictly require it
to be made in the cathedral, yet it matters not where it be made,
either in the choir or chapter house. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. The place where delinquents receive discipline and correction.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
6. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CHA’PTREL. n. s. [probably from chapiter.] The capitals of pil­
lars, or pillasters, which support arches, commonly called im­
posts.
Let the keystone break without the arch, so much as you
project over the jaums with the chaptrels.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

CHAR. n. s. [of uncertain derivation.] A fish found only in
Winander meer in Lancashire.

To CHAR. v. a. [See CHARCOAL.] To burn wood to a black
cinder.
Spraywood, in charring, parts frequently into various cracks.
Woodward on Fossils.

CHAR. n. s. [cyrre, work, Sax. Lye. It is derived by Skinner,
either from charge, Fr. business, or carc, Sax. care, or keeren,
Dutch, to sweep.] Work done by the day; a single job or
task.
But a meer woman, and commanded
By such poor passion, as the maid that milks,
And does the meanest chars. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Harvest done, to char work did aspire;
Meat, drink, and twopence, were her daily hire. Dryden.

To CHAR. v. n. [from the noun.] To work at others houses
by the day, without being a hired servant.

CHA’R-WOMAN. n. s. [from char and woman.] A woman hired
accidentally for odd work, or single days.
Get three or four char-women to attend you constantly in the
kitchen, whom you pay only with the broken meat, a few
coals, and all the cinders. Swift's Directions to the Cook.

CHA’RACTER. n. s. [character, Lat. χαϱαϰτὴϱ.]
1. A mark; a stamp; a representation.
In outward also her resembling less
His image, who made both; and less expressing
The character of that dominion giv'n
O'er other creatures. Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 542.
2. A letter used in writing or printing.
But his neat cookery!———
He cut our roots in characters. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The purpose is perspicuous even as substance,
Whose grossness little characters sum up.
Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
It were much to be wished, that there were throughout the
world but one sort of character for each letter, to express it to
the eye; and that exactly proportioned to the natural alphabet
formed in the mouth. Holder's Elements of Speech.
3. The hand or manner of writing.
I found the letter thrown in at the casement of my closet.—
You know the character to be your brother's. Shak. King Lear.
4. A representation of any man as to his personal qualities.
Each drew fair characters, yet none
Of these they feign'd, excels their own. Denham.
5. An account of any thing as good or bad.
This subterraneous passage is much mended, since Seneca
gave so bad a character of it. Addison on Italy.
6. The person with his assemblage of qualities.
In a tragedy, or epick poem, the hero of the piece must be ad­
vanced foremost to the view of the reader or spectator; he must
outshine the rest of all the characters; he must appear the
prince of them, like the sun in the Copernican system, encom­
passed with the less noble planets. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Homer has excelled all the heroick poets that ever wrote, in
the multitude and variety of his characters; every god that is
admitted into his poem, acts a part which would have been
suitable to no other deity. Addison. Spectator, No 273.
7. Personal qualities; particular constitution of the mind.
Nothing so true as what you once let fall,
Most women have no characters at all. Pope.
8. Adventitious qualities impressed by a post or office.
The chief honour of the magistrate consists in maintaining
the dignity of his character by suitable actions. Atterbury.

To CHA’RACTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To inscribe; to en­
grave.
These few precepts in thy memory
See thou character. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Shew me one scar character'd on thy skin. Shakesp. H. VI.
O Rosalind! these trees shall be my books,
And in their barks my thoughts I'll character.
Shakesp. As you like it.

CHARACTERI’STICAL. adj. [from characterize.] That which
constitutes the character, or marks the
peculiar properties of any person or thing.

CHARACTERI’STICK. adj. [from characterize.] That which
constitutes the character, or marks the
peculiar properties of any person or thing.
There are several others that I take to have been likewise
such, to which yet I have not ventured to prefix that characte­
ristick distinction. Woodward on Fossils.


The shining quality of an epick hero, his magnanimity, his
constancy, his patience, his piety, or whatever characteristical
virtue his poet gives him, raises our admiration. Dryden.

CHARACTERI’STICALNESS. n. s. [from characteristical.] The
quality of being peculiar to a character.

CHARACTERI’STICK. n. s. That which constitutes the charac­
ter; that which distinguishes any thing or person from others.
I shall here endeavour to shew, how this vast invention ex­
erts itself, in a manner superiour to that of any poet, as it is
the great and peculiar characteristick which distinguishes him
from all others. Pope's Essay on Homer.

CHARACTERISTICK of a Logarithm. The same with the index
or exponent.

To CHA’RACTERIZE. v. a. [from character.]
1. To give a character or an account of the personal qualities of
any man.
It is some commendation, that we have avoided publickly to
characterize any person, without long experience. Swift.
2. To engrave, or imprint.
They may be called anticipations, prenotions, or sentiments
characterized and engraven in the soul, born with it, and grow­
ing up with it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. To mark with a particular stamp or token.
There are faces not only individual, but gentilitious and na­
tional; European, Asiatick, Chinese, African, and Grecian
faces are characterized. Arbuthnot on Air.

CHA’RACTERLESS. adj. [from character.] Without a character.
When water drops have worn the stones of Troy,
And blind oblivion swallowed cities up,
And mighty states characterless are grated,
To dusty nothing. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

CHA’RACTERY. n. s. [from character.] Impression; mark; dis­
tinction.
Fairies use flowers for their charactery.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
All my engagements I will construe to thee,
All the charactery of my sad brows. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

CHA’RCOAL. n. s. [imagined by Skinner to be derived from char,
business; but, by Mr. Lye, from to chark, to burn.] Coal made
by burning wood under turf. It is used in preparing metals.
Seacoal lasts longer than charcoal; and charcoal of roots, be­
ing coaled into great pieces, lasts longer than ordinary char­
coal. Bacon's Natural History, No 779.
Love is a fire that burns and sparkles,
In men as nat'rally as in charcoals,
Which sooty chymists stop in holes,
When out of wood they extract coals. Hudibras.
Is there, who, lock'd from ink and paper, scrawls
With desp'rate charcoal round his darken'd walls? Pope.

CHARD. n. s. [charde, Fr.]
1. Chards of artichokes are the leaves of fair artichoke plants,
tied and wrapped up all over but the top, in straw, during the
autumn and winter; this makes them grow white, and lose
some of their bitterness. Chambers.
2. Chards of beet, are plants of white beet transplanted, produc­
ing great tops, which, in the midst, have a large white, thick,
downy, and cotton-like main shoot, which is the true chard.
Mortimer.

To CHARGE. v. a. [charger, Fr. caricare, Ital. from carrus,
Lat.]
1. To entrust; to commission for a certain purpose. It has with
before the thing entrusted.
And the captain of the guard charged Joseph with them, and
he served them. Genesis, xl. 4.
What you have charged me with, that I have done.
Shakesp. King Lear.
2. To impute as a debt, with on before the debtor.
My father's, mother's, brother's death, I pardon:
That's somewhat sure; a mighty sum of murder,
Of innocent and kindred blood struck off,
My prayers and penance shall discount for these,
And beg of heav'n to charge the bill on me. Dryden.
It is not barely the ploughman's pains, the reaper's and
thresher's toil, and the baker's sweat, is to be counted into the
bread we eat; the plough, mill, oven, or any other utensils,
must all be charged on the account of labour. Locke.
3. To impute; with on before the person to whom any thing is
imputed.
No more accuse thy pen, but charge the crime
On native sloth, and negligence of time. Dryden.
It is easy to account for the difficulties he charges on the peri­
patetick doctrine. Locke.
Perverse mankind! whose wills, created free,
Charge all their woes on absolute decree;
All to the dooming gods their guilt translate,
And follies are miscall'd the crimes of fate. Pope.
We charge that upon necessity, which was really desired and
chosen. Watts's Logick.
4. To impose as a task. It has with before the thing imposed.
The gospel chargeth us with piety towards God, and justice
and charity to men, and temperance and chastity in reference
to ourselves. Tillotson.
5. To accuse; to censure.
Speaking thus to you, I am so far from charging you as guilty
in this matter, that I can sincerely say, I believe the exhorta­
tion wholly needless. Wake's Preparation for Death.
6. To accuse. It has with before the crime.
And his angels he charged with folly. Job, iv. 18.
7. To challenge.
The priest shall charge her by an oath. Numb. v. 19.
Thou canst not, cardinal, devise a name
So slight, unworthy, and ridiculous,
To charge me to an answer as the pope. Shakesp. K. John.
8. To command.
I may not suffer you to visit them;
The king hath strictly charg'd the contrary. Shakesp. R. III.
Why dost thou turn thy face? I charge thee, answer
To what I shall enquire. Dryden and Lee's OEdipus.
I charge thee, stand,
And tell thy name and business in the land. Dryden.
9. To fall upon; to attack; to make an onset.
With his prepared sword he charges home
My unprovided body, lanc'd my arm. Shakesp. King Lear.
The Grecians rally, and their pow'rs unite;
With fury charge us, and renew the fight. Dryden.
Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron, and seems
to despise all ornament, but intrinsick merit. Granville.
10. To burden; to load.
Here's the smell of blood still; all the perfumes of Arabia
will not sweeten this little hand. Oh! oh! oh!——What a
sigh is there? the heart is sorely charged. Shakesp. Macbeth.
When often urg'd, unwilling to be great,
Your country calls you from your lov'd retreat,
And sends to senates, charg'd with common care,
Which none more shuns, and none can better bear. Dryden.
Like meat swallowed down for pleasure and greediness,
which only charges the stomach, or fumes into the brain.
Temple.
A fault in the ordinary method of education, is the charging
of childrens memories with rules and precepts. Locke.
11.  To fill.
It is pity the obelisks in Rome had not been charged with se­
veral parts of the Egyptian histories, instead of hieroglyphicks.
Addison on Italy.
12. To load a gun with powder and bullets.

CHARGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Care; trust; custody.
One of the Turks laid down letters upon a stone, saying,
that in them was contained that they had in charge.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
A hard division, when the harmless sheep
Must leave their lambs to hungry wolves in charge. Fairfax.
He enquired many things, as well concerning the princes
which had the charge of the city, whether they were in hope to
defend the same. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. Precept; mandate; command.
Saul might even lawfully have offered to God those reserved
spoils, had not the Lord, in that particular case, given special
charge to the contrary. Hooker, b. v. § 17.
It is not for nothing, that St. Paul giveth charge to beware of
philosophy; that is to say, such knowledge as men by natural
reason attain unto. Hooker, b. iii. § 8.
The leaders having charge from you to stand,
Will not go off until they hear you speak. Shakesp. H. IV.
He, who requires
From us no other service than to keep
This one, this easy charge, of all the trees
In paradise, that bear delicious fruit
So various, not to taste that only tree
Of knowledge, planted by the tree of life. Par. Lost, b. iv.
3. Commission; trust conferred; office.
If large possessions, pompous titles, honourable charges, and
profitable commissions, could have made this proud man happy,
there would have been nothing wanting to his establishment.
L'Estrange.
Go first the master of thy herds to find
True to his charge a loyal swain and kind. Pope.
4. It had anciently sometimes over before the thing committed to
trust.
I gave my brother charge over Jerusalem; for he was a faith­
ful man, and feared God above many. Nehemiah, vii. 2.
5. It has of before the subject of command or trust.
Hast thou eaten of the tree,
Whereof I gave thee charge thou should'st not eat?
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 123.
6. It has upon before the person charged.
He loves God with all his heart, that is, with that degree of
love, which is the highest point of our duty, and of God's
charge upon us. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
7. Accusation; imputation.
We need not lay new matter to his charge:
What you have seen him do, and heard him speak,
Beating your officers, cursing yourselves. Shakesp. Coriolan.
These very men are continually reproaching the clergy, and


laying to their charge the pride, the avarice, the luxury, the ig­
norance, and superstition of popish times. Swift.
8. The person or thing entrusted to care or management.
Why hast thou, Satan, broke the bounds prescrib'd
To thy transgressions, and disturb'd the charge
Of others? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 879.
More had he said, but, fearful of her stay,
The starry guardian drove his charge away,
To some fresh pasture. Dryden.
Our guardian angel saw them where they sate
Above the palace of our slumb'ring king;
He sigh'd, abandoning his charge to fate. Dryden.
This part should be the governour's principal care; that an
habitual gracefulness and politeness, in all his carriage, may be
settled in his charge, as much as may be, before he goes out of
his hands. Locke.
9. An exhortation of a judge to a jury.
10. Expence; cost.
Being long since made weary with the huge charge, which
you have laid upon us, and with the strong endurance of so
many complaints. Spenser on Ireland.
Their charge was always born by the queen, and duly paid
out of the exchequer. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Witness this army of such mass and charge,
Led by a delicate and tender prince. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He liv'd as kings retire, though more at large,
From publick business, yet of equal charge. Dryden.
11.  It is, in later times, commonly used in the plural, charges.
A man ought warily to begin charges, which, once begun,
will continue. Bacon's Essays.
Ne'er put yourself to charges, to complain
Of wrong, which heretofore you did sustain. Dryden.
The last pope was at considerable charges, to make a little
kind of harbour in this place. Addison on Italy.
12. Onset.
And giving a charge upon their enemies, like lions, they slew
eleven thousand footmen, and sixteen hundred horsemen, and
put all the others to flight. 2 Macc. xi. 11. 
Honourable retreats are no ways inferiour to brave charges;
as having less of fortune, more of discipline, and as much of
valour. Bacon's War with Spain.
13. The signal to fall upon enemies.
Our author seems to sound a charge, and begins like the
clangour of a trumpet. Dryden.
14. The posture of a weapon fitted for the attack or combat.
Their neighing coursers, daring of the spur,
Their armed staves in charge, their beavers down.
Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
15. The quantity of powder and ball put into a gun.
16. Among farriers.
Charge is a preparation, or a sort of ointment, of the consis­
tence of a thick decoction, which is applied to the shoulder­
splaits, inflammations, and sprains of horses.
A charge is of a middle nature, between an ointment and
a plaister, or between a plaister and a cataplasm.
Farrier's Dict.
17. In heraldry.
The charge is that which is born upon the colour, except it
be a coat divided only by partition. Peacham.

CHA’RGEABLE. adj. [from charge.]
1. Expensive; costly.
Divers bulwarks were demolished upon the sea coasts, in
peace chargeable, and little serviceable in war. Hayward.
Neither did we eat any man's bread for nought, but wrought
with labour and travel night and day, that we might not be
chargeable to any of you. 2 Thess. iii. 9.
There was another accident of the same nature on the Sici­
lian side, much more pleasant, but less chargeable; for it cost no­
thing but wit. Wotton.
Considering the chargeable methods of their education, their
numerous issue, and small income, it is next to a miracle, that
no more of their children should want. Atterbury.
2. Imputable, as a debt or crime.
Nothing can be a reasonable ground of despising a man, but
some fault or other chargeable upon him. South.
3. Subject to charge or accusation; accusable.
Your papers would be chargeable with something worse than
indelicacy; they would be immoral. Spectator, No 286.

CHA’RGEABLENESS. n. s. [from chargeable.] Expence; cost;
costliness.
That which most deters me from such trials, is not their
chargeableness, but their unsatisfactoriness, though they should
succeed. Boyle.

CHA’RGEABLY. adv. [from chargeable.] Expensively; at great
cost.
He procured it not with his money, but by his wisdom; not
chargeably bought by him, but liberally given by others by his
means. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

CHA’RGER. n. s. [from charge.] A large dish.
All the tributes land and sea affords,
Heap'd in great chargers, load our sumptuous boards.
Denham.
This golden charger, snatch'd from burning Troy,
Anchises did in sacrifice employ. Dryden's Æneid.
Ev'n Lamb himself, at the most solemn feast,
Might have some chargers not exactly dress'd.
King's Art of Cookery.
Nor dare they close their eyes,
Void of a bulky charger near their lips,
With which in often interrupted sleep,
Their frying blood compels to irrigate
Their dry furr'd tongues. Philips.

CHA’RILY. adv. [from chary.] Warily; frugally.

CHA’RINESS. n. s. [from chary.] Caution; nicety; scrupulous­
ness.
I will consent to act any villainy against him, that may not
fully the chariness of our honesty. Shak. Merry W. of Windsor.

CHA’RIOT. n. s. [car-rhod, Welch, a wheeled car; for it is
known the Britons fought in such; charriot, Fr. carretta, Ital.]
1. A carriage of pleasure, or state.
Thy grand captain Antony
Shall set thee on triumphant chariots, and
Put garlands on thy head. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
He skims the liquid plains,
High on his chariot, and with loosen'd reins,
Majestick moves along. Dryden's Æneid.
2. A car in which men of arms were anciently placed.
3. A lighter kind of coach with only back seats.

To CHA’RIOT. v. a. [from the noun.] To convey in a chariot.
This word is rarely used.
An angel all in flames ascended
As in a firy column charioting
His godlike presence. Milton's Agonistes.

CHARIOTE’ER. n. s. [from chariot.] He that drives the chariot.
It is used only in speaking of military chariots, and those in
the ancient publick games.
The gasping charioteer beneath the wheel
Of his own car. Dryden's Fables.
The burning chariot, and the charioteer,
In bright Boötes and his wane appear. Addison on Italy.
Show us the youthful handsome charioteer,
Firm in his seat, and running his career. Prior.

CHARIOT’RACE. n. s. [from chariot and race.] A sport anci­
ently used, where chariots were driven for the prize, as now
horses run.
There is a wonderful vigour and spirit in the description of
the horse and chariotrace. Addison on the Georgicks.

CHA’RITABLE. adj. [charitable, Fr. from charité.]
1. Kind in giving alms; liberal to the poor.
He that hinders a charitable person from giving alms to a
poor man, is tied to restitution, if he hindered him by fraud
or violence. Taylor's Holy Living.
Shortly thou wilt behold me poor, and kneeling
Before thy charitable door for bread. Rowe's Jane Shore.
How shall we then wish, that it might be allowed us to live
over our lives again, in order to fill every minute of them with
charitable offices! Atterbury.
Health to himself, and to his infants bread
The lab'rer bears: what his hard heart denies,
His charitable vanity supplies. Pope.
2. Kind in judging of others; disposed to tenderness; benevo­
lent.
How had you been my friends else? Why have you that cha­
ritable title from thousands, did you not chiefly belong to my
heart? Shakesp. Timon.
Of a politick sermon that had no divinity, the king said to
bishop Andrews, Call you this a sermon? The bishop answer­
ed; By a charitable construction it may be a sermon. Bacon.

CHA’RITABLY. adv. [from charity.]
1. Kindly; liberally; with inclination to help the poor.
2. Benevolently; without malignity.
Nothing will more enable us to bear our cross patiently, in­
juries charitably, and the labour of religion comfortably.
Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
'Tis best sometimes your censure to restrain,
And charitably let the dull be vain. Pope's Essay on Criticism.

CHA’RITY. n. s. [charité, Fr. charitas, Lat.]
1. Tenderness; kindness; love.
By thee,
Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure,
Relations dear, and all the charities
Of father, son, and brother, first were known.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 756.
2. Goodwill; benevolence; disposition to think well of others.
My errours, I hope, are only those of charity to mankind,
and such as my own charity has caused me to commit, that of
others may more easily excuse. Dryden's Religio Laici, Preface.
3. The theological virtue of universal love.
Concerning charity, the final object whereof is that incom­
prehensible beauty which shineth in the countenance of Christ,
the Son of the living God. Hooker, b. i. p. 38.
Peace, peace, for shame, if not for charity.—
—Urge neither charity nor shame to me;
Uncharitably with me have you dealt. Shakesp. Richard III.


Only add
Deeds to thy knowledge answerable, add faith;
Add virtue, patience, temperance, add love,
By name to come call'd charity, the soul
Of all the rest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 584.
Faith believes the revelations of God; hope expects his pro­
mises; charity loves his excellencies and mercies. Taylor.
But lasting charity's more ample sway,
Nor bound by time, nor subject to decay,
In happy triumph shall for ever live. Prior.
Charity, or a love of God, which works by a love of our
neighbour, is greater than faith or hope. Atterbury.
4. Liberality to the poor.
The heathen poet, in commending the charity of Dido to
the Trojans, spoke like a christian. Dryden's Fables, Dedicat.
5. Alms; relief given to the poor.
We must incline to the king; I will look for him, and pri­
vily relieve him; go you and maintain talk with the duke, that
my charity be not of him perceived. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The ant did well to reprove the grasshopper for her slothful­
ness; but she did ill then to refuse her a charity in her distress.
L'Estrange.

To CHARK. v. a. To burn to a black cinder, as wood is burn­
ed to make charcoal.
Excess, either with an apoplexy, knocks a man on the head,
or, with a fever, like fire in a strong-water shop, burns him
down to the ground; or if it flames not out, charks him to a
coal. Grew's Cosmologia Sacra, b. iii. c. v. § 10.

CHA’RLATAN. n. s. [charlatan, Fr. ciarlatano, Ital. from ciar­
lare, to chatter.] A quack; a mountebank; an empirick.
Saltimbanchoes, quacksalvers, and charlatans, deceive them
in lower degrees. Brown's Vulgar Errours. b. i. c. 3.
For charlatans can do no good,
Until they're mounted in a crowd. Hudibras.

CHARLATA’NICAL. adj. [from charlatan.] Quackish; igno­
rant.
A cowardly soldier, and a charlatanical doctor, are the prin­
cipal subjects of comedy. Cowley, Preface.

CHA’RLATANRY. n. s. [from charlatan.] Wheedling; deceit;
cheating with fair words.

CHARLES’S-WAIN. n. s. The northern constellation, called the
Bear.
There are seven stars in Ursa minor, and in Charles's-wain,
or Plaustrum of Ursa major, seven. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CHA’RLOCK. n. s. A weed growing among the corn with a yel­
low flower. It is a species of Mithridate mustard.

CHARM. n. s. [charme, Fr. carmen, Latin.]
1. Words, or philtres, or characters, imagined to have some oc­
cult or unintelligible power.
I never knew a woman so dote upon a man; surely I think
you have charms.——Not I, I assure thee; setting the attrac­
tion of my good parts aside, I have no other charms.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
There have been ever used, either barbarous words, of no
sense, lest they should disturb the imagination, or words of simi­
litude, that may second and feed the imagination: and this was
ever as well in heathen charms, as in charms of later times.
Bacon's Natural History, No 948.
Alcyone he names amidst his pray'rs,
Names as a charm against the waves and wind,
Most in his mouth, and ever in his mind. Dryden.
Antæus could, by magick charms,
Recover strength, whene'er he fell. Swift.
2. Something of power to subdue opposition, and gain the affec­
tions.
Well sounding verses are the charm we use,
Heroick thoughts and virtue to infuse. Roscommon.
But what avail her unexhausted stores,
Her blooming mountains and her sunny shores,
With all the gifts that heaven and earth impart,
The smiles of nature, and the charms of art,
While proud oppression in her vallies reigns,
And tyranny usurps her happy plains? Addison.

To CHARM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fortify with charms against evil.
Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests,
I bear a charmed life, which must not yield
To one of woman born. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To make powerful by charms.
Arcadia was the charmed circle, where all his spirits for ever
should be enchanted. Sidney, b. ii.
3. To subdue by some secret power; to amaze.
I, in mine own woe charm'd,
Could not find death, where I did hear him groan;
Nor feel him where he struck. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. To subdue the mind by pleasure.
'Tis your graces
That from my mutest conscience to my tongue,
Charms this report out. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Amoret! my lovely foe,
Tell me where thy strength does lie:
Where the pow'r that charms us so,
In thy soul, or in thy eye? Waller.

CHA’RMER. n. s. [from charm.] One that has the power of
charms, or enchantments.
That handkerchief
Did an Egyptian to my mother give;
She was a charmer, and could almost read
The thoughts of people. Shakesp. Othello.
The passion you pretended,
Was only to obtain;
But when the charm is ended,
The charmer you disdain. Dryden's Sp. Friar.

CHA’RMING. particip. adj. [from charm.] Pleasing in the highest
degree.
For ever all goodness will be charming, for ever all wicked­
ness will be most odious. Sprat.
O charming youth! in the first op'ning page,
So many graces in so green an age. Dryden.

CHA’RMINGLY. adv. [from charming.] In such a manner as to
please exceedingly.
She smiled very charmingly, and discovered as fine a set of
teeth as ever eye beheld. Addison's Freeholder, No 11. 

CHA’RMINGNESS. n. s. [from charming.] The power of pleas­
ing.

CHA’RNEL. adj. [charnel, Fr.] Containing flesh, or carcases.
Such are those thick and gloomy shadows damp
Oft found in charnel vaults, and sepulchres,
Ling'ring and sitting by a new-made grave. Milton.

CHA’RNEL-HOUSE. n. s. [charnier, Fr. from caro, carnis, Latin.]
The place under churches where the bones of the dead are re­
posited.
If charnel-houses and our graves must send
Those, that we bury, back; our monuments
Shall be the maws of kites. Shakesp. Macbeth.
When they were in those charnel-houses, every one was plac­
ed in order, and a black pillar or coffin set by him. Taylor.

CHART. n. s. [charta, Lat.] A delineation or map of coasts,
for the use of sailors. It is distinguished from a map, by repre­
senting only the coasts.
The Portuguese, when they had doubled the Cape of Good­
Hope, found skilful pilates, using astronomical instruments,
geographical charts, and compasses. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CHA’RTER. n. s. [charta, Latin.]
1. A charter is a written evidence of things done between man
and man. Charters are divided into charters of the king, and
charters of private persons. Charters of the king are those,
whereby the king passeth any grant to any person or more, or
to any body politick: as a charter of exemption, that no man
shall be empannelled on a jury; charter of pardon, whereby
a man is forgiven a felony, or other offence. Cowel.
If you deny it, let the danger light
Upon your charter, and your city's freedom.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Here was that charter seal'd, wherein the crown
All marks of arbitrary power lays down. Denham.
She shakes the rubbish from her mounting brow,
And seems to have renew'd her charter's date,
Which heav'n will to the death of time allow. Dryden.
2. Any writing bestowing privileges or rights.
It is not to be wondered, that the great charter whereby God
bestowed the whole earth upon Adam, and confirmed it unto
the sons of Noah, being as brief in word as large in effect, hath
bred much quarrel of interpretation. Raleigh's Essays.
God renewed this charter of man's sovereignty over the crea­
tures. South.
3. Privilege; immunity; exemption.
I must have liberty,
Withal as large a charter as the wind,
To blow on whom I please; for so fools have;
And they that are most gauled with my folly,
They most must laugh. Shakesp. As you like it.
My mother,
Who has a charter to extol her blood,
When she does praise me, grieves me. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

CHARTER-PARTY. n. s. [chartre partie, Fr.] A paper relating
to a contract, of which each party has a copy.
Charter-parties, or contracts, made even upon the high sea,
touching things that are not in their own nature maritime, be­
long not to the admiral's jurisdiction.
Hale's Common Law of England.

CHA’RTERED. adj. [from charter.] Invested with privileges by
charter; privileged.
When he speaks,
The air, a charter'd libertine, is still. Shakesp. Henry V.

CHA’RY. adj. [from care.] Careful; cautious; wary; frugal.
Over his kindred he held a wary and chary care, which boun­
tifully was expressed, when occasion so required.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
The chariest maid is prodigal enough,
If she unmask her beauty to the moon. Shakespeare.

To CHASE. v. a. [chasser, Fr.]
1. To hunt.
2. To pursue as an enemy.
And Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him. Jud. ix. 40.


3. To follow as a thing desirable.
4. To drive.
Thus chased by their brother's endless malice, from prince
to prince, and from place to place, they, for their safety, fled
at last to the city of Bisennis. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
When the following morn had chas'd away
The flying stars, and light restor'd the day. Dryden.

To CHASE Metals. See To ENCHASE.

CHASE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Hunting; pursuit of any thing as game.
Whilst he was hast'ning, in the chase, it seems,
Of this fair couple, meets he on the way
The father of this seeming lady. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
There is no chase more pleasant, methinks, than to drive a
thought, by good conduct, from one end of the world to an­
other, and never to lose sight of it till it fall into eternity.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Fitness to be hunted, appropriation to chase or sport.
Concerning the beasts of chase, whereof the buck is the
first, he is called the first year a sawn. Shakesp. Love's L. Lost.
A maid I am, and of thy virgin train;
Oh! let me still that spotless name retain,
Frequent the forests, thy chaste will obey,
And only make the beasts of chase my prey. Dryden.
3. Pursuit of an enemy, or of something noxious.
The admiral, with such ships only as could suddenly be put in
readiness, made forth towards them; insomuch as of one hun­
dred ships, there came scarce thirty to work: howbeit, with
them, and such as came daily in, we set upon them, and gave
them chase. Bacon.
One day, upon the sudden, he sallied out upon them with cer­
tain troops of horsemen, with such violence, that, at the first
onset, he overthrew them, and, having them in chase, did
speedy execution. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
They seek that joy, which us'd to glow,
Expanded on the hero's face;
When the thick squadrons prest the foe,
And William led the glorious chase. Prior.
4. Pursuit of something as desirable.
Yet this mad chase of fame, by few pursu'd,
Has drawn destruction on the multitude. Dryden's Juvenal.
5. Hunting match.
Tell him, h'ath made a match with such a wrangler,
That all the courts of France will be disturb'd
With chases. Shakesp. Henry V.
6. The game hunted.
She, seeing the towering of her pursued chase, went circling
about, rising so with the less sense of rising. Sidney, b. ii.
Hold, Warwick: seek thee out some other chase,
For I myself must put this deer to death. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Honour's the noblest chase; pursue that game,
And recompence the loss of love with fame. Granville.
7. Open ground stored with such beasts as are hunted.
A receptacle for deer and game, of a middle nature between
a forest and a park; being commonly less than a forest, and not
endued with so many liberties; and yet of a larger compass,
and stored with greater diversity of game than a park. A chase
differs from a forest in this, because it may be in the hands of
a subject, which a forest, in its proper nature, cannot; and from
a park, in that it is not inclosed, and hath not only a larger
compass, and more store of game, but likewise more keepers
and overseers. Cowel.
He and his lady both are at the lodge,
Upon the northside of this pleasant chase. Shakesp. Tit. And.
8. The CHASE of a gun, is the whole bore or length of a piece,
taken withinside. Chambers.

CHASE-GUN. n. s. [from chase and gun.] Guns in the forepart
of the ship, fired upon those that are pursued.
Mean time the Belgians tack upon our rear,
And raking chase-guns through our stern they send. Dryden.

CHA’SER. n. s. [from chase.] Hunter; pursuer; driver.
Then began
A stop i' th' chaser, a retire; anon
A rout, confusion thick. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
So fast he flies, that his reviewing eye
Has lost the chasers, and his ear the cry. Denham.
Stretch'd on the lawn, his second hope survey,
At once the chaser, and at once the prey.
Lo Rufus tugging at the deadly dart,
Bleeds in the forest like a wounded hart. Pope.

CHASM. n. s. [χάσμα.]
1. A breach unclosed; a cleft; a gape; an opening.
In all that visible corporeal world, we see no chasms or gaps.
Locke.
The water of this orb communicates with that of the ocean,
by means of certain hiatuses or chasms passing betwixt it and the
bottom of the ocean. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The ground adust her riv'n mouth disparts,
Horrible chasm! profound. Philips.
2. A place unfilled; a vacuity.
Some lazy ages, lost in ease,
No action leave to busy chronicles;
Such, whose supine felicity but makes,
In story chasms, in epochas mistakes. Dryden.

CHA’SSELAS. n. s. [French.] A sort of grape. See VINE.

CHASTE. adj. [chaste, Fr. castus, Lat.]
1. Pure from all commerce of sexes; as a chaste virgin.
2. With respect to language; pure; uncorrupt; not mixed with
barbarous phrases.
3. Without obscenity.
Among words which signify the same principal ideas, some
are clean and decent, others unclean; some chaste, others ob­
scene. Watts's Logick.
4. True to the marriage bed.
Love your children, be discreet, chaste, keepers at home.
Titus, ii. 5.

CHASTE-TREE. n. s. [vitex, Lat.]
The flower consists of one leaf, with two lips; the forepart
is tubulose, from whose flower-cup rises the pointal, which be­
comes an almost spherical fruit, divided into four cells. The
leaves are fingered like those of hemp. This tree will grow to
be eight or ten feet high, and produce their spikes of flowers at
the extremity of every strong shoot in autumn. Miller.

To CHA’STEN. v. a. [chastier, Fr. castigo, Lat.] To correct;
to punish; to mortify.
Chasten thy son while there is hope, and let not thy soul spare
for his crying. Prov. xix. 18.
I follow thee, safe guide! the path
Thou lead'st me; and to the hand of heav'n submit,
However chast'ning. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 373.
Some feel the rod,
And own, like us, the father's chast'ning hand.
Rowe's Royal Convert.
From our lost pursuit she wills to hide
Her close decrees, and chasten human pride. Prior.

To CHASTI’SE. v. a. [castigo, Lat. antiently accented on the
first syllable, now on the last.]
1. To punish; to correct by punishment; to afflict for faults.
My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage,
But I will chastise this high minded strumpet. Sha. Hen. VI.
I am glad to see the vanity or envy of the canting chymists
thus discovered and chastised. Boyle's Sceptical Chymist.
How seldom is the world affrighted or chastised with signs or
prodigies, earthquakes or inundations, famines or plagues?
Grew's Cosmologia Sacra.
Like you, commission'd to chastise and bless,
He must avenge the world, and give it peace. Prior.
2. To reduce to order, or obedience.
Hie thee hither,
That I may pour my spirits in thine ear,
And chastise, with the valour of my tongue,
All that impedes thee. Shakesp. King Lear.
Know, Sir, that I
Will not wait pinion'd at your master's court,
Nor once be chastis'd with the sober eye
Of dull Octavia. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
The gay social sense
By decency chastis'd. Thomson.

CHASTI’SEMENT. n. s. [chastiment, Fr.] Correction; punish­
ment. These words are all commonly, though not always, used
of domestick or parental punishment.
Shall I so much dishonour my fair stars,
On equal terms to give him chastisement? Shakesp. R. II.
He held the chastisement of one which molested the see of
Rome, pleasing to God. Raleigh's Essays.
For seven years what can a child be guilty of, but lying, or
ill-natur'd tricks; the repeated commission of which shall bring
him to the chastisement of the rod. Locke.
He receives a fit of sickness as the kind chastisement and dis­
cipline of his heavenly father, to wean his affections from the
world. Bentley.

CHA’STITY. n. s. [castitas, Lat.]
1. Purity of the body.
Who can be bound by any solemn vow,
To force a spotless virgin's chastity? Shakesp. Henry VI.
Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that
of virgins or widows; continence of married persons: chaste
marriages are honourable and pleasing to God.
Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Ev'n here where frozen chastity retires,
Love finds an altar for forbidden fires. Pope.
2. Freedom from obscenity.
There is not chastity enough in language,
Without offence to utter them. Sh. Much ado about Nothing.
3. Freedom from bad mixture of any kind.

CHASTI’SER. n. s. [from chastise.] The person that chastises;
a punisher; a corrector.

CHA’STLY. adv. [from chaste.] Without incontinence; pure­
ly; without contamination.
You should not pass here: no, though it were as virtuous to
lie as to live chastely. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Make first a song of joy and love,
Which chastely flame in royal eyes. Wotton.


Succession of a long descent,
Which chastly in the channels ran,
And from our demi-gods began. Dryden.

CHA’STNESS. n. s. [from chaste.] Chastity; purity.

To CHAT. v. n. [from caqueter, Fr. Skinner; perhaps from a­
chat, purchase or cheapening, on account of the prate naturally
produced in a bargain; or only, as it is most likely, contracted
from chatter.] To prate; to talk idly; to prattle; to cackle;
to chatter; to converse at ease.
Thus chatten the people in their steads,
Ylike as a monster of many heads. Spenser's Pastorals.
Because that I familiarly sometimes,
Do use you for my fool, and chat with you,
Your sauciness will jest upon my love.
Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
All tongues speak of him, and the bleared sights
Are spectacled to see him. Your prattling nurse
Into a rapture lets her baby cry,
While she chats him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The shepherds on the lawn
Sat simply chatting in a rustick row. Milton.
With much goodwill the motion was embrac'd,
To chat a while on their adventures pass'd. Dryden.

CHAT. n. s. [from the verb.] Idle talk; prate; slight or negli­
gent tattle.
Lords that can prate
As amply and unnecessarily,
As this Gonzalo, I myself would make
A chough of as deep chat. Shakesp. Tempest.
The time between before the fire they sat,
And shorten'd the delay by pleasing chat. Drdyen.
The least is no inconsiderable good, but such as he confesses
is far greater than the tickling of his palate with a glass of
wine, or the idle chat of a soaking club. Locke.
Snuff, or the fan, supplies each pause of chat,
With singing, laughing, ogling, and all that. Pope.

CHAT. n. s. The keys of trees are called chats, as ash chats.

CHA’TELLANY. n. s. [châtelenie, Fr.] The district under the
dominion of a castle.
Here are about twenty towns and forts of great importance,
with their chatellanies and dependencies. Dryden.

CHA’TTEL. n. s. [See CATTLE.] Any moveable possession: a
term now scarce used but in forms of law.
Nay, look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret;
I will be master of what is mine own;
She is my goods, my chattels. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Honour's a lease for lives to come,
And cannot be extended from
The legal tenant: 'tis a chattle
Not to be forfeited in battle. Hudibras, p. i. c. iii.

To CHA’TTER. v. n. [caqueter, Fr.]
1. To make a noise as a pie, or other unharmonious bird.
Nightingales seldom sing, the pie still chattereth. Sidney.
So doth the cuckow, when the mavis sings,
Begin his witless note apace to chatter. Spenser's Sonnets.
There was a crow sat chattering upon the back of a sheep;
Well, sirrah, says the sheep, you durst not have done this to a
dog. L'Estrange.
Your birds of knowledge, that in dusky air
Chatter futurity. Dryden and Lee's OEdipus.
2. To make a noise by collision of the teeth.
Stood Theodore surpriz'd in deadly fright,
With chatt'ring teeth, and bristling hair upright. Dryden.
Dip but your toes into cold water,
Their correspondent teeth will chatter. Prior.
3. To talk idly or carelesly.
Suffer no hour to pass away in a lazy idleness, an imperti­
nent chattering, or useless trifles. Watts's Logick.

CHA’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Noise like that of a pie or monkey.
The mimick ape began his chatter,
How evil tongues his life bespatter. Swift.
2. Idle prate.

CHA’TTERER. n. s. [from chatter.] An idle talker; a pratler.

CHA’TWOOD. n. s. Little sticks; fuel.

CHA’VENDER. n. s. [Chevesne, Fr.] The chub; a fish.
These are a choice bait for the chub, or chavender, or indeed
any great fish. Walton's Angler.

CHAUMONTE’LLE. n. s. [Fr.] A sort of pear; which see.

To CHAW. v. a. [kawen, Germ.] To champ between the
teeth; to masticate; to chew.
I home returning, fraught with foul despight,
And chawing vengeance all the way I went. Fairy Q. b. ii.
They come to us, but us love draws;
He swallows us, and never chaws;
He is the tyrant pike, and we the fry. Donne.
Whether he found any use of chawing little sponges, dipt in
oil, in his mouth, when he was perfectly under water, and at a
distance from his engine. Boyle.
The man who laught but once to see an ass
Mumbling to make the cross-grain'd thistles pass,
Might laugh again, to see a jury chaw
The prickles of unpalatable law. Dryden.

CHAW. n. s. [from the verb.] The chap; the upper or under
part of a beast's mouth.
I will turn thee back, and put hooks into thy chaws, and
will bring thee forth and all thine army. Ezek. xxxviii. 4.

CHA’WDRON. n. s. Entrails.
Add thereto a tyger's chawdron,
For the ingredients of our cauldron. Shakesp. Macbeth.

CHEAP. adj. [ceapan, Sax. koopen, Dutch, to buy.]
1. To be had at a low rate; purchased for a small price.
Where there are a great many sellers to a few buyers, there
the thing to be sold will be cheap. On the other side, raise up
a great many buyers for a sew sellers, and the same thing will
immediately turn dear. Locke.
2. Of small value; easy to be had; not respected.
The goodness, that is cheap in beauty, makes
Beauty brief in goodness. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Had I so lavish of my presence been,
So common hackney'd in the eyes of men,
So stale and cheap to vulgar company. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He that is too much in any thing, so that he giveth another
occasion of society, maketh himself cheap. Bacon.
May your sick fame still languish till it die,
And you grow cheap in every subject's eye. Dryden.
The usual titles of distinction, which belong to us, are turn­
ed into terms of derision and reproach, and every way is taken
by profane men, towards rendering us cheap and contemptible.
Atterbury.

CHEAP. n. s. [cheping is an old word for market; whence East­
cheap, Cheapside.] Market; purchase; bargain; as good cheap;
[a bon marche, Fr.]
The same wine that comes out of Candia, which we pay
so dear for now a days, in that good world was very good
cheap. Sidney, b. ii.
It is many a man's case to tire himself out with hunting af­
ter that abroad, which he carries about him all the while, and
may have it better cheap at home. L'Estrange.
Some few insulting cowards, who love to vapour good cheap,
may trample on those who give least resistance. Decay of Piety.

To CHE’APEN. v. a. [ceapan, Sax. to buy.]
1. To attempt to purchase; to bid for any thing; to ask the
price of any commodity.
Rich she shall be, that's certain; wise, or I'll none; virtu­
ous, or I'll never cheapen her; fair, or I'll never look on her.
Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
The first he cheapened was a Jupiter, which would have come
at a very easy rate. L'Estrange.
So in a morning, without bodice,
Slipt sometimes out to Mrs. Thody's,
To cheapen tea. Prior.
To shops in crouds the daggled females fly,
Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift.
2. To lessen value.
My hopes pursue a brighter diadem.
Can any brighter than the Roman be?
I find my profer'd love has cheapen'd me. Dryd. Tyrr. Love.

CHE’APLY. adv. [from cheap.] At a small price; at a low rate.
By these I see
So great a day as this is cheaply bought. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Blood, rapines, massacres, were cheaply bought,
So mighty recompence your beauty brought. Dryden.

CHE’APNESS. n. s. [from cheap.] Lowness of price.
Ancient statutes incite merchant strangers to bring in com­
modities; having for end cheapness. Bacon's Henry VII.
The discredit which is grown upon this kingdom, has been
the great discouragement to other nations to transplant them­
selves hither, and prevailed farther than all the invitations which
the cheapness and plenty of the country has made them. Temple.

CHEAR. See CHEER.

To CHEAT. v. a. [of uncertain derivation; probably from
acheter, Fr. to purchase, alluding to the tricks used in making
bargains. See the noun.]
1. To defraud; to impose upon; to trick. It is used commonly
of low cunning.
It is a dangerous commerce, where an honest man is sure at
first of being cheated; and he recovers not his losses, but by
learning to cheat others. Dryden.
There are a sort of people who find that the most effectual
way to cheat the people, is always to pretend to insallible cures.
Tillotson, Preface.
2. It has of before the thing taken away by fraud.
I that am curtail'd by this fair proportion,
Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
Deform'd, unfinish'd. Shakesp. Richard III.

CHEAT. n. s. [from the verb. Some think abbreviated from
escheat, because many fraudulent measures being taken by the
lords of manours in procuring escheats, cheat the abridgment
was brought to convey a bad meaning.]
1. A fraud; a trick; an imposture.
The pretence of publick good is a cheat that will ever pass,
though so abused by ill men, that I wonder the good do not
grow ashamed to use it. Temple.


Emp'rick politicians use deceit,
Hide what they give, and cure but by a cheat. Dryden.
When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat;
Yet, fool'd with hope, men favour the deceit.
Trust on, and think tomorrow will repay;
Tomorrow's falser than the former day;
Lyes worse; and while it says, we shall be blest,
With some new joys cuts off what we possest. Dryden.
2. A person guilty of fraud.
Dissimulation can be no further useful than it is concealed;
for as much as no man will trust a known cheat. South.
Like that notorious cheat, vast sums I give,
Only that you may keep me while I live. Dryden's Cleomenes.

CHE

CHE’ATER. n. s. [from cheat.] One that practises fraud.
I will be cheater to them both, and they shall be exchequers
to me. [It is here for escheater.] Shakesp. M. W. of W.
They say this town is full of couzenage,
As nimble juggiers that deceive the eye;
Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks,
And many such like libertines of sin. Shakesp. Comedy of Err.
He is no swaggerer, hostess; a tame cheater i' faith.———
Cheater, call you him? I will bar no honest man my house,
nor no cheater. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
All sorts of injurious persons, the sacrilegious, the detainers
of tithes, cheaters of mens inheritances, false witnesses and ac­
cusers. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

To CHECK. v. a. [from the French echecs, chess; from whence
we use, at that game, the term checkmate, when we stop our
adversary from carrying on his play any farther.]
1. To repress; to curb.
Reserve thy state; with better judgment check
This hideous rashness. Shakesp. K. Lear.
How fames may be sown and raised, how they may be spread
and multiplied, and how they may be checked and laid dead.
Bacon's Essays.
I hate when vice can bolt her arguments,
And virtue has no tongue to check her pride. Milton.
He who sat at a table, richly and deliciously furnished, but
with a sword hanging over his head by one single thread or hair,
surely had enough to check his appetite. South.
2. To reprove; to chide.
Richard, with his eye brimful of tears,
Then check'd and rated by Northumberland,
Did speak these words, now prov'd a prophecy. Shakesp.
His fault is much, and the good king his master
Will check him for't. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To compare a bank note or other bill, with the correspon­
dent cipher.
4. To control by a counter reckoning.

To CHECK. v. n. 
1. To stop; to make a stop; with at.
With what wing the stanyel checks at it. Shakesp.
He must observe their mood on whom he jests,
The quality of the persons, and the time;
And, like the haggard, check at every feather
That comes before his eye. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, either
is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous under­
taking ever after. Locke.
2. To clash; to interfere.
If love check once with business, it troubleth mens fortunes.
Bacon's Essays.
I'll avoid his presence;
It checks too strong upon me. Dryden's All for Love.

CHECK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Repressure; stop; rebuff.
I do know, the state,
However this may gall him with some check,
Cannot with safety cast him. Shakesp. Othello.
Rebellion in this land shall lose his sway,
Meeting the check of such another day. Shakesp. Henry IV.
We see, also, that kings that have been fortunate conquerors
in their first years, must have some check or arrest in their for­
tunes. Bacon's Essay.
God hath of late years manifested himself in a very dreadful
manner, as if it were on purpose to give a check to this insolent
impiety. Tillotson.
It was this viceroy's zeal, which gave a remarkable check to
the first progress of christianity. Addison. Freeholder, No 32.
God put it into the heart of one of our princes, to give a
check to that sacrilege, which had been but too much winked
at. Atterbury.
The great struggle with his passions is in the first check.
Rogers.
2. Restraint; curb; government.
They who come to maintain their own breach of faith, the
check of their consciences much breaketh their spirit. Hayw.
The impetuosity of the new officer's nature needed some
restraint and check, for sometime, to his immoderate pretences
and appetite of power. Clarendon.
Some free from rhyme or reason, rule or check,
Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. Pope.
While such men are in trust, who have no check from with­
in, nor any views but towards their interest. Swift.
3. A reproof; a slight.
Oh! this life
Is nobler than attending for a check;
Richer than doing nothing for a bauble. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. A dislike; a sudden disgust; something that stops the pro­
gress.
Say I should wed her, would not my wise subjects
Take check, and think it strange? perhaps revolt? Dryden.
5. In falconry, is when a hawk forsakes her proper game to follow
rooks, pies, or other birds that cross her in her flight.
Chambers.
A young woman is a hawk upon her wings; and if she be
handsome, she is the more subject to go out on check. Suckling.
When whistled from the fist,
Some falcon stoops at what her eye design'd,
And with her eagerness, the quary miss'd,
Streight flies at check, and clips it down the wind. Dryden.
6. The person checking; the cause of restraint; a stop.
He was unhappily too much used as a check upon the lord Co­
ventry. Clarendon.
A satyrical poet is the check of the laymen on bad priests.
Dryden's Fables, Preface.
The letters have the natural production by several checks or
stops, or, as they are usually called, articulations of the breath or
voice. Holder's Elements of Speech.
7. The correspondent cipher of a bank bill.
8. A term used in the game of chess, when one party obliges the
other either to move or guard his king.
9. Clerk of the CHECK, in the king's houshold, has the check
and controulment of the yeomen of the guard, and all the ush­
ers belonging to the royal family.
10. Clerk of the CHECK, in the king's navy at Plymouth, is also
the name of an officer invested with like powers. Chambers.

To CHE’CKER. v. a. [from echecs, chess, Fr.] To variegate or
diversify, in the manner of a chess-board,
with alternate colours, or with darker and brighter parts.

To CHE’QUER. v. a. [from echecs, chess, Fr.] To variegate or
diversify, in the manner of a chess-board,
with alternate colours, or with darker and brighter parts.
The grey-ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night,
Check'ring the eastern clouds with streaks of light.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind,
And make a checquer'd shadow on the ground. Shakesp.
As the snake roll'd in the flow'ry bank,
With shining checker'd slough doth sting a child,
That for the beauty thinks it excellent. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
The wealthy spring yet never bore
That sweet, nor dainty flower,
That damask'd not the checker'd floor
Of Cynthia's summer bower. Drayton's Cynthia.
Many a youth and many a maid,
Dancing in the checker'd shade. Milton.
In the chess-board, the use of each chess-man is determined
only within that chequered piece of wood. Locke.
In our present condition, which is a middle state, our minds
are, as it were, chequered with truth and falsehood. Addison.
The ocean intermixing with the land, so as to checker it in­
to earth and water. Woodward's Natural History.
Here waving groves a checker'd scene display,
And part admit, and part exclude the day. Pope.

CHE’CKER. Work varied alternately as to its colours or
materials.

CHECKER-WORK. Work varied alternately as to its colours or
materials.
Nets of checker-work and wreaths of chain-work for the cha­
piters which were upon the top of the pillars. 1 Kings, vii. 17.

CHE’CKMATE. n. s. [echec et mat, Fr.] The movement on the
chess-board, that kills the opposite men, or hinders them from
moving.
Love they him called, that gave me the checkmate,
But better might they have behote him hate. Spenser.

CHE’CKROLL. n. s. [from check and roll.] A roll or book, con­
taining the names of such as are attendants on, and in pay to
great personages, as their houshold servants. It is otherwise
called the chequer-roll. Cowel.
Not daring to extend this law further than to the king's ser­
vants in checkroll, lest it should have been too harsh to the gen­
tlemen and other commons of the kingdom. Bacon's Hen. VII.

CHEEK. n. s. [ceac, Saxon.]
1. The side of the face below the eye.
And now and then an ample tear trill'd down
Her delicate cheek. Shakesp. King Lear.
Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night,
Like a rich jewel in an Æthiop's ear. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
I shall survey and spy
Death in thy cheeks, and darkness in thy eye. Donne.
Daughter of the rose, whose cheeks unite
The diff'ring titles of the red and white,
Who heaven's alternate beauty well display
The blush of morning and the milky way. Dryden.
2. A general name among mechanicks for almost all those pieces
of their machines and instruments that are double, and perfectly
alike. Chambers.



CHE’EKBONE. n. s. [from cheek and bone.]
I cut afterwards into the tumour, and felt the slug: it lay
partly under the os jugale, or cheekbone. Wiseman.

CHE’EKTOOTH. n. s. [from cheek and tooth.] The hinder tooth
or tusk.
He hath the cheekteeth of a great lion. Joel, i. 6.

CHEER. n. s. [chere, Fr. entertainment; cara, Sp. the counte­
nance. It seems to have, in English, some relation to both
these senses.]
1. Entertainment; provisions served at a feast.
But though my cates be mean, take them in good part;
Better cheer you may have, but not with better heart.
Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
His will was never determined to any pursuit of good cheer,
poignant sauces, and delicious wines. Locke.
2. Invitation to gaiety.
My royal lord,
You do not give the cheer; the feast is sold
That is not often vouched, while 'tis making
'Tis given with welcome. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Gaiety; jollity.
I have not that alacrity of spirit,
Nor cheer of mind, that I was wont to have. Shakesp. R. III.
4. Air of the countenance.
Right faithful true he was in deed and word,
But of his cheer did seem too solemn sad.
Nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad. Spens. Fairy Q.
Which publick death, receiv'd with such a cheer,
As not a sigh, a look, a shrink bewrays
The least felt touch of a degenerous fear,
Gave life to envy, to his courage praise. Daniel's Civil W.
He ended; and his words their drooping cheer
Enlighten'd, and their languish'd hope reviv'd. Milton.
At length appear
Her grisly brethren stretch'd upon the bier:
Pale at the sudden sight, she chang'd her cheer.
Dryden's Fables.
5. Perhaps temper of mind in general.
Then were they all of good cheer, and they also took some
meat. Acts, xxvii. 36.

To CHEER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To incite; to encourage; to inspirit.
He complained in vain, that he was betrayed: yet, for all
that, he was nothing discouraged, but cheered up the footmen.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
He cheer'd the dogs to follow her who fled,
And vow'd revenge on her devoted head. Dryden's Fables.
2. To comfort; to console.
I died, ere I could lend thee aid;
But cheer thy heart, and be thou not dismay'd.
Shakesp. Richard III.
Displeas'd at what, not suffering, they had seen,
They went to cheer the faction of the green. Dryden.
3. To gladden.
Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers;
Prepare the way, a god, a god appears. Pope's Messiah.
The sacred sun, above the waters rais'd,
Thro' heaven's eternal brazen portals blaz'd,
And wide o'er earth diffus'd his cheering ray. Pope.

To CHEER. v. n. To grow gay or gladsome.
At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up;
My hopes revive, and gladness dawns within me.
A. Philips's Distrest Mother.

CHE’ERER. n. s. [from to cheer.] Gladner; giver of gaiety.
To thee alone be praise,
From whom our joy descends,
Thou cheerer of our days. Wotton.
Angling was, after tedious study, a rest to his mind, a cheerer
of his spirits, a diverter of sadness, a calmer of unquiet
thoughts. Walton's Angler.
Saffron is the safest and most simple cordial, the greatest re­
viver of the heart, and cheerer of the spirits. Temple.
Prime cheerer, light,
Of all material beings first and best. Thomson's Summer.

CHE’ERFUL. adj. [from cheer and full.]
1. Gay; full of life; full of mirth.
The cheerful birds of sundry kind
Do chaunt sweet music to delight his mind. Fairy Q. b. ii.
2. Having an appearance of gaiety.
A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance: but by sorrow
of the heart the spirit is broken. Prov. xv. 13.

CHE’ERFULLY. adv. [from cheerful.] Without dejection; with
willingness; with gaiety.
Pluck up thy spirits, look cheerfully upon me.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
To their known stations cheerfully they go. Dryden.
Doctrine is that which must prepare men for discipline;
and men never go on so cheerfully, as when they see where they
go. South.
May the man
That cheerfully recounts the female's praise,
Find equal love, and love's untainted sweets
Enjoy with honour. Philips.

CHE’ERFULNESS. n. s. [from cheerful.]
1. Freedom from dejection; alacrity.
With what resolution and cheerfulness, with what courage
and patience did vast numbers of all sorts of people, in the
first ages of christianity, encounter all the rage and malice of
the world, and embrace torments and death? Tillotson.
2. Freedom from gloominess.
I remember, then I marvelled to see her receive my com­
mandments with sighs, and yet do them with cheerfulness.
Sidney, b. ii.

CHE’ERLESS. adj. [from cheer.] Without gaiety, comfort, or
gladness.
For since mine eye your joyous sight did miss,
My cheerful day is turn'd to cheerless night. Fairy Q. b. i.
On a bank, beside a willow,
Heav'n her cov'ring, earth her pillow,
Sad Amynta sigh'd alone,
From the cheerless dawn of morning
Till the dews of night returning. Dryden.
Cheerless towns, far distant, never bless'd. Thomson.

CHE’ERLY. adj. [from cheer.]
1. Gay; cheerful.
They are useful to mankind, in affording them convenient
situations of houses and villages, reflecting the benign and
cherishing sun beams, and so rendering their habitations both
more comfortable and more cheerly in winter. Ray on Creation.
Under heavy arms the youth of Rome
Their long laborious marches overcome;
Cheerly their tedious travels undergo. Dryden's Virgil.
2. Not gloomy.

CHE’ERLY. adv. [from cheer.] Cheerfully.
In God's name, cheerly on, courageous friends,
To reap the harvest of perpetual peace,
By this one bloody trial of sharp war. Shakesp. Richard III.
Oft listening how the hounds and horn
Cheerly rouse the slumb'ring morn. Milton.

CHE’ERY. adj. [from cheer.] Gay; sprightly; having the
power to make gay.
Come, let us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl;
Let cider new wash sorrow from thy soul. Gay's Pastorals.

CHEESE. n. s. [caseus, Lat. cyse, Saxon.] A kind of food
made by pressing the curd of coagulated milk, and suffering
the mass to dry.
I will rather trust a Fleming with my butter, parson Hugh
the Welchman with my cheese, than my wife with herself.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

CHE’ESECAKE. n. s. [from cheese and cake.] A cake made of
soft curds, sugar and butter.
Effeminate he sat, and quiet;
Strange product of a cheesecake diet. Prior.
Where many a man at variance with his wife,
With soft'ning mead and cheesecake ends the strife.
King's Art of Cookery.

CHE’ESEMONGER. n. s. [from cheese and monger.] One who
deals in cheese.
A true owl of London,
That gives out he is undone,
Being a cheesemonger,
By trusting. Ben Johnson's Owls.

CHE’ESEPRESS. n. s. [from cheese and press.] The press in
which the curds are pressed.
The cleanly cheesepress she could never turn,
Her aukward fist did ne'er employ the churn. Gay's Past.

CHE’ESEVAT. n. s. [from cheese and vat.] The woodencase in
which the curds are confined when they are pressed into cheese.
His sense occasions the careless rustick to judge the sun no
bigger than a cheesevat. Glanville's Scepsis, c. 10.

CHE’ESY. adj. [from cheese.] Having the nature or form of
cheese.
Acids mixed with them precipitate a tophaceous chalky mat­
ter, but not a cheesy substance. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CHE’LY. n. s. [chela, Lat.] The claw of a shell fish.
It happeneth often, I confess, that a lobster hath the chely,
or great claw, of one side longer than the other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 5.

CHEMISTRY. See CHYMISTRY.

CHEQUER. See CHECKER.

To CHE’RISH. v. a. [cherir, Fr.] To support and forward
with encouragement, help, and protection; to shelter; to nurse
up.
Whenever Buckingham doth turn his hate
Upon your grace, and not with duteous love
Doth cherish you and yours, God punish me
With hate in those where I expect most love. Shak. R. III.
I would I were thy bird.———
——— ——— Sweet, so would I;
But I should kill thee with too much cherishing.
Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
What doth cherish weeds but gentle air? Shakesp. H. VI.
Magistrates have always thought themselves concerned to
cherish religion, and to maintain in the minds of men the be­
lief of a God and another life. Tillotson.


But old god Saturn, which doth all devour,
Doth cherish her, and still augments her might. Davies.
He that knowingly commits an ill, has the upbraidings of
his own conscience; those who act by error, have its cherish­
ings and encouragements to confirm and animate them.
Decay of Piety.

CHE’RISHER. n. s. [from cherish.] An encourager; a sup­
porter.
One of their greatest praises it is to be the maintainers
and cherishers of a regular devotion, a reverend worship, a
true and decent piety. Sprat's Serm.

CHE’RISHMENT. n. s. [from cherish.] Encouragement; sup­
port; comfort. It is now obsolete.
The one lives, her age's ornament,
That with rich bounty and dear cherishment,
Supports the praise of noble poesie.
Spenser's Tears of the Muses.

CHE’RRY. n. s. [cerise, Fr. cerasus, Lat.]

CHE’RRY-TREE. n. s. [cerise, Fr. cerasus, Lat.]
The tree hath large shining leaves: the fruit grows on
long pedicles, and is roundish or heart-shaped: the stone
is short, tumid, and roundish. The species are; 1.  The
common red or garden cherry. 2. Large Spanish cherry.
3. The red heart cherry. 4. The white heart cherry.
5. The bleeding heart cherry. 6. The black heart cherry.
7. The May cherry. 8. The black cherry, or mazard.
9. The archduke cherry. 10. The yellow Spanish cherry.
11.  The Flanders cluster cherry. 12. The carnation cherry.
13. The large black cherry. 14. The bird cherry. 15. The
red bird or Cornish cherry. 16. The largest double flowered
cherry. 17. The double flowered cherry. 18. The com­
mon wild cherry. 19. The wild northern English cherry,
with late ripe fruit. 20. The shock or perfumed cherry.
21.  The cherrytree with striped leaves. And many other
sorts of cherries; as the amber cherry, lukeward, corone,
Gascoigne, and the morello, which is chiefly planted for
preserving.
This fruit was brought out of Pontus at the time of the
Mithridatick victory, by Lucullus, in the year of Rome 680;
and was brought into Britain about 120 years afterwards,
which was An. Dom. 55; and was soon after spread through
most parts of Europe. It is generally esteemed for its ear­
liness, being of the first tree-fruits that appears to welcome
in the fruit-season. Miller.
Some devils ask but the parings of one's nail, a pin, a nut,
a cherry stone; but she, more covetous, would have a chain.
Shakes. Com. of Errors.
July I would have drawn in a jacket of light-yellow eat­
ing cherries, with his face and bosom sun-burnt. Peacham.
All this done by a little spark of life, which, in its first
appearance, might be inclosed in the hollow of a cherry stone.
Hale's Orig. of Mankind.
All the ideas of all the sensible qualities of a cherry come
into my mind by sensation. Locke.

CHE’RRY. adj. [from the substantive.] Resembling a cherry
in colour.
Shore's wife hath a pretty foot,
A cherry lip, a passing pleasing tongue. Shakes. Rich. III.

CHE’RRY BAY. See LAUREL.

CHE’RRYCHEEKED. adj. [from cherry and cheek.] Having ruddy
cheeks.
I warrant them cherrycheek'd country girls. Cong. Old Bat.

CHE’RRYPIT. n. s. [from cherry and pit.] A child's play, in
which they throw cherry stones into a small hole.
What! man, 'tis not for gravity to play at cherrypit.
Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

CHERSONE’SE. n. s. [χερσόνησος.] A peninsula; a tract of
land almost surrounded by the sea, but joined to the continent
by a narrow neck or isthmus.

CHERT. n. s. [from quartz, Germ.] A kind of flint.
Flint is most commonly found in form of nodules; but 'tis
sometimes found in thin stratæ, when 'tis called chert. Woodw.

CHE’RUB. n. s. [כרב plur. כרביםּ It is sometimes written
in the plural, improperly, cherubims.]
A celestial spirit, which, in the hierarchy, is placed next
in order to the seraphim. All the several descriptions which
the Scripture gives us of cherubin, differ from one another;
as they are described in the shapes of men, eagles, oxen, lions,
and in a composition of all these figures put together. The
hieroglyphical representations in the embroidery upon the cur­
tains of the Tabernacle, were called by Moses, Exod. xxvi. 1. 
cherubim of cunning work. Calmet.
The roof o' th' chamber
With gold cherubims is fretted. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Heav'n's cherubin hors'd,
Upon the sightless coursers of the air,
Shall blow the horrid deed in ev'ry eye,
That tears shall drown the wind. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Some cherub finishes what you begun,
And to a miracle improves a tune. Prior.

CHERU’BICK. adj. [from cherub.] Angelick; relating to the
cherubim.
Thy words
Attentive, and with more delighted ear,
Divine instructor! I have heard, than when
Cherubick songs by night from neighb'ring hills
Aerial musick send. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 547.
And on the east side of the garden place,
Where entrance up from Eden easiest climbs,
Cherubick watch. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 120.

CHE’RUBIN. adj. [from cherub.] Angelical.
This fell whore of thine,
Hath in her more destruction than thy sword,
For all her cherubin look. Shakesp. Timon.

CHE’RVIL. n. s. [chærophyllum, Lat.] It is an umbelliferous plant,
whose leaves are divided into many segments: the petals of
the flower are bifid and heart-shaped; and each flower is suc­
ceeded by two long seeds, not furrowed. The species are;
1.  Garden chervil. 2. Wild perennial chervil, or cow-weed.
The first of these species is cultivated for sallads. Miller.

To CHE’RUP. v. n. [from cheer; perhaps from cheer up; cor­
rupted to cherip.] To chirp; to use a cheerful voice.
The birds
Frame to thy song their cheerful cheriping;
Or hold their peace for shame of thy sweet lays. Spens. Past.

CHE’SLIP. n. s. A small vermin, that lies under stones or
tiles. Skinner.

CHESS. n. s. [echec, Fr.] A nice and abstruse game, in which
two sets of men are moved in opposition to each other.
This game the Persian magi did invent,
The force of Eastern wisdom to express;
From thence to busy Europeans sent,
And styl'd by modern Lombards pensive chess. Denham.
So have I seen a king on chess,
(His rooks and knights withdrawn,
His queen and bishops in distress)
Shifting about, grow less and less,
With here and there a pawn. Dryden.

CHE’SS-APPLE. n. s. See WILD SERVICE, of which it is a species.

CHE’SS-BOARD. n. s. [from chess and board.] The board or table
on which the game of chess is plaid.
And cards are dealt, and chessboards brought,
To ease the pain of coward thought. Prior.

CHE’SS-MAN. n. s. [from chess and man.] A puppet for chess.
A company of chessmen, standing on the same squares of the
chessboard where we left them: we say, they are all in the same
place, or unmoved. Locke.

CHE’SS-PLAYER. n. s. [from chess and player.] A gamester at chess.
Thus like a skilful chessplayer, by little and little, he draws
out his men, and makes his pawns of use to his greater per­
sons. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.

CHE’SSOM.
The tender chessom and mellow earth is the best, being mere
mould, between the two extremes of clay and sand; especially
if it be not loomy and binding. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 665.

CHEST. n. s. [cyst, Sax. cista, Lat.]
1. A box of wood or other materials, in which things are laid up.
He will seek there, on my word: neither press, chest, trunk,
well, vault, but he hath an abstract for the remembrance of
such places. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
But more have been by avarice opprest,
And heaps of money crowded in the chest. Dryd. Juv. Sat.
2. A CHEST of Drawers. A case with boxes or drawers.
3. The trunk of the body, or cavity from the shoulders to the
belly.
Such as have round faces, or broad chests, or shoulders,
have seldom or never long necks. Brown's Vul. Err. b. vii. c. 14.
He describes another by the largeness of his chest, and
breadth of his shoulders. Pope's Notes on the Iliad.

To CHEST. v. a. [from the noun.] To reposite in a chest;
to hoard.

CHEST-FOUNDERING. n. s. A disease in horses. It comes near
to a pleurisy, or peripneumony, in a human body. Far. Dict.

CHE’STED. adj. [from chest.] Having a chest; as broad­
chested, narrow-chested.

CHE’STER. See CASTOR.

CHE’STNUT. n. s. [chastaigne, Fr. castanea, Lat.]

CHE’STNUT-TREE. n. s. [chastaigne, Fr. castanea, Lat.]
1. The tree hath katkins, which are placed at remote dis­
tances from the fruit, on the same tree. The outer coat
of the fruit is very rough, and has two or three nuts
included in each husk or covering. This tree was for­
merly in greater plenty, as may be proved by the old build­
ings in London, which were, for the most part, of this tim­
ber; which is equal in value to the best oak, and, for many
purposes, far exceeds it, particularly for making vessels for
liquors; it having a property, when once thoroughly seasoned,
to maintain its bulk constantly, and is not subject to shrink
or swell, like other timber. Miller.
2. The fruit of the chestnut-tree.
A woman's tongue,
That gives not half so great a blow to th' ear,
As will a chestnut in a farmer's fire. Shakes. Tam. of the Shrew.
October has a basket of services, medlars and chestnuts, and
fruits that ripen at the latter time. Peacham on Drawing.
3. The name of a brown colour.


His hair is of a good colour.———
——An excellent colour: your chestnut was ever the only
colour. Shakesp. As you like it.
Merab's long hair was glossy chestnut brown. Cowl. Dav.

CHE’STON. n. s. See PLUM, of which it is a species.

CHEVALI’ER. n. s. [chevalier, Fr.] A knight; a gallant
strong man.
Renowned Talbot doth expect my aid;
And I am lowted by a traitor-villain,
And cannot help the noble chevalier. Shakes. Hen. VI. p. 1. 

CHEVA’UX de Frise. n. s. [Fr. The singular Cheval de Frise
is seldom used.] The Friesland horse, which is a piece of
timber, larger or smaller, and traversed with wooden spikes,
pointed with iron, five or six feet long; used in defending a
passage, stopping a breach, or making a retrenchment to stop
the cavalry. It is also called a turnpike, or tourniquet.
Chambers.

CHE’VEN. n. s. [chevesne, Fr.] A river fish; the same with chub.

CHE’VERIL. n. s. [cheverau, Fr.] A kid; kidleather.
A sentence is but a cheveril glove to a good wit: how quickly
the wrong side may be turned outward. Shakesp. Twelf. Night.
Which gifts the capacity
Of your soft cheveril conscience would receive,
If you might please to stretch it. Shakespeare's Henry VII.
O, here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch
narrow to an ell broad. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

CHE’VISANCE. n. s. [chevisance, Fr.] Enterprize; atchievement;
A word now not in use.
Fortune, the foe of famous chevisance,
Seldom, said Guyon, yields to virtue's aid,
But in her way throws mischief and mischance.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 9. stan. 8.

CHE’VRON. n. s. [French.] One of the honourable ordi­
naries in heraldry. It represents two rafters of a house,
set up as they ought to stand. Harris.

To CHEW. v. a. [ceowyan, Sax. kauwen, Dutch. It is very
frequently pronounced chaw, and perhaps properly.]
1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate
If little faults, proceeding on distemper,
Shall not be wink'd at, how shall we stretch our eye,
When capital crimes, chew'd, swallow'd, and digested,
Appear before us. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Pacing through the forest,
Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancy. Sh. As you like it.
This pious cheat, that never suck'd the blood,
Nor chew'd the flesh of lambs. Dryden's Fables.
The vales
Descending gently, where the lowing herd
Chews verd'rous pasture. Philips.
By chewing, solid aliment is divided into small parts: in a
human body, there is no other instrument to perform this
action but the teeth. By the action of chewing, the spittle
and mucus are squeezed from the glands, and mixed with the
aliment; which action, if it be long continued, will turn the
aliment into a sort of chyle. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To meditate; or ruminate in the thoughts.
While the fierce monk does at his trial stand,
He chews revenge, abjuring his offence:
Guile in his tongue, and murder in his hand,
He stabs his judge, to prove his innocence. Prior.
3. To taste without swallowing.
Heav'n's in my mouth,
As if I did but only chew its name. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and
some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are
to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously;
and some few to be read wholly, with diligence and attention.
Bacon, Essay 51. 

To CHEW. v. n. To champ upon; to ruminate.
I will with patience hear, and find a time;
'Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
Inculcate the doctrine of disobedience, and then leave
the multitude to chew upon't. L'Estrange, Fab. 67.
Old politicians chew on wisdom past,
And blunder on in business to the last. Pope's Epist. 1.  l. 244.

CHI

CHICA’NE. n. s. [chicane, Fr. derived by Menage from the
Spanish word chico, little.]
1. The art of protracting a contest by petty objection and
artifice.
The general part of the civil law concerns not the chicane
of private cases, but the affairs and intercourse of civilized
nations, grounded upon the principles of reason. Locke on Educ.
His attornies have hardly one trick left; they are at an end
of all their chicane. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. Artifice in general. This sense is only in familiar language.
Unwilling then in arms to meet,
He strove to lengthen the campaign,
And save his forces by chicane. Prior.

To CHICA’NE. v. n. [chicaner, Fr.] To prolong a contest by
tricks.

CHICA’NER. n. s. [chicaneur, Fr.] A petty sophister; a trifling
disputant; a wrangler.
This is the only way to distinguish the two most different
things I know in the world, a logical chicaner from a man of
reason. Locke on Human Understanding, S. 3.

CHICA’NERY. n. s. [chicanerie, Fr.] Sophistry; mean arts of
wrangle.
His anger at his ill success, caused him to destroy the
greatest part of these reports; and only to preserve such as
discovered most of the chicanery and futility of the practice.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

CHICHES. n. s. See CHICKPEAS.

CHI’CHLING VETCH. n. s. [lathyrus, Lat.] The plants of
this species produce abundance of flowers, which are very
ornamental in basons or pots of flowers to place in chim­
nies, and other parts of large rooms. In Germany they are
cultivated, and eaten as peas, though neither so tender nor
well tasted. Miller.

CHICK. n. s. [cicen, Sax. kiecken, Dut.]

CHICKEN. n. s. [cicen, Sax. kiecken, Dut.]
1. The young of a bird, particularly of a hen, or small bird.
All my pretty ones?
What, all my pretty chickens, and their dam,
At one fell swoop! Shakespear's Macbeth.
For when the shell is broke, out comes a chick. Davies.
While it is a chick, and hath no spurs, nor cannot hurt,
nor yet hath seen the like motion, yet he readily practiseth it.
Hale's-Origin of Mankind.
Ev'n since she was a se'n-night old, they say,
Was chaste and humble to her dying day;
Nor chick, nor hen, was known to disobey. Dryd. Fables.
Having the notion that one laid the egg out of which the
other was hatched, I have a clear idea of the relation of dam
and chick. Locke.
On rainy days alone I dine,
Upon a chick and pint of wine:
On rainy days I dine alone,
And pick my chicken to the bone. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. A word of tenderness.
My Ariel, chick,
This is thy charge. Shakespeare's Tempest.
3. A term for a young girl.
Then, Chloe, still go on to prate
Of thirty-six and thirty-eight;
Pursue your trade of scandal-picking,
Your hints, that Stella is no chicken. Swift.

CHI’CKENHEARTED. adj. [from chicken and heart.] Cowardly;
timorous; fearful.
Now we set up for tilting in the pit,
Where 'tis agreed by bullies, chickenhearted,
To fright the ladies first, and then be parted. Prol. to Sp. Fr.

The CHI’CKENPOX. n. s. An exanthematous distemper, so
called from its being of no very great danger.

CHI’CKLING. n. s. [from chick.] A small chicken.

CHI’CKPEAS. n. s. [from chick and pea.]
It hath a papilionaceous flower, succeeded by short swelling
pods, like the inflated bladder of a fish: the seeds are shaped
like a ram's head. It is seldom cultivated in England, where
peas will do well, which are much preferable. Miller.

CHI’CKWEED. n. s. [chick and weed.] The name of a plant.
Green mint, or chickweed, are common applications, and
of good use, in all the hard swellings of the breast, occasioned
by milk. Wiseman of Tumours.

To CHIDE. v. a. preter. chid or chode, part. chid or chidden.
[cidan, Sax.]
1. To reprove; to check; to correct with words: applied to
persons.
Chide him for faults, and do it reverently,
When you perceive his blood inclin'd to mirth. Sh. Hen. VI.
If he do set
The very wings of reason to his heels,
And fly like chidden Mercury from Jove. Sh. Troil. & Cres.
Those, that do teach your babes,
Do it with gentle means, and easy tasks;
He might have chid me so: for, in good faith,
I am a child to chiding. Shakespeare's Othello.
Scylla wept,
And chid her barking waves into attention. Milton.
Above the waves as Neptune shew'd his face,
To chide the winds, and save the Trojan race. Waller.
You look, as if yon stern philosopher
Had just now chid you. Addison's Cato.
If any woman of better fashion in the parish happened to
be absent from church, they were sure of a visit from him, to
chide and to dine with her. Swift.
2. To drive away with reproof.
Margaret my queen, and Clifford too,
Have chid me from the battle. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
3. To blame; to reproach: applied to things.
Winds murmur'd through the leaves your long delay,
And fountains, o'er the pebbles, chid your stay. Dryden.
I chid the folly of my thoughtless haste;
For, the work perfected, the joy was past. Prior.

To CHIDE, v. n. 
1. To clamour; to scold.


What had he to do to chide at me. Shakesp. As you like it.
Next morn, betimes, the bride was missing:
The mother scream'd, the father chid,
Where can this idle wench be hid? Swift.
2. To quarrel with.
The business of the state does him offence,
And he does chide with you. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. To make a noise.
My duty,
As doth a rock against the chiding flood,
Should the approach of this wild river break,
And stand unshaken yours. Shakespear's Henry VIII.

CHI’DER. n. s. [from chide.] A rebuker; a reprover.
Not her that chides, sir, at any hand, I pray.—
I love no chiders, sir. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

CHIEF. adj. [chef, the head, Fr.]
1. Principal; most eminent; above the rest in any respect.
These were the chief of the officers that were over Solo­
mon's works. 1 Kings ix. 23.
The hand of the princes and rulers hath been chief in this
trespass. Ezra ix. 2.
Your country, chief in arms, abroad desend;
At home, with morals, arts, and laws amend. Pope's Epist.
2. Eminent; extraordinary.
A froward man soweth strife, and a whisperer separateth
chief friends. Proverbs xvi. 28.
3. Capital; of the first order; that to which other parts are
inferior, or subordinate.
I came to have a good general view of the apostle's main
purpose in writing the epistle, and the chief branches of his
discourse wherein he prosecuted it. Locke's Pref. to St. Paul's Ep.
4. It is used by some writers in the superlative degree; but, I
think, improperly: the comparative is never found.
We beseech you, bend you to remain
Here in the cheer and comfort of our eye,
Our chiefest courtier, cousin, and our son. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Doeg an Edomite, the chiefest of the herdmen. 1 Sa xxi. 7.
He sometimes denied admission to the chiefest officers of
the army. Clarendon, b. viii.

CHIEF. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A commander; a leader.
Is pain to them
Less pain, less to be fled? or thou than they
Less hardy to endure? couragious chief!
The first in flight from pain. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
After or before were never known
Such chiefs; as each an army seem'd alone. Dryden's Fab.
A wit's a feather, and a chief a rod;
An honest man's the noblest work of God. Pope's Ess. on Man.
A prudent chief not always must display
His pow'rs in equal ranks, and fair array;
But with th' occasion and the place comply,
Conceal his force, nay seem sometimes to fly. Po. Ess. Crit.
2. In CHIEF, in law. In capite, without a superior lord.
All sums demandable, either for licence of alienation to be
made of lands holden in chief, or for the pardon of any such
alienation already made without licence, have been stayed in.
the way to the hanaper. Bacon's Off. Alienations.
I shall be proud to hold my dependance on you in chief, as
I do part of my small fortune in Wiltshire. Dryd. Ded. to Cleom.
3. In Spenser it seems to signify somewhat like atchievement; a
mark of distinction.
Where be the nosegays that she dight for thee?
The coloured chaplets wrought with a chief,
The knottish rush-rings, and gilt rosemary. Spens. Past.
4. In heraldry.
The chief is so called of the French word chef, the head
or upper part: this possesses the upper third part of the eseut­
cheon. Peacham on Drawing.

CHI’EFLESS. adj. [from chief.] Without a head; without a
leader.
And chiefless armies doz'd out the campaign,
And navies yawn'd for orders on the main. Dunciad, b. iv.

CHI’EFLY. adv. [from chief.] Principally; eminently; more
than common.
Any man who will seriously consider the nature of an epic
poem, what actions it describes, and what persons they are
chiefly whom it informs, will find it a work full of difficulty.
Dryden's Juven. Preface.
Those parts of the kingdom, where the number and estates
of the dissenters chiefly lay. Swift.

CHI’EFRIE. n. s. [from chief.] A small rent paid to the lord
Paramount.
They shall be well able to live upon those lands, to yield
her majesty reasonable chiefrie, and also give a competent
maintenance unto the garrisons. Spenser's Ireland.
Would the reserved rent at this day be any more than a
small chiefrie. Swift.

CHI’EFTAN. n. s. [from chief, n. s. captain.]
1. A leader; a commander.
That forc'd their chieftain, for his safety's sake,
(Their chieftain Humber named was aright)
Unto the mighty stream him to betake,
Where he an end of battle and of life did make. Fairy Qu.
2. The head of a clan.
It broke, and absolutely subdued all the lords and chieftains
of the Irishry. Davies on Ireland.

CHIE’VANCE. n. s. [probably from achevance, Fr. purchase.]
Traffick, in which money is extorted; as discount. Now
obsolete.
There were good laws against usury, the bastard use of
money; and against unlawful chievances and exchanges, which
is bastard usury. Bacon's Henry VII.

CHILBLA’IN. n. s. [from chill, cold, and blain; so that Tem­
ple seems mistaken in his etymology, or has written it wrong
to serve a purpose.] Sores made by frost.
I remembered the cure of childblanes when I was a boy,
(which may be called the children's gout) by burning at the
fire. Temple.

CHILD. n. s. in the plural CHILDREN. [cild, Sax.]
1. An infant, or very young person.
In age, to wish for youth is full as vain,
As for a youth to turn a child again. Denham.
We should no more be kinder to one child than to another,
than we are tender of one eye more than of the other. L'Estr.
The young lad must not be ventured abroad at eight or ten,
for fear of what may happen to the tender child; though he
then runs ten times less risque than at sixteen. Locke.
The stroak of death is nothing: children endure it, and
the greatest cowards find it no pain. Wake's Prep for Death.
2. One in the line of filiation, opposed to the parent.
Where children have been exposed, or taken away young,
and afterwards have approached to their parents presence, the
parents, though they have not known them, have had a secret
joy, or other alteration thereupon. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 239.
I shall see
The winged vengeance overtake such children. Shakes. K. L.
So unexhausted her perfections were,
That for more children, she had more to spare. Dryden.
He in a fruitful wife's embraces old,
A long increase of children's children told. Add. Ovid's Met.
3. In the language of Scripture.
One weak in knowledge. Isa. x. 19. 1 Cor. xiii. 11. 
Such as are young in grace. 1 John, ii. 13.
Such as are humble and docile. Matt. xvii. 3, 4.
The descendants of a man, how remote soever, are called
children; as the children of Edom, the children of Israel.
The children of light, the children of darkness; who follow
light, who remain in darkness.
The elect, the blessed, are also called the children of God.
How is he numbered among the children of God, and his
lot is among the saints! Wisdom, v. 5.
In the New Testament, believers are commonly called chil­
dren of God.
Ye are all the children of God, by faith in Jesus Christ.
Gal. iii. 26. Calmet.
4. A girl child.
Mercy on's, a bearne! a very pretty bearne!
A boy, or child, I wonder! Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
5. Any thing, the product or effect of another.
Macduff, this noble passion,
Child of integrity, hath from my soul
Wip'd the black scruples. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
6. To be with CHILD. To be pregnant.
If it must stand still, let wives with child,
Pray that their burthen may not fall this day,
Lest that their hopes prodigiously be crost. Shakesp. K. John.

To CHILD. v. n. [from the noun.] To bring children.
The spring, the summer,
The childing autumn, angry winter change
Their wonted liveries. Shakesp. Midsummer Night Dream.
As to childing women, young vigorous people, after irregu­
larities of diet, in such it begins with hæmorrhages. Arbuthnot.

CHI’LDBEARING, participial substantive. [from child and bear.]
The act of bearing children.
To thee,
Pains only in childbearing were foretold,
And, bringing forth, soon recompens'd with joy,
Fruit of thy womb. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 1051. 
The timorous and irresolute Sylvia has demurred 'till she is
past childbearing. Addison's Spectat. No. 89.

CHI’LDBED. n. s. [from child and bed.] The state of a woman
bringing a child, or being in labour.
The funerals of prince Arthur, and of queen Elizabeth,
who died in childbed in the Tower. Bacon's Henry VII.
Pure, as when wash'd from spot of childbed stain. Par. Reg.
Yet these, tho' poor, the pain of childbed bear. Dryd. Juv.
Let no one be actually married, 'till she hath the childbed
pillows. Spect. No. 606.
Women in childbed are in the case of persons wounded.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

CHI’LDBIRTH. n. s. [from child and birth.] Travail; labour;
the time of bringing forth; the act of bringing forth.


The mother of Pyrocles, shortly after her childbirth, died.
Sidney, b. ii.
A kernel void of any taste, but not so of virtue, especially
for women travailling in childbirth. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
In the whole sex of women, God hath decreed the sharpest
pains of childbirth; to shew, that there is no state exempt from
sorrow. Taylor's Holy Living.
He to his wife, before the time assign'd
For childbirth came, thus bluntly spoke his mind. Dryden.

CHI’LDED. adj. [from child.] Furnished with a child.
How light and portable my pain seems now,
When that which makes me bend, makes the king bow;
He childed as I father'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CHI’LDERMAS DAY. [from child and mass.]
The day of the week, throughout the year, answering to
the day on which the feast of the holy Innocents is solemnized,
which weak and superstitious persons think an unlucky day.
So you talk not of hares, or such uncouth things; for that
proves as ominous to the fisherman, as the beginning of a
voyage on the day when childermas day fell, doth to the ma­
riner. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

CHI’LDHOOD. n. s. [from child, cildhad, Sax.]
1. The state of infants; or, according to some, the time in
which we are children.
Now I have stain'd the childhood of our joy
With blood, remov'd but little from our own. Sh. R. & J.
The sons of lords and gentlemen should be trained up in
learning from their childhoods. Spenser on Ireland.
Seldom have I ceas'd to eye
Thy infancy, thy childhood, and thy youth. Milt. Pa. Reg.
The same authority that the actions of a man have with us
in our childhood, the same, in every period of life, has the
practice of all whom we regard as our superiours. Rogers's Ser.
2. The time of life between infancy and puberty.
Infancy and childhood demand thin, copious, nourishing ali­
ment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The properties of a child.
Their love in early infancy began,
And rose as childhood ripen'd into man. Dryden's Fables.

CHI’LDISH. adj. [from child.]
1. Having the qualities of a child; trifling; ignorant; simple.
Learning hath its infancy, when it is but beginning and al­
most childish: then its youth, when it is luxuriant and juve­
nile. Bacon's Essay, 58.
2. Becoming only children; trivial; puerile.
Musidorus being elder by three or four years, by the dif­
ference there was taken away the occasion of childish conten­
tions. Sidney, b. ii.
The lion's whelps she saw how he did bear,
And lull in rugged arms withouten childish fear. Fairy Qu.
When I was yet a child, no childish play
To me was pleasing; all my mind was set
Serious to learn and know. Paradise Regained, b. 1. 
The fathers looked on the worship of images as the most
silly and childish thing in the world. Stillingfleet's Defence.
One that hath newly learn'd to speak and go,
Loves childish plays. Roscommon.
They have spoiled the beauty of the walls with abundance
of childish sentences, that consist often in a jingle of words.
Addison on Italy.
By conversation the childish humours of their younger days
might be worn out. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

CHI’LDISHLY. adv. [from childish.] In a childish trifling way;
like a child.
Together with his fame their infamy was spread, who had
so rashly and childishly ejected him. Hooker's Preface.
It is a thick misty error, supported by some men of excel­
lent judgment in their own professions, but childishly unskilful
in any thing besides. Hayward on Edward VI.

CHI’LDISHNESS. n. s. [from childish.]
1. Puerility; triflingness.
The actions of childishness, and unfashionable carriage,
time and age will of itself be sure to reform. Locke.
Nothing in the world could give a truer idea of the super­
stition, credulity, and childishness of the Roman catholick
religion. Addison on Italy.
2. Harmlessness.
Speak thou, boy;
Perhaps thy childishness will move him more
Than can our reasons. Shakespear's Coriolanus.

CHI’LDLESS. adj. [from child.] Without children; without
offspring.
As thy sword hath made women childless, so shall thy mo­
ther be childless among women. 1 Samuel, xv. 33.
A man shall see the noblest works and foundations have
proceeded from childless men; which have sought to express
the images of their minds, where those of their bodies have
failed: so the care of posterity is most in them that have no
posterity. Bacon's Essay, 7.
Childless thou art, childless remain: so death
Shall be deceiv'd his glut. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 989.
She can give you the reason why such a one died childless.
Spectator, No. 403.

CHI’LDLIKE. adj. [from child and like.] Becoming or beseem­
ing a child.
Who can owe no less than childlike obedience to her that
hath more than motherly care. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
I thought the remnant of mine age
Should have been cherish'd by her childlike duty. Shakespeare.

CHI’LIAD. n. s. [from χιλιας.] A thousand; a collection or
sum containing a thousand.
We make cycles and periods of years; as decads, centuries,
chiliads, &c. for the use of computation in history. Holder.

CHILIA’EDRON. n. s. [from χιλια.] A figure of a thousand
sides.
In a man, who speaks of a chiliaedron, or a body of a
thousand sides, the idea of the figure may be very confused,
though that of the number be very distinct. Locke.

CHILIFA’CTVE. adj. [from chile.] That which makes chile.
Whether this be not effected by some way of corrosion,
rather than any proper digestion, chilifactive mutation, or
alimental conversion. Brown's Vulgar Errors, b. iii. c. 23.

CHILIFA’CTORY. adj. [from chile.] That which has the qua­
lity of making chile.
We should rather rely upon a chilifactory menstruum, or
digestive preparation drawn from species or individuals, whose
stomachs peculiarly dissolve lapideous bodies. Brown's Vul. Er.

CHILIFICA’TION. n. s. [from chile.] The act of making chile.
Nor will we affirm that iron is indigested in the stomach
of the Ostriche; but we suspect this effect to proceed not
from any liquid reduction, or tendence to chylification, by the
power of natural heat. Brown's Vulgar Errors, b. iii. c. 22.

CHILL. adj. [cele, Sax.]
1. Cold; that which is cold to the touch.
And all my plants I save from nightly ill,
Of noisom winds, and blasting vapours chill. Milton.
2. Cold; having the sensation of cold; shivering with cold.
My heart, and my chill veins, now freezing with despair.
Rowe's Royal Convert.
3. Depressed; dejected; discouraged.

CHILL. n. s. [from the adjective.] Chilness; cold.
I very well know one to have a sort of chill about his præ­
cordia and head. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To CHILL. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make cold.
Age has not yet
So shrunk my sinews, or so chill'd my veins,
But conscious virtue in my breast remains. Dryd. Aurengzeb.
Heat burns his rise, frost chills his setting beams,
And vex the world with opposite extremes. Creech's Manil.
Each changing season does its poison bring;
Rheums chill the winter, agues blast the spring. Prior.
Now no more the drum
Provokes to arms; or trumpet's clangor shrill
Affrights the wives, or chills the virgin's blood. Philips.
2. To depress; to deject; to discourage.
Every thought on God chills the gaiety of his spirits, and
awakens terrors, which he cannot bear. Rogers's Sermons.
3. To blast with cold.
The fruits perish on the ground,
Or soon decay, by snows immod'rate chill'd,
By winds are blasted, or by lightning kill'd. Blackm. Creat.

CHI’LLINESS. n. s. [from chilly.] A sensation of shivering cold.
If the patient survives three days, the acuteness of the pain
abates, and a chilliness or shivering affects the body. Arbuthnot.

CHI’LLY. adj. [from chill.] Somewhat cold.
A chilly sweat bedews
My shudd'ring limbs. Philips.

CHI’LNESS. n. s. [from chill.] Coldness; want of warmth.
If you come out of the sun suddenly into a shade, there
followeth a chilness or shivering in all the body. Bac. Nat. Hist.
This, while he thinks, he lifts aloft his dart,
A gen'rous chilness seizes ev'ry part,
The veins pour back the blood, and fortify the heart. Dryd.

CHIMB. n. s. [kime, Dut.] The end of a barrel or tub.

CHIME. n. s. [The original of this word is doubtful. Junius
and Minshew suppose it corrupted from cimbal; Skinner from
gamme, or gamut; Henshaw from chiamare, to call, because
the chime calls to church. Perhaps it is only softened from
chirme, or churme, an old word for the sound of many voices,
or instruments making a noise together.]
1. The consonant or harmonick sound of many correspondent
instruments.
Hang our shaggy thighs with bells;
That, as we do strike a tune,
In our dance, shall make a chime. Ben Johnson's Fairy Pr.
The sound
Of instruments, that made melodious chime,
Was heard, of harp and organ. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Love virtue, she alone is free;
She can teach you how to climb
Higher than the sphery chime. Milton.


2. The correspondence of sound.
Love first invented verse, and form'd the rhime,
The motion measur'd, harmoniz'd the chime. Dryden's Fab.
3. The sound of bells, not rung by ropes, but struck with
hammers. In this sense it is always used in the plural, chimes.
We have heard the chimes at midnight. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. The correspondence of proportion or relation.
The conceptions of things are placed in their several de­
grees of similitude; as in several proportions, one to another:
in which harmonious chimes, the voice of reason is often
drowned. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 6. s. 51. 

To CHIME. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To sound in harmony or consonance.
To make the rough recital aptly chime,
Or bring the sum of Gallia's loss to rhime,
'Tis mighty hard. Prior.
2. To correspond in relation or proportion.
Father and son, husband and wife, and such other corre­
lative terms, do belong one to another; and, through
custom, do readily chime, and answer one another, in people's
memories. Locke.
3. To agree; to fall in with.
He not only sat quietly and heard his father railed at, but
often chimed in with the discourse. Arbuth. Hist. of J. Bull.
4. To suit with; to agree.
Any sect, whose reasonings, interpretation, and language,
I have been used to, will, of course, make all chime that
way; and make another, and perhaps the genuine meaning of
the author, seem harsh, strange and uncouth to me. Locke.
5. To jingle; to clatter.
But with the meaner tribe I'm forc'd to chime,
And, wanting strength to rise, descend to rhime. Smith.

To CHIME. v. a. To move, or strike, or sound harmonically,
or with just consonancy.
With lifted arms they order ev'ry blow,
And chime their sounding hammers in a row:
With labour'd anvils Ætna groans below. Dryd. Georg.
2. To strike a bell with a hammer.

CHIME’RA, n. s. [Chimæra, Lat.] A vain and wild fancy,
as remote from reality as the existence of the poetical chimera,
a monster feigned to have the head of a lion, the belly of a
goat, and the tail of a dragon.
In short, the force of dreams is of a piece,
Chimeras all; and more absurd, or less. Dryden's Fables.
No body joins the voice of a sheep with the shape of a
horse, to be the complex ideas of any real substances, unless
he has a mind to fill his head with chimeras, and his discourse
with unintelligible words. Locke.

CHIME’RICAL. adj. [from chimera.] Imaginary; fanciful;
wildly, vainly, or fantastically conceived; fantastick.
Notwithstanding the fineness of this allegory may attone
for it in some measure, I cannot think that persons of such a
chimerical existence are proper actors in an epic poem. Spectat.

CHIME’RICALLY. adv. [from chimerical.] Vainly; wildly;
fantastically.

CHI’MINAGE. n. s. [from chimin, an old law word for a road.]
A toll for passage through a forest. Cowel.

CHI’MNEY. n. s. [cheminée, French.]
1. The passage through which the smoke ascends from the fire
in the house.
Chimnies, with scorn, rejecting smoke. Swift.
2. The turret raised above the roof of the house, for convey­
ance of the smoke.
The night has been unruly: where we lay,
Our chimnies were blown down. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. The fireplace.
The chimney
Is south the chamber; and the chimneypiece,
Chaste Dian bathing. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The fire which the Chaldeans worshipped for a god, is
crept into every man's chimney. Raleigh's Hist. b. i. c. 68.
Low offices, which some neighbours hardly think it worth
stirring from their chimney sides to obtain. Swift on Sac. Test.

CHIMNEY-CORNER. n. s. [from chimney and corner.] The
fireside; the seat on each end of the firegrate; usually noted
in proverbial language for being the place of idlers.
Yet some old men
Tell stories of you in their chimney-corner. Denh. Sophy.

CHI’MNEYPIECE. n. s. [from chimney and piece.] The orna­
mental piece of wood, or stone, that is set round the fireplace.
Polish and brighten the marble hearths and chimneypieces
with a clout dipt in grease; nothing maketh them shine so
well. Swift's Directions to the Housemaid.

CHI’MNEYSWEEPER. n. s. [from chimney and sweeper.]
1. One whose trade it is to clean foul chimnies of soot.
To look like her, are chimneysweepers black:
And since her time are colliers counted bright. Shakesp.
The little chimneysweeper skulks along,
And marks with sooty stains the heedless throng. Gay's Triv.
Even lying Ned the chimneysweeper of Savoy, and Tom
the Portugal dustman, put in their claims. Arb. Hist. of J. Bull.
2. It is used proverbially for one of a mean and vile occupation.
Golden lads and girls, all must,
As chimneysweepers, come to dust. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

CHIN. n. s. [cinne, Sax. kinn, Germ.] The part of the face
beneath the under lip.
But all the words I could get of her, was wrying her waist,
and thrusting out her chin. Sidney.
With his amazonian chin he drove
The bristled lips before him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He rais'd his hardy head, which sunk again,
And, sinking on his bosom, knock'd his chin. Dryd. Fables.

CHI’NA. n. s. [from China, the country where it is made.]
China ware; porcelain; a species of vessels made in China,
dimly transparent, partaking of the qualities of earth and
glass. They are made by mingling two kinds of earth, of
which one easily vitrifies; the other resists a very strong heat:
when the vitrifiable earth is melted into glass, they are com­
pletely burnt.
Spleen, vapours, or small pox, above them all,
And mistress of herself, tho' china fall. Pope's Epist ii.
After supper, carry your plate and china together in the same
basket. Swift's Directions to the Butler.

CHI’NA-ORANGE. n. s. [from China and orange.] The sweet
orange; supposed originally of China.
Not many years has the China-orange been propagated in
Portugal and Spain. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

CHI’NA-ROOT. n. s. [from China and root.] A medicinal root,
brought originally from China.

CHI’NCOUGH. n. s. [perhaps more properly kincough, from
kincken, to pant, Dut. and cough.] A violent and convulsive
cough, to which children are subject.
I have observed a chincough, complicated with an inter­
mitting fever. Floyer on the Humours.

CHINE. n. s. [eschine, Fr. schiena, Ital. spina, Lat. cein, Arm.]
1. The part of the back, in which the spine or backbone is found.
She strake him such a blow upon his chine, that she opened
all his body. Sidney, b. i.
He presents her with the tusky head,
And chine, with rising bristles roughly spread. Dryd. Fables.
2. A piece of the back of an animal.
Cut out the burly boned clown in chines of beef ere thou
sleep. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. 2.
He had killed eight fat hogs for this season, and he had dealt
about his chines very liberally amongst his neighbours. Spectat.

To CHINE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut into chines.
He that in his line did chine the long rib'd Apennine. Dry.

CHINK. n. s. [cinan, to gape, Sax.] A small aperture long­
wise; an opening or gap between the parts of any thing.
Pyramus and Thisby did talk through the chink of a wall.
Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Plagues also have been raised by anointing the chinks of
doors, and the like. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 916.
Though birds have no epiglottis, yet they so contract the
chink of their larinx, as to prevent the admission of wet or
dry indigested. Brown's Vulgar Errors.
In vain she search'd each cranny of the house,
Each gaping chink, impervious to a mouse. Swift.
Other inventions, false and absurd, that are like so many
chinks and holes to discover the rottenness of the whole fa­
brick. South.

To CHINK. v. a. [derived by Skinner from the sound.] To
shake so as to make a sound.
He chinks his purse, and takes his seat of state:
With ready quills the dedicators wait. Pope's Dunciad, b. ii.

To CHINK. v. n. To sound by striking each other.
Lord Strutt's money shines as bright, and chinks as well, as
'squire South's. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
When not a guinea chink'd on Martin's boards,
And Atwill's self was drain'd of all his hoards. Swift.

CHI’NKY. adj. [from chink.] Full of holes; gaping; opening
into narrow clefts.
But plaister thou the chinky hives with clay. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
Grimalkin, to domestick vermin sworn
An everlasting foe, with watchful eye
Lies nightly brooding o'er a chinky gap,
Protending her fell claws, to thoughtless mice
Sure ruin. Philips's Poems.

CHINTS. n. s. Cloath of cotton made in India, and printed
with colours.
Let a charming chints, and Brussels lace,
Wrap my cold limbs, and shade my lifeless face. Pope's Ep.

CHI’OPPINE. n. s. [from chapin, Span.] A high shoe, formerly
worn by ladies.
Your ladyship is nearer heaven than when I saw you last,
by the altitude of a chippine. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The woman was a giantess, and yet walked always in
chioppines. Cowley.

CHIP, CHEAP, CHIPPING, in the names of places, imply a
market; from the Sax. cyppan ceapan, to buy. Gibson's Cam.

To CHIP. v. a. [probably corrupted from chop.] To cut into
small pieces; to diminish, by cutting away a little at a
time.
To return to our statue in the block of marble, we see it


sometimes only begun to be chipped; sometimes rough hewn,
and just sketched into an human figure. Addis. Spectat.
The critick strikes out all that is not just;
And 'tis ev'n so the butler chips his crust. King's Cookery.
Industry
Taught him to chip the wood, and hew the stone. Thoms.

CHIP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A small piece taken off by a cutting instrument.
Cucumbers do extremely affect moisture, and over-drink
themselves, which chaff or chips forbideth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
That chip made the iron swim, not by any natural power.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
The straw was laid below;
Of chips and serewood was the second row. Dryd. Fables.
2. A small piece, however made.
The manganese lies in the vein in lumps wrecked, in an ir­
regular manner, among clay, coarse spar, and chips of stone.
Woodward on Fossils.

CHI’PPING. n. s. [from to chip.] A fragment cut off.
They dung their land with the chippings of a sort of soft
stone. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The chippings and filings of these jewels, could they be pre­
served, are of more value than the whole mass of ordinary
authors. Felton on the Classicks.

CHIRA’GRICAL. adj. [chiragra, Lat.] Having the gout in
the hand; subject to the gout in the hand.
Chiragrical persons do suffer in the finger as well as in the rest,
and sometimes first of all. Brown's Vulgar Errors, b. iv. c. 5.

CHIRO’GRAPHER. n. s. [χεὶρ. the hand, γραφω, to write.]
He that exercises or professes the act or business of writing.
Thus passeth it from this office to the chirographer's, to be
engrossed. Bacon's Office of Alienation.

CHIRO’GRAPHIST. n. s. [See CHIROGRAPHER.] This word
is used in the following passage, I think improperly, for one
that tells fortunes, by examining the hand: the true word is
chirosophist, or chiromancer.
Let the phisiognomists examine his features; let the chiro­
graphists behold his palm; but, above all, let us consult for
the calculation of his nativity. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

CHIRO’GRAPHY. n. s. [See CHIROGRAPHER.] The art of
writing.

CHIRO’MANCER. n. s. [See CHIROMANCY.] One that fore­
tells future events by inspecting the hand.
The middle sort, who have not much to spare,
To chiromancers' cheaper art repair,
Who clap the pretty palm, to make the lines more fair.
Dryden's Juvenal, sat. vi.

CHI’ROMANCY. n. s. [χεὶϱ, the hand, and μανις, a prophet.]
The art of foretelling the events of life, by inspecting the
hand.
There is not much considerable in that doctrine of chiro­
mancy that spots in the top of the nails, do signify things
past; in the middle, things present; and at the bottom, events
to come. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 22.

To CHIRP. v. n. [perhaps contracted from cheer up. The
Dutch have circken.] To make a cheerful noise; as birds,
when they call without singing.
She chirping ran, he peeping flew away,
'Till hard by them both he and she did stay. Sidney.
Came he right now to sing a raven's note;
And thinks he, that the chirping of a wren
Can chase away the first conceived sound. Shak. Hen. VI.
No chirping lark the welkin sheen invokes. Gay's Past.
The careful hen
Calls all her chirping family around. Thomson's Spring.

To CHIRP. v. a. [This seems apparently corrupted from
cheer up.] To make cheerful.
Let no sober bigot here think it a sin,
To push on the chirping and moderate bottle. Johns. Tav. Ac.
Sir Balaam now, he lives like other folks;
He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes. Pope.

CHIRP. [from the verb.] The voice of birds or insects.
Winds over us whisper'd, flocks by us did bleat,
And chirp went the grashopper under our feet. Spectat.

CHI’RPER. n. s. [from chirp.] One that chirps; one that is
chearful.

To CHIRRE. v. n. [ceorian, Sax.] See CHURME.
To coo as a pigeon. Junius.

CHIRU’RGEON. n. s. [χείϱουϱγ. from χεὶϱ, the hand, and
εϱγον, work.] One that cures ailments, not by internal me­
dicines, but outward applications. It is now generally pro­
nounced, and by many written, surgeon.
When a man's wounds cease to smart, only because he has
lost his feeling, they are nevertheless mortal, for his not seeing
his need of a chirurgeon. South's Sermons.

CHIRU’RGERY. n. s. [from chirurgeon.] The art of curing by
external applications.
Gynecia having skill in chirurgery, an art in those days
much esteemed. Sidney, b. i.
Nature could do nothing in her case without the help of
chirurgery, in drying up the luxurious flesh, and making way
to pull out the rotten bones. Wiseman.

CHIRU’RGICAL. adj. See CHIRURGEON.

CHIRU’RGICK. adj. See CHIRURGEON.
1. Having qualities useful in outward applications to hurts.
As to the chirurgical or physical virtues of wax, it is
reckoned a mean between hot and cold. Mortim. Husbandry.
2. Relating to the manual part of healing.
3. Manual in general, consisting in operations of the hand.
This sense, though the first, according to etymology, is now
scarce found.
The chirurgical or manual, doth refer to the making in­
struments, and exercising particular experiments. Wilkins.

CHI’SEL. n. s. [ciseau, Fr. of scissum, Lat.] An instrument
with which wood or stone is pared away.
What fine chisel
Could ever yet cut breath? Let no man mock me,
For I will kiss her. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
There is such a seeming softness in the limbs, as if not a
chisel had hewed them out of stone, but a pencil had drawn
and stroaked them in oil. Wotton's Architecture.
Imperfect shapes: in marble such are seen,
When the rude chisel does the man begin. Dryden.

To CHI’SEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut with a chisel.

CHIT. n. s. [according to Dr. Hickes, from kind, Germ. child;
perhaps from chico, little, Span.]
1. A child; a baby. Generally used of young persons in con­
tempt.
These will appear such chits in story,
'Twill turn all politicks to jest. Anonymous.
2. The shoot of corn from the end of the grain. A cant term
with maltsters.
Barley, couched four days, will begin to shew the chit or
sprit at the root-end. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. A freckle, [from chick-pease.] In this sense it is seldom used.

To CHIT. v. n. [from the noun.] To sprout; to shoot at the
end of the grain.
I have known barley chit in seven hours after it had been
thrown forth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CHI’TCHAT. n. s. [corrupted by reduplication from chat.]
Prattle; idle prate; idle talk. A word only used in ludicrous
conversation.
I am a member of a female society, who call ourselves the
chitchat club. Spectat. No. 560.

CHI’TTERLINGS. n. s. without singular. [from schyterlingh,
Dut. Minshew; from kutteln, Germ. Skinner.] The guts;
the bowels. Skinner.

CHI’TTY. adj. [from chit.] Childish; like a baby.

CHI’VALROUS. adj. [from chivalry.] Relating to chivalry,
or errant knighthood; knightly; warlike; adventurous;
daring. A word now out of use.
And noble minds of yore allied were
In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Fairy Queen, b. i.

CHI’VALRY. n. s. [chevalerie, Fr. knighthood, from cheval, a
horse; as eques in Latin.]
1. Knighthood; a military dignity.
There be now, for martial encouragement, some degrees
and orders of chivalry; which, nevertheless, are conferred
promiscuously upon soldiers and no soldiers. Bacon's Essay, 30.
2. The qualifications of a knight; as valour; dexterity in arms.
Thou hast slain
The flow'r of Europe for his chivalry. Shakesp. Henry VI.
I may speak it to my shame,
I have a truant been to chivalry. Shakesp. Hen. IV. part i.
3. The general system of knighthood.
Solemnly he swore,
That by the faith which knights to knighthood bore,
And whate'er else to chivalry belongs,
He would not cease 'till he reveng'd their wrongs. Dryd. Fab.
4. An adventure; an exploit.
They four doing acts more dangerous, though less famous,
because they were but private chivalries. Sidney, b. ii.
5. The body or order of knights.
And by his light
Did all the chivalry of England move
To do brave acts. Shakesp. Henry IV. part ii.
6. In law.
Servitium militare, of the French, chevalier; a tenure of
land by knights service. There is no land but is holden me­
diately or immediately of the crown, by some service or
other; and therefore are all our freeholds, that are to us and
our heirs, called feuda, fees, as proceeding from the benefit of
the king. As the king gave to the nobles large possessions for
this or that rent and service, so they parcelled out their lands,
so received for rents and services as they thought good: and
those services are by Littleton divided into chivalry and socage.
The one is martial and military; the other, clownish and
rustick. Chivalry, therefore, is a tenure of service, whereby
the tenant is bound to perform some noble or military office
unto his lord, and is of two sorts; either regal, that is, such
as may hold only of the king; or such as may also hold of a
common person as well as of the king. That which may
hold only of the king is properly called sergeantry, and is again
divided into grand or petit, i. e. great or small. Chivalry that


may hold of a common person, as well as of the king, is
called scutagium. Cowel.
7. It ought properly to be written chevalry. It is a word not
much used, but in old poems or romances.

CHI’VES. n. s. [cive, Fr. Skinner.]
1. The threads or filaments rising in flowers, with seeds at the
end.
The masculine or prolifick seed contained in the chives, or
apices of the stamina. Ray on the Creation.
2. A species of small onion. Skinner.

CHLORO’SIS. n. s. [from χλώρ, green.] The green-sickness.

CHO

To CHOAK. See CHOKE.

CHO’COLATE. n. s. [chocolate, Span.]
1. The nut of the cacao-tree.
The tree hath a rose flower, of a great number of petals,
from whose empalement arises the pointal, being a tube cut
into many parts, which becomes a fruit shaped somewhat like
a cucumber, and deeply furrowed, in which are contained
several seeds, collected into an oblong heap, and slit down,
somewhat like almonds. It is a native of America, and is
found in great plenty in several places between the Tropicks,
and grows wild. See COCOA. Miller.
2. The cake or mass, made by grinding the kernel of the cacao­
nut with other substances, to be dissolved in hot water.
The Spaniards were the first who brought chocolate into
use in Europe, to promote the consumption of their cacao­
nuts, achiot, and other drugs, which their West Indies fur­
nish, and which enter the composition of chocolate. Chambers.
3. The liquor, made by a solution of chocolate in hot water.
Chocolate is certainly much the best of these three exotick
liquors: its oil seems to be both rich, alimentary, and ano­
dyne. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
In sumes of burning chocolate shall glow,
And tremble at the sea that froths below! Pope.

CHO’COLATE-HOUSE. n. s. [chocolate and house.] A house where
company is entertained with chocolate.
Ever since that time, Lisander has been twice a day at the
chocolate-house. Tatler, No. 54.

CHODE. [the old preterite, from chide.] See CHIDE.
And Jacob was wroth, and chode with Laban. Gen. xxxi.

CHOICE. n. s. [choix, French.]
1. The act of choosing; determination between different things
proposed; election.
If you oblige me suddenly to chuse,
The choice is made; for I must both refuse. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Soft elocution doth thy style renown,
Gentle or sharp, according to thy choice,
To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice. Dryd. Pers. sat. v.
2. The power of choosing; election.
Choice there is not, unless the thing which we take to be so
in our power, that we might have refused it. If fire consume
the stable, it chooseth not so to do, because the nature thereof
is such that it can do no other. Hooker, b. i. s. 7.
There's no liberty like the freedom of having it at my own
choice, whether I will live to the world, or to myself. L'Estr.
To talk of compelling a man to be good, is a contradic­
tion; for where there is force, there can be no choice. Where­
as all moral goodness consisteth in the elective act of the un­
derstanding will. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii. c. 2. s. 23.
Whether he will remove his contemplation from one idea
to another, is many times in his choice. Locke.
3. Care in choosing; curiosity of distinction.
Julius Cæsar did write a collection of apophthegms: it is pity
his book is lost; for I imagine they were collected with judg­
ment and choice. Bacon's Apophthegms.
4. The thing chosen; the thing taken or approved, in preference
to others.
Your choice is not so rich in birth as beauty:
That you might well enjoy her. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Take to thee, from among the cherubim,
Thy choice of flaming warriors. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Now Mars, she said, let fame exalt her voice;
Nor let thy conquests only be her choice. Prior.
5. The best part of any thing, that is more properly the object
of choice.
The choice and flower of all things profitable in other books,
the psalms do both more briefly contain, and more movingly
also express. Hooker, b. v. s. 37.
Thou art a mighty prince: in the choice of our sepulchres
bury thy dead. Gen. xxiii. 6.
Their riders, the flow'r and choice
Of many provinces, from bound to bound. Milt. Par. Reg.
6. Several things proposed at once, as objects of judgment and
election.
A braver choice of dauntless spirits,
Did never float upon the swelling tide. Shakesp. K. John.
7. To make CHOICE of. To choose; to take from several things
proposed.
Wisdom, of what herself approves, makes choice,
Nor is led captive by the common voice. Denham.

CHOICE. adj. [choisi, French.]
1. Select; of extraordinary value.
After having set before the king the choicest of wines and
fruits, told him the best part of his entertainment was to
come. Guardian, No. 107.
Thus in a sea of folly toss'd,
My choicest hours of life are lost. Swift.
2. Chary; frugal; careful. Used of persons.
He that is choice of his time, will also be choice of his com­
pany, and choice of his actions. Taylor's Holy Living.

CHO’ICELESS. adj. [from choice.] Without the power of
choosing; without right of choice; not free.
Neither the weight of the matter, of which the cylinder is
made, nor the round voluble form of it, are any more im­
putable to that dead choiceless creature, than the first motion of
it was supposed to be; and, therefore, it cannot be a fit re­
semblance to shew the reconcileableness of fate with choice.
Hammond on Fundamentals.

CHO’ICELY. adv. [from choice.]
1. Curiously; with exact choice.
A band of men,
Collected choicely from each county some. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
2. Valuably; excellently.
It is certain it is choicely good. Walton's Angler.

CHO’ICENESS. n. s. [from choice.] Nicety; particular value.
Carry into the shade such auriculas, seedlings or plants, as
are for their choiceness reserved in pots. Evelyn's Kalendar.

CHOIR. n. s. [chorus, Latin.]
1. An assembly or band of singers.
They now assist the choir
Of angels, who their songs admire. Waller.
2. The singers in divine worship.
The choir,
With all the choicest musick of the kingdom,
Together sung Te Deum. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. The part of the church where the choristers or singers are
placed.
The lords and ladies, having brought the queen
To a prepar'd place in the choir, fell off
At distance from her. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

To CHOKE. v. a. [aceocan, Sax. from ceoca, the cheek or
mouth. According to Minshew, from חכ; from whence, pro­
bably, the Spanish, ahogar.]
1. To suffocate; to kill by stopping the passage of respiration.
But when to my good lord I prove untrue,
I'll choke myself. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
While you thunder'd, clouds of dust did choke
Contending troops. Waller.
2. To stop up; to obstruct; to block up a passage.
Men troop'd up to the king's capacious court,
Whose portico's were chok'd with the resort. Chapm. Odyssey.
They are at a continual expence to cleanse the ports, and
keep them from being choked up, by the help of several en­
gines. Addison on Italy.
While prayers and tears his destin'd progress slay,
And crowds of mourners choke their sov'reign's way. Tickell.
3. To hinder by obstruction.
As two spent swimmers, that do cling together,
And choke their art. Shakesp. Macbeth.
She cannot lose her perfect pow'r to see,
Tho' mists and clouds do choke her window-light. Davies.
It seemeth the fire is so choked, as not to be able to remove
the stone. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 361. 
You must make the mould big enough to contain the whole
fruit, when it is grown to the greatest; for else you will choke
the spreading of the fruit. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The fire, which chok'd in ashes lay,
A load too heavy for his soul to move,
Was upward blown below, and brush'd away by love. Dryd.
4. To suppress.
And yet we ventur'd; for the gain propos'd
Chok'd the respect of likely peril fear'd. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Confess thee freely of thy sin:
For to deny each article with oath,
Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception
That I do groan withal. Shakesp. Othello.
5. To overpower; to suppress.
And that which fell among thorns are they, which, when
they have heard, go forth, and are choked with cares, and
riches, and pleasures of this life, and bring no fruit to per­
fection. Luke, viii. 14.
No fruitful crop the sickly fields return;
But oats and darnel choke the rising corn. Dryden's Past.

CHOKE. n. s. [from the verb.] The filamentous or capillary
part of an artichoke. A cant word.

CHOKE-PEAR. n. s. [from choke and pear.]
1. A rough, harsh, unpalatable pear.
2. Any aspersion or sarcasm, by which another is put to silence.
A low term.
Pardon me for going so low as to talk of giving choke­
pears. Clarissa.

A CHO’KER. n. s. [from choke.]
1. One that chokes or suffocates another.
2. One that puts another to silence.
3. Any thing that cannot be answered.



CHO’KY. adj. [from choke.] That which has the power of
suffocation.

CHO’LAGOGUES. n. s. [χόλ, bile.] Medicines which have
the power of purging bile or choler.

CHO’LER. n. s. [cholera, Lat. from χολὴ.]
1. The bile.
Marcilius Ficimus increases these proportions, adding two
more of pure choler. Wotton on Education.
There would be a main defect, if such a seeding animal,
and so subject unto diseases from bilious causes, should want a
proper conveyance for choler. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. The humour, which, by its super-abundance, is supposed to
produce irascibility.
It engenders choler, planteth anger;
And better 'twere that both of us did fast,
Since, of ourselves, ourselves are cholerick,
Than feed it with such over-roasted flesh. Sh. Tam. of Shrew.
3. Anger; rage.
Put him to choler straight: he hath been used
Ever to conquer, and to have his word
Off contradiction. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He, methinks, is no great scholar,
Who can mistake desire for choler. Prior.

CHO’LERICK. adj. [cholericus, Latin.]
1. Abounding with choler.
Our two great poets being so different in their tempers, the
one cholerick and sanguine, the other phlegmatick and me­
lancholick. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
2. Angry; irascible: of persons.
Bull, in the main, was an honest plain-dealing fellow,
cholerick, bold, and of a very unconstant temper. Arb. J. Bull.
3. Angry; offensive: of words or actions.
There came in cholerick haste towards me about seven or
eight knights. Sidney, b. ii.
Becanus threatneth all that read him, using his confident,
or rather cholerick speech. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

CHO’LERICKNESS. n. s. [from cholerick.] Anger; irascibility;
peevishness.

To CHOOSE. v. a. I chose, I have chosen or chose. [choisir,
Fr. ceosan, Sax. kicsen, Germ.]
1. To take by way of preference of several things offered; not
to reject.
Did I choose him out of all the tribes of Israel to be my
priest. 1 Sam. ii. 28.
I may neither choose whom I would, nor refuse whom I
dislike. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
If he should offer to choose, and choose the right casket, you
should refuse to perform your father's will, if you should re­
fuse to accept him. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. To take; not to refuse.
Let us choose to us judgment; let us know among ourselves
what is good. Job, xxxiv. 4.
The will has still so much freedom left as to enable it to
choose any act in its kind good; as also to refuse any act in its
kind evil. South's Sermons.
3. To select; to pick out of a number.
Choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me.
1 Sa. xvii. 8.
How much less shall I answer him, and choose out my words
to reason with him? Job, ix. 14.
4. To elect for eternal happiness; to predestinate to life. A
term of theologians.

To CHOOSE. v. n. To have the power of choice between dif­
ferent things. It is generally joined with a negative, and
signifies must necessarily be.
Without the influence of the Deity supporting things, their
utter annihilation could not choose but follow. Hooker, b. v.
Knaves abroad,
Who having by their own importunate suit,
Convinced or supplied them, they cannot choose
But they must blab. Shakesp. Othello.
When a favourite shall be raised upon the foundation of
merit, then can he not choose but prosper. Bacon's Adv. to Vill.
Threw down a golden apple in her way;
For all her haste, she could not choose but stay. Dryden.
Those who are persuaded that they shall continue for ever,
cannot choose but aspire after a happiness commensurate to their
duration. Tillotson.

CHO’OSER. n. s. [from choose.] He that has the power or office
of choosing; elector.
Come all into this nut, quoth she;
Come closely in, be rul'd by me;
Each one may here a chooser be,
For room you need not wrestle. Drayton's Nymphid.
In all things to deal with other men, as if I might be my
own chooser. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
This generality is not sufficient to make a good chooser,
without a more particular contraction of his judgment. Wott.

To CHOP. v. a. [kappen, Dut. couper, French.]
1. To cut with a quick blow.
What shall we do, if we perceive
Lord Hastings will not yield to our complots?
———Chop off his head, man. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Within these three days his head is to be chopt off. Shakesp.
And where the cleaver chops the heiser's spoil,
Thy breathing nostril hold. Gay's Trivia.
2. To devour eagerly, with up.
You are for making a hasty meal, and for chopping up your.
entertainment, like an hungry clown. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
Upon the opening of his mouth he drops his breakfast,
which the fox presently chopp'd up. L'Estrange's Fables.
3. To mince; to cut into small pieces.
They break their bones, and chop them in pieces, as for
the pot. Mic. iii. 3.
Some grannaries are made with clay, mixed with hair,
chopped straw, mulch, and such like. Mortimer's Husbandry.
By dividing of them into chapters and verses, they are so
chopped and minced, and stand so broken and divided, that
the common people take the verses usually for different
aphorisms. Locke's Preface to St. Paul's Epistles.
4. To break into chinks.
I remember the cow's dugs, that her pretty chopt hands had
milked. Shakes. As you like it.

To CHOP. v. n. 
1. To do any thing with a quick and unexpected motion, like
that of a blow: as we say, the wind chops about, that is
changes suddenly.
If the body repercussing be near, and yet not so near as to
make a concurrent echoe, it choppeth with you upon the
sudden. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 248.
Out of greediness to get both, he chops at the shadow, and
loses the substance. L'Estrange, Fab. 6.
2. To light or happen upon a thing suddenly, with upon.

To CHOP. v. a. [ceapan, Sax. koopen, Dut. to buy.]
1. To purchase generally by way of truck; to give one thing
for another.
The chopping of bargains, when a man buys, not to hold,
but to sell again grindeth upon the seller and the buyer. Bacon.
2. To put one thing in the place of another.
Sets up communities and senses,
To chop and change intelligencies. Hudib. p. iii. cant. 3.
Affirm the Trigons chopp'd and chang'd,
The watry with the fiery rang'd. Hudib. p. ii. cant. 3.
We go on chopping and changing our friends, as well as our
horses. L'Estrange.
3. To bandy; to altercate; to return one thing or word for
another.
Let not the council at the bar chop with the judge, nor wind
himself into the handling of the cause a-new, after the judge
hath declared his sentence. Bacon, Essay 57.
You'll never leave off your chopping of logick, 'till your
skin is turned over your ears for prating. L'Estrange's Fables.

CHOP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A piece chopped off. See CHIP.
Sir William Capel compounded for sixteen hundred pounds,
yet Empson would have cut another chop out of him, if the
king had not died. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. A small piece of meat, commonly of mutton.
Old Cross condemns all persons to be sops,
That can't regale themselves with mutton chops. King's Cook.
3. A crack, or cleft.
An infusion in water will make wood to swell; as we see
in the filling of the chops of bowls, by laying them in water.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 80.

CHOP-HOUSE. n. s. [chop and house.] A mean house of enter­
tainment, where provision ready dressed is sold.
I lost my place at the chop-house, where every man eats in
publick a mess of broth, or chop of meat, in silence. Spectat.

CHO’PIN. n. s. [French.]
1. A French liquid measure, containing nearly a pint of Winchester.
2. A term used in Scotland for a quart, of wine measure.

CHO’PPING. participial, adj. [In this sense, of uncertain
etymology.] An epithet frequently applied to infants, by way
of ludicrous commendation: imagined by Skinner to signify
lusty, from cas, Sax. by others to mean a child that would
bring money at a market. Perhaps a greedy, hungry child,
likely to live.
Both Jack Freeman and Ned Wild,
Would own the fair and chopping child. Fenton.

CHOPPING-BLOCK. n. s. [chop and block.] A log of wood, on
which any thing is laid to be cut in pieces.
The strait smooth elms are good for axel-trees, boards,
chopping-blocks. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CHOPPING-KNIFE. n. s. [chop and knife.] A knife with which
cooks mince their meat.
Here comes Dametas, with a sword by his side, a forrest­
bill on his neck, and a chopping-knife under his girdle. Sidney.

CHO’PPY. adj. [from chop.] Full of holes, clefts, or cracks.
You seem to understand me,
By each at once her choppy finger laying
Upon her skinny lips. Shakesp. Macbeth.

CHOPS. n. s. without a singular. [corrupted probably from
CHAPS, which see.]
1. The mouth of a beast.


So soon as my chops begin to walk, yours must be walking
too, for company. L'Estrange's Fab.
2. The mouth of a man, used in contempt.
He ne'er shook hands, nor bid farewel to him,
'Till he unseam'd him from the nape to th' chops. Shakes.
3. The mouth of any thing in familiar language; as of a river;
of a smith's vice.

CHO’RAL. adj. [from chorus, Lat.]
1. Belonging to or composing a choir or concert.
Choral symphonies. Milton.
2. Singing in a choir.
And choral seraphs sung the second day. Amhurst.

CHORD. n. s. [chorda, Lat. When it signifies a rope or string
in general, it is written cord: when its primitive signification
is preserved, the h is retained.]
1. The string of a musical instrument.
Who mov'd
Their stops and chords, was seen; his volant touch
Instinct thro' all proportions, low and high,
Fled, and pursu'd transverse the resonant fugue. Milt. P. L.
2. In geometry a right line, which joins the two ends of any
arch of a circle.

To CHORD. v. a. [from the noun.] To furnish with strings
or chords; to string.
What passion cannot musick raise and quell?
When Jubal struck the chorded shell,
His list'ning brethren stood around. Dryden.

CHORDE’E. n. s. [from chorda, Lat.] A contraction of the
frœnum.

CHO’RION. n. s. [χωϱεῖν, to contain.] The outward membrane
that enwraps the fœtus.

CHO’RISTER. n. s. [from chorus.]
1. A singer in cathedrals; usually a singer of the lower order;
a singing boy.
2. A singer in a concert. This sense is, for the most part, con­
fined to poetry.
And let the roaring organs loudly play
The praises of the Lord in lively notes;
The whiles, with hollow throats,
The choristers the joyous anthem sing. Spenser's Epithal.
The new-born phœnix takes his way;
Of airy choristers a numerous train
Attend his progress. Dryden.
The musical voices and accents of the aerial choristers. Ray.

CHORO’GRAPHER. n. s. [from χωϱὴ, a region, and γϱάφω, to
describe.] He that describes particular regions or countries.

CHOROGRA’PHICAL. adj. [See CHOROGRAPHER.] Descrip­
tive of particular regions or countries; laying down the boun­
daries of countries.
I have added a chorographical description of this terrestrial
paradise. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

CHOROGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from chorographical.] In a cho­
rographical manner; according to the rule of chorography;
in a manner descriptive of particular regions.

CHORO’GRAPHY. n. s. [See CHOROGRAPHER.] The art or
practice of describing particular regions, or laying down the
limits and boundaries of particular provinces. It is less in
its object than geography, and greater than topography.

CHO’RUS. n. s. [chorus, Latin.]
1. A number of singers; a concert.
The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of
singers; afterwards one actor was introduced. Dryden.
Never did a more full and unspotted chorus of human crea­
tures join together in a hymn of devotion. Addis. Guardian.
In praise so just let every voice be join'd,
And fill the gen'ral chorus of mankind! Pope's Ess. Crit.
2. The persons who are supposed to behold what passes in the
acts of a tragedy, and sing their sentiments between the acts.
For supply,
Admit me chorus to this history. Shakesp. Henry V. Prol.
3. The song between the acts of a tragedy.
4. Verses of a song in which the company join the singer.

CHOSE. [the preter tense, from To choose.]
Our sovereign here above the rest might stand,
And here be chose again to rule the land. Dryden.

CHO’SEN. [the participle passive, from To choose.]
If king Lewis vouchsafe to furnish us
With some few bands of chosen soldiers,
I'll undertake to land them on our coast. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

CHOUGH. n. s. [ceo, Sax. choucas, Fr.] A bird which frequents
the rocks by the sea side, like a jackdaw, but bigger. Hammer.
In birds, kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks,
crows with ravens, daws and choughs. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
To crows the like impartial grace affords,
And choughs and daws, and such republick birds. Dryden.

CHOULE. n. s. [commonly pronounced and written jowl.] The
crop of a bird.
The choule or crop, adhering unto the lower side of the bill,
and so descending by the throat, is a bag or sachel. Br. Vul. Er.

To CHOUSE. v. a. [The original of this word is much doubted
by Skinner, who tries to deduce it from the French gosser, to
laugh at; or joncher, to wheedle; and from the Teutonick
kosen, to prattle. It is perhaps a fortuitous and cant word,
without etymology.]
1. To cheat; to trick; to impose upon.
Freedom and zeal have chous'd you o'er and o'er;
Pray give us leave to bubble you once more. Dryd. Pr. to Alb.
From London they came, silly people to chouse,
Their lands and their faces unknown. Swift.
2. It has of before the thing taken away by fraud.
When geese and pullen are seduc'd,
And sows of sucking pigs are chous'd. Hud. part ii. cant. 3.

A CHOUSE. n. s. [from the verb. This word is derived by
Henshaw from kiaus, or chiaus, a messenger of the Turkish
court; who, says he, is little better than a fool.]
1. A bubble; a tool; a man fit to be cheated.
A sottish chouse,
Who, when a thief has robb'd his house,
Applies himself to cunning men. Hudib. part iii. cant. 3.
2. A trick or sham.

To CHO’WTER. v. n. To grumble or mutter like a froward
child. Philips.

CHR

CHRISM. n. s. [χϱίζμα, an ointment.] Unguent; or unction:
it is only applied to sacred ceremonies.
One act never to be repeated, is not the thing that Christ's
eternal priesthood, denoted especially by his unction or chrism,
refers to. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

CHRI’SOM. n. s. [See CHRISM.] A child that dies within a
month after its birth. So called from the chrisom-cloath, a
cloath anointed with holy unguent, which the children an­
ciently wore till they were christened.
When the convulsions were but few, the number of chrisoms
and infants was greater. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

To CHRI’STEN. adj. [chsirtnian, Sax.]
1. To baptize; to initiate into christianity by water.
2. To name; to denominate.
Where such evils as these reign, christen the thing what you
will, it can be no better than a mock millenium. Burnet.

CHRI’STENDOM. n. s. [from Christ and dom.] The collec­
tive body of christianity; the regions of which the inhabitants
profess the christian religion.
What hath been done, the parts of Christendom most af­
flicted can best testify. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
An older and a better soldier, none
That Christendom gives out. Shakesp.
His computation is universally received over all Christen­
dom. Holder on Time.

CHRI’STENING. n. s. [from the verb.] The ceremony of the
first initiation into christianity.
The queen was with great solemnity crowned at West­
minster, about two years after the marriage; like an old
christening, that had staid long for godfathers. Bacon's H. VII.
We shall insert the causes, why the account of christenings
hath been neglected more than that of burials. Graunt's B. M.
The day of the christening being come, the house was filled
with gossips.
Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

CHRI’STIAN. n. s. [Christianus, Lat.] A professor of the re­
ligion of Christ.
We christians have certainly the best and the holiest, the
wisest and most reasonable religion in the world. Tillotson.

CHRI’STIAN. adj. Professing the religion of Christ.
I'll not be made a soft and dull-ey'd fool,
To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
To christian intercessors. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

CHRISTIAN-NAME. n. s. The name given at the font, distinct
from the Gentilitious name, or surname.

CHRI’STIANISM. n. s. [christianismus, Lat.]
1. The christian religion.
2. The nations professing christianity.

CHRISTIA’NITY. n. s. [chrêtientè, French.] The religion of
christians.
God doth will that couples, which are married, both infi­
dels, if either party be converted unto christianity, this should
not make separation. Hooker, b. 2. s. 5.
Every one, who lives in the habitual practice of any volun­
tary sin, cuts himself off from christianity. Addis. on Ch. Rel.

To CHRI’STIANIZE. v. a. [from christian.] To make christian;
to convert to christianity.
The principles of platonick philosophy, as it is now chris­
tianized. Dryden's Juv. Dedicat.

CHRI’STIANLY. adv. [from christian.] Like a christian; as be­
comes one who professes the holy religion of Christ.

CHRI’STMAS. n. s. [from Christ and mass.] The day on which
the nativity of our blessed Saviour is celebrated, by the parti­
cular service of the church.

A CHRISTMAS-BOX. n. s. [from christmas and box.] A box in
which little presents are collected at Christmas.
When time comes round, a Christmas-box they bear,
And one day makes them rich for all the year. Gay's Trivia.

CHRISTMAS-FLOWER. n. s. See HELLEBORE.

CHRIST’S-THORN. n. s. [So called, as Skinner fancies, because
the thorns have some likeness to a cross.]
It hath long sharp spines: the flower has five leaves, in form


of a rose: out of the flower-cup, which is divided into several
segments, rises the pointal, which becomes a fruit, shaped like
a bonnet, having a shell almost globular, which is divided
into three cells, in each of which is contained a roundish
seed. This is by many persons supposed to be the plant from
which our Saviour's crown of thorns was composed. Miller.

CHROMA’TICK. adj. [χϱῶμα, colour.]
1. Relating to colour.
I am now come to the third part of painting, which is called
the chromatick, or colouring. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Relating to a certain species of antient music, now unknown.
It was observed he never touched his lyre in such a truly
chromatick and enharmonick manner, as upon that occasion.
Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

CHRO’NICAL. adj. [from χϱόνος, time.]

CHRO’NICK. adj. [from χϱόνος, time.]
A chronical distemper is of length; as dropsies, Asthma's,
and the like. Quincy.
Of diseases some are chronical, and of long duration; as
quartane agues, scurvy, &c. wherein we defer the cure unto
more advantageous seasons. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The lady's use of all these excellencies is to divert the old
man, when he is out of the pangs of a chronical distemper.
Spectat. No. 449.

CHRO’NICLE. n. s. [chronique, Fr. from χρόν, time.]
1. A register or account of events in order of time.
No more yet of this;
For 'tis a chronicle of day by day,
Not a relation for a breakfast. Shakesp. Tempest.
2. A history.
You lean too confidently on those Irish chronicles, which
are most fabulous and forged. Spenser on Ireland.
If from the field I should return once more,
I and my sword will earn my chronicle. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.
I'm traduc'd by tongues, which neither knows
My faculties nor person, yet will be
The chronicles of my doing. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I give up to historians the generals and heroes which crowd
their annals, together with those which you are to produce
for the British chronicle. Dryden.

To CHRO’NICLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To record in chronicle, or history.
This to rehearse, should rather be to chronicle times than
to search into reformation of abuses in that realm. Spens. Irel.
2. To register; to record.
For now the devil, that told me I did well,
Says that this deed is chronicled in hell. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Love is your master; for he masters you:
And he that is so yoked by a fool,
Methinks, should not be chronicled for wise. Shakesp.
I shall be the jest of the town; nay, in two days I expect to
be chronicled in ditty, and sung in woful ballad. Cong. Old Bat.

CHRO’NICLER. n. s. [from chronicle.]
1. A writer of chronicles; a recorder of events in order of time.
Here gathering chroniclers, and by them stand
Giddy fantastick poets of each land. Donne.
2. A historian; one that keeps up the memory of things past.
I do herein rely upon these bards, or Irish chroniclers. Spens.
This custom was held by the druids and bards of our an­
tient Britons, and of latter times by the Irish chroniclers,
called rimers. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

CHRO’NOGRAM. n. s. [χϱόν, time, and γϱάφω, to write.] An
inscription including the date of any action.
Of this kind the following is an example:
Gloria lausque Deo, sæCLorVM in sæcVla sunt.
A chronogrammatical verse, which includes not only this
year 1660, but numerical letters enough to reach above a
thousand years further, until the year 2867. Howel's Parley.

CHRONOGRAMMA’TICAL. adj. [from chronogram.] Belonging
to a chronogram. See the last example.

CHRONOGRA’MMATIST. n. s. [from chronogram.] A writer of
chronograms.
There are foreign universities, where, as you praise a man
in England for being an excellent philosopher or poet, it is an
ordinary character to be a great chronogrammatist. Addison.

CHRONO’LOGER. n. s. [χϱόν, time, and λόγ, doctrine.] He
that studies or explains the science of computing past time, or
of ranging past events according to their proper years.
Chronologers differ among themselves about most great
epocha's. Holder on Time.

CHRONOLO’GICAL. adj. [from chronology.] Relating to the
doctrine of time.
Thus much touching the chronological account of some times
and things past, without confining myself to the exactness of
years. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CHRONOLO’GICALLY. adv. [from chronological.] In a chrono­
logical manner; according to the laws or rules of chronology;
according to the exact series of time.

CHRONO’LOGIST. n. s. [See CHRONOLOGER.] One that studies
or explains time; one that ranges past events according to the
order of time; a chronologer.
According to these chronologists, the prophecy of the Rabin
that the world should last but six thousand years, has been long
disproved. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
All that learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly
to be avoided. Locke on Education.

CHRONO’LOGY. n. s. [χϱόν, time, and λόγ, doctrine.] The
science of computing and adjusting the periods of time; as
the revolution of the sun and moon; and of computing time
past, and referring each event to the proper year.
And the measure of the year not being so perfectly known
to the ancients, rendered it very difficult for them to transmit
a true chronology to succeeding ages. Holder on Time.
Where I allude to the customs of the Greeks, I believe I
may be justified by the strictest chronology; though a poet is
not obliged to the rules that confine an historian. Prior.

A CHRONO’METER. n. s. [χϱόν and μέτϱον.] An instrument for
the exact mensuration of time.
According to observation made with a pendulum chronome­
ter, a bullet, at its first discharge, flies five hundred and ten
yards in five half seconds. Derham's Physico-Theology.

CHRY’SALIS. n. s. [from χϱυσ, gold, because of the golden
colour in the nymphæ of some insects.]
A term used by some naturalists for aurelia, or the first ap­
parent change of the maggot of any species of insects. Chamb.

CHRY’SOLITE. n. s. [χϱύσ, gold, and λιϑ, a stone.]
A precious stone of a dusky green, with a cast of yellow.
Woodward's Meth. Fossi.
Such another world,
Of one intire and perfect chrysolite,
I'd not have sold her for. Shakesp. Othello.
If metal, part seem'd gold, part silver clear:
If stone, carbuncle most, or chrysolite. Milt. Par. Lost, b. iii.

CHRYSO’PRASUS. n. s. [χϱυσ, gold, and prasinus, green.] A
precious stone of a yellow colour, approaching to green.
The ninth a topaz, the tenth a chrysoprasus. Rev. xxi. 20.

CHU

CHUB. n. s. [from cop, a great head, Skinner.] A river fish.
The chevin.
The chub is in prime from Midmay to Candlemas, but best
in winter. He is full of small bones: he eats waterish; not
firm, but limp and tasteless: nevertheless, he may be so dressed
as to make him very good meat. Walton's Angler.

CHU’BBED. adj. [from chub.] Big-headed like a chub.

To CHUCK. v. n. [A word probably formed in imitation of
the sound that it expresses; or perhaps corrupted from chick.]
To make a noise like a hen, when she calls her chickens.

To CHUCK. v. a. 
1. To call as a hen calls her young.
Then crowing, clapp'd his wings, th' appointed call,
To chuck his wives together in the hall. Dryden's Fables.
2. To give a gentle blow under the chin, so as to make the
mouth strike together.
Come, chuck the infant under the chin, force a smile, and
cry, ay, the boy takes after his mother's relations. Cong. O. B.

CHUCK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The voice of a hen.
He made the chuck four or five times, that people use to
make to chickens when they call them. Temple.
2. A word of endearment, corrupted from chicken or chick.
Come, your promise.——What promise, chuck? Sh. Othello.
3. A sudden small noise.

CHUCK-FARTHING. n. s. [chuck and farthing.] A play, at
which the money falls with a chuck into the hole beneath.
He lost his money at chuck-farthing, shuffle-cap, and all­
fours. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

To CHU’CKLE. v. n. [schaecken, Dut.] To laugh vehemently;
to laugh convulsively.
What tale shall I to my old father tell?
'Twill make him chuckle thou'rt bestow'd so well. Dryd.
She to intrigues was e'en hard hearted;
She chuckl'd when a bawd was carted. Prior.

To CHU’CKLE. v. a. [from chuck.]
1. To call as a hen.
I am not far from the women's apartment, I am sure; and
if these birds are within distance, here's that will chuckle 'em
together. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. To cocker; to fondle.
Your confessor, that parcel of holy guts and garbidge; he
must chuckle you, and moan you. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

CHU’ET. n. s. [probably from To chew.] An old word, as it
seems, for forced meat.
As for chuets, which are likewise minced meat, instead of
butter and fat, it were good to moisten them partly with
cream, or almond or pistacho milk. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 54.

CHUFF. n. s. [A word of uncertain derivation; perhaps cor­
rupted from chub, or derived from kwf, Welsh, a stock.] A
coarse, fat-headed, blunt clown.
Hang ye, gorbellied knaves, are you undone? No, ye fat
chuffs, I would your store were here. Shakes. Henry IV.
A less generous chuff than this in the fable, would have
hugged his bags to the last. L'Estrange.

CHU’FFILY. adv. [from chuffy.] Surlily; stomachfully.
John answered chuffily. Clarissa.

CHU’FFINESS. n. s. [from chuffy.] Clownishness; surliness.



CHU’FFY. adj. [from chuff.] Blunt; surly; fat.

CHUM. n. s. [chom, Armorick, to live together.] A chamber
fellow; a term used in the universities.

CHUMP. n. s. A thick heavy piece of wood, less than a block.
When one is battered to shivers, they can quickly, of a
chump of wood, accommodate themselves with another.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.

CHURCH. n. s. [circe, Sax. ϰυϱιαϰὴ.]
1. The collective body of christians, usually termed the catho­
lick church.
The church being a supernatural society, doth differ from
natural societies in this; that the persons unto whom we asso­
ciate ourselves in the one, are men, simply considered as men;
but they to whom we be joined in the other, are God, angels,
and holy men. Hooker, b. i. p. 45.
2. The body of christians adhering to one particular opinion,
or form of worship.
The church is a religious assembly, or the large fair building
where they meet; and sometimes the same word means a
synod of bishops, or of presbyters; and in some places it is
the pope and a general council. Watts's Logick.
3. The place which christians consecrate to the worship of
God.
That churches were consecrated unto none but the Lord
only, the very general name chiefly doth sufficiently shew:
church doth signify no other thing than the Lord's house. Hook.
Tho' you unty the winds, and let them fight
Against the churches. Shakesp. Macbeth.
4. It is used frequently in conjunction with other words; as
church-member, the member of a church; church-power,
spiritual or ecclesiastical authority.

To CHURCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To perform with any
one the office of returning thanks in the church, after any
signal deliverance, as from the danger of childbirth.

CHURCH-ALE. n. s. [from church and ale.] A wake, or feast,
commemoratory of the dedication of the church.
For the church-ale, two young men of the parish are yearly
chosen to be wardens, who make collection among the pa­
rishioners of what provision it pleaseth them to bestow. Carew.

CHURCH-ATTIRE. n. s. The habit in which men officiate at
divine service.
These and such like were their discourses, touching that
church-attire, which with us for the most part is used in pub­
lick prayer. Hooker, b. v. s. 29.

CHURCH-AUTHORITY. n. s. Ecclesiastical power; spiritual
jurisdiction.
In this point of church-authority, I have sifted all the little
scraps alleged. Atterbury.

CHURCH-BURIAL. n. s. Burial according to the rites of the
church.
The bishop has the care of seeing that all christians, after
their deaths, be not denied church-burial, according to the
usage and custom of the place. Ayliffe's Paergon.

CHURCH-FOUNDER. n. s. He that builds or endows a church.
Whether emperors or bishops in those days were church­
founders, the solemn dedication of churches they thought not
to be a work in itself either vain or superstitious. Hooker.

CHURCHMAN. n. s. [church and man.]
1. An ecclesiastic; a clergyman; one that ministers in sacred
things.
If any thing be offered to you touching the church and
churchmen, or church-government, rely not only upon your­
self. Bacon's Advice to Villers.
A very difficult work to do, to reform and reduce a church
into order, that had been so long neglected, and that was so
ill filled by many weak and more wilful churchmen. Clarend.
Patience in want, and poverty of mind,
These marks of church and churchmen he design'd,
And living taught, and dying left behind. Dryden's Fables.
2. An adherent to the church of England.

CHURCH-WARDENS. n. s. [See WARDEN.] Are officers yearly
chosen, by the consent of the minister and parishioners, ac­
cording to the custom of each place, to look to the church,
church-yard, and such things as belong to both; and to ob­
serve the behaviour of the parishioners, for such faults as ap­
pertain to the jurisdiction or censure of the ecclesiastical court.
They are a kind of corporation, enabled by law to sue for any
thing belonging to their church, or poor of their parish. Cowel.
There should likewise church-wardens, of the gravest men
in the parish, be appointed, as they be here in England. Spens.
Our church-wardens
Feast on the silver, and give us the farthings. Gav.

CHURCHYARD. n. s. The ground adjoining to the church,
in which the dead are buried; a cemetery.
I am almost afraid to stand alone
Here in the churchyard, yet I will adventure. Shakespeare.
In churchyards, where they bury much, the earth will con­
sume the corps in far shorter time than other earth will. Bacon.
No place so sacred from such fops is barr'd;
Nor is Paul's church more safe than Paul's churchyard. Pope.

CHURL. n. s. [ceorl, Sax. carl, in German, is strong, rusticks
being always observed to be strong bodied.]
1. A rustick; a countryman; a labourer.
One of the baser sort, which they call churls, being re­
proved for his oath, answered confidently, that his lord com­
manded him. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Churl, upon thy eyes I throw
All the pow'r this charm doth owe. Shak. Mids. Night's Dr.
From this light cause th' infernal maid prepares
The country churls to mischief, hate, and wars. Dryd. Æn.
2. A rude, surly, ill-bred man.
A churl's courtesy rarely comes, but either for gain or
falshood. Sidney, b. ii.
3. A miser; a niggard; a selfish or greedy wretch.
Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end!
O churl, drink all, and leave no friendly drop
To help me after. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

CHU’RLISH. adj. [from churl.]
1. Rude; brutal; harsh; austere; sour; merciless; unkind;
uncivil.
A sea of melting pearl, which some call tears,
Those at her father's churlish feet she tender'd. Shakesp.
The interruption of their churlish drums
Cuts off more circumstance: they are at hand
To parly, or to fight. Shakesp. King John.
A lion in love with a lass, desired her father's consent. The
answer was churlish enough, He'd never marry his daughter to
a brute. L'Estrange's Fables.
He the pursuit of churlish beasts,
Preferr'd to sleeping on her breasts. Waller.
2. Selfish; avaritious.
The man was churlish and evil in his doings. 1 Sa. xxv. 3.
This sullen churlish thief,
Had all his mind plac'd upon Mully's beef. King's M. of M.
3. [Of things.] Unpliant; cross-grained; unmanageable; harsh;
not yielding.
If there be emission of spirit, the body of the metal will be
hard and churlish. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 326.
The Cornish men were become, like metal often fired and
quenched, churlish, and that would sooner break than bow.
Bacon's Henry VII.
In the hundreds of Essex they have a very churlish blue
clay. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Intractable; vexatious.
Will you again unknit
This churlish knot of all abhorred war. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Spain found the war so churlish and longsome, as they found
they should consume themselves in an endless war. Bacon.
Spreads a path clear as the day,
Where no churlish rub says nay. Crashaw.

CHU’RLISHLY. adv. [from churlish.] Rudely; brutally.
To the oak, now regnant, the olive did churlishly put over
the son for a reward of the service of his fire. Howel's Voc. For.

CHU’RLISHNESS. n. s. [from churlish; cyrliscnesse, Saxon.]
Brutality; ruggedness of manner.
Better is the churlishness of a man than a courteous woman.
Ecclus. xlii. 14.
In the churlishness of fortune, a poor honest man suffers in
this world. L'Estrange.

CHURME. n. s. [more properly chirm, from the Saxon cyrme,
a clamour or noise; as to chirre is to coo as a turtle.] A con­
fused sound; a noise.
He was conveyed to the Tower with the churme of a
thousand taunts and reproaches. Bacon's Henry VII.

A CHURN. n. s. [properly chern, from kern, Dut. cerene, Sax.]
The vessel in which the butter is, by long and violent agita­
tion, coagulated and separated from the serous parts of the
milk.
Her aukward fist did ne'er employ the churn. Gay's Past.

To CHURN. v. a. [kernen, Dutch.]
1. To agitate or shake any thing by a violent motion.
Perchance he spoke not; but
Like a full acorn'd boar, a churning on,
Cried Oh. Shakesp.
Froth fills his chaps, he sends a grunting sound,
And part he churns, and part befoams the ground. Dryden.
Churn'd in his teeth, the foamy venom rose. Ad. Ov. Met.
The mechanism of nature, in converting our aliment, con­
sists in mixing with it animal juices, and, in the action of the
solid parts, churning them together. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To make butter by agitating the milk.
The churning of milk bringeth forth butter. Prov. xxx. 33.
You may try the force of imagination, upon staying the
coming of butter after the churning. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

CHU’RRWORM. n. s. [from cyrran, Sax.] An insect that turns
about nimbly; called also a fancricket. Skinner. Philips.

To CHUSE. See To CHOOSE.

CHY

CHYLA’CEOUS. adj. [from chyle.] Belonging to chyle; con­
sisting of chyle.
When the spirits of the chyle have half fermented the chy­
laceous mass, it has the state of drink, not ripened by fermen­
tation. Floyer on the Humours.

CHYLE. n. s. [χύλ.] The white juice formed in the stomach
by digestion of the aliment, and afterwards changed into
blood.


This powerful ferment, mingling with the parts,
The leven'd mass to milky chyle converts. Blackm. Creation.
The chyle itself cannot pass through the smallest vessels.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CHYLIFA’CTION. n. s. [from chyle.] The act or process of
making chyle in the body.
Drinking excessively during the time of chylifaction, stops
perspiration. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CHYLIFA’CTIVE. adj. [from chylus and facio, to make, Lat.]
Having the power of making chyle.

CHYLOPOE’TICK. adj. [χύλ, and ποιέω.] Having the power,
or the office, of forming chyle.
According to the force of the chylopoetick organs, more or
less chyle may be extracted from the same food. Arbuthnot.

CHY’LOUS. adj. [from chyle.] Consisting of chyle; partaking
of chyle.
Milk is the chylous part of an animal, already prepared. Arb.

CHY’MICAL. adj. [chymicus, Latin.]

CHY’MICK. adj. [chymicus, Latin.]
1. Made by chymistry.
I'm tir'd with waiting for this chymick gold,
Which fools us young, and beggars us when old. Dryden.
The medicines are ranged in boxes, according to their
distinct natures, whether chymical or Galenical preparations.
Watts's Improvement of Mind, p. i. c. 17.
2. Relating to chymistry.
Methinks already, from this chymick flame,
I see a city of more precious mold. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
With chymic art exalts the min'ral pow'rs,
And draws the aromatick souls of flow'rs. Pope's Winds. For.

CHY’MICALLY. adv. [from chymical.] In a chymical manner.

CHY’MIST. n. s. [See CHY'MISTRY.] A professor of chy­
mistry; a philosopher by fire.
The starving chymist, in his golden views
Supremely blest. Pope's Essay on Man, Epist. ii.

CHY’MISTRY. n. s. [derived by some from χυμ, juice, or χύω,
to melt; by others from an oriental word, kema, black. Ac­
cording to the etymology, it is written with y or e.]
An art whereby sensible bodies contained in vessels, or
capable of being contained therein, are so changed, by means
of certain instruments, and principally fire, that their several
powers and virtues are thereby discovered, with a view to
philosophy, or medicine. Boerhaave.
Operations of chymistry fall short of vital force: no chymist
can make milk or blood of grass. Arbuthnot on Aliment.

CIBA’RIOUS. adj. [cibarius, Lat. from cibus, food.] Relating to
food; useful for food; edible.

CI’BOL. n. s. [ciboule, Fr.] A small sort of onion used in sal­
lads. See ONION. This word is common in the Scotch
dialect; but the l is not pronounced.
Ciboules, or scallions, are a kind of degenerate onions. Mort.

CIC

CI’CATRICE. n. s. [cicatrix, Latin.]

CI’CATRIX. n. s. [cicatrix, Latin.]
1. The scar remaining after a wound.
One captain Spurio with his cicatrice, an emblem of war,
here on his sinister cheek. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
2. A mark; an impressure: so used by Shakespeare less properly.
Lean but upon a rush
The cicatrice and capable impressure
Thy palm some moment keeps. Shakesp. As you like it.

CICATRISANT. n. s. [from cicatrice.] An application that in­
duces a cicatrice.

CICATRISIVE. adj. [from cicatrice.] Having the qualities pro­
per to induce a cicatrice.

CICATRIZA’TION. n. s. [from cicatrice.]
1. The act of healing the wound.
A vein bursted, or corroded in the lungs, is looked upon to
be for the most part incurable, because of the continual mo­
tion and coughing of the lungs, tearing the gap wider, and
hindering the conglutination and cicatrization of the vein.
Harvey on Consumptions.
2. The state of being healed, or skinned over.

To CI’CATRIZE. v. a. [from cicatrix.]
1. To apply such medicines to wounds, or ulcers, as heal and
skin them over. Quincy.
2. To heal and induce the skin over a sore.
We incarned, and in a few days cicatrized it with a smooth
cicatrix. Wiseman on Tumours.

CI’CELY. n. s. A sort of herb. See SWEET CICELY.

CICHORA’CEOUS. adj. [from cichorium, Lat.] Having the qua­
lities of succory.
Diureticks plentifully evacuate the salt serum; as all acid
diureticks, and the testaceous and bitter cichoraceous plants.
Floyer on the Humours.

To CI’CURATE. v. a. [cicuro, Lat.] To tame; to reclaim
from wildness; to make tame and tractable.
After carnal conversation poisons may yet retain some por­
tion of their natures; yet are so refracted, cicurated, and
subdued, as not to make good their destructive malignities.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. 7. c. 18.

CICURA’TION. n. s. [from circurate.] The act of taming or
reclaiming from wildness.
This holds not only in domestick and mansuete birds; for
then it might be the effect of cicuration or institution; but in
the wild. Ray on the Creation.

CI’DER. n. s. [cidre, Fr. sidra, Ital. sicera, Lat. σιϰέϱα, שכר.]
1. All kind of strong liquors, except wine. This sense is now
wholly obsolete.
2. Liquor made of the juice of fruits pressed.
We had also drink, wholsome and good wine of the
grape, a kind of cider made of a fruit of that country; a won­
derful pleasing and refreshing drink. Bacon's New Atlant.
3. The juice of apples expressed and fermented.
To the utmost bounds of this
Wide universe Silurian cider born,
Shall please all tastes, and triumph o'er the vine. Philips.

CI’DERIST. n. s. [from cider.] A maker of cider.
When the ciderists have taken care for the best fruit, and
ordered them after the best manner they could, yet hath their
cider generally proved pale, sharp, and ill tasted. Mortimer.

CI’DERKIN. n. s. [from cider.]
A low word used for the liquor made of the murk or gross
matter of apples, after the cider is pressed out, and a conve­
nient quantity of boiled water added to it; the whole infusing
for about forty-eight hours. Philips's World of Words.
Ciderkin is made for common drinking, and supplies the
place of small beer. Mortimer.

CIELING. n. s. See CEILING.

CIERGE. n. s. [French.] A candle carried in processions.

CI’LIARY. adj. [cilium, Lat.] Belonging to the eyelids.
The ciliary processes, or rather the ligaments, observed in
the inside of the sclerotick tunicles of the eye, do serve instead
of a muscle, by the contraction, to alter the figure of the
eye. Ray on Creation.

CILI’CIOUS. adj. [from cilicium, hair-cloth, Lat.] Made of hair.
A garment of camel's hair; that is, made of some texture
of that hair, a coarse garment, a cilicious or sackcloth habit,
suitable to the austerity of his life. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CI’MA. See CYMATIUM.

CIMA’R. See SIMAR.

CIME’LIARCH. n. s. [from ϰειμηλιαϱχης.] The chief keeper of
plate, vestments, and things of value belonging to a church;
a church-warden. Dict.

CI’METER. n. s. [cimitarra, Span. and Portug. from chimeteir,
Turkish. Bluteau's Portuguese Dictionary.] A sort of sword
used by the Turks; short; heavy; and recurvated, or bent
backward. This word is sometimes erroneously spelt scimitar,
and scymeter; as in the following examples.
By this scimitar,
That slew the sophy and a Persian prince,
That won three fields of sultan Solyman. Shak. Mer. of Ven.
Our armours now may rust, our idle scymiters
Hang by our sides for ornament, not use. Dryd. Don Sebast.

CIN

CI’NCTURE. n. s. [cinctura, Latin.]
1. Something worn round the body.
Now happy he, whose cloak and cincture
Hold out this tempest. Shakesp. King John.
Columbus found th' American, so girt
With feather'd cincture, naked else, and wild. Milt. Pa. Lost.
He binds the sacred cincture round his breast. Pope's Odyss.
2. An inclosure.
The court and prison being within the cincture of one wall.
Bacon's Henry VII.
3. [In architecture.] A ring or lift at the top and bottom of the
shaft of a column; separating the shaft at one end from the
base, at the other from the capital. It is supposed to be in
imitation of the girths or ferrils anciently used, to strengthen
and preserve the primitive wood-columns. Chambers.

CI’NDER. n. s. [ceindre, Fr. from cineres, Latin.]
1. A mass ignited and quenched, without being reduced to ashes.
I should make very forges of my cheeks,
That would to cinders burn up modesty,
Did but I speak thy deeds. Shakesp. Othello.
There is in smiths cinders, by some adhesion of iron, some­
times to be found a magnetical operation. Brown's Vul. Err.
So snow on Ætna does unmelted lie,
Whose rolling flames and scatter'd cinders fly. Waller.
2. A hot coal that has ceased to flame.
If from adown the hopeful chops
The fat upon a cinder drops,
To stinking smoke it turns the flame. Swift.

CINDER-WENCH. n. s. [cinder and woman.] A woman
whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes
for cinders.

CINDER-WOMAN. n. s. [cinder and woman.] A woman
whose trade is to rake in heaps of ashes
for cinders.
'Tis under so much nasty rubbish laid,
To find it out's the cinder-woman's trade. Essay on Satire.
She had above five hundred suits of fine cloaths, and yet
went abroad like a cinder-wench. Arbuth. Hist. of John Bull.
In the black form of cinder-wench she came,
When love, the hour, the place had banish'd shame. Gay.

CINERA’TION. n. s. [from cineres, Lat.] The reduction of
any thing by fire to ashes. A term of chymistry.



CINERI’TIOUS. adj. [cinericius, Lat.] Having the form or state
of ashes.
The nerves arise from the glands of the cineritious part of
the brain, and are terminated in all the parts of the body.
Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

CINE’RULENT. adj. [from cineres, Lat.] Full of ashes. Dict.

CI’NGLE. n. s. [from cingulum, Lat.] A girth for a horse. Dict.

CI’NNABAR. n. s. [cinnabaris, Latin.] Cinnabar is native or
factitious: the factitious cinnabar is called vermilion.
Cinnabar is the ore out of which quicksilver is drawn, and
consists partly of a mercurial, and partly of a sulphureo­
ochreous matter. Woodward's Meth. Fossi.
The particles of mercury uniting with the particles of sul­
phur, compose cinnabar. Newt. Opt.

CINNABAR of Antimony, is made of mercury, sulphur, and
crude antimony.

C’INNAMON. n. s. [cinnamomum, Lat.] The fragrant bark
of a low tree in the island of Ceylon, possessed by the Dutch,
in the East Indies. Its leaves resemble those of the olive,
both as to substance and colour. The fruit resembles an
acorn or olive, and has neither the smell nor taste of the
bark. When boiled in water, it yields an oil, which, as it
cools and hardens, becomes as firm and white as tallow; the
smell of which is agreeable in candles. The trees are chiefly
propagated by a sort of pigeons which feed on the fruit, and,
carrying it to their young, drop it where it takes root. Cin­
namon is chiefly used in medicine as an astringent. The
cinnamon of the ancients was different from ours. Chambers.
Let Araby extol her happy coast,
Her cinnamon and sweet amomum boast. Dryden's Fables.

CINNAMON Water is made by distilling the bark, first infused in
barley water, in spirit of wine or white wine. Chambers.

CINQUE. n. s. [Fr.] A Five. It is used in games alone; but is
often compounded with other words.

CINQUE-FOIL. n. s. [cinque feuille, Fr.] A kind of five leaved
clover.

CINQUE-PACE. n. s. [cinque pas, Fr.] A kind of grave dance.
Wooing, wedding, and repenting is a Scotch jig, a mea­
sure, and a cinque pace. The first suit is hot and hasty, like a
Scotch jig, and full as fantastical; the wedding, mannerly and
modest, as a measure, full of state and gravity; and then
comes repentance, and, with his bad legs, falls into the cinque
pace faster and faster, 'till he sinks into his grave. Shakesp.

CINQUE-PORTS. n. s. [cinque ports, Fr.]
Those havens that lie towards France, and therefore have
been thought by our kings to be such as ought most vigilantly
to be observed against invasion. In which respect, the places
where they are have a special governour or keeper, called by
his office Lord Warden of the cinque ports; and divers privi­
leges granted to them, as a particular jurisdiction, their war­
den having the authority of an admiral among them, and
sending out writs in his own name. The cinque ports are
Dover, Sandwich, Rye, Hastings, Winchelsea, Rumney, and
Hithe; some of which, as the number exceeds five, must
either be added to the first institution by some later grant, or
accounted as appendants to some of the rest. Cowel.
They, that bear
The cloth of state above her, are four barons
Of the cinque ports. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

CINQUE-SPOTTED. adj. Having five spots.
On her left breast
A mole, cinque spotted, like the crimson drops
I' th' bottom of a cowslip. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

CI’ON. n. s. [sion, or scion, French.]
1. A sprout; a shoot from a plant.
We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal
stings, our unbitted lusts; whereof I take this that you call
love, to be a fect or cion. Shakesp. Othello.
The stately Caledonian oak, newly settled in his triumphant
throne, begirt with cions of his own royal stem.
Howel's Vocal Forest.
2. The shoot engrafted or inserted on a stock.
The cion over-ruleth the stock quite; and the stock is but
passive only, and giveth aliment, but no motion to the graft.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 421. 

CIP

CI’PHER. n. s. [chifre, Fr. zifra, Ital. cifra, low Lat. from
an oriental root.]
1. An arithmetical character, by which some number is noted;
a figure.
2. An arithmetical mark, which, standing for nothing itself, in­
creases the value of the other figures.
Mine were the very cipher of a function,
To find the faults, whose fine stands in record,
And let go by the actor. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
If the people be somewhat in the election, you cannot
make them nulls or ciphers in the privation or translation. Bac.
As, in accounts, ciphers and figures pass for real sums, so
names pass for things. South's Sermons.
3. An intertexture of letters engraved usually on boxes or plate.
Troy flam'd in burnish'd gold; and o'er the throne,
Arms and the man in golden ciphers shone. Pop. Temp. of F.
Some mingling stir the melted tar, and some
Deep on the new-shorn vagrant's heaving side,
To stamp the master's cipher, ready stand. Thoms. Summer.
4. A character in general.
In succeeding times this wisdom began to be written in
ciphers and characters, and letters bearing the form of crea­
tures. Raleigh's History of the World.
5. A secret or occult manner of writing, or the key to it.
This book, as long liv'd as the elements,
In cipher writ, or new made idioms. Donne.
He was pleased to command me to stay at London, to send
and receive all his letters; and I was furnished with mine
several ciphers, in order to it. Denham's Dedication.

To CI’PHER. v. n. [from the noun.]
To practice arithmetick.
You have been bred to business; you can cipher: I wonder
you never used your pen and ink. Arbuth. Hist. of J. Bull.

To CIPHER. v. a. To write in occult characters.
He frequented sermons, and penned notes: his notes he
ciphered with Greek characters. Hayward on Edward VI.

CIR

To CI’RCINATE. v. a. [circino, Lat.] To make a circle; to
compass round, or turn round. Bailey.

CIRCINA’TION. n. s. [circinatio, Lat.] An orbicular motion;
a turning round; a measuring with the compasses. Bailey.

CI’RCLE. n. s. [circulus, Latin.]
1. A line continued 'till it ends where it begun, having all its
parts equidistant from a common center.
Any thing, that moves round about in a circle, in less time
than our ideas are wont to succeed one another in our minds,
is not perceived to move; but seems to be a perfect intire circle
of that matter, or colour, and not a part of a circle in mo­
tion. Locke.
Then a deeper still,
In circle following circle, gathers round
To close the face of things. Thomson's Summer.
2. The space included in a circular line.
3. A round body; an orb.
It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth. Is. xi. 22.
4. Compass; inclosure.
A great magician,
Obscured in the circle of the forest. Shakes. As you like it.
5. An assembly surrounding the principal person.
To have a box where eunuchs sing,
And, foremost in the circle, eye a king. Pope's Hor. Ep. i.
6. A company; an assembly.
I will call over to him the whole circle of beauties that are
disposed among the boxes. Addison's Guardian, No. 10.
Ever since that time, Lisander visits in every circle. Tatler.
7. Any series ending as it begins, and perpetually repeated.
There be divers fruit-trees in the hot countries, which have
blossoms and young fruit, and young fruit and ripe fruit, al­
most all the year, succeeding one another; but this circle of
ripening cannot be but in succulent plants, and hot countries.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 581. 
Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain,
And the year rolls within itself again. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
8. An inconclusive form of argument, in which the foregoing
proposition is proved by the following, and the following pro­
position inferred from the foregoing.
That heavy bodies descend by gravity; and again, that
gravity is a quality whereby an heavy body descends, is an im­
pertinent circle, and teacheth nothing. Glanv. Sceps. c. 20.
That fallacy called a circle, is when one of the premisses in
a syllogism is questioned and opposed, and we intend to prove
it by the conclusion. Watts's Logick.
9. Circumlocution; indirect form of words.
Has he given the lye
In circle or oblique, or semicircle,
Or direct parallel? You must challenge him. Flet. Q of Cor.
10. CIRCLES of the German Empire. Such provinces and prin­
cipalities as have a right to be present at diets. They are in
number ten. Trevoux.

To CI’RCLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To move round any thing.
The lords that were appointed to circle the hill, had some
days before planted themselves in places convenient. Bacon.
Another Cynthia her new journey runs,
And other planets circle other suns. Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.
2. To inclose; to surround.
What stern ungentle hands
Have lopp'd and hew'd, and made thy body bare
Of her two branches, those sweet ornaments,
Whose circling shadows kings have sought to sleep in. Shak.
While these fond arms, thus circling you, may prove
More heavy chains than those of hopeless love. Prior.
Unseen, he glided thro' the joyous crowd,
With darkness circled, and an ambient cloud. Pope's Odyss.
3. To CIRCLE in. To confine; to keep together.
We term those things dry which have a consistence within
themselves, and which, to enjoy a determinate figure, do not
require the stop or hindrance of another body to limit and
circle them in. Digby on Bodies.

To CI’RCLE. v. n. To move circularly; to end where it begins.


The well fraught bowl
Circles incessant; whilst the humble cell
With quavering laugh, and rural jests, resounds. Philips.
Now the circling years disclose
The day predestin'd to reward his woes. Pope's Odyss.

CI’RCLED. adj. [from circle.] Having the form of a circle; round.
Th' inconstant moon,
That monthly changes in her circled orb. Shakesp. R. and J.

CI’RCLET. n. s. [from circle.] A circle; an orb.
Then take repast, 'till Hesperus display'd
His golden circlet in the western shade. Pope's Odyss.

CI’RCLING. participial adj. [from To circle.] Having the form
of a circle; circular; round.
Round he surveys, and well might, where he stood
So high above the circling canopy
Of night's extended shade. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

CI’RCUIT. n. s. [circuit, Fr. circuitus, Latin.]
1. The act of moving round any thing.
The circuits, in former times, went but round about the
pale; as the circuit of the cynosura about the pole. Davies.
There are four moons also perpetually rolling round the
planet Jupiter, and carried along with him in his periodical
circuit round the sun. Watts's Improvement.
2. The space inclosed in a circle.
He led me up
A woody mountain, whose high top was plain
A circuit wide inclos'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
3. Space; extent; measured by travelling round.
He attributeth unto it smallness, in respect of circuit.
Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
The lake of Bolsena is reckoned one and twenty miles in
circuit. Addison on Italy.
4. A ring; a diadem; that by which any thing is incircled.
And this fell tempest shall not cease to rage,
Until the golden circuit on my head
Do calm the fury of this mad-brain'd flaw. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
5. The visitations of the judges for holding assises.
6. The tract of country visited by the judges.
7. CIRCUIT of Action. In law, is a longer course of proceed­
ing to recover the thing sued for than is needful. Cowel.

To CI’RCUIT. v. n. [from the noun.] To move circularly.
Pining with equinoctial heat, unless
The cordial cup perpetual motion keep,
Quick circuiting. Philips.

CIRCUITE’ER. n. s. [from circuit.] One that travels a circuit.
Like your fellow circuiteer the sun: you travel the round of
the earth, and behold all the iniquities under the heavens. Pope.

CIRCUI’TION. n. s. [circuitio, Lat.]
1. The act of going round any thing.
2. Compass; maze of argument; comprehension.
To apprehend by what degrees they lean to things in show,
though not indeed repugnant one to another, requireth more
sharpness of wit, more intricate circuitions of discourse, and
depth of judgment, than common ability doth yield. Hooker.

CI’RCULAR. adj. [circularis, Latin.]
1. Round, like a circle; circumscribed by a circle.
The frame thereof seem'd partly circular,
And part triangular. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
He first inclos'd for lists a level ground;
The form was circular. Dryd. Fables.
Nero's port, composed of huge moles running round it,
in a kind of circular figure. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. Successive in order; always returning.
From whence th' innumerable race of things,
By circular successive order springs. Roscommon.
3. Vulgar; mean; circumforaneous.
Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to
history, how could the Romans have had Dido? Dennis.
4. CIRCULAR Letter. A letter directed to several persons, who
have the same interest in some common affair; as in the con­
vocation of assemblies.
5. CIRCULAR Lines. Such strait lines as are divided from the
divisions made in the arch of a circle; as the lines of sines,
tangents, and secants on the plain scale and sector.
6. CIRCULAR Sailing, is that performed on the arch of a great
circle.

CIRCULA’RITY. n. s. [from circular.] A circular form.
The heavens have no diversity or difference, but a simpli­
city of parts, and equiformity in motion, continually succeed­
ing each other; so that, from what point soever we compute,
the account will be common unto the whole circularity. Brown.

CI’RCULARLY. adj. [from circular.]
1. In form of a circle.
The internal form of it consists of several regions, in­
volving one another like orbs about the same centre, or of
the several elements cast circularly about each other. Burnet.
2. With a circular motion.
Trade, which, like blood, should circularly flow,
Stopp'd in their channels, found its freedom lost. Dryden.
Every body moved circularly about any center, recede, or
endeavour to recede, from that center of its motion. Ray.

To CI’RCULATE. v. n. [from circulus.] To move in a circle;
to run round; to return to the place whence it departed in a
constant course.
If our lives motions theirs must imitate,
Our knowledge, like our blood, must circulate. Denham.
Nature is a perpetual motion; and the work of the uni­
verse circulates without any interval or repose. L'Estrange.
In the civil wars, the money spent on both sides was cir­
culated at home; no publick debts contracted. Swift.

To CI’RCULATE. v. a. To put about.

CIRCULA’TION. n. s. [from circulate.]
1. Motion in a circle; a course in which the motion tends to
the point from which it began.
What more obvious, one would think, than the circulation
of the blood, unknown 'till the last age? Burnet's Theory.
As much blood passeth through the lungs as through all the
rest of the body: the circulation is quicker, and heat greater,
and their texture extremely delicate. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A series in which the same order is always observed, and
things always return to the same state.
As for the sins of peace, thou hast brought upon us the
miseries of war; so for the sins of war, thou seest fit to
deny us the blessing of peace, and to keep us in a circulation
of miseries. K. Charles.
God, by the ordinary rule of nature, permits this continual
circulation of human things. Swift on Modern Education.
3. A reciprocal interchange of meaning.
When the apostle saith of the Jews, that they crucified the
Lord of glory; and when the son of man, being on earth,
affirmeth that the son of man was in heaven at the same
instant, there is in these two speeches that mutual circulation
before mentioned. Hooker, b. v. s. 53.

CI’RCULATORY. n. s. [from circulate.] A chymical vessel, in
which that which rises from the vessel on the fire, is collected
and cooled in another fixed upon it, and falls down again.

CI’RCULATORY. adj. [from circulate.] Circulatory Letters are
the same with CIRCULAR Letters.

CIRCUMA’MBIENCY. n. s. [from circumambient.] The act of
encompassing.
Ice receiveth its figure according unto the surface whereof
it concreteth, or the circumambiency which conformeth it.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1. 

CIRCUMA’MBIENT. adj. [circum and ambio, Latin.] Sur­
rounding; encompassing; inclosing.
The circumambient coldness towards the sides of the vessel,
like the second region, cooling and condensing of it. Wilkins.

To CIRCUMA’MBULATE. v. n. [from circum and ambulo, Lat.]
To walk round about. Dict.

To CIRCUMCI’SE. v. a. [circumcido, Latin.] To cut the
prepuce or foreskin, according to the law given to the Jews.
They came to circumcise the children. Luke i. 59.
One is alarmed at the industry of the whigs, in aiming to
strengthen their routed party by a reinforcement from the cir­
cumcised. Swift's Examiner, No. 47.

CIRCUMCI’SION. n. s. [from circumcise.] The rite or act of
cutting off the foreskin.
They left a race behind
Like to themselves, distinguishable scarce
From Gentiles, but by circumcision vain. Milt. Par. Reg.

To CIRCUMDU’CT. v. a. [circumduco, Lat.] To contra­
vene; to nullify.
Acts of judicature may be cancelled and circumducted by the
will and direction of the judge; as also by the consent of the
parties litigant, before the judge has pronounced and given
sentence. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CIRCUMDU’CTION. n. s. [from circumduct.]
1. Nullification; cancellation.
The citation may be circumducted, though the defendant
should not appear; and the defendant must be cited, as a cir­
cumduction requires. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. A leading about.

CIRCU’MFERENCE. n. s. [circumferentia, Latin.]
1. The periphery; the line including and surrounding any thing.
Extend thus far thy bounds,
This be thy just circumference, O world! Milton's Par. Lost.
Because the hero is the center of the main action, all the
lines from the circumference tend to him alone. Dryd. Dufres.
A coal of fire, moved nimbly in the circumference of a cir­
cle, makes the whole circumference appear like a circle of fire.
Newton's Opticks.
2. The space inclosed in a circle.
So was his will
Pronounc'd among the gods, and by an oath,
That shook heav'n's whole circumference, confirm'd. Milton.
He first inclos'd for lists a level ground,
The whole circumference a mile around. Dryden's Fables.
3. The external part of an orbicular body.
The bubble, being looked on by the light of the
clouds reflected from it, seemed red at its apparent circumfe­
rence. If the clouds were viewed through it, the colour at its
circumference would be blue. Newton's Opticks.
4. An orb; a circle; any thing circular or orbicular.


His pond'rous shield, large and round,
Behind him cast; the broad circumference
Hung on his shoulders like the moon. Milton's Par. Lost.

To CIRCU’MFERENCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To include in
a circular space.
Nor is the vigour of this great body included only in itself,
or circumferenced by its surface; but diffused at indeterminate
distances. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

CIRCUMFERE’NTOR. n. s. [from circumfero, Lat. to carry about.]
An instrument used in surveying, for measuring angles, con­
sisting of a brass circle, an index with sights, and a com­
pass, and mounted on a staff, with a ball and socket. Chambers.

CI’RCUMFLEX. n. s. [circumflexus, Lat.] An accent used to
regulate the pronunciation of syllables, including or partici­
pating the acute and grave.
The circumflex keeps the voice in a middle tune, and there­
fore in the Latin is compounded of both the other. Holder.

CIRCU’MFLUENCE. n. s. [from circumfluent.] An inclosure of
waters.

CIRCU’MFLUENT. adj. [circumfluens, Lat.] Flowing round
any thing.
I rule the Paphian race,
Whose bounds the deep circumfluent waves embrace,
A duteous people, and industrious isle. Pope's Odyss.

CIRCU’MFLUOUS. adj. [circumfluus, Lat.] Environing with
waters.
He the world
Built on circumfluous waters calm, in wide
Crystalline ocean. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 269.
Laertes' son girt with circumfluous tides. Pope's Odyss.

CIRCUMFORA’NEOUS. adj. [circumforaneus, Lat.] Wandering
from house to house. As a circumforaneous fidler; one that
plays at doors.

To CIRCUMFU’SE. v. a. [circumfusus, Lat.] To pour round;
to spread every way.
Men see better, when their eyes are against the sun, or
candle, if they put their hand before their eye. The glaring
sun, or candle, weakens the eye; whereas the light circum­
fused, is enough for the perception. Bacon's Nat. History.
His army, circumfus'd on either wing. Milt. Par. Lost.
Earth, with her nether ocean, circumfus'd
Their pleasant dwelling-house. Milton's Paradise Lost.
This nymph the god Cephisus had abus'd,
With all his winding waters circumfus'd. Addis. Ov. Met.

CIRCUMFU’SILE. adj. [circum and fusilis, Lat.] That which
may be poured or spread round any thing.
Artist divine, whose skilful hands infold
The victim's horn with circumfusile gold. Pope's Odyss.

CIRCUMFU’SION. n. s. [from circumfuse.] The act of spread­
ing round; the state of being poured round.

To CIRCU’MGYRATE. v. a. [circum and gyrus, Lat.] To
roll round.
All the glands of the body be congeries of various
sorts of vessels, curled, circumgyrated, and complicated to­
gether. Ray on Creation.

CIRCUMGYRA’TION. n. s. [from circumgyrate.] The act of
running round.
The sun turns round his own axis in twenty-five days,
which arises from his first being put into such a circumgyration.
Cheyne's Philosophical Prin.

CIRCUMJA’CENT. adj. [circumjacens, Lat.] Lying round any
thing; bordering on every side.

CIRCUMINCE’SSION. n. s. [from circum and incedo, Lat.]
A term used by the school-divines to express the existence
of three divine persons in one another, in the mystery of the
trinity. Chambers.

CIRCUMI’TION. n. s. [from circumeo, circumitum, Latin.]
The act of going round. Dict.

CIRCUMLIGA’TION. n. s. [circumligo, Latin.]
1. The act of binding round.
2. The bond with which any thing is encompassed.

CIRCUMLOCU’TION. n. s. [circumlocutio, Latin.]
1. A circuit or compass of words; periphrasis.
Virgil, studying brevity, could bring these words into a
narrow compass, which a translator cannot render without
circumlocutions. Dryden.
I much prefer the plain Billingsgate way of calling names,
because it would save abundance of time, lost by circumlo­
cution. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. The use of indirect expressions.
These people are not to be dealt withal, but by a train of
mystery and circumlocution. L'Estrange.

CIRCUMMU’RED. adj. [circum and murus, Lat.] Walled round;
encompassed with a wall.
He hath a garden circummur'd with bricks. Shakesp.

CIRCUMNA’VIGABLE. adj. [from circumnavigate.] That
which may be sailed round.
The being of Antipodes, the habitableness of the torrid
zone, and the rendering the whole terraqueous globe circum­
navigable. Ray on the Creation.

To CIRCUMNA’VIGATE. v. a. [circum and navigo, Lat.] To
sail round.

CIRCUMNAVIGA’TION. n. s. [from circumnavigate.] The act
of sailing round.
What he says concerning the circumnavigation of Africa,
from the straits of Gibraltar to the Red Sea, is very remark­
able. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CIRCUMPLICA’TION. n. s. [circumplico, Lat.]
1. The act of enwrapping on every side.
2. The state of being enwrapped.

CIRCUMPO’LAR. adj. [from circum and polar.] Stars near the
North pole, which move round it, and never set in the
Northern latitudes, are said to be circumpolar stars.

CIRCUMPOSI’TION. n. s. [from circum and position.] The act
of placing any thing circularly.
Now is your season for circumposition, by tiles or baskets of
earth. Evelyn's Kalendar.

CIRCUMRA’SION. n. s. [circumrasio, Latin.] The act of
shaving or paring round. Dict.

CIRCUMROTA’TION. n. s. [circum and roto, Lat.]
1. The act of whirling round with a motion like that of a
wheel. Circumvolution.
2. The state of being whirled round.

To CIRCUMSCRI’BE. v. a. [circum and scribo, Latin.]
1. To inclose in certain lines or boundaries.
2. To bound; to limit; to confine.
The good Andronicus,
With honour and with fortune is return'd;
From whence he circumscribed with his sword,
And brought to yoke th' enemies of Rome. Shakesp. Tit. An.
Therefore must his choice be circumscrib'd
Unto the voice and yielding of that body,
Whereof he's head. Shakesp. Hamlet.
And form'd the pow'rs of heav'n
Such as he pleas'd, and circumscrib'd their being! Milton.
The action great, yet circumscrib'd by time;
The words not forc'd, but sliding into rhime. Dryden.
We see that the external circumstances which do accom­
pany mens acts, are those which do circumscribe and limit
them. Stillingfleet.
You are above
The little forms which circumscribe your sex. Southern.

CIRCUMSCRI’PTION. n. s. [circumscriptio, Latin.]
1. Determination of particular form or magnitude.
In the circumscription of many leaves, flowers, fruits and
seeds, nature affects a regular figure. Ray on the Creation.
2. Limitation; boundary; contraction; confinement.
I would not my unhoused free condition,
Put into circumscription and confine. Shakesp. Othello.

CIRCUMSCRI’PTIVE. adj. [from circumscribe.] Inclosing the
superficies; marking the form or limits on the outside
Stones regular, are distinguished by their external forms:
such as is circumscriptive, or depending upon the whole stone,
as in the eagle-stone; and this is properly called the figure.
Grew's Museum.

CIRCUMSPE’CT. adj. [circumspectum, Lat.] Cautious; atten­
tive to every thing; watchful on all sides.
None are for me,
That look into me with consid'rate eyes.
High-reaching Buckingham grows circumspect. Shak. R. III.
Men of their own nature circumspect and slow, but at the
time discountenanced and discontent. Haywood.
The judicious doctor had been very watchful and circum­
spect, to keep himself from being imposed upon. Boyle.

CIRCUMSPE’CTION. n. s. [from circumspect.] Watchfulness on
every side; cautious; general attention.
Observe the sudden growth of wickedness, from want of
care and circumspection in the first impressions. Clarendon.
So saying, his proud step he scornful turn'd,
But with sly circumspection. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.

CIRCUMSPE’CTIVE. adj. [circumspicio, circumspectum, Latin.]
Looking round every way; attentive; vigilant; cautious.
No less alike the politick and wise,
All sly slow things, with circumspective eyes. Pope's Essay.

CIRCUMSPE’CTIVELY. adv. [from circumspective.] Cautiously;
vigilantly; attentively; with watchfulness every way; watch­
fully.

CIRCUMSPE’CTLY. adv. [from circumspect.] With watchful­
ness every way; cautiously; watchfully; vigilantly.
Their authority weighs more with me than the concurrent
suffrages of a thousand eyes, who never examined the thing
so carefully and circumspectly. Ray on the Creation.

CIRCUMSPE’CTNESS. n. s. [from circumspect.] Caution; vigi­
lance; watchfulness on every side.
Travel forces circumspectness on those abroad, who at home
are nursed in security. Wotton.

CI’RCUMSTANCE. n. s. [circumstantia, Latin.]
1. Something appendant or relative to a fact: the same to a
moral action as accident to a natural substance.
When men are ingenious in picking out circumstances of
contempt, they do kindle their anger much. Bacon's Essays.
Our confessing or concealing persecuted truths, vary and
change their very nature, according to different circumstances
of time, place and persons. South.


2. The adjuncts of a fact, which make it more or less crimi­
nal; or make an accusation more or less probable.
Of these supposed crimes give me leave,
By circumstance, but to acquit myself. Shakesp. Rich. III.
3. Accident; something adventitious, which may be taken away
without the annihilation of the principal thing considered.
Sense outside knows, the soul thro' all things sees:
Sense, circumstance; she doth the substance view. Davies.
4. Incident; event; generally of a minute or subordinate kind.
He defended Carlisle with very remarkable circumstances of
courage, industry, and patience. Clarendon, b. viii.
The sculptor had in his thoughts the conqueror's weeping
for new worlds, or some other the like circumstance in history.
Addison on Italy.
The poet has gathered those circumstances which most ter­
rify the imagination, and which really happen in the raging of
a tempest. Addison's Spectator, No. 489.
5. Condition; state of affairs. It is frequently used with respect
to wealth or poverty; as good or ill circumstances.
None but a virtuous man can hope well in all circum­
stances. Bacon's Ornam. Ration.
We ought not to conclude, that if there be rational inha­
bitants in any of the planets, they must therefore have human
nature, or be involved in the circumstances of our world. Bentley.
When men are easy in their circumstances, they are natural­
ly enemies to innovations. Addison's Freeholder, No. 42.

To CI’RCUMSTANCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To place in
particular situation, or relation to the things.
To worthiest things,
Virtue, art, beauty, fortune, now I see,
Rareness or use, not nature, value brings,
And such as they are circumstanc'd, they be. Donne.

CI’RCUMSTANT. adj. [circumstans, Lat.] Surrounding; en­
vironing.
Its beams fly to visit the remotest parts of the world, and it
gives motion to all circumstant bodies. Digby on the Soul.

CIRCUMSTA’NTIAL. adj. [circumstantialis, low Lat.]
1. Accidental; not essential.
This fierce abridgment
Hath to it circumstantial branches, which
Distinction should be rich in. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
This jurisdiction in the essentials of it, is as old as christia­
nity; and those circumstantial additions of secular encourage­
ment, christian princes thought necessary. South's Sermons.
Who would not prefer a religion that differs from our own
in the circumstantials, before one that differs from it in the
essentials. Addison's Freeholder, No. 54.
2. Incidental; happening by chance; casual.
Virtue's but anguish, when 'tis several,
By occasion wak'd, and circumstantial. Donne.
3. Full of small events; particular; detailed.
He had been provoked by men's tedious and circumstantial
recitals of their affairs, or by their multiplied questions about
his own. Prior's Dedication.

CIRCUMSTANTIA’LITY. n. s. [from circumstantial.] The ap­
pendage of circumstances; the state of any thing as modified
by circumstances.

CIRCUMSTA’NTIALLY. adv. [from circumstantial.]
1. Accordingly to circumstance; not essentially; accidentally.
Of the fancy and intellect, the powers are only circum­
stantially different. Glanv. Sceps. c. xiii.
2. Minutely; exactly; in every circumstance or particular.
Lucian agrees with Homer in every point circumstantially.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To CIRCUMSTA’NTIATE. v. a. [from circumstance.]
1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with parti­
cular accidents or adjuncts.
If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it might will
that freely, which now it wills freely. Bramh. against Hobbs.
2. To place in a particular condition, as with regard to power
or wealth.
A number infinitely superior, and the best circumstantiated
imaginable, are for the succession in the house of Hanover.
Swift's Miscellanies.

To CIRCUMVA’LLATE. v. a. [circumvallo, Lat.] To in­
close round with trenches or fortifications.

CIRCUMVALLA’TION. n. s. [from circumvallate, Lat.]
1. The art or act of casting up fortifications round a place.
When the czar first acquainted himself with mathematical
learning, he practised all the rules of circumvallation and con­
travallation at the siege of a town in Livonia. Watts's Logick.
2. The fortification or trench thrown up round a place besieged.
This gave respite to finish those stupendious circumvallations
and barricadoes, reared up by sea and land to begirt Petrina.
Howel's Vocal Forest.

CIRCUMVE’CTION. n. s. [circumvectio, Latin.]
1. The act of carrying round.
2. The state of being carried round.

To CIRCUMVE’NT. v. a. [circumvenio, Lat.] To deceive;
to cheat; to impose upon; to delude.
He fearing to be betrayed, or circumvented by his cruel bro­
ther, fled to Barbarossa. Knolles's History of the Turks.
As his malice is vigilant, he resteth not to circumvent the
sons of the first deceived. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
Should man
Fall circumvented thus by fraud. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Obstinately bent
To die undaunted, and to circumvent. Dryden's Æn. ii.

CIRCUMVE’NTION. n. s. [from circumvent.]
1. Fraud; imposture; cheat; delusion.
The inequality of the match between him and the subtlest
of us, would quickly appear by a fatal circumvention: there
must be a wisdom from above to over-reach this hellish
wisdom. South's Sermons.
If he is in the city, he must avoid haranguing against
circumvention in commerce. Collier of Popularity.
2. Prevention; pre-occupation: this sense is now out of use.
Whatever hath been thought on in this state,
That could be brought to bodily act, ere Rome
Had circumvention. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To CIRCUMVE’ST. v. a. [circumvestio, Lat.] To cover round
with a garment.
Who on this base the earth did'st firmly found,
And mad'st the deep to circumvest it round. Wotton.

CIRCUMVOLA’TION. n. s. [from circumvolo, Lat.] The act of
flying round.

To CIRCUMVO’LVE. v. a. [circumvolvo, Lat.] To roll round;
to give a circular motion.
Could solid orbs be accommodated to phænomena, yet to
ascribe each sphere an intelligence to circumvolve it, were un­
philosophical. Glanv. Sceps. c. 20.

CIRCUMVOLU’TION. n. s. [circumvolutus, Lat.]
1. The act of rolling round.
2. The state of being rolled round.
The twisting of the guts is really either a circumvolution, or
insertion of one part of the gut within the other. Arbuthnot.
3. The thing rolled round another.
Consider the obliquity or closeness of these circumvolutions;
the nearer they are, the higher may be the instrument. Wilk.

CI’RCUS. n. s. [circus, Latin.] An open space or area for
sports, with seats round for the spectators.

CI’RQUE. n. s. [circus, Latin.] An open space or area for
sports, with seats round for the spectators.
A pleasant valley, like one of those circuses, which, in great
cities somewhere, doth give a pleasant spectacle of running
horses. Sidney, b. ii.
The one was about the cirque of Flora, the other upon the
Tarpeian mountain. Stillingfleet.
See the cirque falls! th' unpillar'd temple nods;
Streets pav'd with heroes, Tyber choak'd with gods. Pope.

CIST. n. s. [cista, Latin.] A case; a tegument; commonly
used in medicinal language for the coat or inclosure of a
tumour.

CI’STED. adj. [from cist.] Inclosed in a cist, or bag.

CI’STERN. n. s. [cisterna, Latin.]
1. A receptacle of water for domestick uses.
'Tis not the rain that waters the whole earth, but that
which falls into his own cistern, that must relieve him. South.
2. A reservoir; an inclosed fountain.
Had no part as kindly staid behind,
In the wide cisterns of the lakes confin'd;
Did not the springs and rivers drench the land,
Our globe would grow a wilderness of sand. Blackmore.
3. Any watry receptacle or repository.
So half my Egypt were submerg'd, and made
A cistern for scal'd snakes. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.
But there's no bottom; none
In my voluptuousness: your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons and your maids, could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakesp. Macbeth.

CISTUS. n. s. [Lat.] The name of a plant. The same with
Rockrose.

CIT

CIT. n. s. [contracted from citizen.] An inhabitant of a city,
in an ill sense. A pert low townsman; a pragmatical trader.
We bring you now to show what different things,
The cits or clowns are from the courts of kings. Johnson.
Study your race, or the soil of your family will dwindle
into cits or squires, or run up into wits or madmen. Tatler.
Barnard, thou art a cit, with all thy worth;
But Bug and D—l, their honours, and so forth. Pop. Hor.

CI’TADEL. n. s. [citadelle, French.] A fortress; a castle, or
place of arms in a city.
As he came to the crown by unjust means, as unjustly he
kept it; by force of stranger soldiers in citadels, the nests of
tyranny and murderers of liberty. Sidney, b. ii.
I'll to my charge, the citadel, repair. Dryd. Aureng.

CI’TAL. n. s. [from cite.]
1. Reproof; impeachment.
He made a blushing cital of himself,
And chid his truant youth. Shakesp. Henry IV. P. i.
2. Summons; citation; call into a court.
3. Quotation; citation.

CITA’TION. n. s. [citatio, Latin.]
The calling a person before the judge, for the sake of


trying the cause of action commenced against him. Ayliffe.
2. Quotation; the adduction of any passage from another au­
thor; or of another man's words.
3. The passage or words quoted; a quotation.
The letter-writter cannot read these citations without blush­
ing, after the charge he hath advanced. Atterb. Pref. Serm.
View the principles of parties represented in their own
authors, and not in the citations of those who would confute
them. Watts's Improvement on the Mind.
4. Enumeration; mention.
These causes effect a consumption, endemick to this island:
there remains a citation of such as may produce it in any
country. Harvey on Consumptions.

CI’TATORY. adj. [from To cite.] Having the power or form
of citation.
If a judge cite one to a place, to which he cannot come
with safety, he may freely appeal, though an appeal be inhi­
bited in the letters citatory. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To CITE. v. a. [cito, Latin.]
1. To summon to answer in a court.
He held a late court, to which
She oft' was cited by them, but appear'd not. Sh. Hen. VIII.
Forthwith the cited dead
Of all past ages, to the general doom
Shall hasten. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 327.
This power of citing, and dragging the defendant into court,
was taken away. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. To enjoin; to call upon another authoritatively; to direct;
summon.
I speak to you, Sir Thurio;
For Valentine, I need not cite him to it. Shakesp.
This sad experience cites me to reveal,
And what I dictate is from what I feel. Prior.
3. To quote.
Demonstrations in scripture, may not otherwise be shewed
than by citing them out of the scripture. Hooker, b. ii.
That passage of Plato, which I cited before. Bacon.
In banishment he wrote those verses, which I cite from his
letter. Dryden's Dedicat. to Æn.

CI’TER. n. s. [from cite.]
1. One who cites into a court.
2. One who quotes; a quoter.
I must desire the citer henceforward to inform us of his
editions too. Atterbury.

CITESS. n. s. [from cit.] A city woman. A word peculiar to
Dryden.
Cits and citesses raise a joyful strain;
'Tis a good omen to begin a reign. Dryd. Albion and Alba.

CI’THERN. n. s. [cithara, Latin.] A kind of harp; a musical
instrument.
At what time the heathen had profaned it, even in that
was it dedicated with songs and citherns, and harps and cym­
bals. 1 Mac. iv. 54.

CI’TIZEN. n. s. [civis, Lat. citoyen, French.]
1. A freeman of a city; not a foreigner; not a slave.
All inhabitants within these walls are not properly citizens,
but only such as are called freemen. Raleigh's Hist. World.
2. A townsman; a man of trade; not a gentleman.
When he speaks not like a citizen,
You find him like a soldier. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. An inhabitant; a dweller in any place.
Far from noisy Rome, secure, he lives;
And one more citizen to Sibyl gives. Dryden's Juvenal.

CI’TIZEN. adj. [This is only in Shakespeare.] Having the
qualities of a citizen; as cowardice, meanness.
So sick I am not, yet I am not well;
But not so citizen a wanton, as
To seem to die ere sick. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

CI’TRINE. adj. [citrinus, Lat.] Lemon coloured; of a dark
yellow.
The Butterfly, papilio major, has its wings painted with
citrine and black, both in long streaks and spots. Grew's Mus.
By citrine urine of a thicker consistence, the saltness of
phlegm is known. Floyer on the Humours.

CI’TRINE. n. s. [from citrinus, Latin.]
A species of crystal of an extremely pure, clear, and fine
texture, generally free from flaws and blemishes. It is ever
found in a long and slender column, irregularly hexangular,
and terminated by an hexangular pyramid. It is from one to
four or five inches in length. These crystals are of an ex­
tremely beautiful yellow, differing in degrees from that of a
strong ochre colour to that of the peel of a lemon; and they
have a very elegant brightness and transparence. This stone
is very plentiful in the West Indies. Our jewellers have
learned from the French and Italians to call it citrine; and
often cut stones for rings out of it, which are generally mis­
taken for topazes. Hill on Fossils.

CITRON-TREE. n. s. [from citrus, Latin.]
It hath broad stiff leaves, like those of the laurel. The
flowers consist of many leaves, expanded like a rose: the cup
of the flower is slender and fleshy, and is divided into five seg­
ments at the top. The pistil becomes an oblong, thick,
fleshy fruit, which is very full of juice, and contains several
hard seeds. Genoa is the great nursery of Europe for these
sorts of trees. One sort, with a pointed fruit, is in so great
esteem, that the single fruits are sold at Florence for two shil­
lings each. This fruit is not to be had in perfection in any
part of Italy, but the plain between Pisa and Leghorn. Miller.
May the sun
With citron groves adorn a distant soil. Addison.

CITRON-WATER. n. s. Aqua vitæ, distilled with the rind of
citrons.
Like citron-waters matrons cheeks inflame. Pope.

CI’TRUL. n. s. The same with pumpion, so named from its
yellow colour.

CI’TY. n. s. [cité, French, civitas, Latin.]
1. A large collection of houses and inhabitants.
Men seek their safety from number better united, and from
walls and other fortifications; the use whereof is to make the
few a match for the many, and this is the original of cities.
Temple.
City, in a strict and proper sense, means the houses inclosed
within the walls: in a larger sense it reaches to all the suburbs.
Watts's Logick.
2. In the English law.
A town corporate, that hath a bishop and a cathedral
church. Cowel.
3. The inhabitants of a certain city, as distinguished from other
subjects.
What is the city but the people?———
——True, the people are the city. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I do suspect I have done some offence,
That seems disgracious in the city's eye. Shakesp. Rich. III.

CI’TY. adj. 
1. Relating to the city.
His enforcement of the city wives. Shakesp. Richard III.
He, I accuse,
The city ports by this hath enter'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Resembling the manners of the citizens.
Make not a city feast of it, to let the meat cool ere we can
agree upon the first cut. Shakespeare's Timon.

CIV

CI’VET. n. s. [civette, Fr. zibetta, Arabic, signifying scent.] A
perfume from the civet cat.
The civet, or civet cat, is a little animal, not unlike our
cat, excepting that his snout is more pointed, his claws less
dangerous, and his cry different. It is a native of the Indies,
Peru, Brasil, Guinea. The perfume is formed like a
kind of grease, or thick scum, in an aperture or bag under its
tail, between the anus and pudendum. It is gathered from
time to time, and abounds in proportion as the animal is fed.
It is much used by perfumers and confectioners; but seldom
prescribed in medicine. Trevoux.
Civet is of a baser birth than tar: the very uncleanly flux
of a cat. Shakespeare's As you like it.
He rubs himself with civet: can you smell him out by
that? Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
Some putrefactions and excrements do yield excellent
odours; as civet and musk, and, as some think, amber­
grease. Bacon's Natural History.

CI’VICK. adj. [civicus, Latin.] Relating to civil honours or
practises; not military.
With equal rays immortal Tully shone:
Behind, Rome's genius waits with civick crowns,
And the great father of his country owns. Pop. Tem. of Fame.

CI’VIL. adj. [civilis, Latin.]
1. Relating to the community; political; relating to the city or
government.
God gave them laws of civil regimen, and would not per­
mit their commonweal to be governed by any other laws than
his own. Hooker, b. iii. s. 11. 
Part such as appertain
To civil justice; part, religious rites
Of sacrifice. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 231. 
But there is another unity, which would be most advan­
tageous to our country; and that is your endeavour after a
civil, a political union in the whole nation. Sprat's Sermon.
2. Relating to any man as a member of a community.
Break not your promise, unless it be unlawful or impossible;
either out of your natural, or out of your civil power. Taylor.
3. Not in anarchy; not wild; not without rule or government.
For rudest minds with harmony were caught,
And civil life was by the muses taught. Roscommon.
4. Not foreign; intestine.
From a civil war, God of his mercy defend us, as that which
is most desperate of all others. Bacon to Villers.
5. Not ecclesiastical; as, the ecclesiastical courts are controlled
by the civil.
6. Not natural; as, a person banished or outlawed is said to
suffer civil, though not natural death.
7. Not military; as, the civil magistrates authority is obstructed
by war.
8. Not criminal; as, This is a civil process, not a criminal pro­
secution.
9. Civilised; not barbarous.
England was very rude and barbarous; for it is but even
the other day since England grew civil. Spenser on Ireland.


10. Complaisant; civilised; gentle; well bred; elegant of man­
ners; not rude; not brutal; not coarse.
I heard a mermaid, on a dolphin's back,
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath,
That the rude sea grew civil at her song. Shakespeare.
He was civil and well natured, never refusing to teach
another. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
And fall these sayings from that gentle tongue,
Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung. Prior.
11.  Grave; sober; not gay or shewy.
Thus night oft see me in thy pale career,
'Till civil suited morn appear. Milton's Poems.
12. Relating to the ancient consular or imperial government;
as, civil law.
No woman had it, but a civil doctor. Shak. Merch. of Ven.

CIVI’LIAN. n. s. [civilis, Lat.] One that professes the know­
ledge of the old Roman law, and of general equity.
The professors of that law, called civilians, because the civil
law is their guide, should not be discountenanced nor dis­
couraged. Bacon's Advice to Villers.
A depending kingdom is a term of art, unknown to all
ancient civilians, and writers upon government. Swift.

CIVILISA’TION. n. s. [from civil.]
A law, act of justice, or judgment, which renders a cri­
minal process civil; which is performed by turning an infor­
mation into an inquest, or the contrary. Harris.

CIVI’LITY. n. s. [from civil.]
1. Freedom from barbarity; the state of being civilised.
The English were at first as stout and warlike a people as
ever the Irish; and yet are now brought unto that civility,
that no nation in the world excelleth them in all goodly con­
versation, and all the studies of knowledge and humanity.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism to civi­
lity, and failen again to ruin. Davies on Ireland.
Wheresoe'er her conquering eagles fled,
Arts, learning, and civility were spread. Denham's Poems.
2. Politeness; complaisance; elegance of behaviour.
Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress;
Or else a rude despiser of good manners,
That in civility thou seem'st so empty? Shak. As you like it.
He, by his great civility and affability, wrought very much
upon the people. Clarendon, b. viii.
I should be kept from a publication, did not what your civi­
lity calls a request, your greatness, command. South.
We, in point of civility, yield to others in our own
houses. Swift.
3. Rule of decency; practise of politeness.
Love taught him shame; and shame, with love at strife,
Soon taught the sweet civilities of life. Dryd. Cym. and Iphig.

To CI’VILIZE. v. a. [from civil.] To reclaim from savage­
ness and brutality; to instruct in the arts of regular life.
We send the graces and the muses forth,
To civilize and to instruct the North. Waller.
Musæus first, then Orpheus civilize
Mankind, and gave the world their deities. Denham.
Amongst those who are counted the civilized part of man­
kind, this original law of nature still takes place. Locke.
Osiris, or the Bacchus of the antients, is reported to have
civilized the Indians, and reigned amongst them fifty-two
years. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CI’VILIZER. n. s. [from civilize.] He that reclaims others from
a wild and savage life; he that teaches the rules and customs
of civility.
The civilizers!—the disturbers, say;—
The robbers, the corrupters of mankind!
Proud vagabonds! Philips's Briton.

CI’VILLY. adv. [from civil.]
1. In a manner relating to government, or to the rights or cha­
racter of a member of a community; not naturally; not
ecclesiastically; not criminally.
Men that are civil lead their lives after one common law;
for that a multitude should, without harmony amongst them­
selves, concur in the doing of one thing; for this is civilly to
live; or should manage community of life, it is not possible.
Hooker, b. i. p. 46.
That accusation, which is publick, is either civilly com­
menced for the private satisfaction of the party injured; or
else criminally, that is, for some publick punishment. Ayliffe.
2. Politely; complaisantly; gently; without rudeness; without
brutality.
I will deal civilly with his poems: nothing ill is to be spoken
of the dead. Dryden's Preface to his Fables.
I would have had Almeria and Osmyn parted civilly; as if
it was not proper for lovers to do so. Collier's View of the Stage.
He thought them folks that lost their way,
And ask'd them civilly to stay. Prior.
3. Without gay or gaudy colours.
The chambers were handsome and cheerful, and furnished
civilly. Bacon's New Atlantis.

CIZ

CIZE. n. s. [perhaps from incisa, Lat. shaped or cut to a certain
magnitude.] The quantity of any thing, with regard to its
external form; often written size.
If no motion can alter bodies, that is, reduce them to some
other cize or figure, then there is none of itself to give them
the cize and figure which they have. Grew's Cosmol b. i. c. 2.

CLA

CLACK. n. s. [klatschen, Germ. to rattle; to make a noise.]
1. Any thing that makes a lasting and importunate noise; gene­
rally used, in contempt, for the tongue.
But still his tongue ran on,
And with its everlasting clack,
Set all mens ears upon the rack. Hudibras, Part ii. canto 2.
Fancy flows in, and muse flies high;
He knows not when my clack will lie. Prior.
2. The CLACK of a Mill. A bell that rings when more corn
is required to be put in.
Says John, just at the hopper will I stand,
And mark the clack how justly it will sound. Betterton.

To CLACK. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To make a chinking noise.
2. To let the tongue run.

To CLACK. v. a. As to clack wool, is to cut off the sheep's
mark, which makes it to weigh less, and so yield the less
custom to the king. Cowel.

CLAD. part. pret. [This participle, which is now referred to
clothe, seems originally to have belonged to cloden, or some
such word, like kleeden, Dutch.] Clothed; invested; garbed.
He had clad himself with a new garment. 1 Kings xi. 29.
Beyond
The flow'ry dale of Sibma, clad with vine. Milt. Par. Lost.
But virtue too, as well as vice, is clad
In flesh and blood. Waller.
To her the weeping heav'ns become serene;
For her the ground is clad in cheerful green. Dryden.
The courtiers were all most magnificiently clad. Swift.

To CLAIM. v. a. [clamer, French.] To demand of right; to
require authoritatively; not to beg or accept as favour, but to
exact as due.
If only one man hath a divine right to obedience, no body
can claim that obedience but he that can shew his right. Locke.
We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one
claims, came by his authority, before we can know who has a
right to succeed him in it. Locke.
Poets have undoubted right to claim,
If not the greatest, the most lasting name. Congreve.

CLAIM. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A demand of any thing, as due.
You, in the right of lady Blanch your wife,
May then make all the claim that Arthur did. Shak. K. John.
Forsworn thyself! The traitor's odious name
I first return, and then disprove thy claim. Dryden.
Will he not, therefore, of the two evils chuse the least,
by submitting to a master, who hath no immediate claim upon
him, rather than to another, who hath already revived several
claims upon him? Swift.
2. A title to any privilege or possession in the hands of another.
Either there must have been but one sovereign over them
all, or else every father of a family had been as good a prince,
and had as good a claim to royalty as these. Locke.
3. In law.
A demand of any thing that is in the possession of another,
or at the least out of his own: as claim by charter, claim by
descent. Cowel.
4. The phrases are commonly to make claim, or to lay claim.
The king of Prussia lays in his claim for Neuf-Châtel, as he
did for the principality of Orange. Addison on Italy.
If God, by his positive grant, gave dominion to any man,
primogeniture can lay no claim to it, unless God so ordained.
Locke.

CLA’IMABLE. adj. [from claim.] That which may be de­
manded as due.

CLA’IMANT. n. s. [from claim.] He that demands any thing
as unjustly detained by another.

A CLA’IMER. n. s. [from claim.] He that makes a demand;
he that requires any thing, as unjustly with-held from him.

CLAIR-OBSCURE. n. s. See CLARE-OBSCURE.

To CLA’MBER. v. n. [probably corrupted from climb; as
climber, clamber.] To climb with difficulty; as with both
hands and feet.
The kitchen malkin pins
Her richest lockram 'bout her reechy neck,
Clamb'ring the walls to eye him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
When you hear the drum,
Clamber not you up to the casements then. Shakespeare.
The men there do not without some difficulty clamber up
the acclivities, dragging their kine with them. Ray on the Creat.
They were forced to clamber over so many rocks, and to
tread upon the brink of so many precipices, that they were
very often in danger of their lives. Addison's Freeholder, No. 27.

To CLAMM. v. a. [in some provinces, to cleam, from clæmian,
Sax. to glew together.] To clog with any glutinous matter.
A swarm of wasps got into a honey-pot, and there they


cloyed and clammed themselves, 'till there was no getting out
again. L'Estrange, Fab. cxxvi.
The sprigs were all dawbed with lime, and the birds
clammed and taken. L'Estrange.

CLA’MMINESS. n. s. [from clammy.] Viscosity; viscidity;
tenacity; ropiness.
A greasy pipkin will spoil the clamminess of the glew. Moxon.

CLA’MMY. adj. [from clamm.] Viscous; glutinous; tenacious;
adhesive; ropy.
Bodies clammy and cleaving, are such as have an appetite,
at once, to follow another body, and to hold to themselves.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 293.
Neither the brain nor spirits can conserve motion: the for­
mer is of such a clammy consistence, it can no more retain it
than a quagmire. Glanv. Sceps. c. 6.
Aghast he wak'd, and, starting from his bed,
Cold sweats, in clammy drops, his limbs o'erspread. Dryden.
I drop with clammy sweat. Dryden's Fables.
Joyful thou'lt see
The clammy surface all o'er strown with tribes
Of greedy insects. Philips.
There is an unctuous clammy vapour that arises from the
stum of grapes, when they lie mashed together in the vat,
which puts out a light, when dipped into it. Addison on Italy.
The continuance of the fever, clammy sweats, paleness, and
at last a total cessation of pain, are signs of a gangrene and
approaching death. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CLA’MOROUS. adj. [from clamour.] Vociferous; noisy; tur­
bulent; loud.
It is no sufficient argument to say, that, in urging these
ceremonies, none are so clamorous as Papists, and they whom
Papists suborn. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 9.
He kiss'd her lips
With such a clamorous smack, that at the parting
All the church eccho'd. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
At my birth
The goats ran from the mountains, and the herds
Were strangely clam'rous in the frighted fields. Shakespeare.
With the clam'rous report of war,
Thus will I drown your exclamations. Shakes. Richard III.
Then various elements against thee join'd,
In one more various animal combin'd,
And fram'd the clam'rous race of busy humankind. Pope.
A pamphlet that will settle the wavering, instruct the igno­
rant, and inflame the clamorous. Swift.

CLA’MOUR. n. s. [clamor, Latin.]
1. Outcry; noise; exclamation; vociferation.
Revoke thy doom,
Or whilst I can vent clamour from my throat,
I'll tell thee, thou do'st evil. Shakesp. King Lear.
The people grew then exorbitant in their clamours for
justice. King Charles.
The Maid
Shall weep the fury of my love decay'd;
And weeping follow me, as thou do'st now,
With idle clamours of a broken vow. Prior.
2. It is used sometimes, but less fitly, of inanimate things.
Here the loud Arno's boist'rous clamours cease,
That with submissive murmurs glides in peace. Addison.

To CLA’MOUR. v. n. [from the noun.] To make outcries;
to exclaim; to vociferate; to roar in turbulence.
The obscure bird clamour'd the live-long night. Shakesp.
Clamour your tongues, and not a word more. Shakespeare.
Let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribunitious
manner; for that is to clamour counsels, not to inform
them. Bacon's Essay, 21. 

CLAMP. n. s. [clamp, French.]
1. A piece of wood joined to another, as an addition of
strength.
2. A quantity of bricks.
To burn a clamp of brick of sixteen thousand, they allow
seven ton of coals. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To CLAMP. v. a. [from the noun.]
When a piece of board is fitted with the grain to the end
of another piece of board cross the grain, the first board is
clamped. Thus the ends of tables are commonly clamped, to
preserve them from warping. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

CLAN. n. s. [probably of Scottish original: klaan, in the High­
lands, signifies children.]
1. A family; a race.
They around the flag
Of each his faction, in their several clans,
Swarm populous, un-number'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Milton was the poetical son of Spenser, and Mr. Waller of
Fairfax; for we have our lineal descents and clans as well as
other families. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
2. A body or sect of persons, in a sense of contempt.
Patridge and the rest of his clan may hoot me for a cheat,
if I fail in any single particular. Swift's Predictions for 1708.

CLA’NCULAR. adj. [clancularius, Latin.] Clandestine; secret;
private; concealed; obscure; hidden.
Let us withdraw all supplies from our lusts, and not by any
secret reserved affection give them clancular aids to maintain
their rebellion. Decay of Piety.

CLANDE’STINE. [adj. clandestinus, Lat.] Secret; hidden;
private; in an ill sense.
Tho' nitrous tempests, and clandestine death,
Fill'd the deep caves, and num'rous vaults beneath. Blackm.

CLANDE’STINELY. adv. [from clandestine.] Secretly; private­
ly; in private; in secret.
There have been two printed papers clandestinely spread
about, whereof no man is able to trace the original. Swift.

CLANG. n. s. [clangor, Lat.] A sharp, shrill noise.
With such a horrid clang
As on mount Sinai rang,
While the red fire and smould'ring clouds out brake. Milton.
An island, salt and bare,
The haunt of seals and orcs, and sea-mews clang. Milton.
What clangs were heard in German skies afar,
Of arms and armies rushing to the war. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
Guns, and trumpets clang, and solemn sound
Of drums, o'ercame their groans. Philips.

To CLANG. v. n. [clango, Lat.] To clatter; to make a loud
shrill noise.
Have I not in a pitched battle heard
Loud 'larums, neighing steeds, and trumpets clang. Shakes.
The Libyans clad in armour, lead
The dance; and clanging swords and shields they beat. Prior.

To CLANG. v. a. To strike together with a noise.
The fierce Curetes trod tumultuous
Their mystick dance, and clang'd their sounding arms;
Industrious with the warlike din to quell
Thy infant cries. Prior.

CLA’NGOUR. n. s. [clangor, Lat.] A loud shrill sound.
In death he cried,
Like to a dismal clangour heard from far,
Warwick, revenge my death. Shakesp. Henry VI. P. iii.
With joy they view the waving ensigns fly,
And hear the trumpet's clangour pierce the sky. Dryd. Æn.

CLA’NGOUS. adj. [from clang.] Making a clang.
We do not observe the cranes, and birds of long necks,
have any musical, but harsh and clangous throats. Brown.

CLANK. n. s. [from clang.] A loud, shrill, sharp noise, made
by the collision of hard and sonorous bodies.
They were joined by the melodious clank of marrow-bone
and clever. Spectator, No. 617.

To CLAP. v. a. [clappan, Sax. klappen, Dutch.]
1. To strike together with a quick motion, so as to make a noise
by the collision.
Following the fliers,
With them he enters; who, upon the sudden,
Clapt to their gates. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Men shall clap their hands at him, and shall hiss him out of
his place. Job, xxvii. 23.
Have you never seen a citizen, in a cold morning, clapping
his sides, and walking before his shop? Dryd. Spanish Fryar.
He crowing clapp'd his wings, th' appointed call
To chuck his wives together in the hall. Dryden's Fables.
Each poet of the air her glory sings,
And round him the pleas'd audience clap their wings. Dryd.
He had just time to get in and clap to the door, to avoid
the blow. Locke on Education.
In flow'ry wreaths the royal virgin drest
His bending horns, and kindly clapt his breast. Addison.
Glad of a quarrel, straight I clap the door,
Sir, let me see your works and you no more. Pope's Epistles.
2. To add one thing to another, implying the idea of something
hasty, unexpected, or sudden.
As summer weareth out, they clap mouth to mouth, wing
to wing, and leg to leg; and so, after a sweet singing, fall
down into lakes. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
This pink is one of Cupid's carriers: clap on more sails;
pursue. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Smooth temptations, like the sun, make a maiden lay by
her veil and robe; which persecution, like the northern wind,
made her hold fast, and clap close about her. Taylor.
If a man be highly commended, we think him sufficiently
lessened, if we clap sin, or folly, or infirmity into his ac­
count. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Razor-makers generally clap a small bar of Venice steel be­
tween two small bars of Flemish steel. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The man clapt his fingers one day to his mouth, and blew
upon them. L'Estrange.
His shield thrown by, to mitigate the smart,
He clapp'd his hand upon the wounded part. Dryd. Æneid.
If you leave some space empty for the air, then clap your
hand upon the mouth of the vessel, and the fishes will contend
to get uppermost in the water. Ray on the Creation.
It would be as absurd as to say, he clapped spurs to his horse
at St. James's, and galloped away to the Hague. Addison.
By having their minds yet in their perfect freedom and in­
differency, the likelier to pursue truth the better, having no
biass yet clapped on to mislead them. Locke.
I have observed a certain chearfulness in as bad a system of


features as ever was clapped together, which hath appeared
lovely. Addison's Spectator, No. 86.
Let all her ways be unconfin'd,
And clap your padlock on her mind. Prior.
Socrates or Alexander might have a fool's coat clapt upon
them, and perhaps neither wisdom nor majesty would secure
them from a sneer. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. To do any thing with a sudden hasty motion, or unexpectedly.
We were dead asleep,
And, how we know not, all clapt under hatches. Shakesp.
He was no sooner entered into the town, but a scambling
soldier clapt hold of his bridle, which he thought was in a
begging or in a drunken fashion. Wotton's Life of Duke of Buck.
So much from the rest of his countrymen, and indeed from
his whole species, that his friends would have clapped him into
bedlam, and have begged his estate. Spectator, No. 576.
Have you observ'd a sitting hare,
List'ning and fearful of the storm
Of horns and hounds, clap back her ear. Prior.
We will take our remedy at law, and clap an action upon
you for old debts. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
4. To celebrate or praise by clapping the hands; to applaud.
I have often heard the stationer wishing for those hands to
take off his melancholy bargain, which clapped its performance
on the stage. Dedication to Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
5. To infect with a venereal poison. [See the noun.]
If the patient hath been formerly clapt, it will be the more
difficult to cure him the second time, and worse the third.
Wiseman's Surgery.
Let men and manners ev'ry dish adapt;
Who'd force his pepper where his guests are clapt? King.
6. To CLAP up. To complete suddenly, without much pre­
caution.
No longer than we well could wash our hands,
To clap this royal bargain up of peace. Shakes. King John.
Was ever match clapt up so suddenly? Shakespeare.
A peace may be clapped up with that suddenness, that the
forces, which are now in motion, may unexpectedly fall upon
his skirts. Howel's Vocal Forest.

To CLAP. v. n. 
1. To move nimbly with a noise.
Every door flew open
T' admit my entrance; and then clapt behind me,
To bar my going back. Dryden's Cleomenes.
A whirlwind rose, that, with a violent blast,
Shook all the dome: the doors around me clapt. Dryden.
2. To enter with alacrity and briskness upon any thing.
Come, a song.——
—Shall we clap into't roundly, without saying we are hoarse?
Shakespeare's As you like it.
3. To strike the hands together in applause.
All the best men are ours; for 'tis ill hap
If they hold, when their ladies bid 'em clap.
Epilogue to Henry VIII.

CLAP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A loud noise made by sudden collision.
Give the door such a clap as you go out, as will shake the
whole room, and make every thing rattle in it. Swift.
2. A sudden or unexpected act or motion.
It is monstrous to me, that the South-sea should pay half
their debts at one clap. Swift's Letters.
3. An explosion of thunder.
There shall be horrible claps of thunder, and flashes of
lightning, voices and earthquakes. Hakewill on Providence.
The clap is past, and now the skies are clear. Dryd. Juv.
4. An act of applause.
The actors, in the midst of an innocent old play, are often
startled in the midst of unexpected claps or hisses. Addison.
5. A venereal infection. [from clapoir, Fr.]
Time, that at last matures a clap to pox. Pope's Sat.
6. [With Falconers.] The nether part of the beak of a hawk.

CLA’PPER. n. s. [from clap.]
1. One who claps with his hands; an applauder.
2. The tongue of a bell.
He hath a heart as sound as a bell, and his tongue is the
clapper; for what his heart thinks, his tongue speaks. Shakes.
I saw a young lady fall down the other day, and she much
resembled an overturned bell without a clapper. Addis. Guard.
3. The CLA'PPER of a Mill. A piece of wood for shaking the
hopper.

To CLAPPERCLA’W. v. a. [from clap and claw.] To tongue­
beat; to scold.
Now they are clapperclawing one another, I'll go look on.
Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
They've always been at daggers-drawing,
And one another clapperclawing. Hudibras, part ii. canto 2.

CLA’RENCEUX, or CLA’RENCIEUX. n. s. The second king at
arms: so named from the dutchy of Clarence.

CLARE-OBSCURE. n. s. [from clarus, bright, and obscurus, Lat.]
Light and shade in painting.
As masters in the clare-obscure,
With various light your eyes allure;
A flaming yellow here they spread,
Draw off in blue, or charge in red;
Yet from these colours, oddly mix'd,
Your sight upon the whole is fix'd. Prior.

CLA’RET. n. s. [clairet, Fr.] French wine, of a clear pale­
red colour.
Red and white wine are in a trice confounded into claret. Boyle.
The claret smooth, red as the lips we press
In sparkling fancy, while we drain the bowl. Thoms. Autumn.

CLA’RICORD. n. s. [from clarus and chorda, Latin.]
A musical instrument in form of a spinette, but more ancient.
It has forty-nine or fifty keys, and seventy strings. Chambers.

CLARIFICA’TION. n. s. [from clarify.] The act of making
any thing clear from impurities.
Liquors are, many of them, at the first, thick and trou­
bled; as muste, wort, &c. but to know the means of accele­
rating clarification, we must first know the causes of clarifi­
cation. Bacon's Natural History, No. 301. 

To CLA’RIFY. v. a. [clarifier, French.]
1. To purify or clear any liquor; to separate feculences or im­
purities.
The apothecaries clarify their syrups by whites of eggs,
beaten with the juices which they would clarify; which whites
of eggs gather all the dregs and grosser parts of the juice to
them; and after, the syrup being set on the fire, the whites of
eggs themselves harden, and are taken forth. Bac. Nat. Hist.
2. To brighten; to illuminate: this sense is rare.
The will was then ductile and pliant to all the motions of
right reason: it met the dictates of a clarified understanding
half way. South's Sermons.
The Christian religion is the only means that God has sancti­
fied, to set fallen man upon his legs again, to clarify his rea­
son, and to rectify his will. South's Sermons.

CLA’RION. n. s. [clarin, Span. from clarus, loud, Lat.] A
trumpet; a wind-instrument of war.
And after, to his palace he them brings,
With shams, and trumpets, and with clarions sweet;
And all the way the joyous people sings. Fairy Queen.
Then strait commands, that at the warlike sound
Of trumpets loud, and clarions, be uprear'd
The mighty standard. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 53.
Let fuller notes th' applauding world amaze,
And the loud clarion labour in your praise. Pope.

CLA’RITY. n. s. [clarté, French, claritas, Latin.] Brightness;
splendour.
A light by abundant clarity invisible; an understanding
which itself can only comprehend. Sir Walter Raleigh.

CLA’RY. n. s. An herb.
It hath a labiated flower of one leaf, whose upper lip is
short and crested; but the under one is divided into three
parts: the middle division is hollowed like a spoon. Out of
the flower-cup arises the pointal, fixed like a nail to the hin­
der part of the flower, and attended with four embryo's,
which turn to so many roundish seeds, inclosed in the cup of
the flower. It grows wild on dry banks. Miller.
Plants that have circled leaves do all abound with moisture.
The weakest kind of curling is roughness; as in clary and
burr. Bacon's Natural History, No. 651. 

To CLASH. v. n. [kletsen, Dut. to make a noise.]
1. To make a noise by mutual collision; to strike one against
another.
Three times, as of the clashing sound
Of arms, we heard. Denham.
Those few that should happen to clash, might rebound after
the collision; or if they cohered, yet, by the real conflict with
other atoms, might be separated again. Bentley.
How many candles may send out their light, without clash­
ing upon one another; which argues the smallness of the
parts of light, and the largeness of the interstices between par­
ticles of air and other bodies. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
2. To act with opposite power, or contrary direction.
Neither was there any queen-mother who might clash with
his counsellors for authority. Bacon's Henry VIII.
Those that will not be convinced what a help this is to the
magistracy, would find it, if they should chance to clash.
South's Sermons.
3. To contradict; oppose.
Wherever there are men, there will be clashing sometime
or other; and a knock, or a contest, spoils all. L'Estrange.
The absurdity in this instance is obvious; and yet every
time that clashing metaphors are put together, this fault is com­
mitted. Spectator, No. 595.

To CLASH. v. a. To strike one thing against another, so as to
produce a noise.
The nodding statue clash'd his arms,
And with a sullen sound and feeble cry,
Half sunk, and half pronounced the word of victory. Dryd.

CLASH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A noisy collision of two bodies.
The clash of arms and voice of men we hear. Denham.
He nobly seiz'd thee in the dire alarms
Of war and slaughter and the clash of arms. Pope's Odyss.


2. Opposition; contradiction.
Then from the clashes between popes and kings,
Debate, like sparks from flint's collision, springs. Denham.
In the very next line he reconciles the fathers and scripture,
and shews there is no clash betwixt them. Atterbury.

A CLASP. n. s. [chespe, Dutch.]
1. A hook to hold any thing close; as a book, or garment.
The scorpion's claws here grasp a wide extent,
And here the crabs in lesser clasps are bent. Addis. Ovid. Met.
Hereupon he took me aside, and opening the clasps of the
parchment cover, spoke, to my great surprize, in English.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
2. An embrace, in contempt.
Your fair daughter,
Transported with no worse nor better guard,
But with a knave of hire, a gondalier,
To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor. Shakesp. Othello.

To CLASP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut with a clasp.
Sermons are the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and do
open the scriptures; which being but read, remain, in com­
parison, still clasped. Hooker, b. v. sect. 22.
There Caxton slept, with Wynkin at his side,
One clasp'd in wood, and one in strong cow-hide. Pope.
2. To catch and hold by twining.
Direct
The clasping ivy where to climb. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. To hold with the hands extended; to inclose between the
hands.
Occasion turneth the handle of the bottle first to be re­
ceived, and after the belly, which is hard to clasp. Bacon's Ess.
4. To embrace.
Thou art a slave, whom fortune's tender arm
With favour never claspt, but bred a dog. Shakesp. Timon.
Thy suppliant
I beg, and clasp thy knees. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
He stoop'd below
The flying spear, and shun'd the promis'd blow;
Then creeping, clasp'd the hero's knees, and pray'd. Dryd.
Now, now he clasps her to his panting breast;
Now he devours her with his eager eyes. Smith.
5. To inclose.
Boys, with women's voices,
Strive to speak big, and clasp their female joints
In stiff unweildy arms against thy crown. Shak. Richard II.

CLA’SPER. n. s. [from clasp.] The tendrels or threads of
creeping plants, by which they cling to other things for
support.
The tendrels or claspers of plants are given only to such
species as have weak and infirm stalks. Ray on the Creation.

CLASPKNIFE. n. s. [from clasp and knife.] A knife which
folds into the handle.

CLASS. n. s. [from classis, Latin.]
1. A rank or order of persons.
Segrais has distinguished the readers of poetry, according to
their capacity of judging, into three classes. Dryd. Æn. Dedic.
2. A number of boys learning the same lesson at the school.
We shall be seized away from this lower class in the school
of knowledge, and our conversation shall be with angels and
illuminated spirits. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
3. A set of beings or things; a number ranged in distribution,
under some common denomination.
Among this herd of politicians, any one sett make a very
considerable class of men. Addison's Freeholder, No. 53.
Whate'er of mungrel, no one class admits
A wit with dunces, and a dunce with wits. Dunciad, b. iv.

To CLASS. v. a. [from the noun.] To range according to
some stated method of distribution; to range according to
different ranks.
I considered that by the classing and methodizing such pas­
sages, I might instruct the reader. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CLA’SSICAL. adj. [classicus, Latin.]

CLA’SSICK. adj. [classicus, Latin.]
1. Relating to antique authors; relating to literature.
Poetick fields encompass me around,
And still I seem to tread on classick ground. Addison.
With them the genius of classick learning dwelleth, and
from them it is derived. Felton on the Classicks.
2. Of the first order or rank.
From this standard the value of the Roman weights and
coins are deduced: in the settling of which I have followed
Mr. Greaves, who may be justly reckoned a classical author on
this subject. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CLA’SSICK. n. s. [classicus, Lat.] An author of the first rank:
usually taken for ancient authors.

CLASSIS. n. s. [Latin.] Order; sort; body.
He had declared his opinion of that classis of men, and did
all he could to hinder their growth. Clarendon.

To CLA’TTER. v. n. [clatrunge, a rattle, Saxon.]
1. To make a noise by knocking two sonorous bodies frequently
together.
Now the sprightly trumpet, from afar,
Had rouz'd the neighing steeds to scour the fields,
While the fierce riders clatter'd on their shields. Dryd. Æn.
2. To utter a noise by being struck together.
All that night was heard an unwonted clattering of weapons,
and of men running to and fro. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Down sunk the monster-bulk, and press'd the ground;
His arms and clatt'ring shield on the vast body sound. Dryd.
Their clattering arms with the fierce shocks resound,
Helmets and broken launces spread the ground. Granville.
3. To talk fast and idly.
Here is a great deal of good matter
Lost for lack of telling;
Now, siker, I see thou do'st but clatter;
Harm may come of melling. Spenser's Pastorals.
All those airy speculations, which bettered not men's man­
ners, were only a noise and clattering of words. Decay of Piety.

To CLA’TTER. v. a. 
1. To strike any thing so as to make it sound and rattle.
I only with an oaken staff will meet thee,
And raise such outcries on thy clatter'd iron,
That thou oft' shalt wish thyself at Gath. Milton's Agonist.
When all the bees are gone to fettle,
You clatter still your brazen kettle. Swift.
2. To dispute, jar, or clamour. Martin. A low word.

A CLA’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A rattling noise made by the frequent and quick collision of
sonorous bodies. A clatter is a clash often repeated with great
quickness, and seems to convey the idea of a sound sharper
and shriller than rattle. [See the verb.]
I have seen a monkey overthrow all the dishes and plates in
a kitchen, merely for the pleasure of seeing them tumble, and
hearing the clatter they made in their fall. Swift to Ld. Bolingb.
2. It is used for any tumultuous and confused noise.
By this great clatter, one of greatest note
Seems bruited. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Grow to be short,
Throw by your clatter,
And handle the matter. Ben. Johnson's Under-woods.
O Rourk's jolly boys
Ne'er dreamt of the matter,
'Till rous'd by the noise,
And musical clatter. Swift.
The jumbling particles of matter,
In chaos make not such a clatter. Swift.

CLA’VATED. adj. [clavatus, Lat.] Knobbed; set with knobs.
These appear plainly to have been clavated spikes of some
kind of echinus ovarius. Woodward on Fossils.

CLA’UDENT. adj. [claudens, Lat.] Shutting; inclosing; con­
fining. Dict.

To CLA’UDICATE. v. n. [claudico, Latin.] To halt; to
limp. Dict.

CLAUDICA’TION. n. s. [from claudicate.] The act or habit of
halting. Dict.

CLAVE. [the preterite of cleave.] See CLEAVE.

CLA’VELLATED. adj. [clavellatus, low Latin.] Made with
burnt tartar. A chymical term. Chambers.
Air, transmitted through clavellated ashes into an exhausted
receiver, loses weight as it passes through them. Arbuthnot.

CLA’VER. n. s. [clæfer pyrt, Sax.] This is now universally
written clover, though not so properly. See CLOVER.

CLA’VICLE. n. s. [clavicula, Lat.] The collar bone.
Some quadrupeds can bring their fore feet unto their
mouths; as most that have the clavicles, or collar bones.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A girl was brought with angry wheals down her neck,
towards the clavicle. Wiseman's Surgery.

CLAUSE. n. s. [clausula, Latin.]
1. A sentence; a single part of a discourse; a subdivision of a larger
sentence; so much of a sentence as is to be construed together.
God may be glorified by obedience, and obeyed by per­
formance of his will, although no special clause or sentence of
scripture be in every such action set before men's eyes to war­
rant it. Hooker, b. ii. sect. 2.
2. An article, or particular stipulation.
The clause is untrue which they add, concerning the
bishop. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 4.
When, after his death, they were sent both to Jews and
Gentiles, we find not this clause in their commission. South.

CLA’USTRAL. adj. [from claustrum, Lat.] Relating to a cloy­
ster, or religious house.
Claustral priors are such as preside over monasteries, next
to the abbot or chief governour in such religious houses. Ayliffe.

CLA’USURE. n. s. [clausura, Lat.] Confinement; the act of shut­
ting; the state of being shut.
In some monasteries the severity of the clausure is hard to
be born. Geddes.

A CLAW. n. s. [clawan, Saxon.]
1. The foot of a beast or bird, armed with sharp nails; or the
pincers or holders of a shell-fish.
I saw her range abroad to seek her food,
T' embrue her teeth and claws with lukewarm blood.
Spenser's Vis. of Bellay.


What's justice to a man, or laws,
That never comes within their claws? Hudibras, p. ii.
He softens the harsh rigour of the laws,
Blunts their keen edge, and grinds their harpy claws. Garth.
2. Sometimes a hand, in contempt.

To CLAW. v. a. [clawan, Saxon.]
1. To tear with nails or claws.
Look, if the wither'd elder hath not his poll claw'd like
a parrot. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
2. To pull, as with the nails.
Adding to the former these many changes that have hap­
pened since, I am afraid we shall not so easily claw off that
name. South's Sermons.
3. To tear or scratch in general.
But we must claw ourselves with shameful
And heathen stripes, by their example. Hudibras, p. ii.
They for their own opinions stand fast,
Only to have them claw'd and canvast. Hudibras, p. ii.
4. To scratch or tickle.
I must laugh when I am merry, and claw no man in his
humour. Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
5. To flatter: an obsolete sense. See CLAWBACK.
6. To CLAW off, or away. To scold; to rail at.
You thank the place where you found money; but the jade
fortune is to be clawed away for't, if you should lose it. L'Estr.

CLA’WBACK. n. s. [from claw and back.] A flatterer; a syco­
phant; a wheedler. The pope's clawbacks. Jewel.

CLA’WED. adj. [from claw.] Furnished or armed with claws.
Among quadrupeds, of all the clawed, the lion is the
strongest. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 8. sect. 6.

CLAY. n. s. [clai, Welsh; kley, Dutch.]
1. Unctuous and tenacious earth, such as will mould into a cer­
tain form.
Clays are earths firmly coherent, weighty and compact,
stiff, viscid, and ductile to a great degree, while moist; smooth
to the touch, not easily breaking between the fingers, nor
readily diffusible in water; and, when mixed, not readily sub­
siding from it. Hill on Fossils.
Deep Acheron,
Whose troubled eddies, thick with ooze and clay,
Are whirl'd aloft. Dryden's Æneid.
Expose the clay to the rain, to drain it from salts, that the
bricks may be more durable. Woodward on Fossils.
The sun, which softens wax, will harden clay. Watts.
Clover is the best way of improving clays, where manure
is scarce. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. In poetry, earth in general; the terrestrial element.
Why should our clay,
Over our spirits so much sway. Donne.

To CLAY. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with clay; to
manure with clay.
This manuring lasts fifty years: then the ground must be
clayed again. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CLAY-COLD. adj. [clay and cold.] Lifeless; cold as the unani­
mated earth.
I wash'd his clay-cold corse with holy drops,
And saw him laid in hallow'd ground. Rowe's Jane Shore.

CLAY-PIT. n. s. [clay and pit.] A pit where clay is dug.
'Twas found in a clay-pit. Woodward on Fossils.

CLAYES. n. s. [claye, Fr. In fortification.] Wattles made with
stakes interwove with osiers, to cover Iodgments. Chambers.

CLA’YEY. adj. [from clay.] Consisting of clay; abounding with
clay.
Some delight in a lax or sandy, some a heavy or clayey soil.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

CLA’YISH. adj. [from clay.] Partaking of the nature of clay;
containing particles of clay.
Small beer proves an unwholsom drink; perhaps, by being
brewed with a thick, muddish, and clayish water, which the
brewers covet. Harvey on Consumptions.

CLA’YMARL. n. s. [clay and marl.] A whitish, smooth, chalky
clay.
Claymarl resembles clay, and is near a-kin to it; but is
more fat, and sometimes mixed with chalk-stones. Mortimer.

CLE

CLEAN. adj. [glan, Welsh; clæne, Saxon.]
1. Free from dirt or filth.
Both his hands, most filthy feculent,
Above the water were on high extent,
And fain'd to wash themselves incessantly;
Yet nothing cleaner were for such intent,
But rather fouler. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 7. stan. 61. 
They make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter,
but within they are full of extortion and excess. Mat. xxiii. 25.
2. Free from moral impurity; chaste; innocent; guiltless.
3. Elegant; neat; not unweildy; not encumbered with any
thing useless or disproportioned.
The timber and wood are in some trees more clean, in some
more knotty. Bacon's Natural History.
Yet thy waist is strait and clean,
As Cupid's shaft, or Hermes' rod. Waller.
4. Not foul with any loathsome disease; not leprous.
If the plague be somewhat dark, and spread not in the skin,
the priest shall pronounce him clean. Levit. xiii. 6.

CLEAN. adv. Quite; perfectly; fully; completely. This sense
is now little used.
Their actions have been clean contrary unto those before
mentioned. Hooker, b. i. sect. 4.
Being seated, and domestick broils
Clean overblown. Shakespeare's Richard III.
A philosopher, pressed with the same objection, shapes an
answer clean contrary. Hakewell on Providence.

To CLEAN. v. a. [from the adjective.] To free from dirt or
filth.
Their tribes adjusted, clean'd their vig'rous wings,
And many a circle, many a short essay,
Wheel'd round and round. Thomson's Autumn, l. 865.

CLE’ANLILY. adv. [from cleanly.] In a cleanly manner.

CLE’ANLINESS. n. s. [from cleanly.]
1. Freedom from dirt or filth.
I shall speak nothing of the extent of this city, the cleanli­
ness of its streets, nor the beauties of its piazza. Addis. Italy.
2. Neatness of dress; purity; the quality contrary to negligence
and nastiness.
The mistress thought it either not to deserve, or not to need
any exquisite decking, having no adorning but cleanliness. Sidn.
From whence the tender skin assumes
A sweetness above all perfumes;
From whence a cleanliness remains,
Incapable of outward stains. Swift.
Such cleanliness from head to heel;
No humours gross, or frowzy steams,
No noisome whiffs, or sweaty streams. Swift.

CLE’ANLY. adj. [from clean.]
1. Free from dirtiness; careful to avoid filth; pure in the person.
Next that shall mountain 'sparagus be laid,
Pull'd by some plain but cleanly country maid. Dryden.
An ant is a very cleanly insect, and throws out of her nest
all the small remains of the corn on which she feeds. Addison.
2. That which makes cleanliness.
In our fantastick climes, the fair
With cleanly powder dry their hair. Prior.
3. Pure; innocent; immaculate.
Perhaps human nature meets few more sweetly relishing
and cleanly joys, than those that derive from successful trials.
Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
4. Nice; addressful; artful.
We can secure ourselves a retreat by some cleanly evasion.
L'Estrange's Fables.

CLE’ANLY. adv. [from clean.]
1. Elegantly; neatly; without nastiness.
If I do grow great, I'll have sack, and live cleanly as a
nobleman should. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

CLE’ANNESS. n. s. [from clean.]
1. Neatness; freedom from filth.
2. Easy exactness; justness; natural, unlaboured correctness.
He shewed no strength in shaking of his staff; but the fine
cleanness of bearing it was delightful. Sidney, b. ii.
He minded only the clearness of his satyr, and the cleanness
of expression. Dryden's Juvenal's Dedication.
3. Purity; innocence.
The cleanness and purity of one's mind is never better
proved than in discovering its own faults at first view. Pope.

To CLEANSE. v. a. [clænsian, Saxon.]
1. To free from filth or dirt, by washing or rubbing.
Cleanse the pale corps with a religious hand,
From the polluting weed and common sand. Prior.
2. To purify from guilt.
The blueness of a wound cleanseth away evil. Prov. xx. 30.
Not all her od'rous tears can cleanse her crime,
The plant alone deforms the happy clime. Dryden's Ovid.
3. To free from noxious tumours by purgation.
Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseas'd,
And with some sweet oblivious antidote,
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This oil, combined with its own salt and sugar, makes it
saponaceous and cleansing, by which quality it often helps di­
gestion, and excites appetite. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To free from leprosy.
Shew thyself to the priest, and offer for thy cleansing those
things which Moses commanded. Mark i. 44.
5. To scour; to rid of all offensive things.
This river the Jews proffered the pope to cleanse, so they
might have what they found. Addison on Italy.

A CLE’ANSER. n. s. [clænsere, Sax.] That which has the
quality of evacuating any foul humours; or digesting a sore;
a detergent.
If there happens an imposthume, honey, and even honey
of roses, taken inwardly, is a good cleanser. Arbuth. on Alim.

CLEAR. adj. [clair, Fr. klaer, Dut. clarus, Latin.]
1. Bright; transpicuous; pellucid; transparent; luminous;
without opacity or cloudiness; not nebulous; not opacous;
not dark.
The stream is so transparent, pure and clear,
That had the self-enamour'd youth gaz'd here,


He but the bottom, not his face had seen. Denham.
A tun about was ev'ry pillar there;
A polish'd mirrour shone not half so clear. Dryden's Fables.
2. Free from clouds; serene; as a clear day.
3. Without mixture; pure; unmingled.
4. Perspicuous; not obscure; not hard to be understood; not
ambiguous.
We pretend to give a clear account how thunder and
lightning is produced. Temple.
Many men reason exceeding clear and rightly, who know
not how to make a syllogism. Locke.
5. Indisputable; evident; undeniable.
Remain'd to our almighty foe
Clear victory; to our part loss, and rout
Through all the empyrean. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
6. Apparent; manifest; not hid; not dark.
Unto God, who understandeth all their secret cogitations,
they are clear and manifest. Hooker, b. iii. sect. 1. 
The pleasure of right reasoning is still the greater, by how
much the consequences are more clear, and the chains of them
more long. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
7. Unspotted; guiltless; irreproachable.
Duncan has been so clear in his great office. Shakespeare.
Think that the clearest gods, who make them honours
Of mens impossibilities, have preserv'd thee. Shak. K. Lear.
Tho' the peripatetick philosophy has been most eminent in
this way, yet other sects have not been wholly clear of it. Locke.
Statesman, yet friend to truth, in soul sincere,
In action faithful, and in honour clear. Pope.
8. Unprepossessed; not preoccupied; impartial.
Leucippe, of whom one look, in a clear judgment, would
have been more acceptable than all her kindness, so prodigally
bestowed. Sidney, b. ii.
9. Free from distress, prosecution, or imputed guilt.
The cruel corp'ral whisper'd in my ear,
Five pounds, if rightly tipt, would set me clear. Gay.
10. Free from deductions or incumbrances.
Hope, if the success happens to fail, is clear gains, as long as
it lasts. Collier against Despair.
Whatever a foreigner, who purchases land here, gives for
it, is so much every farthing clear gain to the nation; for that
money comes clear in, without carrying out any thing for
it. Locke.
I often wish'd that I had clear,
For life, six hundred pounds a year. Swift.
11.  Unincumbered; without let or hindrance; vacant; unob­
structed.
If he be so far beyond his health,
Methinks he should the sooner pay his debts,
And make a clear way to the gods. Shakespeare's Timon.
A post boy winding his horn at us, my companion gave
him two or three curses, and left the way clear for him. Addis.
A clear stage is left for Jupiter to display his omnipotence,
and turn the fate of armies alone. Pope's Essay on Homer.
12. Out of debt.
13. Unintangled; at a safe distance from any danger or enemy.
Finding ourselves too slow of sail, we put on a compelled
valour, and in the grapple I boarded them: on the instant they
got clear of our ship. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
It requires care for a man with a double design to keep
clear of clashing with his own reasonings. L'Estrange.
14. Canorous; sounding distinctly, plainly; articulately.
I much approved of my friend's insisting upon the qualifica­
tions of a good aspect and a clear voice. Addison's Spectator.
15. With from; free; guiltless.
I am clear from the blood of this woman. Susan. 46.
None is so fit to correct their faults, as he who is clear from
any in his own writings. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
16. Sometimes with of.
The air is clearer of gross and damp exhalations. Temple.
17. Used of persons. Distinguishing; judicious; intelligible:
this is scarcely used but in conversation.

CLEAR. adv. Clean; quite; completely. A low word.
He put his mouth to her ear, and, under pretext of a whis­
per, bit it clear off. L'Estrange, Fable 98.

CLEAR. n. s. A term used by builders for the inside work of
a house. Dict.

To CLEAR. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make bright, by removing opacous bodies; to brighten.
Like Boreas in his race, when rushing forth,
He sweeps the skies, and clears the cloudy North. Dryden.
A favoury dish, a homely treat,
Where all is plain, where all is neat,
Clear up the cloudy foreheads of the great. Dryden.
2. To free from obscurity, perplexity, or ambiguity.
To clear up the several parts of this theory, I was willing
to lay aside a great many other speculations. Burnet's Theory.
When, in the knot of the play, no other way is left for the
discovery, then let a god descend, and clear the business to the
audience. Dryden's Æn. Dedication.
By mystical terms and ambiguous phrases, he darkens what
he should clear up. Boyle's Sceps. Chym.
Many knotty points there are,
Which all discuss, but few can clear. Prior.
3. To purge from the imputation of guilt; to justify; to vindi­
cate; to defend: often with from before the thing.
Somerset was much cleared by the death of those who were
executed, to make him appear faulty. Sir John Hayward.
To clear the Deity from the imputation of tyranny, injus­
tice, and dissimulation, which none do throw upon God with
more presumption than those who are the patrons of absolute
necessity, is both comely and christian. Bramh. against Hobbs.
To clear herself,
For sending him no aid, she came from Egypt. Dryden.
I will appeal to the reader, and am sure he will clear me
from partiality. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
How! wouldst thou clear rebellion? Addis. Cato.
Before you pray, clear your soul from all those sins, which
you know to be displeasing to God. Wake's Prepar. for Death.
4. To cleanse, with of.
My hands are of your colour; but I shame
To wear a heart so white:
A little water clears us of this deed. Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. To discharge; to remove any incumbrance, or embarrass­
ment.
A man digging in the ground did meet with a door, having
a wall on each hand of it; from which having cleared the
earth, he forced open the door. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
This one mighty sum has clear'd the debt. Dryden.
A statue lies hid in a block of marble; and the art of the
statuary only clears away the superfluous matter, and removes
the rubbish. Addison's Spectator, No. 215.
Multitudes will furnish a double proportion towards the
clearing of that expence. Addison's Freeholder, No. 20.
6. To free from any thing offensive or noxious.
To clear the palace from the foe, succeed
The weary living, and revenge the dead. Dryden's Æneis.
It should be the skill and art of the teacher to clear their
heads of all other thoughts, whilst they are learning of any
thing. Locke on Education.
Augustus, to establish the dominion of the seas, rigged out
a powerful navy to clear it of the pirates of Malta. Arbuthnot.
7. To clarify; as to clear liquors.
8. To gain without deduction.
He clears but two hundred thousand crowns a year, after
having defrayed all the charges of working the salt. Addison.
9. To confer judgment or knowledge.
Our common prints would clear up their understandings,
and animate their minds with virtue. Addison's Spectator.
10. To CLEAR a ship, at the custom-house, is to obtain the
liberty of sailing, or of selling a cargo, by satisfying the
customs.

To CLEAR. v. n. 
1. To grow bright; to recover transparency.
So foul a sky clears not without a storm. Shakes. K. John.
2. Sometimes with up.
The mist, that hung about my mind, clears up. Ad. Cato.
Take heart, nor of the laws of fate complain;
Tho' now 'tis cloudy, 'twill clear up again. Norris.
Advise him to stay 'till the weather clears up, for you are
afraid there will be rain. Swift's Directions to the Groom.
3. To be disengaged from incumbrances, distress, or entangle­
ments.
He that clears at once, will relapse; for, finding himself out
of straits, he will revert to his customs: but he that cleareth
by degrees, induceth a habit of frugality, and gaineth as well
upon his mind as upon his estate. Bacon's Essays, 29.

CLE’ARANCE. n. s. [from clear.] A certificate that a ship has
been cleared at the customhouse.

CLE’ARER. n. s. [from clear.] Brightener; purifier; enlightener.
Gold is a wonderful clearer of the understanding: it dissi­
pates every doubt and scruple in an instant. Addison's Spectat.

CLE’ARLY. adv. [from clear.]
1. Brightly; luminously.
Those mysteries of grace and salvation, which were but
darkly disclosed unto them, have unto us more clearly shined.
Hooker, b. iii. sect. 11. 
2. Plainly; evidently; without obscurity or ambiguity.
Christianity first clearly proved this noble and important
truth to the world. Rogers.
3. With discernment; acutely; without embarrassment, or per­
plexity of mind.
There is almost no man but sees clearlier and sharper the
vices in a speaker than the virtues. Ben Johnson's Discov.
4. Without entanglement, or distraction of affairs.
He that doth not divide, will never enter into busi­
ness; and he that divideth too much, will never come out of
it clearly. Bacon's Essays, 26.
5. Without by-ends; without sinister views; honestly.
When you are examining these matters, do not take into
consideration any sensual or worldly interest; but deal clearly
and impartially with yourselves. Tillotson.
6. Without deduction or cost.


7. Without reserve; without evasion; without subterfuge.
By a certain day they should clearly relinquish unto the
king all their lands and possessions. Davies on Ireland.

CLE’ARNESS. n. s. [from clear.]
1. Transparency; brightness.
It may be, percolation doth not only cause clearness and
splendour, but sweetness of savour. Bacon's Natural History.
Glass in the furnace grows to a greater magnitude, and re­
fines to a greater clearness, only as the breath within is more
powerful, and the heat more intense.
2. Splendour; lustre.
Love, more clear than yourself, with the clearness, lays
a night of sorrow upon me. Sidney, b. ii.
3. Distinctness; perspicuity.
If he chances to think right, he does not know how to
convey his thoughts to another with clearness and perspicuity.
Addison's Spectator, No. 291. 

CLEARSI’GHTED. adj. [clear and sight.] Perspicuous; discern­
ing; judicious.
Clearsighted reason, wisdom's judgment leads;
And sense, her vassal, in her footsteps treads. Denham.

To CLE’ARSTARCH. v. a. [from clear and starch.] To stiffen
with starch.
He took his present lodging at the mansion-house of a tay­
lor's widow, who washes, and can clearstarch his bands. Addis.

To CLEAVE. v. n. pret. I clave, part. cloven. [cleofan, Sax.
kleven, Dutch.]
1. To adhere; to stick; to hold to.
The clarifying of liquors by adhesion, is effected when
some cleaving body is mixed with the liquors, whereby the
grosser part sticks to that cleaving body. Bacon's Nat. History.
Water, in small quantity, cleaveth to any thing that is
solid. Bacon's Natural History, No. 293.
When the dust groweth into hardness, and the clods cleave
fast together. Job, xxxviii. 38.
The thin camelion, fed with air, receives
The colour of the thing to which he cleaves. Dryd. Fables.
2. To unite aptly; to fit.
New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
But with the aid of use. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. To unite in concord and interest.
The apostles did thus conform the Christians, according to
the pattern of the Jews, and made them cleave the better.
Hooker, b. iv. sect. 11. 
If you shall cleave to my consent, when 'tis,
It shall make honour for you. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The people would revolt, if they saw any of the French
nation to cleave unto. Knolles's History of the Turks.
4. To be concomitant to; to join with.
We cannot imagine, that, in breeding or begetting faith,
his grace doth cleave to the one, and utterly forsake the other.
Hooker, b. v. sect. 22.

To CLEAVE. v. a. preterite, I clove, I clave, I cleft; part. pass.
cloven, or cleft. [cleofan, Sax. kloven, Dutch.]
1. To divide with violence; to split; to part forcibly into
pieces.
And at their passing cleave th' Assyrian flood. Milton.
The fountains of it are said to have been cloven, or burst
open. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The blessed minister his wings display'd,
And, like a shooting star, he cleft the night. Dryden.
Rais'd on her dusky wings, she cleaves the skies. Dryden.
Whom with such force he struck, he fell'd him down,
And cleft the circle of his golden crown. Dryden's Fables.
Or had the sun
Elected to the earth a nearer seat,
His beams had cleft the hill, the valley dry'd. Blackmore.
Where whole brigades one champion's arms o'erthrow,
And cleave a giant at a random blow. Tickell.
Not half so swift the trembling doves can fly,
When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky. Pope.
2. To divide.
And every beast that parteth the hoof, and cleaveth the cleft
into two claws. Deutr. xiv. 6.

To CLEAVE. v. n. 
1. To part asunder.
Wars 'twixt you twain, would be
As if the world should cleave, and that slain men
Should solder up the rift. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.
The ground clave asunder that was under them. Num. xvi.
He cut the cleaving sky,
And in a moment vanish'd from her eye. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To suffer division.
It cleaves with a glossy polite substance, not plane, but with
some little unevenness. Newton's Opt.

A CLE’AVER. n. s. [from cleave.]
1. A butcher's instrument to cut animals into joints.
You, gentlemen, keep a parcel of roaring bullies about me
day and night, with huzza's and hunting-horns, and ringing
the changes on butcher's cleavers. Arbuth. Hist. of John Bull.
Though arm'd with all thy cleavers, knives,
And axes made to hew down lives. Hudibras, p. iv. cant. 2.
2. A weed. Improperly written CLIVER, which see.

CLEES. n. s. The two parts of the foot of beasts which are
cloven-footed. Skinner. It is a country word, and probably
corrupted from claws.

CLEF. n. s. [from clef, key, Fr.] In musick, a mark at the
beginning of the lines of a song, which shews the tone or
key in which the piece is to begin. Chambers.

CLEFT. part. pass. [from cleave.] Divided; parted asunder.
Fat, with incense strew'd,
On the cleft wood. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 440.
I never did on cleft Parnassus dream,
Nor taste the sacred Heliconian stream. Dryden's Perseus.

CLEFT. n. s. [from cleave.]
1. A space made by the separation of parts; a crack; a crevise.
The cascades seem to break through the clefts and cracks of
rocks. Addison's Guardian, No. 101. 
The extremity of this cape has a long cleft in it, which
was enlarged and cut into shape by Agrippa, who made this
the great port for the Roman fleet. Addison on Italy.
The rest of it, being more gross and ponderous, does not
move far; but lodges in the clefts, craggs, and sides of the
rocks, near the bottoms of them. Woodward's Nat. History.
2. In farriery.
Clefts appear on the bought of the pasterns, and are caused
by a sharp and malignant humour, which frets the skin; and
it is accompanied with pain, and a noisom stench. Farr. Dict.
His horse it is the heralds weft;
No, 'tis a mare, and hath a cleft. B. Johnson's Under-woods.

To CLE’FTGRAFT. v. a. [cleft and graft.] To engraft by
cleaving the stock of a tree, and inserting a branch.
Filberts may be cleftgrafted on the common nut. Mortimer.

CLE’MENCY. n. s. [clemence, Fr. clementia, Lat.] Mercy;
remission of severity; willingness to spare; tenderness in
punishing.
I have stated the true notion of clemency, mercy, compas­
sion, good-nature, humanity, or whatever else it may be
called, so far as is consistent with wisdom. Addison's Freeholder.

CLE’MENT. adj. [clemens, Latin.] Mild; gentle; merciful;
kind; tender; compassionate.

CLENCH. See CLINCH.

To CLEPE. v. a. [clypian, Saxon.] To call. Obsolete.
Three crabbed months had sowr'd themselves to death,
Ere I could make thee open thy white hand,
And clepe thyself my love. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

CLE’RGY. n. s. [clergè, Fr. clerus, Lat. ϰληϱὸς, Greek.] The
body of men set apart by due ordination for the service of
God.
We hold that God's clergy are a state which hath been,
and will be as long as there is a church upon earth, necessary,
by the plain word of God himself; a state whereunto the rest
of God's people must be subject, as touching things that ap­
pertain to their soul's health. Hooker, b. iii.
The convocation give a greater sum,
Than ever, at one time, the clergy yet
Did to his predecessors part withal. Shakesp. Henry V.

CLE’RGYMAN. n. s. [clergy and man.] A man in holy orders;
a man set apart for ministration of holy things; not a laick.
How I have sped among the clergymen,
The sums I have collected shall express. Shakesp. K. John.
It seems to be in the power of a reasonable clergyman to
make the most ignorant man comprehend his duty. Swift.

CLE’RICAL. adj. [clericus, Lat.] Relating to the clergy; as, a
clerical man; a man in orders.
In clericals the keys are lined, and in colleges they use to
line the table-men. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 158.
Unless we may more properly read clarichords.

A CLERK. n. s. [cleric, Sax. clericus, Latin.]
1. A clergyman.
All persons were stiled clerks that served in the church of
Christ, whether they were bishops, priests, or deacons. Ayliffe.
2. A scholar; a man of letters.
They might talk of book-learning what they would; but,
for his part, he never saw more unfeaty fellows than great
clerks were. Sidney.
The greatest clerks being not always the honestest, any more
than the wisest men. South.
3. A man employed under another as a writer.
My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
Unto the judge; and then the boy, his clerk,
That took some pains in writing, he begg'd mine. Shakesp.
My friend was in doubt whether he should not exert the
justice upon such a vagrant; but not having his clerk with him,
who is a necessary counsellor, he let the thought drop. Addis.
4. A petty writer in publick offices: an officer of various kinds.
Take a just view, how many may remark
Who's now a lord, his grand-fire was a clerk. Granville.
It may seem difficult to make out the bills of fare for the
suppers of Vitellius. I question not but an expert clerk of a
kitchen can do it. Arbuthnot.


5. The layman who reads the responses to the congregation in
the church, to direct the rest.

CLE’RKSHIP. n. s. [from clerk.]
1. Scholarship.
2. The office of a clerk of any kind.
He sold the clerkship of his parish, when it became vacant.
Swift's Miscellanies.

CLEVE. In composition, at the beginning or end of the
proper name of a place, denotes it to be situated on
the side of a rock or hill; as Cleveland, Clifton,
Stancliff.

CLI

CLIF. In composition, at the beginning or end of the
proper name of a place, denotes it to be situated on
the side of a rock or hill; as Cleveland, Clifton,
Stancliff.

CLIVE. In composition, at the beginning or end of the
proper name of a place, denotes it to be situated on
the side of a rock or hill; as Cleveland, Clifton,
Stancliff.

CLE’VER. adj. [of no certain etymology.]
1. Dextrous; skilful.
It was the cleverer mockery of the two. L'Estrange's Fables.
I read Dyer's letter more for the stile than the news. The
man has a clever pen, it must be owned. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Just; fit; proper; commodious.
I can't but think 'twould sound more clever,
To me, and to my heirs for ever. Pope.
3. Well-shaped; handsome.
She called him gundy-guts, and he called her lousy Peg,
tho' the girl was a tight clever wench as any was. Arbuthnot.
4. This is a low word, scarcely ever used but in burlesque or
conversation; and applied to any thing a man likes, without
a settled meaning.

CLE’VERLY. adv. [from clever.] Dextrously; fitly; handsomely.
These would inveigle rats with th' scent,
And sometimes catch them with a snap,
As cleverly as th' ablest trap. Hudibras, p. ii. canto 1. 
A rogue upon the highway may have as strong an arm, and
take off a man's head as cleverly as the executioner. South.

CLE’VERNESS. n. s. [from clever.] Dexterity; skill; accom­
plishment.

CLEW. n. s. [clywe, Sax. klouwen, Dutch.]
1. Thread wound upon a bottom; a ball of thread.
Eftsoons untwisting his deceitful clew;
He 'gan to weave a web of wicked guile. Spens. Fairy Queen.
While guided by some clew of heav'nly thread,
The perplex'd labyrinth we backward tread. Roscommon.
They see small clews draw vastest weights along,
Not in their bulk but in their order strong. Dryden.
2. A guide; a direction: because men direct themselves by a
clew of thread in a labyrinth.
This alphabet must be your own clew to guide you. Holder.
Is there no way, no thought, ho beam of light?
No clew to guide me thro' this gloomy maze,
To clear my honour, yet preserve my faith? Smith.
The reader knows not how to transport his thoughts over
to the next particular, for want of some clew, or connecting
idea, to lay hold of. Watts's Logick, p. iv. c. 2.
3. CLEW of the sail of a Ship, is the lower corner of it, which
reaches down to that earing where the tackles and sheets are
fastened. Harris.

To CLEW. v. a. [from clew, a sea-term.]
To Clew the Sails, is to raise them, in order to be furled,
which is done by a rope fastened to the clew of a sail, called
the clew-garnet. Harris.

To CLICK. v. n. [clicken, Dut. cliqueter, French.] To make a
sharp, small, successive noise.
The solemn death-watch click'd, the hour she dy'd;
And shrilling crickets in the chimney cry'd. Gay's Pastorals.

CLI’CKER. n. s. [from click.] A low word for the servant of a
salesman, who stands at the door to invite customers.

CLI’CKET. n. s. [from click.] The knocker of a door. Skinner.

CLI’ENT. n. s. [cliens, Latin.]
1. One who applies to an advocate for counsel and defence.
There is due from the judge to the advocate some commen­
dation, where causes are well handled; for that upholds in the
client the reputation of his counsel. Bacon's Essays.
Advocates must deal plainly with their clients, and tell the
true state of their case. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. It may be perhaps sometimes used for a dependant in a more
general sense.
I do think they are your friends and clients,
And fearful to disturb you. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

CLI’ENTED. particip. adj. [from client.] Supplied with clients.
This due occasion of discouragement, the worst condi­
tioned and least cliented petivoguers, do yet, under the sweet
bait of revenge, convert to a more plentiful prosecution of
actions. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

CLIENTE’LE. n. s. [clientela, Lat.] The condition or office of
a client. A word scarcely used.
There's Varus holds good quarters with him;
And, under the pretext of clientele,
Will be admitted. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.

CLI’ENTSHIP. n. s. [from client.] The condition of a client.
Patronage and clientship among the Romans always de­
scended: the plebeian houses had recourse to the patrician line
which had formerly protected them. Dryd. Virg. Dedication.

CLIFF. n. s. [clivus, Lat. clif, cliof, Saxon.]
1. A steep rock; a rock, according to Skinner, broken and
craggy.
The Leucadians did use to precipitate a man from a high
cliff into the sea. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 886.
Mountaineers, that from Severus came,
And from the craggy cliffs of Tetrica. Dryden's Æn.
Where-ever 'tis so found scattered upon the shores, there is
it as constantly found lodged in the cliffs thereabouts. Woodw.
2. The name of a character in musick. Properly CLEF.

CLIFT. n. s. The same with CLIFF, now disused.
Down he tumbled, like an aged tree,
High growing on the top of rocky clift. Spens. Fairy Queen.

CLIMA’CTER. n. s. [ϰλιμαϰὴϱ.] A certain space of time, or
progression of years, which is supposed to end in a critical
and dangerous time.
Elder times, settling their conceits upon climacters, differ
from one another. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CLIMACTE’RICK. adj. [from climacter.] Containing a cer­
tain number of years, at the end of which
some great change is supposed to befal the body.

CLIMACTE’RICAL. adj. [from climacter.] Containing a cer­
tain number of years, at the end of which
some great change is supposed to befal the body.
Certain observable years are supposed to be attended with
some considerable change in the body; as the seventh year;
the twenty-first, made up of three times seven; the forty­
ninth, made up of seven times seven; the sixty-third, being
nine times seven; and the eighty-first, which is nine times
nine: which two last are called the grand climactericks. Shakes.
The numbers seven and nine, multiplied into themselves,
do make up sixty-three, commonly esteemed the great climac­
terical of our lives. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Your lordship being now arrived at your great climacterique,
yet give no proof of the least decay of your excellent judg­
ment and comprehension. Dryden.
My mother is something better, tho', at her advanced age,
every day is a climacterick. Pope.

CLI’MATE. n. s. [ϰλίμα.]
1. A space upon the surface of the earth, measured from the
equator to the polar circles; in each of which spaces the long­
est day is half an hour longer than in that nearer to the equa­
tor. From the polar circles to the poles climates are mea­
sured by the increase of a month.
2. In the common and popular sense, a region, or tract of land,
differing from another by the temperature of the air.
Betwixt th' extremes, two happier climates hold
The temper that partakes of hot and cold. Dryden's Ovid.
On what new happy climate are we thrown? Dryden.
This talent of moving the passions cannot be of any great
use in the northern climates. Swift.

To CLI’MATE. v. n. To inhabit. A word only in Shakespeare.
The blessed gods
Purge all infection from our air, whilst you
Do climate here. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

CLI’MATURE. n. s. The same with climate, and not in use.
Such harbingers preceding still the fates,
Have heav'n and earth together demonstrated
Unto our climatures and countrymen. Shakespeare.

CLI’MAX. n. s. [ϰλίμαξ.] Gradation; ascent: a figure in rhe­
torick, by which the sentence rises gradually; as Cicero says
to Catiline, Thou do'st nothing, movest nothing, thinkest
nothing; but I hear it, I see it, and perfectly understand it.
Choice between one excellency and another is difficult;
and yet the conclusion, by a due climax, is evermore the
best. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
Some radiant Richmond every age has grac'd,
Still rising in a climax, 'till the last,
Surpassing all, is not to be surpast. Granville.

To CLIMB. v. n. pret. clomb or climbed; part. clomb or climbed.
It is pronounced like clime. [climan, Sax. klimmen, Dutch.]
To ascend up any place; to mount by means of some hold or
footing. It implies labour and difficulty, and successive efforts.
You tempt the fury of my three attendants,
Lean famine, quartering steel, and climbing fire. Shakesp.
Things, at the worst, will cease; or else climb upward
To what they were before. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Jonathan climbed up upon his hands, and upon his feet. 1 Sam.
Thou, sun! of this great world both eye and soul,
Acknowledge him thy greater; sound his praise
In thy eternal course, both when thou climb'st,
And when high noon hast gain'd, and when thou fall'st.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 174.
No rebel Titan's sacrilegious crime,
By heaping hills on hills, can thither climb. Roscommon.
Black vapours climb aloft, and cloud the day. Dryden.
What controuling cause
Makes waters, in contempt of nature's laws,
Climb up, and gain th' aspiring mountain's height. Blackm.

To CLIMB. v. a. To ascend.
When shall I come to th' top of that same hill?—
—You do climb up it now. Look, how we labour. Shakesp.
Is't not enough to break into my garden,
Climbing my walls, in spight of me the owner? Shakesp.
Thy arms pursue
Paths of renown, and climb ascents of fame. Prior.
Forlorn he must, and persecuted fly;
Climb the steep mountain, in the cavern lie. Prior.



CLI’MBER. n. s. [from climb.]
1. One that mounts or scales any place or thing; a mounter;
a riser.
I wait not at the lawyer's gates,
Ne shoulder climbers down the stairs. Carew's Survey.
2. A plant that creeps upon other supports.
Ivy, briony, honey-suckles, and other climbers, must be
dug up. Mortimer.
3. The name of a particular herb.
It hath a perennial fibrose root: the leaves grow opposite
upon the stalks. The flowers, mostly of four leaves, placed
in form of a cross, are naked, having no calyx: in the center
of the flower are many hairy stamina surrounding the pointal,
which becomes a fruit; in which the seeds are gathered into
a little head, ending in a kind of rough plume; whence it is
called by the country people old man's beard. The species are
twelve, two of which grow wild. Miller.

CLIME. n. s. [contracted from climate, and therefore properly
poetical.] Climate; region; tract of earth.
He can spread thy name o'er land and seas,
Whatever clime the sun's bright circle warms. Milt. Par. R.
They apply the celestial description of other climes unto
their own. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Of beauty sing, her shining progress view,
From clime to clime the dazzling light pursue. Granville.
We shall meet
In happier climes, and on a safer shore. Addison's Cato.
Health to vigorous bodies, or fruitful seasons, in temperate
climes, are common and familiar blessings. Atterbury's Sermons.

To CLINCH. v. a. [clyniga, Sax. to knock, Junius. Clingo,
in Festus, to encompass, Minshew.]
1. To hold in the hand with the fingers bent over it.
Simois rowls the bodies and the shields
Of heroes, whose dismember'd hands yet bear
The dart aloft, and clinch the pointed spear. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
2. To contract or double the fingers.
Their tallest trees are about seven feet high, the tops
whereof I could but just reach with my fist clinched. Swift.
3. To bend the point of a nail in the other side.
4. To confirm; to fix; as, to clinch an argument.

CLINCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A word used in a double meaning; a pun; an ambiguity;
a duplicity of meaning, with an identity of expression.
Such as they are, I hope they will prove, without a clinch,
luciferous searching after the nature of light. Boyle.
Pure clinches the suburbian muse affords,
And Panton waging harmless war with words. Dryden.
Here one poor word a hundred clinches makes. Pope.
2. That part of the cable which is fastened to the ring of the
anchor.

CLI’NCHER. n. s. [from clinch.] A cramp; a holdfast; a piece
of iron bent down to fasten planks.
The wimbles for the work, Calypso found;
With those he pierc'd 'em, and with clinchers bound. Pope.

To CLING. v. n. pret. I clung; part. I have clung. [Klynger,
Danish.]
1. To hang upon by twining round; to stick to; to hold fast
upon.
The broil long doubtful stood;
As two spent swimmers that do cling together,
And choak their art. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Most popular consul he is grown, methinks:
How the rout cling to him! Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
The fontanel in his neck was descried by the clinging of
his hair to the plaister. Wiseman's Surgery.
When they united and together clung,
When undistinguish'd in one heap they hung. Blackmore.
See in the circle, next Eliza plac'd,
Two babes of love, close clinging to her waist. Pope.
That they may the closer cling,
Take your blue ribbon for a string. Swift.
2. To dry up; to consume; to waste; to pine away. [Geclun­
gen treow, a withered tree.]
If thou speak'st false,
Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive,
'Till famine cling thee. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

CLI’NGY. adj. [from cling.] Apt to cling; adhesive.

CLI’NICAL. adj. [ϰλίνω, to lie down.] Those that keep their
beds; those that are sick, past hopes of recovery.

CLI’NICK. adj. [ϰλίνω, to lie down.] Those that keep their
beds; those that are sick, past hopes of recovery.
A clinical convert, one that is converted on his death-bed.
This word occurs often in the works of Taylor.

To CLINK. v. a. [perhaps softened from clank, or corrupted
from click.] To strike so as to make a small sharp noise.
Five years! a long lease for the clinking of pewter. Shakesp.

To CLINK. v. n. To utter a small, sharp, interrupted noise.
The sever'd bars,
Submissive, clink against your brazen portals. Prior.
Underneath th' umbrella's oily shed,
Safe thro' the wet on clinking pattens tread. Gay's Trivia.

CLINK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sharp successive noise; a knocking.
I heard the clink and fall of swords. Shakesp. Othello.
2. It seems in Spenser to have some unusual sense.
Tho' creeping close, behind the wicket's clink,
Privily he peeped out thro' a chink. Spenser's Pastorals.

CLI’NQUANT. n. s. [Fr.] Embroidery; spangles; false glit­
ter; tinsel finery.
To day the French,
All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods,
Shone down the English. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

To CLIP. v. a. [clippan, Saxon.]
1. To embrace, by throwing the arms round; to hug; to en­
fold in the arms.
He, that before shunn'd her, to shun such harms,
Now runs and takes her in his clipping arms. Sidney.
Here I clip
The anvil of my sword, and do contest
Hotly, and nobly, with thy love. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
O nation, that thou couldst remove!
That Neptune's arms, who clippeth thee about. Shakesp.
Enter the city, clip your wives; your friends,
Tell them your feats. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
The jades
That drag the tragick melancholy night,
Who with their drowsy, slow, and flagging wings,
Clip dead mens graves. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
The male resteth on the back of the female, clipping and
embracing her with his legs about the neck and body. Ray.
2. To cut with sheers. [Klipper, Danish; klippen, Dutch; ap­
parently from the same radical sense, since sheers cut by in­
closing and embracing.]
Your sheers come too late to clip the bird's wings, that al­
ready is flown away. Sidney, b. ii.
Then let him, that my love shall blame,
Or clip love's wings, or quench love's flame. Suckling.
He clips hope's wings, whose airy bliss
Much higher than fruition is. Denham.
But love had clipp'd his wings, and cut him short,
Confin'd within the purlieus of his court. Dryden's Fables.
If mankind had had wings, as perhaps some extravagant
atheist may think us deficient in that, all the world must have
consented to clip them. Bentley.
By this lock, this sacred lock, I swear,
Which never more shall join its parted hair,
Clipp'd from the lovely head, where late it grew. Pope.
He spent every day ten hours dozing, clipping papers, or
darning his stockings. Swift.
3. Sometimes with off.
We should then have as much feeling upon the clipping off
a hair, as the cutting of a nerve. Bentley's Sermons.
4. It is particularly used of those who diminish coin, by paring
the edges.
This design of new coinage, is just of the nature of
clipping. Locke.
5. To curtail; to cut short.
All my reports go with the modest truth,
Nor more, nor clipt, but so. Shakesp. King Lear.
Mrs. Mayoress clipp'd the king's English. Addis. Spectator.
Even in London, they clip their words after one manner
about the court, another in the city, and a third in the
suburbs. Swift.
6. To confine; to hold; to contain.
Where is he living, clipt in with the sea,
Who calls me pupil? Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

To CLIP. v. n. A phrase in falconry.
Some falcon stoops at what her eye design'd,
And with her eagerness the quarry miss'd,
Streight flies at check, and clips it down the wind. Dryden.

CLI’PPER. n. s. [from clip.] One that debases coin by cutting.
It is no English treason to cut
French crowns, and to-morrow the king
Himself will be a clipper. Shakespeare's Henry V.
No coins pleased some medallists more than those which
had passed through the hands of an old Roman clipper. Addis.

CLI’PPING. n. s. [from clip.] The part cut or clipped off.
Beings purely material, without sense, perception, or
thought, as the clippings of our beards, and parings of our
nails. Locke.

CLI’VER. n. s. An herb. More properly written cleaver.
It grows wild, the seeds sticking to the clothes of such as
pass by them. It is sometimes used in medicine. Miller.

CLO

A CLOAK n. s. [lach, Saxon.]
1. The outer garment, with which the rest are covered.
You may bear it,
Under a cloke that is of any length. Sh. Two Gent. of Verona.
Their clokes were cloath of silver, mix'd with gold. Dryd.
All arguments will be as little able to prevail, as the wind
did with the traveller to part with his cloak, which he held only
the faster. Locke.
Nimbly he rose, and cast his garment down;
That instant in his cloak I wrapt me round. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A concealment; a cover.
Not using your liberty for a cloak of maliciousness.
1 Pet. ii. 16.



To CLOAK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with a cloak.
2. To hide; to conceal.
Most heavenly fair, in deed and view,
She by creation was, 'till she did fall;
Thenceforth she sought for helps to cloak her crimes withal.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 7. stanz. 45.

CLO’AKBAG. n. s. [from cloak and bag.] A portmanteau; a
bag in which cloaths are carried.
Why do'st thou converse with that trunk of humours, that
stuffed cloakbag of guts. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.
I have already fit
('Tis in my cloakbag) doublet, hat, hose, all
That answer to them. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

CLOCK. n. s. [clocc, Welsh, from clôch, a bell, Welsh and
Armorick; cloche, French.]
1. The instrument which, by a series of mechanical move­
ments, tells the hour by a stroke upon a bell.
If a man be in sickness or pain, the time will seem longer
without a clock or hour-glass than with it. Bacon.
The picture of Jerome usually described at his study, is
with a clock hanging by. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 17.
I told the clocks, and watch'd the wasting light. Dryden.
2. It is an usual expression to say, What is it of the clock, for
What hour is it? Or ten o'clock, for the tenth hour.
What is't o'clock?———
——Upon the stroke of four. Shakesp. Richard III.
Macicaus set forward about ten o'clock in the night, towards
Andrussa. Knolles's History of the Turks.
About nine of the clock at night the king marched out of
the North-port. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. The clock of a stocking; the flowers or inverted work about
the ankle.
His stockings with silver clocks were ravished from him.
Swift on Modern Education.
4. CLOCK is also the name of an insect; a sort of beetle. Dict.

CLO’CKMAKER. n. s. [clock and make.] An artificer whose pro­
fession is to make clocks.
This inequality has been diligently observed by several of
our ingenious clockmakers, and equations been made and used
by them. Derham.

CLO’CKWORK. n. s. [clock and work.] Movements by weights
or springs, like those of a clock.
So if unprejudic'd you scan
The goings of this clockwork, man;
You find a hundred movements made
By fine devices in his head:
But 'tis the stomach's solid stroke,
That tells its being, what's a clock. Prior.
Within this hollow was Vulcan's shop, full of fire and
clockwork. Addison's Guardian, No. 103.
You look like a puppet moved by clockwork. Arbuthnot.

CLOD. n. s. [clud, Sax. a little hillock; klotte, Dutch.]
1. A lump of earth or clay; such a body of earth as cleaves or
hangs together.
The earth that casteth up from the plough a great clod, is
not so good as that which casteth up a smaller clod. Bacon.
I'll cut up, as plows
Do barren lands, and strike together flints
And clods, th' ungrateful senate and the people. B. Johnson.
Who smooths with harrows, or who pounds with rakes
The crumbling clods. Dryden's Georg.
2. A turf; the ground.
Byzantians boast, that on the clod,
Where once their sultan's horse has trod,
Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. Swift.
3. Any thing vile, base, and earthy; as the body of man, com­
pared to his soul.
And ye high heavens, the temple of the gods,
In which a thousand torches, flaming bright,
Do burn, that to us wretched earthly clods,
In dreadful darkness, lend desired light. Spenser's Epithalam.
The spirit of man,
Which God inspir'd, cannot together perish
With this corporeal clod. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
How the purer spirit is united to this clod, is a knot too
hard for our degraded intellects to untie. Glanv. Sceps. c. 4.
In moral reflections there must be heat as well as dry rea­
son, to inspire this cold clod of clay, which we carry about
with us. Burnet's Theory, Preface.
4. A dull, gross, stupid fellow; a dolt.
The vulgar! a scarce animated clod,
Ne'er pleas'd with aught above 'em. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

To CLOD. v. n. [from the noun.] To gather into concre­
tions; to coagulate: for this we sometimes use clot.
Let us go find the body, and from the stream,
With lavers pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off
The clodded gore. Milton's Agon. l. 1727.

To CLOD. v. a. [from the noun.] To pelt with clods.

CLO’DDY. adj. [from clod.]
1. Consisting of earth or clods; earthy; muddy; miry; mean;
gross; base.
The glorious sun,
Turning, with splendour of his precious eye,
The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold. Shakespeare.
2. Full of clods unbroken.
These lands they sow always under furrow about Michael­
mas, and leave it as cloddy as they can. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CLO’DPATE. n. s. [clod and pate.] A stupid fellow; a dolt; a
thickscull.

CLO’DPATED. adj. [from clodpate.] Stupid; dull; doltish;
thoughtless.
My clodpated relations spoiled the greatest genius in the
world, when they bred me a mechanick. Arbuthnot.

CLO’DPOLL. n. s. [from clod and poll.] A thickscull; a dolt; a
blockhead.
This letter being so excellently ignorant, he will find that
it comes from a clodpoll. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

To CLOG. v. a. [It is imagined by Skinner to come from log;
by Casaubon derived from ϰλόι, a dog's collar, being thought
to be first hung upon fierce dogs.]
1. To load with something that may hinder motion; to en­
cumber with shackles; to impede, by fastening to the neck or
leg a heavy piece of wood or iron.
If you find so much blood in his liver as will clog the foot
of a flea, I'll eat the rest of the anatomy. Shak. Twelfth Night.
Let a man wean himself from these worldly impediments,
that here clog his soul's flight. Digby on the Soul, Dedication.
The wings of birds were clog'd with ice and snow. Dryd.
Fleshly lusts do debase men's minds, and clog their spirits,
make them gross and foul, listless and unactive. Tillotson.
Gums and pomatums shall his flight restrain,
While clogg'd he beats his silken wings in vain. Pope.
2. To hinder; to obstruct.
The gutter'd rocks and congregated sands,
Traitors ensteep'd to clog the guiltless keel. Shakespeare.
His majesty's ships were not so over-pestered and clogged
with great ordnance as they are, whereof there is superfluity.
Sir Walter Raleigh's Essays.
3. To load; to burthen; to embarrass.
Since thou hast far to go, bear not along
The clogging burthen of a guilty soul. Shakesp. Richard II.
You'll rue the time
That clogs me with this answer. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They lanc'd a vein, and watch'd returning breath;
It came, but clogg'd with symptoms of his death. Dryden.
All the commodities that go up into the country, are clogged
with impositions as soon as they leave Leghorn. Addison.
4. In the following passage it is improper.
Clocks and Jacks, though the screws and teeth of the
wheels and nuts be never so smooth, yet, if they be not oiled,
will hardly move; though you clog them with never so much
weight. Ray on the Creation.

To CLOG. v. n. 
1. To coalesce; to adhere. In this sense, perhaps, only cor­
ruptly used for clod or clot.
Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not
together. Evelyn's Kalendar.
2. To be encumbered or impeded by some extrinsick matter.
In working through the bone, the teeth of the saw will
begin to clog. Sharp's Surgery.

CLOG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A load; a weight; any incumbrance hung upon any animal
or thing to hinder motion.
I'm glad at soul I have no other child;
For thy escape would teach me tyranny,
To hang clogs on them. Shakespeare's Othello.
I did but prompt the age to quit their clogs,
By the known rules of ancient liberty. Milt. Par. Reg.
As a dog committed close,
For some offence, by chance breaks loose,
And quits his clog; but all in vain,
He still draws after him his chain. Hudibras.
2. An incumbrance; a hindrance; an obstruction; an impe­
diment.
The weariness of the flesh is an heavy clog to the will.
Hooker.
They're our clogs, not their own: if a man be
Chain'd to a galley, yet the galley's free. Donne.
Their prince made no other step than rejecting the pope's
supremacy, as a clog upon his own power and passions. Swift.
Slavery is, of all things, the greatest clog and obstacle to
speculation. Swift.
3. A kind of additional shoe worn by women, to keep them
from wet.
4. A wooden shoe.
In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort,
throughout all that kingdom, makes use of wooden clogs.
Harvey on Consumptions.

CLO’GGINESS. n. s. [from cloggy.] The state of being clogged.

CLO’GGY. adj. [from clog.] That which has the power of
clogging up.


By additaments of some such nature, some grosser and
cloggy parts are retained; or else much subtilized, and other­
wise altered. Boyle's History of Firmness.

CLO’ISTER. n. s. [clâs, Welsh; clauster, Sax. closter, Germ.
klooster, Dut. claustro, Ital. cloistre, Fr. claustrum, Lat.]
1. A religious retirement; a monastery; a nunnery.
Nor in a secret cloister doth he keep
These virgin spirits, until their marriage-day. Davies.
Some solitary cloister will I choose,
And there with holy virgins live immur'd. Dryd. Sp. Fryar.
How could he have the leisure and retiredness of the cloister,
to perform those acts of devotion. Atterbury.
2. A peristile; a piazza.

To CLO’ISTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To shut up in a reli­
gious house; to confine; to immure; to shut up from the
world.
Cloister thee in some religious house. Shakesp. Rich. II.
They have by commandment, though in form of courtesy,
cloistered us within these walls for three days. Bacon.
It was of the king's first acts to cloister the queen dowager
in the nunnery of Bermondsey. Bacon's Henry VII.
Nature affords plenty of beauties, that no man need com­
plain if the deformed are cloistered up. Rymer's Tragedies.
The gloom of cloister'd monks. Thomson's Summer.

CLO’ISTERAL. adj. [from cloister.] Solitary; retired; religi­
ously recluse.
Upon this ground many cloisteral men of great learning and
devotion, prefer contemplation before action. Walton's Angler.

CLO’ISTERED. participial adj. [from cloister.]
1. Solitary; inhabiting cloisters.
Ere the bat hath flown
His cloister'd flight, there shall be done
A deed of dreadful note. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Built with peristiles or piazzas.
The Greeks and Romans had commonly two cloistered open
courts, one serving for the women's side, and the other for
the men. Wotton's Architecture.

CLO’ISTRESS. n. s. [from cloister.] A nun; a lady who has
vowed religious retirement.
Like a cloistress she will veiled walk,
And water once a day her chamber round
With eye-offending brine. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

CLOKE. n. s. See CLOAK.

CLOMB. [pret. of To climb.]
Ask to what end they clomb that tedious height. Spenser.
So clomb this first grand thief into God's fold. Milton.

To CLOOM. v. a. [corrupted from cleam, clæmian, Sax. which
is still used in some provinces.] To close or shut with glu­
tinous or viscous matter.
Rear the hive enough to let them in, and cloom up the
skirts, all but the door. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To CLOSE. v. a. [closa, Armorick; kluys, Dutch; clos, French;
clausus, Latin.]
1. To shut; to lay together.
Sleep instantly fell on me, call'd
By nature as in aid, and clos'd mine eyes. Milt. Par. Lost.
When the sad wife has clos'd her husband's eyes;
Lies the pale corps, not yet intirely dead? Prior.
I soon shall visit Hector, and the shades
Of my great ancestors. Cephisa, thou
Wilt lend a hand to close thy mistress' eyes. Philips.
2. To conclude; to end; to finish.
One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
I close this with my earnest desires that you will seriously
consider your estate. Wake's Preparation for Death.
Edward and Henry, now the boast of fame;
And virtuous Alfred, a more sacred name;
After a life of generous toils endur'd,
Clos'd their long glories with a sigh, to find
Th' unwilling gratitude of base mankind. Pope's Ep. of Hor.
3. To inclose; to confine; to reposite.
Every one
According to the gift which bounteous nature
Hath in him clos'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. To join; to unite fractures; to consolidate fissures.
The armourers accomplishing the knights,
With busy hammers closing rivets up. Shakesp. Henry V.
There being no winter yet to close up and unite its parts,
and restore the earth to its former strength and compactness.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
As soon as any publick rupture happens, it is immediately
closed up by moderation and good offices. Addison on Italy.
All the traces drawn there are immediately closed up, as
though you wrote them with your finger on the surface of a
river. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To CLOSE. v. n. 
1. To coalesce; to join its own parts together.
They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive
into the pit, and the earth closed upon them. Num. xvi. 33.
In plants you may try the force of imagination upon the
lighter sort of motions; as upon their closing and opening.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 991. 
2. To CLOSE upon. To agree upon; to join in.
The jealousy of such a design in us, would induce France
and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our
disadvantage. Temple.
3. To CLOSE with. To come to an agreement with; to
comply with; to unite with.
To CLOSE in with. To come to an agreement with; to
comply with; to unite with.
Intire cowardice makes thee wrong this virtuous gentle­
woman, to close with us. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
It would become me better, than to close
In terms of friendship with thine enemies. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
There was no such defect in man's understanding, but that
it would close with the evidence. South's Sermons.
He took the time when Richard was depos'd,
And high and low with happy Harry clos'd. Dryden.
Pride is so unsociable a vice, that there is no closing with
it. Collier of Friendship.
This spirit, poured upon iron, unites with the body, and
lets go the water: the acid spirit is more attracted by the fixed
body, and lets go the water, to close with the fixed body.
Newton's Opticks.
Such a proof as would have been closed with certainly at
the first, shall be set aside easily afterwards. Atterbury.
These governours bent all their thoughts and applications
to close in with the people, who were now the stronger party.
Swift on the Dissentions in Athens and Rome.
4. To grapple with in wrestling.

CLOSE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Any thing shut; without outlet.
The admirable effects of this distillation in close, which is
like the wombs and matrices of living creatures. Bacon.
2. A small field inclosed.
I have a tree, which grows here in my close,
That mine own use invites me to cut down,
And shortly must I fell it. Shakespeare's Timon.
Certain hedgers dividing a close, chanced upon a great
chest. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
3. The manner of shutting.
The doors of plank were; their close exquisite,
Kept with a double key. Chapman's Iliads, b. ii.
4. The time of shutting up.
In the close of night,
Philomel begins her heav'nly lay. Dryden.
5. A grapple in wrestling.
The king went of purpose into the North, laying an open
side unto Perkin, to make him come to the close, and so to trip
up his heels, having made sure in Kent beforehand. Bacon.
Both fill'd with dust, but starting up, the third close they
had made,
Had not Achilles' self stood up. Chapman's Iliads.
6. A pause, or cessation, or rest.
The air, such pleasure loth to lose,
With thousand eccho's still prolongs each heav'nly close. Milt.
At ev'ry close she made, th' attending throng
Reply'd, and bore the burden of the song. Dryden's Fables.
7. A conclusion or end.
Speedy death,
The close of all my miseries, and the balm. Milt. Agon.
Thro' Syria, Persia, Greece she goes;
And takes the Romans in the close. Prior.

CLOSE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Shut fast; so as to leave no part open; as a close box; a close
house.
We suppose this bag to be tied close about, towards the
window. Wilkins.
2. Without vent; without inlet; secret; private; not to be
seen through.
Nor could his acts too close a vizard wear,
To 'scape their eyes whom guilt had taught to fear. Dryden.
3. Confined; stagnant; without ventilation.
If the rooms be low roofed, or full of windows and doors,
the one maketh the air close, and not fresh; and the other
maketh it exceeding unequal. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 937.
4. Compact; solid; without interstices or vacuities.
The inward substance of the earth is of itself an uniform
mass, close and compact. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The golden globe being put into a press, which was driven
by the extreme force of skrews, the water made itself way
thro' the pores of that very close metal. Locke.
5. Viscous; glutinous; not volatile.
This oil, which nourishes the lamp, is supposed of so close
and tenacious a substance, that it may slowly evaporate. Wilkins.
6. Concise; brief; without exuberance or digression.
You lay your thoughts so close together, that were they
closer they would be crouded, and even a due connection
would be wanting. Dryden's Juven. Dedication.
Where the original is close, no version can reach it in the
same compass. Dryden.
Read these instructive leaves, in which conspire
Fresnoy's close art and Dryden's native fire. Pope.
7. Immediate; without any intervening distance or space, whe­
ther of time or place.
Was I a man bred great as Rome herself,


Equal to all her titles! that could stand
Close up with Atlas, and sustain her name
As strong as he doth heaven! Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
We must lay aside that lazy and fallacious method of cen­
suring by the lump, and must bring things close to the test of
true or false. Burnet's Theory of the Earth, Preface.
Plant the spring crocus's close to a wall. Mort. Husbandry.
Where'er my name I find;
Some dire misfortune follows close behind. Pope's El. to Abel.
8. Approaching nearly; joined one to another.
Now sit we close about this taper here,
And call in question our necessities. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
9. Narrow; as a close alley.
10. Admitting small distance.
Short crooked swords in closer fight they wear. Dryden.
11.  Undiscovered; without any token by which one may be
found.
Close observe him for the sake of mockery. Close, in the
name of jesting! lie you there. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
12. Hidden; secret; not revealed.
A close intent at last to shew me grace. Spenser.
Some spagyrists, that keep their best things close, will do
more to vindicate their art, or oppose their antagonists, than
to gratify the curious, or benefit mankind. Boyle.
13. Having the quality of secrecy; trusty.
Constant you are,
But yet a woman; and for secresy,
No lady closer. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
14. Having an appearance of concealment; cloudy; fly.
That close aspect of his,
Does shew the mood of a much troubled breast. Shakesp.
15. Without wandering; without deviation; attentive.
I discovered no way to keep our thoughts close to their busi­
ness, but by frequent attention getting the habit of atten­
tion. Locke.
16. Full to the point; home.
I am engaging in a large dispute, where the arguments are
not like to reach close on either side. Dryd. on Dram. Poesy.
17. Retired; solitary.
18. Secluded from communication; as a close prisoner.
19. Applied to the weather, dark, cloudy, not clear.

CLOSE. adv. It is used sometimes adverbially by itself; but
more frequently in composition. As,

CLOSE-BANDED. adj. In close order; thick ranged; or secretly
leagued, which seems rather the meaning in this passage.
Nor in the house, with chamber ambushes
Close-banded, durst attack me. Milton's Agon. l. 1121. 

CLOSE-BODIED. adj. Made to fit the body exactly.
If any clergy shall appear in any close-bodied coat, they shall
be suspended. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CLOSE-HANDED. adj. Covetous.
Galba was very close-handed: I have not read much of his
liberalities. Arbuthnot on Coins.

CLOSE-PENT. adj. Shut close; without vent.
Then in some close-pent room it crept along,
And, smould'ring as it went, in silence fed. Dryden.

CLO’SELY. adv. [from close.]
1. Without inlet or outlet.
Putting the mixture into a crucible closely luted at the top.
Boyle's Chym. Princ.
2. Without much space intervening; nearly.
My lord of Warwick, and my brother Gloster,
Follow Fluellen closely at the heels. Shakesp. Henry V.
If we look more closely, we shall find
Most have the seeds of judgment in their mind. Pope.
3. Secretly; slily.
A Spaniard, riding on the bay, sent some closely into the
village, in the dark of the night. Carew's Surv. of Cornwal.
4. Without deviation.
I hope I have translated closely enough, and given them the
same turn of verse which they had in the original. Dryden.

CLO’SENESS. n. s. [from close.]
1. The state of being shut; or the quality of admitting to be
shut without inlet or outlet.
In drums, the closeness round about that preserveth the
sound, maketh the noise come forth of the drum-hole more
loud, than if you should strike upon the like skin extended in
the open air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 142.
2. Narrowness; straltness.
3. Want of air, or ventilation.
I took my leave, being half stifled by the closeness of the
room. Swift's Account of Partridge's Death.
4. Compactness; solidity.
How could particles, so widely dispersed, combine into that
closeness of texture? Bentley's Sermons.
The haste of the spirit to put forth, and the closeness of the
bark cause prickles in boughs. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 559.
5. Recluseness; solitude; retirement.
I thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated
To closeness, and the bettering of my mind. Shakesp. Tempest.
6. Secrecy; privacy.
To his confederates he was constant and just, but not open.
Such was his enquiry, and such his closeness, as they stood in
the light towards him, and he stood in the dark towards
them. Bacon's Henry VII.
A journey of much adventure had been not communicated
with any of his majesty's counsellors, being carried with great
closeness, liker a business of love than state. Wotton.
We rise not against the piercing judgment of Augustus, nor
the extreme caution or closeness of Tiberius. Bacon's Essays.
This prince was so very reserved, that he would impart his
secrets to no body: whereupon this closeness did a little perish
his understanding. Collier of Friendship.
7. Covetousness; fly avarice.
Irus judged, that while he could keep his poverty a secret,
he should not feel it: he improved this thought into an affecta­
tion of closeness and covetousness. Addison's Spectat. No. 264.
8. Connection; dependance.
The actions and proceedings of wise men run in a much
greater closeness and coherence with one another, than thus to
drive at a casual issue, brought under no forecast or design.
South's Sermons.

CLO’SER. n. s. [from close.] A finisher; a concluder.

CLO’SESTOOL. n. s. [close and stool.] A chamber implement.
A pestle for his truncheon, led the van;
And his high helmet was a close-stool pan. Garth's Dispens.

CLO’SET. n. s. [from close.]
1. A small room of privacy and retirement.
The taper burneth in your closet. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
He would make a step into his closet, and after a short
prayer he was gone. Wotton.
2. A private repository of curiosities and valuable things.
He should have made himself a key, wherewith to open the
closet of Minerva, where those fair treasures are to be found
in all abundance. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
He furnishes her closet first, and fills
The crowded shelves with rarities of shells. Dryd. Fables.

To CLO’SET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut up, or conceal in a closet.
The heat
Of thy great love once spread, as in an urn,
Doth closet up itself. Herbert.
2. To take into a closet for a secret interview.
About this time began the project of closeting, where the
principal gentlemen of the kingdom were privately catechised
by his majesty. Swift.

CLOSH. n. s. A distemper in the feet of cattle; called also the
founder. Dict.

CLO’SURE. n. s. [from close.]
1. The act of shutting up.
The chink was carefully closed up: upon which closure
there appeared not any change. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. That by which any thing is closed or shut.
I admire your sending your last to me quite open, without
a seal, wafer, or any closure whatever. Pope to Swift.
3. The parts inclosing; inclosure.
O thou bloody prison!
Within the guilty closure of thy walls
Richard the second here was hack'd to death. Sh. Rich. III.
4. Conclusion; end.
We'll hand in hand all headlong cast us down,
And make a mutual closure of our house. Shak. Tit. Andron.

CLOT. n. s. [probably, at first, the same with clod; but now
always applied to different uses.] Concretion; coagulation;
grume.
The white of an egg, with spirit of wine, doth bake the
egg into clots, as if it began to poch. Bacon's Phys. Remarks.
The opening itself was stopt with a clot of grumous
blood. Wiseman's Surgery.

To CLOT. v. n. [from the noun, or from klotteren, Dutch.]
1. To form clots, or clods; to hang together.
Huge unweildy bones, lasting remains
Of that gigantick race; which as he breaks
The clotted glebe, the plowman haply finds. Philips.
2. To concrete; to coagulate; to gather into concretions; as
clotted milk, clotted blood.
Here mangled limbs, here brains and gore,
Lie clotted. Philips.

CLOTH. n. s. plural cloths or clothes. [clath, Saxon.]
1. Any thing woven for dress or covering, whether of animal
or vegetable substance.
The Spaniards buy their linen cloths in that kingdom. Swift.
2. The piece of linnen spread upon a table.
Nor let, like Nævius, every error pass,
The musty wine, foul cloth, or greasy glass. Pope's Hor. Imit.
3. The canvass on which pictures are delineated.
I answer you right painted cloth, from whence you have
studied your questions. Shakesp. As you like it.
Who fears a sentence, or an old man's saw,
Shall by a painted cloth be kept in awe. Shak. Tarq. and Luc.
This idea, which we may call the goddess of painting and
of sculpture, descends upon the marble and the cloth, and be­
comes the original of these arts. Dryden's Pref. to Dufresnoy.
4. In the plural. Dress; habit; garment; vesture; vest­


ments. Including whatever covering is worn on the
body. In this sense always clothes. Pronounced clo's.
He with him brought Pryene, rich array'd
In Claribellae's clothes. Spenser, b. ii. cant. 4. stanz. 28.
Take up these clothes here, quickly: carry them to the
laundress in Datchet-mead. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Strength grows more from the warmth of exercises than of
cloaths. Temple.
5. The covering of a bed.
Gazing on her midnight foes,
She turn'd each way her frighted head,
Then sunk it deep beneath the clothes. Prior.

To CLOTHE. v. a. pret. I clothed, or clad; particip. I have
clothed, or clad. [from cloth.]
1. To invest with garments; to cover with dress, from cold and
injuries.
Care no more to clothe and eat. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
An inhabitant of Nova Zembla having lived in Denmark,
where he was clothed, took the first opportunity of making his
escape into nakedness. Addison's Freeholder, No. 5.
The Britons in Cæsar's time painted their bodies, and
clothed themselves with the skins of beasts. Swift.
With superior boon may your rich soil
Exuberant nature's better blessings pour
O'er every land, the naked nations clothe,
And be th' exhaustless granary of a world. Thoms. Spring.
2. To adorn with dress.
We clothe and adorn our bodies: indeed, too much time
we bestow upon that. Our souls also are to be clothed with
holy habits, and adorned with good works. Ray on Creation.
Embroider'd purple clothes the golden beds. Pope's Statius.
3. To invest; as with clothes.
They leave the shady realms of night,
And, cloth'd in bodies, breathe your upper light. Dryden.
Let both use the clearest language in which they can clothe
their thoughts. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
4. To furnish or provide with clothes.

CLO’THIER. n. s. [from cloth.] A maker of cloth.
The clothiers all, not able to maintain
The many to them 'longing, have put off
The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shak. Hen. VIII.
His commissioners should cause clothiers to take wool, pay­
ing only two parts of the price. Hayward.
They shall only spoil the clothier's wool, and beggar the
present spinners, at best. Graunt's Bills of Mort.

CLO’THING. n. s. [from To clothe.] Dress; vesture; garments.
Thy bosom might receive my yielded spright,
And thine with it, in heav'n's pure clothing drest,
Through clearest skies might take united flight. Fairfax.
Your bread and clothing, and every necessary of life, en­
tirely depend upon it. Swift.

CLOTHSHE’ARER. n. s. [from cloth and shear.] One who
trims the cloth, and levels the nap.
My father is a poor man, and by his occupation a cloth­
shearer. Hakewill on Providence.

CLO’TPOLL. n. s. [from clot and poll.] Thickskull; blockhead.
What says the fellow, there? call the clotpoll back. Shakes.
2. Head, in scorn.
I have sent Clotens clotpoll down the stream,
In embassy to his mother. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To CLO’TTER. v. n. [klotteren, Dutch.] To concrete; to
coagulate; to gather into lumps.
He dragg'd the trembling sire,
Slidd'ring thro' clotter'd blood and holy mire. Dryd. Æn.

CLO’TTY. adj. [from clot.] Full of clods; concreted; full of
concretions.
The matter expectorated is thin, and mixt with thick,
clotty, bluish streaks. Harvey on Consumptions.
Where land is clotty, and a shower of rain soaks through,
you may make use of a roll to break it. Mortimer's Husbandry.

A CLOUD. n. s. [The derivation is not known. Minshew
derives it from claudo, to shut; Somner from clod; Casaubin
from αχλὺς, darkness; Skinner from kladde, Dutch, a spot.]
1. The dark collection of vapours in the air.
Now are the clouds that lower'd upon our house,
In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Shakes. Rich. III.
As a mist is a multitude of small but solid globules, which
therefore descend; so a vapour, and therefore a watry cloud,
is nothing else but a congeries of very small and concave glo­
bules, which therefore ascend, to that height in which
they are of equal weight with the air, where they remain
suspended, 'till, by some motion in the air, being broken, they
descend in solid drops; either small, as in a mist, or bigger,
when many of them run together, as in rain. Grew's Cosmol.
Clouds are the greatest and most considerable of all the
meteors, as furnishing water and plenty to the earth. They
consist of very small drops of water, and are elevated a good
distance above the surface of the earth; for a cloud is nothing
but a mist flying high in the air, as a mist is nothing but a
cloud here below. Locke's Elem. Nat. Philos.
How vapours, turn'd to clouds, obscure the sky;
And clouds, dissolv'd, the thirsty ground supply. Roscommon.
2. The veins, marks, or stains in stones, or other bodies.
3. Any state of obscurity or darkness.
Tho' poets may of inspiration boast,
Their rage, ill govern'd, in the clouds is lost. Waller.
How can I see the brave and young,
Fall in the cloud of war, and fall unsung? Addison.
4. Any thing that spreads wide; as a croud, a multitude.
The objection comes to no more than this, that amongst a
cloud of witnesses, there was one of no very good reputa­
tion. Atterbury.

To CLOUD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To darken with clouds; to cover with clouds; to obscure.
What sullen fury clouds his scornful brow. Pope's Statius.
2. To obscure; to make less evident.
If men would not exhale vapours to cloud and darken the
clearest truths, no man could miss his way to heaven for want
of light. Decay of Piety.
3. To variegate with dark veins.
The handle smooth and plain,
Made of the clouded olive's easy grain. Pope's Odyssey.

To CLOUD. v. n. To grow cloudy; to grow dark with clouds.

CLO’UDBERRY. n. s. [from cloud and berry.] The name of a
plant, called also knotberry.
It hath a perpetual flower: the fruit is composed of many
acini, in form of the mulberry. This plant is found upon
the tops of the highest hills in the North of England. Miller.

CLOUDCAPT. adj. [from cloud and cap.] Topped with clouds;
touching the clouds.
The cloudcapt towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve. Shakesp. Tempest.

CLOUDCOMPE’LLING. adj. [A word formed in imitation of
νεφεληγέϱετης, ill understood.] An epithet of Jupiter, by whom
clouds were supposed to be collected.
Health to both kings, attended with a roar
Of cannons, eccho'd from th' affrighted shore;
With loud resemblance of his thunder, prove
Bacchus the seed of cloudcompelling Jove. Waller.
Supplicating move
Thy just complaint to cloudcompelling Jove. Dryd. Homer.

CLO’UDILY. adv. [from cloudy.]
1. With clouds; darkly.
2. Obscurely; not perspicuously.
Some had rather have good discipline delivered plainly, by
way of precepts, than cloudily enwrapped in allegories. Spenser.
He was commanded to write so cloudily by Cornutus. Dryd.

CLO’UDINESS. n. s. [from cloudy.]
1. The state of being covered with clouds; darkness.
You have such a February face,
So full of frost, of storm and cloudiness. Shakespeare.
The situation of this island exposes it to a continual cloudi­
ness, which in the summer renders the air cooler, and in the
winter warm. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. Want of brightness.
I saw a cloudy Hungarian diamond made clearer by lying in
a cold liquor; wherein, he affirmed, that upon keeping it
longer, the stone would lose more of its cloudiness. Boyle.

CLO’UDLESS. adj. [from cloud.] Without clouds; clear; un­
clouded; bright; luminous; lightsome; pure; undarkened.
This Partridge soon shall view in cloudless skies,
When next he looks thro' Galilæo's eyes. Pope.
How many such there must be in the vast extent of space,
a naked eye in a cloudless night may give us some faint
glimpse. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

CLO’UDY. adj. [from cloud.]
1. Covered with clouds; obscured with clouds; consisting of
clouds.
As Moses entered into the tabernacle, the cloudy pillar de­
scended, and stood at the door. Exod. xxxiii. 9.
2. Dark; obscure; not intelligible.
If you content yourself frequently with words instead of
ideas, or with cloudy and confused notions of things, how im­
penetrable will that darkness be. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.
3. Gloomy of look; not open, nor cheerful.
So my storm-beaten heart likewise is cheer'd
With that sun-shine, when cloudy looks are clear'd. Spenser.
Witness my son, now in the shade of death,
Whose bright outshining beams thy cloudy wrath
Hath in eternal darkness folded up. Shakesp. Richard III.
4. Marked with spots or veins.

CLOVE. n. s. [the preterite of cleave.] See To CLEAVE.

CLOVE. n. s. [clou, Fr. a nail, from the similitude of a clove
to a nail.]
1. A valuable spice brought from Ternate in the East Indies.
It is the fruit or seed of a very large tree.
Clove seems to be the rudiment or beginning of a fruit
growing upon clove-trees. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
2. Some of the parts into which garlick separates, when the
outer skin is torn off.
'Tis mortal sin an onion to devour;
Each clove of garlick is a sacred pow'r. Tate's Juven. Sat.

CLOVE-GILLYFLOWER. n. s. [from its smelling like cloves.]


This plant hath an intire, oblong, cylindrical, smooth cup,
which is indented at the top: the petals of the flower are nar­
row at bottom, and broad at top; and are, for the most part,
cut about the edges. The seed-vessel is of a cylindrical
figure, containing many flat rough seeds. This genus may
be divided into three classes: 1.  The clove-gillyflower, or
carnation. 2. The pink. 3. The sweet William. The
carnation, or clove-gillyflower, are distinguished into four
classes. The first, called flakes, having two colours only, and
their stripes large, going quite through the leaves. The second,
called bizars, have flowers striped, or variegated with three
or four different colours. The third are piquettes: these
flowers have always a white ground, and are spotted with
scarlet, red, purple, or other colours. The fourth are called
painted ladies: these have their petals of a red or purple co­
lour on the upper side, and are white underneath. Of each
of these classes there are numerous varieties. The true clove­
gillyflower has been long in use for making a cordial syrup.
There are two or three varieties commonly brought to
the markets, which differ greatly in goodness; some having
very little scent, when compared with the true sort. The
varieties of the pink are; the damask pink; white shock,
scarlet, pheasant-eyed pink, of which there are great varieties,
both with single and double flowers; old man's head; painted
lady. Among the sweet Williams are, 1.  The broad-leaved
sweet William, with red flowers. 2. The broad-leaved
sweet William, with variegated flowers. 3. The double sweet
sweet William, with red flowers, which burst their pods.
4. The rose-coloured double sweet William. 5. The narrow­
leaved sweet William, called sweet John. Miller.

CLO’VEN. part. pret. [from cleave.] See To CLEAVE.
There is Aufidius, list you what work he makes
Among your cloven army. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Now, heap'd high,
The cloven oaks and lofty pines do lie. Waller.
A chap-fallen beaver, loosely hanging by
The cloven helm, and arch of victory. Dryd. Juv. Sat. x.

CLOVEN-FOOTED. adj. [cloven and foot, or hoof.] Having the
foot divided into two parts; not a round
hoof; bisulcous.

CLOVEN-HOOFED. adj. [cloven and foot, or hoof.] Having the
foot divided into two parts; not a round
hoof; bisulcous.
There are the bisulcous or cloven-hooft; as camels and bea­
vers. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The cloven-footed fiend is banish'd from us. Dryden.
Great variety of water-fowl, both whole and cloven-footed,
frequent the waters. Ray on the Creation.

CLO’VER. n. s. [more properly claver, clæfer, Saxon.]

CLOVER-GRASS. n. s. [more properly claver, clæfer, Saxon.]
1. A species of TREFOIL, which see.
The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth
The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover. Sh. Hen. V.
Nature shall provide
Green grass and fatt'ning clover for their fare. Dryd. Virgil.
Clover improves land, by the great quantity of cattle it
maintains. Mortimer's Husbandry.
My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass,
Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass. Gay.
2. To live in CLOVER, is to live luxuriously; clover being ex­
tremely delicious and fattening to cattle.
Well, Laureat, was the night in clover spent? Ogle.

CLO’VERED. adj. [from clover.] Covered with clover.
Flocks thick-nibbling thro' the clover'd vale. Thom. Summ.

CLOUGH. n. s. [clough, Saxon.] The cleft of a hill; a cliff.
In composition a hilly place.

CLOUGH. n. s. [in commerce.] An allowance of two pounds
in every hundred weight for the turn of the scale, that the
commodity may hold out weight when sold by retail.

A CLOUT. n. s. [clut, Saxon.]
1. A cloth for any mean use.
His garment, nought but many ragged clouts,
With thorns together pinn'd, and patched was. Spens. F. Q.
A clout upon that head,
Where late the diadem stood. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
In pow'r of spittle and a clout,
When e'er he please to blot it out. Swift.
2. A patch on a shoe or coat.
3. Anciently, the mark of white cloth at which archers shot.
He drew a good bow: he shot a fine shoot: he would have
clapt in the clout at twelve score. Shakesp. Hen. IV. p. ii.
4. An iron plate to keep an axle-tree from wearing.

To CLOUT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To patch; to mend coarsely.
I thought he slept, and put
My clouted brogues from off my feet, whose rudeness
Answer'd my steps too loud. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The dull swain
Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon. Milton.
2. To cover with a cloth.
Milk some unhappy ewe,
Whose clouted leg her hurt doth shew. Spenser's Pastorals.
3. To join awkwardly or coarsely together.
Many sentences of one meaning be clouted up together.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.

CLO’UTED. participial adj. Congealed; coagulated: corruptly
used for clotted.
I've seen her skim the clouted cream,
And press from spongy curds the milky stream. Gay's Past.

CLO’UTERLY. adj. [probably by corruption from louterly.]
Clumsy; awkward; as a clouterly fellow.
The single wheel plough is a very clouterly sort. Mortimer.

CLOWN. n. s. [imagined by Skinner and Junius to be con­
tracted from colonus. It seems rather a Saxon word, corrupted
from lown; loen, Dut. a word nearly of the same import.]
1. A rustick; a country fellow; a churl.
He came out with all his clowns, horst upon cart-jades.
Sidney, b. ii.
The clowns, a boist'rous, rude, ungovern'd crew,
With furious haste to the loud summons flew. Dryden's Æn.
2. A coarse ill-bred man.
In youth a coxcomb, and in age a clown. Spectator.
A country squire, represented with no other vice but that
of being a clown, and having the provincial accent. Swift.

CLO’WNERY. n. s. [from clown.] Ill-breeding; churlishness;
rudeness; brutality.
The fool's conceit had both clownery and ill-nature. L'Estr.

CLO’WNISH. adj. [from clown.]
1. Consisting of rusticks or clowns.
Young Silvia beats her breast, and cries aloud
For succour from the clownish neighbourhood. Dryd. Æn.
2. Coarse; rough; rugged.
But with his clownish hands their tender wings
He brusheth off. Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. i.
3. Uncivil; ill-bred; ill-mannered.
What if we essay'd to steal
The clownish fool out of your father's court. Shakespeare.
4. Clumsy; ungainly.
With a grave look, in this odd equipage,
The clownish mimick traverses the stage. Prior.

CLO’WNISHLY. adv. [from clownish.] Coarsely; rudely;
brutally.

CLO’WNISHNESS. n. s. [from clownish.]
1. Rusticity; coarseness; unpolished rudeness.
Even his Dorick dialect has an incomparable sweetness in
its clownishness. Dryden.
If the boy should not make legs very gracefully, a dancing
master will cure that defect, and wipe off that plainness which
the a-la-mode people call clownishness. Locke on Education.
2. Incivility; brutality.

CLOWN’S MUSTARD. n. s. An herb. Dict.

To CLOY. v. a. [enclouer, Fr. To nail up; to stop up.]
1. To satiate; to sate; to fill beyond desire; to surfeit; to fill
to loathing.
The length of those speeches had not cloyed Pyrocles, though
he were very impatient of long deliberations. Sidney.
The very creed of Athanasius, and that sacred hymn of
glory, are now reckoned as superfluities, which we must in any
case pare away, lest we cloy God with too much service.
Hooker, b. v. sect. 42.
Who can cloy the hungry edge of appetite,
By bare imagination of a feast? Shakesp. Richard II.
Continually varying the same sense, and taking up what he
had more than enough inculcated before, he sometimes cloys
his readers instead of satisfying them. Dryden.
Whose little store her well-taught mind does please,
Nor pinch'd with want, nor cloy'd with wanton ease. Roscom.
Intemperance in eating and drinking, instead of delighting
and satisfying nature, doth but load and cloy it. Tillotson.
Settle, cloy'd with custard and with praise,
Is gather'd to the dull of ancient days. Pope's Dunciad.
2. It seems to have, in the following passage, another sense:
perhaps to strike the beak together.
His royal bird
Prunes the immortal wing, and cloys his beak,
As when his god is pleas'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. To nail up guns, by striking a spike into the touch-hole.

CLO’YLESS. adj. [from cloy.] That of which too much cannot
be had; that which cannot cause satiety.
Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.

CLO’YMENT. n. s. [from cloy.] Satiety; repletion beyond ap­
petite.
Alas! their love may be call'd appetite:
No motion of the liver, but the palate,
That suffers surfeit, cloyment, and revolt. Sh. Twelfth Night.

CLU

CLUB. n. s. [clwppa, Welsh; kluppel, Dutch.]
1. A heavy stick; a staff intended for offence.
He strove his combred club to quit
Out of the earth. Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 8.
As he pulled off his helmet, a butcher slew him with
the stroak of a club. Hayward.
Arm'd with a knotty club another came. Dryden's Æn.
2. The name of one of the suits of cards.
The clubs black tyrant first her victim died,
Spite of his haughty mien and barb'rous pride. Pope.
3. [From cleofan, to divide. Skinner.] The shot or divi­


dend of a reckoning, paid by the company in just pro­
portions.
A fuddling couple sold ale: their humour was to drink
drunk, upon their own liquor: they laid down their club, and
this they called forcing a trade. L'Estrange.
4. An assembly of good fellows, meeting under certain con­
ditions.
What right has any man to meet in factious clubs to vilify
the government? Dryden's Medal. Dedication.
5. Concurrence; contribution; joint charge.
He's bound to vouch them for his own,
Tho' got b' implicite generation,
And general club of all the nation. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 1. 

To CLUB. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To contribute to a common expence in settled proportions.
2. To join to one effect; to contribute separate powers to one
end.
'Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream
Of fancy, madly met, and club'd into a dream. Dryden.
Every part of the body seems to club and contribute to the
seed, else why should parents, born blind or deaf, sometimes
generate children with the same imperfections. Ray.
Let sugar, wine, and cream together club,
To make that gentle viand, syllabub. King.
The owl, the raven, and the bat,
Club'd for a feather to his hat. Swift.

To CLUB. v. a. To pay to a common reckoning.
Plums and directors, Shylock and his wife,
Will club their testers now to take your life. Pope's Horace.
Fibres being distinct, and impregnated by distinct spirits,
how should they club their particular informations into a com­
mon idea. Collier on Thought.

CLUBHE’ADED. adj. [club and head.] Having a thick head.
Small clubheaded anterinæ. Derham's Physicotheology.

CLUBLA’W. n. s. [club and law.] Regulation by force; the
law of arms.
The enemies of our happy establishment seem to have re­
course to the laudable method of clublaw, when they find all
other means for enforcing the absurdity of their opinions to
be ineffectual. Addison's Freeholder, No. 50.

CLUBRO’OM. n. s. [club and room.] The room in which a club
or company assembles.
These ladies resolved to give the pictures of their deceased
husbands to the clubroom. Addis. Spectator, No. 361. 

To CLUCK. v. n. [cloccian, Welsh; clochat, Armorick; cloccan,
Saxon; klocken, Dutch.] To call chickens; as a hen.
She, poor hen, fond of no second brood,
Has cluck'd thee to the wars. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Ducklings, though hatched by a hen, if she brings them to
a river, in they go, though the hen clucks and calls to keep
them out. Ray on the Creation.

CLUMP. n. s. [formed from lump.] A shapeless piece of wood,
or other matter, nearly equal in its dimensions.

CLUMPS. n. s. A numbscull. Skinner.

CLU’MSILY. adv. [from clumsy.] Awkwardly; without readi­
ness; without nimbleness; without grace.
Upon the ground he walks very clumsily and ridiculously.
Ray on the Creation.
This lofty humour is clumsily and inartificially managed,
when affected. Collier on Pride.

CLU’MSINESS. n. s. [from clumsy.] Awkwardness; ungainli­
ness; want of readiness, nimbleness, or dexterity.
The drudging part of life is chiefly owing to clumsiness and
ignorance, which either wants proper tools, or skill to use
them. Collier on Fame.

CLU’MSY. adj. [This word, omitted in the other etymolo­
gists, is rightly derived by Bailey from lompsch, Dutch, stupid.
In English, lump, clump, lumpish, clumpish, clumpishly, clumsily,
clumsy.] Awkward; heavy; artless; unhandy; without
dexterity, readiness, or grace. It is used either of persons or
actions, or things.
The matter ductile and sequacious, apt to be moulded into
such shapes and machines, even by clumsy fingers. Ray.
But thou in clumsy verse, unlick'd, unpointed,
Hast shamefully defy'd. Dryden.
That clumsy outside of a porter,
How could it thus conceal a courtier? Swift.

CLUNG. The preterite and participle of cling.

To CLUNG. v. n. [clingan, Sax.] To dry as wood does, when
it is laid up after it is cut. See To CLING.

CLUNG. adj. [clungu, Sax.] Wasted with leanness; shrunk
up with cold.

CLU’STER. n. s. [clyster, Sax. klister, Dutch.]
1. A bunch; a number of things of the same kind growing or
joined together.
Grapes will continue fresh and moist all winter, if you
hang them cluster by cluster in the roof of a warm room. Bacon.
A swelling knot is rais'd;
Whence, in short space, itself the cluster shows,
And from earth's moisture, mixt with sun-beams, grows.
Denham.
The saline corpuscles of one liquor do variously act upon
the tinging corpuscles of another, so as to make many of them
associate into a cluster, whereby two transparent liquors may
compose a coloured one. Newton's Opt.
An elm was near, to whose embraces led,
The curling vine her swelling clusters spread. Pope.
2. A number of animals gathered together.
As bees
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive
In clusters. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 771. 
There with their clasping feet together clung,
And a long cluster from the laurel hung. Dryden's Æn.
3. A body of people collected: used in contempt.
We lov'd him; but like beasts
And coward nobles, gave way to your clusters,
Who did hoot him out o' th' city. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
My friend took his station among a cluster of mob, who
were making themselves merry with their betters. Addison.

To CLU’STER. v. n. [from the noun.] To grow in bunches;
to gather themselves into bunches, to congregate.
Forth flourish'd thick the clustering vine. Milt. Par. Lost.
Great father Bacchus to my song repair;
For clustering grapes are thy peculiar care. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
Or from the forest, falls the cluster'd snow,
Myriads of gems, that in the waving gleam
Gay-twinkle as they scatter. Thomson's Winter, l. 790.

To CLU’STER. v. a. To collect any thing into bodies.

CLUSTER-GRAPE. n. s. [from cluster and grape.]
The small black grape is by some called the currant, or
cluster-grape; which I reckon the forwardest of the black
sort. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CLU’STERY. adj. [from cluster.] Growing in clusters.

To CLUTCH. v. a. [Of uncertain etymology.]
1. To hold in the hand; to gripe; to grasp.
Is this a dagger I see before me,
The handle tow'rd my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
They,
Like moles within us, heave and cast about;
And, 'till they foot and clutch their prey,
They never cool. Herbert.
A man may set the poles together in his head, and clutch
the whole globe at one intellectual grasp. Collier on Thought.
2. To contract; to double the hand, so as to seize and hold
fast.
Not that I have the power to clutch my hand,
When his fair angels would salute my palm. Shak. K. John.

CLUTCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The gripe; grasp; seizure.
2. Generally, in the plural, the paws, the talons.
It was the hard fortune of a cock to fall into the clutches of
a cat. L'Estrange, Fab. ii.
3. Hands, in a sense of rapacity and cruelty.
Your greedy slav'ring to devour,
Before 'twas in your clutches pow'r. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.
Set up the covenant on crutches,
'Gainst those who have us in their clutches. Hudibras, p. iii.
I must have great leisure, and little care of myself, if I ever
more come near the clutches of such a giant. Stillingfleet.

A CLU’TTER. n. s. [See CLATTER.] A noise; a bustle;
a busy tumult; a hurry; a clamour. A low word.
He saw what a clutter there was with huge, over-grown
pots, pans, and spits. L'Estrange, Fab. 120.
The fav'rite child that just begins to prattle,
Is very humorsome, and makes great clutter,
'Till he has windows on his bread and butter. King.
Prithee, Tim, why all this clutter?
Why ever in these raging fits? Swift.

To CLU’TTER. v. n. [from the noun.] To make a noise, or
bustle.

A CLY’STER. n. s. [χλυϛὴϱ.] An injection into the anus.
If nature relieves by a diarrhæa, without sinking the
strength of the patient, it is not to be stopt, but promoted
gently by emollient clysters. Arbuthnot on Diet.

COA

To COACE’RVATE. v. a. [coacervo, Latin.] To heap up
together.
The collocation of the spirits in bodies, whether the spirits
be coacervate or diffused. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 846.

COACEBVA’TION. n. s. [from coacervate.] The act of heap­
ing, or state of being heaped together.
The fixing of it is the equal spreading of the tangible parts,
and the close coacervation of them. Bacon's Nat. History.

COACH. n. s. [coche, Fr. kotczy, among the Hungarians, by
whom this vehicle is said to have been invented. Minshew.]
A carriage of pleasure, or state, distinguished from a chariot
by having seats fronting each other.
Basilius attended for her in a coach, to carry her abroad to
see some sports. Sidney, b. ii.
A better would you fix?
Then give humility a coach and six. Pope's Essay on Man.
Suppose that last week my coach was within an inch of over­


turning in a smooth even way, and drawn by very gentle
horses. Swift.

To COACH. v. a. [from the noun.] To carry in a coach.
The needy poet sticks to all he meets,
Coach'd, carted, trod upon; now loose, now fast,
And carry'd off in some dog's tail at last. Pope's Dunciad.

COACH-BOX. n. s. [coach and box.] The seat on which the
driver of the coach sits.
Her father had two coachmen: when one was in the coach­
box, if the coach swung but the least to one side, she used
to shriek. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

COACH-HIRE. n. s. Money paid for the use of a hired coach.
You exclaim as loud as those that praise,
For scraps and coach-hire, a young noble's plays. Dryden.
My expences in coach-hire make no small article. Spectator.

COACH-HOUSE. n. s. [coach and house.] The house in which the
coach is kept from the weather.
Let him lie in the stable or the coach-house. Swift.

COACH-MAKER. n. s. [coach and maker.] The artificer whose
trade is to make coaches.
Her chariot is an empty hazel-nut,
Made by the joyner, Squirrel, or old Grub,
Time out of mind, the fairies coach-makers. Shakespeare.
Take care of your wheels: get a new sett bought, and
probably the coach-maker will consider you. Swift.

COACH-MAN. n. s. [coach and man.] The driver of a coach.
She commanded her trembling coachman to drive her chariot
near the body of her king. South.

To COA’CT. v. n. [from con and act.] To act together; to
act in concert.
But if I tell how these two did coact,
Shall I not lie in publishing a truth? Shakespeare.

COA’CTION. n. s. [coactus, Lat.] Compulsion; force, either
restraining or impelling.
It had the passions in perfect subjection; and though its
command over them was persuasive and political, yet it had
the force of coaction, and despotical. South's Sermons.

COA’CTIVE. adj. [from coact.]
1. Having the force of restraining or impelling; compulsory;
restrictive.
The Levitical priests in the old law, never arrogated unto
themselves any temporal or coactive power. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Acting in concurrence. Obsolete.
Imagination,
With what's unreal thou coactive art. Shakep. Winter's Tale.

COADJU’MENT. n. s. [from con and adjumentum, Latin.] Mu­
tual assistance. Dict.

COADJU’TANT. n. s. [from con and adjuto.] Helping; co­
operating.
Thracius coadjutant, and the roar
Of fierce Euroclydon. Philips.

COADJU’TOR. n. s. [from con and adjutor, Latin.]
1. A fellow-helper; an assistant; an associate; one engaged in
the assistance of another.
I should not succeed in a project, whereof I have had no
hint from my predecessors the poets, or their seconds or coad­
jutors the criticks. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
Away the friendly coadjutor flies. Garth's Dispensary.
A gownman of a different make,
Whom Pallas, once Vanessa's tutor,
Had fix'd on for her coadjutor. Swift.
2. In the canon law, one who is empowered or appointed to
perform the duties of another.
A bishop that is unprofitable to his diocese ought to be de­
posed, and no coadjutor assigned him. Ayliffes Parergon.

COADJU’VANCY. n. s. [from con and adjuvo, Lat.] Help; con­
current help; contribution of help; co-operation.
Crystal is a mineral body, in the difference of stones, made
of a lentous percolation of earth, drawn from the most pure
and limpid juice thereof, owing to the coldness of the earth
some concurrence and coadjuvancy, but not immediate deter­
mination and efficiency. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

COADUNI’TION. n. s. [from con, ad, unitio, Lat.] The con­
junction of different substances into one mass.
Bodies seem to have an intrinsick principle of, or corrup­
tion from, the coadunition of particles endued with contrary
qualities. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To COAGME’NT. v. a. [from con and agmen, Lat.] To
congregate or heap together. I have only found the participle
in use.
Had the world been coagmented from that supposed fortuitous
jumble, this hypothesis had been tolerable. Glanv. Sceps. c. 20.

COAGMENTA’TION. n. s. [from coagment.] Collection, or coa­
cervation into one mass; union; conjunction.
The third part rests in the well joining, cementing,
and coagmentation of words, when it is smooth, gentle, and
sweet. Benj. Johnson's Discoveries.

COA’GULABLE. adj. [from coagulate.] That which is capable
of concretion.
Stones that are rich in vitriol, being often drenched with
rain-water, the liquor will then extract a fine and transparent
substance, coagulable into vitriol. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

To COA’GULATE. v. a. [coagulo, Lat.] To force into con­
cretions; as, by the affusion of some other substance, to turn
milk.
Roasted in wrath and fire,
And thus o'ersized with coagulate gore. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Vivification ever consisteth in spirits attenuate, which the
cold doth congeal and coagulate. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 836.
Bitumen is found in lumps, or coagulated masses, in some
springs. Woodward's Natural History.
The milk in the stomach of calves, which is coagulated by
the runnet, is again dissolved and rendered fluid by the gall in
the duodenum. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To COA’GULATE. v. n. To run into concretions, or conge­
lations.
Spirit of wine commixed with milk, a third part spirit of
wine, and two parts milk, coagulateth little, but mingleth;
and the spirit swims not above. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
About the third part of the oil olive, which was driven over
into the receiver, did there coagulate into a whitish body, al­
most like butter. Boyle's History of Fluidity.

COAGULA’TION. n. s. [from coagulate.]
1. Concretion; congelation; the act of coagulating; the state
of being coagulated.
2. The body formed by coagulation.
As the substance of coagulations is not merely saline, no­
thing dissolves them but what penetrates and relaxes at the
same time. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

COA’GULATIVE. adj. [from coagulate.] That which has the
power of causing concretion, or coagulation.
And to manifest yet further the coagulative power of them,
we have sometimes in a minute arrested the fluidity of new
milk, and turned it into a curdled substance, only by dex­
terously mingling with it a few drops of good oil of vitriol.
Boyle's History of Firmness.

COAGULA’TOR. n. s. [from coagulate.] That which causes
coagulation.
Coagulators of the humours are those things which expel
the most fluid parts, as in the case of incrassating, or thick­
ening; and by those things which suck up some of the fluid
parts, as absorbents. Arbuthnot on Diet.

COAL. n. s. [col, Sax. kol, Germ. kole, Dut. kul, Danish.]
1. The common fossil fewel.
Coal is a black, sulphurous, inflammatory matter, dug out
of the earth, serving for fewel. It is ranked among the mi­
nerals, and is common in Europe, though the English coal is
of most repute. One species of pit-coal is called cannel, or
canole coal, which is found in the northern counties; and is
hard, glossy and light, apt to cleave into thin flakes, and,
when kindled, yields a continual blaze 'till it be burnt out.
Chambers.
Coals are solid, dry, opake, inflammable substances, found
in large strata, splitting horizontally more easily than in any
other direction; of a glossy hue, soft and friable, not fusible,
but easily inflammable, and leaving a large residuum of ashes.
Hill on Fossils.
But age, enforc'd, falls by her own consent;
As coals to ashes, when the spirit's spent. Denham.
We shall meet with the same mineral lodged in coals, that
elsewhere we found in marle. Woodward's Nat. History.
2. The cinder of burnt wood, charcoal.
Whatsoever doth so alter a body, as it returneth not again
to that it was, may be called alteratio major; as when cheese
is made of curds, or coals of wood, or bricks of earth. Bacon.
3. Fire; any thing inflamed or ignited.
You are no surer, no,
Than is the coal of fire upon the ice,
Or hailstones in the sun. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The rage of jealousy then fir'd his soul,
And his face kindled like a burning coal. Dryd. Fables.
You
Have blown this coal betwixt my lord and me. Sh. H. VIII.

To COAL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To burn wood to charcoal.
Add the tinner's care and cost, in buying the wood for this
service, felling, framing, and piling it to be burnt; in fetch­
ing the same when it is coaled, through such far, foul, and
cumbersome ways. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
2. To delineate with a coal.
Marvailing, he coaled out rhimes upon the wall, near
to the picture. Camden's Remains.

COAL-BLACK. adj. [coal and black.] Black in the highest de­
gree; of the colour of a coal.
As burning Ætna, from his boiling stew,
Doth belch out flames, and rocks in pieces broke,
And ragged ribs of mountains molten new,
Enwrapt in coal-black clouds and filthy smoak. Fairy Queen.
Ethiopians and negroes become coal-black from fuliginous
efflorescencies, and complectional tinctures. Brown's Vul. Err.
Coal-black his colour, but like jet it shone;
His legs and flowing tail were white alone. Dryden.

COAL-BOX. n. s. [coal and box.] A box to carry coals to the
fire.


Leave a pail of dirty water, a coal-box, a bottle, a broom,
and such other unsightly things. Swift.

COAL-MINE. n. s. [coal and mine.] A mine in which coals are
dug; a coal-pit.
Springs are injurious to land, that flow from coalmines.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

COAL-PIT. n. s. [from coal and pit.] A pit made in the earth,
generally to a great depth, for digging coals.
A leaf of the polypody kind, found in the sinking of a
coalpit. Woodward on Fossils.

COAL-STONE. n. s. [coal and stone.] A sort of cannel coal.
See COAL.
Coal-stone flames easily, and burns freely; but holds and en­
dures the fire much longer than coal. Woodward on Fossils.

COAL-WORK. n. s. [coal and work.] A coalery; a place where
coals are found.
There is a vast treasure in the old English, from whence
authors may draw constant supplies; as our officers make their
surest remits from the coal-works and the mines. Felton.

CO’ALERY. n. s. [from coal.] A place where coals are dug.
Two fine stalactitæ were found hanging from a black stone,
at a deserted vault in Benwell coalery. Woodward on Fossils.

To COALE’SCE. v. n. [coalesco, Latin.]
1. To unite in masses by a spontaneous approximation to each
other.
When vapours are raised, they hinder not the transparency
of the air, being divided into parts too small to cause any re­
flection in their superficies; but when they begin to coalesce,
and constitute globules, those globules become of a convenient
size to reflect some colours. Newton's Opt.
2. To grow together; to join.

COALE’SCENCE. n. s. [from coalesce.] The act of coalescing;
concretion; union.

COALI’TION. n. s. [from coalesco coalitum, Latin.] Union in
one mass or body; conjunction of separate parts in one
whole.
The world's a mass of heterogeneous consistences, and every
part thereof a coalition of distinguishable varieties. Glanv. Sceps.
In the first coalition of a people, their prospect is not great:
they provide laws for their present exigence and convenience.
Hale's Common Law of England.
'Tis necessary that these squandered atoms should convene
and unite into great masses: without such a coalition the chaos
must have reigned to all eternity. Bentley.

CO’ALY. adj. [from coal.] Containing coal.
Or coaly Tine, or ancient hallow'd Dee. Milton.

COAPTA’TION. n. s. [from con and apto, Lat.] The adjust­
ment of parts to each other.
In a clock the hand is moved upon the dial, the bell is
struck, and the other actions belonging to the engine are per­
formed by virtue of the size, shape, bigness, and coaptation of
the several parts. Boyle's Scep. Chym.
The same method makes both prose and verse beautiful,
which consists in the judicious coaptation and ranging of the
words. Broome on the Odyssey.

To COA’RCT. v. a. [coarcto, Latin.]
1. To straighten; to confine into a narrow compass.
2. To contract power.
If a man coarcts himself to the extremity of an act, he must
blame and impute it to himself, that he has thus coarcted or
straightened himself so far. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COARCTA’TION. n. s. [from coarct.]
1. Confinement; restraint to a narrow space.
The greatest winds, if they have no coarctation, or blow
not hollow, give an interiour sound. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. Contraction of any space.
Straighten the artery never so much, provided the sides of it
do not meet, the vessel will continue to beat below, or be­
yond the coarctation. Ray on the Creation.
3. Restraint of liberty.
Election is opposed not only to coaction, but also to co­
arctation, or determination to one. Bramh. against Hobbs.

COARSE. adj. 
1. Not refined; not separated from impurities or baser parts.
I feel
Of what coarse metal ye are molded. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. Not soft or fine: used of cloath, of which the threads are
large.
3. Rude; uncivil; rough of manners.
4. Gross; not delicate.
'Tis not the coarser tye of human law
That binds their peace. Thomson's Spring.
5. Inelegant; rude; unpolished.
Praise of Virgil is against myself, for presuming to copy,
in my coarse English, his beautiful expressions. Dryd. Æn.
6. Unaccomplished; unfinished by art or education.
Practical rules may be useful to such as are remote from
advice, and to coarse practitioners, which they are obliged to
make use of. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
7. Mean; not nice; not elegant; vile.
Ill consort, and a coarse perfume,
Disgrace the delicacy of a feast. Roscommon.
A coarse and useless dunghill weed,
Fix'd to one spot, to rot just as it grows. Otway's Orphan.
From this coarse mixture of terrestrial parts,
Desire and fear by turns possess their hearts. Dryden's Æn.

CO’ARSELY. adv. [from coarse.]
1. Without fineness; without refinement.
2. Meanly; not elegantly.
John came neither eating nor drinking, but fared coarsely
and poorly, according to the apparel he wore. Br. Vul. Err.
3. Rudely; not civilly.
The good cannot be too much honoured, nor the bad too
coarsely used. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
4. Inelegantly.
Be pleased to accept the rudiments of Virgil's poetry,
coarsely translated; but which yet retains some beauties of the
author. Dryden's Virgil, Dedication.

CO’ARSENESS. n. s. [from coarse.]
1. Impurity; unrefined state.
First know the materials whereof the glass is made; then
consider what the reason is of the coarseness or dearness. Baton.
2. Roughness; want of fineness.
3. Grossness; want of delicacy.
'Tis with friends (pardon the coarseness of the illustration)
as with dogs in couples; they should be of the same size.
L'Estrange, Fable 25.
4. Roughness; rudeness of manners.
A base wild olive he remains;
The shrub the coarseness of the clown retains. Garth's Ovid.
5. Meanness; want of nicety.
Consider the penuriousness of the Hollanders, the coarseness
of their food and raiment, and their little indulgences of plea­
sure. Addison on the War.

COAST. n. s. [coste, Fr. costa, Latin.]
1. The edge or margin of the land next the sea; the shore.
It is not used for the banks of less waters.
He sees in English ships the Holland coast. Dryden.
2. It seems to be taken by Newton for side, like the French coste.
Some kind of virtue, lodged in some sides of the crystal,
inclines and bends the rays towards the coast, of unusual re­
fraction; otherwise the rays would not be refracted towards
that coast rather than any other coast, both at their incidence
and at their emergence, so as to emerge by a contrary situa­
tion of the coast. Newton's Opt.
3. The COAST is clear. A proverbial expression. The danger
is over; the enemies have marched off.
Going out, and seeing that the coast was clear, Zelmane
dismissed Musidorus. Sidney.
The royal spy, when now the coast was clear,
Sought not the garden, but retir'd unseen. Dryden.

To COAST. v. n. [from the noun.] To sail close by the coast;
to sail within sight of land.
But steer my vessel with a steady hand,
And coast along the shore in sight of land. Dryden's Virgil.
The antients coasted only in their navigation, seldom taking
the open sea. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To COAST. v. a. To sail by; to sail near to.
Nearchus, the admiral of Alexander, not knowing the
compass, was fain to coast that shore. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
The greatest entertainment we found in coasting it, were
the several prospects of woods, vineyards, meadows, and corn­
fields which lie on the borders of it. Addison on Italy.

CO’ASTER. n. s. [from coast.] He that sails timorously near
the shore.
In our small skiff we must not launch too far;
We here but coasters, not discov'rers are. Dryd. Tyran. Love.

COAT. n. s. [cotte, Fr. cotta, Italian.]
1. The upper garment.
He was armed with a coat of mail, and the weight of the
coat was five thousand shekels of brass. 1 Sam. xvi. 5.
The coat of many colours they brought to their father, and
said, this have we found: know now whether it be thy son's
coat or no. Gen. xxxvii. 30.
2. Petticoat; the habit of a boy in his infancy; the lower part
of a woman's dress.
A friend's younger son, a child in coats, was not easily
brought to his book. Locke.
3. The habit or vesture, as demonstrative of the office.
For his intermeddling with arms, he is the more excuseable,
because many of his coat, in those times, are not only martial
directors, but commanders. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
Men of his coat should be minding their pray'rs,
And not among ladies, to give themselves airs. Swift.
4. The hair or fur of a beast; the covering of any animal.
He clad
Their nakedness with skins of beasts; or slain,
Or, as the snake, with youthful coat repaid;
And thought not much to clothe his enemies. Milton.
Give your horse some powder of brimstone in his oats, and
it will make his coat lie fine. Mortimer's Husbandry.
You have given us milk
In luscious streams, and lent us your own coat
Against the winter's cold. Thomson's Spring.


5. Any tegument; tunick; or covering.
The eye is defended with four coats or skins. Peacham.
The optick nerves have their medullary parts terminating
in the brain, their teguments terminating in the coats of the
eye. Derham's Physico-Theology.
Amber is a nodule, invested with a coat, called rock-amber.
Woodward on Fossils.
6. That on which the ensigns armorial are portrayed.
The herald of love's mighty king,
In whose coat armour richly are display'd
All sorts of flowers the which on earth do spring. Spenser.
Cropp'd are the flower-de-luces in your arms;
Of England's coat one half is cut away. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
At each trumpet was a banner bound,
Which, waving in the wind, display'd at large
Their master's coat of arms and knightly charge. Dryden.

To COAT. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover; to invest; to
overspread: as, to coat a retort; to coat a ceiling.

To COAX. v. a. To wheedle; to flatter; to humour. A
low word.
The nurse had changed her note; for she was then muz­
zling and coaxing the child; that's a good dear, says she.
L'Estrange.
I coax! I wheedle! I'm above it. Farquhar's Recr. Officer.

COAXER. n. s. [from the verb.] A wheedler; a flatterer.

COB

COB. A word often used in the composition of low terms;
corrupted from cop, Sax. kopf, Germ. the head or top.

COB. n. s. A sort of sea-fowl; called also sea-cob. Philips.

CO’BALT. n. s. A marcasite frequent in Saxony.
Cobalt is plentifully impregnated with arsenick; contains
copper and some silver. Being sublimed, the flores are of a blue
colour: these German mineralists call zaffir. Woodward.
Cobalt is a dense, compact, and ponderous mineral, very
bright and shining, and much resembling some of the anti­
monial ores. It is found in Germany, Saxony, Bohemia, and
England; but ours is a poor kind. From cobalt are pro­
duced the three sorts of arsenick, white, yellow, and red; as
also zaffre and smalt. Hill on Fossils.

To CO’BBLE. v. a. [kobler, Danish.]
1. To mend any thing coarsely: used generally of shoes.
If you be out, sir, I can mend you — Why, sir, cobble
you. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
They'll sit by th' fire, and presume to know
What's done i' th' capitol; making parties strong,
And feeble such as stand not in their liking,
Below their cobbled shoes. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Many underlayers, when they could not live upon their
trade, have raised themselves from cobbling to fluxing. L'Estr.
2. To do or make any thing clumsily, or unhandily.
Reject the nauseous praises of the times:
Give thy base poets back their cobbled rhimes. Dryden.
Believe not that the whole universe is mere bungling and
blundering, nothing effected for any purpose or design, but all
ill favouredly cobbled and jumbled together. Bentley.

CO’BBLER. n. s. [from cobble.]
1. A mender of old shoes.
Not many years ago it happened that a cobbler had the
casting vote for the life of a criminal. Addison on Italy.
2. A clumsy workman in general.
What trade are you?—
Truly, sir, in respect of a fine workman, I am but, as you
would say, a cobbler. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
3. In a kind of proverbial sense, any mean person.
Think you the great prerogative t' enjoy
Of doing ill, by virtue of that race;
As if what we esteem in cobblers base,
Would the high family of Brutus grace. Dryd. Juv.

CO’BIRONS. n. s. [cob and iron.] Irons with a knob at the
upper end.
The implements of the kitchen; as spits, ranges, cobirons,
and pots. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

COBI’SHOP. n. s. [con and bishop.] A coadjutant bishop.
Valerius, advanced in years, and a Grecian by birth, not
qualified to preach in the Latin tongue, made use of Austin as
a cobishop, for the benefit of the church of Hippo. Ayliffe.

CO’BNUT. n. s. [cob and nut.]
1.  See HAZEL, of which it is a species.
2. A boy's game; the conquering nut.

CO’BSWAN. n. s. [cob, head, and swan.] The head or leading
swan.
I'm not taken
With a cobswan, or a high-mounting bull,
As foolish Leda and Europa were. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

CO’BWEB. n. s. [kopweb, Dutch.]
1. The web or net of a spider.
The luckless Clarion,
With violent swift flight, forth carried
Into the cursed cobweb, which his foe
Had framed for his final overthrow. Spenser.
Is supper ready, the house trimmed, rushes strewed, and
cobwebs swept. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The spider went into the house of a burgher, and fell pre­
sently to her net-work of drawing cobwebs up and down.
L'Estrange's Fables.
2. Any snare, or trap; implying insidiousness and weakness.
For he a rope of sand could twist,
As tough as learned Sorbonist;
And weave fine cobwebs fit for scull
That's empty, when the moon is full. Hudibras, p. ii.
Chronology at best is but a cobweb law, and he broke
through it with his weight. Dryden's Dedicat. Æn.
Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies; but
let wasps and hornets break through. Swift.

COC

CO’COA. n. s. See CACAO.

COCCI’FEROUS. adj. [from ϰοϰϰὸς, and fero, Lat.] All plants or
trees are so called that have berries. Quincy.

CO’CHINEAL. n. s. [cochinilla, Span. a woodlouse.]
An insect gathered upon the opuntia, and dried; from
which a beautiful red colour is extracted. Hill.

CO’CHLEARY. adj. [from cochlea, Lat. a screw.] Screwform;
in the form of a screw.
That at St. Dennis, near Paris, hath wreathy spires, and
cochleary turnings about it, which agreeth with the description
of the unicorn's horn in Ælian. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CO’CHLEATED. adj. [from cochlea, Lat.] Of a screwed or tur­
binated form.
Two pieces of stone, struck forth of the cavity of the
umbilici of shells, of the same sort with the foregoing: they
are of a cochleated figure. Woodward on Fossils.

COCK. n. s. [cocc, Saxon; coq, French.]
1. The male to the hen; a domestick fowl, remarkable for his
gallantry, pride, and courage.
Cocks have great combs and spurs; hens, little or none.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 85.
True cocks o' th' game,
That never ask for what, or whom, they fight;
But turn 'em out, and shew 'em but a foe,
Cry liberty, and that's a cause of quarrel. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
The careful hen
Calls all her chirping family around,
Fed and defended by the fearless cock. Thomson's Spring.
2. The male of any small birds.
He was confirmed in this by observing, that calves and
philosophers, tygers and statesmen, cock sparrows and coquets,
exactly resemble one another in the formation of the pineal
gland. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
3. The weathercock, that shews the direction of the wind by
turning.
You cataracts and hurricanoes spout,
'Till you have drench'd our steeples, drown'd the cocks!
Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. A spout to let out water at will, by turning the stop.
When every room
Hath blaz'd with lights, and bray'd with minstrelsy,
I have retir'd me to a wasteful cock,
And set mine eyes at flow. Shakespeare's Timon.
It were good there were a little cock made in the belly of
the upper glass. Bacon's Natural History, No. 16.
Thus the small jett, which hasty hands unlock,
Spirts in the gard'ner's eyes who turns the cock. Pope's Dunc.
5. The notch of an arrow.
6. The part of the lock of a gun that strikes with the flint. [From
cocca, Ital. the notch of an arrow. Skinner. Perhaps from
the action, like that of a cock pecking.]
With hasty rage he snatch'd
His gunshot, that in holsters watch'd,
And bending cock, he levell'd full
Against th' outside of Talgol's skull. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
A seven-shot gun carries powder and bullets for seven
charges and discharges. Under the breech of the barrel is one
box for the powder; a little before the lock another for the
bullets; behind the cock a charger, which carries the powder
from the box to a funnel at the further end of the lock. Grew.
7. A conquerour; a leader; a governing man.
Sir Andrew is grown the cock of the club since he left us.
Addison's Spectator, No. 130.
My schoolmaster call'd me a dunce and a fool;
But at cuffs I was always the cock of the school. Swift.
8. Cockcrowing; a note of the time in a morning.
We were carousing 'till the second cock. Shakes. Macbeth.
He begins at curfew, and goes 'till the first cock. Shakesp.
9. A cockboat; a small boat.
They take view of all sized cocks, barges, and fisherboats
hovering on the coast. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
The fishermen that walk upon the beach,
Appear like mice; and yond tall anchoring bark,
Diminish'd to her cock; her cock, a buoy,
Almost too small for fight. Shakesp. King Lear.
10. A small heap of hay. [Properly cop.]
As soon as the dew is off the ground spread the hay again,
and turn it, that it may wither on the other side: then handle
it, and, if you find it dry, make it up into cocks. Mortimer.
11.  The form of a hat. [From the comb of the cock.]
You may see many a smart rhetorician turning his hat


in his hands, moulding it into several different cocks.
Addison's Spectator, No. 408.
12. The style or gnomon of a dial. Chambers.
13. The needle of a balance.
14. Cock on the Hoop. Triumphant; exulting.
Now I am a frisker, all men on me look;
What should I do but set cock on the hoop? Camden's Remains.
You'll make a mutiny among my guests!
You will set cock a hoop! Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
For Hudibras, who thought h' had won
The field, as certain as a gun,
And having routed the whole troop,
With victory was cock a hoop. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.

To COCK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To set erect; to hold bolt upright, as a cock holds his head.
This is that muscle which performs the motion so often
mentioned by the Latin poets, when they talk of a man's
cocking his nose, or playing the rhinoceros. Addison's Spect.
Our Lightfoot barks, and cocks his ears;
O'er yonder stile see Lubberkin appears. Gay's Pastorals.
Dick would cock his nose in scorn,
But Tom was kind and loving. Swift.
2. To set up the hat with an air of petulance and pertness.
Dick, who thus long had passive sat,
Here strok'd his chin and cock'd his hat. Prior.
An alert young fellow cock'd his hat upon a friend of his
who entered. Addison's Spectator, No. 403.
3. To mould the form of the hat.
4. To fix the cock of a gun ready for a discharge.
Some of them holding up their pistols cocked, near the door
of the house, which they kept open. Dryd. Dedicat. Æn.
5. To raise hay in small heaps.
Sike mirth in May is meetest for to make,
Or summer shade, under the cocked hay. Spenser's Pastorals.

To COCK. v. n. 
1. To strut; to hold up the head, and look big, or menacing,
or pert.
Sir Fopling is a fool so nicely writ,
The ladies would mistake him for a wit;
And when he sings, talks loud, and cocks, would cry,
I vow, methinks, he's pretty company. Dryden.
Every one cocks and struts upon it, and pretends to over­
look us. Addison's Guardian, No. 108.
2. To train or use fighting cocks.
Cries out 'gainst cocking, since he cannot bet. B. Johnson.

COCK, in composition, signifies small or little.

COCKA’DE. n. s. [from cock.] A ribband worn in the hat.

A CO’CKATRICE. n. s. [from cock and atter, Sax, a serpent.]
A serpent supposed to rise from a cock's egg.
They will kill one another by the look, like cockatrices.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
This was the end of this little cockatrice of a king, that
was able to destroy those that did not espy him first. Bacon.
This cockatrice is soonest crushed in the shell; but, if it
grows, it turns to a serpent and a dragon. Taylor.
My wife! 'tis she, the very cockatrice! Congr. Old Batchelor.

CO’CKBOAT. n. s. [cock and boat.] A small boat belonging to
a ship.
That invincible armada, which having not so much as fired
a cottage of ours at land, nor taking a cockboat of ours at
sea, wandered through the wilderness of the northern seas.
Bacon on the War with Spain.
Did they, indeed, think it less dishonour to God to be like
a brute, or a plant, or a cockboat, than to be like a man?
Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idolatry.

CO’CKBROATH. n. s. Broath made by boiling a cock.
Diet upon spoon-meats; as veal or cockbroaths, prepared
with French barley. Harvey on Consumptions.

COCKCRO’WING. n. s. [cock and crow.] The time at which
cocks crow; the morning.
Ye know not when the master of the house cometh; at
even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morn­
ing. Mar. xiii. 35.

To CO’CKER. v. a. [coqueliner, French.] To cade; to fondle;
to indulge.
Most children's coustitutions are spoiled by cockering and
tenderness. Locke on Education, sect. 4.
He that will give his son sugar-plums to make him learn,
does but authorize his love of pleasure, and cocker up that pro­
pensity which he ought to subdue. Locke on Education, s. 52.
Bred a fondling and an heiress;
Cocker'd by the servants round,
Was too good to touch the ground. Swift.

CO’CKER. n. s. [from cock.] One who follows the sport of
cockfighting.

CO’CKEREL. n. s. [from cock.] A young cock.
Which of them first begins to crow?—
The old cock?—The cockerel. Shakespeare's Tempest.
What wilt thou be, young cockerel, when thy spurs
Are grown to sharpness? Dryden's Cleomenes.

CO’CKET. n. s. [Of uncertain derivation.]
A seal belonging to the king's customhouse: likewise a
scroll of parchment, sealed and delivered by the officers of
the customhouse to merchants, as a warrant that their mer­
chandize is entered. Cowel.
The greatest profit did arise by the cocket of hides; for wool
and woolfells were ever of little value in this kingdom. Davies.

CO’CKFIGHT. n. s. [cock and fight.] A battle or match of
cocks.
In cockfights, to make one cock more hardy, and the other
more cowardly. Bacon's Natural History, No. 990.
At the seasons of football and cockfighting, these little re­
publicks reassume their national hatred to each other. Addison.

CO’CKHORSE. [cock and horse.] On horseback; triumphant;
exulting.
Alma, they strenuously maintain,
Sits cockhorse on her throne the brain. Prior.

CO’CKLE. n. s. [coquille, French.] A small testaceous fish.
It is a cockle, or a walnut-shell. Shak. Tam. of Shrew.
We may, I think, from the make of an oyster, or cockle,
reasonably conclude, that it has not so many, nor so quick
senses, as a man. Locke.
Three common cockle shells, out of gravel pits. Woodward.

COCKLE-STAIRS. n. s. Winding or spiral stairs. Chambers.

CO’CKLE. n. s. [coccel, Saxon.] A weed that grows in corn.
The same with corn-rose; a species of POPPY.
In soothing them we nourish, 'gainst our senate,
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shakespeare.
Good seed degenerates, and oft' obeys
The soil's disease, and into cockle strays. Donne.

To CO’CKLE. v. a. [from cockle.] To contract into wrinkles
like the shell of a cockle.
Show'rs soon drench the camblet's cockled grain. Gay.

CO’CKLED. adj. [from cockle.] Shelled; or perhaps cochleate,
turbinated.
Love's feeling is more soft and sensible,
Than are the tender horns of cockled snails. Shakespeare.

CO’CKLOFT. n. s. [cock and loft.] The room over the garret,
in which fowls are supposed to roost.
If the lowest floors already burn,
Cocklofts and garrets soon will take their turn. Dryd. Juv.
My garrets, or rather my cocklofts indeed, are very indiffe­
rently furnished; but they are rooms to lay lumber in. Swift.

CO’CKMASTER. n. s. [cock and master.] One that breeds
game cocks.
A cockmaster bought a patridge, and turned it among the
fighting cocks. L'Estrange.

CO’CKMATCH. n. s. [cock and match.] Cockfight for a prize.
At the same time that the heads of parties preserve
towards one another an outward shew of good breeding, their
tools will not so much as mingle together at a cockmatch.
Addison's Spectator, No. 126.
Though quail-fighting is what is most taken notice of, they
had doubtless cockmatches also. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

CO’CKNEY. n. s. [A word of which the original is much con­
troverted. The French use an expression, Païs de cocaigne,
for a country of dainties.
Paris est pour un riche un Païs de cocaigne. Boileau.
Of this word they are not able to settle the original. It ap­
pears, whatever was its first ground, to be very ancient, being
mentioned in an old Normanno-Saxon poem:
Far in see by west Spayng,
Is a lond yhote cocayng.
On which Dr. Hickes has this remark:
Nunc coquin, coquine. Quæ olim apud Gallas otio, gulæ &
ventri deditos, ignavum, ignavam, desidiosum, desidiosam, seg­
nem significabant. Hinc urbanos utpote à rusticis laboribus ad
vitam sedentariam, & quasi desidiosam avocatos pagani nostri
olim cokaignes, quod nunc scribitur cockneys, vocabant. Et
poëta hic noster in monachos & moniales, ut segne genus
hominum, qui defidiæ dediti, ventri indulgebant, & coquinæ
amatores erant, malevolentissime invehitur, monasteria & mo­
nasticam vitam in descriptione terræ cockaineæ, parabolice
perstringens.]
1. A native of London, by way of contempt.
So the cockney did to the eels, when she put them i' th' pasty
alive. Shakesp. King Lear.
For who is such a cockney in his heart,
Proud of the plenty of the southern part,
To scorn that union, by which we may
Boast 'twas his countryman that writ this play. Dorset.
The cockney, travelling into the country, is surprized at
many common practices of rural affairs. Watts.
2. Any effeminate, ignorant, low, mean, despicable citizen.
I am afraid this great lubber, the world, will prove a
cockney. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

CO’CKPIT. n. s. [cock and pit.]
1. The area where cocks fight.
Can this cockpit hold
The vasty field of France? Shakesp. Henry V.
And now have I gained the cockpit of the western world,
and academy of arms, for many years. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
2. A place on the lower deck of a man of war, where are sub­
divisions for the purser, the surgeon, and his mates. Harris.



CO’CK’SCOMB. n. s. [cock and comb.] A plant. The same with
LONSEWORT, which see.

CO’CK’SHEAD. n. s. A plant, named also sainfoin.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose empalement
rises the pointal; which afterwards becomes a crested pod,
sometimes rough and full of seeds, shaped like a kidney. The
flowers grow in a thick spike. It is an abiding plant, and
esteemed one of the best sorts of fodder for cattle. Miller.

CO’CKSHUT. n. s. [from cock and shut.] The close of the even­
ing, at which time poultry go to roost.
Surrey and himself,
Much about cockshut time, from troop to troop,
Went through the army. Shakesp. Richard III.

CO’CKSPUR. n. s. [cock and spur.] Virginian hawthorn. A
species of MEDLAR, which see.
Its large and beautiful flowers are produced in great bunches
at the extremities of the branches; and its fruit, which is
ripe in autumn, makes a fine appearance, growing in great
clusters; and is esteemed good food for deer. Miller.

CO’CKSURE. [from cock and sure.] Confidently certain; with­
out fear or diffidence. A word of contempt.
We steal, as in a castle, cocksure. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
I thought myself cocksure of his horse, which he readily
promised me. Pope's Letters.

CO’CKSWAIN. n. s. [coggswaine, Saxon.] The officer who
has the command of the cockboat. Corruptly COXON.

CO’CKWEED. n. s. [from cock and weed.] The name of a plant,
called also DITTANDER, or Pepperwort, which see.

COCOA. n. s. [cacaotal, Span. and therefore more properly
written cacao.]
A species of palm-tree, cultivated in most of the inhabited
parts of the East and West Indies; but thought a native of
the Maldives. It is one of the most useful trees to the inha­
bitants of America. The bark of the nut is made into cor­
dage, and the shell into drinking bowls. The kernel of the
nut affords them a wholesome food, and the milk contained in
the shell a cooling liquor. The leaves of the trees are used
for thatching their houses, and are also wrought into baskets,
and most other things that are made of osiers in Europe.
Miller.
The cacao or chocolate nut is a fruit of an oblong figure,
much resembling a large olive in size and shape. It is com­
posed of a thin but hard and woody coat or skin, of a dark
blackish colour; and of a dry kernel, filling up its whole
cavity, fleshy, dry, firm, and fattish to the touch, of a dusky
colour, an agreeable smell, and a pleasant and peculiar taste.
It was unknown to us 'till the discovery of America, where
the natives not only drank the liquor made from the nuts, in
the manner we do chocolate, but also used them as money.
The tree is not very tall, but grows regularly, and is of a
beautiful form, especially when loaded with its fruit. Its stem
is of the thickness of a man's leg, and but a few feet in height;
its bark rough, and full of tubercles; and its leaves six or
eight inches long, half as much in breadth, and pointed at the
ends. The flowers stand on the branches, and even on the
trunk of the tree, in clusters, each having its own pedicle, an
inch and sometimes less in length: they are small, of a yel­
lowish colour, and are succeeded by the fruit, which is large
and oblong, resembling a cucumber, five, six, or eight inches
in length, and three or four in thickness; and, when fully
ripe, it is of a purple colour. Within the cavity of this fruit
are lodged the cocoa nuts, usually about thirty in number.
This tree flowers twice or three times in the year, and ripens
as many series of fruits. Hill's History of the Mat. Medica.
Amid' those orchards of the sun,
Give me to drain the cocoa's milky bowl,
And from the palm to draw its freshening wine. Thomson.

CO’CTILE. adj. [coctilis, Lat.] Made by baking, as a brick.

CO’CTION. n. s. [coctio, Lat.] The act of boiling.
The disease is sometimes attended with expectoration from
the lungs, and that is taken off by a coction and resolution of
the feverish matter, or terminates in suppurations or a gan­
grene. Arbuthnot on Diet.

COD

COD. n. s. A sea fish.

CO’DFISH. n. s. A sea fish.

COD. n. s. [codde, Saxon.] Any case or husk in which seeds
are lodged.
Thy corn thou there may'st safely sow,
Where in full cods last year rich pease did grow. May's Virg.
They let pease lie in small heaps as they are reaped, 'till they
find the hawm and cod dry. Motimer's Husbandry.

To COD. v. n. [from the noun.] To inclose in a cod.
All codded grain being a destroyer of weeds, an improver
of land, and a preparer of it for other crops. Mort. Husband.

CO’DDERS. n. s. [from cod.] Gatherers of pease. Dict.

CODE. n. s. [codex, Latin.]
1. A book.
2. A book of the civil law.
We find in the Theodosian and Justinian code the interest
of trade very well provided for. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Indentures, cov'nants, articles they draw,
Large as the fields themselves; and larger far
Than civil codes with all their glosses are. Pope's Sat.

CO’DICIL. n. s. [codicillus, Latin.] An appendage to a will.
The man suspects his lady's crying,
Was but to gain him to appoint her,
By codicil, a larger jointure. Prior.

CODI’LLE. n. s. [codille, Fr. codillo, Span.] A term at ombre,
when the game is won against the player.
She sees, and trembles at th' approaching ill,
Just in the jaws of ruin, and codille. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

To CO’DLE. v. a. [coquo coctulo, Lat. Skinner.] To parboil;
to soften by the heat of water.

CO’DLING. n. s. [from To codle.] An apple generally codled,
to be mixed with milk.
In July come gilliflowers of all varieties, early pears and
plums in fruit, gennitings and codlings. Bacon, Essay 47.
Their entertainment at the height,
In cream and codlings rev'ling with delight. King's Cookery.
He let it lie all winter in a gravel walk, south of a codling
hedge. Mortimer's Husbandry.
A codling, e're it went his lip in,
Wou'd strait become a golden pippin. Swift.

COE

COE’FFICACY. n. s. [con and efficacia, Lat.] The power of
several things acting together to produce an effect.
We cannot in general infer the efficacy of those stars, or
coefficacy particular in medications. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

COEFFI’CIENCY. n. s. [con and efficio, Latin.] Cooperation;
the state of acting together to some single end.
The managing and carrying on of this work, by the spirits
instrumental coefficiency, requires, that they be kept together,
without distinction or dissipation. Glanville's Sceps. Scient.

COEFFI’CIENT. n. s. [con and efficiens, Latin.]
1. That which unites its action with the action of another.
2. In algebra.
Such numbers, or given quantities, that are put before
letters, or unknown quantities, into which letters they are
supposed to be multiplied, and so do make a rectangle, or pro­
duct with the letters; as 4 a, b x, c xx; where 4 is the coeffi­
cient of 4 a; b of b x, and c of c xx. Chambers.
3. In fluxions.
The coefficient of any generating term (in fluxions) is the quan­
tity arising by the division of that term, by the generated
quantity. Chambers.

CO’ELIACK Passion. A diarrhæa, or flux, that arises from
the indigestion or putrefaction of food in the stomach
and bowels, whereby the aliment comes away little altered
from what it was when eaten, or changed like corrupted stink­
ing flesh. Quincy.

COE’MPTION. n. s. [coemptio, Lat.] The act of buying up
the whole quantity of any thing.
Monopolies and coemption of wares for resale, where they
are not restrained, are great means to enrich. Bacon's Essays.

COE’QUAL. adj. [from con and equalis, Lat.] Equal; being in
the same state with another.
Henry the fifth did sometime prophecy,
If once he came to be a cardinal,
He'll make his cap coequal with the crown. Shak. Hen. VI.

COEQUA’LITY. n. s. [from coequal.] The state of being equal.

To COE’RCE. v. a. [coerceo, Latin.] To restrain; to keep
in order by force.
Punishments are manifold, that they may coerce this profli­
gate sort. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COE’RCIBLE. adj. [from coerce.]
1. That may be restrained.
2. That ought to be restrained.

COE’RCION. n. s. [from coerce.] Penal restraint; check.
The coercion or execution of the sentence in ecclesiastical
courts, is only by excommunication of the person contuma­
cious. Hale's History of the Common Law.
Government has coercion and animadversion upon such as
neglect their duty; without which coercive power, all govern­
ment is toothless and precarious. South's Sermons.

COE’RCIVE. adj. [from coerce.]
1. That which has the power of laying restraint.
All things on the surface spread, are bound
By their coercive vigour to the ground! Blackmore.
2. That which has the authority of restraining by punishment.
For ministers to seek that themselves might have coercive
power over the church, would have been hardly construed.
Hooker, Preface.
The virtues of a magistrate or general, or a king, are pru­
dence, counsel, active fortitude, coercive power, awful com­
mand, and the exercise of magnanimity, as well as justice.
Dryden's Juv. Dedication.

COESSE’NTIAL. adj. [con and essentia, Latin.] Participating
of the same essence.
The Lord our God is but one God, in which indivisible
unity we adore the father, as being altogether of himself; we
glorify that consubstantial word which is the son; we bless
and magnify that coessential spirit eternally proceeding from
both, which is the holy ghost. Hooker, b. v. s. 51. 



COESSENTIA’LITY. n. s. [from coessential.] Participation of
the same essence.

COETA’NEOUS. adj. [con and ætas, Latin.]
1. Of the same age with another. Sometimes with to.
Eve was old as Adam, and Cain their son coetaneous unto
both. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.
Every fault hath some penal effects, coetaneous to the act.
Government of the Tongue, s. 6.
2. Sometimes with.
Through the body every member sustains another; and all
are coetaneous, because none can subsist alone. Bentley's Serm.

COETE’RNAL. adj. [con and æternus, Lat.] Equally eternal
with another.
Or of the eternal coeternal beam! Milton's Paradise Lost.

COETE’RNALLY. adv. [from coeternal.] In a state of equal
eternity with another.
Arius had already dishonoured his coeternally begotten son.
Hooker, b. v. s. 52.

COETE’RNITY. n. s. [from coeternal.] Having existence from
eternity equal with another eternal being.
The eternity of the son's generation, and his coeternity and
consubstantiality with the father, when he came down from
heaven, and was incarnate. Hammond's Fund.

COE’VAL. adj. [coævus, Latin.]
1. Of the same age.
Even his teeth and white, like a young flock,
Coeval, and new shorn, from the clear brook
Recent. Prior.
2. Of the same age with another, followed by with.
This religion cannot pretend to be coeval with mankind.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The monthly revolutions of the moon, or the diurnal of
the earth upon its own axis, by the very hypothesis are coequal
with the former. Bentley's Sermons.
Silence! coeval with eternity;
Thou wert, e're nature first began to be:
'Twas one vast nothing all, and all slept fast in thee. Pope.
3. Sometimes by to.
Although we had no monuments of religion ancienter than
idolatry, we have no reason to conclude, that idolatrous reli­
gion was coeval to mankind. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

COE’VAL. n. s. [from the adjective.] A contemporary.
As it were not enough to have outdone all your coevals in
wit, you will excel them in good nature. Pope.

COE’VOUS. adj. [coævus, Lat.] Of the same age.
Then it should not have been the first, as supposing some
other thing coevous to it. South's Sermons.

To COEXI’ST. v. n. [con and existo, Latin.]
1. To exist at the same time.
The three stars that coexist in heavenly constellations, are a
multitude of stars. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Of substances no one has any clear idea, farther than of
certain simple ideas coexisting together. Locke.
2. Followed by with.
It is sufficient that we have the idea of the length of any
regular periodical appearances, which we can in our minds
apply to duration, with which the motion or appearance ne­
ver coexisted. Locke.

COEXI’STENCE. n. s. [from coexist.]
1. Having existence at the same time with another.
The measuring of any duration, by some motion, depends
not on the real coexistence of that thing to that motion, or
any other periods of revolution. Locke.
2. More commonly followed by with.
We can demonstrate the being of God's eternal ideas, and
their coexistence with him. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 4. s. 24.

COEXI’STENT. adj. [from coexist.]
1. Having existence at the same time with another, with to.
To the measuring the duration of any thing by time, it is
not requisite that that thing should be coexistent to the motion
we measure by, or any other periodical revolution. Locke.
2. Sometimes with.
This proves no antecedent necessity, but coexistent with the
act. Bramh. Answer to Hobbs.
Time is taken for so much of infinite duration as is co­
existent with the motions of the great bodies of the universe.
Locke's Works.
All that one point is either future or past, and no parts
are coexistent or contemporary with it. Bentley's Sermons.

To COEXTE’ND. v. a. [con and extendo, Lat.] To extend
to the same space or duration with another.
Every motion is, in some sort, coextended with the body
moved. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 1.  s. 2.

COEXTE’NSION. n. s. [from coextend.] The act or state of ex­
tending to the same space or duration with another.
And though it be a spirit, yet I find it is no inconvenience
to have some analogy, at least of coextension, with my body.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

COF

CO’FFEE. n. s. [It is originally Arabick, pronounced
caheu by the Turks, and cahuah by the Arabs.] The tree is
a species of Arabick JESSAMINE, which see.
It is found to succeed as well in the Caribbee islands as in
their native place of growth: but whether the coffee produced
in the West Indies will prove as good as that from Mocha in
Arabia Felix, time will discover. The berry brought from
the Levant is most esteemed; and the berry, when ripe, is
found as hard as horn. Miller.
COFFEE also denotes a drink prepared from the berries,
very familiar in Europe for these eighty years, and among the
Turks for one hundred and fifty. Some refer the invention
of coffee to the Persians; from whom it was learned, in the
fifteenth century, by a mufti of Aden, a city near the mouth
of the Red Sea, where it soon came in vogue, and passed
from thence to Mecca, and from Arabia Felix to Cairo.
From Egypt the use of coffee advanced to Syria and Constan­
tinople. Thevenot, the traveller, was the first who brought
it into France; and a Greek servant, called Pasqua, brought
into England by Mr. Daniel Edwards, a Turky merchant, in
1652, to make his coffee, first set up the profession of
coffeeman, and introduced the drink among us; though some
say Dr. Harvey had used it before. Chambers.
They have in Turky a drink called coffee, made of a
berry of the same name, as black as soot, and of a strong
scent, but not aromatical; which they take, beaten into pow­
der, in water, as hot as they can drink it. This drink com­
forteth the brain and heart, and helpeth digestion. Bacon.
To part her time 'twixt reading and bohea,
Or o'er cold coffee trifle with the spoon. Pope.

CO’FFEEHOUSE. n. s. [coffee and house.] A house of entertain­
ment where coffee is sold, and the guests are supplied with
news papers.
At ten, from coffeehouse or play,
Returning, finishes the day. Prior.
It is a point they do not concern themselves about, farther
than perhaps as a subject in a coffeehouse. Swift.

CO’FFEEMAN. n. s. [coffee and man.] One that keeps a coffee­
house.
Consider your enemies the Lacedemonians; did ever you
hear that they preferred a coffeeman to Agesilaus? Addison.

CO’FFEEPOT. n. s. [coffee and pot.] The covered pot in which
coffee is boiled.

CO’FFER. n. s. [cofre, Saxon.]
1. A chest generally for keeping money.
Two iron coffers hung on either side,
With precious metal full as they could hold. Fairy Queen.
The lining of his coffers shall make coats
To deck our soldiers for these Irish wars. Shakesp. Rich. II.
If you destroy your governour that is wealthy, you must
chuse another, who will fill his coffers out of what is left. L'Estr.
2. Treasure.
He would discharge it without any burthen to the queen's
coffers, for honour sake. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
3. [In architecture.] A square depressure in each interval be­
tween the modillions of the Corinthian cornice, usually filled
with some enrichment. Chambers.
4. [In fortification.] A hollow lodgment across a dry moat,
from six to seven foot deep, and from sixteen to eighteen
broad; the upper part being made of pieces of timber, raised
two foot above the level of the moat; which little elevation
has hurdles laden with earth for its covering, and serves as a
parapet with embrasures. Chambers.

To CO’FFER. v. a. [from the noun.] To treasure up in chests.
Treasure, as a war might draw forth, so a peace succeeding
might coffer up. Bacon's Henry VII.

CO’FFERER of the King’s Houshold. n. s. A principal officer of
his majesty's court, next under the comptroller, that, in the
comptinghouse and elsewhere, hath a special oversight of other
officers of the houshold, for their good demeanour in their
offices. Cowel.

CO’FFIN. n. s. [cofin, French.]
1. The box or chest in which dead bodies are put into the
ground. It is used both of wood and other matter.
He went as if he had been the coffin that carried himself to
his sepulchre. Sidney, b. ii.
Not a flower sweet
On my black coffin let there be strown. Sh. Twelfth Night.
One fate they have,
The ship their coffin, and the sea their grave. Waller.
The joiner is fitting screws to your coffin. Swift.
2. A mould of paste for a pye.
3. A paper case, in form of a cone, used by grocers.
4. In farriery.
COFFIN of a horse, is the whole hoof of the foot above the
coronet, including the coffin bone. The coffin bone is a small
spongy bone, inclosed in the midst of the hoof, and possessing
the whole form of the foot. Farrier's Dict.

To CO’FFIN. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose in a coffin.
Would'st thou have laugh'd, had I come coffin'd home,
That weep'st to see me triumph? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Let me lie
In prison, and here be coffin'd, when I die. Donne.

CO’FFINMAKER. n. s. [coffin and maker.] One whose trade is
to make coffins.
Where will be your sextons, coffinmakers and plummers? Tatl.



COG

To COG. v. a. [A word of uncertain original, derived by Skin­
ner from coqueliner, French.]
1. To flatter; to wheedle; to sooth by adulatory speeches.
I'll mountebank their loves,
Cog their hearts from them, and come home belov'd
Of all the trades in Rome. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To obtrude by falsehood.
The outcry is, that I abuse his demonstration by a falsifica­
tion, by cogging in the word. Tillotson, Preface.
I have cogged in the word to serve my turn. Stillingfleet.
Fustian tragedies, or insipid comedies, have, by concerted
applauses, been cogged upon the town for masterpieces. Dennis.
3. To COG a die. To secure it, so as to direct its fall; to falsify.
But then my study was to cog the dice,
And dext'rously to throw the lucky fice. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
For guineas in other men's breeches,
Your gamesters will palm and will cog. Swift.
Ye gallants of Newgate, whose fingers are nice
In diving in pockets, or cogging of dice. Swift.

To COG. v. n. To lye; to wheedle.
Mrs. Ford, I cannot cog; I cannot prate, Mrs. Ford: now
shall I sin in my wish. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

COG. n. s. The tooth of a wheel, by which it acts upon
another wheel.

To COG. v. a. [from the noun.] To fix cogs in a wheel.

CO’GENCY. n. s. [from cogent.] Force; strength; power of
compelling; conviction.
Maxims and axioms, principles of science, because they are
self-evident, have been supposed innate; although nobody ever
shewed the foundation of their clearness and cogency. Locke.

CO’GENT. adj. [cogens, Latin.] Forcible; resistless; con­
vincing; powerful; having the power to compel conviction.
Such is the cogent force of nature. Prior.
They have contrived methods of deceit, one repugnant to
another, to evade, if possible, this most cogent proof of a
Deity. Bentley.

CO’GENTLY. adv. [from cogent.] With resistless force; forcibly;
so as to force conviction.
They forbid us to hearken to those proofs, as being weak
or fallacious, which our own existence, and the sensible parts
of the universe, offer so clearly and cogently to our thoughts.
Locke.

CO’GGER. n. s. [from To cog.] A flatterer; a wheedler.

CO’GGLESTONE. n. s. [cuogolo, Ital.] A little stone; a small
pebble. Skinner.

CO’GITABLE. adj. [from cogito, Lat.] That which may be
thought on; what may be the subject of thought.

To CO’GITATE. v. n. [cogito, Lat.] To think. Dict.

COGITA’TION. n. s. [cogitatio, Latin.]
1. Thought; the act of thinking.
Having their cogitations darkened, and being strangers from
the life of God, from the ignorance which is in them. Hooker.
A picture puts me in mind of a friend: the intention of
the mind in seeing, is carried to the object represented, which
is no more than simple cogitation, or apprehension of the per­
son. Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
This Descartes proves, that brutes have no cogitation, be­
cause they could never be brought to signify their thoughts by
any artificial signs. Ray on the Creation.
These powers of cogitation, and volition and sensation, are
neither inherent in matter as such, nor acquirable to matter by
any motion and modification of it. Bentley.
2. Purpose; reflection previous to action.
The king, perceiving that his desires were intemperate,
and his cogitations vast and irregular, began not to brook him
well. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Meditation.
On some great charge employ'd
He seem'd, or fixt in cogitation deep. Milt. Paradise Lost.

CO’GITATIVE. adj. [from cogito, Latin.]
1. Having the power of thought and reflection.
If these powers of cogitation and sensation are neither inhe­
rent in matter, nor acquirable to matter, they proceed from
some cogitative substance, which we call spirit and soul. Bentley.
2. Given to thought and deep meditation.
The earl had the closer and more reserved countenance,
being by nature more cogitative. Wotton.

COGNA’TION. n. s. [cognatio, Latin.]
1. Kindred; descent from the same original.
Two vices I shall mention, as being of near cognation to in­
gratitude, pride and hard-heartedness, or want of com­
passion. South's Sermons.
Let the criticks tell me what certain sense they could put
upon either of these four words, by their mere cognation with
each other. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Relation; participation of the same nature.
He induceth us to ascribe effects unto causes of no cog­
nation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11. 

COGNISE’E. n. s. [In law.] He to whom a fine in lands or
tenements is acknowledged. Cowel.

CO’GNISOUR. n. s. [In law.] Is he that passeth or acknow­
ledgeth a fine in lands or tenements to another. Cowel.

COGNI’TION. n. s. [cognitio, Latin.] Knowledge; complete
conviction.
I will not be myself nor have cognition
Of what I feel: I am all patience. Sh. Troil. and Cressida.
God, as he created all things, so is he beyond and in them
all, not only in power, as under his subjection, or in his pre­
sence, as in his cognition; but in their very essence, as in the
soul of their casualties. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.

CO’GNITIVE. adj. [from cognitus, Latin.] Having the power
of knowing.
Unless the understanding employ and exercise its cognitive
or apprehensive power about these terms, there can be no
actual apprehension of them. South's Sermons.

CO’GNIZABLE. adj. [cognoisable, French.]
1. That falls under judicial notice.
2. Proper to be tried, judged, or examined.
Some are merely of ecclesiastical cognizance, others of a
mixed nature, such as are cognizable both in the ecclesiastical
and secular courts. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CO’GNIZANCE. n. s. [connoisance, French.]
1. Judicial notice; trial; judicial authority.
It is worth the while, however, to consider how we may
discountenance and prevent those evils which the law can take
no cognizance of. L'Estrange.
Happiness or misery, in converse with others, depends upon
things which human laws can take no cognizance of. South.
The moral crime is completed, and there are only circum­
stances wanting to work it up for the cognizance of the law.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 6.
2. A badge, by which any one is known.
And at the king's going away the earl's servants stood, in a
seemly manner, in their livery coats, with cognizances, ranged
on both sides, and made the king a bow. Bacon's Henry VII.
These were the proper cognizances and coat-arms of the
tribes. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 10.

COGNO’MINAL. adj. [cognomen, Lat.] Having the same
name.
Nor do those animals more resemble the creatures on earth,
than they on earth the constellations which pass under animal
names in heaven; nor the dogfish at sea much more make
out the dog of the land, than his cognominal or namesake in the
heavens. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 24.

COGNOMINA’TION. n. s. [cognomen, Latin.]
1. A surname; the name of a family.
2. A name added from any accident or quality.
Pompey deserved the name great: Alexander, of the same
cognomination, was generalissimo of Greece. Brown's Vul. Err.

COGNO’SCENCE. n. s. [cognosco, Latin.] Knowledge; the
state or act of knowing. Dict.

COGNO’SCIBLE. adj. [cognosco, Latin.] That may be known;
being the object of knowledge.
The same that is said for the redundance of matters intelli­
gible and cognoscible in things natural, may be applied to things
artificial. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

COH

To COHA’BIT. v. n. [cohabito, Latin.]
1. To dwell with another in the same place.
The victorious Philistines were worsted by the captivated
ark, which foraged their country more than a conquering
army: they were not able to cohabit with that holy thing.
South's Sermons.
2. To live together as husband and wife.
He knew her not to be his own wife, and yet had a design
to cohabit with her as such. Fiddes's Sermons.

COHA’BITANT. n. s. [from cohabit.] An inhabitant of the
same place.
The oppressed Indians protest against that heaven where
the Spaniards are to be their cohabitants. Decay of Piety.

COHABITA’TION. n. s. [from cohabit.]
1. The act or state of inhabiting the same place with another.
2. The state of living together as married persons.
Which defect, though it could not evacuate a marriage after
cohabitation, and actual consummation, yet it was enough to
make void a contract. Bacon's Henry VII.
Monsieur Brumars, at one hundred and two years, died for
love of his wife, who was ninety-two at her death, after
seventy years cohabitation. Tatler, No. 56.

COHE’IR. n. s. [cohæres, Lat.] One of several among whom
an inheritance is divided.
Married persons, and widows and virgins, are all coheirs in
the inheritance of Jesus, if they live within the laws of their
estate. Taylor's Holy Living.

COHE’IRESS. n. s. [from coheir.] A woman who has an equal
share of an inheritance with other women.

To COHE’RE. v. n. [cohæreo, Latin.]
1. To stick together; to hold fast one to another, as parts of
the same body.
Two pieces of marble, having their surface exactly plain,
polite, and applied to each other in such a manner as to inter­
cept the air, do cohere firmly together as one. Woodward.
We find that the force, whereby bodies cohere, is very much
greater when they come to immediate contact, than when
they are at ever so small a finite distance. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.


None want a place for all their center found,
Hung to the goddess, and coher'd around;
Not closer, orb in orb conglob'd, are seen
The buzzing bees about their dusky queen. Pope's Dunciad.
2. To be well connected; to follow regularly in the order of
discourse.
3. To suit; to fit; to be fitted to.
Had time coher'd with place, or place with wishing. Shakes.
4. To agree.

COHE’RENCE. n. s. [cohærentia, Latin.]

COHE’RENCY. n. s. [cohærentia, Latin.]
1. That state of bodies in which their parts are joined toge­
ther, from what cause soever it proceeds, so that they re­
sist divulsion and separation; nor can be separated by the same
force by which they might be simply moved, or being only
laid upon one another, might be parted again. Quincy.
The weight or pressure of the air will not explain, nor can
be a cause of the coherence of the particles of air themselves.
Locke.
Matter is either fluid or solid; words that may comprehend
the middle degrees between extreme fixedness and coherency,
and the most rapid intestine motion. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Connection; dependency; the relation of parts or things one
to another.
It shall be no trouble to find each controversy's resting
place, and the coherence it hath with things, either on which
it dependeth, or which depend on it. Hooker, Preface.
Why between sermons and faith should there be ordinarily
that coherence, which causes have with their usual effects? Hooker.
3. The texture of a discourse, by which one part follows another
regularly and naturally.
4. Consistency in reasoning, or relating, so that one part of the
discourse does not destroy or contradict the rest.
Coherence of discourse, and a direct tendency of all the parts
of it to the argument in hand, are most eminently to be found
in him. Locke's Preface to St. Paul's Epistles.

COHE’RENT. adj. [cohærens, Latin.]
1. Sticking together, so as to resist separation.
By coagulating and diluting, that is, making their parts
more or less coherent. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Where all must full, or not coherent be;
And all that rises, rise in due degree. Pope's Essay on Man.
2. Suitable to something else; regularly adapted.
Instruct my daughter,
That time and place, with this deceit so lawful,
May prove coherent. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
3. Consistent; not contradictory to itself.
A coherent thinker, and a strict reasoner, is not to be made
at once by a set of rules. Watts's Logick.

COHE’SION. n. s. [from cohere.]
1. The act of sticking together.
Hard particles, heaped together, touch in a few points, and
must be separable by less force than breaks a solid particle,
whose parts touch in all the space between them, without any
pores or interstices to weaken their cohesion. Newton's Opt.
Solids and fluids differ in the degree of cohesion, which,
being increased, turns a fluid into a solid. Arbuth. on Aliments.
2. The state of union or inseparability.
What cause of their cohesion can you find?
What props support, what chains the fabrick bind. Blackm.
3. Connection; dependence.
In their tender years, ideas that have no natural cohesion,
come to be united in their heads. Locke.

COHE’SIVE. adj. [from cohere.] That has the power of stick­
ing to another, and of resisting separation.

COHE’SIVENESS. n. s. [from cohesive.] The quality of being
cohesive; the quality of resisting separation.

To COHI’BIT. v. a. [cohibeo, Lat.] To restrain; to hinder. Dict.

To CO’HOBATE. v. a. To pour the distilled liquor upon
the remaining matter, and distill it again.
The juices of an animal body are, as it were, cohobated,
being excreted and admitted again into the blood with the
fresh aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

COHOBA’TION. n. s. [from cohobate.] A returning any distilled
liquor again upon what it was drawn from, or upon fresh in­
gredients of the same kind, to have it the more impregnated
with their virtues. Quincy.
Cohobation is the pouring the liquor distilled from any thing
back upon the remaining matter, and distilling it again. Locke.
This oil, dulcified by cohobation with an aromatized spirit,
is of use to restore the digestive faculty. Grew's Musæum.

CO’HORT. n. s. [cohors, Latin.]
1. A troop of soldiers in the Roman armies, containing about
five hundred foot.
The Romans levied as many cohorts, companies, and en­
signs from hence as from any of their provinces. Camden.
2. In poetical language, a body of warriours.
Th' arch-angelic pow'r prepar'd
For swift descent; with him the cohort bright
Of watchful cherubim. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 127.
Here Churchill, not so prompt
To vaunt as fight, his hardy cohorts join'd
With Eugene. Philips's Blenheim.

COHORTA’TION. n. s. [cohortatio, Latin.] Encouragement by
words; incitement. Diet.

COI

COIF. n. s. [coeffe, French, from cofea, for cucufa, low
Latin.] The head-dress; a lady's cap; the serjeant's
cap.
The judges of the four circuits in Wales, although they
are not of the first magnitude, nor need be of the degree of
the coif, yet are they considerable. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
No less a man than a brother of the coif began his suit, be­
fore he had been a twelvemonth at the Temple. Addis. Spect.

CO’IFED. adj. [from coif.] Wearing a coif.

CO’IFFURE. n. s. [coeffure, French.] Head-dress.
I am highly pleased with the coiffure now in fashion, and
think it shews the good sense of the valuable part of the sex.
Addison's Spectator, No. 98.

COIGNE. n. s. [An Irish term, as it seems.]
Fitz Thomas of Desmond began that extortion of coigne
and livery, and pay; that is, he and his army took horse­
meat and man's-meat, and money, at pleasure. Davies on Irel.

COIGNE. n. s. [French.]
1. A corner.
2. A wooden wedge used by printers.

To COIL. v. a. [cueillir, French.] To gather into a narrow
compass; as to coil a rope, to wind it in a ring.
The lurking particles of air so expanding themselves, must
necessarily plump out the sides of the bladder, and so keep
them turgid, until the pressure of the air, that at first coiled
them, be re-admitted to do the same thing again. Boyle.

COIL. n. s. [kolleren, Germ.]
1. Tumult; turmoil; bustle; stir; hurry; confusion.
Who was so firm, so constant, that this coil
Would not infect his reason. Shakesp. Tempest.
You, mistress, all this coil is 'long of you. Shakespeare.
In that sleep of death what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. A rope wound into a ring.

COIN. n. s. [coigne, French.] A corner; any thing standing out
angularly; a square brick cut diagonally; called often quoin,
or quine.
No jutting frieze,
Buttrice, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
Hath made his pendant bed. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
See you yond' coin o' th' capitol, yond' corner stone? Shakes.

COIN. n. s. [by some imagined to come from cuneus, a wedge,
because metal is cut in wedges to be coined.]
1. Money stamped with a legal impression.
He gave Dametas a good sum of gold in ready coin, which
Menalcas had bequeathed. Sidney, b. i.
You have made
Your holy hat be stamp'd on the king's coin. Shak. H. VIII.
I cannot tell how the poets will succeed in the explication
of coins, to which they are generally very great strangers. Addis.
She now contracts her vast design,
And all her triumphs shrink into a coin. Pope.
2. Payment of any kind.
The loss of present advantage to flesh and blood, is repaid
in a nobler coin. Hammond's Fundamentals.

To COIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mint or stamp metals for money.
They cannot touch me for coining: I am the king himself.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
They never put in practice a thing so necessary as coined
money is. Peacham of Antiquities.
Tenants cannot coin rent just at quarter-day, but must ga­
ther it by degrees. Locke.
Can we be sure that this medal was really coined by an arti­
ficer, or is but a product of the soil from whence it was
taken. Bentley's Sermons.
2. To make or forge any thing, in an ill sense.
My lungs
Coin words 'till their decay, against those measles,
Which we disdain should tetter us. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Never coin a formal lye on't,
To make the knight o'ercome the giant. Hudibras, p. i.
Those motives induced Virgil to coin his fable. Dryden.
Some tale, some new pretence, he daily coin'd,
To sooth his sister, and delude her mind. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
A term is coined to make the conveyance easy. Atterbury.

CO’INAGE. n. s. [from coin.]
1. The act or practice of coining money.
The care of the coinage was committed to the inferior ma­
gistrates; and I don't find that they had a publick trial as
we solemnly practise in this country. Arbuthnot.
2. Coin; money; stamped and legitimated metal.
This is conceived to be a coinage of some Jews, in deri­
sion of Christians, who first began that portrait. Brown.
3. The charges of coining money.
4. Forgery; invention.
This is the very coinage of your brain;


This bodiless creation ecstacy
Is very cunning in. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To COINCI’DE. v. n. [coincido, Latin.]
1. To fall upon the same point; to meet in the same point.
If the equator and ecliptick had coincided, it would have
rendered the annual revolution of the earth quite useless.
Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
2. To concur; to be consistent with.
The rules of right judgment, and of good ratiocination,
often coincide with each other. Watts's Logick.

COI’NCIDENCE. n. s. [from coincide.]
1. The state of several bodies, or lines, falling upon the same
point.
An universal equilibrium, arising from the coincidence of in­
finite centers, can never be naturally acquired. Bentley's Serm.
2. Concurrence; consistency; tendency of many things to the
same end.
The very concurrence and coincidence of so many evidences
that contribute to the proof, carries with it a great weight.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. It is followed by with.
The coincidence of the planes of this rotation with one
another, and with the plane of the ecliptick, is very near the
truth. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

COI’NCIDENT. adj. [from coincide.]
1. Falling upon the same point.
These circles I viewed through a prism; and as I went from
them, they came nearer and nearer together, and at length
became coincident. Newt. Opt.
2. Concurrent; consistent; equivalent; tantamount.
Christianity teaches nothing but what is perfectly suitable
to and coincident with the ruling principles of a virtuous and
well inclined man. South's Sermons.
These words of our apostle are exactly coincident with that
controverted passage in his discourse to the Athenians. Bentley.

COINDICA’TION. n. s. [from con and indico, Latin.] Many
symptoms, betokening the same cause.

CO’INER. n. s. [from coin.]
1. A maker of money; a minter; a stamper of coin.
My father was I know not where
When I was stampt: some coiner with his tools
Made me a counterfeit. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
It is easy to find designs that never entered into the thoughts
of the sculptor or the coiner. Addison on ancient Medals.
There are only two patents referred to, both less advan­
tageous to the coiner than this of Wood. Swift.
2. A counterfeiter of the king's stamp; a maker of base money.
3. An inventor.
Dionysius, a Greek coiner of etymologies, is commended
by Athenæus. Camden's Remains.

To COJO’IN. v. n. [conjungo, Lat.] To join with another in
the same office.
Thou may'st cojoin with something, and thou dost,
And that beyond commission. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

CO’ISTRIL. n. s. A coward cock; a runaway.
He's a coward and a coistril, that will not drink to my
niece. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

COIT. n. s. [kote, a die, Dutch.] A thing thrown at a certain
mark. See QUOIT.
The time they wear out at coits, kayles, or the like idle
exercises. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

COI’TION. n. s. [coitio, Latin.]
1. Copulation; the act of generation.
I cannot but admire that philosophers should imagine frogs
to fall from the clouds, considering how openly they act their
coition, produce spawn, tadpoles and frogs. Ray on Creation.
He is not made productive of his kind, but by coition with
a female. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. s. 25.
2. The act by which two bodies come together.
By Gilbertus this motion is termed coition, not made by any
faculty attractive of one, but a syndrome and concourse of
each. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

COKE. n. s. [Perhaps from coquo, Skinner.] Fewel made by
burning pit-coal under earth, and quenching the cinders; as
charcoal is made with wood. It is frequently used in drying
malt.

COL

CO’LANDER. n. s. [colo, to strain, Lat.] A sieve either of hair,
twigs or metal, through which a mixture to be separated is
poured, and which retains the thicker parts.
Take a thick woven osiar colander,
Through which the pressed wines are strained clear. May.
All the viscera of the body are but as so many colanders to
separate several juices from the blood. Ray on the Creation.
The brains from nose and mouth, and either ear,
Came issuing forth, as through a colander
The curdled milk. Dryden.

COLA’TION. n. s. [from colo, Lat.] The art of filtering or
straining.

CO’LATURE. n. s. [from colo, Latin.]
1. The art of straining; filtration.
2. The matter strained.

CO’LBERTINE. n. s. A kind of lace worn by women.
Go, hang out an old frisoneer gorget, with a yard of yel­
low colbertine again. Congreve's Way of the World.

CO’LCOTHAR. n. s. A term in chymistry.
Colcothar is the dry substance which remains after distilla­
tion, but commonly meant of the caput mortuum of vitriol.
Quincy.
Colcothar, or vitriol burnt, though unto a redness, contain­
ing the fixed salt, will make good ink. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

COLD. adj. [cold, Saxon; kalt, German.]
1. Not hot; not warm; gelid; without warmth; without
heat.
The diet in the state of manhood ought to be solid; and
their chief drink water cold, because in such a state it has its
own natural spirit. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Chill; shivering; having sense of cold.
O noble English, that could entertain,
With half their force, the full power of France;
And let another half stand laughing by,
All out of work, and cold for action. Shakes. Henry V.
3. Having cold qualities; not volatile; not acrid.
Cold plants have a quicker perception of the heat of the
sun than the hot herbs; as a cold hand will sooner find a little
warmth than an hot. Bacon's Natural History, No. 577.
4. Unaffected; frigid; without passion; without zeal; without
concern; unactive; unconcerned.
There sprung up one kind of men, with whose zeal and
forwardness the rest being compared, were thought to be mar­
vellous cold and dull. Hooker, Preface, s. 8.
Infinite shall be made cold in religion, by your example,
that never were hurt by reading books. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Temp'rately proceed to what you would
Thus violently redress.——Sir, these cold ways,
That seem like prudent helps, are very poisonous. Shakesp.
New dated letters these,
Their cold intent, tenour and substance thus;
Here doth he wish his person, and his power,
The which he could not levy. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
We should not, when the blood was cold, have threatned
Our prisoners with the sword. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
To see a world in flames, and an host of angels in the
clouds, one must be much of a stoick to be a cold and uncon­
cerned spectator. Burnet's Preface to the Theory of the Earth.
No drum or trumpet needs
T' inspire the coward, or to warm the cold,
His voice, his sole appearance, makes them bold. Dryden.
O, thou hast touch'd me with thy sacred theme,
And my cold heart is kindled at thy flame. Rowe.
A man must be of a very cold or degenerate temper, whose
heart doth not burn within him in the midst of praise and ado­
ration. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
5. Unaffecting; unable to move the passions.
The rabble are pleased at the first entry of a disguise; but
the jest grows cold even with them too, when it comes on in
a second scene. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
6. Reserved; coy; not affectionate; not cordial; not friendly.
Let his knights have colder looks
Among you. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The commissioners grew more reserved and colder towards
each other. Clarendon, b. viii.
7. Chaste.
You may
Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty,
And yet seem cold, the time you may so hoodwink:
We've willing dames enough. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
8. Not welcome; not received with kindness or warmth of
affection.
My master's suit will be but cold,
Since she respects my mistress' love. Sh. Two Gent. of Verona.
9. Not hasty; not violent.
10. Not affecting the scent strongly.
She made it good
At the hedge corner, in the coldest fault. Shakespeare.
11.  Not having the scent strongly affected.
Smell this business with a sense as cold
As is a dead man's nose. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

COLD. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The cause of the sensation of cold; the privation of heat;
the figorifick power.
Fair lined slippers for the cold. Shakespeare.
Heat and cold are nature's two hands, whereby she chiefly
worketh: and heat we have in readiness, in respect of the fire;
but for cold we must stay 'till it cometh, or seek it in deep
caves, or high mountains; and when all is done, we cannot
obtain it in any great degree. Bacon's Natural History, No. 69.
2. The sensation of cold; coldness; chilness.
When she saw her lord prepar'd to part,
A deadly cold ran shiv'ring to her heart. Dryden's Fables.
3. A disease caused by cold; the obstruction of perspiration.
What disease hast thou?———
A whorson cold, sir; a cough. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. 2.


Let no ungentle cold destroy
All taste we have of heav'nly joy. Roscommon.
Those rains, so covering the earth, might providentially
contribute to the disruption of it, by stopping all the pores,
and all evaporation, which would make the vapours within
struggle violently, as we get a fever by a cold. Burnet.

CO’LDLY. adv. [from cold.]
1. Without heat.
2. Without concern; indifferently; negligently; without
warmth of temper or expression.
What England says, say briefly, gentle lord;
We coldly pause for thee. Shakespeare's King John.
Swift seem'd to wonder what he meant,
Nor would believe my lord had sent;
So never offer'd once to stir,
But coldly said, your servant, sir. Swift.

CO’LDNESS. n. s. [from cold.]
1. Want of heat; power of causing the sensation of cold.
He relates the excessive coldness of the water they met with
in summer in that icy region, where they were forced to
winter. Boyle's Experiments.
Such was the discord, which did first disperse
Form, order, beauty through the universe;
While driness moisture, coldness heat resists,
All that we have, and that we are subsists. Denham.
2. Unconcern; frigidity of temper; want of zeal; negligence;
disregard.
Divisions of religion are not only the farthest spread, be­
cause in religion all men presume themselves interested; but
they are also, for the most part, hotlier prosecuted: for as
much as coldness, which, in other contentions, may be thought
to proceed from moderation, is not in these so favourably
construed. Hooker, Dedicat.
If upon reading the admired passages in such authors, he
finds a coldness and indifference in his thoughts, he ought to
conclude, that he himself wants the faculty of discovering
them. Addison's Spectator, No. 409.
It betrayed itself at first in a sort of indifference and care­
lessness in all her actions, and coldness to her best friends.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
3. Coyness; want of kindness; want of passion.
Unhappy youth! how will thy coldness raise
Tempests and storms in his afflicted bosom! Addis. Cato.
Let ev'ry tongue its various censures chuse,
Absolve with coldness, or with spite accuse. Prior.
4. Chastity; exemption from vehement desire.
The silver stream her virgin coldness keeps,
For ever murmurs, and for ever weeps. Pope's Winds. For.

COLE. n. s. [cawl, Saxon.] A general name for all sorts of
CABBAGE, which see.

CO’LESEED. n. s. [from cole and seed.]
Where land is rank, it is not good to sow wheat after a
fallow; but coleseed or barley, or both, and then wheat.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

CO’LEWORT. n. s. [cawlwyrt, Sax.] See CABBAGE, of which
it is a species.
The decoction of coleworts is also commanded to bathe
them. Wiseman of an Erysipelas.
Next took the coleworts, which her husband got
From his own ground (a small well-water'd spot);
She strip'd the stalks of all their leaves; the best
She cull'd, and then with handy care she dress'd. Dryden.
How turnips hide their swelling heads below,
And how the closing coleworts upwards grow. Gay.

CO’LICK. n. s. [colicus, Latin.]
It strictly is a disorder of the colon; but loosely, any disor­
der of the stomach or bowels that is attended with pain.
There are four sorts: 1.  A bilious colick, which proceeds from
an abundance of acrimony or choler irritating the bowels, so
as to occasion continual gripes, and generally with a looseness;
and this is best managed with lenitives and emollients. 2. A
flatulent colick, which is pain in the bowels from flatus's and
wind, which distend them into unequal and unnatural capaci­
ties; and this is managed with carminatives and moderate
openers. 3. An hysterical colick, which arises from disorders
of the womb, and is communicated by consent of parts to
the bowels; and is to be treated with the ordinary hystericks.
4. A nervous colick, which is from convulsive spasms and con­
tortions of the guts themselves, from some disorders of the
spirits, or nervous fluid, in their component fibres; whereby
their capacities are in many places streightened, and sometimes
so as to occasion obstinate obstructions: this is best remedied
by brisk catharticks, joined with opiates and emollient dilu­
ters. There is also a species of this distemper which is com­
monly called the stone colick, by consent of parts, from the
irritation of the stone or gravel in the bladder or kidneys;
and this is most commonly to be treated by nephriticks and
oily diureticks, and is greatly assisted with the carminative
turpentine clysters. Quincy.
Colicks of infants proceed from acidity, and the air in the
aliment expanding itself, while the aliment ferments. Arbuth.

CO’LICK. adj. Affecting the bowels.
Intestine stone, and ulcer, colick pangs. Milton.

To COLLA’PSE. v. n. [co'labor, collapsus, Latin.] To fall to­
gether; to close so as that one side touches the other.
In consumptions and atrophy the liquids are exhausted, and
the sides of the canals collapse; therefore the attrition is in­
creased, and consequently the heat. Arbuthnot on Diet.

COLLA’PSION. n. s. [from collapse.]
1. The state of vessels closed.
2. The act of closing or collapsing.

CO’LLAR. n. s. [collare, Latin.]
1. A ring of metal put round the neck.
That's nothing, says the dog, but the fretting of my collar:
nay, says the wolf, if there be a collar in the case, I know
better things than to sell my liberty. L'Estrange, Fab. 68.
Ten brace and more of greyhounds,
With golden muzzles all their mouths were bound,
And collars of the same their neck surround. Dryden's Fab.
2. The part of the harness that is fastened about the horse's neck.
Her waggon-spokes made of long spinners legs,
The traces of the smallest spider's web,
The collars of the moonshine's watry beams. Shakespeare.
3. The part of the dress that surrounds the neck.
4. To slip the COLLAR. To get free; to escape; to disentangle
himself from any engagement or difficulty.
When as the ape him heard so much to talk
Of labour, that did from his liking baulk,
He would have slipt the collar handsomely. Hubberd's Tale.
5. A COLLAR of Brawn, is the quantity bound up in one
parcel.

CO’LLAR-BONE. n. s. [from collar and bone.] The clavicle; the
bones on each side of the neck.
A page riding behind the coach, fell down, bruised his face,
and broke his right collarbone. Wiseman's Surgery.

To CO’LLAR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To seize by the collar; to take by the throat.
2. To COLLAR beef, or other meat; to roll it up, and bind it
hard and close with a string or collar.

To COLLA’TE. v. a. [confero collatum, Latin.]
1. To compare one thing of the same kind with another.
Knowledge will be ever a wandering and indigested thing,
if it be but a commixture of a few notions that are at hand
and occur, and not excited from a sufficient number of instances,
and those well collated. Bacon's Natural History, No. 839.
They could not relinquish their Judaism, and embrace
Christianity, without considering, weighing, and collating both
religions. South.
2. To collate books; to examine if nothing be wanting.
3. With to. To place in an ecclesiastical benefice.
He thrust out the invader, and collated Amsdorf to the bene­
fice: Luther performed the consecration. Atterbury.
If a patron shall neglect to present unto a benefice, that has
been void above six months, the bishop may collate thereunto.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

COLLA’TERAL. adj. [con and latus, Latin.]
1. Side to side.
In his bright radiance and collateral light
Must I be comforted, not in his sphere. Shakespeare.
Thus saying, from his radiant seat he rose,
Of high collateral glory. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 86.
2. Running parallel.
3. Diffused on either side.
But man by number is to manifest
His single imperfection; and beget
Like of his like, his image multiply'd;
In unity defective, which requires
Collateral love, and dearest amity. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. In genealogy, those that stand in equal relation to some com­
mon ancestor.
The estate and inheritance of a person dying intestate, is,
by right of devolution, according to the civil law, given to
such as are allied to him ex latere, commonly stiled collaterals,
if there be no ascendants or descendants surviving at the time
of his death. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. Not direct; not immediate.
They shall hear and judge 'twixt you and me,
If by direct or by collateral hand
They find us touch'd, we will our kingdom give
To you in satisfaction. Shakespeare.
6. Concurrent.
All the force of the motive lies entirely within itself: it
receives no collateral strength from external considerations.
Atterbury's Sermons.

COLLA’TERALLY. adv. [from collateral.]
1. Side by side.
These pullies may be multiplied according to sundry dif­
ferent situations, not only when they are subordinate, but also
when they are placed collaterally. Wilkins.
2. Indirectly.
By asserting the scripture to be the canon of our faith, I
have created two enemies: the papists more directly, because
they have kept the scripture from us; and the fanaticks more


collaterally, because they have assumed what amounts to an
infallibility in the private spirit. Dryden.
3. In collateral relation.

COLLA’TION. n. s. [collatio, Latin.]
1. The act of conferring or bestowing; gift.
Neither are we to give thanks alone for the first collation of
these benefits, but also for their preservation. Ray on the Creat.
2. Comparison of one copy, or one thing of the same kind, with
another.
In the disquisition of truth, a ready fancy is of great use;
provided that collation doth its office. Grew's Cosmol. b. 21. 
I return you your Milton, which, upon collation, I find to
be revised and augmented in several places. Pope.
3. In Law.
Collation is the bestowing of a benefice, by the bishop that
hath it in his own gift or patronage; and differs from institu­
tion in this, that institution into a benefice is performed by
the bishop at the presentation of another who is patron, or
hath the patron's right for the time. Cowel.
Bishops should be placed by collation of the king under his
letters patent, without any precedent election or confirmation
ensuing. Hayward.
4. A repast.

COLLATI’TIOUS. adj. [collatitius, Lat.] Done by the contri­
bution of many. Dict.

COLLA’TOR. n. s. [from collate.]
1. One that compares copies, or manuscripts.
To read the titles they give an editor, or collator of a manu­
script, you would take him for the glory of letters. Addison.
2. One who presents to an ecclesiastical benefice.
A mandatory cannot interrupt an ordinary collator, 'till a
month is expired from the day of presentation. Ayliffe's Parerg.

To COLLA’UD. v. a. [collaudo, Lat.] To join in praising. Dict.

CO’LLEAGUE. n. s. [collega, Lat.] A partner in office or
employment. Anciently accented on the last syllable.
Easy it might be seen that I intend
Mercy colleague with justice, sending thee. Milton's P. Lost.
The regents, upon demise of the crown, would keep the
peace without colleagues. Swift.

To COLLE’AGUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To unite with.
Colleagued with this dream of his advantage,
He hath not fail'd to pester us with message,
Importing the surrender of those lands. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To COLLE’CT. v. a. [colligo collectum, Latin.]
1. To gather together; to bring into one place.
'Tis memory alone that enriches the mind, by preserving
what our labour and industry daily collect. Watts.
2. To draw many units, or numbers, into one sum.
Let a man collect into one sum as great a number as he
pleases, this multitude, how great soever, lessens not one jot
the power of adding to it. Locke.
3. To gain from observation.
The reverent care I bear unto my lord,
Made me collect these dangers in the duke. Shak. Hen. VI.
4. To infer as a consequence; to gather from premises.
How great the force of such an erroneous persuasion is, we
may collect from our Saviour's premonition to his disciples.
Decay of Piety.
They conclude they can have no idea of infinite space, be­
cause they can have no idea of infinite matter; which conse­
quence, I conceive, is very ill collected. Locke.
5. To COLLECT himself. To recover from surprise; to gain
command over his thoughts; to assemble his sentiments.
Be collected;
No more amazement. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Affrighted much,
I did in time collect myself, and thought
This was so, and no slumber. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Prosperity unexpected often maketh men careless and re­
miss; whereas they who receive a wound, become more
vigilant and collected. Hayward.

CO’LLECT. n. s. [collecta, low Lat.] A short comprehensive
prayer, used at the sacrament; any short prayer.
Then let your devotion be humbly to say over proper
collects. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

COLLECTA’NEOUS. adj. [collectaneus, Lat.] Gathered up to­
gether; collected; notes compiled from various books.

COLLE’CTIBLE. adj. [from collect.] That which may be ga­
thered from the premises by just consequence.
Whether thereby be meant Euphrates, is not collectible from
the following words. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 8.

COLLE’CTION. n. s. [from collect.]
1. The act of gathering together.
2. An assemblage; the things gathered.
No perjur'd knight desires to quit thy arms,
Fairest collection of thy sex's charms. Prior.
The gallery is hung with a numerous collection of pictures.
Addison on Italy.
3. The act of deducing consequences; ratiocination; discourse.
This sense is now scarce in use.
If once we descend unto probable collections, we are then in
the territory where free and arbitrary determinations, the ter­
ritory where human laws take place. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
4. A corollary; a consectary deduced from premises; de­
duction; consequence.
It should be a weak collection, if whereas we say, that when
Christ had overcome the sharpness of death, he then opened
the kingdom of Heaven to all believers; a thing in such sort
affirmed with circumstance, were taken as insinuating an op­
posite denial before that circumstance be accomplished. Hooker.
This label
Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
When she, from sundry arts, one skill doth draw;
Gath'ring from divers fights, one act of war;
From many cases like, one rule of law:
These her collections, not the senses are. Davies.

COLLECTI’TIOUS. adj. [collectitius, Lat.] Gathered up.

COLLE’CTIVE. adj. [from collect, collectif, French.]
1. Gathered into one mass; aggregated; accumulative.
A body collective, because it containeth a huge multitude.
Hooker, b. iii. sect. 81. 
The three forms of government differ only by the civil ad­
ministration being in the hands of one or two, called kings,
in a senate called the nobles, or in the people collective or re­
presentative, who may be called the commons. Swift.
The difference between a compound and a collective idea
is, that a compound idea unites things of a different kind;
but a collective idea, things of the same. Watts's Logick.
2. Employed in deducing consequences; argumentative.
Antiquity left unto us many falsities, controulable not only
by critical and collective reason, but contrary observations.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.
3. [In grammar.] A collective noun is a word which expresses
a multitude, though itself be singular; as a company; an
army.

COLLE’CTIVELY. adv. [from collective.] In a general mass; in
a body; not singly; not numbered by individuals; in the ag­
gregate; accumulatively; taken together; in a state of com­
bination or union.
Although we cannot be free from all sin collectively, in such
sort that no part thereof shall be found inherent in us, yet
distributively all great actual offences, as they offer themselves
one by one, both may and ought to be by all means avoided.
Hooker, b. v. sect. 48.
Singly and apart many of them are subject to exception,
yet collectively they make up a good moral evidence. Hale.
The other part of the water was condensed at the surface
of the earth, and sent forth collectively into standing springs
and rivers. Woodward's Natural History.

COLLE’CTOR. n. s. [collector, Latin.]
1. A gatherer; he that collects scattered things together.
The grandfather might be the first collector of them into a
body. Hale's Common Law of England.
Volumes, without any of the collector's own reflections.
Addison on Italy.
2. A tax-gatherer; a man employed in levying duties, or
tributes.
A great part of this treasure is now embezzled, lavished,
and feasted away by collectors, and other officers. Temple.
The commissions of the revenue are disposed of, and the
collectors are appointed by the commissioners. Swift.

COLLE’GATARY. n. s. [from con and legatum, a legacy, Latin.]
In the civil law, a person to whom is left a legacy in common
with one or more other persons. Chambers.

CO’LLEGE. n. s. [collegium, Latin.]
1. A community; a number of persons living by some common
rules.
On barbed steeds they rode in proud array,
Thick as the college of the bees in May. Dryden.
2. A society of men set apart for learning or religion.
He is return'd with his opinions, which
Have satisfied the king for his divorce,
Gather'd from all the famous colleges
Almost in Christendom. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
I would the college of the cardinals
Would chuse him pope, and carry him to Rome. Sh. H. VI.
This order or society is sometimes called Solomon's
house, and sometimes the college of the six days work. Bacon.
3. The house in which the collegians reside.
Huldah the prophetess dwelt in Jerusalem in the college.
2 Kings xxii. 14.
4. A college in foreign universities is a lecture read in publick.

COLLE’GIAL. adj. [from college.] Relating to a college; pos­
sessed by a college.

COLLE’GIAN. n. s. [from college.] An inhabitant of a college;
a member of a college.

COLLE’GIATE. adj. [collegiatus, low Latin.]
1. Containing a college; instituted after the manner of a college.
I wish that yourselves did well consider how opposite cer­
tain of your positions are unto the state of collegiate societies,
whereon the two universities consist. Hooker, Pref. sect. 8.
2. A collegiate church, was such as was built at a convenient
distance from the cathedral church, wherein a number of
presbyters were settled, and lived together in one congre­
gation. Ayliffe's Parergon.



COLLE’GIATE. n. s. [from college.] A member of a college;
a man bred in a college; an university man.
These are a kind of empiricks in poetry, who have got a
receipt to please; and no collegiate like them, for purging the
passions. Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.

CO’LLET. n. s. [Fr. from collum, Lat. the neck.]
1. Anciently something that went about the neck: sometimes
the neck.
2. That part of a ring in which the stone is set.
3. A term used by turners.

To COLLI’DE. v. a. [collido, Lat.] To strike against each
other; to beat, to dash, to knock together.
Scintillations are not the accension of air upon collision,
but inflammable efluencies from the bodies collided. Brown.

CO’LLIER. n. s. [from coal.]
1. A digger of coals; one that works in the coal-pits.
2. A coal-merchant; a dealer in coals.
I knew a nobleman a great grasier, a great timberman, a
great collier, and a great landman. Bacon, Essay 35.
3. A ship that carries coals.

CO’LLIERY. n. s. [from collier.]
1. The place where coals are dug.
2. The coal trade.

CO’LLIFLOWER. n. s. [from cawl, Sax. cabbage, and flower.]
See CAULIFLOWER and CABBAGE.

COLLIGA’TION. n. s. [colligatio, Lat.] A binding together.
These the midwife contriveth into a knot, whence that
tortuosity or nodosity, the navel, occasioned by the colligation
of vessels. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 5.

COLLIMA’TION. n. s. [from collimo, Lat.] The act of aiming
at a mark; aim. Dict.

COLLINEA’TION. n. s. [collineo, Lat.] The act of aiming.

CO’LLIQUABLE. adj. [from colliquate.] Easily dissolved; liable
to be melted.
The tender consistence renders it the more colliquable and
consumptive. Harvey on Consumptions.

COLLI’QUAMENT. n. s. [from colliquate.] The substance to
which any thing is reduced by being melted.

CO’LLIQUANT. adj. [from colliquate.] That which has the
power of melting or dissolving.

To CO’LLIQUATE. v. a. [colliqueo, Latin.] To melt; to
dissolve; to turn from solid to fluid.
The fire melted the glass, that made a great shew, after
what was colliquated had been removed from the fire. Boyle.
The fat of the kidneys is apt to be colliquated through a
great heat from within, and an ardent colliquative fever.
Harvey on Consumptions.

COLLIQUA’TION. n. s. [colliquatio, Latin.]
The melting of any thing whatsoever by heat, more parti­
cularly such a temperament or disposition of the animal fluids
as proceeds from a lax compages, and wherein they flow off
through the secretory glands, and particularly through those of
the skin, faster than they ought; which occasions fluxes of
many kinds, but mostly profuse, greasy, clammy sweats. Quincy.
From them proceed arefaction, colliquation, concoction, ma­
turation, and most effects of nature. Bacon's Nat. History.
Any kind of universal diminution and colliquation of the
body. Harvey on Consumptions.

COLLI’QUATIVE. adj. [from colliquate.] Melting; dissolvent.
A colliquative fever is such as is attended with a diarrhæa,
or profuse sweats, from too lax a contexture of the fluids.
Quincy.
It is a consequent of a burning colliquative fever, whereby
the humours, grease, fat, and flesh of the body are melted.
Harvey on Consumptions.

COLLIQUEFA’CTION. n. s. [colliquefacio, Latin.] The act of
melting together; reduction to one mass by fluxion in the
fire.
After the incorporation of metals by simple colliquefaction,
for the better discovering of the nature, and consents and dis­
sents of metals, it would be tried by incorporating of their
dissolutions. Bacon's Physical Remarks.

COLLI’SION. n. s. [from collisio, Latin.]
1. The act of striking two bodies together.
Or by collision of two bodies grind,
The air attrite to fire. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 1072.
The devil sometimes borrowed fire from the altar to con­
sume the votaries; and by the mutual collision of well-meant
zeal, set even orthodox Christians in a flame. Dec. of Piety.
The flint and the steel you may move apart as long as you
please; but it is the hitting and collision of them that must
make them strike fire. Bentley's Sermons.
2. The state of being struck together; a clash.
Then from the clashes between popes and kings,
Debate, like sparks from flint's collision, springs. Denham.

To CO’LLOCATE. v. a. [colloco, Latin.] To place; to
station.
If you desire to superinduce any virtue upon a person, take
the creature in which that virtue is most eminent: of that
creature take the parts wherein that virtue chiefly is collocate.
Bacon's Natural History.

COLLOCA’TION. n. s. [collocatio, Latin.]
1. The act of placing; disposition.
2. The state of being placed.
In the collocation of the spirits in bodies, the collocation is
equal or unequal; and the spirits are coacervate or diffused.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 846.

COLLOCU’TION. n. s. [collocutio, Latin.] Conference; conver­
sation.

To COLLO’GUE. v. n. [probably from colloquor, Latin.] To
wheedle; to flatter; to please with kind words. A low
word.

CO’LLOP. n. s. [It is derived by Minshew from coal and op, a
rasher broiled upon the coals; a carbonade.]
1. A small slice of meat.
Sweetbread and collops were with skewers prick'd
About the sides. Dryd. Fables.
A cook perhaps has mighty things profess'd;
Then sent up but two dishes nicely drest:
What signifies Scotch collops to a feast? King's Cookery.
2. A piece of any animal.
The lion is upon his death-bed: not an enemy that does
not apply for a collop of him. L'Estrange, Fable 14. Reflect.
3. In burlesque language, a child.
Come, sir page,
Look on me with your welkin eye, sweet villain,
Most dear'st, my collop. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Thou art a collop of my flesh,
And for thy sake I have shed many a tear. Shak. Hen. VI.

CO’LLOQUY. n. s. [colloquium, Latin.] Conference; conversa­
tion; alternate discourse; talk.
My earthly by his heav'nly over-power'd,
In that celestial colloquy sublime,
As with an object that excels the sense,
Dazzled, and spent, sunk down. Milton's Paradise Lost.
In retirement make frequent colloquies, or short discoursings,
between God and thy own soul. Taylor.

CO’LLOW. n. s. [More properly colly, from coal.]
Collow is the word by which they denote black grime of
burnt coals, or wood. Woodward on Fossils.

COLLU’CTANCY. n. s. [colluctor, Lat.] A tendency to contest;
opposition of nature.

COLLUCTA’TION. n. s. [colluctatio, Lat.] Contest; struggle;
contrariety; opposition; spite.
The thermæ, natural baths, or not springs, do not owe
their heat to any colluctation or effervescence of the mi­
nerals in them. Woodward's Natural History.

To COLLU’DE. v. n. [colludo, Lat.] To conspire in a fraud;
to act in concert; to play into the hand of each other.

COLLU’SION. n. s. [collusio, Latin.]
Collusion is, in our common law, a deceitful agreement or
compact between two or more, for the one part to bring an
action against the other to some evil purpose; as to defraud a
third of his right. Cowel.
By the ignorance of the merchants, or dishonesty of wea­
vers, or the collusion of both, the ware was bad, and the price
excessive. Swift.

COLLU’SIVE. adj. [from collude.] Fraudulently concerted.
See COLLUSION.

COLLU’SIVELY. adv. [from collusive.] In a manner fraudulently
concerted.

COLLU’SORY. adj. [from colludo, Lat.] Carrying on a fraud
by secret concert.

CO’LLY. n. s. [from coal.] The smut of coal.
Suppose thou saw her dressed in some old hirsute attire, out
of fashion, coarse raiment, besmeared with soot, colly, per­
fumed with opopanax. Burton on Melancholy.

To CO’LLY. v. a. To grime with coal; to smut with coal.
Brief as the lightning in the collied night,
That, in a speen, unfolds both heav'n and earth;
And, ere a man hath pow'r to say behold,
The jaws of darkness do devour it up. Shakespeare.

COLLY’RIUM. n. s. [Latin.] An ointment for the eyes.

CO’LMAR. n. s. [Fr.] A sort of PEAR, which see.

CO’LOGN Earth. n. s. Is a deep brown, very light bastard ochre,
which, though generally esteemed an earth, is no pure native
fossil; but contains more vegetable than mineral matter, and
owes its origin to the remains of wood long buried in the
earth. It is dug in France and Germany, particularly about
Cologn, nor is England without it. Hill on Fossils.

CO’LON. n. s. [ϰῶλον.]
1. A point [:] used to mark a pause greater than that of a com­
ma, and less than that of a period. Its use is not very exactly
fixed, nor is it very necessary, being confounded by most
with the semicolon. It was used before punctuation was
refined, to mark almost any sense less than a period. To ap­
ply it properly, we should place it, perhaps, only where the
sense is continued without dependence of grammar or con­
struction; as, I love him, I despise him: I have long ceased to
trust, but shall never forbear to succour him.
2. The greatest and widest of all the intestines, about eight
or nine hands breadth long. It begins where the ilium ends,
in the cavity of the os ilium on the right side; from thence
ascending by the kidney, on the same side, it passes under the


concave side of the liver, to which it is sometimes tied, as
likewise to the gall-bladder, which tinges it yellow in that
place: then it runs under the bottom of the stomach to the
spleen in the left side, to which it is also knit: from thence it
turns down to the left kidney; and thence passing, in form of
an S, it terminates at the upper part of the os sacrum, in the
rectum. Quincy.
Now, by your cruelty hard bound,
I strain my guts, my colon wound. Swift.
The contents of the colon are of a sower, fetid, acid smell in
rabbits. Floyer on the Humours.

CO’LONEL. n. s. [Of uncertain etymology. Skinner ima­
gines it originally colonialis, the leader of a colony. Minshew
deduces it from colonna, a pillar; as patriæ columen; exercitus
columen. Each is plausible.] The chief commander of a
regiment; a field officer of the highest rank, next to the ge­
neral officers. It is now generally sounded with only two
distinct syllables, col'nel.
The chiefest help must be the care of the colonel, that hath
the government of all his garrison. Spenser on Ireland.
Captain or colonel, or knight in arms,
Whose chance on these desenceless doors may seize,
If deed of honour did thee ever please,
Guard them, and him within protect from harms. Milton.

CO’LONELSHIP. n. s. [from colonel.] The office or character of
colonel.
While he continued a subaltern, he complained against the
pride of colonels towards their officers; yet, in a few minutes
after he had received his commission for a regiment, he con­
fessed that colonelship was coming fast upon him. Swift.

To CO’LONISE. v. a. [from colony.] To plant with inhabi­
tants; to settle with new planters; to plant with colonies.
There was never an hand drawn, that did double the rest
of the habitable world, before this; for so a man may truly
term it, if he shall put to account as well that that is, as that
which may be hereafter, by the farther occupation and colo­
nizing of those countries: and yet it cannot be affirmed, if
one speak ingenuously, that it was the propagation of the
Christian faith that was the adamant of that discovery,
entry, and plantation; but gold and silver, and temporal pro­
fit and glory; so that what was first in God's providence, was
but second in man's appetite and intention. Bacon's Holy War.
Druina hath advantage by acquest of islands, which she
colonizeth and fortifieth daily. Howel's Vocal Forest.

COLONNA’DE. n. s. [from colonna, Ital. a column.]
1. A peristyle of a circular figure, or a series of columns, dis­
posed in a circle, and insulated within side. Builder's Dict.
Here circling co'onnades the ground inclose,
And here the marble statues breathe in rows. Addis. on Italy.
2. Any series or range of pillars.
For you my colonnades extend their wings. Pope.

CO’LONY. n. s. [colonia, Latin.]
1. A body of people drawn from the mother-country to inhabit
some distant place.
To these new inhabitants and colonies he gave the same law
under which they were born and bred. Spenser on Ireland.
Rooting out these two rebellious septs, he placed English
colonies in their rooms. Davies on Ireland.
Osiris, or the Bacchus of the ancients, is reported to have
civilized the Indians, planting colonies and building cities.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. The country planted; a plantation.
The rising city, which from far you see,
Is Carthage; and a Trojan colony. Dryd. Virg. Æn.

CO’LOPHONY. n. s. [from Colophon, a city whence it came.]
Rosin.
Of Venetian turpentine, slowly evaporating about a fourth
or fifth part, the remaining substance suffered to cool,
would afford me a coherent body, or a fine colophony. Boyle.
Turpentines and oils leave a colophony, upon the separation
of their thinner oil. Floyer on the Humours.

COLOQUI’NTEDA. n. s. [colocynthis, Lat. ϰολόϰυνθις.] The fruit
of a plant of the same name, brought from the Levant, about
the bigness of a large orange, and often called bitter apple.
Its colour is a sort of golden brown: its inside is full of ker­
nels, which are to be taken out before it be used. Both the
seed and pulp are intolerably bitter. It is a violent purgative,
of considerable use in medicine. Chambers.

CO’LORATE. adj. [coloratus, Latin.] Coloured; died; marked
or stained with some colour.
Had the tunicles and humours of the eye been colorate, many
rays proceeding from visible objects would have been stopt.
Ray on the Creation.

COLORA’TION. n. s. [coloro, Latin.]
1. The art or practice of colouring.
2. The state of being coloured.
Amongst curiosities I shall place coloration, though it be
somewhat better; for beauty in flowers is their preheminence.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 50.

COLORI’FICK. adj. [colorificus, Latin.] That which has the
power of producing dies, tints, colours, or hues.
In this composition of white, the several rays do not suffer
any change in their colorifick qualities by acting upon one
another; but are only mixed, and by a mixture of their co­
lours produce white. Newton's Opt.

COLO’SSE. n. s. [colossus, Latin.] A statue of enormous
magnitude.

COLO’SSUS. n. s. [colossus, Latin.] A statue of enormous
magnitude.
Not to mention the walls and palace of Babylon, the pyra­
mids of Egypt, or colosse of Rhodes. Temple.
There huge colossus rose, with trophies crown'd,
And runick characters were grav'd around. Pope.

COLOSSE’AN. adj. [colosseus, Lat.] In form of a colossus; of
the height and bigness of such a statue; giantlike.

CO’LOUR. n. s. [color, Latin.]
1. The appearance of bodies to the eye only; hue; die.
It is a vulgar idea of the colours of solid bodies; when we
perceive them to be a red, or blue, or green tincture of the
surface; but a philosophical idea, when we consider the various
colours to be different sensations, excited in us by the refracted
rays of light, reflected on our eyes in a different manner, ac­
cording to the different size, or shape, or situation of the par­
ticles of which the surfaces of those bodies are composed.
Watts's Logick.
Her hair shall be of what colour it please God. Shakesp.
For though our eyes can nought but colours see,
Yet colours give them not their pow'r of sight. Davies.
The lights of colours are more refrangible one than an­
other in this order; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
deep violet. Newton's Opt. Exp. 7.
2. The freshness; or appearance of blood in the face.
My cheeks no longer did their colour boast. Dryden.
A sudden horror seiz'd his giddy head,
And his ears trickled, and his colour fled. Dryden.
3. The tint of the painter.
When each bold figure just begins to live,
The treach'rous colours the fair art betray,
And all the bright creation fades away. Pope's Ess Crit.
4. The representation of any thing superficially examined.
Whose wisdom is only of this world, to put false colours
upon things, to call good evil, and evil good, against the
conviction of their own consciences. Swift.
5. Concealment; palliation; excuse; superficial cover.
It is no matter if I do halt; I have the wars for my colour,
and my pension shall seem the more reasonable. Sh. Hen. IV.
Their sin admitted no colour or excuse. King Charles.
6. Appearance; pretence; false shew.
Under the colour of commending him,
I have access my own love to prefer. Shakespeare.
Merchants came to Rhodes with a great ship laded with
corn, under the colour of the sale whereof they noted all that
was done in the city. Knolles's History of the Turks.
7. Kind; species; character.
Boys and women are, for the most part, cattle of this
colour. Shakespeare's As you like it.
8. In the plural, a standard; an ensign of war: they say the
colours of the foot, and standard of horse.
He at Venice gave
His body to that pleasant country's earth,
And his pure soul unto his captain Christ,
Under whose colours he had fought so long. Shak. Rich. II.
Against all checks, rebukes, and manners,
I must advance the colours of my love,
And not retire. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The banks on both sides were filled with companies, passing
all along the river under their colours, with trumpets sounding.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
An author compares a ragged coin to a tattered colours. Addis.

To CO’LOUR. v. a. [coloro, Latin.]
1. To mark with some hue, or die.
The rays, to speak properly, are not coloured: in them there
is nothing else than a certain power and disposition to stir up
a sensation of this or that colour. Newton's Opt.
2. To palliate; to excuse; to dress in specious colours, or fair
appearances.
I told him, that I would not favour or colour in any sort his
former folly. Raleigh's Essays.
He colours the falshood of Æneas by an express command
from Jupiter to forsake the queen. Dryden's Dedic. Æn.
3. To make plausible.
We have scarce heard of an insurrection that was not co­
loured with grievances of the highest kind, or countenanced
by one or more branches of the legislature. Addis. Freeholder.
4. To COLOUR a stranger's goods, is when a freeman allows a
foreigner to enter goods at the customhouse in his name; so
that the foreigner pays but single duty, when he ought to pay
double. Philips.

To CO’LOUR. v. n. To blush. A low word, only used in
conversation.

CO’LOURABLE. adj. [from colour.] Specious; plausible. It is
now little used.
They have now a colourable pretence to withstand innova­
tions, having accepted of other laws and rules already. Spenser.
They were glad to lay hold on so colourable a matter, and to
traduce him as an author of suspicious innovation. Hooker.


Had I sacrificed ecclesiastical government and revenues to
their covetousness and ambition, they would have found no
colourable necessity of an army. K. Charles.
We hope the mercy of God will consider us unto some
mineration of our offences; yet had not the sincerity of our
parents so colourable expectations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CO’LOURABLY. adv. [from colourable.] Speciously; plausibly.
The process, howsoever colourably awarded, hath not hit
the very mark whereat it was directed. Bacon.

CO’LOURED. participial adj. [from colour.] Streaked; diver­
sified with variety of hues.
The coloured are coarser juiced, and therefore not so well,
and equally concocted. Bacon's Nat. History.

CO’LOURING. n. s. [from colour.] The part of the painter's
art that teaches to lay on his colours with propriety and beauty.
From lines drawn true, our eye may trace
A foot, a knee, a hand, a face;
Yet if the colouring be not there,
At best 'twill only not displease. Prior.

CO’LOURIST. n. s. [from colour.] A painter who excels in
giving the proper colours to his designs.
Titian, Paul Veronese, Van Dyck, and the rest of the
good colourists, have come nearest to nature. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

CO’LOURLESS. adj. [from colour.] Without colour; not distin­
guished by any hue; transparent.
Transparent substances, as glass, water and air, when made
very thin by being blown into bubbles, or otherways formed
into plates, exhibit various colours, according to their various
thinness; although, at a greater thickness, they appear very
clear and colourless. Newton's Opt.
Pellucid colourless glass or water, by being beaten into a
powder or froth, do acquire a very intense whiteness. Bentley.

COLT. n. s. [colt, Saxon.]
1. A young horse: used commonly for the male offspring of a
horse, as foal for the female.
The colt hath about four years of growth, and so the fawn,
and so the calf. Bacon's Natural History, No. 759.
Like colts or unmanaged horses, we start at dead bones and
lifeless blocks. Taylor's Holy Living.
No sports, but what belong to war, they know;
To break the stubborn colt, to bend the bow. Dryd. Æn.
2. A young foolish fellow.
Ay, that's a colt, indeed; for he doth nothing but talk of
his horse. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

To COLT. v. n. [from the noun.] To frisk; to be licentious;
to run at large without rule; to riot; to frolick.
As soon as they were out of sight by themselves, they shook
off their bridles, and began to colt anew more licentiously
than before. Spenser's State of Ireland.

To COLT. v. a. To befool.
What a plague mean ye, to colt me thus? Sh. Hen. IV.

COLTS-FOOT. n. s. [from colt and foot.]
It hath a radiated flower, whose disk consists of many florets,
but the crown composed of many half florets: the embryoes
are included in a multifid flowercup, which turns to downy
seeds fixed in a bed. The species are, 1.  Common colts­
foot. 2. Round leaved smooth colts-foot of the Alps. The
first common in watery places in England; the second grows
wild upon the Alps: the flowers of this are purple, and those
of the common sort yellow. Miller.

COLTS-TOOTH. n. s. [from colt and tooth.]
1. An imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses.
2. A love of youthful pleasure; a disposition to the practices of
youth.
Well said, lord Sands;
Your colts-tooth is not cast yet?—
—No, my lord; nor shall not, while I have a stump. Shak.

CO’LTER. n. s. [cultor, Sax. culter, Lat.] The sharp iron of
a plough that cuts the ground perpendicularly to the share.

CO’LTISH. adj. [from colt.] Having the tricks of a colt;
wanton.

CO’LUBRINE. adj. [colubrinus, Latin.]
1. Relating to a serpent.
2. Cunning; crafty.

CO’LUMBARY. n. s. [columbarium, Lat.] A dovecot; a pigeon­
house.
The earth of columbaries or dovehouses, is much desired in
the artifice of saltpetre. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 3.

CO’LUMBINE. n. s. [columbina, Latin.]
A plant with leaves like the meadow rue: the flowers are
pendulous, and of an anomalous figure: the pistil of the
flower becomes a membranaceous fruit, consisting of many
pods, each containing many shining black seeds. Millar.
Columbines are of several sorts and colours. They flower
in the end of May, when few other flowers shew themselves.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

CO’LUMBINE. n. s. [columbinus, Lat.] A kind of violet colour,
or changeable dove colour. Dict.

CO’LUMN. n. s. [columna, Latin.]
1. A round pillar.
Some of the old Greek columns, and altars were brought
from the ruins of Apollo's temple at Delos. Peacham.
Round broken columns clasping ivy twin'd. Pope.
2. Any body of certain dimensions pressing vertically upon its
base.
The whole weight of any column of the atmosphere, and
likewise the specifick gravity of its bases, are certainly known
by many experiments. Bentley's Sermons.
3. [In the military art.] The long file or row of troops, or of
baggage, of an army in its march. An army marches in one,
two, three, or more columns, according as the ground will
allow.
4. [With printers.] A column is half a page, when divided
into two equal parts by a line passing through the middle,
from the top to the bottom; and, by several parallel lines,
pages are often divided into three or more columns.

COLU’MNAR. adj. [from column.] Formed in columns.

COLUMNA’RIAN. adj. [from column.] Formed in columns.
White columnar spar, out of a stone-pit. Woodw. on Fossils.

COLU’RES. n. s. [coluri, Latin; ϰολουϱοι.]
Two great circles supposed to pass through the poles of the
world: one through the equinoctial points Aries and Libra;
the other through the solstitial points, Cancer and Capricorn.
They are called the equinoctial and solstitial colures, and divide
the ecliptick into four equal parts. The points where they
intersect the ecliptick are called the cardinal points. Harris.
Thrice the equinoctial line
He circled; four times cross'd the car of night
From pole to pole, traversing each colure. Milton's Par. Lost.

CO’LWORT. n. s. See COLEWORT.

COM

CO’MA. n. s. [ϰῶμα.] A morbid disposition to sleep; a
lethargy.

COMA’RT. n. s.
By the same comart,
And carriage of the articles design'd,
His fell to Hamlet. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

COMA’TE. n. s. [con and mate.] Companion.
My comates and brothers in exile. Shakesp. As you like it.

COMATO’SE. adj. [from coma.] Lethargick; sleepy to a dis­
ease.
Our best castor is from Russia; the great and principal
use whereof, inwardly, is in hysterical and comatose cases.
Grew's Musæum.

COMB in the end, and COMP in the beginning of names, seem
to be derived from the British kum, which signifies a low
situation. Gibson's Camden.

COMB, in Cornish, signifies a valley, and had the same mean­
ing anciently in the French tongue.

COMB. n. s. [camb, Saxon; kam, Dutch.]
1. An instrument to separate and adjust the hair.
By fair Ligea's golden comb,
Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks,
Sleeking her soft alluring locks. Milton.
I made an instrument in fashion of a comb, whose teeth,
being in number sixteen, were about an inch and a half broad,
and the intervals of the teeth about two inches wide. Newton.
2. The top or crest of a cock, so called from its pectinated in­
dentures.
Cocks have great combs and spurs, hens little or none. Bacon.
High was his comb, and coral-red withal,
With dents embattl'd, like a castle-wall. Dryden.
3. The cantons in which the bees lodge their honey. Perhaps
from the same word which makes the termination of towns,
and signifies hollow or deep.
This in affairs of state,
Employ'd at home, abides within the gate,
To fortify the combs, to build the wall,
To prop the ruins, lest the fabrick fall. Dryd. Virg. Georg.

To COMB. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To divide, and clean, and adjust the hair with a comb.
Her care shall be
To comb your noddle with a three-legg'd stool. Shakespeare.
Divers with us, that are grown grey, and yet would appear
young, find means to make their hair black, by combing it,
as they say, with a leaden comb, or the like. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
She with ribbons tied
His tender neck, and comb'd his silken hide. Dryden's Æn.
There was a sort of engine, from which were extended
twenty long poles, wherewith the man-mountain combs his
head. Swift.
2. To lay any thing consisting of filaments smooth, by draw­
ing through narrow interstices; as, to comb wool.

COMB-BRUSH. n. s. [comb and brush.] A brush to clean combs.

COMB-MAKER. n. s. [comb and maker.] One whose trade is to
make combs.
This wood is of use for the turner, engraver, carver, and
combmaker. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To CO’MBAT. v. n. [combattre, Fr.] To fight; generally
in a duel, or hand to hand.
Pardon me, I will not combat in my shirt. Shakespeare.

To CO’MBAT. v. a. To oppose; to fight.
Love yields at last, thus combated by pride,
And she submits to be the Roman's bride. Granville.

CO’MBAT. n. s. [from the verb.] Contest; battle; duel;


strife; opposition generally between two; but sometimes it is
used for battle.
Those regions were full both of cruel monsters and mon­
strous men; all which, by private combats, they delivered the
countries of. Sidney, b. ii.
But, oh, the noble combat that, 'twixt joy and sorrow, was
fought in Paulina! She had one eye declined for the loss of
her husband, another elevated that the oracle was fulfilled.
Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The combat now by courage must be try'd. Dryden.

CO’MBATANT. n. s. [combattant, French.]
1. He that fights with another; duellist; antagonist in arms.
So frown'd the mighty combatants, that hell
Grew darker at their frown. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Who, single combatant,
Duel'd their armies rank'd in proud array,
Himself an army. Milton's Agonistes, l. 344.
He with his sword unsheath'd, on pain of life,
Commands both combatants to cease their strise. Dryden.
Like despairing combatants they strive against you, as if they
had beheld unveiled the magical shield of Ariosto, which daz­
zled the beholders with too much brightness. Dryden.
2. A champion.
When any of those combatants strips his terms of ambi­
guity, I shall think him a champion for knowledge. Locke.
3. With for before the thing defended.
Men become combatants for those opinions. Locke.

CO’MBER. n. s. [from comb.] He whose trade it is to disen­
tangle wool, and lay it smooth for the spinner.

CO’MBINATE. adj. [from combine.] Bethrothed; promised;
settled by compact. A word of Shakespeare.
She lost a noble brother; with him the sinew of her for­
tune, her marriage dowry; with both, her combinate husband,
this well seeming Angelo. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

COMBINA’TION. n. s. [from combine.]
1. Union for some certain purpose; association; league. A
combination is of private persons, a confederacy of states or
sovereigns.
This cunning cardinal
The articles o' th' combination drew,
As himself pleas'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
2. It is now generally used in an ill sense; but was formerly in­
different.
They aim to subdue all to their own will and power, un­
der the disguises of holy combinations. K. Charles.
3. Union of bodies, or qualities; commixture; conjunction.
These natures, from the moment of their first combination,
have been and are for ever inseparable. Hooker, b. v. s. 52.
Resolution of compound bodies by fire, does not so much
enrich mankind as it divides the bodies; as upon the score of
its making new compounds by new combinations. Boyle.
Ingratitude is always in combination with pride and hard­
heartedness. South's Sermons.
4. Copulation of ideas in the mind.
They never suffer any ideas to be joined in their under­
standings, in any other or stronger combination than what their
own nature and correspondence give them. Locke.
5. COMBINATION is used in mathematicks, to denote the va­
riation or alteration of any number of quantities, letters,
founds, or the like, in all the different manners possible.
Thus the number of possible changes or combinations of the
twenty-four letters of the alphabet, taken first two by two,
then three by three, &c. amount to 1,391,724,288,887,252,
999,425,128,493,402,200. Chambers.

To COMBI’NE. v. a. [combiner, Fr. binos jungere.]
1. To join together.
Let us not then suspect our happy state,
As not secure to single or combin'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To link in union.
God, the best maker of all marriages,
Combine your hearts in one, your realms in one. Shak. H. V.
3. To agree; to accord; to settle by compact.
My heart's dear love is set on his fair daughter;
As mine on her's, so her's is set on mine,
And all combin'd, save what thou must combine
By holy marriage. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
4. To join words or ideas together; opposed to analyse.

To COMBI’NE. v. n. 
1. To coalesce; to unite each with other. Used both of things
and persons.
Honour and policy, like unsever'd friends
I' th' war, do grow together: grant that, and tell me
In peace what each of them by th' other loses,
That they combine not there? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To unite in friendship or design.
Combine together 'gainst the enemy;
For these domestick and particular broils
Are not the question here. Shakespeare's King Lear.
You with your foes combine,
And seem your own destruction to design. Dryd. Aurengz.

CO’MBLESS. adj. [from comb.] Wanting a comb or crest.
What, is your crest a coxcomb?——
—A combless cock, so Kate will be my hen. Shakespere.

COMBU’ST. adj. [from cumburo, cumbustum, Latin.]
When a planet is not above eight degrees and a half distant
from the sun, either before or after him, it is said to be com­
bust, or in combustion. Harris.

COMBU’STIBLE. adj. [comburo combustum, Lat.] Having the
quality of catching fire; susceptible of fire.
Charcoals, made out of the wood of oxycedar, are white,
because their vapours are rather sulphurous than of any other
combustible substance. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.
Sin is to the soul like fire to combustible matter, it assimilates
before it destroys it. South's Sermons.
They are but strewed over with a little penitential ashes;
and will, as soon as they meet with combustible matter, flame
out. Decay of Piety.
The flame shall still remain;
Nor, 'till the fuel perish, can decay,
By nature form'd on things combustible to prey. Dryden.

COMBU’STIBLENESS. n. s. [from combustible.] Aptness to take
fire.

COMBU’STION. n. s. [French.]
1. Conflagration; burning; consumption by fire.
The future combustion of the earth is to be ushered in and
accompanied with all sorts of violent impressions upon nature.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Tumult; hurry; hubbub; bustle; hurly burly.
Mutual combustions, bloodsheds, and wastes may enforce
them, through very faintness, after the experience of so end­
less miseries. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 14.
Prophecying, with accents terrible,
Of dire combustion, and confus'd events,
New hatch'd to th' woeful time. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Those long and cruel wars between the houses of York and
Lancaster, brought all England into an horrible combustion.
Raleigh's Essays.
How much more of pow'r,
Army against army, numberless, to raise
Dreadful combustion warring, and disturb,
Though not destroy, their happy native seat! Milt. Pa. Lost.
But say, from whence this new combustion springs? Dryd.
It moves in an inconceivable fury and combustion, and at
the same time with an exact regularity. Addison's Guardian.

To COME. v. n. pret. came, particip. come. [coman, Saxon;
komen, Dut. kommen, German.]
1. To remove from a distant to a nearer place; to arrive. Op­
pose to go.
And troubled blood through his pale face was seen
To come and go, with tidings from the heart. Fairy Queen.
Cæsar will come forth to-day. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Coming to look on you, thinking you dead,
I spake unto the crown as having sense. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
The colour of the king doth come and go,
Between his purpose and his conscience. Shakesp. K. John.
The Christians having stood almost all the day in order of
battle, in the sight of the enemy, vainly expecting when he
should come forth to give them battle, returned at night into
their camp. Knolles's History of the Turks.
'Tis true that since the senate's succour came,
They grow more bold. Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
This Christian woman!
Ah! there the mischief comes. Rowe's Royal Convert.
2. To draw near; to advance towards.
By the pricking of my thumbs,
Something wicked this way comes. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To move in any manner towards another; implying the idea
of being received by another, or of tending towards another.
The word always respects the place to which the motion
tends, not that place which it leaves; yet this meaning is
sometimes almost evanescent and imperceptible.
I did hear
The galloping of horse: who was't came by? Sh. Macbeth.
Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will
come in to dinner. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
As soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of
Israel brought in abundance the first fruits. 2 Chron. xxxi. 5.
Knowledge is a thing of their own invention, or which
they come to by fair reasoning. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
It is impossible to come near your lordship at any time,
without receiving some favour. Congr. Dedic. to Old Batchelor.
None may come in view, but such as are pertinent. Locke.
No perception of bodies, at a distance, may be accounted
for by the motion of particles coming from them, and striking
on our organs. Locke.
They take the colour of what is laid before them, and as
soon lose and resign it to the next that happens to come in their
way. Locke.
God has made the intellectual world harmonious and beau­
tiful without us; but it will never come into our heads all at
once. Locke.
4. To proceed; to issue.
Behold, my son, which came forth of my bowels, seeketh
my life. 2 Sa. xvi. 11. 


I came forth from the father, and am come into the world.
Jo. xvi. 28.
5. To advance from one stage or condition to another.
Trust me, I am exceeding weary.——
—Is it come to that? I had thought weariness durst not have
attacked one of so high blood. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Though he would after have turned his teeth upon Spain,
yet he was taken order with before it came to that. Bacon.
Seditious tumults, and seditious fames, differ no more but
as brother and sister; especially if it come to that, that the
best actions of a state are taken in ill sense, and traduced.
Bacon, Essay 16.
His soldiers had daily divers skirmishes with the Numidians,
so that once the skirmish was like to come to a just battle.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
When it came to that once, they that had most flesh wished
they had had less. L'Estrange.
Every new sprung passion is a part of the action, except we
conceive nothing to be action 'till the players come to blows.
Dryden on Dramatick Poetry.
The force whereby bodies cohere is very much greater
when they come to immediate contact, than when they are at
ever so small a finite distance. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
6. To change condition either for better or worse.
One said to Aristippus, 'Tis a strange thing why men should
rather give to the poor than to philosophers. He answered,
because they think themselves may sooner come to be poor
than to be philosophers. Bacon's Apophthegms.
His sons come to honour, and he knoweth it not. Job xiv. 21. 
He being come to the estate, keeps on a very busy family.
Locke.
You were told your master had gone to a tavern, and come
to some mischance. Swift.
7. To attain any condition or character.
A serpent, e'er he comes to be a dragon,
Does eat a bat. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
How came the publican justified, but by a short and humble
prayer? Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
He wonder'd how she came to know
What he had done, and meant to do. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 1. 
The testimony of conscience, thus informed, comes to be
so authentick, and so much to be relied upon. South's Sermons.
8. To become.
So came I a widow;
And never shall have length of life enough
To rain upon remembrance with mine eyes. Shak. Hen. IV.
When he returns from hunting,
I will not speak with him; say I am sick.
If you come slack of former services,
You shall do well. Shakespeare's King Lear.
9. To arrive at some act or habit, or disposition.
They would quickly come to have a natural abhorrence for
that which they found made them slighted. Locke.
10. To change from one state into another desired; as the but­
ter comes when the parts begin to separate in the churn.
It is reported, that if you lay good store of kernels of grapes
about the root of a vine, it will make the vine come earlier,
and prosper better. Bacon's Natural History, No. 35.
Then butter does refuse to come,
And love proves cross and humoursome. Hudibras, p. ii.
In the coming or sprouting of malt, as it must not come
too little, so it must not come too much. Mort. Husbandry.
11.  To become present, and no longer future.
A time will come, when my maturer muse,
In Cæsar's wars, a nobler theme shall chuse. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
12. To become present; no longer absent.
That's my joy
Not to have seen before; for nature now
Comes all at once, confounding my delight. Dryd. K. Arth.
Mean while the gods the dome of Vulcan throng,
Apollo comes, and Neptune came along. Pope's Odyss. b. viii.
Come then, my friend, my genius, come along,
Thou master of the poet and the song. Pope's Essays.
13. To happen; to fall out.
The duke of Cornwal, and Regan his dutchess, will be
here with him this night.—
—How comes that? Shakespeare's King Lear.
Let me alone that I may speak, and let come on me what
will. Job xiii. 13.
14. To follow as a consequence.
Those that are kin to the king, never prick their finger but
they say, there is some of the king's blood spilt. How comes
that? says he, that takes upon him not to conceive: the an­
swer is, I am the king's poor cousin, sir. Shakesp. Henry IV.
15. To cease very lately from some act or state; to have just
done or suffered any thing.
David said unto Uriah, camest thou not from thy journey?
2 Sa. xi. 10.
16. To COME about. To come to pass; to fall out; to come into
being. Probably from the French venir a bout.
And let me speak to th' yet unknowing world,
How these things came about. Shakespeare.
That cherubim, which now appears as a God to a human
soul, knows very well that the period will come about in eter­
nity, when the human soul shall be as perfect as he himself
now is. Addison's Spectator, No. 3.
I conclude, however it comes about, that things are not as
they should be. Swift.
How comes it about, that, for above sixty years, affairs have
been placed in the hands of new men. Swift.
17. To COME about. To change; to come round.
The wind came about, and settled in the West for many
days. Bacon's New Atlantis.
On better thoughts, and my urg'd reasons,
They are come about, and won to the true side. B. Johnson.
18. To COME again. To return.
There came water thereout; and when he had drunk, his
spirit came again, and he revived. Judg. xv. 19.
19. To COME after. To follow.
If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and
take up his cross and follow me. Mat. xvi. 24.
20. To COME at. To reach; to get within the reach of; to
obtain; to gain.
Neither sword nor sceptre can come at conscience; but it is
above and beyond the reach of both. Suckling.
Cats will eat and destroy your marum, if they can come at
it. Evelyn's Kalendar.
In order to come at a true knowledge of ourselves, we should
consider, on the other hand, how far we may deserve praise.
Addison's Spectator, No. 399.
Nothing makes a woman more esteemed by the opposite
sex than chastity, and we always prize those most who are
hardest to come at. Addison's Spectator, No. 99.
21.  To COME by. To obtain; to gain; to acquire.
Things most needful to preserve this life, are most prompt
and easy for all living creatures to come by. Hooker, b. 5. s. 22.
Love is like a child,
That longs for every thing that he can come by. Shakespeare.
Thy case
Shall be my precedent; as thou got'st Milan,
I'll come by Naples. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Are you not ashamed to inforce a poor widow to so rough
a course to come by her own. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
The ointment wherewith this is done is made of divers in­
gredients, whereof the strangest and hardest to come by is the
moss of a dead man unburied. Bacon's Natural History.
And with that wicked lye
A letter they came by,
From our king's majesty. Denbam.
He tells a sad story, how hard it was for him to come by the
book of Trigantius. Stillingfl. Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idols.
Amidst your train, this unseen judge will wait,
Examine how you came by all your state. Dryd. Aurengzebe.
22. To COME in. To enter.
What, are you there? come in, and give some help. Shak.
Yet the simple ideas, thus united in the same subject, are
as perfectly distinct as those that come in by different senses.
Locke.
23. To COME in. To comply; to yield; to hold out no longer.
If the arch-rebel Tyrone, in the time of these wars,
should offer to come in, and submit himself to her majesty,
would you not have him received. Spenser on Ireland.
24. To COME in. To arrive at a port, or place of rendezvous.
At what time our second fleet, which kept the narrow seas,
was come in and joined to our main fleet. Bacon.
There was the Plymouth squadron now come in,
Which in the Streights last winter was abroad. Dryden.
25. To COME in. To become modish; to be brought into use.
Then came rich cloaths and graceful action in,
Then instruments were taught more moving notes. Roscom.
Silken garments did not come in 'till late, and the use of them
in men was often restrained by law. Arbuthnot on Coins.
26. To COME in. To be an ingredient; to make part of a com­
position.
A generous contempt of that in which too many men place
their happiness, must come in to heighten his character. Atterb.
27. To COME in for. To be early enough to obtain: taken
from hunting, where the dogs that are slow get nothing.
Shape and beauty, worth and education, wit and under­
standing, gentle nature and agreeable humour, honour and
virtue, were to come in for their share of such contracts. Temple.
If thinking is essential to matter, stocks and stones will
come in for their share of privilege. Collier on Thought.
One who had i' the rear excluded been,
And cou'd not for a taste o' th' flesh come in,
Licks the solid earth. Tate's Juv. Sat. 15.
The rest came in for subsidies, whereof they sunk consi­
derable sums. Swift.
28. To COME in to. To join with; to bring help.
They marched to Wells, where the lord Audley, with
whom their leaders had before secret intelligence, came in to
them; and was by them, with great gladness and cries of joy,
accepted as their general. Bacon's Henry VII.
29. To COME in to. To comply with; to agree to.


The fame of their virtues will make men ready to come into
every thing that is done or designed for the publick good.
Atterbury's Sermons.
30. To COME near. To approach; to resemble in excellence:
a metaphor from races.
Whom you cannot equal or come near in doing, you would
destroy or ruin with evil speaking. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
The whole atchieved with such admirable invention, that
nothing ancient and modern seems to come near it. Temple.
31.  To COME of. To proceed; as a descendant from ancestors.
Of Priam's royal race my mother came. Dryden's Æn.
Self-love is so natural an infirmity, that it makes us partial
even to those that come of us, as well as ourselves. L'Estrange.
32. To COME of. To proceed; as effects from their causes.
Will you please, sir, be gone.
I told you what would come of this. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
We see that the hiccough comes of fulness of meat, espe­
cially in children, which causeth an extension of the stomach.
Bacon's Natural History.
What came on't at last but that, after the dogs had deserted,
the wolves worried one part of the enemies. L'Estrange.
This comes of judging by the eye, without consulting the
reason. L'Estrange.
My young master, whatever comes on't, must have a wife
looked out for him by that time he is of age. Locke.
33. To COME off. To deviate; to depart from a rule or di­
rection.
The figure of a bell partaketh of the pyramis, but yet
coming off and dilating more suddenly. Bacon's Nat. History.
34. To COME off. To escape.
I knew the foul enchanter, though disguis'd,
Enter'd the very lime-twigs of his spells,
And yet came off. Milton.
How thou wilt here come off, surmounts my reach. Milt.
If, upon such a fair and full trial, he can come off, he is
then clear and innocent. South.
Those that are in any signal danger implore his aid; and,
if they come off safe, they call their deliverance a miracle.
Addison on Italy.
35. To COME off. To end an affair; to be dismissed with our
lot.
Oh, bravely came we off,
When with a volley of our needless shot,
After such bloody toil, we bid good-night. Shakes. K. John.
Ever since Spain and England have had any thing to debate
one with the other, the English, upon all encounters, have
come off with honour and the better. Bacon on War with Spain.
We must expect sometimes to come off by the worst, before
we obtain the final conquest. Calamy.
He oft', in such attempts as these,
Came off with glory and success. Hudibras, p. 1.  cant. 1. 
36. To COME off from. To leave; to forbear.
To come off from these grave disquisitions, I would clear the
point by one instance more. Felton on the Classicks.
37. To COME on. To advance; to make progress.
Of late, things seem to come on apace to their former state.
Bacon on the War with Spain.
There was in the camp both strength and victual sufficient
for the obtaining of the victory, if they would not protract
the war until winter were come on. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The sea came on, the south with mighty roar
Dispers'd and dash'd the rest upon the rocky shoar. Dryden.
So Travellers, who waste the day,
Noting at length the setting sun,
They mend their pace as night comes on. Granville.
38. To COME on. To advance to combat.
The great ordnance once discharged, the armies came fast
on, and joined battle. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Rhymer, come on, and do the worst you can;
I fear not you, nor yet a better man. Dryden.
39. To COME on. To thrive; to grow big.
Come on, poor babe;
Some powerful spirit instruct the kites and ravens
To be thy nurses. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
It should seem by the experiments, both of the malt and of
the roses, that they will come far faster on in water than in
earth; for the nourishment is easier drawn out of water than
out of earth. Bacon's Natural History, No. 648.
40. To COME over. To repeat an act.
I saw him run after a gilded butterfly; and when he caught
it, he let it go again, and after it again; and over and over he
comes, and caught it again. Shak. Coriolanus.
41.  To COME over. To revolt.
They are perpetually teizing their friends to come over to
them. Addison's Spectator, No. 185.
A man, in changing his side, not only makes himself hated
by those he left, but is seldom heartily esteemed by those he
comes over to. Addison's Spectator, No. 162.
42. To COME over. To rise in distillation.
Perhaps also the phlegmatick liquor, that is wont to come
over in this analysis, may, at least as to part of it, be pro­
duced by the operation of the fire. Boyle.
43. To COME out. To be made publick.
Before his book came out, I had undertaken the answer of
several others. Stillingfleet.
I have been tedious; and, which is worse, it comes out
from the first draught, and uncorrected. Dryden.
44. To COME out. To appear upon trial; to be discovered.
It is indeed come out at last, that we are to look on the saints
as inferior deities. Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
The weight of the denarius, or the seventh of a Roman
ounce, comes out sixty-two grains and four sevenths. Arbuthn.
45. To COME out with. To give a vent to; to let fly.
Those great masters of chymical arcana must be provoked,
before they will come out with them. Boyle.
46. To COME to. To consent or yield.
What is this, if my parson will not come to? Swift.
47. To COME to. To amount to.
The emperour imposed so great a custom upon all corn to
be transported out of Sicily, that the very customs came to as
much as both the price of the corn and the freight toge­
ther. Knolles's History of the Turks.
You saucily pretend to know
More than your dividend comes to. Hudibras, p. ii.
Animals either feed upon vegetables immediately, or, which
comes to the same at last, upon other animals which have fed
upon them. Woodward's Natural History.
He pays not this tax immediately, yet his purse will find
it by a greater want of money than that comes to. Locke.
48. To COME to himself. To recover his senses.
He falls into sweet ecstacy of joy, wherein I shall leave him
'till he comes to himself. Temple.
49. To COME to pass. To be effected; to fall out.
It cometh, we grant, many times to pass that the works of
men being the same, their drifts and purpose therein are
divers. Hooker, b. v. sect. 14.
How comes it to pass, that some liquors cannot pierce into
or moisten some bodies, which are easily pervious to other
liquors? Boyle's History of Firmness.
50. To COME up. To grow out of the ground.
Another ill accident is over-wet at sowing time, which
with us breedeth much dearth, insomuch as the corn never
cometh up. Bacon's Natural History.
Good intentions are at least the seeds of good actions, and
every man ought to sow them, whether they come up or no.
Temple.
51.  To COME up. To make appearance.
If wars should mow them down never so fast, yet they
may be suddenly supplied, and come up again. Bacon.
52. To COME up. To come into use, as a fashion comes up.
53. To COME up to. To amount to.
He prepares for a surrender, asserting that all these will not
come up to near the quantity requisite. Woodw. Nat. History.
54. To COME up to. To rise to.
Whose ignorant credulity will not
Come up to th' truth. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Considerations there are, that may make us, if not come up
to the character of those who rejoice in tribulations, yet at
least satisfy the duty of being patient. Wake's Prep. for Death.
The vestes byssinæ, which some ladies wore, must have
been of such extraordinary price, that there is no stuff in our
age comes up to it. Arbuthnot on Coins.
When the heart is full, it is angry at all words that cannot
come up to it. Swift.
55. To COME up with. To overtake.
56. To COME upon. To invade; to attack.
Three hundred horse, and three thousand foot English,
commanded by Sir John Norris, were charged by Parma,
coming upon them with seven thousand horse. Bacon.
When old age comes upon him, it comes alone, bringing no
other evil with it but itself. South.

COME. [participle of the verb.]
Thy words were heard, and I am come to thy words. Dan.

COME. A particle of exhortation; be quick; make no delay.
Come, let us make our father drink wine. Gen. xix. 32.

COME. A particle of reconciliation, or incitement to it.
Come, come, at all I laugh he laughs no doubt;
The only difference is, I dare laugh out. Pope.

COME. A kind of adverbial word for when it shall come; as,
come Wednesday, when Wednesday shall come.
Come Candlemas, nine years ago she dy'd. Gay.

To COME. In futurity; not present; to happen hereafter.
It serveth to discover that which is hid, as well as to foretel
that which is to come. Bacon's Natural History.
In times to come,
My waves shall wash the walls of mighty Rome. Dryden.
Taking a lease of land for years to come, at the rent of one
hundred pounds. Locke.

COME. n. s. [from the verb.] A sprout: a cant term.
That the malt is sufficiently well dried, you may know both
by the taste, and also by the falling off of the come or sprout.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

COME’DIAN. n. s. [from comedy.]
1. A player or actor of comick parts.


2. A player in general; a stage-player; an actress or actor.
Melissarion, pretty honey-bee, when of a comedian she be­
came a wealthy man's wife, would be saluted madam Pithias,
or Prudence. Camden's Remains.
Comedians on the stage shew all their skill,
And after do as love and fortune will.
3. A writer of comedies.
Scaliger willeth us to admire Plautus as a comedian, but
Terence as a pure and elegant speaker. Peacham of Poetry.

CO’MEDY. n. s. [comedia, Lat.] A dramatick representation
of the lighter saults of mankind.
Your honour's players
Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
A long, exact, and serious comedy,
In every scene some moral let it teach,
And, if it can, at once both please and preach. Pope.

CO’MELINESS. n. s. [from comely.] Grace; beauty; dignity.
A careless comeliness with comely care. Sidney.
The service of God hath not such perfection of grace and
comliness as when the dignity of the place doth concur. Hooker.
They skilled not of the goodly ornaments of poetry, yet
were sprinkled with some pretty flowers, which gave good
grace and comeliness. Spenser on Ireland.
Hardly shall you meet with man or woman so aged or ill­
favoured, but, if you will commend them for comeliness, nay
and for youth too, shall take it well. South.
There is great pulchritude and comeliness of proportion in
the leaves, flowers, and fruits of plants. Ray on the Creation.
A horseman's coat shall hide
Thy taper shape and comeliness of side. Prior.

CO’MELY. adj. [from become; or from cweman, Sax. to please.]
1. Graceful; decent; having dignity or grandeur of mien or
look. Comeliness seems to be that species of beauty which
excites reverence rather than pleasure.
If the principal part of beauty is in decent motion, no
marvel though persons in years seem many times more ami­
able; for no youth can be comely but by pardon, and consider­
ing the youth as to make up the comeliness. Bacon, Essay 44.
He that is comely when old and decrepit, surely was very
beautiful when he was young. South.
Thou art a comely, young, and valiant knight. Dryden.
2. Used of things, decent; according to propriety.
Oh, what a world is this, when what is comely
Envenoms him that bears it! Shakesp. As you like it.
This is a happier and more comely time,
Than when these fellows ran about the streets,
Crying confusion. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

CO’MELY. adv. [from the adjective.] Handsomely; gracefully.
To ride comely, to play at all weapons, to dance comely, be
very necessary for a courtly gentleman. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

CO’MER. n. s. [from come.] One that comes.
Plants move upwards; but if the sap puts up too fast, it
maketh a slender stalk, which will not support the weight;
and therefore these are all swift and hasty comers. Bacon.
Time is like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by th' hand;
But with his arms outstretch'd, as he would fly,
Grasps in the comer: welcome ever smiles,
And farewel goes out sighing. Shak. Troilus and Cressida.
Yourself, renowned prince, then stood as fair
As any comer I have look'd on yet,
For my affection. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
House and heart are open for a friend; the passage is easy,
and not only admits, but even invites the comer. South's Serm.
It is natural to be kind to the last comer. L'Estrange.
Now leave those joys, unsuiting to thy age,
To a fresh comer, and resign the stage. Dryden.
The renowned champion of our lady of Loretto, and the
miraculous translation of her chapel, about which he hath
published a defiance to the world, and offers to prove it against
all comers. Stillingfleet.
There it is not strange, that the mind should give itself up
to the common opinion, or render itself to the first comer. Locke.

CO’MET. n. s. [cometa, Latin, a hairy star.]
A heavenly body in the planetary region appearing sud­
denly, and again disappearing; and, during the time of its ap­
pearance, moving through its proper orbit, like a planet.
The orbits of comets are ellipses, having one of their foci in
the center of the sun; and being very long and eccentrick,
they become invisible, when in that part most remote from the
sun. Comets, popularly called blazing stars, are distinguished
from other stars by a long train or tail of light, always op­
posite to the sun: hence arises a popular division of comets
into three kinds, bearded, tailed, and haired comets; though
the division rather relates to the different circumstances of the
same comet, than to the phænomena of the several. Thus
when the comet is eastward of the sun, and moves from it,
the comet is said to be bearded, barbatus, because the light
marches before it. When the light is westward of the sun,
the comet is said to be tailed, because the train follows it.
When the comet and the sun are diametrically opposite, the
earth being between them, the train is hid behind the body of
the comet, excepting a little that appears around it, in form
of a border of hair, hence called crinitus.
According to Sir Isaac Newton, the tail of a comet is a
very thin slender vapour, emitted by the head or nucleus of
the comet, ignited by their near neighbourhood to the sun,
and this vapour is furnished by the atmosphere of the comet.
The tails are of various lengths; and being produced in the pe­
rihelions of the comets, will go off along with their heads into
remote regions, and there gradually vanish, 'till the comets
return towards the sun. The vapours of comets being thus
dilated, rarefied, and diffused through all the celestial regions,
may probably, by little and little, by means of their own gra­
vity, be attracted down to the planets, and become inter­
mingled with their atmospheres. For the conservation of the
water, and moisture of the planets, comets seem absolutely
requisite; from whose condensed vapours and exhalations all
that moisture which is spent in vegetations and putrefactions,
and turned into dry earth, may be resupplied and recruited;
for all vegetables grow and increase wholly from fluids; and,
as to their greatest part, turn by putrefaction into earth again,
an earthy slime being perpetually precipitated to the bottom of
putrefying liquors. Hence the quantity of dry earth must
continually increase, and the moisture of the globe decrease,
and at last be quite evaporated, if it have not a continual sup­
ply from some part or other of the universe. And I suspect,
adds Sir Isaac, that the spirit which makes the finest, subtilest,
and best part of our air, and which is absolutely requisite for
the life and being of all things, comes principally from the
comets. On this principle there seems to be some foundation
for the popular opinion of presages from comets; since the
tail of a comet, thus intermingled with our atmosphere, may
produce changes very sensible in animal and vegetable bodies.
The same great author has computed that the sun's heat,
in the comet of 1680, was, to his heat with us at Midsummer,
as twenty-eight thousand to one; and that the heat of the body
of the comet, was near two thousand times as great as that of
red-hot iron. He also calculates, that a globe of red-hot
iron, of the dimensions of our earth, would scarce be cool in
fifty thousand years. If then the comet be supposed to cool
a hundred times as fast as red-hot iron, yet, since its heat was
a thousand times greater, supposing it of the bigness of the
earth, it would not be cool in a million of years. Hitherto
no comet has threatened the earth with a nearer approach than
that of 1680; for, by calculation, Dr. Halley found, on No­
vember 11, that comet was not above one semidiameter of
the earth to the northward of the way of the earth; at which
time, had the earth been in that part of its orbit, the comet
would have had a parallax equal to that of the moon. What
might have been the consequence of so near an appulse? a
contact or shock of the celestial bodies? a deluge, Mr. Whis­
ton says. Astronomers have been divided about the return of
comets, and time and observation must determine the question.
However, Dr. Halley has foretold the return of one in 1758,
which formerly appeared in 1456. Trevoux. Chambers.
And wherefore gaze this goodly company,
As if they saw some wond'rous monument,
Some comet, or an unusual prodigy. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
Such his fell glances as the fatal light
Of staring comets. Crashaw.
I considered a comet, or, in the language of the vulgar, a
blazing star, as a sky-rocket discharged by an hand that is
almighty. Addison's Guardian, No. 103.
Fierce meteors shoot their arbitrary light,
And comets march with lawless horrors bright. Prior.

CO’METARY. adj. [from comet.] Relating to a comet.

COME’TICK. adj. [from comet.] Relating to a comet.
Refractions of light are in the planetary and cometary regions,
as on our globe. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

CO’MFIT. n. s. [konfit, Dutch. It should seem that both are
formed by hasty pronunciation from confect.] A dry sweet­
meat; any kind of fruit or root preserved with sugar, and
dried.
By feeding me on beans and pease,
He crams in nasty crevices,
And turns to comfits by his arts,
To make me relish for desserts. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. i.

To CO’MFIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To preserve dry with
sugar.
The fruit that does so quickly waste,
Men scarce can see it, much less taste,
Thou comfitest in streets to make it last. Cowley.

CO’MFITURE. n. s. [from comfit, or confecture.] Sweetmeat.
From country grass to comfitures of court,
Or city's quelque-choses, let not report
My mind transport. Donne.

To CO’MFORT. v. a. [comforto, low Latin. Salvia comfortat
nervos. Schol. Sal.]
1. To strengthen; to enliven; to invigorate.
The evidence of God's own testimony, added unto the
natural assent of reason, concerning the certainty of them,


doth not a little comfort and confirm the same. Hooker, b. i.
Light excelleth in comforting the spirits of men: light varied
doth the same effect, with more novelty. This is the cause
why precious stones comfort. Bacon's Natural History, No. 960.
Some of the abbots had been guilty of comforting and assist­
ing the rebels. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. To console; to strengthen the mind under the pressure of
calamity.
They bemoaned him, and comforted him over all the evil
that the Lord had brought upon him. Job, xlii. 11. 

CO’MFORT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Support; assistance; countenance.
Poynings made a wild chace upon the wild Irish; where,
in respect of the mountains and fastnesses, he did little good,
which he would needs impute unto the comfort that the rebels
should receive underhand from the earl of Kildare. Bacon.
The king did also appoint commissioners for the fining of
all such as were of any value, and had any hand or partaking
in the aid or comfort of Perkins, or the Cornishmen. Bacon.
2. Consolation; support under calamity or danger.
I will keep her ign'rant of her good,
To make her heavenly comforts of despair,
When it is least expected. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
As they have no apprehension of those things, so they need
no comfort against them. Tillotson, Serm. i.
3. That which gives consolation or support.
Your children were vexation to your youth,
But mine shall be a comfort to your age. Shakesp. Rich. III.

CO’MFORTABLE. adj. [from comfort.]
1. Receiving comfort; susceptible of comfort.
For my sake be comfortable; hold death
A while at the arm's end. Shakesp. As you like it.
My lord leans wond'rously to discontent;
His comfortable temper has forsook him:
He is much out of health. Shakespeare's Timon.
What can promise him a comfortable appearance before his
dreadful judge? South.
2. Dispensing comfort; having the power of giving comfort.
He had no brother, which thought it be comfortable for kings
to have, yet draweth the subjects eyes aside. Bacon's Hen. VII.
The lives of many miserable men were saved, and a com­
fortable provision made for their subsistence. Dryd. Fab. Dedic.

CO’MFORTABLY. adv. [from comfortable.] In a comfortable
manner; with comfort; without despair.
Upon view of the sincerity of that performance, hope com­
fortably and chearfully for God's performance. Hammond.

CO’MFORTER. n. s. [from comfort.]
1. One that administers consolation in misfortunes; one that
strengthens and supports the mind in misery or danger.
This very prayer of Christ obtained angels to be sent him,
as comforters in his agony. Hooker, b. v. sect. 48.
The heav'ns have blest you with a goodly son,
To be a comforter when he is gone. Shakesp. Richard III.
Nineveh is laid waste, who will bemoan her? whence shall
I seek comforters for thee? Neh. iii. 7.
2. The title of the Third Person of the Holy Trinity; the Pa­
raclete.

CO’MFORTLESS. adj. [from comfort.] Without comfort; with­
out any thing to allay misfortune: used of persons as well as
things.
Yet shall not my death be comfortless, receiving it by your
sentence. Sidney, b. ii.
Where was a cave, ywrought with wond'rous art,
Deep, dark, uneasy, doleful, comfortless. Fairy Queen, b. i.
News fitting to the night;
Black, fearful, comfortless, and horrible. Shakesp. K. John.
On thy feet thou stood'st at last,
Though comfortless, as when a father mourns
His children, all in view destroyed at once. Milt. Par. Lost.
That unsociable comfortless deafness had not quite tired
me. Swift.

CO’MFREY. n. s. [comfrie, French.] A plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, shaped like a funnel,
having an oblong tube, but shaped at the top like a pitcher:
out of the flower-cup, which is deeply cut into five long nar­
row segments, rises the pointal, attended with four embryoes,
which afterwards become so many seeds, in form somewhat
like the head of a viper, which ripen in the flower-cup. It
grows wild on the sides of banks and rivers, and is gathered
for medicinal uses. Miller.

CO’MICAL. adj. [comicus, Latin.]
1. Raising mirth; merry; diverting.
The greatest resemblance of our author is in the familiar
stile and pleasing way of relating comical adventures of that
nature. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
Something so comical in the voice and gestures, that a man
can hardly forbear being pleased. Addison on Italy.
2. Relating to comedy; befitting comedy.
That all might appear to be knit up in a comical conclusion,
the duke's daughter was afterwards joined in marriage to the
lord Lisle. Hayward.
They deny it to be tragical, because its catastrophe is a
wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical. Gay.

COMICALLY. adv. [from comical.]
1. In such a manner as raises mirth.
2. In a manner befitting comedy.

CO’MICALNESS. n. s. [from comical.] The quality of being
comical; the power of raising mirth.

CO’MICK. adj. [comicus, Lat. comique, French.]
1. Relating to comedy.
When I venture at the comick stile,
Thy scornful lady seems to mock my toil. Waller.
A comick subject loves an humble verse,
Thyestes scorns a low and comick stile;
Yet comedy sometimes may raise her voice. Roscommon.
Thy tragick muse gives smiles, thy comick sleep. Dryden.
2. Raising mirth.
Stately triumphs, mirthful comick shows,
Such as befit the pleasure. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.

CO’MING. n. s. [from To come.]
1. The act of coming; approach.
Where art thou, Adam! wont with joy to meet
My coming, seen far off? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Sweet the coming on
Of grateful ev'ning mild. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
2. State of being come; arrival.
May't please you, noble madam, to withdraw
Into your private chamber; we shall give you
The full cause of our coming. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Some people in America counted their years by the coming
of certain birds amongst them at their certain seasons, and
leaving them at others. Locke.

COMING-IN. n. s. Revenue; income.
Here's a small trifle of wives, eleven widows and nine
maids is a simple coming-in for one man. Shakespeare.
What are thy rents? what are thy comings-in?
O ceremony, shew me but thy worth:
What is thy toll, O adoration? Shakesp. Henry V.

CO’MING. participial adj. [from come.]
1. Fond; forward; ready to come.
Now will I be your Rosalind in a more coming on disposi­
tion; and ask me what you will, I will grant it. Shakespeare.
That very lapidary himself, with a coming stomach, and in
the cock's place, would have made the cock's choice. L'Estr.
That he had been so affectionate a husband, was no ill ar­
gument to the coming dowager. Dryd. Virg. Æn. Dedic.
On morning wings, how active springs the mind,
How easy every labour it pursues,
How coming to the poet every muse! Pope's Imit. of Horace.
2. Future; to come.
Praise of great acts, he scatters as a seed,
Which may the like in coming ages breed. Roscommon.

COMI’TIAL. adj. [comitia, Lat. an assembly of the Romans.]
Relating to the assemblies of the people of Rome.

CO’MITY. n. s. [comitas, Latin.] Courtesy; civility; good­
breeding. Dict.

CO’MMA. n. s. [ϰόμμα.]
1. The point which notes the distinction of clauses, and order
of construction in the sentence, marked thus [,].
Comma's and points they set exactly right. Pope.
2. The ninth part of a tone, or the interval whereby a semitone
or a perfect tone exceeds the imperfect tone. It is a term used
only in theorical musick, to shew the exact proportions be­
tween concords. Harris.

To COMMA’ND. v. a. [commander, Fr. mando, Latin.]
1. To govern; to give orders to; to hold in subjection or obe­
dience; contrary to obey.
Look, this feather,
Obeying with my wind when I do blow,
And yielding to another when it blows,
Commanded always by the greater gust;
Such is the lightness of you common men. Shak. Hen. VI.
Christ could command legions of angels to his rescue.
Decay of Piety.
Should he, who was thy lord, command thee now,
With a harsh voice, and supercilious brow,
To servile duties. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 5.
2. To order; to direct to be done; contrary to prohibit: some­
times formerly with of before the person.
My conscience bids me ask, wherefore you have
Commanded of me these most pois'nous compounds. Shakesp.
We will sacrifice to the Lord our God, as he shall command
us. Ex. viii. 27.
3. To have in power.
If the strong cane support thy walking hand,
Chairmen no longer shall the wall command. Gay's Trivia.
4. To overlook; to have so subject as that it may be seen or an­
noyed.
Up to the Eastern tower,
Whose height commands as subject all the vale,
To see the sight. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
His eye might there command, wherever stood
City, of old or modern fame; the seat
Of mightiest empire.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 385.


One side commands a view of the finest garden in the
world. Addison's Guardian, No. 101. 

To COMMA’ND. v. n. To have the supreme authority; to pos­
sess the chief power; to govern.
Those two commanding powers of the soul, the understand­
ing or the will. South's Sermons.

COMMA’ND. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The right of commanding; power; supreme authority. It
is used in military affairs, as magistracy or government in
civil life; with over.
Take pity of your town and of your people,
While yet my soldiers are in my command. Shakesp. Hen. V.
With lightning fill her awful hand,
And make the clouds seem all at her command. Waller.
He assumed an absolute command over his readers. Dryden.
2. Cogent authority; despotism.
Those he commands move only in command,
Nothing in love. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Command and force may often create, but can never cure,
an aversion; and whatever any one is brought to by compul­
sion, he will leave as soon as he can. Locke on Education.
3. The act of commanding; the mandate uttered; order.
Of this tree we may not taste nor touch;
God so commanded, and left that command
Sole daughter of his voice. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
As there is no prohibition of it, so no command for it. Taylor.
The captain gives command, the joyful train
Glide through the gloomy shade, and leave the main. Dryd.
4. The power of overlooking, or surveying any place.
The steepy stand,
Which overlooks the vale with wide command. Dryd. Æn.

COMMA’NDER. n. s. [from command.]
1. He that has the supreme authority; a general; a leader; a
chief.
We'll do thee homage, and be rul'd by thee,
Love thee as our commander and our king. Shakespeare.
I have given him for a leader and commander to the people.
Is. lv. 4.
The Romans, when commanders in war, spake to their
army, and styled them, My soldiers. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Charles, Henry, and Francis of France, often adventured
rather as soldiers than as commanders. Hayward.
Sir Phelim O'neil appeared as their commander in chief. Clar.
Supreme commander both of sea and land. Waller.
The heroick action of some great commander, enterprised
for the common good, and honour of the Christian cause.
Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
Their great commanders, by credit in their armies, fell into
the scales as a counterpoise to the people. Swift.
2. A paving beetle, or a very great wooden mallet, with an
handle about three foot long, to use in both hands. Moxon.
3. An instrument of surgery.
The glossocomium, commonly called the commander, is of
use in the most strong tough bodies, and where the laxation
hath been of long continuance. Wiseman's Surgery.

COMMA’NDERY. n. s. [from command.] A body of the knights
of Malta, belonging to the same nation.

COMMA’NDMENT. n. s. [commandement, French.]
1. Mandate; command; order; precept.
They plainly require some special commandment for that
which is exacted at their hands. Hooker, b. iii. sect. 7.
Say, you chose him more after our commandment,
Than guided by your own affections. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
By the easy commandment by God given to Adam, to for­
bear to feed thereon, it pleased God to make trial of his obe­
dience. Raleigh's History of the World.
2. Authority; coactive power.
I thought that all things had been savage here,
And therefore put I on the countenance
Of stern commandment. Shakespeare's As you like it.
3. By way of eminence, the precepts of the decalogue given
by God to Moses.
And he wrote upon the tables the words of the convenant
and the ten commandments. Exod. xxxiv. 28.

COMMA’NDRESS. n. s. [from commander.] A woman vested
with supreme authority.
To prescribe the order of doing in all things is a peculiar
prerogative, which wisdom hath, as queen or sovereign com­
mandress, over all other virtues. Hooker, b. v. sect. 8.
Be you commandress therefore, princess, queen
Of all our forces, be thy word a law. Fairfax, b. ii.

COMMATE’RIAL. adj. [from con and materia.] Consisting
of the same matter with another thing.
The beaks in birds are commaterial with teeth. Bacon.
The body adjacent and ambient is not commaterial, but
merely heterogeneal towards the body that is to be preserved.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 171. 

COMMATERIA’LITY. n. s. [from commaterial.] Resemblance
to something in its matter.

CO’MMELINE. n. s. [commelina, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves are produced alternately, and surround the stalks
at their base: the stalks trail upon the ground, and grow very
branchy. At setting on of the branches, between the wing
of the leaf and the stalk, is produced a flower of two leaves.
From the upper part of the flower are produced three short
stamina, upon which are fastened yellow apices, which re­
semble the head of a mushroom: in the under part of the
flower are produced three other male stamina. The ovary is
produced in the center of the flower, which is extended into
a long intorted tube, and becomes an oblong fruit, divided
into two cells, each containing one oblong seed. Miller.

COMME’MORABLE. adj. [from commemorate.] Deserving to be
mentioned with honour; worthy to be kept in remembrance.

To COMME’MORATE. v. a. [con and memoro, Latin.] To
preserve the memory by some publick act; to celebrate so­
lemnly.
Such is the divine mercy, which we now commemorate; and
if we commemorate it, we shall rejoice in the Lord. Fiddes.

COMMEMORA’TION. n. s. [from commemorate.] An act of pub­
lick celebration; solemnization of the memory of any thing.
But that which is daily offered in the church, is a daily com­
memoration of that one sacrifice which was offered on the cross.
Taylor's worthy Communicant.
St. Austin believed that the martyrs, when the commemora­
tions were made at their own sepulchres, did join their prayers
with the churches, in behalf of those who there put up their
supplications to God. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idols.
Commemoration was formerly made with thanksgiving, in
honour of good men departed this world. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COMME’MORATIVE. adj. [from commemorate.] Tending to
preserve memory of any thing.
The annual offering of the Paschal lamb was commemorative
of that first Paschal lamb. Atterbury.

To COMME’NCE. v. n. [commencer, French.]
1. To begin; to take beginning.
Why hath it given me earnest of success,
Commencing in a truth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Man, conscious of his immortality, cannot be without con­
cern for that state that is to commence after this life. Rogers.
2. To take a new character.
If wit so much from ign'rance undergo,
Ah! let not learning too commence its foe! Pope.

To COMME’NCE. v. a. To begin; to make a beginning of; as
to commence a suit.

COMME’NCEMENT. n. s. [from commence.] Beginning; date.
The waters were gathered together into one place, the third
day from the commencement of the creation. Woodw. Nat. Hist.

To COMME’ND. v. a. [commendo, Latin.]
1. To represent as worthy of notice, regard, or kindness; to
recommend.
After Barbarossa was arrived, it was known how effectually
the chief bassa had commended him to Solyman. Knolles's History.
Among the objects of knowledge, two especially commend
themselves to our contemplation; the knowledge of God, and
the knowledge of ourselves. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Vain-glory is a principle I shall commend to no man.
Decay of Piety.
These draw the chariot which Latinus sends,
And the rich present to the prince commends. Dryd. Æn.
2. To deliver up with confidence.
To thee I do commend my watchful soul,
Ere I let fall the windows of mine eyes:
Sleeping and waking, O defend me still. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. Luke xxiii. 46.
3. To praise; to mention with approbation.
Who is Silvia? What is she,
That all our swains commend her?
Holy, fair, and wise is she. Shakespeare.
Old men do most exceed in this point of folly, commending
the days of their youth they scarce remembered, at least well
understood not. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He lov'd my worthless rhymes; and, like a friend,
Would find out something to commend. Cowley.
Historians commend Alexander for weeping when he read
the actions of Achilles. Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedicat.
Each finding, like a friend,
Something to blame, and something to commend. Pope.
4. To mention by way of keeping in memory; to recommend
to remembrance.
Signior Anthonio
Commends him to you.——
——Ere I ope his letter,
I pray you tell me how my good friend doth. Sh. Mer. of Ven.

COMME’ND. n. s. [from the verb.] Commendation: not now
in use.
Tell her I send to her my kind commends:
Take special care my greetings be deliver'd. Shak. Rich. II.

COMME’NDABLE. adj. [from commend.] Laudable; worthy
of praise. Anciently accented on the first syllable.
And power, unto itself most commendable,
Hath not a tomb so evident, as a chair
T'extol what it hath done. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Order and decent ceremonies in the church, are not only
comely, but commendable. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.


Many heroes, and most worthy persons, being sufficiently
commendable from true and unquestionable merit, have received
advancement from falshood. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Britannia is not drawn, like other countries, in a soft peace­
ful posture; but is adorned with emblems, that mark out the
military genius of her inhabitants. This is, I think, the only
commendable quality that the old poets have touched upon in
the description of our country. Addison on ancient Medals.

COMME’NDABLY. adv. [from commendable.] Laudably; in a
manner worthy of commendation.
Of preachers the shire holdeth a number, all commendably
labouring in their vocation. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

COMME’NDAM. [commenda, low Latin.]
Commendam is a benefice, which, being void, is commended
to the charge and care of some sufficient clerk to be supplied,
until it be conveniently provided of a pastor. Cowel.
It had been once mentioned to him, that his peace should
be made, if he would resign his bishoprick, and deanry of
Westminster; for he had that in commendam. Clarendon.

COMME’NDATARY. n. s. [from commendam.] One who holds
a living in commendam.

COMMENDA’TION. n. s. [from commend.]
1. Recommendation; favourable representation.
This jewel and my gold are your's, provided I have your
commendation for my more free entertainment. Shak. Cymbeline.
The choice of them should be by the commendation of the
great officers of the kingdom. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
2. Praise; declaration of esteem.
His fame would not get so sweet and noble an air to fly in
as in your breath, so could not you find a fitter subject of com­
mendation. Sidney, b. ii.
Good-nature is the most godlike commendation of a man.
Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
3. Message of love.
Mrs. Page has her hearty commendations to you too. Shakesp.
Hark you, Margaret,
No princely commendations to my king!———
——Such commendations as become a maid,
A virgin, and his servant, say to him. Shakesp. Henry VI.

COMME’NDATORY. adj. [from commend.] Favourably repre­
sentative; containing praise.
It doth much add to a man's reputation, and is like perpe­
tual letters commendatory, to have good forms: to attain them,
it almost sufficeth not to despise them. Bacon, Essay 53.
We bestow the flourish of poetry on those commendatory
conceits, which popularly set forth the eminency of this crea­
ture. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 5.
If I can think that neither he nor you despise me, it is a
greater honour to me, by far, than if all the house of lords
writ commendatory verses upon me. Pope.

COMME’NDER. n. s. [from commend.] Praiser.
Such a concurrence of two extremes, by most of the same
commenders and disprovers. Wotton.

COMMENSA’LITY. n. s. [from commensalis, Lat.] Fellowship
of table; the custom of eating together.
They being enjoined and prohibited certain foods, thereby
to avoid community with the Gentiles, upon promiscuous
commensality. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 25.

COMMENSURABI’LITY. n. s. [from commensurable.] Capacity
of being compared with another, as to the measure; or of
being measured by another. Thus an inch and a yard are
commensurable, a yard containing a certain number of inches.
The diameter and circumference of a circle are incommen­
surable, not being reduceable to any common measure. Pro­
portion.
Some place the essence thereof in the proportion of parts,
conceiving it to consist in a comely commensurability of the
whole unto the parts, and the parts between themselves. Brown.

COMME’NSURABLE. adj. [con and mensura, Lat.] Reducible
to some common measure; as a yard and a foot are measured
by an inch.

COMME’NSURABLENESS. n. s. [from commensurable.] Com­
mensurability; proportion.
There is no commensurableness between this object and a
created understanding, yet there is a congruity and connatu­
rality. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To COMME’NSURATE. v. a. [con and mensura, Lat.] To
reduce to some common measure.
That division is not natural, but artificial, and by agree­
ment, as the aptest terms to commensurate the longitude of
places. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

COMME’NSURATE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Reducible to some common measure.
They permitted no intelligence between them, other than
by the mediation of some organ equally commensurate to soul
and body. Government of the Tongue, s. 1. 
2. Equal; proportionable to each other.
Is our knowledge adequately commensurate with the nature
of things? Glanville's Sceps. c. 2.
Those who are persuaded that they shall continue for ever,
cannot chuse but aspire after a happiness commensurate to their
duration. Tillotson.
Nothing commensurate to the desires of human nature, on
which it could fix as its ultimate end, without being carried
on with any farther desire. Rogers's Sermons.
Matter and gravity are always commensurate. Bentley.

COMME’NSURATELY. adv. [from commensurate.] With the
capacity of measuring, or being measured by some other
thing
We are constrained to make the day serve to measure the
year as well as we can, though not commensurately to each
year; but by collecting the fraction of days in several years,
'till they amount to an even day. Holder on Time.

COMMENSURA’TION. n. s. [from commensurate.] Proportion;
reduction of some things to some common measure.
A body over great, or over small, will not be thrown so far
as a body of a middle size; so that, it seemeth, there must be
a commensuration or proportion between the body moved and
the force, to make it move well. Bacon's Natural History.
All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or proportion
of one thing to another. South.

To CO’MMENT. v. n. [commentor, Lat.] To annotate; to
write notes upon an author; to expound; to explain; with
upon before the thing explained.
Enter his chamber, view his lifeless corps,
And comment then upon his sudden death. Shakes. Henry VI.
Such are thy secrets, which my life makes good,
And comments on thee; for in ev'ry thing
Thy words do find me out, and parallels bring,
And in another make me understand. Herbert.
Criticks having first taken a liking to one of these poets,
proceed to comment on him, and illustrate him. Dryd. Juv. Ded.
They have contented themselves only to comment upon those
texts, and make the best copies they could after those ori­
ginals. Temple.
Indeed I hate that any man should be idle, while I must
translate and comment. Pope.

CO’MMENT. n. s. [from the verb.] Annotations on an au­
thor; notes; explanation; exposition; remarks.
In such a time as this, it is not meet
That every nice offence should bear its comment. Shakesp.
Forgive the comment that my passion made
Upon thy feature; for my rage was blind. Shakes. K. John.
All that is behind will be by way of comment on that part
of the church of England's charity. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Adam came into the world a philosopher, which sufficiently
appeared by his writing the nature of things upon their names:
he could view essences in themselves, and read forms without
the comment of their respective properties. South's Sermons.
All the volumes of philosophy,
With all their comments, never could invent
So politick an instrument. Prior.
Proper gestures, and vehement exertions of the voice, are
a kind of comment to what he utters. Addison's Spect. No. 407.
Still with itself compar'd, his text peruse;
And let your comment be the Mantuan muse. Pope.

CO’MMENTARY. n. s. [commentarius, Latin.]
1. An exposition; annotation; remark.
In religion, scripture is the best rule; and the church's uni­
versal practice, the best commentary. King Charles.
2. Memoir; narrative in familiar manner.
Vere, in a private commentary which he wrote of that ser­
vice, testified that eight hundred were slain. Bacon.
They shew still the ruins of Cæsar's wall, that reached
eighteen miles in length, as he has declared it in the first book
of his commentaries. Addison on Italy.

COMMENTA’TOR. n. s. [from comment.] Expositor; annotator.
I have made such expositions of my authors, as no commen­
tator will forgive me. Dryden.
Some of the commentators tell us, that Marsya was a lawyer
who had lost his cause. Addison on Italy.
Galen's commentator tells us, that bitter substances engender
choler, and burn the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
You will have variety of commentators to explain the difficult
passages to you. Gay.
No commentator can more slily pass
O'er a learn'd unintelligible place. Pope.

CO’MMENTER. n. s. [from comment.] One that writes com­
ments; an explainer; an annotator.
Slily as any commenter goes by
Hard words or sense. Donne.

COMMENTI’TIOUS. adj. [commentitius, Lat.] Invented; ficti­
tious; imaginary.
It is easy to draw a parallelism between that ancient and this
modern nothing, and make good its resemblance to that com­
mentitious inanity. Glanville's Sceps. c. 18.

CO’MMERCE. n. s. [commercium, Latin. It was anciently ac­
cented on the last syllable.] Intercourse; exchange of one
thing for another; interchange of any thing; trade; traffick.
Places of publick resort being thus provided, our repair
thither is especially for mutual conference, and, as it were,
commerce to be had between God and us. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
How could communities,
Degrees in schools, and brotherhoods in cities,


Peaceful commerce from dividable shores,
But by degree stand in authentick place? Sh. Troil. and Cress.
Instructed ships shall sail to quick commerce,
By which remotest regions are ally'd;
Which makes one city of the universe,
Where some may gain, and all may be supply'd. Dryden.
These people had not any commerce with the other known
parts of the world. Tillotson.
In any country, that hath commerce with the rest of the
world, it is almost impossible now to be without the use of
silver coin. Locke.

To COMME’RCE. v. n. [from the noun.] To hold intercourse
with.
Come, but keep thy wonted state,
With even step and musing gait,
And looks commercing with the skies,
Thy rapt' soul sitting in thine eyes. Milton.

COMME’RCIAL. adj. [from commerce.] Relating to commerce
or traffick.

CO’MMERE. n. s. [French.] A common mother.
As peace should still her wheaten garland wear,
And stand a commere 'tween their amities. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To CO’MMIGRATE. v. n. [con and migro, Latin.] To re­
move in a body, or by consent, from one country to
another

COMMIGRA’TION. n. s. [from commigrate.] A removal of a
large body of people from one country to another.
Both the inhabitants of that and of our world lost all
memory of their commigration hence. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

COMMINA’TION. n. s. [comminatio, Latin.]
1. A threat; a denunciation of punishment, or of vengeance.
Some parts of knowledge God has thought fit to seclude
from us, to fence them not only by precept and commination,
but with difficulty and impossibilities. Decay of Piety.
2. The recital of God's threatenings on stated days.

COMMI’NATORY. adj. [from commination.] Denunciatory;
threatening.

To COMMI’NGLE. v. a. [commisceo, Latin.] To mix into
one mass; to unite intimately; to mix; to blend.
Blest are those,
Whose blood and judgment are so well commingled,
That they are not a pipe for fortune's finger,
To sound what stop she please. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To COMMI’NGLE. v. n. To unite with another thing.
Dissolutions of gum tragacanth and oil of sweet almonds do
not commingle, the oil remaining on the top 'till they be
stirred. Bacon's Physical Rem.

COMMINU’IBLE. adj. [from comminute.] Frangible; reducible
to powder; susceptible of pulverisation.
The best diamonds are comminuible without it; and are so
far from breaking hammers, that they submit unto pestillation,
and resist not any ordinary pestle. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

To CO’MMINUTE. v. a. [comminuo, Latin.] To grind; to
pulverise; to break into small parts.
Parchment, skins, and cloth drink in liquors, though them­
selves be intire bodies, and not comminuted, as sand and ashes.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 800.

COMMINU’TION. n. s. [from comminute.] The act of grinding
into small parts; pulverisation.
Causes of fixation are the even spreading of the spirits and
tangible parts, the closeness of the tangible parts, and the
jejuneness or extreme comminution of spirits; of which the
two first may be joined with a nature liquefiable. Bacon.
The jaw in men and animals furnished with grinders, hath
an oblique or transverse motion, necessary for comminution of
the meat. Ray on the Creation.
This smiting of the steel with the flint doth only make a
comminution, and a very rapid whirling and melting of some
particles; but that idea of flame is wholly in us. Bentley.

COMMI’SERABLE. adj. [from commiserate.] Worthy of com­
passion; pitiable; such as must excite sympathy or sorrow.
It is the sinfullest thing in the world to destitute a plantation
once in forwardness: for, besides the dishonour, it is the
guiltiness of blood of many commiserable persons. Bacon's Ess.
This was the end of this noble and commiserable person,
Edward eldest son to the duke of Clarence. Bacon's Hen. VII.

To COMMI’SERATE. v. a. [con and misereor, Lat.] To pity;
to look on with compassion; to compassionate.
Then we must those, who groan beneath the weight
Of age, disease, or want, commiserate. Denham.
We should commiserate our mutual ignorance, and endea­
vour to remove it. Locke.

COMMISERA’TION. n. s. [from commiserate.] Pity; compas­
sion; tenderness, or concern for another's pains.
These poor seduced creatures, whom I can neither speak
nor think of but with much commiseration and pity. Hooker.
Live, and hereafter say
A mad man's mercy bade thee run away.
——I do defy thy commiseration,
And apprehend thee for a felon here. Shak. Rom. and Juliet.
God knows with how much commiseration, and solicitous
caution, I carried on that business, that I might neither en­
courage the rebels, nor discourage the Protestants. K. Charles.
She ended weeping; and her lovely plight
Immoveable, 'till peace obtain'd from fault
Acknowledg'd and deplor'd, in Adam wrought
Commiseration. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 940.
From you their estate may expect effectual comfort, since
there are none from whom it may not deserve commiseration.
Sprat's Sermons.
No where fewer beggars appear to charm up commiseration,
yet no where is there greater charity. Graunt's Bills of Mort.
I prevailed with myself to go and see him, partly out of
commiseration, and partly out of curiosity. Swift.

CO’MMISSARY. n. s. [commissarius, low Latin.]
1. An officer made occasionally for a certain purpose; a dele­
gate; a deputy.
2. It is a title of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, appertaining to such
as exercises spiritual jurisdiction (at least so far as his com­
mission permits) in places of the diocese so far distant from
the chief city, as the chancellor cannot call the subjects. Cowel.
The commissaries of bishops have authority only in some
certain place of the diocese, and in some certain causes of the
jurisdiction limited to them by the bishop's commission. Ayliffe.
3. An officer who draws up lifts of the numbers of an army,
and regulates the procuration and conveyance of provision or
ammunition.
But is it thus you English bards compose?
With Runick lays thus tag insipid prose?
And when you should your heroes deeds rehearse,
Give us a commissary's list in verse? Prior.

CO’MMISSARISHIP. n. s. [from commissary.] The office of a
commissary.
A commissariship is not grantable for life, so as to bind the
succeeding bishop, though it should be confirmed by the dean
and chapter. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COMMI’SSION. n. s. [commissio, low Latin.]
1. The act of entrusting any thing.
2. A trust; a warrant by which any trust is held, or authority
exercised.
Commission is the warrant, or letters patent, that all men
exercising jurisdiction, either ordinary or extraordinary, have
for their power. Cowel.
Omission to do what is necessary,
Seals a commission to a blank of danger. Sh. Troil. and Cress.
The subjects grief
Comes through commissions, which compel from each
The sixth part of his substance, to be levied
Without delay. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He led our powers;
Bore the commission of my place and person;
The which immediacy may well stand up,
And call itself your brother. Shakesp. King Lear.
He would have them fully acquainted with the nature and
extent of their office, and so he joins commission with instruc­
tion: by one he conveys power, by the other knowledge. South.
3. A warrant by which a military officer is constituted.
Solyman, filled with the vain hope of the conquest of Per­
sia, gave out his commissions into all parts of his empire, for
the raising of a mighty army. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
I was made a colonel; though I gained my commission by the
horse's virtues, having leapt over a six-bar gate. Addis. Frech.
He for his son a gay commission buys,
Who drinks, whores, fights, and in a duel dies. Pope.
4. Charge; mandate; office; employment.
It was both a strange commission, and a strange obedience to
a commission, for men, in the midst of their own blood, and
being so furiously assailed, to hold their hands contrary to the
laws of nature and necessity. Bacon's War with Spain.
Such commission from above
I have receiv'd, to answer thy desire
Of knowledge within bounds: beyond, abstain
To ask. Milton's Paradise Lost.
At his command the storms invade;
The winds by his commission blow;
'Till with a nod he bids them cease. Dryden.
He bore his great commission in his look;
But sweetly temper'd awe, and soften'd all he spoke. Dryd.
5. Act of committing a crime; perpetration. Sins of commis­
sion are distinguished in theology from sins of omission.
Every commission of sin introduces into the soul a certain
degree of bardness. South's Sermons.
He indulges himself in the habit of known sin, whether
commission of something which God hath forbidden, or the
omission of something commanded. Rogers's Sermons.
6. A number of people joined in a trust or office.
7. The state of that which is intrusted to a number of joint
officers; as the broad seal was put into commission.
8. [In commerce.] The order by which a factor trades for
another person.

To COMMI’SSION. v. a. [from commission.] To empower; to
appoint.


The peace polluted thus, a chosen band
He first commissions to the Latian land,
In threat'ning embassy. Dryden's Æn. b. vii. l. 648.

To COMMI’SSIONATE. v. a. [from commission.] To com­
mission; to empower.
As he was thus sent by his father, so also were the apostles
solemnly commissionated by him to preach to the Gentile world,
who, with indefatigable industry and resolute sufferings, pur­
sued the charge; and sure this is competent evidence, that the
design was of the greatest and most weighty importance.
Decay of Piety.

COMMI’SSIONER. n. s. [from commission.] One included in a
warrant of authority.
A commissioner is one who hath commission, as letters patents,
or other lawful warrant, to execute any publick office. Cowel.
One article they stood upon, which I with your commissioners
have agreed upon. Sidney.
These commissioners came into England, with whom cove­
nants were concluded. Hayward.
The archbishop was made one of the commissioners of the
treasury. Clarendon.
Suppose itinerary commissioners to inspect, throughout the
kingdom, into the conduct of men in office, with respect to
morals and religion as well as abilities. Swift.
Like are their merits, like rewards they share,
That shines a consul, this commissioner. Pope's Dunciad.

COMMI’SSURE. n. s. [commissura, Latin.] Joint; a place where
one part is joined to another.
All these inducements cannot countervail the inconvenience
of disjointing the commissures with so many strokes of the
chizel. Wotton's Architecture.
This animal is covered with a strong shell, jointed like ar­
mour by four transverse commissures in the middle of the body,
connected by tough membranes. Ray on the Creation.

To COMMI’T. v. a. [committo, Latin.]
1. To intrust; to give in trust; to put into the hands of
another.
It is not for your health thus to commit
Your weak condition to the raw, cold morning. Shakesp.
They who are desirous to commit to memory, might have
ease. 2 Mac. ii. 25.
2. To put in any place to be kept safe.
Is my muse controul'd
By servile awe? Born free, and not be bold!
At least I'll dig a hole within the ground,
And to the trusty earth commit the sound. Dryd. Pers. Sat.
3. To send to prison; to imprison.
Here comes the nobleman that committed the prince, for
striking him about Bardolph. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
They two were committed, at least restrained of their
liberty. Clarendon.
So though my ankle she has quitted,
My heart continues still committed;
And, like a bail'd and main priz'd lover,
Although at large, I am bound over. Hudibras, p. ii.
4. To perpetrate; to do a fault; to be guilty of a crime.
Keep thy word justly; swear not; commit not with man's
sworn spouse. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Letters out of Ulster gave him notice of the inhumane mur­
ders committed there upon a multitude of the Protestants. Claren.
A creeping young fellow committed matrimony with a brisk
gamesome lass. L'Estrange.
'Tis policy
For son and father to take different sides;
Then lands and tenements commit no treason. Dryden.

COMMI’TMENT. n. s. [from commit.] Act of sending to pri­
son; imprisonment.
It did not appear by any new examinations or commitments,
that any other person of quality was discovered or appeached.
Bacon's Henry VII.
They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the
Tower, whence he was within few days enlarged. Clarendon.
I have been considering, ever since my commitment, what it
might be proper to deliver upon this occasion. Swift.
2. An order for sending to prison.

COMMI’TTEE. n. s. [from commit.]
Those to whom the consideration or ordering of any mat­
ter is referred, either by some court to whom it belongs, or
by consent of parties. As in parliament, after a bill is read,
it is either agreed to and passed, or not agreed to; or neither
of these, but referred to the consideration of some appointed
by the house, to examine it farther, who thereupon are called
a committee. Cowel.
Manchester had orders to march thither, having a committee
of the parliament with him, as there was another committee of
the Scottish parliament always in that army; there being also
now a committee of both kingdoms residing at London, for the
carrying on the war. Clarendon.
All corners were filled with covenanters, confusion, com­
mittee men, and soldiers, serving each other to their ends of
revenge, or power, or profit; and these committee men and
soldiers were possest with this covenant. Walton.

COMMI’TTER. n. s. [from commit.] Perpetrator; he that
commits.
Such an one makes a man not only a partaker of other
men's sins, but a deriver of the whole guilt to himself; yet
so as to leave the committer as full of guilt as before. South.

COMMI’TTIBLE. adj. [from commit.] Liable to be com­
mitted.
Besides the mistakes committible in the solary compute of
years, the difference of chronology disturbs his computes.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

To COMMI’X. v. a. [commisceo, Lat.] To mingle; to blend;
to mix; to unite with things in one mass.
A dram of gold, dissolved in aqua regia, with a dram of
copper in aqua fortis commixed, gave a great colour. Bacon.
I have written against the spontaneous generation of frogs
in the clouds; or, on the earth, out of dust and rain-water
commixed. Ray on the Creation.
It is manifest by this experiment, that the commixed impres­
sions of all the colours do stir up and beget a sensation of
white; that is, that whiteness is compounded of all the
colours. Newton's Opt.

COMMI’XION. n. s. [from commix.] Mixture; incorporation
of different ingredients.
Were thy commixion Greek and Trojan, so
That thou could'st say, this hand is Grecian all,
And this is Trojan. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

COMMI’XTION. n. s. [from commix.] Mixture; incorporation;
union of various substances in one mass.
Some species there be of middle and participating natures,
that is, of birds and beasts, as batts, and some few others,
so confirmed and set together, that we cannot define the be­
ginning or end of either; there being a commixtion of both in
the whole, rather than adapation or cement of the one unto
the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

COMMI’XTURE. n. s. [from commix.]
1. The act of mingling; the state of being mingled; incorpo­
ration; union in one mass.
In the commixture of any thing that is more oily or sweet,
such bodies are least apt to putrefy, the air working little upon
them. Bacon's Natural History, No. 350.
2. The mass formed by mingling different things; composition;
compound.
Fair ladies, mask'd, are roses in the bud;
Or angels veil'd in clouds: are roses blown,
Dismask'd, their damask sweet commixture shewn. Shakesp.
My love and fear glew'd many friends to thee;
And now I fall, thy tough commixtures melt,
Impairing Henry, strength'ning misproud York. Shakesp.
There is scarcely any rising but by a commixture of good and
evil arts. Bacon, Essay 15.
All the circumstances and respect of religion and state inter­
mixed together in their commixture, will better become a royal
history, or a council-table, than a single life. Wotton.

COMMO’DE. n. s. [French.] The head-dress of women.
Let them reflect how they would be affected, should they
meet with a man on horseback, in his breeches and jack-boots,
dressed up in a commode and a nightrail. Spectat. No. 435.
She has contrived to shew her principles by the setting of
her commode; so that it will be impossible for any woman that
is disaffected to be in the fashion. Addison's Freeholder, No. 8.
She, like some pensive statesman, walks demure,
And smiles, and hugs, to make destruction sure;
Or under high commodes, with looks erect,
Barefac'd devours, in gaudy colours deck'd. Granville.

COMMO’DIOUS. adj. [commodus, Latin.]
1. Convenient; suitable; accommodate to any purpose; fit;
proper; free from hindrance or uneasiness.
Such a place cannot be commodious to live in; for being so
near the moon, it had been too near the sun. Raleigh's Hist.
To that recess, commodious for surprize,
When purple light shall next suffuse the skies,
With me repair. Pope's Odyss. b. iv. l. 550.
2. Useful; suited to wants or necessities.
If they think we ought to prove the ceremonies commodious,
they do greatly deceive themselves. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 4.
Bacchus was grown a proper young man, had found out
the making of wine, and many things else commodious for
mankind. Raleigh's History of the World, b. i. c. 6. s. 5.
The gods have done their part,
By sending this commodious plague. Dryden's Oedipus.
Maro's muse,
Thrice sacred muse, commodious precepts gives,
Instructive to the swains. Phillips.

COMMO’DIOUSLY. adv. [from commodious.]
1. Conveniently.
At the large foot of an old hollow tree,
In a deep cave seated commodiously,
There dwelt a good substantial country mouse. Cowley.
2. Without distress.
We need not fear
To pass commodiously this life, sustain'd


By him with many comforts, 'till we end
In dust; our final rest, and native home. Milt. Par. Lost.
3. Suitably to a certain purpose
Wisdom may have framed one and the same thing to serve
commodiously for divers ends. Hooker, b. v. sect. 42.
Galen, upon the consideration of the body, challenges any
one to find how the least fibre might be more commodiously
placed for use or comeliness. South's Sermons.

COMMO’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from commodious.] Convenience;
advantage.
The place requireth many circumstances; as the situation
near the sea, for the commodiousness of an intercourse with
England. Bacon.
Of cities, the greatness and riches increase according to the
commodiousness of their situation in fertile countries, or upon
rivers and havens. Temple.

COMMO’DITY. n. s. [commoditas, Latin.]
1. Interest; advantage; profit.
They knew, that howsoever men may seek their own com­
modity, yet if this were done with injury unto others, it was
not to be suffered. Hooker, b. v. sect. 10.
Commodity, the biass of the world,
The world, which of itself is poised well,
'Till this advantage, this vile drawing biass,
This sway of motion, this commodity,
Makes it take head from all indifferency,
From all direction, purpose, course, intent. Shakes. K. John.
After much debatement of the commodities or discommodi­
ties like to ensue, they concluded. Hayward.
2. Convenience of time or place.
There came into her head certain verses, which, if she had
had present commodity, she would have adjoined as a retraction
to the other. Sidney, b. ii.
She demanded leave, not to lose this long sought for com­
modity of time, to ease her heart. Sidney.
Travellers turn out of the highway, drawn either by the
commodity of a foot-path, or the delicacy or the freshness of the
fields. Ben. Johnson's Discov.
3. Wares; merchandise; goods for traffick.
All my fortunes are at sea;
Nor have I money, nor commodity
To raise a present sum. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
It had been difficult to make such a mole where they had
not so natural a commodity as the earth of Puzzuola, which
immediately hardens in the water. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Commodities are moveables, valuable by money, the common
measure. Locke.
Of money in the commerce and traffick of mankind, the
principal use is that of saving the commutation of more bulky
commodities. Arbuthnot on Coins.

COMMO’DORE. n. s. [probably corrupted from the Spanish
comendador.] The captain who commands a squadron of ships.

CO’MMON. n. s. [communis, Latin.]
1. Belonging equally to more than one.
Though life and sense be common to man and brutes, and
their operations in many things alike; yet by this form he
lives the life of a man, and not of a brute, and hath the sense
of a man, and not of a brute. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
He who hath received damage, has, besides the right of
punishment common to him with other men, a particular right
to seek reparation. Locke.
2. Having no possessor or owner.
Where no kindred are to be found, we see the possession of
a private man revert to the community, and so become again
perfectly common, no body having a right to inherit them; nor
can any one have a property in them, otherwise than in other
things common by nature. Locke.
3. Vulgar; mean; not distinguished by any excellence; often
seen; easy to be had; of little value; not rare; not scarce.
Or as the man whom princes do advance,
Upon their gracious mercy-seat to sit,
Doth common things, of course and circumstance,
To the reports of common men commit. Davies.
4. Publick; general; serving the use of all.
He was advised by a parliament-man not to be strict in
reading all the common prayer, but make some variation. Walt.
I need not mention the old common shore of Rome, which
ran from all parts of the town, with the current and violence
of an ordinary river. Addison on Italy.
5. Of no rank; mean; without birth or descent.
Look, as I blow this feather from my face,
And as the air blows it to me again,
Such is the lightness of you common men. Shak. Henry VI.
Flying bullets now,
To execute his rage, appear too slow;
They miss, or sweep but common souls away,
For such a loss Opdam his life must pay. Waller.
6. Frequent; usual; ordinary.
There is an evil which I have seen common among men.
Eccles. vi. 1. 
The Papists were the most common place, and the butt
against whom all the arrows were directed. Clarendon.
Neither is it strange that there should be mysteries in divi­
nity, as well as in the commonest operations in nature. Swift.
7. Prostitute.
'Tis a strange thing, the impudence of some women! was
the word of a dame, who herself was common. L'Estrange.
Hipparchus was going to marry a common woman, but con­
sulted Philander upon the occasion. Spectator, No. 475.
8. [In grammar.] Such verbs as signify both action and passion
are called common; as aspernor, I despise, or am despised; and
also such nouns as are both masculine and feminine, as parens.

CO’MMON. n. s. [from the adjective.] An open ground equal­
ly used by many persons.
Then take we down his load, and turn him off,
Like to the empty ass, to shake his ears,
And graze in commons. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Is not the separate property of a thing the great cause of its
endearment? Does any one respect a common as much as he
does his garden? South.

CO’MMON. adv. [from the adjective.] Commonly; ordinarily.
I am more than common tall. Shakesp. As you like it.

In CO’MMON. 
1. Equally to be participated by a certain number.
By making an explicite consent of every commoner neces­
sary to any one's appropriating to himself any part of what is
given in common, children or servants could not cut the meat
which their father or master had provided for them in common,
without assigning to every one his peculiar part. Locke.
2. Equally with another; indiscriminately.
In a work of this nature it is impossible to avoid puerilities,
it having that in common with dictionaries, and books of anti­
quities. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To CO’MMON. v. n. [from the noun.] To have a joint right
with others in some common ground.

COMMON LAW contains those customs and usages which have,
by long prescription, obtained in this nation the force of laws.
It is distinguished from the statute law, which owes its autho­
rity to acts of parliament.

COMMON PLEAS. The king's court now held in Westminster­
hall; but anciently moveable. Gwin observes, that 'till Henry
III. granted the magna charta there were but two courts, the
exchequer, and the king's bench, so called because it followed
the king; but upon the grant of that charter, the court of
common pleas was erected, and settled at Westminster. All
civil causes, both real and personal, are, or were formerly,
tried in this court, according to the strict laws of the realm;
and Fortescue represents it as the only court for real causes.
The chief judge is called the lord chief justice of the common
pleas, and he is assisted by three or four associates, created by
letters patent from the king. Cowel.

CO’MMONABLE. adj. [from common.] What is held in
common.
Much good land might be gained from forests and chases,
and from other commonable places, so as there be care taken
that the poor commoners have no injury. Bacon's Ad. to Villers.

CO’MMONAGE. n. s. [from common.] The right of feeding on
a common; the joint right of using any thing in common
with others.

CO’MMONALTY. n. s. [communautè, French.]
1. The common people; the people of the lower rank.
Bid him strive
To gain the love o' th' commonalty; the duke
Shall govern England. Shakes. Henry VIII.
There is in every state, as we know, two portions of sub­
jects; the nobles and the commonalty. Bacon, Essay 16.
The emmet joined in her popular tribes
Of commonalty. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 489.
All gentlemen are almost obliged to it; and I know no rea­
son we should give that advantage to the commonalty of Eng­
land, to be foremost in brave actions. Dryd. Pref. to An. Mir.
2. The bulk of mankind.
I myself too will use the secret acknowledgment of the
commonalty bearing record of the God of Gods. Hooker, b. iii.

CO’MMONER. n. s. [from common.]
1. One of the common people; a man of low rank; of mean
condition.
Doubt not
The commoners, for whom we stand, but they,
Upon their ancient malice, will forget. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
His great men durst not pay their court to him, 'till he had
satiated his thirst of blood by the death of some of his loyal
commoners. Addison's Freeholder, No. 10.
2. A man not noble.
This commoner has worth and parts,
Is prais'd for arms, or lov'd for arts:
His head achs for a coronet;
And who is bless'd, that is not great? Prior.
3. A member of the house of commons.
4. One who has a joint right in common ground.
Much land might be gained from commonable places, so as
there be care taken that the poor commoners have no injury.
Bacon's Advice to Villers.


5. A student of the second rank at the university of Oxford; one
that eats at the common table.
6. A prostitute.
Behold this ring,
Whose high respect, and rich validity,
Did lack a parallel: yet, for all that,
He gave it to a commoner o' th' camp. Shakespeare.

COMMONI’TION. n. s. [commonitio, Latin.] Advice; warning;
instruction.

CO’MMONLY. adv. [from common.] Frequently; usually; or­
dinarily.
This hand of your's requires
Much castigation, exercise devout;
For here's a strong and sweating devil here,
That commonly rebels. Shakespeare's Othello.
A great disease may change the frame of a body, though,
if it lives to recover strength, it commonly returns to its natural
constitution. Temple.

CO’MMONNESS. n. s. [from common.]
1. Equal participation among many.
Nor can the commonness of the guilt obviate the censure,
there being nothing more frequent than for men to accuse their
own faults in other persons. Government of the Tongue, s. 6.
2. Frequent occurrence; frequency.
Blot out that maxim, res nolunt diu male administrari: the
commonness makes me not know who is the author; but sure
he must be some modern. Swift.

To COMMONPLA’CE. v. a. To reduce to general heads.
I do not apprehend any difficulty in collecting and common­
placing an universal history from the whole body of historians.
Felton on the Classicks.

COMMONPLACE-BOOK. n. s. A book in which things to be
remembered are ranged under general heads.
I turned to my commonplace book, and found his case under
the word coquette. Tatler, No. 107.

CO’MMONS. n. s. 
1. The vulgar; the lower people; those who inherit no honours.
Little office
The hateful commons will perform for us;
Except, like curs, to tear us all in pieces. Shakesp. Richard II.
Hath he not pass'd the nobles and the commons? Shakesp.
These three to kings and chiefs their scenes display,
The rest before the ignoble commons play. Dryden's Fables.
The gods of greater nations dwell around,
And, on the right and left, the palace bound;
The commons where they can: the nobler sort,
With winding doors wide open, front the court. Dryden.
2. The lower house of parliament, by which the people are re­
presented, and of which the members are chosen by the
people.
My good lord,
How now for mitigation of this bill
Urg'd by the commons? Doth his majesty
Incline to it, or no? Shakespeare's Henry VI.
In the house of commons many gentlemen, unsatisfied of his
guilt, durst not condemn him. King Charles.
3. Food; fare; diet: so called from colleges, where it is eaten
in common.
He painted himself of a dove-colour, and took his commons
with the pigeons. L'Estrange.
Mean while she quench'd her fury at the flood,
And with a lenten sallad cool'd her blood:
Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant;
Nor did their minds an equal banquet want. Dryden.
The doctor now obeys the summons,
Likes both his company and commons;
Displays his talent; sits 'till ten;
Next day invited, comes again. Swift.

COMMONWE’AL. n. s. [from common and weal, or wealth.]

COMMONWE’ALTH. n. s. [from common and weal, or wealth.]
1. A polity; an established form of civil life.
Two foundations bear up publick societies; the one incli­
nation, whereby all men desire sociable life; the other an or­
der agreed upon, touching the manner of their union in living
together: the latter is that which we call the law of a common­
weal. Hooker.
It was impossible to make a commonweal in Ireland, without
settling of all the estates and possessions throughout the king­
dom. Davies on Ireland.
A continual parliament would but keep the commonweal in
tune, by preserving laws in their vigour. King Charles.
There is no body in the commonwealth of learning who does
not profess himself a lover of truth. Locke.
2. The publick; the general body of the people.
Such a prince,
So kind a father of the commonweal. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Their sons are well tutored by you: you are a good mem­
ber of the commonwealth. Shakespeare's Love's Labour Lost.
3. A government in which the supreme power is lodged in the
people; a republick.
Did he, or do yet any of them, imagine
The gods would sleep to such a Stygian practice,
Against that commonwealth which they have founded. Johnson.
Commonwealths were nothing more, in their original, but
free cities; though sometimes, by force of orders and disci­
pline, they have extended themselves into mighty domi­
nions. Temple.

CO’MMORANCE. n. s. [from commorant.] Dwelling; habita­
tion; abode; residence.

CO’MMORANCY. n. s. [from commorant.] Dwelling; habita­
tion; abode; residence.
The very quality, carriage, and place of commorance of
witnesses, is by this means plainly and evidently set forth.
Hale's History of the Common Law of England.
An archbishop, out of his diocese, becomes subject to the
archbishop of the province where he has his abode and com­
morancy. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COMMORANT. adj. [commorans, Latin.] Resident; dwell­
ing; inhabiting.
The abbot may demand and recover his monk, that is com­
morant and residing in another monastery. Alyffe's Parergon.

COMMO’TION. n. s. [commotio, Latin.]
1. Tumult; disturbance; combustion; sedition; publick disor­
der; insurrection.
By flatt'ry he hath won the common hearts;
And when he'll please to make commotion,
'Tis to be fear'd they all will follow him. Shakes. Henry VI.
When ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified.
Luke xxi. 9.
The Iliad consists of battles and a continual commotion;
the Odyssey in patience and wisdom. Broom's Notes on the Odyss.
2. Perturbation; disorder of mind; heat; violence; agitation.
Some strange commotion
Is in his brain; he bites his lips, and starts. Shak. Hen. VIII.
He could not debate any thing without some commotion,
when the argument was not of moment. Clarendon.
3. Disturbance; restlesness.
Sacrifices were offered when an earthquake happened, that
he would allay the commotions of the water, and put an end
to the earthquake. Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.

COMMO’TIONER. n. s. [from commotion.] One that causes com­
motions; a disturber of the peace. A word not in use.
The people more regarding commotioners than commissioners,
flocked together, as clouds cluster against a storm. Hayward.

To COMMO’VE. v. a. [commoveo, Latin.] To disturb; to agi­
tate; to put into a violent motion; to unsettle.
Strait the sands,
Commov'd around, in gathering eddies play. Thoms. Summer.

To CO’MMUNE. v. n. [communico, Lat.] To converse; to
ta together; to impart sentiments mutually.
So long as Guyon with her communed,
Unto the ground she cast her modest eye;
And ever and anon, with rosy red,
The bashful blood her snowy cheeks did dye. Fairy Queen.
I will commune with you of such things,
That want no ears but your's. Shak. Measure for Measure.
They would forbear open hostility, and resort unto him
peaceably, that they might commune together as friends. Hayw.
Then commune, how that day they best may ply
Their growing work. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 201. 
Ideas, as ranked under names, are those that, for the most
part, men reason of within themselves, and always those
which they commune about with others. Locke.

COMMUNICABI’LITY. n. s. [from communicable.] The quality
of being communicated; capability to be imparted.

COMMU’NICABLE. adj. [from communicate.]
1. That which may become the common possession of more
than one; with to.
Sith eternal life is communicable unto all, it behooveth that
the word of God be so likewise. Hooker, b. v. sect. 20.
2. That which may be imparted, or recounted; with to.
Nor let thine own inventions hope
Things not reveal'd, which th' invisible king,
Only omniscient, hath suppress'd in night,
To none communicable in earth or heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
The happy place
Rather inflames thy torment, representing
Lost bliss, to thee no more communicable. Milton's Par. Reg.

COMMU’NICANT. n. s. [from communicate.] One who is pre­
sent, as a worshipper, at the celebration of the Lord's Supper;
one who participates of the blessed sacrament.
Communicants have ever used it; and we, by the form of the
very utterance, do shew we use it as communicants. Hooker.
A constant frequenter of worship, and a never-failing
monthly communicant. Atterbury's Sermons.

To COMMU’NICATE. v. a. [communico, Latin.]
1. To impart to others what is in our own power; to make
others partakers; to confer a joint possession; to bestow.
Common benefits are to be communicated with all, but pecu­
liar benefits with choice. Bacon, Essay 13.
Where God is worshipped, there he communicates his bless­
ings and holy influences. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee?
But Diomede desires my company,
And still communicates his praise with me. Dryden's Fables.
2. To reveal; to impart knowledge.


I learned diligently, and do communicate wisdom liberally: I
do not hide her riches. Wisd. vii. 13.
Charles the hardy would communicate his secrets with none;
and least of all, those secrets which troubled him most. Bacon.
He communicated those thoughts only with the lord Digby,
the lord Colepeper, and the chancellor of the exchequer.
Clarendon, b. viii.
3. It had anciently the preposition with before the person, to
whom communication either of benefits or knowledge was made.
A journey of much adventure, which, to shew the strength
of his privacy, had been before not communicated with any
other. Wotton.
4. Now it has only to.
Let him, that is taught in the word, communicate unto him
that teacheth. Gal. vi. 6.
His majesty frankly promised, that he could not, in any
degree, communicate to any person the matter, before he had
taken and communicated to them his own resolutions. Clarendon.
Those who speak in publick, are better heard when they
discourse by a lively genius and ready memory, than when
they read all they would communicate to their hearers. Watts.

To COMMU’NICATE. v. n. 
1. To partake of the blessed sacrament.
The primitive Christians communicated every day. Taylor.
2. To have something in common with another; as, the houses
communicate, there is a passage between them common to both,
by which either may be entered from the other.
The whole body is nothing but a system of such canals,
which all communicate with one another, mediately or imme­
diately. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

COMMUNICA’TION. n. s. [from communicate.]
1. The act of imparting benefits or knowledge.
Both together serve completely for the reception and com­
munication of learned knowledge. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Common boundary or inlet; passage or means, by which
from one place there is a way without interruption to another.
The map shews the natural communication providence has
formed between the rivers and lakes of a country at so great a
distance from the sea. Addison on Italy.
The Euxine sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the
communication it has both with Asia and Europe. Arbuthnot.
3. Interchange of knowledge; good intelligence between several
persons.
Secrets may be carried so far, as to stop the communication
necessary among all who have the management of affairs. Swift.
4. Conference; conversation.
Abner had communication with the elders of Israel, say­
ing, ye sought for David in times past to be king over you:
now then do it. 2 Sam. iii. 17.
The chief end of language, in communication, being to be
understood, words serve not for that end, when any word does
not excite in the hearers the same idea which it stands for in
the mind of the speaker. Locke.

COMMU’NICATIVE. adj. [from communicate.] Inclined to
make advantages common; liberal of benefits or knowledge;
not close; not selfish.
We conceive them more than some envious and mercenary
gardeners will thank us for; but they deserve not the name of
that communicative and noble profession. Evelyn's Kalendar.
We think we have sufficiently paid for our want of pru­
dence, and determine for the future to be less communicative.
Swift and Pope's Preface.

COMMU’NICATIVENESS. n. s. [from communicative.] The qua­
lity of being communicative, of bestowing or imparting be­
nefits or knowledge.
He is not only the most communicative of all beings, but
he will also communicate himself in such measure as entirely
to satisfy; otherwise some degrees of communicativeness would
be wanting. Norris.

COMMU’NION. n. s. [communio, Latin.]
1. Intercourse; fellowship; common possession; participation
of something in common; interchange of transactions.
Consider, finally, the angels, as having with us that com­
munion which the apostle to the Hebrews noteth; and in re­
gard whereof, angels have not disdained to profess themselves
our fellow servants. Hooker, b. i. sect. 4.
We are not, by ourselves, sufficient to furnish ourselves
with competent stores for such a life as our nature doth desire;
therefore we are naturally induced to seek communion and fel­
lowship with others. Hooker, b. i. sect. 10.
The Israelites had never any communion or affairs with the
Ethiopians. Raleigh's History of the World.
Thou, so pleas'd,
Can'st raise thy creature to what height thou wilt
Of union, or communion, deify'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
We maintain communion with God himself, and are made
in the same degree partakers of the Divine Nature. Fiddes.
2. The common or publick celebration of the Lord's Supper;
the participation of the blessed sacrament.
They resolved, that the standing of the communion table in
all churches should be altered. Clarendon.
Tertullian reporteth, that the picture of Christ was engraven
upon the communion cup. Peacham on Drawing.
3. A common or publick act.
Men began publickly to call on the name of the Lord;
that is, they served and praised God by communion, and in
publick manner. Raleigh's History of the World.
4. Union in the common worship of any church.
Bare communion with a good church, can never alone make
a good man; for, if it could, we should have no bad ones.
South's Sermons.
Ingenuous men have lived and died in the communion of
that church. Stillingfleet.

COMMU’NITY. n. s. [communitas, Latin.]
1. The commonwealth; the body politick.
How could communities,
Degrees in schools, and brotherhood in cities,
But by degree, stand in authentick place? Sh. Troil. and Cress.
Not in a single person only, but in a community or multi­
tude of men. Hammond's Fundamentals.
This parable may be aptly enough expounded of the laws
that secure a civil community. L'Estrange.
It is not designed for her own use, but for the whole com­
munity. Addison's Guardian, No. 157.
The love of our country is impressed on our mind, for the
preservation of the community. Addison's Freeholder, No. 5.
He lives not for himself alone, but hath a regard in all his
actions to the great community. Atterbury.
2. Common possession; the state contrary to property or appro­
priation.
This text is far from proving Adam sole proprietor, it is
a confirmation of the original community of all things. Locke.
3. Frequency; commonness.
He was but, as the cuckow is in June,
Heard, not regarded; seen, but with such eyes,
As, sick and blunted with community,
Afford no extraordinary gaze. Shakespeare.

COMMUTABI’LITY. n. s. [from commutable.] The quality of
being capable of exchange.

COMMU’TABLE. adj. [from commute.] That may be ex­
changed for something else; that may be bought off, or ran­
somed.

COMMUTA’TION. n. s. [from commute.]
1. Change; alteration.
An innocent nature could hate nothing that was innocent:
in a word, so great is the commutation, that the soul then hated
only that which now only it loves, i. e. sin. South's Sermons.
2. Exchange; the act of giving one thing for another.
The whole universe is supported by giving and returning,
by commerce and commutation. South's Sermons.
According to the present temper of mankind, it is absolute­
ly necessary that there be some method and means of commu­
tation, as that of money. Ray on the Creation.
The use of money in the commerce and traffick of man­
kind, is that of saving the commutation of more bulky com­
modities. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. Ransom; the act of exchanging a corporal for a pecuniary
punishment.
The law of God had allowed an evasion, that is, by way
of commutation or redemption. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

COMMU’TATIVE. adj. [from commute.] Relative to exchange;
as commutative justice, that honesty which is exercised in traf­
fick, and which is contrary to fraud in bargains.

To COMMU’TE. v. a. [commuto, Latin.]
1. To exchange; to put one thing in the place of another; to
give or receive one thing for another.
This will commute our tasks, exchange these pleasant and
gainful ones, which God assigns, for those uneasy and fruit­
less ones we impose on ourselves. Decay of Piety.
2. To buy off, or ransom one obligation by another.
Some commute swearing for whoring; as if forbearance of
the one were a dispensation for the other. L'Estrange.

To COMMU’TE. v. n. To attone; to bargain for exemption.
Those institutions which God designed for means to further
men in holiness, they look upon as a privilege to serve instead
of it, and to commute for it. South's Sermons.

COMMU’TUAL. adj. [con and mutual.] Mutual; reciprocal:
used only in poetry.
Love our hearts, and hymen did our hands,
Unite commutual in most sacred bands. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove
In acts of dear benevolence and love;
Brothers in peace, not rivals in command. Pope's Odyssey.

CO’MPACT. n. s. [pactum, Latin.] A contract; an accord;
an agreement; a mutual and settled appointment between two
or more, to do or to forbear something.
I hope the king made peace with all of us;
And the compact is firm and true in me. Shakesp. Rich. III.
In the beginnings of speech there was an implicit compact,
founded upon common consent, that such words, voices, or
gestures, should be signs whereby they would express their
thoughts. South.



To COMPA’CT. v. a. [compingo compactum, Latin.]
1. To join together with firmness; to unite closely; to conso­
lidate.
Inform her full of my particular fears;
And thereto add such reasons of your own,
As may compact it more. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Nor are the nerves of his compacted strength
Stretch'd, and dissolv'd into unsinew'd length. Denham.
By what degrees this earth's compacted sphere
Was harden'd, woods, and rocks, and towns to bear. Roscom.
This disease is more dangerous as the solids are more strict
and compacted, and consequently more so as people are ad­
vanced in age. Arbuthnot on Diet.
Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone,
Imparting radiant lustre, like his own. Blackmore's Creation.
2. To make out of something.
If he, compact of jars, grow musical,
We shall have shortly discord in the spheres. Shakespeare.
3. To league with.
Thou pernicious woman,
Compact with her that's gone, think'st thou thy oaths,
Though they would swear down each particular fact,
Were testimonies. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
4. To join together; to bring into a system.
We see the world so compacted, that each thing preserveth
other things, and also itself. Hooker, b. i. s. 9.

COMPA’CT. adj. [compactus, Latin.]
1. Firm; solid; close; dense; of firm texture.
Is not the density greater in free and open spaces, void of
air and other grosser bodies, than within the pores of water,
glass, crystal, gems, and other compact bodies. Newton's Opt.
Without attraction the dissevered particles of the chaos
could never convene into such great compact masses as the
planets. Bentley.
2. Brief; as a compact discourse.

COMPA’CTEDNESS. n. s. [from compacted.] Firmness; density;
Sticking or compactedness, being natural to density, requires
some excess of gravity in proportion to the density, or some
other outward violence, to break it. Digby on Bodies.
Those atoms are supposed infrangible, extremely compacted
and hard; which compactedness and hardness is a demonstra­
tion, that nothing could be produced by them. Cheyne.

COMPA’CTLY. adv. [from compact.]
1. Closely; densely
2. With neat joining; with good compacture.

COMPA’CTNESS. n. s. [from compact.] Firmness; closeness;
density.
The rest, by reason of the compactness of terrestrial
matter, cannot make its way to wells. Woodw. Nat. History.

COMPA’CTURE. n. s. [from compact.] Structure; manner in
which any thing is joined together; compagination.
And over it a fair portcullis hong,
Which to the gate directly did incline,
With comely compass and compacture strong,
Neither unseemly short, nor yet exceeding long. Fai. Queen.

COMPA’GES. n. s. [Latin.] A system of many parts united.
The organs in animal bodies are only a regular compages of
pipes and vessels, for the fluids to pass through. Ray.

COMPAGINA’TION. n. s. [compago, Latin.] Union; struc­
ture; junction; connexion; contexture.
The intire or broken compagination of the magnetical
fabrick under it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

CO’MPANABLENESS. n. s. [from company.] The quality of
being a good companion; sociableness; a word not now in
use.
His eyes full of merry simplicity, his words of hearty com­
panableness. Sidney, b. ii.

COMPA’NION. n. s. [compagnon, French.] See COMPANY.
1. One with whom a man frequently converses, or with whom
he shares his hours of relaxation. It differs from friend, as
acquaintance from confidence.
How now, my lord, why do you keep alone?
Of sorriest fancies your companions make? Shakes. Macbeth.
Some friend is a companion at the table, and will not con­
tinue in the day of thy affliction. Ecclus. vi. 10.
With anxious doubts, with raging passions torn,
No sweet companion near, with whom to mourn. Prior.
2. A partner; an associate.
Epaphroditus, my brother and companion in labour, and
fellow soldier. Phil. ii. 25.
3. A familiar term of contempt; a fellow.
I scorn you, scurvy companion! What? you poor, base,
rascally, cheating, lack-linnen mate: away, you mouldy
rogue, away. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
It gives boldness to every petty companion to spread ru­
mours to my defamation, in places where I cannot be present.
Raleigh's Essays.

COMPA’NIONABLE. adj. [from companion.] Fit for good fel­
lowship; social; agreeable.
He had a more companionable wit, and swayed more among
the good fellows. Clarendon, b. viii.

COMPA’NIONABLY. adv. [from companionable.] In a compa­
nionable manner.

COMPA’NIONSHIP. n. s. [from companion.]
1. Company; train.
Alcibiades, and some twenty horse,
All of companionship. Shakespeare's Timon.
2. Fellowship; association.
If it be honour in your wars, to seem
The same you are not, which, for your best ends,
You call your policy; how is't less, or worse,
That it shall hold companionship in peace
With honour as in war. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

CO’MPANY. n. s. [compagnie, French; either from con and
pagus, one of the same town; or con and panis, one that eats
of the same mess.]
1. Persons assembled together; a body of men.
Go, carry sir John Falstaff to the Fleet;
Take all his company along with him. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Honest company, I thank you all,
That have beheld me give away myself
To this most patient, sweet, and virtuous wife. Shakesp.
2. Persons assembled for the entertainment of each other; an
assembly of pleasure.
A crowd is not company, and faces are but a gallery of pic­
tures, where there is no love. Bacon, Essay 28.
3. Persons considered as assembled for conversation; or, as ca­
pable of conversation and mutual entertainment.
Monsieur Zulichem came to me among the rest of the good
company of the town. Temple.
Knowledge of men and manners, the freedom of habitudes,
and conversation with the best company of both sexes, is ne­
cessary. Dryden.
4. The state of a companion; the act of accompanying; con­
versation; fellowship.
It is more pleasant to enjoy the company of him that can
speak such words, than by such words to be persuaded to fol­
low solitariness. Sidney.
Nor will I wretched thee
In death forsake, but keep thee company. Dryd. Fables.
Abdallah grew by degrees so enamoured of her conversa­
tion, that he did not think he lived when he was not in com­
pany with his beloved Balsora. Guardian, No. 167.
5. A number of persons united for the execution or performance
of any thing; a band.
Shakespeare was an actor, when there were seven companies
of players in the town together. Dennis.
6. Persons united in a joint trade or partnership.
7. A number of some particular rank or profession, united by
some charter; a body corporate; a corporation.
This emperor seems to have been the first who incorpo­
rated the several trades of Rome into companies, with their
particular privileges. Arbuthnot on Coins.
8. A subdivision of a regiment of foot; so many as are un­
der one captain.
Every captain brought with him thrice so many in his com­
pany as was expected. Knolles's History of the Turks.
9. To bear COMPANY. To accompany; to associate with; to
be a companion to.
To keep COMPANY. To accompany; to associate with; to
be a companion to.
I do desire thee
To bear me company, and go with me. Shakespeare.
Those Indian wives are loving fools, and may do well to
keep company with the Arrias and Portias of old Rome. Dryd.
Admitted to that equal sky,
His faithful dog shall bear him company. Pope's Essay on Man.
10. To keep COMPANY. To frequent houses of entertainment.
11.  Sometimes in an ill sense.
Why should he call her whore? Who keeps her company?
Shakespeare's Othello.

To CO’MPANY. v. a. [from the noun.] To accompany; to
attend; to be companion to; to be associated with.
I am
The soldier that did company these three. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Thus, through what path soe'er of life we rove,
Rage companies our hate, and grief our love. Prior.

To CO’MPANY. v. n. To associate one's self with.
I wrote to you not to company with fornicators. 1 Cor. v. 9.

CO’MPARABLE. adj. [from To compare.] Worthy to be com­
pared; of equal regard; worthy to contend for preference.
This present world affordeth not any thing comparable unto
the publick duties of religion. Hooker, b. v. sect. 6.
A man comparable with any of the captains of that age, an
excellent soldier both by sea and land. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
There is no blessing of life comparable to the enjoyment of
a discreet and virtuous friend. Addison's Spectator, No. 93.

CO’MPARABLY. adv. [from comparable.] In a manner worthy
to be compared.
There could no form for such a royal use be comparably
imagined, like that of the foresaid nation. Wotton's Architect.

COMPA’RATES. n. s. [from compare.] In logick, the two things
compared to one another.

CO’MPARATIVE. adj. [comparativus, Latin.]
1. Estimated by comparison; not positive; not absolute.
Thou wert dignified enough,
Ev'n to the point of envy, if 'twere made


Comparative for your virtues, to be stiled
The under hangman of his realm. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
There resteth the comparative that is, granted that it is
either lawful or binding; yet whether other things be not to
be preferred before the extirpation of heresies. Bacon.
The flower or blossom is a positive good; although the re­
move of it, to give place to the fruit, be a comparative good.
Bacon's Colours of Good and Evil.
This bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the fluid
that incloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top. Bentley.
2. Having the power of comparing different things.
Beauty is not known by an eye or nose: it consists in a
symmetry, and it is the comparative faculty which notes it.
Glanville's Scepsis Scientifica.
3. [In grammar.] The comparative degree expresses more of
any quantity in one thing than in another; as, the right hand
is the stronger.

COMPA’RATIVELY. adv. [from comparative.] In a state of
comparison; according to estimate made by comparison; not
positively.
The good or evil, which is removed, may be esteemed
good or evil comparatively, and not positively or simply. Bacon.
In this world whatever is called good is comparatively with
other things of its kind, or with the evil mingled in its com­
position; so he is a good man that is better than men com­
monly are, or in whom the good qualities are more than the
bad. Temple.
The vegetables being comparatively higher than the ordinary
terrestrial matter of the globe, subsided last. Woodward.
But how few, comparatively, are the instances of this wise
application! Rogers.

To COMPA’RE. v. a. [comparo, Latin.]
1. To make one thing the measure of another; to estimate the
relative goodness or badness, or other qualities, of any one
thing, by observing how it differs from something else.
I will hear Brutus speak.———
I will hear Cassius, and compare their reasons. Shakespeare.
They measuring themselves by themselves, and comparing
themselves among themselves, are not wise. 2 Cor. x. 12.
No man can think it grievous, who considers the pleasure
and sweetness of love, and the glorious victory of overcoming
evil with good; and then compares these with the restless tor­
ment, and perpetual tumults, of a malicious and revengeful
spirit. Tillotson, Sermon vi.
He that has got the ideas of numbers, and hath taken the
pains to compare one, two, and three to six, cannot chuse but
know they are equal. Locke.
Thus much of the wrong judgment men make of present
and future pleasure and pain, when they are compared together,
and so the absent considered as future. Locke.
2. It may be observed, that when the comparison intends only
similitude or illustration by likeness, we use to before the thing
brought for illustration; as, he compared anger to a fire.
Solon compared the people unto the sea, and orators and
counsellors to the winds; for that the sea would be calm and
quiet, if the winds did not trouble it. Bacon's Apophthegms.
3. When two persons or things are compared, to discover their
relative proportion of any quality, with is used before the
thing used as a measure.
Black Macbeth
Will seem as pure as snow, being compar'd
With my confineless harms. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
To compare
Small things with greatest. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iv.
He carv'd in iv'ry such a maid so fair,
As nature could not with his art compare. Dryden.
If he compares this translation with the original, he will
find that the three first stanzas are rendered almost word for
word. Addison's Spectator, No. 229.
4. To compare is, in Spenser, used after the Latin comparo, for
to get; to procure; to obtain.
But, both from back and belly, still did spare
To fill his bags, and riches to compare. Fairy Queen, b. i.

COMPA’RE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The state of being compared; comparative estimate; com­
parison; possibility of entering into comparison.
There I the rarest things have seen,
Oh, things without compare. Suckling.
As their small galleys may not hold compare
With our tall ships. Waller.
Beyond compare the Son of God was seen
Most glorious. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 138.
2. Simile; similitude; illustration by comparison.
True swains in love shall in the world to come,
Approve their truths by Troilus; when their rhimes,
Full of protest, and oath, and big compare,
Want similies. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

COMPA’RISON. n. s. [comparison, French.]
1. The act of comparing.
Natalis Comes, comparing his parts with those of a man,
reckons his claws among them, which are much more like
those of a lion: so easy it is to drive on the comparison too
far, to make it good. Grew's Musæum.
Our author saves me the comparison with tragedy; for he
says, that herein he is to imitate the tragick poet. Dryden.
2. The state of being compared.
If we will rightly estimate what we call good and evil, we
shall find it lies much in comparison. Locke.
Objects near our view are apt to be thought greater than
those of a larger size that are more remote; and so it is with
pleasure and pain: the present is apt to carry it, and those at
a distance have the disadvantage in the comparison. Locke.
3. A comparative estimate; proportion.
If men would live as religion requires, the world would be
a most lovely and desireable place, in comparison of what now
it is. Tillotson, Sermon iii.
One can scarce imagine how so plentiful a soil should be­
come so miserably unpeopled, in comparison of what it once
was. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
4. A simile in writing or speaking; an illustration by similitude.
As fair and as good a kind of hand in hand comparison, had
been something too fair and too good for any lady in Britany.
Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
5. [In grammar.] The formation of an adjective through its
various degrees of signification; as strong, stronger, strongest.

To COMPA’RT. v. a. [compartir, Fr. from con and partior,
Lat.] To divide; to mark out a general design into its va­
rious parts and subdivisions.
I make haste to the casting and comparting of the whole
work. Wotton's Architecture.

COMPA’RTIMENT. n. s. [compartiment, French.] A division of
picture, or design.
The circumference is divided into twelve compartiments,
each containing a complete picture. Pope.

COMPARTI’TION. n. s. [from compart.]
1. The act of comparting or dividing.
2. The parts marked out, or separated; a separate part.
Their temples and amphitheatres needed no compartitions.
Wotton's Architecture.

COMPA’RTMENT. n. s. [compartiment, French.] Division; se­
parate part of a design.
The square will make you ready for all manner of compart­
ments, bases, pedestals, and buildings. Peacham on Drawing.

To CO’MPASS. v. a. [compasser, Fr. compassare, Ital. passibus
metiri, Latin.]
1. To encircle; to environ; to surround; to inclose.
A darksome way,
That deep descended through the hollow ground,
And was with dread and horrour compassed around. Fairy Q.
I see thee compass'd with thy kingdom's peers,
That speak my salutation in their minds. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Now all the blessings
Of a glad father compass thee about! Shakespeare's Tempest.
The shady trees cover him with their shadow: the willows
of the brook compass him about. Job, xl. 22.
Observe the crowds that compass him around. Dryd. Virg.
To dare that death, I will approach yet nigher;
Thus, wert thou compassed with circling fire. Dryden.
2. To walk round any thing.
Old Chorineus compass'd thrice the crew,
And dipp'd an olive-branch in holy dew,
Which thrice he sprinkl'd round. Dryden's Æn.
3. To beleaguer; to besiege; to block.
Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass
thee round, and keep thee in on every side. Luke, xix. 43.
4. To grasp; to inclose in the arms; to seize.
5. To obtain; to procure; to attain; to have in the power.
That which by wisdom he saw to be requisite for that
people, was by as great wisdom compassed. Hooker's Preface.
His master being one of great regard,
In court to compass any suit not hard. Hubbard's Tale.
If I can check my erring love, I will;
If not, to compass her I'll use my skill. Shakespeare.
How can you hope to compass your designs,
And not dissemble them? Denham's Sophy.
The knowledge of what is good and what is evil, what
ought and what ought not to be done, is a thing too large to
be compassed, and too hard to be mastered, without brains and
study, parts and contemplation. South.
He had a mind to make himself master of Weymouth, if
he could compass it without engaging his army before it. Claren.
The church of Rome createth titular patriarchs of Con­
stantinople and Alexandria; so loth is the pope to lose the re­
membrance of any title that he hath once compassed. Brerewood.
Invention is the first part, and absolutely necessary to them
both; yet no rule ever was, or ever can be given, how to
compass it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
In ev'ry work regard the writer's end,
Since none can compass more than they intend. Pope.
6. [In law.] To take measures preparatory to any thing; as,
to compass the death of the king.

CO’MPASS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Circle; round.


This day I breathed first; time is come round;
And where I did begin, there shall I end:
My life is run its compass. Shakesp. Jnlius Cæsar.
2. Extent; reach; grasp.
O, Juliet, I already know thy grief;
It strains me past the compass of my wits. Shakespeare.
That which is out of the compass of any man's power, is
to that man impossible. South's Sermons.
How few there are may be justly bewailed, the compass of
them extending but from the time of Hippocrates to that of
Marcus Antoninus. Temple.
Animals in their generation are wiser than the sons of men;
but their wisdom is confined to a few particulars, and lies in a
very narrow compass. Addison's Spectator, No. 120.
This author hath tried the force and compass of our lan­
guage with much success. Swift.
3. Space; room; limits.
No less than the compass of twelve books is taken up in
these. Pope's Essay on Homer's Battles.
The English are good confederates in an enterprize which
may be dispatched in a short compass of time. Addis. Freeholder.
You have heard what hath been here done for the poor by
the five hospitals and the workhouse, within the compass of one
year, and towards the end of a long, expensive war. Atterb.
4. Enclosure; circumference.
And their mount Palatine,
Th' imperial palace, compass huge, and high
The structure. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iv. l. 50.
Old Rome from such a race deriv'd her birth,
Which now on sev'n high hills triumphant reigns,
And in that compass all the world contains. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
5. A departure from the right line; an indirect advance; as, to
fetch a compass round the camp.
6. Moderate space; moderation; due limits.
Certain it is, that in two hundred years before (I speak
within compass) no such commission had been executed in
either of these provinces. Davies on Ireland.
Nothing is likelier to keep a man within compass than the
having constantly before his eyes the state of his affairs, in a
regular course of account. Locke.
7. The power of the voice to express the notes of musick.
You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my
compass. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
From harmony, from heavenly harmony,
This universal frame began:
From harmony to harmony,
Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in man. Dryden.
8. [This is rarely used in the singular.] The instrument with
which circles are drawn.
If they be two, they are two so,
As stiff twin compasses are two:
Thy soul, the fixt foot, makes no show
To move; but doth, if th' other do. Donne.
In his hand
He took the golden compasses, prepar'd
In God's eternal store, to circumscribe
This universe, and all created things. Milton's Parad Lost.
To fix one foot of their compass wherever they think fit,
and extend the other to such terrible lengths, without describ­
ing any circumference at all, is to leave us and themselves in
a very uncertain state. Swift on Dissentions in Athens and Rome.
9. The instrument composed of a needle and card, whereby
mariners steer.
The breath of religion fills the sails, profit is the compass by
which factious men steer their course. King Charles.
Rude as their ships was navigation then;
No useful compass or meridian known:
Coasting, they kept the land within their ken,
And knew no North but when the pole-star shone. Dryden.
With equal force the tempest blows by turns,
From ev'ry corner of the seamen's compass. Row's J. Shore.
He that first discovered the use of the compass, did more for
the supplying and increase of useful commodities than those
who built workhouses. Locke.

COMPASS-SAW. n. s.
The compass-saw should not have its teeth set, as other saws
have; but the edge of it should be made so broad, and the
back so thin, that it may easily follow the broad edge, without
having its teeth set. Its office is to cut a round, or any other
compass kerf; and therefore the edge must be made broad,
and the back thin, that the back may have a wide kerf to turn
in. Moxon's Mechan. Exer.

COMPA’SSION. n. s. [compassion, Fr. from con and patior, Lat.]
Pity; commiseration; sorrow for the sufferings of others;
painful sympathy.
Ye had compassion of me in my bonds. Heb. x. 34.
Their angry hands
My brothers hold, and vengeance these exact;
This pleads compassion, and repents the fact. Dryd. Fables.
The good-natured man is apt to be moved with compassion
for those misfortunes of infirmities, which another would turn
into ridicule. Addison's Spectator, No. 169.

To COMPA’SSION. v. a. [from the noun.] To pity; to com­
passionate; to commiserate: a word scarcely used.
O, heavens! can you hear a good man groan,
And not relent, or not compassion him? Shakes. Tit. Andron.

COMPA’SSIONATE. adj. [from compassion.] Inclined to com­
passion; inclined to pity; merciful; tender; melting; soft;
easily affected with sorrow by the misery of others.
There never was any heart truly great and generous, that
was not also tender and compassionate. South's Sermons.

To COMPA’SSIONATE. v. a. [from the noun.] To pity; to
commiserate.
Experience layeth princes torn estates before their eyes,
and withal persuades them to compassionate themselves. Raleigh.
Compassionates my pains, and pities me!
What is compassion, when 'tis void of love? Addison's Cato.

COMPA’SSIONATELY. adv. [from compassionate.] Mercifully;
tenderly.
The fines were assigned to the rebuilding St. Paul's, and
thought therefore to be the more severely imposed, and the
less compassionately reduced and excused. Clarendon.

COMPATE’RNITY. n. s. [con and paternitas, Latin.]
Gossipred, or compaternity, by the canon law, is a spiritual
affinity; and a juror that was gossip to either of the parties
might, in former times, have been challenged as not indiffe­
rent by our law. Davies's State of Ireland.

COMPATIBI’LITY. n. s. [from compatible.] Consistency; the
power of co-existing with something else; agreement with
any thing.

COMPA’TIBLE. adj. [corrupted, by an unskilful compliance
with pronunciation, from competible, from competo, Latin, to
suit, to agree. Competible is found in good writers, and ought
always to be used.]
1. Suitable to; fit for; consistent with; not incongruous to.
The object of the will is such a good as is compatible to an
intellectual nature. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Consistent; agreeable.
Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by na­
ture the most compatible; valour with anger, meekness with
piety, and prudence with dissimulation. Broome.

COMPA’TIBLENESS. n. s. [from compatible.] Consistency;
agreement with any thing.

COMPA’TIBLY. adv. [from compatible.] Fitly; suitably.

COMPA’TIENT. adj. [from con and patior, Latin.] Suffering
together. Dict.

COMPA’TRIOT. n. s. [from con and patria, Lat.] One of the
same country. Dict.

COMPE’ER. n. s. [compar, Latin.] Equal; companion; col­
league; associate.
Sesostris,
That monarchs harness'd, to his chariot yok'd
Base servitude, and his dethron'd compeers
Lash'd furiously. Philips.

To COMPE’ER. v. a. [from the noun.] To be equal with; to mate.
In his own grace he doth exalt himself
More than in your advancement.
——In my right,
By me invested, he compeers the best. Shakes. King Lear.

To COMPE’L. v. a. [compello, Latin.]
1. To force to some act; to oblige; to constrain; to necessi­
tate; to urge irresistibly.
You will compel me then to read the will? Sh. Jul. Cæsar.
The spinners, carders, fullers, compell'd by hunger,
And lack of other means, in desp'rate manner,
Daring th' event to the teeth, are all in uproar. Shakesp.
He refused, and said, I will not eat: but his servants, toge­
ther with the woman, compelled him. 1 Sa. xxvii. 23.
All these blessings could but enable, not compel us to be
happy. Clarendon.
2. To take by force or violence; to ravish from; to seize.
This signification is uncommon and harsh.
The subjects grief
Comes through commissions, which compel from each
The sixth part of his substance, to be levied
Without delay. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

COMPE’LLABLE. adj. [from compel.] That may be forced.

COMPELLA’TION. n. s. [from compello, Latin.] The stile of
address; the word of salutation.
The stile best fitted for all persons on all occasions to use,
is the compellation of father, which our Saviour first taught.
Duppa's Rules of Devotion.
The peculiar compellation of the kings in France, is by fire,
which is nothing else but father. Temple.

COMPE’LLER. n. s. [from compel.] He that forces another.

CO’MPEND. n. s. [compendium, Latin.] Abridgment; sum­
mary; epitome; contraction; breviate.
Fix in memory the discourses, and abstract them into brief
compends. Watts's Improvement of the Mind p. i. c. 17.

COMPENDIA’RIOUS. adj. [compendiarius, Latin.] Short; con­
tracted; summary; abridged.



COMPENDIO’SITY. n. s. [from compendious.] Shortness; con­
tracted brevity. Dict.

COMPE’NDIOUS. adj. [from compendium.] Short; summary;
abridged; direct; comprehensive; holding much in a narrow
space; near; by which time is saved, and circuition cut off.
They had learned more compendious and expeditious ways,
whereby they shortened their labours, and so gained time.
Woodward's Natural History.

COMPE’NDIOUSLY. adv. [from compendious.] Shortly; in a
short method; summarily; in epitome.
By the apostles we have the substance of Christian belief
compendiously drawn into few and short articles. Hooker, b. v.
The state or condition of matter, before the world was a­
making, is compendiously expressed by the word chaos. Bentley.

COMPE’NDIOUSNESS. n. s. [from compendious.] Shortness; bre­
vity; comprehension in a narrow compass.
The inviting easiness and compendiousness of this assertion,
should dazzle the eyes. Bentley's Sermons.

COMPE’NDIUM. n. s. [Latin.] Abridgment; summary;
breviate; abbreviature; that which holds much in a narrow
room; the near way.
After we are grown well acquainted with a short system or
compendium of a science, which is written in the plainest and
most simple manner, it is then proper to read a larger regular
treatise on that subject. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

COMPE’NSABLE. adj. [from compensate.] That which may be
recompensed.

To COMPE’NSATE. v. a. [compenso, Lat.] To recompense;
to be equivalent to; to counterballance; to countervail; to
make amends for.
The length of the night, and the dews thereof, do compen­
sate the heat of the day. Bacon's Natural History, No. 398.
The pleasures of life do not compensate the miseries. Prior.
Nature to these, without profusion kind,
The proper organs, proper pow'rs assign'd;
Each seeming want compensated of course,
Here with degrees of swiftness, there of force. Pope.

COMPENSA’TION. n. s. [from compensate.] Recompense; some­
thing equivalent; amends.
Poynings, the better to make compensation of his service in
the wars, called a parliament. Bacon's Henry VII.
All other debts may compensation find;
But love is strict, and will be paid in kind. Dryd. Aurengz.

COMPE’NSATIVE. adj. [from compensate.] That which com­
pensates; that which countervails.

To COMPE’NSE. v. a. [compenso, Latin.] To compensate; to
countervail; to be equivalent to; to counterballance; to re­
compense.
It seemeth, the weight of the quicksilver doth not com­
pense the weight of a stone, more than the weight of the
aqua-fortis. Bacon's Nat. History.
The joys of the two marriages were compensed with the
mournings and funerals of prince Arthur. Bacon's Henry VII.

To COMPERE’NDINATE. v. a. [comperendino, Latin.] To
delay.

COMPERENDINA’TION. n. s. [from comperendinate.] Delay;
dilatoriness.

CO’MPETENCE. n. s. [from competent.]

CO’MPETENCY. n. s. [from competent.]
1. Such a quantity of any thing as is sufficient, without super­
fluity.
Something of speech is to be indulged to common civility,
more to intimacies and endearments, and a competency to those
recreative discourses which maintain the chearfulness of so­
ciety. Government of the Tongue.
2. Such a fortune as, without exuberance, is equal to the neces­
sities of life.
For competence of life I will allow you,
That lack of means enforce you not to evil. Shak. Hen. IV.
It is no mean happiness to be seated in the mean: super­
fluity comes sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
A discreet learned clergyman, with a competency fit for one
of his education, may be an entertaining, an useful, and
sometimes a necessary companion. Swift.
Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense,
Lie in three words, health, peace, and competence. Pope.
3. [In law.] The power or capacity of a judge, or court, for
taking cognisance of an affair.

CO’MPETENT. adj. [competens, Latin.]
1. Suitable; fit; adequate; proportionate.
If there be any power in imagination, the distance must be
competent, the medium not adverse, and the body apt and pro­
portionate. Bacon's Natural History, No. 950.
The greatest captain of the English brought rather a guard
than a competent army to recover Ireland. Davies on Ireland.
2. Adapted to any purpose without defect or superfluity.
To draw men from great excess, it is not amiss, though
we use them unto somewhat less than is competent. Hooker.
3. Reasonable; moderate.
A competent number of the old being first read, the new
should succeed. Hooker, b. v. sect. 40.
The clergy have gained some insight into men and things,
and a competent knowledge of the world. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. Qualified; fit.
Let us first consider how competent we are for the office.
Government of the Tongue, sect. 6.
5. Consistent with; incident to.
That is the privilege of the Infinite Author of things, who
never slumbers nor sleeps, but is not competent to any finite
being. Locke.

CO’MPETENTLY. adv. [from competent.]
1. Reasonably; moderately; without superfluity or want.
Some places require men competently endowed; but none
think the appointment to be a duty of justice, bound to respect
desert. Wotton.
2. Adequately; properly.
I think it hath been competently proved. Bentley.

COMPE’TIBLE. adj. [from competo, Latin. For this word a
corrupt orthography has introduced compatible.] Suitable to;
consistent with.
It is not competible with the grace of God so much as to in­
cline any man to do evil. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Those are properties not at all competible to body or matter,
though of never so pure a mixture. Glanville.

COMPE’TIBLENESS. n. s. [from competible.] Suitableness; fit­
ness.

COMPETI’TION. n. s. [from con and petitio, Latin.]
1. The act of endeavouring to gain what another endeavours to
gain at the same time; rivalry; contest.
The ancient flames of discord and intestine wars, upon the
competition of both houses, would again return and revive.
Bacon's Henry VII.
A portrait, with which one of Titian's could not come in
competition. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Though what produces any degree of pleasure, be in itself
good, and what is apt to produce any degree of pain be evil,
yet often we do not call it so, when it comes in competition:
the degrees also of pleasure and pain have a preference. Locke.
We should be ashamed to rival inferiours, and dishonour
our nature by so degrading a competition. Rogers, Serm. v.
2. Double claim; claim of more than one to one thing; an­
ciently with to.
Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be. Bacon.
3. Now with for.
The prize of beauty was disputed 'till you were seen; but
now all pretenders have withdrawn their claims: there is no
competition but for the second place. Dryden.

COMPE’TITOR. n. s. [con and petitor, Latin.]
1. One that has a claim opposite to another's; a rival; with
for before the thing claimed.
How furious and impatient they be,
And cannot brook competitors in love. Shakesp. Tit. Andron.
Some undertake suits with purpose to let them fall, to gra­
tify the competitor. Bacon, Essay 50.
Cicereius and Scipio were competitors for the office of
prætor. Tatler, No. 86.
He who trusts in God has the advantage in present felicity;
and, when we take futurity into the account, stands alone, and
is acknowledged to have no competitor. Rogers, Serm. 19.
2. It had formerly of before the thing claimed.
Selymes, king of Algiers, was in arms against his brother
Mechemetes, competitor of the kingdom. Knolles's History.
3. In Shakespeare it seems to signify only an opponent.
The Guilfords are in arms,
And every hour more competitors
Flock to the rebels. Shakespeare's Richard III.

COMPILA’TION. n. s. [from compilo, Latin.]
1. A collection from various authors.
2. An assemblage; a coacervation.
There is in it a small vein filled with spar, probably since
the time of the compilation of the mass. Woodward on Fossils.

To COMPI’LE. v. a. [compilo, Latin.]
1. To draw up from various authors; to collect into one body.
2. To write; to compose.
In poetry they compile the praises of virtuous men and ac­
tions, and satyrs against vice. Temple.
By the accounts which authors have left, they might learn
that the face of sea and land is the same that it was when
those accounts were compiled. Woodward's Natural History.
The regard he had for his shield, had caused him formerly
to compile a dissertation concerning it. Arbuthnot and Pope.
3. To contain; to comprise: not in use.
After so long a race as I have run
Through fairy-land, which those six books compile,
Give leave to rest me. Spenser, Sonnet 80.

COMPI’LEMENT. n. s. [from compile.] Coacervation; the act
of piling together; the act of heaping up.
I was encouraged to assay how I could build a man; for
there is a moral as well as a natural or artificial compilement,
and of better materials. Wotton on Education.

COMPI’LER. n. s. [from compile.] A collector; one who frames
a composition from various authors.


Some draw experiments into titles and tables; those we
call compilers. Bacon's New Atalantis.
Some painful compiler, who will study old language, may
inform the world that Robert earl of Oxford was high trea­
surer. Swift.

COMPLA’CENCE. n. s. [complacentia, low Latin.]

COMPLA’CENCY. n. s. [complacentia, low Latin.]
1. Pleasure; satisfaction; gratification.
I by conversing cannot these erect
From prone, nor in their ways complacence find. Milton.
When the supreme faculties move regularly, the inferior
affections following, there arises a serenity and complacency
upon the whole soul. South.
Diseases extremely lessen the complacence we have in all the
good things of this life. Atterbury's Sermons.
Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satis­
faction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in
themselves. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
2. The cause of pleasure; joy.
O thou, in heav'n and earth the only peace
Found out for mankind under wrath! O thou,
My sole complacence! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 274.
3. Civility; complaisance; softness of manners.
They were not satisfied with their governour, and appre­
hensive of his rudeness and want of complacency. Clarendon.
His great humanity appeared in the benevolence of his
aspect, the complacency of his behaviour, and the tone of his
voice. Addison's Freeholder, No. 39.
Complacency and truth, and manly sweetness,
Dwell ever on his tongue, and smooth his thoughts. Addis.
With mean complacence ne'er betray your trust,
Nor be so civil as to prove unjust. Pope's Ess. Crit.

COMPLA’CENT. adj. [complacens, Lat.] Civil; affable; soft;
complaisant.

To COMPLA’IN. v. n. [complaindre, French.]
1. To mention with sorrow or resentment; to murmur; to la­
ment. With of before the cause of sorrow.
Lord Hastings,
Humbly complaining to her deity,
Got my lord chamberlain his liberty. Shakesp. Richard III.
I will speak in the anguish of my spirit, I will complain in
the bitterness of my soul. Job, vii. 11. 
Shall I, like thee, on Friday night complain?
For on that day was Cœur de Lion slain. Dryden's Fables.
Do not all men complain, even these as well as others, of the
great ignorance of mankind? Burnet's Pref. to Theory of Earth.
Thus accurs'd,
In midst of water I complain of thirst. Dryden.
2. Sometimes with for before the causal noun.
Wherefore doth a living man complain, a man for the pu­
nishment of his sins? Lam. iii. 39.
3. To inform against.
Now, master Shallow, you'll complain of me to the
council? Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

To COMPLA’IN. v. a. [This sense is rare, and perhaps not very
proper.] To lament; to bewail.
Gaufride, who couldst so well in rhime complain
The death of Richard, with an arrow slain. Dryd. Fables.

COMPLA’INANT. n. s. [from complain.] One who urges a
suit, or commences a prosecution against another.
Congreve and this author are the most eager complainants
of the dispute. Collier's Defence.

COMPLA’INER. n. s. [from complain.] One who complains; a
murmurer; a lamenter.
St. Jude observes, that the murmurers and complainers are
the same who speak swelling words. Government of the Tongue.
Philips is a complainer; and on this occasion I told lord Car­
teret, that complainers never succeed at court, though railers
do. Swift.

COMPLA’INT. n. s. [complainte, French.]
1. Representation of pains or injuries; lamentation.
I cannot find any cause of complaint, that good laws have so
much been wanting unto us, as we to them. Hooker, Dedicat.
As for me, is my complaint to man. Job, xxx. 4.
2. The cause or subject of complaint; grief.
The poverty of the clergy in England hath been the com­
plaint of all who wish well to the church. Swift.
3. A malady; a disease.
One, in a complaint of his bowels, was let blood 'till he had
scarce any left, and was perfectly cured. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. Remonstrance against; information against.
Full of vexation, come I with complaint
Against my child. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Against the goddess these complaints he made. Dryd. Æn.

COMPLAISA’NCE. n. s. [complaisance, French.] Civility; desire
of pleasing; act of adulation.
Her death is but in complaisance to her. Dryden.
You must also be industrious to discover the opinion of your
enemies; for you may be assured, that they will give you no
quarter, and allow nothing to complaisance. Dryd. Dufresnoy.
Fair Venus wept the sad disaster
Of having lost her fav'rite dove:
In complaisance poor Cupid mourn'd;
His grief reliev'd his mother's pain. Prior.

COMPLAISA’NT. adj. [complaisant, French.] Civil; desirous
to please.
There are to whom my satire seems too bold;
Scarce to wise Peter complaisant enough,
And something said of Charters much too rough. Pope.

COMPLAISA’NTLY. adv. [from complaisant.] Civilly; with
desire to please; ceremoniously.
In plenty starving, tantaliz'd in state,
And complaisantly help'd to all I hate;
Treated, caress'd, and tir'd, I take my leave. Pope.

COMPLAISA’NTNESS. n. s. [from complaisant.] Civility; com­
pliance. Dict.

To COMPLA’NATE. v. a. [from planus, Lat.] To level; to
reduce to a flat and even surface.

To COMPLA’NE. v. a. [from planus, Lat.] To level; to
reduce to a flat and even surface.
The vertebræ of the neck and back-bone are made short
and complanated, and firmly braced with muscles and tendons.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

COMPLEA’T. See COMPLETE.

CO’MPLEMENT. n. s. [complementum, Latin.]
1. Perfection; fulness; completion; completement.
Our custom is both to place it in the front of our prayers
as a guide, and to add it in the end of some principal limbs
or parts, as a complement which fully perfecteth whatsoever
may be defective in the rest. Hooker, b. v. sect. 35.
They as they feasted had their fill,
For a full complement of all their ill. Hubberd's Tale.
For a complement of these blessings, they were enjoyed by
the protection of a king of the most harmless disposition, the
most exemplary piety, the greatest sobriety, chastity, and
mercy. Clarendon.
The sensible nature, in its complement and integrity, hath
five exterior powers or faculties. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Complete set; complete provision; the full quantity or
number.
The god of love himself inhabits there;
With all his rage, and dread, and grief and care;
His complement of stores, and total war. Prior.
3. Adscititious circumstances; appendages; parts not necessary,
but ornamental.
If the case be such as permitteth not baptism, to have the
decent complements of baptism, better it were to enjoy the body
without his furniture than to wait for this, 'till the opportunity
of that, for which we desire it, be lost. Hooker, b. v. s. 58.
These, which have lastly sprung up, for complements, rites,
and ceremonies of church-actions, are, in truth, for the great­
est part, such silly things, that very easiness doth make them
hard to be disputed of in serious manner. Hooker, Dedication.
A doleful case desires a doleful song,
Without vain art or curious complements. Spenser.
Garnish'd and deck'd in modest complement,
Not working with the ear, but with the eye. Shak. Hen. V.
4. [In geometry.] What remains of a quadrant of a circle, or
of ninety degrees, after any certain arch hath been retrenched
from it.
5. [In astronomy.] The distance of a star from the zenith.
6. CO'MPLEMENT of the Curtain, in fortification, that part in
the interiour side of it which makes the demigorge.
7. Arithmetical COMPLEMENT of a Logarithm, is what the lo­
garithm wants of 10,0000000. Chambers.

COMPLE’TE. adj. [completus, Latin.]
1. Perfect; full; without any defects.
With us the reading of scripture in the church is a part of
our church liturgy, a special portion of the service which we
do to God; and not an exercise to spend the time, when one
doth wait for another coming, 'till the assembly of them that
shall afterwards worship him be complete. Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
And ye are complete in him which is the head of all princi­
pality and power. Col. ii. 10.
Then marvel not, thou great and complete man,
That all the Greeks begin to worship Ajax. Shakespeare.
If any disposition should appear towards so good a work,
the assistance of the legislative power would be necessary to
make it more complete. Swift.
2. Finished; ended; concluded.
This course of vanity almost complete,
Tir'd in the field of life, I hope retreat. Prior.

To COMPLE’TE. v. a. [from the noun.] To perfect; to finish.
In 1608, Mr. Sanderson was completed master of arts.
Walton's Life of Sanderson.
To town he comes, completes the nation's hope,
And heads the bold train'd-bands, and burns a pope. Pope.

COMPLE’TELY. adv. [from complete.] Fully; perfectly.
Then tell us, how you can your bodies roll,
Through space of matter, so completely full? Blackmore.
Whatever person would aspire to be completely witty, smart,
humorous and polite, must, by hard labour, be able to retain
in his memory every single sentence contained in this work.
Swift's Introduction to Genteel Conversation.

COMPLE’TEMENT. n. s. [from completement, French.] The act
of completing.


Allow me to give you, from the best authors, the origin,
the antiquity, the growth, the change, and the complement
of satire among the Romans. Dryden's Dedic. to Juvenal.

COMPLE’TENESS. n. s. [from complete.] Perfection; the state
of being complete.
I cannot allow their wisdom such a completeness and inerrabi­
lity, as to exclude myself. King Charles.
These parts go to make up the completeness of any
subject. Watts's Logick.

COMPLE’TION. n. s. [from complete.]
1. Accomplishment; act of fulfilling; state of being fulfilled.
There was a full entire harmony, and consent of all the
divine predictions, receiving their completion in Christ. South.
2. Utmost height; perfect state.
He makes it the utmost completion of an ill character to bear
a malevolence to the best men. Pope's Notes on the Iliad.

CO’MPLEX. adj. [complexus, Latin.] Composite; of many
parts; not simple; including many particulars.
Ideas made up of several simple ones, I call complex; such
as beauty, gratitude, a man, the universe; which though
complicated of various simple ideas, or complex ideas made up
of simple ones, yet are considered each by itself as one. Locke.
A secondary essential mode, called a property, sometimes
goes toward making up the essence of a complex being. Watts.
With such perfection fram'd,
Is this complex stupendous scheme of things. Thoms. Spring.

CO’MPLEX. n. s. [from the adjective.] Complication; col­
lection.
This parable of the wedding-supper comprehends in it the
whole complex of all the blessings and privileges exhibited by
the gospel. South's Sermons.

COMPLE’XEDNESS. n. s. [from complex.] Complication; in­
volution of many particular parts in one integral; contrariety
to simplicity; compound state or nature.
From the complexedness of these moral ideas, there follows
another inconvenience, viz. that the mind cannot easily retain
those precise combinations. Locke.

COMPLE’XION. n. s. [complexio, Latin.]
1. The inclosure or involution of one thing in another.
Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet
where the composition of the whole argument is thus plain,
simple and regular, it is properly called a simple syllogism,
since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistick form of
it. Watts's Logick.
2. The colour of the external parts of any body.
Men judge by the complexion of the sky
The state and inclination of the day. Shakesp. Rich. II.
How sweetly dost thou minister to love,
That know love's grief by his complexion! Shakespeare.
What see you in those papers, that you lose
So much complexion? Shakespeare's Henry V.
He so takes on yonder, so rails against all married mankind,
so curses all Eve's daughters, of what complexion soever. Shak.
Why doth not beauty then refine the wit,
And good complexion rectify the will? Davies.
Niceness, though it renders them insignificant to great pur­
poses, yet it polishes their complexion, and makes their spirits
seem more vigorous. Collier on Pride.
If I write on a black man, I run over all the eminent per­
sons of that complexion. Addison's Spectator, No. 262.
3. The temperature of the body according to the various pro­
portions of the four medical humours.
'Tis ill, though different your complexions are,
The family of heav'n for men should war. Dryden's Fables.
For from all tempers he could service draw,
The worth of each, with its allay, he knew;
And, as the confident of nature, saw
How she complexions did divide and brew. Dryden.
The methods of providence men of this complexion must be
unfit for the contemplation of. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Let melancholy rule supreme,
Choler preside, or blood or phlegm,
It makes no diff'rence in the case,
Nor is complexion honour's place. Swift.

COMPLE’XIONAL. adj. [from complexion.] Depending on the
complexion or temperament of the body.
Men and other animals receive different tinctures from
complexional efflorescencies, and descend still lower as they par­
take of the fuliginous and denigrating humours. Brown.
Ignorance, where it proceeds from early or complexional pre­
judices, will not wholly exclude us from the favour of God.
Fiddes's Sermons.

COMPLE’XIONALLY. adv. [from complexion.] By complexion.
An Indian king sent unto Alexander a fair woman, fed with
poisons, either by converse or copulation complexionally to
destroy him. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 18.

COMPLE’XLY. adv. [from complex.] In a complex manner;
not simply.

COMPLE’XNESS. n. s. [from complex.] The state of being
complex.

COMPLE’XURE. n. s. [from complex.] The involution or com­
plication of one thing with others.

COMPLI’ANCE. n. s. [from comply.]
1. The act of yielding to any desire or demand; accord; sub­
mission.
I am far from excusing that compliance, for plenary consent
it was not, to his destruction. King Charles.
We are free from any necessary determination of our will
to any particular action, and from a necessary compliance with
our desire, set upon any particular, and then appearing prefer­
able good. Locke.
Let the king meet compliance in your looks,
A free and ready yielding to your wishes. Rowe.
The actions to which the world solicits our compliance are
sins, which forfeit eternal expectations. Rogers.
What compliances will remove dissention, while the liberty
continues of professing what new opinions we please? Swift.
2. A disposition to yield to others; complaisance.
He was a man of few words, and of great compliance; and
usually delivered that as his opinion, which he foresaw would
be grateful to the king. Clarendon, b. viii.

COMPLI’ANT. adj. [from comply.]
1. Yielding; bending.
The compliant boughs
Yielded them. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 332.
2. Civil; complaisant.

To CO’MPLICATE. v. a. [complico, Latin.]
1. To entangle one with another; to join.
Though the particular actions of war are complicate in fact,
yet they are separate and distinct in right. Bacon.
In case our offence against God hath been complicated with
injury to men, we should make restitution. Tillotson's Sermons.
When the disease is complicated with other diseases, one must
consider that which is most dangerous. Arbuthnot on Diet.
There are a multitude of human actions, which have so
many complicated circumstances, aspects, and situations, with
regard to time and place, persons and things, that it is impos­
sible for any one to pass a right judgment concerning them,
without entering into most of these circumstances. Watts.
2. To unite by involution of parts one in another.
Commotion in the parts may make them apply themselves
one to another, or complicate and dispose them after the man­
ner requisite to make them stick. Boyle's History of Firmness.
3. To form by complication; to form by the union of several
parts into one integral.
Dreadful was the din
Of hissing through the hall! thick swarming now
With complicated monsters, head and tail. Milt. Par. Lost.
A man, an army, the universe, are complicated of various
simple ideas, or complex ideas made up of simple ones. Locke.

CO’MPLICATE. adj. [from the verb.] Compounded of a mul­
tiplicity of parts.
What pleasure would felicitate his spirit, if he could grasp
all in a survey; as a painter runs over a complicate piece
wrought by Titian or Raphael. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

CO’MPLICATENESS. n. s. [from complicate.] The state of being
complicated; intricacy; perplexity.
There is great variety of intelligibles in the world, so much
objected to our senses, and every several object is full of sub­
divided multiplicity and complicateness. Hale's Origin of Mank.

COMPLICA’TION. n. s. [from complicate.]
1. The act of involving one thing in another.
2. The state of being involved one in another.
All our grievances are either of body or of mind, or in
complications of both. L'Estrange.
The notions of a confused knowledge are always full of
perplexity and complications, and seldom in order. Wilkins.
3. The integral consisting of many things involved, perplexed,
and united.
By admitting a complication of ideas, and taking too many
things at once into one question, the mind is dazzled and be­
wildered. Watts's Logick.

CO’MPLICE. n. s. [Fr. from complex, an associate, low Latin.]
One who is united with others in an ill design; an associate;
a confederate; an accomplice.
To arms, victorious noble father,
To quell the rebels and their complices. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Justice was afterwards done upon the offenders, the prin­
cipal being hanged and quartered in Smithfield; and divers of
his chief complices executed in divers parts of the realm. Hayw.
The marquis prevailed with the king, that he might only
turn his brother out of the garrison, after justice was done
upon his complices. Clarendon, b. viii.

COMPLI’ER. n. s. [from comply.] A man of an easy temper;
a man of ready compliance.

CO’MPLIMENT. n. s. [compliment, Fr.] An act, or expres­
sion of civility, usually understood to include some hypocrisy,
and to mean less than it declares.
He observed few compliments in matter of arms, but such
as proud anger did indite to him. Sidney, b. ii.
My servant, sir? 'Twas never merry world
Since lowly feigning was call'd compliment:
Y' are servant to the duke Orsino, youth. Shakespeare.


One whom the musick of his own vain tongue
Doth ravish, like inchanting harmony:
A man of compliments, whom right and wrong
Have chose as umpire of their meeting. Shakespeare.
What honour that,
But tedious waste of time, to sit and hear
So many hollow compliments and lies,
Outlandish flatteries? Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iv.
Virtue and religion, heaven and eternal happiness, are not
trifles to be given up in a compliment, or sacrificed to a jest.
Rogers, Sermon x.

To CO’MPLIMENT. v. a. [from the noun.] To sooth with
acts or expressions of respect; to flatter; to praise.
It was not to compliment a society, so much above flattery
and the regardless air of common applauses. Glanv. Sceps. Pref.
Monarchs should their inward soul disguise,
Dissemble and command, be false and wise;
By ignominious arts, for servile ends,
Should compliment their foes, and shun their friends. Prior.
The watchman gave so very great a thump at my door,
that I awaked, and heard myself complimented with the usual
salutation. Tatler, No. 111. 
She compliments Menelaus very handsomely, and says he
wanted no accomplishment either of mind or body. Pope.

COMPLIME’NTAL. adj. [from compliment.] Expressive of re­
spect or civility; implying compliments.
I come to speak with Paris from the prince Troilus: I will
make a complimental assault upon him. Shak. Troil. and Cressida.
Languages, for the most part, in terms of art and erudi­
tion, retain their original poverty, and rather grow rich
and abundant in complimental phrases, and such froth. Wotton.
This falsehood of Ulysses is intirely complimental and offi­
cious. Pope's Odyssey, Notes.

COMPLIME’NTALLY. adv. [from complimental.] In the nature
of a compliment; civilly; with artful or false civility.
This speech has been condemned as avaricious: Eustathius
judges it spoken artfully and complimentally. Broom on the Odyss.

COMPLIME’NTER. n. s. [from compliment.] One given to com­
pliments; a flatterer.

CO’MPLINE. n. s. [compline, Fr. completinum, low Lat.] The last
act of worship at night, by which the service of the day is
completed.
At morn and eve, besides their anthems sweet,
Their peny masses and their complines meet. Hubb. Tale.

To COMPLO’RE. v. n. [comploro, Lat.] To make lamentation
together.

COMPLO’T. n. s. [Fr. from completum for complexum, low
Latin, Menage.] A confederacy in some secret crime; a
plot; a conspiracy.
I cannot, my life, my brother, like but well
The purpose of the complot which ye tell. Hubberd's Tale.
I know their complot is to have my life. Shak. Hen. VI.

To COMPLO’T. v. a. [from the noun.] To form a plot; to
conspire; to join in any secret design, generally criminal.
Nor ever by advised purpose meet,
To plot, contrive, or complot any ill. Shakes. Richard II.
A few lines after, we find them complotting together, and con­
triving a new scene of miseries to the Trojans. Pope.

COMPLO’TTER. n. s. [from complot.] A conspirator; one
joined in a plot.
Jocasta too, no longer now my sister,
Is found complotter in the horrid deed. Dryd. and Lee's Oedip.

To COMPLY’. v. n. [Skinner derives it from the French com­
plaire; but probably it comes from complier, to bend to. Plier
is still in use.] To yield to; to be obsequious to; to accord
with; to suit with. It has with before as well persons as
things.
The rising sun complys with our weak sight,
First gilds the clouds, then shews his globe of light. Waller.
They did servilely comply with the people in worshipping God
by sensible images and representations. Tillotson.
The truth of things will not comply with our conceits, and
bend itself to our interest. Tillotson.
Remember I am she who sav'd your life,
Your loving, lawful, and complying wife. Dryden.
He made his wish with his estate comply,
Joyful to live, yet not afraid to die. Prior.

COMPO’NENT. adj. [componens, Latin.] That which constitutes
the compound body.
The bigness of the component parts of natural bodies may
be conjectured by their colours. Newton's Opticks.

To COMPO’RT. v. n. [comporter, Fr. from porto, Lat.] To
agree; to suit. Followed by with.
Some piety's not good there, some vain disport
On this side sin, with that place may comport. Donne.
To be such does not comport with the nature of time.
Holder on Time.
It is not every man's talent to distinguish aright how far
our prudence may warrant our charity, and how far our
charity may comport with our prudence. L'Estrange.
Children, in the things they do, if they comport with their
age, find little difference, so they may be doing. Locke.

To COMPO’RT. v. a. To bear; to endure. This is a Gallick
signification, not adopted among us.
The malecontented sort,
That never can the present state comport,
But would as often change as they change will. Daniel.

COMPO’RT. n. s. [from the verb.] Behaviour; conduct; man­
ner of acting and looking.
I shall account concerning the rules and manners of de­
portment in the receiving, our comport and conversation in
and after it. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
I know them well, and mark'd their rude comport;
In times of tempest they command alone,
And he but sits precarious on the throne. Dryden's Fables.

COMPO’RTABLE. adj. [from comport.] Consistent; not con­
tradictory.
We cast the rules and cautions of this art into some com­
portable method. Wotton's Architecture.

COMPO’RTANCE. n. s. [from comport.] Behaviour; gesture of
ceremony.
Goodly comportance each to other bear,
And entertain themselves with court'sies meet. Fairy Queen.

COMPO’RTMENT. n. s. [from comport.] Behaviour.
By her serious and devout comportment on these solemn occa­
sions, she gives an example that is very often too much
wanted. Addison's Freeholder.

To COMPO’SE. v. a. [composer, Fr. compono, Latin.]
1. To form a mass by joining different things together.
Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees of all pious
affections. Sprat.
2. To place any thing in its proper form and method.
In a peaceful grave my corps compose. Dryden's Æn.
3. To dispose; to put in the proper state for any purpose.
The whole army seemed well composed to obtain that by their
swords, which they could not by their pen. Clarendon, b. viii.
4. To put together a discourse or sentence.
Words so pleasing to God, as those which the son of God
himself hath composed, were not possible for men to frame.
Hooker, b. v. sect. 35.
5. To constitute by being parts of a whole.
Nor did Israel 'scape
Th' infection, when their borrow'd gold compos'd
The calf in Oreb. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 483.
A few useful things, confounded with many trifles, fill their
memories, and compose their intellectual possessions. Watts.
6. To calm; to quiet.
He would undertake the journey with him, by which all
his fears would be composed. Clarendon, b. viii.
You, that had taught them to subdue their foes,
Cou'd order teach, and their high sp'rits compose. Waller.
Compose thy mind;
Nor frauds are here contriv'd, nor force design'd. Dryden.
He, having a full sway and command over the water, had
power to still and compose it, as well as to move and disturb it.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.
Yet to compose this midnight noise,
Go, freely search where-e'er you please. Prior.
7. To adjust the mind to any business, by freeing it from dis­
turbance.
The mind being thus disquieted, may not be able easily to
compose and settle itself to prayer. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
We beseech thee to compose her thoughts, and preserve her
reason, during her sickness. Swift.
8. To adjust; to settle; as, to compose a difference.
9. [With printers.] To arrange the letters; to put the letters
in order in the forms.
10. [In musick.] To form a tune from the different musical
notes.

COMPO’SED. participial adj. [from compose.] Calm; serious;
even; sedate.
In Spain there is something still more serious and composed
in the manner of the inhabitants. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The Mantuan there in sober triumph sate,
Compos'd his posture, and his look sedate. Pope.

COMPO’SEDLY. adv. [from composed.] Calmly; seriously; se­
dately.
A man was walking before the door very composedly without
a hat: one crying, Here is the fellow that killed the duke,
every body asked which is he, the man without the hat very
composedly answered, I am he. Clarendon.

COMPO’SEDNESS. n. s. [from composed.] Sedateness; calmness;
tranquillity.
He that will think to any purpose, must have fixedness and
composedness of humour, as well as smartness of parts. Norris.

COMPO’SER. n. s. [from compose.]
1. An author; a writer.
Now will be the right season of forming them to be able
writers and composers in every excellent matter. Milton.
If the thoughts of such authors have nothing in them, they
at least do no harm, and shew an honest industry and a good
intention in the composer. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.
2. He that adapts the musick to words; he that forms a
tune.


For composition I prefer next Ludovico, a most judicious
and sweet composer. Peacham of Musick.
The composer has so expressed my sense, where I intended
to move the passions, that he seems to have been the poet as
well as the composer. Dryden's Albion and Albanius, Preface.

COMPO’SITE. adj. [compositus, Latin.]
The composite order in architecture is the last of the five or­
ders of columns; so named because its capital is composed out
of those of the other orders; and it is also called the Roman
and Italick order. Harris.
Some are of opinion, that the composite pillars of this arch
were made in imitation of the pillars of Solomon's temple.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

COMPOSI’TION. n. s. [compositio, Latin.]
1. The act of forming an integral of various dissimilar parts.
We have exact forms of composition, whereby they incorpo­
rate almost as they were natural simples. Bacon's New Atlantis.
In the time of the yncas reign in Peru, no composition was
allowed by the laws to be used in point of medicine, but on­
ly simples proper to each disease. Temple.
2. The act of bringing simple ideas into complication, opposed
to analysis, or the separation of complex notions.
The investigation of difficult things, by the method of
analysis, ought ever to precede the method of composition. Newt.
3. A mass formed by mingling different ingredients.
Heat and vivacity in age, is an excellent composition for
business. Bacon, Essay 43.
Vast pillars of stone, cased over with a composition, that looks
the most like marble of any thing one can imagine. Addison.
Jove mix'd up all, and his best clay employ'd,
Then call'd the happy composition Floyd. Swift.
4. The state of being compounded; union; conjunction; com­
bination.
Contemplate things first in their own simple natures, and
afterwards view them in composition with other things. Watts.
5. The arrangement of various figures in a picture.
The disposition in a picture is an assembling of many parts:
this is also called the composition, by which is meant the distri­
bution and orderly placing of things, both in general and in
particular. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
6. Written work.
Writers are divided concerning the authority of the greater
part of those compositions that pass in his name. L'Estrange.
That divine prayer has always been looked upon as a com­
position fit to have proceeded from the wisest of men. Addison.
When I read rules of criticism, I enquire after the works
of the author, and by that means discover what he likes in a
composition. Addison's Guardian, No. 115.
7. Adjustment; regulation.
A preacher in the invention of matter, election of words,
composition of gesture, look, pronunciation, motion, useth all
these faculties at once. Benj. Johnson's Discov.
8. Compact; agreement; terms on which differences are
settled.
To take away all such mutual grievance, injuries and
wrongs, there was no way but only by going upon compo­
sition and agreement amongst themselves. And again, all pub­
lick regiment, of what kind soever, seemeth evidently to have
arisen from deliberate advice, consultation, and composition be­
tween men, judging it convenient and behoveful. Hooker.
Thus we are agreed;
I crave our composition may be written,
And seal'd between us. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
Their courage droops, and, hopeless now, they wish
For composition with th' unconquer'd fish. Waller.
9. The act of discharging a debt by paying part; the sum paid.
10. Consistency; congruity.
There is no composition in these news,
That gives them credit.———
—Indeed they are disproportion'd. Shakespeare's Othello.
11.  [In grammar.] The joining of two words together, or the
prefixing a particle to another word, to augment, diminish, or
change its signification.
12. A certain method of demonstration in mathematicks, which
is the reverse of the analytical method, or of resolution. It
proceeds upon principles in themselves self-evident, on defi­
nitions, postulates and axioms, and a previously demonstrated
series of propositions, step by step, 'till it gives a clear know­
ledge of the thing to be demonstrated. This is called the syn­
thetical method, and is used by Euclid in his Elements. Harris.

COMPO’SITIVE. adj. [from compose.] Compounded; or having
the power of compounding. Dict.

COMPO’SITOR. n. s. [from compose.] He that ranges and adjusts
the types in printing; distinguished from the pressman, who
makes the impression upon paper.

CO’MPOST. n. s. [Fr. compositum, Lat.] A mixture of various
substances for enriching the ground; manure.
We also have great variety of composts and soils, for the
making of the earth fruitful. Bacon's Atlantis.
Avoid what is to come,
And do not spread the compost on the weeds,
To make them ranker. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Water young planted shrubs, amomum especially, which
you can hardly refresh too often, and it requires abundant
compost. Evelyn's Kalendar.
There, as his dream foretold, a cart he found,
That carry'd compost forth to dung the ground. Dryden.
In vain the nursling grove
Seems fair a while, cherish'd with foster earth;
But when the alien compost is exhaust,
Its native poverty again prevails. Philips.

To COMPO’ST. v. a. [from the noun.] To manure; to enrich
with soil.
By removing into worse earth, or forbearing to compost the
earth. water-mint turneth into field-mint, and the colewort
into rape. Bacon's Natural History, No. 518.
As for earth, it composteth itself; for I knew a garden that
had a field poured upon it, and it did bear fruit excellently.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 596.

COMPO’STURE. n. s. [from compost.] Soil; manure.
The earth's a thief,
That feeds and breeds by a composture stol'n
From gen'ral excrements. Shakespeare's Timon.

COMPO’SURE. n. s. [from compose.]
1. The act of composing or inditing.
Their own forms are not like to be so sound, or compre­
hensive of the nature of the duty, as forms of publick com­
posure. King Charles.
2. Arrangement; combination; mixture; order.
Hence languages arise, when, by institution and agreement,
such a composure of letters, i. e. such a word, is intended to
signify such a certain thing. Holder on Elements of Speech.
From the various composures and combinations of these
corpuscles together, happen all the varieties of the bodies
formed out of them. Woodward's Natural History.
3. The form arising from the disposition of the various parts.
In composure of his face,
Liv'd a fair, but manly grace. Crashaw.
4. Frame; make; temperament.
To reel the streets at noon, and stand the buffet
With slaves that smell of sweat; say this becomes him:
As his composure must be rare indeed,
Whom these things cannot blemish. Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.
5. Disposition; relative adjustment.
The duke of Buckingham sprung, without any help, by a
kind of congenial composure, to the likeness of our late sove­
reign and master. Wotton.
6. Composition; framed discourse.
Discourses on such occasions are seldom the productions of
leisure, and should be read with those favourable allowances
that are made to hasty composures. Atterbury's Pref. to Sermons.
In the composures of men, remember you are a man as well
as they; and it is not their reason, but your own, that is
given to guide you. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
7. Sedateness; calmness; tranquillity.
To whom the virgin majesty of Eve,
As one who loves, and some unkindness meets,
With sweet austere composure thus reply'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
The calmest and serenest hours of life, when the passions of
nature are all silent, and the mind enjoys its most perfect
composure. Watts's Logick.
8. Agreement; composition; settlement of differences.
The treaty at Uxbridge gave the fairest hopes of an happy
composure. King Charles.
Van guard! to right and left the front unfold,
That all may see, who hate us, how we seek
Peace and composure. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 560.
Things were not brought to an extremity where I left the
story: there seems yet to be room left for a composure; here­
after there may be only for pity. Dryd. Pref. to Abs. and Achit.

COMPOTA’TION. n. s. [compotatio, Lat.] The act of drinking
or tippling together.
Secrecy to words spoke under the rose, only mean, in com­
potation, from the ancient custom in symposiack meetings, to
wear chaplets of roses. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If thou wilt prolong
Dire compotation, forthwith reason quits
Her empire to confusion and misrule,
And vain debates; then twenty tongues at once
Conspire in senseless jargon; naught is heard
But din and various clamour, and mad rant. Phillips.

To COMPO’UND. v. a. [compono, Latin.]
1. To mingle many ingredients together in one mass.
2. To form by uniting various parts.
Whosoever compoundeth any like it, shall be cut off. Ex. xxx.
It will be difficult to evince, that nature does not make de­
compounded bodies; I mean, mingle together such bodies as
are already compounded of elementary, or rather of simple
ones. Boyle's Sceptical Chymist.
The ideas, being each but one single perception, are easier
got than the more complex ones; and therefore are not liable
to the uncertainty, which attends those compounded ones. Locke.
3. To mingle in different positions; to combine.
We cannot have a single image that did not enter through


the sight; but we have the power of altering and compounding
those images into all the varieties of picture. Addis. Spectator.
4. [In grammar.] To form one word from two or more words.
Where it and Tigris embrace each other under the city of
Apamia, there do they agree of a joint and compounded name,
and are called Piso-Tigris. Raleigh's History of the World.
5. To compose by being united.
Who'd be so mock'd with glory, as to live
But in a dream of friendship?
To have his pomp, and all what state compounds,
But only painted, like his varnish'd friends! Shakes. Timon.
6. To adjust a difference by some recession from the rigour of
claims.
I would to God all strifes were well compounded. Shakesp.
If there be any discord or suits between any of the family,
they are compounded and appeased. Bacon's New Atlantis.
7. To discharge a debt by paying only part.
Shall I, ye gods, he cries, my debts compound? Gay.

To COMPO’UND. v. n. 
1. To come to terms of agreement by abating something of the
first demand. It has for before the thing accepted or remitted.
They were, at last, glad to compound for his bare commit­
ment to the Tower. Clarendon.
Pray but for half the virtues of this wife;
Compound for all the rest, with longer life. Dryden.
2. To bargain in the lump.
Here's a fellow will help you to-morrow: compound with
him by the year. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
3. To come to terms.
Cornwal compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmas
for thirty pounds. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Once more I come to know of thee, king Harry,
If for thy ransom thou wilt now compound,
Before thy most assured overthrow? Shakes. Henry V.
Made all the royal stars recant,
Compound and take the covenant. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
But useless all, when he, despairing, found
Catullus then did with the winds compound. Dryd. Juvenal.
Paracelsus and his admirers have compounded with the Ga­
lenists, and brought a mixed use of chymical medicines into
the present practice. Temple.
4. To determine. This is not in use.
We here deliver,
Subscribed by the consuls and patricians,
Together with the seal of the senate, what
We have compounded on. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

CO’MPOUND. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Formed out of many ingredients; not single.
The ancient electrum had in it a fifth of silver to the gold,
and made a compound metal, as fit for most uses as gold. Bacon.
Compound substances are made up of two or more simple
substances. Watts's Logick.
2. [In grammar.] Composed of two or more words; not
simple.
Those who are his greatest admirers, seem pleased with them
as beauties; I speak of his compound epithets. Pope.
3. COMPOUND or aggregated Flower, in botany, is such as con­
sists of many little flowers, concurring together to make up
one whole one; each of which has its style and stamina, and
adhering seed, and are all contained within one and the same
calyx: such are the sunflower and dandelion. Harris.

CO’MPOUND. n. s. [from the verb.] The mass formed by the
union of many ingredients.
For present use or profit, this is the rule: consider the price
of the two simple bodies; consider again the dignity of the
one above the other in use; then see if you can make a com­
pound, that will save more in price than it will lose in dignity
of the use. Bacon's Physical Rem.
As man is a compound and mixture of flesh, as well as
spirit. South's Sermons.
Love, why do we one passion call?
When 'tis a compound of them all;
Where hot and cold, where sharp and sweet,
In all their equipages meet. Swift.

COMPO’UNDABLE. adj. [from compound.] Capable of being
compounded.

COMPO’UNDER. n. s. [from To compound.]
1. One who endeavours to bring parties to terms of agreement.
Those softners, sweetners, compounders, and expedient­
mongers, who shake their heads so strongly. Swift.
2. A mingler; one who mixes bodies.

To COMPREHE’ND. v. a. [comprehendo, Latin.]
1. To comprise; to include; to contain; to imply.
If there be any other commandment, it is briefly compre­
hended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour
as thyself. Rom. xiii. 9.
It would be ridiculous to grow old in the study of every
necessary thing, in an art which comprehends so many several
parts. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. To contain in the mind; to understand; to conceive.
Rome was not better by her Horace taught,
Than we are here to comprehend his thought. Waller.
'Tis unjust, that they who have not the least notion of
heroic writing, should therefore condemn the pleasure which
others receive from it, because they cannot comprehend it. Dryd.

COMPREHE’NSIBLE. adj. [comprehensible, Fren. comprehensibilis,
Lat.] Intelligible; attainable by the mind; conceiveable by
the understanding.
The horizon sets the bounds between the enlightened
and dark parts of things, between what is and what is not
comprehensible by us. Locke.

COMPREHE’NSIBLY. adv. [from comprehensible.] With great
power of signification or understanding; significantly; with
great extent of sense.
The words wisdom and righteousness are commonly used
very comprehensibly, so as to signify all religion and virtue. Tillot.

COMPREHE’NSION. n. s. [comprehensio, Latin.]
1. The act or quality of comprising or containing; inclusion.
In the Old Testament there is a close comprehension of the
New, in the New an open discovery of the Old. Hooker, b. v.
The comprehension of an idea regards all essential modes and
properties of it; so body, in its comprehension, takes in soli­
dity, figure, quantity, mobility. Watts's Logick.
2. Summary; epitome; compendium; abstract; abridgment in
which much is comprised.
If we would draw a short abstract of human happiness,
bring together all the various ingredients of it, and digest
them into one prescription, we must at last fix on this wise
and religious aphorism in my text, as the sum and comprehen­
sion of all. Rogers, Sermon 19.
3. Knowledge; capacity; power of the mind to admit and
contain many ideas at once.
You give no proof of decay of your judgment, and com­
prehension of all things, within the compass of an human un­
derstanding. Dryden.
4. [In rhetorick.] A trope or figure, by which the name of a
whole is put for a part, or that of a part for the whole, or a
definite number for an indefinite. Harris.

COMPREHE’NSIVE. adj. [from comprehend.]
1. Having the power to comprehend or understand many things
at once.
He must have been a man of a most wonderful comprehensive
nature, because he has taken into the compass of his Canter­
bury tales the various manners and humours of the whole
English nation in his age; not a single character has escaped
him. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
His hand unstain'd, his uncorrupted heart,
His comprehensive head; all int'rests weigh'd,
All Europe sav'd, yet Britain not betray'd. Pope's Epistles.
2. Having the quality of comprising much; compendious; ex­
tensive.
So diffusive, so comprehensive, so catholick a grace is charity,
that whatever time is the opportunity of any other virtue, that
time is the opportunity of charity. Sprat's Sermons.

COMPREHE’NSIVELY. adv. [from comprehensive.] In a com­
prehensive manner.

COMPREHE’NSIVENESS. n. s. [from comprehensive.] The qua­
lity of including much in a few words or narrow compass.
Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on an­
cient coins. Addison on Ancient Medals.

To COMPRE’SS. v. a. [compressus, Latin.]
1. To force into a narrower compass; to squeeze together.
2. To embrace.
Her Neptune ey'd, with bloom of beauty blest,
And in his cave the yielding nymph compresi. Pope's Odyss.
There was in the island of Io a young girl compressed by a
genius, who delighted to associate with the muses. Pope.

COMPR’ESS. n. s. [from the verb.] Bolsters of linen rags, by
which surgeons suit their bandages for any particular part or
purpose. Quincy.
I applied an intercipient about the ankle and upper part of
the foot, and by compress and bandage dressed it up. Wiseman.

COMPRESSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from compressible.] The quality of
being compressible; the quality of admitting to be brought by
force into a narrower compass; as air may be compressed, but
water can by no violence be reduced to less space than it na­
turally occupies.

COMPRE’SSIBLE. adj. [from compress.] Capable of being forced
into a narrower compass; yielding to pressure, so as that one
part is brought nearer to another.
Their being spiral particles, accounts for the elasticity of
air; their being spherical particles, which gives free passage
to any heterogeneous matter, accounts for air's being com­
pressible. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

COMPRE’SSIBLENESS. n. s. [from compressible.] Capability of
being pressed close. Dict.

COMPRE’SSION. n. s. [compressio, Latin.] The act of bringing
the parts of any body more near to each other by violence;
the quality of admitting such an effort of force as may com­
pel the body compressed into a narrower space.
Whensoever a solid body is pressed, there is an inward
tumult in the parts thereof, seeking to deliver themselves from
the compression; and this is the cause of all violent motion.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 9.


The powder in shot, being dilated into such a flame as en­
dureth not compression, moveth likewise in round, the flame
being in the nature of a liquid body, sometimes recoiling.
Bacon's Natural History.
Tears are the effects of the compression of the moisture of
the brain, upon dilatation of the spirits. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
He that shall find out an hypothesis, by which water may
be so rare, and yet not be capable of compression by force,
may doubtless, by the same hypothesis, make gold and water,
and all other bodies, as much rarer as he pleases; so that light
may find a ready passage through transparent substances. Newt.

COMPRE’SSURE. n. s. [from compress.] The act or force of the
body pressing against another.
We tried whether heat would, notwithstanding so forcible
a compressure, dilate it. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

To COMPRI’NT. v. n. [comprimere, Latin.]
The word properly signifies to print together; but it is
commonly taken, in law, for the deceitful printing of another's
copy or book, to the prejudice of the rightful proprietor.
Phillips's World of Words.

To COMPRI’SE. v. a. [comprendre compris, French.] To con­
tain; to comprehend; to include.
The necessity of shortness causeth men to cut off imperti­
nent discourses, and to comprise much matter in few words.
Hooker, b. v. sect. 32.
Do they not, under doctrine, comprehend the same that we
intend by matters of faith? Do not they, under discipline,
comprise the regimen of the church? Hooker, b. iii. s. 3.
'Tis the polluted love that multiplies;
But friendship does two souls in one comprise. Roscommon.

COMPROBA’TION. n. s. [comprobo, Latin.] Proof; attestation.
That is only esteemed a legal testimony which receives com­
probation from the mouths of at least two witnesses. Brown.

CO’MPROMISE. n. s. [compromissum, Latin.]
1. Compromise is a mutual promise of two or more parties at dif­
ference, to refer the ending of their controversies to the arbi­
trement or equity of one or more arbitrators. Cowel.
2. A compact or bargain, in which some concessions are made
on each side.
Wars have not wasted it; for warr'd he hath not;
But basely yielded, upon compromise,
That which his ancestors atchiev'd with blows. Sh. Rich. II.

To CO’MPROMISE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To compound; to adjust a compact by mutual concessions;
as, they compromised the affair at a middle rate.
2. In Shakespeare it means, unusually, to accord; to agree.
Laban and himself were compromis'd,
That all the yearlings, which were streak'd and pied,
Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

COMPROMISSO’RIAL. adj. [from compromise.] Relating to a
compromise.

COMPROVI’NCIAL. n. s. [from con and provincial.] Belonging
to the same province.
At the consecration of an archbishop, all his comprovincials
ought to give their attendance. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COMPT. n. s. [compte, Fr. computus, Lat.] Account; com­
putation; reckoning.
Your servants ever
Have theirs, themselves, and what is theirs, in compt,
To make their audit at your highness' pleasure,
Still to return your own. Shakesp. King John.

To COMPT. v. a. [compter, French.] To compute; to num­
ber. We now use To COUNT, which see.

CO’MPTIBLE. adj. [from compt.] Accountable; responsible;
ready to give account; subject; submissive.
Good beauties, let me sustain my scorn; I am very comptible
even to the least sinister usage. Shakesp.

To COMPTRO’LL. v. a. [This word is written by some
authors, who did not attend to the etymology, for controll;
and some of its derivatives are written in the same manner.]
To controll; to over-rule; to oppose.

COMPTRO’LLER. n. s. [from comptroll.] Director; supervisor;
superior intendent; governour.
This night he makes a supper, and a great one,
To many lords and ladies:
I was spoke too, with Sir Henry Guilford,
This night to be comptrollers. Shakes. Henry VIII.
The comptrollers of vulgar opinions pretend to find out such
a similitude in some kind of baboons. Temple.
My fates permit me not from hence to fly;
Nor he, the great comptroller of the sky. Dryden's Æneis.

COMPTRO’LLERSHIP. n. s. [from comptroller.] Superinten­
dence.
The gayle for stannery-causes is annexed to the comptroller­
ship. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

COMPU’LSATIVELY. adv. [from compulsatory.] With force;
by constraint. Clarissa.

COMPU’LSATORY. n. s. [from compulsor, Latin.] Having the
force of compelling; coactive.
Which is no other
But to recover from us by strong hand,
And terms compulsatory, those 'foresaid lands
So by his father lost. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

COMPU’LSION. n. s. [compulsio, Latin.]
1. The act of compelling to something; force; violence of the
agents.
If reasons were as plenty as blackberries, I would give no
man a reason on compulsion. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Thoughts, whither have ye led me! with that sweet
Compulsion thus transported. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Such sweet compulsion doth in musick lye,
To lull the daughters of necessity. Milton.
2. The state of being compelled; violence suffered.
Compulsion is in an agent capable of volition, when the
beginning or continuation of any action is contrary to the
preference of his mind. Locke.
When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear,
With what compulsion and laborious flight
We sunk thus low? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 80.
This faculty is free from compulsion, and so spontaneous,
and free from determination by the particular object. Hale.
Possibly there were others who assisted Harold, partly out of
fear and compulsion. Hale on Common Law.

COMPU’LSIVE. adj. [from compulser, Fr. compulsus, Latin.]
Having the power to compel; forcible.
The Danube, vast and deep,
Supreme of rivers, to the frightful brink,
Urg'd by compulsive arms, soon as they reach'd,
New terror chill'd their veins. Phillips.
The clergy would be glad to recover their dues by a more
short and compulsive method. Swift.

COMPU’LSIVELY. adv. [from compulsive.] By force; by vio­
lence.

COMPU’LSIVENESS. n. s. [from compulsive.] Force; compulsion.

COMPU’LSORILY. adv. [from compulsory.] In a compulsory or
forcible manner; by force; by violence.
To say that the better deserver hath such right to govern,
as he may compulsorily bring under the less worthy, is idle. Bac.

COMPU’LSORY. adj. [compulsoire, French.] Having the power
of necessitating or compelling.
He erreth in this, to think that actions, proceeding from
fear, are properly compulsory actions; which, in truth, are not
only voluntary, but free actions; neither compelled, nor so
much as physically necessitated. Bramh. against Hobbs.
Kindly it would be taken to comply with a patent, al­
though not compulsory. Swift.

COMPU’NCTION. n. s. [componction, Fr. from pungo punctum,
to prick, Latin.]
1. The power of pricking; stimulation; irritation.
This is that acid and piercing spirit, which, with such ac­
tivity and compunction, invadeth the brains and nostrils of those
that receive it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.
2. The state of being pricked by the conscience; repentance;
contrition.
He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, with expressions
of great compunction. Clarendon.

COMPU’NCTIOUS. adj. [from compunction.] Repentant; sorrow­
ful; tender.
Stop up th' access and passage to remorse,
That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

COMPU’NCTIVE. adj. [from compunction.] Causing remorse.

COMPURGA’TION. n. s. [compurgatio, Latin.] The practice of
justifying any man's veracity by the testimony of another.

COMPURGA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] One who bears his testi­
mony to the credibility of another.
The next quarry, or chalk-pit, will give abundant attesta­
tion: these are so obvious, that I need not be far to seek for a
compurgator. Woodward's Natural History.

COMPU’TABLE. adj. [from compute.] Capable of being num­
bered or computed.
If, instead of twenty-four letters, there were twenty-four
millions, as those twenty-four millions are a finite number;
so would all combinations thereof be finite, though not easily
computable by arithmetick. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

COMPUTA’TION. n. s. [from compute.]
1. The act of reckoning; calculation.
My princely father
Then, by just computation of the time,
Found that the issue was not his. Shakes. Richard III.
2. The sum collected or settled by calculation.
We pass for women of fifty: many additional years are
thrown into female computations of this nature. Addis. Guardian.

To COMPU’TE. v. a. [computo, Latin.] To reckon; to cal­
culate; to number; to count.
Compute how much water would be requisite to lay the
earth under water. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Where they did compute by weeks, yet still the year was
measured by months. Holder on Time.
Alas! not dazzled with their noon-tide ray,
Compute the morn and ev'ning to the day;
The whole amount of that enormous fame,
A tale that blends their glory with their shame. Pope.



COMPU’TE. n. s. [computus, Lat.] Computation; calculation.

COMPU’TER. n. s. [from compute.] Reckoner; accountant;
calculator.
The kalendars of these computers, and the accounts of these
days, are different. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 4.
I have known some such ill computers, as to imagine the
many millions in stocks so much real wealth. Swift.

CO’MPUTIST. n. s. [computiste, Fr.] Calculator; one skilled
in the art of numbers or computation.
The treasurer was a wise man, and a strict computist. Wotton.
We conceive we have a year in three hundred and sixty-five
days exact: computists tell us, that we escape six hours. Brown.

CO’MRADE. n. s. [camerade, Fr. from camera, a chamber, one
that lodges in the same chamber, contubernio fruitur.]
1. One who dwells in the same house or chamber.
Rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse
To be a comrade with the wolf and owl. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. A companion; a partner in any labour or danger.
He permitted them
To put out both thine eyes, and fetter'd send thee
Into the common prison, there to grind
Among the slaves and asses, thy comrades,
As good for nothing else. Milton's Agonistes, l. 1159.
A footman, being newly married, desired his comrade to tell
him freely what the town said of it. Swift.

CON

CON. A Latin inseparable preposition, which, at the beginning
of words, signifies union or association; as concourse, a running
together; to convene, to come together.

CON. [abbreviated from contra, against, Lat.] A cant word for
one who is on the negative side of a question; as the pros and
cons.

To CON. v. a. [connan, Sax. to know; as in Chaucer, Old
wymen connen mochil thinge; that is, Old women have much
knowledge.]
1. To know.
Of muses, Hobbinol, I conne no skill
Enough to me to paint out my unrest. Spenser's Pastorals.
2. To study; to commit to memory; to fix in the mind. It is
a word now little in use, except in ludicrous language.
You are full of pretty answers: have you not been ac­
quainted with goldsmiths wives, and conn'd them out of rings.
Shakespeare's As you like it.
Here are your parts; and I am to intreat you to con them
by to-morrow night. Shakes. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Our understanding cannot in this body arrive so clearly to
the knowledge of God, and things invisible, as by orderly
conning over the visible and inferior creatures. Milton.
Shew it him written; and, having the other also written in
the paper, shew him that, after he has conn'd the first, and re­
quire it of him. Holder's Elements of Speech.
The books of which I'm chiefly fond,
Are such as you have whilom conn'd. Prior.
All this while John had conn'd over such a catalogue of hard
words, as were enough to conjure up the devil. Arbuthnot.
3. To CON thanks; an old expression for to thank. It is the
same with sçavoir grè.
I con him no thanks for't, in the nature he delivers it. Shak.

To CONCA’MERATE. v. a. [concamero, Lat.] To arch
over; to vault; to lay concave over.
Of the upper beak, an inch and a half consisteth of one
concamerated bone, bended downwards, and toothed as the
other. Grew's Museum.

CONCAMERA’TION. n. s. [from concamerate.] Arch; vault.
What a romance is the story of those impossible concamera­
tions, and feigned rotations of solid orbs? Glanville's Sceps.

To CONCA’TENATE. v. a. [from catena, Lat. a chain.]
To link together; to unite in a successive order.

CONCATENA’TION. n. s. [from concatenate.] A series of links;
an uninterrupted unvariable succession.
The stoicks affirmed a fatal, unchangeable concatenation
of causes, reaching even to the elicit acts of man's will.
South's Sermons.

CONCAVA’TION. n. s. [from concave.] The act of making
concave.

CONCA’VE adj. [concavus, Latin.]
1. Hollow without angles; as, the inner surface of an eggshell,
the inner curve of an arch: opposed to convex.
These great fragments falling hollow, inclosed under their
concave surface a great deal of air. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Hollow.
Have you not made an universal shout,
That Tyber trembled underneath his banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds
Made in his concave shores? Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
For his verity in love, I do think him as concave as a co­
vered goblet, or a worm-eaten nut. Shakesp. As you like it.

CONCA’VENESS. n. s. [from concave.] Hollowness. Dict.

CONCA’VITY. n. s. [from concave.] Internal surface of a hol­
low spherical or spheroidical body.
They have taken the impresses of these shells with that exqui­
site niceness, that no metal, when melted and cast in a mould,
can ever possibly represent the concavity of that mould with
greater exactness than these flints do the concavities of the
shells, wherein they were moulded. Woodw. Natural History.

CONCAVO-CONCAVE. adj. Concave or hollow on both sides.

CONCAVO-CONVEX. adj. [from concave and convex.] Concave
one way, and convex the other.
I procured therefore another concavo-convex plate of glass,
ground on both sides to the same sphere with the former plate.
Newton's Opticks.
A concavo-convex pentangular plate, part of a shell that be­
longs to the entrochus. Woodward on Fossils.

CO’NCAVOUS. adj. [concavus, Latin.] Concave; hollow with­
out angles.

CO’NCAVOUSLY. adv. [from concavous.] With hollowness; in
such a manner as discovers the internal surface of a hollow
sphere.
The dolphin that carrieth Arion is concavously inverted,
and hath its spine depressed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

To CONCE’AL. v. a. [concelo, Latin.] To hide; to keep
secret; not to divulge; to cover; not to detect.
He oft' finds med'cine, who his grief imparts;
But double griefs afflict concealing hearts. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Come, Catesby, thou art sworn
As deeply to effect what we intend,
As closely to conceal what we impart. Shakesp. Richard III.
Ulysses himself adds, he was the most eloquent and the
most silent of men: he knew that a word spoke never wrought
so much good as a word concealed. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
There is but one way I know of conversing safely with all
men, that is, not by concealing what we say or do, but by say­
ing or doing nothing that deserves to be concealed. Pope.

CONCE’ALABLE. adj. [from conceal.] Capable of being con­
cealed; possible to be kept secret, or hid.
Returning a lye unto his Maker, and presuming to put off
the searcher of hearts, he denied the omnisciency of God,
whereunto there is nothing concealable. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

CONCE’ALEDNESS. n. s. [from conceal.] The state of being
concealed; privacy; obscurity. Dict.

CONCE’ALER. n. s. [from conceal.] He that conceals any thing.
They were to undergo the penalty of forgery, and the con­
cealer of the crime was equally guilty.

CONCE’ALMENT. n. s. [from conceal.]
1. The act of hiding; secresy.
She never told her love;
But let concealment, like a worm in the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
He is a worthy gentleman,
Exceedingly well read, and profited
In strange concealments. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Though few own such sentiments, yet this concealment de­
rives rather from the fear of man than of any Being above.
Glanville's Sceps. Preface.
2. The state of being hid; privacy; delitescence.
A person of great abilities is zealous for the good of man­
kind, and as solicitous for the concealment as the performance
of illustrious actions. Addison's Freeholder, No. 33.
3. Hiding place; retreat; cover; shelter.
The choice of this holy name, as the most effectual conceal­
ment of a wicked design, supposes mankind satisfied that no­
thing but what is just is directed by the principles of it. Rogers.
The clest tree
Offers its kind concealment to a few;
Their food its insects, and its moss their nests. Thomson.

To CONCE’DE. v. a. [concedo, Latin.] To yield; to admit;
to grant; to let pass undisputed.
This must not be conceded without limitation. Boyle.
The atheist, if you do but concede to him that fortune may
be an agent, doth presume himself safe and invulnerable.
Bentley's Sermons.

CONCE’IT. n. s. [concept, French; conceptus, Latin.]
1. Conception; thought; idea; image in the mind.
Here the very shepherds have their fancies lifted to so high
conceits, as the learned of other nations are content both to
borrow their names and imitate their cunning. Sidney.
Impossible it was, that ever their will should change or in­
cline to remit any part of their duty, without some object
having force to avert their conceit from God. Hooker, b. i.
His grace looks chearfully and smooth this morning:
There's some conceit, or other, likes him well,
When that he bids good-morrow with such spirit. Shakesp.
In laughing there ever precedeth a conceit of somewhat ridi­
culous, and therefore it is proper to man. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Understanding; readiness of apprehension.
How often, alas! did her eyes say unto me, that they loved?
and yet, I not looking for such a matter, had not my conceit
open to understand them. Sidney, b. ii.
The first kind of things appointed by laws humane, con­
taineth whatsoever is good or evil, is notwithstanding more
secret than that it can be discerned by every man's present con­
ceit, without some deeper discourse and judgment. Hooker, b. i.
I shall be found of a quick conceit in judgment, and shall be
admired. Wisd. viii. 11. 


3. Opinion, generally in a sense of contempt; fancy; imagina­
gination; fantastical notion.
I know not how conceit may rob
The treasury of life, when life itself
Yields to the theft. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Strong conceit, like a new principle, carries all easily with
it, when yet above common sense. Locke.
Malbranche has an odd conceit,
As ever enter'd Frenchman's pate. Prior.
4. Opinion in a neutral sense.
Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit? There is more
hope of a fool than of him. Prov. xxvi. 12.
I shall not fail t' approve the fair conceit
The king hath of you. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
5. A pleasant fancy.
His wit is as thick as Tewksbury mustard: there is no more
conceit in him than is in a mallet. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
While he was on his way to the gibbet, a freak took him in
the head to go off with a conceit. L'Estrange.
6. Sentiment, as distinguished from imagery.
Some to conceit alone their works confine,
And glitt'ring thoughts struck out at ev'ry line. Pope.
7. Fondness; favourable opinion; opinionative pride.
Since by a little studying in learning, and great conceit of
himself, he has lost his religion; may he find it again by
harder study under humbler truth. Bentley.
8. Out of CONCEIT with. No longer fond of.
Not that I dare assume to myself to have put him out of con­
ceit with it, by having convinced him of the fantasticalness of
it. Tillotson, Preface.
What hath chiefly put me out of conceit with this moving
manner, is the frequent disappointment. Swift.

To CONCE’IT. v. a. [from the noun.] To conceive; to ima­
gine; to think: to believe.
One of two bad ways you must conceit me,
Either a coward, or a flatterer. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
They looked for great matters at their hands, in a cause
which they conceited to be for the liberty of the subject. Bacon.
He conceits himself to be struck at, when he is not so much
as thought of. L'Estrange.
The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are thereby ren­
dered as unactive, and consequently as useless, as if they really
were so. South's Sermons.

CONCE’ITED. particip. adj. [from conceit.]
1. Endowed with fancy.
He was of countenance amiable, of feature comely, active of
body, well spoken, pleasantly conceited, and sharp of wit.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. Proud; fond of himself; opinionative; affected; fantastical.
There is another extreme in obscure writers, which some
empty conceited heads are apt to run into, out of a prodigality
of words, and a want of sense. Felton on the Classicks.
If you think me too conceited,
Or to passion quickly heated. Swift.
What you write of me, would make me more conceited than
what I scribble myself. Pope.
3. With of before the object of conceit.
Every man is building a several way, impotently conceited of
his own model and his own materials. Dryden.
If we consider how vicious and corrupt the Athenians were,
how conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness. Bentley.

CONCE’ITEDLY. adv. [from conceited.] Fancifully; whimsi­
cally.
Conceitedly dress her, and be assign'd
By you fit place for every flower and jewel;
Make her for love fit fuel. Donne.

CONCE’ITEDNESS. n. s. [from conceited.] Pride; opinionative­
ness; fondness of himself.
When men think none worthy esteem but such as claim
under their own pretences, partiality and conceitedness makes
them give the pre-eminence. Collier on Pride.

CONCE’ITLESS. adj. [from conceit.] Stupid; without thought;
dull of apprehension.
Think'st thou, I am so shallow, so conceitless,
To be seduced by thy flattery. Shak. Two Gent. of Verona.

CONCE’IVABLE. adj. [from conceive.]
1. That may be imagined or thought.
If it were possible to contrive an invention, whereby any
conceivable weight may be moved by any conceivable power with
the same quickness by the hand, without other instrument,
the works of nature would be too much subjected to art.
Wilkins's Math. Magick.
2. That may be understood or believed.
The freezing of the words in the air in the Northern climes,
is as conceivable as this strange union. Glanv. Sceps. c. 4.
It is not conceivable that it should be indeed that very person,
whose shape and voice it assumed. Atterbury's Sermons.

CONCE’IVABLENESS. n. s. [from conceivable.] The quality of
being conceivable. Dict.

CONCE’IVABLY. adv. [from conceivable.] In a conceivable or
intelligible manner.

To CONCE’IVE. v. a. [concevoir, Fr. concipere, Latin.]
1. To admit into the womb.
I was shapen in inquity, and in sin did my mother conceive
me. Psalm li. 5.
2. To form in the mind; to imagine.
Nebuchadnezzar hath conceived a purpose against you. Jer.
3. To comprehend; to understand. He conceives the whole
system.
This kiss, if it durst speak,
Would stretch thy spirits up into the air:
Conceive, and fare thee well. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. To think; to be of opinion.
If you compare my gentlemen with Sir John, you will
hardly conceive him to have been bred in the same climate. Sw.

To CONCE’IVE. v. n. 
1. To think; to have an idea of.
The griev'd commons
Hardly conceive of me: let it be nois'd,
That, through our intercession, this revokement
And pardon comes. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Conceive of things clearly and distinctly in their own natures;
conceive of things completely in all their parts; conceive of
things comprehensively in all their properties and relations;
conceive of things extensively in all their kinds; conceive of
things orderly, or in a proper method. Watts's Logick.
2. To become pregnant.
The flocks should conceive when they came to drink. Gen.
The beauteous maid, whom he beheld, possess'd:
Conceiving as she slept, her fruitful womb
Swell'd with the founder of immortal Rome. Addison.

CONCE’IVER. n. s. [from conceive.] One that understands or
apprehends.
Though hereof prudent symbols and pious allegories be
made by wiser conceivers, yet common heads will fly unto su­
perstitious applications. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. 7. c. 1. 

CONCE’NT. n. s. [concentus, Latin.]
1. Concert of voices; harmony; concord of sound.
It is to be considered, that whatsoever virtue is in num­
bers, for conducing to concent of notes, is rather to be ascribed
to the ante-number than to the entire number. Bacon.
2. Consistency.
'Tis in concent to his own principles, which allow no me­
rit, no intrinsick worth to accompany one state more than
another. Atterbury.

To CONCE’NTRATE. v. a. [concentrer, Fr. from con and
centrum, Lat.] To drive into a narrow compass; to drive
towards the center.
Spirit of vinegar, concentrated and reduced to its greatest
strength, will coagulate the serum. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CONCENTRA’TION. n. s. [from concentrate.] Collection into a
narrow space round the center; compression into a narrow
compass.
All circular bodies, that receive a concentration of the light,
must be shadowed in a circular manner. Peacham on Drawing.

To CONCE’NTRE. v. n. [concentrer, Fr. from con and centrum,
Latin.] To tend to one common centre; to have the same
centre with something else.
The bricks having first been formed in a circular mould,
and then cut, before their burning, into four quarters or more,
the sides afterwards join so closely, and the points concentre so
exactly, that the pillars appear one intire piece. Wotton.
All these are like so many lines drawn from several objects,
that some way relate to him, and concentre in him. Hale.

To CONCE’NTRE. v. a. To emit towards one centre.
The having a part less to animate, will rather serve to con­
centre the spirits, and make them more active in the rest.
Decay of Piety.
In thee concentring all their precious beams
Of sacred influence! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. 9. l. 106.

CONCE’NTRICAL. adj. [concentricus, Lat.] Having one com­
mon centre.

CONCE’NTRICK. adj. [concentricus, Lat.] Having one com­
mon centre.
If, as in water stirr'd, more circles be
Produc'd by one, love such additions take;
Those, like so many spheres, but one heav'n make;
For they are all concentrick unto thee. Donne.
Any substance, pitched steddy upon two points, as on an
axis, and moving about on that axis, also describes a circle
concentrick to the axis. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
If the crystalline humour had been concentrical to the scle­
rodes, the eye would not have admitted a whole hemisphere
at one view. Ray on the Creation.
If a stone be thrown into stagnating water, the waves ex­
cited thereby continue some time to arise in the place where the
stone fell into the water, and are propagated from thence into
concentrick circles upon the surface of the water to great
distances. Newton's Opt.
The manner of its concretion is by concentrical rings, like
those of an onion about the first kernel. Arbuthnot on Diet.
Circular revolutions in concentrick orbs about the sun, or
other central body, could in no wise be attained without the
power of the Divine Arm. Bentley's Sermons.

CONCE’PTACLE. n. s. [conceptaculum, Lat.] That in which any
thing is contained; a vessel.


There is at this day resident, in that huge conceptacle, water
enough to effect such a deluge. Woodward's Nat. Hist. Pref.

CONCE’PTIBLE. adj. [from concipio conceptum, Latin.] That
may be conceived; intelligible; capable to be understood.
Some of his attributes, and the manifestations thereof, are
not only highly delectable to the intellective faculty, but are
most suitable and easily conceptible by us, because apparent in
his works. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CONCE’PTION. n. s. [conceptio, Latin.]
1. The act of conceiving, or quickening with pregnancy.
I will greatly multiply thy sorrow, and thy conception; in
sorrow thou shalt bring forth children. Gen. iii. 16.
Thy sorrow I will greatly multiply
By thy conception; children thou shalt bring
In sorrow forth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 194.
2. The state of being conceived.
Joy had the like conception in our eyes,
And at that instant, like a babe, sprung up. Shakespeare.
Our own productions flatter us: it is impossible not to be
fond of them at the moment of their conception. Dryd. Dufresn.
3. Notion; idea; image in the mind.
As conceptions are the images or resemblances of things to
the mind within itself, in the like manner are words or names
the marks, tokens, or resemblances of those conceptions to the
minds of them whom we converse with. South's Sermons.
Consult the acutest poets and speakers, and they will confess
that their quickest, most admired conceptions were such as darted
into their minds, like sudden flashes of lightning, they knew
not how, nor whence; and not by any certain consequence,
or dependence of one thought upon another, as it is in mat­
ters of ratiocination. South's Sermons.
To have right conceptions about them, we must bring our
understandings to the inflexible natures and unalterable rela­
tions of things, and not endeavour to bring things to any pre­
conceived notions of our own. Locke.
4. Sentiments; purpose.
Thou but remember'st me of my own conception. I have
perceived a most faint neglect of late; which I have rather
blamed as my own jealous curiosity, than as a very pretence
and purpose of unkindness. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Please your highness, note
His dangerous conception in this point:
Not friended by his wish to your high person,
His will is most malignant, and it stretches
Beyond you to your friends. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
5. Apprehension; knowledge.
And as if beasts conceiv'd what reason were,
And that conception should distinctly show
They should the name of reasonable bear;
For, without reason, none could reason know. Davies.
6. Conceit; sentiment; pointed thought.
He is too flatulent sometimes, and sometimes too dry;
many times unequal, and almost always forced; and, besides,
is full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticisms; all
which are not only below the dignity of heroic verse, but
contrary to its nature. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.

CONCE’PTIOUS. adj. [conceptum, Latin.] Apt to conceive;
fruitful; pregnant.
Common mother,
Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb;
Let it no more bring out to ingrateful man. Shakes. Timon.

CONCE’PTIVE. adj. [conceptum, Latin.] Capable to conceive.
In hot climates, and where the uterine parts exceed in heat,
by the coldness of this simple they may be reduced into a con­
ceptive constitution. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

To CONCE’RN. v. a. [concerner, Fr. concerno, low Latin.]
1. To relate to; to belong to.
Exclude the use of natural reasoning about the sense of holy
scripture, concerning the articles of our faith; and then, that
the scripture doth concern the articles of our faith, who can
assure us? Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
Count Claudio may hear; for what I would speak of con­
cerns him. Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
Gracious things
Thou hast reveal'd; those chiefly which concern
Just Abraham, and his feed. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
This place concerns not at all the dominion of one brother
over the other. Locke.
2. To affect with some passion; to touch nearly; to be of im­
portance to.
I would not
The cause were known to them it most concerns. Shakespear.
Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender
interests, and concerned us more than those with any other
nation. Addison on the State of the War.
It much concerns them not to suffer the king to establish his
authority on this side. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The more the authority of any station in society is ex­
tended, the more it concerns publick happiness that it be com­
mitted to men fearing God. Rogers's Sermons.
3. To interest; to engage by interest.
I knew a young negroe who was sick of the small-pox: I
found by enquiry, at a person's concerned for him, that the little
tumours left whitish specks behind them. Boyle on Colours.
Above the rest two goddesses appear,
Concern'd for each: here Venus, Juno there. Dryden's Æn.
Providence, where it loves a nation, concerns itself to
own and assert the interest of religion, by blasting the spoilers
of religious persons and places. South's Sermons.
Whatever past actions it cannot reconcile, or appropriate
to that present self by consciousness, it can be no more con­
cerned in than if they had never been done. Locke.
They think themselves out of the reach of providence, and
no longer concerned to solicit his favour. Rogers, Sermon. ii.
4. To disturb; to make uneasy.
In one compressing engine I shut a sparrow, without forcing
any air in; and in an hour the bird began to pant, and be con­
cerned, and in less than an hour and a half to be sick. Derham.

CONCE’RN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Business; affair; considered as relating to some one.
Let early care thy main concerns secure,
Things of less moment may delays endure. Denham.
This manner of exposing the private concerns of families,
and sacrificing the secrets of the dead to the curiosity of the
living, is one of those licentious practices, which might well
deserve the animadversion of our government. Addis. Freeholder.
A heathen emperor said, if the gods were offended, it
was their own concern, and they were able to vindicate them­
selves. Swift.
Religion is no triflng concern, to be performed in any careless
and superficial manner. Rogers, Sermon xiii.
2. Interest; engagement.
No plots th' alarm to his retirements give;
'Tis all mankind's concern that he should live. Dryden.
When we speak of the conflagration of the world, these
have no concern in the question. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Importance; moment.
Mysterious secrets of a high concern,
And weighty truths, solid convincing sense,
Explain'd by unaffected eloquence. Roscommon.
The mind is stunned and dazzled amidst that variety of ob­
jects: she cannot apply herself to those things which are of the
utmost concern to her. Addison's Spectator, No. 465.
4. Passion; affection; regard.
Ah, what concerns did both your souls divide!
Your honour gave us what your love deny'd. Dryden.
O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns,
And gentle wishes, follow me to battle! Addison's Cato.
Why all this concern for the poor? We want them not, as
the country is now managed: where the plough has no work,
one family can do the business of fifty. Swift.

CONCE’RNING. prep. [from concern: this word, originally a par­
ticiple, has before a noun the force of a preposition.] Relating
to; with relation to.
There is not any thing more subject to errour than the true
judgment concerning the power and forces of an estate. Bacon.
The ancients had no higher recourse than to nature, as may
appear by a discourse concerning this point in Strabo. Brown.
None can demonstrate that there is such an island as Ja­
maica, yet, upon testimony, I am free from all doubt concern­
ing it. Tillotson, Preface.

CONCE’RNMENT. n. s. [from concern.]
1. The thing in which we are concerned or interested; affair;
business; interest.
To mix with thy concernments I desist
Henceforth, nor too much disapprove my own. Milt. Agon.
This shews how useful you have been,
To bring the king's concernments in. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.
Yet when we're sick, the doctor's fetcht in haste,
Leaving our great concernment to the last. Denham.
When my concernment takes up no more room or compass
than myself, then, so long as I know where to breathe and to
exist, I know also where to be happy. South.
He that is wise in the affairs and concernments of other men,
but careless and negligent of his own, that man may be said
to be busy, but he is not wise. Tillotson.
Our spiritual interests, and the great concernments of a future
state, would doubtless recur often. Atterbury.
Propositions which extend only to the present life, are
small, compared with those that have influence upon our ever­
lasting concernments. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Relation; influence.
Sir, 'tis of near concernment, and imports
No less than the king's life and honour. Denham's Sophy.
He justly fears a peace with me would prove
Of ill concernment to his haughty love. Dryd. Ind. Emperor.
3. Intercourse; business.
The great concernment of men is with men, one amongst
another. Locke.
4. Importance; moment.
I look upon experimental truths as matters of great con­
cernment to mankind. Boyle.
5. Interposition; regard; meddling.
He married a daughter to the earl, without any other ap­


probation of her father, or concernment in it, than suffering
him and her to come into his presence. Clarendon.
6. Passion; emotion of mind.
While they are so eager to destroy the same of others, their
ambition is manifest in their concernment. Dryden.
If it carry with it the notion of something extraordinary,
if apprehension and concernment accompany it, the idea is like­
ly to sink the deeper. Locke.

To CONCE’RT. v. a. [concerter, French, from concertare, Lat.
to prepare themselves for some publick exhibition or per­
formance, by private encounters among themselves.]
1. To settle any thing in private by mutual communication.
2. To settle; to contrive; to adjust.
Mark how already in his working brain
He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief. Rowe.

CO’NCERT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Communication of designs; establishment of measures among
those who are engaged in the same affair.
All those discontents, how ruinous soever, have arisen from
the want of a due communication and concert. Swift.
2. A symphony; many performers playing to the same tune.

CONCERTA’TION. n. s. [concertatio, Latin.] Strife; con­
tention.

CONCE’RTATIVE. adj. [concertativus, Latin.] Contentious;
quarrelsome; recriminating. Dict.

CONCE’SSION. n. s. [concessio, Latin.]
1. The act of granting or yielding.
The concession of these charters was in a parliamentary
way. Hale's Common Law of England.
2. A grant; the thing yielded.
I still counted myself undiminished by my largest concessions,
if by them I might gain the love of my people. King Charles.
When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances, with­
out further pursuits, then expect to find popular assemblies
content with small concessions. Swift.

CONCE’SSIONARY. adj. [from concession.] Given by indulgence
or allowance.

CONCE’SSIVELY. adv. [from concession.] By way of concession;
as yielding, not controverting by assumption.
Some have written rhetorically and concessively; not contro­
verting, but assuming the question, which, taken as granted,
advantaged the illation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 12.

CONCH. n. s. [concha, Latin.] A shell; a sea-shell.
He furnishes her closet first, and fills
The crowded shelves with rarities of shells:
Adds orient pearls, which from the conchs he drew,
And all the sparkling stones of various hue. Dryden's Fables.

CO’NCHOID. n. s. The name of a curve.

To CONCI’LIATE. v. a. [concilio, Lat.] To gain; to pro­
cure good will; to reconcile.
It was accounted a philtre, or plants that conciliate affec­
tion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 7.

CONCILIA’TION. n. s. [from conciliate.] The act of gaining
or reconciling. Dict.

CONCILIA’TOR. n. s. [from conciliate.] One that makes peace
between others.

CONCI’LIATORY. adj. [from conciliate.] Relating to recon­
ciliation. Dict.

CONCI’NNITY. n. s. [from concinnitas, Latin.] Decency;
fitness.

CONCI’NNOUS. adj. [concinnus, Latin.] Becoming; pleasant;
agreeable.

CONCI’SE. adj. [concisus, cut, Latin.] Brief; short; broken
into short periods.
The concise stile, which expresseth not enough, but leaves
somewhat to be understood. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Where the author is obscure, enlighten him; where he is
too brief and concise, amplify a little, and set his notions in
a fairer view. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 4.

CONCI’SELY. adv. [from concise.] Briefly; shortly; in few
words; in short sentences.
Ulysses here speaks very concisely, and he may seem to break
abruptly into the subject. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey, b. vii.

CONCI’SENESS. n. s. [from concise.] Brevity; shortness.
Giving more scope to Mezentius and Lausus, that version,
which has more of the majesty of Virgil, has less of his con­
ciseness. Dryden.

CONCI’SION. n. s. [concisum, Latin.] Cutting off; excision;
destruction.

CONCITA’TION. n. s. [concitatio, Latin.] The act of stirring
up, or putting in motion.
The revelations of heaven are conceived by immediate il­
lumination of the soul; whereas the deceiving spirit, by con­
citation of humours, produces conceited phantasmes. Brown.

CONCLAMA’TION. n. s. [conclamatio, Latin.] An outcry or
shout of many together. Dict.

CO’NCLAVE. n. s. [conclave, Latin.]
1. A private apartment.
2. The room in which the cardinals meet; or the assembly of
the cardinals.
I thank the holy conclave for their loves;
They've sent me such a man I would have wish'd for. Shak.
It was said of a cardinal, by reason of his apparent likeli­
hood to step into St. Peter's chair, that in two conclaves he
went in pope and came out again cardinal. South's Sermons.
3. A close assembly.
Forthwith a conclave of the godhead meets,
Where Juno in the shining senate sits. Garth.

To CONCLU’DE. v. a. [conclude, Latin.]
1. To shut.
The very person of Christ therefore, for ever and the self­
same, was only, touching bodily substance, concluded within
the grave. Hooker, b. v. s. 52.
2. To include; to comprehend.
God hath concluded them all in unbelief, that he might
have mercy upon all. Romans, xi. 32.
3. To collect by ratiocination.
The providences of God are promiscuously administred in
this world; so that no man can conclude God's love or hatred
to any person, by any thing that befals him. Tillotson.
4. To decide; to determine.
Youth, ere it sees the world, here studies rest;
And age, returning thence, concludes it best. Dryden.
But no frail man, however great or high,
Can be concluded blest before he die. Addison's Ovid's Met.
5. To end; to finish.
Is it concluded he shall be protector?
It is determin'd, not concluded yet;
But so it must be, if the king miscarry. Shakesp. Rich. III.
I will conclude this part with the speech of a counsellor of
state. Bacon.
These are my theme, and how the war began,
And how concluded by the godlike man. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
6. To oblige, as by the final determination.
If therefore they will appeal to revelation for their creation,
they must be concluded by it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
He never refused to be concluded by the authority of one
legally summoned. Atterbury.

To CONCLU’DE. v. n. 
1. To perform the last act of ratiocination; to collect the con­
sequence; to determine.
For why should we the busy soul believe,
When boldly she concludes of that and this;
When of herself she can no judgment give,
Nor how, nor whence, nor where, nor what she is? Davies.
The blind man's relations import no necessity of concluding,
that though black was the roughest of colours, therefore white
should be the smoothest. Boyle on Colours.
There is something infamous in the very attempt: the world
will conclude I had a guilty conscience. Arbuth. Hist. of J. Bull.
2. To settle opinion.
Can we conclude upon Luther's instability, as our author has
done, because, in a single notion no way fundamental, an
enemy writes that he had some doubtings? Atterbury.
I question not but your translation will do honour to our
country; for I conclude of it already from those performances.
Addison to Pope.
3. Finally to determine.
They humbly sue unto your excellence,
To have a goodly peace concluded of,
Between the realms of England and of France. Shakespeare.
4. To end.
And all around wore nuptial bonds, the ties
Of love's assurance, and a train of lies,
That, made in lust, conclude in perjuries. Dryden's Fables.

CONCLU’DENCY. n. s. [from concludent.] Consequence; regu­
lar proof; logical deduction of reason.
Judgment concerning things to be known, or the neglect
and concludency of them, ends in decision. Hale.

CONCLU’DENT. adj. [from conclude.] Decisive; ending in just
and undeniable consequences.
Though these kind of arguments may seem more obscure,
yet, upon a due consideration of them, they are highly con­
sequential and concludent to my purpose. Hale's Orig. of Mank.

CONCLU’SIBLE. adj. [from conclude.] Determinable; certain
by regular proof.
'Tis as certainly conclusible from God's prescience, that they
will voluntarily do this, as that they will do it all. Hammond.

CONCLU’SION. n. s. [from conclude.]
1. Determination; final decision.
Ways of peaceable conclusion there are but these two cer­
tain; the one a sentence of judicial decision, given by autho­
rity thereto appointed within ourselves; the other, the like
kind of sentence given by a more universal authority. Hooker.
2. The collection from propositions premised; the con­
sequence.
The conclusion of experience, from the time past to the time
present, will not be sound and perfect. Bacon's War with Spain.
And marrying divers principles and grounds,
Out of their match a true conclusion brings. Davies.
Then doth the wit
Build fond conclusions on those idle grounds;
Then doth it fly the good, and ill pursue. Davies.
I only deal by rules of art,


Such as are lawful, and judge by
Conclusions of astrology. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. iii.
It is of the nature of principles, to yield a conclusion different
from themselves. Tillotson, Preface.
He granted him both the major and the minor; but denied
him the conclusion. Addison's Freeholder, No. 32.
3. The close; the last result of argumentative deduction.
Let us hear the conclusion of the whole matter, fear God and
keep his commandments; for this is the whole duty of man.
Eccles. xii. 13.
I have been reasoning, and in conclusion have thought it best
to return to what fortune hath made my home. Swift.
4. The event of experiments.
Her physician tells me,
She has pursu'd conclusions infinite
Of easy ways to die. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
We practise likewise all conclusions of grafting and inocu­
lating, as well of wild trees as fruit trees. Bacon's New Atlant.
5. The end; the upshot; the last part.
6. In Shakespeare it seems to signify silence; confinement of the
thoughts.
Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes
And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
Demuring upon me. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.

CONCLU’SIVE. adj. [from conclude.]
1. Decisive; giving the last determination to the opinion.
The agreeing votes of both houses were not by any law or
reason conclusive to my judgment. King Charles.
The last dictate of the understanding is not always absolute
in itself, nor conclusive to the will, yet it produces no antece­
dent nor external necessity. Bramh. Answer to Hobbs.
They have secret reasons for what they seem to do, which,
whatever they are, they must be equally conclusive for us as
they were for them. Rogers, Serm. iv.
2. Regularly consequential.
Those that are not men of art, not knowing the true forms
of syllogism, cannot know whether they are made in right
and conclusive modes and figures. Locke.

CONCLU’SIVELY. adv. [from conclusive.] Decisively; with
final determination.
This I speak only to desire Pollio and Eupolis not to speak
peremptorily, or conclusively, touching the point of possibility,
'till they have heard me deduce the means of the execution.
Bacon's Holy War.

CONCLU’SIVENESS. n. s. [from conclusive.] Power of determin­
ing the opinion; regular consequence.
Consideration of things to be known, of their several
weights, conclusiveness, or evidence. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.

To CONCOA’GULATE. v. a. [from con and coagulate.] To
curdle or congeal one thing with another.
The saline parts of those, upon their solution by the rain,
may work upon those other substances, formerly concoagulated
with them. Boyle's Experiments.
They do but coagulate themselves, without concoagulating
with them any water. Boyle's History of Firmness.

CONCOAGULA’TION. n. s. [from concoagulate.] A coagulation
by which different bodies are joined in one mass.

To CONCO’CT. v. a. [concoquo, Latin.]
1. To digest by the stomach, so as to turn food to nutriment.
The working of purging medicines cometh two or three
hours after the medicines taken; for that the stomach first
maketh a proof, whether it can concot them. Bac. Nat. Hist.
Assuredly he was a man of a feeble stomach, unable to con­
coct any great fortune, prosperous or adverse. Hayward.
The vital functions are performed by general and constant
laws; the food is concocted, the heart beats, the blood circu­
lates, the lungs play. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
The notions and sentiments of others judgment, as well
as of our own memory makes our property: it does, as it were,
concoct our intellectual food, and turns it into a part of our
selves. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 2.
2. To purify or sublime by heat; or heighten to perfection.
The small close-lurking minister of fate,
Whose high concocted venom through the veins
A rapid lightning darts. Thomson's Summer.

CONCO’CTION. n. s. [from concoct.] Digestion in the stomach;
maturation by heat; the acceleration of any thing towards
purity and perfection.
This hard rolling is between concoction and a simple matu­
ration. Bacon's Natural History, No. 324.
The constantest notion of concoction is, that it should sig­
nify the degrees of alteration of one body into another, from
crudity to perfect concoction, which is the ultimity of that ac­
tion or process. Bacon's Natural History, No. 324.
He, though he knew not which soul spake,
Because both meant, both spake the same,
Might thence a new concoction take,
And part far purer than he came. Donne.

CONCO’LOUR. adj. [concolor, Latin.] Of one colour without
variety.
In concolour animals, and such as are confined unto the same
colour, we measure not their beauty thereby; for if a cow or
blackbird grow white, we account it more pretty. Brown.

CONCO’MITANCE. n. s. [from concomitor, Latin.] Subsistence
together with another thing.

CONCO’MITANCY. n. s. [from concomitor, Latin.] Subsistence
together with another thing.
The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in concomi­
tancy with the other; so the nostrils are useful for respiration
and smelling, but the principal use is smelling. Brown.
To argue from a concomitancy to a causality, is not infallibly
conclusive. Glanville's Scep. c. 23.

CONCO’MITANT. adj. [concomitans, Latin.] Conjoined
with; concurrent with; coming and going with, as collateral,
not causative, or consequential.
It is the spirit that furthereth the extension or dilatation of
bodies, and it is ever concomitant with porosity and dryness.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 841. 
It has pleased our wise Creator to annex to several objects,
as also to several of our thoughts, a concomitant pleasure; and
that in several objects, to several degrees. Locke.

CONCO’MITANT. n. s. Companion; person or thing colla­
terally connected.
These effects are from the local motion of the air, a conco­
mitant of the sound, and not from the sound. Bac. Nat. Hist.
He made him the chief concomitant of his heir apparent and
only son, in a journey of much adventure. Wotton.
In consumptions the preternatural concomitants, an universal
heat of the body, a torminous diarrhæa, and hot distilla­
tions, have all a corrosive quality. Harvey on Consumptions.
The other concomitant of ingratitude is hard-heartedness, or
want of compassion. South's Sermons.
Horrour stalks around,
Wild staring, and his sad concomitant,
Despair, of abject look. Philips.
Reproach is a concomitant to greatness, as satires and invec­
tives were an essential part of a Roman triumph. Addison.
And for tobacco, who could bear it?
Filthy concomitant of claret! Prior.
Where antecedents, concomitants and consequents, causes
and effects, signs and things signified, subjects and adjuncts,
are necessarily connected with each other, we may infer.
Watts's Logick.

CONCO’MITANTLY. adv. [from concomitant.] In company
with others. Dict.

To CONCO’MITATE. v. a. [concomitatus, Lat.] To be collate­
rally connected with any thing; to come and go with another.
This simple bloody spectation of the lungs, is differenced
from that which concomitates a pleurisy. Harvey on Consumptions.

CO’NCORD. n. s. [concordia, Latin.]
1. Agreement between persons or things; suitableness of one to
another; peace; union; mutual kindness.
Had I power, I should
Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell,
Uproar the universal peace. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
What concord hath Christ with Belial? 2 Cor. vi. 15.
Kind concord, heavenly born! whose blissful reign
Holds this vast globe in one surrounding chain;
Soul of the world! Tickell.
2. A compact.
It appeareth by the concord made between Henry and Ro­
derick the Irish king. Davies on Ireland.
3. Harmony; concent of sounds.
The man who hath not musick in himself,
Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. Principal grammatical relation of one word to another.
Have those who have writ about declensions, concords, and
syntaxes lost their labour? Locke.

CONCO’RDANCE. n. s. [concordantia, Latin.]
1. Agreement.
2. A book which shews in how many texts of scripture any
word occurs.
I shall take it for an opportunity to tell you, how you are
to rule the city out of a concordance. South's Serm. Dedicat.
Some of you turn over a concordance, and there, having
the principal word, introduce as much of the verse as will
serve your turn. Swift.
An old concordance bound long since. Swift.
3. A concord in grammar; one of the three chief relations
in speech. It is not now in use in this sense.
After the three concordances learned, let the master read unto
him the epistles of Cicero. Askam's Schoolmaster.

CONCO’RDANT. adj. [concordans, Lat.] Agreeable; agreeing;
correspondent; harmonious.
Were every one employed in points concordant to their na­
tures, professions, and arts, commonwealths would rise up of
themselves. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.

CONCO’RDATE. n. s. [concordat, Fr. concordatum, Lat.] A com­
pact; a convention.
How comes he to number the want of synods in the Gal­
lican church among the grievances of that concordate, and as
a mark of their slavery, since he reckons all convocations of
the clergy in England to be useless and dangerous? Swift.



CONCO’RPORAL. adj. [from concorporo, Latin, to incorporate.]
Of the same body. Dict.

To CONCO’RPORATE. v. a. [from con and corpus.] To
unite in one mass or substance.
When we concorporate the sign with the signification, we
conjoin the word with the spirit. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

CONCORPORA’TION. n. s. [from concorporate.] Union in one
mass; intimate mixture. Dict.

CO’NCOURSE. n. s. [concursus, Latin.]
1. The confluence of many persons or things to one place.
Do all the nightly guards,
The city's watches, with the people's fears,
The concourse of all good men, strike thee nothing? B. Johns.
The coalition of the good frame of the universe was not
the product of chance, or fortuitous concourse of particles of
matter. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Vain is his force, and vainer is his skill,
With such a concourse comes the flood of ill. Dryden's Fables.
2. The persons assembled.
The prince with wonder hears, from ev'ry part,
The noise and busy concourse of the mart. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
3. The point of junction or intersection of two bodies.
So soon as the upper glass is laid upon the lower, so as to
touch it at one end, and to touch the drop at the other end,
making, with the lower glass, an angle of about ten or fifteen
minutes; the drop will begin to move towards the concourse
of the glasses, and will continue to move with an accelerated
motion, 'till it arrives at that concourse of the glasses. Newton.

CONCREMA’TION. n. s. [from concremo, Lat. to burn together.]
The act of burning many things together. Dict.

CO’NCREMENT. n. s. [from concresco, Latin.] The mass
formed by concretion; a collection of matter growing to­
gether.
There is the cohesion of the matter into a more loose con­
sistency, like clay, and thereby it is prepared to the concrement
of a pebble or flint. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CONCRE’SCENCE. n. s. [from concresco, Lat.] The act or qua­
lity of growing by the union of separate particles.
Seeing it is neither a substance perfect, nor inchoate, how
any other substance should thence take concrescence hath not
been taught. Raleigh's History of the World.

To CONCRE’TE. v. n. [concresco, Latin.] To coalesce into
one mass; to grow by the union and cohesion of parts.
The mineral or metallick matter, thus concreting with the
crystalline, is equally diffused throughout the body of it. Woodw.
When any saline liquor is evaporated to a cuticle, and let
cool, the salt concretes in regular figures; which argues that
the particles of the salt, before they concreted, floated in the
liquor at equal distances, in rank and file. Newton.
The blood of some who died of the plague, could not be
made to concrete, by reason of the putrefaction already begun.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To CONCRE’TE. v. a. To form by concretion; to form by
the coalition of scattered particles.
That there are in our inferiour world divers bodies, that
are concreted out of others, is beyond all dispute: we see it in
the meteors. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CO’NCRETE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Formed by concretion; formed by coalition of separate par­
ticles into one mass.
The first concrete state, or consistent surface of the chaos,
must be of the same figure as the last liquid state. Burnet.
2. In logick. Not abstract; applied to a subject.
A kind of mutual commutation there is, whereby those
concrete names, God and man, when we speak of Christ, do
take interchangeably one another's room; so that, for truth of
speech, it skilleth not whether we say that the son of God
hath created the world, and the son of man by his death hath
saved it; or else that the son of man did create, and the son of
God died to save the world. Hooker, b. v. sect. 53.
Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also either
express or imply, or refer to some subject to which it belongs;
as white, round, long, broad, wise, mortal, living, dead:
but these are not always noun adjectives in a grammatical
sense; for a fool, a philosopher, and many other concretes, are
substantives, as well as knavery, folly and philosophy, which
are the abstract terms that belong to them. Watts's Logick.

CO’NCRETE. n. s. A mass formed by concretion; or union of
various parts adhering to each other.
If gold itself be admitted, as it must be, for a porous con­
crete, the proportion of void to body, in the texture of com­
mon air, will be so much the greater. Bentley's Sermons.

CONCRE’TELY. adv. [from concrete.] In a manner including
the subject with the predicate; not abstractly.
Sin considered not abstractedly for the mere act of obli­
quity, but concretely, with such a special dependance of it upon
the will as serves to render the agent guilty. Norris.

CONCRE’TENESS. n. s. [from concrete.] Coagulation; collec­
tion of fluids into a solid mass. Dict.

CONCRE’TION. n. s. [from concrete.]
1. The act of concreting; coalition.
2. The mass formed by a coalition of separate particles.
Some plants upon the top of the sea, are supposed to grow
of some concretion of slime from the water, where the sea
stirreth little. Bacon's Natural History, No. 568.
Heat, in general, doth not resolve and attenuate the juices
of a human body; for too great heat will produce concretions.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CO’NCRETIVE. adj. [from concrete.] Having the power to pro­
duce concretions; coagulative.
When wood and other bodies petrify, we do not ascribe
their induration to cold, but unto salinous spirit, or concretive
juices. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

CONCRE’TURE. n. s. [from concrete.] A mass formed by coa­
gulation.

CONCU’BINAGE. n. s. [concubinage, Fr. concubinatus, Latin.]
The act of living with a woman not married.
Adultery was punished with death by the ancient heathens:
concubinage was permitted. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

CO’NCUBINE. n. s. [concubina, Lat.] A woman kept in for­
nication; a whore; a strumpet.
I know, I am too mean to be your queen;
And yet too good to be your concubine. Shakesp. Henry VI.
When his great friend was suitor to him to pardon an of­
fender, he denied him: afterwards, when a concubine of his
made the same suit, he granted it to her; and said, Such suits
were to be granted to whores. Bacon.
He caused him to paint one of his concubines, called
Campaspe, who had the greatest share in his affection.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The wife, though a bright goddess, thus gives place
To mortal concubines of fresh embrace. Granville.

To CONCU’LCATE. v. a. [conculco, Latin.] To tread or
trample under foot. Dict.

CONCULCA’TION. n. s. [conculcatio, Latin.] Trampling with
the feet. Dict.

CONCU’PISCENCE. n. s. [concupiscentia, Latin.] Irregular de­
sire; libidinous wish; lust; lechery.
We know even secret concupiscence to be sin, and are made
fearful to offend, though it be but in a wandering cogitation.
Hooker, b. i.
In our faces evident the signs
Of soul concupiscence; whence evil store,
Ev'n shame, the last of evils. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Nor can they say, that the difference of climate inclines
one nation to concupiscence and sensual pleasures, another to
blood-thirstiness: it would discover great ignorance not to
know, that a people has been over run with recently invented
vice. Bentley's Sermons.

CONCU’PISCENT. adj. [concupiscens, Latin.] Libidinous;
lecherous.
He would not, but by gift of my chaste body
To his concupiscent intemperate lust,
Release my brother! Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

CONCUPISCE’NTIAL. adj. [from concupiscent.] Relating to
concupiscence. Dict.

CONCUPI’SCIBLE. adj. [concupiscibilis, Lat.] Impressing desire;
eager; desirous; inclining to the pursuit or attainment of any
thing.
The schools reduce all the passions to these two heads, the
concupiscible and irascible appetite. South's Sermons.

To CONCU’R. v. n. [concurro, Latin.]
1. To meet in one point.
Though reason favour them, yet sense can hardly allow
them; and, to satisfy, both these must concur. Temple.
2. To agree; to join in one action, or opinion.
Acts which shall be done by the greater part of my execu­
tors, shall be as valid and effectual as if all my executors had
concurred in the same. Swift's Last Will.
3. It has with before the person with whom one agrees.
It is not evil simply to concur with the heathens, either in
opinion or action; and that conformity with them is only
then a disgrace, when we follow them in that they do amiss,
or generally in that they do without reason. Hooker, b. iv.
4. It has to before the effect to which one concurs.
Their affections were known to concur to the most desperate
counsels. Clarendon.
Extremes in nature equal good produce,
Extremes in man concur to general use. Pope, Epist. iii.
5. To be united with; to be conjoined.
To have an orthodox belief, and a true profession, concurring
with a bad life, is only to deny Christ with a greater so­
lemnity. South's Sermons.
Testimony is the argument; and, if fair probabilities of
reason concur with it, this argument hath all the strength it
can have. Tillotson, Sermon i.
6. To contribute to one common event with joint power.
When outward causes concur, the idle are soonest seized
by this infection. Coltier on the Spleen.

CONCU’RRENCE. n. s. [from concur.]

CONCU’RRENCY. n. s. [from concur.]
1. Union; association; conjunction.
We have no other measure but our own ideas, with the
concurrence of other probable reasons, to persuade us. Locke.


2. Agreement; act of joining in any design, or measures.
Their concurrence in persuasion, about some material points
belonging to the same polity, is not strange. Hooker, Preface.
The concurrence of the peers in that fury, can be imputed
to the irreverence the judges were in. Clarendon.
Tarquin the proud was expelled by an universal concurrence
of nobles and people. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
3. Combination of many agents or circumstances.
Struck with these great concurrences of things. Crashaw.
He views our behaviour in every concurrence of affairs, and
sees us engage in all the possibilities of action. Addis. Spectat.
4. Assistance; help.
From these sublime images we collect the greatness of the
work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence to it. Rogers.
5. Joint right; common claim.
A bishop might have officers, if there was a concurrency
of jurisdiction between him and the archdeacon. Ayliffe.

CONCU’RRENT. adj. [from concur.]
1. Acting in conjunction; agreeing in the same act; contri­
buting to the same event; concomitant in agency.
I join with these laws the personal presence of the king's
son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation. Davies on Ireland.
For without the concurrent consent of all these three parts
of the legislature, no such law is or can be made. Hale.
All combin'd,
Your beauty, and my impotence of mind;
And his concurrent flame, that blew my fire;
For still our kindred souls had one desire. Dryden's Fables.
2. Conjoined; associate; concomitant.
There is no difference between the concurrent echo and the
iterant, but the quickness or slowness of the return. Bacon.

CONCU’RRENT. n. s. [from concur.] That which concurs; a
contributory cause.
To all affairs of importance there are three necessary con­
currents, without which they can never be dispatched; time,
industry, and faculties. Decay of Piety.

CONCU’SSION. n. s. [concussio, Lat.] The act of shaking;
agitation; tremefaction.
It is believed that great ringing of bells in populous cities,
hath dissipated pestilent air; which may be from the concussion
of the air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 127.
There want not instances of such an universal concussion of
the whole globe, as must needs imply an agitation of the
whole abyss. Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.
The strong concussion on the heaving tide,
Roll'd back the vessel to the island's side. Pope's Odyssey.

CONCU’SSIVE. adj. [concussus, Latin.] Having the power or
quality of shaking.

To CONDE’MN. v. a. [condemno, Latin.]
1. To find guilty; to doom to punishment; contrary to absolve.
My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
And every tongue brings in a sev'ral tale,
And ev'ry tale condemns me for a villain. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Is he found guilty?———
——Yes truly, is he, and condemn'd upon't. Sh. Hen. VIII.
Considered as a judge, it condemns where it ought to ab­
solve, and pronounces absolution where it ought to condemn.
Fiddes's Sermons.
2. It has to before the punishment.
The son of man shall be betrayed unto the scribes, and
they shall condemn him to death. Mat. xx. 18.
3. To censure; to blame; to declare criminal; contrary to
approve.
Who then shall blame
His poster'd senses to recoil and start,
When all that is within him does condemn
Itself for being there? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The poet who flourished in the scene, is condemned in the
ruelle. Dryden's Æn. Preface.
He who was so unjust as to do his brother an injury, will
scarce be so just as to condemn himself for it. Locke.
They who approve my conduct in this particular, are much
more numerous than those who condemn it. Spectator, No. 488.
4. To fine.
And the king of Egypt put him down at Jerusalem, and
condemned the land in an hundred talents of silver. 2 Chro.
5. To show guilt by contrast.
The righteous that is dead shall condemn the ungodly which
are living. Wisd. iv. 16.

CONDE’MNABLE. adj. [from condemn.] Blameable; culpable.
He commands to deface the print of a cauldron in ashes,
which strictly to observe were condemnable superstition. Brown.

CONDEMNA’TION. n. s. [condemnatio, Latin.] The sentence
by which any one is doomed to punishment; the act of con­
demning; the state of being condemned.
There is therefore now no condemnation to them. Rom. viii.

CONDE’MNATORY. adj. [from condemn.] Passing a sentence of
condemnation, or of censure.
He that passes the first condemnatory sentence, is like the
incendiary in a popular tumult, who is chargeable with all
those disorders to which he gave rise.
Government of the Tongue.

CONDE’MNER. n. s. [from condemn.] A blamer; a consurer;
a censor.
Some few are the only refusers and condemners of this ca­
tholick practice. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

CONDE’NSABLE. adj. [from condensate.] That which is capable
of condensation; that which can be drawn or compressed
into a narrower compass.
This agent meets with resistance in the moveable, and not
being in the utmost extremity of density, but condensable yet
further, every resistance works something upon the mover
to condense it. Digby on the Soul.

To CONDE’NSATE. v. a. [condenso, Latin.] To condense;
to make thicker.

To CONDE’NSATE. v. n. To grow thicker.

CONDE’NSATE. adj. [condensatus, Latin.] Made thick; con­
densed; compressed into less space.
Water by nature is white; yea, thickened or condensate,
most white, as it appeareth by the hail and snow. Peacham.

CONDENSA’TION. n. s. [from condensate.] The act of thicken­
ing any body, or making it more gross and weighty. Opposite
to rarefaction.
If by natural arguments it may be proved, that water, by
condensation, may become earth; the same reason teacheth,
that earth, rarefied, may become water. Raleigh's History.
By water-glasses the account was not regular; for, from
attenuation and condensation, the hours were shorter in hot
weather than in cold. Brown's Vulgar-Errours, b. v. c. 18.
The supply of its moisture is by rains and snow, and dews
and condensation of vapours, and perhaps by subterraneous
passages. Bentley.

To CONDE’NSE. v. a. [condenso, Latin.] To make any body
more thick, close, and weighty; to drive or attract the parts
of any body nearer to each other. Opposed to rarefy; to in­
spissate.
Moving in so high a sphere, he must needs, as the sun,
raise many envious exhalations; which, condensed by a popular
odium, were capable to cast a cloud upon the brightest merit.
King Charles.
Some lead their youth abroad, while some condense
Their liquid store, and some in cells dispesne. Dryd. Virg.
Such dense and solid strata arrest the ascending vapour,
stop it at the surface of the earth, and collect and condense
it there. Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.

To CONDE’NSE. v. n. To grow close and weighty; to with­
draw its parts into a narrow compass.
The water falling from the upper parts of the cave, does
presently there condense into little stones. Boyle's Sceps. Chym.
All vapours, when they begin to condense and coalesce into
small parcels, become first of that bigness whereby azure must
be reflected, before they can constitute other colours. Newton.

CONDE’NSE. adj. [from the verb.] Thick; dense; conden­
sated; close; massy; weighty.
They might be separated without consociating into the huge
condense bodies of planets. Bentley's Sermons.

CONDE’NSER. n. s. [from condense.] A strong metalline vessel,
wherein to crowd the air, by means of a syringe fastened
thereto. Quincy.

CONDE’NSITY. n. s. [from condense.] The state of being con­
densed; condensation; denseness; density.

CO’NDERS. n. s. [conduire, French.]
Such as stand upon high places near the sea-coast, at the
time of herring-fishing, to make signs to the fishers which
way the shole of herrings passeth, which may better appear to
such as stand upon some high cliff, by a kind of blue colour
that the fish causeth in the water, than to those that be in the
ships. These be likewise called huers, by likelihood of the
French huyer, exclamare, and balkers. Cowel.

To CONDESCE’ND. v. n. [condescendre, Fr. from descendo,
Latin.]
1. To depart from the privileges of superiority by a voluntary
submission; to sink willingly to equal terms with inferiours;
to sooth by familiarity.
This method carries a very humble and condescending air,
when he that instructs seems to be the enquirer. Watts.
2. To consent to do more than mere justice can require.
Spain's mighty monarch,
In gracious clemency does condescend,
On these conditions, to become your friend. Dryd. Ind. Em.
He did not primarily intend to appoint this way; but con­
descended to it as most accommodate to their present state.
Tillotson, Sermon 5.
3. To stoop; to bend; to yield; to submit; to become subject.
Can they think me so broken, so debas'd
With corporal servitude, that my mind ever
Will condescend to such absurd commands? Milton.
Nor shall my resolution
Disarm itself, nor condescend to parly
With foolish hopes. Denham's Sophy.

CONDESCE’NDENCE. n. s. [condescendance, French.] Voluntary
submission to a state of equality with inferiours.

CONDESCE’NDINGLY. adv. [from condescending.] By way of
voluntary humiliation; by way of kind concession.


We condescendingly made Luther's works umpires in the
controversy. Atterbury.

CONDESCE’NSION. n. s. [from condescend.] Voluntary humilia­
tion; descent from superiority; voluntary submission to equa­
lity with inferiours.
It forbids pride and ambition, and vain glory; and com­
mands humility and modesty, and condescension to others. Tillots.
Courtesy and condescension is an happy quality, which never
fails to make its way into the good opinion, and into the very
heart, and allays the envy which always attends a high
station. Atterbury's Sermons.
Raphael, amidst his tenderness, shews such a dignity and
condescension in all his behaviour, as are suitable to a superiour
nature. Addison's Spectator, No. 273.

CONDESCE’NSIVE. adj. [from condescend.] Courteous; willing
to treat with inferiours on equal terms; not haughty; not
arrogant.

CONDI’GN. adj. [condignus, Latin.] Worthy of a person;
suitable; deserved; merited: it is always used of something
deserved by crimes.
Unless it were a bloody murtherer,
I never gave them condign punishment. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Consider who is your friend, he that would have brought
him to condign punishment, or he that has saved him. Arbuthn.

CONDI’GNESS. n. s. [from condign.] Suitableness; agreeableness
to deserts. Dict.

CONDI’GNLY. adv. [from condign.] Deservedly; according to
merit. Dict.

CO’NDIMENT. n. s. [condimentum, Latin.] Seasoning; sauce;
that which excites the appetite by a pungent taste.
As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, and not
for nourishment. Bacon's Natural History.
Many things are swallowed by animals rather for condiment,
gust, or medicament, than any substantial nutriment. Brown.

CONDISCI’PLE. n. s. [condiscipulus, Lat.] A schoolfellow.

To CO’NDITE. v. a. [condio, Lat.] To pickle; to preserve
by salts or aromaticks.
Much after the same manner as the sugar doth, in the con­
diting of pears, quinces, and the like. Grew's Musæum.
The most innocent of them are but like condited or
pickled mushrooms, which, carefully corrected, may be harm­
less, but can never do good. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

CO’NDITEMENT. n. s. [from condite.] A composition of con­
serves, powders, and spices in the form of an electuary. Dict.

CONDI’TION. n. s. [condition, Fr. conditio, Latin.]
1. Quality; that by which any thing is denominated good or
bad.
A rage, whose heat hath this condition,
That nothing can allay, nothing but blood. Shakes. K. John.
2. Attribute; accident; property.
The king is but a man: the violet smells, the element
shews to him as to me: all his senses have but human con­
ditions. Shakespeare's Henry V.
It seemed to us a condition and property of Divine Powers
and Beings, to be hidden and unseen to others. Bacon.
They will be able to conserve their properties unchanged in
passing through several mediums, which is another condition of
the rays of light. Newton's Opt.
3. Natural quality of the mind; temper; temperament; com­
plexion.
The child taketh most of his nature of the mother, besides
speech, manners, and inclination, which are agreeable to the
conditions of their mothers. Spenser on Ireland.
The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash: now must
we look, from his age, to receive not alone the imperfections
of long engrafted condition, but therewithal the unruly way­
wardness that infirm and cholerick years bring with them.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. Moral quality; virtue, or vice.
Jupiter is hot and moist, temperate, modest, honest, ad­
venturous, liberal, merciful, loving and faithful, that is,
giving these inclinations; and therefore those ancient kings,
beautified with these conditions, might be called there after
Jupiter. Raleigh's History of the World, b. i. c. 6. s. 5.
Socrates espoused Xantippe only for her extreme ill condi­
tions, above all of that sex. South.
5. State; circumstances.
To us all,
That feel the bruises of the days before,
And suffer the condition of these times
To lay an heavy and unequal hand
Upon our humours. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
It was not agreeable unto the condition of Paradise and state
of innocence. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 4.
Estimate the greatness of this mercy by the condition it finds
the sinner in, when God vouchsafes it to them. South's Serm.
Did we perfectly know the state of our own condition, and
what was most proper for us, we might have reason to conclude
bur prayers not heard, if not answered. Wake's Preparation.
This is a principle adapted to every passion and faculty of
our nature, to every state and condition of our life. Rogers.
Some desponding people take the kingdom to be in no con­
dition of encouraging so numerous a breed of beggars. Swift.
Condition, circumstance, is not the thing;
Bliss is the same in subject as in king. Pope's Essay on Man.
6. Rank.
I am, in my condition,
A prince, Miranda. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The king himself met with many entertainments, at the
charge of particular men, which had been rarely practised 'till
then by the persons of the best condition. Clarendon.
7. Stipulation; terms of compact.
Condition!
What condition can a treaty find
I' th' part that is at mercy? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I yield upon conditions.—We give none
To traitors: strike him down. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
He could not defend it above ten days, and must then sub­
mit to the worst conditions the rebels were like to grant to his
person, and to his religion. Clarendon.
Many are apt to believe remission of sins, but they believe
it without the condition of repentance. Taylor.
Those barb'rous pirates willingly receive
Conditions, such as we are pleas'd to give. Waller.
Make our conditions with yon' captive king.—
Secure me but my solitary cell;
'Tis all I ask him. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
8. The writing in which the terms of agreement are comprised;
compact; bond.
Go with me to a notary, seal me there
Your single bond; and in a merry sport,
If you repay me not on such a day,
In such a place, such sum or sums as are
Express'd in the condition, let the forfeit
Be nominated. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

To CONDI’TION. v. n. [from the noun.] To make terms; to
stipulate.
It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn
should put to death all his male children. Raleigh's History.
Small towns, which stand stiff, 'till great shot
Enforce them, by war's law, condition not. Donne.
'Tis one thing, I must confess, to condition for a good office,
and another thing to do it gratis. L'Estrange, Fab. 137.

CONDI’TIONAL. adj. [from condition.]
1. By way of stipulation; not absolute; with limitations; on
particular terms.
For the use we have his express commandment, for the
effect his conditional promise; so that, without obedience to the
one, there is of the other no assurance. Hooker, b. v. s. 57.
Many scriptures, though as to their formal terms they are
absolute, yet as to their sense they are conditional. South.
This strict necessity they simple call;
Another sort there is conditional. Dryden's Fables.
2. In grammar and logick. Expressing some condition or sup­
position.

CONDI’TIONAL. n. s. [from the adjective.] A limitation. A
word not now in use.
He said, if he were sure that young man were king Ed­
ward's son, he would never bear arms against him. This case
seems hard, both in respect of the conditional, and in respect
of the other words. Bacon's Henry VII.

CONDITIONA’LITY. n. s. [from conditional.] The quality of
being conditional; limitation by certain terms.
And as this clear proposal of the promises may inspirit our
endeavours, so is the conditionality most efficacious to necessitate
and engage them. Decay of Piety.

CONDI’TIONALLY. adv. [from conditional.] With certain
limitations; on particular terms; on certain stipulations.
I here intail
The crown to thee, and to thine heirs for ever;
Conditionally, that here thou take an oath
To cease this civil war. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
A false apprehension understands that positively, which was
but conditionally expressed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
We see large preferments tendered to him, but conditionally,
upon his doing wicked offices: conscience shall here, accord­
ing to its office, interpose and protest. South.

CONDI’TIONARY. adj. [from condition.] Stipulated.
Would God in mercy dispense with it as a conditionary, yet
we could not be happy without it, as a natural qualification
for heaven. Norris.

To CONDI’TIONATE. v. a. [from condition.] To make con­
ditions for; to regulate by certain conditions.
That ivy ariseth but where it may be supported; we cannot
ascribe the same unto any science therein, which suspends and
conditionates its eruption. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

CONDI’TIONATE. adj. [from the verb.] Established on certain
terms or conditions.
That which is mistaken to be particular and absolute,
duly understood, is general, but conditionate, and belongs to
none, who shall not perform the condition? Hammond.

CONDI’TIONED. adj. [from condition.] Having qualities or pro­
perties good or bad.


The dearest friend to me, the kindest man,
The best condition'd. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

To CONDO’LE. v. n. [condoleo, Latin.] To lament with
those that are in misfortune; to express concern for the mise­
ries of others. It has with before the person for whose mis­
fortune we profess grief.
Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than con­
dole with you. Temple.
I congratulate with the republick of beasts upon this honour
done to their king; and must condole with us poor mortals,
who, by distance, are rendered incapable of paying our re­
spects. Addison's Guardian, No. 118.

To CONDO’LE. v. a. To bewail with another.
I come not, Sampson, to condole thy chance,
As these perhaps, yet wish it had not been,
Though for no friendly intent. Milton's Agonisles, l. 1076.
Why should our poet petition Isis for her safe delivery, and
afterwards condole her miscarriage. Dryden.

CONDO’LEMENT. n. s. [from condole.] Grief; sorrow;
mourning.
To persevere
In obstinate condolement, is a course
Of impious stubbornness, unmanly grief. Shakesp. Hamlet.

CONDO’LENCE. n. s. [condolance, French.] The expression of
grief for the sorrows of another; the civilities and messages of
friends upon any loss or misfortune.
The reader will excuse this digression, due by way of con­
dolence to my worthy brethren. Arbuth. Preface to J. Bull.

A CONDO’LER. n. s. [from condole.] One that compliments
another upon his misfortunes.

CONDONA’TION. n. s. [condonatio, Lat.] A pardoning; a for­
giving. Dict.

To CONDU’CE. v. n. [conduco, Lat.] To promote an end;
to contribute; to serve to some purpose. Followed by to.
The boring of holes in that kind of wood, and then laying
it abroad, seemeth to conduce to make it shine. Bac. Nat. Hist.
The means and preparations that may conduce unto the en­
terprize. Bacon's Holy War.
Every man does love or hate things, according as he ap­
prehends them to conduce to this end, or to contradict it. Tillots.
They may conduce to farther discoveries for compleating the
theory of light. Newton.

To CONDU’CE. v. a. To conduct; to accompany in order to
shew the way. In this sense I have only found it in the fol­
lowing passage.
He was sent to conduce hither the princess Henrietta­
Maria. Wotton.

CONDU’CIBLE. adj. [conducibilis, Latin.] Having the power of
conducing; having a tendency to promote or forward.
To both, the medium which is most propitious and condu­
cible, is air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 265.
Those motions of generations and corruptions, and of the
conducibles thereunto, are wisely and admirably ordered and
contemporated by the wise providence of the rector of all
things. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
None of these magnetical experiments are sufficient for a
perpetual motion, though those kind of qualities seem most
conducible unto it. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
Our Saviour hath enjoined us a reasonable service: all his
laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of
them that observe them. Bentley's Sermons.

CONDU’CIBLENESS. n. s. [from conducible.] The quality of
contributing to any end. Dict.

CONDU’CIVE. adj. [from conduce.] That which may contribute
to any end; having the power of forwarding or promoting.
An action, however conducive to the good of our country,
will be represented as prejudicial to it. Addison's Freeholder.
Those proportions of the good things of this life, which
are most consistent with the interests of the soul, are also most
conducive to our present felicity. Rogers, Serm. 2.

CONDU’CIVENESS. n. s. [from conducive.] The quality of con­
ducing.
I mention some examples of the conduciveness of the small­
ness of a body's parts to its fluidity. Boyle's Hist. of Fluidity.

CO’NDUCT. n. s. [conduit, Fr. con and ductus, Latin.]
1. Management; economy.
Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, em­
brace more than they can hold, stir more than they can quiet,
and fly to the end without consideration of the means. Bacon.
How void of reason are our hopes and fears!
What in the conduct of our life appears
So well design'd, so luckily begun,
But when we have our wish, we wish undone? Dryd. Juv.
2. The act of leading troops; the duty of a general.
Conduct of armies is a prince's art. Waller.
3. Convoy; escorte; guard.
I was ashamed to ask the king footmen and horsemen, and
conduct for safeguard against our adversaries. 1 Esdr. viii. 51. 
His majesty,
Tend'ring my person's safety, hath appointed
This conduct to convey me to the Tower. Shakes. Rich. III.
4. The act of convoying or guarding.
Some three or four of you,
Go, give him courteous conduct to this place. Shakespeare.
5. A warrant by which a convoy is appointed, or safety is
assured.
6. Behaviour; regular life.
Though all regard for reputation is not quite laid aside, it is
so low, that very few think virtue and conduct of absolute ne­
cessity for preserving it. Swift.

To CONDU’CT. v. a. [conduire, French.]
1. To lead; to direct; to accompany in order to shew the way.
I shall strait conduct you to a hill side, where I will point
you out the right path. Milton on Education.
O may thy pow'r, propitious still to me,
Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree,
In this deep forest. Dryden's Æn.
2. To usher, and to attend in civility.
Pray, receive them nobly, and conduct them
Into our presence. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Ascanius bids 'em be conducted in. Dryden's Æn.
3. To manage; as, to conduct an affair.
4. To head an army; to order troops.

CONDUCTI’TIOUS. adj. [conductitius, Latin.] Hired; employed
for wages.
The persons were neither titularies nor perpetual curates,
but persons intirely conductitious and removeable at pleasure.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

CONDU’CTOR. n. s. [from conduct.]
1. A leader; one who shews another the way by accompanying
him.
Shame of change, and fear of future ill,
And zeal, the blind conductor of the will. Dryden.
2. A chief; a general.
Who is conductor of his people?—
As 'tis said, the bastard son of Glo'ster. Shakesp. K. Lear.
3. A manager; a director.
If he did not intirely project the union and regency, none
will deny him to have been the chief conductor in both. Addison.
4. An instrument to put up into the bladder, to direct the knife
in cutting for the stone. Quincy.

CONDU’CTRESS. n. s. [from conduct.] A woman that directs;
directress.

CO’NDUIT. n. s. [conduit, French.]
1. A canal of pipes for the conveyance of waters; an aqueduct.
Water, in conduit pipes, can rise no higher
Than the well-head from whence it first doth spring. Davies.
This face of mine is hid
In sap consuming winter's drizzled snow,
And all the conduits of my blood froze up. Shakespeare.
God is the fountain of honour; and the conduit, by which
he conveys it to the sons of men, are virtuous and generous
practices. South's Sermons.
These organs are the nerves which are the conduits to con­
vey them from without, to their audience in the brain. Locke.
Wise nature likewise, they suppose,
Has drawn two conduits down our nose. Prior.
2. The pipe or cock at which water is drawn.
I charge and command, that the conduit run nothing but
claret wine. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.

CONDUPLICA’TION. n. s. [conduplicatio, Latin.] A doubling;
a duplicate.

CONE. n. s. [ϰῶν. Τ ϰών βάσις ϰύϰλ ἐϛί, Aristotle.] A solid
body, of which the base is a circle, and which ends in a point.

CO’NEY. See CONY.

To CONFA’BULATE. v. n. [confabulo, Lat.] To talk easily
or carelessly together; to chat; to prattle.

CONFABULA’TION. n. s. [confabulatio, Lat.] Easy conversa­
tion; chearful and careless talk.

CONFA’BULATORY. adj. [from confabulate.] Belonging to talk
or prattle.

CONFARREA’TION. n. s. [confarreatio, Lat. from far corn.]
The solemnization of marriage by eating bread together.
By the ancient laws of Romulus, the wife was by confar­
reation joined to the husband. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To CO’NFECT. v. a. [confectus, Latin.] To make up into
sweetmeats; to preserve with sugar. It seems now corrupted
into comfit.

CO’NFECT. n. s. [from the verb.] A sweetmeat.

CONFE’CTION. n. s. [confectio, Latin.]
1. A preparation of fruit, or juice of fruit, with sugar; a sweat­
meat.
Hast thou not learn'd me to preserve? yea so,
That our great king himself doth woo me oft
For my confections? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
They have in Turky and the East certain confections, which
they call servets, which are like to candied conserves, and are
made of sugar and lemons. Bacon's Natural History.
He saw him devour fish and flesh, swallow wines and spices,
confections and fruits of numberless sweets and flavours. Addis.
2. An assemblage of different ingredients; a composition; a
mixture.
Of best things then, what world shall yield confection
To liken her? Shakespeare.


There will be a new confection of mould, which perhaps
will alter the seed. Bacon's Natural History, No. 528.

CONFE’CTIONARY. n. s. [from confection.] One whose trade
is to make sweetmeats.
Myself,
Who had the world as my confectionary,
The mouths, the tongues, the eyes, the hearts of men
At duty, more than I could frame employments. Shakesp.

CONFE’CTIONER. n. s. [from confection.] One whose trade is
to make confections or sweetmeats.
Confectioners make much use of whites of eggs. Boyle.

CONFE’DERACY. n. s. [confederation, Fr. fœdus, Latin.] A
league; a contract by which several persons or bodies of men
engage to support each other; union; engagement; federal
compact.
What confederacy have you with the traitors? Sh. K. Lear.
Judas sent them to Rome, to make a league of amity and
confederacy with them. 1 Mac. viii. 17.
Virgil has a whole confederacy against him, and I must en­
deavour to defend him. Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedication.
The friendships of the world are oft
Confederacies in vice, or leagues of pleasure. Addison.
An avaricious man in office is in confederacy with the whole
clan of his district, or dependance; which, in modern terms
of art, is called to live and let live. Swift's Examiner, No. 27.

To CONFE’DERATE. v. a. [confederer, French.] To join
in a league; to unite; to ally.
They were secretly confederated with Charles's enemy.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

To CONFE’DERATE. v. n. To league; to unite in a league.
By words men come to know one another's minds; by
those they covenant and confederate. South's Sermons.
It is a confederating with him to whom the sacrifice is
offered. Atterbury.

CONFE’DERATE. adj. [from the verb.] United in league.
For they have consulted together with one consent: they
are confederate against thee. Ps. lxxxiii. 5.
All the swords
In Italy, and her confederate arms,
Could not have made this peace. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
While the mind of man looketh upon second causes scat­
tered, it may sometimes rest in them, and go no farther; but
when it beholdeth the chain of them confederate and linked
together, it must need fly to providence and deity. Bacon.
Oh race confed'rate into crimes, that prove
Triumphant o'er th' eluded rage of Jove! Pope's Statius.
In a confederate war, it ought to be considered which party
has the deepest share in the quarrel. Swift.

CONFE’DERATE. n. s. [from the verb.] One who engages
to support another; an ally.
Sir Edmond Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
With many more confederates, are in arms. Sh. Richard III.
We still have fresh recruits in store,
If our confederates can afford us more. Dryden's Æn.

CONFEDERA’TION. n. s. [confederation, French.] League;
compact of mutual support; alliance.
The three princes enter into some strict league and confede­
ration amongst themselves. Bacon's Henry VII.
Nor can those confederations or designs be durable, when
subjects make bankrupt of their allegiance. King Charles.

To CONFE’R. v. n. [confero, Lat. conferer, French.] To
discourse with another upon a stated subject; to ventilate any
question by oral discussion; to converse solemnly; to talk
gravely together; to compare sentiments.
You will hear us confer of this, and by an auricular assu­
rance have your satisfaction. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and
writing an exact man; and therefore, if a man write little,
he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had
need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need
have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Bacon.
When they had commanded them to go aside out of the
council, they conferred among themselves. Acts, iv. 15.
He was thought to confer with the lord Colepeper upon the
subject; but had some particular thoughts, upon which he
then conferred with nobody. Clarendon, b. viii.
The Christian princess in her tent confers
With fifty of your learn'd philosophers;
Whom with such eloquence she does persuade,
That they are captives to her reasons made. Dryd. Tyr. Love.

To CONFE’R. v. a. 
1. To compare; to examine by comparison with other things
of the same kind.
The words in the 8th verse, conferred with the same words
in the 20th, make it manifest. Raleigh's History of the World.
If we confer these observations with others of the like na­
ture, we may find cause to rectify the general opinion. Boyle.
Pliny conferring his authors, and comparing their works
together, found those that went before transcribed by those
that followed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.
2. To give; to bestow; with on before him who receives the
gift.
Rest to the limbs, and quiet I confer
On troubled minds. Waller.
The conferring this honour upon him would increase
the credit he had. Clarendon, b. viii.
Coronation to a king, confers no royal authority upon
him. South.
There is not the least intimation in scripture of this privi­
lege conferred upon the Roman church. Tillotson.
Thou conferrest the benefits, and he receives them; the first
produces love, and the last ingratitude. Arbuth. Hist. of J. Bull.
3. To contribute; to conduce. With to.
The closeness and compactness of the parts resting toge­
ther, doth much confer to the strength of the union. Glanv.

CO’NFERENCE. n. s. [conference, French.]
1. The act of conversing on serious subjects; formal discourse;
oral discussion of any question.
I shall grow skilful in country matters, if I have often con­
ference with your servant. Sidney, b. ii.
Sometime they deliver it, whom privately zeal and piety
moveth to be instructors of others by conference; sometime of
them it is taught, whom the church hath called to the publick,
either reading thereof, or interpreting. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
What passion hangs these weights upon my tongue!
I cannot speak to her; yet she urg'd conference. Shakespeare.
2. An appointed meeting for discussing some point, by personal
debate.
3. Comparison; examination of different things by comparison
of each with other.
Our diligence must search out all helps and furtherances,
which scriptures, councils, laws, and the mutual conference of
all men's collections and observations may afford. Hooker.
The conference of these two places, containing so excellent
a piece of learning as this, expressed by so worthy a wit as
Tully's was, must needs bring on pleasure to him that maketh
true account of learning. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

CONFE’RRER. n. s. [from confer.]
1. He that converses.
2. He that bestows.

To CONFE’SS. v. a. [confesser, Fr. confiteor confessum, Latin.]
1. To acknowledge a crime; to own a failure.
He doth in some sort confess it. If it be confessed, it is not
redressed. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Human faults with human grief confess;
'Tis thou art chang'd. Prior.
2. It has of before the thing confessed, when it is used reci­
procally.
Confess thee freely of thy sin;
For to deny each article with oath,
Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception. Sh. Othello.
3. To disclose the state of the conscience to the priest, in order
to repentance and pardon.
If our sin be only against God, yet to confess it to his mi­
nister may be of good use. Wake's Preparation for Death.
4. To hear the confession of a penitent, as a priest.
5. To own; to avow; to profess; not to deny.
Whosoever therefore shall confess me before men, him will
I confess also before my father which is in heaven; but who­
soever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before
my father which is in heaven. Matt. x. 32, 33.
6. To grant; not to dispute.
They may have a clear view of good, great and confessed
good, without being concerned, if they can make up their
happiness without it. Locke.
7. To shew; to prove; to attest.
Tall thriving trees confess'd the fruitful mold;
The red'ning apple ripens here to gold. Pope's Odyssey, b. vii.
8. It is used in a loose and unimportant sense by way of intro­
duction, or as an affirmative form of speech.
I must confess I was most pleased with a beautiful prospect,
that none of them have mentioned. Addison on Italy.

To CONFE’SS. v. n. To make confession; to disclose; to re­
veal; as, he is gone to the priest to confess.

CONFE’SSEDLY. adv. [from confessed.] Avowedly; indis­
putably.
Labour is confessedly a great part of the curse, and therefore
no wonder if men fly from it. South.
Great genius's, like great ministers, though they are con­
fessedly the first in the commonwealth of letters, must be en­
vyed and calumniated. Pope's Essay on Homer.

CONFE’SSION. n. s. [from confess.]
1. The acknowledgment of a crime; the discovery of one's own
guilt.
Your engaging me first in this adventure of the Moxa, and
desiring the story of it from me, is like giving one the tor­
ture, and then asking his confession, which is hard usage. Temple.
2. The act of disburdening the conscience to a priest.
You will have little opportunity to practise such a confes­
sion, and should therefore supply the want of it by a due per­
formance of it to God. Wake's Preparation for Death.
3. Profession; avowal.
Who, before Pontius Pilate, witnessed a good confession?
1 Tim. vi. 13.


If there be one amongst the fair'st of Greece,
That loves his mistress more than in confession,
And dare avow her beauty and her worth,
In other arms than her's; to him this challenge. Shakesp.
4. A formulary in which the articles of faith are comprised.

CONFE’SSIONAL. n. s. [French.] The seat or box in which
the confessor sits to hear the declarations of his penitents.
In one of the churches I saw a pulpit and confessional, very
finely inlaid with lapis-lazuli. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

CONFE’SSIONARY. n. s. [confessionaire, Fr.] The confession­
chair or seat, where the priest sits to hear confessions. Dict.

CO’NFESSOR. n. s. [confesseur, French.]
1. One who makes profession of his faith in the face of danger.
He who dies for religion is a martyr; he who suffers for it is
a confessor.
The doctrine in the thirty-nine articles is so orthodoxly
settled, as cannot be questioned without danger to our reli­
gion, which hath been sealed with the blood of so many mar­
tyrs and confessors. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Was not this an excellent confessor at least, if not a martyr
in this cause? Stillingfleet.
The patience and fortitude of a martyr or confessor lie con­
cealed in the flourishing times of Christianity. Addison's Spect.
It was the assurance of a resurrection that gave patience to
the confessor, and courage to the martyr. Rogers, Sermon viii.
2. He that hears confessions, and prescribes rules and measures
of penitence.
See that Claudio
Be executed by nine to-morrow morning:
Bring him his confessor, let him be prepar'd;
For that's the utmost of his pilgrimage. Shakespeare.
If you find any sin that lies heavy upon you, disburthen
yourself of it into the bosom of your confessor, who stands
between God and you to pray for you. Taylor.
One must be trusted; and he thought her fit,
As passing prudent, and a parlous wit:
To this sagacious confessor he went,
And told her. Dryden's Wife of Bath.
3. He who confesses his crimes. Dict.

CONFE’ST. adj. [a poetical word for confessed.] Open; known;
acknowledged; not concealed; not disputed.
But wherefore should I seek,
Since the perfidious author stands confest?
This villain has traduc'd me. Rowe's Royal Convert.

CONFE’STLY. adv. [from confest.] Undisputably; evidently;
without doubt or concealment.
They address to that principle which is confestly predomi­
nant in our nature. Decay of Piety.

CONFI’CIENT. adj. [conficiens, Lat.] That causes or procures;
effective. Dict.

CO’NFIDANT. n. s. [confident, French.] A person trusted with
private affairs, commonly with affairs of love.
Martin composed his billet-doux, and intrusted it to his
confidant. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

To CONFI’DE. v. n. [confido, Latin.] To trust in; to put
trust in.
He alone won't betray, in whom none will confide. Congr.

CO’NFIDENCE. n. s. [confidentia, Latin.]
1. Firm belief of another's integrity or veracity; reliance.
Society is built upon trust, and trust upon confidence of one
another's integrity. South's Sermons.
2. Trust in his own abilities or fortune; security; opposed to
dejection or timidity.
Alas, my lord,
Your wisdom is consum'd in confidence:
Do not go forth to-day. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
His times, being rather prosperous than calm, had raised
his confidence by success. Bacon's Henry VII.
He had an ambition and vanity, and a confidence in himself,
which sometimes intoxicated, and transported, and exposed
him. Clarendon.
3. Vitious boldness; false opinion of his own excellencies; op­
posed to modesty.
These fervent reprehenders of things established by publick
authority, are always confident and bold-spirited men; but
their confidence, for the most part, riseth from too much credit
given to their own wits, for which cause they are seldom free
from errors. Hooker, Dedication.
4. Consciousness of innocence; honest boldness; firmness of
integrity.
Be merciful unto them which have not the confidence of good
works. 2 Esd. viii. 36.
Just confidence, and native righteousness,
And honour. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 1056.
5. Trust in the goodness of another.
Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, then have we confi­
dence towards God. 1 Jo. iii. 21. 
6. That which gives or causes confidence, boldness, or security.

CO’NFIDENT. adj. [from confide.]
1. Assured beyond doubt.
He is so sure and confident of his particular election, as to
resolve he can never fall. Hammond on Fundamentals.
I am confident, that very much may be done towards the
improvement of philosophy. Boyle.
2. Positive; affirmative; dogmatical.
3. Secure of success; without fear of miscarriage.
Both valiant, as men despising death; both confident, as un­
wonted to be overcome. Sidney.
Douglas, and the Hot-spur both together,
Are confident against the world in arms. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Be not confident in a plain way. Ecclus. xxxii. 21. 
People forget how little they know, when they grow confi­
dent upon any present state of things. South's Sermons.
4. Without suspicion; trusting without limits.
He, true knight,
No lesser of her honour confident,
Than I did truly find her, stakes this ring. Shal. Cymbeline.
Rome, be as just and gracious unto me,
As I am confident and kind to thee. Shakesp. Tit. and Andr.
5. Bold to a vice; elated with false opinion of his own excel­
lencies; impudent.

CO’NFIDENT. n. s. [from confide.] One trusted with secrets.
If ever it comes to this, that a man can say of his confident,
he would have deceived me, he has said enough. South.
You love me for no other end,
But to become my confident and friend;
As such, I keep no secret from your sight. Dryden's Aureng.

CO’NFIDENTLY. adv. [from confident.]
1. Without doubt; without fear of miscarriage.
We shall not be ever the less likely to meet with success, if
we do not expect it too confidently. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. With firm trust.
The maid becomes a youth; no more delay
Your vows, but look, and confidently pay. Dryden.
3. Without appearance of doubt; without suspecting any failure
or deficiency; positively; dogmatically.
Many men least of all know what they themselves most
confidently boast. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
It is strange how the ancients took up experiments upon
credit, and yet did build great matters upon them: the obser­
vation of some of the best of them, delivered confidently, is,
that a vessel filled with ashes will receive the like quantity of
water as if it had been empty; but this is utterly untrue.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 34.
Every fool may believe, and pronounce confidently; but wise
men will conclude firmly. South.

CO’NFIDENTNESS. n. s. [from confident.] Favourable opinion
of one's own power; assurance. Dict.

CONFIGURA’TION. n. s. [configuration, French.]
1. The form of the various parts of any thing, as they are
adapted to each other.
The different effects of fire and water, which we call heat
and cold, result from the so differing configuration and agitation
of their particles. Glanville's Sceps. c. 12.
No other account can be given of the different animal se­
cretions, than the different configuration and action of the solid
parts. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
There is no plastick virtue concerned in shaping them, but
the configurations of the particles whereof they consist. Woodw.
2. The face of the horoscope, according to the aspects of the
planets towards each other at any time.

To CONFI’GURE. v. a. [from figura, Latin.] To dispose into
any form.
Mother earth brought forth legs, arms, and other members
of the body, scattered and distinct, at their full growth;
which coming together, cementing, and so configuring them­
selves into human shape, made lusty men. Bentley's Sermons.

CO’NFINE. n. s. [confinis, Lat. It had formerly the accent on
the last syllable.] Common boundary; border; edge.
Here in these confines slily have I lurk'd,
To watch the waining of mine enemies. Shakesp. Rich. III.
You are old:
Nature in you stands on the very verge
Of her confine. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The confines of the river Niger, where the negroes are,
are well watered. Bacon's Natural History, No. 399.
'Twas ebbing darkness, past the noon of night,
And Posphor on the confines of the night. Dryd. Fables.
The idea of duration, equal to a revolution of the sun, is
applicable to duration, where no motion was; as the idea of
a foot, taken from bodies here, to distances beyond the confines
of the world, where are no bodies. Locke.

CO’NFINE. adj. [confinis, Latin.] Bordering upon; beginning
where the other ends; having one common boundary.

To CONFI’NE. v. n. To border upon; to touch on different
territories.
Half lost, I seek
What readiest path leads where your gloomy bounds
Confine with heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 975.
Full in the midst of this created space,
Betwixt heav'n, earth, and skies, there stands a place
Confining on all three. Dryden.

To CONFI’NE. v. a. [confiner, Fr. confinis, Latin.]
1. To bound; to limit.


2. To shut up; to imprison; to immure; to restrain within
certain limits.
I'll not over the threshold.———
——Fy, you confine yourself most unreasonably: come, you
must go visit the good lady. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I had been
As broad and gen'ral as the casing air;
But now I'm cabbin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in
To saucy doubts. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. To restrain; to tie up to.
He is to confine himself to the compass of numbers, and the
slavery of rhime. Dryden.

CONFI’NELESS. adj. [from confine.] Boundless; unlimited; un­
bounded; without end.
Black Macbeth
Will seem as pure as snow, and the poor state
Esteem him as a lamb, being compar'd
With my confineless harms. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

CONFI’NEMENT. n. s. [from confine.] Imprisonment; incar­
ceration; restraint of liberty.
Our hidden foes,
Now joyful from their long confinement rose. Dryd Virgil.
The mind hates restraint, and is apt to fancy itself under
confinement, when the sight is pent up in a narrow compass.
Addison's Spectator, No. 412.
As to the numbers who are under this restraint, people do
not seem so much surprised at the confinement of some as the
liberty of others. Addison's Freeholder, No. 16.

CONFI’NER. n. s. [from confine.]
1. A borderer; one that lives upon confines; one that inhabits
the extreme parts of a country.
The senate hath stirr'd up the confiners. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Happy confiners you of other lands,
That shift your soil. Daniel's Civil War.
2. A near neighbour.
Though gladness and grief be opposite in nature, yet they
are such neighbours and confiners in art, that the least touch
of a pencil will translate a crying into a laughing face. Wotton.
3. One which touches upon two different regions.
The participles or confiners between plants and living crea­
tures, are such as have no local motion; such as oysters. Bacon.

CONFI’NITY. n. s. [confinitas, Latin.] Nearness; neighbour­
hood. Dict.

To CONFI’RM. v. a. [confirmo, Latin.]
1. To put past doubt by new evidence.
The testimony of Christ was confirmed in you. 1 Cor. i. 6.
Whilst all the stars, that round her burn,
And all the planets in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole. Addison's Spectator.
2. To settle; to establish either persons or things.
I confirm thee in the high priesthood, and appoint thee
ruler. 1 Mac. xi. 57.
Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs. Sh. Henry VI.
3. To fix; to radicate.
Fernelius never cured a confirmed pox without it. Wiseman.
4. To complete; to perfect.
He only liv'd but 'till he was a man;
The which no sooner had his prowess confirm'd,
But like a man he died. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. To strengthen by new solemnities or ties.
That treaty, so prejudicial, ought to have been remitted
rather than confirmed. Swift.
6. To admit to the full privileges of a Christian, by imposition
of hands.
Those which are thus confirmed, are thereby supposed to be
fit for admission to the sacrament. Hammond's Fundamentals.

CONFI’RMABLE. adj. [from confirm.] That which is capable
of incontestible evidence.
It may receive a spurious inmate, as is confirmable by many
examples. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 17.

CONFIRMA’TION. n. s. [from confirm.]
1. The act of establishing any thing or person; settlement;
establishment.
Embrace and love this man.———
——With brother's love I do it.—
——And let heav'n
Witness how dear I hold this confirmation! Shak. Hen. VIII.
2. Evidence by which any thing is ascertained; additional
proof.
A false report hath
Honour'd with confirmation your great judgment. Shakesp.
The sea-captains answered, that they would perform his
command; and, in confirmation thereof, promised not to do
any thing which beseemed not valiant men. Knolles's History.
3. Proof; convincing testimony.
Wanting frequent confirmation in a matter so confirmable,
their affirmation carrieth but slow persuasion. Brown.
The arguments brought by Christ for the confirmation of his
doctrine, were in themselves sufficient. South's Sermons.
4. An ecclesiastical rite.
What is prepared for in catechising, is, in the next place,
performed by confirmation; a most profitable usage of the
church, transcribed from the practice of the apostles, which
consists in two parts: the child's undertaking, in his own
name, every part of the baptismal vow, (having first approved
himself to understand it); and to that purpose, that he may
more solemnly enter this obligation, bringing some godfather
with him, not now (as in baptism) as his procurator to un­
dertake for him, but as a witness to testify his entering this
obligation. Hammond on Fundamentals.

CONFIRMA’TOR. n. s. [from confirmo, Latin.] An attester;
he that puts a matter past doubt.
There wants herein the definitive confirmator, and test of
things uncertain, the sense of man. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CONFI’RMATORY. adj. [from confirm.] Giving additional
testimony; establishing with new force.

CONFI’RMEDNESS. n. s. [from confirmed.] Confirmed state;
radication.
If the difficulty arise from the confirmedness of habit, every
resistance, as it weakens the habit, abates the difficulty.
Decay of Piety.

CONFI’RMER. n. s. [from confirm.] One that confirms; one
that produces evidence or strength; an attester; an esta­
blisher.
Be these sad sighs confirmers of thy words?
Then speak again. Shakespeare's King John.
The oath of a lover is no stronger than the word of a
tapster: they are both the confirmers of false reckonings. Shak.

CONFI’SCABLE. adj. [from confiscate.] Liable to forfeiture.

To CONFI’SCATE. v. a. [confiscare, confisquer, i. e. in publicum
addicere, from fiscus, which originally signifieth a hamper,
pannier, basket, or freil; but metonymically the emperor's
treasure, because it was anciently kept in such hampers. Cowel.]
To transfer private property to the prince or publick, by way
of penalty for an offence.
It was judged that he should be banished, and his whole
estate confiscated and seized, and his houses pulled down. Bacon.
Whatever fish the vulgar fry excel.
Belong to Cæsar, wheresoe'er they swim,
By their own worth confiscated to him. Dryd. Juv. Sat. iv.

CONFI’SCATE. adj. [from the verb.] Transferred to the pub­
lick as forfeit.
Thy lands and goods
Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
Unto the state of Venice. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

CONFISCA’TION. n. s. [from confiscate.] The act of transferr­
ing the forfeited goods of criminals to publick use.
It was in every man's eye, what great forfeitures and confis­
cations he had at that present to help himself. Bacon's H. VII.

CO’NFITENT. n. s. [confitens, Latin.] One confessing; one
who confesses his faults.
A wide difference there is between a meer confitent and a
true penitent. Decay of Piety.

CO’NFITURE. n. s. [French, from confectura, Latin.] A sweet­
meat; a confection.
It is certain, that there be some houses wherein confitures
and pies will gather mould more than in others. Bacon.
We contain a confiture house, where we make all sweet­
meats, dry and moist, and divers pleasant wines. Bacon.

To CONFI’X. v. a. [configo confixum, Latin.] To fix down; to
fasten.
As this is true,
Let me in safety raise me from my knees;
Or else, for ever be confixed here,
A marble monument! Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

CONFLA’GRANT. adj. [conflagrans, Latin.] Burning toge­
ther; involved in a general fire.
Then raise
From the conflagrant mass, purg'd and refin'd,
New heav'ns, new earth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

CONFLAGRA’TION. n. s. [conflagratio, Latin.]
1. A general fire spreading over a large space.
The opinion deriveth the complexion from the deviation of
the sun, and the conflagration of all things under Phaeton.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 10.
Next o'er the plains, where ripen'd harvests grow,
The running conflagration spreads below. Addis. Ovid's Met.
Mankind hath had a gradual increase, notwithstanding what
floods and conflagrations, and the religious profession of celi­
bacy, may have interrupted. Bentley's Sermons.
2. It is generally taken for the fire which shall consume this
world at the consummation of things.

CONFLA’TION. n. s. [conflatum, Latin.]
1. The act of blowing many instruments together.
The sweetest and best harmony is, when every part or in­
strument is not heard by itself, but a conflation of them all.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 225.
2. A casting or melting of metal.

CONFLE’XURE. n. s. [conflexura, Latin.] A bending or turning.

To CONFLI’CT. v. n. [confligo, Lat.] To strive; to contest;
to fight; to struggle; to contend; to encounter; to engage.


Bare unhoused trunks
To the conflicting elements exposed,
Answer meer nature. Shakespeare's Timon.
You shall hear under the earth a horrible thundering of fire
and water conflicting together. Bacon's Natural History.
A man would be content to strive with himself, and conflict
with great difficulties, in hopes of a mighty reward. Tillotson.
Lash'd into foam, the fierce conflicting brine
Seems o'er a thousand raging waves to burn. Thoms. Winter.

A CO’NFLICT. n. s. [conflictus, Latin.]
1. A violent collision, or opposition of two substances.
Pour dephlegmed spirit of vinegar upon salt of tartar, and
there will be such a conflict or ebullition, as if there were scarce
two more contrary bodies in nature. Boyle's Scept. Chym.
2. A combat; a fight between two. It is seldom used of a ge­
neral battle.
The luckless conflict with the giant stout,
Wherein captiv'd, of life or death he stood in doubt.
Fairy Queen, b. i. can. 7. stanz. 26.
It is my father's face,
Whom in this conflict I unawares have kill'd. Shak. H. VI.
3. Contest; strife; contention.
There is a kind of merry war betwixt signior Benedick and
her: they never meet but there's a skirmish of wit between
them.—Alas! he gets nothing by that. In our last conflict,
four of his five wits went halting off. Shakespeare.
4. Struggle; agony; pang.
No assurance touching victories can make present conflicts
so sweet and easy, but nature will shun and shrink from them.
Hooker, b. v. sect. 48.
If he attempt this great change, with what labour and con­
flict must he accomplish it? Rogers's Sermon.
He perceiv'd
Th' unequal conflict then, as angels look
On dying saints. Thomson's Summer, l. 1190.

CO’NFLUENCE. n. s. [confluo, Latin.]
1. The junction or union of several streams.
You see this confluence, this great flood of visiters. Shakes.
Nimrod, who usurped dominion over the rest, sat down
in the very confluence of all those rivers which watered Para­
dise. Raleigh's History of the World.
Bagdet is beneath the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates.
Brerewood on Languages.
In the veins innumerable little rivulets have their confluence
into the great vein, the common channel of the blood. Bentley.
2. The act of crowding to a place.
You had found by experience the trouble of all men's con­
fluence, and for all matters, to yourself. Bacon's Adv. to Villiers.
3. A concourse; a multitude crouded into one place.
This will draw a confluence of people from all parts of the
country. Temple.

CO’NFLUENT. adj. [confluens, Lat.] Running one into an­
other; meeting.
At length, to make their various currents one,
The congregated floods together run:
These confluent streams make some great river's head,
By stores still melting and descending fed. Blackm. Creation.

CO’NFLUX. n. s. [confluxio, Latin.]
1. The union of several currents; concourse.
He quickly, by the general conflux and concourse of the
whole people, streightened his quarters. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. Crowd; multitude collected.
To the gates cast round thine eye, and see
What conflux issuing forth, or ent'ring in. Milt. Par. Reg.

CONFO’RM. adj. [conformis, Latin.] Assuming the same form;
wearing the same form; resembling.
Variety of tunes doth dispose the spirits to variety of pas­
sions conform unto them. Bacon's Natural History, b. x.

To CONFO’RM. v. a. [conformo, Latin.] To reduce to the
like appearance, shape, or manner with something else.
Then followed that most natural effect of conforming one's
self to that which she did like. Sidney, b. ii.
The apostles did conform the Christians as much as might
be, according to the pattern of the Jews. Hooker, b. iv. s. 11. 
Demand of them wherefore they conform not themselves
unto the order of the church? Hooker, b. iii.

To CONFO’RM. v. n. To comply with; to yield to.
Among mankind so sew there are,
Who will conform to philosophick fare. Dryden jun. Juv.

CONFO’RMABLE. adj. [from conform.]
1. Having the same form; using the same manners; agreeing
either in exterior or moral characters; similar; resembling.
The Gentiles were not made conformable unto the Jews,
in that which was necessarily to cease at the coming of Christ.
Hooker, b. iv. sect. 11. 
2. It has sometimes to before that with which there is agree­
ment.
He gives a reason conformable to the principles. Arbuthnot.
3. Sometimes with.
The fragments of Sappho give us a taste of her way of
writing, perfectly conformable with that character we find of
her. Addison's Spectator, No. 223.
4. Agreeable; suitable; not opposite; consistent.
Nature is very consonant and conformable to herself. Newton.
The productions of a great genius, with many lapses, are
preferable to the works of an inferiour author, scrupulously ex­
act, and conformable to all the rules of correct writing. Addison.
5. Compliant; ready to follow directions; submissive; peace­
able; obsequious.
I've been to you a true and humble wife,
At all time to your will conformable. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
For all the kingdoms of the earth to yield themselves willingly
conformable, in whatever should be required, it was their
duty. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 14.
Such spiritual delusions are reformed by a conformable devo­
tion, and the well-tempered zeal of the true Christian spirit.
Spratt's Sermons.

CONFO’RMABLY. adv. [from conformable.] With conformity;
agreeably; suitably.
So a man observe the agreement of his own imaginations,
and talk conformably, it is all certainty. Locke.
I have treated of the sex conformably to this definition. Addis.

CONFORMA’TION. n. s. [French; conformatio, Latin.]
1. The form of things as relating to each other; the par­
ticular texture, and consistence of the parts of a body, and
their disposition to make a whole; as, light of different co­
lours is reflected from bodies according to their different confor­
mation.
Varieties are found in the different natural shapes of the
mouth, and several conformations of the organs. Holder's Elem.
Where there happens to be such a structure and conforma­
tion of the earth, as that the fire may pass freely unto these
spiracles, it then readily gets out. Woodward's Nat. History.
2. The act of producing suitableness, or conformity to any
thing.
Virtue and vice, sin and holiness, and the conformation of
our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion and mora­
lity, are things of more consequence than the furniture of
understanding. Watts.

CONFO’RMIST. n. s. [from conform.] One that complies
with the worship of the church of England; not a dissenter.

CONFO’RMITY. n. s. [from conform.]
1. Similitude; resemblance; the state of having the same cha­
racter of manners or form.
By the knowledge of truth, and exercise of virtue, man,
amongst the creatures of this world, aspireth to the greatest
conformity with God. Hooker, b. i. sect. 5.
Judge not what is best
By pleasure, though to nature seeming meet;
Created as thou art to nobler end,
Holy and pure, conformity divine! Milton's Paradise Lost.
Space and duration have a great conformity in this, that they
are justly reckoned amongst our simple ideas. Locke.
This metaphor would not have been so general, had there
not been a conformity between the mental taste and the sensitive
taste. Addison's Spectator, No. 400.
2. It has in some authors with before the model to which the
conformity is made.
The end of all religion is but to draw us to a conformity with
God. Decay of Piety.
3. In some to.
We cannot be otherwise happy but by our conformity to
God. Tillotson.
Conformity in building to other civil nations, hath disposed
us to let our old wooden dark houses fall to decay. Graunt.
4. Consistency.
Many instances prove the conformity of the essay with the
notions of Hippocrates. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CONFORTA’TION. n. s. [from conforto, a low Latin word.]
Collation of strength; corroboration.
For corroboration and confortation, take such bodies as are
of astringent quality, without manifest cold. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To CONFO’UND. v. a. [confondre, Fr. confundo, Latin.]
1. To mingle things so that their several forms or natures can­
not be discerned.
Let us go down, and there confound their language, that
they may not understand one another's speech. Gen. xi. 7.
2. To perplex; to compare or mention without due dis­
tinction.
A fluid body and a wetting liquor are wont, because they
agree in many things, to be confounded. Boyle's Hist. of Fluidity.
They who strip not ideas from the marks men use for them,
but confound them with words, must have endless dispute. Locke.
3. To disturb the apprehension by indistinct words or notions.
I am yet to think, that men find their simple ideas agree,
though, in discourse, they confound one another with different
names. Locke.
4. To throw into consternation; to perplex; to terrify; to
amaze; to astonish; to stupify.
So spake the son of God; and Satan stood
A while as mute, confounded what to say. Milt. Par. Reg.
Now with furies surrounded,
Despairing, confounded,
He trembles, he glows,
Amidst Rhodope's snows. Pope's St. Cecilia.
5. To destroy; to overthrow.


Let them be confounded in all their power and might, and
let their strength be broken. Dan. xxi.
The gods confound thee! do'st thou hold there still? Shak.

CONFO’UNDED. particip. adj. [from confound.] Hateful; de­
testable; enormous; odious: a low cant word.
A most confounded reason for his brutish conception. Grew.
Sir, I have heard another story,
He was a most confounded Tory;
And grew, or he is much bely'd,
Extremely dull before he dy'd. Swift.

CONFO’UNDEDLY. adv. [from confounded.] Hatefully; shame­
fully: a low or ludicrous word.
You are confoundedly given to squirting up and down, and
chattering. L'Estrange.
Thy speculations begin to smell confoundedly of woods and
meadows. Addison's Spectator, No. 131. 

CONFO’UNDER. n. s. [from confound.] He who disturbs, per­
plexes, terrifies, or destroys.

CONFRATE’RNITY. n. s. [from con and fraternitas, Latin.] A
brotherhood; a body of men united for some religious
purpose.
We find three days appointed every year to be kept, and
a confraternity established for that purpose with the laws of it.
Stillingfleet's Defence of the Discourse on Rom. Idol.

CONFRICA’TION. n. s. [from con and frico, Lat.] The act of
rubbing against any thing.
It hath been reported, that ivy hath grown out of a stag's
horn; which they suppose did rather come from a confrication
of the horn upon the ivy, than from the horn itself. Bacon.

To CONFRO’NT. v. a. [confronter, French.]
1. To stand against another in full view; to face.
He spoke, and then confronts the bull;
And on his ample forehead, aiming full,
The deadly stroke descended. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
2. To stand face to face, in opposition to another.
We began to lay his unkindness unto him: he seeing him­
self confronted by so many, went not to denial, but to justify
his cruel falshood. Sidney, b. ii.
In these two things the East and West churches did inter­
changeably both confront the Jews and concur with them.
Hooker, b. i. sect. 11. 
Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows,
Strength match'd with strength, and power confronted power.
Shakespeare's King John.
Bellona's bridegroom, lapt in proof,
Confronted him with self comparisons,
Point against point rebellious, arm 'gainst arm. Shak. Macb.
3. To oppose one evidence to another in open court.
4. To compare one thing with another.
When I confront a medal with a verse, I only shew you the
same design executed by different hands. Addison on Medals.

CONFRONTA’TION. n. s. [French.] The act of bringing
two evidences face to face.

To CONFU’SE. v. a. [confusus, Latin.]
1. To disorder; to disperse irregularly.
2. To mix, not separate.
3. To perplex, not distinguish; to obscure.
We may have a clear and distinct idea of the existence of
many things, though our ideas of their intimate essences and
causes are very confused and obscure. Watts's Logick.
4. To hurry the mind.
Confus'd and sadly she at length replies. Pope's Statius.

CONFU’SEDLY. adv. [from confused.]
1. In a mixed mass; without separation.
These four nations are every where mixt in the Scriptures,
because they dwelt confusedly together. Raleigh's History.
2. Indistinctly; one mingled with another.
Th' inner court with horror, noise and tears,
Confus'dly fill'd; the women's shrieks and cries
The arched vaults re-echo. Denham.
On mount Vesuvius next he fix'd his eyes,
And saw the smoaking tops confus'dly rise;
A hideous ruin! Addison's Remarks on Italy.
I viewed through a prism, and saw them most confusedly de­
fined, so that I could not distinguish their smaller parts from
one another. Newton's Opt.
Heroes and heroines shouts confus'dly rise,
And base and treble voices strike the skies. Pope.
3. Not clearly; not plainly.
He confusedly and obscurely delivered his opinion. Clarendon.
4. Tumultuously; hastily; not deliberately; not exactly.
The propriety of thoughts and words, which are the hid­
den beauties of a play, are but confusedly judged in the vehe­
mence of action. Dryden's Dedicat. to the Spanish Fryar.

CONFU’SEDNESS. n. s. [from confused.] Want of distinctness;
want of clearness.
Hitherunto these titles of honour carry a kind of confused­
ness, and rather betokened a successive office than an established
dignity. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
The cause of the confusedness of our notions, next to natural
inability, is want of attention. Norris.

CONFU’SION. n. s. [from confuse.]
1. Irregular mixture; tumultuous medly; disorder.
God, only wise, to punish pride of wit,
Among men's wits hath this confusion wrought;
As the proud tow'r, whose points the clouds did hit,
By tongues confusion was to ruin brought. Davies.
2. Tumult.
God is not a god of sedition and confusion, but of order and
of peace. Hooker, Preface.
This is a happier and more comely time,
Than when these fellows ran about the streets
Crying confusion. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Indistinct combination.
The confusion of two different ideas, which a customary
connexion of them in their minds hath made to them almost
one, fills their head with false views, and their reasonings with
false consequences. Locke.
4. Overthrow; destruction.
The strength of their illusion,
Shall draw him in to his confusion. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. Astonishment; distraction of mind; hurry of ideas.
Confusion dwelt in ev'ry face,
And fear in ev'ry heart,
When waves on waves, and gulphs in gulphs,
O'ercame the pilot's art. Spectator, No. 489.

CONFU’TABLE. adj. [from confute.] Possible to be disproved;
possible to be shewn false.
At the last day, that inquisitor shall not present to God a
bundle of calumnies, or confutable accusations; but will offer
unto his omniscience a true list of our transgressions. Brown.

CONFUTA’TION. n. s. [confutatio, Latin.] The act of con­
futing; disproof.

To CONFU’TE. v. a. [confuto, Latin.] To convict of errour
or falshood; to disprove.
He could on either side dispute;
Confute, change hands, and still confute. Hudibras.
For a man to doubt whether there be any bell, and there­
upon to live as if there were none, but, when he dies, to find
himself confuted in the flames, must be the height of woe. South.

CO’NGE. n. s. [conge, French.]
1. Act of reverence; bow; courtesy.
The captain salutes you with conge profound,
And your ladyship curt'sies half way to the ground. Swift.
2. Leave; farewel.
So, courteous conge both did give and take,
With right hands plighted, pledges of good will. Fairy Qu.

To CO’NGE. v. n. [from the noun.] To take leave.
I have congeed with the duke, and done my adieu with his
nearest. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

CO’NGE D’ELIRE is French; and signifies, in common law,
the king's permission royal to a dean and chapter, in time of va­
cation, to chuse a bishop. The king, as sovereign patron of
all archbishopricks, bishopricks, and other ecclesiastical bene­
fices, had, in ancient times, the free appointment of all ec­
clesiastical dignities; investing them first per baculum & an­
nulum, and afterwards by his letters patent. In process of
time he made the election over to others, under certain forms
and conditions; as, that they should, at every vacation, before
they chuse, demand of the king a congè d'elire, that is, licence
to proceed to election. Cowel.
A woman, when she has made her own choice, for form's
sake, sends a conge d'elire to her friends. Spectator, No. 475.

CO’NGE. n. s. [In architecture.] A moulding in form of a quar­
ter round, or a cavetto, which serves to separate two members
from one another: such is that which joins the shaft of the
column to the cincture. Chambers.

To CONGE’AL. v. a. [congelo, Latin.]
1. To turn, by frost, from a fluid to a solid state.
What more miraculous thing may be told,
Than ice, which is congeal'd with senseless cold,
Should kindle fire by wonderful device? Spenser.
In whose capacious womb
A vapoury deluge lies, to snow congealed. Thomson's Winter.
2. To bind or fix, as by cold.
Oh, gentlemen, see! see, dead Henry's wounds
Open their congeal'd mouths, and bleed afresh. Shak. R. III.
Too much sadness hath congeal'd your blood. Shakespeare.

To CONGE’AL. v. n. To concrete; to gather into a mass by
cold.
When water congeals, the surface of the ice is smooth and
level, as the surface of the water was before. Burnet's Theory.

CONGE’ALMENT. n. s. [from congeal.] The clot formed by
congelation; concretion.
Enter the city, clip your wives, your friends;
Tell them your feats, whilst they with joyful tears
Wash the congealment from your wounds. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.

CONGE’LABLE. adj. [from congeal.] Susceptible of congela­
tion; capable of losing its fluidity.
The consistencies of bodies are very divers: dense, rare,
tangible, pneumatical, fixed, hard, soft, congelable, not con­
gelable, liquefiable, not liquefiable. Bacon, No. 839.
The chymists define salt, from some of its properties, to be
a body fixable in the fire, and congelable again by cold into
brittle glebes or crystals. Arbuthnot on Aliments.



CONGELA’TION. n. s. [from congeal.]
1. Act of turning fluids to solids.
The capillary tubes are obstructed either by outward com­
pression or congelation of the fluid. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
There are congelations of the redundant water, precipita­
tions, and many other operations. Arbuthnot on Air.
2. State of being congealed, or made solid.
Many waters and springs will never freeze; and many
parts in rivers and lakes, where there are mineral erruptions,
will still persist without congelation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CO’NGENER. n. s. [Latin.] Of the same kind or nature.
The cherry-tree has been often grafted on the laurel, to
which it is a congener. Miller.

CONGE’NEROUS. adj. [congener, Latin.] Of the same kind;
arising from the same original.
Those bodies, being of a congenerous nature, do readily re­
ceive the impressions of their nature. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
From extreme and lasting colds proceeds a great run of
apoplexies, and other congenerous diseases. Arbuthnot on Air.

CONGE’NEROUSNESS. n. s. [from congenerous.] The quality of
being from the same original; belonging to the same
class. Dict.

CONG’ENIAL. adj. [con and genius, Lat.] Partaking of the
same genius; kindred; cognate.
He sprung, without any help, by a kind of congenial com­
posure, as we may term it, to the likeness of our late sove­
reign and master. Wotton.
You look with pleasure on those things which are some­
what congenial, and of a remote kindred to your own con­
ceptions. Dryden's Dedication of Juvenal.
Smit with the love of sister arts we came,
And met congenial, mingling flame with flame. Pope's Epist.
He acquires a courage, and stiffness of opinion, not at all
congenial with him. Swift on the Dissentions in Athens and Rome.

CONGENIA’LITY. n. s. [from congenial.] Participation of the
same genius; cognation of mind.

CONGE’NIALNESS. n. s. [from congenial.] Cognation of mind.

CONGE’NITE. adj. [congenitus, Latin.] Of the same birth;
born with another; connate; begotten together.
Many conclusions of moral and intellectual truths, seem,
upon this account, to be congenite with us, connatural to us,
and engraven in the very frame of the soul. Hale's Origin.
Did we learn an alphabet in our embryo-state! And how
comes it to pass, that we are not aware of any such congenite
apprehensions? Glanville's Sceps. c. 5.

CO’NGER. n. s. [congrus, Latin.] The sea-eel.
Many fish, whose shape and nature are much like the eel,
frequent both the sea and fresh rivers; as the mighty conger,
taken often in the Severn. Walton's Angler.

CONGE’RIES. n. s. [Latin.] A mass of small bodies heaped up
together.
The air is nothing but a congeries or heap of small, and,
for the most part, of flexible particles, of several sizes, and
of all kinds of figures. Boyle.

To CONGE’ST. v. a. [congero, congestum, Lat.] To heap up;
to gather together.

CONGE’STIBLE. adj. [from congest.] That may be heaped
up. Dict.

CONGE’STION. n. s. [congestio, Latin.]
A collection of matter, as in abscesses and tumours. Quincy.
Congestion is then said to be the cause of a tumour, when
the growth of it is slow, and without pain. Wiseman.

CO’NGIARY. n. s. [congiarium, from congius, a measure of corn,
Lat.] A gift distributed to the Roman people or soldiery,
originally in corn, afterwards in money.
We see on them the emperor and general officers, standing
as they distributed a congiary to the soldiers or people. Addison.

To CONGLA’CIATE. v. n. [conglaciatus, Latin.] To turn
to ice.
No other doth properly conglaciate but water; for the de­
termination of quicksilver is properly fixation, and that of
milk coagulation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1. 

CONGLACIA’TION. n. s. [from conglaciate.] The state of being
changed, or act of changing into ice.
If crystal be a stone; it is concreted by a mineral spirit and
lapidifical principles; for, while it remained in a fluid body,
it was a subject very unfit for proper conglaciation. Brown.

To CO’NGLOBATE. v. a. [conglobatus, Latin.] To gather
into a hard firm ball.
The testicle, as is said, is one large conglobated gland, con­
sisting of soft fibres, all in one convolution. Grew's Cosmol.

CO’NGLOBATE. adj. [from the verb.] Moulded into a firm
ball, of which the fibres are not distinctly visible.
Fluids are separated from the blood in the liver, and the
other conglobate and conglomerate glands. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

CO’NGLOBATELY. adv. [from conglobate.] In a spherical
form. Dict.

CONGLORA’TION. n. s. [from conglobate.] A round body;
collection into a round mass.
In this spawn are discerned many specks, or little congloba­
tions, which in time become black.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To CONGLO’BE. v. a. [conglobo, Lat.] To gather into a round
mass; to consolidate in a ball.
Then he founded, then conglob'd
Like things to like. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 239.
For all their centre found,
Hung to the goddess, and coher'd around:
Not closer, orb in orb conglob'd, are seen
The buzzing bees about their dusky queen. Pope's Dunciad.

To CONGLO’BE. v. n. To coalesce into a round mass.
Thither they
Hasted with glad precipitance, up-roll'd
As drops on dust conglobing from the dry. Milton's Par. Lost.

To CONGLO’MERATE. v. a. [conglomero, Lat.] To gather
into a ball, like a ball of thread; to inweave into a round
mass.
The liver is one great conglomerated gland, composed of in­
numerable small glands, each of which consisteth of soft
fibres, in a distinct or separate convolution. Grew's Cosmol.

CONGLO’MERATE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Gathered into a round ball, so as that the constituent parts
and fibres are distinct.
Fluids are separated in the liver, and the other conglobate
and conglomerate glands. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
2. Collected; twisted together.
The beams of light, when they are multiplied and conglo­
merate, generate heat. Bacon's Natural History, No. 267.

CONGLOMERA’TION. n. s. [from conglomerate.]
1. Collection of matter into a loose ball.
2. Intertexture; mixture.
The multiplication and conglomeration of sounds doth gene­
rate rarefaction of the air. Bacon's Natural History. No. 267.

To CONGLU’TINATE. v. a. [conglutino, Latin.] To ce­
ment; to reunite; to heal wounds.

To CONGLU’TINATE. v. n. To coalesce; to unite by the in­
tervention of a callous.

CONGLUTINA’TION. n. s. [from conglutinate.] The act of
uniting wounded bodies; reunion; healing.
The cause is a temperate conglutination; for both bodies are
clammy and viscous, and do bridle the deflux of humours to
the hurts. Bacon's Natural History, No. 677.
To this elongation of the fibres is owing the union or con­
glutination of parts separated by a wound. Arbuth. on Aliments.

CONGLU’TINATIVE. adj. [from conglutinate.] Having the
power of uniting wounds.

CONGLUTINA’TOR. n. s. [from conglutinate.] That which has
the power of uniting wounds.
The osteocolla is recommended as a conglutinator of broken
bones. Woodward on Fossils.

CONGRA’TULANT. adj. [from congratulate.] Rejoicing in par­
ticipation; expressing participation of another's joy.
Forth rush'd in haste the great consulting peers,
Rais'd from the dark divan, and with like joy
Congratulant approach'd him. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

To CONGRA’TULATE. v. a. [gratulor, Latin.]
1. To compliment upon any happy event; to express joy for
the good of another.
I congratulate our English tongue, that it has been enriched
with words from all our neighbours. Watts's Logick.
2. It has sometimes the accusative case of the cause of joy, and
to before the person.
An ecclesiastical union within yourselves, I am rather ready
to congratulate to you. Spratt's Sermons.
The subjects of England may congratulate to themselves,
that the nature of our government and the clemency of our
king secure us. Dryden's Preface to Aurengzebe.

To CONGRA’TULATE. v. n. To rejoice in participation.
I cannot but, with much pleasure, congratulate with my
dear country, which hath outdone all Europe in advancing
conversation. Swift's Introduction to Genteel Conversation.

CONGRATULA’TION. n. s. [from congratulate.]
1. The act of professing joy for the happiness or success of
another.
2. The form in which joy for the happiness of another is pro­
fessed.

CONGRA’TULATORY. adj. [from congratulate.] Expressing joy
for the good fortune of another.

To CONGRE’E. v. n. [from gre, French.] To agree; to
accord; to join; to unite.
For government,
Put into parts, doth keep in one concent,
Congreeing in a full and natural close. Shakespeare's Henry V.

To CONGRE’ET. v. n. [from con and greet.] To salute reci­
procally.
My office hath so far prevail'd,
That face to face, and royal eye to eye,
You have congreeted. Shakespeare's Henry V.

To CO’NGREGATE. v. a. [congrego, Lat.] To collect to­
gether; to assemble; to bring into one place.
Any multitude of Christian men congregated, may be termed
by the name of a church. Hooker, b. iii. sect. 1. 
These waters were afterwards congregated, and called the
sea. Raleigh's History of the World.


Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds,
The gutter'd rocks and congregated sands,
As having sense of beauty, do omit
Their mortal natures. Shakespeare's Othello.
The dry land, earth; and the great receptacle
Of congregated waters, he call'd seas;
And saw that it was good. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Heat congregates homogeneal bodies, and separates hete­
rogeneal ones. Newton's Opt.
Light, congregated by a burning glass, acts most upon sul­
phureous bodies, to turn them into fire. Newton's Opt.

To CO’NGREGATE. v. n. To assemble; to meet; to gather
together.
He rails,
Ev'n there where merchants most do congregate,
On me, my bargains. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
'Tis true, (as the old proverb doth relate)
Equals with equals often congregate. Denham.

CO’NGREGATE. adj. [from the verb.] Collected; campact.
Where the matter is most congregate, the cold is the greater.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 72.

CONGREGA’TION. n. s. [from congregate.]
1. A collection; a mass of various parts brought together.
This brave o'erhanging firmament appears no other thing
to me, than a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. Shak.
2. An assembly met to worship God in publick, and hear
doctrine.
The words which the minister first pronounceth, the whole
congregation shall repeat after him. Hooker, b. v. sect. 36.
The practice of those now-a-days that prefer houses
before churches, and a conventicle before the congregation.
South's Sermons.
If those preachers, who abound in epiphonema's, would
look about them, they would find part of their congregation
out of countenance, and the other asleep. Swift.
3. CONGREGATIONS of Cardinals, are assemblies distributed by
the pope into several chambers, like our offices and courts.
Chambers.

CONGREGA’TIONAL. adj. [from congregation.] Publick; per­
taining to a congregation or assembly.

CO’NGRESS. n. s. [congressus, Latin.]
1. A meeting; a shock; a conflict.
Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there;
Their congress in the field great Jove withstands,
Both doom'd to fall, but fall by greater hands. Dryd. Æn.
From these laws may be deduced the rules of the congresses
and reflections of two bodies. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
2. An appointed meeting for settlement of affairs between dif­
ferent nations.

CONGRE’SSIVE. adj. [from congress.] Meeting; encountering;
coming together.
If it be understood of sexes conjoined, all plants are fe­
male; and if of disjoined, and congressive generation, there is
no male or female in them. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.

To CONGRU’E. v. n. [from congruo, Latin.] To agree; to
be consistent with; to suit; to be agreeable to any purpose.
Our sovereign process imports at full,
By letters congruing to that effect,
The present death of Hamlet. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

CONGRU’ENCE. n. s. [congruentia, Latin.] Agreement; suit­
ableness of one thing to another; consistency.

CONGRU’ENT. adj. [congruens, Latin.] Agreeing; correspon­
dent.
These planes were so separated as to move upon a common
side of the congruent squares, as an axis. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

CONGRU’ITY. n. s. [from congrue.]
1. Suitableness; agreeableness.
Congruity of opinions to our natural constitution, is one
great incentive to their reception. Glanville.
2. Fitness; pertinence.
A whole sentence may fail of its congruity by wanting one
particle. Sidney.
3. Consequence of argument; reason; consistency.
With what congruity doth the church of Rome deny, that
her enemies do at all appertain to the church of Christ? Hook.
4. [In geometry.] Figures or lines which exactly correspond,
when laid over one another, are in congruity.

CO’NGRUMENT. n. s. [from congrue.] Fitness; adaptation.
The congrument and harmonious fitting of periods in a sen­
tence, hath almost the fastening and force of knitting and con­
nexion. Ben. Johnson's Discov.

CO’NGRUOUS. adj. [congruus, Latin.]
1. Agreeable to; consistent with.
The existence of God is so many ways manifest, and the
obedience we owe him so congruous to the light of reason,
that a great part of mankind give testimony to the law of
nature. Locke.
2. Suitable to; accommodated to; proportionate or commen­
surate.
The faculty is infinite, the object infinite, and they in­
finitely congruous to one another. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
3. Rational; fit.
Motives that address themselves to our reason, are fittest to
be employed upon reasonable creatures: it is no ways con­
gruous, that God should be always frightening men into an
acknowledgment of the truth. Atterbury.

CO’NGRUOUSLY. adv. [from congruous.] Suitably; pertinent­
ly; consistently.
This conjecture is to be regarded, because, congruously unto
it, one having warmed the bladder, found it then lighter than
the opposite weight. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

CO’NICAL. adj. [conicus, Latin.] Having the form of a
cone, or round pyramid.

CO’NICK. adj. [conicus, Latin.] Having the form of a
cone, or round pyramid.
Tow'ring firs in conick forms arise,
And with a pointed spear divide the skies. Prior.
A brown flint of a conick figure: the basis is oblong. Woodw.
They are conical vessels, with their bases towards the heart;
and as they pass on, their diameters grow still less and less.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CO’NICALLY. adv. [from conical.] In form of a cone.
In a watering pot, shaped conically, or like a sugar loaf,
filled with water, no liquor falls through the holes at the bot­
tom, whilst the gardener keeps his thumb upon the orifice at
the top. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

CO’NICALNESS. n. s. [from conical.] The state or quality of
being conical.

CONICK Section. n. s. A curve line arising from the section of
a cone by a plane.

CO’NICK Sections. n. s. That part of geometry which considers
the cone, and the curves arising from its
sections.

CO’NICKS. n. s. That part of geometry which considers
the cone, and the curves arising from its
sections.

To CONJE’CT. v. n. [conjectum, Lat.] To guess; to con­
jecture.
I intreat you then,
From one that but imperfectly conjects,
Your wisdom would not build yourself a trouble. Shakesp.

CONJE’CTOR. n. s. [from conject.] A guesser; a conjecturer.
For so conjectors would obtrude,
And from thy painted skin conclude. Swift.

CONJE’CTURABLE. adj. [from conjecture.] Being the object of
conjecture; possible to be guessed.

CONJE’CTURAL. adj. [from conjecture.] Depending on con­
jecture; said or done by guess.
They'll sit by th' fire, and presume to know
Who thrives, and who declines, side factions, and give out
Conjectural marriages. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Thou speak'st it falsely, as I love mine honour,
And mak'st conjectural fears to come into me. Shakespeare.
It were a matter of great profit, save that I doubt it is too
conjectural to venture upon, if one could discern what corn,
herbs, or fruits, are likely to be in plenty or scarcity. Bacon.
The two last words are not in Callimachus, and conse­
quently the rest are only conjectural, and an erroneous addi­
tion. Broom's Notes on the Odyssey.

CONJECTURA’LITY. n. s. [from conjectural.] That which de­
pends upon guess.
They have not recurred unto chronology, or the records of
time, but taken themselves unto probabilities, and the conjec­
turality of philosophy. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 1. 

CONJE’CTURALLY. adv. [from conjectural.] By guess; by
conjecture.
Whatsoever may be at any time out of Scripture, but pro­
bably and conjecturally surmised. Hooker, b. i.

CONJE’CTURE. n. s. [conjectura, Latin.]
1. Guess; imperfect knowledge; preponderation of opinion
without proof.
In the casting of lots a man cannot, upon any ground of
reason, bring the event of them so much as under conjecture.
South's Sermons.
2. Idea; notion; conception: not now in use.
Now entertain conjecture of a time,
When creeping murmur, and the poring dark,
Fills the wide vessel of the universe. Shakesp. Henry V.

To CONJE’CTURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To guess; to
judge by guess; to entertain an opinion upon bare probability.
When we look upon such things as equally may or may not
be, human reason can then, at the best, but conjecture what
will be. South's Sermons.

A CONJE’CTURER. n. s. [from conjecture.] A guesser; one
who forms opinion without proof.
If we should believe very grave conjecturers, carnivorous
animals now were not flesh devourers then. Brown's Vul. Err.
I shall leave the wise conjecturers to their own imaginations.
Addison, Spectator, No. 271. 

CONI’FEROUS. adj. [conus and fero, Latin.]
Such trees, shrubs, or herbs are coniferous as bear a squa­
mose scaly fruit, of a woody substance, and a figure approach­
ing to that of a cone, in which there are many seeds; and
when they are ripe, the several cells or partitions in the cone
gape or open, and the seeds drop out. Of this kind are the
fir, pine, beech, and the like. Quincy.

To CONJO’BBLE. v. a. [from con, together, and jobbernol, the
head.] To concert; to settle; to discuss. A low cant word.
What would a body think of a minister that should con­


jobble matters of state with tumblers, and confer politicks with
tinkers? L'Estrange.

To CONJO’IN. v. a. [conjoindre, Fr. conjungo, Latin.]
1. To unite; to consolidate into one.
Thou wrong'st Pirithous, and not him alone;
But, while I live, two friends conjoin'd in one. Dryden.
2. To unite in marriage.
If either of you know any inward impediment,
Why you should not be conjoin'd, I charge
You on your souls to utter it. Shakesp. Much ado, &c.
3. To associate; to connect.
Common and universal spirits convey the action of the
remedy into the part, and conjoin the virtue of bodies far
disjoined. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.
Men of differing interests can be reconciled in one com­
munion; at least, the designs of all can be conjoined in liga­
tures of the same reverence, and piety, and devotion. Taylor.
Let that which he learns next be nearly conjoined with what
he knows already. Locke.

To CONJO’IN. v. n. To league; to unite.
This part of his
Conjoins with my disease, and helps to end me. Sh. Henry IV.

CONJO’INT. adj. [conjoint, Fr.] United; connected; as­
sociate.

CONJO’INT Degrees. [In musick.] Two notes which imme­
diately follow each other in the order of the scale; as ut
and re. Dict.

CONJO’INTLY. adv. [from conjoint.] In union; together; in
association; jointly; not apart.
A gross and frequent error, commonly committed in the
use of doubtful remedies, conjointly with those that are of ap­
proved virtues. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.
The parts of the body separately, make known the passions
of the soul, or else conjointly one with the other. Dryden.

CO’NISOR. See COGNISOR.

CO’NJUGAL. adj. [conjugalis, Lat.] Matrimonial; belong­
ing to marriage; connubial.
Their conjugal affection still is ty'd,
And still the mournful race is multiply'd. Dryd. Fables.
I could not forbear commending the young woman for her
conjugal affection, when I found that she had left the good
man at home. Spectator, No. 499.
He mark't the conjugal dispute;
Nell roar'd incessant, Dick sat mute. Swift.

CO’NJUGALLY. adv. [from conjugal.] Matrimonially; con­
nubially.

To CO’NJUGATE. v. a. [conjugo, Latin.]
1. To join; to join in marriage; to unite.
Those drawing as well marriage as wardship, gave him
both power and occasion to conjugate at pleasure the Norman
and the Saxon houses. Wotton.
2. To inflect verbs; to decline verbs through their various ter­
minations.

CO’NJUGATE. n. s. [conjugatus, Latin.] Agreeing in deriva­
tion with another word, and therefore generally resembling in
signification.
His grammatical argument, grounded upon the derivation
of spontaneous from sponte, weighs nothing: we have learned
in logick, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not
in deed. Bramh. Answer to Hobbs.

CO’NJUGATE Diameter, or Axis. [In geometry.] A right line
bisecting the transverse diameter. Chambers.

CONJUGA’TION. n. s. [conjugatio, Latin.]
1. A couple; a pair.
The heart is so far from affording nerves unto other parts,
that it receiveth very few itself from the sixth conjugation or
pair of nerves. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 4.
2. The act of uniting or compiling things together.
All the various mixtures and conjugations of atoms do beget
nothing. Bentley's Sermons.
3. The form of inflecting verbs through their series of termi­
nations.
Have those who have writ so much about declensions and
conjugations, about concords and syntaxes, lost their labour,
and been learned to no purpose? Locke.
4. Union; assemblage.
The supper of the Lord is the most sacred, mysterious, and
useful conjugation of secret and holy things and duties. Taylor.

CONJU’NCT. adj. [conjunctus, Latin.] Conjoined; concur­
rent; united.
It pleas'd the king his master to strike at me,
When he, conjunct and flatt'ring his displeasure,
Tript me behind. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CONJU’NCTION. n. s. [conjunctio, Latin.]
1. Union; association; league.
With our small conjunction we should on,
To see how fortune is dispos'd to us. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He will unite the white rose and the red;
Smile, heaven, upon his fair conjunction,
That long hath frown'd upon their enmity. Shak. Rich. III.
The treaty gave abroad a reputation of a strict conjunction
and amity between them. Bacon's Henry VII.
Man can effect no great matter by his personal strength,
but as he acts in society and conjunction with others. South.
An invisible hand from heaven mingles hearts and souls
by strange, secret, and unaccountable conjunctions. South.
2. The congress of two planets in the same degree of the zodiack,
where they are supposed to have great power and influence.
God, neither by drawing waters from the deep, nor by any
conjunction of the stars, should bury them under a second
flood. Raleigh's History of the World.
Has not a poet more virtues and vices within his circle?
Cannot he observe their influences in their oppositions and
conjunctions, in their altitudes and depressions? He shall sooner
find ink than nature exhausted. Rymer's Tragedies of last Age.
Pompey and Cæsar were two stars of such a magnitude,
that their conjunction was as fatal as their opposition. Swift.
3. A word made use of to connect the clauses of a period toge­
ther, and to signify the relation they have to one another.
Clarke's Latin Grammar.

CONJU’NTCIVE. adj. [conjunctivus, Latin.]
1. Closely united: a sense not in use.
She's so conjunctive to my life and soul,
That as the star moves not but in his sphere,
I could not but by her. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
2. [In grammar.] The mood of a verb, used subsequently to
a conjunction.

CONJU’NCTIVELY. adv. [from conjunctive.] In union; not
apart.
These are good mediums conjunctively taken, that is, not
one without the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 9.

CONJU’NCTIVENESS. n. s. [from conjunctive.] The quality of
joining or uniting.

CONJU’NCTLY. adv. [from conjunct.] Jointly; together; not
apart.

CONJU’NCTURE. n. s. [conjoncture, French.]
1. Combination of many circumstances, or causes.
I never met with a more unhappy conjuncture of affairs than
in the business of that earl. King Charles.
Every virtue requires time and place, a proper object, and
a fit conjuncture of circumstances. Addison's Spectator, No. 257.
2. Occasion; critical time.
Such censures always attend such conjunctures, and find fault
for what is not done, as with that which is done. Clarendon.
3. Mode of union; connection.
He is quick to perceive the motions of articulation, and
conjunctures of letters in words. Holder's Elements of Speech.
4. Consistency.
I was willing to grant to presbytery what with reason it can
pretend to, in a conjuncture with episcopacy. King Charles.

CONJURA’TION. n. s. [from conjure.]
1. The form or act of summoning another in some sacred name.
We charge you, in the name of God, take heed:
Under this conjuration speak, my lord. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. A magical form of words; an incantation; an enchantment.
Your conjuration, fair knight, is too strong for my poor
spirit to disobey. Sidney.
What drugs, what charms,
What conjuration, and what mighty magick,
For such proceeding I am charg'd withal,
I won his daughter with? Shakespeare's Othello.
3. A plot; a conspiracy. Dict.

To CONJU’RE. v. a. [conjuro, Latin.]
1. To summon in a sacred name; to enjoin with the highest
solemnity.
He concluded with sighs and tears to conjure them, that
they would no more press him to consent to a thing so contrary
to his reason. Clarendon.
The church may address her sons in the form St. Paul does
the Philippians, when he conjures them to unity. Dec. of Piety.
I conjure you! Let him know,
Whate'er was done against him, Cato did it. Addis. Cato.
2. To conspire; to bind many by an oath to some common de­
sign. This sense is rare.
He in proud rebellious arms
Drew after him the third part of heav'n's sons,
Conjur'd against the highest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
3. To influence by magick; to affect by enchantment; to
charm
What black magician conjures up this fiend,
To stop devoted charitable deeds? Shakesp. Richard III.
What is he whose griefs
Bear such an emphasis? whose phrase of sorrow
Conjures the wand'ring stars, and makes them stand
Like wonder-wounded hearers? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
I thought their own fears, whose black arts first raised up
those turbulent spirits, would force them to conjure them down
again. King Charles.
You have conjured up persons that exist no where else but
on old coins, and have made our passions and virtues visible.
Addison on Ancient Medals.
4. It is to be observed, that when this word is used for summon
or conspire, its accent is on the last syllable, conjùre; when for
charm, on the first, cònjure.



To CO’NJURE. v. n. To practise charms or enchantments; to
enchant.
My invocation is honest and fair; and in his mistress's
name I conjure only but to raise up him. Shakes. Rom. and Jul.
Out of my door, you witch! you hag, you baggage, you
poulcat, you runaway! Out, out, out; I'll conjure you, I'll
fortunetell you. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

CO’NJURER. n. s. [from conjure.]
1. An enchanter; one that uses charms.
Good doctor Pinch, you are a conjurer;
Establish him in his true sense again. Shak. Com. of Errours.
Figures in the book
Of some dread conjurer, that would enforce nature. Donne.
Thus has he done you British consorts right,
Whose husbands, should they pry like mine to-night,
Would never find you in your conduct slipping,
Though they turn'd conjurers to take you tripping. Addison.
2. An impostor who pretends to secret arts; a cunning man.
From the account the loser brings,
The conj'rer knows who stole the things. Prior.
3. By way of irony; a man of shrewd conjecture; a man of
sagacity.
Though ants are very knowing, I don't take them to be
conjurers; and therefore they could not guess that I had put
some corn in that room. Addison, Guardian, No. 156.

CONJU’REMENT. n. s. [from conjure.] Serious injunction;
solemn demand.
I should not be induced but by your earnest intreaties and
serious conjurements. Milton on Education.

CONNA’SCENCE. n. s. [con and nascor, Latin.]
1. Common birth; production at the same time; community
of birth.
2. The act of uniting or growing together: improperly.
Symphysis denotes a connascence, or growing together.
Wiseman's Surgery.

CONNA’TE. adj. [from con and natus, Latin.] Born with an­
other; being of the same birth.
Many, who deny all connate notions in the speculative in­
tellect, do yet admit them in this. South.
Their dispositions to be reflected some at a greater, and
others at a less thickness, of thin plates or bubbles, are con­
nate with the rays, and immutable. Newton's Opt.

CONNA’TURAL. adj. [con and natural.]
1. Suitable to nature.
Whatever draws me on,
Or sympathy, or some connat'ral force,
Pow'rful at greatest distance to unite,
With secret amity. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 246.
2. United with the being; connected by nature.
First, in man's mind we find an appetite
To learn and know the truth of ev'ry thing,
Which is connatural, and born with it. Davies.
These affections are connatural to us, and as we grow up
so do they. L'Estrange.
3. Participation of the same nature.
Is there no way, besides
These painful passages, how we may come
To death, and mix with our connatural dust? Milt. Pa. Lost.

CONNATURA’LITY. n. s. [from connatural.] Participation of
the same nature; natural inseparability.
There is a connaturality and congruity between that know­
ledge and those habits, and that future estate of the soul. Hale.

CONNA’TURALLY. adv. [from connatural.] By the act of na­
ture; originally.
Some common notions seem connaturally engraven in the
soul, antecedently to discussive ratiocination. Hale.

CONNA’TURALNESS. n. s. [from connatural.] Participation of
the same nature; natural union.
Such is the connaturalness of our corruptions, except
we looked for an account hereafter. Pearson on the Creed.

To CONNE’CT. v. a. [connecto, Latin.]
1. To join; to link; to unite; to conjoin; to fasten together.
The corpuscles that constitute the quicksilver will be so con­
nected to one another, that, instead of a fluid body, they will
appear in the form of a red powder. Boyle.
2. To unite by intervention, as a cement.
The natural order of the connecting ideas must direct the
syllogisms, and a man must see the connection of each inter­
mediate idea with those that it connects, before he can use it in
a syllogism. Locke.
3. To join in a just series of thought, or regular construction
of language; as, the authour connects his reasons well.

To CONNE’CT. v. n. To cohere; to have just relation to
things precedent and subsequent. This is seldom used but in
conversation.

CONNE’CTIVELY. adv. [from connect.] In conjunction; in
union; jointly; conjointly; conjunctly.
The people's power is great and indisputable, whenever they
can unite connectively, or by deputation, to exert it. Swift.

To CONNE’X. v. a. [connexum, Latin.] To join or link toge­
ther; to fasten to each other.
Those birds who are taught some words or sentences, can
not connex their words or sentences in coherence with the
matter which they signify. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
They fly,
By chains connex'd, and with destructive sweep
Behead whole troops at once. Philips.

CONNE’XION. n. s. [from connex, or connexio, Lat.]
1. Union; junction; the act of fastening together; the state
of being fastened together.
My heart, which, by a secret harmony,
Still moves with thine, join'd in connexion sweet. Milton.
There must be a future state, where the eternal and inse­
parable connexion between virtue and happiness shall be mani­
fested. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Just relation to some thing precedent or subsequent; conse­
quence of argumentation; coherence.
The contemplation of the human nature doth, by a neces­
sary connexion and chain of causes, carry us up to the Deity.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Each intermediate idea must be such as, in the whole chain,
hath a visible connexion with those two it is placed between. Locke.
A conscious, wise, reflecting cause,
That can deliberate, means elect, and find
Their due connexion with the end design'd. Blackm. Creation.

CONNE’XIVE. adj. [from connex.] Having the force of con­
nexion; conjunctive.
The predicate and subject are joined in a form of words by
connexive particles. Watts's Logick.

CONNICTA’TION. n. s. [from connicto, Lat.] A winking. Dict.

CONNI’VANCE. n. s. [from connive.]
1. The act of winking: not in use.
2. Voluntary blindness; pretended ignorance; forbearance.
It is better to mitigate usury by declaration, than to suffer
it to rage by connivance. Bacon, Essay 42.
Disobedience, having gained one degree of liberty, will
demand another: every vice interprets a connivance an appro­
bation. South's Sermons.
A connivance to admit half, will produce ruinous effects.
Swift's Address to Parliament.

To CONNI’VE. v. n. [conniveo, Latin.]
1. To wink.
This artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, to con­
nive with either eye. Spectator, No. 305.
2. To pretend blindness or ignorance; to forbear; to pass un­
censured.
The licentiousness of inferiours, and the remissness of su­
periours, is such, that the one violates, and the other con­
nives. Decay of Piety.
With whatever colours he persuades authority to connive at
his own vices, he will desire its protection from the effects of
other men's. Rogers, Sermon 16.
He thinks it a scandal to government to connive at such
tracts as reject all revelation. Swift.

CONNOISSE’UR. n. s. [French.] A judge; a critick: it is
often used of a pretended critick.
Your lesson learnt, you'll be secure
To get the name of connoisseur. Swift.

To CO’NNOTATE. v. a. [con and nota, Lat.] To designate
something besides itself; to imply; to infer.
God's foreseeing doth not include or connotate predeter­
mining, any more than I decree with my intellect. Hammond.

CONNOTA’TION. n. s. [from connotate.] Implication of some­
thing besides itself; inference; illation.
By reason of the co-existence of one thing with another,
there ariseth a various relation or connotation between them.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To CONNO’TE. v. a. [con and nota, Latin.] To imply; to
betoken; to include.
Good, in the general notion of it, connotes also a certain
suitableness of it to some other thing. South's Sermons.

CONNU’BIAL. adj. [connubialis, Latin.] Matrimonial; nup­
tial; pertaining to marriage; conjugal.
Should second love a pleasing flame inspire,
And the chaste queen connubial rites require. Pope's Odyssey.

CO’NOID. n. s. [ϰωνοέιδης.] A figure partaking of a cone; ap­
proaching to the form of a cone.
The tympanum is not capable of tension as a drum: there
remains another way, by drawing it at the center into a conoid
form. Holder's Elements of Speech.

CONOI’DICAL. adj. [from conoid.] Approaching to a conick
form, to the form of a round pyramid.

To CONQUA’SSATE. v. a. [conquasso, Latin.] To shake;
to agitate.
Vomits do violently conquassate the lungs. Harvey.

CONQUASSA’TION. n. s. [from conquassate.] Agitation; con­
cussion.

To CO’NQUER. v. a. [conquerir, Fr. conquirere, Latin.]
1. To gain by conquest; to over-run; to win.
They had conquered them, and brought them under tribute.
1 Mac. viii. 2.
'Twas fit,
Who conquer'd nature, should preside o'er wit. Pope.
We conquer'd France, but felt our captive's charms. Pope.


2. To overcome; to subdue; to vanquish.
Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast;
Yet neither conqueror, nor conquer'd. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Anna conquers but to save,
And governs but to bless. Smith.
3. To surmount; to overcome; as, he conquered his reluctance.

To CO’NQUER. v. n. To get the victory; to overcome.
Put him to choler straight: he hath been used
Ever to conquer, and to have his word
Off contradiction. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Equal success had set these champions high,
And both resolv'd to conquer, or to die. Waller.
The logick of a conquering sword has no great propriety.
Decay of Piety.

CO’NQUERABLE. adj. [from conquer.] Possible to be overcome.
While the heap is small, and the particulars few, he will
find it easy and conquerable. South's Sermons.

CO’NQUEROR. n. s. [from conquer.]
1. A man that has obtained a victory; a victor.
Bound with triumphant garlands will I come,
And lead thy daughter to a conqueror's bed. Shakes. Rich. III.
A critick that attacks authors in reputation, is as the slave
who called out to the conqueror, Remember, Sir, that you are a
man. Addison's Guardian, No. 110.
2. One that subdues and ruins countries.
Deserving freedom more
Than those their conquerors, who leave behind
Nothing but ruin wheresoe'er they rove. Milt. Parad. Reg.
That tyrant god, that restless conqueror,
May quit his pleasure, to assert his pow'r. Prior.

CO’NQUEST. n. s. [conqueste, French.]
1. The act of conquering; subjection.
A perfect conquest of a country reduces all the people to the
condition of subjects. Davies on Ireland.
2. Acquisition by victory; thing gained.
More willingly I mention air,
This our old conquest; than remember hell,
Our hated habitation. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. i.
3. Victory; success in arms.
I must yield my body to the earth,
And by my fall, the conquest to my foe. Shakesp. Henry VI.
I'll lead thy daughter to a conqueror's bed;
To whom I will retail my conquest won,
And she shall be sole victress. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Not to be o'ercome, was to do more
Than all the conquests former kings did gain. Dryden.
In joys of conquest he resigns his breath,
And, fill'd with England's glory, smiles in death. Addison.

CONSANGUI’NEOUS. adj. [consanguineus, Lat.] Near of kin;
of the same blood; related by birth, not affined.
Am I not consanguineous? Am I not of her blood? Shakesp.

CONSANGUI’NITY. n. s. [consanguinitas, Latin.] Relation by
blood; relation by descent from one common progenitor.
Distinguished from affinity, or relation by marriage. Near­
ness of kin.
I've forgot my father;
I know no touch of consanguinity. Shakes. Troil. and Cressida.
There is the supreme and indissoluble consanguinity and so­
ciety between men in general; of which the heathen poet,
whom the apostle calls to witness, saith, We are all his ge­
neration. Bacon's Holy War.
The first original would subsist, though he outlived all
terms of consanguinity, and became a stranger unto his pro­
geny. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.
Christ has condescended to a cognation and consanguinity
with us. South's Sermons.

CONSARCINA’TION. n. s. [from consarcino, Latin, to piece.]
The act of patching together. Dict.

CO’NSCIENCE. n. s. [conscientia, Latin.]
1. The knowledge or faculty by which we judge of the goodness
or wickedness of ourselves.
When a people have no touch of conscience, no sense of their
evil doings, it is bootless to think to restrain them. Spenser.
On earth,
Who against faith, and conscience, can be heard
Infallible? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 529.
Such a conscience has not been wanting to itself, in endea­
vouring to get the clearest information about the will of God.
South's Sermons.
But why must those be thought to 'scape, that feel
Those rods of scorpions, and those whips of steel,
Which conscience shakes? Dryden's Juv. Sat. 13.
No courts created yet, nor cause was heard;
But all was safe, for conscience was their guard. Dryd. Ovid.
Conscience signifies that knowledge which a man hath of his
own thoughts and actions; and, because if a man judgeth
fairly of his actions, by comparing them with the law of
God, his mind will approve or condemn him, this knowledge
or conscience may be both an accuser and a judge. Swift.
2. Justice; the estimate of conscience; the determination of
conscience; honesty.
This is thank worthy, if a man, for conscience toward God,
endure grief. 1 Pet ii. 19.
Now is Cupid a child of conscience; he makes restitution
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
He had, against right and conscience, by shameful treachery,
intruded himself into another man's kingdom in Africk.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
What you require cannot, in conscience, be deferred beyond
this time. Milton.
Her majesty is, without question, obliged in conscience to
endeavour this by her authority, as much as by her practice.
Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.
3. Consciousness; knowledge of our own thoughts or actions.
Merit, and good works, is the end of man's motion; and
conscience of the same is the accomplishment of man's rest. Bac.
The reason why the simpler sort are moved with authority,
is the conscience of their own ignorance. Hooker, b. ii. s. 6.
The sweetest cordial we receive at last,
Is conscience of our virtuous actions past. Denham.
Hector was in an absolute certainty of death, and depressed
with the conscience of being in an ill cause. Pope.
4. Real sentiment; veracity; private thoughts.
Do'st thou in conscience think, tell me, Æmilia,
That there be women do abuse their husbands,
In such gross kind? Shakespeare's Othello.
They did in their consciences know, that he was not able to
send them any part of it. Clarendon, b. viii.
5. Scruple; difficulty.
We must make a conscience in keeping the just laws of su­
periours. Taylor's Holy Living.
Why should not the one make as much conscience of be­
traying for gold, as the other of doing it for a crust. L'Estr.
Children are travellers newly arrived in a strange country;
we should therefore make conscience not to mislead them. Locke.
6. In ludicrous language, reason; reasonableness.
Why do'st thou weep? Can'st thou the conscience lack,
To think I shall lack friends? Shakespeare's Timon.
Half a dozen fools are, in all conscience, as many as you
should require. Swift.

CONSCIE’NTIOUS. adj. [from conscience.] Scrupulous; exactly
just; regulated by conscience.
Lead a life in so conscientious a probity, as in thought, word
and deed to make good the character of an honest man. L'Estr.

CONSCIE’NTIOUSLY. adv. [from conscientious.] According to
the direction of conscience.
More stress has been laid upon the strictness of law, than
conscientiously did belong to it. L'Estrange.
There is the erroneous as well as the rightly informed con­
science; and if the conscience happens to be deluded, sin does
not therefore cease to be sin, because a man committed it con­
scientiously. South's Sermons.

CONSCIE’NTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from conscientious.] Exactness of
justice; tenderness of conscience.
It will be a wonderful conscientiousness in them, if they will
content themselves with less profit than they can make. Locke.

CO’NSCIONABLE. adj. [from conscience.] Reasonable; just;
according to conscience.
A knave, very voluble; no farther conscionable than in
putting on the meer form of civil and humane seeming. Shak.

CO’NSCIONABLENESS. n. s. [from conscionable.] Equity; rea­
sonableness. Dict.

CO’NSCIONABLY. adv. [from conscionable.] In a manner agree­
able to conscience; reasonably; justly.
A prince must be used conscionably as well as a common
person. Taylor's Holy Living.

CO’NSCIOUS. adj. [conscius, Latin.]
1. Endowed with the power of knowing one's own thoughts
and actions.
Matter hath no life nor perception, and is not conscious of
its own existence. Bentley's Sermons.
Among substances some are thinking or conscious beings, or
have a power of thought. Watts's Logick.
2. Knowing from memory; having the knowledge of any thing
without any new information.
The damsel then to Tancred sent,
Who conscious of th' occasion, fear'd th' event. Dryden.
3. Admitted to the knowledge of any thing; with to.
The rest stood trembling, struck with awe divine,
Æneas only conscious to the sign,
Presag'd th' event. Dryden's Æn.
Roses or honey cannot be thought to smell or taste their
own sweetness, or an organ be conscious to its musick, or gun­
powder to its flashing or noise. Bentley's Sermons.
4. Bearing witness by conscience to any thing.
The queen had been solicitous with the king on his be­
half, being conscious to herself that he had been encouraged by
her. Clarendon, b. viii.

CO’NSCIOUSLY. adv. [from conscious.] With knowledge of
one's own actions.
If these perceptions, with their consciousness, always re­
mained in the mind, the same thinking thing would be always
consciously present. Locke.



CO’NSCIOUSNESS. n. s. [from conscious.]
1. The perception of what passes in a man's own mind. Locke.
If spirit be without thinking, I have no idea of any thing
left; therefore consciousness must be its essential attribute. Watts.
Such ideas, no doubt, they would have had, had not their
consciousness to themselves, of their ignorance of them, kept
them from so idle an attempt. Locke.
2. Internal sense of guilt, or innocence.
No man doubts of a Supreme Being, until, from the con­
sciousness of his provocations, it become his interest there
should be none. Government of the Tongue, s. 3.
An honest mind is not in the power of a dishonest: to
break its peace, there must be some guilt or consciousness. Pope.

CO’NSCRIPT. adj. [from conscribo, Latin.] A term used in
speaking of the Roman senators, who were called Patres
conscripti, from their names being written in the register of
the senate.

CONSCRI’PTION. n. s. [conscriptio, Latin.] An enrolling or re­
gistering. Dict.

To CO’NSECRATE. v. a. [consecro, Latin.]
1. To make sacred; to appropriate to sacred uses.
Enter into the holiest by the blood of Jesus, by a new and
living way which he hath consecrated for us. Heb. x. 20.
The water consecrate for sacrifice,
Appears all black. Waller.
A bishop ought not to consecrate a church which the patron
has built for filthy gain to himself, and not for true devotion.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. To dedicate inviolably to some particular purpose, or per­
son; with to.
He shall consecrate unto the Lord the days of his separation,
and shall bring a lamb of the first year for a trespass offering.
Num. vi. 12.
3. To canonize.

CO’NSECRATE. adj. [from the verb.] Consecrated; sacred;
devoted; devote; dedicated.
Shouldst thou but hear I were licentious;
And that this body, consecrate to thee,
By ruffian lust should be contaminate. Shak. Com. of Err.
The cardinal standing before the choir, lets them know
that they were assembled in that consecrate place to sing unto
God. Bacon's Henry VII.
Into these secret shades, cry'd she,
How dar'st thou be so bold
To enter, consecrate to me;
Or touch this hallow'd mold? Drayton's Queen of Cynth.

CO’NSECRATER. n. s. [from consecrate.] One that performs
the rites by which any thing is devoted to sacred purposes.
Whether it be not against the notion of a sacrament, that
the consecrater alone should partake of it. Atterbury.

CONSECRA’TION. n. s. [from consecrate.]
1. A rite or ceremony of dedicating and devoting things or per­
sons to the service of God, with an application of certain
proper solemnities. Ayliffe's Parergon.
At the erection and consecration as well of the tabernacle as
of the temple, it pleased the Almighty to give a sign. Hooker.
The consecration of his God is upon his head. Num. vi. 7.
We must know that consecration makes not a place sa­
cred, but only solemnly declares it so: the gift of the owner
to God makes it God's, and consequently sacred. South.
2. The act of declaring one holy by canonization.
The Roman calendar swells with new consecrations of saints.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CO’NSECTARY. adj. [from consectarius, Lat.] Consequent;
consequential; following by consequence.
From the inconsistent and contrary determinations thereof,
consectary impieties and conclusions may arise. Brown.

CO’NSECTARY. n. s. [from the adjective.] Deduction from
premises; consequence; corollary.
These propositions are consectaries drawn from the observa­
tions. Woodward's Natural History.

CONSECU’TION. n. s. [consecutio, Latin.]
1. Train of consequences; chain of deductions; concatenation
of propositions.
Some consecutions are so intimately and evidently connexed
to or found in the premises, that the conclusion is attained,
and without any thing of ratiocinative progress. Hale.
2. Succession.
In a quick consecution of the colours, the impression of every
colour remains in the sensorium. Newton's Opt.
3. In astronomy.
The month of consecution, or, as some term it, of progres­
sion, is the space between one conjunction of the moon with
the sun unto another. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

CONSE’CUTIVE. adj. [consecutif, French.]
1. Following in train; uninterrupted; successive.
That obligation upon the lands did not come into disuse
but by fifty consecutive years of exemption. Arbuth. on Coins.
2. Consequential; regularly succeeding.
This is seeming to comprehend only the actions of a man,
consecutive to volition. Locke.

CONSE’CUTIVELY. adv. [from consecutive.] A term used in the
school philosophy, in opposition to antecedently, and some­
times to effectively or causally. Dict.

To CONSE’MINATE. v. a. [consemino, Latin.] To sow diffe­
rent seeds together. Dict.

CONSE’NSION. n. s. [consensio, Latin.] Agreement; accord.
A great number of such living and thinking particles could
not possibly, by their mutual contact, and pressing and striking,
compose one greater individual animal, with one mind and
understanding, and a vital consension of the whole body. Bentley.

CONSE’NT. n. s. [consensus, Latin.]
1. The act of yielding or consenting.
If you shall cleave to my consent, when 'tis,
It shall make honour for you. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I am far from excusing or denying that compliance; for
plenary consent it was not. King Charles.
When thou can'st truly call these virtues thine,
Be wise and free, by heav'n's consent and mine. Dryd. Pers.
2. Concord; agreement; accord; unity of opinion.
The fighting winds would stop there and admire,
Learning, consent and concord from his lyre. Cowley's David.
3. Coherence with; relation to; correspondence.
Demons found
In fire, air, flood, or under ground,
Whose power hath a true consent
With planet or with element. Milton.
4. Tendency to one point; joint operation.
Such is the world's great harmony that springs
From union, order, full consent of things. Pope's Ess. on Man.
5. In physick.
The perception one part has of another, by means of some
fibres and nerves common to them both; and thus the stone in
the bladder, by vellicating the fibres there, will effect and
draw them so into spasms, as to affect the bowels in the same
manner by the intermediation of nervous threads, and cause a
colick; and extend their twiches sometimes to the stomach,
and occasion vomitings. Quincy.

To CONSE’NT. v. n. [consentio, Latin.]
1. To be of the same mind; to agree.
2. To co-operate to the same end.
3. To yield; to give consent; to allow; to admit. With to.
Ye comets, scourge the bad revolting stars
That have consented unto Henry's death. Shakes. Henry VI.
In this we consent unto you, if ye will be as we be. Genesis.
Their num'rous thunder would awake
Dull earth, which does with heav'n consent
To all they wrote. Waller.

CONSENTA’NEOUS. adj. [consentaneus, Latin.] Agreeable to;
consistent with.
In the picture of Abraham sacrificing his son, Isaac is de­
scribed a little boy; which is not consentaneous unto the cir­
cumstance of the text. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 8.
It will cost no pains to bring you to the knowing, nor to
the practice, it being very agreeable and consentaneous to every
one's nature. Hammond's Practical Catechism.

CONSENTA’NEOUSLY. adv. [from consentaneous.] Agreeably;
consistently; suitably.
Paracelsus did not always write so consentaneously to himself,
that his opinions were confidently to be collected from every
place of his writings, where he seems to express it. Boyle.

CONSENTA’NEOUSNESS. n. s. [from consentaneous.] Agree­
ment; consistence. Dict.

CONSE’NTIENT. adj. [consentiens, Latin.] Agreeing; united
in opinion; not differing in sentiment.
The authority due to the consentient judgment and practice
of the universal church. Oxford Reasons against the Covenant.

CO’NSEQUENCE. n. s. [consequentia, Latin.]
1. That which follows from any cause or principle.
2. Event; effect of a cause.
Spirits that know
All mortal consequences have pronounc'd it. Shakes. Macbeth.
Shun the bitter consequence; for know,
The day thou eatest thereof, thou shalt die. Milt. Pa. Lost.
3. Proposition collected from the agreement of other previous
propositions; deduction; conclusion.
It is no good consequence, that because reason aims at our
being happy, therefore it forbids us all voluntary sufferings.
Decay of Piety.
4. The last proposition of a syllogism; as, what is commanded by
our Saviour is our duty: prayer is commanded, therefore prayer is
our duty.
Can syllogism set things right?
No, majors soon with minors fight:
Or both in friendly consort join'd,
The consequence limps false behind. Prior.
5. Concatenation of causes and effects.
Sorrow being the natural and direct offer of sin, that which
first brought sin into the world, must, by necessary consequence,
bring in sorrow too. South's Sermons.
I felt
That I must after thee, with this thy son:
Such fatal consequence unites us three. Milton's Paradise Lost.
6. That which produces consequences; influence; tendency.


As it is asserted without any colour of scripture-proof, so
it is of very ill consequence to the superstructing of good life.
Hammond on Fundamentals.
7. Importance; moment.
The instruments of darkness
Win us with honest trifles, to betray us
In deepest consequence. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The anger of Achilles was of such consequence, that it em­
broiled the kings of Greece. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.
Their common people are sunk in poverty, ignorance and
cowardice; and of as little consequence as women and children.
Swift's Presbyterian Plea of Merit.

CO’NSEQUENT. adj. [consequens, Latin.]
1. Following by rational deduction.
2. Following as the effect of a cause. With to.
It was not a power possible to be inherited, because the
right was consequent to, and built on, an act perfectly per­
sonal. Locke.
3. Sometimes with upon.
This satisfaction or dissatisfaction, consequent upon a man's
acting suitably or unsuitably to conscience, is a principle not
easily to be worn out. South's Sermons.

CO’NSEQUENT. n. s. 
1. Consequence; that which follows from previous propositions
by rational deduction.
Doth it follow that they, being not the people of God, are in
nothing to be followed? This consequent were good, if only
the custom of the people of God is to be observed. Hooker.
2. Effect; that which follows an acting cause.
They were ill paid; and they were ill governed, which is
always a consequent of ill payment. Davies on Ireland.
He could see consequents yet dormant in their principles, and
effects yet unborn. South's Sermons.

CONSEQUE’NTIAL. adj. [from consequent.]
1. Produced by the necessary concatenation of effects to causes.
We sometimes wrangle, when we should debate;
A consequential ill which freedom draws;
A bad effect, but from a noble cause. Prior.
2. Having the consequences justly connected with the premises;
conclusive.
Though these kind of arguments may seem obscure; yet,
upon a due consideration of them, they are highly consequen­
tial, and concludent to my purpose. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CONSEQUE’NTIALLY. adv. [from consequential.]
1. With just deduction of consequences; with right connection
of ideas.
No body writes a book without meaning something, though
he may not have the faculty of writing consequentially, and ex­
pressing his meaning. Addison's Whig Examiner.
2. By consequence; not immediately; eventually.
This relation is so necessary, that God himself cannot dis­
charge a rational creature from it; although consequentially in­
deed he may do so, by the annihilation of such creatures. South.
3. In a regular series.
Were a man a king in his dreams, and a beggar awake,
and dreamt consequentially, and in continued unbroken
schemes, would he be in reality a king or a beggar? Addison.

CONSEQUE’NTIALNESS. n. s. [from consequential.] Regular
consecution of discourse. Dict.

CO’NSEQUENTLY. adv. [from consequent.]
1. By consequence; necessarily; inevitably; by the connection
of effects to their causes.
In the most perfect poem a perfect idea was required, and
consequently all poets ought rather to imitate it. Dryd. Dufresn.
The place of the several sorts of terrestrial matter, sustained
in the fluid, being contingent and uncertain, their intermix­
tures with each other are consequently so. Woodward.
2. In consequence; pursuantly.
There is consequently, upon this distinguishing principle, an
inward satisfaction or dissatisfaction in the heart of every man,
after good or evil. South's Sermons.

CO’NSEQUENTNESS. n. s. [from consequent.] Regular connec­
tion of propositions; consecution of discourse.
Let them examine the consequentness of the whole body of
the doctrine I deliver. Digby on the Soul, Dedication.

CONSE’RVABLE. adj. [from conservo, Latin, to keep.] Capable
of being kept, or maintained.

CONSE’RVANCY. n. s. [from conservans, Latin.] Courts held
by the Lord Mayor of London for the preservation of the
fishery on the river Thames, are called Courts of Conservancy.

CONSERVA’TION. n. s. [conservatio, Latin.]
1. The act of preserving; care to keep from perishing; conti­
nuance; protection.
Though there do indeed happen some alterations in the
globe, yet they are such as tend rather to the benefit and con­
servation of the earth, and its productions, than to the disor­
der and destruction of both. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Preservation from corruption.
It is an enquiry of excellent use, to enquire of the means
of preventing or staying of putrefaction; for therein consist­
eth the means of conservation of bodies. Bacon's Nat. History.

CONSE’RVATIVE. adj. [from conservo, Latin.] Having the
power of opposing diminution or injury.
The spherical figure, as to all heavenly bodies, so it agree­
eth to light, as the most perfect and conservative of all
others. Peacham.

CONSERVA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] Preserver; one that has the
care or office of keeping any thing from detriment, diminu­
tion, or extinction.
For that you declare that you have many sick amongst you,
he was warned by the conservator of the city, that he should
keep at a distance. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The lords of the secret council were likewise made conser­
vators of the peace of the two kingdoms, during the intervals
of parliament. Clarendon.
Such individuals as are the single conservators of their own
species. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CONSE’RVATORY. n. s. [from conservo, Latin.] A place where
any thing is kept in a manner proper to its peculiar nature;
as, fish in a pond, corn in a granary.
A conservatory of snow and ice, such as they use for deli­
cacy to cool wine in summer. Bacon's Natural History, No. 70.
You may set your tender trees and plants, with the win­
dows and doors of the greenhouses and conservatories open,
for eight or ten days before April. Evelyn's Kalendar.
The water dispensed to the earth and atmosphere by the
great abyss, that subterranean conservatory is by that means
restored back. Woodward's Natural History.

CONSE’RVATORY. adj. Having a preservative quality. Dict.

To CONSE’RVE. v. a. [conservo, Latin.]
1. To preserve without loss or detriment.
Nothing was lost out of these stores, since the part of con­
serving what others have gained in knowledge is easy. Temple.
They will be able to conserve their properties unchanged in
passing through several mediums, which is another condition
of the rays of light. Newton's Opt.
2. To candy or pickle fruit.

CONSE’RVE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sweetmeat made of the inspissated juices of fruit, boiled with
sugar 'till they will harden and candy.
Will't please your honour, taste of these conserves? Shak.
They have in Turkey and the East certain confections,
which they call servets, which are like to candied conserves,
and are made of sugar and lemons. Bacon's Natural History.
The more cost they were at, and the more sweets they be­
stowed upon them, the more their conserves stunk. Dennis.
2. A conservatory or place in which any thing is kept. This
sense is unusual.
Tuberoses will not endure the wet of this season, therefore
set the pots into your conserve, and keep them dry. Evelyn.

CONSE’RVER. n. s. [from conserve.]
1. A layer up; a repositer; one that preserves any thing from
loss or diminution.
He hath been most industrious, both collecter and conserver
of choice pieces in that kind. Hayward on Edward VI.
In the Eastern regions there seems to have been a general
custom of the priests having been the perpetual conservers of
knowledge and story. Temple.
2. A preparer of conserves.

CONSE’SSION. n. s. [consessio, Latin.] A sitting together. Dict.

CONSE’SSOR. n. s. [Latin.] One that sits with others. Dict.

To CONSI’DER. v. a. [considero, Latin.]
1. To think upon with care; to ponder; to examine; to sift;
to study.
At our more consider'd time we'll read,
Answer, and think upon this business. Shakesp. Ham'et.
It is not possible to act otherwise, considering the weakness
of our faculties. Spectator, No. 465.
2. To take into the view; not to omit in the examination.
It seems necessary, in the choice of persons for greater em­
ployments, to consider their bodies as well as their minds, and
ages and health as well as their abilities. Temple.
3. To have regard to; to respect; not to despise.
Let us consider one another to provoke unto love, and to
good works. Heb. x. 24.
4. A kind of interjection; a word whereby attention is sum­
moned.
Consider,
Thy life hath yet been private, most part spent
At home. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iii. l. 229.
5. To requite; to reward one for his trouble.
Take away with thee the very services thou hast done,
which, if I have not enough considered, to be more thankful to
thee shall be my study. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

To CONSI’DER. v. n. 
1. To think maturely; not to judge hastily or rashly.
None considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge
nor understanding. Isaiah xliv. 1. 
2. To deliberate; to work in the mind.
Widow, we will consider of your suit;
And come some other time to know our mind. Shak. H. VI.
Such a treatise might be consulted by Jurymen, before they
consider of their verdict. Swift.
3. To doubt; to hesitate.
Many maz'd considerings did throng,
And press'd in with this caution. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.


'Twas grief no more, or grief and rage were one
Within her soul; at last 'twas rage alone,
Which burning upwards, in succession dries
The tears that stood considering in her eyes. Dryden's Fables.

CONSI’DERABLE. adj. [from consider.]
1. Worthy of consideration; worthy of regard and attention.
Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration. Tillotson.
It is considerable that some urns have had inscriptions on
them, expressing that the lamps were burning. Wilkins.
2. Respectable; above neglect; deserving notice.
Men considerable in all worthy professions, eminent in many
ways of life. Sprat's Sermons.
I am so considerable a man, that I cannot have less than forty
shillings a year. Addison's Freeholder, No. 1. 
3. Important; valuable.
Christ, instead of applauding St. Peter's zeal, upbraided
his absurdity that could think his mean aids considerable to him,
who could command legions of angels to his rescue. Dec. of Pi.
In painting, not every action nor every person is consider­
able enough to enter into the cloth. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Many can make themselves masters of as considerable estates
as those who have the greatest portions of land. Addison.
4. More than a little. It has a middle signification between
little and great.
Many had brought in very considerable sums of money.
Clarendon, b. viii.
Those earthy particles, when they came to be collected,
would constitute a body of a very considerable thickness and
solidity. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

CONSI’DERABLENESS. n. s. [from considerable.] Importance;
dignity; moment; value; desert; a claim to notice.
We must not always measure the considerableness of things
by their most obvious and immediate usefulness, but by their
fitness to make or contribute to the discovery of things highly
useful. Boyle's Proemial Essay.
Their most slight and trivial occurrences, by being theirs,
they think to acquire a considerableness, and are forcibly im­
posed upon the company. Government of the Tongue, s. 9.

CONSI’DERABLY. adv. [from considerable.]
1. In a degree deserving notice, though not the highest.
And Europe still considerably gains,
Both by their good example and their pains. Roscommon.
2. With importance; importantly.
I desire no sort of favour so much, as that of serving you
more considerably than I have been yet able to do. Pope.

CONSI’DERANCE. n. s. [from consider.] Consideration; reflec­
tion; sober thought.
After this cold consid'rance, sentence me;
And, as you are a king, speak in your state,
What I have done that misbecame my place. Shak. H. IV.

CONSI’DERATE. adj. [consideratus, Latin.]
1. Serious; given to consideration; prudent; not rash; not
negligent.
I will converse with iron-witted fools,
And unrespective boys: none are for me,
That look into me with consid'rate eyes. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Æneas is patient, considerate, and careful of his people.
Dryden's Fables, Preface.
I grant it to be in many cases certain, that it is such as a
considerate man may prudently rely and proceed upon, and
hath no just cause to doubt of. Tillotson, Preface.
The expediency in the present juncture, may appear to
every considerate man. Addison's Freeholder, No. 16.
2. Having respect to; regardful.
Though they will do nothing for virtue, yet they may be
presumed more considerate of praise. Decay of Piety.
3. Moderate; not rigorous. This sense is much used in con­
versation.

CONSI’DERATELY. adv. [from considerate.] Calmly; coolly;
prudently.
Circumstances are of such force, as they sway an ordinary
judgment of a wise man, not fully and considerately pondering
the matter. Bacon's Colours of Good and Evil.

CONSI’DERATENESS. n. s. [from considerate.] The quality of
being considerate; prudence. Dict.

CONSIDERA’TION. n. s. [from consider.]
1. The act of considering; mental view; regard; notice.
As to present happiness and misery, when that alone comes
in consideration, and the consequences are removed, a man
never chuses amiss. Locke.
2. Mature thought; prudence; serious deliberation.
Let us think with consideration, and consider with acknow­
ledging, and acknowledge with admiration. Sidney.
The breath no sooner left his father's body,
But that his wildness mortified in him;
Consideration, like an angel, came,
And whipt th' offending Adam out of him. Shakesp. H. V.
3. Contemplation; meditation upon any thing.
The love you bear to Mopsa hath brought you to the consi­
deration of her virtues, and that consideration may have made
you the more virtuous, and so the more worthy. Sidney.
4. Importance; claim to notice; worthiness of regard.
Lucan is the only author of consideration among the Latin
poets, who was not explained for the use of the dauphin,
because the whole Pharsalia would have been a satire upon the
French form of government. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.
5. Equivalent; compensation.
We are provident enough not to part with any thing ser­
viceable to our bodies under a good consideration, but make lit­
tle account of our souls. Ray on the Creation.
Foreigners can never take our bills for payment, though
they might pass as valuable considerations among your own
people. Locke.
6. Motive of action; influence; ground of conduct.
He had been made general upon very partial, and not
enough deliberated considerations. Clarendon, b. viii.
He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to
search an asylum. Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedication.
The world cannot pardon your concealing it, on the same
consideration. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
7. Reason; ground of concluding.
Not led by any commandment, yet moved with such consi­
derations as have been before set down. Hooker, b. v. s. 95.
Uses, not thought upon before, be reasonable causes of re­
taining that which other considerations did procure to be in­
stituted. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
8. [In law.] Consideration is the material cause of a contract,
without which no contract bindeth. It is either expressed, as
if a man bargain to give twenty shillings for a horse; or else
implied, as when a man comes into an inn, and taking both
meat and lodging for himself and his horse, without bargain­
ing with the host, if he discharge not the house, the host may
stay his horse. Cowel.
The consideration, in regard whereof the law forbiddeth
these things, was not because those nations did use them. Hook.

CONSI’DERER. n. s. [from consider.] A man of reflection;
a thinker.
A vain applause of wit for an impious jest, or of reason
for a deep considerer. Government of the Tongue.

To CONSI’GN. v. a. [consigno, Latin.]
1. To give to another any thing, with the right to it, in a
formal manner; to give into other hands; to transfer.
Sometimes with to, sometimes over to.
Men, by free gift, consign over a place to the Divine Wor­
ship. South.
Must I pass
Again to nothing, when this vital breath
Ceasing, consigns me o'er to rest and death? Prior.
At the day of general account, good men are then to be
consigned over to another state, a state of everlasting love and
charity. Atterbury.
2. To appropriate; to quit for a certain purpose
The French commander consigned it to the use for which it
was intended by the donor. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
3. To commit; to entrust.
The four evangelists consigned to writing that history. Addis.
Atrides, parting for the Trojan war,
Consign'd the youthful consort to his care. Pope's Odyssey.

To CONSI’GN. v. n. 
1. To yield; to submit; to resign. This is not now in use.
Thou hast finish'd joy and moan;
All lovers young, all lovers must
Consign to thee, and come to dust. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. To sign; to consent to. Obsolete.
A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty:
it were, my lord, a hard condition for a maid to consign to. Sh.

CONSIGNA’TION. n. s. [from consign.]
1. The act of consigning; the act by which any thing is deli­
vered up to another.
As the hope of salvation is a good disposition towards it, so
is despair a certain consignation to eternal ruin. Taylor.
2. The act of signing.
If we find that we increase in duty, then we may look
upon the tradition of the holy sacramental symbols as a direct
consignation of pardon. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

CONSI’GNMENT. n. s. [from consign.]
1. The act of consigning.
2. The writing by which any thing is consigned.

CONSI’MILAR. adj. [from consimilis, Latin.] Having one com­
mon resemblance. Dict.

To CONSI’ST. v. n. [consisto, Latin.]
1. To subsist; not to perish.
He is before all things, and by him all things consist. Col. i.
2. To continue fixed; without dissipation.
Flame doth not mingle with flame, as air doth with air, or
water with water, but only remaineth contiguous; as it
cometh to pass betwixt consisting bodies. Bacon's Nat. History.
It is against the nature of water, being a flexible and pon­
derous body, to consist and stay itself, and not fall to the lower
parts about it. Brerewood on Languages.
3. To be comprised; to be contained.
I pretend not to tie the hands of artists, whose skill consists
only in a certain manner which they have affected. Dryden.
A great beauty of letters does often consist in little passages of
private conversation, and references to particular matters. Walsh.
4. To be composed.


The land would consist of plains and valleys, and mountains,
according as the pieces of this ruin were placed and disposed.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
5. To agree; not to oppose; not to contradict.
Necessity and election cannot consist together in the same
act. Bramhal against Hobbs.
His majesty would be willing to consent to any thing that
could consist with his conscience and honour. Clarendon, b. viii.
Nothing but what may easily consist with your plenty, your
prosperity, is requested of you. Sprat's Sermons.
You could not help bestowing more than is consisting with
the fortune of a private man, or with the will of any but an
Alexander. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
It cannot consist with the Divine Attributes, that the im­
pious man's joys should, upon the whole, exceed those of the
upright. Atterbury.
Health consists with temperance alone. Pope's Ess. on Man.
The only way of securing the constitution will be by les­
sening the power of domestick adversaries, as much as can
consist with lenity. Swift's Thoughts on the State of Affairs.

CONSI’STENCE. n. s. [consistentia, low Latin.]

CONSI’STENCY. n. s. [consistentia, low Latin.]
1. State with respect to material existence.
Water, being divided, maketh many circles, 'till it restore
itself to the natural consistence. Bacon's Natural History.
The consistencies of bodies are very divers: dense, rare,
tangible, pneumatical, volatile, fixed, determinate, indeter­
minate, hard, and soft. Bacon's Natural History, No. 839.
There is the same necessity for the Divine influence and
regimen to order and govern, conserve and keep together the
universe in that consistence it hath received, as it was at first to
give it, before it could receive it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
I carried on my enquiries farther, to try whether this rising
world, when formed and finished, would continue always the
same, in the same form, structure, and consistency. Burnet.
2. Degree of denseness or rarity.
Let the expressed juices be boiled into the consistence of a
syrup. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Substance; form; make.
His friendship is of a noble make, and a lasting consistency.
South's Sermons.
4. Agreement with itself, or with any other thing; congruity;
uniformity.
That consistency of behaviour, whereby he inflexibly pur­
sues those measures, which appear the most just and equitable.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 2.
5. A state of rest, in which things capable of growth or decrease
continue for some time at a stand, without either; as the
growth, consistence, and return of a tree. Chambers.

CONSI’STENT. adj. [consistens, Latin.]
1. Not contradictory; not opposed.
With reference to such a lord, to serve and to be free, are
terms not consistent only, but equivalent. South's Sermons.
A great part of their politicks others do not think consistent
with honour to practise. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
On their own axis as the planets run,
Yet make at once their circle round the sun;
So two consistent motions act the soul,
And one regards itself, and one the whole. Pope's Essays.
Shew me one that has it in his power
To act consistent with himself an hour. Pope's Epist. of Hor.
The fool consistent, and the false sincere;
Priests, princes, women, no dissemblers here. Pope's Epist.
2. Firm; not fluid.
The sand, contained within the shell, becoming solid and
consistent, at the same time that of the stratum without it
did. Woodward's Natural History, p. v.

CONSI’STENTLY. adv. [from consistent.] Without contradic­
tion; agreeably.
The Phœnicians are of this character, and the poet de­
scribes them consistently with it: they are proud, idle, and effe­
minate. Broom's Notes on the Odyssey, b. vii.

CONSISTO’RIAL. adj. [from consistory.] Relating to the eccle­
siastical court.
An official, or chancellor, has the same consistorial audience
with the bishop himself that deputes him. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CO’NSISTORY. n. s. [consistorium, Latin.]
1. The place of justice in the court Christian. Cowel.
An offer was made, that, for every one minster, there
should be two of the people to sit and give voice in the eccle­
siastical consistory. Hooker, Preface.
Pius Quintus was then hearing of causes in consistory.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 98.
Christ himself, in that great consistory, shall deign to step
down from his throne. South's Sermons.
2. The assembly of cardinals.
How far I've proceeded,
Or how far further shall, is warranted
By a commission from the consistory,
Yea the whole consist'ry of Rome. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
A late prelate, of remarkable zeal for the church, were
religions to be tried by lives, would have lived down the pope
and the whole consistory. Atterbury.
3. Any solemn assembly.
In mid air
To council summons all his mighty peers
Within thick clouds, and dark tenfold involv'd,
A gloomy consistory. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. i.
At Jove's assent the deities around,
In solemn state the consistory crown'd. Pope's Statius.
4. Place of residence.
My other self, my counsel's consistory, my oracle,
I, as a child, will go by thy direction. Shakesp. Rich. III.

CONSO’CIATE. n. s. [from consocio, Latin.] An accom­
plice; a confederate; a partner.
Patridge and Stanhope were condemned as consociates in the
conspiracy of Somerset. Hayward.

To CONSO’CIATE. v. a. [consocio, Latin.]
1. To unite; to join.
Generally the best outward shapes are also the likeliest to
be consociated with good inward faculties. Wotton on Educat.
2. To cement; to hold together.
The ancient philosophers always brought in a supernatural
principle to unite and consociate the parts of the chaos. Burnet.

To CO’NSOCIATE. v. n. To coalesce; to unite.
If they cohered, yet by the next conflict with other atoms
they might be separated again, without ever consociating into
the huge condense bodies of planets. Bentley's Sermons.

CONSOCIA’TION. n. s. [from consociate.]
1. Alliance.
There is such a consociation of offices between the prince
and whom his favour breeds, that they may help to sustain his
power, as he their knowledge. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
2. Union; intimacy; companionship.
By so long and so various consociation with a prince, he had
now gotten, as it were, two lives in his own fortune and
greatness. Wotton.

CONSO’LABLE. adj. [from console.] That which admits
comfort.

To CO’NSOLATE. v. a. [consolor, Latin.] To comfort; to con­
sole; to ease in misery.
I will be gone,
That pitiful rumour may report my flight,
To consolate thine ear. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
What may somewhat consolate all men that honour virtue,
we do not discover the latter scene of his misery in authors of
antiquity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 17.

CONSOLA’TION. n. s. [consolatio, Latin.] Comfort; alleviation
of misery; such alleviation as is produced by partial
remedies.
We that were in the jaws of death, were now brought into
a place where we found nothing but consolations. Bacon.
Against such cruelties,
With inward consolations recompens'd;
And oft supported so, as shall amaze
Their proudest persecutors. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Let the righteous persevere with patience, supported with
this consolation, that their labour shall not be in vain. Rogers.

CONSOLA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] A comforter.

CONSO’LATORY. n. s. [from consolate.] A speech or writing
containing topicks of comfort.
Consolatories writ
With studied argument, and much persuasion sought,
Lenient of grief and anxious thought. Milton's Agonistes.

CONSO’LATORY. adj. [from consolate.] Tending to give
comfort.

To CONSO’LE. v. a. [consolor, Lat.] To comfort; to cheer;
to free from the sense of misery.
Others the syren sisters compass round,
And empty heads console with empty sound. Pope's Dunciad.

CONSO’LE. n. s. [French.] In architecture, is a part or
member projecting in manner of a bracket, or shoulder-piece,
serving to support a cornice, bust, vase, beam, and frequently
used as keys of arches. Chambers.

CONSO’LER. n. s. [from console.] One that gives comfort.
Pride once more appears upon the stage, as the great con­
soler of the miseries of man. Comment. on Pope's Ess. on Man.

CONSO’LIDANT. adj. [from consolidate.] That which has the
quality of uniting wounds.

To CONSO’LIDATE. v. a. [consolider, Fr. solidus, Latin.]
1. To form into a compact and solid body; to harden; to unite
into a solid mass.
The word may be rendered either he stretched, or he fixed
and consolidated the earth above the waters. Burnet's Theory.
The effects of spirits in stopping hemorrhages, and conso­
lidating the fibres, is well known to chirurgeons. Arbuthnot.
2. To combine or unite two parliamentary bills into one.

To CONSO’LIDATE. v. n. To grow firm, hard, or solid.
In hurts and ulcers in the head, dryness maketh them more
apt to consolidate. Bacon's Natural History, No. 785.
The sand, sparry, and flinty matter was then soft, and sus­
ceptible of any form in these shelly moulds; and it consoli­
dated, and became hard afterwards. Woodward's Nat. History.

CONSOLIDA’TION. n. s. [from consolidate.]
1. The act of uniting into a solid mass.


The consolidation of the marble, and of the stone, did not
fall out at random. Woodward's Natural History.
2. The annexing of one bill in parliament to another.
3. In law, it is used for the combining and uniting of two be­
nefices in one. Cowel.

CONSO’LIDATIVE. adj. [from consolidate.] That which has the
quality of healing wounds. Dict.

CO’NSONANCE. n. s. [consonance, Fr. consonans, Latin.]

CO’NSONANCY. n. s. [consonance, Fr. consonans, Latin.]
1. Accord of sound.
The two principal consonances that most ravish the ear, are,
by the consent of all nature, the fifth and the octave. Wotton.
And winds and waters flow'd
In consonance. Thomson's Spring.
2. Consistency; congruence; agreeableness.
Such decisions held consonancy and congruity with resolutions
and decisions of former times. Hale's Law of England.
I have thus largely set down this, to shew the perfect consonancy
of our persecuted church to the doctrine of scripture and an­
tiquity. Hammond on Fundamentals.
3. Agreement; concord; friendship. A sense now not used.
Let me conjure you by the rights of our fellowship, by
the consonancy of our youth. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

CO’NSONANT. adj. [consonans, Lat.] Agreeable; accord­
ing; consistent: followed by either with or to.
Were it consonant unto reason to divorce these two sen­
tences, the former of which doth shew how the latter is re­
strained? Hooker.
That where much is given there shall be much required, is
a thing consonant with natural equity. Decay of Piety.
Religion looks consonant to itself. Decay of Piety.
He discovers how consonant the account which Moses hath
lest, of the primitive earth, is to this from nature. Woodward.

CO’NSONANT. n. s. [consonans, Latin.] A letter which cannot
be sounded, or but imperfectly, by itself.
In all vowels the passage of the mouth is open and free,
without any appulse of an organ of speech to another: but in
all consonants there is an appulse of the organs, sometimes (if
you abstract the consonants from the vowels) wholly precluding
all sound; and, in all of them, more or less checking and
abetting it. Holder's Elements of Speech.
He considered these as they had a greater mixture of vowels
or consonants, and accordingly employed them as the verse re­
quired a greater smoothness. Pope's Essay on Homer.

CO’NSONANTLY. adv. [from consonant.] Consistently; agree­
ably.
This as consonantly it preacheth, teacheth, and delivereth,
as if but one tongue did speak for all. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Ourselves are formed according to that mind which frames
things consonantly to their respective natures. Glanv. Sceps. c. 1. 
If he will speak consonantly to himself, he must say that hap­
pened in the original constitution. Tillotson.

CO’NSONANTNESS. n. s. [from consonant.] Agreeableness; con­
sistency. Dict.

CO’NSONOUS. adj. [consonus, Latin.] Agreeing in sound;
symphonious.

CONSOPIA’TION. n. s. [from consopio, Latin.] The act of lay­
ing to sleep.
One of his maxims is, that a total abstinence from intem­
perance is no more philosophy than a total consopiation of the
senses is repose. Digby to Pope.

CO’NSORT. n. s. [consors, Latin. It had anciently the accent
on the latter syllable, but has it now on the former.]
1. Companion; partner; generally a partner of the bed; a
wife or husband.
Male he created thee; but thy consort
Female for race: then bless'd mankind, and said,
Be fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth. Milton's Par. Lost.
Thy Bellona, who the consort came,
Not only to thy bed, but to thy fame. Denham.
He single chose to live, and shun'd to wed,
Well pleas'd to want a consort of his bed. Dryden's Fables.
His warlike amazon her host invades,
Th' imperial consort of the crown of Spades. Pope.
2. An assembly; a divan; a consultation.
In one consort there sat
Cruel revenge, and rancorous despite,
Disloyal treason, and heart-burning hate. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
3. A number of instruments playing together; a symphony.
This is probably a mistake for concert.
A consort of musick in a banquet of wine, is as a signet of
carbuncle set in gold. Ecclus. xxxii. 5.
4. Concurrence; union.
Take it singly, and it carries an air of levity; but, in con­
sort with the rest, you see, has a meaning quite different.
Atterbury.

To CONSO’RT. v. n. [from the noun.] To associate with; to
unite with; to keep company with.
What will you do? Let's not consort with them. Shakesp.
Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee? Dryden.

To CONSO’RT. v. a. 
1. To join; to mix; to marry.
He, with his consorted Eve,
The story heard attentive. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
He begins to consort himself with men, and thinks himself
one. Locke on Education, sect 213.
2. To accompany.
I'll meet with you upon the mart,
And afterward consort you 'till bed-time. Shakespeare.

CONSO’RTABLE. adj. [from consort.] To be compared with;
to be ranked with; suitable.
He was consortable to Charles Brandon, under Henry VIII.
who was equal to him. Wotton.

CONSO’RTION. n. s. [consortio, Latin.] Partnership; fellow­
ship; society. Dict.

CONSPE’CTABLE. adj. [from conspectus, Latin.] Easy to be
seen. Dict.

CONSPECTU’ITY. n. s. [from conspectus, Latin.] Sight; view;
sense of seeing. This word is, I believe, peculiar to Shake­
speare, and perhaps corrupt.
What harm can your bisson conspectuities glean out of this
character? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

CONSPE’RSION. n. s. [conspersio, Lat.] A sprinkling about. Dict.

CONSPICU’ITY. n. s. [from conspicuous.] Brightness; favour­
ableness to the sight.
If this definition be clearer than the thing defined, midnight
may vie for conspicuity with noon. Glanv. Sceps. c. 18.

CONSPI’CUOUS. [conspicuus, Latin.]
1. Obvious to the sight; seen at distance.
Or come I less conspicuous? Or what change
Absents thee? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 107.
2. Eminent; famous; distinguished.
He attributed to each of them that virtue which he thought
most conspicuous in them. Dryden's Juven. Dedication.
Thy father's merit points thee out to view,
And sets thee in the fairest point of light,
To make thy virtues or thy faults conspicuous. Addis. Cato.
The house of lords,
Conspicuous scene! Pope's Epist. of Horace.

CONSPI’CUOUSLY. adv. [from conspicuous.]
1. Obviously to the view.
These methods may be preserved conspicuously, and intirely
distinct. Watts's Logick, p. iv. c. 1. 
2. Eminently; famously; remarkably.

CONSPI’CUOUSNESS. n. s. [from conspicuous.]
1. Exposure to the view; state of being visible at a distance.
Looked on with such a weak light, they appear well pro­
portioned fabricks; yet they appear so but in that twilight,
which is requisite to their conspicuousness. Boyle's Proem. Essay.
2. Eminence; fame; celebrity.
Their writings attract more readers by the author's conspi­
cuousness. Boyle on Colours.

CONSPI’RACY. n. s. [conspiratio, Latin.]
1. A private agreement among several persons to commit some
crime; a plot; a concerted treason.
O conspiracy!
Sham'st thou to shew thy dang'rous brow by night,
When evils are most free? Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
I had forgot that foul conspiracy
Of the beast Caliban, and his confed'rates,
Against my life. Shakespeare's Tempest.
When scarce he had escap'd the blow
Of faction and conspiracy,
Death did his promis'd hopes destroy. Dryden.
2. In law, an agreement of men to do any thing; always taken
in the evil part. It is taken for a confederacy of two at the
least, falsely to indict one, or to procure one to be indicted of
felony. Cowel.
3. A concurrence; a general tendency of many causes to one
event.
When the time now came that misery was ripe for him,
there was a conspiracy in all heavenly and earthly things, to
frame fit occasions to lead him unto it. Sidney, b. ii.

CONSPI’RANT. adj. [conspirans, Latin.] Conspiring; engaged
in a conspiracy or plot; plotting.
Thou art a traitor,
Conspirant 'gainst this high illustrious prince. Shak. K. Lear.

CONSPIRA’TION. n. s. [conspiratio, Lat.] A plot. Dict.

CONSPI’RATOR. n. s. [from conspiro, Latin.] A man engaged
in a plot; one who has secretly concerted with others com­
mission of a crime; a plotter.
Achitophel is among the conspirators with Absalom. 2 Sam.
Stand back, thou manifest conspirator;
Thou that contriv'st to murder our dread lord. Sh. Hen. VI.
But let the bold conspirator beware;
For heav'n makes princes its peculiar care. Dryd. Spa. Fryar.
One put into his hand a note of the whole conspi­
racy against him, together with all the names of the conspi­
rators. South's Sermons.

To CONSPI’RE. v. n. [conspiro, Latin.]
1. To concert a crime; to plot; to hatch secret treason.
Tell me what they deserve,
That do conspire my death with devilish plots
Of damned witchcraft? Shakespeare's Richard III.


What was it
That mov'd pale Cassius to conspire? Shak. Ant. and Cleop.
They took great indignation, and conspired against the
king. Bel. 28.
Let the air be excluded; for that undermineth the body,
and conspireth with the spirit of the body to dissolve it. Bacon.
There is in man a natural possibility to destroy the world;
that is, to conspire to know no woman. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The press, the pulpit, and the stage,
Conspire to censure and expose our age. Roscommon.
2. To agree together; as, all things conspire to make him happy.

CONSPI’RER. n. s. [from conspire.] A conspirator; a plotter.
Take no care,
Who chafes, who frets, and where conspirers are;
Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

CONSPI’RING Powers. [In mechanicks.] All such as act in di­
rection not opposite to one another. Harris.

CONSPURCA’TION. n. s. [from conspurco, Latin.] The act of
defiling; defilement; pollution.

CO’NSTABLE. n. s. [comes stabuli, as it is supposed.]
1. Lord high constable is an ancient officer of the crown, long
disused in England, but lately subsisting in France; where the
constable commanded the mareschals, and was the first officer of
the army. The function of the constable of England consisted
in the care of the common peace of the land in deeds of arms,
and in matters of war. To the court of the constable and
marshal belonged the cognizance of contracts, deeds of arms
without the realm, and combats and blasonry of arms within it.
The first constable of England was created by the Conqueror,
and the office continued hereditary 'till the thirteenth of Henry
VIII. when it was laid aside, as being so powerful as to be­
come troublesome to the king. From these mighty magi­
strates are derived the inferiour constables of hundreds and
franchises; two of whom were ordained, in the thirteenth
of Edward I. to be chosen in every hundred for the conserva­
tion of the peace, and view of armour. These are now called
high constables, because continuance of time, and increase both
of people and offences, have occasioned others in every town
of like nature, but inferiour authority, called petty constables.
Besides these, we have constables denominated from particular
places; as constable of the Tower, of Dover castle, of the castle
of Carnarvon; but these are properly castellani, or governours
of castles. Cowel. Chambers.
When I came hither, I was lord high constable,
And duke of Buckingham; now poor Edward Bohun. Shak.
The knave constable had set me i' th' stocks, i' th' common
stocks, for a witch. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The constable being a sober man, and known to be an ene­
my to those acts of sedition, went among them, to observe
what they did. Clarendon.
2. To over-run the CONSTABLE. [Perhaps from conte stable, Fr.
the settled, firm and stated account.] To spend more than
what a man knows himself to be worth: a low phrase.

CO’NSTABLESHIP. n. s. [from constable.] The office of a
constable.
This keepership is annexed to the constableship of the castle,
and that granted out in lease. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

CO’NSTANCY. n. s. [constantia, Latin.]
1. Immutability; perpetuity; unalterable continuance.
The laws of God himself no man will ever deny to be of
a different constitution from the former, in respect of the
one's constancy, and the mutability of the other. Hooker, b. i.
2. Consistency; unvaried state.
Incredible, that constancy in such a variety, such a multi­
plicity, should be the result of chance. Ray on the Creation.
3. Resolution; firmness; steadiness; unshaken determination.
In a small isle, amidst the widest seas,
Triumphant constancy has fix'd her seat;
In vain the syrens sing, the tempests beat. Prior.
4. Lasting affection; continuance of love, or friendship.
Constancy is such a stability and firmness of friendship, as
overlooks and passes by lesser failures of kindness, and yet still
retains the same habitual good-will to a friend. South.
5. Certainty; veracity; reality.
But all the story of the night told over,
More witnesseth than fancy's images,
And grows to something of great constancy,
But, however, strange and admirable. Shakespeare.

CO’NSTANT. adj. [constans, Latin.]
1. Firm; fixed; not fluid.
If you take highly rectified spirit of wine, and dephlegmed
spirit of urine, and mix them, you may turn these two fluid
liquors into a constant body. Boyle's History of Firmness.
2. Unvaried; unchanged; immutable; durable.
3. Firm; resolute; determined; immoveable; unshaken.
Some shrewd contents,
Now steal the colour from Bassanio's cheek:
Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world
Could turn so much the constitution
Of any constant man. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
4. Free from change of affection.
Both loving one fair maid, they yet remained constant
friends. Sidney, b. ii.
5. Certain; not various; steady; firmly adherent.
Now, through the land, his care of souls he stretch'd,
And like a primitive apostle preach'd;
Still chearful, ever constant to his call;
By many follow'd, lov'd by most, admir'd by all. Dryden.
He shewed his firm adherence to religion as modelled by
our national constitution, and was constant to its offices in de­
votion, both in publick and in his family. Addison, Freeholder.

CO’NSTANTLY. adv. [from constant.] Unvariably; perpetual­
ly; certainly; steadily.
It is strange that the fathers should never appeal; nay, that
they should not constantly do it. Tillotson.

To CONSTE’LLATE. v. n. [constellatus, Latin.] To join
lustre; to shine with one general light.
The several things which most engage our affections, do,
in a transcendent manner, shine forth and constellate in God.
Boyle.

To CONSTE’LLATE. v. a. To unite several shining bodies in
one splendour.
These scattered perfections, which were divided among
the several ranks of inferiour natures, were summed up and
constellated in ours. Glanv. Sceps. c. 1. 

CONSTELLA’TION. n. s. [from constellate.]
1. A cluster of fixed stars.
For the stars of heaven, and the constellations thereof, shall
not give their light. Is. xiii. 10.
The earth, the air resounded,
The heav'ns and all the constellations rung. Milt. Par. Lost.
A constellation is but one;
Though 'tis a train of stars. Dryden.
2. An assemblage of splendours, or excellencies.
The condition is a constellation or conjuncture of all those
gospel-graces, faith, hope, charity, self-denial, repentance,
and the rest. Hammond's Pract. Cat.

CONSTERNA’TION. n. s. [from consterno, Latin.] Astonish­
ment; amazement; alienation of mind by a surprise; sur­
prise; wonder.
They find the same holy consternation upon themselves that
Jacob did at Bethel, which he called the gate of heaven. South.
The natives, dubious whom
They must obey, in consternation wait,
'Till rigid conquest will pronounce their liege. Philips.

To CO’NSTIPATE. v. a. [from constipo, Latin.]
1. To croud together into a narrow room; to thicken; to
condense.
Of cold, the property is to condense and constipate. Bacon.
It may, by amassing, cooling, and constipating of waters,
turn them into rain. Ray on the Creation.
There might arise some vertiginous motions or whirlpools
in the matter of the chaos, whereby the atoms might be
thrust and crouded to the middle of those whirlpools, and
there constipate one another into great solid globes. Bentley.
2. To stuff up, or stop by filling up the passages.
It is not probable that any aliment should have the quality
of intirely constipating or shutting up the capillary vessels.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. To bind the belly; or make costive.

CONSTIPA’TION. n. s. [from constipate.]
1. The act of crouding any thing into less room; condensation.
This worketh by the detention of the spirits, and constipa­
tion of the tangible parts. Bacon's Natural History, No. 341. 
It requires either absolute fulness of matter, or a pretty
close constipation and mutual contact of its particles. Bentley.
2. Stoppage; obstruction by plenitude.
The inactivity of the gall occasions a constipation of the
belly. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CONSTI’TUENT. adj. [constituens, Latin.] That which makes
any thing what it is; necessary to existence; elemental; es­
sential; that of which any thing consists.
Body, soul, and reason, are the three parts necessarily con­
stituent of a man. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
All animals derived all the constituent matter of their bodies,
successively, in all ages, out of this fund. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
It is impossible that the figures and sizes of its consti­
tuent particles, should be so justly adapted as to touch one
another in every point. Bentley's Sermons.

CONSTI’TUENT. n. s. 
1. The person or thing which constitutes or settles any thing in
its peculiar state.
Their first composure and origination requires a higher
and nobler constituent than chance. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.
2. That which is necessary to the subsistence of any thing.
The obstruction of the mesentery is a great impediment to
nutrition; for the lymph in those glands is a necessary consti­
tuent of the aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. He that deputes another.

To CO’NSTITUTE. v. a. [constituo, Latin.]
1. To give formal existence; to make any thing what it is; so
produce.


Prudence is not only a moral but christian virtue, such as
is necessary to the constituting of all others. Decay of Piety.
2. To erect; to establish.
We must obey laws appointed and constituted by lawful au­
thority, not against the law of God. Taylor's Holy Living.
3. To depute; to appoint another to an office.

CO’NSTITUTER. n. s. [from constitute.] He that constitutes or
appoints.

CONSTITU’TION. n. s. [from constitute.]
1. The act of constituting; enacting; deputing; establishing;
producing.
2. State of being; particular texture of parts; natural qua­
lities.
This is more beneficial to us than any other constitution.
Bentley's Sermons.
This light being trajected through the parallel prisms, if it
suffered any change by the refraction of one, it lost that im­
pression by the contrary refraction of the other; and so, being
restored to its pristine constitution, became of the same condi­
tion as at first. Newton's Opt.
3. Corporeal frame.
Amongst many bad effects of this oily constitution, there is
one advantage; such who arrive to age; are not subject to
stricture of fibres. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. Temper of body, with respect to health or disease.
If such men happen, by their native constitutions, to fall
into the gout, either they mind it not at all, having no leisure
to be sick, or they use it like a dog. Temple.
Beauty is nothing else but a just accord and mutual har­
mony of the members, animated by a healthful constitution.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. Temper of mind.
Dametas, according to the constitution of a dull head, thinks
no better way to shew himself wise than by suspecting every
thing in his way. Sidney.
Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world
Could turn so much the constitution
Of any constant man. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
He defended himself with undaunted courage, and less
passion than was expected from his constitution. Clarendon.
6. Established form of government; system of laws and
customs.
The Norman conqu'ring all by might,
Mixing our customs, and the form of right,
With foreign constitutions he had brought. Daniel's Civ. War.
7. Particular law; established usage; establishment; institu­
tion.
We lawfully may observe the positive constitutions of our
own churches. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 5.
Constitution, properly speaking in the sense of the civil law,
is that law which is made and ordained by some king or em­
peror; yet the canonists, by adding the word sacred to it,
make it to signify the same as an ecclesiastical canon. Ayliffe.

CONSTITU’TIONAL. adj. [from constitution.]
1. Bred in the constitution; radical.
It is not probable any constitutional illness will be communi­
cated with the small-pox by inoculation. Sharpe's Surgery.
2. Consistent with the constitution; legal.

CONSTITU’TIVE. adj. [from constitute.]
1. That which constitutes any thing what it is; elemental; es­
sential; productive.
Although it be placed among the non-naturals, that is, such
as neither naturally constitutive, nor merely destructive, do
preserve or destroy. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 9.
The very elements and constitutive parts of a schismatick,
being the esteem of himself, and the contempt of others.
Decay of Piety.
2. Having the power to enact or establish.

To CONSTRA’IN. v. a. [constraindre, Fr. constringo, Latin.]
1. To compel; to force to some action.
Thy sight, which should
Make our eyes flow with joy,
Constrains them weep. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. To hinder by force; to restrain.
My sire in caves constrains the winds,
Can with a breath their clam'rous rage appease;
They fear his whistle, and forsake the seas. Dryden.
3. To necessitate.
The scars upon your honour, therefore, he
Does pity as constrained blemishes,
Nothing deserv'd. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
When to his lust Ægysthus gave the rein,
Did fate or we th' adult'rous act constrain? Pope's Odyssey.
4. To violate; to ravish.
Her spotless chastity,
Inhuman traitors, you constrain'd and forc'd. Shak. Tit. And.
5. To confine; to press.
How the strait stays the slender waste constrain? Gay.

CONSTRA’INABLE. adj. [from constrain.] Liable to constraint;
obnoxious to compulsion.
Whereas men before stood bound in conscience to do as
reason teacheth, they are now, by virtue of human law, con­
strainable; and, if they outwardly transgress, punishable. Hooker.

CONSTRA’INER. n. s. [from constrain.] He that constrains.

CONSTRA’INT. n. s. [contrainte, French.] Compulsion; com­
pelling force; violence; act of over-ruling the desire; con­
finement.
I did suppose it should be on constraint;
But, heav'n be thank'd, it is but voluntary. Shak. K. John.
Like you a man; and hither led by fame,
Not by constraint, but by my choice, I came. Dryd. In. Emp.
The constant desire of happiness, and the constraint it puts
upon us to act for it, no body, I think, accounts an abridg­
ment of liberty. Locke.

To CONSTRI’CT. v. a. [constringo, constrictum, Latin.]
1. To bind; to cramp; to confine into a narrow compass.
2. To contract; to cause to shrink.
Such things as constrict the fibres and strengthen the solid
parts. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CONSTRI’CTION. n. s. [from constrict.] Contraction; com­
pression
The air which these receive into the lungs, may serve to
render their bodies equiponderant to the water; and the con­
striction or dilatation of it, may probably assist them to ascend
or descend in the water. Ray on the Creation.

CONSTRI’CTOR. n. s. [constrictor, Latin.] That which com­
presses or contracts.
He supposed the constrictors of the eye-lids must be strength­
ened in the supercilious. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart Scrib.

To CONSTRI’NGE. v. a. [constringo, Lat.] To compress;
to contract; to bind.
The dreadful spout,
Which shipmen do the hurricano call,
Constring'd in mass by the almighty sun. Sh. Tro. and Cressi.
Strong liquors, especially inflammatory spirits, intoxicate,
constringe, harden the fibres, and coagulate the fluids. Arbuth.

CONSTRI’NGENT. adj. [constringens, Latin.] Having the qua­
lity of binding or compressing.
Try a deep well, or a conservatory of snow, where the cold
may be more constringent. Bacon's Natural History, No. 380.
It binds
Our strengthen'd bodies in a cold embrace
Constringent. Thomson's Winter, l. 700.

To CONSTRU’CT. v. a. [constructus, Lat.] To build; to
form; to compile; to constitute.
Let there be an admiration of those divine attributes and
prerogatives, for whose manifesting he was pleased to construct
this vast fabrick. Boyle's Usefulness of Natural Philosophy.

CONSTRU’CTION. n. s. [constructio, Latin.]
1. The act of building, or piling up in a regular method.
2. The form of building; structure; conformation.
There's no art
To shew the mind's construction in the face. Shak. Macbeth.
The ways were made of several layers of flat stones and
flint: the construction was a little various, according to the
nature of the soil, or the materials which they found. Arbuth.
3. [In grammar.] The putting of words, duly chosen, together
in such a manner as is proper to convey a complete sense.
Clarke's Latin Grammar.
Some particles constantly, and others in certain constructions,
have the sense of a whole sentence contained in them. Locke.
4. The act of arranging terms in the proper order, by disen­
tangling transpositions; the act of interpreting; explanation.
This label, whose containing
Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it, let him shew
His skill in the construction. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
5. The sense; the meaning; interpretation.
In which sense although we judge the apostle's words to
have been uttered, yet hereunto we do not require them to
yield, that think any other construction more sound. Hooker.
He that would live at ease, should always put the best con­
struction on business and conversation. Collier on the Spleen.
Religion, in its own nature, produces good will towards
men, and puts the mildest construction upon every accident that
befals them. Spectator, No. 483.
6. Judgment; mental representation.
It cannot, therefore, unto reasonable constructions seem
strange, or favour of singularity, that we have examined this
point. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
7. The manner of describing a figure or problem in geometry.
8. CONSTRUCTION of Equations, in algebra, is the method of
reducing a known equation into lines and figures, in order to
a geometrical demonstration.

CONSTRU’CTURE. n. s. [from construct.] Pile; edifice; fa­
brick.
They shall the earth's constructure closely bind,
And to the center keep the parts confin'd. Blackmore.

To CO’NSTRUE. v. a. [construo, Latin.]
1. To range words in their natural order; to disentangle trans­
position.
I'll teach mine eyes with meek humility,
Love-learned letters to her eyes to read;


Which her deep wit, that true heart's thought can spell,
Will soon conceive, and learn to construe well. Spenser.
Virgil is so very figurative, that he requires (I may almost
say) a grammar apart to construe him. Dryden.
Thus we are put to construe and paraphrase our own words,
to free ourselves either from the ignorance or malice of our
adversaries. Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourse on Roman Idol.
2. To interpret; to explain; to shew the meaning.
I must crave that I be not so understood or construed, as if
any such thing, by virtue thereof, could be done without the
aid and assistance of God's most blessed spirit. Hooker, b. iii.
Construe the times to their necessities,
And you shall say, indeed, it is the time,
And not the king, that doth you injuries. Shak. Hen. IV.
When the word is construed into its idea, the double mean­
ing vanishes. Addison on Ancient Medals.

To CO’NSTUPRATE. v. a. [constupro, Lat.] To violate;
to debauch; to defile.

CONSTUPRA’TION. n. s. [from constuprate.] Violation; de­
filement.

CONSUBSTA’NTIAL. adj. [consubstantialis, Latin.]
1. Having the same essence or subsistence.
The Lord our God, is but one God: in which indivisible
unity, notwithstanding we adore the Father, as being altoge­
ther of himself, we glorify that consubstantial word which is
the Son; we bless and magnify that co-essential Spirit, eternally
proceeding from both, which is the Holy Ghost. Hooker, b. v.
2. Being of the same kind or nature.
It continueth a body consubstantial with our bodies; a body
of the same, both nature and measure, which it had on earth.
Hooker, b. v. s. 54.
In their conceits the human nature of Christ was not con­
substantial to ours, but of another kind. Brerewood.

CONSUBSTANTIA’LITY. n. s. [from consubstantial.] Existence
of more than one, in the same substance.
The eternity of the Son's generation, and his co-eternity
and consubstantiality with the Father, when he came down
from heaven. Hammond on Fundamentals.

To CONSUBSTA’NTIATE. v. a. [from con and substantia,
Lat.] To unite in one common substance or nature.

CONSUBSTANTIA’TION. n. s. [from consubstantiate.] The
union of the body of our blessed Saviour with the sacramental
element, according to the Lutherans.
In the point of consubstantiation, toward the latter end of
his life, he changed his mind. Atterbury.

CO’NSUL. n. s. [consul, consulendo, Latin.]
1. The chief magistrate in the Roman republick.
Or never be so noble as a consul,
Nor yoke with him for tribune. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Consuls of mod'rate pow'r in calms were made;
When the Gauls came, one sole dictator sway'd. Dryden.
2. An officer commissioned in foreign parts to judge between
the merchants of his nation, and protect their commerce.

CO’NSULAR. adj. [consularis, Latin.]
1. Relating to the consul.
The consular power had only the ornaments, without the
force of the royal authority. Spectator, No. 287.
2. CONSULAR Man. One who had been consul.
Rise not the consular men, and left their places,
So soon as thou sat'st down? Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

CO’NSULATE. n. s. [consulatus, Latin.] The office of consul.
His name and consulate were effaced out of all publick re­
gisters and inscriptions. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

CO’NSULSHIP. n. s. [from consul.] The office of consul.
The patricians should do very ill,
To let the consulship be so defil'd. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
The lovely boy, with his auspicious face,
Shall Pollio's consulship and triumph grace. Dryden.

To CONSU’LT. v. n. [consulto, Latin.] To take counsel to­
gether; to deliberate in common. It has with before the per­
son admitted to consultation.
Every man,
After the hideous storm that follow'd, was
A thing inspir'd; and, not consulting, broke
Into a general prophecy, that this tempest,
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
The sudden breach on't. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
A senate-house, wherein three hundred and twenty men sat
consulting always for the people. 1 Mac. viii. 15.
Consult not with the slothful for any work. Ecclus. xxxvii.
He sent for his bosom friends, with whom he most confi­
dently consulted, and shewed the paper to them, the contents
whereof he could not conceive. Clarendon.

To CONSU’LT. v. a. 
1. To ask advice of; as, he consulted his friends.
2. To regard; to act with view or respect to.
We are, in the first place, to consult the necessities of life,
rather than matters of ornament and delight. L'Estrange.
The senate owes its gratitude to Cato,
Who with so great a soul consults its safety,
And guards our lives, while he neglects his own. Add. Cato.
3. To plan; to contrive.
Thou hast consulted shame to thy house, by cutting off many
people. Heb. ii. 10.
Many things were there consulted for the future, yet nothing
was positively resolved. Clarendon, b. viii.
4. To search into; to examine; as, to consult an author.

CO’NSULT. n. s. [from the verb. It is variously accented.]
1. The act of consulting.
Yourself in person head one chosen half,
And march t' oppress the faction in consult
With dying Dorax. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. The effect of consulting; determination.
He said, and rose the first; the council broke;
And all their grave consults dissolv'd in smoke. Dryd. Fables.
3. A council; a number of persons assembled in deliberation.
Divers meetings and consults of our whole number, to con­
sider of the former labours. Bacon.
A consult of coquets below
Was call'd, to rig him out a beau. Swift.

CONSULTA’TION. n. s. [from consult.]
1. The act of consulting; secret deliberation.
The chief priests held a consultation with the elders and
scribes. Mark, xv. 1. 
2. A number of persons consulted together; a council.
A consultation was called, wherein he advised a salivation.
Wiseman of Abscesses.
3. [In law.] Consultatio is a writ, whereby a cause, being for­
merly removed by prohibition from the ecclesiastical court, or
court christian, to the king's court, is returned thither again:
for the judges of the king's court, if, upon comparing the
libel with the suggestion of the party, they do find the sug­
gestion false, or not proved, and therefore the cause to be
wrongfully called from the court christian; then, upon this
consultation or deliberation, decree it to be returned again. Cowel.

CONSU’LTER. n. s. [from consult.] One that consults or
asks council or intelligence.
There shall not be found among you a charmer, or a con­
sulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard. Deutr. xviii. 11. 

CONSU’MABLE. adj. [from consume.] Susceptible of destruc­
tion; possible to be wasted, spent, or destroyed.
It does truly agree in this common quality ascribed unto
both, of being incombustible, and not consumable by fire; but
yet there is this inconvenience, that it doth contract so much
fuliginous matter from the earthy parts of the oil, though it
was tried with some of the purest oil which is ordinary to be
bought, that in a very few days it did choak and extinguish
the flame. Wilkins's Mathem. Magick.
Our growing rich or poor depends only on, which is
greater or less, our importation or exportation of consumable
commodities. Locke.

To CONSU’ME. v. a. [consume, Latin.] To waste; to spend;
to destroy.
Where two raging fires meet together,
They do consume the thing that feeds their fury. Shakespeare.
Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt
gather but little in; for the locusts shall consume it. Deut. xxviii.
Thus in soft anguish she consumes the day,
Nor quits her deep retirement. Thomson's Spring.

To CONSU’ME. v. n. To waste away; to be exhausted.
These violent delights have violent ends,
And in their triumph die; like fire and powder,
Which, as they meet, consume. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

CONSU’MER. n. s. [from consume.] One that spends, wastes,
or destroys any thing.
Money may be considered as in the hands of the consumer,
or of the merchant who buys the commodity, when made
to export. Locke.

To CONSU’MMATE. v. a. [consommer, Fr. consummare, Lat.]
To complete; to perfect; to finish; to end. Anciently ac­
cented on the first syllable.
Yourself, myself, and other lords, will pass
To consummate this business happily. Shakesp. King John.
There shall we consummate our spousal rites. Shakespeare.
The person was cunning enough to begin the deceit in the
weaker, and the weaker sufficient to consummate the fraud in
the stronger. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 1. 
He had a mind to consummate the happiness of the day. Tatl.

CONSU’MMATE. adj. [from the verb.] Complete; perfect;
finished; omnibus numeris absolutus.
I do but stay 'till your marriage be consummate. Shakespeare.
Earth, in her rich attire
Consummate, lovely smil'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Gratian, among his maxims for raising a man to the most
consummate greatness, advises to perform extraordinary actions,
and to secure a good historian. Addison, Freeholder, No. 35.
If a man of perfect and consummate virtue falls into a mis­
fortune, it raises our pity, but not our terrour. Addis. Spectat.

CONSUMMA’TION. n. s. [from consummate.]
1. Completion; perfection; end.
That just and regular process, which it must be supposed to
take from its original to its consummation. Addis. Spectator.
2. The end of the present system of things; the end of the
world.
From the first beginning of the world unto the last con­


summation thereof, it neither hath been, nor can be other­
wise. Hooker, b. ii. sect. 4.
3. Death; end of life.
Ghost, unlaid, forbear thee!
Nothing ill come near thee!
Quiet consummation have,
And renowned be thy grave! Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

CONSU’MPTION. n. s. [consumptio, Latin.]
1. The act of consuming; waste; destruction.
In commodities the value rises as its quantity is less and
vent greater, which depends upon its being preferred in its
consumption. Locke.
Etna and Vesuvius have sent forth flames for this two or
three thousand years, yet the mountains themselves have not
suffered any considerable diminution or consumption; but are,
at this day, the highest mountains in those countries. Woodw.
2. The state of wasting or perishing.
3. [In physick.] A waste of muscular flesh. It is frequently
attended with a hectick fever, and is divided by physicians into
several kinds, according to the variety of its causes. Quincy.
Consumptions sow
In hollow bones of man. Shakespeare's Timon.
The stoppage of women's courses, if not suddenly looked
to, sets them into a consumption, dropsy, or other disease.
Harvey on Consumptions.

CONSU’MPTIVE. adj. [from consume.]
1. Destructive; wasting; exhausting; having the quality of
consuming.
A long consumptive war is more likely to break this grand
alliance than disable France. Addison on the State of the War.
2. Diseased with a consumption.
Nothing taints sound lungs sooner than inspiring the breath
of consumptive lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.
The lean, consumptive wench, with coughs decay'd,
Is call'd a pretty, tight, and slender maid. Dryden.
By an exact regimen a consumptive person may hold out for
years. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CONSU’MPTIVENESS. n. s. [from consumptive.] A tendency to
a consumption.

CONSU’TILE. adj. [consutilis, Latin.] That is sewed or stitched
together. Dict.

To CONTA’BULATE. v. a. [contabulo, Latin.] To floor
with boards.

CONTABULA’TION. n. s. [contabulatio, Latin.] A joining of
boards together; a boarding a floor.

CO’NTACT. n. s. [contactus, Latin.] Touch; close union;
juncture of one body to another.
The Platonists hold, that the spirit of the lover doth pass
into the spirits of the person loved, which causeth the desire
of return into the body; whereupon followeth that appetite
of contact and conjunction. Bacon's Natural History, No. 944.
When the light fell so obliquely on the air, which in other
places was between them, as to be all reflected, it seemed in
that place of contact to be wholly transmitted. Newton's Opt.
The air, by its immediate contact, may coagulate the blood
which flows along the air-bladders. Arbuthnot on Diet.

CONTA’CTION. n. s. [contactus, Latin.] The act of touch­
ing; a joining one body to another.
That deleterious it may be at some distance, and destruc­
tive without corporal contaction, there is no high improba­
bility. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 7.

CONTA’GION. n. s. [contagio, Latin.]
1. The emission from body to body by which diseases are com­
municated.
If we two be one, and thou play false,
I do digest the poison of thy flesh,
Being strumpeted by thy contagion. Shakes. Com. of Errours.
In infection and contagion from body to body, as the plague
and the like, the infection is received many times by the body
passive; but yet is, by the strength and good disposition there­
of, repulsed. Bacon.
2. Infection; propagation of mischief, or disease.
Nor will the goodness of intention excuse the scandal and
contagion of example. King Charles.
Down fell they,
And the dire hiss renew'd, and the dire form
Catch'd by contagion. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 544.
3. Pestilence; venomous emanations.
Will he steal out of his wholsome bed,
To dare the vile contagion of the night? Shak. Jul. Cæsar.

CONTA’GIOUS. adj. [from contagio, Latin.] Infectious; caught
by approach; poisonous; pestilential.
The jades
That drag the tragick melancholly night,
From their misty jaws
Breathe foul, contagious darkness in the air. Shak. Hen. VI.
We sicken soon from her contagious care,
Grieve for her sorrows, groan for her despair. Prior.

CONTA’GIOUSNESS. n. s. [from contagious.] The quality of
being contagious.

To CONTA’IN. v. a. [contineo, Latin.]
1. To hold as a vessel.
2. To comprise; as a writing.
There are many other things which Jesus did, the which,
if they should be written every one, I suppose that even the
world itself could not contain the books that should be written.
John, xxi. 25.
Wherefore also it is contained in the scripture. 1 Pet. ii. 6.
3. To restrain; to with-hold; to keep within bounds.
All men should be contained in duty ever after, without the
terrour of warlike forces. Spenser on Ireland.
I tell you, sirs,
If you should smile, he grows impatient.———
—Fear not, my lord, we can contain ourselves. Shakesp.

To CONTA’IN. v. n. To live in continence.
I felt the ardour of my passion increase, 'till I could no
longer contain. Arbuthnot and Pope.

CONTA’INABLE. adj. [from contain.] Possible to be contained.
The air, containable within the cavity of the eolipile,
amounted to eleven grains. Boyle.

To CONTA’MINATE. v. a. [contamino, Lat.] To defile;
to pollute; to corrupt by base mixture.
Shall we now
Contaminate our singers with base bribes? Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
A base pander holds the chamber-door,
Whilst by a slave, no gentler than a dog,
His fairest daughter is contaminated. Shakesp. Henry V.
Do it not with poison; strangle her in her bed,
Even in the bed she hath contaminated. Shakespeare's Othello.
I quickly shed
Some of his bastard-blood; and, in disgrace,
Bespoke him thus: contaminated, base,
And misbegotten blood I spill of thine. Shak. Hen. VI. p. i.
Though it be necessitated, by its relation to flesh, to a ter­
restrial converse; yet 'tis like the sun, without contaminating
its beams. Glanv. Apol.
He that lies with another man's wife, propagates children
in another's family for him to keep, and contaminates the honour
thereof as much as in him lies. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CONTA’MINATE. adj. [from the verb.] Polluted; defiled.
What if this body, consecrate to thee,
By ruffian lust should be contaminate? Shak. Com. of Err.

CONTAMINA’TION. n. s. [from contaminate.] Pollution; de­
filement.

CONTE’MERATED. adj. [contemeratus, Latin.] Violated; pol­
luted. Dict.

To CONTE’MN. v. a. [contemno, Latin.] To despise; to
scorn; to slight; to disregard; to neglect; to defy.
Yet better thus, and known to be contemned,
Than still contemned and flattered. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Pygmalion then the Tyrian sceptre sway'd;
One who contemn'd divine and human laws,
Then strife ensu'd. Dryden's Virgil's Æneid.

CONTE’MNER. n. s. [from contemn.] One that contemns; a
despiser; a scorner.
He counsels him to persecute innovators of worship, not
only as contemners of the gods, but disturbers of the state. South.

To CONTE’MPER. v. a. [contempero, Latin.] To moderate;
to reduce to a lower degree by mixing something of opposite
qualities.
The leaves qualify and contemper the heat, and hinder the
evaporation of moisture. Ray on the Creation.

CONTE’MPERAMENT. n. s. [from contempero, Latin.] The de­
gree of any quality.
There is nearly an equal contemperament of the warmth of
our bodies to that of the hottest part of the atmosphere. Derh.

To CONTE’MPERATE. v. a. [from contemper.] To diminish
any quality by something contrary; to moderate; to temper.
The mighty Nile and Niger do not only moisten and con­
temperate the air, but refresh and humectate the earth. Brown.
If blood abound, let it out, regulating the patient's diet,
and contemperating the humours. Wiseman's Surgery.

CONTEMPERA’TION. n. s. [from contemperate.]
1. The act of diminishing any quality by admixture of the con­
trary; the act of moderating or tempering.
The use of air, without which there is no continuation in
life, is not nutrition, but the contemperation of fervour in the
heart. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Proportionate mixture; proportion.
There is not greater variety in men's faces, and in the
contemperations of their natural humours, than there is in their
phantasies. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To CONTE’MPLATE. v. a. [contemplor, Lat.] To consider
with continued attention; to study; to meditate.
There is not much difficulty in confining the mind to con­
template what we have a great desire to know. Watts.

To CONTE’MPLATE. v. n. To muse; to think studiously
with long attention.
So many hours must I take my rest;
So many hours must I contemplate. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Sapor had an heaven of glass, which he trod upon, contem­
plating over the same as if he had been Jupiter. Peacham.
How can I consider what belongs to myself, when I have
been so long contemplating on you. Dryd. Juv. Preface.



CONTEMPLA’TION. n. s. [from contemplate.]
1. Meditation; studious thought on any subject; continued at­
tention.
How now, what serious contemplation are you in?
Shakespeare's King Lear.
Contemplation is keeping the idea, which is brought into the
mind, for some time actually in view. Locke.
2. Holy meditation; a holy exercise of the soul, employed in at­
tention to sacred things.
I have breathed a secret vow,
To live in prayer and contemplation,
Only attended by Nerissa here. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
3. The faculty of study; opposed to the power of action.
There are two functions, contemplation and practice, ac­
cording to that general division of objects; some of which en­
tertain our speculation, others employ our actions. South.

CONTE’MPLATIVE. adj. [from contemplate.]
1. Given to thought or study; studious; thoughtful.
Fixt and contemplative their looks,
Still turning over nature's books. Denham.
2. Employed in study; dedicated to study.
I am no courtier, nor versed in state affairs: my life hath
rather been contemplative than active. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Contemplative men may be without the pleasure of discovering
the secrets of state, and men of action are commonly without
the pleasure of tracing the secrets of divine art. Grew's Cosmol.
3. Having the power of thought or meditation.
So many kinds of creatures might be to exercise the con­
templative faculty of man. Ray on the Creation.

CONTE’MPLATIVELY. adv. [from contemplative.] Thought­
fully; attentively; with deep attention.

CONTEMPLA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] One employed in study;
an enquirer after knowledge; a student.
In the Persian tongue the word magus imports as much as a
contemplator of divine and heavenly science. Raleigh's History.
The Platonick contemplators reject both these descriptions,
founded upon parts and colours. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CONTE’MPORARY. adj. [contemporain, French.]
1. Living in the same age; coetaneous.
Albert Durer was contemporary to Lucas. Dryd. Dufresnoy.
2. Born at the same time.
A grove born with himself he sees,
And loves his old contemporary trees. Cowley.
3. Existing at the same point of time.
It is impossible to make the ideas of yesterday, to-day, and
to-morrow, to be the same; or bring ages past and future to­
gether, and make them contemporary. Locke.

CONTE’MPORARY. n. s. One who lives at the same time with
another.
All this in blooming youth you have atchiev'd;
Nor are your foil'd contemporaries griev'd. Dryden.
As he has been favourable to me, he will hear of his kind­
ness from our contemporaries; for we are fallen into an age il­
literate, censorious, and detracting. Dryd. Juv. Preface.
The active part of mankind, as they do most for the good
of their contemporaries, very deservedly gain the greatest share
in their applauses. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.

To CONTE’MPORISE. v. a. [con and tempus, Latin.] To make
contemporary; to place in the same age.
The indifferency of their existences contemporised into our
actions, admits a farther consideration.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11. 

CONTE’MPT. n. s. [contemptus, Latin.]
1. The act of despising others; slight regard; scorn.
It was neither in contempt nor pride that I did not bow. Esth.
The shame of being miserable,
Exposes men to scorn and base contempt,
Even from their nearest friends. Denham.
There is no action in the behaviour of one man towards
another, of which human nature is more impatient than of
contempt; it being a thing made up of these two ingredients,
an undervaluing of a man, upon a belief of his utter useless­
ness and inability, and a spiteful endeavour to engage the rest
of the world in the same belief and slight esteem of him.
South's Sermons.
His friend smil'd scornful, and with proud contempt
Rejects as idle what his fellow dreamt. Dryden's Fables.
2. The state of being despised; vileness.
The place was like to come unto contempt. 2 Mac. iii. 18.

CONTE’MPTIBLE. adj. [from contempt.]
1. Worthy of contempt; deserving scorn.
No man truly knows himself, but he groweth daily more
contemptible in his own eyes. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
From no one vice exempt,
And most contemptible to shun contempt. Pope's Epistles.
2. Despised; scorned; neglected.
There is not so contemptible a plant or animal that does not
confound the most enlarged understanding. Locke.
3. Scornful; apt to despise. This is no proper use.
If she should make tender of her love, 'tis very possible he'll
scorn it; for the man hath a contemptible spirit. Shakespeare.

CONTE’MPTIBLENESS. n. s. [from contemptible.] The state of
being contemptible; the state of being despised; meanness;
vileness; baseness; cheapness.
Who, by a steddy practice of virtue, comes to discern the
contemptibleness of those baits wherewith he allures us.
Decay of Piety.

CONTE’MPTIBLY. adv. [from contemptible.] Meanly; in a
manner deserving contempt.
Know'st thou not
Their language, and their ways? They also know,
And reason not contemptibly. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.

CONTE’MPTUOUS. adj. [from contempt.] Scornful; apt to de­
spise; using words or actions of contempt; insolent.
To neglect God all our lives, and know that we neglect
him; to offend God voluntarily, and know that we offend
him, casting our hopes on the peace which we trust to make
at parting, is no other than a rebellious presumption, and even
a contemptuous laughing to scorn and deriding of God, his laws
and precepts. Raleigh's History of the World.
Some much averse I found, and wond'rous harsh,
Contemptuous, proud, set on revenge and spite. Milt. Agon.
Rome, the proudest part of the heathen world, entertained
the most contemptuous opinion of the Jews. Atterbury.

CONTE’MPTUOUSLY. adv. [from contemptuous.] With scorn;
with despite; scornfully; despitefully.
I throw my name against the bruising stone,
Trampling contemptuously on thy diadem. Shakespeare.
The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and
used contemptuously. Taylor's Holy Living.
If he governs tyrannically in youth, he will be treated con­
temptuously in age; and the baser his enemies, the more in­
tolerable the affront. L'Estrange, Fab. 14. Moral.
A wise man would not speak contemptuously of a prince,
though out of his dominions. Tillotson.

CONTE’MPTUOUSNESS. n. s. [from contemptuous.] Disposition
to contempt; insolence. Dict.

To CONTE’ND. v. n. [contendo, Latin.]
1. To strive; to struggle in opposition.
Hector's forehead spit forth blood
At Grecian swords contending. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
When he reads
Thy personal venture in the rebels flight,
His wonders and his praises do contend
Which should be thine or his. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Death and nature do contend about them,
Whether they live or die. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in
battle; for I will not give thee of their land. Deutr. ii. 9.
2. To vie; to act in emulation.
3. It has for before the ground or cause of contention.
You sit above, and see vain men below
Contend for what you only can bestow. Dryden.
The question which our author would contend for, if he did
not forget it, is what persons have a right to be obeyed. Locke.
4. Sometimes about.
He will find that many things he fiercely contended about were
trivial. Decay of Piety.
5. It has with before the opponent.
This battle fares like to the morning's war,
When dying clouds contend with growing light. Sh. H. VI.
If we consider him as our maker, we cannot contend with
him. Temple.
6. Sometimes against.
In ambitious strength I did
Contend against thy valour. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To CONTE’ND. v. a. To dispute any thing; to contest.
Their airy limbs in sports they exercise,
And on the green contend the wrestler's prize. Dryd. Æneid.
A time of war at length will come,
When Carthage shall contend the world with Rome. Dryd.
Thus low we lie,
Shut from this day and that contended sky. Dryden.

CONTE’NDENT. n. s. [from contend.] Antagonist; opponent;
champion; combatant.
In all notable changes and revolutions the contendents have
been still made a prey to the third party. L'Estrange, Fab. 15.

CONTE’NDER. n. s. [from contend.] Combatant; champion.
The contenders for it, look upon it as an undeniable truth.
Locke.
Those disputes often arise in good earnest, where the two
contenders do really believe the different propositions which they
support. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 10.

CONTE’NT. adj. [contentus, Latin.]
1. Satisfied so as not to repine; easy, though not highly
pleased.
Born to the spacious empire of the Nine,
One wou'd have thought she shou'd have been content,
To manage well that mighty government. Dryden.
Who is content, is happy. Locke.
A man is perfectly content with the state he is in, when he
is perfectly without any uneasiness. Locke.
Foe to loud praise, and friend to learned ease,
Content with science in the vale of peace. Pope's Epistles.


2. Satisfied so as not to oppose.
Submit you to the people's voices,
Allow their officers, and be content
To suffer lawful censure. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To CONTE’NT. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To satisfy so as to stop complaint; not to offend; to appease
without plenary happiness or complete gratification.
Content thyself with this much, and let this satisfy thee,
that I love thee. Sidney.
It doth much content me
To hear him so inclin'd. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
If a man so temper his actions, as in some one of them he
doth content every faction, the musick of praise will be fuller. Bac.
Great minds do sometimes content themselves to threaten,
when they could destroy. Tillotson, Preface.
Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused
ideas, where clearer are to be attained. Watts's Logick.
2. To please; to gratify.
Is the adder better than the eel,
Because his painted skin contents the eye? Shakespeare.

CONTE’NT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Moderate happiness; such satisfaction as, though it does not
fill up desire, appeases complaint.
Nought's had, all's spent,
Where our desire is got without content. Shakesp. Macbeth.
One thought content the good to be enjoy'd;
This every little accident destroy'd. Dryden.
A wise content his even soul secur'd;
By want not shaken, nor by wealth allur'd. Smith on Philips.
2. Acquiescence; satisfaction in a thing unexamined.
Others for language all their care express,
And value books, as women men, for dress:
Their praise is still—the style is excellent;
The sense they humbly take upon content. Pope's Epistles.
3. [From contentus, contained.] That which is contained, or
included in any thing.
Though my heart's content firm love doth bear,
Nothing of that shall from mine eyes appear. Shakespeare.
Scarcely any thing can be certainly determined of the
particular contents of any single mass of ore by mere inspection.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iv.
These experiments are made on the blood of healthy ani­
mals: in a lax and weak habit such a serum might afford other
contents. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. The power of containing; extent; capacity.
This island had then fifteen hundred strong ships, of great
content. Bacon.
It were good to know the geometrical content, figure, and
situation of all the lands of a kingdom, according to natural
bounds. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
5. That which is comprised in a writing. In this sense the
plural only is in use.
I have a letter from her
Of such contents, as you will wonder at. Shakespeare.
I shall prove these writings not counterfeits, but authen­
tick, and the contents true, and worthy of a divine original.
Grew's Cosmol. b. iv. c. 1.  s. 1. 
The contents of both books come before those of the first
book, in the thread of the story. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.

CONTENTA’TION. n. s. [from content.] Satisfaction; content.
I seek no better warrant than my own conscience, nor no
greater pleasure than mine own contentation. Sidney.
The shield was not long after incrusted with a new rust,
and is the same; a cut of which hath been engraved and ex­
hibited, to the great contentation of the learned. Arbu. and Pope.

CONTE’NTED. participial adj. [from content.] Satisfied; at
quiet; not repining; not demanding more; easy, though
not plenarily happy.
Barbarossa, in hope by sufferance to obtain another king­
dom, seemed contented with the answer. Knolles's History.
Dream not of other worlds,
Contented that thus far has been reveal'd,
Not of earth only, but of highest heav'n. Milt. Par. Lost.
If he can descry
Some nobler foe approach, to him he calls,
And begs his fate, and then contented falls. Denham.
To distant lands Vertumnus never roves,
Like you, contented with his native groves. Pope.

CONTE’NTION. n. s. [contentio, Latin.]
1. Strife; debate; contest; quarrel; mutual opposition.
Can we with manners ask what was the difference?
——Safely, I think; 'twas a contention in publick. Shakesp.
But avoid foolish questions and genealogies, and contentions
and strivings. Tit. iii. 9.
Can they keep themselves in a perpetual contention with
their ease, their reason, and their God, and not endure a short
combat with a sinful custom. Decay of Piety.
The ancients made contention the principle that reigned in
the chaos at first, and then love; the one to express the divi­
sions, and the other the union of all parties in the middle and
common bond. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Emulation; endeavour to excel.
Sons and brother at a strife!
What is your quarrel? how began it first?
——No quarrel, but a sweet contention. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
3. Eagerness; zeal; ardour; vehemence of endeavour.
Your own earnestness and contention to effect what you are
about, will continually suggest to you several artifices. Holder.
This is an end, which, at first view, appears worthy our
utmost contention to obtain. Rogers.

CONTE’NTIOUS. adj. [from contend.] Quarrelsom; given to
debate; perverse; not peaceable.
Thou think'st much that this contentious storm
Invades us to the skin. Shakespeare's King Lear.
There are certain contentious humours that are never to be
pleased. L'Estrange.
Rest made them idle, idleness made them curious, and cu­
riosity contentious. Decay of Piety.

CONTE’NTIOUS Jurisdiction. [In law.] A court which has a
power to judge and determine differences between contending
parties. The lord chief justices, and judges, have a conten­
tious jurisdiction; but the lords of the treasury, and the com­
missioners of the customs, have none, being merely judges
of accounts and transactions. Chambers.

CONTE’NTIOUSLY. adv. [from contentious.] Perversely; quar­
relsomely.
We shall not contentiously rejoin, or only to justify our own,
but to applaud and confirm his maturer assertions. Brown.

CONTE’NTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from contentious.] Proneness to
contest; perverseness; turbulence; quarrelsomeness.
Do not contentiousness and cruelty, and study of revenge,
seldom fail of retaliation? Bentley's Sermons.

CONTE’NTLESS. adj. [from content.] Discontented; dissatis­
fied; uneasy.
Best states, contentless,
Have a distracted and most wretched being,
Worse than the worst, content. Shakespeare's Timon.

CONTE’NTMENT. n. s. [from content, the verb.]
1. Acquiescence without plenary satisfaction.
Such men's contentment must be wrought by stratagem: the
usual method of fare is not for them. Hooker, b. iv. s. 8.
Submission is the only reasoning between a creature and its
Maker, and contentment in his will is the best remedy we can
apply to misfortunes. Temple.
Contentment, without external honour, is humility; without
the pleasure of eating, temperance. Grew's Cosmol.
Some place the bliss in action, some in ease,
Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. Pope's Essays.
But now no face divine contentment wears,
'Tis all blank sadness, or continual tears. Pope.
2. Gratification.
At Paris the prince spent one whole day, to give his mind
some contentment in viewing of a famous city. Wotton.

CONTE’RMINOUS. adj. [conterminus, Latin.] Bordering upon;
touching at the boundaries.
This insensibly conformed so many of them, as were con­
terminous to the colonies and garrisons, to the Roman laws.
Hale's Law of England.

CONTERRA’NEOUS. adj. [conterraneus, Lat.] Of the same
country. Dict.

To CONTE’ST. v. a. [contester, Fr. probably from contra
testari, Latin.] To dispute; to controvert; to litigate; to
call in question.
'Tis evident, upon what account none have presumed to
contest the proportion of these ancient pieces. Dryd. Dufresn.

To CONTE’ST. v. n. Followed by with.
1. To strive; to contend.
The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of con­
testing with it, when there are hopes of victory. Burnet.
2. To vie; to emulate.
I do contest
As hotly and as nobly with thy love,
As ever in ambitious strength I did
Contend against thy valour. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest,
Unchang'd, immortal, and supremely blest? Pope's Odyssey.

CONTE’ST. n. s. [from the verb.] Dispute; difference; debate.
This of old no less contests did move,
Than when for Homer's birth sev'n cities strove. Denham.
A definition is the only way whereby the meaning of words
can be known, without leaving room for contest about it. Locke.
Leave all noisy contests, all immodest clamours, and brawl­
ing language. Watts.

CONTE’STABLE. adj. [from contest.] That may be contested;
disputable; controvertible.

CONTE’STABLENESS. n. s. [from contestable.] Possibility of
contest. Dict.

CONTESTA’TION. n. s. [from contest.] The act of contesting;
debate; strife.
Doors shut, visits forbidden, and, which was worse, divers
contestations, even with the queen herself. Wotton.
After years spent in domestick, unsociable contestations, she
found means to withdraw. Clarendon, b. viii.



To CONTE’X. v. a. [contexo, Lat.] To weave together; to
unite by interposition of parts.
The fluid body of quicksilver is contexed with the salts it
carries up in sublimation. Boyle.

CO’NTEXT. n. s. [contextus, Latin.] The general series of a
discourse; the parts of the discourse that precede and follow
the sentence quoted.
That chapter is really a representation of one, which hath
only the knowledge, not practice of his duty; as is manifest
from the context. Hammond on Fundamentals.

CONTE’XT. adj. [from contex.] Knit together; firm.
Hollow and thin, for lightness; but withal context and firm,
for strength. Derham's Physico-Theology.

CONTE’XTURE. n. s. [from contex.] The disposition of parts
one amongst others; the composition of any thing out of sepa­
rate parts; the system; the constitution; the manner in which
any thing is woven or formed.
He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy
than dainty. Wotton.
Every species, afterwards expressed, was produced from
that idea, forming that wonderful contexture of created beings.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
Hence 'gan relax,
The ground's contexture; hence Tartarian dregs,
Sulphur, and nitrous spume, enkindling fierce,
Bellow'd within their darksome caves. Philips.
This apt, this wise contexture of the sea,
Makes it the ships, driv'n by the winds, obey;
Whence hardy merchants sail from shore to shore. Blackm.

CONTIGNA’TION. n. s. [contignatio, Latin.]
1. A frame of beams or boards joined together.
We mean a porch, or cloister, or the like, of one contigna­
tion, and not in storied buildings. Wotton's Architecture.
2. The act of framing or joining a fabrick.

CONTIGU’ITY. n. s. [from contiguous.] Actual contact; situa­
tion in which two bodies or countries touch upon each other.
He defined magnetical attraction to be a natural imitation
and disposition conforming unto contiguity. Brown, b. ii.
The immediate contiguity of that convex were a real space.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CONTI’GUOUS. adj. [contiguus, Latin.]
1. Meeting so as to touch; bordering upon each other; not
separate.
Flame doth not mingle with flame as air doth with air, or wa­
ter with water, but only remaineth contiguous, as it cometh to
pass betwixt consisting bodies. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 31. 
The loud misrule
Of chaos far remov'd; lest fierce extremes,
Contiguous, might distemper the whole frame. Milt. Pa. Lost.
The East and West
Upon the globe, a mathematick point
Only divides: thus happiness and misery,
And all extremes, are still contiguous. Denham's Sophy.
Distinguish them by the diminution of the lights and sha­
dows, joining the contiguous objects by the participation of
their colours. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
When I viewed it too near, the two halfs of the paper did
not appear fully divided from one another, but seemed conti­
guous at one of their angles. Newton's Opt.
2. It has sometimes with.
Water, being contiguous with air, cooleth it, but moisteneth
it not. Bacon's Natural History, No. 865.

CONTI’GUOUSLY. adv. [from contiguous.] Without any inter­
vening spaces.
Thus disembroil'd, they take their proper place,
The next of kin contiguously embrace,
And foes are sunder'd by a larger space. Dryden's Ovid.

CONTI’GUOUSNESS. n. s. [from contiguous.] Close connection;
coherence. Dict.

CO’NTINENCE. n. s. [continentia, Latin.]

CO’NTINENCY. n. s. [continentia, Latin.]
1. Restraint; command of one's self.
He knew what to say; he knew also when to leave off, a
continence which is practised by few writers. Dryd. Fab. Pref.
2. Chastity in general.
Where is he?—
—In her chamber, making a sermon of continency to her,
and rails, and swears, and rates. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
Suffer not dishonour to approach
Th' imperial seat; to virtue consecrate,
To justice, continence, and nobility. Shak. Titus Andronicus.
3. Forbearance of lawful pleasure.
Content without lawful venery, is continence; without un­
lawful, chastity. Grew's Cosmol.
4. Moderation in lawful pleasures.
Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that
of virgins or widows; continence, of married persons. Taylor.
5. Continuity; uninterrupted course.
Answers ought to be made before the same judge, before
whom the depositions were produced, lest the continence of the
course should be divided; or, in other terms, lest there should
be a discontinuance of the cause. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CO’NTINENT. adj. [continens, Latin.]
1. Chaste; abstemious in lawful pleasures.
Life
Hath been as continent, as chaste, as true,
As I am now unhappy. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
2. Restrained; moderate; temperate.
I pray you, have a continent forbearance, 'till the speed of
his rage goes slower. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. Continuous; connected.
The North-east part of Asia is, if not continent with the
West side of America, yet certainly it is the least disjoined by
sea of all that coast of Asia. Brerewood on Languages.

CO’NTINENT. n. s. [continens, Latin.]
1. Land not disjoined by the sea from other lands.
Whether this portion of the world were rent,
By the rude ocean, from the continent;
Or thus created, it was sure design'd
To be the sacred refuge of mankind. Waller.
The declivity of rivers will be so much the less, and there­
fore the continents will be the less drained, and will gradually
increase in humidity. Bentley's Sermons.
2. That which contains any thing. This sense is perhaps only
in Shakespeare.
You shall find in him the continent of what part a gentle­
man would see. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
O cleave my sides!
Heart, once be stronger than thy continent,
Crack thy frail case. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.
Close pent-up guilts,
Rive your contending continents. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To CONTI’NGE. v. n. [contingo, Lat.] To touch; to reach;
to happen. Dict.

CONTI’NGENCE. n. s. [from contingent.] The quality of being
fortuitous; accidental possibility.

CONTI’NGENCY. n. s. [from contingent.] The quality of being
fortuitous; accidental possibility.
Their credulities assent unto any prognosticks, which, con­
sidering the contingency in events, are only in the prescience of
God. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.
For once, O heav'n! unfold thy adamantine book;
If not thy firm, immutable decree,
At least the second page of great contingency,
Such as consists with wills originally free. Dryden.
Aristotle says, we are not to build certain rules upon the
contingency of human actions. South's Sermons.

CONTI’NGENT. adj. [contingens, Latin.] Falling out by
chance; accidental; not determinable by any certain rule.
Hazard naturally implies in it, first, something future; se­
condly, something contingent. South.
I first thoroughly informed myself in all material circum­
stances of it, in more places than one, that there might be
nothing casual or contingent in any one of those circumstances.
Woodward's Natural History.

CONTI’NGENT. n. s. 
1. A thing in the hands of chance.
By contingents we are to understand those things which come
to pass without any human forecast. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii. c. 2.
His understanding could almost pierce into future contingents,
his conjectures improving even to prophecy. South's Sermons.
2. A proportion that falls to any person upon a division: thus,
in time of war, each prince of Germany is to furnish his
contingent of men, money, and munition.

CONTI’NGENTLY. adv. [from contingent.] Accidentally;
without any settled rule.
It is digged out of the earth contingently, and indifferently,
as the pyritæ and agates. Woodward's Natural History, p. iv.

CONTI’NGENTNESS. n. s. [from contingent.] Accidentalness.

CONTI’NUAL. adj. [continuus, Latin.]
1. Incessant; proceeding without interruption; successive without
any space of time between. Continual is used of time, and
continuous of place.
He that is of a merry heart, hath a continual feast. Prov. 15.
'Tis all blank sadness, or continual tears. Pope.
2. [In law.] A continual claim is made from time to time,
within every year and day, to land or other thing, which, in
some respect, we cannot attain without danger. For exam­
ple, if I be disseised of land, into which, though I have right
into it, I dare not enter, for fear of beating; it behooveth me
to hold on my right of entry to the best opportunity of me
and mine heir, by approaching as near it as I can, once every
year as long as I live; and so I save the right of entry to my
heir. Cowel.

CONTI’NUALLY. adv. [from continual.]
1. Without pause; without interruption.
The drawing of the boughs into the inside of a room,
where a fire is continually kept, hath been tried with grapes.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 405.
2. Without ceasing.
Why do not all animals continually increase in bigness,
during the whole space of their lives? Bentley's Sermons.

CONTI’NUANCE. n. s. [from continue.]
1. Succession uninterrupted.
The brute immediately regards his own preservation, or the
continuance of his species. Addison's Spectator, No. 120.


2. Permanence in one state.
Continuance of evil doth in itself increase evil. Sidney.
A chamber where a great fire is kept, though the fire be
at one stay, yet with the continuance continually hath its heat
increased. Sidney, b. ii.
These Romish casuists speak peace to the consciences of
men, by suggesting something which shall satisfy their minds,
notwithstanding a known, avowed continuance in sins. South.
3. Abode in a place.
4. Duration; lastingness.
You either fear his humour, or my negligence, that you
call in question the continuance of his love. Shak. Twelfth Night.
Their duty depending upon fear, the one was of no greater
continuance than the other. Hayward.
That pleasure is not of greater continuance, which arises
from the prejudice or malice of its hearers. Addis. Freeholder.
5. Perseverance.
To them who, by patient continuance in well-doing, seek
for glory, and honour, and immortality, eternal life. Ro. ii. 7.
6. Progression of time.
In thy book all my members were written, which in conti­
nuance were fashioned. Ps. cxxxix. 16.

CONTI’NUATE. adj. [continuatus, Latin.]
1. Immediately united.
We are of him and in him, even as though our very flesh
and bones should be made continuate with his. Hooker, b. v.
2. Uninterrupted; unbroken.
A most incomparable man breath'd, as it were,
To an untirable and continuate goodness. Shakesp. Timon.

CONTINUA’TION. n. s. [from continuate.] Protraction, or suc­
cession uninterrupted.
These things must needs be the works of providence, for
the continuation of the species, and upholding the world. Ray.
The Roman poem is but the second part of the Illias; a
continuation of the same story. Dryd. Fables, Preface.

CONTI’NUATIVE. n. s. [from continuate.] An expression noting
permanence or duration.
To these may be added continuatives; as Rome remains to
this day, which includes at least two propositions, viz. Rome
was, and Rome is. Watts's Logick.

CONTINUA’TOR. n. s. [from continuate.] He that continues or
keeps up the series or succession.
It seems injurious to providence to ordain a way of produc­
tion which should destroy the producer, or contrive the conti­
nuation of the species by the destruction of the continuator.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 15.

To CONTI’NUE. v. n. [continuer, Fr. continuo, Latin.]
1. To remain in the same state.
The multitude continue with me now three days, and have
nothing to eat. Mat. xv. 32.
2. To last; to be durable.
Thy kingdom shall not continue. 1 Sa. xiii. 14.
For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to
come. Heb. xiii. 14.
3. To persevere.
If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples in­
deed. Jo. viii. 31. 

To CONTI’NUE. v. a. 
1. To protract, or repeat without interruption.
O continue thy loving kindness unto them. Ps. xxxvi. 10.
2. To unite without a chasm, or intervening substance.
The dark abyss, whose boiling gulph
Tamely endur'd a bridge of wond'rous length,
From hell continu'd reaching th' utmost orb
Of this frail world. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 1029.
Here Priam's son, Deiphobus, he found,
Whose face and limbs were one continu'd wound;
Dishonest, with lop'd arms, the youth appears,
Spoil'd of his nose, and shorten'd of his ears. Dryd. Æn.
Where any motion or succession is so slow, as that it keeps
not pace with the ideas in our minds, there the series of a
constant continued succession is lost; and we perceive it not
but with certain gaps of rest between. Locke.
You know how to make yourself happy, by only continuing
such a life as you have been long accustomed to lead. Pope.

CONTI’NUEDLY. adv. [from continued.] Without interruption;
without ceasing.
By perseverance, I do not understand a continuedly uniform,
equal course of obedience, and such as is not interrupted with
the least act of sin. Norris.

CONTI’NUER. n. s. [from continue.] Having the power of per­
severance.
I would my horse had the speed of your tongue, and so
good a continuer. Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.

CONTINU’ITY. n. s. [continuitas, Latin.]
1. Connection uninterrupted; cohesion; close union.
It is certain, that in all bodies there is an appetite of union,
and evitation of solution of continuity. Bacon's Nat. History.
After the great lights there must be great shadows, which
we call reposes, because in reality the sight would be tired,
if it were attracted by a continuity of glittering objects. Dryd.
It wraps itself about the flame, and by its continuity hinders
any air or nitre from coming. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. In physick.
That texture or cohesion of the parts of an animal body,
upon the destruction of which there is said to be a solution of
continuity. Quincy.
As in the natural body a wound or solution of continuity is
worse than a corrupt humour, so in the spiritual. Bac. Essays.
The solid parts may be contracted by dissolving their con­
tinuity; for a fibre, cut through, contracts itself. Arbuthnot.

CONTI’NUOUS. adj. [continuus, Latin.] Joined together with­
out the intervention of any space.
As the breadth of every ring is thus augmented, the dark
intervals must be diminished, until the neighbouring rings be­
come continuous, and are blended. Newton's Opt.
To whose dread expanse,
Continuous depth, and wond'rous length of course,
Our floods are rills. Thomson's Summer, l. 835.

To CONTO’RT. v. a. [contortus, Latin.] To twist; to
writhe.
The vertebral arteries are variously contorted. Ray.
Air seems to consist of spires contorted into small spheres,
through the interstices of which the particles of light may
freely pass. Cheyne.

CONTO’RTION. n. s. [from contort.] Twist; wry motion;
flexure.
Disruption they would be in danger of, upon a great and
sudden stretch or contortion. Ray on the Creation.
How can she acquire those hundred graces and motions,
and airs, the contortions of every muscular motion in the
face? Swift.

CONTO’UR. n. s. [French.] The outline; the line by which
any figure is defined or terminated.

CO’NTRA. A Latin preposition used in composition, which
signifies against.

CONTRA’BAND. adj. [contrabando, Ital. contrary to procla­
mation.] Prohibited; illegal; unlawful.
If there happen to be found an irreverent expression, or a
thought too wanton, in the cargo, let them be staved or for­
feited, like contraband goods. Dryden's Fables, Preface.

To CO’NTRABAND. v. a. [from the adjective.] To import
goods prohibited.

To CONTRA’CT. v. a. [contractus, Latin.]
1. To draw together; to shorten.
Why love among the virtues is not known,
Is, that love contracts them all in one. Donne.
2. To bring two parties together; to make a bargain.
On him thy grace did liberty bestow;
But first contracted, that, if ever found,
His head should pay the forfeit. Dryden's Fables.
3. To betroth; to affiance.
The truth is, she and I, long since contracted,
Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us. Shakespeare.
She was a lady of the highest condition in that country,
and contracted to a man of merit and quality. Tatler, No. 58.
4. To procure; to bring; to incur; to draw; to get.
Of enemies he could not but contract good store, while
moving in so high a sphere. King Charles.
He that but conceives a crime in thought,
Contracts the danger of an actual fault. Dryden's Juv.
Like friendly colours, found them both unite,
And each from each contract new strength and light. Pope.
Such behaviour we contract by having much conversed with
persons of high stations. Swift.
5. To shorten; to abridge; to epitomise.

To CONTRA’CT. v. n. 
1. To shrink up; to grow short.
Whatever empties the vessels, gives room to the fibres to
contract. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To bargain; as, to contract for a quantity of provisions.

CONTRA’CT. part. adj. [from the verb.] Affianced; contracted.
First was he contract to lady Lucy;
Your mother lives a witness to that vow. Shakes. Rich. III.

CO’NTRACT. n. s. [from the verb. Anciently accented on the first.]
1. An act whereby two parties are brought together; a bargain;
a compact.
The agreement upon orders, by mutual contract, with the
consent to execute them by common strength, they make the
rise of all civil governments. Temple.
Shall Ward draw contracts with a statesman's skill?
Or Japhet pocket, like his grace, a will? Pope.
2. An act whereby a man and woman are betrothed to one
another.
Touch'd you the bastardy of Edward's children?—
—I did, with his contract with lady Lucy,
And his contract by deputy in France. Shakes. Richard III.
3. A writing in which the terms of a bargain are included.

CONTRA’CTEDNESS. n. s. [from contracted.] The state of
being contracted; contraction. Dict.

CONTRACTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from contractible.] Possibility of
being contracted; quality of suffering contraction.


By this continual contractibility and dilatibility by different
degrees of heat, the air is kept in a constant motion. Arbuthn.

CONTRA’CTIBLE. adj. [from contract.] Capable of con­
traction.
Small air-bladders, dilatable and contractible, are capable to
be inflated by the admission of air, and to subside at the ex­
pulsion of it. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CONTRA’CTIBLENESS. n. s. [from contractible.] The quality
of suffering contraction. Dict.

CONTRA’CTILE. adj. [from contract.] Having the power of
contraction, or of shortening itself.
The arteries are elastick tubes, endued with a contractile
force, by which they squeeze and drive the blood still
forward. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CONTRA’CTION. n. s. [contractio, Latin.]
1. The act of contracting or shortening.
The main parts of the poem, such as the fable and senti­
ments, no translator can prejudice but by omissions or con­
tractions. Pope's Essay on Homer.
2. The act of shrinking or shriveling.
Oil of vitriol will throw the stomach into involuntary con­
tractions. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The state of being contracted, or drawn into a narrow
compass.
Some things induce a contraction in the nerves, placed in the
mouth of the stomach, which is a great cause of appetite. Bacon.
Comparing the quantity of contraction and dilatation made
by all the degrees of each colour, I found it greatest in the
red. Newton's Opt.
4. [In grammar.] The reduction of two vowels or syllables
to one.
5. Any thing in its state of abbreviation or contraction; as, the
writing is full of contractions.

CONTRA’CTOR. n. s. [from contract.] One of the parties to a
contract or bargain.
Let the measure of your affirmation or denial be the un­
derstanding of your contractor; for he that deceives the buyer
or the seller by speaking what is true, in a sense not under­
stood by the other, is a thief. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
All matches, friendships, and societies are dangerous and
inconvenient, where the contractors are not equals. L'Estrange.

To CONTRADI’CT. v. a. [contradico, Latin.]
1. To oppose verbally; to assert the contrary to what has been
asserted.
It is not lawful to contradict a point of history which is
known to all the world, as to make Hannibal and Scipio con­
temporaries with Alexander. Dryden's Dedication, Æn.
2. To be contrary to; to repugn; to oppose.
No truth can contradict any truth. Hooker, b. ii. sect. 7.
I contradict your banes:
If you will marry, make your loves to me. Shak. K. Lear.

CONTRADI’CTER. n. s. [from contradict.] One that contra­
dicts; one that opposes; an opposer.
If no contradicter appears herein, and the suit was only
commenced against such as openly reproached him, in respect
of his legitimacy, it will surely be good for the inheritance
itself. Ayliffe's Parergon.
If a gentleman is a little sincere in his representations, he
is sure to have a dozen contradicters. Swift's View of Ireland.

CONTRADI’CTION. n. s. [from contradict.]
1. Verbal opposition; controversial assertion.
That tongue,
Inspir'd with contradiction, durst oppose
A third part of the gods. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
2. Opposition.
Consider him that endureth such contradiction of sinners
against himself, lest ye he wearied. Heb. xii. 3.
3. Inconsistency; incongruity in words or thoughts.
The apostle's advice to be angry and sin not, was a contra­
diction in their philosophy. South's Sermons.
If truth be once perceived, we do thereby also perceive
whatsoever is false in contradiction to it. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii.
4. Contrariety, in thought or effect.
All contradictions grow in those minds, which neither abso­
lutely climb the rock of virtue, nor freely sink into the sea of
vanity. Sidney, b. ii.
Laws human must be made without contradiction unto any
positive law in scripture. Hooker, b. iii. s. 9.
Can he make deathless death? That were
Strange contradiction, which to God himself
Impossible is held; as argument
Of weakness, not of pow'r. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

CONTRADI’CTIOUS. adj. [from contradict.]
1. Filled with contradictions; inconsistent.
The rules of decency, of government, of justice itself,
are so different in one place from what they are in another,
so party-coloured and contradictious, that one would think
the species of men altered according to their climates. Collier.
2. Inclined to contradict; given to cavil.

CONTRADI’CTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from contradictious.] Incon­
sistency; contrariety to itself.
This opinion was, for its absurdity and contradictiousness,
unworthy of the contemplation and refined spirit of Plato.
Norris's Miscellanies.

CONTRADI’CTORILY. adv. [from contradictory.] Inconsistent­
ly with himself; oppositely to others.
Such as have discoursed hereon, have so diversely, contra­
rily, or contradictorily delivered themselves, that no affirmative
from thence can be reasonably deduced. Brown's Vulg. Err.

CONTRADI’CTORINESS. n. s. [from contradictory.] Opposition
in the highest degree. Dict.

CONTRADI’CTORY. adj. [contradictorius, Latin.]
1. Opposite to; inconsistent with.
The Jews hold, that in case two rabbies should happen to
contradict one another, they were yet bound to believe the
contradictory assertions of both. South's Sermons.
The schemes of those gentlemen are most absurd, and
contradictory to common sense. Addison's Freeholder, No. 7.
2. [In logick.] That which is in the fullest opposition, where
both the terms of one proposition are opposite to those of
another.

CONTRADI’CTORY. n. s. A proposition which opposes another
in all its terms; contrariety; inconsistency.
It is common with princes to will contradictories; for it is
the solecism of power to think to command the end, and yet
not to endure the means. Bacon, Essay 20.
To ascribe unto him a power of election, not to chuse this or
that indifferently, is to make the same thing to be determined
to one, and to be not determined to one, which are contra­
dictories. Bramh. Answer to Hobbs.

CONTRADISTI’NCTION. n. s. [from contradistinguish.] Distinc­
tion by opposite qualities.
We must trace the soul in the ways of intellectual actions,
whereby we may come to the distinct knowledge of what is
meant by imagination, in contradistinction to some other
powers. Glanville's Sceps. c. 13.
That there are such things as sins of infirmity, in contra­
distinction to those of presumption, is a truth not to be
questioned. South.

To CONTRADISTI’NGUISH. v. a. [from contra and dis­
tinguish.] To distinguish not simply by differential but by
opposite qualities.
The primary ideas we have peculiar to body, as contradis­
tinguished to spirit, are the cohesion of solid, and consequently
separable parts, and a power of communicating motion by
impulse. Locke.
These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contra­
distinguished. Locke.

CONTRAFI’SSURE. n. s. [from contra and fissure.]
Contusions, when great, do usually produce a fissure or
crack of the scull, either in the same part where the blow was
inflicted, and then it is called fissure; or in the contrary part,
in which case it obtains the name of contrafissure. Wiseman.

To CONTRAI’NDICATE. v. a. [contra and indico, Lat.] To
point out some peculiar or incidental symptom or method of
cure, contrary to what the general tenour of the malady
requires.
Vomits have their use in this malady; but the age and sex
of the patient, or other urgent or contraindicating symptoms,
must be observed. Harvey on Consumptions.

CONTRAINDICA’TION. n. s. [from contraindicate.] An indica­
tion or symptom, which forbids that to be done which the
main scope of a disease points out at first. Quincy.
I endeavour to give the most simple idea of the distemper,
and the proper diet, abstracting from the complications of the
first, or the contraindications to the second. Arbuth. on Aliments.

CONTRAMU’RE. n. s. [contremur, French.] In fortification, is
an out wall built about the main wall of a city. Chambers.

CONTRANI’TENCY. n. s. [from contra and nitens, Latin.] Re­
action; a resistency against pressure. Dict.

CONTRAPOSI’TION. n. s. [from contra and position.]
1. A placing over against.
2. In logick. See CONVERSION.

CONTRAREGULA’RITY. n. s. [from contra and regularity.]
Contrariety to rule.
It is not only its not promoting, but its opposing, or at
least its natural aptness to oppose the greatest and best of ends;
so that it is not so properly an irregularity as a contraregu­
larity. Norris.

CONTRA’RIANT. adj. [contrariant, from contrarier, French.]
Inconsistent; contradictory: a term of law.
The very depositions of witnesses themselves, being false,
various, contrariant, single, inconcludent. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CO’NTRARIES. n. s. [from contrary.] In logick, propositions
which destroy each other; but of which the falshood of one
does not establish the truth of the other.
If two universals differ in quality, they are contraries; as,
every vine is a tree, no vine is a tree. These can never be both
true together, but they may be both false. Watts's Logick.

CONTRARI’ETY. n. s. [from contrarietas, Latin.]
1. Repugnance; opposition.
The will about one and the same thing may, in contrary


respects, have contrary inclinations, and that without con­
trariety. Hooker, b. v. sect. 48.
It principally failed by late setting out, and by some contra­
riety of weather at sea. Wotton.
Their religion had more than negative contrariety to virtue.
Decay of Piety.
There is a contrariety between those things that con­
science inclines to, and those that entertain the senses. South.
There is nothing more common than contrariety of opi­
nions; nothing more obvious than that one man wholly dis­
believes what another only doubts of, and a third stedfastly
believes and firmly adheres to. Locke.
2. Inconsistency; quality or position destructive of its op­
posite.
Making a contrariety the place of my memory, in her foul­
ness I beheld Pamela's fairness, still looking on Mopsa, but
thinking on Pamela. Sidney.
He which will perfectly recover a sick and restore a diseased
body unto health, must not endeavour so much to bring it to
a state of simple contrariety, as of fit proportion in contrariety
unto those evils which are to be cured. Hooker, b. iv. s. 8.
He will be here, and yet he is not here;
How can these contrarieties agree? Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
These two interests are of that nature, that it is to be feared
they cannot be divided; but they will also prove opposite, and
not resting in a bare diversity, quickly rise into a contrariety.
South's Sermons.

CONTRA’RILY. adv. [from contrary.]
1. In a manner contrary.
Many of them conspire to one and the same action, and all
this contrarily to the laws of specifick gravity, in whatever
posture the body be formed. Ray on the Creation.
2. Different ways; in different directions.
Though all men desire happiness, yet their wills carry them
so contrarily, and consequently some of them to what is
evil. Locke.

CONTRA’RINESS. n. s. [from contrary.] Contrariety; opposi­
tion. Dict.

CONTRA’RIOUS. adj. [from contrary.] Opposite; repugnant
the one to the other.
God of our fathers, what is man!
That Thou towards him, with hand so various,
Or might I say contrarious,
Temper'st thy providence through his short course? Milton.

CONTRA’RIOUSLY. adv. [from contrarious.] Oppositely; con­
trarily.
Many things, having full reference
To one consent, may work contrariously. Shakesp. Henry V.

CONTRA’RIWISE. adv. [contrary and wise.] See WISE.
1. Conversely.
Divers medicines in greater quantity move stool, and in
smaller urine; and so, contrariwise, some in greater quantity
move urine, and in smaller stool. Bacon's Natural History.
Every thing that acts upon the fluids, must, at the same
time, act upon the solids, and contrariwise. Arbuth. on Alim.
2. On the contrary.
The matter of faith is constant, the matter, contrariwise, of
actions daily changeable. Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
This request was never before made by any other lords;
but, contrariwise, they were humble suiters to have the benefit
and protection of the English laws. Davies on Ireland.
The sun may set and rise:
But we, contrariwise,
Sleep, after our short light,
One everlasting night. Raleigh's History of the World.

CO’NTRARY. adj. [contrarius, Latin.]
1. Opposite; contradictory; not simply different, or not alike,
but repugnant, so that one destroys or obstructs the other.
Perhaps some thing, repugnant to her kind,
By strong antipathy the soul may kill;
But what can be contrary to the mind,
Which holds all contraries in concord still. Davies.
2. Inconsistent; disagreeing.
He that believes it, and yet lives contrary to it, knows that
he hath no reason for what he does. Tillotson, Serm. v.
The various and contrary choices that men make in the
world, do not argue that they do not at all pursue good; but
that the same thing is not good to every man alike. Locke.
3. Adverse; in an opposite direction.
The ship was in the midst of the sea, tossed with the waves;
for the wind was contrary. Mat. xiv. 24.

CO’NTRARY. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A thing of opposite qualities.
No contraries hold more antipathy,
Than I and such a knave. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He sung
Why contraries feed thunder in the cloud. Cowley's Davideis.
Honour should be concern'd in honour's cause;
That is not to be cur'd by contraries,
As bodies are, whose health is often drawn
From rankest poisons. Southern's Oroonoko.
2. A proposition contrary to some other; a fact contrary to the
allegation.
The instances brought by our author are but slender proofs
of a right to civil power and dominion in the first-born, and
do rather shew the contrary. Locke.
3. On the CONTRARY. In opposition; on the other side.
He pleaded still not guilty;
The king's attorney, on the contrary,
Urg'd on examinations, proofs, confessions
Of diverse witnesses. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
If justice stood on the side of the single person, it ought to
give good men pleasure to see that right should take place;
but when, on the contrary, the commonweal of a whole nation
is overborn by private interest, what good man but must
lament? Swift.
4. To the CONTRARY. To a contrary purpose; to an opposite
intent.
They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary. Still.

To CO’NTRARY. v. a. [contrarier, French.] To oppose; to
thwart; to contradict.
When I came to court I was advised not to contrary the
king. Latimer.
Finding in him the force of it, he would no further con­
trary it, but employ all his service to medicine it. Sidney.

CO’NTRAST. n. s. [contraste, Fr.] Opposition and dissimi­
litude of figures, by which one contributes to the visibility or
effect of another.

To CO’NTRAST. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place in opposition, so that one figure shews another to
advantage.
2. To shew another figure to advantage by its colour or situa­
tion.
The figures of the groups must not be all on a side, that is,
with their face and bodies all turned the same way; but must
contrast each other by their several positions. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

CONTRAVALLA’TION. n. s. [from contra and vallo, Latin.]
The fortification thrown up, by the besiegers, round a city, to
hinder the fallies of the garrison.
When the late czar of Muscovy first acquainted himself
with mathematical learning, he practised all the rules of cir­
cumvallation and contravallation at the siege of a town in
Livonia. Watts's Logick.

To CONTRAVE’NE. v. a. [contra and venio, Lat.] To op­
pose; to obstruct; to baffle.

CONTRAVE’NER. n. s. [from contravene.] He who opposes
another.

CONTRAVE’NTION. n. s. [French.] Opposition.
Yet if Christianity did not lend its name to stand in the
gap, and to employ or divert these humours, they must of
necessity be spent in contraventions to the laws of the land. Swift.

CONTRAYE’RVA. n. s. [contra, against, and yerva, a name by
which the Spaniards call black hellebore; and, perhaps, some­
times poison in general.] A species of birthwort growing in
Jamaica, where it is much used as an alexipharmick. Miller.

CONTRECTA’TION. n. s. [contrectatio, Latin.] A touching or
handling. Dict.

CONTRI’BUTARY. adj. [from con and tributary.] Paying tri­
bute to the same sovereign.
Thus we are engaged in the objects of geometry and arith­
metick; yea, the whole mathematicks must be contributary,
and to them all nature pays a subsidy. Glanville's Sceps. c. 25.

To CONTRI’BUTE. v. a. [contribuo, Latin.] To give to
some common stock; to advance towards some common
design.
England contributes much more than any other of the
allies. Addison on the State of the War.
His master contributed a great sum of money to the Jesuits
church, which is not yet quite finished. Addison on Italy.

To CONTRI’BUTE. v. n. To bear a part; to have a share in
any act or effect.
Whatever praises may be given to works of judgment, there
is not even a single beauty in them to which the invention
must not contribute. Pope's Essay on Homer.

CONTRIBU’TION. n. s. [from contribute.]
1. The act of promoting some design in conjunction with other
persons.
2. That which is given by several hands for some common
purpose.
It hath pleased them of Macedonia to make a certain con­
tribution for the poor saints. Rom. xv. 26.
Beggars are now maintained by voluntary contributions.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
3. That which is paid for the support of an army lying in a
country.
The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground,
Do stand but in a forc'd affection;
For they have grudg'd us contribution. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.

CONTRI’BUTIVE. adj. [from contribute.] That which has the
power or quality of promoting any purpose in concurrence
with other motives.
As the value of the promises renders them most proper in­


centives to virtue, so the manner of proposing we shall find
also highly contributive to the same end. Decay of Piety.

CONTRI’BUTOR. n. s. [from contribute.] One that bears a part
in some common design; one that helps forward, or exerts his
endeavours to some end, in conjunction with others.
I promis'd we would be contributors,
And bear his charge of wooing, whatsoe'er. Shakespeare.
A grand contributor to our dissentions is passion. Dec. of Piety.
Art thou a true lover of thy country? Zealous for its reli­
gious and civil liberties? And a chearful contributor to all those
publick expences which have been thought necessary to secure
them? Atterbury.

CONTRI’BUTORY. adj. [from contribute.] Promoting the same
end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to
some common stock.

To CONTRI’STATE. v. a. [contristo, Latin.] To sadden;
to make sorrowful; to make melancholy.
Blackness and darkness are but privatives, and therefore
have little or no activity: somewhat they do contristate, but
very little. Bacon's Natural History, No. 73.

CONTRISTA’TION. n. s. [from contristate.] The act of making
sad; the state of being made sad; sorrow; heaviness of heart;
sadness; sorrowfulness; gloominess; grief; moan; mourn­
fulness; trouble; discontent; melancholy.
Incense and nidorous smells, such as were of sacrifices,
were thought to intoxicate the brain, and to dispose men to
devotion; which they may do by a kind of sadness and con­
tristation of the spirits, and partly also by heating and exalting
them. Bacon's Natural History, No. 932.

CONTRITE. adj. [contritus, Latin.]
1. Bruised; much worn.
2. Worn with sorrow; harrassed with the sense of guilt; pe­
nitent. In the books of divines contrite is sorrowful for sin,
from the love of God and desire of pleasing him; and attrite
is sorrowful for sin, from the fear of punishment.
I Richard's body have interred now;
And on it have bestow'd more contrite tears,
Than from it issu'd forced drops of blood. Shak. Henry V.
With tears
Wat'ring the ground, and with our sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
Of sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation meek. Milt. Pa. Lost.
The contrite sinner is restored to pardon, and, through faith
in Christ, our repentance is intitled to salvation. Rogers's Serm.

CONTRI’TENESS. n. s. [from contrite.] Contrition; repen­
tance. Dict.

CONTRI’TION. n. s. [from contrite.]
1. The act of grinding; or rubbing to powder.
Some of those coloured powders, which painters use, may
have their colours a little changed, by being very elaborately
and finely ground; where I see not what can be justly pre­
tended for those changes, besides the breaking of their parts
into less parts by that contrition. Newton's Opt.
2. Penitence; sorrow for sin: in the strict sense, the sorrow
which arises from the desire to please God, distinguished from
attrition, or imperfect repentance produced by dread of hell.
What is sorrow and contrition for sin? A being grieved with
the conscience of sin, not only that we have thereby incurred
such danger, but also that we have so unkindly grieved and
provoked so good a God. Hammond's Pract. Cat.
Fruits of more pleasing savour, from thy seed
Sown with contrition in his heart, than those
Which, his own hand manuring, all the trees
Of paradise could have produc'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Your fasting, contrition, and mortification, when the church
and state appoints, and that especially in times of greater riot
and luxury. Sprat's Sermons.
My future days shall be one whole contrition;
A chapel will I build with large endowment,
Where every day an hundred aged men
Shall all hold up their wither'd hands to heav'n. Dryden.

CONTRI’VABLE. adj. [from contrive.] Possible to be planned
by the mind; possible to be invented and adjusted.
It will hence appear how a perpetual motion may seem
easily contrivable. Wilkins's Dædalus.

CONTRI’VANCE. n. s. [from contrive.]
1. The act of contriving; excogitation; the thing contrived.
There is no work impossible to these contrivances, but there
may be as much acted by this art as can be fancied by imagi­
nation. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
Instructed, you'll explore
Divine contrivance, and a God adore. Blackmore's Creation.
2. Scheme; plan; disposition of parts or causes.
Our bodies are made according to the most curious artifice,
and orderly contrivance. Glanville's Sceps. c. 7.
3. A conceit; a plot; an artifice.
Have I not manag'd my contrivance well,
To try your love, and make you doubt of mine? Dryden.
There might be a feint, a contrivance in the matter, to
draw him into some secret ambush. Atterbury's Sermons.

To CONTRI’VE. v. a. [controuver, French.]
1. To plan out; to excogitate.
One that slept in the contriving lust, and waked to do it.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
What more likely to contrive this admirable frame of the
universe than infinite wisdom. Tillotson.
Our poet has always some beautiful design, which he first
establishes, and then contrives the means which will naturally
conduct him to his end. Dryden.
2. To wear away. Out of use.
Three ages, such as mortal men contrive. Fairy Queen.

To CONTRI’VE. v. n. To form or design; to plan; to
scheme; to complot.
Please ye, we may contrive this afternoon,
And quaff carouses to our mistress' health. Shakespeare.

CONTRI’VEMENT. n. s. [from contrive.] Invention. Dict.

CONTRI’VER. n. s. [from contrive.] An inventer; one that
plans a design; a schemer.
I, the mistress of your charms,
The close contriver of all harms,
Was never call'd to bear my part. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Epeus, who the fraud's contriver was. Denham.
Plain loyalty, not built on hope,
I leave to your contriver, Pope:
None loves his king and country better,
Yet none was ever less their debtor. Swift.
Scenes of blood and desolation, I had painted as the
common effects of those destructive machines; whereof, he
said, some evil genius, enemy to mankind, must have been
the first contriver. Gulliv. Travels.

CONTRO’L. n. s. [controle, that is, contre role, French.]
1. A register or account kept by another officer, that each may
be examined by the other.
2. Check; restraint.
Let partial spirits still aloud complain,
Think themselves injur'd that they cannot reign;
And own no liberty, but where they may,
Without control, upon their fellows prey. Waller.
He shall feel a force upon himself from within, and from
the control of his own principles, to engage him to do
worthily. South.
If the sinner shall win so complete a victory over his con­
science, that all those considerations shall be able to strike no
terrour into his mind, lay no restraint upon his lusts, no con­
trol upon his appetites, he is certainly too strong for the
means of grace. South's Sermons.
Speak, what Phœbus has inspir'd thy soul
For common good, and speak without control. Dryd. Hom.
3. Power; authority; superintendence.
The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowls,
Are their male's subjects, and at their controls. Shakespeare.

To CONTRO’L. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To keep under check by a counter reckoning.
2. To govern; to restrain; to subject.
Authority to convent, to control, to punish, as far as with
excommunication, whomsoever they should think worthy.
Hooker, Preface.
Give me a staff of honour for mine age;
But not a sceptre to control the world. Shakes. Tit. Andron.
Who shall control me for my works? Ecclus. v. 3.
I feel my virtue struggling in my soul;
But stronger passion does its pow'r control. Dryd. Aurengz.
O, dearest Andrew, says the humble droll,
Henceforth may I obey, and thou control. Prior.
3. To overpower; to confute; as, he controlled all the evidence
of his adversary.
As for the time while he was in the Tower, and the man­
ner of his brother's death, and his own escape, she knew they
were things that a very few could control. Bacon's Henry VII.

CONTRO’LLABLE. adj. [from control.] Subject to control;
subject to command; subject to be over-ruled.
Passion is the drunkenness of the mind, and therefore, in
its present workings, not controllable by reason. South.

CONTRO’LLER. n. s. [from control.] One that has the power
of governing or restraining; a superintendent.
He does not calm his contumelious spirit,
Nor cease to be an arrogant controller. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The great controller of our fate,
Deign'd to be man, and liv'd in low estate. Dryden.

CONTRO’LLERSHIP. n. s. [from controller.] The office of a
controller.

CONTRO’LMENT. n. s. [from control.]
1. The power or act of superintending or restraining; restraint;
superintendence.
They made war and peace one with another, without con­
trolment. Davies on Ireland.
2. Opposition; resistance; confutation.
Were it reason that we should suffer the same to pass with­
out controlment, in that current meaning whereby every where
it prevaileth. Hooker, b. iii. sect. 7.
Here have we war for war, and blood for blood,
Controlment for controlment. Shakespeare's King John.

CONTROVE’RSIAL. adj. [from controversy.] Relating to dis­
putes; disputatious.


It happens in controversial discourses as it does in the assault­
ing of towns, where, if the ground be but firm whereon the
batteries are erected, there is no farther enquiry of whom it
is borrowed, nor whom it belongs to, so it affords but a fit
rise for the present purpose. Locke.

CO’NTROVERSY. n. s. [controversia, Latin.]
1. Dispute; debate; agitation of contrary opinions: a dispute
is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing.
How cometh it to pass that we are so rent with mutual con­
tentions, and that the church is so much troubled? If men had
been willing to learn, all these controversies might have
died the very day they were first brought forth. Hooker, b. i.
Without controversy great is the mystery of godliness. 1 Tim.
Wild controversy then, which long had slept,
Into the press from ruin'd cloisters leapt. Denham.
This left no room for controversy about the title, nor for en­
croachment on the right of others. Locke.
2. A suit in law.
If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto
judgment, that the judges may judge them, then they shall
justify the righteous and condemn the wicked. Deutr. xxv. 1. 
3. A quarrel.
The Lord hath a controversy with the nations. Jer. xxv. 31. 
4. Opposition; enmity: this is an unusual sense.
The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews; throwing it aside,
And stemming it with hearts of controversy. Shak. Jul. Cæs.

To CO’NTROVERT. v. a. [controverto, Lat.] To debate; to
ventilate in opposite books; to dispute any thing in writing.
If any person shall think fit to controvert them, he may do
it very safely for me. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

CONTROVE’RTIBLE. adj. [from controvert.] Disputable; that
may be the cause of controversy.
Discoursing of matters dubious, and many controvertible
truths, we cannot without arrogancy intreat a credulity, or
implore any farther assent than the probability of our reasons
and verity of our experiments. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

CONTROVE’RTIST. n. s. [from controvert.] Disputant; a man
versed or engaged in literary wars or disputations.
Who can think himself so considerable as not to dread this
mighty man of demonstration, this prince of controvertists,
this great lord and possessor of first principles. Tillotson, Preface.

CONTU’MACIOUS. adj. [contumax, Latin.] Obstinate; per­
verse; stubborn; inflexible.
He is in law said to be a contumacious person, who, on his
appearance afterwards, departs the court without leave. Ayliffe.
There is another very efficacious method for subduing of
the most obstinate contumacious sinner, and bringing him into
the obedience of the faith of Christ. Hammond's Fundamentals.

CONTUMA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from contumacious.] Obstinately;
stubbornly; inflexibly; perversely.

CONTUMA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from contumacious.] Obstinacy;
perverseness; inflexibility; stubbornness.
From the description I have given of it, a judgment may be
given of the difficulty and contumaciousness of cure. Wiseman.

CO’NTUMACY. n. s. [from contumacia, Latin.]
1. Obstinacy; perverseness; stubbornness; inflexibility.
Such acts
Of contumacy will provoke the Highest
To make death in us live. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. [In law.] A wilful contempt and disobedience to any lawful
summons or judicial order. Ayliffe's Parergon.
These certificates do only, in the generality, mention the
party's contumacies and disobedience. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CONTUME’LIOUS. adj. [contumeliosus, Latin.]
1. Reproachful; rude; sarcastick; contemptuous.
With scoffs and scorns, and contumelious taunts,
In open market-place produc'd they me
To be a publick spectacle. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.
In all the quarrels and tumults at Rome, though the people
frequently proceeded to rude contumelious language, yet no
blood was ever drawn in any popular commotions, 'till the
time of the Gracchi. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
2. Inclined to utter reproach; brutal; rude.
There is yet another sort of contumelious persons, who, in­
deed, are not chargeable with that circumstance of ill employ­
ing their wit; for they use none in it. Governm. of the Tongue.
Giving our holy virgins to the stain
Of contumelious, beastly, madbrain'd war. Shakesp. Timon.
3. Productive of reproach; shameful; ignominious.
As it is in the highest degree injurious to them, so is it con­
tumelious to him. Decay of Piety.

CONTUME’LIOUSLY. adv. [from contumelious.] Reproachfully;
contemptuously; rudely.
The people are not wont to take so great offence, when they
are excluded from honours and offices, as when their persons
are contumeliously trodden upon. Hooker, b. i. sect. 10.
Fie, lords; that you, being supreme magistrates,
Thus contumeliously should break the peace. Shakes. Hen. VI.

CONTUME’LIOUSNESS. n. s. [from contumelious.] Rudeness; re­
proach.

CO’NTUMELY. n. s. [contumelia, Latin.] Rudeness; con­
temptuousness; bitterness of language; reproach.
If the helm of chief government be in the hands of a few
of the wealthiest, then laws, providing for continuance there­
of, must make the punishment of contumely and wrong, offered
unto any of the common sort, sharp and grievous, that so the
evil may be prevented. Hooker, b. i. sect. 10.
Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pang of despis'd love, the law's delay. Shakes. Hamlet.
It was undervalued and depressed with some bitterness and
contumely. Clarendon, b. viii.
Why should any man be troubled at the contumelies of those
whose judgment deserves not to be valued? Tillotson.
Eternal contumely attend that guilty title which claims
exemption from thought, and arrogates to its wearers the pre­
rogative of brutes. Addison's Guardian, No. 123.

To CONTU’SE. v. a. [contusus, Latin.]
1. To beat together; to bruise.
Of their roots, barks, and seeds, contused together, and min­
gled with other earth, and well watered with warm water,
there came forth herbs much like the other. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. To bruise the flesh without a breach of the continuity.
The ligature contuses the lips in cutting them, so that they
require to be digested before they can unite. Wiseman's Surgery.

CONTU’SION. n. s. [from contusio.]
1. The act of beating or bruising.
2. The state of being beaten or bruised.
Take a piece of glass, and reduce it to powder, it acquiring
by contusion a multitude of minute surfaces, from a diaphanous,
degenerates into a white body. Boyle on Colours.
3. A bruise; a compression of the fibres, distinguished from a
wound.
That winter lion, who in rage forgets
Aged contusions, and all bruise of time. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The bones, in sharp colds, wax brittle; and all contusions, in
hard weather, are more difficult to cure. Bacon's Nat. History.

CONVAL LILY. See LILY of the VALLEY.

CONVALE’SCENCE. n. s. [from convalesco, Latin.] Renewal
of health; recovery from a disease.

CONVALE’SCENCY. n. s. [from convalesco, Latin.] Renewal
of health; recovery from a disease.
Being in a place out of the reach of any alarm, she reco­
vered her spirits to a reasonable convalescence. Clarendon, b. viii.

CONVALE’SCENT. adj. [convalescens, Latin.] Recovering;
returning to a state of health.

CONVE’NABLE. adj. [convenable, French.]
1. Consistent with; agreeable to; accordant to. Not now
in use.
He is so meek, wise, and merciable,
And with his word his work is convenable. Spenser's Past.
2. That may be convened.

To CONVE’NE. v. n. [convenio, Latin.] To come together;
to assemble; to associate; to unite.
The fire separates the aqueous parts from the others where­
with they were blended in the concrete, and brings them into
the receiver, where they convene into a liquor. Boyle.
There are settled periods of their convening, or a liberty
left to the prince for convoking the legislature. Locke.
In short-sighted men, whose eyes are too plump, the re­
fraction being too great, the rays converge and convene in the
eyes, before they come at the bottom. Newton's Opt.

To CONVE’NE. v. a. 
1. To call together; to assemble; to convoke.
No man was better pleased with the convening of this par­
liament than myself. King Charles.
All the factious and schismatical people would frequently,
as well in the night as the day, convene themselves by the sound
of a bell. Clarendon.
And now th' almighty father of the gods
Convenes a council in the blest abodes. Pope's Statius.
2. To summon judicially.
By the papal canon law, clerks, in criminal and civil causes,
cannot be convened before any but an ecclesiastical judge. Ayliffe.

CONVE’NIENCE. n. s. [convenientia, Latin.]

CONVE’NIENCY. n. s. [convenientia, Latin.]
1. Fitness; propriety.
In things not commanded of God, yet lawful, because per­
mitted, the question is, what light shall shew us the conve­
niency which one hath above another. Hooker, b. ii. s. 4.
2. Commodiousness; ease; freedom from difficulties.
A man putting all his pleasures into one, is like a traveller's
putting all his goods into one jewel: the value is the same,
and the convenience greater. South's Sermons.
Every man must want something for the conveniency of his
life, for which he must be obliged to others. Calamy's Serm.
There is another convenience in this method, during your
waiting. Swift's Directions to the Footman.
3. Cause of ease; accommodation.
If it have not such a convenience, voyages must be very
uncomfortable. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
A man alters his mind as the work proceeds, and will have
this or that convenience more, of which he had not thought
when he began. Dryden's Fables, Preface.


There was a pair of spectacles, a pocket perspective, and
several other little conveniencies, I did not think myself bound
in honour to discover. Gulliver's Travels.
3. Fitness of time or place.
Use no farther means;
But with all brief and plain conveniency,
Let me have judgment. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

CONVE’NIENT. adj. [conveniens, Latin.]
1. Fit; suitable; proper; well adapted; commodious.
The least and most trivial episodes, or under actions, are
either necessary or convenient; either so necessary that without
them the poem must be imperfect, or so convenient that no
others can be imagined more suitable to the place in which
they are. Dryd. Dedication to the Æneid.
Health itself is but a kind of temper, gotten and preserved
by a convenient mixture of contrarieties. Arbuth. on Aliments.
2. It has either to or for before the following noun: perhaps it
ought generally to have for before persons, and to before
things.
Give me neither poverty nor riches, feed me with food con­
venient for me. Prov. xxx. 8.
There are some arts that are peculiarly convenient to some
particular nations. Tillotson.

CONVE’NIENTLY. adv. [from convenient.]
1. Commodiously; without difficulty.
I this morning know
Where we shall find him most conveniently. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Fitly; with proper adaptation of part to part, or of the
whole to the effect proposed.
It would be worth the experiment to inquire, whether or
no a sailing chariot might be more conveniently framed with
moveable sails, whose force may be impressed from their mo­
tion, equivalent to those in a wind-mill. Wilkins's Mat. Mag.

CO’NVENT. n. s. [conventus, Latin.]
1. An assembly of religious persons; a body of monks or nuns.
He came to Leicester;
Lodg'd in the abbey, where the reverend abbot,
With all his convent, honourably receiv'd him. Sh. H. VIII.
2. A religious house; an abbey; a monastery; a nunnery.
One seldom finds in Italy a spot of ground more agreeable
than ordinary, that is not covered with a convent. Addison.

To CONVE’NT. v. a. [convenio, Latin.] To call before a judge
or judicature.
He with his oath
By all probation will make up full clear,
Whenever he's convented. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
They sent forth their precepts to attach men, and convent
them before themselves at private houses. Bacon's Henry VII.

CO’NVENTICLE. n. s. [conventiculum, Latin.]
1. An assembly; a meeting.
They are commanded to abstain from all conventicles of men
whatsoever; even out of the church, to have nothing to do
with publick business. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. An assembly for worship. Generally used in an ill sense,
including heresy or schism.
It behoveth, that the place where God shall be served by the
whole church be a publick place, for the avoiding of privy
conventicles, which, covered with pretence of religion, may
serve unto dangerous practices. Hooker, b. v. sect. 12.
A sort of men, who are content to be stiled of the church
of England, who perhaps attend its service in the morning,
and go with their wives to a conventicle in the afternoon. Swift.
3. A secret assembly; an assembly where conspiracies are formed.
Ay, all of you have laid your heads together,
(Myself had notice of your conventicles)
And all to make away my guiltless life. Shakesp. Henry VI.

CONVE’NTICLER. n. s. [from conventicle.] One that supports
or frequents private and unlawful assemblies.
Another crop is too like to follow; nay, I fear, it is un­
avoidable, if the conventiclers be permitted still to scatter. Dryd.

CONVE’NTION. n. s. [conventio, Latin.]
1. The act of coming together; union; coalition; junction.
They are to be reckoned amongst the most general affec­
tions of the conventions, or associations of several particles of
matter into bodies of any certain denomination. Boyle.
2. An assembly.
Publick conventions are liable to all the infirmities, follies,
and vices of private men. Swift.
3. A contract; an agreement for a time, previous to a definitive
treaty.

CONVE’NTIONAL. adj. [from convention.] Stipulated; agreed
on by compact.
Conventional services reserved by tenures upon grants, made
out of the crown or knights service. Hale's Com. Law of Engl.

CONVE’NTIONARY. adj. [from convention.] Acting upon con­
tract; settled by stipulations.
The ordinary covenants of most conventionary tenants are,
to pay due capon and due harvest journeys. Carew's Survey.

CONVE’NTUAL. adj. [conventuel, French.] Belonging to a con­
vent; monastick.
Those are called conventual priors that have the chief ruling
power over a monastery. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CONVE’NTUAL. n. s. [from convent.] A monk; a nun; one
that lives in a convent.
I have read a sermon of a conventual, who laid it down, that
Adam could not laugh before the fall. Addison's Spectator.

To CONVE’RGE. v. n. [convergo, Latin.] To tend to one
point from different places.
Where the rays from all the points of any object meet
again, after they have been made to converge by reflexion or
refraction, there they will make a picture of the object upon
a white body. Newton's Opt.
Ensweeping first
The lower skies, they all at once converge
High to the crown of heaven. Thomson's Autumn.

CONVE’RGENT. adj. [from converge.] Tending to one point
from different places.

CONVE’RGING. adj. [from converge.] Tending to one point
from different places.

CONVE’RGING Series. See SERIES.

CONVE’RSABLE. adj. [from converse. It is sometimes written
conversible, but improperly; conversant, conversation, conversable.]
Qualified for conversation; fit for company; well adapted to
the reciprocal communication of thoughts; communicative.
That fire and levity which makes the young ones scarce
conversible, when tempered by years, makes a gay old age.
Guardian, No. 101. 

CONVE’RSABLENESS. n. s. [from conversable.] The quality of
being a pleasing companion; fluency of talk.

CONVE’RSABLY. adv. [from conversable.] In a conversable
manner; with the qualities of a pleasing communicative com­
panion.

CONVE’RSANT. adj. [conversant, French.]
1. Acquainted with; having a knowledge of any thing acquired
by familiarity and habitude; familiar: with in.
The learning and skill which he had by being conversant in
their books. Hooker, b. iii. sect. 8.
Let them make some towns near to the mountain's side,
where they may dwell together with neighbours, and be con­
versant in the view of the world. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Those who are conversant in both the tongues, I leave to
make their own judgment of it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
He uses the different dialects as one who had been conver­
sant with them all. Pope's Essay on Homer.
2. Having intercourse with any; acquainted; familiar by coha­
bitation or fellowship; cohabiting: with among or with.
All that Moses commanded, Joshua read before all the con­
gregation of Israel, with the women, and the little ones, and
the strangers that were conversant among them. Jos. viii. 35.
Never to be infected with delight,
Nor conversant with ease and idleness. Shakesp. King John.
Old men who have loved young company, and been con­
versant continually with them, have been of long life. Bacon.
Gabriel, this day by proof thou shalt behold,
Thou, and all angels conversant on earth
With man, or men's affairs, how I begin
To verify that solemn message. Milton's Parad. Regained.
To such a one, an ordinary coffeehouse-gleaner of the city
is an arrant statesman, and as much superiour too, as a man
conversant about Whitehall and the court is to an ordinary
shopkeeper. Locke.
3. Relating to; having for its object; concerning: with about,
formerly in.
The matters wherein church polity is conversant, are the
publick religious duties of the church. Hooker, b. iii.
If any think education, because it is conversant about chil­
dren, to be but a private and domestick duty, he has been
ignorantly bred himself. Wotton on Education.
Discretion, considered both as an accomplishment and as a
virtue, not only as is conversant about worldly affairs, but as
regarding our whole existence. Addison, Spectator, No. 226.
Indifference cannot but be criminal, when it is conversant
about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent na­
ture, that they are of the highest importance to ourselves and
our country. Addison's Freeholder, No. 13.

CONVERSA’TION. n. s. [conversatio, Latin.]
1. Familiar discourse; chat; easy talk: opposed to a formal
conference.
She went to Pamela's chamber, meaning to joy her thoughts
with the sweet conversation of her sister. Sidney, b. ii.
What I mentioned some time ago in conversation, was not
a new thought, just then started by accident or occasion. Swift.
2. A particular act of discoursing upon any subject; as, we had
a long conversation on that question.
3. Commerce; intercourse; familiarity.
The knowledge of men and manners, the freedom of habi­
tudes, and conversation with the best company of both sexes.
Dryden.
His apparent, open guilt;
I mean his conversation with Shore's wife. Shakes. Rich. III.
4. Behaviour; manner of acting in common life.
Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles. 1 Pet.

CONVE’RSATIVE. adj. [from converse.] Relating to publick
life, and commerce with men; not contemplative.
Finding him little studious and contemplative, she chose to
endue him with conversative qualities of youth. Wotton.



To CONVE’RSE. v. n. [converser, Fr. conversor, Latin.]
1. To cohabit with; to hold intercourse with; to be a com­
panion to: followed by with.
Men then come to be furnished with fewer or more simple
ideas from without, according as the objects they converse
with afford greater or less variety. Locke.
By approving the sentiments of a person with whom he
conversed, in such particulars as were just, he won him over
from those points in which he was mistaken. Addis. Freeholder.
For him who lonely loves
To seek the distant hills, and there converse
With nature. Thomson's Summer, l. 130.
2. To be acquainted with; to be familiar to.
I will converse with iron-witted fools,
And unrespective boys: none are for me,
That look into me with considerate eyes. Shakes. Rich. III.
3. To convey the thoughts reciprocally in talk.
Go therefore half this day, as friend with friend,
Converse with Adam. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 230.
Much less can bird with beast, or fish with fowl,
So well converse. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 396.
4. To discourse familiarly upon any subject: with on before the thing.
We had conversed so often on that subject, and he had com­
municated his thoughts of it so fully to me, that I had not
the least remaining difficulty. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. To have commerce with a different sex.
Being asked by some of her sex, in how long a time a wo­
man might be allowed to pray to the gods, after having con­
versed with a man? If it were a husband, says she, the next
day; if a stranger, never. Guardian, No. 165.

CO’NVERSE. n. s. [from the verb. It is sometimes accented on
the first syllable, sometimes on the last. Pope has used both:
the first is more analogical.]
1. Conversation; manner of discoursing in familiar life.
His converse is a system fit,
Alone to fill up all her wit. Swift.
Gen'rous converse; a soul exempt from pride,
And love to praise with reason on his side. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
Form'd by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope's Ess. on Man.
2. Acquaintance; cohabitation; familiarity.
Though it be necessitated, by its relation to flesh, to a ter­
restrial converse; yet it is like the sun, without contaminating
its beams. Glanville's Apol.
By such a free converse with persons of different sects, we
shall find that there are persons of good sense and virtue, per­
sons of piety and worth. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. [In geometry.] A proposition is said to be the converse of
another, when, after drawing a conclusion from something
first proposed, we proceed to suppose what had been before
concluded, and to draw from it what had been supposed.
Thus, if two sides of a triangle be equal, the angles opposite
to those sides are also equal: the converse of the proposition is,
that if two angles of a triangle be equal, the sides opposite to
those angles are also equal. Chambers.

CONVE’RSELY. adv. [from converse.] With change of order;
in a contrary order; reciprocally.

CONVE’RSION. n. s. [conversio, Latin.]
1. Change from one state into another; transmutation.
Artificial conversion of water into ice, is the work of a few
hours; and this of air may be tried by a month's space. Bacon.
There are no such natural gradations, and conversions of one
metal and mineral into another, in the earth, as many have
fancied. Woodward's Natural History.
The conversion of the aliment into fat, is not properly nu­
trition. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Change from rebrobation to grace, from a bad to a holy life.
3. Change from one religion to another.
They passed through Phenice and Samaria, declaring the
conversion of the Gentiles. Acts xv. 4.
4. The interchange of terms in an argument; as, no virtue is
vice; no vice is virtue. Chambers.
5. CONVERSION of Equations, in algebra, is the reducing of a
fractional equation into an integral one.

CONVE’RSIVE. adj. [from converse.] Conversable; sociable.

To CONVE’RT. v. a. [converto, Latin.]
1. To change into another substance; to transmute.
If the whole atmosphere was converted into water, it would
make no more than eleven yards water about the earth. Burnet.
2. To change from one religion to another.
3. To turn from a bad to a good life.
He which converteth the sinner from the errour of his way,
shall save a soul from death, and shall hide a multitude of sins.
Ja. v. 20.
Then will I teach transgressors thy ways, and sinners shall
be converted unto thee. Ps. li. 13.
4. To turn towards any point.
Crystal will calify into electricity, and convert the needle
freely placed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1. 
5. To apply to any use; to appropriate.
The abundance of the sea shall be converted unto thee, the
forces of the Gentiles shall come unto thee. Is. lx. 5.
He acquitted himself not like an honest man; for he con­
verted the prizes to his own use. Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. To change one proposition into another, so that what was
the subject of the first becomes the predicate of the second.
The papists cannot abide this proposition converted: all sin
is a transgression of the law; but every transgression of the
law is sin. The apostle therefore turns it for us: all un­
righteousness, says he, is sin; but every transgression of the
law is unrighteousness, says Austin, upon the place. Hale.

To CONVE’RT. v. n. To undergo a change; to be trans­
muted.
The love of wicked friends converts to fear;
That fear, to hate. Shakespeare's Richard II.

CO’NVERT. n. s. [from the verb.] A person converted from
one opinion or one practice to another.
The Jesuits did not persuade the converts to lay aside the use
of images. Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourse on Rom. Idol.
When Platonism prevailed, the converts to Christianity of
that school, interpreted Holy Writ according to that philo­
sophy. Locke.
Let us not imagine that the first converts only of Christianity
were concerned to defend their religion. Rogers, Sermon ix.

CONVE’RTER. n. s. [from convert.] One that makes converts.

CONVERTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from convertible.] The quality of
being possible to be converted.

CONVE’RTIBLE. adj. [from convert.]
1. Susceptible of change; transmutable; capable of transmu­
tation.
Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of
the same genus; nor are they reducible into another genus.
Harvey on Consumptions.
The gall is not an alcali; but it is alcalescent, conceptible
and convertible into a corrosive alcali. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. So much alike as that one may be used for the other.
Though it be not the real essence of any substance, it is
the specifick essence, to which our name belongs, and is con­
vertible with it. Locke.
Many, that call themselves Protestants, look upon our wor­
ship to be idolatrous as well as that of the Papists, and put
prelacy and popery together, as terms convertible. Swift.

CONVE’RTIBLY. adv. [from convertible.] Reciprocally; with
interchange of terms.
There never was any person ungrateful, who was not also
proud; nor, convertibly, any one proud, who was not equally
ungrateful. South's Sermons.

CO’NVERTITE. n. s. [converti, French.] A convert; one con­
verted from another opinion.
Since you are a gentle convertite,
My tongue shall hush again this storm of war. Sh. K. John.
Nor would I be a convertite so cold,
As not to tell it. Donne.

CO’NVEX. adj. [convexus, Latin.] Rising in a circular form;
opposite to concave.
It is the duty of a painter, even in this also, to imitate the
convex mirrour, and to place nothing which glares at the bor­
der of his picture. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
An orb or ball round its own axis whirl;
Will not the motion to a distance hurl
Whatever dust or sand you on it place,
And drops of water from its convex face? Blackm. Creation.

CO’NVEX. n. s. A convex body; a body swelling externally into
a circular form.
A comet draws a long extended blaze;
From East to West burns through th' ethereal frame,
And half heav'n's convex glitters with the flame. Tickel.

CONVE’XED. particip. adj. [from convex.] Formed convex;
protuberant in a circular form.
In their natural figure they are straight; nor have they
their spine convexed, or more considerably embowed than
either sharks, porposes, whales, and other cetaceous animals.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 2.

CONVE’XEDLY. adv. [from convexed.] In a convex form.
They be drawn convexedly crooked in one piece; yet the
dolphin, that carrieth Arion, is concavously inverted, and
hath its spine depressed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 2.

CONVE’XITY. n. s. [from convex.] Protuberance in a circular
form.
Convex glasses supply the defect of plumpness in the eye,
and, by increasing the refraction, make the rays converge
sooner, so as to convene distinctly at the bottom of the eye,
if the glass have a due degree of convexity. Newton's Opt.
If the eye were so piercing as to descry even opake and
little objects a hundred leagues off, it would do us little ser­
vice; it would be terminated by neighbouring hills and woods,
or in the largest and evenest plain, by the very convexity of the
earth. Bentley.

CONVE’XLY. adv. [from convex.] In a convex form.
Almost all, both blunt and sharp, are convexly conical, i.e.
they are all along convex, not only per ambitum, but between
both ends. Grew's Musæum.

CONVE’XNESS. n. s. [from convex.] Spheroidical protuberance;
convexity.



CONVEXO-CONCAVE. adj. Having the hollow on the inside,
corresponding to the external protuberance.
These are the phenomena of thick convexo-concave plates of
glass, which are every where of the same thickness. Newton.

To CONVE’Y. v. a. [conveho, Latin.]
1. To carry; to transport from one place to another.
Let letters be given me to the governours beyond the river,
that they may convey me over 'till I come into Judea. Neb. ii. 7.
I will convey them by sea in floats, unto the place thou shalt
appoint me. 1 Kings, v. 9.
2. To hand from one to another.
A divine natural right could not be conveyed down, without
any plain, natural, or divine rule concerning it. Locke.
3. To remove secretly
There was one conveyed out of my house yesterday in this
basket. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. To bring any thing, as an instrument of transmission; to
transmit.
Since there appears not to be any ideas in the mind, before
the senses have conveyed any in, I conceive that ideas in the
understanding are coeval with sensation. Locke.
5. To transfer; to deliver to another.
Adam's property or private dominion could not convey any
sovereignty or rule to his heir, who, not having a right to in­
herit all his father's possessions, could not thereby come to have
any sovereignity over his brethren. Locke.
6. To impart, by means of something.
What obscured light the heav'ns did grant,
Did but convey unto our fearful minds
A doubtful warrant of immediate death. Shak. Com. of Err.
Men fill one another's heads with noise and sounds, but con­
vey not thereby their thoughts. Locke.
That which uses to produce the idea, though conveyed in by
the usual organ, not being taken notice of, there follows no
sensation. Locke.
Some single imperceptible bodies must come from them to
the eyes, and thereby convey to the brain some motion which
produces those ideas. Locke.
They give energy to our expressions, and convey our thoughts
in more ardent and intense phrases, than any in our own
tongue. Addison's Spectator, No. 405.
7. To impart; to introduce.
Others convey themselves into the mind by more senses than
one. Locke.
8. To manage with privacy.
I will convey the business as I shall find means, and acquaint
you withal. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CONVE’YANCE. n. s. [from convey.]
1. The act of removing any thing.
Tell her, thou mad'st away her uncle Clarence,
Her uncle Rivers; ay, and for her sake,
Mad'st quick conveyance with her good aunt Ann. Sh. R. III.
2. Way for carriage or transportation.
Following the river downward, there is conveyance into the
countries named in the text. Raleigh's History of the World.
Iron works ought to be confined to places, where there is
no conveyance for timber to places of vent, so as to quit the
cost of the carriage. Temple.
3. The method of removing secretly from one place to another.
Your husband's here at hand; bethink you of some convey­
ance: in the house you cannot hide him. Shakespeare.
4. The means or instrument by which any thing is conveyed.
We powt upon the morning, are unapt
To give or to forgive; but when we've
Stuff'd these pipes, and these conveyances of blood,
With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls. Sh. Coriolan.
5. Transmission; delivery from one to another.
Our author has provided for the descending and conveyance
down of Adam's monarchical power, or paternal dominion,
to posterity. Locke.
6. Act of transferring property; grant.
Doth not the act of the parent, in any lawful grant or con­
veyance, bind their heirs for ever thereunto? Spens. on Ireland.
7. Writing by which property is transferred.
The very conveyances of his lands will hardly lie in this box;
and must the inheritor himself have no more? Shakes. Hamlet.
This begot a suit in the Chancery before the lord Coventry,
who found the conveyances in law to be so firm, that in justice
he must decree the land to the earl. Clarendon, b. viii.
8. Secret management; juggling artifice; private removal;
secret substitution of one thing for another.
It cometh herein to pass with men, unadvisedly fallen into
error, as with them whose state hath no ground to uphold it,
but only the help which, by subtile conveyance, they draw out
of casual events, arising from day to day, 'till at length they
be clean spent. Hooker, b. iii. s. 4.
Close conveyance, and each practice ill
Of cosinage and knavery. Spenser's Hubberd's Tale.
I am this day come to survey the Tower;
Since Henry's death, I fear, there is conveyance. Sh. H. VI.
Can they not juggle, and with slight
Conveyance play with wrong and right. Hudibras, p. ii. c. 2.

CONVE’YANCER. n. s. [from conveyance.] A lawyer who
draws writings by which property is transferred.

CONVE’YER. n. s. [from convey.] One who carries or trans­
mits any thing from one place or person to another.
The conveyers of waters of these times content themselves
with one inch in six hundred feet. Brerewood on Languages.
Those who stand before earthly princes, in the nearest de­
gree of approach, who are the dispensers of their favours,
and conveyers of their will to others, do, on that very account,
challenge high honours to themselves. Atterbury's Sermons.

To CONVI’CT. v. a. [convinco, Latin.]
1. To prove guilty; to detect in guilt.
And they which heard it, being convicted by their own con­
science, went out one by one. Jo. viii. 9.
Things, that at the first shew seemed possible, by ripping
up the performance of them, have been convicted of im­
possibility. Bacon's Holy War.
2. To confute; to discover to be false.
Although not only the reason of any head, but experience
of every hand, may well convict it, yet will it not by divers
be rejected. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.

CONVI’CT. adj. [rather the participle of the verb.] Convicted;
detected in guilt.
Before I be convict by course of law,
To threaten me with death is most unlawful. Shak. R. III.
By the civil law a person convict, or confessing his own
crime, cannot appeal. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Convict a papist he, and I a poet. Pope's Epist. of Hor.

CO’NVICT. n. s. [from the verb.] A person cast at the bar; one
found guilty of the crime charged against him; a criminal de­
tected at his trial.
On the score of humanity, the civil law allows a certain
space of time both to the convict and to persons confessing, in
order to satisfy the judgment. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CONVI’CTION. n. s. [from convict.]
1. Detection of guilt, which is, in law, either when a man is
outlawed, or appears and confesses, or else is found guilty by
the inquest. Cowel.
The third best absent is condemn'd,
Convict by flight, and rebel to all law;
Conviction to the serpent none belongs. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. The act of convincing; confutation; the act of forcing
others, by argument, to allow a position.
When therefore the apostle requireth hability to convict
hereticks, can we think he judgeth it a thing unlawful, and
not rather needful, to use the principal instrument of their
conviction, the light of reason. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
The manner of his conviction was designed, not as a pecu­
liar privilege to him; but as a standing miracle, a lasting ar­
gument, for the conviction of others, to the very end of the
world. Atterbury's Sermons.
Their wisdom is only of this world, to put false colours
upon things, to call good evil, and evil good, against the con­
viction of their own consciences. Swift.

CONVI’CTIVE. adj. [from convict.] Having the power of con­
vincing.

To CONVI’NCE. v. a. [convinco, Latin.]
1. To force another to acknowledge a contested position.
That which I have all this while been endeavouring to con­
vince men of, and to persuade them to, is no other but what
God himself doth particularly recommend to us, as proper for
human consideration. Tillotson.
But having shifted ev'ry form to 'scape,
Convinc'd of conquest, he resum'd his shape. Dryd. Virg.
History is all the light we have in many cases, and we re­
ceive from it a great part of the useful truths we have, with a
convincing evidence. Locke.
2. To convict; to prove guilty of.
To convince all that are ungodly among them, of all their
ungodly deeds. Jude 15.
The discovery of a truth, formerly unknown, doth rather
convince man of ignorance, than nature of errour. Raleigh.
O seek not to convince me of a crime,
Which I can ne'er repent, nor can you pardon. Dryden.
3. To evince; to prove; to manifest; to vindicate.
Your Italy contains none so accomplished a courtier, to
convince the honour of my mistress. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
4. To overpower; to surmount. This sense is now obsolete.
There are a crew of wretched souls
That stay his cure; their malady convinces
The great essay of art. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Knaves be such abroad,
Who having, by their own importunate suit,
Or voluntary dotage of some mistress,
Convinc'd or suppled them, they cannot chuse
But they must blab. Shakespeare's Othello.
When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains
Will I, with wine and wassel, so convince,
That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a sume. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

CONVI’NCEMENT. n. s. [from convince.] Conviction.


If that be not convincement enough, let him weigh the other
also. Decay of Piety.

CONVI’NCIBLE. adj. [from convince.]
1. Capable of conviction.
2. Capable of being evidently disproved, or detected.
Upon what uncertainties, and also convincible falsities, they
often erected such emblems, we have elsewhere delivered.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 9.

CONVI’NCINGLY. adv. [from convince.] In such a manner as
to leave no room for doubt or dispute; so as to produce con­
viction.
This he did so particularly and convincingly, that those of
the parliament were in great confusion. Clarendon, b. viii.
The resurrection is so convincingly attested by such persons,
with such circumstances, that they who consider and weigh
the testimony, at what distance soever they are placed, can­
not entertain any more doubt of the resurrection than the
crucifixion of Jesus. Atterbury's Sermons.

CONVI’NCINGNESS. n. s. [from convincing.] The power of
convincing.

To CONVI’VE. v. a. [convivo, Latin.] To entertain; to
feast. A word, I believe, not elsewhere used.
First, all you peers of Greece, go to my tent,
There in the full convive you. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

CONVI’VAL. adj. [convivalis, Latin.] Relating to an enter­
tainment; festal; social.

CONVI’VIAL. adj. [convivalis, Latin.] Relating to an enter­
tainment; festal; social.
I was the first who set up festivals;
Not with high tastes our appetites did force,
But fill'd with conversation and discourse;
Which feasts, convivial meetings we did name. Denham.

CONU’NDRUM. n. s. A low jest; a quibble; a mean conceit:
a cant word.
Mean time he smoaks, and laughs at merry tale,
Or pun ambiguous, or conundrum quaint. Philips.

To CO’NVOCATE. v. a. [convoco, Lat.] To call together;
to summon to an assembly.

CONVOCA’TION. n. s. [convocatio, Latin.]
1. The act of calling to an assembly.
Diaphantus making a general convocation, spake to them in
this manner. Sidney.
2. An assembly.
On the eighth day shall be an holy convocation unto you.
Lev. xxiii. 20.
3. An assembly of the clergy for consultation upon matters ec­
clesiastical, in time of parliament; and as the parliament con­
sists of two distinct houses, so does this; the one called the
upper house, where the archbishops and bishops sit severally
by themselves; the other the lower house, where all the rest
of the clergy are represented by their deputies. Cowel.
I have made an offer to his majesty,
Upon our spiritual convocation,
As touching France, to give a greater sum
Than ever at one time the clergy yet
Did to his predecessors part withal. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
This is the declaration of our church about it, made by
those who met in convocation Stillingfl. Def. of Disc. on Ro. Idol.

To CONVO’KE. v. a. [convoco, Latin.] To call together;
to summon to an assembly.
Assemblies exercise their legislature at the times that their
constitution, or their own adjournment appoints, if there be
no other way prescribed to convoke them. Locke.
When next the morning warms the purple East,
Convoke the peerage. Pope's Odyssey, b. i. l. 354.
The senate originally consisted all of nobles, the people
being only convoked upon such occasions as fell into their cog­
nizance. Swift.

To CONVO’LVE. v. a. [convolvo, Latin.] To roll together;
to roll one part upon another.
He writh'd him to and fro convolv'd. Milton.
Us'd to milder scents, the tender race
By thousands tumble from their honey'd domes,
Convolv'd and agonizing in the dust. Thomson's Autumn.

CO’NVOLUTED. part. [of the verb I have found no example.]
Twisted; rolled upon itself.
This differs from Muscovy-glass only in this, that the plates
of that are flat and plain, whereas these are convoluted and
inflected. Woodward on Fossils.

CONVOLU’TION. n. s. [convolutio, Latin.]
1. The act of rolling any thing upon itself; the state of being
rolled upon itself.
Observe the convolution of the said fibres in all other glands,
in the same or some other manner. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 5.
A thousand secret, subtle pipes bestow,
From which, by num'rous convolutions wound,
Wrap'd with th'attending nerve, and twisted round. Blackm.
2. The state of rolling together in company.
And toss'd wide round,
O'er the calm sea, in convolution swift
The feather'd eddy floats. Thomson's Autumn, l. 845.

To CONVO’Y. v. a. [convoyer, Fr. from conviare, low Latin.]
To accompany by land or sea for the sake of defence; as, he
was convoyed by ships of war.

CO’NVOY. n. s. [from the verb. Anciently the accent was on
the last syllable; it is now on the first.]
1. Attendance on the road by way of defence.
Sister, as the winds give benefit,
And convoy is assistant, do not sleep,
But let me hear from you. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Such fellows will learn you by rote where services were
done; at such a breach, at such a convoy. Shakesp. Henry V.
Had not God set peculiar value upon his temple, he would
not have made himself his people's convoy to secure them in
their passage to it. South's Sermons.
My soul grows hard, and cannot death endure,
Your convoy makes the dangerous way secure. Dryd. Aureng.
Convoy ships accompany their merchants 'till they may pro­
secute the voyage without danger. Dryden's Pref. Dufresnoy.
2. The act of attending as a defence.
Swift, as a sparkle of a glancing star,
I shoot from heav'n to give him safe convoy. Milt. Par. Reg.

CO’NUSANCE. n. s. [conoisance, French.] Cognisance; notice;
knowledge. A law term.

To CONVU’LSE. v. a. [convulsus, Latin.] To give an irre­
gular and involuntary motion to the parts of any body.
Follows the loosen'd, aggravated roar,
Enlarging, deepening, mingling, peal on peal,
Crush'd horrible, convulsing heaven and earth. Thoms. Summ.

CONVU’LSION. n. s. [convulsio, Latin.]
1. A convulsion is an involuntary contraction of the fibres and
muscles, whereby the body and limbs are preternaturally
distorted. Quincy.
If my hand be put into motion by a convulsion, the indiffe­
rency of that operative faculty is taken away. Locke.
2. Any irregular and violent motion; tumult; commotion;
disturbance.
All have been subject to some concussions, and fallen under
the same convulsions of state, by dissentions or invasions. Temple.

CONVU’SLIVE. adj. [convulsif, French.] That which produces
involuntary motion; that which gives twiches or spasms.
They are irregular and convulsive motions, or strugglings of
the spirits. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Shew me the flying soul's convulsive strife,
And all the anguish of departing life. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Her colour chang'd, her face was not the same,
And hollow groans from her deep spirit came:
Her hair stood up; convulsive rage possess'd
Her trembling limbs, and heav'd her lab'ring breast. Dryd.
In silence weep,
And thy convulsive sorrows inward keep. Prior.

CO’NY. n. s. [kanin, Germ. connil or connin, Fr. cuniculus,
Latin.] A rabit; an animal that burroughs in the ground.
With a short-legg'd hen,
Lemons and wine for sauce; to these a cony
Is not to be despair'd of, for our money. Ben. Johns. Epig.
The husbandman suffers by hares and conys, which eat the
corn, trees. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CONY-BOROUGH. n. s. A place where rabbits make their
holes in the ground.

To CO’NYCATCH. v. n. To catch a cony, is, in the old cant
of thieves, to cheat; to bite; to trick.
I have matter in my head against you, and against your
conycatching rascals. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

CO’NYCATCHER. n. s. A thief; a cheat; a sharper; a
tricking fellow; a rascal. Now obsolete.

COO

To COO. v. n. [from the sound.] To cry as a dove or pigeon.
The stock-dove only through the forest cooes,
Mournfully hoarse. Thomson's Summer, l. 610.

COOK. n. s. [coquus, Latin.] One whose profession is to
dress and prepare victuals for the table.
One mistress Quickly, which is in the manner of his nurse,
or his dry-nurse, or his cook, or his laundry, his washer, and
his wringer. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The new-born babe, by nurses overlaid,
And the cook caught within the raging fire he made. Dryden.
Their cooks could make artificial birds and fishes, in default
of the real ones, and which exceeded them in the exquisite­
ness of the taste. Arbuthnot on Coins.

COOK-MAID. n. s. [cook and maid.] A maid that dresses pro­
visions.
A friend of mine was lately complaining to me, that his
wife had turned off one of the best cook-maids in England.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 32.

COOK-ROOM. n. s. [cook and room.] A Room in which provi­
sions are prepared for the ship's crew.

To COOK. v. a. [coquo, Latin.]
1. To prepare victuals for the table.
Who can but think, that had either of the crimes
been cooked to their palates, they might have changed messes.
Decay of Piety.
2. To prepare for any purpose.
Hanging is the word, Sir; if you be ready for that, you
are well cookt. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

CO’OKERY. n. s. [from cook.] The art of dressing victuals.
Some man's wit


Found th' art of cook'ry to delight his sense:
More bodies are consum'd and kill'd with it,
Than with the sword, famine, or pestilence. Davies.
Ev'ry one to cookery pretends. King's Art of Cookery.
These are the ingredients of plants before they are pre­
pared by cookery. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

COOL. adj. [koelen, Dutch.]
1. Somewhat cold; approaching to cold.
He set his leg in a pale-full, as hot as he could well endure
it, renewing it as it grew cool. Temple.
2. Not zealous; not ardent; not angry; not fond; without
passion.

COOL. n. s. Freedom from heat; soft and refreshing coldness.
But see, where Lucia, at her wonted hour,
Amid' the cool of yon high marble arch,
Enjoys the noon-day breeze. Addison's Cato.
Philander was enjoying the cool of the morning, among the
dews that lay on every thing about him, and that gave the air
a freshness. Addison on Ancient Medals.

To COOL. v. a. [koelen, Dutch.]
1. To make cool; to allay heat.
Snow they use in Naples instead of ice, because, as they
say, it cools or congeals any liquor sooner. Addison on Italy.
Jelly of currants, or the jelly of any ripe subacid fruit, is
cooling, and very agreeable to the stomach. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To quiet passion; to calm anger; to moderate zeal.
It is but as a body slight distemper'd,
Which to its former strength may be restor'd,
With good advice and little medicine;
My lord Northumberland will soon be cool'd. Shak. H. IV.
He will keep his jealousy to himself, and repine in private,
because he will be apt to fear some ill effect it may produce in
cooling your love to him. Addison's Spectator, No. 171. 
They tell us, that had they thought they had been fighting
only other people's quarrels, perhaps it might have cooled their
zeal. Swift.

To COOL. v. n. 
1. To grow less hot.
2. To grow less warm with regard to passion or inclination.
My humour shall not cool; I will incense Ford to deal with
poison; I will possess him with yellowness. Sh. M. W. of W.
You never cool while you read Homer. Dryd. Fab. Preface.
I'm impatient 'till it be done; I will not give myself liberty
to think, lest I should cool. Congreve's Old Batchelor.

CO’OLER. n. s. [from cool.]
1. That which has the power of cooling the body.
Coolers are of two sorts; first, those which produce an im­
mediate sense of cold, which are such as have their parts in
less motion than those of the organs of feeling; and secondly,
such as, by particular viscidity, or grossness of parts, give a
greater consistence to the animal fluids than they had before,
whereby they cannot move so fast, and therefore will have
less of that intestine force on which their heat depends. The
former are fruits, all acid liquors, and common water; and
the latter are such as cucumbers, and all substances producing
viscidity. Quincy.
In dogs or cats there appeared the same necessity for a cooler
as in man. Harvey on Consumptions.
Acid things were used only as coolers. Arbuthn. on Aliments.
2. A vessel in which any thing is made cool.
Your first wort being thus boiled, lade off into one or more
coolers, or cool-backs, in which leave the sullage behind, and
let it run off fine. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

CO’OLLY. adv. [from cool.]
1. Without heat, or sharp cold.
She in the gelid caverns, woodbine wrought,
And fresh bedew'd with ever-spouting streams,
Sits coolly calm. Thomson's Summer, l. 455.
2. Without passion.
Motives that address themselves coolly to our reason, are
fittest to be employed upon reasonable creatures. Atterbury.

CO’OLNESS. n. s. [from cool.]
1. Gentle cold; a soft or mild degree of cold.
This difference consisteth not in the heat or coolness of
spirits; for cloves, and other spices, naptha and petroleum,
have exceeding hot spirits, hotter a great deal than oil, wax,
or tallow, but not inflamed. Bacon's Natural History.
The toad loveth shade and coolness. Bacon's Nat. History.
Yonder the harvest of cold months laid up,
Gives a fresh coolness to the royal cup;
There ice, like crystal, firm and never lost,
Tempers hot July with December's frost. Waller.
The sheep enjoy the coolness of the shade. Dryd. Virg.
2. Want of affection; disinclination.
They parted with such coolness towards each other, as if
they scarce hoped to meet again. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. Freedom from passion.

COOM. n. s. 
1. Soot that gathers over an oven's mouth. Philips.
2. That matter that works out of the wheels of carriages. Bailey.
3. It is used in Scotland for the useless dust which falls from
large coals.

COOMB, or COMB. n. s. [comble, Fr. cumulus, Lat. a heap,
Skinner.] A measure of corn containing four bushels. Bailey.

COOP. n. s. [kuype, Dutch.]
1. A barrel; a vessel for the preservation of liquids.
2. A cage; a penn for animals; as poultry or sheep.
When Gracchus was slain, the same day the chickens refused
to eat out of the coop; and Claudius Pulcher underwent the
like success, when he contemned the tripudiary augurations.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11. 
There were a great many crammed capons together in a
coop. L'Estrange.

To COOP. v. a. [from the noun.] To shut up in a narrow
compass; to confine; to cage; to imprison.
That pale, that white-fac'd shore,
Whose foot spurns back the ocean's roaring tides,
And coops from other lands her islanders. Shakesp. K. John.
The Englishmen did coop up the lord Ravenstein, that he
stirred not; and likewise held in strait siege the maritime part
of the town. Bacon's Henry VII.
In the taking of a town the poor escape better than the
rich; for the one is let go, and the other is plundered and
cooped up. L'Estrange.
Twice conquer'd cowards, now your shame is shown,
Coop'd up a second time within your town!
Who dare not issue forth in open field. Dryden's Æneid.
One world suffic'd not Alexander's mind;
Coop'd up, he seem'd in earth and seas confin'd. Dry. Juv.
Coop'd in a narrow isle, observing dreams
With flattering wizards. Dryden's Juv. Sat. 10.
The Trojans, coop'd within their walls so long,
Unbar their gates, and issue in a throng. Dryden's Æneid.
The contempt of all other knowledge, as if it were nothing
in comparison of law or physick, of astrology or chymistry,
coops the understanding up within narrow bounds, and hinders
it from looking abroad into other provinces of the intellectual
world. Locke.
They are cooped in close by the laws of their countries, and
the strict guards of those whose interest it is to keep them ig­
norant, lest, knowing more, they should believe the less in
them. Locke.
What! coop whole armies in our walls again. Pope.

COOPE’E. n. s. [coupè, French.] A motion in dancing.

A CO’OPER. n. s. [from coop.] One that makes coops or
barrels.
Societies of artificers and tradesmen, belonging to some
towns corporate, such as weavers and coopers, by virtue of
their charters, pretend to privilege and jurisdiction. Child.

CO’OPERAGE. n. s. [from cooper.] The price paid for cooper's
work.

To COO’PERATE. v. n. [con and opera, Latin.]
1. To labour jointly with another to the same end.
It puzzleth and perplexeth the conceits of many, that per­
haps would otherwise cooperate with him, and makes a man
walk almost alone to his own ends. Bacon, Essay 6.
By giving man a free will, he allows man that highest satis­
faction and privilege of cooperating to his own felicity. Boyle.
2. To concur in producing the same effect.
His mercy will not forgive offenders, or his benignity co­
operate to their conversions. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.
All these causes cooperating, must, at last, weaken their
motion. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
The special acts and impressions by which the Divine Spirit
introduces this charge, and how far human liberty cooperates
with it, are subjects beyond our reach and comprehension.
Rogers, Sermon 14.

COOPERA’TION. n. s. [from cooperate.] The act of contri­
buting or concurring to the same end.
We might work any effect without and against matter; and
this not holpen by the cooperation of angels or spirits, but only
by the unity and harmony of nature. Bacon's Natural History.

COO’PERATIVE. adj. [from cooperate.] Promoting the same
end jointly.

COOPERA’TOR. n. s. [from cooperate.] He that, by joint en­
deavours, promotes the same end with others.

COOPTA’TION. n. s. [coopto, Latin.] Adoption; assumption.

COO’RDINATE. adj. [con and ordinatus, Latin.] Holding
the same rank; not being subordinate. Thus shell-fish may
be divided into two coordinate kinds, crustateous and testa­
ceous; each of which is again divided into many species,
subordinate to the kind, but coordinate to each other.
The word Analysis signifies the general and particular heads
of a discourse, with their mutual connexions, both coordinate
and subordinate, drawn out into one or more tables. Watts.

COO’RDINATELY. adv. [from coordinate.] In the same rank;
in the same relation; without subordination.

COO’RDINATENESS. n. s. [from coordinate.] The state of being
coordinate.

COORDINA’TION. n. s. [from coordinate.] The state of holding
the same rank; of standing in the same relation to something
higher; collateralness.
In this high court of parliament there is a rare coordination


of power, a wholsome mixture betwixt monarchy, optimacy,
and democracy. Howel's Pre-eminence of Parliament.
When these petty intrigues of a play are so ill ordered,
that they have no coherence with the other, I must grant that
Lysidius has reason to tax that want of due connexion; for
coordination in a play is as dangerous and unnatural as in a
state. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.

COOT. n. s. [maer-koet, Dut. cotee, French.] A small black
water-fowl, seen often in fens and marshes.
A lake, the haunt
Of coots, and of the fishing cormorant. Dryden's Fables.

COP

COP. n. s. [kop, Dut. cop, Sax.] The head; the top of any
thing; any thing rising to a head. As a cop, vulgarly cock of
hay; a cob-castle, properly cop-castle, a small castle or house on
a hill. A cob of cherrystones for cop, a pile of stones one laid
upon another; a tuft on the head of birds.

CO’PAL. n. s. The Mexican term for a gum.

COPA’RCENARY. n. s. [from coparcener.] Joint succession to
any inheritance.
In the descent to all the daughters in coparcenary, for want
of sons, the chief house is allotted to the eldest daughter.
Hale's History of Common Law.

COPA’RCENER. n. s. [from con and particeps, Lat.]
Coparceners are otherwise called parceners; and, in com­
mon law, are such as have equal portion in the inheritance of
the ancestor. Cowel.
This great lordship was broken and divided, and partition
made between the five daughters: in every of these portions,
the coparceners severally exercised the same jurisdiction royal,
which the earl marshal and his sons had used, in the whole
province. Davies on Ireland.

COPA’RCENY. n. s. [See COPARCENER.] An equal share
of coparceners. Philips's World of Words.

COPA’RTNER. n. s. [co and partner.] One that has a share in
some common stock or affair; one equally concerned; a
sharer; a partaker; a partner.
Our faithful friends,
Th' associates and copartners of our loss. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Shall I to him make known
As yet my change, and give him to partake
Full happiness with me? Or rather not;
But keep the odds of knowledge in my pow'r,
Without copartner? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 825.
Rather by them
I gain'd what I have gain'd, and with them dwell
Copartner in these regions of the world. Milt. Parad. Reg.

COPA’RTNERSHIP. n. s. [from copartner.] The state of bear­
ing an equal part, or possessing an equal share.
In case the father left only daughters, and no sons, the
daughters equally succeeded to their father as in copartnership.
Hale's History of Common Law.

CO’PATAIN. adj. [from cope.] High raised; pointed. Hanmer.
Oh, fine villain! a silken doublet, a velvet hose, a scarlet
cloke, and a copatain hat. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

COPA’YVA. n. s. [It is sometimes written capivi, copivi, capayva,
copayva, cupayva, cupayba.] A gum which distils from a tree
in Brasil. It is much used in disorders of the urinary pas­
sages.

COPE. n. s. [See COP.]
1. Any thing with which the head is covered.
2. A sacerdotal cloak, or vestment worn in sacred ministration.
3. Any thing which is spread over the head; as the concave of
the skies; any archwork over a door.
All these things that are contained
Within this goodly cope, both most and least,
Their being have, and daily are increast. Spenser.
Over head the dismal hiss
Of fiery darts in flaming volleys flew;
And, flying, vaulted either host with fire;
So, under fiery cope, together rush'd
Both battles main. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 215.
The scholar believes there is no man under the cope of
heaven, who is so knowing as his master. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

To COPE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover, as with a cope.
A very large bridge, that is all made of wood, and coped
over head. Addison on Italy.
2. To reward; to give in return.
I and my friend
Have, by your wisdom, been this day acquitted
Of grievous penalties; in lieu whereof,
Three thousand ducats, due unto the Jew,
We freely cope your courteous pains withal. Shakespeare.
3. To contend with; to oppose.
Know my name is lost;
By treason's tooth bare gnawn, and canker bit;
Yet I am noble as the adversary I come to cope. Sh. K. Lear.

To COPE. v. n. 
1. To contend; to struggle; to strive. It has with before the
thing or person opposed.
In this sense it is a word of doubtful etymology. The con­
jecture of Junius derives it from koopen, to buy, or some other
word of the same import; so that to cope with, signifies to in­
terchange blows, or any thing else, with another.
Let our trains
March by us, that we may peruse the men
We should have cop'd withal. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
It is likely thou wilt undertake
A thing, like death, to chide away this shame,
That copes with death itself, to 'scape from it. Shakespeare.
But Eve was Eve;
This far his over-match, who, self-deceiv'd
And rash, beforehand had no better weigh'd
The strength he was to cope with, or his own. Milt. P. R.
They perfectly understood both the hares and the enemy
they were to cope withal. L'Estrange's Fables.
On every plain,
Host cop'd with host, dire was the din of war. Philips.
Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of
Athens, which I have conducted. Addison's Whig Examiner.
If the mind apply itself first to easier subjects, and things
near a-kin to what is already known; and then advance to
the more remote and knotty parts of knowledge by slow de­
grees, it will be able, in this manner, to cope with great diffi­
culties, and prevail over them with amazing and happy
success. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To encounter; to interchange kindness or sentiments.
Thou fresh piece
Of excellent witchcraft, who of force must know
The royal fool thou cop'st with. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I will make him tell the tale anew;
Where, how, how oft, how long ago, and when
He hath, and is again to cope your wife. Shakesp. Othello.
Thou art e'en as just a man,
As e'er my conversation coped withal. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

CO’PEL. See COPPEL.

CO’PESMATE. n. s. [perhaps for cupsmate, a companion in
drinking, or one that dwells under the same cope, for house.]
Companion; friend. An old word.
Ne ever staid in place, ne spake to wight,
'Till that the fox his copesmate he had found. Hubberd's Tale.

CO’PIER. n. s. [from copy.]
1. One that copies; a transcriber.
A coin is in no danger of having its characters altered by
copiers and transcribers. Addison on Ancient Coins.
2. One that imitates; a plagiary; an imitator.
Without invention a painter is but a copier, and a poet
but a plagiary of others. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Let the faint copier, on old Tyber's shore,
Nor mean the task, each breathing bust explore;
Line after line with painful patience trace,
This Roman grandeur, that Athenian grace. Tickel.

CO’PING. n. s. [from cope.] The upper tire of masonry which
covers the wall.
All these were of costly stones, even from the foundation
unto the coping. 1 Kings, vii. 9.
The coping, the modillions, or dentils, make a noble shew
by their graceful projections. Addison's Freeholder, No. 415.

CO’PIOUS. adj. [copia, Latin.]
1. Plentiful; abundant; exuberant; in great quantities.
This alcaline acrimony indicates the copious use of vinegar
and acid fruits. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The tender heart is peace,
And kindly pours its copious treasures forth
In various converse. Thomson's Spring.
2. Abounding in words or images; not barren; not confined;
not concise.

CO’PIOUSLY. adv. [from copious.]
1. Plentifully; abundantly; in great quantities.
2. At large; without brevity or conciseness; diffusely.
These several remains have been so copiously described by
abundance of travellers, and other writers, that it is very dif­
ficult to make any new discoveries on so beaten a subject. Addis.

CO’PIOUSNESS. n. s. [from copious.]
1. Plenty; abundance; great quantity; exuberance.
2. Diffusion; exuberance of stile.
The Roman orator endeavoured to imitate the copiousness of
Homer, and the Latin poet made it his business to reach the
conciseness of Demosthenes. Dryden.

CO’PIST. n. s. [from copy.] A copyer; a transcriber; an
imitator.

CO’PLAND. n. s. A piece of ground in which the land termi­
nates with an acute angle. Dict.

CO’PPED. adj. [from cop.] Rising to a top or head.
It was broad in its basis, and rose copped like a sugar­
loaf. Wiseman's Surgery.

CO’PPEL. n. s. [This word is variously spelt; as copel, cupel,
cuple, and cuppel; but I cannot find its etymology.] An in­
strument used in chymistry in the form of a dish, made of
ashes, well washed, to cleanse them from all their salt; or of
bones thoroughly calcined. Its use is to try and purify gold
and silver, which is done by mingling lead with the metal,
and exposing it in the coppel to a violent fire a long while.
The impurities of the metal will then be carried off in dross,


which is called the litharge of gold and silver. The refiners
call the coppel a test. Harris.

CO’PPER. n. s. [koper, Dut. cuprum, Latin.] One of the six
primitive metals.
Copper is the most ductile and malleable metal, after gold
and silver. Of a mixture of copper and lapis calaminaris is
formed brass; a composition of copper and tin makes bell­
metal; and copper and brass, melted in equal quantities, pro­
duces what the French call bronze, used for figures and
statues. Chambers.
Copper is heavier than iron or tin; but lighter than silver,
lead, and gold. It is not unfrequently found native in a mal­
leable state, but in small quantities. In the state of ore it
makes, according to its various admixtures, many very dif­
ferent appearances. The richer copper ores are found in many
parts of Germany and Sweden; and we have some in England
little inferior to the finest Swedish. Hill on Fossils.
Two vessels of fine copper, precious as gold. Ezra, viii. 27.

CO’PPER. n. s. A vessel made of copper; commonly used for a
boiler larger than a moveable pot.
They boiled it in a copper to the half; then they poured it
into earthen vessels. Bacon's Natural History, No. 848.

COPPER-NOSE. n. s. [copper and nose.] A red nose.
He having colour enough, and the other higher, is too
flaming a praise for a good complexion: I had as lieve Helen's
golden tongue had commended Troilus for a copper-nose.
Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Gutta rosacea ariseth in little hard tubercles, affecting the
face all over with great itching, which, being scratched, looks
red, and rise in great welks, rendering the visage fiery; and,
in progress of time, make copper-noses, as we generally express
them. Wiseman.

COPPER-PLATE. n. s. A plate on which pictures are engraven
for the neater impression: distinguished from a wooden cut.

COPPER-WORK. n. s. [copper and work.] A place where cop­
per is worked or manufactured.
This sort is like those now wrought at the copper-works.
Woodward on Fossils.

CO’PPERAS. n. s. [kopperoose, Dut. couperouse, Fr. supposed to
be found in copper mines only.] A name given to three sorts
of vitriol; the green, the bluish green, and the white, which
are produced in the mines of Germany, Hungary, and other
countries. But what is commonly sold here for copperas, is an
artificial vitriol, made of a kind of stones found on the sea­
shore in Essex, Hampshire, and so westward, ordinarily called
gold stones from their colour. They abound with iron, and
are exposed to the weather in beds above ground, and receive
the rains and dews, which in time breaks and dissolves the
stones: the liquor that runs off is pumped into boilers, in
which is first put old iron, which, in boiling, dissolves. When
the boiling is finished, the liquor is drawn off into coolers,
where it shoots into crystals of a fine green colour. This
factitious copperas, in many respects, perfectly agrees with the
native green vitriol of Germany; and is used in dying hats and
cloths black, and in making ink. Chambers. Hill.
It may be questioned, whether, in this operation, the iron
or copperas be transmuted, from the cognation of copperas with
copper, and the iron remaining after conversion. Brown.

CO’PPERSMITH. n. s. [copper and smith.] One that manufac­
tures copper.
Salmoneus, as the Grecian tale is,
Was a mad coppersmith of Elis;
Up at his forge by morning-peep. Swift.

CO’PPERWORM. n. s. [teredo, in Latin.]
1. A little worm in ships.
2. A moth that fretteth garments.
3. A worm breeding in one's hand. Ainsworth.

CO’PPERY. adj. [from copper.] Containing copper; made of
copper.
Some springs of Hungary, highly impregnated with vitrio­
lick salts, dissolve the body of one metal, suppose iron, put
into the spring, and deposite, in lieu of the irony particles
carried off, coppery particles brought with the water out of the
neighbouring copper-mines. Woodward on Fossils.

CO’PPICE. n. s. [coupeaux, Fr. from couper, to cut or lop. It
is often written copse.] Low woods cut at stated times for
fuel; a place over-run with brushwood.
A land, each side whereof was boarded both with high
timber trees, and copses of far more humble growth. Sidney.
Upon the edge of yonder coppice,
A stand, where you may have the fairest shoot. Shakespeare.
In coppice woods, if you leave staddles too thick, they will
run to bushes and briars, and have little clean underwood.
Bacon's Henry VII.
The willows and the hazel copses green,
Shall now no more be seen,
Fanning their joyous leaves to their soft lays. Milton.
Raise trees in your seminaries and nurseries, and you may
transplant them for coppice ground, walks, or hedges. Mortim.
The rate of coppice lands will fall upon the discovery of coal­
mines. Locke.

COPPLE-DUST. n. s. [probably for coppel, or cupel dust.] Pow­
der used in purifying metals, or the gross parts separated by
the cupel.
It may be also tried by incorporating powder of steel, or
copple-dust, by pouncing into the quicksilver. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

COPPLE-STONES are lumps and fragments of stone or marble,
broke from the adjacent cliffs, rounded by being bowled and
tumbled to and again by the action of the water. Woodward.

CO’PPLED. adj. [from cop.] Rising in a conick form; rising
to a point.
There is some difference in this shape, some being flatter
on the top, others more coppled. Woodward on Fossils.

COPSE. n. s. [abbreviated from coppice.] Short wood cut at a
certain growth for fuel; a place overgrown with short wood.
The East quarters of the shire are not destitute of copse
woods. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Oaks and brambles, if the copse be burn'd,
Confounded lie, to the same ashes turn'd. Waller.
But in what quarter of the copse it lay,
His eye by certain level could survey. Dryden's Fables.

To COPSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To preserve underwoods.
The neglect of copsing wood cut down, hath been of very
evil consequence. Swift's Address to Parliament.

CO’PULA. n. s. [Latin.] The word which unites the subject
and predicate of a proposition; as, books are dear.
The copula is the form of a proposition; it represents the
act of the mind, affirming or denying. Watts's Logick.

To CO’PULATE. v. a. [copulo, Latin.] To unite; to con­
join; to link together.
If the force of custom, simple and separate, be great, the
force of custom copulate and conjoined, and collegiate, is far
greater. Bacon, Essay 40.

To CO’PULATE. v. n. To come together as different sexes.
Not only the persons so copulating are infected, but also their
children. Wiseman's Surgery.

COPULA’TION. n. s. [from copulate.] The congress or embrace
of the two sexes.
Sundry kinds, even of conjugal copulation, are prohibited as
unhonest. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 11. 

CO’PULATIVE. adj. [copulativus, Latin.] A term of grammar.
Copulative propositions are those which have more subjects
or predicates connected by affirmative or negative conjunc­
tions; as, riches and honours are temptations to pride:
Cæsar conquered the Gauls and the Britons: neither gold nor
jewels will purchase immortality, Watts's Logick.

CO’PY. n. s. [copie, Fr. copia, low Latin. Quod cuipiam facta
est copia exscribendi. Junius much inclines, after his manner,
to derive it from ϰόπ, labour; because, says he, to copy
another's writing is very painful and laborious.]
1. A transcript from the archetype or original.
If virtue's self were lost, we might
From your fair mind new copies write. Waller.
I have not the vanity to think my copy equal to the ori­
ginal. Denham.
He stept forth, not only the copy of God's hands, but also
the copy of his perfections, a kind of image or representation
of the Deity in small. South's Sermons.
The Romans having sent to Athens, and the Greek cities
of Italy, for the copies of the best laws, chose ten legislators
to put them into form. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
2. An individual book; one of many books; as, a good or fair
copy.
The very having of the books of God was a matter of no
small charge, as they could not be had otherwise than in writ­
ten copies. Hooker, b. v. sect. 22.
3. The autograph; the original; the archetype; that from
which any thing is copied.
It was the copy of our conference:
In bed he slept not, for my urging it;
At board he fed not, for my urging it. Shak. Com. of Err.
Let him first learn to write, after a copy, all the letters in
the vulgar alphabet. Holder's Elements of Speech.
The first of them I have forgotten, and cannot easily re­
trieve, because the copy is at the press. Dryden.
4. An instrument by which any conveyance is made in law.
Thou know'st that Banquo and his Fleance lives;
But in them nature's copy's not eternal. Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. A picture drawn from another picture.

COPY-BOOK. n. s. [copy and book.] A book in which copies
are written for learners to imitate.

CO’PY-HOLD. n. s. [copy and hold.] A tenure, for which the
tenant hath nothing to shew but the copy of the rolls made
by the steward of his lord's court: for the steward, as he en­
rolls other things done in the lord's court, so he registers such
tenants as are admitted in the court, to any parcel of land or
tenement belonging to the manor; and the transcript of this
is called the court-roll, the copy of which the tenant takes
from him, and keeps as his only evidence. This is called a
base tenure, because it holds at the will of the lord; yet not
simply, but according to the custom of the manor: so that if
a copy-holder break not the custom of the manor, and thereby
forfeit his tenure, he cannot be turned out at the lord's plea­
sure. These customs of manors vary in one point or other,


almost in every manor. Some copy-holds are finable, and some
certain: that which is finable, the lord rates at what fine or
income he pleases, when the tenant is admitted into it: that
which is certain is a kind of inheritance, and called in many
places customary; because the tenant dying, and the hold
being void, the next of blood paying the customary fine, as
two shillings for an acre, or so, cannot be denied his admis­
sion. Some copy-holders have, by custom, the wood growing
upon their own land, which by law they could not have.
Some hold by the verge in ancient demesne; and though they
hold by copy, yet are they, in account, a kind of freeholder:
for, if such a one commit felony, the king hath annum, diem,
and vastum, as in case of freehold. Some others hold by com­
mon tenure, called mere copy-hold; and they committing felony,
their land escheats to the lord of the manor. Cowel.
If a customary tenant die, the widow shall have what the
law calls her free bench in all his copy-hold lands. Addis. Spectat.

COPY-HOLDER. n. s. [from copyhold.] One that is possessed of
land in copyhold.

To CO’PY. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To transcribe; to write after an original.
He who hurts a harmless neighbour's peace,
Who loves a lie, lame slander helps about,
Who writes a libel, or who copies out. Pope's Epistles.
2. To imitate; to propose to imitation; to endeavour to re­
semble.
He that borrows other men's experience, with this design of
copying it out, possesses himself of one of the greatest advan­
tages. Decay of Piety.
Set the examples, and their souls inflame,
To copy out their great forefathers fame. Dryd. K. Arthur.
To copy her few nymphs aspir'd,
Her virtues fewer swains admir'd. Swift.

To CO’PY. v. n. 
1. To do any thing in imitation of something else.
Some imagine, that whatsoever they find in the picture of a
master, who has acquired reputation, must of necessity be ex­
cellent; and never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as
well as the good things. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. It has sometimes from before the thing imitated.
When a painter copies from the life, he has no privilege to
alter features and lineaments, under pretence that his picture
will look better. Dryden.
3. Sometimes after.
Several of our countrymen, and Mr. Dryden in particular,
seem very often to have copied after it in their dramatick
writings, and in their poems upon love. Addison's Spectator.

To COQUE’T. v. a. [from the noun.] To entertain with com­
pliments and amorous tattle; to treat with an appearance of
amorous tenderness.
You are coquetting a maid of honour, my lord looking on
to see how the gamesters play, and I railing at you both. Swift.

To COQU’ET. v. n. To act the lover.
Phyllis, who but a month ago
Was marry'd to the Tunbridge beau,
I saw coquetting t'other night,
In publick, with that odious knight. Swift.

CO’QUETRY. n. s. [coqueterie, French.] Affectation of amorous
advances; desire of attracting notice.
I was often in company with a couple of charming women,
who had all the wit and beauty one could desire in female
companions, without a dash of coquetry, that from time to
time gave me a great many agreeable torments. Addis. Spect.

COQU’ETTE. n. s. [coquette, Fr. from coquart, a prattler.]
A gay, airy girl; a girl who endeavours to attract notice.
The light coquettes in sylphs aloft repair,
And sport and flutter in the fields of air. Pope's Ra. of Lock.
A coquette and a tinder-box are sparkled. Arbuthn. and Pope.

COR

CO’RACLE. n. s. [cwrwgle, Welsh, probably from corium, lea­
ther, Lat.] A boat used in Wales by fishers; made by draw­
ing leather or oiled cloath upon a frame of wicker work.

CO’RAL. n. s. [corallium, Latin.]
1. Red coral is a plant of great hardness and stony nature,
while growing in the water, as it has after long exposure to
the air. The vulgar opinion, that coral is soft, while in the
sea, proceeds from a soft and thin coat, of a crustaceous mat­
ter, covering it while it is growing, and which is taken off
before it is packed up for use. This external bark is of a
fungous spongy texture, of a yellowish or greenish colour,
and is full of an acrid juice resembling milk. It covers every
part of the plant, and is easily separated from the internal or
stony part by friction, while it is moist; but adheres to it
very firmly, if suffered to dry on it. The whole coral plant
grows to a foot or more in height, and is variously ramified.
It is thickest at the stem, and its branches grow gradually
smaller to the extremities. It grows to stones, or any other
solid substances, without a root, or without any way pene­
trating them, as plants do the earth. It has been doubted
whether coral were properly a plant or not; but as it is found
to grow, and take in its nourishment in the manner of plants,
and to produce flowers and seeds, or at least a matter analogous
to seeds, it properly belongs to the vegetable kingdom. The
ancients ascribed great virtues to red coral; but now it is only
used internally as an astringent and absorbent, with other me­
dicines of the same intention. We hear of white coral, of
which the ancients make no mention; and what is sold under
this name is a species of the madrepora, another sea-plant.
There is a black coral of the same stony substance with the red,
and as glossy as the blackest marble; but what is sold in the
shops under that name, is a plant of a different genus, and of
a tough horny texture. Hill's Materia Medica.
In the sea, upon the south-west of Sicily, much coral is
found. It is a submarine plant: it hath no leaves: it branch­
eth only when it is under water. It is soft, and green of co­
lour; but being brought into the air, it becometh hard and
shining red, as we see. Bacon's Natural History, No. 780.
This gentleman, desirous to find the nature of coral, caused
a man to go down a hundred fathom into the sea, with express
orders to take notice whether it were hard or soft in the place
where it groweth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.
He hears the crackling sound of coral woods,
And sees the secret source of subterranean floods. Dryd. Virg.
A turret was inclos'd
Within the wall, of alabaster white,
And crimson coral, for the queen of night,
Who takes in Sylvan sports her chaste delight. Dryden.
Or where's the sense, direct or moral,
That teeth are pearl, or lips are coral? Prior.
2. The piece of coral which children have about their necks,
imagined to assist them in breeding teeth.
Her infant grandame's coral next it grew;
The bells she gingled. Pope.

CORAL-TREE. n. s. [corallodendron, Latin.]
It is a native of America, and produces very beautiful
scarlet flowers; but never any seeds in the European gar­
dens. Miller.

CO’RALLINE. adj. [corallinus, Latin.] Consisting of coral;
approaching to coral.
At such time as the sea is agitated, it takes up into itself ter­
restrial matter of all kinds, and in particular the coralline mat­
ter, letting it fall again, as it becomes more quiet and calm.
Woodward on Fossils.

CO’RALLINE. n. s. [from the adjective.]
Coralline is a sea-plant used in medicine; but much infe­
riour to the coral in hardness. It is naturally very ramose or
branched, and forms a bunch of filaments two or three inches
long, and each of them of the thickness of a small pack­
thread, and jointed. They are sometimes greenish, some­
times yellowish, often redish, and frequently white. Hill.
In Falmouth there is a sort of sand, or rather coralline, that
lies under the owse, which they are forced to remove before
they can come to the bed of sand. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CO’RALLOID. adv. [ϰοϱαλλοέιδης.] Resembling coral.

CO’RALLOIDAL. adv. [ϰοϱαλλοέιδης.] Resembling coral.
Now that plants and ligneous bodies may indurate under
water, without approachment of air, we have experiment in
coralline, with many coralloidal concretions. Brown.
The pentadrous, columnar, coralloid bodies, that are com­
posed of plates set lengthways of the body, and passing from
the surface to the axis of it. Woodward on Fossils.

CORA’NT. n. s. [courant, French.] A nimble sprightly dance.
It is harder to dance a corant well than a jigg; so in con­
versation, even, easy, and agreeable, more than points of
wit. Temple.
I would as soon believe a widow in great grief for her hus­
band, because I saw her dance a corant about his coffin. Walsh.

CO’RBAN. n. s. [קרבנ.] An alms-basket; a receptacle of
charity; a gift; an alms.
They think to satisfy all obligations to duty by their corban
of religion. King Charles.
Corban stands for an offering or gift made to God, or his
temple. The Jews sometimes swore by corban, or the gifts
offered unto God. If a man made all his fortune corban, or
devoted it to God, he was forbidden to use it. If all that he
was to give his wife, or his father and mother, was declared
corban, he was no longer permitted to allow them necessary
subsistence. Even debtors were permitted to defraud their
creditors, by consecrating their debt to God. Our Saviour
reproaches the Jews, in the Gospel, with these uncharitable
and irreligious vows. By this word such persons were like­
wise meant as devoted themselves to the service of God and his
temple. Corban signifies also the treasury of the temple,
where the offerings, which were made in money, were de­
posited. Calmet.

CORBE. adj. [courbe, French.] Crooked.
For siker thy head very tottie is,
So thy corbe shoulder it leans amiss. Spenser's Pastorals.

CO’RBEILS. n. s. Little baskets used in fortification, filled with
earth, and set upon the parapet, to shelter the men in firing
upon the besiegers.

CO’RBEL. n. s. [In architecture.] The representation of a
basket, sometimes placed on the heads of the caryatides.

CO’RBEL. n. s. CO’RBIL. n. s. 


1. A short piece of timber sticking out six or eight inches from
a wall, sometimes placed for strength under the semi-girders
of a platform.
2. A niche or hollow left in walls for figures or statues. Chambers.

CORD. n. s. [cort, Welsh; chorda, Latin; corde, French.]
1. A rope; a string composed of several strands or twists.
Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords in twain,
Too intrinsicate t' unloose. Shakespeare's King Lear.
She let them down by a cord through the window. Jos. ii. 5.
Form'd of the finest complicated thread,
These num'rous cords are through the body spread. Blackm.
2. The cords extended in setting up tents, furnish several meta­
phors in scripture.
Thine eyes shall see Jerusalem a quiet habitation, a taber­
nacle that shall not be taken down; none of the stakes there­
of shall ever be removed, neither shall any of the cords thereof
be broken. Isaiah, xxxiii. 20.
3. A quantity of wood for fuel, supposed to be measured with a
cord; a pile eight feet long, four high, and four broad.

CORD-MAKER. n. s. [cord and make.] One whose trade is to
make ropes; a ropemaker.

CORD-WOOD. n. s. [cord and wood.] Wood piled up for fuel,
to be sold by the cord.

To CORD. v. a. [from the noun.] To bind with ropes; to
fasten with cords; to close by a bandage.

CO’RDAGE. n. s. [from cord.] A quantity of cords; the ropes
of a ship.
They fastened their ships to the ground, and rid at anchor
with cables of iron chains, having neither canvas nor cordage.
Raleigh, Essay 1. 
Spain furnished a sort of rush called spartum, useful for
cordage and other parts of shipping. Arbuthnot on Coins.
To the cordage glued
The sailor, and the pilot to the helm. Thomson's Winter.

CO’RDED. adj. [from cord.] Made of ropes.
This night he meaneth, with a corded ladder,
To climb celestial Silvia's chamber-window. Shakespeare.

CORDELI’ER. n. s. A Franciscan frier; so named from the cord
which serves him for a cincture.
And who to assist but a grave cordelier. Prior.

CO’RDIAL. n. s. [from cor, the heart, Latin.]
1. A medicine that increases the force of the heart, or quickens
the circulation.
2. Any medicine that increases strength.
A cordial, properly speaking, is not always what increaseth
the force of the heart; for, by increasing that, the animal may
be weakened, as in inflammatory diseases. Whatever in­
creaseth the natural or animal strength, the force of moving
the fluids and muscles, is a cordial: these are such substances
as bring the serum of the blood into the properest condition
for circulation and nutrition; as broths made of animal sub­
stances, milk, ripe fruits, and whatever is endued with a
wholsome but not pungent taste. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Any thing that comforts, gladdens, and exhilerates.
Then with some cordials seek for to appease
The inward languor of my wounded heart,
And then my body shall have shortly ease;
But such sweet cordials pass physicians art. Spenser.
Comfort, like cordials after death, comes late. Dryden.
Your warrior offspring that upheld the crown,
The scarlet honour of your peaceful gown,
Are the most pleasing objects I can find,
Charms to my sight, and cordials to my mind. Dryden.

CO’RDIAL. adj. 
1. Reviving; invigorating; restorative.
It is a thing I make, which hath the king
Five times redeem'd from death: I do not know
What is more cordial. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
He only took cordial waters, in which we infused sometimes
purgatives. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Sincere; hearty; proceeding from the heart; without hypo­
crisy.
Doctrines are infused among Christians, which are apt to
obstruct or intercept the cordial superstructing of Christian
life or renovation, where the foundation is duly laid. Hammond.
With looks of cordial love,
Hung over her enamour'd. Milton.

CORDIA’LITY. n. s. [from cordial.]
1. Relation to the heart.
That the antients had any such respect of cordiality, or re­
ference unto the heart, will much be doubted. Brown.
2. Sincerity; freedom from hypocrisy.

CO’RDIALLY. adv. [from cordial.] Sincerely; heartily; with­
out hypocrisy.
Where a strong inveterate love of sin has made any doc­
trine or proposition, wholly unsuitable to the heart, no argu­
ment or demonstration, no nor miracle whatsoever, shall be
able to bring the heart cordially to close with and receive
it. South's Sermons.

CO’RDINER. n. s. [cordonnier, French.] A shoemaker. It is
so used in divers statutes. Cowel.

CO’RDON. n. s. [Fr.] In fortification, a row of stones jutting
out before the rampart and the basis of the parapet. Chambers.

CO’RDWAIN. n. s. [Cordovan leather, from Cordova in Spain.]
Spanish leather.
Her straight legs most bravely were embay'd
In golden buskins of costly cordwain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

CORDWA’INER. n. s. [Uncertain whether from Cordovan, Spa­
nish leather, or from cord, of which shoes were formerly
made, and are now used in the Spanish West Indies. Trevoux.]
A shoemaker.

CORE. n. s. [cœur, French; cor, Latin.]
1. The heart.
Give me that man
That is not passion's slave, and I will wear him
In my heart's core; ay, in my heart of heart. Shak. Hamlet.
2. The inner part of any thing.
In the core of the square she raised a tower of a furlong
high. Raleigh's History of the World.
Dig out the cores below the surface. Mortimer's Husbandry.
They wasteful eat,
Through buds and bark, into the blacken'd core. Thomson.
3. The inner part of a fruit which contains the kernels.
It is reported that trees, watered perpetually with warm
water, will make a fruit with little or no core or stone. Bacon.
4. The matter contained in a boil or sore.
Launce the sore,
And cut the head; for, 'till the core be found,
The secret vice is fed, and gathers ground. Dryd. Virgil.
5. It is used by Bacon for a body or collection [from corps,
French, pronounced core.]
He was more doubtful of the raising of forces to resist the
rebels, than of the resistance itself; for that he was in a core
of people whose affections he suspected. Bacon's Henry VII.

CORIA’CEOUS. adj. [coriaceus, Latin.]
1. Consisting of leather.
2. Of a substance resembling leather.
A stronger projectile motion of the blood must occasion
greater secretions and loss of liquid parts, and from thence
perhaps spissitude and coriaceous concretions. Arbuthnot on Alim.

CORIA’NDER. n. s. [coriandrum, Latin.]
It hath a fibrose annual root: the lower leaves are broad,
but the upper leaves are deeply cut into five segments: the
petals of the flower are unequal, and shaped like an heart:
the fruit is composed of two hemispherical, and sometimes
spherical seeds. The species are, 1.  Greater coriander.
2. Smaller testiculated coriander. The first is cultivated for
the seeds, which are used in medicine: the second sort is sel­
dom found. Miller.
Israel called the name thereof manna; and it was, like
coriander seed, white. Exod. xiii. 31. 

CO’RINTH. n. s. [from the city of that name in Greece.] A
small fruit commonly called currant.
The chief riches of Zant consisteth in corinths, which the
inhabitants have in great quantities. Broom's Notes on the Odyss.

CORI’NTHIAN Order, is generally reckoned the fourth, but by
some the fifth, of the five orders of architecture; and is the
most noble, rich, and delicate of them all. Vitruvius ascribes
it to Callimachus, a Corinthian sculptor, who is said to have
taken the hint by passing by the tomb of a young lady, over
which a basket with some of her playthings had been placed
by her nurse, and covered with a tile; the whole having been
placed over a root of acanthus. As it sprung up, the branches
encompassed the basket; but arriving at the tile, bent down­
wards under the corners of it, forming a kind of a volute.
Hence Calimachus imitated the basket by the vase of his ca­
pital, the tile in the abacus, and the leaves in the volute.
This story is treated as a fable by Villalpandus, who imagines
the Corinthian capital to have taken its original from an order
in the temple of Solomon, whose leaves were those of the
palm-tree. This order is distinguished from the rest by several
characters. The capital is adorned with two rows of leaves,
between which little stalks arise, of which the sixteen volutes
are formed, which support the abacus. Harris.
Behind these figures are large columns of the Corinthian
Order, adorned with fruit and flowers. Dryden.

CORK. n. s. [cortex, Lat. korck, Dutch.
Hic dies, anno redeunte, festus
Corticem astrictum pice dimovebit
Amphoræ, fumum bibere institutæ
Consule Tullo. Hor.]
1. A glandiserous tree, in all respects like the ilex, excepting the
bark, which, in the cork tree, is thick, spongy, and soft. Miller.
The cork tree grows near the Pyrenæan hills, and in several
parts of Italy, and the North of New England. Mortimer.
2. The bark of the cork tree used for stopples, or burnt into
Spanish black. It is taken off without injury to the tree.
3. A piece of cork cut for the stopple of a bottle or barrel.
I pr'ythee take the cork out of thy mouth, that I may drink
thy tidings. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Be sure, nay very sure, thy cork be good;
Then future ages shall of Peggy tell,
That nymph that brew'd and bottled ale so well. King.


Nor stop, for one bad cork, his butler's pay. Pope.

CORKING-PIN. n. s. A pin of the largest size.
When you put a clean pillow-case on your lady's pillow,
be sure to fasten it well with three corking-pins, that it may
not fall off in the night. Swift's Direct. to the Chambermaid.

CO’RKY. adj. [from cork.] Consisting of cork.
Bind fast his corky arms. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CO’RMORANT. n. s. [cormoran, Fr. from corvus marinus, Latin.]
1. A bird that preys upon fish. It is nearly of the bigness of a
capon, with a wry bill and broad feet, black on his body, but
greenish about his wings. He is eminently greedy and ra­
pacious.
Let fame, that all hunt after in their lives,
Live register'd upon our brazen tombs;
When, spight of cormorant devouring time,
Th' endeavour of this present breath may buy
That honour which shall 'bate his scythe's keen edge. Shak.
Those called birds of prey, as the eagle, hawk, puttock,
and cormorant. Peacham on Drawing.
Thence up he flew, and on the tree of life
Sat like a cormorant. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 194.
Not far from thence is seen a lake, the haunt
Of coots, and of the fishing cormorant. Dryden's Fables.
2. A glutton.

CORN. n. s. [corn, Sax. korn, Germ. It is found in all the
Teutonick dialects; as, in an old Runick rhyme,
Hagul er kaldastur corna.
Hail is the coldest grain.]
1. The seeds which grow in ears, not in pods; such as are
made into bread.
Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground, and die, it
abideth alone. John xii. 25.
The people cry you mock'd them; and, of late,
When corn was given them gratis, you repin'd. Sh. Coriolan.
2. Grain yet unreaped, standing in the field upon its stalk.
Why he was met even now,
Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
In our sustaining corn. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Landing his men, he burnt the corn all thereabouts, which
was now almost ripe. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Still a murmur runs
Along the soft inclining fields of corn. Thomson's Autumn.
3. Grain in the ear, yet unthreshed.
Thou shalt come to thy grave in a full age, like as a shock
of corn cometh in in his season. Job, v. 26.
4. An excrescence on the feet, hard and painful; probably so
called from its form, though by some supposed to be denomi­
nated from its corneous or horny substance.
Ladies, that have your feet
Unplagu'd with corns, we'll have a bout with you. Shakesp.
The man that makes his toe,
What he his heart should make,
Shall of a corn cry woe,
And turn his sleep to wake. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Even in men, aches and hurts and corns do engrieve either
towards rain or towards frost. Bacon's Natural History.
The hardest part of the corn is usually in the middle, thrust­
ing itself in a nail; whence it has the Latin appellation of
clavis. Wiseman's Surgery.
He first that useful secret did explain,
That pricking corns foretold the gath'ring rain. Gay's Past.
It looks as there were regular accumulations and gatherings
of humours, growing perhaps in some people as corns. Arbuth.
Thus Lamb, renown'd for cutting corns,
An offer'd fee from Radcliff scorns. Swift.

To CORN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To salt; to sprinkle with salt. The word is so used, as Skin­
ner observes, by the old Saxons.
2. To granulate.

CORN-FIELD. n. s. A field where corn is growing.
It was a lover and his lass,
That o'er the green corn-field did pass. Shakes. As you like it.
You may soon enjoy the gallant sights of armies, encamp­
ments, and standards waving over your brother's cornfields. Pope.

CORN-FLAG. n. s. [corn and flag.]
It hath a fleshy double tuberose root: the leaves are like
those of the fleur-de-lys: the flower consists of one leaf,
shaped like a lily, open at the top, in two lips; the upper im­
bricated, the under divided into five segments: the ovary be­
comes an oblong fruit, divided into three cells, filled with
roundish seeds wrapt up in a cover. Miller enumerates eleven
species of this plant, some with red flowers, and some with
white. It is a proper ornament for borders.

CORN-FLOOR. n. s. The floor where corn is stored.
Thou hast loved a reward upon every corn-floor. Hos. ix. 1. 

CORN-FLOWER. n. s. [from corn and flower.]
There be certain corn-flowers, which come seldom or
never in other places, unless they be set, but only amongst
corn; as the blue-bottle, a kind of yellow marygold, wild
poppy, and furmitory. Bacon's Natural History, No. 482.
Corn-flowers are of many sorts: some of them flower in
June and July, and others in August. The seeds should be
sown in March: they require a good soil. Mortimer's Husband.

CORN-LAND. n. s. [corn and land.] Land appropriated to the
production of grain.
Pastures and meadows are of such advantage to husbandry,
that many prefer them to corn-lands. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CORN-MASTER. n. s. [corn and master.] One that cultivates
corn for sale.
I knew a nobleman in England, that had the greatest audits
of any man in my time; a great grasier, a great sheep-master,
a great timberman, a great collier, a great corn-master, and a
great leadman. Bacon, Essay 35.

CORN-MARIGOLD. n. s. [from corn and marigold.]
It hath an annual root: the cup of the flower is hemisphe­
rical and scaly: the flowers are radiated; the rays being, for
the most part, of a yellow flower, and the seeds are fur­
rowed. Miller.

CORN-MILL. n. s. [corn and mill.] A mill to grind corn into
meal.
Save the more laborious work of beating of hemp, by
making the axle-tree of the corn-mills longer than ordinary,
and placing pins in it to raise large hammers. Mort. Husband.

CORN-PIPE. n. s. [from corn and pipe.] A pipe made by slitting
the joint of a green stalk of corn.
Now the shrill corn-pipes, echoing loud to arms,
To rank and file reduce the straggling swarms. Tickel.

CORN-ROCKET. n. s. [from corn and rocket.]
The flower consists of four leaves, in form of a cross: the
pointal becomes a four-cornered fruit, resembling a crested
club, divided into four cells, in which are contained roundish
seeds with a beak. This plant grows wild in the warm parts
of France and Spain. Miller.

CORN-ROSE. n. s. See POPPY, of which it is a species.

CORN-SALLAD. n. s. [from corn and sallad.]
The leaves grow by pairs opposite on the branches, which
are always divided into two parts, and appear at the top like
an umbrella. The flower consists of one leaf, cut into many
segments, and succeeded by one naked seed, having no down
adhering to it, in which it differs from the valerian. Some
sorts of it grow wild. Miller.
Corn-sallad is an herb, whose top-leaves are a sallet of them­
selves. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CO’RNAGE. n. s. [from corne, Fr. cornu, Latin.] A tenure
which obliges the landholder to give notice of an invasion by
blowing a horn.

CO’RNCHANDLER. n. s. [corn and chandler.] One that retails
corn.

CO’RNCUTTER. n. s. [from corn and cut.] A man whose pro­
fession is to extirpate corns from the foot.
The nail was not loose, nor did seem to press into the flesh;
for there had been a corncutter, who had cleared it. Wiseman.
I have known a corncutter, who, with a right education,
would have been an excellent physician. Spectator, No. 307.

CO’RNEL. n. s. [cornus, Latin.] See CORNELIAN­
CHERRY.

CORNELIAN-TREE. n. s. [cornus, Latin.] See CORNELIAN­
CHERRY.
The Cornel-tree beareth the fruit commonly called the cornel
or cornelian cherry, as well from the name of the tree as the
cornelian stone, the colour whereof it somewhat represents.
The fruit is good in the kitchen and conservatory. The wood
is very durable, and useful for wheelwork. Mortim. Husbandry.
Take a service-tree, or a cornelian-tree, or an elder-tree,
which we know have fruits of harsh and binding juice, and
set them near a vine or fig-tree, and see whether the grapes or
figs will not be the sweeter. Bacon's Natural History, No. 485.
Mean time the goddess, in disdain, bestows
The mast and acorn, brutal food! and strows
The fruits of cornel, as they feast around. Pope's Odyssey.

CO’RNEL. n. s. [cornus, Latin.]

CORNELIAN-CHERRY. n. s. [cornus, Latin.]
The flower-cup consists of four small rigid leaves, ex­
panded in form of a cross; from the center of which are pro­
duced many small yellowish flowers, consisting of four leaves,
disposed in form of an umbrella: these flowers are succeeded
by fruit, oblong or of a cylindrical form, somewhat like an
olive, containing an hard stone, which is divided into two
cells, each containing a single seed. The species are ten, of
which the cornelian-cherry, or male cornel-tree, is very com­
mon, being propagated for its fruit, which, by many people,
is preserved to make tarts: it is also used in medicine as an
astringent and cooler. There is likewise an officinal prepara­
tion of this fruit, called Rob de cornus. Dogberry, or gatten­
tree, is very common in hedges, and the fruit of this plant is
often brought into the markets, and sold for buckthornberries;
but in this fruit is but one stone, and in the buckthorn four.
The sassafras sort is a native of America; and its root is much
used in England to make a tea, which is greatly commended
by some against violent defluxions. Most of the other sorts
are brought from America, except what is commonly called
the dwarf honeysuckle, which grows wild on the high moun­
tains in the northern counties; but is with difficulty preserved
in gardens. Miller.
On wildings and on strawberries they fed;


Cornels and brambleberries gave the rest,
And falling acorns furnish'd out a feast. Dryden's Ovid.

CORNE’LIAN-STONE. See CARNELIAN.

CO’RNEMUSE. n. s. [French.] A kind of rustick flute.

CO’RNEOUS. adj. [corneus, Latin.] Horny; of a substance
resembling horn.
Such as have corneous or horny eyes, as lobsters, and crusta­
ceous animals, are generally dimsighted. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The various submarine shrubs are of a corneous or ligneous
constitution, consisting chiefly of a fibrous matter. Woodward.

CO’RNER. n. s. [cornel, Welsh; cornier, French.]
1. An angle; a place inclosed by two walls or lines, which
would interfect each other, if drawn beyond the point where
they meet.
2. A secret or remote place.
There's nothing I have done yet, o' my conscience,
Deserves a corner. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
It is better to dwell in a corner of a house-top, than with a
brawling woman and in a wide house. Proverbs, xxv. 24.
I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from
him; for this thing was not done in a corner. Acts, xxvi. 26.
All the inhabitants, in every corner of the island, have been
absolutely reduced under his immediate subjection. Davies.
Those vices, that lurk in the secret corners of the soul. Addis.
Your active search
Leaves no cold wintry corner unexplor'd. Thomson's Spring.
3. The extremities; the utmost limit: thus every corner is the
whole or every part.
Might I but through my prison, once a day,
Behold this maid, all corners else o' th' earth
Let liberty make use of. Shakespeare's Tempest.
I turn'd, and try'd each corner of my bed,
To find if sleep were there; but sleep was lost. Dryden.

CORNER-STONE. n. s. [corner and stone.] The stone that unites
the two walls at the corner; the principal stone.
See you yond' coin o'th' capitol, yond' corner-stone? Shakesp.
A mason was fitting a corner-stone. Howel's Vocal Forest.

CORNER-TEETH of a Horse, are the four teeth which are placed
between the middling teeth and the tushes; and are two above
and two below, on each side of the jaw, which shoot forth
when the horse is four years and a half old. Farrier's Dict.

CO’RNERWISE. adv. [corner and wise.] Diagonally; with the
corner in front.

CO’RNET. n. s. [cornette, French.]
1. A musical instrument blown with the mouth: used anciently
in war, probably in the cavalry.
Israel played before the Lord on psalteries and on timbrels,
and on cornets. 2 Sa. vi. 5.
Other wind instruments require a forcible breath; as trum­
pets, cornets, and hunters horns. Bacon's Natural History.
Cornets and trumpets cannot reach his ear,
Under an actor's nose, he's never near. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. A company or troop of horse; perhaps as many as had a cor­
net belonging to them. This sense is now disused.
These noblemen were appointed, with some cornets of horse
and bands of foot, to put themselves beyond the hill where
the rebels were encamped. Bacon.
Seventy great horses lay dead in the field, and one cornet
was taken. Hayward.
They discerned a body of five cornets of horse very full,
standing in very good order to receive them. Clarendon.
3. The officer that bears the standard of a troop.
4. CORNET of a Horse, is the lowest part of his pastern that runs
round the coffin, and is distinguished by the hair that joins
and covers the upper part of the hoof. Farrier's Dict.
5. A scarf anciently worn by doctors. Dict.
6. A head-dress. Dict.
7. A CORNET of Paper, is described by Skinner to be a cap of
paper, made by retailers for small wares.

CO’RNETTER. n. s. [from cornet.] A blower of the cornet.
So great was the rabble of trumpetters, cornetters, and other
musicians, that even Claudius himself might have heard
them. Hakewill on Providence.

CO’RNICE. n. s. [corniche, French.] The highest projection of
a wall or column.
The cornice of the Palazzo Farnese, which makes so beau­
tiful an effect below, when viewed more nearly, will be found
not to have its just measures. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The walls were massy brass, the cornice high
Blue metals crown'd, in colours of the sky. Pope's Odyssey.

CORNICE Ring. [In gunnery.] The next ring from the muz­
zle backwards. Chambers.

COR’NICLE. n. s. [from cornu, Latin.] A little horn.
There will be found, on either side, two black filaments,
or membranous strings, which extend unto the long and
shorter cornicle, upon protrusion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

CORNI’CULATE. adj. [from cornu, Lat.] A term in botany.
Corniculate plants are such as produce many distinct and
horned pods; and corniculate flowers are such hollow flowers
as have on their upper part a kind of spur, or little horn. Chamb.

CORNI’FICK. adj. [from cornu and facio, Latin.] Productive of
horns; making horns. Dict.

CORNI’GEROUS. adj. [corniger, Latin.] Horned; having
horns.
Nature, in other cornigerous animals, hath placed the horns
higher, and reclining; as in bucks. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CORNU’COPIÆ. n. s. [Lat.] The horn of plenty; a horn
topped with fruits and flowers in the hands of a goddess.

To CORNU’TE. v. a. [cornutus, Latin.] To bestow horns; to
cuckold.

CORNU’TED. adj. [cornutus, Latin.] Grafted with horns;
horned; cuckolded.

CORNU’TO. n. s. [from cornutus, Latin.] A man horned; a
cuckold.
The peaking cornuto her husband, dwelling in a continual
larum of jealousy. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

CO’RNY. adj. [from cornu, horn, Latin.]
1. Strong or hard like horn; horny.
Up stood the corny reed,
Embattel'd in her field. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
2. [from corn.] Producing grain or corn.
Tell me why the ant,
'Midst Summer's plenty, thinks of Winter's want,
By constant journeys, careful to prepare
Her stores; and bringing home the corny ear. Prior.

CO’ROLLARY. n. s. [corollarium, Lat. from corolla; finis coronat
opus; or from corollair, Fr. a surplus.]
1. The conclusion: a corollary seems to be a conclusion, whether
following from the premises necessarily or not.
Now since we have considered the malignity of this sin of
detraction, it is but a natural corollary, that we enforce our
vigilance against it. Government of the Tongue.
As a corollary to this preface, in which I have done justice
to others, I owe somewhat to myself. Dryden's Fab. Preface.
2. Surplus.
Bring a corollary,
Rather than want. Shakespeare's Tempest.

CORO’NA. n. s. [Latin.] A large flat member of the cornice,
so called because it crowns the entablature and the whole or­
der. It is called by workmen the drip. Chambers.
In a cornice the gola or cymatium of the corona, the coping,
the modillions or dentelli, make a noble shew by their grace­
ful projections. Spectator, No. 415.

CO’RONAL. n. s. [corona, Latin.] A crown; a garland.
Crown ye god Bacchus with a coronal,
And Hymen also crown with wreaths of vine. Spenser.

CO’RONAL. adj. Belonging to the top of the head.
A man of about forty-five years of age came to me, with
a round tubercle between the sagittal and coronal suture. Wisem.

CO’RONARY. adj. [coronarius, Latin.]
1. Relating to a crown; seated on the top of the head like a
crown.
The basilisk of older times was a proper kind of serpent,
not above three palms long, as some account; and differenced
from other serpents by advancing his head, and some white
marks, or coronary spots upon the crown. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. It is applied in anatomy to arteries, which are fancied to en­
compass the heart in the manner of a garland.
The substance of the heart itself is most certainly made and
nourished by the blood, which is conveyed to it by the coro­
nary arteries. Bentley's Sermons.

CORONA’TION. n. s. [from corona, Latin.]
1. The act or solemnity of crowning a king.
Fortune smiling at her work therein, that a scaffold of exe­
cution should grow a scaffold of coronation. Sidney, b. ii.
Willingly I came to Denmark,
To shew my duty in your coronation. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
A cough, sir, which I caught with ringing in the king's
affairs upon his coronation day. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Now empress fame had publish'd the renown
Of Sh——'s coronation through the town. Dryden's Macfl.
2. The pomp or assembly present at a coronation.
In pensive thought recal the fancy'd scene,
See coronations rise on ev'ry green. Pope.

CO’RONER. n. s. [from corona.] An officer whose duty is to
enquire, on the part of the king, how any violent death was
occasioned; for which purpose a jury of twelve persons is im­
pannelled.
Go thou and seek the coroner, and let him sit o' my uncle;
for he's in the third degree of drink; he's drowned. Shakesp.

CO’RONET. n. s. [coronetta, Ital. the diminutive of corona, a
crown.] An inferiour crown worn by the nobility. The
coronet of a duke is adorned with strawberry leaves; that of
a marquis has leaves with pearls interposed; that of an earl
raises the pearls above the leaves; that of a viscount is sur­
rounded with only pearls; that of a baron has only four
pearls.
The rest was drawn into a coronet of gold, richly set with
pearl. Sidney.
In his livery
Walk'd crowns and coronets, realms and islands were
As plates dropt from his pocket. Shak. Aut. and Cleopatra.
All the rest are countesses.
——Their coronets say so. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.


Under a coronet his flowing hair,
In curls, on either cheek play'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Nor could our nobles hope their bold attempt,
Who ruin'd crowns, would coronets exempt. Dryden.
Peers and dukes, and all their sweeping train,
And garters, stars, and coronets appear. Pope's Ra. of Lock.

CO’RPORAL. n. s. [corrupted from caporal, French.] The
lowest officer of the infantry, whose office is to place and re­
move the sentinels.
The cruel corp'ral whisper'd in my ear,
Five pounds, if rightly tipt, would set me clear. Gay.

CO’RPORAL of a Ship. An officer that hath the charge of
setting the watches and sentries, and relieving them; who
sees that all the soldiers and sailors keep their arms neat and
clean, and teaches them how to use them. He has a mate
under him. Harris.

CO’RPORAL. adj. [corporel, Fr. corpus, Latin.]
1. Relating to the body; belonging to the body.
To relief of lazars and weak age,
Of indigent faint souls, past corporal toil,
A hundred alms-houses, right well supplied. Shak. Hen. V.
Render to me some corporal sign about her,
More evident than this. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
That God hath been otherwise seen, with corporal eyes,
exceedeth the small proportion of my understanding. Raleigh.
They enjoy greater sensual pleasures, and feel fewer corporal
pains, and are utter strangers to all those anxious and tor­
menting thoughts, which perpetually haunt and disquiet man­
kind. Atterbury.
2. Material; not spiritual. In the present language, when body
is used philosophically in opposition to spirit, the word corpo­
real is used, as a corporeal being; but otherwise corporal.
Corporeal is having a body; corporal relating to the body.
This distinction seems not ancient.
Whither are they vanish'd?
Into the air: and what seem'd corporal
Melted, as breath, into the wind. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
And from these corporal nutriments, perhaps,
Your bodies may at last turn all to spirit. Milt. Par. Lost.

CORPORA’LITY. n. s. [from corporal.] The quality of being
embodied.
If this light be not spiritual, yet it approacheth nearest
unto spirituality; and if it have any corporality, then, of all
other, the most subtile and pure. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

CO’RPORALLY. adv. [from corporal.] Bodily.
The sun is corporally conjoined with basiliscus. Brown.

CO’RPORATE. adj. [from corpus, Latin.] United in a body
or community; enabled to act in legal processes as an indi­
vidual.
Breaking forth like a sudden tempest, he over-run all Mun­
ster and Connaught, defacing and utterly subverting all cor­
porate towns that were not strongly walled. Spenser on Ireland.
They answer in a joint and corporate voice,
That now they are at fall. Shakespeare's Timon.
The nobles of Athens being not at this time a corporate
assembly, therefore the resentment of the commons was usual­
ly turned against particular persons. Swift.

CO’RPORATENESS. n. s. [from corporate.] The state of a body
corporate; a community. Dict.

CORPORA’TION. n. s. [from corpus, Latin.]
A corporation is a body politick, authorized by the king's
charter to have a common seal, one head officer or more, and
members, able, by their common consent, to grant or receive,
in law, any thing within the compass of their charter: even
as one man may do by law all things, that by law he is not
forbidden; and bindeth the successors, as a single man binds
his executor or heir. Cowel.
Of angels we are not to consider only what they are, and
do, in regard of their own being; but that also which con­
cerneth them, as they are linked into a kind of corporation
amongst themselves, and of society or fellowship with men.
Hooker, b. i. sect. 4.
Of this we find some foot-steps in our law,
Which doth her root from God and nature take;
Ten thousand men she doth together draw,
And of them all one corporation make. Davies.

CO’RPORATURE. n. s. [from corpus, Latin.] The state of a
being embodied. Dict.

CORPO’REAL. adj. [corporeus, Latin.]
1. Having a body; not immaterial. See CORPORAL.
The swiftness of those circles attribute,
Though numberless, to his omnipotence,
That to corporeal substances could add
Speed almost spiritual. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Having surveyed the image of God in the soul, we are not
to omit those characters that God imprinted upon the body,
as much as a spiritual substance could be pictured upon a cor­
poreal. South's Sermons.
God being supposed to be a pure spirit, cannot be the ob­
ject of any corporeal sense. Tillotson.
The course is finish'd which thy fates decreed,
And thou from thy corporeal prison freed. Dryden's Fables.
Fix thy corporeal and internal eye
On the young gnat, or new-engender'd fly. Prior.
2. It is used by Swift inaccurately for corporal.
I am not in a condition to make a true step even on Aims­
bury Downs; and I declare, that a corporeal false step is worse
than a political one. Swift.

CORPORE’ITY. n. s. [from corporeus, Latin.] Materiality; the
quality of being embodied; the state of having a body; bodi­
liness.
Since philosophy affirmeth, that we are middle substances
between the soul and the body, they must admit of some cor­
poreity which supposeth weight or gravity. Brown's Vulg. Err.
It is the saying of divine Plato, that man is nature's hori­
zon, dividing betwixt the upper hemisphere of immaterial
intellects and this lower of corporeity. Glanville's Sceps. c. iv.
The one attributed corporeity to God, and the other shape
and figure. Stillingfleet.

CORPORIFICA’TION. n. s. [from corporify.] The act of giving
body or palpability.

To CORPO’RIFY. v. a. [from corpus, Lat.] To embody; to
inspissate into body.
A certain spirituous substance, extracted out of it, is mis­
taken for the spirit of the world corporified. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

CORPS. n. s. [corps, Fr. corpus, Latin.]

CORPSE. n. s. [corps, Fr. corpus, Latin.]
1. A body, in contempt.
Though plenteous, all too little seems
To stuff this man, this vast unhide-bound corps. Milton.
He looks as man was made, with face erect,
That scorns his brittle corps, and seems asham'd
He's not all spirit. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. A carcase; a dead body; a corse.
Not a friend greet
My poor corps, where my bones shall be thrown. Shakesp.
There was the murder'd corps in covert laid,
And violent death in thousand shapes display'd. Dryd. Fables.
See where the corps of thy dead son approaches. Addison.
The corpse was laid out upon the floor by the emperor's
command: he then bid every one light his flambeau, and
stand about the dead body. Addison's Guardian, No. 99.
3. A body of forces.

CO’RPULENCE. n. s. [corpulentia, Latin.]

CO’RPULENCY. n. s. [corpulentia, Latin.]
1. Bulkiness of body; fleshiness; fulness of flesh.
To what a cumbersome unwieldiness,
And burdenous corpulence my love had grown. Donne.
It is but one species of corpulency; for there may be bulk
without fat, from the great quantity of muscular flesh, the case
of robust people. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Spissitude; grossness of matter.
The musculous flesh serves for the vibration of the tail, the
heaviness and corpulency of the water requiring a great force to
divide it. Ray on the Creation.

CO’RPULENT. adj. [corpulentus, Latin.] Fleshy; bulky;
having great bodily bulk.
We say it is a fleshy stile, when there is much periphrases,
and circuit of words; and when with more than enough, it
grows fat and corpulent. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Excess of nourishment is hurtful; for it maketh the child
corpulent, and growing in breadth rather than in height. Bacon.

CO’RPUSCLE. n. s. [corpusculum, Lat.] A small body; a
particle of matter; an atom; a little fragment.
It will add much to our satisfaction, if those corpuscles can
be discovered with microscopes. Newton's Opt.
Who knows what are the figures of the little corpuscles that
compose and distinguish different bodies? Watts's Logick.

CORPU’SCULAR. adj. [from corpusculum, Lat.] Relating
to bodies; comprising bodies. It is
the distinguishing epithet of that philosophy which attempts
the rational solution of all physical appearances by the action
of one body upon another.

CORPUSCULA’RIAN. adj. [from corpusculum, Lat.] Relating
to bodies; comprising bodies. It is
the distinguishing epithet of that philosophy which attempts
the rational solution of all physical appearances by the action
of one body upon another.
As to natural philosophy I do not expect to see any prin­
ciples proposed, more comprehensive and intelligible than the
corpuscularian or mechanical. Boyle.
This may be said, that the modern corpuscularians talk, in
most things, more intelligibly than the peripateticks. Bentley.
The mechanical or corpuscular philosophy, though perad­
venture the eldest, as well as the best in the world, had lain
dead for many ages in contempt and oblivion. Bentley's Serm.

CO’RRACLE. See CORRICLE.

To CORRA’DE. v. a. [corrado, Latin.] To rub off; to wear
away by frequent rubbing; to scrape together.

CORRADIA’TION. n. s. [con and radius, Lat.] A conjunction
of rays in one point.
The impression of colour worketh not but by a cone of
direct beams, or right lines, whereof the basis is in the object,
and the vertical point in the eye; so as there is a corradiation,
and conjunction of beams. Bacon's Natural History, No. 277.

To CORRE’CT. v. a. [corrigo correctum, Latin.]
1. To punish; to chastise; to discipline.
Sad accidents, and a state of affliction, is a school of virtue;
it corrects levity, and interrupts the confidence of sinning. Tayl.


After he has once been corrected for a lie, you must be sure
never after to pardon it in him. Locke on Education.
Children being to be restrained by the parents only in vici­
ous things, a look or nod only ought to correct them, when
they do amiss. Locke on Education.
2. To amend; to take away faults, in writings or life.
This is a defect in the first make of some men's minds,
which can scarce ever be corrected afterwards, either by learn­
ing or age. Burnet's Theory of the Earth, Preface.
Correcting nature, from what actually she is in individuals,
to what she ought to be, and what she was created. Dryden.
I writ, because it amused me; I corrected, because it was as
pleasant to me to correct as to write. Pope's Preface.
The mind may cool, and be at leisure to attend to its
domestick concern; to consider what habit wants to be cor­
rected, and what inclination to be subdued. Roger's Sermons.
3. To obviate the qualities of one ingredient by another, or by
any method of preparation.
As in habitual gout or stone,
The only thing that can be done,
Is to correct your drink and diet,
And keep the inward foe in quiet. Prior.
In cases of acidity, water is the proper drink: its quality of
relaxing may be corrected by boiling it with some animal sub­
stances; as ivory or hartshorn. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To remark faults.

CORRE’CT. adj. [correctus, Latin.] Revised or finished with
exactness; free from faults.
What verse can do, he has perform'd in this,
Which he presumes the most correct of his. Dryd. Aur. Prol.
Always use the most correct editions: various readings will
be only troublesome where the sense and language is com­
plete. Felton on the Classicks.

CORRE’CTION. n. s. [from correct.]
1. Punishment; discipline; chastisement; penalty.
Wilt thou, pupil like,
Take thy correction mildly, kiss the rod? Shakesp. Rich. II.
An offensive wife,
That hath enrag'd him on to offer strokes,
As he is striking, holds his infant up,
And hangs resolv'd correction in the arm
That was uprear'd to execution. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
We are all but children here under the great master of the
family; and he is pleased, by hopes and fears, by mercies and
corrections, to instruct us in virtue. Watts.
2. Alteration to a better state; the act of taking away faults;
amendment.
Another poet, in another age, make take the same liberty
with my writings; if, at least, they live long enough to deserve
correction. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
3. That which is substituted in the place of any thing wrong.
Corrections or improvements should be adjoined, by way of
note or commentary, in their proper places. Watts.
4. Reprehension; animadversion.
They proceed with judgment and ingenuity, establishing
their assertions not only with great solidity, but submitting
them also unto the correction of future discovery. Brown.
One fault was too great lenity to her servants, to whom she
always gave good counsel, but often too gentle correction.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
5. Abatement of noxious qualities, by the addition of something
contrary.
To make courts hot, ambitious, wholesome, do not take
A dram of country's dulness; do not add
Corrections, but as chymists purge the bad. Donne.

CORRE’CTIONER. n. s. [from correction.] One that has been
in the house of correction; a jayl-bird. This seems to be
the meaning in Shakespeare.
I will have you soundly swinged for this, you blue-bottle
rogue! you filthy famished correctioner. Shakesp. Henry IV.

CORRE’CTIVE. adj. [from correct.] Having the power to alter
or obviate any bad qualities.
Mulberries are pectoral, corrective of the bilious alcali.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CORRE’CTIVE. n. s. 
1. That which has the power of altering or obviating any thing
amiss.
The hair, wool, feathers, and scales, which all animals of
prey do swallow, are a seasonable and necessary corrective, to
prevent their greediness from filling themselves with too suc­
culent a food. Ray on the Creation.
Humanly speaking, and according to the method of the
world, and the little correctives supplied by art and discipline,
it seldom fails but an ill principle has its course, and nature
makes good its blow. South's Sermons.
2. Limitation; restriction.
There seems to be such an instance in the regiment, which
the human soul exerciseth in relation to the body, that with
certain correctives and exceptions, may give some kind of ex­
plication or adumbration thereof. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

CORRE’CTLY. adv. [from correct.] Accurately; appositely;
exactly; without faults.
There are ladies, without knowing what tenses and parti­
ciples, adverbs and prepositions are, speak as properly and as
correctly as most gentlemen who have been bred up in the or­
dinary methods of grammar schools. Locke on Education.
Such lays as neither ebb nor flow,
Correctly cold, and regularly low. Pope's Essay on Criticism.

CORRE’CTNESS. n. s. [from correct.] Accuracy; exactness;
freedom from faults.
Too much labour often takes away the spirit, by adding to
the polishing; so that there remains nothing but a dull cor­
rectness, a piece without any considerable faults, but with few
beauties. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The softness of the flesh, the delicacy of the shape, air
and posture, and the correctness of design in this statue, are
inexpressible. Addison on Italy.
Late, very late, correctness grew our care,
When the tir'd nation breath'd from civil war. Pope.
Those pieces have never before been printed from the true
copies, or with any tolerable degree of correctness. Swift.

CORRE’CTOR. n. s. [from correct.]
1. He that amends, or alters, by punishment or animadversion.
How many does zeal urge rather to do justice on some sins,
than to forbear all sin? How many rather to be correctors than
practisers of religion. Sprat's Sermons.
With all his faults he sets up to be an universal reformer
and corrector of abuses, and a remover of grievances. Swift.
2. He that revises any thing to free it from faults; as the cor­
rector of the press, that amends the errours committed in
printing.
I remember a person, who, by his style and literature,
seems to have been the corrector of a hedge press in Little Bri­
tain, proceeding gradually to an author. Swift.
3. In medicine.
Such an ingredient in a composition, as guards against or
abates the force of another; as the lixivial salts prevent the
grievous vellications of resinous purges, by dividing their par­
ticles, and preventing their adhesion to the intestinal mem­
branes, whereby they sometimes occasion intolerable gripings;
and as spices and carminative seeds also assist in the easier ope­
ration of some catharticks, by dissipating collections of wind.
In making a medicine, such a thing is called a corrector which
destroys or diminishes a quality that it could not otherwise
be dispensed with: thus turpentines are correctors of quick­
silver, by destroying its fluxility, and making it capable of
mixture; and thus rectified spirit of wine breaks off the
points of some acids, so as to make them become safe and
good remedies, which before were destructive. Quincy.

To CO’RRELATE. v. n. [from con and relatus, Latin.] To
have a reciprocal relation, as father and son.

CO’RRELATE. n. s. One that stands in the opposite relation.
It is one thing for a father to cease to be a father, by cast­
ing off his son; and another for him to cease to be so, by the
death of his son: in this the relation is at an end, for want
of a correlate. South's Sermons.

CORRE’LATIVE. adj. [con and relativus, Latin.] Having a re­
ciprocal relation, so that the existence of one in a particular
state depends upon the existence of another.
Father and son, husband and wife, and such other correla­
tive terms, seem nearly to belong one to another. South.
Giving is a relative action, and so requires a correlative to
answer it: giving, on one part, transfers no property, unless
there be an accepting on the other. South's Sermons.

CORRE’LATIVENESS. n. s. [from correlative.] The state of
being correlative.

CORRE’PTION. n. s. [corripio correptum, Latin.] Objurgation;
chiding; reprehension; reproof.
If we must needs be talking of other people's faults, let it
not be to defame, but to amend them, by converting our de­
traction and backbiting into admonition and fraternal correp­
tion. Government of the Tongue, sect. 6.

To CORRESPO’ND. v. n. [con and respondeo, Latin.]
1. To suit; to answer; to be proportionate; to be adequate to;
to be adapted; to sit.
The days, if one be compared with another successively
throughout the year, are found not to be equal, and will not
justly correspond with any artificial or mechanical equal mea­
sures of time. Holder on Time.
Words being but empty sounds, any farther than they are
signs of our ideas, we cannot but assent to them, as they cor­
respond to those ideas we have, but no farther than that. Locke.
2. To keep up commerce with another by alternate letters.

CORRESPO’NDENCE. n. s. [from correspond.]

CORRESPO’NDENCY. n. s. [from correspond.]
1. Relation; reciprocal adaptation of one thing to another.
Between the law of their heavenly operations, and the ac­
tions of men in this our state of mortality, such correspondence
there is as maketh it expedient to know in some sort the one,
for the others more perfect direction. Hooker, b. i.
Whatever we fancy, things keep their course; and their
habitudes, correspondencies, and relations keep the same to one
another. Locke.
2. Intercourse; reciprocal intelligence.


I had discovered those unlawful correspondencies they had
used, and engagements they had made to embroil my king­
doms. King Charles.
Sure the villains hold a correspondence
With the enemy, and thus they would betray us. Denham.
It happens very oddly, that the pope and I should have the
same thought much about the same time: my enemies will be
apt to say, that we hold a correspondence together, and act by
concert in this matter. Addison's Guardian, No. 116.
3. Friendship; interchange of offices or civilities.
Let such military persons be assured, and well reputed of,
rather than factious and popular; holding also good correspon­
dence with the other great men in the state. Bacon, Essay 17.

CORRESPO’NDENT. adj. [from correspond.] Suitable; adapted;
agreeable; answerable.
What good or evil is there under the sun, what action cor­
respondent or repugnant unto the law which God hath im­
posed upon his creatures, but in or upon it God doth work,
according to the law which himself hath eternally purposed to
keep. Hooker.
And as five zones th' etherial regions bind,
Five correspondent are to earth assign'd. Dryden's Ovid.

CORRESPO’NDENT. n. s. One with whom intelligence or
commerce is kept up by mutual messages or letters.
He was pleased to command me to send to him, and receive
from him all his letters from and to all his correspondents at
home and abroad. Denham's Dedication.

CORRESPO’NSIVE. adj. [from correspond.] Answerable; adapted
to any thing.
Priam's six gates i' th' city, with massy staples,
And corresponsive and fulfilling bolts,
Sperre up the sons of Troy. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.

CO’RRIDOR. n. s. [French.]
1. [In fortification.] The covert way lying round the whole
compass of the fortifications of a place.
2. [In architecture.] A gallery or long isle round about a build­
ing, leading to several chambers at a distance from each
other. Harris.
There is something very noble in the amphitheatre, though
the high wall and corridors that went round it are almost in­
tirely ruined. Addison on Italy.

CORRI’GIBLE. adj. [from corrigo, Latin.]
1. That which may be altered or amended.
2. He who is a proper object of punishment; punishable.
He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such
presumptuous language. Howel's Vocal Forest.
3. Corrective; having the power to correct.
Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are gar­
deners; so that, if we will either have it steril with idleness,
or manured with industry, the power and corrigible authority
of this lies in our will. Shakespeare's Othello.

CORRI’VAL. n. s. [con and rival.] Rival; competitor.
They had governours commonly out of the two families of
the Geraldines and Butlers, both adversaries and corrivals one
against the other. Spenser on Ireland.
He that doth redeem her thence, might wear
Without corrival all her dignities. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

CORRI’VALRY. n. s. [from corrival.] Competition; oppo­
sition.

CORRO’BORANT. adj. [from corroborate.] Having the power
to give strength.
There be divers sorts of bracelets fit to comfort the spirits,
and they be of three intentions, refrigerant, corroborant, and
aperient. Bacon's Natural History, No. 961. 

To CORRO’BORATE. v. a. [con and roboro, Latin.]
1. To confirm; to establish.
Machiavel well noteth, though in an ill-favoured in­
stance, there is no trusting to the force of nature, nor to the
bravery of words, except it be corroborate by custom. Bacon.
2. To strengthen; to make strong.
To fortify imagination there be three ways; the authority
whence the belief is derived, means to quicken and corroborate
the imagination, and means to repeat it and refresh it. Bacon.
It was said that the prince himself had, by the sight of fo­
reign courts, and observations on the different natures of
people, and rules of government, much excited and awaked
his spirits, and corroborated his judgment. Wotton.
As any limb well and duly exercised grows stronger, the
nerves of the body are corroborated thereby. Watts.

CORROBORA’TION. n. s. [from corroborate.] The act of
strengthening or confirming; confirmation by some additional
security; addition of strength.
The lady herself procured a bull, for the better corrobora­
tion of the marriage. Bacon's Henry VII.

CORRO’BORATIVE. adj. [from corroborate.] Having the power
of increasing strength.
In the cure of an ulcer, with a moist intemperies, as the
heart is weakened by too much humidity, you are to mix cor­
roboratives of an astringent faculty; and the ulcer also requireth
to be dried. Wiseman's Surgery.

To CORRO’DE. v. a. [corrodo, Latin.] To eat away by de­
grees, as a menstruum; to prey upon; to consume; to wear
away gradually.
Statesmen purge vice with vice, and may corrode
The bad with bad, a spider with a toad;
For so ill thralls not them, but they tame ill,
And make her do much good against her will. Donne.
We know that aqua-fortis corroding copper, which is it
that gives the colour to verdigrease, is wont to reduce it to a
green blue solution. Boyle on Colours.
The nature of mankind, left to itself, would soon have
fallen into dissolution, without the incessant and corroding in­
vasions of so long a time. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Hannibal the Pyreneans past,
And steepy Alps, the mounds that nature cast,
And with corroding juices, as he went,
A passage through the living rock he rent. Dryd. Juvenal.
Fishes, which neither chew their meat nor grind it in their
stomachs, do, by a dissolvent liquor there provided, corrode
and reduce it into a chylus. Ray on the Creation.
The blood turning acrimonious, corrodes the vessels, pro­
ducing almost all the diseases of the inflammatory kind. Arbuth.
Through the heart,
Should jealousy its venom once diffuse,
'Tis then delightful misery no more,
But agony unmixt, incessant gall,
Corroding every thought, and blasting all
Love's paradise. Thomson's Spring, l. 1075.

CORRO’DENT. adj. [from corrode.] Having the power of cor­
roding or wasting any thing away.

CORRO’DIBLE. adj. [from corrode.] Possible to be consumed
or corroded.
Metals, although corrodible by waters, yet will not suffer a
liquation from the powerfulest heat communicable unto that
element. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1. 

CO’RRODY. n. s. [from corrodo, Latin.] A defalcation from
an allowance or salary for some other than the original
purpose.
In those days even noble persons, and other meaner men,
ordered corrodies and pensions to their chaplains and servants
out of churches. Ayliffe's Parergon.

CORROSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from corrosible.] The quality of being
corrosible; possibility to be consumed by a menstruum.

CORRO’SIBLE. adj. [from corrode.] Possible to be consumed
by a menstruum.

CORRO’SIBLENESS. n. s. [from corrosible.] Susceptibility of cor­
rosion. Dict.

CORRO’SION. n. s. [corrodo, Latin.] The power of eating or
wearing away by degrees.
Corrosion is a particular species of dissolution of bodies,
either by an acid, or a saline menstruum. It is almost wholly
designed for the resolution of bodies most strongly compacted,
as bones and metals; so that the menstruums here employed,
have a considerable moment or force. These liquors, whe­
ther acid or urinous, are nothing but salts dissolved in a little
phlegm; therefore these being solid, and consequently con­
taining a considerable quantity of matter, do both attract one
another more, and are also more attracted by the particles of
the body to be dissolved; so when the more solid bodies are
put into saline menstruums, the attraction is stronger than in
other solutions; and the motion, which is always proportional
to the attraction, is more violent: so that we may easily con­
ceive, when the motion is in such a manner increased, it
should drive the salts into the pores of the bodies, and open
and loosen their cohesion, though ever so firm. Quincy.
If there be any medicine that purgeth, and hath neither
of the first two manifest qualities, it is to be held suspected as
a kind of poison; for that it worketh either by corrosion, or by
a secret malignity and enmity to nature. Bacon's Nat. History.
That corrosion and dissolution of bodies, even the most solid
and durable, which is vulgarly ascribed to the air, is caused
merely by the action of water upon them; the air being
so far from injuring and preying upon the bodies it environs,
that it contributes to their security and preservation. Woodw.

CORROSIVE. adj. [from corrodo, Latin. It was anciently pro­
nounced with the accent on the first syllable, now indif­
ferently.]
1. Having the power of consuming or wearing away.
Gold, after it has been divided by corrosive liquors into in­
visible parts, yet may presently be precipitated, so as to appear
again in its own form. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 2. s. 12.
The sacred sons of vengeance, on whose course
Corrosive famine waits, and kills the year. Thomson's Spring.
2. Having the quality to fret or vex.
If the maintenance of ceremonies be a corrosive to such as
oppugn them, undoubtedly to such as maintain them it can be
no great pleasure, when they behold that which they reverence
is oppugned. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 10.

CORROSIVE. n. s. 
1. That which has the quality of wasting any thing away, as
the flesh of an ulcer.
He meant his corrosives to apply,
And with strict diet tame his stubborn malady. Fairy Queen.
2. That which has the power of fretting, or of giving pain.
Such speeches savour not of God in him that useth them,


and unto virtuously disposed minds they are grievous cor­
rosives. Hooker, b. v. sect. 33.
Away; though parting be a fretful corrosive,
It is applied to a deathful wound. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Care is no cure, but rather corrosive,
For things that are not to be remedied. Shakesp. Henry VI.

CORRO’SIVELY. adv. [from corrosive.]
1. Like a corrosive.
At first it tasted somewhat corrosively. Boyle on Saltpetre.
2. With the power of corrosion.

CORRO’SIVENESS. n. s. [from corrosive.] The quality of cor­
roding or eating away; acrimony.
We do infuse, to what he meant for meat,
Corrosiveness, or intense cold or heat. Donne.
Saltpetre betrays upon the tongue no heat nor corrosiveness
at all, but coldness, mixt with a somewhat languid relish re­
taining to bitterness. Boyle.

CO’RRUGANT. adj. [from corrugate.] Having the power of
contracting into wrinkles.

To CO’RRUGATE. v. a. [corrugo, Latin.] To wrinkle or
purse up; as the skin is drawn into wrinkles by cold, or any
other cause. Quincy.
The cramp cometh of contraction of sinews: it cometh
either by cold or dryness; for cold and dryness do both of them
contract and corrugate. Bacon's Natural History, No. 964.

CORRUGA’TION. n. s. [from corrugate.] Contraction into
wrinkles.
The pain of the solid parts is the corrugation or violent agi­
tation of fibres, when the spirits are irritated by sharp hu­
mours. Floyer on the Humours.

To CORRU’PT. v. a. [corrumpo corruptus, Latin.]
1. To turn from a sound to a putrescent state; to infect.
2. To deprave; to destroy integrity; to vitiate; to bribe.
I fear lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve
through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from
the simplicity that is in Christ. 2 Cor. xi. 3.
Even what things they naturally know, in those very things,
as hearts void of reason, they corrupted themselves. Jude, v. 10.
Evil communications corrupt good manners. 1 Cor. xv. 33.
All that have miscarried
By underhand, corrupted, foul injustice. Shak. Richard III.
I have heard it said, the fittest time to corrupt a man's wife,
is when she's fallen out with her husband. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
But stay, I smell a man of middle earth;
With tryal fire touch me his finger-end;
If he be chaste, the flame will back descend,
And turn him to no pain; but if he start,
It is the flesh of a corrupted heart. Shak. M. W. of Windsor.
Language being the conduit whereby men convey their
knowledge, he that makes an ill use of it, though he does not
corrupt the fountains of knowledge, which are in things, yet
he stops the pipes. Locke.
Hear the black trumpet through the world proclaim,
That not to be corrupted is the shame. Pope.
3. To spoil; to do mischief.

To CORRU’PT. v. n. To become putrid; to grow rotten; to
putrefy.
The aptness or propension of air or water to corrupt or
putresy, no doubt, is to be found before it break forth into
manifest effects of diseases, blasting, or the like. Bacon.

CORRU’PT. adj. [from corrupt.] Vitious; tainted with wick­
edness; without integrity.
Let no corrupt communication proceed out of your mouth,
but that which is good to the use of edifying. Eph. iv. 29.
Corrupt, corrupt, and tainted in desire. Sh. M. W. of Winds.
These kind of knaves I know, which in this plainness
Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends,
Than twenty silky ducking observants. Shakes. King Lear.
Some, who have been corrupt in their morals, have yet been
infinitely solicitous to have their children piously brought
up. South's Sermons.

CORRU’PTER. n. s. [from corrupt.] He that taints or vitiates;
he that lessens purity or integrity.
What is here?
The scriptures of the loyal Leonatus,
All turn'd to heresy? Away, away,
Corrupters of my faith! Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
From the vanity of the Greeks, the corrupters of all truth,
who, without all ground of certainty, vaunt their antiquity,
came the errour first of all. Raleigh's History of the World, b. i.
Those great corrupters of Christianity, and indeed of natu­
ral religion, the Jesuits. Addison's Freeholder, No. 6.

CORRUPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from corruptible.] Possibility to be
corrupted.

CORRU’PTIBLE. adj. [from corrupt.]
1. Susceptible of destruction by natural decay, or without
violence.
Our corruptible bodies could never live the life they shall
live, were it not that they are joined with his body,
which is incorruptible, and that his is in ours as a cause of
immortality. Hooker.
It is a devouring corruption of the essential mixture, which
consisting chiefly of an oily moisture, is corruptible through
dissipation. Harvey on Consumptions.
The several parts of which the world consists, being in
their nature corruptible, it is more than probable, that, in an
infinite duration, this frame of things would long since have
been dissolved. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Susceptible of corruption; possible to be tainted or vitiated.

CORRU’PTIBLENESS. n. s. [from corruptible.] Susceptibility of
corruption.

CORRU’PTIBLY. adv. [from corruptible.] In such a manner as
to be corrupted, or vitiated.
It is too late; the life of all his blood
Is touch'd corruptibly. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CORRU’PTION. n. s. [corruptio, Lat.]
1. The principle by which bodies tend to the separation of their
parts.
2. Wickedness; perversion of principles; loss of integrity.
Precepts of morality, besides the natural corruption of our
tempers, which makes us averse to them, are so abstracted
from ideas of sense, that they seldom get an opportunity for
descriptions and images. Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
Amidst corruption, luxury and rage,
Still leave some ancient virtue's to our age. Pope.
3. Putrescence.
The wise contriver, on his end intent,
Careful this fatal errour to prevent,
And keep the waters from corruption free,
Mix'd them with salt, and season'd all the sea. Blackmore.
4. Matter or pus in a sore.
5. The means by which any thing is vitiated; depravation.
After my death I wish no other herald,
No other speaker of my living actions,
To keep mine honour from corruption,
But such an honest chronicler as Griffith. Shak. Hen. VIII.
The region hath by conquest, and corruption of other lan­
guages, received new and differing names. Raleigh's History.
All those four kinds of corruption are very common in their
language; for which reasons the Greek tongue is become
much altered. Brerewood on Languages.
6. [In law.] An infection growing to a man attained of felony
or treason, and to his issue: for as he loseth all to the prince,
or other lord of the fee, so his issue cannot be heir to him, or
to any other ancestor, of whom they might have claimed by
him; and if he were noble, or a gentleman, he and his chil­
dren are made ignoble and ungentle, in respect of the
father. Cowel.

CORRU’PTIVE. adj. [from corrupt.] Having the quality of
tainting or vitiating.
Not resembling themselves according to seminal condition,
yet carrying a settled habitude unto the corruptive originals.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.
It should be endued with an acid ferment, or some cor­
ruptive quality, for so speedy a dissolution of the meat
and preparation of the chyle. Ray on the Creation.

CORRU’PTLESS. adj. [from corrupt.] Insusceptible of corrup­
tion; undecaying.
All around
The borders, with corruptless myrrh are crown'd. Dryden.

CORRU’PTLY. adv. [from corrupt.]
1. With corruption; with taint; with vice; without integrity.
O, that estates, degrees, and offices,
Were not deriv'd corruptly, that clear honour
Were purchas'd by the merit of the wearer. Shakespeare.
We have dealt very corruptly against thee, and have not
kept the commandments. Neh. i. 7.
2. Vitiously; improperly; contrary to purity.
We have corruptly contracted most names, both of men
and places. Camden's Remains.

CORRU’PTNESS. n. s. [from corrupt.] The quality of corruption;
putrescence; vice.

CO’RSAIR. n. s. [French.] A pirate; one who professes to
seize merchants.

CORSE. n. s. [corps, French.]
1. A body.
For he was strong, and of so mighty corse,
As ever wielded spear in warlike hand. Spenser, can. iii.
2. A dead body; a carcase: a poetical word.
That from her body, full of filthy sin,
He rest her hateful head, without remorse;
A stream of coal-black blood forth gushed from her corse.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 1.  stan. 24.
Set down the corse; or, by saint Paul,
I'll make a corse of him that disobeys. Shakesp. Richard III.
What may this mean?
That thou, dead corse, again, in complete steel,
Revisit'st thus the glimpses of the moon,
Making night hideous? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Here lay him down, my friends,
Full in my sight, that I may view at leisure
The bloody corse, and count those glorious wounds. Addison.
You heard the groans,
Heard nightly plung'd, amid' the sullen waves,
The frequent corse. Thomson's Summer, l. 1035.



CO’RSELET. n. s. [corselet, French.] A light armour for the
forepart of the body.
Some shirts of maile, some coats of plate put on,
Some don'd a cuirace, some a corslet bright. Fairfax, b. i.
They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corslets, and their thinnest parts explore. Dryd. Fab.
But heroes, who o'ercome or die,
Have their hearts hung extremely high;
The strings of which, in battle's heat,
Against their very cors'lets beat. Prior.

CO’RTICAL. adj. [cortex, bark, Lat.] Barky; belonging to
the outer part; belonging to the rind; outward.
Their last extremities form a little gland, (all these little
glands together make the cortical part of the brain) termi­
nating in two little vessels. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

CO’RTICATED. adj. [from corticatus, Lat.] Resembling the
bark of a tree.
This animal is a kind of lizard, a quadruped corticated and
depilous; that is, without wool, fur, or hair. Brown.

CO’RTICOSE. adj. [from corticosus, Lat.] Full of bark. Dict.

CORVE’TTO. n. s. The curvet. See CURVET.
You must draw the horse in his career with his manage,
and turn, doing the corvetto and leaping. Peacham on Drawing.

CORU’SCANT. adj. [corusco, Latin.] Glittering by flashes;
flashing.

CORUSCA’TION. n. s. [coruscatio, Latin.] Flash; quick vibra­
tion of light.
We see that lightnings and coruscations, which are near at
hand, yield no sound. Bacon's Natural History, No. 114.
We may learn that sulphureous steams abound in the bowels
of the earth, and ferment with minerals, and sometimes take
fire with a sudden coruscation and explosion. Newton's Opt.
How heat and moisture mingle in a mass,
Or belch in thunder, or in lightning blaze;
Why nimble coruscations strike the eye,
And bold tornado's bluster in the sky. Garth's Dispensatory.

CORY’MBIATED. adj. [corymbus, Latin.] Garnished with
branches of berries. Dict.

CORYMBI’FEROUS. adv. [from corymbus and fero, Lat.] Bear­
ing fruit or berries in bunches.
Corymbiferous plants are distinguished into such as have a
radiate flower, as the sun-flower; and such as have a naked
flower, as the hemp-agrimony, and mugwort: to which are
added those a-kin hereunto, such as scabious, teasel, thistle, and
the like. Quincy.

CORY’MBUS. n. s. [Latin.]
It in general signifies the top of any thing; but amongst
the ancient botanists it was used to express the bunches or
clusters of berries of ivy, or the like: amongst modern bota­
nists it is used for a compounded discous flower, whose seeds
are not pappous, or do not fly away in down; such are the
flowers of daisies, and common marygold; and therefore Mr.
Ray makes one genus of plants to be such as have a compound
discous flower, without any downy wings to carry off their
seeds. Quincy.

COS

COSCI’NOMANCY. n. s. [from ϰόσϰινον, a sieve, and μαντέια, divi­
nation.] The art of divination by means of a sieve. A very
ancient practice mentioned by Theocritus, and still used in
some parts of England, to find out persons unknown. Chambers.

COSE’CANT. n. s. [In geometry.] The secant of an arch,
which is the complement of another to ninety degrees. Harris.

CO’SHERING. n. s. [Irish.]
Cosherings were visitations and progresses made by the lord
and his followers among his tenants; wherein he did eat them
(as the English proverb is) out of house and home. Davies.

CO’SIER. n. s. [from couser, old Fr. to sew.] A botcher. Hanmer.
Do you make an alehouse of my lady's house, that ye
squeak out your cosier catches, without any mitigation or re­
morse of voice? Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

CO’SINE. n. s. [In geometry.] The right sine of an arch,
which is the complement of another to ninety degrees. Harris.

COSME’TICK. adj. [ϰοσμητιϰὸς.] Having the power of im­
proving beauty; beautifying.
No better cosmeticks than a severe temperance and purity,
modesty and humility, a gracious temper and calmness of
spirit; no true beauty without the signatures of these graces
in the very countenance. Ray on the Creation.
First, rob'd in white, the nymph intent adores,
With head uncover'd, the cosmetick pow'rs. Pope.

CO’SMICAL. adj. [ϰόσμος.]
1. Relating to the world.
2. Rising or setting with the sun; not acronychal.
The cosmical ascension of a star we term that, when it ariseth
together with the sun, or in the same degree of the ecliptick
wherein the sun abideth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.

CO’SMICALLY. adv. [from cosmical.] With the sun; not
acronychally.
From the rising of this star, not cosmically, that is, with the
sun, but heliacally, that is, its emersion from the rays of the
sun, the ancients computed their canicular days. Brown.

CO’SMOGONY. n. s. [ϰόσμ, and γόνη.] The rise or birth of
the world; the creation.

COSMO’GRAPHER. n. s. [ϰόσμ and γϱὰφω.] One who writes
a description of the world; distinct from geographer, who
describes the situation of particular countries.
Thus the antient cosmographers do place the division of the
East and Western hemisphere; that is, the first term of longi­
tude in the Canary or Fortunate Islands, conceiving these parts
the extremest habitations westward. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

COSMOGRA’PHICAL. adj. [from cosmography.] Relating to the
general description of the world.

COSMOGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from cosmographical.] In a manner
relating to the science by which the structure of the world is
discovered and described.
This it doth more plainly upon the terrella, or spherical
magnet, cosmographically set out with circles of the globe.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

COSMO’GRAPHY. n. s. [ϰόσμ and γρὰφω.] The science of
the general system or affections of the world, distinct from
geography, which delivers the situation and boundaries of
particular countries.
Here it might see the world without travel; it being a lesser
scheme of the creation, nature contracted, a little cosmogra­
phy, or map of the universe. South's Sermons.

COSMOPO’LITAN. n. s. [ϰόσμ and πολίτης.] A citizen of the
world; one who is at home in every place.

COSMOPO’LITE. n. s. [ϰόσμ and πολίτης.] A citizen of the
world; one who is at home in every place.

CO’SSET. n. s. A lamb brought up without the dam.
If thou wilt bewail my woful teen,
I shall thee give yond' cosset for thy pain. Spenser's Past.

COST. n. s. [kost, Dutch. As this word is found in the re­
motest Teutonick dialects, even in the islandick, it is not pro­
bably derived to us from the Latin consto; though it is not un­
likely that the French couster comes from the Latin.]
1. The price of any thing.
2. Sumptuousness; luxury.
The city woman bears
The cost of princes on unworthy shoulders. Shakespeare.
Let foreign princes vainly boast
The rude effects of pride and cost
Of vaster fabricks, to which they
Contribute nothing but the pay. Waller.
3. Charge; expence.
While he found his daughter maintained without his cost,
he was content to be deaf to any noise of infamy. Sidney, b. ii.
I shall never hold that man my friend,
Whose tongue shall ask me for one penny cost,
To ransom home revolted Mortimer. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Have we eaten at all of the king's cost? or hath he given us
any gift? 2 Sa. xix. 42.
And wilt thou, O cruel boast!
Put poor nature to such cost?
O! 'twill undo our common mother,
To be at charge of such another. Crashaw.
It is strange to see any ecclesiastical pile, not by ecclesiasti­
cal cost and influence, rising above ground; especially in an
age in which men's mouths are open against the church, but
their hands shut towards it. South's Sermons.
He whose tale is best, and pleases most,
Should win his supper at our common cost. Dryden's Fables.
Fourteen thousand pounds are paid by Wood for the pur­
chase of his patent: what were his other visible costs I know
not; what his latent, is variously conjectured. Swift.
4. Loss; fine; detriment.
What they had fondly wished, proved afterwards to their
costs over true. Knolles's History of the Turks.

To COST. v. n. pret. cost; particip. cost. [couster, French.] To
be bought for; to be had at a price.
The dagger and poison are always in readiness; but to bring
the action to extremity, and then recover all, will require the
art of a writer, and cost him many a pang. Dryden.

CO’STAL. adj. [costa, Lat. a rib.] Belonging to the ribs.
Hereby are excluded all cetaceous and cartilaginous fishes,
many pectinal, whose ribs are rectilineal; and many costal,
which have their ribs embowed. Brown's Vulgar Err.

CO’STARD. n. s. [from coster, a head.]
1. A head.
Take him over the costard with the belt of thy sword.
Shakespeare's Richard III.
2. An apple round and bulky like the head.
Many country vicars are driven to shifts; and, if our greedy
patrons hold us to such conditions, they will make us turn
costard mongers, grasiers, or sell ale. Burton on Melancholy.

CO’STIVE. adj. [constipatus, Lat. constipè, French.]
1. Bound in the body; having the excretions obstructed.
When the passage of the gall becomes obstructed, the body
grows costive, and the excrements of the belly white. Brown.
While faster than his costive brains indites,
Philo's quick hand in flowing letters writes;
His case appears to me like honest Teague's,
When he was run away with by his legs. Prior.
2. Close; unpermeable.
Clay in dry seasons is costive, hardening with the sun and
wind, 'till unlocked by industry, so as to admit of the air and
heavenly influences. Mortimer's Hustandry.



CO’STIVENESS. n. s. [from costive.] The state of the body in
which excretion is obstructed.
Costiveness disperses malign putrid fumes out of the guts and
mesentery into all parts of the body, occasioning head-aches,
fevers, loss of appetite, and disturbance of concoction. Harvey.
Costiveness has ill effects, and is hard to be dealt with by
physick; purging medicines rather increasing than removing
the evil. Locke on Education, sect. 23.

CO’STLINESS. n. s. [from costly.] Sumptuousness; expensive­
ness.
Though not with curious costliness, yet with cleanly suffi­
ciency it entertained me. Sidney, b. i.
Nor have the frugaller sons of fortune any reason to object
the costliness; since they frequently pay dearer for less advan­
tageous pleasures. Glanville's Sceps. Preface.

CO’STLY. adj. [from cost.] Sumptuous; expensive; of a high
price.
Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not exprest in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
For the apparel oft proclaims the man. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Leave for a while thy costly country-seat;
And to be great indeed, forget
The nauseous pleasures of the great. Dryden.
The chapel of St. Laurence will be perhaps the most costly
piece of work on the face of the earth, when completed.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
He is here speaking of Paradise, which he represents as a
most charming and delightful place; abounding with things
not only useful and convenient, but even the most rare and
valuable, the most costly and desireable. Woodw. Nat. History.

CO’STMARY. n. s. [costus, Latin.] An herb whose flowers are
naked, and of a yellow colour, growing in umbels on the top
of the stalks: the leaves are intire, and crenated about the
edges. Miller.

CO’STREL. n. s. [supposed to be derived from coster.] A
bottle. Skinner.

COT

COT. At the end of the names of places, come gene­
rally from the Saxon cot, a cottage.
Gibson's Camden.

COTE. At the end of the names of places, come gene­
rally from the Saxon cot, a cottage.
Gibson's Camden.

COAT. At the end of the names of places, come gene­
rally from the Saxon cot, a cottage.
Gibson's Camden.

COT. n. s. [cot, Sax. cwt, Welsh.] A small house; a cot­
tage; a hut; a mean habitation.
What that usage meant,
Which in her cot she daily practised. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 6.
Besides his cot, his flocks, and bounds of feed,
Are now on sale; and at our sheep cot now,
By reason of his absence, there is nothing
That you will feed on. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Hezekiah made himself stalls for all manner of beasts, and
cots for flocks. 2 Chron. xxxii. 28.
My feeble goats,
With pains I drive from their forsaken cotes. Dryden's Virgil.
A stately temple shoots within the skies:
The crotchets of their cot in columns rise;
The pavement, polish'd marble they behold;
The gates with sculpture grac'd, the spires and tiles of gold.
Dryden's Baucis and Philemon.
As Jove vouchsaf'd on Ida's top, 'tis said,
At poor Philemon's cot to take a bed. Fenton.

COT. n. s. An abridgment of cotquean.

COTA’NGENT. n. s. [In geometry.] The tangent of an arch
which is the complement of another to ninety degrees. Harris.

To COTE. v. a. This word, which I have found only in
Chapman, seems to signify the same as To leave behind, To
over pass.
Words her worth had prov'd with deeds,
Had more ground been allow'd the race, and coted far his
steeds. Chapman's Iliads.

COTE’MPORARY. adj. [con and tempus, Latin.] Living at the
same time; coetaneous; contemporary.
What would not, to a rational man, cotemporary with the
first voucher, have appeared probable, is now used as certain,
because several have since, from him, said it one after
another. Locke.

CO’TLAND. n. s. [cot and land.] Land appendant to a cot­
tage.

CO’TQUEAN. n. s. [probably from coquin, French.] A man
who busies himself with women's affairs.
Look to the bak'd meats, good Angelica;
Spare not for cost.———
——Go, go, you cotquean, go;
Get you to bed. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
A stateswoman is as ridiculous a creature as a cotquean:
each of the sexes should keep within its particular bounds.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 38.
You have given us a lively picture of husbands hen-peck'd;
but you have never touched upon one of the quite different
character, and who goes by the name of cotquean. Add. Spect.

CO’TTAGE. n. s. [from cot.] A hut; a mean habitation; a
cot; a little house.
The sea-coast shall be dwellings and cottages for shepherds,
and folds for flocks. Zeph. ii. 6.
They were right glad to take some corner of a poor cottage,
and there to serve God upon their knees. Hooker, b. iv. s. 2.
The self-same sun that shines upon his court,
Hides not his visage from our cottage, but
Looks on both alike. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Let the women of noble birth and great fortunes nurse
their children, look to the affairs of the house, visit poor cot­
tages, and relieve their necessities. Taylor's Holy Living.
It is difficult for a peasant, bred up in the obscurities of a
cottage, to fancy in his mind the unseen splendors of a court.
South's Sermons.
Beneath our humble cottage let us haste,
And here, unenvied, rural dainties taste. Pope's Odyssey.

CO’TTAGER. n. s. [from cottage.]
1. One who lives in a hut or cottage.
Let us from our farms,
Call forth our cottagers to arms. Swift.
The most ignorant Irish cottager will not sell his cow for a
groat. Swift's Address to Parliament.
2. A cottager, in law, is one that lives on the common, with­
out paying rent, and without any land of his own.
The husbandmen and plowmen be but as their work-folks
and labourers, or else mere cottagers, which are but housed
beggars. Bacon's Henry VII.
The yeomenry, or middle people, of a condition between
gentlemen and cottagers. Bacon's Henry VII.

CO’TTIER. n. s. [from cot.] One who inhabits a cot. Dict.

CO’TTON. n. s. [named, according to Skinner, from the down
that adheres to the mala cotonea, or quince, called by the Italians
cotogni; whence cottone, Ital. cotton, French.] The down of
the cotton-tree.
The pin ought to be as thick as a rowling-pin, and covered
with cotton, that its hardness may not be offensive. Wiseman.

CO’TTON. n. s. A plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, cut into several segments
almost to the bottom, and is of the expanded bell shape: from
the center rises a pyramidal hollow tube, adorned and loaded
with chives: from the empalement shoots up the pointal, fixed
like a nail in the bottom of the flower and of the tube,
which is changed into a roundish fruit, divided into four or
more seminal cells, gaping at the top, and inclosing seeds, co­
vered over and wrapped within that soft ductile wool, com­
monly known by the name of cotton. The species are,
1.  Hot or shrubby cotton. 2. The most excellent American
cotton, with a greenish seed. 3. Annual shrubby cotton, of
the island of Providence, with a large quinquefid vine leaf.
4. The tree cotton. 5. Tree cotton with a yellow flower. The
first sort is cultivated plentifully in Candia, Lemnos, Cyprus,
Malta, Sicily, and at Naples; as also between Jerusalem and
Damascus, from whence the cotton is brought annually into
these northern parts of Europe. It is sown upon tilled
grounds in the spring of the year, and cut down and reaped
in harvest, as corn with us. This cotton is the wool which
incloses or wraps up the seeds, and is contained in a kind of
brown husk or seed-vessel growing upon this shrub. It is
from this sort that the vast quantities of cotton are taken,
which furnish our parts of the world. It is brought from the
islands, where the natives take great care of its culture.
There are several sorts of cotton sold, which differ according
to the countries from whence they come, and the various pre­
parations made of them. The first is the cotton in the wool;
that is, that which comes from the shell, from which only
we take the seed: those come from Cyprus, Smyrna, &c.
The second is the cotton in the yarn: the second and third
sorts are also annual: these are cultivated in the West Indies
in great plenty. But the fourth and fifth sorts grow in Egypt:
these abide many years, and often arrive to be trees of great
magnitude, from which the inhabitants are annually furnished
with great quantities of cotton. One of these trees has a pur­
plish and the other a yellow flower, which is the only diffe­
rence between them. Miller.

CO’TTON. n. s. Cloath or stuff made of cotton.

To CO’TTON. v. n. 
1. To rise with a nap.
2. To cement; to unite with: a cant word.
A quarrel between you will end in one of you being turned
off, in which case it will not be easy to cotton with another.
Swift's Directions to the Cook.

COU

To COUCH. v. n. [coucher, French.]
1. To lie down on a place of repose.
If I court more women, you'll couch with more men. Shak.
Doth not the gentleman
Deserve as full, as fortunate a bed,
As ever Beatrice shall couch upon. Shakespeare.
When love's fair goddess
Couch'd with her husband in his golden bed. Dryden's Æn.
2. To lie down on the knees, as a beast to rest.
Trees bent their heads to hear him sing his wrongs,
Fierce tygers couch'd around, and loll'd their fawning
tongues. Dryden's Virg. Geor. b. iv. l. 41. 
These when death


Comes like a rushing lion, couch like spaniels,
With lolling tongues, and tremble at the paw. Dryden.
3. To lye down in secret, or in ambush.
We'll couch i' th' castle-ditch, 'till we see the light of our
fairies. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The earl of Angus couched in a furrow, and was passed over
for dead, until a horse was brought for his escape. Hayward.
4. To lye in a bed, or stratum.
Blessed of the Lord be his land for the dew, and for the
deep that coucheth beneath. Deutr. xxxiii. 13.
5. To stoop; or bend down; to lower in fear, in pain, in
respect.
To couch down between Issachar, is a strong ass couching
down between two burdens. Gen. xlix. 14.
These couchings, and these lowly curtesies,
Might stir the blood of ordinary men. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.

To COUCH. v. a. 
1. To repose; to lay on a place of repose.
Where unbruised youth, with unstuff'd brain,
Doth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign. Shakesp.
2. To lay down any thing in a bed, or stratum.
If the weather be warm, we immediately couch malt about
a foot thick; but if a hotter season require it, we spread it on
the floor much thinner. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The sea and the land make one globe; and the waters couch
themselves, as close as may be, to the centre of this globe, in a
spherical convexity. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. To bed; to hide in another body.
It is at this day in use at Gaza, to couch potsherds, or vessels
of earth, in their walls, to gather the wind from the top, and
to pass it down in spouts into rooms. Bacon's Nat. History.
4. To involve; to include; to comprise.
But who will call those noble who deface,
By meaner acts, the glories of their race;
Whose only title to our father's fame,
Is couch'd in the dead letters of their name? Dryden's Juv.
That great argument for a future state, which St. Paul hath
couched in the words I have read to you. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. To include secretly; to hide: with under.
The foundation of all parables is some analogy or simili­
tude between the topical or allusive part of the parable and
the thing couched under it, and intended by it. South's Sermons.
There is all this, and more, that lies naturally couched under
this allegory. L'Estrange, Fable 3.
The true notion of the institution being lost, the tradition
of the deluge, which was couched under it, was thereupon at
length suspended and lost. Woodward's Natural History.
6. To lay close to another.
And over all, with brazen scales was arm'd,
Like plated coat of steel, so couched near,
That nought might pierce. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 11. 
7. To fix the spear in the rest; in the posture of attack.
The knight 'gan fairly couch his steady spear,
And fiercely ran at him with rigorous might. Fairy Queen.
Before each van
Prick forth the aery knights, and couch their spears,
'Till thickest legions close. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
The former wav'd in air
His flaming sword, Æneas couch'd his spear. Dryden's Æn.
8. To depress the film that overspreads the pupil of the eye.
This is improperly called couching the eye, for couching the
cataract: with equal impropriety they sometimes speak of
couching the patient.
Some artist, whose nice hand
Couches the cataracts, and clears his eyes,
And all at once a flood of glorious light
Comes rushing on his eyes. Dennis.
Whether the cataract be wasted by being separated from its
vessels, I have never known positively, by dissecting one that
had been couched. Sharp.

COUCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A seat of repose, on which it is common to lye down
dressed.
So Satan fell; and straight a firy globe
Of angels on full sail of wing flew nigh,
Who on their plumy vans receiv'd him soft,
From his uneasy station, and upbore
As on a floating couch through the blithe air. Milt. Par. Reg.
To loll on couches, rich with citron steds,
And lay their guilty limbs in Tyrian beds. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
2. A bed; a place of repose.
Let not the royal bed of Denmark be
A couch for luxury and damned incest. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Dire was the tossing! deep the groans! despair
Tended the sick, busiest from couch to couch. Milt. Pa. Lost.
This gentle knight, inspir'd by jolly May,
Forsook his early couch at early day. Dryden's Fables.
O, ye immortal pow'rs that guard the just,
Watch round his couch, and soften his repose. Addis. Cato.
3. A layer, or stratum.
This heap is called by maltsters a couch, or bed of raw
malt. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CO’UCHANT. adj. [couchant, Fr.] Lying down; squatting.
If a lion were the proper coat of Judah, yet were it not
probably a lion rampant, but rather couchant or dormant.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 10.
As a tiger, who by chance hath spy'd,
In some purlieu, two gentle fawns at play,
Strait couches close; then rising, changes oft
His couchant watch. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 403.

CO’UCHEE. n. s. [French.] Bedtime; the time of visiting late
at night.
None of her sylvan subjects made their court;
Levees and couchees pass'd without resort. Dryden.

CO’UCHER. n. s. [from couch.] He that couches or depresses
cataracts.

CO’UCHFELLOW. n. s. [couch and fellow.] Bedfellow; com­
panion.
I have grated upon my good friends for three reprieves for
you, and your couchfellow, Nim; or else you had looked
through the grate like a geminy of baboons. Shakespeare.

CO’UCHGRASS. n. s. A weed.
The couchgrass, for the first year, insensibly robs most
plants in sandy grounds apt to graze. Mortimer's Husbandry.

COV

COVE. n. s. 
1. A small creek or bay.
2. A shelter; a cover.

CO’VENANT. n. s. [convenant, Fr. conventum, Latin.]
1. A contract; a stipulation.
He makes a covenant never to destroy
The earth again by flood; nor let the sea
Surpass his bounds. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 892.
The English make the ocean their abode,
Whose ready sails with ev'ry wind can fly,
And make a cov'nant with th' unconstant sky. Waller.
2. An agreement on certain terms; a compact.
A covenant is a mutual compact, as we now consider it, be­
twixt God and man; consisting of mercies on God's part,
made over to man, and of conditions on man's part, required
by God. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
Some men live as if they had made a covenant with hell:
let divines, fathers, friends say what they will, they stop their
ears against them. L'Estrange.
3. A writing containing the terms of agreement.
I shall but lend my diamond 'till your return; let there be
covenants drawn between us. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To CO’VENANT. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To bargain; to stipulate.
His lord used commonly so to covenant with him, which if
at any time the tenant disliked, he might freely depart at his
pleasure. Spenser's State of Ireland.
It had been covenanted between him and the king of Eng­
land, that neither of them should treat of peace or truce with
the French king. Hayward on Edward VI.
By words men come to know one another's minds; by
these they covenant and confederate. South's Sermons.
Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold,
wet or dry, calm or windy, as the tenant should direct. L'Est.
2. To agree with another on certain terms: with for.
They covenanted with him for thirty pieces of silver. Mat.
Pointing to a heap of sand,
For ev'ry grain to live a year demand;
But, ah! unmindful of th' effect of time,
Forgot to covenant for youth and prime. Garth's Ovid.

COVENANTE’E. n. s. [from covenant.] A party to a covenant;
a stipulator; a bargainer.
Both of them were respective rites of their admission into
the several covenants, and the covenantees become thereby en­
titled to the respective privileges. Ayliffe's Parergon.

COVENA’NTER. n. s. [from covenant.] One who takes a cove­
nant. A word introduced in the civil wars.
The covenanters shall have no more assurance of mutual
assistance each from other, after the taking of the covenant,
than they had before. Oxford Reasons against the Covenant.

CO’VENOUS. adj. [from covin.] Fraudulent; collusive; trickish.
I wish some means devised for the restraint of these inor­
dinate and covenous leases of lands, holden in chief, for hun­
dreds or thousands of years. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.

To CO’VER. v. a. [couvrir, French.]
1. To overspread any thing with something else.
The pastures are cloathed with flocks, the valleys also are
covered over with corn. Ps. lxv. 13.
A man ought not to cover his head. 1 Cor. xi. 7.
Go to thy fellows, bid them cover the table, serve in the
meat, and we will come in to dinner. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
2. To conceal under something laid over.
Or lead me to some solitary place,
And cover my retreat from human race. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
3. To hide by superficial appearances.
4. To overwhelm; to bury.
Raillery and wit serve only to cover nonsense with shame,
when reason has first proved it to be mere nonsense. Watts.
5. To shelter; to conceal from harm.


Charity shall cover the multitude of sins. 1 Pet. iv. 8.
6. To incubate; to brood on.
Natural historians observe, that only the male birds have
voices; that their songs begin a little before breeding-time,
and end a little after; that whilst the hen is covering her eggs,
the male generally takes his stand upon a neighbouring bough
within her hearing, and by that means amuses and diverts her
with his songs during the whole time of her sitting. Add. Spect.
7. To copulate with a female.
8. To wear the hat, or garment of the head, as a mark of
superiority.
That king had conferred the honour of grandee upon him,
which was of no other advantage or signification to him, than
to be covered in the presence of that king. Dryd. Dedicat. Æn.

CO’VER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Any thing that is laid over another.
The secundine is but a general cover, not shaped according
to the parts, but the skin is shaped according to the parts.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 732.
The fountains could be strengthened no other way than by
making a strong cover or arch over them. Burnet's Theory.
Orestes' bulky rage,
Unsatisfy'd with margins closely writ,
Foams o'er the covers, and not finish'd yet. Dryd. Juv. Sat.
With your hand, or any other cover, you stop the vessel,
so as wholly to exclude the air. Ray on the Creation.
2. A concealment; a screen; a veil; a superficial appearance,
under which something is hidden.
The truth and reason of things may be artificially and ef­
fectually insinuated, under the cover either of a real fact, or
of a supposed one. L'Estrange.
As the spleen has great inconveniences, so the pretence of
it is a handsome cover for imperfections. Collier on the Spleen.
3. Shelter; defence.
In the mean time, by being compelled to lodge in the field,
which grew now to be very cold, whilst his army was under
cover, they might be forced to retire. Clarendon, b. viii.

COVER-SHAME. n. s. [cover and shame.] Some appearance
used to conceal infamy.
Does he put on holy garments for a cover-shame of lewd­
ness? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

CO’VERING. n. s. [from cover.] Dress; vesture; any thing
spread over another.
The women took and spread a covering over the well's
mouth. 2 Sam. xvii. 19.
Bring some covering for this naked soul,
Whom I'll intreat to lead me. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Sometimes providence casts things so, that truth and interest
lie the same way; and when it is wrapt up in this covering,
men can be content to follow it. South.
Then from the floor he rais'd a royal bed,
With cov'rings of Sidonian purple spread. Dryden's Fables.

CO’VERLET. n. s. [couvrelict, French.] The outermost of the
bedcloaths; that under which all the rest are concealed.
Lay her in lillies and in violets,
And silken curtains over her display,
And odour'd sheets, and arras coverlets. Spenser's Epithal.
With silken curtains and gold coverlets,
Therein to shrowd her sumptuous Bellamoure. Fairy Queen.
This done, the host produc'd the genial bed,
Which with no costly coverlet they spread. Dryden's Fables.
The difficulties I was in, for want of a house and bed,
being forced to lie on the ground, wrapt up in my coverlet.
Gulliver's Travels.

CO’VERT. n. s. [from cover, couvert, French.]
1. A shelter; a defence.
Let mine outcasts dwell with thee, Moab; be thou a covert
to them from the face of the spoiler. Isaiah, xvi. 4.
There shall be a tabernacle for a shadow in the day-time
from the heat, and for a place of refuge, and for a covert from
storm and rain. Is. iv. 6.
They are by sudden alarm, or watch-word, to be called out
to their military motions, under sky or covert, according to
the season, as was the Roman wont. Milton on Education.
It was the hour of night, when thus the Son
Commun'd in silent walk, then laid him down
Under the hospitable covert nigh
Of trees thick interwoven. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Now have a care your carnations catch not too much wet,
therefore retire them to covert. Evelyn's Kalendar.
2. A thicket, or hiding place.
Tow'rds him I made; but he was 'ware of me,
And stole into the covert of the wood. Shakes. Rom. and Jul.
I shall be your faithful guide,
Through this gloomy covert wide. Milton.
Thence to the coverts, and the conscious groves,
The scenes of his past triumphs and his loves. Denham.
Deep into some thick covert would I run,
Impenetrable to the stars or sun. Dryden's State of Innocence.
The deer is lodg'd; I've track'd her to her covert:
Be sure ye mind the word; and when I give it,
Rush in at once, and seize upon your prey. Addis. Cato.

CO’VERT. adj. [couvert, French.]
1. Sheltered; not open; not exposed.
You are, of either side the green, to plant a covert alley,
upon carpenter's work, about twelve foot in height, by which
you may go in shade into the garden. Bacon, Essay 47.
The fox is a beast also very prejudicial to the husbandman,
especially in places that are near forest-woods and covert
places. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Together let us beat this ample field,
Try what the open, what the covert yield. Pope's Essays.
2. Secret; hidden; private; insidious.
And let us presently go sit in council,
How covert matters may be best disclos'd,
And open perils surest answered. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
By what best way,
Whether of open war, or covert guile,
We now debate. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 41. 

CO’VERT. adj. [couvert, French.] The state of a woman shel­
tered by marriage under her husband; as covert baron, feme
covert.
Instead of her being under covert baron, to be under covert
feme myself; to have my body disabled, and my head for­
tified. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

COVERT-WAY. n. s. [from covert and way.]
It is, in fortification, a space of ground level with the field,
on the edge of the ditch, three or four fathom broad, ranging
quite round the half moons, or other works toward the coun­
try. One of the greatest difficulties in a siege is to make a
lodgment on the covert-way, because usually the besieged pal­
lisade it along the middle, and undermine it on all sides. It
is sometimes called the corridor, and sometimes the counter­
scarp, because it is on the edge of the scarp. Harris.

CO’VERTLY. adv. [from covert.] Secretly; closely; in private;
with privacy.
Yet still Aragnol (so his foe was hight)
Lay lurking, covertly him to surprise. Spenser's Muiopotmos.
How can'st thou cross this marriage?
—Not honestly, my lord; but so covertly, that no disho­
nesty shall appear in me. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Amongst the poets, Persius covertly strikes at Nero; some
of whose verses he recites with scorn and indignation. Dryden.

CO’VERTNESS. n. s. [from covert.] Secrecy; privacy. Dict.

CO’VERTURE. n. s. [from covert.]
1. Shelter; defence; not exposure.
It may be it is rather the shade, or other coverture, that they
take liking in, than the virtue of the herb. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
He saw his guileful act
By Eve, though all unweeting, seconded
Upon her husband; saw their shame that sought
Vain covertures. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 337.
The winds being so fierce, and the weather so severe, as
not to suffer any thing to prosper or thrive beyond the height
of a shrub, in any of all those islands, unless it be protected
by walls; as in gardens, or other like coverture. Woodward.
2. In law.
The estate and condition of a married woman, who, by
the laws of our realm, is in potestate viri, and therefore dis­
abled to contract with any, to the prejudice of herself or her
husband, without his allowance or confirmation. Cowel.
The infancy of king Edward VI. and the coverture of queen
Mary, did, in fact, disable them to accomplish the conquest of
Ireland. Davies on Ireland.

To CO’VET. v. a. [convoiter, French.]
1. To desire inordinately; to desire beyond due bounds.
If it be a sin to covet honour,
I am the most offending man alive. Shakespeare's Henry V.
I am yet
Unknown to woman, never was forsworn,
Scarcely have coveted what was mine own,
At no time broke my faith. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
O father! can it be that souls sublime,
Return to visit our terrestrial clime?
And that the gen'rous mind, releas'd by death,
Can covet lazy limbs and mortal breath? Dryden's Æn.
2. To desire earnestly.
But covet earnestly the best gifts. 1 Cor. xii. 31. 

To CO’VET. v. n. To have a strong desire.
The love of money is the root of all evil, which while
some coveted after, they have erred from the faith. 1 Tim. vi.

CO’VETABLE. adj. [from covet.] To be wished for; to be
coveted. Dict.

CO’VETISE. n. s. [convoitise, French.] Avarice; covetousness
of money.
Most wretched wight, whom nothing might suffice,
Whose greedy lust did lack in greatest store;
Whose need had end, but no end covetise. Fairy Queen, b. i.

CO’VETOUS. adj. [convoiteux, French.]
1. Inordinately desirous.
While cumber'd with my dropping cloaths I lay,
The cruel nation, covetous of prey,
Stain'd with my blood the unhospitable coast. Dryden's Æn.
2. Inordinately eager of money; avaricious.


An heart they have exercised with covetous practices.
2 Pet. ii. 14.
What he cannot help in his nature, you must not account a
vice in him: you must in no ways say he is covetous. Shakesp.
Let never so much probability hang on one side of a covetous
man's reasoning, and money on the other, it is easy to fore­
see which will outweigh. Locke.
3. Desirous; eager: in a good sense.
Sheba was never
More covetous of wisdom and fair virtue,
Than this fair soul shall be. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He that is envious or angry at a virtue that is not his own,
at the perfection or excellency of his neighbour, is not covet­
ous of the virtue, but of its reward and reputation, and then
his intentions are polluted. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

CO’VETOUSLY. adv. [from covetous.] Avariciously; eagerly.
If he care not for't, he will supply us easily; if he covetously
reserve it, how shall's get it? Shakespeare.

CO’VETOUSNESS. n. s. [from covetous.] Avarice; inordinate
desire of money; eagerness of gain.
When workmen strive to do better than well,
They do confound their skill in covetousness. Shakes. K. John.
He that takes pains to serve the ends of covetousness, or
ministers to another's lust, or keeps a shop of impurities or
intemperance, is idle in the worst sense. Taylor's Holy Living.
Covetousness debaseth a man's spirit, and sinks it into the
earth. Tillotson.

CO’VEY. n. s. [couvee, French.]
1. A hatch; an old bird with her young ones.
2. A number of birds together.
A flight of wasps and covey of partridges went to a farmer,
and begged a sup of him to quench their thirst. L'Estrange.
A covey of patridges springing in our front, put our infantry
in disorder. Addison's Freeholder, No. 3.
There would be no walking in a shady wood without
springing a covey of toasts. Addison's Guardian, No. 112.

COUGH. n. s. [kuch, Dutch.] A convulsion of the lungs,
vellicated by some sharp serosity. It is pronounced coff.
In consumptions of the lungs, when nature cannot expel
the cough, men fall into fluxes of the belly, and then they
die. Bacon's Natural History, No. 63.
For his dear sake long restless nights you bore,
While rattling coughs his heaving vessels tore. Smith.

To COUGH. v. n. [kuchen, Dutch.] To have the lungs con­
vulsed; to make a noise in endeavouring to evacuate the pec­
cant matter from the lungs.
Thou didst drink
The stale of horses, and the gilded puddle
Which beasts would cough at. Shakesp. Anth. and Cleopatra.
Thou hast quarrelled with a man for coughing in the street,
because he hath wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep in the
sun. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
The first problem enquireth why a man doth cough, but not
an ox or cow; whereas the contrary is often observed. Brown.
If any humour be discharged upon the lungs, they have a
faculty of clearing themselves, and casting it up by coughing.
Ray on the Creation.
There are who to my person pay their court,
I cough like Horace, and though lean, am short. Pope's Ep.

To COUGH. v. a. To eject by a cough; to expectorate.
If the matter be to be discharged by expectoration, it must
first pass into the substance of the lungs, then into the aspera
arteria, or weasand, and from thence be coughed up, and spit
out by the mouth. Wiseman's Surgery.

CO’UGHER. n. s. [from cough.] One that coughs. Dict.

CO’VIN. n. s. A deceitful agreement between two or more,
to the hurt of another. Cowel.

CO’VINE. n. s. A deceitful agreement between two or more,
to the hurt of another. Cowel.

CO’VING. n. s. [from cove.] A term in building, used of houses
that project over the ground-plot and the turned projecture
arched with timber, lathed and plaistered. Harris.

COULD. [the imperfect preterite of can. See CAN.] Was
able to; had power to.
And if I have done well, and as is sitting the story, it is
that which I desired; but if slenderly and meanly, it is that
which I could attain unto. 2 Mac. xv. 38.
What if he did not all the ill he could?
Am I oblig'd by that t' assist his rapines,
And to maintain his murders? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

CO’ULTER. n. s. [culter, Latin.] The sharp iron of the plow
which cuts the earth, perpendicular to the share.
The Israelites went down to sharpen every man his share,
and his coulter, and his ax, and his mattock. 1 Sa. xiii. 20.
Literature is the grindstone to sharpen the coulters, to whet
their natural faculties. Hammond on Fundamentals.
The plough for stiff clays is long and broad, and the coulter
long, and very little bending, with a very large wing. Mortim.

CO’UNCIL. n. s. [concilium, Latin.]
1. An assembly of persons met together in consultation.
The chief priests, and all the council, sought false witness.
Mat. xxvi. 59.
In histories composed by politicians, they are for drawing
up a perpetual scheme of causes and events, and preserving a
constant correspondence between the camp and the council
table. Addison's Spectator, No. 170.
2. An assembly of divines to deliberate upon religion.
Some borrow all their religion from the fathers of the
Christian church, or from their synods or councils. Watts.
3. Persons called together to be consulted on any occasion, or
to give advice.
They being thus assembled, are more properly a council to
the king, the great council of the kingdom, to advise his ma­
jesty in those things of weight and difficulty, which concern
both the king and people, than a court. Bacon's Adv. to Villiers.
4. The body of privy counsellors.
Without the knowledge
Either of king or council, you made bold
To carry into Flanders the great seal. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

COUNCIL-BOARD. n. s. [council and board.] Council-table;
table where matters of state are deliberated.
He hath commanded,
To-morrow morning to the council-board,
He be convened. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
When ship-money was transacted at the council-board, they
looked upon it as a work of that power they were obliged to
trust. Clarendon.
And Pallas, if she broke the laws,
Must yield her foe the stronger cause;
A shame to one so much ador'd
For wisdom at Jove's council-board. Swift.

CO’UNSEL. n. s. [consilium, Latin.]
1. Advice; direction.
Let me give thee counsel, that thou mayest save thine own
life. 1 Kings, i. 12.
There is as much difference between the counsel that a friend
giveth, and that a man giveth himself, as there is between
the counsel of a friend and of a flatterer. Bacon, Essay 28.
The best counsel he could give him was, to go to his parlia­
ment. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. Consultation; interchange of opinions.
They that lay wait for my soul, take counsel together.
Psalm lxxi. 10.
I hold as little counsel with weak fear
As you, or any Scot that lives. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
3. Deliberation; examination of consequences.
They all confess therefore, in the working of that first
cause, that counsel is used, reason followed, and a way ob­
served. Hooker, b. i. sect. 2.
4. Prudence; art; machination.
O how comely is the wisdom of old men, and understand­
ing and counsel to men of honour. Ecclus. xxv. 5.
There is no wisdom, nor understanding, nor counsel against
the Lord. Prov. xxi. 30.
5. Secrecy; the secrets intrusted in consulting.
The players cannot keep counsel; they'll tell all. Shakespeare.
6. Scheme; purpose; design.
The counsel of the Lord standeth for ever, the thoughts of
his heart to all generations. Psal. xxxiii. 11. 
The Lord will bring to light the hidden things of darkness,
and will make manifest the counsels of the heart. 1 Cor. iv. 5.
7. Those that plead a cause; the counsellors. This seems only
an abbreviature usual in conversation.
Your hand, a covenant; we will have these things set down
by lawful counsel. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
For the advocates and counsel that plead, patience and gra­
vity of learning is an essential part of justice; and an over­
speaking judge is no well tuned cymbal. Bacon, Essay 57.
What says my counsel learned in the law? Pope.

To CO’UNSEL. v. a. [consilior, Latin.]
1. To give advice or counsel to any person.
But say, Lucetta, now we are alone,
Would'st thou then counsel me to fall in love? Shakespeare.
Truth shall nurse her;
Holy and heav'nly thoughts still counsel her. Shak. Hen. VIII.
Ill fortune never crushed that man whom good fortune de­
ceived not; I therefore have counselled my friends never to trust
to her fairer side, though she seemed to make peace with
them. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
He supports my poverty with his wealth, and I counsel and
instruct him with my learning and experience. Taylor.
2. To advise any thing.
The less had been our shame,
The less his counsell'd crime which brands the Grecian
name. Dryden's Fables.

CO’UNSELLABLE. adj. [from counsel.] Willing to receive and
follow the advice or opinions of others.
Very few men of so great parts were more counsellable than
he; so that he would seldom be in danger of great errours, if
he would communicate his own thoughts to disquisition. Clar.

CO’UNSELLOR. n. s. [from counsel.]
1. One that gives advice.
His mother was his counsellor to do wickedly. 2 Chr. xxii. 3.
She would be a counsellor of good things, and a comfort in
cares. Wisd. viii. 9.


Death of thy soul! Those linen cheeks of thine
Are counsellors to fear. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Confidant; bosom friend.
In such green palaces the first kings reign'd,
Slept in their shades, and angels entertain'd;
With such old counsellors they did advise,
And by frequenting sacred groves grew wise. Waller.
3. One whose province is to deliberate and advise upon publick
affairs.
You are a counsellor,
And by that virtue no man dare accuse you. Shak. H. VIII.
Of counsellors there are two sorts: the first, consiliarii nati,
as I may term them; such are the prince of Wales, and others
of the king's sons: but the ordinary sort of counsellors are such
as the king, out of a due consideration of their worth and
abilities, and, withal, of their fidelity to his person and to his
crown, calleth to be of council with him, in his ordinary
government. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
4. One that is consulted in a case of law; a lawyer.

CO’UNSELLORSHIP. n. s. [from counsellor.] The office or post
of a privy counsellor.
Of the great offices and officers of the kingdom, the
most part are such as cannot well be severed from the coun­
sellorship. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

To COUNT. v. a. [compter, Fr. computare, Latin.]
1. To number; to tell.
Here through this grate I can count every one,
And view the Frenchmen. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.
The vicious count their years; virtuous, their acts. Johns.
For the preferments of the world, he that would reckon up
all the accidents that they depend upon, may as well under­
take to count the sands, or to sum up infinity. South's Sermons.
When men in sickness ling'ring lie,
They count the tedious hours by months and years. Dryden.
Argos now rejoice, for Thebes lies low;
Thy slaughter'd sons now smile, and think they won,
When they can count more Theban ghosts than theirs. Dryd.
2. To preserve a reckoning.
Some people in America counted their years by the coming
of certain birds amongst them at their certain seasons, and
leaving them at others. Locke.
3. To reckon; to place to an account.
He believed in the Lord, and he counted it to him for
righteousness. Gen. xv. 6.
Not barely the plowman's pains is to be counted into the
bread we eat; the labour of those who broke the oxen, must
all be charged on the account of labour. Locke.
4. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to consider as having a
certain character, whether good or evil.
When once it comprehendeth any thing above this, as the
differences of time, affirmations, negations, and contradic­
tions in speech, we then count it to have some use of natural
reason. Hooker, b. i. sect. 6.
Count not thine handmaid for a daughter of Belial. 1 Sam. i.
Nor shall I count it heinous to enjoy
The publick marks of honour and reward
Conferr'd upon me. Milton's Agonist. l. 991. 
You would not wish to count this man a foe!
In friendship, and in hatred, obstinate. Philips's Briton.
5. To impute to; to charge to.
All th' impossibilities, which poets
Count to extravagance of loose description,
Shall sooner be. Rowe's Ambitious Step-mother.

To COUNT. v. n. To found an account or scheme: with upon.
I think it a great errour to count upon the genius of a nation
as a standing argument in all ages. Swift.

COUNT. n. s. [compte, French; computus, Latin.]
1. Number.
That we up to your palaces may mount,
Of blessed saints for to increase the count. Spenser's Epithal.
By my count,
I was your mother much upon these years. Sh. Ro. and Jul.
2. Reckoning.
Since I saw you last,
There is a change upon you.
———Well, I know not
What counts hard fortune casts upon my face. Shakespeare.

COUNT. n. s. [comte, Fr. comes, Latin.] A title of foreign
nobility; an earl.

CO’UNTABLE. adj. [from count.] That which may be num­
bered.
The evils which you desire to be recounted are very many,
and almost countable with those which were hidden in the
basket of Pandora. Spenser's State of Ireland.

CO’UNTENANCE. n. s. [contenance, French.]
1. The form of the face; the system of the features.
So spake our sire, and by his count'nance seem'd
Entering on studious thoughts abstruse. Milton's Parad. Lost.
To whom, with count'nance calm, and soul sedate,
Thus Turnus. Dryden's Æn.
2. Air; look.
Well, Suffolk, yet thou shalt not see me blush,
Nor change my countenance for this arrest:
A heart unspotted is not easily daunted. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Calmness of look; composure of face.
She smil'd severe; nor with a troubled look,
Or trembling hand, the fun'ral present took;
Ev'n kept her count'nance, when the lid remov'd,
Disclos'd the heart unfortunately lov'd. Dryden's Fables.
The two maxims of any great man at court are, always to
keep his countenance, and never to keep his word. Swift.
4. Confidence of mien; aspect of assurance.
The night beginning to persuade some retiring place, the
gentlewoman, even out of countenance before she began her
speech, invited me to lodge that night with her father. Sidney.
We will not make your countenance to fall by the answer
ye shall receive. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Their best friends were out of countenance, because they
found that the imputations, which their enemies had laid upon
them, were well grounded. Clarendon, b. viii.
Your examples will meet it at every turn, and put it out of
countenance in every place; even in private corners it will soon
lose confidence. Sprat's Sermons.
If the outward profession of religion and virtue were once
in practice and countenance at court, a good treatment of the
clergy would be the necessary consequence. Swift.
If those preachers would look about, they would find one
part of their congregation out of countenance, and the other
asleep. Swift.
It is a kind of ill manners to offer objections to a fine wo­
man, and a man would be out of countenance that should gain
the superiority in such a contest: a coquette logician may be
rallied, but not contradicted. Addison's Freeholder, No. 32.
It puts the learned in countenance, and gives them a place
among the fashionable part of mankind. Addison's Freeholder.
5. Affection or ill will, as it appears upon the face.
Yet the stout fairy, mongst the middest crowd,
Thought all their glory vain in knightly view,
And that great princess too, exceeding proud,
That to strange knight no better countenance allow'd. Fa. Q.
The king hath on him such a countenance,
As he had lost some province, and a region
Lov'd, as he loves himself. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
6. Patronage; appearance of favour; appearance on any side;
support.
The church of Christ, which held that profession which had
not the publick allowance and countenance of authority, could
not so long use the exercise of Christian religion but in pri­
vate. Hooker, b. v. sect. 11. 
His majesty maintained an army here, to give strength and
countenance to the civil magistrate. Davies on Ireland.
Now then, we'll use
His countenance for the battle; which being done,
Let her who would be rid of him, devise
His speedy taking off. Shakespeare's King Lear.
This is the magistrate's peculiar province, to give countenance
to piety and virtue, and to rebuke vice and profaneness. Atterb.
7. Superficial appearance; show; resemblance.
The election being done, he made countenance of great dis­
content thereat. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Oh, you blessed ministers above!
Keep me in patience, and with ripen'd time
Unfold the evil, which is here wrapt up
In countenance. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
Bianca's love
Made me exchange my state with Tranio,
While he did bear my countenance in the town. Shakespeare.

To CO’UNTENANCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To support; to patronise; to vindicate.
Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man in his cause. Exod.
This conceit, though countenanced by learned men, is not
made out either by experience or reason. Brown's Vulg. Err.
This national fault of being so very talkative, looks natural
and graceful in one that has grey hairs to countenance it. Addis.
2. To make a shew of.
Each to these ladies love did countenance,
And to his mistress each himself strove to advance. Fai. Qu.
3. To act suitably to any thing; to keep up any appearance.
Malcolm! Banquo!
As from your graves rise up, and walk like sprights,
To countenance this horrour. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. To encourage; to appear in defence.
At the first descent on shore he was not immured with a
wooden vessel, but he did countenance the landing in his long­
boat. Wotton.

CO’UNTENANCER. n. s. [from countenance.] One that coun­
tenances or supports another.

CO’UNTER. n. s. [from count.]
1. A false piece of money used as a means of reckoning.
Though these half-pence are to be received as money in
the Exchequer, yet in trade they are no better than counters.
Swift's Considerations on Wood's Coin.
2. Money in contempt.


When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous,
To lock such rascal counters from his friends,
Be ready, gods! with all your thunder-bolts,
Dash him to pieces. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
3. The form on which goods are viewed and money told in a
shop.
A fine gaudy minx, that robs our counters every night; and
then goes out, and spends it upon our cuckold-makers. Dryden.
In half-whipt muslin, needles useless lie;
And shuttle-cocks a-cross the counter fly:
These sports warm harmless. Gay's Trivia.
Sometimes you would see him behind his counter selling
broad-cloth, sometimes measuring linen. Arbuth. Hist. of J. B.
Whether thy counter shine with sums untold,
And thy wide-grasping hand grows black with gold. Swift.
4. COUNTER of a Horse, is that part of a horse's forehand that
lies between the shoulder and under the neck. Farrier's Dict.

CO’UNTER. adv. [contre, Fr. contra, Latin.]
1. Contrary to; in opposition to.
Shall we erect two wills in Gods, and make the will of his
purpose and intention run counter to the will of his appro­
bation? South's Sermons.
The profit of the merchant, and the gain of the kingdom,
are so far from being always parallels, that frequently they run
counter one to the other. Child's Discourse on Trade.
He thinks it brave, at his first setting out, to signalize him­
self in running counter to all the rules of virtue. Locke.
2. The wrong way.
How chearfully on the false trail they cry,
Oh, this is counter, you false Danish dogs. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. Contrary ways.
A man whom I cannot deny, may oblige me to use persua­
sions to another, which, at the same time I am speaking, I
may wish may not prevail on him: in this case, it is plain, the
will and the desire run counter. Locke.
4. This word is often found in composition, and may be placed
before any word used in a sense of opposition.
That design was no sooner known, but others of an oppo­
site party were appointed to set a counter-petition on foot. Clar.

To COUNTERA’CT. v. a. [counter and act.] To hinder any
thing from its effect by contrary agency.
In this case we can find no principle within him strong
enough to counteract that principle, and to relieve him. South.

To COUNTERBA’LANCE. v. a. [counter and balance.] To
weigh against; to act against with an opposite weight.
There was so much air drawn out of the vessel, that the
remaining air was not able to counterbalance the mercurial
cylinder. Boyle.
Few of Adam's children are not born with some biass,
which it is the business of education either to take off, or
counterbalance. Locke.

COUNTERBA’LANCE. n. s. [from the verb.] Opposite weight;
equivalent power.
But peaceful kings, o'er martial people set,
Each others poize and counterbalance are. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
Money is the counterbalance to all other things purchaseable
by it, and lying, as it were, in the opposite scale of com­
merce. Locke.

To COUNTERBU’FF. v. a. [from counter and buff.] To im­
pell in a direction opposite to the former impulse; to strike
back.
The giddy ship, betwixt the winds and tides,
Forc'd back and forwards, in a circle rides,
Stunn'd with the diff'rent blows; then shoots amain,
'Till counterbuff'd she stops, and sleeps again. Dryden.

COUNTERBU’FF. n. s. [counter and buff.] A blow in a con­
trary direction; a stroke that produces a recoil.
He at the second gave him such a counterbuff, that, because
Phalantus was not to be driven from the saddle, the saddle
with broken girths was driven from the horse. Sidney.
Go, captain Stub, lead on, and show
What house you come of, by the blow
You give sir Quintin, and the cuff
You 'scape o' th' sandbags counterbuff. Ben. Johnson.

CO’UNTERCASTER. n. s. [from counter, for a false piece of mo­
ney, and caster.] A word of contempt for an arithmetician;
a book-keeper; a caster of accounts; a reckoner.
I, of whom his eyes had seen the proof
At Rhodes, at Cyprus, must be let and calm'd
By debtor and creditor, this countercaster. Shakesp. Othello.

CO’UNTERCHANGE. n. s. [counter and change.] Exchange;
reciprocation.
She, like harmless lightning, throws her eye
On him, her brothers, me, her master, hitting
Each object with a joy. The counterchange
Is sev'rally in all. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To CO’UNTERCHANGE. v. a. To give and receive.

COUNTERCHA’RM. n. s. [counter and charm.] That by which
a charm is dissolved; that which has the power of destroying
the effects of a charm.
Now touch'd by countercharms they change again,
And stand majestick, and recall'd to men. Pope's Odyssey.

To COUNTERCHA’RM. v. a. [from counter and charm.] To
destroy the effect of an enchantment.
Like a spell it was to keep us invulnerable, and so counter­
charm all our crimes, that they should only be active to please,
not hurt us. Decay of Piety.

To COUNTERCHE’CK. v. a. [counter and check.] To op­
pose; to stop with sudden opposition.

COUNTERCHE’CK. n. s. [from the verb.] Stop; rebuke.
If again I said his beard was not well cut, he would say I
lye: this is called the countercheck quarrelsome. Shakespeare.

To COUNTERDRA’W. v. a. [from counter and draw.] With
painters, to copy a design or painting by means of a fine linen
cloth, an oiled paper, or other transparent matter, whereon
the strokes appearing through are traced with a pencil. Chamb.

COUNTERE’VIDENCE. n. s. [counter and evidence.] Testimony
by which the deposition of some former witness is opposed.
Sense itself detects its more palpable deceits by a counter­
evidence, and the more ordinary impostures seldom outlive the
first experiments. Glanville's Sceps. c. 10.
We have little reason to question his testimony in this
point, seeing it is backed by others of good credit, and all
because there is no counterevidence, nor any witness that appears
against it. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To CO’UNTERFEIT. v. a. [contrefaire, French.]
1. To copy with an intent to pass the copy for an original; to
forge.
What art thou,
That counterfeits the person of a king? Shakesp. Henry IV.
It came into this priest's fancy to cause this lad to counter­
feit and personate the second son of Edward IV. supposed to
be murdered. Bacon's Henry VII.
There have been some that could counterfeit the distance of
voices, which is a secondary object of hearing, in such sort,
as when they stand fast by you, you would think the speech
came from afar off in a fearful manner. Bacon's Nat. History.
Say, lovely dream, where could'st thou find
Shadows to counterfeit that face? Waller.
It happens, that not one single line or thought is contained
in this imposture, although it appears that they who counter­
feited me had heard of the true one. Swift.
2. To imitate; to copy; to resemble.
And, Oh, you mortal engines, whose rude throats
Th' immortal Jove's dread clamours counterfeit,
Farewel! Shakespeare's Othello.
O Eve! in evil hour thou did'st give ear
To that false worm, of whomsoever taught
To counterfeit man's voice. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
To counterfeit, is to put on the likeness and appearance of
some real excellency: Bristol-stones would not pretend to be
diamonds, if there never had been diamonds. Tillotson's Serm.

CO’UNTERFEIT. adj. [from the verb.]
1. That which is made in imitation of another, with intent to
pass for the original; forged; fictitious.
I learn
Now of my own experience, not by talk,
How counterfeit a coin they are, who friends
Bear in their superscription; in prosperous days
They swarm, but in adverse withdraw their head. Milton.
General observations drawn from particulars, are the jewels
of knowledge, comprehending great store in a little room;
but they are therefore to be made with the greater care and
caution, lest, if we take counterfeit for true, our shame be the
greater, when our stock comes to a severe scrutiny. Locke.
2. Deceitful; hypocritical.
True friends appear less mov'd than counterfeit. Roscomm.

CO’UNTERFEIT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. One who personates another; an impostor.
I am no counterfeit; to die is to be a counterfeit; for he is
but the counterfeit of a man, who hath not the life of a man.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
This priest, being utterly unacquainted with the true person,
according to whose pattern he should shape his counterfeit,
yet could think it possible for him to instruct his player, either
in gesture or fashions, or in recounting past matters of his life
and education, or in fit answers to questions, any ways to come
near the resemblance of him whom he was to represent. Bacon.
But trust me, child, I'm much inclin'd to fear
Some counterfeit in this your Jupiter. Addison's Ovid. Metam.
2. Something made in imitation of another, intended to pass for
that which it resembles; a forgery.
My father was I know not where,
When I was stampt. Some coiner, with his tools,
Made me a counterfeit; yet my mother seem'd
The Dian of that time. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
There would be no counterfeits but for the sake of something
that is real; for though all pretenders seem to be what they
really are not, yet they pretend to be something that really is.
Tillotson's Sermons.

CO’UNTERFEITER. n. s. [from counterfeit.] A forger; one who
contrives copies to pass for originals.
Henry the second altered the coin, which was corrupted by
counterfeiters, to the great good of the commonwealth. Camden.



CO’UNTERFEITLY. adv. [from counterfeit.] Falsely; fictiti­
ously; with forgery.
Since the wisdom of their choice is rather to have my cap
than my heart, I will practise the insinuating nod, and be off
to them most counterfeitly. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

COUNTERFE’RMENT. n. s. [counter and ferment.] Ferment
opposed to ferment.
What unnatural motions and counterferments must a medly
of intemperance produce in the body! When I behold a
fashionable table, I sancy I see innumerable distempers lurking
in ambuscade among the dishes. Addison's Spectator, No. 195.

COUNTERFE’SANCE. n. s. [contrefaisance, French.] The act
of counterfeiting; forgery.
And his man Reynold, with fine counterfesance,
Supports his credit and his countenance. Hubberd's Tale.
Such is the face of falshood, such the sight
Of foul Duessa, when her borrow'd light
Is laid away, and counterfesance known. Fairy Queen, b. i.

CO’UNTERFORT. n. s. [from counter and fort.]
Counterforts, buttresses or spurs, are pillars serving to sup­
port walls or terrasses, subject to bulge, or be thrown down.
Chambers.

COUNTERGA’GE. n. s. [from counter and gage.] In carpentry,
a method used to measure the joints by transferring the breadth
of a mortise to the place where the tenon is to be, in order to
make them fit each other. Chambers.

COUNTERGUA’RD. n. s. [from counter and guard.] A small
rampart with parapet and ditch, to cover some part of the
body of the place. Military Dict.

COUNTERLI’GHT. n. s. [from counter and light.] A window or
light opposite to any thing, which makes it appear to a disad­
vantage. Chambers.

To COUNTERMAND. v. a. [contremander, French.]
1. To order the contrary to what was ordered before; to con­
tradict, annul, or repeal a command.
In states notoriously irreligious, a secret and irresistible
power countermands their deepest projects, and smites their
policies with frustration and a curse. South's Sermons.
Avicen countermands letting blood in cholerick bodies, be­
cause he esteems the blood a bridle of the gall. Harvey.
2. To oppose; to contradict the orders of another.
For us to alter any thing, is to lift up ourselves against God,
and, as it were, to countermand him. Hooker.

COUNTERMA’ND. n. s. [contrmand, Fr.] Repeal of a former order.
Have you no countermand for Claudio yet,
But he must die to-morrow? Shakes. Measure for Measure.

To COUNTERMA’RCH. v. n. [counter and march.] To
march backward; to march in indirect ways.

COUNTERMA’RCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Retrocession; march backward; march in a different direc­
tion from the former.
How are such an infinite number of things placed with such
order in the memory, notwithstanding the tumults, marches,
and countermarches of the animal spirits? Collier on Thought.
2. Change of measures; alteration of conduct.
They make him do and undo, go forward and backwards
by such countermarches and retractions, as we do not willingly
impute to wisdom. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

COUNTERMA’RK. n. s. [from counter and mark.]
1. A second or third mark put on a bale of goods belonging to
several merchants, that it may not be opened but in the pre­
sence of them all.
2. The mark of the goldsmiths company, to shew the metal is
standard, added to that of the artificer.
3. An artificial cavity made in the teeth of horses, that have out­
grown their natural mark, to disguise their age.
4. A mark added to a medal a long time after it is struck, by
which the curious know the several changes in value which
they have undergone. Chambers.

To COUNTERMA’RK. v. a. [counter and mark.]
A horse is said to be countermarked when his corner-teeth
are artificially made hollow, a false mark being made in the
hollow place, in imitation of the eye of a bean, to conceal the
horse's age. Farrier's Dict.

COUNTERMI’NE. n. s. [counter and mine.]
1. A well or hole sunk into the ground, from which a gallery or
branch runs out under ground, to seek out the enemy's mine,
and disappoint it. Military Dict.
After this they mined the walls, laid the powder, and
rammed the mouths; but the citizens made a countermine, and
thereinto they poured such a plenty of water, that the wet
powder could not be fired. Hayward.
2. Means of opposition; means of counteraction.
He thinking himself contemned, knowing no countermine
against contempt but terror, began to let nothing pass, which
might bear the colour of a fault, without sharp punishment.
Sidney, b. ii.
3. A stratagem by which any contrivance is defeated.
The matter being brought to a trial of skill, the countermine
was only an act of self-preservation. L'Estrange, Fab. 37.

To COUNTERMI’NE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To delve a passage into an enemy's mine, by which the pow­
der may evaporate without mischief.
2. To counterwork; to defeat by secret measures.
Thus infallibly it must be, if God do not miraculously coun­
termine us, and do more for us than we can do against our­
selves. Decay of Piety.

COUNTERMO’TION. n. s. [counter and motion.] Contrary mo­
tion; opposition of motion.
That resistance is a countermotion, or equivalent to one, is
plain by this, that any body which is pressed, must needs
press again on the body that presses it. Digby on the Soul.
If any of the returning spirits should happen to fall foul
upon others which are outward bound, these countermotions
would overset them, or occasion a later arrival. Collier.

COUNTERMU’RE. n. s. [contremur, French.] A wall built up
behind another wall, to supply its place.
The great shot flying continually through the breach, did
beat down houses; but the countermure, new built against the
breach, standing upon a lower ground, it seldom touched.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

COUNTERNA’TURAL. adj. [counter and natural.] Contrary to
nature.
A consumption is a counternatural hectick extenuation of the
body. Harvey on Consumptions.

COUNTERNO’ISE. n. s. [counter and noise.] A sound by which
any other noise is overpowered.
They endeavoured, either by a constant succession of sen­
sual delights, to charm and lull asleep, or else, by a counternoise
of revellings and riotous excesses, to drown the softer whispers
of their conscience. Calamy's Sermons.

COUNTERO’PENING. n. s. [counter and opening.] An aperture
or vent on the contrary side.
A tent, plugging up the orifice, would make the matter re­
cur to the part disposed to receive it, and mark the place for a
counteropening. Sharp's Surgery.

COUNTERPA’CE. n. s. [counter and pace.] Contrary measure;
attempts in opposition to any scheme.
When the least counterpaces are made to these resolutions, it
will then be time enough for our malecontents. Swift.

CO’UNTERPANE. n. s. [contrepoint, French.] A coverlet for
a bed, or any thing else woven in squares. It is sometimes
written, according to etymology, counterpoint.
In ivory coffers I have stufft my crowns;
In cypress chests my arras counterpanes. Shakespeare.

COUNTERPA’RT. n. s. [counter and part.] The correspondent
part; the part which answers to another, as the two papers
of a contract; the part which fits another, as the key of a
cipher.
In some things the laws of Normandy agreed with the
laws of England; so that they seem to be, as it were, copies
or counterparts one of another. Hale's Common Law of England.
An old fellow with a young wench, may pass for a counter­
part of this fable. L'Estrange, Fab. 82.
Oh counterpart
Of our soft sex; well are you made our lords:
So bold, so great, so god-like are you form'd,
How can you love so silly things as women? Dryd. K. Arth.
He is to consider the thought of his author, and his words,
and to find out the counterpart to each in another language.
Dryden.
In the discovery the two different plots look like counter­
parts and copies of one another. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.

COUNTERPLE’A. n. s. [from counter and plea.] In law, a repli­
cation: as if a stranger to the action begun, desire to be ad­
mitted to say what he can for the safeguard of his estate; that
which the demandant allegeth against this request is called a
counterplea. Cowel.

To COUNTERPLO’T. v. a. [counter and plot.] To oppose
one machination by another; to obviate art by art.

COUNTERPLO’T. n. s. [from the verb.] An artifice opposed
to an artifice.
The wolf here, that had a plot upon the kid, was con­
founded by a counterplot of the kid's upon the wolf; and such
a counterplot it was too, as the wolf, with all his sagacity, was
not able to smell out. L'Estrange, Fab. 174.

CO’UNTERPOINT. n. s. A coverlet woven in squares, com­
monly spoken counterpain. See COUNTERPANE.

To COUNTERPO’ISE. v. a. [counter and poise.]
1. To counterbalance; to be equi-ponderant to; to act against
with equal weight.
Our spoil we have brought home,
Do more than counterpoise a full third part
The charges of the action. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The force and the distance of weights, counterpoising one
another, ought to be reciprocal. Digby on the Soul.
2. To produce a contrary action by an equal weight.
The heaviness of these bodies must be counterpoised by a
plummet, that may be fastened about the pulley to the axis.
Wilkins's Math. Magic.
3. To act with equal power against any person or cause.
So many freeholders of English will be able to beard and to
counterpoise the rest. Spenser on Ireland.



CO’UNTERPOISE. n. s. [from counter and poise.]
1. Equiponderance; equivalence of weight; equal force in the
opposite scale of the balance.
Take her by the hand,
And tell her she is thine; to whom I promise
A counterpoise, if not in thy estate,
A balance more replete. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Fastening that to our exact balance, we put a metalline coun­
terpoise into the opposite scale. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. The state of being placed in the opposite scale of the
balance.
Th' Eternal hung forth his golden scales,
Wherein all things created first he weigh'd,
The pendulous round earth, with balanc'd air
In counterpoise. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 999.
3. Equipollence; equivalence of power.
The second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility,
that they grow not too potent. Bacon, Essay 20.
Their generals, by their credit in the army, were, with the
magistrates and other civil officers, a sort of counterpoise to the
power of the people. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.

COUNTERPO’ISON. n. s. [counter and poison.] Antidote; medi­
cine by which the effects of poison are obviated.
Counterpoisons must be adapted to the cause; for example, in
poison from sublimate corrosive, and arsenick. Arbuthnot.

COUNTERPRE’SSURE. n. s. [counter and pressure.] Opposite
force; power acting in contrary directions.
Does it not all mechanick heads confound,
That troops of atoms from all parts around,
Of equal number, and of equal force,
Should to this single point direct their course;
That so the counterpressure ev'ry way,
Of equal vigour, might their motions stay,
And, by a steady poise, the whole in quiet lay? Blackm.

COUNTERPRO’JECT. n. s. [counter and project.] Correspondent
part of a scheme.
A clear reason why they never sent any forces to Spain, and
why the obligation not to enter into a treaty of peace with
France, until that entire monarchy was yielded as a prelimi­
nary, was struck out of the counterproject by the Dutch. Swift.

To COUNTERPRO’VE. v. a. [from counter and prove.] To take
off a design in black lead, or red chalk, by passing it through
the rolling-press with another piece of paper, both being
moistened with a sponge. Chambers.

To COUNTERRO’L. v. a. [counter and roll. This is now
generally written as it is spoken, control.] To preserve the
power of detecting frauds by a counter account.

COUNTERRO’LMENT. n. s. [from counterrol.] A counter ac­
count; controlment.
This present manner of exercising of this office, hath so
many testimonies, interchangeable warrants, and counter­
rolments, whereof each, running through the hands, and rest­
ing in the power of so many several persons, is sufficient to
argue and convince all manner of falshood. Bacon.

CO’UNTERSCARP. n. s. [from counter and scarp.] In fortifica­
tion, is that side of the ditch which is next the camp, or pro­
perly the talus that supports the earth of the covert-way; al­
though by this term is often understood the whole covert-way,
with its parapet and glacis; and so it is to be understood when
it is said the enemy lodged themselves on the counterscarp.
Harris.

To COUNTERSI’GN. v. a. [from counter and sign.] To sign an
order or patent of a superiour, in quality of secretary, to ren­
der the thing more authentick. Thus charters are signed by
the king, and countersigned by a secretary of state, or lord
chancellor. Chambers.

COUNTERTE’NOR. n. s. [from counter and tenor.] One of the
mean or middle parts of musick; so called, as it were, oppo­
site to the tenor. Harris.
I am deaf for two months together: this deafness unquali­
fies me for all company, except a few friends with countertenor
voices. Swift.

COUNTERTI’DE. n. s. [counter and tide.] Contrary tide; fluc­
tuations of the water.
Such were our countertides at land, and so
Presaging of the fatal blow,
In your prodigious ebb and flow. Dryden.

COUNTERTI’ME. n. s. [counter and time, contretemps, French.]
1. The defence or resistance of a horse, that intercepts his ca­
dence, and the measure of his manage. Farrier's Dict.
2. Defence; opposition.
Let cheerfulness on happy fortune wait,
And give not thus the countertime to fate. Dryd. Aurengz.

COUNTERTU’RN. n. s. [counter and turn.]
The catastasis, called by the Romans status, the height and
full growth of the play, we may call properly the counter­
turn, which destroys that expectation, embroils the action in
new difficulties, and leaves you far distant from that hope in
which it found you. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.

To COUNTERVA’IL. v. a. [contra and valeo, Latin.] To be
equivalent to; to have equal force or value; to act against
with equal power.
In some men there may be found such qualities as are able
to countervail those exceptions which might be taken against
them, and such men's authority is not lightly to be shaken
off. Hooker, b. ii. sect. 7.
And therewithal he fiercely at him flew,
And with important outrage him assail'd;
Who, soon prepar'd to field, his sword forth drew,
And him with equal valour countervail'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The outward streams, which descend, must be of so much
force as to countervail all that weight, whereby the ascending
side, in every one of these revolutions, does exceed the other;
and though this may be effected by making the water-wheels
larger, yet then the motion will be so slow, that the screw will
not be able to supply the outward streams. Wilkins's Dedalus.
We are to compute, that, upon balancing the account, the
profit at last will hardly countervail the inconveniencies that go
along with it. L'Estrange, Fable 112.

COUNTERVA’IL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Equal weight; power or value sufficient to obviate any effect
or objection.
2. That which has equal weight or value with something else.
Surely, the present pleasure of a sinful act is a poor counter­
vail for the bitterness of the review, which begins where the
action ends, and lasts for ever. South's Sermons.

COUNTERVIE’W. n. s. [counter and view.]
1. Opposition; a posture in which two persons front each other.
Mean while, ere thus was sin'd and judg'd on earth,
Within the gates of hell sat sin and death,
In counterview. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 231. 
2. Contrast; a position in which two dissimilar things illustrate
each other.
I have drawn some lines of Linger's character, on purpose
to place it in counterview or contrast with that of the other
company. Swift's Introduction to Genteel Conversation.

To COUNTERWO’RK. v. a. [counter and work.] To counter­
act; to hinder any effect by contrary operations.
But heav'n's great view is one, and that the whole:
That counterworks each folly and caprice;
That disappoints th' effect of ev'ry vice. Pope's Ess. on Man.

CO’UNTESS. n. s. [comitissa, Lat. comtesse, French.] The lady
of an earl or count.
I take it, she that carries up the train,
Is that old noble lady, the dutchess of Norfolk.
—It is, and all the rest are countesses. Shakes. Henry VIII.
It is the peculiar happiness of the countess of Abingdon to
have been so truly loved by you, while she was living; and so
gratefully honoured after she was dead. Dryden.

COUNTING-HOUSE. n. s. [count and house.] The room appro­
priated by traders to their books and accounts.
Men in trade seldom think of laying out money upon land,
'till their profit has brought them in more than their trade can
well employ; and their idle bags, cumbering their counting­
houses, put them upon emptying them. Locke.

CO’UNTLESS. adj. [from count.] Innumerable; without num­
ber; not to be reckoned.
Ay, tear for tear, and loving kiss for kiss,
Thy brother Marcus tenders on thy lips:
O, were the sum of these that I should pay
Countless and infinite, yet would I pay them. Shakespeare.
But oh, her mind, that orcus which includes
Legions of mischief, countless multitudes
Of former curses. Donne.
By one countless sum of woes opprest,
Hoary with cares, and ignorant of rest,
We find the vital springs relax'd and worn;
Thus, thro' the round of age, to childhood we return. Prior.
I see, I cry'd, his woes, a countless train;
I see his friends o'erwhelm'd beneath the main. Pope's Odyss.
The seats which, shining through the chearful land,
In countless numbers, blest Britannia sees. Thoms. Autumn.

CO’UNTRY. n. s. [contrée, Fr. contrata, low Latin; supposed
to be contracted from conterrata.]
1. A tract of land; a region.
Send out more horses, skirre the country round,
Hang those that talk of fear. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
They require to be examined concerning the descriptions of
those countries of which they would be informed. Sprat.
2. The parts of a region distant from cities or courts; rural
parts.
I see them hurry from country to town, and then from the
town back again into the country. Spectator, No. 626.
3. The place which any man inhabits.
4. The place of one's birth; the native soil.
The king set on foot a reformation in the ornaments and
advantages of our country. Sprat.
O, save my country, heav'n, shall be your last. Pope.
5. The inhabitants of any region.
All the country, in a general voice,
Cry'd hate upon him; all their prayers and love
Were set on Hereford. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

CO’UNTRY. adj. [This word is scarcely used but in com­
position.]


1. Rustick; rural; villatick.
Cannot a country wench know, that having received a shil­
ling from one that owes her three, and a shilling also from
another that owes her three, that the remaining debts in each
of their hands are equal? Locke.
I never meant any other, than that Mr. Trot should con­
fine himself to country dances. Spectator, No. 308.
He comes no nearer to a positive, clear idea of a positive in­
finite, than the country fellow had of the water which was yet
to pass the channel of the river where he stood. Locke.
Talk but with country people, or young people, and you
shall find that the notions they apply this name to, are so odd
that nobody can imagine they were taught by a rational
man. Locke.
The low mechanicks of a country town do somewhat outdo
him. Locke.
Come, we'll e'en to our country seat repair,
The native home of innocence and love. Norris.
2. Remote from cities or courts, and of an interest opposite to
that of courts.
A country gentleman, learning Latin in the university, re­
moves thence to his mansion-house. Locke.
3. Peculiar to a region or people.
She laughing the cruel tyrant to scorn, spake in her country
language. 2 Macabees, vii. 27.
4. Rude; ignorant; untaught.
We make a country man dumb, whom we will not allow to
speak but by the rules of grammar. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

CO’UNTRYMAN. n. s. [from country and man.]
1. One born in the same country, or tract of ground. Locke.
See, who comes here?
My countryman; but yet I know him not. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Horace, great bard, so fate ordain'd, arose;
And bold as were his countrymen in fight,
Snatch'd their fair actions from degrading prose,
And set their battles in eternal light. Prior.
The British soldiers act with greater vigour under the con­
duct of one whom they do not consider only as their leader,
but as their countryman. Addison on the State of the War.
2. A rustick; one that inhabits the rural parts.
All that have business to the court, and all countrymen
coming up to the city, leave their wives in the country. Graunt.
3. A farmer; a husbandman.
A countryman took a boar in his corn. L'Estrange.

CO’UNTY. n. s. [comtè, Fr. comitatus, Latin.]
1. A shire; that is, a circuit or portion of the realm, into
which the whole land is divided, for the better government
thereof, and the more easy administration of justice; so that
there is no part of the kingdom, but what lieth within some
county. Every county is governed by a yearly officer, called a
sheriff, who, among other duties belonging to his office, puts
in execution all the commands and judgments of the king's
courts. Of these counties four are termed county-palatines,
as that of Lancaster, Chester, Durham, and Ely. A county­
palatine is a jurisdiction of so high a nature, that whereas all
pleas, touching the life and the maiming of a man, called
pleas of the crown, and ordinarily held in the king's name,
and which cannot pass in the name of any other; the chief
governors of these, by special charter from the king, sent
out all writs in their own name, and did all things touching
justice as absolutely as the prince himself in other counties,
only acknowledging him their superior and sovereign. But
this power has, by a statute in Henry VIII. his time, been
much abridged. Besides the above counties of both sorts,
there are likewise counties corporate, which are certain cities
or ancient boroughs upon which our princes have thought
good to bestow extraordinary liberties. Of these London is
one, York another, the city of Chester a third, and Canter­
bury a fourth. And to these may be added many more; as
the county of the town of Kingston upon Hull, the county
of the town of Haverfordwest, and the county of Litchfield.
County is, in another signification, used for the county-court
which the sheriff keeps every month within his charge, either
by himself or his deputy. Of these counties, one with an­
other, there are reckoned thirty-seven in England, besides
twelve in Wales. Cowel.
Discharge your powers unto their several counties,
As we will ours. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
He caught his death the last county sessions, where he would
go to see justice done to a poor widow-woman and her father­
less children. Addison's Spectator, No. 517.
2. An earldom.
3. A count; a lord: now wholly obsolete.
The gallant, young, and noble gentleman,
The county Paris. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
He made Hugh Lupus county palatine of Chester, and gave
that earldom to him and his heirs, to hold the same ita liberè
ad gladium sicut rex tenebat Angliam ad coronam. Davies.

COUPE’E. n. s. [French.] A motion in dancing, when one
leg is a little bent and suspended from the ground, and with
the other a motion is made forwards. Chambers.

CO’UPLE. n. s. [couple, Fr. copula, Latin.]
1. A chain or tye that holds dogs together.
I'll keep my stable-stand where
I lodge my wife; I'll go in couples with her,
Than when I feel and see no further trust her. Shakesp.
It is in some sort with friends as it is with dogs in couples;
they should be of the same size and humour. L'Estrange's Fab.
2. Two; a brace.
He was taken up by a couple of shepherds, and by them
brought to life again. Sidney.
A schoolmaster, who shall teach my son and your's, I will
provide; yea, though the three do cost me a couple of hundred
pounds. Ascham.
A piece of chrystal inclosed a couple of drops, which looked
like water when they were shaken, though perhaps they are
nothing but bubbles of air. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
By adding one to one, we have the complex idea of a
couple. Locke.
3. A male and his female.
So shall all the couples three,
Ever true in loving be. Shakespeare's Midsum. Night's Dream.
Oh! alas!
I lost a couple, that 'twixt heaven and earth
Might thus have stood, begetting wonder, as
You gracious couple do. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
I have read of a feigned commonwealth, where the mar­
ried couple are permitted, before they contract, to see one
another naked. Bacon's New Atlantis.
He said: the careful couple join their tears,
And then invoke the gods with pious prayers. Dryden.
All succeeding generations of men are the progeny of one
primitive couple. Bentley's Sermons.

To CO’UPLE. v. a. [copulo, Latin.]
1. To chain together.
Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds;
Leech Merriman, the poor cur is imbost;
And couple Clowder with the deep-mouth'd Brach. Shakesp.
2. To join one to another.
What greater ills have the heaven's in store,
To couple coming harms with sorrow past. Sidney, b. ii.
And wheresoe'er we went, like Juno's swans,
Still we went coupled and inseparable. Shakes. As you like it.
Put the taches into the loops, and couple the tent together,
that it may be one. Exod. xxvi. 11. 
They behold your chaste conversation coupled with fear.
1 Pet. iii. 2.
Their concernments were so coupled, that if nature had not,
yet their religions would have made them brothers. South.
That man makes a mean figure in the eyes of reason, who
is measuring syllables and coupling rhimes, when he should be
mending his own soul, and securing his own immortality. Pope.
3. To marry; to wed; to join in wedlock.
I shall rejoice to see you so coupled, as may be fit both for
your honour and your satisfaction. Sidney.
I am just going to assist with the archbishop, in degrading a
parson who couples all our beggars, by which I shall make one
happy man. Swift.

To CO’UPLE. v. n. To join in embraces.
The fountains of waters there being rare, divers sorts of
beasts come from several parts to drink; and so being re­
freshed, fall to couple, and many times with several kinds.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 77.
Thou with thy lusty crew,
Cast wanton eyes on the daughters of men,
And coupled with them, and begot a race. Milt. Parad. Reg.
That great variety of brutes in Africa, is by reason of the
meeting together of brutes of several species, and waters, and
the promiscuous couplings of males and females of several
species. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
After this alliance,
Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep,
And every creature couple with his foe. Dryd. Span. Fryar.

COUPLE-BEGGAR. n. s. [couple and beggar.] One that makes
it his business to marry beggars to each other.
No couple-beggar in the land,
E'et join'd such numbers hand in hand. Swift.

CO’UPLET. n. s. [French.]
1. Two verses; a pair of rhimes.
Then would they cast away their pipes, and, holding hand
in hand, dance by the only cadence of their voices, which
they would use in singing some short couplets, whereto the one
half beginning, the other half should answer. Sidney, b. i.
Then at the last, an only couplet fraught
With some unmeaning thing they call a thought;
A needless Alexandrine ends the song,
That, like a wounded snake, drags it slow length along.
Pope's Essay on Criticism.
In Pope I cannot read a line,
But with a sigh I wish it mine;
When he can in one couplet fix
More sense than I can do in six,
It gives me such a jealous fit,
I cry, pox take him and his wit. Swift.


2. A pair; as of doves.
Anon, as patient as the female dove,
E're that her golden couplets are disclos'd,
His silence will sit drooping. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

CO’URAGE. n. s. [courage, Fr. from cor, Latin.] Bravery;
active fortitude; spirit of enterprise.
The king becoming graces,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude;
I have no relish of them. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Their discipline
Now mingled with their courage. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Hope arms their courage: from their tow'rs they throw
Their darts with double force, and drive the foe. Dryden.
Courage, that grows from constitution, very often forsakes
a man when he has occasion for it; and when it is only a kind
of instinct in the soul, it breaks out on all occasions, without
judgment or discretion. That courage which arises from the sense
of our duty, and from the fear of offending Him that made
us, acts always in an uniform manner, and according to the
dictates of right reason. Addison's Guardian.
Nothing but the want of common courage was the cause of
their misfortunes. Swift.

COURA’GEOUS. adj. [from courage.] Brave; daring; bold;
enterprising; adventurous; hardy; stout.
His is very courageous mad, about his throwing into the
water. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
And he that is courageous among the mighty, shall flee away
naked in that day. Amos, ii. 16.
Let us imitate the courageous example of St. Paul, who
chose then to magnify his office when ill men conspired to
lessen it. Atterbury's Sermons.

COURA’GEOUSLY. adv. [from courageous.] Bravely; stoutly;
boldly.
The king the next day presented him battle upon the plain,
the fields there being open and champaign: the earl courage­
ously came down, and joined battle with him. Bacon's H. VII.

COURA’GEOUSNESS. n. s. [from courageous.] Bravery; bold­
ness; spirit; courage.
Nicanor hearing of the manliness and the courageousness
that they had to fight for their country, durst not try the
matter by the sword. 2 Mac. xiv. 18.

COURA’NT. n. s. [courante, French.] See CORANT.

COU’RANTO. n. s. [courante, French.] See CORANT.
1. A nimble dance.
I'll like a maid the better, while I have a tooth in my
head: why, he is able to lead her a couranto. Shakespeare.
2. Any thing that spreads quick, as a paper of news.

To COURB. v. n. [courber, French.] To bend; to bow; to
stoop in supplication.
In the fatness of these pursy times,
Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
Yea, courb and woo, for leave to do it good. Shak. Hamlet.

CO’URIER. n. s. [courier, French.] A messenger sent in haste;
an express; a runner.
I met a courier, one mine ancient friend. Shakesp. Timon.
This thing the wary bassa well perceiving, for more assu­
rance, by speedy couriers advertised Solyman of the taking of
Tauris, and of the enemy's purpose, requesting him with all
speed to repair with his army to Tauris. Knolles's History.

COURSE. n. s. [course, Fr. cursus, Latin.]
1. Race; career.
And some she arms with sinewy force,
And some with swiftness in the course. Cowley.
2. Passage from place to place; progress. To this may be re­
ferred the course of a river.
And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came
to Ptolemais. Acts xxi. 7.
A light, by which the Argive squadron steers
Their silent course to Ilium's well known shore. Denham.
3. Tilt; act of running in the lists.
But this hot knight was cooled with a fall, which, at the
third course, he received of Phalantus. Sidney.
4. Ground on which a race is run.
5. Track or line in which a ship sails, or any motion is per­
formed.
6. Sail; means by which the course is performed.
To the courses we have devised studding-sails, sprit-sails,
and top-sails, Raleigh's Essays.
7. Progress from one gradation to another.
If she live long,
And in the end meet the old course of death,
Women will all turn monsters. Shakespeare's King Lear.
When the state of the controversy is plainly determined, it
must not be altered by another disputant in the course of the
diiputation. Watts.
8. Order of succession; as, every one in his course.
If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two,
or at the most by three, and that by course; and let one in­
terpret. 1 Cor. xiv. 27.
9. Stated and orderly method.
The duke cannot deny the course of law. Shakespeare.
If God, by his revealed declaration, first gave rule to any
man, he, that will claim by that title, must have the same
positive grant of God for his succession; for, if it has not
directed the course of its descent and conveyance, no body can
succeed to this title of the first Ruler. Locke.
10. Series of successive and methodical procedure.
The glands did resolve during her course of physick, and
she continueth very well to this day. Wiseman's Surgery.
11.  The elements of an art exhibited and explained, in a me­
thodical series. Hence our courses of philosophy, anatomy,
chemistry, and mathematicks. Chambers.
12. Conduct; manner of proceeding.
Grittus perceiving the danger he was in, began to doubt
with himself what course were best for him to take. Knolles.
That worthy deputy finding nothing but a common misery,
took the best course he possibly could to establish a common­
wealth in Ireland. Davies on Ireland.
He placed commissioners there, who governed it only in a
course of discretion, part martial, part civil. Davies on Ireland.
Give willingly what I can take by force;
And know, obedience is your safest course. Dryd. Aurengz.
But if a right course be taken with children, there will not
be so much need of common rewards and punishments. Locke.
'Tis time we should decree
What course to take. Addison's Cato.
The senate observing how, in all contentions, they were
forced to yield to the tribunes and people, thought it their
wisest course to give way also to time. Swift.
13. Method of life; train of actions.
A woman of so working a mind, and so vehement spirits,
as it was happy she took a good course; for otherwise it would
have been terrible. Sidney.
His addiction was to courses vain;
His companies unletter'd, rude and shallow;
His hours fill'd up with riots, banquets, sports. Shak. H. V.
Men will say,
That beauteous Emma vagrant courses took,
Her father's house and civil life forsook. Prior.
14. Natural bent; uncontrolled will.
It is best to leave nature to her course, who is the sovereign
physician in most diseases. Temple.
So every servant took his course,
And, bad at first, they all grew worse. Prior.
15. Catamenia.
The like happens upon the stoppage of women's courses,
which, if not suddenly looked to, sets them undoubtedly into
a consumption, dropsy, or some other dangerous disease.
Harvey on Consumptions.
16. Orderly structure.
The tongue defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire
the course of nature. James, iii. 6.
17. [In architecture.] A continued range of stones, level or of
the same height, throughout the whole length of the building,
and not interrupted by any aperture. Harris.
18. Series of consequences.
Sense is of course annex'd to wealth and power;
No muse is proof against a golden show'r. Garth.
With a mind unprepossessed by doctors and commentators
of any sect, whose reasonings, interpretation and language,
which I have been used to, will of course make all chime that
way; and make another, and perhaps the genuine meaning of
the author, seem harsh, strained, and uncouth to me. Locke.
19. Number of dishes set on at once upon the table.
Worthy sir, thou bleed'st:
Thy exercise hath been too violent
For a second course of fight. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Then with a second course the tables load,
And with full chargers offer to the god. Dryden's Æn.
You are not to wash your hands 'till after you have sent up
your second course. Swift's Directions to the Cook.
So quick retires each flying course, you'd swear
Sancho's dread doctor and his wand was there. Pope.
20. Regularity; settled rule.
Neither shall I be so far wanting to myself, as not to desire
a patent, granted of course to all useful projectors. Swift.
21.  Empty form.
Men talk as if they believed in God, but they live as if
they thought there was none; their vows and promises are no
more than words of course. L'Estrange, Fab. 47.

To COURSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To hunt; to pursue.
The big round tears
Cours'd one another down his innocent nose
In piteous chase. Shakespeare's As you like it.
The king is hunting the deer; I am coursing myself.
Shakespeare's Love's Labour lost.
Where's the thane of Cawdor?
We cours'd him at the heels, and had a purpose
To be his purveyor. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. To pursue with dogs that hunt in view.
It would be tried also in flying of hawks, or in coursing of
a deer, or hart, with greyhounds. Bacon's Natural History.
I am continually starting hares for you to course: we were


certainly cut out for one another; for my temper quits an
amour just where thine takes it up. Congreve's Old Batchelor.
3. To put to speed; to force to run.
When they have an appetite
To venery, let them not drink nor eat,
And course them oft, and tire them in the heat. May's Virg.

To COURSE. v. n. To run; to rove about.
Swift as quicksilver it courses through
The nat'ral gates and allies of the body. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The blood, before cold and settled, left the liver white and
pale, which is the badge of pusillanimity and cowardice; but
the sherris warms it, and makes it course from the inwards to
the parts extreme. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
She did so course o'er my exteriours, with such a greedy in­
tention, that the appetite of her eye did seem to scorch me up
like a burning glass. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Ten brace and more of greyhounds, snowy fair,
And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around his chair. Dry.
All, at once
Relapsing quick, as quickly re-ascend
And mix, and thwart, extinguish, and renew,
All ether coursing in a maze of light. Thomson's Autumn.

CO’URSER. n. s. [from course; coursier, French.]
1. A swift horse; a war horse: a word not used in prose.
So, proudly pricketh on his courser strong,
And Atin ay him pricks with spurs of shame and wrong.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5. stanz. 38.
Then to his absent guest the king decreed
A pair of coursers, born of heav'nly breed;
Who from their nostrils breath'd etherial fire,
Whom Circe stole from her celestial fire. Dryden's Æn.
Th' impatient courser pants in every vein,
And, pawing, seems to beat the distant plain;
Hills, vales, and floods appear already cross'd,
And, e're he starts, a thousand steps are lost. Pope.
2. One who pursues the sport of coursing hares.
A leash is a leathern thong, by which a falconer holds his
hawk, or a courser leads his greyhound. Hanmer.

COURT. n. s. [cour, Fr. koert, Dut. curtis, low Latin.]
1. The place where the prince resides; the palace.
Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires,
Men so disorderly, so debauch'd and bold,
That this our court, infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn; Epicurism and lust,
Make it more like a tavern, or a brothel,
Than a grac'd palace. Shakespeare's King Lear.
It shall be an habitation of dragons, and a court for owls.
Isaiah, xxvi. 13.
His care and exactness, that every man should have his
due, was such, that you would think he had never seen a court:
the politeness and civility with which this justice was admi­
nistred, would convince you he never had lived out of one.
Prior's Dedication.
A suppliant to your royal court I come. Pope's Odyssey.
2. The hall or chamber where justice is administred.
Are you acquainted with the difference
That holds this present question in the court? Shakespeare.
St. Paul being brought unto the highest court in Athens, to
give an account of the doctrine he had preached, concerning
Jesus and the resurrection, took occasion to imprint on those
magistrates a future state. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Open space before a house.
You must have, before you come to the front, three courts:
a green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court of
the same, but more garnished, with little turrets, or other
embellishments upon the wall; and a third court, to square
with the front, not to be built but inclosed with a naked
wall. Bacon, Essay 46.
Suppose it were the king's bedchamber, yet the meanest
man in the tragedy must come and dispatch his business, rather
than in the lobby or court yard (which is fitter for him), for
fear the stage should be cleared, and the scenes broken. Dryd.
4. A small opening inclosed with houses and paved with broad
stones.
5. Persons who compose the retinue of a prince.
Their wisdom was so highly esteemed, that some of them
were always employed to follow the courts of their kings, to
advise them. Temple.
6. Persons who are assembled for the administration of justice.
7. Any jurisdiction, military, civil, or ecclesiastical.
If any noise or soldier you perceive
Near to the wall, by some apparent sign
Let us have knowledge at the court of guard. Shak. H. VI.
The archbishop
Of Canterbury, accompanied with other
Learned and reverend fathers of his order,
Held a late court at Dunstable. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
I have at last met with the proceedings of the court baron,
held in that behalf. Spectator, No. 623.
8. The art of pleasing; the art of insinuation.
Hast thou been never base? Did love ne'er bend
Thy frailer virtue, to betray thy friend?
Flatter me, make thy court, and say it did;
Kings in a crowd would have their vices hid. Dryd. Aureng.
Some sort of people, placing a great part of their happiness
in strong drink, are always forward to make court to my
young master, by offering that which they love best them­
selves. Locke, sect. 18.
I have been considering why poets have such ill success in
making their court, since they are allowed to be the greatest
and best of all flatterers: the defect is, that they flatter only
in print or in writing. Swift to Gay.
9. It is often used in composition in most of its senses.

To COURT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To woo; to solicit a woman to marriage.
Follow a shadow, it flies you;
Seem to fly it, it will pursue:
So court a mistress, she denies you;
Let her alone, she will court you. Ben. Johnson's Forest.
Fir'd with her love, and with ambition led,
The neighb'ring princes court her nuptial bed. Dryden's Æn.
Alas! Sempronius, wouldst thou talk of love
To Marcia, whilst her father's life's in danger?
Thou might'st as well court the pale trembling vestal,
While she beholds the holy flame expiring. Addison's Cato.
Ev'n now, when silent scorn is all they gain,
A thousand court you, though they court in vain. Pope.
2. To solicit; to seek.
Their own ease and satisfaction would quickly teach chil­
dren to court commendation, and avoid doing what they found
condemned. Locke on Education, sect. 59.
3. To flatter; to endeavour to please.

COURT-CHAPLAIN. n. s. [court and chaplain.] One who at­
tends the king to celebrate the holy office.
The maids of honour have been fully convinced by a famous
court-chaplain. Swift.

COURT-DAY. n. s. [court and day.] Day on which justice is
solemnly administred.
The judge took time to deliberate, and the next court-day
he spoke. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

COURT-DRESSER. n. s. [court and dresser.] One that dresses
the court, or persons of rank; a flatterer.
There are many ways of fallacy; such arts of giving co­
lours, appearances and resemblances, by this court-dresser,
fancy. Locke.

COURT-FAVOUR. n. s. Favours or benefits bestowed by princes.
We part with the blessings of both worlds for pleasures,
court-favours, and commissions; and at last, when we have
sold ourselves to our lusts, we grow sick of our bargain. L'Est.

COURT-HAND. n. s. [court and hand.] The hand or manner
of writing used in records and judicial proceedings.
He can make obligations, and write court-hand. Sh. H. VI.

COURT-LADY. n. s. [court and lady.] A lady conversant or
employed in court.
The same study, long continued, is as intolerable to them,
as the appearing long in the same clothes or fashion is to a
court-lady. Locke.

CO’URTEOUS. adj. [courtois, French.] Elegant of manners;
polite; well-bred; full of acts of respect.
He hath deserved worthily of his country;
And this ascent is not by such easy degrees,
As those who have been supple and courteous to the people.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
They are one while courteous, civil, and obliging;
but, within a small time after, are supercilious, sharp, trou­
blesome, fierce, and exceptions. South's Sermons.

CO’URTEOUSLY. adv. [from courteous.] Respectfully; civilly;
complaisantly.
He thought them to be gentlemen of much more worth
than their habits bewrayed, yet he let them courteously
pass. Wotton.
Whilst Christ was upon earth, he was not only easy of access,
he did not only courteously receive all that addressed themselves
to him, but also did not disdain himself to travel up and down
the country. Calamy's Sermons.
He arrived at the coast of Alcinous, who, being prevailed
upon by the glory of his name, entertained him courteously.
Broom's Notes on the Odyssey.

CO’URTEOUSNESS. n. s. [from courteous.] Civility; com­
plaisance.

CO’URTESAN. n. s. [cortisana, low Latin.] A woman of the
town; a prostitute; a strumpet.

CO’URTEZAN. n. s. [cortisana, low Latin.] A woman of the
town; a prostitute; a strumpet.
'Tis a brave night to cool a courtezan. Shakes. King Lear.
With them there are no stews, no dissolute houses, no
courtesans, nor any thing of that kind; nay, they wonder,
with detestation, at you in Europe, which permit such
things. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The Corinthian is a column, lasciviously decked like a
courtesan. Wotton.
Charixus, the brother of Sappho, in love with Rhodope the
courtezan, spent his whole estate upon her. Addison's Spectator.

CO’URTESY. n. s. [courtoisie, Fr. cortesia, Italian.]
1. Elegance of manners; civility; complaisance.
Sir, you are very welcome to our house:


It must appear in other ways than words,
Therefore I scant this breathing courtesy. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
Who have seen his estate, his hospitality, his courtesy to
strangers. Peacham.
He, who was compounded of all the elements of affability
and courtesy towards all kind of people, brought himself
to a habit of neglect, and even of rudeness, towards the
queen. Clarendon.
So gentle of condition was he known,
That through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryd. Fab.
2. An act of civility or respect.
Fair sir, you spit on me last Wednesday;
You spurn'd me such a day; another time
You call'd me dog; and for these courtesies,
I'll lend you thus much money. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
Repose you there, while I to the hard house
Return, and force their scanted courtesy. Shakesp. K. Lear.
When I was last at Exeter,
The mayor in courtesy shew'd me the castle. Shakes. R. III.
Sound all the lofty instruments of war,
And by that musick let us all embrace;
For heav'n to earth some of us never shall
A second time do such a courtesy. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Other states, assuredly, cannot be justly accused for not
staying for the first blow; or for not accepting Polyphemus's
courtesy, to be the last that shall be eaten up. Bacon.
3. The reverence made by women.
Some country girl, scarce to a court'sy bred,
Would I much rather than Cornelia wed;
If, supercilious, haughty, proud and vain,
She brought her father's triumphs in her train. Dryd. Juven.
The poor creature was as full of courtesies as if I had been
her godmother: the truth on't is, I endeavoured to make her
look something Christian-like. Congreve's, Old Batchelor.
4. A tenure, not of right, but by the favour of others; as, to
hold upon courtesy.
5. COURTESY of England. A tenure by which, if a man marry
an inheritance, that is, a woman seised of land, and getteth
a child of her that comes alive into the world, though both
the child and his wife die forthwith; yet, if she were in pos­
session, shall he keep the land during his life, and is called
tenant per legem Angliæ, or by the courtesy of England. Cowel.

To CO’URTESY. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To perform an act of reverence.
Toby approaches, and court'sies there to me. Shakespeare.
The petty traffickers,
That court'sy to them, do them reverence. Shakespeare.
2. To make a reverence in the manner of ladies.
If I should meet her in my way,
We hardly court'sy to each other. Prior.

CO’URTIER. n. s. [from court.]
1. One that frequents or attends the courts of princes.
He hath been a courtier, he swears.———
If any man doubts that, let him put me to my purgation. I
have trod a measure; I have flattered a lady; I have been
politick with my friend, smooth with mine enemy; I have
undone three taylors; I have had four quarrels, and like to
have fought one. Shakespeare's As you like it.
You are a flattering boy; now, I see you'll be a courtier.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
You know I am no courtier, nor versed in state-affairs. Bac.
The principal figure in a picture, is like a king among his
courtiers, who ought to dim the lustre of all his attendants.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. One that courts or solicits the favour of another.
What
Made thee, all honour'd honest Roman Brutus,
With the arm'd rest, courtiers of beauteous freedom,
To drench the capitol? Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.
There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of
the people than Richard the IIId. not out of fear, but
wisdom. Suckling.

CO’URTINE. See CURTAIN.

CO’URTLIKE. adj. [court and like.] Elegant; polite.
Our English tongue is, I will not say as sacred as the He­
brew, or as learned as the Greek, but as fluent as the Latin,
as courteous as the Spanish, as courtlike as the French, and as
amorous as the Italian. Camden's Remains.

CO’URTLINESS. n. s. [from courtly.] Elegance of manners;
grace of mien; complaisance; civility.

CO’URTLY. adj. [from court.] Relating or retaining to the
court; elegant; soft; flattering.
In our own time, (excuse some courtly strains)
No whiter page than Addison's remains. Pope's Ep. of Hor.

CO’URTLY. adv. In the manner of courts; elegantly.
They can produce nothing so courtly writ, or which ex­
presses so much the conversation of a gentleman, as sir John
Suckling. Dryden on Dramatick Poetry.

CO’URTSHIP. n. s. [from court.]
1. The act of soliciting favour.
He paid his courtship with the croud,
As far as modest pride allow'd. Swift.
2. The solicitation of a woman to marriage.
Be merry, and employ your chiefest thoughts
To courtship, and such fair oftens of love,
As shall conveniently become you there. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
In tedious courtship we declare our pain,
And e're we kindness find, first meet disdain. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Every man in the time of courtship, and in the first entrance
of marriage, puts on a behaviour like my correspondent's holi­
day suit. Addison's Guardian, No. 113.
3. Civility; elegance of manners.
My courtship to an university,
My modesty I give to soldiers bare;
My patience to a gamester's share. Donne.

CO’USIN. n. s. [cousin, Fr. consanguineus, Lat.] Any one col­
laterally related more remotely than a brother or sister.
Macbeth unseam'd him from the nape to th' chops,
And fix'd his head upon our battlements.
—Oh, valiant cousin! worthy gentleman. Shakes. Macbeth.
Tybalt, my cousin! O, my brother's child!
Unhappy sight! alas, the blood is spill'd
Of my dear kinsman. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Thou art, great lord, my father's sister's son,
And cousin german to great Priam's seed. Sh. Troil. and Cress.
2. A title given by the king to a nobleman, particularly to those
of the council.

COW

COW. n. s. [in the plural, anciently kine, or keen, now com­
monly cows; cu, Sax. koe, Dutch.] The female of the bull;
the horned animal with cloven feet, kept for her milk and
calves.
We see that the horns of oxen and cows, for the most part,
are larger than the bulls; which is caused by abundance of
moisture, which in the horns of the bull faileth. Bacon.
After the fever is diminished, asses and goats milk may be
necessary; yea, a diet of cows milk alone. Wiseman's Surgery.
Then, leaving in the fields his grazing cows,
He sought himself some hospitable house:
Good Creton entertain'd his godlike guest. Dryden's Fables.

To COW. v. a. [from coward, by contraction.] To depress
with fear; to oppress with habitual timidity.
Macduff was from his mother's womb
Untimely ripp'd.——
——Accursed be that tongue that tells me so;
For it hath cow'd my better part of man. Shakesp. Macbeth.
By reason of their frequent revolts they have drawn upon
themselves the pressures of war so often, that it seems to have
somewhat cowed their spirits. Howel's Vocal Forest.
For when men by their wives are cow'd,
Their horns of course are understood. Hudibras, p. ii. c. 2.

COW-HERD. n. s. [cow and hysd, Sax. a keeper.] One whose
occupation is to tend cows.

COW-HOUSE. n. s. [cow and house.] The house in which kine
are kept.
You must house your milch-cows, that you give hay to in
your cow-house all night. Mortimer.

COW-LEECH. n. s. [cow and leech.] One who professes to
cure distempered cows.

To COW-LEECH. v. n. To profess to cure cows.
Though there are many pretenders to the art of farriering
and cow-leeching, yet many of them are very ignorant, espe­
cially in the country. Mortimer's Husbandry.

COW-WEED. n. s. [cow and weed.] A species of chervil; which
see.

COW-WHEAT. n. s. [from cow and wheat.]
The leaves of this plant grow opposite by pairs: the flower
consists of one leaf; is of an anomalous figure, and di­
vided into two lips, the uppermost of which has a spur, but
the under one is intire: the fruit is round, and divided into
two cells, containing seeds resembling grains of wheat. This
plant is very common in woods, and shady places. Miller.

CO’WARD. n. s. [couard, Fr. of uncertain derivation.]
1. A poltron; a wretch whose predominant passion is fear.
Pyrocles did such wonders, beyond belief, as was able to
lead Musidorus to courage, though he had been born a
coward. Sidney, b. ii.
There was a soldier that vaunted, before Julius Cæsar, of
the hurts he had received in his face. Cæsar knowing him to
be but a coward, told him, You were best take heed, next
time you run away, how you look back. Bacon, Apophth. 188.
Some are brave one day, and cowards another, as great cap­
tains have often told me, from their own experience and ob­
servation. Temple.
A coward does not always escape with disgrace, but some­
times also he loses his life. South.
What can ennoble sots, and slaves, and cowards?
Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards. Pope.
Tremble ye not, Oh friends! and cowards fly,
Doom'd by the stern Telemachus to die! Pope's Odyssey.
2. It is sometimes used in the manner of an adjective.
Having more man than wit about me, I drew;
And rais'd the house with loud and coward cries. Shakespeare.
Invading fears repel my coward joy,
And ills foreseen the present bliss destroy. Prior.



CO’WARDICE. n. s. [from coward.] Fear; habitual timidity;
pusillanimity; want of courage.
Certes, sir knight, ye been too much to blame,
Thus for to blot the honour of the dead;
And with foul cowardice his carcase shame,
Whose living hands immortaliz'd his name. Fairy Queen.
Gallant and fearless courage will turn into a native and
heroick valour, and make them hate the cowardice of doing
wrong. Milton on Education.
None was disgrac'd; for falling is no shame,
And cowardice alone is loss of fame;
The vent'rous knight is from the saddle thrown,
But 'tis the fault of fortune, not his own. Dryden's Fables.
This great, this holy, this terrible Being, is present to all
our affections; sees every treacherous inclination of our heart
to desert his service; and treasures up, against the day of his
wrath, the secret cowardice which deters us from asserting his
cause, which prevails on us to compliment the vices of the
great, to applaud the libertine, and laugh with the prophane.
Rogers, Sermon 4.

CO’WARDLINESS. n. s. [from cowardly.] Timidity; cowardice.

CO’WARDLY. adj. [from coward.]
1. Fearful; timorous; pusillanimous.
An Egyptian soothsayer made Antonius believe that his
genius, otherwise brave and confident, was in the presence of
Octavius poor and cowardly. Bacon's Natural History, No. 940.
Let all such as can enlarge their consciences like hell, and
style a cowardly silence in Christ's cause discretion, know, that
Christ will one day scorn them. South's Sermons.
2. Mean; befitting a coward.
I do find it cowardly, and vile,
For fear of what might fall, so to prevent
The time of life. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.

CO’WARDLY. adv. In the manner of a coward; meanly;
vilely.
He sharply reproved them as men of no courage, who had
most cowardly turned their backs upon their enemies. Knolles.

CO’WARDSHIP. n. s. [from coward.] The character or quali­
ties of a coward; meanness: a word not now in use.
A very dishonest paltry boy, and more a coward than a
hare: his dishonesty appears in leaving his friend here in ne­
cessity, and denying him; and for his cowardship, ask Fabian.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

To CO’WER. v. n. [cwrrian, Welsh; courber, Fr. or perhaps
borrowed from the manner in which a cow sinks on her knees.]
To sink by bending the knees; to stoop; to shrink.
Let the pail be put over the man's head above water, and
then he cower down, and the pail be pressed down with him.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 155.
The splitting rocks cower'd in the sinking sands,
And would not dash me with their ragged sides. Shakespeare.
As thus he spake, each bird and beast beheld,
Approaching two and two; these cow'ring low
With blandishment, each bird stoop'd on his wing. Milton.
Our dame sits cow'ring o'er a kitchen fire;
I draw fresh air, and nature's works admire. Dryden's Fables.

CO’WISH. adj. [from To cow, to awe.] Timorous; fearful;
mean; pusillanimous; cowardly.
It is the cowish terrour of his spirit,
That dares not undertake: he'll not feel wrongs
Which tie him to an answer. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CO’WKEEPER. n. s. [cow and keeper.] One whose business is
to keep cows.
The terms cowkeeper and hogherd, are not to be used in
our poetry; but there are no finer words in the Greek lan­
guage. Broom's Notes on the Odyssey.

COWL. n. s. [cugle, Saxon; cucullus, Latin.]
1. A monk's hood.
You may imagine that Francis Cornfield did scratch his
elbow, when he had sweetly invented, to signify his name,
saint Francis with his friery cowl in a cornfield. Camden's Rem.
What differ more, you cry, than crown and cowl?
I'll tell you, friend, a wise man and a fool. Pope's Essays.
2. A vessel in which water is carried on a pole between two.

COWL-STAFF. n. s. [cowl and staff.] The staff on which a
vessel is supported between two men.
Mounting him upon a cowl-staff,
Which (tossing him something high)
He apprehended to be Pegasus. Suckling.
The way by a cowl-staff is safer: the staff must have a
bunch in the middle, somewhat wedge-like, and covered with
a soft bolster. Wiseman.

CO’WSLIP. n. s. [cuslippe, Sax. as some think, from their re­
semblance of scent to the breath of a cow; perhaps from
growing much in pasture-grounds, and often meeting the
cow's lip.]
Cowslip is also called pagil, grows wild in the meadows,
and is a species of PRIMROSE, which see. Miller.
He might as well say, that a cowslip is as white as a
lily. Sidney.
Where the bee sucks, there suck I;
In a cowslip's bell I lie. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Thy little sons
Permit to range the pastures: gladly they
Will mow the cowslip posies, faintly sweet. Philips.

COWS-LUNGWORT. n. s. See MULLEN, of which it is a
species. Miller.

CO’XCOMB. n. s. [cock and comb, corrupted from cock's comb.]
1. The top of the head.
As the cockney did to the eels, when she put them i' the
pasty alive; she rapt them o' th' coxcombs with a stick, and
cried down, wantons, down. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. The comb resembling that of a cock, which licensed fools
wore formerly in their caps.
There take my coxcomb: why, this fellow has banished two
of his daughters, and did the third a blessing against his will:
if thou follow him, thou must needs wear my coxcomb. Shakes.
3. A fop; a superficial pretender to knowledge or accomplish­
ments.
I sent to her,
By this same coxcomb that we have i' th' wind,
Tokens and letters, which she did resend. Shakespeare.
I scorn, quoth she, thou coxcomb silly,
Quarter or council from a foe. Hudibras, p. i. cant. iii.
It is a vanity common in the world, for every pretending
coxcomb to make himself one of the party still with his betters.
L'Estrange, Fable 135.
They overflowed with smart repartees, and were only dis­
tinguished from the intended wits by being called coxcombs,
though they deserved not so scandalous a name. Dryd. Dufres.
Some are bewilder'd in the maze of schools,
And some made coxcombs, nature meant but fools. Pope.

COXCO’MICAL. adj. [from coxcomb.] Foppish; conceited: a
low word unworthy of use.
Because, as he was a very natural writer, and they were
without prejudice, without prepossession, without affectation,
and without the influence of coxcomical, senseless cabal, they
were at liberty to receive the impressions which things natural­
ly made on their minds. Dennis.

COY. adj. [coi, French, from quietus, Latin.]
1. Modest; decent.
Jason is as coy as is a maide;
He loked piteously, but naught he said. Chaucer.
2. Reserved; not accessible; not easily condescending to fami­
liarity.
And vain delight she saw he light did pass,
A foe of folly and immodest toy;
Still solemn sad, or still disdainful coy. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Like Phœbus sung the no less am'rous boy;
Like Daphne she, as lovely and as coy. Waller.
At this season every smile of the sun, like the smile of a coy
lady, is as dear as it is uncommon. Pope.

To COY. v. n. [from the adjective.]
1. To behave with reserve; to reject familiarity.
What, coying it again!
No more; but make me happy to my gust,
That is, without your struggling. Dryden's King Arthur.
Retire! I beg you, leave me.——
——Thus to coy it!
With one who knows you too! Rowe's Jane Shore.
2. To make difficulty; not to condescend willingly.
If he coy'd
To hear Cominius speak, I'll keep at home. Shak. Coriolan.

CO’YLY. adv. [from coy.] With reserve; with disinclination to
familiarity.
This said; his hand he coyly snatcht away
From forth Antinous' hand. Chapman's Odyssey, b. ii.

CO’YNESS. n. s. [from coy.] Reserve; unwillingness to become
familiar.
When the sun hath warmed the earth and water, three or
four male carps will follow a female; and she putting on a
seeming coyness, they force her through weeds and flags. Walton.
When the kind nymph would coyness feign,
And hides but to be found again. Dryden.

CO’YSTREL. n. s. A species of degenerate hawk.
One they might trust, their common wrongs to wreak:
The musquet and the coystrel were too weak,
Too fierce the falcon. Dryden's Hind and Panther.

COZ

COZ. n. s. A cant or familiar word, contracted from cousin.
Be merry, coz; since sudden sorrow
Serves to say thus, some good thing comes to-morrow. Shak.

To CO’ZEN. v. a. [To cose is in the old Scotch dialect, as Junius
observes, to chop or change; whence cozen, to cheat, because
in such traffick there is commonly fraud.] To cheat; to
trick; to defraud.
Let the queen pay never so fully, let the muster-master
view them never so diligently, let the deputy or general look
to them never so exactly, yet they can cozen them all. Spenser.
Goring loved no man so well but that he would cozen him,
and then expose him to publick mirth for having been cozen'd.
Clarendon, b. viii.
He that suffers a government to be abused by carelessness or
neglect, does the same thing with him that maliciously and
corruptly sets himself to cozen it. L'Estrange, Fab. 21.  Reflect.


You are not obliged to a literal belief of what the poet
says; but you are pleased with the image, without being
cozened by the fiction. Dryden.
What if I please to lengthen out his date
A day, and take a pride to cozen fate. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Children may be cozened into a knowledge of the letters,
and be taught to read, without perceiving it to be any thing
but a sport. Locke on Education.

CO’ZENAGE. n. s. [from cozen.] Fraud; deceit; artifice; fal­
lacy; trick; cheat.
Wisdom without honesty is meer craft and cozenage, and
therefore the reputation of honesty must first be gotten, which
cannot be but by living well: a good life is a main argument.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
There's no such thing as that we beauty call,
It is meer cozenage all;
For though some long ago
Lik'd certain colours mingl'd so and so,
That doth not tie me now from chusing new. Suckling.
Imaginary appearances offer themselves to our impatient
minds, which entertain these counterfeits without the least
suspicion of their cozenage. Glanv. Sceps. c. 14.
Strange coz'nage! none would live past years again,
Yet all hope pleasure in what yet remain;
And from the dregs of life, think to receive
What the first sprightly running could not give. Dryd. Aur.
But all these are trifles, if we consider the fraud and cozenage
of trading men and shopkeepers. Swift.

CO’ZENER. n. s. [from cozen.] A cheater; a defrauder.
Indeed, sir, there are cozeners abroad, and therefore it be­
hoves men to be wary. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

CRA

CRAB. n. s. [crabba, Sax. krabbe, Dutch.]
1. A crustaceous fish.
Those that cast their shell are, the lobster, the crab, the
crawfish, the hodmandod or dodman, and the tortoise. The
old shells are never found; so as it is like they scale off and
crumble away by degrees. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The fox catches crab fish with his tail, which Olaus Mag­
nus saith he himself was an eye-witness of. Derham.
2. A wild apple; the tree that bears a wild apple.
Noble stock
Was graft with crab-tree slip, whose fruit thou art. Shakesp.
Fetch me a dozen crab-tree staves, and strong ones: these
are but switches. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nightly sings the staring owl. Shakespeare.
Imagine you see him laid forth, newly slain, upon a bier of
crab-tree and oaken rods. Peacham on Drawing.
Let him tell why a graft, taking nourishment from a crab
stock, shall have a fruit more noble than its nurse and parent.
Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
3. A peevish morose person.
4. A wooden engine with three claws for launching of ships, or
heaving them into the dock. Philips.
5. The sign in the zodiack.
Then parts the Twins and Crab, the Dog divides,
And Argo's keel, that broke the frothy tides. Creech's Manil.

CRAB. adj. It is used by way of contempt for any sour or de­
generate fruit; as, a crab cherry, a crab plum.
Better gleanings their worn soil can boast,
Than the crab vintage of the neighb'ring coast. Dryden.

CRA’BBED. adj. [from crab.]
1. Peevish; morose; cynical; sour.
A man of years, yet fresh, as mote appear,
Of swarth complexion, and of crabbed hue,
That him full of melancholy did shew. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
O, she is
Ten times more gentle, than her father's crabbed;
And he's compos'd of harshness. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. Harsh; unpleasing.
That was when
Three crabbed months had sour'd themselves to death,
'Ere I could make thee open thy white hand,
And clepe thyself my love. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
How charming is divine philosophy!
Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose,
But musical as is Apollo's lute,
And a perpetual feast of nectar'd sweets,
Where no crude surfeit reigns. Milton.
Lucretius had chosen a subject naturally crabbed. Dryden.
3. Difficult; perplexing.
Beside, he was a shrewd philosopher,
And had read ev'ry text and gloss over;
Whate'er the crabbed'st author hath,
He understood b' implicit faith. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1. 
Your crabbed rogues that read Lucretius,
Are against gods, you know, and teach us,
The god makes not the poet. Prior.

CRA’BBEDLY. adv. [from crabbed.] Peevishly.

CRA’BBEDNESS. n. s. [from crabbed.]
1. Sourness of taste.
2. Sourness of countenance; asperity of manners.
3. Difficulty.

CRA’BER. n. s.
The poor fish have enemies enough, beside such unnatural
fishermen; as otters, the cormorant, and the craber, which
some call the water-rat. Walton's Angler.

CRABS-EYES. n. s. They are whitish bodies, from the big­
ness of a pea to that of the largest horse-bean, rounded on
one side and depressed on the other, heavy, moderately hard,
and without smell. They are not the eyes of any creature,
nor do they belong to the crab; but are produced by the com­
mon crawfish: the large sea crawfish also affords them; and
the stones are bred in two separate bags, one on each side of
the stomach. In July, and part of June and August, when
the creature casts its shell, the stones are not found in their
places. We have them from Holland, Muscovy, Poland,
Denmark, Sweden, and many other places. They are alka­
line, absorbent, and in some degree diuretick. Hill's Mat. Med.
Several persons had, in vain, endeavoured to store them­
selves with crabs-eyes. Boyle's Experiments.

CRACK. n. s. [kraeck, Dutch.]
1. A sudden disruption, by which the parts are separated but a
little way from each other.
2. The chink, fissure, or vacuity made by disruption; a narrow
breach.
Contusions, when great, do usually produce a fissure or
crack of the skull, either in the same part where the blow was
inflicted, or in the contrary part. Wiseman.
At length it would crack in many places; and those cracks,
as they dilated, would appear of a pretty good, but yet obscure
and dark sky-colour. Newton's Opt.
3. The sound of any body bursting or falling.
If I say sooth, I must report, they were
As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks. Shakes. Macbeth.
Now day appears, and with the day the king,
Whose early care had robb'd him of his rest:
Far off the cracks of falling houses ring,
And shrieks of subjects pierce his tender breast. Dryden.
4. Any sudden and quick sound.
A fourth?—start eye!
What will the line stretch out to th' crack of doom? Shakes.
Vulcan was employed in hammering out thunderbolts,
that every now and then flew up from the anvil with dreadful
cracks and flashes. Addison's Guardian, No. 103.
5. Any breach, injury, or diminution; a flaw.
And let us, Paladour, though now our voices
Have got the mannish crack, sing him to th' ground. Shakes.
I cannot
Believe this crack to be in my dread mistress,
So sovereignly being honourable. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
6. Craziness of intellect.
7. A man crazed.
I have invented projects for raising millions, without bur­
thening the subject; but cannot get the parliament to listen to
me, who look upon me as a crack and a projector. Addis. Spect.
8. A whore; in low language.
9. A boast.
Leasings, backbitings, and vain-glorious cracks,
All those against that fort did bend their batteries. Spenser.
10. A boaster. This is only in low phrase.

To CRACK. v. a. [kraecken, Dutch.]
1. To break into chinks; to divide the parts a little from each
other.
Look to your pipes, and cover them with fresh and warm
litter out of the stable, a good thickness, lest the frosts crack
them. Mortimer.
2. To break; to split.
O, madam, my heart is crack'd, it's crack'd. Shakespeare.
Thou wilt quarrel with a man for cracking nuts, having no
other reason but because thou hast hasel-eyes. Sh. Rom. and Jul.
Should some wild fig-tree take her native bent,
And heave below the gaudy monument,
Would crack the marble titles, and disperse
The characters of all the lying verse. Dryd. Juv. Sat. 10.
Or as a lute, which in moist weather rings
Her knell alone, by cracking of her strings. Donne.
Honour is like that glassy bubble,
That finds philosophers such trouble;
Whose least part crack'd, the whole does fly,
And wits are crack'd to find out why. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.
3. To do any thing with quickness or smartness.
Sir Balaam now, he lives like other folks;
He takes his chirping pint, he cracks his jokes. Pope's Epist.
4. To break or destroy any thing.
You'll crack a quart together! Ha, will you not? Shakesp.
Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide: in cities,
mutinies; in countries, discord; in palaces, treason; and the
bond cracked 'twixt son and father. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. To craze; to weaken the intellect.
I was ever of opinion, that the philosophers stone, and an
holy war, were but the rendezvous of cracked brains, that
wore their feather in their heads. Bacon's Holy War.
He thought none poets 'till their brains were crackt. Rose.



To CRACK. v. n. 
1. To burst; to open in chinks.
By misfortune it cracked in the cooling, whereby we were
reduced to make use of one part, which was straight and
intire. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. To fall to ruin.
The credit not only of banks, but of exchequers, cracks
when little comes in, and much goes out. Dryd. Dedic. Æn.
3. To utter a loud and sudden sound.
I will board her, though she chide as loud
As thunder, when the clouds in autumn crack. Shakespeare.
4. To boast: with of.
To look like her, are chimney-sweepers black.
And since her time are colliers counted bright.
And Ethiops of their sweet complexion crack.
Dark needs no candles now, for dark is light. Shakes.

CRACK-BRAINED. adj. [crack and brained.] Crazy; without
right reason.
We have sent you an answer to the ill-grounded sophisms
of those crack-brained fellows. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

CRACK-HEMP. n. s. [crack and hemp.] A wretch fated to the
gallows; a crack-rope. Furcifer.
Come hither, crack-hemp.
———I hope I may chuse, sir.
—Come hither, you rogue:
What, have you forgot me? Shakes. Taming of the Shrew.

CRACK-ROPE. n. s. [from crack and rope.] A fellow that de­
serves hanging.

CRA’CKER. n. s. [from crack.]
1. A noisy boasting fellow.
What cracker is this same that deafs our ears
With this abundance of superfluous breath. Shak. K. John.
2. A quantity of gunpowder confined so as to burst with great
noise.
The bladder, at its breaking, gave a great report, almost
like a cracker. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
And when, for furious haste to run,
They durst not stay to fire a gun,
Have don't with bonfires, and at home
Made squibs and crackers overcome. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 3.
Then furious he begins his march,
Drives rattling o'er a brazen arch,
With squibs and crackers arm'd, to throw
Among the trembling crowd below. Swift.

To CRA’CKLE. v. n. [from crack.] To make slight cracks;
to make small and frequent noises; to decrepitate.
All these motions, which we saw,
Are but as ice, which crackles at a thaw. Donne.
I fear to try new love,
As boys to venture on the unknown ice
That crackles underneath them. Dryden.
Caught her dishevell'd hair and rich attire;
Her crown and jewels crackled in the fire. Dryden's. Æneid.
Marrow is a specifick in that scurvy which occasions a crack­
ling of the bones; in which case marrow performs its natural
function of moistening them. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CRA’CKNEL. n. s. [from crack.] A hard brittle cake.
Albee my love he seek with daily sute,
His clownish gifts and curtesies I disdain,
His kids, his cracknels, and his early fruit. Spenser's Past.
Pay tributary cracknels, which he sells;
And with our offerings, help to raise his vails. Dryd. Juv.

CRA’DLE. n. s. [cradel, Saxon.]
1. A moveable bed, on which children or sick persons are agitated
with a smooth and equal motion, to make them sleep.
She had indeed, sir, a son for her cradle, e're she had a hus­
band for her bed. Shakespeare's King Lear.
No jutting frieze,
Buttrice, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird,
Hath made his pendant bed and procreant cradle. Shakesp.
His birth, perhaps, some paltry village hides,
And sets his cradle out of fortune's way. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
A child knows his nurse and his cradle, and by degrees the
playthings of a little more advanced age. Locke.
The cradle and the tomb, alas! so nigh:
To live, is scarce distinguish'd from to die. Prior.
Me let the tender office long engage,
To rock the cradle of reposing age;
With lenient arts extend a mother's breath,
Make languor smile, and smooth the bed of death. Pope.
2. It is used for infancy, or the first part of life.
He knew them to be inclined altogether to war, and therefore
wholly trained them up, even from their cradles, in arms and
military exercises. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The new duke's daughter, her cousin, loves her; being
ever, from their cradles, bred together. Shakesp. As you like it.
They should scarcely depart from a form of worship, in
which they had been educated from their cradle. Clarendon.
3. [With surgeons.] A case for a broken bone, to keep off
pressure.
4. [With shipwrights.] A frame of timber raised along the
outside of a ship by the bulge, serving more securely and com­
modiously to help to launch her. Harris.

To CRA’DLE. v. a. [from the substantive.] To lay in a cradle;
to rock in a cradle.
He that hath been cradled in majesty, will not leave the
throne to play with beggars. Glanv. Apol.
The tears steal from our eyes, when in the street
With some betrothed virgin's herse we meet;
Or infant's fun'ral from the cheated womb,
Convey'd to earth, and cradled in a tomb. Dryden.
He shall be cradled in my ancient shield, so famous through
the universities. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

CRADLE-CLOATHS. n. s. [from cradle and cloaths.] Bed-cloaths
belonging to a cradle.
O could it be prov'd,
That some night-tripping fairy had exchang'd,
In cradle-cloaths, our children where they lay,
And call mine Piercy, his Plantagenet;
Then would I have his Harry, and he mine. Shakes. H. IV.

CRAFT. n. s. [cræft, Sax. crefft, in old Welsh.]
1. Manual art; trade.
I hear an objection, even from some well-meaning men,
that these delightful crafts may be divers ways ill applied in a
land. Wotton's Architecture.
2. Fraud; cunning; artifice.
Th' offence is holy, that she hath committed;
And this deceit loses the name of craft,
Of disobedience, or unduteous title. Shakespeare.
This gives us a full view of wonderful art and craft, in
raising such a structure of power and iniquity. Ayliffe's Parerg.
3. Small sailing vessels.

To CRAFT. v. n. [from the noun.] To play tricks; to prac­
tise artifice. Now out of use.
You've made fair hands,
You and your crafts! You've crafted fair. Shakes Coriolanus.

CRA’FTILY. adv. [from crafty.] Cunningly; artfully; with
more art than honesty.
But that which most impaired his credit was the common
report that he did, in all things, favour the Christians; and
had, for that cause, craftily persuaded Solyman to take in
hand the unfortunate Persian war. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
May he not craftily infer
The rules of friendship too severe,
Which chain him to a hated trust;
Which make him wretched to be just? Prior.

CRA’FTINESS. n. s. [from crafty.] Cunning; stratagem.
He taketh the wise in their own craftiness. Job, v. 13.

CRA’FTSMAN. n. s. [craft and man.] An artificer; a manu­
facturer; a mechanick.
That her became, as polish'd ivory,
Which cunning craftsman's hand hath overlaid
With fair vermillion. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. ix. stan. 41. 
What reverence he did throw away on slaves;
Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles. Shak. R. II.
What a resemblance this advice carries to the oration of
Demetrius to his fellow craftsmen! Decay of Piety.

CRA’FTSMASTER. n. s. [craft and master.] A man skilled in
his trade.
He is not his craftsmaster, he doth not do it right. Shakesp.
There is art in pride: a man might as soon learn a trade.
Those who were not brought up to it, seldom prove their
craftsmaster. Collier on Pride.

CRA’FTY. adj. [from craft.] Cunning; artful; full of arti­
fices; fraudulent; sly.
Nay, you may think my love was crafty love,
And call it cunning. Shakespeare's King John.
This oppression did, of force and necessity, make the Irish
a crafty people; for such as are oppressed, and live in slavery,
are ever put to their shifts. Davies on Ireland.
Before he came in sight, the crafty god
His wings dismiss'd, but still retain'd his rod. Dryden.
No body was ever so cunning as to conceal their being so;
and every body is shy and distrustful of crafty men. Locke.

CRAG. n. s. 
1. Crag is, in British, a rough steep rock; and is used in the
same sense in the northern counties at this day. Gibson's Camd.
2. The rugged protuberances of rocks.
And as mount Etna vomits sulphur out,
With clifts of burning crags, and fire and smoke. Fairfax.
Who hath dispos'd, but thou, the winding way,
Where springs down from the steepy crags do beat. Wotton.
A lion spied a goat upon the crag of a high rock. L'Estran.
3. The neck.
They looken bigge, as bulls that been bate,
And bearen the cragg so stiff and so state. Spenser's Past.
4. The small end of a neck of mutton: a low word.

CRA’GGED. adj. [from crag.] Full of inequalities and pro­
minences.
On a huge hill,
Cragged and steep, truth stands. Crashaw.

CRA’GGEDNESS. n. s. [from cragged.] Fulness of crags or pro­
minent rocks.


That craggedness or steepness of that mountain, maketh
many parts of it in a manner inaccessible. Brerewood.

CRA’GGINESS. n. s. [from craggy.] The state of being craggy.

CRA’GGY. adj. [from crag.] Rugged; full of prominences;
rough to walk on, or climb.
That same wicked wight
His dwelling has low in an hollow cave,
Far underneath a craggy clift ypight,
Dark, doleful, dreary, like a greedy grave. Fairy Queen, b. i.
It was impossible to pass up the woody and craggy hills,
without the loss of those commanders. Raleigh's Essays.
Mountaineers that from Severus came,
And from the craggy cliffs of Tetrica. Dryden's Æn. b. viii.
The town and republick of St. Marino stands on the top
of a very high and craggy mountain. Addison on Italy.

To CRAM. v. a. [cramman, Saxon.]
1. To stuff; to fill with more than can conveniently be held.
As much love in rhime,
As would be cramm'd up in a sheet of paper,
Writ on both sides the leaf, margent and all. Shakespeare.
Being thus crammed in the basket, a couple of Ford's
knaves were called. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Thou hast spoke as if thy eldest son should be a fool, whose
skull Jove cram with brains. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Cram not in people by sending too fast company after
company; but so as the number may live well in the planta­
tion, and not by surcharge be in penury. Bacon, Essay 34.
2. To fill with food beyond satiety.
You'd mollify a judge, would cram a squire;
Or else some smiles from court you may desire. King.
I am sure children would be freer from diseases, if they
were not crammed so much as they are by fond mothers, and
were kept wholly from flesh the first three years. Locke.
As a man may be eating all day, and, for want of digestion,
is never nourished; so these endless readers may cram them­
selves in vain with intellectual food. Watts's Improvement.
But Annius, crafty seer,
Came cramm'd with capon, from where Pollio dines. Dunciad.
3. To thrust in by force.
You cram these words into mine ears, against
The stomach of my sense. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Huffer, quoth Hudibras, this sword
Shall down thy false throat cram that word. Hudibras, p. ii.
Fate has cramm'd us all into one lease,
And that even now expiring. Dryden's Cleomenes.
In another printed paper it is roundly expressed, that he will
cram his brass down our throats. Swift.

To CRAM. v. n. To eat beyond satiety.
The godly dame, who fleshly failings damns,
Scolds with her maid, or with her chaplain crams.
Pope's Epilogue to Jane Shore.

CRA’MBO. n. s. [a cant word, probably without etymology.] A
play at which one gives a word, to which another finds a
rhyme; a rhyme.
So Mævius, when he drain'd his skull
To celebrate some suburb trull,
His similes in order set,
And ev'ry crambo he could get. Swift.

CRAMP. n. s. [krampe, Dut. crampe, French.]
1. A spasm or contraction of the limbs, generally removed by
warmth and rubbing.
For this, be sure, to-night thou shalt have cramp,
Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up. Shakesp. Tempest.
In a retreat, he outruns any lacquey; marry, in coming on,
he has the cramp. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
The cramp, no doubt, cometh of contraction of sinews;
which is manifest, in that it cometh either by cold or dryness.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 964.
Hares, said to live on hemlock, do not make good the tra­
dition; and he that observes what vertigoes, cramps, and con­
vulsions follow thereon, in these animals, will be of our
belief. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 27.
2. A restriction; a confinement; obstruction; shackle.
A narrow fortune is a cramp to a great mind, and lays a
man under incapacities of serving his friend. L'Estrange.
3. A piece of iron bent at each end, by which two bodies are
held together.
To the uppermost of these there should be fastened a sharp
graple, or cramp of iron, which may be apt to take hold of
any place where it lights. Wilkins's Mathem. Magick.

CRAMP. adj. Difficult; knotty: a low term.

To CRAMP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To pain with cramps or twiches.
When the contracted limbs were cramp'd, ev'n then
A wat'rish humour swell'd, and coz'd again. Dryden's Virgil.
2. To restrain; to confine; to obstruct; to hinder.
It is impossible to conceive the number of inconveniences
that will ensue, if borrowing be cramped. Bacon, Essay 42.
There are few but find that some companies benumb and
cramp them, so that in them they can neither speak nor do any
thing that is handsome. Glanville's Sceps. c. 24.
He, who serves, has still restraints of dread upon his spirits,
which, even in the midst of action, cramps and ties up his
activity. South's Sermons.
Dr. Hammond loves to contract and cramp the sense of
prophecies. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The antiquaries are for cramping their subjects into as nar­
row a space as they can, and for reducing the whole extent
of a science into a few general maxims. Addison on Italy.
Marius used all endeavours for depressing the nobles, and
raising the people; particularly for cramping the former in
their power of judicature. Swift on the Dissent. in Ath. and Rome.
No more
Th' expansive atmosphere is cramp'd with cold,
But full of life, and vivifying soul. Thomson's Spring.
3. To bind with crampirons.

CRAMP-FISH. n. s. [from cramp and fish.] The torpedo,
which benumbs the hands of those that touch it.

CRAMPIRON. n. s. [from cramp and iron.] See CRAMP, Sense 3.

CRA’NAGE. n. s. [cranagium, low Latin.] A liberty to use a
crane for drawing up wares from the vessels, at any creek of
the sea or wharf, unto the land, and to make profit of it. It
signifies also the money paid and taken for the same. Cowel.

CRANE. n. s. [cran, Sax. kraen, Dutch.]
1. A bird with a long beak.
Like a crane, or a swallow, so did I chatter. Is. xlviii. 14.
That small infantry warr'd on by cranes. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. An instrument made with ropes, pullies, and hooks, by which
great weights are raised.
In case the mould about it be so ponderous as not to be re­
moved by any ordinary force, you may then raise it with a
crane. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.
Then commerce brought into the publick walk
The busy merchant, the big warehouse built,
Rais'd the strong crane. Thomson's Autumn.
3. A siphon; a crooked pipe for drawing liquors out of a cask.

CRANES-BILL. n. s. [from crane and bill.]
1. An herb.
The leaves are conjugate: the cup consists of one leaf,
divided into five parts, expanded in form of a star: the flowers
consist of five leaves, somewhat resembling a crested or lipped
flower, with ten stamina surrounding the ovary. The fruit is
of a pentagonal figure, with a beak, containing five seed­
vessels, in each of which is one tailed seed, which, when
ripe, is cast forth by the twisting of the beak. It is common
in several parts of England, growing in almost any soil or
situation. Miller.
2. A pair of pincers terminating in a point, used by surgeons.

CRA’NIUM. n. s. [Latin.] The skull.
In wounds made by contusion, when the cranium is a little
naked, you ought not presently to croud in dossils; for if that
contused flesh be well digested, the bone will incarn with the
wound without much difficulty. Wiseman's Surgery.

CRANK. n. s. [This word is perhaps a contraction of crane­
neck, to which it may bear some resemblance, and is part of
the instrument called a crane.]
1. A crank is the end of an iron axis turned square down, and
again turned square to the first turning down; so that, on the
last turning down, a leather thong is slipt to tread the
treddle-wheel about. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
2. Any bending or winding passage.
I send it through the rivers of your blood,
Even to the court, the heart; to th' seat o' th' brain;
And, through the cranks and offices of man,
The strongest nerves, and small inferiour veins,
From me receive that natural competency,
Whereby they live. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Any conceit formed by twisting or changing, in any manner,
the form or meaning of a word.
Haste thee, nymph, and bring with thee
Jest and youthful jollity,
Quips and cranks, and wanton wiles,
Nods and becks, and wreathed smiles,
Such as hang on Hebe's cheek,
And love to live in dimple sleek. Milton.

CRANK. adj. [from onkranck, Dutch. Skinner.]
1. Healthy; sprightly: sometimes corrupted to cranky.
They looken bigge, as bulls that been bate,
And bearen the cragg so stiff and so state,
As cockle, on his dunghil crowing cranke. Spenser's Past.
2. Among sailors, a ship is said to be crank, when, by the form
of its bottom, or by being loaded too much above, it is liable
to be overset. [from kranck, Dut. sick.]

To CRA’NKLE. v. n. [from crank.] To run in and out; to
run in flexures and windings.
See how this river comes me crankling in,
And cuts me from the best of all my land,
A huge half-moon, a monstrous cantle out. Shak. Hen. IV.

To CRA’NKLE. v. a. To break into unequal surfaces; to break
into angles.
Old Vaga's stream,
Forc'd by the sudden shock, her wonted track
Forsook, and drew her humid train aslope,
Crankling her banks. Philips.



CRA’NKLES. n. s. [from the verb.] Inequalities; angular pro­
minences.

CRA’NKNESS. n. s. [from crank.]
1. Health; vigour.
2. Disposition to overset.

CRA’NNIED. adj. [from cranny.] Full of chinks.
A wall it is, as I would have you think,
That had in it a crannied hole or chink. Shakespeare.
A very fair fruit, and not unlike a citron; but somewhat
rougher chopt and crannied, vulgarly conceived the marks of
Adam's teeth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 1. 

CRA’NNY. n. s. [cren, Fr. crenā, Latin.] A chink; a cleft;
a fissure.
The eye of the understanding is like the eye of the sense;
for as you may see great objects through small crannies or
holes, so you may see great axioms of nature through small
and contemptible instances. Bacon's Natural History, No. 91. 
And therefore beat, and laid about,
To find a cranny to creep out. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
In a firm building, even the cavities ought not to be filled
with rubbish, but with brick or stone, fitted to the crannies.
Dryden's Dedication to the Æneid.
Within the soaking of water and springs, with streams and
currents in the veins and crannies. Burnet's Theo. of the Earth.
He skipped from room to room, ran up stairs and down
stairs, from the kitchen to the garrets, and he peeped into
every cranny. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

CRAPE. n. s. [crepa, low Latin.] A thin stuff, loosely woven,
of which the dress of the clergy is sometimes made.
And proud Roxana, fir'd with jealous rage,
With fifty yards of crape shall sweep the stage. Swift.
Nor thou, lord Arthur, shall escape:
To thee I often call'd in vain,
Against that assassin in crape;
Yet thou could'st tamely see me slain. Swift.
'Tis from high life high characters are drawn;
A saint in crape, is twice a saint in lawn. Pope, Epistle i.

CRA’PULENCE. n. s. [crapula, a surfeit, Latin.] Drunkenness;
sickness by intemperance. Dict.

CRA’PULOUS. adj. [crapulosus, Lat.] Drunken; intemperate;
sick with intemperance. Dict.

To CRASH. v. n. [a word probably formed from the thing.]
1. To make a loud complicated noise, as of many things falling
or breaking at once.
There shall be a great crashing from the hills. Zeph. i. 10.
When convulsions cleave the lab'ring earth,
Before the dismal yawn appears, the ground
Trembles and heaves, the nodding houses crash. Smith.

To CRASH. v. a. To break or bruise.
My master is the great rich Capulet; and if you be not of
the house of Montague, I pray you come and crash a cup of
wine. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Mr. Warburton has it, crush a cup of wine.

To crash, says Hanmer, is to be merry: a crash being a word still
used in some counties for a merry bout.
It is surely better to read crack. See CRACK.

CRASH. n. s. [from the verb.] A loud sudden mixed sound,
as of many things broken at the same time.
Senseless Ilium,
Seeming to feel this blow, with flaming top
Stoops to his base; and, with a hideous crash,
Takes prisoner Pyrrhus' ear. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Moralizing sat I by the hazard-table: I look'd upon the
uncertainty of riches, the decay of beauty, and the crash of
worlds, with as much contempt as ever Plato did. Pope.

CRA’SIS. n. s. [ϰράσις.] Temperature; constitution arising from
the various properties of humours.
The fancies of men are so immediately diversified by the
individual crasis, that every man owns something wherein
none is like him. Glanville's Sceps. c. 15.
A man may be naturally inclined to pride, lust, and anger,
as these inclinations are founded in a peculiar crasis, and con­
stitution of the blood and spirits. South's Sermons.

CRASS. adj. [crassus, Latin.] Gross; coarse; not thin; not
comminuted; not subtle; not consisting of small parts.
Metals are intermixed with the common terrestrial matter,
so as not to be discoverable by human industry; or, if disco­
verable, so diffused and scattered amongst the crasser and more
unprofitable matter, that it would never be possible to separate
and extract it. Woodward's Natural History.

CRA’SSITUDE. n. s. [crassitudo, Latin.] Grossness; coarseness;
thickness.
They must be but thin, as a leaf, or a piece of paper or
parchment; for if they have a greater crassitude, they will alter
in their own body, though they spend not. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The Dead Sea, which vomiteth up bitumen, is of that
crassitude, as living bodies, bound hand and foot, cast into it,
have been born up, and not sunk. Bacon's Natural History.
The terrestrial matter carried by rivers into the sea, is
sustained therein partly by the greater crassitude and gravity of
the sea-water, and partly by its constant agitation. Woodward.

CRASTINA’TION. n. s. [from crastino, Latin, to-morrow.]
Delay. Dict.

CRATCH. n. s. [creche, French; crates, Latin.] The palisaded
frame in which hay is put for cattle.
When being expelled out of Paradise, by reason of sin, thou
wert held in the chains of death; I was inclosed in the virgin's
womb, I was laid in the cratch, I was wrapped in swathling­
cloaths. Hakewill on Providence.

CRAVA’T. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.] A neck cloath;
any thing worn about the neck.
Less delinquents have been scourg'd,
And hemp on wooden anvils forg'd;
Which others for cravats have worn
About their necks, and took a turn. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
The restrictives were applied, one over another, to her
throat: then we put her on a cravat. Wiseman's Surgery.

To CRAVE. v. a. [crafian, Saxon.]
1. To ask with earnestness; to ask with submission; to beg; to
entreat.
What one petition is there found in the whole litany,
whereof we shall ever be able at any time to say, that no man
living needeth the grace or benefit therein craved at God's
hands? Hooker.
As for my nobler friends, I crave their pardons;
But for the mutable rank-scented many,
Let them regard me as I do not flatter. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The poor people not knowing where to hide themselves
from the fury of their enemies, nor of whom to crave help,
fled as men and women dismayed. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
I would crave leave here, under the word action, to com­
prehend the forbearance too of any action proposed. Locke.
Each ardent nymph the rising current craves,
Each shepherd's pray'r retards the parting waves. Prior.
2. To ask insatiably.
The subjects arm'd; the more their princes gave,
Th' advantage only took the more to crave. Denham.
Him dost thou mean, who, spite of all his store,
Is ever craving, and will still be poor?
Who cheats for halfpence; and who doffs his coat,
To save a farthing in a ferry-boat. Dryden's Pers. Sat. iv.
3. To long; to wish unreasonably.
Levity pushes us on from one vain desire to another, in a
regular vicissitude and succession of cravings and satiety. L'Estr.
He is actually under the power of a temptation, and the
sway of an impetuous lust; both hurrying him to satisfy the
cravings of it, by some wicked action. South's Sermons.
4. To call for importunately.
Our good old friend,
Lay comforts to your bosom; and bestow
Your needful counsel to our businesses,
Which crave the instant use. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The antecedent concomitants and effects of such a consti­
tution, are acids, taken in too great quantities; sour eructa­
tions, and a craving appetite, especially of terrestrial and ab­
sorbent substances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
5. Sometimes with for before the thing sought.
Once one may crave for love,
But more would prove
This heart too little, that too great. Suckling.

CRA’VEN. n. s. [derived by Skinner from crave, as one that
craves or begs his life: perhaps it comes originally from the
noise made by a conquered cock.]
1. A cock conquered and dispirited.
What, is your crest a coxcomb?———
——A combless cock, so Kate will be my hen.
—No cock of mine; you crow too like a craven. Shakesp.
2. A coward; a recreant.
Upon his coward breast
A bloody cross, and on his craven crest
A bunch of hairs discolour'd diversly. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Is it fit this soldier keep his oath?—
—He is a craven and a villain else. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Whether it be
Bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple,
Of thinking too precisely on th' event;
A thought, which quarter'd, hath but one part wisdom,
And ever three parts coward. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Yet if the innocent some mercy find
From cowardice, not ruth did that proceed;
His noble foes durst not his craven kind
Exasperate by such a bloody deed. Fairfax, b. i. stan. 88.

To CRA’VEN. v. a. [from the noun.] To make recreant or
cowardly. Hanmer.
'Gainst self-slaughter
There is a prohibition so divine,
That cravens my weak hand. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

CRA’VER. n. s. [from crave.] A weak-hearted spiritless fellow.
It is used in Clarissa.

To CRAUNCH. v. a. [schrantsen, Dutch; whence the vulgar say
more properly to scraunch.] To crush in the mouth. The
word is used by Swift.

CRAW. n. s. [kroe, Danish.] The crop or first stomach of birds.


In birds there is no mastication, or comminution of the
meat in the mouth; but in such as are not carnivorous, it is
immediately swallowed into the crop or craw, or at least into
a kind of ante-stomach, which I have observed in many,
especially piscivorous birds. Ray on the Creation.

CRA’WFISH. n. s. [sometimes written crayfish, properly crevice;
in French ecrevisse.] A small crustaceous fish found in brooks;
the small lobster of fresh water.
Those that cast their shell are the lobster, the crab, the
crawfish, the hodmandod or dodman, and the tortoise. Bacon.
Let me to crack live crawfish recommend. Pope's Hor. Im.
The common crawfish, and the large sea crawfish, both
produce the stones called crabs-eyes. In part of June, in
July, and part of August, this animal not only casts its shell,
but its very stomach is also consumed and digested, by a new
one growing in its place. Hill on the Materia Medica.

To CRAWL. v. n. [krielen, Dutch.]
1. To creep; to move with a slow motion; to move without
rising from the ground, as a worm.
That crawling insect, who from mud began;
Warm'd by my beams, and kindled into man! Dryd. Auren.
The streams but just contain'd within their bounds,
By slow degrees into their channels crawl;
And earth increases as the waters fall. Dryden.
A worm finds what it searches after, only by feeling, as it
crawls from one thing to another. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 8.
The vile worm, that yesterday began
To crawl; thy fellow-creature, abject man! Prior.
2. To move weakly, and slowly.
'Tis our first intent
To shake all cares and business from our age,
While we unburthen'd crawl tow'rd death. Shakes. K. Lear.
They like tall fellows crept out of the holes; and secretly
crawling up the battered walls of the fort, got into it. Knolles.
A look so pale no quartane ever gave;
Thy dwindled legs seem crawling to a grave. Dryd. Juvenal.
He was hardly able to crawl about the room, far less to look
after a troublesome business. Arbuthn. History of John Bull.
Man is a very worm by birth,
Vile reptile, weak and vain!
A while he crawls upon the earth,
Then shrinks to earth again. Swift.
It will be very necessary for the threadbare gownman, and
every child who can crawl, to watch the fields at harvest­
time. Swift.
3. To move about hated and despised.
Cranmer
Hath crawl'd into the favour of the king,
And is his oracle. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Reflect upon that litter of absurd opinions that crawl about
the world, to the disgrace of reason. South's Sermons.
How will the condemned sinner then crawl forth, and ap­
pear in his filth and shame, before that undefiled tribunal?
South's Sermons.
Behold a rev'rend sire, whom want of grace
Has made the father of a nameless race,
Crawl through the street, shov'd on, or rudely press'd
By his own sons, that pass him by unbless'd! Pope, Epist. i.

CRA’WLER. n. s. [from crawl.] A creeper; any thing that
creeps.

CRA’YFISH. n. s. [See CRAWFISH.] The river lobster.
The cure of the muriatick and armoniack saltness requires
to use slimy meats; as snails, tortoises, jellies, and crayfishes.
Floyer on the Humours.

CRA’YON. n. s. [crayon, French.]
1. A kind of pencil; a roll of paste to draw lines with.
Let no day pass over you without drawing a line; that is to
say, without working, without giving some strokes of the
pencil or the crayon. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. A drawing or design done with a pencil or crayon.

To CRAZE. v. a. [ecraser, French, to break to pieces.]
1. To break; to crush; to weaken.
In this consideration the answer of Calvin unto Farrel, con­
cerning the children of Popish parents, doth seem crazed. Hook.
Relent, sweet Hermia; and, Lysander, yield
Thy crazed title to my certain right. Shakespeare.
Then through the firey pillar, and the cloud,
God looking forth, will trouble all his host,
And craze their chariot-wheels. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. xii.
2. To powder.
The tin ore passeth to the crazing mill, which, between two
grinding stones, bruiseth it to a fine sand. Carew's Survey.
3. To crack the brain; to impair the intellect.
I lov'd him, friend,
No father his son dearer: true, to tell thee,
That grief hath craz'd my wits. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Wickedness is a kind of voluntary frenzy, and a chosen
distraction; and every sinner does wilder and more extrava­
gant things than any man can do that is crazed and out of his
wits, only with this sad difference, that he knows better what
he does. Tillotson.

CRA’ZEDNESS. n. s. [from crazed.] Decrepitude; brokenness;
diminution of intellect.
The nature, as of men that have sick bodies, so likewise of
the people in the crazedness of their minds, possessed with dis­
like and discontentment at things present, is to imagine that
any thing would help them. Hooker, Preface.

CRA’ZINESS. n. s. [from crazy.]
1. State of being crazy; imbecillity; weakness.
Touching other places, she may be said to hold them as one
should do a wolf by the ears; nor will I speak now of the
craziness of her title to many of them. Howel's Vocal Forest.
2. Weakness of intellect.

CRA’ZY. adj. [ecrasè, French.]
1. Broken; decrepit.
Come, my lord,
We will bestow you in some better place;
Fitter for sickness and for crazy age. Shakesp. Henry VI.
When people are crazy, and in disorder, it is natural for
them to groan. L'Estrange.
2. Broken witted; shattered in the intellect.
The queen of night, whose large command
Rules all the sea and half the land,
And over moist and crazy brains,
In high spring-tides, at midnight reigns. Hudibras, p. iii.
3. Weak; feeble; shattered.
Physick can but mend our crazy state,
Patch an old building, not a new create. Dryden's Fables.
Were it possible that the near approaches of eternity, whe­
ther by a mature age, a crazy constitution, or a violent sick­
ness, should amaze so many, had they truly considered. Wake.

CRE

CREAGHT. n. s. [an Irish word.]
In these fast places they kept their creaghts, or herds of cat­
tle, living by the milk of the cow, without husbandry or
tillage. Davies on Ireland.

To CREAK. v. n. [corrupt from crack.]
1. To make a harsh protracted noise.
Let not the creaking of shoes, nor the rustling of silks, be­
tray thy poor heart to women. Shakespeare's King Lear.
No door there was th' unguarded house to keep,
On creaking hinges turn'd, to break his sleep. Dryd. Fables.
2. It is sometimes used of animals.
The creaking locusts with my voice conspire,
They fry'd with heat, and I with fierce desire. Dryd. Virgil.

CREAM. n. s. [cremor, Latin.]
1. The unctuous or oily part of milk, which, when it is cold,
floats on the top, and is changed by the agitation of the churn
into butter; the flower of milk.
It is not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eye-balls, nor your cheek of cream,
That can entame my spirits to your worship. Shakespeare.
I am as vigilant as a cat to steal cream. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Cream is matured and made to rise more speedily, by putting
in cold water; which, as it seemeth, getteth down the whey.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 314.
How the drudging goblin swet,
To earn his cream-bowl duly set;
When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn. Milton.
Let your various creams incircled be
With swelling fruit, just ravish'd from the tree. King.
Milk, standing some time, naturally separates into an oily
liquor called cream, and a thinner, blue, and more ponderous
liquor called skimmed milk. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. It is used for the best part of any thing; as, the cream of a
jest.

To CREAM. v. n. [from the noun.] To gather cream.
There are a sort of men, whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pond;
And do a wilful stiffness entertain,
With purpose to be drest in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit. Shak. Merch. of Ven.

To CREAM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To skim off the cream.
2. To take the flower and quintessence of any thing: so used
somewhere by Swift.

CREAM-FACED. adj. [cream and faced.] Pale; coward­
looking.
Thou cream-fac'd lown,
Where got'st thou that goose-look. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

CRE’AMY. adj. [from cream.] Full of cream; having the na­
ture of cream.

CRE’ANCE. n. s. [French.] Is, in falconry, a fine small line,
fastened to a hawk's leash when she is first lured.

CREASE. n. s. [from creta, Latin, chalk. Skinner.] A mark
made by doubling any thing.
Men of great parts are unfortunate in business, because
they go out of the common road: I once desired lord Boling­
broke to observe, that the clerks used an ivory knife, with a
blunt edge, to divide paper, which cut it even, only requiring
a strong hand; whereas a sharp penknife would go out of the
crease, and disfigure the paper. Swift.

To CREASE. v. a. [from the noun.] To mark any thing by
doubling it, so as to leave the impression.

To CREA’TE. v. a. [creo, Latin.]


1. To form out of nothing; to cause to exist.
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Gen. i. 1. 
We having but imperfect ideas of the operations of our
minds, and much imperfecter yet of the operations of God,
run into great difficulties about free created agents, which rea­
son cannot well extricate itself out of. Locke.
2. To produce; to cause; to be the occasion.
Now is the time of help: your eye in Scotland
Would create soldiers, and make women fight,
To doff their dire distresses. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
His abilities were prone to create in him great confidence of
undertakings, and this was like enough to betray him to great
errours and many enemies. King Charles.
They eclipse the clearest truths, by difficulties of their
own creating, or no man could miss his way to heaven for
want of light. Decay of Piety.
None knew, 'till guilt created fear,
What darts or poison'd arrows were. Roscommon.
Must I new bars to my own joy create,
Refuse myself what I had forc'd from fate? Dryd. Aurengz.
Long abstinence is troublesome to acid constitutions, by
the uneasiness it creates in the stomach. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. To beget.
And the issue there create,
Ever shall be fortunate. Shakesp. Midsummer-Night's Dream.
4. To invest with any new character.
Arise my knights of the battle: I create you
Companions to our person, and will fit you
With dignities becoming your estates. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
5. To give any new qualities; to put any thing in a new state.
The best British undertaker had but a proportion of three
thousand acres for himself, with power to create a manor, and
hold a court-baron. Davies on Ireland.

CREA’TION. n. s. [from create.]
1. The act of creating or conferring existence.
Consider the immensity of the Divine Love, expressed in
all the emanations of his providence; in his creation, in his
conservation of us. Taylor.
2. The act of investing with new qualities or character; as, the
creation of peers.
3. The things created; the universe.
As subjects then, the whole creation came;
And from their natures Adam them did name. Denham.
Such was the saint, who shone with ev'ry grace,
Reflecting, Moses like, his master's face:
God saw his image lively was express'd,
And his own work as his creation bless'd. Dryden's Fables.
Nor could the tender new creation bear
Th' excessive heats or coldness of the year. Dryden's Virgil.
In days of yore, no matter where or when,
Before the low creation swarm'd with men. Parnel.
4. Any thing produced, or caused.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? Shakes. Macbeth.

CREA’TIVE. adj. [from create.]
1. Having the power to create.
2. Exerting the act of creation.
To trace the outgoings of the ancient of days in the first
instance, and of his creative power, is a research too great
for mortal enquiry. So th's Sermons.
But come, ye generous minds, in whose wide thought,
Of all his works, creative beauty burns
With warmest beam. Thomson's Spring.

CREA’TOR. n. s. [creator, Latin.] The being that bestows
existence.
Open, ye heavens, your living doors; let in
The great creator, from his work return'd
Magnificent; his six days work, a world. Milt. Parad. Lost.
When you lie down, close your eyes with a short prayer,
commit yourself into the hands of your faithful creator; and
when you have done, trust him with yourself, as you must do
when you are dying. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

CRE’ATURE. n. s. [creatura, low Latin.]
1. A being not self-existent, but created by the supreme power.
Were these persons idolaters for the worship they did not
give to the Creator, or for the worship they did give to his
creatures. Stillingfleet's Defence of Discourse on Rom. Idol.
2. Any thing created.
God's first creature was light. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Imperfect the world, and all the creatures in it, must be
acknowledged in many respects to be. Tillotson, Sermon i.
3. An animal not human.
The queen pretended satisfaction of her knowledge only
In killing creatures vile, as cats and dogs. Shakes. Cymbeline.
4. A general term for man.
Yet crime in her could never creature find;
But for his love, and for her own self-sake,
She wander'd had from one to other Ind. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Most cursed of all creatures under sky,
Lo Tantalus, I here tormented lye. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 7.
Though he might burst his lungs to call for help,
No creature would assist or pity him. Roscommon.
5. A word of contempt for a human being.
Hence; home, you idle creatures, get you home;
Is this a holiday? Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
He would into the stews,
And from the common creatures pluck a glove,
And wear it as a favour. Shakespeare's Richard III.
I've heard that guilty creatures, at a play,
Have, by the very cunning of the scene,
Been struck so to the soul, that presently
They have proclaim'd their malefactions. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Nor think to-night of thy ill-nature,
But of thy follies, idle creature. Prior.
A good poet no sooner communicates his works, but it is
imagined he is a vain young creature, given up to the ambi­
tion of fame. Pope.
6. A word of petty tenderness.
And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand;
Cry, Oh sweet creature, and then kiss me hard. Shakespeare.
Ah, cruel creature, whom do'st thou despise?
The gods, to live in woods, have left the skies. Dryd. Virg.
Some young creatures have learnt their letters and syllables
by having them pasted upon little tablets. Watts.
7. A person who owes his rise or his fortune to another.
He sent to colonel Massey to send him men, which he,
being a creature of Essex's, refused. Clarendon.
The duke's creature he desired to be esteemed. Clarendon.
Great princes thus, when favourites they raise,
To justify their grace, their creatures praise. Dryd. Aurengz.
The design was discovered by a person whom every body
knows to be the creature of a certain great man. Swift.

CRE’ATURELY. adj. [from creature.] Having the qualities of
a creature.
The several parts of relatives, or creaturely infinites, may
have finite proportions to one another. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

CRE’BRITUDE. n. s. [from creber, frequent, Latin.] Frequent­
ness. Dict.

CRE’BROUS. adj. [from creber, Latin.] Frequent. Dict.

CRE’DENCE. n. s. [from credo, Lat. credence, Norman Fr.]
1. Belief; credit.
Ne let it seem, that credence this exceeds;
For he that made the same was known right well,
To have done much more admirable deeds;
It Merlin was. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 7. stan. 36.
Love and wisdom,
Approv'd so to your majesty, may plead
For ample credence. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
They did not only underhand give out that this was the
true earl, but the friar, finding some credence in the people,
took boldness in the pulpit to declare as much. Bacon's H. VII.
2. That which gives a claim to credit or belief.
After they had delivered to the king their letters of credence,
they were led to a chamber richly furnished. Hayward.

CREDE’NDA. n. s. [Latin.] Things to be believed; articles
of faith; distinguished in theology from agenda, or practical
duties.
These were the great articles and credenda of Christianity,
that so much startled the world. South's Sermons.

CRE’DENT. adj. [credens, Latin.]
1. Believing; easy of belief.
Then weigh what loss your honour may sustain,
If with too credent ear you list' his songs. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Having credit; not to be questioned.
My authority bears a credent bulk,
That no particular scandal once can touch,
But it confounds the breather. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

CREDE’NTIAL. n. s. [from credens, Latin.] That which gives
a title to credit; the warrant upon which belief or authority
is claimed.
A few persons of an odious and despised country could not
have filled the world with believers, had they not shown un­
doubted credentials from the Divine Person who sent them on
such a message. Addison on the Christian Religion.

CREDIBI’LITY. n. s. [from credible.] Claim to credit; possibi­
lity of obtaining belief; probability.
The first of those opinions I shall shew to be altogether in­
credible, and the latter to have all the credibility and evidence
of which a thing of that nature is capable. Tillotson, Serm. i.
Calculate the several degrees of credibility and conviction,
by which the one evidence surpasseth the other. Atterbury.

CRE’DIBLE. adj. [credibilis, Latin.] Worthy of credit; de­
serving of belief; having a just claim to belief.
The ground of credit is the credibility of things credited;
and things are made credible, either by the known condition
and quality of the utterer, or by the manifest likelihood of
truth in themselves. Hooker, b. ii. s. 4.
None can demonstrate to me, that there is such an island as
Jamaica; yet, upon the testimony of credible persons, I am
free from doubt. Tillotson, Preface.



CRE’DIBLENESS. n. s. [from credible.] Credibility; worthiness
of belief; just claim to belief.
The credibleness of a good part of these narratives has been
confirmed to me by a practiser of physick in the East Indies.
Boyle's History of Firmness.

CRE’DIBLY. adv. [from credible.] In a manner that claims
belief.
This, with the loss of so few of the English as is scarce
credible, being, as hath been rather confidently than credibly
reported, but of one man, though not a few hurt. Bacon.

CRE’DIT. n. s. [credit, French.]
1. Belief.
When the people heard these words, they gave no credit
unto them, nor received them. 1 Mac. x. 46.
I may give credit to reports. Addison's Spectator, No. 130.
Some secret truths, from learned pride conceal'd,
To maids alone and children are reveal'd:
What though no credit doubting wits may give,
The fair and innocent shall still believe. Pope's Ra. of Lock.
2. Honour; reputation.
I published, because I was told I might please such as it was
a credit to please. Pope.
3. Esteem; good opinion.
There is no decaying merchant, or inward beggar, hath so
many tricks to uphold the credit of their wealth, as these empty
persons have to maintain the credit of their sufficiency. Bacon.
His learning, though a poet said it,
Before a play, would lose no credit. Swift.
Yes, while I live, no rich or noble knave,
Shall walk the world in credit to his grave. Pope's Hor. b. ii.
4. Faith; testimony.
We are contented to take this upon your credit, and to
think it may be. Hooker, b. iv. sect. 12.
The things which we properly believe, be only such as are
received upon the credit of divine testimony. Hooker, b. v.
The author would have done well to have left so great a
paradox only to the credit of a single assertion. Locke.
5. Trust reposed.
Credit is nothing but the expectation of money, within
some limited time. Locke.
6. Promise given.
They have never thought of violating the publick credit,
or of alienating the revenues to other uses than to what they
have been thus assigned. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
7. Influence; power not compulsive; interest.
She employed his uttermost credit to relieve us, which was
as great as a beloved son with a mother. Sidney.
They sent him likewise a copy of their supplication to the
king, and desired him to use his credit that a treaty might be
entered into. Clarendon, b. ii.
Having credit enough with his master to provide for his own
interest, he troubled not himself for that of other men. Claren.

To CRE’DIT. v. a. [credo, Latin.]
1. To believe.
Now I change my mind,
And partly credit things that do presage. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
To credit the unintelligibility both of this union and mo­
tion, we need no more than to consider it. Glanv. Sceps. c. 4.
2. To procure credit or honour to any thing.
May here her monument stand so,
To credit this rude age; and show
To future times, that even we
Some patterns did of virtue see. Waller.
It was not upon design to credit these papers, nor to com­
pliment a society so much above flattery. Glanv. Sceps. Pref.
At present you credit the church as much by your govern­
ment, as you did the school formerly by your wit. South.
3. To trust; to confide in.
4. To admit as a debtor.

CRE’DITABLE. adj. [from credit.]
1. Reputable; above contempt.
He settled him in a good creditable way of living, having
procured him by his interest one of the best places of the
country. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. Honourable; estimable.
The contemplation of things, that do not serve to promote
our happiness, is but a more specious and ingenious sort of
idleness, a more pardonable and creditable kind of ignorance.
Tillotson, Sermon i.

CRE’DITABLENESS. n. s. [from creditable.] Reputation; esti­
mation.
Among all these snares, there is none more entangling than
the creditableness and repute of customary vices. Decay of Piety.

CRE’DITABLY. adv. [from creditable.] Reputably; without
disgrace.
Many will chuse rather to neglect their duty safely and
creditably, than to get a broken pate in the church's service,
only to be rewarded with that which will break their hearts
too. South's Sermons.

CRE’DITOR. n. s. [creditor, Latin.] He to whom a debt is
owed; he that gives credit: correlative to debtor.
There came divers of Anthonio's creditors in my company
to Venice, that swear he cannot chuse but break. Shakespeare.
I am so used to consider myself as creditor and debtor, that
I often state my accounts after the same manner, with regard
to heaven and my own soul. Addison's Spectator, No. 549.
No man of honour, as that word is usually understood, did
ever pretend that his honour obliged him to be chaste or tem­
perate, to pay his creditors, to be useful to his country, to do
good to mankind, to endeavour to be wise or learned, to re­
gard his word, his promise, or his oath. Swift.

CREDU’LITY. n. s. [credulitè, French; credulitas, Latin.] Easi­
ness of belief; readiness of credit.
The poor Plangus, being subject to that only disadvantage
of honest hearts, credulity, was persuaded by him. Sidney.
The prejudice of credulity may, in some measure, be cured
by learning to set a high value on truth. Watts's Logick.

CRE’DULOUS. adj. [credulus, Latin.] Apt to believe; un­
suspecting; easily deceived.
A credulous father, and a brother noble,
Whose nature is so far from doing harm,
That he suspects none. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CRE’DULOUSNESS. n. s. [from credulous.] Aptness to believe;
credulity.

CREED. n. s. [from credo, the first word of the apostles creed.]
1. A form of words in which the articles of faith are compre­
hended.
The larger and fuller view of this foundation is set down in
the creeds of the church. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Will they, who decry creeds and creedmakers, say that one
who writes a treatise of morality ought not to make in it any
collection of moral precepts? Fiddes's Sermons.
2. Any solemn profession of principles or opinion.
For me, my lords,
I love him not, nor fear him; there's my creed. Shakesp.

To CREEK. v. a. [See To CREAK.] To make a harsh
noise.
Shall I stay here,
Creeking my shoes on the plain masonry. Shakespeare.

CREEK. n. s. [crecca, Sax. kreke, Dutch.]
1. A prominence or just in a winding coast.
As streams, which with their winding banks do play,
Stopp'd by their creeks, run softly through the plain. Davies.
They on the bank of Jordan, by a creek,
Where winds with reeds and osiers whisp'ring play,
Their unexpected loss and plaints outbreath'd. Parad. Reg.
2. A small port; a bay; a cove.
A law was made here to stop their passage in every port
and creek. Davies on Ireland.
3. Any turn, or alley.
A back-friend, a shoulder-clapper; one that commands
The passages of alleys, creeks, and narrow lands. Shakesp.

CRE’EKY. adj. [from creek.] Full of creeks; unequal;
winding.
Who, leaning on the belly of a pot,
Pour'd forth a water, whose outgushing flood
Ran bathing all the creeky shore a-flot,
Whereon the Trojan prince spilt Turnus' blood. Spenser.

To CREEP. v. n. [preter. crept; crypan, Sax. krepan, Germ.]
1. To move with the belly to the ground without legs; as a
worm.
Ye that walk
The earth, and stately tread, or lowly creep! Milt. Pa. Lost.
And every creeping thing that creeps the ground. Milton.
If they cannot distinguish creeping from flying, let them lay
down Virgil, and take up Ovid de Ponto. Dryd. Dedicat. Æn.
2. To grow along the ground, or on other supports.
The grottos cool, with shady poplars crown'd,
And creeping vines on arbours weav'd around. Dryden.
3. To move forward without bounds or leaps; as insects.
4. To move slowly and feebly.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Why should a man
Sleep when he wakes, and creep into the jaundice
By being peevish? Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
He who creeps after plain, dull, common sense, is safe from
committing absurdities; but can never reach the excellence of
wit. Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
5. To move secretly and clandestinely.
I'll creep up into the chimney.——
—There they always use to discharge their birding-pieces:
creep into the kiln-hole. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Whate'er you are,
That in this desart inaccessible,
Under the shade of melancholy boughs,
Lose and neglect the creeping hours of time. Shakespeare.
Of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead cap­
tive silly women. 2 Tim. iii. 6.
Thou makest darkness, and it is night wherein all the beasts
of the forest do creep forth. Psal. civ. 20.


Now and then a work or two has crept in to keep his first
design in countenance. Atterbury.
6. To move timorously without soaring, or venturing into
dangers.
Paradise Lost is admirable; but am I therefore bound to
maintain, that there are no flats amongst his elevations, when
it is evident he creeps along sometimes for above an hundred
lines together? Dryden.
We here took a little boat, to creep along the sea-shore as
far as Genoa. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
7. To come unexpected; to steal forward unheard and unseen.
By those gifts of nature and fortune he creeps, nay he flies,
into the favour of poor silly women. Sidney, b. ii.
It seems, the marriage of his brother's wife
Has crept too near his conscience.
——No, his conscience
Has crept too near another lady. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Necessity enforced them, after they grew full of people, to
spread themselves, and creep out of Shinar, or Babylonia.
Raleigh's History.
None pretends to know from how remote corners of
those frozen mountains, some of those fierce nations first crept
out. Temple.
It is not to be expected that every one should guard his un­
derstanding from being imposed on, by the sophistry which
creeps into most of the books of argument. Locke.
8. To behave with servility; to sawn; to bend.
They were us'd to bend,
To send their smiles before them to Achilles,
To come as humbly as they us'd to creep
To holy altars. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

CRE’EPER. n. s. [from creep.]
1. A plant that supports itself by means of some stronger body.
Plants that put forth their sap hastily, have bodies not pro­
portionable to their length; therefore they are winders or
creepers; as ivy, briony, and woodbine. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. An iron used to slide along the grate in kitchens.
3. A kind of patten or clog worn by women.

CREE’PHOLE. n. s. [creep and hole.]
1. A hole into which any animal may creep to escape danger.
2. A subterfuge; an excuse.

CREE’PINGLY. adv. [from creeping.] Slowly; after the man­
ner of a reptile.
The joy, which wrought into Pygmalion's mind, was even
such as, by each degree of Zelmane's words, creepingly entered
into Philoclea's. Sidney, b. ii.

CREMA’TION. n. s. [crematio, Latin.] A burning.

CRE’MOR. n. s. [Latin.] A milky substance; a soft liquor re­
sembling cream.
The food is swallowed into the stomach, where, mingled
with dissolvent juices, it is reduced into a chyle or cremor. Ray.

CRE’NATED. adj. [from crena, Latin.] Notched; indented.
The cells are prettily crenated, or notched quite round the
edges; but not straited down to any depth. Woodw. on Fossils.

CRE’PANE. n. s. [With farriers.] An ulcer seated in the
midst of the forepart of the foot, caused by a bilious, sharp,
and biting humour that frets the skin, or by a hurt given by
striking of the hinder feet. Farrier's Dict.

To CRE’PITATE. v. n. [crepito, Latin.] To make a small
crackling noise.

CREPITA’TION. n. s. [from crepitate.] A small crackling
noise.

CRE’PT. particip. [from creep.]
There are certain men crept in unawares. Jude, iv.
This fair vine, but that her arms surround
Her marry'd elm, had crept along the ground. Pope.

CREPU’SCULE. n. s. [crepusculum, Lat.] Twilight. Dict.

CREPU’SCULOUS. adj. [crepusculum, Latin.] Glimmering; in a
state between light and darkness.
A close apprehension of the one, might perhaps afford a
glimmering light and crepusculous glance of the other. Brown.
The beginnings of philosophy were in a crepusculous obscu­
rity, and it is yet scarce past the dawn. Glanv. Sceps. c. 22.

CRE’SCENT. adj. [from cresco, Latin.] Increasing; growing;
in a state of increase.
I have seen him in Britain: he was then of a crescent
note. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
With these in troop
Came Astoreth, whom the Phœnicians call'd
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milt. P. L.

CRE’SCENT. n. s. [crescens, Lat.] The moon in her state of
increase; any similitude of the moon increasing.
My pow'r's a crescent, and my auguring hope
Says it will come to th' full. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.
Or Bactrian sophy, from the horns
Of Turkish crescent, leaves all waste beyond
The realm of Aladule, in his retreat. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Jove in dusky clouds involves the skies,
And the faint crescent shoots by fits before their eyes. Dryd.
And two fair crescents of translucent horn,
The brows of all their young increase adorn. Pope's Odyssey.

CRE’SCIVE. adv. [from cresco, Latin.] Increasing; growing.
So the prince obscur'd his contemplation
Under the veil of wildness, which, no doubt,
Grew like the summer-grass, fastest by night,
Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty. Shakesp. Henry V.

CRESS. n. s. [perhaps from cresco, it being a quick grower.]
An herb.
Its flower consists of four leaves, placed in form of a cross:
the pointal arises from the center of the flower-cup, and be­
comes a roundish smooth fruit, divided into two cells, and
furnished with seeds, generally smooth. It is cultivated as a
sallad-herb, and chiefly esteemed in the Winter and Spring,
being one of the warm kind. Miller.
His court with nettles and with cresses stor'd,
With soups unbought, and sallads, blest his board. Pope.

CRE’SSET. n. s. [croissete, Fr. because beacons had crosses an­
ciently on their tops.] A great light set upon a beacon, light­
house, or watch-tower. Hammer. They still raise armies
in Scotland by carrying about the fire-cross.
At my nativity
The front of heav'n was full of firy sparks,
Of burning cressets. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
From the arched roof,
Pendent by subtle magick, many a row
Of starry lamps, and blazing cressets, fed
With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light
As from a sky. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 726.

CREST. n. s. [crista, Latin.]
1. The plume of feathers on the top of the ancient helmet.
His valour, shewn upon our crests to-day,
Hath taught us how to cherish such high deeds,
Ev'n in the bosom of our adversaries. Shakesp. Henry IV.
2. The comb of a cock.
Others, on ground
Walk'd firm; the crested cock, whose clarion sounds
The silent hours. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 442.
3. The ornament of the helmet in heraldry.
Of what esteem crests were, in the time of king Edward
the third's reign, may appear by his giving an eagle, which he
himself had formerly born, for a crest to William Montacute,
earl of Salisbury. Camden's Remains.
The horn;
It was a crest ere thou wast born:
Thy father's father wore it. Shakespeare's As you like it.
4. Any tuft or ornament on the head; as some which the poets
assign to serpents.
Their crests divide,
And, tow'ring o'er his head, in triumph ride. Dryd. Virgil.
5. Pride; spirit; fire; courage; loftiness of mien.
When horses should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crests. Shakespeare.

CRE’STED. adj. [from crest; cristatus, Latin.]
1. Adorned with a plume or crest.
The bold Ascalonites,
Then grov'ling soil'd their crested helmets in the dust. Milt.
At this, for new replies he did not stay;
But lac'd his crested helm, and strode away. Dryden.
2. Wearing a comb.
The crested bird shall by experience know,
Jove made not him his master-piece below. Dryden's Fables.

CREST-FALLEN. adj. [crest and fall.] Dejected; sunk;
dispirited; cowed; heartless; spiritless.
I warrant you, they would whip me with their fine wits,
'till I were as crest-fallen as a dried pear. Sh. Mer. W. of Winds.
They prolate their words in a whining kind of querulous
tone, as if they were still complaining and crest-fallen. Howel.

CRE’STLESS. adj. [from crest.] Not dignified with coat­
armour; not of any eminent family.
His grandfather was Lionel duke of Clarence,
Third son to the third Edward king of England,
Sprung crestless yeomen from so deep a root. Shakespeare.

CRETA’CEOUS. adj. [creta, chalk, Lat.] Abounding with
chalk; having the qualities of chalk; chalky.
What gives the light, seems hard to say; whether it be the
cretaceous salt, the nitrous salt, or some igneous particles. Grew.
Nor from the sable ground expect success,
Nor from cretaceous, stubborn and jejune. Philips.

CRETA’TED. adj. [cretatus, Latin.] Rubbed with chalk. Dict.

CRE’VICE. n. s. [from crever, Fr. crepare, Latin, to burst.] A
crack; a cleft; a narrow opening.
I pried me through the crevice of a wall,
When for his hand he had his two sons heads. Shakespeare.
I thought it no breach of good-manners to peep at a crevice,
and look in at people so well employed. Addison's Spectator.

CREW. n. s. [probably from crud, Saxon.]
1. A company of people associated for any purpose; as gallant
crew, for troops. Chevy-chase.
There a noble crew
Of lords and ladies stood on every side,
Which, with their presence fair, the place much beautify'd.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 4. stanz. 7.
2. The company of a ship.


The anehors drop'd, his crew the vessels moor. Dryd. Æn.
3. It is now generally used in a bad sense.
One of the banish'd crew,
I fear, hath ventur'd from the deep, to raise
New troubles. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 573.
He with a crew, whom like ambition joins
With him, or under him to tyrannize,
Marching from Eden tow'rds the west, shall find
The plain. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 38.
The last was he, whose thunder slew
The Titan race, a rebel crew. Addison.

CREW. [the preterit of crow.]

CRE’WEL. n. s. [klewel, Dutch.] Yarn twisted and wound on
a knot or ball.
Take silk or crewel, gold or silver thread, and make these
fast at the bent of the hook. Walton's Angler.

CRI

CRIB. n. s. [crybbe, Sax. crib, German.]
1. The rack or manger of a stable.
Let a beast be lord of beasts, and his crib shall stand at the
king's messe. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The steer and lion at one crib shall meet,
And harmless serpents lick the pilgrim's feet. Pope.
2. The stall or cabbin of an ox.
3. A small habitation; a cottage.
Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smokey cribs,
Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee,
Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great? Shakespeare.

To CRIB. v. a. [from the noun.] To shut up in a narrow
habitation; to confine; to cage.
Now I'm cabbin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in
To saucy doubts and fears. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

CRI’BBAGE. n. s. A game at cards.

CRI’BBLE. n. s. [cribrum, Latin.] A corn-sieve. Dict.

CRIBRA’TION. n. s. [cribro, Latin.] The act of sifting, or
separating by a sieve.

CRICK. n. s. 
1. [from cricco, Italian.] The noise of a door.
2. [from cryce, Saxon, a stake.] A painful stiffness in the
neck.

CRI’CKET. n. s. [krekel, from kreken, to make a noise, Dutch.]
1. An insect that squeaks or chirps about ovens and fireplaces.
Didst thou not hear a noise?——
—I heard the owl scream, and the crickets cry. Shakes. Macb.
Far from all resort of mirth,
Save the cricket on the hearth. Milton.
The solemn death-watch click'd the hour she dy'd,
And shrilling crickets in the chimney cry'd. Gay's Pastorals.
2. [from cryce, Saxon, a stick.] A sport, at which the con­
tenders drive a ball with sticks in opposition to each other.
The judge, to dance, his brother serjeant call;
The senator at cricket urge the ball. Pope's Dunciad, b. iv.
3. [from kriechen, Germ. to creep.] A low seat or stool.

CRI’ER. n. s. [from cry.] The officer whose business is to
cry or make proclamation.
He openeth his mouth like a crier. Ecclus. xx. 15.
The criers command silence, and the whole multitude
present stand in a suspence. Brerewood on Languages.
The crier calls aloud
Our old nobility of Trojan blood,
Who gape among the crowd for their precarious food. Dry.

CRIME. n. s. [crimen, Lat. crime, French.] An act contrary
to right; an offence; a great fault; an act of wickedness.
High God be witness, that I guiltless am;
But if yourself, sir knight, ye guilty find,
Or wrapped be in loves of former dame,
With crime do not it cover, but disclose the same. Fairy Qu.
No crime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love. Pope.

CRI’MEFUL. adj. [from crime and full.] Wicked; criminal;
faulty in a high degree; contrary to duty; contrary to virtue.
You proceeded not against these feats,
So crimeful and so capital in nature. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

CRI’MELESS. adj. [from crime.] Innocent; without crime.
My foes could not procure me any scathe,
So long as I am loyal, true, and crimeless. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

CRI’MINAL. adj. [from crime.]
1. Faulty; contrary to right; contrary to duty; contrary to
law.
Live thou, and to thy mother dead attest,
That clear she died from blemish criminal. Fairy Quen, b. ii.
What we approve in our friend, we can hardly be induced
to think criminal in ourselves. Rogers, Serm. iv.
2. Guilty; tainted with crime; not innocent.
The neglect of any of the relative duties, render us criminal
in the sight of God. Rogers's Sermons.
3. Not civil; as a criminal prosecution.

CRI’MINAL. n. s. [from crime.]
1. A man accused.
Was ever criminal forbid to plead?
Curb your ill-manner'd zeal. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. A man guilty of a crime.
All three persons, that had held chief place of authority in
their countries; all three ruined, not by war, or by any other
disaster, but by justice and sentence, as delinquents and cri­
minals. Bacon.

CRI’MINALLY. adv. [from criminal.] Not innocently; wick­
edly; guiltily.
As our thoughts extend to all subjects, they may be crimi­
nally employed on all. Rogers's Sermons.

CRI’MINALNESS. n. s. [from criminal.] Guiltiness; want of
innocence.

CRIMINA’TION. n. s. [criminatio, Latin.] The act of accusing;
accusation; arraignment; charge.

CRI’MINATORY. adj. [from crimina, Latin.] Relating to ac­
cusation; accusing; censorious.

CRI’MINOUS. adj. [criminosus, Latin.] Wicked; iniquitous;
enormously guilty.
The punishment that belongs to that great and criminous
guilt, is the forfeiture of his right and claim to all mercies,
which are made over to him by Christ. Hammond on Fundam.

CRI’MINOUSLY. adv. [from criminous.] Enormously; very
wickedly.
Some particular duties of piety and charity, which were
most criminously omitted before. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

CRI’MINOUSNESS. n. s. [from criminous.] Wickedness; guilt;
crime.
I could never be convinced of any such criminousness in
him, as willingly to expose his life to the stroke of justice and
malice of his enemies. King Charles.

CRI’MOSIN. adj. [crimosino, Italian.] A species of red colour.
Upon her head a crimosin coronet,
With damask roses and daffadilies set,
Bay-leaves between,
And primroses green,
Embellish the white violet. Spenser's Pastorals.

CRIMP. adj. [from crumble, or crimble.]
1. Friable; brittle; easily crumbled; easily reduced to powder.
Now the fowler, warn'd
By these good omens, with swift early steps,
Treads the crimp earth, ranging through fields and glades.
Philips.
2. Not consistent; not forcible: a low cant word.
The evidence is crimp; the witnesses swear backwards and
forwards, and contradict themselves; and his tenants stick by
him. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

To CRI’MPLE. v. a. [from rumple, crumple, crimple.] To con­
tract; to corrugate; to cause to shrink or contract.
He passed the cautery through them, and accordingly crim­
pled them up. Wiseman's Surgery.

CRI’MSON. n. s. [cremosino, Italian.]
1. Red, somewhat darkened with blue.
As crimson seems to be little else than a very deep red, with
an eye of blue; so some kinds of red seem to be little else
than heightened yellow. Boyle on Colours.
2. Red in general.
Can you blame her then, being a maid yet rosed over with
the virgin crimson of modesty, if she deny the appearance of
a naked blind boy, in her naked seeing self? Shakes. Henry V.
Beauty's ensign yet
Is crimson in thy lips, and in thy cheeks. Shakespeare.
The crimson stream distain'd his arms around,
And the disdainful soul came rushing through the wound.
Dryden's Æneis.
Why does the soil endue
The blushing poppy with a crimson hue? Prior.

To CRI’MSON. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dye with crimson.
Pardon me, Julius.—Here wast thou bay'd, brave hart:
Here didst thou fall; and here thy hunters stand
Sign'd in thy spoil, and crimson'd in thy lethe. Shakespeare.

CRI’NCUM. n. s. [a cant word.] A cramp; a contraction;
whimsy.
For jealousy is but a kind
Of clap and crincum of the mind. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 

CRINGE. n. s. [from the verb.] Bow; servile civility.
Let me be grateful; but let far from me
Be fawning cringe, and false dissembling looks. Philips.

To CRINGE. v. a. [from kriechen, German.] To draw to­
gether; to contract.
Whip him, fellows,
'Till, like a boy, you see him cringe his face,
And whine aloud for mercy. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.

To CRINGE. v. n. [kriechen, German.] To bow; to pay court
with bows; to fawn; to flatter.
Flatterers have the flexor muscles so strong, that they are
always bowing and cringing. Arbuthnot.
The cringing knave, who seeks a place
Without success, thus tells his case. Swift.

CRINI’GEROUS. adj. [criniger, Latin.] Hairy; overgrown
with hair. Dict.

To CRI’NKLE. v. n. [from krinckelen, Dutch.] To go in
and out; to run in flexures.
Unless some sweetness at the bottom lie,
Who cares for all the crinkling of the pye? King's Cookery.



To CRI’NKLE. v. a. To mould into inequalities.

CRI’NKLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A wrinkle; a sinuosity.

CRI’NOSE. adj. [from crinis, Latin.] Hairy. Dict.

CRINO’SITY. n. s. [from crinose.] Hairyness. Dict.

CPI’PPLE. n. s. [crypel, Sax. krepel, Dutch.] A lame man;
one that has lost or never enjoyed the use of his limbs.
He, poor man, by your first order died,
And that a winged Mercury did bear:
Some tardy cripple had the countermand,
That came too lag to see him buried. Shakespeare's R. III.
I am a cripple in my limbs; but what decays are in my
mind, the reader must determine. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Among the rest there was a lame cripple from his birth,
whom Paul commanded to stand upright on his feet. Bentley.
See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing,
The sot a hero, lunatick a king. Pope's Essay on Man.

To CRI’PPLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To lame; to make
lame; to deprive of the use of limbs.
Knots upon his gouty joints appear,
And chalk is in his crippled fingers found. Dryden's Pers.
Tettyx, the dancing-master, threw himself from the rock,
but was crippled in the fall. Addison.

CRI’PPLENESS. n. s. [from cripple.] Lameness; privation of
the limbs. Dict.

CRI’SIS. n. s. [ϰϱίσις.]
1. The point in which the disease kills, or changes to the
better.
Wise leeches will not vain receipts obtrude;
Deaf to complaints, they wait upon the ill,
'Till some safe crisis authorize their skill. Dryden.
2. The point of time at which any affair comes to the height.
This hour's the very crisis of your fate;
Your good or ill, your infamy or fame,
And all the colour of your life depends
On this important now. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
The undertaking, which I am now laying down, was en­
tered upon in the very crisis of the late rebellion, when it was
the duty of every Briton to contribute his utmost assistance to
the government, in a manner suitable to his station and abi­
lities. Addison's Freeholder, No. 55.

CRISP. adj. [crispus, Latin.]
1. Curled.
Bulls are more crisp on the forehead than cows. Bacon.
The Ethiopian black, flat nosed, and crisp haired. Hale.
2. Indented; winding.
You nymphs, call'd Naiads, of the winding brooks,
With your sedg'd crowns, and ever harmless looks,
Leave your crisp channels, and on this green land
Answer your summons, Juno does command. Shakes. Temp.
3. Brittle; friable.
In frosty weather, musick within doors soundeth better;
which may be by reason not of the disposition of the air, but
of the wood or string of the instrument, which is made more
crisp, and so more porous and hollow. Bacon's Natural Hist.

To CRISP. v. a. [crispo, Latin.]
1. To curl; to contract into knots or curls.
Severn, affrighted with their bloody looks,
Ran fearfully among the trembling reeds,
And hid his crisp'd head in the hollow bank. Shak. Hen. IV.
Young I'd have him too,
Yet a man, with crisped hair,
Cast in thousand snares and rings,
For love's fingers, and his rings. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
The hasty application of spirits of wine is not only
unfit for inflammations in general, but also crisps up the vessels
of the dura mater and brain, and sometimes produces a gan­
grene. Sharp's Surgery.
2. To twift.
Along the crisped shades and bow'rs,
Revels the spruce and jocund spring. Milton.
3. To indent; to run in and out.
From that saphine fount the crisped brooks,
Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold,
Ran nectar, visiting each plant. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.

CRISPA’TION. n. s. [from crisp.]
1. The act of curling.
2. The state of being curled.
Some differ in the hair and feathers, both in the quantity,
crispation, and colours of them; as he-lions are hirsute, and
have great manes; the she's are smooth, like cats. Bacon.

CRI’SPING-PIN. n. s. [from crisp.] A curling-iron.
The changeable suits of apparel, and the mantles, and the
wimples, and the crisping-pins. Is. iii. 22.

CRISPI’SULCANT. adj. [crispisulcans, Latin.] Waved, or un­
dulating; as lightning is represented. Dict.

CRI’SPNESS. n. s. [from crisp.] Curledness.

CRI’SPY. adj. [from crisp.] Curled.
So are those crispy snaky locks, oft known
To be the dowry of a second head. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.

CRITE’RION. n. s. [ϰϱιτήϱιον.] A mark by which any thing is
judged of, with regard to its goodness or badness.
Mutual agreement and endearments was the badge of pri­
mitive believers; but we may be known by the contrary cri­
terion. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.
We have here a sure infallible criterion, by which every
man may discover and find out the gracious or ungracious
disposition of his own heart. South's Sermons.
By what criterion do ye eat, d'ye think,
If this is priz'd for sweetness, that for stink? Pope's Hor.

CRI’TICK. n. s. [ϰϱντιϰος.]
1. A man skilled in the art of judging of literature; a man able
to distinguish the faults and beauties of writing.
This settles truer ideas in men's minds of several things,
whereof we read the names in ancient authors, than all the
large and laborious arguments of criticks. Locke.
Criticks I saw, that other names deface,
And six their own with labour in their place. Pope.
Where an author has many beauties consistent with virtue,
piety, and truth, let not little criticks exalt themselves, and
shower down their ill-nature. Watts.
2. A censurer; a man apt to find fault.
My chief design, next to seeing you, is to be a severe cri­
tick on you and your neighbour. Swift.

CRI’TICK. adj. Critical; relating to criticism; relating to the
art of judging of literary performances.
Thence arts o'er all the northern world advance,
But critick learning flourish'd most in France. Pope.

CRI’TICK. n. s. 
1. A critical examination; critical remarks; animadversions.
I should be glad if I could persuade him to continue his
good offices, and write such another critick on any thing of
mine. Dryden.
I should as soon expect to see a critique on the poesy of a
ring, as on the inscription of a medal. Addison on Medals.
2. Science of criticism.
If ideas and words were distinctly weighed, and duly con­
sidered, they would afford us another sort of logick and critick
than what we have been hitherto acquainted with. Locke.
What is every year of a wise man's life, but a censure and
critique on the past? Pope.
Not that my quill to criticks was confin'd,
My verse gave ampler lessons to mankind. Pope.

To CRI’TICK. v. n. [from critick.] To play the critick; to
criticise.
They do but trace over the paths that have been beaten by
the antients; or comment, critick, and flourish upon
them. Temple.

CRI’TICAL. adj. [from critick.]
1. Exact; nicely judicious; accurate; diligent.
It is submitted to the judgment of more critical ears, to
direct and determine what is graceful and what is not. Holder.
Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion, that he would
never have brought in such prayers as these, if they had not
been agreeable to the Roman customs. Stillingfleet.
2. Relating to criticism; as, he wrote a critical dissertation on the
last play.
3. Captious; inclined to find fault.
What wouldst thou write of me, if thou shouldst praise
me?—
—O, gentle lady, do not put me to't;
For I am nothing, if not critical. Shakespeare's Othello.
4. [from crisis.] Comprising the time at which a great event is
determined.
The moon is supposed to be measured by sevens, and the
critical or decretory days to be dependent on that number.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Opportunity is in respect to time, in some sense, as time is
in respect to eternity: it is the small moment, the exact point,
the critical minute, on which every good work so much de­
pends. Sprat's Sermons.
The people cannot but resent to see their apprehensions of
the power of France, in so critical a juncture, wholly laid
aside. Swift.

CRI’TICALLY. adv. [from critical.] In a critical manner; ex­
actly; curiously.
Difficult it is to understand the purity of English, and
critically to discern good writers from bad, and a proper stile
from a corrupt one. Dryden.
These shells which are digged up out of the earth, several
hundreds of which I now keep by me, have been nicely and
critically examined by very many learned men. Woodward.

CRI’TICALNESS. n. s. [from critical.] Exactness; accuracy;
nicety.

To CRI’TICISE. v. n. [from critick.]
1. To play the critick; to judge; to write remarks upon any
performance of literature; to point out faults and beauties.
They who can criticise so weakly, as to imagine I have
done my worst, may be convinced, at their own cost, that I
can write severely with more ease than I can gently. Dryden.
Know well each ancient's proper character,
Without all this at once before your eyes,
Cavil you may, but never criticise. Pope's Essay on Criticism.
2. To animadvert upon as faulty.
Nor would I have his father look so narrowly into these ac­


counts, as to take occasion from thence to criticise on his ex­
pences. Locke.

To CRI’TICISE. v. a. [from critick.] To censure; to pass
judgment upon.
Nor shall I look upon it as any breach of charity to criticise
the author, so long as I keep clear of the person. Addison.

CRI’TICISM. n. s. [from critick.]
1. Criticism, as it was first instituted by Aristotle, was meant a
standard of judging well. Dryden's Innocence, Pref.
2. Remark; animadversion; critical observations.
There is not a Greek or Latin critick who has not shewn,
even in the stile of his criticisms, that he was a master of all
the eloquence and delicacy of his native tongue. Addis. Spect.

CRO

To CROAK. v. n. [cracezzan, Saxon; crocare, Italian; croci­
tare, Latin.]
1. To make a hoarse low noise, like a frog.
The subtle swallow flies about the brook,
And querulous frogs in muddy pools do croak. May's Virgil.
So when Jove's block descended from on high,
Loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog,
And the hoarse nation croak'd. Pope's Dunciad, b. i. l. 264.
Blood, stuff'd in skins, is British christians food;
And France robs marshes of the croaking brood. Gay.
2. To caw or cry as a raven or crow.
The raven himself not hoarse,
That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan
Under my battlements. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The hoarse raven, on the blasted bough,
By croaking from the left, presag'd the coming blow. Dryd.
At the same time the walk of elms, with the croaking of the
ravens, looks exceeding solemn and venerable. Addis. Spectat.
3. It may be used in contempt for any disagreeable or offensive
murmur.
Their understandings are but little instructed, when all their
whole time and pains is laid out to still the croaking of their
own bellies. Locke.

CROAK. n. s. [from the verb.] The cry or voice of a frog or
raven.
The swallow skims the river's watry face,
The frogs renew the croaks of their loquacious race. Dryd.
Was that a raven's croak, or my son's voice?
No matter which, I'll to the grave and hide me. Lee's Oed.

CRO’CEOUS. adj. [croceus, Latin.] Consisting of saffron; like
saffron. Dict.

CROCITA’TION. n. s. [crocitatio, Latin.] The croaking of
frogs or ravens. Dict.

CROCK. n. s. [kruick, Dutch.] A cup; any vessel made of
earth.

CRO’CKERY. n. s. Earthen ware.

CRO’CODILE. n. s. [from ϰρόϰ, saffron, and δειλων, fearing.]
An amphibious voracious animal, in shape resembling a
lizard, and found in Egypt and the Indies. It is covered with
very hard scales, which cannot, without great difficulty, be
pierced; except under the belly, where the skin is tender. It
has a wide throat, with several rows of teeth, sharp and sepa­
rated, which enter one another. Though its four legs are
very short, it runs with great swiftness; but does not easily
turn itself. It is long lived, and is said to grow continually
to its death; but this is not probable. Some are fifteen or
eighteen cubits long. Its sight is very piercing upon the
ground, but in the water it sees but dimly; and it is said to
spend the four winter months under water. When its bowels
are taken out, or it is wounded, it smells very agreeably.
Crocodiles lay their eggs, resembling goose-eggs, sometimes
amounting to sixty, on the sand near the waterside, covering
them with the sand, that the heat of the sun may contribute
to hatch them. The Ichneumon, or Indian rat, which is as
large as a tame cat, is said to break the crocodile's eggs when­
ever it finds them; and also, that it gets into the very belly of
this creature, while it is asleep with its throat open, gnaws its
entrails, and kills it. Calmet.
Glo'ster's show
Beguiles him; as the mournful crocodile,
With sorrow, snares relenting passengers. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Crocodiles were thought to be peculiar unto the Nile. Brown.
Cæsar will weep, the crocodile will weep. Dryden.
Enticing crocodiles, whose tears are death;
Syrens, that murder with enchanting breath. Granville.
Crocodile is also a little animal, otherwise called stinx, very
much like the lizard, or small crocodile. It lives by land and
water; has four short small legs, a very sharp muzzle, and a
short small tail. It is pretty enough to look at, being covered
all over with little scales of the colour of silver, intermixt with
brown, and of a gold colour upon the back. It always re­
mains little, and is found in Egypt near the Red Sea, in Ly­
bia, and in the Indies. Trevoux.

CRO’CODILINE. adj. [crocodilinus, Lat.] Like a crocodile. Dict.

CRO’CUS. n. s.
The best place to plant the Spring crocus's is close to a wall,
or on the edge of boarded borders round a garden, mingling
the colour of those of a season together. The seed must be
kept in the husk 'till sown, and a light rich ground should be
chosen for them. They must not be placed too thick: they
may be increased also by off-sets. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Fair handed Spring unbosoms every grace,
Throws out the snow-drop and the crocus first. Thomson.

CROFT. n. s. [croft, Saxon.] A little close joining to a house,
that is used for corn or pasture.
This have I learn'd,
Tending my flocks hard by, i' th' hilly crofts
That brow this bottom glade. Milton.

CROISA’DE. n. s. [croisade, Fr. from croix, a cross.] A holy
war; a war carried on against infidels under the
banner of the cross.

CROISA’DO. n. s. [croisade, Fr. from croix, a cross.] A holy
war; a war carried on against infidels under the
banner of the cross.
See that he take the name of Urban, because a pope of that
name did first institute the croisado; and, as with an holy
trumpet, did stir up the voyage for the Holy Land. Bacon.

CRO’ISES. n. s. 
1. Pilgrims who carry a cross.
2. Soldiers who fight against infidels under the banner of the
cross.

CRONE. n. s. [crone, Sax. according to Verstegan; kronie, Dut.
according to Skinner.]
1. An old ewe.
2. In contempt, an old woman.
Take up the bastard,
Take't up, I say; give't to thy crone. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
The crone being in bed with him on the wedding night,
and finding his aversion, endeavours to win his affection by
reason. Dryden's Fables, Preface.

CRO’NET. n. s. The hair which grows over the top of an
horse's hoof.

CRO’NY. n. s. [a cant word.] An old acquaintance; a compa­
nion of long standing.
So when the Scots, your constant cronies,
Th' espousers of your cause and monies. Hudibras, p. iii.
To oblige your crony Swift,
Bring our dame a new year's gift. Swift.
Strange, an astrologer should die,
Without one wonder in the sky!
Not one of all his crony stars,
To pay their duty at his herse? Swift.

CROOK. n. s. [croc, French.]
1. Any crooked or bent instrument.
2. A sheephook.
He left his crook, he left his flocks,
And wand'ring through the lonely rocks,
He nourish'd endless woe. Prior.
3. Any thing bent; a meander.
There fall those saphire-colour'd brooks,
Which, conduit like, with curious crooks,
Sweet islands make in that sweet land. Sidney, b. ii.

To CROOK. v. a. [crocher, French.]
1. To bend; to turn into a hook.
It is highly probable, that this disease proceeds from a re­
dundant acidity, because vinegar will soften and crook tender
bones. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To pervert from rectitude; to divert from the original end.
Whatsoever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crooketh
them to his own ends; which must needs be often eccentrick
to the ends of his master or state. Bacon, Essay 24.

CRO’OKBACK. n. s. [crook and back.] A term of reproach for
a man that has gibbous shoulders.
Ay, crookback, here I stand to answer thee,
Or any he the proudest of thy sort. Shakespeare's Henry VI.

CRO’OKBACKED. adj. Having bent shoulders.
A dwarf as well may for a giant pass,
As negroe for a swan; a crookback'd lass
Be call'd Europa. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 8.
There are millions of truths that a man is not, or may not
think himself, concerned to know; as, whether our king
Richard III. was crookbacked or no. Locke.

CROO’KED. adj. [crocher, French.]
1. Bent; not strait; curve.
A bell or a cannon may be heard beyond a hill, which in­
tercepts the sight of the sounding body; and sounds are pro­
pagated as readily through crooked pipes as through straight
ones. Newton's Opt.
Mathematicians say of a straight line, that it is as well an
index of its own rectitude as of the obliquity of a crooked
one. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Winding; oblique; anfractuous.
A man shall never want crooked paths to walk in, if he thinks
that he is in the right way, where-ever he has the footsteps of
others to follow. Locke.
Among the crooked lanes, on every hedge,
The glow-worm lights his gem. Thomson's Summer.
3. Perverse; untoward; without rectitude of mind; given to
obliquity of conduct.
They have corrupted themselves: they are a perverse and
crooked generation. Deutr. xxxii. 5.
Hence, heap of wrath; foul, indigested lump!
As crooked in thy manners as thy shape. Shakesp. Henry VI.


We were not born crooked; we learned those windings and
turnings of the serpent. South's Sermons.

CROO’KEDLY. adv. [from crooked.]
1. Not in a strait line.
2. Untowardly; not compliantly.
If we walk perversely with God, he will walk crookedly
towards us. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

CROO’KEDNESS. n. s. [from crooked.]
1. Deviation from straitness; curvity; the state of being in­
flected; inflection.
He that knoweth what is straight, doth even thereby dis­
cern what is crooked; because the absence of straightness, in
bodies capable thereof, is crookedness. Hooker.
2. Deformity of a gibbous body.
When the heathens offered a sacrifice to their false gods,
they would make a severe search to see if there were any
crookedness of spot, any uncleanness or deformity, in their
sacrifice. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

CROP. n. s. [crop, Saxon.] The craw of a bird; the first
stomach into which her meat descends.
In birds there is no mastication or comminution of the
meat in the mouth; but in such as are not carnivorous, it is
immediately swallowed into the crop or craw.
Ray on the Creation.
But flutt'ring there, they nestle near the throne,
And lodge in habitations not their own,
By their high crops and corny gizzards known. Dryden.

CRO’PFULL. adj. [crop and full.] Satiated; with a full belly.
He stretch'd out all the chimney's length,
Basks at the fire his hairy strength;
And, crop-full, out of door he flings,
'Ere the first cock his matin rings. Milton.

CRO’PSICK. adj. [crop and sick.] Sick with repletion; sick
with excess and debauchery.
Strange odds! where crop-sick drunkards must engage
A hungry foe, and arm'd with sober rage. Tate's Juv. Sat.

CROP. n. s. [croppa, Saxon.]
1. The highest part or end of any thing; as the head of a tree,
the ear of corn.
2. The harvest; the corn gathered off a field; the product of
the field.
And this of all my harvest hope I have,
Nought reaped but a weedy crop of care. Spenser's Past.
Lab'ring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop,
Corn, wine, and oil. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
The fountain which from Helicon proceeds,
That sacred stream, should never water weeds,
Nor make the crop of thorns and thistles grow. Roscommon.
Nothing is more prejudicial to your crop than mowing of it
too soon, because the sap is not fully come out of the root.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. Any thing cut off.
Guiltless of steel, and from the razor free,
It falls a plenteous crop reserv'd for thee. Dryden's Fables.

To CROP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cut off the ends of any thing; to mow; to reap; to
lop.
Crop'd are the flower-de-luces in your arms;
Of England's coat, one half is cut away. Shakes. Hen. VI.
He, upon whose side
The fewest roses are crop'd from the tree,
Shall yield the other in the right opinion. Shakes. Henry VI.
All the budding honours on thy crest
I'll crop, to make a garland for my head. Shakes. Henry IV.
I will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender
one, and will plant it upon an high mountain and eminent.
Ezek. xvii. 22.
There are some tears of trees, which are combed from the
beards of goats; for when the goats bite and crop them, espe­
cially in the mornings, the dew being on, the tear cometh
forth, and hangeth upon their beards. Bacon's Natural History.
O Fruit divine!
Sweet of thyself, but much more sweet thus crop'd. Milton.
Age, like ripe apples, on earth's bosom drops;
While force our youth, like fruits, untimely crops. Denham.
Death destroys
The parent's hopes, and crops the growing boys. Creech.
No more, my goats, shall I behold you climb
The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow'ry thyme! Dryd. Virgil.

To CROP. v. n. To yield harvest.
Royal wench!
She made great Cæsar lay his sword to-bed;
He plough'd her, and she cropt. Shakesp. Anth. and Cleopatra.

CRO’PPER. n. s. [from crop.] A kind of pigeon with a large
crop.
There are several kinds of trouts, as there be tame and
wild pigeons; and of tame there be croppers, carriers,
runts. Walton's Angler.

CRO’SIER. n. s. [croiser, Fr. from croix, a cross.] The pasto­
ral staff of a bishop, which has a cross upon it.
When prelates are great, there is also danger from them;
as it was in the times of Anselmus and Thomas Becket, who,
with their crosiers, did almost try it with the king's sword.
Bacon, Essay 20.
Grievances there were, I must confess, and some incon­
gruities in my civil government; wherein some say the crosier,
some say the distaff, was too busy. Howel's England's Tears.
Her front erect with majesty she bore,
The crosier wielded, and the mitre wore. Dryden.

CRO’SLET. n. s. [croisselet, French.]
1. A small cross.
Then Una 'gan to ask, if aught he knew,
Or heard abroad, of that her champion true,
That in his armour bare a croslet red. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Here an unfinish'd di'mond croslet lay,
To which soft lovers adoration pay. Gay's Fan.
2. It seems to be used in the following passage, by mistake, for
corselet.
The croslet some, and some the cuishes mould,
With silver plated, and with ductile gold. Dryden's Æn.

CROSS. n. s. [croix, Fr. croce, Ital. crux, Latin.]
1. One strait body laid at right angles over another; the instru­
ment by which the Saviour of the world suffered death.
They make a little cross of a quill, longways of that part of
the quill which hath the pith, and crossways of that piece of
the quill without pith. Bacon's Natural History, No. 494.
You are first to consider seriously the infinite love of your
Saviour, who offered himself for you as a sacrifice upon the
cross. Taylor's Guide to the Penitent.
2. The ensign of the Christian religion.
Her holy faith and Christian cross oppos'd
Against the Saxon gods. Rowe.
3. A monument with a cross upon it to excite devotion; such
as were anciently set in market-places.
She doth stray about
By holy crosses, where she kneels and prays. Shakespeare.
4. A line drawn through another.
5. Any thing that thwarts or obstructs; misfortune; hindrance;
vexation; opposition; misadventure; trial of patience.
Wishing unto me many crosses and mischances in my love,
whensoever I should love. Sidney, b. i.
Then let us teach our trial patience,
Because it is a customary cross. Shakespeare.
Heaven prepares good men with crosses; but no ill can hap­
pen to a good man. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
A great estate hath great crosses, and a mean fortune hath
but small ones. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
6. Money so called, because marked with a cross.
He was said to make soldiers spring up out of the very
earth to follow him, though he had not a cross to pay them
salary. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Whereas we cannot much lament our loss,
Who neither carry'd back nor brought one cross. Dryden.
7. Cross and Pile, a play with money; at which it is put to
chance whether the side, which bears a cross, shall lie upward,
or the other.
Whacum had neither cross nor pile;
His plunder was not worth the while. Hudibras, p. ii.
This I humbly conceive to be perfect boys play; cross, I
win, and pile, you lose; or, what's yours is mine, and what's
mine is my own. Swift.

CROSS. adj. [from the substantive.]
1. Transverse; falling a-thwart something else.
Whatsoever penumbra should be made in the circles by the
cross refraction of the second prism, all that penumbra would
be conspicuous in the right lines which touch those circles.
Newton's Opticks.
The sun, in that space of time, by his annual contrary
motion eastward, will be advanced near a degree of the eclip­
tick, cross to the motion of the equator. Holder on Time.
The ships must needs encounter, when they either advance
towards one another in direct lines, or meet in the intersection
of cross ones. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Oblique; lateral.
Was this a face,
To stand against the deep dread bolted thunder?
In the most terrible and nimble stroke
Of quick cross lightning? Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. Adverse; opposite.
Were both love's captives; but with fate so cross,
One must be happy by the other's loss. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Cross to our interests, curbing sense and sin;
Oppress'd without, and undermin'd within,
It thrives through pain. Dryden.
It runs cross to the belief and apprehension of the rest of
mankind; a difficulty, which a modest and good man is scarce
able to encounter. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. Perverse; untractable.
When, through the cross circumstances of a man's temper
or condition, the enjoyment of a pleasure would certainly
expose him to a greater inconvenience, then religion bids him
quit it. South's Sermons.


5. Peevish; fretful; ill-humoured.
Did ever any man upon the rack afflict himself, because he
had received a cross answer from his mistress? Taylor.
All cross and distasteful humours, and whatever else may
render the conversation of men grievous and uneasy to one
another, must be shunned. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
6. Contrary; contradictory.
The mind brings all the ends of a long and various hypo­
thesis together; sees how one part coheres with, and depends
upon another; and so clears off all the appearing contrarieties
and contradictions, that seemed to lie cross and uncouth, and
to make the whole unintelligible. South's Sermons.
7. Contrary to wish; unfortunate.
We learn the great reasonableness of not only a contented,
but also a thankful acquiescence in any condition, and under
the crossest and severest passages of providence. South's Sermons.
I cannot, without some regret, behold the cross and un­
lucky issue of my design; for by my dislike of disputes, I am
engaged in one. Glanv.
8. Interchanged.
Evarchus made a cross marriage also with Dorilaus's sister,
and shortly left her with child of the famous Pyrocles. Sidney.
They had long conference, not only upon commerce, but
upon cross marriages, to be had between the king's son and
the archduke's daughter; and again, between the archduke's
son and the king's daughter. Bacon's Henry VII.

CROSS. prep. 
1. A-thwart; so as to intersect any thing.
They were advertised, that the enemy had, in the woods
before them, whereby they were to pass, cut down great trees
cross the ways, so that their horse could not possibly pass that
way. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Betwixt the midst and these, the gods assign'd
Two habitable seats of human kind;
And cross their limits cut a sloaping way,
Which the twelve signs in beauteous order sway. Dryd. Virg.
Cross his back, as in triumphant scorn,
The hope and pillar of the house was born. Dryd. Fables.
2. Over; from side to side.
A fox was taking a walk one night cross a village. L'Estran.

To CROSS. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To lay one body, or draw one line, a-thwart another.
This forc'd the stubborn'st, for the cause,
To cross the cudgels to the laws;
That what by breaking them't had gain'd,
By their support might be maintain'd. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 2.
The loxia, or cross-bill, whose bill is thick and strong,
with the tips crossing one another, with great readiness breaks
open fir-cones, apples, and other fruit, to come at their ker­
nels; as if the crossing of the bill was designed for this
service. Derham's Physico-Theology.
I shall most carefully observe, not to cross over, or deface
the copy of your papers for the future, and only to mark in
the margin. Pope.
A hunted hare treads back her mazes, and crosses and con­
founds her former track. Watts.
2. To sign with the cross.
3. To mark out; to cancel; as, to cross an article.
4. To pass over.
He conquered this proud Turk as far as the Hellespont,
which he crossed, and made a visit to the Greek emperor at
Constantinople. Temple.
We found the hero, for whose only sake
We sought the dark abodes, and cross'd the bitter lake. Dry.
5. To move laterally, obliquely, or a-thwart; not in opposi­
tion; not in the same line.
But he them spying, 'gan to turn aside,
For fear, as seem'd, or for some seined loss;
More greedy they of news, fast towards him do cross. Spens.
6. To thwart; to interpose obstruction; to embarrass; to ob­
struct; to hinder.
Still do I cross this wretch, whatso he taketh in hand. Hooker.
The king no longer could endure
Thus to be cross'd in what he did intend. Daniel's Civ. War.
He was so great an enemy to Digby and Colepeper, who
were only present in debates of the war with the officers, that
he crossed all they proposed. Clarendon, b. viii.
Bury'd in private, and so suddenly!
It crosses my design, which was t' allow
The rites of funeral fitting his degree. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
Swell'd with our late successes on the foe,
Which France and Holland wanted pow'r to cross,
We urge an unseen fate. Dryden.
The firm patriot there,
Though still by faction, vice, and fortune crost,
Shall find the generous labour was not lost. Addison's Cato.
7. To counteract.
Then their wills clash with their understandings, and their
appetites cross their duty. Locke.
8. To contravene; to hinder by authority; to countermand.
No governour is suffered to go on with any one course,
but upon the least information he is either stopped and crossed,
or other courses appointed him from hence. Spenser on Ireland.
It may make my case dangerous, to cross this in the
smallest. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
9. To contradict.
In all this there is not a syllable which any ways crosseth
us. Hooker, b. ii. sect. 6.
It is certain, howsoever it cross the received opinion, that
sounds may be created without air. Bacon's Natural History.
10. To debar; to preclude.
From his loins no hopeful branch shall spring,
To cross me from the golden time I look for. Shakes. H. VI.

To CROSS. v. n. 
1. To lye a-thwart another thing.
2. To be inconsistent.
Men's actions do not always cross with reason. Sidney.

CROSS-BAR-SHOT. n. s. A round shot, or great bullet, with
a bar of iron put through it. Harris.

To CROSS-EXAMINE. v. a. [cross and examine.] To try the
faith of evidence by captious questions of the contrary party.
If we may but cross-examine and interrogate their actions
against their words, these will soon confess the invalidity of
their solemnest confessions. Decay of Piety.
The judges shall, as they think fit, interrogate or cross­
examine the witnesses. Spectator, No. 608.

CRO’SS STAFF. n. s. [from cross and staff.] An instrument
commonly called the forestaff, used by seamen to take the
meridian altitude of the sun or stars. Harris.

A CRO’SSBITE. n. s. [cross and bite.] A deception; a cheat.
The fox, that trusted to his address and manage, without
so much as dreaming of a cross-bite from so silly an animal,
fell himself into the pit that he had digged for another. L'Estr.

To CRO’SSBITE. v. a. [from the noun.] To contravene by
deception.
No rhetorick must be spent against cross-biting a country
evidence, and frighting him out of his senses. Collier.
That many knotty points there are,
Which all discuss, but few can clear;
As nature slily had thought fit,
For some by-ends, to cross-bite wit. Prior.

CRO’SSBOW. n. s. [cross and bow.] A missive weapon formed
by placing a bow a-thwart a stock.
Gentlemen suffer their beasts to run wild in their woods
and waste ground, where they are hunted and killed with cross­
bows and pieces, in the manner of deer. Carew's S. of Cornwal.
The master of the cross-bows, lord Rambures. Sh. H. V.

CRO’SSBOWERS. n. s. [from cross-bow.] A shooter with a
cross-bow.
The French assisted themselves by land with the crossbowers
of Genoa against the English. Raleigh's Essays.

CRO’SSGRAINED. adj. [cross and grain.]
1. Having the fibres transverse or irregular.
If the stuff proves crossgrained in any part of its length,
then you must turn your stuff to plane it the contrary way,
so far as it runs cross-grained. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. Perverse; troublesome; vexatious.
We find in sullen writs,
And cross-grain'd works of modern wits,
The wonder of the ignorant. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1. 
The spirit of contradiction, in a cross-grained woman, is
incurable. L'Estrange.
She was none of your cross-grained, termagant, scolding
jades, that one had as good be hanged as live in the house
with. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
But wisdom, peevish and cross-grain'd,
Must be oppos'd, to be sustain'd. Prior.

CRO’SSLY. adv. [from cross.]
1. A-thwart; so as to intersect something else.
2. Oppositely; adversely; in opposition to.
He that provides for this life, but takes no care for eternity,
is wise for a moment, but a fool for ever; and acts as un­
towardly, and crossly to the reason of things, as can be ima­
gined. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. Unfortunately.

CRO’SSNESS. n. s. [from cross.]
1. Transverseness; intersection.
2. Perverseness; peevishness.
The lighter sort of malignity turneth but to a crossness, or
aptness to oppose; but the deeper sort, to envy, or mere mis­
chief. Bacon, Essay 13.
I deny nothing, fit to be granted, out of crossness or hu­
mour. King Charles.
Who would have imagined, that the stiff crossness of a
poor captive should ever have had the power to make Haman's
seat so uneasy to him? L'Estrange, Fab. 38.
They help us to forget the crossness of men and things,
compose our cares and our passions, and lay our disappoint­
ments asleep. Collier of the Entertainment of Books.

CRO’SSROW. n. s. [cross and row.] Alphabet; so named be­
cause a cross is placed at the beginning, to shew that the end
of learning is piety.


He hearkens after prophecies and dreams,
And from the crossrow plucks the letter G;
And says a wizard told him, that by G
His issue disinherited should be. Shakespeare's Richard III.

CRO’SSWIND. n. s. [cross and wind.] Wind blowing from the
right or left.
The least unhappy persons do, in so fickle and so tem­
pestuous a sea, as we all find this world, meet with many
more either crosswinds or stormy gusts than prosperous gales.
Boy e's Seraphick Love.

CRO’SSWAY. n. s. [cross and way.] A small obscure path inter­
secting the chief road.
Damn'd spirits all,
That in crossways and floods have burial,
Already to their wormy beds are gone. Shakespeare.

CRO’SSWORT. n. s. [from cross and wort.]
It hath soft leaves, like the ladies bedstraw, from which it
differs in the number of leaves, that are produced at every
joint; which in this are only four, disposed in form of a cross.
The rough or hairy crosswort is sometimes used in medicine,
and is found wild on dry sandy banks. Miller.

CROTCH. n. s. [croc, French.] A hook.
There is a tradition of a dilemma, that Moreton used to
raise the benevolence to higher rates; and some called it his
fork, and some his crotch. Bacon's Henry VII.

CRO’TCHET. n. s. [crochet, French.]
1. [In musick.] One of the notes or characters of time, equal
to half a minim, and double a quaver. Chambers.
As a good harper, stricken far in years,
Into whose cunning hands the gout doth fall,
All his old crotchets in his brain he bears,
But on his harp plays ill, or not at all. Davies.
2. A support; a piece of wood fitted into another to support a
building.
A stately temple shoots within the skies,
The crotchets of their cot in columns rise. Dryden.
3. [In printing.] Hooks in which words are included [thus.]
4. A perverse conceit; an odd fancy.
All the devices and crotchets of new inventions, which crept
into her, tended either to twich or enlarge the ivy. Howel.
The horse smelt him out, and presently a crotchet came in
his head how he might countermine him. L'Estrange, Fab. 37.

To CROUCH. v. n. [crochu, crooked, French.]
1. To stoop low; to lye close to the ground; as the lion crouches
to his master.
2. To fawn; to bend servilely; to stoop meanly.
Every one that is left in thine house, shall come and crouch
to him for a piece of silver and a morsel of bread. 1 Sa. ii. 36.
At his heels,
Leasht in like hounds, should famine, sword and fire,
Crouch for employment. Shakespeare's Henry V.
They fawn and crouch to men of parts, whom they cannot
ruin; quote them, when they are present; and, when they
are absent, steal their jests. Dryden's Aurengzebe, Pref.
Too well the vigour of that arm they know;
They lick the dust, and crouch beneath their fatal foe. Dryd.
Your shameful story shall record of me,
The men all crouch'd, and left a woman free. Dryd. In. Emp.

CROUP. n. s. [crouppe, French.]
1. The rump of a fowl.
2. The buttocks of a horse.

CROUPA’DES. n. s. [from croup.] Are higher leaps than those
of corvets, that keep the fore and hind quarters of the horse
in an equal height, so that he trusses his legs under his belly
without yerking, or shooting his shoes. Farrier's Dict.

CROW. n. s. [crawe, Saxon.]
1. A large black bird that feeds upon the carcasses of beasts.
The crows and choughs, that wing the midway air,
Shew scarce so gross as beetles. Shakespeare's King Lear.
To crows he like impartial grace affords,
And choughs and daws, and such republick birds. Dryden.
2. To pluck a CROW, is to be industrious or contentious about
that which is of no value.
If you dispute, we must even pluck a crow about it.
L'Estrange, Fable 7.
Resolve before we go,
That you and I must pull a crow. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. ii.
3. A piece of iron used as a lever; as the Latins called a hook
corpus.
The crow is used as a lever to lift up the ends of great
heavy timber, when either a bauk or a rowler is to be laid
under it, and then they thrust the claws between the ground
and the timber; and laying a bauk, or some such stuff, behind
the crow, they draw the other end of the shank backwards,
and so raise the timber. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
Unto my cell. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Against the gate employ your crows of iron. Southern.
4. [From crow.] The voice of a cock, or the noise which he
makes in his gaiety.

CRO’WFOOT. n. s. [from crow and foot; in Latin, ranunculus.]
The flower consists of several leaves, which expand in
form of a rose, having a many-leaved empalement: out of the
middle of the flower rises the pointal, which becomes a fruit,
either round, cylindrical, or spiked; to the axis of which, as
a placenta, adhere many naked seeds. The species are sixteen,
of which eleven were brought originally from Turkey.

CRO’WFOOT. n. s. [from crow and foot.] A caltrop or piece of
iron with four points, two, three, or four inches long; so
that, whatever way it falls, one point is up. It is used in
war for incommoding the cavalry. Military Dict.

To CROW.  preterit. I crew, or crowed; I have crowed. v. n.
[crawan, Saxon.]
1. To make the noise which a cock makes in gaiety, or de­
fiance.
But even then the morning cock crew loud. Shakes. Ham.
Diogenes called an ill physician, cock. Why? saith he.
Diogenes answered, Because when you crew, men use to
rise. Bacon, Apophth. 284.
That the lyon trembles at the crowing of the cock, king
James, upon trial, found to be fabulous. Hakewill.
Within this homestead liv'd, without a peer
For crowing loud, the noble Chanticleer,
So hight her cock. Dryden's Fables.
2. To boast; to bully; to vapour; to bluster; to swagger.

CROWD. n. s. [cruth, Saxon.]
1. A multitude confusedly pressed together.
2. A promiscuous medly, without order or distinction.
He could then compare the confusion of a multitude to that
tumult he had observed in the Icarian sea, dashing and break­
ing among its crowd of islands. Essay on Homer.
3. The vulgar; the populace.
He went not with the crowd to see a shrine,
But fed us, by the way, with food divine. Dryden's Fables.
4. [from crwth, Welsh.] A fiddle.
His fiddle is your proper purchase,
Won in the service of the churches;
And by your doom must be allow'd
To be, or be no more, a crowd. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.

To CROWD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fill with confused multitudes.
A mind which is ever crowding its memory with things
which it learns, may cramp the invention itself. Watts.
2. To press close together.
The time misorder'd, doth in common sense
Crowd us and crush us to this monstrous form,
To hold our safety up. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
It seems probable, that the sea doth still grow narrower
from age to age, and sinks more within its channel and the
bowels of the earth, according as it can make its way into
all those subterraneous cavities, and crowd the air out of
them. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
As the mind itself is thought to take up no space, so its
actions seem to require no time; but many of them seem to
be crowded into an instant. Locke.
Then let us fill
This little interval, this pause of life,
With all the virtues we can crowd into it. Addison's Cato.
3. To incumber by multitudes.
How short is life! Why will vain courtiers toil,
And crowd a vainer monarch for a smile? Granville.
4. To CROWD Sail. [A sea phrase.] To spread wide the sails
upon the yards.

To CROWD. v. n. 
1. To swarm; to be numerous and confused.
They follow their undaunted king;
Crowd through their gates; and in the fields of light,
The shocking squadrons meet in mortal fight. Dryd. Virgil.
2. To thrust among a multitude.
A mighty man, had not some cunning sin,
Amidst so many virtues, crowded in. Cowley's Davideis.

CRO’WDER. n. s. [from crowd.] A fiddler.
Chevy-chase sung by a blind crowder. Sidney.

CRO’WKEEPER. n. s. [crow and keep.] A scarecrow. The
following passage is controverted.
That fellow handles his bow like a crowkeeper. Shakespeare.

CROWN. n. s. [couronne, Fr. kroone, Dut. corona, Latin.]
1. The ornament of the head which denotes imperial and regal
dignity.
If thou be a king, where is thy crown?——
—My crown is in my heart, not on my head:
My crown is call'd content;
A crown it is that seldom kings enjoy. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Look down, you gods,
And on this couple drop a blessed crown. Shakesp. Tempest.
I would the college of the cardinals
Would chuse him pope, and carry him to Rome,
And set the triple crown upon his head. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Edward put to death a citizen,
Only for saying, he would make his son
Heir to the crown. Shakespeare's Richard III.
2. A garland.
Receive a crown for thy well-ordering of the feast.
Ecclus. xxxii. 2.


3. Reward; honorary distinction.
They do it to obtain a corruptible crown, but we an incor­
ruptible. 1 Cor. ix. 25.
Let merit crowns, and justice laurels give,
But let me happy by your pity live. Dryden's Epistles.
4. Regal power; royalty.
The succession of a crown in several countries, places it on
different heads. Locke.
5. The top of the head.
If he awake,
From toe to crown he'll fill our skins with pinches;
Make us strange stuff. Shakespeare's Tempest.
While his head was working upon this thought, the toy
took him in the crown to send for the songster. L'Estrange.
Behold! if fortune, or a mistress frowns,
Some plunge in business, others save their crowns. Pope.
6. The top of any thing; as, of a mountain.
Upon the crown o' th' cliff, what thing was that
Which parted from you? Shakespeare's King Lear.
Huge trunks of trees, fell'd from the steepy crown
Of the bare mountains, roll with ruin down. Dryden's Æn.
7. Part of the hat that covers the head.
I once opened a remarkable atheroma: it was about
as big as the crown of a man's hat, and lay underneath the
pectoral muscle. Sharp's Surgery.
8. A piece of money, anciently stamped with a crown; five
shillings.
Trust not to your servants, who may mislead you, or mis­
inform you, by which they may perhaps gain a few crowns.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
But he that can eat beef, and feed on bread which is so
brown,
May satisfy his appetite, and owe no man a crown. Suckling.
An ounce of silver, whether in pence, groats, or crown­
pieces, stivers or ducatoons, or in bullion, is, and eternally
will be, of equal value to any other ounce of silver. Locke.
9. Honour; ornament; decoration; excellence; dignity.
Much experience is the crown of old men. Ecclus. xxv. 6.
Therefore my brethren, dearly beloved, and longed for, my
joy and crown, stand fast in the Lord. Philip, iv. 1. 
10. Completion; accomplishment.

CROWN-IMPERIAL. n. s. [corona imperialis, Lat.] A plant.
The flowers consist of six leaves, are bell-shaped, and hang
downwards: these are ranged, as it were, into a crown,
above which appears a great bush of leaves. The pointal of
the flower becomes an oblong fruit, winged, and divided into
three cells, filled with flat seeds. It hath a coated root, fur­
nished with fibres at the bottom. Miller.

To CROWN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To invest with the crown or regal ornament.
Had you not come upon your cue, my lord,
William lord Hastings had pronounc'd your part;
I mean your voice for crowning of the king. Shakes. R. III.
Her who fairest does appear,
Crown her queen of all the year. Dryden's Indian Emperor.
2. To cover, as with a crown.
Umbro, the priest, the proud Marrabians led,
And peaceful olives crown'd his hoary head. Dryden's Æn.
3. To dignify; to adorn; to make illustrious.
Thou hast made him a little lower than the angels, and hast
crowned him with glory and honour. Ps. viii. 5.
She shall be, to the happiness of England,
An aged princess; many days shall see her,
And yet no day without a deed to crown it. Shakes. H. VIII.
4. To reward; to recompense.
Urge your success; deserve a lasting name,
She'll crown a grateful and a constant flame. Roscommon.
5. To complete; to perfect.
The lasting and crowning privilege, or rather property of
friendship, is constancy. South's Sermons.
6. To terminate; to finish.
All these a milk-white honeycomb surround,
Which in the midst the country banquet crown'd. Dryden.

CRO’WNGLASS. n. s. The finest sort of window-glass.

CRO’WNPOST. n. s. A post, which, in some buildings, stands
upright in the middle, between two principal rafters.

CRO’WNSCAB. n. s. A stinking filthy seab, that breeds round
about the corners of a horse's hoof, and is a cancerous and
painful sore. Farrier's Dict.

CRO’WNWHEEL. n. s. The upper wheel of a watch next the
balance, which is driven by it.

CRO’WNWORKS. n. s. [In fortification.] Bulwarks advanced
towards the field to gain some hill or rising ground. Harris.

CRO’WNET. n. s. [from crown.]
1. The same with coronet.
2. In the following passage it seems to signify chief end; last
purpose; probably from finis coronat apus.
Oh, this false soul of Egypt! this gay charm!
Whose eye beck'd forth my wars, and call'd them home;
Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end;
Like a right gipsy hath, at fast and loose,
Beguil'd me to the very heart of loss. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.

CRO’YLSTONE. n. s. Crystallized cauk. In this the crystals
are small. Woodward's Foss.

CRU

CRU’CIAL. adj. [crux crucis, Latin.] Transverse; intersecting
one another.
Whoever has seen the practice of the crucial incision, must
be sensible of the false reasoning used in its favour. Sharp.

To CRU’CIATE. v. a. [crucio, Latin.] To torture; to tor­
ment; to excruciate.

CRU’CIBLE. n. s. [crucibulum, low Latin.] A chymist's melt­
ing pot, made of earth; so called, because they were formerly
marked with a cross.
Take a quantity of good silver, and put it in a crucible or
melting cruse, and set them on the fire, well covered round
about with coals. Peacham on Drawing.

CRUCI’FEROUS. adj. [crux and fero, Latin.] Bearing the
cross. Dict.

CRU’CIFIER. n. s. [from crucify.] He that inflicts the punish­
ment of crucifixion.
Visible judgments were executed on Christ's crucifiers.
Hammond on Fundamentals.

CRU’CIFIX. n. s. [crucifixus, Latin.] A representation in pic­
ture or statuary of our Lord's passion.
There stands at the upper end of it a large crucifix, very
much esteemed. The figure of our Saviour represents him in
his last agonies of death. Addison on Italy.

CRUCIFI’XION. n. s. [from crucifixus, Latin.] The punish­
ment of nailing to a cross.
This earthquake, according to the opinion of many learned
men, happened at our Saviour's crucifixion. Addison on Italy.

CRU’CIFORM. adj. [crux and forma, Latin.] Having the form
of a cross.

To CRU’CIFY. v. a. [crucifigo, Latin.] To put to death by
nailing the hands and feet to a cross set upright.
They crucify to themselves the son of God afresh, and put
him to an open shame. Hebr. vi. 6.
But to the cross he nails thy enemies,
The law that is against thee, and the sins
Of all mankind, with him there crucify'd. Milt. Par. Lost.

CRUCI’GEROUS. adj. [cruciger, Latin.] Bearing the cross.

CRUD. n. s. [commonly written curd. See CURD.] A concre­
tion of any liquid into hardness or stiffness; coagulation.

CRUDE. adj. [crudus, Latin.]
1. Raw; not subdued by fire.
2. Not changed by any process or preparation.
Common crude salt, barely dissolved in common aqua fortis,
will give it power of working upon gold. Boyle on Fluidity.
Fermented liquors have quite different qualities from the
plant itself; for no fruit, taken crude, has the intoxicating qua­
lity of wine. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Harsh; unripe.
A juice so crude as cannot be ripened to the degree of nou­
rishment. Bacon's Natural History, No. 632.
4. Unconcocted; not well digested in the stomach.
While the body, to be converted and altered, is too strong
for the efficient that should convert or alter it, whereby it re­
sisteth and holdeth fast, in some degree, the first form or con­
sistence, it is, all that while, crude and inconcoct; and the
process is to be called crudity and inconcoction. Bac. Nat. Hist.
5. Not brought to perfection; unfinished; immature.
In a moment up they turned,
Wide the celestial soil; and saw beneath
Th' originals of nature, in their crude
Conception. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 511. 
6. Having indigested notions.
Deep vers'd in books, and shallow in himself,
Crude, or intoxicate, collecting toys. Milton's Paradise Reg.
7. Indigested; not fully concocted in the intellect.
Others, whom meer ambition fires, and dole
Of provinces abroad, which they have feign'd
To their crude hopes, and I as amply promis'd. B. Johnson.
What peradventure may seem full to me, may appear very
crude and maimed to a stranger. Digby on the Soul, Dedicat.
Absurd expressions, crude abortive thoughts,
All the lewd legions of exploded faults. Roscommon.

CRU’DELY. adv. [from crude.] Unripely; without due pre­
paration.
Th' advice was true; but fear had seiz'd the most,
And all good counsel is on cowards lost;
The question crudely put, to shun delay,
'Twas carry'd by the major part to stay. Dryden.

CRU’DENESS. n. s. [from crude.] Unripeness; indigestion.

CRU’DITY. n. s. [from crude.] Indigestion; inconcoction.
They are very temperate, whereby they prevent indigestion
and crudities, and consequently putrescence of humours. Brown.
A diet of viscid aliment creates flatulency and crudities in
the stomach. Arbuthnot.
2. Unripeness; want of maturity.

To CRU’DLE. v. a. [a word of uncertain etymology.] To
coagulate; to congeal.
I felt my crudled blood
Congeal with fear; my hair with horrour stood. Dryd. Æn.


The Gelons use it, when, for drink and food,
They mix their crudled milk with horses blood. Dryd. Virg.

CRU’DY. adj. [from crud.]
1. Concreted; coagulated.
His cruel wounds with crudy blood congeal'd,
They binden up so wisely as they may. Fairy Queen, b. i.
2. [from crude.] Raw; chill.
Sherris sack ascends into the brain; dries me there all the
foolish, dull, and crudy vapours which environ it. Shakespeare.

CRU’EL. adj. [cruel, French; crudelis, Latin.]
1. Pleased with hurting others; inhuman; hard-hearted; with­
out pity; without compassion; savage; barbarous; un­
relenting.
If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
Thou should'st have said, Go, porter, turn the key;
All cruel's else subscrib'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.
If thou art that cruel god, whose eyes
Delight in blood, and human sacrifice. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
2. [Of things.] Bloody; mischievous; destructive; causing
pain.
Consider mine enemies; for they are many, and they hate
me with cruel hatred. Ps. xxv. 19.
We beheld one of the cruelest fights between two knights,
that ever hath adorned the most martial story. Sidney, b. ii.

CRU’ELLY. adv. [from cruel.] In a cruel manner; inhumanly;
barbarously.
He relies upon a broken reed, that not only basely fails, but
also cruelly pierces the hand that rests upon it. South's Sermon.
Since you deny him entrance, he demands
His wife, whom cruelly you hold in bands. Dryd. Aurengz.

CRU’ELNESS. n. s. [from cruel.] Inhumanity; cruelty.
But she more cruel, and more savage wild,
Than either lion or the lioness,
Shames not to be with guiltless blood defil'd;
She taketh glory in her cruelness. Spenser, Sonnet 20.

CRU’ELTY. n. s. [cruauté, French.] Inhumanity; savageness;
barbarity.
The cruelty and envy of the people,
Permitted by our dastard nobles,
Have suffer'd me by the voice of slaves to be
Whoop'd out of Rome. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
There were great changes in the world by the revolutions
of empire, the cruelties of conquering, and the calamities of
enslaved nations. Temple.

CRU’ENTATE. adj. [cruentatus, Latin.] Smeared with blood.
Atomical aporrheas pass from the cruentate cloth or weapon
to the wound. Glanv. Sceps. c. 24.

CRU’ET. n. s. [kruicke, Dutch.] A vial for vinegar or oyl,
with a stopple.
Within thy reach I set the vinegar!
And fill'd the cruet with the acid tide,
While pepper-water worms thy bait supply'd. Swift.

CRUISE. n. s. [kruicke, Dutch.] A small cup.
I have not a cake, but an handful of meal in a barrel, and
a little oil in a cruise. 1 Kings, xvii. 12.
The train prepare a cruise of curious mold,
A cruise of fragrance, form'd of burnish'd gold. Pope's Odyss.

A CRUISE. n. s. [croise, Fr. from the original cruisers, who
bore the cross, and plundered only infidels.] A voyage in
search of plunder.

To CRUISE. v. n. [from the noun.] To rove over the sea in
search of opportunities to plunder; to wander on the sea
without any certain course.

CRU’ISER. n. s. [from cruise.] One that roves upon the sea
in search of plunder.
Amongst the cruisers it was complained, that their surgeons
were too active in amputating fractured members. Wiseman.

CRUM. n. s. [cruma, Saxon; kruyme, Dutch; krummel,
German.

CRUMB. n. s. [cruma, Saxon; kruyme, Dutch; krummel,
German.
1. The soft part of bread; not the crust.
Take of manchet about three ounces, the crumb only thin
cut; and let it be boiled in milk 'till it grow to a pulp. Bacon.
2. A small particle or fragment of bread.
More familiar grown, the table crums
Attract his slender feet. Thomson's Winter, l. 255.

To CRU’MBLE. v. a. [from crumb.] To break into small
pieces; to comminute.
Flesh is but the glass which holds the dust
That measures all our time, which also shall
Be crumbled into dust. Herbert.
He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints,
And crumble all thy sinews. Milton.
By frequent parcelling and subdividing of inheritances, in
process of time they became so divided and crumbled, that
there were few persons of able estates. Hale's Com. Law of Eng.
At the same time we were crumbled into various factions
and parties, all aiming at by-interests, without any sincere
regard for the publick good. Atterbury's Sermons.
The other bill leaves three hundred pounds a year to the
mother church; which three hundred pounds, by another act
passed some years ago, they can divide likewise, and crumble
as low as their will and pleasure will dispose of them. Swift.

To CRU’MBLE. v. n. To fall into small pieces.
There is so hot a summer in my brain,
That all my bowels crumble up to dust. Shakesp. King John.
Nor is the profit small the peasant makes,
Who smooths with harrow, or who pounds with rakes,
The crumbling clods. Dryden's Georg.
Ambition sigh'd: she found it vain to trust
The faithless column, and the crumbling bust. Pope's Epist.
If the stone is brittle, it will often crumble, and pass in the
form of gravel. Arbuthnot on Diet.
What house, when its materials crumble,
Must not inevitably tumble? Swift.
For the little land that remains, provision is made by the
late act against popery, that it will daily crumble away. Swift.

CRU’MENAL. n. s. [from crumena, Latin.] A purse.
The fat ox, that woon ligye in the stall,
Is now fast stalled in her crumenal. Spenser's Pastorals.

CRU’MMY. adj. [from crum.] Soft.

CRUMP. adj. [crump, Saxon; krom, Dutch; krumm, Germ.]
Crooked in the back.
When the workman took measure of him, he was crump
shouldered, and the right side higher than the left. L'Estrange.

To CRU’MPLE. v. a. [from crump; or corrupted from rumple,
rompelen, Dutch.] To draw into wrinkles; to crush together
in complications.
Sir Roger alighted from his horse, and exposing his palm to
two or three that stood by him, they crumpled it into all shapes,
and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be made. Addis.

CRU’MPLING. n. s. A small degenerate apple.

To CRUNK. v. n. To cry like a crane. Dict.

To CRU’NKLE. v. n. To cry like a crane. Dict.

CRU’PPER. n. s. [from croupe, Fr. the buttocks of the horse.]
That part of the horseman's furniture that reaches from the
saddle to the tail.
Clitophon had received such a blow, that he had lost the
reins of his horse, with his head well nigh touching the crup­
per of the horse. Sidney.
Where have you left the money that I gave you?
——Oh—sixpence, that I had a Wednesday last,
To pay the saddler for my mistress' crupper. Shakespeare.
Full oft the rivals met, and neither spar'd
His utmost force, and each forgot to ward:
The head of this was to the saddle bent,
The other backward to the crupper sent. Dryden.

CRU’RAL. adj. [from crus cruris, Latin.] Belonging to the leg.
The sharpness of the teeth, and the strength of the crural
muscles in lions and tygers, are the cause of the great and
habitual immorality of those animals. Arbuthnot.

CRUSA’DE. n. s. See CROISADE.

CRUSA’DO. n. s. See CROISADE.
1. An expedition against the infidels.
2. A coin stamped with a cross.
Believe me, I had rather have lost my purse
Full of crusadoes. Shakespeare's Othello.

CRUSE. See CRUISE.

CRU’SET. n. s. A goldsmith's melting pot. Philips.

To CRUSH. v. a. [ecraser, French.]
1. To press between two opposite bodies; to squeeze.
You speak him far.———
——I don't extend him, sir: within himself
Crush him together, rather than unfold
His measure fully. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The ass thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's
foot against the wall. Num. xxii. 25.
Bacchus that first, from out the purple grape,
Crush'd the sweet poison of misused wine. Milt. Par. Lost.
I fought and fell like one, but death deceiv'd me:
I wanted weight of feeble Moors upon me,
To crush my soul out. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. To press with violence.
When loud winds from diff'rent quarters rush,
Vast clouds encount'ring, one another crush. Waller.
3. To overwhelm; to beat down.
Put in their hands thy bruising irons of wrath,
That they may crush down, with a heavy fall,
Th' usurping helmets of our adversaries! Shakes. Rich. III.
The sad weight of such ingratitude
Will crush me into earth.
Vain is the force of man, and heav'n's as vain,
To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden's Æn.
4. To subdue; to depress; to dispirit.
They use them to plague their enemies, or to oppress and crush
some of their own too stubborn freeholders. Spenser on Ireland.
Mine emulation
Hath not that honour in't it had; for
I thought to crush him in an equal force,
True sword to sword. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
This act
Shall bruise the head of Satan, crush his strength,
Defeating sin and death; his two main arms. Milt. Pa. Lost.
What can that man fear, who takes care to please a Being
that is so able to crush all his adversaries? a Being that can


divert any misfortune from befalling him, or turn any such
misfortune to his advantage? Addison's Guardian, No. 107.

To CRUSH. v. n. To be condensed; to come in a close body.
Poverty, cold wind, and crushing rain,
Beat keen and heavy on thy tender years. Thoms. Autumn.

CRUSH. n. s. [from the verb.] A collision.
Thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addis. Cato.

CRUST. n. s. [crusta, Latin.]
1. Any shell, or external coat, by which any body is enveloped.
I have known the statue of an emperor quite hid under a
crust of dross. Addison on Ancient Medals.
2. An incrustation; collection of matter into a hard body.
Were the river a confusion of never so many different bo­
dies, if they had been all actually dissolved, they would at
least have formed one continued crust; as we see the scorium
of metals always gathers into a solid piece. Addison on Italy.
The viscuous crust stops the entry of the chyle into the
lacteals. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The case of a pye made of meal, and baked.
He was never suffered to go abroad, for fear of catching
cold: when he should have been hunting down a buck, he
was by his mother's side learning how to season it, or put it in
crust. Addison's Spectator, No. 462.
4. The outer hard part of bread.
Th' impenetrable crust thy teeth defies,
And petrify'd with age, securely lies. Dryden's Juv. Sat. v.
5. A waste piece of bread.
Y' are liberal now; but when your turn is sped,
You'll wish me choak'd with every crust of bread. Dryden.
Men will do tricks, like dogs, for crusts. L'Estrange.

To CRUST. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To envelop; to cover with a hard case.
Why gave you me a monarch's soul,
And crusted it with base plebeian clay. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
Nor is it improbable but that, in process of time, the whole
surface of it may be crusted over, as the islands enlarge them­
selves, and the banks close in upon them. Addison on Italy.
And now their legs, and breasts, and bodies stood
Crusted with bark, and hard'ning into wood. Addison.
In some, who have run up to men without education, we
may observe many great qualities darkened and eclipsed; their
minds are crusted over, like diamonds in the rock. Felton.
2. To foul with concretions.
If your master hath many musty, or very foul and crusted
bottles, let those be the first you truck at the next alehouse.
Swift's Directions to the Butler.

To CRUST. v. n. To gather or contract a crust; to gain a
hard covering.
I contented myself with a plaister upon the place that was
burnt, which crusted and healed in very few days. Temple.

CRUSTA’CEOUS. adj. [from crusta, Lat.] Shelly, with joints;
not testaceous; not with one continued uninterrupted shell.
Lobster is crustaceous, oyster testaceous.
It is true that there are some shells, such as those of lobsters,
crabs, and others of crustaceous kinds, that are very rarely
found at land. Woodward's Natural History.

CRUSTA’CEOUSNESS. n. s. [from crustaceous.] The quality of
having jointed shells.

CRU’STILY. adv. [from crusty.] Peevishly; snappishly.

CRU’STINESS. n. s. [from crusty.]
1. The quality of a crust.
2. Peevishness; moroseness.

CRU’STY. adj. [from crust.]
1. Covered with a crust.
The egg itself deserves our notice: its parts within, and its
crusty coat without, are admirably well fitted for the business
of incubation. Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. Sturdy; morose; snappish: a low word.

CRUTCH. n. s. [croccia, Ital. croce, Fr. crucke, Germ.] A
support used by cripples.
Ah, thus king Henry throws away his crutch,
Before his legs be firm to bear his body. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Beauty doth varnish age, as if new born,
And gives the crutch the cradle's infancy. Shakespeare.
Hence, therefore, thou nice crutch:
A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
Must glove this hand. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
On these new crutches let them learn to walk. Dryd. Geor.
This fair defect, this helpless aid call'd wife,
The bending crutch of a decrepit life. Dryden.
At best a crutch that lifts the weak along,
Supports the feeble, but retards the strong. Smith.
The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exulting like the bounding roe. Pope's Messiah.

To CRUTCH. v. a. [from crutch.] To support on crutches as
a cripple.
I hasten Og and Doeg to rehearse,
Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dryden.

CRY

To CRY. v. n. [crier, French.]
1. To speak with vehemence and loudness.
Methought I heard a voice cry, sleep no more!
Macbeth, doth murther sleep! the innocent sleep! Shakesp.
While his falling tears the stream supply'd,
Thus mourning to his mother goddess cry'd. Dryden's Virg.
2. To call importunately.
I cried, by reason of mine affliction, unto the Lord, and he
heard me. Jon. ii. 2.
3. To talk eagerly or incessantly; to repeat continually.
They be idle; therefore they cry, saying let us go. Ex. v. 8.
4. To proclaim; to make publick.
Go and cry in the ears of Jerusalem. Jer. ii. 2.
The Egyptians shall help in vain, and to no purpose;
therefore have I cried, concerning this, their strength is to sit
still. Is. xxx. 7.
5. To exclaim.
Yet let them look they glory not in mischief,
Nor build their evils on the graves of great men;
For then, my guiltless blood must cry against them. Shakesp.
What's the matter,
That in the several places of the city
You cry against the noble senate. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If dressing, mistressing, and compliment,
Take up thy day, the sun himself will cry
Against thee. Herbert.
Lysimachus having obtained the favour of seeing his ships
and machines, surprised at the contrivance, cried out that they
were built with more than human art. Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. To utter lamentations.
We came crying hither:
Thou know'st, the first time that we smell the air,
We wawle and cry. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Behold, my servants shall sing for joy of heart; but ye
shall cry for sorrow of heart, and shall howl for vexation of
spirit. Is. lxv. 14.
When any great evil has been upon philosophers, they cer­
tainly sigh and groan as pitifully, and cry out as loud, as other
men. Tillotson, Sermon v.
7. To squall, as an infant.
Should some god tell me, that should I be born,
And cry again, his offer I should scorn. Denham.
Thus, in a starry night, fond children cry
For the rich spangles that adorn the sky. Waller.
He struggles for breath, and cries for aid;
Then helpless in his mother's lap is laid. Dryden's Fables.
The child certainly knows that the wormseed or mustard­
seed it refuses, is not the apple or sugar it cries for. Locke.
8. To weep; to shed tears.
Her who still weeps with spungy eyes,
And her who is dry cork, and never cries. Donne.
9. To utter an inarticulate voice, as an animal.
He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens
which cry. Psalm, cxlvii. 9.
The beasts of the field cry also unto thee. Joel, i. 20.
10. To yelp, as a hound on a scent.
Why, Belman is as good as he, my lord;
He cried upon it at the meerest loss;
Trust me, I take him for the better dog. Shakespeare.

To CRY. v. a. To proclaim publickly something lost or found,
in order to its recovery or restitution.
She seeks, she sighs, but no where spies him:
Love is lost, and thus she cries him. Crashaw.

To CRY down. v. a. 
1. To blame; to depreciate; to decry.
Bavius cries down an admirable treatise of philosophy, and
says there's atheism in it. Watts's Improvement, p. i. c. 6.
Men of dissolute lives cry down religion, because they would
not be under the restraints of it. Tillotson, Sermon ii.
2. To prohibit.
By all means cry down that unworthy course of late times,
that they should pay money. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
3. To overbear.
I'll to the king,
And from a mouth of honour quite cry down
This Ipswich fellow's insolence. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To CRY OUT. v. n. 
1. To exclaim; to scream; to clamour.
They make the oppressed to cry; they cry out by reason of
the arm of the mighty. Job, xxxv. 5.
With that Susanna cried with a loud voice, and the two
elders cried out against her. Sus. xxiv.
2. To complain loudly.
We are ready to cry out of an unequal management, and
to blame the Divine administration. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To blame; to censure: with of, against, upon.
Are these things then necessities?
Then let us meet them like necessities;
And that same word even now cries out on us. Shakespeare.
Giddy censure
Will then cry out of Marcius: oh, if he
Had borne the business. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Behold, I cry out of wrong, but I am not heard. Job, xix. 7.


Cry out upon the stars for doing
Ill offices, to cross their wooing. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
Epiphanius cries out upon it as rank idolatry, and destructive
to their souls who did it. Stillingfleet.
Tumult, sedition and rebellion, are things that the followers
of that hypothesis cry out against. Locke.
I find every sect, as far as reason will help them, make use
of it gladly; and where it fails them, they cry out it is matter
of faith, and above reason. Locke.
4. To declare loud.
5. To be in labour.
What! is she crying out?———
——So said her woman; and that her suff'rance made.
Each pang a death. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To CRY up. v. a. 
1. To applaud; to exalt; to praise.
Instead of crying up all things which are brought from be­
yond sea, let us advance the native commodities of our own
kingdom. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The philosopher deservedly suspected himself of vanity,
when cried up by the multitude. Glanville's Sceps. c. 18.
The astrologer, if his predictions come to pass, is cried up
to the stars from whence he pretends to draw them. South.
They slight the strongest arguments that can be brought for
religion, and cry up very weak ones against it. Tillotson's Serm.
He may, out of interest, as well as conviction, cry up that
for sacred, which, if once trampled on and profaned, he him­
self cannot be safe, nor secure. Locke.
Poets, like monarchs on an Eastern throne,
Confin'd by nothing but their will alone,
Here can cry up, and there as boldly blame,
And, as they please, give infamy or fame. Walsh.
Those who are fond of continuing the war, cry up our con­
stant success at a most prodigious rate. Swift.
2. To raise the price by proclamation.
All the effect that I conceive was made by crying up the
pieces of eight, was to bring in much more of that species,
instead of others current here. Temple.

CRY. n. s. [cri, French.]
1. Lamentation; shriek; scream.
And all the first-born in the land of Egypt shall die, and
there shall be a great cry throughout all the land. Exod. xi. 5.
2. Weeping; mourning.
3. Clamour; outcry.
Amazement seizes all; the general cry
Proclaims Laocoon justly doom'd to die. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
These narrow and selfish views have so great an influence in
this cry, that there are several of my fellow freeholders who
fancy the church in danger upon the rising of bank-stock. Add.
4. Exclamation of triumph or wonder, or any other passion.
In popish countries some impostor cries out, a miracle! a
miracle! to confirm the deluded vulgar in their errours; and
so the cry goes round, without examining into the cheat. Swift.
5. Proclamation.
6. The hawkers proclamation of wares to be sold in the street;
as, the cries of London.
7. Acclamation; popular favour.
The cry went once for thee,
And still it might, and yet it may again. Shakespeare.
8. Voice; utterance; manner of vocal expression.
Sounds also, besides the distinct cries of birds and beasts,
are modified by diversity of notes of different length, put to­
gether, which make that complex idea called tune. Locke.
9. Importunate call.
Pray not thou for this people, neither lift up cry nor prayer
for them. Jer. vii. 13.
10. Yelping of dogs.
He scorns the dog, resolves to try
The combat next; but if their cry
Invades again his trembling ear,
He strait resumes his wonted care. Waller.
11.  Yell; inarticulate noise.
There shall be the noise of a cry from the fishgate, and an
howling from the second, and a great crashing from the hills.
Zeph. i. 10.
12. A pack of dogs.
About her middle round,
A cry of hell-hounds never ceasing bark'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
You common cry of curs, whose breath I hate
As reek o' th' rotten fens; whose loves I prize
As the dead carcasses of unburied men,
That do corrupt my air. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

CRY’AL. n. s. The heron. Ainsworth.

CRY’ER. See CRIER.

CRY’ER. n. s. A kind of hawk called the falcon gentle, an
enemy to pigeons, and very swift. Ainsworth.

CRY’PTICAL. adj. [ϰϱύπω.] Hidden; secret; occult; pri­
vate; unknown; not divulged.

CRY’PTICK. adj. [ϰϱύπω.] Hidden; secret; occult; pri­
vate; unknown; not divulged.
The students of nature, conscious of her more cryptick
ways of working, resolve many strange effects into the near
efficiency of second causes. Glanville's Apology.
Speakers, whose chief business is to amuse or delight, do
not confine themselves to any natural order, but in a cryptical
or hidden method adapt every thing to their ends. Watts.

CRY’PTICALLY. adv. [from cryptical.] Occultly; secretly:
perhaps in the following example, the author might have
written critically.
We take the word acid in a familiar sense, without crypti­
cally distinguishing it from those sapors that are a-kin to
it. Boyle.

CRYPTO’GRAPHY. n. s. [ϰϱύπω and γϱάφω.]
1. The act of writing secret characters.
2. Secret characters; cyphers.

CRYPTO’LOGY. n. s. [ϰϱύπω and λόγ.] Ænigmatical lan­
guage.

CRY’STAL. n. s. [ϰϱύϛαλλ.]
1. Crystals are hard, pellucid, and naturally colourless bodies,
of regularly angular figures, composed of simple, not fila­
mentous plates, not flexile or elastick, giving fire with steel,
not fermenting with acid menstrua, and calcining in a strong
fire. There are many various species of it produced in dif­
ferent parts of the globe. Hill on Fossils.
Island crystal bears a red heat without losing its transpa­
rency, and in a very intense heat calcines without fusion:
steeped a day or two in water, it loses its natural polish:
rubbed on cloth, it attracts straws, like amber. Chambers.
Island crystal is a genuine spar, of an extremely pure, clear,
and fine texture, seldom either blemished with flaws or spots,
or stained with any other colour. It is always an oblique
parallelopiped of six planes, and found from a quarter of an
inch to three inches in diameter. It is moderately heavy, but
very soft, and is easily serated with a pin. It very freely cal­
cines into a pure, but opaque white. It is found in the island
of Iceland, and in many parts of Germany and France. A
remarkable property of this body, which has much employed
the writers on opticks, is its double refraction; so that if it
be laid over a black line, drawn on paper, two lines appear
in the place of one, of the same colour and thickness, and
running parallel to one another at a small distance. Hill.
Water, as it seems, turneth into crystal; as is seen in divers
caves, where the crystal hangs in stillicidiis. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
If crystal be a stone, it is not immediately concreted by the
efficacy of cold, but rather by a mineral spirit. Brown.
Crystal is certainly known, and distinguished by the degree of
its diaphaneity and of its refraction, as also of its hardness,
which are ever the same. Woodward's Math. Foss.
3. Crystal is also used for a factitious body cast in the glass-houses,
called also crystal glass, which is carried to a degree of per­
fection beyond the common glass; though it comes far short
of the whiteness and vivacity of the natural crystal. Chambers.
4. Crystals [in chymistry] express salts or other matters shot or
congealed in manner of crystal. Chambers.
If the menstruum be overcharged, within a short time
the metals will shoot into certain crystals. Bacon.

CRY’STAL. adj. 
1. Consisting of crystal.
Then, Jupiter, thou king of Gods,
Thy crystal window ope, look out. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. Bright; clear; transparent; lucid; pellucid.
In groves we live, and lie on mossy beds
By crystal streams, that murmur through the meads. Dryden.

CRY’STALLINE. adj. [crystallinus, Latin.]
1. Consisting of crystal.
Mount eagle to my palace crystalline. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
We provided ourselves with some small receivers, blown of
crystalline glass. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. Bright; clear; pellucid; transparent.
The clarifying of water is an experiment tending to the
health; besides the pleasure of the eye, when water is crystal­
line. It is effected by casting in and placing pebbles at the
head of the current, that the water may strain through them.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 7.
He on the wings of cherub rode sublime
On the crystalline sky, in saphir thron'd
Illustrious far and wide. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

CRY’STALLINE Humour. n. s. The second humour of the eye,
that lies immediately next to the aqueous behind the uvea,
opposite to the papilla, nearer to the forepart than the back­
part of the globe. It is the least of the humours, but much
more solid than any of them. Its figure, which is convex on
both sides, resembles two unequal segments of spheres, of
which the most convex is on its backside, which makes a small
cavity in the glassy humour in which it lies. It is covered
with a fine coat, called aranea.
The parts of the eye are made convex, and especially
the crystalline humour, which is of a lenticular figure, convex
on both sides. Ray on the Creation.

CRYSTALLIZA’TION. n. s. [from crystallize.] Congelation into
crystals.
Such a combination of saline particles as resembles the
form of a crystal, variously modified, according to the nature
and texture of the salts. The method is by dissolving any
saline body in water, and filtering it, to evaporate, 'till a film
appear at the top, and then let it stand to shoot; and this it


does by that attractive force which is in all bodies, and parti­
cularly in salt, by reason of its solidity: whereby, when the
menstruum or fluid, in which such particles flow, is sated
enough or evaporated, so that the saline particles are within
each other's attractive powers, they draw one another more
than they are drawn by the fluid, then will they run into cry­
stals. And this is peculiar to those, that let them be ever so
much divided and reduced into minute particles, yet, when
they are formed into crystals, they each of them reassume
their proper shapes; so that one might as easily divest them of
their saltness, as of their figure. This being an immutable and
perpetual law, by knowing the figure of the crystals, we may
understand what the texture of the particles ought to be,
which can form those crystals; and, on the other hand, by
knowing the texture of the particles, may be determined the
figure of the crystals. Quincy.
2. The mass formed by congelation or concretion.
All natural metallick and mineral crystallizations were ef­
fected by the water, which first brought the particles, whereof
each consists, out from amongst the matter of the strata.
Woodward's Natural History, p. i.

To CRY’STALLIZE. v. a. [from crystal.] To cause to congeal
or concrete in crystals.
If you dissolve copper in aqua fortis, or spirit of nitre, you
may, by crystallizing the solution, obtain a goodly blue.
Boyle's Scept. Chym.

To CRY’STALLIZE. v. n. To coagulate; congeal; concrete;
or shoot into crystals.
Recent urine will likewise crystallize by inspissation, and
afford a salt neither acid nor alkaline. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CUB

CUB. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. The young of a beast; generally of a bear or fox.
I would outstare the sternest eyes that look,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear. Shakespeare.
This night, wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch,
The lion, and the belly pinched wolf,
Keep their fur dry. Shakespeare's King Lear.
In the eagle's destroying one fox's cubs, there's power exe­
cuted with oppression. L'Estrange, Fable 72.
2. The young of a whale, perhaps of any viviparous fish.
Two mighty whales, which swelling seas had tost,
One as a mountain vast, and with her came
A cub, not much inferior to his dame. Waller.
3. In reproach or contempt, a young boy or girl.
O thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be,
When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy case?
Or will not else thy craft so quickly grow,
That thine own trip shall be thine overthrow? Shakespeare.
O most comical sight! a country squire, with the equipage
of a wife and two daughters, came to Mr. Snipwel's shop last
night; but, such two unlicked cubs! Congreve.

To CUB. v. a. [from the noun.] To bring forth: used of
beasts, or of a woman in contempt.
Cub'd in a cabbin, on a mattress laid,
On a brown George with lousy swabbers fed;
Dead wine, that stinks of the Borrachio, sup
From a foul jack, or greasy mapple cup. Dryden's Pers. Sat.

CUBA’TION. n. s. [cubatio, Lat.] The act of lying down. Dict.

CU’BATORY. adj. [from cubo, Lat.] Recumbent. Dict.

CU’BATURE. n. s. [from cube.] The finding exactly the solid
content of any proposed body. Harris.

CUBE. n. s. [from ϰῦος, a die.]
1. [In geometry.] A regular solid body, consisting of six square
and equal faces or sides, and the angles all right, and therefore
equal. Chambers.
2. [In arithmetick.] See CUBICK Number.
All the master planets move about the sun at several dis­
tances, as their common center, and with different velocities.
This common law being observed in all of them, that the
squares of the times of the revolutions are proportional to the
cubes of their distances. Grew's Cosmolog. b. i. c. 2. s. 6.

CUBE Root. n. s. The origin of a cubick number; or a
number, by whose multiplication into itself,
and again into the product, any given number is formed:
thus two is the cube-root of eight. Chambers.

CU’BICK Root. n. s. The origin of a cubick number; or a
number, by whose multiplication into itself,
and again into the product, any given number is formed:
thus two is the cube-root of eight. Chambers.

CU’BEB. n. s. A small dried fruit resembling pepper, but some­
what longer, of a greyish-brown colour on the surface, and
composed of a corrugated or wrinkled external bark, covering
a single and thin friable shell or capsule, containing a single
seed of a roundish figure, blackish on the surface, and white
within. It has an aromatick, but not very strong smell, and
is acrid and pungent to the taste, but less so than pepper.
Cubebs are brought into Europe from the island of Java; but
the plant, which produces them, is wholly unknown to us.
They are warm and carminative; and the Indians steep them
in wine, and esteem them provocatives to venery. Hill.
Aromaticks, as cubebs, cinnamon, and nutmegs, are usual­
ly put into crude poor wines, to give them more oily
spirits. Floyer on the Humours.

CU’BICAL. adj. [from cube.]

CU’BICK. adj. [from cube.]
1. Having the form or properties of a cube.
A close vessel, containing ten cubical feet of air, will not
suffer a wax-candle of an ounce to burn in it above an hour
before it be suffocated. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
It is above a hundred to one, against any particular throw,
that you do not cast any given set of faces with four cubical
dice; because there are so many several combinations of the
six faces of four dice. Bentley's Sermons.
2. It is applied to numbers.
The number of four, multiplied into itself, produceth the
square number of sixteen; and that again multiplied by four,
produceth the cubick number of sixty-four. If we should sup­
pose a multitude actually infinite, there must be infinite roots,
and square and cubick numbers; yet, of necessity, the root is
but the fourth part of the square, and the sixteenth part of the
cubick number. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The number of ten hath been as highly extolled, as con­
taining even, odd, long and plain, quadrate and cubical
numbers. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

CU’BICALNESS. n. s. [from cubical.] The state or quality of
being cubical.

CUBI’CULARY. adj. [cubiculum, Latin.] Fitted for the posture
of lying down.
Custom, by degrees, changed their cubiculary beds into discu­
bitory, and introduced a fashion to go from the baths unto
these. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 6.

CU’BIFORM. adj. [from cube and form.] Of the shape of a
cube.

CU’BIT. n. s. [from cubitus, Latin.] A measure in use among
the ancients; which was originally the distance from the
elbow, bending inwards, to the extremity of the middle
finger. This measure is the fourth part of a well propor­
tioned man's stature. Some fix the Hebrew cubit at twenty
inches and a half, Paris measure; and others at eighteen. Calm.
From the tip of the elbow to the end of the long finger, is
half a yard and a quarter of the stature, and makes a cubit;
the first measure we read of, the ark of Noah being framed
and measured by cubits. Holder on Time.
Measur'd by cubit, length, and breadth, and height.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The Jews used two sorts of cubits; the sacred, and the pro­
sane or common one. Arbuthnot on Measures.
When on the goddess first I cast my sight,
Scarce seem'd her stature of a cubit height. Pope.

CU’BITAL. adj. [cubitalis, Latin.] Containing only the length
of a cubit.
The watchmen of Tyre might well be called pygmies, the
towers of that city being so high, that, unto men below, they
appeared in a cubital stature. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

CUC

CU’CKINGSTOOL. n. s. An engine invented for the punish­
ment of scolds and unquiet women, which, in ancient times,
was called tumbrel. Cowel.
These mounted on a chair-curale,
Which moderns call a cucking-stool,
March proudly to the river's side. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.

CU’CKOLD. n. s. [cocu, Fr. from coukoo.] One that is mar­
ried to an adultress; one whose wife is false to his bed.
But for all the whole world; why, who would not make
her husband a cuckold, to make him a monarch? I should ven­
ture purgatory for't. Shakespeare's Othello.
There have been,
Or I am much deceiv'd, cuckolds ere now;
And many a man there is, ev'n at this present,
Now while I speak this, holds his wife by th' arm,
That little thinks she has been sluic'd in's absence. Shakesp.
For though the law makes null th' adulterer's deed
Of lands, to her the cuckold may succeed. Dryden's Juvenal.
Ever since the reign of king Charles II. the alderman is
made a cuckold, the deluded virgin is debauched, and adultery
and fornication are committed behind the scenes. Swift.

To CU’CKOLD. v. a. 
1. To corrupt a man's wife; to bring upon a man the reproach of
having an adulterous wife; to rob a man of his wife's fidelity.
If thou canst cuckold him, thou do'st thyself a pleasure, and
me a sport. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. To wrong a husband by unchastity.
But suffer not thy wife abroad to roam,
Nor strut in streets with amazonian pace;
For that's to cuckold thee before thy face. Dryd. Juv. Sat. 6.

CU’CKOLDLY. adj. [from cuckold.] Having the qualities of a
cuckold; poor; mean; cowardly; sneaking.
Poor cuckoldly knave, I know him not: yet I wrong him to
call him poor; they say the jealous knave hath masses of
money. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

CU’CKOLDMAKER. n. s. [cuckold and make.] One that makes
a practice of corrupting wives.
If I spared any that had a head to hit, either young or old,
he or she, cuckold or cuckoldmaker, let me never hope to see
a chine again. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
One Hernando, cuckoldmaker of this city, contrived to steal
her away. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

CU’CKOLDOM. n. s. [from cuckold.]
1. The act of adultery.


She is thinking on nothing but her colonel, and conspiring
cuckoldom against me. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. The state of a cuckold.
It is a true saying, that the last man of the parish that
knows of his cuckoldom, is himself. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.

CU’CKOO. n. s. [cwccw, Welsh; cocu, Fr. kockock, Dutch.]
1. A bird which appears in the Spring; and is said to suck the
eggs of other birds, and lay her own to be hatched in their
place; from which practice, it was usual to alarm a husband at
the approach of an adulterer by calling cuckoo, which, by mis­
take, was in time applied to the husband. This bird is re­
markable for the uniformity of his note, from which his name
in most tongues seems to have been formed.
Finding Mopsa, like a cuckoo by a nightingale, alone with
Pamela, I came in. Sidney.
The merry cuckoo, messenger of Spring,
His trumpet shrill hath thrice already sounded. Spenser.
The plainsong cuckoo gray,
Whose note full many a man doth mark,
And dares not answer, nay. Shakespeare.
Take heed, have open eye; for thieves do foot by night:
Take heed ere Summer comes, or cuckoo birds affright. Shak.
I deduce,
From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings,
The symphony of Spring; and touch a theme
Unknown to fame, the passion of the grove. Thoms. Spring.
2. It is a name of contempt.
Why, what a rascal art thou then, to praise him so for
running?——
—A horseback, ye cuckoo;——but a-foot, he will not budge
a foot. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

CUCKOO-BUD. n. s. The name of a flower.

CUCKOO-FLOWER. n. s. The name of a flower.
When daizies pied, and violets blue,
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,
Do paint the meadows much bedight. Shakespeare.
Nettles, cuckoo-flowers,
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
In our sustaining corn. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CUCKOO-SPITTLE. n. s.
Cuckoo-spittle, or woodseare, is that spumous dew or exuda­
tion, or both, found upon plants, especially about the joints
of lavender and rosemary; observeable with us about the lat­
ter end of May. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 8.

CU’CULLATE. adj. [cucullatus, hooded, Latin.]

CU’CULLATED. adj. [cucullatus, hooded, Latin.]
1. Hooded; covered, as with a hood or cowl.
2. Having the resemblance or shape of a hood.
They are differently cucullated, and capuched upon the head
and back. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 3.

CU’CUMBER. n. s. [cucumis, Latin.] The name of a plant,
and also of the fruit of that plant.
It hath a flower consisting of one single leaf, bell-shaped,
and expanded toward the top, and cut into many segments;
of which some are male, or barren, having no embryo, but
only a large style in the middle, charged with the farina:
others are female, or fruitful, being fastened to an embryo,
which is afterwards changed into a fleshy fruit, for the most
part oblong and turbinated, which is divided into three or
four cells, inclosing many oblong seeds. The species are,
1.  The common cucumber. 2. The white cucumber. 3. The
long Turky cucumber. The first of these kinds is the most
common in the English gardens. The second sort, which is
by far the better fruit, as being less watery, and containing
sweet seeds, is the most common kind cultivated in Holland.
The third sort is propagated for the uncommon length of its
fruit, and also its having less water, and fewer seeds; but it is
not so fruitful as the common kind, nor will it come so early.
The common sort is cultivated in three different seasons; the
first of which is on hot-beds, under garden-frames, for early
fruit: the second is under bell or hand glasses, for the middle
crop; and the third is in the common ground for a late crop,
or to pickle. Miller.
How cucumbers along the surface creep,
With crooked bodies and with bellies deep. Dryden's Virgil.

CU’CUMBER WILD. See WILD CUCUMBER.

CUCURBITA’CEOUS. adj. [from cucurbita, Latin, a gourd.]
Cucurbitaceous plants are those which resemble a gourd;
such as the pumpion and melon. Chambers.

CU’CURBITE. n. s. [cucurbita, Latin.] A chymical vessel,
commonly called a body, made of earth or glass, in the shape
of a gourd, and therefore called cucurbite. Quincy.
I have, for curiosity's sake, distilled quicksilver in a cucurbite,
fitted with a capacious glass-head. Boyle on Colours.
Let common yellow sulphur be put into a cucurbite glass,
upon which pour the strongest aqua fortis. Mortimer's Husb.

CUD

CUD. n. s. [cud, Saxon.] That food which is reposited in the
first stomach in order to rumination, or to be chewed again.
Many times, when my master's cattle came hither to chew
their cud in this fresh place, I might see the young bull testify
his love. Sidney.
You range the pathless wood,
While on a flow'ry bank he chews the cud. Dryden.

CU’DDEN. n. s. [without etymology.] A clown; a stupid
rustick; a low dolt: a low bad word.

CU’DDY. n. s. [without etymology.] A clown; a stupid
rustick; a low dolt: a low bad word.
The slavering cudden, propp'd upon his staff,
Stood ready gaping with a grinning laugh. Dryden.

To CU’DDLE. v. n. [a low word, I believe, without etymo­
logy.] To lye close; to squat.
Have you mark'd a partridge quake,
Viewing the tow'ring faulcon nigh?
She cuddles low behind the brake;
Nor would she stay, nor dares she fly. Prior.

CU’DGEL. n. s. [kudse, Dutch.]
1. A stick to strike with, lighter than a club, shorter than a
pole.
Vine twigs, while they are green, are brittle; yet the wood,
dried, is extreme tough; and was used by the captains of ar­
mies, amongst the Romans, for their cudgels. Bacon's N. Hist.
Do not provoke the rage of stones
And cudgels to thy hide and bones.
Tremble and vanish. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
The ass was quickly given to understand, with a good
cudgel, the difference betwixt the one playfellow and the
other. L'Estrange, Fab. 15.
His surly officer ne'er fail'd to crack
His knotty cudgel on his tougher back. Dryden's Juvenal.
This, if well reflected on, would make people more wary
in the use of the rod and the cudgel. Locke.
The wise Cornelius was convinced, that these, being pole­
mical arts, could no more be learned alone than fencing or
cudgel-playing. Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus.
2. To cross the CUDGELS, is to yield, from the practice of cudgel­
players to lay one over the other.
It is much better to give way than it would be to contend
at first, and then either to cross the cudgels, or to be baffled in
the conclusion. L'Estrange.

To CU’DGEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To beat with a stick.
My lord, he speaks most vilely of you, like a foul-mouth'd
man, as he is; and said he would cudgel you. Shakesp. H. IV.
The ass courting his master, just as the spaniel had done,
instead of being stroked and made much of, is only rated off
and cudgelled for all his courtship. South's Sermons.
Three duels he fought, thrice ventur'd his life;
Went home, and was cudgell'd again by his wife. Swift.
2. To beat in general.
Cudgel thy brains no more about it; for your dull ass will
not mend his pace with beating. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
A good woman happened to pass by as a company of young
fellows were cudgelling a wallnut-tree, and asked them what
they did that for. L'Estrange.

CUDGEL-PROOF. adj. Able to resist a stick.
His doublet was of sturdy buff,
And though not sword, yet cudgel-proof. Hudibras, p. i.

CU’DWEED. n. s. [from cud and weed.] A plant.
It hath downy leaves: the cup of the flower is scaly, neither
shining nor specious: the flowers are cut in form of a star. It
is cultivated for medicinal use. Miller.

CUE. n. s. [queue, a tail, French.]
1. The tail or end of any thing; as, the long curl of a wig.
2. The last words of a speech which the player who is to an­
swer catches, and regards as intimation to begin.
Pyramus, you begin: when you have spoken your speech,
enter into that brake; and so every one according to his
cue. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.
3. A hint; an intimation; a short direction.
What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,
That he should weep for her? What would he do,
Had he the motive and the cue for passion
That I have? He would drown the stage with tears. Shakesp.
Let him know how many servants there are, of both sexes,
who expect vails; and give them their cue to attend in two
lines, as he leaves the house. Swift.
4. The part which any man is to play in his turn.
Hold your hands,
Both you of my inclining, and the rest:
Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it
Without a prompter. Shakespeare's Othello.
Neither is Otto here a much more taking gentleman:
nothing appears in his cue to move pity, or any way make the
audience of his party. Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.
5. Humour; temper of mind: a low word.

CUE’RPO. n. s. [Spanish.] To be in cuerpo, is to be without
the upper coat or cloke, so as to discover the true shape of
the cuerpo or body.
Expos'd in cuerpo to their rage,
Without my arms and equipage. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.

CUF

CUFF. n. s. [zuffa, a battle, zuffare, to fight, Italian.]
1. A blow with the fist; a box; a stroke.
The priest let fall the book,
And as he stoop'd again to take it up,


The mad-brain'd bridegroom took him such a cuff,
That down fell priest and book, and book and priest. Shak.
There was, for a while, no money bid for argument,
unless the poet and the player went to cuffs in the question.
Shakespeare's Hamlet.
He gave her a cuff on the ear, and she would prick him
with her knitting-needle. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
Their own sects, which now lie dormant, would be soon
at cuffs again with each other about power and prefer­
ment. Swift.
2. It is used of birds that fight with their talons.

To CUFF. v. n. [from the noun.] To fight; to scuffle.
Clapping farces acted by the court,
While the peers cuff, to make the rabble sport. Dryd. Juv.

To CUFF. v. a. 
1. To strike with the fist.
I'll after him again, and beat him.———
——Do, cuff him soundly; but never draw thy sword. Shakes.
Well, sir Joseph, at your intreaty; but were not you, my
friend, abused and cuffed, and kicked? Congreve's Old Batchelor.
2. To strike with talons.
Those lazy owls, who, perch'd near fortune's top,
Sit only watchful with their heavy wings
To cuff down new-fledg'd virtues, that would rise
To nobler heights, and make the grove harmonious. Otway.
The dastard crow, that to the wood made wing,
With her loud kaws her craven kind does bring,
Who, safe in numbers, cuff the noble bird. Dryden.
They with their quills did all the hurt they cou'd,
And cuff'd the tender chickens from their food. Dryden.
3. To strike with wings. This seems improper.
Hov'ring about the coasts they make their moan,
And cuff the cliffs with pinions not their own. Dryd. Æn.

CUFF. n. s. [coeffe, French.] Part of the sleeve.
He railed at fops; and, instead of the common fashion, he
would visit his mistress in a morning-gown, band, short cuffs,
and a peaked beard. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

CU’INAGE. n. s. The making up of twine into such forms, as
it is commonly framed into, for carriage to other places. Cowel.

CU’IRASS. n. s. [cuirasse, Fr. from cuir, leather; coraccia, Ital.]
A breastplate.
The lance pursu'd the voice without delay,
And pierc'd his cuirass, with such fury sent,
And sign'd his bosom with a purple dint. Dryden.

CUIRA’SSIER. n. s. [from cuirass.] A man at arms; a soldier
in armour.
The field all iron, cast a gleaming brown,
Nor wanted clouds of foot, nor on each horn
Cuirassiers, all in steel, for standing fight. Milt. Parad. Reg.
The picture of St. George, wherein he is described like a
cuirassier, or horseman completely armed, is rather a symbo­
lical image than any proper figure. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

CUISH. n. s. [cuisse, French.] The armour that covers the
thighs.
I saw young Harry, with his beaver on,
His cuishes on his thighs, gallantly arm'd,
Rise from the ground like feather'd Mercury. Shak. Hen. IV.
The croslet some, and some the cuishes mould,
With silver plated, and with ductile gold. Dryden's Æn.
But what had our author to wound Æneas with at so cri­
tical a time? And how came the cuishes to be worse tempered
than the rest of his armour? Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedicat.

CUL

CU’LDEES. n. s. [colidei, Latin.] Monks in Scotland.

CU’LERAGE. n. s. The same plant with ARSE-SMART. Ainsw.

CU’LINARY. adj. [culina, Latin.] Relating to the kitchen;
relating to the art of cookery.
Great weight may condense those vapours and exhalations,
as soon as they shall at any time begin to ascend from the sun,
and make them presently fall back again into him, and by that
action increase his heat; much after the manner that, in our
earth, the air increases the heat of a culinary fire. Newton.
To those, who, by reason of their northern exposition, will
be still forced to be at the expence of culinary fires, it will
reduce the price of their manufacture. Arbuthnot.

To CULL. v. a. [cueillir, French.] To select from others; to
pick out of many.
The best of every thing they had, being culled out for
themselves, if there were in their flocks any poor diseased
thing not worth the keeping, they thought it good enough for
the altar of God. Hooker, b. v. sect. 34.
Our engines shall be bent
Against the brows of this resisting town:
Call for our chiefest men of discipline,
To cull the plots of best advantage. Shakesp. King John.
Like the bee, culling from ev'ry flow'r,
Our thighs are packt with wax, our mouths with honey. Sh.
In this covert will we make our stand,
Culling the principal of all the deer. Shakes. Hen. VI. p. iii.
I do remember an apothecary
In tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,
Culling of simples. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Then in a moment fortune shall cull forth,
Out of one side, her happy minion. Shakesp. King John.
The choicest of the British, the Roman, Saxon, and Nor­
man laws, being culled, as it were, this grand charter was ex­
tracted. Howel's Parley of Beasts.
When false flow'rs of rhetorick thou would'st cull,
Trust nature, do not labour to be dull. Dryden.
From his herd he culls,
For slaughter, four the fairest of his bulls. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
When the current pieces of the same denomination are of
different weights, then the traders in money cull out the
heavier, and melt them down with profit. Locke.
With humble duty and officious haste,
I'll cull the farthest mead for thy repast. Prior.
The various off'rings of the world appear:
From each she nicely culls with curious toil,
And decks the goddess with the glitt'ring spoil. Pope.

CU’LLER. n. s. [from cull.] One who picks or chooses.

CU’LLION. n. s. [coglione, a fool, Ital. perhaps from scullion.
It seems to import meanness rather than folly.] A scoundrel;
a mean wretch.
Such a one as leaves a gentleman,
And makes a god of such a cullion. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
Up to the breach, you dogs; avaunt, you cullions. Shakes.

CU’LLIONLY. adj. [from cullion.] Having the qualities of a
cullion; mean; base.
I'll make a sop o' th' moonshine of you: you whorson, cul­
lion'y, barber-monger, draw. Shakespeare's King Lear.

CU’LLUMBINE. n. s. [more properly spelt COLUMBINE, which
see.] The flowers of this plant are beautifully variegated
with blue, purple, red, and white. Miller.
Her goodly bosom, like a strawberry-bed;
Her neck, like to a bunch of cullumbines. Spenser's Sonnets.

CU’LLY. n. s. [coglione, Ital. a fool.] A man deceived or im­
posed upon; as, by sharpers or a strumpet.
Why should you, whose mother wits
Are furnish'd with all perquisits,
B' allow'd to put all tricks upon
Our cully sex, and we use none? Hudibras, p. iii.
Yet the rich cullies may their boasting spare:
They purchase but sophisticated ware. Dryden.
He takes it in mighty dudgeon, because I won't let him
make me over by deed as his lawful cully. Arbuthnot.

To CU’LLY. v. a. [from the noun.] To befool; to cheat; to
trick; to deceive; to impose upon.

CULMI’FEROUS. adj. [culmus and fero, Latin.]
Culmiferous plants are such as have a smooth jointed stalk,
and usually hollow; and at each joint the stalk is wrapped
about with single, narrow, long, sharp-pointed leaves, and
their seeds are contained in chaffy husks. Quincy.
There are also several sorts of grasses, both of the Cyprus
and culmiferous kinds; some with broader, others with nar­
rower leaves. Woodward on Fossils.
The properest food of the vegetable kingdom is taken from
the farinaceous or mealy seeds of some culmiferous plants; as
oats, barley, wheat, rice, rye, maize, panic, millet. Arbuthn.

To CU’LMINATE. v. n. [culmen, Latin.] To be vertical;
to be in the meridian.
Far and wide his eye commands:
For sight no obstacle found here, or shade,
But all sunshine; as when his beams at noon
Culminate from th' equator. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

CULMINA’TION. n. s. [from culminate.] The transit of a pla­
net through the meridian.

CULPABI’LITY. n. s. [from culpable.] Blameableness.

CU’LPABLE. adj. [culpabilis, Latin.]
1. Criminal.
Proceed no straiter 'gainst our uncle Glo'ster,
Than from true evidence of good esteem,
He be approv'd in practice culpable. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
2. Guilty.
These being perhaps culpable of this crime, or favourers of
their friends. Spenser's State of Ireland.
3. Blameable; blameworthy.
The wisdom of God setteth before us in Scripture so many
admirable patterns of virtue, and no one of them, without
somewhat noted wherein they were culpable, to the end that
to him alone it might always be acknowledged, Thou only art
holy, Thou only art just. Hooker's Preface.
All such ignorance is voluntary, and therefore culpable; for
as much as it was in every man's power to have prevented
it. South's Sermons.

CU’LPABLENESS. n. s. [from culpable.] Blame; guilt.

CU’LPABLY. adv. [from culpable.] Blameably; criminally.
If we perform this duty pitifully and culpably, it is not to
be expected we should communicate holily. Taylor.

CU’LPRIT. n. s. [about this word there is great dispute. It is
used by the judge at criminal trials, who, when the prisoner
declares himself not guilty, and puts himself upon his trial,
answers; Culprit, God send thee a good de iverance. It is likely
that it is a corruption of Qu'il paroît, May it so appear, the


wish of the judge being that the prisoner may be found inno­
cent.] A man arraigned before his judge.
The knight appear'd, and silence they proclaim;
Then first the culprit answer'd to his name;
And, after forms of law, was last requir'd
To name the thing that woman most desir'd. Dryden.
An author is in the condition of a culprit; the publick are
his judges: by allowing too much, and condescending too far,
he may injure his own cause; and by pleading and asserting
too boldly, he may displease the court. Prior's Pref. to Solomon.

CU’LTER. n. s. [culter, Latin.] The iron of the plow per­
pendicular to the sheare. It is commonly written coulter.
Her fallow lees
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
Doth root upon; while that the culter rusts,
That should deracinate such savagery. Shakespeare's Hen. V.

To CU’LTIVATE. v. a. [cultiver, French.]
1. To forward or improve the product of the earth, by manual
industry.
Those excellent seeds implanted in your birth, will, if cul­
tivated, be most flourishing in production; and, as the soil is
good, and no cost nor care wanting to improve it, we must
entertain hopes of the richest harvest. Felton on the Classicks.
2. To improve; to meliorate.
Were we but less indulgent to our faults,
And patience had to cultivate our thoughts,
Our muse would flourish. Waller.
To make man mild and sociable to man,
To cultivate the wild licentious savage
With wisdom, discipline, and liberal arts,
Th' embellishments of life. Addison's Cato.

CULTIVA’TION. n. s. [from cultivate.]
1. The art or practice of improving soils, and forwarding or
meliorating vegetables.
2. Improvement in general; promotion; melioration.
An innate light discovers the common notions of good and
evil, which, by cultivation and improvement, may be ad­
vanced to higher and brighter discoveries. South's Sermons.
A foundation of good sense, and a cultivation of learning,
are required to give a seasoning to retirement, and make us
taste the blessing. Dryden.

CULTIVA’TOR. n. s. [from cultivate.] One who improves,
promotes, or meliorates; or endeavours to forward any ve­
getable product, or any thing else capable of improvement.
It has been lately complained of, by some cultivators of
clover-grass, that from a great quantity of the seed not any
grass springs up. Boyle's Unsuccessful Experiments.

CU’LTURE. n. s. [cultura, Latin.]
1. The act of cultivation; the act of tilling the ground;
tillage.
Give us seed unto our heart, and culture to our understand­
ing, that there may come fruit of it. 2 Esd. viii. 6.
These three last were slower than the ordinary wheat of
itself, and this culture did rather retard than advance. Bacon.
The plough was not invented 'till after the deluge; the
earth requiring little or no care or culture, but yielding its in­
crease freely, and without labour and toil. Woodward.
Where grows?—Where grows it not? If vain our toil,
We ought to blame the culture, not the soil.
Fix'd to no spot is happiness sincere. Pope's Essay on Man.
They rose as vigorous as the sun;
Then to the culture of the willing glebe. Thomson's Spring.
2. Art of improvement and melioration.
One might wear any passion out of a family by culture, as
skilful gardeners blot a colour out of a tulip that hurts its
beauty. Tatler, No. 75.

To CU’LTURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cultivate; to ma­
nure; to till. It is used by Thomson, but without authority.

CU’LVER. n. s. [culfre, Saxon.] A pigeon. An old word.
Had he so done, he had him snatch'd away,
More light than culver in the faulcon's fist. Fairy Queen.
Whence, borne on liquid wing,
The sound culver shoots. Thomson's Spring.

CU’LVERIN. n. s. [colouvrine, French.] A species of ordnance.
A whole cannon requires, for every charge, forty pounds
of powder, and a bullet of sixty-four pounds; a culverin, six­
teen pounds of powder, and a bullet of nineteen pounds; a
demi-culverin, nine pounds of powder, and a bullet of twelve
pounds. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
Here a well-polish'd mall gives us the joy
To see our prince his matchless force employ:
No sooner has he touch'd the flying ball,
But 'tis already more than half the mall;
And such a fury from his arm't has got,
As from a smoaking culverin 'twere shot. Waller.

CU’LVERKEY. n. s. A species of flower.
Looking down the meadows I could see a girl cropping
culverkeys and cowslips, to make garlands. Walton's Angler.

CUM

To CU’MBER. v. a. [kommeren, komberen, to disturb, Dutch.]
1. To embarrass; to entangle; to obstruct.
Why asks he, what avails him not in fight,
And would but cumber, and retard his flight,
In which his only excellence is plac'd!
You give him death, that intercept his haste. Dryd. Fables.
Hardly his head the plunging pilot rears,
Clog'd with his cloaths, and cumber'd with his years. Dryd.
The learning and mastery of a tongue, being uneasy and
unpleasant enough in itself, should not be cumbered with any
other difficulties, as is done in this way of proceeding. Locke.
2. To croud or load with something useless.
I come seeking fruit on this fig tree, and find none: cut it
down, why cumbereth it the ground? Lu. xiii. 7.
Let it not cumber your better remembrance. Shakesp. Timon.
The multiplying variety of arguments, especially frivolous
ones, is not only lost labour, but cumbers the memory to no
purpose. Locke.
3. To involve in difficulties and dangers; to distress.
Domestick fury, and fierce civil strife,
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy. Shakespeare's Jul. Cæsar.
4. To busy; to distract with multiplicity of cares.
Martha was cumbered about much serving. Luke, x. 40.
5. To be troublesome in any place.
Doth the bramble cumber a garden? It makes the better
hedge; where, if it chances to prick the owner, it will tear
the thief. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii. c. 2. sect. 47.

CU’MBER. n. s. [komber, Dutch.] Vexation; embarrassment;
obstruction; hindrance; disturbance; distress.
By the occasion thereof I was brought to as great cumber
and danger, as lightly any might escape. Sidney, b. ii.
Thus fade thy helps, and thus thy cumbers spring. Spenser.
The greatest ships are least serviceable, go very deep in
water, are of marvellous charge and fearful cumber. Raleigh.

CU’MBERSOME. adj. [from cumber.]
1. Troublesome; vexatious.
Thinking it too early, as long as they had any day, to
break off so pleasing a company, with going to perform a
cumbersome obedience. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Burthensome; embarrassing.
I was drawn in to write the first part by accident, and to
write the second by some defects in the first: these are the cum­
bersome perquisites of authors. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Unweildy; unmanageable.
Very long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be readily
managed. Newton's Opt.

CU’MBERSOMELY. adj. [from cumbersome.] In a troublesome
manner; in a manner that produces hindrance and vexation.

CU’MBERSOMENESS. n. s. [from cumbersome.] Encumbrance;
hindrance; obstruction.

CU’MBRANCE. n. s. [from cumber.] Burthen; hindrance; im­
pediment.
Extol not riches then, the toil of fools,
The wise man's cumbrance, if not snare; more apt
To slacken virtue, and abate her edge,
Than prompt her to do aught may merit praise. Milt. P. L.

CU’MBROUS. adj. [from cumber.]
1. Troublesome; vexatious; disturbing.
A cloud of cumbrous gnats do him molest;
All striving to infix their feeble stings,
That from their noyance he no where can rest. Fairy Queen.
2. Oppressive; burthensome.
Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong
Life much! Bent rather, how I may be quit,
Fairest and easiest, of this cumbrous charge. Milt. Par. Lost.
Black was his count'nance in a little space;
For all the blood was gather'd in his face:
Help was at hand; they rear'd him from the ground,
And from his cumbrous arms his limbs unbound;
Then lanc'd a vein. Dryden.
Possession's load was grown so great,
He sunk beneath the cumb'rous weight. Swift.
3. Jumbled; obstructing each other.
Swift to their several quarters hasted then
The cumb'rous elements, earth, flood, air, fire. Milt. P. Lost.

CU’MFREY. n. s. A medicinal plant.

CU’MIN. n. s. [cuminum, Latin.] A plant.
The root is annual, the leaves like those of fenel: the seeds
small, long, narrow, and crooked; two of which succeed
each other's flower, as in other umbelliferous plants. The
seeds of this plant are used in medicine, which are brought
from the island of Malta, where it is cultivated; for it is too
tender for our climate. Miller.
Rank-smelling rue, and cumin, good for eyes. Spenser.

To CU’MULATE. v. a. [cumulo, Latin.] To heap together.
A man that beholds the mighty shoals of shells, bedded and
cumulated heap upon heap, amongst earth, will scarcely con­
ceive which way these could ever live. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

CUMULA’TION. n. s. The act of heaping together. Dict.

CUN

CUNCTA’TION. n. s. [cunctatio, Latin.] Delay; procrastina­
tion; dilatoriness.
It is most certain, that the English made not their best im­
provements of these fortunate events; and that especially by
two miserable errours, cunctation in prosecuting, and haste in
departure. Hayward.
The swiftest animal, conjoined with a heavy body, implies


that common moral, festina lenté; and that celerity should
always be contempered with cunctation. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

CUNCTA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] One given to delay; a lingerer;
an idler; a sluggard.
Others, being unwilling to discourage such cunctators, al­
ways keep them up in good hope, that, if they are not yet
called, they may yet, with the thief, be brought in at the last
hour. Hammond on Fundamentals.

To CUND. v. n. [from konnen, to know, Dutch.] To give no­
tice: a provincial or obsolete word. See CONDER.
They are directed by a balker or huer on the cliff, who,
discerning the course of the pilchard, cundeth, as they call it,
the master of each boat. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

CU’NEAL. adj. [cuneus, Latin.] Relating to a wedge; having
the form of a wedge.

CUNEA’TED. adj. [cuneus, Latin.] Made in form of a wedge.

CU’NEIFORM. adj. [from cuneus and forma, Latin.] Having the
form of a wedge.

CUNEIFORM-BONES. n. s. The fourth, fifth, and sixth bones
of the foot; thus called from their wedge-like shape, being
large above and narrow below. Dict.

CU’NNER. n. s. A kind of fish less than an oyster, that sticks
close to the rocks. Ainsworth.

CU’NNING. adj. [from connan, Sax. konnen, Dut. to know.]
1. Skilful; knowing; well instructed; learned.
Schoolmasters will I keep within my house,
Fit to instruct her youth.—To cunning men
I will be very kind; and liberal
To mine own children, in good bringing up. Shakespeare.
I do present you with a man of mine,
Cunning in musick and the mathematicks,
To instruct her fully in those sciences. Shakespeare.
Wherein is he good, but to taste sack and drink it? Wherein
neat and cleanly, but to carve a capon and eat it? Wherein
cunning, but in craft? Wherein crafty, but in villainy?
Wherein villainous, but in all things? Wherein worthy, but
in nothing. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Send me now therefore a man cunning to work in gold, and
in silver, and that can skill to cut and to grave. 2 Chron. ii. 7.
When Pedro does the lute command,
She guides the cunning artist's hand. Prior.
2. Peformed with skill; artful.
And over them Arachne high did lift
Her cunning web, and spread her subtile net,
Enwrapped in foul smoak, and clouds more black than jet.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 7. stan. 28.
And there beside of marble stone was built
An altar, carv'd with cunning imagery;
On which true Christians blood was often spilt,
And holy martyrs often done to die. Spenser's Fairy Queen.
Once put out thy light,
Thou cunning'st pattern of excelling nature,
I know not where is that Promethean heat
That can thy light relumine. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. Artfully deceitful; sly; designing; trickish; full of fetches
and stratagems; subtle; crafty; subdolous.
Men will leave truth and misery to such as love it; they are
resolved to be cunning: let others run the hazard of being
sincere. South's Sermons.
4. Acted with subtilty.
The more he protested, the more his father thought he dis­
sembled, accounting his integrity to be but a cunning face of
falshood. Sidney, b. ii.

CU’NNING. n. s. [cunninge, Saxon.]
1. Artifice; deceit; slyness; sleight; craft; subtilty; dissimula­
tion; fraudulent dexterity.
What if I be not so much the poet, as even that miserable
subject of his cunning, whereof you speak. Sidney.
We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom; and
certainly there is great difference between a cunning man and
a wise man, not only in point of honesty, but in point of
ability. Bacon, Essay 23.
These small wares and petty points of cunning are infinite,
and it were a good deed to make a list of them; for nothing
doth more hurt than that cunning men pass for wise. Bacon.
2. Art; skill; knowledge.

CU’NNINGLY. adv. [from cunning.] Artfully; slyly; sub­
tily; by fraudulent contrivance; craftily.
Amongst other crimes of this nature, there was diligent
enquiry made of such as had raised and dispersed a bruit and
rumour, a little before the field fought, that the rebels had the
day, and that the king's army was overthrown, and the king
fled; whereby it was supposed, that many succours were cun­
ningly put off and kept back. Bacon's Henry VII.
I must meet my danger, and destroy him first;
But cunningly and closely. Denham's Sophy.
When stock is high, they come between,
Making by second-hand their offers;
Then cunningly retire unseen,
With each a million in his coffers. Swift.

CU’NNINGMAN. n. s. [cunning and man.] A man who pretends
to tell fortunes, or teach how to recover stolen goods.
He sent him for a strong detachment
Of beadle, constable, and watchmen,
T' attack the cunningman, for plunder
Committed falsly on his lumber. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 

CU’NNINGNESS. n. s. [from cunning.] Deceitfulness; slyness.

CUP

CUP. n. s. [cup, Sax. kop, Dut. coupe, French.]
1. A small vessel to drink in.
Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's cup into his hand, after the
former manner when thou wast his butler. Genesis, xi. 13.
Ye heav'nly pow'rs, that guard
The British isles, such dire events remove
Far from fair Albion; nor let civil broils
Ferment from social cups. Philips.
2. The liquor contained in the cup; the draught.
Which when the vile enchanteress perceiv'd,
How that my lord from her I would reprieve,
With cup thus charm'd, imparting she deceiv'd. Fairy Queen.
All friends shall taste
The wages of their virtue, and all foes
The cups of their deservings. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Wil't please your lordship, drink a cup of sack. Shakesp.
They that never had the use
Of the grape's surprising juice,
To the first delicious cup
All their reason render up. Waller.
The best, the dearest fav'rite of the sky,
Must taste that cup; for man is born to die. Pope's Odyss.
3. Social entertainment; merry bout, [in the plural.]
Then shall our names,
Familiar in their mouth as houshold words,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd. Shakes. H. V.
Let us suppose that I were reasoning, as one friend with
another, by the fireside, or in our cups, without care, without
any great affection to either party. Knolles's History of the Turks.
It was near a miracle to see an old man silent, since talking
is the disease of age; but amongst cups, makes fully a wonder.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Marrying, or prostituting, as befel
Rape or adultery, where passing fair
Allur'd them: thence from cups, to civil broils! Milton.
Amidst his cups with fainting shiv'ring seiz'd,
His limbs disjointed, and all o'er diseas'd,
His hand refuses to sustain the bowl. Dryden's Persius.
4. Any thing hollow like a cup; as, the husk of an acorn, the
bell of a flower.
A pyrites of the same colour and shape, placed in the cavity
of another of an hemispherick figure, in much the same man­
ner as an acorn in its cup. Woodward on Fossils.
5. CUP and Can. Familiar companions. The can is the large
vessel, out of which the cup is filled, and to which it is a con­
stant associate.
You boasting tell us where you din'd,
And how his lordship was so kind;
Swear he's a most facetious man;
That you and he are cup and can:
You travel with a heavy load,
And quite mistake preferment's road. Swift.

To CUP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To supply with cups: this sense is obsolete.
Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne,
In thy vats our cares be drown'd:
With thy grapes our hairs be crown'd!
Cup us, 'till the world go round. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
2. To fix a glass-bell or cucurbite upon the skin, to draw the
blood in scarification.
The clotted blood lies heavy on his heart,
Corrupts, and there remains in spite of art:
Nor breathing veins, nor cupping will prevail;
All outward remedies and inward fail. Dryden's Fables.
You have quartered all the foul language upon me, that
could be raked out of the air of Billingsgate, without know­
ing who I am; or whether I deserve to be cupped and scarified
at this rate. Spectator, No. 595.
Blistering, cupping, and bleeding are seldom of use but to
the idle and intemperate. Addison's Spectator, No. 195.
Him the damn'd doctors and his friends immur'd;
They bled, they cupp'd, they purg'd; in short they cur'd. Pope.

CUPBE’ARER. n. s. 
1. An officer of the king's houshold.
There is conveyed to Mr. Villiers an intimation of the
king's pleasure to wait and to be sworn his servant, and short­
ly after his cupbearer at large; and the Summer following he
was admitted in ordinary. Wotton.
2. An attendant to give wine at a feast.
This vine was said to be given to Tros, the father of Priam,
by Jupiter, as a recompence for his carrying away his son
Ganymede to be his cupbearer. Notes on the Odyssey.

CU’PBOARD. n. s. [cup and bord, a case or receptacle, Saxon.]
A case with shelves, in which victuals or earthen ware is
placed.
Some trees are best for planchers, as deal; some for tables,
cupboards, and desks, as walnut. Bacon's Natural History.


Codrus had but one bed; so short to boot,
That his short wife's short legs hung dangling out:
His cupboard's head six earthen pitchers grac'd,
Beneath them was his trusty tankard plac'd. Dryden's Juv.
Yet their wine and their victuals these curmudgeon­
lubbards,
Lock up from my sight, in cellars and cupboards. Swift.

To CU’PBOARD. v. a. [from the noun.] To treasure in a cup­
board; to hoard up.
The belly did remain
I' th' midst o' th' body, idle and unactive,
Still cupboarding the viand, never bearing
Like labour with the rest. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

CUP’IDITY. n. s. [cupiditas, Latin.] Concupiscence; unlaw­
ful or unreasonable longing.

CU’POLA. n. s. [Italian.] A dome; the hemispherical summit
of a building.
Nature seems to have designed the head as the cupola to the
most glorious of her works; and when we load it with super­
numerary ornaments, we destroy the symetry of the human
figure. Addison's Spectator, No. 28.

CU’PPEL. See COPPEL.
There be other bodies fixed, which have little or no spirit;
so as there is nothing to fly out, as we see in the stuff whereof
cuppels are made, which they put into furnaces, upon which
fire worketh not. Bacon's Natural History, No. 799.

CU’PPER. n. s. [from cup.] One who applies cupping-glasses;
a scarifier.

CUPPING-GLASS. n. s. [from cup and glass.] A glass used by
scarifiers to draw out the blood by rarefying the air.
A bubo, in this case, ought to be drawn outward by
cupping-glasses, and brought to suppuration. Wiseman's Surgery.

CU’PREOUS. adj. [cupreus, Latin.] Coppery; consisting of
copper.
Having, by the intervention of a little sal armoniack,
made copper inflammable, I took some small grains, and put
them under the wiek of a burning candle, whereby they were
with the melted tallow so kindled, that the green, not blue,
flame of the cupreous body did burn for a good while. Boyle.

CUR

CUR. n. s. [korre, Dutch. See CURTAL.]
1. A worthless degenerate dog.
How does your fallow greyhound, sir?—
'Tis a good dog.——
—A cur, sir.——
—Sir, he's a good dog, and a fair dog. Shakespeare.
Here's an old drudging cur turned off to shift for himself,
for want of the very teeth and heels that he had lost in his
master's service. L'Estrange, Fable 25.
A cur may bear
The name of tiger, lion, or whate'er
Denotes the noblest or the fairest beast. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. A term of reproach for a man.
What would you have, ye curs,
That like not peace nor war? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
This knight had occasion to inquire the way to St. Anne's­
lane; upon which the person, whom he spoke to, called him
a young popish cur, and asked him, who made Anne a
saint. Addison's Spectator, No. 125.

CU’RABLE. adj. [from cure.] That admits a remedy; that
may be healed.
A consumption of the lungs, at the beginning, herein dif­
fers from all other curable diseases, that it is not to be worn
away by change of diet, or a chearful spirit. Harvey on Consump.
A desperate wound must skilful hands employ,
But thine is curable by Philip's boy. Dryden's Juvenal's Sat.

CU’RABLENESS. n. s. [from curable.] Possibility to be healed.

CU’RACY. n. s. [from curate.] Employment of a curate, dis­
tinct from a benefice; employment which a hired clergyman
holds under the beneficiary.
They get into orders as soon as they can, and, if they be
very fortunate, arrive in time to a curacy here in town. Swift.

CU’RATE. n. s. [curator, Latin.] A clergyman hired to per­
form the duties of another.
He spar'd no pains; for curate he had none;
Nor durst he trust another with his care. Dryden's Fables.
2. A parish priest.
I thought the English of curate had been an ecclesiastical
hireling.——No such matter; the proper import of the word
signifies one who has the cure of souls. Collier on Pride.

CU’RATESHIP. n. s. [from curate.] The same with curacy.

CU’RATIVE. adj. [from cure.] Relating to the cure of dis­
eases; not preservative.
The therapeutick or curative physick, we term that which
restores the patient unto sanity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
There may be taken proper useful indications, both preser­
vative and curative, from the qualities of the air. Arbuthnot.

CURA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] One that has the care and super­
intendence of any thing.
The curators of Bedlam assure us, that some lunaticks are
persons of honour. Swift.

CURB. n. s. [courber, to bend, French.]
1. A curb is an iron chain, made fast to the upper part of the
branches of the bridle, in a hole called the eye, and running
over the beard of the horse. Farrier's Dict.
The ox hath his bow, the horse his curb, and the faulcon
his bells; so man hath his desire. Shakes. As you like it.
So four fierce coursers, starting to the race,
Scow'r through the plain, and lengthen ev'ry pace;
Nor reins, nor curbs, nor threat'ning cries they fear. Dryd.
2. Restraint; inhibition; opposition; hindrance.
The Roman state, whose course will on
The way it takes, cracking ten thousand curbs
Of more strong links asunder, than can ever
Appear in your impediment. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
We remain
In strictest bondage, though thus far remov'd,
Under th' inevitable curb, reserv'd
His captive multitude. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 322.
By these men, religion, that should be
The curb, is made the spur to tyranny. Denham's Sophy.
Even they who think us under no other tie to the true in­
terest of our country, will allow this to be an effectual curb
upon us. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. A curb is a hard and callous tumour, which runs along
the inside of a horse's hoof; that is, on that part of the hoof
that is opposite to the leg of the lame side. Farrier's Dict.

To CURB. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To guide or restrain a horse with a curb.
Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed. Milt.
2. To restrain; to inhibit; to check; to confine; to hold back.
Were not the laws planted amongst them at the first, and
had they not governours to curb and keep them still in awe and
obedience? Spenser on Ireland.
Then thou, the mother of so sweet a child,
Her false imagin'd loss cease to lament,
And wisely learn to curb thy sorrows wild. Milton.
If sense and learning are such unsociable imperious things,
he ought to keep down the growth of his reason, and curb his
intellectuals. Collier on Pride.
At this she curb'd a groan, that else had come;
And pausing, view'd the present in the tomb;
Then to the heart ador'd devoutly glew'd
Her lips, and raising it, her speech renew'd. Dryd. Fables.
'Till force returns, his ardour we restrain,
And curb his warlike wish to cross the main. Dryden.
Knowing when a muse should be indulged
In her full flight, and when she should be curbed. Roscommon.
Some poor cottage on the mountain's brow,
Where pinching want must curb thy warm desires,
And houshold cares suppress thy genial fires. Prior.
Nature to all things fix'd the limits fit,
And wisely curb'd proud man's pretending wit. Pope.
2. Sometimes with from; sometimes with of.
Yet you are curb'd from that enlargement by
The consequence of the crown. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

CURD. n. s. [See CRUDLE.] The coagulation of milk; the
concretion of the thicker parts of any liquor.
Milk of itself is such a compound of cream, curds, and
whey, as it is easily turned and dissolved. Bacon's Nat. History.
This night, at least, with me forget your care;
Chesnuts and curds, and cream shall be your fare. Dryden.
Let Sporus tremble.—What! that thing of silk!
Sporus, that mere white curd of ass's milk? Pope.

To CURD. v. a. [from the noun.] To turn to curds; to cause
to coagulate.
Maiden, does it curd thy blood,
To say I am thy mother? Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

To CU’RDLE. v. n. [from curd.] To coagulate; to shoot to­
gether; to concrete.
Powder of mint, and powder of red roses, keep the milk
somewhat from turning or curdling in the stomach. Bacon.
Some to the house,
The fold, and dairy, hungry bend their flight,
Sip round the pail, or taste the curdling cheese. Thom. Sum.

To CU’RDLE. v. a. To cause to coagulate; to force into con­
cretions.
His changed powers at first themselves not felt,
'Till curdled cold his courage 'gan t' assail. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Mixed with the sixth part of a spoonful of milk, it burnt
to the space of one hundred pulses, and the milk was curdled.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 366.
My soul is all the same,
Unmov'd with fear, and mov'd with martial fame;
But my chill blood is curdled in my veins,
And scarce the shadow of a man remains. Dryden's Virgil.
Ev'n now I fall a victim to thy wrongs;
Ev'n now a fatal draught works out my soul;
Ev'n now it curdles in my shrinking veins
The lazy blood, and freezes at my heart. Smith.
There is in the spirit of wine some acidity, by which
brandy curdles milk. Floyer.

CU’RDY. adj. [from curd.] Coagulated; concreted; full of
curds; curdled.


It differs from a vegetable emulsion, by coagulating into a
curdy mass with acids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CURE. n. s. [cura, Latin.]
1. Remedy; restorative.
This league that we have made,
Will give her sadness very little cure.
Brother of England, how may we content
This widow lady? Shakespeare's King John.
Cold, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure,
All these he must, and guiltless oft, endure. Dryden's Fables.
Now we're ador'd, and the next hour displease;
At first your cure, and after your disease. Granville.
Horace advises the Romans to seek a seat in some remote
part, by way of a cure for the corruption of their manners. Sw.
2. Act of healing.
I do cures to-day, and to-morrow. Lu. xiii. 32.
3. The benefice or employment of a curate or clergyman.
If his cure lies among the lawyers, let nothing be said against
entangling property, spinning out causes, squeezing clients,
and making the laws a greater grievance than those who break
them. Collier.

To CURE. v. a. [curo, Latin.]
1. To heal; to restore to health; to remedy; to recover: with
of before the disease. Used of patients or diseases.
The bones, in sharp colds, wax brittle; and therefore all
contusions of bones, in hard weather, are more difficult to
cure. Bacon's Natural History, No. 688.
Here the poor Lover, that has long endur'd
Some proud nymph's scorn, of his fond passion's cur'd. Waller.
I never knew any man cured of inattention. Swift.
Hear what from love unpractis'd hearts endure,
From love, the sole disease thou canst not cure. Pope.
2. To prepare in any manner, so as to be preserved from cor­
ruption.
The beef would be so ill chosen, or so ill cured, as to stink
many times before it came so far as Holland. Temple.

CU’RELESS. adj. [cure and less.] Without cure; without
remedy.
Bootless are plaints, and cureless are my wounds;
No way to fly, nor strength to hold out flight. Shak. H. VI.
Repair thy wit, good youth, or it will fall
To cureless ruin. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
If, said he,
Your grief alone is hard captivity,
For love of heav'n, with patience undergo
A cureless ill, since fate will have it so. Dryden's Fables.

CU’RER. n. s. [from cure.] A healer; a physician.
He is a curer of souls, and you a curer of bodies: if you
should fight, you go against the hair of your professions. Shak.
The indexterity and worse success of the most famous of
our consumption curers, do evidently demonstrate their dim­
ness in beholding its causes. Harvey on Consumptions.

CU’RFEW. n. s. [couvre feu, French.] An evening-peal, by
which the conqueror willed, that every man should rake up
his fire, and put out his light; so that in many places at this
day, where a bell is customarily rung towards bed time, it is
said to ring curfew. Cowel.
You whose pastime
Is to make midnight mushrooms, that rejoice
To hear the solemn curfew. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Oft on a plat of rising ground,
I hear the far off curfew sound,
Over some wide-water'd shoar,
Swinging slow with sullen roar. Milton.
2. A cover for a fire; a fireplate.
But now for pans, pots, curfews, counters and the like,
the beauty will not be so much respected, so as the compound
stuff is like to pass. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

CURIA’LITY. n. s. [from curialis, Latin.] The privileges,
prerogatives, or perhaps retinue of a court.
The court and curiality. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

CURIO’SITY. n. s. [from curious.]
1. Inquisitiveness; inclination to enquiry.
2. Nicety; delicacy.
When thou wast in thy gilt, and thy perfume, they mockt
thee for too much curiosity; in thy rags thou knowest none,
but art despised for the contrary. Shakespeare's Timon.
3. Accuracy; exactness.
Qualities are so weighed, that curiosity in neither can make
choice of either's moiety. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Our eyes and senses, however armed or assisted, are too
gross to discern the curiosity of the workmanship of nature.
Ray on the Creation.
4. An act of curiosity; nice experiment.
There hath been practised also a curiosity, to set a tree upon
the north-side of a wall, and, at a little height, to draw it
through the wall, and spread it upon the south-side; con­
ceiving that the root and lower part of the stock should enjoy
the freshness of the shade, and the upper boughs and fruit, the
comfort of the sun; but it sorted not. Bacon's Nat. History.
5. An object of curiosity; rarity.
We took a ramble together to see the curiosities of this great
town. Addison's Freeholder, No. 47.

CU’RIOUS. adj. [curiosus, Latin.]
1. Inquisitive; desirous of information; addicted to enquiry.
Be not curious in unnecessary matters; for more things are
shewn unto thee than men understand. Ecclus. iii. 23.
Even then to them the spirit of lyes suggests,
That they were blind, because they saw not ill;
And breath'd into their uncorrupted breasts
A curious wish, which did corrupt their will. Davies.
2. Attentive to; diligent about: sometimes with after.
It is pity a gentleman so very curious after things that were
elegant and beautiful, should not have been as curious as to
their origin, their uses, and their natural history. Woodward.
3. Sometimes with of.
Then thus a senior of the place replies,
Well read, and curious of antiquities. Dryden's Fables.
4. Accurate; careful not to mistake.
'Till Arrianism had made it a matter of great sharpness and
subtlety of wit to be a sound believing Christian, men were
not curious what syllables or particles of speech they used. Hook.
5. Difficult to please; solicitous of perfection; not negligent;
full of care.
A temperate person is not curious of fancies and delicious­
ness; he thinks not much, and speaks not often of meat and
drink. Taylour.
6. Exact; nice; subtle.
Both these senses embrace their objects at greater distance,
with more variety, and with a more curious discrimation, than
the other sense. Holder.
7. Artful; not neglectful; not fortuitous.
A vaile obscur'd the sunshine of her eyes,
The rose within herself her sweetness closed;
Each ornament about her seemly lies,
By curious chance, or careless art, composed. Fairfax, b. ii.
8. Elegant; neat; laboured; finished.
Understanding to devise curious works, to work in gold. Ex.
9. Rigid; severe; rigorous.
For curious I cannot be with you,
Signior Baptista, of whom I hear so well. Shakespeare.

CU’RIOUSLY. adv. [from curious.]
1. Inquisitively; attentively; studiously.
At first I thought there had been no light reflected from
the water in that place; but observing it more curiously, I saw
within it several smaller round spots, which appeared much
blacker and darker than the rest. Newton's Opt.
2. Elegantly; neatly.
Nor is it the having of wheels and springs, though never
so curiously wrought, and artificially set, but the winding of
them up, that must give motion to the watch. South's Sermons.
3. Artfully; exactly.
4. Captiously.

CURL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A ringlet of hair.
She appareled herself like a page, cutting off her hair,
leaving nothing but the short curls to cover that noble head. Sid.
Just as in act he stood, in clouds enshrin'd,
Her hand she fasten'd on his hair behind;
Then backward by his yellow curls she drew
To him, and him alone confess'd in view. Dryden's Fables.
2. Undulation; wave; sinuofity; flexure.
Thus it happens, if the glass of the prisms be free from
veins, and their sides be accurately plain and well polished,
without those numberless waves or curls, which usually arise
from the sand holes, a little smoothed in polishing with putty.
Newton's Opt. Prop. ii. Th. 2.

To CURL. v. a. [kxollen, Dut. cyrran, Sax. krille, Dan.]
1. To turn the hair in ringlets.
What hast thou been?—
—A serving man, proud in heart and mind, that curled my
hair, wore gloves in my cap, served the lust of my mistress's
heart, and did the act of darkness with her. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. To writhe; to twist.
3. To dress with curls.
If she first meet the curled Antony,
He'll make demand of her kiss. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Up the trees
Climbing, sat thicker than the snaky locks
That curl'd Megæra. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 560.
4. To raise in waves, undulations, or sinuosities.
The visitation of the winds,
Who take the russian billows by the top,
Curling their monstrous heads. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Seas would be pools, without the brushing air
To curl the waves. Dryden's Fables.

To CURL. v. n. 
1. To shrink into ringlets.
Those slender aerial bodies are separated and stretched out,
which otherwise, by reason of their flexibleness and weight,
would flag or curl. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. To rise in undulations.
To every nobler portion of the town.


The curling billows roul their restless tide;
In parties now they straggle up and down,
As armies, unoppos'd, for prey divide. Dryden.
While curling smoaks from village tops are seen. Pope.
3. To twist itself.
Then round her slender waist he curl'd,
And stamp'd an image of himself, a sov'reign of the world.
Dryden's Fables.

CU’RLEW. n. s. [courlieu, French.]
1. A kind of water-fowl, with a large beak of a grey colour,
with red and black spots.
2. A bird larger than a partridge, with longer legs. It runs very
swiftly, and frequents the cornfields in Spain, in Sicily, and
sometimes in France. Trevoux.

CURMU’DGEON. n. s. [It is a vitious manner of pro­
nouncing cœur mechant, Fr. an unknown correspondent.] An
avaritious churlish fellow; a miser; a niggard; a churl; a
griper.
And when he has it in his claws,
He'll not be hide-bound to the cause;
Nor shalt thou find him a curmudgeon,
If thou dispatch it without grudging. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 2.
Both their wine and their victuals these curmudgeon
lubbards
Lock up from my sight, in cellars and cupboards. Swift.
A man's way of living is commended, because he will
give any rate for it; and a man will give any rate rather than
pass for a poor wretch, or a penurious curmudgeon. Locke.

CU’RMUDGEONLY. adj. [from curmudgeon.] Avaricious; co­
vetous; churlish; niggardly.
In a country where he that killed a hog invited the neigh­
bourhood, a curmudgeonly fellow advised with his companions
how he might save the charge. L'Estrange.

CU’RRANT. n. s. 
1. The tree hath no prickles; the leaves are large: the flower
consists of five leaves, placed in form of a rose: the ovary,
which arises from the center of the flower-cup, becomes a
globular fruit, produced in bunches.
2. A small dried grape, properly written corinth.
They butter'd currants on fat veal bestow'd,
And rumps of beef with virgin honey stew'd;
Insipid taste, old friend, to them who Paris know,
Where rocombole, shallot, and the rank garlick grow. King.

CU’RRENCY. n. s. [from current.]
1. Circulation; power of passing from hand to hand.
The currency of those half-pence would, in the universal
opinion of our people, be utterly destructive to this king­
dom. Swift.
2. General reception.
3. Fluency; readiness of utterance; easiness of pronunciation.
4. Continuance; constant flow; uninterrupted course.
The currency of time to establish a custom, ought to be
with a continuando from the beginning to the end of the term
prescribed. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. General esteem; the rate at which any thing is vulgarly
valued.
He that thinketh Spain to be some great over-match for this
estate, assisted as it is, and, may be, is no good mintman, but
takes greatness of kingdoms according to their bulk and
currency, and not after intrinsick value. Bacon's War with Spain.
6. The papers stamped in the English colonies by authority, and
passing for money.

CU’RRENT. adj. [currens, Latin.]
1. Circulatory; passing from hand to hand.
Shekels of silver, current money with the merchant. Gen.
That there was current money in Abraham's time is past
doubt, though it is not sure that it was stampt; for he is said
to be rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. Arbuthnot.
2. Generally received; uncontradicted; authoritative.
Many strange bruits are received for current. Sidney.
Because such as openly reprove supposed disorders of state,
are taken for principal friends to the common benefit of all,
under this fair and plausible colour, whatsoever they utter
passeth for good and current. Hooker, b. i.
I have collected the facts, with all possible impartiality, from
the current histories of those times. Swift.
3. Common; general.
They have been trained up from their infancy in one set
of notions, without ever hearing or knowing what other opi­
nions are current among mankind. Watts's Improvement.
About three months ago we had a current report of the
king of France's death. Addison's Spectator.
4. Popular; such as is established by vulgar estimation.
We are also to consider the difference between worth and
merit, strictly taken; that is, a man's intrinsick; this, his
current value; which is less or more, as men have occasion for
him. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 7. sect. 34.
5. Fashionable; popular.
Oft leaving what is natural and fit,
The current folly proves our ready wit;
And authors think their reputation safe,
Which lives as long as fools are pleas'd to laugh. Pope.
6. Passable; such as may be allowed or admitted.
Fouler than heart can think thee, thou canst make
No excuse current, but to hang thyself. Shakesp. Rich. III.
7. What is now passing; what is at present in its course; as, the
current year.

CU’RRENT. n. s. 
1. A running stream.
The current, that with gentle murmur glides,
Thou know'st, being stopp'd, impatiently doth rage;
But his fair course is not hindered:
He makes sweet musick with th' enamel'd stones. Shakesp.
These inequalities will vanish in one place, and presently
appear in another, and seem perfectly to move like waves,
succeeding and destroying one another; save that their motion
oftentimes seems to be quickest, as if in that vast sea they
were carried on by a current, or at least by a tide. Boyle.
Heav'n her Eridanus no more shall boast,
Whose fame in thine, like lesser currents lost;
Thy nobler streams shall visit Jove's abodes,
To shine among the stars, and bathe the gods. Denham.
Not fabled Po more swells the poet's lays,
While through the sky his shining current strays. Pope.
2. [In navigation.] Currents are certain progressive motions of
the water of the sea in several places, either quite down to the
bottom, or to a certain determinate depth; by which a ship
may happen to be carried more swiftly or retarded in her
course, according to the direction of the current, with or
against the way of the ship. Harris.

CU’RRENTLY. adj. [from current.]
1. In a constant motion.
2. Without opposition.
The very cause which maketh the simple and ignorant to
think they even see how the word of God runneth currently
on your side, is, that their minds are forestalled, and their
conceits perverted beforehand. Hooker, Preface.
3. Popularly; fashionably; generally.
4. Without ceasing.

CU’RRENTNESS. n. s. [from current.]
1. Circulation.
2. General reception.
3. Easiness of pronunciation.
When substantialness combineth with delightfulness, and
currentness with stayedness, how can the language sound other
than most full of sweetness? Camden's Remains.

CU’RRIER. n. s. [coriarius, Latin.] One who dresses and pares
leather for those who make shoes, or other things.
A currier bought a bearskin of a huntsman, and laid him
down ready money for it. L'Estrange.
Warn'd by frequent ills, the way they found
To lodge their loathsome carrion under ground;
For useless to the currier were their hides,
Nor could their tainted flesh with ocean tides
Be free'd from filth. Dryden's Virg. Geor. b. iii. l. 833.

CU’RRISH. adj. [from cur.] Having the qualities of a dege­
nerate dog; brutal; sour; quarrelsome; malignant; churlish;
uncivil; untractable; impracticable.
Sweet speaking oft a currish heart reclaims. Sidney, b. ii.
No care of justice, nor no rule of reason,
No temperance, nor no regard of season,
Did thenceforth ever enter in his mind,
But cruelty, the sign of currish kind. Hubberd's Tale.
In fashions wayward, and in love unkind;
For Cupid deigns not wound a currish mind. Fairfax, b. iv.
I would she were in heaven, so she could
Entreat some pow'r to change this currish Jew. Shakespeare.
She says your dog was a cur; and tells you, currish thanks
is good enough for such a present. Shakes. Two Gent. of Verona.

To CU’RRY. v. a. [corium, leather, Latin.]
1. To dress leather, by beating and rubbing it.
2. To beat; to drub; to thresh; to chastise.
A deep design in't to divide
The well affected that confide;
By setting brother against brother,
To claw and curry one another. Hudibras, p. i. cant 1. 
I may expect her to take care of her family, and curry her
hide in case of refusal. Addison's Spectator, No. 211. 
3. To rub a horse with a scratching instrument, so as to smooth
his coat, and promote his flesh.
Frictions make the parts more fleshy and full; as we see
both in men, and in the currying of horses: the cause is, for
that they draw a greater quantity of spirits and blood to the
parts. Bacon.
4. To scratch in kindness; to rub down with flattery; to tickle.
If I had a suit to master Shallow, I would humour his men;
if to his men, I would curry with master Shallow. Shakesp.
5. To CURRY Favour. To become a favourite by petty offi­
ciousness, slight kindnesses, or flattery.
He judged them still over-abjectly to fawn upon the hea­
thens, and to curry favour with infidels. Hooker, b. iv. s. 7.
This humour succeeded so with the puppy, that an ass
would go the same way to work to curry favour for him­
self. L'Estrange.



CU’RRYCOMB. n. s. [from curry and comb.] An iron instru­
ment used for currying horses.
He has a clearer idea from a little print than from a long
definition; and so he would have of strigil and sistrum, if,
instead of a currycomb and cymbal, he could see stamped in
the margin small pictures of these instruments. Locke.

To CURSE. v. a. [cursian, Saxon.]
1. To wish evil to; to execrate; to devote.
Curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me. Num.
After Solyman had looked upon the dead body, and bitterly
cursed the same, he caused a great weight to be tied unto it,
and so cast unto the sea. Knolles's History of the Turks.
What, yet again! the third time hast thou curst me:
This imprecation was for Laius' death,
And thou hast wished me like him. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
2. To mischief; to afflict; to torment.
On impious realms and barb'rous kings impose
Thy plagues, and curse 'em with such sons as those. Pope.

To CURSE. v. n. To imprecate; to deny or affirm with im­
precation of divine vengeance.
The silver about which thou cursedst, and speakest of also in
my ears, behold the silver is with me. Jud. xvi. 2.

CURSE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Malediction; wish of evil to another.
Neither have I suffered my mouth to sin, by wishing a curse
to his soul. Job, xxxi. 30.
I never went from your lordship but with a longing to re­
turn, or without a hearty curse to him who invented ceremo­
nies, and put me on the necessity of withdrawing. Dryden.
2. Affliction; torment; vexation.
Curse on the stripling! how he apes his sire!
Ambitiously sententious! Addison's Cato.

CU’RSED. participial adj. [from curse.]
1. Under a curse; hateful; detestable; abominable; wicked.
Merciful pow'rs!
Restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature
Gives way to in repose. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Unholy; unsanctified; blasted by a curse.
Come lady, while heav'n lends us grace,
Let us fly this cursed place,
Lest the sorcerer us entice
With some other new device;
Not a waste or needless sound,
'Till we come to holier ground. Milton.
3. Vexatious; troublesome.
This cursed quarrel be no more renew'd;
Be, as becomes a wise, obedient still;
Though griev'd, yet subject to her husband's will. Dryden.
One day, I think, in Paradise he liv'd;
Destin'd the next his journey to pursue,
Where wounding thorns and cursed thistles grew. Prior.

CU’RSEDLY. adv. [from cursed.] Miserably; shamefully: a
low cant word.
Satisfaction and restitution lies so cursedly hard on the giz­
zards of our publicans. L'Estrange.
Sure this is a nation that is cursedly afraid of being over-run
with too much politeness, and cannot regain one great genius
but at the expence of another. Pope.

CU’RSEDNESS. n. s. [from cursed.] The state of being under a
curse.

CU’RSHIP. n. s. [from cur.] Dogship; meanness; scoundrel­
ship.
How durst he, I say, oppose thy curship,
'Gainst arms, authority, and worship. Hudibras, p. i.

CU’RSITOR. n. s. [Latin.] An officer or clerk belonging to
the Chancery, that makes out original writs. They are called
clerks of course, in the oath of the clerks of Chancery. Of
these there are twenty-four in number, which have certain
shires allotted to each of them, into which they make out
such original writs as are required. They are a corporation
among themselves. Cowel.
Then is the recognition and value, signed with the hand­
writing of that justice, carried by the cursitor in Chancery for
that shire where those lands do lie, and by him is a writ of
covenant thereupon drawn, and ingrossed in parchment. Bacon.

CU’RSORARY. adj. [from cursus, Latin.] Cursory; hasty;
careless. A word, I believe, only found in the following
line.
I have but with a cursorary eye
O'erglanc'd the articles. Shakespeare's Henry V.

CU’RSORILY. adv. [from cursory.] Hastily; without care;
without solicitous attention.
This power, and no other, Luther disowns, as any one that
views the place but cursorily must needs see. Atterbury.

CU’RSORINESS. n. s. [from cursory.] Slight attention.

CU’RSORY. adj. [from cursorius, Latin.] Hasty; quick; in­
attentive; careless.
The first, upon a cursory and superficial view, appeared
like the head of another man. Addison.

CURST. adj. Froward; peevish; malignant; mischievous;
malicious; snarling
Mr. Mason, after his manner, was very merry with both
parties, pleasantly playing both with the shrewd touches of
many curst boys, and with the small discretion of many lewd
schoolmasters. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
I pray you, though you mock me, gentlemen,
Let her not hurt me: I was never curst;
I have no gift at all in shrewishness:
I am a right maid, for my cowardice;
Let her not strike me. Shakes. Midsummer Night's Dream.
I'll go see if the bear be gone from the gentleman, and
how much he hath eaten: they are never curst but when they
are hungry. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Her only fault, and that is fault enough,
Is, that she is intolerably curst,
And shrewd and forward, so beyond all measure,
That, were my state far worser than it is,
I would not wed her for a mine of gold. Shakespeare.
Go, write in a martial hand; be curst and brief. It is no
matter how witty, so it be eloquent, and full of invention. Sh.
When I dissuaded him from his intent,
And found him pight to do it with curst speech,
I threaten'd to discover him. Shakespeare's King Lear.
And though his mind
Be ne'er so curst, his tongue is kind. Crashaw.

CU’RSTNESS. n. s. [from curst.] Peevishness; frowardness;
malignity.
Then, noble partners,
Touch you the sow'rest points with sweetest terms,
Nor curstness grow to the matter. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopat.
Her mouth she writh'd, her forehead taught to frown,
Her eyes to sparkle fires to love unknown;
Her sallow cheeks her envious mind did shew,
And ev'ry feature spoke aloud the curstness of a shrew. Dryd.

CURT. adj. [from curtus, Latin.] Short.

To CU’RTAIL. v. a. [curto, Latin. It was anciently written
curtal, which perhaps is more proper; but dogs that had their
tails cut, being called curtal dogs, the word was vulgarly con­
ceived to mean originally to cut the tail, and was in time writ­
ten according to that notion.]
1. To cut off; to cut short; to shorten.
I, that am curtail'd of all fair proportion,
Deform'd, unfinish'd, sent before my time
Into this breathing world. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Then why should we ourselves abridge,
And curtail our own privilege? Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.
Scribblers send us over their trash in prose and verse, with
abominable curtailings and quaint modernisms. Swift.
This general employ, and expence of their time, would as
assuredly curtail and retrench the ordinary means of know­
ledge and erudition, as it would shorten the opportunities of
vice. Woodward.
Perhaps this humour of speaking no more than we must,
has so miserably curtailed some of our words; and, in familiar
writings and conversations, they often lose all but their first
syllables. Addison's Spectator, No. 135.
2. It has of before the thing cut off.
The count assured the court, that Fact his antagonist had
taken a wrong name, having curtailed it of three letters; for
that his name was not Fact, but Faction. Addison.

CU’RTAIL Dog. n. s. A dog whose tail is cut off, and who is
therefore hindered in coursing. Perhaps this word may be the
original of cur.
I, amazed, ran from her as a witch; and I think, if my
breast had not been made of faith, and my heart of steel, she
had transformed me to a curtail dog, and made me turn i' th'
wheel. Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.

CU’RTAIN. n. s. [cortina, Latin.]
1. A cloath contracted or expanded at pleasure, to admit or ex­
clude the light; to conceal or discover any thing; to shade a
bed; to darken a room.
Their curtains ought to be kept open, so as to renew the
air. Arbuthnot on Diet.
So through white curtains shot a tim'rous ray,
And op'd those eyes that must eclipse the day. Pope.
Thy hand, great dulness! let's the curtain fall,
And universal darkness buries all. Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.
2. To draw the CURTAIN. To close it so as to shut out the
light, or conceal the object.
I must draw a curtain before the work for a while, and
keep your patience a little in suspence, 'till materials are pre­
pared. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Once more I write to you, and this once will be the last:
the curtain will soon be drawn between my friend and me,
and nothing left but to wish you a long good night. Pope.
3. To open it so as to discern the object.
Had I forgot thee? Oh, come in, Æmilia:
Soft, by and by; let me the curtains draw.
Where art thou? What's the matter with thee now? Shakes.
So soon as the all-cheering sun
Should in the farthest East begin to draw
The shady curtain from Aurora's bed. Shakes. Rom. and Jul.
Peace, the lovers are asleep:


They, sweet turtles! folded lie
In the last knot that love could tie:
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
'Till this stormy night be gone;
And th' eternal morrow dawn,
Then the curtain will be drawn,
And they waken with that light,
Whose day shall never sleep in night. Crashaw.
4. [In fortification.] That part of the wall or rampart that lies
between two bastions. Military Dict.
The governour, not discouraged, suddenly of timber and
boards raised up a curtain twelve foot high, at the back of
his soldiers. Knolles's History of the Turks.

CURTAIN-LECTURE. n. s. [from curtain and lecture.] A re­
proof given by a wife to her husband in bed.
What endless brawls by wives are bred!
The curtain-lecture makes a mournful bed. Dryden's Juven.
She ought to exert the authority of the curtain-lecture, and,
if she finds him of a rebellious disposition, to tame him. Addis.

To CU’RTAIN. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose or accom­
modate with curtains.
Now o'er one half the world
Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse
The curtain'd sleep. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The wand'ring prince and Dido,
When with a happy storm they were surpriz'd,
And curtain'd with a counsel-keeping cave. Shakespeare.
But in her temple's last recess inclos'd,
On dulness' lap th' anointed head repos'd:
Him close she curtain'd round with vapours blue,
And soft besprinkled with cimmerian dew. Pope's Dunciad.

CU’RTATE Distance. n. s. [In astronomy.] The distance of a
planet's place from the sun, reduced to the ecleptick.

CURTA’TION. n. s. [from curto, to shorten, Latin.] The in­
terval between a planet's distance from the sun and the curtate
distance. Chambers.

CU’RTELASSE. See CUTLASS.

CU’RTELAX. See CUTLASS.

CU’RTSY. See COURTESY.

CU’RVATED. adj. [curvatus, Latin.] Bent.

CURVA’TION. n. s. [curvo, Latin.] The act of bending or
crooking.

CU’RVATURE. n. s. [from curve.] Crookedness; inflexion;
manner of bending.
It is bent after the manner of the catenarian curve, by
which it obtains that curvature that is safest for the included
marrow. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
Flaccid it was beyond the activity of the muscle, and
curvature of the ossicles, to give it a due tension. Holder.

CURVE. adj. [curvus, Latin.] Crooked; bent; inflected; not
streight.
Unless an intrinsick principle of gravity or attraction, may
make it describe a curve line about the attracting body. Bentley.

CURVE. n. s. Any thing bent; a flexure or crookedness of any
particular form.
And as you lead it round, in artful curve,
With eye intentive mark the springing game. Thomson.

To CURVE. v. a. [curvo, Latin.] To bend; to crook; to
inflect.
And the tongue is drawn back and curved. Holder on Speech.

To CU’RVET. v. n. [corvettare, Italian.]
1. To leap; to bound.
Cry, holla! to thy tongue, I pr'ythee: it curvets unsea­
sonably. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Himself he on an earwig set,
Yet scarce he on his back could get,
So oft and high he did curvet,
'Ere he himself could settle. Drayton's Nymphid.
Seiz'd with unwonted pain, surpriz'd with fright,
The wounded steed curvets; and, rais'd upright,
Lights on his feet before: his hoofs behind
Spring up in air aloft, and lash the wind. Dryden's Æneis.
2. To frisk; to be licentious.

CU’RVET. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A leap; a bound.
2. A frolick; a prank.

CURVILI’NEAR. adj. [curvus and linea, Lat.]
1. Consisting of a crooked line.
The impulse continually draws the celestial body from its
rectilinear motion, and forces it into a curvilinear orbit; so
that it must be repeated every minute of time. Cheyne.
2. Composed of crooked lines.

CU’RVITY. n. s. [from curve.] Crookedness.
The joined ends of that bone and the incus receding, make
a more acute angle at that joynt, and give a greater curvity to
the posture of the ossicles. Holder's Elements of Speech.

CUS

CU’SHION. n. s. [kussen, Dutch; coussin, French.]
1. A pillow for the seat; a soft pad placed upon a chair.
Call Claudius, and some other of my men;
I'll have them sleep on cushions in my tent. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
If you are learn'd,
Be not as common fools; if you are not,
Let them have cushions by you. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
But e're they sat, officious Baucis lays
Two cushions stuff'd with straw, the seat to raise;
Coarse, but the best she had. Dryden's Fables.
An Eastern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sen­
tence; and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and
placed upon the tribunal, for the son to sit on. Swift.

CU’SHIONED. adj. [from cushion.] Seated on a cushion; sup­
ported by cushions.
Many, who are cushioned upon thrones, would have re­
mained in obscurity. Dissertation on Parties.

CUSP. n. s. [cuspis, Latin.] A term used to express the points
or horns of the moon, or other luminary. Harris.

CU’SPATED. adj. [from cuspis, Latin.] When the leaves
of a flower end in a point. Quincy.

CU’SPIDATED. adj. [from cuspis, Latin.] When the leaves
of a flower end in a point. Quincy.

CU’STARD. n. s. [cwstard, Welsh.] A kind of sweetmeat
made by boiling eggs with milk and sugar, 'till the whole
thickens into a mass. It is a food much used in city feasts.
He cram'd them 'till their guts did ake,
With cawdle, custard, and plumb cake. Hudibras, cant. ii.
Now may'rs and shrieves all hush'd and satiate lay;
Yet eat, in dreams, the custard of the day. Pope's Dunciad.

CU’STODY. n. s. [custodia, Latin.]
1. Imprisonment; restraint of liberty.
The council remonstranced unto queen Elizabeth the con­
spiracies against her life, and therefore they advised her, that
she should go less abroad weakly attended, as she used; but the
queen answered, she had rather be dead than put in custody.
Bacon's Apophthegms.
For us enslav'd, is custody severe,
And stripes, and arbitrary punishment
Inflicted? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 335.
2. Care; guardianship; charge.
Under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari, shall
be the boards of the tabernacle. Num. iii. 36.
We being strangers here, how dar'st thou trust
So great a charge from thine own custody. Shakespeare.
An offence it were, rashly to depart out of the city com­
mitted to their custody. Knolles's History of the Turks.
There is generally but one coin stampt upon the occasion,
which is made a present to the person who is celebrated on it:
by this means the whole fame is in his own custody. Addison.
3. Defence; preservation; security.
There was prepared a fleet of thirty ships for the custody of
the narrow seas. Bacon's War with Spain.

CU’STOM. n. s. [coustume, French.]
1. Habit; habitual practice.
Blood and destruction shall be so in use,
That mothers shall but smile, when they behold
Their infants quarter'd by the hands of war;
All pity choak'd with custom of fell deeds. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Custom, a greater power than nature, seldom fails to
make them worship. Locke.
2. Fashion; common way of acting.
3. Established manner.
According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to
burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord. Luk. i.
And the priests custom with the people was, that when any
man offered sacrifice, the priest's servants came, while the flesh
was in, with a flesh-hook of three teeth in his hands. 1 Sa. ii.
4. Practise of buying of certain persons.
You say he is assiduous in his calling, and is he not grown
rich by it? Let him have your custom, but not your votes. Add.
5. Application from buyers; as, this trader has good custom.
6. [In law.] A law or right, not written, which, being esta­
blished by long use, and the consent of our ancestors, has been,
and is, daily practised. We cannot say that this or that is a
custom, except we can justify that it hath continued so one
hundred years; yet, because that is hard to prove, it is enough
for the proof of a custom, if two or more can depose that they
heard their fathers say, that it was a custom all their time; and
that their fathers heard their fathers also say, that it was like­
wise a custom in their time. If it is to be proved by record,
the continuance of a hundred years will serve. Custom is
either general or particular: general, that which is current
through England; particular is that which belongs to this or
that county; as gavelkind to Kent, or this or that lordship,
city, or town. Custom differs from prescription; for custom is
common to more, and prescription is particular to this or
that man: prescription may be for a far shorter time than
custom. Cowel.
7. Tribute; tax paid for goods imported, or exported.
The residue of these ordinary finances be casual or uncer­
tain, as be the escheats and forfeitures, the customs, butlerage,
and imposts. Bacon.
Those commodities may be dispersed, after having paid the
customs, in England. Temple.
Customs to steal is such a trivial thing,
That 'tis their charter to defraud their king. Dryden.
Strabo tells you, that Britain bore heavy taxes, especially
the customs on the importation of the Gallick trade. Arbuthnot.



CU’STOMHOUSE. n. s. The house where the taxes upon goods
imported or exported are collected.
Some customhouse officers, birds of passage, and oppressive
thrifty squires, are the only thriving people amongst us. Swift.

CU’STOMABLE. adj. [from custom.] Common; habitual;
frequent.

CU’STOMABLENESS. n. s. [from customable.]
1. Frequency; habit.
2. Conformity to custom.

CU’STOMABLY. adv. [from customable.] According to custom.
Kingdoms have customably been carried away by right of
succession, according to proximity of blood. Hayward.

CU’STOMARILY. adv. [from customary.] Habitually; com­
monly.
To call God to witness truth, or a lye perhaps, or to ap­
peal to him on every trivial occasion, in common discourse,
customarily without any consideration of what we say, is one
of the highest indignities and affronts that can be offered him.
Ray on the Creation.

CU’STOMARINESS. n. s. [from customary.] Frequency; com­
monness; frequent occurrence.
A vice, which, for its guilt, may justify the sharpest, and
for its customariness the frequentest invectives, which can be
made against it. Government of the Tongue, sect. 3.

CU’STOMARY. adj. [from custom.]
1. Conformable to established custom; according to prescription.
Pray you now, if it may stand with the tune of your voices,
that I may be consul: I have here the customary gown. Shakes.
Several ingenious persons, whose assistance might be con­
ducive to the advance of real and useful knowledge, lay under
the prejudices of education and customary belief. Glanv. Sceps.
2. Habitual.
We should carefully avoid the profane and irreverent use
of God's name, by cursing, or customary swearing, and take
heed of the neglect or contempt of his worship, or any thing
belonging to it. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
3. Usual; wonted.
Ev'n now I met him
With customary compliment, when he,
Wasting his eyes to th' contrary, and falling
A lip of much contempt, speeds from me. Shakespeare.

CU’STOMED. adj. [from custom.] Usual; common; that to
which we are accustomed.
No nat'ral exhalation in the sky,
No common wind, no customed event,
But they will pluck away its nat'ral cause,
And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs. Shak. K. John.

CU’STOMER. n. s. [from custom.] One who frequents any place
of sale for the sake of purchasing.
One would think it Overdone's house; for here be many
old customers. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
A wealthy poet takes more pains to hire
A flatt'ring audience, than poor tradesmen do
To persuade customers to buy their goods. Roscommon.
Don't you hear how lord Strut has bespoke his liveries at
Lewis Baboon's shop? Don't you see how that old sox steals
away your customers, and turns you out of your business every
day. Arbuthnot.
Those papers are grown a necessary part in coffeehouse
furniture, and may be read by customers of all ranks for curio­
sity or amusement. Swift's Project for the Advancem. of Religion.
I shewed you a piece of black and white stuff, just sent from
the dyer, which you were pleased to approve of, and be my
customer for. Swift.
2. A common women. This sense is now obsolete.
I marry her!—What, a customer? Pr'ythee, bear some cha­
rity to my wit; do not think it so unwholsome. Shakes. Othello.

CU’STREL. n. s. 
1. A buckler-bearer.
2. A vessel for holding wine. Ainsworth.

CUT

To CUT. pret. cut; part. pass. cut. [probably from the French
couteau, a knife.]
1. To penetrate with an edged instrument; to divide any con­
tinuity by a sharp edge.
Ah, cut my lace asunder,
That my great heart may have some scope to beat,
Or else I swoon with this dead killing news. Shakes. R. III.
And when two hearts were join'd by mutual love,
The sword of justice cuts upon the knot,
And severs 'em for ever. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Some I have cut away with scissars. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. To hew.
Thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon. 2. Chro. ii.
3. To carve; to make by sculp ure
Why should a man, whose blood is warm within,
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster? Shakespeare.
The triumphal is, indeed, defaced by time; but the plan
of it is neatly cut upon the wall of a neighbouring building.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
4. To form any thing by cutting.
And they did beat the gold into thin plates, and cut it into
wires. Ex. xxxix. 3.
Before the whistling winds the vessels fly,
With rapid swiftness cut the liquid way,
And reach Gerestus at the point of day. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.
5. To pierce with any uneasy sensation.
The man was cut to the heart with these consolations. Addis.
6. To divide packs of cards.
Supine they in their heav'n remain,
Exempt from passion and from pain;
And frankly leave us, human elves,
To cut and shuffle for ourselves. Prior.
We sure in vain the cards condemn,
Ourselves both cut and shuffled them. Prior.
Take a fresh pack, nor is it worth our grieving
Who cuts or shuffles with our dirty leaving. Granville.
7. To intersect; to cross; as, one line cuts another at right
angles.
8. To CUT down. To fell; to hew down.
All the timber whereof was cut down in the mountains of
Cilicia. Knolles's History of the Turks.
9. To CUT down. To excel; to overpower.
So great is his natural eloquence, that he cuts down the finest
orator, and destroys the best contrived argument, as soon as
ever he gets himself to be heard. Addison's Count Tariff.
10. To CUT off. To separate from the other parts by cutting.
And they caught him, and cut off his thumbs. Jud. i. 6.
11.  To CUT off. To destroy; to extirpate; to put to death
untimely.
All Spain was first conquered by the Romans, and filled
with colonies from them, which were still increased, and the
native Spaniards still cut off. Spenser on Ireland.
By whose fell working I was first advanc'd,
And by whose pow'r I well might lodge a fear
To be again displac'd; which to avoid,
I cut them off. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands. Shakesp. Macbeth.
This great commander was suddenly cut off by a fatal stroke,
given him with a small contemptible instrument. Howel.
Irenæus was likewise cut off by martyrdom. Addison.
Ill-fated prince! Too negligent of life!
Cut off in the fresh, ripening prime of manhood,
Even in the pride of life. Philips's Distrest Mother.
12. To CUT off. To rescind.
Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine
How to cut off some charge in legacies. Shakes. Jul. Cas.
He that cuts off twenty years of life,
Cuts off so many years of searing death. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
Presume not on thy God, whoe'er he be:
Thee he regards not, owns not, hath cut off
Quite from his people. Milton's Agon. l. 1156.
The proposal of a recompence from men, cuts off the hopes
of future rewards. Smalridge.
13. To CUT off. To intercept; to hinder from union or
return.
The king of this island, a wise man and a great warrior,
handled the matter so, as he cut off their land forces from their
ships. Bacon.
His party was so much inferior to the enemy, that it would
infallibly be cut off. Clarendon, b. viii.
14. To CUT off. To put an end to; to obviate.
To cut off contentions, commissioners were appointed to
make certain the limits. Hayward.
To cut off all further mediation and interposition, the king
conjured him to give over all thoughts of excuse. Clarendon.
It may compose our unnatural feuds, and cut off frequent
occasions of brutal rage and intemperance. Addis, Freeholder.
15. To CUT off. To take away; to withold.
We are concerned to cut off all occasion from those who
seek occasion, that they may have whereof to accuse us. Rogers.
16. To CUT off. To preclude.
Every one who lives in the practice of any voluntary sin,
actually cuts himself off from the benefits and profession of
Christianity. Addison.
This only object of my real care,
Cut off from hope, abandon'd to despair,
In some few posting fatal hours is hurl'd
From wealth, from pow'r, from love, and from the world Pr.
Why should those who wait at altars be cut off from par­
taking in the general benefits of law, or of nature. Swift.
17. To CUT off. To interrupt; to silence.
It is no grace to a judge to shew quickness of conceit in
cutting off evidence or counsel too short. Bacon, Essay 57.
18. To CUT off. To apostrophise; to abbreviate.
No vowel can be cut off before another, when we cannot
sink the pronunciation of it. Dryden's Dedicat. Æn.
19. To CUT out. To shape; to form.
By the pattern of mine own thoughts I cut out
The purity of his. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
I, for my part, do not like images cut out in juniper, or
other garden stuff: they be for children. Bacon, Essay 47.
There is a large table at Montmorancy cut out of the thick­
ness of a vine-stock. Temple.


The antiquaries being but indifferent taylors, they wrangle
prodigiously about the cutting out the toga. Arbuthnot on Coins.
They have a large forrest cut out into walks, extremely thick
and gloomy. Addison.
20. To CUT out. To scheme; to contrive.
Having a most pernicious fire kindled within the very
bowels of his own forest, he had work enough cut him out to
extinguish it. Howel.
Every man had cut out a place for himself in his own
thoughts: I could reckon up in our army two or three lord­
treasurers. Addison.
21.  To CUT out. To adapt.
You know I am not cut out for writing a treatise, nor have
a genius to pen any thing exactly. Rymer.
22. To CUT out. To debar.
I am cut out from any thing but common acknowledgments,
or common discourse. Pope.
23. To CUT out. To excel; to outdo.
24. To CUT short. To hinder from proceeding by sudden in­
terruption.
Thus much he spoke, and more he would have said,
But the stern heroe turn'd aside his head,
And cut him short. Dryden's Æneis.
Achilles cut him short; and thus replied,
My worth allow'd in words, is in effect deny'd. Dryden.
25. To CUT short. To abridge; as, the soldiers were cut short
of their pay.
26. To CUT up. To divide an animal into convenient pieces.
The boar's intemperance, and the note upon him after­
wards, on the cutting him up, that he had no brains in his
head, may be moralized into a sensual man. L'Estrange.
27. To CUT up. To eradicate.
Who cut up mallows by the bushes, and juniper-roots for
their meat. Job, xxx. 4.
This doctrine cuts up all government by the roots. Locke.

To CUT. v. n. 
1. To make its way by dividing obstructions.
When the teeth are ready to cut, the upper part is rubbed
with hard substances, which infants, by a natural instinct,
affect. Arbuthnot.
2. To perform the operation of lithotomy.
He saved the lives of thousands by his manner of cutting
for the stone. Pope.
3. To interfere; as, a horse that cuts.

CUT. part. adj. Prepared for use: a metaphor from hewn timber.
Sets of phrases, cut and dry,
Evermore thy tongue supply. Swift.

CUT. n. s. [from the noun.]
1. The action of a sharp or edged instrument; the blow of an
ax or sword.
2. The impression or separation of continuity, made by an edge
or sharp instrument; distinguished from that made by perfo­
ration with a pointed instrument.
3. A wound made by cutting.
Sharp weapons, according to the force, cut into the bone
many ways, which cuts are called sedes, and are reckoned
among the fractures. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. A channel made by art.
This great cut or ditch Sesostris the rich king of Egypt,
and long after him Ptolomeus Philadelphus, purposed to have
made a great deal wider and deeper, and thereby to have let
in the Red Sea into the Mediterranean, for the readier trans­
portation of the Indian merchandise to Cairo and Alexandria.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
5. A part cut off from the rest.
Suppose a board to be ten foot long, and one broad, one cut
is reckoned so many foot. Mortimer's Husbandry.
6. A small particle; a shred.
It hath a number of short cuts or shreddings, which may
be better called wishes than prayers. Hooker, b. v. sect. 27.
7. A lot cut off a stick.
My lady Zelmane and my daughter Mopsa may draw cuts,
and the shortest cut speak first. Sidney, b. ii.
A man may as reasonably draw cuts for his tenets, and re­
gulate his persuasion by the cast of a die. Locke.
8. A near passage, by which some angle is cut off.
The ignorant took heart to enter upon this great calling,
and instead of their cutting their way to it through the know­
ledge of the tongues, the fathers and councils, they have
taken another and a shorter cut. South's Sermons.
There is a shorter cut, an easier passage. Decay of Piety.
The evidence of my sense is simple and immediate, and
therefore I have but a shorter cut thereby to the assent to
the truth of the things so evidenced. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
But the gentleman would needs see me part of my way,
and carry me a short cut through his own ground, which saved
me half a mile's riding. Swift's Examiner, No. 20.
9. A picture cut or carved upon a stamp of wood or copper,
and impressed from it.
In this form, according to his description, he is set forth in
the prints or cuts of martyrs by Cevallerius. Brown.
Madam Dacier, from some old cuts of Terence, fancies
that the larva or persona of the Roman actors was not only a
vizard for the face, but had false hair to it. Addison on Italy.
10. The stamp on which a picture is carved.
11.  The act or practice of dividing a pack of cards.
How can the muse her aid impart,
Unskill'd in all the terms of art!
Or in harmonious numbers put
The deal, the shuffle, and the cut. Swift.
12. Fashion; form; shape; manner of cutting into shape.
Their cloths are after such a pagan cut too,
That, sure, they've worn out Christendom. Shakes. H. VIII.
His tawny beard was th' equal grace
Both of his wisdom and his face;
In cut and dye so like a tile,
A sudden view it would beguile. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1. 
They were so familiarly acquainted with him as to know
the very cut of his beard. Stillingfl. Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
Children love breeches, not for their cut or ease, but be­
cause the having them is a mark or step towards manhood. Locke.
A third desires you to observe well the toga on such a re­
verse, and asks you whether you can in conscience believe the
sleeve of it to be of the true Roman cut. Addison.
Sometimes an old fellow shall wear this or that sort of cut
in his cloaths with great integrity. Addison's Spectator, No. 264.
Wilt thou buy there some high heads of the newest cut for
my daughter. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
13. It seems anciently to have signified a fool or cully.
Send her money, knight: if thou hast her not in the end,
call me cut. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
14. CUT and long tail. A proverbial expression for men of all
kinds.
He will maintain you like a gentlewoman.——
Ay, that I will, come cut and long tail, under the degree of a
squire. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
A quintin he,
In honour of this bridaltee,
Hath challeng'd either wide countee:
Come cut and long tail; for there be
Six batchelors as bold as he. Ben. Johnson's Underwood.

CU’TANEOUS. adj. [from cutis, Latin.] Relating to the skin.
This serous, nutritious mass is more readily circulated into
the cutaneous or remotest parts of the body. Floyer on Humours.
Some sorts of cutaneous eruptions are occasioned by feeding
much on acid unripe fruits and farinaceous substances. Arbuthn.

CU’TICLE. n. s. [cuticula, Latin.]
1. The first and outermost covering of the body, commonly
called the scarf-skin. This is that soft skin which rises in a
blister upon any burning, or the application of a blistering­
plaister. It sticks close to the surface of the true skin, to
which it is also tied by the vessels which nourish it, though
they are so small as not to be seen. When the scarf-skin is
examined with a microscope, it appears to be made up of
several lays of exceeding small scales, which cover one
another more or less, according to the different thickness of
the scarf-skin in the several parts of the body. Quincy.
In each of the very fingers there are bones and gristles, and
ligaments and membranes, and muscles and tendons, and
nerves and arteries, and veins and skin, and cuticle and
nail. Bentley's Sermons.
2. A thin skin formed on the surface of any liquor.
When any saline liquor is evaporated to cuticle, and let
cool, the salt concretes in regular figures; which argues that
the particles of the salt, before they concreted, floated in the
liquor at equal distances in rank and file. Newton's Opt.

CUTI’CULAR. adj. [from cutis, Latin.] Belonging to the skin.

CUTH, signifies knowledge or skill. So Cuthwin is a knowing
conqueror; Cuthred a knowing counsellor; Cuthbert, famous
for skill. Much of the same nature are Sophocles and So­
phianus. Gib. Camden.

CU’TLASS. n. s. [coutelas, French. This word is written some­
times cutlace, sometimes cuttleax: in Shakespeare, curtleaxe;
and in Pope, cutlash.] A broad cutting sword: the word is
much in use among the seamen.
Were't not better
That I did suit me all points like a man?
A gallant curtleax upon my thigh,
A boar-spear in my hand. Shakespeare's As you like it.
To the lodgments of his herd he run,
Where the fat porkets slept beneath the sun;
Of two his cutlash launch'd the spouting blood,
These quarter'd, sing'd, and fix'd on forks of wood. Pope.

CU’TLER. n. s. [coutelier, French.] One who makes or sells
knives.
A paultry ring
That she did give, whose poesy was
For all the world like cutler's poetry
Upon a knife; love me, and leave me not. Shakespeare.
In a bye cutler's shop on Tower-hill he bought a tenpenny
knife: so cheap was the instrument of this great attempt. Wott.
He chose no other instrument than an ordinary knife, which
he bought of a common cutler. Clarendon.

CU’TPURSE. n. s. [cut and purse.] One who steals by the


method of cutting purses: a common practice when men wore
their purses at their girdles, as was once the custom. A thief;
a robber.
To have an open ear, a quick eye, and a nimble hand, is
necessary for a cutpurse. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
A vice of kings,
A cutpurse of the empire and the rule,
That from a shelf the precious diadem stole,
And put it in his pocket. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Was there no felony, no bawd,
Cutpurse, nor burglary abroad? Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
If we could imagine a whole nation to be cutpurses and
robbers, would there then be kept that square dealing and
equity in such a monstrous den of thieves. Bentley's Sermons.

CU’TTER. n. s. [from cut.]
1. An agent or instrument that cuts any thing.
2. A nimble boat that cuts the water.
3. The teeth that cut the meat.
The molares, or grinders are behind, nearest the center of
motion, because there is a greater strength or force required to
chew the meat than to bite a piece; and the cutters before,
that they may be ready to cut off a morsel from any solid
food, to be transmitted to the grinders. Ray on the Creation.
4. An officer in the Exchequer that provides wood for the tal­
lies, and cuts the sum paid upon them; and then casts the
same into the court to be written upon. Cowel.

CUT-THROAT. n. s. [cut and throat.] A ruffian; a murderer;
a butcher of men; an assassin.
Will you then suffer these robbers, cut-throats, base people,
gathered out of all the corners of Christendom, to waste your
countries, spoil your cities, murder your people, and trouble
all your seas? Knolles's History of the Turks.
Perhaps the cut-throat may rather take his copy from the
Parisian massacre, one of the horridest instances of barbarous
inhumanity that ever was known. South's Sermons.
The ruffian robbers by no justice aw'd,
And unpaid cut-throat soldiers are abroad;
Those venal souls, who, harden'd in each ill,
To save complaints and prosecution, kill. Dryden's Juvenal.

CUT-THROAT. adj. Cruel; inhuman; barbarous.
If to take above fifty in the hundred be extremity, this in
truth can be none other than cut-throat and abominable
dealing. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

CU’TTING. n. s. [from cut.] A piece cut off; a chop.
The burning of the cuttings of vines, and casting them upon
land, doth much good. Bacon's Natural History, No. 667.
Many are propagated above ground by slips or cuttings. Ray.

CU’TTLE. n. s. A fish, which, when he is pursued by a fish
of prey, throws out a black liquor, by which he darkens the
water and escapes.
It is somewhat strange, that the blood of all birds and
beasts, and fishes, should be of a red colour, and only the
blood of the cuttle should be as black as ink. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
He that uses many words for the explaining any subject,
doth, like the cuttle fish, hide himself for the most part in his
own ink. Ray on the Creation.

CU’TTLE. n. s. [from cuttle.] A foul mouthed fellow; a fel­
low who blackens the character of others. Hanmer.
Away, you cutpurse rascal; you filthy bung, away: by
this wine I'll thrust my knife in your mouldy chaps, if you
play the saucy cuttle with me. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

CY’CLE. n. s. [cyclus, Latin; ϰύϰλ.]
1. A circle.
2. A round of time; a space in which the same revolutions
begin again; a periodical space of time.
We do more commonly use these words, so as to stile a
lesser space a cycle, and a greater by the name of period; and
you may not improperly call the beginning of a large period
the epocha thereof. Holder on Time.
3. A method, or account of a method continued 'till the same
course begins again.
We thought we should not attempt an unacceptable work,
if here we endeavoured to present our gardeners with a com­
plete cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every
month of the year. Evelyn's Kalendar.
4. Imaginary orbs; a circle in the heavens.
How build, unbuild, contrive
To save appearances; how gird the sphere
With centrick and excentrick, scribl'd o'er
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.

CY’CLOID. n. s. [from ϰυϰλὄιδης, of ϰύϰλ and ειδ, shape.]
A geometrical curve, of which the genesis may be conceived
by imagining a nail in the circumference of a wheel: the line
which the nail describes in the air, while the wheel revolves
in a right line, is the cycloid.

CYCLO’IDAL. adj. [from cycloid.] Relating to a cycloid; as
the cycloidal space, is the space contained between the cycloid
and its substance. Chambers.

CYCLOPÆDI’A. n. s. [ϰύϰλ and παιδεία.] A circle of know­
ledge; a course of the sciences.

CYG

CY’GNET. n. s. [from cycnus, Latin.] A young swan.
I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan,
Who chaunts a doleful hymn to his own death. Shak. K. John.
So doth the swan her downy cygnets save,
Keeping them pris'ners underneath her wings. Shak. H. VI.
Cygnets, from grey, turn white. Bacon's Natural History.
Young cygnets are good meat, if fatted with oats; but fed
with weeds, they taste fishy. Mortimer's Husbandry.

CY’LINDER. n. s. [ϰύλινδϱον.] A body having two flat surfaces
and one circular.
The quantity of water which every revolution does carry,
according to any inclination of the cylinder, may be easily
found. Wilkins.
The square will make you ready for all manner of com­
partments, bases, pedistals, plots, and buildings; your cylin­
der for vaulted turrets, and round buildings. Peacham.

CYLI’NDRICAL. adj. [from cylinder.] Partaking of the na­
ture of a cylinder; having the form of a
cylinder.

CYLI’NDRICK. adj. [from cylinder.] Partaking of the na­
ture of a cylinder; having the form of a
cylinder.
Minera ferri stalactitia, when several of the cylindrick striæ
are contiguous, and grow together into one sheaf, is called
brushiron ore. Woodward's Natural History, p. iv.
Obstructions must be most incident to such parts of the
body where the circulation and the elastick fibres are both
smallest, and those are glands, which are the extremities of
arteries formed into cylindrical canals. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CYMA’R. n. s. [properly written simar.] A slight covering; a
scarf.
Her comely limbs composed with decent care,
Her body shaded with a slight cymar;
Her bosom to the view was only bare. Dryden.

CYMATIUM. n. s. [Lat. from ϰυμάτιον, a little wave.] A
member of architecture, whereof one half is convex, and the
other concave. There are two sorts, of which one is hollow
below, as the other is above. Harris.
In a cornice the gola, or cymatium of the corona, the
coping, the modillions, or dentelli, make a noble show by
their graceful projections. Spectator, No. 415.

CY’MBAL. n. s. [cymbalum, Latin.] A musical instrument.
The trumpets, sackbuts, psalteries and fises,
Tabors and cymbals, and the shouting Romans,
Make the sun dance. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If mirth should fail, I'll busy her with cares,
Silence her clamorous voice with louder wars;
Trumpets and drums shall fright her from the throne,
As sounding cymbals aid the lab'ring moon. Dryd. Aurengz.

CYNA’NTHROPY. n. s. [ϰυων ϰυν, and ανϑϱωπ.] A species of
madness in which men have the qualities of dogs.

CYNEGE’TICKS. n. s. [ϰυνεγηιϰα.] The art of hunting; the
art of training and hunting with dogs.

CY’NICAL. adj. [ϰυνιϰ.] Having the qualities of a dog;
currish; brutal; snarling; satirical.

CY’NICK. adj. [ϰυνιϰ.] Having the qualities of a dog;
currish; brutal; snarling; satirical.
He doth believe that some new fangled wit (it is his cynical
phrase) will some time or other find out his art. Wilkins.

CY’NICK. n. s. [ϰύνιϰ.] A philosopher of the snarling or cur­
rish sort; a follower of Diogenes; a rude man; a snarlet;
a misanthrope.
How vilely doth this cynick rhime?—
Get you hence, sirrah; saucy fellow, hence. Shakespeare.

CY’NOSURE. n. s. [from ϰύνουϱα.] The star near the North­
pole, by which sailors steer.
Towers and battlements it sees
Bosom'd high in tufted trees,
Where perhaps some beauty lies,
The cynosure of neighbouring eyes. Milton.

CY’ON. See CION.
Gather cyons for graffs before the buds sprout. Evelyn.

CYP

CYPRESS-TREE. [cypressus, Latin.]
Its leaves are squamose and flat: the male flowers, which
are likewise squamose, grow at remote distances from the fruit
on the same tree. The fruit is of a spherical form, and is
composed of many woody tubercles, in which are contained
hard angular seeds. Miller.
The cypress is a tall strait tree, produced with great diffi­
culty. Its fruit is of no use: its leaves are bitter, and the
very smell and shade of it are dangerous. Hence the Romans
looked upon it to be a fatal tree, and made use of it at fune­
rals, and in mournful ceremonies. The wood of the cypress­
tree is always green, very heavy, of a good smell, and never
either rots or is worm eaten. It is distinguished into male
and female: the branches of the male are, as it were, hori­
zontal; and those of the female are upright, which is there­
fore generally used for palissades of gardens, and to make py­
ramids. The fruit is round, of an olive colour, and as large
as nuts when they are ripe, and it grows in separate places.
The Latins call it conus, because of its figure. This fruit is
composed of a kind of scales, in the clefts of which are hidden
little seeds, flat and angular. This tree is common on mount
Libanus. Calmet.
In ivory coffers I have stufft my crowns;
In cypress chests my arras counterpanes. Shakespeare.


He taketh the cypress and the oak, which he strengtheneth
for himself among the trees of the forest. Is. xliv. 14.
Poplars and alders ever quivering play'd,
And nodding cypress form'd a fragrant shade. Pope's Odyss.
2. Being anciently used in funerals, it is the emblem of
mourning.
Poison be their drink,
Their sweetest shade a grove of cypress trees. Shak. Hen. VI.

CY’PRUS. n. s. [I suppose from the place where it was made;
or corruptly from cypress, as being used in mourning.] A
thin transparent black stuff.
Lawn as white as driven snow,
Cyprus black as e'er was crow. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
To one of your receiving,
Enough is shewn: a cyprus, not a bosom,
Hides my poor heart! Shakespeare.

CYS

CYST. n. s. [ϰύϛις.] A bag containing some morbid
matter.

CY’STIS. n. s. [ϰύϛις.] A bag containing some morbid
matter.
In taking it out the cystis broke, and shewed itself by its
matter to be a meliceris. Wiseman's Surgery.
There may be a consumption, with a purulent spitting,
when the vomica is contained in a cyst or bag; upon the
breaking of which the patient is commonly suffocated.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

CY’STICK. adj. [from cyst, a bag.] Contained in a bag.
The bile is of two sorts; the cystick, or that contained in
the gall-bladder, which is a sort of repository for the gall;
or the hepatick, or what flows immediately from the liver.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

CYSTO’TOMY. n. s. [ϰύϛις and τέμνω.] The act or practice of
opening incysted tumours, or cutting the bag in which any
morbid matter is contained.

CZA

CZAR. n. s. [A Sclavonian word, written more properly
tzar.] The title of the emperour of Russia.

CZARI’NA. n. s. [from czar.] The empress of Russia.





D

D
Is a consonant nearly approaching in sound to
T, but formed by a stronger appulse of the tongue
to the upper part of the mouth. The sound of
D in English is uniform, and it is never mute.

DA CAPO. [Ital.] A term in musick, which
signifying from the head or the beginning, means that the first
part of the tune should be repeated at the conclusion.

To DAB. v. a. [dauber, Fr.] To strike gently with something
soft or moist.
A sore should never be wiped by drawing a piece of tow
or rag over it, but only by dabbing it with fine lint. Sharp.

A DAB. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A small lump of any thing.
2. A blow with something moist or soft.
3. Something moist or slimy thrown upon one.
4. [In low language.] An artist; a man expert at something.
This is not used in writing.
5. A kind of small flat fish.
Of flat fish there are rays, flowks, dabs, plaice. Carew.

DAB-CHICK. n. s. A chicken newly hatched; a chicken with
its feathers not yet grown.
A dab-chick waddles through the copse,
On feet and wings, and flies, and wades, and hops. Pope.

To DA’BBLE. v. a. [dabbelen, Dutch.] To smear; to daub;
to spatter; to besprinkle; to wet.
Then came by
A shadow like an angel, with bright hair
Dabbled in blood. Shakespeare's Richard III.
I scarified, and dabbled the wound with oil of turpentine.
Wiseman's Surgery.
Mean while the South, rising with dabbled wings,
A sable cloud athwart the welkin flings. Swift.

To DA’BBLE. v. n. 
1. To play in water; to move in water or mud.
Neither will a spirit, that dwells with stars, dabble in this
impurer mud. Glanville's Apology.
The little one complained of her legs, that she could neither
swim nor dabble with them. L'Estrange.
But when he found the boys at play,
And saw them dabbling in their clay,
He stood behind a stall to lurk,
And mark the progress of their work. Swift.
2. To do any thing in a slight, superficial, or shallow manner;
to tamper.
Shakespeare shall bear it company, and be put into your
hands, as clear and as fair as it came out of them; though
you, I think, have been dabbling here and there with the text,
I have had no more reverence for the writer, and the printer,
and left every thing standing just as I found it. Pope.

DA’BBLER. n. s. [from dabble.]
1. One that plays in water.
2. One that meddles without mastery; one that never goes to
the bottom of an affair; a superficial meddler.
He dares not complain of the tooth-ach, lest our dabblers in
politicks should be ready to swear against him for dis­
affection. Swift's Intelligencer, No. 19.

DACE. n. s. [of uncertain derivation: in most provinces called
dare.] A small river fish, resembling a roach, but less.
Let me live harmlessly, and near the brink
Of Trent or Avon have a dwelling place;
Where I may see my quill or cork down sink,
With eager bite of pearch, or bleak, or dace. Walton's Angl.

DA’CTYLE. n. s. [δάϰτυλος, a finger.] A poetical foot consist­
ing of one long syllable and two short, like the joints of a
finger; as candidus.

DAD. n. s. [The child's way of expressing father. It is
remarkable, that, in all parts of the world, the
word for father, as first taught to children, is compounded of
a and t, or the kindred letter d differently placed; as tad, Welsh;
ατα, Greek; atta, Gothick; tata, Latin. Mammas atque
tatas habet Afra, Mart.] Father.

DA’DDY. n. s. [The child's way of expressing father. It is
remarkable, that, in all parts of the world, the
word for father, as first taught to children, is compounded of
a and t, or the kindred letter d differently placed; as tad, Welsh;
ατα, Greek; atta, Gothick; tata, Latin. Mammas atque
tatas habet Afra, Mart.] Father.
I was never so bethumpt with words,
Since first I call'd my brother's father dad. Shakes. K. John.
His loving mother left him to my care;
Fine child, as like his dad as he could stare! Gay.

DÆD

DÆ’DAL. adj. [dædalus, Latin.]
1. Various; variegated.
2. Skilful: this is not the true meaning, nor should be imitated.
Nor hath
The dædal hand of nature only pour'd
Her gifts of outward grace. Philips.

DA’FFODIL. n. s. [Supposed by Skinner to be cor­
rupted from asphodelus.

DAFFODI’LLY. n. s. [Supposed by Skinner to be cor­
rupted from asphodelus.

DAFFODOWNDI’LLY. n. s. [Supposed by Skinner to be cor­
rupted from asphodelus.
This plant hath a lily-flower, consisting of one leaf, which
is bell-shaped, and cut into six segments, which incircle its
middle like a crown; but the empalement, which commonly
rises out of a membranous vagina, turns to an oblong or
roundish fruit, which is triangular, and gapes in three parts;
is divided into three cells, and full of roundish seeds. Miller.
Strew me the green ground with daffodowndillies,
And cowslips, and kingcups, and loved lilies. Spenser.
Bid Amaranthus all his beauty shed,
And daffodillies fill their cups with tears,
To strew the laureate herse where Lycid lies. Milton.
The daughters of the flood have search'd the mead
For violets pale, and cropp'd the poppy's head:
The short narcissus, and fair daffodil,
Pancies to please the sight, and cassia sweet to smell. Dryden.

To DAFT. v. a. [contracted from do aft; that is, to throw
back, to throw off.] To toss aside; to put away with con­
tempt; to throw away slightly.
Where is his son,
The nimble-footed mad-cap prince of Wales,
And his comrades, that daft the world aside,
And bid it pass? Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
I would she had bestow'd this dotage on me: I would have
dafft all other respects, and made her half myself. Shakesp.

DAG

DAG. n. s. [dague, French.]
1. A dagger.
2. A handgun; a pistol: so called from serving the purposes of
a dagger, being carried secretly, and doing mischief sud­
denly.

To DAG. v. a. [from daggle.] To daggle; to bemire; to let
fall in the water: a low word.

DA’GGER. n. s. [dague, French.]
1. A short sword; a poniard.
She ran to her son's dagger, and struck herself a mortal
wound. Sidney, b. ii.
This sword a dagger had his page,
That was but little for his age;
And therefore waited on him so,
As dwarfs upon knights errant do. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.
He strikes himself with his dagger; but being interrupted
by one of his friends, he stabs him, and breaks the dagger on
one of his ribs. Addison on Italy.
2. [In fencing schools.] A blunt blade of iron with a basket
hilt, used for defence.
3. [With printers.] The obelus; a mark of reference in form
of a dagger; as [†].

DA’GGERSDRAWING. n. s. [dagger and draw.] The act of
drawing daggers; approach to open violence.
They always are at daggersdrawing,
And one another clapperclawing. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.
I have heard of a quarrel in a tavern, where all were at
daggersdrawing, 'till one desired to know the subject of the
quarrel. Swift.

To DA’GGLE. v. a. [from dag, dew; a word, according to
Mr. Lye, derived from the Danish; according to Skinner, from
dag, sprinkled, or deagan, to dip. They are probably all of
the same root.] To dip negligently in mire or water; to be­
mire; to besprinkle.

To DA’GGLE. v. n. To be in the mire; to run through wet
or dirt.
Nor like a puppy, daggled through the town,
To fetch and carry sing-song up and down. Pope's Epistles.

DA’GGLEDTAIL. n. s. [daggle and tail.] Bemired; dipped in
the water or mud; bespartered.
The gentlemen of wit and pleasure are apt to be choaked
at the sight of so many daggledtail parsons, that happen to
fall in their way. Swift.



DAI

DA’ILY. adj. [daglic, Saxon.] Happening every day, or
very frequently; done every day; quotidian.
Much are we bound to heaven
In daily thanks, that gave us such a prince. Shak. H. VIII.
Cease, man of woman born! to hope relief
From daily trouble, and continu'd grief. Prior.

DA’ILY. adv. Every day; very often.
Let that man with better sense advise,
That of the world least part to us is read;
And daily how through hardy enterprize,
Many great regions are discovered. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I was ambitious to be acquainted with a man, with whom
I conversed almost daily, for years together. Dryd. Virg. Ded.

DA’INTILY. adv. [from dainty.]
1. Elegantly; delicately.
This same truth is a naked and open day-light, that doth
not shew the masks and mummeries, and triumphs of the
world, half so stately and daintily as candle-light. Bacon.
2. Deliciously; pleasantly.
There is no region on earth so daintily watered, with such
great navigable rivers. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Those young suiters had been accustomed to nothing but to
sleep well, and fare daintily. Broom's View of Epick Poems.

DA’INTINESS. n. s. [from dainty.]
1. Delicacy; softness.
What should yet thy palate please?
Daintiness and softer ease,
Sleeked limbs, and finest blood? Ben. Johnson's Forest.
2. Elegance; nicety.
The duke exceeded in the daintiness of his leg and foot,
and the earl in the fine shape of his hands. Wotton.
3. Squeamishness; fastidiousness.
Of sand, and lime, and clay, Vitruvius hath discoursed
without any daintiness. Wotton's Architecture.

DA’INTY. adj. [derived by Skinner from dain, an old French
word for delicate; which yet I cannot find in dictionaries.]
1. Pleasing to the palate; of exquisite taste; delicious.
They are all over watery; whereas an higher concoction is
required for sweetness, or pleasure of taste, and therefore all
your dainty plumbs are a little dry. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Delicate; of acute sensibility; nice; squeamish; soft; luxu­
rious; tender.
This is the slowest, yet the daintiest sense;
For ev'n the ears of such as have no skill,
Perceive a discord, and conceive offence;
And knowing not what's good, yet find the ill. Davies.
They were a fine and dainty people; frugal and yet elegant,
though not military. Bacon's Holy War.
3. Scrupulous; ceremonious.
Which of you all
Will now deny to dance? She that makes dainty,
I'll swear hath corns. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Therefore to horse;
And let us not be dainty of leave-taking,
But shift away. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. Elegant; tenderly languishingly, or effeminately beau­
tiful.
My house, within the city,
Is richly furnished with plate and gold,
Basons and ewers to lave her dainty hands. Shakespeare.
Why should ye be so cruel to yourself,
And to those dainty limbs, which nature lent
For gentle usage, and soft delicacy? Milton.
5. Nice; affectedly fine: in contempt.
Your dainty speakers have the curse,
To plead bad causes down to worse. Prior.

DA’INTY. n. s. 
1. Something nice or delicate; a delicacy; something of ex­
quisite taste.
Be not desirous of his dainties; for they are deceitful
meat. Prov. xxiii. 3.
A worm breedeth in meal, of the shape of a large white
maggot, which is given as a great dainty to nightingales. Bacon.
She then produc'd her dairy store,
And unbought dainties of the poor. Dryden.
The shepherd swains, with sure abundance blest,
In the fat flock, and rural dainties, feast. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A word of fondness formerly in use.
Why, that's my dainty; I shall miss thee:
But yet thou shalt have freedom. Shakespeare's Tempest.
There is a fortune coming
Towards you, dainty, that will take thee thus,
And set thee aloft. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

DATRY. n. s. [from dey, an old word for milk. Mr. Lye.]
1. The occupation or art of making various kinds of food from
milk.
Grounds were turned much in England from breeding,
either to feeding or dairy; and this advanced the trade of
English butter, which will be extremely beaten down, when
Ireland turns to it too. Temple.
2. The place where milk is manufactured.
These beauties will suspect
That you have no more worth
Than the coarse and country fairy,
That doth haunt the hearth or dairy. Ben. Johnson.
What stores my dairies and my folds contain!
A thousand lambs that wander on the plain. Dryden's Virgil.
She in pens his flocks will fold,
And then produce her dairy store. Dryden.
3. Pasturage; milk farm; ground where milch cattle are
kept.
Dairies, being well housewived, are exceeding commo­
dious. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Children, in dairy countries, do wax more tall than where
they feed more upon bread and flesh. Bacon's Natural History.

DA’IRYMAID. n. s. [dairy and maid.] The woman servant
whose business is to manage the milk.
The poorest of the sex have still an itch,
To know their fortunes, equal to the rich:
The dairymaid enquires if she shall take
The trusty taylor, and the cook forsake. Dryden's Juvenal.
Come up quickly, or we shall conclude that thou art in
love with one of sir Roger's dairymaids. Addison's Spectator.

DA’ISY. n. s. [dægeseage, day's eye. Chaucer.] A Spring­
flower.
It hath a perennial root: the stalks are naked, and never
branch out: the cup of the flower is scaly and simple, divided
into many segments to the foot-stalk. The flowers are ra­
diated; and the heads, after the petals are fallen off, resemble
obtuse cones. Miller.
When daisies pied, and violets blue,
And lady smocks all over white,
And cuckow buds of yellow hue,
Do paint the meadows much bedight. Shakespeare.
Then sing by turns, by turns the muses sing,
Now hawthorns blossom, now the daisies spring;
Now leaves the trees, and flow'rs adorn the ground:
Begin, the vales shall ev'ry note rebound. Pope's Spring.
This will find thee picking of daisies, or smelling to a lock
of hay. Addison's Spectator, No. 131.
Fair-handed Spring unbosoms every grace;
The daisy, primrose, violet, darkly blaze. Thomson's Spring.

DAL

DALE. n. s. [dalei, Gothick; dal, Dutch and German.] A low
place between hills; a vale; a valley.
Long tost with storms, and bet with bitter winds,
High over hills, and low adown the dale,
She wandred many a wood and measur'd many a vale.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 7. stanz. 28.
Before the downfal of the fairy stare
This dale, a pleasing region, not unblest,
This dale possess'd they, and had still possess'd. Tickell.
He steals along the lonely dale
In silent search. Thomson's Spring, l. 220.

DA’LLIANCE. n. s. [from dally.]
1. Interchange of caresses; acts of fondness.
Look thou be true: do not give dalliance
Too much the rein: the strongest oaths are straw
To th' fire i' th' blood. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Nor gentle purpose, nor endearing smiles
Wanted; nor youthful dalliance, as beseems
Fair couple, link'd in happy nuptial league,
Alone as they. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 332.
I'll head my people;
Then think of dalliance when the danger's o'er:
My warlike spirits work now another way,
And my soul's tun'd to trumpets. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. Conjugal conversation.
The giant, self-dismayed with the sound,
Where he with his Duessa dalliance sound,
In haste came rushing forth from inner bow'r. Fairy Queen.
That, not mystick, where the sapient king
Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse. Milt. Par. Lost.
Since thou claim'st me for thy sire,
And my fair son here show'st me, the dear pledge
Of dalliance had with thee in heav'n, and joys
Then sweet, now sad to mention. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Delay; procrastination.
Nay, come, I pray you, sir, give me the chain;
Both wind and tide stay for this gentleman;
And I, to blame, have held him here too long.—
—Good lord, you use this dalliance to excuse
Your breach of promise. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.

DA’LLIER. n. s. [from dally.] A trifler; a fondler.
The daily dalliers with pleasant words, with smiling coun­
tenances, and with wagers, purposed to be lost, before they
were purposed to be made. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

DA’LLOP. n. s. [of unknown etymology.] A tuft, or clump.
Of barley the finest and greenest ye find,
Leave standing in dallops 'till time ye do bind. Tusser.

To DA’LLY. v. n. [dollen, Dutch, to trifle.]
1. To trifle; to play the fool; to amuse one's self with idle
play; to lose time in trifles.
Take up thy master:


If thou shouldst dally half an hour, his life,
With thine, and all that offer to defend him,
Stand in assured loss. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He left his cur, and laying hold
Upon his arms, with courage bold
Cried out, 'tis now no time to dally,
The enemy begin to rally. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
We have trifled too long already: it is madness to dally any
longer, when our souls are at stake. Calamy's Sermons.
One hundred thousand pounds must be raised; for there is
no dallying with hunger. Swift.
2. To exchange caresses; to play the wanton; to fondle.
He is not lolling on a lewd love bed,
But on his knees at meditation;
Not dallying with a brace of courtezans,
But meditating with two deep divines. Shakesp. Rich. III.
3. To sport; to play; to frolick.
She her airie buildeth in the cedar's top,
And dallies with the wind, and scorns the sun. Shak. R. III.
4. To delay.
They that would not be reformed by that correction,
wherein he dallied with them, shall feel a judgment worthy
of God. Wisd. xii. 26.

To DA’LLY. v. a. To put off; to delay; to amuse 'till a pro­
per opportunity.
He fully set down, after his wonted manner, to perform
service; not by the hazard of one set battle, but by daly­
ing off the time with often skirmishes. Knolles's History.

DAM

DAM. n. s. [from dame, which formerly signified mother. Had
Nero never been an emperour, shulde never his dame have be
slaine. Chaucer.]
1. The mother: used of beasts, or other animals not human.
The dam runs lowing up and down,
Looking the way her harmless young one went,
And can do nought but wail her darling loss. Shak. H. VI.
Mother, says a sick kite, give over lamentations, and let
me have your prayers: alas, my child, says the dam, which
of the gods shall I go to? L'Estrange, Fab. 17.
They bring but one morsel of meat at a time, and have
not fewer, it may be, than seven or eight young in the nest
together, which, at the return of their dams, do all at once,
with equal greediness, hold up their heads and gape. Ray.
2. A human mother: in contempt or detestation.
This brat is none of mine;
It is the issue of Polixena:
Hence with it, and, together with the dam.
Commit them to the fire. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

DAM. n. s. [dam, Dutch.] A mole or bank to confine water.
As when the sea breaks o'er its bounds,
And overflows the level grounds,
Those banks and dams, that like a skreen
Did keep it out, now keep it in. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.
Not with so fierce a rage the foaming flood
Roars, when he finds his rapid course withstood;
Bears down the dams with unresisted sway,
And sweeps the cattle and the cots away. Dryden's Æneis.
Let loose the reins to all your wat'ry store,
Bear down the dams, and open every door. Dryden.
The inside of the dam must be very smooth and streight;
and if it is made very sloping on each side, it is the better.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

To DAM. v. a. [demman, foredemman, Saxon; dammen, Dut.]
1. To confine, or shut up water by moles or dams.
I'll have the current in this place damm'd up;
And here the smug and silver Trent shall run
In a new channel, fair and evenly. Shakes. Hen. VI. p. ii.
Home I would go,
But that my doors are hateful to my eyes,
Fill'd and damm'd up with gaping creditors,
Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring. Otway.
Boggy lands are fed by springs, pent by a weight of earth,
that dams in the water, and causes it to spread in the ground,
so far as the earth is soft. Mortimer's Husbandry.
'Tis you must drive that trouble from your soul;
As streams, when damm'd, forget their ancient current,
And wond'ring at their banks in other channels flow. Smith.
2. It is used by Shakespeare of fire, and by Milton of light.
The more thou damm'st it up, the more it burns. Shakesp.
Moon! if your influence be quite damm'd up
With black usurping mists, some gentle taper,
Though a rush-candle from the wicker hole
Of some clay habitation, visit us
With thy long levell'd rule of streaming light. Milton.

DA’MAGE. n. s. [damage, French.]
1. Mischief; hurt; detriment.
Gross errours and absurdities many commit for want of a
friend to tell them of them, to the great damage both of their
fame and fortune. Bacon, Essay 28.
Such as were either sent from thence, or raised here, did
commonly do more hurt and damage to the English subjects
than to the Irish enemies, by their continual sess and extor­
tion. Davies on Ireland.
He repulsed the enemy very much to their damage. Clarend.
2. Loss; mischief suffered.
His heart exalts him in the harm
Already done, to have dispeopled heav'n,
My damage fondly deem'd! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
3. The value of mischief done.
They believed that they were not able, though they
should be willing to sell all they have in Ireland, to pay the
damages which had been sustained by the war. Clarendon.
4. Reparation of damage; retribution.
The bishop demanded restitution of the spoils taken by the
Scots, or damages for the same. Bacon's Henry VII.
Tell me whether, upon exhibiting the several particulars
which I have related to you, I may not sue her for damages in
a court of justice? Addison's Guardian, No. 97.
5. [In law.] Any hurt or hindrance that a man taketh in his
estate. In the common law it particularly signifies a part of
what the jurors be to inquire of; for, after verdict given of
the principal cause, they are likewise asked their consciences
touching costs, which are the charges of suit, and damages,
which contain the hindrance which the plaintiff or demandant
hath suffered, by means of the wrong done him by the de­
fendant or tenant. Cowel.
When the judge had awarded due damages to a person, into
whose field a neighbour's oxen had broke, it is reported that
he reversed his own sentence, when he heard that the oxen,
which had done this mischief, were his own. Watts's Logick.

To DA’MAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To mischief; to in­
jure; to impair; to hurt; to harm.
I consider time as an immense ocean, into which many
noble authors are entirely swallowed up, many very much
shattered and damaged, some quite disjointed and broken into
pieces. Addison's Spectator, No. 223.

To DA’MAGE. v. n. To take damage, or be damaged.

DA’MAGEABLE. adj. [from damage.]
1. Susceptible of hurt; as, damageable goods.
2. Mischievous; pernicious.
Obscene and immodest talk is offensive to the purity of
God, damageable and infectious to the innocence of our neigh­
bours, and most pernicious to ourselves. Governm. of the Tongue.

DA’MASCENE. n. s. [damascenus, from Damascus.] A small
black plum; a Damson, as it is now spoken.
In April follow the cherry tree in blossom, the damascene
and plum trees in blossom, and the white thorn in leaf. Bacon.
In fruits the white commonly is meaner, as in pear plums
and damascenes; and the choicest plums are black. Bacon.

DA’MASK. n. s. [damasquin, French; damaschino, Ital. from
Damascus.]
1. Linen or silk woven in a manner invented at Damascus, by
which part rises above the rest in flowers, or other forms.
Wipe your shoes, for want of a clout, with a damask nap­
kin. Swift's Rules to Servants.
2. It is used for red colour in Fairfax, from the damask rose.
And for some deale perplexed was her spirit;
Her damask late, now chang'd to purest white. Fairfax, b. ii.

To DA’MASK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To form flowers upon stuffs.
2. To variegate; to diversify.
Around him dance the rosy hours,
And damasking the ground with flow'rs,
With ambient sweets perfume the morn. Fenton.
3. To adorn steel-work with figures.

DAMASK-PLUM. See PLUM.

DAMASK ROSE. n. s. The rose of Damascus; a red rose.
See ROSE.
Damask-roses have not been known in England above one
hundred years, and now are so common. Bacon's Nat. History.
No gradual bloom is wanting from the bud,
Nor broad carnations, nor gay spotted pinks,
Nor, shower'd from every bush, the damask-rose. Thomson.

DA’MASKENING. n. s. [from damasquiner, Fr.] The art or act
of adorning iron or steel, by making incisions, and filling them
up with gold or silver wire: used in enriching the blades of
swords, and locks of pistols. Chambers.

DAME. n. s. [dame, French; dama, Spanish.]
1. A lady; the title of honour to women.
The word dame originally signified a mistress of a family,
who was a lady; and it is used still in the English law to sig­
nify a lady: but in common use, now-a-days, it represents a
farmer's wife, or a mistress of a family of the lower rank in
the country. Watts's Logick.
Bless you, fair dame! I am not to you known,
Though in your state of honour I am perfect:
If you will take a homely man's advice,
Be not found here. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Not all these lords do vex me half so much
As that proud dame, the lord protector's wife. Shak. H. VI.
Shut your mouth, dame,
Or with this paper I shall stop it;
Thou worse than any thing. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Sov'reign of creatures, universal dame! Milt. Par. Lost.
2. It is still used in poetry for women of rank.


His father Faunus: a Laurentian dame
His mother, fair Marica was her name. Dryden's Æneid.
Who would not repeat that bliss,
And frequent sight of such a dame
Buy with the hazard of his fame? Waller.
3. Mistress of a low family.
They killed the poor cock; for, say they, if it were not
for his waking our dame, she would not wake us. L'Estrange.
4. Woman in general.
We've willing dames enough; there cannot be
That vulture in you to devour so many,
As will to greatness dedicate themselves,
Finding it so inclin'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DAMES-VIOLET. n. s.
The flower of this plant, called also queen's gillyflower,
consists, for the most part, of four leaves, which expand in
form of a cross: out of the flower-cup arises the pointal,
which becomes a long, taper, cylindrical pod, divided
into two cells by an intermediate partition, to which the im­
bricated valves adhere on both sides, and are furnished with
oblong, cylindrical, or globular seeds. Miller.

To DAMN. v. a. [damno, Latin.]
1. To doom to eternal torments in a future state.
Not in the legions
Of horrid hell, can come a devil more damn'd
In evils to top Macbeth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
It is most necessary, that the church, by doctrine and de­
cree, do damn and send to hell for ever those facts and opi­
nions. Bacon, Essay 3.
2. To procure or cause to be eternally condemned.
That which he continues ignorant of, having done the ut­
most lying in his power, that he might not be ignorant of it,
shall not damn him. South's Sermons.
3. To condemn.
His own impartial thought
Will damn, and conscience will record the fault. Dryd. Juv.
4. To hoot or hiss any publick performance; to explode.
They damn themselves, nor will my muse descend
To clap with such who fools and knaves commend. Dryden.
For the great dons of wit,
Phœbus gives them full privilege alone
To damn all others, and cry up their own. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
You are so good a critick, that it is the greatest happiness
of the modern poets that you do not hear their works; and
next, that you are not so arrant a critick as to damn them,
like the rest, without hearing. Pope.

DA’MNABLE. adj. [from damn.]
1. Deserving damnation; justly doomed to never-ending punish­
ment.
It gives him occasion of labouring with greater earnest­
ness elsewhere, to entangle unwary minds with the snares of
his damnable opinion. Hooker, b. 5. sect. 42.
He's a creature unprepar'd, unmeet for death;
And, to transport him in the mind he is,
Were damnable. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
As he does not reckon every schism of a damnable nature,
so he is far from closing with the new opinion of those who
make it no crime. Swift.
2. It is sometimes indecently used in a low and ludicrous sense;
odious; pernicious.
Oh thou damnable fellow! did not I pluck thee by the nose
for thy speeches? Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.

DA’MNABLY. adv. [from damnable.]
1. In such a manner as to incur eternal punishment; so as to be
excluded from mercy.
We will propose the question, whether those who hold the
fundamentals of faith may deny Christ damnably, in respect of
those consequences that arise from them? South's Sermons.
2. It is indecently used in a ludicrous sense; odiously; hatefully.
The more sweets they bestowed upon them, the more
damnably their conserves stunk. Dennis.

DAMNA’TION. n. s. [from damn.] Exclusion from divine
mercy; condemnation to eternal punishment.
He that hath been affrighted with the fears of hell, or re­
members how often he hath been spared from an horrible
damnation, will not be ready to strangle his brother for a
trifle. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Now mince the sin,
And mollify damnation with a phrase:
Say you consented not to Sancho's death,
But barely not forbade it. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

DA’MNATORY. adj. [from damnatorius.] Containing a sentence
of condemnation.

DA’MNED. part. adj. [from damn.] Hateful; detestable; ab­
horred; abominable.
Let not the royal bed of Denmark be
A couch for luxury and damned incest. Shakesp. Hamlet.
But, oh, what damned minutes tells he o'er,
Who doats, yet doubts; suspects, yet strongly loves. Shak.
Dare not
To brand the spotless virtue of my prince
With falshoods of most base and damn'd contrivance. Rowe.

DA’MNIFIE. adj. [from damnify.] Procuring loss; mis­
chievous.

To DA’MNIFY. v. a. [from damnifico, Latin.]
1. To endamage; to injure; to cause loss to any.
He, who has suffered the damage, has a right to demand in
his own name, and he alone can remit satisfaction: the dam­
nified person has the power of appropriating the goods or ser­
vice of the offender, by right of self-preservation. Locke.
2. To hurt; to impair.
When now he saw himself so freshly rear,
As if late fight had nought him damnify'd,
He was dismay'd, and 'gan his fate to fear. Fairy Queen.

DA’MNINGNESS. n. s. [from damning.] Tendency to procure
damnation.
He may vow never to return to those sins which he hath
had such experience of, for the emptiness and damningness of
them, and so think himself a complete penitent. Hammond.

DAMP. adj. [dampe, Dutch.]
1. Moist; inclining to wet; not completely dry; foggy.
She said no more: the trembling Trojans hear,
O'erspread with a damp sweat and holy fear. Dryden's Æn.
2. Dejected; sunk; depressed.
All these and more came flocking, but with looks
Downcast and damp; yet such wherein appear'd
Obscure some glimpse of joy. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. 1.

A DAMP. n. s. 
1. Fog; moist air; moisture.
Thus Adam to himself lamented loud,
Through the still night; not now, as ere man fell,
Wholsom and cool, and mild; but with black air
Accompany'd, with damps and dreadful gloom. Milt. P. L.
A rift there was, which from the mountain's height
Convey'd a glimmering and malignant light,
A breathing-place to draw the damps away,
A twilight of an intercepted day. Dryden's Fables.
2. A noxious vapour exhaled from the earth.
The heat of the sun in the hotter seasons, penetrating the
exterior parts of the earth, excites those mineral exhalations
in subterraneous caverns, which are called damps: these sel­
dom happen but in the summer-time, when the hotter the
weather is, the more frequent are the damps. Woodward.
3. Dejection; depression of spirit; cloud of the mind.
Adam, by this from the cold sudden damp
Recov'ring, and his scatter'd spirits return'd,
To Michael thus his humble words address'd. Milt. P. Lost.
His name struck ev'ry where so great a damp,
As Archimedes through the Roman camp. Roscommon.
Even now, while thus I stand blest in thy presence,
A secret damp of grief comes o'er my thoughts. Add. Cato.
An eternal state, he knows and confesses that he has made
no provision for, that he is undone for ever: a prospect
which is enough to cast a damp over his sprightliest hours.
Rogers, Sermon 19.
This commendable resentment against me, strikes a damp
upon that spirit in all ranks and corporations of men. Swift.

To DAMP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To wet; to moisten; to make humid.
2. To depress; to deject; to chill.
The very loss of one pleasure is enough to damp the relish
of another. L'Estrange, Fable 38.
Dread of death hangs over the mere natural man, and,
like the hand-writing on the wall, damps all his jollity. Atterb.
It would be enough to damp their warmth in such pursuits,
if they could once reflect, that in such course they will be sure
to run upon the very rock they mean to avoid. Swift.
3. To weaken; to abandon.
A soft body dampeth the sound much more than a hard.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 158.
Unless an age too late, or cold
Climate, or years, damp my intended wing
Depress'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

DA’MPISHNESS. n. s. [from damp.] Tendency to wetness;
fogginess; moisture.
It hath been used by some with great success to make their
walls thick; and to put a lay of chalk between the bricks, to
take away all dampishness. Bacon's Natural History, No. 937.

DA’MPNESS. n. s. [from damp.] Moisture; fogginess.
Nor need they fear the dampness of the sky
Should flag their wings, and hinder them to fly;
'Twas only water thrown on sails too dry. Dryden.
By stacks they often have very great loss, by the dampness of
the ground, which rots and spoils it. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DA’MPY. adj. [from damp.] Dejected; gloomy; sorrowful.
The lords did dispel dampy thoughts, which the remem­
brance of his uncle might raise, by applying him with exer­
cises and disports. Hayward.

DA’MSEL. n. s. [damoiselle, French.]
1. A young gentlewoman; a young woman of distinction: now
only used in verse.
Kneeling, I my servant's smiles implore,
And one mad damsel dares dispute my pow'r. Prior.
2. An attendant of the better rank.


With her train of damsels she was gone
In shady walks, the scorching heat to shun. Dryden's Fables.
3. A wench; a country lass.
The clowns are whoremasters, and the damsels with child.
Gay's Preface to What d'ye call it.

DA’MSON. n. s. [corruptly from damascene.] A small black
plum. See DAMASCENE.
My wife desir'd some damsons,
And made me climb with danger of my life. Shak. H. VI.

DAN

DAN. n. s. [from dominus, as now don in Spanish, and donna,
Italian, from domina.] The old term of honour for men; as
we now say master.
This whimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy,
This signor Junio's giant dwarf, dan Cupid. Shakespeare.
Dick, if this story pleaseth thee,
Pray thank dan Pope, who told it me. Prior's Alma.

To DANCE. v. n. [danser, Fr. dançar, Span. as some think
from tanza, Arabick, a dance; as Junius, who loves to derive
from Greek, thinks, from δόνησις.]
1. To move in measure; to move with steps correspondent to
the sound of instruments.
What say you to young Mr. Fenton? He capers, he dances,
he has eyes of youth, he writes verses. Sh. Mer. W. of Winds.

To DANCE Attendance. v. a. To wait with suppleness and
obsequiousness.
Men are sooner weary to dance attendance at the gates of
foreign lords, than to tarry the good leisure of their own ma­
gistrates. Raleigh's Essays.
It upbraids you
To let your father's friend, for three long months,
Thus dance attendance for a word of audience. Dryd. Cleom.

To DANCE. v. a. 
1. To make to dance; to put into a lively motion.
Thy grandsire lov'd thee well;
Many a time he danc'd thee on his knee. Shak. Tit. Andron.
That I see thee here,
Thou noble thing! more dances my rapt' heart,
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
In pestilences the malignity of the infecting vapour danceth
the principal spirits. Bacon's Natural History, No. 333.

DANCE. n. s. [from the verb.] A motion of one or many in
concert, regulated by musick.
Our dance of custom, round about the oak of Herne the
hunter. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The honourablest part of talk is to give the occasion, and
again to moderate and pass to somewhat else; for then a man
leads the dance. Bacon, Essay 33.
But you perhaps expect a modish feast,
With am'rous songs and wanton dances grac'd. Dryd. Juv.

DA’NCER. n. s. [from dance.] One that practises the art of
dancing.
He at Philippi kept
His sword e'en like a dancer, while I strook
The lean and wrinkled Cassius. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Musicians and dancers! take some truce
With these your pleasing labours; for great use
As much weariness as perfection brings. Donne.
The earl was so far from being a good dancer, that he was
no graceful goer. Wotton.
It is a usual practice in these times for our funambulours,
or dancers on the rope, to attempt somewhat like to flying.
Wilkins's Math. Magic.
He, perfect dancer! climbs the rope,
And balances your fear and hope. Prior.
Nature, I thought, perform'd too mean a part,
Forming her movements to the rules of art;
And, vex'd, I found that the musician's hand
Had o'er the dancer's mind too great command. Prior.

DA’NCINGMASTER. n. s. [dance and master.] One who teaches
the art of dancing.
The apes were taught their ape's tricks by a dancingmaster.
L'Estrange.
The legs of a dancingmaster, and the fingers of a musician,
fall, as it were, naturally, without thought or pains, into re­
gular and admirable motions. Locke on Understanding, sect. 4.

DA’NCINGSCHOOL. n. s. [dancing and school.] The school
where the art of dancing is taught.
They bid us to the English dancingschools,
And teach lavolta's high, and swift couranto's;
Saying our grace is only in our heels. Shakesp. Henry V.
A certain Egyptian king endowed a dancingschool for the
institution of apes of quality. L'Estrange.

DANDELI’ON. n. s. [dent de lion, French.] The name of a
plant.
It agrees in all respects with the hawkweed, but only in
its having a single naked stalk, with one flower upon the
top. Miller.
For cowslips sweet, let dandelions spread;
For Blouzelinda, blithsome maid, is dead! Gay's Pastorals.

DA’NDIPRAT. n. s. [dandin, French.] A little fellow; an
urchin: a word used sometimes in fondness, sometimes in
contempt.

To DA’NDLE. v. a. [dandelen, Dutch.]
1. To shake a child on the knee, or in the hands, to please and
quiet him.
Then shall ye suck, and shall be born upon her sides, and
be dandled upon her knees. Is. lxvi. 12.
Thy little brethren, which, like fairy sprights,
Oft skip into our chamber those sweet nights,
And, kiss'd and dandl'd on thy father's knee,
Were brib'd next day to tell what they did see. Donne.
Courts are but superficial schools to dandle fools. Wotton.
Sporting the lion ramp'd, and in his paw
Dandled the kid. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 344.
Motion occasions sleep, as we find by the common use of
rocking froward children in cradles, or dandling them in their
nurses arms. Temple.
2. To fondle; to treat like a child.
Their child shall be advanc'd,
And be received for the emp'ror's heir;
And let the emperor dandle him for his own. Sh. Tit. Andr.
They have put me in a silk gown, and a gaudy fool's cap;
and I am ashamed to be dandled thus, and cannot look in the
glass without blushing, to see myself turned into such a little
pretty master. Addison's Guardian, No. 113.
3. To delay; to procrastinate; to protract by trifles.
Captains do so dandle their doings, and dally in the service
to them committed, as if they would not have the enemy
subdued. Spenser on Ireland.

DA’NDLER. n. s. [from dandle.] He that dandles or fondles
children.

DA’NDRUFF. n. s. [often written dendriff, from tan, the itch,
and drof, sordid, filthy.] Scabs in the head; scurf at the
roots of the hair.

DA’NEWORT. n. s. A species of elder; called also dwarf-elder,
or wallwort.

DA’NGER. n. s. [danger, Fr. of uncertain derivation. Skinner
derives it from damnum, Menage from angaria, Minshew from
δαν, death, to which Junius seems inclined.] Risque;
hazard; peril.
They that sail on the sea, tell of the danger. Ecclus. xliii. 24.
Our craft is in danger to be set at nought. Acts, x. 27.
I dare pawn down my life for him, that he hath writ this
to feel my affection to your honour, and to no other pretence
of danger. Shakespeare's King Lear.
More danger now from man alone we find,
Than from the rocks, the billows, and the wind. Waller.

To DA’NGER. v. a. [from the noun.] To put in hazard; to
endanger.
Pompey's son stands up
For the main soldier; whose quality going on,
The sides o' th' world may danger. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopat.

DA’NGERLESS. adj. [from danger.] Without hazard; with­
out risque; exempt from danger.
He shewed no less magnanimity in dangerless despising, than
others in dangerous affecting the multiplying of kingdoms. Sid.

DA’NGEROUS. adj. [from danger.] Hazardous; perillous; full
of danger.
A man of an ill tongue is dangerous in his city. Ecclus. ix.
All men counsel me to take away thy life, likely to bring
forth nothing but dangerous and wicked effects. Sidney, b. ii.
Already we have conquer'd half the war,
And the less dangerous part is left behind. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.

DA’NGEROUSLY. adv. [from dangerous.] Hazardously; peril­
lously; with danger.
But for your son, believe it, oh, believe it,
Most dang'rously you have with him prevail'd,
If not most mortal to him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
A sort of naughty persons
Have practis'd dangerously against your state,
Dealing with witches and with conjurers. Shak. Hen. VI.
It is just with God to permit those, which think they stand
so surely, to fall most dangerously. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Plutarch says Telesilla, a noble lady, being dangerously sick,
was by the oracle advised to apply her mind to the muse and
poetry. Peacham on Poetry.
If it were so; which but to think were pride,
My constant love would dangerously be tried. Dryden.

DA’NGEROUSNESS. n. s. [from dangerous.] Danger; hazard;
peril.
I shall not need to mind you of judging of the dangerousness
of diseases, by the nobleness of that part affected. Boyle.

To DA’NGLE. v. n. [from hang, according to Skinner; as
hang, hangle dangle.] To hang loose and quivering.
Go, bind thou up yond dangling apricocks. Shak. R. II.
He'd rather on a gibbet dangle,
Than miss his dear delight to wrangle. Hudibras, p. iii.
Codrus had but one leg; so short to boot,
That his short wife's short legs hung dangling out. Dryden.
With dangling hands he strokes th' imperial robe,
And with a cuckold's air commands the globe. Smith.


But have you not with thought beheld
The sword hang dangling o'er the shield. Prior.
2. To hang upon any one; to be an humble, useless, harmless
follower.
The presbyterians, and other fanaticks that dangle after
them, are well inclined to pull down the present establish­
ment. Swift.

DA’NGLER. n. s. [from dangle.] A man that hangs about wo­
men only to waste time.
A dangler is of neither sex. Ralph's Miscel.

DANK. adj. [from tuncken, Germ. Skinner.] Damp; humid;
moist; wet.
He her the maiden sleeping sound,
On the dank and dirty ground. Shakes. Mids. Night's Dream.
Yet oft they quit
The dank, and, rising on stiff pinions, tour
The mid aereal sky. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 440.
Through each thicket, dank or dry,
Like a black mist, low creeping, he held on
His midnight search. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 179.
Lawrence, of virtuous father, virtuous son,
Now that the fields are dank, and ways are mire,
Where shall we sometimes meet, and by the fire
Help waste a sullen day? Milton's Paradise Regained.
By the rushy-fringed bank,
Where grows the willow and the osier dank,
My sliding chariot stays. Milton.
Me, in my vow'd
Picture, the sacred wall declares t' have hung
My dank and dropping weeds
To the stern god of sea. Milton.
To wash the skins of beasts and fowls herewith, would
keep them from growing dank in moist weather. Grew.

DA’NKISH. adj. Somewhat dank.
They bound me, bore me thence,
And in a dark and dankish vault at home,
There left me. Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.

To DAP. v. n. [corrupted from dip.] To let fall gently into
the water: a word, I believe, only used by anglers.
I have taught him how to catch a chub, by dapping with a
grasshopper. Walton's Angler.

DAPA’TICAL. adj. [from dapaticus, Latin.] Sumptuous in
cheer. Bailey.

DA’PPER. adj. [dapper, Dutch.] Little and active; lively
without bulk. It is usually spoken in contempt.
And on the tawny sands and shelves,
Trip the pert fairies and the dapper elves. Milton.
A pert dapper spark of a magpye, fancied the birds would
never be governed 'till himself should sit at the helm. L'Estr.

DA’PPERLING. n. s. [from dapper.] A dwarf; a dandi­
prat. Ainsworth.

DA’PPLE. adj. [from apple; as pommelè.] Marked with
various colours; variegated; streaked; imbricated: it is used
chiefly of animals.
My country neighbours do not find it impossible to think
of a lame horse, 'till they have run over all beings that are,
and then pitch on dapple. Locke.

To DA’PPLE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To streak; to vary;
to diversify with colours.
Certes, said she, I wot not how he hight;
But under him a grey steed did he weild,
Whose sides with dappled circles were endight. Fairy Queen.
The gentle day
Dapples the drowsy east with spots of grey. Shakespeare.
Horses that are dappled, turn white; and old squirrels turn
grisly. Bacon's Natural History, No. 85.
The lark begins his flight,
From his watch-tower in the skies,
'Till the dappled dawn doth rise. Milton.
I chose
The dappl'd pink, and blushing rose,
To deck my charming Cloe's hair. Prior.
The gods, to curse Pamela with her pray'rs,
Gave the gilt coach and dappled Flanders mares. Pope.

DAR

DAR. n. s. A fish found in the Severn. Bailey.

DART. n. s. A fish found in the Severn. Bailey.

To DARE. v. n. pret. I durst; part. I have dared. [dearran,
Saxon; derren, Dutch.] To have courage for any purpose;
not to be afraid; to adventure; to be adventurous.
I say 'tis copper. Dar'st thou be as good as thy word now?
—Why, Hal, thou know'st, as thou art but a man, I dare;
but as thou art a prince, I fear thee. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.
I dare do all that may become a man;
Who dares do more, is none. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
They are both hanged; and so would this be, if he durst
steal any thing advent rously. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Neither of them was of that temper as to dare any dan­
gerous fact. Haywood.
The father bore it with undaunted soul,
Like one who durst his destiny controul. Dryden.
Deliberate and well-weighed courage knows both to be
cautious and to dare, as occasion offers. Dryden.
We dare not build much upon such a notion or doctrine,
'till it be very fully examined. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

To DARE. v. a. To challenge; to defy.
I never in my life
Did hear challenge urg'd more modestly,
Unless a brother should a brother dare
To gentle exercise and proof of arms. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Here she stands:
Take but possession of her with a touch;
I dare thee but to breathe upon my love. Shakespeare.
He had many days, in this proud manner, come half seas
over; and sometimes passing further, came and lay at the
mouth of the harbour, and, as it were, daring them to fight.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Masters of the arts of policy thought that they might even
defy and dare providence to the face. South.
All cold, but in her breast, I will despise;
And dare all heat but that in Celia's eyes. Roscommon.
Time! I dare thee to discover
Such a youth, and such a lover. Dryden.
Presumptuous wretch! with mortal art to dare
Immortal power, and brave the thunderer. Granville.

To DARE Larks. To catch them by means of a looking-glass,
which keeps them in amaze 'till caught; to amaze.
Shrimps are dipped up in shallow water with little round
nets, not much unlike that which is used for daring larks. Carew.
As larks lie dar'd to shun the hobby's flight. Dryden.

DARE. n. s. [from the verb.] Defiance; challenge.
Sextus Pompeius
Hath given the dare to Cæsar, and commands
The empire of the sea. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.

DA’REFUL. adj. [dare and full.] Full of defiance.
We might have met them dareful, beard to beard,
And beat them backward home. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DA’RING. adj. [from dare.] Bold; adventurous; fearless;
courageous; intrepid; brave; stout.
The last Georgick has indeed many metaphors, but not
so daring as this; for human thoughts and passions may be
more naturally ascribed to a bee than to an inanimate plant.
Addison's Essays on the Georgicks.
The song too daring, and the theme too great. Prior.
Grieve not, O daring prince! that noble heart. Pope.

DA’RINGLY. adv. [from daring.] Boldly; courageously;
fearlessly; impudently; outrageously.
Some of the great principles of religion are every day
openly and daringly attacked from the press. Atterbury.
Your brother, fir'd with success,
Too daringly upon the foe did press. Halifax.

DA’RINGNESS. n. s. [from daring.] Boldness.

DARK. adj. [deorc, Saxon.]
1. Not light; without light.
Fleance, his son, who keeps him company,
Must embrace the fate of that dark hour. Shakes. Macbeth.
While we converse with her, we mark
No want of day, nor think it dark. Waller.
2. Not of a showy or vivid colour.
If the plague be somewhat dark, and the plague spread not
in the skin, the priest shall pronounce him clean. 1 Lev. xiii. 6.
In Muscovy itself the generality of the people are more
inclined to have dark coloured hair than flaxen. Boyle.
3. Blind; without the enjoyment of light.
Thou wretched daughter of a dark old man,
Conduct my weary steps. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
4. Opake; not transparent.
5. Obscure; not perspicuous.
What may seem dark at the first, will afterwards be found
more plain. Hooker, b. i. sect. 1.
Mean time we shall express our darker purpose. Shakesp.
6. Not enlightened by knowledge; ignorant.
The age, wherein he liv'd, was dark; but he
Could not want sight, who taught the world to see. Denh.
7. Gloomy; not chearful.
All men of dark tempers, according to their degree of
melancholy or enthusiasm, may find convents fitted to their
humours. Addison on Italy.

DARK. n. s. 
1. Darkness; obscurity; want of light.
Come, thick night,
And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes;
Nor heav'n peep through the blanket of the dark,
To cry hold, hold! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Cloud and ever-during dark
Surrounds me! from the chearful ways of men
Cut off. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 45.
Whereas seeing requires light, and a free medium, and a
right line to the objects, we can hear in the dark immured,
and by curve lines. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Obscurity; condition of one unknown.
All he says of himself is, that he is an obscure person; one,
I suppose he means, that is in the dark, and thinks it proper
to continue so. Atterbury.


3. Want of knowledge.
'Till we ourselves perceive by our own understandings,
we are as much in the dark, and as void of knowledge, as
before. Locke.

To DARK. v. a. [from the noun.] To darken; to obscure:
obsolete.
Fair when her breast, like a rich laden bark
With precious merchandize, she forth doth lay:
Fair when that cloud of pride, which oft doth dark
Her goodly light, with smiles she drives away. Spenser.

To DA’RKEN. v. a. [from dark.]
1. To make dark; to deprive of light.
Black with surrounding forests then it stood,
That hung above, and darken'd all the flood. Addison.
Whether the darken'd room to muse invite,
Or whiten'd wall provoke the skew'r to write. Pope.
2. To cloud; to perplex.
Such was his wisdom, that his confidence did seldom darken
his foresight, especially in things near hand. Bacon's Hen. VII.
3. To foul; to sully.
The lusts and passions of men do sully and darken their
minds, even by a natural influence. Tillotson, Serm. 4.

To DA’RKEN. v. n. To grow dark.

DA’RKLING. [a participle, as it seems, from darkle, which
yet I have never found.] Being in the dark; being without
light: a word merely poetical.
O, wilt thou darkling leave me? do not so. Shakespeare.
Darkling stands
The varying shore o' th' world. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The wakeful bird
Sings darkling, and, in shadiest covert hid,
Tunes her nocturnal note. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Darkling they mourn their fate, whom Circe's pow'r,
With words and wicked herbs, from human kind
Had alter'd, and in brutal shapes confin'd. Dryden's Æn.

DA’RKLY. adv. [from dark.] In a situation void of light;
obscurely; blindly.
For well you know, and can record alone,
What fame to future times conveys but darkly down. Dryd.

DA’RKNESS. n. s. [from dark.]
1. Absence of light.
Darkness was upon the face of the deep. Gen. i. 2.
I go whence I shall not return, even to the land of darkness
and the shadow of death. Job, x. 20.
2. Opakeness.
3. Obscurity.
4. Infernal gloom; wickedness.
The instruments of darkness tell us truths;
Win us with honest trifles, to betray us
In deepest consequence. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
All the light truth has, or can have, is from the clearness
and validity of those proofs upon which it is received: to talk
of any other light in the understanding, is to put ourselves in
the dark, or in the power of the prince of darkness. Locke.
5. The empire of Satan, or the devil.
Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and
translated us into the kingdom of his dear son. Coloss. i. 13.

DA’RKSOME. adj. [from dark.] Gloomy; obscure; not well
enlightened; not luminous.
He brought him through a darksome narrow pass,
To a broad gate, all built of beaten gold. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
And her fair eyes, like stars that dimmed were
With darksome cloud, now shew their goodly beams. Spenser.
You must not look to have an image, or the like, in any
thing that is lightsome; for even a face in iron, red-hot, will
not be seen, the light confounding the small differences of
lightsome and darksome which shew the figure. Bacon's N. Hist.
A darksome cloud of locusts, swarming down,
Must eat, and on the ground leave nothing green. Milton.
He here with us to be,
Forsook the courts of everlasting day,
And chose with us a darksome house of mortal clay. Milton.
Mistaken blessing, which old age they call,
'Tis a long, nasty, darksome hospital. Dryden's Juvenal.
The darksome pines that o'er yon' rocks reclin'd,
Wave high, and murmur to the hollow wind. Pope.

DA’RLING. adj. [deorling, Sax.] Favourite; dear; beloved;
regarded with great kindness and tenderness.
'Tis not for a generous prince to countenance oppression
and injustice, even in his most darling favourites. L'Estrange.
Have a care lest some beloved notion, or some darling
science, too far prevail over your mind. Watts's Improvement.

DA’RLING. n. s. A favourite; one much beloved.
Young Ferdinand they suppose is drown'd,
And his and my lov'd darling. Shakespeare's Tempest.
In Thames, the ocean's darling, England's pride,
The pleasing emblem of his reign does glide. Halifax.
She immediately became the darling of the princess Sophia.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 21.

To DARN. v. a. [of uncertain original.] To mend holes by
imitating the texture of the stuff.
Will she thy linen wash, or hosen darn? Gay.
He spent every day ten hours in his closet, in darning his
stockings, which he performed to admiration. Swift.

DA’RNEL. n. s. A weed growing in the fields. See GRASS.
He was met ev'n now
Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,
With hardocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo flowers,
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
In our sustaining corn. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Want ye corn for bread?
'Twas full of darnel; do you like the taste? Shak. H. VI.
No fruitful crop the sickly fields return;
But oats and darnel choak the rising corn. Dryd. Pastorals.

To DA’RRAIN. v. a. [This word is by Junius referred to dare:
it seems to me more probably deducible from arranger la
battaille.]
1. To prepare for battle; to range troops for battle.
The town-boys parted in twain, the one side calling them­
selves Pompeians, the other Cæsarians; and then darraining
a kind of battle, but without arms, the Cæsarians got the
over-hand. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Comes Warwick, backing of the duke of York:
Darrain your battle; for they are at hand. Shak. Hen. VI.
2. To apply to the fight.
Therewith they 'gan to hurlen greedily,
Redoubted battle ready to darraine. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

DART. n. s. [dard, French.]
1. A missile weapon thrown by the hand; a small lance.
Here one is wounded or slain with a piece of a rock or
flint; there another with a dart, arrow, or lance. Peacham.
O'erwhelm'd with darts, which from afar they fling,
The weapons round his hollow temples ring. Dryden's Æn.
2. [In poetry.] Any missile weapon.

To DART. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To throw offensively.
He whets his tusks, and turns, and dares the war;
Th' invaders dart their jav'lins from afar. Dryden's Æn.
Pan came, and ask'd what magick caus'd my smart;
Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart. Pope.
2. To throw; to emit; as the sun darts his beams on the earth.

To DART. v. n. To fly as a dart; to let fly with hostile in­
tention.
Now, darting Parthia, art thou struck. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.

DAS

To DASH. v. a. [The etymology of this word, in any of its
senses, is very doubtful.]
1. To throw any thing suddenly against something.
If you dash a stone against a stone in the bottom of the
water, it maketh a sound. Bacon's Natural History, No. 792.
A man that cuts himself, and tears his own flesh, and
dashes his head against the stones, does not act so unreasonably
as he. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
2. To break by collision.
They that stand high, have many blasts to shake them;
And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces. Shakesp.
David's throne shall be like a tree,
Spreading and overshad'wing all the earth;
Or as a stone, that shall to pieces dash
All monarchies besides throughout the world. Milt. P. Reg.
3. To throw water in flashes.
Dashing water on them may prove the best remedy. Mortim.
4. To bespatter; to besprinkle.
This tempest,
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
The sudden breach on't. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
5. To agitate any liquid, so as to make the surface fly off.
At once the brushing oars and brazen prow
Dash up the sandy waves, and ope the depths below. Dryd.
6. To mingle; to change by some small admixture.
Hight Whacum, bred to dash and draw,
Not wine, but more unwholsome law. Hudibras, p. ii. c. 3.
I take care to dash the character with such particular cir­
cumstances as may prevent ill-natured applications. Addison.
Several revealed truths are dashed and adulterated with a
mixture of fables and human inventions. Spectator, No. 580.
7. To form or print in haste, carelessly.
Never was dash'd out, at one lucky hit,
A fool, so just a copy of a wit. Pope's Dunciad, b. ii. l. 43.
8. To obliterate; to blot; to cross out.
To dash over this with a line, will deface the whole copy
extremely, and to a degree that, I fear, may displease you. Pope.
9. To confound; to make ashamed suddenly; to surprise with
shame or fear.
His tongue
Dropp'd manna, and could make the worse appear
The better reason, to perplex and dash
Maturest counsels. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 114.
Yearly enjoin'd, some say, to undergo
This annual, humbling certain number'd days,
To dash their pride and joy for man seduc'd. Milt. Pa. Lost.
An unknown hand still check'd my forward joy,
Dash'd me with blushes. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
To dash this cavil, read but the practice of Christian em­
perors. South.


Nothing dashed the confidence of the mule like the braying
of the ass, in the very interim while he was dilating upon his
genealogy. L'Estrange, Fab. 18.
The nymph, when nothing could Narcissus move,
Still dash'd with blushes for her slighted love. Add. Ov. Met.
After they had sufficiently blasted him in his personal capa­
city, they found it an easy work to dash and overthrow him in
his political. South's Sermons.
Some stronger pow'r eludes our sickly will;
Dashes our rising hope with certain ill. Prior.
Dash the proud gamester in his gilded car;
Bare the mean heart that lurks beneath a star. Pope.

To DASH. v. n. 
1. To fly off the surface.
If the vessel be suddenly stopt in its motion, the liquor con­
tinues its motion, and dashes over the sides of the vessel. Cheyne.
2. To fly in flashes with a loud noise.
On each hand the gushing waters play,
And down the rough cascade, while dashing, fall. Thomson.
3. To rush through water so as to make it fly.
Doeg, though without knowing how or why,
Spurr'd boldly on, and dash'd through thick and thin,
Through sense and nonsense, never out or in. Dryden.

A DASH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Collision.
By the touch ethereal rous'd,
The dash of clouds, or irritating war,
Of fighting winds, while all is calm below
They furious spring. Thomson's Summer, l. 1100.
2. Infusion; something mingled in a small proportion.
There is nothing which one regards so much, with an eye
of mirth and pity, as innocence, when it has in it a dash of
folly. Addison's Spectator, No. 247.
3. A mark in writing; a line——, to note a pause, or
omission.
He is afraid of letters and characters, of notes and dashes,
which, set together, do signify nothing. Brown's Vulgar Err.
In modern wit all printed trash is
Set off with num'rous breaks and dashes. Swift.
4. Stroke; blow.
Stand back, you lords, and give us leave awhile.
——She takes upon her bravely at first dash. Shakesp. H. V.

DASH. adv. An expression of the sound of water dashed.
Hark, hark, the waters fall;
And, with a murmuring sound,
Dash, dash, upon the ground,
To gentle slumbers call. Dryden's Indian Emperor.

DA’STARD. n. s. [adastriga, Saxon.] A coward; a poltron;
A man infamous for fear.
The cruelty and envy of the people,
Permitted by our dastard nobles,
And suffer'd me by th' voice of slaves to be
Whoop'd out of Rome. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Who now my matchless valour dare oppose?
How long will Dares wait his dastard foes. Dryden's Æn.
Dastard and drunkard, mean and insolent;
Tongue-valiant hero, vaunter of thy might,
In threats the foremost, but the last in fight. Dryden.
Such bug-bear thoughts, once got into the minds of chil­
dren, make them dastards, and afraid of the shadow of dark­
ness ever after. Locke on Education, sect. 138.
Curse on their dastard souls, they stand astonish'd. Addis.

To DA’STARD. v. a. To terrify; to intimidate; to desert
with cowardice; to dispirit.
I'm weary of this flesh which holds us here,
And dastards manly soul with hope and fear. Dryd. Ind. Emp.

To DA’STARDISE. v. a. [from dastard.] To intimidate; to
deject with cowardice; to dispirit; to depress; to terrify; to
make an habitual coward.
He had such things to urge against our marriage,
As, now declar'd, would blunt my sword in battle,
And dastardise my courage. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

DA’STARDLY. adj. [from dastard.] Cowardly; mean; ti­
morous.
This way of brawl and clamour is so arrant a mark of a
dastardly wretch, that he does as good as call himself so that
uses it. L'Estrange.

DA’STARDY. n. s. [from dastard.] Cowardliness; timorous­
ness.

DAT

DA’TARY. n. s. [from date.] An officer of the Chancery of
Rome, through whose hands most benefices pass. Dict.

DATE. n. s. [datte, Fr. from datum, Latin.]
1. The time at which a letter is written, marked at the end or
the beginning.
2. The time at which any event happened.
3. The time stipulated when any thing shall be done.
His days and times are past,
And my reliance on his fracted dates
Has smit my credit. Shakespeare's Timon.
My father's promise ties me not to time;
And bonds, without a date, they say are void. Dryden.
4. End; conclusion.
What time would spare, from steel receives its date;
And monuments, like men, submit to fate. Pope.
5. Duration; continuance.
Could the declining of this fate, O friend,
Our date to immortality extend? Denham.
Then raise,
From the conflagrant mass, purg'd, and refin'd,
New heav'ns, new earth, ages of endless date,
Founded in righteousness. Milton's Paradise Lost.
6. [from dactylus.] The fruit of the date-tree.
Hold, take these keys, and fetch more spices, nurse.
——They call for dates and quinces in the pastry. Shakesp.

DATE-TREE. n. s. See PALM, of which it is a species.

To DATE. v. a. [from the noun.] To note with the time at
which any thing is written or done.
'Tis all one, in respect of eternal duration yet behind, whe­
ther we begin the world so many millions of ages ago, or date
from the late æra of about six thousand years. Bentley's Sermons.
To all their dated backs he turns you round;
These Aldus printed, those Du Süeil has bound. Pope's Epist.

DA’TELESS. adj. [from date.] Without any fixed term.
The fly-slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile. Shakespeare's Rich. II.

DA’TIVE. adj. [dativus. Latin.]
1. [In grammar.] The epithet of the case that signifies the
person to whom any thing is given.
2. [In law.] Those are term'd dative executors who are ap­
pointed such by the judge's decree; as administrators with us
here in England. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DAU

To DAUB. v. a. [dabben, Dutch; dauber, French.
1. To smear with something adhesive.
She took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with
slime and with pitch. Exod. ii. 3.
2. To paint coursely.
Hasty daubing will but spoil the picture, and make it so un­
natural as must want false light to set it off. Otw. Orph. Dedic.
They snatched out of his hands a lame imperfect piece,
rudely daubed over with too little reflection, and too much
haste. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
If a picture is daubed with many bright and glaring colours,
the vulgar admire it as an excellent piece. Watts's Logick.
3. To cover with something specious or strong, something that
disguises what it lies upon.
So smooth he daub'd his vice with shew of virtue,
He liv'd from all attainder of suspect. Shakespeare's R. III.
4. To lay on any thing gaudily or ostentatiously.
Since princes will have such things, it is better they should
be graced with elegancy than daubed with cost. Bacon's Essays.
Let him be daub'd with lace, live high, and whore;
Sometimes be lousy, but be never poor. Dryden's Juvenal.
5. To flatter grossly.
Let every one, therefore, attend the sentence of his con­
science; for, he may be sure, it will not daub nor flatter. South.

To DAUB. v. n. To play the hypocrite.
I cannot daub it further;
And yet I must. Shakespeare's King Lear.

A DA’UBER. n. s. [from daub.] A coarse low painter.
What they call'd his picture, had been drawn at length by
the daubers of almost all nations, and still unlike him. Dryden.
Parts of different species jumbled together, according to the
mad imagination of the dauber, to cause laughter. Dryden.
A sign-post dauber would disdain to paint
The one-ey'd hero on his elephant. Dryden's Juven. Sat.
The treacherous tapster, Thomas,
Hangs a new angel two doors from us,
As fine as daubers hands can make it. Swift.

DA’UBRY. n. s. [from daub.] An old word for any thing
artful.
She works by charms, by spells, and such daubry as this is
beyond our element. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

DA’UBY. adj. [from daub.] Viscous; glutinous; adhesive.
Not in vain th' industrious kind,
With dauby wax and flow'rs the chinks have lin'd. Dryden.
Some the gall'd ropes with dauby marling bind,
Or sear-cloth masts with strong tarpawling coats. Dryden.

DA’UGHTER. n. s. [dauhtar, Gothick; dohter, Saxon; dotter,
Runick; dohter, German; dochter, Dutch.]
1. The female offspring of a man or woman.
Your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons, and your maids, could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Now Aurora, daughter of the dawn,
With rosy lustre purpled o'er the lawn. Pope's Hom. Odyssey.
2. A daughter in law, or son's wife.
3. A woman.
Jacob went out to see the daughters of the land. Gen. xxxiv.
4. [In poetry.] Any descendent.
5. The penitent of a confessor.
Are you at leisure, holy father, now;
Or shall I come to you at evening mass?
——My leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. Shakesp.



To DAUNT. v. a. [domter, French, domitare, Latin.] To
discourage; to fright; to intimidate.
Fairfax, whose name in arms through Europe rings,
And fills all mouths with envy or with praise,
And all her jealous monarchs with amaze,
And rumours loud, which daunt remotest kings. Milton.
Where the rude ax, with heaved stroke,
Was never heard the nymphs to daunt,
Or fright them from their hallow'd haunt. Milton.
Some presences daunt and discourage us, when others raise
us to a brisk assurance. Glanville's Sceps. c. 24.

DA’UNTLESS. adj. [from daunt.] Fearless; not dejected; not
discouraged.
Grow great by your example, and put on
The dauntless spirit of resolution. Shakespeare's King John.
Dauntless he rose, and to the fight return'd:
With shame his glowing cheeks, his eyes with fury burn'd.
Dryden's Virgil's Æneid.
He, not by wants or woes opprest,
Stems the bold torrent with a dauntless breast. Dryden.
The utmost weight of affliction from ministerial power
and popular hatred, were almost worth bearing, for the glory
of such a dauntless conduct as he has shewn under it. Pope.

DA’UNTLESSNESS. n. s. [from dauntless.] Fearlessness.

DAW. n. s. [supposed by Skinner so named from his note; by
Junius to be corrupted from dawl; the German tul, and dol, in
the Bavarian dialect, having the same signification.] The
name of a bird.
I will wear my heart upon my sleeve,
For daws to peck it. Shakespeare's Othello.
If death do quench us quite, we have great wrong,
That daws, and trees, and rocks should last so long,
When we must in an instant pass to nought. Davies.
The loud daw, his throat displaying, draws
The whole assembly of his fellow daws. Waller.

DAWK. n. s. A cant word among the workmen for a hollow
or incision in their stuff.
Observe if any hollow or dawks be in the length. Moxon.

To DAWK. v. a. To mark with an incision.
Should they apply that side of the tool the edge lies on,
the swift coming about of the work would, where a small ir­
regularity of stuff should happen, jobb the edge into the stuff,
and so dawk it. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To DAWN. v. n. [supposed by the etymologists to have been
originally to dayen, or advance towards day.]
1. To grow luminous; to begin to grow light.
I have been troubled in my sleep this night;
But dawning day new comfort hath inspir'd. Shak. Tit. Andr.
As it began to dawn, towards the first day of the week,
came Mary Magdalene to see the sepulchre. Mat. xxviii. 1.
All night I slept, oblivious of my pain;
Aurora dawn'd, and Phœbus shin'd in vain. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To glimmer obscurely.
A Romanist, from the very first dawning of any notions in
his understanding, hath this principle constantly inculcated,
viz. that he must believe as the church. Locke.
3. To begin, yet faintly; to give some promises of lustre or
eminence.
While we behold such dauntless worth appear
In dawning youth, and souls so void of fear. Dryden's Æn.
Thy hand strikes out some free design,
When life awakes and dawns at every line. Pope.

DAWN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The time between the first appearance of light and the sun's
rise, reckoned from the time that the sun comes within
eighteen degrees of the horizon.
Then on to-morrow's dawn your care employ,
To search the land, and where the cities lie,
And what the men; but give this day to joy. Dryden's Æn.
2. Beginning; first rise.
These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of serenity over
the soul. Pope.
But such their guiltless passion was,
As in the dawn of time inform'd the heart
Of innocence, and undissembling truth. Thomson's Summer.

DAY

DAY. n. s. [dæg, Saxon.]
1. The time between the rising and setting of the sun, called
the artificial day.
Why stand ye here all the day idle? Mat. xx. 6.
Of night impatient, we demand the day;
The day arrives, then for the night we pray:
The night and day successive come and go,
Our lasting pains no interruption know. Blackmore's Creation.
Or object new
Casual discourse draws on, which intermits
Our day's work. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 224.
2. The time from noon to noon, called the natural day.
How many hours bring about the day?
How many days will finish up the year? Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Light; sunshine.
Let us walk honestly, as in the day; not in rioting and
drunkenness. Rom. xiii. 13.
The West yet glimmers with some streaks of day:
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Around the fields did nimble lightning play,
Which offer'd us by fits, and snatch'd the day:
'Midst this was heard the shrill and tender cry
Of well-pleas'd ghosts, which in the storm did fly. Dryden.
Yet are we able only to survey
Dawnings of beams, and promises of day. Prior.
4. Any time specified and distinguished from other time; an age;
the time. In this sense it is generally plural.
After him reigned Gutheline his heir,
The justest man, and truest, in his days. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I think, in these days, one honest man is obliged to ac­
quaint another who are his friends. Pope.
We have, at this time of day, better and more certain
means of information than they had. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
5. Life: in this sense it is commonly plural. He never in his
days broke his word; that is, in his whole life.
6. The day of contest; the contest; the battle.
His name struck fear, his conduct won the day;
He came, he saw, he seiz'd the struggling prey. Roscommon.
The noble thanes do bravely in the war;
The day almost itself professes your's,
And little is to do. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Would you th' advantage of the fight delay,
If, striking first, you were to win the day? Dryden.
7. An appointed or fixed time.
Or if my debtors do not keep their day,
Deny their hands, and then refuse to pay,
I must with patience all the terms attend. Dryden's Juvenal.
8. A day appointed for some commemoration.
The field of Agincourt,
Fought on the day of Crispin Crispianus. Shakesp. Hen. V.
9. From day to day; without certainty or continuance.
Bavaria hath been taught, that merit and service doth
oblige the Spaniard but from day to day. Bacon's War with Spain.

To-DAY. On this day.
To-day, if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts. Ps.
The past is all by death possest,
And frugal fate, that guards the rest,
By giving, bids us live to-day. Fenton.

DA’YBED. n. s. [day and bed.] A bed used for idleness and
luxury in the daytime.
Calling my officers about me, in my branched velvet gown;
having come down from a daybed, where I have left Olivia
sleeping. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

DA’YBOOK. n. s. [from day and book.] A tradesman's journal;
a book in which all the occurrences of the day are set down.

DA’YBREAK. n. s. [day and break.] The dawn; the first ap­
pearance of light.
I watch'd the early glories of her eyes,
As men for daybreak watch the Eastern skies. Dryd. In. Emp.

DAYLA’BOUR. n. s. [day and labour.] Labour by the day;
labour divided into daily tasks.
Doth God exact daylabour, light deny'd,
I fondly ask. Milton's Paradise Regained.
Did either his legs or his arms fail him? No; but daylabour
was but an hard and a dry kind of livelihood to a man, that
could get an estate with two or three strokes of his pen. South.

DAYLA’BOURER. n. s. [from daylabour.] One that works by
the day.
In one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn
That ten daylabourers could not end. Milton.
The daylabourer, in a country village, has commonly but a
small pittance of courage. Locke.

DA’YLIGHT. n. s. [day and light.] The light of the day, as
opposed to that of the morn, or a taper.
By this the drooping daylight 'gan to fade,
And yield his room to sad succeeding night. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Nay, then thou mock'st me: thou shalt buy this dear,
If ever I thy face by daylight see.
Now go thy way. Shakesp. Midsummer-Night's Dream.
They by daylight passing through the midst of the Turks
fleet, safely recovered the haven, to the great joy of the be­
sieged Christians. Knolles's History of the Turks.
He stands in daylight, and disdains to hide
An act, to which by honour he is ty'd. Dryden.
Will you murder a man in plain daylight? Dryd. Sp. Fryar.
Yet though rough bears in covert seek defence,
White foxes stay, with seeming innocence;
That crafty kind with daylight can dispense. Dryden.
If bodies be illuminated by the ordinary prismatick colours,
they will appear neither of their own daylight colours, nor of
the colour of the light cast on them, but of some middle
colour between both. Newton's Opt.

DAY-LI’LY. n. s. The same with ASPHODEL, which see.

DA’YSMAN. n. s. [day and man.] An old word for umpire. Ains.
Perhaps rather, surety.
For what art thou,
That mak'st thyself his daysman, to prolong
The vengeance prest? Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 8.



DA’YSPRING. n. s. [day and spring.] The rise of the day; the
dawn; the first appearance of light.
So all ere dayspring, under conscious night,
Secret they finish'd, and in order set. Milton's Parad. Lost.
The breath of heav'n fresh-blowing, pure and sweet,
With dayspring born, here leave me to respire. Milt. Agon.

DA’YSTAR. n. s. [day and star.] The morning star.
I meant to make her fair, and free, and wise,
Of greatest blood, and yet more good than great:
I meant the daystar should not brighter rise,
Nor lend like influence from his lucent seat. Ben. Johnson.
Sunk though he be beneath the watry floor;
So sinks the daystar in the ocean bed,
And yet anon repairs his drooping head. Milton.

DA’YTIME. n. s. [day and time.] The time in which there is
light, opposed to night.
In the daytime she fitteth in a watch-tower, and flieth most
by night; that she mingleth things done with things not done,
and that she is a terror to great cities. Bacon, Essay 60.
My ants never brought out their corn but in the night when
the moon did shine, and kept it under ground in the day­
time. Addison's Guardian, No 156.

DA’YWORK. n. s. [day and work.] Work imposed by the day;
day labour.
True labour in the vineyard of thy lord,
Ere prime thou hast th' imposed daywork done. Fairfax.

To DAZE. v. a. [dwæs, Saxon.] To overpower with light;
to strike with too strong lustre; to hinder the act of seeing
by too much light suddenly introduced.
They smote the glistering armies as they stand,
With quiv'ring beams, which daz'd the wond'ring eye.
Fairfax, b. i. stan. 73.
Poor human kind, all daz'd in open day,
Err after bliss, and blindly miss their way. Dryden.

DA’ZIED. adj. [rather dasied. See DASY.] Besprinkled with
daisies.
Let us
Find out the prettiest dazied plot we can,
And make him a grave. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To DA’ZZLE. v. a. [See DAZE.]
1. To overpower with light; to hinder the action of the sight
by sudden lustre.
Fears use, many times, to be represented in such an imagi­
nary fashion, as they rather dazzle men's eyes than open
them. Bacon's War with Spain.
How is it that some wits are interrupted;
That now they dazzled are, now clearly see? Davies.
The places that have either shining sentiments or manners,
have no occasion for them: a dazzling expression rather da­
mages them, and serves only to eclipse their beauty. Pope.
2. To strike or surprise with splendour.
Those heav'nly shapes
Will dazzle now this earthly, with their blaze
Insufferably bright. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 1083.
Ah, friend! to dazzle let the vain design;
To raise the thought, or touch the heart, be thine. Pope.

To DA’ZZLE. v. n. To be overpowered with light; to lose
the power of sight.
Dazzle mine eyes? or do I see three suns? Shak. Hen. VI.
Come, boy, and go with me; thy sight is young,
And you shall read, when mine begins to dazzle. Shakesp.
An overlight maketh the eyes dazzle, insomuch as perpe­
tual looking against the sun would cause blindness. Bacon.
Look, Dianet, for I dare not trust these eyes;
They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprise. Dryd. Auren.

DEA

DE’ACON. n. s. [diaconus, Latin.]
1. One of the lowest order of the clergy.
Likewise must the deacons be grave. 2 Tim. iii. 8.
The constitutions that the apostles made concerning dea­
cons and widows, in those primitive times, are very impor­
tunely urged by the disciplinarians. Bp. Sanderson's Judgment.
2. [In Scotland.] An overseer of the poor.
3. And also the master of an incorporated company.

DE’ACONESS. n. s. [from deacon.] A female officer in the an­
cient church.

DE’ACONRY. n. s. [from deacon.] The office or dignity of
a deacon.

DE’ACONSHIP. n. s. [from deacon.] The office or dignity of
a deacon.

DEAD. adj. [dead, Sax. dood, Dutch.]
1. Deprived of life; exanimated.
The queen, my lord, is dead:
——She should have died hereafter. Shakesp. Macbeth.
A brute or a man are another thing, when they are alive,
from what they are when dead. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
She either from her hopeless lover fled,
Or with disdainful glances shot him dead. Dryden.
2. With of before the cause of death.
This Indian told them, that, mistaking their course, the
crew, all except himself, were dead of hunger. Arbuthnot.
3. Without life; inanimate.
All, all but truth, drops dead-born from the press,
Like the last gazette, or the last address. Pope, Dial. ii.
4. Imitating death; senseless; motionless.
At thy rebuke, O God of Jacob, both the chariot and
horse are cast into a dead sleep. Ps. lxxvi. 6.
Anointing of the forehead, neck, feet, and backbone, we
know is used for procuring dead sleeps. Bacon's Nat. History.
5. Unactive; motionless.
The tin sold sometimes higher, and sometimes lower, ac­
cording to the quick vent and abundance, or the dead sale and
scarcety. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Nay, there's a time when ev'n the rolling year
Seems to stand still: dead calms are in the ocean,
When not a breath disturbs the drousy main. Lee's Oedipus.
They cannot bear the dead weight of unemployed time
lying upon their hands, nor the uneasiness it is to do nothing
at all. Locke on Education, sect. 207.
6. Empty; vacant.
This colour, nevertheless, often carries the mind away;
yea, it deceiveth the sense; and it seemeth to the eye a shorter
distance of way, if it be all dead and continued, than if it
have trees or buildings, or any other marks whereby the eye
may divide it. Bacon's Col. of Good and Evil.
Nought but a blank remains, and a dead void space,
A step of life, that promis'd such a race. Dryden.
7. Useless; unprofitable.
The commodities of the kingdom they took, though they
lay dead upon their hands for want of vent. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Persuade a prince that he is irresistible, and he will take
care not to let so glorious an attribute lie dead and useless by
him. Addison's Whig Examiner.
8. Dull; gloomy; unemployed.
Travelling over the mountain Amanus, then covered with
deep snow, they came in the dead Winter to Aleppo in
Syria. Knolles's History of the Turks.
There is something unspeakably chearful in a spot of ground
which is covered with trees, that smiles amidst all the rigours
of Winter, and gives us a view of the most gay season in the
midst of that which is the most dead and melancholy. Add. Spect.
9. Still; obscure.
Their flight was only deferred until they might cover their
disorders by the dead darkness of the night. Hayward.
10. Having no resemblance of life.
At a second sitting, though I alter not the draught, I must
touch the same features over again, and change the dead co­
louring of the whole. Dryden's Fab. Preface.
11. Obtuse; dull; not sprightly. Used of sounds.
We took a bell of about two inches in diameter at the
bottom, which was supported, in the midst of the cavity of
the receiver, by a bent stick, by reason of its spring against
the opposite parts of the inside of the vessel; in which, when
it was closed up, we observed that the bell seemed to sound
more dead than it did when just before it sounded in the open
air. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
12. Dull; frigid; not animated; not affecting.
How cold and dead does a prayer appear, that is composed
in the most elegant forms of speech, when it is not heightened
by solemnity of phrase from the sacred writings. Addis. Spect.
13. Tasteless; vapid; spiritless: of liquors.
14. Uninhabited.
Somewhat is left under dead walls and dry ditches. Arbuthn.
15. Without the natural force or efficacy; as, a dead fire.
16. Without the power of vegetation; as, a dead bough.
17. [In theology.] The state of spiritual death, lying under
the power of sin.
You hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and
sins. Ephes. ii. 1.

The DEAD. n. s. Dead men.
Jove saw from high, with just disdain,
The dead inspir'd with vital life again. Dryd. Æn. b. vii.
The ancient Romans generally buried their dead near the
great roads. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
That the dead shall rise and live again, is beyond the disco­
very of reason, and is purely a matter of faith. Locke.
The tow'ring bard had sung in nobler lays,
How the last trumpet wakes the lazy dead. Smith.

DEAD. n. s. Time in which there is remarkable stillness or
gloom; as at midwinter, and midnight.
After this life, to hope for the favours of mercy then, is
to expect an harvest in the dead of winter. South's Sermons.
In the dead of the night, when the men and their dogs
were all fast asleep. L'Estrange.
At length, in dead of night, the ghost appears
Of her unhappy lord. Dryden's Virg. Æn.

To DEAD. v. n. [from the noun.] To lose force, of whatever
kind.
So iron, as soon as it is out of the fire, deadeth straitways.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 774.

To DEAD. v. a. To DE’ADEN. v. a. 
1. To deprive of any kind of force or sensation.
That the sound may be extinguished or deaded by dis­
charging the pent air, before it cometh to the mouth of the
piece, and to the open air, is not probable. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It is requisite that the tympanum be tense, and hard


stretched, otherwise the laxness of that membrane will cer­
tainly dead and damp the sound. Holder's Elements of Speech.
This motion would be quickly deadened by countermotions;
and we should not remember any thing, but 'till the next
impression. Glanv. Sceps. c. 6.
We will not oppose any thing to them that is hard
and stubborn, but by a soft answer deaden their force by
degrees. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Our dreams are great instances of that activity which is
natural to the human soul, and which is not in the power of
sleep to deaden or abate. Spectator, No. 487.
Anodyne, or abaters of pain, are such things as relax the
tension of the affected nervous fibres, or destroy the particu­
lar acrimony which occasions the pain, or what deadens the
sensation of the brain by procuring sleep. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To make vapid, or spiritless.
The beer and the wine, as well within water as above,
have not been palled or deaded at all. Bacon's Natural History.

DEAD-DOING. participial adj. [dead and do.] Destructive;
killing; mischievous; having the power to make dead.
Hold, O dear lord, your dead-doing hand;
Then loud he cry'd, I am your humble thrall. Fai. Queen.
They never care how many others
They kill, without regard of mothers,
Or wives or children, so they can
Make up some fierce, dead-doing man. Hudibras, p. i. can. 11.

DEAD-LIFT. n. s. [dead and lift.] Hopeless exigence.
And have no power at all, nor shift,
To help itself at a dead-lift. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.

DE’ADLY. adj. [from dead.]
1. Destructive; mortal; murtherous.
She that herself will shiver and disbranch
From her material sap, perforce must wither,
And come to deadly use. Shakespeare's King Lear.
She then on Romeo calls,
As if that name,
Shot from the deadly level of a gun,
Did murther her. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Dry mourning will decay more deadly bring,
As a North wind burns a too forward Spring;
Give sorrow vent, and let the sluices go. Dryden's Aurengb.
2. Mortal; implacable.
The Numidians, in number infinite, are deadly enemies
unto the Turks. Knolles's History of the Turks.

DE’ADLY. adv. 
1. In a manner resembling the dead.
Like dumb statues, of unbreathing stones,
Star'd each on other, and look'd deadly pale. Shakesp. R. III.
Young Arcite heard, and up he ran with haste,
And ask'd him why he look'd so deadly wan. Dryd. Fables.
2. Mortally.
I will break Pharaoh's arms, and he shall groan before him
with the groanings of a deadly wounded man. Ez. xxx. 24.
3. Implacably; irreconcileably; destructively.
4. It is sometimes used in a ludicrous sense, only to enforce the
signification of a word.
Mettled schoolboys set to cuff,
Will not confess that they have done enough,
Though deadly weary. Orrery.
John had got an impression, that Lewis was so deadly cun­
ning a man, that he was afraid to venture himself alone with
him. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

DE’ADNESS. n. s. [from dead.]
1. Frigidity; want of warmth; want of ardour; want of af­
fection.
His grace removes the defect of inclination, by taking of
our natural deadness and disaffection towards them. Rogers.
2. Weakness of the vital powers; languour; saintness; inacti­
vity of the spirits.
Your gloomy eyes betray a deadness,
And inward languishing. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
3. Vapidness of liquors; loss of spirit.
Deadness or flatness in cyder is often occasioned by the too
free admission of air into the vessels. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DE’ADNETTLE. n. s. A weed; the same with archangel.

DEAD-RECKONING. n. s. [a sea-term.] That estimation or
conjecture which the seamen make of the place where a ship
is, by keeping an account of her way by the log, by knowing
the course they have steered by the compass, and by rectifying
all with allowance for drift or lee-way; so that this reckon­
ing is without any observation of the sun, moon, and stars,
and is to be rectified as often as any good observation can be
had.

DEAF. adj. [doof, Dutch.]
1. Wanting the sense of hearing.
Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf. Shakespeare.
Infected minds
To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets. Shak. Mac.
The chief design here intended by this account of the na­
tural alphabet, is to prepare a more easy and expedite way to
instruct such as are deaf and dumb, and dumb only by con­
sequence of their want of hearing. Holder's Elem. of Speech.
If any sins afflict our life
With that prime ill, a talking wife,
'Till death shall bring the kind relief,
We must be patient, or be deaf. Prior.
Thus you may still be young to me,
While I can better hear than see:
Oh ne'er may fortune shew her spight,
To make me deaf, and mend my sight. Swift.
2. It has to before the thing that ought to be heard.
I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;
Nor tears, nor prayers shall purchase out abuses. Shakespeare.
Oh, that men's ears should be
To counsel deaf, but not to flattery! Shakespeare's Timon.
Whilst virtue courts them; but, alas, in vain:
Fly from her kind embracing arms,
Deaf to her fondest call, blind to her greatest charms. Rosc.
Not so, for once indulg'd, they sweep the main;
Deaf to the call, or, hearing, hear in vain. Dryden.
Hope, too long with vain delusion fed,
Deaf to the rumour of fallacious fame,
Gives to the roll of death his glorious name. Pope's Odyssey.
3. Deprived of the power of hearing.
Deaf with the noise, I took my hasty flight:
No mortal courage can support the fright. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
4. Obscurely heard.
Nor silence is within, nor voice express,
But a deaf noise of sounds that never cease;
Confus'd and chiding, like the hollow roar
Of tides, receding from th' insulted shoar. Dryden.
The rest were seiz'd with sullen discontent,
And a deaf murmur through the squadrons went. Dryden.

To DEAF. v. a. To deprive of the power of hearing.
Hearing hath deaf'd our sailors; and if they
Know how to hear, there's none know what to say. Donne.
A swarm of their aerial shapes appears,
And, flutt'ring round his temples, deafs his ears. Dryd. Æn.

To DE’AFEN. v. a. [from deaf.] To deprive of the power of
hearing.
But Salius enters; and exclaiming loud,
For justice deafens, and disturbs the crowd. Dryden's Virgil.
From shouting men, and horns, and dogs, he flies,
Deafen'd and stunn'd with their promiscuous cries. Addison.

DE’AFLY. adv. [from deaf.]
1. Without sense of sounds.
2. Obscurely to the ear.

DE’AFNESS. n. s. [from deaf.] Want of the power of hear­
ing; want of sense of sounds.
Those who are deaf and dumb, are dumb by consequence
from their deafness. Holder's Elements of Speech.
The Dunciad had never been writ, but at his request, and
for his deafness; for had he been able to converse with me, do
you think I had amused my time so ill? Pope.
2. Unwillingness to hear.
I found such a deafness, that no declaration from the bishops
could take place. King Charles.

DEAL. n. s. [deel, Dutch.]
1. Part.
A great deal of that which had been, was now to be re­
moved out of the church. Hooker, b. 4. sect. 14.
2. Quantity; degree of more or less. It is a general word for
expressing much joined with the word great.
When men's affections do frame their opinions, they are
in defence of errour more earnest a great deal than, for the
most part, sound believers in the maintainance of truth, ap­
prehending according to the nature of that evidence which
scripture yieldeth. Hooker, Preface.
There is, indeed, store of matters, fitter and better a great
deal for teachers to spend time and labour in. Hooker, b. iv.
To weep with them that weep, doth ease some deal;
But sorrow, flouted at, is double death. Shakes. Tit. Andron.
What a deal of cold business doth a man mispend the bet­
ter part of life in! In scattering compliments, and tendering
visits. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
The charge, some deal thee haply honour may,
That noble Dudone had while here he liv'd. Fairfax, b. v.
Possibly some never so much as doubted of the safety of
their spiritual estate; and, if so, let them rest assured, that
they have so much the more reason a great deal to doubt of
it. South's Sermons.
The author, who knew that such a design as this could not
be carried on without a great deal of artifice and sophistry,
has puzzled and perplexed his cause, by throwing his thoughts
together in a studied confusion. Addison's Freeholder, No. 31.
3. The art or practice of dealing cards.
How can the muse her aid support,
Unskill'd in all the terms of art!
Or in harmonious numbers put
The deal, the shuffle, and the cut. Swift.
4. [deyl, Dutch.] Firwood; the wood of pines.
I have also found, that a piece of deal, far thicker than one
would easily imagine, being purposely interposed betwixt my
eye, placed in a room; and the clearer daylight was not


only somewhat transparent, but appeared quite through a
lovely red. Boyle on Colours.

To DEAL. v. a. [deelen, Dutch.]
1. To distribute; to dispose to different persons.
Deal thy bread to the hungry, and bring the poor that are
cast out, to thy house. Isa. lviii. 7.
One with a broken truncheon deals his blows. Dryd. Fab.
The business of mankind in this life, being rather to act
than to know, their portion of knowledge is dealt them ac­
cordingly. Addison's Spectator, No. 237.
How Spain prepares her banners to unfold,
And Rome deals out her blessings and her gold. Tickell.
Had the philosophers and great men of antiquity been pos­
sessed of the art of printing, there is no question but they
would have made an advantage of it, in dealing out their
lectures to the publick. Addison's Spectator, No. 184.
If you deal out great quantities of strong liquor to the mob,
there will be many drunk. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To scatter; to throw about.
Keep me from the vengeance of thy darts,
Which Niobe's devoted issue felt,
When hissing through the skies, the feather'd deaths were
dealt. Dryden's Fables.
3. To give gradually, or one after another.
The nightly mallet deals resounding blows,
'Till the proud battlements her tow'rs inclose. Gay.
His lifted arms around his head he throws,
And deals, in whistling air, his empty blows. Dryd. Virgil.

To DEAL. v. n. 
1. To traffick; to transact business; to trade.
It is generally better to deal by speech than by letter; and
by the mediation of a third, than by a man himself. Bacon.
This is to drive a wholesale trade, when all other petty
merchants deal but for parcels. Decay of Piety.
They buy and sell, they deal and traffick. South.
2. To act between two persons; to intervene.
Sometimes he that deals between man and man, raiseth his
own credit with both, by pretending greater interest than he
hath in either. Bacon, Essay 55.
3. To behave well or ill in any transaction.
I doubt not, if he will deal clearly and impartially, but
that he will acknowledge all this to be true. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. To act in any manner.
Two deep enemies,
Foes to my rest, and my sweet sleep's disturbers,
Are they that I would have thee deal upon. Shakesp. R. III.
5. To DEAL by. To treat well or ill.
Such an one deals not fairly by his own mind, nor conducts
his own understanding aright. Locke.
6. To DEAL in. To have to do with; to be engaged in; to
practise.
Suiters are so distasted with delays and abuses, that plain­
dealing, in denying to deal in suits at first, is grown not only
honourable, but also gracious. Bacon, Essay 59.
The Scripture forbids even the countenancing a poor man
in his cause; which is a popular way of preventing justice,
that some men have dealt in, though without that success which
they proposed to themselves in it. Atterbury's Sermons.
Among all sets of authors, there are none who draw upon
themselves more displeasure than those who deal in political
matters. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.
True logick is not that noisy thing that deals all in dispute
and wrangling, to which the former ages had debased and con­
fined it. Watts's Logick.
7. To DEAL with. To treat in any manner; to use well or ill.
Neither can the Irish, nor yet the English lords, think
themselves wronged, nor hardly dealt with, to have that which
is none of their own given to them. Spenser's Ireland.
Who then shall guide
His people? Who defend? Will they not deal
Worse with his followers, than with him they dealt? Milton.
If a man would have his conscience deal clearly with him,
he must deal severely with that. South's Sermons.
God did not only exercise this providence towards his own
people, but he dealt thus also with other nations. Tillotson.
But I will deal the more civilly with his two poems, because
nothing ill is to be spoken of the dead. Dryd. Fab. Preface.
You wrote to me with the freedom of a friend, dealing
plainly with me in the matter of my own trifles. Pope.
Reflect on the merits of the cause, as well as of the men,
who had been thus dealt with by their country. Swift.
8. To DEAL with. To contend with.
If she hated me, I should know what passion to deal
with. Sidney, b. ii.
Gentlemen were commanded to remain in the country, to
govern the people, easy to be dealt with whilst they stand in
fear. Hayward.
Then you upbraid me; I am pleas'd to see
You're not so perfect, but can fail like me:
I have no God to deal with. Dryden's Aurcngzebe.

To DEA’LBATE. v. a. [dealbo, Lat.] To whiten; to bleach.

DEALBA’TION. n. s. [dealbatio, Lat.] The act of bleaching
or whitening; rendering things white, which were not so
before: a word which is now almost grown into disuse.
All seed is white in viviparous animals, and such as have
preparing vessels, wherein it receives a manifold dealbation.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 10.

DE’ALER. n. s. [from deal.]
1. One that has to do with any thing.
I find it common with these small dealers in wit and learn­
ing, to give themselves a title from their first adventure. Swift.
2. A trader or trafficker.
Where fraud is permitted and connived at, the honest
dealer is always undone, and the knave gets the advantage.
Gulliver's Travels.
3. A person who deals the cards.

DE’ALING. n. s. [from deal.]
1. Practice; action.
What these are!
Whose own hard dealings teach them to suspect
The thoughts of others. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Concerning the dealings of men, who adminster govern­
ment, and unto whom the execution of that law belongeth,
they have their judge, who fitteth in heaven. Hooker, b. ii.
But this was neither one pope's fault, nor one prince's
destiny: he must write a story of the empire, that means to
tell of all their dealings in this kind. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Intercourse.
It were to be wished, that men would promote it to the
happiness of one another, in all their private dealings, among
those who lie more immediately within their influence. Addis.
3. Measure of treatment; rules by which one treats another.
God's gracious dealings with men, are the aids and auxilia­
ries necessary to us in the pursuit of piety. Hammond's Fundam.
4. Traffick; business.
The doctor must needs die rich; he had great dealings in
his way for many years. Swift's Bickerstaff detected.

DEAMBULA’TION. n. s. [deambulatio, Latin.] The act of
walking abroad.

DEA’MBULATORY. adj. [deambulo, Latin.] Relating to the
practice of walking abroad.

DEAN. n. s. [decanus, Latin; doyen, French.]
From the Greek word δέϰα; in English, ten; because he
was anciently set over ten canons or prebendaries at least in
some cathedral church. Ayliffe's Parergon.
As there are two foundations of cathedral churches in Eng­
land, the old and the new, (the new are those which Henry
VIII. upon suppression of abbeys, transformed from abbot or
prior, and convent to dean and chapter) so there are two
means of creating these deans; for those of the old foundation
are brought to their dignity much like bishops, the king first
sending out his Congé d'elire to the chapter, the chapter then
chusing, the king yielding his royal assent, and the bishop con­
firming them, and giving his mandate to instal them. Those
of the new foundation are, by a shorter course, installed by
virtue of the king's letters patents, without either election or
confirmation. This word is also applied to divers, that are
chief of certain peculiar churches or chapels; as the dean of
the king's chapel, the dean of the Arches, the dean of St.
George's chapel at Windfor, and the dean of Bocking in
Essex. Cowel.
The dean and canons, or prebends of cathedral churches,
in their first institution, were of great use in the church:
they were not only to be of counsel with the bishop for his
revenue, but chiefly for his government in causes ecclesiasti­
cal. Use your best means to prefer such to those places who
are fit for that purpose. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

DE’ANERY. n. s. [from dean.]
1. The office of a dean.
When he could no longer keep the deanery of the chapel­
royal, he made him his successor in that near attendance upon
the king. Clarendon.
2. The revenue of a dean.
Put both deans in one; or, if that's too much trouble,
Instead of the deans, make the dean'ry double. Swift.
3. The house of a dean.
Take her by the hand, away with her to the deanery, and
dispatch it quickly. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

DE’ANSHIP. n. s. [from dean.] The office and rank of a dean.

DEAR. adj. [deor, Saxon.]
1. Beloved; favourite; darling.
Your brother Glo'ster hates you.
—Oh, no, he loves me, and he holds me dear. Shak. R. III.
The dear, dear name she bathes in flowing tears,
Hangs o'er the tomb. Addison's Ovid. Metam. b. ii.
And the last joy was dearer than the rest. Pope.
2. Valuable; of a high price; costly.
What made directors cheat the South sea year?
To feed on ven'son when it sold so dear. Pope.
3. Scarce; not plentiful; as, a dear year.
4. It seems to be sometimes used in Shakespeare for deer; sad;
hateful; grievous.
What foolish boldness brought thee to their mercies,


Whom thou in terms so bloody, and so dear,
Hast made thine enemies? Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Let us return,
And strain what other means is left unto us
In our dear peril. Shakespeare's Timon.
Some dear cause
Will in concealment wrap me up a-while:
When I am known aright, you shall not grieve
Lending me this acquaintance. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Would I had met my dearest foe in heav'n,
Or ever I had seen that day. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Thy other banish'd son, with this dear sight
Struck pale and bloodless. Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.

DEAR. n. s. A word of endearment.
That kiss
I carried from thee, dear; and my true lip
Hath virgin'd it e'er since. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Go, dear; each minute does new danger bring. Dryden.
See, my dear,
How lavish nature has adorn'd the year. Dryden.

DE’ARBOUGHT. adj. [dear and bought.] Purchased at an high
price.
O fleeting joys
Of Paradise, dearbought with lasting woe. Milton's Par. Lost.
Such dearbought blessings happen ev'ry day,
Because we know not for what things to pray. Dryd. Fables.
Forget not what my ransom cost,
Nor let my dearbought soul be lost. Roscommon.

DE’ARLING. n. s. [now written darling.] Favourite.
They do feed on nectar, heavenly wise,
With Hercules and Hebe, and the rest
Of Venus's dearlings, through her bounty blest. Spenser.

DE’ARLY. adv. [from dear.]
1. With great fondness.
For the unquestionable virtues of her person and mind, he
loved her dearly. Wotton.
2. At an high price.
It is rarely bought, and then also bought dearly enough with
such a fine. Bacon.
Turnus shall dearly pay for faith forsworn;
And corps, and swords, and shields, on Tyber born. Dryd.
My father dotes, and let him still dote on;
He buys his mistress dearly with his throne. Dryd. Aurengz.

To DEARN. v. a. [dyrnan, Sax. to hide.] To mend cloaths.
See DARN.

DE’ARNESS. n. s. [from dear.]
1. Fondness; kindness; love.
My brother, I think, he holds you well, and in dearness of
heart hath holp to effect your ensuing marriage. Shakespeare.
The whole senate dedicated an altar to friendship, as to a
goddess, in respect of the great dearness of friendship between
them two. Bacon, Essay 28.
He who hates his neighbour mortally, and wisely too, must
profess all the dearness and friendship, with readiness to serve
him. South's Sermons.
2. Scarcity; high price.
Landlords prohibit tenants from plowing, which is seen in
the dearness of corn. Swift.

DE’ARNLY. adv. [deorn, Sax.] Secretly; privately; unseen.
Obsolete.
At last, as chanc'd them by a forrest side
To pass, for succour from the scorching ray,
They heard a rueful voice, that dearnly cry'd
With piercing shrieks. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 1. stan. 35.

DEARTH. n. s. [from dear.]
1. Scarcity which makes food dear.
In times of dearth it drained much coin out of the kingdom,
to furnish us with corn from foreign parts. Bacon to Villiers.
There have been terrible years dearths of corn, and every
place is strewed with beggars; but dearths are common in bet­
ter climates, and our evils here lie much deeper. Swift.
2. Want; need; famine.
Pity the dearth that I have pined in,
By longing for that food so long a time. Shakespeare.
Of every tree that in the garden grows,
Eat freely with glad heart; fear here no dearth. Milt. P. L.
3. Barrenness; sterility.
They have brought on themselves that dearth of plot, and
narrowness of imagination, which may be observed in all
their plays. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.

To DEARTI’CULATE. n. s. [de and articulus, Latin.] To dis­
joint; to dismember. Dict.

DEATH. n. s. [deathæt, Saxon.]
1. The extinction of life; the departure of the soul from the
body.
He is the mediator of the New Testament, that by means
of death, for the redemption of the transgressions, they which
are called might receive the promise of eternal inhe­
ritance. Heb. ix. 15.
They say there is divinity in odd numbers, either in nati­
vity or death. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Death, a necessary end,
Will come, when it will come. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
He must his acts reveal,
From the first moment of his vital breath,
To his last hour of unrepenting death. Dryden's Æn. b. 6.
2. Mortality; destruction.
How did you dare
To trade and traffick with Macbeth,
In riddles and affairs of death? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. The state of the dead.
In swinish sleep
Their drenched natures lie, as in a death. Shakes. Macbeth.
4. The manner of dying.
Thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst
of the seas. Ez. xxviii. 8.
5. The image of mortality represented by a skeleton.
I had rather be married to a death's head, with a bone in
his mouth, than to either of these. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.
If I gaze now, 'tis but to see
What manner of death's head 'twill be,
When it is free
From that fresh upper skin;
The gazer's joy, and sin. Suckling.
6. Murder, the act of destroying life unlawfully.
As in manifesting the sweet influence of his mercy, on the
severe stroke of his justice; so in this, not to suffer a man of
death to live. Bacon, Essay 14.
7. Cause of death.
They cried out, and said, O thou man of God, there is
death in the pot. 2 Kings, iv. 40.
He caught his death the last county-sessions, where he would
go to see justice done to a poor widow woman. Addis. Spectat.
8. Destroyer.
All the endeavours Achilles used to meet with Hector, and
be the death of him, is the intrigue which comprehends the
battle of the last day. Pope's View of Epic Poetry.
9. [In poetry.] The instrument of death.
Deaths invisible come wing'd with fire;
They hear a dreadful noise, and straight expire. Dry. In. Em.
Sounded at once the bow; and swiftly flies
The feather'd death, and hisses through the skies. Dryd. Æn.
Oft, as in airy rings they skim the Heath,
The clam'rous plovers feel the leaden death. Pope.
10. [In theology.] Damnation; eternal torments.
We pray that God will keep us from all sin and wicked­
ness, from our ghostly enemy, and from everlasting death.
Church Catechism.

DEATH-BED. n. s. [death and bed.] The bed to which a man
is confined by mortal sickness.
Sweet soul, take heed, take heed of perjury;
Thou art on thy death-bed. Shakespeare's Othello.
Thy death-bed is no lesser than the land,
Wherein thou liest in reputation sick. Shakes. Richard II.
These are such things as a man shall remember with joy
upon his death-bed; such as shall chear and warm his heart,
even in that last and bitter agony. South's Sermons.
Then round our death-bed ev'ry friend should run,
And joyous of our conquest early won. Dryden's Fables.
A death-bed figure is certainly the most humbling sight in
the world. Collier on the Value of Life.
A death-bed repentance ought not indeed to be neglected,
because it is the last thing that we can do. Atterbury's Serm.
Fame can never make us lie down contentedly on a death­
bed. Pope.

DE’ATHFUL. adj. [death and full.] Full of slaughter; destruc­
tive; murderous.
Your cruelty was such, as you would spare his life for many
deathful torments. Sidney, b. ii.
Time itself, under the deathful shade of whose wings all
things wither, hath wasted that lively virtue of nature in man
and beasts, and plants. Raleigh's History of the World.
Blood, death, and deathful deeds are in that noise,
Ruin, destruction at the utmost point. Milton's Agonist.
These eyes behold
The deathful scene; princes on princes roll'd. Pope's Odyss.

DE’ATHLESS. adj. [from death.] Immortal; neverdying;
everlasting.
God hath only immortality, though angels and human
souls be deathless. Boyle.
Their temples wreath'd with leaves, that still renew;
For deathless laurel is the victor's due. Dryden.
Faith and hope themselves shall die,
While deathless charity remains. Prior.

DE’ATHLIKE. adj. [death and like.] Resembling death; still;
gloomy; motionless; placid; calm; peaceful; undisturbed;
resembling either the horrours or the quietness of death.
Why dost thou let thy brave soul lie supprest
In deathlike slumbers, while thy dangers crave
A waking eye and hand? Crashaw.
A deathlike sleep!
A gentle wasting to immortal life! Milton's Paradise Lost.
On seas, on earth, and all that in them dwell,
A deathlike quiet and deep silence fell. Waller.


Black melancholy fits, and round her throws
A deathlike slumber, and a dread repose. Pope.

DEATH’S-DOOR. [death and door.] A near approach to death;
the gates of death, πύλαι ἅδ. It is now a low phrase.
I myself knew a person of great sanctity, who was afflicted
to death's-door with a vomiting. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
There was a poor young woman that had brought herself
even to death's-door with grief for her sick husband. L'Estrange.

DE’ATHSMAN. n. s. [death and man.] Executioner; hang­
man; headsman; he that executes the sentence of death.
He's dead; I'm only sorry
He had no other deathsman. Shakespeare's King Lear.
As deathsmen you have rid this sweet young prince. Shak.

DE’ATHWATCH. n. s. [death and watch.] An insect that
makes a tinkling noise like that of a watch, and is supersti­
tiously imagined to prognosticate death.
The solemn deathwatch click'd the hour she dy'd. Gay.
We learn to presage approaching death in a family by ravens
and little worms, which we therefore call a deathwatch. Watts.

To DEA’URATE. v. a. [deauro, Latin.] To gild, or cover
with gold. Dict.

DEAURA’TION. n. s. [from deaurate.] The act of gilding.

DEB

DEBACCHA’TION. n. s. [debacchatio, Latin.] A raging; a
madness. Dict.

To DEBA’RB. adj. [from de and barba, Latin.] To deprive of
his beard. Dict.

To DEBA’RK v. a. [debarquer, Fr.] To disembark. Dict.

To DEBA’R. v. a. [from bar.] To exclude; to preclude; to
shut out from any thing; to hinder.
The same boats and the same buildings are found in coun­
tries two thousand miles distant, debarred from all commerce
by unpassable mountains, lakes and deserts. Raleigh's Essays.
Not so strictly hath our Lord impos'd
Labour, as to debar us when we need
Refreshment, whether food, or talk between,
Food of the mind. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 236.
Civility, intended to make us easy, is employed in laying
chains and fetters upon us, in debarring us of our wishes, and
in crossing our most reasonable desires. Swift's Examiner.

To DEBA’SE. v. a. [from base.]
1. To reduce from a higher to a lower state.
Homer intended to teach, that pleasure and sensuality debase
men into beasts. Notes on the Odyssey.
As much as you raise silver, you debase gold; for they are
in the condition of two things, put in opposite scales; as much
as the one rises, the other falls. Locke.
2. To make mean; to degenerate; to sink into meanness; to
make despicable.
It is a kind of taking God's name in vain, to debase reli­
gion with such frivolous disputes. Hooker, b. v. sect. 30.
A man of large possessions has not leisure to consider of
every slight expence, and will not debase himself to the ma­
nagement of every trifle. Dryden.
Restraining others, yet himself not free;
Made impotent by pow'r, debas'd by dignity. Dryden.
3. To sink; to vitiate with meanness.
He ought to be careful of not letting his subject debase his
style, and betray him into a meanness of expression. Addison.
4. To adulterate; to lessen in value by base admixtures.
He reformed the coin, which was much adulterated and
debased in the times and troubles of king Stephen. Hale.
Words so debas'd and hard, no stone
Was hard enough to touch them on. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.

DEBA’SEMENT. n. s. [from debase.] The act of debasing or
degrading.
It is a wretched debasement of that sprightly faculty, the
tongue, thus to be made the interpreter to a goat or boar.
Government of the Tongue, sect. 12.

DEBA’SER. n. s. [from debase.] He that debases; he that adul­
terates; he that degrades another; he that sinks the value of
things, or destroys the dignity of persons.

DEBA’TABLE. adj. [from debate.] Disputable; that which is,
or may be, subject to controversy.
The French requested, that the fishing of Tweede, the de­
batable ground, and the Scottish hostages, might be restored to
the Scots. Hayward.

A DEBA’TE. n. s. [debat, French.]
1. A personal dispute; a controversy.
Another way that men ordinarily use, to force others to
submit to their judgments, and receive their opinion in debate,
is to require the adversary to admit what they allege as a
proof, or to assign a better. Locke.
It is to diffuse a light over the understanding, in our enqui­
ries after truth, and not to furnish the tongue with debate and
controversy. Watts's Logick.
2. A quarrel; a contest.
Now, lords, if heav'n doth give successful end
To this debate that bleedeth at our doors,
We will our youth lead on to higher fields,
And draw no swords but what are sanctified. Shak. H. IV.
'Tis thine to ruin realms, o'erturn a state;
Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden's Æn.

To DERA’TE. v. a. [debate, French.] To controvert; to
dispute; to contest.
Debate thy cause with thy neighbour himself, and discover
not a secret to another. Prov. xxv. 9.
He could not debate any thing without some commotion,
even when the argument was not of moment. Clarendon.

To DEBATE. v. n. 
1. To deliberate.
Your sev'ral suits
Have been consider'd and debated on. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. To dispute.
He presents that great soul debating upon the subject of life
and death with his intimate friends. Tatler, No. 53.

DEBA’TEFUL. adj. [from debate.]
1. [Of persons.] Quarrelsome; contentious.
2. [Of things.] Contested; occasioning quarrels.

DEBA’TEMENT. n. s. [from debate.] Contest; controversy.
Without debatement further, more or less,
He should the bearers put to sudden death. Shakesp. Hamlet.

DEBA’TER. n. s. [from debate.] A disputant; a controvertist.

To DEBA’UCH. [desbaucher, Fr. debacchari, Latin.]
1. To corrupt; to vitiate.
This it is to counsel things that are unjust; first, to de­
bauch a king to break his laws, and then to seek protection.
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. To corrupt with lewdness.
Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires,
Men so disorder'd, so debauch'd and bold,
That this our court, infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To corrupt by intemperance.
No man's reason did ever dictate to him, that it is reason­
able for him to debauch himself by intemperance and brutish
sensuality. Tillotson, Sermon 6.

DEBA’UCH. n. s. [from the verb.] A fit of intemperance;
luxury; excess; lewdness.
He will for some time contain himself within the bounds of
sobriety; 'till within a little while he recovers his former de­
bauch, and is well again, and then his appetite returns. Calamy.
The first physicians by debauch were made;
Excess began, and sloth sustains the trade. Dryden's Fables.

DEBAUCHE’E. n. s. [from desbauché, French.] A lecher; a
drunkard; a man given to intemperance.
Could we but prevail with the greatest debauchees amongst
us to change their lives, we should find it no very hard matter
to change their judgments. South's Sermons.

DEBA’UCHER. n. s. [from debauch.] One who seduces others
to intemperance or lewdness; a corrupter.

DEBA’UCHERY. n. s. [from debauch.] The practice of excess;
intemperance; lewdness.
Oppose vices by their contrary virtues, hypocrisy by
sober piety, and debauchery by temperance. Sprat's Sermons.
These magistrates, instead of lessening enormities, occasion
just twice as much debauchery as there would be without them.
Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.

DEBA’UCHMENT. n. s. [from debauch.] The act of debauch­
ing or vitiating; corruption.
They told them ancient stories of the ravishment of chaste
maidens, or the debauchment of nations, or the extreme po­
verty of learned persons. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To DEBE’L. v. a. [debello, Latin.] To conquer; to
overcome in war.

To DEBE’LLATE. v. a. [debello, Latin.] To conquer; to
overcome in war.
It doth notably set forth the consent of all nations and ages,
in the approbation of the extirpating and debellating of giants,
monsters, and foreign tyrants, not only as lawful, but as me­
ritorious even of divine honour. Bacon's Holy War.
Him long of old
Thou didst debel, and down from heaven cast
With all his army. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iv.

DEBELLA’TION. n. s. [from debellatio, Lat.] The act of con­
quering in war.

DEBE’NTURE. n. s. [debentur, Latin, from debeo.] A writ or
note, by which a debt is claimed.
You modern wits, should each man bring his claim,
Have desperate debentures on your fame;
And little would be left you, I'm afraid,
If all your debts to Greece and Rome were paid. Swift.

DE’BILE. adj. [debilis, Lat.] Weak; feeble; languid; faint;
without strength; imbecile; impotent.
I have not wash'd my nose that bled,
Or foil'd some debile wretch, which without note
There's many else have done. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To DEBI’LITATE. v. a. [debilito, Latin.] To weaken; to
make faint; to enfeeble; to emasculate.
In the lust of the eye, the lust of the flesh, and the pride
of life, they seemed as weakly to fail as their debilitated poste­
rity ever after. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. 1. cant. 1.
The spirits being rendered languid, are incapable of venti­
lating and purifying the blood, and debilitated in attracting
nutriment for the parts. Harvey on Consumptions.

DEBILITA’TION. n. s. [from debilitatio, Lat.] The act of
weakening.


The weakness cannot return any thing of strength, honour,
or safety to the head, but a debilitation and ruin. K. Charles.

DEBI’LITY. n. s. [debilitas, Latin.] Weakness; feebleness;
languor; faintness; imbecillity.
Methinks I am partaker of thy passion,
And in thy case do glass mine own debility. Sidney.
Aliment too vaporous or perspirable will subject it to the
inconveniencies of too strong a perspiration, which are debi­
lity, faintings, and sometimes sudden death. Arbuthn. on Alim.

DEBONA’IR. adj. [debonnaire, Fr.] Elegant; civil; well­
bred; gentle; complaisant.
Crying, let be that lady debonair,
Thou recreant knight, and soon thyself prepare
To battle, if thou mean her love to gain. Fairy Queen.
He met her once a maying,
There on beds of violets blue,
And fresh blown roses wash'd in dew,
Fill'd her with thee, a daughter fair,
So bucksom, blithe, and debonair. Milton.
The nature of the one is debonair and accostable; of the
other, retired and supercilious; the one quick and sprightful,
the other flow and saturnine. Howel's Vocal Forest.
And she that was not only passing fair,
But was withal discreet and debonair,
Resolv'd the passive doctrine to fulfil. Dryden's Nun's Priest.

DEBONA’IRLY. adv. [from debonair.] Elegantly; with a gen­
teel air.

DEBT. n. s. [debitum, Latin; dette, French.]
1. That which one man owes to another.
There was one that died greatly in debt: well, says one, if
he be gone, then he hath carried five hundred ducats of mine
with him into the other world. Bacon, Apophth. 141.
The debt of ten thousand talents, which the servant owed
the king, was no slight ordinary sum. Duppa's Devotions.
To this great loss a sea of tears is due;
But the whole debt not to be paid by you. Waller.
Above a thousand pounds in debt,
Takes horse, and in a mighty fret
Rides day and night. Swift.
2. That which any one is obliged to do or suffer.
Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt;
He only liv'd but 'till he was a man,
But like a man he died. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DE’BTED. part. [from debt. To DEBT is not found.] In­
debted; obliged to.
Which do amount to three odd ducats more
Than I stand debted to this gentleman. Shak. Com. of Errours.

DE’BTOR. n. s. [debitor, Latin.]
1. He that owes something to another.
I am debtor both to the Greeks and to the Barbarians, both
to the wise and to the unwise. Ro. i. 14.
The case of debtors in Rome, for the first four centuries,
was, after the set time for payment, no choice but either to
pay, or be the creditor's slave. Swift.
2. One that owes money.
I'll bring your latter hazard back again,
And thankfully rest debtor for the first. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
If he his ample palm
Should hap'ly on ill-fated shoulder lay
Of debtor, strait his body, to the touch
Obsequious, as whilom knights were wont,
To some enchanted castle is convey'd. Philips.
There dy'd my father, no man's debtor;
And there I'll die, nor worse, nor better. Pope's Horace.
3. One side of an account-book.
When I look upon the debtor side, I find such innumerable
articles, that I want arithmetick to cast them up; but when I
look upon the creditor side, I find little more than blank
paper. Addison's Spectator, No. 549.

DEBULLI’TION. n. s. [debullitio, Lat.] A bubbling or seething
over. Dict.

DEC

DECACU’MINATED. adj. [decacuminatus, Latin.] Having the
top cut off. Dict.

DE’CADE. n. s. [δέϰα, Gr. decas, Latin.] The sum of ten;
a number containing ten.
Men were not only out in the number of some days, the
latitude of a few years, but might be wide by whole olym­
piads, and divers decades of years. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
We make cycles and periods of years; as decades, centuries,
and chiliads, chiefly for the use of computations in history,
chronology, and astronomy. Holder on Time.
All rank'd by ten; whole decades, when they dine,
Must want a Trojan slave to pour the wine. Pope's Iliad.

DECA’DENCY. n. s. [decadence, French.] Decay; fall. Dict.

DE’CAGON. n. s. [from δέϰα, ten, and γωνια, a corner.] A
plain figure in geometry, having ten sides and angles.

DE’CALOGUE. n. s. [δεϰαλογ, Greek.] The ten command­
ments given by God to Moses.
The commands of God are clearly revealed both in the
decalogue and other parts of sacred writ. Hammond.

To DECA’MP. v. n. [decamper, French.] To shift the camp;
to move off.

DECA’MPMENT. n. s. [from decamp.] The act of shifting the
camp.

To DECA’NT. v. a. [decanto, Lat. decanter, Fr.] To pour
off gently by inclination.
Take aqua fortis, and dissolve in it ordinary coined silver,
and pour the coloured solution into twelve times as much fair
water, and then decant or filtrate the mixture, that it may be
very clear. Boyle.
They attend him daily as their chief,
Decant his wine, and carve his beef. Swift.

DECANTA’TION. n. s. [decantation, Fr.] The act of decanting
or pouring off clear.

DECA’NTER. n. s. [from decant.] A glass vessel made for pour­
ing off liquor clear from the lees.

To DECA’PITATE. v. a. [decapito, Latin.] To behead.

To DECA’Y. v. n. [decheoir, Fr. from de and cadere, Latin.]
To lose excellence; to decline from the state of perfection;
to be gradually impaired.
The monarch oak
Three centuries grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state, and in three more decays. Dryden.
The garlands fade, the vows are worn away;
So dies her love, and so my hopes decay. Pope.

To DE’CAY. v. a. To impair; to bring to decay.
Infirmity, that decays the wise, doth ever make better the
fool. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Cut off a stock of a tree, and lay that which you cut off
to putrefy, to see whether it will decay the rest of the stock.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 995.
He was of a very small and decayed fortune, and of no good
education. Clarendon.
Decay'd by time and wars, they only prove
Their former beauty by your former love. Dryden.
In Spain our springs, like old men's children, be
Decay'd and wither'd from their infancy. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
It is so ordered, that almost every thing which corrupts the
soul decays the body. Addison's Guardian, No. 120.

DECA’Y. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Decline from the state of perfection; state of diminution.
What comfort to this great decay may come,
Shall be applied. Shakespeare's King Lear.
She has been a fine lady, and paints and hides
Her decays very well. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
And those decays, to speak the naked truth,
Through the defects of age, were crimes of youth. Denham.
By reason of the tenacity of fluids, and attrition of their
parts, and the weakness of elasticity in solids, motion is much
more apt to be lost than got, and is always upon the decay. Newt.
Each may feel encreases and decays,
And see now clearer and now darker days. Essay on Criticism.
Taught half by reason, half by mere decay,
To welcome death, and calmly pass away. Pope.
2. The effects of diminution; the marks of decay.
They think, that whatever is called old must have the decay
of time upon it, and truth too were liable to mould and rot­
tenness. Locke.
3. Declension from prosperity.
And if thy brother be waxen poor, and fallen in decay with
thee, then thou shalt relieve him. Levit. xxv. 35.
I am the very man,
That, from your first of difference and decay,
Have follow'd your sad steps. Shakespeare's King Lear.

DEC’AYER. n. s. [from decay.] That which causes decay.
Your water is a sore decayer of your whorson dead body.
Shakespeare's Hamlet.

DECE’ASE. n. s. [decessus, Lat.] Death; departure from life.
Lands are by human law, in some places, after the owner's
decease, divided unto all his children; in some, all descendeth
to the eldest son. Hooker, b. i. sect. 10.

To DECE’ASE. v. n. [decedo, Latin.] To die; to depart from
life.
He tells us Arthur is deceas'd to-night. Shakes. King John.
You shall die
Twice now, where others, that mortality
In her fair arms holds, shall but once decease. Chapm. Odyss.
His latest victories still thickest came,
As, near the centre, motion doth increase:
'Till he, press'd down by his own weighty name,
Did, like the vestal, under spoils decease. Dryden.

DECE’IT. n. s. [deceptio, Latin.]
1. Fraud; a cheat; a fallacy; any practice by which falshood is
made to pass for truth.
My lips shall not speak wickedness, nor my tongue utter
deceit. Job, xxvii. 4.
2. Stratagem; artifice.
His demand
Springs not from Edward's well-meant honest love,
But from deceit, bred by necessity. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
3. [In law.] A subtile wily shift or devise; all manner of craft,
subtilty, guile, fraud, wiliness, slightness, cunning, covin,
collusion, practice and offence, used to deceive another man
by any means, which hath no other proper or particular name
but offence. Cowel.



DECE’ITFUL. adj. [deceit and full.] Fraudulent; full of
deceit.
I grant him bloody,
Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful,
Sudden, malicious, smacking of ev'ry sin
That has a name. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The lovely young Lavinia once had friends,
And fortune smil'd, deceitful, on her birth. Thomson's Autumn.

DECE’ITFULLY. adv. [from deceitful.] Fraudulently; with
deceit.
Exercise of form may be deceitfully dispatched of course.
Wotton.

DECE’ITFULNESS. n. s. [from deceitful.] The quality of being
fraudulent; tendency to deceive.
The care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches,
choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful. Mat. xiii. 22.

DECE’IVABLE. adj. [from deceive.]
1. Subject to fraud; exposed to imposture.
Man was not only deceivable in his integrity, but the angels
of light in all their clarity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 1.
How would thou use me now, blind, and thereby
Deceivable, in most things as a child
Helpless; hence easily contemn'd and scorn'd,
And last neglected. Milton's Agonistes, l. 938.
2. Subject to produce errour; deceitful.
It is good to consider of deformity, not as a sign, which is
more deceivable, but as a cause which seldom faileth of the
effect. Bacon's Essays.
He received nothing but fair promises, which proved
deceivable. Hayward.
O everfailing trust
In mortal strength! And oh, what not in man
Deceivable and vain? Milton's Agonistes, l. 348.

DECE’IVABLENESS. n. s. [from deceivable.] Liableness to be
deceived.
He that has a great patron, has the advantage of his negli­
gence and deceivableness. Government of the Tongue, s. 8.

To DECE’IVE. v. a. [decipio, Latin.]
1. To cause to mistake; to bring into errour; to impose upon.
Some have been apt to be deceived into an opinion, that
there was a natural or divine right of primogeniture to both
estate and power. Locke.
2. To delude by stratagem.
3. To cut off from expectation.
The Turkish general, deceived of his expectation, with­
drew his fleet twelve miles off. Knolles's History of the Turks.
I now believ'd
The happy day approach'd, nor are my hopes deceiv'd. Dryd.
4. To mock; to fail.
They rais'd a feeble cry with trembling notes,
But the weak voice deceiv'd their gasping throats. Dryd. Æn.

DECE’IVER. n. s. [from deceive.] One that leads another into
errour; a cheat.
Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more;
Men were deceivers ever:
One foot in sea, and one on shore;
To one thing constant never. Shak. Much ado about Nothing.
As for his dismission out of France, they interpreted it not
as if he were detected, or neglected for a counterfeit de­
ceiver. Bacon's Henry VII.
Those voices, actions or gestures, which men have not by
any compact agreed to make the instruments of conveying
their thoughts one to another, are not the proper instruments
of deceiving, so as to denominate the person using them a
lyar or deceiver. South's Sermons.
It is to be admired how any deceiver can be so weak to
foretel things near at hand, when a very few months must
of necessity discover the imposture. Swift's Predictions.
Adieu, the heart-expanding bowl,
And all the kind deceivers of the soul. Pope's Horace.

DECE’MBER. n. s. [december, Latin.] The last month of the
year; but named december, or the tenth month, when the year
began in March.
Men are April when they woo, and December when they
wed. Shakespeare's As you like it.
What should we speak of,
When we are old as you? When we shall hear
The rain and wind beat dark December. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

DECE’MPEDAL. adj. [from decempeda, Latin.] Ten feet in
length. Dict.

DECE’MVIRATE. n. s. [decemviratus, Lat.] The dignity and
office of the ten governours of Rome, who were appointed to
rule the commonwealth instead of consuls. Their authority
subsisted only two years.

DE’CENCE. n. s. [decence, French; decet, Latin.]

DE’CENCY. n. s. [decence, French; decet, Latin.]
1. Propriety of form; proper formality; becoming ceremony.
Those thousand decencies, that daily flow
From all her words and actions. Milton's Paradise Lost.
In good works there may be goodness in the general; but
decence and gracefulness can be only in the particulars in doing
the good. Sprat's Sermons.
Were the offices of religion stript of all the external de­
cencies of worship, they would not make a due impression on
the minds of those who assist at them. Atterbury's Sermons.
She speaks, behaves, and acts just as she ought;
But never, never reached gen'rous thought:
Virtue she finds too painful an endeavour,
Content to dwell in decencies for ever. Pope.
2. Suitableness to character; propriety.
And must I own, she said, my secret smart?
What with more decence were in silence kept. Dryden's Æn.
The next consideration, immediately subsequent to the
being of a thing, is what agrees or disagrees with that thing;
what is suitable or unsuitable to it; and from this springs the
notion of decency or indecency, that which becomes or mis­
becomes. South's Sermons.
Sentiments which raise laughter, can very seldom be ad­
mitted with any decency into an heroick poem. Addis. Spectat.
3. Modesty; not ribaldry; not obscenity.
Immodest words admit of no defence;
For want of decency is want of sense. Roscommon.

DECE’NNIAL. adj. [from decennium, Latin.] What continues
for the space of ten years.

DECENNO’VAL. adj. [decem and novem, Latin.] Relating
to the number nineteen.

DECENNO’VARY. adj. [decem and novem, Latin.] Relating
to the number nineteen.
Meton, of old, in the time of the Peloponesian war, con­
stituted a decennoval circle, or of nineteen years; the same
which we now call the golden number. Holder on Time.
Seven months are retrenched in this whole decennovary pro­
gress of the epacts, to reduce the accounts of her motion and
place to those of the sun. Holder on Time.

DE’CENT. adj. [decens, Lat.] Becoming; fit; suitable.
Since there must be ornaments both in painting and poetry,
if they are not necessary, they must at least be decent; that is,
in their due place, and but moderately used. Dryden.

DE’CENTLY. adv. [from decent.] In a proper manner; with
suitable behaviour; without meanness or ostentation.
They could not decently refuse assistance to a person, who
had punished those who had insulted their relation. Broome.
2. Without immodesty.
Past hope of safety, 'twas his latest care,
Like falling Cæsar, decently to die. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
He performs what friendship, justice, truth require;
What could he more, but decently retire? Swift.

DECEPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from deceit.] Liableness to be de­
ceived.
Some errours are so fleshed in us, that they maintain their
interest upon the deceptibility of our decayed natures. Glanville.

DECE’PTIBLE. adj. [from deceit.] Liable to be deceived; open
to imposture; subject to fraud.
The first and father cause of common errour, is the com­
mon infirmity of human nature; of whose deceptible condi­
tion, perhaps, there should not need any other eviction than
the frequent errours we shall ourselves commit. Brown.

DECE’PTION. n. s. [deceptio, Latin.]
1. The act or means of deceiving; cheat; fraud; fallacy.
Being thus divided from truth in themselves, they are yet
farther removed by advenient deception. Brown's Vulgar Err.
All deception is a misapplying of those signs, which, by
compact or institution, were made the means of mens signi­
fying or conveying their thoughts. South's Sermons.
2. The state of being deceived.
Reason, not impossibly, may meet
Some specious object by the foe suborn'd,
And fall into deception unaware. Milton's Paradise Lost.

DECE’PTIOUS. adj. [from deceit.] Deceitful; apt to deceive.
Yet there is a credence in my heart,
That doth invert th' attest of eyes and ears;
As if those organs had deceptious functions,
Created only to calumniate. Shakespeare's Troil. and Cressida.

DECE’PTIVE. adj. [from deceit.] Having the power of de­
ceiving. Dict.

DECE’PTORY. adj. [from deceit.] Containing means of deceit. Dict.

DECE’RPT. adj. [decerptus, Lat.] Diminished; taken off. Dict.

DECE’RPTIBLE. adj. [decerpo, Latin.] That may be taken
off. Dict.

DECE’RPTION. n. s. [from decerpt.] The act of lessening, or
taking off. Dict.

DECERTA’TION. n. s. [decertatio, Latin.] A contention; a
striving; a dispute. Dict.

DECE’SSION. n. s. [decessio, Latin.] A departure; a going
away. Dict.

To DECHA’RM. v. a. [decharmer, French.] To counteract a
charm; to disinchant.
Notwithstanding the help of physick, he was suddenly
cured by decharming the witchcraft. Harvey on Consumptions.

To DECI’DE. v. a. [decido, Latin.]
1. To fix the event of; to determine.
The day approach'd when fortune should decide
Th' important enterprize, and give the bride. Dryd. Fables.
2. To determine a question or dispute.
In council oft, and oft in battle tried,
Betwixt thy master and the world decide. Granville.


Who shall decide, when doctors disagree,
And soundest casuists doubt? Pope.

DE’CIDENCE. n. s. [decido, Latin.]
1. The quality of being shed, or of falling off.
2. The act of falling away.
Men observing the decidence of their horn, do fall upon the
conceit that it annually rotteth away, and successively renew­
eth again. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 7.

DECI’DER. n. s. [from decide.]
1. One who determines causes.
I cannot think that a jester or a monkey, a droll or a pup­
pet, can be proper judges or deciders of controversy. Watts.
It is said that the man is no ill decider in common cases of
property, where party is out of the question. Swift.
2. One who determines quarrels.

DECI’DUOUS. adj. [deciduus, Latin.] Falling; not peren­
nial; not lasting through the year.
In botany the perianthium, or calyx, is deciduous with the
flower. Quincy.

DECI’DUOUSNESS. n. s. [from deciduous.] Aptness to fall;
quality of fading once a year. Dict.

DE’CIMAL. adj. [decimus, Latin.] Numbered by ten; multi­
plied by ten.
In the way we take now to name numbers by millions of
millions of millions, it is hard to go beyond eighteen, or, at
most, four and twenty decimal progressions, without con­
fusion. Locke.

To DE’CIMATE. v. a. [decimus, Latin.] To tithe; to take
the tenth.

DECIMA’TION. n. s. [from decimate.]
1. A tithing; a selection of every tenth by lot or otherwise.
2. A selection by lot of every tenth soldier, in a general mutiny,
for punishment.
By decimation and a tithed death,
Take thou the destin'd tenth. Shakespeare's Timon.
A decimation I will strictly make
Of all who my Charinus did forsake;
And of each legion each centurion shall die. Dryden.

To DECI’PHER. v. a. [dechiffrer, French.]
1. To explain that which is written in ciphers.
Zelmane, that had the same character in her heart, could
easily decipher it; and therefore, to keep him the longer in
speech, desired to know the conclusion of the matter, and
how the honest Dametas was escaped. Sidney.
Assurance is writ in a private character, not to be read,
nor understood, but by the conscience, to which the spirit of
God has vouchsafed to decipher it. South's Sermons.
2. To write out; to mark down in characters.
Could I give you a lively representation of guilt and hor­
rour on this hand, and paint out eternal wrath, and decipher
eternal vengeance on the other, then might I shew you the
condition of a sinner hearing himself denied by Christ. South.
Then were laws of necessity invented, that so every parti­
cular subject might find his principal pleasure, deciphered unto
him, in the tables of his laws. Locke.
3. To stamp; to characterise; to mark.
You are both decipher'd
For villains mark'd with rape. Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.
4. To unfold; to unravel; as, to decipher a perplexed affair.

DECI’PHERER. n. s. [from decipher.] One who explains
writings in cypher.

DECI’SION. n. s. [from decide.]
1. Determination of a difference.
Pleasure and revenge
Have ears more deaf than adders, to the voice
Of any true decision. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
The great number of the undertakers, the worth of some
of them, and their zeal to bring the matter to a decision, are
sure arguments of the dignity and importance of it. Woodward.
War is a direct appeal to God for the decision of some dis­
pute, which can by no other means be possibly determined.
Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Determination of an event.
The time approaches,
That will with due decision make us know
What we shall say we have, and what we owe. Shak. Macb.
Their arms are to the last decision bent,
And fortune labours with the vast event. Dryden's Aurengz.
3. It is used in Scotland for a narrative, or reports of the pro­
ceedings of the court of session there.

DECI’SIVE. adj. [from decide.]
1. Having the power of determining any difference.
Such a reflection, though it carries nothing perfectly deci­
sive in it, yet creates a mighty confidence in his breast, and
strengthens him much in his opinion. Atterbury's Sermons.
This they are ready to look upon as a determination on
their side, and decisive of the controversy between vice and
virtue. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Having the power of settling any event.
For on th' event,
Decisive of this bloody day, depends
The fate of kingdoms. Philips.

DECI’SIVELY. adv. [from decisive.] In a conclusive manner.

DECI’SIVENESS. n. s. [from decisive.] The power of termi­
nating any difference, or settling an event.

DECI’SORY. adj. [from decide.] Able to determine or decide.

To DECK. v. a. [decken, Dutch.]
1. To cover; to overspread.
Ye mists and exhalations, that now rise
From hill or steaming lake, dusky or grey,
'Till the sun paint your fleecy skirts with gold,
In honour to the world's great Author, rise!
Whether to deck with clouds th' uncolour'd sky,
Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers,
Rising or falling, still advance his praise. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. To dress; to array.
Sweet ornament! that decks a thing divine. Shakespeare.
Long may'st thou live to wail thy children's loss,
And see another, as I see thee now,
Deck'd in thy rights, as thou art stall'd in mine. Sh. R. III.
She sets to work millions of spinning worms,
That in their green shops weave the smooth-hair'd silk,
To deck her sons. Milton.
3. To adorn; to embellish.
But direful, deadly black, both leaf and bloom,
Fit to adorn the head, and deck the dreary tomb. Fai. Queen.
Now the dew with spangles deck'd the ground,
A sweeter spot of earth was never found. Dryden.
The god shall to his vot'ries tell
Each conscious tear, each blushing grace,
That deck'd dear Eloisa's face. Prior.

DECK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The floor of a ship.
Her keel plows hell,
And deck knocks heaven. B. Johnson.
We have also raised our second decks, and given more vent
thereby to our ordinance, trying on our nether overloop. Ralei.
If any, born and bred under deck, had no other informa­
tion but what sense affords, he would be of opinion that the
ship was as stable as a house. Glanv. Sceps. c. 11.
On high-rais'd decks the haughty Belgians ride,
Beneath whose shade our humble frigates go. Dryden.
Day to night they bring,
With hymns and peans, to the Bowyer king:
At sun-set to their ship they make return,
And snore secure on decks 'till rosy morn. Dryden's Iliad.
2. Pack of cards piled regularly on each other.
Besides gems, many other sorts of stones are regularly
figured: the Amianthus, of parallel threads, as in the pile of
velvet; and the Selenites, of parallel plates, as in a deck of
cards. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 2.

DE’CKER. n. s. [from deck.] A dresser; one that apparels or
adorns; a coverer.

To DECLA’IM. v. n. [declamo, Latin.] To harangue; to
speak to the passions; to rhetoricate; to speak set orations.
What are his mischiefs, consul? You declaim
Against his manners, and corrupt your own. B. Johns. Cat.
The splendid declaimings of novices and men of heat. South.
It is usual for masters to make their boys declaim on both
sides of an argument. Swift.
Dress up all the virtues in the beauties of oratory, and
declaim aloud on the praise of goodness. Watts's Improvement.

DECLA’IMER. n. s. [from declaim.] One who makes speeches
with intent to move the passions.
Your Salamander is a perpetual declaimer against
jealousy. Addison's Spectator, No. 198.

DECLAMA’TION. n. s. [declamatio, Latin.] A discourse ad­
dressed to the passions; an harangue; a set speech; a piece of
rhetorick.
The cause why declamations prevail so greatly, is, for that
men suffer themselves to be deluded. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
Thou mayst forgive his anger, while thou makest use of the
plainness of his declamation. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

DECLAMA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] A declaimer; an orator; a
rhetorician.
Who could, I say, hear this generous declamator, without
being fired at his noble zeal. Tatler, No. 56.

DECLA’MATORY. adj. [declamatorius, Latin.]
1. Relating to the practice of declaiming; pertaining to decla­
mation; treated in the manner of a rhetorician.
This a while suspended his interment, and became
a declamatory theme amongst the religious men of that
age. Wotton.
2. Appealing to the passions.
He has run himself into his own declamatory way, and
almost forgotten that he was now setting up for a moral
poet. Dryden.

DECLA’RABLE. adj. [from declare.] Capable of proof.
This is declarable from the best writers. Brown's Vulg. Err.

DECLARA’TION. n. s. [from declare.]
1. A proclamation or affirmation; oral expression; publication.
His promises are nothing else but declarations, what God
will do for the good of men. Hooker, b. i. s. 2.
Though wit and learning are certain and habitual perfec­


tions of the mind, yet the declaration of them, which alone
brings the repute, is subject to a thousand hazards. South.
There are no where so plain and full declarations of his
mercy and love to the sons of men, as are made in the
gospel. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
2. An explanation of something doubtful. Obsolete.
3. [In law.] Declaration (declaratio) is properly the shewing
forth, or laying out, of an action personal in any suit, though
it is used sometimes for both personal and real actions. Cowel.

DECLA’RATIVE. adj. [from declare.] Making declaration;
explanatory.
The names of things should be always taken from some­
thing observably declarative of their form or nature. Grew.
2. Making proclamation.
To this we may add the vox populi, so declarative on the
same side. Swift's Examiner, No. 44.

DECLA’RATORILY. adv. [from declaratory.] In the form of a
declaration; not promissively; not in a decretory form.
Andreas Alciatus the civilian, and Franciscus de Cordua,
have both declaratorily confirmed the same. Brown's Vulg. Err.

DECLA’RATORY. adj. [from declare.] Affirmative; expressive;
not decretory; not promissory.
These blessings are not only declaratory of the good plea­
sure and intention of God towards them, but likewise of the
natural tendency of the thing. Tillotson, Serm. 4.

To DECLA’RE. v. a. [declaro, Latin.]
1. To clear; to free from obscurity.
To declare this a little, we must assume that the surfaces of
such bodies are exactly smooth. Boyle on Colours.
2. To make known; to tell evidently and openly.
It hath been declared unto some of you, that there are con­
tentions among you. 1 Cor. i. 11.
The sun by certain signs declares,
Both when the South projects a stormy day,
And when the clearing North will puff the clouds away.
Dryden's Virg. Geor. l. 620.
3. To publish; to proclaim.
Declare his glory among the heathens. 1 Chron. xvi. 24.
4. To shew in open view.
We are a considerable body, who, upon a proper occasion,
would not fail to declare ourselves. Addison.

To DECLA’RE. v. n. To make a declaration; to proclaim
some resolution or opinion, some favour or opposition.
The internal faculties of will and understanding, decreeing
and declaring against them. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
God is said not to have left himself without witness in the
world, there being something fixed in the nature of men that
will be sure to testify and declare for him. South's Sermons.
Like fawning courtiers, for success they wait;
And then come smiling, and declare for fate. Dryden.

DECLA’REMENT. n. s. [from declare.] Discovery; declara­
tion; testimony.
Crystal will calify into electricity; that is, a power to at­
tract straws, or light bodies, and convert the needle freely
placed, which is a declarement of very different parts. Brown.

DECLA’RER. n. s. [from declare.] A proclaimer; one that
makes any thing known.

DECLE’NSION. n. s. [declinatio, Latin.]
1. Tendency from a greater to a less degree of excellence.
A beauty-waining and distressed widow,
Ev'n in the afternoon of her best days,
Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his thoughts
To base declension. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Take the picture of a man in the greenness and vivacity of
his youth, and in the latter date and declensions of his droop­
ing years, and you will scarce know it to belong to the same
person. South's Sermons.
2. Declination; descent.
We may reasonably allow as much for the declension of the
land from that place to the sea, as for the immediate height
of the mountain. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Inflexion; manner of changing nouns.
Declension is only the variation or change of the termina­
tion of a noun, whilst it continues to signify the same thing.
Clarke's Latin Grammar.

DECLI’NABLE. adj. [from decline.] Having variety of termi­
nations; as, a declinable noun.

DECLINA’TION. n. s. [declinatio, Latin.]
1. Descent; change from a better to a worse state; decay.
The queen, hearing of the declination of a monarchy, took it
so ill, as she would never after hear of his suit. Bacon, Ess. 23.
Hope waits upon the flow'ry prime;
And Summer, though it be less gay,
Yet is not look'd on as a time
Of declination or decay. Waller.
2. The act of bending down; as, a declination of the head.
3. Variation from rectitude; oblique motion; obliquity.
Supposing there were a declination of atoms, yet will it not
effect what they intend; for then they do all decline, and so
there will be no more concourse than if they did perpendicu­
larly descend. Ray on the Creation.
This declination of atoms in their descent, was itself either
necessary or voluntary. Bentley.
4. Variation from a fixed point.
There is no declination of latitude, nor variation of the
elevation of the pole, notwithstanding what some have as­
serted. Woodward's Natural History.
5. [In navigation.] The variation of the needle from the true
meridian of any place to the East or West.
6. [In astronomy.] The declination of a star we call its shortest
distance from the equator. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 13.
7. [In grammar.] The declension or inflection of a noun
through its various terminations.
8. DECLINATION of a Plane [in dialing], is an arch of the
horizon, comprehended either between the plane and the prime
vertical circle, if accounted from the East or West; or else
between the meridian and the plane, if accounted from the
North or South. Harris.

DECLINA’TOR. n. s. [from decline.] An instrument in dial­
ing, by which the declination, reclination,
and inclination of planes are determined. Chambers.

DECLI’NATORY. n. s. [from decline.] An instrument in dial­
ing, by which the declination, reclination,
and inclination of planes are determined. Chambers.
There are several ways to know the several planes; but the
readiest is by an instrument called a declinatory, fitted to the
variation of your place. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To DECLI’NE. v. n. [declino, Latin.]
1. To lean downward.
And then with kind embracements, tempting kisses,
And with declining head into his bosom,
Bid him shed tears, as being overjoy'd. Shakespeare.
2. To deviate; to run into obliquities.
Neither shalt thou speak in a cause to decline after many,
to wrest judgment. Ex. xxiii. 2.
3. To shun; to avoid to do any thing.
4. To sink; to be impaired; to decay. Opposed to improve­
ment or exaltation.
Sons at perfect age, and fathers declining, the father should
be as a ward to the son. Shakespeare's King Lear.
They'll be by th' fire, and presume to know
What's done i' th' capitol; who's like to rise,
Who thrives, and who declines. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Sometimes nations will decline so low
From virtue, which is reason, that no wrong,
But justice, and some fatal curse annex'd,
Deprives them of their outward liberty. Milton's Par. Lost.
That empire must decline,
Whose chief support and sinews are of coin. Waller.
And nature, which all acts of life designs,
Not like ill poets, in the last declines. Denham.
Thus then my lov'd Euryalus appears;
He looks the prop of my declining years! Dryden's Æn.
Next that, is when autumnal warmth declines;
E'er heat is quite decay'd, or cold begun,
Or Capricorn admits the Winter sun. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
Faith and morality are declined among us. Swift.
God, in his wisdom, hath been pleased to load our declining
years with many sufferings, with diseases, and decays of
nature. Swift.

To DECLI’NE. v. a. 
1. To bend downward; to bring down.
And now fair Phœbus 'gan decline in haste,
His weary waggon to the western vale. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
And leaves the semblance of a lover, fixt
In melancholy deep, with head declin'd,
And love-dejected eyes. Thomson's Spring, l. 1020.
2. To shun; to avoid; to refuse; to be cautious of.
He had wisely declined that argument, though in their com­
mon sermons they gave it. Clarendon, b. viii.
Since the muses do invoke my pow'r,
I shall no more decline that sacred bow'r,
Where Gloriana, their great mistress, lies. Waller.
Though I the business did decline,
Yet I contriv'd the whole design,
And sent them their petition. Denham.
If it should be said that these minute bodies are indissoluble,
because it is their nature to be so, that would not be to ren­
der a reason of the thing proposed, but, in effect, to decline
rendering any. Boyle's History of Firmness.
Could her mind have been captivated with the glories of
this world, she had them all laid before her; but she gene­
rously declined them, because she saw the acceptance of them
was inconsistent with religion. Addison's Freeholder, No. 21.
Whatever they judged to be most agreeable, or disagree­
able, they would pursue or decline. Atterbury.
3. To modify a word by various terminations; to inflect.
You decline musa, and construe Latin, by the help of a
tutor, or with some English translation. Watts's Improvement.

DECLI’NE. n. s. [from the substantive.] The state of tendency
to the worse; diminution; decay. Contrary to increase,
improvement, or elevation.
Thy rise of fortune did I only wed;
From its decline, determin'd to recede. Prior.
Those fathers lived in the decline of literature. Swift.

DECLI’VITY. n. s. [declivis, Latin.] Inclination or obliquity
reckoned downwards; gradual descent; not precipitous or
perpendicular: the contrary to acclivity.
Rivers will not flow, unless upon declivity, and their


sources be raised above the earth's ordinary surface, so that
they may run upon a descent. Woodward's Nat. History.
I found myself within my depth; and the declivity was so
small, that I walked near a mile before I got to the shore.
Gulliver's Travels.

DECLI’VOUS. adj. [declivis, Lat.] Gradually descending; not
precipitous; not perpendicularly sinking: the contrary to
acclivous; moderately steep.

To DECO’CT. v. a. [decoquo decoctum, Latin.]
1. To prepare by boiling for any use; to digest in hot water.
2. To digest by the heat of the stomach.
There she decocts, and doth the food prepare;
There she distributes it to ev'ry vein,
There she expels what she may fitly spare. Davies.
3. To boil in water, so as to draw the strength or virtue of any
thing.
The longer malt or herbs are decocted in liquor, the clearer
it is. Bacon's Natural History, No. 308.
4. To boil up to a consistence; to strengthen or invigorate by
boiling.
Can sodden water, their barley-broth,
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat. Shakesp. H. V.

DECO’CTIBLE. adj. [from decoct.] That which may be boiled,
or prepared by boiling. Dict.

DECO’CTION. n. s. [decoctum, Latin.]
1. The act of boiling any thing, to extract its virtues.
In infusion the longer it is, the greater is the part of the
gross body that goeth into the liquor; but in decoction, though
more goeth forth, yet it either purgeth at the top, or settleth
at the bottom. Bacon's Natural History, No. 308.
2. A preparation made by boiling in water.
They distil their husbands land
In decoctions; and are mann'd
With ten emp'rics, in their chamber
Lying for the spirit of amber. Ben. Johnson.
If the plant be boiled in water, the strained liquor is called
the decoction of the plant. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DECO’CTURE. n. s. [from decoct.] A substance drawn by
decoction.

DECOLLA’TION. n. s. [decollatio, Lat.] The act of beheading.
He, by a decollation of all hope, annihilated his mercy:
this, by an immoderancy thereof, destroyed his justice. Brown.

DECOMPO’SITE. adj. [decompositus, Latin.] Compounded a
second time; compounded with things already composite.
Decomposites of three metals, or more, are too long to in­
quire of, except there be some compositions of them already
observed. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

DECOMPOSI’TION. n. s. [decompositus, Lat.] The act of com­
pounding things already compounded.
We consider what happens in the compositions and decom­
positions of saline particles. Boyle.

To DECOMPO’UND. v. a. [decompono, Latin.] To compose
of things already compounded; to compound a second time;
to form by a second composition.
Nature herself doth in the bowels of the earth make decom­
pounded bodies, as we see in vitriol, cinnabar, and even in
sulphur itself. Boyle's Scept. Chym.
When a word stands for a very complex idea, that is com­
pounded and decompounded, it is not easy for men to form and
retain that idea exactly. Locke.
If the violet, blue and green, be intercepted, the remaining
yellow, orange, and red, will compound upon the paper an
orange; and then, if the intercepted colours be let pass, they
will fall upon this compounded orange, and, together with it,
decompound a white. Newton's Opt.

DECOMPO’UND. adj. [from the verb.] Composed of things or
words already compounded; compounded a second time.
The pretended salts and sulphur are so far from being
elementary parts extracted out of the body of mercury, that
they are rather, to borrow a term of the grammarians, decom­
pound bodies, made up of the whole metal and the menstruum,
or other additaments employed to disguise it. Boyle.
No body should use any compound or decompound of the
substantial verbs, but as they are read in the common conju­
gations. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

DE’CORAMENT. n. s. [from decorate.] Ornament; embellish­
ment. Dict.

To DE’CORATE. v. a. [decoro, Latin.] To adorn; to em­
bellish; to beautify.

DECORA’TION. n. s. [from decorate.] Ornament; embellish­
ment; added beauty.
The ensigns of virtues contribute to the ornament of
figures; such as the decorations belonging to the liberal arts,
and to war. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
This helm and heavy buckler I can spare,
As only decorations of the war:
So Mars is arm'd for glory, not for need. Dryden.

DECORA’TOR. n. s. [from decorate.] An adorner; an embel­
lisher. Dict.

DECO’ROUS. adj. [decorus, Latin.] Decent; suitable to a cha­
racter; becoming; proper; befitting; seemly.
It is not so decorous, in respect of God, that he should im­
mediately do all the meanest and triflingest things himself,
without making use of any inferiour or subordinate mi­
nister. Ray on the Creation.

To DECO’RTICATE. v. a. [decortico, Latin.] To divest of
the bark or husk; to husk; to peel; to strip.
Take great barley, dried and decorticated, after it is well
washed, and boil it in water. Arbuthnot on Coins.

DECORTICA’TION. n. s. [from decorticate.] The act of stripping
the bark or husk.

DECO’RUM. n. s. [Latin.] Decency; behaviour contrary to
licentiousness, contrary to levity; seemliness.
If your master
Would have a queen his beggar, you must tell him,
That majesty, to keep decorum, must
No less beg than a kingdom. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleop.
I am far from suspecting simplicity, which is bold to tres­
pass in points of decorum. Wotton.
Beyond the fix'd and settled rules
Of vice and virtue in the schools,
The better sort should set before 'em
A grace, a manner, a decorum. Prior.
Gentlemen of the army should be, at least, obliged to ex­
ternal decorum: a profligate life and character should not be a
means of advancement. Swift.
He kept with princes due decorum;
Yet never stood in awe before 'em. Swift.

To DECO’Y. v. a. [from koey, Dutch, a cage.] To lure into
a cage; to intrap; to draw into a snare.
A fowler had taken a patridge, who offered to decoy her
companions into the snare. L'Estrange.
Decoy'd by the fantastick blaze,
Now lost, and now renew'd, he sinks absorpt,
Rider and horse. Thomson's Autumn, l. 1165.

DECO’Y. n. s. [from the verb.] Allurement to mischiefs;
temptation.
The devil could never have had such numbers, had he not
used some as decoys to ensnare others. Government of the Tongue.
These exuberant productions of the earth became a con­
tinual decoy and snare: they only excited and fomented lusts.
Woodward's Natural History.
An old dramdrinker is the devil's decoy. Berkley.

DECO’YDUCK. n. s. A duck that lures others.
There is likewise a sort of ducks, called decoyducks, that
will bring whole flights of fowl to their retirements, where
are conveniences made for catching them. Mortimer's Husb.

To DECRE’ASE. v. n. [decresco, Latin.] To grow less; to
be diminished.
From the moon is the sign of feasts, a light that decreaseth
in her perfection. Ecclus. xliii. 7.
Unto fifty years the heart annually increaseth the weight of
one drachm; after which, in the same proportion, it de­
creaseth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 20.
It is to be observed, that when the sun comes to his tro­
picks, days increase and decrease but a very little for a great
while together. Newton's Opt.

To DECRE’ASE. v. a. To make less; to diminish.
He did dishonourable find
Those articles, which did our state decrease. Daniel's C. War.
Nor cherish'd they relations poor,
That might decrease their present store. Prior.
Heat increases the fluidity of tenacious liquids, as of oil,
balsam, and honey; and thereby decreases their resistance. Newt.

DECRE’ASE. n. s. [from the verb.] The state of growing less;
decay.
By weak'ning toil, and hoary age o'ercome,
See thy decrease, and hasten to thy tomb. Prior.
2. The wain; the time when the visible face of the moon grows
less.
See in what time the seeds, set in the increase of the moon,
come to a certain height, and how they differ from those that
are set in the decrease of the moon. Bacon's Natural History.

To DECRE’E. v. n. [decretum, Latin.] To make an edict;
to appoint by edict; to establish by law; to determine; to
resolve.
They shall see the end of the wise, and shall not under­
stand what God in his counsel hath decreed of him. Wisd. iv.
Father eternal! Thine is to decree;
Mine, both in heav'n and earth, to do thy will.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 68.
Had heav'n decreed that I should life enjoy,
Heav'n had decreed to save unhappy Troy. Dryden's Æn.

To DECRE’E. v. a. To doom or assign by a decree.
Thou shalt also decree a thing, and it shall be established. Job.
The king their father,
On just and weighty reasons, has decreed
His sceptre to the younger. Rowe's Ambitious Step-mother.

DECRE’E. n. s. [decretum, Latin.]
1. An edict; a law.
If you deny me, fie upon your law!
There is no force in the decrees of Venice. Shakespeare.
There went a decree from Cæsar Augustus, that all the
world should be taxed. Luke ii. 1.


Are we condemn'd by fate's unjust decree,
No more our houses and our homes to see? Dryden's Virg.
The Supreme Being is sovereignly good; he rewards the
just, and punishes the unjust: and the folly of man, and not
the decree of heaven, is the cause of human calamity. Broome.
2. An established rule.
When he made a decree for the rain, and a way for the
lightning of the thunder. Job xxviii. 26.
3. A determination of a suit, or litigated cause.
4. [In canon law.] An ordinance, which is enacted by the
pope himself, by and with the advice of his cardinals in coun­
cil assembled, without being consulted by any one thereon.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

DE’CREMENT. n. s. [decrementum, Latin.] Decrease; the state
of growing less; the quantity lost by decreasing.
Upon the tropick, and first descension from our solstice,
we are scarce sensible of declination; but declining farther,
our decrement accelerates: we set apace, and in our last days
precipitate into our graves. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Rocks, mountains, and the other elevations of the earth,
suffer a continual decrement, and grow lower and lower. Woodw.

DECRE’PIT. adj. [decrepitus, Latin.] Wasted and worn out
with age; in the last stage of decay.
Decrepit miser! base, ignoble wretch! Shakesp. H. VI.
These years were short of many mens lives in this decrepit
age of the world, wherein many exceed fourscore, and some
an hundred years. Raleigh's History of the World.
This pope is decrepit, and the bell goeth for him: take or­
der that there be chosen a pope of fresh year. Bacon's H. War.
Decrepit superstition, and such as had their nativity in times
beyond all history, are fresh in the observation of many
heads. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
And from the North to call
Decrepit Winter. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 655.
Who this observes, may in his body find
Decrepit age, but never in his mind. Denham.
Propp'd on his staff, and stooping as he goes,
A painted mitre shades his furrow'd brows;
The god, in the decrepit form array'd,
The gardens enter'd, and the fruits survey'd. Pope.
The charge of witchcraft inspires people with a malevo­
lence towards those poor decrepit parts of our species, in
whom human nature is defaced by infirmity and dotage. Addis.

To DECRE’PITATE. v. a. [decrepo, Latin.] To calcine salt
till it has ceased to crackle in the fire.
So will it come to pass in a pot of salt, although decrepitated.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

DECREPITA’TION. n. s. [from decrepitate.] The crackling
noise which salt makes, when put over the fire in a cru­
cible. Quincy.

DECRE’PITNESS. n. s. [from decrepit.] The last stage of de­
cay; the last effects of old age.

DECRE’PITUDE. n. s. [from decrepit.] The last stage of de­
cay; the last effects of old age.
Mother earth, in this her barrenness and decrepitness of age,
can procreate such swarms of curious engines. Bentley's Serm.

DECRE’SCENT. adj. [from decrescens, Latin.] Growing less;
being in a state of decrease.

DE’CRETAL. adj. [decretum, Latin.] Appertaining to a decree;
containing a decree.
A decretal epistle is that which the pope decrees either by
himself, or else by the advice of his cardinals; and this must
be on his being consulted by some particular person or per­
sons thereon. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DE’CRETAL. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A book of decrees or edicts; a body of laws.
The second room, whose walls
Were painted fair with memorable gests,
Of magistrates, of courts, of tribunals,
Of commonwealths, of states, of policy,
Of laws, of judgments, and of decretals. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. The collection of the pope's decrees.
Traditions and decretals were made of equal force, and as
authentical as the sacred charter itself. Howel's Vocal Forrest.

DE’CRETIST. n. s. [from decree.] One that studies or professes
the knowledge of the decretal.
The decretists had their rise and beginning under the reign
of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DE’CRETORY. adj. [from decree.]
1. Judicial; definitive.
There are lenitives that friendship will apply, before it will
be brought to the decretory rigours of a condemning sentence.
South's Sermons.
2. Critical; in which there is some definitive event.
The motions of the moon, supposed to be measured by
sevens, and the critical or decretory days, depend on that
number. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

DECRI’AL. n. s. [from decry.] Clamorous censure; hasty or
noisy condemnation; concurrence in censuring any thing.

To DECRY’. v. a. [dercrier, French.] To censure; to blame
clamorously; to clamour against.
Malice in criticks reigns so high.
That for small errours they whole plays decry. Dryden.
Those measures which are extolled by one half of the
kingdom, are naturally decryed by the other. Addison's Freeh.
They applied themselves to lessen their authority, decryed
them as hard and unnecessary restraints. Rogers, Serm. 17.
Quacks and impostors are still cautioning us to beware of
counterfeits, and decry others cheats only to make more way
for their own. Swift.

DECU’MBENCE. n. s. [decumbo, Latin.] The act of lying
down; the posture of lying down.

DECU’MBENCY. n. s. [decumbo, Latin.] The act of lying
down; the posture of lying down.
This must come to pass, if we hold opinion they lie not
down, and enjoy no decumbence at all; for station is properly no
rest, but one kind of motion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
Not considering the ancient manner of decumbency, he im­
puted this gesture of the beloved disciple unto rusticity, or an
act of incivility. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 6.

DECU’MBITURE. n. s. [from decumbo, Latin.]
1. The time at which a man takes to his bed in a disease.
2. [In astrology.] A scheme of the heavens erected for that
time, by which the prognosticks of recovery or death are dis­
covered.
If but a mile she travel out of town,
The planetary hour must first be known,
And lucky moment: if her eye but akes,
Or itches, its decumbiture she takes. Dryden's Juv. Sat. vi.

DE’CUPLE. adj. [decuplus, Latin.] Tenfold; the same number
ten times repeated.
Man's length, that is, a perpendicular from the vertex unto
the sole of the foot, is decuple unto his profundity; that is, a
direct line between the breast and the spine. Brown's Vul. Err.
Supposing there be a thousand sorts of insects in this island,
if the same proportion holds between the insects of England
and of the rest of the world, as between plants domestick and
exotick, that is, near a decuple, the species of insects will
amount to ten thousand. Ray on the Creation.

DECU’RION. n. s. [decurio, Lat.] A commander over ten; an
officer subordinate to the centurion.
He instituted decurions through both these colonies, that is,
one over every ten families. Temple.

DECU’RSION. n. s. [decursus, Lat.] The act of running down.
What is decayed by that decursion of waters, is supplied by
the terrene fœces which water brings. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.

DECURTA’TION. n. s. [decurtatio, Latin.] The act of cutting
short, or shortening.

To DECU’SSATE. v. a. [decusso, Latin.] To intersect at
acute angles.
This it performs by the action of a notable muscle on each
side, of a great length, having the form of the letter X,
made up of many fibres, decussating one another longways. Ray.

DECUSSA’TION. n. s. [from decussate.] The act of crossing;
state of being crossed at unequal angles.
Though there be decussation of the rays in the pupil of the
eye, and so the image of the object in the retina, or bottom
of the eye, be inverted; yet doth not the object appear in­
verted, but in its right or natural posture. Ray on the Creation.

DED

To DEDE’CORATE. v. a. [dedecoro, Latin.] To disgrace;
to bring a reproach upon. Dict.

DEDECORA’TION. n. s. [from dedecorate.] The act of dis­
gracing; disgrace. Dict.

DEDE’COROUS. adj. [dedecus, Lat.] Disgraceful; reproachful;
shameful. Dict.

DEDENTI’TION. n. s. [de and dentitio, Lat.] Loss or shedding
of the teeth.
Solon divided it into ten septenaries, because in every one
thereof a man received some sensible mutation: in the first is
dedentition, or falling of teeth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

To DE’DICATE. v. a. [dedico, Latin.]
1. To devote to some divine power; to consecrate and set apart
to sacred uses.
A pleasant grove
Was shot up high, full of the stately tree
That dedicated is to olympick Jove,
And to his son Alcides, when as he
Gain'd in Nemea goodly victory. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5.
The princes offered for dedicating the altar, in the day that
it was anointed. Num. vii. 10.
Warn'd by the seer, to her offended name
We rais'd, and dedicate this wond'rous frame. Dryden's Æn.
2. To appropriate solemnly to any person or purpose.
There cannot be
That vulture in you to devour so many,
As will to greatness dedicate themselves. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Ladies, a gen'ral welcome from his grace
Salutes you all: this night he dedicates
To fair content and you. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He went to learn the profession of a soldier, to which he
had dedicated himself. Clarendon.
Bid her instant wed,
And quiet dedicate her remnant life
To the just duties of an humble wife. Prior.
3. To inscribe to a patron.
He compiled ten elegant books, and dedicated them to the
lord Burghley. Peacham on Poetry.



DE’DICATE. adj. [from the verb.] Consecrate; devote; dedi­
cated; appropriate.
Prayers from preserved souls,
From fasting maids, whose names are dedicate
To nothing temporal. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
This tenth part, or tithe, being thus assigned unto him,
leaveth now to be of the nature of the other nine parts,
which are given us for our worldly necessities, and becometh
as a thing dedicate and appropriate unto God. Spelman.

DEDICA’TION. n. s. [dedicatio, Latin.]
1. The act of dedicating to any being or purpose; consecration;
solemn appropriation.
It cannot be laid to many mens charge, that they have been
so curious as to trouble bishops with placing the first stone in
the churches; or so scrupulous as, after the erection of them,
to make any great ado for their dedication. Hooker, b. v. s. 12.
Among publick solemnities there is none so glorious as that
under the reign of king Solomon, at the dedication of the
temple. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
2. A servile address to a patron.
Proud as Apollo on his forked hill,
Sat full blown Bufo, puff'd by ev'ry quill;
Fed by soft dedication all day long,
Horace and he went hand in hand in song. Pope, Epist. xi.

DEDICA’TOR. n. s. [from dedicate.] One who inscribes his
work to a patron with compliment and servility.
Leave dang'rous truths to unsuccessful satyrs,
And flattery to fulsome dedicators. Pope's Essay on Criticism.

DE’DICATORY. adj. [from dedicate.] Composing a dedication;
complimental; adulatory.
Thus I should begin my epistle, if it were a dedicatory one;
but it is a friendly letter. Pope.

DEDI’TION. n. s. [deditio, Latin.] The act of yielding up any
thing; surrendry.
It was not a complete conquest, but rather a dedition upon
terms and capitulations agreed between the conqueror and the
conquered. Hale's History of the Common Law.

To DEDU’CE. v. a. [deduco, Latin.]
1. To draw in a regular connected series, from one time or one
event to another.
O goddess, say, shall I deduce my rhimes
From the dire nation in its early times! Pope.
2. To form a regular chain of consequential prepositions.
Reason is nothing but the faculty of deducing unknown
truths from principles already known. Locke.
3. To lay down in regular order, so as that the following shall
naturally rise from the foregoing.
Lend me your song, ye nightingales! Oh pour
The mazy-running soul of melody
Into my varied verse! while I deduce,
From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings,
The symphony of Spring. Thomson's Spring, l. 575.

DEDU’CEMENT. n. s. [from deduce.] The thing deduced; the
collection of reason; consequential preposition.
Praise and prayer are his due worship, and the rest of those
deducements, which I am confident are the remote effects of
revelation. Dryden's Pref. to Rel. Laici.

DEDU’CIBLE. adj. [from deduce.] Collectible by reason; con­
sequential; discoverable from principles laid down.
The condition, although deducible from many grounds, yet
shall we evidence it but from few. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
The general character of the new earth is paradisaical, and
the particular character that it hath no sea; and both are ap­
parently deducible from its formation. Burnet's Theo. of the Earth.
So far, therefore, as conscience reports any thing agreeable
to, or deducible from these, it is to be hearkened to. South.
All properties of a triangle depend on, and are deducible
from, the complex idea of three lines, including a space. Locke.

DEDU’CIVE. adj. [from deduce.] Performing the act of de­
duction. Dict.

To DEDU’CT. v. a. [deduco, Latin.]
1. To substract; to take away; to cut off; to defalcate.
We deduct from the computation of our years, that part of
our time which is spent in incogitancy of infancy. Norris.
2. To separate; to dispart; to divide. Now not in use.
Having yet, in his deducted spright,
Some sparks remaining of that heavenly fire. Spenser.

DEDU’CTION. n. s. [deductio, Lat.] Consequential collection;
consequence; preposition drawn from principles premised.
Out of scripture such duties may be duduced, by some kind
of consequence, as by long circuit of deduction it may be that
even all truth, out of any truth, may be concluded. Hooker.
Set before you the moral law of God, with such deductions
from it as our Saviour hath drawn, or our own reason, well
informed, can make. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
That by diversity of motions we should spell out things not
resembled by them, we must attribute to some secret deduction;
but what this deduction should be, or by what mediums this
knowledge is advanced, is as dark as ignorance. Glanv. Sceps.
You have laid the experiments together in such a way, and
made such deductions from them, as I have not hitherto met
with. Boyle's Scept. Chym.
All cross and distasteful humours are either expresly, or by
clear consequence and deduction, forbidden in the New Tes­
tament. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
A reflection so obvious, that natural instinct seems to have
suggested it even to those who never much attended to deduc­
tions of reason. Rogers, Serm. 19.
2. That which is deducted; defalcation.
Bring then these blessings to a strict account;
Make fair deductions, see to what they mount. Pope's Essays.

DEDU’CTIVE. adj. [from deduct.] Deducible; that which is
or may be deduced from a position premised.

DEDU’CTIVELY. adv. [from deductive.] Consequentially; by
regular deduction; by a regular train of ratiocination.
There is scarce a popular errour passant in our days, which
is not either directly expressed, or deductively contained in this
work. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 8.

DEE

DEED. n. s. [dæd, Saxon; daed, Dutch.]
1. Action, whether good or bad; thing done.
From lowest place when virtuous things proceed,
The place is dignified by th' doer's deed. Shakespeare.
The monster nought reply'd; for words were vain,
And deeds could only deeds unjust maintain. Dryden.
The same had not consented to the counsel and deed. Luke.
We are not secluded from the expectation of reward for our
charitable deeds. Smalridge's Sermons.
2. Exploit; performance.
I, on the other side,
Us'd no ambition to commend my deeds;
The deeds themselves, though mute, spoke loud the doer. Milt.
Thousands were there in darker fame that dwelt,
Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
3. Power of action; agency.
Nor knew I not
To be with will and deed created free. Milt. Paradise Lost.
4. Act declaratory of an opinion.
They desire, with strange absurdity, that to the same senate
it should belong to give full judgment in matter of excommu­
nication, and to absolve whom it pleased them, clean contrary
to their own former deeds and oaths. Hooker's Preface.
5. Written evidence of any legal act.
The solicitor gave an evidence for a deed, which was im­
peached to be fraudulent. Bacon.
He builds his house upon the sand, and writes the deeds, by
which he holds his estate, upon the face of a river. South.
6. Fact; reality; the contrary to fiction: whence the word indeed.
O that, as oft I have at Athens seen
The stage arise, and the big clouds descend;
So now in very deed I might behold
The pond'rous earth, and all yon marble roof,
Meet like the hands of Jove. Lee's Oedipus.

DEE’DLESS. adj. [from deed.] Unactive; without action;
without exploits.
Speaking in deeds, and deedless in his tongue. Shakespeare.
Instantly, he cry'd, your female discord end,
Ye deedless boasters! and the song attend. Pope's Odyssey.

To DEEM. v. n. part. dempt, or deemed. [domgan, Gothick;
doemen, Dutch; deman, Saxon.] To judge; to conclude
upon consideration; to think; to opine; to determine.
Here eke that famous golden apple grew,
For which th' Idean ladies disagreed,
'Till partial Paris dempt it Venus' due. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Do me not dy,
Ne deem thy force by fortune's doom unjust,
That hath, maugre her spite, thus low me laid in dust.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5. stanz. 12.
But they that skill not of so heavenly matter,
All that they know not, envy or admire,
Rather than envy, let them wonder at her,
But not to deem of her desert aspire. Spenser, Sonnet 84.
So natural is the union of religion with justice, that we
may boldly deem there is neither, where both are not. Hooker.
He, who to be deem'd
A god, leap'd fondly into Ætna flames. Milt. Parad. Lost.
These blessings, friend, a deity bestow'd;
For never can I deem him less than god. Dryd. Virg. Past.
Nature disturb'd,
Is deem'd vindictive to have chang'd her course. Thomson.

DEEM. n. s. [from the verb.] Judgment; surmise; opinion.
Not now in use.
Hear me, my love, be thou but true of heart.
—I true! how now? what wicked deem is this? Shakespear.

DEE’MSTER. n. s. [from deem.] A judge: a word yet in use in
Jersey and the Isle of Man.

DEEP. adj. [deep, Saxon.]
1. Having length downwards; descending far; profound.
All trees in high and sandy grounds are to be set deep, and
in watery grounds more shallow. Bacon's Natural History.
The gaping gulph low to the centre lies,
And twice as deep as earth is distant from the skies. Dryden.
2. Low in situation; not high.
3. Measured from the surface downward.
Mr. Halley, in diving deep into the sea in a diving vessel,


found, in a clear sun-shine day, that when he was sunk many
fathoms deep into the water, the upper part of his hand, on
which the sun shone directly, appeared of a red colour. Newt.
4. Entering far; piercing a great way.
This avarice
Strikes deeper; grows with more pernicious root. Sh. Macb.
For, even in that season of the year, the ways in that vale
were very deep. Clarendon, b. viii.
Thou hast not strength such labours to sustain:
Drink hellebore, my boy! drink deep, and scour thy brain.
Dryden's Pers. Sat.
5. Far from the outer part.
So the false spider, when her nets are spread,
Deep ambush'd in her silent den does lie. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
6. Not superficial; not obvious.
If the matter be knotty, and the sense lies deep, the mind
must stop and buckle to it, and stick upon it with labour and
thought, and close contemplation. Locke.
7. Sagacious; penetrating; having the power to enter far into
a subject.
Who hath not heard it spoken,
How deep you were within the books of heav'n! Shakesp.
The spirit of deep prophecy she hath. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He's meditating with two deep divines. Shakesp. Rich. III.
He in my ear
Vented much policy and projects deep
Of enemies, of aids, battles and leagues,
Plausible to the world, to me worth naught. Milt. Par. Reg.
I do not discover the helps which this great man of deep
thought mentions. Locke.
8. Full of contrivance; politick; insiduous.
When I have most need to employ a friend,
Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile,
Be he to me. Shakespeare's Richard III.
9. Grave; solemn.
O God! if my deep prayers cannot appease thee,
But thou wilt be aveng'd on my misdeeds,
Yet execute thy wrath on me alone. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Nor awful Phœbus was on Pindus heard
With deeper silence, or with more regard. Dryden's Silenius.
10. Dark coloured.
With deeper brown the grove was overspread. Dryd. Fab.
11. Having a great degree of stilness, or gloom, or sadness.
Their deep poverty abounded into the riches of their libe­
rality. 2 Cor. viii. 2.
And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam.
Gen. ii. 21.
12. Bass; grave in sound.
The sounds made by buckets in a well, are deeper
and fuller than if the like percussion were made in the open
air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 152.

DEEP. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The sea; the main; the abyss of waters; the ocean.
Yet we did lift up our hearts and voices to God above,
who sheweth his wonders in the deep. Bacon's New Atlantis.
What earth in her dark bowels could not keep
From greedy man, lies safer in the deep. Waller.
Whoe'er thou art, whom fortune brings to keep
These rites of Neptune, monarch of the deep. Pope's Odyss.
2. The most solemn or still part.
There want not many that do fear,
In deep of night, to walk by this Herne's oak. Shakespeare.
The deep of night is crept upon our talk. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
Virgin face divine,
Attracts the hapless youth through storms and waves,
Alone in deep of night. Philips.

To DE’EPEN. v. a. [from deep.]
1. To make deep; to sink far below the surface.
The city of Rome would receive a great advantage from
the undertaking, as it would raise the banks and deepen the bed
of the Tiber. Addison's Travels.
2. To darken; to cloud; to make dark.
You must deepen your colours so, that the orpiment may
be the highest. Peacham on Drawing.
3. To make sad or gloomy. See DEEP. adj.
Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,
Shades ev'ry flow'r, and darkens ev'ry green,
Deepens the murmurs of the falling floods,
And breathes a browner horror on the woods. Pope.

DEEP-MOUTHED. adj. [deep and mouth.] Having a hoarse and
loud voice.
Huntsman, I charge thee, tender well my hounds;
And couple Clowder with the deep-mouth'd Brach. Shakesp.
Behold the English beach
Pales in the flood with men, with wives and boys,
Whose shouts and claps outvoice that deep-mouth'd sea. Shak.
Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds were found,
And deep-mouth'd dogs did forest walks surround. Dryden.
Hills, dales, and forests far behind remain,
While the warm scent draws on the deep-mouth'd train. Gay.

DEEP-MU’SING. adj. [deep and muse.] Contemplative; lost in
thought.
But he deep-musing o'er the mountains stray'd,
Through mazy thickets of the woodland shade. Pope's Odyss.

DE’EPLY. adj. [from deep.]
1. To a great depth; far below the surface.
Fear is a passion that is most deeply rooted in our natures,
and flows immediately from the principle of self-preservation.
Tillotson, Serm. 1.
Those impressions were made when the brain was more
susceptive of them: they have been deeply engraven at the
proper season, and therefore they remain. Watts's Improvement.
2. With great study or sagacity; not superficially; not care­
lesly; profoundly.
3. Sorrowfully; solemnly; with a great degree of seriousness or
sadness.
He sighed deeply in his spirit. Mark viii. 12.
Klockins so deeply hath sworn ne'er more to come
In bawdy-house, that he dares not go home. Donne.
Upon the deck our careful general stood,
And deeply mus'd on the succeeding day. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
4. With a tendency to darkness of colour.
Having taken of the deeply red juice of buckthorn berries,
I let it drop upon white paper. Boyle on Colours.
5. In a high degree.
To keep his promise with him, he had deeply offended both
his nobles and people. Bacon's Henry VII.

DE’EPNESS. n. s. [from deep.] Entrance far below the surface;
profundity; depth.
Cazzianer set forward with great toil, by reason of the
deepness of the way and heaviness of the great ordnance.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Some fell upon stony places, and they withered, because
they had no deepness of earth. Matt. xiii. 5.

DEER. n. s. [deor, Saxon; thier, Teutonick; θῆρ, Greek.]
That class of animals which is hunted for venison, contain­
ing many subordinate species.
You have beaten my men, killed my deer, and broke open
my lodge. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The pale that held my lovely deer. Waller.

DEF

To DEFA’CE. v. a. [defaire, French.] To destroy; to raze;
to ruin; to disfigure.
Fatal this marriage,
Defacing monuments of conquer'd France,
Undoing all. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond. Shakespeare.
Whose statues, freezes, columns broken lie,
And, though defac'd, the wonder of the eye. Dryden.
One nobler wretch can only rise;
'Tis he whose fury shall deface
The stoick's image in this piece. Prior.

DEFA’CEMENT. n. s. [from deface.] Violation; injury;
rasure; abolition; destruction.
But what is this image, and how is it defaced? The poor
men of Lyons will tell you, that the image of God is purity;
and the defacement, sin. Bacon's Holy War.

DEFA’CER. n. s. [from deface.] Destroyer; abolisher; vio­
later.
That foul defacer of God's handywork,
Thy womb let loose, to chase us to our graves. Sh. R. III.

DEFA’ILANCE. n. s. [defaillance, French.] Failure; miscar­
riage: a word not in use.
The affections were the authors of that unhappy defai­
lance. Glanv. Sceps. c. 2.

To DEFA’LCATE. v. a. [from falx falcis, a sickle; defalquer,
French.] To cut off; to lop; to take away part of a pen­
sion or salary. It is generally used of money.

DEFALCA’TION. n. s. [from defalcate.] Diminution; abate­
ment; excision of any part of a customary allowance.
The tea table is set forth with its customary bill of fare,
and without any defalcation. Addison's Spectator, No. 487.

To DEFA’LK. v. a. [See DEFALCATE.] To cut off; to
lop away.
What he defalks from some insipid sin, is but to make some
other more gustful. Decay of Piety.

DEFAMA’TION. n. s. [from defame.] The act of defaming or
bringing infamy upon another; calumny; reproach; censure;
detraction.
Defamation is the uttering of reproachful speeches, or con­
tumelious language of any one, with an intent of raising an
ill fame of the party thus reproached; and this extends to
writing, as by defamatory libels; and also to deeds, as by re­
proachful postures, signs and gestures. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Be silent, and beware, if such you see;
'Tis defamation but to say, that's he. Dryden's Juv. Sat.
Many dark and intricate motives there are to detraction
and defamation, and many malicious spies are searching into
the actions of a great man. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.

DEFA’MATORY. adj. [from defame.] Calumnious; tending to
defame; unjustly censorious; libellous; falsely satirical.
The most eminent sin is the spreading of defamatory reports.
Government of the Tongue, sect. 5.
Augustus, conscious to himself of many crimes, made an
edict against lampoons and satyrs, and defamatory writings.
Dryden's Juv. Dedication.

To DEFA’ME. v. a. [de and fama, Latin.] To make infa­


mous; to censure falsely in publick; to deprive of honour;
to dishonour by reports; to libel; to calumniate; to destroy
reputation by either acts or words.
I heard the defaming of many. Jer. xx. 10.
They live as if they professed Christianity merely in spight,
to defame it. Decay of Piety.
My guilt thy growing virtues did defame;
My blackness blotted thy unblemish'd name. Dryden's Æn.

DEFA’ME. n. s. [from the verb.] Disgrace; dishonour.
Many doughty knights he in his days
Had done to death,
And hung their conquer'd arms for more defame
On gallowtrees. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5. stan. 26.

DEFA’MER. n. s. [from defame.] One that injures the repu­
tation of another; a detracter; a calumniator.
It may be a useful trial of the patience of the defamed, yet
the defamer has not the less crime. Government of the Tongue.

To DEFA’TIGATE. v. a. [defatigo, Latin.] To weary; to
tire. Dict.

DEFATIGA’TION. n. s. [defatigatio, Latin.] Weariness;
fatigue. Dict.

DEFA’ULT. n. s. [defaut, French.]
1. Omission of that which we ought to do; neglect.
2. Crime; failure; fault.
Sedition tumbled into England more by the default of go­
vernours than the peoples. Haywood.
We that know what 'tis to fast and pray,
Are penitent for your default to-day. Shak. Com. of Errours.
Let me not rashly call in doubt
Divine prediction: what if all foretold
Had been fulfill'd, but through mine own default,
Whom have I to complain of, but myself? Milt. Agonistes.
Partial judges we are of our own excellencies, and other
mens defaults. Swift.
3. Defect; want.
In default of the king's pay, the forces were laid upon the
subject. Davies on Ireland.
Cooks could make artificial birds and fishes, in default of
the real ones. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. [In law.] Non-appearance in court at a day assigned. Cowel.

To DEFA’ULT. v. a. [from the noun.] To fail in perform­
ing any contract or stipulation; to forfeit by breaking a
contract.

DEFE’ASANCE. n. s. [defaisance, French.]
1. The act of annulling or abrogating any contract or stipu­
lation.
2. Defeasance is a condition annexed to an act; as to an obli­
gation, a recognisance, or statute, which performed by the
obligee, or the cognizee, the act is disabled and made void,
as if it had never been done. Cowel.
3. The writing in which a defeasance is contained.
4. A defeat; conquest; the act of conquering; the state of
being conquered. Obsolete.
That hoary king, with all his train,
Being arrived, where that champion stout,
After his foe's defeasance, did remain,
Him goodly greets, and fair does entertain. Fairy Queen.

DEFE’ASIBLE. adj. [from defaire, Fr. to make void.] That
which may be annulled or abrogated.
He came to the crown by a defeasible title, so was never
well settled. Davies on Ireland.

DEFE’AT. n. s. [from defaire, French.]
1. The overthrow of an army.
End Marlb'rough's work, and finish the defeat. Addison.
2. Act of destruction; deprivation.
A king, upon whose life
A damn'd defeat was made. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To DEFE’AT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To overthrow.
Ye gods, ye make the weak most strong;
Therein, ye gods, ye tyrants do defeat. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
They invaded Ireland, and were defeated by the lord
Mountjoy. Bacon on the War with Spain.
2. To frustrate.
To his accusations
He pleaded still not guilty, and alleg'd
Many sharp reasons to defeat the law. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Death,
Then due by sentence when thou did'st transgress,
Defeated of his seizure, many days,
Giv'n thee of grace. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 254.
Discover'd, and defeated of your prey,
You skulk'd. Dryden's Virg. Past. 3.
He finds himself naturally to dread a superior Being, that
can defeat all his designs, and disappoint all his hopes. Tillotson.
3. To abolish.

DEFE’ATURE. n. s. [from de and feature.] Change of feature;
alteration of countenance.
Grief hath chang'd me,
And careful hours, with time's deformed hand,
Hath written strange defeatures in my face. Shakespeare.

To DE’FECATE. v. a. [defæco, Latin.]
1. To purge liquors from lees or foulness; to purify; to cleanse.
I practised a way to defecate the dark and muddy oil of
amber. Boyle's History of Firmness.
The blood is not sufficiently defecated or clarified, but re­
mains muddy. Harvey on Consumptions.
Provide a brazen tube
Inflext; self-taught and voluntary flies
The defecated liquor, through the vent
Ascending; then, by downward tract convey'd,
Spouts into subject vessels, lovely clear. Philips.
2. To purify from any extraneous or noxious mixture; to clear;
to brighten.
We defecate the notion from materiality, and abstract quan­
tity, place, and all kind of corporeity from it. Glanv. Sceps.
We are puzzled with contradictions, which are no absur­
dities to defecate faculties. Glanv. Sceps. c. 13.

DE’FECATE. adj. [from the verb.] Purged from lees or
foulness.
This liquor was very defecate, and of a pleasing golden
colour. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

DEFECA’TION. n. s. [defæcatio, Latin.] Purification; the act
of clearing or purifying.
The spleen and liver are obstructed in their offices of defe­
cation, whence vicious and dreggish blood. Harvey on Consum.

DEFE’CT. n. s. [defectus, Latin.]
1. Want; absence of something necessary; insufficiency; the
fault opposed to superfluity.
Errors have been corrected, and defects supplied. Davies.
Had this strange energy been less,
Defect had been as fatal as excess. Blackmore's Creation.
2. Failing; want.
Oft 'tis seen
Our mean secures us, and our mere defects
Prove our commodities. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. A fault; mistake; error.
We had rather follow the perfections of them whom we
like not, than in defects resemble them whom we love. Hooker.
You praise yourself,
By laying defects of judgment to me. Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.
Trust not yourself; but your defects to know,
Make use of ev'ry friend—and ev'ry foe. Pope's Essay.
4. Any natural imperfection; a blemish; a failure.
Men, through some defect in the organs, want words, yet
fail not to express their universal ideas by signs. Locke.

To DEFE’CT. v. n. [from the noun.] To be deficient; to fall
short of; to fail. Obsolete.
Some lost themselves in attempts above humanity, yet the
enquiries of most defected by the way, and tired within the
sober circumference of knowledge. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

DEFECTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from defectible.] The state of failing;
deficiency; imperfection.
The corruption of things corruptible depends upon the in­
trinsecal defectibility of the connection or union of the parts of
things corporeal, which is rooted in the very nature of the
things. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

DEFE’CTIBLE. adj. [from defect.]
1. Imperfect; deficient; wanting.
The extraordinary persons, thus highly favoured, were for
a great part of their lives in a defectible condition. Hale.

DEFE’CTION. n. s. [defectio, Latin.]
1. Want; failure.
2. A falling away; apostacy.
This defection and falling away from God was first found in
angels, and afterwards in men. Raleigh's History of the World.
If we fall away after tasting of the good word of God, how
criminal must such a defection be? Atterbury's Sermons.
But there is more evil owing to our original defection from
God, and the foolish and evil dispositions that are found in
fallen man. Watts's Logick.
3. An abandoning of a king, or state; revolt.
He was diverted and drawn from hence by the general de­
fection of the whole realm. Davies on Ireland.
Neither can this be meant of evil governours or tyrants,
but of some perverseness and defection in the very nation it­
self. Bacon's Holy War.

DEFE’CTIVE. adj. [from defectivus, Latin.]
1. Full of defects; imperfect; not sufficient; not adequate to
the purpose.
It subjects them to all the diseases depending upon a defec­
tive projectile motion of the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
It will very little help to cure my ignorance, that this is the
best of four or five hypotheses proposed, which are all de­
fective. Locke.
If it renders us perfect in one accomplishment, it generally
leaves us defective in another. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.
2. Faulty; vitious; blameable.
Our tragedy writers have been notoriously defective in
giving proper sentiments to the persons they introduce. Addis.

DEFE’CTIVE or deficient Nouns [in grammar.] Indeclinable
nouns, or such as want a number, or some particular case.

DEFE’CTIVE Verb [in grammar.] A verb which wants some of
its tenses.



DEFE’CTIVENESS. n. s. [from defective.] Want; the state of
being imperfect; faultiness.
The lowness often opens the building in breadth, or the
defectiveness of some other particular makes any single part
appear in perfection. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

DEFE’NCE. n. s. [defensio, Latin.]
1. Guard; protection; security.
Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem, and built cities for defence
in Judah. 2 Chro. ii. 5.
The Lord is your protection and strong stay, a defence from
heat, and a cover from the sun. Ecclus. xxxiv. 16.
Be thou my strong rock for an house of defence to save
me. Ps. xxxi. 2.
Against all this there seems to be no defence, but that of
supporting one established form of doctrine and discipline. Sw.
2. Vindication; justification; apology.
Alexander beckoned with his hand, and would have made
his defence unto the people. Acts xix. 33.
The youthful prince
With scorn replied, and made this bold defence. Dryden.
3. Prohibition: this is a sense merely French.
Severe defences may be made against wearing any linnen
under a certain breadth. Temple.
4. Resistance.
5. [In law.] The defendant's reply after declaration produced.
6. [In fortification.] The part that flanks another work.

DEFE’NCELESS. adj. [from defence.]
1. Naked; unarmed; unguarded; not provided with defence;
unprepared.
Captain or colonel, or knight in arms,
Whose chance on these defenceless doors may seize,
If deed of honour did thee ever please,
Guard them, and him within protect from harms. Milton.
My sister is not so defenceless left
As you imagine: she has a hidden strength
Which you remember not. Milton.
Ah me! that fear
Comes thund'ring back with dreadful revolution
On my defenceless head. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 815.
On a slave disarm'd,
Defenceless, and submitted to my rage,
A base revenge is vengeance on myself. Dryd. Don Sebast.
2. Impotent; unable to make resistance.
Will such a multitude of men employ
Their strength against a weak defenceless boy? Addis. Ovid.

To DEFE’ND. v. a. [defendo, Latin; defendre, French.]
1. To stand in defence of; to protect; to support.
There arose, to defend Israel, Tola the son of Puah. Judg.
Deliver me from mine enemies, O my God: defend me
from them that rise up against me. Ps. lix. 1.
Heav'n defend your souls, that you think
I will your serious and great business scant. Shakesp. Othello.
2. To vindicate; to uphold; to assert; to maintain.
The queen on the throne, by God's assistance, is able to
defend herself against all her majesty's enemies and allies put
together. Swift's Remarks on the Barrier Treaty.
3. To fortify; to secure.
And here th' access a gloomy grove defends,
And here th' unnavigable lake extends. Dryden's Æneis.
4. To prohibit; to forbid. [defendre, French.]
Where can you say, in any manner, age,
That ever God defended marriage? Chaucer.
O sons! like one of us, man is become
To know both good and evil, since his taste
Of that defended fruit. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 86.
The use of it is little practised, and in some places
defended by customs or laws. Temple.
5. To maintain a place, or cause, against those that attack it.

DEFE’NDABLE. adj. [from defend.] That may be defended.

DEFE’NDANT. adj. [from defendo, Latin.] Defensive; fit for
defence.
Line and new repair our towns of war
With men of courage, and with means defendant. Shakesp.

DEFE’NDANT. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. He that defends against assailants.
Those high towers, out of which the Romans might more
conveniently fight with the defendants on the wall, those also
were broken by his engines. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
2. [In law.] The person accused or sued.
This is the day appointed for the combat,
And ready are th' appellant and defendant. Shak. Henry VI.
Plaintiff dog, and bear defendant. Hudibras.

DEFE’NDER. n. s. [defensor, Latin.]
1. One that defends; a champion.
You have the power still
To banish your defenders, 'till at length
Your ignorance deliver you,
As most abated captives, to some nation
That won you without blows. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Do'st thou not mourn our pow'r employ'd in vain,
And the defenders of our city slain? Dryden.
2. An asserter; a vindicator.
Undoubtedly there is no way so effectual to betray the truth,
as to procure it a weak defender. South's Sermons.
3. [In law.] An advocate; one that defends another in a court
of justice.

DEFENSA’TIVE. n. s. [from defence.]
1. Guard; defence.
A very unsafe defensative it is against the fury of the lion,
and surely no better than virginity, or blood royal, which
Pliny doth place in cock-broth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
If the bishop has no other defensatives but excommunica­
tion, no other power but that of the keys, he may surrender
up his pastoral staff. South's Sermons.
2. [In surgery.] A bandage, plaister, or the like, used to secure
a wound from outward violence.

DEFE’NSIBLE. adj. [from defence.] That may be defended.
A field,
Which nothing but the sound of Hotspur's name,
Did seem to make defensible. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
They must make themselves defensible, both against the na­
tives and against strangers. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Having often heard Venice represented as one of the most
defensible cities in the world, I informed myself in what its
strength consists. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. Justifiable; right; capable of vindication.
I conceive it very defensible to disarm an adversary, and dis­
able him from doing mischief. Collier.

DEFE’NSIVE. adj. [defensif, Fr. from defendens, Latin.]
1. That serves to defend; proper for defence; not offensive.
He would not be persuaded by danger to offer any offence,
but only to stand upon the best defensive guard he could. Sidney.
My unpreparedness for war, testifies for me, that I am set
on the defensive part. King Charles.
Defensive arms lay by, as useless here,
Where massy balls the neighbouring rocks do tear. Waller.
2. In a state or posture of defence.
What stood, recoil'd,
Defensive scarce, or with pale fear surpriz'd,
Fled ignominious. Milton.

DEFE’NSIVE. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Safeguard.
Wars preventive upon just fears, are true defensives, as
well as on actual invasions. Bacon's War with Spain.
2. State of defence
His majesty, not at all dismayed, resolved to stand upon
the defensive only. Clarendon, b. viii.

DEFE’NSIVELY. adv. [from defensive.] In a defensive manner.

DEFE’NST. part. pass. [from defence.] Defended. Obsolete.
Stout men of arms, and with their guide of power,
Like Troy's old town, defenst with Illion's tow'r. Fairfax.

To DEFE’R. v. n. [from differo, Latin.]
1. To put off; to delay to act.
He will not long defer
To vindicate the glory of his name
Against all competition, nor will long
Endure it. Milton's Agonistes, l. 473.
Inure thyself by times to the love and practice of good
deeds; for the longer thou deferest to be acquainted with them,
the less every day thou wilt find thyself disposed to them. Atterb.
2. To pay deference or regard to another's opinion.

To DEFE’R. v. a. 
1. To withold; to delay.
Defer the promis'd boon, the goddess cries,
Celestial azure brightning in the eyes. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
Neither is this a matter to be deferred 'till a more conve­
nient time of peace and leisure. Swift.
2. To refer to; to leave to another's judgment and deter­
mination.
The commissioners deferred the matter unto the earl of
Northumberland, who was the principal man of authority in
those parts. Bacon's Henry VII.

DE’FERENCE. n. s. [deference, French.]
1. Regard; respect.
Virgil could have excelled Varius in tragedy, and Horace in
lyric poetry, but out of deference to his friends he attempted
neither. Dryden's Juven. Dedicat.
He may be convinced that he is in an error, by observing
those persons, for whose wisdom and goodness he has the
greatest deference, to be of a contrary sentiment. Swift.
2. Complaisance; condescension
A natural roughness makes a man uncomplaisant to others;
so that he has no deference for their inclinations, tempers, or
conditions. Locke.
3. Submission.
Most of our fellow-subjects are guided either by the preju­
dice of education, or a deference to the judgment of those
who, perhaps, in their own hearts, disapprove the opinions
which they industriously spread among the multitude. Addison.

DE’FERENT. adj. [from deferens, of defero, Latin.] That car­
ries up and down.
The figures of pipes or concaves, through which


sounds pass, or of other bodies deferent, conduce to the variety
and alteration of the sound. Bacon's Natural History, No. 220.

DE’FERENT. n. s. [from the adjective.] That which carries;
that which conveys.
It is certain, however it crosses the received opinion, that
sounds may be created without air, though air be the most
favourable deferent of sounds. Bacon's Natural History.

DE’FERENTS [in surgery.] Certain vessels in the human body,
appointed for the conveyance of humours from one place to
another. Chambers.

DEFI’ANCE. n. s. [from deffi, French.]
1. A challenge; an invitation to fight.
The firey Tybalt, with his sword prepar'd,
Which, as he breath'd defiance to my ears,
He swung about his head. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Nor is it just to bring
A war, without a just defiance made. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
2. A challenge to make any impeachment good.
3. Expression of abhorrence or contempt.
The Novatian heresy was very apt to attract well meaning
souls, who, seeing it bad such express defiance to apostacy,
could not suspect that it was itself any defection from the
faith. Decay of Piety.
No body will so openly bid defiance to common sense, as to
affirm visible and direct contradictions. Locke.

DEFI’CIENCE. n. s. [from deficio, Latin.] Defect; fail­
ing; imperfection.

DEFI’CIENCY. n. s. [from deficio, Latin.] Defect; fail­
ing; imperfection.
Scaliger, finding a defect in the reason of Aristotle, intro­
duceth one of no less deficiency himself. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Thou in thyself art perfect, and in thee
Is no deficience found. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 415.
We shall find, in our own natures, too great evidence of
intellectual deficience, and deplorable confessions of human
ignorance. Glanv. Sceps. c. 3.
What great deficience is it, if we come short of others?
Sprat's Sermons.
The characters of comedy and tragedy are never to be
made perfect, but always to be drawn with some specks of
frailty and deficience, such as they have been described to us in
history. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Pref.
2. Want; something less than is necessary.
What is to be considered in this case, is chiefly, if there
be a sufficient fulness or deficiency of blood, for different me­
thods are to be taken. Arbuthnot on Diet.
There is no burden laid upon our posterity, nor any defi­
ciency to be hereafter made up by ourselves, which has been
our case in so many other subsidies. Addison's Freeholder.

DEFI’CIENT. adj. [deficiens, from deficio, Latin.] Failing;
wanting; defective; imperfect.
O woman! best are all things as the will
Of God ordain'd them: his creating hand
Nothing imperfect or deficient left. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Figures are either simple or mixed: the simple be either
circular or angular; and of circular, either complete, as cir­
cles, or deficient, as ovals. Wotton's Architect.
Neither Virgil nor Homer were deficient in any of the
former beauties. Dryden's Fab. Pref.
Several views, postures, stands, turns, limitations and ex­
ceptions, and several other thoughts of the mind, for which
we have either none, or very deficient names, are diligently to
be studied. Locke.

DEFI’CIENT Verbs. See DEFECTIVE Verbs.

DEFI’CIENT Nouns. See DEFECTIVE Nouns.

DEFI’CIENT Numbers [in arithmetick] are those numbers whose
parts, added together, make less than the integer, whose
parts they are. Chambers.

DEFI’ER. n. s. [from deffi, French.] A challenger; a con­
temner; one that dares and defies.
Is it not then high time that the laws should provide, by
the most prudent and effectual means, to curb those bold and
insolent defiers of heaven. Tillotson, Serm. 3.

To DEFI’LE. v. a. [afilan, Sax. from ful, foul.]
1. To make foul or impure; to make nasty or filthy; to dirty.
There is a thing, Harry, known to many in our land by
the name of pitch: this pitch, as ancient writers do report,
doth defile. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
He is justly reckoned among the greatest prelates of this
age, however his character may be defiled by mean and dirty
hands. Swift's Letter concerning the Sacramental Test.
2. To pollute; to make legally or ritually impure.
That which dieth of itself he shall not eat, to defile himself
therewith. Lev. xxii. 8.
Neither shall he defile himself for his father. Lev. xxi. 11.
3. To corrupt chastity; to violate.
Ev'ry object his offence revil'd,
The husband murder'd, and the wife defil'd. Prior.
4. To taint; to corrupt; to vitiate; to make guilty.
Forgetfulness of good turns, defiling of souls, adultery and
shameless uncleanness. Wisd. xiv. 26.
God requires rather that we should die than defile ourselves
with impieties. Stillingfleet.
Let not any instances of sin defile your requests. Wake.

To DEFI’LE. v. n. [deffiler, French.] To march; to go off
file by file.

DEFI’LE. n. s. [deffile, Fr. from file, a line of soldiers, which
is derived from silum, a thread.] A narrow passage; a long
narrow pass; a lane.
There is in Oxford a narrow defile, to use the military
term, where the partisans used to encounter. Addis. Spectator.

DEFI’LEMENT. n. s. [from defile.] The state of being defiled;
the act of defiling; nastiness; pollution; corruption; de­
fedation.
Lust,
By unchaste looks, loose gestures, and foul talk,
Lets in defilement to the inward parts. Milton.
The unchaste are provoked to see their vice exposed, and
the chaste cannot rake into such silth without danger of de­
filement. Spectator, No. 286.

DEFI’LER. n. s. [from defile.] One that defiles; a corrupter;
a violater.
At the last tremenduous day I shall hold forth in my arms
my much wronged child, and call aloud for vengeance on her
defiler. Addison's Guardian, No. 128.

DEFI’NABLE. adj. [from define.]
1. That which may be defined; capable of definition.
The Supreme Nature we cannot otherwise define, than
by saying it is infinite, as if infinite were definable, or infi­
nity a subject for our narrow understanding. Dryden.
2. That which may be ascertained.
Concerning the time of the end of the world, the question
is, whether that time be definable or no. Burnet's Theory.

To DEFI’NE. v. a. [definio, Lat. definir, French.]
1. To give the definition; to explain a thing by its qualities and
circumstances.
Whose loss can'st thou mean,
That do'st so well their miseries define? Sidney, b. ii.
Though defining be thought the proper way to make known
the proper signification, yet there are some words that will
not be defined. Locke.
2. To circumscribe; to mark the limit; to bound.
When the rings, or some parts of them, appeared only
black and white, they were very distinct and well defined, and
the blackness seemed as intense as that of the central spot. Newt.

To DEFI’NE. v. n. To determine; to decide; to decree.
The unjust judge is the capital remover of landmarks,
when he defineth amiss of lands and properties. Bacon, Ess. 57.

DEFI’NER. n. s. [from define.] One that explains; one that
describes a thing by its qualities.
Your God, forsooth, is found
Incomprehensible and infinite;
But is he therefore found? Vain searcher! no:
Let your imperfect definition show,
That nothing you, the weak definer, know. Prior.

DE’FINITE. adj. [from definitus, Latin.]
1. Certain; limited; bounded.
Hither to your arbour divers times he repaired, and here, by
your means, had the sight of the goddess, who in a definite
compass can set forth infinite beauty. Sidney, b. i.
2. Exact; precise.
Ideots, in this case of favour, would
Be wisely definite. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
In a charge of adultery, the accuser ought to set forth, in
the accusatory libel or inquisition, which succeeds in the place
of accusation, some certain and definite time. Ayliffe's Parerg.

DE’FINITE. n. s. [from the adjective.] Thing explained or
defined.
If these things are well considered, special bastardy is no­
thing else but the definition of the general; and the general,
again, is nothing else but a definite of the special. Ayliffe.

DE’FINITENESS. n. s. [from definite.] Certainty; limited­
ness. Dict.

DEFINI’TION. n. s. [definitio, Latin; definition, French.]
1. A short description of a thing by its properties.
I drew my definition of poetical wit from my particular con­
sideration of him; for propriety of thoughts and words are
only to be found in him; and, where they are proper, they
will be delightful. Dryden.
2. Decision; determination.
3. [In logick.] The explication of the essence of a thing by
its kind and difference.
What is man? Not a reasonable animal merely; for that
is not an adequate and distinguishing definition. Bentley's Serm.

DEFI’NITIVE. adj. [definitivus, Latin.] Determinate; posi­
tive; express.
Other authors write often dubiously, even in matters where­
in is expected a strict and definitive truth. Brown's Vulg. Err.
I make haste to the casting and comparting of the whole
work, being indeed the very definitive sum of this art, to dis­
tribute usefully and gracefully a well chosen plot. Wotton.

DEFI’NITIVELY. adv. [from definitive.] Positively; decisive­
ly; expresly.
Definitively thus I answer you:
Your love deserves my thanks; but my desert,
Unmeritable, shuns your high request. Shakesp. Rich. III.


That Metheusalah was the longest lived, of all the chil­
dren of Adam, we need not grant; nor is it definitively set
down by Moses. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.
Bellarmine saith, because we think that the body of Christ
may be in many places at once, locally and visibly; therefore
we say and hold, that the same body may be circumscriptively
and definitively in more places at once. Hall.

DEFI’NITIVENESS. n. s. [from definitive.] Decisiveness. Dict.

DEFLAGRABI’LITY. n. s. [from deflagro, Latin.] Combusti­
bility; the quality of taking fire, and burning totally away.
We have been forced to spend much more time than the
opinion of the ready deflagrability, if I may so speak, of salt­
petre did beforehand permit us to imagine. Boyle on Saltpetre.

DEFLA’GRABLE. adj. [from deflagro, Lat.] Having the qua­
lity of wasting away wholly in fire, without any remains.
Our chymical oils, supposing that they were exactly pure,
yet they would be, as the best spirit of wine is, but the more
inflammable and deflagrable. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

DEFLAGRA’TION. n. s. [deflagratio, Latin.]
A term frequently made use of in chymistry, for setting fire
to several things in their preparation; as in making Æthiops
with fire, with sal prunellæ, and many others. Quincy.
The true reason, therefore, why that paper is not burned
by the flame that plays about it, seems to be, that the aqueous
part of the spirit of wine, being imbibed by the paper, keeps
it so moist, that the flame of the sulphureous parts of the same
spirit cannot fasten on it; and therefore, when the deflagration
is over, you shall always find the paper moist; and sometimes
we have found it so moist, that the flame of a candle would
not readily light it. Boyle.

To DEFLE’CT. v. n. [deflecto, Latin.] To turn aside; to
deviate from a true course, or right line.
At some parts of the Azores the needle deflecteth not, but
lieth in the true meridian: on the other side of the Azores,
and this side of the Equator, the North point of the needle
wheeleth to the West. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Arising beyond the Equator, it maketh northward almost
fifteen degrees; and deflecting after westward, without mean­
ders, continueth a strait course about forty degrees. Brown.
For did not some from a strait course deflect,
They could not meet, they could no world erect. Blackm.

DEFLE’CTION. n. s. [from deflecto, Latin.]
1. Deviation; the act of turning aside.
Needles incline to the South on the other side of the
Equator; and, at the very line or middle circle, stand
without deflection. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. 2. c. 2.
2. A turning aside, or out of the way.
3. [In navigation.] The departure of a ship from its true course.

DEFLE’XURE. n. s. [from deflecto, Latin.] A bending down;
a turning aside, or out of the way. Dict.

DEFLORA’TION. n. s. [defloration, Fr. from defloratus, Lat.]
1. The act of deflouring; the taking away of a woman's vir­
ginity.
2. A selection of that which is most valuable.
The laws of Normandy are, in a great measure, the deflo­
ration of the English laws, and a transcript of them. Hale.

To DEFLO’UR. v. a. [deflorer, French.]
1. To ravish; to take away a woman's virginity.
As is the lust of an eunuch to deflour a virgin, so is he that
executeth judgment with violence. Ecclus. xx. 4.
Now will I hence to seek my lovely Moor,
And let my spleenful sons this trull deflour. Shakes. Tit. And.
2. To take away the beauty and grace of any thing.
How on a sudden lost,
Defac'd, deflour'd, and now to death devote! Milt. Pa. Lost.
If he died young, he died innocent, and before the sweet­
ness of his soul was defloured and ravished from him, by the
flames and follies of a froward age. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

DEFLO’URER. n. s. [from deflour.] A ravisher; one that takes
away virginity.
I have often wondered, that those deflourers of innocence,
though dead to all the sentiments of virtue and honour, are
not restrained by humanity. Addison's Guardian.

DEFLU’OUS. adj. [defluus, Latin.]
1. That flows down.
2. That falls off.

DEFLU’XION. n. s. [defluxio, Latin.] A defluxion; a flowing
down of humours.
We see that taking cold moveth looseness, by contraction
of the skin and outward parts; and so doth cold likewise cause
rheums and defluxions from the head. Bacon's Natural History.

DEFLY’. adv. [from deft.] Dexterously; skilfully. Ob­
solete. Properly deftly.
Lo, how finely the graces can it foot
To the instrument;
They dauncen defly, and singen soote,
In their merriment. Spenser's Pastorals.

DEFOEDA’TION. n. s. [from defœdus, Lat.] The act of making
filthy; pollution.
What native, unextinguishable beauty must be impressed
and instincted through the whole, which the defœdation of so
many parts by a bad printer, and a worse editor, could not
hinder from shining forth. Bentley's Preface to Milton.

DEFO’RCEMENT. n. s. [from force.] A with holding of lands
and tenements by force from the right owner.

To DEFO’RM. v. a. [deformo, Latin.]
1. To disfigure; to make ugly; to spoil the form of any thing.
I that am curtail'd of this fair proportion,
Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
Deform'd, unfinish'd, sent before my time
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up. Sh. R. III.
Wintry blasts
Deform the year delightless. Thomson's Winter.
2. To dishonour; to make ungraceful.
Old men with dust deform'd their hoary hair. Dryd. Fab.

DEFO’RM. adj. [deformis, Latin.] Ugly; disfigured; of an
irregular form.
I did proclaim,
That whoso kill'd that monster most deform,
Should have mine only daughter to his dame. Fairy Queen.
So spake the griesly terror; and in shape,
So Speaking and so threatning, grew tensold
More dreadful and deform. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Sight so deform, what heart of rock could long
Dry-ey'd behold. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 494.

DEFORMA’TION. n. s. [deformatio, Latin.] A defacing; a
disfiguring.

DEFO’RMEDLY. adv. [from deform.] In an ugly manner.

DEFO’RMEDNESS. n. s. [from deformed.] Ugliness; a dis­
agreeable form.

DEFO’RMITY. n. s. [deformitas, Latin.]
1. Ugliness; ill-favouredness.
I, in this weak piping time of peace,
Have no delight to pass away the time,
Unless to spy my shadow in the sun,
And descant on mine own deformity. Shakespeare's Rich. III.
Proper deformity seems not in the fiend
So horrid as in woman. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Where sits deformity to mock my body,
To shape my legs of an unequal size;
To disproportion me in every part. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Why should not man,
Retaining still divine similitude
In part, from such deformities be free,
And, for his maker's image sake, exempt? Milt. Pa. Lost.
2. Ridiculousness; the quality of something worthy to be
laughed at.
In comedy there is somewhat more of the worse likeness
to be taken, because it is often to produce laughter, which is
occasioned by the sight of some deformity. Dryd. Pref. Dufres.
3. Irregularity; inordinateness.
No glory is more to be envied than that of due reforming
either church or state, when deformities are such, that the per­
turbation and novelty are not like to exceed the benefit of
reforming. King Charles.
4. Dishonour; disgrace.

DEFO’RSOR. n. s. [from forceur, French.] One that overcomes
and casteth out by force. A law term. Blount.

To DEFRA’UD. v. a. [defraudo, Latin.] To rob or deprive
by a wile or trick; to cheat; to cozen; to deceive; to be­
guile. With of before the thing taken by fraud.
That no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any
matter, because that the Lord is the avenger of all such, as
we also have forewarned you and testified. Thes. iv. 6.
My son, defraud not the poor of his living, and make not
the needy eyes to wait long. Ecclus. iv. 1.
They seem, after a sort, even to mourn, as being injured
and defrauded of their right, when places, not sanctified as
they are, prevent them unnecessarily in that pre-eminence and
honour. Hooker, b. v. s. 16.
Then they, who brothers better claim disown,
Expel their parents, and usurp the throne;
Defraud their clients, and, to lucre sold,
Sit brooding on unprofitable gold. Dryden's Æn. 6.
But now he seiz'd Briseis' heav'nly charms,
And of my valour's prize defrauds my arms. Pope's Iliad.
There is a portion of our lives which every wise man
may justly reserve for his own particular use, without de­
frauding his native country. Dryden's Dedicat. to King Arthur.

DEFRA’UDER. n. s. [from defraud.] A deceiver; one that
cheats.
The profligate in morals grow severe,
Defrauders just, and sycophants sincere. Blackm. Creation.

To DEFRA’Y. v. a. [defrayer, French.] To bear the charges
of; to discharge expences.
He would, out of his own revenue, defray the charges be­
longing to the sacrifices. 2 Mac. ix. 16.
It is easy, Ireneus, to lay a charge upon any town; but to
foresee how the same may be answered and defrayed, is the
chief part of good advisement. Spenser's State of Ireland.


It is long since any stranger arrived in this part, and there­
fore take ye no care; the state will defray you all the time
you stay; neither shall you stay one day the less for that. Bacon.

DEFRA’YER. n. s. [from defray.] One that discharges ex­
pences.

DEFRA’YMENT. n. s. [from defray.] The payment of expences.

DEFT. adj. [dæft, Saxon.] Obsolete.
1. Neat; handsome; spruce.
2. Proper; fitting.
You go not the way to examine: you must call the watch
that are their accusers.——
—Yea, marry, that's the deftest way. Shak. Much ado about N.
3. Ready; dexterous.
Loud fits of laughter seiz'd the guests, to see
The limping god so deft at his new ministry. Dryd. Iliad.
The wanton calf may skip with many a bound,
And my cur, Tray, play deftest feats around. Gay's Past.

DE’FTLY. adv. [from deft.] Obsolete.
1. Neatly; dexterously.
2. In a skilful manner.
Come, high or low,
Thyself and office deftly show. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Young Colin Clout, a lad of peerly meed,
Full well could dance, and deftly tune the reed. Gay's Past.

DEFU’NCT. adj. [defunctus, Latin.]
1. Dead; deceased.
I therefore beg it not,
To please the palate of my appetite;
Nor to comply with heat, the young affects,
In me defunct, and proper satisfaction. Shakesp. Othello.
Here entity and quiddity,
The souls of defunct bodies fly. Hudibras.

DEFU’NCT. n. s. [from the adjective.] One that is deceased;
a dead man, or woman.
Nature doth abhor to make his couch
With the defunct, or sleep upon the dead. Shakes. Cymbeline.
In many of these cases the searchers are able to report the
opinion of the physician who was with the patient, as they
receive the same from the friends of the defunct. Graunt.

DEFU’NCTION. n. s. [from defunct.] Death.
Nor did the French possess the Salique land,
Until four hundred one and twenty years
After defunction of king Pharamond. Shakespeare's Hen. V.

To DEFY’. v. a. [deffier, Fr. from de fide decedere, or some like
phrase, to fall from allegiance to rebellion, contempt, or
insult.]
1. To call to combat; to challenge.
I once again
Defy thee to the trial of mortal fight. Milton's Agonistes.
Where seek retreat, now innocence is fled!
Safe in that guard, I durst even hell defy;
Without it, tremble now, when heav'n is nigh. Dryden.
Agis, the Lycian, stepping forth with pride,
To single fight the boldest foe defy'd. Dryden's Æn.
2. To treat with contempt; to slight.
I do know
As many fools that stand in better place,
Garnish'd like him, that for a tricksy word
Defy the matter. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

DEFY’. n. s. [from the verb.] A challenge; an invitation to
fight.
At this the challenger, with fierce defy,
His trumpet sounds; the challeng'd makes reply:
With clangour rings the field, resounds the vaulted sky. Dryd.

DEFY’ER. n. s. [from defy.] A challenger; one that invites
to fight.
God may, some time or other, think it the concern of his
justice, and providence too, to revenge the affronts put upon
them by such impudent defyers of both, as neither believe a
God, nor ought to be believed by man. South's Sermons.

DEG

DEGE’NERACY. n. s. [from degeneratio, Latin.]
1. A departing from the virtue of our ancestors.
2. A forsaking of that which is good.
'Tis true, we have contracted a great deal of weakness
and impotency by our wilful degeneracy from goodness; but
that grace, which the gospel offers to us for our assistance, is
sufficient for us. Tillotson, Serm. 6.
The ruin of a state is generally preceded by an universal
degeneracy of manners, and contempt of religion, which is
entirely our case at present. Swift.
3. Meanness.
There is a kind of sluggish resignation, as well as poorness
and degeneracy of spirit, in a state of slavery. Addison.

To DEGE’NERATE. v. n. [degenerare, Lat. degenerer, Fr.
degenerar, Spanish.]
1. To fall from the virtue of ancestors.
2. To fall from a more noble to a base state.
When wit transgresseth decency, it degenerates into inso­
lence and impiety. Tillotson, Sermon 2.
3. To fall from its kind; to grow wild or base.
Most of those fruits that use to be grafted, if they be set of
kernels or stones, degenerate. Bacon's Natural History, No. 519.

DEGE’NERATE. adv. [from the verb.]
1. Unlike his ancestors; fallen from the virtue and merit of his
ancestors.
Thou art like enough
To fight against me under Piercy's pay;
To dog his heels, and curt'sy at his frowns,
To show how much thou art degenerate. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Yet thou hast greater cause to be
Asham'd of them, than they of thee;
Degenerate from their ancient brood,
Since first the court allow'd them food. Swift.
2. Unworthy; base.
So all shall turn degen'rate, all deprav'd;
Justice and temperance, truth, and faith forgot!
One man except. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 806.
When a man so far becomes degenerate as to quit the prin­
ciples of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there
is commonly an injury done some person or other. Locke.

DEGE’NERATENESS. n. s. [from degenerate.] Degeneracy; a
being grown wild; out of kind. Dict.

DEGENERA’TION. n. s. [from degenerate.]
1. A deviation from the virtue of one's ancestors.
2. A falling from a more excellent state to one of less worth.
3. The thing changed from its primitive state.
In plants, wherein there is no distinction of sexes, these
transplantations are yet more obvious than they; as that of
barley into oats, of wheat into darnell; and those grains which
generally arise among corn, as cockle, aracus, œgilops, and
other degenerations. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 17.

DEGE’NEROUS. adj. [from degener, Latin.]
1. Degenerated; fallen from the virtue and merit of his an­
cestors.
2. Vile; base; infamous; unworthy.
Let not the tumultuary violence of some mens immoderate
demands ever betray me to that degenerous and unmanly fla­
very, which should make me strengthen them by my
consent. King Charles.
Shame, instead of piety, restrains them from many base
and degenerous practices. South's Sermons.
Degenerous passion, and for man too base,
It seats its empire in the female race;
There rages, and, to make his blow secure,
Puts flatt'ry on, until the aim be sure. Dryden's Juvenal.

DEGE’NEROUSLY. adv. [from degenerous.] In a degenerate
manner; basely; meanly.
How wounding a spectacle is it to see our greatest heroes,
like Hercules at the distaff, thus degenerously employed?
Decay of Piety.

DEGLUTI’TION. n. s. [deglutition, Fr. from deglutio, Lat.] The
act or power of swallowing.
When the deglutition is totally abolished, the patient may be
nourished by clysters. Arbuthnot on Diet.

DEGRADA’TION. n. s. [degradation, French.]
1. A deprivation of an office or dignity.
The word degradation is commonly used to denote a depri­
vation and removing of a man from his degree. Ayliffe's Par.
2. Degeneracy; baseness.
So deplorable is the degradation of our nature, that whereas
before we bore the image of God, we now retain only the
image of men. South's Sermons.
3. [In painting.] A term made use of to express the lessening
and rendering confused the appearance of distant objects in a
landskip, so as they may appear there as they would do to an
eye placed at that distance from them. Dict.

To DEGRA’DE. v. a. [degrader, French.]
1. To put one from his degree; to deprive him of his office,
dignity, or title.
He should
Be quite degraded, like a hedgeborn swain,
That doth presume to boast of gentle blood. Shak. Hen. VI.
2. To lessen; to diminish the value of.
Nor shalt thou, by descending to assume
Man's nature, lessen or degrade thine own. Milt. Par. Lost.
All higher knowledge in her presence falls
Degraded. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. i. 551.

DEGRAVA’TION. n. s. [from degravate, of degravo, Lat.] The
act of making heavy. Dict.

DEGRE’E. n. s. [degré, French, from gradus, Latin.]
1. Quality; rank; station; place of dignity.
Surely men of low degree are vanity, and men of high de­
gree are a lie: to be laid in the balance, they are altogether
lighter than vanity. Ps. lxii. 9.
It was my fortune, common to that age,
To love a lady fair, of great degree,
The which was born of noble parentage,
And set in highest seat of dignity. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 4.
I embrace willingly the ancient received course and conve­
niency of that discipline, which teacheth inferior degrees and
orders in the church of God. Hooker's Dedication.


Well then, Coleville is your name; a knight is your degree,
and your place the dale. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Degree being vizarded,
Th' unworthiest shews as fairly in the mask. Shakespeare.
This noble youth to madness lov'd a dame
Of high degree, Honoria was her name. Dryden.
Farmers in degree,
He a good husband, a good housewise she. Dryden.
But is no rank, no station, no degree,
From this contagious taint of sorrow free? Prior.
2. The state and condition in which a thing is.
The book of wisdom noteth degrees of idolatry, making
that of worshipping petty and vile idols more gross than sim­
ply the worshipping of the creature. Bacon's Holy War.
3. A step or preparation to any thing.
Her first degree was by setting forth her beauties, truly in
nature not to be misliked, but as much advanced to the eye
as abased to the judgment by art. Sidney, b. ii.
Which sight the knowledge of myself might bring,
Which to true wisdom is the first degree. Davies.
4. Order of lineage; descent of family.
King Latinus, in the third degree,
Had Saturn author of his family. Dryden's Æn. b. vii. l. 72.
5. The orders or classes of the angels.
The several degrees of angels may probably have larger
views, and be endowed with capacities able to set before them,
as in one picture, all their past knowledge at once. Locke.
6. Measure; proportion.
If you come to separate them, and that all the parts are
equally heard as loud as one another, they will stun you to
that degree, that you would fancy your ears were torn in
pieces. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Poesy
Admits of no degrees; but must be still
Sublimely good, or despicably ill. Roscommon.
7. [In geometry.] The three hundred and sixtieth part of the
circumference of a circle. The space of one degree in the
heavens is accounted to answer to sixty miles.
In minds and manners, twins oppos'd we see;
In the same sign, almost the same degree. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
To you who live in chill degree,
As map informs, of fifty-three. Dryden's Epistles.
8. [In arithmetick.] A degree consists of three figures, viz. of
three places comprehending units, tens and hundreds; so three
hundred and sixty-five is a degree. Cocker's Arithmetick.
9. The division of the lines upon several sorts of mathematical
instruments.
10. [In musick.] The intervals of sounds, which are usually
marked by little lines. Dict.
11. [In physick and chymistry.] The vehemence or slackness of
the hot or cold quality of a plant, mineral, or other mixt body.
The second, third, and fourth degrees of heat are more
easily introduced than the first: every one is both a prepara­
tive and a step to the next. South's Sermons.

By DEGRE’ES. adv. Gradually; by little and little.
Their bodies are exercised in all abilities both of doing and
suffering, and their minds acquainted by degrees with danger.
Sidney, b. ii.
Doth not this ethereal medium, in passing out of water,
glass, crystal, and other compact and dense bodies, into empty
spaces, grow denser and denser by degrees? Newton's Opt.
Exulting in triumph, now swell the bold notes;
In broken air, trembling, the wild musick floats;
'Till by degrees remote and small,
The strains decay,
And melt away,
In a dying, dying fall. Pope's Cecilia.
A person who is addicted to play or gaming, though he
took but little delight in it at first, by degrees contracts a strong
inclination towards it. Spectator, No. 447.

DEGUSTA’TION. n. s. [degustatio, Latin.] A tasting. Dict.

To DEHO’RT. v. a. [dehortor, Latin.] To dissuade; to ad­
vise to the contrary.
One of the greatest sticklers for this fond opinion, severely
dehorted all his followers from prostituting mathematical prin­
ciples unto common apprehension or practice. Wilkins.
The author of this epistle, and the rest of the apostles, do
every where vehemently and earnestly dehort us from unbelief:
did they never read these dehortations? Ward on Infidelity.

DEHORTA’TION. n. s. [from dehortor, Latin.] Dissuasion; a
counselling to the contrary.
The author of this epistle, and the rest of the apostles, do
every where vehemently and earnestly dehort from unbelief,
did they never read these dehortations. Ward on Infidelity.

DEHO’RTATORY. adj. [from dehortor, Latin.] Belonging to
dissuasion.

DEHO’RTER. n. s. [from dehort.] A dissuader; an adviser to
the contrary.

DEI

DE’ICIDE. n. s. [from deus and cædo, Latin.] The murder of
God; the act of killing God. It is only used in speaking of
the death of our blessed Saviour.
Explain how perfection suffer'd pain,
Almighty languish'd, and Eternal dy'd;
How by her patient victor death was slain,
And earth profan'd, yet bless'd with deicide! Prior.

To DEJE’CT. v. a. [dejicio, Latin.]
1. To cast down; to afflict; to grieve; to depress; to sink; to
discourage, to crush.
Well, I am your theme; you have the start of me; I am
dejected; ignorance itself is a plummet o'er me; use me as
you will. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The lowest, most dejected thing of fortune,
Stands still in esperance; lives not in fear! Shakes. K. Lear.
Nor think to die, dejects my lofty mind;
All that I dread is leaving you behind! Pope's R. of the Lock.
2. To change the form with grief; to make to look sad.
Eneas here beheld, of form divine,
A godlike youth in glitt'ring armour shine,
With great Marcellus keeping equal pace;
But gloomy were his eyes, dejected was his face. Dryd. Æn.

DEJE’CT. adj. [dejectus, Latin.] Cast down; afflicted; low­
spirited.
I am of ladies most deject and wretched,
That suck'd the honey of his musick vows. Shakes. Hamlet.

DEJE’CTEDLY. adv. [from deject.] In a dejected manner;
afflictedly.
No man in that passion doth look strongly, but dejectedly;
and that repulsion from the eyes, diverteth the spirits, and gives
heat more to the ears, and the parts by them. Bacon's N. Hist.

DEJE’CTEDNESS. n. s. [from dejected.] A being cast down; a
lowness of spirits. Dict.

DEJE’CTION. n. s. [dejection, Fr. from dejectio, Lat.]
1. A lowness of spirits; melancholy.
What besides
Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair,
Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring,
Departure from this happy place. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Deserted and astonished, he sinks into utter dejection; and
even hope itself is swallowed up in despair. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Weakness; inability.
The effects of such an alkalescent state, in any great de­
gree, are thirst and a dejection of appetite, which putrid things
occasion more than any other. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. [In medicine.] A going to stool.
The liver should continually separate the choler from the
blood, and empty it into the intestines, where there is good
use for it, not only to provoke dejection, but also to attenuate
the chyle. Ray on the Creation.

DEJE’CTURE. n. s. [from deject.] The excrements.
A disease opposite to this spissitude is too great fluidity, the
symptoms of which are excess of animal secretions; as of
perspiration, sweat, urine, liquid dejectures, leanness, weak­
ness, and thirst. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DEJERA’TION. n. s. [from dejero, Lat.] A taking of a solemn
oath. Dict.

DEIFICA’TION. n. s. [deification, French.] The act of deify­
ing, or making a god.

DE’IFORM. adj. [from deus and forma, Latin.] Of a godlike
form.

To DE’IFY. v. a. [deifier, Fr. of deus and fio, Latin.]
1. To make a god of; to adore as god; to transfer into the
number of the divinities.
Daphnis, the fields delight, the shepherds love,
Renown'd on earth, and deify'd above. Dryden.
Even the seals which we have of Julius Cæsar, which we
know to be antique, have the star of Venus over them, though
they were all graven after his death, as a note that he was
deified. Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedicat.
Persuade the covetous man not to deify his money, and the
proud man not to adore himself. South's Sermons.
Half of thee
Is deify'd before thy death. Prior.
2. To praise excessively; to extol one as if he were a god.
He did again so extol and deify the pope, as made all that
he had said in praise of his master and mistress seem temperate
and passable. Bacon's Henry VIII.

To DEIGN. v. n. [from daigner, Fr. of dignor, Latin.] To
vouchsafe; to think worthy.
Deign to descend now lower, and relate
What may no less perhaps avail us known. Milt. Par. Lost.
Oh deign to visit our forsaken seats,
The mossy fountains, and the green retreats. Pope's Summer.

To DEIGN. v. a. To grant; to permit; to allow.
Now Sweno, Norway's king, craves composition;
Nor would we deign him burial of his men,
'Till he disburs'd ten thousand dollars. Shakesp. Macbeth.

DE’IGNING. n. s. [from deign.] A vouchsasing; a thinking
worthy.

To DEI’NTEGRATE. v. a. [from de and integro, Latin.] To
take from the whole; to spoil; to diminish. Dict.

DEI’PAROUS. adj. [deiparus, Latin.] That brings forth a god;
the epithet applied to the blessed Virgin. Dict.

DE’ISM. n. s. [deisme, French.] The opinion of those that


only acknowledge one God, without the reception of any
revealed religion.
Deism, or the principles of natural worship, are only the
faint remnants or dying flames of revealed religion in the
posterity of Noah. Dryden's Pref. to Rel. Laici.

DE’IST. n. s. [deiste, French.] A man who follows no particu­
lar religion, but only acknowledges the existence of God,
without any other article of faith.
The discourse is in the second epistle of St. Peter, the third
chapter, where certain deists, as they seem to have been,
laughed at the prophecy of the day of judgment. Burnet.

DEI’STICAL. adj. [from deist.] Belonging to the heresy of the
deists.
But this folly and weakness of trifling, instead of arguing,
does not happen to fall only to the share of Christian wri­
ters, but to some who have taken the pen in hand to sup­
port the deistical or antichristian scheme of our days. Watts.

DE’ITY. n. s. [déité, French, from deitas, Latin.]
1. Divinity; the nature and essence of God.]
Some things he doth as God, because his deity alone is the
spring from which they flow; some things as man, because
they issue from his meer human nature; some things jointly
as both God and man, because both natures concur as prin­
ciples thereunto. Hooker, b. v. s. 53.
With what arms
We mean to hold, what antiently we claim
Of deity, or empire. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 724.
2. A fabulous god; a term applied to the heathen gods and god­
desses.
Will you suffer a temple, how poorly built soever, but yet
a temple of your deity, to be razed? Sidney, b. ii.
Heard you not what an humble suppliant
Lord Hastings was to her for his delivery?
—Who humbly complaining to her deity,
Got my lord chamberlain his liberty. Shakesp. Richard III.
Give the gods a thankful sacrifice when it pleaseth their
deities to take the wife of a man from him. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.
3. The supposed divinity of a heathen god.
They on their former journey forward pass,
In ways unknown, her wandering knight to seek;
With pains far passing that long wandering Greek,
That for his love refused deity. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 4.
By what reason could the same deity be denied unto Lau­
rentia and Flora, which was given to Venus? Raleigh.

DEL

DELACERA’TION. n. s. [from delacero, Latin.] A tearing in
pieces. Dict.

DELACRYMA’TION. n. s. [delacrymatio, Lat.] A falling down
of the humours; the waterishness of the eyes, or a weeping
much. Dict.

DELACTA’TION. n. s. [delactatio, Latin.] A weaning from
the breast. Dict.

DELA’PSED. adj. [With physicians.] [from delapsus, Latin.]
Bearing or falling down. It is used in speaking of the womb,
and the like. Dict.

To DELA’TE. v. a. [from delatus, Lat.] Carried; conveyed.
Try exactly the time wherein sound is delated. Bacon.

DELA’TION. n. s. [delatio, Latin.]
1. A carrying; conveyance.
In delation of sounds, the inclosure of them preserveth them,
and causeth them to be heard further. Bacon's Nat. History.
It is certain, that the delation of light is in an instant. Bacon.
There is a plain delation of the sound from the teeth to the
instrument of hearing. Bacon's Natural History, No. 149.
2. An accusation; an impeachment.

DELA’TOR. n. s. [delator, Latin.] An accuser; an informer.
Men have proved their own delators, and discovered their
own most important secrets. Government of the Tongue.
No sooner was that small colony, wherewith the depopu­
lated earth was to be replanted, come forth of the ark, but
we meet with Cham, a delator to his own father, inviting his
brethren to that execrable spectacle of their parent's naked­
ness. Government of the Tongue, s. 2.

To DELA’Y. v. a. [from delayer, French.]
1. To defer; to put off.
And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down
out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together
unto Aaron. Ex. xxxii. 1.
2. To hinder; to frustrate.
She flies the town, and mixing with a throng
Of madding matrons, bears the bride along:
Wand'ring through woods and wilds, and devious ways,
And with these arts the Trojan match delays. Dryden's Æn.
Be mindful, goddess, of thy promise made!
Must sad Ulysses ever be delay'd? Pope's Odyssey, b. x.

To DELA’Y. v. n. To stop; to cease from action.
There seem to be certain bounds to the quickness and slow­
ness of the succession of those ideas one to another in our
minds, beyond which they can neither delay nor hasten. Locke.

DELA’Y. n. s. [from the verb.] A deferring; procrastination;
lingering inactivity.
I have learn'd that fearful commenting
Is leaden servitor to dull delay;
Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary. Shakes. R. III.
The conduct of our lives, and the management of our
great concerns, will not bear delay. Locke.
2. Stay; stop.
The keeper charm'd, the chief without delay
Pass'd on, and took the irremediable way. Dryden's Æn. 6.

DELA’YER. n. s. [from delay.] One that defers; a putter off.

DELE’CTABLE. adj. [delectabilis, Latin.] Pleasing; de­
lightful.
Ev'ning now approach'd;
For we have also our ev'ning, and our morn;
We ours for change delectable, not need. Milton's Par. Lost.
Thence, as thou know'st,
He brought thee into this delicious grove,
This garden; planted with the trees of God;
Delectable, both to behold and taste! Milton's Parad. Lost.
Some of his attributes, and the manifestations thereof, are
not only highly delectable to the intellective faculty, but are
suitably and easily conceptible by us, because apparent in his
works; as his goodness, beneficence, wisdom and power. Hale.
The apple's outward form,
Delectable, the witless swain beguiles;
'Till that with writhen mouth, and spattering noise,
He tastes the bitter morsel. Phillips.

DELE’CTABLENESS. n. s. [from delectable.] Delightfulness;
pleasantness.

DELE’CTABLY. adv. Delightfully; pleasantly.

DELECTA’TION. n. s. [delectatio, Latin.] Pleasure; delight.

To DE’LEGATE. v. a. [delego, Latin.]
1. To send away.
2. To send upon an embassy.
3. To intrust; to commit to another's power and jurisdiction.
As God hath imprinted his authority in several parts upon
several estates of men, as princes, parents, spiritual guides; so
he hath also delegated and committed part of his care and pro­
vidence unto them. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
We are to remember, that as God is the universal monarch
of the world, so we have all the relation of fellow-subjects to
him; and can pretend no farther jurisdiction over each other,
than what he has delegated to us. Decay of Piety.
Why does he wake the correspondent moon,
And fill her willing lamp with liquid light,
Commanding her, with delegated pow'rs,
To beautify the world, and bless the night? Prior.
4. To appoint judges to hear and determine a particular cause.

DE’LEGATE. n. s. [delegatus, Latin.]
1. A deputy; a commissioner; a vicar; any one that is sent to
act for, or represent another.
If after her
Any shall live, which dare true good prefer,
Every such person is her delegate,
T' accomplish that which should have been her fate. Donne.
There must be severe exactors of accounts from their dele­
gates and ministers of justice. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Let the young Austrian then her terrours bear;
Great as he is, her delegate in war. Prior.
Elect by Jove, his delegate of sway,
With joyous pride the summons I'd obey. Pope's Odyssey.
2. [In law.] Delegates are persons delegated or appointed by the
king's commission to sit, upon an appeal to him, in the court
of Chancery. Blount.

DE’LEGATE. adj. [delegatus, Latin.] Deputed; sent to act
for, or represent another.
Princes in judgment, and their delegate judges, must judge
the causes of all persons uprightly and impartially. Taylor.

DE’LEGATES [Court of]. A court wherein all causes of appeal,
by way of devolution from either of the archbishops, are
decided. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DELEGA’TION. n. s. [delegatio, Latin.]
1. A sending away.
2. A putting in commission.
3. The assignment of a debt to another.

DELENI’FICAL. adj. [delenificus, Latin.] Having virtue to as­
swage, or ease pain. Dict.

To DELE’TE. v. a. [from deleo, Lat.] To blot out. Dict.

DELETE’RIOUS. adj. [deleterius, Latin.] Deadly; destructive;
of a poisonous quality.
Many things, neither deleterious by substance or quality, are
yet destructive by figure, or some occasional activity. Brown.

DELE’TERY. adj. [from deleterius, Latin.] Destructive; dead­
ly; poisonous.
Nor doctor epidemick,
Though stor'd with deletery med'cines,
(Which whosoever took is dead since)
E'er sent so vast a colony
To both the under worlds as he. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.

DELE’TION. n. s. [deletio, Latin.]
1. Act of rasing or blotting out.
2. A destruction.
Indeed, if there be a total deletion of every person of the op­


posing party or country, then the victory is complete, because
none remains to call it in question. Hale's Co. Law of England.

DELF. n. s. [from delwan, Sax. to dig.]

DELFE. n. s. [from delwan, Sax. to dig.]
1. A mine; a quarry.
Yet could not such mines, without great pains and charges,
if at all, be wrought: the delfs would be so flown with wa­
ters, that no gins or machines could suffice to lay and keep
them dry. Ray on the Creation.
2. Earthen ware; counterfeit China ware, made at Delph.
Thus barter honour for a piece of delf:
No, not for China's wide domain itself. Smart.

DELIBA’TION. n. s. [delibatio, Latin.] An essay; a taste.

To DELI’BERATE. v. n. [delibero, Latin.] To think, in or­
der to choice; to hesitate.
A conscious, wise, reflecting cause,
Which freely moves, and acts by reason's laws;
That can deliberate means elect, and find
Their due connection with the end design'd. Blackm. Creat.
When love once pleads admission to our hearts,
In spite of all the virtue we can boast,
The woman that deliberates is lost. Addison.

DELI’BERATE. adj. [deliberatus, Latin.]
1. Circumspect; wary; advised; discreet.
2. Slow; tedious; not sudden.
Commonly therefore it is for virtuous considerations, that
wisdom so far prevaileth with men as to make them desirous
of slow and deliberate death, against the stream of their sen­
sual inclination. Hooker, b. v. s. 46.
Echoes are some more sudden, and chop again as soon as
the voice is delivered; others are more deliberate, that is, give
more space between the voice and the echo, which is caused
by the local nearness or distance. Bacon's Natural History.

DELI’BERATELY. adv. [from deliberate.] Circumspectly; ad­
visedly; warily.
He judges to a hair of little indecencies; knows better than
any man what is not to be written; and never hazards him­
self so far as to fall; but plods on deliberately, and, as a grave
man ought, is sure to put his staff before him. Dryden.

DELI’BERATENESS. n. s. [from deliberate.] Circumspection;
wariness; coolness; caution.
They would not stay the ripening and season of counsels, or
fair production of acts, in the order, gravity, and deliberateness
befitting a parliament. King Charles.

DELIBERA’TION. n. s. [deliberatio, Latin.] The act of delibe­
rating; thought in order to choice.
If mankind had no power to avoid ill or chuse good by free
deliberation, it should never be guilty of any thing that was
done. Hammond's Fundamentals.

DELI’BERATIVE. adj. [deliberativus, Latin.] Pertaining to
deliberation; apt to consider.

DELI’BERATIVE. n. s. [from the adjective.] The discourse in
which a question is deliberated.
In deliberatives, the point is, what is evil; and of good,
what is greater; and of evil, what is less. Bacon.

DE’LICACY. n. s. [delicatesse, French, of deliciæ, Latin.]
1. Daintiness; fineness in eating.
On hospitable thoughts intent,
What choice to chuse for delicacy best. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. Any thing highly pleasing to the senses.
These delicacies,
I mean of taste, sight, smell, herbs, fruits and flow'rs,
Walks, and the melody of birds. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Softness; feminine beauty.
She had never seen a man of a more goodly presence, in
whom strong making took not away delicacy, nor beauty
fierceness. Sidney, b. ii.
4. Nicety; minute accuracy.
Van Dyck has even excelled him in the delicacy of his co­
louring, and in his cabinet pieces. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. Neatness; elegance of dress.
6. Politeness; gentleness of manners.
7. Indulgence; gentle treatment.
Persons in those posts are usually born of families noble and
rich, and so derive a weakness of constitution from the ease
and luxury of their ancestors, and the delicacy of their own
education. Temple.
8. Tenderness; scrupulousness; mercifulness.
9. Weakness of constitution.

DE’LICATE. adj. [delicat, French.]
1. Fine; not coarse; consisting of small parts.
As much blood passeth through the lungs as through all the
rest of the body: the circulation is quicker, and heat greater,
and their texture is extremely delicate. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Beautiful; pleasing to the eye.
3. Nice; pleasing to the taste; of an agreeable flavour.
The chusing of a delicate before a more ordinary dish, is to
be done as other human actions are, in which there are no
degrees and precise natural limits described. Taylour.
4. Dainty; desirous of curious meats.
5. Choice; select; excellent.
6. Polite; gentle of manners.
7. Soft; effeminate; unable to bear hardships.
Witness this army of such mass and charge,
Led by a delicate and tender prince. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Tender and delicate persons must needs be oft angry, they
have so many things to trouble them, which more robust na­
tures have little sense of. Bacon, Essay 58.
8. Pure; clear.
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ'd
The air is delicate. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DE’LICATELY. adv. [from delicate.]
1. Beautifully.
Ladies, like variegated tulips, show,
'Tis to their changes half their charms we owe;
Such happy spots the nice admirer take,
Fine by defect, and delicately weak. Pope, Epist. ii. l. 41.
2. Finely; not coarsely.
3. Daintily.
Eat not delicately, or nicely; that is, be not troublesome to
thyself or others in the choice of thy meats, or the delicacy
of thy sauces. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
4. Choicely.
5. Politely.
6. Effeminately.

DE’LICATENESS. n. s. [from delicate.] The state of being de­
licate; tenderness; softness; effeminacy.
The delicate woman among you would not adventure to
set the sole of her foot upon the ground, for delicateness and
tenderness. Deutr. xxviii. 56.

DE’LICATES. n. s. [from delicate.] Niceties; rareties; that
which is choice and dainty.
The shepherd's homely curds,
His cold thin drink, out of his leather bottle,
All which secure and sweetly he enjoys,
Is far beyond a prince's delicates. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
They their appetites not only feed
With delicates of leaves and marshy weed;
But with thy sickle reap the rankest land,
And minister the blade with bounteous hand. Dryd. Virgil.
With abstinence all delicates he sees,
And can regale himself with toast and cheese. King's Cookery.

DE’LICES. n. s. pl. [deliciæ, Latin.] Pleasures. This word
is merely French.
And now he has pour'd out his idle mind
In dainty delices and lavish joys,
Having his warlike weapons cast behind,
And flowers in pleasures and vain pleasing toys. Fai. Queen.

DELI’CIOUS. adj. [delicieux, French, from delicatus, Latin.]
1. Sweet; delicate; that affords delight; agreeable; charming;
grateful to the sense or mind.
It is highly probable, that upon Adam's disobedience Al­
mighty God chased him out of paradise, the fairest and most
delicious part of the earth, into some other the most barren and
unpleasant of all the whole globe. Woodward's Nat. History.
In his last hours his easy wit display;
Like the rich fruit he sings, delicious in decay. Swift.
Still on that breast enamour'd let me lie,
Still drink delicious poison from thy eye. Pope's El. to Abelard.

DELI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from delicious.] Sweetly; pleasantly;
delightfully.
How much she hath glorified herself and lived deliciously, so
much torment and sorrow give her. Rev. xviii. 7.

DELI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from delicious.] Delight; pleasure;
joy.
Let no man judge of himself, or of the blessings and effi­
cacy of the sacrament itself, by any sensible relish, by the gust
and deliciousness, which he sometimes perceives, and other
times does not perceive. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

DELIGA’TION. n. s. [deligatio, Latin.] A binding up.
The third intention is deligation, or retaining the parts so
joined together. Wiseman's Surgery.

DELI’GHT. n. s. [delice, Fr. from delector, Latin.]
1. Joy; content; satisfaction.
And Saul commanded his servants, saying, commune with
David secretly, and say, behold the king hath delight in thee,
and all his servants love thee; now therefore be the king's
son-in-law. 1 Sa. xviii. 22.
2. That which gives delight.
Come, sisters, chear we up his sprights,
And shew the best of our delights:
We'll charm the air to give a sound,
While you perform your antick round. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Titus Vespasian was not more the delight of human kind:
the universal empire made him only known, and more power­
ful, but could not make him more beloved. Dryd. Juv. Dedic.
She was his care, his hope, and his delight;
Most in his thought, and ever in his sight. Dryden's Fables.

To DELI’GHT. v. a. [delector, Latin.]
1. To please; to content; to satisfy; to afford pleasure.
Delight thyself also in the Lord, and he shall give thee the
desires of thine heart. Ps. xxxvii. 4.


Poor insects, whereof some are bees, delighted with flowers,
and their sweetness; others beetles, delighted with other kinds
of viands. Locke.
He heard, he took, and pouring down his throat,
Delighted, swill'd the large luxurious draught. Pope's Odyss.

To DELI’GHT. v. n. To have delight or pleasure in. It is
followed by in.
Doth my lord, the king, delight in this thing? 2 Sa. xxiv.
Blessed is the man that feareth the Lord, that delighteth
greatly in his commandments. Psal. cxii. 1.

DELI’GHTFUL. adj. [from delight and full.] Pleasant; charm­
ing; full of delight.
He was given to sparing in so immeasurable sort, that he
did not only bar himself from the delightful, but almost from
the necessary use thereof. Sidney, b. iv.
No Spring nor Summer on the mountain seen,
Smiles with gay fruits, or with delightful green. Addison.

DELI’GHTFULLY. adv. Pleasantly; charmingly; with de­
light.
O voice! once heard
Delightfully, increase and multiply;
Now death to hear! Milton's Paradise Lost.

DELI’GHTFULNESS. n. s. [from delight.] Pleasure; comfort;
satisfaction.
This indeed shews the excellency of the object, but doth
not altogether take away the delightfulness of the knowledge.
Tillotson, Sermon 1.

DELI’GHTSOME. adj. [from delight.] Pleasant; delightful.
The words themselves being so ancient, the knitting of
them so short and intricate, and the whole periods and com­
pass of his speech so delightsome for the roundness, and so
grave for the strangeness. Spenser.
God has furnished every one with the same means of ex­
changing hunger and thirst for delightsome vigour. Grew's Cosm.

DELI’GHTSOMELY. adv. [from delightsome.] Pleasantly; in a
delightful manner.

DELI’GHTSOMENESS. n. s. [from delightsome.] Pleasantness;
delightfulness.

To DELI’NEATE. v. a. [delineo, Latin.]
1. To draw the first draught of a thing; to design.
2. To paint in colours; to represent a true likeness in a picture.
The licentia pictoria is very large: with the same reason
they may delineate old Nestor like Adonis, Hecuba with He­
len's face, and Time with Absolon's head. Brown's Vulg. Err.
3. To describe; to set forth in a lively manner.
It followeth to delineate the region, in which God first
planted his delightful garden. Raleigh's History of the World.
I have not here time to delineate to you the glories of God's
heavenly kingdom; nor, indeed, could I tell you, if I had,
what the happiness of that place and portion is. Wake.

DELINEA’TION. n. s. [delineatio, Latin.] The first draught of
a thing.
In the orthographical schemes there should be a true deli­
neation, and the just dimensions of each face, and of what
things belong to it. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DELI’NIMENT. n. s. [delinimentum, Latin.] A mitigating, or
asswaging. Dict.

DELI’NQUENCY. n. s. [delinquentia, Latin.] A fault; a
failure in duty; a misdeed.
They never punish the greatest and most intolerable delin­
quency of the tumults, and their exciters. King Charles.
Can
Thy years determine like the age of man,
That thou should'st my delinquencies exquire,
And with variety of tortures tire? Sandys's Paraphr. of Job.
A delinquent ought to be cited in the place or jurisdiction
where the delinquency was committed by him. Ayliffe's Parerg.

DELI’NQUENT. n. s. [from delinquens, Latin.] An offender;
one that has committed a crime or fault.
Such an envious state,
That sooner will accuse the magistrate
Than the delinquent; and will rather grieve
The treason is not acted, than believe. Ben. Johnson's Catil.
All three ruined, not by war, or any other disaster, but by
justice and sentence, as delinquents and criminals; all three
famous writers. Bacon's Holy War.
He had, upon frivolous surmises, been sent for as a delin­
quent, and been brought upon his knees at the bar of both
houses. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.

To DE’LIQUATE. v. n. [deliqueo, Latin.] To melt; to be
dissolved.
It will be resolved into a liquor very analogous to that
which the chymists make of salt of tartar, left in moist cel­
lars to deliquate. Boyle's Chym. Princip.
Such an ebullition as we see made by the mixture of some
chymical liquors; as oil of vitriol, and deliquated salt of
tartar. Cudworth on the Creation.

DELIQUA’TION. n. s. [deliquatio, Latin.] A melting; a dis­
solving.

DELI’QUIUM. n. s. Latin. [a chymical term.] A distillation
by the force of fire, or a dissolving any calcined matter, by
hanging it up in moist cellars, into a lixivious humour. Dict.

DELI’RAMENT. n. s. [deliramentum, Latin.] A doting or
foolish idle story. Dict.

To DELI’RATE. v. n. [deliro, Latin.] To dote; to rave;
to talk or act idly. Dict.

DELIRA’TION. n. s. [deliratio, Latin.] Dotage; folly; mad­
ness. Dict.

DELI’RIOUS. adj. [delirius, Latin.]
1. Light-headed; raving; doting.
The people about him said he had been for some hours deli­
rious; but when I saw him he had his understanding as well as
ever I knew. Swift.
On bed
Delirious flung, sleep from his pillow flies. Thomson's Spring.

DELI’RIUM. n. s. [Latin.] Alienation of mind; dotage.
Too great alacrity and promptness in answering, especially
in persons naturally of another temper, is a sign of an ap­
proaching delirium; and in a feverish delirium there is a small
inflammation of the brain. Arbuthnot on Diet.

DELITIGA’TION. n. s. [from delitigo, Latin.] A striving; a
chiding; a contending. Dict.

To DELI’VER. v. a. [delivrer, French.]
1. To give; to yield; to offer; to present.
In any case thou shalt deliver him the pledge again when
the sun goeth down. Deut. xxiv. 13.
Now therefore receive no more money of your acquain­
tance, but deliver it for the breaches of the house. 2 Kings.
Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thine head, and
restore thee unto thy place; and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh's
cup into his hand, after the former manner, when thou wast
his butler. Gen. xl. 13.
It was no wonder that they, who at such a time could be
corrupted to frame and deliver such a petition, would not be
reformed by such an answer. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
2. To cast away; to throw off.
Charm'd with that virtuous draught, th' exalted mind
All sense of woe delivers to the wind. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.
3. To surrender; to put into one's hands.
And David said to him, canst thou bring me down to this
company? And he said, swear unto me by God, that thou
wilt neither kill me, nor deliver me into the hands of my
master, and I will bring thee down to this company. 1 Sa.
They obeyed not thy commandments, wherefore thou hast
delivered us for a spoil, and unto captivity. Tob. iii. 4.
4. To save; to rescue.
Deliver me, O my God, out of the hand of the wicked,
out of the hand of the unrighteous and cruel man. Ps. lxxi. 4.
I was like to be apprehended for the witch of Brainford;
but that my admirable dexterity of wit, counterfeiting the
action of an old woman, delivered me. Sh. M. W. of Windsor.
Thus she the captive did deliver;
The captive thus gave up his quiver. Prior.
5. To speak; to tell; to relate; to utter; to pronounce.
A mirth-moving jest,
Which his fair tongue, conceit's expositor,
Delivers in such apt and gracious words,
That aged ears play truant at his tales. Shakespeare.
Tell me your highness' pleasure;
What from your grace I shall deliver to him. Shakes. R. III.
I knew a clergyman, who appeared to deliver his sermon
without looking into his notes. Swift.
6. To disburden a woman of a child.
On her fright and fears,
She is something before her time deliver'd. Sh. Winter's Tale.
Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few verses,
and those poor ones too. Peacham on Poetry.

To DELI’VER over. v. a. 
1. To put into another's hands; to leave to the discretion of
another.
Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies; for
false witnesses are risen up against me, and such as breathe out
cruelty. Ps. xxvii. 12.
The constables have delivered her over to me, and she shall
have whipping enough, I warrant her. Shakespeare's Hen. IV.
2. To give from hand to hand; to transmit.
If a true account may be expected by future ages from the
present, your lordship will be delivered over to posterity in a
fairer character than I have given. Dryden's Ded. to K. Arthur.

To DELI’VER up. v. a. 
1. To surrender; to give up.
He that spared not his own son, but delivered him up for us
all, how shall he not, with him also, freely give us all things?
Rom. viii. 32.
Are the cities that I got with wounds,
Deliver'd up again with peaceful words? Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Happy having such a son,
That would deliver up his greatness so
Into the hand of justice. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

DELI’VERANCE. n. s. [delivrance, French.]
1. The act of delivering a thing to another.


2. The act of freeing from captivity, slavery, or any oppression;
rescue.
He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deli­
verance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind,
to set at liberty those that are bound. Lu. iv. 18.
O God, command deliverances for Jacob. Ps. xliv. 4.
Whate'er befalls, your life shall be my care;
One death, or one deliv'rance we will share. Dryden's Æn.
3. The act of speaking; utterance; pronunciation.
If seriously I may convey my thoughts
In this my light deliverance, I have spoke
With one that in her sex, her years profession,
Wisdom and constancy, hath amaz'd me more
Than I dare blame my weakness. Sh. All's well that ends well.
4. The act of bringing childdren.
Ne'er mother
Rejoic'd deliverance more. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
People have a superstitious belief, that in the labour of wo­
men it helpeth to the easy deliverance. Bacon's Natural History.

DELI’VERER. n. s. [from deliver.]
1. A saver; a rescuer; a preserver; a releaser.
It doth notably set forth the consent of all nations and ages,
in the approbation of the extirpating and debellating of giants,
monsters, and foreign tyrants, not only as lawful, but as me­
ritorious even of divine honour; and this, although the deli­
verer came from the one end of the world unto the other.
Bacon's Holy War.
By that seed
Is meant thy great deliverer, who shall bruise
The serpent's head. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 149.
Andrew Doria has a statue erected to him at the entrance
of the doge's palace, with the glorious title of deliverer of the
commonwealth; and one of his family another, that calls him
its preserver. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Him their deliverer Europe does confess,
All tongues extol him, all religions bless. Halifax.
She wishes for death, as a deliverer from pain. Bolingbroke.
2. A relater; one that communicates something by speech or
writing.
Divers chymical experiments, delivered by sober authors,
have been believed false, only because the menstruums, or
other materials employed in the unsuccessful trials of them,
were not as highly rectified, or otherwise as exquisitely depu­
rated, as those that were used by the deliverers of those expe­
riments. Boyle.

DELI’VERY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of delivering, or giving.
2. Release; rescue; saving.
He swore, with sobs,
That he would labour my delivery. Shakesp. Richard III.
3. A surrender; giving up.
After the delivery of your royal father's person into the
hands of the army, I undertaking to the queen mother, that
I would find some means to get access to him, she was pleased
to send me. Denham, Dedication.
Nor did he in any degree contribute to the delivery of his
house, which was at first imagined, because it was so ill, or
not at all defended. Clarendon, b. viii.
4. Utterance; pronunciation; speech.
We alledge what the scriptures themselves do usually speak,
for the saving force of the word of God, not with restraint to
any certain kind of delivery, but howsoever the same shall
chance to be made known. Hooker, b. v. sect. 22.
5. Use of the limbs; activity.
The earl was the taller, and much the stronger; but the
duke had the neater limbs, and freer delivery. Wotton.
6. Childbirth.
Like as a woman with child, that draweth near the time of
her delivery, is in pain, and crieth out. Is. xxvi. 7.

DELL. n. s. [from dal, Dutch.]
1. A pit; a valley; a hole in the ground; any cavity in the
earth. Obsolete.
The while, the like same unhappy ewe,
Whose clouted leg her hurt doth shew,
Fell headlong into a dell. Spenser's Pastorals.
I know each lane, and every alley green,
Dingle, or bushy dell of this wild wood. Milt. Parad. Lost.
But, foes to sun-shine, most they took delight
In dells and dales, conceal'd from human sight. Tickell.

DELPH. n. s. [from Delft, the name of the capital of Delft­
land.] A fine sort of earthen ware.
A supper worthy of herself;
Five nothings in five plates of delph. Swift.

DE’LTOIDE. adj. [from delta, the fourth letter of the Greek
alphabet; so called by reason of its resembling this letter.]
An epithet applied to a triangular muscle arising from the
clavicula, and from the process of the same, whose action is
to raise the arm upward.
Cut still more of the deltoid muscle, and carry the arm
backward. Sharp's Surgery.

DELU’DABLE. adj. [from delude.] Liable to be deceived; that
is easily imposed on.
Not well understanding omniscience, he is not so ready
to deceive himself as to falsify unto him whose cogitation is
no ways deludable. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

To DELU’DE. v. a. [deludo, Latin.]
1. To beguile; to cheat; to deceive; to impose on.
O, give me leave, I have deluded you;
'Twas neither Charles, nor yet the duke I nam'd,
But Reignier, king of Naples, that prevail'd. Shak. H. VI.
Let not the Trojans, with a feign'd pretence
Of proffer'd peace, delude the Latian prince. Dryden's Æn.
2. To disappoint; to frustrate.

DELU’DER. n. s. [from delude.]
1. A beguiler; a deceiver; an impostor; a cheat; a false pre­
tender.
Say, flatterer, say, ah fair deluder speak;
Answer me this, ere yet my heart does break. Granville.

To DE’LVE. v. a. [delfan, Sax. delven, Dut. perhaps from
δελφαξ, a hog. Junius.]
1. To dig; to open the ground with a spade.
It shall go hard
But I will delve one yard below the mines,
And blow them at the moon. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Delve of convenient depth your thrashing floor;
With temper'd clay then fill and face it o'er. Dryd. Georg.
Besides, the filthy swine will oft invade
Thy firm inclosure, and with delving snout
The rooted forest undermine. Philips.
2. To fathom; to sift; to sound one's opinion.
What's his name and birth?
—I cannot delve him to the root: his father
Was call'd Sicillius. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

DE’LVE. n. s. [from the verb.] A ditch; a pitfal; a den; a
cave.
He by and by
His feeble feet directed to the cry;
Which to that shady delve him brought at last,
Where Mammon earst did sun his treasury. Fairy Queen.
Such a light and metall'd dance
Saw you never yet in France;
And by landmen, for the nonce,
That turn round like grindle-stones,
Which they dig out fro' the delves,
For their bairns bread, wives, and selves. Ben. Johnson.

A DELVE of Coals. A certain quantity of coals dug in the mine
or pit. Dict.

DE’LVER. n. s. [from delve.] A digger; one that opens the
ground with a spade.

DE’LUGE. n. s. [deluge, French, from diluvium, Latin.]
1. A general inundation; a laying entirely under water.
The apostle doth plainly intimate, that the old world was
subject to perish by a deluge, as this is subject to perish by
conflagration. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. An overflowing of the natural bounds of a river.
But if with bays and dams they strive to force
His channel to a new or narrow course,
No longer then within his banks he dwells,
First to a torrent, then a deluge swells. Denham.
3. Any sudden and resistless calamity.

To DE’LUGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To drown; to lay totally under water.
The restless flood the land would overflow,
By which the delug'd earth would useless grow. Blackmore.
Still the battering waves rush in
Implacable, 'till delug'd by the foam
The ship sinks, sound'ring in the vast abyss. Philips.
2. To overwhelm; to cause to sink under the weight of any
calamity.
At length corruption, like a general flood,
Shall deluge all. Pope's Epist. iii. l. 137.

DELU’SION. n. s. [delusio, Latin.]
1. A cheat; guile; deceit; treachery; fraud; collusion; false­
hood.
2. A false representation; illusion; errour; a chimerical thought.
Who therefore seeks in these
True wisdom, finds her not, or by delusion. Milt. Par. Reg.
I waking, view'd with grief the rising sun,
And fondly mourn'd the dear delusion gone. Prior.

DELU’SIVE. adj. [from delusus, Latin.] Apt to deceive; be­
guiling; imposing on.
When, fir'd with passion, we attack the fair,
Delusive sighs and brittle vows we bear. Prior.
The happy whimsey you pursue,
'Till you at length believe it true;
Caught by your own delusive art,
You fancy first, and then assert. Prior.
While the base and groveling multitude of different nations,
ranks and ages were listening to the delusive deities, those of a
more erect aspect and exalted spirit separated themselves from
the rest. Tatler, No. 81.
A vast variety of phænomena, and those many of them so
delusive, that it is very hard to escape imposition and mistake.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iv.



DELU’SORY. adj. [from delusus, Latin.] Apt to deceive.
This confidence is founded on no better foundation than a
delusory prejudice. Glanv. Sceps. c. 12.

DEM

DE’MAGOGUE. n. s. [δημαγωγ.] A ringleader of the rabble;
a populous and factious orator.
Who were the chief demagogues and patrons of tumults, to
send for them, to flatter and embolden them. King Charles.
A plausible, insignificant word, in the mouth of an expert
demagogue, is a dangerous and dreadful weapon. South's Serm.
Demosthenes and Cicero, though each of them a leader,
or, as the Greeks called it, a demagogue, in a popular state,
yet seem to differ in their practice upon this branch of their
art. Swift.

DEMA’IN. n. s. [domaine, French.]

DEME’AN. n. s. [domaine, French.]

DEME’SNE. n. s. [domaine, French.]
That land which a man holds originally of himself, called
dominium by the civilians, and opposed to feodum or fee,
which signifies those that are held of a superior lord. It is
sometimes used also for a distinction between those lands that
the lord of the manor has in his own hands, or in the hands
of his lessee, demised or let upon a rent for a term of years
or life, and such other lands appertaining to the said manor as
belong to free or copyholders; although the copyhold belong­
ing to any manor, according to many good lawyers, is also
accounted demeans. Philips.
Having now provided
A gentleman of noble parentage,
Of fair demesns, youthful, and nobly allied. Shakespeare.
That earldom indeed had a royal jurisdiction and seigniory,
though the lands of that county in demesne were possessed for
the most part by the ancient inheritors. Davies on Ireland.
The defects in those acts for planting forest-trees might be
fully supplied, since they have hitherto been wholly ineffec­
tual, except about the demesnes of a few gentlemen; and even
there, in general, very unskilfully made, and thriving accord­
ingly. Swift.

DEMA’ND. n. s. [demande, French.]
1. A claim; a challenging; the asking of any thing with au­
thority.
This matter is by the decree of the watchers, and the de­
mand by the word of the holy ones. Dan. iv. 17.
Giving vent, gives life and strength to our appetites; and
he that has the confidence to turn his wishes into demands,
will be but a little way from thinking he ought to obtain
them. Locke.
2. A question; an interrogation.
3. The calling for a thing in order to purchase it.
My bookseller tells me, the demand for those my papers in­
creases daily. Addison's Spectator, No. 124.
4. [In law.] The asking of what is due. It hath also a proper
signification distinguished from plaint; for all civil actions are
pursued either by demands or plaints, and the pursuer is called
demandant or plaintiff. There are two manners of demands,
the one of deed, the other in law: in deed, as in every præ­
cipe, there is express demand: in law, as every entry in land­
distress for rent, taking or seising of goods, and such like acts,
which may be done without any words, are demands in
law. Blount.

To DEMA’ND. v. a. [demander, French.]
1. To claim; to ask for with authority.
The pound of flesh, which I demand of him,
Is dearly bought, 'tis mine, and I will have it. Shakespeare.
2. To question; to interrogate.
And when Uriah was come unto him, David demanded of
him how Joab did, and how the people did, and how the
war prospered. 2 Sa. xi. 7.
If any friend of Cæsar's demand, why Brutus rose against
Cæsar, this is my answer: Not that I loved Cæsar less, but
that I loved Rome more. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Young one,
Inform us of thy fortunes; for, it seems,
They crave to be demanded. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The oracle of Apollo being demanded, when the war and
misery of Greece should have an end, reply'd, When they
would double the altar in Delos, which was of a cubick form.
Peacham on Geometry.
3. [In law.] To prosecute in a real action.

DEMA’NDABLE. adj. [from demand.] That may be demanded;
requested; asked for.
All sums demandable, either for licence of alienation to be
made of lands holden in chief, or for the pardon of any such
alienation, already made without licence, have been stayed in
the way to the hanaper. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.

DEMA’NDANT. n. s. [from demand.] He who is actor or
plaintiff in a real action, because he demandeth lands. Coke.
One of the witnesses deposed, that dining on a Sunday
with the demandant, whose wife had sat below the squire's lady
at church, she the said wife dropped some expressions, as if
she thought her husband ought to be knighted. Spectator.

DEMA’NDER. n. s. [demandeur, French.]
1. One that requires a thing with authority.
2. One that asks a civil question.
3. One that asks for a thing in order to purchase it.
They grow very fast and fat, which also bettereth their
taste, and delivereth them to the demanders ready use at all
seasons. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
4. A dunner; one that demands a debt.

DEME’AN. n. s. [from demener, French.]
1. A mien; presence; carriage; demeanour; deportment.
At his feet, with sorrowful demean,
And deadly hue, an armed corse did lie. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To DEME’AN. v. a. [from demener, French.]
1. To behave; to carry one's self.
Those plain and legible lines of duty requiring us to de­
mean ourselves to God humbly and devoutly, to our governors
obediently, and to our neighbours justly, and to ourselves
soberly and temperately. South's Sermons.
A man cannot doubt but that there is a God; and that,
according as he demeans himself towards him, he will make
him happy or miserable for ever. Tillotson, Serm. i.
Strephon had long perplex'd his brains,
How with so high a nymph he might
Demean himself the wedding-night. Swift.
2. To lessen; to debase; to undervalue.
Now, out of doubt, Antipholis is mad;
Else he would never so demean himself. Sh. Com. of Errours.

DEME’ANOUR. n. s. [demener, French.] Carriage; beha­
viour.
Of so insupportable a pride he was, that where his deeds
might well stir envy, his demeanour did rather breed disdain.
Sidney, b. ii.
Angels best like us, when we are most like unto them in all
parts of decent demeanour. Hooker, b. i.
His gestures fierce
He mark'd, and mad demeanour, then alone,
As he suppos'd, all unobserv'd, unseen. Milton's Par. Lost.
To whom thus Eve, with sad demeanour meek,
Ill worthy I, such title should belong
To me transgressor! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 162.
He was of a courage not to be daunted, which was mani­
fested in all his actions, especially in his whole demeanour at
the Isle of Ree, both at the landing, and upon the retreat. Clar.

DEME’ANS. n. s. pl. An estate in goods or lands; that which
a man possesses in his own right.

To DEME’NTATE. v. n. [demento, Latin.] To grow mad.

DEMENTA’TION. n. s. [dementatio, Latin.] A being mad, or
frantick.

DEME’RIT. n. s. [demérite, Fr. from demeritus, of demereor,
Latin.] The opposite to merit; ill-deserving; what makes
one worthy of blame or punishment.
They should not be able once to stir, or to murmur, but it
should be known, and they shortened according to their
demerits. Spenser on Ireland.
Thou liv'st by me; to me thy breath resign;
Mine is the merit, the demerit thine. Dryden's Fables.
Whatever they acquire by their industry or ingenuity,
should be secure, unless forfeited by any demerit or offence
against the custom of the family. Temple.
2. Anciently the same with merit; desert.
'Tis yet to know,
Which when I know that boasting is an honour,
I shall promulgate, I fetch my life and being
From men of royal siege; and my demerits
May speak, unbonnetting, to as proud a fortune
As this that I have reach'd. Shakespeare's Othello.

To DEME’RIT. v. a. [demeriter, French.] To deserve blame
or punishment.

DEME’RSED. adj. [from demersus, of demergo, Latin.] Plunged;
drowned. Dict.

DEME’RSION. n. s. [demersio, Latin.]
1. A drowning.
2. [In chymistry.] The putting any medicine in a dissolving
liquor. Dict.

DEME’SNE. See DEMAIN.

DE’MI. inseparable particle. [demi, Fr. dimidium, Latin.] Half;
one of two equal parts. This word is only used in composi­
tion; as demigod, that is, half human, half divine.

DEMI-CANNON. n. s. [demi and cannon.]

DEMI-CANNON Lowest. A great gun that carries a ball of
thirty pounds weight and six inches diameter. The diameter
of the bore is six inches two eighth parts. Dict.

DEMI-CANNON Ordinary. A great gun six inches four eights
diameter in the bore, twelve foot long. It carries a shot six
inches one sixth diameter, and thirty-two pounds weight. Dict.

DEMI-CANNON of the greatest Size. A gun six inches and six
eighth parts diameter in the bore, twelve foot long. It car­
ries a ball of six inches five eights diameter, and thirty-six
pounds weight. Dict.
What! this a sleeve? 'Tis like a demi-cannon. Shakesp.


Ten engines, that shall be of equal force either to a cannon
or demi-cannon, culverin or demi-culverin, may be framed at
the same price that one of these will amount to. Wilkins.

DEMI-CULVERIN. n. s. [demi and culverin.]

DEMI-CULVERIN of the lowest Size. A gun four inches two
eights diameter in the bore, and ten foot long. It carries a
ball four inches diameter, and nine pounds weight. Dict.

DEMI-CULVERIN Ordinary. A gun four inches four eights
diameter in the bore, ten foot long. It carries a ball four
inches two eights diameter, and ten pounds eleven ounces
weight.

DEMI-CULVERIN, elder Sort. A gun four inches and six eights
diameter in the bore, ten foot one third in length. It carries
a ball four inches four eight parts diameter, and twelve pounds
eleven ounces weight. Milit. Dict.
They continue a perpetual volley of demi-culverins. Raleigh.
The army left two demi-culverins, and two other good
guns. Clarendon, b. viii.

DEMI-DEVIL. n. s. [demi and devil.] Partaking of infernal
nature; half a devil.
Will you, I pray, demand that demi-devil,
Why he hath thus ensnar'd my soul and body? Shak. Othel.

DEMI-GOD. n. s. [demi and god.] Partaking of divine nature;
half a god; an hero produced by the cohabitation of divinities
with mortals.
He took his leave of them, whose eyes bad him farewel
with tears, making temples to him as to a demi-god. Sidney.
Be gods, or angels, demi-gods. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Transported demi-gods stood round,
And men grew heroes at the sound,
Enflam'd with glory's charms. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
Nay, half in heaven, except (what's mighty odd)
A fit of vapours clouds this demi-god. Pope's Epist. of Hor.

DEMI-LANCE. n. s. [demi and lance.] A light lance; a spear;
a half-pike.
On their steel'd heads, their demi-lances wore
Small pennons, which their ladies colours bore. Dryden.
Light demi-lances from afar they throw,
Fasten'd with leathern thongs to gaul the foe. Dryden's Æn.

DEMI-MAN. n. s. [demi and man.] Half a man. A term of
reproach.
We must adventure this battle, lest we perish by the com­
plaints of this barking demi-man. Knolles's History of the Turks.

DEMI-WOLF. n. s. [demi and wolf.] Half a wolf; a mongrel
dog between a dog and wolf. Lycisca.
Spaniels, curs,
Showghs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves, are cleped
All by the name of dogs. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DEMI’SE. n. s. [from demetre, demis, demise, French.] Death;
decease. It is seldom used but in formal and ceremonious
language.
About a month before the demise of queen Anne, the author
retired. Swift.

To DEMI’SE. v. a. [demis, demise, French.] To grant at
one's death; to grant by will; to bequeath.
My executors shall not have power to demise my lands to be
purchased. Swift's Last Will.

DEMI’SSION. n. s. [demissio, Latin.] Degradation; diminu­
tion of dignity; depression.
Inexorable rigour is worse than a lasche demission of sove­
reign authority. L'Estrange.

To DEMI’T. v. a. [demitto, Latin.] To depress; to hang
down; to let fall. Dict.
When they are in their pride, that is, advancing their
train, if they decline their neck to the ground, they presently
demit, and let fall the same. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

DEMO’CRACY. n. s. [δημοϰϱαία.] One of the three forms
of government; that in which the sovereign power is neither
lodged in one man, nor in the nobles, but in the collective
body of the people.
While many of the servants, by industry and virtue, ar­
rive at riches and esteem, then the nature of the government
inclines to a democracy. Temple.
The majority having the whole power of the community,
may employ all that power in making laws, and executing
those laws; and there the form of the government is a perfect
democracy. Locke.

DEMOCRA’TICAL. adj. [from democracy.] Pertaining to a po­
pular government; popular.
They are still within the line of vulgarity, and are democra­
tical enemies to truth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.
As the government of England has a mixture of democrati­
cal in it, so the right of inventing political lyes, is partly in
the people. Arbuthnot.

To DEMO’LISH. v. a. [demolir, French; demolior, Latin.]
1. To throw down buildings; to raze; to destroy.
I expected the fabrick of my book would long since have
been demolished, and laid even with the ground. Tillotson, Pref.
Red lightning play'd along the firmament,
And their demolish'd works to pieces rent. Dryden's Ovid.

DEMO’LISHER. n. s. [from demolish.] One that throws down
buildings; a destroyer; a layer waste.

DEMOLI’TION. n. s. [from demolish.] The act of overthrow­
ing or demolishing buildings; destruction.
Two gentlemen should have the direction in the demolition
of Dunkirk. Swift.

DE’MON. n. s. [dæmon, Latin; δαίμων.] A spirit; generally
an evil spirit; a devil.
I felt him strike, and now I see him fly:
Curs'd demon! O for ever broken lie
Those fatal shafts, by which I inward bleed. Prior.

DEMONI’ACAL. adj. [from demon.]

DEMO’NIACK. adj. [from demon.]
1. Belonging to the devil; devilish.
He, all unarm'd,
Shall chase thee with the terror of his voice
From thy demoniack holds, possession foul. Milton's Par. Reg.
2. Influenced by the devil; produced by diabolical possession.
Demoniack phrensy, moping melancholy. Milt. Par. Lost.

DEMO’NIACK. n. s. [from the adjective.] One possessed by
the devil; one whose mind is disturbed and agitated by the
power of wicked and unclean spirits.
Those lunaticks and demoniacks that were restored to their
right mind, were such as sought after him, and believed in
him. Bentley's Sermons.

DEMO’NIAN. adj. [from demon.] Devilish; of the nature of
devils.
Demonian spirits now, from the element
Each of his reign allotted, rightlier called
Pow'rs of fire, air, water, and earth beneath. Parad. Reg.

DEMONO’CRACY. n. s. [δαίμων and ϰϱαέω.] The power of the
devil. Dict.

DEMONO’LATRY. n. s. [δαίμων and λάϱεια.] The worship of
the devil. Dict.

DEMONO’LOGY. n. s. [δαίμων and λόγ.] Discourse of the
nature of devils. Thus king James entitled his book con­
cerning witches.

DEMO’NSTABLE. adj. [demonstrabilis, Lat.] That which may
be proved beyond doubt or contradiction; that which may be
made not only probable, but evident.
The grand articles of our belief are as demonstrable as
geometry. Glanv. Sceps. c. 24.

DEMO’NSTRABLY. adv. [from demonstrable.] In such a man­
ner as admits of certain proof; evidently; beyond possibility
of contradiction.
He should have compelled his ministers to execute the law,
in those cases that demonstrably concerned the publick peace. Cl.

To DEMO’NSTRATE. v. a. [demonstro, Latin.] To prove
with the highest degree of certainty; to prove in such a man­
ner as reduces the contrary position to evident absurdity.
We cannot demonstrate these things so, as to shew that the
contrary often involves a contradiction. Tillotson, Pref.

DEMONSTRA’TION. n. s. [demonstratio, Latin.]
1. The highest degree of deducible or argumental evidence;
the strongest degree of proof; such proof as not only evinces
the position proved to be true, but shews the contrary posi­
tion to be absurd and impossible.
What appeareth to be true by strong and invincible demon­
stration, such as wherein it is not by any way possible to be
deceived, thereunto the mind doth necessarily assent. Hooker.
Where the agreement or disagreement of any thing is plain­
ly and clearly perceived, it is called demonstration. Locke.
2. Indubitable evidence of the senses or reason.
Which way soever we turn ourselves, we are encountered
with clear evidences and sensible demonstrations of a Deity. Till.

DEMO’NSTRATIVE. adj. [demonstrativus, Latin.]
1. Having the power of demonstration; invincibly conclusive;
certain.
An argument necessary and demonstrative, is such as, being
proposed unto any man, and understood, the man cannot
chuse but inwardly yield. Hooker, Pref.
2. Having the power of expressing clearly and certainly.
Painting is necessary to all other arts, because of the need
which they have of demonstrative figures, which often give
more light to the understanding than the clearest discourses we
can make. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

DEMO’NSTRATIVELY. adv. [from demonstrative.]
1. With evidence not to be opposed or doubted.
No man, in matters of this life, requires an assurance either
of the good which he designs, or of the evil which he avoids,
from arguments demonstratively certain. South's Sermons.
First, I demonstratively prove,
That feet were only made to move. Prior.
2. Clearly; plainly; with certain knowledge.
Demonstratively understanding the simplicity of perfection,
it was not in the power of earth to work them from it. Brown.

DEMONSTRA’TOR. n. s. [from demonstrate.] One that proves;
one that teaches; one that demonstrates.

DEMONSTRA’TORY. adj. [from demonstrate.] Having the ten­
dency to demonstrate.



DEMU’LCENT. adj. [demulcens, Latin.] Softening; mollify­
ing; assuasive.
Pease, being deprived of any aromatick parts, are mild and
demulcent in the highest degree; but being full of aerial par­
ticles, are flatulent, when dissolved by digestion. Arbuthnot.

To DEMU’R. v. n. [demeurer, French; dimorare, Italian;
demorari, Latin.]
1. To delay a process in law by doubts and objections. See
DEMURRER.
To this plea the plaintiff demurred. Walten's Angler.
2. To pause in uncertainty; to suspend determination; to hesi­
tate; to delay the conclusion of an affair.
Upon this rub the English ambassadours thought fit to de­
mur, and so sent into England to receive directions from the
lords of the council. Hayward.
Running into demands, they expect from us a sudden
resolution in things, wherein the devil of Delphos would
demur. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.
He must be of a very sluggish or querulous humour, that
shall demur upon setting out, or demand higher encourage­
ments than the hope of heaven. Decay of Piety.
News of my death from rumour he receiv'd,
And what he wish'd, he easily believ'd;
But long demurr'd, though from my hand he knew
I liv'd, so loth he was to think it true. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
3. To doubt; to have scruples or difficulties; to deliberate.
There is something in our composition, that thinks and ap­
prehends, and reflects and deliberates, determines and doubts,
consents and denies; that wills and demurs, and resolves and
chuses, and rejects. Bentley.

To DEMU’R. v. a. To doubt of.
The latter I demur; for in their looks
Much reason, and in their actions, oft appears. Milt. P. L.

DEMU’R. n. s. [from the verb.] Doubt; hesitation; suspense
of opinion.
O progeny of heav'n, empyreal thrones!
With reason hath deep silence and demur
Seiz'd us, though undismay'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Certainly the highest and dearest concerns of a temporal
life are infinitely less valuable than those of an eternal; and
consequently ought, without any demur at all, to be sacrificed
to them, whensoever they come in competition with them. South.
All my demurs but double his attacks;
At last he whispers, Do, and we go snacks. Pope's Epistles.

DEMU’RE. adj. [des mæurs, French.]
1. Sober; decent.
Lo! two most lovely virgins came in place,
With countenance demure, and modest grace. Fairy Queen.
Come, pensive nun, devout and pure,
Sober, stedfast and demure. Milton.
2. Grave; affectedly modest: it is now generally taken in a sense
of contempt.
After a demure travel of regard, I tell them I know my
place, as I would they should do theirs. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
There be many wise men, that have secret hearts and trans­
parent countenances; yet this would be done with a demure
abasing of your eye sometimes. Bacon, Essay 23.
A company of mice, peeping out of their holes, spied a cat,
that lay and looked so demure as if there had been neither life
nor soul in her. L'Estrange.
So cat, transform'd, sat gravely and demure,
'Till mouse appear'd, and thought himself secure. Dryden.
Jove sent and found, far in a country scene,
Truth, innocence, good-nature, look serene;
From which ingredients, first, the dext'rous boy
Pick'd the demure, the aukward, and the coy. Swift.

To DEMU’RE. v. n. [from the noun.] To look with an affected
modesty.
Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes,
And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
Demuring upon me. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.

DEMU’RELY. adv. [from demure.] With affected modesty;
solemnly; with pretended gravity.
Put on a sober habit,
Talk with respect, and swear but now and then,
Wear prayer-books in my pocket, look demurely. Shakesp.
Esop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman, sat very
demurely at the board's end, 'till a mouse ran before her. Bacon.
Next stood hypocrisy with holy leer,
Soft smiling, and demurely looking down;
But hid the dagger underneath the gown. Dryden's Fables.
2. In the following line it is the same with solemnly. Warb.
Hark, how the drums demurely wake the sleepers! Shakes.

DEMU’RENESS. n. s. [from demure.]
1. Modesty; soberness; gravity of aspect.
Her eyes having in them such a cheerfulness, as nature
seemed to smile in them; though her mouth and cheeks obeyed
to that pretty demureness, which the more one marked, the
more one would judge the poor soul apt to believe. Sidney.
2. Affected modesty; pretended gravity.

DEMU’RRAGE. n. s. [from demur.] An allowance made by
merchants to masters of ships, for their stay in a port beyond
the time appointed.

DEMU’RRER. n. s. [demeurer, French; i. e. manere in aliquo loco
vel morari.] A kind of pause upon a point of difficulty in an
action; for, in every action, the controversy consists either
in the fact, or in the law: if in the fact, that is tried by the
jury; if in law, then is the case plain to the judge, or so hard
and rare, as it breedeth just doubt. I call that plain to the
judge, wherein he is assured of the law; and in such case the
judge, with his associates, proceeds to judgment without far­
ther work. But when it is doubtful to him and his associates,
then is there stay made, and a time taken, either for the court
to think farther upon it, and to agree, if they can; or else
for all the justices to meet together in the Chequer-chamber,
and, upon hearing that which the serjeants can say of both
parts, to advise, and set down as law, whatsoever they con­
clude firm, without farther remedy. Cowel.
A prohibition was granted, and hereunto there was a de­
murrer. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DEN

DEN. n. s. [den, Saxon.]
1. A cavern or hollow running horizontally, or with a small
obliquity, under ground; distinct from a hole, which runs
down perpendicularly.
They here dispersed, some in the air, some on the earth,
some in the waters, some amongst the minerals, dens and caves
under the earth. Hooker, b. i. s. 4.
2. The cave of a wild beast.
What, shall they seek the lion in his den,
And fright him there? Shakespeare's King John.
The tyrant's den, whose use, though lost to same,
Was now th' apartment of the royal dame;
The cavern, only to her father known,
By him was to his darling daughter shown. Dryden's Fables.
'Tis then the shapeless bear his den forsakes;
In woods and fields a wild destruction makes. Dryd. Virgil.
3. Den may signify either a valley or a woody place; for the
Saxon den imports both. Gibson's Camden.

DENA’Y. n. s. [a word formed between deny and nay.] Denial;
refusal.
To her in haste, give her this jewel: say
My love can give no place, bide no denay. Sh. Twel. Night.

DENDRO’LOGY. n. s. [δένδϱον and λόγ.] The natural history of
trees.

DENI’ABLE. adj. [from deny.] That which may be denied;
that to which one may refuse belief.
The negative authority is also deniable by reason. Brown.

DENI’AL. n. s. [from deny.]
1. Negation; the contrary to confession.
No man more impudent to deny, where proofs were not
manifest; no man more ready to confess, with a repenting
manner of aggravating his own evil, where denial would but
make the fault fouler. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Refusal; the contrary to grant, allowance, or concession.
Here comes your father; never make denial:
I must and will have Catharine to my wife. Shakespeare.
The denial of landing, and hasty warning us away, troubled
us much: on the other side, to find people so full of huma­
nity, did comfort us. Bacon's New Atlantis.
He, at every fresh attempt, is repell'd
With faint denials, weaker than before. Dryden's Ann. Mir.
3. Abjuration; contrary to acknowledgment of adherence.
We may deny God in all those acts that are capable of being
morally good or evil: those are the proper scenes, in which
we act our confessions or denials of him. South's Sermons.

DENI’ER. n. s. [from deny.]
1. A contradictor; an opponent; one that holds the negative of
a proposition.
By the word virtue the affirmer intends our whole duty to
God and man, and the denier by the word virtue means only
courage, or, at most, our duty towards our neighbour, with­
out including the idea of the duty which we owe to God.
Watts's Logick, p. i. c. 6. s. 3.
2. A disowner; one that does not own or acknowledge.
If it was so fearful when Christ looked his denier into re­
pentance, what will it be when he shall look him into de­
struction. South's Sermons.
3. A refuser; one that refuses.
It may be I am esteemed by my denier: sufficient of myself
to discharge my duty to God as a priest, though not to men as
a prince. King Charles.

DENIE’R. n. s. [from denarius, Lat. It is pronounced as deneer, in
two syllables.] A small denomination of French money; the
twelfth part of a sous.
You will not pay for the glasses you have burst?
——No, not a denier. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

To DE’NIGRATE. v. a. [denigro, Latin.] To blacken; to
make black.
By suffering some impression from fire, bodies are casually
or artificially denigrated in their natural complexion: thus
are charcoals made black by an infection of their own
suffitus. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.
Hartshorn, and other white bodies, will be denigrated by
heat; yet camphire would not at all lose its whiteness. Boyle.



DENIGRA’TION. n. s. [denigratio, Latin.] A blackening, or
making black.
These are the advenient and artificial ways of denigration,
answerably whereto may be the natural progress. Brown.
In several instances of denigration the metals are worn
off, or otherwise reduced into very minute parts. Boyle.

DENIZA’TION. n. s. [from denizen.] The act of infranchising,
or making free.
That the mere Irish were reputed aliens appears by the char­
ters of denization, which in all ages were purchased by them.
Davies on Ireland.

DE’NIZEN. n. s. [from dinasddyn, a man of the city, or di­
nesydd, free of the city, Welsh.] A freeman;
one infranchised.

DE’NISON. n. s. [from dinasddyn, a man of the city, or di­
nesydd, free of the city, Welsh.] A freeman;
one infranchised.
Denizen is a British law term, which the Saxons and Angles
found here, and retained. Davies's Preface.
Thus th' Almighty sire began: ye gods,
Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes,
From whence these murmurs? Dryden.
A great many plants will hardly, with nursing, be made to
produce their seed out of their native soil; but corn, so neces­
sary for all people, is fitted to grow and to seed as a free denison
of the world. Grew's Cosm. b. iii. c. 2.
He summons straight his denizens of air;
The lucid squadrons the sails repair. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

To DE’NIZEN. v. a. [from the noun.] To infranchise; to
make free.
Pride, lust, covetize, being several
To these three places, yet all are in all;
Mingled thus, their issue is incestuous;
Falshood is denizen'd, virtue is barbarous. Donne.

To DENO’MINATE. v. a. [denomino, Latin.] To name;
to give a name to.
Their commendable purpose being not of every one under­
stood, they have been in latter ages construed as though they
had superstitiously meant either that those places, which were
denominated of angels and saints, should serve for the worship
of so glorious creatures; or else those glorified creatures for
defence, protection, and patronage of such places. Hooker, b. v.
Predestination is destructive to all that is established among
men, to all that is most precious, to human nature, to the
two faculties that denominate us men, understanding and will;
for what use can we have of our understandings, if we cannot do
what we know to be our duty? And if we act not voluntarily,
what exercise have we of our wills? Hammond's Fundamentals.

DENOMINA’TION. n. s. [denominatio, Latin.] A name given
to a thing, which commonly marks some principal quality of
it.
But is there any token, denomination, or monument of the
Gauls yet remaining in Ireland, as there is of the Scythians?
Spenser's State of Ireland.
The liking or disliking of the people gives the play the
denomination of good or bad; but does not really make or con­
stitute it such. Dryden's Defence of Dramatick Poesy.
Philosophy, the great idol of the learned part of the Heathen
world, has divided it into many sects and denominations;
as Stoicks, Peripateticks, Epicureans, and the like. South.
All men are sinners: the most righteous among us must
confess ourselves to come under that denomination. Rogers.

DENO’MINATIVE. adj. [from denominate.]
1. That which gives a name; that which confers a distinct ap­
pellation.
2. That which obtains a distinct appellation. This would be
more analogically denominable.
The least denominative part of time is a minute, the greatest
integer being a year. Cocker's Arithmetick.

DENOMINA’TOR. n. s. [from denominate.] The giver of a
name; the person or thing that causes an appellation.
Both the seas of one name should have one common deno­
minator. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

DENOMINA’TOR of a Fraction, is the number below the line,
shewing the nature and quality of the parts which any integer
is supposed to be divided into: thus in 6/8, 8 the denominator
shews you, that the integer is supposed to be divided into 8
parts, or half quarters; and the numerator 6 shews, that you
take 6 of such parts, i. e. three quarters of the whole. Harris.
When a single broken number or fraction hath for its deno­
minator a number consisting of an unit, in the first place
towards the left hand, and nothing but cyphers from the unit
towards the right hand, it is then more aptly and rightly called
a decimal fraction. Cocker's Arithmetick.
Denominator of any proportion, is the quotient arising from
the division of the antecedent by the consequent: thus 6 is
the denominator of the proportion that 30 hath to 5, because
5) 30 (6. This is also called the exponent of the proportion,
or ratio. Harris.

DENOTA’TION. n. s. [denotatio, Latin.] The act of denoting.

To DENO’TE. v. a. [denoto, Latin.] To mark; to be a sign
of; to betoken; to shew by signs; as, a quick pulse denotes a
fever.

To DENOU’NCE. v. a. [denuncio, Latin; denoncer, French.]
1. To threaten by proclamation.
I denounce unto you this day, that ye shall surely perish. Deut.
He of their wicked ways
Shall them admonish, denouncing wrath to come
On their impenitence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 815.
They impose their wild conjectures for laws upon others,
and denounce war against all that receive them not. Dec. of Piety.
2. To threaten by some outward sign or expression.
He ended frowning, and his look denounc'd
Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous
To less than gods. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 106.
The sea grew white; the rolling waves from far,
Like heralds, first denounce the watry war. Dryden.
3. To give information against.
Archdeacons ought to propose parts of the New Testament
to be learned by heart by inferior clergymen, and denounce
such as are negligent. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DENOU’NCEMENT. n. s. [from denounce.] The act of proclaim­
ing any menace; the proclamation of intended evil; denun­
ciation.
False is the reply of Cain upon the denouncement of his curse,
My iniquity is greater than can be forgiven. Brown's Vu. Err.

DENO’UNCER. n. s. [from denounce.] One that declares some
menace.
Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate,
To toll the mournful knell of separation. Dryden.

DENSE. adj. [densus, Latin.] Close; compact; approaching
to solidity; having small interstices between the constituent
particles.
The cause of cold is the density of the body; for all dense
bodies are colder than most other bodies, as metals, stone,
glass; and they are longer in heating than softer bodies. Bacon.
In the air the higher you go, the less it is compressed,
and consequently the less dense it is; and so the upper part
is exceedingly thinner than the lower part which we breathe.
Locke.

To DE’NSHIRE. v. a. A barbarous term of husbandry.
Burning of land, or burn-bating, is commonly called den­
shiring, that is, Devenshiring or Denbighshiring, because most
used or first invented there. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DE’NSITY. n. s. [densitas, Latin.] Closeness; compactness;
close adhesion, or near approach of parts.
Whilst the densest of metals, gold, if foliated, is transpa­
rent, and all metals become transparent, if dissolved in men­
struums or vitrified, the opacity of white metals ariseth not
from their density alone. Newton's Opticks.
The air within the vessels being of a less density, the out­
ward air would press their sides together; and, being of a
greater density, would expand them so as to endanger the life
of the animal. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DE’NTAL. adj. [dentalis, Latin.]
1. Belonging or relating to the teeth.
2. [In grammar.] Pronounced principally by the agency of the
teeth.
The Hebrews have assigned which letters are labial, which
dental, and which guttural. Bacon's Natural History, No. 198.
The dental consonants are easy, therefore let them be next;
first the labie-dentals, as also the lingua-dentals. Holder's Elem.

DE’NTAL. n. s. A small shell-fish.
Two small black and shining pieces, seem, by the shape, to
have been formed in the shell of a dental. Woodward on Fossils.

DENTE’LLI. n. s. [Italian.] Modillons.
The modillons, or dentelli, make a noble show by graceful
projections. Spectator, No. 415.

DENTICULA’TION. n. s. [denticulatus, Latin.] The state of
being set with small teeth.
He omits the denticulation of the edges of the bill, or
those small oblique incisions made for the better retention of
the prey. Grew's Musæum.

DENTI’CULATED. adj. [denticulatus, Latin.] Set with small
teeth.

DE’NTIFRICE. n. s. [dens and frico, Latin.] A powder made
to scour the teeth.
Is this grey powder a good dentifrice? Ben. Johns. Catil.
The shells of all sorts of shell-fish, being burnt, obtain a
caustick nature: most of them, so ordered and powdered,
make excellent dentifrices. Grew's Musæum.

DENTI’TION. n. s. [dentitio, Latin.]
1. The act of breeding the teeth.
2. The time at which childrens teeth are bred.

To DENU’DATE. v. a. [denudo, Latin.] To divest; to strip;
to lay naked.
'Till he has denudated himself of all incumbrances, he is
unqualified. Decay of Piety.

DENUDA’TION. n. s. [from denudate.] The act of stripping,
or making naked.

To DENU’DE. v. a. [denudo, Lat.] To strip; to make naked;
to divest.
Not a treaty can be obtained, unless we would denude our­
self of all force to defend us. Clarendon, b. vi.
If in Summer-time you denude a vine-branch of its leaves,
the grapes will never come to maturity. Ray on the Creation.


The eye, with the skin of the eye-lid, is denuded, to shew
the muscle. Sharp's Surgery.

DENUNCIA’TION. n. s. [denunciatio, Latin.] The act of de­
nouncing; the proclamation of a threat; a publick menace.
In a denunciation or indiction of a war, the war is not con­
fined to the place of the quarrel, but is left at large. Bacon.
Christ tells the Jews, that, if they believe not, they shall
die in their sins: did they never read those denunciations? Ward.
Midst of these denunciations, and notwithstanding the warn­
ing before me, I commit myself to lasting durance. Congreve.

DENUNCIA’TOR. n. s. [from denuncio, Latin.]
1. He that proclaims any threat.
2. He that lays an information against another.
The denunciator does not make himself a party in judgment,
as the accuser does. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To DENY’. v. a. [denier, French; denego, Latin.]
1. To contradict an accusation; not to confess.
Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. Gen.
2. To refuse; not to grant.
My young boy
Hath an aspect of intercession, which
Great nature cries—deny not. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Ah, charming fair, said I,
How long can you my bliss and your's deny? Dryden.
3. To abnegate; to disown.
It shall be therefore a witness unto you, lest you deny your
God. Josh. xxiv. 27.
4. To renounce; to disregard; to treat as foreign or not be­
longing to one.
The best sign and fruit of denying ourselves, is mercy to
others. Sprat's Sermons.
When St. Paul says, if in this life only we have hope in
Christ, we are of all men most miserable: he considers Chris­
tians as denying themselves in the pleasures of this world, for
the sake of Christ. Atterbury's Sermons, Pref.

To DEOBSTRU’CT. v. a. [deobstruo, Latin.] To clear from
impediments; to free from such things as hinder a passage.
It is a singular good wound-herb, useful for deobstructing the
pores of the body. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Such as carry off the fæces and mucus, deobstruct the mouth
of the lacteals, so as the chyle may have a free passage into
the blood. Arbuthnot on Diet.

DEO’BSTRUENT. n. s. [deobstruens, Latin.] A medicine that
has the power to resolve viscidities, or to open by any means
the animal passages.
All sopes are attenuating and deobstruent, resolving viscid
substances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DE’ODAND. n. s. [deo dandum, Latin.] A thing given or for­
feited to God for the pacifying his wrath, in case of any mis­
fortune, by which any Christian comes to a violent end,
without the fault of any reasonable creature; as, if a horse
should strike his keeper, and so kill him; if a man, in driving
a cart, and endeavouring to rectify something about it, should
fall so as the cart-wheels, by running over him, should press
him to death; if one should be felling a tree, and giving warn­
ing to company by, when the tree were near falling, to look
to themselves, and any of them should nevertheless be slain
by the fall of the tree; in these cases the horse, the cart-wheel,
cart and horses, and the tree, are to be given to God; that is,
sold and distributed to the poor, for an expiation of this dread­
ful event, though occasioned by unreasonable, senseless, and
dead creatures: and though this be given to God, yet is it for­
feited to the king by law, as executor in this case, to see the
price of these distributed to the poor. Cowel.

To DEO’PPILATE. v. a. [de and oppilo, Latin.] To deob­
struct; to clear a passage; to free from obstructions.

DEOPPILA’TION. n. s. [from deoppilate.] The act of clearing
obstructions; the removal of whatever obstructs the vital
passages.
Though the grosser parts be excluded again, yet are the
dissoluble parts extracted, whereby it becomes effectual in de­
oppilations. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 21.

DEO’PPILATIVE. adj. [from deoppilate.] Deobstruent.
A physician prescribed him a deoppilative and purgative
apozem. Harvey on Consumption.

DEOSCULA’TION. n. s. [deosculatio, Latin.] The act of kissing.
We have an enumeration of the several acts of worship re­
quired to be performed to images, viz. processions, genuflec­
tions, thurifications and deosculations. Stillingfleet.

DEP

To DEPA’INT. v. a. [depeint, French.]
1. To picture; to describe by colours; to paint; to shew by a
painted resemblance.
He did unwilling worship to the saint,
That on his sheild depainted he did see. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. To describe.
Such ladies fair would I depaint
In roundelay, or sonnet quaint. Gay's Pastorals.

To DEPA’RT. v. n. [depart, French.]
1. To go away from a place.
When the people departed away, Susanna went into her
garden. Susan. vii.
He said unto him, go in peace; so he departed from him a
little way. 2 Kings v. 19.
They departed quickly from the sepulchre, with fear and
great joy, and did run to bring his disciples word. Mat. xxviii.
He, which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart; his passport shall be made. Shak. Henry V.
Barbarossa stayed his course, and returned to Castronovum,
whence, better appeased with presents, he departed out of that
bay. Knolles's History of the Turks.
And could'st thou leave me, cruel, thus alone;
Not one kind kiss from a departing son!
No look, no last adieu! Dryden's Æneis.
2. To desist from a practice.
He cleaved unto the sins of Jeroboam, he departed not
therefrom. 2 Kings iii. 3.
3. To be lost; to perish.
The good departed away, and the evil abode still. 2 Esd. iii.
4. To desert; to revolt; to fall away; to apostatise.
In transgressing and lying against the Lord, and departing
away from our God. Is. lix. 13.
5. To desist from a resolution or opinion.
His majesty prevailed not with any of them to depart from
the most unreasonable of all their demands. Clarendon, b. viii.
6. To dye; to decease; to leave the world.
As her soul was in departing; for she died. Gen. iii. 5. 18.
Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, accord­
ing to thy word. Lu. xxix.
As you wish Christian peace to souls departed,
Stand these poor people's friend. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To DEPA’RT. v. a. To quit; to leave; to retire from.
You have had dispatch in private by the consul;
You are will'd by him this evening
To depart Rome. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

To DEPA’RT. v. a. [partir, French; partior, Latin.] To di­
vide; to separate.

DEPA’RT. n. s. [depart, French.]
1. The act of going away.
I had in charge, at my depart from France,
To marry princess Marg'ret. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
2. Death.
When your brave father breath'd his latest gasp,
Tidings, as swiftly as the post could run,
Were brought me of your loss and his depart. Shak. H. VI.
3. [With chymists.] An operation so named, because the par­
ticles of silver are departed or divided from gold, or other
metal, when they were before melted together in the same
mass, and could not be separated any other way. Dict.

DEPA’RTER. n. s. [from depart.] One that refines metals by
separation.

DEPA’RTMENT. n. s. [department, French.] Separate allot­
ment; province or business assigned to a particular person.
The Roman fleets, during their command at sea, had their
several stations and departments: the most considerable was the
Alexandrian fleet, and the second was the African. Arbuthnot.

DEPA’RTURE. n. s. [from depart.]
1. A going away.
For thee, fellow,
Who needs must know of her departure, and
Do'st seem so ignorant, we'll force it from thee
By a sharp torture. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
What besides
Of sorrow, and dejection, and despair,
Our frailty can sustain, thy tidings bring,
Departure from this happy place. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
2. Death; decease; the act of leaving the present state of
existence.
Happy was their good prince in his timely departure, which
barred him from the knowledge of his son's miseries. Sidney.
They were seen not only all the while our Saviour was
upon earth, but survived after his departure out of this world.
Addison on the Christian Religion.
3. A forsaking; an abandoning.
The fear of the Lord, and departure from evil, are phrases
of like importance. Tillotson, Sermon 1.

DEPA’SCENT. adj. [depascens, Latin.] Feeding greedily.

To DEPA’STURE. v. a. [from depascor, Latin.] To eat up; to
consume by feeding upon it.
They keep their cattle, and live themselves in bodies pastur­
ing upon the mountains, and removing still to fresh land, as
they have depastured the former. Spenser's Ireland.

To DEPAU’PERATE. v. a. [depaupero, Lat.] To make poor;
to impoverish; to consume.
Liming does not depauperate; the ground will last long,
and bear large grain. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Great evacuations, which carry off the nutritious humours,
depauperate the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DEPE’CTIBLE. adj. [from depecto, Latin.] Tough; clammy;
tenacious.
It may be also, that some bodies have a kind of lentor, and
are of a more depectible nature than oil; as we see it evident
in coloration; for a small quantity of saffron will tinct more
than a very great quantity of brasil or wine. Bacon's Nat. H.



To DEPE’INCT. v. a. [depeindre, French.] To depaint; to
paint; to describe in colours. A word of Spenser.
The red rose medlied with the white y fere,
In either cheek depeincten lively here. Spenser's Pastorals.

To DEPE’ND. v. n. [dependeo, Latin.]
1. To hang from.
From the frozen beard
Long isicles depend, and crackling founds are heard. Dryden.
From gilded roofs depending lamps display
Nocturnal beams, that emulate the day. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
There is a chain let down from Jove,
So strong, that from the lower end,
They say, all human things depend. Swift.
The direful monster was afar descry'd
Two bleeding babes depending at her side. Pope's Statius.
2. To be in a state of servitude or expectation; to live subject
to the will of others; to retain to others.
We work by wit, and not by witchcraft;
And wit depends on dilatory time. Shakespeare's Othello.
Never be without money, nor depend upon the curtesy of
others, which may fail at a pinch. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
3. To be in suspense; to be yet undetermined.
By no means be you persuaded to interpose yourself in any
cause depending, or like to be depending in any court of jus­
tice. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The judge corrupt, the long depending cause,
And doubtful issue of misconstru'd laws. Prior.
4. To DEPE'ND upon. To rely on; to trust to; to rest upon
with confidence; to be certain of.
He resolved no more to depend upon the one, or to provoke
the other. Clarendon.
But if you're rough, and use him like a dog,
Depend upon it—he'll remain incog. Addison's Drum. Prol.
I am a stranger to your characters, further than as com­
mon fame reports them, which is not to be depended upon. Swift.
5. To be in a state of dependance; to be at the discretion of
others.
Be then desir'd
Of fifty to disquantity your train;
And the remainders, that shall still depend,
To be such men as may besort your age. Shakes. K. Lear.
6. To rest upon any thing as its cause.
The peace and happiness of a society depend on the justice
and fidelity, the temperance and charity of its members. Rogers.

DEPE’NDANCE. n. s. [from depend.]

DEPE’NDANCY. n. s. [from depend.]
1. The state of hanging down from a supporter.
2. Something hanging upon another.
On a neighb'ring tree descending light,
Like a large cluster of black grapes they show,
And make a large dependance from the bough. Dryd. Virgil.
3. Concatination; connexion; relation of one thing to another.
In all sorts of reasoning, the connexion and dependance of
ideas should be followed, 'till the mind is brought to the source
on which it bottoms. Locke.
4. State of being at the disposal or under the sovereignty of
another.
Every moment we feel our dependance upon God, and find
that we can neither be happy without him, nor think ourselves
so. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
5. The things or persons of which any man has the dominion
or disposal.
Never was there a prince bereaved of his dependancies by
his council, except where there hath been either an over­
greatness in one counsellor, or an over-strict combination in
divers. Bacon, Essay 21.
The second natural division of power, is of such men who
have acquired large possessions, and consequently dependancies;
or descend from ancestors, who have left them great inhe­
ritances. Swift on the Dissentions in Athens and Rome.
6. Reliance; trust; confidence.
Their dependencies on him were drowned in this conceit.
Hooker, b. i. s. 4.
They slept in peace by night,
Secure of bread, as of returning light;
And with such firm dependance on the day,
That need grew pamper'd, and forgot to pray. Dryden.
7. Accident; that of which the existence presupposes the existence
of something else.
Modes I call such complex ideas, which, however com­
pounded, contain not in them the supposition of subsisting by
themselves, but are considered as dependencies on, or affections
of substances; such are the ideas signified by the words tri­
angle, gratitude, murder. Locke.

DEPE’NDANT. adj. [from depend.]
1. In the power of another.
On God, as the most high, all inferior causes in the world
are dependant. Hooker, b. v. s. 23.

DEPE’NDANT. n. s. [from depend.] One who lives in subjec­
tion, or at the discretion of another; a retainer.
A great abatement of kindness appears as well in the gene­
ral dependants, as in the duke himself also, and your daughter.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
For a six-clerk a person recommended a dependant upon
him, who paid six thousand pounds ready money. Clarendon.
His dependants shall quickly become his proselytes. South.

DEPE’NDENCE. n. s. [from depend, Latin. This word, with
many others of the same termination, are
indifferently written with ance or ence, ancy or ency, as the
authors intended to derive them from the Latin or French.]

DEPE’NDENCY. n. s. [from depend, Latin. This word, with
many others of the same termination, are
indifferently written with ance or ence, ancy or ency, as the
authors intended to derive them from the Latin or French.]
1. A thing or person at the disposal or discretion of another.
We invade the rights of our neighbours, not upon account
of covetousness, but of dominion, that we may create depen­
dencies. Collier on Pride.
2. State of being subordinate, or subject in some degree to the
discretion of another; the contrary to sovereignty.
Let me report to him
Your sweet dependency, and you shall find
A conqu'ror that will pray in aid for kindness,
Where he for grace is kneel'd to. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
At their setting out they must have their commission, or
letters patents from the king, that so they may acknowledge
their dependency upon the crown of England. Bacon to Villiers.
3. That which is not principal; that which is subordinate.
We speak of the sublunary worlds, this earth, and its de­
pendencies, which rose out of a chaos about six thousand
years ago. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. Concatination; connexion; rise of consequents from pre­
mises.
Her madness hath the oddest frame of sense;
Such a dependency of thing on thing,
As e'er I heard in madness. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
5. Relation of any thing to another, as of an effect to its cause.
I took pleasure to trace out the cause of effects, and the
dependence of one thing upon another in the visible creation.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
6. Trust; reliance; confidence.
The expectation of the performance of our desire, is that
we call dependence upon him for help and assistance. Stillingfleet.

DEPE’NDENT. adj. [dependens, Latin. This, as many other
words of like termination, are written with ent or ant, as
they are supposed to flow from the Latin or French.] Hang­
ing down.
None may wear this furr but princes; and there is a certain
number of ranks allowed to dukes, marquisses, and earls,
which they must not exceed in lining their caps therewith. In
the time of Charles the Great, and long since, the whole furrs
in the tails were dependent; but now that fashion is left, and
the spots only worn, without the tails. Peacham on Blazoning.

DEPE’NDENT. n. s. [from dependens, Latin.] One subordinate;
one at the discretion or disposal of another.
We are indigent, defenceless beings; the creatures of his
power, and the dependents of his providence. Rogers's Sermons.

DEPE’NDER. n. s. [from depend.] A dependant; one that re­
poses on the kindness or power of another.
What shalt thou expect,
To be depender on a thing that leans? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

DEPERDI’TION. n. s. [from deperditus, Latin.] Loss; de­
struction.
It may be unjust to place all efficacy of gold in the non-omission
of weights, or deperdition of any ponderous particles. Brown.

DEPHLEGMA’TION. n. s. [from dephlegm.] An operation
which takes away from the phlegm any spirituous fluid by
repeated distillation, 'till it is at length left all behind. Quincy.
In divers cases it is not enough to separate the aqueous parts
by dephlegmation; for some liquors contain also an unsuspected
quantity of small corpuscles, of somewhat an earthy nature,
which, being associated with the saline ones, do clog and
blunt them, and thereby weaken their activity. Boyle.

To DEPHLE’GM. v. a. [dephlegmo, low Latin.] To
clear from phlegm, or aqueous in­
sipid matter.

To DEPHLE’GMATE. v. a. [dephlegmo, low Latin.] To
clear from phlegm, or aqueous in­
sipid matter.
We have sometimes taken spirit of salt, and carefully de­
phlegmed it. Boyle.

DEPHLE’GMEDNESS. n. s. [from dephlegm.] The quality of
being freed from phlegm or aqueous matter.
The proportion betwixt the coralline solution and the spirit
of wine, depends so much upon the strength of the former
liquor, and the dephlegmedness of the latter, that it is scarce
possible to determine generally and exactly what quantity of
each ought to be taken. Boyle.

To DEPI’CT. v. a. [depingo depictum, Latin.]
1. To paint; to portray; to represent in colours.
The cowards of Lacedemon depicted upon their shields the
most terrible beasts they could imagine. Taylor's Worthy Comm.
2. To describe; to represent an action to the mind.
When the distractions of a tumult are sensibly depicted,
every object and every occurrence are so presented to your
view, that while you read, you seem indeed to see them. Felton.

DEPI’LATORY. n. s. [de and pilus, Latin.] An application used
to take away hair.

DE’PILOUS. adj. [de and pilus, Latin.] Without hair.


This animal is a kind of lizard, or quadruped, corticated
and depilous; that is, without wool, furr, or hair. Brown.

DEPLANTA’TION. n. s. [deplanto, Latin.] The act of taking
plants up from the bed. Dict.

DEPLE’TION. n. s. [depleo depletus, Lat.] The act of emptying.
Abstinence and a slender diet attenuates, because depletion
of the vessels gives room to the fluid to expand itself. Arbuthn.

DEPLO’RABLE. adj. [from deploro, Latin.]
1. Lamentable; that which demands or causes lamentation;
dismal; sad; calamitous; miserable; hopeless.
This was the deplorable condition to which the king was
reduced. Clarendon, b. viii.
The bill of all weapons gives the most ghastly and de­
plorable wounds. Temple.
It will be considered in how deplorable a state learning lies
in that kingdom. Swift's Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff.
2. It is sometimes, in a more lax and jocular sense, used for con­
temptible; despicable: as, deplorable nonsense; deplorable stu­
pidity.

DEPLO’RABLENESS. n. s. [from deplorable.] The state of being
deplorable; misery; hopelesness. Dict.

DEPLO’RABLY. adv. [from deplorable.] Lamentably; miserably;
hopelessly.
Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and philosophy,
God knows, they are deplorably strangers to them. South.

DEPLO’RATE. adj. [deploratus, Lat.] Lamentable; hopeless.
The case is then most deplorate when reward goes over to
the wrong side, and when interest shall be made the text and
the measure. L'Estrange, Fab. 30.

DEPLORA’TION. n. s. [from deplore.] The act of deploring,
or of lamenting.

To DEPLO’RE. v. a. [deploro, Latin.] To lament; to be­
wail; to wail; to mourn; to bemoan; to express sorrow.
But chaste Diana, who his death deplor'd,
With Æsculapian herbs his life restor'd. Dryden's Æn.

DEPLO’RER. n. s. [from deplore.] A lamenter; a mourner;
one that laments.

DEPLUMA’TION. n. s. [deplumatio, Latin.]
1. A pluming, or plucking off the feathers.
2. [In surgery.] A swelling of the eyelids, accompanied with
the fall of the hairs from the eye brows. Phillips.

To DEPLU’ME. v. a. [de and pluma, Latin.] To strip of its
feathers.

To DEPO’NE. v. a. [depono, Latin.]
1. To lay down as a pledge or security.
2. To risque upon the success of an adventure.
On this I would depone
As much, as any cause I've known. Hudibras.

DEPO’NENT. n. s. [from depono, Latin.]
1. One that deposes his testimony in a court of justice; an evi­
dence; a witness.
2. [In grammar.] Such verbs as have no active voice are called
deponents, and generally signify action only; as fateor, I
confess. Clark's Latin Grammar.

To DEPO’PULATE. v. a. [depopulor, Latin.] To unpeople;
to lay waste; to destroy inhabited countries.
Where is this viper,
That would depopulate the city, and
Be every man himself? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He turned his arms upon unarmed and unprovided people,
to spoil only and depopulate, contrary to the laws both of war
and peace. Bacon's Henry VII.
A land exhausted to the last remains,
Depopulated towns, and driven plains. Dryden's Æn.
Grim death, in different shapes,
Depopulates the nations, thousands fall
His victims. Phillips.

DEPOPULA’TION. n. s. [from depopulate.] The act of unpeo­
pling; havock; waste; destruction of mankind.
How did'st thou grieve then, Adam! to behold
The end of all thy off-spring, end so sad,
Depopulation! Thee another flood,
Of tears and sorrow a flood, thee also drown'd,
And sunk thee as thy sons. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Remote thou hear'st the dire effect of war,
Depopulation. Phillips.

DEPOPULA’TOR. n. s. [from depopulate.] A dispeopler; a de­
stroyer of mankind; a waster of inhabited countries.

To DEPO’RT. v. a. [deporter, French.] To carry; to de­
mean; to behave: it is used only with the reciprocal pronoun.
Let an ambassador deport himself in the most graceful man­
ner before a prince. Pope.

DEPO’RT. n. s. [from the verb.] Demeanour; grace of atti­
tude; behaviour; deportment.
She Delia's self
In gait surpass'd, and goddess-like deport. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Of middle age one rising, eminent
In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong. Milton.

DEPORTA’TION. n. s. [deportatio, Latin.] Transportation;
exile into a remote part of the dominion, with prohibition to
change the place of residence.
2. Exile in general.
An abjuration, which is a deportation for ever into a foreign
land, was anciently with us a civil death. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DEPO’RTMENT. n. s. [deportement, French.]
1. Conduct; management; manner of acting.
I will but sweep the way with a few notes, touching the
duke's own deportment in that island. Wotton.
2. Demeanour; behaviour.
The coldness of his temper, and the gravity of his deport­
ment, carried him safe through many difficulties, and he lived
and died in a great station. Swift.

To DEPO’SE. v. a. [depono, Latin.]
1. To lay down; to lodge; to let fall.
Its shores are neither advanced one jot further into the
sea, nor its surface raised by additional mud deposed upon it by
the yearly inundations of the Nile. Woodward's Nat. History.
2. To degrade from a throne or high station.
First, of the king: what shall of him become?
—The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose. Shak. H. VI.
May your sick fame still languish 'till it die;
Then, as the greatest curse that I can give,
Unpity'd, be depos'd, and after live. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Deposed consuls, and captive princes, might have preceded
him. Tatler, No. 53.
3. To take away; to divest; to strip off.
You may my glory and my state depose,
But not my griefs; still am I king of those. Shak. Rich. III.
4. To give testimony; to attest.
'Twas he that made you to depose;
Your oath, my lord, is vain and frivolous. Shak. Hen. VI.
It was usual for him that dwelt in Southwark, or Tothill­
street, to depose the yearly rent or valuation of lands lying in
the North, or other remote part of the realm. Bacon.
5. To examine any one on his oath. Not now in use.
According to our law,
Depose him in the justice of his cause. Shakes. Richard III.

To DEPO’SE. v. n. To bear witness.
Love straight stood up and deposed, a lie could not come
from the mouth of Zelmane. Sidney, b. ii.

DEPO’SITARY. n. s. [depositarius, Latin.] One with whom
any thing is lodged in trust.
I gave you all.
—And in good time you gave it.
—Made you my guardians, my depositaries;
But kept a reservation to be follow'd
With such a number. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To DEPO’SITE. v. a. [depositum, Latin.]
1. To lay up; to lodge in any place.
The eagle got leave here to deposite her eggs. L'Estrange.
Dryden wants a poor square foot of stone, to shew where
the ashes of one of the greatest poets on earth are deposited. Garth.
When vessels were open, and the insects had free access to
the aliment within them, Redi diligently observed, that no
other species were produced, but of such as he saw go in and
feed, and deposite their eggs there, which they would readily do
in all putrefaction. Bentley's Sermons.
2. To lay up as a pledge, or security.
3. To place at interest.
God commands us to return as to him, to the poor,
his gifts, out of mere duty and thankfulness; not to deposite
them with him, in hopes of meriting by them. Sprat.
4. To lay aside.
The difficulty will be to persuade the depositing of those lusts,
which have, by I know not what fascination, so endeared
themselves. Decay of Piety.

DEPO’SITE. n. s. [depositum, Latin.]
1. Any thing committed to the trust and care of another.
2. A pledge; a pawn; a thing given as a security.
3. The state of a thing pawned or pledged.
They had since Marseilles, and fairly left it: they had the
other day the Valtoline, and now have put it in deposite. Bacon.

DEPOSI’TION. n. s. [from depositio, Latin.]
1. The act of giving publick testimony.
A witness is obliged to swear, otherwise his deposition is not
valid. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The act of degrading a prince from sovereignty.
3. [In canon law.] Deposition properly signifies a solemn de­
priving of a man of his clerical orders. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DEPO’SITORY. n. s. [from deposite.] The place where any thing
is lodged. Depositary is properly used of persons, and deposi­
tory of places; but in the following example they are con­
founded.
The Jews themselves are the depositories of all the prophe­
cies which tend to their own confusion. Addison.

DEPRAVA’TION. n. s. [depravatio, Latin.]
1. The act of making any thing bad; the act of corrupting;
corruption.
The three forms of government have their several perfec­
tions, and are subject to their several depravations: however,
few states are ruined by defect in their institution, but gene­
rally by corruption of manners. Swift.


2. The state of being made bad; degeneracy; depravity.
We have a catalogue of the blackest sins that human na­
ture, in its highest depravation, is capable of committing. South.
3. Defamation; censure: a sense not now in use.
Stubborn criticks are apt, without a theme
For depravation, to square all the sex. Shakes. Troil. and Cress.

To DEPRA’VE. v. a. [depravo, Latin.] To vitiate; to cor­
rupt; to contaminate.
We admire the providence of God in the continuance of
scripture, notwithstanding the endeavours of Infidels to abo­
lish, and the fraudulence of hereticks always to deprave the
same. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
Who lives that's not depraved, or depraves? Shakes. Timon.
But from me what can proceed,
But all corrupt; both mind and will deprav'd. Milt. P. Lost.
A taste which plenty does deprave,
Loaths lawful good, and lawless ill does crave. Dryden.

DEPRA’VEDNESS. n. s. [from deprave.] Corruption; taint;
contamination; vitiated state.
What sins do you mean? Our original depravedness, and
proneness of our eternal part to all evil. Hammond's Pr. Catech.

DEPRA’VEMENT. n. s. [from deprave.] A vitiated state; cor­
ruption.
He maketh men believe, that apparitions are either decep­
tions of sight, or melancholy depravements of fancy. Brown.

DEPRA’VER. n. s. [from deprave.] A corrupter; he that causes
depravity.

DEPRA’VITY. n. s. [from deprave.] Corruption; a vitiated
state.

To DE’PRECATE. v. n. [deprecor, Latin.]
1. To pray earnestly. Dict.
2. To request; to petition. Dict.
3. To ask pardon for. Dict.

To DE’PRECATE. v. a. 
1. To implore mercy of.
At length he sets
Those darts, whose points make gods adore
His might, and deprecate his pow'r. Prior.
2. To avert; to remove; to turn away.
3. To beg off; to pray deliverance from.
In deprecating of evil, we make an humble acknowledg­
ment of guilt, and of God's justice in chastising, as well as
clemency, in sparing the guilty. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. iii. c. 6.
Poverty indeed, in all its degrees, men are easily persuaded
to deprecate from themselves. Rogers, Sermon ii.
The judgments which we would deprecate, are not re­
moved. Smalridge.
The Italian entered them in his prayer: amongst the three
evils he petitioned to be delivered from, he might have depre­
cated greater evils. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

DEPRECA’TION. n. s. [deprecatio, Latin.]
1. Intreaty; petitioning.
2. An excusing; a begging pardon for.
3. Prayer against evil.
I, with leave of speech implor'd,
And humble deprecation, thus reply'd. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Sternutation they generally conceived to be a good sign,
or a bad one; and so, upon this motion, they commonly used
a gratulation for the one, and a deprecation for the other. Brown.

DEPRECA’TIVE. adj. [from deprecate.] That serves to de­
precate; excusive; apologizing.

DEPRECA’TORY. adj. [from deprecate.] That serves to de­
precate; excusive; apologizing.
Bishop Fox understanding that the Scottish king was still
discontent, being troubled that the occasion of breaking of
the truce should grow from his men, sent many humble and
deprecatory letters to the Scottish king to appease him. Bacon.

DEPRECA’TOR. n. s. [deprecator, Latin.]
1. One that sues for another; an intercessor; a solicitor. Dict.
2. An excuser.

To DEPRE’CIATE. v. a. [depretiare, Latin.]
1. To bring a thing down to a lower price.
2. To undervalue.
They presumed upon that mercy, which, in all their con­
versations, they endeavour to depreciate and misrepresent. Add.
As there are none more ambitious of fame, than those who
are coiners in poetry, it is very natural for such as have not
succeeded in it to depreciate the works of those who have. Spect.

To DE’PREDATE. v. a. [deprædari, Latin.]
1. To rob; to pillage.
2. To spoil; to devour.
It maketh the substance of the body more solid and com­
pact, and so less apt to be consumed and depredated by the
spirits. Bacon's Natural History, No. 299.

DEPREDA’TION. n. s. [deprædatio, Latin.]
1. A robbing; a spoiling.
Commissioners were appointed to determine all matters of
piracy and depredations between the subjects of both king­
doms. Hayward.
The land had never been before so free from robberies and
depredations as through his reign. Wotton.
2. Voracity; waste.
The speedy depredation of air upon watry moisture, and
version of the same into air, appeareth in nothing more visible
than in the sudden discharge or vanishing of a little cloud of
breath, or vapour from glass, or the blade of a sword, or any
such polished body. Bacon's Natural History, No. 91.

DEPREDA’TOR. n. s. [deprædator, Lat.] A robber; a devourer.
It is reported, that the shrub called our Lady's Seal, which
is a kind of briony, and coleworts, set near together, one or
both will die: the cause is, for that they be both great depre­
dators of the earth, and one of them starveth the other. Bacon.
We have three that collect the experiments, which are in
all books; these we call depredators. Bacon's New Atlantis.

To DE’PREHEND. v. a. [deprehendo, Latin.]
1. To catch one; to take unawares; to take in the fact.
That wretched creature, being deprehended in that impiety,
was held in ward. Hooker, b. iii. s. 11.
Who can believe men upon their own authority, that are
once deprehended in so gross and impious an imposture. Mort.
2. To discover; to find out a thing; to come to the knowledge
or understanding of.
The motions of the minute parts of bodies, which do so
great effects, have not been observed at all, because they are
invisible, and incur not to the eye; but yet they are to be de­
prehended by experience. Bacon's Natural History, No. 98.

DEPREHE’NSIBLE. adj. [from deprehend.]
1. That may be caught.
2. That may be apprehended, conceived, or understood. Dict.

DEPREHE’NSIBLENESS. n. s. 
1. Capableness of being caught.
2. Intelligibleness; easiness to be understood.

DEPREHE’NSION. n. s. [deprehensio, Latin.]
1. A catching or taking unawares.
2. A discovery.

To DEPRE’SS. v. a. [from depressus, of deprimo, Latin.]
1. To press or thrust down.
2. To let fall; to let down.
The same thing I have tried by letting a globe rest, and
raising or depressing the eye, or otherwise moving it to make
the angle of a just magnitude. Newton's Opt.
3. To humble; to deject; to sink.
Others depress their own minds, despond at the first diffi­
culty, and conclude that the making any progress in know­
ledge is above their capacities. Locke.
If we consider how often it breaks the gloom, which is apt
to depress the mind, with transient unexpected gleams of joy,
one would take care not to grow too wise for so great a plea­
sure of life. Addison's Spectator, No. 249.
Passion can depress or raise
The heavenly, as the human mind. Prior.

DEPRE’SSION. n. s. [depressio, Latin.]
1. The act of pressing down.
2. The sinking or falling in of a surface.
The beams of light are such subtile bodies, that, in respect
of them, even surfaces that are sensibly smooth, are not exactly
so: they have their own degree of roughness, consisting of lit­
tle protuberances and depressions; and consequently such in­
equalities may suffice to give bodies different colours, as we
see in marble that appears white or black, or red or blue, even
when most carefully polished. Boyle on Colours.
If the bone be much depressed, and the fissure considerably
large, it is then at your choice, whether you will enlarge that
fissure, or continue it for the evacuation of the matter, and
forbear the use of the trapan; not doubting but a small depres­
sion of the bone will either rise, or cast off, by the benefit of
nature. Wiseman's Surgery.
3. The act of humbling; abasement.
Depression of the nobility may make a king more absolute,
but less safe. Bacon's Ornam. Ration. 28.

DEPRE’SSION of an Equation [in algebra], is the bringing it
into lower and more simple terms by division. Dict.

DEPRE’SSION of a Star [with astronomers], is the distance of a
star from the horizon below, and is measured by the arch of
the vertical circle or azimuth, passing through the star, inter­
cepted between the star and the horizon. Dict.

DEPRE’SSOR. n. s. [depressor, Latin.]
1. He that keeps or presses down.
2. An oppressor.

DEPRE’SSOR. [In anatomy.] A term given to several muscles
of the body, whose action is to depress the parts to which
they adhere.

DE’PRIMENT. adj. [from deprimens, of deprimo, Latin.] An
epithet applied to one of the straight muscles that move the
globe or ball of the eye, its use being to pull it downwards.
Phillips.
All I shall farther take notice of, shall be only the exquisite
equilibration of all opposite and antagonist muscles, affected
partly by the natural posture of the body and the eye, which
is the case of the attollent and depriment muscles. Derham.

DEPRIVA’TION. n. s. [from de and privatio, Latin.]
1. The act of depriving, or taking away from.
Fools whose end is destruction, and eternal deprivation of
being. Bentley.



DEPRIVA’TION [in law], is when a clergyman, as a bishop,
parson, vicar or prebend, is deprived, or deposed from his pre­
ferment, for any matter in fact or law. Phillips.

To DEPRI’VE. v. a. [from de and privo, Latin.]
1. To bereave one of a thing; to take it away from him.
God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted
to her understanding. Job xxxix. 17.
He lamented the loss of an excellent servant, and the hor­
rid manner in which he had been deprived of him. Clarendon.
Now wretched Oedipus, depriv'd of sight,
Led a long death in everlasting night. Pope's Statius.
2. To hinder; to debar from.
From his face I shall be hid, depriv'd
His blessed count'nance. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The ghosts rejected, are th' unhappy crew
Depriv'd of sepulchres, and fun'ral due. Dryden's Æn. vi.
3. To release; to free from.
Most happy he,
Whose least delight sufficeth to deprive
Remembrance of all pains which him opprest. Spenser.
4. To put out of an office.
A minister, deprived for inconformity, said, that if they de­
prived him it should cost an hundred mens lives. Bacon.

DEPTH. n. s. [from deep, of diep, Dutch.]
1. Deepness; the measure of any thing from the surface down­
wards.
As for men, although they had buildings in many places
higher than the depth of the water, yet that inundation had a
long continuance. Bacon's New Atlantis.
We have large and deep caves of several depths: the deep­
est are sunk six hundred fathoms. Bacon.
The left to that unhappy region tends,
Which to the depth of Tartarus descends. Dryden's Æn.
For though, in nature, depth and height
Are equally held infinite,
In poetry the height we know
'Tis only infinite below. Swift.
2. Deep place; not a shoal.
The false tides skim o'er the cover'd land,
And seamen with dissembled depths betray. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
3. The abyss; a gulph of infinite profundity.
When he prepared the heavens I was there, when he set a
compass upon the face of the depth. Prov. viii. 27.
4. The middle or height of a season.
And in the depth of winter, in the night,
You plow the raging seas to coasts unknown. Denham.
The earl of Newcastle, in the depth of Winter, rescued
the city of York from the rebels. Clarendon.
5. Abstruseness; obscurity.
There are greater depths and obscurities in an elaborate and
well written piece of nonsense, than in the most abstruse tract
of school divinity. Addison's Whig Examiner.

DEPTH of a Squadron or Batallion, is the number of men in the
file. Milit. Dict.

To DE’PTHEN. v. a. [diepen, Dutch.] To deepen, or make
deeper. Dict.

To DEPU’CELATE. v. a. [depuceler, French.] To deflower;
to bereave of virginity. Dict.

DEPU’LSION. n. s. [depulsion, Latin.] A beating or thrusting
away.

DEPU’LSORY. adj. [from depulsus, Latin.] Putting away;
averting. Dict.

To DE’PURATE. v. a. [depurer, French, from depurgo, Lat.]
To purify; to cleanse; to free any thing from its impurities.
Chemistry enabling us to depurate bodies, and in some
measure to analize them, and take asunder their hetero­
geneous parts, in many chemical experiments we may better
than in others, know what manner of bodies we employ; art
having made them more simple, or uncompounded, than na­
ture alone is wont to present them to us. Boyle.

DE’PURATE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Cleansed; freed from dregs and impurities.
2. Pure; not contaminated.
Neither can any boast a knowledge depurate from the defile­
ment of a contrary, within this atmosphere of flesh. Glanv.

DEPURA’TION. n. s. [depuratio, Latin.]
1. The act of separating the pure from the impure part of any
thing.
Brimstone is a mineral body, of fat and inflammable parts;
and this is either used crude, and called sulphur vive, or is of
a sadder colour, and, after depuration, such as we have in mag­
deleons, or rolls of a lighter yellow. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
What hath been hitherto discoursed, inclines us to look upon
the ventilation and depuration of the blood as one of the prin­
cipal and constant uses of respiration. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. The cleansing of a wound from its filth.

To DEPU’RE. v. a. [depurer, French.]
1. To cleanse; to free from impurities.
2. To purge; to free from some noxious quality.
It produced plants of such imperfection and harmful quality,
as the waters of the general flood could not so wash out or
depure, but that the same defection hath had continuance in
the very generation and nature of mankind. Raleigh.

DEPUTA’TION. n. s. [deputation, French.]
1. The act of deputing, or sending away with a special com­
mission.
2. Vicegerency; the possession of any commission given.
Cut me off the heads
Of all the fav'rites that the absent king
In deputation left behind him here,
When he was personal in the Irish war. Shakes. Henry IV.
He looks not below the moon, but hath designed the regi­
ment of sublunary affairs unto sublunary deputations. Brown.
The authority of conscience stands founded upon its vice­
gerency and deputation under God. South's Sermons.

To DEPU’TE. v. a. [deputer, French.] To send with a spe­
cial commission; to impower one to transact instead of an­
other.
And Absalom said unto him, See thy matters are good and
right, but there is no man deputed of the king to hear. 2 Sa.
A bishop, by deputing a priest or chaplain to administer the
sacraments, may correct and remove him for his demerits.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
And Linus thus, deputed by the rest,
The heroes welcome, and their thanks express'd. Roscomm.

DE’PUTY. n. s. [deputé, Fr. from deputatus, Latin.] A lieu­
tenant; a viceroy; one that is appointed by a special commis­
sion to govern and act instead of another.
He exerciseth dominion over them as the vicegerent and
deputy of Almighty God. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
He was vouched his immediate deputy upon earth, and vice­
roy of the creation, and lord lieutenant of the world. South.
2. Any one that transacts business for another.
Presbyters, absent through infirmity from their churches,
might be said to preach by those deputies, who, in their stead,
did but read homilies. Hooker, b. v. s. 21.
A man hath a body, and that body is confined to a place;
but where friendship is, all offices of life are, as it were,
granted to him and his deputy; for he may exercise them by
his friend. Bacon, Essay 28.
3. [In law.] One that exercises any office or other thing in
another man's right, whose forfeiture or misdemeanour shall
cause the officer or person for whom he acts to lose his
office. Phillips.

To DEQUA’NTITATE. v. a. [from de and quantitas, Latin.]
To diminish the quantity of.
This we affirm of pure gold; for that which is current,
and passeth in stamp amongst us, by reason of its allay, which
is a proportion of silver or copper mixed therewith, is actually
dequantitated by fire, and possibly by frequent extinction.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

DER

DER. A term used in the beginning of names of places. It is
generally to be derived from deor, a wild beast, unless the
place stands upon a river; for then it may rather be fetched
from the British dur, i. e. water. Gibson's Camden.

To DERA’CINATE. v. a. [deraciner, French.]
1. To pluck or tear up by the roots.
Her fallow leas,
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory
Doth root upon; while that the cutter rusts
That should deracinate such savagery. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. To abolish; to destroy; to extirpate.

To DERA’IGN. v. a. [disrationare, or dirationare, Latin.]

To DERA’IN. v. a. [disrationare, or dirationare, Latin.]
1. To prove; to justify.
When the parson of any church is disturbed to demand
tythes in the next parish by a writ of indicavit, the patron
shall have a writ to demand the advowson of the tythes being
in demand; and when it is deraigned, then shall the plea pass
in the court christian, as far forth as it is deraigned in the
king's court. Blount.
2. To disorder; to turn out of course. Dict.

DERA’IGNMENT. n. s. [from deraign.]

DERA’INMENT. n. s. [from deraign.]
1. The act of deraigning or proving.
2. A disordering or turning out of course.
3. A discharge of profession; a departure out of religion.
In some places the substantive dereignment is used in the very
literal signification with the French disrayer, or desranger;
that is, turning out of course, displacing, or setting out of
order; as deraignment or departure out of religion, and dereign­
ment or discharge of their profession, which is spoken of those
religious men who forsook their orders and professions. Blount.

DERA’Y. n. s. [from desrayer, French, to turn out of the right
way.]
1. Tumult; disorder; noise.
2. Merriment; jollity; solemnity. Douglass.

To DERE. v. a. [derian, Saxon.] To hurt. Obsolete.
So from immortal race he does proceed,
That mortal hands may not withstand his might;
Dred for his derring doe, and bloody deed;
For all in blood and spoil is his delight. Fairy Queen, b. ii.



DERELI’CTION. n. s. [derelictio, Latin.] An utter forsaking or
leaving; an abandoning.
There is no other thing to be looked for, but the effects of
God's most just displeasure, the withdrawing of grace, dere­
liction in this world, and in the world to come confusion. Hooker.

DE’RELICTS. n. s. pl. [In law.] Such goods as are wilfully
thrown away, or relinquished by the owner. Dict.

To DERI’DE. v. a. [derideo, Latin.]
1. To laugh at; to mock; to turn to ridicule; to scorn.
And before whose presence to offend with any the least un­
seemliness, we would be surely as loth as they who most re­
prehend or deride what we do. Hooker, b. v. s. 29.
What shall be the portion of those who have derided God's
word, and made a mock of every thing that is sacred and
religious? Tillotson, Serm. ii.
These sons, ye gods, who with flagitious pride
Insult my darkness, and my groans deride. Pope's Statius.

DERI’DER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A mocker; a scoffer.
Upon the wilful violation of oaths, execrable blasphemies,
and like contempts offered by deriders of religion, fearful
tokens of divine revenge have been known to follow. Hooker.
2. A droll; a buffoon.

DERI’SION. n. s. [derisio, Latin.]
1. The act of deriding or laughing at.
2. Contempt; scorn; a laughing-stock.
I am in derision daily; every one mocketh me. Jer. xx. 7.
Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbours, a scorn and
a derision to them that are round about us. Ps. xliv. 13.
Ensnar'd, assaulted, overcome, led bound,
Thy foes derision, captive, poor and blind,
Into a dungeon thrust. Milton's Agonistes, l. 364.
Are we grieved with the scorn and derision of the prophane?
Thus was the blessed Jesus despised and rejected of men. Rogers.
Vanity is the natural weakness of an ambitious man, which
exposes him to the secret scorn and derision of those he con­
verses with. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.

DERI’SIVE. adj. [from deride.] Mocking; scoffing.
O'er all the dome they quaff, they feast;
Derisive taunts were spread from guest to guest,
And each in jovial mood his mate addrest. Pope's Odyssey.

DERI’SORY. adj. [derisorius, Latin.] Mocking; ridiculing.

DERI’VABLE. adj. [from derive.] Attainable by right of
descent or derivation.
God has declared this the eternal rule and standard of all
honour derivable upon me, that those who honour him shall
be honoured by him. South's Sermons.

DERIVA’TION. n. s. [derivatio, Latin.]
1. A draining of water; a turning of its course; letting out.
When it began to swell, it would every way discharge itself
by any descents or declivities of the ground; and these issues
and derivations being once made, and supplied with new wa­
ters pushing them forwards, would continue their course 'till
they arrived at the sea, just as other rivers do. Burnet.
2. [In grammar.] The tracing of a word from its original.
Your lordship here seems to dislike my taking notice, that
the derivation of the word substance favours the idea we have
of it; and your lordship tells me, that very little weight is to
be laid on it, on a bare grammatical etymology. Locke.
3. The tracing of any thing from its source.
As touching traditional communication, and tradition of
those truths that I call connatural and engraven, I do not
doubt but many of those truths have had the help of that deri­
vation. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
4. [In medicine.] The drawing of a humour from one part of
the body to another.
Derivation differs from revulsion only in the measure of the
distance, and the force of the medicines used: if we draw it
to some very remote, or, it may be, contrary part, we call
that revulsion; if only to some neighbouring place, and by
gentle means, we call it derivation. Wiseman on Tumours.

DERI’VATIVE. adj. [derivativus, Latin.] Derived or taken
from another.
As it is a derivative perfection, so it is a distinct kind of
perfection from that which is in God. Hale's Origin of Mank.

DERI’VATIVE. n. s. [from the adjective.] The thing or word
derived or taken from another.
For honour,
'Tis a derivative from me to mine,
And only that I stand for. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The word honestus originally and strictly signifies no more
than creditable, and is but a derivative from honour, which
signifies credit or honour. South's Sermons.

DERI’VATIVELY. adv. [from derivative.] In a derivative
manner.

To DERI’VE. v. a. [deriver, French, from derivo, Latin.]
1. To turn the course of any thing; letting out; communicating.
Company lessens the shame of vice by sharing it, and abates
the torrent of a common odium by deriving it into many
channels. South's Sermons.
2. To deduce from its original.
They endeavour to derive the varieties of colours from the
various proportion of the direct progress or motion of these
globules to their circumvolution, or motion about their own
centre. Boyle on Colours.
This property of it seems rather to have been derived from
the Pretorian soldiers, who insolently assumed the disposing of
the empire. Decay of Piety.
Men derive their ideas of duration from their reflection on
the train of ideas they observe to succeed one another in their
own understandings. Locke.
From these two causes of the laxity and rigidity of the
fibres, the methodists, an ancient set of physicians, derived all
diseases of human bodies with a great deal of reason; for the
fluids derive their qualities from the solids. Arbuthnot.
3. To communicate to another, as from the origin and source.
Christ having Adam's nature as we have, but incorrupt,
deriveth not nature, but incorruption, and that immediately
from his own person, unto all that belong unto him. Hooker.
The censors of these wretches, who, I am sure, could de­
rive no sanctity to them from their own persons; yet upon this
account, that they had been consecrated by the offering incense
in them, were, by God's special command, sequestered from
all common use. South's Sermons.
4. To communicate to by descent of blood.
Besides the readiness of parts, an excellent disposition of
mind is derived to your lordship from the parents of two gene­
rations, to whom I have the honour to be known. Felton.
5. To spread; to diffuse gradually from one place to another.
The streams of the publick justice were derived into every
part of the kingdom. Davies on Ireland.
6. [In grammar.] To trace a word from its origin.

To DE’RIVE. v. n. 
1. To come from; to owe its origin to.
He that resists the pow'r of Ptolomy,
Resists the pow'r of heav'n; for pow'r from heav'n
Derives, and monarchs rule by gods appointed. Prior.
2. To descend from.
I am, my lord, as well deriv'd as he,
As well possest. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.

DERI’VER. n. s. [from derive.]
1. One that draws or fetches from the original.
Such a one makes a man not only a partaker of other mens
sins, but also a deriver of the whole intire guilt of them to
himself. South's Sermons.

DERN. adj. [dearn, Saxon.]
1. Sad; solitary.
2. Barbarous; cruel. Obsolete.

DERNIE’R. adj. Last. It is a mere French word, and used
only in the following phrase.
In the Imperial chamber, the term for the prosecution of an
appeal is not circumscribed by the term of one or two years,
as the law elsewhere requires in the Empire, this being the
dernier resort and supreme court of judicature. Ayliffe's Parerg.

To DE’ROGATE. v. a. [derogo, Latin.]
1. To do an act contrary to a preceding law or custom, so as
to diminish its former value.
By several contrary customs and stiles used here, many of
those civil and canon laws are controuled and derogated. Hale.
2. To lessen the worth of any person or thing; to disparage.

To DE’ROGATE. v. n. To degenerate; to do a thing contrary
to one's calling or dignity.
We should be injurious to virtue itself, if we did derogate
from them whom their industry hath made great. Hooker.

DE’ROGATE. adj. [from the verb.] Damaged; lessened in
value.
Into her womb convey sterility;
Dry up in her the organs of increase,
And from her derogate body never spring
A babe to honour her! Shakespeare's King Lear.

DEROGA’TION. n. s. [derogatio, Latin.]
1. The act of breaking and making void a former law or
contract.
It was indeed but a wooing ambassage, with good respects
to entertain the king in good affection; but nothing was done
or handled to the derogation of the king's late treaty with the
Italians. Bacon's Henry VII.
That which enjoins the deed is certainly God's law; and it
is also certain, that the scripture, which allows of the will, is
neither the derogation nor relaxation of that law. South's Serm.
2. A disparaging; lessening or taking away the worth of any
person or thing. Sometimes with to, properly with from.
Which, though never so necessary, they could not easily
now admit, without some fear of derogation from their credit;
and therefore that which once they had done, they became for
ever after resolute to maintain. Hooker, Preface.
So surely he is a very brave man, neither is that any thing
which I speak to his derogation; for in that I said he is a min­
gled people, it is no dispraise. Spenser on Ireland.
The wisest princes need not think it any diminution to
their greatness, or derogation to their sufficiency, to rely upon
counsel. Bacon, Essay 21.


I say not this in derogation to Virgil, neither do I contradict
any thing which I have formerly said in his just praise. Dryden.
I believe there are none of these patriots who will think it
a derogation from their merit to have it said, that they received
many lights and advantages from their intimacy with my lord
Somers. Addison's Freeholder, No. 39.

DERO’GATIVE. adj. [derogativus, Latin.] Derogating; lessen­
ing the value of.
That spirits are corporeal seems to me a conceit derogative
to himself, and such as he should rather labour to overthrow;
yet thereby he establisheth the doctrine of lustrations, amulets
and charms, as we have declared before. Brown's Vulgar Err.

DERO’GATORILY. adv. [from derogatory.] In a detracting
manner. Dict.

DERO’GATORINESS. n. s. [from derogatory.] The act of dero­
gating. Dict.

DERO’GATORY. adj. [derogatorius, Latin.] That lessens the
value of.
They live and die in their absurdities, passing their days in
perverted apprehensions and conceptions of the world, deroga­
tory unto God and the wisdom of the creation. Brown.
These deputed beings, as they are commonly understood,
are derogatory from the wisdom and power of the Author of
Nature, who doubtless can govern this machine he could
create, by more direct and easy methods than employing these
subservient divinities. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

DE’RVIS. n. s. [dervis, French.] A Turkish priest.
Even there, where Christ vouchsaf'd to teach,
Their dervises dare an impostor preach. Sandys.
The dervis at first made some scruple of violating his pro­
mise to the dying brachman; but told him, at last, that he
could conceal nothing from so excellent a prince. Spectator.

DES

DE’SCANT. n. s. [discanto, Italian.]
1. A song or tune composed in parts.
Nay, now you are too flat,
And mar the concord with too harsh a descant. Shakespeare.
The wakeful nightingale
All night long her amorous descant sung. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. A discourse; a disputation; a disquisition branched out into
several divisions or heads. It is commonly used as a word of
censure, or contempt.
Look you get a prayer-book in your hand,
And stand between two churchmen, good my lord;
For on that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shak. Rich. III.
Such kindness would supplant our unkind reportings, and
severe descants upon our brethren. Government of the Tongue.

To DE’SCANT. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To sing in parts.
2. To discourse at large; to make speeches: in a sense of cen­
sure or contempt.
Why I, in this weak piping time of peace,
Have no delight to pass away the time;
Unless to spy my shadow in the sun,
And descant on mine own deformity. Shakes. Richard III.
Com'st thou for this, vain boaster, to survey me,
To descant on my strength, and give thy verdict? Milton.
A virtuous man should be pleased to find people descanting
upon his actions, because, when they are thoroughly canvassed
and examined, they turn to his honour. Addison's Freeholder.

To DESCE’ND. v. a. [descendo, Latin.]
1. To come from a higher place to a lower; to fall; to sink.
The rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds
blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell not, for it was
founded upon a rock. Matt. vii. 25.
The brook that descended out of the mount. Deutr. ix. 21.
He cleft his head with one descending blow. Dryden.
Foul with stains
Of gushing torrents and descending rains. Addison's Cato.
O goddess! who, descending from the skies,
Vouchsaf'd thy presence to my wond'ring eyes. Pope's Odyss.
2. To come down in a popular sense, implying only an arrival
at one place from another.
He shall descend into battle, and perish. 1 Sa. xxvi. 10.
3. To come suddenly or violently; to fall upon as an enemy.
For the pious sire preserve the son;
His wish'd return with happy pow'r befriend,
And on the suitors let thy wrath descend. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.
4. To make an invasion.
The goddess gives th' alarm; and soon is known
The Grecian fleet, descending on the town. Dryden.
A foreign son upon the shore descends,
Whose martial same from pole to pole extends. Dryden.
5. To proceed from an original; to be extracted from.
Despair descends from a mean original; the offspring of fear,
laziness, and impatience. Collier against Despair.
Will is younger brother to a baronet, and descended of the
ancient family of the Wimbles. Addison's Spectator, No. 108.
6. To fall in order of inheritance to a successor.
Should we allow that all the property, all the estate of the
father, ought to descend to the eldest son; yet the father's na­
tural dominion, the paternal power, cannot descend unto him
by inheritance. Locke.
The inheritance of both rule over men and property, in
things sprung from the same original, and were to descend by
the same rules. Locke.
Our author provides for the descending and conveyance
down of Adam's monarchical power to posterity, by the inhe­
ritance of his heir, succeeding to his father's authority. Locke.
7. To extend a discourse from general to particular consi­
derations.
Congregations discerned the small accord that was among
themselves, when they descended to particulars. Decay of Piety.

To DESCE’ND. v. a. To walk downward upon any place.
He ended, and they both descend the hill;
Descended Adam to the bow'r, where Eve
Lay sleeping. Milton's Paradise Lost.
In all our journey through the Alps, as well when we
climbed as when we descended them, we had still a river run­
ning along with the road. Addison on Italy.
In the midst of this plain stands a high hill, so very steep,
that there would be no mounting or descending it, were not it
made up of a loose crumbled earth. Addison on Italy.

DESCE’NDANT. n. s. [descendant, Fr. descendens, Latin.] The
offspring of an ancestor; he that is in the line of generation
at whatever distance.
The descendants of Neptune were planted there. Bacon.
O, true descendant of a patriot line,
Vouchsafe this picture of thy soul to see. Dryden.
He revealed his own will, and their duty, in a more ample
manner than it had been declared to any of my descendants
before them. Atterbury's Sermons.

DESCE’NDENT. adj. [descendens, Latin. It seems to be esta­
blished that the substantive should derive the termination from
the French, and the adjective from the Latin.]
1. Falling; sinking; coming down; descending.
There is a regress of the sap in plants from above down­
wards; and this descendent juice is that which principally nou­
rishes both fruit and plant. Ray on the Creation.
2. Proceeding from another as an original or ancestor.
More than mortal grace
Speaks thee descendent of æthereal race. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.

DESCE’NDIBLE. adj. [from descend.]
1. Such as may be descended; such as may admit of a passage
downwards.
2. Transmissible by inheritance.
According to the customs of other countries those hono­
rary fees and infeudations were descendible to the eldest, and
not to all the males. Hale's Common Law of England.

DESCE’NSION. n. s. [descensio, Latin.]
1. The act of falling or sinking; descent.
2. A declension; a degradation.
From a god to a bull! a heavy descension:
It was Jove's case. From a prince to a 'prentice? a low
transformation: that shall be mine. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
3. [In astronomy.] Right descension is the arch of the equator,
which descends with the sign or star below the horizon of a
direct sphere.
Oblique descension is the arch of the equator, which descends
with the sign below the horizon of an oblique sphere. Ozenam.

DESCE’NSIONAL. adj. [from descension.] Relating to descent.

DESCE’NT. n. s. [descensus, Latin; descente, French.]
1. The act of passing from a higher place.
Why do fragments, from a mountain rent,
Tend to the earth with such a swift descent? Blackmore.
2. Progress downwards.
Observing such gradual and gentle descents downwards, in
those parts of the creation that are beneath men, the rule of
analogy may make it probable, that it is so also in things
above. Locke.
3. Obliquity; inclination.
The heads and sources of rivers flow upon a descent, or an
inclining plane, without which they could not flow at all.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.
4. Lowest place.
From th' extremest upward of thy head,
To the descent and dust below thy feet,
A most toad-spotted traitor. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. Invasion; hostile entrance into a kingdom: in allusion to
the height of ships.
At the first descent on shore, he was not immured with a
wooden vessel, but he did countenance the landing in his
long-boat. Wotton.
The duke was general himself, and made that unfortunate
descent upon the Isle of Ree, which was attended with a mise­
rable retreat, in which the flower of the army was lost. Claren.
Arise, true judges, in your own defence,
Controul those foplings, and declare for sense;
For should the fools prevail, they stop not there,
But make their next descent upon the fair. Dryden.
6. Transmission of any thing by succession and inheritance.
If the agreement and consent of men first gave a sceptre
into any one's hand, that also must direct its descent and con­
veyance. Locke.


7. The state of proceeding from an original or progenitor.
All of them, even without such a particular claim, had
great reason to glory in their common descent from Abraham,
Isaac and Jacob, to whom the promise of the blessed seed was
severally made. Atterbury's Sermons.
8. Birth; extraction; process of lineage.
I give my voice on Richard's side,
To bar my master's heirs in true descent!
God knows, I will not do it. Shakes. Richard III.
Turnus, for high descent and graceful mien,
Was first, and favour'd by the Latian queen. Dryden's Æn.
9. Offspring; inheritors; those proceeding in the line of gene­
ration.
The care of our descent perplexes us most,
Which must be born to certain woe. Milton's Paradise Lost.
From him
His whole descent, who thus shall Canaan win. Milt. P. L.
10. A single step in the scale of genealogy; a generation.
No man living is a thousand descents removed from Adam
himself. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
Then all the sons of these five brethren reign'd
By due success, and all their nephews late,
Even thrice eleven descents the crown retain'd,
'Till aged Heli by due heritage it gain'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
11. A rank in the scale or order of being.
How have I then, with whom to hold converse,
Save with the creatures which I made, and those
To me inferior; infinite descents
Beneath what other creatures are to thee. Milton's P. Lost.

To DESCRI’BE. v. a. [describo, Latin.]
1. To mark out any thing by the mention of its properties.
I pray thee, overname them; and as thou nam'st them,
I will describe them; and according to my description, level at
my affection. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
He that writes well in verse will often send his thoughts in
search, through all the treasure of words that express any one
idea in the same language, that so he may comport with the
measures, or the rhyme of the verse which he writes, or with
his own most beautiful and vivid sentiments of the thing he
describes. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To delineate; to mark out; to trace: as a torch waved
about the head describes a circle.
3. To distribute into proper heads or divisions.
Men passed through the land, and described it by cities into
seven parts in a book. Jos. xviii. 9.
4. To define in a lax manner by the promiscuous mention of
qualities general and peculiar. See DESCRIPTION.

DESCRI’BER. n. s. [from describe.] He that describes.
From a plantation and colony of theirs, an island near
Spain was by the Greek describers named Erythra. Brown.

DESCRI’ER. n. s. [from the verb.] A discoverer; a detecter.
May think his labour vainly gone,
The glad descrier shall not miss
To taste the nectar of a kiss. Crashaw.

DESCRI’PTION. n. s. [descriptio, Latin.]
1. The act of describing or making out any person or thing by
perceptible properties.
2. The sentence or passage in which any thing is described.
A poet must refuse all tedious and unnecessary descriptions:
a robe which is too heavy, is less an ornament than a burthen.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
Sometimes misguided by the tuneful throng,
I look for streams immortaliz'd in song,
That lost in silence and oblivion lie,
Dumb are their fountains, and their channels dry,
That run for ever by the muse's skill,
And in the smooth description murmur still. Addison.
3. A lax definition.
This sort of definition, which is made up of a mere col­
lection of the most remarkable parts or properties, is called
an imperfect definition, or a description; whereas the definition
is called perfect when it is composed of the essential difference,
added to general nature or genus. Watts's Logick.
4. The qualities expressed in a description.
I'll pay six thousand, and deface the bond,
Before a friend of this description
Shall lose a hair. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

To DESCRY’. v. a. [descrier, French.]
1. To give notice of any thing suddenly discovered; as, the
scout descried the enemy, that he gave notice of their approach.
This sense is now obsolete, but gave occasion to those which
are now in use.
2. To spy out; to examine at a distance.
And the house of Joseph sent to descry Bethel. Judg. i. 23.
Edmund, I think, is gone to descry
Th' strength o' th' enemy. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To detect; to find out any thing concealed.
Of the king they got a sight after dinner in a gallery, and
of the queen mother at her own table; in neither place des­
cryed, no, not by Cadinot, who had been lately ambassador in
England. Wotton.
4. To discover; to perceive by the eye; to see any thing distant
or absent.
Thus dight, into the court he took his way;
Both through the guard, which never him descry'd,
And through the watchmen, who him never spy'd.
Hubbard's Tale.
The spirit of deep prophecy she hath;
What's past and what's to come she can descry. Shak. H. VI.
That planet would, unto our eyes, descrying only that part
whereon the light falls, appear to be horned, as the moon
seems. Raleigh's History of the World, b. i. c. 7.
And now their way to earth they had descry'd,
To Paradise first tending. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Although the motion of light be not descried, no argument
can be made from thence to prove that light is not a body.
Digby on Bodies.
A tow'r so high, it seem'd to reach the sky,
Stood on the roof, from whence we could descry
All Ilium. Denham.
Once more at least look back, said I,
Thyself in that large glass descry. Prior.

DESCRY’. n. s. [from the verb.] Discovery; thing discovered.
How near's the other army?
—Near, and on speedy foot, the main descry
Stands on the hourly thought. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To DE’SECRATE. v. a. [desacro, Lat.] To divert from the
purpose to which any thing is consecrated.
The founders of monastries imprecated evil on those who
should desecrate their donations. Salmon's Survey.

DESECRA’TION. n. s. [from desecrate.] The abolition of con­
secration.

DE’SERT. n. s. [desertum, Latin.] A wilderness; solitude;
waste country; uninhabited place.
Be alive again,
And dare me to the desert with thy sword.
Of trembling I inhibit; then protest me
The baby of a girl. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He, looking round on every side, beheld
A pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades. Paradise Reg.

DE’SERT. adj. [desertus, Latin.] Wild; waste; solitary; un­
inhabited; uncultivated; untilled.
I have words
That would be howl'd out in the desert air,
Where hearing should not catch them. Shakes. Macbeth.
He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling
wilderness. Deutr. xxxii. 10.
The promises and bargains between two men in a desert
island are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a state
of nature, in reference to one another. Locke.

To DESE’RT. v. a. [deserter, French; desero, Latin.]
1. To forsake; to fall away from; to quit meanly or treache­
rously.
I do not remember one man, who heartily wished the pass­
ing of that bill, that ever deserted them 'till the kingdom was
in a flame. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
2. To leave; to abandon.
What is it that holds and keeps them in fixed stations and
intervals, against an incessant and inherent tendency to desert
them? Bentley's Sermons.
3. To quit the army, or regiment, in which one is enlisted.

DESE’RT. n. s. [properly dessert: the word is originally French.]
The last course; the fruit or sweetmeats with which a feast is
concluded. See DESSERT.

DESE’RT. n. s. [from desert.]
1. Qualities or conduct considered with respect to reward or
punishments; degree of merit or demerit.
Being of necessity a thing common, it is, through the ma­
nifold persuasions, dispositions, and occasions of men, with
equal desert both of praise and dispraise, shunned by some, by
others desired. Hooker, b. v. s. 46.
The base o' th' mount
Is rank'd with all deserts, all kind of natures,
That labour on the bosom of this sphere
To propagate their states. Shakespeare's Timon.
Use every man after his desert, and who shall 'scape whip­
ping? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. Proportional merit; claim to reward.
More to move you,
Take my deserts to his, and join them both. Shakes. Timon.
All desert imports an equality between the good conferred
and the good deserved, or made due. South's Sermons.
3. Excellence; right to reward; virtue.

DESE’RTER. n. s. [from desert.]
1. He that has forsaken his cause or his post.
The members of both houses, who at first withdrew, were
counted deserters, and outed of their places in parliament.
King Charles.
Streight to their ancient calls, recall'd from air,
The reconcil'd deserters will repair. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
Hosts of deserters, who your honour sold,
And basely broke your faith for bribes of gold. Dryd. Æn.
2. He that leaves the army in which he is enlisted.


They are the same deserters, whether they stay in our own
camp, or run over to the enemies. Decay of Piety.
A deserter, who came out of the citadel, says the garrison
is brought to the utmost necessity. Tatler, No. 59.
3. He that forsakes another; an abandoner.
The fair sex, if they had the deserter in their power, would
certainly have shewn him more mercy than the Bacchanals did
Orpheus. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
Thou, false guardian of a charge too good,
Thou mean deserter of thy brother's blood. Pope.

DESE’RTION. n. s. [from desert.]
1. The act of forsaking or abandoning a cause or post.
Every compliance that we are persuaded to by one, is a
contradiction to the commands of the other; and our adhe­
rence to one, will necessarily involve us in a desertion of the
other. Rogers, Serm. v.
3. [In theology.] Spiritual despondency; a sense of the derelic­
tion of God; an opinion that grace is withdrawn.
Christ hears and sympathizes with the spiritual agonies of a
soul under desertion, or the pressures of some stinging af­
fliction. South's Sermons.

DESE’RTLESS. adj. [from desert.] Without merit; without
claim to favour or reward.
She said she lov'd;
Lov'd me desertless, who, with shame, confest
Another flame had seiz'd upon my breast. Dryd. Tyr. Love.

To DESE’RVE. v. a. [deservir, French.]
1. To be worthy of either good or ill.
Those they honoured, as having power to work or cease, as
men deserved of them. Hooker, b. i.
Some of us love you well; and ev'n those some
Envy your great deservings, and good name. Shak. Hen. IV.
All friends shall taste
The wages of their virtue, and all foes
The cup of their deservings. Shakespeare's King Lear.
What he deserves of you and me I know. Shak. H. VIII.
Yet well, if here would end
The misery: I deserv'd it, and would bear
My own deservings. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 727.
Courts are the places where best manners flourish,
Where the deserving ought to rise. Otway's Orphan.
A mother cannot give him death; though he
Deserves it, he deserves it not from me. Dryden's Ovid.
Since my Orazia's death I have not seen
A beauty so deserving to be queen,
He had been a person of great deservings from the repub­
lick, was an admirable speaker, and very popular. Swift.
2. To be worthy of reward.
According to the rule of natural justice one man may merit
and deserve of another. South's Sermons.

DESE’RVEDLY. adv. [from deserve.] Worthily; according to
desert, whether of good or evil.
For him I was not sent, nor yet to free
That people victor once, now vile and base,
Deservedly made vassal. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iv.
A man deservedly cuts himself off from the affections of that
community which he endeavours to subvert. Addis. Freeholder.

DESE’RVER. n. s. [from deserve.] A man who merits rewards.
It is used, I think, only in a good sense.
Their love is never link'd to the deserver,
'Till his deserts are pass'd. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Heavy, with some high minds, is an overweight of obliga­
tion; or otherwise great deservers do perchance grow into­
lerable presumers. Wotton.
Emulation will never be wanting amongst poets, when par­
ticular rewards and prizes are proposed to the best deservers.
Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.

DESI’CCANTS. n. s. [from desiccate.] Applications that dry up
the flow of sores; driers.
This, in the beginning, may be prevented by desiccants,
and wasted. Wiseman's Surgery.

To DE’SICCATE. v. a. [desicco, Latin.] To dry up; to ex­
hale moisture.
In bodies desiccated by heat or age, when the native spirit
goeth forth, and the moisture with it, the air with time get­
eth into the pores. Bacon's Natural History, No. 842.
Where there is moisture enough, or superfluous, there wine
helpeth to digest and desiccate the moisture. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Seminal ferments were elevated from the sea, or some desic­
cated places thereof, by the heat of the sun. Hale.

DESICCA’TION. n. s. [from desiccate.] The act of making dry;
the state of being dried.
If the spirits issue out of the body, there followeth desicca­
tion, induration, and consumption; as in brick, evaporation
of bodies liquid, &c. Bacon's Natural History, No. 329.

DESI’CCATIVE. adj. [from desiccate.] That which has the
power of drying.

To DESI’DERATE. v. a. [desidero, Lat.] To want; to miss;
to desire in absence. A word scarcely used.
Eclipses are of wonderful assistance toward the solution of
this so desirable and so much desiderated problem. Cheyne.

DESI’DIOSE. adj. [desidiosus, Latin.] Idle; lazy; heavy. Dict.

To DESI’GN. v. a. [designo, Latin; dessiner, French.]
1. To purpose; to intend any thing.
2. To form or order with a particular purpose: with for.
The acts of religious worship were purposely designed for
the acknowledgment of a being, whom the most excellent
creatures are bound to adore as well as we. Stillingfleet.
You are not for obscurity design'd,
But, like the sun, must cheer all human kind. Dryden.
3. To devote intentionally; with to.
One of those places was designed by the old man to his
son. Clarendon.
He was born to the inheritance of a splendid fortune; he
was designed to the study of the law. Dryden.
4. To plan; to project; to form in idea.
We are to observe whether it be well drawn, or, as more
elegant artizans term it, well designed; then, whether it be
well coloured, which be the two general heads. Wotton.
Thus while they speed their pace, the prince designs
The new elected seat, and draws the lines. Dryden's Æn.
5. To mark out.
'Tis not enough to make a man a subject, to convince him
that there is regal power in the world; but there must be
ways of designing and knowing the person to whom this regal
power of right belongs. Locke.

DESI’GN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An intention; a purpose.
2. A scheme; a plan of action.
Is he a prudent man, as to his temporal estate, that lays
designs only for a day, without any prospect to the remaining
part of his life? Tillotson, Sermon i.
3. A scheme formed to the detriment of another.
A sedate settled design upon another man's life, put him in
a state of war with him against whom he has declared such an
intention. Locke.
4. The idea which an artist endeavours to execute or express.
I doubt not but in the designs of several Greek medals one
may often see the hand of an Apelles or Protogenes. Addison.
Thy hand strikes out some new design,
Where life awakes and dawns at every line. Pope's Epistles.

DESI’GNABLE. adj. [designo, Latin.] Distinguishable; capable
to be particularly marked out.
The power of all natural agents is limited: the mover must
be confined to observe these proportions, and cannot pass over
all these infinite designable degrees in an instant. Digby.

DESIGNA’TION. n. s. [designatio, Latin.]
1. The act of pointing or marking out by some particular token.
This is a plain designation of the duke of Marlborough: one
kind of stuff used to fatten land is called marle, and every
body knows that borough is a name for a town. Swift.
2. Appointment; direction.
William the Conqueror forbore to use that claim in the
beginning, but mixed it with a titulary pretence, grounded
upon the will and designation of Edward the Confessor. Bacon.
3. Import; intention.
Finite and infinite seem to be looked upon by the mind as
the modes of quantity, and to be attributed primarily in their
first designation only to those things which have parts, and are
capable of increase or diminution. Locke.

DESI’GNEDLY. adv. [from design.] Purposely; intentionally;
by design or purpose; not ignorantly; not inadvertently; not
fortuitously.
The next thing is sometimes designedly to put them in pain;
but care must be taken that this be done when the child is in
good humour. Locke.
Uses made things; that is to say, some things were made
designedly, and on purpose, for such an use as they serve
to. Ray on the Creation.

DESI’GNER. n. s. [from design.]
1. A plotter; a contriver; one that lays schemes.
It has therefore always been both the rule and practice for
such designers to suborn the publick interest, to countenance
and cover their private. Decay of Piety.
2. One that forms the idea of any thing in painting or sculpture.
There is a great affinity between designing and poetry; for
the Latin poets, and the designers of the Roman medals, lived
very near one another, and were bred up to the same relish for
wit and fancy. Addison.

DESI’GNING. participial adj. [from design.] Insidious; treache­
rous; deceitful; fraudulently artful.
'Twould shew me poor, indebted, and compell'd,
Designing, mercenary; and I know
You would not wish to think I could be bought. Southern.

DESI’GNLESS. adj. [from design.] Without intention; with­
out design; unknowing; inadvertent.

DESI’GNLESSLY. adv. [from designless.] Without intention;
ignorantly; inadvertently.
In this great concert of his whole creation, the designlesly
conspiring voices are as differing as the conditions of the re­
spective singers. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

DESI’GNMENT. n. s. [from design.]


1. A scheme of hostility.
News, lords, our wars are done:
The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks,
That their designment halts. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. A plot; a malicious intention.
She received advice both of the king's desperate estate, and
of the duke's designments against her. Hayward.
3. The idea, or sketch of a work.
The scenes which represent cities and countries are not
really such, but only painted on boards and canvass; but shall
that excuse the ill painture or designment of them? Dryden.
When absent, yet we conquer'd in his right;
For though that some mean artist's skill were shown
In mingling colours, or in placing light,
Yet still the fair designment was his own. Dryden.

DESI’RABLE. adj. [from desire.]
1. Pleasing; delightful.
She then let drop some expressions about an agate snuff-box;
I immediately took the hint, and bought one, being unwilling
to omit any thing that might make me desirable in her eyes.
Addison's Guardian, No. 97.
Our own sex, our kindred, our houses, and our very names,
seem to have something good and desirable in them. Watts.
2. That which is to be wished with earnestness.
Adjudged cases, collected by men of great sagacity, will
improve his mind, toward acquiring this desirable amplitude
and extent of thought. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
He cannot but confess, that it is a thing the most desirable
to man, and most agreeable to the goodness of God, that he
should send forth his light and his truth by a special revela­
tion of his will. Rogers, Sermon iii.

DESI’RE. n. s. [desir, Fr. deseo, Ital. desiderium, Lat.] Wish;
eagerness to obtain or enjoy.
Drink provokes, and unprovokes; it provokes the desire,
but it takes away the performance. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Desire's the vast extent of human mind;
It mounts above, and leaves poor hope behind. Dryden.
Desire is the uneasiness a man finds in himself upon the ab­
sence of any thing, whose present enjoyment carries the idea
of delight with it. Locke.
It is in a man's power only to observe what the ideas are
that take their turns in his understanding, or else to direct the
sort, and call in such as he hath a desire or use of. Locke.

To DESI’RE. v. a. [desirer, French; desiderare, Latin.]
1. To wish; to long for; to covet.
Thou shalt not desire the silver or gold. Deutr. vii. 25.
2. To express wishes; to appear to long.
Jove beheld it with a desiring look. Dryden.
3. To ask; to intreat.
Sir, I intreat you home with me to dinner.
—I humbly do desire your grace of pardon;
I must away this night. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
But since you take such int'rest in our woe,
And Troy's disast'rous end desire to know,
I will restrain my tears, and briefly tell
What in our last fatal night befell. Dryden's Æn. b. ii.

DESI’RER. n. s. [from desire.] One that is eager of any thing;
a wisher.
I will counterfeit the bewitchment of some popular man,
and give it bountifully to the desirers. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

DESI’ROUS. adj. [from desire.] Full of desire; eager; longing
after; wishing for.
The same piety which maketh them that are in authority
desirous to please and resemble God by justice, inflameth every
way men of action with zeal to do good. Hooker, b. v. s. 1.
Be not desirous of his dainties; for they are deceitful
meat. Prov. xxiii. 3.
Men are drowsy and desirous to sleep before the fit of an
ague, and yawn and stretch. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 296.
Adam the while,
Waiting desirous her return, had wove
Of choicest flow'rs a garland. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Conjugal affection,
Prevailing over fear and timorous doubt,
Hath led me on, desirous to behold
Once more thy face. Milton's Agonistes.

DESI’ROUSNESS. n. s. [from desirous.] Fulness of desire;
eagerness. Dict.

DESI’ROUSLY. adv. [from desirous.] Eagerly; with desire;
with ardent wishes. Dict.

To DESI’ST. v. n. [desisto, Latin.] To cease from any thing;
to stop.
Desist, thou art discern'd,
And toil'st in vain; nor me in vain molest. Milt. Pa. Lost.
There are many who will not quit a project, though they
find it pernicious or absurd; but will readily desist from it,
when they are convinced it is impracticable. Addis. Freeholder.

DESI’STANCE. n. s. [from desist.] The act of desisting; ces­
sation.
Men usually give freeliest where they have not given before;
and make it both the motive and excuse of their desistance from
giving any more, that they have given already. Boyle.

DESI’TIVE. adj. [desitus, Latin.] Ending; concluded.
Inceptive and desitive propositions are of this sort: the fogs
vanish as the sun rises, but the fogs have not yet begun to va­
nish; therefore the sun is not yet risen. Watts's Logick, p. iii.

DESK. n. s. [disch, a table, Dutch.] An inclining table for the
use of writers or readers, made commonly with a box or re­
pository under it.
Tell her in the desk,
That's cover'd o'er with Turkish tapestry,
There is a purse of ducats. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
He is drawn leaning on a desk, with his bible before him.
Walton's Angler.
I have also been obliged to leave unfinished in my desk the
heads of two essays. Pope.
Not the desk with silver nails,
Nor bureau of expence,
Nor standish well japann'd, avails
To writing of good sense. Swift.

DE’SOLATE. adj. [desolatus, Latin.]
1. Without inhabitants; uninhabited.
Let us seek some desolate shade, and there
Weep our sad bosoms empty. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This hero appears at first in a desolate island, sitting upon
the side of the sea. Broome on Epic Poetry.
2. Deprived of inhabitants; laid waste.
This city shall be desolate, without an inhabitant. Jer. xxvi.
3. Solitary; without society.

To DE’SOLATE. v. a. [desolo, Latin.] To deprive of inha­
bitants; to lay waste.
The island of Atlantis was not swallowed by an earthquake,
but was desolated by a particular deluge; for earthquakes are
seldom in those parts: but, on the other side, they have such
pouring rivers, as the rivers of Asia, Africa, and Europe are
but brooks to them. Bacon, Essay 59.
Thick around
Thunders the sport of those, who with the gun
And dog, impatient bounding at the shot,
Worse than the season, desolate the fields. Thomson's Winter.

DE’SOLATELY. adv. [from desolate.] In a desolate manner.

DE’SOLATION. n. s. [from desolate.] Destruction of inhabi­
tants; ravage.
What with your praises of the country, what with your
discourse of the lamentable desolation thereof made by those
Scots, you have filled me with a great compassion of their
calamities. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Without her follows to myself and thee,
Herself, the land, and many a Christian soul,
Death, desolation, ruin, and decay. Shakesp. Richard III.
To complete
The scene of desolation stretch'd around,
The grim guards stand. Thomson's Summer, l. 1075.
2. Gloominess; sadness; melancholy.
That dwelling place is unnatural to mankind; and then the
terribleness of the continual motion, the desolation of the far
being from comfort, the eye and the ear having ugly images
before it, doth still vex the mind, even when it is best armed
against it. Sidney, b. ii.
Then your hose shall be ungartered, and every thing about
you demonstrate a careless desolation. Shakes. As you like it.
My desolation does begin to make
A better life. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
3. A place wasted and forsaken.
How is Babylon become a desolation among the nations!
Jer. l. 23.

DESPA’IR. n. s. [desespoir, French.]
1. Hopelessness; despondence; loss of hope.
You had either never attempted this change, set on with
hope, or never discovered it, stopt with despair. Sidney, b. ii.
We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are
perplexed, but not in despair. 2 Cor. iv. 8.
Weary'd, forsaken, and pursu'd at last,
All safety in despair of safety plac'd,
Courage he thence resumes, resolv'd to bear
All their assaults, since 'tis in vain to fear. Denham.
Equal their flame, unequal was their care;
One lov'd with hope, one languish'd with despair. Dryden.
Despair is the thought of the unattainableness of any good,
which works differently in mens minds, sometimes producing
uneasiness or pain, sometimes rest and indolency. Locke.
2. That which causes despair; that of which there is no hope.
Strangely visited people,
All swol'n and ulc'rous, pitiful to the eye;
The mere despair of surgery, he cures;
Hanging a golden stamp about their necks,
Put on with holy prayers. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. [In theology.] Loss of confidence in the mercy of God.
Are not all or most evangelical virtues and graces in danger
of extremes? As there is, God knows, too often a defect on
the one side, so there may be an excess on the other: may
not hope in God, or godly sorrow, be perverted into presump­
tion or despair? Sprat's Sermons.



To DESPA’IR. v. n. [despero, Latin.] To be without hope;
to despond.
Though thou drewest a sword at thy friend, yet despair not;
for there may be a turning. Ecclus. xxii. 21.
We commend the wit of the Chinese, who despair of
making of gold, but are mad upon making of silver. Bacon.
Never despair of God's blessings here, or of his reward
hereafter; but go on as you have begun. Wake's Preparation.

DESPA’IRER. n. s. [from despair.] One without hope.
He cheers the fearful, and commends the bold,
And makes despairers hope for good success. Dryden.

DESPA’IRFUL. adj. [despair and full.] Hopeless. Obsolete.
That sweet but four despairful care. Sidney, b. i.

DESPA’IRINGLY. adv. [from despairing.] In a manner be­
tokening hopelesness or despondency.
He speaks severely and despairingly of our society. Boyle.

To DESPA’TCH. v. a. [depescher, French.]
1. To send away hastily.
Doctor Theodore Coleby, a sober and intelligent man, I
despatched immediately to Utrecht, to bring me some of the
moxa, and learn the exact method of using it, from the man
that sold it. Temple.
The good Æneas, whose paternal care
Julus' absence could no longer bear,
Despatch'd Achates to the ships in haste,
To give a glad relation of the past. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
2. To send out of the world; to put to death.
Edmund, I think, is gone,
In pity of his misery, to despatch
His nighted life. Shakespeare's King Lear.
And the company shall stone them with stones, and despatch
them with their swords. Ezek. xxiii. 47.
In combating, but two of you will fall;
And we resolve we will despatch you all. Dryden.
Despatch me quickly, I may death forgive;
I shall grow tender else, and wish to live. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
3. To perform a business quickly; as, I despatched my affairs,
and ran hither.
Therefore commanded he his chariot man to drive without
ceasing, and to despatch the journey, the judgment of God
now following him. 2 Mac. ix. 4.
No sooner is one action despatched, which, by such a deter­
mination as the will, we are set upon, but another uneasiness
is ready to set us on work. Locke.
4. To conclude an affair with another.
What, are the brothers parted?
—They have despatch'd with Pompey; he is gone. Shakesp.

DESPA’TCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Hasty execution; speedy performance.
Affected despatch is one of the most dangerous things to
business that can be. Bacon.
You'd see, could you her inward motions watch,
Feigning delay, she wishes for despatch;
Then to a woman's meaning would you look,
Then read her backward. Granville.
The despatch of a good office is very often as beneficial to
the solicitor as the good office itself. Addison's Spectator.
2. Conduct; management. Obsolete.
You shall put
This night's great business into my despatch,
Which shall, to all our nights and days to come,
Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. Shakes. Macbeth.
3. Express; hasty messenger or message; as, despatches were
sent away.

DESPA’TCHFUL. adj. [from despatch.] Bent on haste; intent
on speedy execution of business.
So saying, with dispatchful looks, in haste
She turns, on hospitable thoughts intent. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Let one dispatchful bid some swain to lead
A well fed bullock from the grassy mead. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.

DE’SPERATE. adj. [desperatus, Latin.]
1. Without hope.
Since his exile she hath despis'd me most;
Forsworn my company, and rail'd at me,
That I am desperate of obtaining her. Shakespeare.
2. Without care of safety; rash; precipitant; fearless of danger.
Can you think, my lords,
That any Englishman dare give me counsel,
Or be a known friend 'gainst his highness' pleasure,
Though he be grown so desperate to be honest,
And live a subject. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He who goes on without any care or thought of reforming,
such an one we vulgarly call a desperate person, and that sure
is a most damning sin. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
3. Irretrievable; unsurmountable; irrecoverable.
These debts may be well called desperate ones; for a mad
man owes them. Shakespeare's Timon.
In a part of Asia the sick, when their case comes to be
thought desperate, are carried out and laid on the earth, before
they are dead, and left there. Locke.
I am a man of desperate fortunes, that is, a man whose
friends are dead; for I never aimed at any other fortune than
in friends. Pope to Swift.
4. Mad; hot-brained; furious.
Were it not the part of a desperate physician to wish his
friend dead, rather than to apply the best endeavours of his
skill for his recovery? Spenser's State of Ireland.
5. It is sometimes used in a sense nearly ludicrous, and only
marks any bad quality predominating in a high degree.
Concluding all mere desp'rate sots and fools,
That durst depart from Aristotle's rules. Pope's Ess. on Crit.

DE’SPERATELY. adv. [from desperate.]
1. Furiously; madly; without attention to safety or danger.
Your eldest daughters have foredone themselves,
And desp'rately are dead. Shakes. King Lear.
There might be somewhat in it, that he would not have
done, or desired undone, when he broke forth as desperately
as before he had done uncivilly. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
2. In a great degree; violently: this sense is ludicrous.
She fell desperately in love with him, and took a voyage into
Sicily in pursuit of him, he having withdrawn thither on pur­
pose to avoid her. Addison's Spectator, No. 223.

DE’SPERATENESS. n. s. [from desperate.] Madness; fury;
precipitance.
The going on not only in terrours and amazement of con­
science, but also boldly, hopingly, confidently, in wilful habits
of sin, is called a desperateness also; and the more bold thus,
the more desperate. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

DESPERA’TION. n. s. [from desperate.] Hopelessness; despair;
despondency.
Desperation
Is all the policy, strength, and defence,
That Rome can make against them. Shakes. Coriolanus.
As long as we are guilty of any past sin, and have no pro­
mise of remission, whatever our future care be, this despera­
tion of success chills all our industry, and we sin on, because
we have sinned. Hammond on Fundamentals.

DE’SPICABLE. adj. [despicabilis, Latin.] Contemptible; vile;
mean; sordid; worthless. It is applied equally to persons or
things.
Our case were miserable, if that wherewith we most endea­
vour to please God, were in his sight so vile and despicable as
mens disdainful speech would make it. Hooker, b. v. s. 23.
Their heads as low
Bow'd down in battle, sunk before the spears
Of despicable foes. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. 437.
All th' earth he gave thee to possess and rule,
No despicable gift! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 340.
All the quiet that could be expected from such a reign, must
be the result of absolute power on the one hand, and a despi­
cable slavery on the other. Addison.
When men of rank and figure pass away their lives in cri­
minal pursuits and practices, they render themselves more vile
and despicable than any innocent man can be, whatever low
station his fortune and birth have placed him in. Addison.

DESPI’CABLENESS. n. s. [from despicable.] Meanness; vile­
ness; worthlesness.
We consider the great disproportion between the infinity of
the reward and the despicableness of our service. Decay of Piety.

DE’SPICABLY. adv. [from despicable.] Meanly; sordidly;
vilely.
Here wanton Naples crowns the happy shore,
Nor vainly rich, nor despicably poor;
The town in soft solemnities delights,
And gentle poets to her arms invites. Addison on Italy.

DESPI’SABLE. adj. [from despise.] Contemptible; despicable;
regarded with contempt. A word scarcely used but in low
conversation.
I am extremely obliged to you for taking notice of a poor
old distressed courtier, commonly the most despisable thing in
the world. Arbuthnot to Pope.

To DESPI’SE. v. a. [despiser, old French, Skinner; despicio,
Latin.]
1. To scorn; to contemn; to slight; to disrespect.
For, lo, I will make thee small among the Heathen, and
despised among men. Jer. xlix. 15.
My sons their old unhappy sire despise,
Spoil'd of his kingdom, and depriv'd of eyes. Pope's Statius.
2. In Shakespeare it seems once to signify abhor, as from the
Italian despettare.
Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever,
Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound
That ever yet they heard. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DESPI’SER. n. s. [from despise.] Contemner; scorner.
Art thou thus bolden'd, man, by thy distress?
Or else a rude despiser of good manners,
That in civility thou seem'st so empty? Shak. As you like it.
Wisdom is commonly, at long running, justified even of
her despisers. Government of the Tongue, s. 7.
Thus the atheists, libertines, and despisers of religion, usually
pass under the name of free-thinkers. Swift.



DESPI’TE. n. s. [spijt, Dutch; dépit, French.]
1. Malice; anger; malignity; maliciousness; spleen; hatred.
Thou wretch! despite o'erwhelm thee! Shak. Coriolanus.
With men these considerations are usually the causes of
despite, disdain, or aversion from others; but with God they
pass for reasons of our greater tenderness towards others. Sprat.
2. Defiance.
The life, thou gav'st me first, was lost and done;
'Till with thy warlike sword, despite of fate,
To my determin'd time thou gav'st new date. Shak. H. VI.
My life thou shalt command, but not my shame;
The one my duty owes; but my fair name,
Despite of death, that lives upon my grave,
To dark dishonour's use thou shalt not have. Shak. Rich. II.
Know I will serve the fair in thy despite. Dryd. Fab.
I have not quitted yet a victor's right;
I'll make you happy in your own despite. Dryd. Aurengzebe.
Say, would the tender creature, in despite
Of heat by day, and chilling dews by night,
Its life maintain? Blackmore's Creation.
Thou, with rebel insolence, did'st dare
To own and to protect that hoary ruffian;
And in despite, ev'n of thy father's justice,
To stir the factious rabble up to arms. Row's Amb. S. Moth.
3. Act of malice; act of opposition.
His punishment, eternal misery,
It would be all his solace and revenge,
As a despite done against the most High,
Thee once to gain companion of his woe. Milt. Par. Lost.

To DESPI’TE. v. a. [from the noun.] To vex; to affront;
to give uneasiness to.
Saturn, with his wife Rhea, fled by night, setting the
town on fire, to despite Bacchus. Raleigh's History.

DESPI’TEFUL. adj. [despite and full.] Malicious; full of spleen;
full of hate; malignant; mischievous: used both of persons
and things.
His taken labours bid him me forgive;
I, his despiteful Juno, sent him forth
From courtly friends with camping foes to live,
Where death and danger dog the heels of worth. Shakes.
Preserve us from the hands of our despiteful and deadly
enemies. King Charles.
Mean while the heinous and despiteful act
Of Satan, done in Paradise, was known
In heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 1.

DESPI’TEFULLY. adv. [from despiteful.] Maliciously; ma­
lignantly.
It requires us to pray for them that despitefully use us and
persecute us. Matthew v. 44.

DESPI’TEFULNESS. n. s. [from despiteful.] Malice; hate;
malignity.
Let us examine him with despitefulness and torture, that we
know his meekness, and prove his patience. Wisd. ii. 19.

DESPI’TEOUS. adj. [from despite.] Malicious; furious. A
word now out of use.
The knight of the red-cross, when him he spy'd
Spurring so hot with rage despiteous,
'Gan fairly couch his spear. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. 2.

To DESPO’IL. v. a. [despolio, Latin.]
1. To rob; to deprive. With of.
Despoil'd of warlike arms, and knowen shield. Spenser.
You are nobly born,
Despoiled of your honour in your life. Shakes. Henry VI.
He waits with hellish rancour imminent,
To intercept thy way, or send thee back
Despoil'd of innocence, of faith, of bliss. Milt. Par. Lost.
He, pale as death, despoil'd of his array,
Into the queen's apartment takes his way. Dryden.
Ev'n now thy aid,
Eugene, with regiments unequal prest,
Awaits: this day of all his honours gain'd
Despoils him, if thy succour opportune
Defends not the sad hour. Phillips.

DESPOLIA’TION. n. s. [from despolio, Latin.] The act of de­
spoiling or stripping.

To DESPO’ND. v. a. [despondeo, Latin.]
1. To despair; to lose hope; to become hopeless or desperate.
It is every man's duty to labour in his calling, and not to
despond for any miscarriages or disappointments that were not
in his own power to prevent. L'Estrange, Fab. 110.
There is no surer remedy for superstitious and despond­
ing weakness, than first to govern ourselves by the best im­
provement of that reason which providence has given us for
a guide; and then, when we have done our own parts, to
commit all chearfully, for the rest, to the good pleasure of
heaven with trust and resignation. L'Estrange.
Besides, to change their pasture 'tis in vain,
Or trust to physick: physick is their bane:
The learned leaches in despair depart,
And shake their heads, desponding of their art. Dryd. Virgil.
Others depress their own minds, despond at the first diffi­
culty; and conclude that making any progress in knowledge,
farther than serves their ordinary business, is above their capa­
cities. Locke.
2. [In theology.] To lose hope of the divine mercy.
He considers what is the natural tendency of such a virtue,
or such a vice: he is well apprized that the representation of
some of these things may convince the understanding, some
may terrify the conscience, some may allure the slothful, and
some encourage the desponding mind. Watts's Improvement.

DESPO’NDENCY. n. s. [from despondent.] Despair; hopelesness;
desperation.

DESPO’NDENT. adj. [despondens, Latin.] Despairing; hopeless;
without hope
Congregated thrushes, linnets, sit
On the dead tree, a dull despondent flock. Thomson's Autumn.
It is well known, both from ancient and modern expe­
rience, that the very boldest atheists, out of their debauches
and company, when they chance to be surprised with solitude
or sickness, are the most suspicious, timorous, and despondent
wretches in the world. Bentley's Sermons.

To DESPO’NSATE. v. a. [desponso, Latin.] To betroth; to
affiance; to unite by reciprocal promises of marriage.

DESPONSA’TION. n. s. [from desponsate.] The betrothing
persons to each other.

DE’SPOT. n. s. [δεσποὴς.] An absolute prince; one that go­
verns with unlimited authority. This word is not in use, ex­
cept as applied to some Dacian prince; as, the despot of
Servia.

DESPO’TICAL. adj. [from despot.] Absolute in power; unli­
mited in authority; arbitrary; unaccountable.

DESPO’TICK. adj. [from despot.] Absolute in power; unli­
mited in authority; arbitrary; unaccountable.
God's universal law
Gave to the man despotick power
Over his female in due awe,
Nor from that right to part an hour,
Smile she or lowre. Milton's Agonistes.
In all its directions of the inferior faculties, reason con­
veyed its suggestions with clearness, and enjoined them with
power: it had the passions in perfect subjection; though its
command over them was but persuasive and political, yet it
had the force of coactive and despotical. South's Sermons.
We may see in a neighbouring government the ill con­
sequences of having a despotick prince, in a state that is most
of it composed of rocks and mountains; for notwithstanding
there is vast extent of lands, and many of them better than
those of the Swiss and Grisons, the common people among
the latter are in a much better situation. Addison on Italy.
Patriots were forced to give way to the madness of the
people, who, stirred up with the harangues of their orators,
were now wholly bent upon single and despotick slavery. Swift.

DESPO’TICALNESS. n. s. [from despotical.] Absolute authority.

DE’SPOTISM. n. s. [despotisme, French, from despot.] Absolute
power.

To DESPU’MATE. v. n. [despumo, Latin.] To throw off
parts in foam; to froth; to work.

DESPUMA’TION. n. s. [from despumate.] The act of throwing
off excrementitious parts in scum or foam.

DESQUAMA’TION. n. s. [from squama, Latin.] The act of
scaling foul bones.

DESSE’RT. n. s. [desserte, French.] The last course at an en­
tertainment; the fruit or sweetmeats set on the table after the
meat.
To give thee all thy due, thou hast the art
To make a supper with a fine dessert. Dryden's Persius.
At your dessert bright pewter comes too late,
When your first course was well serv'd up in plate. King.

To DE’STINATE. v. a. [destino, Latin.] To design for any
particular end or purpose.
Birds are destinated to fly among the branches of trees and
bushes. Ray on the Creation.

DESTINA’TION. n. s. [from destinate.] The purpose for which
any thing is appointed; the ultimate design.
The passages through which spirits are conveyed to the
members, being almost infinite, and each of them drawn
through so many meanders, wherein other spirits are a jour­
neying, it is wonderful that they should perform their regular
destinations without losing their way. Glanv. Sceps.
There is a great variety of apprehensions and fancies of
men, in the destination and application of things to several
ends and uses. Hale's Orign of Mankind.

To DE’STINE. v. a. [destino, Latin.]
1. To doom; to appoint unalterably to any state or condition.
Wherefore cease we then?
Say they who counsel war: we are decreed,
Reserv'd, and destin'd to eternal woe:
Whatever doing, what can we suffer more? Milt. Pa. Lost.
All altars flame; before each altar lies,
Drench'd in his gore, the destin'd sacrifice. Dryden's Æneis.
2. To appoint to any use or purpose.
Too thin blood strays into the immediately subordinate
vessels, which are destined to carry humours secreted from the
blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.


3. To devote; to doom to punishment or misery.
May heav'n around this destin'd head
The choicest of its curses shed. Prior.
4. To fix unalterably.
The infernal judge's dreadful pow'r,
From the dark urn shall throw thy destin'd hour. Prior.

DE’STINY. n. s. [destinée, French.]
1. The power that spins the life, and determines the fate of
living beings.
Thou art neither like thy sire or dam;
But like a foul mis-shapen stigmatick,
Mark'd by the destinies to be avoided. Shakes. Henry VI.
2. Fate; invincible necessity.
He said, dear daughter, rightly may I rue
The fall of famous children born of me;
But who can turn the stream of destiny,
Or break the chain of strong necessity,
Which fast is ty'd to Jove's eternal seat? Fairy Queen, b. i.
How can hearts, not free, be try'd whether they serve
Willing or no, who will but what they must
By destiny, and can no other chuse? Milton's Paradise Lost.
Had thy great destiny but given thee skill
To know, as well as pow'r to act her will. Denham.
Chance, or forceful destiny,
Which forms in causes first whate'er shall be. Dryden's Fab.
3. Doom; condition in future time.
At the pit of Acheron
Meet me i' th' morning: thither he
Will come to know his destiny. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DE’STITUTE. adj. [destitutus, Latin.]
1. Forsaken; abandoned.
To forsake the true God of heaven, is to fall into all such
evils upon the face of the earth, as men, either destitute of
grace divine, may commit, or unprotected from above, may
endure. Hooker, b. v. s. 1.
He will regard the prayer of the destitute, and not despise
their prayer. Psal. cii. 17.
2. In want of.
Living turfs upon his body lay;
This done, securely take the destin'd way
To find the regions destitute of day. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
Nothing can be a greater instance of the love that mankind
has for liberty, than such a savage mountain covered with
people, and the Campania of Rome, which lies in the same
country, destitute of inhabitants. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

DESTITU’TION. n. s. [from destitute.] Want; the state in
which something is wanted.
That destitution in food and cloathing is such an impedi­
ment, as, 'till it be removed, suffereth not the mind of man to
admit any other care. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
They which want furtherance unto knowledge, are not left
in so great destitution, that justly any man should think the or­
dinary means of eternal life taken from them. Hooker, b. v.
The order of paying the debts of contract or restitution is
set down by the civil laws of a kingdom: in destitution or want
of such rules, we are to observe the necessity of the creditor,
the time of the delay, and the special obligations of friend­
ship. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To DESTRO’Y. v. a. [destruo, Latin; destruire, French.]
1. To overturn a city; to raze a building; to ruin.
The lord will destroy this city. Gen. xix. 14.
2. To lay waste; to make desolate.
Solyman sent a great part of his army out of the main
unto the island, which burnt and destroyed the country vil­
lages. Knolles's History of the Turks.
3. To kill.
A people, great and many, and tall as the Anakims; but
the Lord destroyed them before them, and they succeeded them,
and dwelt in their stead. Deutr. ii. 21.
'Tis safer to be that which we destroy,
Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. Shakes. Macbeth.
The wise providence hath placed a certain antipathy be­
tween some animals and many insects, whereby they delight
in their destruction, though they use them not as food; as
the peacock destroys snakes and adders; the weasel, mice and
rats; spiders, flies; and some sorts of flies destroy spiders. Hale.
4. To put an end to; to bring to nought.
Do we not see that slothful, intemperate and inconti­
nent persons destroy their bodies with diseases, their reputa­
tions with disgrace, and their faculties with want? Bentley.
There will be as many sovereigns as fathers: the mother
too hath her title, which destroys the sovereignty of one su­
preme monarch. Locke.

DESTRO’YER. n. s. [from destroy.] The person that destroys
or lays waste; a murderer.
In all the translations it is said, that Assur both founded it
and ruined it: it may be understood, that Assur the founder
was the son of Shem, and Assur the destroyer was an Assyrian.
Raleigh's History of the World.
For glory done
Of triumph, to be styl'd great conquerors,
Patrons of mankind, gods, and sons of gods!
Destroyers rightlier call'd, and slayers of men. Milt. P. Lost.
Yet, guiltless too, this bright destroyer lives;
At random wounds, nor knows the wound she gives. Pope.

DESTRU’CTIBLE. adj. [from destruo, Latin.] Liable to
destruction.

DESTRUCTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from destructible.] Liableness to
destruction.

DESTRU’CTION. n. s. [destructio, Latin.]
1. The act of destroying; waste.
2. Murder; massacre.
'Tis safer to be that which we destroy,
Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. Shakes. Macbeth.
If that your moody discontented souls
Do through the clouds behold this present hour,
Even for revenge mock my destruction. Shakes. Richard III.
When that which we immortal thought,
We saw so near destruction brought,
We felt what you did then endure,
And tremble yet, as not secure. Waller.
3. The state of being destroyed; ruin.
4. The cause of destruction; a destroyer; a depopulator: as a
consuming plague.
The destruction that wasteth at noon-day. Ps. xci. 6.
5. [In theology.] Eternal death.
Broad is the way that leadeth to destruction. Matth. vii. 13.

DESTRU’CTIVE. adj. [destructivus, low Latin.]
1. That which destroys; wasteful; causing ruin and devasta­
tion; that which brings to destruction.
In ports and roads remote,
Destructive fires among whole fleets we send. Dryden.
One may think, by the name duration, that the continua­
tion of existence, with a kind of resistance to any destructive
force, is the continuation of solidity. Locke.
2. With of.
He will put an end to so absurd a practice, which makes
our most refined diversions destructive of all politeness. Addis.
Both are defects equally destructive of true religion. Rogers.
3. With to.
In a firm building, even the cavities ought not to be filled
with rubbish which is of a perishable kind, destructive to the
strength. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
Excess of cold, as well as heat, pains us; because it is
equally destructive to that temper which is necessary to the
preservation of life. Locke.

DESTRU’CTIVELY. adv. [from destructive.] Ruinously; mis­
chievously; with power to destroy.
What remains to him that ponders this epidemick solly,
but to breathe out Moses's wish? O that men were not so de­
structively foolish. Decay of Piety.

DESTRU’CTIVENESS. n. s. [from destructive.] The quality of
destroying or ruining.
The vice of professors exceeds the destructiveness of the
most hostile assaults, as intestine treachery is more ruinous
than foreign violence. Decay of Piety.

DESTRU’CTOR. n. s. [from destroy.] Destroyer; consumer.
Helmont wittily calls the fire the destructor and the artifi­
cial death of things. Boyle.

DESUDA’TION. n. s. [desudatio, Latin.] A profuse and inor­
dinate sweating, from what cause soever.

DESU’ETUDE. n. s. [desuetudo, Latin.] Cessation to be ac­
customed; discontinuance of practice or habit.
By the irruption of numerous armies of barbarous people,
those countries were quickly fallen off, with barbarism and de­
suetude, from their former civility and knowledge. Hale.
We see in all things how desuetude does contract and nar­
row our faculties, so that we can apprehend only those things
wherein we are conversant. Government of the Tongue.

DESU’LTORY. adj. [desultorius, Lat.] Roving from thing
to thing; unsettled; immethodical; un­
constant.

DESULTO’RIOUS. adj. [desultorius, Lat.] Roving from thing
to thing; unsettled; immethodical; un­
constant.
'Tis not for a desultory thought to attone for a lewd course
of life, nor for any thing but the superinducing of a virtuous
habit upon a vitious one, to qualify an effectual conversion.
L'Estrange.
Let but the least trifle cross his way, and his desultorious
fancy presently takes the scent, leaves the unfinished and half­
mangled notion, and skips away in pursuit of the new
game. Norris.
Take my desultory thoughts in their native order, as they
rise in my mind, without being reduced to rules, and mar­
shalled according to art. Felton on the Classicks.

To DESU’ME. v. a. [desumo, Latin.] To take from any thing;
to borrow.
This pebble doth suppose, as pre-existent to it, the more
simple matter out of which it is desumed, the heat and influence
of the sun, and the due preparation of the matter. Hale.
They have left us relations suitable to those of Ælian and
Pliny, whence they desumed their narrations. Brown's Vul. Err.
Laws, if convenient and useful, are never the worse,
though they be desumed and taken from the laws of other
countries. Hale's Law of England.



DET

To DETA’CH. v. a. [detacher, French.]
1. To separate; to disengage; to part from something.
The heat takes along with it a sort of vegetative and ter­
restrial matter, which it detaches from the uppermost stratum.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.
The several parts of it are detached one from the other, and
yet join again one cannot tell how. Pope.
2. To send out part of a greater body of men on an expedition.
If ten men are in war with forty, and the latter detach only
an equal number to the engagement, what benefit do they
receive from their superiority? Addison on the State of the War.

DETA’CHMENT. n. s. [from detach.] A body of troops sent
out from the main army.
The Czar dispatched instructions to send out detachments of
his cavalry, to prevent the king of Sweden's joining his
army. Tatler, No. 55.
Besides materials, which are brute and blind,
Did not this work require a knowing mind?
Who for the task should fit detachments chuse
From all the atoms. Blackmore's Creation.

To DETA’IL. v. a. [detailler, French.] To relate particu­
larly; to particularise; to display minutely and distinctly.
They will perceive the ground of the mistakes of these
philosophers, and be able to answer their arguments, with­
out my being obliged to detail them. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

DETA’IL. n. s. [detail, French.] A minute and particular ac­
count.
I chuse, rather than trouble the reader with a detail here, to
defer them to their proper place. Woodward's Natural History.
I was unable to treat this part of my subject more in detail,
without becoming dry and tedious. Pope.

To DETA’IN. v. a. [detineo, Latin.]
1. To keep that which belongs to another.
Detain not the wages of the hireling; for every degree of
detention of it, beyond the time, is injustice and uncha­
ritableness. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. To withold; to keep back.
These doings sting him
So venomously, that burning shame detains him
From his Cordelia. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He has described the passion of Calypso, and the indecent
advances she made to detain him from his country. Broom.
3. To restrain from departure.
Let us detain thee until we shall have made ready a kid.
Judg. xiii. 15.
Had Orpheus sung it in the nether sphere,
So much the hymn had pleas'd the tyrant's ear,
The wife had been detain'd to keep her husband there. Dry.
4. To hold in custody.

DETA’INDER. n. s. [from detain.] The name of a writ for
holding one in custody.

DETA’INER. n. s. [from detain.] He that holds back any one's
right; he that detains any thing.
By proportion to these rules, we may judge of the obliga­
tion that lies upon all sorts of injurious persons; the sacrile­
gious, the detainers of tithes, and cheaters of mens inheri­
tances. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To DETE’CT. v. a. [detectus, Latin.] To discover; to find
out any crime or artifice.
There's no true lover in the forest, else sighing every minute
and groaning every hour, would detect the lazy foot of time
as well as a clock. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Though should I hold my peace, yet thou
Would'st easily detect what I conceal. Milton's Paradise Lost.

DETE’CTER. n. s. [from detect.] A discoverer; one that finds
out what another desires to hide.
Oh heavens! that this treason were not; or not I the
detecter. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Hypocrisy has a secret hatred of its detecter; that which
will bring it to a test which it cannot pass. Decay of Piety.

DETE’CTION. n. s. [from detect.]
1. Discovery of guilt or fraud, or any other fault.
Should I come to her with any detection in my hand, I could
drive her then from the ward of her purity. Shakespeare.
That is a sign of the true evangelical zeal, and note for the
detection of its contrary: it should abound more in the mild
and good-natured affection, than in the vehement and wrath­
ful passions. Sprat's Sermons.
Detection of the incoherence of loose discourses was wholly
owing to the syllogistical form. Locke.
2. Discovery of any thing hidden.
Not only the sea, but rivers and rains also, are instrumental
to the detection of amber, and other fossils, by washing away
the earth and dirt that before covered and concealed them.
Woodward's Natural History.

DETE’NTION. n. s. [from detain.]
1. The act of keeping what belongs to another.
How goes the world, that I am thus encountred
With clam'rous claims of debt, of broken bonds,
And the detention of long since due debts,
Against my honour? Shakespeare's Timon.
2. Confinement; restraint.
This worketh by detention of the spirits, and constipation of
the tangible parts. Bacon's Natural History, No. 341.

To DET’ER. v. a. [deterreo, Latin.] To discourage from any
thing; to fright from any thing.
I never yet the tragick strain assay'd,
Deterr'd by thy inimitable maid. Waller.
Many and potent enemies tempt and deter us from our duty,
yet our case is not hard, so long as we have a greater strength
on our side. Tillotson, Serm. 6.
Beauty or unbecomingness are of more force to draw or
deter imitation, than any discourses which can be made to
them. Locke.
The ladies may not be deterred from corresponding with me
by this method. Addison's Guardian, No. 114.
My own face deters me from my glass;
And Kneller only shews what Celia was. Prior.

DETE’RMENT. n. s. [from deter.] Cause of discouragement;
that by which one is deterred.
This will not be thought a discouragement unto spirits,
which endeavour to advantage nature by art; nor will the ill
success of some be made a sufficient determent unto others.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 8.
These are not all the determents that opposed my obeying
you. Boyle.

To DETE’RGE. v. a. [detergo, Latin.] To cleanse a sore;
to purge any part from feculence or obstructions.
Consider the part and habit of body, and add or diminish
your simples as you design to deterge or incarn. Wiseman.
Sea salt preserves bodie, through which it passeth, from
corruption, and it detergeth the vessels, and keeps the fluids
from putrefaction. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DETE’RGENT. adj. [from deterge.] That which cleanses.
The food ought to be nourishing and detergent. Arbuthnot.

DETERIORA’TION. n. s. [from deterior, Latin.] The act of
making any thing worse; the state of growing worse.

DETE’RMINABLE. adj. [from determine.] That which may be
certainly decided.
Whether all plants have seeds were more easily determinable,
if we could conclude concerning harts-tongue, ferne, and
some others. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 7.
About this matter, which seems so easily determinable by
sense, accurate and sober men widely disagree. Boyle.

To DETE’RMINATE. v. a. [determiner, French.] To limit;
to fix; to determine; to terminate.
The fly slow hours shall not determinate
The dateless limit of thy dear exile. Shakes. Richard II.

DETE’RMINATE. adj. [determinatus, Latin.]
1. Limited; determined.
Demonstrations in numbers, if they are not more evident
and exact than in extension, yet they are more general in their
use, and determinate in their application. Locke.
To make all the planets move about the sun in circular
orbs, there must be given to each, by a determinate impulse,
those present particular degrees of velocity which they now
have, in proportion to their distances from the sun, and to the
quantity of the solar matter. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Established; settled by rule; positive.
Scriptures are read before the time of divine service, and,
without either choice or stint, appointed by any determinate
order. Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
3. Decisive; conclusive.
I' th' progress of this business,
E're a determinate resolution, he,
I mean the bishop, did require a respite. Shak. Henry VIII.
4. Fixed; resolute.
Like men disused in a long peace, more determinate to do,
than skilful how to do. Sidney.
5. Resolved.
My determinate voyage is mere extravagancy. Shakespeare.

DETE’RMINATELY. adv. [from determinate.]
1. Resolutely; with fixed resolve.
The queen obeyed the king's commandment, full of raging
agonies, and determinately bent, that she would seek all loving
means to win Zelmane. Sidney.
Think thus with yourselves, that you have not the making
of things true or false; but that the truth and existence of
things is already fixed and settled, and that the principles of
religion are already either determinately true or false, before you
think of them. Tillotson, Serm. 1.

DETERMINA’TION. n. s. [from determinate.]
1. Absolute direction to a certain end.
When we voluntarily waste much of our lives, that re­
missness can by no means consist with a constant determination
of will or desire to the greatest apparent good. Locke.
2. The result of deliberation; conclusion formed; resolution
taken.
They have acquainted me with their determination, which
is indeed to go home, and to trouble you with no more suit.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
The proper acts of the intellect are intellection, delibera­
tion, and determination or decision. Hale's Origin of Mankind.


It is much disputed by divines, concerning the power of
man's will to good and evil in the state of innocence; and,
upon very nice and dangerous precipices, stand their determi­
nations on either side. South's Sermons.
Consult thy judgment, affections and inclinations, and
make thy determination upon every particular; and be always
as suspicious of thyself as possible. Calamy's Sermons.
3. Judicial decision.
He confined the knowledge of governing to justice and
lenity, and to the speedy determination of civil and criminal
causes. Gulliver's Travels.

DETE’RMINATIVE. adj. [from determinate.]
1. That which uncontrolably directs to a certain end.
That individual action which is justly punished as sinful in
us, cannot proceed from the special influence and determinative
power of a just cause. Bramh. against Hobbs.
2. That which makes a limitation.
If the term added to make up the complex subject does not
necessarily or constantly belong to it, then it is determinative,
and limits the subject to a particular part of its extension; as,
every pious man shall be happy. Watts's Logick.

DETERMINA’TOR. n. s. [from determinate.] One who deter­
mines.
Hereunto they have recourse as unto the oracles of life,
unto the great determinator of virginity, conceptions, fertility,
and the inscrutable infirmities of the whole body. Brown.

To DETE’RMINE. v. a. [determiner, Fr. determino, Latin.]
1. To fix; to settle.
It is concluded he shall be protector.
—It is determin'd, not concluded yet;
But so it must be, if the king miscarry. Shakes. Richard III.
More particularly to determine the proper season for gram­
mar, I do not see how it can be made a study, but as an intro­
duction to rhetorick. Locke.
2. To conclude; to fix ultimately.
Probability, in the nature of it, supposes that a thing may,
or may not be so, for any thing that yet appears, or is cer­
tainly determined on the other side. South's Sermons.
Milton's subject was still greater than either of the former:
it does not determine the fate of single persons or nations,
but of a whole species. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.
Destruction hangs on every word we speak,
On every thought, 'till the concluding stroke
Determines all, and closes our design. Addison's Cato.
3. To bound; to confine.
The knowledge of men hitherto hath been determined by
the view or sight; so that whatsoever is invisible, either in re­
spect of the fineness of the body itself, or the smallness of the
parts, or of the subtilty of the motion, is little enquired.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 98.
No sooner have they climbed that hill, which thus deter­
mines their view at a distance, but a new prospect is opened.
Atterbury's Sermons.
4. To adjust; to limit.
The principium individuationis is existence itself, which
determines a being of any sort to a particular time and place,
incommunicable to two beings of the same kind. Locke.
He that has settled in his mind determined ideas, with names
affixed to them, will be able to discern their differences one
from another, which is really distinguishing. Locke.
5. To direct to any certain point.
6. To influence the choice.
You have the captives,
Who were the opposites of this day's strife:
We do require them of you, so to use them
As we shall find their merits and our safety
May equally determine. Shakespeare's King Lear.
A man may suspend the act of his choice from being deter­
mined for or against the thing proposed, 'till he has examined
it. Locke.
As soon as the studious man's hunger and thirst makes him
uneasy, he, whose will was never determined to any pursuit of
good cheer, is, by the uneasiness of hunger and thirst, pre­
sently determined to eating and drinking. Locke.
7. To resolve.
Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay
David. 1 Sa. xx. 33.
8. To decide.
I do not ask whether bodies so exist, that the motion of
one cannot be without the motion of another: to determine
this either way, is to beg the question for or against a
vacuum. Locke.
9. To put an end to; to destroy.
Now where is he, that will not stay so long
'Till sickness hath determin'd me? Shakespeare's Henry IV.

To DETE’RMINE. v. n. 
1. To conclude; to form a final conclusion.
Eve! now expect great tidings, which perhaps
Of us will soon determine, or impose
New laws to be observ'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
It is indifferent to the matter in hand which way the learned
shall determine of it. Locke.
2. To end; to come to an end.
They were apprehended, and after conviction the danger
determined by their deaths. Hayward.
All pleasure springing from a gratified passion, as most of
the pleasure of sin does, must needs determine with that
passion. South's Sermons.
3. To come to a decision.
She soon shall know of us,
How honourably and how kindly we
Determine for her. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
4. To end consequentially.
Revolutions of state, many times, make way for new in­
stitutions and forms; and often determine in either setting up
some tyranny at home, or bringing in some conquest from
abroad. Temple.
5. To resolve concerning any thing.
Now, noble peers, the cause why we are met
Is to determine of the coronation. Shakesp. Richard III.

DETERRA’TION. n. s. [de and terra, Latin; deterrer, French.]
Discovery of any thing by removal of the earth that hides it;
the act of unburying.
This concerns the raising of new mountains, deterrations
or the devolution of earth down upon the valleys, from the
hills and higher grounds. Woodward's Natural History.

DETE’RSION. n. s. [from detergo, Latin.] The act of cleansing
a sore.
I endeavoured detersion; but the matter could not be dis­
charged. Wiseman's Surgery.

DETE’RSIVE. adj. [from deterge.] Having the power to
cleanse.

DETE’RSIVE. n. s. An application that has the power of
cleansing wounds.
We frequently see simple ulcers afflicted with sharp humours,
which corrode them, and render them painful sordid ulcers,
if not timely relieved by detersives and lenients. Wiseman.

To DETE’ST. v. a. [detester, Latin.] To hate; to abhor;
to abominate.
Nigh thereto the ever-damned beast
Durst not approach; for he was deadly made,
And all that life preserved did detest. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. 12.
Glory grows guilty of detested crimes,
When for fame's sake, for praise, an outward part,
We bend to that the working of the heart. Shakespeare.
Since Cleopatra died,
I've liv'd in such dishonour, that the gods
Detest my baseness. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
There is that naturally in the heart of man which abhors
sin as sin, and consequently would make him detest it both in
himself and others too. South's Sermons.
Who dares think one thing, and another tell,
My heart detests him as the gates of hell. Pope.

DETE’STABLE. adj. [from detest.] Hateful; abhorred; abo­
minable; odious.
Beguil'd, divorc'd, wrong'd, spighted, slain!
Most detestable death. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
He desired him, and the residue of the Scottish nobility, to
consider that both armies consisted of Christians, to whom
nothing is more detestable than effusion of human blood. Hayw.

DETE’STABLY. adv. [from detestable.] Hatefully; abominably;
odiously.
It stands here stigmatized by the apostle as a temper of
mind, rendering man so detestably bad, that the great enemy
of mankind, the devil himself, neither can nor desires to make
them worse. South's Sermons.

DETESTA’TION. n. s. [from detest.]
1. Hatred; abhorrence; abomination.
Then only did misfortune make her see what she had done,
especially finding in us rather detestation than pity. Sidney, b. ii.
2. It is sometimes used with for; but of seems more proper.
The detestation you can express
For vice in all its glitt'ring dress. Swift.
Our love of God will inspire us with a detestation for sin, as
what is of all things most contrary to his divine nature. Swift.

DETE’STER. n. s. [from detest.] One that hates or abhors.

To DETHRO’NE. v. a. [destroner, Fr. de and thronus, Latin.]
To devest of regality; to throw down from the throne; to
deprive of regal dignity.

DETI’NUE. n. s. [detènue, French.] A writ that lies against
him, who, having goods or chattels delivered him to keep,
refuses to deliver them again. Cowel.

DETONA’TION. n. s. [detono, Latin.] Somewhat more forcible
than the ordinary crackling of salts in calcination; as in the
going off of the pulvis or aurum fulminans, or the like. It
is also used for that noise which happens upon the mixture of
fluids that ferment with violence; as oil of turpentine with
oil of vitriol, resembling the explosion of gunpowder. Quincy.
A new coal is not to be cast on the nitre, 'till the detonation
occasioned by the former be either quite or almost altogether
ended; unless it chance that the puffing matter do blow the
coal too soon out of the crucible. Boyle on Saltpetre.

To DE’TONIZE. v. a. [from detono, Latin.] To calcine with
detonation. A chemical term.


Nineteen parts in twenty of detonized nitre is destroyed in
eighteen days. Arbuthnot on Air.

To DETO’RT. v. a. [detortus, of detorqueo, Latin.] To wrest
from the original import, meaning, or design.
They have assumed what amounts to an infallibility in the
private spirit, and have detorted texts of scripture to the sedi­
tion, disturbance, and destruction of the civil government.
Dryden's Preface to Rel. Laici.

To DETRA’CT. v. a. [detractum, Latin; detracter, French.]
To derogate; to take away by envy and calumny, or other­
wise, any thing from the reputation of another.
Those were assistants in private, but not trusted to manage
the affairs in publick; for that would detract from the honour
of the principal ambassador. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
No envy can detract from this: it will shine in history,
and, like swans, grow whiter the longer it endures. Dryden.

DETRA’CTER. n. s. [from detract.] One that takes away
another's reputation; one that impairs the honour of another
injuriously.
I am right glad to be thus satisfied by you, in that I have
often heard it questioned, and yet was never able till now to
choke the mouth of such detracters with the certain know­
ledge of their slanderous untruths. Spenser on Ireland.
Whether we are so intirely sure of their loyalty upon the
present foot of government as you may imagine, their de­
tracters make a question. Swift.
Away the fair detracters went,
And gave by turns their censures vent. Swift.

DETRA’CTION. n. s. [detractio, Latin; detraction, French.]
Detraction, in the native importance of the word, signifies
the withdrawing or taking off from a thing; and, as it is ap­
plied to the reputation, it denotes the impairing or lessening a
man in point of fame, rendering him less valued and esteemed
by others, which is the final aim of detraction, though pur­
sued by various means. Ayliffe.
Even now
I put myself to thy direction, and
Unspeak mine own detraction; here abjure
The taints and blames I laid upon myself,
For strangers to my nature. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Fame, that her high birth to raise,
Seem'd erst so lavish and profuse,
We may justly now accuse
Of detraction from her praise. Milton.
If detraction could invite us, discretion surely would con­
tain us from any derogatory intention. Brown.
To put a stop to the insults and detractions of vain men,
I resolved to enter a little farther into the examination.
Woodward's Natural History.
To consider an author farther, as the subject of obloquy
and detraction, we may observe with what pleasure a work is
received by the invidious part of mankind, in which a writer
falls short of himself. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.

DETRA’CTORY. adj. [from detract.] Defamatory by denial of
desert; derogatory. Sometimes with to, properly from.
This is not only derogatory unto the wisdom of God, who
hath proposed the world unto our knowledge, and thereby the
notion of himself, but also detractory unto the intellect and
sense of man, expressedly disposed for that inquisition. Brown.
In mentioning the joys of heaven, I use the expressions I
find less detractory from a theme above our praises. Boyle.
The detractory lye takes from a great man the reputation
that justly belongs to him. Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

DETRA’CTRESS. n. s. [from detract.] A censorious woman.
If any shall detract from a lady's character, unless she be
absent, the said detractress shall be forthwith ordered to the
lowest place of the room. Addison's Freeholder, No. 23.

DE’TRIMENT. n. s. [detrimentum, Latin.] Loss; damage;
mischief; diminution; harm.
Difficult it must needs have been for one Christian church
to abolish that which all had received and held for the space of
many ages, and that without any detriment unto religion.
Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
I can repair
That detriment, if such it be, to lose
Self-lost. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 152.
If your joint pow'r prevail, th' affairs of hell
No detriment need fear: go, and be strong. Milton's P. Lost.
There often falls out so many things to be done on the
sudden, that some of them must of necessity be neglected for
that whole year, which is the greatest detriment to this whole
mystery. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Let a family burn but a candle a night less than the usual
number, and they may take in the Spectator without detriment
to their private affairs. Addison's Spectator, No. 486.

DETRIME’NTAL. adj. [from detriment.] Mischievous; harm­
ful; causing loss.
Among all honorary rewards, which are neither dangerous
nor detrimental to the donor, I remember none so remarkable
as the titles which are bestowed by the emperor of China:
these are never given to any subject 'till the subject is dead.
Addison's Guardian, No. 96.
Obstinacy in prejudices, which are detrimental to our coun­
try, ought not to be mistaken for virtuous resolution and
firmness of mind. Addison's Freeholder, No. 25.

DETRI’TION. n. s. [detero, detritus, Latin.] The act of wear­
ing away. Dict.

To DETRU’DE. v. a. [detrudo, Latin.] To thrust down;
To force into a lower place.
Such as are detruded down to hell,
Either, for shame, they still themselves retire;
Or, ty'd in chains, they in close prison dwell. Davies.
Philosophers are of opinion, that the souls of men may, for
their miscarriages, be detruded into the bodies of beasts. Locke.
At thy command the vernal sun awakes
The torpid sap, detruded to the root
By wintry winds. Thomson's Spring.

To DETRU’NCATE. v. a. [detrunco, Latin.] To lop; to
cut; to shorten by deprivation of parts.

DETRUNCA’TION. n. s. [from detruncate.] The act of lopping
or cutting.

DETRU’SION. n. s. [from detrusio, Latin.] The act of thrust­
ing or forcing down.
From this detrusion of the waters towards the side, the parts
towards the pole must be much increased. Keil against Burnet.

DETURBA’TION. n. s. [deturbo, Latin.] The act of throwing
down; degradation. Dict.

DEV

DEVASTA’TION. n. s. [devasto, Latin.] Waste; havock; de­
solation; destruction.
By devastation the rough warrior gains,
And farmers fatten most when famine reigns. Garth.
That flood which overflowed Attica in the days of Ogyges,
and that which drowned Thessaly in Deucalion's Time, made
cruel havock and devastation among them. Woodward.

DEUCE. n. s. [deux, French.] 1. Two: A word used in games.
You are a gentleman and a gamester; then, I am sure, you
know how much the gross sum of deuce ace amounts to. Shak.
2. The devil. See DEUSE.

To DEVE’LOP. v. a. [developer, French.] To disengage from
something that enfolds and conceals; to disentangle; to clear
from its covering.
Take him to develop, if you can,
And hew the block off, and get out the man. Dunciad.

DEVE’RGENCE. n. s. [devergentià, Latin.] Declivity; declina­
tion. Dict.

To DEVE’ST. v. a. [devester, French; de and vestis, Latin.]
1. To strip; to deprive of cloaths.
Then of his arms Androgeus he devests,
His sword, his shield he takes, and plumed crests. Denham.
2. To strip; to take away any thing good.
What are those breaches of the law of nature and nations,
which do forfeit and devest all right and title in a nation to
government? Bacon.
3. To free from any thing bad.
Come on, thou little inmate of this breast,
Which for thy sake from passions I devest. Prior.

DEVE’X. adj. [devexus, Latin.] Bending down; declivous;
incurvated downwards.

DEVE’XITY. n. s. [from devex.] Incurvation downwards; de­
clivity.

To DE’VIATE. v. n. [de via decedere, Latin.]
1. To wander from the right or common way.
The rest to some faint meaning make pretence,
But Shadwell never deviates into sense. Dryden.
Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to take,
May boldly deviate from the common track. Pope.
What makes all physical and moral ill?
There nature deviates, and here wanders will. Pope's Essays.
Besides places which may deviate from the sense of the au­
thor, it would be kind to observe any deficiencies in the
diction. Pope.
2. To go astray; to err; to sin; to offend.

DEVIA’TION. n. s. [from deviate.]
1. The act of quitting the right way; error; wandering.
These bodies persevere in their motions, and constantly
move round in the same tracts, without making the least
deviation. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
2. Variation from established rule.
Having once surveyed the true and proper natural alphabet,
we may easily discover the deviations from it in the character
thereof, in all the alphabets in use, either by defect of single
characters, of letters, or by confusion of them. Holder.
3. Offence; obliquity of conduct.
Worthy persons, if inadvertently drawn into a deviation,
will endeavour instantly to recover their lost ground, that they
may not bring error into habit. Clarissa.

DEVI’CE. n. s. [devise, French; divisa, Italian.]
1. A contrivance; a stratagem.
This is our device,
That Falstaff at that oak shall meet with us. Shakespeare.
He intended it as a politick device to lessen their interest,
and keep them low in the world. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. A design; a scheme formed; project; speculation.
Touching the exchange of laws in practice with laws in


device, which they say are better for the state of the church,
if they might take place: the farther we examine them, the
greater cause we find to conclude, although we continue the
same we are, the harm is not great. Hooker, Dedicat.
His device is against Babylon, to destroy it. Jer. li. 11.
There are many devices in a man's heart; nevertheless, the
counsel of the Lord shall stand. Prov. xix. 21.
3. The emblem on a shield; the ensign armorial of a nation or
family.
Then change we shields, and their devices bear;
Let fraud supply the want of force in war. Dryden's Æn.
Hibernia's harp, device of her command,
And parent of her mirth, shall there be seen. Prior.
They intend to let the world see what party they are of,
by figures and designs upon these fans; as the knights-errant
used to distinguish themselves by devices on their shields. Addis.
4. Invention; genius.
He's gentle; never schooled, and yet learned; full of noble
device, of all sorts enchantingly beloved. Shak. As you like it.

DE’VIL. n. s. [dioful, Saxon; diabolus, Latin. It is more
properly written divel.]
1. A fallen angel; the temper and spiritual enemy of mankind.
Are you a man?
——Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that
Which might appal the devil. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. A wicked man or woman.
See thyself, devil:
Proper deformity seems not in the fiend
So horrid as in woman. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. A ludicrous term for mischief.
A war of profit mitigates the evil;
But to be tax'd, and beaten, is the devil. Granville.
4. A kind of expletive, expressing wonder or vexation.
The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare;
But wonder how the devil they got there! Pope, Epist. ii.
5. A kind of ludicrous negative in an adverbial sense.
The devil was well, the devil a monk was he. A Proverb.

DE’VILISH. adj. [from devil.]
1. Partaking of the qualities of the devil; diabolical; mis­
chievous; malicious; destructive.
Gynecia took a farther conceit of it, mistrusting greatly
Cecropia, because she had heard much of the devilish wicked­
ness of her heart. Sidney, b. i.
For grief thereof, and devilish despight,
From his infernal furnaces forth he threw
Huge flames, that dimmed all the heaven's light,
Enroll'd in duskish smoak and brimstone blue. Fairy Queen.
In hollow cube
He trains his devilish engin'ry, impal'd
On ev'ry side with shadowy squadrons deep. Milton's P. Lost.
2. Having communication with the devil.
The dutchess, by his subornation,
Upon my life began her devilish practices. Shakes. Henry VI.
3. An epithet of abhorrence or contempt.
A devilish knave! besides the knave is handsome, young,
and blyth: all those requisites are in him that delight. Shakesp.

DE’VILISHLY. adv. [from devilish.] In a manner suiting the
devil; diabolically.
Those trumpeters threatened them with continual alarms of
damnation, if they did not venture life, fortune, and all, in
that which wickedly and devilishly those impostors called the
cause of God. South's Sermons.

DE’VILKIN. n. s. [from devil.] A little devil. Clarissa.

DE’VIOUS. adj. [devius, Latin.]
1. Out of the common track.
Creusa kept behind: by choice we stray
Through ev'ry dark and ev'ry devious way. Dryden's Æn.
In this minute devious subject I have been necessitated to
explain myself in more words, than to some few may seem
needful. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Wandering; roving; rambling.
Every muse,
And every blooming pleasure, wait without
To bless the wildly devious morning walk. Thoms. Summer.
3. Erring; going astray from rectitude.
One devious step, at first setting out, frequently leads a per­
son into a wilderness of doubt and error. Clarissa.

To DEVI’SE. v. a. [deviser, French, as of devisare, to look
about. Skinner.]
1. To contrive; to form by art; to invent; to excogitate; to
strike out by thought.
Whether they, at their first coming into the land, or after­
wards, by trading with other nations which had letters, learned
them of them, or devised them among themselves, is very
doubtful. Spenser's State of Ireland.
He could by his skill draw after him the weight of five
thousand bushels of grain, and devise those rare engines which
shot small stones at hand, but great ones afar off. Peacham.
Ye sons of art, one curious piece devise,
From whose constructure motion shall arise. Blackmore.
To plan; to scheme.
Behold I frame evil against you, and devise a device against
you. Jer. xiii. 11.

To DEVI’SE. v. n. To consider; to contrive; to lay plans;
to form schemes.
Her merry fit she freshly 'gan to rear,
And did of joy and jollity devise,
Herself to cherish and her guest to chear. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
But sith now safe ye seised have the shore,
And well arrived are, high God be blest,
Let us devise of ease and everlasting rest. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Since we are so far entered, let us, I pray you, a little devise
of those evils by which that country is held in this wretched
case, that it cannot, as you say, be recured. Spenser's Ireland.
Devise but how you'll use him when he comes, and let us
two devise to bring him thither. Shak. Mer. Wives of Windsor.

DEVI’SE. n. s. [devise, a will, old French.]
1. The act of giving or bequeathing by will.
This word is properly attributed, in our common law, to
him that bequeaths his goods by his last will or testament in
writing; and the reason is, because those that now appertain
only to the devisour, by this act are distributed into many
parts. Cowel.
The alienation is made by devise in a last will only, and the
third part of these profits is there demandable, by special provi­
sion thereof made in the statute. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.
2. Contrivance. See DEVICE.
God hath omitted nothing needful to his purpose, nor left
his intention to be accomplished by our devises. Hooker.

To DEVI’SE. v. a. [from the noun.] To grant by will. A
law term.

DEVI’SER. n. s. [from devise.] A contriver; an inventer.
Being divided from truth in themselves, they are yet farther
removed by advenient deception; for true it is, if I say they
are daily mocked into error by devisers. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
The authors of useful inventions, the devisers of wholsome
laws, as were the philosophers of ancient times, were honoured
as the fathers and prophets of their country. Grew's Cosmol.

DE’VITABLE. adj. [devitabilis, Lat.] Possible to be avoided;
avoidable. Dict.

DEVITA’TION. n. s. [devitatio, Latin.] The act of escaping or
avoiding. Dict.

DEVO’ID. adj. [vuide, French.]
1. Empty; vacant; void.
When I awoke, and found her place devoid,
And nought but pressed grass where she had lyen,
I sorrow'd all so much as earst I joy'd. Fairy Queen, b. i.
2. Without any thing, whether good or evil; free from; in
want of.
He flung it from him, and devoid of dread,
Upon him lightly leaped without heed. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
That the soul and angels are devoid of quantity and dimen­
sion, hath the suffrage of the most; and that they have no­
thing to do with proper locality, is generally opinioned. Glanv.
The motion of this chariot will still be easier as it ascends
higher, 'till at length it shall become utterly devoid of gravity,
when the least strength will be able to bestow upon it a swift
motion. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
His warlike mind, his soul devoid of fear,
His high designing thoughts were figur'd there,
As when, by magick, ghosts are made appear. Dryden.
We Tyrians are not so devoid of sense,
Nor so remote from Phœbus' influence. Dryden's Virg. Æn.

DEVO’IR. n. s. [devoir, French.]
1. Service. A sense now not used.
To restore again the kingdom of the Mamalukes, he of­
fered him their utmost devoir and service. Knolles's History.
2. Act of civility or obsequiousness.
Aukward and supple, each devoir to pay,
She flatters her good lady twice a day. Pope.

To DEVO’LVE. v. a. [devolvo, Latin.]
1. To roll down.
The matter which devolves from the hills down upon the
lower grounds, does not considerably raise and augment them.
Woodward's Natural History.
Through splendid kingdoms he devolves his maze,
Now wanders wild through solitary tracts
Of life-deserted sand. Thomson's Summer, l. 805.
2. To move from one hand to another.
Because they found too much confusion in such a multitude
of statesmen, they devolved their whole authority into the
hands of the council of sixty. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The whole power, at home and abroad, was devolved upon
that family. Swift.

To DEVO’LVE. v. n. To fall in succession into new hands.
Supposing people, by wanting spiritual blessings, did lose all
their right to temporal, yet that forfeiture must devolve only to
the supreme Lord. Decay of Piety.

DEVOLU’TION. n. s. [devolutio, Latin.]
1. The act of rolling down.
What concerns the raising of new mountains, deterrations,
or the devolution of earth down upon the valleys from the


hills and high grounds, will fall more properly under our con­
sideration on another occasion. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Removal from hand to hand.
The jurisdiction exercised in those courts is derived from
the crown of England, and the last devolution is to the king
by way of appeal. Hale's Common Law of England.

DEVORA’TION. n. s. [from devoro, Latin.] The act of de­
vouring. Dict.

To DEVO’TE. v. a. [devoveo devotus, Latin.]
1. To dedicate; to consecrate; to appropriate.
No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord, of
all that he hath, both of man and beast, and of the field of
his possession, shall be sold or redeemed. Lev. xxvii. 21.
What black magician conjures up this fiend,
To stop devoted charitable deeds? Shakesp. Richard III.
While we do admire
This virtue, and this moral discipline,
Let's be no stoicks, nor no stocks, I pray;
Or so devote to Aristotle's checks,
As Ovid be an outcast quite abjur'd. Sh. Tam. of the Shrew.
They, impious, dar'd to prey
On herds devoted to the god of day. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
If persons of this make should ever devote themselves to
science, they should be well assured of a solid and strong con­
stitution of body. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To addict; to give up to ill.
Aliens were devoted to their rapine and despight. Dec. of Piety.
Having once debauched their senses with the pleasures of
other nations, they devoted themselves unto all wickedness.
Grew's Cosm. Sac. b. iii. c. 3.
Ah why, Penelope, this causeless fear,
To render sleep's soft blessings insincere?
Alike devote to sorrow's dire extreme,
The day reflection, and the midnight dream. Pope's Odyssey.
3. To curse; to execrate; to doom to destruction.
Yet not for thy advice, or threats, I fly
Those wicked tents devoted; lest the wrath
Impendent, raging into sudden flame,
Distinguish not. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 890.
To destruction sacred, and devote,
He with his whole posterity must die. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Goddess of maids, and conscious of our hearts,
So keep me from the vengeance of thy darts,
Which Niobe's devoted issue felt,
When, hissing through the skies, the feather'd deaths were
dealt. Dryden's Fables.
Let her, like me, of ev'ry joy forlorn,
Devote the hour when such a wretch was born:
Like me to deserts and to darkness run. Rowe's Jane Shore.

DEVO’TEDNESS. n. s. [from devote.] The state of being devoted
or dedicated.
Whatever may fall from my pen to her disadvantage, relates
to her but as she was, or may again be, an obstacle to your
devotedness to seraphick love. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
The owning of our obligation unto virtue, may be stiled
natural religion; that is to say, a devotedness unto God, our
liege Lord, so as to act in all things according to his will.
Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. iii. c. 5.

DEVOTE’E. n. s. [devot, French.] One erroneously or super­
stitiously religious; a bigot.

DEVO’TION. n. s. [devotion, French; devotio, Latin.]
1. The state of being consecrated or dedicated.
2. Piety; acts of religion.
Mean time her warlike brother on the seas
His waving streamers to the winds displays,
And vows for his return, with vain devotion, pays. Dryd.
3. An act of external worship.
Religious minds are inflamed with the love of publick
devotion. Hooker.
For as I passed by and beheld your devotion, I found an altar
with this inscription, To the unknown God. Acts xvii. 23.
In vain doth man the name of just expect,
If his devotions he to God neglect. Denham.
4. Prayer; expression of devotion.
An aged holy man,
That day and night said his devotion,
No other worldly business did apply. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Your devotion has its opportunity: we must pray always,
but chiefly at certain times. Sprat's Sermons.
5. The state of the mind under a strong sense of dependance
upon God.
Grateful to acknowledge whence his good
Descends, thither with heart, and voice, and eyes
Directed in devotion, to adore
And worship God supreme, who made him chief
Of all his works. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 514.
From the full choir, when loud Hosanna's rise,
And swell the pomp of dreadful sacrifice;
Amid' that scene, if some relenting eye
Glance on the stone where our cold reliques lie,
Devotion's self shall steal a thought from heav'n,
One human tear shall drop, and be forgiv'n. Pope.
Devotion may be considered either as an exercise of publick
or private prayers at set times and occasions, or as a temper
of the mind, a state and disposition of the heart, which is
rightly affected with such exercises. Law on Christ's Perfection.
6. An act of reverence, respect, or ceremony.
Whither away so fast?
— No farther than the Tower; and, as I guess,
Upon the like devotion as yourselves,
To gratulate the gentle princes there. Shakes. Richard III.
7. Strong affection; ardent love; such as makes the lover the
sole property of the person loved.
Be opposite, all planets of good luck,
To my proceeding, if, with pure heart's love,
Immaculate devotion, holy thoughts,
I tender not thy beauteous princely daughter. Shak. R. III.
He had a particular reverence for the person of the king,
and the more extraordinary devotion for that of the prince, as
he had had the honour to be trusted with his education. Clar.
8. Disposal; power; state of dependance on any one.
Arundel-castle would keep that rich corner of the country
at his majesty's devotion. Clarendon, b. viii.

DEVO’TIONAL. adj. [from devotion.] Pertaining to devotion;
annexed to worship; religious.
Nor are the soberest of them so apt for that devotional com­
pliance and juncture of hearts, which I desire to bear in holy
offices, to be performed with me. King Charles.
The favourable opinion and good word of men comes often
times at a very easy rate, by a few demure looks, with some
devotional postures and grimaces. South's Sermons.

DEVO’TIONALIST. n. s. [from devotion.] A man zealous with­
out knowledge; superstitiously devout.

To DEVOU’R. v. a. [devoro, Latin.]
1. To eat up ravenously, as a wild beast or animal of prey.
We will say some evil beast hath devoured him. Gen. xxxvii.
We've willing dames enough: there cannot be
That vulture in you to devour so many
As will to greatness dedicate themselves,
Finding it so inclin'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
So looks the pent up lion o'er the wretch
That trembles under his devouring paws. Shakes. Henry VI.
2. To destroy or consume with rapidity and violence.
A fire devoureth before them, and behind them a flame
burneth. Joel ii. 3.
How dire a tempest from Mycenæ pour'd,
Our plains, our temples, and our town devour'd;
It was the waste of war. Dryden's Æn. b. viii.
Notwithstanding that Socrates lived in the time of this de­
vouring pestilence at Athens, he never caught the least in­
fection. Addison's Spectator, No. 195.
3. To swallow up; to annihilate.
He seemed in swiftness to devour the way. Shakespeare.
Such a pleasure as grows fresher upon enjoyment; and
though continually fed upon, yet is never devoured. South.
Death stalks behind thee, and each flying hour
Does some loose remnant of thy life devour. Dryden.

DEVOU’RER. n. s. [from devour.] A consumer; he that de­
vours; he that preys upon.
Rome is but a wilderness of tygers:
Tygers must prey, and Rome affords no prey
But me and mine: how happy art thou then,
From these devourers to be banished? Shak. Tit. Andronicus.
Since those leviathans are withdrawn, the lesser devourers
supply their place: fraud succeeds to violence. Decay of Piety.
Store the pond with carp and tench, which do the best to­
gether of any fish, all other fish being devourers of their
spawn. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DEVO’UT. adj. [devotus, Latin.]
1. Pious; religious; devoted to holy duties.
We must be constant and devout in the worship of our
God, and ready in all acts of benevolence to our neighbour.
Rogers, Sermon 13.
2. Filled with pious thoughts.
For this, with soul devout, he thank'd the god;
And, of success secure, return'd to his abode. Dryd. Fables.
3. Expressive of devotion or piety.
Anon dry ground appears, and from his ark
The ancient sire descends, with all his train:
Then with uplifted hands, and eyes devout,
Grateful to heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 863.

DEVO’UTLY. adv. [from devout.] Piously; with ardent devo­
tion; religiously.
Her grace rose, and with modest paces
Came to the altar, where she kneel'd; and, saint-like,
Cast her fair eyes to heav'n, and pray'd devoutly. Sh. H. VIII.
One of the wise men of the society of Solomon's house,
having a while attentively and devoutly viewed and contem­
plated this pillar and cross, fell down upon his face. Bacon.
Her twilights were more clear than our mid-day,
She dreamt devoutlier than most use to pray;
Who being here fill'd with grace, yet strove to be
Both where more grace and more capacity
At once is given. Donne.


Think, O my soul, devoutly think,
How, with affrighted eyes,
Thou saw'st the wide extended deep
In all its horrors rise! Addison's Spectator, No. 490.
To second causes we seem to trust, without expressing, so
devoutly as we ought to do, our dependance on the first. Atterb.

DEUSE. n. s. [more properly than deuce, Junius, from Dusius,
the name of a certain species of evil spirits.] The devil: a
ludicrous word.
'Twas the prettiest prologue, as he wrote it;
Well, the deuce take me if I ha'n't forgot it. Congreve.

DEUTERO’GAMY. n. s. [δέυτερ and γάμ.] A second mar­
riage. Dict.

DEUTERONO’MY. n. s. [δέυτεϱ νομ.] The second book of
the law, being the book of Moses.

DEUTERO’SCOPY. n. s. [δέυτεϱ and σϰοπέω.] The second in­
tention; the meaning beyond the literal sense.
Not attaining the deuteroscopy, or second intention of the
words, they are fain to omit their consequences, coherences,
figures, or tropologies. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

DEW

DEW. n. s. [deaw, Saxon; daaw, Dutch.] The moisture upon
the ground.
Fogs, particularly those which we frequently observe after
sun-setting, even in our hottest months, are nothing but a
vapour, consisting of water, and of such mineral matter as
it meets with in its passage, and could well bring up along with
it; which vapour was sent up in greater quantity all the fore­
going day, than now in the evening: but the sun then being
above the horizon, taking it at the surface of the earth, and
rapidly mounting it up into the atmosphere, it was not dis­
cernible, as now it is; because the sun being now gone off,
the vapour stagnates at and near the earth, and saturates the
air 'till it is so thick as to be easily visible therein: and when
at length the heat there is somewhat further spent, which is
usually about the middle of the night, it falls down again in
a dew, alighting upon herbs and other vegetables, which it
cherishes, cools and refreshes, after the scorching heat of the
foregoing day. Woodward's Natural History.
Never yet one hour in bed
Did I enjoy the golden dew of sleep,
But with his tim'rous dreams was still awak'd. Shak. R. III.
That churchman bears a bounteous mind, indeed;
A hand as fruitful as the land that feeds us;
His dew falls ev'ry where. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
She looks as clear.
As morning roses newly wash'd with dew. Shakespeare.
Dews and rain are but the returns of moist vapours con­
densed. Bacon's Natural History, No. 81.
Now sliding streams the thirsty plants renew,
And feed their fibres with reviving dew. Pope.

To DEW. v. a. [from the noun.] To wet as with dew; to
moisten; to bedew.
A trickling stream of balm most sovereign,
And dainty dear, which on the ground still fell,
And overflowed all the fertile plain,
As it had dewed been with timely rain. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Be we the med'cine of the sickly weal,
And with him pour we in our country's purge,
Each drop of us.
——Or so much as it needs
To dew the sovereign flower, and drown the weeds. Shakes.
Give me thy hand,
That I may dew it with my mournful tears. Shakes. H. VI.
He ceas'd; discerning Adam with such joy
Surcharg'd, as had, like grief, been dew'd in tears,
Without the vent of words, which these he breath'd.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 373.
Palemon above the rest appears,
In sable garments, dew'd with gushing tears. Dryd. Fables.
2. It is not used properly of an action of terrour.
In Gallick blood again
He dews his reeking sword, and strows the ground
With headless ranks. Phillips.

DE’WBERRY. n. s. [from dew and berry.]
Dewberries, as they stand here among the more delicate
fruits, must be understood to mean rasberries, which are also
of the bramble kind. Hanmer.
Feed him with apricocks and dewberries,
With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries. Shakespeare.

DEWBESPRE’NT. part. [dew and besprent.] Sprinkled with
dew.
This evening late, by then the chewing flocks
Had ta'en their supper on the savoury herb
Of knot-grass dewbesprent, and were in fold,
I sat me down to watch upon a bank
With ivy canopied, and interwove
With flaunting honey-suckle. Milton.

DEW-BURNING. adj. [from dew and burning.] The meaning
of this compound is doubtful. Perhaps it alludes to the
sparkling of dew.
He, now to prove his late renewed might,
High-brandishing his bright dew-burning blade,
Upon his crested scalp so sore did smite,
That to the scull a yawning wound it made. Fairy Queen.

DE’WDROP. n. s. [dew and drop.] A drop of dew which
sparkles at sun-rise.
I must go seek some dewdrops here,
And hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear. Shakespeare.
An host
Innumerable! as the stars of night,
Or stars of morning, dewdrops, which the sun
Impearls! on every leaf, and ev'ry flow'r. Milton's Pa. Lost.
Rest, sweet as dewdrops on their flow'ry lawns,
When the sky opens, and the morning dawns! Tickell.

DE’WLAP. n. s. [from lapping or licking the dew.]
1. The flesh that hangs down from the throat of oxen.
Large rowles of fat about his shoulders slung,
And from his neck the double dewlap hung. Addis. Ov. Met.
2. It is used in Shakespeare for a lip flaccid with age, in contempt.
And sometimes lurk I in a gossip's bowl,
In very likeness of a roasted crab;
And when she drinks against her lips I bob,
And on the wither'd dewlap pour the ale. Shakespeare.

DE’WLAPT. adj. [from dewlap.] Furnished with dewlaps.
Who would believe, that there were mountaineers
Dewlapt like bulls, whose throats had hanging at 'em
Wallets of flesh. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The dewlapt bull now chafes along the plain,
While burning love ferments in ev'ry vein. Gay.

DE’WWORM. n. s. [from dew and worm.] A worm found in
dew.
For the trout, the dew-worm, which some call the lob­
worm, and the brandliny, are the chief. Walton's Angler.

DE’WY. adj. [from dew.]
1. Resembling dew; partaking of dew.
From the earth a dewy mist
Went up, and water'd all the ground, and each
Plant of the field. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 331.
Where two adverse winds,
Sublim'd from dewy vapours in mid sky,
Engage with horrid shock, the ruffled brine
Roars stormy. Phillips.
2. Moist with dew; roscid.
The joyous day 'gan early to appear,
And fair Aurora from her dewy bed
Of aged Tithone, 'gan herself to rear,
With rosy cheeks, for shame as blushing red. Fairy Queen.
The bee with honied thigh,
That at her flow'ry work doth sing,
And the waters murmuring,
With such consort as they keep,
Entice the dewy feather'd sleep. Milton.
His dewy locks distill'd
Ambrosia. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 56.
His own Præniste sends a chosen band,
With those who plough Saturnia's Gabine land;
Besides the succour which cold Ancien yields,
The rocks of Hernicus and dewy fields. Dryden's Æn. b. viii.

DEX

DE’XTER. adj. [Latin.] The right; not the left. A term
used in heraldry.
My mother's blood
Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
Bounds in my sire's. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

DEXTE’RITY. n. s. [dexteritas, Latin.]
1. Readiness of limbs; activity; readiness to attain skill; skill;
expertness.
2. Readiness of contrivance; quickness of expedient; skill of
management.
His wisdom, by often evading from perils, was turned
rather into a dexterity to deliver himself from dangers, when
they pressed him, than into a providence to prevent and re­
move them afar off. Bacon's Henry VII.
They attempted to be knaves, but wanted art and dex­
terity. South's Sermons.
The same Protestants may, by their dexterity, make them­
selves the national religion, and dispose the church-revenues
among their pastors. Swift.

DE’XTEROUS. adj. [dexter, Latin.]
1. Expert at any manual employment; active; ready; as, a
dexterous workman.
2. Expert in management; subtle; full of expedients.
They confine themselves, and are dexterous managers
enough of the wares and products of that corner, with
which they content themselves. Locke.

DEXTE’ROUSLY. adv. [from dexterous.] Expertly; skilfully;
artfully.
The magistrate sometimes cannot do his own office dex­
terously, but by acting the minister. South's Sermons.
But then my study was to cog the dice,
And dexterously to throw the lucky sice. Dryden.



DE’XTRAL. adj. [dexter, Latin.] The right; not the left.
As for any tunicles or skins, which should hinder the liver
from enabling the dextral parts, we must not conceive it dif­
fuseth its virtue by meer irradiation, but by its veins and pro­
per vessels. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.

DEXTRA’LITY. n. s. [from dextral.] The state of being on
the right, not the left, side.
If there were a determinate prepotency in the right, and
such as ariseth from a constant root in nature, we might ex­
pect the same in other animals, whose parts are also differenced
by dextrality. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.

DIA

DIABE’TES. n. s. [διαβάιης.] A morbid copiousness of urine;
a fatal colliquation by the urinary passages.
An increase of that secretion may accompany the general
colliquations; as in fluxes, hectick sweats and coughs, diabetes,
and other consumptions. Derham's Physico-Theology.

DIABO’LICAL. adj. [from diabolus, Latin.] Devilish; par­
taking of the qualities of the devil; impious;
atrocious; nefarious; pertaining to the devil.

DIABO’LICK. adj. [from diabolus, Latin.] Devilish; par­
taking of the qualities of the devil; impious;
atrocious; nefarious; pertaining to the devil.
This, in other beasts observ'd,
Doubt might beget of diabolick pow'r,
Active within, beyond the sense of brute. Milt. Par. Lost.
Does not the ambitious, the envious, and the revengeful
man know very well, that the thirst of blood, and affectation
of dominion by violence and oppression, is a most diabolical
outrage upon the laws of God and Nature, and upon the
common well-being of mankind? L'Estrange.
The practice of lying is a diabolical exercise, and they that
use it are the devil's children. Ray on the Creation.
Damned spirits must needs be all envy, despair, and rage;
and have so much of a diabolical nature in them, as to wish
all men to share their misery. Atterbury's Sermons.

DIACO’DIUM. n. s. [Latin.] The syrup of poppies.

DIACO’USTICS. n. s. [διαϰϛιϰὰ.] The doctrine of sounds.

DI’ADEM. n. s. [diadema, Latin.]
1. A tiara; an ensign of royalty bound about the head of
Eastern monarchs.
The sacred diadem in pieces rent,
And purple robe gored with many a wound. Fairy Queen.
A list the cobler's temples ties,
To keep the hair out of their eyes;
From whence 'tis plain the diadem,
That princes wear, derives from them. Swift.
2. The mark of royalty worn on the head; the crown.
A crown,
Golden in shew, is but a wreath of thorns;
Brings dangers, troubles, cares, and sleepless nights,
To him who wears the regal diadem. Milton's Par. Lost.
Why should he ravish then that diadem
From your grey temples, which the hand of time
Must shortly plant on his. Denham's Sophy.
Faction, that once made diadems her prey,
And stopt our prince in his triumphant way,
Fled like a mist before this radiant day. Roscommon.

DIADE’MED. adj. [from diadem.] Adorned with a diadem;
crowned.
Not so, when diadem'd with rays divine,
Touch'd with the flame that breaks from virtue's shrine,
Her priestless muse forbids the good to dye,
And opes the temple of eternity. Pope.

DI’ADROM. n. s. [διαδϱομέω.] The time in which any motion
is performed; the time in which a pendulum performs its
vibration.
A gry is one tenth of a line, a line one tenth of one inch,
an inch one tenth of a philosophical foot, a philosophical foot
one third of a pendulum; whose diadroms, in the latitude of
forty-five degrees, are each equal to one second of time, or a
sixtieth of a minute. Locke.

DIÆ’RESIS. n. s. [διαίϱεσις.] The separation or disjunction of
syllables; as a''er.

DIAGNO’STICK. n. s. [διαγινώσϰω.] A symptom by which a dis­
ease is distinguished from others.
I shall lay down some indisputable marks of this vice, that
whenever we see the tokens, we may conclude the plague is
in the house:—let us hear your diagnosticks. Collier on Pride.
One of our physicians proved disappointed of his prognos­
ticks, or rather diagnosticks. Harvey on Consumptions.

DIA’GONAL. adj. [διαγώνι.] Reaching from one angle to
another, so as to divide a parallelogram into equal parts.
The monstrosity of the badger is ill-contrived, and with
some disadvantage; the shortness being fixed unto the legs of
one side, that might have been more properly placed upon
the diagonal movers. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 5.
This, and all like sorts of stone that are composed of gra­
nules, will cut and rive in any direction, as well in a perpen­
dicular, or in a diagonal, as horizontally and parallel to the
side of the strata. Woodward on Fossils.

DIA’GONAL. n. s. [from the adjective.] A line drawn from
angle to angle, and dividing a square into equal parts.
When a man has in his mind the idea of two lines, viz.
the side and diagonal of a square, whereof the diagonal is an
inch long, he may have the idea also of the division of that
line into a certain number of equal parts. Locke.

DIA’GONALLY. adv. [from diagonal.] In a diagonal direction.
The right and left are not defined by philosophers accord­
ing to common acceptation, that is, respectively from one
man unto another, or any constant site in each, as though
that should be the right in one, which, upon confront or facing,
stands athwart or diagonally unto the other; but were distin­
guished, according unto their activity and predominant loco­
motion, on the either side. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

DI’AGRAM. n. s. [διάγϱαμμα.] A delineation of geometrical
figures; a mathematical scheme.
Many a fair precept in poetry is like a seeming demonstra­
tion in the mathematicks; very specious in the diagram, but
failing in the mechanick operation. Dryden.
Why do not these persons make a diagram of these cogita­
tive lines and angles, and demonstrate their properties of per­
ception and appetite, as plainly as we know the other proper­
ties of triangles and circles? Bentley's Sermons.

DIAGRY’DIATES. n. s. [from diagrydium, Lat.] Strong purga­
tives made with diagrydium.
All cholerick humours ought to be evacuated by diagrydiates,
mixed with tartar, or some acid, or rhubarb powder. Floyer.

DI’AL. n. s. [diale, Skinner.] A plate marked with lines,
where a hand or shadow shews the hour.
O, gentlemen, the time of life is short:
To spend that shortness basely were too long,
Though life did ride upon a dial's point,
Still ending at th' arrival of an hour. Shakesp. Henry IV.
If the motion be very slow, we perceive it not: we have
no sense of the accretive motion of plants or animals; and
the sly shadow steals away upon the dial, and the quickest eye
can discover no more but that it is gone. Glanv. Sceps. c. 11.

DIAL-PLATE. n. s. [dial and plate.] That on which hours or
lines are marked.
He tells us that the two friends, being each of them pos­
sessed of one of these needles, made a kind of dial-plate, in­
scribing it with the four and twenty letters, in the same man­
ner as the hours of the day are marked upon the ordinary
dial-plate. Addison's Spectator, No. 241.

DIALE’CT. n. s. [διάλεϰ.]
1. The subdivision of a language; as the Attic, Doric, Ionic,
Æolic dialects.
2. Stile; manner of expression.
When themselves do practise that whereof they write, they
change their dialect; and those words they shun, as if there
were in them some secret sting. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
3. Language; speech.
In her youth
There is a prone and speechless dialect,
Such as moves men. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
If the conferring of a kindness did not bind the person,
upon whom it was conferred, to the returns of gratitude,
why, in the universal dialect of the world, are kindnesses still
called obligations? South's Sermons.

DIALE’CTICAL. adj. [from dialectick.] Logical; argumental.
Those dialectical subtleties that the schoolmen too often
employ about physiological mysteries, are wont much more
to declare the wit of him that uses them, than increase the
knowledge of sober lovers of truth. Boyle.

DIALE’CTICK. n. s. [διάλεϰιϰη.] Logick; the act of rea­
soning.

DIA’LLING. n. s. [from dial.] The sciaterick science; the
knowledge of shadow; the act of constructing dials on which
the shadow may shew the hour.

DIA’LIST. n. s. [from dial.] A constructer of dials.
Scientifick dialists, by the geometrick considerations of
lines, have found out rules to mark out the irregular motion
of the shadow in all latitudes, and on all planes. Moxon.

DIA’LOGIST. n. s. [from dialogue.] A speaker in a dialogue or
conference; a writer of dialogues.

DI’ALOGUE. n. s. [διὰλογ.] A conference; a conversation
between two or more, either real or feigned.
Will you hear the dialogue that the two learned men have
compiled in praise of the owl and cuckow? Shakespeare.
Oh, the impudence of this wicked sex! Lascivious dialogues
are innocent with you. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
In easy dialogues is Fletcher's praise;
He mov'd the mind, but had not pow'r to raise. Dryden.

To DI’ALOGUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To discourse with
another; to confer.
Do'st dialogue with thy shadow? Shakespeare's Timon.

DIALY’SIS. n. s. [διάλυσις.] The figure in rhetorick by which
syllables or words are divided.

DIA’METER. n. s. [διὰ and μέτϱον.] The line, which passing
through the center of a circle, or other curvilinear figure,
divides it into equal parts.
The space between the earth and the moon, according to
Ptolemy and Alfraganus, is seventeen times the diameter of
the earth, which makes, in a gross account, about one hundred
and twenty thousand miles. Raleigh's History of the World.


The bay of Naples is the most delightful one that I ever
saw: it lies in almost a round figure of about thirty miles in
the diameter. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

DIA’METRAL. adj. [from diameter.] Describing the diameter;
relating to the diameter.

DIA’METRALLY. adv. [from diametral.] According to the
direction of a diameter.
Christian piety is, beyond all other things, diametrally op­
posed to profaneness and impiety of actions. Hammond.

DIAME’TRICAL. adj. [from diameter.]
1. Describing a diameter.
2. Observing the direction of a diameter.
The sin of calumny is set in a most diametrical opposition
to the evangelical precept of loving our neighbours as our­
selves. Government of the Tongue, s. v.

DIAME’TRICALLY. adv. [from diametrical.] In a diametrical
direction.
He persuaded the king to consent to what was diametri­
cally against his conscience and his honour, and, in truth, his
security. Clarendon, b. viii.
When it is thus intercepted in its passage, the vapour,
which cannot penetrate the stratum diametrically, glides
along the lower surface of it, permeating the horizontal
interval, which is betwixt the said dense stratum and that
which lies underneath it. Woodward.

DIAMOND. n. s. [diamant, French; adamas, Latin.]
The diamond, the most valuable and hardest of all the gems,
is, when pure, perfectly clear and pellucid as the purest
water; and is eminently distinguished from all other sub­
stances by its vivid splendour, and the brightness of its re­
flexions. It is extremely various in shape and size, being
found in the greatest quantity very small, and the larger ones
extremely seldom met with. The largest ever known is that
in the possession of the great Mogul, which weighs two hun­
dred and seventy-nine carats, and is computed to be worth
seven hundred and seventy-nine thousand two hundred and
forty-four pounds. The diamond bears the force of the
strongest fires, except the concentrated solar rays, without
hurt; and even that infinitely fiercest of all fires does it no in­
jury, unless directed to its weaker parts. It bears a glass-house
fire for many days, and, if taken carefully out, and suffered to
cool by degrees, is found as bright and beautiful as before;
but if taken hastily out, it will sometimes crack, and even
split into two or three pieces. The places where we have
diamonds are the East Indies and the Brasils; and though they
are usually found clear and colourless, yet they are sometimes
slightly tinged with the colours of the other gems, by the
mixture of some metalline particles. Hill on Fossils.
This diamond was my mother's: take it, heart;
But keep it 'till you woo another wife. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Give me the ring of mine you had at dinner;
Or, for the diamond, the chain you promised. Shakespeare.
I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond: thou hast
the right arched bent of the brow. Shak. Mer. Wives of Winds.
The diamond is preferable and vastly superior to all others
in lustre and beauty; as also in hardness, which renders it
more durable and lasting, and therefore much more valuable,
than any other stone. Woodward's Mett. Foss.
The diamond is by mighty monarchs worn,
Fair as the star that ushers in the morn. Blackm. Creation.
The lively diamond drinks thy purest rays,
Collected light, compact. Thomson's Summer, l. 140.

DI’APASE. n. s. [διὰ παῶν.] A chord including all tones. The
old word for diapason. See DIAPASON.
And 'twixt them both a quadrant was the base,
Proportion'd equally by seven and nine;
Nine was the circle set in heaven's place,
All which compacted made a good diapase. Fairy Queen.
The sweet numbers and melodious measures,
With which I wont the winged words to tie,
And make a tuneful diapase of pleasures,
Now being let to run at liberty. Spenser.

DIAPA’SON. n. s. [διὰπαζῶν.]
Diapason denotes a chord which includes all tones: it is the
same with that we call an eighth, or an octave; because there
are but seven tones or notes, and then the eighth is the same
again with the first. Harris.
It discovereth the true coincidence of sounds into diapasons,
which is the return of the same sound. Bacon's Nat. History.
Harsh din
Broke the fair musick that all creatures made
To their great Lord, whose love their motion sway'd
In perfect diapason, whilst they stood
In first obedience, and their state of good. Milton.
Many a sweet rise, many as sweet a fall,
A full-mouth diapason swallows all. Crashaw.
From harmony, from heav'nly harmony,
This universal frame began:
From harmony to harmony
Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in man. Dryden.

DI’APER. n. s. [diapre, French, of uncertain etymology.]
1. Linen cloth woven in flowers, and other figures.
Not any damsel, which her vaunteth most
In skilful knitting of soft silken twine;
Nor any weaver, which his work doth boast
In diaper, in damask, or in lyne,
Might in their diverse cunning ever dare
With this so curious net-work to compare. Spenser.
2. A napkin; a towel.
Let one attend him with a silver bason
Full of rose-water, and bestrew'd with flowers;
Another bear the ewer, a third a diaper. Shakespeare.

To DI’APER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To variegate; to diversify; to flower.
For fear the stones her tender foot should wrong,
The ground he strew'd with flowers all along,
And diaper'd like the discoloured mead. Spenser.
Flora useth to cloath our grand-dame earth with a new
livery, diapered with various flowers, and chequered with de­
lightful objects. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
2. To draw flowers upon cloaths.
If you diaper upon folds, let your work be broken, and
taken, as it were, by the half; for reason tells you, that your
fold must cover somewhat unseen. Peacham on Drawing.

DIAPHANE’ITY. n. s. [from διαφανεία.] Transparency; pel­
lucidness; power of transmitting light.
Because the outward coat of the eye ought to be pellucid,
to transmit the light, which, if the eyes should always stand
open, would be apt to grow dry and shrink, and lose their
diaphaneity; therefore are the eyelids so contrived as often to
wink, that so they may, as it were, glaze and varnish them
over with the moisture they contain. Ray on the Creation.

DIAPHA’NICK. adj. [διὰ and φάιν.] Transparent; pellucid;
having the power to transmit light.
Air is an element superior, and lighter than water,
through whose vast, open, subtile, diaphanick, or transparent
body, the light, afterwards created, easily transpired.
Raleigh's History of the World.

DIA’PHANOUS. adj. [διὰ and φάινω.] Transparent; clear;
translucent; pellucid; capable to transmit light.
Aristotle calleth light a quality inherent, or clearing to a
diaphanous body. Raleigh's History of the World.
When he had taken off the insect, he found in the leaf
very little and diaphanous eggs, exactly like to those which yet
remained in the tubes of the fly's womb. Ray on the Creation.

DIAPHORE’TICK. adj. [διαφοϱητιϰ.] Sudorifick; promoting a
diaphoresis or perspiration; causing sweat.
Diaphoreticks, or promoters of perspiration, help the organs
of digestion, because the attenuation of the aliment make it
perspirable. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
A diaphoretick medicine, or a sudorifick, is something that
will provoke sweating. Watts.

DI’APHRAGM. n. s. [διάφϱαγμα.]
1. The midriff which divides the upper cavity of the body from
the lower.
2. Any division or partition which divides a hollow body.
It consists of a fasciculus of bodies, round, about one sixth
of an inch in diameter, hollow, and parted into numerous cells
by means of diaphragms, thick set throughout the whole length
of the body. Woodward on Fossils.

DIARRHOE’A. n. s. [διαῤῥοίη.] A flux of the belly, whereby
a person frequently goes to stool, and is cured either by
purging off the cause, or restringing the bowels. Quincy.
During his diarrhœa I healed up the fontanels. Wiseman.

DIARRHOE’TICK. adj. [from diarrhœa.] Promoting the flux
of the belly; solutive; purgative.
Millet is diarrhœtick, cleansing, and useful in diseases of
the kidneys. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DI’ARY. n. s. [diarium, Latin.] An account of the trans­
actions, accidents, and observations of every day; a journal.
In sea-voyages, where there is nothing to be seen but sky
and sea, men make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein so
much is to be observed, they omit it. Bacon, Essay 19.
I go on in my intended diary. Tatler, No. 60.

DIA’STOLE. n. s. [διαϛοηὴ.]
1. A figure in rhetorick, by which a short syllable is made long.
2. The dilation of the heart.
The systole seems to resemble the forcible bending of a
spring, and the diastole its flying out again to its natural state.
Ray on the Creation.

DIA’STYLE. [διὰ and ϛύλ, a pillar.] A sort of edifice where
the pillars stand at such a distance from one another, that
three diameters of their thickness are allowed for intercolum­
niation. Harris.

DIATE’SSERON. n. s. [of διὰ and τέσσεϱα, four.] An inter­
val in musick, composed of one greater tone, one lesser,
and one greater semi-tone; its proportion being as four to
three. It is called, in musical composition, a perfect fourth.
Harris.

DIATO’NICK. [of διατόν.] The ordinary sort of musick
which proceeds by different tones, either in ascending or


descending. It contains only the two greater and lesser tones,
and the greater semi-tone. Harris.

DIAZE’NTICK Tone. [of διὰ and ζύγνυμι.] In the ancient Greek
musick, disjoined two fourths, one on each side of it; and
which being joined to either, made a fifth. This is, in our
musick, from A to B.
They allowed to this diazentick tone, which is our La, Mi,
the proportion of nine to eight, as being the unalterable dif­
ference of the fifth and fourth. Harris.

DI’BBLE. n. s. [from dipfel, Dutch, a sharp point, Skinner;
from dabble, Junius.] A small spade; a pointed instrument
with which the gardeners make holes for planting.

DICA’CITY. n. s. [dicacitas, Lat.] Pertness; sauciness. Dict.

DI’BSTONE. n. s. A little stone which children throw at an­
other stone.
I have seen little girls exercise whole hours together, and
take abundance of pains to be expert at dibstones, as they call
it. Locke.

DIC

DICE. n. s. The plural of die. See DIE.
It is above a hundred to one against any particular throw, that
you do not cast any given set of faces with four cubical dice;
because there are so many several combinations of the six faces
of four dice: now, after you have cast all the trials but one,
it is still as much odds at the last remaining time, as it was at
the first. Bentley's Sermons.

To DICE. v. n. [from the noun.] To game with dice.
I was as virtuously given as a gentleman need to be; vir­
tuous enough; swore little; diced not above seven times a
week; went to a bawdy-house not above once in a quarter
of an hour. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

DICE-BOX. n. s. [dice and box.] The box from which the dice
are thrown.
What would you say, should you see the sparkler shaking
her elbow for a whole night together, and thumping the table
with a dice-box? Addison's Guardian, No. 120.

DI’CER. n. s. [from dice.] A player at dice; a gamester.
They make marriage vows
As false as dicers oaths. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

DICH. adj. This word seems corrupted from dit for do it.
Rich men sin, and I eat root:
Much good dich thy good heart, Apemantus. Shakes. Timon.

DICHO’TOMY. n. s. [διχοτομία.] Distribution of ideas by
pairs.
Some persons have disturbed the order of nature, and abused
their readers by an affectation of dichotomies, trichotomies,
sevens, twelves, &c. Let the nature of the subject, considered
together with the design which you have in view, always de­
termine the number of parts into which you divide it. Watts.

DI’CKENS. A kind of adverbial exclamation, importing, as it
seems, much the same with the devil; but I know not whence
derived.
Where had you this pretty weathercock?
—I cannot tell what the dickens his name is my husband had
him of. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
What a dickens does he mean by a trivial sum?
But han't you found it, sir? Congreve's Old Batchelor.

DI’CHER of Leather. n. s. [dicra, low Latin.] Ten hides. Dict.

To DI’CTATE. v. a. [dicto, Latin.] To deliver to another
with authority; to declare with confidence.
The spoils of elephants the roofs inlay,
And studded amber darts a golden ray;
Such, and not nobler, in the realms above,
My wonder dictates is the dome of Jove. Pope's Odyssey.
Whatsoever is dictated to us by God himself, or by men
who are divinely inspired, must be believed with full assu­
rance. Watts's Logick.

DI’CTATE. n. s. [dictatum, Latin.] Rule or maxim delivered
with authority; prescription; prescript.
Others cast about for new discoveries, and to seek in their
own thoughts for those right helps of art which will scarce be
found, I fear, by those who servilely confine themselves to the
dictates of others. Locke.
I credit what the Grecian dictates say,
And Samian sounds o'er Scota's hills convey. Prior.
Then let this dictate of my love prevail;
Instant, to foreign realms prepare to sail,
To learn your father's fortunes. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

DICTA’TION. n. s. [from dictate.] The act or practice of
dictating or prescribing. Dict.

DICTATOR. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A magistrate of Rome made in times of exigence and distress,
and invested with absolute authority.
Kind dictators made, when they came home,
Their vanquish'd foes free citizens of Rome. Waller.
Julius with honour tam'd Rome's foreign foes;
But patriots fell, ere the dictator rose. Prior.
2. One invested with absolute authority.
Unanimous they all commit the care,
And management of this main enterprize,
To him their great dictator. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. i.
3. One whose credit or authority enables him to direct the con­
duct or opinion of others.
Nor is it a small power it gives one man over another, to
have the authority to be the dictator of principles, and teacher
of unquestionable truths. Locke.
That riches, honours, and outward splendour, should set
up persons for dictators to all the rest of mankind, is a most
shameful invasion of the right of our understanding. Watts.

DICTATO’RIAL. adj. [from dictator.] Authoritative; confi­
dent; dogmatical; overbearing.
A young academick often dwells upon a journal, or an ob­
servator that treats of trade and politicks in a dictatorial
style, and is lavish in the praise of the author. Watts.

DICTA’TORSHIP. n. s. [from dictator.]
1. The office of dictator.
This is the solemnest title they can confer under the prince
dom, being indeed a kind of dictatorship. Wotton.
2. Authority; insolent confidence.
This is that perpetual dictatorship which is exercised by
Lucretius, though often in the wrong. Dryden.

DICTA’TURE. n. s. [dictatura, Latin.] The office of a dicta­
tor; dictatorship. Dict.

DI’CTION. n. s. [diction, French; dictio, Latin.] Stile; lan­
guage; expression.
There appears in every part of his diction, or expression,
a kind of noble and bold purity. Dryden.

DI’CTIONARY. n. s. [dictionarium, Latin.] A book contain­
ing the words of any language in alphabetical order, with
explanations of their meaning; a lexicon; a vocabulary; a
word-book.
Some have delivered the polity of spirits, and left an ac­
count that they stand in awe of charms, spells, and conjura­
tions; that they are afraid of letters and characters, notes
and dashes, which, set together, do signify nothing; and not
only in the dictionary of man, but in the subtler vocabulary of
satan. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 10.
Is it such a horrible fault to translate simulacra images? I see
what a good thing it is to have a good catholick dictionary. Still.
An army, or a parliament, is a collection of men; a dic­
tionary, or nomenclature, is a collection of words. Watts.

DID. of do. [did, Saxon.]
1. The preterite of do.
Thou can'st not say I did it. Shakespeare.
What did that greatness in a woman's mind?
Ill lodg'd and weak to act what it design'd. Dryd. Aurengz.
2. The sign of the preter-imperfect tense, or perfect.
When did his pen on learning fix a brand,
Or rail at arts he did not understand. Dryden.
3. It is sometimes used emphatically; as, I did really love him.

DIDA’CTICAL. adj. [διδαϰιϰ.] Preceptive; giving precepts:
as a didactick poem is a poem that gives rules
for some art; as the Georgicks.

DIDA’CTICK. adj. [διδαϰιϰ.] Preceptive; giving precepts:
as a didactick poem is a poem that gives rules
for some art; as the Georgicks.
The means used to this purpose are partly didactical, and
partly protreptical, demonstrating the truth of the gospel; and
then urging the professors of those truths to be stedfast in the
faith, and to beware of infidelity. Ward on Infidelity.

DI’DAPPER. n. s. [from dip.] A bird that dives into the
water.

DIDA’SCALICK. adj. [διδασϰαλιϰ.] Preceptive; didactick;
giving precepts in some art.
I found it necessary to form some story, and give a kind of
body to the poem: under what species it may be compre­
hended, whether didascalick or heroick, I leave to the judg­
ment of the criticks. Prior.

To DI’DDER. v. a. [diddern, Teut. zittern, Germ.] To quake
with cold; to shiver. A provincial word. Skinner.

DIDST. The second person of the preter tense of do. See DID.
Oh last and best of Scots! who didst maintain
Thy country's freedom from a foreign reign. Dryden.

DIE

To DIE. v. a. [Seag, Saxon, a colour.] To tinge; to colour;
to stain.
So much of death her thoughts,
Had entertain'd, as dy'd her cheeks with pale. Milt. P. L.
All white, a virgin saint she sought the skies;
For marriage, though it sullies not, it dies. Dryden.

DIE. n. s. [from the verb.] Colour; tincture; stain; hue acquired.
It will help me nothing
To plead mine innocence; for that die is on me,
Which makes my whit'st part black. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
We have dainty works of feathers of wonderful lustre,
excellent dies, and many. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Darkness we see emerges into light,
And shining suns descend to sable night:
Ev'n heav'n itself receives another die,
When weary'd animals in slumbers lie
Of midnight ease; another, when the gray
Of morn preludes the splendor of the day. Dryden's Fables.
It is very surprising to see the images of the mind stamped
upon the aspect; to see the cheeks take the die of the passions,
and appear in all the colours and complexions of thought.
Collier of the Aspect.
First this
She sends on earth; then that of deeper die
Steals soft behind. Thompson's Summer, l. 1685.



To DIE. v. n. [deadian, Saxon.]
1. To lose life; to expire; to pass into another state of
existence.
Thou do'st kill me with thy unkind falshood; and it grieves
me not to die, but it grieves me that thou art the murtherer.
Sidney.
Nor did the third his conquests long survive,
Dying ere scarce he had begun to live. Addis. Ovid. Metam.
Oh let me live my own, and die so too!
To live and die is all I have to do? Pope's Epistles.
2. To perish by violence or disease.
The dira only served to confirm him in his first opinion,
that it was his destiny to die in the ensuing combat. Dryden.
Talk not of life or ransom, he replies,
Patroclus dead, whoever meets me, dies:
In vain a single Trojan sues for grace;
But least the sons of Priam's hateful race:
Die then, my friend! what boots it to deplore!
The great, the good Patroclus is no more!
He, far thy better, was foredoom'd to die;
And thou, dost thou, bewail mortality. Pope's Hom. Iliad.
3. It has by before an instrument of death.
4. Of before a disease.
They often come into the world clear, and with the ap­
pearance of sound bodies; which, notwithstanding, have
been infected with disease, and have died of it, or at least
have been very infirm. Wiseman's Surgery.
5. For commonly before a privative, and of before a positive
cause.
At first she startles, then she stands amaz'd;
At last with terror she from thence doth fly,
And loaths the wat'ry glass wherein she gaz'd,
And shuns it still, although for thirst she die. Davies.
He in the loaden vineyard dies for thirst. Addison.
Hipparchus being passionately fond of his own wife, who
was enamoured of Bathyllus, leaped and died of his fall. Addis.
6. To be punished with death.
If I die for it, as no less is threatened me, the king my old
master must be relieved. Shakesp. King Lear.
What is the love of our neighbour?
—The valuing him as the image of God, one for whom
Christ died. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
7. To be lost; to perish; to come to nothing.
How now, my lord, why do you keep alone?
Of sorriest fancies your companion making,
Using those thoughts which should indeed have died
With them they think on. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If any sovereignty, on account of his property, had been
vested in Adam, which in truth there was not, it would have
died with him. Locke.
Whatever pleasure any man may take in spreading whispers,
he will find greater satisfaction by letting the secret die within
his own breast. Spectator, No. 595.
8. To sink; to faint.
His heart died within him, and he became as a stone. 1 Sa.
9. [In theology.] To perish everlastingly.
So long as God shall live, so long shall the damned die.
Hakewell on Providence.
10. To languish with pleasure or tenderness.
To sounds of heav'nly harps she dies away,
And melts in visions of eternal day. Pope's Eloi. to Abelard.
11. To vanish.
This battle fares like to the morning's war,
When dying clouds contend with growing light. Sh. H. VI.
The smaller stains and blemishes may die away and disap­
pear, amidst the brightness that surrounds them; but a blot of
a deeper nature casts a shade on all the other beauties, and
darkens the whole character. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
12. [In the stile of lovers.] To languish with affection.
The young men acknowledged in love-letters, that they
died for Rebecca. Tatler, No. 110.
13. To wither as a vegetable.
Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground, and die, it
abideth alone; but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit.
John xii. 25.
14. To grow vapid, as liquor.

DIE. n. s. pl. dice. [de, French; dis, Welsh.]
1. A small cube, marked on its faces with numbers from one to
six, which gamesters throw in play.
Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good student from his
book, and it is wonderful. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I have set my life upon a cast,
And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shakes. Richard III.
He knows which way the lot and the die shall fall, as per­
fectly as if they were already cast. South's Sermons.
2. Hazard; chance;
Eftsoons his cruel hand Sir Guyon staid,
Temp'ring the passion with advisement slow,
And must'ring might on enemy dismay'd;
For th' equal die of war he well did know. Fairy Queen.
So both to battle fierce arranged are;
In which his harder fortune was to fall
Under my spear: such is the die of war. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Thine is the adventure, thine the victory:
Well has thy fortune turn'd the die for thee. Dryden's Fables.
3. Any cubick body.

DIE. n. s. plur. dies. The stamp used in coinage.
There have been such variety of dies made use of by
Wood in stamping his money, that it makes the discovery of
counterfeits more difficult. Swift.

DI’ER. n. s. [from die.] One who follows the trade of dying;
one who dies cloaths.
The fleece, that has been by the dier stain'd,
Never again its native whiteness gain'd. Waller.
There were some of very low rank and professions, who
acquired great estates: coblers, diers, and shoemakers gave
publick shows to the people. Arbuthnot on Coins.

DI’ET. n. s. [diœta, low Latin; δίαιτα.]
1. Food; provisions for the mouth; victuals.
They cared for no other delicacy of fare, or curiosity of
diet, than to maintain life. Raleigh's History of the World.
Time may come, when men
With angels may participate; and find
No inconvenient diet, nor too light fare. Milt. Par. Lost.
No part of diet, in any season, is so healthful, so natural,
and so agreeable to the stomach, as good and well-ripened
fruits. Temple.
Milk appears to be a proper diet for human bodies, where
acrimony is to be purged or avoided; but not so proper where
the canals are obstructed, it being void of all saline quality.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Food regulated by the rules of medicine, for the prevention
or cure of any disease.
I commend rather some diet for certain seasons, than fre­
quent use of physick; for those diets alter the body more, and
trouble it less. Bacon, Essay 31.
I restrained myself to so regular a diet, as to eat flesh but
once a day, and little at a time, without salt or vinegar. Temp.

To DI’ET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To feed by the rules of medicine.
She diets him with fasting every day,
The swelling of his wounds to mitigate,
And made him pray both early and eke late. Fairy Queen.
Shew a while like fearful war,
To diet rank minds sick of happiness,
And purge th' obstructions, which begin to stop
Our very veins of life. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
He was not taken well; he had not din'd:
The veins unfill'd, our blood is cold; and then
We powt upon the morning, are unapt
To give or to forgive; but when we've stuff'd
These pipes, and these conveyances of blood,
With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls
Than in our priestlike fasts; therefore I'll watch him
'Till he be dieted to my request. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I will attend my husband, be his nurse,
Diet his sickness; for it is my office. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
Henceforth my early care
Shall 'tend thee, and the fertile burden ease
'Till dieted by thee, I grow mature
In knowledge as the gods, who all things know. Milt. P. L.
We have lived upon expedients, of which no country had
less occasion: we have dieted a healthy body into a consump­
tion, by plying it with physick instead of food. Swift.
2. To give food to.
I'm partly led to diet my revenge,
For that I do suspect the lusty Moor
Hath leapt into my seat. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. To board; to supply with diet.

To DI’ET. v. n. 
1. To eat by rules of physick.
2. To eat; to feed.
I join with thee calm peace and quiet;
Spare fast, that oft with gods doth diet. Milton.

DIET-DRINK. n. s. [diet and drink.] Medicated liquors; drink
brewed with medicinal ingredients.
The observation will do that better than the lady's diet­
drinks, or apothecary's medicines. Locke.

DI’ET. n. s. [from dies, an appointed day, Skinner: from diet,
an old German word signifying a multitude, Junius.] An
assembly of princes or estates.
An emperour in title without territory, who can ordain no­
thing of importance but by a diet, or assembly of the estates
of many free princes, ecclesiastical and temporal. Raleigh.

DI’ETARY. adj. [from diet.] Pertaining to the rules of
diet. Dict.

DI’ETER. n. s. [from diet.] One who prescribes rules for eat­
ing; one who prepares food by medicinal rules.
He sauc'd our broth as Juno had been sick,
And he her dieter. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

DIETE’TICAL. n. s. [διαιτήτεϰὴ.] Relating to diet; belonging
to the medicinal cautions about the use of food.

DIETE’TICK. n. s. [διαιτήτεϰὴ.] Relating to diet; belonging
to the medicinal cautions about the use of food.


He received no other counsel than to refrain from cold
drink, which was but a dietetical caution, and such as, with­
out a journey to Æsculapius, culinary prescription might
have been afforded. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
This book was received by the publick with the respect
that was due to the importance of its contents: it became the
subject of conversation, and produced even sects in the dietetick
philosophy. Arbuthnot on Aliments, Pref.

DIF

To DI’FFER. v. n. [differo, Latin.]
1. To be distinguished from; to have properties and qualities
not the same with those of another person or thing.
If the pipe be a little wet on the inside, it will make a dif­
fering sound from the same pipe dry. Bacon's Natural History.
Thy prejudices, Syphax, wont discern
What virtues grow from ignorance and choice,
Nor how the hero differs from the brute. Addison's Cato.
The several parts of the same animal differ in their qua­
lities. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To contend; to be at variance.
A man that is of judgment and understanding shall some­
times hear ignorant men differ, and know well within himself
that those which so differ mean one thing, and yet they them­
selves never agree. Bacon's Essays.
There are certain measures to be kept, which may leave a
tendency rather to gain than to irritate those who differ with
you in their sentiments. Addison's Freeholder, No. 19.
Here uncontroll'd you may in judgment sit;
We'll never differ with a crowded pit. Rowe.
Others differ with me about the truth and reality of these
speculations. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
3. To be of a contrary opinion.
In things purely speculative, as these are, and no ingre­
dients of our faith, it is free to differ from one another in our
opinions and sentiments. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

DI’FFERENCE. n. s. [differentia, Latin.]
1. State of being distinct from something; contrariety to identity.
Where the faith of the holy church is one, a difference be­
tween customs of the church doth no harm. Hooker, b. iv.
2. The quality by which one differs from another.
This nobility, or difference from the vulgar, was not in the
beginning given to the succession of blood, but to the succes­
sion of virtue. Raleigh's History of the World.
Thus born alike, from virtue first began
The diff'rence that distinguish'd man from man:
He claim'd no title from descent of blood,
But that which made him noble, made him good. Dryden.
Though it be useful to discern every variety that is to be
found in nature, yet it is not convenient to consider every
difference that is in things, and divide them into distinct classes,
under every such difference. Locke.
3. The disproportion between one thing and another caused by
the qualities of each.
You shall see great difference betwixt our Bohemia and your
Sicilia. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Oh the strange difference of man and man!
To thee a woman's services are due;
My fool usurps my body. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Here might be seen a great difference between men practised
to fight, and men accustomed only to spoil. Hayward.
4. Dispute; debate; quarrel; controversy.
What was the difference?
——It was a contention in publick. Shakes. Cymbeline.
He is weary of his life that hath a difference with any of
them, and will walk abroad after daylight. Sandys.
5. Distinction.
Our constitution, under a good administration, does not
only make a difference between the guilty and the innocent,
but, even among the guilty, between such as are more or less
criminal. Addison's Freeholder, No. 31.
Nothing could have fallen out more unluckily than that
there should be such differences among them, about that which
they pretend to be the only means of ending differences. Tillots.
6. Point in question; ground of controversy.
Are you acquainted with the difference,
That holds this present question in the court? Shakespeare.
7. A logical distinction.
Some are never without a difference, and commonly, by
amusing men with a subtilty, blanch the matter. Bacon's Essays.
8. Evidences of distinction; differential marks.
Henry had the title of sovereign, yet did not put those
things in execution which are the true marks and differences of
sovereignty. Davies.

To DI’FFERENCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cause a dif­
ference; to make one thing not the same as another.
Most are apt to seek all the differences of letters in those
articulating motions; whereas several combinations of letters
are framed by the very same motions of those organs, which
are commonly observed, and are differenced by other concur­
rent causes. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Grass differenceth a civil and well cultivated region from a
barren and desolate wilderness. Ray on the Creation.
We see nothing that differences the courage of Mnestheus
from that of Sergesthus. Pope's Essay on Homer.

DI’FFERENT. adj. [from differ.]
1. Distinct; not the same.
Happiness consists in things which produce pleasure, and, in
the absence of those, which cause any pain: now these, to
different men, are very different things. Locke.
There are covered galleries that lead from the palace to
five different churches. Addison on Italy.
2. Of many contrary qualities.
The Britons change
Sweet native home for unaccustom'd air,
And other climes, where diff'rent food and soil
Portend distempers. Phillips.
3. Unlike; dissimilar.
Neither the shape of faces, nor the age, nor the colour,
ought to be alike in all figures, any more than the hair; be­
cause men are as different from each other, as the regions in
which they are born are different. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

DIFFERE’NTIAL Method, is applied to the doctrine of infinitesi­
mals, or infinitely small quantities, called the arithmetick of
fluxions; about the invention of which there has been a con­
test between Leibnitz and Sir Isaac Newton. It consists
in descending from whole quantities to their infinitely small
differences, and comparing together these infinitely small dif­
ferences, of what kind soever they be: and from thence it
takes the name of the differential calculus, or analysis of in­
finitesimals. Harris.

DI’FFERENTLY. adv. [from different.] In a different manner.
He may consider how differently he is affected by the same
thought, which presents itself in a great writer, from what he
is when he finds it delivered by a person of an ordinary genius.
Addison's Spectator, No. 409.

D’IFFERINGLY. adv. [from differing.] In a different manner.
Such protuberant and concave parts of a surface may remit
the light so differingly, as to vary a colour. Boyle.

DI’FFICIL. adj. [difficilis, Latin.]
1. Difficult; hard; not easy; not obvious. Little used.
That that should give motion to an unwieldy bulk, which
itself hath neither bulk nor motion, is of as difficil apprehen­
sion as any mystery in nature. Glanv. Sceps. c. 4.
Latin was not more difficil,
Than to a blackbird 'tis to whistle. Hudibras.
2. Scrupulous; hard to be persuaded.
The cardinal finding the pope difficil in granting the dispen­
sation, doth use it as a principal argument, concerning the
king's merit towards that see, that he had touched none of
those deniers which had been levied by popes in England. Bac.

DI’FFICILNESS. n. s. [from difficil.] Difficulty to be persuaded;
incompliance; impracticability.
There be that in their nature do not affect the good of
others: the lighter sort of malignity turneth but to a crossness,
or frowardness, or aptness to oppose, or difficilness, or the like;
but the deeper sort, to envy and mere mischief. Bacon's Essays.

DI’FFICULT. adj. [difficilis, Latin.]
1. Hard; not easy; not facil.
It is difficult in the eyes of this people. Zachar.
2. Troublesome; vexatious.
3. Hard to please; peevish; morose.

DI’FFICULTY. adv. [from difficult.] Hardly; with difficulty.
A man who has always indulged himself in the full enjoy­
ment of his station, will difficulty be persuaded to think any
methods unjust that offer to continue it. Rogers's Sermons.

DI’FFICULTY. n. s. [from difficult; difficultè, French.]
1. Hardness; contrariety to easiness or facility.
The religion which, by this covenant, we engage ourselves
to observe, is a work of labour and difficulty; a service that
requires our greatest care and attention to the discharge of
it. Rogers, Serm. 13.
2. That which is hard to accomplish; that which is not easy.
They mistake difficulties for impossibilities: a pernicious
mistake certainly; and the more pernicious, for that men are
seldom convinced of it, 'till their convictions do them no
good. South's Sermons.
3. Distress; opposition.
Thus, by degrees, he rose to Jove's imperial seat:
Thus difficulties prove a soul legitimately great. Dryden.
4. Perplexity in affairs; uneasiness of circumstances.
They lie at present under some difficulties, by reason of the
emperor's displeasure, who has forbidden the importation of
their manufactures. Addison on Italy.
5. Objection; cavil.
Men should consider, that raising difficulties concerning the
mysteries in religion, cannot make them more wise, learned,
or virtuous. Swift.

To DIFFI’DE. v. n. [diffido, Latin.] To distrust; to have
no confidence in.
With hope and fear
The woman did the new solution hear:
The man diffides in his own augury,
And doubts the gods. Dryden.



DI’FFIDENCE. n. s. [from diffide.] Distrust; want of confi­
dence; timidity.
No man almost thought himself secure, and men durst scarce
commune or talk one with another; but there was a general
diffidence every where. Bacon's Henry VII.
You have brought scandal
To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt
In feeble hearts, propense enough before
To waver. Milton's Agonistes.
If the evidence of its being, or that this is its true sense,
be only on probable proofs, our assent can reach no higher
than an assurance or diffidence, arising from the more or less
apparent probability of the proofs. Locke.
Be silent always, when you doubt your sense;
And speak, though sure, with seeming diffidence. Pope.
Whatsoever atheists think on, or whatsoever they look on, all
do administer some reasons for suspicion and diffidence, least
possibly they may be in the wrong; and then it is a fearful
thing to fall into the hands of the living God. Bentley's Serm.

DI’FFIDENT. adj. [from diffide.] Not confident; not certain;
distrustful.
I am not so confident of my own sufficiency as not willing­
ly to admit the counsel of others; but yet I am not so diffident
of myself, as brutishly to submit to any man's dictates. K. Charles.
Be not diffident
Of wisdom; she deserts thee not, if thou
Dismiss not her, when most thou need'st her nigh. Milton.
I was really so diffident of it, as to let it lie by me these two
years, just as you now see it. Pope.
Pliny speaks of the Seres, the same people with the Chinese,
as being very shy and diffident in their manner of dealing.
Arbuthnot.
Distress makes the humble heart diffident. Clarissa.

To DIFFI’ND. v. a. [diffindo, Latin.] To cleave in two;
to split. Dict.

DIFFI’SION. n. s. [diffissio, Latin.] The act of cleaving or
splitting. Dict.

DIFFLA’TION. n. s. [difflare, Latin.] The act of scattering
with a blast of wind. Dict.

DI’FFLUENCE. n. s. [from diffluo, Latin.] The quality of
falling away on all sides; the effect of fluidi­
ty; the contrary to consistency.

DI’FFLUENCY. n. s. [from diffluo, Latin.] The quality of
falling away on all sides; the effect of fluidi­
ty; the contrary to consistency.
Ice is water congealed by the frigidity of the air, whereby
it acquireth no new form; but rather a consistence or deter­
mination of its diffluency, and omitteth not its essence, but
condition of fluidity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

DI’FFLUENT. adj. [diffluens, Latin.] Flowing every way;
not consistent; not fixed.

DI’FFORM. adj. [from forma, Latin.] Contrary to uniform;
having parts of different structure; dissimilar; unlike; irre­
gular; as a difform flower, one of which the leaves are unlike
each other.
The unequal refractions of difform rays proceed not from
any contingent irregularities; such as are veins, an uneven
polish, or fortuitous position of the pores of glass. Newton.

DIFFO’RMITY. n. s. [from difform.] Diversity of form; irre­
gularity; dissimilitude.
While they murmur against the present disposure of things,
they rest not in their established natures; but desire in them a
difformity from the primitive rule, and the idea of that mind,
that formed all things best. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11.

DIFFRA’NCHISEMENT. n. s. [franchise, French.] The act of
taking away the privileges of a city.

To DIFFU’SE. v. a. [diffusus, Latin.]
1. To pour out upon a plane, so that the liquor may run every
way.
When these waters began to rise at first, long before they
could swell to the height of the mountains, they would diffuse
themselves every way. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. To spread; to scatter; to disperse.
Wisdom had ordain'd
Good out of evil to create; instead
Of spirits malign, a better race to bring
Into their vacant room, and thence diffuse
His good to worlds, and ages, infinite. Milton's Par. Lost.
No sect wants its apostles to propagate and diffuse it.
Decay of Piety.
A chief renown'd in war,
Whose race shall bear aloft the Latian name,
And through the conquer'd world diffuse our fame. Dryden.
His eyes diffus'd a venerable grace,
And charity itself was in his face. Dryden's Good Parson.

DIFFU’SE. adj. [diffusus, Latin.]
1. Scattered; widely spread.
2. Copious; not concise.

DIFFU’SED. participial adj. [from diffuse.] This word seems
to have signified, in Shakespeare's time, the same as wild, un­
couth, irregular.
Let them from forth a sawpit rush at once,
With some diffused song. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
He grows like savages,
To swearing and stern looks, diffus'd attire,
And every thing that seems unnatural. Shakesp. Henry V.

DIFFU’SEDLY. adv. [from diffused.] Widely; dispersedly;
in manner of that which is spread every way.

DIFFU’SEDNESS. n. s. [from diffused.] The state of being
diffused; dispersion.

DIFFU’SELY. adv. [from diffuse.]
1. Widely; extensively.
2. Copiously; not concisely.

DIFFU’SION. n. s. [from diffuse.]
1. Dispersion; the state of being scattered every way.
Whereas all bodies act either by the communication of their
natures, or by the impressions and signatures of their motions,
the diffusion of species visible seemeth to participate more of
the former operation, and the species audible of the latter.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 269.
A sheet of very well sleeked marbled paper did not cast
distinct colours upon the wall, nor throw its light with an
equal diffusion; but threw its beams, unstained and bright, to
this and that part of the wall. Boyle on Colours.
2. Copiousness; exuberance of stile.

DIFFU’SIVE. adj. [from diffuse.]
1. Having the quality of scattering any thing every way.
Diffusive of themselves, where-e'er they pass
They make that warmth in others they expect:
Their valour works like bodies on a glass,
And does its image on their men project. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
2. Scattered; dispersed; having the quality of suffering dif­
fusion.
No man is of so general and diffusive a lust, as to prosecute
his amours all the world over. South's Sermons.
The stars, no longer overlaid with weight,
Exert their heads from underneath the mass,
And upward shoot, and kindle as they pass,
And with diffusive light adorn their heav'nly place. Dryden.
Cherish'd with hope, and fed with joy it grows;
Its cheerful buds their opening bloom disclose,
And round the happy soil diffusive odour flows. Prior.
3. Extended; in full extension.
They are not agreed among themselves where infallibility
is seated; whether in the pope alone, or a council alone, or
in both together, or in the diffusive body of Christians. Tillots.

DIFFU’SIVELY. adv. [from diffusive.] Widely; extensively,
every way.

DIFFU’SIVENESS. n. s. [from diffusive.]
1. Extension; dispersion; the power of diffusing; the state of
being diffused.
2. Want of conciseness; large compass of expression.
The fault that I find with a modern legend, is its dif­
fusiveness: you have sometimes the whole side of a medal over­
run with it. Addison on Ancient Medals.

DIG

To DIG. v. a.  preter. dug, or digged; part. pass. dug, or digged.
[dic, Saxon, a ditch; dyger, Danish, to dig.]
1. To pierce with a spade.
Then said he unto me, Son of man, dig now in the wall;
and when I had digged in the wall, I beheld a door. Ezek. viii. 8.
2. To form by digging.
Seek with heart and mouth to build up the walks of Jeru­
salem, which you have broken down; and to fill up the mines
that you have digged by craft and subtlety, to overthrow the
same. Whitgift.
He built towers in the desert, and digged many wells; for
he had much cattle. 2 Chro. xxvi. 10.
3. To cultivate the ground by turning it with a spade.
The walls of your garden, without their furniture, look as
ill as those of your house; so that you cannot dig up your
garden too often. Temple.
Be first to dig the ground, be first to burn
The branches lopt. Dryden's Virg. Georg. ii.
4. To pierce with a sharp point.
A rav'nous vulture in his open'd side,
Her crooked beak and cruel talons try'd;
Still for the growing liver digg'd his breast,
The growing liver still supply'd the feast. Dryden's Æn.
5. To gain by digging.
It is digged out of even the highest mountains, and indeed
all other parts of the earth contingently and indifferently; as
the pyrites. Woodward.
Nor was the ground alone requir'd to bear
Her annual income to the crooked share;
But greedy mortals, rummaging her store,
Digg'd from her entrails first the precious ore. Dryd. Ovid.

To DIG. v. a. To work with a spade; to work in making
holes, or turning the ground.
They long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it
more than far hid treasures. Job iii. 21.
They have often dug into lands that are described in old
authors, as the places where such particular statues or obe­
lisks stood, and have seldom failed of success in their pursuits.
Addison's Travels.

To DIG up. v. a. To throw up that which is covered with earth.


If I digg'd up thy forefather's graves,
And hung their rotten coffins up in chains,
It would not slake mine ire. Shak. H. VI.

DI’GERENT. adj. [digerens, Latin.] That which has the power
of digesting, or causing digestion. Dict.

DIGE’ST. n. s. [digesta, Latin.] The pandect of the civil law,
containing the opinions of the ancient lawyers.
I had a purpose to make a particular digest, or recompile­
ment of the laws of mine own nation. Bacon.
Laws in the digest shew that the Romans applied them­
selves to trade. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To DIGE’ST. v. a. [digero, digestum, Latin.]
1. To distribute into various classes or repositories; to range or
dispose methodically.
2. To concoct in the stomach, so as that the various particles of
food may be applied to their proper use.
If little faults, proceeding on distemper,
Shall not be wink'd at, how shall we stretch our eye,
When capital crimes, chew'd, swallow'd, and digested,
Appear. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Each then has organs to digest his food;
One to beget, and one receive the brood. Prior.
3. To soften by heat, as in a boiler, or in a dunghil: a che­
mical term.
4. To range methodically in the mind; to apply knowledge by
meditation to its proper use.
A few chosen friends, who sometimes deign
To bless my humble roof, with sense refin'd,
Learning digested well. Thomson's Winter, l. 550.
5. To reduce to any plan, scheme, or method.
Our play
Leaps o'er the vaunt and firstlings of those broils,
'Ginning i' th' middle: starting thence away,
To what may be digested in a play. Shakes. Troil. and Cressid.
6. To receive without loathing or repugnance; not to reject.
First, let us go to dinner.
—Nay, let me praise you while I have a stomach.
—No, pray thee, let it serve for table talk;
Then howsoe'er thou speak'st, 'mong other things
I shall digest it. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
The pleasance of numbers, that rudeness and barbarism
might the better taste and digest the lessons of civility. Peacham.
7. To receive and enjoy.
Cornwal and Albany,
With my two daughters dowers, digest the third. Shakesp.
8. [In chirurgery.] To dispose a wound; to generate pus in
order to a cure.

To DIGE’ST. v. n. To generate matter as a wound, and tend
to a cure.

DIGE’STER. n. s. [from digest.]
1. He that digests or concocts his food.
People that are bilious and fat, rather than lean, are great
eaters and ill digesters. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. A strong vessel or engine, contrived by M. Papin, wherein to
boil, with a very strong heat, any bony substances, so as to
reduce them into a fluid state. Quincy.
3. That which causes or strengthens the concoctive power.
Rice is of excellent use for all illnesses of the stomach, a
great restorer of health, and a great digester. Temple.

DIGE’STIBLE. adj. [from digest.] That which is capable of
being digested or concocted in the stomach.
Those medicines that purge by stool enter not into the
mesentery veins; but are, at the first, not digestible by the sto­
mach, and therefore move immediately downwards to the
guts. Bacon's Natural History, No. 43.

DIGE’STION. n. s. [from digest.]
1. The act of digesting or concocting food in the stomach.
Now good digestion wait on appetite,
And health on both. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Digestion is a fermentation begun, because there are all the
requisites of such a fermentation; heat, air, and motion: but
it is not a complete fermentation, because that requires a
greater time than the continuance of the aliment in the sto­
mach: vegetable putrefaction resembles very much animal
digestion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Quantity of food cannot be determined by measures and
weights, or any general Lessian rules; but must vary with the
vigour or decays of age or of health, and the use or disuse of
air or of exercise, with the changes of appetite; and then,
by what every man may find or suspect of the present strength
or weakness of digestion. Temple.
Every morsel to a satisfied hunger, is only a new labour to
a tired digestion. South's Sermons.
2. The preparation of matter by a chemical heat.
We conceive, indeed, that a perfect good concoction, or
digestion, or maturation of some metals, will produce gold.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 327.
Did chymick chance the furnaces prepare,
Raise all the labour-houses of the air,
And lay crude vapours in digestion there. Blackmore.
3. Reduction to a plan; the act of methodising; the maturation
of a scheme.
The digestion of the counsels in Sweden is made in senate,
consisting of forty counsellors, who are generally the greatest
men. Temple.
4. The act of disposing a wound to generate matter.
5. The disposition of a wound or sore to generate matter.

DIGE’STIVE. adj. [from digest.]
1. Having the power to cause digestion, or to strengthen the
stomach.
A chilifactory menstruum, or a digestive preparation, drawn
from species or individuals, whose stomachs peculiarly dissolve
lapideous bodies. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.
2. Capable by heat to soften and subdue.
The earth and sun were in that very same state; the one
active, piercing, and digestive by its heat; the other passive,
receptive, and stored with materials for such a production.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. Considerating; methodising.
To business, ripen'd by digestive thought,
This future rule is into method brought. Dryden.

DIGE’STIVE. n. s. [from digest.] An application which dis­
poses a wound to generate matter.
I dressed it with digestives. Wiseman of Abscesses.

DI’GGER. n. s. [from dig.] One that opens the ground with
a spade.
When we visited mines, we have been told by diggers, that
even when the sky seemed clear, there would suddenly arise
a steam so thick, that it would put out their candles. Boyle.

To DIGHT. v. a. [dihtan, to prepare, to regulate, Saxon.]
To dress; to deck; to bedeck; to embellish; to adorn.
On his head his dreadful hat he dight,
Which maketh him invisible to sight. Hubberd's Tale.
Let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloisters pale,
And love the high embowed roof,
With antick pillar massy proof,
And storied windows richly dight,
Casting a dim religious light. Milton.
Just so the proud insulting lass
Array'd and dighted Hudibras. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.

DI’GIT. n. s. [digitus, Latin.]
1. The measure of length containing three fourths of an inch.
If the inverted tube of mercury be but twenty-five digits
high, or somewhat more, the quicksilver will not fall, but
remain suspended in the tube, because it cannot press the sub­
jacent mercury with so great a force as doth the incumbent
cylinder of the air, reaching thence to the top of the atmo­
sphere. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. The twelfth part of the diameter of the sun or moon.
3. Any of the numbers expressed by single figures; any number
to ten.
Not only the number seven and nine, from considerations
abstruse, have been extolled by most, but all or most of other
digits have been as mystically applauded. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

DI’GITATED. adj. [from digitus, Latin.] Branched out into
divisions like fingers; as a digitated leaf is a leaf composed of
many small leaves.
For animals multifidous, or such as are digitated, or have
several divisions in their feet, there are but two that are uni­
parous; that is, men and elephants. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

DIGLADIA’TION. n. s. [digladiatio, Latin.] A combat with
swords; any quarrel or contest.
Aristotle seems purposely to intend the cherishing of con­
troversial digladiations, by his own affection of an intricate
obscurity. Glanv. Sceps. c. 19.

DI’GNIFIED. adj. [from dignify.] Invested with some dignity:
it is used chiefly of the clergy.
Abbots are stiled dignified clerks, as having some dignity in
the church. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DIGNIFICA’TION. n. s. [from dignify.]
I grant that where a noble and ancient descent and merit
meet in any man, it is a double dignification of that person.
Walton's Angler.

To DI’GNIFY. v. a. [from dignus and facio, Latin.]
1. To advance; to prefer; to exalt. Used chiefly of the clergy.
2. To honour; to adorn; to give lustre.
Such a day,
So fought, so follow'd, and so fairly won,
Came not 'till now to dignify the times,
Since Cæsar's fortunes! Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Not that we think us worthy such a guest,
But your worth will dignify our feast. Ben. Johnson's Epigr.
No turbots dignify my boards;
But gudgeons, flounders, what my Thames affords. Pope.

DI’GNITARY. n. s. [from dignas, Latin.] A clergyman ad­
vanced to some dignity; to some rank above that of a parochial
priest.
If there be any dignitaries, whose preferments are per­
haps not liable to the accusation of superfluity, they may
be persons of superior merit. Swift.

DI’GNITY. n. s. [dignitas, Latin.]
1. Rank of elevation.
Angels are not any where spoken so highly of as our Lord


and Saviour Jesus Christ, and are not in dignity equal to
him. Hooker, b. ii. s. 6.
2. Grandeur of mien; elevation of aspect.
Some men have a native dignity, which will procure them
more regard by a look, than others can obtain by the most
imperious commands. Clarissa.
4. Advancement; preferment; high place.
Faster than spring-time show'rs comes thought on thought,
And not a thought but thinks on dignity. Shakes. Henry VI.
For those of old,
And these late dignities heap'd up to them,
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. [Among ecclesiasticks.] By a dignity we understand that pro­
motion or preferment to which any jurisdiction is annexed.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. Maxims; general principles; ϰυριαί δοξαὶ.
The sciences concluding from dignities, and principles
known by themselves, receive not satisfaction from probable
reasons, much less from bare and peremptory asseverations.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 7.
6. [In astrology.] The planet is in dignity when it is in any
sign.

DIGNO’TION. n. s. [from dignoseo, Lat.] Distinction; distin­
guishing mark.
That temperamental dignotions, and conjecture of prevalent
humours, may be collected from spots in our nails, we are not
averse to concede. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 21.

To DIGRE’SS. v. n. [digressus, Latin.]
1. To turn out of the road.
2. To depart from the main design of a discourse, or chief
tenour of an argument.
In the pursuit of an argument there is hardly room to
digress into a particular definition, as often as a man varies
the signification of any term. Locke.
3. To wander; to expatiate.
It seemeth, to digress no farther, that the Tartarians, spread­
ing so far, cannot be the Israelites. Brerewood.
4. To go out of the right way, or common track; to trans­
gress; to deviate.
I am come to keep my word,
Though in some part am forced to digress,
Which at more leisure I will so excuse
As you shall well be satisfied. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
Thy noble shape is but a form of wax,
Digressing from the valour of a man. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.

DIGRE’SSION. n. s. [digressio, Latin.]
1. A passage deviating from the main tenour or design of a
discourse.
The good man thought so much of his late conceived com­
monwealth, that all other matters were but digressions to
him. Sidney, b. i.
He, she knew, would intermix
Grateful digressions, and solve high dispute
With conjugal caresses. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Here some digression I must make, t' accuse
Thee, my forgetful and ungrateful muse. Denham.
To content and fill the eye of the understanding, the best
authors sprinkle their works with pleasing digressions, with
which they recreate the minds of their readers. Dryd. Dufresn.
2. Deviation.
The digression of the sun is not equal; but near the equi­
noctial intersections, it is right and greater; near the solstices,
more oblique and lesser. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 4.

DIJUDICA’TION. n. s. [dijudicatio, Latin.] Judicial distinction.

DIKE. n. s. [die, Saxon; dyk, Erse.]
1. A channel to receive water.
The dykes are fill'd, and with a roaring sound
The rising rivers float the nether ground. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
The king of dykes! than whom no sluice of mud
With deeper sable blots the silver flood. Pope's Dunciad.
2. A mound to hinder inundations.
God, that breaks up the flood-gates of so great a deluge,
and all the art and industry of man is not sufficient to raise
up dykes and ramparts against it. Cowley's Davideis.

DIL

To DILA’CERATE. v. a. [dilacero, Latin.] To tear; to
rend; to force in two.
The infant, at the accomplished period, struggling to come
forth, dilacerates and breaks those parts which restrained him
before. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 6.

DILACERA’TION. n. s. [from dilaceratio, Latin.] The act of
rending in two.
The greatest sensation of pain is by the obstruction of the
small vessels, and dilaceration of the nervous fibres.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

To DILA’NIATE. v. a. [dilanio, Latin.] To tear; to rend in
pieces.
Rather than they would dilaniate the entrails of their own
mother, and expose her thereby to be ravished, they met half
way in a gallant kind. Howel's Engl. Tears.

To DILA’PIDATE. v. a. [dilapido, Latin.] To ruin; to
throw down.

DILAPIDA’TION. n. s. [dilapidatio, Latin.] The incumbent's
suffering the chancel, or any other edifices of his ecclesiastical
living, to go to ruin or decay, by neglecting to repair the
same: and it likewise extends to his committing, or suffering
to be committed, any wilful waste in or upon the glebe-woods,
or any other inheritance of the church. Ayliffe's Parergon.
'Tis the duty of all church-wardens to prevent the dilapi­
dations of the chancel and mansion-house belonging to the
rector or vicar. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DILATABI’LITY. n. s. [from dilatable.] The quality of ad­
mitting extension.
We take notice of the wonderful dilatability or extensive­
ness of the gullets of serpents: I have taken two adult mice
out of the stomach of an adder, whose neck was not bigger
than my little finger. Ray on the Creation.
By this continual contractibility and dilatability, by different
degrees of heat, the air is kept in a constant motion. Arbuthn.

DILA’TABLE. adj. [from dilate.] Capable of extension.
The windpipe divides itself into a great number of branches
called bronchia: these end in small air-bladders, dilatable and
contractable, capable to be inflated by the admission of air,
and to subside at the expulsion of it. Arbuthnot on Aliment.

DILATA’TION. n. s. [from dilatatio, Latin.]
1. The act of extending into greater space.
The motions of the tongue, by contraction and dilatation,
are so easy and so subtle, that you can hardly conceive or
distinguish them aright. Holder.
2. The state of being extended; the state in which the parts are
at more distance from each other.
Joy causeth a cheerfulness and vigour in the eyes; sing­
ing, leaping, dancing, and sometimes tears: all these are the
effects of the dilatation, and coming forth of the spirits into
the outward parts, which maketh them more lively and
stirring. Bacon's Natural History.
The image of the sun should be drawn out into an oblong
form, either by a dilatation of every ray, or by any other
casual inequality of the refractions. Newton's Opt. Experim.

To DILA’TE. v. a. [dilato, Latin.]
1. To extend; to spread out; to enlarge.
But ye thereby much greater glory gate,
Than had ye sorted with a prince's peer;
For now your light doth more itself dilate,
And in my darkness greater doth appear. Spenser.
Satan alarm'd,
Collecting all his might, dilated stood,
Like Teneriff, or Atlas, unremov'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Opener of mine eyes,
Dim erst; dilated spirits, ampler heart,
And growing up to godhead: which for thee
Chiefly I sought; without thee, can despise. Milt. Pa. Lost.
Through all the air his sounding strings dilate
Sorrow, like that which touch'd our hearts of late. Waller.
Diffus'd, it rises in a higher sphere;
Dilates its drops, and softens into air. Prior.
I mark the various fury of the winds;
These neither seasons guide, nor order binds:
They now dilate, and now contract their force;
Various their speed, but endless is their course. Prior.
The second refraction would spread the rays one way as
much as the first doth another, and so dilate the image in
breadth as much as the first doth in length. Newton's Opt.
2. To relate at large; to tell diffusely and copiously.
But he would not endure that woful theam
For to dilate at large; but urged sore,
With piercing words, and pitiful implore,
Him hasty to arise. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5. stan. 37.
I observing,
Took once a pliant hour, and found good means
To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart,
That I would all my pilgrimage dilate,
Whereof by parcels she had something heard,
But not distinctively. Shakespeare's Othello.

To DILA’TE. v. n. 
1. To widen; to grow wide.
His heart dilates and glories in his strength. Addison.
2. To speak largely and copiously.
It may be behoveful for princes, in matters of grace, to
transact the same publickly, and by themselves; or their mi­
nisters to dilate upon it, and improve their lustre, by any addi­
tion or eloquence of speech. Clarendon.

DILA’TOR. n. s. [from dilate.] That which widens or extends.
The buccinatores, or blowers up of the cheeks, and the
dilators of the nose, are too strong in cholerick people. Arb.

DI’LATORINESS. n. s. [from dilatory.] The quality of being
dilatory; slowness; sluggishness.

DI’LATORY. adj. [dilatoire, French; dilatorius, Lat.] Tardy;
slow; given to procrastination; addicted to delay; sluggish;
loitering.
An inferior council, after former tedious suits in a higher
court, would be but dilatory, and so to little purpose. Hayward.
What wound did ever heal but by degrees?


Thou know'st we work by wit, and not by witchcraft;
And wit depends on dilatory time. Shakespeare's Othello.
These cardinals trifle with me: I abhor
This dilatory sloth, and tricks of Rome. Shak. Henry VIII.
Dilatory fortune plays the jilt
With the brave, noble, honest, gallant man,
To throw herself away on fools and knaves. Otway's Orph.
A dilatory temper commits innumerable cruelties without
design. Addison's Spectator, No. 469.

DILE’CTION. n. s. [dilectio, Latin.] The act of loving;
kindness.
So free is Christ's dilection, that the grand condition of our
felicity is our belief. Boyle's Seraph. Love.

DILE’MMA. n. s. [διλημμα.]
1. An argument equally conclusive by contrary suppositions.
A young rhetorician applied to an old sophist to be taught the
art of pleading, and bargained for a certain reward to be
paid, when he should gain a cause. The master sued for his
reward, and the scholar endeavoured to elude his claim by a
dilemma: If I gain my cause, I shall withold your pay, because
the judge's award will be against you; if I lose it, I may with­
hold it, because I shall not yet have gained a cause. On the
contrary, says the master, if you gain your cause, you must
pay me, because you are to pay me when you gain a cause;
if you lose it, you must pay me, because the judges will
award it.
A dilemma, that bishop Morton the chancellor used, to raise
benevolence, some called his fork, and some his crutch.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Hope, whose weak being ruin'd is
Alike if it succeed, and if it miss;
Whom good or ill does equally confound,
And both the horns of fate's dilemma wound. Cowley.
2. A difficult or doubtful choice; a vexatious alternative.
A strong dilemma in a desp'rate case!
To act with infamy, or quit the place. Swift.
A dire dilemma; either way I'm sped;
If foes, they write, if friends, they read me dead. Pope.

DI’LIGENCE. n. s. [diligentia, Latin.] Industry; assiduity;
constancy in business; continuance of endeavour; uninter­
mitted application; the contrary to idleness.
Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me. 2 Tim. iv. 9.
Brethren, give diligence to make your calling and election
sure. 2 Pet. i. 10.

DI’LIGENT. adj. [diligens, Latin.]
1. Constant in application; persevering in endeavour; assiduous;
not idle; not negligent; not lazy.
Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand
before kings. Prov. xxii. 29.
2. Constantly applied; prosecuted with activity and perseve­
rance; assiduous.
And the judges shall make diligent inquisition. Deutr. xix.

DI’LIGENTLY. adv. [from diligent.] With assiduity; with
heed and perseverance; not carelessly; not idly; not negli­
gently.
If you inquire not attentively and diligently, you shall never
be able to discern a number of mechanical motions. Bacon.
The ancients have diligently examined in what consists the
beauty of good postures. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

DILL. n. s. [dile, Saxon.]
It hath a slender, fibrose, annual root: the leaves are like
those of fennel; the seeds are oval, plain, streaked, and bor­
dered.
Dill is raised of seed, which is ripe in August. Mortimer.

DILU’CID. adj. [dilucidus, Latin.]
1. Clear; plain; not opaque.
2. Clear; plain; not obscure.

To DILU’CIDATE. v. a. [from dilucidare, Latin.] To make
clear or plain; to explain; to free from obscurity.
I shall not traduce or extenuate, but explain and dilucidate,
according to the custom of the ancients. Brown's Vu. Err. Pr.

DILUCIDA’TION. n. s. [from dilucidatio.] The act of making
clear; explanation; exposition.

DI’LUENT. adj. [diluens, Latin.] Having the power to thin
and attenuate other matter.

DI’LUENT. n. s. [from the adjective.] That which thins other
matter.
There is no real diluent but water: every fluid is diluent, as
it contains water in it. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To DILU’TE v. a. [diluo, Latin.]
1. To make thin; to attenuate by the admixture of other parts.
Drinking a large dose of diluted tea, as she was ordered by
a physician, she got to bed. Locke.
The aliment ought to be thin to dilute, demulcent to tem­
per, or acid to subdue. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To make weak.
If the red and blue colours were more dilute and weak, the
distance of the images would be less than an inch; and if they
were more intense and full, that distance would be greater.
Newton's Opt. Pro. i. Th. 1.
The chamber was dark, lest these colours should be diluted
and weakened by the mixture of any adventitious light. Newt.

DILU’TER. n. s. [from dilute.] That which makes any thing
else thin.
Water is the only diluter, and the best dissolvent of most of
the ingredients of our aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DILU’TION. n. s. [dilutio, Lat.] The act of making any thing
thin or weak.
Opposite to dilution is coagulation, or thickening, which is
performed by dissipating the most liquid parts by heat, or by
insinuating some substances, which make the parts of the fluid
cohere more strongly. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DILU’VIAN. adj. [from diluvium, Lat.] Relating to the deluge.
Suppose that this diluvian lake should rise to the mountain
tops in one place, and not diffuse itself equally into all coun­
tries about. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

DIM

DIM. adj. dimme, Saxon; dy, Welsh; dow, Erse.]
1. Not having a quick sight; not seeing clearly.
For her true form, how can my spark discern,
Which, dim by nature, art did never clear? Davies.
2. Dull of apprehension.
The understanding is dim, and cannot by its natural light
discover spiritual truths. Rogers's Sermons.
3. Not clearly seen; obscure; imperfectly discovered.
We might be able to aim at some dim and seeming con­
ception, how matter might begin to exist by the power of that
eternal first Being. Locke.
Something, as dim to our internal view,
Is thus perhaps the cause of all we do. Pope, Epist. i.
4. Obstructing the act of vision; not luminous; somewhat
dark.
Her face right wond'rous fair did seem to be,
That her broad beauty's beam great brightness threw
Through the dim shade, that all men might it see. Fai. Qu.

To DIM. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To cloud; to darken; to hinder from a full perception of
light, and free exercise of vision.
As where the Almighty's lightning brand does light,
It dims the dazed eyen, and daunts the senses quite. Fa. Qu.
It hath been observed by the ancients, that much use of
Venus doth dim the sight; and yet eunuchs, which are unable
to generate, are nevertheless also dim sighted. Bacon's N. Hist.
Every one declares against blindness, and yet who almost is
not fond of that which dims his sight? Locke.
For thee I dim these eyes, and stuff this head,
With all such reading as was never read. Pope's Dunciad.
2. To make less bright; to obscure.
A ship that through the ocean wide,
By conduct of some star doth make her way,
When as a storm hath dimm'd her trusty guide,
Out of her course doth wander far astray. Spenser.
Sister, have comfort: all of us have cause
To wail the dimming of our shining star;
But none can help our harms by wailing them. Shak. R. III.
Thus while he spake, each passion dimm'd his face,
Thrice chang'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 114.

DIME’NSION. n. s. [dimensio, Latin.] Space contained in
any thing; bulk; extent; capacity. It is seldom used but in
the plural. The three dimensions are length, breadth, and depth.
He try'd
The tomb, and found the strait dimensions wide. Dryden.
My gentleman was measuring my walls, and taking the
dimensions of the room. Swift.

DIME’NSIONLESS. adj. [from dimension.] Without any definite
bulk.
In they pass'd
Dimensionless through heav'nly doors. Milton's Paradise Lost.

DIME’NSIVE. adj. [dimensus, Latin.] That which marks the
boundaries or outlines.
All bodies have their measure, and their space;
But who can draw the soul's dimensive lines? Davies.

DIMICA’TION. n. s. [dimicatio, Latin.] A battle; the act of
fighting; contest. Dict.

DIMIDIA’TION. n. s. [dimidiatio, Latin.] The act of halving;
division into two equal parts. Dict.

To DIMI’NISH. v. a. [diminuo, Latin.]
1. To make less by abscission or destruction of any part: the
opposite to increase.
That we call good which is apt to cause or increase pleasure,
or diminish pain in us. Locke.
2. To impair; to lessen; to degrade.
Impiously they thought
Thee to diminish, and from thee withdraw
The number of thy worshippers. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. To take any thing from that to which it belongs: the con­
trary to add.
Nothing was diminished from the safety of the king by the
imprisonment of the duke. Hayward.
Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you,
neither shall you diminish aught from it. Deut. iv. 2.

To DIMI’NISH. v. n. To grow less; to be impaired.
What judgment I had increases rather than diminishes; and
thoughts, such as they are, come crowding in so fast upon
me, that my only difficulty is to chuse or to reject. Dryden.


Crete's ample fields diminish to our eye;
Before the Boreal blasts the vessels fly. Pope's Odyssey.

DIMI’NISHINGLY. adv. [from diminish.] In a manner tending
to vilify, or lessen.
I never heard him censure, or so much as speak diminishingly
of any one that was absent. Locke.

DIMINU’TION. n. s. [diminutio, Latin.]
1. The act of making less; opposed to augmentation.
The one is not capable of any diminution or augmentation
at all by men; the other apt to admit both. Hooker, b. iii.
2. The state of growing less; opposed to increase.
The gravitating power of the sun is transmitted through
the vast bodies of the planets without any diminution, so as to
act upon all their parts, to their very centres, with the same
force, and according to the same laws, as if the part upon
which it acts were not surrounded with the body of the
planet. Newton's Opt.
Finite and infinite seem to be looked upon as the modes of
quantity, and to be attributed primarily to those things which
are capable of increase or diminution. Locke.
3. Discredit; loss of dignity; degradation.
Gladly to thee
Heroick laurel'd Eugene yields the prime;
Nor thinks it diminution to be rank'd
In military honour next. Phillips.
They might raise the reputation of another, though they
are a diminution to his. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
4. Deprivation of dignity; injury of reputation.
Make me wise by thy truth, for my own soul's salvation,
and I shall not regard the world's opinion or diminution of
me. King Charles.
5. [In architecture.] The contraction of the diameter of a
column, as it ascends.

DIMI’NUTIVE. adj. [diminutivus, Latin.] Small; little; nar­
row; contracted.
The poor wren,
The most diminutive of birds, will fight,
Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Shak. Macbeth.
It is the interest of mankind, in order to the advance of
knowledge, to be sensible they have yet attained it but in poor
and diminutive measure. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
The light of man's understanding is but a short, diminutive,
contracted light, and looks not beyond the present. South.
If the ladies should once take a liking to such a diminutive
race of lovers, we should, in a little time, see mankind epi­
tomized, and the whole species in miniature. Addis. Guardian.
They know how weak and aukward many of those little
diminitive discourses are. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

DIMI’NUTIVE. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A word formed to express littleness; as lapillus, in Latin, a
little stone; maisonette, in French, a little house; manniken, in
English, a little man.
He afterwards proving a dainty and effeminate youth, was
commonly called, by the diminutive of his name, Peterkin or
Perkin. Bacon's Henry VII.
Sim, while but Sim, in good repute did live;
Was then a knave, but in diminutive. Cotton.
2. A small thing: a sense not now in use.
Follow his chariot; monster-like, be shewn
For poor'st diminutives, for doits! Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.

DIMI’NUTIVELY. adv. [from diminutive.] In a diminutive
manner.

DIMI’NUTIVENESS. n. s. [from diminutive.] Smalness; little­
ness; pettyness; want of bulk; want of dignity.

DI’MISH. adj. [from dim.] Somewhat dim; somewhat ob­
scure.
'Tis true, but let it not be known,
My eyes are somewhat dimish grown;
For nature, always in the right,
To your decays adapts my sight. Swift.

DI’MISSORY. adj. [dimissorius, Latin.] That by which a man
is dismissed to another jurisdicton.
A bishop of another diocess ought neither to ordain or ad­
mit a clerk, with the consent of his own proper bishop, and
without the letters dimissory. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DI’MITTY. n. s. A fine kind of fustian, or cloath of cotton.
I directed a trowze of fine dimitty. Wiseman's Surgery.

DI’MLY. adv. [from dim.]
1. Not with a quick sight; not with a clear perception.
Unspeakable! who sitt'st above these heav'ns,
To us invisible, or dimly seen,
In these thy lowest works. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
2. Not brightly; not luminously.
In the beginning of our pumping the air, the match ap­
peared well lighted, though it had almost filled the receiver
with its plentiful fumes; but by degrees it burnt more and
more dimly. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
I saw th' angelick guards from earth ascend,
Griev'd they must now no longer man attend;
The beams about their temples dimly shone;
One would have thought the crime had been their own. Dry.

DI’MNESS. n. s. [from dim.]
1. Dulness of sight.
2. Want of apprehension; stupidity.
Answerable to this dimness of their perception was the whole
system and body of their religion. Decay of Piety.

DI’MPLE. n. s. [dint, a hole; dintle, a little hole; by a care­
less pronunciation dimple. Skinner.] The same cavity or
depression in the cheek or chin.
The dimple of the upper lip is the common measure of
them all. Grew's Cosm. Sac. b. i. c. 5.
In her forehead's fair half-round,
Love sits in open triumph crown'd;
He in the dimple of her chin,
In private state, by friends is seen. Prior.

To DI’MPLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To sink in small cavi­
ties, or little inequalities.
The wild waves master'd him, and suck'd him in,
And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
Eternal smiles his emptiness betray,
As shallow streams run dimpling all away. Pope, Epistle ii.

DI’MPLED. adj. [from dimple.] Set with dimples.
On each side her
Stood pretty dimpled boys like smiling Cupids. Sh. Ant. and Cl.

DI’MPLY. adj. [from dimple.] Full of dimples; sinking in
little inequalities.
As the smooth surface of the dimply flood,
The silver-slipper'd virgin lightly trod. Wharton's Isis.

DIN

DIN. n. s. [dyn, a noise; dynan, to make a noise, Sax. dyna,
to thunder, Islandick.] A loud noise; a violent and continued
sound.
And all the way he roared as he went,
That all the forest with astonishment
Thereof did tremble; and the beasts therein
Fled fast away from that so dreadful din. Hubberd's Tale.
O, 'twas a din to fright a monster's ear;
To make an earthquake: sure, it was the roar
Of a whole herd of lions. Shakespeare's Tempest.
While the cock with lively din
Scatters the rear of darkness thin,
And to the stack or the barn-door
Stoutly struts, his dame before. Milton.
Now night over heav'n
Inducing darkness, grateful truce impos'd,
And silence, on the odious din of war. Milton's Par. Lost.
How, while the troubled elements around,
Earth, water, air, the stunning din resound,
Through streams of smoak and adverse fire he rides,
While ev'ry shot is levell'd at his sides. Smith.
Some independent ideas, of no alliance to one another,
are, by education, custom, and the constant din of their party,
so coupled in their minds, that they always appear there toge­
ther. Locke.

To DIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To stun with noise; to harass with clamour.
Rather live
To bait thee for his bread, and din your ears
With hungry cries. Otway's Venice Preserved.
2. To impress with violent and continued noise.
What shall we do, if his majesty puts out a proclamation
commanding us to take Wood's half-pence? This hath been
often dinned in my ears. Swift.

To DINE. v. n. [diner, French.] To eat the chief meal about
the middle of the day.
Perhaps some merchant hath invited him,
And from the mart he's somewhere gone to dinner:
Good sister, let us dine, and never fret. Shakespeare.
Myself, he, and my sister,
To-day did dine together. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
He would dine with him the next day. Clarendon.
Thus, of your heroes and brave boys,
With whom old Homer makes such noise,
The greatest actions I can find,
Are, that they did their work and din'd. Prior.

To DINE. v. a. To give a dinner to; to feed.
Boil this restoring root in gen'rous wine,
And set beside the door the sickly stock to dine. Dryd. Virg.

DINE’TICAL. adj. [δινηιϰ.] Whirling round; vertiginous.
Some of late have concluded, from spots in the sun, which
appear and disappear again, that, besides the revolution it
maketh with its orbs, it hath also a dinetical motion, and rolls
upon its own poles. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.
A spherical figure is most commodious for dinetical motion,
or revolution upon its own axis. Ray on the Creation.

To DING. pret. dung. v. a. [dringen, Dutch.]
1. To dash with violence.
2. To impress with force.

To DING. v. n. To bluster; to bounce; to huff. A low word.
He huffs and dings at such a rate, because we will not spend
the little we have left to get him the title and estate of lord
Strut. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

DING-DONG. n. s. A word by which the sound of bells is
imitated.


Let us all ring fancy's knell;
Ding, dong bell. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

DI’NGLE. n. s. [from den, or din, a hollow, Saxon.] A hollow
between hills; a dale.
I know each lane, and every alley green,
Dingle or bushy dell of this wild wood;
And every bosky bourn from side to side,
My daily walks and ancient neighbourhood. Milton.

DINING-ROOM. n. s. [dine and room.] The principal apart­
ment of the house; the room where entertainments are made.
He went out from the dining-room before he had fallen into
errour by the intemperance of his meat, or the deluge of
drink. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

DI’NNER. n. s. [diner, French.] The chief meal; the meal
eaten about the middle of the day.
Let me not stay a jot for dinner:
Go, get it ready. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Before dinner and supper, as often as it is convenient, or
can be had, let the publick prayers of the church, or some
parts of them, be said publickly in the family. Taylor.
The jolly crew, unmindful of the past,
The quarry share, their plenteous dinner haste. Dryd. Æn.

DINNER-TIME. n. s. [dinner and time.] The time of dining.
At dinner-time,
I pray you, have in mind where we must meet. Shakespeare.
Then from the mint walks forth the man of rhyme,
Happy to catch me just at dinner-time. Pope, Epistle ii.

DINT. n. s. [dynt, Saxon.]
1. A blow; a stroke.
Much daunted with that dint, her sense was daz'd;
Yet kindling rage, herself she gather'd round. Fairy Queen.
Neither vainly hope
To be invulnerable in these bright arms,
Though temper'd heav'nly; for that mortal dint,
Save he who reigns above, none can resist. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. The mark made by a blow; the cavity remaining after a vio­
lent pressure.
Now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
He embrac'd her naked body o'er,
And, straining hard the statue, was afraid
His hands had made a dint and hurt the maid. Dryden.
3. Violence; force; power.
We are to wrest the whole Spanish monarchy out of the
hands of the enemy; and, in order to it, to work our way
into the heart of his country by dint of arms. Addison.
The dewlap'd bull now chafes along the plain,
While burning love ferments in ev'ry vein;
His well arm'd front against his rival aims,
And by the dint of war his mistress claims. Gay.

To DINT. v. a. [from the noun.] To mark with a cavity by
a blow, or violent impression.
With greedy force each other doth assail,
And strike so fiercely, that they do impress
Deep dinted furrows in the batter'd mails:
The iron walls to ward their blows are weak and frail. F. Q.
Leave, leave, fair bride, your solitary bone,
No more shall you return to it alone;
It nurseth sadness; and your body's print,
Like to a grave, the yielding down doth dint. Donne.
Deep dinted wrinkles on her cheeks she draws;
Sunk are her eyes, and toothless are her jaws. Dryd. Æn.

DINUMERA’TION. n. s. [dinumeratio, Lat.] The act of num­
bering out singly.

DIO

DIOCE’SAN. n. s. [from diocess.] A bishop as he stands related
to his own clergy or flock.
I have heard it has been advised by a diocesan to his inferior
clergy, that they should read some of the most celebrated ser­
mons printed by others, for the instruction of their con­
gregation. Tatler, No. 57.

DI’OCESS. n. s. [diœcesis. A Greek word compounded of διὰ
and ὄμησις.] The circuit of every bishop's jurisdiction;
for this realm has two divisions, one into shires or coun­
ties, in respect of temporal policy; another into diocess, in
respect of jurisdiction ecclesiastical. Cowel.
None ought to be admitted by any bishop, but such as have
dwelt and remained in his diocess a convenient time. Whitgift.
He should regard the bishop of Rome as the islanders of
Jersey and Guernsey do him of Constance in Normandy; that
is, nothing at all, since by that French bishop's refusal to swear
unto our king, those isles were annexed to the diocess of Win­
chester. Raleigh's Essays.
St. Paul looks upon Titus as advanced to the dignity of a
prince, ruler of the church, and intrusted with a large diocess,
containing many particular cities, under the immediate govern­
ment of their respective elders, and those deriving authority
from his ordination. South.

DIO’PTRICAL. n. s. [διάϖομαι.] Affording a medium for the
sight; assisting the sight in the view of dis­
tant objects.

DIO’PTRICK. n. s. [διάϖομαι.] Affording a medium for the
sight; assisting the sight in the view of dis­
tant objects.
Being excellently well furnished with dioptrical glasses, he
had not been able to see the sun spotted. Boyle.
View the asperities of the moon through a dioptrick glass,
and venture at the proportion of her hills by their shadows.
More's Antidote against Atheism.

DIO’PTRICKS. n. s. A part of opticks, treating of the dif­
ferent refractions of the light passing through different me­
diums; as the air, water, glasses, &c. Harris.

DIORTHRO’SIS. n. s. [διοϱϑϱωσις, of διοϱϑϱωό, to make strait.] A
chirurgical operation, by which crooked or distorted members
are made even, and restored to their primitive and regular
shape. Harris.

DIP

To DIP. v. a. particip. dipped, or dipt. [dippan, Saxon; doopen,
Dutch.]
1. To immerge; to put into any liquor.
The person to be baptized may be dipped in water; and such
an immersion or dipping ought to be made thrice, according
to the canon. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Old Corineus compass'd thrice the crew,
And dipp'd an olive-branch in holy dew,
Which thrice he sprinkl'd round, and thrice aloud
Invok'd the dead, and then dismiss'd the crowd. Dryd. Æn.
He turn'd a tyrant in his latter days,
And from the bright meridian where he stood,
Descending, dipp'd his hands in lovers blood. Dryd. Fables.
The kindred arts shall in their praise conspire;
One dip the pencil, and one string the lyre. Pope's Epistles.
Now on fancy's easy wing convey'd,
The king descended to th' Elysian shade;
There in a dusky vale, where Lethe rolls,
Old Bavius sits to dip poetick souls. Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.
So fishes rising from the main,
Can soar with moisten'd wings on high;
The moisture dry'd, they sink again,
And dip their wings again to fly. Swift.
2. To moisten; to wet.
And though not mortal, yet a cold shudd'ring dew
Dips me all o'er, as when the wrath of Jove
Speaks thunder. Milton.
3. To be engaged in any affair.
When men are once dipt, what with the encouragements
of sense, custom, facility, and shame of departing from what
they have given themselves up to, they go on 'till they are
stifled. L'Estrange, Fab. 126.
In Richard's time, I doubt, he was a little dipt in the re­
bellion of the commons. Dryden's Fables.
4. To engage as a pledge; generally used for the first mortgage.
Be careful still of the main chance, my son;
Put out the principal in trusty hands,
Live on the use, and never dip thy lands. Dryden's Pers.

To DIP. v. n. 
1. To sink; to immerge.
We have snakes in our cups, and in our dishes; and who­
ever dips too deep will find death in the pot. L'Estrange's Fab.
2. To enter; to pierce.
The vulture dipping in Prometheus' side,
His bloody beak with his torn liver dy'd. Granville.
3. To enter slightly into any thing.
When I think all the repetitions are struck out in a copy,
I sometimes find more upon dipping in the first volume. Pope.
4. To drop by chance into any mass; to chuse by chance.
With what ill thoughts of Jove art thou possess't?
Wouldst thou prefer him to some man? Suppose
I dipp'd among the worst, and Staius chose? Dryden's Pers.

DIPCHI’CK. n. s. [from dip and chick.] The name of a bird.
Dipchick is so named of his diving and littleness. Carew.

DIPE’TALOUS. adj. [δις and ϖέταλον.] Having two flower­
leaves.

DI’PPER. n. s. [from dip.] One that dips in the water.

DIPPING Needle. n. s. A device which shews a particular pro­
perty of the magnetick needle, so that, besides its polarity or
verticity, which is its direction of altitude, or height above
the horizon, when duly poised about an horizontal axis, it
will always point to a determined degree of altitude, or eleva­
tion above the horizon, in this or that place respectively. Phil.

DI’PHTHONG. n. s. [διφϑονγ.] A coalition of two vowels to
form one sound; as vain, leaf, Cæsar.
We see how many disputes the simple and ambiguous
nature of vowels created among grammarians, and how it has
begot the mistake concerning diphthongs: all that are properly
so are syllables, and not diphthongs, as is intended to be signi­
fied by that word. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Make a diphthong of the second eta and iota, instead of their
being two syllables, and the objection is gone.
Notes on the Iliad.

DI’PLOE. n. s. The inner plate or lamina of the skull.

DIPLO’MA. n. s. [διϖλωμα.] A letter or writing conferring
some privilege, so called because they used formerly to be
written on waxed tables, and folded together.



DI’PSAS. n. s. [Latin, from διψάω, to thirst.] A serpent, whose
bite produces the sensation of unquenchable thirst.
Scorpion, and asp, and amphisbœna dire,
Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear,
And dipsas. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 526.

DI’PTOTE. n. s. [διπωα.] A noun consisting of two cases
only. Clark.

DI’PTYCH. n. s. [diptycha, Latin.] A register of bishops and
martyrs.
The commemoration of saints was made out of the diptychs of
the church, as appears by multitudes of places in St. Austin. Still.

DIR

DIRE. adj. [dirus, Latin.] Dreadful; dismal; mournful; hor­
rible; terrible; evil in a great degree.
Your eye in Scotland
Would create soldiers, and make women fight,
To doff their dire distresses. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
More by intemperance die
In meats, and drinks, which on the earth shall bring
Diseases dire; of which a monstrous crew
Before thee shall appear. Milton's P. Lost, b. xi. l. 474.
Hydras, and gorgons, and chimæras dire. Milton.
Or what the cross, dire-looking planet smites,
Or hurtful worm with canker'd venom bites. Milton.
Dire was the tossing, deep the groans, despair
Tended the sick. Milton.
Discord! dire sister of the slaughtered pow'r,
Small at her birth, but rising ev'ry hour;
While scarce the skies her horrid head can bound,
She stalks on earth, and shakes the world around. Pope's Il.

DIRE’CT. adj. [directus, Latin.]
1. Strait, not crooked.
2. Not oblique.
The ships would move in one and the same surface; and
consequently must needs encounter when they either advance
towards one another in direct lines, or meet in the intersection
of cross lines. Bentley's Serm.
3. [In astronomy.] Appearing to an eye on earth to move pro­
gressively through the zodiac, not retrograde.
Two geomantic figures were display'd,
Above his head, a warrior and a maid,
One when direct, and one when retrograde. Dryd. Fab.
4. Not collateral, as the grandson succeeds his grandsire in a
direct line.
5. Apparently tending to some end.
Such was as then the state of the king, as it was no time
by direct means to seek her. And such was the state of his
captivated will, as he would delay no time of seeking her. Sid.
He that does this, will be able to cast off all that is super­
fluous; he will see what is pertinent, what coherent, what is
direct to, what slides by the question. Locke.
6. Open; not ambiguous.
There be, that are in nature faithful and sincere, and plain
and direct; not crafty and involved. Bacon's Essay, 21.
7. Plain; express.
He no where, that I know, says it in direct words. Locke.

To DIRE’CT. v. a. [dirigo, directum, Latin.]
1. To aim in a strait line.
Two eagles from a mountain's height,
By Jove's command direct their rapid flight. Pope's Od.
2. To point against as a mark.
The spear flew hissing through the middle space,
And pierc'd his throat, directed at his face. Dryd. Æn.
3. To regulate; to adjust.
It is not in man that walketh to direct his steps. Jer. x. 23.
Wisdom is profitable to direct. Ecclus. x. 10.
All that is in a man's power, is to mind what the ideas are
that take their turns in his understanding; or else to direct and
sort, and call in such as he desires. Locke.
4. To prescribe certain measure; to mark out a certain course.
He directeth it under the whole heavens, and his lightening
unto the ends of the earth. Job xxxvii. 3.
5. To order; to command

DIRE’CTER. n. s. [director, Latin.]
1. One that directs; one that prescribes.
2. An instrument that serves to guide any manual operation.

DIRE’CTION. n. s. [directio, Latin.]
1. Aim at a certain point.
The direction of good works to a good end, is the only prin­
ciple that distinguishes charity. Smalridge's Serm.
2. Motion impressed by a certain impulse.
These mens opinions are not the product of judgment, or
the consequence of reason; but the effects of chance and ha­
zard, of a mind floating at all adventures, without choice, and
without direction. Locke.
No particle of matter, nor any combination of particles,
that is, no body can either move of itself, or of itself alter the
direction of its motion. Cheyney.
3. Order; command; prescription.
From the counsel that St. Jerome giveth Læta, of taking
heed how the read the apocrypha; as also by the help of other
learned mens judgments, delivered in like case, we may take
direction. Hooker, b. 5. s. 20.
Ev'n now
I put myself to thy direction. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He needs not our mistrust, since he delivers
Our offices, and what we have to do,
To the direction just. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The nobles of the people digged it by the direction of the
law-giver. Numb. xxi. 18.
Mens passions and God's direction seldom agree. K. Charles.
All nature is but art unknown to thee,
All chance, direction which thou can'st not see. Pope's Ess.
General directions for scholastic disputers, is never to dispute
upon mere trifles. Watts's Improv. Mind, p. 113.

DIRE’CTIVE. n. s. [from direct.]
1. Having the power of direction.
A law therefore generally taken, is a directive rule unto
goodness of operation. Hooker, b. 1. s. 7.
A power of command there is without all question, tho'
there be some doubt in what faculty this command doth prin­
cipally reside, whether in the will or the understanding. The
true resolution is, that the directive command for counsel is in
the understanding; and the applicative command, or empire,
for putting in execution of what is directed, is in the will.
Bramh. against Hobbs.
On the directive powers of the former, and the regularity
of the latter, whereby it is capable of direction, depends the
generation of all bodies. Grew's Cosm. Sac. b. ii. c. 1.
2. Informing; shewing the way.
Nor visited by one directive ray,
From cottage streaming, or from airy hall. Thoms. Aut.

DIRE’CTLY. adj. [from direct.]
1. In a strait line; rectilineally.
The more a body is nearer to the eyes, and the more directly
it is opposed to them, the more it is enlightened; because the
light languishes and lessens the farther it removes from its pro­
per source. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
There was no other place assigned to any of this matter,
than that whereinto its own gravity bore it, which was only
directly downwards, whereby it obtained that place in the
globe which was just underneath. Woodward's N. Hist. p. 4.
If the refracted ray be returned directly back to the point of
incidence, it shall be refracted by the incident ray. Newt. Opt.
2. Immediately; apparently; without circumlocution; without
any long train of consequence.
Insidels being clean without the church, deny directly and
utterly reject the very principles of christianity, which hereticks
embrace, and erroneously by misconstruction. Hooker, b. ii. s. 1.
No man hath hitherto been so impious, as plainly and
directly to condemn prayer. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
By asserting the scripture to be the canon of our faith, I
have unavoidably created to myself enemies in the papists
directly, because they have kept the scripture from us what
they could, and have reserved to themselves a right of inter­
preting them. Dryden's Pref. Rel. Laici.
His work directly tends to raise sentiments of honour and
virtue in his readers. Addison's Freeholder.
No reason can possibly be assigned, why it is best for the
world that God Almighty hath such a power, which doth
not directly prove that no mortal man should have the
like. Swift on the Sent of a Ch. of Engl. Man.

DIRE’CTNESS. n. s. [from direct.] Straitness; tendency to any
point; the nearest way.
They argued from celestial causes only, the constant vici­
nity of the sun, and the directness of his rays; never suspect­
ing that the body of the earth had so great an efficiency in the
changes of the air. Bentley's Serm.

DIRE’CTOR. n. s. [director, Latin.]
1. One that has authority over others; a superintendent; one
that has the general management of a design or work.
Himself stood director over them, with nodding or stamping,
shewing he did like or mislike those things he did not under­
stand. Sidney, b. i.
In all affairs thou sole director. Swift's Miscel.
What made directors cheat in south sea year? Pope's Ep.
2. A rule; an ordinance.
Common forms were not design'd
Directors to a noble mind. Swift's Miscel.
3. An instructor; one who shews the proper methods of pro­
ceeding.
They are glad to use such as counsellors and directors in all
their dealings which are of weight, as contracts, testaments.
Hooker's Pref.
4. One who is consulted in cases of conscience.
I am her director and her guide in spiritual affairs. Dryd. Sp. Fr.
5. An instrument in surgery, by which the hand is guided in its
operation.
The manner of opening with a knife, is by sliding it on
a director, the groove of which prevents its being mis­
guided. Sharp's Surgery.

DIRE’CTORY. n. s. [from director.] The book which the
factious preachers published in the rebellion for the direction of
their sect in acts of worship.
As to the ordinance concerning the directory, we cannot


consent to the taking away of the book of common
prayer. Oxford Reasons against the Cov.

DI’REFUL. adj. [This word is frequent among the poets, but
has been censured as not analogical; all other words com­
pounded with full consisting of a substantive and full, as dread­
ful, or full of dread; joyful, or full of joy.] Dire; dreadful;
dismal.
Point of spear it never piercen would,
Ne dint of direful sword, divide the substance could. Fa. Qu.
But yet at last, whereas the direful fiend,
She saw not stir, off shaking vain affright,
She nigher drew, and saw that joyous end;
Then God she pray'd, and thank'd her faithful knight. Fa. Qu.
Direful hap betide that hated wretch
That makes us wretched by the death of thee. Sh. K. Rich.
The voice of God himself speaks in the heart of men, whe­
ther they understand it or no; and by secret intimations
gives the sinner a foretaste of that direful cup, which he is
like to drink more deeply of hereafter. South's Serm.
I curs'd the direful author of my woes:
'Twas told again, and thence my ruin rose. Dryden.
The wrath of Peleus' son, the direful spring
Of all the Grecian woes, O goddess, sing. Pope.

DI’RENESS. n. s. [from dire.] Dismalness; horror; hideousness.
Direness, familiar to my slaught'rous thoughts,
Cannot once start me. Shakesp. Macb.

DIRE’PTION, n. s. [direptio, Lat.] the act of plundering.

DIRGE. [This is not a contraction of the Latin dirige, in the
popish hymn dirige gressus meos, as some pretend; but from the
Teutonic dyrke, laudare, to praise and extol. Whence it is
possible their dyrke, and our dirge, was a laudatory song to
commemorate and applaud the dead. Verstegan. Bacon apparently
derives it from dirige.] A mournful ditty; a song of lamenta­
tion.
Th' imperial jointress of this warlike state,
Have we, as 'twere, with a defeated joy,
With mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage,
In equal scale weighing delight and dole,
Taken to wife. Shakesp. Haml.
Mean while the body of Richard, after many indignities
and reproaches, the dirigies and obsequies of the common
people towards tyrants, was obscurely buried. Bacon's Hen. VII.
You from above shall hear each day,
One dirge dispatch'd unto your clay,
These your own anthems shall become,
Your lasting epicedium. Sandy's Paraph.
All due measures of her mourning kept,
Did office at the dirge, and by infection wept. Dryd. Sigis.

DI’RIGENT. adj. [dirigens, Latin.]
The dirigent line in geometry is that along which the line
is carried in the generation of any figure. Harris.

DIRK. n. s. [an Earse word.] A kind of dagger used in the
Highlands of Scotland.
In vain thy hungry mountaineers
Come forth in all their warlike geers,
The shield, the pistol, dirk, and dagger,
In which they daily wont to swagger. Tickell.

To DIRKE, v. a. To spoil; to ruin. Obsolete.
Thy waste bigness but cumbers the ground,
And dirkes the beauties of my blossoms round. Sp. Past.

DIRT. n. s. [dryt, Dutch, dirt, Islandic.] Mud; filth; mire;
any thing that sticks to the cloaths or body.
They gilding dirt, in noble verse
Rustick philosophy rehearse. Denham.
Numbers engage their lives and labours, to heap together
a little dirt, that shall bury them in the end. Wake's Pr.
They all assured me that the sea rises as high as ever, tho'
the great heaps of dirt it brings along with it are apt to choak
up the shallows. Addison.
Mark by what wretched steps their glory grows;
From dirt and sea-weed as proud Venice rose:
In each how guilt and greatness equal ran,
And all that rais'd the hero sunk the man. Pope's Ess.
Is yellow dirt the passion of thy life?
Look but on Gripus, or on Gripus' wife. Pope's Ess.
2. Meanness; sordidness.

To DIRT. v. a. [from the noun.] To foul; to bemire; to
make filthy; to bedawb; to soil; to pollute; to nasty.
Ill company is like a dog, who dirts those most whom he
loves best. Swift's Th. on var. Subj.

DIRT-PIE. n. s. [dirt and pie.] Forms moulded by children of
clay, in imitation of pastry.
Thou set'st thy heart upon that which has newly left off
making of dirt-pies, and is but preparing itself for a green­
sickness. Suckling.

DI’RTILY. adv. [from dirty.]
1. Nastily; foully; filthily.
2. Meanly; sordidly; shamefully.
Such gold as that wherewithal
Almighty chimiques from each mineral
Are dirtily and desperately gull'd. Donne.

DI’RTINESS. n. s. [from dirty.]
1. Nastiness; filthiness; foulness.
2. Meanness; baseness; sordidness.

DI’RTY. adj. [from dirt.]
1. Foul; nasty; filthy.
Thy Dol and Helen of thy noble thoughts
Is in base durance, and contagious prison,
Haul'd thither by mechanic, dirty hands. Sh. Hen. IV.
2. Sullied; not elegant.
Pound an almond, and the clear white colour will be alter­
ed into a dirty one, and the sweet taste into an oily one. Locke.
3. Mean; base; despicable.
Such employments are the diseases of labour, and the rust
of time, which it contracts not by lying still, but by dirty
employment. Taylor's Holy Living.
Marriages would be made up upon more natural motives
than meer dirty interests, and increase of riches without mea­
sure or end. Temple's Miscellanies.
They come at length to grow sots and epicures, mean in
their discourses, and dirty in their practices. South's Serm.

To DI’RTY. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To foul; to soil.
The Lords Strutts lived generously, and never used to dirty
their fingers with pen, ink, and counters. Arburth. Hist. Bull.
2. To disgrace; to scandalize.

DI’RUPTION. n. s. [diruptio, Latin.]
1. The act of bursting, or breaking.
2. The state of bursting, or breaking.

DIS

DIS. An inseparable particle used in composition, implying
commonly a privative or negative signification of the word
to which it is joined; as to arm, to disarm; to join, to disjoin.
It is borrowed from des, used by the French and Spaniards in
the sense; as desnouer, to untie; desterrar, to banish; from the
Latin de; as struo, to build; destruo, to destroy.

DISABI’LITY. n. s. [from disable.]
1. Want of power to do any thing; weakness; impotence.
Our consideration of creatures, and attention unto scriptures,
are not in themselves things of like disability to breed or beget
faith. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
Many withdrew themselves out of pure faintness, and dis­
ability to attend the conclusion. Raleigh's Hist. World.
He that knows most of himself, knows least of his know­
ledge, and the exercised understanding is conscious of its
disability. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.
The ability of mankind does not lie in the impotency or
disabilities of brutes. Locke.
2. Want of proper qualifications for any purpose; legal impe­
diment.
A suit is commenced in a temporal court for an inheritance,
and the defendant pleads in disability, that the plaintiff is
a bastard. Ayliffe's Parergon.
It is true, indeed, that this disadvantage which the dissen­
ters at present lie under, of a disability to receive church pre­
ferments, will be easily remedied by the repeal of the
test. Swift's Adv. Rep. Sacr. Test.

To DISA’BLE. v. a. [dis and able.]
1. To deprive of natural force; to weaken; to crush.
The invasion of the Scots, and rebellion of the barons, did
not only disable this king to be a conqueror, but deprived him
both of his kingdom and life. Davies's Ireland.
Nor so is overcome
Satan, whose fall from heav'n, a deadlier bruise
Disabled not to give thee thy death's wound. Milt. P. Lost.
A christian's life is a perpetual exercise a wrestling and war­
fare, for which sensual pleasure disables him, by yielding to that
enemy with whom he must strive. Taylor's Holy Living.
2. To impair; to diminish.
'Tis not unknown to you Anthonio,
How much I have disabled mine estate,
By shewing something a more swelling port
Than my faint means would grant continuance. Shakespeare.
3. To make unactive.
I have known a great fleet disabled for two months, and
thereby lose great occasions by an indisposition of the ad­
miral. Temple.
4. To deprive of usefulness or efficacy.
Farewel, Monsieur Traveller; look you lisp, and wear
strange suits; disable all the benefits of your own country. Sh.
Your days I will alarm, I'll haunt your nights,
And worse than age disable your delights. Dryden's Aurenzebe.
5. To exclude as wanting proper qualifications.
I will not disable any for proving a scholar, nor yet dis­
semble that I have seen many happily forced upon the course,
to which by nature they seem much indisposed. Wotton.

To DISABU’SE. v. a. [dis and abuse.] To set free from a mis­
take; to disentangle from a fallacy; to set right; to undeceive.
The imposture and fallacy of our senses impose not only
on common heads, but even more refined mercuries, who have
the advantages of an improved reason to disabuse you. Glanv.
Those teeth fair Lyce must not show,
If she would bite her lovers: though
Like birds they stoop at seeming grapes,
Are disabus'd, when first she gapes. Waller.


If by simplicity you meant a general defect in those that
profess angling, I hope to disabuse you. Waller's Angler.
Chaos of thought and passion, all confus'd;
Still by himself abus'd, or disabus'd. Pope's Ess. on Man.

DISACCOMMODA’TION. n. s. [dis and accommodation.] The
state of being unfit or unprepared.
Devastations have happened in some places more than in
others, according to the accommodation or disaccommodation of
them to such calamities. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.

To DISACCU’STOM. v. a. [dis and accustom.] To destroy the
force of habit by disuse or contrary practice.

DISACQUA’INTANCE. n. s. [dis and acquaintance.] Disuse of
familiarity.
Conscience, by a long neglect of, and disacquaintance with
itself, contracts an inveterate rust or soil. South.

DISADVA’NTAGE. n. s. [dis and advantage.]
1. Loss; injury to interest; as, he sold to disadvantage.
2. Diminution of any thing desirable, as credit, fame, honour.
Our old English poet, Chaucer, in many things resembled
Ovid, and that with no disadvantage on the side of the modern
author. Dryden's Fab. Pref.
The most shining merit goes down to posterity with disad­
vantage, when it is not placed by writers in its proper
light. Addison's Freeholder.
Those parts already published give reason to think, that
the Iliad will appear with no disadvantage to that immortal
poem. Addison's Freeholder.
Their testimony will not be of much weight to its disad­
vantage, since they are liable to the common objection of con­
demning what they did not understand. Swift.
3. A state not prepared for defence.
But all in vain; no fort can be so strong,
Ne fleshly breast can armed be so sound,
But will at last be won with batt'ry long,
Or unawares at disadvantage found. Fairy Queen.

To DISADVA’NTAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To injure in in­
terest of any kind.
All other violences are so far from advancing christianity,
that they extremely weaken and disadvantage it. Decay of Piety.

DISADVA’NTAGEABLE. adj. [from disadvantage.] Contrary to
profit; producing loss. A word not used.
In clearing of a man's estate, he may as well hurt himself in
being too sudden, as in letting it run on too long; for hasty
selling is commonly as disadvantageable as interest. Bacon's Ess.

DISADVANTA’GEOUS. adj. [from disadvantage.] Contrary to in­
terest; contrary to convenience; unfavourable.
A multitude of eyes will narrowly inspect every part of him,
consider him nicely in all views, and not be a little pleased
when they have taken him in the worst and most disadvanta­
geous lights. Add. Spect. No. 256.

DISADVANTA’GEOUSLY. adv. [from disadvantageous.] In a
manner contrary to interest or profit; in a manner not favour­
able to any useful end.
An approving nod or smile serves to drive you on, and
make you display yourselves more disadvantageously. Gov. Ton.

DISADVANTA’GEOUSNESS. n. s. [from disadvantageous.] Con­
trariety to profit; inconvenience; mischief; loss.

DISADVE’NTUROUS. adj. [dis and adventurous.] Unhappy;
unprosperous.
Now he hath left you here,
To be the record of his rueful loss,
And of my doleful disadventurous death. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To DISAFFE’CT. v. a. [dis and affect.] To fill with discon­
tent; to discontent; to make less faithful or zealous.
They had attempted to disaffect and discontent his majesty's
late army. Clarendon.

DISAFFE’CTED. part. adj. [from disaffect.] Not disposed to
zeal or affection. Usually applied to those who are enemies to
the government.
By denying civil worship to the emperor's statues, which the
custom then was to give, they were proceeded against as dis­
affected to the emperor. Stilling. Def. of Dis. on Ro. Idol.

DISAFFE’CTEDLY. adv. [from disaffected.] After a disaffected
manner.

DISAFFE’CTEDNESS. n. s. [from disaffected.] The quality of being
disaffected.

DISAFFE’CTION. n. s. [from disaffect.] Want of zeal for the
government; want of ardour for the reigning prince.
In this age, every thing disliked by those who think with
the majority, is called disaffection. Swift.

DISAFFI’RMANCE. n. s. [dis and affirm.] Confutation; ne­
gation.
That kind of reasoning which reduceth the opposite conclu­
sion to something that is apparently absurd, is a demonstration
in disaffirmance of any thing that is affirmed. Hale's Or. of Man.

To DISAFFO’REST. v. a. [dis and forest.] To throw open to
common purposes; to reduce from the privileges of a forest to
the state of common ground.
The commissioners of the treasury moved the king to dis­
afforest some forests of his, explaining themselves of such fo­
rests as lay out of the way, not near any of the king's
houses. Bacon.
How happy's he, which hath due place assign'd
To his beasts; and disafforested his mind? Donne.

To DISAGR’EE. v. n. [dis and agree.]
1. To differ; not to be the same.
The mind clearly and infallibly perceives all distinct ideas to
disagree; that is, the one not to be the other. Locke.
2. To differ; not to be of the same opinion.
Why both the bands in worship disagree,
And some adore the flow'r, and some the tree. Dry Fl. and L.
3. To be in a state of opposition: followed by from or with,
before the opposite.
It containeth many improprieties, disagreeing almost in all
things from the true and proper description. Brown's V. Er.
Strange it is, that they reject the plainest sense of scrip­
ture, because it seems to disagree with what they call
reason. Atterbury's Sermons.

DISAGREE’ABLE. adj. [from disagree.]
1. Contrary; unsuitable.
Some demon, an enemy to the Greeks, had forced her to a
conduct disagreeable to her sincerity. Pope's Od. b. iv. notes.
2. Unpleasing; offensive.
To make the sense of esteem or disgrace sink the deeper,
and be of the more weight, either agreeable or disagreeable
things should constantly accompany these different states. Locke.

DISAGREE’ABLENESS. n. s. [from disagreeable.]
1. Unsuitableness; contrariety.
2. Unpleasantness; offensiveness.
A father will hug and embrace his beloved son for all the
dirt and foulness of his cloaths; the dearness of the person
easily apologizing for the disagreeableness of the habit. South's S.

DISAGREE’MENT. n. s. [from disagree.]
1. Difference; dissimilitude; diversity; not identity.
These carry such plain and evident notes and characters,
either of disagreement or affinity with one another, that the
several kinds of them are easily known and distinguish­
ed. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
2. Difference of opinion; contrariety of sentiments.
They seemed one to cross another, as touching their seve­
ral opinions about the necessity of sacraments, whereas in truth
their disagreement is not great. Hooker, b. v. s. 57.

To DISALLO’W. v. a. [dis and allow.]
1. To deny authority to any.
When, said she,
Were those first councils disallow'd by me?
Or where did I at sure tradition strike,
Provided still it were apostolic. Dryd. Hind. and Panth.
2. To consider as unlawful; not to permit an act.
Their usual kind of disputing sheweth, that they do not
disallow only these Romish ceremonies which are unprofitable,
but count all unprofitable which are Romish. Hooker.
3. To censure by some posterior act.
It was known that the most eminent of those who professed
his own principles, publickly disallowed his proceedings. Sw.
4. Not to justify.
There is a secret, inward foreboding fear, that some evil or
other will follow the doing of that which a man's own con­
science disallows him in. South's Serm.

To DISALLOW. v. n. To refuse permission; not to grant; not
to make lawful.
God doth in converts, being married, allow continuance
with infidels, and yet disallow that the faithful, when they are
free, should enter into bonds of wedlock with such. Hooker.

DISALLO’WABLE. adj. [from disallow.] Not allowable; not to
be suffered.

DISALLO’WANCE. n. s. [from disallow.] Prohibition.
God accepts of a thing suitable for him to receive, and for
us to give, where he does not declare his refusal and disallow­
ance of it. South's Serm.

To DIS’ANCHOR. v. a. [from dis and anchor.] to drive a ship
from its anchor.

To DISANIMA’TE. v. a. [dis and animate.]
1. To deprive of life.
2. To discourage; to deject; to depress.
The presence of a king engenders love amongst his sub­
jects, and his loyal friends, as it disanimates his ene­
mies. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
He was confounded and disanimated at his presence, and
added, how can the servant of my lord talk with my lord?
Boyle's Seraph. Love.

DISANIMA’TION. n. s. [from disanimate.] Privation of life.
They cannot in reason retain that apprehension after death,
as being affections which depend on life, and depart upon dis­
animation. Brown's Vulg. Er. b. iii. l. 10.

To DISANNU’L. v. a. [dis and annul. This word is formed
contrary to analogy by those who not knowing the meaning of
the word annul, intended to form a negative sense by the need­
less use of the negative particle. It ought therefore to be re­
jected as ungrammatical and barbarous.] To annul; to de­
prive of authority; to vacate; to make null; to make void;
to nullify.


The Jews ordinances for us to resume, were to check our
Lord himself, which hath disannulled them. Hooker, b. iv. §. 11.
That gave him power of disannulling of laws, and disposing
of mens fortunes and estates, and the like points of absolute
power, being in themselves harsh and odious. Bacon, Hen. VII.
To be in both worlds full,
Is more than God was, who was hungry here:
Wouldst thou his laws of fasting disannul? Herbert.
Wilt thou my judgments disannul? Defame
My equal rule, to clear thyself of blame? Sandys.

DISANNU’LMENT. n. s. [from disannul.] The act of making
void.

To DISAPPE’AR. v. n. [disparoitre, French.] To be lost to
view; to vanish out of sight; to fly; to go away.
She disappear'd, and left me dark! I wak'd
To find her, or for ever to deplore. Milton's Parad. Lost.
When the night and winter disappear,
The purple morning, rising with the year,
Salutes the Spring. Dryden.
The pictures drawn in our minds are laid in fading colours,
and, if not sometimes refreshed, vanish and disappear. Locke.
Criticks I saw, that other names deface,
And fix their own with labour in their place;
Their own, like others, soon their place resign'd,
Or disappear'd, and left the first behind. Pope's Tem. of Fame.

To DISAPPO’INT. v. a. [dis and appoint.]
1. To defeat of expectation; to balk; to hinder from something
expected.
The superior Being can defeat all his designs, and dis­
appoint all his hopes. Tillotson, Sermon i.
Whilst the champion, with redoubled might,
Strikes home the jav'lin, his retiring foe
Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the blow. Addison.
There's nothing like surprising the rogues: how will they
be disappointed, when they hear that thou hast prevented their
revenge. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
We are not only tortured by the reproaches which are of­
fered us, but are disappointed by the silence of men when it is
unexpected, and humbled even by their praises. Addis. Spectat.
2. It has of before the thing lost by disappointment.
The Janizaries, disappointed by the bassas of the spoil of the
merchants, especially Christians and Jews, received of the
bounty of Solyman a great largess. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

DISAPPO’INTMENT. n. s. [from disappoint.] Defeat of hopes;
miscarriage of expectations.
It is impossible for us to know what are calamities, and what
are blessings: how many accidents have passed for misfortunes,
which have turned to the welfare and prosperity of the persons
in whose lot they have fallen? How many disappointments have,
in their consequences, saved a man from ruin? Spectator.
If we hope for things, of which we have not thoroughly
considered the value, our disappointment will be greater than
our pleasure in the fruition of them. Addison's Spectator.

DISAPPROB’ATION. n. s. [dis and approbation.] Censure; con­
demnation; expression of dislike.
Pope was obliged to publish his letters, to shew his dis­
approbation of the publishing of others written in his youth.
Pope to Swift.

To DISAPPRO’VE. v. a. [disapprover, French.] To dislike;
to censure; to find fault with.
I reason'd much, alas! but more I lov'd;
Sent and recall'd, ordain'd and disapprov'd. Prior.
Without good breeding, truth is disapprov'd;
That only makes superior sense belov'd. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
A project for a treaty of barrier with the States was trans­
mitted hither from Holland, and was disapproved of by our
court. Swift.

DI’SARD. n. s. [disi disig, Saxon, a fool, Skinner; diseur,
French, Junius.] A prattler; a boasting talker. This word
is inserted both by Skinner and Junius; but I do not remem­
ber it.

To DISA’RM. v. a. [desarmer, French.]
1. To spoil or divest of arms; to deprive of arms.
I am still the same,
By different ways still moving to one fame;
And by disarming you, I now do more
To save the town, than arming you before. Dryd. In. Emp.
2. It has of before the arms taken away.
They would be immediately disarmed of their great maga­
zine of artillery. Locke.

To DISARRA’Y. v. a. [dis and array.] To undress any one;
to divest of cloaths.
So, as she bad, the witch they disarray'd. Fairy Queen.
Now night is come, now soon her disarray,
And in her bed her lay. Spenser's Epithalamium.

DISARRA’Y. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Disorder; confusion; loss of the regular order of battle.
He returned towards the river, to prevent such danger as
the disarray, occasioned by the narrowness of the bridge, might
cast upon them. Hayward.
Disarray and shameful rout ensue,
And force is added to the fainting crew. Dryden's Fables.
2. Undress.

DISA’STER. n. s. [desastre, French.]
1. The blast or stroke of an unfavourable planet.
Stars shone with trains of fire, dews of blood fall;
Disasters veil'd the sun; and the moist star,
Upon whose influence Neptune's empire stands,
Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Misfortune; grief; mishap; misery; calamity.
This day black omens threat the brightest fair,
That e'er deserv'd a watchful spirit's care,
Some dire disaster, or by force or slight;
But what, or where, the fates have wrapt in night. Pope.

To DISA’STER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To blast by the stroke of an unfavourable star.
Ah, chaste bed of mine, said she, which never heretofore
couldst accuse me of one defiled thought, how canst thou now
receive that disastered changling? Sidney, b. ii.
2. To afflict; to mischief.
These are the holes where eyes should be, which pitifully
disaster the cheeks. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
In his own fields, the swain
Disaster'd stands. Thomson's Winter, l. 280.

DISA’STROUS. adj. [from disaster.]
1. Unlucky; not fortunate.
That day seemeth a most disastrous day to the Scots, not
only in regard of this overthrow, but for that upon the same
day they were in like sort defeated by the English at Flooden­
field. Hayward.
2. Unhappy; calamitous; miserable; struck with affliction.
Then Juno, pitying her disastrous fate,
Send Iris down, her pangs to mitigate. Denham.
Immediately after his return from this very expedition, such
disastrous calamities befel his family, that he burnt two of his
children himself. South's Sermons.
Fly the pursuit of my disastrous love,
And from my unhappy neighbourhood remove. Dryd. Auren.
3. Gloomy; threatning misfortune.
The moon,
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds
On half the nations. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 597.

DISA’STROUSLY. adv. [from disastrous.] In a dismal manner.

DISA’STROUSNESS. n. s. [from disastrous.] Unluckiness; un­
fortunateness. Dict.

To DISAVOU’CH. v. a. [dis and avouch.] To retract profes­
sion; to disown.
Thereupon they flatly disavouch,
To yield him more obedience or support. Daniel's C. War.

To DISAVO’W. v. a. [dis and avow.] To disown; to deny
knowledge of; to deny concurrence in any thing.
The heirs and posterity of them which yielded the same,
are, as they say, either ignorant thereof, or do wilfully deny,
or stedfastly disavow it. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The English, that knew his noble spirit, did believe his
name was therein abused, which he manifested to be true by
disavowing it openly afterwards. Hayward.
To deal in person is good, when a man's face breedeth re­
gard, and generally when a man will reserve to himself liberty
either to disavow or to expound. Bacon, Essay 48.
A man that acts below his rank, doth but disavow fortune,
and seemeth to be conscious of his own want in worth, and
doth but teach others to envy him. Bacon, Essay 9.
He only does his conquest disavow,
And thinks too little what they found too much. Dryden.
We are reminded by the ceremony of taking an oath, that
it is a part of that obedience which we learn from the gospel,
expresly to disavow all evasions and mental reservations what­
soever. Addison's Freeholder.

DISAVO’WAL. n. s. [from disavow.] Denial.
An earnest disavowal of fear, often proceeds from fear.
Clarissa.

DISAVO’WMENT. n. s. [from disavow.] Denial.
As touching the Tridentine history, his holiness will not
press you to any disavowment thereof. Wotton.

To DISAU’THORISE. v. a. [dis and authorise.] To deprive of
credit or authority.
The obtrusion of such particular instances as these, are
insufficient to disauthorise a note grounded upon the final in­
tention of nature. Wotton.

To DISBA’ND. v. a. [dis and band.]
1. To dismiss from military service; to break up an army; to
dismiss soldiers from their colours.
They disbanded themselves, and returned every man to his
own dwelling. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Pythagoras bids us in our station stand,
'Till God, our general, shall us disband. Denham.
This if you do, to end all future strife,
I am content to lead a private life;
Disband my army to secure the state. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Bid him disband his legions,
Restore the commonwealth to liberty. Addison's Cato.
2. To spread abroad; to scatter.
Some imagine that a quantity of water, sufficient to make


such a deluge, was created upon that occasion; and, when the
business was done, all disbanded again, and annihilated. Woodw.

To DISBA’ND. v. n. To retire from military service; to sepa­
rate; to break up.
Our navy was upon the point of disbanding, and many of
our men come ashore. Bacon's War with Spain.
The rang'd pow'rs
Disband, and wand'ring, each his several way
Pursues. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 525.
The common soldiers, and inferior officers, should be fully
paid upon their disbanding. Clarendon.
Were it not for some small remainders of piety and virtue,
which are yet left scattered among mankind, human society
would in a short space disband and run into confusion, and
the earth would grow wild and become a forest. Tillotson.

To DISBA’RK. v. a. [debarquer, French.] To land from a
ship; to put on shore.
Together sail'd they, fraught with all the things
To service done by land that might belong,
And, when occasion serv'd, disbarked them. Fairfax, b. i.
The ship we moor on these obscure abodes;
Disbark the sheep, an offering to the gods. Pope's Odyssey.

DISBELI’EF. n. s. [from disbelieve.] Refusal of credit; denial
of belief.
Our belief or disbelief of a thing does not alter the nature
of the thing. Tillotson's Sermons.

To DISBELI’EVE. v. a. [dis and believe.] Not to credit;
not to hold true.
The thinking it impossible his sins should be forgiven,
though he should be truly penitent, is a sin, but rather of infi­
delity than despair; it being the disbelieving of an eternal truth
of God's. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
Such, who profess to disbelieve a future state, are not always
equally satisfied with their own reasonings. Atterbury.
From a fondness to some vices, which the doctrine of futu­
rity rendered uneasy, they brought themselves to doubt of
religion; or, out of a vain affectation of seeing farther than
other men, pretended to disbelieve it. Rogers, Sermon 13.

DISBELI’EVER. n. s. [from disbelieve.] One who refuses belief;
one who denies any position to be true.
An humble soul is frighted into any particular sentiments,
because a man of great name pronounces heresy upon the con­
trary sentiments, and casts the disbeliever out of the church.
Watts's Logick.

To DISBE’NCH. v. a. [dis and bench.] To drive from a seat.
Sir, I hope
My words disbench'd you not?
——No, sir; yet oft,
When blows have made me stay, I fled from words. Shakes.

To DISBRA’NCH. v. a. [dis and branch.] To separate or break
off, as a branch from a tree.
I fear your disposition:
That nature which contemns its origine,
Cannot be border'd certain in itself:
She that herself will sliver and disbranch
From her maternal sap, perforce must wither,
And come to deadly use. Shakespeare's King Lear.
But for such as are newly planted, they need not be dis­
branched 'till the sap begins to stir, that so the wound may be
healed without the scar, which our frosts do frequently
leave. Evelyn's Kalendar.

To DISBU’D. v. a. [With gardeners.] To take away the
branches or sprigs newly put forth, that are ill placed. Dict.

To DISBU’RDEN. v. a. [dis and burden.]
1. To ease of a burden; to unload.
Better yet do I live, that though by my thoughts I be
plunged
Into my life's bondage, I yet may disburden a passion. Sidney.
The river, with ten branches or streams, disburdens himself
within the Persian sea. Peacham on Drawing.
Disburden'd heav'n rejoic'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
2. To disencumber, discharge, or clear.
They removed either by casualty and tempest, or by inten­
tion and design, either out of lucre of gold, or for the dis­
burdening of the countries, surcharged with multitudes of in­
habitants. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
We shall disburden the piece of those hard shadowings,
which are always ungraceful. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. To throw off a burden.
Lucia, disburden all thy cares on me,
And let me share thy most retired distress. Addison's Cato.

To DISBU’RDEN. v. n. To ease the mind.

To DISBU’RSE. v. a. [debourser, French.] To spend or lay
out money.
Money is now not disbursed at once, as it might be; but
drawn into a long length, by sending over now twenty thou­
sand, and next half year ten thousand pounds. Spenser.
Nor would we deign him burial for his men,
'Till he disburs'd at St. Colmeskil Isle,
Ten thousand dollars to our general. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
As Alexander received great sums, he was no less generous
and liberal in disbursing of them. Arbuthnot on Coins.

DISBU’RSEMENT. n. s. [deboursement, French.] A disbursing
or laying out.
It may be, Ireneus, that the queen's treasure, in so great
occasions of disbursements, is not always so ready, nor so plen­
tiful, as it can spare so great a sum together. Spenser's Ireland.

DISBU’RSER. n. s. [from disburse.] One that disburses.

DISCA’LCEATED. adj. [discalceatus, Latin.] Stripped of
shoes.

DISCALCEA’TION. n. s. [from dicalceaed.] The act of
pulling off the shoes.
The custom of discalceation, or putting off their shoes at
meals, is conceived to have been done, as by that means
keeping their beds clean. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 6.

To DISCA’NDY. v. n. [from dis and candy.] To dissolve; to
melt. Hanmer.
The hearts,
That spaniel'd me at heels, to whom I gave
Their wishes, do discandy, melt their sweets
On blossoming Cæsar. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.

To DISCA’RD. v. a. [dis and card.]
1. To throw out of the hand such cards as are useless.
2. To discharge or eject from service or employment.
These men being certainly jewels to a wise man, consider­
ing what wonders they were able to perform, yet were dis­
carded by that unworthy prince, as not worthy the holding. Sid.
Their captains, if they list, discard whom they please, and
send away such as will perhaps willingly be rid of that danger­
ous and hard service. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Should we own that we have a very imperfect idea of sub­
stance, would it not be hard to charge us with discarding sub­
stance out of the world? Locke.
Justice discards party, friendship, kindred, and is always
therefore represented as blind. Addison's Guardian, No. 99.
They blame the favourites, and think it nothing extraordi­
nary that the queen should be at an end of her patience, and
resolve to discard them. Swift.
I do not conceive why a sunk discarded party, who neither
expect nor desire more than a quiet life, should be charged
with endeavouring to introduce popery. Swift.

DISCA’RNATE. adj. [dis and caro, flesh; scarnato, Ital.] Stripped
of flesh.
'Tis better to own a judgment, though but with a curta
suppellex of coherent notions, than a memory, like a sepul­
chre, furnished with a load of broken and discarnate bones.
Glanville's Sceps. c. 17.

To DISCA’SE. v. a. [dis and case.] To strip; to undress.
Fetch me the hat and rapier in my cell:
I will discase me, and myself present. Shakesp. Tempest.

To DISCE’RN. v. a. [discerno, Latin.]
1. To descry; to see; to discover.
And behold among the simple ones, I discerned among the
youths a young man void of understanding. Prov. vii. 7.
2. To judge; to have knowledge of.
What doth better become wisdom than to discern what is
worthy the loving? Sidney, b. ii.
Does any here know me? This is not Lear:
Does Lear walk thus, speak thus? Where are his eyes?
Either his motion weakens, or his discernings
Are lethargied. Shakespeare's King Lear.
You should be rul'd and led
By some discretion, that discerns your state
Better than you yourself. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To distinguish.
To discern such buds as are fit to produce blossoms, from
such as will display themselves but in leaves, is no difficult
matter. Boyle.
4. To make the difference between.
They follow virtue for reward, to-day;
To-morrow vice, if she give better pay:
We are so good, or bad, just at a price;
For nothing else discerns the virtue or vice. Ben. Johnson.

To DISCE’RN. v. n. To make distinction.
Great part of the country was abandoned to the spoils of
the soldiers, who not troubling themselves to discern between
a subject and a rebel, whilst their liberty lasted, made indif­
ferently profit of both. Hayward.
The custom of arguing on any side, even against our per­
suasions, dims the understanding, and makes it by degrees
lose the faculty of discerning between truth and falshood. Locke.

DISCE’RNER. n. s. [from discern.]
1. Discoverer; he that descries.
'Twas said they saw but one; and no discerner
Durst wag his tongue in censure. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. Judge; one that has the power of distinguishing.
He was a great observer and discerner of mens natures and
humours, and was very dextrous in compliance, where he
found it useful. Clarendon, b. viii.
How unequal discerners of truth there are, and easily ex­
posed unto errour, will appear by their unqualified intel­
lectuals. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 3.

DISCE’RNIBLE. adj. [from discern.] Discoverable; perceptible
distinguishable; apparent.


Is is indeed a sin of so gross, so formidable a bulk, that
there needs no help of opticks to render it discernible, and
therefore I need not farther expatiate on it. Gov. of the Tongue.
All this is easily discernible by the ordinary discourses of the
understanding. South's Sermons.

DISCE’RNIBLENESS. n. s. [from discernible.] Visibleness.

DISCE’RNIBLY. adv. [from discernible.] Perceptibly; appa­
rently.
Consider what doctrines are infused discernibly among Chris­
tians, most apt to obstruct or interrupt the Christian life. Ham.

DISCE’RNING. participial adj. [from discern.] Judicious;
knowing.
This hath been maintained not only by warm enthusiasts,
but by cooler and more discerning heads. Atterbury's Sermons.

DISCE’RNINGLY. adv. [from discerning.] Judiciously; ra­
tionally; acutely.
These two errours Ovid has most discerningly avoided. Garth.

DISCE’RNMENT. n. s. [from discern.] Judgment; power of
distinguishing.
A reader that wants discernment, loves and admires the cha­
racters and actions of men in a wrong place. Freeholder.

To DISCE’RP. v. a. [discerpo, Latin.] To tear in pieces; to
break; to destroy by separation of its parts. Dict.

DISCE’RPTIBLE. adj. [from discerp.] Frangible; separable;
liable to be destroyed by the disunion of its parts.
What is most dense, and least porous, will be most cohe­
rent and least discerptible. Glanville's Sceps.
Matter is moveable, this immoveable; matter discerp­
tible, this indiscerptible. More's Div. Dialogues.

DISCERPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from discerptible.] Liableness to be
destroyed by disunion of parts.

DISCE’RPTION. n. s. [from discerp.] The act of pulling to
pieces, or destroying by disuniting the parts.

To DISCHA’RGE. v. a. [discharger, French.]
1. To disburden; to exonerate; to free from any load or incon­
venience.
How rich in humble poverty is he,
Who leads a quiet country life;
Discharg'd of business, void of strife. Dryden.
When they have taken a degree, and are consequently grown
a burden to their friends, who now think themselves fully dis­
charged, they get into orders as soon as they can. Swift.
2. To unload; to disembark.
I will convey them by sea in floats, unto the place that thou
shalt appoint me, and will cause them to be discharged. 1 Ki. v.
3. To throw off any thing collected or accumulated; to give
vent to any thing; to let fly. It is used of any thing violent,
or sudden.
Mounting his eyes,
He did discharge a horrible oath. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Infected minds,
To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets. Sh. Macb.
Nor were those blust'ring brethren left at large,
On seas and shores their fury to discharge. Dryden's Ovid.
Soon may kind heav'n a sure relief provide;
Soon may your sire discharge the vengeance due,
And all your wrongs the proud oppressors rue. Pope's Odyssey.
Discharge thy shafts; this ready bosom rend. Pope's Stat.
4. To unload a gun.
A conceit runneth abroad, that there should be a white
powder, which will discharge a piece without noise. Bacon.
The galleys also did oftentimes, out of their prows, dis­
charge their great pieces against the city. Knolles's History.
We discharged a pistol, and had the sound returned upon us
fifty-six times, though the air was foggy. Addison on Italy.
5. To clear a debt by payment.
Death of one person can be paid but once,
And that she has discharged. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
A grateful mind,
By owing, owes not, but still pays; at once
Indebted, and discharg'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
Now to the horrors of that uncouth place,
He passage begs with unregarded pray'r;
And wants two farthings to discharge his fare. Dryd. Juven.
When foreign trade imports more than our commodities
will pay for, we contract debts beyond sea; and those are paid
with money, when they will not take our goods to discharge
them. Locke.
6. To send away a creditor by payment.
If he had
The present money to discharge the Jew,
He would not take it. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
7. To set free from obligation.
If one man's fault could discharge another man of his duty,
there would be no place left for the common offices of so­
ciety. L'Estrange.
8. To clear from an accusation or crime; to absolve.
They wanted not reasons to be discharged of all blame,
who are confessed to have no great fault, even by their very
word and testimony; in whose eyes no fault of ours hath ever
hitherto been esteemed to be small. Hooker, b. v. s. 27.
They are imprudent enough to discharge themselves of this
blunder, by laying the contradiction at Virgil's door. Dryden.
9. To perform; to execute.
Had I a hundred tongues, a wit so large,
As could their hundred offices discharge. Dryden's Fables.
10. To put away; to obliterate; to destroy.
It is done by little and little, and with many essays; but
all this dischargeth not the wonder. Bacon's Natural History.
Trial would also be made in herbs poisonous and purga­
tive, whose ill quality perhaps may be discharged, or attem­
pered, by setting stronger poisons or purgatives by them. Bac.
11. To divest of any office or employment; to dismiss from
service.
12. To dismiss; to release; to send away from any business or
appointment.
Discharge your pow'rs unto their several counties. Shakes.
When Cæsar would have discharged the senate, in regard of
some ill presages, and especially a dream of Calphurnia, this
man lifted him gently by the arm out of his chair, telling
him, he hoped he would not dismiss the senate 'till his wife
had dreamed a better dream. Bacon, Essay 28.

To DISCHA’RGE. v. n. To dismiss itself; to break up.
The cloud, if it were oily or fatty, would not discharge.
Bacon's Natural History.

DISCHA’RGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Vent; explosion; emission.
As the heat of all springs is owing to subterraneous fire,
so wherever there are any extraordinary discharges of this
fire, there also are the neighbouring springs hotter than or­
dinary. Woodward.
2. Matter vented.
The hæmorrhage being stopped, the next occurrence is a
thin serous discharge. Sharp's Surgery.
3. Disruption; evanescence.
Mark the discharge of the little cloud upon glass or gems,
or blades of swords, and you shall see it ever break up first in
the skirts, and last in the middle. Bacon's Natural History.
4. Dismission from an office.
5. Release from an obligation or penalty.
He warns
Us, haply too secure of our discharge
From penalty, because from death releas'd
Some days. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 196.
6. Absolution from a crime.
The text expresses the sound estate of the conscience, not
barely by its not accusing, but by its not condemning us;
which word imports properly an acquittance or discharge of a
man upon some precedent accusation, and a full trial and cog­
nizance of his cause. South's Sermons.
7. Ransom; price of ransom.
O, all my hopes defeated
To free him hence! But death, who sets all free,
Hath paid his ransom now and full discharge. Milt. Agonist.
8. Performance; execution.
The obligations of hospitality and protection are so sacred,
that nothing can absolve us from the discharge of those duties.
L'Estrange, Fable 149.
9. An acquittance from a debt.
10. Exemption; privilege.
There is no discharge in that war, neither shall wickedness
deliver those that are given to it. Eccl. viii. 8.

DISCHA’RGER. n. s. [from discharge.]
1. He that discharges in any manner.
2. He that fires a gun.
To abate the bombulation of gunpowder a way is promised
by Porta, by borax and butter, which he says will make it so
go off, as scarcely to be heard by the discharger. Brown.

DISCI’NCT. adj. [discinctus, Latin.] Ungirded; loosely
dressed. Dict.

To DISCI’ND. v. a. [discindo, Latin.] To divide; to cut in
pieces.
We found several concretions so soft, that we could easily
discind them betwixt our fingers. Boyle.

DISCI’PLE. n. s. [discipulus, Latin.] A scholar; one that pro­
fesses to receive instructions from another.
He rebuked disciples, who would call for fire from heaven
upon whole cities, for the neglect of a few. King Charles.
The commemorating the death of Christ, is the professing
ourselves the disciples of the crucified Saviour; and that en­
gageth us to take up his cross and follow him. Hammond.
A young disciple should behave himself so well, as to gain
the affection and the ear of his instructor. Watts.

To DISCI’PLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To punish; to disci­
pline. This word is not in use.
She, bitter penance, with an iron whip,
Was wont him to disciple every day. Spens. Fai. Queen.

DISCI’PLESHIP. n. s. [from disciple.] The state or function of
a disciple, or follower of a master.
That to which justification is promised, is certainly the
giving up of the whole soul intirely unto Christ, undertaking
discipleship upon Christ's terms. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

DISCIPLI’NABLE. adj. [disciplinabilis, Lat.] Capable of instruc­
tion; capable of improvement by discipline and learning.



DISCIPLI’NABLENESS. n. s. [from disciplinable.] Capacity of
instruction; qualification for improvement by education and
discipline.
We find in animals, especially some of them, as foxes,
dogs, apes, horses, and elephants, not only perception, phan­
tasy, and memory, common to most, if not all animals, but
something of sagacity, providence, and disciplinableness. Hale.

DISCIPLINA’RIAN. adj. [from discipline.] Pertaining to dis­
cipline.
What eagerness in disciplinarian uncertainties, when the
love of God and our neighbour, evangelical unquestionables,
are neglected. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.

DISCIPLINA’RIAN. n. s. [disciplina, Latin.]
1. One who rules or teaches with great strictness; one who
allows no deviation from stated rules.
2. A follower of the presbyterian sect, so called from their per­
petual clamour about discipline.
They draw those, that dissent, into dislike with the state, as
puritans, or disciplinarians. Sanders. Pax. Eccl.

DISCI’PLINARY. adj. [disciplina, Latin.] Pertaining to disci­
pline; relating to a regular course of education.
These are the studies, wherein our noble and gentle youth
ought to bestow their time in a disciplinary way. Milton.

DI’SCIPLINE. n. s. [disciplina, Latin.]
1. Education; instruction; the act of cultivating the mind;
the act of forming the manners.
The cold of the northern parts is that which, without aid
of discipline, doth make the bodies hardest, and the courage
warmest. Bacon, Essay 59.
They who want that sense of discipline, hearing, are also
by consequence deprived of speech. Holder's Elements of Speech.
It must be confessed, it is by the assistance of the eye and
the ear especially, which are called the senses of discipline, that
our minds are furnished with various parts of knowledge. Watts.
2. Rule of government; order; method of government.
They hold, that from the very apostles time 'till this pre­
sent age, wherein yourselves imagine ye have found out a
right pattern of sound discipline, there never was any time safe
to be followed. Hooker, Preface.
As we are to believe for ever the articles of evangelical
doctrine, so the precepts of discipline we are, in like sort, bound
for ever to observe. Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
While we do admire
This virtue and this moral discipline,
Let's be no stoicks. Shakespeare.
3. Military regulation.
This opens all your victories in Scotland,
Your discipline in war, wisdom in peace. Shakesp. Rich. III.
4. A state of subjection.
The most perfect among us, who have their passions in the
best discipline, are yet obliged to be constantly on their guard.
Rogers, Sermon 13.
5. Any thing taught; art; science.
Art may be said to overcome and advance nature in these
mechanical disciplines, which, in this respect, are much to be
preferred. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
6. Punishment; chastisement; correction.
A lively cobler kicked and spurred while his wife was car­
rying him, and had scarce passed a day without giving her the
discipline of the strap. Addison's Spectator, No. 499.

To DI’SCIPLINE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To educate; to instruct; to bring up.
We are wise enough to begin when they are very young,
and discipline betimes those other creatures we would make
useful and good for somewhat. Locke.
They were with care prepared and disciplined for confir­
mation, which they could not arrive at, 'till they were found
upon examination to have made a sufficient progress in the
knowledge of Christianity. Addison on the Christian Religion.
2. To regulate; to keep in order.
They look to us, as we should judge of an army of well
disciplined soldiers at a distance. Derham's Astro-Theology.
3. To punish; to correct; to chastise.
4. To reform; to redress.
The law appear'd imperfect, and but giv'n
With purpose to resign them in full time
Up to a better covenant, disciplin'd
From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit. Milton.

To DISCLA’IM. v. a. [dis and claim.] To disown; to deny
any knowledge of; to retract any union with; to abrogate;
to renounce.
You cowardly rascal! nature disclaims all share in thee: a
taylor made thee. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He calls the gods to witness their offence;
Disclaims the war, asserts his innocence. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
Let crooked steel invade
The lawless troops which discipline disclaim,
And their superfluous growth with rigour tame. Dryd. Virg.
We find our Lord, on all occasions, disclaiming all preten­
sions to a temporal kingdom. Rogers, Sermon 9.
Very few, among those who profess themselves Christians,
disclaim all concern for their souls, disown the authority, or
renounce the expectations of the gospel. Rogers, Sermon 13.

DISCLA’IMER. n. s. [from disclaim.]
1. One that disclaims, disowns, or renounces.
2. [In law.] A plea containing an express denial or refusal. Cowel.

To DISCLO’SE. v. a. [discludo, Latin; dis and close.]
1. To uncover; to produce from a state of latitancy to open
view.
In this deep quiet, from what source unknown,
Those seeds of fire their fatal birth disclose;
And first few scatt'ring sparks about were blown,
Big with the flames that to our ruin rose? Dryd. Ann. Mir.
Then earth and ocean various forms disclose. Dryden.
The shells being broken, struck off, and gone, the stone
included in them is thereby disclosed and set at liberty. Woodw.
2. To hatch; to open.
It is reported by the ancients, that the ostrich layeth her
eggs under sand, where the heat of the sun discloseth them. Bac.
3. To reveal; to tell; to impart what is secret.
There may be a reconciliation, except for upbraiding, or
pride, or disclosing of secrets, or a treacherous wound; for
from these things every friend will depart. Ecclus. xxii. 22.
If I disclose my passion,
Our friendship's at an end; if I conceal it,
The world will call me false. Addison's Cato.

DISCLO’SER. n. s. [from disclose.] One that reveals or discovers.

DISCLO’SURE. n. s. [from disclose.]
1. Discovery; production into view.
The producing of cold is a thing very worthy the inquisi­
tion, both for the use and disclosure of causes. Bac. Nat. Hist.
2. Act of revealing any thing secret.
After so happy a marriage between the king and her daugh­
ter, blessed with issue male, she was, upon a sudden mutabi­
lity and disclosure of the king's mind, severely handled. Bacon.

DISCOLORA’TION. n. s. [from discolour.]
1. The act of changing the colour; the act of staining.
2. Change of colour; stain; die.
In a depravation of the humours from a sound state to what
the physicians call by a general name of a cacochymy, spots
and discolorations of the skin are signs of weak fibres. Arbuth.

To DISCO’LOUR. v. a. [decoloro, Latin.] To change from
the natural hue; to stain.
Many a widow's husband groveling lies,
Coldly embracing the discolour'd earth. Shakesp. K. John.
Drink water, either pure, or but discoloured with malt. Temp.
Suspicious and fantastical surmise,
And jealousy with jaundice in her eyes,
Discolouring all she view'd. Dryden.
He who looks upon the soul through its outward actions,
sees it through a deceitful medium, which is apt to discolour
and pervert the object. Addison's Spectator, No. 257.
Have a care lest some beloved notion, or some darling
science, so prevail over your mind as to discolour all your
ideas. Watts.

To DISCO’MFIT. v. a. [desconfire, Fr. sconfiggere, Ital. as if
from disconfigere, Latin.] To defeat; to conquer; to van­
quish; to overpower; to subdue; to beat; to overthrow.
Fight against that monstrous rebel, Cade,
Whom, since, I heard to be discomfited. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Joshua discomfited Amelek and his people with the edge
of the sword. Exod. xvii. 13.
He, fugitive, declin'd superior strength;
Discomfited, pursu'd, in the sad chace
Ten thousand ignominious fall. Phillips.
While many of my gallant countrymen are employed in
pursuing rebels, half discomfited through the consciousness of
their guilt, I shall labour to improve those victories to the good
of my fellow subjects. Addison's Freeholder, No. 16.

DISCO’MFIT. n. s. [from the verb.] Defeat; rout; overthrow.
Fly you must: incurable discomfit.
Reigns in the hearts of all our present party. Shakes. H. VI.
Dagon must stoop, and shall ere long receive
Such a discomfit, as shall quite despoil him
Of all these boasted trophies. Milton's Agonistes, l. 468.

DISCO’MFITURE. n. s. [from discomfit.] Defeat; loss of battle;
rout; ruin; overthrow.
Sad tidings bring I to you out of France,
Of loss, of slaughter, and discomfiture. Shakes. Henry VI.
Behold, every man's sword was against his fellow, and
there was a very great discomfiture. 1 Sa. xiv. 20.
What a defeat and discomfiture is it to a man, when he
comes to use this wealth, to find it all false metal? Gov. Tongue.
He sent his angels to fight for his people; and the discomfi­
ture and slaughters of great hosts, is attributed to their assist­
ance. Atterbury's Sermons.

DISCO’MFORT. n. s. [dis and comfort.] Uneasiness; sorrow;
melancholy; gloom.
This himself did foresee, and therefore armed his church,
to the end they might sustain it without discomfort. Hooker.
Discomfort guides my tongue,
And bids me speak of nothing but despair. Shakes. Rich. II.


In solitude there is not only discomfort, but weakness also. Sou.

To DISCO’MFORT. v. a. [from the noun.] To grieve; to
sadden; to deject.
Her champion went away discomforted as much as dis­
comfited. Sidney.
His funeral shall not be in our camp,
Lest it discomfort us. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.

DISCO’MFORTABLE. n. s. [from discomfort.]
1. One that is melancholy and refuses comfort.
Discomfortable cousin, know'st thou not,
That when the searching eye of heav'n is hid
Behind the globe, it lights the lower world. Shakes. R. II.
2. That causes sadness.
What! did that help poor Dorus, whose eyes could carry
unto him no other news but discomfortable? Sidney.

To DISCOMME’ND. v. a. [dis and commend.] To blame; to
censure; to mention with disapprobation.
Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot absolutely ap­
prove, either willingness to live, or forwardness to die. Hooker.
Now you will all be wits; and he, I pray,
And you, that discommend it, mend the play. Denham.
Neither do I discommend the lofty stile in tragedy, which is
naturally pompous and magnificent. Dryd. Span. Fry. Dedicat.

DISCOMME’NDABLE. adj. [from discommend.] Blameable;
censurable; deserving blame.
Pusillanimity is, according to Aristotle's morality, a vice
very discommendable. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DISCOMME’NDABLENESS. n. s. [from discommendable.] Blame­
ableness; liableness to censure. Dict.

DISCOMMENDA’TION. n. s. [from discommend.] Blame; re­
proach; censure.
Tully assigns three motions, whereby, without any discom­
mendation, a man might be drawn to become an accuser of
others. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DISCOMME’NDER. n. s. [from discommend.] One that discom­
mends; a dispraiser.

To DISCOMMO’DE. v. a. [dis and commode, French.] To put
to inconvenience; to molest; to incommode.

DISCOMMO’DIOUS. adj. [from discommode.] Inconvenient;
troublesome; unpleasing.
So many thousand soldiers, unfit for any labour or other
trade, must either seek service and employment abroad, which
may be dangerous, or else employ themselves here at home,
which may be discommodious. Spenser's State of Ireland.

DISCOMMO’DITY. n. s. [from discommode.] Inconvenience;
disadvantage; hurt; mischief.
We speak now of usury, how the discommodities of it may
be best avoided, and the commodities retained: or how in the
balance of commodities and discommodities, the qualities of
usury, are to be reconciled. Bacon.
It is better that a ship should be preserved with some dis­
commodity to the sailors, than that, the sailors being in health,
the ship should perish. Hayward.

To DISCOMPO’SE. v. a. [decomposer, French.]
1. To disorder; to unsettle.
The debate upon the self-denying ordinance had raised
many jealousies, and discomposed the confidence that had for­
merly been between many of them. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. To ruffle; to disorder.
Now Betty from her master's bed had flown,
And softly stole to discompose her own. Swift.
3. To disturb the temper; to agitate by perturbation.
No more, dear mother: ill in death it shows,
Your peace of mind by rage to discompose. Dryd. Tyr. Love.
4. To offend; to fret; to vex.
Men, who possess all the advantages of life, are in a state
where there are many accidents to disorder and discompose, but
few to please them. Swift.
5. To displace; to discard.
Though he was a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious, he
never put down or discomposed a counsellor, or near servant. Bac.

DISCOMPO’SURE. n. s. [from discompose.] Disorder; pertur­
bation.
He threw himself upon his bed, lamenting with much pas­
sion, and with abundance of tears; and continued in this
melancholick discomposure of mind many days. Clarendon.

To DISCONCE’RT. v. a. [dis and concert.]
1. To unsettle the mind; to discompose.
You need not provoke their spirits by outrages: a careless
gesture, a word, or a look, is enough to disconcert them. Collier.
2. To break a scheme; to defeat a machination.

DISCONFO’RMITY. n. s. [dis and conformity.] Want of agree­
ment; inconsistency.
Lies arise from errour and mistake, or malice and forgery;
they consist in the disagreement and disconformity betwixt the
speech and the conception of the mind, or the conceptions of
the mind and the things themselves, or the speech and the
things. Hakewill on Providence.

DISCONGRU’ITY. n. s. [dis and congruity.] Disagreement; in­
consistency.
There is want of capacity in the thing, to sustain such a
duration from the intrinsical discongruity of the one to the
other. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

DISCO’NSOLATE. adj. [dis and console.] Without comfort;
hopeless; sorrowful; melancholy.
See Cassius all disconsolate,
With Pindarus his bondman, on this hill. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
If patiently thy bidding they obey,
Dismiss them not disconsolate. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The ladies and the knights, no shelter nigh,
Were dropping wet, disconsolate and wan,
And through their thin array receiv'd the rain. Dryden.
The moon reflects the sunbeams to us, and so, by illumi­
nating the air, takes away in some measure the disconsolate
darkness of our winter-nights. Ray on the Creation.

DISCO’NSOLATELY. adv. [from disconsolate.] In a disconsolate
manner; comfortlesly.

DISCO’NSOLATENESS. n. s. [from disconsolate.] The state of
being disconsolate.

DISCONTE’NT. n. s. [dis and content.] Want of content;
uneasiness at the present state.
I see your brows full of discontent,
Your hearts of sorrows, and your eyes of tears. Shakespeare.
Not that their pleasures caus'd her discontent
She sigh'd, not that they stay'd, but that she went. Pope.

DISCONTE’NT. adj. [dis and content.] Uneasy at the present
state; dissatisfied.
They were of their own nature circumspect and slow, dis­
countenanced and discontent, and those the earl singled as
fittest for his purpose. Hayward.

To DISCO’NTENT. v. a. [from the noun.] To dissatisfy; to
make uneasy at the present state.
I know a discontented gentleman,
Whose humble means match not his haughty spirit. Shakes.
The discontented now are only they
Whose crimes before did your just cause betray. Dryden.

DISCONTE’NTED. participial adj. [from discontent.] Uneasy;
chearless; malevolent.
Let us know
What will tie up your discontented sword? Shak. Ant. and Cl.
These are, beyond comparison, the two greatest evils in
this world, a diseased body and a discontented mind. Tillotson.
The goddess, with a discontented air,
Seems to reject him, though she grants his pray'r. Pope.

DISCONTE’NTEDNESS. n. s. [from discontented.] Uneasiness;
want of ease; dissatisfaction.
A beautiful bust of Alexander the Great, casts up his face
to heaven with a noble air of grief, or discontentedness in his
looks. Addison's Travels.

DISCONTE’NTMENT. n. s. [from discontent.] The state of
being discontented; uneasiness.
These are the voices that fill them with general discontent­
ment, as though the bosom of that famous church, wherein
they live, were more noisome than any dungeon. Hooker.
Certainly the politick and artificial nourishing and enter­
taining of hopes, and carrying men from hopes to hopes, is
one of the best antidotes against the poison of discontentments.
Bacon, Essay 16.

DISCONTI’NUANCE. n. s. [from discontinue.]
1. Want of cohesion of parts; want of union of one part with
another; disruption.
The stillicides of water, if there be enough to follow, will
draw themselves into a small thread, because they will not dis­
continue; but if there be no remedy, then they cast them­
selves into round drops, which is the figure that saveth the
body most from discontinuance. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Cessation; intermission.
Let us consider, whether our approaches to him are sweet
and refreshing, and if we are uneasy under any long disconti­
nuance of our conversation with him. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. [In the common law.] An interruption or breaking off; as
discontinuance of possession, or discontinuance of process. The
effect of discontinuance of possession is, that a man may not
enter upon his own land or tenement alienated, whatsoever
his right be unto it, or by his own authority; but must seek
to recover possession by law. The effect of discontinuance of
plea is, that the instance may not be taken up again, but by a
new writ to begin the suit afresh. Cowel.

DISCONTINUA’TION. n. s. [from discontinue.] Disruption of
continuity; breach of union of parts; disruption; separation.
Upon any discontinuation of parts, made either by bubbles
or by shaking the glass, the whole mercury falls. Newt. Opt.

To DISCONTI’NUE. v. a. [discontinuer, French.]
1. To lose the cohesion of parts; to suffer separation or disrup­
tion of substance.
All bodies, ductile and tensile, as metals that will be drawn
into wires; wool and tow, that will be drawn into yarn, or
thread, have in them the appetite of not discontinuing strong,
which maketh them follow the force that pulleth them out;
and yet so as not to discontinue or forsake their own body. Bac.
2. To lose an established or prescriptive custom.
Thyself shalt discontinue from thine heritage that I gave
thee, and I will cause thee to serve thine enemies. Jer. xvii. 4.



To DISCONTI’NUE. v. a. To leave off; to cease any practice
or habit.
Twenty puny lies I'll tell
That men shall swear I've discontinued school
Above a twelvemonth. Shakespeare.
Examine thy customs of diet, sleep, exercise, apparel, and
the like, and try, in any thou shalt judge hurtful, to discontinue
it by little and little; but so, as if thou find any inconvenience
by the change, thou come back to it again. Bacon's Essays.
2. To break off; to interrupt.
There is that property, in all letters, of aptness to be con­
joined in syllables and words, through the voluble motions of
the organs from one stop or figure to another, that they mo­
dify and discriminate the voice, without appearing to discon­
tinue it. Holder's Elements of Speech.

DISCONTINU’ITY. n. s. [dis and continuity.] Disunity of
parts; want of cohesion.
That this discontinuity of parts is the principal cause of the
opacity of bodies, will appear by considering that opaque sub­
stances become transparent by filling their pores with any
substance of equal, or almost equal density with their
parts. Newton Opt.

DISCONVE’NIENCE. n. s. [dis and convenience.] Incon­
gruity; disagreement; opposition of nature.
Fear ariseth many times out of natural antipathies of na­
ture, but in these disconveniences of nature deliberation hath
no place at all. Bramhall's Answer to Hobbs.

DI’SCORD. n. s. [discordia, Latin.]
1. Disagreement; opposition; mutual anger; reciprocal oppug­
nancy.
See what a scourge is laid upon your hate,
That heav'n finds means to kill your joys with love!
And I, for winking at your discords too,
Have lost a brace of kinsmen. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
Take but degree away, untune that string,
And hark what discord follows; each thing meers
In meer oppugnancy. Shakesp. Troil. and Cress.
He is a false witness that speaketh lies, and that soweth dis­
cord among brethren. Prov. vi. 19.
2. Difference, or contrariety of qualities.
Discord, like that of music's various parts,
Discord that makes the harmony of hearts;
Discord that only this dispute shall bring,
Who best shall love the duke and serve the king. Dryd. Ep.
All nature is but art unknown to thee;
All chance, direction which thou canst not see;
All discord, harmony not understood;
All partial evil, universal good. Pope's Essay on Man.
3. [In music.] Sounds not of themselves pleasing, but necessary
to be mixed with others.
It is sound alone that doth immediately and incorporeally
affect most; this is most manifest in music, and concords and
discords in music: for all sounds, whether they be sharp or
flat, if they be sweet, have a roundness and equality; and if
they be harsh, are unequal: for a discord itself is but a harsh­
ness of divers sounds meeting. Bacon's N. Hist. Part I. p. 400.
It is the lark that sings so out of tune,
Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps. Shakesp.
How doth music amaze us, when of discords she mak­
eth the sweetest harmony? Peacham.

To DI’SCORD. v. n. [discordo, Latin.] To disagree; not to
suit with.
Sounds do disturb and alter the one the other; sometimes
the one drowning the other, and making it not heard; some­
times the one jarring and discording with the other, and mak­
ing a confusion. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 227.

DISCO’RDANCE. n. s. [from discord.] Disagreement; op­
position; inconsistency.

DISCO’RDANCY. n. s. [from discord.] Disagreement; op­
position; inconsistency.

DISCO’RDANT. adj. [discordans, Latin.]
1. Inconsistent; at variance with itself.
Myrrha was joy'd the welcome news to hear,
But clogg'd with guilt, the joy was unsincere;
So various, so discordant is the mind,
That in our will a different will we find. Dryden.
2. Opposite; contrarious.
The discordant attraction of some wandering comets would
certainly distract and disorder the harmony of the motions and
revolutions of the planets, if they approached too near them.
Cheyne's Phil. Princip.
3. Incongruous; not conformable.
Hither conscience is to be referred, if by a comparison of
things done with the rule there be a consonancy, then follows
the sentence of approbation; if discordant from it, the sentence
of condemnation. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

DISCO’RDANTLY. adv. [from discordant.]
1. Inconsistently; in disagreement with itself.
2. In disagreement with another.
Two strings of a musical instrument being struck together,
making two noises that arrive at the ear at the same time as to
sense, yield a sound differing from either of them, and as it
were compounded of both; insomuch, that if they be discor­
dantly tuned, though each of them struck apart, would yield a
pleasing sound; yet being struck together, they make a harsh
and troublesome noise. Boyle on Colours.
3. Peevishly; in a contradictious manner.

To DISCO’VER. v. a. [descouvrir, French; dis and cover.]
1. To shew; to disclose; to bring to light.
Go draw aside the curtains, and discover
The several caskets to this noble prince. Sh. Merch. of Ven.
He discovereth deep things out of darkness, and bringeth out
to light the shadow of death. Job xii. 22.
2. To make known.
We will pass over unto those men, and we will discover
ourselves unto them. Isa. xiv. 8.
3. To find out; to espy.
He shall never by any alteration in me discover my know­
ledge of his mistake. Pope's Letters.

DISCO’VERABLE. adj. [from discover.]
1. That which may be found out.
That mineral matter which is so sparingly and dispersedly
intermixed with the common and terrestrial matter, as not to
be discoverable by human industry; or if discoverable, dif­
fused and scattered amongst the crasser and more unprofitable
matter, can never be separated. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
Revelation may assert two things to be joined, whose con­
nection or agreement is not discoverable by reason. Watts's Log.
2. Apparent; exposed to view.
They were deceived by Satan, and that not in an invisible
situation, but in an open and discoverable apparition, that is,
in the form of a serpent. Brown's Vulg. Err. b. i. c. 6.
It is concluded by astronomers, that the atmosphere of the
moon hath no clouds nor rains, but a perpetual and uniform
serenity; because nothing discoverable in the lunar surface is
ever covered and absconded by the interposition of any clouds
or mists. Bentley's Serm.

DISCO’VERER. n. s. [from discover.]
1. One that finds any thing not known before; a finder out.
If more be found out, they will not recompence the dis­
coverer's pains, but will be fitter to be cast out. Holder's El.
Places receive appellations according to the language of the
discoverer, from observations made upon the people. Notes on Od.
The Cape of Good Hope was doubled in those early times;
and that the Portuguese were not the first discoverers of that
navigation. Arbuthnot on Coin.
An old maiden gentlewoman is the greatest discoverer of
judgments; she can tell you what sin it was that set such a
man's house on fire. Add. Spect. No. 483.
2. A scout; one who is put to descry the posture or number of
an enemy; speculator.
Here stand, my lords, and send discoverers forth,
To know the numbers of our enemies. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

DISCO’VERY. n. s. [from discover.]
1. The act of finding any thing hidden.
Of all who since have us'd the open sea,
Than the bold English none more fame have won;
Beyond the year, and out of heaven's high way,
They make discoveries where they see no sun. Dryd. A. M.
2. The act of revealing or disclosing any secret.
What must I hold a candle to my shame?
They in themselves, good sooth, are too too light.
Why 'tis an office of discovery, love,
And I should be obscur'd. Shakesp. Merch of Venice.
Things that appeared amiable by the light of this world,
appear of a different odious hue in the clear discoveries of the
next. South's Serm.
It would be necessary to say something of the state to which
the war hath reduced us; such a discovery ought to be made as
late as possible. Swift.

To DISCOU’NSEL. v. a. [dis and counsel.] To dissuade; to
give contrary advice.
But him that palmer from that vanity,
With temperate advice discounselled. Spenser's Fa. Qu.

DISCOU’NT. n. s. [dis and count.] The sum refunded in a
bargain.
His whole intention was, to buy a certain quantity of cop­
per money from Wood at a large discount, and sell them as
well as he could. Swift's Miscel.

To DISCOU’NT. v. a. [from the noun.] To count back; to
pay back again.
My father's, mother's, brother's death I pardon:
My prayers and penance shall discount for these,
And beg of heav'n to charge the bill on me. Dryd. Don Seb.
The farmers spitefully combin'd,
Force him to take his tithes in kind;
And Parvisol discounts arrears,
By bills for taxes and repairs. Swift's Miscel.

To DISCOU’NTENANCE. v. a. [dis and countenance.]
1. To discourage by cold treatment.
Unwilling they were to discountenance any man who was
willing to serve them. Clarendon, b. viii.
The truly upright judge will always countenance right, and
discountenance wrong. Atterbury's Serm.


2. To abash; to put to shame.
Wisdom in discourse with her,
Loses discountenanced, and like folly shews. Milt. Par. Lost.
He came, and with him Eve, more loth, though first
To offend; discountenanc'd both, and discompos'd. Milton.
How would one look from his majestic brow,
Seated as on the top of virtue's hill,
Discount'nance her despis'd. Milton.

DISCOU’NTENANCE. n. s. [dis and countenance.] Cold treat­
ment; unfavourable aspect; unfriendly regard.
He thought a little discountenance upon those persons would
suppress that spirit. Clarendon.
All accidental misfortunes, how inevitable soever, were still
attended with very apparent discountenance. Clarendon, b. viii.
In expectation of the hour of judgment, he patiently bears
all the difficulties of duty, and the discountenance he meets with
from a wicked and prophane world. Rogers's Serm.

DISCOU’NTENANCER. n. s. [from discountenance.] One that
discourages by cold treatment; one that depresses by unfriendly
regard.
Rumours of scandal and murmurs against the king and his
government, taxed him for a great taxer of his people and
discountenancer of his nobility. Bacon's Hen. VII.

To DISCOU’RAGE. v. a. [decourager, Fr. dis and courage.]
1. To depress; to deprive of confidence; to deject; to dastardize.
I might neither encourage the rebels insolence, nor dis­
courage the protestants loyalty and patience. K. Charles.
The apostle with great zeal discourages too unreasonable a
presumption. Roger's Serm.
2. To deter; to fright from any attempt: with from before the
thing.
Wherefore discourage ye the heart of the children of Israel
from going over into the land? Numb. xxxii. 7.
3. It is irregularly used by Temple, with to before the following
word.
You may keep your beauty and your health, unless you
destroy them yourself, or discourage them to stay with you,
by using them ill. Temple's Miscell.

DISCOU’RAGER. n. s. [from discourage.] One that impresses
diffidence and terror.
Most men in years, as they are generally discouragers of
youth, are like old trees, which being past bearing themselves,
will suffer no young plants to flourish beneath them. Pope.

DISCOU’RAGEMENT. n. s. [from discourage.]
1. The act of deterring, or depressing hope.
2. Determent; that which deters from any thing.
Amongst other impediments of any inventions, it is
none of the meanest discouragements, that they are so gene­
rally derided by common opinion. Wilkins's Math. Magn.
The books read at schools and colleges, are full of incite­
ments to virtue, and discouragements from vice. Swift.
3. The cause of depression, or fear.
To things we would have them learn, the great and only
discouragement is that they are called to them. Locke.

DISCOU’RSE. n. s. [discours, Fr. discursus, Latin.]
1. The act of the understanding, by which it passes from pre­
mises to consequences.
By reason of that original weakness in the instruments,
without which the understanding part is not able in this world
by discourse to work, the very conceit of painfulness is a bridle
to stay us. Hooker, b. 1. s. 7.
Sure he that made us with such large discourse,
Looking before and after, gave us not
That capability and godlike reason
To rust in us unus'd. Shakespeare.
The third act of the mind is that which connects proposi­
tions, and deduceth conclusions from them: and this the schools
call discourse; and we shall not miscall it, if we name it
reason. Glanv. Sceps. c. 13.
2. Conversation; mutual intercourse of language; talk.
He waxeth wiser than himself, more by an hour's dis­
course, than by a day's meditation. Bacon's Essays.
In thy discourse, if thou desire to please,
All such is courteous, useful, new, or witty;
Usefulness come by labour, wit by ease,
Courtesy grows in court, news in the city. Herbert.
The vanquish'd party with the victors join'd,
Nor wanted sweet discourse, the banquet of the mind. Dryd.
3. Effusion of language; speech.
Topical and superficial arguments, of which there is store
to be found on both sides, filling the head with variety of
thoughts, and the mouth with copious discourse, serve only to
amuse the understanding and entertain company. Locke.
4. A treatise; a dissertation either written or uttered.
The discourse here is about ideas, which, he says, are real
things, and seen in God. Locke.
Plutarch, in his discourse upon garrulity, commends the
fidelity of the companions of Ulysses. Pope's Odyssey, Notes.

To DISCOU’RSE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To converse; to talk; to relate.
How wert thou handled, being prisoner?
Discourse, I pr'ythee on this turret's top. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Of various things discoursing as he pass'd,
Anchises hither bends. Dryd.
2. To treat upon in a solemn or set manner.
That the general maxims we are discoursing of are not
known to children, ideots, and a great part of mankind, we
have already sufficiently proved. Locke.
3. To reason; to pass from premises to consequences.
And yet the pow'rs of her discoursing thoughts,
From the collection is a diverse thing. Davies.
Brutes do want that quick discoursing pow'r. Davies.

To DISCOU’RSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To treat of.
Renowned duke, vouchsafe to take the pains
To go with us into the abbey here,
And let us there at large discourse all our fortunes. Sh. Co. Err.

DISCOU’RSER, n. s. [from discourse.]
1. A speaker; an haranguer.
The tract of every thing,
Would by a good discourser lose some life,
Which action's self was tongue to. Shakespeare.
2. A writer on any subject; a dissertator.
Philologers and critical discoursers, who look beyond the ob­
vious exteriors of things, will not be angry at our narrower
explorations. Brown's Pref. to Vulgar Errours.
But it seems to me, that such discoursers do reason upon
short views, and a very moderate compass of thought. Swift.

DISCOU’RSIVE. adj. [from discourse.]
1. Passing by intermediate stops from premises to consequences.
The soul
Reason receives, and reason is her being,
Discoursive, or intuitive; discourse
Is oftest yours, the latter is most ours. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Containing dialogue; interlocutory.
The epic is every where interlaced with dialogue or discour­
sive scenes. Dryden on Dramatic Poesy.

DISCOU’RTEOUS. adj. [dis and courteous.] Uncivil; uncom­
plaisant; defective in good manners.
He resolved to unhorse the first discourteous knight he should
meet. Motteux's Don Quixote.

DISCOU’RTESY. n. s. [dis and courtesy.] Incivility; rude­
ness; act of disrespect.
As if chearfulness had been tediousness, and good enter­
tainment had been turned to discourtesy, he would ever get
himself alone. Sidney.
Be calm in arguing; for fierceness makes
Error a fault, and truth discourtesy. Herbert.
He made me many visits, maundering as if I had done him
a discourtesy. Wiseman's Surg.

DISCOU’RTEOUSLY. adv. [from discourteous.] Uncivily; rudely.

DISCOU’S. [from discus, Latin.] Broad; flat; wide. Used by
botanists to denote the middle, plain, and flat part of some
flowers, such as the flos solis, &c. Quinsy.

DISCRE’DIT. n. s. [decrediter, French.] Ignominy; re­
proach; lower degree of infamy; disgrace; imputation of
a fault.
Had I been the finder out of this secret, it would not have
relished among my other discredits. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Idlers will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but
be lazy, and then certify over their country to the discredit
of a plantation. Bacon.
That they may quit their morals without any discredit to
their intellectuals, they fly to several stale, trite, pitiful ob­
jections and cavils. South.
'Tis the duty of every christian to be concerned for the re­
putation or discredit his life may bring on his profession. Rogers.
Alas, the small discredit of a bribe,
Scarce hurts the lawyer, but undoes the scribe. Pope.

To DISCRE’DIT. v. a. [decrediter, French.]
1. To deprive of credibility; to make not trusted.
He had fram'd to himself, by the instruction of his frailty,
many deceiving promises of life, which I have discredited
to him, and now is he resolved to die. Shakes.
2. To disgrace; to bring reproach upon; to shame; to make
less reputable or honourable.
You had left unseen a wonderful piece of work, which not
to have been blest withal, would have discredited you. Shakes.
He is commended that makes a saving voyage, and
least discredits his travels, who returns the same man he
went. Wotton.
He like a privileg'd spy, whom nothing can
Discredit, libels now 'gainst each great man. Donne.
Reflect how glorious it would be to appear in countenance
of discredited duty, and by example of piety revive the declin­
ing spirit of religion. Rogers.
Without care our best actions will lose much of their in­
fluence, and our virtues will be often discredited with the ap­
pearance of evil. Rogers's Serm.

DISCRE’ET. adj. [discret, French.] Prudent; circumspect;
cautious; sober; not rash; not precipitant; not careless; not
hardily adventurous.
Honest, discreet, quiet, and godly learned men, will not
be withdrawn by you. Whitgifte.


Less fearful than discreet,
You love the fundamental part of state,
More than you doubt the charge of 't. Shakespeare's Coriol.
To elder years to be discreet and grave,
Then to old age maturity she gave. Denham.
It is the discreet man, not the witty, nor the learned, nor the
brave, who guides the conversation, and gives measures to
society. Addison's Spectator, No. 225.
2. Modest; not forward.
Dear youth, by fortune favour'd, but by Love
Alas! not favour'd less, be still as now
Discreet. Thomson's Summer, l. 1355.

DISCREE’TEY. adv. [from discreet.] Prudently; cautiously;
circumspectly.
Poets lose half the praise they should have got,
Could it be known what they discreetly blot. Waller.
The labour of obedience, loyalty, and subjection, is no
more but for a man honestly and discreetly to sit still. South.
Profit springs from husks discreetly'd. Philips.
The dullest brain, if gently stirr'd,
Perhaps may waken to a humming bird;
The most recluse, discreetly open'd, find
Congenial object in the cockle kind. Dunciad, b. iv. l. 437.

DISCREE’TNESS. n. s. [from discreet.] The quality of being dis­
creet; discretion.

DI’SCREPANCE. n. s. [discrepantia, Latin.] Difference;
contrariety; disagreement.

DI’SCREPANT. adj. [discrepans, Latin.] Different; disagreeing;
contrary.

DISCRE’TE. adj. [discretus, Latin.]
1. Distinct; disjoined; not continuous.
Discrete quantity, or different individuals, are mea­
sured by number, without any breaking continuity, that is,
in things that have continuity, as continued quantity and
motion. Hale's Origin. of Mankind.
2. Disjunctive; as, I resign my life, but not my honour, is a dis­
crete proposition.
3. Discrete proportion is when the ratio between two pairs of
numbers or quantities is the same; but there is not the same
proportion between all the four: thus, 6 : 8 :: 3 : 4. Harris.

DISCRE’TION. n. s. [from discretio, Latin.]
1. Prudence; knowledge to govern or direct one's self; skill;
wise management.
Nothing then was further thought upon for the manner of
governing; but all permitted unto their wisdom and discretion
which were to rule. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
A knife may be taken away from a child, without de­
priving them of the benefits thereof, which have years and
discretion to use it. Hooker, b. iv. s. 12.
It is not good that children should know any wickedness:
old folks, you know, have discretion, as they say, and know
the world. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
All this was order'd by the good discretion
Of the right reverend cardinal of York. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
The pleasure of commanding our passions is to be preferred
before any sensual pleasure; because it is the pleasure of wis­
dom and discretion. Tillotson.
But care in poetry must still be had,
It asks discretion, ev'n in running mad. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
There is no talent so useful towards rising in the world, or
which puts men more out of the reach of fortune than dis­
cretion, a species of lower prudence. Swift.
2. Liberty of acting at pleasure; uncontrolled, and uncondi­
tional power; as, he surrenders at discretion; that is, without
stipulation.

DISCRE’TIONARY. adj. [from discretion.] Left at large; unli­
mited; unrestrained.
A deacon may have a dispensation for entering into orders
before he is twenty three years of age, and it is discretionary in
the bishop to admit him to that order at what time he thinks
fit. Ayliff's Parergon.
The major being a person of consummate experience, was
invested with a discretionary power. Tatler, No 61.

DISCRE’TIVE. adj. [discretus, Latin.]
1. [In logick.] Discretive propositions are such wherein vari­
ous, and seemingly opposite judgements are made, whose va­
riety or distinction is noted by the particles but, tho', yet, &c.
as, travellers may change their climate, but not their temper:
Job was patient, tho' his grief was great. Watts's Logic.
2. [In grammar.] Discretive conjunctions are such as imply op­
position; as, not a man but a beast.

DISCRI’MINABLE. adj. [from discriminate.] Distinguishable by
outward marks or tokens. Dict.

To DISCRI’MINATE. v. a. [discrimino, Latin.]
1. To mark with notes of difference; to distinguish by certain
tokens from another.
Oysters and cockles and muscles, which move not, have no
discriminate sex. Bacon's Natural History, No. 875.
There are three sorts of it differing in fineness from each
other, and discriminated by the natives by three peculiar
names. Boyle.
The right hand is discriminated from the left by a natural,
necessary, and never to be confounded distinction. South.
Although the features of his countenance be no reason of
obedience, yet they may serve to discriminate him from any
other person, whom she is not to obey. Stillingfleet.
There may be ways of discriminating the voice; as by acute­
ness and gravity, the several degrees of rising and falling from
one tone or note to another. Holder.
2. To select or separate from others.
You owe little less for what you are not, than for what you
are, to that discriminating mercy, to which alone you owe
your exemption from miseries. Boyle.

DISCRI’MINATENESS. n. s. [from discriminate.] Distinctness;
marked difference. Dict.

DISCRIMINA’TION. n. s. [from discriminatio, Latin.]
1. The state of being distinguished from other persons or things.
There is a reverence left to be shewed them on the account
of their discrimination from other places, and separation for
sacred uses. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
2. The act of distinguishing one from another; distinction;
difference put.
A satire should expose nothing but what is corrigible, and
make a due discrimination between those that are, and those
who are not the proper objects of it. Addison's Spectator.
By that prudent discrimination made between the offenders
of different degrees, he obliges those whom he has distin­
guished as objects of mercy. Addison's Freeholder, No. 31.
3. The marks of distinction.
Take heed of abetting any factions, or applying any pub­
lick discriminations in matters of religion. King Charles.
Letters arise from the first original discriminations of voice,
by way of articulation, whereby the ear is able to judge and
observe the differences of vocal sounds. Holder's El. of Speech.

DISCRI’MINATIVE. adj. [from discriminate.]
1. That which makes the mark of distinction; characteristical.
The only standing test, and discriminative characteristick of
any metal or mineral, must be sought for in the constituent
matter of it. Woodward.
2. That which observes distinction.
Discriminative providence knew before the nature and
course of all things. More's Antidote against Atheism.

DISCRI’MINOUS. adj. [from discrimen, Latin.] Dangerous;
hazardous.
Any kind of spitting of blood imports a very discriminous
state, unless it happens upon the gaping of a vein opened by
a plethory. Harvey on Consumptions.

DISCU’BITORY. adj. [discubitorius, Lat.] Fitted to the posture
of leaning.
After bathing they retired to bed, and refreshed themselves
with a repast; and so that custom, by degrees, changed their
cubiculary beds into discubitory. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

DISCU’MBENCY. n. s. [discumbens, Latin.] The act of lean­
ing at meat, after the ancient manner.
The Greeks and Romans used the custom of discumbency at
meals, which was upon their left side; for so their right hand
was free and ready for all service. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To DISCU’MBER. v. a. [dis and cumber.] To disengage from
any troublesome weight or bulk.
His limbs discumber'd of the clinging vest,
He binds the sacred cincture round his breast. Pope's Odyss.

To DISCU’RE. v. a. [decouvrir, French.] To discover; to
reveal. A word perhaps peculiar to Spenser.
I will, if please you it discure, assay
To ease you of that ill. Fairy Queen.

DISCU’RSIVE. adj. [discursif, French, from discurro, Latin.]
1. Moving here and there; roving.
Some noises help sleep; as the blowing of the wind, and
the trickling of water: they move a gentle attention, and
whatsoever moveth attention, without too much labour, stilleth
the natural and discursive motion of the spirits. Bacon's N. Hist.
2. Proceeding by regular gradation from premises to conse­
quences; argumentative. This is sometimes, perhaps not
improperly, written discursive.
There is a sanctity of soul and body, of more efficacy for
the receiving of divine truths, than the greatest pretences to
discursive demonstration. More's Divine Dialogues.
There hath been much dispute touching the knowledge of
brutes, whether they have a kind of discursive faculty, which
some call reason. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

DISCU’RSIVELY. adv. [from discursive.] By due gradation of
argument.
We have a principle within, whereby we think, and we
know we think; whereby we do discursively, and by way of
ratiocination, deduce one thing from another. Hale.

DISCU’RSORY. adj. [discursor, Latin.] Argumental; rational.

DI’SCUS. n. s. [Latin.] A quoit; a heavy piece of iron
thrown in the ancient sports.
From Elatreus' strong arm the discus flies,
And sings with unmatch'd force along the skies. Pope's Odys.

To DISCU’SS. v. a. [discutio, discussum, Latin.]
1. To examine; to ventilate; to clear by disquisition.


We are to discuss only those general exceptions which have
been taken. Hooker, b. iv. s. 1.
His usage was to commit the discussing of causes privately to
certain persons learned in the laws. Ayliffe's Parergon.
This knotty point should you and I discuss,
Or tell a tale. Pope.
2. To disperse any humour or swelling.

DISCU’SSER. n. s. [from discuss.] He that discusses; an exa­
miner.

DISCU’SSION. n. s. [from discuss.]
1. Disquisition; examination; ventilation of a question.
Truth cannot be found without some labour and intention
of the mind, and the thoughts dwelling a considerable time
upon the survey and discussion of each particular. South.
Various discussions tear our heated brain:
Opinions often turn; still doubts remain;
And who indulges thought, increases pain. Prior.
2. [In surgery.] Discussion or resolution is nothing else but
breathing out the humours by insensible transpiration. Wiseman.

DISCU’SSIVE. adj. [from discuss.] Having the power to discuss
or disperse any noxious matter.

DISCU’TIENT. n. s. [discutiens, Latin.] A medicine that has
power to repel or drive back the matter or tumours in the
blood, with tendency to separate. It sometimes means the
same as carminative. Quincy.
The swellings arising from these require to be treated, in
their beginning, with moderate repellents and discutients. Wise.

To DISDA’IN. v. a. [dêdaigner, French.] To scorn; to con­
sider as unworthy of one's character.
There is nothing so great, which I will fear to do for you;
nor nothing so small, which I will disdain to do for you. Sidn.
They do disdain us much beyond our thoughts,
Which makes me sweat with wrath. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
What safe and nicely I might well delay
By rule of knighthood, I disdain and spurn. Shakes. K. Lear.
Tell him, Cato
Disdains a life which he has power to offer. Addison's Cato.

DISDA’IN. n. s. [sdegno, Ital.] Contempt; scorn; contemp­
tuous anger; indignation.
Children being haughty, through disdain and want of nur­
ture, do stain the nobility of their kindred. Ecclus. xxii. 10.
But against you, ye Greeks, ye coward train,
Gods! how my soul is mov'd with just disdain! Pope's Od.

DISDA’INFUL. adj. [disdain and full.] Contemptuous; haugh­
tily scornful; indignant.
There will come a time when three words, uttered with
charity and meekness, shall receive a far more blessed reward
than three thousand volumes, written with disdainful sharpness
of wit. Hooker, Preface.
The queen is obstinate,
Stubborn to justice, apt t' accuse it,
Disdainful to be tried by't. Shakespeare.
Seek through this grove;
A sweet Athenian lady is in love
With a disdainful youth: anoint his eyes;
But do it when the next thing he espies
Shall be the lady. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.
But those I can accuse, I can forgive:
By my disdainful silence let them live. Dryden.
The disdainful soul came rushing through the wound. Dry.

DISDA’INFULLY. adv. [from disdainful.] Contemptuously;
with haughty scorn; with indignation.
Either greet him not,
Or else disdainfully, which shall shake him more
Than if not look'd on. Shakespeare's Troil. and Cressida.
It is not to insult and domineer, to look disdainfully, and
revile imperiously, that procures esteem from any one. South.

DISDA’INFULNESS. n. s. [from disdainful.] Contempt; con­
temptuousness; haughty scorn.
Can I forget, when they in prison placing her,
With swelling heart, in spite and due disdainfulness,
She lay for dead, 'till I help'd with unlacing her. Sidney.
A proud disdainfulness of other good men in all honest
matters. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

DISEA’SE. n. s. [dis and ease.] Distemper; malady; sickness;
morbid state.
What's the disease he means?
——'Tis call'd the evil. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
It is idle to propose remedies before we are assured of the
disease, or to be in pain 'till we are convinced of the danger.
Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.
Then wasteful forth
Walks the dire power of pestilent disease. Thoms. Summer.

To DISEA’SE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To afflict with disease; to torment with sickness; to make
morbid; to infect.
We are all diseased,
And with our surfeiting and wanton hours
Have brought ourselves into a burning fever,
And we must bleed for it. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Flatt'rers yet wear silk, drink wine, lie soft,
Hug their diseas'd perfumes, and have forgot
That ever Timon was. Shakespeare's Timon.
Let her alone, lady: as she is now, she will but disease our
better mirth. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He was diseased in his feet. 1 Kings xv. 23.
2. To put to pain; to pain; to make uneasy.
Though great light be insufferable to our eyes, yet the
highest degree of darkness does not at all disease them. Locke.

DISEA’SEDNESS. n. s. [from diseased.] Sickness; morbidness;
the state of being diseased.
This is a restoration to some former state; not that state
of indigency and diseasedness. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

DISE’DGED. adj. [dis and edge.] Blunted; obtunded; dulled.
I grieve myself
To think, when thou shalt be disedg'd by her
Whom now thou tir'st on, how thy memory
Will then be pang'd by me. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To DISEMBA’RK. v. a. [dis and embark.] To carry to land.
I must unto the road, to disembark
Some necessaries. Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona.

To DISEMBA’RK. v. n. To land; to go on land.
There disembarking on the green sea-side,
We land our cattle, and the spoil divide. Pope's Odyssey.

To DISEMBI’TTER. v. a. [dis and embitter.] To sweeten; to
free from bitterness; to clear from acrimony.
Encourage such innocent amusements as may disembit­
ter the minds of men, and make them mutually rejoice in
the same agreeable satisfactions. Addison's Freeholder, No. 34.

DISEMBO’DIED. adj. [dis and embodied.] Divested of their
bodies.

To DISEMBO’GUE. v. a. [disemboucher, old French. Skinner.]
To pour out at the mouth of a river; to vent.
Rivers
In ample oceans disembogu'd, are lost. Dryden's Ovid.
Rolling down, the steep Timavus raves,
And through nine channels disembogues his waves. Addison.

To DISEMBO’GUE. v. n. To gain a vent; to flow.
By eminences placed up and down the globe, the rivers
make innumberable turnings and windings, and at last disem­
bogue in several mouths into the sea. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

DISEMBO’WELLED. participial adj. [dis and embowel.] Taken
from out the bowels.
So her disembowell'd web,
Arachne in a hall or kitchen spreads,
Obvious to vagrant flies. Phillips.

To DISEMBRO’IL. v. a. [debouiller, French.] To disentangle;
to free from perplexity; to reduce from confusion.
Then earth from air, and seas from earth were driv'n,
And grosser air sunk from etherial heav'n;
Thus disembroil'd, they take their proper place. Dryden.
The system of his politicks is disembroiled, and cleared of all
those incoherences and independent matters that are woven
into this motly piece. Addison's Whig Examiner.

To DISENA’BLE. v. a. [dis and enable.] To deprive of power;
to disable; to sink into weakness; to weaken.
Now age has overtaken me; and want, a more insufferable
evil, through the change of the times, has wholly disenabled
me. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.

To DISENCHA’NT. v. a. [dis and enchant.] To free from the
force of an enchantment; to deliver from the power of
charms or spells.
Alas! let your own brain disenchant you. Sidney.
Muse, stoop thy disenchanted wing to truth. Denham.
Haste to thy work; a noble stroke or two
Ends all the charms, and disenchants the grove. Dryden.

To DISENCU’MBER. v. a. [dis and encumber.]
1. To discharge from incumbrances; to free from clogs and im­
pediments; to disburthen; to exonerate.
It will need the actual intention, the particular stress and
application of the whole soul, to disencumber and set it free,
to scour off its rust, and remove those hindrances which would
otherwise clog and check the freedom of its operations. Spratt.
The disencumber'd soul
Flew off, and left behind the clouds and starry pole. Dryd.
Dreams look like the amusements of the soul, when she is
disencumbered of her machine; her sports and recreations, when
she has laid her charge asleep. Spectator, No. 487.
2. To free from obstruction of any kind.
Dim night had disencumber'd heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
The church of St. Justina, designed by Palladio, is the
most handsome, luminous, disencumbered building, in the in­
side, that I have ever seen; and is esteemed, by many artists,
one of the finest works in Italy. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

DISENCU’MBRANCE. n. s. [from the verb.] Freedom from
incumbrance.
There are many who make a figure below what their for­
tune or merit entitles them to, out of mere choice, and an
elegant desire of ease and disencumbrance. Spectator, No. 264.

To DISENGA’GE. v. a. [dis and engage.]
1. To separate from any thing with which it is in union.
Some others, being very light, would float up and down
a good while, before they could wholly disengage themselves
and descend. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.


2. To withdraw the affection; to wean; to abstract the mind.
It is requisite that we should acquaint ourselves with God,
that we should frequently disengage our hearts from earthly
pursuits. Atterbury.
The consideration that should disengage our fondness from
worldly things, is, that they are uncertain in their founda­
tion, fading, transient, and corruptible in their nature. Rogers.
3. To disentangle; to clear from impediments or difficulties.
From civil broils he did us disengage;
Found nobler objects for our martial rage. Waller.
In the next paragraph I found my author pretty well dis­
engaged from quotations. Atterbury.
4. To free from any thing that powerfully seizes the attention.
When our mind's eyes are disengag'd and free,
They clearer, farther, and distinctly see. Denham.

To DISENGA’GE. v. n. To set one's self free from; to with­
draw one's affections from.
Providence gives us notice, by sensible declensions, that we
may disengage from the world by degrees. Collier on Thought.

DISENGA’GED. participial adj. [from disengage.] Vacant; at
leisure; not fixed down to any particular object of attention.

DISENGA’GEDNESS. n. s. [from disengage.] The quality of
being disengaged; vacuity of attention; freedom from any
pressing business.

DISENGA’GEMENT. n. s. [from disengage.]
1. Release from any engagement, or obligation.
2. Freedom of attention; vacancy.

To DISENTA’NGLE. v. a. [dis and entangle.]
1. To set free from impediments; to disembroil; to clear from
perplexity or difficulty.
'Till they could find some expedient to explicate and disen­
tangle themselves out of this labyrinth, they made no advance
towards supplying their armies. Clarendon, b. viii.
The welfare of their souls requires a better judgment than
their own, either to guide them in their duty, or to disentangle
them from a temptation. South.
2. To unfold or loose the parts of any thing interwoven with
one another.
Though in concretions particles so entangle one another, that
they cannot in a short time clear themselves, yet they do in­
cessantly strive to disentangle themselves, and get away. Boyle.
3. To disengage; to separate.
Neither can God himself be otherwise understood by us
than as a mind free, and disentangled from all corporeal mix­
tures. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

To DISENTE’RRE. v. a. [dis and enterrer, French.] To un­
bury; to take out of the grave.
Though the blindness of some fanaticks have savaged on
the bodies of the dead, and have been so injurious unto worms
as to disenterre the bodies of the deceased, yet had they there­
in no design upon the soul. Brown's Vul. Errours, b. vii. c. 19.

To DISENTHRA’L. v. a. [dis and enthral.] To set free; to
restore to liberty; to rescue from slavery.
But God my soul shall disenthral;
For I upon his name will call. Sandys.
If religion were false, bad men would set the utmost force
of their reason on work to discover that falsity, and thereby
disenthral themselves. South's Sermons.

To DISENTHRO’NE. v. a. [dis and enthrone.] To depose from
sovereignty; to dethrone.
Either to disenthrone the king of heav'n
We war, if war be best; or to regain
Our own right lost. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 229.

To DISENTRA’NCE. [dis and entrance.] To awaken from a
trance, or deep sleep.
Ralpho, by this time disentranc'd,
Upon his bum himself advanc'd,
Though sorely bruis'd. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.

To DISESPO’USE. v. a. [dis and espouse.] To separate after
faith plighted.
Such was the rage
Of Turnus, for Lavinia disespous'd. Milton's Parad. Lost.

DISESTE’EM. n. s. [dis and esteem.] Slight regard; a dis­
regard more moderate than contempt.
When any one, by miscarriage, falls into disesteem, he will
fall under neglect and contempt. Locke.

To DISESTE’EM. v. a. [from the noun.] To regard slightly;
to consider with a slight degree of contempt.
Should Mars see't,
That horrid hurrier of men, or she that betters him,
Minerva, never so incens'd, they could not disesteem. Chapm.
But if this sacred gift you disesteem,
Then cruel plagues shall fall on Priam's state. Denham.
I would not be thought to disesteem or dissuade the study of
nature. Locke.

DISESTIMA’TION. n. s. [dis and æstimatio, Lat.] Disrespect;
disesteem. Dict.

DISFA’VOUR. n. s. [dis and favour.]
1. Discountenance; unpropitious regard; unfavourable aspect;
unfavourable circumstance.
It was verily thought, that had it not been for four great
disfavours of that voyage, the enterprize had succeeded. Bacon.
2. A state of ungraciousness or unacceptableness; a state in
which one is not favoured.
While free from sacrilege, he was at peace, as it were,
with God and man; but after his sacrilege, he was in disfa­
vour with both. Spelman.
3. Want of beauty. Dict.

To DISFA’VOUR. v. a. [from the noun.] To discountenance;
to withold or withdraw kindness.
Might not those of higher rank, and nearer access to her
majesty, receive her own commands, and be countenanced
or disfavoured according as they obey? Swift.

DISFIGURA’TION. n. s. [from disfigure.]
1. The act of disfiguring.
2. The state of being disfigured.
3. Deformity.

To DISFI’GURE. v. a. [dis and figure.] To change any thing
to a worse form; to deform; to mangle.
One
To whom you are but as a form in wax
By him imprinted, and within his power
To leave the figure, or disfigure it. Shakespeare.
In this the antique and well-noted face
Of plain old form is much disfigured. Shakesp. King John.
Abject is their punishment,
Disfiguring not God's likeness, but their own,
Or, if his likeness, by themselves defac'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
Uriel once warn'd, pursu'd him down
The way he went, and on the Assyrian mount
Saw him disfigur'd more than could befall
Spirit of happy sort. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 127.
A nose flatter, or a mouth wider, could have consisted, as
well as the rest of his figure, with such a soul and such parts as
made him, disfigured as he was, capable to be a dignitary in
the church. Locke.
Nor would his slaughter'd army now have lain
On Africk's sands, disfigur'd with their wounds,
To gorge the wolves and vultures of Numidia. Addis. Cato.
His long absence, and travels which had disfigured him,
made him altogether unknown. Pope on Epick Poetry.

DISFI’GUREMENT. n. s. [from disfigure.] Defacement of
beauty; change of a better form to a worse.
The disfigurement that travel or sickness has bestowed upon
him, is not thought great by the lady of the isle. Suckling.
And they, so perfect is their misery,
Not once perceive their foul disfigurement. Milton's Comus.

To DISFO’REST. v. a. [dis and forest.] To reduce land from
the privileges of a forest to the state of common land.

To DISFRA’NCHISE. v. a. [dis and franchise.] To deprive
of privileges or immunities.

DISFRANCHI’SEMENT. n. s. [from disfranchise.] The act of
depriving of privileges. Dict.

To DISFU’RNISH. v. a. [dis and furnish.] To deprive; to un­
furnish; to strip.
My riches are these poor habiliments,
Of which if you should here disfurnish me,
You take the sum and substance that I have. Shakespeare.
He durst not disfurnish that country either of so great a
commander, or of the wonted garrisons. Knolles's History.

To DISGA’RNISH. v. a. [dis and garnish.]
1. To strip of ornaments. Dict.
2. To take guns from a fortress.

To DISGLO’RIFY. v. a. [dis and glorify.] To deprive of
glory; to treat with indignity.
So Dagon shall be magnify'd, and God,
Besides whom is no god, compar'd with idols,
Disglorify'd, blasphem'd, and had in scorn. Milt. Agonistes.

To DISGO’RGE. v. a. [degorger, Fr. from gorge, the throat.]
1. To discharge by the mouth; to spew out; to vomit.
So, so, thou common dog, did'st thou disgorge
Thy glutton bosom of the royal Richard?
And now thou wouldst eat thy dead vomit up,
And howl'st to find it. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
From the distant shore they loudly laught,
To see his heaving breast disgorge the briny draught. Dryden.
2. To pour out with violence.
All th' embossed sores and headed evils,
That thou with licence of free foot hast caught,
Would thou disgorge into the general world. Shakespeare.
The deep-drawing barks do there disgorge
Their warlike fraughtage. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida, Prol.
They move along the banks
Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge
Into the burning lake their baleful streams. Milt. Par. Lost.
There are scarcely any countries much annoyed with
earthquakes, that have not volcanoes, or fiery vents; and
these are constantly all in flames, whenever any earthquake
happens; they disgorging that fire which, whilst underneath,
was the cause of the disaster. Derham's Physico-Theology.



DISGRA’CE. n. s. [disgrace, French.]
1. Shame; ignominy; dishonour.
Like a dull actor now,
I have forgot my part, and I am out
Even to a full disgrace. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Poetry, howsoever censured, is not fallen from the high­
est stage of honour to the lowest stair of disgrace. Peacham.
2. State of dishonour.
To such bondage he was for so many courses tied by her,
whose disgraces to him were graced by her excellence. Sidney.
3. State of being out of favour.

To DISGRA’CE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bring a reproach upon; to dishonour.
We may not so in any one special kind admire her, that
we disgrace her in any other; but let all her ways be accord­
ing unto their place and degree adored. Hooker, b. ii. s. 1.
Mens passions will carry them far in misrepresenting an
opinion, which they have a mind to disgrace. Burnet.
2. To put out of favour: as, the minister was disgraced.

DISGRA’CEFUL. adj. [disgrace and full.] Shameful; igno­
minious; reproachful.
Masters must correct their servants with gentleness, pru­
dence, and mercy; not with upbraiding and disgraceful lan­
guage, but with such only as may express and reprove the
fault, and amend the person. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
To retire behind their chariots was as little disgraceful then,
as it is now to alight from one's horse in a battle. Pope.

DISGRA’CEFULLY. adv. [from disgraceful.] In disgrace;
with indignity; ignominiously.
The senate have cast you forth
Disgracefully, to be the common tale
Of the whole city. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

DISGRA’CEFULNESS. n. s. [from disgraceful.] Ignominy.

DISGRA’CER. n. s. [from disgrace.] One that exposes to
shame; one that causes ignominy.
I have given good advice to those infamous disgracers of the
sex and calling. Swift.

DISGRA’CIOUS. adj. [dis and gracious.] Unkind; unfavourable.
I do suspect I have done some offence,
That seems disgracious in the city's eye. Shakes. Richard III.

To DISGUI’SE. v. a. [deguiser, French; dis and guise.]
1. To conceal by an unusual dress.
How might we disguise him?
——Alas, I know not: there is no woman's gown big
enough for him. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Disguis'd he came; but those his children dear
Their parent soon discern'd, though in disguise. Milt. P. L.
2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance; to cloak by a false
show; as, he disguised his anger.
3. To disfigure; to change the form.
They saw the faces, which too well they knew,
Though then disguis'd in death, and smear'd all o'er
With filth obscene, and dropping putrid gore. Dryd. Æn.
Ulysses wakes, not knowing the place where he was; be­
cause Minerva made all things appear in a disguised view. Pope.
4. To deform by liquor: a low term.
I have just left the right worshipful, and his myrmidons,
about a sneaker of five gallons: the whole magistracy was
pretty well disguised before I gave them the slip. Spectator.

DISGUI’SE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A dress contrived to conceal the person that wears it.
They generally act in a disguise themselves, and therefore
mistake all outward show and appearances for hypocrisy in
others. Addison's Spectator, No. 170.
2. A false appearance; counterfeit show.
You see we've burnt our cheeks; and mine own tongue
Splits what it speaks: the wild disguise hath almost
Antickt us. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
A sudden thought then starting in his mind,
Since I in Arcite cannot Arcite find,
The world may search in vain with all their eyes,
But never penetrate through this disguise. Dryden's Fables.
Hence guilty joys, distastes, surmises,
False oaths, false tears, deceits, disguises. Pope.

DISGUI’SEMENT. n. s. [from disguise.] Dress of concealment.
Under that disguisement I should find opportunity to reveal
myself to the owner of my heart. Sidney.
The marquis thought best to dismask his beard, and told
him, that he was going covertly to take a secret view of the
forwardness of his majesty's fleet, then in preparation: this
did somewhat handsomely heal the disguisement. Wotton.

DISGUI’SER. n. s. [from disguise.]
1. One that puts on a disguise.
I hope he is grown more disengaged from his intentness on
his own affairs, which is quite the reverse to you, unless you
are a very dextrous disguiser. Swift.
2. One that conceals another by a disguise; one that disfigures.
Death's a great disguiser. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

DISGU’ST. n. s. [degout, French.]
1. Aversion of the palate from any thing.
2. Ill-humour; malevolence; offence conceived.
The manner of doing is of more consequence than the
thing done, and upon that depends the satisfaction or disgust
wherewith it is received. Locke.
Thence dark disgust and hatred, winding wiles,
Coward deceit, and ruffian violence. Thomson's Spring.

To DISGU’ST. v. a. [degouter, French; degusto, Latin.]
1. To raise aversion in the stomach; to distaste.
2. To strike with dislike; to offend. It is variously constructed
with at or with.
If a man were disgusted at marriage, he would never re­
commend it to his friend. Atterbury.
Those unenlarged souls are disgusted with the wonders
which the microscope has discovered. Watts's Impr. of the Mind.
3. To produce aversion: with from.
What disgusts me from having to do with answer-jobbers is,
that they have no conscience. Swift.

DISGU’STFUL. adj. [disgust and full.] Nauseous; that which
causes aversion.
I have finished the most disgustful task that ever I under­
took. Swift.

DISH. n. s. [disc, Saxon; dysc, Erse; discus, Latin.]
1. A broad wide vessel, in which solid food is served up at the
table.
Of these he murders one; he boils the flesh,
And lays the mangled morsels in a dish. Dryden.
I saw among the ruins an old heathen altar, with this
particularity in it, that it is hollowed like a dish at one end;
but it was not this end on which the sacrifice was laid. Addis.
2. A deep hollow vessel for liquid food.
Who would rob a hermit of his weeds,
His few books, or his beads, or maple dish;
Or do his grey hairs any violence? Milton.
A ladle for our silver dish
Is what I want, is what I wish. Prior.
3. The meat served in a dish; any particular kind of food.
I have here a dish of doves, that I would bestow upon your
worship. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Let's kill him boldly, but not wrathfully;
Let's carve him as a dish fit for the gods,
Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.
The contract you pretend with that base wretch,
One bred of alms and foster'd with cold dishes,
With scraps o' th' court; it is no contract, none. Sh. Cymb.
'Tis not the meat, but 'tis the appetite
Makes eating a delight;
And if I like one dish
More than another, that a pheasant is. Suckling.
The earth would have been deprived of a most excellent
and wholsome fare, and very many delicious dishes that we
have the use and benefit of. Woodward.
Many people would, with reason, prefer the griping of an
hungry belly to those dishes which are a feast to others. Locke.

To DISH. v. a. [from the noun.] To serve in a dish; to send
up to table.
For conspiracy,
I know not how it tastes, though it be dish'd
For me to try. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

DISH-CLOUT. n. s. [dish and clout.] The cloath with which the
maids rub their dishes.
A dish-clout of Jaquenetta's, he wears next his heart for
a favour. Shakespeare's Love's Labour Lost.
Send them up to their masters with a dish-clout pinned at
their tails. Swift's Directions to the Cook.

DISH-WASHER. n. s. [dish and washer.] The name of a bird.

DISHABI’LLE. adj. [deshabillè, French.] Undressed; loosely
or negligently dressed.
Queens are not to be too negligently dressed or dishabille.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.

DISHABI’LLE. n. s. Undress; loose dress.
A woman, who would preserve a lover's respect to her per­
son, will be careful of her appearance before him when in
dishabille. Clarissa.

To DISHA’BIT. v. a. [This word I have found only in Shake­
speare.] To throw out of place; to drive from their habi­
tation.
But for our approach those sleeping stones,
By the compulsion of their ordinance,
By this time from their fixed beds of lime
Had been dishabited, and wide havock made. Shakesp. K. Lear.

DISHA’RMONY. n. s. [dis and harmony.] Contrary to harmony.

To DISHEA’RTEN. v. a. [dis and hearten.]
1. To discourage; to deject; to terrify; to depress.
To dishearten with fearful sentences, as tho' salvation could
hardly be hoped for, is not in our understanding so consonant
with christian charity. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
Be not disheartened then, nor cloud those looks,
That wont to be more chearful and serene. Milt. Par. Lost.
Yet neither thus dishearten'd nor dismay'd,
The time prepar'd I waited. Milton.
It is a consideration that might dishearten those who are en­
gaged against the common adversaries, that they promise them­
selves as much from the folly of enemies, as from the power
of their friends. Stillingfleet's Pref. to Def. Rom. Id.


Men cannot say, that the greatness of an evil and danger is
an encouragement to men to run upon it; and that the great­
ness of any good and happiness ought in reason to dishearten
men from the pursuit of it. Tillotson, Serm. i.
A true christian fervour is more than the alliances of our potent
friends, or even the fears of our disheartened enemies. Atterbury.

DISHE’RISON. n. s. [dis and herison.] The act of debarring
from inheritance.

To DISHE’RIT. v. a. [dis and inherit.] To cut off from here­
ditary succession; to debar from an inheritance.
He tries to restore to their rightful heritage such good
old English words as have been long time out of use, al­
most disherited. Spencer's Past.
How they were rank'd shall rest untold by me,
With nameless nymphs that liv'd in ev'ry tree;
Nor how the Dryads and the woodland train,
Disherited, ran howling o'er the plain. Dryden's Fab.

To DISHE’VEL. v. a. [decheveler, French.] To spread the hair
disorderly; to throw the hair of a woman negligently about
her head. It is not often used but in the passive participle.
A gentle lady all alone,
With garments rent and hair dishevelled,
Wringing her hands, and making piteous moan. Sp. Fa. Qu.
After followed great numbers of women weeping, with
dishevelled hair, scratching their faces and tearing themselves
after the manner of the country. Knolles.
A troop of Trojans mix'd with these appear,
And mourning matrons with dishevell'd hair. Dryd. Æneid.
The flames involv'd in smoak
Of incence, from the sacred altar broke,
Caught her dishevell'd hair and rich attire. Dryden's Æneid.
You this morn beheld his ardent eyes,
Saw his arm lock'd in her dishevell'd hair. Smith's Ph. Hip.

DI’SHING. adj. [from dish.] Concave; a cant term among
artificers.
For the form of the wheels, some make them more dishing,
as they call it, than others; that is, more concave, by setting
off the spokes and fellies more outwards. Mortimer's Husband.

DISHO’NEST. adj. [dis and honest.]
1. Void of probity; void of faith; faithless; wicked; fraudulent.
To-morrow will we be married—I do desire it with all my
heart; and I hope it is no dishonest desire, to desire to be a
woman of the world. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Justice then was neither blind to discern, nor lame to exe­
cute. It was not subject to be imposed upon by a deluded
fancy, nor yet to be bribed by a glozing appetite, for an utile
or jucundum to turn the balance to a false or dishonest sen­
tence. South's Sermons.
He lays it down as a principle, that right or wrong, honest
and dishonest, are defined only by laws and not by nature. Locke.
2. Disgraced; dishonoured.
Dishonest with lopp'd arms the youth appears,
Spoil'd of his nose, and shorten'd of his ears. Dryden.
3. Disgraceful; ignominious. These two senses are scarcely
English, being borrowed from the Latin idiom.
She saw her sons with purple death expire,
Her sacred domes involv'd in rolling fire,
A dreadful series of intestine wars,
Inglorious triumphs and dishonest scars. Pope's Winds. For.

DISHO’NESTLY. adv. [from dishonest.]
1. Without faith; without probity; faithlesly; wickedly.
I protest he had the chain of me,
Tho' most dishonestly he doth deny it. Shakesp. Com. Err.
2. Lewdly; wantonly; unchastely.
A wise daughter shall bring an inheritance to her husband;
but she that liveth dishonestly is her father's heaviness. Ecc. xxii. 4.

DISHO’NESTY. n. s. [from dishonest.]
1. Want of probity; faithlessness; violation of trust.
Their fortune depends upon their credit, and a stain of open
public dishonesty must be to their disadvantage. Swift.
2. Unchastity; incontinence; lewdness.
Mrs. Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife, the vir­
tuous creature, that hath the jealous fool to her husband! I
suspect without cause, mistress, do I?—Heav'n be my witness
you do, if you suspect me in any dishonesty. Shakespeare.

DISHO’NOUR. n. s. [dis and honour.]
1. Reproach; disgrace; ignominy.
Let not my jealousies be your dishonours,
But mine own safeties. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He was pleased to own Lazarus even in the dishonours of the
grave, and vouchsafed him in that despicable condition the
glorious title of his friend. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
Take him for your husband and your lord,
'Tis no dishonour to confer your grace
On one descended from a royal race. Dryden's Fables.
2. Reproach uttered; censure; report of infamy.
So good, that no tongue could ever
Pronounce dishonour of her; by my life
She never knew harm-doing. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To DISHO’NOUR. v. a. [dis and honour.]
1. To disgrace; to bring shame upon; to blast with infamy.
Make known,
It is no vicious blot, murther, or foulness,
No unchaste action, or dishonour'd step,
That hath depriv'd me of your grace and favour. Shakesp.
This no more dishonours you at all,
Than to take in a town with gentle words,
Which else would put you to your fortune. Shakesp. Cor.
A woman that honoureth her husband, shall be judged wife
of all; but she that dishonoureth him in her pride, shall be
counted ungodly of all. Eccl. xxvi. 26.
We are not so much to strain ourselves to make those vir­
tues appear in us which really we have not, as to avoid those
imperfections which may dishonour us. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. To violate chastity.
3. To treat with indignity.
If I, celestial sire! in ought
Have serv'd thy will, or gratify'd thy thought,
One glimpse of glory to my issue give,
Grac'd for the little time he has to live:
Dishonour'd by the king of men he stands;
His rightful prize is ravish'd from his hands. Dryd. Iliad.

DISHO’NOURABLE. adj. [from dishonour.]
1. Shameful, reproachful; ignominious.
He did dishonourable find
Those articles which did our state decrease. Dan. Civ. War.
2. In a state of neglect or disesteem.
He that is honoured in poverty, how much more in riches?
and he that is dishonourable in riches, how much more in po­
verty. Ecclus, x. 31.

DISHO’NOURER. n. s. [from dishonour.]
1. One that treats another with indignity.
Preaching how meritorious with the gods
It would be, to ensnare an irreligious
Dishonourer of Dagon. Milton's Agon. l. 857.
2. A violator of chastity.

To DISHO’RN. v. a. [dis and horn.] To strip of horns.
We'll dishorn the spirit,
And mock him home to Windsor. Shakesp. M. Wive. Wind.

DISHU’MOUR. n. s. [dis and humour.] Peevishness; ill humour;
uneasy state of mind.
Speaking impatiently to servants, or any thing that betrays
inattention or dishumour, are also criminal. Spectator, No. 424.

DISIMPRO’VEMENT. n. s. [dis and improvement.] Reduction
from a better to a worse state; the contrary to melioration;
contrary to improvement.
The final issue of the matter would be, an utter neglect and
disimprovement of the earth. Norris.
I cannot see how this kingdom is at any height of improve­
ment, while four parts in five of the plantations for thirty
years past have been real disimprovements. Swift.

To DISINCA’RCERATE. n. s. [dis and incarcerate.] To set at
liberty; to free from prison.
The arsenical bodies being now coagulated, and kindled
into flaming atoms, require dry and warm, or subtiliz­
ing air, to melt and open the surface of the earth for to
disincarcerate the same venene bodies. Harvey on the Plague.

DISINCLINA’TION. n. s. [from disincline.] Want of affection;
slight; dislike; ill will not heightened to aversion.
Disappointment gave him a disinclination to the fair sex, for
whom he does not express all the respect possible. Arb. and Pope.

To DISINCLI’NE. v. a. [dis and incline.] To produce dislike
to; to make disaffected; to alienate affection from.
They were careful to keep up the fears and apprehensions
in the people of dangers and designs, and to disincline them
from any reverence or affection to the queen, whom they be­
gun every day more implacably to hate, and consequently to
disoblige. Clarendon.

DISINGENU’ITY. n. s. [from disingenuous.] Meanness of arti­
fice; unfairness.
They contract a habit of ill-nature and disingenuity necessary
to their affairs, and the temper of those upon whom they are
to work. Clarendon.

DISINGE’NUOUS. adj. [dis and ingenuous.] Unfair; meanly
artful; viciously subtle; sly; cunning; illiberal; unbecoming
a gentleman; crafty.
'Tis disingenuous to accuse our age
Of idleness, who all our pow'rs engage
In the same studies, the same course to hold,
Nor think our reason for new arts too old. Denham.
It was a disingenuous way of proceeding, to oppose a judg­
ment of charity concerning their church, to a judgment of
reason concerning the nature of actions. Stillingfleet.
There cannot be any thing so disingenuous and misbecoming
any one who pretends to be a rational creature, as not to yield
to plain reason and the conviction of clear arguments. Locke.

DISINGE’NUOUSLY. adv. [from disingenuous.] In a disingenuous
manner.

DISINGE’NUOUSNESS. n. s. [from disingenuous.] Mean subtilty;
unfairness; low craft.
I might press them with the unreasonableness, the disingenu­
ousness of embracing a profession to which their own hearts
have an inward reluctance. Government of the Tongue, s. 3.



DISINHE’RISON. n. s. [dis and inherit.] The act of cutting off
from any hereditary succession; the act of disinheriting.
If he stood upon his own title of the house of Lancaster,
inherent in his person, he knew it was a title condemned by
parliament, and generally prejudged in the common opinion
of the realm, that it tended directly to the disinherison of the
line of York. Bacon's Henry VII.
The chief minister of the revenue was obliged to prevent
and even oppose such disinherison. Clarendon.
2. The state of being cut off from an hereditary right.
In respect of the effects and evil consequences, the adultery
of the woman is worse, as bringing bastardy into a family,
and disinherisons or great injuries to the lawful children. Tayl.

To DISINHE’RIT. v. a. [dis and inherit.] To cut off from an
hereditary right; to deprive of an inheritance.
Is it then just with us to disinherit
The unborn nephews for the father's fault? Davies.
Unmuffle, ye faint stars, and thou fair moon,
Stoop thy pale visage through an amber cloud,
And disinherit chaos that reigns here
In double night of darkness, and of slander. Milton.
Posterity stands curs'd! fair patrimony,
That I must leave ye, sons! O were I able
To waste it all myself, and leave ye none;
So disinherited, how would ye bless
Me, now your curse! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 521.
Of how fair a portion Adam disinherited his whole posterity
by one single prevarication. South's Sermons.

To DISINTE’R. v. a. [from dis and inter.] To unbury; to
take out of the grave.
The philosopher, the saint, or the hero, the wise, the good,
or the great man, very often lie hid and concealed in a plebeian,
which a proper education might have disinterred. Addis. Spect.

DISINTERE’SSED. n. s. [dis and interesse, French. It is written
disinterested by those who derive it immediately from interest,
and I think more properly.] Without regard to private ad­
vantage; not biassed by particular views; impartial.
Not that tradition's parts are useless here,
When general, old, disinteress'd, and clear. Dryden.

DISINTERE’SSMENT. n. s. [dis and interessement, French.] Dis­
regard to private advantage; disinterest; disinterestedness. This
word like charges in the same sentence, is merely gallick.
He has managed some of the charges of the kingdom with
known ability, and laid them down with entire disinteressment.
Prior's Postscript.

DISI’NTEREST. n. s. [dis and interest.]
1. What is contrary to one's wish or prosperity; that which any
one is concerned to prevent.
They judge it the great disinterest to Rome. Glanville.
2. Indifference to profit; superiority to regards of private ad­
vantage.

DISI’NTERESTED. adj. [from disinterest.] Superior to regard of
private advantage; not influenced by private profit.
My lord, as disinterested as you appear to the world, I am
convinced, that no man is more in the power of prevailing
favourite passion than yourself. Swift.
3. Without any concern in an affair; without fear or hope.

DISINTERE’STEDLY. adv. [from disinterested.] In a disinterest­
ed manner.

DISINTERE’STEDNESS. n. s. [from disinterested.] Contempt of
private interest; neglect of personal profit.
These expressions of selfishness and disinterestedness have been
used in a very loose and indeterminate manner. Brown.

To DISI’NTRICATE. v. a. [dis and intricate.] To disin­
tangle. Dict.

To DISINVI’TE. v. a. [dis and invite.] To retract an invita­
tion. Dict.

To DISJO’IN. v. a. [dejoindre, French; dis and join.] To sepa­
rate; to part from each other; to disunite; to sunder.
Never shall my harp thy praise
Forget, nor from thy father's praise disjoin. Milton's P. Lost.
Lest different degree
Disjoin us, and I then too late renounce
Deity for thee, when fate will not permit. Milton. P. Lost.
Happier for me, that all our hours assign'd
Together we had liv'd: ev'n not in death disjoin'd. Dryd.
Never let us lay down our arms against France till we have
utterly disjoined her from the Spanish monarchy. Addison.

To DISJO’INT. v. a. [dis and joint.]
1. To put out of joint.
Be all their ligaments at once unbound,
And their disjointed bones to powder ground. Sandy's Paraph.
Yet what could swords or poison, racks or flame,
But mangle and disjoint the brittle frame,
More fatal Henry's words; they murder Emma's fame. Pr.
2. To break at junctures; to separate at the part where there
is a cement.
Mould'ring arches, and disjointed columns. Irene.
3. To break in pieces; to dilaniate.
Rotation must disperse in air,
All things which on the rapid orb appear;
And if no power that motion should controul,
It must disjoint and dissipate the whole. Blackmore.
Should a barbarous Indian, who had never seen a palace or
a ship, view the separate and disjointed parts, he would be
able to form but a very lame and dark idea of either of those
excellent and useful inventions. Watts's Improvm. of the Mind.
4. To carve a fowl.
5. To make incoherent; to break the relation between the parts.
The constancy of your wit was not wont to bring forth such
disjointed speeches. Sidney, b. ii.
But now her grief has wrought her into frenzy,
The images her troubled fancy forms
Are incoherent, wild; her words disjointed. Smith.

To DISJOI’NT. v. n. To fall in pieces.
Let both worlds disjoint, and all things suffer,
Ere we will eat our meal in fear. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DISJOI’NT. participle. [from the verb.] Separated; divided.
Young Fortinbras,
Holding a weak supposal of our worth;
Thinks, by our late dear brother's death,
Our state to be disjoint and out of frame. Shakesp. Hamlet.

DISJUDICA’TION. n. s. [dijudicatio, Latin.] Judgment; deter­
mination; perhaps only mistaken for dijudication.
The disposition of the organ is of great importance in the
disjudications we make of colours. Boyle on Colours.

DISJU’NCT. adj. [disjunctus, Latin.] Disjoined; separate.

DISJU’NCTION. n. s. [from disjunctio, Latin.] Disunion; sepa­
ration; parting.
You may
Enjoy your mistress now, from whom, you see,
There's no disjunction to be made, but by
Your ruin. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
There is a great analogy between the body natural and poli­
tic, in which the ecclesiastical, or spiritual part, justly supplies
the part of the soul; and the violent separation of this from
the other, does as certainly infer death and dissolution, as the
disjunction of the body and the soul in the natural. South.

DISJU’NCTIVE. adj. [disjunctivus, Latin.]
1. Incapable of union.
Such principles, whose atoms are of that disjunctive nature,
as not to be united in a sufficient number to make a visible
mass. Grew's Cosm. Sac. b. i. c. 2.
2. That which marks separation or opposition; as I love him, or
fear him.
There are such words as disjunctive conjunctions. Watts.
3. [In logick.] A disjunctive proposition is when the parts are op­
posed to one another by disjunctive particles; as, It is either day
or night: The weather is either shiny or rainy: Quantity is either
length, breadth, or depth. The truth of disjunctives depends on the
necessary and immediate opposition of the parts, therefore only
the last of these examples is true; but the two first are not
strictly true, because twilight is a medium between day and
night; and dry cloudy weather is a medium between shining
and raining. Watts's Logick.
A disjunctive syllogysm is when the major proposition is dis­
junctive; as, The earth moves in a circle, or an ellipsis; but it
does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an el­
lipsis. Watts's Logick.

DISJU’NCTIVELY. adv. [from disjunctive.] Distinctly; se­
parately.
What he observes of the numbers disjunctively and apart,
reason suggests to be applicable to the whole body united.
Causes of the Decay of Piety.

DISK. n. s. [discus, Latin.]
1. The face of the sun, or any other planet, as it appears to
the eye.
The disk of Phæbus, when he climbs on high,
Appears at first but as a bloodshot eye. Dryden.
It is to be considered, that the rays, which are equally re­
frangible, do fall upon a circle answering to the sun's disk. Newt.
Mercury's disk
Can scarce be caught by philosophic eye,
Lost in the near effulgence. Thomson's Summer.
2. A broad piece of iron thrown in the antient sports; a quoit.
The crystal of the eye, which in a fish is a ball, in any
land animal is a disk or bowl; being hereby fitted for the
clearer sight of the object. Grew's Cosm. Sac. b. i. c. 5.
In areas vary'd with mosaic art,
Some whirl the disk, and some the jav'lin dart. Pope's Od.

DISKI’NDNESS. n. s. [dis and kindness.] Want of kindness;
want of affection; want of benevolence.
2. Ill turn; injury; act of malignity; detriment.
This discourse is so far from doing any diskindness to the
cause, that it does it a real service. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

DISLI’KE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Disinclination; absence of affection; the contrary to fondness.
He then them took, and tempering goodly well
Their contrary dislikes with loved means,
Did place them all in order, and compel
To keep themselves within their sundry reigns,
Together link'd with adamantine chains. Spencer.
Your dislikes to whom I would be pleasing,
Do cloud my joys with danger and with sorrow. Shakesp.


God's grace, that principle of his new birth, gives him
continual dislike to sin. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
Sorrow would have been as silent as thoughts, as severe as
philosophy. It would have rested in inward senses, tacit
dislikes. South's Sermons.
Our likings or dislikes are founded rather upon humour and
fancy than upon reason. L'Estrange.
The jealous man is not angry if you dislike another; but if
you find those faults which are in his own character, you dis­
cover not only your dislike of another, but of himself. Addis.
2. Discord; dissention; disagreement. This sense is not now
in use.
This said Aletes, and a murmur rose
That shew'd dislike among the christian peers. Fairfax.

To DISLI’KE. v. a. [dis and like.] To disapprove; to regard
without affection; to regard with ill-will or disgust.
What most he should dislike, seems pleasant to him;
What like, offensive. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Ye dislike, and so undo
The players, and disgrace the poet too. Denh. Prol. Sophy.
Whosoever dislikes the digressions, or grows weary of them,
may throw them away. Temple.

DISLI’KEFUL. adj. [dislike and full.] Disaffected; malign.
I think it best, by an union of manners, and conformity of
minds, to bring them to be one people, and to put away the
dislikeful conceit of the one and the other. Spenser's Ireland.

To DISLI’KEN. v. a. [dis and like.] To make unlike.
Muffle your face,
Dismantle you; and, as you can, disliken
The truth of your own seeming. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

DISLI’KENESS. n. s. [dis and likeness.] Dissimilitude; not re­
semblance; unlikeness.
That which is not designed to represent any thing but itself,
can never be capable of a wrong representation, nor mislead
us from the true apprehension of any thing by its dislikeness
to it; and such, excepting those of substances, are all our own
complex ideas. Locke.

DISLI’KER. n. s. [from dislike.] A disapprover; one that is not
pleased.
There is a point, which whoever can touch, will never fail
of pleasing a majority, so great that the dislikers will be
forced to fall in with the herd. Swift's Intell.

To DISLI’MB. v. a. [dis and limb.] To dilaniate; to tear limb
from limb. Dict.

To DISLI’MN. v. a. [dis and limn.] To unpaint; to strike out
of a picture.
That which is now a horse, even with a thought
The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct
As water is in water. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleop.

To DI’SLOCATE. v. a. [dis and locus, Latin.]
1. To put out of the proper place.
The strata seemed to have been dislocated, borne from their
original site, and distanced by some external power. Woodw.
After some time the strata were broken on all sides of the
globe, that they were dislocated, and their situation varied,
being elevated in some places, and depressed in others. Woodw.
2. To put out of joint; to disjoint.
Were't my fitness
To let these hands obey my boiling blood,
They're apt enough to dislocate and tear
Thy flesh and bones. Shakespear's King Lear.

DISLOCA’TION. n. s. [from dislocate.]
1. The act of shifting the places of things.
2. The state of being displaced.
The posture of rocks, often leaning or prostrate, shews that
they had some dislocation from their natural site. Burnet.
3. A luxation; a violent pressure of a bone out of the socket;
a joint put out.
It might go awry either within or without the upper, as
often as it is forcibly pulled to it, and so cause a dislocation, or
a strain. Grew's Museum.

To DISLO’DGE. v. a. [dis and lodge.]
1. To remove from a place.
The shell-fish which are resident in these places live and die
there, and are never dislodged or removed by storms, nor cast
upon the shores, which the littorales usually are. Woodward.
2. To remove from an habitation.
Those senses lost, behold a new defeat,
The soul dislodging from another seat. Dryden's Juv.
3. To drive an enemy from a station.
My sword can perfect what it has begun,
And from your walls dislodge that haughty son. Dryd. Aur.
4. To remove an army to other quarters.
The ladies have prevail'd,
The Volscians are dislodg'd, and Marcus gone. Shakesp. Cor.

To DISLO’DGE. v. n. To go away to another place.
Soon as midnight brought on the dusky hour,
Friendliest to sleep, and silence, he resolv'd
With all his legions to dislodge. Milton's Par. Lost.

DISLO’YAL. adj. [desloyal, French; dis and loyal.]
1. Not true to allegiance; faithless; false to a sovereign; dis­
obedient.
Foul distrust, and breach
Disloyal on the part of man; revolt
And disobedience. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 7.
2. Dishonest; perfidious. Obsolete.
Such things, in a false disloyal knave,
Are tricks of custom; but, in a man that's just,
They're cold delations working from the heart,
That passion cannot rule. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. Not true to the marriage-bed.
The lady is disloyal.
—— Disloyal! The word is too good to paint out her wick­
edness. Shakespeare.
Disloyal town!
Speak, did'st not thou
Forsake thy faith, and break the nuptial vow? Dryden.
4. False in love; not constant. The three latter senses are now
obsolete.

DISLO’YALLY. adv. [from disloyal.] Not faithfully; treache­
rously; disobediently.

DISLO’YALTY. n. s. [from disloyal.]
1. Want of fidelity to the sovereign.
Let the truth of that religion I profess be represented to
judgment, not in the disguises of levity, schism, heresy, no­
velty, and disloyalty. King Charles.
2. Want of fidelity in love. A sense now obsolete.
There shall appear such seeming truths of Hero's disloyalty,
that jealousy shall be called assurance. Sh. Much Ado about Noth.

DI’SMAL. adj. [dies malus, Latin, an evil day.] Sorrowful;
dire; horrid; melancholy; uncomfortable; unhappy; dark.
On the one hand set the most glittering temptations to dis­
cord, and on the other view the dismal effects of it. Dec. of Piety.

DI’SMALLY. adv. [from dismal.] Horribly; sorrowfully; un­
comfortably.

DI’SMALNESS. n. s. [from dismal.] Horror; sorrow.

To DISMA’NTLE. v. a. [dis and mantle.]
1. To throw off a dress; to strip.
He that makes his prince despised and undervalued, and
beats him out of his subjects hearts, may easily strip him of
his other garrisons, having already dispossessed him of his
strongest, by dismantling him of his honour, and seising his
reputation. South's Sermons.
2. To loose; to unfold; to throw open.
This is most strange!
That she, who ev'n but now was your best object,
Dearest and best, should in this trice of time
Commit a thing so monstrous, to dismantle
So many folds of favour. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To strip a town of its outworks.
It is not sufficient to possess our own fort, without the dis­
mantling and demolishing of our enemies. Hakewill on Provid.
4. To break down any thing external.
His eyeballs, rooted out, are thrown to ground;
His nose dismantled, in his mouth is found;
His jaws, cheeks, front, one undistinguish'd wound. Dry.

To DISMA’SK. v. a. [dis and mask.] To divest of a mask; to
uncover from concealment.
Fair ladies mask'd, are roses in the bud;
Or angels veil'd in clouds: are roses blown,
Dismask'd, their damask sweet commixture shewn. Shakesp.
The marquis had no leisure to laugh, but thought best to
dismask his beard; and so told him, that he was going co­
vertly. Wotton.

To DISMA’Y. v. a. [desmayar, Spanish.] To terrify; to dis­
courage; to affright; to depress; to deject.
Their mighty strokes their haberjeons dismay'd. Fai. Qu.
Enemies would not be so troublesome to the western coasts,
nor that country itself would be so often dismayed with alarms
as they have of late years been. Raleigh's Essays.
He will not fail thee; fear not, neither be dismayed. Deutr.
Nothing can make him remiss in the practice of his duty,
no prospect of interest can allure him, no fear of danger
dismay him. Atterbury's Sermons.

DISMA’Y. n. s. [desmayo, Spanish.] Fall of courage; terrour
felt; desertion of mind; fear impressed.
All sat mute,
Pondering the danger with deep thoughts; and each
In others countenance read his own dismay. Milt. Par. Lost.
This then not minded in dismay, yet now
Assures me that the bitterness of death
Is past. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 156.

DISMA’YEDNESS. n. s. [from dismay.] Dejection of courage;
dispiritedness.
The valiantest feels inward dismayedness, and yet the fear­
fullest is ashamed fully to shew it. Sidney, b. ii.

DI’SME. n. s. [French.] A tenth; the tenth part; tythe.
Since the first sword was drawn about this question,
Ev'ry tithe soul 'mongst many thousand dismes,
Hath been as dear as Helen. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
The pope began to exercise his new rapines here in Eng­
land, by a compliance with the said king Edward, in granting
him two years disme from the clergy. Ayliffe's Parergon.



To DISME’MBER. v. a. [dis and member.] To divide member
from member; to dilacerate; to cut in pieces.
I am with both, each army hath a hand;
And in their rage, I having hold of both,
They whirl asunder, and dismember me. Shakesp. King John.
O, that we then could come by Cæsar's spirit,
And not dismember Cæsar! But, alas!
Cæsar must bleed for it. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
A state can never arrive to its period in a more deplorable
crisis, than when some prince lies hovering, like a vulture,
to devour, or dismember its dying carcass. Swift.
Fowls obscene dismember'd his remains,
And dogs had torn him on the naked plains. Pope's Odyssey.
Those who contemplate only the fragments or pieces of
science, dispersed in short unconnected discourses, without rela­
tion to each other, can never survey an entire body of truth,
but must always view it as deformed and dismembered. Watts.

To DISMI’SS. v. a. [dimissus, Latin.]
1. To send away.
We commit thee thither,
Until his army be dismiss'd from him. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He dismissed the assembly. Acts xix. 41.
2. To give leave of departure.
If our young Iülus be no more,
Dismiss our navy from your friendly shore. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
3. To discard; to divest of an office.

DISMI’SSION. n. s. [from demissio, Latin.]
1. Dispatch; act of sending away.
So pois'd, so gently she descends from high,
It seems a soft dismission from the sky. Dryd. Hind and Pant.
2. An honourable discharge from any office or place.
Not only thou degrad'st them, or remit'st
To life obscure, which were a fair dismission;
But throw'st them lower than thou didst exalt them high.
Milton's Agonistes, l. 687.
3. Deprivation; obligation to leave any post or place.
You must not stay here longer; your dismission
Is come from Cæsar. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.

To DISMO’RTGAGE. v. a. [dis and mortgage.] To redeem
from mortgage.
He dismortgaged the crown demesnes, made an increase of
munition, arms and treasure, and left behind a mass of
gold. Howel's Vocal Forrest.

To DISMO’UNT. v. a. [demonter, French.]
1. To throw off an horse.
From this flying sceed unrein'd, as once
Bellerophon, though from a lower clime,
Dismounted, on th' Aleian field I fall. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To throw from any elevation or place of honour.
3. To throw cannon from its carriage.
The Turks artillery, planted against that tower, was, by
the skilfulness of the Christian cannoneers, in short time dis­
mounted with shot from the tower, and many of the gunners
slain. Knolles's History of the Turks.

To DISMO’UNT. v. n. 
1. To alight from an horse.
When he came within sight of that prodigious army at
Agincourt, he ordered all his cavalry to dismount, and im­
plore upon their knees a blessing. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
2. To descend from any elevation.

To DISNA’TURALISE. v. a. [dis and naturalise.] To alienate;
to make alien; to deprive of the privileges of birth.

DISNA’TURED. adj. [dis and nature.] Unnatural; wanting na­
tural tenderness; devoid of natural affection.
If she must teem,
Create her child of spleen, that it may live,
And be a thwart disnatur'd torment to her. Shak. K. Lear.

DISOBE’DIENCE. n. s. [dis and obedience.]
1. Violation of lawful commands or prohibition; breach of
duty due to superiours.
Th' offence is holy that she hath committed,
And this deceit loses the name of craft,
Of disobedience, or unduteous title. Shak. M. W. of Winds.
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, sing heav'nly muse. Milton.
Murder, adultery, or disobedience to parents, have a general
notion antecedently to laws. Stillingfleet.
This is not disobedience, but rebellion; 'tis disclaiming the
sovereignty of Christ, and renouncing all allegiance to his
authority. Rogers, Sermon 4.
2. Incompliance.
If planetary orbs the sun obey,
Why should the moon disown his sovereign sway;
Why in a whirling eddy of her own
Around the globe terrestrial should she run?
This disobedience of the moon will prove
The sun's bright orb does not the planets move. Blackmore.

DISOBE’DIENT. adj. [dis and obedient.] Not observant of law­
ful authority; guilty of the breach of lawful commands or
prohibition.
The man of God was disobedient unto the word of the
Lord. 1 Kings xiii. 26.

To DISOBE’Y. v. a. [dis and obey.] To break commands of
transgress prohibitions.
She absolutely bade him, and he durst not know how to
disobey. Sidney, b. ii.
He's loth to disobey the god's command,
Nor willing to forsake this pleasant land. Denham.

DISOBLIGA’TION. n. s. [dis and obligation.] Offence; cause of
disgust.
If he receded from what he had promised, it would be such
a disobligation to the prince that he would never forget it. Clar.
There can be no malice, and consequently no crime or dis­
obligation. L'Estrange.

To DISOBLI’GE. v. a. [dis and oblige.] To offend; to dis­
gust; to give offence to. A term by which offence is ten­
derly expressed.
Ashley had been removed from that charge, and was
thereby so much disobliged that he quitted the king's party. Cla.
Those, though in highest place, who slight and disoblige
their friends, shall infallibly come to know the value of them,
by having none, when they shall most need them. South.
Is is in the power of more particular persons in this king­
dom, than in any other, to distress the government, when
they are disobliged. Addison's Freeholder, No. 48.
My plan has given offence to some gentlemen, whom it would
not be very safe to disoblige. Addison's Guardian, No. 108.
We love and esteem our clergy, and are apt to lay some
weight upon their opinion, and would not willingly disoblige
them. Swift concerning the Sacramental Test.
If a woman suffers her lover to see she is loth to disoblige
him, let her beware of an encroacher. Clarissa.

DISOBLI’GING. participial adj. [from disoblige.] Disgusting; un­
pleasing; offensive.
Peremptoriness can befit no form of understanding: it ren­
ders wise men disobliging and troublesome, and fools ridiculous
and contemptible. Government of the Tongue, s. 11.

DISOBLI’GINGLY. adv. [from disobliging.] In a disgusting or
offensive manner; without attention to please.

DISOBLI’GINGNESS. n. s. [from disobliging.] Offensiveness;
readiness to disgust.

DISO’RBED. adj. [dis and orb.] Thrown out of the proper
orbit.
Fly like chidden Mercury from Jove,
Or like a star disorb'd. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

DISO’RDER. n. s. [dis and order; desordre, French.]
1. Want of regular disposition; irregularity; confusion; im­
methodical distribution.
When I read an author of genius without method, I fancy
myself in a wood that abounds with many noble objects,
rising among one another in the greatest confusion and dis­
order. Spectator, No. 476.
2. Tumult; disturbance; bustle.
A greater favour this disorder brought
Unto her servants, than your awful thought
Durst entertain, when thus compell'd they prest
The yielding marble of her snowy breast. Waller.
3. Neglect of rule; irregularity.
From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part,
And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art. Pope's Essays.
4. Breach of laws; violation of standing institution.
There reigned in all men blood, manslaughter, disquieting
of good men, forgetfulness of good turns, and disorder in
marriages. Wisd. xiv. 26.
5. Breach of that regularity in the animal œconomy which
causes health; sickness; distemper. It is used commonly for
a slight disease.
Pleasure and pain are only different constitutions of the
mind, sometimes occasioned by disorder in the body, or some­
times by thoughts in the mind. Locke.
6. Discomposure of mind; turbulence of passions.

To DISO’RDER. v. a. [dis and order.]
1. To throw into confusion; to confound; to put out of me­
thod; to disturb; to ruffle; to confuse.
Eve
Not so repuls'd, with tears that ceas'd not flowing,
And tresses all disorder'd, at his feet
Fell humble. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 911.
Yon disorder'd heap of ruin lies,
Stones rent from stones, where clouds of dust arise. Dryden.
The incursions of the Goths, and other barbarous nations,
disordered the affairs of the Roman empire. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To make sick; to disturb the body.
3. To discompose; to disturb the mind.

DISO’RDERED. adj. [from disorder.] Disorderly; irregular;
vicious; loose; unrestrained in behaviour; debauched.
Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires,
Men so disorder'd, so debauch'd and bold,
That this our court, infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn. Shakespeare's King Lear.

DISO’RDEREDNESS. n. s. [from disordered.] Irregularity; want
of order; confusion.
By that disorderedness of the soldiers a great advantage was
offered unto the enemy. Knolles's History of the Turks.



DISO’RDERLY. adj. [from disorder.]
1. Confused; immethodical; without proper distribution.
Those obsolete laws of Henry I. were but disorderly, con­
fused, and general things; rather cases and shells of admi­
nistration than institutions. Hale.
2. Irregular; tumultuous.
His thoughts, which are the pictures and results of pas­
sions, are generally such as naturally arise from those disor­
derly motions of our spirits. Dryden.
A disorderly multitude, contending with the body of the
legislature, is like a man in a fit, under the conduct of one in
the fulness of his health and strength. Addison.
3. Lawless; contrary to law; inordinate; contrary to the rules
of life; vicious.
They thought it the extremest of evils to put themselves at
the mercy of those hungry and disorderly people. Bac. H. VII.
He reproved them for their disorderly assemblies, against the
peaceable people of the realms. Hayward.

DISO’RDERLY. adv. [from disorder.]
1. Without rule; without method; irregularly; confusedly.
Naked savages fighting disorderly with stones, by appoint­
ment of their commanders, may truly and absolutely be said
to war. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Without law; inordinately.
We behaved not ourselves disorderly among you. 2 Thess. iii.

DISO’RDINATE. adj. [dis and ordinate.] Not living by the
rules of virtue; inordinate.
These not disordinate, yet causeless suffer
The punishment of dissolute days. Milton's Agonistes.

DISO’RDINATELY. adv. [from disordinate.] Inordinately;
viciously.

DISO’RIENTATED. adj. [dis and orient.] Turned from the
East; turned from the right direction; thrown out of the
proper place. Harris.

To DISO’WN. v. a. [dis and own.]
1. To deny; not to allow.
Then they, who brother's better claim disown,
Expel their parents, and usurp the throne. Dryden's Æn.
2. To abrogate; to renounce.
When an author has publickly disowned a spurious piece,
they have disputed his name with him. Swift.

To DISPA’ND v. a. [dispando, Latin.] To display; to
spread abroad. Dict.

DISPA’NSION. n. s. [from dispansus, Lat.] The act of display­
ing; the act of spreading; diffusion; dilatation.

To DISPA’RAGE. v. a. [from dispar, Latin.]
1. To match unequally; to injure by union with something in­
feriour in excellence.
2. To injure by a comparison with something of less value.
3. To treat with contempt; to mock; to flout; to reproach.
Ahaz, his sottish conqueror he drew,
God's altar to disparage and displace,
For one of Syrian mode. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms,
Which greatest hero's have in battle worn,
Their ornament and safety. Milton's Agonistes, l. 1130.
They will defy
That which they love most tenderly;
Quarrel with minc'd pies, and disparage
Their best and dearest friend, plum-porridge. Hudibras.
4. To bring reproach upon; to be the cause of disgrace.
How shall frail pen, with fear disparaged,
Conceive such sovereign glory and great bountihed. Fai. Qu.
His religion sat easily, naturally, and gracefully upon him,
without any of those forbidding appearances which sometimes
disparage the actions of men sincerely pious. Atterbury's Serm.
5. To marry any one to another of inferiour condition.

DISPA’RAGEMENT. n. s. [from disparage.]
1. Injurious union or comparison with something of inferior ex­
cellence.
They take it for a disparagement to sort themselves with
any other than the enemies of the publick peace. L'Estrange.
2. [In law.] Matching an heir in marriage under his or her de­
gree, or against decency. Cowel.
You wrongfully do require Mopsa to so great a disparage­
ment, as to wed her father's servant. Sidney.
She was much affectionate to her own kindred, even unto
faction, which did stir great envy in the lords of the king's
side, who counted her blood a disparagement to be mingled
with the king's. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Reproach; disgrace; indignity.
Gentle knight,
That doth against the dead his hand uprear,
His honour stains with rancour and despight,
And great disparagement makes to his former might. Fa. Qu.
In a commonwealth much disparagement is occasioned,
when able spirits, attracted by a familiarity, are inflamed with
faction. Wotton.
'Tis no disparagement to philosophy, that it cannot deify
us. Glanv. Apol.
Reason is a weak, diminutive light, compared to revela­
tion; but it ought to be no disparagement to a star that it is not
a sun. South's Sermons.
Rely upon your beauty: 'twere a disparagement of that to
talk of conditions, when you are certain of making your own
terms. Southern's Innocent Adultery.
4. It has to before the person or thing disparaged.
Then to our age, when not to pleasure bent,
This seems an honour, not disparagement. Denham.
The play was never intended for the stage; nor, without
disparagement to the author, could have succeeded. Dryden.

DISPA’RAGER. n. s. [from disparage.] One that disgraces;
one that treats with indignity.

DISPARA’TES. n. s. [disparata, Latin.] Things so unlike that
they cannot be compared with each other.

DISPA’RITY. n. s. [from dispar, Latin.]
1. Inequality; difference in degree either of rank or excellence.
Between Elihu and the rest of Job's familiars, the greatest
disparity was but in years. Hooker, b. v. s. 47.
Among unequals, what society
Can sort, what harmony or true delight?
Which must be mutual, in proportion due,
Giv'n and receiv'd; but in disparity,
The one intense, the other still remiss,
Cannot well suit with either, but soon prove
Tedious alike. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 386.
There was as great a disparity between the practical dictates
of the understanding then and now, as there is between em­
pire and advice, counsel and command. South's Sermons.
Men ought not to associate and join themselves together in
the same office, under a disparity of condition or profession.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
Some members must preside and direct, and others serve
and obey; and a disparity between these, in the outward con­
dition, is necessary to keep several orders in mutual depen­
dance on each other. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Dissimilitude; unlikeness.

To DISPA’RK. v. a. [dis and park.]
1. To throw open a park.
You have fed upon my signiories,
Dispark'd my parks, and fell'd my forest woods. Sh. R. II.
2. To set at large without enclosure.
They were suppos'd
By narrow wits to be inclos'd,
'Till his free muse threw down the pale,
And did at once dispark them all. Waller.

To DISPA’RT. v. a. [dis and part; departir, French; dispertior,
Latin.] To divide in two; to separate; to break; to burst;
to rive.
The gate nor wood, nor of enduring brass,
But of more worthy substance framed was;
Doubly disparted, it did lock and close,
That when it locked, none might through it pass. Fai. Qu.
On either side
Disparted chaos overbuilt exclaim'd,
And with rebounding surge the bars assail'd,
That scorn'd his indignation. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
The rest to several places
Disparted, and between spun out the air. Milt. Par. Lost.
Disparted Britain mourn'd their doubtful sway,
And dreaded both, when neither would obey. Prior.
The pilgrim oft,
At dead of night, 'mid his orison, hears
Aghast, the voice of time disparting tow'rs. Dier.

DISPA’SSION. n. s. [dis and passion.] Freedom from mental per­
turbation; exemption from passion.
What is called by the Stoicks apathy, or dispassion, is called
by the Scepticks indisturbance, by the Molenists quietism,
by common men peace of conscience. Temple.

DISPA’SSIONATE. adj. [from dis and passionate.] Cool; calm;
impartial; moderate; temperate.
Wife and dispassionate men thought he had been proceeded
with very justly. Clarendon.

To DISPE’L. v. a. [dispello, Latin.] To drive by scattering;
to dissipate.
If the night
Have gathered aught of evil, or conceal'd,
Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark. Milton.
When the spirit brings light into our minds, it dispels dark­
ness: we see it, as we do that of the sun at noon, and need
not the twilight of reason to shew it. Locke.

DISPE’NCE. n. s. [despence, Fr.] Expence; cost; charge.
It was a vault ybuilt for great dispence,
With many ranges rear'd along the wall,
And one great chimney, whose long funnel thence
The smoke forth threw. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 9.

To DISPE’ND. v. a. [dispendo, Latin.] To spend; to con­
sume; to expend.
Of their commodities they were now scarce able to dispend
the third part. Spenser's State of Ireland.

DISPE’NSARY. n. s. [from dispense.] The place where medi­
cines are dispensed.
To thee the lov'd dispens'ry I resign. Garth.

DISPENSA’TION. n. s. [from dispensatio, Latin.]
1. Distribution; the act of dealing out any thing.
This perpetual circulation is constantly promoted, by a dis­


pensation of water promiscuously and indifferently to all parts
of the earth. Woodward's Natural History.
2. The dealing of God with his creatures; method of provi­
dence; distribution of good and evil.
God delights in the ministries of his own choice, and the
methods of grace, in the œconomy of heaven, and the dis­
pensations of eternal happiness. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Neither are God's methods or intentions different in his
dispensations to each private man. Rogers, Sermon 16.
Do thou, my soul, the destin'd period wait,
When God shall solve the dark decrees of fate;
His now unequal dispensations clear,
And make all wise and beautiful appear. Tickell.
3. An exemption from some law; a permission to do something
forbidden; an allowance to omit something commanded.
A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Barrow to
marry. Ward.

DISPENSA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] One employed in dealing out
any thing; a distributer.
As her majesty hath made them dispensators of her favour
towards her people, so it behoveth them to shew themselves
equal distributers of the same. Bacon.

DISPE’NSATORY. n. s. [from dispense.] A book in which the
composition of medicines is described and directed; in the
Greek a Pharmacopeia.
The description of the ointment is found in the chymical
dispensatory. Bacon's Natural History, No. 98.
A whole dispensatory was little enough to meet with, and
suffice to all their wants. Hammond.
Our materia medica is large enough; and to look into our
dispensatories, one would think no disease incurable. Baker.

To DISPE’NSE. v. a. [despenser, French.]
1. To deal out; to distribute.
Those now, that were dispens'd,
The burden of many ages, on me light
At once, by my foreknowledge. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Those to whom Christ has committed the dispensing of his
gospel. Decay of Piety.
At length the muses stand restor'd again
While you dispense the laws and guide the state. Dryden.
To them but earth-born life they did dispense,
To us, for mutual aid, celestial sense. Tate's Juvenal.
2. To make up a medicine.
3. To DISPENSE with. To excuse; to grant dispensation for;
to allow.
To save a brother's life,
Nature dispenses with the deed. Shak. Measure for Measure.
How few kingdoms are there, wherein, by dispensing with
oaths, absolving subjects from allegiance, and cursing, or
threatning to curse, as long as their curses were regarded, the
popes have not wrought innumerable mischiefs? Raleigh's Ess.
Rules of words may be dispensed with. Watts's Logick.
4. To DISPENSE with. To clear from; to set free from an
obligation. This construction seems ungrammatical.
I could not dispense with myself from making a voyage to
Caprea. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
5. To DISPENSE with. To obtain a dispensation from; to come
to agreement with. This structure is irregular, unless it be
here supposed to mean, as it may, to discount; to pay an
equivalent.
Hast thou not sworn allegiance unto me?
Canst thou dispense with heav'n for such an oath? Sh. H. VI.

DISPE’NSE. n. s. [from the verb.] Dispensation; exemption.
Then reliques, beads,
Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls,
The sport of winds. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

DISPE’NSER. n. s. [from dispense.] One that dispenses; one
that deals out any thing; a distributer.
The ministers of that houshold are the dispensers of that
faith. Spratt's Sermons.
Those who stand before earthly princes, who are the dis­
pensers of their favours, and conveyers of their will to others,
challenge high honours. Atterbury's Sermons.

To DISPE’OPLE. v. a. [dis and people.] To depopulate; to
empty of people.
The Irish whom they banished into the mountains, where
they lived only upon white meats, seeing their lands so dis­
peopled and weakened, came down into all the plains ad­
joining. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Conflagrations, and great droughts, do not merely dispeople,
but destroy. Bacon, Essay 59.
His heart exalts him in the harm
Already done, to have dispeopled heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
Kings, furious and severe,
Who claim'd the skies, dispeopled air and floods,
The lonely lords of empty wilds and woods. Pope.

DISPE’OPLER. n. s. [from dispeople.] A depopulator; a waster.
Nor drain I ponds, the golden carp to take;
Nor trowle for pikes, dispeoplers of the lake. Gay.

To DISPE’RGE. v. a. [dispergo, Latin.] To sprinkle; to
scatter. Shakespeare.

To DISPE’RSE. v. a. [dispersus, Latin.]
1. To scatter; to drive to different parts.
And I scattered them among the heathen, and they were
dispersed through the countries. Ezek. xxxvi. 19.
2. To dissipate.
Soldiers, disperse yourselves. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
If the night
Have gather'd aught of evil, or conceal'd,
Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark. Milton.

DISPE’RSEDLY. adv. [from dispersed.] In a dispersed manner;
separately.
The exquisite wits of some few, peradventure, are able,
dispersedly here and there, to find now a word, and then a sen­
tence, which may be more probably suspected than easily
cleared of errour. Hooker, b. v. s. 23.
Those minerals are either found in grains, dispersedly inter­
mixed with the corpuscles of earth or sand, or else amassed
into balls or nodules. Woodward.

DISPE’RSEDNESS. n. s. [from disperse.] The state of being
dispersed; dispersion.

DISPE’RSENESS. n. s. [from disperse.] Thinness; scatteredness.
The torrid parts of Africk are by Piso resembled to a lib­
bard's skin, the distance of whose spots represent the disperse­
ness of habitations or towns in Africk. Brerewood on Languages.

DISPE’RSER. n. s. [from disperse.] A scatterer; a spreader.
Those who are pleased with defamatory libels, so far
as to approve the authors and dispersers of them, are as
guilty as if they had composed them. Spectator, No. 451.

DISPE’RSION. n. s. [from dispersio, Latin.]
1. The act of scattering or spreading.
2. The state of being scattered.
Noah began from thence his dispersion. Raleigh's History.
After so many dispersions, and so many divisions, two or
three of us may yet be gathered together, not to plot, but to
divert ourselves, and the world too, if it pleases. Pope.

To DISPI’RIT. v. a. [dis and spirit.]
1. To discourage; to deject; to depress; to damp; to terrify;
to intimidate; to fright; to strike with fear.
Certain it is, that the poor man appeared so dispirited, that
he spoke but few words after he came upon the scaffold. Clar.
The providence of God strikes not in with them, but
dashes, and even dispirits, all their endeavours, and makes
their designs heartless and ineffectual. South's Sermons.
Steady to my principles, and not dispirited with my afflic­
tions, I have overcome all difficulties. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
Amidst all the honours that are paid him, he feels nothing
in himself but a poor, weak, dispirited mortal, yielding to
the laws of corruption. Rogers, Sermon 5.
2. To exhaust the spirits; to oppress the constitution of the body.
He has dispirited himself by a debauch, and drank away his
good humour. Collier.

DISPI’RITEDNESS. n. s. [from dispirit.] Want of vigour;
want of vivacity. Dict.

To DISPLA’CE. v. a. [dis and place.]
1. To put out of place; to place in another situation.
2. To put out of any state, condition, office, trust, or dignity.
To displace any who are in, upon displeasure, is by all means
to be avoided, unless there be a manifest cause for it. Bacon.
Abdal, who commands
The city, is the prince's friend, and therefore
Must be displac'd, and thou shalt strait succeed him. Denh.
A religion established by God himself, should not be dis­
placed by any thing, under a demonstration of that divine
power that first introduced it. South's Sermons.
One then may be displac'd, and one may reign;
And want of merit render birthright vain. Dryd. Aurengz.
2. To disorder.
You have displac'd the mirth, broke the good meeting,
With most admir'd disorder. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DISPLA’CENCY. n. s. [displicentia, Latin.]
1. Incivility; disobligation.
2. Disgust; any thing unpleasing.
The displacencies that he receives, by the consequences of
his excess, far outweigh all that is grateful in it. Dec. of Piety.

To DISPLA’NT. v. a. [dis and plant.]
1. To remove a plant.
2. To drive a people from the place in which they have fixed
their residence.
All those countries, which, lying near unto any mountains,
or Irish desarts, had been planted with English, were shortly
displanted and lost. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Plantations are amongst ancient, primitive, and heroical
works: when the world was young, it begat more children;
for I may justly account new plantations to be the children of
former kingdoms: I like a plantation in a pure soil; that is,
where people are not displanted. Bacon's Essays.

DISPLANTA’TION. n. s. [from dis and plantatio.]
1. The removal of a plant.
2. The ejection of a people.
The Edenites were garrisoned to resist the Assyrians,
whose displantation Senacherib vaunted of. Raleigh.

To DISPLA’Y. v. a. [deplier, desplayer, French.]
1. To spread wide.


The northern wind his wings did broad display
At his command, and reared him up light. Fairy Queen.
Say, how this instrument of love began;
And in immortal strains display the fan. Gay.
2. To exhibit to the sight or mind.
You speak not like yourself, who ever yet
Have stood to charity, and display'd th' effects
Of disposition gentle. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Thou heav'n's alternate beauty can'st display,
The blush of morning, and the milky way. Dryden.
The works of nature, and the words of revelation, display
truth to mankind in characters so visible, that those, who
are not quite blind, may read. Locke.
The storm the dark Lycæan groves display'd,
And first to light expos'd the sacred shade. Pope's Statius.
3. To carve; to cut up.
He carves, displays, and cuts up to a wonder. Spectator.
4. To talk without restraint.
The other messenger,
Whose welcome I perceiv'd had poison'd mine,
Being the very fellow which of late
Display'd so saucily against your highness. Shakesp. K. Lear.
5. To set ostentatiously to view.
They are all couched in a pit, hard by Herne's oak, with
obscured lights; which, at the very instant of Falstaff's and
our meeting, they will at once display to the night. Shakesp.

DISPLA’Y. n. s. [from the verb.] An exhibition of any thing
to view.
Our enobled understandings take the wings of the morning
to visit the world above us, and have a glorious display of the
highest form of created excellencies. Glanv. Sceps. c. 2.
We can with the greatest coldness behold the stupendous
displays of omnipotence, and be in transports at the puny
essays of human skill. Spectator, No. 626.

DISPLE’ASANCE. n. s. [from displease.] Anger; discontent.
Obsolete.
Cordell said, she lov'd him as behov'd;
Whose simple answer wanting colours fair
To paint it forth, him to displeasance mov'd. Fairy Queen.

DISPLEA’SANT. adj. [from displease.] Unpleasing; offensive;
unpleasant.
What to one is a most grateful odour, to another is noxious
and displeasant; and it were a misery to some to lie stretched
on a bed of roses. Glanv. Sceps. c. 15.

To DISPLE’ASE. v. a. [dis and please.]
1. To offend; to make angry.
God was displeased with this thing. 1 Chron. xxi. 7.
Your extreme fondness was perhaps as displeasing to God
before, as now your extreme affliction. Temple.
2. To disgust; to raise aversion.
Foul sights do rather displease, in that they excite the
memory of foul things, than in the immediate objects; and
therefore, in pictures, those foul sights do not much offend.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 275.
Sweet and stinking commonly serve our turn for these ideas,
which, in effect, is little more than to call them pleasing or
displeasing; though the smell of a rose and violet, both sweet,
are certainly very distinct ideas. Locke.

DISPLE’ASINGNESS. n. s. [from displeasing.] Offensiveness;
quality of offending.
It is a mistake to think that men cannot change the dis­
pleasingness or indifferency, that is in actions, into pleasure and
desire, if they will do but what is in their power. Locke.

DISPLE’ASURE. n. s. [from displease.]
1. Uneasiness; pain received.
When good is proposed, its absence carries displeasure or
pain with it. Locke.
2. Offence; pain given.
Now shall I be more blameless than the Philistines, though
I do them a displeasure. Judg. xv. 3.
3. Anger; indignation.
True repentance may be wrought in the hearts of such as
fear God, and yet incur his displeasure, the deserved effect
whereof is eternal death. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
He should beware that, by the fame of such a fact, he did
not provoke Solyman's heavy displeasure against him. Knolles.
Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn
From his displeasure. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 109.
Though the reciprocalness of the injury ought to allay the
displeasure at it, yet men so much more consider what they
suffer than what they do. Decay of Piety.
On me alone thy just displeasure lay;
But take thy judgments from this mourning land. Dryden.
Y' have shewn how much you my content design;
Yet, ah! would heaven's displeasure pass like mine. Dryden.
Nothing is in itself so pernicious to communities of learned
men as the displeasure of their prince, which those may justly
expect to feel who would make use of his favour to his own
prejudice. Addison's Freeholder, No. 33.
4. State of disgrace; state in which one does obtain discoun­
tenance; disfavour.
He went into Poland, being in displeasure with the pope
for overmuch familiarity. Peacham on Musick.

To DISPLE’ASURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To displease; not
to gain favour; not to win affection. A word not elegant,
nor now in use.
When the way of pleasuring or displeasuring lieth by the
favourite, it is impossible any other should be overgreat. Bacon.

To DISPLO’DE. v. a. [displodo, Latin.] To disperse with
a loud noise; to vent with violence.
In view
Stood rank'd of seraphim another row,
In posture to displode their second fire
Of thunder. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 605.

DISPLO’SION. n. s. [from displosus, Lat.] The act of displod­
ing; a sudden burst or dispersion with noise and violence.

DISPO’RT. n. s. [dis and sport.] Play; sport; pastime; diver­
sion; amusement; merriment.
She list not hear, but her disports pursu'd;
And ever bade him stay, 'till time the tide renew'd. Fai. Qu.
His disports were ingenuous and manlike, whereby he always
learned somewhat. Hayward on Edward VI.
She busied, heard the sound
Of rusling leaves; but minded not, as us'd
To such disport before her through the field. Milt. P. Lost.

To DISPO’RT. v. a. [from the noun.] To divert.
He often, but attended with weak guard,
Comes hunting this way to disport himself. Shakes. Hen. VI.

To DISPO’RT. v. n. To play; to toy; to wanton.
Fresh gales and gentle airs
Whisper'd it to the woods, and from their wings
Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub
Disporting! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 518.
Loose to the winds their airy garments flew;
The glitt'ring textures of the filmy dew,
Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies,
Where light disports in ever mingling dyes. Pope.

DISPO’SAL. n. s. [from dispose.]
1. The act of disposing or regulating any thing; regulation;
dispensation; distribution.
Tax not divine disposal; wisest men
Have err'd, and by bad women been deluded. Milt. Agon.
2. The power of distribution; the right of bestowing.
I am called off from publick dissertations by a domestick
affair of great importance, which is no less than the disposal
of my sister Jenny for life. Tatler, No. 75.
Are not the blessings both of this world and the next in his
disposal? Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Government; management; conduct.
We shall get more true and clear knowledge by one rule,
than by taking up principles, and thereby putting our minds
into the disposals of others. Locke.

To DISPO’SE. v. a. [disposer, French; dispono, Latin.]
1. To employ to various purposes; to diffuse.
Thus whilst she did her various pow'r dispose,
The world was free from tyrants, wars, and woes. Prior.
2. To give; to place; to bestow.
Yet see, when noble benefits shall prove
Not well dispos'd, the mind grown once corrupt,
They turn to vicious forms, ten times more ugly
Than ever they were fair. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Of what you gathered, as most your own, you have dis­
posed much in works of publick piety. Spratt's Sermons.
3. To turn to any particular end or consequence.
Endure, and conquer; Jove will soon dispose,
To future good, our past and present woes. Dryden's Virgil.
4. To adapt; to form for any purpose.
These, when the knights beheld, they 'gan dispose
Themselves to court, and each a damsel chose. Fai. Queen.
But if thee list unto the court to throng,
And there to haunt after the hoped prey,
Then must thou thee dispose another way. Hubberd's Tale.
5. To frame the mind; to give a proper propension; to incline.
Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy,
and wise men to irresolution and melancholy. Bacon's Essays.
The memory of what they had suffered, by being without
it, easily disposed them to do this. Clarendon, b. viii.
He knew the seat of Paradise,
And, as he was dispos'd, could prove it
Below the moon, or else above it. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.
This disposes men to believe what it teaches, to follow what
it advises. Temple.
A man might do this now, if he were maliciously disposed,
and had a mind to bring matters to extremity. Dryd. Spa. Fry.
This may dispose me, perhaps, for the reception of truth;
but helps me not to it. Locke.
Although the frequency of prayer and fasting may be of no
efficacy to dispose God to be more gracious, yet it is of great
use to dispose us to be more objects of his grace. Smalridge.
If mere moralists find themselves disposed to pride, lust, in­
temperance, or avarice, they do not think their morality con­
cerned to check them. Swift.
6. To regulate; to adjust.


Wak'd by the cries, th' Athenian chief arose,
The knightly forms of combat to dispose. Dryden's Fables.
7. To DISPOSE of. To apply to any purpose; to transfer to
any other person or use.
All men are naturally in a state of perfect freedom to order
their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons as
they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke.
Dispose of the meat with the butler, or any other crony. Sw.
8. To DISPOSE of. To put into the hands of another.
As she is mine, I may dispose of her;
Which shall be either to this gentleman,
Or to her death. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.
I have disposed of her to a man of business, who will let her
see, that to be well dressed in good humour, and chearful in
her family, are the arts and sciences of female life. Tatler.
9. To DISPOSE of. To give away.
A rural judge dispos'd of beauty's prize. Waller.
10. To DISPOSE of. To employ to any end.
The lot is cast unto the lap; but the whole disposing thereof
is of the Lord. Prov. xvi. 33.
They must receive instructions how to dispose of themselves
when they come, which must be in the nature of laws
unto them. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
11. To DISPOSE of. To place in any condition.
For the remaining doubt,
What to resolve, and how dispose of me,
Be warn'd to cast that useless care aside. Dryden's Fables.
12. To DISPOSE of. To put away by any means.
They require more water than can be found, and more
than can be disposed of, if it was found. Burnet's Th. of Earth.

To DISPO’SE. v. n. To bargain; to make terms. Obsolete.
When she saw you did suspect
She had dispos'd with Cæsar, and that your rage
Would not be purg'd, she sent word she was dead. Shakesp.

DISPO’SE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Power; management; disposal.
All that is mine I leave at thy dispose;
My goods, my lands, my reputation. Shakespeare.
It shall be my task
To render thee the Parthian at dispose. Milton's Parad. Reg.
Of all your goodness leaves to our dispose,
Our liberty's the only gift we chuse. Dryden's Indian Emp.
2. Distribution; act of government.
All is best, though oft we doubt
What th' unsearchable dispose
Of highest wisdom brings about,
And ever best found in the close. Milton's Agonistes.
3. Disposition; cast of behaviour. Obsolete.
He hath a person, and a smooth dispose,
To be suspected; fram'd to make women false. Shak. Othello.
4. Disposition; cast of mind; inclination. Obsolete.
He carries on the stream of his dispose
Without observance or respect of any,
In will peculiar. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressid.

DISPO’SER. n. s. [from dispose.]
1. Distributer; giver; bestower.
The magistrate is both the beggar and the disposer of what
is got by begging. Graunt's Bill of Mortality.
2. Governor; regulator; director.
I think myself obliged, whatever my private apprehensions
may be of the success, to do my duty, and leave events to
their disposer. Boyle.
All the reason of mankind cannot suggest any solid ground
of satisfaction, but in making that God our friend, who is the
absolute disposer of all things. South's Sermons.
Would I had been disposer of thy stars,
Thou shouldst have had thy wish, and died in wars. Dryd.
3. One who gives to whom he pleases.
But brandish'd high, in an ill omen'd hour,
To thee, proud Gaul, behold thy justest fear,
The master sword, disposer of thy pow'r. Prior.

DISPO’SITION. n. s. [from dispositio, Latin.]
1. Order; method; distribution.
Touching musical harmony, whether by instrument or
voice, it being of high and low, in due proportionable dis­
position, such notwithstanding is the force thereof, and so very
pleasing effects it hath, in that very part of man, which is
most divine, that some have been thereby induced to think,
that the soul itself by nature is, or hath in it harmony. Hooker.
Under this head of invention is placed the disposition of the
work, to put all things in a beautiful order and harmony, that
the whole may be of a piece. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
I ask whether the connection of the extremes be not more
clearly seen, in this simple and natural disposition, than in the
perplexed repetitions and jumble of five or six syllogisms. Locke.
2. Natural fitness; quality.
Refrangibility of the rays of light is their disposition to
be refracted, or turned out of their way, in passing out of one
transparent body or medium into another. Newton's Opt.
3. Tendency to any act or state.
This argueth a great disposition to putrefaction in the soil
and air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 69.
Bleeding is to be used or omitted according to the symp­
toms which affect the brain: it relieves in any inflammatory
disposition of the coat of the nerve. Arbuthnot on Diet.
4. Temper of mind.
I have suffered more for their sakes, more than the villa­
nous inconstancy of man's disposition is able to bear. Shakesp.
Lesser had been
The thwartings of your disposition, if
You had not shew'd them how you were dispos'd,
'Ere they lack'd power to cross you. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. Affection of kindness or ill-will.
I take myself to be as well informed as most men in the
dispositions of each people towards the other. Swift.
6. Predominant inclination.
As they pinch one another by the disposition, he cries out,
no more. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
Disposition is when the power and ability of doing any
thing is forward, and ready upon every occasion to break into
action. Locke.
The love we bear to our friends is generally caused by our
finding the same disposition in them which we feel in our­
selves. Pope.

DISPO’SITIVE. adj. [from dispose.] That which implies dis­
posal of any property; decretive.
The words of all judicial acts are written narratively, un­
less it be in sentences wherein dispositive and enacting terms
are made use of. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DISPO’SITIVELY. adv. [from dispositive.]
1. In a dispositive manner.
2. Respecting individuals; distributively.
That axiom in philosophy, that the generation of one thing
is the corruption of another, although it be substantially true,
concerning the form and matter, is also dispositively verified
in the efficient or producer. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

DISPO’SITOR. n. s. [from dispose.] The lord of that sign
in which the planet is, and by which therefore it is over-ruled.

To DISPOSSE’SS. v. a. [dis and possess.]
1. To put out of possession; to deprive; to disseize.
The blow from saddle forced him to fly;
Else might it needs down to his manly breast
Have cleft his head in twain, and life thence dispossest. F. Q.
Thou shalt hold the opinion of Pythagoras, ere I will allow
of thy wits; and fear to kill a woodcock, lest thou dispossess
the soul of thy grandame. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Let us sit upon the ground, and tell
How some have been depos'd, some slain in war,
Some haunted by the ghosts they dispossess'd. Shakesp. R. II.
I will chuse
Mine heir from forth the beggars of the world,
And dispossess her all. Shakespeare's Timon.
In thee I hope; thy succours I invoke,
To win the crown whence I am dispossess'd;
For like renown awaiteth on the stroke,
To cast the haughty down, or raise th' oppress'd. Fairfax.
The children went to Gilead, and took it, and dispossessed
the Amorite which was in it. Numb. xxxii. 39.
By their aid
This inaccessible high strength, the seat
Of deity supreme, us dispossess'd,
He trusted to have seiz'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Restless Amata lay,
Fir'd with disdain for Turnus dispossest,
And the new nuptials of the Trojan guest. Dryden's Æn.
2. It is generally used with of before the thing taken away.
Charles resolved, with a puissant army, to pass over, and
by arms to dispossess the pyrate of his new gotten kingdom
in Tunis. Knolles's History of the Turks.
No pow'r shall dispossess
My thoughts of that expected happiness. Denham.
O, fairest of all creatures, last and best
Of what heav'n made, how art thou dispossess'd
Of all thy native glories! Dryden's State of Innocence.
Nothing can create more trouble to a man than to endea­
vour to dispossess him of this conceit. Tillotson, Serm. ii.
3. Formerly with from.
They arrogate dominion undeserv'd
Over their brethren, and quite dispossess
Concord and law of nature from the earth. Milt. Par. Lost.
It will be found a work of no small difficulty to dispossess
and throw out a vice from that heart, where long possession
begins to plead prescription. South's Sermons.

DISPO’SURE. n. s. [from dispose.]
1. Disposal; government; power; management.
In his disposure is the orb of earth,
The throne of kings, and all of human birth. Sandys.
They quietly surrendered both it and themselves to his dis­
posure. Sandys's Journey.
Whilst they murmur against the present disposure of things,
they do tacitly desire in them a difformity from the primitive
rule, and the idea of that mind that formed all things best.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 11.


2. State; posture.
They remained in a kind of warlike disposure, or perhaps
little better. Wotton.

DISPRA’ISE. n. s. [dis and praise.] Blame; censure; dis­
honour.
If I can do it,
By aught that I can speak in his dispraise,
She shall not long continue love to him. Shakespeare.
To me reproach
Rather belongs, distrust, and all dispraise. Milt. Par. Lost.
Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail
Or knock the breasts; no weakness, no contempt,
Dispraise or blame. Milton's Agonistes, l. 1723.
I need not raise
Trophies to thee from other mens dispraise. Denham.
Looks fright not men: the general has seen Moors
With as bad faces; no dispraise to Bertran's. Dryd. Sp. Fry.
If any writer shall do this paper so much honour as to in­
scribe the title of it to others, the whole praise or dispraise of
such a performance will belong to some other author. Addison.
My faults will not be hid, and it is no dispraise to me that
they will not: the cleanness of one's mind is never better
proved than in discovering its own faults. Pope.

To DISPRA’ISE. v. a. [from the noun.] To blame; to cen­
sure; to condemn.
In praising Anthony, I have disprais'd Cæsar. Shakesp.
No abuse, Ned, in the world; honest Ned, none: I dis­
praised him before the wicked, that the wicked might not fall
in love with him; in which doing, I have done the part of a
careful friend. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
The criticks, while they like my wares, may dispraise my
writing. Spectator, No. 288.

DISPRA’ISER. n. s. [from dispraise.] A censurer; one who
blames. Dict.

DISPRAISIBLE. adj. [from dispraise.] Unworthy of commen­
dation. Dict.

DISPRA’ISINGLY. adv. [from dispraise.] With blame; with
censure.
Michael Cassio!
That came a wooing with you; many a time,
When I have spoke of you dispraisingly,
Hath ta'en your part. Shakespeare's Othello.

To DISPRE’AD. v. a. [dis and spread.] To spread different
ways. In this word, and a few others, dis has the same force
as in Latin composition, and means, different ways; in dif­
ferent directions.
As morning sun her beams dispreaden clear,
And in her face fair truth and mercy doth appear. Fa. Qu.
Over him, art striving to compare
With nature, did an arbour green dispread,
Framed of wanton ivy, flowing fair,
Through which the fragrant eglantine did spread
His pricking arms, entrail'd with roses red. Fairy Queen.
Above, below, around, with art dispread,
The sure inclosure folds the genial bed. Pope's Odyssey.

DISPRO’FIT. n. s. [dis and profit.] Loss; damage; detri­
ment. Dict.

DISPRO’OF. n. s. [dis and proof.] Confutation; conviction of
errour or falshood.
His remark contains the grounds of his doctrine, and
offers at somewhat towards the disproof of mine. Atterbury.
I need not offer any thing farther in support of one, or in
disproof of the other. Rogers, Serm. 14.

To DISPRO’PERTY. v. a. [dis and property.] To dispossess of
any property. Dict.

DISPROPO’RTION. n. s. [dis and proportion.] Unsuitableness in
quantity of one thing, or one part of the same thing, to ano­
ther; want of symmetry.
Not to affect many proposed matches
Of her own clime, complexion, and degree,
Whereto we see in all things nature tends:
Foh! one may smell, in such, a will most rank,
Foul disproportion, thoughts unnatural. Shakespeare's Othello.
Reasoning, I oft admire
How nature, wise and frugal, could commit
Such disproportions; with superfluous hand
So many nobler bodies to create,
Greater, so many fold to this one use. Milton's Par. Lost.
Perhaps from greatness, state, and pride,
Thus surprised, she may fall:
Sleep does disproportion hide,
And, death resembling, equals all. Waller.
For their strength,
The disproportion is so great, we cannot but
Expect a fatal consequence. Denham's Sophy.
What, did the liquid to th' assembly call,
To give their aid to form the pond'rous ball?
First, tell us, why did any come? next why
In such a disproportion to the dry? Blackmore's Creation.
That we are designed for a more exalted happiness, than
can be derived from the things of this life, we may infer from
their vast disproportion to the desires and capacities of our
soul. Rogers, Serm. 5.

To DISPROPO’RTION. v. a. [from the noun.] To mismatch;
to join things unsuitable in quantity.
There sits deformity to mock my body,
To shape my legs of an unequal size,
To disproportion me in every part. Shak. Henry VI. p. iii.
Distance and mens fears have so enlarged the truth, and so
disproportioned every thing, that we have made the little troop
of discontents a gallant army, and already measure by the
evening shadow. Suckling.
Musick craveth your acquaintance: many are of such dis­
proportioned spirits, that they avoid her company. Peacham.
We on earth, with undiscording voice,
May rightly answer that melodious noise;
As once we did, 'till disproportion'd sin
Jarr'd against nature's chime. Milton.

DISPROPO’RTIONABLE. adj. [from disproportion.] Unsuitable
in quantity; not duly regulated in regard to something else.
Doubts and fears are the sharpest passions: through these
false opticks all that you see is like the evening shadows, dis­
proportionable to the truth, and strangely longer than the true
substance. Suckling.
Had the obliquity been greater, the earth had not been able
to endure the disproportionable differences of season. Brown.
We are apt to set too great a value on temporal blessings,
and have too low and disproportionable esteem of spiritual. Smal.
There is no wine of so strong a body as to bear such a dis­
proportionable quantity of water as sixty parts. Pope's Od. Notes.

DISPROPO’RTIONABLENESS. n. s. [from disproportionable.] Un­
suitableness to something else.

DISPROPO’RTIONABLY. adv. [from disproportion.] Unsuitably;
not symmetrically.

DISPROPO’RTIONAL. n. s. [from disproportion.] Disproportion­
able; unsymmetrical; unsuitable in quantity to something else.

DISPROPO’RTIONALLY. adv. [from disproportional.] Unsuit­
ably with respect to quantity or value.

DISPROPO’RTIONATE. adj. [from disproportion.] Unsymme­
trical; unsuitable to something else either in bulk or value.
None of our members are crooked or distorted, or dispro­
portionate to the rest, either in excess or defect. Ray.
It is plain that men have agreed to a disproportionate and
unequal possession of the earth. Locke.

DISPROPO’RTIONATELY. adv. [from disproportionate.] Un­
suitably; unsymmetrically.

DISPROPO’RTIONATENESS. n. s. [from disproportionate.] Un­
suitableness in bulk or value.

To DISPRO’VE. v. a. [dis and prove.]
1. To confute an assertion; to convict of errour or falshood.
This exposition they plainly disprove, and shew by manifest
reason, that of David the words of David could not possibly be
meant. Hooker.
This Westmoreland maintains,
And Warwick shall disprove it. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Arcite with disdain,
In haughty language, thus reply'd again:
Forsworn thyself; the traytor's odious name
I first return, and then disprove thy claim. Dryden's Fables.
It is easier to affirm than to disprove. Holder's Elements.
That false supposition I advanced in order to disprove it, and
by that means to prove the truth of my doctrine.
Atterbury's Sermons, Pref.
We see the same assertions produced again, without notice
of what hath been said to disprove them. Swift.
2. To convict a practice of errour.
They behold those things disproved, disannulled, and re­
jected, which use had made in a manner natural. Hooker, b. iv.
If God did not forbid all indifferent ceremonies, then
our conformity with the church of Rome in some such is
not hitherto as yet disproved, although papists were unto us as
heathens were unto Israel. Hooker, b. iv. s. 6.

DISPRO’VER. n. s. [from disprove.]
1. One that disproves or confutes.
2. One that blames; a censurer, if the following passage be not
ill printed for disapprover.
The single example that our annals have yielded of two
extremes, within so short time, by most of the same commen­
ders and disprovers, would require no slight memorial. Wotton.

DISPU’NISHABLE. adj. [dis and punishable.] Without penal
restraint.
No leases of any part of the said lands shall ever be made,
other than leases for years not exceeding thirty-one, in posses­
sion, and not in reversion or remainder, and not dispunishable
of waste. Swift's last Will.

To DISPU’RSE. v. a. [dis and purse.] To pay; to disburse. It
is not certain that the following passage should not be written
disburse.
Many a pound of my own proper store,
Because I would not tax the needy commons,
Have I dispursed to the garrisons,
And never ask'd for restitution. Shakespeare's Henry VI.



DISPU’TABLE. adj. [from dispute.]
1. Liable to contest; controvertible; that for which something
may be alleged on opposite sides.
If they are not in themselves disputable, why are they so
much disputed? South.
2. Lawful to be contested.
Until any point is determined to be a law, it remains
disputable by every subject. Swift.

DI’SPUTANT. n. s. [from dispute; disputans, Latin.] A con­
trovertist; an arguer; a reasoner.
Our disputants put me in mind of the skuttle-fish, that when
he is unable to extricate himself, blackens all the water about
him 'till he becomes invisible. Spectator, No. 476.

DI’SPUTANT. adj. Disputing; engaged in controversy.
Thou there wast found
Among the gravest rabbies, disputant
On points and questions fitting Moses chair. Milt. Pa. Reg.

DISPUTA’TION. n. s. [from disputatio, Latin.]
1. The skill of controversy; argumentation.
Consider what the learning of disputation is, and how they
are employed for the advantage of themselves or others,
whose business is only the vain ostentation of sounds. Locke.
2. Controversy; argumental contest.
Well do I find, by the wise knitting together of your an­
swer, that any disputation I can use is as much too weak as I
unworthy. Sidney, b. ii.
'Till some admirable or unusual accident happens, as it
hath in some, to work the beginning of a better alteration in
the mind, disputation about the knowledge of God com­
monly prevaileth little. Hooker, b. v.

DISPUTA’TIOUS. adj. [from dispute.] Inclined to dispute;
cavilling.
A man must be of a very disputatious temper, that enters
into state-controversies with any of the fair sex. Add. Freehold.

DISPU’TATIVE. adj. [from dispute.] Disposed to debate; ar­
gumentative.
Perhaps this practice might not so easily be perverted as
to raise a cavilling, disputative, and sceptical temper in the
minds of youth. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To DISPU’TE. v. n. [disputo, Latin.] To contend by argu­
ment; to altercate; to debate; to argue; to controvert.
If attempts of the pen have often proved unfit, those
of the sword are more so, and fighting is a worse expe­
dient than disputing. Decay of Piety.
The atheist can pretend no obligation of conscience, why
he should dispute against religion. Tillotson, Serm. ii.
Did not Paul and Barnabas dispute with vehemence about
a very little point of conveniency? Atterbury.

To DISPU’TE. v. a. 
1. To contend for, whether by words or action.
Things were disputed before they came to be determined:
men afterwards were not to dispute any longer, but to
obey. Hooker.
So dispute the prize,
As if you fought before Cydaria's eyes. Dryd. Ind. Emperor.
One says the kingdom is his own: a Saxon drinks the
quart, and swears he'll dispute that with him. Tatler, No. 75.
2. To oppose; to question.
Now I am sent, and am not to dispute
My prince's orders, but to execute. Dryden's Ind. Emperor.
3. To discuss; to think on: a sense not in use.
Dispute it like a man.
——I shall do so:
But I must also feel it as a man. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DISPU’TE. n. s. [from the verb.] Contest; controversy; argu­
mental contention.
The question being about a fact, it is begging it, to bring
as a proof an hypothesis which is the very thing in dispute. Loc.
The earth is now placed so conveniently, that plants thrive
and flourish in it, and animals live: this is matter of fact, and
beyond all dispute. Bentley's Sermons.

DISPU’TELESS. adj. [from dispute.] Undisputed; uncontro­
vertible. Dict.

DISPU’TER. n. s. [from dispute.] A controvertist; one given
to argument and opposition.
Both were vehement disputers against the heathen ido­
latry. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
Those conclusions have generally obtained, and have been
acknowledged even by disputers themselves, 'till with labour
they had stifled their convictions. Rogers's Sermons.

DISQUALIFICA’TION. n. s. [from disqualify.] That which
disqualifies; that which makes unfit.
It is recorded as a sufficient disqualification of a wife, that,
speaking of her husband, she said, God forgive him. Spectator.

To DISQUA’LIFY. v. a. [dis and qualify.]
1. To make unfit; to disable by some natural or legal impe­
diment.
Such persons as shall confer benefices on unworthy and dis­
qualified persons, after a notice or correction given, shall for
that turn be deprived of the power of presenting unto such
benefices. Ayliffe's Parergon.
I know no employment for which piety disqualifies. Swift.
My common illness utterly disqualifies me for all conver­
sation; I mean my deafness. Swift.
2. To deprive a right or claim by some positive restriction; to
disable; to except from any grant.
The church of England is the only body of Christians
which disqualifies those, who are employed to preach its doc­
trine, from sharing in the civil power, farther than as se­
nators. Swift on the Sacramental Test.

To DISQUA’NTITY. v. a. [dis and quantity.] To lessen; to
diminish.
Be entreated of fifty to disquantity your train;
And the remainders that shall still depend,
To be such men as may besort your age. Shakes. K. Lear.

DISQUI’ET. n. s. [dis and quiet.] Uneasiness; restlessness; want
of tranquillity; vexation; disturbance; anxiety.
He that, upon a true principle, lives without any disquiet of
thought, may be said to be happy. L'Estrange's Fables.
If we give way to our passions, we do but gratify ourselves
for the present, in order to our future disquiet. Tillotson.
I had rather live in Ireland than under the frequent disquiets
of hearing you are out of order. Swift.

DISQUI’ET. adj. Unquiet; uneasy; restless.
I pray you, husband, be not so disquiet;
The meat was well, if you were so content. Shakespeare.

To DISQUI’ET. v. a. [from the noun.] To disturb; to make
uneasy; to harrass; to vex; to fret; to deprive of tranquil­
lity.
The proud Roman him disquieted,
A warlike Cæsar, tempted with the name
Of this sweet island. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 10. stan. 47.
Why art thou so vexed, O my soul? And why art thou so
disquieted within me? Psalm i.
By anger and impatience the mind is disquieted, and is not
able easily to compose itself to prayer. Duppa.
Thou, happy creature, art secure
From all the torments we endure;
Despair, ambition, jealousy,
Lost friends, nor love disquiets thee. Roscommon.

DISQUI’ETER. n. s. [from disquiet.] A disturber; a harrasser.

DISQUI’ETLY. adv. [from disquiet.] Without rest; anxiously;
uneasily; without calmness.
We have seen the best of our machinations, hollowness;
treachery, and all ruinous disorders, follow us disquietly to our
graves. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He rested disquietly that night; but in the morning I found
him calm. Wiseman's Surgery.

DISQUI’ETNESS. n. s. [from disquiet.] Uneasiness; restlessness;
anxiety; disturbance.
All otherwise, said he, I riches rede,
And deem them root of all disquietness. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Arius won to himself, both followers and great defenders;
whereupon much disquietness ensued. Hooker, b. v. s. 49.

DISQUI’ETUDE. n. s. [from disquiet.] Uneasiness; anxiety;
disturbance; want of tranquillity.
Little happiness attends a great character, and to a multi­
tude of disquietudes the desire of it subjects an ambitious
mind. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
'Tis the best preservative from all those temporal fears and
disquietudes, which corrupt the enjoyment, and embitter the
lives of men. Rogers, Sermon 1.

DISQUISI’TION. n. s. [disquisitio, Latin.] Examination; dis­
putative enquiry.
God hath reserved many things to his own resolution, whose
determinations we cannot hope from flesh; but with reverence
must suspend unto that great day, whose justice shall either
condemn our curiosity, or resolve our disquisitions. Brown.
'Tis indeed the proper place for this disquisition concern­
ing the antediluvian earth, and it could not well have been
brought in before. Woodward's Natural History.
The royal society had a good effect, as it turned many
of the greatest geniuses of that age to the disquisitions of
natural knowledge. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.
The nature of animal diet may be discovered by taste,
and other sensible qualities, and some general rules, without
particular disquisition upon every kind. Arbuthnot.

To DISRA’NK. v. a. [dis and rank.] To degrade from his
rank. Dict.

DISREGA’RD. n. s. [dis and regard.] Slight notice; neglect;
contempt.

To DISREGA’RD. v. a. [from the noun.] To slight; to ne­
glect; to contemn.
Since we are to do good to the poor, to strangers, to ene­
mies, those whom nature is too apt to make us despise, dis­
regard, or hate, then undoubtedly we are to do good to all.
Spratt's Sermons.
Those fasts which God hath disregarded hitherto, he may
regard for the time to come. Smalridge's Sermons.
Studious of good, man disregarded fame,
And useful knowledge was his eldest aim. Blackmore.



DISREGA’RDFUL. adj. [disregard and full.] Negligent; con­
temptuous.

DISREGA’RDFULLY. adj. [from disregardful.] Negligently;
contemptuously.

DISRE’LISH. n. s. [dis and relish.]
1. Bad taste; nauseousness.
Oft they assay'd,
Hunger and thirst constraining; drugg'd as oft
With hatefullest disrelish, writh'd their jaws,
With soot and cinders fill'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. Dislike of the palate; squeamishness.
Bread or tobacco may be neglected, where they are shewn
not to be useful to health, because of an indifferency or dis­
relish to them. Locke.

To DISRE’LISH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make nauseous; to infect with an unpleasant taste.
Fruits of taste to please
True appetite, and not disrelish thirst
Of nectarous draughts between, from milky stream. Milt.
The same anxiety and solicitude that embittered the pur­
suit, disrelishes the fruition itself. Rogers, Sermon 19.
2. To want a taste of; to dislike.
The world is become too busy for me: every body is so
concerned for the publick, that all private enjoyments are lost,
or disrelished. Pope.

DISREPUTA’TION. n. s. [dis and reputation.]
1. Disgrace; dishonour.
I will tell you what was the course in the happy days of
queen Elizabeth, whom it is no disreputation to follow. Bacon.
2. Loss of reputation; ignominy.
The king fearing lest that the bad success might discourage
his people, and bring disreputation to himself, forbad any re­
port to be made. Hayward.
Gluttony is not of so great disreputation amongst men as
drunkeness. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

DISREPU’TE. n. s. [dis and repute.] Ill character; dishonour;
want of reputation.
How studiously did they cast a slur upon the king's person,
and bring his governing abilities under a disrepute. South.

DISRESPE’CT. n. s. [dis and respect.] Incivility; want of re­
verence; irreverence; an act approaching to rudeness.
Any disrespect to acts of state, or to the persons of states­
men, was in no time more penal. Clarendon.
Aristotle writ a methodical discourse concerning these arts,
chusing a certain benefit before the hazard that might accrue
from the vain disrespects of ignorant persons. Wilkins.
What is more usual to warriours than impatience of bear­
ing the least affront or disrespect? Pope.

DISRESPE’CTFUL. adj. [disrespect and full.] Irreverent; un­
civil.

DISRESPE’CTFULLY. adv. [from disrespectful.] Irreverently;
uncivilly.
We cannot believe our posterity will think so disrespectfully
of their great grandmothers, as that they made themselves
monstrous to appear amiable. Addison's Spectator, No. 127.

To DISRO’BE. v. a. [dis and robe.] To undress; to uncover;
to strip.
Thus when they had the witch disrobed quite,
And all her filthy feature open shown,
They let her go at will, and wander ways unknown. F. Qu.
Kill the villain strait,
Disrobe him of the matchless monument,
Thy father's triumph o'er the savages. Shakes. King John.
These two great peers were disrobed of their glory, the one
by judgment, the other by violence. Wotton.
Who will be prevailed with to disrobe himself at once of all
his old opinions, and pretences to knowledge and learning,
and turn himself out stark naked in quest afresh of new no­
tions. Locke.

DISRU’PTION. n. s. [diruptio, Latin.] The act of breaking
asunder; a breach; rent; dilaceration.
This secures them from disruption, which they would be in
danger of, upon a sudden stretch or contortion. Ray.
The agent which effected this disruption, and dislocation of
the strata, was seated within the earth. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
If raging winds invade the atmosphere,
Their force its curious texture cannot tear,
Nor make disruption in the threads of air. Blackmore.

DISSA’TISFACTION. n. s. [dis and satisfaction.] The state of being
dissatisfied; discontent; want of something to compleat the
wish.
He that changes his condition, out of impatience and dis­
satisfaction, when he has tried a new one, wishes for his old
again. L'Estrange.
The ambitious man has little happiness, but is subject to
much uneasiness and dissatisfaction. Addison's Spectator.
In vain we try to remedy the defects of our acquisition, by
varying the object: the same dissatisfaction pursues us through
the circle of created goods. Rogers, Sermon 5.

DISSA’TISFACTORINESS. n. s. [from dissatisfactory.] Inability
to give content.

DISSATISFA’CTORY. adj. [from dissatisfy.] That which is un­
able to give content.

To DISSA’TISFY. v. a. [dis and satisfy.]
1. To discontent; to displease.
The advantages of life will not hold out to the length of
desire; and, since they are not big enough to satisfy, they
should not be big enough to dissatisfy. Collier.
2. To fail to please; to want something requisite.
I still retain some of my notions, after your lordship's
having appeared dissatisfied with them. Locke.

To DISSE’CT. v. a. [disseco, Latin.]
1. To cut in pieces. It is used chiefly of anatomical enquiries,
made by separation of the parts of animal bodies.
No mask, no trick, no favour, no reserve;
Dissect your mind, examine every nerve. Roscommon.
Following life in creatures we dissect,
We lose it in the moment we detect. Pope.
2. To divide and examine minutely.
This paragraph, that has not one ingenuous word through­
out, I have dissected for a sample. Atterbury.

DISSE’CTION. n. s. [dissectio, Lat.] The act of separating the
parts of animal bodies; anatomy.
She cut her up; but, upon the dissection, found her just like
other hens. L'Estrange.
I shall enter upon the dissection of a coquet's heart, and
communicate particularities observed in that curious piece
of anatomy. Addison's Spectator.
Such strict enquiries into nature, so true and so perfect a
dissection of human kind, is the work of extraordinary dili­
gence. Granville.

To DISSE’IZE. v. a. [dissaiser, French.] To disposses; to
deprive.
He so disseized of his griping gross,
The knight his thrillant spear again assay'd,
In his brass-plated body to emboss. Fairy Queen, b. i.
If a prince should give a man, besides his ancient patri­
mony, which his family had been disseized of, an additional
estate, never before in the possession of his ancestors, he
could not be said to re-establish lineal succession. Locke.

DISSE’ISIN. n. s. [from disseisir, French.] An unlawful dispos­
sessing a man of his land, tenement, or other immoveable or
incorporeal right. Cowel.

DISSE’IZOR. n. s. [from disseize.] He that disposses another.

To DISSE’MBLE. v. a. [dissimulo, Latin; semblance, dissem­
blance, and probably dissembler, in old French.]
1. To hide under false appearance; to conceal; to pretend that
not to be which really is.
Your son Lucentio
Doth love my daughter, and she loveth him,
Or both dissemble deeply their affections. Shakespeare.
She answered, that her soul was God's; and touching her
faith, as she could not change, so she would not dissemble
it. Hayward.
2. To pretend that to be which is not. This is not the true
signification.
In vain, on the dissembl'd mother's tongue,
Had cunning art and sly persuasion hung;
And real care in vain, and native love
In the true parent's panting breast had strove. Prior.

To DISSE’MBLE. v. n. To play the hypocrite.
Ye dissembled in your hearts when ye sent me unto the
Lord your God, saying, pray for us. Jer. xlii. 20.
I would dissemble with my nature, where
My fortunes, and my friends, at stake, requir'd
I should do so in honour. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I am curtail'd of this fair proportion,
Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
Deform'd, unfinish'd. Shakesp. Richard III.
Thy function too will varnish o'er our arts,
And sanctify dissembling. Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.

DISSE’MBLER. n. s. [from dissemble.] An hypocrite; a man
who conceals his true disposition.
Thou dost wrong me, thou dissembler, thou. Shakesp.
The French king, in the business of peace, was the greater
dissembler of the two. Bacon's Henry VII.
Such an one, whose virtue forbiddeth him to be base and a
dissembler, shall evermore hang under the wheel. Raleigh.
The queen, with rage inflam'd,
Thus greets him, Thou dissembler, wouldst thou fly
Out of my arms by stealth. Denham.
Men will trust no farther than they judge a person for sin­
cerity fit to be trusted: a discovered dissembler can atchieve
nothing great and considerable. South's Sermons.

DISSE’MBLINGLY. adv. [from dissemble.] With dissimulation;
hypocritically.
They might all have been either dissemblingly spoken, or
falsly reported of the equity of the barbarous king. Knolles.

To DISSE’MINATE. v. a. [dissemino, Latin.] To scatter as
seed; to sow; to spread every way.
Ill uses are made of it many times in stirring up seditions,
rebellions, in disseminating of heresies, and infusing of pre­
judices. Hammond's Fundamentals.


There is a nearly uniform and constant sire or heat dissemi­
nated throughout the body of the earth. Woodward's N. Hist.
The Jews are indeed disseminated through all the trading
parts of the world. Addison's Spectator, No. 425.
By firmness of mind, and freedom of speech, the gospel
was disseminated at first, and must still be maintained. Atterb.

DISSE’MINATION. n. s. [disseminatio, Lat.] The act of scat­
tering like seed; the act of sowing or spreading.
Though now at the greatest distance from the beginning of
errour, yet we are almost lost in its dissemination, whose ways
are boundless, and confess no circumscription. Brown.

DISSEMINA’TOR. n. s. [disseminator, Lat.] He that scatters; a
scatterer; a sower; a spreader.
Men, vehemently thirsting after a name in the world, hope
to acquire it by being the disseminators of novel doctrines.
Decay of Piety.

DISS’ENSION. n. s. [dissensio, Latin.] Disagreement; strife;
discord; contention; difference; quarrel; breach of union.
Friend now, fast sworn,
Whose hours, whose bed, whose meal, whose exercise,
Are still together; who twine, as 'twere, in love,
Unseparable, shall within this hour,
On a dissension of a doit, break out
To bitterest enmity. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Now join your hands, and with your hands your hearts,
That no dissension hinder government. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He appeased the dissension then arising about religion. Knolles.
Grown
In wealth and multitude, factious they grow;
But first among the priests dissension springs. Milt. Pa. Lost.
Debates, dissensions, uproars are thy joy;
Provok'd without offence, and practis'd to destroy. Dryden.

DISSE’NSIOUS. adj. [from dissension.] Disposed to discord;
quarrelsome; factious; contentious.
Either in religion they have a dissensious head, or in the
commonwealth a factious head. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Who are they that complain unto the king
That I am stern? They love his grace but lightly,
That fill his ears with such dissensious rumours. Shak. R. III.
You dissensious rogues,
That rubbing the poor itch of your opinion,
Make yourselves scabs? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To DISSE’NT. v. n. [dissentio, Latin.]
1. To disagree in opinion; to think in a contrary manner.
Let me not be any occasion to defraud the publick of what
is best, by any morose or perverse dissentings. King Charles.
What cruelty, in the most barbarous rites of heathens, has
not been matched by the inhumanity of dissenting christians?
Decay of Piety.
There are many opinions in which multitudes of men dis­
sent from us, who are as good and wise as ourselves. Addison.
2. To differ; to be of a contrary nature.
We see a general agreement in the secret opinion of men,
that every man ought to embrace the religion which is true,
and to shun, as hurtful, whatsoever dissenteth from it, but that
most which doth farthest dissent. Hooker, b. v. s. 1.

DISSE’NT. n. s. [from the verb.] Disagreement; difference of
opinion; declaration of difference of opinion.
In propositions, where though the proofs in view are of most
moment, yet there are grounds to suspect that there is proof
as considerable to be produced on the contrary side, there
suspence or dissent are voluntary actions. Locke.
What could be the reason of this general dissent from the
notion of the resurrection, seeing that almost all of them did
believe the immortality of the soul? Bentley's Sermons.

DISSENTA’NEOUS. adj. [from dissent.] Disagreeable; incon­
sistent; contrary.

DISSE’NTER. n. s. [from dissent.]
1. One that disagrees, or declares his disagreement from an
opinion.
They will admit of matter of fact, and agree with dis­
senters in that; but differ only in assigning of reasons. Locke.
2. One who, for whatever reasons, refuses the communion of
the English church.

DISSERTA’TION. n. s. [dissertatio, Latin.] A discourse; a dis­
quisition; a treatise.
Plutarch, in his dissertation upon the poets, quotes an in­
stance of Homer's judgment in closing a ludicrous scene with
decency and instruction. Pope's Odyssey, Notes.

To DISSE’RVE. v. a. [dis and serve.] To do injury to; to
mischief; to damage; to hurt; to harm.
Having never done the king the least service, he took the
first opportunity to disserve him, and engaged against him
from the beginning of the rebellion. Clarendon.
Desires of things of this world, by their tendency, promote
or disserve our interests in another. Rogers, Sermon 2.

DISSE’RVICE. n. s. [dis and service.] Injury; mischief; ill
turn.
We shall rather perform good offices unto truth, than any
disservice unto relaters who have well deserved. Brown.
Great sicknesses make a sensible alteration, but smaller in­
dispositions do a proportionable disservice. Collier on Hu. Reason.

DISSE’RVICEABLE. adj. [from disservice.] Injurious; mis­
chievous; hurtful.

DISSE’RVICEABLENESS. n. s. [from disserviceable.] Injury;
harm; hurt; mischief; damage.
All action being for some end, and not the end itself, its
aptness to be commanded or forbidden must be founded upon
its serviceableness or disserviceableness to some end. Norris.

To DISSE’TTLE. v. a. [dis and settle.] To unsettle; to
unfix.

To DISSE’VER. v. a. [dis and sever. In this word the particle
dis makes no change in the signification, and therefore the
word, though supported by great authorities, ought to be
ejected from our language.] To part in two; to break;
to divide; to sunder; to separate; to disunite.
Shortly had the storm so dissevered the company, which the
day before had tarried together, that most of them never met
again, but were swallowed up. Sidney, b. ii.
The disserving of fleets hath been the overthrow of many
actions. Raleigh's Essays.
All downright rains dissever the violence of outrageous
winds, and level the mountainous billows. Raleigh.
Dissever your united strengths,
And part your mingled colours once again. Shak. K. John.
The meeting points the sacred hair dissever
From the fair head, for ever and for ever. Pope.

DISSI’DENCE. n. s. [dissideo, Latin.] Discord; disagree­
ment. Dict.

DISSI’LIENCE. n. s. [dissilio, Latin.] The act of starting
asunder.

DISSI’LIENT. adj. [dissiliens, Latin.] Starting asunder; burst­
ing in two.

DISSILI’TION. n. s. [dissilio, Latin.] The act of bursting in
two; the act of starting different ways.
The air having much room to receive motion, the dissilition
of that air was great. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

DISSI’MILAR. adj. [dis and similar.] Unlike; heteroge­
neous.
Simple oil is reduced into dissimilar parts, and yields a sweet
oil, very differing from sallet-oil. Boyle.
The light whose rays are all alike refrangible I call simple,
homogeneal, and similar; and that whose rays are some
more refrangible than others, I call compound, heterogeneal,
and dissimilar. Newton's Opt.
If the fluid be supposed to consist of heterogeneous particles,
we cannot conceive how those dissimilar parts can have a like
situation. Bentley's Sermons.

DISSIMILA’RITY. n. s. [from dissimilar.] Unlikeness; dissi­
militude.
If the principle of reunion has not its energy in this life,
whenever the attractions of sense cease, the acquired prin­
ciples of dissimilarity must repel these beings from their centre;
so that the principle of reunion, being set free by death, must
drive these beings towards God their centre, and the principle
of dissimilarity forcing him to repel them with infinite vio­
lence from him, must make them infinitely miserable. Cheyne.

DISSIMI’LITUDE. n. s. [dissimilitudo, Lat.] Unlikeness; want
of resemblance.
Thereupon grew marvellous dissimilitudes, and by reason
thereof jealousies, heartburnings, jars and discords. Hooker.
We doubt whether the Lord, in different circumstances, did
frame his people unto any utter dissimilitude, either with Egyp­
tians, or any other nation. Hooker, b. iv. s. 6.
The dissimilitude between the Divinity and images, shews
that images are not a suitable means whereby to worship
God. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idolatry.
As humane society is founded in the similitude of some
things, so it is promoted by some certain dissimilitudes. Grew.
Women are curious observers of the likeness of children
to parents, that they may, upon finding dissimilitude, have the
pleasure of hinting unchastity. Pope's Odyssey, Notes.

DISSIMULA’TION. n. s. [dissimulatio, Latin.] The act of dis­
sembling; hypocrisy; fallacious appearance; false pretensions.
Dissimulation is but a faint kind of policy; for it asketh a
strong wit, and a strong heart, to know when to tell truth,
and to do it. Bacon, Essay 6.
He added not; and Satan, bowing low
His grey dissimulation, disappear'd
Into thin air diffus'd. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. i.
Dissimulation may be taken for a bare concealment of one's
mind, in which sense we commonly say, that it is prudence to
dissemble injuries. South's Sermons.

DISSIPA’BLE. adj. [from dissipate.] Easily scattered; liable to
dispersion.
The heat of those plants is very dissipable, which under the
earth is contained and held in; but when it cometh to the air
it exhaleth. Bacon's Natural History.
The parts of plants are very tender, as consisting of cor­
puscles which are extremely small and light, and therefore
the more easily dissipable. Woodward's Natural History.

To DI’SSIPATE. v. a. [dissipatus, Latin.]
1. To scatter every way; to disperse.
The heat at length grows so great, that it again dissipates


and bears off those very corpuscles which before it brought.
Woodward's Natural History.
The circling mountains eddy in,
From the bare wild, the dissipated storm. Thomson's Autumn.
2. To scatter the attention.
This slavery to his passions produced a life irregular and
dissipated. Savage's Life.
3. To spend a fortune.
The wherry that contains
Of dissipated wealth the poor remains. London.

DISSIPA’TION. n. s. [dissipatio, Latin.]
1. The act of dispersion.
The effects of heat are most advanced when it worketh
upon a body without loss or dissipation of the matter. Bacon.
Abraham was contemporary with Paleg, in whose time the
famous dissipation of mankind and distinction of languages
happened. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Where the earth contains nitre within it, if that heat which
is continually steaming out of the earth be preserved, its dissi­
pation prevented, and the cold kept off by some building, this
alone is ordinarily sufficient to raise up the nitre. Woodward.
2. The state of being dispersed.
Now
Foul dissipation follow'd, and forc'd rout. Milt. Par. Lost.
3. Scattered attention.
I have begun two or three letters to you by snatches, and
been prevented from finishing them by a thousand avocations
and dissipations. Swift.

To DISSO’CIATE. v. a. [dissocio, Latin.] To separate; to dis­
unite; to part.
In the dissociating action, even of the gentlest fire, upon a
concrete, there does perhaps vanish, though undiscernedly,
some active and fugitive particles, whose presence was requi­
site to contain the concrete under such a determinate form. Boyle.

DISSO’LVABLE. adj. [from dissolve.] Capable of dissolution;
liable to be melted.
Such things as are not dissolvable by the moisture of the
tongue, act not upon the taste. Newton's Opt.

DISSO’LUBLE. adj. [dissolubilis, Latin.] Capable of separation
of one part from another by heat or moisture.
Nodules, reposed in those cliffs amongst the earth, being
hard and not so dissoluble, and likewise more bulky, are left
behind. Woodward's Natural History.

DISSOLUBI’LITY. n. s. [from dissoluble.] Liableness to suffer a
disunion of parts by heat or moisture; capacity of being
dissolved.
Bodies seem to have an intrinsick principle of alteration,
or corruption, from the dissolubility of their parts, and the co­
adlition of several particles endued with contrary and destruc­
tive qualities each to other. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To DISSO’LVE. v. a. [dissolvo, Latin.]
1. To destroy the form of any thing by disuniting the parts with
heat or moisture; to melt; to liquefy.
The whole terrestrial globe was taken all to pieces, and
dissolved at the deluge. Woodward's Nat. Hist. Preface.
2. To break; to disunite in any manner.
Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what
manner of persons ought ye to be. 2 Pet. iii. 11.
3. To loose; to break the ties of any thing.
Witness these ancient empires of the earth,
In height of all their flowing wealth dissolv'd. Milt. P. Lost.
The commons live, by no divisions rent;
But the great monarch's death dissolves the government. Dry.
4. To separate persons united.
She and I long since contracted,
Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us. Shakespeare.
5. To break up assemblies.
By the king's authority alone, and by his writs, parliaments
are assembled; and by him alone they are prorogued and dis­
solved, but each house may adjourn itself. Bacon to Villiers.
6. To solve; to clear.
And I have heard of thee, that thou can'st make interpre­
tations and dissolve doubts. Dan. v. 16.
7. To break an enchantment.
Highly it concerns his glory now
To frustrate and dissolve the magick spells. Milton's Agonist.
8. To be relaxed by pleasure.
Angels dissolv'd in hallelujahs lye. Dryden.

To DISSO’LVE. v. n. 
1. To be melted; to be liquefied.
As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run
And trickle into drops before the sun,
So melts the youth, and languishes away. Addis. Ovid. Met.
2. To sink away; to fall to nothing.
If there be more, more woful, hold it in;
For I am almost ready to dissolve,
Hearing of this. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To melt away in pleasures.

DISSO’LVENT. adj. [from dissolve.] Having the power of dis­
solving or melting.
In man and viviparous quadrupeds, the food, moistened
with the spittle, is first chewed, then swallowed into the sto­
mach, where, being mingled with dissolvent juices, it is con­
cocted, macerated, and reduced into a chyle. Ray.

DISSO’LVENT. n. s. [from the adjective.] Having the power
of disuniting the parts of any thing.
Spittle is a great dissolvent, and there is a great quantity of
it in the stomach, being swallowed constantly. Arbuthnot.

DISSO’LVER. n. s. [from dissolve.] That which has the power
of dissolving.
Fire, and the more subtle dissolver, putrefaction, by dividing
the particles of substances, turn them black. Arbuthnot.
Hot mineral waters are the best dissolvers of phlegm. Arbut.

DISSO’LVIBLE. adj. [from dissolve. It is commonly written
dissolvable, but less properly.] Liable to perish by dissolution.
Man, that is even upon the intrinsick constitution of his
nature dissolvible, must, by being in an eternal duration, con­
tinue immortal. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

DI’SSOLUTE. adj. [dissolutus, Latin.] Loose; wanton; un­
restrained; dissolved in pleasures; luxurious; debauched.
A giant huge and tall,
Who him disarmed, dissolute, dismay'd,
Unawares surpriz'd. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 7.
Such stand in narrow lanes,
And beat our watch and rob our passengers;
While he, young, wanton, and effeminate boy,
Takes on the point of honour, to support
So dissolute a crew. Shakespeare's Richard II.
A man of little gravity, or abstinence in pleasures; yea,
sometimes almost dissolute. Hayward.
They cool'd in zeal,
Thenceforth shall practise how to live secure,
Worldly, or dissolute, on what their lords
Shall leave them to enjoy. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The true spirit of religion banishes indeed all levity of
behaviour, all vicious and dissolute mirth; but, in exchange,
fills the mind with a perpetual serenity. Addison's Spectator.
The beauty of religion the most dissolute are forced to ac­
knowledge. Rogers's Sermons.

DI’SSOLUTELY. adv. [from dissolute.] Loosely; in debauchery;
without restraint.
Whereas men have lived dissolutely and unrighteously, thou
hast tormented them with their own abominations. Wisd. xii.

DI’SSOLUTENESS. n. s. [from dissolute.] Looseness; laxity of
manners; debauchery.
If we look into the common management, we shall have
reason to wonder, in the great dissoluteness of manners which
the world complains of, that there are any footsteps at all left
of virtue. Locke.

DISSOLU’TION. n. s. [dissolutio, Latin.]
1. The act of liquefying by heat or moisture.
2. The state of being liquefied.
3. The state of melting away; liquefaction.
I am as subject to heat as butter; a man of continual dis­
solution and thaw. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. Destruction of any thing by the separation of its parts.
The elements were at perfect union in his body; and their
contrary qualities served not for the dissolution of the com­
pound, but the variety of the composure. South's Sermons.
5. The substance formed by dissolving any body.
Weigh iron and aqua-fortis severally; then dissolve the iron
in the aqua-fortis, and weigh the dissolution. Bacon.
6. Death; the resolution of the body into its constituent ele­
ments.
The life of man is always either increasing towards ripe­
ness and perfection, or declining and decreasing towards rot­
tenness and dissolution. Raleigh's History of the World.
We expected
Immediate dissolution, which we thought
Was meant by death that day. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
7. Destruction.
He determined to make a present dissolution of the world.
Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
He thence shall come,
When this world's dissolution shall be ripe. Milt. Par. Lost.
Would they have mankind lay aside all care of provisions
by agriculture or commerce, because possibly the dissolution of
the world may happen the next moment? Bentley's Sermons.
8. Breach or ruin of any thing compacted or united.
Is a man confident of wealth and power? Why let him
read of those strange unexpected dissolutions of the great mo­
narchies and governments of the world. South's Sermons.
9. The act of breaking up an assembly.
10. Looseness of manners; laxity; remissness; dissipation.
Fame makes the mind loose and gayish, scatters the spirits,
and leaves a kind of dissolution upon all the faculties. South.
An universal dissolution of manners began to prevail, and a
professed disregard to all fixed principles. Atterbury's Sermons.

DI’SSONANCE. n. s. [dissonans, Latin; dissonance, French.]
A mixture of harsh, unpleasing, unharmonious sounds; un­
suitableness of one sound to another.
Still govern thou my song,
But drive far off the barbarous dissonance
Of Bacchus, and his revellers. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.


The wonted roar was up amidst the woods,
And fill'd the air with barbarous dissonance,
At which I ceas'd, and listen'd them a while. Milton.
The Latin tongue is a dead language, and none can decide
with confidence on the harmony or dissonance of the numbers
of these times. Garth's Pref. to Ovid.

DI’SSONANT. adj. [dissonans, Latin.]
1. Harsh; unharmonious.
Dire were the strain and dissonant, to sing
The cruel raptures of the savage kind. Thomson's Spring.
2. Incongruous; disagreeing
What can be more dissonant from reason and nature, than
that a man, naturally inclined to clemency, should shew him­
self unkind and inhuman. Hakewell on Providence.
When conscience reports any thing dissonant to truth, it
obliges no more than the falshood reported by it. South.

To DISSU’ADE. v. a. [dissuadeo, Latin.]
1. To dehort; to divert by reason or importunity from any
thing.
We submit to Cæsar, promising
To pay our wonted tribute, from the which
We were dissuaded by our wicked queen. Shakes. Cymbeline.
2. To represent any thing as unfit or dangerous.
This would be worse;
War therefore, open or conceal'd, alike
My voice dissuades. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Not diffident of thee, do I dissuade
Thy absence from my sight. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
I'd fain deny this wish, which thou hast made;
Or, what I can't deny, would fain dissuade. Addison's Ovid.

DISSU’ADER. n. s. [from dissuade.] He that dissuades.

DISSU’ASION. n. s. [dissuasio, Lat.] Urgency of reason or im­
portunity against any thing; dehortation.
Endeavour to preserve yourself from relapse by such dissua­
sions from love, as its votaries call invectives against it. Boyle.

DISSU’ASIVE. adj. [from dissuade.] Dehortatory; tending to
divert or deter from any purpose.

DISSU’ASIVE. n. s. Dehortation; argument or importunity
employed to turn the mind off from any purpose or pursuit.
The meanness, or the sin, will scarce be dissuasives to those
who have reconciled themselves to both. Govern. of the Tongue.

To DISSU’NDER. v. a. [dis and sunder. This is a barbarous
word. See DISSEVER.] To sunder; to separate.
But when her draught the sea and earth dissunder'd,
The troubl'd bottoms turn'd up, and she thunder'd. Chapm.

DISSY’LLABLE. n. s. [δισσυλλαβ.] A word of two syllables.
No man is tied, in modern poetry, to observe any farther
rule in the feet of his verse, but that they be dissyllables; whe­
ther spondee, trochee, or iambique, it matters not. Dryden.

DI’STAFF. n. s. [distæf, Saxon.]
1. The staff from which the flax is drawn in spinning.
In sum, proud Boreas never ruled fleet,
Who Neptune's web on danger's distaff spins,
With greater power than she did make them wend
Each way, as she that ages praise did bend. Sidney.
Weave thou to end this web which I begin;
I will the distaff hold, come thou and spin. Fairfax, b. iv.
Ran Coll our dog, and Talbot with the band,
And Malkin with her distaff in her hand. Dryden.
2. It is used as an emblem of the female sex.
In my civil government some say the crosier, some say the
distaff was too busy. Howel's England's Tears.
See my royal master murder'd,
His crown usurp'd, a distaff in the throne. Dryden.

DISTAFF-THISTLE. n. s. A species of thistle. See THISTLE.

To DISTA’IN. v. a. [dis and stain.]
1. To stain; to tinge with an adventitious colour.
Nor ceas'd his arrows, 'till the shady plain
Sev'n mighty bodies with their blood distain. Dryd. Virg.
Place on their heads that crown distain'd with gore,
Which those dire hands from my slain father tore. Pope.
2. To blot; to fully with infamy.
He understood,
That lady whom I had to me assign'd,
Had both distain'd her honourable blood,
And eke the faith which she to me did bind. Fairy Queen.
The worthiness of praise distains his worth,
If he that's prais'd, himself bring the praise forth. Shakesp.

DI’STANCE. n. s. [distance, French; distantia, Latin.]
1. Distance is space considered barely in length between any two
beings, without considering any thing else between them. Locke.
It is very cheap, notwithstanding the great distance between
the vineyards and the towns that fell the wine. Addis. on Italy.
As he lived but a few miles distance from her father's
house, he had frequent opportunities of seeing her. Addison.
2. Remoteness in place.
Cæsar is still disposed to give us terms,
And waits at distance 'till he hears from Cato. Addis. Cato.
These dwell at such convenient distance,
That each may give his friend assistance. Prior.
3. The space kept between two antagonists in fencing.
We come to see fight; to see thy pass, thy stock, thy re­
verse, thy distance. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. Contrariety; opposition.
Banquo was your enemy,
So is he mine; and in such bloody distance,
That every minute of his being thrusts
Against my near'st of life. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. A space marked on the course where horses run.
This was the horse that ran the whole field out of distance,
and won the race. L'Estrange.
6. Space of time.
You must do it by distance of time. 2 Esdr. v. 47.
I help my preface by a prescript, to tell that there is ten
years distance between one and the other. Prior.
7. Remoteness in time either past or future.
We have as much assurance of these things, as things fu­
ture and at a distance are capable of. Tillotson's Sermons.
To judge right of blessings prayed for, and yet at a distance,
we must be able to know things future. Smalridge's Sermons.
8. Ideal disjunction; mental separation.
The qualities that affect our senses are, in the things
themselves, so united and blended, that there is no separation,
no distance between them. Locke.
9. Respect; distant behaviour.
I hope your modesty
Will know, what distance to the crown is due. Dryden.
'Tis by respect and distance that authority is upheld. Atterb.
If a man makes me keep my distance, the comfort is, he
keeps his at the same time. Swift.
10. Retraction of kindness; reserve; alienation.
On the part of heav'n,
Now alienated! distance and distaste,
Anger, and just rebuke, and judgment giv'n. Milt. P. Lost.

To DI’STANCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place remotely; to throw off from the view.
That which gives a relievo to a bowl is the quick light, or
white which appears to be on the side nearest to us, and the
black by consequence distances the object. Dryd. Dufresnoy.
2. To leave behind at a race the length of a distance; to con­
quer in a race with great superiority.
Each daring lover, with advent'rous pace,
Pursu'd his wishes in the dang'rous race;
Like the swift hind the bounding damsel flies,
Strains to the goal, the distanc'd lover dies. Gay's Fan.

DI’STANT. adj. [distans, Latin.]
1. Remote in place; not near.
The wond'rous rock the Parian marble shone,
And seem'd to distant sight of solid stone. Pope.
Narrowness of mind should be cured by reading histories
of past ages, and of nations and countries distant from our
own. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
The senses will discover things near us with sufficient exact­
ness, and things distant also, so far as they relate to our ne­
cessary use. Watts's Logick.
2. Remote in time either past or future.
3. Remote to a certain degree; as, ten years, ten miles distant.
4. Reserved; sly.
5. Not primary; not obvious.
It was one of the first distinctions of a well bred man to
express every thing obscene in modest terms and distant phrases,
while the clown clothed those ideas in plain homely terms that
are the most obvious and natural. Addison's Spectator.

DISTA’STE. n. s. [dis and taste.]
1. Aversion of the palate; disrelish; disgust.
He gives the reason of the distaste of satiety, and of the
pleasure in novelty in meats and drinks. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. Dislike; uneasiness.
Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes, and
adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon's Essays.
3. Anger; alienation of affection.
Julius Cæsar was by acclamation termed king, to try how
the people would take it: the people shewed great murmur
and distaste at it. Bacon, Apophth. 221.
The king having tasted of the envy of the people, for his
imprisonment of Edward Plantagenet, was doubtful to heap
up any more distastes of that kind by the imprisonment of
De la Pole also. Bacon's Henry VII.
On the part of heaven,
Now alienated, distance, and distaste,
And just rebuke. Milton's Parad. Lost.
With stern distaste avow'd,
To their own districts drive the suitor crowd. Pope's Odyss.

To DISTA’STE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fill the mouth with nauseousness, or disrelish.
Dang'rous conceits are in their nature poisons,
Which at first are scarce found to distaste;
But with a little act upon the blood,
Burn like the mines of sulphur. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. To dislike; to loath.
I'd have it come to question;
If he distaste it, let him to my sister. Shakesp. King Lear.


3. To offend; to disgust.
He thought it no policy to distaste the English or Irish by a
course of reformation, but sought to please them. Davies.
4. To vex; to exasperate; to sour.
The whistling of the winds is better musick to contented
minds, than the opera to the spleenful, ambitious, diseased,
distasted, and distracted souls. Pope.

DISTA’STEFUL. adj. [distaste and full.]
1. Naufeous to the palate; disgusting.
What to one palate is sweet and delicious, to another
is odious and distasteful. Glanv. Sceps. c. 15.
2. Offensive; unpleasing.
The visitation, though somewhat distasteful to the Irish
lords, was sweet and welcome to the common people. Davies.
None but a fool distasteful truth will tell;
So it be new and please, 'tis full as well. Dryd. Tyran. Love.
Distasteful humours, and whatever else may render the con­
versation of men grievous and uneasy to one another, are
forbidden in the New Testament. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
3. Malignant; malevolent.
After distasteful looks,
With certain half-caps, and cold moving nods,
They froze me into silence. Shakespeare's Timon.
The ground that begot this assertion, might be the distaste­
ful averseness of the Christian from the Jew. Brown's Vul. Err.

DISTE’MPER. n. s. [dis and temper.]
1. A disproportionate mixture of parts; want of a due temper
of ingredients.
2. A disease; a malady; the peccant predominance of some hu­
mour; properly a slight illness; indisposition.
They heighten distempers to diseases. Suckling.
It argues sickness and distemper in the mind, as well as in
the body, when a man is continually turning and tossing. South.
3. Want of due temperature.
It was a reasonable conjecture, that those countries which
were situated directly under the tropick, were of a distemper
uninhabitable. Raleigh's History of the World.
4. Bad constitution of the mind; predominance of any passion
or appetite.
If little faults, proceeding on distemper,
Shall not be wink'd at, how shall we stretch our eye
At capital crimes? Shakespeare's Henry V.
5. Want of due ballance between contraries.
The true temper of empire is a thing rare, and hard to
keep; for both temper and distemper consist of contraries. Bac.
6. Ill humour of mind; depravity of inclination.
I was not forgetful of those sparks, which some mens dis­
tempers formerly studied to kindle in parliament. King Charles.
7. Tumultuous disorder.
Still as you rise, the state exalted too,
Finds no distemper while 'tis chang'd by you. Waller.
8. Disorder; uneasiness.
There is a sickness,
Which puts some of us in distemper; but
I cannot name the disease, and it is caught
Of you that yet are well. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

To DISTE’MPER. v. a. [dis and temper.]
1. To disease.
Young son, it argues a distemper'd head,
So soon to bid good-morrow to thy bed. Shak. Ro. and Jul.
2. To disorder.
In madness,
Being full of supper and distemp'ring draughts,
Upon malicious bravery, do'st thou come
To start my guilt. Shakespeare's Othello.
He distempered himself one night with long and hard
study. Boyle's History of Fluids.
3. To disturb; to fill with perturbation; to ruffle.
Thou see'st me much distemper'd in my mind;
Pull'd back, and then push'd forward to be kind. Dryden.
4. To destroy temper or moderation.
Distemper'd zeal, sedition, canker'd hate,
No more shall vex the church and tear the state. Dryden.
They will have admirers among posterity, and be equally
celebrated by those whose minds will not be distempered by
interest, passion, or partiality. Addison's Freeholder.
5. To make disaffected, or malignant.
Once more to-day well met, distemper'd lords;
The king by me requests your presence strait. Sh. K. John.

DISTE’MPERATE. adj. [dis and temperate.] Immoderate.
Aquinas objecteth the distemperate heat, which he supposeth
to be in all places directly under the sun. Raleigh's History.

DISTE’MPERATURE. n. s. [from distemperate.]
1. Intemperateness; excess of heat or cold, or other qualities.
Through this distemperature we see
The seasons alter; hoary headed frosts
Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose. Shakespeare.
They profited little against him, but were themselves con­
sumed by the discommodities of the country, and the distempe­
rature of the air. Abbot's Description of the World.
2. Violent tumultuousness; outrageousness.
3. Perturbation of the mind.
Thy earliness doth me assure
Thou art uprouz'd by some distemperature. Shakespeare.
4. Confusion; commixture of extremes; loss of regularity.
At your birth
Our grandam earth, with this distemperature,
In passion shook. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Tell how the world fell into this disease,
And how so great distemperature did grow. Daniel's C. War.

To DISTE’ND. v. a. [distendo, Latin.] To stretch out in
breadth.
Thus all day long the full distended clouds
Indulge their genial stores, and well shower'd earth
Is deep enrich'd with vegetable life. Thomson's Spring.

DISTE’NT. n. s. [from distend.] The space through which any
thing is spread; breadth.
Those arches are the gracefullest, which, keeping precisely
the same height, shall yet be distended one fourteenth part
longer; which addition of distent will confer much to their
beauty, and detract but little from their strength. Wotton.

DISTE’NTION. n. s. [distentio, Latin.]
1. The act of stretching in breadth.
Wind and distention of the bowels are signs of a bad diges­
tion in the intestines; for in dead animals, when there is no
digestion at all, the distention is in the greatest extremity. Arb.
2. Breadth; space occupied by the thing distended.
3. The act of separating one part from another; divarication.
Our leggs do labour more in elevation, than in distention.
Wotton's Architecture.

To DISTHRONI’ZE. v. a. [dis and throne.] To dethrone; to
depose from sovereignty.
By his death he it recovered;
But Peridure and Vigent him disthronized. Fairy Queen.

DI’STICH. n. s. [distichon, Latin.] A couplet; a couple of
lines; an epigram consisting only of two verses.
The French compare anagrams, by themselves, to gems;
but when they are cast into a distich, or epigram, to gems en­
chased in enamelled gold. Camden's Remains.
The bard, whose distich all commend,
In power, a servant; out of power, a friend. Pope.

To DISTI’L. v. n. [distillo, Latin.]
1. To drop; to fall by drops.
In vain kind seasons swell'd the teeming grain;
Soft show'rs distill'd, and suns grew warm in vain. Pope.
Crystal drops from min'ral roofs distil. Pope.
2. To flow gently and silently.
The Euphrates distilleth out of the mountains of Armenia,
and falleth into the gulph of Persia. Raleigh's History.
3. To use a still; to practise the act of distillation.
Have I not been
Thy pupil long? Hast thou not learn'd me how
To make perfumes, distil, preserve? Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To DISTI’L. v. a. 
1. To let fall in drops; to drop any thing down.
They pour down rain, according to the vapour thereof,
which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly. Job.
The dew, which on the tender grass
The evening had distill'd,
To pure rose-water turned was,
The shades with sweets that fill'd. Drayton's Q. of Cynthia.
From his fair head
Perfumes distil their sweets. Prior.
The roof is vaulted, and distils fresh water from every part
of it, which fell upon us as fast as the first droppings of a
shower. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. To force by fire through the vessels of distillation; to exalt,
separate, or purify by fire.
Upon the corner of the moon
There hangs a vap'rous drop, profound;
I'll catch it ere it come to ground;
And that, distill'd by magick slights,
Shall raise artificial sprights. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. To draw by distillation; to extract by the force of fire.
The liquid, distilled from benzoin, is subject to frequent
vicissitudes of fluidity and firmness. Boyle.

DISTILLA’TION. n. s. [distillatio, Latin.]
1. The act of dropping, or falling in drops.
2. The act of pouring out in drops.
3. That which falls in drops.
4. The act of distilling by fire.
Water by frequent distillations changes into fixed earth.
Newton's Opt.
The serum of the blood, by a strong distillation, affords a
spirit, or volatile alkaline salt, and two kinds of oil, and an
earth. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
5. The substance drawn by the still.
I suffered the pangs of an egregious death, to be stopt in
like a strong distillation, with cloaths. Sh. Mer. Wi. of Winds.

DISTI’LLATORY. adj. [from distil.] Belonging to distillation;
used in distillation.


Besides those grosser elements of bodies, salt, sulphur and
mercury, ingredients of a more subtile nature, extremely lit­
tle, and not visible, may escape at the junctures of the dis­
tillatory vessels. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

DISTI’LLER. n. s. [from distil.]
1. One who practises the trade of distilling.
I sent for spirit of salt to a very eminent distiller of it. Boyle.
2. One who makes and sells pernicious and inflammatory
spirits.

DISTI’LMENT. n. s. [from distil.] That which is drawn by
distillation. A word formerly used, but now obsolete.
Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole,
And in the porches of mine ears did pour
The leperous distilment. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

DISTI’NCT. adj. [distinctus, Latin.]
1. Different; not the same in number or in kind.
Bellarmin saith, it is idolatry to give the same worship to an
image which is due to God: Vasquez saith, it is idolatry to
give distinct worship: therefore, if a man would avoid idola­
try, he must give none at all. Stillingfleet.
Fatherhood and property are distinct titles, and began pre­
sently, upon Adam's death, to be in distinct persons. Locke.
2. Different; apart; not conjunct.
The intention was, that the two armies, which marched
out together, should afterwards be distinct. Clarendon.
Men have immortal spirits, capable of a pleasure and hap­
piness distinct from that of our bodies. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. Clear; unconfused.
Heav'n is high,
High and remote, to see from thence distinct
Each thing on earth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
4. Spotted; variegated.
Tempestuous fell
His arrows from the four-fold-visag'd four,
Distinct with eyes; and from the living wheels
Distinct alike with multitude of eyes. Milton's Parad. Lost.
5. Marked out; specified.
Dominion hold
Over all living things that move on th' earth,
Wherever thus created; for no place
Is yet distinct by name. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.

DISTI’NCTION. n. s. [distinctio, Latin.]
1. Note of difference.
2. Honourable note of superiority.
3. That by which one differs from another.
This faculty of perception puts the distinction betwixt the
animal kingdom and the inferior parts of matter. Locke.
4. Difference regarded; preference or neglect in comparison
with something else.
Maids, women, wives, without distinction fall;
The sweeping deluge, love, comes on, and covers all. Dryd.
5. Separation of complex notions.
This fierce abridgment
Hath to it circumstantial branches, which
Distinction should be rich in. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
6. Division into different parts.
The distinction of it into acts was not known unto
them; or, if it were, it is yet so darkly delivered to us, that
we cannot make it out. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.
7. Notation of difference between things seemingly the same.
The mixture of those things by speech, which by nature
are divided, is the mother of all error: to take away there­
fore that error, which confusion breedeth, distinction is re­
quisite. Hooker, b. iii. s. 3.
Lawfulness cannot be handled without limitations and
distinctions. Bacon's Holy War.
This will puzzle all your logick
And distinctions to answer it. Denham's Sophy.
From this distinction of real and apparent good, some dis­
tinguish happiness into two sorts, real and imaginary. Norris.
7. Discernment; judgment.

DISTI’NCTIVE. adj. [from distinct.]
1. That which marks distinction or difference.
For from the natal hour, distinctive names,
One common right the great and lowly claims. Pope's Ody.
2. Having the power to distinguish and discern; judicious.
Credulous and vulgar auditors readily believe it, and the
more judicious and distinctive heads do not reject it. Brown.

DISTI’NCTIVELY. adv. [from distinctive.] In right order;
not confusedly.
I did all my pilgrimage dilate,
Whereof by parcels she had something heard,
But not distinctively. Shakespeare's Othello.

DISTI’NCTLY. adv. [from distinct.]
1. Not confusedly; without the confusion of one part with
another.
To make an eccho that will report three, or four, or five
words distinctly, it is requisite that the body percussing be a
good distance off. Bacon's Natural History, No. 248.
On its sides it was bounded pretty distinctly, but on its ends
very confusedly and indistinctly. Newton's Opt.
2. Plainly; clearly.
The object I could first distinctly view,
Was tall streight trees, which on the waters flew. Dryden.
After the light of the sun was a little worn off my eyes, I could
see all the parts of it distinctly, by a glimmering reflection that
played upon them from the surface of the water. Addison.

DISTI’NCTNESS. n. s. [from distinct.]
1. Nice observation of the difference between different things.
The membranes and humours of the eye are perfectly pel­
lucid, and void of colour, for the clearness, and for the dis­
tinctness of vision. Ray on the Creation.
2. Such separation of things as makes them easy to be separately
observed.

To DISTI’NGUISH. v. a. [distinguo, Latin.]
1. To note the diversity of things.
Rightly to distinguish, is, by conceit of the mind, to sever
things different in nature, and to discern wherein they
differ. Hooker, b. iii. s. 3.
2. To separate from others by some mark of honour or pre­
ference.
They distinguish my poems from those of other men, and
have made me their peculiar care. Dryden's Fables, Dedicat.
Let us revolve that roll with strictest eye,
Where, safe from time, distinguish'd actions lie. Prior.
3. To divide by proper notes of diversity.
Moses distinguishes the causes of the flood into those that
belong to the heavens, and those that belong to the earth,
the rains, and the abyss. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. To know one from another by any mark or note of dif­
ference.
So long
As he could make me, with this eye or ear,
Distinguish him from others, he did keep
The deck. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
We have not yet been seen in any house,
Nor can we be distinguish'd by our faces,
For man or master. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
By our reason we are enabled to distinguish good from evil,
as well as truth from falshood. Watts's Logick.
5. To discern critically; to judge.
Sweet, the untainted virtue of your years
Hath not yet div'd into the world's deceit;
Nor more can you distinguish of a man,
Than of his outward shew! Shakespeare's Richard III.
6. To constitute difference; to specificate; to make different
from another.
St. Paul's Epistles contain nothing but points of christian
instruction, amongst which he seldom fails to enlarge on the
great and distinguishing doctrines of our holy religion. Locke.
7. To make known or eminent.

To DISTI’NGUISH. v. n. To make distinction; to find or
shew the difference.
He would warily distinguish between the profit of the mer­
chant and the gain of the kingdom. Child's Disc. on Trade.
The readers must learn by all means to distinguish between
proverbs and those polite speeches which beautify con­
versation. Swift.

DISTI’NGUISHABLE. adj. [from distinguish.]
1. Capable of being distinguished; capable of being known or
made known by notes of diversity.
By the intervention of a liquor, it puts on the form of a
fluid body; when, being dissolved in aqueous juices, it is by
the eye distinguishable from the solvent body, and appears as
fluid as it is. Boyle.
Impenitent, they left a race behind
Like to themselves, distinguishable scarce
From Gentiles, but by circumcision vain. Milt. Parad. Reg.
The acting of the soul, as it relates to perception and
decision, to choice and pursuit, or aversion, is distinguishable
to us. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
I shall distribute duty into its principal and eminent parts,
distinguishable as they relate to God, our neighbour, and our­
selves. Government of the Tongue, s. 2.
A simple idea, being in itself uncompounded, contains
nothing but one uniform appearance, or conception in the
mind, and is not distinguishable into different ideas. Locke.
2. Worthy of note; worthy of regard.
I would endeavour that my betters should seek me by the
merit of something distinguishable, instead of my seeking
them. Swift.

DISTI’NGUISHED. participial adj. [from distinguish.] Eminent;
transcendent; extraordinary.
For sins committed, with many aggravations of guilt, the
furnace of wrath will be seven times hotter, and burn with a
distinguished fury. Rogers, Serm. 3.
Never on man did heav'nly favour shine
With rays so strong, distinguish'd, and divine. Pope's Odyss.

DISTI’NGUISHER. n. s. [from distinguish.]
1. A judicious observer; one that accurately discerns one thing
from another.
If writers be just to the memory of Charles II. they cannot


deny him to have been an exact knower of mankind, and a
perfect distinguisher of their talents. Dryd. Dedic. to K. Arthur.
2. He that separates one thing from another by proper marks of
diversity.
Let us admire the wisdom of God in this distinguisher of
times, and visible deity, the sun. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

DISTI’NGUISHINGLY. adv. [from distinguishing.] With distinc­
tion; with some mark of eminent preference.
Some call me a Tory, because the heads of that party have
been distinguishingly favourable to me. Pope.

DISTI’NGUISHMENT. n. s. [from distinguish.] Distinction;
observation of difference.
To make corrections upon the searchers reports, I consi­
dered whether any credit at all were to be given to their
distinguishments. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

To DISTO’RT. v. a. [distortus, Latin.]
1. To writhe; to twist; to deform by irregular motions.
Now mortal pangs distort his lovely form. Smith.
2. To put out of the true direction or posture.
Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, do darken and dis­
tort the understandings of men. Tillotson.
3. To wrest from the true meaning.
Something must be distorted, beside the intent of the divine
inditer. Peacham on Poetry.

DISTO’RTION. n. s. [distortio, Lat.] Irregular motion by which
the face is writhed, or the parts disordered.
By his distortions he reveals his pains;
He by his tears, and by his sighs complains. Prior.
In England we see people lulled asleep with solid and elabo­
rate discourses of piety, who would be warmed and trans­
ported out of themselves by the bellowings and distortions of
enthusiasm. Addison's Spectator, No. 407.

To DISTRA’CT. v. a. part. pass. destracted; anciently destraught.
[distractus, Latin.]
1. To pull different ways at once.
2. To separate; to divide.
By sea, by sea.
—Most worthy sir, you therein throw away
The absolute soldiership you have by land;
Distract your army, which doth most consist
Of war-mark'd footmen. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.
3. To turn from a single direction towards various points.
If he cannot wholly avoid the eye of the observer, he hopes
to distract it by a multiplicity of the object. South's Sermons.
4. To fill the mind with contrary considerations; to perplex;
to confound; to harrass.
While I suffer thy terrors I am distracted. Ps. lxxxviii. 15.
Come, cousin, can'st thou quake, and change thy colour,
Murther thy breath in middle of a word,
And then again begin, and stop again,
As if thou wert distraught and mad with terror? Sh. R. III.
It would burst forth; but I recover breath,
And sense distract, to know well what I utter. Milt. Agonist.
He possesses a quiet and cheerful mind, not afflicted with
violent passions, or distracted with immoderate cares. Ray.
If our sense of hearing were a thousand times quicker than
it is, how would a perpetual noise distract us? We should, in
the quietest retirement, be less able to sleep or meditate than
in the middle of a sea-fight. Locke.
5. To make mad.
Wherefore throng you hither?
——To fetch my poor distracted husband hence:
Let us come in, that we may bind him fast,
And bear him home for his recovery. Shakes. Com. of Err.
Better I were distract,
So should my thoughts be sever'd from my griefs,
And woes, by wrong imagination, lose
The knowledge of themselves. Shakespeare's King Lear.
She was unable, in strength of mind, to bear the grief of
his decease, and fell distracted of her wits. Bacon's Hen. VII.
You shall find a distracted man fancy himself a king, and
with a right inference require suitable attendance, respect, and
obedience. Locke.

DISTRA’CTEDLY. adv. [from distract.] Madly; frantickly.
Methought her eyes had crost her tongue;
For she did speak in starts distractedly. Shak. Twelfth Night.

DISTRA’CTEDNESS. n. s. [from distract.] The state of being
distracted; madness.

DISTRA’CTION. n. s. [distractio, Latin.]
1. Tendency to different parts; separation.
While he was yet in Rome,
His power went out in such distractions as
Beguil'd all spies. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
2. Confusion; state in which the attention is called different
ways.
Never was known a night of such distraction;
Noise so confus'd and dreadful; jostling crowds,
That run, and knew not whither. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
What may we not hope from him in a time of quiet and
tranquillity, since, during the late distractions, he has done so
much for the advantage of our trade? Addison's Freeholder.
3. Perturbation of mind; violence of some painful passion.
The distraction of the children, who saw both their parents
expiring together, would have melted the hardest heart. Tatler.
4. Madness; frantickness; loss of the wits.
Madam, this is a meer distraction:
You turn the good we offer into envy. Shakesp. H. VIII.
So to mad Pentheus double Thebes appears,
And furies howl in his distemper'd ears:
Orestes so, with like distraction tost,
Is made to fly his mother's angry ghost. Waller.
Commiserate all those who labour under a settled distrac­
tion, and who are shut out from all the pleasures and advan­
tages of human commerce. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. Disturbance; tumult; difference of sentiments.
The two armies lay quiet near each other, without im­
proving the confusion and distraction which the king's forces
were too much inclined to. Clarendon, b. viii.

To DISTRA’IN. v. a. [from distringo, Latin.] To seize;
to lay hold on as an indemnification for a debt.
Here's Beauford, that regards not God nor king,
Hath here distrain'd the Tower to his use. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

To DISTRA’IN. v. n. To make seizure.
The earl answered, I will not lend money to my superiour,
upon whom I cannot distrain for the debt. Camden's Remains.
Blood his rent to have regain'd,
Upon the British diadem distrain'd. Marvel.

DISTRA’INER. n. s. [from distrain.] He that seizes.

DISTRA’INT. n. s. [from distrain.] Seizure. Dict.

DISTRA’UGHT. part. adj. [from distract.] Distracted.
He had been a good military man in his days, but was then
distraught of his wits. Camden's Remains.

DISTRE’SS. n. s. [destresse, French.]
1. The act of making a legal seizure.
2. A compulsion in real actions, by which a man is assured to
appear in court, or to pay a debt or duty which he refused. Cow.
When any one was indebted to another, he would first de­
mand his debt; and, if he were not paid, he would straight
go and take a distress of his goods and cattle, where he could
find them, to the value, which he would keep 'till he were
satisfied. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Quoth she, some say the soul's secure
Against distress and forfeiture. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1.
3. The thing seized by law.
4. Calamity; misery; misfortune.
There can I sit alone, unseen of any,
And to the nightingale's complaining notes
Tune my distresses, and record my woes. Shakespeare.
There shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in
the stars; and upon earth distress of nations, with perplexity,
the sea and the waves roaring. Luke xxi. 25.
People in affliction or distress cannot be hated by generous
minds. Clarissa.

To DISTRE’SS. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To prosecute by law to a seizure.
2. To harrass; to make miserable; to crush with calamity.
Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in
battle. Deutr. ii. 9.
I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan. 2 Sa. i. 26.

DISTRE’SSFUL. adj. [distress and full.] Miserable; full of
trouble; full of misery.
He, with a body fill'd and vacant mind,
Gets him to rest, cramm'd with distressful bread. Sh. H. V.
I often did beguile her of her tears,
When I did speak of some distressful stroke
That my youth suffered. Shakespeare's Othello.
The ewes still folded, with distended thighs,
Unmilk'd, lay bleating in distressful cries. Pope's Odyssey.
Distressful and desolating events, which have attended the
mistakes of politicians, should be present in their minds. Watts.

To DISTRI’BUTE. v. a. [distribuo, Lat.] To divide amongst
more than two; to deal out.
The king sent over a great store of gentlemen and warlike
people, amongst whom he distributed the land. Spenser.
The spoil got on the Antiates
Was not distributed. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
She did distribute her goods to all them that were nearest of
kindred. Judith xvi. 24.

DISTRI’BUTER. n. s. [from distribute.] One who deals out
any thing; a bestower.
There were judges and distributers of justice appointed
for the several parts of his dominions. Addison on Italy.
Of that peculiar matter out of which the bodies of vege­
tables, and consequently of animals, are formed, water is the
common vehicle and distributer to the parts of those bodies.
Woodward's Natural History.

DISTRIBU’TION. n. s. [distributio, Latin.]
1. The act of distributing or dealing out to others.
Of great riches there is no real use, except it be in the
distribution. Bacon's Essays.
Providence has made an equal distribution of natural gifts,
whereof each creature severally has a share. L'Estrange.
Every man in a great station would imitate the queen in
the distribution of offices in his disposal. Swift.


2. Act of giving in charity.
Let us govern our charitable distributions by this pattern of
nature, and maintain a mutual circulation of benefits and
returns. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. [In logick.] As an integral whole is distinguished into
its several parts by division; so the word distribution is most
properly used, when we distinguish an universal whole into
its several kinds of species. Watts's Logick.

DISTRI’BUTIVE. adj. [from distribute.]
1. That which is employed in assigning to others their portions;
as, distributive justice, that which allots to each his sentence
or claim.
If justice will take all, and nothing give,
Justice methinks is not distributive. Dryden's Conq. of Gran.
Observe the distributive justice of the authors, which is con­
stantly applied to the punishment of virtue, and the reward
of vice, directly opposite to the rules of their best criticks. Sw.
2. That which assigns the various species of a general term.

DISTRI’BUTIVELY. adv. [from distributive.]
1. By distribution.
2. Singly; particularly.
Although we cannot be free from all sin collectively, in
such sort that no part thereof shall be found inherent in us;
yet, distributively at the least, all great and grievous actual of­
fences, as they offer themselves one by one, both may, and
ought to be, by all means avoided. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
3. In a manner that expresses singly all the particulars in­
cluded in a general term; not collectively.
An universal term is sometimes taken collectively for all its
particular ideas united together, and sometimes distributively,
meaning each of them single and alone. Watts's Logick.

DI’STRICT. n. s. [districtus, Latin.]
1. The circuit or territory within which a man may be thus
compelled to appearance. Cowel.
2. Circuit of authority; province.
His governors of towns and provinces, who formed them­
selves upon the example of their grand monarque, practised
all the arts of despotick government in their respective dis­
tricts. Addison.
With stern distaste avow'd,
To their own districts drive the suitor crowd. Pope's Odyss.
3. Region; country; territory.
Those districts which between the tropicks lie,
The scorching beams, directly darted, fry. Blackmore.

To DISTRU’ST. v. a. [dis and trust.] To regard with diffi­
dence; to diffide in; not to trust.
He sheweth himself unto such as do not distrust him. Wisd.

DISTRU’ST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Discredit; loss of credit; loss of confidence.
To me reproach
Rather belongs, distrust, and all dispraise. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. Suspicion; want of faith; want of confidence in another.
You doubt not me; nor have I spent my blood,
To have my faith no better understood:
Your soul's above the baseness of distrust;
Nothing but love could make you so unjust. Dryd. Aureng.

DISTRU’STFUL. adj. [distrust and full.]
1. Apt to distrust; suspicious.
Generals often harbour distrustful thoughts in their
breasts. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
2. Not confident; diffident.
The great corrupters of discourse have not been so distrust­
ful of themselves. Government of the Tongue.
3. Diffident of himself; modest; timorous.
Distrustful sense with modest caution speaks;
It still looks home, and short excursions makes;
But rattling nonsense in full vollies breaks. Pope.

DISTRU’STFULLY. adv. [from distrustful.] In a distrustful
manner.

DISTRU’STFULNESS. n. s. [from distrustful.] The state of
being distrustful; want of confidence.

To DISTU’RB. v. a. [disturbo, low Latin.]
1. To perplex; to disquiet; to deprive of tranquillity.
He that has his own troubles, and the happiness of his
neighbours to disturb him, has work enough. Collier on Envy.
His youth with wants and hardships must engage;
Plots and rebellions must disturb his age. Prior.
2. To confound; to put into irregular motions.
3. To interrupt; to hinder.
4. To turn off from any direction: with from. This is not
usual.
It oft-times may succeed, so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not; and disturb
His inmost counsels from their destin'd aim. Milt. Par. Lost.

DISTU’RBANCE. n. s. [from disturb.]
1. Perplexity; interruption of tranquillity.
The denomination of money concerns trade, and the alte­
ration of that necessarily brings disturbance to it. Locke.
2. Confusion; disorder.
They can survey a variety of complicated ideas without
fatigue or disturbance. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Tumult; violation of peace.
This mischief had not then befall'n,
And more that shall befal: innumerable
Disturbances on earth through female snares. Milt. Pa. Lost.

DISTU’RBER. n. s. [from disturb.]
1. A violater of peace; he that causes tumults and publick dis­
orders.
He stands in the sight both of God and men most justly
blameable, as a needless disturber of the peace of God's
church, and an author of dissension. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
Men that make an insult upon society, ought to be hum­
bled as disturbers of the publick tranquillity. Addis. Freeholder.
Ye great disturbers, who in endless noise,
In blood and horror, seek unnatural joys;
For what is all this bustle, but to shun
Those thoughts with which you dare not be alone. Granv.
2. He that injures tranquillity; he that causes perturbation of
mind.
Two deep enemies,
Foes to my rest, and my sweet sleep's disturbers,
Are they that I would have thee deal upon. Shakesp. R. III.

To DISTU’RN. v. a. [dis and turn.] To turn off; to turn
aside.
He glad was to disturn that furious stream
Of war on us, that else had swallow'd them. Daniel.

DISVALUA’TION. n. s. [dis and valuation.] Disgrace; diminu­
tion of reputation.
What can be more to the disvaluation of the power of the
Spaniard, than that eleven thousand English should, within
two months, have marched into the heart of his countries?
Bacon's War with Spain.

To DISVA’LUE. v. a. [dis and value.] To undervalue; to set
a low price upon.
Her reputation was disvalu'd.
In levity. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
The very same pride which prompts a man to vaunt and
overvalue what he is, does as forcibly incline him to contemn
and disvalue what he has. Government of the Tongue.

To DISVE’LOP. v. a. [developer, French.] To uncover. Dict.

DISU’NION. n. s. [dis and union.]
1. Separation; disjunction.
Rest is most opposite to motion, the immediate cause of
disunion. Glanv. Sceps. c. 7.
Disunion of the corporeal principles, and the vital, causeth
death. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
Let not peace be made before the disunion of France and
Spain. Addison's State of the War.
The strength of it will join itself to France, and grow the
closer to it by its disunion from the rest. Addison on the War.
2. Breach of concord.

To DISUNI’TE. v. a. [dis and unite.]
1. To separate; to divide.
The beast they then divide, and disunite
The ribs and limbs. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To part friends or allies.

To DISUNI’TE. v. n. [dis and unite.] To fall asunder; to be­
come separate.
While every particular member of the publick provides
solely for itself, the several joints of the body politick do sepa­
rate and disunite, and so become unable to support the
whole. South's Sermons.

DISU’NITY. n. s. [dis and unity.] A state of actual separation.
Disunity is the natural property of matter, which of itself
is nothing else but an infinite congeries of physical monads.
More's Divine Dialogues.

DISU’SAGE. n. s. [dis and usage.] The gradual cessation of
use or custom.
They cut off presently such things as might be extin­
guished without danger, leaving the rest to be abolished by
disusage through tract of time. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.

DISU’SE. n. s. [dis and use.]
1. Cessation of use; dessuetude; want of practice.
The disuse of the tongue is the only effectual remedy
against these. Addison's Guardian, No. 12.
2. Cessation of custom.
That obligation upon the lands did not prescribe, or come
into disuse, but by fifty consecutive years. Arbuthnot.

To DISU’SE. v. a. [dis and use.]
1. To cease to make use of.
'Tis law, though custom now diverts the course;
As nature's institute is yet in force,
Uncancell'd, though disus'd. Dryden's Fables.
Priam, in arms disus'd, invests his limbs decay'd. Dryden.
2. To disaccustom.
He shall his troops for fighting fields prepare,
Disus'd to toils and triumphs of the war. Dryden's Æn.

To DISVO’UCH. v. a. [dis and vouch.] To destroy the credit
of; to contradict.
Every letter he hath writ hath disvouched another. Shakesp.

DISWI’TTED. adj. [dis and wit.] Deprived of the wits; mad;
distracted. A word not in use.
She ran away alone;
Which when they heard, there was not one


But hasted after to be gone,
As she had been diswitted. Drayton's Nymphid.

DIT. n. s. [dicht, Dutch.] A ditty; a poem; a tune. Obsolete.
No bird but did her shrill notes sweetly sing;
No song but did contain a lovely dit. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

DITCH. n. s. [dic, Saxon; diik, Erse.]
1. A trench cut in the ground usually between fields.
Some asked for manors, others for acres that lay convenient
for them; that he would pull down his fences, and level his
ditches. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
Sudden the ditches swell, the meadows swim. Thomson.
2. Any long narrow receptacle of water: used sometimes of a
small river in contempt.
In the great plagues there were seen, in divers ditches and
low grounds about London, many toads that had tails three
inches long. Bacon.
3. The moat with which a town is surrounded.
The ditches, such as they were, were altogether dry, and
easy to be passed over. Knolles's History of the Turks.
4. Ditch is used, in composition, of any thing worthless, or
thrown away into ditches.
Poor Tom, when the foul fiend rages, eats cowdung for
sallets, swallows the old rat, and the ditch-dog. Shakespeare.

To DITCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To make a ditch.
I have employed my time, besides ditching, in finishing my
travels. Swift.

DITCH-DELIVERED. adj. [ditch and deliver.] Brought forth in
a ditch.
Finger of birth-strangled babe,
Ditch-deliver'd by a drab. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DI’TCHER. n. s. [from ditch.] One who digs ditches.
You merit new employments daily,
Our thatcher, ditcher, gard'ner, baily. Swift.

DITHYRA’MBICK. n. s. [dithyrambus, Latin.]
1. A song in honour of Bacchus; in which anciently, and now
among the Italians, the distraction of ebriety is imitated.
2. Any poem written with wildness and enthusiasm.
Pindar does new words and figures roll
Down his impetuous dithyrambick tide. Cowley.

DITTA’NDER. n. s. The same with pepperwort, which see.

DI’TTANY. n. s. [dictamnus, Latin.]
Dittany hath been renowned for many ages, upon the
account of its sovereign qualities in medicines. It is generally
brought over dry from the Levant. Millar.
Virgil reports of dittany, that the wild goats eat it when
they are shot with darts. More's Antidote against Atheism.

DI’TTIED. adj. [from ditty.] Sung; adapted to musick.
He, with his soft pipe, and smooth dittied song,
Well knows to still the wild winds when they roar. Milton.

DI’TTY. n. s. [dicht, Dutch.] A poem to be sung; a song.
Although we lay altogether aside the consideration of ditty
or matter, the very harmony of sounds being framed in due
sort, and carried from the ear to the spiritual faculties of our
souls, is, by a native puissance and efficacy, greatly available
to bring to a perfect temper whatsoever is there troubled. Hook.
Being young, I fram'd to the harp
Many an English ditty, lovely well,
And gave the tongue a helpful ornament. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Strike the melodious harp, shrill timbrels ring,
And to the warbling lute soft ditties sing. Sandys.
His annual wound in Lebanon, allur'd
The Syrian damsels to lament his fate,
In am'rous ditties, all a Summer's day. Milt. Paradise Lost.
Mean while the rural ditties were not mute,
Temper'd to th' oaten flute;
Rough satyrs danc'd. Milton.
They will be sighing and singing under thy inexorable
windows lamentable ditties, and call thee cruel. Dryden.

DIV

DIVA’N. n. s. [An Arabick or Turkish word.]
1. The council of the Oriental princes.
2. Any council assembled: used commonly in a sense of dislike.
Forth rush'd in haste the great consulting peers,
Rais'd from the dark divan, and with like joy
Congratulant approach'd him. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Swift to the queen the herald Medon ran,
Who heard the consult of the dire divan. Pope's Odyssey.

To DIVA’RICATE. v. n. [divaricatus, Latin.] To be parted
into two; to become bifid.
The partitions are strained across; and as they tend towards
the crust, they gradually lessen: one of them also divaricates
into two, and another into several small ones. Woodward.

To DIVA’RICATE. v. a. To divide into two.
A slender pipe is produced forward towards the throat,
whereinto it is at last inserted, and is there divaricated, after
the same manner as the spermatick vessels. Grew's Cosm. Sac.

DIVARICA’TION. n. s. [divaricatio, Latin.]
1. Partition into two.
Dogs, running before their masters, will stop at a divarica­
tion of the way, 'till they see which hand their masters will
take. Ray on the Creation.
2. Division of opinions.
To take away all doubt, or any probable divarication, the
curse is plainly specified. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 11.

To DIVE. v. n. [dippan, Saxon.]
1. To sink voluntarily under water.
I am not yet informed, whether when a diver diveth, having
his eyes open, and swimeth upon his back he sees things in
the air greater or less. Bacon's Natural History, No. 76.
Around our pole the spiry dragon glides,
And, like a winding stream, the Bears divides,
The less and greater; who, by fate's decree,
Abhor to dive beneath the Southern sea. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
That the air in the blood-vessels of live bodies has a com­
munication with the outward air, I think, seems plain, from
the experiments of human creatures being able to bear air of
much greater density in diving, and of much less upon the tops
of mountains, provided the changes be made gradually. Arb.
2. To go under water in search of any thing.
Crocodiles defend those pearls which lie in the lakes: the
poor Indians are eaten up by them, when they dive for the
pearl. Raleigh's History of the World.
The knave deserves it, when he tempts the main,
Where folly fights for kings, or dives for gain. Pope's Essays.
3. To go deep into any question; doctrine; or science.
The wits that div'd most deep, and soar'd most high,
Seeking man's powers, have found his weakness such. Davies.
He performs all this out of his own fund, without diving
into the arts and sciences for a supply. Dryden.
Whensoever we would proceed beyond those simple ideas,
and dive farther into the nature of things, we fall presently
into darkness and obscurity. Locke.
You swim a-top, and on the surface strive;
But to the depths of nature never dive. Blackmore.
You should have div'd into my inmost thoughts. Phillips.
4. To immerge into any business or condition.
Sweet prince, th' untainted virtue of your years
Hath not yet div'd into the world's deceit,
Nor can you distinguish. Shakesp. Rich. III.
5. To depart from observation.
Dive thoughts down to my soul, here Clarence comes.
Shakespeare's Richard III.

To DIVE. v. a. To explore by diving.
Then Brutus, Rome's first martyr I must name,
The Curtii bravely div'd the gulph of fame. Denham.

DI’VER. n. s. [from dive.]
1. One that sinks voluntarily under water.
If perseverance gain the diver's prize,
Not everlasting Blackmore this denies. Pope's Dunciad.
2. One that goes under water in search of treasure.
It is evident, from the relation of divers and fishers for
pearls, that there are many kinds of shell-fish which lie per­
petually concealed in the deep, skreened from our sight. Woodw.
3. He that enters deep into knowledge or study.
He would have him, as I conceive it, to be no superficial
and floating artificer; but a diver into causes, and into the
mysteries of proportion. Wotton's Architecture.

To DIVE’RGE. v. n. [divergo, Latin.] To tend various ways
from one point.
Homogeneal rays, which flow from several points of any
object, and fall perpendicularly on any reflecting surface, shall
afterwards diverge from so many points. Newton's Opt.

DIVE’RGENT. adj. [from divergens, Lat.] Tending to various
parts from one point.

DI’VERS. adj. [diversus, Latin.] Several; sundry; more than
one. It is now grown out of use.
We have divers examples in the primitive church of such
as, by fear, being compelled to sacrifice to strange gods, after
repented, and kept still the office of preaching the gospel.
Whitgift.
The teeth breed when the child is a year and a half old:
then they cast them, and new ones come about seven years;
but divers have backward teeth come at twenty, some at thirty
and forty. Bacon's Natural History, No. 755.
Divers letters were shot into the city with arrows, wherein
Solyman's councils were revealed. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Divers friends thought it strange, that a white dry body
should acquire a rich colour, upon the affusion of spring­
water. Boyle on Colours.

DI’VERSE. adj. [diversus, Latin.]
1. Different from another.
Four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from
another. Dan. vii. 3.
2. Different from itself; various; multiform; diffused.
Eloquence is a great and diverse thing, nor did she yet ever
favour any man so much as to be wholly his. Ben. Johnson.
3. In different directions. It is little used but in the last sense.
To seize his papers, Curl, was next thy care;
His papers light, fly diverse tost in air. Pope's Dunciad, b. ii.

DIVERSIFICA’TION. n. s. [from diversify.]
1. The act of changing forms or qualities.
If you consider how variously several things may be com­
pounded, you will not wonder that such fruitful principles, or


manners of diversification, should generate differing colours.
Boyle on Colours.
2. Variation; variegation.
3. Variety of forms; multiformity.
4. Change; alteration.
This which is here called a change of will, is not a change
of his will, but a change in the object, which seems to make
a diversification of the will, but indeed is the same will diver­
sified. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To DIVE’RSIFY. v. a. [diversifier, French.]
1. To make different from another; to distinguish.
There may be many species of spirits, as much separated
and diversified one from another as the species of sensible things
are distinguished one from another. Locke.
Male souls are diversified with so many characters, that the
world has not variety of materials sufficient to furnish out their
different inclinations. Addison's Spectator, No. 211.
It was easier for Homer to find proper sentiments for Gre­
cian generals, than for Milton to diversify his infernal council
with proper characters. Addison's Spectator.
2. To make different from itself; to vary; to variegate.
The country being diversified between hills and dales,
woods and plains, one place more clear, another more dark­
some, it is a pleasant picture. Sidney.
There is, in the producing of some species, a composition
of matter, which may be much diversified. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

DIVE’RSION. n. s. [from divert.]
1. The act of turning any thing off from its course.
Cutting off the tops, and pulling off the buds, work reten­
tion of the sap for a time, and diversion of it to the sprouts
that were not forward. Bacon's Natural History.
2. The cause by which any thing is turned from its proper
course or tendency.
Fortunes, honour, friends,
Are mere diversions from love's proper object,
Which only is itself. Denham's Sophy.
3. Sport; something that unbends the mind by turning it off
from care. Diversion seems to be something lighter than
amusement, and less forcible than pleasure.
You for those ends whole days in council sit,
And the diversions of your youth forget. Waller.
In the book of games and diversions the reader's mind may
be supposed to be relaxed. Addison's Spectator.
Such productions of wit and humour as expose vice and
folly, furnish useful diversions to readers. Addison's Freeholder.
4. [In war.] The act or purpose of drawing the enemy off from
some design, by threatening or attacking a distant part.

DIVE’RSITY. n. s. [diversité, Fr. from diversitas, Latin.]
1. Difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness.
Then is there in this diversity no contrariety. Hooker, b. v.
They cannot be divided, but they will prove opposite; and
not resting in a bare diversity, quickly rise into a contrariety.
South's Sermons.
2. Variety.
The diversity of ceremonies in this kind ought not to cause
dissension in churches. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
The most common diversity of human constitutions arises
from the solid parts, as to their different degrees of strength
and tension. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Distinct being; not identity.
Society cannot subsist without a diversity of stations; and if
God should grant every one a middle station, he would defeat
the very scheme of happiness proposed in it. Rogers.
Considering any thing as existing, at any determined time
and place, we compare it with itself existing at another time,
and thereon form the ideas of identity and diversity. Locke.
4. Variegation.
A waving glow his bloomy beds display,
Blushing in bright diversities of day. Pope, Epistle 4.

DI’VERSLY. adv. [from diverse.]
1. In different ways; differently; variously.
Our common necessities, and the lack we all have as well
of ghostly, as of earthly favours, is in each kind easily known;
but the gifts of God are so diversly bestowed, that it seldom
appeareth what all receive: what all stand in need of seldom
lieth hid. Hooker, b. v. s. 43.
Both of them do diversly work, as they have their medium
diversly disposed. Bacon's Natural History, No. 264.
Whether the king did permit it to save his purse, or to
communicate the envy of a business, displeasing to his people,
was diversly interpreted. Bacon.
Leicester bewrayed a desire to plant him in the queen's
favour, which was diversly interpreted by such as thought
that great artizan of courts to do nothing by chance, nor
much by affection. Wotton.
The universal matter, which Moses comprehendeth under
the names of heaven and earth, is by divers diversly under­
stood. Raleigh's History of the World.
William's arm
Could nought avail, however fam'd in war;
Nor armies leagu'd, that diversly assay'd
To curb his power. Phillips.
2. In different directions; to different points.
On life's vast ocean diversly we sail;
Reason the card, but passion is the gale. Pope's Ess. on Man.

To DIVE’RT. v. a. [diverto, Latin.]
1. To turn off from any direction or course.
I rather will subject me to the malice
Of a diverted blood and bloody brother. Shakespeare.
He finds no reason to have his rent abated, because a
greater part of it is diverted from his landlord. Locke.
They diverted raillery from improper objects, and gave a
new turn to ridicule. Addison's Freeholder, No. 45.
Nothing more is requisite for producing all the variety of
colours and degrees of refrangibility, than that the rays of
light be bodies of different sizes; the least of which may
make violet the weakest and darkest of the colours, and be
more easily diverted by refracting surfaces from the right
course; and the rest, as they are bigger and bigger, make
the stronger and more lucid colours, blue, green, yellow, and
red, and be more and more difficultly diverted. Newton's Opt.
2. To draw forces to a different part.
The kings of England would have had an absolute con­
quest of Ireland, if their whole power had been employed;
but still there arose sundry occasions, which divided and di­
verted their power some other way. Davies on Ireland.
3. To withdraw the mind.
Alas, how simple, to these cates compar'd,
Was that crude apple that diverted Eve! Milton's Pa. Reg.
They avoid pleasure, lest they should have their affections
tainted by any sensuality, and diverted from the love of him
who is to be the only comfort. Addison on Italy.
Maro's muse, not wholly bent
On what is gainful, sometimes she diverts
From solid counsel. Phillips.
4. To please; to exhilerate. See DIVERSION.
An ingenious gentleman did divert or instruct the kingdom
by his papers. Swift.
5. To subvert; to destroy, in Shakespeare.
Frights, changes, horrours,
Divert and crack, rend and deracinate
The unity and married calm of states. Shak. Troil. and Cress.

DIVE’RTER. n. s. [from the verb.] Any thing that diverts or
alleviates.
Angling was, after tedious study, a rest to his mind, a
cheerer of his spirits, and a diverter of sadness. Walton's Angl.

To DIVERTI’SE. v. a. [divertiser, French; diverto, Latin.]
To please; to exhilerate; to divert. A word now little
used.
Let orators instruct, let them divertise, and let them move
us, this is what is properly meant by the word salt. Dryden.

DIVE’RTISEMENT. n. s. [divertissement, French.] Diversion;
delight; pleasure. A word now not much in use.
How fond soever men are of bad divertisement, it will prove
mirth which ends in heaviness. Government of the Tongue.

DIVE’RTIVE. adj. [from divert.] Recreative; amusive; exhi­
lerating.
I would not exclude the common accidents of life, nor
even things of a pleasant and divertive nature, so they are
innocent, from conversation. Rogers's Sermons.

To DIVE’ST. v. a. [devestir, French. The English word is
therefore more properly written devest. See DEVEST.] To
strip; to make naked.
Then of his arms Androgeus he divests;
His sword, his shield he takes, and plumed crests. Denham.
Let us divest the gay phantom of temporal happiness, of
all that false lustre and ornament in which the pride, the pas­
sions, and the folly of men have dressed it up. Rogers's Serm.

DIVE’STURE. n. s. [from divest.] The act of putting off.
The divesture of mortality dispenses them from those labo­
rious and avocating duties which are here requisite to be
performed. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

DI’VIDABLE. adj. [from divide.] Separate; different; parted.
A word not used.
How could communities maintain
Peaceful commerce from dividable shores? Shakespeare.

DIVI’DANT. adj. [from divide.] Different; separate. A word
not in use.
Twinn'd brothers of one womb,
Whose procreation, residence, and birth
Scarce is dividant, touch with several fortunes. Shak. Timon.

To DIVI’DE. v. a. [divido, Latin.]
1. To part one whole into different pieces.
Divide the living child in two, and give half to the one,
and half to the other. 1 Kings iii. 25.
Let old Timotheus yield the prize,
Or both divide the crown;
He rais'd a mortal to the skies,
She drew an angel down. Dryden's St. Cecilia.
They were divided into little, independent societies, speak­
ing different languages. Locke.
2. To separate; to keep apart; to stand as a partition between.


Let there be firmament in the midst of the waters, and
let it divide the waters from the waters. Gen. i.
You must go
Where seas, and winds, and desarts will divide you. Dryd.
3. To disunite by discord.
There shall five in one house be divided. Luke xii.
4. To deal out; to give in shares.
Then in the midst a tearing groan did break
The name of Anthony: it was divided
Between her heart and lips. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.
Divide the prey into two parts, between them that took
the war upon them, who went out to battle, and between all
the congregation. Num. xxxi. 27.
Cham and Japhet were heads and princes over their fami­
lies, and had a right to divide the earth by families. Locke.

To DIVI’DE. v. n. To part; to sunder; to break friendship.
Love cools, friendship falls off,
Brothers divide. Shakespeare's King Lear.

DI’VIDEND. n. s. [from divide.] A share; the part allotted
in division.
Each person should adapt to himself his peculiar share, like
other dividends. Decay of Piety.
If on such petty merits you confer
So vast a prize, let each his portion share:
Make a just dividend; and, if not all,
The greater part to Diomede will fall. Dryden's Fables.
Dividend is the number given to be parted or divided.
Cocker's Arithmetick.

DIVI’DER. n. s. [from divide.]
1. That which parts any thing into pieces.
According as the body moved, the divider did more and
more enter into the divided body; so it joined itself to some
new parts of the medium, or divided body, and did in like
manner forsake others. Digby on the Soul.
2. A distributer; he who deals out to each his share.
Who made me a judge or divider over you? Lu. xii. 14.
3. A disuniter; the person or cause that breaks concord.
Money, the great divider of the world, hath, by a strange
revolution, been the great uniter of a divided people. Swift.
4. A particular kind of compasses.

DIVI’DUAL. adj. [dividuus, Latin.] Divided; shared or par­
ticipated in common with others.
She shines,
Revolv'd on heav'n's great axle, and her reign
With thousand lesser lights dividual holds,
With thousand thousand stars! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.

DIVINA’TION. n. s. [divinatio, Latin.]
Divination is a prediction or foretelling of future things,
which are of a secret and hidden nature, and cannot be
known by any human means. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Certain tokens they noted in birds, or in the entrails
of beasts, or by other the like frivolous divinations. Hooker.
Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is
there any divination against Israel. Num. xxiii. 23.
Tell thou thy earl his divination lies,
And I will take it as a sweet disgrace. Shakesp. Henry IV.
His count'nance did imprint an awe;
And naturally all souls to his did bow,
As wands of divination downward draw,
And point to beds where sov'reign gold doth grow. Dryden.
The excellency of the soul is seen by its power of divining
in dreams: that several such divinations have been made, none
can question who believes the holy writings. Addison's Spectat.

DIVI’NE. adj. [divinus, Latin.]
1. Partaking of the nature of God.
Her line
Was hero-make, half human, half divine. Dryden.
2. Proceeding from God; not natural; not human.
The benefit of nature's light is not thought excluded as
unnecessary, because the necessity of a divine light is mag­
nified. Hooker.
Instructed, you'd explore
Divine contrivance, and a God adore. Blackmore's Creation.
3. Excellent in a supreme degree.
The divinest and richest mind,
Both by art's purchase and by nature's dower,
That ever was from heav'n to earth confin'd. Davies.
4. Presageful; divining; prescient.
Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill,
Misgave him; he the fault'ring measure felt. Milt. Pa. Lost.

DIVI’NE. n. s. 
1. A minister of the gospel; a priest; a clergyman.
Claudio must die to-morrow: let him be furnished with
divines, and have all charitable preparation. Sh. Meas. for Meas.
Give Martius leave to proceed in his discourse; for he
spoke like a divine in armour. Bacon's Holy War.
A divine has nothing to say to the wisest congregation,
which he may not express in a manner to be understood by
the meanest among them. Swift.
2. A man skilled in divinity; a theologian.
Th' eternal cause in their immortal lines
Was taught, and poets were the first divines. Denham.

To DIVI’NE. v. a. [divino, Latin.]
1. To foretell; to foreknow; to presage.
Why do'st thou say king Richard is depos'd?
Dar'st thou, thou little better thing than earth,
Divine his downfall? Shakespeare.

To DIVI’NE. v. n. 
1. To utter prognostication.
Then is Cæsar and he knit together.——If I were to
divine of this unity, I would not prophesy so. Shakes.
The prophets thereof divine for money. Mic. iii. 11.
2. To feel presages.
If secret powers
Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts,
This pretty lad will prove our country's bliss. Shak. H. VI.
3. To conjecture; to guess.
The best of commentators can but guess at his meaning;
none can be certain he has divined rightly. Dryd. Juv. Dedic.
He took it with a bow, and soon divin'd
The seeming toy was not for nought design'd. Dryd. Fables.
In change of torment would be ease,
Could you divine what lovers bear;
Even you, Prometheus, would confess
There is no virtue like despair. Granville.

DIVI’NELY. adv. [from divine.]
1. By the agency or influence of God.
Faith, as we use the word, called commonly divine faith,
has to do with no propositions but those which are supposed to
be divinely inspired. Locke.
This topick was very fitly and divinely made use of by our
apostle, in his conference with philosophers, and the inquisitive
people of Athens. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Excellently in the supreme degree.
The Grecians most divinely have given to the active per­
fection of men, a name expressing both beauty and good­
ness. Hooker.
She fair, divinely fair! fit love for gods. Milt. Par. Lost.
Exalted Socrates! divinely brave!
Injur'd he fell, and dying he forgave;
Too noble for revenge. Creech's Juvenal, Sat. 13.
3. In a manner noting a deity.
His golden horns appear'd,
That on the forehead shone divinely bright,
And o'er the banks diffus'd a yellow light. Addison's Italy.

DIVI’NENESS. n. s. [from divine.]
1. Divinity; participation of the divine nature.
Is it then impossible to distinguish the divineness of this
book from that which is humane? Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
2. Excellence in the supreme degree.
By Jupiter, an angel! or, if not,
An earthly paragon: behold divineness
No elder than a boy. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

DIVI’NER. n. s. [from To divine.]
1. One that professes divination, or the art of revealing occult
things by supernatural means.
This drudge of the devil, this diviner, laid claim to me,
called me Dronio, and swore I was assured to her; told me
what privy marks I had about me. Shak. Comedy of Errours.
Expelled his oracles, and common temples of delusion, the
devil runs into corners, exercising meaner trumperies, and acting
his deceits in witches, magicians, diviners, and such inferior
seducers. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 12.
2. Conjecturer; guesser.
If he himself be conscious of nothing he then thought on,
he must be a notable diviner of thoughts that can assure him
that he was thinking. Locke.

DIVI’NERESS. n. s. [from diviner.] A prophetess; a woman
professing divination.
The mad divineress had plainly writ,
A time should come, but many ages yet,
In which sinister destinies ordain,
A dame should drown with all her feather'd train. Dryden.

DIVI’NITY. n. s. [divinité, French, from divinitas, Latin.]
1. Participation of the nature and excellence of God; deity;
godhead.
As with new wine intoxicated both,
They swim in mirth, and fancy that they feel
Divinity within them breeding wings,
Wherewith to scorn the earth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
When he attributes divinity to other things than God,
it is only a divinity by way of participation. Stillingfleet.
2. God; the Deity; the Supreme Being; the Cause of causes.
3. False god.
Vain idols, deities that ne'er before
In Israel's lands had fix'd their dire abodes,
Beastly divinities, and groves of Gods. Prior.
4. Celestial being.
God doubtless can govern this machine he could create,
by more direct and easy methods than employing these subser­
vient divinities. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
5. The science of divine things; theology.
Hear him but reason in divinity,


And, all admiring with an inward wish,
You would desire the king were made a prelate. Sh. H. VI.
Trust not my age,
My reverence, calling, nor divinity,
If this sweet lady lie not guiltless here
Under some biting errour. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
Among hard words I number those which are peculiar to
divinity, as it is a science. Swift.
6. Something supernatural.
They say there is divinity in odd numbers, either in nati­
vity, chance, or death. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

DIVI’SIBLE. adj. [divisibilis, Latin.] Capable of being divided
into parts; discerptible; separable.
When we frame in our minds any notion of matter, we
conceive nothing else but extension and bulk, which is impe­
netrable, or divisible and passive. Bentley's Sermons.

DIVISIBI’LITY. n. s. [divisibilité, French.] The quality of ad­
mitting division or separation of parts.
The most palpable absurdities will press the asserters of
infinite divisibility. Glanv. Sceps. c. 7.
This will easily appear to any one, who will let his
thoughts loose in the vast expansion of space, or divisibility of
matter. Locke.

DIVI’SIBLENESS. n. s. [from divisible.] Divisibility.
Naturalists disagree about the origin of motion, and the
indefinite divisibleness of matter. Boyle.

DIVI’SION. n. s. [divisio, Latin.]
1. The act of dividing any thing into parts.
Thou madest the spirit of the firmament, and commanded
it to part asunder, and to make a division betwixt the waters.
2 Esdr. vi. 41.
2. The state of being divided.
3. That by which any thing is kept apart; partition.
4. The part which is separated from the rest by dividing.
If we look into communities and divisions of men, we ob­
serve that the discreet man, not the witty, guides the conver­
sation. Addison's Spectator, No. 225.
5. Disunion; discord; difference.
There was a division among the people, because of
him. Jo. vii. 43.
As to our divisions with the Romanists, were our diffe­
rences the product of heat, they would, like small clests in the
ground, want but a cool season to cement them. Dec. of Piety.
6. Parts into which a discourse is distributed.
In the divisions I have made, I have endeavoured, the best
I could, to govern myself by the diversity of matter. Locke.
Express the heads of your divisions in as few and clear
words as you can, otherwise I never can be able to retain
them. Swift.
7. Space between the notes of musick, or parts of a musical
composure; just time.
Thy tongue
Makes Welsh as sweet as ditties highly penn'd,
Sung by a fair queen, in a Summer's bower,
With ravishing division to her lute. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Our tongue will run divisions in a tune, not missing a note,
even when our thoughts are totally engaged elsewhere. Glanv.
8. Distinction.
I will put a division between my people and thy people. Ex.
9. [In arithmetick.] The separation or parting of any number
or quantity given, into any parts assigned. Cocker's Arithmetick.
10. Subdivision; distinction of the general into species.
The king-becoming graces,
I have no relish of them; but abound
In the division of each several crime,
Acting it many ways. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

DIVI’SOR. n. s. [divisor, Latin.] The number given, by
which the dividend is divided; the number which sheweth
how many parts the dividend is to be divided into.

DIVO’RCE. n. s. [divorce, Fr. from divortium, Latin.] The
legal separation of husband and wife.
Divorce is a lawful separation of husband and wife, made
before a competent judge, on due cognizance had of the
cause, and sufficient proof made thereof. Ayliffe's Parergon.
To restore the king,
He counsels a divorce, a loss of her,
That like a jewel has hung twenty years
About his neck, yet never lost her lustre. Shak. Hen. VIII.
He had in his eye the divorce which had passed betwixt the
emperor and Scribonia. Dryden's Dedicat. to the Æn.
2. Separation; disunion.
Such motions may occasion a farther alienation of mind,
and divorce of affections in her, from my religion. K. Charles.
These things, to be a bastard, and to be born out of law­
ful wedlock, are convertible the one with the other; and 'tis
hard to make divorce between those things that are so near in
nature to each other, as being convertible terms. Ayliffe's Par.
3. The sentence by which a marriage is dissolved.
4. The cause of any penal separation.
Go with me, like good angels, to my end;
And as the long divorce of steel falls on me,
Make of your prayers one sweet sacrifice,
And lift my soul to heav'n. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To DIVO’RCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To separate a husband or wife from the other.
2. To force asunder; to separate by violence.
Were it consonant unto reason to divorce these two sen­
tences, the former of which doth shew how the latter is re­
strained, and not marking the former, to conclude by the
latter of them? Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.
The continent and the island were continued together,
within mens remembrance, by a draw-bridge; but is now
divorced by the downfallen cliffs. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
So seem'd her youthful soul not eas'ly forc'd,
Or from so fair, so sweet a seat divorc'd. Waller.
3. To separate from another.
If thou wer't not glad,
I would divorce me from thy mother's tomb,
Sepulch'ring an adultress. Shakespeare's King Lear.
If so be it were possible, that all other ornaments of mind
might be had in their full perfection, nevertheless the mind,
that should possess them divorced from piety, could be but a
spectacle of commiseration. Hooker.
4. To take away.
I dare not make myself so guilty,
To give up willingly that noble title
Your master wed me to: nothing but death
Shall e'er divorce my dignities. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

DIVO’RCEMENT. n. s. [from divorce.] Divorce; separation of
marriage.
Write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand,
and send her out of his house. Deutr. xxiv. 1.

DIVO’RCER. n. s. [from divorce.] The person or cause which
produces divorce or separation.
Death is the violent estranger of acquaintance, the eternal
divorcer of marriage. Drummond's Cypr. Grove.

DIURE’TICK. adj. [διϱήτιϰ.] Having the power to provoke
urine.
Diureticks are decoctions, emulsions, and oils of emollient
vegetables, that relax the urinary passages: such as relax
ought to be tried before such as force and stimulate.
Those emollients ought to be taken in open air, to hinder
them from perspiring, and on empty stomachs. Arbuthnot.

DIU’RNAL. adj. [diurnus, Latin.]
1. Relating to the day.
We observe in a day, which is a short year, the greatest
heat about two in the afternoon, when the sun is past the
meridian, which is the diurnal solstice, and the same is evi­
dent from the thermometer. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
Think, ere this diurnal star
Leave cold the night, how we his gather'd beams
Reflected, may with matter sere foment. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. Constituting the day.
Why does he order the diurnal hours
To leave earth's other part, and rise in our's? Prior.
3. Performed in a day; daily; quotidian.
The prime orb,
Incredible how swift, had thither rowl'd
Diurnal. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 594.
The diurnal and annual revolution of the sun have been,
from the beginning of nature, constant, regular, and univer­
sally observable by all mankind. Locke.

DIU’RNAL. n. s. [diurnal, French.] A journal; a day-book.

DIU’RNALLY. adv. [from diurnal.] Daily; every day.
As we make the enquiries, we shall diurnally communicate
them to the publick. Tatler, No. 56.

DIUTU’RNITY. n. s. [diuturnitas, Latin.] Length of duration.
Such a coming, as it might be said, that that generation
should not pass 'till it was fulfilled, they needed not suppose
of such diuturnity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 10.

To DIVU’LGE. v. a. [divulgo, Latin.]
1. To publish; to make publick; to reveal to the world.
Men are better contented to have their commendations
suppressed than the contrary much divulged. Hooker, Dedicat.
I will pluck the veil of modesty from the so seeming mistress
Page, and divulge Page himself for a secure and wilful Acteon.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
These answers in the silent night receiv'd,
The king himself divulg'd, the land believ'd. Dryden's Æn.
You are deprived of the right over your own sentiments,
of the privilege of every human creature, to divulge or con­
ceal them. Pope.
The cabinets of the sick, and the closets of the dead, have
been ransacked to publish our private letters, and divulge to
all mankind the most secret sentiments of friendship. Pope.
2. To proclaim.
This is true glory and renown, when God
Looking on th' earth, with approbation, marks
The just man, and divulges him through heav'n
To all his angels, who with true applause
Recount his praises. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

DIVU’LGER. n. s. [from divulge.] A publisher; one that ex­
poses to publick view.


I think not any thing in my letters could tend so much to
my reproach, as the odious divulging of them did to the in­
famy of the divulgers. King Charles.

DIVU’LSION. n. s. [divulsio, Latin.] The act of plucking awry.
Aristotle, in his Ethicks, takes up the conceit of the beaver,
and the divulsion of his testicles. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

To DI’ZEN. v. a. [This word seems corrupted from dight.]
To dress; to deck; to rig out. A low word.
Your ladyship lifts up the fash to be seen;
For sure I had dizen'd you out like a queen. Swift.

DI’ZZARD. n. s. [from dizzy.] A blockhead; a fool. Dict.

DI’ZZINESS. n. s. [from dizzy.] Giddiness; whirl in the head.
Fixed seriousness heats the brain in some to distraction,
and causeth an aching and dizziness in sounder heads. Glanv.

DI’ZZY. adj. [disi, disig, Saxon.]
1. Giddy; vertiginous; having in the head the sensation of
turning round.
All on a sudden miserable pain
Surpriz'd thee, dim thine eyes, and dizzy swam
In darkness. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 753.
2. Causing giddiness.
How fearful
And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low!
The crows and choughs that wing the midway air,
Shew scarce so gross as beetles. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Giddy; thoughtless.
What followers, what retinue can'st thou gain?
Or at thy heels the dizzy multitude,
Longer than thou can'st feed them on thy cost? Milton.

To DI’ZZY. v. a. [from the adjective.] To whirl round; to
make giddy.
Not the dreadful spout,
Which shipmen do the hurricano call,
Shall dizzy with more clamour Neptune's ear
In his descent, than shall my prompted sword
Falling on Diomede. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

DO

To DO. v. a. preter. did; part. pass. done. [don, Sax. doen, Dut.]
1. To practise or act any thing good or bad.
Thou hast done evil above all that were before thee. 1 Kings.
Flee evil, and do good. Psalms.
2. To perform; to atchieve.
They help, who hurt so small;
And he hath nothing done, that doth not all. Daniel's C. War.
Learn to live well, that thou may'st die so too;
To live and die is all we have to do. Denham.
What is the reason a man's arm won't smile and frown,
and do all the intellectual postures of the countenance? Collier.
3. To execute; to discharge.
May one, that is a herald and a prince,
Do a fair message to his kingly ears? Shak. Troil. and Cress.
Pindarus is come
To do you salutation from his master. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
4. To cause.
A fatal plague which many did to dye. Spenser.
Nought can quench mine inly flaming side,
Nor sea of liquor cold, nor lake of mire,
Nothing but death can do me to respire. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
5. To transact.
The thing was not done in a corner. Acts xxvi. 26.
6. To produce any effect to another.
If he did not care whether he had their love or no, he
waved indifferently 'twixt doing them neither good nor harm.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Thou hast, Sebastian, done good feature shame. Shakesp.
If there be any good thing to be done,
That may to thee do ease, and grace to me,
Speak to me. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
'Tis true, I did so; nor was it in vain:
She did me right, and satisfy'd my vengeance. Rowe.
You do her too much honour: she hath neither sense nor
taste, if she dares to refuse you. Swift.
7. To have recourse to; to practise as the last effort, commonly
in the form of a passionate interrogation.
What will ye do in the end thereof? Jer. v. 81.
8. To perform for the benefit of another.
I know what God will do for me. Sa. xxii. 3.
Acts of mercy done to the poor, shall then be accepted,
and rewarded, as done to our Saviour himself. Atterb. Sermons.
9. To exert; to put forth.
Do thy diligence, to come shortly unto me. 2 Tim. iv. 9.
10. To manage by way of intercourse or dealing; to have busi­
ness; to deal.
No man, who hath to do with the king, will think himself
safe, unless you be his good angel, and guide him. Bacon.
I have been deterred by an indisposition from having much
to do with steams of so dangerous a nature. Boyle.
What had I to do with kings and courts?
My humble lot had cast me far beneath them. Rowe.
11. To gain a point; to effect by influence.
It is much, that a jest with a sad brow will do with a fellow
that never had the ache in his shoulders. Shakesp. Henry IV.
His queen, notwithstanding she had presented him with
divers children, and with a crown also, though he would not
acknowledge it, could do nothing with him. Bacon's H. VII.
12. To make any thing what it is not.
Off with the crown, and with the crown his head;
And whilst we breathe take him to do him dead. Sh. H. VI.
13. To finish; to end.
As for this mercy,
Which he intends for Lear and for Cordelia,
The battle done, and they within our power,
Shall never see his pardon. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Go on to the reading of some part of the New Testament,
not carelesly, or in haste, as if you had a mind to have done,
but attentively, as to be able to give some account of what
you have read. Duppa.
Gigantick hinds, as soon as work was done,
To their huge pots of boiling pulse would run. Dryden.
14. To conclude; to settle.
When all is done, there is no man can serve his own interest
better than by serving God. Tillotson's Sermons.
15. To put.
Why, Warwick, who should do the duke to death? Shak.
The lord Aubrey Vere,
Was done to death? Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
16. This phrase, what to DO with, signifies how to bestow;
what use to make of; what course to take; how to employ;
which way to get rid of.
Men are many times brought to that extremity, that if it
were not for God, they would not know what to do with them­
selves, or how to enjoy themselves for one hour. Tillotson.

To DO. v. n. 
1. To act or behave in any manner well or ill.
Unto this day they do after the former manners: they fear
not the Lord, neither do they after the law and commandment
which the Lord commanded the children of Jacob. 2 Kings.
As every prince should govern as he would desire to be go­
verned, so every subject ought to obey as he would desire to
be obeyed, according to the maxim of doing as we would be
done by. Temple.
2. To make an end; to conclude.
You may ramble a whole day, and every moment discover
something new; but when you have done, you will have but
a confused notion of the place. Spectator, No. 47.
3. To cease to be concerned with; to cease to care about; to
desist from notice or practice.
No men would make use of disunited parties to destroy one
body, unless they were sure to master them when they had
done with them. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
I have done with Chaucer, when I have answered some ob­
jections. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
We have not yet done with assenting to propositions at first
hearing, and understanding their terms. Locke.
Having done with such amusements, we give up what we
cannot disown. Pope.
4. To fare; to be with regard to sickness or health.
Good woman, how do'st thou?
——The better that it pleases your good worship to ask. Shak.
5. To succeed; to fulfil a purpose.
Come, 'tis no matter; we shall do without him. Addison.
You would do well to prefer a bill against all kings and
parliaments since the conquest; and, if that won't do, chal­
lenge the crown. Collier on Duelling.
6. To DO is used for any verb to save the repetition of the word;
as, I shall come, but if I do not, go away; that is, if I come
not.
Thus painters Cupid paint, thus poets do
A naked god, blind, young, with arrows two. Sidney.
If any thing in the world deserve our serious study and con­
sideration, those principles of religion do. Tillotson's Sermons.
Take all things which relax the veins; for what does so,
prevents too vigorous a motion through the arteries. Arbuthn.
7. DO is a word of vehement command, or earnest request; as,
help me, do; make haste, do.
If thou hast lost thy land, do not also lose thy constancy;
and if thou must die a little sooner, yet do not die impa­
tiently. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
I am ensnared;
Heaven's birdlime wraps me round, and glues my wings:
—Loose me.—I will free thee.
—Do, and I'll be thy slave. Dryden's King Arthur.
8. To DO is put before verbs sometimes expletively; as, I do
love, or, I love; I did love, or, I loved.
The Turks do acknowledge God the father, creator of
heaven and earth, being the first person in the Trinity, though
they deny the rest. Bacon's Holy War.
This just reproach their virtue does excite;
They stand, they join, they thicken to the fight. Dryd. Æn.
Expletives their feeble aid do join. Pope.
9. Sometimes emphatically; as, I do hate him, but will not wrong
him.
Perdition catch my soul
But I do love thee; and when I love thee not,
Chaos is come again. Shakespeare's Othello.


10. Sometimes by way of opposition; as, I did love him, but scorn
him now.

To DOAT. v. n. See To DOTE.

DOC

DO’CIBLE. adj. [docilis, Latin.] Tractable; docile; easy
to be taught.
The Asinine feast of sow-thistles and brambles is commonly
set before them, as all the food and entertainment of their
tenderest and most docible age. Milton.

DO’CIBLENESS. n. s. [from docible.] Teachableness; docility;
readiness to learn.
I might enlarge in commendation of the noble hound, as
also of the docibleness of dogs in general. Walton's Angler.

DO’CILE. adj. [docilis, Latin.]
1. Teachable; easily instructed; tractable.
Dogs soon grow accustomed to whatever they are taught,
and, being docile and tractable, are very useful. Ellis's Voyage.
2. With to before the thing taught.
Soon docile to the secret acts of ill,
With smiles I could betray, with temper kill. Prior.

DOCI’LITY. n. s. [docilité, French, from docilitas, Lat.] Aptness
to be taught; readiness to learn.
All the perfection they allowed his understanding was apt­
ness and docility, and all that they attributed to his will was a
possibility to be virtuous. South's Sermons.
What is more admirable than the fitness of every creature
for use? The docility of an elephant, and the insitiency of
a camel for travelling in desarts? Grew's Cosm. Sac.

DOCK. n. s. [docca, Saxon.]
The cup of the flower consists of six leaves, three large,
and red; the other three lesser, and green: in the middle of
the cup are placed six stamina. The three outer small leaves
of the cup fall away, when ripe; but the three inner large
leaves join together, and form a triangular covering, in the
middle of which are contained three shining cornered seeds.
The species are seventeen, ten of which grow wild, several
of them being used in medicine; and the sort called the orien­
tal burdock, is said to be the true rhubarb. Millar.
Nothing teems
But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs,
Losing both beauty and utility. Shakespeare's Henry V.
My love for gentle Dermot faster grows
Than yon tall dock that rises to thy nose:
Cut down the dock, 'twill sprout again; but know
Love rooted out, again will never grow. Swift.

DOCK. n. s. The stump of the tail, which remains after
docking.
The tail of a great rhinoceros is not well described by Bon­
tius. The dock is about half an inch thick, and two inches
broad, like an apothecary's spatula. Grew's Musæum.

DOCK. n. s. [As some imagine of δοχεῖον.] A place where water
is let in or out at pleasure, where ships are built or laid up.
There are docks for their gallies and men of war, most of
them full; as well as work-houses for all land and naval pre­
parations. Addison on Italy.

To DOCK. v. a. [from dock, a tail.]
1. To cut off a tail.
2. To cut any thing short.
One or two stood constant centry, who docked all favours
handed down; and spread a huge invisible net between the
prince and subject, through which nothing of value could
pass. Swift's Examiner, No. 19.
3. To cut off a reckoning; to cut off an entail.
4. To lay the ship in a dock.

DO’CKET. n. s. A direction tied upon goods; a summary of a
larger writing. Dict.

DO’CTOR. n. s. [doctor, Latin.]
1. One that has taken the highest degree in the faculties of divi­
nity, law, or physick. In some universities they have doctors
of musick. In its original import it means a man so well
versed in his faculty, as to be qualified to teach it.
No woman had it, but a civil doctor,
Who did refuse three thousand ducats of me,
And begg'd the ring. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Then stood there up one in the council, a pharisee, named
Gamaliel, a doctor of laws. Acts v. 34.
2. A man skilled in any profession.
Then subtle doctors scriptures made their pride,
Casuists, like cocks, struck out each other's eyes. Denham.
Each proselyte would vote his doctor best,
With absolute exclusion to the rest. Dryd. Hind and Panth.
3. A physician; one who undertakes the cure of diseases.
By med'cine life may be prolong'd, yet death
Will seize the doctor too. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
How does your patient, doctor?
—Not so sick, my lord,
As she is troubl'd with thick coming fancies. Shakesp. Macb.
Children will not take those medicines from the doctor's
hand, which they will from a nurse or mother. Gov. of Tongue.
To 'pothecaries let the learn'd prescribe,
That men may die without a double bribe:
Let them, but under their superiors, kill,
When doctors first have sign'd the bloody bill. Dryden.
He that can cure by recreation, and make pleasure the ve­
hicle of health, is a doctor at it in good earnest. Collier.
In truth, nine parts in ten of those who recovered, owed
their lives to the strength of nature and a good constitution,
while such a one happened to be the doctor. Swift.
4. Any able or learned man.
The simplest person, that can but apprehend and speak
sense, is as much judge of it as the greatest doctor in the
school. Digby of Bodies.

To DO’CTOR. v. a. [from the noun.] To physick; to cure;
to treat with medicines. A low word.

DO’CTORAL. adj. [doctoralis, Latin.] Relating to the degree
of a doctor.

DO’CTORALLY. adv. [from doctoral.] In manner of a doctor.
The physicians resorted to him to touch his pulse, and con­
sider of his disease doctorally at their departure. Hakewill.

DO’CTORSHIP. n. s. [from doctor.] The rank of a doctor.
From a scholar he became a fellow, and then the president
of the college, after he had received all the graces and degrees,
the proctorship and the doctorship, that could be obtained
there. Clarendon.

DOCTRI’NAL. adj. [doctrina, Latin.]
1. Containing doctrine, or something formally taught.
The verse naturally affords us the doctrinal proposition,
which shall be our subject. South's Sermons.
Not such as assent to every word in Scripture, can be said
in doctrinals to deny Christ. South's Sermons.
2. Pertaining to the act or means of teaching.
To this end the word of God no otherwise serveth, than
only in the nature of a doctrinal instrument. Hooker, b. v.
What special property or quality is that, which, being no
where found but in sermons, maketh them effectual to save
souls, and leaveth all other doctrinal means besides destitute of
vital efficacy. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.

DOCTRI’NALLY. adv. [from doctrine.] In the form of doc­
trine; positively; as necessary to be held.
Scripture accommodates itself to common opinions, and em­
ploys the usual forms of speech, without delivering any thing
doctrinally concerning these points. Ray on the Creation.

DO’CTRINE. n. s. [doctrina, Latin.]
1. The principles or positions of any sect or master; that which
is taught.
To make new articles of faith and doctrine, no man think­
eth it lawful: new laws of government, what church or com­
monwealth is there which maketh not either at one time or
other? Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
Ye are the sons of clergy, who bring all their doctrines
fairly to the light, and invite men with freedom to examine
them. Atterbury's Sermons.
That great principle in natural philosophy is the doctrine of
gravitation, or mutual tendency of all bodies toward each
other. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. The act of teaching.
He said unto them in his doctrine. Mark iv. 2.

DO’CUMENT. n. s. [documentum, Latin.]
1. Precept; instruction; direction.
It is a most necessary instruction and document for them,
that as her majesty made them dispensators of her favour, so
it behoveth them to shew themselves equal distributers. Bacon.
Learners should not be too much crouded with a heap or
multitude of documents or ideas at one time. Watts.
2. Precept in an ill sense; a precept insolently authoritative,
magisterially dogmatical, solemnly trifling.
Gentle insinuations pierce, as oil is the most penetrating
of all liquors; but in magisterial documents men think them­
selves attacked, and stand upon their guard. Govern. of Tongue.
It is not unnecessary to digest the documents of cracking
authors into several classes. Harr. on Consumptions.

DOD

DO’DDER. n. s. [touteren, to shoot up, Dutch. Skinner.]
Dodder is a singular plant: when it first shoots from the
seed it has little roots, which pierce the earth near the roots
of other plants; but the capillaments of which it is formed,
soon after clinging about these plants, the roots wither away.
From this time it propagates itself along the stalks of the
plant, entangling itself about them in a very complicated
manner. It has no leaves, but consists of such capillaments or
stalks, as are brownish with a cast of red, which run to great
lengths. They have at certain distances tubercles, which fix
them fast down to the plant, and by means of which they
absorb the juices destined for its nourishment. The flowers
stand in a kind of little round clusters on the stalks, are small,
of a whitish or pale redish colour, of the bell-fashioned kind,
and deeply divided into four or five segments at the edge;
The flower is succeeded by a roundish fruit with three or
four ridges, that give it a trigonal or tetragonal form: this
has only one cavity. The seeds are numerous: these fall upon
the ground, and produce young plants. Hill.

DO’DDERED. adj. [from dodder.] Overgrown with dodder
covered with supercrescent plants.
Near the hearth a lawrel grew,
Dodder'd with age, whose boughs encompass round
The houshold gods, and shade the holy ground. Dryd. Æn.


The peasants were enjoin'd
Sere-wood, and firs, and dodder'd oaks to find. Dryd. Fables.

DODE’CAGON. n. s. [δωδεϰα and γωνὶα.] A figure of twelve
sides.

DODECATEMO’RION. n. s. [δωδεϰαημόϱιον.] The twelfth part.
'Tis dodecatemorion thus describ'd:
Thrice ten degrees, which every sign contains,
Let twelve exhaust, that not one part remains;
It follows streight, that every twelfth confines
Two whole, and one half portion of the signs. Creech.

To DODGE. v. n. [probably corrupted from dog; to shift and
play sly tricks like a dog.]
1. To use craft; to deal with tergiversation; to play mean tricks;
to use low shifts.
If in good offices and due retributions we may not be
pinching and niggardly, it argues an earthly and ignoble
mind, where we have apparently wronged, to higgle and dodge
in the amends. Hall's Contemplation.
The consideration should make men grow weary of dodg­
ing and shewing tricks with God. South.
2. To shift place as another approaches.
For he had, any time this ten years full,
Dodg'd with him betwixt Cambridge and the Bull. Milton.
3. To play fast and loose; to raise expectations and disappoint
them.
You know my passion for Martha, and what a dance she
has led me: she dodged with me above thirty years. Addison.
The chaffering with dissenters, and dodging about this or
t'other ceremony, is but like opening a few wickets, and
leaving them a-jar, by which no more than one can get in at
a time. Swift.

DO’DKIN. n. s. [duytken, Dutch.] A doitkin or little doit; a
contemptuous name for a low coin.
I would not buy them for a dodkin. Lily's Gram. construed.

DO’DMAN. n. s. The name of a fish.
Those that cast their shell are the lobster, the crab, the
crawfish, the hodmandod or dodman, and the tortoise. Bacon.

DOE. n. s. [da, Saxon; daa, Danish.] A she-deer; the female
of a buck.
Then but forbear your food a little while,
While, like a doe, I go to find my fawn,
And give it food. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Bucks have horns, does none. Bacon's Natural History.
The fearful doe
And flying stag amid'st the greyhounds go. Dryden's Virgil.

DOE. n. s. [from To do.] A feat; what one has to do; what
one can perform.
No sooner he does peep into
The world, but he has done his doe. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.

DO’ER. n. s. [from To do.] One that does any thing good or
bad.
So foul a thing, O! thou Injustice art,
That tort'rest both the doer and distrest. Daniel's Civ. War.
It may be indeed a publick crime, or a national mischief;
yet it is but a private act, and the doer of it may chance to
pay his head for his presumption. South's Sermons.
2. Actor; agent.
Sith thus far we have proceeded in opening the things that
have been done, let not the principal doers themselves be for­
gotten. Hooker.
3. Performer.
Then have they most commonly one, who judgeth the
prize to the best doer, of which they are no less glad than great
princes are of triumphs. Sidney.
4. An active, or busy, or valiant person.
Fear not, my lord, we will not stand to prate;
Talkers are no good doers: be assur'd,
We go to use our hands, and not our tongues. Shak. R. III.
They are great speakers, but small doers; greater in shew
than in deed. Knolles's History of the Turks.
5. One that habitually performs or practises.
Be doers of the word, and not hearers only. Comm. Prayer.
In this we shew ourselves weak, and unapt to be doers of
his will, in that we take upon us to be controllers of his
wisdom. Hooker, b. ii. s. 6.

DOES. The third person from do for doth.
Though lending to foreigners, upon use, doth not at all
alter the balance of trade between those countries, yet it does
alter the exchange between those countries. Locke.

DOF

To DOFF. v. a. [from do off.]
1. To put off dress.
You have deceiv'd our trust,
And made us doff our easy robes of peace,
To crush our old limbs in ungentle steel. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Doff those links. Milton's Agonistes.
Nature, in awe to him,
Had doff'd her gaudy trim,
With her great master so to sympathize. Milton.
That judge is hot, and doffs his gown; while this
O'er night was bowsy:
So many rubs appear, the time is gone
For hearing, and the tedious suit goes on. Dryd. Juv. Sat.
Alcides doffs the lion's tawny hide. Rowe.
2. To strip.
Why art thou troubled, Herod? What vain fear
Thy blood-revolving breast doth move?
Heaven's king, who doffs himself our flesh to wear,
Comes not to rule in wrath, but serve in love. Crashaw.
3. To put away; to get rid of.
Your eye in Scotland
Would create soldiers, and make women fight,
To doff their dire distresses. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. To shift off; to delay; to refer to another time.
Every day thou dofft'st me with some device, Iago; and
rather keep'st from me all conveniency, than suppliest me
with the least advantage of hope. Shakespeare's Othello.
Away, I will not have to do with you.——
—Can'st thou so doff me? Shakes. Much Ado about Nothing.
5. This word is in all its senses obsolete, and scarcely used except
by rusticks.

DOG

DOG. n. s. [dogghe, Dutch.]
1. A domestick animal remarkably various in his species; com­
prising the mastiff, the spaniel, the buldog, the greyhound,
the hound, the terrier, the cur, with many others. The
larger sort are used as a guard; the less for sports.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion:
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With ev'ry gale and vary of their masters,
As knowing nought, like dogs, but following. Shak. K. Lear.
Why should we not think a watch and pistol as distinct
species one from another, as a horse and a dog. Locke.
The clamour roars of men and boys, and dogs,
Ere the soft fearful people, to the flood
Commit their woolly sides. Thomson's Spring, l. 375.
2. A constellation called Sirius, or Canicula, rising and setting
with the sun during the canicular days, or dog days.
Among the southern constellations two there are who bear
the name of the dog; the one in sixteen degrees latitude, con­
taining on the left thigh a star of the first magnitude, usually
called Procyon, or Anticanus. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
It parts the twins and crab, the dog divides,
And Argo's keel that broke the frothy tides. Creech.
3. A reproachful name for a man.
I never heard a passion so confus'd,
So strange, outrageous, and so variable,
As the dog Jew did utter in the streets. Shak. Mer. of Venice.
Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers. Phil. iii. 2.
4. To give or send to the DOGS; to throw away. To go to the
DOGS; to be ruined, destroyed, or devoured.
Had whole Colepeper's wealth been hops and hogs,
Could he himself have sent it to the dogs? Pope's Epistles.
5. It is used as the term for the male of several species; as,
the dog fox, the dog otter.
If ever I thank any man, I'll thank you; but that they call
compliments is like the encounter of two dog apes. Shakesp.
6. Dog is a particle added to any thing to mark meanness, or
degeneracy, or worthlessness; as dog rose.

To DOG. v. a. [from the noun.] To hunt as a dog, insidiously
and indefatigably.
I have dogg'd him like his murtherer. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
His taken labours bid him me forgive;
I, his despiteful Juno, sent him forth
From courtly friends, with camping foes to live,
Where death and danger dog the heels of worth. Shakesp.
Sorrow dogging sin,
Afflictions sorted. Herbert.
These spiritual joys are dogged by no such sad sequels as are
the products of those titillations, that reach no higher than
fancy and the senses. Glanv. Sceps. Pref.
I have been pursued, dogged, and way-laid through several
nations, and even now scarce think myself secure. Pope.
Hate dogs their rise, and insult mocks their fall.
Vanity of Human Wishes.

DOG-TEETH. n. s. [dog and teeth.] The teeth in the human
head next to the grinders; the eye-teeth.
The best instruments for dividing of herbs are incisor teeth;
for cracking of hard substances, as bones and nuts, grinders,
or mill-teeth; for dividing of flesh, sharp-pointed or dog­
teeth. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DOG-TRICK. n. s. [dog and trick.] An ill turn; surly or brutal
treatment.
Learn better manners, or I shall serve you a dog-trick:
come, down upon all four immediately; I'll make you know
your rider. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

DO’GBANE. n. s. [dog and bane.]
The leaves are produced opposite by pairs upon the branches:
the flower consists of one leaf, cut into several segments: from
its flower-cup arises the pointal, fixed like a nail in the back­
part of the flower. Miller.

DOGBERRY-TREE. See CORNELIAN-CHERRY.

DO’GBOLT. n. s. [dog and bolt.] Of this word I know not the
meaning, unless it be, that when meal or flower is sifted or
bolted to a certain degree, the coarser part is called dogbolt,
or flower for dogs.


His only solace was, that now
His dogbolt fortune was so low,
That either it must quickly end,
Or turn about again, and mend. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.

DO’GBRIAR. n. s. [dog and briar.] The briar that bears the
hip; the cynosbaton.

DOGCHEAP. adj. [dog and cheap.] Cheap as dogs meat; cheap
as the offal bought for dogs.
Good store of harlots, say you, and dogcheap? Dryden.

DO’GDAYS. n. s. [dog and days.] The days in which the dog­
star rises and sets with the sun, vulgarly reputed unwhole­
some.
Nor was it more in his power to be without promotion,
and titles, and wealth, than for a healthy man to sit in the
sun, in the brightest dogdays, and remain without warmth.
Clarendon.

DO’GDRAW. n. s. [dog and draw.] A manifest deprehension of
an offender against venison in the forest, when he is found
drawing after a deer by the scent of a hound which he leads
in his hand. Cowel.

DOGE. n. s. [doge, Italian.] The title of the chief magistrate
of Venice and Genoa.
Doria has a statue at the entrance of the doge's palace,
with the title of deliverer of the commonwealth. Addison.

DO’GFISH. n. s. [from dog and fish.] Another name for a
shark.
It is part of the jaw of a shark, or dogfish. Woodward.

DO’GFLY. n. s. [dog and fly.] A voracious biting fly.
Thump-buckler Mars began,
And at Minerva with a lance of brass he headlong ran;
These vile words ushering his blows, Thou dogfly, what's
the cause
Thou mak'st gods fight thus? Chapman's Iliad, b. xxi.

DO’GGED. adj. [from dog.] Sullen; sour; morose; ill­
humoured; gloomy.
Your uncle must not know but you are dead:
I'll fill these dogged spies with false reports. Shakes. K. John.
Dogged York, that reaches at the moon,
Whose over-weening arm I have pluck'd back,
By false accuse doth level at my life. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Few miles on horseback had they jogged,
But fortune unto them turn'd dogged. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.

DO’GGEDLY. adj. [from dogged.] Sullenly; gloomily; sourly;
morosely.

DO’GGEDNESS. n. s. [from dogged.] Gloom of mind; sullen­
ness; moroseness.

DO’GGER. n. s. [from dog, for its meanness. Skinner.] A small
ship with one mast.

DO’GGEREL. adj. [from dog.] Loosed from the measures of
regular poetry; vile; despicable; mean.
Then hasten Og and Doeg to rehearse,
Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse;
Who by my muse, to all succeeding times,
Shall live in spite of their own dogg'rel rhymes. Dryden.
Your wit burlesque may one step higher climb,
And in his sphere may judge all dogg'rel rhyme. Dryden.
It is a dispute among the criticks, whether burlesque poetry
runs best in heroick verse, like that of the Dispensary; or in
doggerel, like that of Hudibras. Addison's Spectator, No. 249.

DO’GGEREL. n. s. Mean, despicable, worthless verses.
The hand and head were never lost of those
Who dealt in dogg'rel, or who pin'd in prose. Dryd. Juv.
The vilest dogg'rel Grub-street sends,
Will pass for your's with foes and friends. Swift.

DO’GGISH. adj. [from dog.] Currish; brutal.

DOGHE’ARTED. adj. [dog and heart.] Cruel; pitiless; ma­
licious.
His unkindness,
That stript her from his benediction, turn'd her
To foreign casualties, gave her dear rights
To his doghearted daughters. Shakespeare's King Lear.

DO’GHOLE. n. s. [dog and hole.] A vile hole; a mean habi­
tation.
France is a doghole, and it no more merits the tread of a
man's foot: to the wars. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
But, could you be content to bid adieu
To the dear playhouse, and the players too,
Sweet country seats are purchas'd ev'ry where,
With lands and gardens, at less price than here;
You hire a darksom doghole by the year. Dryden's Juv.
Load some vain church with old theatrick state,
Turn arcs of triumph to a garden gate;
Reverse your ornaments, and hang them all
On some patch'd doghole, ek'd with ends of wall. Pope.

DOGKE’NNEL. n. s. [dog and kennel.] A little hut or house for
dogs.
A certain nobleman, beginning with a dogkennel, never
lived to finish the palace he had contrived. Dryden.
I am desired to recommend a dogkennel to any that shall
want a pack. Tatler, No. 62.

DO’GLOUSE. n. s. [dog and louse.] An insect that harbours on
dogs.

DO’GMA. n. s. [Latin.] Established principle; settled notion.
Our poet was a stoick philosopher, and all his moral sen­
tences are drawn from the dogmas of that sect. Dryden.
Dogma is that determination which consists in, and has a
relation to, some casuistical point of doctrine, or some doc­
trinal part of the Christian faith. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DOGMA’TICAL. adj. [from dogma.] Authoritative; magiste­
rial; positive; in the manner of a philoso­
pher laying down the first principles of a sect.

DOGMA’TICK. adj. [from dogma.] Authoritative; magiste­
rial; positive; in the manner of a philoso­
pher laying down the first principles of a sect.
The dim and bounded intellect of man seldom prosperously
adventures to be dogmatical about things that approach to in­
finite, whether in vastness or littleness. Boyle.
I laid by my natural diffidence and scepticism for a while,
to take up that dogmatical way, which is so much his cha­
racter. Dryden.
Learning gives us a discovery of our ignorance, and keeps
us from being peremptory and dogmatical in our determi­
nations. Collier on Pride.
Criticks write in a positive dogmatick way, without either
language, genius, or imagination. Spectator.
One of these authors is indeed so grave, sententious, dog­
matical a rogue, that there is no enduring him. Swift.

DOGMA’TICALLY. adv. [from dogmatical.] Magisterially;
positively.
I shall not presume to interpose dogmatically in a contro­
versy, which I look never to see decided. South's Sermons.

DOGMA’TICALNESS. n. s. [from dogmatical.] The quality of
being dogmatical; magisterialness; mock authority.

DO’GMATIST. n. s. [dogmatiste, Fr.] A magisterial teacher;
a positive asserter; a bold advancer of principles.
I could describe the poverty of our intellectual acquisi­
tions, and the vanity of bold opinion, which the dogmatists
themselves demonstrate in all the controversies they are en­
gaged in. Glanville's Sceps.
A dogmatist in religion is not a great way off from a bigot,
and is in high danger of growing up to be a bloody perse­
cutor. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To DO’GMATIZE. v. n. [from dogma.] To assert posi­
tively; to advance without distrust; to teach magiste­
rially.
These, with the pride of dogmatizing schools,
Impos'd on nature arbitrary rules;
Forc'd her their vain inventions to obey,
And move as learned frenzy trac'd the way. Blackmore.

DOGMATI’ZER. n. s. [from dogmatize.] An asserter; a magis­
terial teacher; a bold advancer of opinions.
Such opinions, being not entered into the confessions of our
church, are not properly chargeable either on Papists or Pro­
testants, but on particular dogmatizers of both parties. Hamm.

DO’GROSE. n. s. [dog and rose.] The flower of the hip.
Of the rough or hairy excrescence, those on the briar, or
dogrose, are a good instance. Derham's Physico-Theology.

DO’GSLEEP. n. s. [dog and sleep.] Pretended sleep.
Juvenal indeed mentions a drowsy husband, who raised an
estate by snoring; but then he is represented to have slept
what the common people call dogsleep. Addison's Spectator.

DO’GSMEAT. n. s. [dog and meat.] Refuse; vile stuff; offal
like the flesh sold to feed dogs.
His reverence bought of me the flower of all the market;
these are but dogsmeat to 'em. Dryden.

DO’GSTAR. n. s. [dog and star; canicula, Lat.] The star which
gives the name to the dogdays.
All shun the raging dogstar's sultry heat,
And from the half-unpeopled town retreat. Addison.

DO’GSTOOTH. n. s. [from dog and tooth.] A plant.
It hath a fleshy root, shaped like a dog's tooth: the leaves are
broad, and spread upon the ground: the flower is naked, and
produced single upon each stalk, each consisting of six leaves,
shaped like a lily, and hanging downward. The pointal of
the flower becomes a roundish fruit, containing oblong seeds:
they produce their flowers early in March, for which they are
valued. Miller.

DO’GTROT. n. s. [dog and trot.] A gentle trot like that of a
dog.
This said, they both advanc'd, and rode
A dogtrot through the bawling crowd. Hudibras, p. ii.

DO’GWEARY. adj. [dog and weary.] Tired as a dog; exces­
sively weary.
Oh, master, master, I have watch'd so long,
That I'm dogweary. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

DO’GWOOD. See CORNELIAN-CHERRY, of which it is a
species.

DOI

DO’ILY. n. s. A species of woollen stuff, so called, I suppose,
from the name of the first maker.
We should be as weary of one set of acquaintance, though
never so good, as we are of one suit, though never so fine: a
fool, and a doily stuff, would now and then find days of grace,
and be worn for variety. Congreve's Way of the World.

DO’INGS. n. s. [from To do. This word has hardly any sin­
gular.]


1. Things done; events; transactions.
I have but kill'd a fly.
——But! how if that fly had a father and mother?
How would he hang his slender gilded wings,
And buz lamented doings in the air? Shakesp. Tit. Andron.
2. Feats; actions: good or bad.
The next degree was to mark all Zelmane's doings, speeches
and fashions, and to take them unto herself, as a pattern of
worthy proceeding. Sidney, b. ii.
If I'm traduc'd by tongues which neither know
My faculties nor person, yet will be
The chronicles of my doing; let me say
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
That virtue must go through. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
At length a reverend sire among them came,
And of their doings great dislike declar'd,
And testify'd against their ways. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Behaviour; conduct.
Never the earth on his round shoulders bare,
A maid train'd up from high or low degree,
That in her doings better could compare
Mirth with respect, few words with curtesy. Sidney.
4. Conduct; dispensation.
After such miraculous doings, we are not yet in a condition
of bringing France to our terms. Swift.
Dangerous it were for the feeble brains of man to wade
far into the doings of the Most High. Hooker, b. i. s. 1.
5. Stir; bustle; tumult.
Shall there be then, in the mean while, no doings? Hooker.
6. Festivity; merriment.
7. This word is now only used in a ludicrous sense, or in low
mean language.

DOIT. n. s. [duyt, Dutch; doyght, Erse.] A small piece of
money.
When they will not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar,
they will lay out ten to see a dead Indian. Shakesp. Tempest.
In Anna's wars a soldier, poor and old,
Had dearly earn'd a little purse of gold;
Tir'd with a tedious march, one luckless night
He slept, poor dog! and lost it to a doit. Pope.

DOL

DOLE. n. s. [from deal; dælan, Saxon.]
1. The act of distribution or dealing.
The personal fruition in any man cannot reach to feel great
riches: there is a custody of them, or a power of dole and
donative of them, or a fame of them, but no solid use to the
owner. Bacon, Essay 35.
At her general dole
Each receives his ancient soul. Cleveland.
2. Any thing dealt out or distributed.
Now, my masters, happy man be his dole say I; every man
to his business. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Let us, that are unhurt and whole,
Fall on, and happy man be's dole. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
3. Provisions or money distributed in charity.
They had such firm dependance on the day,
That Need grew pamper'd, and forgot to pray;
So sure the dole, so ready at their call,
They stood prepar'd to see the manna fall. Dryden.
Clients of old were feasted; now a poor
Divided dole is dealt at th' outward door,
Which by the hungry rout is soon dispatch'd. Dryd. Juven.
4. Blows dealt out.
It was your presurmise,
That in the dole of blows your son might drop. Sh. H. IV.
What if his eye-sight, for to Israel's God
Nothing is hard, by miracle restor'd,
He now be dealing dole among his foes,
And over heaps of slaughter'd walk his way? Milt. Agonist.
5. [from dolor.] Grief; sorrow; misery.
Yonder they lie; the poor old man, their father, making
such pitiful dole over them, that all beholders take his part
with weeping. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Our sometime sister, now our queen,
Have we, as 'twere, with a defeated joy,
With mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage,
In equal scale weighing delight and dole,
Taken to wife. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
They might hope to change
Torment with ease, and soonest recompense
Dole with delight. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 892.

To DOLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To deal; to distribute. Dict.

DOLE. n. s. Void space left in tillage. Dict.

DO’LEFUL. adj. [dole and full.]
1. Sorrowful; dismal; expressing grief.
She earnestly intreated to know the cause thereof, that either
she might comfort, or accompany her doleful humour. Sidney.
For none but you, or who of you it learns,
Can rightfully aread so doleful lay. Spens. Tears of the Muses.
With screwed face, and doleful whine, they only ply with
senseless hatangues of conscience against carnal ordinances.
South's Sermons.
Just then the hero cast a doleful cry,
And in those absent flames began to fry:
The blind contagion rag'd within his veins. Dryd. Fables.
2. Melancholy; afflicted; feeling grief.
How oft my doleful fire cry'd to me, tarry, son,
When first he spyed my love! Sidney, b. i.
3. Dismal; impressing sorrow.
It watereth the heart, to the end it may fructify; maketh
the virtuous, in trouble, full of magnanimity and courage;
serveth as a most approved remedy against all doleful and heavy
accidents, which befall men in this present life. Hooker, b. v.
From those flames
No light, but rather darkness visible,
Serv'd only to discover sights of woe,
Regions of sorrow! doleful shades! where peace
And rest can never dwell! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Happy the mortal man! who now at last
Has through this doleful vale of mis'ry past;
Who to his destin'd stage has carry'd on
The tedious load, and laid his burden down. Prior.

DO’LEFULLY. adv. [from doleful.] In a doleful manner; sor­
rowfully; dismally; querulously.

DO’LEFULNESS. n. s. [from doleful.]
1. Sorrow; melancholy.
2. Querulousness.
3. Dismalness.

DO’LESOME. adj. [from dole.] Melancholy; gloomy; dismal;
sorrowful; doleful.
Hell-ward bending o'er the beach discry
The dolesome passage to th' infernal sky. Pope's Odyssey, b. ii.

DO’LESOMELY. adv. [from dolesome.] In a dolesome manner.

DO’LESOMENESS. n. s. [from dolesome.] Gloom; melancholy;
dismalness.

DOLL. n. s. 
1. A contraction of Dorothy.
2. A little girl's puppet or baby.

DO’LLAR. n. s. [daler, Dutch.] A Dutch and German coin of
different value, from about two shillings and sixpence to four
and sixpence.
He disburs'd, at St. Colmeskill isle,
Ten thousand dollars for our gen'ral use. Shakesp. Macbeth.

DOLORI’FICK. adj. [dolorificus, Latin.] That which causes
grief or pain.
The pain then by degrees returned, which I could attribute
to nothing but the dissipating that vapour which obstructed
the nerves, and giving the dolorifick motion free passage again.
Ray on the Creation.
This, by the softness and rarity of the fluid, is insensible,
and not dolorifick. Arbuthnot on Air.

DO’LOROUS. adj. [from dolor, Latin.]
1. Sorrowful; doleful; dismal; gloomy.
We are taught by his example, that the presence of
dolorous and dreadful objects, even in minds most perfect,
may, as clouds, overcast all seasonable joy. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
You take me in too dolorous a sense:
I spake t'you for your comfort. Shak. Anth. and Cleopatra.
Through many a dark and dreary vale
They pass'd, and many a region dolorous,
O'er many a frozen, many a fiery alp,
Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of death.
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 618.
Talk not of ruling in this dol'rous gloom,
Nor think vain words, he cry'd, can ease my doom. Pope.
2. Painful.
Their dispatch is quick, and less dolorous than the paw of the
bear, or teeth of the lion. More's Antidote against Atheism.

DO’LOUR. n. s. [dolor, Latin.]
1. Grief; sorrow.
I've words too few to take my leave of you,
When the tongue's office should be prodigal,
To breathe th' abundant dolour of the heart. Shakes. R. II.
2. Lamentation; complaint.
3. Pain; pang.
A mind fixed and bent upon somewhat that is good, doth
avert the dolours of death. Bacon, Essay 2.

DO’LPHIN. n. s. [delphin, Latin; though the dolphin is sup­
posed to be not the same fish.] The name of a fish.
His delights
Were dolphin like; they shew'd his back above
The element they liv'd in. Shakes. Anth. and Cleopatra.
You may draw boys riding upon goats, eagles, and dolphins.
Peacham on Drawing.

DOLT. n. s. [dol. Teutonick.] A heavy stupid fellow; a
blockhead; a thickscul; a loggerhead.
Let dolts in haste some altar fair erect
To those high powers, which idlely sit above. Sidney, b. ii.
Thou hast not half that power to do me harm,
As I have to be hurt: oh, gull! oh, dolt!
As ignorant as dirt! Shakespeare's Othello.
Like men condemn'd to thunder-bolts,
Who, ere the blow, become mere dolts;


They neither have the hearts to stay,
Nor wit enough to run away. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.
Wood's adult'rate copper,
Which, as he scatter'd, we, like dolts,
Mistook at first for thunder-bolts. Swift.

DO’LTISH. adj. [from dolt.] Stupid; mean; dull; blockish.
Dametas, the most arrant doltish clown, that ever was
without the privilege of a bauble. Sidney.

DOM

DO’MABLE. adj. [domabilis, Latin.] Tameable. Dict.

DOMA’IN. n. s. [domaine, French, from dominium, Latin.]
1. Dominion; empire.
Rome's great emperor, whose wide domain
Had ample territory, wealth and pow'r. Milt. Parad. Reg.
Ocean trembles for his green domain. Thomson.
2. Possession; estate.
A Latian field, with fruitful plains,
And a large portion of the king's domains. Dryden's Æn.

DOME. n. s. [dome, French, from domus, Latin.]
1. A building; a house; a fabrick.
Best be he call'd among good men,
Who to his God this column rais'd:
Though lightning strike the dome again,
The man who built it shall be prais'd. Prior.
Stranger! whoe'er thou art, securely rest,
Affianc'd in my faith, a friendly guest:
Approach the dome, the social banquet share,
And then the purpose of thy soul declare. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A hemispherical arch; a cupola.

DOME’STICAL. adj. [aomesticus, Latin.]

DOME’STICK. adj. [aomesticus, Latin.]
1. Belonging to the house; not relating to things publick.
The necessities of man had at the first no other helps and
supplies than domestical; such as that which the prophet imply­
eth, saying, can a mother forget her child? Hooker.
The practical knowledge of the domestick duties is the prin­
cipal glory of a woman. Clarissa.
2. Private; done at home; not open.
In this their domestical celebration of the Passover, they
divided supper into two courses. Hooker, b. iii.
Beholding thus, O, happy as a queen!
We cry; but shift the gaudy, flattering scene,
View her at home in her domestick light,
For thither she must come, at least at night. Granville.
3. Inhabiting the house; not wild.
The faithful prudent husband is an honest, tractable, and
domestick animal. Addison's Spectator, No. 128.
4. Not foreign; intestine.
Domestical evils, for that we think we can master them at
all times, are often permitted to run on forward, 'till it be too
late to recall them. Hooker, Dedication.
Equality of two domestick pow'rs
Breeds scrupulous faction. Shakespeare's Anth. and Cleopatra.
Combine together 'gainst the enemy;
For these domestick and particular broils
Are not the question here. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Next to the sin of those who began that rebellion, theirs
must needs be who hindered the speedy suppressing of it, by
domestick dissentions. King Charles.
Such they were, who might presume t' have done
Much for the king and honour of the state;
Having the chiefest actions undergone,
Both foreign and domestical of late. Daniel's Civil War.

To DOME’STICATE. v. a. [from domestick.] To make domes­
tick; to withdraw from the publick. Clarissa.

DOME’STICK. n. s. One kept in the same house.
A servant dwells remote from all knowledge of his lord's
purposes: he lives as a kind of foreigner under the same
roof; a domestick, and yet a stranger too. South's Sermons.

To DO’MIFY. v. a. [domifico, Latin.] To tame. Dict.

DO’MINANT. adj. [dominant, French; dominans, Latin.] Pre­
dominant; presiding; ascendant.

To DO’MINATE. v. a. [dominatus, Lat.] To predominate;
to prevail over the rest.
I thus conclude my theme,
The dominating humour makes the dream. Dryden.

DOMINA’TION. n. s. [dominatio, Latin.]
1. Power; dominion.
Thou and thine usurp
The domination, royalties, and rights
Of this oppressed boy. Shakespeare's King John.
2. Tyranny; insolent authority.
Maximinus traded with the Goths in the product of
his own estate in Thracia, the place of his nativity, whi­
ther he retired, to withdraw from the unjust domination of
Opilius Macrinus. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. One highly exalted in power: used of angelick beings.
He heav'n of heav'ns, and all the pow'rs therein,
By thee created; and by thee threw down
Th' aspiring dominations. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Hear all ye angels, progeny of light,
Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, pow'rs. Milton.

DO’MINATIVE. adj. [from dominate.] Imperious; insolent. Dict.

DOMINA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] The presiding or predominant
power or influence.
Jupiter and Mars are dominators for this North-west part of
the world, which maketh the people impatient of servitude,
lovers of liberty, martial and courageous. Camden's Remains.

To DOMINE’ER. v. n. [dominor, Latin.] To rule with inso­
lence; to swell; to bluster; to act without control.
Go to the feast, revel and domineer,
Carowse full measure. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The voice of conscience now is low and weak, chastising
the passions, as old Eli did his lustful domineering sons. South.
Both would their little ends secure;
He sighs for freedom, she for pow'r:
His wishes tend abroad to roam,
And her's to domineer at home. Prior.

DOMI’NICAL. adj. [dominicalis, Latin.] That which notes the
Lord's day, or Sunday.
The cycle of the moon serves to shew the epacts, and that
of the sun the dominical letter, throughout all their variations.
Holder on Time.

DOMI’NION. n. s. [dominium, Latin.]
1. Sovereign authority; unlimited power.
They on the earth
Dominion exercise, and in the air,
Chiefly on man. Milton's Par. Lost.
He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl,
Dominion absolute; that right we hold
By his donation: but man over man
He made not lord. Milton.
Blest use of pow'r, O virtuous pride in kings!
And like his bounty, whence dominion springs. Tickell.
2. Power; right of possession or use, without being accountable.
He could not have private dominion over that, which was
under the private dominion of another. Locke.
3. Territory; region; subject; district.
The donations of bishopricks were a flower of the crown,
which the kings of England did ever retain in all their domi­
nions, when the pope's usurped authority was at the highest.
Davies on Ireland.
4. Predominance; ascendant.
Objects placed foremost ought to be more finished than
those cast behind, and to have dominion over things confused
and transient. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. An order of angels.
By him were all things created, visible and invisible,
whether they be thrones or dominions, or principalities or
powers. Col. i. 16.

DON

DON. n. s. [dominus, Latin.] The Spanish title for a gentle­
man; as, don Quixote.

To DON. v. a. [To do on.] To put on; to invest one with.
The purple morning left her crimson bed,
And don'd her robes of pure vermilion hue. Fairfax, b. iii.
Her helm the virgin don'd. Fairfax, b. i. stan. 48.
What! should I don this robe, and trouble you? Shakesp.

DO’NARY. n. s. [donarium, Latin.] A thing given to sacred
uses.

DONA’TION. n. s. [donatio, Latin.]
1. The act of giving any thing; the act of bestowing.
He gave us only over beast, fish, fowl
Dominion absolute; that right we hold
By his donation. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
After donation there is an absolute change and alienation
made of the property of the thing given, and that as to the
use of it too; which being so alienated, a man has no more
to do with it than with a thing bought with another's money.
South's Sermons.
2. The grant by which any thing is given or conferred.
Howsoever the letter of that donation may be unregarded
by men, yet the sense thereof is so imprinted in their hearts,
as if every one laid claim for himself unto that which was
conferred upon all. Raleigh's Essays.
The kingdoms of the world to thee were giv'n,
Permitted rather, and by thee usurp'd,
Other donation none thou can'st produce. Milt. Par. Reg.

DO’NATIVE. n. s. [donatif, French, from donatus, Latin.]
1. A gift; a largess; a present; a dole of money distributed.
The Roman emperor's custom was, at certain solemn
times, to bestow on his soldiers a donative; which donative
they received, wearing garlands upon their heads. Hooker.
They were entertained with publick shows and donatives,
to make them more easily digest their lost liberty. Dryden.
2. [In law.] A benefice merely given and collated by the patron
to a man, without either presentation to the ordinary, or in­
stitution by the ordinary, or induction by his orders. Cowel.
Never did steeple carry double truer;
His is the donative, and mine the cure. Cleveland.

DONE. part. pass. of the verb. To do.
Another like fair tree eke grew thereby,
Whereof who so did eat, eftsoons did know
Both good and evil: O mournful memory!
That tree, through one man's fault, hath done us all to dye.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 11. stanz. 47.



DONE. a kind of interjection. The word by which a wager is
concluded; when a wager is offered, he that accepts it says
done.
Done: the wager? Shakespeare's Tempest.
One thing, sweet-heart, I will ask;
Take me for a new-fashion'd mask.
—Done: but my bargain shall be this,
I'll throw my mask off when I kiss. Cleveland.
'Twas done and done, and the fox, by consent, was to be
the judge. L'Estrange, Fab. 133.

DO’NJON. n. s. [now corrupted to dungeon, from domnionum,
low Latin, according to Menage.] The highest and strongest
tower of the castle, in which prisoners were kept; as in
Chaucer.
The grete toure, that was so thicke and strong,
Which of the castle was the chief dongeon,
Wherein the knightes were in prison,
Was evin joynant to the garden-wall,
Ther as this Emely had her playeing. Chaucer.

DO’NOR. n. s. [from dono, Latin.] A giver; a bestower; one
who gives any thing.
Litters thick besiege the donor's gate,
And begging lords and teeming ladies wait
The promis'd dole. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. i.
It is a mighty check to beneficent tempers to consider how
often good designs are frustrated by an ill execution of them,
and perverted to purposes, which, could the donors themselves
have foreseen, they would have been very loth to promote.
Atterbury's Sermons.

DOO

DO’ODLE. n. s. [a cant word, perhaps corrupted from do little,
Faineant.] A trifler; an idler.

To DOOM. v. a. [deman, Saxon.]
1. To judge.
Him through malice fall'n,
Father of mercy and grace! thou did'st not doom
So strictly, but much more to pity incline. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. To condemn to any punishment; to sentence.
He may be doom'd to chains, to shame, to death,
While proud Hippolitus shall mount his throne. Smith.
Justly th' impartial fates conspire,
Dooming that son to be the sire
Of such another son. Granville.
3. To pronounce condemnation upon any.
Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears,
And lives and crimes, with his assessors, hears;
Round in his urn the blended balls he rolls,
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryden's Æn.
4. To command judicially or authoritatively.
Have I a tongue to doom my brother's death?
And shall that tongue give pardon to a slave? Shakespeare.
5. To destine; to command by uncontrolable authority.
Fate and the gods, by their supreme command,
Have doom'd our ships to seek the Latian land. Dryd. Æn.
I have no will but what your eyes ordain;
Destin'd to love, as they are doom'd to reign. Granville.

DOOM. n. s. [dom, Saxon; doem, Dutch.]
1. Judicial sentence; judgment.
He's fled, my lord, and all his pow'rs do yield;
And humbly thus, with halters on their necks,
Expect your highness' doom of life or death. Shakesp. H. VI.
To Satan, first in sin, his doom apply'd,
Though in mysterious terms, judg'd as then best. Milton.
And now, without redemption, all mankind
Must have been lost, adjudg'd to death and hell
By doom severe. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 224.
In the great day, wherein the secrets of all hearts shall be
laid open, no one shall be made to answer for what he knows
nothing of; but shall receive his doom, his conscience accusing
or excusing him. Locke.
2. The great and final judgment.
Search Windsor-castle, elves within and out:
Strew good luck, Ouphes, on every sacred room,
That it may stand 'till the perpetual doom. Shakespeare.
3. Condemnation.
Revoke thy doom,
Or whilst I can vent clamour from my throat,
I'll tell thee thou do'st evil. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. Determination declared.
If friend or foe, let him be gently used.
—Revoke that doom of mercy; for 'tis Clifford. Sh. H. VI.
5. The state to which one is destined.
By day the web and loom,
And homely houshold-task, shall be her doom. Dryd. Iliad.
6. Ruin; destruction.
From the same foes, at last, both felt their doom,
And the same age saw learning fall, and Rome. Pope.

DO’OMSDAY. n. s. [doom and day.] The day of final and uni­
versal judgment; the last, the great day.
Men, wives, and children stare, cry out, and run,
As it were doomsday. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
They may serve for any theme, and never be out of date
until doomsday. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.
Our souls, not yet prepar'd for upper light,
'Till doomsday wander in the shades of night:
This only holiday of all the year,
We privileg'd in sunshine may appear. Dryden.
2. The day of sentence or condemnation.
All-souls day is my body's doomsday. Shakespeare's R. III.

DOOMSDAY-BOOK. n. s. [doomsday and book.] A book made by
order of William the Conqueror, in which the estates of
the kingdom were registered.
The Danes also brought in a reckoning of money by ores,
per oras, which is mentioned in doomsday-book. Camden.

DOR

DOOR. n. s. [dor, dure, Saxon; dorris, Erse.]
1. The gate of a house; that which opens to yield entrance.
Door is used of houses and gates of cities, or publick build­
ings, except in the licence of poetry.
All the castle quaked from the ground,
And every door of free-will open flew. Fairy Queen, b. i.
In the side a door.
Contriv'd; and of provisions laid in large,
For man and beast. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
To the same end men sev'ral paths may tread,
As many doors into one temple lead. Denham.
For without rules there can be no art, any more than there
can be a house without a door to conduct you in. Dryd. Dufres.
2. In familiar language, a house.
Lay one piece of flesh or fish in the open air, and another
of the same kind and bigness within doors. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Let him doubt whether his cloaths be warm, and so go
naked; whether his house be firm, and live without doors.
Decay of Piety.
Martin's office is now the second door in the street, where
he will see Parnel. Arbuth.
Lambs, though they are bred within doors, and never saw
the actions of their own species, push at those who approach
them with their foreheads. Addison's Spectator, No. 121.
The sultan entered again the peasant's house, and turned the
owner out of doors. Addison's Guardian, No. 99.
3. Entrance; portal.
The tender blades of grass appear,
And buds, that yet the blast of Eurus fear,
Stand at the door of life, and doubt to clothe the year. Dry.
4. Passage; avenue; means of approach.
The indispensable necessity of sincere obedience, shuts the
door against all temptations to carnal security. Hammond.
5. Out of DOOR, or DOORS. No more to be found; quite
gone; fairly sent away.
Should he, who was thy lord, command thee now,
With a harsh voice and supercilious brow,
To servile duties, thou would'st fear no more;
The gallows and the whip are out of door. Dryden's Pers.
His imaginary title of fatherhood is out of doors, and Cain
is no prince over his brother. Locke.
6. At the DOOR of any one. Imputable; chargeable upon him.
In any of which parts, if I have failed, the fault lies wholly
at my door. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
7. Next DOOR to. Approaching to; near to; bordering upon.
A seditious word leads to a broil, and a riot unpunished is
but next door to a tumult. L'Estrange.

DO’ORCASE. n. s. [door and case.] The frame in which the door
is inclosed.
The making of frames for doorcases, is the framing of two
pieces of wood athwart two other pieces. Mox. Mech. Exer.

DO’ORKEEPER. n. s. [door and keeper.] Porter; one that keeps
the entrance of a house.
He that hath given the following assistances to thee, desires
to be even a doorkeeper in God's house, and to be a servant to
the meanest of God's servants. Taylor's Preface.

DO’QUET. n. s. A paper containing a warrant.
Before the institution of this form and office, no writ of
covenant for the levying any final concord in chief, no doquet
for licence to alien, nor warrant for pardon of alienation made,
could be purchased and gotten, without an oath called an
affidavit. Bacon's Office of Alienation.

DO’RMANT. adj. [dormant, French.]
1. Sleeping.
He a dragon! if he be, 'tis a very peaceful one: I can in­
sure his anger is dormant; or should he seem to rouse, 'tis well
lashing him, and he will sleep like a top. Cong. Old Batchelor.
2. In a sleeping posture.
If a lion were the coat of Judah, yet were it not a lion
rampant, but rather couchant and dormant. Brown's Vulg. Err.
With this radius he is said to strike and kill his prey, for
which he lies, as it were, dormant, 'till it swims within his
reach. Grew's Musæum.
3. Private; not publick.
There were other dormant musters of soldiers throughout
all parts of the realm, that were put in readiness, but not
drawn together. Bacon's War with Spain.
4. Concealed; not divulged.
It would be prudent to reserve these privileges dormant,
never to be produced but upon great occasions. Swift.
5. Leaning; not perpendicular.


Old dormant windows must confess
Her beams: their glimmering spectacles,
Struck with the splendor of her face,
Do th' office of a burning-glass. Cleveland.

DO’RMITORY. n. s. [dormitorium, Latin.]
1. A place to sleep in: used commonly for a room with many
beds.
Rooms that have thorough lights are left for entertainment,
and those that have windows on one side for dormitories. Mort.
Naked mourns the dormitory wall,
And Jones and Boyle's united labours fall. Pope's Dunciad.
2. A burial place.
The places where dead bodies are buried, are in Latin called
cœmiteria, and in English dormitories. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DO’RMOUSE. n. s. [dormio, to sleep, and mouse.] A small ani­
mal which passes a large part of the Winter in sleep.
Come, we all sleep, and are mere dormice flies,
A little less than dead: more dulness hangs
On us than on the moon. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
After they have lain a little while they grow as drowsy as
dormice, unless they are roused. Collier on Thought.

DORN. n. s. [from dorn, German, a thorn.] The name of a
fish; perhaps the same as the thornback.
The coast is stored both with shellfish, as scallops and
sheathfish, and flat, as turbets, dorns, and holybut. Carew.

DO’RNICK. n. s. [of Deornick in Flanders, where first made.]
A species of linen cloath used in Scotland for the table.

To DORR. v. a. [tor, stupid, Teutonick.] To deafen or
stupify with noise. This word I find only in Skinner.

DORR. n. s. [so named probably from the noise which he
makes.] A kind of flying insect, remarkable for flying with
a loud noise.
The dorr, or hedge-chafer's chief marks are these: his
head is small, like that of the common beetle: this and his
eyes black: his shoulder-piece, and the middle of his belly,
also black; but just under the wing-shells spotted with white.
His wing-shells, legs, and the end of his tail, which is long
and flat-pointed, of a light chesnut: his breast, especially,
covered with a downy hair. Grew's Musæum.

DO’RSEL. n. s. [from dorsum, the back.] A pannier; a basket
or bag, one of which hangs on either side a beast
of burthen, for the reception of things of small bulk.

DO’RSER. n. s. [from dorsum, the back.] A pannier; a basket
or bag, one of which hangs on either side a beast
of burthen, for the reception of things of small bulk.

DORSI’FEROUS. n. s. [dorsum and fero, or pario, Latin.]
Having the property of bearing or bring­
ing forth on the back. It is used of plants that have the
seeds on the back of their leaves, as fern; and may be pro­
perly used of the American frog, which brings forth young
from her back.

DORSI’PAROUS. n. s. [dorsum and fero, or pario, Latin.]
Having the property of bearing or bring­
ing forth on the back. It is used of plants that have the
seeds on the back of their leaves, as fern; and may be pro­
perly used of the American frog, which brings forth young
from her back.

DO’RTURE. n. s. [contracted from dormiture; dormitura, Lat.
dortoir, French.] A dormitory; a place to sleep in.
He led us to a gallery like a dorture, where he shewed us
along the one side, for the other was but wall and window,
seventeen cells, very neat, having partitions of cedar-wood.
Bacon's New Atlantis.

DOSE. n. s. [δόσις.]
1. So much of any medicine as is taken at one time. Quincy.
The too vig'rous dose too fiercely wrought,
And added fury to the strength it brought. Dryden's Virgil.
In a vehement pain of the head he prescribed the juice of
the thapsia in warm water, without mentioning the dose.
Arbuthnot.
2. As much of any thing as falls to a man's lot.
No sooner does he peep into
The world, but he has done his doe;
Married his punctual dose of wives,
Is cuckolded, and breaks, or thrives. Hudibras, p. ii.
3. It is often used of the utmost quantity of strong liquor that
a man can swallow. He has his dose, that is, he can carry off
no more.

To DOSE. v. a. 
1. To proportion a medicine properly to the patient or disease.
Plants seldom used in medicine, being esteemed poisonous,
if corrected, and exactly dosed, may prove powerful me­
dicines. Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. To give physick to any man in a ludicrous sense.

DO’SSIL. n. s. [corrupted from dorsel, something laid upon the
part.] A pledget; a nodule or lump of lint, to be laid on a
sore.
Her complaints put me upon dressing with such medica­
ments as basilicon, with præcipitate, upon a dossil. Wiseman.

DOST. [the second person of do.]
Why then dost treat me with rebukes, instead
Of kind condoling cares, and friendly sorrow? Addis. Cato.

DOT

DOT. n. s. [This is derived by Skinner from dotter, German,
the white of an egg, and interpreted by him a grume of pus.
It has now no such signification, and seems rather corrupted
from jot, a point.] A small point or spot made to mark any
place in a writing.

To DOT. v. n. [from the noun.] To make dots, or spots.

DO’TAGE. n. s. [from dote.]
1. Loss of understanding; imbecillity of mind; deliriousness.
The soul in all hath one intelligence;
Though too much moisture in an infant's brain,
And too much driness in an old man's sense,
Cannot the prints of outward things retain:
Then doth the soul want work, and idle sit,
And this we childishness and dotage call. Davies.
I hold, that perfect joy makes all our parts
As joyful as our hearts:
Our senses tell us, if we please not them,
Our love is but a dotage, or a dream. Suckling.
2. Excessive fondness.
If on your head my fury does not turn,
Thank that fond dotage which so much you scorn. Dryden.

DO’TAL. adj. [dotalis, Latin.] Relating to the portion of a
woman; constituting her portion; comprised in her portion.
Shall I, of one poor dotal town possest,
My people thin, my wretched country waste?
An exil'd prince, and on a shaking throne,
Or risk my patron's subjects, or my own? Garth's Ovid.

DO’TARD. n. s. [from dote.] A man whose age has impaired
his intellects; a man in his second childhood; called in some
provinces a twichild.
Dotard, said he, let be thy deep advise,
Seems that through many years thy wits thee fail,
And that weak old hath left thee nothing wise,
Else never should thy judgement be so frail. Fairy Queen.
The sickly dotard wants a wife,
To draw off his last dregs of life. Prior.

DOTA’TION. n. s. [dotatio, Latin.] The act of giving a dowry
or portion. Dict.

To DOTE. v. n. [doten, Dutch; radoter, French.]
1. To have the intellect impaired by age or passion; to be de­
lirious.
Unless the fear of death make me dote,
I see my son. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
A sword is upon the liars, and they shall dote: a sword is
upon her mighty men, and they shall be dismayed. Jer. l. 36.
Time has made you dote, and vainly tell
Of arms imagin'd, in your lonely cell:
Go, be the temple and the gods your care;
Permit to men the thought of peace and war. Dryd. Æn.
When an old woman begins to dote, and grow chargeable
to a parish, she is turned into a witch, and fills the country
with extravagant fancies. Addison's Spectator, No. 117.
2. To be in love to extremity.
He was striken with great affection towards me, which since
is grown to such a doting love, that, 'till I was fain to get this
place, sometimes to retire in freely: I was even choked with
his tediousness. Sidney.
I have long loved her, and bestowed much on her, fol­
lowed her with a doting observance. Shak. M. Wives of Winds.

To DOTE upon. To regard with excessive fondness; to love to
excess.
All their prayers and love
Were set on Hereford, whom they doted on,
And bless'd, and grac'd. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Forgive me, that I do not dream on thee,
Because thou seest me dote upon my love. Shakespeare.
All the beauties of the court besides,
Are mad in love, and dote upon your person. Denham.
Mark those who dote on arbitrary power,
And you shall find 'em either hot-brain'd youth,
Or needy bankrupts. Dryden.
Would you so dote upon your first desire,
As not to entertain a nobler fire? Dryden's Indian Emperor.
We dote upon this present world, and the enjoyments of
it; and 'tis not without pain and fear, and reluctancy, that
we are torn from them, as if our hopes lay all within the
compass of this life. Burnet.
O death, all eloquent! you only prove
What dust we dote on, when 'tis man we love. Pope.

DO’TER. n. s. [from dote.]
1. One whose understanding is impaired by years; a dotard.
What should a bald fellow do with a comb, a dumb doter
with a pipe, or a blind man with a looking-glass? Burton.
2. A man fondly, weakly, and excessively in love.
If in black my lady's brow be deckt,
It mourns that painting and usurping hair
Should ravish doters with a false aspect;
And therefore is she born to make black fair. Shakespeare.
Our doters upon red and white are incessantly perplexed, by
the incertainty both of the continuance of their mistress's
kindness, and of the lasting of her beauty. Boyle.

DO’TINGLY. adv. [from doting.] Fondly; by excessive fond­
ness.
That he, to wedlock dotingly betray'd,
Should hope in this lewd town to find a maid! Dryd. Juv.

DO’TTARD. n. s. This word seems to signify a tree kept low
by cutting.
For great trees, we see almost all overgrown trees in church­
yards, or near ancient buildings, and the like, are pollards and
dottards, and not trees at their full height. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

DO’TTEREL. n. s. [from dote.] The name of a bird that
mimicks gestures.


We see how ready apes and monkeys are to imitate all
motions of man; and in catching of dotterels, we see how
the foolish bird playeth the ape in gestures. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

DO’UBLE. adj. [double, French; duplex, Latin; duple,
Erse.]
1. Two of a sort; one corresponding to the other; in pairs.
All things are double one against another, and he hath made
nothing imperfect. Ecclus. xlii. 24.
2. Twice as much; containing the same quantity repeated.
Great honours are great burthens; but, on whom
They are cast with envy, he doth bear two loads:
His cares must still be double to his joys,
In any dignity. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
I am not so old in proportion to them as I formerly was,
which I can prove by arithmetick; for then I was double their
age, which now I am not. Swift.
This sum of forty thousand pounds is almost double to what
is sufficient. Swift's Draper's Letters.
3. Having one added to another; having more than one in the
same order or parallel.
It is a curiosity also to make flowers double, which is ef­
fected by often removing them into new earth; as, on the
contrary part, double flowers by neglecting, and not removing,
prove single. Bacon's Natural History, No. 513.
I met a reverend, fat, old gouty fryar,
With a paunch swoln so high, his double chin
Might rest upon't. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
4. Twofold; of two kinds.
Thus cursed steel, and more accursed gold,
Gave mischief birth, and made that mischief bold;
And double death did wretched man invade,
By steel assaulted, and by gold betray'd. Dryden's Ovid.
No star appears to lend his friendly light;
Darkness and tempest make a double night. Dryden.
5. Two in number.
And if one power did not both see and hear,
Our sights and sounds would always double be. Davies.
6. Having twice the effect or influence; having the power of
two.
The magnifico is much belov'd,
And hath in his effect a voice potential,
As double as the duke's. Shakespeare's Othello.
7. Deceitful; acting two parts, one openly, the other in secret.
I' th' presence
He would say untruths, and be ever double
Both in his words and meaning. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Fifty thousand could keep rank, that were not of double
heart. 1 Chron. xii. 33.

DOU

DOUBLE-PLEA. n. s. [duplex placitum, Latin.] Is that in
which the defendant alleges for himself two several matters,
in bar of the action, whereof either is sufficient to effect his
desire in debarring the plaintiff. Cowel.

DOUBLE-QUARREL, is a complaint made by any clerk or other
to the archbishop of the province, against an inferiour ordi­
nary, for delaying justice in some cause ecclesiastical. The
effect is, that the archbishop directs his letters, under the au­
thentical seal, to all clerks of his province, commanding them
to admonish the said ordinary within nine days to do the jus­
tice required, or otherwise to cite him to appear before him
or his official: and lastly to intimate to the said ordinary, that
if he neither performs the thing enjoined, nor appears at the
day assigned, he himself will proceed to perform the justice
required. And this seems to be termed a double quarrel, be­
cause it is most commonly made against both the judge, and
him at whose petition justice is delayed. Cowel.

DOUBLE is much used in composition, generally for doubly, two
ways; as double edged, having an edge on each side; or for
twice the number or quantity, as double died, twice died.

DOUBLE-BITING. adj. [double and bite.] Biting or cutting on
either side.
But most their looks on the black monarch bend,
His rising muscles and his brawn commend;
His double-biting ax, and beamy spear,
Each asking a gigantick force to rear. Dryden's Fables.

DOUBLE-BUTTONED. adj. [double and buttoned.] Having two
rows of buttons.
Others you'll see, when all the town's afloat,
Wrapt in th' embraces of a kersey coat,
Or double-button'd frieze. Gay's Trivia.

DOUBLE-DEALER. n. s. [double and dealer.] A deceitful, subtle,
insidious fellow; one who acts two parts at the same time;
one who says one thing and thinks another.
Double dealers may pass muster for a while; but all par­
ties wash their hands of them in the conclusion. L'Estrange.

DOUBLE-DEALING. n. s. [double and dealing.] Artifice; dissi­
mulation; low or wicked cunning.
Thou shalt not be the worse for me; there's gold.
—But that it would be double-dealing, sir, I would you could
make it another. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Our poets have joined together such qualities as are by na­
ture most compatible; valour with anger, meekness with
piety, and prudence with dissimulation: this last union was
necessary for the goodness of Ulysses; for without that, his
dissimulation might have degenerated into wickedness and
double-dealing. Pope's View of Epic Poetry.

To DOUBLE-DIE. v. a. [double and die.] To die twice over.
Yes, I'll to the royal bed,
Where first the mysteries of our love were acted,
And double-die it with imperial crimson. Dry. and Lee's Oed.

DOUBLE-FOUNTED. adj. [double and fount.] Having two
sources.
Here the double-founted stream
Jordan, true limit eastward. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

DOUBLE-HANDED. adj. [double and hand.] Having two hands.
All things being double-handed, and having the appearances
both of truth and falshood, where our affections have engaged
us, we attend only to the former. Glanv. Sceps. c. 15.

DOUBLE-HEADED. adj. [double and head.] Having the flowers
growing one to another.
The double rich scarlet nonsuch is a large double-headed
flower, of the richest scarlet colour. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To DOUBLE-LOCK. v. a. [double and lock.] To shoot the lock
twice; to fasten with double security.
He immediately double-locked his door, and sat down care­
fully to reading and comparing both his orders. Tatler, No. 60.

DOUBLE-MINDED. adj. [from double and mind.] Deceitful;
insidious.
A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways. James i. 8.

DOUBLE-SHINING. adj. [double and shine.] Shining with
double lustre.
He was
Among the rest that there did take delight,
To see the sports of double-shining day. Sidney.

DOUBLE-TONGUED. adj. [double and tongue.] Deceitful;
giving contrary accounts of the same thing.
The deacons must be grave, not double-tongued, not given
to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre. 1 Tim. iii. 8.
For much she fear'd the Tyrians, double-tongu'd,
And knew the town to Juno's care belong'd. Dryd. Virgil.

To DO’UBLE. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To enlarge any quantity by addition of the same quantity.
Rumour doth double voice, and echo
The numbers of the fear'd. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond;
Double six thousand, and then treble that. Shakespeare.
Our foe's too proud the weaker to assail,
Or doubles, his dishonour if he fail. Dryd. State of Innocence.
This power of repeating or doubling any idea we have of
any distance, and adding it to the former, as often as we will,
without being ever able to come to any stop or stint, let us
enlarge it as much as we will, is that which gives us the idea
of immensity. Locke.
This was only the value of the silver: there was besides
a tenth part of that number of talents of gold, which, if
gold was reckoned in a decuple proportion, will just double
the sum. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To contain twice the quantity.
Thus reinforc'd against the adverse fleet,
Still doubling our's, brave Rupert leads the way. Dryden.
3. To repeat; to add.
He saw proud Arcite and fierce Palemon
In mortal battle, doubling blow on blow;
Like lightning flam'd their faulchions to and fro. Dryden.
4. To add one to another in the same order or parallel.
Thou shalt double the curtain in the tabernacle. Ex. xxvi. 9.
5. To fold.
He bought her sermons, psalms, and graces,
And doubled down the useful places. Prior.
6. To pass round a headland.
Presently departing again, and sailing along the coast,
he doubled the promontory of Carthage, yet famous for
the ruins of that proud city. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Now we have the cape of Good Hope in sight, the trade­
wind is our own, if we can but double it. Dryden.

To DO’UBLE. v. n. 
1. To increase to twice the quantity.
'Tis observed in particular nations, that within the space of
three hundred years, notwithstanding all casualties, the num­
ber of men double. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. To enlarge the stake to twice the sum in play.
Throw Ægypt's by, and offer in the stead,
Offer—the crown on Berenice's head:
I am resolv'd to double 'till I win. Dryden's Tyran. Love.
3. To turn back, or wind in running.
Under the line the sun crosseth the line, and maketh two
Summers and two Winters; but in the skirts of the torrid
zone it doubleth and goeth back again, and so maketh one
long Summer. Bacon's Natural History, No. 398.
So keen thy hunters, and thy scent so strong,
Thy turns and doublings cannot save thee long. Swift.
4. To play tricks; to use sleights.
Who knows which way she points?
Doubling and turning like an hunted hare!
Find out the meaning of her mind who can. Dryd. Sp. Fry.



DO’UBLE. n. s. 
1. Twice the quantity or number.
In all the four great years of mortality abovementioned, I
do not find that any week the plague increased to the double
of the precedent week above five times. Graunt's Mortality.
2. Strong beer; beer of twice the common strength.
Here's a pot of good double, neighbour: drink, and fear
not your man. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
3. A trick; a shift; an artifice.

DO’UBLENESS. n. s. [from double.] The state of being double.
If you think well to carry this as you may, the doubleness of
the benefit defends the deceit from reproof. Sh. Meas. for Meas.

DO’UBLER. n. s. [from double.] He that doubles any thing.

DO’UBLET. n. s. [from double.]
1. The inner garment of a man; the waistcoat: so called from
being double for warmth.
What a pretty thing a man is, when he goes in his doublet
and hose, and leaves off his wit. Sh. Much Ado about Nothing.
His doublet was of sturdy buff,
And though not sword yet cudgel proof. Hudibras, p. i.
It is common enough to see a countryman in the doublet and
breeches of his great grandfather. Addison's Italy.
They do but mimick ancient wits at best,
As apes our gransires, in their doublets drest. Pope's Criticism.
2. Two; a pair.
Those doublets on the sides of his tail seem to add strength
to the muscles which move the tail-fins. Grew's Musæum.

DOUBLO’N. n. s. [French.] A Spanish coin containing the
value of two pistoles.

DO’UBLY. adv. [from double.] In twice the quantity; to twice
the degree.
Young Hollis, on a muse by Mars begot,
Born, Cæsar like, to write and act great deeds,
Impatient to revenge his fatal shot,
His right hand doubly to his left succeeds. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
Haply at night he does with horror shun
A widow'd daughter, or a dying son:
His neighbour's offspring he to-morrow sees,
And doubly feels his want in their increase. Prior.

To DOUBT. v. n. [doubter, French; dubito, Latin.]
1. To question; to be in uncertainty.
Even in matters divine, concerning some things, we may
lawfully doubt and suspend our judgment, inclining neither to
one side or other; as, namely, touching the time of the fall
both of man and angels. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
Let no man, while he lives here in the world, doubt whe­
ther there is any hell or no, and thereupon live so, as if abso­
lutely there were none. South's Sermons.
I doubt not to make it appear to be a monstrous folly to
deride these things. Tillotson's Sermons.
Can we conclude upon Luther's instability, because in a
single notion, no way fundamental, an enemy writes that he
had some doubtings? Atterbury.
2. To question any event, fearing the worst.
Doubting things go ill, often hurt more
Than to be sure they do. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
3. Sometimes with of in both the foregoing senses.
Solyman said he had hitherto made war against divers na­
tions, and always had the victory, whereof he doubted not
now also. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Have I not manag'd my contrivance well,
To try your love, and make you doubt of mine? Dryden.
4. To fear; to be apprehensive.
I doubt there's deep resentment in his mind,
For the late slight his honour suffer'd there. Otway's Orph.
If there were no fault in the title, I doubt there are too
many in the body of the work. Baker on Learning.
This is enough for a project, without any name; I doubt
more than will be reduced into practice. Swift.
5. To suspect; to have suspicion.
The king did all his courage bend
Against those four which now before him were,
Doubting not who behind him doth attend. Daniel's C. War.
6. To hesitate; to be in suspense.
At first the tender blades of grass appear,
And buds that yet the blast of Eurus fear,
Stand at the door of life, and doubt to clothe the year. Dry.

To DOUBT. v. a. 
1. To hold questionable; to think uncertain.
He from the terror of this arm so late
Doubted his empire. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 113.
To teach vain wits a science little known,
T' admire superior sense, and doubt their own. Pope.
2. To fear; to suspect.
He did ordain the interdicts and prohibitions which we have
to making entrance of strangers, which at that time was fre­
quent, doubting novelties and commixture of manners. Bacon.
3. To distrust.
You that will be less fearful than discreet,
That love the fundamental part of state,
More than you doubt the change of it, prefer
A noble life before a long. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

DOUBT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Uncertainty of mind; suspense; undetermined state of
opinion.
Could any difficulty have been proposed, the resolution
would have been as early as the proposal; it could not have
had time to settle into doubt. South's Sermons.
Those who have examined it, are thereby got past doubt
in all the doctrines they profess. Locke.
2. Question; point unsettled.
Hippocrates commends the flesh of the wild sow above the
tame, and no doubt but the animal is more or less healthy
according to the air it lives in. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
'Tis past a doubt,
All Bedlam or Parnassus is let out. Pope.
3. Scruple; perplexity; irresolution.
Our doubts are traytors,
And make us lose, by fearing to attempt,
The good we oft might win. Shak. Measure for Measure.
4. Uncertainty of condition.
And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt
fear day and night, and shalt have no assurance of thy
life. Deutr. xxviii. 66.
5. Suspicion; apprehension of ill.
I desire to be present with you now, and to change my
voice; for I stand in doubt of you. Gal. iv. 20.
6. Difficulty objected.
To every doubt your answer is the same,
It so fell out, and so by chance it came. Blackmore's Creation.

DO’UBTER. n. s. [from doubt.] One who entertains scruples;
one who hangs in uncertainty.

DO’UBTFUL. adj. [doubt and full.]
1. Dubious; not settled in opinion.
Methinks I should know you, and know this man;
Yet I am doubtful. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Ambiguous; not clear in its meaning.
3. That about which there is doubt; that which is not yet deter­
mined or decided; obscure; questionable; uncertain.
In handling the right of a war, I am not willing to inter­
mix matter doubtful with that which is out of doubt; for as in
capital causes, wherein but one man's life is in question,
the evidence ought to be clear; so much more in a judgment
upon a war, which is capital to thousands. Bacon.
In doubtful cases, reason still determines for the safer side;
especially if the case be not only doubtful, but also highly con­
cerning, and the venture be a soul, and an eternity. South.
Themetes first, 'tis doubtful whether hir'd,
Or so the Trojan destiny requir'd,
Mov'd, that the ramparts might be broken down,
To lodge the monster fabrick in the town. Dryden's Æn.
4. Not secure; not without suspicion.
Our manner is always to cast a doubtful and a more suspi­
cious eye towards that, over which we know we have least
power. Hooker, Dedication.
5. Not confident; not without fear.
With doubtful feet and wavering resolution
I come, still dreading thy displeasure, Samson. Milt. Agonist.

DO’UBTFULLY. adv. [from doubtful.]
1. Dubiously; irresolutely.
2. Ambiguously; with uncertainty of meaning.
Knowing how doubtfully all allegories may be construed,
and this book of mine being a continual allegory, I have
thought good to discover the general intention. Spenser.
Nor did the goddess doubtfully declare
Her alter'd mind, and alienated care. Dryden.

DO’UBTFULNESS. n. s. [from doubtful.]
1. Dubiousness; suspense; instability of opinion.
Though doubtfulness or uncertainty seems to be a medium
between certain truth and certain falshood in our minds, yet
there is no such medium in things themselves. Watts's Logick.
2. Ambiguity; uncertainty of meaning.
In arguing, the opponent uses as comprehensive and equi­
vocal terms as he can, to involve his adversary in the doubtful­
ness of his expressions: this is expected, and therefore the
answerer, on his side, makes it his play to distinguish as much
as he can. Locke.
Most of his philosophy is, in broken sentences, delivered
with much doubtfulness. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

DO’UBTINGLY. adv. [from doubt.] In a doubting manner;
dubiously.
Whatsoever a man imagineth doubtingly, or with fear, must
needs do hurt, if imagination have any power at all; for a
man representeth that oftner that he feareth, than the con­
trary. Bacon's Natural History, No. 945.

DO’UBTLESS. adj. [from doubt.] Without fear; without ap­
prehension of danger.
Pretty child, sleep doubtless and secure,
That Hubert, for the wealth of all the world,
Will not offend them. Shakespeare's King John.
I am doubtless; I can purge
Myself of many I am charg'd withal. Shakesp. Henry IV.

DO’UBTLESS. adv. Without doubt; without question; un­
questionably.


Doubtless he would have made a noble knight. Sh. H. VI.
All their desires, deserts, or expectations the Conqueror
had no other means to satisfy, but by the estates of such as
had appeared open enemies to him; and doubtless many inno­
cent persons suffered in this kind. Hale's Com. Law of England.
Doubtless many men are finally lost, who yet have no mens
sins to answer for, but their own. South's Sermons.
These mountains have been doubtless much higher than they
are at present: the rains have washed away of the soil, that
has left the veins of stones shooting out of them. Woodward.
Doubtless, oh guest! great laud and praise were mine,
If, after social rites and gifts bestow'd,
I stain'd my hospitable hearth with blood. Pope's Odyssey.

DOUCE’T. n. s. [doucet, French.] A custard. This word I find
only in Skinner.

DO’UCKER. n. s. [from To douck, corrupted from To duck.]
A bird that dips in the water.
The colymbi, or douckers, or loons, are admirably con­
formed for diving, covered with thick plumage, and their
feathers so slippery, that water cannot moisten them. Ray.

DOVE. n. s. [duvo, old Teutonick; taub, daub, German.]
1. A wild pigeon.
So shews a snowy dove trooping with crows,
As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. Sh. Rom. and Juliet.
Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,
Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove? Pope.
Not half so swift the trembling doves can fly,
When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky;
Not half so swiftly the fierce eagle moves,
When through the skies he drives the trembling doves. Pope.
2. A pigeon.
I have here a dish of doves, that I will bestow upon your
worship. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

DO’VECOT. n. s. [dove and cot.] A small building in which
pigeons are bred and kept.
Like an eagle in a dovecot, I
Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioli;
Alone I did it. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

DO’VEHOUSE. n. s. [dove and house.] A house for pigeons.
The hawk sets up for protector, and makes havock in the
dovehouse. L'Estrange, Fab. 20.
But still the dovehouse obstinately stood. Dryden.

DO’VETAIL. n. s. [dove and tail.] A form of joining two
bodies together, where that which is inserted has the form of
a wedge reversed, and therefore cannot fall out.

DOUGH. n. s. [dah, Saxon; deegh, Dutch.]
1. The paste of bread, or pies, yet unbaked.
When the gods moulded up the paste of man,
Some of their dough was left upon their hands,
For want of souls, and so they made Egyptians. Dryden.
You that from pliant paste would fabricks raise,
Expecting thence to gain immortal praise,
Your knuckles try, and let your sinews know
Their pow'r to kneed, and give the form to dough. King.
2. My cake is DOUGH. My affair has miscarried; my under­
taking has never come to maturity.
My cake is dough, but I'll in among the rest;
Out of hope of all, but my share of the feast. Shakespeare.

DOUGHBA’KED. adj. [dough and baked.] Unfinished; not
hardened to perfection; soft.
For when, through tasteless flat humility,
In doughbak'd men some harmlessness we see,
'Tis but his phlegm that's virtuous, and not he. Donne.

DO’UGHTY. adj. [dohtig, Saxon; deught, virtue, Dutch.]
1. Brave; noble; illustrious; eminent. Used of men and
things.
Such restless passion did all night torment
The flatt'ning courage of that fairy knight,
Devising how that doughty tournament,
With greatest honour, he atchieven might. Fairy Queen.
2. It is now seldom used but ironically, or in burlesque.
If this doughty historian hath any honour or conscience left,
he ought to beg pardon. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom Idol.
She smil'd to see the doughty hero slain;
But, at her smile, the beau reviv'd again. Pope.

DO’UGHY. adj. [from dough.] Unsound; soft; unhardened.
Your son was misled with a snipt taffata fellow there,
whose villanous saffron would have made all the unbaked and
doughy youth of a nation in his colour. Shakespeare.

To DOUSE. v. a. [δύσις; but probably it is a cant word formed
from the sound.] To put over head suddenly in the water.

To DOUSE. v. n. To fall suddenly into the water.
It is no jesting, trivial matter,
To swing i' th' air, or douse in water. Hudibras, p. ii.

DOW

DO’WAGER. n. s. [douairiere, French.]
1. A widow with a jointure.
She lingers my desires,
Like to a stepdame or a dowager,
Long wintering on a young man's revenue. Shakespeare.
Widows have a greater interest in property than either
maids or wives; so that it is as unnatural for a dowager as a
freeholder to be an enemy to our constitution. Addis. Freehold.
2. The title given to ladies who survive their husbands,
Catharine no more
Shall be call'd queen; but princess dowager,
And widow to prince Arthur. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

DO’WDY. n. s. An aukward, ill-dressed, inelegant woman.
Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen wench; Dido, a
dowdy; Cleopatra, a gipsy; Helen and Hero, slidings and
harlots. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
The bedlam train of lovers use
T' inhance the value, and the faults excuse;
And therefore 'tis no wonder if we see
They doat on dowdies and deformity. Dryden.
No houswifry the dowdy creature knew;
To sum up all, her tongue confess'd the shrew. Gay's Past.

DO’WER. n. s. [douaire, French.]

DO’WERY. n. s. [douaire, French.]
1. That which the wife bringeth to her husband in marriage.
His wife brought in dow'r Cilicia's crown,
And in herself a greater dow'r alone. Dryden.
His only daughter in a stranger's pow'r;
For very want, he could not pay a dow'r. Pope's Epistles.
2. That which the widow possesses.
His patrimonial territories of Flanders were partly in dower
to his mother-in-law, and partly not serviceable, in respect of
the late rebellions. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. The gifts of a husband for a wife.
Ask me never so much dowery and gift, and I will give ac­
cording as ye shall say unto me; but give me the damsel to
wife. Gen. xxxiv. 12.
4. Endowment; gift.
What spreading virtue, what a sparkling fire;
How great, how plentiful, how rich a dow'r,
Do'st thou within this dying flesh inspire! Davies.

DO’WERED. adj. [from dower.] Portioned; supplied with a
portion.
Will you with those infirmities she owes,
Unfriended, new-adopted to our hate,
Dower'd with our curse, and stranger'd with our oath,
Take her, or leave her. Shakespeare's King Lear.

DO’WERLESS. adj. [from dower.] Without a fortune; un­
portioned.
Thy dow'rless daughter, king, thrown to my chance,
Is queen of us, and ours, and our fair France. Sh. K. Lear.

DO’WLAS. n. s. A coarse kind of linen.
Dowlas, filthy dowlas; I have given them away to bakers
wives, and they have made boulters of them. Shak. Hen. IV.

DOWN. n. s. [duun, Danish.]
1. Soft feathers.
Virtue is the roughest way;
But proves at night a bed of down. Wotton.
Leave, leave, fair bride! your solitary bed,
No more shall you return to it alone;
It nurseth sadness; and your body's print,
Like to a grave, the yielding down doth dint. Donne.
Lie tumbling on our down, courting the blessing
Of a short minute's slumber. Denham's Sophy.
A tender weakly constitution is very much owing to the
use of down beds. Locke.
2. Any thing that sooths or mollifies.
Thou bosom softness! down of all my cares!
I could recline my thoughts upon this breast
To a forgetfulness of all my griefs,
And yet be happy. Southern's Oroonoko.
3. Soft wool, or tender hair.
Scarce had the down to shade his cheeks begun;
One was their care, and their delight was one. Dryden.
I am not chang'd, I love my husband still;
But live him as he was when youthful grace,
And the first down began to shade his face. Dryd. Aurengz.
On thy chin the springing beard began
To spread a doubtful down, and promise man. Prior.
4. The soft fibres of plants which wing the seeds.
Any light thing that moveth, when we find no wind,
sheweth a wind at hand; as when feathers, or down of thistles,
fly to and fro in the air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 822.
Like scatter'd down by howling Eurus blown,
By rapid whirlwinds from his mansion thrown. Sandys.

DOWN. n. s. [dun, Saxon; dune, Erse, a hill; but it is used
now as if derived from the adverb.] A large open plain, or
valley.
On the downs we see, near Wilton fair,
A hast'ned hare from greedy greyhound go. Sidney.
Lord of much riches, which the use renowns;
Seven thousand broad-tail'd sheep graz'd on his downs. Sandys.
Not all the fleecy wealth
That doth enrich those downs is worth a thought,
To this my errand, and the care it brought. Milton.
How Will-a-wisp misleads night-faring clowns
O'er hills, and sinking bogs, and pathless downs. Gay.
To compass this, his building is a town,
His pond an ocean, his parterre a down. Pope, Epistle iv.
2. A hill; a rising ground. This sense is very rare.


Hills afford pleasant prospects; as they must needs acknow­
ledge who have been on the downs of Sussex. Ray on the Creat.

DOWN. prep. [aduna, Saxon.]
1. Along a descent; from a higher place to a lower.
Let go thy hold when a great wheel runs down hill, lest it
break thy neck with following it; but the great one that goes
upward, let him draw after. Shakespeare's King Lear.
A man falling down a precipice, though in motion, is not
at liberty, because he cannot stop that motion if he would. Loc.
2. Towards the mouth of a river.
Mahomet put his chief substance into certain boats, to be
conveyed down the river, as purposing to fly. Knolles.

DOWN. adv. 
1. On the ground; from the height at which any thing was to
a lower situation.
Whom they hit, none on their feet might stand,
Though standing else as rocks; but down they fell
By thousands. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 593.
Down sinks the giant with a thund'ring sound,
His pond'rous limbs oppress the trembling ground;
Blood, brains, and foam, gush from the gaping wound. Dr.
2. Tending towards the ground.
3. Out of sight; below the horizon.
How goes the night, boy?
—The moon is down; I have not heard the clock,
And she goes down at twelve. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. To a total maceration.
What remains of the subject, after the decoction, is con­
tinued to be boiled down, with the addition of fresh water, to
a sapid fat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
5. Into disgrace; into declining reputation.
He shar'd our dividend o' th' crown,
We had so painfully preach'd down;
And forc'd us, though against the grain,
T' have calls to teach it up again. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.
It has been still preached up, but acted down; and dealt
with, as the eagle in the fable did with the oyster, carrying it
up on high, that, by letting it fall, he might dash it in
pieces. South's Sermons.
There is not a more melancholy object in the learned
world, than a man who has written himself down. Addison.
6. [Answering to up.] Here and there.
Let them wander up and down for meat, and grudge if they
be not satisfied. Ps. lix. 15.

DOWN. interj. 
1. An exhortation to destruction or demolition.
Go, some pull down the Savoy; others to the Inns of
Courts: down with them all. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
If there be ten, shrink not; but down with them. Shakesp.
But now they cry, down with the palace, fire it,
Pull out th' usurping queen. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. A contemptuous threat.
Down, down to hell, and say I sent thee thither. Shakesp.

DOWN. [To go.] To be digested; to be received.
If he be hungry more than wanton, bread alone will down;
and if he be not hungry, 'tis not fit he should eat. Locke.
I know not how absurd this may seem to the masters of de­
monstration; and probably it will hardly down with any body,
at first hearing. Locke.

To DOWN. v. a. [from the particle.] To knock; to subdue;
to suppress; to conquer.
The hidden beauties seem'd in wait to lie,
To down proud hearts, that would not willing die. Sidney.

DO’WNCAST. adj. [down and cast.] Bent down; directed to
the ground.
Wanton languishing borrowed of her eyes the downcast
look of modesty. Sidney, b. ii.
My wily nurse by long experience found,
And first discover'd to my soul its wound,
'Tis love, said she; and then my downcast eyes,
And guilty dumbness, witness'd my surprize. Dryden.
Thy downcast looks, and thy disorder'd thoughts,
Tell me my fate: I ask not the success
My cause has found. Addison's Cato.

DO’WNFAL. n. s. [down and fall.]
1. Ruin; calamity; fall from rank or state.
Why do'st thou say king Richard is depos'd?
Dar'st thou, thou little better thing than earth,
Divine his downfal? Shakespeare's Richard II.
We have seen some, by the ways by which they had de­
signed to rise uncontrollably, to have directly procured their
utter downfal. South's Sermons.
2. A sudden fall, or body of things falling.
Each downfal of a flood the mountains pour
From their rich bowels, rolls a silver stream. Dryd. Ind. Em.
3. Destruction of fabricks.
Not more aghast the matrons of renown,
When tyrant Nero burn'd th' imperial town,
Shriek'd for the downfal in a doleful cry,
For which their guiltless lords were doom'd to die. Dryden.

DO’WNFALLEN. participial adj. [down and fall.] Ruined;
fallen.
The land is now divorced by the downfallen steep cliffs on
the farther side. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

DO’WNGYRED. adj. [down and gyred.] Let down in circular
wrinkles.
Lord Hamlet, with his stockings loose,
Ungarter'd, and downgyred to his ancles. Shakesp. Hamlet.

DO’WNHIL. n. s. [down and hill.] Declivity; descent.
Heavy the third, and stiff, he sinks apace;
And though 'tis downhil all, but creeps along the race. Dryd.

DO’WNHIL. adj. Declivous; descending.

DO’WNLOOKED. adj. [down and look.] Having a dejected
countenance; gloomy; sullen; melancholy.
Jealousy suffus'd, with jaundice in her eyes,
Discolouring all she view'd, in tawney dress'd;
Downlook'd, and with a cuckow on her fist. Dryd. Fables.

DO’WNLYING. adj. [down and lie.] About to be in travail of
childbirth.

DO’WNRIGHT. adv. [down and right.]
1. Strait or right down; down perpendicularly.
A giant's slain in fight,
Or mow'd o'erthwart, or cleft downright. Hudibras, p. i.
2. In plain terms; without ceremony.
Elves away;
We shall chide downright, if I longer stay. Shakespeare.
3. Completely; without stopping short.
This paper put Mrs. Bull in such a passion, that she fell
downright into a fit. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

DO’WNRIGHT. adj. 
1. Plain; open; apparent; undisguised.
An admonition from a dead author, or a caveat from an
impartial pen, will prevail more than a downright advice,
which may be mistaken as spoken magisterially. Bacon.
It is downright madness to strike where we have no power
to hurt. L'Estrange, Fab. 44.
Religion seems not in danger from downright atheism, since
rational men must reject that for want of proof. Roger's Serm.
The merchant's wife, who abounds in plenty, is not to
have downright money; but the mercenary part of her mind
is engaged with a present of plate. Spectator, No. 266.
2. Directly tending to the point; plain; artless.
I would rather have a plain downright wisdom, than a
foolish and affected eloquence. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
3. Unceremonious; honestly surly.
When it came to the count to speak, old fact so stared him
in the face, after his plain downright way, that the count was
struck dumb. Addison's Count Tariff.
4. Plain; without palliation.
The idolatry was direct and downright in the people, whose
credulity is illimitable. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.

DO’WNSITTING. n. s. [down and sit.] Rest; repose; the act
of sitting down, or going to rest.
Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising; thou un­
derstandest my thoughts afar off. Ps. cxxxix. 2.

DO’WNWARD. adv. [duneweard, Saxon.]

DO’WNWARDS. adv. [duneweard, Saxon.]
1. Towards the center.
As you lift up the glasses the drop will ascend slower and
slower, and at length rest, being carried downward by its
weight, as much as upwards by the attraction. Newton's Opt.
2. From a higher situation to a lower.
Look downward on that globe, whose hither sides,
With light from hence, shines. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Hills are ornamental to the earth, affording pleasant pro­
spects to them that look downwards from them upon the sub­
jacent countries. Ray on the Creation.
What would this man? Now upward will he soar,
And little less than angel, would be more:
Now looking downwards, just as griev'd, appears
To want the strength of bulls, the fur of bears. Pope.
3. In a course of successive or lineal descent.
A ring the count does wear,
That downward hath succeeded in his house,
From son to son, some four or five descents. Shakespeare.

DO’WNWARD. adj. 
1. Moving on a declivity; tending towards the center; tend­
ing to the ground.
With downward force,
That drove the sand along, he took his way,
And roll'd his yellow billows to the sea. Dryden's Æn.
2. Declivous; bending.
When Aurora leaves our northern sphere,
She lights the downward heaven, and rises there. Dryd. Virg.
3. Depressed; dejected.
At the lowest of my downward thoughts, I pulled up my
heart to remember, that nothing is atchieved before it be
thoroughly attempted, and that lying still doth never go
forward. Sidney.

DO’WNY. adj. [from down.]
1. Covered with down or nap.
By his gates of breath
There lies a downy feather, which stirs not:


Did he suspire, that light and weightless down
Perforce must move. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
There be plants that have prickles, yet have downy or vel­
vet rind upon their leaves; as stock-gillyflowers and coltsfoot;
which down or nap consisteth of a subtile spirit, in a soft sub­
stance. Bacon's Natural History, No. 560.
In her hand she held
A bough of fairest fruit, that downy smil'd,
New-gather'd, and ambrosial smell diffus'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. Made of down or soft feathers.
A side breeze from westward waits their sails to fill,
And rests in those high beds his downy wings. Dryden.
Belinda still her downy pillow prest,
Her guardian sylph prolong'd the balmy rest. Pope.
3. Soft; tender; soothing.
Banquo! Donalbain! Malcolm! awake!
Shake off this downy sleep, death's counterfeit,
And look on death itself. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The night's companion kindly cheating them
Of all their cares, tam'd the rebellious eye
Of sorrow with a soft and downy hand,
Sealing all breasts in a lethean band. Crashaw.

DO’WRE. n. s. [douaire, French. It ought to be written
dower.]

DO’WRY. n. s. [douaire, French. It ought to be written
dower.]
1. A portion given with a wife.
I could marry this wench for this dowre. Sidney.
And ask no other dowry but such another jest. Shakespeare.
The king must die, that I may make you great,
And give a crown in dowry with my love. Dryd. Span. Fry.
Tethys all her waves in dowry gives. Dryden's Virgil.
2. A reward paid for a wife.
Thine own hand
An hundred of the faithless foe shall slay,
And for a dowre a hundred foreskins pay. Cowley's Davideis.
3. A gift; a fortune given.

DOXO’LOGY. n. s. [δόξα and λόγ.] A form of giving glory to
God.
David breaks forth into these triumphant praises and doxolo­
gies expressed in the text; Blessed be the Lord God of Israel,
who has kept me this day from shedding blood, and from
avenging myself with my own hand. South's Sermons.
Little did Athanasius imagine, that ever it would have been
received in the Christian church, to conclude their books with
a doxology to God and the blessed virgin. Stillingfleet.

DO’XY. n. s. A whore; a loose wench.
When daffadils begin to pure,
With heigh! the doxy over the dale. Shakes. Winter's Tale.

To DOZE. v. n. [dwæs, Saxon; daes, Dutch.] To slumber;
to live in a state of drousiness; to be half asleep.
There was no sleeping under his roof: if he happened to
doze a little, the jolly cobler waked him. L'Estrange.
It has happened to young men of the greatest wit to waste
their spirits with anxiety and pain, so far as to doze upon their
work with too much eagerness of doing well. Dryd. Dufresn.
How to the banks, where bards departed doze,
They led him soft; how all the bards arose. Pope's Dunciad.
Chiefless armies doz'd out the campaign,
And navies yawn'd for orders on the main. Pope's Dunciad.

To DOZE. v. a. To stupify; to dull.
He was now much decayed in his parts, and with immo­
derate drinking dozed in his understanding. Clarendon, b. viii.
Two satyrs, on the ground,
Stretch'd at his ease, their sire, Silenus, found
Doz'd with his fumes, and heavy with his load. Dryden.

DO’ZEN. n. s. [douzaine, French.] The number of twelve.
We cannot lodge and board a dozen or fourteen gentlewo­
men, but it will be thought we keep a bawdyhouse straight.
Shakespeare's Henry V.
That they bear such huge leaves, or delicate fruit, I could
never find; yet I have travelled a dozen miles together under
them. Raleigh's History of the World.
By putting twelve units together, we have the complex
idea of a dozen. Locke.
The number of dissenters was something under a dozen
with them. Swift concerning the Sacramental Test.

DO’ZINESS. n. s. [from dozy.] Sleepiness; drousiness.
A man, by a violent fit of the gout in his limbs, finds a
doziness in his head, or a want of appetite. Locke.

DO’ZY. adv. [from doze.] Sleepy; drousy; sluggish.
The yawning youth, scarce half awake, essays
His lazy limbs and dozy head to raise. Dryden's Pers. Sat.

DRA

DRAB. n. s. [drabbe, Saxon, lees.] A whore; a strumpet.
That I, the son of a dear father murder'd,
Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words,
And fall a cursing, like a very drab! Shakesp. Hamlet.
If your worship will take order for the drabs and the
knaves, you need not to fear the bawds. Shakespeare.
Babe,
Ditch-deliver'd by a drab. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Curs'd be the wretch so venal, and so vain,
Paltry and proud as drabs in Drury-lane. Pope.

DRACHM. n. s. [drachma, Latin.]
1. An old Roman coin.
See here these movers, that do prize their honours
At a crack'd drachm. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. The eighth part of an ounce.

DRACUNCULUS. n. s. [Latin.] A worm bred in the hot
countries, which grows to many yards length between the
skin and flesh.

DRAD. adj. [for dread, or the preterit of To dread.] Terrible;
formidable; dreaded.
Th' utmost sand-breach they shortly fetch,
Whilst the drad danger does behind remain. Fairy Queen.

DRAFF. n. s. [drof, dirty, Saxon; draf, Dutch, the sediment
of ale.] Any thing thrown away; sweepings; refuse; lees;
dregs.
You would think I had a hundred and fifty tattered prodi­
gals lately come from swinekeeping, from eating draff and
husks. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
'Twere simple fury, still thyself to waste
On such as have no taste;
To offer them a surfeit of pure bread
Whose appetite is dead!
No, give them grains their fill;
Husks, draff, to drink and swill. Ben. Johnson.
I call'd, and drew them thither,
My hell-hounds to lick up the draff and filth,
Which man's polluting sin with taint had shed
On what was pure. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 630.
Here rather let me drudge, and earn my bread,
'Till vermin, or the draff of servile food,
Consume me. Milton's Agonistes.
As Muley-Zeydan were not worth their care,
And younger brothers but the draff of nature. Dryden.

DRA’FFY. adj. [from draff.] Worthless; dreggy.

DRAFT. adj. [corrupt for draught.]
Ulysses and old Nestor yoke you like draft oxen, and make
you plough up the wair. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

To DRAG. v. a. [dragan, Saxon.]
1. To pull along the ground by main force; to draw heavily
along.
Such his aspect, when, foil'd with bloody dust,
Dragg'd by the cords which thro' his feet were thrust. Denh.
2. To draw any thing burthensome; any thing from which one
cannot disengage one's self.
'Tis long since I, for my celestial wife,
Loath'd by the gods, have dragg'd a ling'ring life. Dryden.
Can I, who lov'd so well,
To part with all my bliss to save my lover?
Oh! can I drag a wretched life without him? Smith.
While I have any ability to hold a commerce with you, I
will never be silent; and this chancing to be a day that I can
hold a pen, I will drag it as long as I am able. Swift.
3. To draw contemptuously along, as a thing unworthy to be
carried.
They shall surprize
The serpent, prince of air, and drag in chains
Through all his realm, and there confounded leave. Milton.
To fall, that's justice;
But then, to drag him after! For to die,
And yet in death to conquer, is my wish. Dryd. Cleomenes.
He triumphs in St. Austin's opinion; and is not only con­
tent to drag me at his chariot-wheels, but he makes a shew
of me. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
4. To pull about with violence and ignominy.
The constable was no sooner espied but he was reproached
with disdainful words, beaten and dragged in so barbarous a
manner, that he hardly escaped with his life. Clarendon.
5. To pull roughly and forcibly.
In my fatal cause your sword was drawn;
The weight of my misfortunes dragg'd you down. Dryden.

To DRAG. v. n. To hang so low as to trail or grate upon the
ground.
From hence are heard the groans of ghosts, the pains
Of sounding lashes, and of dragging chains. Dryden's Æn.
A door is said to drag, when, by its ill hanging on its hinges,
the bottom edge of the door rides in its sweep upon the
floor. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

DRAG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A net drawn along the bottom of the water.
Casting nets were spread in shallow brooks,
Drags in the deep, and baits were hung on hooks. Dryden.
The creatures are but instruments in God's hand: the re­
turning our acknowledgments to them is just the same absur­
dity with theirs who burnt incense to the drag, and sacrificed
to the net. Rogers's Sermons.
2. An instrument with hooks to catch hold of things under
water.
You may in the morning find it near to some fixed place,
and then take it up with a drag hook, or otherwise. Walton.
3. A kind of car drawn by the hand.
The drag is made somewhat like a low car: it is used for


the carriage of timber, and then is drawn by the handle by
two or more men. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

DRA’GNET. n. s. [drag and net.] A net which is drawn along
the bottom of the water.
Dragnets were made to fish within the deep,
And castingnets did rivers bottoms sweep. May's Virgil.
Some fishermen, that had been out a whole day with a drag­
net, and caught nothing, had a draught towards the evening,
that came home very heavy, which put them in hope of a
sturgeon at last. L'Estrange, Fable 112.
One of our late great poets is sunk in his reputation, be­
cause he could never forgive any conceit which came in his
way, but swept, like a dragnet, great and small. Dryden.
Whatsoever old time, with his huge dragnet, has conveyed
down to us along the stream of ages, whether it be shells or
shellfish, jewels or pebbles, sticks or straws, seaweeds or mud,
these are the ancients, these are the fathers. Watts's Improvem.

To DRA’GGLE. v. a. [from drag.] To make dirty by dragging
on the ground.
You'll see a draggled damsel, here and there,
From Billingsgate her fishy traffick bear. Gay's Trivia.
He wore the same gown five years, without draggling or
tearing. Swift.

To DRA’GGLE. v. n. To grow dirty by being drawn along
the ground.
His draggling tail hung in the dirt,
Which on his rider he would flirt. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.

DRA’GON. n. s. [draco, Latin; dragon, French.]
1. A kind of winged serpent, perhaps imaginary, much cele­
brated in the romances of the middle age.
I go alone,
Like to a lonely dragon, that his sen
Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen. Shak. Coriolan.
Swift, swift, you dragons of the night! that dawning
May bear the raven's eye. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
And you, ye dragons! of the scaly race,
Whom glittering gold and shining armours grace;
In other nations harmless are you found,
Their guardian genii and protectors own'd. Rowe.
On spiry volumes there a dragon rides;
Here, from our strict embrace, a stream he glides. Pope.
2. A fierce violent man or woman.
3. A constellation near the North pole.

DRA’GON. n. s. [dracunculus, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves are like those of arum, but divided into many
parts: the stalk is spotted; but, in other respects, it agrees
with the arum. Miller.

DRAGONET. n. s. [from dragon.] A little dragon.
Or in his womb might lurk some hidden nest
Of many dragonets, his fruitful seed. Fairy Queen, b. i.

DRA’GONFLY. n. s. [dragon and fly.] A fierce stinging fly.
The body of the cantharides is bright coloured; and it
may be, that the delicate coloured dragonflies may have like­
wise some corrosive quality. Bacon's Natural History, No. 729.

DRA’GONISH. adj. [from dragon.] Having the form of a
dragon; dragonlike.
Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish;
A vapour sometime like a bear or lion. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.

DRA’GONLIKE. adj. [dragon and like.] Furious; fiery.
He fights dragonlike, and does atchieve as soon
As draw his sword. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

DRA’GONSBLOOD. n. s. [dragon and blood.] So called from a
false opinion of the dragon's combat with the elephant.
Dragonsblood is a resin, so oddly named as to seem to have
been imagined an animal production. It is moderately heavy,
friable, and dusky red; but of a bright scarlet, when pow­
dered: it has little smell, and is of a resinous and astringent
taste. One sort is very compact: another sort less compact,
and less pure, is called common dragonsblood. A third sort is
tough and viscous, and of a blood colour; and in keeping it
grows hard, like the first sort. Four vegetables afford dragons­
blood: one is a tall tree in the Canaries: the sanguis draconis
exsudates from the cracks of the bark in the great heats.
Another grows to six or eight feet high in the island of Java,
where the resin is extracted from the fruit, about the size of a
hazelnut, by boiling. A third is a tall tree in New Spain,
and a true sanguis draconis flows from the trunk. The fourth
grows in Java, and has a red bark: its trunk and large
branches yield a resinous juice, which seems to be our finest
sort of dragonsblood. Hill's Moteria Medica.
Take dragonsblood, beat it in a mortar, and put it in a cloth
with aqua vita, and strain them together. Peacham.

DRA’GONSHEAD. n. s. A plant.
It hath a labiated flower, consisting of one leaf; whose
upper lip, which is crested, and its under lip, which is divided
into three segments, end in chaps or jaws, and have the re­
presentation of a dragon's head. Miller.

DRA’GONTREE. n. s. See PALMTREE, of which it is a
species.
This tree is common in the Madeira and Canary islands,
where they grow to a considerable size; and from it is sup­
posed that the dragonsblood is obtained. Miller.

DRAGO’ON. n. s. [from dragen, German, to carry.] A kind
of soldier that serves indifferently either on foot or horseback.
Two regiments of dragoons suffered much in the late
action. Tatler, No. 55.

To DRAGO’ON. v. a. [from the noun.] To persecute by aban­
doning a place to the rage of soldiers.
In politicks I hear you're stanch,
Directly bent against the French;
Deny to have your free-born foe
Dragoon'd into a wooden shoe. Prior.

To DRAIN. v. a. [trainer, French.]
1. To draw off gradually.
Salt water, drained through twenty vessels of earth, hath
become fresh. Bacon's Natural History, No. 2.
The fountains drain the water from the ground adjacent,
and leave but sufficient moisture to breed moss. Bacon.
In times of dearth it drained much coin of the kingdom,
to furnish us with corn from foreign parts. Bacon to Villiers.
Whilst a foreign war devoured our strength, and drained
our treasures, luxury and expences increased at home. Atterb.
The last emperor drained the wealth of those countries
into his own coffers, without increasing his troops against
France. Swift.
2. To empty by drawing gradually away what it contains.
Sinking waters, the firm land to drain,
Fill'd the capacious deep, and form'd the main. Roscommon.
The royal babes a tawny wolf shall drain. Dryden.
While cruel Nero only drains
The mortal Spaniard's ebbing veins,
By study worn, and slack with age,
How dull, how thoughtless is his rage? Prior.
Had the world lasted from all eternity, these comets must
have been drained of all their fluids. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
3. To make quite dry.
When wine is to be bottled, wash your bottles, but do not
drain them. Swift's Directions to the Butler.

DRAIN. n. s. [from the verb.] The channel through which
liquids are gradually drawn; a watercourse; a sink.
If your drains be deep, that you fear cattle falling into
them, fling in stones and brickbats, and cover them with
wood, flags, and turf. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Why should I tell of ponds and drains,
What carps we met with for our pains? Swift.

DRAKE. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. The male of the duck.
The duck should hide her eggs from the drake, who will
suck them if he finds them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. [from draco, dragon, French.] A small piece of artillery.
Two or three shots, made at them by a couple of drakes,
made them stagger. Clarendon, b. viii.

DRAM. n. s. [from drachm, drachma, Latin.]
1. In weight the eighth part of an ounce.
The trial being made betwixt lead and lead, weighing
severally seven drams in the air, the balance in the water
weigheth only four drams and forty-one grains, and abateth
of the weight in the air two drams and nineteen grains: the
balance kept the same depth in the water as abovesaid.
Bacon.
2. A small quantity, in a kind of proverbial sense.
One loving hour
For many years of sorrow can dispense;
A dram of sweet is worth a pound of four. Fairy Queen.
No dram of judgment with thy force is join'd;
Thy body is of profit, and my mind. Dryden's Fables.
3. Such a quantity of distilled spirits as is usually drank at once.
I could do this, and that with no rash potion,
But with a ling'ring dram, that should not work
Maliciously like poison. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Every dram of brandy, every pot of ale that you drink,
raiseth your character. Swift.
4. Spirits; distilled liquors.
A second see, by meeker manners known,
And modest as the maid that sips alone;
From the strong fate of drams if thou get free,
Another Durfy, Ward! shall sing in thee. Pope's Dunciad.

To DRAM. v. n. [from the noun.] In low language, to drink
drams; to drink distilled spirits.

DRA’MA. n. s. [δϱαμα.] A poem accommodated to action; a
poem in which the action is not related, but represented; and
in which therefore such rules are to be observed as make the
representation probable.
Many rules of imitating nature Aristotle drew from Homer,
which he fitted to the drama; furnishing himself also with
observations from the theatre, when it flourished under Eschy­
lus, Euripides, and Sophocles. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.

DRAMA’TICAL. adj. [from drama.] Represented by action;
not narrative.

DRAMA’TICK. adj. [from drama.] Represented by action;
not narrative.
I hope to make it appear, that in the great dramatick
poem of nature, is a necessity of introducing a God. Bentley.

DRAMA’TICALLY. adv. [from dramatick.] Representatively;
by representation.


Ignorance and errors are severally reprehended, partly dra­
matically, partly simply. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.

DRA’MATIST. n. s. [from drama.] The author of dramatick
compositions.
The whole theatre resounds with the praises of the great
dramatist, and the wonderful art and order of the compo­
sition. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

DRANK. [the preterite of drink.]

To DRAPE. v. n. [drap, French; drapus, low Latin.]
1. To make cloth.
It was a rare thing to set prices by statute; and this act did
not prescribe prices, but stinted them not to exceed a rate,
that the clothier might drape accordingly as he might afford.
Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To jeer, or satyrize. [drapper, French.] It is used in this sense
by the innovator Temple, whom nobody has imitated.

DRA’PER. n. s. [from drape.] One who sells cloth.
If a piece of cloth in a draper's shop be variously folded, it
will appear of differing colours. Boyle on Colours.
The draper and mercer may measure her as they please.
Howel's England's Tears.

DRA’PERY. n. s. [drapperie, French.]
1. Clothwork; the trade of making cloth.
He made statutes for the maintenance of drapery, and
the keeping of wools within the realm. Bacon's Henry VII.
The reverend clergy should set us an example, by con­
tenting themselves with wearing gowns, and other habili­
ments, of Irish drapery. Swift.
2. Cloth; stuffs of wool.
The bulls and frogs had served the lord Strut with drapery
ware for many years. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
3. The dress of a picture, or statue.
Poets are allowed the same liberty in their descriptions and
comparisons, as painters in their draperies and ornaments. Pri.

DRA’PET. n. s. [from drape.] Cloth; coverlet.
Thence she them brought into a stately hall,
Wherein were many tables fair dispred,
And ready dight with drapets feastival,
Against the viands should be ministred. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

DRA’STICK. adj. [δϱάϛιϰ.] Powerful; vigorous; efficacious.
It is used of a medicine that works with speed; as jalap,
scammony, and the stronger purges. Quincy.

DRAVE. [the preterite of drive.]
He drave them beyond Amon's flood,
And their sad bounds mark'd deep in their own blood. Cowl.
The soe rush'd furious as he pants for breath,
And through his navel drave the pointed death. Pope's Iliad.

DRAUGH. n. s. [corruptly written for draff.] Refuse; swill.
See DRAFF.
We do not act, that often jest and laugh:
'Tis old, but true, still swine eat all the draugh. Shakesp.

DRAUGHT. n. s. [from draw.]
1. The act of drinking.
Fill high the goblets with a sparkling flood,
And with deep draughts invoke our common god. Dryden.
They slung up one of their hogsheads, and I drank it off at
a draught, which I might well do; for it did not hold half a
pint. Gulliver's Travels.
2. A quantity of liquor drank at once.
He had once continued about nine days without drink; and
he might have continued longer, if, by distempering himself
one night with hard study, he had not had some inclination to
take a small draught. Boyle.
I have cured some very desperate coughs by a draught every
morning of spring-water, with a handful of sage boiled in
it. Temple.
Every draught, to him that has quenched his thirst, is but
a further quenching of nature; a provision for rheum and
diseases. South's Sermons.
Long draughts of sleep his monstrous limbs enslave;
He reels, and, falling, fills the spacious cave. Dryden's Æn.
3. Liquor drank for pleasure.
Were it a draught for Juno when she banquets,
I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton.
Number'd ills, that lie unseen
In the pernicious draught: the word obscene,
Or harsh, which, once elanc'd, must ever fly
Irrevocable; the too prompt reply. Prior.
Delicious wines th' attending herald brought;
The gold gave lustre to the purple draught. Pope's Odyssey.
4. The act of drawing or pulling carriages.
A general custom of using oxen for all sorts of draught,
would be perhaps the greatest improvement. Temple.
The most occasion that farmers have, is for draught horses.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. The quality of being drawn.
The Hertfordshire wheel-plough is the best and strongest
for most uses, and of the easiest draught. Mortimer's Husband.
6. Representation by picture.
Her pencil drew whate'er her soul design'd,
And oft the happy draught surpass'd the image in her mind.
Dryden.
7. Delineation; sketch.
A good inclination is but the first rude draught of virtue;
but the finishing strokes are from the will. South's Sermons.
I have, in a short draught, given a view of our original
ideas, from whence all the rest are derived. Locke.
8. A picture drawn.
Whereas in other creatures we have but the trace of his
footsteps, in man we have the draught of his hand: in him
were united all the scattered perfections of the creature. South.
9. The act of sweeping with a net.
Upon the draught of a pond not one fish was left, but two
pikes grown to an excessive bigness. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
10. The quantity of fishes taken by once drawing the net.
He laid down his pipe, and cast his net, which brought
him a very great draught. L'Estrange, Fable 109.
11. The act of shooting with the bow.
Geffrey of Boullion, the glorious general, at one draught
of his bow, shooting against David's tower in Jerusalem,
broached three feetless birds called allerions. Camden's Rem.
12. Diversion in war; the act of disturbing the main design;
perhaps sudden attack.
I conceive the manner of your handling of the service, by
drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy, when he looketh
not for you; and to watch advantages upon him, as he doth
upon you. Spenser's Ireland.
13. Forces drawn off from the main army; a detachment.
Such a draught of forces would lessen the number of those,
that might otherwise be employed. Addison.
14. A sink; a drain.
Whatsoever entereth in at the mouth goeth into the belly,
and is cast out into the draught. Mat. xv. 17.
15. The depth which a vessel draws, or sinks into the water.
With roomy decks, her guns of mighty strength,
Deep in her draught, and warlike in her length. Dryden.
With a small vessel one may keep within a mile of the
shore, go amongst rocks, and pass over shoals, where a vessel
of any draught would strike. Ellis's Voyage.
16. [In the plural, draughts.] A kind of play resembling chess.

DRAUGHTHOUSE. n. s. [draught and house.] A house in which
filth is deposited.
And they brake down the image of Baal, and brake down
the house of Baal, and made it a draughthouse. 2 Kings x. 27.

To DRAW. v. a. pret. drew; part. pass. drawn. [dragan,
Saxon.]
1. To pull along; not to carry.
Then shall all Israel bring ropes to that city, and we will
draw it into the river. 2 Sa. xvii. 13.
2. To pull forcibly; to pluck.
He could not draw the dagger out of his belly. Judg. ii. 22.
The arrow is now drawn to the head. Atterbury.
3. To bring by violence; to drag.
Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the
judgment-seats? Ja. ii. 6.
4. To raise out of a deep place.
They drew up Jeremiah with cords, and took him up out
of the dungeon. Jer. xxxviii. 13.
Draw the water for the siege. Nath. iii. 14.
5. To suck.
He hath drawn thee dry. Ecclus. xiii. 7.
There was no war, no dearth, no stop of trade or com­
merce; it was only the crown which had sucked too hard,
and now being full, upon the head of a young king, was like
to draw less. Bacon's Henry VII.
Sucking and drawing the breast dischargeth the milk as fast
as it can be generated. Wiseman on Tumours.
6. To attract; to call towards itself.
We see that salt, laid to a cut finger, healeth it; so as it
seemeth salt draweth blood, as well as blood draweth salt. Bacon.
Majesty in an eclipse, like the sun, draws eyes, that would
not have looked towards it, if it had shined out. Suckling.
He affected a habit different from that of the times, such
as men had only beheld in pictures, which drew the eyes of
most, and the reverence of many towards him. Clarendon.
All eyes you draw, and with the eyes the heart;
Of your own pomp yourself the greatest part. Dryden.
7. To inhale.
Thus I call'd, and stray'd I know not whither,
From where I first drew air, and first beheld
This happy light. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 284.
While near the Lucrine lake, consum'd to death,
I draw the sultry air, and gasp for breath,
You taste the cooling breeze. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Why drew Marseille's good bishop purer breath,
When nature sicken'd, and each gale was death? Pope.
8. To take from any thing containing.
They drew out the staves of the ark. 2 Chron. v. 2.
9. To take from a cask.
The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees
Are left this vault to brag of. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
10. To pull a sword from the sheath.
We will our youth lead on to higher fields,
And draw no swords but what are sanctify'd. Shakes. H. IV.


I will draw my sword; my hand shall destroy them. Ex. xv.
He proceeded so far in his insolence as to draw out his
sword, with an intent to kill him. Dryden's Conq. of Granada.
In all your wars good fortune blew before you,
'Till in my fatal cause your sword was drawn;
The weight of my misfortunes dragg'd you down. Dryden.
11. To let out any liquid.
Some blood drawn on me would beget opinion
Of my more fierce endeavour. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I opened the tumour by the point of a lancet, without draw­
ing one drop of blood. Wiseman's Surgery.
12. To take bread out of the oven.
The joyner puts boards into ovens after the batch is drawn.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
13. To unclose or slide back curtains.
Go, draw aside the curtains, and discover
The sev'ral caskets to this noble prince. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
Alarm'd, and with presaging heart he came,
And drew the curtains, and expos'd the dame
To lothsome light. Dryden's Sigism. and Guiscar.
Shouts, cries, and groans first pierce my ears, and then
A flash of lightning draws the guilty scene,
And shows new arms, and wounds, and dying men. Dryden.
14. To close or spread curtains.
Philoclea earnestly again intreated Pamela to open her
grief, who, drawing the curtain, that the candle might not
complain of her blushing, was ready to speak. Sidney, b. ii.
15. To extract.
Spirits, by distillations, may be drawn out of vegetable
juices, which shall flame and fume of themselves. Cheyne.
16. To procure as an agent cause.
When he finds the hardship of slavery outweigh the value
of life, 'tis in his power, by resisting his master, to draw on
himself death. Locke.
17. To produce or bring as an efficient cause.
Have they invented tones to win
The women, and make them draw in
The men, as Indians with a female
Tame elephant inveigle the male? Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
Religion will requite all the honour we can do it, by the
blessings it will draw down upon us. Tillotson.
Our voluntary actions are the precedent causes of good and
evil, which they draw after them, and bring upon us. Locke.
What would a man value acres of excellent land, ready
cultivated, and well stocked too with cattle, where he had no
hopes of commerce with other parts of the world to draw
money to him, by the sale of the product of the island. Locke.
Those elucidations have given rise or increase to his doubts,
and drawn obscurity upon places of scripture. Locke.
His sword ne'er fell but on the guilty head;
Oppression, tyranny, and pow'r usurp'd,
Draw all the vengeance of his arm upon 'em. Addis. Cato.
18. To convey secretly.
The liers in wait draw themselves along. Judg. xx. 37.
In process of time, and as their people increased, they drew
themselves more westerly towards the Red sea.
Raleigh's History of the World.
19. To protract; to lengthen.
Do you note
How much her grace is alter'd on the sudden?
How long her face is drawn? how pale she looks,
And of an earthly cold? Observe her eyes! Shak. H. VIII.
If we shall meet again with more delight,
Then draw my life in length; let me sustain,
In hopes of his embrace, the worst of pain. Dryden's Æn.
In some similes men draw their comparisons into minute
particulars of no importance. Felton on the Classicks.
20. To utter lingeringly.
The brand amid' the flaming fuel thrown,
Or drew, or seem'd to draw, a dying groan. Dryd. Fables.
21. To represent by picture; or in fancy.
I do arm myself
To welcome the condition of the time;
Which cannot look more hideously on me,
Than I have drawn it in my fantasy. Shakesp. Henry IV.
With his other hand, thus o'er his brow,
He falls to such perusal of my face,
As he would draw it. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Draw the whole world expecting who should reign,
After this combat, o'er the conquer'd main. Waller.
From the soft assaults of love
Poets and painters never are secure:
Can I, untouch'd, the fair one's passions move,
Or thou draw beauty, and not feel its pow'r? Prior.
22. To form a representation.
The emperor one day took up a pencil which fell from the
hand of Titian, who was then drawing his picture; and upon
the compliment which Titian made him on that occasion, he
said, Titian deserves to be served by Cæsar. Dryden's Dufres.
23. To derive; to have from some original cause or donor.
Shall freeborn men, in humble awe,
Submit to servile shame;
Who from consent and custom draw
The same right to be rul'd by law,
Which kings pretend to reign? Dryden.
Several wits entered into commerce with the Egyptians, and
from them drew the rudiments of sciences. Temple.
24. To deduce as from postulates
From the events and revolutions of these governments are
drawn the usual instruction of princes and statesmen. Temple.
25. To imply; to produce as a consequential inference.
What shews the force of the inference but a view of all
the intermediate ideas that draw in the conclusion, or propo­
sition inferred. Locke.
26. To allure; to entice.
I'll raise such artificial sprights,
As, by the strength of their illusion,
Shall draw him on to his confusion. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
We have drawn them from the city. Jos. viii. 6.
Draw me not away with the wicked. Ps. xxviii. 3.
Having the art, by empty promises and threats, to draw
others to his purpose. Hayward.
The Spaniards, that were in the town, had so good memo­
ries of their losses in their former sallies, as the confidence of
an army, which came for their deliverance, could not draw
them forth again. Bacon's War with Spain.
27. To lead as a motive.
Your way is shorter;
My purposes do draw me much about. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.
Æneas wond'ring stood, then ask'd the cause
Which to the stream the crowding people draws. Dryden.
28. To persuade to follow.
The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods;
Since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage,
But musick, for the time, doth change his nature. Shakesp.
29. To induce; to persuade.
The English lords, to strengthen their parties, did ally
themselves with the Irish, and drew them in to dwell among
them, and gave their children to be fostered by them. Davies.
Their beauty or unbecomingness are of more force to draw
or deter their imitation than discourses. Locke.
30. To win; to gain: a metaphor from cards.
This seems a fair deserving, and must draw me
That which my father loses. Shakespeare's King Lear.
31. To receive; to take up.
For thy three thousand ducats here is six.
—If every ducat in six thousand ducats
Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,
I would not draw them, I would have my bond. Shakesp.
32. To extort; to force.
So sad an object, and so well express'd,
Drew sighs and groans from the griev'd hero's breast. Dryd.
Can you e'er forget
The fond embraces, and repeated blessings,
Which you drew from him in your last farewel? Add. Cato.
33. To wrest; to distort.
I wish that both you and others would cease from drawing
the Scriptures to your fantasies and affections. Whitgifte.
34. To compose; to form in writing.
In the mean time I will draw a bill of properties, such as
our play wants. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Clerk, draw a deed of gift. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.
The report is not unartfully drawn, in the spirit of a
pleader, who can find the most plausible topicks. Swift.
Shall Ward draw contracts with a statesman's skill? Pope.
35. To withdraw from judicial notice.
Go, wash thy face, and draw thy action: come, thou must
not be in this humour with me. Shakespeare.
36. To eviscerate; to embowel.
In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe,
And from your eels their slimy substance wipe. King's Cook.
37. To DRAW in. To apply to any purpose by distortion or
violence.
A dispute, where every little straw is laid hold on, and
every thing that can but be drawn in any way, to give colour
to the argument, is advanced with ostentation. Locke.
38. To DRAW in. To contract; to pull back.
Now, sporting muse, draw in the flowing reins;
Leave the clear streams awhile for sunny plains. Gay.
39. To DRAW in. To inveigle; to intice.
It was the prostitute faith of faithless miscreants that drew
them in, and deceived them. South's Sermons.
40. To DRAW off. To extract by distillation.
Authors, who have thus drawn off the spirits of their
thoughts, should lie still for some time, 'till their minds have
gathered fresh strength, and by reading, reflection, and con­
versation, laid in a new stock of elegancies, sentiments, and
images of nature. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.
41. To drain out by a vent.
Stop your vessel, and have a little vent-hole stopped with a
spill, which never allow to be pulled out 'till you draw off a
great quantity. Mortimer's Husbandry.
42. To DRAW off. To withdraw; to abstract.


It draws mens minds off from the bitterness of party. Add.
43. To DRAW on. To occasion; to invite.
Under colour of war, which either his negligence draws
on, or his practices procured, he levied a subsidy. Hayward.
44. To DRAW on. To cause; to bring by degrees.
The examination of the subtile matter would draw on the
consideration of the nice controversies that perplex philo­
sophers. Boyle on Fluids.
45. To DRAW over. To raise in a still.
I took rectified oil of vitriol, and by degrees mixed with it
essential oil of wormwood, drawn over with water in a
limbeck. Boyle on Colours.
46. To DRAW over. To persuade to revolt; to induce to
change a party.
Some might be brought into his interests by money, others
drawn over by fear. Addison on the State of the War.
One of differing sentiments would have drawn Luther over
to his party. Atterbury.
47. To DRAW out. To protract; to lengthen.
He must not only die the death,
But thy unkindness shall his death draw out
To ling'ring sufferance. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Virgil has drawn out the rules of tillage and planting into
two books, which Hesiod has dispatched in half a one. Addis.
48. To DRAW out. To extract; to pump out by insinuation.
Philoclea found her, and, to draw out more, said she, I
have often wondered how such excellencies could be. Sidney.
49. To DRAW out. To call to action; to detach for service;
to range.
Draw out a file, pick man by man,
Such who dare die, and dear will sell their death. Dryden.
Th' Arcadian king
And Trojan youth the same oblations bring:
Next of his men, and ships, he makes review,
Draws out the best and ablest of the crew. Dryden's Æn.
50. To range in battle.
Let him desire his superior officer, that the next time he is
drawn out the challenger may be posted near him. Collier.
51. To DRAW up. To form in order of battle.
The lord Bernard, with the king's troops, seeing there was
no enemy left on that side, drew up in a large field opposite
to the bridge. Clarendon, b. viii.
So Muley-Zeydan found us
Drawn up in battle to receive the charge. Dryd. Don Sebast.
52. To DRAW up. To form in writing; to contrive.
To make a sketch, or a more perfect model of a picture, is,
in the language of poets, to draw up the scenary of a play. Dry.
A paper might be drawn up, and signed by two or three
hundred principal gentlemen. Swift.

To DRAW. v. n. 
1. To perform the office of a beast of draught.
An heifer which hath not been wrought with, and which
hath not drawn in the yoke. Deutr. xxi. 3.
Think every bearded fellow, that's but yok'd,
May draw with you. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. To act as a weight.
They should keep a watch upon the particular bias in their
minds, that it may not draw too much. Addison's Spectator.
3. To contract; to shrink.
I have not yet found certainly, that the water itself, by
mixture of ashes, or dust, will shrink or draw into less
room. Bacon's Natural History, No. 34.
4. To advance; to move; to make progression.
Draw ye near hither all the chief of the people. 1 Sa. xiv.
He ended; and th' archangel soon drew nigh,
Not in his shape calestial, but as man
Clad to meet man. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 238.
Ambitious meteors! how willing they are to set themselves
upon the wing, taking every occasion of drawing upward to
the sun. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Now nearer to the Stygian lake they draw,
Whom from the shore the surly boatman saw,
Observ'd their passage through the shady wood,
And mark'd their near approaches to the flood. Dryden.
And now I faint with grief; my fate draws nigh:
In all the pride of blooming youth I die. Addison's Ovid.
5. To draw a sword.
For his sake
Did I expose myself, pure; for his love
Drew to defend him, when he was beset. Sh. Twelfth Night.
6. To practise the act of delineation
So much insight into perspective, and skill in drawing, as
will enable him to represent tolerably on paper any thing he
sees, should be got. Locke.
7. To take a card out of the pack; to take a lot.
He has drawn a black, and smiles. Dryden.
8. To make a sore run by attraction.
9. To retire; to retreat a little.
They returned to the camp where the king was, and the
Scots drew a little back to a more convenient post for their
residence. Clarendon, b. ii.
10. To DRAW off. To retire; to retreat.
When the engagement proves unlucky, the way is to draw
off by degrees, and not to come to an open rupture. Collier.
11. To DRAW on. To advance; to approach.
The fatal day draws on, when I must fall. Dryden.
12. To DRAW up. To form troops into regular order.

DRAW. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of drawing.
2. The lot or chance drawn.

DRAWBACK. n. s. [draw and back.] Money paid back for
ready payment, or any other reason.
In poundage and drawbacks I lose half my rent;
Whatever they give me, I must be content. Swift.

DRA’WBRIDGE. n. s. [draw and bridge.] A bridge made to
be lifted up, to hinder or admit communication at pleasure.
Half the buildings were raised on the continent, and the
other half on an island, continued together by a drawbridge.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

DRA’WER. n. s. [from draw.]
1. One employed in procuring water from the well.
From the hewer of thy wood unto the drawer of thy
water. Deutr. xxix. 11.
2. One whose business is to draw liquors from the cask.
To drive away the time 'till Falstaff comes, I pray thee do
thou stand in some bye room, while I question my puny
drawer to what end he gave me the sugar. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Let the drawers be ready with wine and fresh glasses;
Let the waiters have eyes, though their tongues must be
ty'd. Ben. Johnson's Tavern Academy.
A man of fire is a general enemy to all waiters, and
makes the drawers abroad, and his footmen at home, know
he is not to be provoked. Tatler, No. 61.
3. That which has the power of attraction.
Love is a flame, and therefore we say beauty is attractive,
because physicians observe that fire is a great drawer. Swift.
4. A box in a case, out of which it is drawn at pleasure.
There may be other and different intelligent beings, of
whose faculties he has as little knowledge, or apprehension, as
a worm, shut up in one drawer of a cabinet, hath of the senses
or understanding of a man. Locke.
We will suppose the China dishes taken off, and a drawer
of medals supplying their room. Addison on Medals.
5. [In the plural.] The lower part of a man's dress.
The Maltese harden the bodies of their children, and recon­
cile them to the heat, by making them go stark naked, with­
out shirt or drawers, 'till they are ten years old. Locke.

DRA’WING. n. s. [from draw.] Delineation; representation.
They random drawings from your sheets shall take,
And of one beauty many blunders make. Pope's Epistles.

DRA’WINGROOM. n. s. [draw and room.]
1. The room in which company assembles at court.
What you heard of the words spoken of you in the drawing­
room was not true: the sayings of princes are generally as ill
related as the sayings of wits. Pope.
2. The company assembled there.

DRAWN. [participle from draw.]
An army was drawn together of near six thousand horse. Cla.
So lofty was the pile a Parthian bow,
With vigour drawn, must put the shaft below. Dryd. Fab.
1. Equal; where each party takes his own stake.
If we make a drawn game of it, or procure but moderate
advantages, every British heart must tremble. Addison.
2. With a sword drawn.
What, art thou drawn among those heartless hinds? Shak.
3. Open; put aside, or unclosed.
A curtain drawn, presented to our view
A town besieg'd. Dryden's Tyran. Love.
4. Eviscerated.
There's no more faith in thee than in a stoned prune; no
more truth in thee than in a drawn fox. Shakesp.
5. Induced as from some motive.
The Irish will better be drawn to the English, than the Eng­
lish to the Irish government. Spenser on Ireland.
As this friendship was drawn together by fear on both sides,
so it was not like to be more durable than was the fear. Hayw.

DRA’WWELL. n. s. [draw and well.] A deep well; a well out
of which water is drawn by a long cord.
The first conceit, tending to a watch, was a drawwell: the
people of old were wont only to let down a pitcher with a
handcord, for as much water as they could easily pull up. Grew.

To DRAWL. v. n. [from draw.] To utter any thing in a
slow driveling way.
Then mount the clerks, and in one lazy tone
Through the long heavy page drawl on. Pope's Dunciad.

DRAY. n. s. [drag, Saxon.] The car on which beer
is carried.

DRA’YCART. n. s. [drag, Saxon.] The car on which beer
is carried.
Let him be brought into the field of election upon his dray­
cart, and I will meet him there in a triumphant chariot. Addis.
When drays bound high, then never cross behind,
Where bubbling yest is blown by gusts of wind. Gay's Triv.

DRA’YHORSE. n. s. [dray and horse.] A horse which draws a
dray.
This truth is illustrated by a discourse on the nature of the
elephant and the drayhorse. Tatler, No. 60.



DRA’YMAN. n. s. [dray and man.] One that attends a dray or
cart.
A brace of draymen bid God speed him well,
And had the tribute of his supple knee. Shakespeare.
Have not coblers, draymen, and mechanicks governed as
well as preached? Nay, have not they by preaching come to
govern? South's Sermons.

DRA’YPLOUGH. n. s. [dray and plough.] A plough of a parti­
cular kind.
The drayplough is the best plough in Winter for miry
clays. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DRA’ZEL. n. s. [perhaps corrupted from drossel, the scum or
dross of human nature; or from droslesse, French, a whore.]
A low, mean, worthless wretch.
As the devil uses witches,
To be their cully for a space,
That, when the time's expir'd, the drazels
For ever may become his vassals. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1.

DRE

DREAD. n. s. [drad, Saxon.]
1. Fear; terrour; affright.
Think'st thou that duty shall have dread to speak,
When pow'r to flatt'ry bows? To plainness honour
Is bound, when majesty to folly falls. Shakesp. King Lear.
But was ever any wicked man free from the stings of a
guilty conscience, from the secret dread of divine displeasure,
and of the vengeance of another world? Tillotson, Serm. 4.
If our fears can be awakened with the dread of evil, he has
armed his laws with the terrour of eternal misery. Rogers.
2. Habitual fear; awe.
The fear of you, and the dread of you, shall be upon every
beast of the earth. Gen. ix. 2.
3. The person or thing feared; the cause of fear.
To thee, of all our good the sacred spring;
To thee, our dearest dread; to thee, our softer king. Prior.

DREAD. adj. [dræd, Saxon.]
1. Terrible; frightful.
That e'er this tongue of mine,
That laid the sentence of dread banishment
On yond' proud man, should take it off again
With words of sooth! Shakespeare's Richard II.
It cannot be, but thou hast murther'd him:
So should a murtherer look, so dread, so grim. Shakespeare.
To be expos'd against the warring winds?
To stand against the deep dread bolted thunder. Shakesp.
Amaze
Be sure, and terrour, seiz'd the rebel host,
When, coming towards them, so dread they saw
The bottom of the mountains upward turn'd. Milt. P. Lost.
2. Awful; venerable in the highest degree.
Thou, attended gloriously from heav'n,
Shalt in the sky appear, and from thee send
The summoning archangels to proclaim
Thy dread tribunal. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 323.
From this descent
Celestial virtues rising, will appear
More glorious and more dread than from no fall. Milton.
3. This seems to be the meaning of that controverted phrase
dread majesty. Some of the old acts of parliament are said
in the preface to be metuendissimi regis, our dread sovereign's.

To DREAD. v. a. [from the noun.] To fear in an excessive
degree.
You may despise that which terrifies others, and which yet
all, even those who most dread it, must in a little time en­
counter. Wake.

To DREAD. v. n. To be in fear.
Dread not, neither be afraid of them. Deut. i. 8.

DRE’ADER. n. s. [from dread.] One that lives in fear.
I have suspended much of my pity towards the great
dreaders of popery. Swift.

DRE’ADFUL. n. s. [dread and full.] Terrible; frightful; for­
midable.
Thy love, still arm'd with fate,
Is dreadful as thy hate. Granville.

DRE’ADFULNESS. n. s. [from dreadful.] Terribleness; fright­
fulness.
It may justly serve for matter of extreme terrour to the
wicked, whether they regard the dreadfulness of the day in
which they shall be tried, or the quality of the judge by whom
they are to be tried. Hakewill on Providence.

DRE’ADFULLY. adv. [from dreadful.] Terribly; frightfully.
Not sharp revenge, nor hell itself can find
A fiercer torment than a guilty mind,
Which day and night doth dreadfully accuse,
Condemns the wretch, and still the charge renews. Dryden.

DRE’ADLESNESS. n. s. [from dreadless.] Fearlesness; intre­
pidity; undauntedness.
Zelmane, to whom danger then was a cause of dreadlesness,
all the composition of her elements being nothing but fiery,
with swiftness of desire crossed him. Sidney.

DRE’ADLESS. adj. [from dread.] Fearless; unaffrighted; in­
trepid; unshaken; undaunted; free from terrour.
Dreadless, said he, that shall I soon declare;
It was complain'd, that thou had'st done great tort
Unto an aged woman. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5. stan. 27.
All night the dreadless angel, unpursu'd,
Through heav'n's wide champaign held his way. Milton.

DREAM. n. s. [droom, Dutch.] This word is derived by Meric
Casaubon, with more ingenuity than truth, from δϱᾶμα  ί,
the comedy of life; dreams being, as plays are, a representation
of something which does not really happen. This conceit
Junius has enlarged by quoting an epigram.
Σληνὴ ϖὰς ὁ βι ϗ̀ παίγνιον ἤ μιάϑε πάιζειν,
Τὴν σπδὴν μεταϑεῖς, ἤ φέϱε τὰς ὄδυνας. Anthol.
1. A phantasm of sleep; the thoughts of a sleeping man.
We eat our meat in fear, and sleep
In the affliction of those terrible dreams
That shake us nightly. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In dreams they fearful precipices tread;
Or, shipwreck'd, labour to some distant shore. Dryden.
Glorious dreams stand ready to restore
The pleasing shapes of all you saw before. Dryden.
2. An idle fancy; a wild conceit; a groundless suspicion.
Let him keep
A hundred knights; yes, that on ev'ry dream,
Each buz, each fancy, each complaint, dislike,
He may enguard his dotage, Shakespeare's King Lear.

To DREAM. v. n. preter. dreamed, or dreamt. [from the noun.]
1. To have the representation of something in sleep.
Dreaming is the having of ideas, whilst the outward senses
are stopped, so that they receive not outward objects with
their usual quickness, in the mind; not suggested by any ex­
ternal objects, or known occasion, nor under the rule or con­
duct of the understanding. Locke.
I have long dream'd of such a kind of man,
But, being awake, I do despise my dream. Shakes. H. IV.
I have nightly since
Dreamt of encounters 'twixt thyself and me:
We have been down together in my sleep,
Unbuckling helms, fisting each other's throat,
And wak'd half dead with nothing. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I dreamed that I was conveyed into a wide and boundless
plain. Tatler, No. 81.
2. To think; to imagine.
These boys know little they are sons to th' king,
Nor Cymbeline dreams that they are alive. Shak. Cymbeline.
He never dreamed of the deluge, nor thought that first orb
more than a transient crust. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
He little dream'd how nigh he was to care,
'Till treach'rous fortune caught him in the snare. Dryden.
3. To think idly.
They dream on in a constant course of reading, but not
digesting. Locke.
I began to dream of nothing less than the immortality of
my work. Smith.
3. To be sluggish; to idle.
Why does Anthony dream out his hours,
And tempts not fortune for a noble day? Dryd. All for Love.

To DREAM. v. a. To see in a dream.
The Macedon, by Jove's decree,
Was taught to dream an herb for Ptolomey. Dryden.
At length in sleep their bodies they compose,
And dreamt the future fight, and early rose. Dryden's Fab.

DRE’AMER. n. s. [from dream.]
1. One who has dreams; one who has fancies in his sleep.
The vision said, and vanish'd from his sight;
The dreamer waken'd in a mortal fright. Dryden.
If our dreamer pleases to try whether the glowing heat of a
glass furnace be barely a wandering imagination in a drowsy
man's fancy, by putting his head into it, he may perhaps be
wakened into a certainty. Locke.
2. An idle fanciful man; a visionary.
Sometime he angers me,
With telling of the moldwarp, and the ant,
Of dreamer Merlin, and his prophecies. Shakes. Henry IV.
3. A mope; a man lost in wild imagination; a reveur.
The man of sense his meat devours,
But only smells the peel and flow'rs;
And he must be an idle dreamer,
Who leaves the pie, and gnaws the streamer. Prior.
4. A sluggard; an idler.

DRE’AMLESS. adj. [from dream.] Without dreams.
The savages of mount Atlas, in Barbary, were reported to
be both nameless and dreamless. Camden's Remains.

DREAR. adj. [dreorig, Saxon, dreary.] Mournful; dismal;
sorrowful.
In urns and altars round,
A drear and dying sound
Affrights the flamens at their service quaint. Milton.

DRE’ARIHEAD. n. s. [from dreary.] Horrour; dismalness:
a word now no longer in use.
That shortly from the shape of womanhed,
Such as she was when Pallas she attempted,


She grew to hideous shape of drearihead,
Pined with grief of folly late repented. Spenser.

DRE’ARIMENT. n. s. [from dreary.]
1. Sorrow; dismalness; melancholy.
I teach the woods and waters to lament
Your doleful dreariment. Spenser's Epithalamium.
2. Horrour; dread; terrour. This word is now obsolete.
Almighty Jove, in wrathful mood,
To wreak the guilt of mortal sins is bent;
Hurls forth his thundering dart with deadly food,
Inroll'd in flames and smould'ring dreariment. Fairy Queen.

DRE’ARY. adj. [dreorig, Saxon.]
1. Sorrowful; distressful.
The messenger of death, the ghastly owl,
With dreary shrieks did also yell;
And hungry wolves continually did howl
At her abhorred face, so horrid and so foul. Fairy Queen.
2. Gloomy; dismal; horrid.
Obscure they went through dreary shades, that led
Along the vast dominions of the dead. Dryden, Æn. 6.
Towns, forests, herds and men promiscuous drown'd,
With one great death deform the dreary ground. Prior.

DREDGE. n. s. [To dretch, in Chaucer, is to delay; perhaps a
net so often stopped may be called from this.] A kind of
net.
For oysters, besides gathering by hand, at a great ebb, they
have a peculiar dredge; which is a thick strong net, fastened
to three spills of iron, and drawn at the boat's stern, gathering
whatsoever it meeteth lying in the bottom of the water. Carew.

To DREDGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To gather with a
dredge.
The oysters dredged in the Lyne, find a welcome accep­
tance. Carew.

DREDGER. n. s. [from dredge.] One who fishes with a dredge.

DRE’GGINESS. n. s. [from dreggy.] Fulness of dregs or lees;
foulness; muddiness; feculence.

DRE’GGISH. adj. [from dregs.] Foul with lees; feculent.
To give a strong taste to this dreggish liquor, they fling in
an incredible deal of broom or hops, whereby small beer is
rendered equal in mischief to strong. Harvey on Consumptions.

DRE’GGY. adj. [from dregs.] Containing dregs; consisting of
dregs; muddy; feculent.
These num'rous veins, such is the curious frame,
Receive the pure insinuating stream;
But no corrupt or dreggy parts admit,
To form the blood, or feed the limbs unfit. Blackm. Creat.
Ripe grapes, being moderately pressed, their juice may,
without much dreggy matter, be squeezed out. Boyle.

DREGS. n. s. [dresten, Saxon; dreggian, Islandick.]
1. The sediment of liquors; the lees; the grounds; the fecu­
lence.
Fain would we make him author of the wine,
If for the dregs we could some other blame. Davies.
They often tread destruction's horrid path,
And drink the dregs of the revenger's wrath. Sandys.
We from the dregs of life think to receive,
What the first sprightly running could not give. Dryden.
Such run on poets in a raging vein,
Ev'n to the dregs and squeezings of the brain. Pope.
2. Any thing by which purity is corrupted.
The king by this journey purged a little the dregs and
leaven of the northern people, that were before in no good
affections towards him. Bacon.
3. Dross; sweepings; refuse.
Heav'n's favourite thou, for better fate's design'd,
Than we the dregs and rubbish of mankind. Dryden's Juv.
What diffidence we must be under, whether God will re­
gard our sacrifice, when we have nothing to offer him but
the dregs and refuse of life, the days of loathing and satiety,
and the years in which we have no pleasure. Rogers's Sermons.

To DREIN. v. n. [See DRAIN.] To empty.
I am sure I can fish it out of her: she is the sluice of her
lady's secrets: 'tis but setting her mill agoing, and I can drein
her of them all. Congreve's Old Batchelor.
'Tis drein'd and empty'd of its poison now;
A cordial draught. Southern.

To DRENCH. v. a. [drencan, Saxon.]
1. To wash; to soak; to steep.
In swinish sleep
Their drenched natures lie, as in a death. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Our garments being as they were drenched in the sea, hold
notwithstanding their freshness and glosses, being rather new­
dy'd than stain'd with salt water. Shakespeare's Tempest.
To-day deep thoughts learn with me to drench
In mirth, that after no repenting draws. Milton's Sam.
Now dam the ditches, and the floods restrain;
Their moisture has already drench'd the plain. Dryd. Virgil.
2. To saturate with drink or moisture: in an ill sense.
Too oft, alas! has mutual hatred drench'd
Our swords in native blood. Phillips.
3. To physick by violence.
If any of your cattle are infected, speedily let both sick and
well blood, and drench them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

DRENCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A draught; a swill: by way of abhorrence or contempt.
Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench
Of that forgetful lake benumb not still,
That in our proper motion we ascend. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Physick for a brute.
A drench is a potion or drink prepared for a sick horse, and
composed of several drugs in a liquid form. Farrier's Dict.
Harry, says she, how many hast thou kill'd to-day? Give
my roan horse a drench, says he; and answers, fourteen, an
hour after. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
A drench of wine has with success been us'd,
And through a horn the gen'rous juice infus'd. Dryden.
3. Physick that must be given by violence.
Their counsels are more like a drench, that must be poured
down, than a draught which might be leisurely drank, if I
liked it. King Charles.
4. A channel of water.

DRE’NCHER. n. s. [from drench.]
1. One that dips or steeps any thing.
2. One that gives physick by force. Dict.

DRENT. participle. Probably corrupted from drenched, to make
a proverbial rhyme, brent or burnt.
What flames, quoth he, when I the present see,
In danger rather to be drent than brent? Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To DRESS. v. a. [dresser, French.]
1. To clothe; to invest with cloaths.
The first request
He made, was, like his brothers to be dress'd;
And, as his birth requir'd, above the rest. Dryden.
2. To clothe pompously or elegantly.
Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is next the sun,
or where they look beauteously; that is, as they come towards
you to be enjoyed; for then they paint and smile, and dress
themselves up in tinsel and glass gems and counterfeit ima­
gery. Taylour.
Few admir'd the native red and white,
'Till poets dress'd them up to charm the sight. Dryd. Epistles.
Lollia Paulina wore, in jewels only, when dressed out,
about the value of three hundred twenty-two thousand nine
hundred and sixteen pounds thirteen shillings and four pence.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. To adorn; to deck; to embellish; to furnish.
Where was a fine room in the middle of the house, hand­
somely dressed up, for the commissioners to sit in. Clarendon.
Skill is used in dressing up power with all the splendour ab­
soluteness can add to it. Locke.
The mind loses its natural relish of real truth, and is re­
conciled insensibly to any thing that can be dressed up, into
any feint appearance of it. Locke.
4. To cover a wound with medicaments.
In time of my sickness another chirurgeon dressed her. Wisem.
5. To curry; to rub.
Our infirmities are so many, that we are forced to dress
and tend horses and asses, that they may help our needs. Taylor.
Three hundred horses, in high stables fed,
Stood ready, shining all, and smoothly dress'd. Dryd. Æn.
6. To rectify; to adjust.
Adam! well may we labour still to dress
This garden; still to tend plant, herb, and flow'r,
7. To prepare for any purpose.
In Orkney they dress their leather with roots of tormentil,
instead of bark. Mortimer's Husbandry.
8. To trim; to fit any thing for ready use.
When he dresseth the lamps he shall burn incense. Ex. xxx.
When you dress your young hops, cut away roots or
sprigs. Mortimer's Husbandry.
9. To prepare victuals for the table.
Thus the voluptuous youth, bred up to dress
For his fat grandsire some delicious mess,
In feeding high his tutor will surpass,
An heir apparent of the gourmand race. Dryden.

DRESS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Cloaths; garment; habit.
Dresses laughed at in our forefathers wardrobes or pictures,
when, by the circulation of time and vanity, they are brought
about, we think becoming. Government of the Tongue.
A robe obscene was o'er his shoulders thrown,
A dress by fates and furies worn alone. Pope's Statius.
2. Splendid cloaths; habit of ceremony.
Full dress creates dignity, augments consciousness, and
keeps at distance an encroacher. Clarissa.
3. The skill of adjusting dress.
The men of pleasure, dress, and gallantry. Pope.

DRE’SSER. n. s. [from dress.]
1. One employed in putting on the cloaths and adorning the
person of another.
She hurries all her hand-maids to the task;
Her head alone will twenty dressers ask. Dryden's Juvenal.


2. One employed in regulating, trimming, or adjusting any
thing.
Said he unto the dresser of his vineyard, Behold, these three
years I come seeking fruit on this fig-tree, and find none. Luke.
3. The bench in a kitchen on which meat is drest or prepared for
the table.
'Tis burnt, and so is all the meat:
What dogs are these? Where is the rascal cook?
How durst you, villains, bring it from the dresser,
And serve it thus to me that love it not? Shakespeare.
A mapple dresser in her hall she had,
On which full many a slender meal she made. Dryden.
When you take down dishes, tip a dozen upon the dresser.
Swift's Directions to the Cook.

DRE’SSING. n. s. [from dress.] The application made to a
sore.
The second day after we took off the dressings, and found
an eschar made by the catheretick. Wiseman on Tumours.

DRE’SSINGROOM. n. s. [dress and room.] The room in which
clothes are put on.
Latin books might be found every day in his dressingroom, if
it were carefully searched. Swift.

DREST. part. [from dress.]
In flow'ry wreaths the royal virgin drest
His bending horns, and kindly clapt his breast. Addis. Ovid.

DRI

To DRIB. v. a. [contracted from dribble.] To crop; to cut
off; to defalcate. A cant word.
Merchants gains come short of half the mart;
For he who drives their bargains, dribs a part. Dryd. Juv.

To DRI’BBLE. v. n. [This word seems to have come from
drop by successive alterations, such as are usual in living lan­
guages. Drop, drip, dripple, dribble, from thence drivel and
driveler. Drip may indeed be the original word, from the
Danish drypp.]
1. To fall in drops.
Semilunar processes on the surface, owe their form to the
dribbling of water that passed over it. Woodward on Fossils.
A dribbling, difficulty, and a momentary suppression of urine,
may be caused by the stone's shutting up the orifice of the
bladder. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To fall weakly and slowly.
Believe not that the dribbling dart of love
Can pierce a compleat bosom. Shak. Measure for Measure.
3. To slaver as a child or ideot.

To DRI’BBLE. v. a. To throw down in drops.
Let the cook follow with a ladle full of soup, and dribble
it all the way up stairs. Swift's Rules to Servants.

DRI’BLET. n. s. [from dribble.] A small sum; odd money in
a sum.
Twelve long years of exile born,
Twice twelve we number'd since his blest return:
So strictly wert thou just to pay,
Even to the dribblet of a day. Dryden.

DRI’ER. n. s. [from dry.] That which has the quality of ab­
sorbing moisture; a desiccative.
There is a tale, that boiling of daisy roots in milk, which
it is certain are great driers, will make dogs little. Bacon.

DRIFT. n. s. [from drive.]
1. Force impellent; impulse; overbearing influence.
A man being under the drift of any passion, will still follow
the impulse of it, 'till something interpose, and, by a stronger
impulse, turn him another way. South's Sermons.
2. Violence; course.
The mighty trunk, half rent with rugged rift,
Doth roll adown the rocks, and fall with fearful drift. F. Q.
3. Any thing driven at random.
Some log, perhaps, upon the waters swam,
An useless drift, which rudely cut within,
And hollow'd, first a floating trough became,
And cross some riv'let passage did begin. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
4. Any thing driven or born along in a body.
The ready racers stand,
Swift as on wings of wind up-borne they fly,
And drifts of rising dust involve the sky. Pope's Odyssey.
5. A storm; a shower.
Our thunder from the South
Shall rain their drift of bullets on this town. Shak. K. John.
6. A heap or stratum of any matter thrown together by the
wind; as, a snowdrift, a deep body of snow.
7. Tendency, or aim of action.
The particular drift of every act, proceeding eternally
from God, we are not able to discern; and therefore cannot
always give the proper and certain reason of his works. Hook.
Their drift 'comes known, and they discover'd are;
For some, of many, will be false of course. Daniel's C. War.
8. Scope of a discourse.
The main drift of his book being to prove, that what is
true is impossible to be false, he opposes nobody. Tillot. Pref.
The drift of the pamphlet is to stir up our compassion
towards the rebels. Addison.
This by the stile, the manner, and the drift,
'Twas thought could be the work of none but Swift. Swift.

To DRIFT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To drive; to urge along.
Snow no larger than so many grains of sand, drifted with
the wind in clouds from every plain. Ellis's Voyage.
2. Thrown together on heaps.
He wanders on
From hill to dale, still more and more astray,
Impatient flouncing through the drifted heaps. Thomson.

To DRILL. v. a. [drillen, Dutch; thirlian, Saxon, from thurgh, through.]
1. To pierce any thing with a drill.
The drill-plate is only a piece of flat iron, fixed upon a flat
board, which iron hath an hole punched a little way into it,
to set the blunt end of the shank of the drill in, when you
drill a hole. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. To perforate; to bore; to pierce.
My body through and through he drill'd,
And Whacum by my side lay kill'd. Hudibras, p. ii. can. 3.
Tell, what could drill and perforate the poles,
And to th' attractive rays adapt their holes? Blackm. Creat.
3. To make a hole.
When a hole is drilled in a piece of metal, they hold the
drill-bone in their right hand; but when they turn small work
they hold the drill-bone in their left hand. Moxon's Mech. Ex.
4. To delay; to put off: in low phrase.
She has bubbled him out of his youth; she drilled him on
to five and fifty, and she will drop him in his old age. Addison.
5. To draw from step to step. A low phrase.
When by such insinuations they have once got within him,
and are able to drill him on from one lewdness to another, by
the same arts they corrupt and squeeze him. South's Sermons.
6. To drain; to draw slowly. This sense wants better au­
thority.
Drill'd through the sandy stratum every way,
The waters with the sandy stratum rise. Thomson's Autumn.
7. To range troops. An old cant word.
The foe appear'd drawn up and drill'd,
Ready to charge them in the field. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.

DRILL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An instrument with which holes are bored. It is pressed hard
against the thing bored, and turned round with a bow and
string.
The way of tempering steel to make gravers, drills, and
mechanical instruments, we have taught artificers. Boyle.
Drills are used for the making such holes as punches will
not conveniently serve for; as a piece of work that hath
already its shape, and must have an hole or more made in it.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. An ape; a baboon.
Shall the difference of hair be a mark of a different inter­
nal specifick constitution between a changeling and a drill,
when they agree in shape and want of reason? Locke.
3. A small dribbling brook. This I have found no where else,
and suspect it should be rill.
Springs through the pleasant meadows pour their drills,
Which snake-like glide between the bordering hills. Sandys.

To DRINK. v. n. preter. drank, or drunk; part. pass. drunk, or
drunken. [drincan, Saxon.]
1. To swallow liquors; to quench thirst.
Here, between the armies,
Let's drink together friendly, and embrace. Shak. Henry IV.
She said drink, and I will give thy camels drink also; so I
drank, and she made the camels drink also. Gen. xxiv. 46.
He drank of the wine. Gen. ix. 21.
When delight is the only end, and rests in itself, and dwells
there long, then eating and drinking is not a serving of God,
but an inordinate action. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. To feast; to be entertained with liquors.
We came to fight you.——For my part, I am sorry it is
turned to a drinking. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
3. To drink to excess; to be an habitual drunkard. A collo­
quial phrase.
4. To DRINK to. To salute in drinking; to invite to drink by
drinking first.
I take your princely word for those redresses.
—I gave it you, and will maintain my word;
And thereupon I drink unto your grace. Shakesp. Henry IV.
5. To DRINK to. To wish well to in the act of taking the
cup.
Give me some wine; fill full:
I drink to th' general joy of the whole table,
And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss. Sh. Macb.
I'll drink to master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleroes
about London. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

To DRINK. v. a. 
1. To swallow: applied to liquids.
He had eaten no bread, nor drunk any water three days
and three nights. 1 Sa. xxx. 12.
We have drunken our water for money. Sam. v. 4.
One man gives another a cup of poison, a thing as terrible
as death; but at the same time he tells him that it is a cord al,
and so he drinks it off, and dies. South's Sermons.


Alexander, after he had arank up a cup of fourteen pints,
was going to take another. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To suck up; to absorb.
The body being reduced nearer unto the earth, and emp­
tied, becometh more porous, and greedily drinketh in water.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.
Set rows of rosemary with flow'ring stem,
And let the purple vi'lets drink the stream. Dryden's Virgil.
Brush not thy sweeping skirt too near the wall;
Thy heedless sleeve will drink the colour'd oil. Gay's Trivia.
3. To take in by any inlet; to hear; to see.
My ears have yet not drunk a hundred words
Of that tongue's uttering, yet I know the sound. Shakesp.
Thither write, my queen,
And with mine eyes I'll drink the words you send,
Though ink be made of gall. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Phemius! let acts of gods, and hero's old,
What ancient bards in hall and bow'r have told,
Attemper'd to the lyre, your voice employ;
Such the pleas'd ear will drink with silent joy. Pope's Odyssey.
I drink delicious poison from thy eye. Pope.
4. To act upon by drinking.
Come, we have a hot venison pasty to dinner: come, gen­
tlemen, I hope we shall drink down all unkindness. Shakesp.
In the compass of some years he will drown his health and
his strength in his belly; and, after all his drunken trophies, at
length drink down himself too. South's Sermons.
5. To make drunk.
Benhadad was drinking himself drunk in the pavilions.
1 Kings xx. 16.

DRINK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Liquor to be swallowed, opposed to meat.
When God made choice to rear
His mighty champion, strong above compare,
Whose drink was only from the liquid brook! Milt. Agonist.
2. Liquor of any particular kind.
We will give you rare and sleepy drinks. Sh. Winter's Tale.
The juices of fruits are either watry or oily: I reckon
among the watry all the fruits out of which drink is expressed,
as the grape, the apple, and the pear. Bacon's Natural History.
O madness, to think use of strongest wines,
And strongest drinks, our chief support of health! Milton.
These, when th' allotted orb of time's compleat,
Are more commended than the labour'd drink. Phillips.
Amongst drinks, austere wines are apt to occasion soul
eruptions. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DRI’NKMONEY. n. s. [drink and money.] Money given to
buy liquor.
Peg's servants were always asking for drinkmoney. Arbuthnot.

DRI’NKABLE. adj. [from drink.] Potable; such as may be
drank.

DRI’NKER. n. s. [from drink.] One that drinks to excess; a
drunkard.
It were good for those that have moist brains, and are great
drinkers, to take fume of lignum, aloes, rosemary, and frank­
incense, about the full of the moon. Bacon's Natural History.
The drinker and debauched person is the object of scorn and
contempt. South.
The urine of hard drinkers afford a liquor extremely fetid,
but no inflammable spirit: what is inflammable stays in the
blood, and affects the brain. Great drinkers commonly die
apoplectick. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To DRIP. v. n. [drippen, Dutch.]
1. To fall in drops.
2. To have drops falling from it.
The soil, with fatt'ning moisture fill'd,
Is cloath'd with grass, and fruitful to be till'd;
Such as in fruitful vales we view from high,
Which dripping rocks, not rowling streams supply. Dryden.
The finest sparks, and cleanest beaux,
Drip from the shoulders to the toes. Prior.

To DRIP. v. a. 
1. To let fall in drops.
Her flood of tears
Seem like the lofty barn of some rich swain,
Which from the thatch drips fast a shower of rain. Swift.
2. To drop fat in roasting.
Let what was put into his belly, and what he drips, be his
sauce. Walton's Angler.
His offer'd entrails shall his crime reproach,
And drip their fatness from the hazle broach. Dryd. Virgil.

DRIP. n. s. [from the verb.] That which falls in drops.
Water may be procured for necessary occasions from the
heavens, by preserving the drips of the houses. Mortimer.

DRI’PPING. n. s. [from drip.] The fat which housewives ga­
ther from roast meat.
Shews all her secrets of housekeeping;
For candles how she trucks her dripping. Swift.

DRI’PPINGPAN. n. s. [drip and pan.] The pan in which the
fat of roast meat is caught.
When the cook turns her back, throw smoaking coals into
the drippingpan. Swift.

DRI’PPLE. adj. [from drip.] This word is used somewhere
by Fairfax for weak, or rare; dripple shot.

To DRIVE. v. a. preterite drove, anciently drave; part. pass.
driven, or drove. [dreiban, Gothick; drifan, Saxon; dryven,
Dutch.]
1. To produce motion in any thing by violence.
2. To force along by impetuous pressure.
On helmets, helmets throng,
Shield press'd on shield, and man drove man along. Pope.
3. To expel by force from any place.
Driven from his native land to foreign grounds,
He with a gen'rous rage resents his wounds. Dryden's Virg.
His ignominious flight the victors boast,
Beaux banish beaux, and swordknots swordknots drive. Pope.
4. To send by force to any place.
Time drives the flocks from field to fold,
When rivers rage and rocks grow cold. Sh. M. W. of Win.
Fate has driven 'em all
Into the net. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
5. To force or urge in any direction.
He stood and measured the earth: he beheld, and drove
asunder the nations. Heb. iii. 6.
6. To impel to greater speed.
7. To guide and regulate a carriage.
He took off their chariot wheels, that they drove them
heavily. Ex. xiv. 25.
8. To convey animals; to make animals march along under
guidance.
There find a herd of heifers, wand'ring o'er
The neighb'ring hill, and drive 'em to the shore. Addison.
9. To clear any place by forcing away what is in it.
We come not with design of wasteful prey,
To drive the country, force the swains away. Dryden's Virg.
10. To force; to compel.
He driven to dismount, threatned, if I did not the like, to
do as much for my horse as fortune had done for his. Sidney.
They did not think that tyranny was thoroughly extin­
guished, 'till they had driven one of their consuls to depart the
city, against whom they found not in the world what to ob­
ject, saving only that his name was Tarquin. Hooker, b. iv.
He was driven by the necessities of times, more than led by
his own disposition to rigour. King Charles.
11. To distress; to straiten.
This kind of speech is in the manner of desperate men far
driven. Spenser's State of Ireland.
12. To urge by violence, not kindness.
He taught the gospel rather than the law.
And forc'd himself to drive; but lov'd to draw. Dryden.
13. To impel by influence of passion.
I drave my suitor from his mad humour of love to a living
humour of madness. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Discontents drave men into slidings. King Charles.
Lord Cottington, being master of temper, and of the most
profound dissimulation, knew too well how to lead him into
a mistake, and then drive him into choler. Clarendon.
It is better to marry than to burn, says St. Paul; where we
may see what drives men into a conjugal life: a little burning
pushes us more powerfully than greater pleasures in pro­
spect. Locke.
14. To urge; to press to a conclusion.
The experiment of wood that shineth in the dark, we have
diligently driven and pursued; the rather for that, of all things
that give light here below, it is the most durable, and hath
least apparent motion. Bacon's Natural History, No. 352.
We have thus the proper notions of the four elements, and
both them and their qualities, driven up and resolved into
their most simple principles. Digby on Bodies.
To drive the argument farther, let us inquire into the ob­
vious designs of this divine architect. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
The design of these orators was to drive some particular
point, either the condemnation or acquittal. Swift.
15. To carry on.
As a farmer cannot husband his ground so well, if he sit at
a great rent; so the merchant cannot drive his trade so well,
if he sit at great usury. Bacon, Essay 42.
The bees have common cities of their own,
And common sont, beneath one law they live,
And with one common stock their traffick drive. Dryden.
Your Pasimond a lawless bargain drove,
The parent could not sell the daughter's love. Dryden.
The trade of life cannot be driven without partners. Collier.
16. To purify by motion.
The one's in the plot, let him be never so innocent; and
the other is as white as the driven snow, let him be never so
criminal. L'Estrange.
17. To DRIVE out. To expel.
Tumults and their exciters drave myself and many of both
houses out of their places. King Charles.
As soon as they heard the name of Roscetes, they forthwith
drave out their governour, and received the Turks into the
town. Knolles's History of the Turks.



To DRIVE. v. n. 
1. To go as impelled by any external agent.
The needle endeavours to conform unto the meridian; but
being distracted, driveth that way where the greater and power­
fuller part of the earth is placed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
Love, fixt to one, still safe at anchor rides,
And dares the fury of the winds and tides;
But losing once that hold, to the wide ocean born,
It drives away at will, to every wave a scorn. Dryden.
Nor with the rising storm would vainly strive;
But left the helm, and let the vessel drive. Dryden's Æn.
2. To rush with violence.
Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails,
And rent the sheets. Dryden's Æn.
Near as he draws, thick harbingers of smoke,
With gloomy pillars, cover all the place;
Whose little intervals of night are broke,
By sparks that drive against his sacred face. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
Then with so swift an ebb the flood drove backward,
It slipt from underneath the scaly herd. Dryd. All for Love.
The bees drive out upon each other's backs,
T' imboss their hives in clusters. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
While thus he stood,
Perithous' dart drove on, and nail'd him to the wood. Dryd.
As a ship, which winds and waves assail,
Now with the current drives, now with the gale;
She feels a double force, by turns obeys
The imperious tempest, and th' impetuous seas. Dryden.
The wolves scampered away, however, as hard as they
could drive. L'Estrange.
Thick as autumnal leaves, or driving sand,
The moving squadrons blacken all the strand. Pope's Iliad.
3. To pass in a carriage.
There is a litter ready; lay him in't,
And drive tow'rd Dover. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Thy flaming chariot wheels, that shook
Heav'n's everlasting frame, while o'er the necks
Thou drov'st of warring angels disarray'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
4. To tend to; to consider as the scope and ultimate design.
Our first apprehensions are instructed in authors, which
drive at these as the highest elegancies which are but the fri­
gidities of wit. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 9.
We cannot widely mistake his discourse, when we have
found out the point he drives at. Locke.
They look no further before them than the next line;
whence it will inevitably follow, that they can drive to no
certain point, but ramble from one subject to another. Dryd.
We have done our work, and are come within view of the
end that we have been driving at. Addison on the War.
5. To aim; to strike at with fury.
Four rogues in buckram let drive at me. Shakes. Hen. IV.
At Auxur's shield he drove, and at the blow
Both shield and arm to ground together go. Dryden's Æn.

To DRI’VEL. v. n. [from drip, dripple, dribble, drivel.]
1. To slaver; to let the spittle fall in drops, like a child, an
ideot, or a dotard.
I met with this Chremes, a driveling old fellow, lean,
shaking both of head and hands, already half earth, and yet
then most greedy of earth. Sidney, b. ii.
No man could spit from him, but would be forced to
drivel like some paralytick, or a fool. Grew's Cosm.
2. To be weak or foolish; to dote.
This driveling love is like a great natural, that runs lolling
up and down to hide his bauble. Shakesp. Rom. and Juliet.
I hate to see a brave bold fellow sotted,
Made sour and senseless, turn'd to whey by love;
A driveling hero, fit for a romance. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

DRI’VEL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Slaver; moisture shed from the mouth.
Besides th' eternal drivel, that supplies
The dropping beard, from nostrils, mouth and eyes. Dryden.
2. A fool; an ideot; a driveller. This sense is now out of use.
What fool am I, to mingle that drivel's speeches among
my noble thoughts. Sidney, b. ii.
Millions of years this old drivel Cupid lives,
While still more wretch, more wicked he doth prove. Sidney.

DRI’VELLER. n. s. [from drivel.] A fool; an ideot; a sla­
verer.
I have heard the arrantest drivellers commended for their
shrewdness, even by men of tolerable judgment. Swift.

DRI’VEN. Participle of drive.
They were driven forth from among men. Job xxx. 5.

DRI’VER. n. s. [from drive.]
1. The person or instrument who gives any motion by violence.
2. One who drives beasts.
He from the many-peopl'd city flies;
Contemns their labours, and the driver's cries. Sandys.
The driver runs up to him immediately, and beats him
almost to death. L'Estrange's Fables.
The multitude or common rout, like a drove of sheep, or
an herd of men, may be managed by any noise or cry which
their driver shall accustom them to. South's Sermons.
3. One who drives a carriage.
Not the fierce driver with more fury lends
The sounding lash, and, ere the stroke descends,
Low to the wheels his pliant body bends. Dryd. Virg. Æn.

To DRI’ZZLE. v. a. [driselen, German, to shed dew.] To
shed in small slow drops; as Winter rains.
When the sun sets the air doth drizzle dew. Shakespeare.
Though now this face of mine be hid
In sap-consuming Winter's drizzled snow,
And all the conduits of my blood froze up,
Yet hath my night of life some memory. Shakespeare.

To DRI’ZZLE. v. n. To fall in short slow drops.
And drizzling drops that often do redound,
The firmest flint doth in continuance wear. Spenser.
Her heart did melt in great compassion,
And drizzling tears did shed for pure affection. Fairy Queen.
This day will pour down,
If I conjecture ought, no drizzling show'r,
But rattling storm of arrows barb'd with fire. Milton.
The neighbouring mountains, by reason of their height,
are more exposed to the dews and drizzling rains than any of
the adjacent parts. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

DRIZZLY. adj. [from drizzle.] Sheding small rain.
This during Winter's drizzly reign be done,
'Till the new ram receives th' exalted sun. Dryden's Virgil.

DRO

DROIL. n. s. [by Junius understood a contraction of drivel.]
A drone; a sluggard.

To DROIL. v. n. To work sluggishly and slowly; to plod.
Let such vile vassals, born to base vocation,
Drudge in the world, and for their living droil,
Which have no wit to live withouten toyle. Spenser.
We see in all things how desuetude does contract and nar­
row our faculties, so that we can apprehend only those things
in which we are conversant: the droiling peasant scarce thinks
there is any world beyond his own village, or the neighbour­
ing markets. Government of the Tongue.

DROLL. n. s. [droler, French.]
1. One whose business is to raise mirth by petty tricks; a jester;
a buffoon; a jackpudding.
As he was running home in all haste, a droll takes him up
by the way. L'Estrange.
Why, how now, Andrew! cries his brother droll;
To-day's conceit, methinks, is something dull. Prior.
Democritus, dear droll, revisit earth,
And with our follies glut thy heighten'd mirth. Prior.
2. A farce; something exhibited to raise mirth.
Some as justly fame extols,
For lofty lines in Smithfield drolls. Swift.

To DROLL. v. n. [drôle, French.] To jest; to play the
buffoon.
Such august designs as inspire your inquiries used to be de­
cided by drolling fantasticks, that have only wit enough to
make others and themselves ridiculous. Glanv. Sceps. Pref.
Men that will not be reasoned into their senses, may yet be
laughed or drolled into them. L'Estrange.
Let virtuosoes insult and despise on, yet they never shall be
able to droll away nature. South's Sermons.

DRO’LLERY. n. s. [from droll.] Idle jokes; buffoonery.
They hang between heaven and hell, borrow the Christians
faith, and the atheists drollery upon it. Governm. of the Tongue.

DRO’MEDARY. n. s. [dromedare, Italian.]
A sort of camel so called from its swiftness, because it is
said to travel a hundred miles a day, and some affirm one hun­
dred and fifty. Dromedaries are smaller than common camels,
slenderer, and more nimble, and are of two kinds: one
larger, with two small bunches, covered with hair, on its back;
the other lesser, with one hairy eminence, and more frequent­
ly called camel: both are capable of great fatigue, and very
serviceable in the western parts of Asia, where they abound.
Their hair is soft and shorn: they have no fangs and fore­
teeth, nor horn upon their feet, which are only covered with
a fleshy skin; and they are about seven feet and a half high,
from the ground to the top of their heads. They drink much
at a time, and are said to disturb the water with their feet.
They keep the water long in their stomachs, which, as some
report, travellers in necessity will open for the sake of the
water contained in them. The stomach of this animal is
composed of four ventricles; and in the second are several
mouths, which open a passage into twenty cavities, which
serve for conservatories of water. See CAMEL. Calmet.
Straw for the horses and dromedaries brought they unto the
place. 1 Kings iv. 28.

DRONE. n. s. [droen, Saxon.]
1. The bee which makes no honey, and is therefore driven out
by the rest.
The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum,
Delivering o'er to executors pale
The lazy yawning drone. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Luxurious kings are to their people lost;
They live, like drones, upon the publick cost. Dryd. Auren.
All, with united force, combine to drive
The lazy drones from the laborious hive. Dryden's Virgil.


2. A sluggard; an idler.
He sleeps by day
More than the wild cat: drones hive not with me,
Therefore I part with him. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
Sit idle on the houshold hearth
A burd'nous drone, to visitants a gaze. Milton's Agonistes.
It is my misfortune to be married to a drone, who lives
upon what I get, without bringing any thing into the com­
mon stock. Addison's Spectator, No. 211.
3. The hum, or instrument of humming.

To DRONE. v. n. [from the noun.] To live in idleness; to
dream.
What have I lost by my forefathers fault?
Why, was not I the twentieth by descent
From a long restive race of droning kings? Dryd. Span. Fry.

DRO’NISH. adj. [from drone.] Idle; sluggish; dreaming;
lazy; indolent; unactive.
The dronish monks, the scorn and shame of manhood,
Rouse and prepare once more to take possession,
To nestle in their ancient hives again. Rowe's Jane Gray.

To DROOP. v. n. [droef, sorrow, Dutch.]
1. To languish with sorrow.
Conceiving the dishonour of his mother,
He straight declin'd, droop'd, took it deeply;
Fasten'd, and fix'd the shame on't in himself. Shakespeare.
I droop, with struggling spent;
My thoughts are on my sorrows bent. Sandys.
2. To faint; to grow weak; to be despirited.
I find my zenith doth depend upon
A most auspicious star; whose influence
If now I court not, but omit, my fortunes
Will ever after droop. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Good things of day begin to droop and drowse,
While night's black agents to their prey do rowze. Sh. Macb.
When, by impulse from heav'n, Tyrtæus sung,
In drooping soldiers a new courage sprung. Roscommon.
Can flow'rs but droop in absence of the sun,
Which wak'd their sweets? and mine, alas! is gone. Dryd.
Time seems not now beneath his years to stoop,
Nor do his wings with sickly feathers droop. Dryden.
When factious rage to cruel exile drove
The queen of beauty and the court of love,
The muses droop'd with their forsaken arts. Dryden.
I'll animate the soldiers drooping courage,
With love of freedom and contempt of life. Addis. Cato.
I saw him ten days before he died, and observed he began
very much to droop and languish. Swift.
3. To sink; to lean downwards.
I never from thy side henceforth must stray,
Where'er our day's work lies; though now enjoin'd
Laborious, 'till day droop. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
His head, though gay
Carnation, purple, azure, or speck'd with gold,
Hung drooping, unsustain'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
On her heav'd bosom hung her drooping head,
Which, with a sigh, she rais'd; and this she said. Pope.

DROP. n. s. [droppa, Saxon.]
1. A globule of moisture; as much liquor as falls at once when
there is not a continual stream.
Meet we the med'cine of our country's weal,
And with him pour we in our country's purge,
Each drop of us. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Whereas Aristotle tells us, that if a drop of wine be put
into ten thousand measures of water, the wine being over­
powered by so vast a quantity of water, will be turned into it:
he speaks, to my apprehension, very improbably. Boyle.
Admiring, in the gloomy shade,
Those little drops of light. Waller.
Had I but known that Sancho was his father,
I would have pour'd a deluge of my blood
To save one drop of his. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. Diamond hanging in the ear.
The drops to thee, Brillante, we consign;
And, Momentilla, let the watch be thine. Pope.

DROP SERENE. n. s. [gutta serena, Latin.] A disease of the
eye, proceeding from an inspissation of the humour.
So thick a drop serene hath quench'd their orbs,
Or dim suffusion veil'd! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

To DROP. v. a. [droppan, Saxon.]
1. To pour in drops or single globules.
His heavens shall drop down dew. Deut. xxxiii. 28.
2. To let fall.
Others o'er chimney tops and turrets row,
And drop their anchors on the meads below. Dryden.
One only hag remain'd:
Against a wither'd oak she lean'd her weight,
Propp'd on her trusty staff, not half upright,
And dropp'd an aukward court'sy to the knight. Dryden.
St. John himself will scarce forbear
To bite his pen and drop a tear;
The rest will give a shrug, and cry,
I'm sorry, but we all must die! Swift.
3. To let go; to dismiss from the hand, or the possession.
Though I could
With barefac'd power sweep him from my sight,
And bid my will avouch it; yet I must not,
For certain friends that are both his and mine,
Whose loves I may not drop. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Those who have assumed visible shapes for a season, can
hardly be reckoned among this order of compounded beings;
because they drop their bodies, and divest themselves of those
visible shapes. Watts's Logick.
4. To utter slightly or casually.
Drop not thy word against the house of Isaac. Amos vii. 16.
5. To insert indirectly, or by way of digression.
St. Paul's epistles contain nothing but points of Christian
instruction, amongst which he seldom fails to drop in the great
and distinguishing doctrines of our holy religion. Locke.
6. To intermit; to cease.
Where the act is unmanly or immoral, we ought to drop
our hopes, or rather never entertain them. Collier on Despair.
After having given this judgment in its favour, they sud­
denly dropt the pursuit. Sharp's Surgery.
7. To quit a master.
I have beat the hoof 'till I have worn out these shoes in
your service, and not one penny left me to buy more; so that
you must even excuse me, if I drop you here. L'Estrange.
8. To let go a dependant, or companion, without farther asso­
ciation.
She drilled him on to five and fifty, and will drop him in
his old age, if she can find her account in another. Addison.
They have no sooner fetched themselves up to the fashion
of the polite world, but the town has dropped them. Addison.
9. To suffer to vanish, or come to nothing.
Thus was the fame of our Saviour perpetuated by such re­
cords as would preserve the traditionary account of him to
after-ages, and rectify it, if, by passing through several gene­
rations, it might drop any part that was material. Addison.
Opinions, like fashions, always descend from those of qua­
lity to the middle sort, and thence to the vulgar, where they
are dropped and vanish. Swift.
10. To bedrop; to speckle; to variegate with spots. Variis
stellatus corpora guttis.
Or, sporting with quick glance,
Shew to the sun their wav'd coats, dropp'd with gold. Milt.

To DROP. v. n. 
1. To fall in drops, or single globules.
The quality of mercy is not strain'd;
It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven,
Upon the place beneath. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. To let drops fall; to discharge itself in drops.
The heavens dropped at the presence of God. Ps. lxvii. 8.
While cumber'd with my dropping cloaths I lay,
The cruel nation, covetous of prey,
Stain'd with my blood th' unhospitable coast. Dryden's Æn.
Beneath a rock he sigh'd alone,
And cold Lycæus wept from every dropping stone. Dryden.
3. To fall; to come from a higher place.
Philosophers conjecture that you dropped from the moon, or
one of the stars. Gulliver's Travels.
In every revolution, approaching nearer and nearer to the
sun, this comet must at last drop into the sun's body. Cheyne.
4. To fall spontaneously.
So may'st thou live, 'till, like ripe fruit, thou drop
Into thy mother's lap; or be with ease
Gather'd, not harshly pluck'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
5. To fall in death; to die suddenly.
It was your presurmise,
That in the dole of blows your son might drop. Shakesp.
6. To die.
Nothing, says Seneca, so soon reconciles us to the thoughts
of our own death, as the prospect of one friend after another
dropping round us. Digby to Pope.
7. To sink into silence; to vanish; to come to nothing: a fami­
liar phrase.
Virgil's friends thought fit to let drop this incident of Helen.
Addison's Travels.
I heard of threats, occasioned by my verses: I sent to ac­
quaint them where I was to be found, and so it dropped. Pope.
8. To come unexpectedly.
He could never make any figure in company, but by giving
disturbance at his entry; and therefore takes care to drop in
when he thinks you are just seated. Spectator, No. 448.

DRO’PPING. n. s. [from drop.]
1. That which falls in drops.
Thrifty wench scrapes kitchen-stuff,
And barreling the droppings and the snuff
Of wasting candles. Donne.
2. That which drops when the continuous stream ceases.
Strain out the last dull droppings of your sense,
And rhyme with all the rage of impotence. Pope's Criticism.

DRO’PLET. n. s. A little drop.
Thou abhorr'dst in us our human griefs,


Scorn'd our brine's flow, and those our droplets, which
From niggard nature fall. Shakespeare's Timon.

DRO’PSTONE. n. s. [drop and stone.] Spar formed into the
shape of drops. Woodward's Foss.

DRO’PWORT. n. s. [drop and wort.] A plant of various species.

DRO’PSICAL. adj. [from dropsy.] Diseased with a dropsy;
hydropical; tending to a dropsy.
The diet of nephritick and dropsical persons ought to be
such as is opposite to, and subdueth the alkalescent nature of
the salts in the serum of the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DRO’PSIED. adj. [from dropsy.] Diseased with a dropsy.
Where great addition swells, and virtue none,
It is a dropsied honour: good alone
Is good. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

DRO’PSY. n. s. [hydrops, Latin; whence anciently hydropisy,
thence dropisy, dropsy.] A collection of water in the body,
from too lax a tone of the solids, whereby digestion is
weakened, and all the parts stuffed. Quincy.
An anasarca, a species of dropsy, is an extravasation of
water lodged in the cells of the membrana adiposa. Sharp.

DROSS. n. s. [dros, Saxon.]
1. The recrement or despumation of metals.
Some scumm'd the dross that from the metal came,
Some stirr'd the molton ore with ladles great,
And every one did swink, and every one did sweat. Fai. Qu.
Should the mixture of a little dross constrain the church to
deprive herself of so much gold, rather than learn how, by
art and judgment, to make separation of the one from the
other? Hooker, b. v. s 20.
2. Rust; incrustation upon metal.
An emperor, hid under a crust of dross, after cleansing, has
appeared with all his titles fresh and beautiful. Addis. on Medals.
3. Refuse; leavings; sweepings; any thing remaining after the
removal of the better part; dreggs; feculence; corruption.
Fair proud, now tell me, why should fair be proud,
Sith all world's glory is but dross unclean;
And in the shade of death itself shall shroud,
However now thereof ye little ween? Spenser, Sonnet 2.
That most divine light only shineth on those minds, which
are purged from all worldly dross and human uncleanness. Ral.
All treasures and all gain esteem as dross,
And dignities and pow'rs all but the highest. Milt. Pa. Lost.
Such precepts exceedingly dispose us to piety and religion,
by purifying our souls from the dross and filth of sensual
delights. Tillotson, Sermon 5.

DRO’SSINESS. n. s. [from drossy.] Foulness; feculence; rust.
The furnace of affliction refines us from earthly drossiness,
and softens us for the impression of God's stamp. Boyle.

DRO’SSY. adj. [from dross.]
1. Full of scorious or recrementitious parts; full of dross.
So doth the fire the drossy gold refine. Davies.
For, by the fire, they emit not only many drossy and sco­
rious parts, but whatsoever they had received either from
earth or loadstone. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.
2. Worthless; foul; feculent.
Your intention hold,
As fire these drossy rhymes to purify,
Or as elixir to change them into gold. Donne.

DRO’TCHEL. n. s. [corrupted perhaps from dretchel. To dretch,
in Chaucer, is to idle, to delay. Droch, in Frisick, is delay.]
An idle wench; a sluggard. In Scottish it is still used.

DROVE. n. s. [from drive.]
1. A body or number of cattle: generally used of oxen or black
cattle.
They brought to their stations many droves of cattle; and
within a few days were brought out of the country two thou­
sand muttons. Hayward.
A Spaniard is unacquainted with our northern droves. Brown.
2. A number of sheep driven.
A drove of sheep, or an herd of oxen, may be managed
by any noise or cry which the drivers shall accustom them
to. South's Sermons.
3. Any collection of animals.
The sounds and seas, with all their finny drove,
Now to the moon in wavering morrice move. Milton.
4. A crowd; a tumult.
But if to fame alone thou do'st pretend,
The miser will his empty palace lend,
Set wide with doors, adorn'd with plated brass,
Where droves, as at a city-gate, may pass. Dryden's Juven.

DRO’VEN. part. from drive.
This is fought indeed;
Had we so done at first, we had droven them home
With clouts about their heads. Shak. Anth. and Cleopatra.

DRO’VER. n. s. [from drove.] One that fats oxen for sale, and
drives them to market.
The prince hath got your hero.
——I wish him joy of her.
—Why, that's spoken like an honest drover; so they sell
bullocks. Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.
The drover who his fellow drover meets,
In narrow passages of winding streets. Dryden's Juvenal.

DROUGHT. n. s. [drugode, Saxon; drowth, Scottish.]
1. Dry weather; want of rain.
O earth! I will befriend thee more with rain
Than youthful April shall with all his showers:
In Summer's drought I'll drop upon thee still. Sh. Tit. Andr.
Great droughts in Summer, lasting 'till the end of August,
some gentle showers upon them, and then some dry weather,
portend a pestilent Summer the year following. Bacon.
To south the Persian bay,
And inaccessible th' Arabian drought. Milton's Parad. Reg.
As torrents in the drowth of Summer fail,
So perisht man from death shall never rise. Sandys.
They were so learned in natural philosophy, that they
foretold earthquakes and storms, great droughts, and great
plagues. Temple.
In a drought the thirsty creatures cry,
And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain. Dryden.
Upon a shower, after a drought, earthworms and land­
snails innumerable come out of their lurking places. Ray.
2. Thirst; want of drink.
His carcase, pin'd with hunger and with drought. Milton.
One whose drought
Yet scarce allay'd, still eyes the current stream,
Whose liquid murmur heard, new thirst excites. Milt. P. L.

DROU’GHTINESS. n. s. [from droughty.] The state of wanting
rain.

DRO’UGHTY. adj. [from drought.]
1. Wanting rain; sultry.
That a camel, so patient of long thirst, should be bred in
such droughty and parched countries, where it is of such emi­
nent use for travelling over those dry and sandy desarts, where
no water is to be had, must be acknowledged an act of provi­
dence and design. Ray on the Creation.
2. Thirsty; dry with thirst.
If the former years
Exhibit no supplies, alas! thou must
With tasteless water wash thy droughty throat. Phillips.

To DROWN. v. a. [from drunden, below, German, Skinner,
from druncnian, Saxon, Mr. Lye.]
1. To suffocate in water.
They would soon drown those that refused to swim down
the popular stream. King Charles.
When of God's image only eight he found
Snatch'd from the wat'ry grave, and sav'd from nations
drown'd. Prior.
2. To overwhelm in water.
Or so much as it needs
To dew the sovereign flower, and drown the weeds. Shakes.
Galleys might be drowned in the harbour with the great
ordnance, before they could be rigged. Knolles's History.
3. To overflow; to bury in an inundation; to deluge.
Betwixt the prince and parliament we stand,
The barriers of the state on either hand:
May neither overflow, for then they drown the land. Dry.
4. To immerge; to lose in any thing.
Most men being in sensual pleasures drown'd,
It seems their souls but in their senses are. Davies.
5. To lose in something that overpowers or covers.
Who cometh next will not follow that course, however
good, which his predecessors held, for doubt to have his doings
drowned in another man's praise. Spenser on Ireland.
To think that the brightness of the sun's body above doth
drown our discerning of the lesser lights, is a popular errour.
Wotton's Architecture.
My private voice is drown'd amid' the senate. Add. Cato.
Some aged man, who lives this act to see,
And who in former times remember'd me,
May say, the son, in fortitude and fame,
Outgoes the mark, and drowns his father's name. Dryden.

To DROWN. v. n. To be suffocated in the waters.
There be, that keep them out of fire, and yet was never
burned; that beware of water, and yet was never nigh
drowning. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Methought what pain it was to drown!
What dreadful noise of waters in my ears!
What sights of ugly death within mine eyes! Shakes. R. III.

To DROWSE. v. a. [droosen, Dutch.] To make heavy with
sleep.
There gentle sleep
First found me, and with soft oppression seiz'd
My drowsed senses uncontroll'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.

To DROWSE. v. n. 
1. To slumber; to grow heavy with sleep.
All their shape
Spangled with eyes, more numerous than those
Of Argus; and more wakeful than to drowse,
Charm'd with Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed
Of Hermes, or his opiate rod. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
2. To look heavy; not cheerful.
They rather drows'd, and hung their eyelids down,
Slept in his face, and render'd such aspect
As cloudy men use to their adversaries. Shakesp. Henry VI.



DRO’WSILY. adv. [from drowsy.]
1. Sleepily; heavily; with an inclination to sleep.
The air swarms thick with wand'ring deities,
Which drowsily like humming beetles rise. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
2. Sluggishly; idly; slothfully; lazily.
We do hastily satisfy our understanding with the first
things, and, thereby satiated, slothfully and drowsily sit down.
Raleigh's History of the World.

DRO’WSINESS. n. s. [from drowsy.]
1. Sleepiness; heaviness with sleep; disposition to sleep.
What a strange drowsiness possesses them? Shakesp. Tempest.
In deep of night, when drowsiness
Hath lock'd up mortal sense, then listen I
To the celestial syren's harmony. Paradise Regained.
What succour can I hope the muse will send,
Whose drowsiness hath wrong'd the muse's friend? Crashaw.
He passes his whole life in a dozed condition, between sleep­
ing and waking, with a kind of drowsiness and confusion upon
his senses. South's Sermons.
He that from his childhood has made rising betimes fami­
liar to him, will not waste the best part of his life in drowsi­
ness and lying a-bed. Locke.
A sensation of drowsiness, oppression, heaviness, and lassi­
tude, are signs of a plentiful meal, especially in young people.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Idleness; indolence; inactivity.
It falleth out well, to shake off your drownsiness; for it
seemed to be the trumpet of a war. Bacon's Holy War.

DRO’WSIHED. n. s. Sleepiness; inclination to sleep.
The royal virgin shook off drowsyhed;
And rising forth out of her baser boure,
Look'd for her knight. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 2. stan. 7.

DRO’WSY. adj. [from drowse.]
1. Sleepy; heavy with sleep; lethargick.
Drowsy am I, and yet can rarely sleep. Sidney.
Men drowsy, and desirous to sleep, or before the fit of an
ague, do use to yawn and stretch. Bacon's Natural History.
The flowers, call'd out of their beds,
Start and raise up their drowsy heads. Cleaveland.
Drunken at last, and drowsy they depart,
Each to his house. Dryden.
2. Heavy; lulling; causing sleep.
Sir Guyon, mindful of his vows yplight,
Up rose from drowsy couch. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 3.
While thus she rested, on her arm reclin'd,
The hoary willows waving with the wind,
And feather'd quires that warbled in the shade,
And purling streams that through the meadow stray'd,
In drowsy murmurs lull'd the gentle maid. Addison.
3. Stupid; dull.
Those inadvertencies, a body would think, even our au­
thor, with all his drowsy reasoning, could never have been
capable of. Atterbury.

DRU

To DRUB. v. a. [druber, to kill, Danish.] To thresh; to
beat; to bang; to thump; to thwack; to cudgel. A word
of contempt.
He that is valiant, and dares fight,
Though drubb'd, can lose no honour by't. Hudibras, p. i.
The little thief had been soundly drubbed with a good
honest cudgel. L'Estrange.
Though the bread be not mine, yet, if it had been less
than weight, I should have been drubbed. Locke.

DRUB. n. s. [from the verb.] A thump; a knock; a blow.
The blows and drubs I have receiv'd,
Have bruis'd my body, and bereav'd
My limbs of strength. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
By setting such an unfortunate mark on their followers,
they have exposed them to innumerable drubs and contusions.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 50.

To DRUDGE. v. n. [dreccan, to vex, Saxon; draghen, to
carry, Dutch.] To labour in mean offices; to toil without
honour or dignity; to work hard; to slave.
And to crack'd fiddle, and hoarse tabour,
In merriment, did drudge and labour. Hudibras, p. i.
The poor sleep little: we must learn to watch
Our labours late, and early every morning,
Mid'st Winter frosts; then clad and fed with sparing,
Rise to our toils, and drudge away the day. Otway.
Advantages obtained by industry directed by philosophy,
can never be expected from drudging ignorance. Glanv. Sceps.
Soon he came to court,
Proffering for hire his service at the gate,
To drudge, draw water, and to run or wait. Dryd. Fables.
I made no such bargain with you, to live always drudg­
ing. Dryden's Dedicat. Æn.
What is an age, in dull renown drudg'd o'er!
One little single hour of love is more. Granville.

DRUDGE. n. s. [from the verb.] One employed in mean
labour; a slave; one doomed to servile occupation.
To conclude, this drudge of the devil, this diviner, laid
claim to me. Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.
He sits above, and laughs the while
At thee, ordain'd his drudge, to execute
Whate'er his wrath shall bid. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Art thou our slave,
Our captive, at the publick mill our drudge,
And dar'st thou, at our sending and command,
Dispute thy coming. Milton's Agonistes, l. 392.
He is content to be their drudge,
And on their errands gladly trudge. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1.
The hard master makes men serve him for nought, who
rewards his drudges and slaves with nothing but shame and
sorrow, and misery. Tillotson, Sermon 4.

DRU’DGER. n. s. [from drudge.]
1. A mean labourer.
2. The drudging-box; the box out of which flower is thrown
on roast meat. Dict.

DRU’DGERY. n. s. [from drudge.] Mean labour; ignoble toil;
dishonourable work; servile occupation.
My old dame will be undone for one to do her husbandry,
and her drudgery. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Were there not instruments for drudgery as well as offices
of drudgery? Were there not people to receive orders as well
as others to give and authorize them? L'Estrange.
You do not know the heavy grievances,
The toils, the labours, weary drudgeries,
Which they impose. Southern's Oroonoko.
To thee that drudgery of pow'r I give;
Cares be thy lot: reign thou, and let me live. Dryd. Auren.
Paradise was a place of bliss, as well as immortality, with­
out drudgery, and without sorrow. Locke.
Even drudgery himself,
As at the car he sweats, or dusty hews
The palace-stone, looks gay. Thomson's Summer, l. 1445.
It is now handled by every dirty wench, and condemned to
do her drudgery. Swift's Meditations on a Broomstick.

DRU’DGINGBOX. n. s. [drudging and box.] The box out of
which flower is sprinkled upon roast meat.
But if it lies too long, the crackling's pall'd,
Not by the drudgingbox to be recall'd. King's Cookery.

DRU’DGINGLY. adv. [from drudging.] Laboriously; toil­
somely.
He does now all the meanest and triflingest things himself
drudgingly, without making use of any inferiour or subordi­
nate minister. Ray on the Creation.

DRUG. n. s. [drogue, French.]
1. An ingredient used in physick; a medicinal simple.
Mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's law
Is death to any he that utters them. Shak. Rom. and Juliet.
A fleet descry'd
Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds
Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles
Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring
Their spicy drugs. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 640.
And yet no doubts the poor man's draught control;
He dreads no poison in his homely bowl:
Then fear the deadly drug, when gems divine
Enchase the cup, and sparkle in the wine. Dryden's Juven.
Judicious physick's noble art to gain,
He drugs and plants explor'd, alas, in vain! Smith.
Bright Helen mix'd a mirth-inspiring bowl,
Temper'd with drugs of sov'reign use, t' assuage
The boiling bosom of tumultuous rage. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.
In the names of drugs and plants, the mistake in a word
may endanger life. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
2. Any thing without worth or value; any thing of which no
purchaser can be found.
Each noble vice
Shall bear a price,
And virtue shall a drug become:
An empty name
Was all her fame,
But now she shall be dumb. Dryden's Albion.
3. A drudge.
He from his first swath proceeded
Through sweet degrees that this brief world affords,
To such as may the passive drugs of it freely command. Shak.

To DRUG. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To season with medicinal ingredients.
The surfeited grooms
Do mock their charge with snores. I've drugg'd their possets,
That death and nature do contend about them. Shak. Macb.
2. To tincture with something offensive.
Oft they assay'd,
Hunger and thirst constraining: drugg'd as oft
With hatefulest disrelish, writh'd their jaws,
With soot and cinders fill'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

DRU’GGET. n. s. A slight kind of woollen stuff.
In druggets drest, of thirteen pence a yard,
See Philip's son amid'st his Persian guard. Swift.

DRU’GGIST. n. s. [from drug.] Ohe who sells physical drugs.
Common nitre we bought at the druggist's. Boyle.

DRU’GSTER. n. s. [from drug.] One who sells physical
simples.


Common oil of turpentine I bought at the drugsters. Boyle.
They set the clergy below their apothecaries, the physician
of the soul below the drugsters of the body. Atterbury.

DRU’ID. n. s. [derio, oaks, and hud, incantation; which may
be as ancient as the Grecian δϱὺς. Perron; darrach, oak, Erse.]
The priests and philosophers of the antient Britons.

DRUM. n. s. [tromme, Danish; drumme, Erse.]
1. An instrument of military musick, consisting of vellum
strained over a broad hoop on each side, and beaten with
sticks.
Let's march without the noise of threat'ning drums. Shak.
In drums the closeness round about, that preserveth the
sound from dispersing, maketh the noise come forth at the
drum-hole, far more loud and strong than if you should strike
upon the like skin extended in the open air. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Tears trickling down their breasts bedew the ground,
And drums and trumpets mix their mournful sound. Dryden.
Now no more the drum
Provokes to arms, or trumpet's clangor shrill
Affrights the wives, and chills the virgin's blood. Phillips.
2. The tympanum of the ear, or the membrane which perceives
the vibration of the air.

To DRUM. v. n. 
1. To beat a drum; to beat a tune on a drum.
2. To beat with a pulsatory motion.
Now, heart,
Be ribb'd with iron for this one attempt;
Set ope thy sluices, send the vigorous blood
Through every active limb for my relief;
Then take thy rest within the quiet cell;
For thou shalt drum no more. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

To DRU’MBLE. v. n. To drone; to be sluggish. Hanmer.
Take up these cloaths here quickly: where's the cowlstaff?
Look, how you drumble: carry them to the landress in Datchet
mead. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

DRU’MFISH. n. s. The name of a fish.
The under jaw of the drumfish from Virginia. Woodward.

DRU’MMAJOR. n. s. [drum and major.] The chief drummer
of a regiment.
Such company may chance to spoil the swearing;
And the drummajor's oaths, of bulk unruly,
May dwindle to a feeble. Cleaveland.

DRU’MMAKER. n. s. [drum and maker.] He who deals in
drums.
The drummaker uses it, and the cabinetmaker. Mortimer.

DRU’MMER. n. s. [from drum.] He whose office it is to beat
the drum.
Drummer, strike up, and let us march away. Shak. H. IV.
Here rows of drummers stand in martial file,
And with their vellum-thunder shake the pile. Gay's Trivia.

DRU’MSTICK. n. s. [drum and stick.] The stick with which
a drum is beaten.

DRUNK. adj. [from drink.]
1. Intoxicated with strong liquour; inebriated.
This was the morn when issuing on the guard,
Drawn up in rank and file, they stood prepar'd
Of seeming arms to make a short assay;
Then hasten to be drunk, the business of the day. Dryden.
We generally conclude that man drunk, who takes pains
to be thought sober. Spectator, No. 577.
2. Drenched or saturated with moisture.
I will make mine arrows drunk with blood. Deut. xxix. 6.

DRU’NKARD. n. s. [from drunk.] One given to excessive
use of strong liquors; one addicted to habitual ebriety.
Some blood drawn on me would beget opinion
Of my more fierce endeavour. I've seen drunkards
Do more than this in sport. Shakespeare's King Lear.
My bowels cannot hide her woes,
But, like a drunkard, I must vomit them. Shakesp. Tit. And.
God will not take the drunkard's excuse, that he has so
long accustomed himself to intemperate drinking, that now
he cannot leave it off. South's Sermons.

DRU’NKEN. adj. [from drink.]
1. Intoxicated with liquor; inebriated.
O monstrous beast! how like a swine he lies!
Sirs, I will practise on this drunken man. Shakespeare.
Drunken men imagine every thing turneth round: they
imagine also, that things come upon them; they see not well
things afar off; those things that they see near hand, they see
out of their place; and sometimes they see things double. Bac.
2. Given to habitual ebriety.
3. Saturated with moisture.
Then let the earth be drunken with our blood. Sh. H. VI.
4. Done in a state of inebriation.
When your carters, or your waiting vassals,
Have done a drunken slaughter, and defac'd
The precious image of our dear Redeemer,
You strait are on your knees for pardon, pardon. Sh. R. III.
We should for honour take
The drunken quarrels of a rake. Swift.

DRUN’KENLY. adj. [from drunken.] In a drunken manner.
My blood already, like the pelican,
Hast thou tapt out, and drunkenly carows'd. Shak. Rich. II.

DRU’NKENNESS. n. s. [from drunken.]
1. Intoxication with strong liquour.
Every going off from our natural and common temper,
and our usual severity of behaviour, is a degree of drunken­
ness. Taylor's Rule of holy living.
2. Habitual ebriety.
The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate
drunkenness, by bringing a drunken man into their company.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i. c. 17.
3. Intoxication, or inebriation of any kind; disorder of the
faculties.
Passion is the drunkenness of the mind, and therefore in its
present workings not controllable by reason. Spenser.

DRY

DRY. adj. [drig, Saxon.]
1. Arid; without wet; without moisture; not wet; not
moist.
If the pipe be a little wet on the inside, it will make a dif­
fering sound from the same pipe dry. Bacon's Natural History.
When God said,
Be gather'd now, ye waters under heav'n,
Into one place, and let dry land appear! Milton's Par. Lost.
Of turbid elements the sport;
From clear to cloudy tost, from hot to cold,
And dry to moist. Thomson.
2. Without rain.
A dry March and a dry May portend a wholsome Summer,
if there be a showering April between. Bacon's Nat. History.
The weather, we agreed, was too dry for the season. Addis.
3. Not succulent; not juicy.
I will drain him dry as hay;
Sleep shall neither night nor day
Hang upon his penthouse lid:
He shall live a man forbid. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. Without tears.
Dry mourning will decays more deadly bring,
As a North wind burns a too forward Spring:
Give sorrow vent, and let the sluices go. Dryden's Aurengz.
5. Thirsty; a-thirst.
So dry he was for sway. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Void of a bulky charger near their lips,
With which, in often interrupted sleep,
Their frying blood compels to irrigate
Their dry furr'd tongues. Phillips.
6. Jejune; barren; plain; unembellished; without pathos.
As we should take care that our stile in writing be neither
dry nor empty, we should look again it be not winding or
wanton with far-fetched descriptions: either is a vice. B. Johns.
It remaineth to treat concerning ornaments within, or with­
out the fabrick, a piece not so dry as the meer contemplation of
proportions; and therefore, I hope, therein somewhat to refresh
both the reader and myself. Wotton's Architecture.
That the fire burns by heat, is an empty dry return to the
question, and leaves us still ignorant. Glanv. Sceps. c. 20.
It is a dry fable, with little or nothing in it. L'Estrange.
Authority and friendship work upon some, dry and sober
reason works upon others. L'Estrange.
To clear up this theory, I was willing to lay aside dry sub­
tilties with which the schools are filled. Burnet's Theory.
These epistles will become less dry, and more susceptible of
ornament. Pope.
7. Hard; severe. [Drien anciently to endure, dree, Scottish.]
I rather hop'd I should no more
Hear from you o' th' gallanting score;
For hard dry bastings used to prove
The readiest remedies of love;
Next a dry diet. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 1.

To DRY. v. a. 
1. To free from moisture; to arefy; to exsiccate.
The meat was well, if you were so contented.
—I tell thee, Kate, 'twas burnt, and dry'd away,
And I expresly am forbid to touch it. Shakespeare.
Heat drieth bodies that do easily expire; as parchment,
leaves, roots, and clay; and so doth time or age arefy, as in
the same bodies. Bacon's Natural History, No. 294.
Herbs and flowers, if they be dried in the shade, or dried
in the hot sun a small time, keep best. Bacon's Nat. History.
The running streams are deep:
See, they have caught the father of the flock,
Who drys his fleece upon the neighbouring rock. Dryden.
2. To exhale moisture.
'Twas grief no more, or grief and rage were one,
Within her soul: at last 'twas rage alone;
Which burning upwards in succession, dries
The tears that stood considering in her eyes. Dryd. Fables.
The water of the sea, which formerly covered it, was in
time exhaled and dried up by the sun. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3. To wipe away moisture.
Then with her vest the wound she wipes and dries. Denh.
See, at your blest returning,
Rage disappears;
The widow'd isle in mourning,
Dries up her tears. Dryden's Albion.


4. To scorch with thirst.
Their honourable men are famished, and their multitude
dried up with thirst. Is. v. 13.
5. To drain; to exhaust.
Rash Elpenor, in an evil hour,
Dry'd an immeasurable bowl, and thought
T' exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep
Imprudent: him, death's iron sleep opprest. Phillips.

To DRY. v. n. To grow dry; to lose moisture; to be drained
of its moisture.

DRY’ER. n. s. [from dry.] That which has the quality of
absorbing moisture.
The ill effects of drinking are relieved by this plant, which
is a great dryer and opener, especially by perspiration. Temple.

DRY’EYED. adj. [dry and eye.] Without tears; without
weeping.
Sight so deform, what heart of rock could long
Dryey'd behold? Adam could not, but wept. Milt. P. Lost.

DRY’LY. adv. [from dry.]
1. Without moisture.
2. Coldly; frigidly; without affection.
The archduke, conscious to himself how dryly the king
had been used by his council, did strive to recover the king's
affection. Bacon's Henry VII.
Would'st thou to honour and preferments climb,
Be bold in mischief, dare some mighty crime,
Which dungeons, death, or banishment deserves;
For virtue is but dryly prais'd, and starves. Dryden's Juven.
3. Jejunely; barrenly; without ornament or embellishment.
Some dryly plain, without invention's aid,
Write dull receipts how poems may be made. Pope.

DRY’NESS. n. s. [from dry.]
1. Want of moisture; siccity.
The Africans are conceived to be peculiarly scorched and
torrified by the sun, by dryness from the soil, from want and
defect of water. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 10.
Such was the discord which did first disperse
Form, order, beauty, through the universe;
While dryness moisture, coldness heat resists,
All that we have, and that we are, subsists. Denham.
The marrow supplies an oil for the inunction of the bones
and ligaments in the articulations, and particularly of the
ligaments, preserving them from dryness and rigidity, and
keeping them supple and flexible. Ray on the Creation.
The difference of muscular flesh depends upon the hardness,
tenderness, moisture, or dryness of the fibres. Arbuthnot.
Is the sea ever likely to be evaporated by the sun, or to be
emptied with buckets? Why then must we fancy this impos­
sible driness, and then, upon that fictitious account, calum­
niate nature? Bentley's Sermons.
2. Want of succulence.
If he fill'd
His vacancy with his voluptuousness,
Full surfeits, and the dryness of his bones,
Call on him for't. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
3. Want of embellishment; want of pathos; jejuneness; bar­
renness.
Their new flowers and sweetness do not as much corrupt,
as the others dryness and squalor, if they chuse not carefully.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Be faithful where the author excels, and paraphrase where
penury of fancy or dryness of expression ask it. Garth.
4. Want of sensibility in devotion; want of ardour; aridity.
It may be, that by this dryness of spirit God intends to
make us the more fervent and resigned in our direct and solemn
devotions, by the perceiving of our wants and weakness.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

DRY’NURSE. n. s. [dry and nurse.]
1. A woman who brings up and feeds a child without the
breast.
2. One who takes care of another: with some contempt of the
person taken care of.
Mistress Quickly is in the manner of his nurse, or his dry­
nurse, or his cook, or his laundry, his washer, and his wringer.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

To DRY’NURSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To feed without the
breast.
As Romulus a wolf did rear,
So he was drynurs'd by a bear. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.

DRY’SHOD. adj. [dry and shod.] Without wet feet; without
treading above the shoes in the water.
He had embarked us in such disadvantage, as we could not
return dryshod. Sidney, b. ii.
Dryshod to pass, she parts the floods in tway;
And eke huge mountains from their native seat
She would command, themselves to bear away. Fairy Queen.
Has honour's fountain then suck'd back the stream?
He has; and hooting boys may dryshod pass,
And gather pebbles from the naked ford. Dryd. Don Sebast.

DUA

DU’AL. adj. [dualis, Latin.] Expressing the number two.
Modern languages have only one variation, and so the
Latin; but the Greek and Hebrew have one to signify two,
and another to signify more than two: under one variation
the noun is said to be of the dual number, and under the other
of the plural. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

To DUB. v. a. [dubban zo ridere, Saxon; addubba till riddara,
Islandick, to dub a knight. Addubba, in its primary sense,
signifies to strike, knights being made by a blow with the
sword.]
1. To make a man a knight.
Knight, knight, good mother! Basilisco like.
What! I am dubb'd; I have it on my shoulder. Shakespeare.
The robes which the kings then allowed to each knight,
when he was dubbed, of green or burner, as they spake in that
age, appeareth upon record. Camden's Remains.
The king stood up under his cloth of state, took the sword
from the lord protector, and dubbed the lord mayor of London
knight. Hayward on Edward VI.
2. To confer any kind of dignity, or new character.
The jealous o'erworn widow and herself,
Since that our brother dubb'd them gentlewomen,
Are mighty gossips in this monarchy. Shakesp. Richard III.
He
Gave thee no instance why thou should'st do treason,
Unless to dub thee with the name of traitor. Shakesp. H. V.
Women commence by Cupid's dart,
As a king hunting dubs a hart. Cleaveland.
A plain gentleman, of an ancient family, is of better qua­
lity than a new knight, though the reason of his dubbing was
meritorious. Collier on Pride.
O, poet! thou had'st been discreeter,
Hanging the monarch's hat so high,
If thou had'st dubb'd thy star a meteor,
That did but blaze, and rove, and die. Prior.
These demoniacks let me dub
With the name of legion club. Swift.
A man of wealth is dubb'd a man of worth;
Venus shall give him form, and Anstis birth. Pope's Horace.

DUB. n. s. [from the verb.] A blow; a knock.
As skilful coopers hoop their tubs
With Lydian and with Phrygian dubs. Hudibras, p. ii.

DUBIO’SITY. n. s. [from dubious.] A thing doubtful. A word
not used.
Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for cer­
tainties, fesibilities for possibilities, and things impossible for
possible. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.

DU’BIOUS. n. s. [dubius, Latin.]
1. Doubtful; not settled in an opinion.
2. Uncertain; that of which the truth is not fully known.
No quick reply to dubious questions make. Denham.
We also call it a dubious or doubtful proposition, when
there are no arguments on either side. Watts's Logick.
3. Not plain; not clear.
Satan with less toil, and now with ease,
Wafts on the calmer wave by dubious light. Milt. Pa. Lost.

DU’BIOUSLY. adv. [from dubious.] Uncertainly; without any
determination.
Authors write often dubiously, even in matters wherein is
expected a strict definitive truth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
Almanackmakers are so wise to wander in generals, and
talk dubiously, and leave to the reader the business of inter­
preting. Swift's Predictions for the Year 1708.

DU’BIOUSNESS. n. s. [from dubious.] Uncertainty; doubt­
fulness.

DU’BITABLE. adj. [dubito, Latin.] Doubtful; uncertain;
what may be doubted.

DUBITA’TION. n. s. [dubitatio, Latin.] The act of doubting;
doubt.
Many of the ancients denied the antipodes; but the expe­
rience of our enlarged navigation can now assert them beyond
all dubitation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 7.
Dubitation may be called a negative perception; that is,
when I perceive that what I see, is not what I would see. Grew.

DUC

DU’CAL. adj. [from duke.] Pertaining to a duke; as, a ducal
coronet.

DU’CAT. n. s. [from duke.] A coin struck by dukes: in silver
valued at about four shillings and six pence; in gold at nine
shillings and six pence.
I cannot instantly raise up the gross
Of full three thousand ducats. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
There was one that died in debt: it was reported, where
his creditors were, that he was dead: one said, he hath car­
ried five hundred ducats of mine into the other world. Bacon.

DUCK. n. s. [ducken, to dip, Dutch.]
1. A water fowl, both wild and tame.
The ducks that heard the proclamation cry'd,
And fear'd a persecution might betide,
Full twenty mile from town their voyage take,
Obscure in rushes of the liquid lake. Dryden's Nun's Priest.
Grubs if you find your land subject to, turn ducks into
it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A word of endearment, or fondness.
Will you buy any tape, or lace for your cap,
My dainty duck, my dear-a? Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.


3. A declination of the head: so called from the frequent action
of a duck in the water.
Back, shepherds, back; enough your play,
'Till next sunshine holyday:
Here be without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod,
Of lighter toes, and such court guise
As Mercury did first devise. Milton.
4. A stone thrown obliquely on the waters so as to strike it and
rebound.
Neither cross and pile, nor ducks and drakes, are quite so
ancient as hand-dandy. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

To DUCK. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To dive under water as a duck.
The varlet saw, when to the flood he came,
How without stop or stay he fiercely leapt;
And deep himself be ducked in the same,
That in the lake his lofty crest was steept. Fairy Queen.
Let the labouring bark climb hills of seas
Olympus high, and duck again as low
As hell's from heav'n. Shakespeare's Othello.
Thou art wickedly devout;
In Tiber ducking thrice, by break of day. Dryden's Pers.
2. To drop down the head, as a duck.
As some raw youth in country bred,
When at a skirmish first he hears
The bullets whistling round his ears,
Will duck his head aside, will start,
And feel a trembling at his heart. Swift.
3. To bow low; to cringe. In Scottish duyk, or juyk, to make
obeisance, is still used.
I cannot flatter and look fair,
Smile in mens faces, smooth, deceive, and cog,
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy. Shakesp. R. III.
The learned pate
Ducks to the golden fool. Shakespeare's Timon.

DU’CKER. n. s. [from duck.]
1. A diver.
2. A cringer. Dict.

To DUCK. v. a. To put under water.

DU’CKINGSTOOL. n. s. [duck and stool.] A chair in which
scolds are tied, and put under water.
She in the duckingstool should take her seat,
Drest like herself in a great chair of state. Dorset.
Reclaim the obstinately opprobrious and virulent women,
and make the duckingstool more useful. Addison's Freeholder.

DU’CKLEGGED. adj. [duck and leg.] Short legged.
Ducklegg'd, short waisted, such a dwarf she is,
That she must rise on tiptoes for a kiss. Dryden's Juv. Sat.

DU’CKLING. n. s. [from duck.] A young duck; the brood of
the duck.
Ducklings, though hatched and led by a hen, if she brings
them to the brink of a river or pond, presently leave her, and
in they go. Ray on the Creation.
Ev'ry morn
Amid' the ducklings let her scatter corn. Gay's Pastorals.

DU’CKMEAT. n. s. [duck and meat.] A common plant grow­
ing in standing waters.

DUCKCO’Y. n. s. [See To DUCKOY.] Any means of enticing
and ensnaring.
Seducers have found it the most compendious way to their
designs to lead captive silly women, and make them the duck­
coys to their whole family. Decay of Piety.

To DUCKO’Y. v. a. [mistaken for decoy: the decoy being com­
monly practised upon ducks, produced the errour.] To entice
to a snare.
This fish hath a slender membranous string, which he pro­
jects and draws in at pleasure, as a serpent doth his tongue:
with this he duckoys little fishes, and then preys upon them.
Grew's Musæum.

DU’CKSFOOT. n. s. Black snakeroot, or Mayapple.
The cup of the flower consists of one leaf: the flowers are
hexapetalous; the footstalk of the flower comes out from the
stalk of the leaf: the fruit is shaped like an urn, and contains
many roundish simbriated seeds. Miller.

DU’CKWEED. n. s. [duck and weed.] The same with duck­
meat.
That we call duckweed hath a leaf no bigger than a thyme­
leaf, but of a fresher green; and putteth forth a little string
into the water, far from the bottom. Bacon's Natural History.

DUCT. n. s. [ductus, Latin.]
1. Guidance; direction.
This doctrine, by fastening all our actions, by a fatal de­
cree at the foot of God's chair, leaves nothing to us but only
to obey our fate, to follow the duct of the stars, or necessity
of those irony chains which we are born under. Hammond.
2. A passage through which any thing is conducted.
A duct from each of those cells ran into the root of the
tongue, where both joined together, and passed forward in
one common duct to the tip of it. Addison's Spectator, No. 275.
It was observed, that the chyle in the thoracick duct retained
the original taste of the aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DU’CTILE. adj. [ductilis, Latin.]
1. Flexible; pliable.
Thick woods and gloomy night
Conceal the happy plant from human light:
One bough it bears; but, wond'rous to behold,
The ductile rind and leaves of radiant gold. Dryden's Æn.
2. Easy to be drawn out into length, or expanded
All bodies, ductile and tensile, as metals, that will be drawn
into wires; wool and tow, that will be drawn into yarn or
thread, have in them the appetite of not discontinuing strong.
Bacon's Natural History.
Gold, as it is the purest, so it is the softest and most ductile
of all metals. Dryden's Fables, Dedicat.
3. Tractable; obsequious; complying; yielding.
He generous thoughts instills
Of true nobility; forms their ductile minds
To human virtues. Phillips.
Their designing leaders cannot desire a more ductile and
easy people to work upon. Addison's Freeholder, No. 7.

DU’CTILENESS. n. s. [from ductile.] Flexibility; ductility.
I, when I value gold, may think upon
The ductileness, the application;
The wholsomness, the ingenuity,
From rust, from soil, from fire ever free. Donne.

DUCTI’LITY. n. s. [from ductile.]
1. Quality of suffering extension; flexibility.
Yellow colour and ductility are properties of gold: they be­
long to all gold, but not only to gold; for saffron is also yel­
low, and lead is ductile. Watts's Logick.
2. Obsequiousness; compliance.

DU’DGEON. n. s. [dolch, German.]
1. A small dagger.
I see thee still;
And, on the blade of thy dudgeon, gouts of blood. Shakesp.
I was a serviceable dudgeon,
Either for fighting or for drudging. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.
2. Malice; sullenness; malignity; ill will.
Civil dudgeon first grew high,
And men fell out they knew not why. Hudibras, p. i. c. 1.
The cuckow took this a little in dudgeon. L'Estrange.

DUE

DUE. adj. The participle passive of owe. [dû, French.]
1. Owed; that which any one has a right to demand in conse­
quence of a compact, or for any other reason.
There is due from the judge to the advocate some com­
mendation and gracing, where causes are well handled and
fair pleaded. Bacon, Essay 57.
There is likewise due to the publick a civil reprehension of
advocates, where there appeareth cunning, gross neglect, or
slight information. Bacon, Essay 57.
Mirth and chearfulness are but the due reward of innocency
of life. More's Divine Dialogues.
A present blessing upon our fasts is neither originally due
from God's justice, nor becomes due to us from his veracity.
Smalridge's Sermons.
There is a respect due to mankind, which should incline
ever the wisest of men to follow innocent customs. Watts.
2. Proper; fit; appropriate.
Opportunity may be taken to excite, in persons attending
on those solemnities, a due sense of the vanity of earthly satis­
factions. Atterbury.
3. Exact; without deviation.
You might see him come towards me beating the ground
in so due time, as no dancer can observe better measure. Sidn.
And Eve within, due at her hour, prepar'd
For dinner savoury fruits. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.

DUE. adv. [from the adjective.] Exactly; directly; duly.
Like the Pontick sea,
Whose icy current, and compulsive course,
Ne'er feels retiring ebb but keeps due on
To the Propontick and the Hellespont. Shakesp. Othello.

DUE. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. That which belongs to one; that which may be justly
claimed.
My due from thee is this imperial crown,
Which, as immediate from thy place and blood,
Derives itself to me. Shakespeare.
The son of Duncan,
From whom this tyrant holds the due of birth,
Lives in the English court. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Thou better know'st
The offices of nature, bond of childhood,
Effects of courtesy, dues of gratitude:
Thy half o' th' kingdom thou hast not forgot,
Wherein I thee endow'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I desire of you a conduct over land.
—My lord, you are appointed for that purpose;
The due of honour in no point omit. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I take this garland, not as given by you,
But as my merit, and my beauty's due. Dryd. Ind. Emperor.
No popular assembly ever knew, or proposed, or declared
what share of power was their due. Swift.
2. Right; just title.


The key of this infernal pit by due,
And by command of heav'n's all-powerful king,
I keep. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 850.
3. Whatever custom or law requires to be done.
Befriend
Us thy vow'd priests, 'till outmost end
Of all thy dues be done, and none left out. Milt. Par. Reg.
They pay the dead his annual dues. Dryden.
4. Custom; tribute.
In respect of the exorbitant dues that are paid at most other
ports, this deservedly retains the name of free. Addison.

To DUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To pay as due.
This is the latest glory of their praise,
That I thy enemy due thee withal. Shakespeare's Henry VI.

DU’EL. n. s. [duellum, Latin.] A combat between two; a
single fight.
In many armies, if the matter should be tried by duel be­
tween two champions, the victory should go on the one side;
and yet if it be tried by the gross, go on the other side. Bacon.
To whom thus Michael: dream not of your fight
As of a duel, or the local wounds
Of head or heel. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 387.
'Twas I that wrong'd you; you my life have sought:
No duel ever was more justly fought. Waller.

To DU’EL. v. n. [from the noun.] To fight a single combat.
The challenging and fighting with a man, a certain posi­
tive mode of action, by particular ideas distinguished from all
others, is called duelling. Locke.

To DU’EL. v. a. To attack or fight with singly.
Who single
Duell'd their armies, rank'd in proud array,
Himself an army, now unequal match
To save himself against a coward arm'd,
At one spear's length. Milton's Agonistes, l. 344.

DU’ELLER. n. s. [from duel.] A single combatant.
They perhaps begin as single dueliers, but then they soon get
their troops about them. Decay of Piety.

DU’ELLIST. n. s. [from duel.]
1. A single combatant.
If the king ends the differences, the case will fall out no
worse than when two duellists enter the field, where the worsted
party hath his sword again, without further hurt. Suckling.
Henceforth let poets, ere allow'd to write,
Be search'd like duellists before they fight. Dryden.
2. One who professes to live by rules of honour.
His bought arms Mung not lik'd; for his first day
Of bearing them in field, he threw 'em away;
And hath no honour lost, our duellists say. Ben. Johnson.

DUE’LLO. n. s. [Italian.] The duel; the rule of duelling.
The gentleman will, for his honour's sake, have one bout
with you: he cannot by the duello avoid it. Sh. Twelfth Night.

DUE’NNA. n. s. [Spanish.] An old woman kept to guard
a younger.
I felt the ardour of my passion increase as the season ad­
vanced, 'till in the month of July I could no longer contain:
I bribed her duenna, was admitted to the bath, saw her un­
dressed, and the wonder displayed. Arbuthnot and Pope.

DUG. n. s. [deggia, to give suck, Islandick.]
1. A pap; a nipple; a teat: spoken of beasts, or in malice or
contempt of human beings.
Of her there bred
A thousand young ones, which she daily fed,
Sucking upon her poisonous dugs; each one
Of sundry shape, yet all ill favoured. Fairy Queen, b. i.
They are first fed and nourished with the milk of a strange
dug. Raleigh's History of the World.
Then shines the goat, whose brutish dugs supply'd
The infant Jove, and nurst his growing pride. Creech.
2. It seems to have been used formerly of the breast without
reproach.
It was a faithless squire that was the source
Of all my sorrow, and of these sad tears;
With whom, from tender dug of common nourse,
At once I was up brought. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 4.
As mild and gentle as the cradle-babe,
Dying with mother's dug between its lips. Shakes. Hen. VI.

DUG. preterit. and part. pass. of dig.
They had often found medals, and pipes of lead, as they
dug among the rubbish. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

DUK

DUKE. n. s. [duc, French; dux, Latin.] One of the highest
order of nobility in England; in rank a nobleman next to
the royal family.
The duke of Cornwal, and Regan his dutchess, will be here
with him this night. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Aurmarle, Surrey, and Exeter must lose
The names of dukes, their titles, dignities,
And whatsoever profits thereby rise. Daniel's C. War.

DU’KEDOM. n. s. [from duke.]
1. The seigniory or possessions of a duke.
Her brother found a wife,
Where he himself was lost; Prospero his dukedom
In a poor isle. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The cardinal never resigned his purple for the prospect of
giving an heir to the dukedom of Tuscany. Addison.
2. The title or quality of a duke.

DUL

DU’LBRAINED. adj. [dull and brain.] Stupid; doltish; foolish.
This arm of mine hath chastised
The petty rebel, dulbrain'd Buckingham. Shakes. Rich. III.

DU’LCET. adj. [dulcis, Latin.]
1. Sweet to the taste; luscious.
From sweet kernels press'd,
She tempers dulcet creams; nor these to hold
Wants she fit vessels pure. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
2. Sweet to the ear; harmonious; melodious.
I sat upon a promontory,
And heard a mermaid, on a dolphin's back,
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath,
That the rude sea grew civil at her song. Shakespeare.
A fabrick huge
Rose like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies, and voices sweet. Milt. Parad. Lost.

DULCIFICA’TION. n. s. [from dulcify.] The act of sweetning;
the act of freeing from acidity, saltness, or acrimony.
In colcothar the exactest calcination, followed by an exqui­
site dulcification, does not reduce the remaining body into
elementary earth; for after the salt or vitriol, if the calcina­
tion have been too faint, is drawn out of the colcothar, the
residue is not earth, but a mixt body, rich in medical vir­
tues. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

To DU’LCIFY. v. a. [dulcifier, French.] To sweeten; to
set free from acidity, saltness, or acrimony of any kind.
A decoction of wild gourd, or colocynthis, though some­
what qualified, will not from every hand be dulcified into ali­
ment, by an addition of flower or meal. Brown's Vulgar Err.
I dressed him with a pledgit, dipt in a dulcified tincture of
vitriol. Wiseman's Surgery.
Spirit of wine dulcifies spirit of salt; nitre, or vitriol have
other bad effects. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

DU’LCIMER. n. s. [dolcimello, Skinner.] A musical instrument
played by striking the brass wires with little sticks.
Ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut,
psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick. Dan. iii. 5.

To DU’LCORATE. v. a. [from dulcis, Latin.] To sweeten;
to make less acrimonious.
The ancients, for the dulcorating of fruit, do commend
swine's dung above all other dung. Bacon's Natural History.
Turbith mineral, as it is sold in the shops, is a rough me­
dicine; but being somewhat dulcorated, first procureth vomit­
ing, and then salivation. Wiseman's Surgery.

DULCORA’TION. n. s. [from dulcorate.] The act of sweet­
ening.
Malt gathereth a sweetness to the taste, which appeareth in
the wort: the dulcoration of things is worthy to be tried to the
full; for that dulcoration importeth a degree to nourishment:
and the making of things inalimental to become alimental,
may be an experiment of great profit for making new victuals.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 649.

DU’LHEAD. n. s. [dull and head.] A blockhead; a wretch
foolish and stupid; a dolt.
This people be fools and dulheads to all goodness; but
subtle, cunning, and bold in any mischief. Ascham's Schoolm.

DU’LIA. n. s. [δλεια.] An inferiour kind of adoration.
Paleotus saith, that the same worship which is given to the
prototype may be given to the image; but with the different
degrees of latria and dulia. Stillingfleet.

DULL. adj. [dwl, Welsh; dole, Saxon; dol, mad, Dutch.]
1. Stupid; doltish; blockish; unapprehensive; indocile; slow
of understanding.
Such is their evil hap to play upon dull spirited men. Hooker.
He that hath learned no wit by nature, nor art, may com­
plain of gross breeding, or comes of a very dull kindred. Shak.
Sometimes this perception, in some kind of bodies, is far
more subtile than the sense; so that the sense is but a dull thing
in comparison of it. Bacon's Natural History.
Every man, even the dullest, is thinking more than the most
eloquent can teach him how to utter. Dryden.
2. Blunt; obtuse.
Meeting with time, Slack thing, said I,
Thy scythe is dull; whet it, for shame. Herbert.
3. Unready; aukward.
Gynecia a great while stood still, with a kind of dull amaze­
ment looking stedfastly upon her. Sidney.
O help thou my weak wit, and sharpen my dull tongue.
Fairy Queen, b. i. stanz. 2.
Memory is so necessary to all conditions of life, that we
are not to fear it should grow dull for want of exercise, if
exercise would make it stronger. Locke.
4. Hebetated; not quick.
This people's heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull
of hearing. Math. xiii. 15.
5. Sad; melancholy.
6. Sluggish; heavy; slow of motion.
Thenceforth the waters waxed dull and slow,
And all that drunk thereof did faint and feeble grow. F. Q.


7. Gross; cloggy; vile.
She excels each mortal thing
Upon the dull earth dwelling. Shak. Two Gent. of Verona.
8. Not exhilaterating; not delightful; as, to make dictionaries is
dull work.
9. Not bright; as, the mirror is dull, the fire is dull.
I'll not be made a soft and dull ey'd fool,
To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
To Christian intercessors. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
10. Drowsy; sleepy.

To DULL. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To stupify; to infatuate
Nothing hath more dulled the wits, or taken away the will
of children from learning, than care in making of Latin. Asch.
Those drugs she has
Will stupify and dull the sense awhile. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. To blunt; to obtund.
This entrance of the battle did whet the courage of the
Spaniards, though it dulled their swords. Bacon.
3. To sadden; to make melancholy.
4. To hebetate; to weaken.
Now forc'd to overflow with brackish tears,
The troublous noise did dull their dainty ears. Spenser.
5. To damp; to clog.
Prayers were short, as if darts thrown out with a sudden
quickness, lest that vigilant and erect attention of mind,
which in prayer is very necessary, should be wasted or dulled
through continuance. Hooker, b. v. s. 33.
In bodies, union strengtheneth and cherisheth any natural
action; and, on the other side, weakeneth and dulleth any
violent impression, and even so is it of minds. Bacon's Essays.
6. To make weary, or slow of motion.
7. To fully brightness.
The breath dulls the mirrour. Bacon.

DU’LLARD. n. s. [from dull.] A blockhead; a dolt; a stupid
fellow; a dunce.
What, mak'st thou me a dullard in this act?
Wilt thou not speak to me? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Thou must make a dullard of the world,
If they not thought the profits of my death
Were very pregnant and potential spurs
To make thee seek it. Shakespeare's King Lear.

DU’LLY. adv. [from dull.]
1. Stupidly; doltishly.
It is not sufficient to imitate nature in every circumstance
dully, literally, and meanly; but it becomes a painter to take
what is most beautiful. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Slowly; sluggishly.
The air, if it be moist, doth in a degree quench the flame,
and howsoever maketh it burn more dully. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. Not vigorously; not gaily; not brightly; not keenly.

DU’LNESS. n. s. [from dull.]
1. Stupidity; weakness of intellect; indocility; slowness of ap­
prehension.
Nor is the dulness of the scholar to extinguish, but rather
to inflame the charity of the teacher. South's Sermons.
Shadwel alone my perfect image bears,
Mature in dulness from his tender years. Dryden.
2. Want of quick perception.
Nature, by a continual use of any thing, groweth to a satiety
and dulness, either of appetite or working. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. Drowsiness; inclination to sleep.
Here cease more questions;
Thou art inclin'd to sleep. 'Tis a good dulness,
And give it way. Shakespeare's Tempest.
4. Sluggishness of motion.
5. Dimness; want of lustre.
6. Bluntness; want of edge.

DU’LY. adv. [from due.]
1. Properly; fitly; in the due manner.
Ever since they firmly have retained,
And duly well observed his beheast. Spenser.
I do not know
What kind of my obedience I should tender,
More than my all, which is nothing; nor my prayers
Are not words duly hallow'd, nor my wishes
More worth than vanities; yet prayers and wishes
Are all I can return. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
In the body, when the principal parts, as the heart and
liver, do their offices, and all the inferiour smaller vessels act
orderly and duly, there arises a sweet enjoyment upon the
whole, which we call health. South's Sermons.
If attention be duly engaged to those reflections, they can­
not fail of influence. Rogers, Sermon 3.
2. Regularly; exactly.
Seldom at church, 'twas such a busy life;
But duly sent his family and wife. Pope, Epistle 3.

DUM

DUMB. adj. [דום he was silent; dumbs, Gothick; dumbe,
Saxon; dum, Danish; dom, Dutch, dull.]
1. Mute; incapable of speech.
It hath pleased himself sometime to unloose the very
tongues even of dumb creatures, and to teach them to
plead in their own defence, lest the cruelty of man should
persist to afflict them. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
They spake not a word;
But like dumb statues, or unbreathing stones,
Star'd each on other. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Some positive terms signify a negative idea: blind implies a
privation of sight, dumb a denial of speech. Watts's Logick.
2. Deprived of speech.
They sung no more, or only sung his fame;
Struck dumb, they all admir'd the godlike man. Dryden.
3. Mute; not using words.
He is a proper man's picture; but, alas! who can converse
with a dumb show? Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
His gentle dumb expression turn'd at length
The eye of Eve to mark his play. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Her humble gestures made the residue plain,
Dumb eloquence persuading more than speech. Roscommon.
For he who covets gain in such excess,
Does by dumb signs himself as much express,
As if in words at length he show'd his mind. Dryden's Juv.
Nothing is more common than for lovers to complain,
relent, languish, despair, and die in dumb show. Addis. Spect.
4. Silent; refusing to speak.
The good old seer withstood
Th' intended treason, and was dumb to blood;
'Till tir'd with endless clamours, and pursuit
Of Ithacus, he stood no longer mute. Dryden's Æn.

DU’MBLY. adv. [from dumb.] Mutely; silently; without
words.

DU’MBNESS. n. s. [from dumb.]
1. Incapacity to speak.
2. Omission of speech; muteness.
There was speech in their dumbness, language in their very
gesture: they looked as they had heard of a world ransomed,
or one destroyed. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
To th' dumbness of the gesture
One might interpret. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
3. Refusal to speak; silence.
'Tis love, said she; and then my downcast eyes,
And guilty dumbness, witness'd my surprize. Dryden.

To DU’MBFOUND. v. a. [from dumb.] To confuse; to strike
dumb. A low phrase.
They had like to have dumbfounded the justice; but his clerk
came in to his assistance. Spectator, No. 616.

DUMP. n. s. [from dom, stupid, Dutch.]
1. Sorrow; melancholy; sadness.
Sing no more ditties, sing no mo
Of dumps so dull and heavy;
The frauds of men were ever so,
Since Summer first was leafy. Sh. Much Ado about Nothing.
Visit by night your lady's chamber window
With some sweet consort: to their instruments
Tune a deploring dump; the night's dead silence
Will well become such sweet complaining grievance. Shak.
Funerals with stately pomp
March slowly on, in solemn dump. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.
The squire who fought on bloody stumps,
By future bards bewail'd in doleful dumps. Gay's Pastorals.
2. Absence of mind; reverie.
This shame dumps cause to well-bred people, when it
carries them away from the company. Locke.

DU’MPISH. adj. [from dump.] Sad; melancholy; sorrowful.
New year, forth looking out of Janus' gate,
Doth seem to promise hope of new delight;
And bidding th' old adieu, his passed date
Bids all old thoughts to die in dumpish spight. Spenser.
The life which I live at this age is not a dead, dumpish, and
sour life; but chearful, lively, and pleasant. Herbert.

DU’MPLING. n. s. [from dump, heaviness.] A sort of pudding.
You prate too long, like a book-learn'd sot,
'Till pudding and dumpling burn to pot. Dryden.

DUN

DUN. adj. [dun, Saxon.]
1. A colour partaking of brown and black.
By mixing such powders we are not to expect a strong and
full white, such as is that of paper; but some dusky obscure
one, such as might arise from a mixture of light and darkness,
or from white and black, that is, a grey, or dun, or russet
brown. Newton's Opt.
2. Dark; gloomy.
Come, thick night!
And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes;
Nor heav'n peep through the blanket of the dark,
To cry hold! hold! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He then survey'd
Hell, and the gulph between, and Satan there
Coasting the wall of heav'n on this side,
In the dun air sublime. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 69.

To DUN. v. a. [dunan, Saxon, to clamour.] To claim a
debt with vehemence and importunity.
Borrow of thy back, and borrow of thy belly: they'll
never ask thee again. I shall be dunning thee every day. Bacon.


I remember what she won:
And hath she sent so soon to dun? Swift.
When thou dun'st their parents, seldom they,
Without a suit before the tribune, pay. Dryden's Juvenal.

DUN. n. s. [from the verb.] A clamorous, importunate, trou­
blesome creditor.
Thus, while my joyless minutes tedious flow,
With looks demure, and silent pace, a dun,
Horrible monster! hated by gods and men,
To my aerial citadel ascends. Phillips.
It grieves my heart to be pulled by the sleeve by some ras­
cally dun, Sir, remember my bill. Arbuthn. History of J. Bull.

DUNCE. n. s. [A word of uncertain etymology; perhaps from
dum, the Dutch stupid.] A dullard; a dolt; a thickskul; a
stupid indocile animal.
Dunce at the best; in streets but scarce allow'd,
To tickle, on thy straw, the stupid crowd. Dryden's Virgil.
Was Epiphanius so great a dunce to imagine a thing, indif­
ferent in itself, should be directly opposite to the law of
God? Stillingfleet.
I never knew this town without dunces of figure, who had
credit enough to give rise to some new word. Swift.

DUNG. n. s. [dineg, Saxon.] The excrement of animals used
to fatten ground.
For dung, all excrements are the refuse and putrifactions of
nourishment. Bacon's Natural History, No. 696.
I judge the likeliest way to be the perforation of the
body of the tree in several places, one above the other;
and the filling of the holes with dung, mingled with the medi­
cine; and the watering of those lumps of dung, with squirts
of an infusion of the medicine in dunged water, once in three
or four days. Bacon's Natural History, No. 500.
For when from herbs the pure part must be won,
From gross by 'stilling, this is better done
By despis'd dung than by the fire or sun. Donne.
He soon would learn to think like me,
And bless his ravish'd eyes to see
Such order from confusion sprung,
Such gaudy tulips rais'd from dung. Swift.

To DUNG. v. a. [from the noun.] To fatten with dung.
It was received of old, that dunging of grounds, when the
West wind bloweth, and in the decrease of the moon, doth
greatly help. Bacon's Natural History, No. 667.
There, as his dream foretold, a cart he found,
That carry'd compost forth to dung the ground. Dryden.

DU’NGEON. n. s. [from donjon, the tower in which prisoners
were kept, whence all prisons eminently strong were in time
called dungeons.] A close prison: generally spoke of a prison
dark or subterraneous.
Then up he took the slumbered senseless corse,
And e're he could out of his swoon awake,
Him to his castle brought with hasty force,
And in a dungeon deep him threw without remorse. Fa. Qu.
We know not that the king of heav'n hath doom'd
This place our dungeon; not our safe retreat
Beyond his potent arm. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Now from the North
Of Norumbeque, and the Samoed shore,
Bursting their brazen dungeon, arm'd with ice,
And snow, and hail, come stormy gust, and flaw. Milton.
By imagination a man in a dungeon is capable of entertain­
ing himself with scenes and landskapes, more beautiful than
any that can be found in the whole compass of nature. Addis.

DU’NGFORK. n. s. [dung and fork.] A fork to toss out dung
from stables.
Dungforks and paddles are common every where. Mortimer.

DU’NGHIL. n. s. [dung and hill.]
1. An heap or accumulation of dung.
I, his brother, gain nothing under him but growth; for
the which his animals on his dunghils are as much bound to
him as I. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Turn out that eyeless villain; throw this slave
Upon the dunghil. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Two cocks fought a duel for the mastery of a dunghil. L'Est.
Never enter into a league of friendship with an ingrateful
person; that is, plant not thy friendship upon a dunghil: it is
too noble a plant for so base a soil. South's Sermons.
The dunghil having raised a huge mushroom of short dura­
tion, is now spread to enrich other mens land. Swift.
2. Any mean or vile abode.
Perhaps a thousand other worlds, that lie
Remote from us, and latent in the sky,
Are lighten'd by his beams, and kindly nurst,
Of which our earthly dunghil is the worst. Dryden.
3. Any situation of meanness.
The poor he raiseth from the dust,
Even from the dunghil lifts the just. Sandys.
4. A term of reproach for a man meanly born.
Out, dunghii! dar'st thou brave a nobleman? Shakesp.

DU’NGHIL. adj. Sprung from the dunghil; mean; low; base;
vile; worthless.
His dunghil thoughts, which do themselves enure
To dirty dross, no higher dare aspire. Spenser on Love.

DU’NGY. adj. [from dung.] Full of dung; mean; vile; base;
low; odious; worthless.
If it be so,
We need no grave to bury honesty;
There's not a grain of it, the face to sweeten
Of the whole dungy earth. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

DU’NGYARD. n. s. [dung and yard.] The place of the
dunghil.
Any manner of vegetables cast into the dungyard. Mortimer.

DU’NNER. n. s. [from dun.] One employed in soliciting petty
debts.
They are ever talking of new silks, and serve the owners
in getting them customers, as their common dunners do in
making them pay. Spectator, No. 454.

DUO’DECUPLE. adj. [duo and decuplus, Latin.] Consisting of
twelves.
Grisepsius, a learned Polander, endeavours to establish the
duodecuple proportion among the Jews, by comparing some
passages of Scripture together. Arbuthnot on Coins.

DUPE. n. s. [dupe, French, from duppe, a foolish bird easily
caught.] A credulous man; a man easily tricked.
An usurping populace is its own dupe, a mere underworker,
and a purchaser in trust for some single tyrant. Swift.
First slave to words, then vassal to a name,
Then dupe to party; child and man the same. Dunciad.

To DUPE. v. a. [from the noun.] To trick; to cheat.
The throne a bigot keep, a genius quit;
Faithless through piety, and dup'd through wit. Pope's Epist.

DU’PLE. adj. [duplus, Latin.] Double; one repeated.

To DU’PLICATE. v. a. [duplico, Latin.]
1. To double; to enlarge by the repetition of the first number
or quantity.
And some alterations in the brain duplicate that which is
but a single object to our undistempered sentiments. Glanv.
2. To fold together.

DU’PLICATE. adj. [from the verb.]
Duplicate proportion is the proportion of squares. Thus,
in a rank of geometrical proportions, the first term to the
third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of the first to the second,
or as its square is to the square of the second: so in 2, 4, 8,
16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 2 to 4; or
as the square of 2 to the square of 4. Phillips. Harris. Bailey.
It has been found, that the attraction is almost reciprocally
in a duplicate proportion of the distance of the middle of the
drop from the concourse of the glasses, viz. reciprocally in a
simple proportion, by reason of the spreading of the drop,
and its touching each glass in a larger surface; and again reci­
procally in a simple proportion, by reason of the attractions
growing stronger within the same quantity of attracting
surface. Newton's Opt.

DU’PLICATE. n. s. Another correspondent to the first; a
second thing of the same kind, as a transcript of a paper.
Nothing is more needful for perfecting the natural history
of bodies than the subjecting them to the fire; to which end
I have reserved duplicates of the most considerable. Woodward.

DUPLICA’TION. n. s. [from duplicate.]
1. The act of doubling.
What great pains hath been taken concerning the quadra­
ture of a circle, and the duplication of a cube, and some other
mathematical problems. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. The act of folding together.
3. A fold; a doubling.
The peritonæum is a strong membrane, every where double;
in the duplications of which all the viscera of the abdomen are
hid. Wiseman's Surgery.

DU’PLICATURE. n. s. [from duplicate.] A fold; any thing
doubled.
Vast bags are requisite to contain the water which issues
from the lympheducts, either dilacerated or obstructed, and
exonerating themselves into the foldings, or between the du­
plicatures of the membranes. Ray on the Creation.

DUPLI’CITY. n. s. [duplicis, Latin.]
1. Doubleness; the number of two.
This duplicity was ill contrived to place one head at
both extremes, and had been more tolerable to have set three
or four at one. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 14.
Do not affect duplicities nor triplicities, nor any certain
number of parts in your division of things. Watts's Logick.
2. Deceit; doubleness of heart, or of tongue.

DUR

DURABI’LITY. n. s. [durabilis, Latin.] The power of lasting;
continuance; endurance.
Stones though in dignity of nature inferior unto plants,
yet exceed them in firmness of strength, or durability of being.
Hooker, b. i. s. 6.
Our times upon the earth have neither certainty nor
durability. Raleigh's History of the World.

DU’RABLE. adj. [durabilis, Latin.]
1. Lasting; having the quality of long continuance.
The bones of his body we may compare to the hard rocks
and stones, and therefore strong and durable. Raleigh's History.


With pins of adamant,
And chains, they made all fast; too fast they made,
And durable! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 320.
The glories of her majesty's reign ought to be recorded in
words more durable than brass, and such as our posterity may
read a thousand years hence. Swift.
2. Having successive existence.
When on a day,
For time, though in eternity, apply'd
To motion, measures all things durable
By present, past, and future, on such day
As heav'n's great year brings forth. Milton's Paradise Lost.

DU’RABLENESS. n. s. [from durable.] Power of lasting;
continuance.
The different consistence and durableness of the strata
whereof they consist, are more or less. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
A bad poet, if he cannot become immortal by the good­
ness of his verse, may be the durableness of the metal that
supports it. Addison on ancient Medals.

DU’RABLY. adv. [from durable.] In a lasting manner.
There indeed he found his fame flourishing, his monuments
engraved in marble, and yet more durably in mens me­
mories. Sidney.

DU’RANCE. n. s. [from duresse, law French.]
1. Imprisonment; the custody or power of a jaylor; a prison.
Thy Dol, and Helen of thy noble thoughts,
Is in base durance and contagious prison;
Haul'd thither by mechanick dirty hands. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
A poor, innocent, forlorn stranger, languishing in durance,
upon the false accusations of a lying, insolent, whorish
woman. South's Sermons.
There's neither iron bar nor gate,
Portcullis, chain, nor bolt, nor grate;
And yet men durance there abide,
In dungeons scarce three inches wide. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
Notwithstanding the warning and example before me, I
commit myself to lasting durance. Congreve's Old Batchelor.
2. Endurance; continuance; duration.
Sick nature at that instant trembled round,
And mother earth sigh'd as she felt the wound:
Of how short durance was this new made state!
How far more mighty than heaven's love, hell's hate! Dryd.

DURA’TION. n. s. [duratio, Latin.]
1. A sort of distance or length, the idea whereof we get, not
from the permanent parts of space, but from the fleeting and
perpetually perishing parts of succession. Locke.
2. Power of continuance.
Duration is a circumstance so essential to happiness, that if
we conceived it possible for the joys of heaven itself to pass
from us in an instant, we should find ourselves not much con­
cerned for the attainment of them. Roger's Sermons.
3. Length of continuance.
Aristotle, by greatness of action, does not only mean it
should be great in its nature, but also in its duration, that it
should have a due length in it. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.

To DURE. v. n. [duro, Latin.] To last; to continue; to
endure.
The delights and pleasures of the world are most pleasing
while they dure. Raleigh's History of the World.

DU’REFUL. adj. [from endure and full.] Lasting; of long con­
tinuance; durable.
The dureful oak, whose sap is not yet dry'd,
Is long e'er it conceive the kindling fire;
But when it once doth burn, it doth divide
Great heat, and makes his flames to heaven aspire. Spenser.

DU’RELESS. adj. [from dure.] Without continuance; fading;
transitory; short.
Yet were that aptitude natural, more inclinable to follow
and embrace the false and dureless pleasures of this stage-play
world, than to become the shadow of God. Raleigh's History.

DU’RESSE. n. s. [French, hardship, severity.]
1. Imprisonment; constraint; confinement.
2. [In law.] A plea used by way of exception, by him who
being cast into prison at a man's suit, or otherwise by threats,
beating, &c. hardly used, seals any bond to him during his
restraint. This the law holds as invalid, and supposes to be
constrained. Cowel.

DU’RING. prep. [This word is rather a participle from dure;
as, during life, durante vita, life continuing; during my plea­
sure, my pleasure continuing the same.] For the time of the
continuance of; while any thing lasts.
If during his childhood he be constantly and rigorously kept
from drinking cold liquor whilst he is hot, forbearance grows
into a habit. Locke.

DU’RITY. n. s. [dureté, French; durus, Latin.] Hardness;
firmness.
Ancients did burn fragments of marble, which in time
became marble again, at least of indissoluble durity, as ap­
peareth in the standing theatres. Wotton's Architecture.
Irradiancy or sparkling, found in many gems, is not disco­
verable in this; for it cometh short of their compactness and
durity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

DURST. The preterite of dare.
The Christians durst have no images of the Deity, because
they would rather die than defile themselves with such an
impiety. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

DUS

DUSK. adj. [duyster, Dutch.]
1. Tending to darkness. See DUSKY.
2. Tending to blackness; dark coloured.
The hills to their supply,
Vapour, and exhalation dusk, and moist,
Sent up amain. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 741.

DUSK. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Tendency to darkness; incipient obscurity.
I will wait on you in the dusk of the evening, with my
show upon my back. Spectator, No. 271.
2. Darkness of colour; tendency to blackness.
Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen,
Whose dusk set off the whiteness of the skin. Dryden's Fab.

To DUSK. v. a. [from the noun.] To make duskish. Dict.

To DUSK. v. n. To grow dark; to begin to lose light or
brightness; to have lustre diminished. Dict.

DU’SKILY. adv. [from dusky.] With a tendency to darkness
or blackness.

DU’SKISH. adj. [from dusk.]
1. Inclining to darkness; tending to obscurity.
From his infernal furnace forth he threw
Huge flames, that dimmed all the heaven's light,
Enroll'd in duskish smoak, and brimstone blue. Fai. Queen.
2. Tending to blackness; dark coloured.
Sight is not contented with sudden departments from one
extreme to another; therefore rather a duskish tincture than an
absolute black. Wotton's Architecture.

DU’SKISHLY. adv. [from duskish.] Cloudily; darkly.
The sawdust burned fair, 'till part of the candle consumed:
the dust gathering about the snast, made the snast to burn
duskishly. Bacon's Natural History, No. 365.

DU’SKY. adj. [from dusk; duyster, Dutch.]
1. Tending to darkness; obscure; not luminous.
Here lies the dusky torch of Mortimer,
Chok'd with ambition of the meaner sort. Shakesp. H. VI.
There fierce winds o'er dusky valleys blow,
Whose every puff bears empty shades away. Dryd. Ind. Em.
Through the plains of one continual day,
Six shining months pursue their even way;
And six succeeding urge their dusky flight,
Obscur'd with vapours and o'erwhelm'd in night. Prior.
2. Tending to blackness; dark coloured; not clear; not bright.
They did plot
The means that dusky Dis my daughter got. Shak. Tempest.
It is not green, but of a dusky brown colour. Bacon.
When Jove in dusky clouds involves the skies,
And the faint crescent shoots by fits before their eyes. Dryd.
The surface is of a dusky yellow colour. Woodward.
By mixing such powders we are not to expect a strong and
full white, such as is that of paper; but some dusky obscure
one, such as might arise from a mixture of light and dark­
ness, or from white and black; that is, a grey or dun, or
russet brown. Newton's Opt.
3. Gloomy; sad; intellectually clouded.
While he continues in life, this dusky scene of horrour,
this melancholy prospect of final perdition, will frequently oc­
cur to his fancy. Bentley's Sermons.
Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite,
As ever fully'd the fair face of light,
Down to the central earth, his proper scene,
Repairs to search the gloomy cave of spleen. Pope.

DUST. n. s. [dust, Saxon; duúst, Erse.]
1. Earth or other matter reduced to small particles.
The dust
Should have ascended to the roof of heav'n,
Rais'd by your populous troops. Shakesp. Anth. and Cleopat.
Dust helpeth the fruitfulness of trees, insomuch as they cast
dust upon them: that powdering, when a shower cometh,
maketh a soiling to the tree, being earth and water finely laid
on. Bacon's Natural History, No. 666.
2. The grave; the state of dissolution.
The scepter, learning, physick must
All follow this, and come to dust. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Thou
Out of the ground wast taken, know thy birth;
For dust thou art, and shalt to dust return.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. A mean and dejected state.
God raiseth up the poor out of the dust, to set them among
princes. 1 Sam. ii. 8.

To DUST. v. a. [from the noun.] To free from dust; to
sprinkle with dust.

DU’STMAN. n. s. [dust and man.] One whose employment is
to carry away the dust.
The dustman's cart offends thy cloaths and eyes,
When through the street a cloud of ashes flies. Gay.



DU’STY. adj. [from dust.]
1. Filled with dust; clouded with dust.
Arms and the dusty field I less admire,
And soften strangely in some new desire. Dryden.
2. Covered or scattered with dust.
Even drudgery himself,
As at the car he sweats, or dusty hews
The palace stone, looks gay. Thomson's Summer, l. 1445.

DUT

DU’TCHESS. n. s. [duchesse, French.]
1. The lady of a duke.
The duke of Cornwal, and Regan his dutchess, will be
here. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The duke was to command the army, and the dutchess, by
the favour she possessed, to be near her majesty. Swift.
The gen'rous god, who wit and gold refines,
And ripens spirits as he ripens minds,
Kept dross for dutchesses, the world shall know it,
To you gave sense, good humour, and a poet. Pope's Epist.
2. A lady who has the sovereignty of a dukedom.

DU’TCHY. n. s. [duché, French.] A territory which gives title
to a duke, or has a duke for its sovereign.
France might have swallowed up his whole dutchy. Swift.
Different states border on it; the kingdom of France, the
dutchy of Savoy, and the canton of Bern. Addison on Italy.

DU’TCHYCOURT. n. s. A court wherein all matters appertain­
ing to the dutchy of Lancaster are decided by the decree of
the chancellor of that court. Cowel.

DU’TEOUS. adj. [from duty.]
1. Obedient; obsequious; respectful to those who have natural
or legal authority.
Great Aurengzebe did duteous care express,
And durst not push too far his great success. Dryd. Aureng.
A female softness, with a manly mind;
A duteous daughter, and a sister kind;
In sickness patient, and in death resign'd. Dryden.
Who taught the bee with winds and rains to strive,
To bring her burden to the certain hive;
And through the liquid fields again to pass
Duteous, and hark'ning to the sounding brass? Prior.
2. Obsequious; obedient to good or bad purposes.
I know thee well; a serviceable villain!
As duteous to the vices of thy mistress,
As madness would desire. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Every beast, more duteous at her call,
Than at Circean call the herd disguis'd. Milt. Parad. Lost.
3. Enjoined by duty; enforced by the relation of one to
another.
With mine own tongue deny my sacred right,
With mine own breath release all duteous ties. Shakes. R. II.

DU’TIFUL. adj. [duty and full.]
1. Obedient; submissive to natural or legal superiours; re­
verent.
She died in an extreme old age, without pain, under the
care of the most dutiful son that I have ever known or heard
of. Swift to Pope.
2. Expressive of respect; giving token of reverence; respectful;
reverential.
There would she kiss the ground, and thank the trees,
bless the air, and do dutiful reverence to every thing she thought
did accompany her at their first meeting. Sidney, b. ii.

DU’TIFULLY. adv. [from dutiful.]
1. Obediently; submissively.
2. Reverently; respectfully.
His daughter Philoclea he found at that time dutifully watch­
ing by her mother, and Miso curiously watching her. Sidney.
He with joyful, nimble wing,
Flew dutifully back again,
And made an humble chaplet for the king. Swift.

DU’TIFULNESS. n. s. [from dutiful.]
1. Obedience; submission to just authority.
Piety, or dutifulness to parents, was a most popular virtue
among the Romans. Dryden's Æn.
2. Reverence; respect.
It is a strange kind of civility, and an evil dutifulness in
friends and relatives, to suffer him to perish without reproof
or medicine, rather than to seem unmannerly to a great
sinner. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

DU’TY. n. s. [from due.]
1. That to which a man is by any natural or legal obligation
bound
When ye shall have done all those things which are com­
manded, you say we are unprofitable servants: we have done
that which was our duty to do. Lu. xvii. 10.
Good my lord,
You have begot me, bred me, lov'd me: I
Return those duties back, as are right sit;
Obey you, love you, and most honour you. Shak. K. Lear.
The pain children feel from any necessity of nature, it is the
duty of parents to relieve. Locke.
2. Acts or forbearances required by religion or morality.
All our duty is set down in our prayers, because in all our
duty we beg the Divine Assistance; and remember that you
are bound to do all those duties, for the doing of which you
have prayed for the Divine Assistance. Taylor's Devotion.
3. Obedience or submission due to parents, governors, or supe­
riours; loyalty; piety to parents.
Thinkest thou that duty shall have dread to speak,
When pow'r to flatt'ry bows? To plainness honour
Is bound, when majesty to folly falls. Shakesp. King Lear.
God's party will appear small, and the king's not greater;
it being not probable, that those should have sense of duty to
him that had none to God. Decay of Piety.
4. Act of reverence or respect.
They both attone;
Did duty to their lady as became. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
5. The business of a soldier on guard.
The regiment did duty there punctually. Clarendon, b. viii.
Otho bribed his guards at a high rate; for as often as Galba
supped with him, he used to give every soldier upon duty an
aureus. Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. The business of war; service.
The night came and severed them, all parties being tired
with the duty of the day. Clarendon, b. viii.
See how the madmen bleed! Behold the gains
With which their master, love, rewards their pains!
For sev'n long years, on duty ev'ry day,
Lo! their obedience, and their monarch's pay! Dryden.
7. Tax; impost; custom; toll.
All the wines that come down from Tuscany make their
way through several duties and taxes, before they reach the
port. Addison's Travels.
Such shekels as they now shew, were the old ones in which
duty was to be paid by their law. Arbuthnot on Coins.

DWARF. n. s. [dweorg, Sax. dwerg, Dutch; sherg, Scottish.]
1. A man below the common size of men.
Get you gone, you dwarf!
You minimus, of hind ring knot-grass made. Shakespeare.
Such dwarfs were some kind of apes. Brown's Vulg. Err.
They but now who seem'd
In bigness to surpass earth's giant sons,
Now less than smallest dwarfs in narrow room
Throng numberless. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 779.
2. Any animal or plant below its natural bulk.
It is a delicate plantation of trees, all well-grown, fair, and
smooth: one dwarf was knotty and crooked, and the rest had
it in derision. L'Estrange.
Saw off the head of the stock in a smooth place; and for
dwarf trees, graft them within four fingers of the ground.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.
3. An attendant on a lady or knight in romances.
The champion stout,
Eststoones dismounted from his courser brave,
And to the dwarf a-while his needless spear he gave. F. Qu.
4. It is used often by botanists in composition; as, dwarf elder,
du arf honeysuckle.

To DWARF. v. a. [from the noun.] To hinder from growing
to the natural bulk; to lessen; to make little.
It is reported that a good strong canvas, spread over a tree
grafted low, soon after it putteth forth, will dwarf it, and
make it spread. Bacon's Natural History, No. 534.
The whole sex is in a manner dwarfed, and shrunk into a
race of beauties, that seems almost another species. Addison.

DWA’RFISH. adj. [from dwarf.] Below the natural bulk;
low; small; little; petty; despicable.
Their dwarfish pages were
As cherubins, all gilt. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
And are you grown so high in his esteem,
Because I am so dwarfish and so low? Shakespeare.
This unheard sawciness, and boyish troops,
The king doth smile at; and is well prepar'd
To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms,
From out the circle of his territories. Shakesp. King John.
A thicket close beside the grove there stood,
With briars and brambles choak'd, and dwarfish wood. Dry.
We should have lost oaks and cedars, and the other tall
and lofty sons of the forest, and have found nothing but
dwarfish shrubs, and creeping moss, and despicable mush­
rooms. Bentley's Sermons.

DWA’RFISHLY. adj. [from dwarfish.] Like a dwarf.

DWA’RFISHNESS. n. s. [from dwarfish.] Minuteness of sta­
ture; littleness.
'Tis no wonder that science hath not outgrown the dwarf­
ishness of its pristine stature, and that the intellectual world is
such a microcosm. Glanv. Sceps. c. 17.

To DWAULE. v. a. [dwelian, Sax. to wander; dwaelen, Dut.]
To be delirious: a provincial word mentioned by Junius.

DWE

To DWELL. v. n. preterite dwelt, or dwelled. [duala, old
Teutonick, is stay, delay; duelia, Islandick, to stay, to stand
still.]
1. To inhabit; to live in a place; to reside; to have an habi­
tation.
If thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be
sold unto thee, thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond­
servant. Lev. xxv. 39.


He shall dwell alone, without the camp shall his habita­
tion be. Lev. xiii. 46.
John Haywood and Sir Thomas More, in the parish where­
in I was born, dwelt and had possessions. Peacham on Poetry.
Why are you vex'd, lady? Why do you frown?
Here dwell no frowns, nor anger; from these gates
Sorrow flies far. Milton.
2. To live in any form of habitation.
Abraham sojourned in the land of Promise as in a strange
country, dwelling in tabernacles. Heb. xi. 9.
3. To be in any state or condition.
'Tis safer to be that which we destroy,
Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. Shakes. Macbeth.
4. To be suspended with attention.
Th' attentive queen
Dwelt on his accents, and her gloomy eyes
Sparkled with gentler fires. Smith's Phæd. and Hippolitus.
5. To fix the mind upon; to hang upon with fondness.
Such was that face, on which I dwelt with joy,
Ere Greece assembled, stemm'd the tides to Troy;
But parting then for that detested shore,
Our eyes, unhappy! never greeted more. Pope's Odyssey.
6. To continue long speaking.
He preach'd the joys of heav'n and pains of hell,
And warn'd the sinner with becoming zeal;
But on eternal mercy lov'd to dwell. Dryd. Good Parson.
We have dwelt pretty long on the considerations of space
and duration. Locke.
Those who defend our negotiators, dwell upon their
zeal and patience. Swift.

To DWELL. v. a. To inhabit.
I saw and heard; for we sometimes
Who dwell this wild, constrain'd by want, come forth
To town or village nigh. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. i.

DWE’LLER. n. s. [from dwell.] An inhabitant; one that lives
in any place.
The houses being kept up, did of necessity enforce a dweller;
and the proportion of land for occupation being kept up, did
of necessity enforce that dweller not to be beggar or cottager,
but a man of some substance. Bacon's Henry VII.
Their cries soon waken all the dwellers near;
Now murmuring noises rise in every street. Dryden.

DWE’LLING. n. s. [from dwell.]
1. Habitation; place of residence; abode.
His dwelling is low in a valley green,
Under the foot of Rauran mossy hore. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation for
ever. Jer. xlix. 33.
If he have several dwellings, let him sort them so, that
what he wanteth in the one he may find in the other. Bacon.
God will deign
To visit oft the dwellings of just men,
Delighted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 570.
So it seems
To thee who hast thy dwelling here on earth. Milt. P. Lost.
All dwellings else
Flood overwhelm'd, and them with all their pomp
Deep under water roll'd; sea cover'd sea,
Sea without shore! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 747.
The living few, and frequent funerals then,
Proclaim'd thy wrath on this forsaken place;
And now those few, who are return'd again,
Thy searching judgments to their dwellings trace. Dryden.
The force of fire ascended first on high,
And took its dwelling in the vaulted sky. Dryden's Ovid.
2. State of life; mode of living.
My dwelling shall be with the beasts of the field. Dan. iv. 25.

DWE’LLINGHOUSE. n. s. [from dwell and house.] The house
at which one lives.
A person ought always to be cited at the place of his
dwellinghouse, which he has in respect of his habitation and
usual residence; and not at the house which he has in respect
of his estate, or the place of his birth. Ayliffe's Parergon.

DWE’LLINGPLACE. n. s. [dwell and place.] The place of
residence.
People do often change their dwellingplaces, and some must
die, whilst other some do grow up into strength. Spenser.

To DWI’NDLE. v. n. [dwinan, Saxon.]
1. To shrink; to lose bulk; to grow little.
Proper names, when familiarized in English, dwindle to
monosyllables; whereas in modern languages they receive a
softer turn, by the addition of a new syllable. Addison's Spect.
Our drooping days are dwindled down to nought;
Their period finish'd e'er 'tis well begun. Thomson's Spring.
2. To degenerate; to sink.
'Tis now dwindled down to light frothy stuff. Norris.
If there have been such a gradual diminution of the gene­
rative faculty of the earth, that it hath dwindled from nobler
animals to puny mice and insects, why was there not the like
decay in the production of vegetables? Bentley's Sermons.
He found the expected council was dwindling into a con­
venticle, a packed assembly of Italian bishops, not a free con­
vention of fathers. Atterbury.
Religious societies, though begun with excellent intentions,
are said to have dwindled into factious clubs. Swift.
3. To wear away; to lose health; to grow feeble.
Weary sev'nnights nine times nine,
Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
How often do we see, that some small part of the foot being
injured by a wrench or a blow, the whole leg or thigh thereby
loses its strength and nourishment, and dwindles away. Locke.
Physicians, with their milky cheer,
The love sick maid and dwindling beau repair. Gay's Triv.
4. To fall away; to be diminished; to moulder off.
Of all the forces under Greenvil, there were only five hun­
dred foot and three hundred horse left with him for the block­
ing up Plymouth; the rest were dwindled away. Clarendon.

DYE. See DIE.

DY’ING. The participle of die.
1. Expiring; giving up the ghost.
2. Tinging; giving a new colour.

DY’NASTY. n. s. [δυναϛεία.] Government; sovereignty.
Some account him fabulous, because he carries up the Egyp­
tian dynasties before the flood, yea, and long before the
creation. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Greece was then divided into several dynasties, which our
author has enumerated under their respective princes.
Notes on Pope's Iliad.

DYS

DY’SCRASY. n. s. [δυσϰϱασία.] An unequal mixture of ele­
ments in the blood or nervous juice; a distemperature, when
some humour or quality abounds in the body. Dict.
In this pituitous dyscrasy of blood, we must vomit off the
pituita, and purge upon intermissions. Floyer on the Humours.

DYSE’NTERY. n. s. [dysenterie, French, from δυσεντεϱία.] A
looseness wherein very ill humours flow off by stool, and are
also sometimes attended with blood. Dict.
From an unusual inconstancy of the weather, and perpetual
changes of the wind from East to West, proceed epidemical
dysenteries. Arbuthnot on Air.

DYSPE’PSY. n. s. [δυσπεψία.] A difficulty of digestion, or bad
fermentation in the stomach or guts. Dict.

DY’SPHONY. n. s. [δυσφωνία.] A difficulty in speaking, occa­
sioned by an ill disposition of the organs. Dict.

DYSPNO’EA. n. s. [δύσπνοια.] A difficulty of breathing; strait­
ness of breath.

DY’SURY. n. s. [δυσϱία.] A difficulty in making urine.
It doth end in a dysentery, pains of the hæmorrhoids, in­
flammations of any of the lower parts, diabetes, a continual
pissing, or a hot dysury, difficulty of making water. Harvey.





E

E
Has two sounds; long, as scêne, and short, as men.
E is the most frequent vowel in the English lan­
guage; for it not only is used like the rest in the
beginning or end of words, but has the peculiar
quality of lengthening the foregoing vowel, as
căn, cāne; măn, māne; găp, gāpe; glăd, glāde; brĕd, brēde;
chĭn, chīne; whĭp, wīpe; thĭn, thīne; nŏd, nōde; tŭn, tūne;
plŭm, plūme. Yet it sometimes occurs final, where yet the
foregoing vowel is not lengthened; as gŏne, knowlĕdge, ĕdge,
gĭve. Anciently almost every word ended with e; as for can,
canne; for year, yeare; for great, greate; for need, neede; for
flock, flocke. It is probable that this e final had at first a soft
sound, like the female e of the French; and that afterwards it
was in poetry either mute or vocal, as the verse required, 'till at
last it became universally silent.
Ea has the sound of e long: the e is commonly lengthened
rather by the immediate addition of a than by the apposition
of e to the end of the word; as mĕn, mēan; sell, seal; mĕt,
mēat; nĕt, nēat.

EACH. pron. [elc, Saxon; elch, Dutch; ilk, Scottish.]
1. Either of two.
Though your orbs of diff'rent greatness be,
Yet both are for each other's use dispos'd;
His to inclose, and your's to be inclos'd. Dryden.
2. Every one of any number. This sense is rare, except in
poetry.
Th' invention all admir'd, and each how he
To be th' inventer miss'd. Milton, b. vi.
Let each
His adamantine coat gird well, and each
Fit well his helm. Milton, b. vi.
By hunger, that each other creature tames,
Thou art not to be harm'd, therefore not mov'd;
Thy temperance invincible besides. Milton's Paradise Reg.
Wise Plato said, the world with men was stor'd,
That succour each to other might afford. Denham.

To EACH the correspondent word is other, whether it be used of
two, or of a greater number.
'Tis said they eat each other. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Let each esteem other better than themselves. Phil. ii. 3.
Loveliest of women! heaven is in thy soul;
Beauty and virtue shine for ever round thee,
Bright'ning each other! Thou art all divine! Addis. Cato.

EAD. [æd, ed.] in the compound, and eadig in the simple
names, denotes happiness, or blessedness. Thus Eadward is
a happy preserver; Eadulph, happy assistance; Eadgar, happy
power; Eadwin, happy conqueror; which Macarius Eupo­
lemus, Fausta, Fortunatus, Felicianus, &c. do in some measure
resemble. Ead may also in some cases be derived from the
Saxon eath, which signifies easy, gentle, mild. Gib. Camden.

EAG

EA’GER. adj. [eagor, Saxon; aigre, French.]
1. Struck with desire; ardently wishing; keenly desirous; vehe­
ment in desire; hotly longing.
Of action eager, and intent of thought,
The chiefs your honourable danger sought. Dryden's Ovid.
Eager to read the rest, Achates came. Dryden's Æn.
With joy th' ambitious youth his mother heard,
And eager for the journey soon prepar'd;
He longs the world beneath him to survey,
To guide the chariot, and to give the day. Dryden.
Love inflam'd, and eager on his bliss,
Smother'd her words. Addisou's Ovid's Metam. b. ii.
2. It is used sometimes with of, sometimes with on or after before
the thing sought.
3. Hot of disposition; vehement; ardent; impetuous.
Apt as well to quicken the spirits as to allay that which is
too eager. Hooker, b. v. s. 38.
Nor do the eager clamours of disputants yield more relief
to eclipsed truth, than did the sounding brass of old to the
labouring moon. Glanv. Sceps. c. 19.
This is not a general character of women, but a reproof
of some eager spirited gipsies. L'Estrange.
Imperfect zeal is hot and eager, without knowledge. Spratt.
Palemon replies,
Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes. Dryden.
A man, charged with a crime of which he thinks himself
innocent, is apt to be too eager in his own defence. Dryden.
4. Quick; busy; easily put in action.
His Numidian genius
Is well dispos'd to mischief, were he prompt
And eager on it; but he must be spurr'd. Addison's Cato.
5. Sharp; sower; acid.
With a sudden vigour it doth posset
And curd, like eager droppings into milk,
The thin and wholsome blood. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
6. Keen; severe; biting.
The air bites shrewdly; it is very cold.
—It is a nipping and an eager air. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The resistance of bone to cold is greater than of flesh; for
that the flesh shrinketh, but the bone resisteth, whereby the
cold becometh more eager. Bacon's Natural History, No. 688.
7. Brittle; inflexible; not ductile. A cant word of artificers.
Gold will be sometimes so eager, as artists call it, that it
will as little endure the hammer as glass itself. Locke.

EA’GERLY. adv. [from eager.]
1. With great ardour of desire; with impetuosity of inclination.
To the holy war how fast and eagerly did men go, when
the priest persuaded them that whosoever died in that expedi­
tion was a martyr? South's Sermons.
How eagerly he flew, when Europe's fate
Did for the seed of future actions wait. Stepney.
2. Ardently; hotly.
Brutus gave the word too early,
Who having some advantage on Octavius,
Took it too eagerly; his soldiers fell to spoil,
Whilst we by Anthony were all inclos'd. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
3. Keenly; sharply.
Abundance of rain froze so eagerly as it fell, that it seemed
the depth of Winter had of a sudden been come in. Knolles.

EA’GERNESS. n. s. [from eager.]
1. Keenness of desire; ardour of inclination.
She knew her distance, and did angle for me,
Madding my eagerness with her restraint. Shakespeare.
Have you not seen, when whistled from the fist,
Some falcon stoop'd at what her eye design'd,
And, with her eagerness, the quarry miss'd. Dryden.
The eagerness and strong bent of the mind after knowledge,
if not warily regulated, is often an hindrance to it. Locke.
Detraction and obloquy are received with as much eagerness
as wit and humour. Addison's Freeholder.
Juba lives to catch
That dear embrace, and to return it too,
With mutual warmth and eagerness of love. Addison's Cato.
His continued application to publick affairs diverts him
from those pleasures, which are pursued with eagerness by
princes who have not the publick so much at heart. Addison.
The things of this world, with whatever eagerness they en­
gage our pursuit, leave us still empty and unsatisfied with
their fruition. Roger's Sermons.
2. Impetuosity; vehemence; violence.
It finds them in the eagerness and height of their devotion;
they are speechless for the time that it continues, and prostrate
and dead when it departs. Dryden.
I'll kill thee with such eagerness of haste,
As fiends, let loose, would lay all nature waste. Dryd. Aur.

EA’GLE. n. s. [aigle, French; aquila, Latin; ealler, Erse.]
1. A bird of prey, which, as it is reported, renews its age when
it grows old. But some think that this recovery of youth
happens no otherwise in the eagle than in other birds, by cast­
ing their feathers every year in the moulting season, and
having others in their room. It is also said not to drink at
all, like other birds with sharp claws. It is given out, that
when an eagle sees its young so well grown as to venture upon
flying, it hovers over their nest, flutters with its wings, and
excites them to imitate it, and take their flight; and when it
sees them weary, or fearful, it takes and carries them upon its
back. Eagles are said to be extremely sharp-sighted, and,
when they take flight, spring perpendicularly upward, with
their eyes steadily fixed upon the sun, mounting 'till, by their
distance, they disappear. Calmet.



Dismay'd not this
Our captains Macbeth and Banquo?
——Yes,
As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Draw forth the monsters of th' abyss profound,
Or fetch th' aerial eagle to the ground. Pope's Ess. on Man.
2. The standard of the ancient Romans.
Arts still follow'd where Rome's eagles flew. Pope.

EAGLE-EYED. adj. [from eagle and eye.]
1. Sharp-fighted as an eagle.
As he was rarely quick and perspicacious, so was he inwardly
eagle-eyed, and perfectly versed in the humours of his subjects.
Howel's Vocal Forrest.
Ev'ry one is eagle-ey'd to see
Another's faults and his deformity. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 4.

EA’GLESPEED. n. s. [eagle and speed.] Swiftness like that of
an eagle.
Abrupt, with eaglespeed she cut the sky,
Instant invisible to mortal eye. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

EA’GLESTONE. n. s. A stone said to be found at the entrance
of the holes in which the eagles make their nests, and affirmed
to have a particular virtue in defending the eagle's nest from
thunder. The stones of this kind which are most valued are
flat and blackish, and sound, if shaken near the ear; a lesser
stone being contained in the greater. Calmet.
The eaglestone contains, in a cavity within it, a small loose
stone, which rattles when it is shaken; and every fossil, with
a nucleus in it, has obtained the name. The sort of analogy
that was supposed to be between a stone, thus containing
another within it, or, as the fanciful writers express it, preg­
nant with another, and a woman big with child, led people
to imagine that it must have great virtues and effects in acce­
lerating or retarding delivery; so that, if tied to the arm of a
woman with child, it prevents abortion; and if to the leg, it
promotes delivery. It is pretended, that the eagles seek for
these stones to lay in their nests, and that they cannot hatch
their young without. On such idle and imaginary virtues
was raised all the credit which this famous fossil possessed for
many ages. Hill's Materia Medica.
If you stop the holes of a hawk's bell it will make no
ring, but a flat noise or rattle; and so doth the ætites, or eagle­
stone, which hath a little stone within it. Bacon's Nat. History.

EA’GLET. n. s. [from eagle.] A young eagle.
This treason of his sons did the king express in an em­
blem, wherein was an eagle with three eaglets tyring on her
breast, and the fourth pecking at one of her eyes. Davies.

EA’GRE. n. s. [æger, in Runick, is the ocean; eggia, in Islandick,
is to agitate, to incite.] A tide swelling above another tide,
observable in the river Severn.
For as an eagre rides in triumph o'er the tide,
The tyrant passions, hope and fear,
Did in extremes appear,
And flash'd upon the soul with equal force. Dryden.

EA’LDERMAN. n. s. [ealderman, Saxon.] The name of a
Saxon magistrate; alderman.

EAME. n. s. [eam, Saxon; eom, Dutch.] Uncle: a word still
used in the wilder parts of Staffordshire.
Daughter, says she, fly, fly; behold, thy dame
Foreshows the treason of thy wretched came! Fairfax.

EAR

EAR. n. s. [eare, Saxon; oor, Dutch.]
1. The whole organ of audition or hearing.
What fire is in my ears! Can this be true?
Stand I condemn'd? Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
His ears are open unto their cry. Ps. xxxiv. 15.
Valsalva discovered some passages into the region of the
ear drum; of mighty use, among others, to make discharges
of bruises. Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. That part of the ear that stands prominent.
You have heard of the news abroad: I mean, the whisper'd
ones; for they are yet but ear kissing arguments. Sh. K. Lear.
His master shall bore his ear through with an awl. Ex.
3. Power of judging of harmony; the sense of hearing.
4. The head; or the person: in familiar language.
Their warlike force was sore weakened, the city beaten
down about their ears, and most of them wounded. Knolles.
Better pass over an affront from one scoundrel, than draw
the whole herd about a man's ears. L'Estrange.
Be not alarmed, as if all religion was falling about our
ears. Burnet's Theory.
5. The highest part of a man; the top.
A cavalier was up to the ears in love with a very fine
lady. L'Estrange.
6. The privilege of being readily and kindly heard; favour.
Aristippus was earnest suitor to Dionysius for some grant,
who would give no ear to his suit: Aristippus fell at his feet,
and then Dionysius granted it. Bacon's Apophthegms.
They being told there was small hope of ease,
Were willing at the first to give an ear
To any thing that sounded liberty. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
If on a pillory, or near a throne,
He gain his prince's ear, or lose his own. Pope's Epistles.
7. Disposition to like or dislike what is heard; judgment; opi­
nion; taste.
He laid his sense closer, and in fewer words, according to
the style and ear of those times. Denham.
8. Any prominences from a larger body, raised for the sake of
holding it.
There are some vessels, which, if you offer to lift by the
belly or bottom, you cannot stir them; but are soon removed,
if you take them by the ears. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
A quilted night-cap with one ear. Congr. Way of the World.
A pot without an ear. Swift.
9. The spike of corn; that part which contains the seeds.
He delivereth to each of them a jewel, made in the figure
of an ear of wheat, which they ever after wear. Bacon.
The leaves on trees not more,
Nor bearded ears in fields, nor sands upon the shore. Dryd.
From several grains he had eighty stalks, with very large
ears full of large corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.
10. To fall together by the EARS. To fight; to scuffle; to quar­
rel. [In Dutch oorlogen.] A familiar phrase.
Poor naked men belaboured one another with shagged
sticks, or dully fell together by the ears at sisty-cuffs. More.
Fools go together by the ears, to have knaves run away
with the stakes. L'Estrange, Fab. 5.
All Asia now was by the ears,
And gods beat up for voluntiers. Prior.
11. To set by the EARS. To make strife; to quarrel: in low
language.
A mean rascal sets others together by the ears without fighting
himself. L'Estrange, Fab. 67.
She used to carry tales from one to another, 'till she had set
the neighbourhood together by the ears. Arbuthnot.
It is usual to set these poor animals by the ears. Addis. Freeh.

EA’RLESS. adj. [from ear.] Without any ears.
Earless on high stood unabash'd Defoe,
And Tuthin flagrant from the scourge below. Pope's Dunc.

EA’RRING. n. s. [ear and ring.] Jewels set in a ring and worn
at the ears; ornament of a woman's ear.
With gold and silver they increase his store,
And gave the precious earrings which they wore. Sandys.
A lady bestowed earrings upon a favourite lamprey. Arbuth.

EA’RSHOT. n. s. Reach of the ear; space within which words
may be heard.
Gomez, stand you out of earshot.—I have something to say
to your wife in private. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

EA’RWAX. n. s. [ear and wax.] The cerumen or exudation
which smears the inside of the ear.
The ear being to stand open, because there was some danger
that insects might creep in thereat; therefore hath nature
loricated or plaistered over the sides of the hole with earwax,
to entangle any insects that should attempt to creep in there.
Ray on the Creation.

EA’RWIG. n. s. [eare and wigga, a grub, Saxon.] A sheath­
winged insect, imagined to creep into the ear.
Himself he on an earwig set;
Yet scarce he on his back could get,
So oft and high he did curvet. Drayton's Nymphid.
Earwigs and snails seldom insect timber. Mortimer's Husb.
Doll never flies to cut her lace,
Or throw cold water in her face,
Because she heard a sudden drum,
Or found an earwig in a plum. Swift.
2. By way of reproach, a whisperer; a prying informer.

EA’RWITNESS. n. s. [ear and witness.] One who attests, or
can attest any thing as heard by himself.
All present were made earwitnesses, even of each particular
branch of a common indictment. Hooker, b. v. s. 36.
The histories of mankind, written by eye or earwitnesses,
are built upon this principle. Watts's Logick.

To EAR. v. a. [aro, Latin.] To plow; to till.
He that ears my land spares my team, and gives me leave
to enjoy the crop. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
Menecrates and Menas, famous pirates,
Make the sea serve them, which they ear and wound
With keels of every kind. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Then we bring forth weeds,
When our quick mind lies still; and our ill, told us,
Is as our earing. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
A rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown. Deutr.
Five years, in the which there shall neither be earing nor
harvest. Gen. xlv. 6.
The field of love, with plow of virtue ear'd. Fairfax.

To EAR. v. n. [from ear.] To shoot into ears.

EA’RED. adj. [from ear.]
1. Having ears, or organs of hearing.
2. Having ears, or ripe corn.
The covert of the thrice ear'd field
Saw stately Ceres to her passion yield. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.

EARL. n. s. [eorl, Saxon; eoryl, Erse.] A title of nobility,
anciently the highest of this nation, now the third.
Thanes and kinsmen,



Henceforth be earls, the first that ever Scotland
For such an honour nam'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

EARL-MARSHAL. n. s. [earl and marshal.] He that has chief
care of military solemnities.
The marching troops through Athens take their way;
The great earl-marshal orders their array. Dryden.

EA’RLDOM. n. s. [from earl.] The seigniory of an earl; the
title and dignity of an earl.
The duke of Clarence having married the heir of the earl
of Ulster, and by her having all the earldom of Ulster, care­
fully went about the redressing evils. Spenser's State of Ireland.
When I am king, claim thou of me
The earldom of Hereford. Shakespeare's Richard III.

EA’RLINESS. n. s. [from early.] Quickness of any action with
respect to something else: as earliness in the morning, the act
of rising soon with respect to the sun; earliness of growth,
the act of growing up soon in comparison with other things
of the same kind.
The next morning we, having striven with the sun's earli­
ness, were beyond the prospect of the highest turrets. Sidney.
The goodness of the crop is great gain, if the goodness
answer the earliness of coming up. Bacon's Natural History.

EA’RLY. adj. [ær, Saxon, before.] Soon with respect to
something else: as, in the morning, with respect to the sun;
in time, with respect to creation; in the season, in compa­
rison with other products.
I am a tainted wether of the flock,
Meetest for death: the weakest kind of fruit
Drops earliest to the ground, and so let me. Shakespeare.
It is a curiosity to have several fruits upon one tree; and
the more when some of them come early, and some come
late, so that you may have upon the same tree ripe fruits all
Summer. Bacon's Natural History, No. 501.
God made all the world, that he might be worshipped in
some parts of the world; and therefore, in the first and most
early times of the church, what care did he manifest to have
such places erected to his honour? South's Sermons.
And yet my numbers please the rural throng,
Rough satyrs dance, and Pan approves the song;
The nymphs, forsaking ev'ry cave and spring,
Their early fruit and milk-white turtles bring. Pope.
Sickness is early old age: it teaches us a diffidence in our
earthly state, and inspires us with the thoughts of a future.
Pope.
Oh soul of honour!
Oh early heroe! Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.

EA’RLY. adv. [from the adjective.] Soon; betimes.
Early before the morn with crimson ray
The windows of bright heav'n opened had. Fairy Queen.
None in more languages can show
Those arts, which you so early know. Waller.
The princess makes her issue like herself, by instilling early
into their minds religion, virtue and honour. Addison's Freehol.

To EARN. v. a. [earnian, Saxon.]
1. To gain as the reward or wages of labour, or any per­
formance.
Those that have joined with their honour great perils, are
less subject to envy; for men think that they earn their honours
hardly. Bacon's Essays.
Winning cheap the high repute,
Which he through hazard huge must earn. Milt. Par. Lost.
I to the evil turn
My obvious breast; arming to overcome
By suffering, and earn rest from labour won. Milt. Pa. Lost.
Men may discern
From what consummate virtue I have chose
This perfect man, by merit call'd my son,
To earn salvation for the sons of men. Paradise Regained.
Since they all beg, it were better for the state to keep them,
even although they earned nothing. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
This is the great expence of the poor, that takes up almost
all their earnings. Locke.
The poems gained the plagiary wealth, while the author
hardly earned his bread by repeating them. Pope's Ess. on Homer.
After toiling twenty days,
To earn a stock of pence and praise,
Thy labour's grown the critick's prey. Swift.
2. To gain; to obtain.
I can't say whore;
It does abhor me, now I speak the word:
To do the act, that might th' addition earn,
Not the world's mass of vanity could make me. Sh. Othello.

EA’RNEST. adj. [eornest, Saxon.]
1. Ardent in any affection; warm; zealous; importunate.
He which prayeth in due sort, is thereby made the more
attentive to hear; and he which heareth, the more earnest to
pray for the time which we bestow, as well in the one as the
other. Hooker, b. v. s. 34.
2. Intent; fixed; eager.
On that prospect strange
Their earnest eyes they fix'd; imagining,
For one forbidden tree, a multitude
Now ris'n, to work them further woe or shame. Milt. P. L.
They are never more earnest to disturb us, than when they
see us most earnest in this duty. Duppa.

EA’RNEST. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Seriousness; a serious event not a jest; reality not a
feigned appearance.
Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest. Sid.
I told you Klaius was the hapless wight,
Who earnest found what they accounted play. Sidney.
Therewith she laugh'd, and did her earnest end in jest. F. Q.
That high All-seer, which I dallied with,
Hath turn'd my feigned prayer on my head,
And given in earnest what I begg'd in jest. Shak. Rich. III.
Nor can I think that God, Creator wise!
Though threat'ning, will in earnest so destroy
Us, his prime creatures. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
But the main business and earnest of the world is money,
dominion, and power. L'Estrange, Fab. 5.
We shall die in earnest, and it will not become us to live
in jest. Government of the Tongue, s. 7.
Sempronius, you have acted like yourself;
One would have thought you had been half in earnest. Add.
2. [ernitz penge, Danish; arres, French.] Pledge; handsel; first
fruits; token of something of the same kind in futurity.
The apostles term it the handsel or earnest of that which is
to come. Hooker, b. v. s. 5.
Which leader shall the doubtful vict'ry bless,
And give an earnest of the war's success. Waller.
It may be looked upon as a pledge and earnest of quiet and
tranquillity. Smalridge's Sermons.
The mercies received, great as they are, were earnests and
pledges of greater. Atterbury.
3. The money which is given in token that a bargain is ra­
tified.
You have conspir'd against our person,
Join'd with an enemy proclaim'd, and from his coffers
Receiv'd the golden earnest of our death. Shakes. Henry V.
Pay back the earnest penny received from Satan, and fling
away his sin. Decay of Piety.

EA’RNESTLY. adv. [from earnest.]
1. Warmly; affectionately; zealously; importunately; in­
tensely.
When earnestly they seek
Such proof, conclude they then begun to fail. Milt. P. L.
Shame is a banishment of him from the good opinion of
the world, which every man most earnestly desires. South.
Earnestly invoke the goodness and power of an all merciful
and almighty God. Smalridge's Sermons.
2. Eagerly; desirously.
Why so earnestly seek you to put up that letter? Sh. K. Lear.

EA’RNESTNESS. n. s. [from earnest.]
1. Eagerness; warmth; vehemence; impetuosity.
Often with a solemn earnestness,
More than, indeed, belong'd to such a trifle,
He begg'd of me to steal it. Shakespeare's Othello.
Audacity and confidence doth in business so great effects,
as a man may doubt, that besides the very daring and earnest­
ness, and persisting and importunity, there should be some
secret binding, and stooping of other mens spirits to such
persons. Bacon's Natural History, No. 943.
Marcus is overwarm; his fond complaints
Have so much earnestness and passion in them,
I hear him with a secret kind of horror,
And tremble at his vehemence of temper. Addison's Cato.
2. Solemnity; zeal.
There never was a charge maintained with such a shew of
gravity and earnestness, which had a slighter foundation to sup­
port it. Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.
3. Solicitude; care; intenseness.
With overstraining, and earnestness of finishing their pieces,
they often did them more harm than good. Dryden's Dufresn.

EARSH. n. s. [from ear, to plow.] A plowed field.
Fires oft are good on barren earshes made,
With crackling flames to burn the stubble blade. May's Virg.

EARTH. n. s. [eorth, Saxon.]
1. The element distinct from air, fire, or water; soil; ter­
rene matter.
The smiling god is seen; while water, earth,
And air attest his bounty. Thomson's Spring, l. 855.
2. The terraqueous globe; the world.
Nought so vile that on the earth doth live,
But to the earth some special good doth give. Shakespeare.
This solid globe we live upon is called the earth, though it
contains in it a great variety of bodies, several whereof are
not properly earth; which word, taken in a more limited sense,
signifies such parts of this globe as are capable, being exposed
to the air, to give rooting and nourishment to plants, so that
they may stand and grow in it. Locke.
3. Different modification of terrene matter. In this sense it
has a plural.
The five genera of earths are, 1. Boles. 2. Clays.
3. Marls. 4. Ochres. 5. Tripelas. Hill's Mat. Medica.



Earths are opake, insipid, and, when dried, friable, or con­
sisting of parts easy to separate, and soluble in water; not
disposed to burn, flame, or take fire. Woodward's Met. Foss.
4. This world opposed to other scenes of existence.
What are these,
So wither'd, and so wild in their attire,
That look not like th' inhabitants o' th' earth,
And yet are on't? Shakesp. King Lear.
They can judge as fitly of his worth,
As I can of those mysteries which heav'n
Will not have earth to know. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
5. The inhabitants of the earth.
The whole earth was of one language. Gen. xi. 1.
6. Turning up the ground in tillage. [from ear, to plow.]
Such land as ye break up for barley to sow,
Two earths, at the least, ere ye sow it bestow. Tuss. Husb.

To EARTH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To hide in earth.
The fox is earthed; but I shall send my two terriers in after
him. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. To cover with earth.
Earth up with fresh mould the roots of those auricula's
which the frost may have uncovered. Evelyn's Kalendar.

To EARTH. v. n. To retire under ground.
Hence foxes earth'd, and wolves abhorr'd the day,
And hungry churles ensnar'd the nightly prey. Tickell.

EA’RTHBOARD. n. s. [earth and board.] The board of the
plow that shakes off the earth.
The plow reckoned the most proper for stiff black clays,
is one that is long, large, and broad, with a deep head and a
square earthboard, so as to turn up a great furrow. Mortimer.

EA’RTHBORN. adj. [earth and born.]
1. Born of the earth; terrigenous; meanly born.
The wounds I make but sow new enemies;
Which from their blood, like earthborn brethren rise. Dryd.
The God for ever great, for ever king,
Who slew the earthborn race, and measures right
To heav'n's great habitants? Prior.
2. Meanly born.
Earthborn Lycon shall ascend the throne. Smith.

EA’RTHBOUND. adj. [earth and bound.] Fastened by the pres­
sure of the earth.
That will never be:
Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earthbound root? Shakespeare's Macbeth.

EA’RTHEN. adj. [from earth.] Made of earth; made of clay.
About his shelves
Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds
Were thinly scatter'd. Shakespeare.
As a rustick was digging the ground by Padua, he found
an urn, or earthen pot, in which there was another urn, and
in this lesser a lamp clearly burning. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
The most brittle water-carriage was used among the Egyp­
tians, who, as Strabo saith, would sail sometimes in the boats
made of earthen ware. Arbuthnot on Coins.

EA’RTHFLAX. n. s. [earth and flax.] A kind of fibrous fossil.
Of English tile, the coarser sort is called plaister, or par­
get; the finer, earthflax, or salamander's hair. Woodward.

EA’RTHINESS. n. s. The quality of containing earth; gross­
ness.

EA’RTHLING. n. s. [from earth.] An inhabitant of the earth;
a mortal; a poor frail creature.
To earthlings, the footstool of God, that stage which he
raised for a small time, seemeth magnificent. Drummond.

EA’RTHLY. adj. [from earth.]
1. Not heavenly; vile; mean; sordid.
But I remember now
I'm in this earthly world, where to do harm
Is often laudable; to do good, sometime
Accounted dangerous folly. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When faith and love, which parted from thee never,
Had ripen'd thy just soul to dwell with God,
Meekly thou didst resign this earthly load
Of death, call'd life. Milton.
2. Belonging only to our present state; not spiritual.
Our common necessities, and the lack which we all have
as well of ghostly as of earthly favours, is in each kind easily
known. Hooker.
You have scarce time
To steal from spiritual leisure a brief span,
To keep your earthly audit. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
It must be our solemn business and endeavour, at fit seasons,
to turn the stream of our thoughts from earthly towards
divine objects. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Corporeal; not mental.
Great grace that old man to him given had,
For God he often saw, from heaven hight,
All were his earthly eyen both blunt and bad. Fairy Queen.
Sudden he view'd, in spite of all her art,
An earthly lover lurking at her heart. Pope's Ra. of the Lock.
4. Any thing in the world; a female hyperbole.
Oh! if to dance all night, and dress all day,
Charm'd the small-pox, or chas'd old age away,
Who would not scorn what housewife's cares produce?
Or who would learn one earthly thing of use? Pope.

EA’RTHNUT. n. s. [earth and nut.] A pignut; a root in shape
and size like a nut.
It is an umbelliferous plant, with a rose-shaped flower, con­
sisting of many leaves orbicularly placed, which turns to a
fruit composed of small oblong smooth leaves, gibbous on one
side, and plain on the other. It has a fleshy tuberose root. It
is very common in shady woods and pastures, rising early in
Spring, and flowering in May: in July the seeds are ripe, and
soon after the leaves decay. Some dig up the roots, and eat
them raw: they are very much like chestnuts, and not an un­
pleasant morsel; but boiled they are a very delicious food,
eaten with butter and pepper, and are esteemed very nou­
rishing. Miller.
Where there are earthnuts in several patches, though the
roots lie deep in the ground, and the stalks be dead, the swine
will by their scent root only where they grow. Ray.

EA’RTHQUAKE. n. s. [earth and quake.] Tremor or convul­
sion of the earth.
This subterranean heat or fire being in any part of the
earth stopt, by some accidental glut or obstruction in the pas­
sages through which it used to ascend, and being preterna­
turally assembled in greater quantity into one place, causes a
great rarefaction and intumescence of the water of the abyss,
putting it into very great commotions; and making the like
effort upon the earth, expanded upon the face of the abyss,
occasions that agitation and concussion which we call an
earthquake. Woodward's Natural History.
These tumults were like an earthquake, shaking the very
foundations of all, than which nothing in the world hath
more of horrour. King Charles.
Was it his youth, his valour, or success,
These might perhaps be found in other men:
'Twas that respect, that awful homage paid me;
That fearful love which trembled in his eyes,
And with a silent earthquake shook his soul. Dryd. Sp. Fryar.
The country, by reason of its vast caverns and subterra­
neous fires, has been miserably torn by earthquakes, so that the
whole face of it is quite changed. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

EA’RTHSHAKING. adj. [earth and shake.] Having power to
shake the earth, or to raise earthquakes.
By the earthshaking Neptune's mace,
And Tethys grave majestick pace. Milton.
Now scarce withdrawn the fierce earthshaking pow'r,
Jove's daughter Pallas watch'd the fav'ring hour;
Back to their caves she bad the winds to fly,
And hush'd the blust'ring brethren of the sky. Pope.

EA’RTHWORM. n. s. [earth and worm.]
1. A worm bred under ground.
Worms are found in snow commonly, like earthworms,
and therefore it is not unlike that it may likewise put forth
plants. Bacon's Natural History, No. 569.
Upon a shower, after a drought, earthworms and land­
snails innumerable come out of their lurking places. Ray.
2. A mean sordid wretch.
Thy vain contempt, dull earthworm, cease;
I won't for refuge fly. Norris.

EA’RTHY. adj. [from earth.]
1. Consisting of earth.
Long may'st thou live in Richard's seat to sit,
And soon lie Richard in an earthy pit! Shakesp. Richard II.
These lamps are inflamed by the admission of new air,
when the sepulchres are opened, as we see in fat earthy vapours
of divers sorts. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
All water, especially that of rain, is more or less stored with
matter, light in comparison of the common mineral earthy
matter. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Composed or partaking of earth; terrene.
To survey his dead and earthy image,
What were it but to make my sorrow greater. Shak. H. VI.
Him lord pronounc'd, he, O indignity!
Subjected to his service angel-wings,
And flaming ministers to watch and tend
Their earthy charge. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 157.
3. Inhabiting the earth; terrestrial.
Those earthy spirits black and envious are;
I'll call up other gods of form more fair. Dryd. Ind. Emper.
4. Relating to earth.
Mine is the shipwreck, in a watry sign;
And in an earthy, the dark dungeon thine. Dryden.
5. Not mental; gross; not refined.
Teach me, dear creature, how to think and speak;
Lay open to my earthy gross conceit,
Smother'd in errors, feeble, shallow, weak,
The folded meaning of your words deceit. Shakespeare.
Nor is my flame



So earthy, as to need the dull material force
Of eyes, or lips, or cheeks. Denham's Sophy.

EAS

EASE. n. s. [aise, French.]
1. Quiet; rest; undisturbed tranquillity; no solicitude.
We should not find her half so brave and bold
To lead it to the wars, and to the seas;
To make it suffer watchings, hunger, cold,
When it might feed with plenty, rest with ease. Davies.
The priest on skins of off'rings takes his ease,
And nightly visions in his slumber sees. Dryden's Æn.
Lucan, content with praise, may lie at ease
In costly grotts and marble palaces. Dryden's Juv. Sat. 7.
Men of parts and penetration were not idly to dispute at
their ease, but were to act according to the result of their
debates. Locke.
No body is under an obligation to know every thing:
knowledge and science in general is the business only of those
who are at ease and leisure. Locke.
2. Freedom from pain; a neutral state between pain and
pleasure.
That which we call ease is only an indolency, or a freedom
from pain. L'Estrange.
Is it a small crime to wound himself by anguish of heart,
to deprive himself of all the pleasures, or eases, or enjoyments
of life? Temple.
3. Rest after labour; intermission of labour.
Give yourselves ease from the fatigue of waiting. Swift.
4. Facility; not difficulty.
The willing metal will obey thy hand,
Following with ease, if favour'd by thy fate,
Thou art foredoom'd to view the Stygian state;
If not, no labour can the tree constrain,
And strength of stubborn arms and steel are vain. Dryden.
5. Unconstraint; freedom from harshness, formality, forced be­
haviour, or conceits.
True ease in writing comes from art, not chance;
As those move easiest who have learn'd to dance. Pope's Ess.

To EASE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To free from pain.
Help and ease children the best you can; but by no means
bemoan them. Locke.
2. To relieve; to assuage; to mitigate; to alleviate.
Thy father made our yoke grievous, now therefore ease
thou somewhat the grievous servitude. 2 Chro. x. 4.
Complain, queen Margaret, and tell thy grief;
It shall be eas'd, if France can yield relief. Shakesp. H. VI.
As if with sports my sufferings I could ease. Dryden.
Though he speaks of such medicines as procure sleep, and
ease pain, he doth not determine their doses. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Will he for sacrifice our sorrows ease?
And can our tears reverse his firm decrees? Prior.
3. To relieve from labour.
If ere night the gath'ring clouds we fear,
A song will help the beating storm to bear;
And that thou may'st not be too late abroad,
Sing, and I'll ease thy shoulders of thy load. Dryden's Past.
4. To set free from any thing that offends.
I will ease me of mine adversaries. Is. i. 24.
No body feels pain that he wishes not to be eased of, with a
desire equal to that pain, and inseparable from it. Locke.

EA’SEFUL. adj. [ease and full.] Quiet; peaceable; fit for
rest.
I spy a black, suspicious, threat'ning cloud,
That will encounter with our glorious sun,
Ere he attain his caseful western bed. Shakesp. Henry VI.

EA’SEMENT. n. s. [from ease.]
1. Assistance; support; relief from expences.
He has the advantage of a free lodging, and some other ease­
ments. Swift.
2. [In law.] A service that one neighbour has of another by
charter or prescription, without profit; as a way through his
ground, a sink, or such like. Cowel.

EA’SILY. adv. [from easy.]
1. Without difficulty.
Those move swiftly, and at great distance; but they re­
quire a medium well disposed, and their transmission is easily
stopped. Bacon's Natural History, No. 647.
She ask'd the reason of his woe;
She ask'd, but with an air and mien,
That made it easily foreseen
She fear'd too much to know. Prior.
3. Without pain; without disturbance; in tranquillity.
Is it not to bid defiance to all mankind to condemn their
universal opinions and designs, if, instead of passing your life
as well and easily, you resolve to pass it as ill and as miserable as
you can? Temple.
3. Readily; without reluctance.
I can easily resign to others the praise of your illustrious
family. Dryden's Dedic. to State of Innocence.
Not soon provok'd, she easily forgives;
And much she suffers, as she much believes. Prior.

EA’SINESS. n. s. [from easy.]
1. Freedom from difficulty.
Believe me, friends, loud tumults are not laid
With half the easiness that they are rais'd. Ben. Johns. Catil.
Easiness and difficulty are relative terms, and relate to some
power; and a thing may be difficult to a weak man, which
yet may be easy to the same person, when assisted with a
greater strength. Tillotson, Sermon 6.
The seeming easiness of Pindarick verse has made it spread;
but it has not been considered. Dryden.
You left a conquest more than half atchiev'd,
And for whose easiness I almost griev'd. Dryden.
This plea appears under a colour of friendship to religion,
and to invite men to it by the easiness of the terms it offers.
Rogers, Sermon 15.
2. Flexibility; compliance; readiness; not opposition; not re­
luctance.
His yielding unto them in one thing might happily put
them in hope, that time would breed the like easiness of con­
descending further unto them. Hooker, Pref.
Since the custom of easiness to alter and change laws is so
evil, no doubt but to bear a tolerable sore is better than to
venture on a dangerous remedy. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
Give to him, and he shall but laugh at your easiness; save
his life, but, when you have done, look to your own. South.
The safest way to secure honesty, is to lay the foundations
of it early in liberality, and an easiness to part with to others
whatever they have or like themselves. Locke.
3. Freedom from constraint; not effort; not formality.
Abstruse and mystick thoughts you must express
With painful care, but seeming easiness;
For truth shines brightest through the plainest dress. Rosc.
4. Rest; tranquillity.
I think the reason I have assigned hath a great interest in
that rest and easiness we enjoy when asleep. Ray on the Creation.

EAST. n. s. [eost, Saxon; heos, Erse.]
1. The quarter where the sun rises.
They counting forwards towards the East, did allow
180 degrees to the Portugals eastward. Abbot.
2. The regions in the eastern parts of the world.
I would not be the villain that thou thinkest,
For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp,
And the rich East to boot. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

EA’STER. n. s. [eastre, Saxon; coster, Dutch.] The day on
which the Christian church commemorates our Saviour's re­
surrection.
Did'st thou not fall out with a taylor for wearing his new
doublet before Easter? Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Victor's unbrother-like heat towards the Eastern churches,
in the controversy about Easter, fomented that difference into
a schism. Decay of Piety.

EA’STERLY. adj. [from East.]
1. Coming from the parts towards the East.
When the easterly winds or breezes are kept off by some
high mountains from the vallies, whereby the air, wanting
motion, doth become exceeding unhealthful. Raleigh.
2. Lying towards the East.
These give us a view of the most easterly, southerly, and
westerly parts of England. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
3. Looking towards the East.
Water he chuses clear, light, without taste or smell, drawn
not from snow, but from springs with an easterly exposition.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EA’STERN. adj. [from East.]
1. Dwelling or found in the East; oriental.
Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven
Seclude their bosom-slaves. Thomson's Spring.
2. Lying or being towards the East.
The eastern end of the isle rises up in precipices. Addison.
3. Going towards the East.
A ship at sea has no certain method in either her eastern or
western voyages, or even in her less distant failing from the
coasts, to know her longitude, or how much she is gone east­
ward or westward, as can easily be known in any clear day or
night how much she is gone northward or southward. Addison.
4. Looking towards the East.

EA’STWARD. adv. [East and toward.] Towards the East.
The moon, which performs its motion swifter than the
sun, gets eastward out of his rays, and appears when the
sun is set. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
What shall we do, or where direct our flight?
Eastward, as far as I could cast my sight,
From op'ning heav'ns, I saw descending light. Dryden.

EA’SY. adj. [from ease.]
1. Not difficult.
The service of God, in the solemn assembly of saints, is a
work, though easy, yet withal very weighty, and of great
respect. Hooker, b. v. s. 31.
There is a slave, whose easy-borrow'd pride
Dwells in the fickle grace of her he follows. Shak. K. Lear.
How much it is in every one's power to make resolutions



to himself, such as he may keep, is easy for every one to
try. Locke.
The whole island was probably cut into several easy ascents,
and planted with variety of palaces. Addison on Italy.
2. Quiet; at rest; not harrassed; not disturbed; without
anxiety.
Those that are easy in their conditions, or their minds,
refuse often to enter upon publick charges and employ­
ment. Temple.
Keep their thoughts easy and free, the only temper wherein
the mind is capable of receiving new informations. Locke.
A marriage of love is pleasant, a marriage of interest easy,
and a marriage where both meet happy. Addison's Spectator.
When men are easy in their circumstances, they are natu­
rally enemies to innovations. Addison's Freeholder, No. 42.
A man should direct all his studies and endeavours at making
himself easy now, and happy hereafter. Addison's Spectator.
We plainly feel whether at this instant we are easy or un­
easy, happy or miserable. Smalridge's Sermons.
3. Complying; unresisting; credulous.
Baited with reasons not unplausible,
Win me into the easy hearted man,
And hug him into snares. Milton.
With such deceits he gain'd their easy hearts,
Too prone to credit his perfidious arts. Dryden's Æn.
The kindest father I have ever found him,
Easy and good, and bounteous to my wishes. Addison's Cato.
4. Free from pain.
Another part, in squadrons and gross bands,
On bold adventure to discover wide
That dismal world, if any clime perhaps
Might yield them easier habitation. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Pleasure has been the bus'ness of my life,
And every change of fortune easy to me,
Because I still was easy to myself. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
5. Ready; not unwilling.
Pity and he are one;
So merciful a king did never live,
Loth to revenge, and easy to forgive. Dryden's Span. Fryar.
6. Without want of more.
They should be allowed each of them such a rent as would
make them easy. Swift's Arg. against abolishing Christianity.
7. Without constraint; without formality.
Those move easiest that have learn'd to dance. Pope.
Praise the easy vigour of a line,
Where Denham's strength, and Waller's sweetness join. Po.

EAT

To EAT. v. a. preterite ate, or eat; part. eat, or eaten. [etan,
Sax. itan, Gothick; eich, Erse.]
1. To devour with the mouth.
Locusts shall eat the residue of that which is escaped from
the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth. Ex. x. 5.
Other states cannot be accused for not staying for the first
blow, or for not accepting Polyphemus's courtesy, to be the
last that shall be eaten up. Bacon's War with Spain.
Even wormwood, eat with bread, will not bite, because it is
mixed with a great quantity of spittle. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To consume; to corrode.
Thou best of gold art worst of gold;
Other less fine in carrat is more precious,
Preserving life in med'cine potable:
But thou, most fine, most honour'd, most renown'd,
Hast eat thy bearer up. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
They entail a secret curse upon their estates, which does
either insensibly waste and consume it, or eat out the heart
and comfort of it. Tillotson, Sermon 4.
There arises a necessity of keeping the surface even, either
by pressure or eating medicines, that the eminence of the flesh
may not resist the fibres of the skin in their tendency to cover
the wound. Sharp's Surgery.
3. To swallow back; to retreat. This is only used of a man's
word.
They cannot hold, but burst out those words, which after­
wards they are forced to eat. Hakewill on Providence.
Credit were not to be lost
B' a brave knight errant of the post,
That eats, perfidiously, his word,
And swears his ears through a two inch board. Hudibras.

To EAT. v. n.
1. To go to meals; to take meals; to feed.
He did eat continually at the king's table. 2 Sa. ix. 13.
And when the scribes and pharisees saw him eat with pub­
licans and sinners, they said unto his disciples, how is it that
he eateth with publicans and sinners? Mat. ii. 16.
2. To take food.
He that will not eat 'till he has a demonstration that it will
nourish him, he that will not stir 'till he infallibly knows the
business he goes about will succeed, will have little else to do
but sit still and perish. Locke.
3. To be maintained in food.
The righteous eateth to the satisfying of his soul, but the
belly of the wicked shall want. Prov. xiii. 25.
Thou art past the tyrant's stroke;
Care no more to cloath and eat. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
4. To make way by corrosion.
The plague of sin has even altered his nature, and eaten
into his very essentials. South's Sermons.
A prince's court eats too much into the income of a poor
state. Addison's Italy.

EA’TABLE. n. s. [from eat.] Any thing that may be eaten.
If you all sorts of persons would engage,
Suit well your eatables to ev'ry age. King's Art of Cookery.

EA’TER. n. s. [from eat.]
1. One that eats any thing.
The Caribees and the Cannibals, almost all, are eaters
of man's flesh. Abbot's Description of the World.
A knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats. Sh. K. Lear.
If the taste of this fruit maketh the eaters like gods, why
remainest thou a beast? Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 1.
As if the lotus grew only here, the virtue of whose fruit is
to cause in the eaters an oblivion of all other soils. Howel.
2. A corrosive.

EATH. adj. [eath, Saxon.] Easy; not difficult. An old
word.
Where ease abounds, it's eath to do amiss. Fairy Queen.
What works not beauty, man's relenting mind
Is eath to move with plaints and shews of woe. Fairfax, b. iv.
The way was strait and eath. Fairfax.

EATH. adv. [from the adjective.] Easily. An old word.
Who hath the world not try'd,
From the right way full eath may wander wide. Hubb. Tale.

EA’TINGHOUSE. n. s. [eat and house.] A house where provi­
sions are sold ready dressed.
An hungry traveller stept into an eatinghouse for his
dinner. L'Estrange.

EAVES. n. s. [efese, Saxon.] The edges of the roof which
overhang the house.
Every night he comes
With musick of all sorts, and songs compos'd
To her unworthiness: it nothing steads us
To chide him from our eaves; for he persists,
As if his life lay on't. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
His tears run down his beard, like Winter drops
From eaves of reeds. Shakespeare's Tempest.
If in the beginning of Winter the drops of the eaves of
houses come more slowly down than they use, it portendeth a
hard and frosty Winter. Bacon, No. 811.
Usher'd with a shower still,
When the gust hath blown his fill,
Ending on the rusling leaves,
With minute drops from off the eaves. Milton.
The icicles hang down from the eaves of houses. Woodward.

To EA’VESDROP. v. a. [eaves and drop.] To catch what
comes from the eaves; in common phrase, to listen under
windows.

EA’VESDROPPER. n. s. [eaves and drop.] A listener under
windows.
Under our tents I'll play the eavesdropper,
To hear if any mean to shrink from me. Shakesp. Rich. III.

EBB

EBB. n. s. [ebba, ewflod, Saxon; ebbe, Dutch.]
1. The reflux of the tide towards the sea.
The clear sun on his wide wat'ry glass
Gaz'd hot, and of the fresh wave largely drew,
As after thirst; which made their flowing shrink
From standing lake to tripping ebb, that stole
With soft foot tow'rds the deep. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Hither the seas at stated times resort,
And shove the loaden vessels into port;
Then with a gentle ebb retire again,
And render back their cargo to the main. Addison on Italy.
2. Decline; decay; waste.
You have finished all the war, and brought all things to
that low ebb which you speak of. Spenser on Ireland.
This tide of man's life, after it once turneth and declineth,
ever runneth with a perpetual ebb and falling stream, but never
floweth again. Raleigh's History of the World.
Thus all the treasure of our flowing years,
Our ebb of life for ever takes away. Roscommon.
The greatest age for poetry was that of Augustus Cæsar,
yet painting was then at its lowest ebb, and perhaps sculpture
was also declining. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.
Near my apartment let him pris'ner be,
That I his hourly ebbs of life may see. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
What is it he aspires to?
Is it not this? To shed the slow remains,
His last poor ebb of blood in your defence? Addison's Cato.

To EBB. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To flow back towards the sea.
Though my tide of blood
Hath proudly slow'd in vanity 'till now,
Now it doth turn and ebb back to the sea. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
From thence the tide of fortune left their shore,
And ebb'd much faster than it flow'd before. Dryden's Æn.
2. To decline; to decay; to waste.



Well, I am standing water:
——I'll teach you how to flow.
——Do so: to ebb
Hereditary sloth instructs me. Shakespeare's Tempest.
But oh he ebbs! the smiling waves decay!
For ever, lovely stream, for ever stay! Halifax.

E’BEN. n. s. [ebenus, Latin.] A hard, heavy, black, valu­
able wood, which admits a fine gloss.

EB’ON. n. s. [ebenus, Latin.] A hard, heavy, black, valu­
able wood, which admits a fine gloss.

E’BONY. n. s. [ebenus, Latin.] A hard, heavy, black, valu­
able wood, which admits a fine gloss.
If the wood be very hard, as ebony, or lignum vitæ, they
are to turn: they use not the same tools they do for soft
woods. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
Oft by the winds extinct the signal lies,
Or smother'd in the glimmering socket dies,
Ere night has half roll'd round her ebon throne. Gay's Triv.

EBRI’ETY. n. s. [ebrietas, Latin.] Drunkenness; intoxication
by strong liquors.
Bitter almonds, as an antidote against ebriety, hath com­
monly failed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.

EBRI’LLADE. n. s. [French.] A check of the bridle which
a horseman gives a horse, by a jerk of one rein, when he re­
fuses to turn.

EBRIO’SITY. n. s. [ebriositas, Latin.] Habitual drunkenness.
That religion which excuseth Noah in surprisal, will neither
acquit ebriosity nor ebriety in their intended perversion. Brown.

EB’ULLITION. n. s. [ebullio, Latin.]
1. The act of boiling up with heat.
2. Any intestine motion.
3. That struggling or effervescence which arises from the
mingling together any alkalizate and acid liquor; and hence
any intestine violent motion of the parts of a fluid, occasioned
by the struggling of particles of different properties, is so
called. Quincy.
The dissolution of gold and silver disagree; so that in their
mixture there is great ebullition, darkness, and, in the end, a
precipitation of a black powder. Bacon.
Iron, in aqua fortis, will fall into ebullition with noise and
emication; as also a crasse and fumid exhalation, caused
from the combat of the sulphur of iron with the acid and
nitrous spirits of aqua fortis. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
When aqua fortis, or spirit of vitriol, poured upon filings
of iron, dissolves the filings with a great heat and ebullition,
is not the heat and ebullition effected by a violent motion of
the parts; and does not their motion argue, that the acid parts
of the liquor rush towards the parts of the metal with vio­
lence, and run forcibly into its pores, 'till they get between
its outmost particles and the main mass of the metal. Newton.
A violent cold, as well as heat, may be produced by this
ebullition; for if sal ammoniack, or any pure volatile alkali,
dissolved in water, be mixed with an acid, an ebullition, with
a greater degree of cold, will ensue. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ECC

ECCE’NTRICAL. adj. [eccentricus, Latin.]

ECCE’NTRICK. adj. [eccentricus, Latin.]
1. Deviating from the center.
2. Not having the same center with another circle: such circles
were supposed by the Ptolemaick philosophy.
Thither his course he bends
Through the calm firmament; but up or down,
By centrick or eccentrick, hard to tell. Milton's Parad. Lost.
They build, unbuild, contrive,
To save appearances: they gird the sphere
With centrick, and eccentrick, scribbl'd o'er,
Cycle, and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Whence is it that planets move all one and the same way
in orbs concentrick, while comets move all manner of ways
in orbs very eccentrick? Newton's Opt.
3. Not terminating in the point; not directed by the same
principle.
Whatsoever affairs pass such a man's hands, he crooketh
them to his own ends; which must needs be often eccentrick
to the ends of his master. Bacon's Essays.
4. Irregular; anamalous; deviating from stated and constant
methods.
This motion, like others of the times, seems eccentrick and
irregular. King Charles.
A character of an eccentrick virtue, is the more exact image
of human life, because it is not wholly exempted from its
frailties. Dryden's Dedicat. to the Conquest of Granada.
Then from whate'er we can to sense produce,
Common and plain, or wond'rous and abstruse,
From nature's constant or eccentrick laws,
The thoughtful soul this gen'ral inference draws,
That an effect must presuppose a cause. Prior.

ECCENTRI’CITY. n. s. [from eccentrick.]
1. Deviation from a center.
2. The state of having a different center from another circle.
In regard of eccentricity, and the epicycle wherein it moveth,
the motion of the moon is unequal. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
By reason of the sun's eccentricity to the earth, and obliquity
to the equator, he appears to us to move unequally. Holder.
3. Excursion from the proper orb.
The duke at his return from his eccentricity, for so I account
favourites abroad, met no good news of the Cadiz attempt.
Wotton.
4. Eccentricity of the earth is the distance between the focus
and the center of the earth's elliptick orbit. Harris.

ECCHY’MOSIS. n. s. [εϰχύμωσις.] Livid spots or blotches in the
skin, made by extravasated blood. Quincy.
Ecchymosis may be defined an extravasation of the blood in
or under the skin, the skin remaining whole. Wiseman's Surg.
Laxations are accompanied with tumour and ecchymosis. Wis.

ECCLESIA’STICAL. adj. [ecclesiasticus, Latin.]

ECCLESIA’STICK. adj. [ecclesiasticus, Latin.]
1. Relating to the church; not civil.
Is discipline an ecclesiastical matter or civil? If an ecclesiasti­
cal, it must of necessity belong to the duty of the minister.
Hooker, Preface.
Clergymen, otherwise little fond of obscure terms, yet in
their sermons are liberal of those which they find in ecclesiasti­
cal writers. Swift.
A church of England man has a true veneration for the
scheme established among us of ecclesiastick government. Swift.

ECCLESIA’STICK. n. s. [from the adjective.] A person dedi­
cated to the ministries of religion.
The ambition of the ecclesiasticks destroyed the purity of
the church. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

ECCOPRO’TICKS. n. s. [ἔϰ and ϰόϖρ.] Such medicines as
gently purge the belly, so as to bring away no more than the
natural excrements lodged in the intestines.
The body ought to be maintained in its daily excretions by
such means as are eccoprotick. Harvey on the Plague.

ECHINA’TE. adj. [from echinus, Latin.] Bristled like an
hedgehog; set with prickles.

ECHINA’TED. adj. [from echinus, Latin.] Bristled like an
hedgehog; set with prickles.
An echinated pyrites in shape approaches the echinated crys­
talline balls. Woodward on Fossils.

E’CHINUS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A hedgehog.
2. A shellfish set with prickles.
3. [With botanists.] The prickly head, cover of the seed, or
top of any plant.
4. [In architecture.] A member or ornament, taking its name
from the roughness of the carving, resembling the prickly
rind of a chesnut, and not unlike the thorny coat of a hedge­
hog.
This ornament is used by modern architects in cornices of
the Ionick, Corinthian, and Composite orders; and generally
set next to the abacus, being carved with anchors, darts, and
ovals or eggs. Harris.

E’CHO. n. s. [ἤχω.]
1. Echo was supposed to have been once a nymph, who pined
into a sound for love of Narcissus.
The pleasant myrtle may teach th' unfortunate Echo
In these woods to resound the renowned name of a goddess.
Sidney, b. i.
2. The return or repercussion of any sound.
Babbling echo mocks the hounds,
Replying shrilly to the well-tun'd horns,
As if a double hunt were heard at once. Shak. Titus Andron.
The sound, filling great spaces in arched lines, cannot be
guided; therefore there hath not been any means to make arti­
ficial echoes. Bacon's Natural History, No. 242.
To you I mourn, nor to the deaf I sing;
The woods shall answer, and the echo ring. Pope's Summer.
'Tis not enough no harshness gives offence;
The sound must seem an echo to the sense. Pope's Ess. Crit.
3. The sound returned.
Wilt thou hunt?
Thy hounds shall make the welkin answer them,
And fetch shrill echoes from their hollow earth. Shakespeare.
O woods, O fountains, hillocks, dales and bow'rs!
With other echo late I taught your shades
To answer, and resound far other song! Milt. Parad. Lost.

To E’CHO. v. n.
1. To resound; to give the repercussion of a voice.
At the parting
All the church echo'd. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
Through rocks and caves the name of Delia sounds;
Delia each cave and echoing rock rebounds. Pope's Autumn.
2. To be sounded back.
Hark, how the sound disturbs imperious Rome!
Shakes her proud hills, and rolls from dome to dome!
Her miter'd princes hear the echoing noise,
And, Albion, dread thy wrath and awful voice. Blackmore.

To E’CHO. v. a. To send back a voice; to return what has
been uttered.
Our modern separatists do but echo the same note.
Decay of Piety.
With peals of shouts the Tyrians praise the song;
Those peals are echo'd by the Trojan throng. Dryden's Æn.
One great death deforms the dreary ground;
The echo'd woes from distant rocks resound. Prior.

ECL

ECLAIRCI’SSEMENT. n. s. [French.] Explanation; the act of
clearing up an affair by verbal expostulation.




ECLA’T. n. s. [French.] Splendour; show; lustre.
Nothing more contributes to the variety, surprize, and eclat
of Homer's battles, than that artificial manner of gaging his
heroes by each other. Pope's Essay on Homer.

ECLE’CTICK. adj. [ἐϰλέϰιϰος.] Selecting; chusing at will.
Cicero gives an account of the opinions of philosophers;
but was of the eclectick sect, and chose out of each such posi­
tions as came nearest truth. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

ECLE’GMA. n. s. [ἔϰ and λέιχειν.] A form of medicine made by
the incorporation of oils with syrups, and which is to be
taken upon a liquorice stick. Quincy.

ECLI’PSE. n. s. [ἔϰλειϖσις.]
1. An obscuration of the luminaries of heaven; the sun is
eclipsed by the intervention of the moon; the moon by
the interposition of the earth. The word originally signifies
departure from the place, to which Milton alludes.
Slips of yew,
Sliver'd in the moon's eclipse. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Planets, planet-struck, real eclipse
Then suffer'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 413.
So though the sun victorious be,
And from a dark eclipse set free,
The influence, which we fondly fear,
Afflicts our thoughts the following year. Waller.
An eclipse of the moon is when the atmosphere of the earth,
being between the sun and the moon, hinders the light of the
sun from falling upon and being reflected by the moon: if
the light of the sun is kept off from the whole body of the
moon, it is a total eclipse; if from a part only, it is a partial
one. Locke.
2. Darkness; obscuration.
All the posterity of our first parents suffered a perpetual
eclipse of spiritual life. Raleigh's History of the World.
Experience we have of the vanity of human glory, in our
scatterings and eclipses. King Charles.

To ECLI’PSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To darken a luminary.
Let the eclipsed moon her throne resign. Sandys.
Now if the earth were flat, the dark'ned moon
Would seem to all eclips'd as well as one. Creech's Manilius.
2. To extinguish; to put out.
Then here I take my leave of thee, fair son,
Born to eclipse thy life this afternoon. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. To cloud; to obscure.
They had seen tokens of more than common greatness,
howsoever now eclipsed with fortune. Sidney.
Praise him to his father:
Let the prince's glory
Seem to eclipse, and cast a cloud on his. Denham's Sophy.
Let other muses write his prosp'rous fate,
Of conquer'd nations tell, and kings restor'd;
But mine shall sing of his eclips'd estate,
Which, like the sun's, more wonders does afford. Dryden.
He descended from his father, and eclipsed the glory of his
divine majesty with a veil of flesh. Calamy's Sermons.
4. To disgrace.
She told the king, that her husband was eclipsed in Ireland
by the no-countenance his majesty had shewed towards
him. Clarendon, b. viii.
Another now hath to himself engross'd
All pow'r, and us eclips'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.

ECLI’PTICK. n. s. [ἐϰλειπτιϰὶς.] A great circle of the sphere,
supposed to be drawn through the middle of the Zodiack, and
making an angle with the Equinoctial, in the points of Aries
and Libra, of 23°. 30′. which is the sun's greatest declina­
tion. This is by some called via solis, or the way of the sun,
because the sun, in his annual motion, never deviates from
this line. It is this line which is drawn on the globe, and
not the Zodiack. But in the new astronomy the Ecliptick is
that path among the fixed stars, which the earth appears to
describe to an eye placed in the sun, as in its annual motion
it runs round the sun from West to East. If you suppose this
circle to be divided into twelve equal parts, they will be the
twelve signs, each of which is denoted or distinguished by
some asterism or constellation. Harris.
All stars, that have their distance from the Ecliptick north­
wards not more than twenty-three degrees and a half, may,
in progression of time, have declination southward, and move
beyond the Equator. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
The terraqueous globe had the same site and position, in
respect of the sun, that it now hath: its axis was not parallel
to that of the Ecliptick, but inclined in like manner as it is at
present. Woodward's Natural History, No. 6.
The earth's rotation makes the night and day;
The sun revolving through th' Ecliptick way,
Effects the various seasons of the year. Blackm. on the Creat.
You must conceive an imaginary plane, which passing
through the center of the sun, and the earth, extends itself on
all sides as far as the firmament: this plane is called the Eclip­
tick, and in this the center of the earth is perpetually carried,
without any deviation. Bentley's Sermons.

EC’LOGUE. n. s. [ἔϰλογὴ.] A pastoral poem so called, because
Virgil called his pastorals eclogues.
What exclaiming praises Basilius gave this eclogue any man
may guess, that knows love is better than spectacles to make
every thing seem great. Sidney.
It is not sufficient that the sentences be brief, the whole
eclogue should be so too. Pope.

ECO’NOMY. n. s. [ὀιϰονομία. This word is often written, from
its derivation, œconomy; but œ being no diphthong in English,
it is placed here with the authorities for different ortho­
graphy.]
1. The management of a family; the government of a houshold.
By St. Paul's economy the heir differs nothing from a servant,
while he is in his minority; so a servant should differ nothing
from a child in the substantial part. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. Frugality; discretion of expence; laudable parsimony.
Particular sums are not laid out to the greatest advantage in
his economy; but are sometimes suffered to run waste, while he is
only careful of the main. Dryden's State of Innocence, Preface.
I have no other notion of economy, than that it is the parent
of liberty and ease. Swift to Lord Bolingbroke.
3. Disposition of things; regulation.
All the divine and infinitely wise ways of economy that God
could use towards a rational creature, oblige mankind to that
course of living which is most agreeable to our nature. Hamm.
4. The disposition or arrangement of any work.
In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, we shall see the eco­
nomy and disposition of poems better observed than in Terence.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
If this economy must be observed in the minutest parts of an
epick poem, what soul, though sent into the world with great
advantages of nature, cultivated with the liberal arts and
sciences, can be sufficient to inform the body of so great a
work? Dryden's Dedication to the Æn.
5. System of motions; distribution of every thing active or
passive to its proper place.
These the strainers aid,
That, by a constant separation made,
They may a due economy maintain,
Exclude the noxious parts, the good retain. Blackm. Creat.

ECO’NOMICK. adj. [from economy.]

ECO’NOMICAL. adj. [from economy.]
1. Pertaining to the regulation of an houshold.
Her quick'ning power in ev'ry living part,
Doth as a nurse, or as a mother serve;
And doth employ her economick art,
And busy care, her houshold to preserve. Davies.
In economical affairs, having proposed the government of a
family, we consider the proper means to effect it. Watts.
2. Frugal.
Some are so plainly economical, as even to desire that the seat
be well watered, and well fuelled. Wotton's Architect.

ECPHRA’CTICKS. n. s. [ἔϰ and φϱάτω.] Such medicines as
render tough humours more thin, so as to promote their dis­
charge. Quincy.
Procure the blood a free course, ventilation, and transpi­
ration, by suitable purges and ecphractick medicines. Harvey.

ECS

E’CSTASY. n. s. [ἔιϛασις.]
1. Any passion by which the thoughts are absorbed, and in which
the mind is for a time lost.
Follow them swiftly,
And hinder them from what this ecstasy
May now provoke them to. Shakespeare's Tempest.
'T may be
No longer joy there, but an ecstasy. Suckling.
Whether what we call ecstasy be not dreaming with our
eyes open, I leave to be examined. Locke.
2. Excessive joy; rapture.
O, love, be moderate! Allay thy ecstasy! Shakespeare.
The religious pleasure of a well disposed mind moves
gently, and therefore constantly: it does not affect by rap­
ture and ecstasy; but is like the pleasure of health, still and
sober. South's Sermons.
Each delighted, and delighting, gives
The pleasing ecstasy which each receives. Prior.
A pleasure, which no language can express;
An ecstasy, that mothers only feel,
Plays round my heart. Phillips's Distrest Mother.
3. Enthusiasm; excessive elevation of the mind.
He lov'd me well, and oft would beg me sing;
Which when I did, he on the tender grass
Would sit, and hearken even to ecstasy. Milton.
4. Excessive grief or anxiety. This is not now used.
Sighs and groans, and shrieks that rend the air,
Are made, not mark'd; where violent sorrow seems
A modern ecstasy. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Better be with the dead,
Than on the torture of the mind to lie
In restless ecstasy. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. Madness; distraction. This sense is not now in use.
Now see that noble and most sovereign reason,



Like sweet bells jangled out of tune, and harsh,
That unmatch'd form, and feature of blown youth,
Blasted with ecstasy. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

E’CSTASIED. adj. [from ecstasy.] Ravished; filled with en­
thusiasm.
These are as common to the inanimate things as to the
most ecstasied soul upon earth. Norris.

ECSTA’TICAL. adj. [εϰϛαιϰὸς.]

ECSTA’TICK. adj. [εϰϛαιϰὸς.]
1. Ravished; rapturous; elevated to ecstasy.
There doth my soul in holy vision sit,
In pensive trance, and anguish, and ecstatick fit. Milton.
When one of them, after an ecstatical manner, fell down
before an angel, he was severely rebuked, and bidden to wor­
ship God. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
In trance ecstatick may thy pangs be drown'd;
Bright clouds descend, and angels watch thee round. Pope.
2. In the highest degree of joy.
To gain Pescennius one employs his schemes;
One grasps a Cecrops in ecstatick dreams. Pope.
3. Tending to external objects. This sense is, I think, only
to be found once, though agreeable enough to the derivation.
I find in me a great deal of ecstatical love, which conti­
nually carries me out to good without myself. Norris.

E’CTYPE. n. s. [ἔϰτυπος.] A copy.
The complex ideas of substances are ectypes, copies, but
not perfect ones, not adequate. Locke.

E’CURIE. n. s. [French; equus, Latin.] A place covered for
the lodging or housing of horses.

EDA’CIOUS. adj. [edax, Latin.] Eating; voracious; devour­
ing; predatory; ravenous; rapacious; greedy.

EDA’CITY. n. s. [edacitas, Latin.] Voracity; ravenousness;
greediness; rapacity.
The wolf is a beast of great edacity and digestion: it may
be the parts of him comfort the bowels. Bacon's Nat. History.

To E’DDER. v. a. [probably from edge.] To bind or inter­
weave a fence.
To add strength to the hedge, edder it; which is, bind the
top of the stakes with some small long poles on each side.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

E’DDER. n. s. [from the verb.] Such fencewood as is com­
monly put upon the top of fences, and binds or interweaves
each other.
In lopping and felling, save edder and stake,
Thine hedges, as needeth, to mend or to make. Tusser.

E’DDY. n. s. [ed, backward, again, and ea, water, Saxon.]
1. The water that by some repercussion, or opposite wind, runs
contrary to the main stream.
My praises are as a bulrush upon a stream: if they sink not,
'tis because they are born up by the strength of the current,
which supports their lightness; but they are carried round
again, and return on the eddy where they first began. Dryden.
2. Whirlpool; circular motion.
The wild waves master'd him, and suck'd him in,
And smiling eddies dimpled on the main. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend,
Sudden th' impetuous hurricanes descend,
Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play,
Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away. Add. Cato.

E’DDY. adj. Whirling; moving circularly.
And chaff with eddy winds is whirl'd around,
And dancing leaves are lifted from the ground. Dryd. Virgil.

EDEMATO’SE. adj. [ὅιδημα.] Swelling; full of humours. See
ŒDEMATOUS.
A serosity obstructing the glands may be watery, edemotose,
and schirrous, according to the viscosity of the humour. Arb.

EDE’NTATED. adj. [edentatus, Latin.] Deprived of teeth. Dict.

EDG

EDGE. n. s. [ecge, Saxon.]
1. The thin or cutting part of a blade.
Seize upon Fise; give to the edge o' th' sword
His wife, his babes. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He that will a good edge win,
Must forge thick, and grind thin. Proverb.
The edge of war, like an ill sheathed knife,
No more shall cut his master. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
'Tis slander,
Whose edge is sharper than the sword. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
If the iron be blunt, and he do not whet the edge, then
must he put to more strength. Eccl. x. 10.
2. A narrow part rising from a broader.
Some harrow their ground over, and then plow it upon an
edge. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. Brink; margin; extremity.
The rays which pass very near to the edges of any body, are
bent a little by the action of the body. Newton's Opt.
We have, for many years, walked upon the edge of a pre­
cipice, while nothing but the slender thread of human life has
held us from sinking into endless misery. Rogers's Sermons.
Yes, the last pen for freedom let me draw,
When truth stands trembling on the edge of law. Pope.
4. Sharpness; proper disposition for action or operation; in­
tenseness of desire.
Give him a further edge,
And drive his purpose into these delights. Shakesp. Hamlet.
But when long time the wretches thoughts refin'd,
When want had set an edge upon their mind,
Then various cares their working thoughts employ'd,
And that which each invented, all enjoy'd. Creech's Manil.
Silence and solitude set an edge upon the genius, and cause
a greater application. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. Keenness; acrimony of temper.
Abate the edge of traitors, gracious Lord!
That would reduce these bloody days again. Shak. Rich. III.
6. To set teeth on EDGE. To cause a tingling pain in the teeth.
A harsh grating tune setteth the teeth on edge. Bacon.

To EDGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To sharpen; to enable to cut.
There sat she rolling her alluring eyes,
To edge her champion's sword, and urge my ruin. Dryden.
2. To furnish with an edge.
I fell'd along a man of bearded face,
His limbs all cover'd with a shining case;
So wond'rous hard, and so secure of wound,
It made my sword, though edg'd with flint, rebound. Dryd.
3. To border with any thing; to fringe.
Their long descending train,
With rubies edg'd, and saphires, swept the plain. Dryden.
I rid over hanging hills, whose tops were edged with groves,
and whose feet were watered with winding rivers. Pope.
4. To exasperate; to embitter.
By such reasonings the simple were blinded, and the ma­
licious edged. Hayward.
He was indigent and low in money, which perhaps might
have a little edged his desperation. Wotton's Life of D. of Bucks.
5. To put forward beyond a line.
Edging by degrees their chairs forwards, they were in a lit­
tle time got up close to one another. Locke.

To EDGE. v. n. [perhaps from ed, backward, Saxon.] To
move forward against any power; going close upon a wind,
as if upon its skirts or border, and so failing slow.
I must edge upon a point of wind,
And make slow way. Dryden's Cleomenes.

E’DGED. participial adj. [from edge.] Sharp; not blunt.
We find that subtile or edged quantities do prevail over
blunt ones. Digby on Bodies.

E’DGING. n. s. [from edge.]
1. What is added to any thing by way of ornament.
The garland which I wove for you to wear,
And border'd with a rosy edging round. Dryden.
A woman branches out into a long dissertation upon the
edging of a petticoat. Addison's Spectator, No. 247.
2. A narrow lace.

E’DGELESS. adj. [from edge.] Blunt; obtuse; unable to cut.
To-morrow in the battle think on me,
And fall thy edgeless sword; despair and die. Shakes. R. III.
They are only edgeless weapons it hath to encounter.
Decay of Piety.

E’DGETOOL. n. s. [edge and tool.] A tool made sharp to cut.
There must be no playing with things sacred, nor jesting
with edgetools. L'Estrange.
Nurses from their children keep edgetools. Dorset.
I shall exercise upon steel, and its several sorts; and what
sort is fittest for edgetools, which for springs. Moxon's Mech. Ex.

E’DGEWISE. adv. [edge and wise.] With the edge put into
any particular direction.
Should the flat side be objected to the stream, it would be
soon turned edgewise by the force of it. Ray on the Creation.

EDI

E’DIBLE. adj. [from edo, Latin.] Fit to be eaten; fit for
food.
Some flesh is not edible; as horses and dogs. Bacon.
Wheat and barley, and the like, are made either edible or
potable by man's art and industry. More against Atheism.
Some of the fungus kind, gathered for edible mushrooms,
have produced a difficulty of breathing. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The edible creation decks the board. Prior.

E’DICT. n. s. [edictum, Latin.] A proclamation of command
or prohibition; a law promulgated.
When an absolute monarch commandeth his subjects that
which seemeth good in his own discretion, hath not his edict
the force of a law. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
The great king of kings,
Hath in the table of his law commanded
That thou shalt do no murder; will you then
Spurn at his edict, and fulfil a man's? Shakesp. Richard III.
Severe decrees may keep our tongues in awe,
But to our thoughts what edict can give law? Dryd. Aureng.
The ministers are always preaching, and the governours
putting out edicts, against gaming and fine cloaths. Addison.

EDIFICA’TION. n. s. [ædificatio, Latin.]
1. The act of building up man in the faith; improvement in
holiness.
Our blessed Saviour told us, that we must account for every
idle word, not meaning that every word which is not designed
to edification, or is less prudent, shall be reckoned for a sin.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.



2. Improvement; instruction.
Out of these magazines I shall supply the town with what
may tend to their edification. Addison's Guardian, No. 114.

E’DIFICE. n. s. [ædificium, Latin.] A fabrick; a building; a
structure.
My love was like a fair house built on another man's
ground; so that I have lost my edifice by mistaking the place
where I erected it. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
He built
So spacious, and his line stretch'd out so far,
That man may know he dwells not in his own;
An edifice too large for him to fill. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The edifice, where all were met to see him,
Upon their heads and on his own he pull'd. Milton's Agon.
As Tuscan pillars owe their original to this country, the
architects always give them a place in edifices raised in Tus­
cany. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
He must be an idiot that cannot discern more strokes of
workmanship in the structure of an animal than in the most
elegant edifice. Bentley's Sermons.

EDIFI’ER. n. s. [from edify.] One that improves or instructs
another.

To EDIFY’. v. a. [edifico, Latin.]
1. To build.
Men have edify'd
A lofty temple, and perfum'd an altar to thy name. Chapm.
2. To instruct; to improve.
He who speaketh no more than edifieth, is undeservedly re­
prehended for much speaking. Hooker, b. v. s. 32.
Men are edified, when either their understanding is taught
somewhat whereof, in such actions, it behoveth all men to
consider, or when their hearts are moved with any affection
suitable thereunto. Hooker, b. iv. s. 1.
Life is no life, without the blessing of a friendly and an
edifying conversation. L'Estrange.
He gave, he taught; and edify'd the more,
Because he shew'd, by proof, 'twas easy to be poor. Dryd.
3. To teach; to persuade.
You shall hardly edify me, that those nations might not, by
the law of nature, have been subdued by any nation that had
only policy and moral virtue. Bacon's holy War.

E’DILE. n. s. [ædilis, Latin.] The title of a magistrate in old
Rome, whose office seems in some particulars to have re­
sembled that of our justices of peace.
The edile, ho! let him be apprehended. Shak. Coriolanus.

EDI’TION. n. s. [editio, Latin.]
1. Publication of any thing, particularly of a book.
These are of the second edition. Shak. Mer. Wiv. of Winds.
This English edition is not so properly a translation, as a
new composition upon the same ground. Burnet.
2. Republication; generally with some revisal or correcting.
The business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced
copy of the creation, to reprint God's image upon the soul,
and to set forth nature in a second and a fairer edition. South.
I cannot go so far as he who published the last edition of
him. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
The Code, composed hastily, was forced to undergo an
emendation, and to come forth in a second edition. Baker.

E’DITOR. n. s. [editor, Latin.] Publisher; he that revises or
prepares any work for publication.
When a different reading gives us a different sense, or a
new elegance in an author, the editor does very well in taking
notice of it. Addison's Spectator, No. 450.
This nonsense got into all the editions by a mistake of the
stage editors. Pope's Notes on Shakesp. Henry V.

EDU

To E’DUCATE. v. a. [educo, Latin.] To breed; to bring
up; to instruct youth.
Their young succession all their cares employ;
They breed, they brood, instruct and educate,
And make provision for the future state. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
Education is worse, in proportion to the grandeur of the
parents: if the whole world were under one monarch, the
heir of that monarch would be the worst educated mortal since
the creation. Swift on Modern Education.

EDUCA’TION. n. s. [from educate.] Formation of manners in
youth; the manner of breeding youth; nurture.
Education and instruction are the means, the one by
use, the other by precept, to make our natural faculty of rea­
son both the better and the sooner to judge rightly between
truth and error, good and evil. Hooker, b. i. s. 6.
All nations have agreed in the necessity of a strict education,
which consisted in the observance of moral duties. Swift.

To EDU’CE. v. a. [educo, Latin.] To bring out; to extract;
to produce from a state of occultation.
All that can be made of the power of matter, is a re­
ceptive capacity; and we may as well affirm, that the world
was educed out of the power of space, and give that as a rea­
son of its original: in this language, to grow rich, were to
educe money out of the power of the pocket. Glanv. Sceps.
This matter must have lain eternally confined to its beds of
earth, were there not this agent to educe it thence.
Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.
Th' eternal art educes good from ill,
Grafts on this passion our best principle. Pope's Ess. on Man.

EDU’CTION. n. s. [from educe.] The act of bringing any thing
into view.

To EDU’LCORATE. v. n. [from dulcis, Latin.] To
sweeten.

EDULCORA’TION. n. s. [from edulcorate.] The act of sweet­
ening.

To EEK. v. a. [eacan, ecan, ican, Sax. eak, Scott. eck, Erse.]
1. To make bigger by the addition of another piece.
2. To supply any deficiency. See EKE.
Hence endless penance for our fault I pay;
But that redoubled crime, with vengeance new,
Thou biddest me to eke. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. 5. s. 42.

EEL. n. s. [œl, Saxon; aal, German.] A serpentine slimy
fish, that lurks in mud.
Is the adder better than the eel,
Because his painted skin contents the eye? Shakespeare.
The Cockney put the eels i' th' pasty alive. Shak. K. Lear.

E’EN. adv. Contracted from even. See EVEN.
Says the satyr, if you have a trick of blowing hot and cold
out of the same mouth, I have e'en done with ye. L'Estrange.

EFF

EFF. n. s. See EFT.

E’FFABLE. adj. [effabilis, Latin.] Expressive; utterable. Dict.

To EFFA’CE. v. a. [effacer, French.]
1. To destroy any form painted, or carved.
2. To make no more legible or visible; to blot out; to strike
out.
Characters drawn on dust, the first breath of wind effaces.
Locke.
It was ordered, that his name should be effaced out of all
publick registers. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Time, I said, may happily efface
That cruel image of the king's disgrace. Prior.
Otway fail'd to polish or refine,
And fluent Shakespeare scarce effac'd a line. Pope.
3. To destroy; to wear away.
Nor our admission shall your realm disgrace,
Nor length of time our gratitude efface. Dryden's Æn.

EFFE’CT. n. s. [effectus, Latin.]
1. That which is produced by an operating cause.
You may see by her example, in herself wise, and of others
beloved, that neither folly is the cause of vehement love, nor
reproach the effect. Sidney, b. ii.
Effect is the substance produced, or simple idea introduced
into any subject, by the exerting of power? Locke.
We see the pernicious effects of luxury in the antient Ro­
mans, who immediately found themselves poor as soon as this
vice got footing among them. Addison on Italy.
2. Consequence; event.
No man, in effect, doth accompany with others, but he
learneth, ere he is aware, some gesture, or voice, or fashion.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 236.
To say of a celebrated piece that there are faults in it, is,
in effect, to say that the author of it is a man. Addis. Guard.
3. Purpose; intention; general intent.
They spake to her to that effect. 2 Chro. xxxiv. 22.
4. Consequence intended; success; advantage.
Christ is become of no effect unto you. Gal. v. 4.
He should depart only with a title, the effect whereof he
should not be possessed of, before he had very well deserved
it. Clarendon, b. viii.
The custom or institution has hitherto proved without
effect, and has neither extinguished the practice of such
crimes, nor lessened the numbers of such criminals. Temple.
5. Completion; perfection.
Semblant art shall carve the fair effect,
And full atchievement of thy great designs. Prior.
6. Reality; not mere appearance.
In shew, a marvellous indifferently composed senate ec­
clesiastical was to govern, but in effect one only man should,
as the spirit and soul of the residue, do all in all. Hooker.
State and wealth, the business and the crowd,
Seems at this distance but a darker cloud;
And is to him, who rightly things esteems,
No other in effect than what it seems. Denham.
7. [In the plural.] Goods; moveables.
What form of prayer
Can serve my turn? Forgive me my foul murther!
That cannot be, since I am still possest
Of those effects for which I did the murther,
My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen. Shakesp.
The emperor knew that they could not convey away many
of their effects. Addison's Spectator, No. 499.

To EFFE’CT. v. a. [efficio, Latin.]
1. To bring to pass; to attempt with success; to atchieve; to
accomplish as an agent.
Being consul, I not doubt t' effect
All that you wish. Ben. Johns. Catil.
2. To produce as a cause.
The change made of that syrup into a purple colour,
was effected by the vinegar. Boyle on Colours.




EFFE’CTIBLE. adj. [from effect.] Performable; practicable;
feasible.
That a pot full of ashes will still contain as much water
as it would without them, is not effectible upon the strictest
experiment. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

EFFE’CTIVE. adj. [from effect.]
1. Having the power to produce effects.
They are not effective of any thing, nor leave no work
behind them. Bacon.
If any mystery, rite, or sacrament be effective of any spi­
ritual blessings, then this much more, as having the prero­
gative and principality above every thing else. Taylor.
There is nothing in words and stiles but suitableness, that
makes them acceptable and effective. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
2. Operative; active.
Nor do they speak properly who say that time consumeth
all things; for time is not effective, nor are bodies destroyed
by it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
3. Producing effects; efficient.
Whosoever is an effective real cause of doing his neighbour
wrong is criminal, by what instrument soever he does it. Taylor.
4. Having the power of operation; useful, as effective men in
an army.

EFFE’CTIVELY. adv. [from effective.] Powerfully; with real
operation.
This effectively resists the devil, and suffers us to receive no
hurt from him. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

EFFE’CTLESS. adj. [from effect.] Without effect; impotent;
useless; unmeaning.
I'll chop off my hands;
In bootless prayer have they been held up,
And they have serv'd me to effectless use. Shak. Tit. Andron.

EFFE’CTOR. n. s. [effector, Latin.]
1. He that produces any effect.
2. Maker; Creator.
We commemorate the creation, and pay worship to that
infinite Being who was the effector of it. Derham's Phy. Theol.

EFFE’CTUAL. adj. [effectuél, French.]
1. Productive of effects; powerful to a degree adequate to the
occasion; operative; efficacious.
The reading of Scripture is effectual, as well to lay even
the first foundation, as to add degrees of farther perfection, in
the fear of God. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
The communication of thy faith may become effectual, by
the acknowledging of every good thing. Philem. 6.
2. Veracious; expressive of facts. A sense not in use.
Reprove my allegation, if you can;
Or else conclude my words effectual. Shakesp. Henry VI.

EFFE’CTUALLY. adv. [from effectual.] In a manner produc­
tive of the consequence intended; efficaciously.
Sometimes the sight of the altar, and decent preparations
for devotion, may compose and recover the wandering mind
more effectually than a sermon. South's Sermons.
This is a subject of that vast latitude, that the strength of
one man will scarcely be sufficient effectually to carry it on.
Woodward's Natural History.

To EFFE’CTUATE. v. a. [effectuer, French.] To bring to
pass; to fulfil.
He found means to acquaint himself with a nobleman, to
whom discovering what he was, he found him a fit instrument
to effectuate his desire. Sidney, b. ii.

EFFE’MINACY. n. s. [from effeminate.]
1. Admission of the qualities of a woman; softness; unmanly
delicacy; mean submission.
But foul effeminacy held me yok'd
Her bond-slave: O indignity, O blot
To honour and religion! Milton's Agonistes, l. 410.
2. Lasciviousness; loose pleasure.
So long as idleness is quite shut out from our lives, all the
sins of wantonness, softness, and effeminacy are prevented. Tayl.

EFFE’MINATE. adj. [effeminatus, Latin.]
1. Having the qualities of a woman; womanish; soft to an un­
manly degree; voluptuous; tender; luxurious.
After the slaughter of so many peers,
Shall we at last conclude effeminate peace? Shak. Henry VI.
The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, be­
came effeminate, and less sensible of honour. Bacon's Hen. VII.
From man's effeminate slackness it begins,
Who should better hold his place. Milton.
The more effeminate and soft his life,
The more his fame to struggle to the field. Dryd. Don Seb.
2. Womanlike; soft without reproach: a sense not in use.
As well we know your tenderness of heart,
And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse. Shakespeare's R. III.

To EFFE’MINATE. v. a. [effemino, Latin.] To make wo­
manish; to weaken; to emasculate; to unman.
When one is sure it will not corrupt or effeminate childrens
minds, and make them fond of trifles, I think all things should
be contrived to their satisfaction. Locke.

To EFFE’MINATE. v. n. To grow womanish; to soften; to
melt into weakness.
In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate and man­
ners corrupt. Pope.

EFFE’MINATION. n. s. [from effeminate.] The state of one
grown womanish; the state of one emasculated or unmanned.
Vices it figured; not only feneration, or usury, from its
fecundity and superfetation, but from this mixture of sexes,
degenerate effemination. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 17.

To EFFE’RVESCE. v. n. [effervesco, Latin.] To generate
heat by intestine motion.
The compound spirit of nitre, put to oil of cloves, will
effervesce even to a flame. Mead on Poisons.

EFFE’RVESCENCE. n. s. [from efferveo, Latin.] The act of
growing hot; production of heat by intestine motion.
In the chymical sense, effervescence signifies an intestine mo­
tion, produced by mixing two bodies together that lay at rest
before; attended sometimes with a hissing noise, frothing, and
ebullition. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Take chalk, ignite it in a crucible, and then powder it:
put it into strong spirit of nitre, 'till it becomes sweetish, and
makes no effervescence upon the injection of the chalk. Grew.
Hot springs do not owe their heat to any colluctation or
effervescence of the minerals in them, but to subterranean heat
or fire. Woodward's Natural History, p. iii.

EFFE’TE. adj. [effætus, Latin.]
1. Barren; disabled from generation.
It is probable that females have in them the seeds of all the
young they will afterwards bring forth, which, all spent and
exhausted, the animal becomes barren and effete. Ray.
In most countries the earth would be so parched and effete
by the drought, that it would afford but one harvest. Bentley.
2. Worn out with age.
All that can be allowed him now, is to refresh his decrepit,
effete sensuality with the history of his former life. South.

EFFICA’CIOUS. adj. [efficax, Latin.] Productive of effects;
powerful to produce the consequence intended.
A glowing drop with hollow'd steel
He takes, and by one efficacious breath
Dilates to cube or square. Phillips.

EFFICA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from efficacious.] Effectually; in such
a manner as to produce the consequence desired.
If we find that any other body strikes efficaciously enough
upon it, we cannot doubt but it will move that way which the
striking body impels it. Digby on Bodies.

E’FFICACY. n. s. [from efficax, Latin.] Power to produce
effects; production of the consequence intended.
Whatsoever is spoken concerning the efficacy or necessity of
God's word, the same they tie and restrain only unto sermons.
Hooker, b. v. s. 21.
Whether if they had tasted the tree of life before that of
good and evil, they had suffered the curse of mortality; or
whether the efficacy of the one had not overpowered the pe­
nalty of the other, we leave it unto God. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Efficacy is a power of speech which represents a thing, by
presenting to our minds the lively ideas or forms of things.
Peacham on Drawing.
The apostle tells us of the success and efficacy of the Gos­
pel upon the minds of men; and, for this reason, he calls
it the power of God unto salvation. Tillotson's Sermons.
The arguments drawn from the goodness of God have a
prevailing efficacy to induce men to repent. Rogers, Sermon 16.

EFFI’CIENCE. n. s. [from efficio, Latin.] The act of pro­
ducing effects; agency.

EFFI’CIENCY. n. s. [from efficio, Latin.] The act of pro­
ducing effects; agency.
The manner of this divine efficiency being far above us, we
are no more able to conceive by our reason, than creatures un­
reasonable by their sense are able to apprehend after what man­
ner we dispose and order the course of our affairs. Hooker, b. i.
That they are carried by the manuduction of a rule, is
evident; but what that regulating efficiency should be, is not
easily determined. Glanv. Sceps. c. iv.
Sinning against conscience has no special productive effi­
ciency of this particular sort of sinning, more than of any
other. South's Sermons.
A pious will is the means to enlighten the understanding
in the truth of Christianity, upon the account of a natural
efficiency: a will so disposed, will engage the mind in a severe
search. South's Sermons.
Gravity does not proceed from the efficiency of any contin­
gent and unstable agents; but stands on a basis more firm,
being entirely owing to the direct concourse of the power of
the Author of nature. Woodward's Natural History.

EFFI’CIENT. n. s. [efficius, Latin.]
1. The cause which makes effects to be what they are.
God, which moveth meer natural agents as an efficient only,
doth otherwise move intellectual creatures, and especially his
holy angels. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
2. He that makes; the effector.
Observations of the order of nature are of use to carry the
mind up to the admiration of the great efficient of the world.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EFFI’CIENT. adj. Causing effects; that which makes the
effect to be what it is.



Your answering in the final cause, makes me believe you
are at a loss for the efficient. Collier on Thought.

To EFFI’GIATE. v. a. [effigio, Latin.] To form in sem­
blance; to image.

EFFIGIA’TION. n. s. [from effigiate.] The act of imaging;
or forming the resemblance of things or persons. Dict.

EFFI’GIES. n. s. [effigies, Latin.] Resemblance; image in
painting or sculpture; representation; idea.

EFFI’GY. n. s. [effigies, Latin.] Resemblance; image in
painting or sculpture; representation; idea.
We behold the species of eloquence in our minds, the effi­
gies or actual image of which we seek in the organs of our
hearing. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface.

EFFLORE’SCENCE. n. s. [effloresco, Latin.]

EFFLORE’SCENCY. n. s. [effloresco, Latin.]
1. Production of flowers.
Where there is less heat, there the spirit of the plant is
digested, and severed from the grosser juice in efflorescence. Bac.
2. Excrescencies in the form of flowers.
Two white sparry incrustations, with efflorescencies in form
of shrubs, formed by the trickling of water. Woodward.
3. [In physick.] The breaking out of some humours in the
skin; as in the measles, and the like. Quincy.
A wart beginneth in the cutis, and seemeth to be an efflo­
rescence of the serum of the blood. Wiseman's Surgery.

EFFLORE’SCENT. adj. [effloresco, Lat.] Shooting out in form
of flowers.
Yellowish efflorescent sparry incrustations on stone. Woodw.

EFFLU’ENCE. n. s. [effluo, Latin.] That which issues from
some other principle.
Bright effluence of bright essence increate. Milt. P. Lost.
From the bright effluence of his deed
They borrow that reflected light,
With which the lasting lamp they feed,
Whose beams dispel the damps of envious night. Prior.

EFFLU’VIA. n. s. [from effluc, Latin.] Those small particles
which are continually flying off from bodies;
the subtilty and fineness of which appears from their being
able, a long time together, to produce very sensible effects,
without any sensible diminution of the body from whence they
arise. Quincy.

EFFLU’VIUM. n. s. [from effluc, Latin.] Those small particles
which are continually flying off from bodies;
the subtilty and fineness of which appears from their being
able, a long time together, to produce very sensible effects,
without any sensible diminution of the body from whence they
arise. Quincy.
If the earth were an electrick body, and the air but the
effluvium thereof, we might perhaps believe that from at­
traction, and by effluxion, bodies tended to the earth.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.
Neither the earth's diurnal revolution upon its axis, nor
any magnetick effluvia of the earth, nor the air, or atmosphere
which environs the earth, can produce gravity. Woodward.
If these effluvia, which do upward tend,
Because less heavy than the air, ascend;
Why do they ever from their height retreat,
And why return to seek their central seat? Blackm. Creat.

E’FFLUX. n. s. [effluxus, Latin.]
1. The act of flowing out.
Through the daily and copious efflux of matter through
the orifice of a deep ulcer in his thigh, he was reduced to a
skeleton. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. Effusion.
The first efflux of mens piety, after receiving of the faith,
was the selling and consecrating their possessions. Hammond.
3. That which flows from something else; emanation.
Prime chearer, light!
Of all material beings, first and best!
Efflux divine! Thomson's Summer, l. 80.

To EFFLU’X. v. n. [effluo, Latin.] To run out; to flow
away.
Five thousand and some odd centuries of years are effluxed
since the creation. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

EFFLU’XION. n. s. [effluxum, Latin.]
1. The act of flowing out.
By effluxion and attraction bodies tend towards the
earth. Brown.
2. That which flows out; effluvium; emanation.
There are some light effluxions from spirit to spirit, when
men are one with another; as from body to body. Bacon.

To EFFO’RCE. v. a. [efforcer, French.]
1. To force; to break through by violence.
In all that room was nothing to be seen,
But huge great iron chests and coffers strong,
All barr'd with double bonds, that ne'er could ween
Them to efforce by violence or wrong. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. To force; to ravish; to violate by force.
Then 'gan her beauty shine as brightest sky,
And burnt his beastly heart t' efforce her chastity. Fa. Qu.

To EFFO’RM. n. s. [efformo, Latin.] To make in any certain
manner; to shape; to fashion.
Merciful and gracious, thou gavest us being, raising us from
nothing, and efforming us after thy own image. Taylor.

EFFORMA’TION. n. s. [from efform.] The act of fashioning
or giving form to.
They pretend to solve phænomena, and to give an account
of the production and efformation of the universe. Ray.
Nature begins to set upon her work of efformation. More.

EFFO’RT. n. s. [effort, French.] Struggle; laborious endea­
vour.
If, after having gained victories, we had made the same
efforts as if we had lost them, France could not have with­
stood us. Addison on the State of the War.
Though the same sun, with all diffusive rays,
Blush in the rose, and in the diamond blaze,
We prize the stronger effort of his pow'r,
And always set the gem above the flow'r. Pope, Epist. 1.

EFFO’SSION. n. s. [effosumo, Latin.] The act of digging up
from the ground; deterration.
He set apart annual sums for the recovery of manuscripts,
the effossion of coins, and the procuring of mummies. Arbuthn.

EFFRA’IABLE. adj. [effroyable, French.] Dreadful; frightful;
terrible. A word not used.
Pestilential symptoms declare nothing a proportionate effi­
cient of their effraiable nature, but arsenical fumes. Harvey.

E’FFRONTERY. n. s. [effronterie, Fr.] Impudence; shame­
lessness; contempt of reproach.
They could hardly contain themselves within one unwor­
thy act, who had effrontery enough to commit or countenance
it. King Charles.
Others with ignorance and insufficiency have self-admi­
ration and effrontery to set up themselves. Watts's Improv.
A bold man's effrontery, in company with women, must be
owing to his low opinion of them, and his high one of him­
self. Clarissa.

EFFU’LGENCE. n. s. [effulgeo, Latin.] Lustre; brightness;
clarity; spiendor.
On thee
Impress'd, th' effulgence of his glory abides. Milt. Pa. Lost.
Thy lustre, blest effulgence, can dispel
The clouds of error, and the gloom of hell. Blackmore.

EFFU’LGENT. adj. [effulgens, Latin.] Shining; bright; lu­
minous.
How soon th' effulgent emanations fly
Through the blue gulph of interposing sky! Blackmore.
The downward sun
Looks out effulgent, from amid' the flash
Of broken clouds. Thomson's Spring, l. 185.

EFFU’MABILITY. n. s. [effumus, Latin.] The quality of fly­
ing away, or vapouring in fumes.
They seem to define mercury by volatility, or, if I may
coin such a word, effumability. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

To EFFU’SE. v. a. [effusus, Latin.] To pour out; to spill;
to shed.
He fell, and, deadly pale,
Groan'd out his soul, with gushing blood effus'd. Milton.
At last emerging from his nostrils wide,
And gushing mouth, effus'd the briny tide. Pope's Odyssey.

EFFU’SE. n. s. [from the verb.] Waste; effusion.
The air hath got into my deadly wounds,
And much effuse of blood doth make me faint. Shak. H. VI.

EFFU’SION. n. s. [effusio, Latin.]
1. The act of pouring out.
My heart hath melted at a lady's tears,
Being an ordinary inundation;
But this effusion of such manly drops,
This show'r, blown up by tempest of the soul,
Startles mine eyes, and makes me more amaz'd. Shakesp.
Our blessed Lord commanded the representation of his
death, and sacrifice on the cross, should be made by breaking
bread and effusion of wine. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
If the flood-gates of heaven were any thing distinct from
the forty days rain, their effusion, 'tis likely, was at this same
time when the abyss was broken open. Burnet's The. of Earth.
2. Waste; the act of spilling or shedding.
When there was but as yet one only family in the world,
no means of instruction, human or divine, could prevent
effusion of blood. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
Stop effusion of our Christian blood,
And 'stablish quietness. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Yet shall she be restor'd, since publick good
For private int'rest ought not be withstood,
To save th' effusion of my people's blood. Dryd. Homer.
3. The act of pouring out words.
Endless and senseless effusions of indigested prayers, often
times disgrace, in most unsufferable manner, the worthiest
part of Christian duty towards God. Hooker, b. v. s. 26.
4. Bounteous donation.
Such great force the gospel of Christ had then upon
mens souls, melting them into that liberal effusion of all that
they had. Hammond on Fundamentals.
5. The thing poured out.
Purge me with the blood of my redeemer, and I shall be
clean; wash me with that precious effusion, and I shall be
whiter than snow. King Charles.

EFFU’SIVE. adj. [from effuse.] Pouring out; dispersing.
The North-east spends its rage; and now shut up
Within its iron caves, th' effusive South
Warms the wide air. Thomson's Spring, l. 145.




EFT. n. s. [efeta, Saxon.] A newt; an evet; a small kind of
lizard that lives generally in the water.
Peacocks are beneficial to the places where they are kept,
by clearing of them from snakes, adders and efts, upon which
they will live. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The crocodile of Egypt is the lizard of Italy, and the eft in
our country. Nichols.

EFT. adv. [eft, Saxon.] Soon; quickly; speedily; shortly.
Eft through the thick they heard one rudely rush,
With noise whereof he from his lofty steed
Down fell to ground, and crept into a bush,
To hide his coward head from dying dread. Fairy Queen.
Quite consumed with flame,
The idol is of that eternal maid;
For so at least I have preserv'd the same,
With hands profane, from being eft betray'd. Fairfax, b. ii.

E’FTSOONS. adv. [eft and soon.] Soon afterwards; in a short
time; again. An obsolete word.
He in their stead eftsoons placed Englishmen, who pos­
sessed all their lands. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Eftsoons the nymphs, which now had flowers their fill,
Run all in haste to see that silver brood. Spenser's Epithalam.
The Germans deadly hated the Turks, whereof it was to be
thought that new wars would eftsoons ensue. Knolles's History.
Eftsoons, O sweetheart kind, my love repay,
And all the year shall then be holiday. Gay's Pastorals.

E. G. [exempli gratia.] For the sake of an instance or example.

E’GER. n. s. [See EAGER.] An impetuous and irregular flood
or tide.
From the peculiar disposition of the earth at the bottom,
wherein quick excitations are made, may arise those egers and
flows in some estuaries and rivers; as is observable about
Trent and Humber in England. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To EGE’ST. v. a. [egero, Latin.] To throw out food at the
natural vents.
Divers creatures sleep all the Winter; as the bear, the hedge­
hog, the bat, and the bee: these all wax fat when they sleep,
and egest not. Bacon's Natural History, No. 899.

EGE’STION. n. s. [egestus, Latin.] The act of throwing out
the digested food at the natural vents.
The animal soul or spirits manage as well their sponta­
neous actions as the natural or involuntary exertions of di­
gestion, egestion, and circulation. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EGG. n. s. [œg, Saxon; ough, Erse.]
1. That which is laid by feathered animals, from which their
young is produced.
An egg was found, having lain many years at the bottom
of a moat, where the earth had somewhat overgrown it;
and this egg was come to the hardness of a stone, and the
colours of the white and yolk perfect. Bacon's Natural Hist.
Eggs are perhaps the highest, most nourishing, and exalted
of all animal food, and most indigestible. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The spawn or sperm of other creatures.
Therefore think him as the serpent's egg,
Which, hatch'd, would, as his kind, grow mischievous. Sh.
Ev'ry insect of each different kind,
In its own egg, chear'd by the solar rays,
Organs involv'd and latent life displays. Blackmore's Creation.
3. Any thing fashioned in the shape of an egg.
There was taken a great glass-bubble with a long neck,
such as chemists are wont to call a philosophical egg. Boyle.

To EGG. v. a. [eggia, to incite, Islandick; eggian, Saxon.] To
incite; to instigate; to provoke to action.
Study becomes pleasant to him who is pursuing his genius,
and whose ardour of inclination eggs him forward, and car­
rieth him through every obstacle. Derham's Physico-Theology.

E’GLANTINE. n. s. [esglantier, French.] A species of rose.
See ROSE.
O'er canopied with luscious woodbine,
With sweet musk roses, and with eglantine. Shakespeare.
The leaf of eglantine, not to slander,
Outsweeten'd not thy breath. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Sycamores with eglantine were spread,
A hedge about the sides, a covering over head. Dryden.

E’GOTISM. n. s. [from ego, Latin.] The fault committed in
writing by the frequent repetition of the word ego, or I; too
frequent mention of a man's self, in writing or conversation.
The most violent egotism which I have met with, in the
course of my reading, is that of cardinal Wolsey's; ego &
rex meus, I and my king.  Spectator, No. 562.

E’GOTIST. n. s. [from ego.] One that is always repeating the
word ego, I; a talker of himself.
A tribe of egotists, for whom I have always had a mortal
aversion, are the authors of memoirs, who are never men­
tioned in any works but their own. Spectator, No. 562.

To E’GOTIZE. v. n. [from ego.] To talk much of one's
self.

EGR

EGRE’GIOUS. adj. [egregius, Latin.]
1. Eminent; remarkable; extraordinary.
He might be able to adorn this present age, and furnish
history with the records of egregious exploits, both of art and
valour. More's Antidote against Atheism.
One to empire born;
Egregious prince! whose manly childhood shew'd
His mingled parents, and portended joy
Unspeakable. Phillips.
2. Eminently bad; remarkably vicious. This is the usual
sense.
We may be bold to conclude, that these last times,
for insolence, pride and egregious contempt of all good
order, are the worst. Hooker, Preface.
Ah me, most credulous fool!
Egregious murtherer! Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
And hence th' egregious wizzard shall foredoom
The fate of Louis, and the fall of Rome. Pope.

EGRE’GIOUSLY. adv. [from egregious.] Eminently; shame­
fully.
Make the more thank me, love me, and reward me,
For making him egregiously an ass,
And practising upon his peace and quiet,
Even to madness. Shakespeare's Othello.
He discovered that, besides the extravagance of every ar­
ticle, he had been egregiously cheated. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

E’GRESS. n. s. [egressus, Latin.] The act of going out of any
place; departure.
And gates of burning adamant,
Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
This water would have been locked up within the earth,
and its egress utterly debarred, had the strata of stone and
marble remained continuous. Woodward's Natural History.

EGRE’SSION. n. s. [egressio, Latin.] The act of going out.
The vast number of troops is expressed in the swarms;
their tumultuous manner of issuing out of their ships, and
the perpetual egression, which seemed without end, are imaged
in the bees pouring out. Notes on the Iliads.

E’GRET. n. s. A fowl of the heron kind, with red legs. Bailey.

E’GRIOT. n. s. [aigret, French; perhaps from aigre, sour.] A
species of cherry.
The cœur-cherry, which inclineth more to white, is
sweeter than the red; but the egriot is more sour. Bacon.

To EJA’CULATE. v. a. [ejaculor, Latin.] To throw; to
shoot; to dart out.
Being rooted so little way in the skin, nothing near so
deeply as the quills of fowls, they are the more easy eja­
culated. Grew's Musæum.
The mighty magnet from the center darts
This strong, though subtile force, through all the parts:
Its active rays, ejaculated thence,
Irradiate all the wide circumference. Blackmore's Creation.

EJA’CULATION. n. s. [from ejaculote.]
1. A short prayer darted out occasionally, without solemn re­
tirement.
In your dressing let there be ejaculations fitted to the several
actions of dressing; as at washing your hands, pray God to
cleanse your soul from sin. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
2. The act of darting or throwing out.
There seemeth to be acknowledged, in the act of envy, an
ejaculation or irradiation of the eye. Bacon's Essays.
There is to be observed, in those dissolutions which will
not easily incorporate, what the effects are; as the ebullition,
the precipitation to the bottom, the ejaculation towards the
top, the suspension in the midst, and the like. Bacon.

EJA’CULATORY. adj. [from ejaculate.] Suddenly darted out;
uttered in short sentences; sudden; hasty.
The continuance of this posture might incline to ease and
drowsiness: they used it rather upon some short ejaculatory
prayers, than in their larger devotions. Duppa's Devotion.
We are not to value ourselves upon the merit of ejaculatory
repentances, that take us by fits and starts. L'Estrange.

EJE

To EJE’CT. v. a. [ejicio ejectum, Latin.]
1. To throw out; to cast forth; to void.
Infernal lightning sallies from his throat!
Ejected sparks upon the billows float! Sandys.
The heart, as said, from its contracted cave,
On the left side ejects the bounding wave. Blackm. Creation.
Tears may spoil the eyes, but not wash away the affliction;
sighs may exhaust the man, but not eject the burthen. South.
2. To throw out or expel from an office or possession.
It was the force of conquest; force with force
Is well ejected, when the conquer'd can. Milton's Agonistes.
The French king was again ejected when our king sub­
mitted to the church. Dryden's Preface to Rel. Laici.
3. To expel; to drive away; to dismiss with hatred.
We are peremptory to dispatch
This viperous traitor; to eject him hence,
Were but our danger; and to keep him here,
Our certain death; therefore it is decreed
He dies to-night. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
4. To cast away; to reject.
To have ejected whatsoever the church doth make account
of, be it never so harmless in itself, and of never so ancient
continuance, without any other crime to charge it with, than
only that it hath been the hap thereof to be used by the church
of Rome, and not to be commanded in the word of God, could
not have been defended. Hooker.



Will any man say, that if the words whoring and drink­
ing were by parliament ejected out of the English tongue, we
should all awake next morning chaste and temperate? Swift.

EJE’CTION. n. s. [ejectio, Latin.]
1. The act of casting out; expulsion.
These stories are founded on the ejection of the fallen angels
from heaven. Notes on the Odyssey.
2. [in physick.] The discharge of any thing by vomit, stool, or
any other emunctory. Quincy.

EJE’CTMENT. n. s. [from eject.] A legal writ by which any
inhabitant of a house, or tenant of an estate, is commanded
to depart.

EIGH. interj. An expression of sudden delight.

EIGHT. adj. [eahta, Saxon; ahta, Gothick; acht, Scottish.]
Twice four. A word of number.
This island contains eight score and eight miles in circuit.
Sandys's Journey.

EIGHTH. adj. [from eight.] Next in order to the seventh;
the ordinal of eight.
Another yet?—A seventh! I'll see no more;
And yet the eighth appears! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In the eighth month should be the reign of Saturn. Bacon.
I stay reluctant seven continu'd years,
And water her ambrosial couch with tears;
The eighth, she voluntary moves to part,
Or urg'd by Jove, or her own changeful heart. Pope's Odyss.

EI’GHTEEN. adj. [eight and ten.] Twice nine.
He can't take two from twenty, for his heart,
And leave eighteen. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
If men naturally lived but twenty years, we should be sa­
tisfied if they died about eighteen; and yet eighteen years now
are as long as eighteen years would be then. Taylor.

EI’GHTEENTH. adj. [from eighteen.] The next in order to
the seventeenth; twice nine.
In the eighteenth year of Jeroboam reigned Abijam. 1 Kings.

EI’GHTFOLD. adj. [eight and fold.] Eight times the number
or quantity.

EI’GHTHLY. adv. [from eighth.] In the eighth place.
Eighthly, living creatures have voluntary motion, which
plants have not. Bacon's Natural History, No. 607.

EI’GHTIETH. adj. [from eighty.] The next in order to the
seventyninth; eighth tenth.
Some balances are so exact as to be sensibly turned with
the eightieth part of a grain. Wilkins's Math. Magic.

EI’GHTSCORE. adj. [eight and score.] Eight times twenty;
an hundred and sixty.
What! keep a week away? Seven days and nights?
Eightscore eight hours? And lovers absent hours,
More tedious than the dial eightscore times?
Oh weary reckoning. Shakespeare's Othello.

EI’GHTY. adj. [eight and ten.] Eight times ten; fourscore.
Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen,
And each hour's joy wreck'd with a week of teen. Shakesp.
Among all other climactericks three are most remarkable;
that is, seven times seven, or fortynine; nine times nine, or
eighty one; and seven times nine, or the year sixtythree,
which is conceived to carry with it the most considerable
fatality. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

EI’GNE. adj. [aisne, Fr.] [In law.] Denotes the eldest or first
born. Here it signifies unalienable, as being entailed.
Many assurances do also pass to godly and charitable uses
alone; and it happeneth not seldom, that, to avoid the yearly
oath, for averment of the continuance of some estate for life,
which is eigne, and not subject to forfeiture for the alienation
that cometh after it, the party will offer to sue a pardon un­
compelled before the time; in all which, some mitigation of
the uttermost value may well and worthily be offered. Bacon.

EI’SEL. n. s. [eosil, Saxon.] Vinegar; verjuice; any acid.
Woo't drink up eisel, eat a crocodile?
I'll do't. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

EIT

EI’THER. pron. [ægther, Saxon; auther, Scottish.]
1. Which soever of the two; whether one or the other.
Lepidus flatters both,
Of both is flatter'd; but he neither loves,
Nor either cares for him. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.
So like in arms these champions were,
As they had been a very pair;
So that a man would almost swear,
That either had been either. Drayton's Nymp.
Goring made a fast friendship with Digby, either of them
believing he could deceive the other. Clarendon, b. viii.
I do not ask whether bodies do so exist, that the motion of
one body cannot really be without the motion of another: to
determine this either way, is to beg the question for or against
a vacuum. Locke.
2. Each; both.
In the process of natural beings, there seem some to be
creatures placed, as it were, in the confines of several pro­
vinces, and participating something of either. Hale.
Sev'n times the sun has either tropick view'd,
The Winter banish'd, and the Spring renew'd. Dryd. Virg.

EI’THER. adv. [from the noun.] A distributive adverb, an­
swered by or; either the one or.
We never heard of any ship that had been seen to arrive
upon any shore of Europe; no nor of either the East or West
Indies. Bacon's New Atlantis.
What perils shall we find,
If either place, or time, or other course,
Cause us to alter th' order now assign'd? Daniel's C. War.
Either your brethren have miserably deceived us, or power
confers virtue. Swift to Pope.

EJULA’TION. n. s. [ejulatio, Latin.] Outcry; lamentation;
moan; wailing.
Instead of hymns and praises, he breaks out into ejulations
and effeminate wailings. Government of the Tongue.
With dismal groans
And ejulation, in the pangs of death,
Some call for aid neglected; some, o'erturn'd
In the fierce shock, lie gasping. Phillips.

EKE. adv. [eac, Saxon; ook, Dutch.] Also; likewise; beside;
moreover.
If any strength we have, it is to ill;
But all the good is God's, both power and eke will. Fa. Qu.
Now if 'tis chiefly in the heart
That courage does itself exert,
'Twill be prodigious hard to prove,
That this is eke the throne of love. Prior.

To EKE. v. a. [eacan, Saxon.]
1. To increase.
I dempt there much to have eked my store,
But such eking hath made my heart sore. Spenser's Pastorals.
The little strength that I have, I would it were with you.
——And mine to eke out her's. Shakesp. As you like it.
2. To supply; to fill up deficiencies.
Still be kind,
And eke out our performance with your mind. Shak. H. V.
Your ornaments hung all,
On some patch'd doghole ek'd with ends of wall. Pope.
3. To protract; to lengthen.
I speak too long; but 'tis to piece the time,
To eke it, and to draw it out in length,
To stay you from election. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. To spin out by useless additions. [In this sense it seems bor­
rowed from the use of our old poets, who put eke into their
lines, when they wanted a syllable.]
Eusden ekes out Blackmore's endless line. Pope's Dunciad.

ELA

To ELA’BORATE. v. a. [elaboro, Latin.]
1. To produce with labour.
They in full joy elaborate a sigh. Young.
2. To heighten and improve by successive endeavours or ope­
rations.
The sap is diversified, and still more and more elaborated
and exalted, as it circulates through the vessels of the plant.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ELA’BORATE. adj. [elaboratus, Latin.] Finished with great
diligence; performed with great labour.
Formalities of extraordinary zeal and piety are never more
studied and elaborate than when politicians most agitate despe­
rate designs. King Charles.
At least, on her bestow'd
Too much of ornament, of outward shew
Elaborate; of inward, less exact. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Man is thy theme, his virtue or his rage
Drawn to the life in each elab'rate page. Waller.
Consider the difference between elaborate discourses upon
important occasions, delivered to parliaments, and a plain ser­
mon intended for the lower people. Swift.

ELA’BORATELY. adv. [from elaborate.] Laboriously; dili­
gently; with great study or labour.
Politick conceptions so elaborately formed and wrought, and
grown at length ripe for delivery, do yet prove abortive. South.
Some coloured powders, which painters use, may have
their colours a little changed, by being very elaborately and
finely ground. Newton's Opt.
I will venture once to incur the censure of some persons,
for being elaborately trifling. Bentley's Sermons.
It is there elaborately shewn, that patents are good. Swift.

ELABORA’TION. n. s. [from elaborate.] Improvement by suc­
cessive operations.
To what purpose is there such an apparatus of vessels for
the elaboration of the sperm and eggs; such a tedious process
of generation and nutrition? This is but an idle pomp. Ray.

To ELA’NCE. v. a. [elancer, French.] To throw out; to dart;
to cast as a dart.
While thy unerring hand elanc'd
Another, and another dart, the people
Joyfully repeated Io! Prior.
Harsh words, that, once elanc'd, must ever fly
Irrevocable. Prior.

To ELA’PSE. v. n. [elapsus, Latin.] To pass away; to glide
away; to run out without notice.
There is a docible season, a learning time in youth, which,
suffered to elapse, and no foundation laid, seldom returns. Clariss.




ELA’STICAL. adj. [from ἐλάω.] Having the power of re­
turning to the form from which it is distorted
or withheld; springy; having the power of a spring.

ELA’STICK. adj. [from ἐλάω.] Having the power of re­
turning to the form from which it is distorted
or withheld; springy; having the power of a spring.
By what elastick engines did she rear
The starry roof, and roll the orbs in air. Blackm. Creation.
If the body is compact, and bends or yields inward to
pression, without any sliding of its parts, it is hard and elastick,
returning to its figure with a force rising from the mutual
attraction of its parts. Newton's Opt.
The most common diversities of human constitutions arise
from the solids, as to their different degrees of strength and
tension; in some being too lax and weak, in others too elastick
and strong. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
A fermentation must be excited in some assignable place,
which may expand itself by its elastical power, and break
through, where it meets with the weakest resistance. Bentley.

ELASTI’CITY. n. s. [from elastick.] Force in bodies, by which
they endeavour to restore themselves to the posture from
whence they were displaced by any external force. Quincy.
A lute string will bear a hundred weight without rupture;
but, at the same time, cannot exert its elasticity: take away
fifty, and immediately it raiseth the weight. Arbuthn. on Alim.
Me emptiness and dulness could inspire,
And were my elasticity and fire. Pope's Dunciad, b. i.

ELA’TE. adj. [elatus, Latin.] Flushed with success; ele­
vated with prosperity; lofty; haughty.
Oh, thoughtless mortals! ever blind to fate!
Too soon dejected, and too soon elate! Pope's Ra. of Lock.
I, of mind elate, and scorning fear,
Thus with new taunts insult the monster's ear. Pope's Odyss.

To EL’ATE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To elevate with success; to puff up with prosperity.
2. To exult; to heighten. An unusual sense.
Or truth, divinely breaking on his mind,
Elates his being, and unfolds his power. Thomson's Autumn.

ELATE’RIUM. n. s. [Latin.] An inspissated juice, in frag­
ments of flat and thin cakes, seldom thicker than a shilling.
It is light, of a friable texture; a pale, dead, whitish colour,
and an acrid and pungent taste. It is procured from the fruit
of the wild cucumber; the seeds of which swim in a large
quantity of an acrid and almost caustick liquor. It is a very
violent and rough purge. Hill.

ELA’TION. n. s. [from elate.] Haughtiness proceeding from
success; pride of prosperity.
God began to punish this vain elation of mind, by with­
drawing his favours. Atterbury's Sermons.

E’LBOW. n. s. [elboga, Saxon.]
1. The next joint or curvature of the arm below the shoulder.
In some fair evening, on your elbow laid,
You dream of triumphs in the rural shade. Pope.
2. Any flexure, or angle.
Fruit-trees, or vines, set upon a wall between elbows or
buttresses of stone, ripen more than upon a plain wall. Bacon.
3. To be at the ELBOW. To be near; to be at hand.
Here stand behind this bulk. Straight will he come:
Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home:
Quick, quick; fear nothing, I'll be at thy elbow. Shak. Othel.

ELBOWCHA’IR. n. s. [elbow and chair.] A chair with arms to
support the elbows.
Swans and elbowchairs, in the opera of Dioclesian, have
danced upon the English stage with good success. Gay.

E’LBOWROOM. n. s. [elbow and room.] Room to stretch out the
elbows on each side; perfect freedom from confinement.
Now my soul hath elbowroom;
It would not out at windows nor at doors. Shakespeare.
The natives are not so many, but that there may be elbow­
room enough for them, and for the adventives also. Bacon.
A politican must put himself into a state of liberty, so to
provide elbowroom for his conscience to have its full play in.
South's Sermons.

To E’LBOW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To push with the elbow.
One elbows him, one justles in the shole. Dryden's Juven.
2. To push; to drive to distance; to encroach upon.
It thrusts and stretches out,
And elbows all the kingdoms round about. Dryden.
If fortune takes not off this boy betimes,
He'll make mad work, and elbow all his neighbours. Dryden.

To E’LBOW. v. n. To jut out in angles. Dict.

ELD

ELD. n. s. [eald, Saxon; eld, Scottish.]
1. Old age; decrepitude.
Her heart with joy unwonted inly swel'd,
As feeling wond'rous comfort in her weaker eld. Fa. Queen.
2. Old people; persons worn out with years.
Thy blazed youth
Becomes assuaged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
He thought it touch'd his deity full near,
If likewise he some fair one wedded not,
Thereby to wipe away th' infamous blot
Of long uncoupled bed and childless eld. Milton.

E’LDER. adj. The comparative of eld, now corrupted to old.
eald, ealdor, Saxon.] Surpassing another in years; survivor;
having the privileges of primogeniture.
They bring the comparison of younger daughters comform­
ing themselves in attire to the example of their elder sisters.
Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
Let still the woman take
An elder than herself; so wears she to him,
So sways she level in her husband's heart. Sh. Twelfth Night.
How I firmly am resolv'd, you know;
That is, not to bestow my youngest daughter,
Before I have a husband for the elder. Sh. Tam. of the Shrew.
The elder of his children comes to acquire a degree of au­
thority among the younger, by the same means the father did
among them. Temple.
Fame's high temple stands;
Stupendous pile! not rear'd by mortal hands!
Whate'er proud Rome, or artful Greece beheld,
Or elder Babylon, its frame excell'd. Pope's Temp. of Fame.

E’LDERS. n. s. [from elder.]
1. Persons whose age gives them a claim to credit and reverence.
Rebuke not an elder, but intreat him as a father, and the
younger men as brethren. 1 Tim. v. 1.
Our elders say,
The barren, touched in this holy chase,
Shake off their steril curse. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Among the Lacedæmonians, the chief magistrates, as they
were, so they are called, elder men. Raleigh's H. of the World.
The blushing youth their virtuous awe disclose,
And from their seats the reverend elders rose. Sandys.
2. Ancestors.
Says the goose, if it will be no better, e'en carry your
head as your elders have done before ye. L'Estrange.
I lose my patience, and I own it too,
Where works are censur'd, not as bad, but new;
While, if our elders break all reason's laws,
Those-fools demand not pardon, but applause. Pope.
3. Those who are older than others.
At the board, and in private, it very well becometh chil­
dren's innocency to pray, and their elders to say amen. Hooker.
4. [Among the Jews.] Rulers of the people.
5. [In the New Testament.] Ecclesiasticks.
6. [Among presbyterians.] Laymen introduced into the kirk­
polity in sessions, presbyteries, synods and assemblies.
Flea-bitten synod, an assembly brew'd
Of clerks and elders ana; like the rude
Chaos of presbytry, where laymen ride
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. Cleaveland.

E’LDER. n. s. [ellasa, Saxon.] The name of a tree.
The branches are full of pith, having but little wood: the
flowers are monopetalous, divided into several segments, and
expand in form of a rose: these are, for the most part, col­
lected into an umbel, and are succeeded by soft succulent ber­
ries, having three seeds in each. It may be easily propagated
from cuttings or seeds; but the former, being the most expe­
ditious method, is generally practised. The season for plant­
ing their cuttings is any time from September to March,
thrusting them six or eight inches into the ground. Dwarf
elder is near London propagated for medicinal use. Miller.
Look for thy reward
Amongst the nettles at the elder tree,
Which overshades the mouth of that same pit. Sh. Tit. And.
Then seek the bank where flowering elders crowd. Thom.

E’LDERLY. adj. [from elder.] No longer young; bordering
upon old age.
I have a race of orderly elderly people of both sexes at com­
mand, who can bawl when I am deaf, and tread softly when I
am giddy. Swift to Pope.

E’LDERSHIP. n. s. [from elder.]
1. Seniority; primogeniture.
That all should Alibech adore, 'tis true;
But some respect is to my birthright due:
My claim to her by eldership I prove. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
Nor were the eldership
Of Artaxerxes worth our least of fears,
If Memnon's interest did not prop his cause. Rowe.
2. Presbytery; ecclesiastical senate; kirk-session.
Here were the seeds sown of that controversy which sprang
up between Beza and Erastus, about the matter of excom­
munications; whether there ought to be in all churches an
eldership, having power to excommunicate, and a part of that
eldership to be of necessity certain chosen out from amongst
the laity for that purpose. Hooker, Preface.

E’LDEST. adj. The superlative of eld, now changed to old.
[eald, ealdor, ealdste, Saxon.]
1. The oldest; the child that has the right of primogeniture.
We will establish our estate upon
Our eldest Malcolm, whom we name hereafter
The prince of Cumberland. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The mother's and her eldest daughter's grace,
It seems, had brib'd him to prolong their space. Dryden.



2. The person that has lived most years.
Eldest parents signifies either the oldest men and women
that have had children, or those who have longest had
issue. Locke.

ELE

ELECAMPA’NE. n. s. [helenium, Latin.] A plant, named also
starwort.
It hath a radiated flower, whose florets are hermaphrodite;
but the semi-florets are female: both these are yellow. The
ovaries rest on a naked placenta, crowned with down: all these
parts are included in a scaly cup. To these notes may be
added, the leaves growing alternately on the stalks, and the
flowers on the top of the branches. Botanists enumerate
thirty species of this plant. The first is the true elecampane,
used in medicines: it grows wild in most fields and meadows,
and is cultivated in gardens, to furnish the shops with roots,
which is the only part of the plant in use. Miller.
The Germans have a method of candying elecampane root
like ginger, to which they prefer it, and call it German spice.
Hill's Mat. Med.

To ELE’CT. v. a. [electus, Latin.]
1. To choose for any office or use; to take in preference to
others.
Henry his son is chosen king, though young;
And Lewis of France, elected first, beguil'd. Dan. C. War.
This prince, in gratitude to the people, by whose consent
he was chosen, elected a hundred senators out of the com­
moners. Swift on the Dissensions in Athens and Rome.
2. [in theology.] To select as an object of eternal mercy.
Some I have chosen of peculiar grace,
Elect above the rest: so is my will. Milton's Paradise Lost.

ELE’CT. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Chosen; taken by preference from among others.
You have here, lady,
And of your choice, these reverend fathers,
Of singular integrity and learning;
Yea, the elect of the land, who are assembl'd
To plead your cause. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
2. Chosen to an office, not yet in possession.
The bishop elect takes the oaths of supremacy, canonical
obedience, and against simony; and then the dean of the
arches reads and subscribes the sentences. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. [In theology.] Chosen as an object of eternal mercy.
A vitious liver, believing that Christ died for none but the
elect, shall have attempts made upon him to reform and amend
his life. Hammond.

ELE’CTION. n. s. [electio, Latin.]
1. The act of chusing; the act of selecting one or more from
a greater number for any use or office; choice.
If the election of the minister should be committed to every
several parish, do you think that they would chuse the
meetest. Whitgift.
I was sorry to hear with what partiality, and popular heat,
elections were carried in many places. King Charles.
Him, not thy election,
But natural necessity, begot. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
As charity is, nothing can more increase the lustre and
beauty than a prudent election of objects, and a fit application
of it to them. Spratt's Sermons.
2. The power of choice.
For what is man without a moving mind,
Which hath a judging wit, and chusing will!
Now, if God's pow'r should her election bind,
Her motions then would cease, and stand all still. Davies.
3. Voluntary preference.
He calls upon the sinners to turn themselves and live; he
tells us, that he has set before us life and death, and referred
it to our own election which we will chuse. Rogers's Sermons.
4. [In theology.] The predetermination of God by which any
were selected for eternal life.
The conceit about absolute election to eternal life, some
enthusiasts entertaining, have been made remiss in the practice
of virtue. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. The ceremony of a publick choice.
Since the late dissolution of the club, many persons
put up for the next election. Addison's Spectator, No. 550.

ELE’CTIVE. adj. [from elect.] Exerting the power of choice;
regulated or bestowed by election or choice.
I will say positively and resolutely, that it is impossible an
elective monarchy should be so free and absolute as an here­
ditary. Bacon.
To talk of compelling a man to be good, is a contradiction;
for where there is force, there can be no choice: whereas all
moral goodness consisteth in the elective act of the under­
standing will. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. iii. c. 2.
The last change of their government, from elective to he­
reditary, has made it seem hitherto of less force, and unfitter
for action abroad. Temple.

ELE’CTIVELY. adv. [from elect.] By choice; with preference
of one to another.
How or why that should have such an influence upon the
spirits, as to drive them into those muscles electively, I am not
subtile enough to discern. Ray on the Creation.
They work not electively, or upon proposing to themselves
an end of their operations. Grew's Cosm. Sac.

ELE’CTOR. n. s. [from elect.]
1. He that has a vote in the choice of any officer.
From the new world her silver and her gold
Came, like a tempest, to confound the old;
Feeding with these the brib'd electors' hopes,
Alone she gave us emperors and popes. Waller.
2. A prince who has a voice in the choice of the German
emperour.

ELE’CTORAL. adj. [from elector.] Having the dignity of an
elector.

ELE’CTORATE. n. s. [from elector.] The territory of an
elector.
He has a great and powerful king for his son-in-law; and
can himself command, when he pleases, the whole strength
of an electorate in the empire. Addison's Freeholder, No. 24.

ELE’CTRE. n. s. [electrum, Latin.]
1. Amber; which, having the quality when warmed by friction
of attracting bodies, gave to one species of attraction the
name of electricity, and to the bodies that so attract the epithet
electrick.
2. A mixed metal.
Change silver plate or vessel into the compound stuff, being
a kind of silver electre, and turn the rest into coin. Bacon.

ELE’CTRICAL. adj. [from electrum. See ELECTRE.]

ELE’CTRICK. adj. [from electrum. See ELECTRE.]
1. Attractive without magnetism; attractive by a peculiar pro­
perty, supposed once to belong chiefly to amber.
By electrick bodies do I conceive not such only as take up
light bodies, in which number the ancients only placed jett
and amber; but such as, conveniently placed, attract all bo­
dies palpable. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 4.
An electrick body can by friction emit an exhalation so sub­
tile, and yet so potent, as by its emission to cause no sensible
diminution of the weight of the electrick body, and to be ex­
panded through a sphere, whose diameter is above two feet,
and yet to be able to carry up lead, copper, or leaf-gold, at
the distance of above a foot from the electrick body. Newton.
2. Produced by an electrick body.
If that attraction were not rather electrical than magne­
tical, it was wonderous what Helmont delivereth concerning
a glass, wherein the magistery of loadstone was prepared,
which retained an attractive quality. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If a piece of white paper, or a white cloath, or the end of
one's finger, be held at about a quarter of an inch from the
glass, the electrick vapour, excited by friction, will, by dashing
against the white paper, cloth, or finger, be put into such an
agitation as to emit light. Newton's Opt.

ELECTRI’CITY. n. s. [from electrick. See ELECTRE.] A
property in some bodies, whereby, when rubbed so as to grow
warm, they draw little bits of paper, or such like substances,
to them. Quincy.
Such was the account given a few years ago of electricity;
but the industry of the present age, first excited by the expe­
riments of Gray, has discovered in electricity a multitude of
philosophical wonders. Bodies electrified by a sphere of glass,
turned nimbly round, not only emit flame, but may be fitted
with such a quantity of the electrical vapour, as, if discharged
at once upon a human body, would endanger life. The force
of this vapour has hitherto appeared instantaneous, persons at
both ends of a long chain seeming to be struck at once. The
philosophers are now endeavouring to intercept the strokes of
lightning.

ELE’CTUARY. n. s. [electarium, Collin's Aurel. which is now
written electuary.] A form of medicine made of conserves,
and powders, in the consistence of honey. The form is
attended with considerable inconveniencies; for electuaries,
generally made up with honey, or syrup, when the consistence
is too thin, are apt to ferment; and when too thick, to candy.
By both which the ingredients will either be entirely altered
in their nature, or impaired in their virtues. Quincy.
We meet with divers electuaries, which have no ingredient,
except sugar, common to any two of them. Boyle's Sc. Chym.

ELEEMO’SYNARY. adj. [ἐλεημοσύνη.]
1. Living upon alms; depending upon charity.
It is little better than an absurdity, that the cause should be
an eleemosynary for its subsistence to its effects, as a nature pos­
teriour to and dependent on itself. Glanv. Sceps. c. 18.
2. Given in charity.

ELEGA’NCE. n. s. [elegantia, Latin.] Beauty of art; ra­
ther soothing than striking; beauty without
grandeur.

ELEGA’NCY. n. s. [elegantia, Latin.] Beauty of art; ra­
ther soothing than striking; beauty without
grandeur.
St. Augustine, out of a kind of elegancy in writing, makes
some difference. Raleigh's History of the World.
These questions have more propriety, and elegancy, under­
stood of the old world. Burnet.
My compositions in gardening are altogether Pindarick, and
run into the beautiful wildness of nature, without the nicer
elegancies of art. Spectator, No. 477.

ELE’GANT. adj. [elegans, Latin.]
1. Pleasing with minuter beauties.



Trifles themselves are elegant in him. Pope.
There may'st thou find some elegant retreat. London.
2. Nice; not coarse; not gross.
Polite with candour, elegant with ease. Pope.

E’LEGANTLY. adv. [from elegant.]
1. In such a manner as to please without elevation.
2. Neatly; nicely; with minute beauty.
Whoever would write elegantly, must have regard to the
different turn and juncture of every period: there must be
proper distances and pauses. Pope's Odyssey, Notes.

ELEGI’ACK. adj. [elegiacus, Latin.]
1. Used in elegies.
2. Pertaining to elegies.
3. Mournful; sorrowful.
Let elegiack lay the woe relate,
Soft as the breath of distant flutes. Gay's Trivia.

E’LEGY. n. s. [elegus, Latin.]
1. A mournful song.
He hangs odes upon hawthorns, and elegies upon brambles,
all forsooth deifying the name of Rosalind. Shak. As you like it.
2. A funeral song.
So on meanders banks, when death is nigh,
The mournful swan sings her own elegy. Dryden.
3. A short poem without points or turns.

E’LEMENT. n. s. [elementum, Latin.]
1. The first or constituent principle of any thing.
If nature should intermit her course, those principal and
mother elements of the world, whereof all things in this lower
world are made, should lose the qualities which now they
have. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
A man may rationally retain doubts concerning the num­
ber of those ingredients of bodies, which some call elements,
and others principles. Boyle's Phys. Consider.
Simple substances are either spirits, which have no manner
of composition, or the first principles of bodies, usually called
elements, of which other bodies are compounded. Watts.
2. The four elements, usually so called, are earth, fire, air,
water, of which our world is composed.
The king is but a man: the violet smells to him as it doth
to me; and the element shews to him as it doth to me. Shakes.
My dearest sister, fare thee well;
The elements be kind to thee, and make
Thy spirits all of comfort. Shakes. Anth. and Cleopatra.
The king,
Contending with the fretful elements,
Bids the wind blow the earth into the sea,
Or swell the curled waters. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The heavens and the earth will pass away, and the
elements melt with fervent heat. Peter.
Here be four of you were able to make a good world;
for you are as differing as the four elements. Bacon's Hol. War.
He from his flaming ship his children sent,
To perish in a milder element. Waller.
3. The proper habitation or sphere of any thing: as water of
fish.
We are simple men; we do not know she works by charms,
by spells, and such dawbry as is beyond our element. Shakesp.
Our torments may, in length of time,
Became our elements. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 275.
They shew that they are out of their element, and that logick
is none of their talent. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
4. An ingredient; a constituent part.
Who set the body and the limbs
Of this great sport together, as you guess?
——One sure that promises no element
In such a business. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
5. The letters of any language.
6. The lowest or first rudiments of literature or science.
With religion it fareth as with other sciences; the first de­
livery of the elements thereof must, for like consideration, be
framed according to the weak and slender capacity of young
beginners. Hooker, b. v. s. 18.
Every parish should keep a petty schoolmaster, which should
bring up children in the first elements of letters. Spenser on Irel.
We, when we were children, were in bondage under the
elements of the world. Gal. iv. 3.
There is nothing more pernicious to a youth, in the ele­
ments of painting, than an ignorant master. Dryden's Dufresn.

To E’LEMENT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To compound of elements.
Whether any one such body be met with, in those said to
be elemented bodies, I now question. Boyle's Scept. Chym.
2. To constitute; to make as a first principle.
Dull sublunary lover's love,
Whose soul is sense, cannot admit
Of absence, 'cause it doth remove
The thing which elemented it. Donne.

ELEME’NTAL. adj. [from element.]
1. Produced by some of the four elements.
If dusky spots are vary'd on his brow,
And streak'd with red, a troubl'd colour show;
That sullen mixture shall at once declare
Winds, rain and storms, and elemental war. Dryden's Virg.
Soft yielding minds to water glide away,
And sip, with nymphs, their elemental tea. Pope.
2. Arising from first principles.
Leeches are by some accounted poison not properly, that
is, by temperamental contrariety, occult form, or so much as
elemental repugnancy; but inwardly taken, they fasten upon
the veins, and occasion an effusion of blood. Brown's Vu. Err.

ELEMENTA’RITY. n. s. [from elementary.] Containing the
rudiments or first principles; simplicity of nature; absence of
composition; being uncompounded.
A very large class of creatures in the earth, far above the
condition of elementarity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

ELEME’NTARY. adj. [from elementary.] Uncompounded;
having only one principle or constituent part.
All rain water contains in it a copious sediment of terrestrial
matter, and is not a simple elementary water. Ray on the Creat.
The elementary salts of animals are not the same as they
appear by distillation. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ELE’MI. n. s.
This drug is improperly called gum elemi, being a resin.
The genuine elemi is brought from Æthiopia in flattish masses,
or in cylinders, of a yellowish colour. Its smell is acrid and
resinous. It is very rare in Europe, and supposed to be pro­
duced by a tree of the olive kind. The spurious or American
elemi, almost the only kind known, is of a whitish colour,
with a greater or less tinge of a greenish or yellowish. It is
of an agreeable smell, and of an acrid and bitterish taste. It
proceeds from a tall tree, which the Brasilians wound at
night, and in the morning collect the resin that has run
out. Hill's Materia Medica.

ELE’NCH. n. s. [elenchus, Latin.] An argument; a sophism.
The first delusion Satan put upon Eve, and his whole ten­
tation might be the same elench continued, as when he said,
Ye shall not die; that was, in his equivocation, you shall not
incur present death. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.
Discover the fallacies of our common adversary, that old
sophister, who puts the most abusive elenchs on us. De. of Piety.

ELE’OTS. n. s. Some name the apples in request in the cyder
countries so; not known by that name in several parts
of England. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

E’LEPHANT. n. s. [elephas, Latin.] The largest of all qua­
drupeds, of whose sagacity, faithfulness, prudence, and even
understanding, many surprising relations are given. This ani­
mal is not carnivorous, but feeds on hay, herbs, and all sorts
of pulse; and it is said to be extremely long lifed. It is na­
turally very gentle; but when enraged, no creature is more
terrible. He is supplied with a trunk, or long hollow carti­
lage, like a large trumpet, which hangs between his teeth,
and serves him for hands: by one blow with his trunk he will
kill a camel or a horse, and will raise a prodigious weight
with it. His teeth are the ivory so well known in Europe,
some of which have been seen as large as a man's thigh, and a
fathom in length. Wild elephants are taken with the help of
a female ready for the male: she is confined to a narrow
place, round which pits are dug; and these being covered
with a little earth scattered over hurdles, the male elephants
easily fall into the snare. In copulation the female receives
the male lying upon her back; and such is his pudicity, that
he never covers the female so long as any one appears in
sight. Calmet.
He loves to hear,
That unicorns may be betray'd with trees,
And bears with glasses, elephants with holes. Sh. Jul. Cæs.
The elephant hath joints, but not for courtesy;
His legs are for necessity, not flexure. Sh. Troil. and Cressida.
2. Ivory; the teeth of elephants.
High o'er the gate, in elephant and gold,
The crowd shall Cæsar's Indian war behold. Dryden's Virg.

ELEPHANTI’ASIS. n. s. [elephantiasis, Latin.] A species of
leprosy, so called from covering the skin with incrustations
like those on the hide of an elephant.

ELEPHA’NTINE. adj. [elephantinus, Latin.] Pertaining to the
elephant.

To E’LEVATE. v. a. [elevo, Latin.]
1. To raise up aloft.
This subterranean heat or fire, which elevates the water out
of the abyss. Woodward.
2. To exalt; to dignify.
3. To raise the mind with great conceptions.
Others apart sat on a hill retired,
In thoughts more elevate, and reason'd high
Of providence, foreknowledge, will and fate. Milt. P. L.
In all that great extent, wherein the mind wanders, in
those remote speculations it may seem to be elevated with, it
stirs not beyond sense or reflection. Locke.
Now rising fortune elevates his mind,
He shines unclouded, and adorns mankind. Savage.
4. To elate the mind with vicious pride.



5. To lessen by detraction. This sense, though legitimately
deduced from the Latin, is not now in use.
When the judgments of learned men are alledged against
you, what do they but either elevate their credit, or oppose
unto them the judgments of others as learned? Hooker, b. ii.

E’LEVATE. part. adj. [from elevated.] Exalted; raised aloft.
On each side an imperial city stood,
With tow'rs and temples proudly elevate
On seven small hills. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. ii.

ELEVA’TION. n. s. [elevatio, Latin.]
1. The act of raising aloft.
The disruption of the strata, the elevation of some, and
depression of others, did not fall out by chance, but were
directed by a discerning principle. Woodward's Nat. History.
2. Exaltation; dignity.
Angels, in their several degrees of elevation above us, may
be endowed with more comprehensive faculties. Locke.
3. Exaltation of the mind by noble conceptions.
We are therefore to love him with all possible application
and elevation of spirit, with all the heart, soul and mind. Norris.
4. Attention to objects above us.
All which different elevations of spirit unto God, are con­
tained in the name of prayer. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
5. The height of any heavenly body with respect to the
horizon.
Some latitudes have no canicular days, as those which
have more than seventy-three degrees of northern elevation,
as Nova Zembla. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

ELEVA’TOR. n. s. [from elevate.] A raiser or lifter up, applied
to some chirurgical instruments put to such uses. Quincy.

ELE’VEN. adj. [ændlefen, Saxon.] Ten and one; one more
than ten.
Had I a dozen sons, each in my love alike, and none less
dear than thine and my good Marcius, I had rather eleven die
nobly for their country, than one voluptuously surfeit out of
action. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

ELE’VENTH. adj. [from eleven.] The next in order to the
tenth.
In the eleventh chapter he returns to speak of the building
of Babel. Raleigh's History of the World.

ELF. n. s. plural elves. [eilf, Welsh. Baxter's Gloss.]
1. A wandering spirit, supposed to be seen in wild unfrequented
places.
Through this house give glimmering light,
By the dead and drowsie fire;
Every elf, and fairy sprite,
Hop as light as bird from briar. Shak. Mids. Night's Dream.
The king of elfs and little fairy queen
Gambol'd on heaths, and danc'd on ev'ry green. Dryden.
If e'er one vision touch'd thy infant thought,
Of all the nurse and all the priest have taught;
Of airy elves by moon-light shadow seen,
The silver token, and the circled green. Pope's R. of the L.
2. A devil.
That we may angels seem, we paint them elves;
And are but satires to set up ourselves. Dryden's Ess. on Sat.
However it was civil, an angel or elf;
For he ne'er could have fill'd it so well of himself. Swift.

To ELF. v. a. [from the noun.] To entangle hair in so intri­
cate a manner, that it is not to be unravelled. This the vul­
gar have supposed to be the work of fairies in the night;
and all hair so matted together, hath had the name of elf­
locks. Hanmer.
My face I'll grime with filth,
Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots. Shakes. K. Lear.

E’LFLOCK. n. s. [elf and lock.] Knots of hair twisted by
elves.
This is that very Mab,
That plats the manes of horses in the night,
And cakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,
Which, once untangl'd, much misfortune bodes. Shakesp.

ELI

To ELI’CITE. v. a. [elicio, Latin.] To strike out; to fetch
out by labour or art.
Although the same truths may be elicited, and explicated by
the contemplation of animals, yet they are more clearly evi­
denced in the contemplation of man. Hale's Origin of Mank.
He elicits those acts out of the meer lapsed state of human
nature. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

ELI’CIT. adj. [elicitus, Latin.] Brought into act; brought
from possibility to real existence.
It is the virtue of humility and obedience, and not the
formal elicit act of meekness; meekness being ordinarily an­
nexed to these virtues. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
The schools dispute whether, in morals, the external action
superadds any thing of good or evil to the internal elicit act of
the will. South's Sermons.

ELICITA’TION. n. s. [from elicio, Latin.]
That elicitation which the schools intend, is a deducing of
the power of the will into act: that drawing which they
mention, is merely from the appetibility of the object. Bramh.

To ELI’DE. v. a. [elido, Latin.] To cut in pieces.
We are to cut off that whereunto they, from whom these
objections proceed, fly for defence, when the force and strength
of the argument is elided. Hooker, b. iv. s. 4.

E’LIGIBILITY. n. s. [from eligible.] Worthiness to be chosen.
The business of the will is not to judge concerning the
nature of things, but to chuse them in consequence of the
report made by the understanding, as to their eligibility or
goodness. Fiddes's Sermons.

E’LIGIBLE. adj. [eligibilis, Latin.] Fit to be chosen; worthy
of choice; preferable.
A British ministry ought to be satisfied, if, allowing to
every particular man that his private scheme is wisest, they
can persuade him that next to his own plan, that of the go­
vernment is the most eligible. Addison's Freeholder, No. 48.
Did they really think, that going on with the war was more
eligible for their country than the least abatement of those
conditions? Swift.
That the most plain, short, and lawful way to any good
end, is more eligible than one directly contrary in some or all
of these qualities. Swift.
Certainty, in a deep distress, is more eligible than suspense.
Clarissa.

E’LIGIBLENESS. n. s. [from eligible.] Worthiness to be chosen;
preferableness.

ELIMINA’TION. n. s. [elimino, Latin.] The act of banishing;
the act of turning out of doors; rejection. Dict.

ELI’SION. n. s. [elisio, Latin.]
1. The act of cutting off: as, th' attempt, there is an elision of
a syllable.
You will observe the abbreviations and elisions, by which
consonants of most obdurate sounds are joined together, with­
out any softening vowel to intervene. Swift.
2. Division; separation of parts.
The cause given of sound, that it would be an elision of the
air, whereby, if they mean any thing, they mean a cutting
or dividing, or else an attenuating of the air, is but a term
of ignorance. Bacon's Natural History, No. 124.

ELIXA’TION. n. s. [elixus, Latin.] The act of boiling or
stewing any thing.
Even to ourselves, and more perfect animals, water per­
forms no substantial nutrition; serving for refrigeration, dilu­
tion of solid aliment, and its elixation in the stomach. Brown.

ELI’XIR. n. s. [Arabick.]
1. A medicine made by strong infusion, where the ingredients
are almost dissolved in the menstruum, and give it a thicker
consistence than a tincture. Quincy.
For when no healing art prevail'd,
When cordials and elixirs fail'd,
On your pale cheek he dropp'd the show'r,
Reviv'd you like a dying flow'r. Waller.
2. The liquor, or whatever it be, with which chymists hope to
transmute metals to gold.
No chymist yet the elixir got,
But glorifies his pregnant pot,
If by the way to him befal
Some odoriferous thing, or medicinal. Donne.
3. The extract or quintessence of any thing.
In the soul, when the supreme faculties move regularly, the
inferior passions and affections following, there arises a sere­
nity infinitely beyond the highest quintessence and elixir of
worldly delight. South's Sermons.
4. Any cordial; or invigorating substance.
What wonder then, if fields and regions here
Breathe forth elixir pure! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

ELK. n. s. [ælc, Saxon.]
The elk is a large and stately animal of the stag kind. The
neck is short and slender; the ears nine inches in length, and
four in breath. The colour of its coat in Winter is greyish,
in Summer it is paler; generally three inches in length, and
equalling horsehair in thickness. The upper lip of the elk is
large. The articulations of its legs are close, and the liga­
ments hard, so that its joints are less pliable than those of
other animals. The horns of the male elk are short and
thick near the head, where it by degrees expands into a great
breadth, with several prominences in its edges. Elks live in
herds, and are very timorous. The hoof of the left hinder
foot only, has been famous for the cure of epilepsies; but it is
probable, that the hoof of any other animal will do as
well. Hill's Mat. Med.
And, scarce his head
Rais'd o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk
Lies slumb'ring sullen in the white abyss. Thomson's Winter.

ELL

ELL. n. s. [eln, Saxon.]
1. A measure containing forty-five inches, or a yard and a
quarter.
They are said to make yearly forty thousand pieces of lin­
nen cloath, reckoning two hundred ells to the piece. Addison.
2. It is taken proverbially for a long measure.
Acquit thee bravely, play the man;
Look not on pleasures as they come, but go:
Defer not the last virtue; life's poor span
Make not an ell by trifling in thy woe. Herbert.




ELLI’PSIS. n. s. [ἔλλειπσις.]
1. A figure of rhetorick, by which something is left out neces­
sary to be supplied by the hearer.
The words are delivered by way of ellipsis, Rom. iv. 18. Hamm.
2. [In geometry.] An oval figure, being generated from the
section of a cone, by a plane cutting both sides of the cone,
but not parallel to the base, which produces a circle, and
meeting with the base when produced. Harris.
On the cylinder inclined, describe an ellipsis parallel to the
horizon. Wilkins's Dædalus.
The planets could not possibly acquire such revolutions in
circular orbs, or in ellipses very little eccentrick. Bentley.

ELLI’PTICAL. adj. [from ellipsis.] Having the form of an
ellipsis; oval.

ELLI’PTICK. adj. [from ellipsis.] Having the form of an
ellipsis; oval.
Since the planets move in elliptick orbits, in one of whose
foci the sun is, and by a radius from the sun describe equal
areas in equal times, which no other law of a circulating fluid,
but the harmonical circulation, can account for; we must find
out a law for the paracentrical motion, that may make the
orbits elliptick. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
In animals, that gather food from the ground, the pupil is
oval or elliptical; the greatest diameter going transversely from
side to side. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

ELM. n. s. [ulmus, Latin; elm, Saxon.]
1. The name of a tree. The flower consists of one leaf, striped
like a bell, having many stamina in the center: from the bot­
tom arises the pointal, which becomes a membranaceous or
leafy fruit, almost heart-shaped; in the middle of which is
placed a pear-shaped seed-vessel, containing one seed of the
same shape. The species are, the common rough-leaved elm;
the witch hazel, or broad-leaved elm, by some called the Bri­
tish elm; the smooth-leaved or witch elm. It is generally
believed neither of them were originally natives of this coun­
try; but they have propagated themselves by seeds and suckers
in such plenty as hardly to be rooted out, where they have had
long possession; especially in hedgerows, where there is har­
bour for their roots, which will send forth various twigs.
They are very proper to place in hedgerows upon the borders
of fields, where they will thrive better than when planted in
a wood or close plantation, and their shade will not be very
injurious to whatever grows under them. They are also pro­
per to plant at a distance from a garden, or building, to break
the violence of winds; for they may be trained up in form of
an hedge, keeping them cut every year, to the height of forty
or fifty feet: but they should not be planted too near a garden
where fruit-trees or other plants are placed, because the roots
of the elm run superficially near the top of the ground, and
will intermix with the roots of other trees, and deprive them
of nourishment. Miller.
The rural seat,
Whose lofty elms and venerable oaks
Invite the rook, who high amid' the boughs,
In early Spring, his airy city builds. Thomson's Spring.
2. It was used to support vines, to which the poets allude.
Thou art an elm, my husband; I a vine,
Whose weakness married to thy stronger state,
Makes me with thy strength to communicate. Shakespeare.

ELO

ELOCU’TION. n. s. [elocutio, Latin.]
1. The power of fluent speech.
A travelled doctor of physick, of bold, and of able elo­
cution. Wotton.
2. Eloquence; flow of language.
Whose taste, too long forborne, at first essay
Gave elocution to the mute, and taught
The tongue not made for speech to speak thy praise. Milton.
As I have endeavoured to adorn it with noble thoughts,
so much more to express those thoughts with elocution. Dryden.
3. The power of expression or diction.
The third happiness of this poet's imagination is elocution,
or the art of cloathing or adorning that thought so found, and
varied, in apt, significant, and sounding words. Dryden.

E’LOGY. n. s. [eloge, French.] Praise; panegyrick.
Buckingham lay under millions of maledictions, which at
the prince's arrival did vanish into praises and elogies. Wotton.
If I durst say all I know of the elogies received from abroad
concerning him, I should offend the modesty of our author.
Boyle.
Some excellent persons, above my approbation or elogy,
have considered this subject. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To ELO’IGNE. v. a. [eloigner, French.] To put at a distance;
to remove one far from another. Now disused.
From worldly cares himself he did eloin,
And greatly shunned many exercise. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. 4.
I'll tell thee now, dear love! what thou shalt do
To anger destiny, as she doth us;
How I shall stay, though she eloigne me thus,
And how posterity shall know it too. Donne.

To ELO’NGATE. v. a. [from longus, Latin.] To lengthen;
to draw out; to protract; to stretch.

To ELO’NGATE. v. n. To go off to a distance from any
thing.
About Cape Frio in Brasilia, the South point of the com­
pass varyeth twelve degrees unto the West; but elongating from
the coast of Brasilia, towards the shore of Africa, it varyeth
eastward. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

ELONGA’TION. n. s. [from elongate.]
1. The act of stretching or lengthening itself.
To this motion of elongation of the fibres, is owing the
union or conglutination of the parts of the body, when they
are separated by a wound. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The state of being stretched.
3. [In medicine.] An imperfect luxation, when the ligament of
any joint is so extended or relaxed as to lengthen the limb,
but yet not let the bone go quite out of its place. Quincy.
Elongations are the effect of an humour soaking upon a
ligament, thereby making it liable to be stretched, and to be
thrust quite out upon every little force. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. Distance; space at which one thing is distant from another.
The distant points in the celestial expanse appear to the eye
in so small a degree of elongation from another, as bears no
proportion to what is real. Glanv. Sceps. c. 11.
5. Departure; removal.
Nor then had it been placed in a middle point, but that of
descent, or elongation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 2.

To ELO’PE. v. a. [loopen, to run, Dutch.] To run away;
to break loose; to escape from law or restraint.
It is necessary to treat women as members of the body po­
litick, since great numbers of them have eloped from their
allegiance. Addison's Freeholder, No. 32.
What from the dame can Paris hope?
She may as well from him elope. Prior.
The fool whose wife elopes some thrice a quarter,
For matrimonial solace dies a martyr. Pope's Ep. of Horace.

ELO’PEMENT. n. s. [from elope.] Departure from just restraint;
rejection of lawful power.
An elopement is the voluntary departure of a wife from her
husband to live with an adulterer, and with whom she lives in
breach of the matrimonial vow. Ayliffe's Parergon.
The negligent husband, trusting to the efficacy of this prin­
ciple, was undone by his wife's elopement from him. Arbuthnot.

ELOPS. n. s. [ἔλοψ.] A fish; reckoned however by Milton
among the serpents.
Scorpion and asp, and amphisbena dire,
Cerastes horn'd, hydrus, and elops drear,
And dipsas. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 525.

ELOQUE’NCE. n. s. [eloquentia, Latin.]
1. The power of speaking with fluency and elegance; ora­
tory.
Action is eloquence, and the eyes of th' ignorant
More learned than the ears. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Elegant language uttered with fluency.
Say she be mute, and will not speak a word;
Then I'll commend her volubility,
And say she uttereth piercing eloquence. Shakespeare.
Fit words attended on his weighty sense,
And mild persuasion flow'd in eloquence. Pope's Odyssey, b. vii.

E’LOQUENT. adj. [eloquens, Latin.] Having the power of ora­
tory; having the power of fluent and elegant speech.
The Lord of hosts doth take away the captain of fifty, and
the honourable man, and the counsellor, and the cunning arti­
ficer, and the eloquent orator. Is. iii. 3.
O death! all eloquent, you only prove
What dust we dote on, when 'tis man we love. Pope.

ELS

ELSE. pronoun. [elles, Saxon.] Other; one besides: it is ap­
plied both to persons and things.
To stand stained with travel, and sweating with desire to
see him; thinking of nothing else, putting all affairs else in
oblivion, as if there were nothing else to be done but to see
him. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Should he or any else search, he will find evidence of the
Divine Wisdom. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
He says, 'twas then with him, as now with you;
He did it when he had nothing else to do. Denham.

ELSE. adv. Otherwise.
Dare not, on thy life,
Touch ought of mine beside, by lot my due,
But stand aloof, and think profane to view:
This faulchion, else, not hitherto withstood,
These hostile fields shall fatten with thy blood. Dryden.
What ways are there whereby we should be assured, but
either by an internal impression of the notion of a God upon
our minds, or else by such external and visible effects as our
reason tells us must be attributed to some cause. Tillotson's Serm.
2. Beside; except that mentioned.
Pleasures which no where else were to be found,
And all Elysium in a spot of ground. Dryden.

E’LSEWHERE. adv. [else and where.]
1. In any other place.
There are here divers trees, which are not to be found
elsewhere. Abbot's Description of the World.
As he proved that Pison was not Ganges, or Gehon, Nilus;
so where to find them elsewhere he knew not. Raleigh's Hist.



For, if we chance to fix our thoughts elsewhere,
Though our eyes open be, we cannot see. Davies.
Henceforth oracles are ceas'd,
And thou no more with pomp and sacrifice
Shalt be enquir'd at Delphos, or elsewhere. Paradise Reg.
Although seasoned bodies may and do live near as long in
London as elsewhere, yet new-comers and children do not.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
2. In other places; in some other place.
They which elsewhere complain, that disgrace and injury
is offered to the meanest minister, when the magistrate ap­
pointeth him what to wear, think the gravest prelates no com­
petent judges to appoint where it is fit for the minister to
stand. Hooker, b. v. s. 29.
Let us no more contend, nor blame
Each other, blam'd enough elsewhere. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Bestow, base man, thy idle threats elsewhere;
My mother's daughter knows not how to fear. Dryden.
If it contradict what he says elsewhere, it is no new or
strange thing. Tillotson, Preface.

To ELU’CIDATE. v. a. [elucido, Latin.] To explain; to clear;
to make plain.
To elucidate a little the matter, let us consider it. Boyle.

ELUCIDA’TION. n. s. [from elucidate.] Explanation; expo­
sition.
We shall, in order to the elucidation of this matter, subjoin
the following experiment. Boyle.

ELUCIDA’TOR. n. s. [from elucidate.] Explainer; expositor;
commentator.
Obscurity is brought over them by the course of ignorance
and age, and yet more by their pedantical elucidators. Abbot.

To ELU’DE. v. a. [eludo, Latin.]
1. To escape by stratagem; to avoid any mischief or danger by
artifice.
Several pernicious vices, notorious among us, escape or
elude the punishment of any law yet invented. Swift.
He who looks no higher for the motives of his conduct
than the resentments of human justice, whenever he can pre­
sume himself cunning enough to elude, rich enough to bribe,
or strong enough to resist it, will be under no restraint. Rogers.
2. To mock by an unexpected escape.
Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
Then, hid in shades, eludes her eager swain;
But feigns a laugh to see me search around,
And by that laugh the willing fair is found. Pope's Spring.

ELU’DIBLE. adj. [from elude.] Possible to be defeated.
There is not any common place more insisted on than the
happiness of trials by juries; yet if this blessed part of our
law be eludible by power and artifice, we shall have little rea­
son to boast. Swift.

ELVES. The plural of elf. See ELF.
Ye sylphs and sylphids to your chief give ear;
Fays, fairies, genii, elves and demons hear. Pope.

ELVELO’CK. n. s. [from elves and lock.] Knots in the hair
superstitiously supposed to be tangled by the fairies.
From the like might proceed the fears of polling elvelocks,
or complicated hairs of the head. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

E’LVISH. adj. [from elves, the plural of elf: it had been written
more properly elfish.] Relating to elves, or wandering spirits.
Thou elvish markt, abortive, rioting hog!
The slave of nature, and the son of hell! Shakesp. R. III.
No muse hath been so bold,
Or of the latter, or the old,
Those elvish secrets to unfold,
Which lie from others reading. Drayton.

ELU’MBATED. adj. [elumbis, Lat.] Weakened in the loins. Dict.

ELU’SION. n. s. [elusio, Latin.] An escape from enquiry or
examination; a fraud; an artifice.
An appendix, relating to the transmutation of metals, de­
tects the impostures and elusions of those who have pretended
to it. Woodward's Natural History.

ELU’SIVE. adj. [from elude.] Practising elusion; using arts to
escape.
Elusive of the bridal day, she gives
Fond hopes to all, and all with hopes deceives. Pope's Odyss.

ELU’SORY. adj. [from elude.] Tending to elude; tending to
deceive; fraudulent; deceitful; fallacious.
It may be feared they are but Parthian flights, ambuscade
retreats, and elusory tergiversation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To ELU’TE. v. a. [eluo, Latin.] To wash off.
The more oily any spirit is, the more pernicious; because
it is harder to be eluted by the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To ELU’TRIATE. v. a. [elutrio, Latin.] To decant; or strain
out.
The pressure of the air upon the lungs is much less than it
has been computed by some; but still it is something, and the
alteration of one tenth of its force upon the lungs must pro­
duce some difference in elutriating the blood as it passes through
the lungs. Arbuthnot on Air.

ELY

ELYSIAN. adj. [elysius, Latin.] Pertaining to Elysium; plea­
sant; deliciously soft and soothing; exceedingly delightful.
The river of life, through midst of heaven,
Rolls o'er elysian flowers her amber stream. Milton.

ELY’SIUM. n. s. [Latin.] The place assigned by the heathens
to happy souls; any place exquisitely pleasant.
To have thee with thy lips to stop my mouth,
So should'st thou either turn my flying soul,
Or I should breathe it so into thy body,
And then it liv'd in sweet Elysium. Shakespeare's Henry VI.

’EM. A contraction of them.
For he could coin and counterfeit
New words with little or no wit;
And when with hasty noise he spoke 'em,
The ignorant for current took 'em. Hudibras.

To EMA’CIATE. v. a. [emacio, Latin.] To waste; to de­
prive of flesh.
All dying of the consumption, die emaciated and lean.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

To EMA’CIATE. v. n. To lose flesh; to pine; to grow lean.
He emaciated and pined away in the too anxious enquiry of
the sea's reciprocation, although not drowned therein. Brown.

EMACIA’TION. n. s. [emaciatus, Latin.]
1. The act of making lean.
2. The state of one grown lean.
Searchers cannot tell whether this emaciation or leanness
were from a phthifis, or from an hectick sever. Graunt.

EMACULA’TION. n. s. [emaculo, Latin.] The act of freeing
any thing from spots or foulness. Dict.

E’MANANT. adj. [emanans, Latin.] Issuing from something
else.
The first act of the divine nature, relating to the world
and his administration thereof, is an emanant act: the most
wise counsel and purpose of Almighty God terminate in those
two great transient or emanant acts or works, the work of
creation and providence. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EMANA’TION. n. s. [emanatio, Latin.]
1. The act of issuing or proceeding from any other substance.
Aristotle said, that it streamed by connatural result and
emanation from God, the infinite and eternal Mind, as the
light issues from the sun. South's Sermons.
2. That which issues from another substance; an effluence;
effluvium.
The experience of those profitable and excellent emanations
from God, may be, and commonly are, the first motive of
our love. Taylor.
Another way of attraction is delivered by a tenuous emana­
tion, or continued effluvium, which, after some distance, re­
tracteth unto itself; as in syrups, oils, and viscosities, which,
spun, at length retire into their former dimensions. Brown.
Such were the features of her heav'nly face;
Her limbs were form'd with such harmonious grace;
So faultless was the frame, as if the whole
Had been an emanation of the soul. Dryden.
The letters, every judge will see, were by no means efforts
of the genius, but emanations of the heart. Pope.
Each emanation of his fires
That beams on earth, each virtue he inspires;
Each art he prompts, each charm he can create;
Whate'er he gives, are giv'n for you to hate. Pope's Dunciad.

EMA’NATIVE. adj. [from emano, Latin.] Issuing from an­
other. Dict.

To EMA’NCIPATE. v. a. [emancipo, Latin.] To set free
from servitude; to restore to liberty.
Having received the probable inducements of truth, we
become emancipated from testimonial engagements. Brown.
By the twelve tables, only those were called unto the in­
testate succession of their parents that were in the parents
power, excluding all emancipated children. Ayliffe's Parergon.
They soon emancipated themselves from that dependance.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

EMANCIPA’TION. n. s. [from emancipate.] The act of setting
free; deliverance from slavery.
Obstinacy in opinions holds the dogmatist in the chains of
error, without hope of emancipation. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.

To EMA’RGINATE. v. a. [margo, Latin.] To take away the
margin or edge of any thing. Dict.

To EMA’SCULATE. v. a. [emasculo, Latin.]
1. To castrate; to deprive of virility.
When it is found how many ews, suppose twenty, one ram
will serve, we may geld nineteen, or thereabouts; for if you
emasculate but ten, you shall, by promiscuous copulation,
hinder the increase. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
2. To effeminate; to weaken; to vitiate by unmanly softness.
From wars and from affairs of state abstain;
Women emasculate a monarch's reign. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Dangerous principles not only impose upon our under­
standings, but emasculate our spirits, and spoil our temper.
Collier on Pride.

EMA’SCULATION. n. s. [from emasculate.]
1. Castration.
2. Effeminacy; womanish qualities; unmanly softness.

EMB

To EMBA’LE. v. a. [emballer, French.]



1. To make up into a bundle.
2. To bind up; to inclose.
Below her ham her weed did somewhat train,
And her straight legs most bravely were embal'd
In golden buskins of costly cordwain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I would not be a queen
For all the world.
——In faith, for little England
You'd venture an embaling. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To EMBA’LM. v. a. [embaumer, French; embalsamar, Span.]
To impregnate a body with aromaticks, that it may resist
putrefaction.
Embalm me,
Then lay me forth; although unqueen'd, yet like
A queen, and daughter to a king, inter me. Shak. H. VIII.
I would shew future times
What you were, and teach them t' urge towards such:
Verse embalms virtue, and tombs or thrones of rhymes,
Preserve frail transitory fame as much
As spice doth bodies from corrupt air's touch. Donne.
Muse! at that name thy sacred sorrows shed;
Those tears eternal, that embalm the dead. Pope.

EMBA’LMER. n. s. [from embalm.] One that practises the art
of embalming and preserving bodies.
The Romans were not so good embalmers as the Egyptians,
so the body was utterly consumed. Bacon's Natural History.

To EMBA’R. v. a. [from bar.]
1. To shut; to enclose.
Themselves for fear into his jaws to fall,
He forc'd to castle strong to take their flight;
Where fast embar'd in mighty brazen wall,
He has them now four years besieg'd to make them thrall.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 7. stanz. 44.
In form of airy members fair embar'd,
His spirits pure were subject to our sight. Fairfax, b. i.
2. To stop; to hinder by prohibition; to block up.
Translating the mart, which commonly followed the Eng­
lish cloth, unto Calis, he embared all further trade for the
future. Bacon's Henry VII.
If this commerce 'twixt heav'n and earth were not
Embar'd, and all this traffick quite forgot,
She, for whose loss we have lamented thus,
Would work more fully and pow'rfully on us. Donne.

EMBA’RCATION. n. s. [from embark.]
1. The act of putting on shipboard.
The French gentlemen were very solicitous for the embar­
cation of the army, and for the departure of the fleet. Clarendon.
2. The act of going on shipboard.

EMBA’RGO. n. s. [embargar, Spanish.] A prohibition to pass;
in commerce, a stop put to trade.
He knew that the subjects of Flanders drew so great com­
modity from the trade of England, as by embargo they would
soon wax weary of Perkin. Bacon's Henry VII.
After an embargo of our trading ships in the river of Bour­
deaux, and other points of sovereign affront, there did suc­
ceed the action of Rheez. Wotton.
I was not much concerned, in my own particular, for the
embargo which was laid upon it. Dryden's Preface to Cleomenes.

To EMBA’RK. v. a. [embarquer, French.]
1. To put on shipboard.
Of mankind, so numerous late,
All left, in one small bottom swam embark'd. Milt. P. Lost.
The king had likewise provided a good fleet, and had caused
a body of three thousand foot to be embarked on those ships.
Clarendon, b. ii.
Straight to the ships Eneas took his way,
Embark'd his men, and skim'd along the sea. Dryden's Æn.
2. To engage another in any affair.

To EMBA’RK. v. n.
1. To go on shipboard.
I should with speed embark,
And with their embassy return to Greece. A. Phillips.
2. To engage in any affair.

To EMBA’RRASS. v. a. [embarasser, French.] To perplex;
to distress; to entangle.
I saw my friend a little embarrassed, and turned away. Spect.

EMBA’RRASSMENT. n. s. [from embarrass.] Perplexity; en­
tanglement.
Let your method be plain, that your hearers may run
through it without embarrassment, and take a clear view of the
whole. Watts's Logick.

To EMBA’SE. v. a. [from base.]
1. To vitiate; to depauperate; to lower; to deprave; to
impair.
Grains are annual, so that the virtue of the seed is not
worn out; whereas in a tree it is embased by the ground. Bac.
I have no service or ignoble end in my present labour,
which may, on either side, restrain or embase the freedom of
my poor judgment. Wotton.
I will rather chuse to wear a crown of thorns, than to ex­
change that of gold for one of lead, whose embased flexibleness
shall be forced to bend. King Charles.
A pleasure high, rational, and angelical; a pleasure em­
based with no appendant sting; but such a one as being honey
in the mouth, never turns to gall or gravel in the belly. South.
2. To degrade; to vilify.
Joy of my life, full oft for loving you
I bless my lot, that was so lucky plac'd;
But then the more your own mishap I rue,
That are so much by so mean love embas'd. Spenser's Sonn.

EMBA’SSADOR. n. s. [See AMBASSADOUR.] One sent on a
publick message.
Mighty Jove's embassador appear'd
With the same message. Denham.
Myself, my king's embassador, will go. Dryd. Ind. Emp.

EMBA’SSADRESS. n. s. A woman sent on a publick message.
With fear the modest matron lifts her eyes,
And to the bright embassadress replies. Garth's Ovid.

E’MBASSAGE. n. s. [It may be observed, that though our
authors write almost indiscriminately embassa­
dor or ambassador, embassage or ambassage; yet there is scarcely
an example of ambassy, all concurring to write embassy.]

E’MBASSY. n. s. [It may be observed, that though our
authors write almost indiscriminately embassa­
dor or ambassador, embassage or ambassage; yet there is scarcely
an example of ambassy, all concurring to write embassy.]
1. A publick message; a message concerning business between
princes or states.
Fresh embassy and suits,
Nor from the state nor private friends, hereafter,
Will I lend ear to. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
When he was at Newcastle he sent a solemn embassage unto
James III. king of Scotland, to treat and conclude a peace
with him. Bacon's Henry VII.
The peace polluted thus, a chosen band
He first commissions to the Latian land,
In threat'ning embassy. Dryden's Æn.
2. Any solemn message.
He sends the angels on embassies with his decrees. Taylor.
3. An errand in an ironical sense.
A bird was made fly with such art to carry a written em­
bassage among the ladies, that one might say, if a live bird,
how taught? If dead, how made? Sidney, b. ii.
Nimble mischance, that art so light of foot,
Doth not thy embassage belong to me?
And am I last that know it. Shakespeare's Richard II.

To EMBA’TTLE. v. a. [from battle.] To range in order or
array of battle.
The English are embattled;
To horse! you gallant princes, strait to horse! Shakespeare.
I could drive her then from the ward of her purity, her
reputation, her marriage-vow, and a thousand other her de­
fences, which now are too strongly embattled against me.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
On their embattl'd ranks the waves return,
And overwhelm the war! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Embattl'd nations strive in vain
The hero's glory to restrain:
Streams arm'd with rocks, and mountains red with fire,
In vain against his force conspire. Prior.

To EMBA’Y. v. a. [from baigner, to bathe, French.]
1. To bathe; to wet; to wash.
In her lap a little babe did play;
His cruel sport;
For in her streaming blood he did embay
His little hands, and tender joints embrew. Fairy Queen.
Every sense the humour sweet embay'd,
And, slumb'ring soft, my heart did steal away. Fai. Queen.
2. [From bay.] To inclose in a bay; to land-lock.
If that the Turkish fleet
Be not inshelter'd and embay'd, they're drown'd. Shakesp.

To EMBE’LLISH. v. a. [embellir, French.] To adorn; to
beautify; to grace with ornaments; to decorate.
How much more beauteous had the fountain been,
Embellish'd with her first created green;
Where crystal streams through living turf had run,
Contented with an urn of native stone. Dryden's Juvenal.
The names of the figures that embellished the discourses of
those who understood the art of speaking, are not the art and
skill of speaking well. Locke.
That which was once the most beautiful spot of Italy, co­
vered with palaces, embellished by emperors, and celebrated by
poets, has now nothing to shew but ruins. Addison on Italy.

EMBE’LLISHMENT. n. s. [from embellish.] Ornament; adven­
titious beauty; decoration; adscitious grace; any thing that
confers the power of pleasing.
Cultivate the wild licentious savage
With wisdom, discipline, and liberal arts,
The embellishments of life. Addison's Cato.
Apparitions, visions, and intercourses of all kinds between
the dead and the living, are the frequent and familiar embellish­
ments of those pious romances, the legends of the Romish
church. Atterbury's Sermons.

E’MBERING. n. s. The ember days. A word used by old au­
thors, now obsolete.
For causes good so many ways,
Keep emb'rings well, and fasting days;



What law commands we ought to obey,
For Friday, Saturn, and Wednesday. Tuss. Hus. for June.

E’MBERS. n. s. without a singular. [æmyria, Saxon, ashes;
einmyria, Islandick, hot ashes or cinders.] Hot cinders; ashes
not yet extinguished.
Take hot embers, and put them about a bottle filled with
new beer, almost to the very neck: let the bottle be well
stopped, lest it fly out; and continue it, renewing the embers
every day for the space of ten days. Bacon's Natural History.
Or if the air will not permit,
Some still removed place will fit,
While glowing embers through the room
Teach light to counterfeit a gloom. Milton.
While thus heav'n's highest counsels, by the low
Footsteps of their effects, he trac'd too well,
He tost his troubled eyes, embers that glow
Now with new rage, and wax too hot for hell. Crashaw.
He said, and rose, as holy zeal inspires;
He rakes hot embers, and renews the fires. Dryden's Virgil.

E’MBERWEEK. n. s. [The original of this word has been much
controverted: some derive it from embers or ashes strewed by
penitents on their heads; but Nelson decides in favour of
Mareschal, who derives it from ymbren or embren, a course or
circumvolution.] A week in which an ember day falls.
The ember days at the four seasons are the Wednesday,
Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, the feast
of Pentecost, September 14, December 13. Comm. Prayer.
Stated times appointed for fasting are Lent, and the four
seasons of the year called emberweeks. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To EMBE’ZZLE. v. a. [I his word seems corrupted by an
ignorant pronunciation from imbecil.]
1. To appropriate by breach of trust; to turn what is intrusted
in his hands to his own use.
He had embezzled the king's treasure, and extorted money
by way of loan from all men. Hayward.
2. To waste; to swallow up in riot.
When thou hast embezzl'd all thy store,
Where's all thy father left? Dryden's Pers. Sat. vi.

EMBE’ZZLEMENT. n. s. [from embezzle.]
1. The act of appropriating to himself that which is received
in trust for another.
2. The thing appropriated.

To EMBLA’ZE. v. a. [blasonner, French.]
1. To adorn with glittering embellishments.
Th' unsought diamonds
Would so emblaze the forehead of the deep,
And so bestud with stars, that they below
Would grow inur'd to light. Milton.
No weeping orphan saw his father's stores
Our shrines irradiate, or emblaze the floors. Pope.
2. To blason; to paint with ensigns armorial.
Nor shall this blood be wiped from thy point,
But thou shalt wear it as a herald's coat,
T' emblaze the honour which thy master got. Shak. H. VI.
He from the glittering staff unfurl'd
Th' imperial ensign, streaming to the wind,
With gems and golden lustre rich emblaz'd,
Seraphick arms and trophies. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.

To EMBLA’ZON. v. a. [blasonner, French.]
1. To adorn with figures of heraldry; to grace with ensigns
armorial.
2. To deck in glaring colours; to set out pompously to shew.
We find Augustus, for some petty conquest, emblazoned by
the poets to the highest pitch. Hakewill on Providence.

E’MBLEM. n. s. [ἔμβλημα.]
1. Inlay; enamel; any thing inserted into the body of another.
2. An occult representation; an allusive picture; a typical de­
signation.
She had all the royal makings of a queen,
The rod, and bird of peace, and all such emblems,
Laid nobly on her. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
If you draw your beast in an emblem, shew a landscape of
the country natural to the beast. Peacham on Drawing.
Gentle Thames,
Thy mighty master's emblem, in whose face
Sate meekness, heighten'd with majestick grace. Denham.
He is indeed a proper emblem of knowledge and action,
being all head and paws. Addison's Guardian, No. 114.

To E’MBLEM. v. a. [from the noun.] To represent in an
occult or allusive manner.
The primitive fight of elements doth fitly emblem that of
opinions. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.

EMBLEMA’TICAL. adj. [from emblem.]

EMBLEMA’TICK. adj. [from emblem.]
1. Comprising an emblem; allusive; occultly representative.
In the well fram'd models,
With emblematick skill and mystick order,
Thou shew'dst where tow'rs on battlements should rise,
Where gates should open, or where walls should compass.
Prior.
The poets contribute to the explication of reverses purely
emblematical, or when the persons are allegorical. Addison.
2. Dealing in emblems; using emblems.
By tongue and pudding to our friends explain
What does your emblematick worship mean. Prior.

EMBLEMA’TICALLY. adv. [from emblematical.] In the man­
ner of emblems; allusively; with occult representation.
Others have spoken emblematically and hierogliphically, as
to the Egyptians; and the phœnix was the hierogliphick of
the sun. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 10.
He took a great stone, and put it up under the oak, emble­
matically joining the two great elements of masonry. Swift.

EMBLE’MATIST. n. s. [from emblem.] Writers or inventers
of emblems.
These fables are still maintained by symbolical writers, em­
blematists, and heralds. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 9.

E’MBOLISM. n. s. [ἐμολισμὸς.]
1. Intercalation; insertion of days or years to produce regula­
rity and equation of time.
The civil constitutions of the year were after different
manners in several nations; some using the sun's year, but in
divers fashions; and some following the moon, finding out
embolisms or equations, even to the addition of whole months,
to make all as even as they could. Holder on Time.
2. The time inserted; intercalatory time.

E’MBOLUS. n. s. [ἔμολος.] Any thing inserted and acting in
another, as the sucker in a pump.
Our members make a sort of an hydraulick engine, in
which a chemical liquor, resembling blood, is driven through
elastick channels by the force of an embolus, like the heart.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

To EMBO’SS. v. a. [from bosse, a protuberance, French.]
1. To form with protuberances; to cover with something rising
into lumps or bunches.
Timon hath made his everlasting mansion
Upon the beached verge of the salt flood;
Which once a day, with his embossed froth,
The turbulent surge shall cover. Shakespeare's Timon.
Thou art a bile,
A plague sore, or embossed carbuncle,
In my corrupted blood. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Botches and blains must all his flesh emboss,
And all his people. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
All croud in heaps, as at a night-alarm
The bees drive out upon each others backs,
T' emboss their hives in clusters. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. To engrave with relief, or rising work.
Then o'er the lofty gate his art embess'd
Androgeo's death, and off'rings to his ghost. Dryden's Virg.
3. [from emboister, French, to inclose in a box.] To inclose;
to include; to cover.
And in the way, as she did weep and wail,
A knight her met, in mighty arms emboss'd. Fairy Queen.
4. [emboscare, Italian.] To inclose in a thicket.
Like that self-begotten bird
In th' Arabian woods embost. Milton's Agonistes.
5. To hunt hard.
When a deer is hard run, and foams at the mouth, he is
said to be embost: a dog also, when he is strained with hard
running, especially upon hard ground, will have his knees
swelled, and then he is said to be embost, from bosse, French,
a tumour. Hanmer.
Oh, he is more mad
Than Telamon for his shield; the boar of Thessaly
Was never so embost. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
We have almost embost him: you shall see his fall to­
night. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

EMBO’SSMENT. n. s. [from emboss.]
1. Any thing standing out from the rest; jut; eminence.
I wish also, in the very middle, a fair mount, with three
ascents and alleys, enough for four to walk a-breast; which I
would have to be perfect circles, without any bulwarks or em­
bossments. Bacon's Essays, Civ. and Moral.
2. Relief; rising work.
They are at a loss about the word pendentis; some fancy it
expresses only the great embossment of the figure, others believe
it hung off the helmet in alto relievo. Addison on Italy.

To EMBO’TTLE. v. a. [bouteille, French.] To include in
bottles; to bottle.
Stirom, firmest fruit
Embottled, long as Priamean Troy
Withstood the Greeks, endures. Phillips.

To EMBO’WEL. v. a. [from bowel.] To eviscerate; to deprive
of the entrails; to exenterate.
The schools,
Embowelled of their doctrine, have left off
The danger to itself. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
Embowell'd will I see thee by and by;
'Till then, in blood, by noble Percy lye. Shak. Henry IV.
The roar
Embowel'd with outrageous noise the air,
And all her entrails tore. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Fossils and minerals that th' embowel'd earth
Displays. Phillips.




To EMBRA’CE. v. a. [embrasser, French.]
1. To hold fondly in the arms; to squeeze in kindness.
Embrace again, my sons! be foes no more;
Nor stain your country with her children's gore. Dryden.
2. To seize ardently or eagerly; to lay hold on; to welcome;
to accept willingly any thing offered.
I take it, your own business calls on you,
And you embrace th' occasion to depart. Shakespeare.
At first, her mother earth she holdeth dear,
And doth embrace the world, and worldly things. Davies.
They who are represented by the wise virgins, embraced the
profession of the Christian religion, as the foolish virgins also
had done. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. To comprehend; to take in; to encompass; to encircle.
4. To comprise; to inclose; to contain.
Low at his feet a spacious plain is plac'd,
Between the mountain and the stream embrac'd. Denham.
5. To admit; to receive.
Fenton, heav'n give thee joy!
What cannot be eschew'd, must be embraced. Shakespeare.
If a man can be fully assured of any thing, without having
examined, what is there that he may not embrace for truth?
Locke.
6. To find; to take.
Fleance, his son,
Whose absence is no less material to me
Than is his father's, must embrace the fate
Of that dark hour. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
7. To squeeze in a hostile manner.

To EMBRA’CE. v. n. To join in an embrace.
Let me embrace with old Vincentio;
And wander we to see thy honest son,
Who will of thy arrival be full joyous. Shakespeare.

EMBRA’CE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Clasp; fond pressure in the arms; hug.
Thames, the most lov'd of all the ocean's sons
By his old sire, to his embraces runs. Denham.
2. An hostile squeeze; crush.

EMBRA’CEMENT. n. s. [from embrace.]
1. Clasp in the arms; hug; embrace.
Thus death becomes a rival to us all,
And hopes with foul embracements her to get,
In whose decay virtue's fair shrine must fall. Sidney.
There cherishing one another with dear, though chaste em­
bracements, with sweet, though cold kisses, it might seem that
love was come to play him there without darts. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Comprehension.
Nor can her wide embracements filled be. Davies.
3. State of being contained; inclosure.
The parts in man's body easily reparable, as spirits, blood,
and flesh, die in the embracement of the parts hardly reparable,
as bones, nerves, and membranes. Bacon's Natural History.
4. Conjugal endearment.
I would freelier rejoice in that absence, wherein he won
honour, than in the embracements of his bed, where he would
shew most love. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

EMBRA’CER. n. s. [from embrace.] The person embracing.
Yet are they the greatest embracers of pleasure of any other
upon earth; and they esteem of pearls as pebbles, so they may
satisfy their gust, in point of pleasure or revenge. Howel.

EMBRA’SURE. n. s. [embrasure, French.] An aperture in the
wall, through which the cannon is pointed; battlement.

To EMBRA’VE. v. a. [from brave.] To decorate; to embel­
lish; to deck; to grace; to adorn.
So, both agree their bodies to engrave;
The great earth's womb they open to the sky,
And, with sad cypress, seemly it embrave. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To E’MBROCATE. v. a. [ἐνϱέχω.] To rub any part dis­
eased with medicinal liquors.
I returned her a glass with oil of roses and vinegar, to em­
brocate her arm. Wiseman on Inflammations.

EMBROCA’TION. n. s. [from embrocate.]
1. The act of rubbing any part diseased with medicinal liquors
or spirits.
2. The lotion with which any diseased part is washed or em­
brocated.
We endeavoured to ease by discutient and emollient cata­
plasms, and embrocations of various sorts. Wiseman's Surgery.

To EMBRO’IDER. v. a. [broder, French.] To border with
ornaments; to decorate with figured work; to diversify with
needlework; to adorn a ground with raised figures.
Embroider'd so with flowers it had stood,
That it became a garden of a wood. Waller.
Let no virgin be allowed to receive her lover, but in a suit
of her own embroidering. Spectator, No. 606.
Embroider'd purple clothes the golden beds;
This slave the floor, and that the table spreads. Pope.

EMBRO’IDERER. n. s. [from embroider.] One that adorns
cloaths with needlework.
Blue silk and purple, the work of the embroiderer. Ecclus.

EMBRO’IDERY. n. s. [from embroider.]
1. Figures raised upon a ground; variegated needlework.
In emrald tuffs, flow'rs purfled, blue and white,
Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery,
Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee. Shakespeare.
Laces and embroideries are more costly than either warm or
comely. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Next these a youthful train their vows express'd,
With feathers crown'd, with gay embroidery dress'd. Pope.
2. Variegation; diversity of colours.
If the natural embroidery of the meadows were helpt and
improved by art, a man might make a pretty landskip of his
own possessions. Spectator, No. 414.

To EMBRO’IL. v. a. [brouiller, French.] To disturb; to con­
fuse; to distract; to throw into commotion; to involve in
troubles by dissension and discord.
I had no passion, design, or preparation to embroil my king­
dom in a civil war. King Charles.
Rumour next, and chance,
And tumult and confusion, all embroil'd,
And discord with a thousand various mouths. Milt. P. Lost.
When she found her venom spread so far,
The royal house embroil'd in civil war,
Rais'd on her dusky wings she cleaves the skies. Dryden.
2. In the following passage the word seems improperly used for
broil or burn.
That knowledge, for which we boldly attempt to rifle
God's cabinet, should, like the coal from the altar, serve only
to embroil and consume the sacrilegious invaders. Dec. of Piety.

To EMBRO’THEL. v. a. [brothel, brodel.] To inclose in a
brothel.
Men, which chuse
Law practice for mere gain, boldly repute,
Worse than embrothel'd strumpets prostitute. Donne.

E’MBRYO. n. s. [ἔμϱυων.]

E’MBRYON. n. s. [ἔμϱυων.]
1. The offspring yet unfinished in the womb.
The bringing forth of living creatures may be accelerated,
if the embryo ripeneth and perfecteth sooner. Bacon's Na. Hist.
An exclusion before conformation, before the birth can
bear the name of the parent, or be so much as properly called
an embryon. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 6.
The earth was form'd, but in the womb a yet
Of waters, embryon immature involv'd
Appear'd not. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 277.
In that dark womb are the signs and rudiments of an embryo
world. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
When the crude embryo careful nature breeds,
See how she works, and how her work proceeds. Blackmore.
While the promis'd fruit
Lies yet a little embryo, unperceiv'd
Within its crimson folds. Thomson's Spring, l. 100.
2. The state of any thing yet not fit for production; yet un­
finished.
The company little suspected what a noble work I had then
in embryo. Swift.

EME

EME. n. s. [eame, Saxon.] Unkle. Now obsolete.
Whilst they were young, Cassibelan their eme,
Was by the people chosen in their stead;
Who on him took the royal diadem,
And goodly well it long time governed. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

EME’NDABLE. adj. [emendo, Latin.] Capable of emenda­
tion; corrigible.

EMENDA’TION. n. s. [emendo, Latin.]
1. Correction; alteration of any thing from worse to better.
The essence and the relation of every thing in being, is
fitted, beyond any emendation, for its action and use; and shews
it to proceed from a mind of the highest understanding. Grew.
2. An alteration made in the text by verbal criticism.

EMENDA’TOR. n. s. [emendo, Latin.] A corrector; an im­
prover; an alterer for the better.

E’MERALD. n. s. [êmeraude, French; smaragdus, Latin.] A
green precious stone.
The emerald is evidently the same with the antient sma­
ragdus; and, in its most perfect state, is perhaps the most beau­
tiful of all the gems: it is found from the sixteenth of an inch
in diameter, to the size of a walnut. The rough emerald is
usually of a very bright and naturally polished surface, and is
ever of a pure and beautiful green, without the admixture of
any other colour. It is of all the various shades of green,
from the deepest to the palest, and doubtless is found at times
wholly colourless; but then it is esteemed, by our jewellers, a
white saphire. The oriental emerald is of the hardness of
the saphire and ruby, and is second only to the diamond in
lustre and brightness: they are only found in the kingdom of
Cambay. The American, called by our jewellers oriental
emeralds, are found in Peru, of the hardness of the garnet;
the European are somewhat softer, but harder than crystal,
and found in Silesia. The coloured crystals, sold as occiden­
tal emeralds, are from the mines of Germany. Hill on Foss.
Do you not see the grass how in colour they excel the
emerald? Sidney.
The emerald is a bright grass green: it is found in fissures
of rocks, along with copper ores. Woodward's Fossils.



Nor deeper verdure dies the robe of Spring,
When first she gives it to the southern gale,
Than the green emerald shows. Thomson's Summer, l. 150.

To EME’RGE. v. n. [emergo, Latin.]
1. To rise out of any thing in which it is covered.
They emerged, to the upper part of the spirit of wine, as
much of them as lay immersed in the spirit. Boyle.
The mountains emerged, and became dry land again, when the
waters, after their violent agitation was abated, retired into the
lower places. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Thetis, not unmindful of her son,
Emerging from the deep, to beg her boon,
Pursu'd their track. Dryden's Homer.
2. To issue; to proceed.
If the prism was turned about its axis that way, which
made the rays emerge more obliquely out of the second refract­
ing surface of the prism, the image soon became an inch or
two longer or more. Newton's Opt.
3. To rise; to mount from a state of depression or obscurity;
to rise into view.
Darkness, we see, emerges into light;
And shining suns descend to sable night. Dryden's Fables.
When, from dewy shade emerging bright,
Aurora streaks the sky with orient light,
Let each deplore his dead. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv. l. 470.
Then from antient gloom emerg'd
A rising world. Thomson's Summer, l. 995.

EME’RGENCE. n. s. [from emerge.]

EME’RGENCY. n. s. [from emerge.]
1. The act of rising out of any fluid by which it is covered.
We have read of a tyrant, who tried to prevent the emer­
gence of murdered bodies. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 1.
2. The act of rising into view.
The emergency of colours, upon coalition of the particles of
such bodies, as were neither of them of the colour of that
mixture whereof they are ingredients, is very well worth our
attentive observation. Boyle on Colours.
The white colour of all refracted light, at its very first
emergence, where it appears as white as before its incidence, is
compounded of various colours. Newton's Opt.
3. Any sudden occasion; unexpected casualty.
Most of our rarities have been found out by casual emer­
gency, and have been the works of time and chance rather
than of philosophy. Glanv. Sceps. c. 21.
4. Pressing necessity. A sense not proper.
In any case of emergency, he would employ the whole wealth
of his empire, which he had thus amassed together in his
subterraneous exchequer. Addison's Freeholder.

EME’RGENT. adj. [from emerge.]
1. Rising out of that which overwhelms or obscures it.
Love made my emergent fortune once more look
Above the main, which now shall hit the stars. Ben. Johns.
The man that is once hated, both his good and his evil
deeds oppress him; he is not easily emergent. Ben. Johnson.
2. Rising into view, or notice.
Immediately the mountains huge appear
Emergent, and their broad bare backs unheave
Into the clouds, their tops ascend the sky. Milt. Par. Lost.
3. Proceeding or issuing from any thing.
The stoicks held a fatality, and a fixed unalterable course
of events; but then they held also, that they fell out by a ne­
cessity emergent from and inherent in the things themselves,
which God himself could not alter. South's Sermons.
4. Sudden; unexpectedly casual.
All the lords declared, that, upon any emergent occasion,
they would mount their servants upon their horses. Clarendon.

E’MERODS. n. s. [corrupted by ignorant pronunciation from
hemorrhoids, ἁιμοῤῥόιδες.] Painful swellings of
the hemorrhoidal veins; piles.

E’MEROIDS. n. s. [corrupted by ignorant pronunciation from
hemorrhoids, ἁιμοῤῥόιδες.] Painful swellings of
the hemorrhoidal veins; piles.
He destroyed them, and smote them with emerods. 1 Sa. v.

EME’RSION. n. s. [from emerge.] The time when a star, having
been obscured by its too near approach to the sun, appears
again.
The time was in the heliacal emersion, when it becomes at
greatest distance from the sun. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

E’MERY. n. s. [smyris, Latin; esmeril, French.]
Emery is an iron ore, considerably rich. It is usually of a
dusky brownish red on the surface; but, when broken, of a
fine bright iron grey, but not without some tinge of redness,
and is spangled all over with shining specks. It is also some­
times very red, and then contains veins of gold. It is found
in the island of Guernsey, in Tuscany, and many parts of
Germany. It has a near relation to the magnet. Emery has
been recommended by the ancients as an abstergent, but it
must be used with great caution. It is prepared by grinding
in mills; and the lapidaries cut the ordinary gems on their
wheels by sprinkling the wetted powder over them; but it
will not cut diamonds. It is useful in cleaning and polishing
steel. Hill's Mat. Med.

EME’TICAL. adj. [ἐμέω.] Having the quality of provoking
vomits.

EME’TICK. adj. [ἐμέω.] Having the quality of provoking
vomits.
Various are the temperaments and operations of herbs;
some purgative, some emetick, and some sudorifick. Hale.

EME’TICALLY. adv. [from emetical.] In such a manner as to
provoke to vomit.
It has been complained of, that preparations of silver have
produced violent vomits; whereas we have not observed duly
refined silver to work emetically, even in women and girls. Boyle.

EMI

EMICA’TION. n. s. [emicatio, Latin.] Sparkling; flying off in
small particles, as sprightly liquors.
Iron, in aqua fortis, will fall into ebullition with noise and
emication, as also a crass and fumid exhalation. Brown.

EMI’CTION. n. s. [from emictum, Latin.] Urine; what is
voided by the urinary passages.
Gravel and stone grind away the flesh, and effuse the
blood apparent in a sanguine emiction. Harvey on Consumptions.

To E’MIGRATE. v. n. [emigro, Latin.] To remove from
one place to another.

EMIGRA’TION. n. s. [from emigrate.] Change of habitation;
removal from one place to another.
We find the originals of many kingdoms either by victories,
or by emigrations, or intestine commotions. Hale.

E’MINENCE. n. s. [eminentia, Latin.]

E’MINENCY. n. s. [eminentia, Latin.]
1. Loftiness; height.
2. Summit; highest part.
Mountains abound with different vegetables, every ver­
tex or eminency affording new kinds. Ray on the Creation.
3. A part rising above the rest.
They must be smooth, almost imperceptible to the touch,
and without either eminence or cavities. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. A place where one is exposed to general notice.
A satyr or libel on one of the common stamp, never meets
with that reception as what is aimed at a person whose merit
places him upon an eminence, and gives him a more conspi­
cuous figure. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
5. Exaltation; conspicuousness; state of being exposed to view;
reputation; celebrity; fame; preferment; greatness.
You've too a woman's heart, which ever yet
Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Alterations are attributed to the powerfullest under princes,
where the eminency of one obscureth the rest. Wotton.
He deserv'd no such return
From me, whom he created what I was,
In that bright eminence; and with his good
Upbraided none. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 44.
Where men cannot arrive to any eminency of estate, yet
religion makes a compensation, by teaching content. Tillotson.
These two were men of eminency, of learning as well as
piety. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
6. Supreme degree.
Whatever pure thou in the body enjoy'st,
And pure thou wert created, we enjoy
In eminence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 624.
7. Notice; distinction.
Let your remembrance still apply to Banquo;
Present him eminence both with eye and tongue. Shak. Macb.
8. A title given to cardinals.

E’MINENT. adj. [eminens, Latin.]
1. High; lofty.
Thou hast built unto thee an eminent place. Ezek. xvi. 24.
2. Dignified; exalted.
Rome for your sake shall push her conquests on,
And bring new titles home from nations won,
To dignify so eminent a son. Dryden's Juv. Sat. 8.
3. Conspicuous; remarkable.
Satan, in gesture proudly eminent,
Stood like a tow'r. Milton.
She is eminent for a sincere piety in the practice of religion.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 21.

E’MINENTLY. adv. [from eminent.]
1. Conspicuously; in a manner that attracts observation.
Thy love, which else
So eminently never had been known. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Lady, that in the prime of earliest youth,
Wisely has shun'd the broad way and the green,
And with those few art eminently seen,
That labour up the hill of heav'nly truth. Milton.
Such as thou hast solemnly elected,
With gifts and graces eminently adorn'd,
To some great work. Milton's Agonistes, l. 678.
2. In a high degree.
All men are equal in their judgment of what is eminently
best. Dryden.
That simplicity, without which no human performance can
arrive to perfection, is no where more eminently useful than in
this. Swift.

E’MISSARY. n. s. [emissarius, Latin.]
1. One sent out on private messages; a spy; a secret agent.
Clifford, now become the state informer, was an emissary
and spy of the king's, and he fled over into Flanders with
his consent and privity. Bacon's Henry VII.
You shall neither eat nor sleep,
No, nor forth your window peep,



With your emissary eye,
To fetch in the forms go by. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
The Jesuits send over emissaries, with instructions to per­
sonate themselves members of the several sects amongst us. Swift.
2. One that emits or sends out. A technical sense.
Wherever there are emissaries, there are absorbent vessels in
the skin; and, by the absorbent vessels, mercury will pass into
the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EMI’SSION. n. s. [emissio, Latin.] The act of sending out;
vent.
Tickling causeth laughter: the cause may be the emission of
the spirits, and so of the breath by a flight from titillation. Bac.
Though it might restrain their dispersion, it could not their
populosity, which necessarily requireth transmigration and
emission of colonies. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 6.
Affection, in the state of innocence, was happily pitched
upon its right object; it flamed up in direct fervours of devo­
tion to God, and in collateral emissions of charity to its
neighbour. South's Sermons.
Cover them with glasses; but upon all warm and benign
emissions of the sun, and sweet showers, give them air. Evelyn.

To EMI’T. v. a. [emitto, Latin.]
1. To send forth; to let go; to give vent to.
These baths continually emit a manifest and very sensible
heat; nay, some of them have been observed, at some times,
to send forth an actual and visible flame. Woodward's N. Hist.
The soil, being fruitful and rich, emits steams, consisting of
volatile and active parts. Arbuthnot on Air.
2. To let fly; to dart.
Pay sacred rev'rence to Apollo's song,
Lest, wrathful, the far-shooting god emit
His fatal arrows. Prior.
3. To issue out juridically.
That a citation be valid, it ought to be decreed and emitted
by the judge's authority, and at the instance of the party.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

EMME’NAGOGUES. n. s. [ἔμμήνια and ἄγω.] Medicines that
promote the courses; and these do this, either by giving a
greater force to the blood in its circulation, whereby its mo­
mentum against the vessels is increased; or by making it thin­
ner, whereby it will more easily pass through any outlets. Quin.
Emmenagogues are such as produce a plethora, or fulness of the
vessels, consequently such as strengthen the organs of digestion,
so as to make good blood. Arbuthnot on Diet.

E’MMET. n. s. [æmette, Saxon.] An ant; a pismire.
When cedars to the ground fall down by the weight of
an emmet,
Or when a rich ruby's just price be the worth of a walnut.
Sidney, b. i.

To EMME’W. v. a. [from mew.] To mew or coop up.
This outward sainted deputy,
Whose settled visage and delib'rate word,
Nips youth i' th' head, and follies doth emmew,
As faulcon doth the fowl, is yet a devil. Sh. Meas. for Meas.

To EMMO’VE. v. a. [emmouvoir, French.] To excite; to rouse;
to put into emotion.
One day, when him high courage did emmove,
He pricked forth. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 1. stan. 50.

EMO

EMO’LLIENT. adj. [emolliens, Latin.] Softening; suppling.
Barley is emollient, moistening, and expectorating. Arbuthn.
Diureticks are decoctions, emulsions, and oils of emollient
vegetables, so far as they relax the urinary passages: such as
relax ought to be tried before such as stimulate. Arbuthnot.

EMO’LLIENTS. n. s. Such things as sheath and soften the
asperities of the humours, and relax and supple the solids at
the same time. Quincy.
Emollients ought to be taken in open air, to hinder them
from perspiring, and on empty stomachs. Arbuthnot.

EMOLLI’TION. n. s. [emollitio, Latin.] The act of softening.
Lassitude is remedied by bathing, or anointing with oil and
warm water: the cause is, for that all lassitude is a kind of
contusion and compression of the parts, and bathing and
anointing give a relaxation or emollition. Bacon.
Powerful menstruums are made for its emollition, whereby
it may receive the tincture of minerals. Brown's Vulgar Err.

EMO’LUMENT. n. s. [emolumentum, Latin.] Profit; advan­
tage.
Let them consult how politick they were, for a temporal
emolument to throw away eternity. South's Sermons.
Nothing gives greater satisfaction than the sense of having
dispatched a great deal of business to publick emolument. Tatler.

EMO’NGST. prep. [so written by Spenser.] Among.
The merry birds of every sort,
Chaunted aloud their chearful harmony;
And made emongst themselves a sweet consort,
That quick'ned the dull sp'rit with musical comfort. F. Qu.

EMO’TION. n. s. [emotion, French.] Disturbance of mind;
vehemence of passion, or pleasing or painful.
I will appeal to any man, who has read this poet, whether
he finds not the natural emotion of the same passion in himself,
which the poet describes in his feigned persons? Dryden.
Those rocks and oaks that such emotion felt,
Were rural maids whom Orpheus taught to melt. Granv.

EMP

To EMPA’LE. v. a. [empaler, French.]
1. To fence with a pale.
How happy's he, which hath due place assign'd
T' his beasts, and disaforested his mind?
Empal'd himself to keep them out, not in;
Can sow, and dares trust corn, where they have been. Donn.
2. To fortify.
All that dwell near enemies empale villages, to save them­
selves from surprize. Raleigh's Essays.
The English empaled themselves with their pikes, and there­
with bare off their enemies. Hayward.
3. To inclose; shut in.
Keep yourselves in breath,
And when I have the bloody Hector found,
Empale him with your weapons round about. Shakespeare.
They have empal'd within a zodiack
The free-born sun, and keep twelve signs awake
To watch his steps; the Goat and Crab controul
And fright him back. Donne.
Thank my charms,
I now empale her in my arms. Cleaveland.
Impenetrable, empal'd with circling fire,
Yet unconsum'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 647.
4. To put to death by spitting on a stake fixed upright.
Who can bear this, resolve to be empal'd?
His skin flead off, and roasted yet alive? Southern's Oroonok.
Let them each be broken on the rack;
Then, with what life remains, empal'd, and left
To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake. Addis. Cato.
Nay, I don't believe they will be contented with hanging;
they talk of empaling, or breaking on the wheel. Arbuthnot.

EMPA’NNEL. n. s. [from panne, French.] The writing or
entering the names of a jury into a parchment schedule, or
roll of paper, by the sheriff, which he has summoned to ap­
pear for the performance of such publick service as juries are
employed in. Cowel.
Who can expect any more upright verdicts from such
packed, such corrupt juries? Why may we not be allowed to
make exceptions against this so incompetent empannel?
Decay of Christian Piety.

To EMPA’NNEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To summon to serve
on a jury. A law term.
I shall not need to empannel a jury either of moralists or
divines, every man's own breast sufficiently instructing him.
Government of the Tongue, s. 8.

EMPA’RLANCE. n. s. [from parler, French.] It signifieth, in
common law, a desire or petition in court of a day to pause
what is best to do; and it is sometimes used for the conference
of a jury in the cause committed to them. Cowel.

EMPA’SM. n. s. [εμϖάσσω.] A powder to correct the had
scent of the body.

To EMPA’SSION. v. a. [from passion.] To move with passion;
to affect strongly; to throw off from equanimity.
Unto my eyes strange shows presented were,
Picturing that which I in mind embrac'd,
That yet those sights empassion me full near. Spenser.
So, standing, moving, or to height upgrown,
The tempter, all empassion'd, thus began. Milt. Par. Lost.

To EMPE’OPLE. v. a. [from people.] To form into a people
or community.
He wonder'd much, and 'gan enquire
What stately building durst so high extend
Her lofty towers unto the starry sphere,
And what unknown nation there empeopled were. F. Queen.

E’MPERESS. n. s. [from emperour, now written empress.]
1. A woman invested with imperial power.
Long, long, may you on earth our emperess reign,
E're you in heaven a glorious angel stand. Davies.
2. The queen of an emperour.
Lavinia will I make my emperess,
Rome's royal mistress, mistress of my heart. Sh. Tit. Andr.

E’MPEROUR. n. s. [empereur, French; imperator, Latin.] A
monarch of title and dignity superiour to a king: as, the em­
perour of Germany.
Charles the emperour,
Under pretence to see the queen his aunt,
Makes visitation. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

E’MPERY. n. s. [empire, French; imperium, Latin.] Empire;
sovereign command. A word out of use.
A lady
So fair, and fasten'd to an empery,
Would make the great'st king double. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Take on you the charge
And kingly government of this your land;
Not as protector, steward, substitute,
But as successively from blood to blood,
Your right of birth, your empery, your own. Shak. R. III.

E’MPHASIS. n. s. [ἔμφασις.] A remarkable stress laid upon a
word or sentence; particular force impressed by stile or pro­
nunciation.



Oh, that brave Cæsar!
—Be choak'd with such another emphasis. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.
Emphasis not so much regards the time as a certain gran­
deur, whereby some letter, syllable, word, or sentence is ren­
dered more remarkable than the rest, by a more vigorous pro­
nunciation, and a longer stay upon it. Holder's Elem. of Speech.
These questions have force and emphasis, if they be under­
stood of the antediluvian earth. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

EMPHA’TICAL. adj. [έμφάινω.]

EMPHA’TICK. adj. [έμφάινω.]
1. Forcible; strong; striking.
Where he endeavours to dissuade from carnivorous appe­
tites, how emphatical is his reasoning! Garth's Pref. to Ovid.
In proper and emphatick terms thou didst paint the blazing
comet's fiery tail. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. Striking the sight.
It is commonly granted, that emphatical colours are light
itself, modified by refractions. Boyle on Colours.
3. Appearing; seeming not real.

EMPHA’TICALLY. adv. [from emphatical.]
1. Strongly; forcibly; in a striking manner.
How emphatically and divinely does every word proclaim
the truth that I have been speaking of! South's Sermons.
2. According to appearance.
What is delivered of the incurvity of dolphins, must be
taken emphatically, not really, but in appearance, when they
leap above water, and suddenly shoot down again. Brown.

EMPHYSE’MATOUS. adj. [from ἐμφύσημα.] Bloated; puffed
up; swollen.
The signs of a gangrene are these: the inflammation loses
its redness, and becomes duskish and livid; the tenseness of
the skin goes off, and feels to the touch flabby or emphysema­
tous; and vesications, filled with ichor of different colours,
spread all over it. Sharp's Surgery.

To EMPIE’RCE. v. a. [from pierce.] To pierce into; to enter
into by violent appulse.
The weapon bright,
Taking advantage of his open jaw,
Ran through his mouth with so importune might,
That deep empierc'd his darksome hollow maw. Fai. Queen.

EMPI’GHT. part. [To pight, or pitch. See PITCH.] Set;
pitched; put in a posture.
But he was wary, and ere it empight
In the meant mark, advanc'd his shield atween. Fai. Queen.

E’MPIRE. n. s. [empire, French; imperium, Latin.]
1. Imperial power; supreme dominion; sovereign command.
Assert, ye fair ones, who in judgment sit,
Your ancient empire over love and wit. Rowe.
2. The region over which dominion is extended.
A nation extended over vast tracts of land, and numbers
of people, arrives in time at the ancient name of kingdom,
or modern of empire. Temple.
Sextus Pompeius
Hath given the dare to Cæsar, and commands
The empire of the sea. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. Command over any thing.

E’MPIRIC. n. s. [ἐμϖέιϱὶϰος.] A trier or experimenter; such
persons as have no true education in, or knowledge of phy­
sical practice, but venture upon hearsay and observation
only. Quincy.
The name of Hippocrates was more effectual to persuade
such men as Galen, than to move a silly empirick. Hooker.
That every plant might receive a name, according unto
the diseases it cureth, was the wish of Paracelsus; a way
more likely to multiply empiricks than herbalists. Brown.
Such an aversion and contempt for all manner of innova­
tors, as physicians are apt to have for empiricks, or lawyers
for pettifoggers. Swift.

EMPI’RICAL. adj. [from the noun.]

E’MPIRICK. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Versed in experiments.
By fire
Of sooty coal, the empirick alchymist
Can turn, or holds it possible to turn,
Metals of drossiest ore to perfect gold. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. Known only by experience; practised only by rote, without
rational grounds.
The most sovereign prescription in Galen is but empirick
to this preservative. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
In extremes, bold counsels are the best;
Like empirick remedies, they last are try'd,
And by th' event condemn'd or justify'd. Dryden's Aurengz.

EMPI’RICALLY. adv. [from empirical.]
1. Experimentally; according to experience.
We shall empirically and sensibly deduct the causes of black­
ness from originals, by which we generally observe things
denigrated. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.
2. Without rational grounds; charlatanically; in the manner
of quacks.

EMPI’RICISM. n. s. [from empirick.] Dependence on expe­
rience without knowledge or art; quackery.

EMPLA’STER. n. s. [ἔμϖλαϛϱον. This word is now always
pronounced, and generally written plaster.] An application
to a sore of an oleaginous or viscous substance, spread upon
cloth. See PLASTER.
All emplasters, applied to the breasts, ought to have a hole
for the nipples. Wiseman's Surgery.

To EMPLA’STER. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with a
plaster.
They must be cut out to the quick, and the sores emplastered
with tar. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

EMPLA’STICK. adj. [ἐμϖλάϛιϰος.] Viscous; glutinous; fit to
be applied as a plaster.
Resin, by its emplastick quality, mixed with oil of roses,
perfects the concoction. Wiseman's Surgery.
Emplastick applications are not sufficient to defend a wound
from the air. Arbuthnot on Air.

To EMPLE’AD. v. a. [from plead.] To indict; to prefer a
charge against; to accuse.
To terrify and torture them to their minds, and wind their
necks more surely under their arm, their tyrannous masters
did often emplead arrest, cast them into prison, and thereby
consume them to worse than nothing. Hayward.
Antiquity thought thunder the immediate voice of Jupiter,
and empleaded them of impiety that referred it to natural
causalties. Glanv. Sceps. c. 14.
Since none the living villains dare emplead,
Arraign them in the persons of the dead. Dryden's Juvenal.

To EMPLO’Y. v. a. [emploier, French.]
1. To busy; to keep at work; to exercise.
For thrice, at least, in compass of the year,
Thy vineyard must employ the sturdy steer
To turn the glebe. Dryden's Virgil's Georg. b. ii. l. 551.
Their principal learning was applied to the course of the
stars, and the rest was employed in displaying the brave ex­
ploits of their princes. Temple.
Our reason is often puzzled, because of the imperfection
of the ideas it is employed about. Locke.
The proper business of the understanding is not that which
men always employ it to. Locke.
Labour in the beginning gave a right of property, where­
ever any one was pleased to employ it upon what was com­
mon. Locke.
The cat became a blushing maid;
And, on the happy change, the boy
Employ'd his wonder and his joy. Prior.
This is a day in which the thoughts of our countrymen
ought to be employed on serious subjects. Addison's Freeholder.
2. To use as an instrument.
The cleanly cheese-press she could never turn,
Her aukward fist did ne'er employ the churn. Gay's Pastorals.
3. To use as means.
The money was employed to the making of gallies. 2 Mac.
Peace is not freed from labour, but from noise;
And war more force, but not more pains employs. Dryden.
4. To use as materials.
The labour of those who felled and framed the timber em­
ployed about the plough, must be charged on labour. Locke.
5. To commission; to intrust with the management of any
affairs.
Jonathan and Jahaziah were employed about this matter.
Ezra, x. 15.
Jesus Christ is furnished with superior powers to the angels,
because he is employed in superiour works, and appointed to be
the sovereign Lord of all the visible and invisible worlds. Watts.
6. To fill up with business.
To study nature will thy time employ;
Knowledge and innocence are perfect joy. Dryden.
7. To pass or spend in business.
Why, whilst we struggle in this vale beneath,
With want and sorrow, with disease and death,
Do they more bless'd perpetual life employ
In songs of pleasure, and in scenes of joy? Prior.

EMPLO’Y. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Business; object of industry.
Present to grasp, and future still to find,
The whole employ of body and of mind. Pope's Ess. on Man.
2. Publick office.
Lest animosities should obstruct the course of justice, if
one of their own number had the distribution of it, they have
always a foreigner for this employ. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The honours and the burdens of great posts and employs
were joined together. Atterbury's Sermons.

EMPLO’YABLE. adj. [from employ.] Capable to be used; pro­
per for use.
The objections made against the doctrine of the chymists,
seem employable against this hypothesis. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

EMPLO’YER. n. s. [from employ.] One that uses or causes to
be used.
That man drives a great trade, and is owner or employer of
much shipping, and continues and increases in trade and
shipping. Child's Discourses on Trade.




EMPLO’YMENT. n. s. [from employ.]
1. Business; object of industry; object of labour.
2. Business; the state of being employed.
3. Office; post of business.
If any station, any employment upon earth be honourable,
their's was. Atterbury's Sermons.
Leaders on each side, instead of intending the publick weal,
have their hearts wholly set upon ways and means to get or to
keep employments. Swift.
4. Business intrusted.
Call not your stocks for me; I serve the king,
On whose employment I was sent to you. Shakesp. K. Lear.

To EMPO’ISON. v. a. [empoisonner, French.]
1. To destroy by poison; to destroy by venomous food or drugs;
to poison.
Leaving no means unattempted of destroying his son, among
others employing that wicked servant of his, who undertook
to empoison him. Sidney, b. ii.
Mushrooms cause the incubus, or the mare in the stomach,
and therefore the surfeit of them may suffocate and empoison.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 546.
2. To taint with poison; to envenom. This is the more usual
sense.

EMPO’ISONER. n. s. [empoisonneur, French.] One who destroys
another by poison.
He is vehemently suspected to have been the empoisoner of
his wife, thereby to make vacant his bed. Bacon's Henry VII.

EMPO’ISONMENT. n. s. [empoisonnement, French.] The prac­
tise of destroying by poison.
It were dangerous for secret empoisonments. Bacon's N. Hist.

EMPORE’TICK. adj. [ἐμϖοϱήτιϰος.] That which is used at
markets, or in merchandize.

EMPO’RIUM. n. s. [ἐμϖόϱιον.] A place of merchandise; a mart;
a town of trade; a commercial city.
And while this fam'd emporium we prepare,
The British ocean shall such triumphs boast,
That those who now disdain our trade to share,
Shall rob like pyrates on our wealthy coast. Dryden.
I take the prosperous estate of this great emporium to be
owing to those instances of charity. Atterbury's Sermons.

To EMPO’VERISH. v. a. [pauvre, French.]
1. To make poor; to depauperate; to reduce to indigence.
Since they might talk better as they lay together, they em­
poverished their cloaths to enrich their bed, which, for that
night, might well scorn the shrine of Venus. Sidney, b. ii.
Your's sounds aloud, and tells us you excel
No less in courage than in singing well;
While, unconcern'd, you let your country know,
They have empoverish'd themselves, not you. Waller.
For sense of honour, if it empoverisheth a man, it is, in his
esteem, neither honour nor sense. South's Sermons.
Fresh roses bring
To strow my bed, 'till the empoverish'd Spring
Confess her want. Prior.
2. To lessen fertility.

EMPO’VERISHER. n. s. [from empoverish.]
1. One that makes others poor.
2. That which impairs fertility.
They destroy the weeds, and fit the land for after-crops,
being an improver, and not an empoverisher of land. Mortimer.

EMPO’VERISHMENT. n. s. [from émpoverish.] Diminution;
cause of poverty; waste.
Being paid as it is, now some, and then some, it is no
great burden unto her, nor any great empoverishment to her
coffers. Spenser's State of Ireland.
All appeals for justice, or appellations for favour or prefer­
ment to another country, are so many grievous empoverish­
ments. Swift's View of Ireland.

To EMPO’WER. v. a. [from power.]
1. To authorise; to commission; to give power or authority to
any purpose.
You are empowered, when you please, to give the final deci­
sion of wit. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
The government shall be empowered to grant commissions
to all Protestants whatsoever. Swift on the Sacram. Test.
2. To give natural force; to enable.
Does not the same power that enables them to heal, em­
power them to destroy? Baker's Reflexions on Learning.

E’MPRESS. n. s. [contracted from emperess, which is retained
by Johnson.]
1. The queen of an emperour.
Let your nimble feet
Tread subtile circles, that may always meet
In point to him; and figures, to express
The grace of him, and his great emperess. Ben. Johnson.
2. A female invested with imperial dignity; a female sovereign.
Empress of this fair world, resplendent Eve! Milton.
Yet, London, empress of the northern clime,
By an high fate thou greatly didst expire. Dryden.
Wisdom, thou say'st, from heav'n receiv'd her birth;
Her beams transmitted to the subject earth:
Yet this great empress of the human soul,
Does only with imagin'd power controul,
If restless passion, by rebellious sway,
Compels the weak usurper to obey. Prior.

EMPRI’SE. n. s. [emprise, French.] Attempt of danger; un­
dertaking of hazard; enterprise.
Noble minds, of yore, allied were
In brave pursuit of chivalrous emprise. Fairy Queen, b. i.
A double conquest must you make,
If you atchieve renown by this emprise. Fairfax, b. ii.
Fierce faces threat'ning wars;
Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise. Milt. Par. Lost.
Thus, 'till the sun had travell'd half the skies,
Ambush'd we lie, and wait the bold emprise. Pope's Odyssey.

E’MPTIER. n. s. [from empty.] One that empties; one that
makes any place void by taking away what it contained.
The emptiers have emptied them out, and marred their
vineyards. Nah. ii. 2.

E’MPTINESS. n. s. [from empty.]
1. Absence of plenitude; inanity.
Where cities stood,
Well fenc'd, and numerous, desolation reigns,
And emptiness; dismay'd, unfed, unhous'd,
The widow and the orphan stroll. Phillips.
2. The state of being empty.
His coffers sound
With hollow poverty and emptiness. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. A void space; vacuity; vacuum.
Nor could another in your room have been,
Except an emptiness had come between. Dryden.
The ordinary air in which we live and respire, is of so
thin a composition, that sixteen thousand one hundred and
forty-nine parts of its dimensions are mere emptiness and no­
thing; and the remaining one only, material and real sub­
stance. Bentley's Sermons.
4. Want of substance or solidity.
'Tis this which causes the graces and the loves to take up
their habitations in the hardest marble, and to subsist in the
emptiness of light and shadow. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Pref.
5. Unsatisfactoriness; inability to fill up the desires.
O frail estate of human things,
Now to our cost your emptiness we know. Dryden.
Form the judgment about the worth or emptiness of things
here, according as they are or are not of use, in relation to
what is to come after. Atterbury's Sermons.
6. Vacuity of head; want of knowledge.
Eternal smiles his emptiness betray,
As shallow streams run dimpling all the way. Pope's Epist.

E’MPTION. n. s. [emptio, Latin.] The act of purchasing; a
purchase.
There is a dispute among the lawyers, whether Glaucus his
exchanging his golden armour with the brazen one of Ty­
dides, was emption or commutation. Arbuthnot on Coins.

E’MPTY. adj. [æmtig, Saxon.]
1. Void; having nothing in it; not full.
I did never know so full a voice issue from so empty a heart;
but the saying is true, the empty vessel makes the greatest
sound. Shakespeare's Henry V.
The pit was empty, there was no water in it. Gen. xxxvii.
If you have two vessels to fill, and you empty one to fill the
other, you gain nothing by that; there still remains one vessel
empty. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Devoid; unfurnished.
Art thou thus boldened, man, by thy distress?
Or else a rude despiser of good manners,
That in civility thou seem'st so empty? Shak. As you like it.
Mr. Boyle has shewed, that air may be rarified above ten
thousand times in vessels of glass; and the heavens are much
emptier of air than any vacuum we can make below. Newton.
3. Unsatisfactory; unable to fill the mind or desires.
4. Without any thing to carry; unburthened; unfreighted.
He alleges that the satyrs carried platters full of fruit in
their hands; but if they had been empty handed, had they been
ever the larger satyrs? Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
Yet all the little that I got, I spent;
And still return'd as empty as I went. Dryden's Virg. Past.
5. Vacant of head; ignorant; unskilful; unfurnished with ma­
terials for thought.
How comes it that so many worthy and wise men depend
upon so many unworthy and empty headed fools! Raleigh.
His answer is a handsome way of exposing an empty, trifling,
pretending pedant; the wit lively, the satyr courtly and
severe. Felton on the Classicks.
6. Without substance; without solidity; vain.
The god of sleep there hides his heavy head,
And empty dreams on ev'ry leaf are spread. Dryden's Æn.

To E’MPTY. v. a. [from the adjective.] To evacuate; to
exhaust; to deprive of that which was contained in it.
Boundless intemperance,
In nature is a tyranny: it hath been
Th' untimely emptying of the happy throne,
And fall of many kings. Shakespeare's Macbeth.



The emptiers have emptied them out, and marred their vine­
branches. Nah. ii. 2.
Sheep are often blind by fulness of blood: cut their tails,
and empty them of their blood. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The Euxine sea is conveniently situated for trade, by the
communication it has both with Asia and Europe, and the
great navigable rivers that empty themselves into it. Arbuthnot.

To EMPU’RPLE. v. a. [from purple.] To make of a purple
colour; to discolour with purple.
Now in loose garlands, thick thrown off, the bright
Pavement, that like a sea of jasper shone,
Empurpled with celestial roses smil'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The deep,
Empurpl'd ran, with gushing gore distain'd. Phillips.

To EMPU’ZZLE. v. a. [from puzzle.] To perplex; to put to
a stand.
It hath empuzzled the enquiries of others to apprehend, and
enforced them unto strange conceptions to make out. Brown.

EMPYE’MA. n. s. [ἐμϖύημα.] A collection of purulent matter
in any part whatsoever; generally used to signify that in the
cavity of the breast only, and which sometimes happens upon
the opening of abscesses, or ulcerations of the lungs, or mem­
branes inclosing the breast. Quincy.
An empyema, or a collection of purulent matter in the
breast, if not suddenly cured, doth undoubtedly impel the
patient into a phthisical consumption. Harvey on Consumptions.
There is likewise a consumption from an empyema, after an
inflammation of the lungs; which may be known from a
weight upon the diaphragm, oppression of the lungs, a diffi­
culty of breathing, and inability to lie on one side, which is
that which is found. Arbuthnot on Diet.

EMPY’REAL. adj. [ἔμϖυϱ.] Formed of the element of fire;
refined beyond aerial; pertaining to the highest and purest
region of heaven. [Tickell accents it on the penult.]
Now went forth the morn,
Such as in highest heav'n, array'd in gold
Empyreal. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 13.
Go, soar with Plato to th' empyreal sphere,
To the first good, first perfect, and first fair. Pope.
But empyreal forms, howe'er in fight
Gash'd and dismember'd, easily unite. Tickell.

EMPYRE’AN. n. s. [ἔμϖυϱος.] The highest heaven where the
pure element of fire is supposed to subsist.
Almighty Father from above,
From the pure empyrean, where he sits
High thron'd above all height, bent down his eye. Milton.
Under his burning wheel
The stedfast empyrean shook throughout,
All but the throne itself of God. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The empyrean rung
With hallelujahs. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 633.

E’MPYREUM. n. s. [ἐμϖύϱευμα.] The burning to of any mat­
ter in boiling or distillation, which gives
a particular offensive smell. Quincy.

EMPYRE’UMA. n. s. [ἐμϖύϱευμα.] The burning to of any mat­
ter in boiling or distillation, which gives
a particular offensive smell. Quincy.
It is so far from admitting an empyreum, that it burns clear
away without leaving any cinders, or adust about it. Harvey.
The hopes of an elixir insensibly evaporate, and vanish
to air, or leave in the recipient a foul empyreuma. Dec. of Piety.

EMPYREUMA’TICAL. adj. [from empyreuma.] Having the
smell or taste of burnt substances.
Many empyreumatical oils, distilled by strong fires in retorts,
may be brought to emulate essential oils drawn in limbicks.
Boyle's History of Firmness.

EMPYRO’SIS. n. s. [ἐμϖυϱόω.] Conflagration; general fire.
The former opinion that held these cataclysms and empyroses
universal, was such as held that it put a total consummation
unto things in this lower world, especially that of confla­
gration. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EMU

To E’MULATE. v. a. [æmulor, Latin.]
1. To rival; to propose as one to be equalled or excelled.
2. To imitate with hope of equality, or superiour excellence.
I would have
Him emulate you: 'tis no shame to follow
The better precedent. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
Those fair ideas to my aid I'll call,
And emulate my great original. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
What though no weeping loves thy ashes grace,
Nor polish'd marble emulate thy face. Pope.
3. To be equal to; to rise to equality with
I see how thy eye would emulate the diamond. Shakesp.
We see no new-built palaces aspire,
No kitchens emulate the vestal fire. Pope's Sat. of Donne.
4. To imitate; to copy; to resemble.
It is likewise attended with a delirium, fury, and an invo­
luntary laughter, the convulsion emulating this motion. Arbuth.

EMULA’TION. n. s. [æmulatio, Latin.]
1. Rivalry; desire of superiority.
Mine emulation
Hath not that honour in't it had; for where
I thought to crush him in an equal force,
True sword to sword, I'll pitch at him some way,
Or wrath or craft may get him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
There was neither envy nor emulation amongst them. 1 Mac.
Aristotle allows that some emulation may be good, and may
be found in some good men; yet envy he utterly condemns, as
wicked in itself, and only to be found in wicked minds. Sprat.
The apostle exhorts the Corinthians to an holy and general
emulation of the charity of the Macedonians, in contributing
freely to the relief of the poor saints at Jerusalem. South.
A noble emulation heats your breast,
And your own fame now robs you of your rest:
Good actions still must be maintain'd with good,
As bodies nourish'd with resembling food. Dryden.
2. Envy; desire of depressing another; contest; contention;
discord.
What madness rules in brainsick men!
When for so slight and frivolous a cause,
Such factious emulations shall arise. Shakespeare's Henry VI.

E’MULATIVE. adj. [from emulate.] Inclined to emulation;
rivalling; disposed to competition.

EMULA’TOR. n. s. [from emulate.] A rival; a competitor.
In superiours it quencheth jealousy, and layeth their com­
petitors and emulators asleep. Bacon's Essays.

To EMU’LGE. v. a. [emulgeo, Latin.] To milk out.

EMU’LGENT. adj. [emulgens, Latin.]
1. Milking or draining out.
2. Emulgent vessels [in anatomy] are the two large arteries and
veins which arise, the former from the descending trunk of
the aorta, or great artery; the latter from the vena cava.
They are both inserted into the kidneys; the emulgent arte­
ries carrying blood with the serum to them, and the emulgent
veins bringing it back again, after the serum has been sepa­
rated therefrom by the kidneys. Harris.
Its descent doth furnish the left emulgent with one vein, and
the first vein of the loins on the right side with another. Brown.
Through the emulgent branches the blood is brought to the
kidneys, and is there freed of its serum. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

E’MULOUS. adj. [æmulus, Latin.]
1. Rivalling; engaged in competition.
What the Gaul or Moor could not effect,
Nor emulous Carthage, with their length of spite,
Shall be the work of one. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
She is in perpetual diffidence, or actual enmity with her,
but always emulous and suspectful of her. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
2. Desirous of superiority; desirous to rise above another; de­
sirous of any excellence possessed by another. With of before
the object of emulation.
By strength
They measure all, of other excellence
Not emulous, nor care who them excels. Milton's Par. Lost.
By fair rewards our noble youth we raise
To emulous merit, and to thirst of praise. Prior.
Good Howard, emulous of the Grecian art. Prior.
3. Factious; contentious.
Whose glorious deeds, but in these fields of late,
Made emulous missions 'mongst the gods themselves,
And drave great Mars to faction. Shakesp. Troilus and Cress.

E’MULOUSLY. adv. [from emulous.] With desire of excelling
or outgoing another.
So tempt they him, and emulously vie
To bribe a voice, that empires would not buy. Granville.

EMU’LSION. n. s. [emulsio, Latin.] A form of medicine, by
bruising oily seeds and kernels, and drawing out their sub­
stances with some liquor, that thereby becomes milky. Quincy.
The aliment is dissolved by an operation resembling that of
making an emulsion; in which operation the oily parts of nuts
and seeds, being gently ground in a marble mortar, and gra­
dually mixed with some watery liquor, are dissolved into a
sweet, thick, turbid, milky liquor, resembling the chyle in
an animal body. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EMU’NCTORIES. n. s. [emunctorium, Latin.] Those parts of
the body where any thing excrementitious is separated and col­
lected, to be in readiness for ejectment. Quincy.
Superfluous matter deflows from the body unto their proper
emunctories. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 4.
There are receptacles in the body of man, and emunctories
to drain them of superfluous choler. More against Atheism.
Discoursing of the lungs, I shew that they are the grand
emunctory of the body; that the main end of respiration is
continually to discharge and expel an excrementitious fluid
out of the mass of blood. Woodward's Natural History.
The regimen in quinsies, which proceed from an obstruction
of the glands, must be to use such warm liquors as relax those
glands, such as, by stimulating, open the emunctories to secern
the humour. Arbuthnot on Diet.

EN. An inseparable particle borrowed by us from the French,
and by the French formed from the Latin in. Many words
are uncertainly written with en or in.

ENA

To ENA’BLE. v. a. [from able.] To make able; to confer
power; to give strength or ability.
If thou would'st vouchsafe to overspread
Me with the shadow of thy gentle wing,
I should enabled be thy acts to sing. Spenser's Hymn on Love.



His great friendship with God might enable him, and his
compassion might incline him. Atterbury's Sermons.
He points out to him the way of life, strengthens his weak­
ness, restores his lapses, and enables him to walk and persevere
in it. Rogers, Sermon 14.

To ENA’CT. v. a. [from act.]
1. To act; to perform; to effect.
In true ballancing of justice, it is flat wrong to
punish the thought or purpose of any before it be enacted.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
Three hours the fight continued,
Where valiant Talbot, above human thought,
Enacted wonders with his sword and lance. Shak. Hen. VI.
2. To establish; to decree.
It is enacted in the laws of Venice,
If it be proved against an alien,
He seeks the life of any citizen,
The party, 'gainst the which he doth contrive,
Shall seize on half his goods. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
The senate were authors of all counsels in the state; and
what was by them consulted and agreed, was proposed to the
people, by whom it was enacted or commanded. Temple.
3. To represent by action.
I did enact Hector. Shakespeare.

ENA’CT. n. s. [from the verb.] Purpose; determination.

ENA’CTOR. n. s. [from enact.]
1. One that forms decrees, or establishes laws.
The great Author of our nature, and enactor of this law
of good and evil, is highly dishonoured. Atterbury.
2. One who practises or performs any thing.
The violence of either grief or joy,
Their own enactors with themselves destroy. Shak. Hamlet.

ENA’LLAGE. n. s. [from the Greek ἐναλλαγὴ.] A figure in
grammar, whereby there is a change either of a pronoun, as
when a possessive is put for a relative, or when one mood or
tense of a verb is put for another. Harris.

To ENA’MBUSH. v. a. [from ambush.] To hide in ambush; to
hide with hostile intention.
They went within a vale, close to a flood, whose stream
Us'd to give all their cattle drink, they there enambush'd
them. Chapman's Iliads, b. i.

To ENA’MEL. v. a. [from amel. See AMEL.]
1. To inlay; to variegate with colours.
Must I, alas!
Frame and enamel plate, and drink in glass? Donne.
See Pan with flocks, with fruits Pomona crown'd;
Here blushing Flora paints th' enamell'd ground. Pope.
I bequeath to the earl of Orrery the enamelled silver plates,
to distinguish bottles of wine by. Swift's last Will.
2. To lay upon another body so as to vary it.
Higher than that wall, a circling row
Of goodliest trees, loaden with fairest fruit,
Blossoms, and fruits at once of golden hue,
Appear'd with gay enamel'd colours mix'd. Milton's Pa. Lost.

To ENA’MEL. v. n. To practise the use of enamel.
Though it were foolish to colour or enamel upon the glasses
of telescopes, yet to gild the tubes of them may render them
more acceptable to the users, without lessening the clearness of
the object. Boyle.

ENA’MEL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Anything enamelled, or variegated with colours inlaid.
Down from her eyes welled the pearles round,
Upon the bright enamel of her face;
Such honey drops on springing flowers are found,
When Phœbus holds the crimson morn in chace. Fairfax.
There are various sorts of coloured glasses, pastes, enamels,
and factitious gems. Woodward on Fossils.
2. The substance inlaid in other things.

ENA’MELLER. n. s. [from enamel.] One that practises the art
of enamelling.

To ENA’MOUR. v. a. [amour, French.] To inflame with
love; to make fond. With of before the thing or person
loved.
Affliction is enamour'd of thy parts,
And thou art wedded to calamity. Shakes. Rom. and Juliet.
My Oberon! What visions have I seen!
I thought I was enamour'd of an ass. Shakespeare.
You are very near my brother in his love: he is enamoured
on Hero. Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.
Or should she, confident,
As sitting queen ador'd on beauty's throne,
Descend with all her winning charms begirt,
T' enamour, as the zone of Venus once
Brought that effect on Jove, so fables tell. Milt. Par. Lost.
He, on his side,
Leaning half-rais'd, with looks of cordial love
Hung over her enamour'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. 5.
Your uncle cardinal
Is not so far enamour'd of a cloyster,
But he will thank you for the crown. Dryd. Don Sebastian.
'Tis hard to discern whether is in the greatest errour, he
who is enamoured of all he does, or he whom nothing of his
own can please. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

ENARRA’TION. n. s. [enarro, Latin.] Explanation; narra­
tive. Dict.

ENARTHRO’SIS. n. s. [ἔν and αϱϑϱον.] The insertion of one
bone into another to form a joint.
Enarthrosis is where a good round head enters into a cavity,
whether it be cotyla, or profound cavity, as that of os coxæ,
receiving the head of the os femoris; or glene, which is
more shallow, as in the scapula, where it receives the
humerus. Wiseman's Surgery.

ENATA’TION. n. s. [enato, Latin.] The act of swimming
out; escape by swimming. Dict.

ENA’UNTER. adv. An obsolete word explained by Spenser him­
self to mean lest that.
Anger would not let him speak to the tree,
Enaunter his rage might cooled be,
But to the root bent his sturdy stroke. Spenser's Pastora's.

ENC

To ENCA’GE. v. a. [from cage.] To shut up as in a cage; to
coop up; to confine.
He suffer'd his kinsman March,
Who is, if every owner were right plac'd,
Indeed, his king, to be encag'd in Wales,
There without ransom to lie forfeited. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Like Bajazet encag'd, the shepherds scoff,
Or like slack-sinew'd Sampson, his hair off,
Languish our ships. Donne.

To ENCA’MP. v. n. [from camp.] To pitch tents; to sit down
for a time in a march.
He encamped at the mount of God. Exod. xiii. 5.
The French knew how to make war with the English, by
not putting things to the hazard of a battle, but wearing them
by long sieges of towns, and strong fortified encampings. Bacon.

To ENCA’MP. v. a. To form an army into a regular camp;
to order to encamp.

ENCA’MPMENT. n. s. [from encamp.]
1. The act of encamping, or pitching tents.
2. A camp; tents pitched in order.
Their enemies served to improve them in their encamp­
ments, weapons, or something else. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. iii.
When a gen'ral bids the martial train
Spread their encampment o'er the spacious plain,
Thick rising tents a canvas city build. Gay's Trivia.

To ENCA’VE. v. a. [from cave.] To hide as in a cave.
Do but encave yourself,
And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns,
That dwell in ev'ry region of his face;
For I will make him tell the tale anew. Shakesp. Othello.

ENCE’INTE. n. s. [French.] Inclosure; ground inclosed
with a fortification. A military term not yet naturalised.

To ENCHA’FE. v. a. [eschauffer, French.] To enrage; to
irritate; to provoke.
The wind shak'd surge, with high and monstrous main,
Seems to cast water on the burning bear,
And quench the guards of th' ever-fired pole:
I never did like molestation view
On the enchafed flood. Shakespeare's Othello.

To ENCHA’IN. v. a. [enchainer, French.] To fasten with a
chain; to hold in chains; to bind; to hold in bondage.
What should I do! while here I was enchain'd,
No glimpse of godlike liberty remain'd. Dryden's Virgil.

To ENCHA’NT. v. a. [enchanter, French.]
1. To give efficacy to any thing by songs of sorcery.
And now about the cauldron sing,
Like elves and fairies in a ring,
Enchanting all that you put in. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
These powerful drops thrice on the threshold pour,
And bathe with this enchanted juice her door;
That door where no admittance now is found,
But where my soul is ever hov'ring round. Granville.
2. To subdue by charms or spells.
Arcadia was the charmed circle, where all his spirits for
ever should be enchanted. Sidney, b. ii.
One whom the musick of his own vain tongue
Doth ravish, like enchanting harmony. Sh. Love's Lab. Lost.
John thinks them all enchanted: he enquires if Nick had
not given them some intoxicating potion. Arbuthnot's J. Bull.
3. To delight in a high degree.
Too dear I priz'd a fair enchanting face;
Beauty unchaste is beauty in disgrace. Pope's Odyssey, b. viii.

ENCHA’NTER. n. s. [enchanteur, French.] A magician; a sor­
cerer; one who has spirits or demons at his command; one
who has the power of charms and spells.
Such phasms, such apparitions, are excellencies which men
applaud in themselves, conjured up by the magick of a strong
imagination, and only seen within that circle in which the
enchanter stands. Decay of Piety.
Gladio, by valour and stratagem, put to death tyrants, en­
chanters, monsters, and knights. Spectator, No. 597.
Ardan, that black enchanter, whose dire arts
Enslav'd our knights, and broke our virgin hearts. Granv.

ENCHA’NTINGLY. adv. [from enchant.] With the force of



enchantment. It is improperly used in a passive sense in the
following passage.
He's gentle; never school'd, and yet learned; full of noble
device; of all sorts enchantingly belov'd. Shakes. As you like it.

ENCHA’NTMENT. n. s. [enchantement, French.]
1. Magical charms; spells; incantation; sorcery.
The Turks thought that horrible tempest was brought upon
them by the charms and enchantments of the Persian magicians.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. Irresistible influence; overpowering delight.
Warmth of fancy will carry the loudest and most universal
applause, which holds the heart of a reader under the strong­
est enchantment. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.

ENCHA’NTRESS. n. s. [enchanteress, French.]
1. A sorceress; a woman versed in magical arts.
Fell banning hag! Enchantress, hold thy tongue. Shakes.
I have it by certain tradition, that it was given to the first
who wore it by an enchantress. Tatler, No. 52.
2. A woman whose beauty or excellencies give irresistible in­
fluence.
From this enchantress all these ills are come;
You are not safe 'till you pronounce her doom. Dryden.
Oft with th' enchantress of his soul he talks,
Sometimes in crowds distress'd. Thomson's Spring, l. 1050.

To ENCHA’SE. v. a. [enchasser, French.]
1. To infix; to enclose in any other body so as to be held fast,
but not concealed.
Like polish'd iv'ry, beauteous to behold;
Or Parian marble, when enchas'd in gold. Dryden's Virgil.
Words, which, in their natural situation, shine like jewels
enchased in gold, look, when transposed into notes, as if set
in lead. Felton on the Classicks.
2. To adorn by being fixed upon it.
What see'st thou there? King Henry's diadem,
Enchas'd with all the honours of the world! Shak. Henry VI.
They houses burn, and houshold gods deface,
To drink in bowls which glitt'ring gems enchase. Dryden.

ENCHE’ASON. n. s. [encheson, old law French.] Cause; occa­
sion. Skinner. Cowel. Bailey.
Certes, said he, well mote I should to tell
The fond encheason that me hither led. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To ENCI’RCLE. v. a. [from circle.] To surround; to environ;
to inclose in a ring or circle; to enring.
That stranger-guest the Paphian realm obeys,
A realm defended with encircling seas. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
Beneath a sculptur'd arch he sits inthron'd;
The peers encircling, form an awful round. Pope's Odyssey.

ENCI’RCLET. n. s. [from circle.] A circle; a ring.
In whose encirclets if ye gaze,
Your eyes may tread a lover's maze. Sidney, b. ii.

ENCLI’TICKS. n. s. [ἐγϰλίτιϰα.] Particles which throw back
the accent upon the foregoing syllable.

To ENCLO’SE. v. a. [enclos, French.]
1. To part from things or grounds common by a fence.
The protector caused a proclamation to be set forth against
enclosures, commanding that they who had enclosed lands, ac­
customed to lie open, should lay them open again. Hayward.
As much land as a man tills, and can use the product of,
so much he by his labour encloses from the common. Locke.
For enclosing of land, the usual way is with a bank set with
quick. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To environ; to encircle; to surround; to encompass; to
shut in between other things; to include.
The fourth row a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper: they
shall be set in gold in their enclosings. Ex. xxviii. 20.
The peer now spreads the glitt'ring forfex wide,
T' enclose the lock; now joins it, to divide. Pope.

ENCLO’SER. n. s. [from enclose.]
1. One that encloses, or separates common fields in several dis­
tinct properties.
If God had laid all common, certainly
Man would have been th' encloser; but since now
God hath impal'd us, on the contray,
Man breaks the fence. Herbert.
2. Any thing in which another is enclosed.

ENCLO’SURE. n. s. [from enclose.]
1. The act of enclosing or environing any thing.
The membranes are for the comprehension or enclosure of
all these together. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
2. The separation of common grounds into distinct possessions.
Enclosures began to be frequent, whereby arable land was
turned into pasture. Bacon's Henry VII.
Touching enclosures, I am not ignorant what a profitable
purchase is made thereby, because a company of lands inclosed
are thereby improved in worth two or three parts at the
least. Hayward.
3. The appropriation of things common.
Let no man appropriate what God hath made common;
that is against justice and charity, and by miraculous accidents
God hath declared his displeasure against such enclosure. Taylor.
4. State of being shut up in any place; encompassed, or en­
vironed.
This expresses particularly the enclosure of the waters within
the earth. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
For the young, during its enclosure in the womb, there are
formed membranes inveloping it, called secundines. Ray.
5. The space enclosed; the space comprehended within certain
limits.
And all, that else this world's enclosure base
Hath great or glorious in mortal eye,
Adorns the person of her majesty. Fairy Queen, b. ii. can. 2.
They are to live all in a body, and generally within the
same enclosure; to marry among themselves, and to eat no
meats that are not prepared their own way. Addison's Spectator.
6. Several; ground enclosed; ground separated from the
common.
'Tis not the common, but the enclosure must make him
rich. South's Sermons.

ENCO’MIAST. n. s. [ἐγϰωμιαϛὴς.] A panegyrist; a proclaimer
praise; a praiser.
The Jesuits are the great encomiasts of the Chinese. Locke.

ENCOMIA’STICAL. adj. [ἐγϰωμιάϛιϰ.] Panegyrical; lau­
datory; containing praise; bestowing
praise.

ENCOMIA’STICK. adj. [ἐγϰωμιάϛιϰ.] Panegyrical; lau­
datory; containing praise; bestowing
praise.

ENCO’MIUM. n. s. [ἐγϰώμιον.] Panegyrick; praise; elogy.
How eagerly do some men propagate every little encomium
their parasites make of them. Government of the Tongue, s. 9.
A vile encomium doubly ridicules;
There's nothing blackens like the ink of fools. Pope.

To ENCO’MPASS. v. a. [from compass.]
1. To enclose; to encircle.
Look how my ring encampasseth thy finger;
Ev'n so thy breast encloseth my poor heart. Shak. Rich. III.
Two strong ligaments encompass the whole head of the
femur. Wiseman's Surgery.
Poetick fields encompass me around,
And still I seem to tread on classick ground. Addison.
2. To shut in; to surround; to environ.
He, having scarce six thousand in his troop,
By three and twenty thousand of the French
Was round encompassed, and set upon. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. To go round any place: as, Drake encompassed the world.

ENCO’MPASSMENT. n. s. [from encompass.] Circumlocution;
remote tendency of talk.
Finding
By this encompassment and drift of question,
That they do know my son, come you more near. Shakes.

ENCO’RE. adv. [French.] Again; once more. A word used
at publick shows when a singer, or fiddler, or buffoon is de­
sired by the audience to do the same thing again.
To the same notes thy sons shall hum or snore,
And all thy yawning daughters cry encore. Dunciad, b. iv.

ENCO’UNTER. n. s. [encontre, French.]
1. Duel; single fight; conflict.
Thou hast beat me out
Twelve several times, and I have nightly since
Dreamt of encounters 'twixt thyself and me. Shakespeare.
Let's leave this keen encounter of our wits,
And fall something into a slower method. Shakes. Rich. III.
Pallas th' encounter seeks; but e're he throws,
To Tuscan Tiber thus address'd his vows:
O sacred stream, direct my flying dart,
And give to pass the proud Halesus' heart. Dryden's Æn.
2. Battle; fight in which enemies rush against each other.
Two black clouds
With heav'n's artillery fraught, come rattling on
Over the Caspian; then stand front to front,
Hov'ring a space, 'till winds the signal blow
To join their dark encounter in mid air. Milt. Parad. Lost.
3. Eager and warm conversation, either of love or anger.
The peaking cornuto comes to me in the instant of our
encounter, after we had spoke the prologue of our comedy. Shak.
4. Accidental congress; sudden meeting.
Propitious Pallas, to secure her care,
Around him spread a veil of thicken'd air,
To shun th' encounter of the vulgar crowd. Pope's Odyssey.
5. Accosting.
But in what habit will you go along?
—Not like a woman; for I would prevent the loose encounters
of lascivious men. Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Three parts of Brutus
Is ours already; and the man entire,
Upon the next encounter, yields him ours. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.
6. Casual incident; occasion. This sense is scarcely English.
An equality is not sufficient for the unity of character: 'tis
further necessary, that the same spirit appear in all sort of
encounters. Pope's View of Epick Poetry.

To ENCO’UNTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To meet face to face.
If I must die,
I will encounter darkness as a bride,
And hug it in mine arms. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
The fashion of the world is to avoid cost, and you encoun­
ter it. Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.



Thou stronger may'st endure the flood of light;
And, while in shades I chear my fainting sight,
Encounter the descending excellence. Dryd. State of Innocence.
2. To meet in a hostile manner; to rush against in conflict.
Putting themselves in order of battle, they encountered their
enemies. Knolles's History of the Turks.
3. To meet with reciprocal kindness.
See, they encounter thee with their hearts thanks;
Both sides are even. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. To attack; to meet in the front.
Which way soever we turn ourselves, we are encountered
with clear evidences and sensible demonstrations of a Deity.
Tillotson, Sermon 1.
5. To oppose; to oppugn.
Jurors are not bound to believe two witnesses, if the pro­
bability of the fact does reasonably encounter them. Hale.
6. To meet by accident.
I am most fortunate thus to encounter you:
You have ended my business, and I will merrily
Accompany you home. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To ENCO’UNTER. v. n.
1. To rush together in a hostile manner; to conflict.
And let belief and life encounter so,
As doth the fury of two desperate men,
Which, in the very meeting, fall and die. Shakes. K. John.
Five times, Marcius,
Have I fought with thee; so often hast thou beat me:
And wouldst do so, I think, should we encounter
As often as we eat. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. To engage; to fight.
Our wars
Will turn into a peaceful comick sport,
When ladies crave to be encounter'd with. Shakesp. H. VI.
Both the wings of his fleet had begun to encounter with the
Christians. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Those who have the most dread of death, must in a little
time be content to encounter with it, whether they will or no.
Wake's Preparation for Death.
3. To meet face to face.
4. To come together by chance.

ENCO’UNTERER. n. s. [from encounter.]
1. Opponent; antagonist; enemy.
The lion will not kick with his feet, but he will strike such
a stroke with his tail, that he will break the back of his en­
counterer with it. More's Antidote against Atheism.
The doctrines of the reformation have kept the field against
all encounterers, and does he think they may be foiled by two
or three remarks? Atterbury's Pref. to Ans. on Consid. on Luther.
2. One that loves to accost others. An old term.
Oh, these encounterers! so gilt of tongue,
They give a coasting welcome ere it comes;
And wide unclasp the tables of their thoughts
To every ticklish reader. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

To ENCO’URAGE. v. a. [encourager, French.]
1. To animate; to incite to any thing.
They encourage themselves in an evil matter. Ps. lxiv. 5.
2. To give courage to; to support the spirits; to inspirit; to
embolden.
I would neither encourage the rebels, nor discourage the
protestants loyalty. King Charles.
3. To raise confidence; to make confident.
I doubt not but there are ways to be found, to assist our
reason in this most useful part; and this the judicious Hooker
encourages me to say. Locke.

ENCO’URAGEMENT. n. s. [from encourage.]
1. Incitement to any action or practice; incentive.
Such strength of heart
Thy conduct and example gives; nor small
Encouragement, Godolphin, wise and just. Phillips.
2. Favour; countenance; support.
For when he dies, farewel all honour, bounty,
All generous encouragement of arts. Otway's Orphan.
The reproach of immorality will lie heaviest against an
established religion, because those who have no religion will
profess themselves of that which has the encouragement of the
law. Rogers, Sermon 9.

ENCO’URAGER. n. s. [from encourage.] One that supplies in­
citements to any thing; a favourer.
Live then, thou great encourager of arts,
Live ever in our thankful hearts. Dryden.
As the pope is himself a master of polite learning, and a
great encourager of arts; so at Rome any of those arts im­
mediately thrives, under the encouragement of the prince.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

To ENCRO’ACH. v. n. [accrocher, from croc, a hook, Fr.]
1. To make invasions upon the right of another; to put a hook
into another man's possessions to draw them away.
Those Irish captains of countries have encroached upon the
queen's freeholders and tenants. Spenser on Ireland.
2. To advance gradually and by stealth upon that to which one
has no right.
The superstition that riseth voluntarily, and by degrees
mingleth itself with the rites, even of every divine service,
done to the only true God, must be considered of as a creep­
ing and encroaching evil. Hooker, b. v. s. 3.
This hour is mine; if for the next I care, I grow too
wide,
And do encroach upon death's side. Herbert.
They fabled how the serpent, whom they call'd
Ophion, with Eurynome, the wide
Encroaching Eve perhaps, had first the rule
Of high Olympus. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 582.
Th' encroaching ill you early should oppose;
Flatter'd, 'tis worse, and by indulgence grows. Dryden.
Next, fenc'd with hedges and deep ditches round,
Exclude th' encroaching cattle from thy ground. Dryden.
Tisiphone, let loose from under ground,
Before her drives diseases and affright;
And every moment rises to the sight,
Aspiring to the skies, encroaching on the light. Dryden.

ENCRO’ACHER. n. s. [from encroach.]
1. One who seizes the possession of another by gradual and silent
means.
The bold encroachers on the deep,
Gain by degrees huge tracts of land,
'Till Neptune, with one gen'ral sweep,
Turns all again to barren strand. Swift.
2. One who makes slow and gradual advances beyond his
rights.
Full dress creates dignity, augments consciousness, and
keeps at distance an encroacher. Clarissa.

ENCRO’ACHMENT. n. s. [from encroach.]
1. An unlawful gathering in upon another man. For example:
if two mens grounds lying together, the one presses too far
upon the other; or if a tenant owe two shillings rent-service
to the lord, and the lord takes three: so the Spencers en­
croached to themselves royal power and authority. Cowel.
But this usurper his encroachment proud
Stays not on man: to God his tow'r intends
Siege, and defiance. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 72.
As a man had a right to all he could employ his labour
upon, so he had no temptation to labour for more than he
could make use of: this left no room for controversy about
the title, nor for encroachment on the right of others. Locke.
If it be a man's known principle to depart from his right,
ill men will make unjust encroachments upon him. Atterbury.
The people, since the death of Solon, had already made
great encroachments. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
2. Advance into the territories or rights of another.
It gave the ancient Romans an opportunity of making so
many encroachments on the sea, and of laying the foundations
of their palaces within the very borders of it. Addison on Italy.

To ENCU’MBER. v. a. [encombrer, French.]
1. To clog; to load; to impede.
We have, by this many years experience, found that ex­
ceeding great good, not encumbered with any notable incon­
venience. Hooker, b. v. s. 20.
Encumber'd with his vest, without defence. Dryden.
2. To entangle; to embarrass; to obstruct.
The verbal copier is encumbered with so many difficulties at
once, that he can never disentangle himself. Dryden.
The god awak'd,
And thrice in vain he shook his wing,
Encumber'd in the silken string. Prior.
3. To load with debts: as, his estate is encumbered with mort­
gages.

ENCU’MBRANCE. n. s. [from encumber.]
1. Clog; load; impediment.
Philosophers agreed in despising riches, at best, consi­
dering them as unnecessary encumbrances of life. Temple.
Dead limbs are an encumbrance to the body, instead of being
of use to it. Addison's Freeholder, No. 13.
2. Excrescence; useless addition.
Strip from the branching Alps their piny load,
The huge encumbrance of horrifick woods. Thoms. Autumn.
3. Burthen upon an estate.
In respect of the encumbrances of a living, consider whether
it be sufficient for his family, and to maintain hospitality. Ayl.

ENCY’CLICAL. adj. [ἐγϰυϰλιϰὸς.] Circular; sent round through
a large region.
This council was not received in patriarchal sees, which
is evident from Photius's encyclical epistle to the patriarch of
Alexandria. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

ENCYCLOPE’DIA. n. s. [ἐγϰυϰλοϖάιδεια.] The circle of
sciences; the round of learning.

ENCYCLOPE’DY. n. s. [ἐγϰυϰλοϖάιδεια.] The circle of
sciences; the round of learning.
Every science borrows from all the rest, and we cannot at­
tain any single one without the encyclopædy. Glanv. Sceps. c. 25.
This art may justly claim a place in the encyclopædia, espe­
cially such as serves for a model of education for an able poli­
tician. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

ENCY’STED. adj. [ϰύϛις.] Enclosed in a vesicle or bag.
Encysted tumours borrow their names from a cyst or bag
in which they are contained, and are farther distinguished by
the nature of their contents. Sharp's Surgery.




END

END. n. s. [end, Saxon.]
1. The extremity of any thing materially extended.
Jonathan put forth the end of the rod that was in his hand,
and dipt it in a honeycomb. 1 Sam. xiv. 27.
The extremity and bounds of all bodies we have no diffi­
culty to arrive at; but, when the mind is there, it finds no­
thing to hinder its progress into this endless expansion: of that
it can neither find, nor conceive any end. Locke.
2. The last particle of any assignable duration.
If the world's age and death be argu'd well
By the sun's fall, which now tow'rds earth doth bend,
Then we might fear that virtue, since she fell
So low as woman, should be near her end. Donne.
3. The conclusion or cessation of any action.
Jacob had made an end of commanding his sons. Gen. xlix.
Yet vainly most their age in study spend;
No end of writing books, and to no end. Denham.
The causes and designs of an action are the beginning:
the effects of these causes, and the difficulties that are met
with in the execution of these designs, are the middle; and
the unravelling and resolution of these difficulties, are the
end. Pope's View of Epic Poem.
4. The conclusion or last part of any thing; as, the end of a
chapter; the end of a discourse.
5. Ultimate state; final doom.
6. The point beyond which no progression can be made.
They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and
are at their wits end. Ps. cvii. 27.
7. Final determination; conclusion of debate or deliberation.
My guilt be on my head, and there's an end! Shakesp.
8. Death; fate; decease.
I determine to write the life and the end, the nature and
the fortunes of George Villiers. Wotton.
The soul receives intelligence,
By her near genius, of the body's end,
And so imparts a sadness to the sense. Daniel's Civil War.
'Tis the great business of life to fit ourselves for our end,
and no man can live well that has not death in his eye. L'Estr.
Remember Milo's end,
Wedg'd in that timber which he strove to rend. Roscommon.
My God, my father, and my friend,
Do not forsake me in my end. Roscommon.
Unblam'd through life, lamented in thy end. Pope.
9. Abolition; total loss.
There would be an end of all civil government, if the
assignment of civil power were by such institution. Locke.
10. Cause of death; destroyer.
Take heed you dally not before your king,
Lest he that is the supreme king of kings,
Confound your hidden falshood, and award
Either of you to be the other's end. Shakesp. Richard III.
11. Consequence; event.
O, that a man might know
The end of this day's business ere it come!
But it sufficeth that the day will end. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
The end of these things is death. Rom. vi. 21.
12. Fragment; broken piece.
Thus I cloathe my naked villany
With old odd ends, stol'n forth of Holy Writ,
And seem a saint. Shakespeare's Richard III.
13. Purpose; intention.
There was a purpose to reduce the monarchy to a republick,
which was far from the end and purpose of that nation. Claren.
I have lov'd!
What can thy ends, malicious beauty, be?
Can he who kill'd thy brother, live for thee? Dryd. Ind. Em.
Heav'n, as its instrument, my courage sends;
Heav'n ne'er sent those who sight for private ends. Dryden.
Others are apt to attribute them to some false end or in­
tention. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.
14. Thing intended; final design.
Wisdom may have framed one and the same thing to serve
commodiously for divers ends, and of those ends any one may
be sufficient cause for continuance, though the rest have
ceased. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
All those things which are done by him, have some end for
which they are done; and the end for which they are done, is
a reason of his will to do them. Hooker, b. i. s. 2.
Her only end is never-ending bliss;
Which is, the eternal face of God to see,
Who last of ends, and first of causes is;
And to do this, she must eternal be. Davies.
The end of the commandment is charity. 1 Tim. i. 5.
Two things I shall propound to you, as ends; since the wise
men of this world have made them theirs. Suckling.
Such conditions did fully comply with all those ends, for
which the parliament had first taken up arms. Clarendon.
Hear and mark
To what end I have brought thee hither, and shewn
All this fair sight. Milton's Paradise Regained, b. iii.
Life, with my Indamora, I would chuse;
But, losing her, the end of living lose. Dryden's Aurengz.
For when success a lover's toil attends,
Few ask if fraud or force attain'd his ends. Pope.
The end of our fast is to please God, and make him pro­
pitious. Smalridge's Sermons.
15. An END. [Probably corrupted from on end.] Upright;
erect: as, his hair stands an end.
16. An END has a signification in low language not easily ex­
plained; as, most an end, commonly: perhaps it is properly on
end, at the conclusion; or corrupted from some old word not
easily recoverable.
Stay'st thou to vex me here?
Slave, that, still an end, turns me to shame. Shakespeare.

To END. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To terminate; to conclude; to finish.
That but this blow
Might be the be-all, and the end-all. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He would in one battle end quarrel with them, either win
or lose the empire. Knolles's History of the Turks.
That expensive war under which we have so long groaned,
is not yet ended. Smalridge's Sermom.
2. To destroy; to put to death.
The lord of Stafford dear to-day hath bought
Thy likeness; for instead of thee, king Harry,
This sword hath ended him. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

To END. v. n.
1. To come to an end; to be finished.
Yet happy were my death, mine ending blest,
If this I could obtain, that, breast to breast,
Thy bosom might receive my yielded spright. Fairfax, b. ii.
Then ease your weary Trojans will attend,
And the long labours of your voyage end. Dryden's Æn.
2. To terminate; to conclude; to cease; to fail.
Our laughing, if it be loud and high, commonly ends in a
deep sigh; and all the instances of pleasure have a sting in the
tail. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
His sovereignty, built upon either of these titles, could not
have descended to his heir, but must have ended with him. Loc.

To ENDA’MAGE. v. a. [from damage.] To mischief; to pre­
judice; to harm.
Nor ought he car'd whom he endamaged
By tortous wrong, or whom bereav'd of right. Fa. Queen.
And it cometh sometime to pass, that a thing unnecessary
in itself, touching the whole direct purpose, doth notwith­
standing appear convenient to be still held, even without use,
left, by reason of that coherence which it hath with some­
what most necessary, the removal of the one should endamage
the other. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Where your good word cannot advantage him,
Your slander never can endamage him. Shakespeare.
Gather our soldiers, scatter'd and disperst,
And lay new platforms to endamage them. Shak. Hen. VI.
The trial hath endamag'd thee no way;
Rather more honour left, and more esteem. Milton.
When an erroneous opinion is published, the publick is en­
damaged, and therefore it becomes punishable by the magi­
strate. South's Sermons.
A great alteration doth seldom any wise endamage or disor­
der the globe. Woodward's Natural History.

To ENDA’NGER. v. a. [from danger.]
1. To put into hazard; to bring into peril.
Every one desires his own preservation and happiness, and
therefore hath a natural dread of every thing that can destroy
his being, or endanger his happiness. Tillotson, Sermon 4.
He rais'd the rest,
To force the foes from the Lavinian shore,
And Italy's endanger'd peace restore. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
My kingdom claims your birth; my late defence,
Of our endanger'd fleet, may claim your confidence. Dryden.
Volatile salts never exist in an animal body; the heat re­
quired to make them volatile, endangers the animal.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The interest endangered is no less than our title to heaven.
Rogers, Sermon 4.
2. To incur the danger of; to hazard.
He that turneth the humours back, and maketh the wound
bleed inwards, endangereth malign ulcers. Bacon's Essays.

To ENDE’AR. v. a. [from dear.] To make dear; to make
beloved.
All those instances of charity which usually endear each
other, sweetness of conversation, frequent admonition, all
significations of love must be expressed towards children. Tayl.
And in the mixture of all these appears
Variety, which all the rest endears. Denham.
The only thing that can endear religion to your practice,
will be to raise your affections above this world. Wake.

ENDE’ARMENT. n. s. [from endear.]
1. The cause of love; means by which any thing is endeared.
Her first endearments, twining round the soul. Thomson.
2. The state of being endeared; the state of being loved.
Is not the separate property of a thing the great cause of its
endearment amongst all mankind? South's Sermons.



When a man shall have done all that he can to make one
his friend, and emptied his purse to create endearment between
them, he may, in the end, be forced to write vanity and
frustration. South's Sermons.

ENDE’AVOUR. n. s. [devoir, French; endevoir.] Labour
directed to some certain end; effort to obtain or avoid.
My studied purposes went
Beyond all man's endeavours. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Heav'n doth divide
The state of man in divers functions,
Setting endeavour in continual motion. Shakesp. Henry V.
Here their appointment we may best discover,
And look on their endeavour. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
I take imitation of an author, in their sense, to be an en­
deavour of a later poet to write like one, who has written be­
fore him on the same subject. Dryden.
The bold and sufficient pursue their game with more pas­
sion, endeavour, and application, and therefore often suc­
ceed. Temple.
She could not make the least endeavour towards the pro­
ducing of any thing that hath vital and organical parts. Ray.
Such an assurance as will quicken mens endeavours for the
obtaining of a lesser good, ought to animate men more power­
fully in the pursuit of that which is infinitely greater. Tillots.
This is the hinge on which turns the liberty of intellectual
beings, in their constant endeavours after, and steady prosecu­
tion of true felicity. Locke.

To ENDEA’VOUR. v. n. [from the noun.] To labour to a
certain purpose; to work for a certain end.
I could wish that more of our country-clergy would endea­
vour after a handsome elocution. Addison's Spectator, No. 106.
Of old, those met rewards who could excel;
And those were prais'd, who but endeavour'd well. Pope.

To ENDEA’VOUR. v. a. To attempt; to try.
To pray'r, repentance, and obedience due,
Though but endeavour'd with sincere intent,
Mine ear shall not be slow, mine ear not shut. Milt. P. L.

ENDEA’VOURER. n. s. [from endeavour.] One who labours to
a certain end.
He appears an humble endeavourer, and speaks honestly to
no purpose. Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.

ENDECA’GON. n. s. [ἐνδεϰαγον.] A plain figure of eleven sides
and angles.

ENDE’MIAL. adj. [ἔνδημ.] Peculiar to a country; used of
any disease that affects several people together
in the same country, proceeding from some
cause peculiar to the country where it reigns: such as the
scurvy to the northern climes. Quincy.

ENDE’MICAL. adj. [ἔνδημ.] Peculiar to a country; used of
any disease that affects several people together
in the same country, proceeding from some
cause peculiar to the country where it reigns: such as the
scurvy to the northern climes. Quincy.

ENDE’MICK. adj. [ἔνδημ.] Peculiar to a country; used of
any disease that affects several people together
in the same country, proceeding from some
cause peculiar to the country where it reigns: such as the
scurvy to the northern climes. Quincy.
We may bring a consumption under the notion of a pan­
demick, or endemick, or rather a vernacular disease, to Eng­
land. Harvey on Consumptions.
Solenander, from the frequency of the plants springing up
in any region, could gather what endemial diseases the inhabi­
tants were subject to. Ray on the Creation.
An endemial disease is what is common to the people of the
country. Arbuthnot on Air.
What demonstrates the plague to be endemial to Egypt, is
its invasion and going off at certain seasons. Arbuthn. on Air.

To ENDE’NIZE. v. a. [from denizen.] To make free; to en­
franchise.
It hath been beautified and enriched out of other good
tongues, partly by enfranchising and endenizing strange words.
Camden's Remains.

To ENDI’CT. v. a. [enditer, French; dictum, Latin.]

To ENDI’TE. v. a. [enditer, French; dictum, Latin.]
1. To charge any man by a written accusation before a court of
justice: as, he was endited for felony.
2. To draw up; to compose; to write.
Your battles they hereafter shall indite,
And draw the image of our Mars in fight. Waller.
How shall Filbert unto me indite,
When neither I can read, nor he can write. Gay.
Hear how learn'd Greece her useful rules indites,
When to repress, and when indulge our flights! Pope.

ENDI’CTMENT. n. s. [from endite.] A bill or declaration made
in form of law, for the benefit of the com­
monwealth; or an accusation for some offence exhibited unto
jurours, and by their verdict found and presented to be true,
before an officer can have power to punish the same offence.
Cowel.

ENDI’TEMENT. n. s. [from endite.] A bill or declaration made
in form of law, for the benefit of the com­
monwealth; or an accusation for some offence exhibited unto
jurours, and by their verdict found and presented to be true,
before an officer can have power to punish the same offence.
Cowel.
'Tis necessary that the species of the crime be described in
the libel or articles, which our English lawyers call an in­
dictment or information. Ayliffe's Parergon.
We never draw any indictment at all against them, but
think commendably even of them. Hooker.
The hand-writing against him may be cancelled in the
court of heaven, and yet the indictment run on in the court
of conscience. South's Sermons.
Attend the court, and thou shalt briefly find
In that one place the manners of mankind;
Hear the endictments, then return again,
Call thyself wretch, and, if thou dar'st, complain. Dryden.

E’NDIVE. n. s. [endive, French; intybum, Latin.]
Endive, or succory, is of several sorts; as the white, the
green, and the curled, which are only propagated by seed,
that is longish, of a white-grey colour, flat at one end, and
roundish at the other. It grows upon the stocks or stems of
the preceding year's growth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

E’NDLESS. adj. [from end.]
1. Without end; without conclusion or termination.
Nothing was more endless than the common method of
comparing eminent writers by an opposition of particular
passages in them. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
2. Infinite in longitudinal extent.
As it is pleasant to the eye to have an endless prospect, so it
is some pleasure to a finite understanding to view unlimited
excellencies. Tillotson.
3. Infinite in duration; perpetual.
None of the heathens, how curious soever in searching out
all kinds of outward ceremonies, could ever once endeavour
to resemble herein the church's care for the endless good of
her children. Hooker, b. v. s. 18.
But after labours long, and sad delay,
Brings them to joyous rest, and endless bliss. Fairy Queen.
All our glory extinct, and happy state,
Here swallow'd up in endless misery! Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. Incessant; continual.
All the priests and friars in my realm,
Shall in procession sing her endless praise. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Each pleasing Blount shall endless smiles bestow,
And soft Belinda's blush for ever glow. Pope.

E’NDLESSLY. adv. [from endless.]
1. Incessantly; perpetually.
Though his promise has made a sure entail of grace to all
those who humbly seek, yet it no where engages that it shall
importunately and endlessly renew its assaults on those who have
often repulsed it. Decay of Piety.
2. Without termination of length.

E’NDLESSNESS. n. s. [from endless.]
1. Perpetuity; endless duration.
2. The quality of being round without an end.
The Tropick circles have,
Yea, and those small ones, which the poles engrave,
All the same roundness, evenness, and all
The endlessness of the Equinoctial. Donne.

E’NDLONG. adv. [end and long.] In a strait line.
Then spurring at full speed, ran endlong on,
Where Theseus sat on his imperial throne. Dryden.

E’NDMOST. adj. [end and most.] Remotest; furthest; at the
farther end. Dict.

To ENDO’RSE. v. a. [endosser, French; dorsum, Latin.]
1. To register on the back of a writing; to superscribe.
A French gentleman speaking with an English of the law
salique, the English said that was meant of the women them­
selves, not of males claiming by women. The French gen­
tleman said, where do you find that gloss? The English an­
swered, look on the backside of the record of the law salique,
and there you shall find it endorsed. Bacon's Apophth.
Upon credential letters was endorsed this superscription, To
the king who hath the sun for his helmet. Howel's Vocal Forr.
All the letters I can find of your's I have fastened in a folio
cover, and the rest in bundles endorsed. Swift to Pope.
2. To cover on the back.
Chariots, or elephants endors'd with tow'rs
Of archers. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iii. l. 329.

ENDO’RSEMENT. n. s. [from endorse.]
1. Superscription; writing on the back.
2. Ratification.
Th' endorsement of supreme delight,
Writ by a friend, and with his blood. Herbert.

To ENDO’W. v. a. [indotare, Latin; endsuairer, French.]
1. To enrich with a portion.
He shall surely endow her to be his wife. Exod. xxii. 16.
2. To supply with any external goods.
An alms-house I intend to endow very handsomely for a
dozen superannuated husbandmen. Addison's Spectator.
3. To enrich with any excellence.
I at first with two fair gifts
Created him endow'd; with happiness
And immortality; that sondly lost,
This other serv'd but to eternize woe. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Among those who are the most richly endowed by nature,
and accomplished by their own industry, how sew are there
whose vertues are not obscured? Addison's Spectator, No. 255.
God did never command us to believe, nor his ministers to
preach any doctrine contrary to the reason he hath pleased to
endow us with. Swift.
4. To be the fortune of any one.
I do not think
So fair an outward, and such stuff within,
Endows a man but him. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

ENDO’WMENT. n. s. [from endow.]
1. Wealth bestowed to any person or use.
2. The bestowing or assuring a dower; the setting forth or



severing a sufficient portion for a vicar toward his perpetual
maintenance, when the benefice is appropriated. Cowel.
A chapel will I build, with large endowment. Dryden.
3. Gifts of nature.
By a desire of fame, great endowments are not suffered to
lie idle and useless to the publick. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.
If providence shews itself even in the blemishes of these
creatures, how much more does it discover itself in their several
endowments, according to the condition in which they are
posted. Addison's Spectator, No. 121.

To ENDU’E. v. a. [induo, Latin.]
1. To supply with mental excellencies; to invest with intellec­
tual powers.
Endue them with thy holy spirit. Common Prayer.
Wisdom was Adam's instructor in Paradise: wisdom endued
the fathers, who lived before the law, with the knowledge of
holy things. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
These banish'd men that I have kept withal,
Are men endu'd with worthy qualities. Shakespeare.
With what ease,
Endu'd with royal virtues as thou art,
Appearing and beginning noble deeds,
Might'st thou expel this monster from his throne. Milton.
Whatsoever other knowledge a man may be endued withal,
he is but an ignorant person who doth not know God, the
author of his being. Tillotson's Sermons.
Every Christian is endued with a power, whereby he is en­
abled to resist and conquer temptations. Tillotson, Sermon 6.
2. In the following passage it seems incorrectly printed for
endow.
Leah said, God hath endued me with a good dowry. Gen.

ENDU’RANCE. n. s. [from endure.]
1. Continuance; lastingness.
Some of them are of very great antiquity and continuance,
others more late and of less endurance. Spenser's State of Ireland.
2. Patience; the act of supporting; sufferance.
Great things of small
One can create; and in what place soe'er
Thrive under evil, and work ease out of pain,
Through labour and endurance. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Their fortitude was most admirable in their patience and
endurance of all evils, of pain, and of death. Temple.
3. Delay; procrastination. Obsolete.
I should have ta'en some pains to bring together
Yourself and your accusers, and have heard you,
Without endurance further. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To ENDU’RE. v. a. [endurer, French; durare, Latin.] To
bear; to undergo; to sustain; to support.
By thine own tongue thou art condemn'd, and must
Endure our law. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The hardness of bodies is caused chiefly by the jejuneness
of the spirits, and their imparity with the tangible parts,
which make them not only hard, but fragile, and less enduring
of pressure. Bacon's Natural History, No. 844.
So dear I love him, that with him all deaths
I could endure; without him, live no life. Milt. Par. Lost.
The gout haunts usually the easy and the rich, the
nice and the lazy, who grow to endure much, because they
can endure little. Temple.
I wish to die, yet dare not death endure. Dryd. Aurengz.
Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure,
As might the strokes of two such arms endure. Dryden.

To ENDU’RE. v. n.
1. To last; to remain; to continue.
Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat
which endureth unto everlasting life. John vi. 27.
Doth the crown endure to every generation? Prov. xxviii.
By being able to repeat measures of time, or ideas of stated
length of duration in our minds, we can imagine duration,
where nothing does really endure or exist. Locke.
A charm, that shall to age endure
The mind benevolent and pure. Anon.
2. To brook; to bear; to admit.
For how can I endure to see the evil that shall come unto
my people? Or how can I endure to see the destruction of
my kindred? Esth. viii. 6.
Our great English lords could not endure that any kings
should reign in Ireland but themselves; nay, they could hardly
endure that the crown of England should have any power over
them. Davies on Ireland.

ENDU’RER. n. s. [from endure.]
1. One that can bear or endure; sustainer; sufferer.
They are very valiant and hardy; for the most part great
endurers of cold, labour, hunger, and all hardiness. Spenser.
2. Continuer; laster.

E’NDWISE. adv. [end and wise.] Erectly; uprightly; on end.
A rude and unpolished America, peopled with slothful and
naked Indians, living in pitiful huts and cabbins, made of
poles set endwise. Ray on the Creation.

ENE

To E’NECATE. v. a. [eneco, Latin.] To kill; to destroy.
Some plagues partake of such a pernicious degree of ma­
lignity, that, in the manner of a most presentaneous poison,
they enecate in two or three hours, suddenly corrupting or ex­
tinguishing the vital spirits. Harvey on the Plague.

E’NEMY. n. s. [ennemi, French; inimicus, Latin.]
1. A publick foe.
All these statutes speak of English rebels and Irish enemies,
as if the Irish had never been in condition of subjects, but
always out of the protection of the law. Davies on Ireland.
The enemy thinks of raising threescore thousand men for
the next Summer. Addison on the State of the War.
2. A private opponent; an antagonist.
3. Any one who regards another with malevolence; not a
friend.
Kent, in disguise,
Follow'd his enemy king, and did him service
Improper for a slave. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. One that dislikes.
He that designedly uses ambiguities, ought to be looked on
as an enemy to truth and knowledge. Locke.
Bold is the critick, who dares prove
These heroes were no friends to love;
And bolder he who dares aver,
That they were enemies to war. Prior.
5. [In theology.] The fiend; the devil.
Defend us from the danger of the enemy. Common Prayer.

ENERGE’TICK. adj. [ἐνεϱγήτιϰος.]
1. Forcible; active; vigorous; powerful in effect; efficacious.
2. Operative; active; working; not at rest.
If then we will conceive of God truly, and, as far as we
can, adequately, we must look upon him not only as an eter­
nal Being, but also as a Being eternally energetick. Grew.

E’NERGY. n. s. [ἐνέϱγεια.]
1. Power not exerted in action.
They are not effective of any thing, nor leave no work
behind them, but are energies merely; for their working upon
mirrours, and places of echo, doth not alter any thing in
those bodies. Bacon.
2. Force; vigour; efficacy; influence.
Whether with particles of heav'nly fire
The God of nature did his soul inspire;
Or earth, but new divided from the sky,
And pliant still, retain'd th' ethereal energy. Dryden.
God thinketh with operation infinitely perfect, with an
omnipotent as well as an eternal energy. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
Beg the blessed Jesus to give an energy to your imperfect
prayers, by his most powerful intercession. Smalridge's Serm.
What but God!
Inspiring God! who, boundless spirit all,
And unremitting energy, pervades,
Adjusts, sustains, and agitates the whole. Thomson's Spring.
3. Faculty; operation.
Matter, though divided into the subtilest parts, moved swift­
ly, is senseless and stupid, and makes no approach to vital
energy. Ray on the Creation.
How can concussion of atoms beget self-consciousness,
and other powers and energies that we feel in our minds?
Bentley.
4. Strength of expression; force of signification; spirit; life.
Who did ever, in French authors, see
The comprehensive English energy. Roscommon.
Swift and ready, and familiar communication is made by
speech; and, when animated by elocution, it acquires a greater
life and energy, ravishing and captivating the hearers. Holder.
Many words deserve to be thrown out of our language, and
not a few antiquated to be restored, on account of their energy
and sound. Swift.

To ENE’RVATE. v. a. [enervo, Latin.] To weaken; to
deprive of force; to emasculate.
Great empires, while they stand, do enervate and destroy
the forces of the natives which they have subdued, resting
upon their own protecting forces. Bacon, Essay 59.
Sheepish softness often enervates those who are bred like
fondlings at home. Locke.
On each enervate string they taught the note,
To pant, or tremble through an eunuch's throat. Pope.
Footmen exercise themselves, whilst their enervated lords
are softly lolling in their chariots. Arbuthn. and Pope's M. Scrib.

ENERVA’TION. n. s. [from enerve.]
1. The act of weakening; emasculation.
2. The state of being weakened; effeminacy.

To ENE’RVE. v. a. [enervo, Latin.] To weaken; to break
the force of; to crush.
We shall be able perfectly to solve and enerve their force.
Digby on Bodies.
Such object hath the pow'r to soft'n and tame
Severest temper, smooth the rugged'st brow,
Enerve, and with voluptuous hope dissolve. Milt. Par. Reg.

ENF

To ENFA’MISH. v. a. [from famish.] To starve; to famish;
to kill with hunger. Dict.

To ENFE’EBLE. v. a. [from feeble.] To weaken; to ener­
vate; to deprive of strength.



I've belied a lady,
The princess of this country; and the air on't
Revengingly enfeebles me. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
My people are with sickness much enfeebled. Shak. H. V.
Much hath hell debas'd, and pain
Enfeebl'd me, to what I was in heav'n! Milt. Parad. Lost.
Some there are that employ their time in affairs infinitely
below the dignity of their persons; and being called by God,
or the republick, to bear great burdens, do enfeeble their un­
derstandings, and disable their persons, by sordid and brutish
business. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Sure, nature form'd me of her softest mould,
Enfeebled all my soul with tender passions,
And sunk me even below my own weak sex. Addis. Cato.

To ENFE’OFF. v. a. [feoffamentum, low Latin.] To invest
with any dignities or possessions. A law term.
If the eldest son enfeoff the second, reserving homage,
and that homage paid, and then the second son dies without
issue, it will descend to the eldest as heir, and the seignory is
extinct. Hale's Common Law of England.

ENFE’OFFMENT. n. s. [from enfeoff.]
1. The act of enfeoffing.
2. The instrument or deed by which one is invested with pos­
sessions.

To ENFE’TTER. v. a. [from fetter.] To bind in fetters; to
enchain.
His soul is so enfetter'd to her love,
That she may make, unmake, do what she list. Sh. Othello.

ENFILA’DE. n. s. [Fr.] A strait passage; any thing through
which a right line may be drawn.

To ENFILA’DE. v. a. [from the noun.] To pierce in a right
line.
The avenues, being cut through the wood in right lines,
were enfiladed by the Spanish canon. Expedition to Carthagena.

To ENFI’RE. v. a. [from fire.] To fire; to set on fire; to
kindle.
So hard those heavenly beauties be enfir'd,
As things divine, least passions do impress. Spenser.

To ENFO’RCE. v. a. [enforcir, French.]
1. To give strength to; to strengthen; to invigorate.
2. To make or gain by force.
The idle stroke, enforcing furious way,
Missing the mark of his misaimed sight,
Did fall to ground. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 8. stan. 8.
3. To put in act by violence.
Sker away as swift as stones
Enforced from the old Assyrian slings. Shakesp. Henry V.
4. To instigate; to provoke; to urge on; to animate.
Fear gave her wings, and rage enforc'd my flight
Through woods and plains. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 4.
If you knew to whom you shew this honour,
I know you would be prouder of the work,
Than customary bounty can enforce you. Sh. Merch. of Ven.
5. To urge with energy.
Let them assemble;
And, on a safer judgment, all revoke
Your ignorant election; enforce his pride,
And his old hate to you. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He prevailed with him, by enforcing the ill consequence of
his refusal to take the office, which would be interpreted to
his dislike of the court. Clarendon.
To avoid all appearance of disaffection, I have taken care
to enforce loyalty by an invincible argument. Swift.
6. To compel; to constrain.
For competence of life I will allow you,
That lack of means enforce you not to evil. Shak. H. IV.
A just disdain conceived by that queen, that so wicked a
rebel should prevail against her, did move and almost enforce
her to send over that mighty army. Davies on Ireland.
7. To press with a charge. Little used.
In this point charge him home, that he affects
Tyrannick pow'r: if he evade us there,
Enforce him with his envy to the people,
And that the spoil got on the Antiates
Was ne'er distributed. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To ENFO’RCE. v. n. To prove; to evince; to shew beyond
contradiction.
Which laws in such case we must obey, unless there be
reason shewed, which may necessarily enforce that the law of
reason, or of God, doth enjoin the contrary. Hooker, b. i.

ENFO’RCE. n. s. [from force.] Power; strength.
He now defies thee thrice to single fight,
As a petty enterprise of small enforce. Milton's Agonistes.

ENFO’RCEDLY. adv. [from enforce.] By violence; not volun­
tarily; not spontaneously; not by choice.
If thou didst put this sow'r cold habit on,
To castigate thy pride, 'twere well; but thou
Do'st it enforcedly: thoud'st courtier be,
Wert thou not beggar. Shakespeare's Timon.

ENFO’RCEMENT. n. s. [from enforce.]
1. An act of violence; compulsion; force offered.
Confess 'twas her's, and by what rough enforcement
You got it from her. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
He that contendeth against these enforcements, may easily
master or resist them. Raleigh's History of the World.
2. Sanction; that which gives force to a law.
The rewards and punishments of another life, which the
Almighty has established as the enforcements of his law, are
of weight enough to determine the choice. Locke.
3. Motive of conviction; urgent evidence.
The personal descent of God himself, and his assumption
of our flesh to his divinity, was an enforcement beyond all the
methods of wisdom that were ever made use of in the
world. Hammond on Fundamentals.
4. Pressing exigence.
More than I have said,
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell on. Shakespeare's Richard III.

ENFO’RCER. n. s. [from enforce.] Compeller; one who effects
by violence.
When a man tumbles a cylinder or roller down an hill,
'tis certain that the man is the violent enforcer of the first mo­
tion of it. Hammond's Fundamentals.

ENFO’ULDRED. adj. [from foudre, French.] Mixed with
lightning.
Heart cannot think what outrage and what cries,
With foul enfouldred smoak and flashing fire,
The hell-bred beast threw forth unto the skies. Fairy Queen.

To ENFRA’NCHISE. v. a. [from franchise.]
1. To admit to the privileges of a freeman.
The English colonies, and some septs of the Irishry, en­
franchised by special charters, were admitted to the benefit of
the laws. Davies on Ireland.
Romulus was the natural parent of all those people that
were the first inhabitants of Rome, or of those that were after
incorporated and enfranchised into that name, city, or govern­
ment. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. To set free from slavery.
Men, forbearing wine, come from drinking healths to a
draught at a meal; and, lastly, to discontinue altogether: but
if a man have the fortitude and resolution to enfranchise him­
self at once, that is the best. Bacon's Essays.
If they won a battle, prisoners became slaves, and
continued so in their generations, unless enfranchised by their
masters. Temple.
3. To free or release from custody.
The gentleman, I told your ladyship,
Had come along with me, but that his mistress
Did hold his eyes lockt in her crystal looks.
—Belike, that now she hath enfranchis'd them,
Upon some other pawn for fealty. Shakespeare.
4. To denisen; to endenisen.
These words have been enfranchised amongst us. Watts.

ENFRA’NCHISEMENT. n. s. [from enfranchise.]
1. Investiture of the privileges of a denisen.
The incorporating a man into any society, or body politick.
For example, he that is by charter made denizen of England,
is said to be enfranchised; and so is he that is made a citizen
of London, or other city, or burgess of any town corporate,
because he is made partaker of those liberties that appertain to
the corporation. Cowel.
His coming hither hath no farther scope,
Than for his lineal royalties, and to beg
Enfranchisement immediate on his knees. Shakesp. Rich. II.
2. Release from prison or from slavery.
Never did captive with a freer heart
Cast off his chains of bondage, and embrace
His golden uncontroul'd enfranchisement. Shakes. Richard II.

ENFRO’ZEN. particip. [from frozen.] Congealed with cold.
Yet to augment the anguish of my smart,
Thou hast enfrozen her disdainful breast,
That no one drop of pity there doth rest. Spenser on Love.

ENG

To ENGA’GE. v. a. [engager, French.]
1. To make liable for a debt to a creditor.
I have engag'd myself to a dear friend,
Engag'd my friend to his meer enemy,
To feed my means. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. To impawn; to stake.
They most perfidiously condemn
Those that engag'd their lives for them. Hudibras, p. ii.
3. To enlist; to bring into a party.
All wicked men are of a party against religion: some lust
or interest engageth them against it. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. To embark in an affair; to enter in an undertaking.
So far had we engaged ourselves, unfortunate souls, that we
listed not to complain, since our complaints could not but carry
the greatest accusation to ourselves. Sidney, b. ii.
Before I engage myself in giving any answer to this ob­
jection of inconsumptible lights, I would see the effect cer­
tainly averred. Digby on Bodies.
5. To unite; to attach; to make adherent.
This humanity and good-nature engages every body to him,
so that when he is pleasant upon any of them, all his family
are in good humour. Addison's Spectator, No. 106.



6. To induce; to win by pleasing means; to gain.
To ev'ry duty he cou'd minds engage,
Provoke their courage, and command their rage. Waller.
His beauty these, and those his blooming age,
The rest his house and his own fame engage. Dryden's Æn.
So shall I court thy dearest truth,
When beauty ceases to engage;
So thinking on thy charming youth,
I'll love it o'er again in age. Prior.
7. To bind by any appointment or contract.
We have been firm to our allies, without declining any
expence to which we had engaged ourselves, and we have even
exceeded our engagement. Atterbury's Sermons.
8. To seize by the attention.
9. To employ; to hold in business.
For I shall sing of battles, blood and rage,
Which princes and their people did engage. Dryden.
10. To encounter; to fight.
The rebel knave, who dares his prince engage,
Proves the just victim of his royal rage. Pope.

To ENGA’GE. v. n.
1. To conflict; to fight.
Upon advertisement of the Scots army, the earl of Holland
was sent with a body to meet and engage with it. Clarendon.
2. To embark in any business; to enlist in any party.
'Tis not, indeed, my talent to engage
In lofty trifles, or to swell my page
With wind and noise. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 5.

ENGA’GEMENT. n. s. [from engage; engagement, French.]
1. The act of engaging, impawning, or making liable to a
debt.
2. Obligation by contract.
We have, in expence of blood, exceeded our engagements.
Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Adherence to a party or cause; partiality.
This practice may be obvious to any who impartially, and
without engagement, is at the pains to examine. Swift.
4. Employment of the attention.
Play, either by our too constant or too long engagement in
it, becomes like an employment or profession. Rogers's Serm.
5. Fight; conflict; battle.
Our army, led by valiant Torrismond,
Is now in hot engagement with the Moors. Dryden.
Encourag'd by despair, or obstinate
To fall like men in arms, some dare renew
Feeble engagement, meeting glorious fate
On the firm land. Phillips.
6. Obligation; motive.
This is the greatest engagement not to forfeit an oppor­
tunity. Hammond's Fundamentals.

To ENGA’OL. v. a. [from gaol.] To imprison; to confine.
Within my mouth you have engaol'd my tongue,
Doubly portcullis'd with my teeth and lips. Shakes. R. II.

To ENGA’RRISON. v. a. [from garrison.] To protect by a
garrison.
Neptune with a flying guard doth engarrison her strongly.
Howel's Vocal Forrest.

To ENGE’NDER. v. a. [engendrer, French.]
1. To beget between different sexes.
This bastard love is engendered betwixt lust and idleness. Sid.
2. To produce; to form.
Oh nature! thou, who of the self-same mettle,
Whereof thy proud child, arrogant man, is pufft,
Engender'st the black toad and adder blue. Shakesp. Timon.
Again, if souls do other souls beget,
'Tis by themselves, or by the body's pow'r:
If by themselves, what doth their working let,
But they might souls engender ev'ry hour? Davies.
3. To excite; to cause; to produce.
Say, can you fast? Your stomachs are too young,
And abstinence engenders maladies. Shakes. Love's Lab. Lost.
The presence of a king engenders love
Amongst his subjects and his loyal friends. Shakes. Henry VI.
That engenders thunder in his breast,
And makes him roar these accusations forth. Shakes. H. VI.
It unloads the mind, engenders thoughts, and animates
virtue. Addison's Spectator, No. 93.
4. To bring forth.
Vice engenders shame, and folly broods o'er grief. Prior.

To ENGE’NDER. v. n. To be caused; to be produced.
Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there. Dryd.

E’NGINE. n. s. [engin, French; ingegno, Italian.]
1. Any mechanical complication, in which various movements
and parts concur to one effect.
2. A military machine.
This is our engine, towers that overthrows;
Our spear that hurts, our sword that wounds our foes. Fairf.
3. Any instrument.
The sword, the arrow, the gun, with many terrible en­
gines of death, will be well employed. Raleigh's Essays.
He takes the scissars, and extends
The little engine on his fingers ends. Pope's Rape of the Lock.
4. Any instrument to throw water upon burning houses.
Some cut the pipes, and some the engines play;
And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire. Dryden.
5. Any means used to bring to pass, or to effect. Usually in an
ill sense.
Prayer must be divine and heavenly, which the devil with
all his engines so violently opposeth. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
6. An agent for another. In contempt.
They had th' especial engines been, to rear
His fortunes up into the state they were.

ENGINE’ER. n. s. [engingnier, French.] One who manages en­
gines; one who directs the artillery of an army.
For 'tis the sport to have the engineer
Hoist with his own petard. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Him thus enrag'd,
Descrying from afar, some engineer,
Dext'rous to guide th' unerring charge, design'd
By one nice shot to terminate the war. Phillips.
An author, who points his satire at a great man, is like the
engineer who signalized himself by this ungenerous practice.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 19.

E’NGINERY. n. s. [from engine.]
1. The act of managing artillery.
They may descend in mathematicks to fortification, archi­
tecture, enginery, or navigation. Milton on Education.
2. Engines of war; artillery.
We saw the foe
Approaching, gross and hùge, in hollow cube
Training his dev'lish enginery. Milton.

To ENGI’RD. v. a. [from gird.] To encircle; to surround;
to environ; to encompass.
My heart is drown'd with grief,
My body round engirt with misery;
For what's more miserable than discontent? Shak. Hen. VI.
That gold must round engirt these brows of mine. Shakes.

E’NGLE. n. s. [derived from the French engluer, to catch with
birdlime.] A gull; a put; a bubble. Hanmer.
I spied
An ancient engle going down the hill,
Will serve our turn. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
An alteration of Theobald's for angel.

E’NGLISH. adj. [engles, Saxon.] Belonging to England;
thence English is the language of England.
He hath neither Latin, French, nor Italian; and you may
come into the court, and swear that I have a poor pennyworth
in the English. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Of English talc, the coarser sort is called plaister, or parget;
the finer, spoad. Woodward.

To E’NGLISH. v. a. [from the noun.] To translate into
English.
We find not a word in the text can properly be rendered
anise, which is what the Latins call anethum, and properly
Englished dill. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 7.

To ENGLU’T. v. a. [engloutir, French.]
1. To swallow up.
Neither my place, nor ought I heard of business,
Hath rais'd me from my bed; nor doth the general
Take hold on me: for my particular grief
Engluts and swallows other sorrows. Shakespeare's Othello.
Certainly, thou art so near the gulf,
Thou needs must be englutted. Shakespeare's Henry V.
How many prodigal bits have slaves and peasants
This night englutted! Shakespeare's Timon.
2. To glut; to pamper.
Whose grieved minds, which choler did englut,
Against themselves turning their wrathful spight. Fai. Qu.
Being once englutted with vanity, he will straightway loath
all learning. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

To ENGO’RE. v. a. [from gore.] To pierce; to prick.
As savage bull, whom two fierce mastiffs bait,
When rancour doth with rage him once engore,
Forgets with wary ward them to await,
But with his dreadful horns them drives afore. Fairy Queen.

To ENGO’RGE. v. a. [from gorge, French, a throat.] To
swallow; to devour; to gorge.
Then fraught with rancour and engorged ire,
He cast at once him to avenge for all. Fairy Queen, b. i.
That is the gulf of greediness, they say,
That deep engorgeth all this world is prey. Spenser's Fa. Qu.

To ENGO’RGE. v. n. To devour; to feed with eagerness and
voracity; to riot.
Greedily she engorg'd without restraint,
And knew not eating death! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

To ENGRA’IL. v. a. [from grele, French, hail.] To batter;
to bruise as with hail. A word now used only in heraldry,
for, to indent in curve lines.
Æacides then shews
A long lance, and a caldron, new, engrail'd with twenty
hues. Chapman's Iliads.
Polwheel beareth a saultier engrailed. Carew's Survey.

To ENGRA’IN. v. a. [from grain.] To die deep; to die in
grain.



Sees thou how fresh my flowers being spread,
Dyed in lilie white and crimson red,
With leaves engrain'd in lusty green. Spenser's Pastorals.

To ENGRA’PPLE. v. n. [from grapple.] To close with; to
contend with hold on each other.
There shall young Hotspur, with a fury led,
Engrapple with thy son, as fierce as he. Daniel's Civ. War.

To ENGRA’SP. v. a. [from grasp.] To seize; to hold fast in
the hand; to gripe.
Now 'gan Pyrrocles wax as wood as he,
And him affronted with impatient might;
And both together fierce engrasped he,
Whiles Guyon standing by, their uncouth strife does see.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5. stan. 20.

To ENGRA’VE. v. a. preter. engraved; part. pass. engraved
or engraven. [engraver, French.]
1. To picture by incisions in any matter.
Her ivory forehead, full of bounty brave,
Like a broad table, did itself dispread,
For love his lofty triumphs to engrave,
And write the battles of his great godhead. Fairy Queen.
O'er all, the heav'n's refulgent image shines;
On either gate were six engraven signs. Addison's Ovid's Met.
Naimes fresh engrav'd appear'd of wits renown'd;
I look'd again, nor could their trace be found. Pope.
2. To mark wood or stone.
Engrave the two stones with the names. Ex. xxviii. 11.
3. To impress deeply; to imprint.
It will scarce seem possible, that God should engrave prin­
ciples, in men's minds, in words of uncertain significa­
tion. Locke.
Our Saviour makes this return, fit to be engraven in the
hearts of all promoters of charity. Atterbury's Sermons.
Sounds which address the ear, are lost and die
In one short hour; but that which strikes the eye,
Lives long upon the mind: the faithful sight
Engraves the knowledge with a beam of light. Watts.
4. [from grave.] To bury; to inhume; to inter.
The son had charge of them now being dead,
In seemly sort their corses to engrave,
And deck with dainty flowers their bridal bed. Fai. Queen.

ENGRA’VER. n. s. [from engrave.] A cutter in stone or other
matter.
Images are not made in the brain itself, as the pencil of a
painter or engraver makes the images in the table or metal,
but are imprinted in a wonderful method in the very soul
itself. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To ENGRI’EVE. v. a. [from grieve.] To pain; to vex; to
afflict; to disconsolate.
The gnawing anguish, and sharp jealousy,
Which his sad speech infixed in my breast,
Rankled so sore, and fester'd inwardly,
That my engrieved mind could find no rest. Fairy Queen.
Aches, and hurts, and corns, do engrieve either towards
rain, or towards frost. Bacon's Natural History, No. 828.

To ENGRO’SS. v. a. [grossir, French.]
1. To thicken; to make thick.
But more happy he than wise,
Of that sea's nature did him not avise;
The waves thereof so slow and sluggish were,
Engross'd with mud, which did them foul agriese,
That every weighty thing they did upbear. Fairy Queen.
2. To encrease in bulk.
Though pillars, by channeling, be seemingly engrossed to
our sight, yet they are truly weakened in themselves. Wotten.
3. To fatten; to plump up.
Not sleeping, to engross his idle body;
But praying, to enrich his watchful soul. Shakes. Rich. III.
4. To seize in the gross; to seize the whole of any thing.
If thou engrossest all the griefs as thine,
Thou robb'st me of a moiety. Shak. All's well that ends well.
Those two great things that so engross the desires and designs
of both the nobler and ignobler sort of mankind, are to be
found in religion; namely, wisdom and pleasure. South's Serm.
A dog, a parrot, or an ape,
Or some worse brute in human shape,
Engross the fancies of the fair. Swift.
5. To purchase the whole of any commodity for the sake of
selling at a high price.
6. To copy in a large hand.
Here is th' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
Which in a set hand fairly is engross'd. Shakes. Rich. III.
A clerk, foredoom'd his father's soul to cross,
Who pens a stanza when he should engross. Pope's Epistles.

ENGRO’SSER. n. s. [from engross.] He that purchases large
quantities of any commodity, in order to sell it at a high
price.
A new sort of engrossers, or forestallers, having the feeding
and supplying this numerous body of workmen in the woollen
manufactures, out of their warehouses, set the price upon the
poor landholder. Locke.

ENGRO’SSMENT. n. s. [from engross.] Appropriation of things
in the gross; exorbitant acquisition.
Our thighs are packt with wax, our mouths with honey:
We bring it to the hive; and, like the bees,
Are murder'd for our pains! This bitter taste
Yield his engrossments to the dying father. Shakes. Henry IV.
Those held their immoderate engrossments of power and
favour by no other tenure than presumption. Swift.

To ENGUA’RD. v. a. [from guard.] To protect; to defend;
to surround as guards.
A hundred knights! yes, that on ev'ry dream
He may enguard his dotage with their pow'rs,
And hold our lives at mercy. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To ENHA’NCE. v. a. [hausser, enhausser, French.]
1. To lift up; to raise on high. A sense now obsolete.
Both of them high at once their hands enhanc'd,
And both at once their huge blows down did sway. Fa. Qu.
2. To raise; to advance; to heighten in price.
The desire of money is every where the same; its vent
varies very little, but as its greater scarcity enhances its price,
and increases the scramble. Locke.
3. To raise in esteem.
What is it but the experience of want that enhances the
value of plenty. L'Estrange.
The remembrance of the difficulties we now undergo, will
contribute to enhance our pleasure. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. To aggravate; to increase from bad to worse.
To believe or pretend that whatever our hearts incite is
the will of God within us, is the principle of villainy that
hath acted in the children of disobedience, enhanced and im­
proved with circumstances of greater impudence than the
most abominable heathens were guilty of. Hammond.
The relation which those children bore to the priesthood,
contributed to enhance their guilt, and increase their punish­
ment. Atterbury's Sermons.

ENHA’NCEMENT. n. s. [from enhance.]
1. Encrease; augmentation of value.
Their yearly rents are not improved, the landlords making
no less gain by fines than by enhancement of rents. Bacon.
2. Aggravation; encrease of ill.
Jocular slanders have, from the slightness of the temptation,
an enhancement of guilt. Government of the Tongue, s. 5.

ENI’GMA. n. s. [ænigma, Latin; ἄινιγμα.] A riddle; an ob­
scure question; a position expressed in remote and ambiguous
terms.
The dark enigma will allow
A meaning; which, if well I understand,
From sacrilege will free the god's command. Dryden.
A custom was amongst the ancients of proposing an enigma
at festivals, and adjudging a reward to him that solved it. Pope.

ENIGMA’TICAL. adj. [from enigma.]
1. Obscure; ambiguously or darkly expressed.
Your answer, sir, is enigmatical. Sh. Much Ado about Noth.
Enigmatical deliveries comprehend useful verities; but
being mistaken by liberal expositors at first, they have been
misunderstood by most since. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Cloudy; obscurely conceived or apprehended.
Faith here is the assent to those things which come to us by
hearing, and are so believed by adherence, or dark enigmatical
knowledge, but hereafter are seen or known demonstratively.
Hammond's Practical Catechism.

ENIGMA’TICALLY. adv. [from enigma.] In a sense different
from that which the words in their familiar acceptation imply.
Homer speaks enigmatically, and intends that these monsters
are merely the creation of poetry. Notes on the Odyssey.

ENI’GMATIST. n. s. [from enigma.] One who deals in ob­
scure and ambiguous matters; maker of riddles.
That I may deal more ingenuously with my reader than
the abovementioned enigmatist has done, I shall present him
with a key to my riddle; which, upon application, he will
find exactly fitted to all the words of it. Addison's Whig Exam.

ENJ

To ENJO’IN. v. a. [enjoindre, French.] To direct; to or­
der; to prescribe. It is more authoritative than direct, and
less imperious than command.
To satisfy the good old man,
I would bend under any heavy weight
That he'll enjoin me to. Shakes. Much Ado about Nothing.
Monks and philosophers, and such as do continually enjoin
themselves. Bacon's Natural History, No. 292.
It endeavours to secure every man's interest, by enjoining
that truth and fidelity be inviolably preserved. Tillots. Sermons.

ENJO’INER. n. s. [from enjoin.] One who gives injunc­
tions. Dict.

ENJO’INMENT. n. s. [from enjoin.] Direction; command.
Critical trial should be made by publick enjoinment, whereby
determination might be settled beyond debate. Brown's V. Err.

To ENJO’Y. v. a. [jouir, enjouir, French.]
1. To feel or perceive with pleasure; to have a pleasing sense of;
to be delighted with.
I could enjoy the pangs of death,
And smile in agony. Addison's Cato.



2. To obtain possession or fruition of.
Edward the saint, in whom it pleased God, righteous and
just, to let England see what a blessing sin and iniquity would
not suffer it to enjoy. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
He, who to enjoy
Plato's elysium, leap'd into the sea,
Cleombrotus. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 471.
3. To please; to gladden; to exhilarate; to glad; to delight.
This sense is usual with the reciprocal pronoun, and is derived
from enjouir.
Creatures are made to enjoy themselves, as well as to serve
us. More's Antidote against Atheism.
When a man shall, with a sober, sedate, diabolical rancour,
look upon and enjoy himself in the sight of his neighbour's
sin and shame, can he plead the instigation of any appetite in
nature? South's Sermons.

To ENJO’Y. v. n. To live in happiness.
Then I shall be no more!
And Adam, wedded to another Eve,
Shall live with her enjoying, I extinct. Milton's Parad. Lost.

ENJO’YER. n. s. [from enjoy.] One that has fruition or pos­
session. Dict.

ENJO’YMENT. n. s. [from enjoy.] Pleasure; happiness;
fruition.
His hopes and expectations are bigger than his enjoyments.
Tillotson, Sermon 1.

To ENKI’NDLE. v. a. [from kindle.]
1. To set on fire; to inflame; to put in a flame.
Edmund, enkindle all the sparks of nature
To quit this horrid act. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. To rouse passions; to set the soul into a flame.
Your hand
Gave sign for me to leave you: so I did,
Fearing to strengthen that impatience,
Which seem'd too much enkindled. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
3. To incite to any act or hope.
Do you not hope your children shall be kings?
When those that gave the thane of Cawder to me,
Promis'd no less to them?
——That, trusted home,
Might yet enkindle you unto the crown. Shakesp. Macbeth.

ENL

To ENLA’RGE. v. a. [elargir, French.]
1. To make greater in quantity or appearance.
The wall, in lustre and effect like glass,
Which o'er each object casting various dyes,
Enlarges some, and others multiplies. Pope's Temp. of Fame.
2. To encrease any thing in magnitude; to extend.
Where there is something both lasting and scarce, and so
valuable to be hoarded up, there men will not be apt to en­
large their possessions of land. Locke.
3. To encrease by representation; to magnify; to exaggerate.
4. To dilate; to expand.
O ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our heart
is enlarged. 2 Cor. vi. 11.
5. To set free from limitation.
Though she appear honest to me, yet at other places
she enlargeth her mirth so far, that there is shrewd construc­
tion made of her. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
6. To extend to more purposes or uses.
It hath grown from no other root than only a desire to
enlarge the necessary use of the word of God, which desire
hath begotten an errour, enlarging it farther than soundness of
truth will bear. Hooker, b. ii. s. 1.
7. To amplify; to aggrandise.
This is that science which would truly enlarge mens minds,
were it studied. Locke.
Could the mind, as in number, come to so small a part of
extension or duration as excluded divisibility, that would be
the indivisible unit, or idea; by repetition of which it would
make its more enlarged ideas of extension and duration. Locke.
8. To release from confinement.
Enlarge the man committed yesterday,
That rail'd against our person. Shakespeare's Henry V.
9. To diffuse in eloquence.
They enlarged themselves upon this subject with all the in­
vidious insinuations they could devise. Clarendon, b. viii.

To ENLA’RGE. v. n. To expatiate; to speak in many words.
They appointed the chancellor of the Exchequer to enlarge
upon any of those particulars. Clarendon, b. viii.
This is a theme so unpleasant, I delight not to enlarge on
it; rather wish the memory of it were extinct. Decay of Piety.

ENLA’RGEMENT. n. s. [from enlarge.]
1. Encrease; augmentation; farther extension.
The king afterwards enlarged the constant obedience of the
city with enlargement both of liberties and of revenues. Hayw.
The ocean, which so long our hopes confin'd,
Could give no limits to his vaster mind:
Our bounds enlargement was his latest toil,
Nor hath he left us pris'ners to our isle. Waller.
There never were any islands, or other considerable par­
cels of land, amassed or heaped up; nor any enlargement, or
addition of earth, made to the continent by the mud that is
carried down into the sea by rivers. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The commons in Rome generally pursued the enlargement
of their power by more set quarrels of one entire assembly
against another. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
The Greek tongue received many enlargements between the
time of Homer and that of Plutarch. Swift.
2. Release from confinement or servitude.
Lieutenant,
At our enlargement what are thy due fees? Shak. Henry VI.
If thou holdest thy peace at the time, then shall there en­
largement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another
place. Esther iv. 14.
3. Magnifying representation.
And all who told it, added something new;
And all who heard it, made enlargements too. Pope.
4. Expatiating speech; copious discourse.
He concluded with an enlargement upon the vices and cor­
ruptions which were got into the army. Clarendon, b. viii.

ENLA’RGER. n. s. [from enlarge.] Amplifier; one that en­
creases or dilates any thing.
We shall not contentiously rejoin, but confer what is in us
unto his name and honour, ready to be swallowed in any
worthy enlarger. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To ENLI’GHT. v. a. [from light.] To illuminate; to supply
with light; to enlighten.
Wit from the first has shone on ages past.
Enlights the present, and shall warm the last. Pope.

To ENLI’GHTEN. v. a. [from light.]
1. To illuminate; to supply with light.
As one sun shineth to the whole world, so there is no faith
but this one published, the brightness whereof must enlighten
all that come to the knowledge of the truth. Hooker, b. v. s. 46.
2. To instruct; to furnish with encrease of knowledge.
This doctrine is so agreeable to reason, that we meet with
it in the writings of the enlightened heathens. Spectator.
'Tis he who enlightens our understanding, corrects our wills,
and enables us to subdue our affections to the law of God. Rog.
3. To cheer; to exhilarate; to gladden.
4. To supply with sight; to quicken in the faculty of vision.
Love never fails to master what he finds;
The fool enlightens, and the wife he blinds. Dryden.

ENLI’GHTENER. n. s. [from enlighten.]
1. Illuminator; one that gives light.
O, sent from heav'n,
Enlight'ner of my darkness! gracious things
Thou hast reveal'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 271.
2. Instructor.

To ENLI’NK. v. a. [from link.] To chain to; to bind.
What is it then to me, if impious war,
Array'd in flames like to the prince of fiends,
Do with his smirch'd complexion all fell feats,
Enlinkt to waste and desolation. Shakesp. Henry V.

To ENLI’VEN. v. a. [from life, live.]
1. To make quick; to make alive; to animate.
2. To make vigorous or active.
In a glass-house the workmen often fling in a small quan­
tity of fresh coals, which seems to disturb the fire, but very
much enlivens it. Swift's Thoughts on various Subjects.
3. To make sprightly or vivacious.
4. To make gay or cheerful in appearance.

ENLI’VENER. n. s. [from enliven.] That which animates;
that which puts in motion; that which invigorates.
But fire, th' enlivener of the general frame,
Is one, its operation still the same:
Its principle is in itself; while ours
Works, as confederates war, with mingled pow'rs. Dryden.

To ENLU’MINE. v. a. [enluminer, French.] To illumine; to
illuminate; to enlighten. See ILLUMINE.
For having yet, in his deducted spright,
Some sparks remaining of that heav'nly fire,
He is enlumin'd with that goodly light,
Unto like goodly semblance to aspire. Spens. Hymn on Love.

ENM

E’NMITY. n. s. [from enemy; as if enemity, inamity.]
1. Unfriendly disposition; malevolence; aversion.
Their being forced to their books, in an age at enmity with
all restraint, has been the reason why many have hated
books. Locke.
2. Contrariety of interests or inclinations; mutual malignity.
They shall within this hour,
On a dissension of a doit, break out
In bitterest enmity. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Between thee and the woman I will put
Enmity; and between thine and her seed:
Her seed shall bruise thy head, thou bruise his heel. Milton.
How far these controversies, and appearing enmities of those
glorious creatures, may be carried, is not my business to shew
or determine. Dryden's Juven. Dedication.
3. State of opposition.
Know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity
with God? Jam. iv. 4.
You must firmly be convinced, that every sin you commit



sets you at enmity with heaven, and will, if not forsaken, ren­
der you incapable of it. Wake's Preparation for Death.
4. Malice; mischievous attempts.
I abjure all roofs, and chuse
To wage against the enmity o' th' air. Shakes. King Lear.
He who performs his duty in a station of great power, must
needs incur the utter enmity of many, and the high displeasure
of more. Atterbury's Sermons.

To ENMA’RBLE. v. a. [from marble.] To turn to marble; to
harden.
Their dying to delay,
Thou do'st enmarble the proud heart of her,
Whose love before their life they do prefer. Spenser.

To ENME’SH. v. a. [from mesh.] To net; to intangle; to
intrap.
So will I turn her virtue into pitch;
And out of her own goodness make the net
That shall enmesh them all. Shakespeare's Othello.

ENNE’AGON. n. s. [ἔννεα and ωνία.] A figure of nine angles.

ENNEA’TICAL. adj. [ἔννεα.] Enneatical days, are every ninth
day of a sickness; and enneatical years, every ninth year of
one's life.

To ENNO’BLE. v. a. [ennoblir, French.]
1. To raise from commonalty to nobility.
Many fair promotions
Are given daily to ennoble those,
That scarce some two days since were worth a noble. Shak.
2. To dignify; to aggrandise; to exalt; to raise.
God raised up the spirit of this great person, and ennobled
his courage and conduct with the entire overthrow of this
mighty host. South's Sermons.
What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards!
Alas! not all the blood of all the Howards. Pope's Essays.
3. To elevate; to magnify.
None so lovely, sweet and fair,
Or do more ennoble love. Waller.
Ennobled, yet unchang'd, if nature shine. Anon.
4. To make famous or illustrious.
The breath of Scotland the Spaniards could not endure;
neither durst they as invaders land in Ireland, but only en­
nobled some of the coasts thereof with shipwrecks. Bacon.

ENNO’BLEMENT. n. s. [from ennoble.]
1. The act of raising to the rank of nobility.
He added during parliament, to his former creations, the
ennoblement or advancement in nobility of a few others. Bacon.
2. Exaltation; elevation; dignity.
The eternal wisdom enriched us with all ennoblements, suit­
able to the measures of an unstraitned goodness. Glanv. Sceps.

ENO

ENODA’TION. n. s. [enodatio, Latin.]
1. The act of untying a knot.
2. Solution of a difficulty. Dict.

ENO’RMITY. n. s. [from enormous.]
1. Deviation from rule; irregularity.
2. Deviation from right; depravity; corruption.
We shall speak of the particular abuses and enormities of
the government. Spenser's State of Ireland.
That the mean, which this law provideth, will be always
sufficient to bridle or restrain enormity, no man can warrant.
Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
There are many little enormities in the world, which our
preachers would be very glad to see removed; but at the same
time dare not meddle with them, for fear of betraying the
dignity of the pulpit. Addison's Guardian, No. 116.
3. Atrocious crimes; flagitious villanies; crimes exceeding the
common measure.
It is not a bare speculation that kings may run into enormi­
ties; the practice may be proved by examples. Swift.

ENO’RMOUS. adj. [enormis, Latin.]
1. Irregular; out of rule; not regulated by any stated measures;
excursive beyond the limits of a regular figure.
Nature here
Wanton'd, as in her prime; and plaid at will
Her virgin fancies, pouring forth more sweets,
Wild above rule, or art, enormous bliss! Milton's Par. Lost.
The enormous part of the light in the circumference of every
lucid point, ought to be less discernible in shorter telescopes
than in longer, because the shorter transmit less light to the
eye. Newton's Opt.
2. Disordered; confused.
I shall find time
From this enormous state, and seek to give
Losses their remedies. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. Wicked beyond the common measure.
4. Exceeding in bulk the common measures: always used with
some degree of dislike, or horror, or wonder.
A giant-shepherd here his flock maintains,
Far from the rest, and solitary reigns,
A form enormous! far unlike the race
Of human birth, in stature, or in face. Pope's Odyssey.

ENO’RMOUSLY. adv. [from enormous.] Beyond measure.
One who could ever espouse a notion so enormously absurd
and senseless, as that the world was framed by chance. Woodw.

ENO’RMOUSNESS. n. s. [from enormous.] Immeasurable wick­
edness.
When those who have no opportunity to examine our
faith, see the enormousness of our works, what should hinder
them from measuring the master by the disciples? Dec. of Piety.

ENO’UGH. adj. [genoh, Saxon; ganah, Gothick; genoeg, Dut.
It is not easy to determine whether this word be an adjective
or adverb; perhaps, when it is joined with a substantive, it is
an adjective, of which enow is the plural. In other situations
it seems an adverb; except that after the verb to have, or to
be, either expressed or understood, it may be accounted a
substantive. It is pronounced as if it were written enuf.] In
a sufficient measure; so as may satisfy; so as may suffice.
Why wou'dst thou go, with one consent they cry,
When thou hadst gold enough, and Emily. Dryden.
When there was not room enough for their herds, they by
consent separated, and enlarged their pasture. Locke.

ENO’UGH. n. s.
1. Something sufficient in greatness or excellence.
'Tis enough for me to have endeavoured the union of my
country, whilst I continued in publick employments. Temple.
The indolency and enjoyment we have, sufficing for our
present happiness, we desire not to venture the change, being
content, and that is enough. Locke.
Enough for me that to the list'ning swains,
First in those fields I sung the silvan strains. Pope.
I will not quarrel with the present age: it has done enough
for me, in making and keeping you two my friends. Pope.
2. Something equal to a man's powers or faculties.
He could not have been without some great defects and
main errours in his nature, customs, and proceedings, which
he had enough to do to save and help, with a thousand little
industries and watches. Bacon's Henry VII.

ENO’UGH. adv.
1. In a sufficient degree; in a degree that gives satisfaction.
2. It notes a slight augmentation of the positive degree: as, I am
ready enough to quarrel; that is, I am rather quarrelsome than
peaceable.
I am apt enough to think, that this same binarium of a
stronger and a weaker, like unto masculine and feminine,
doth hold in all living bodies. Bacon.
It is sometimes pleasant enough to consider the different no­
tions which different persons have of the same thing. Addison.
They are now in prison at Florence; and, as it is said,
treated hardly enough. Addison on Italy.
3. Sometimes it notes diminution; as, the song is well enough;
that is, not quite well, though not much amiss.
4. An exclamation noting fulness or satiety.
Macbeth, beware Macduff!
Beware the thane of Fife! Dismiss me.—Enough. Shakesp.
Henceforth I'll bear
Affliction, 'till it do cry out itself,
Enough, enough, and die. Shakespeare's King Lear.

ENO’W. The plural of enough. In a sufficient number.
The earth hath since born enow bleeding witnesses, that it
was no want of true courage. Sidney, b. ii.
The walls of the church there are enow contented to build,
and to underset it with goodly pillars: the marbles are po­
lished, the roofs shine with gold, the altar hath precious
stones to adorn it, and of Christ's ministers no choice at all.
Hooker, b. v. s. 15.
As if
Man had not selfish foes enow besides,
That, day and night, for his destruction wait. Milt. P. Lost.
My conquering brother will have slaves enow,
To pay his cruel vows for victory. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
There are at Rome enow modern works of architecture to
employ any reasonable man. Addison on ancient Medals.

EN PASSANT. adv. [French.] By the way.

ENR

To ENRA’GE. v. a. [enrager, French.] To irritate; to pro­
voke; to make furious; to exasperate.
The justice of their quarrel should not so much encourage
as enrage them, being to revenge the dishonour done to their
king, and to chastise the deceitful dealings of their ene­
mies. Hayward.
Enrag'd at this, upon the bawd I flew;
And that which most enrag'd me was, 'twas true. Walsh.

To ENRA’NGE. v. a. [from range.] To place regularly; to
put into order.
In their jaw
Three ranks of iron teeth enranged were. Fairy Queen, b. i.
As fair Diana, in fresh Summer's day,
Beholds her nymphs enrang'd in shady wood. Fai. Queen.

To ENRA’NK. v. a. [from rank.] To place in orderly ranks.
No leisure had he to enrank his men. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

To ENRA’PT. v. a. [from rapt.]
1. To throw into an extasy; to transport with enthusiasm.
I myself
Am, like a prophet, suddenly enrapt
To tell thee, that this day is ominous. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.
2. In the following quotation it seems erroneously written for
enwrapt, involved; wrapt up.



Nor hath he been so enrapt in those studies as to neglect the
polite arts of painting, architecture, musick, and poetry.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

To ENRA’PTURE. v. a. [from rapture.] To transport with
pleasure; to delight highly.

To ENRA’VISH. v. a. [from ravish.] To throw into extasy;
to transport with delight.
What wonder,
Frail men, whose eyes seek heavenly things to see,
At sight thereof so much enravish'd be? Spenser.

ENRA’VISHMENT. n. s. [from enravish.] Extasy of delight.
They contract a kind of splendor from the seemingly ob­
scuring vail, which adds to the enravishments of her trans­
ported admirers. Glanv. Sceps.

To ENRI’CH. v. a. [enricher, French.]
1. To make wealthy; to make opulent.
The king will enrich him with great riches, and will give
him his daughter. 1 Sa. xvii. 25.
Henry is able to enrich his queen,
And not to seek a queen to make him rich. Shak. Henry VI.
The city, which thou seest, no other deem
Than great and glorious Rome, queen of the earth,
So far renown'd, and with the spoils enrich'd
Of nations. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iv. l. 446.
Those are so unhappy as to rob others, without enriching
themselves. Denham.
2. To fertilise; to make fruitful.
See the sweet brooks in silver mazes creep,
Enrich the meadows, and supply the deep. Blackm. Creation.
3. To store; to supply with augmentation of any thing de­
sireable.
There is not any one among them that could ever enrich
his own understanding with any certain truth, or ever edify
others therein. Raleigh's History of the World.

ENRI’CHMENT. n. s. [from enrich.]
1. Augmentation of wealth.
2. Amplification; improvement by addition.
I have procured a translation of that book into the general
language, not without great and ample additions, and enrich­
ment thereof. Bacon's Holy War.
It is a vast hindrance to the enrichment of our understand­
ings, if we spend too much of our time and pains among in­
finites and unsearchables. Watts's Logick.

To ENRI’DGE. v. a. [from ridge.] To form with longitu­
dinal protuberances or ridges.
He had a thousand noses,
Horns walk'd and wav'd like the enridged sea:
It was some fiend. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To ENRI’NG. v. a. [from ring.] To bind round; to encircle.
Ivy so
Enrings the barky fingers of the elm. Shakespeare.

To ENRI’PEN. v. a. [from ripe.] To ripen; to mature; to
bring to perfection.
The Summer, how it enripen'd the year;
And Autumn, what our golden harvests were. Donne.

To ENRO’BE. v. a. [from robe.] To dress; to cloath; to ha­
bit; to invest.
Her mother hath intended,
That, quaint in green, she shall be loose enrob'd,
With ribbands pendant, flaring 'bout her head. Shakespeare.

To ENRO’LL. v. a. [enroller, French.]
1. To insert in a roll or register.
There be enrolled amongst the king's forces about thirty
thousand men of the Jews. 1 Mac. x. 36.
We find ourselves enrolled in this heavenly family as ser­
vants, and as sons. Spratt's Sermons.
The champions, all of high degree,
Who knighthood lov'd, and deeds of chivalry,
Throng'd to the lists, and envy'd to behold
The names of others, not their own, enroll'd. Dryden.
Mentes, an ever-honour'd name of old,
High in Ulysses' social list enroll'd. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
Heroes and heroines of old,
By honour only were enroll'd
Among their brethren of the skies;
To which, though late, shall Stella rise. Swift.
2. To record; to leave in writing.
He swore consent to your succession;
His oath enrolled in the parliament. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Laws, which none shall find
Left them enroll'd; or what the spirit within
Shall on the heart engrave. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
3. To involve; to inwrap.
From his infernal furnace forth he threw
Huge flames, that dimmed all the heaven's light,
Enroll'd in duskish smoak and brimstone blue. Fairy Queen.

ENRO’LLER. n. s. [from enrol.] He that enrols; he that re­
gisters.

ENRO’LMENT. n. s. [from enrol.] Register; writing in which
any thing is recorded; record.
The king himself caused to be enrolled, and testified by a
notary publick; and delivered the enrolments, with his own
hands, to the bishop of Salisbury. Davies on Ireland.

To ENRO’OT. v. a. [from root.] To fix by the root; to im­
plant deep.
Full well he knows
He cannot so precisely weed this land,
As his misdoubts present occasion:
His foes are so enrooted with his friends,
That, plucking to unfix an enemy,
He doth unfasten so and shake a friend. Shakesp. Henry IV.

To ENRO’UND. v. a. [from round.] To environ; to sur­
round; to encircle; to inclose.
Upon his royal face there is no note
How dread an army hath enrounded him. Shakesp. Henry V.

ENS

ENS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. Any being or existence.
2. [In chymistry.] Some things that are pretended to contain
all the qualities or virtues of the ingredients they are drawn
from in a little room.

ENSA’MPLE. n. s. [essempio, Italian.] Example; pattern;
subject of imitation. This orthography is now justly dis­
used.
Such life should be the honour of your light;
Such death, the sad ensample of your might. Spenser's Sonnets.
Ye have us for an ensample. Phil. iii. 17.
Such persons as would be willing to make use of our ensample
to do the same thing, where there is not the same necessity,
may do it upon their own score, and not be able to vouch our
practice for their excuse. Sanderson's Judgment.

To ENSA’MPLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To exemplify; to
shew by example; to give as a copy.
I have followed all the ancient poets historical: first,
Homer, who, in the person of Agamemnon, ensampled a
good governor and a virtuous man. Spenser.

To ENSA’NGUINE. v. a. [sanguis, Latin; ensanglanter, Fr.]
To smear with gore; to suffuse with blood.
With cruel tournament the squadrons join,
Where cattle pastur'd late; now scatter'd lies,
With carcasses and arms, th' ensanguin'd field
Deserted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 654.

To ENSCHE’DULE. v. a. [from schedule.] To insert in a sche­
dule or writing.
You must buy that peace
With full accord to all our just demands,
Enschedul'd here. Shak. Hen. V.

To ENSCO’NCE. v. a. [from sconce.] To cover as with a fort;
to secure. Hanmer.
I myself sometimes, hiding mine honour in my necessity,
am fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch; and yet your
rogue will ensconce your rags, your cat-a-mountain looks, your
red lettice phrases, your bold bearing oaths under the shelter
of your honour. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
She shall not see me: I will ensconce me behind the arras.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
We make trifles of terrours, ensconcing ourselves in seem­
ing knowledge. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
A fort of error to ensconce
Absurdity and ignorance. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.
This he courageously invaded,
And having enter'd, barricado'd,
Ensconc'd himself as formidable
As could be underneath a table. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1.

To ENSE’AM. v. a. [from seam.] To sow up; to inclose by a
seam or juncture of needlework.
A name engraved in the revestiary of the temple, watched
by two brazen dogs, one stole away, and enseamed it in his
thigh. Camden's Remains.

To ENSE’AR. v. a. [from fear.] To cauterise; to stanch or
stop with fire.
Ensear thy fertile and conceptious womb;
Let it no more bring out t' ingrateful man. Shakesp. Timon.

To ENSHI’ELD. v. a. [from shield.] To shield; to cover; to
protect.
These black masks
Proclaim an enshield beauty, ten times louder
Than beauty could display. Shak. Measure for Measure.

To ENSHRI’NE. v. a. [from shrine.] To inclose in a chest or
cabinet; to preserve and secure as a thing sacred.
He seems
A phœnix, gaz'd by all, as that sole bird,
When to enshrine his reliques in the sun's
Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies. Milt. Pa. Lost.
The sots combine
With pious care a monkey to enshrine. Tate's Juv. Sat.
Fair fortune next, with looks serene and kind,
Receives 'em, in her ancient fane enshrin'd. Addison.

E’NSIFORM. adj. [ensiformis, Latin.] Having the shape of a
sword, as the xiphoeides or ensiform cartilage.

E’NSIGN. n. s. [enseigne, French.]
1. The flag or standard of a regiment.
Hang up your ensigns, let your drums be still;
For here we entertain a solemn peace. Shakespeare's H. VI.



The Turks still pressing on, got up to the top of the walls
with eight ensigns, from whence they had repulsed the defen­
dants. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Men taking occasion from the qualities, wherein they ob­
serve often several individuals to agree, range them into sorts,
in order to their naming, for the convenience of comprehen­
sive signs; under which individuals, according to their con­
formity to this or that abstract idea, come to be ranked as un­
der ensigns. Locke.
2. Any signal to assemble.
He will lift up an ensign to the nations from far. Is. v.
3. Badge; or mark of distinction, rank or office.
Princes that fly, their sceptres left behind,
Contempt or pity, where they travel, find;
The ensigns of our pow'r about we bear,
And ev'ry land pays tribute to the fair. Waller.
The marks or ensigns of virtues contribute not a little, by
their nobleness, to the ornament of the figures; such, for
example, as are the decorations belonging to the liberal arts,
to war or sacrifices. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. The officer of foot who carries the flag. [Formerly written
ancient.]

E’NSIGNBEARER. n. s. [ensign and bear.] He that carries the
flag; the ensign.
If it be true that the giants ever made war against heaven,
he had been a fit ensignbearer for that company. Sidney, b. ii.

To ENSLA’VE. v. a. [from slave.]
1. To reduce to servitude; to deprive of liberty.
The conquer'd also, and enslav'd by war,
Shall, with their freedom lost, their virtue lose. Milt. P. L.
2. To make over to another as his slave or bondman.
I to do this! I, whom you once thought brave,
To sell my country, and my king enslave. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Long draughts of sleep his monstrous limbs enslave;
He reels, and falling fills the spacious cave. Dryden's Æn.
He is certainly the most subjected, the most enslaved, who
is so in his understanding. Locke.
While the balance of power is equally held, the ambition
of private men gives neither danger nor fear, nor can possibly
enslave their country. Swift.
No man can make another man to be his slave, unless he
hath first enslaved himself to life and death, to pleasure or pain,
to hope or fear: command those passions, and you are freer
than the Parthian king. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The more virtuously any man lives, and the less he is en­
slaved to any lust, the more ready he is to entertain the prin­
ciples of religion. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
A man, not having the power of his own life, cannot by
compact, or his own consent, enslave himself to any one, nor
put himself under the absolute arbitrary power of another, to
take away life when he pleases. Locke.

ENSLA’VEMENT. n. s. [from enslave.] The state of servitude;
slavery; abject subjection.
The children of Israel, according to their method of sinning,
after mercies, and thereupon returning to a fresh enslavement
to their enemies, had now passed seven years in cruel sub­
jection. South's Sermons.

ENSLA’VER. n. s. [from enslave.] He that reduces others to a
state of servitude.
What indignation in her mind,
Against enslavers of mankind! Swift.

To ENSU’E. v. a. [ensuiver, French.] To follow; to pursue.
Flee evil, and do good; seek peace, and ensue it. Com. Pray.
But now these Epicures begin to smile,
And say, my doctrine is more safe than true;
And that I fondly do myself beguile,
While these receiv'd opinions I ensue. Davies.

To ENSU’E. v. n.
1. To follow as a consequence to premises.
Let this be granted, and it shall hereupon plainly ensue,
that the light of Scripture once shining in the world,
all other light of nature is therewith in such sort drowned,
that now we need it not. Hooker, b. ii. s. 4.
2. To succeed in a train of events, or course of time.
The man was noble;
But with his last attempt he wip'd it out,
Destroy'd his country, and his name remains
To the ensuing age abhorr'd. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Bishops are placed by collation of the king, without any
precedent election or confirmation ensuing. Hayward.
Of worse deeds worse sufferings must ensue. Milt. P. L.
With mortal heat each other shall pursue;
What wars, what wounds, what slaughter shall ensue! Dryd.
Impute not then those ills which may ensue
To me, but those who with incessant hate
Pursue my life. Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
Then grave Clarissa graceful wav'd her fan;
Silence ensu'd, and thus the nymph began. Pope.

ENSU’RANCE. n. s. [from ensure.]
1. Exemption from hazard, obtained by the payment of a cer­
tain sum.
2. The sum paid for security.

ENSU’RANCER. n. s. [from ensurance.] He who undertakes to
exempt from hazard.
The vain ensurancers of life,
And they who most perform'd, and promis'd less,
Ev'n Short and Hobbes, forsook th' unequal strife. Dryden.

To ENSU’RE. v. a. [from sure, assurer, French.]
1. To ascertain; to make certain; to secure.
It is easy to entail debts on succeeding ages, but how to en­
sure peace for any term of years is difficult enough. Swift.
2. To exempt any thing from hazard by paying a certain sum,
on condition of being reimbursed for miscarriage.
3. To promise reimbursement of any miscarriage for a certain
reward stipulated.
A mendicant contracted with a country fellow for a quan­
tity of corn, to ensure his sheep for that year. L'Estrange.

ENSU’RER. n. s. [from ensure.] One who makes contracts of
ensurance; one who for a certain sum exempts any thing from
hazard.

ENT

ENTA’BLATURE. n. s. [from table.] [In architecture.] Sig­
nifies the architrave, frise, and cornice of a
pillar; being in effect the extremity of the flooring, which is
either supported by pillars, or by a wall, if there be no
columns. Harris.

ENTA’BLEMENT. n. s. [from table.] [In architecture.] Sig­
nifies the architrave, frise, and cornice of a
pillar; being in effect the extremity of the flooring, which is
either supported by pillars, or by a wall, if there be no
columns. Harris.

ENTA’IL. n. s. [feudum talliatum, from the French entaillè, cut,
from tailler, to cut.]
1. The estate entailed or settled, with regard to the rule of its
descent.
2. The rule of descent settled for any estate.
3. Engraver's work; inlay. Obsolete.
Well it appeared to have been of old
A work of rich entail, and curious mold,
Woven with anticks and wild imagery. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To ENTA’IL. v. a. [tailler, to cut; entailler, French.]
1. To settle the descent of any estate so that it cannot be by any
subsequent possessor bequeathed at pleasure.
I here entail
The crown to thee and to thine heirs for ever. Shak. H. VI.
Had Richard unconstrain'd resign'd the throne,
A king can give no more than is his own:
The title stood entail'd, had Richard had a son. Dryden.
2. To fix unalienably upon any person or thing.
None ever had a privilege of infallibility entailed to all he
said. Digby on Bodies.
The intemperate and unjust transmit their bodily infirmities
and diseases to their children, and entail a secret curse upon
their estates. Tillotson, Sermon 4.
3. To cut. Obsolete.
The mortal steel dispiteously entail'd,
Deep in their flesh, quite through the iron walls,
That a large purple stream adown their giambeux falls. F. Q.

To ENTA’ME. v. a. [from tame.] To tame; to subjugate; to
subdue.
'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eyeballs, and your cheek of cream,
That can entame my spirits to your worship. Shakespeare.

To ENTA’NGLE. v. a. [A word of uncertain etymology.]
1. To inwrap or ensnare with something not easily extricable,
as a net; or something adhesive, as briars.
2. To lose in multiplied involutions; as in a labyrinth.
3. To twist, or confuse in such a manner as that a separation
cannot easily be made; to make an entangled knot.
4. To involve in difficulties; to embarrass; to perplex.
He knew not how to wrostle with desperate contingencies,
and so abhorred to be entangled in such. Clarendon.
5. To puzzle; to bewilder.
The duke, being questioned, neither held silence as he
might, nor constantly denied it, but entangled himself in his
doubtful tale. Hayward.
I suppose a great part of the difficulties that perplex mens
thoughts, and entangle their understandings, would be easily
resolved. Locke.
6. To ensnare by captious questions or artful talk.
The Pharisees took counsel how they might entangle him in
his talk. Mat. xxii. 15.
7. To distract with variety of cares.
No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of
this life. 2 Tim. ii. 4.
8. To multiply the intricacies or difficulties of a work.
Now all labour,
Marrs what it does, yea very force entangles
Itself with strength. Shakespeare's Anth. and Cleopatra.

ENTA’NGLEMENT. n. s. [from entangle.]
1. Involution of any thing intricate or adhesive.
The highest and most improved spirits are frequently caught
in the entanglements of a tenacious imagination. Glanv. Sceps.
2. Perplexity; puzzle.
There will be no greater entanglements, touching the notion
of God and his providence. More's Divine Dialogues.
It is to fence against the entanglements of equivocal words,
and the art of sophistry, that distinctions have been mul­
tiplied. Locke.

ENTA’NGLER. n. s. [from entangle.] One that entangles.




To E’NTER. v. a. [entrer, French.]
1. To go or come into any place.
A king of repute and learning entered the lists against
him. Atterbury.
2. To initiate in a business, method, or society.
The eldest being thus entered, and then made the fashion, it
would be impossible to hinder them. Locke.
3. To introduce or admit into any counsel.
So your opinion is, Aufidius,
That they of Rome are enter'd in our counsels,
And know how we proceed. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
4. To set down in a writing.
Mr. Phang, have you enter'd the action?
—It is enter'd. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Agues and fevers are entered promiscuously, yet in the few
bills they have been distinguished. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

To E’NTER. v. n.
1. To come in; to go in.
Be not slothful to go and to enter to possess the land. Judg.
Other creature here,
Beast, bird, insect, or worm, durst enter none. Milton.
2. To penetrate mentally; to make intellectual entrance.
He is particularly pleased with Livy for his manner of tell­
ing a story, and with Sallust for his entering into internal prin­
ciples of action. Addison's Spectator, No. 409.
They were not capable of entering into the numerous con­
curring springs of action. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. To engage in.
The French king hath often entered on several expensive
projects, on purpose to dissipate wealth. Addison on the War.
Gentlemen did not care to enter upon business till after their
morning draught. Tatler, No. 86.
4. To be initiated in.
As soon as they once entered into a taste of pleasure, polite­
ness, and magnificence, they fell into a thousand violences,
conspiracies and divisions. Addison on Italy.

ENTERDE’AL. n. s. [entre and deal.] Reciprocal transactions.
For he is practis'd well in policy,
And thereto doth his courting most apply;
To learn the enterdeal of princes strange,
To mark th' intent of counsels, and the change
Of states. Hubberd's Tale.

E’NTERING. n. s. [from enter.] Entrance; passage into a
place.
It is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in. Is.

To ENTERLA’CE. v. a. [entrelasser, French.] To intermix;
to interweave.
This lady walked outright, 'till she might see her enter into
a fine close arbor: it was of trees, whose branches so lovingly
enterlaced one another, that it could resist the strongest violence
of the sight. Sidney.

ENTERO’CELE. n. s. [enterocele, Latin.] A rupture from the
bowels pressing through or dilating the peritonæum, so as to
fall down into the groin. The remedy in such cases, is chief­
ly by trusses and bolsters. Quincy.
If the intestine only is fallen, it becomes an enterocele; if
the omentum or epiploon, epipocele; and if both, entero­
epiplocele. Sharp's Surgery.

ENTERO’LOGY. n. s. [ἔιτεϱον and λόγος.] The anatomical ac­
count of the bowels and internal parts.

ENTERO’MPHALOS. n. s. [ἔιτεϱον and ὄμφαλος.] An umbilical
or navel rupture.

ENTERPA’RLANCE. n. s. [entre and parler, French.] Parley;
mutual talk; conference.
During the enterparlance the Scots discharged against the
English without harm, but not without breach of the laws of
the field. Hayward.

ENTERPLE’ADER. n. s. [entre and plead.] The discussing of a
point incidentally falling out, before the principal cause can
take end. For example: two several persons, being found
heirs to land by two several officers in one county, the king is
brought in doubt whether livery ought to be made; and there­
fore, before livery be made to either, they must enterplead;
that is, try between themselves who is the right heir. Cowel.

E’NTERPRISE. n. s. [entreprise, French.] An undertaking of
hazard; an arduous attempt.
Now is the time to execute mine enterprises to the destruc­
tion of the enemies. Judith ii. 5.
Whet on Warwick to this enterprise. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The day approach'd, when fortune should decide
Th' important enterprise, and give the bride. Dryden.

To E’NTERPRISE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To undertake; to attempt; to essay.
Nor shall I to the work thou enterprisest
Be wanting, but afford thee equal aid. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Princes were only chiefs of those assemblies, by whose con­
sultations and authority the great actions were resolved and
enterprised. Temple.
An epick poem, or the heroick action of some great com­
mander, enterprised for the common good and honour of the
Christian cause, and executed happily, may be as well written
now as it was of old by the heathens. Dryden's Juv. Dedicat.
Haste then, and lose no time:
The business must be enterpris'd this night;
We must surprise the court in its delight. Dryden.
2. To receive; to entertain. Obsolete.
In goodly garments, that her well became,
Fair marching forth in honourable wise,
Him at the threshold met, and well did enterprise. Fa. Qu.

E’NTERPRISER. n. s. [from enterprise.] A man of enterprise;
one who undertakes great things; one who engages himself
in important and dangerous designs.
They commonly proved great enterprisers with happy
success. Hayward on Edward VI.

To ENTERTA’IN. v. a. [entretenir, French.]
1. To converse with; to talk with.
His head was so well stored a magazine, that nothing could
be proposed which he was not readily furnished to entertain
any one in. Locke.
2. To treat at the table.
You shall find an apartment fitted up for you, and shall be
every day entertained with beef or mutton of my own feed­
ing. Addison's Spectator, No. 549.
3. To receive hospitably.
Be not forgetful to entertain strangers; for thereby some
have entertained angels unawares. Heb. iii. 2.
Heav'n, set ope thy everlasting gates,
To entertain my vows of thanks and praise. Shak. Hen. VI.
4. To keep in one's service.
How many men would you require to the furnishing of this
which you take in hand? And how long space would you
have them entertained? Spenser's Ireland.
You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred; only, I do
not like the fashion of your garments. Shakesp. King Lear.
I'll weep and sigh,
And, leaving so his service, follow you,
So please you entertain me. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
5. To reserve in the mind.
This is the severest purpose God can entertain towards us.
Decay of Piety.
6. To please; to amuse; to divert.
David entertained himself with the meditations of God's
law, not his hidden decrees or counsels. Decay of Piety.
The history of the Royal Society shews how well philoso­
phy becometh a narration: the progress of knowledge is as
entertaining as that of arms. Felton on the Classicks.
They were capable of entertaining themselves on a thousand
different subjects, without running into the common topicks.
Addison on Ancient Medals.
In gardens, art can only reduce the beauties of nature to a
figure which the common eye may better take in, and is there­
fore more entertained with. Pope's Pref. to the Iliads.
7. To admit with satisfaction.
Reason can never permit the mind to entertain probability,
in opposition to knowledge and certainty. Locke.

ENTERTA’INER. n. s. [from entertain.]
1. He that keeps others in his service.
He was, in his nature and constitution of mind, not very
apprehensive or forecasting of future events afar off, but an
entertainer of fortune by the day. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. He that treats others at his table.
He shews both to the guests and to the entertainer their
great mistake. Smalridge's Sermons.
It is little the sign of a wise or good man to suffer tempe­
rance to be transgressed, in order to purchase the repute of a
generous entertainer. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. He that pleases, diverts, or amuses.

ENTERTA’INMENT. n. s. [from entertain.]
1. Conversation.
2. Treatment at the table; convivial provision.
Arrived there, the little house they fill,
Ne look for entertainment where none was;
Rest is their feast, and all things at their will;
The noblest mind the best contentment has. Fairy Queen.
With British bounty in his ship he feasts
Th' Hesperian princes, his amazed guests,
To find that watry wilderness exceed
The entertainment of their great Madrid. Waller.
3. Hospitable reception.
4. Reception; admission.
It is not easy to imagine how it should at first gain enter­
tainment, but much more difficult to conceive how it should
be universally propagated. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
5. The state of being in pay as soldiers or servants.
Have you an army ready, say you?
——A most royal one. The centurions and their charges
distinctly billeted, already in the entertainment, and to be on
foot at an hour's warning. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
6. Payment of soldiers or servants. Now obsolete.
The entertainment of the general, upon his first arrival, was
but six shillings and eight pence. Davies on Ireland.
The captains did covenant with the king to serve him with
certain numbers of men, for certain wages and entertain­
ments. Davies on Ireland.



7. Amusement; diversion.
Because he that knoweth least is fittest to ask questions, it is
more reason, for the entertainment of the time, that he ask me
questions than that I ask you. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Passions ought to be our servants, and not our masters; to
give us some agitation for entertainment, but never to throw
reason out of its seat. Temple.
8. Dramatick performance; the lower comedy.
A great number of dramatick entertainments are not come­
dies, but five-act farces. Gay's Pref. to What d'ye Call it.

ENTERTI’SSUED. adj. [entre and tissue.] Enterwoven or in­
termixed with various colours or substances.
The sword, the mace, the crown imperial,
The entertissued robe of gold and pearl. Shakesp. Henry V.

To ENTHRO’NE. v. a. [from throne.]
1. To place on a regal seat.
Mercy is above this scepter'd sway;
It is enthroned in the hearts of kings;
It is an attribute to God himself. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
On a tribunal silver'd,
Cleopatra and himself, in chairs of gold,
Were publickly enthron'd. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
Beneath a sculptur'd arch he sits enthron'd,
The peers, encircling, form an awful round. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To invest with sovereign authority.
This pope was no sooner elected and enthroned, but that he
began to exercise his new rapines. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ENTHU’SIASM. n. s. [ἐνϑσιασμὸς.]
1. A vain belief of private revelation; a vain confidence of
divine favour or communication.
Enthusiasm is founded neither on reason nor divine revela­
tion, but rises from the conceits of a warmed or overweening
brain. Locke.
2. Heat of imagination; violence of passion; confidence of
opinion.
3. Elevation of fancy; exaltation of ideas.
Imaging is, in itself, the very height and life of poetry,
which, by a kind of enthusiasm, or extraordinary emotion of
soul, makes it seem to us that we behold those things which
the poet paints. Dryden's Juv. Preface.

ENTHU’SIAST. n. s. [ἐνϑσιαω.]
1. One who vainly imagines a private revelation; one who has
a vain confidence of his intercourse with God.
Let an enthusiast be principled that he or his teacher is in­
spired, and acted by an immediate communication of the
Divine Spirit, and you in vain bring the evidence of clear
reasons against his doctrine. Locke.
2. One of a hot imagination, or violent passions.
Chapman seems to have been of an arrogant turn, and an
enthusiast in poetry. Pope's Pref. to the Iliads.
3. One of elevated fancy, or exalted ideas.
At last divine Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame;
The sweet enthusiast, from her sacred store,
Enlarg'd the former narrow bounds,
And added length to solemn sounds,
With nature's mother-wit, and arts unknown before. Dryd.

ENTHUSIA’STICAL. adj. [ἔνϑσιαϛιϰὸς.]

ENTHUSIA’STICK. adj. [ἔνϑσιαϛιϰὸς.]
1. Persuaded of some communication with the Deity.
He pretended not to any seraphick enthusiastical raptures, or
inimitable unaccountable transports of devotion. Calamy.
2. Vehemently hot in any cause.
3. Elevated in fancy; exalted in ideas.
It commonly happens in an enthusiastick or prophetick style,
that, by reason of the eagerness of the fancy, it doth not al­
ways follow the even thread of discourse. Burnet.
At last, sublim'd
To rapture and enthusiastick heat,
We feel the present Deity. Thomson's Spring, l. 895.

E’NTHYMEME. n. s. [ἐνϑύμημα.] An argument consisting only
of an antecedent and consequential proposition; a syllogism
where the major proposition is suppressed, and only the minor
and consequence produced in words.
Playing much upon the simple or lustrative argumentation,
to induce their enthymemes unto the people, they take up popu­
lar conceits. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 9.
What is an enthymeme, quoth Cornelius. Why, an enthy­
meme, replied Crambe, is when the major is indeed married to
the minor, but the marriage kept secret. Arb. and Pope's M. S.

To ENTI’CE. v. a. [of uncertain etymology.] To allure;
to attract; to draw by blandishments or hopes to something
sinful or destructive.
The readiest way to entangle the mind with false doctrine,
is first to entice the will to wanton living. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
If a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, he shall surely
endow her to be his wife. Ex. xxii. 16.
So sang the syrens, with enchanting sound,
Enticing all to listen, and be drown'd. Granville.

ENTI’CEMENT. n. s. [from entice.]
1. The act or practice of alluring to ill.
Suppose we that the sacred word of God can at their hands
receive due honour, by whose enticement the holy ordinances
of the church endure every where open contempt? Hooker.
And here to every thirsty wanderer,
By sly enticement gives his baneful cup,
With many murmurs mixt. Milton.
2. The means by which one is allured to ill; blandishment;
allurement.
In all these instances we must separate intreaty and entice­
ments from deceit or violence. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

ENTI’CER. n. s. [from entice.] One that allures to ill.

ENTICI’NGLY. adv. [from entice.] Charmingly; in a winning
manner.
She strikes a lute well, and sings most enticingly. Addis. Spect.

E’NTIERTY. n. s. [entiertè, French.] The whole; not barely
a part.
Sometime the attorney thrusteth into the writ the uttermost
quantity; or else setteth down an entierty, where but a moiety
was to be passed. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.

ENTI’RE. adj. [entier, French; integer, Latin.]
1. Whole; undivided.
It is not safe to divide, but to extol the entire, still in ge­
neral. Bacon's Collection of Good and Evil.
2. Unbroken; complete in its parts.
An antique model of the famous Laocoon is the more re­
markable, as it is entire in those parts where the statue is
maimed. Addison on Italy.
Water and earth, composed of old worn particles and
fragments of particles, would not be of the same nature and
texture now with water and earth composed of entire particles
in the beginning. Newton's Opt.
3. Full; complete; comprising all requisites in itself.
The church of Rome hath rightly also considered that pub­
lick prayer is a duty entire in itself, a duty requisite to be per­
formed much oftener than sermons can possibly be made. Hook.
Love's not love,
When it is mingled with regards that stand
Aloof from th' entire point. Shakesp. King Lear.
An action is entire when it is complete in all its parts; or,
as Aristotle describes it, when it consists of a beginning, a
middle, and an end. Spectator, No. 267.
4. Sincere; hearty.
He run a course more entire with the king of Arragon, but
more laboured and officious with the king of Castile. Bacon.
5. Firm; sure; solid; fixed.
Entire and sure the monarch's rule must prove,
Who founds her greatness on her subjects love. Prior.
6. Unmingled; unallayed.
Wrath shall be no more
Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire. Milt. P. Lost.
7. Honest; firmly adherent; faithful.
No man had ever a heart more entire to the king, the
church, or his country; but he never studied the easiest ways
those ends. Clarendon.
They had many persons, of whose entire affections they
were well assured. Clarendon, b. viii.
8. In full strength; with vigour unabated; with power un­
broken.
Then back to fight again, new breathed and entire. F. Q.

ENTI’RELY. adv. [from entire.]
1. In the whole; without division.
Euphrates, running, sinketh partly into the lakes of Chal­
dea, and falls not entirely into the Persian sea. Raleigh's History.
2. Completely; fully.
Here finish'd he, and all that he had made
View'd, and beheld! all was entirely good. Mils. Par. Lost.
Chyle may be said to be a vegetable juice in the stomach
and intestines; and, poured upon blood, it seems like oil: as
it passeth into the lacteals it grows still more animal, and when
it has circulated often with the blood, it is entirely so. Arbuth.
General consent entirely altered the whole frame of their
government. Swift.
3. With firm adherence; faithfully.
Which when his pensive lady saw from far,
Great woe and sorrow did her soul assay,
As weening that the sad end of the war,
And 'gan to highest God entirely pray. Fairy Queen, b. i.

ENTI’RENESS. n. s. [from entire.]
1. Totality; compleatness; fulness.
In an arch where each single stone, which, if severed from
the rest, would be perhaps defenceless, is sufficiently secured
by the solidity and entireness of the whole fabrick, of which
it is a part. Boyle.
2. Honesty; integrity.

To ENTI’TLE. v. a. [entituler, French.]
1. To grace or dignify with a title or honourable appellation.
2. To give a title or discriminative appellation; as, to entitle a
book.
Besides the Scripture, the books which they call ecclesias­
tical were thought not unworthy some time to be brought into
publick audience, and with that name they entitled the books
which we term apocryphal. Hooker, b. v. s. 20.



Next favourable thou,
Who highly thus to entitle me vouchsaf'st,
Far other name deserving! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
3. To superscribe or prefix as a title.
How ready zeal for party is to entitle christianity to their
designs, and to charge atheism on those who will not sub­
mit. Locke.
4. To give a claim to any thing.
But we, descended from your sacred line,
Entitled to your heav'n, and rites divine,
Are banish'd earth. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
He discovers the martyr and confessor without the trial of
flames and tortures, and will hereafter entitle many to the
reward of actions which they had never the opportunity of
performing. Addison's Spectator, No. 257.
He entitled himself to the continuance of the divine protec­
tion and goodness, by humiliation and prayer. Atterbury.
Thus hardly even is the penitent sinner saved; thus difficult
is that duty, by which alone he can be reconciled to his
Creator, and entitled to the mercies of the gospel. Rogers.
5. To grant any thing as claimed by a title.
This is to entitle God's care how and to what we please. Loc.

E’NTITY. n. s. [entitas, low Latin.]
1. Something which really is; a real being.
Dear hope! earth's dowry and heaven's debt,
The entity of things that are not yet:
Subt'lest, but surest being. Crashaw.
Fortune is no real entity, nor physical essence, but a mere
relative signification. Bentley's Sermons.
God's decrees of salvation and damnation both Romish and
Reformed affix to mens particular entity, absolutely considered,
without any respect to demeanours. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Here entity and quiddity
The souls of defunct bodies fly. Hudibras.
2. A particular species of being.
All eruptions of air, though small and slight, give an entity
of sound, which we call crackling, puffing, and spitting; as
in bay salt and bay leaves, cast into the fire. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To ENTO’IL. v. a. [from toil.] To ensnare; to intangle; to
bring into toils or nets.
He cut off their land forces from their ships, and entoiled
both their navy and their camp with a greater power than
their's, both by sea and land. Bacon's New Atlantis.

To ENTO’MB. v. a. [from tomb.] To put into a tomb; to
bury.
These processions were first begun for the interring of
holy martyrs, and the visiting of those places where they
were entombed. Hooker, b. v. s. 41.
The cry went once for thee,
And yet it may again,
If thou would'st not entomb thyself alive,
And case thy reputation in a tent. Shakesp. Troil. and Cress.
They, within the beast's vast womb,
The choice and flow'r of all their troops entomb. Denham.

E’NTRAILS. n. s. without a singular. [entrailles, Fr. ἔντεϱα.]
1. The intestines; the bowels; the inward parts; the guts.
What, hath thy firy heart so parch'd thine entrails,
That not a tear can fall? Shak. H. VI.
As for the entrails, they are all without bones; save that a
bone is sometimes found in the heart of a stag, and it may be
in some other creature. Bacon's Natural History, No. 749.
The earth hath lost
Most of her ribs, as entrails; being now
Wounded no less for marble than for gold. Ben. Johns. Catil.
I tear that harden'd heart from out her breast,
Which with her entrails makes my hungry hounds a feast. Dr.
2. The internal parts; recess; caverns.
A precious ring that lightens all the hole,
And shews the ragged entrails of this pit. Shakes. Tit. Andr.
He had brought to light but little of that treasure, that lay
so long hid in the dark entrails of America. Locke.

To ENTRA’IL. v. a. To mingle; to interweave; to diversify.
Over him, art striving to compare
With nature, did an arbor green dispred,
Framed of wanton ivy, flow'ring fair,
Through which the fragrant eglantine did spread,
His pricking arms entrail'd with roses red. Fairy Queen.
A little wicker basket,
Made of fine twigs, entrailed curiously,
In which they gather'd flowers. Spenser's Prothal.

E’NTRANCE. n. s. [entrant, French.]
1. The power of entering into a place.
Whence are you, sir? Has the porter his eyes in his head,
that he gives entrance to such companions? Pray, get you
out. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Where diligence opens the door of the understanding, and
impartially keeps it, truth is sure to find both an entrance and
a welcome too. South's Sermons.
2. The act of entering.
The reason, that I gather, he is mad,
Is a mad tale he told to-day at dinner,
Of his own door being shut against his entrance. Shakespeare.
Better far, I guess,
That we do make our entrance several ways. Shak. Hen. VI.
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women meerly players;
They have their exits and their entrances. Shak. As you like it.
3. The passage by which a place is entered; avenue.
He charged them to keep the passages of the hilly country;
for by them there was an entrance into Judea. Judith iv. 7.
Palladio did conclude, that the principal entrance was never
to be regulated by any certain dimensions, but by the dignity
of the master. Wotton's Architecture.
Many are the ways that lead
To his grim cave, all dismal! yet to sense
More terrible at th' entrance than within. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Let this, and every other anxious thought,
At th' entrance of my threshold be forgot. Dryden's Juven.
4. Initiation; commencement.
This is that which, at first entrance, balks and cools them:
they want their liberty. Locke.
5. Intellectual ingress; knowledge.
He that travelleth into a country before he hath some en­
trance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel.
Bacon's Essays.
6. The act of taking possession of an office or dignity.
From the first entrance of this king to his reign, never was
king either more loving, or better beloved. Hayw. Edw. VI.
7. The beginning of any thing.
St. Augustine, in the entrance of one of his sermons, makes
a kind of apology. Hakewill on Providence.
The earl of Holland we have had occasion to men­
tion before in the first entrance upon this discourse. Clarendon.

To ENTRA’NCE. v. n. [from trance; transe, French, from
transeo, Latin, to pass over; to pass for a time from one region
to another.]
1. To put into a trance; to withdraw the soul wholly to other
regions, while the body appears to lye in dead sleep.
2. To put into an extasy; to make insensible of present objects.
With delight I was all the while entranced, and carried so
far from myself, as that I am right sorry that you ended so
soon. Spenser's Ireland.
Adam, now enforc'd to close his eyes,
Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranc'd. Milton.
And I so ravish'd with her heav'nly note,
I stood entranc'd, and had no room for thought;
But all o'erpower'd with ecstasy of bliss,
Was in a pleasing dream of paradise. Dryden.

To ENTRA’P. v. a. [from trap.]
1. To ensnare; to catch in a trap or snare.
Take heed, mine eyes, how ye do stare
Henceforth too rashly on that guileful net;
In which, if ever eyes entrapped are,
Out of her bands ye by no means shall get. Spenser.
2. To involve unexpectedly in difficulties or distresses; to en­
tangle.
Misfortune waits advantage to entrap
The man most wary, in her whelming lap. Fairy Queen.
The fraud of England, not the force of France,
Hath now entrapt the noble minded Talbot. Shak. Hen. VI.
He sought to entrap me by intelligence. Shakes. Hen. IV.
3. To take advantage of.
An injurious person lies in wait to entrap thee in thy
words. Ecclus. viii. 11.

To ENTRE’AT. v. a. [traeter, French.]
1. To petition; to solicite; to importune.
Isaac entreated the Lord for his wife. Gen. xxv. 21.
2. To prevail upon by solicitation.
I have a wife, whom, I protect, I love;
I would she were in heaven, so she could
Entreat some pow'r to change this currish Jew. Shakespeare.
The Lord was entreated of him, and Rebecah his wife con­
ceived. Gen. xxv. 21.
It were a fruitless attempt to appease a power, whom no
prayers could entreat, no repentance reconcile. Rogers's Serm.
3. To treat or use well or ill.
Whereas thy servant worketh truly, entreat him not evil.
Ecclus. vii. 20.
Must you, sir John, protect my lady here?
Entreat her not the worse in that I pray
You use her well. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
Well I entreated her, who well deserv'd:
I call'd her often; for she always serv'd:
Use made her person easy to my sight,
And ease insensibly produc'd delight. Prior.
4. To entertain; to amuse.
My lord, I must entreat the time alone.
—God shield I should disturb devotion. Sh. Rom. and Juliet.
5. To entertain; to receive.
The garden of Proserpina this hight,
And in the midst thereof a silver seat,
With a thick arbour goodly overdight,
In which she often us'd, from open heat,
Herself to shroud, and pleasures to entreat. Fairy Queen.




To ENTRE’AT. v. n.
1. To offer a treaty or compact.
Alexander was the first that entreated peace with them.
1 Mac. xvi. 47.
2. To treat; to discourse.
The most admirable mystery of nature is the turning of
iron, touched with the loadstone, toward the North pole,
of which I shall have farther occasion to entreat. Hakewill.
3. To make a petition.
They charged me, on pain of perpetual displeasure, neither
to speak of him, entreat for him, or any way sustain him. Shak.
The Janizaries entreated for them, as valiant men. Knolles.

ENTRE’ATANCE. n. s. [from entreat.] Petition; entreaty;
solicitation.
These two entreatance made they might be heard,
Nor was their just petition long deny'd. Fairfax, b. ii.

ENTRE’ATY. n. s. [from entreat.] Petition; prayer; solicita­
tion; supplication; request.
If my weak orator
Can from his mother win the duke of York,
Anon expect him here; but if she be
Obdurate to entreaties, God forbid
We should infringe the holy privilege
Of sanctuary. Shakespeare's Richard III.

ENTREME’TS. n. s. [French.] Small plates set between the
main dishes.
Chards of beet are plants of white beet transplanted, pro­
ducing great tops, which, in the midst, have a large white
main shoot, which is the true chard used in pottages and
entremets. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

E’NTRY. n. s. [from enter; entree, French.]
1. The passage by which any one enters a house.
Some there are that know the resorts and falls of
business, that cannot sink into the main of it; like a house
that hath convenient stairs and entries, but never a fair
room. Bacon's Essays.
A strait long entry to the temple led,
Blind with high walls, and horror over head. Dryden.
Is all this hurry made
On this account, because thou art afraid
A dirty hall or entry should offend
The curious eyes of thy invited friend? Dryden's Juven.
We proceeded through the entry, and were necessarily kept
in order by the situation. Tatler, No. 86.
2. The act of entrance; ingress.
Bathing and anointing give a relaxation or emollition; and
the mixture of oil and water is better than either of them
alone, because water entereth better into the pores, and oil
after entry softeneth better. Bacon's Natural History. No. 730.
I took horse to the lake of Constance, which lies at two
leagues distance from it, and is formed by the entry of the
Rhine. Addison on Italy.
By the entry of the chyle and air into the blood, by the lac­
teals, the animal may again revive. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The act of taking possession of any estate.
4. The act of registering or setting down in writing.
A notary made an entry of this act. Bacon's New Atlantis.
5. The act of entering publickly into any city.
The day being come, he made his entry: he was a man of
middle stature and age, and comely. Bacon.

To ENU’BILATE. v. a. [e and nubile, Latin.] To clear from
clouds. Dict.

To ENU’CLEATE. v. a. [enucleo, Latin.] To solve; to clear;
to disentangle. Dict.

ENV

To ENVE’LOP. v. a. [enveloper, French.]
1. To inwrap; to cover; to invest with some integument.
2. To cover; to hide; to surround.
The best and wholesom'st spirits of the night envelop you,
good provost. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
A cloud of smoke envelops either host,
And all at once the combatants are lost:
Darkling they join adverse, and shock unseen,
Coursers with coursers justing, men with men. Dryden.
It is but to approach nearer, and that mist that enveloped
them will remove. Locke.
Nocturnal shades
This world envelop, and th' inclement air
Persuades men to repel benumming frosts. Phillips.
3. To line; to cover on the inside.
His iron coat, all over grown with rust,
Was underneath enveloped with gold,
Darkned with filthy dust. Fairy Queen.

ENVELO’PE. n. s. [French.] A wrapper; an outward case;
an integument; a cover.
Send these to paper-sparing Pope;
And, when he sits to write,
No letter with an envelope
Could give him more delight. Swift.

To ENVE’NOM. v. a. [from venom.]
1. To tinge with poison; to poison; to impregnate with venom.
It is never used of the person to whom poison is given, but of
the draught, meat, or instrument by which it is conveyed.
The treacherous instrument is in thy hand,
Unbated and envenom'd. Shakespeare.
Alcides, from Oechalia, crown'd
With conquest, felt th' envenom'd robe, and tore,
Through pain, up by the roots Thessalian pines. Milton.
Nor with envenom'd tongue to blast the fame
Of harmless men. Phillips.
2. To make odious.
Oh, what a world is this, when what is comely
Envenoms him that bears it! Shakesp. As you like it.
3. To enrage.
With her full force she threw the pois'nous dart,
And fix'd it deep within Amata's heart;
That thus envenom'd she might kindle rage,
And sacrifice to strife her house and husband's age. Dryden.

E’NVIABLE. adj. [from envy.] Deserving envy; such as may
excite envy.
They, in an enviable mediocrity of fortune, do happily
possess themselves. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

E’NVIER. n. s. [from envy.] One that envies another; a ma­
ligner; one that desires the downfall of another.
Men had need beware how they be too perfect in compli­
ments; for that enviers will give them that attribute, to the
disadvantage of their virtue. Bacon's Essays, Civ. and Mor.
They ween'd
That self-same day, by fight or by surprize,
To win the mount of God, and on his throne
To set the envier of his state, the proud
Aspirer; but their thoughts prov'd fond and vain. Milton.
All preferments in church and state were given by him, all
his kindred and friends promoted, and all his enemies and en­
viers discountenanced. Clarendon.

E’NVIOUS. adj. [from envy.] Infected with envy; pained by
the excellence or happiness of another.
A man of the most envious disposition that ever infected the
air with his breath, whose eyes could not look right upon any
happy man, nor ears bear the burden of any man's praise. Sidn.
Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace,
To silence envious tongues. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Be not thou envious against evil men. Prov. xxiv. 19.
Neither be thou envious at the wicked. Prov. xxiv. 19.
Sure you mistake the precept, or the tree;
Heav'n cannot envious of his blessings be. Dryden.

E’NVIOUSLY. adj. [from envious.] With envy; with malig­
nity; with ill will.
Damned spirits, being fallen from heaven, endeavour envi­
ously to obstruct the ways that may lead us thither. Duppa.
How enviously the ladies look,
When they surprise me at my book!
And sure as they're alive at night,
As soon as gone, will shew their spight. Swift.

To ENVI’RON. v. a. [environner, French.]
1. To surround; to encompass; to encircle.
I stand as one upon a rock,
Environ'd with a wilderness of sea. Shakes. Tit. Andronicus.
The country near unto the city of Sultania is on every
side environed with huge mountains. Knolles's History.
The manifold streams of goodly navigable rivers, as so
many chains, environed the same site and temple. Bacon.
On a plain, within the environing rocks, stood the city.
Sandys's Journey.
A wand'ring
Compact of unctuous vapour, which the night
Condenses, and the cold environs round. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Thought following thought, and step by step led on,
He enter'd now the bordering desart wild,
And with dark shades and rocks environ'd round,
His holy meditation thus pursu'd. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
God hath scattered several degrees of pleasure and pain in
all the things that environ and affect us, and blended them to­
gether in almost all that our thoughts. Locke.
2. To involve; to envelope.
May never glorious sun reflect his beams
Upon the country where you make abode!
But darkness and the gloomy shade of death
Environ you, 'till mischief and despair
Drive you to break your necks. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Since she must go, and I must mourn, come, night,
Environ me with darkness whilst I write. Donne.
3. To surround in a hostile manner; to besiege; to hem in.
Methought a legion of foul fiends
Environ'd me, and howled in mine ears
Such hideous cries, that with the very thought
I trembling wak'd. Shakespeare's Richard III.
In thy danger,
If ever danger do environ thee,
Commend thy grievance to my holy prayer. Shakespeare.
I did but prompt the age to quit their clogs,
By the known rules of ancient liberty,
When straight a barbarous noise environs me. Milton.
4. To inclose; to invest.



The soldier, that man of iron,
Whom ribs of horrour all environ. Cleaveland.

ENVI’RONS. n. s. [environs, French.] The neighbourhood or
neighbouring places round about the country.

To ENU’MERATE. v. a. [enumero, Latin.] To reckon up
singly; to count over distinctly; to number.
You must not only acknowledge to God that you are a
sinner, but must particularly enumerate the kinds of sin where­
of you know yourself guilty. Wake's Preparation for Death.
Besides enumerating the gross defect of duty to the queen,
I shew how all things were managed wrong. Swift.

ENUMERA’TION. n. s. [enumeratio, Latin.] The act of num­
bering or counting over; number told out.
Whosoever reads St. Paul's enumeration of duties incum­
bent upon it, must conclude, that well nigh the business of
Christianity is laid on charity. Sprat's Sermons.
The chemists make spirit, salt, sulphur, water, and earth
their five elements, though they are not all agreed in this enu­
meration of elements. Watts's Logick.

To ENU’NCIATE. v. a. [enuncio, Latin.] To declare; to
proclaim; to relate; to express.

ENUNCIA’TION. n. s. [enunciatio, Latin.]
1. Declaration; publick attestation; open proclamation.
This preaching is to strangers and infants in Christ, to pro­
duce faith; but this sacramental enunciation is the declaration
and confession of it by men in Christ, declaring it to be done,
and owned, and accepted, and prevailing. Taylor.
2. Intelligence; information.
It remembers and retains such things as were never at all
in the sense; as the conceptions, enunciations, and actions of
the intellect and will. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ENU’NCIATIVE. adj. [from enunciate.] Declarative; expressive.
This presumption only proceeds in respect of the dispositive
words, and not in regard of the enunciative terms thereof. Ayl.

ENU’NCIATIVELY. adv. [from enunciative.] Declaratively.

E’NVOY. n. s. [envoye, French.]
1. A publick minister sent from one power to another.
Now the Lycian lots conspire
With Phœbus; now Jove's envoy through the air
Brings dismal tydings. Denham.
Perseus sent envoys to Carthage, to kindle their hatred
against the Romans. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. A publick messenger, in dignity below an ambassador.
3. A messenger.
The watchful sentinels at ev'ry gate,
At ev'ry passage to the senses wait;
Still travel to and fro' the nervous way,
And their impressions to the brain convey;
Where their report the vital envoys make,
And with new orders are commanded back. Blackm. Creat.

To E’NVY. v. a. [envier, French; invidere, Latin.]
1. To hate another for excellence, happiness, or success.
Envy thou not the oppressor, and chuse none of his ways.
Prov. iii. 31.
A woman does not envy a man for fighting courage, nor a
man a woman for her beauty. Collier of Envy.
2. To grieve at any qualities of excellence in another.
I have seen the fight,
When I have envied thy behaviour. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
You cannot envy your neighbour's wisdom, if he gives you
good counsel; nor his riches, if he supplies you in your wants;
nor his greatness, if he employs it to your protection. Swift.
3. To grudge; to impart unwillingly; to withold maliciously.
Johnson, who, by studying Horace, had been acquainted
with the rules, seemed to envy others that knowledge. Dryden.

To E’NVY. v. n. To feel envy; to feel pain at the sight of
excellence or felicity.
In seeking tales and informations
Against this man, whose honesty the devil
And his disciples only envy at,
Ye blew the fire that burns ye. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He that loves God is not displeased at accidents which God
chuses, nor envies at those gifts he bestows. Taylor.
Who would envy at the prosperity of the wicked, and the
success of persecutors? Taylor's Rule of living holy.

E’NVY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Pain felt and malignity conceived at the sight of excellence
or happiness.
Envy is a repining at the prosperity or good of another, or
anger and displeasure at any good of another which we want,
or any advantage another hath above us. Ray on the Creation.
All the conspirators, save only he,
Did that they did in envy of great Cæsar. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Many suffered death merely in envy to their virtues and
superiour genius. Swift.
Envy, to which th' ignoble mind's a slave,
Is emulation in the learn'd or brave. Pope's Essay on Man.
2. Rivalry; competition.
You may see the parliament of women, the little envies of
them to one another. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.
3. Malice; malignity.
Madam, this is a meer distraction;
You turn the good we offer into envy. Shakes. Henry VIII.
4. Publick odium; ill repute.
Edward Plantagenet should be, in the most publick and
notorious manner, shewed unto the people; to discharge the
king of the envy of that opinion and bruit, how he had been
put to death privily. Bacon's Henry VII.

To ENWHE’EL. v. a. [from wheel.] To encompass; to en­
circle. A word probably peculiar to Shakespeare.
Hail to thee, lady! and the grace of heav'n,
Before, behind thee, and on ev'ry hand
Enwheel thee round. Shakespeare's Othello.

To ENWO’MB. v. a. [from womb.]
1. To make pregnant.
Me then he left enwombed of this child,
This luckless child, whom thus ye see with blood. Fa. Qu.
I'm your mother;
And put you in the catalogue of those
That were enwombed mine. Shak. All's well that ends well.
2. To bury; to hide as in a womb.
Or as the Africk niger stream enwombs
Itself into the earth, and after comes,
Having first made a natural bridge to pass,
For many leagus, far greater than it was;
May't not be said, that her grave shall restore
Her greater, purer, finer than before. Donne.

EO’LIPILE. n. s. [from Æolus and pila.] A hollow ball of
metal with a long pipe; which ball, filled with water, and
exposed to the fire, sends out, as the water heats, at intervals,
blasts of cold wind through the pipe.
Considering the structure of that globe, the exterior crust,
and the waters lying round under it, both exposed to the sun,
we may fitly compare it to an eolipile, or an hollow sphere with
water in it, which the heat of the fire rarefies, and turns into
vapours and wind. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

EPA’CT. n. s. [ἐπαϰτη.] A number, whereby we note
the excess of the common solar year above the lunar, and
thereby may find out the age of the moon every year. For
the solar year consisting of 365 days, the lunar but of 354,
the lunations every year get eleven days before the solar year;
and thereby, in 19 years, the moon completes 20 times 12
lunations, or gets up one whole solar year; and having
finished that circuit, begins again with the sun, and so from
19 to 19 years. For the first year afterwards the moon will
go before the sun but 11 days; the second year 22 days; the
third 33 days: but 30 being an entire lunation, cast that
away, and the remainder 3 shall be that year's epact; and so
on, adding yearly 11 days. To find the epact, having the
prime or golden number given, you have this rule:
Divide by three; for each one left add ten;
Thirty reject: the prime makes epact then. Harris.
As the cycle of the moon seems to shew the epacts, and that
of the sun the dominical letter, throughout all their varia­
tions; so this Dionysian period serves to shew these two cycles
both together, and how they proceed or vary all along, 'till at
last they accomplish their period, and both together take their
beginning again, after every 532d year. Holder on Time.

EPA’ULMENT. n. s. [French, from epaule, a shoulder.] In
fortification, a sidework made either of earth thrown up,
of bags of earth, gabions, or of fascines and earth; of which
latter are made the epaulments of the places of arms for the
cavalry behind the trenches. It sometimes denotes a semi­
bastion and a square orillion, or mass of earth faced and lined
with a wall, designed to cover the cannon of a cazemate. Harr.

EPE’NTHESIS. n. s. [ἐπενϑισις.] [In grammar.] The addition
of a vowel or consonant in the middle of a word. Harris.

EPH

E’PHA. n. s. [Hebrew.] A measure among the Jews, con­
taining fifteen solid inches.
The epha and the bath shall be of one measure; that the
bath may contain the tenth part of an homer, and the epha
the tenth part of an homer. Ezek. xlv. 11.

EPHE’MERA. n. s. [εφήμεϱη.]
1. A fever that terminates in one day.
2. An insect that lives only one day.

EPHE’MERAL. n. s. [ἐφημέϱιος.] Diurnal; beginning and end­
ing in a day.

EPHE’MERICK. n. s. [ἐφημέϱιος.] Diurnal; beginning and end­
ing in a day.
This was no more than a meer bubble or blast, and like
an ephemeral fit of applause. Wotton.

EPHE’MERIS. n. s. [εφημεϱις.]
1. A journal; an account of daily transactions.
2. An account of the daily motions and situations of the planets.
When casting up his eyes against the light,
Both month, and day, and hour he measur'd right;
And told more truly than the ephemeris;
For art may err, but nature cannot miss. Dryd. Nun's Tale.

EPHE’MERIST. n. s. [from ephemeris.] One who consults the
planets; one who studies or practises astrology.
The night immediately before, he was discoursing of and
slighting the art of those foolish astrologers and genethiacal
ephemerists, that use to pry into the horoscope of nativities.
Howel's Voeal Forrest.




EPHEMERON-WORM. n. s. [from ἐφἠμεϱον and worm.] A sort
of worm that lives but a day.
Swammerdam observes of the ephemeron-worms, that their
food is clay, and that they make their cells of the same. Derh.

E’PHOD. n. s. [אפור.] A sort of ornament worn by the
Hebrew priests. That worn by the high priest was richly
composed of gold, blue, purple, crimson, and twisted cot­
ton; and upon the part which came over his two shoulders,
were two large precious stones, upon which were engraven
the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, upon each stone six
names. Where the ephod crossed the high priest's breast,
was a square ornament, called the breast-plate; in which
twelve precious stones were set, with the names of the twelve
tribes of Israel engraved on them, one on each stone. The
ephods worn by the other priests were only of plain linen.
Calmet.
He made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet,
and fine twined linen. Ex. xxxix. 2.
Array'd in ephods; nor so few
As are those pearls of morning dew,
Which hang on herbs and flowers. Sandys's Paraphr.

EPI

E’PIC. adj. [epicus, Latin; ἐπος.] Narrative; comprising nar­
rations, not acted, but rehearsed. It is usually supposed to
be heroick, or to contain one great action atchieved by a
hero.
Holmes, whose name shall live in epic song,
While music numbers, or while verse has feet. Dryden.
The epic poem is more for the manners, and the tragedy
for the passions. Dryden.
From morality they formed that kind of poem and fable
which we call epic. Pope's View of Epic Poems.

EPICE’DIUM. n. s. [επιϰήδιος.] An elegy; a poem upon a fu­
neral.
You from above shall hear each day
One dirge dispatch'd unto your clay;
These, your own anthems, shall become
Your lasting epicedium. Sandys's Paraphrase.

E’PICURE. n. s. [epicureus, Latin.] A follower of Epicurus;
a man given wholly to luxury.
Then fly false thanes,
And mingle with the English epicures. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The epicure buckles to study, when shame, or the desire to
recommend himself to his mistress, shall make him uneasy in
the want of any sort of knowledge. Locke.

EPICURE’AN. n. s. [epicureus, Latin.] One who holds the
physiological principles of Epicurus.
The Platonists have their soul of the world, and the Epi­
cureans their soul of the world, and the Epicureans their endea­
vour towards motion in their atoms when at rest. Locke.

EPICU’REAN. adj. Luxurious; contributing to luxury.
Tie up the libertine in a field of feasts,
Keep his brain fuming; epicurean cooks,
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.
What a damn'd epicurean rascal is this! Shakespeare.

EPICU’RISM. n. s. [from epicure.] Luxury; sensual enjoy­
ment; gross pleasure.
Here you do keep a hundred knights and squires;
Men so disorder'd, so debauch'd and bold,
That this our court, infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn; epicurism and lust
Make it a tavern or a brothel. Shakespeare's King Lear.
There is not half so much epicurism in any of their most
studied luxuries, as a bleeding fame at their mercy.
Government of the Tongue, s. 6.
Some good men have ventured to call munificence, the
greatest sensuality, a piece of epicurism. Calamy's Sermons.

EPICY’CLE. n. s. [ἐϖὶ and ϰύϰλ.] A little circle whose center
is in the circumference of a greater; or a small orb, which,
being fixed in the deferent of a planet, is carried along with
its motion; and yet, with its own peculiar motion, carries the
body of the planet fastened to it round about its proper
center. Harris.
In regard of the epicycle, or lesser orb, wherein it moveth,
the motion of the moon is various and unequal. Brown.
Gird the sphere
With centric and eccentric, scribbl'd o'er;
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.

EPICY’CLOID. n. s. [ἐϖιϰυϰλοείδης.] A curve generated by the
revolution of the periphery of a circle along the convex or
concave part of another circle. Harris.

EPIDE’MICAL. n. s. [ἐϖί and δήμ.]

EPIDE’MICK. n. s. [ἐϖί and δήμ.]
1. That which falls at once upon great numbers of people, as
a plague.
It was conceived not to be an epidemick disease, but to pro­
ceed from a malignity in the constitution of the air, gathered
by the predispositions of seasons. Bacon's Henry VII.
As the proportion of acute and epidemical diseases shews the
aptness of the air to sudden and vehement impressions, so the
chronical diseases shew the ordinary temper of the place.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
2. Generally prevailing; affecting great numbers.
The more epidemical and prevailing this evil is, the more
honourable are those who shine as exceptions. South's Sermons.
He ought to have been busied in losing his money, or in
other amusements equally laudable and epidemick among per­
sons of honour. Swift.
3. General; universal.
They're citizens o' th' world, they're all in all;
Scotland's a nation epidemical. Cleaveland.

EPIDE’RMIS. n. s. [ἐϖιδέϱμις.] The scarf-skin of a man's
body.

EPIGRA’M. n. s. [epigramma, Latin.] A short poem termi­
nating in a point.
A college of witcrackers cannot flout me out of my hu­
mour: do'st thou think I care for a satire or an epigram? Shak.
What can be more witty than the epigram of Moore upon
the name of Nicolaus, an ignorant physician, that had been
the death of thousands? Peacham of Poetry.
I writ
An epigram that boasts more truth than wit. Gay.

EPIGRAMMA’TICAL. adj. [epigrammaticus, Latin.]

EPIGRAMMA’TICK. adj. [epigrammaticus, Latin.]
1. Dealing in epigrams; writing epigrams.
Our good epigrammatical poet, old Godfrey of Winchester,
thinketh no ominous forespeaking to lie in names. Camden.
2. Suitable to epigrams; belonging to epigrams.
He is every where above conceits of epigrammatick wit and
gross hyperboles: he maintains majesty in the midst of plain­
ness; he shines, but glares not; and is stately, without am­
bition. Addison.
He has none of those little points and puerilities that are so
often to be met with in Ovid; none of the epigrammatick turns
of Lucan; none of those swelling sentiments which are so
frequent in Statius and Claudian; none of those mixt embel­
lishments of Tasso. Addison's Spectator, No. 279.

EPIGRA’MMATIST. n. s. [from epigram.] One who writes or
deals in epigrams.
A jest upon a poor wit, at first might have had an epi­
grammatist for its father, and been afterwards gravely under­
stood by some painful collector. Pope.
Such a customer the epigrammatist Martial meets withal,
one who, after he had walked through the fairest street twice
or thrice, cheapening jewels, plate, rich hangings, came away
with a wooden dish. Peacham on Blazoning.

EPI’GRAPHE. n. s. [ἐϖιγϱαφὴ.] An inscription on a statue. Dict.

E’PILEPSY. n. s. [ἐϖἱληψις.] An convulsion, or convulsive mo­
tion of the whole body, or of some of its parts, with a loss
of sense. A convulsive motion happens when the blood, or
nervous fluid, runs into any parts with so great violence, that
the mind cannot restrain them from attraction. Quincy.
My lord is fell into an epilepsy:
This is the second fit. Shak. Othello.
Melancholy distempers are deduced from spirits drawn from
that cacochymia; the phrenitis from cholerick spirits, and the
epilepsy from fumes. Floyer on the Humours.

EPILE’PTICK. adj. [from epilepsy.] Convulsed; diseased with
an epilepsy.
A plague upon your epileptick visage!
Smile you my speeches, as I were a fool? Shakes. K. Lear.
Epilepticks ought to breathe a pure air, unaffected with any
steams, even such as are very fragrant. Arbuthnot on Diet.

E’PILOGUE. n. s. [epilogus, Latin.] The poem or speech at the
end of a play.
If it be true that good wine needs no bush, 'tis true that a
good play needs no epilogue; yet to good wine they do use good
bushes, and good plays prove the better by the help of good
epilogues. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Are you mad, you dog;
I am to rise and speak the epilogue. Dryden's Tyran. Love.

EPINY’CTIS. n. s. [ἐϖινυϰις.] A sore at the corner of the eye.
The epinyctis is of the bigness of a lupin, of a dusky red,
and sometimes of a livid and pale colour, with great inflam­
mation and pain: it dischargeth first a sanies of bloody
matter. Wiseman's Surgery.

EPI’PHANY. n. s. [ἐϖιφανεία.] A church festival, celebrated on
the twelth day after Christmas, in commemoration of our
Saviour's being manifested to the world, by the appearance of
a miraculous blazing star, which conducted the magi to the
place where he was. Dict.

EPIPHONE’MA. n. s. [ἐϖιφώνημα.] An exclamation; a conclu­
sive sentence not closely connected with the words forgoing.
I know a gentleman, who made it a rule in reading to skip
over all sentences where he spied a note of admiration at the
end. I believe, if those preachers who abound in epiphomenas
would but look about them, they would find one part of their
congregation out of countenance, and the other asleep, except
perhaps an old female beggar or two in the isles; who, if they
be sincere, may probably groan at the sound. Swift.

EPI’PHORA. n. s. [ἐπίφοϱα.] An inflammation of any part,
but more especially a defluxion of humours on the eyes.
Harris.




EPIPHYLLOSPE’RMOUS. adj. [from ἐπὶ, φύλλον and σπέϱμα.]
Is applied to plants that bear their seed on the back part of their
leaves, being the same with capillaries. Harris.

EPI’PHYSIS. n. s. [ἐπίφυσις.] Accretion; the part added by
accretion; one bone growing to another by simple contiguity,
without any proper articulation. Quincy.
The epiphysis of the os femoris is a distinct bone from it in
a child, whereas in a man they do entirely unite. Wiseman.

EPI’PLOCE. n. s. [ἐπιπλοϰὴ.] A figure of rhetorick, by which
one aggravation, or striking circumstance, is added in due
gradation to another; as, he not only spared his enemies, but con­
tinued them in employment; not only continued, but advanced
them.

EPI’SCOPACY. n. s. [episcopatus, Latin.] The government of
bishops; the government of the church established by the
apostles.
They durst not contest with the assembly in jurisdiction;
so that there was little more than the name of episcopacy pre­
served. Clarendon.
Prelacy itself cannot be proved by prescription, since epis­
copacy is not prescribed by any time whatsoever. Ayliffe's Par.

EPI’SCOPAL. adj. [from episcopus, Latin.]
1. Belonging to a bishop.
The apostle commands Titus not only to be a pattern of
good works himself, but to use his episcopal authority in ex­
horting every rank and order of men. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Vested in a bishop.
The plot of discipline sought to erect a popular authority
of elders, and to take away episcopal jurisdiction. Hooker.

EPI’SCOPATE. n. s. [episcopatus, Latin.] A bishoprick; the
office and dignity of a bishop.

E’PISODE. n. s. [ἐπίσωδη.] An incidental narrative, or di­
gression in a poem, separable from the main subject, yet
rising naturally from it.
The poem, which we have now under our consideration,
hath no other episodes than such as naturally arise from the
subject. Addison's Spectator.

EPISO’DICAL. adj. [from episode.] Contained in an episode;
pertaining to an episode.

EPISO’DICK. adj. [from episode.] Contained in an episode;
pertaining to an episode.
Episodical ornaments, such as descriptions and narrations,
were delivered to us from the observations of Aristotle. Dryd.
I discover the difference between the episodick and principal
action, as well as the nature of episodes. Notes on the Odyssey.

EPISPA’STICK. n. s. [ἔπι and σπάω.]
1. Drawing.
2. Blistering. This is now the more frequent, though less pro­
per sense.
The matter ought to be solicited, by all possible methods, to
the lower parts, by fomentations, bathing, epispasticks, and
blistering. Arbuthnot on Diet.

EPI’STLE. n. s. [ἐπιϛολὴ.] A letter. This word is seldom
used but in poetry, or on occasions of dignity and solemnity.
When loose epistles violate chaste eyes,
She half consents, who silently denies. Dryden.

EPI’STOLARY. adj. [from epistle.]
1. Relating to letters; suitable to letters.
2. Transacted by letters.
I shall carry on an epistolary correspondence between the two
heads. Addison's Guardian, No. 114.

EPI’STLER. n. s. [from epistle.] A scribbler of letters.

E’PITAPH. n. s. [ἐπιάφιο.] An inscription upon a tomb.
Live still, and write mine epitaph. Shakespeare.
Some thy lov'd dust in Parian stones enshrine,
Others immortal epitaphs design;
With wit, and strength, that only yields to thine. Smith.

EPITHALA’MIUM. n. s. [ἐπὶ ϑάλαμ.] A nuptial song;
a compliment upon marriage.
I presume to invite you to these sacred nuptials: the
epithalamium sung by a crowned muse. Sandys's Paraphrase.
The forty-fifth psalm is an epithalamium to Christ and the
church, or to the lamb and his spouse. Burnet.

E’PITHEM. n. s. [ἐπίϑημα.] A liquid medicament externally
applied.
Epithems, or cordial applications, are justly applied unto
the left breast. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 1.
Cordials and epithems are also necessary, to resist the putre­
faction and strengthen the vitals. Wiseman's Surgery.

E’PITHET. n. s. [ἐπίϑετου.]
1. An adjective denoting any quality good or bad: as, the ver­
dant grove, the craggy mountain's lofty head.
I affirm with phlegm, leaving the epithets of false, scan­
dalous and villainous to the author. Swift.
2. It is used by some writers improperly for title, name.
The epithet of shades belonged more properly to the dark­
ness than the refreshment. Decay of Piety.
3. It is used improperly for phrase, expression.
For which of my good parts did you first suffer love for me?
—Suffer love! a good epithet: I do suffer love indeed; for I
love thee against my will. Shakespeare.

EPI’TOME. n. s. [ἐπιτομὴ.] Abridgment; abbreviature;
compendious abstract; compendium.
This is a poor epitome of your's,
Which, by th' interpretation of full time,
May shew like all yourself. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Epitomes are helpful to the memory, and of good private
use; but set forth for publick monuments, accuse the in­
dustrious writers of delivering much impertinency. Wotton.
I think it would be well, if there were a short and plain
epitome made, containing the chief and most material heads.
Locke on Education.
Such abstracts and epitomes may be reviewed in their proper
places. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To EPI’TOMISE. v. a. [from epitome.]
1. To abstract; to contract into a narrow space.
Who did the whole world's soul contract, and drove
Into the glasses of your eyes;
So made such mirrours and such spies,
That they did all to you epitomise. Donne.
2. Less properly, to diminish; to curtail.
We have epitomised many particular words, to the detriment
of our tongue. Addison's Spectator, No. 135.

EPI’TOMISER. n. s. [from epitomise.] An abridger; an ab­
stracter; a writer of epitomes.

EPI’TOMIST. n. s. [from epitomise.] An abridger; an ab­
stracter; a writer of epitomes.

E’POCH. n. s. [ἐποχὴ.] The time at which a new compu­
tation is begun; the time from which dates are
numbered.

E’POCHA. n. s. [ἐποχὴ.] The time at which a new compu­
tation is begun; the time from which dates are
numbered.
Moses distinctly sets down this account, computing by cer­
tain intervals, memorable æras and epochas, or terms of time.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 1.
These are the practices of the world, since the year sixty;
the grand epoch of falshood, as well as debauchery. South.
Some lazy ages, lost in sleep and ease,
No action leave to busy chronicles;
Such whose supine felicity but makes
In story chasms, in epochas mistakes. Dryden.
Their several epochas or beginnings, as from the creation of
the world, from the flood, from the first olympiad, from the
building of Rome, or from any remarkable passage or acci­
dent, give us a pleasant prospect into the histories of anti­
quity and of former ages. Holder on Time.
Time is always reckoned from some known parts of this
sensible world, and from some certain epochs marked out to us
by the motions observeable in it. Locke.
Time, by necessity compel'd, shall go
Through scenes of war, and epochas of woe. Prior.

EPO’DE. n. s. [ἔϖωδ.] The stanza following the strophe and
antistrophe.

EPOPE’E. n. s. [ἐποποίια.] An epick or heroick poem.
Tragedy borrows from the epopee, and that which borrows
is of less dignity, because it has not of its own. Dryd. Virgil.

EPULA’TION. n. s. [epulatio, Latin.] Banquet; feast.
Contented with bread and water, when he would dine with
Jove, and pretended to epulation, he desired no other addition
than a piece of cheese. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 17.

EPULO’TICK. n. s. [ἐπουλώτιϰ.] A cicatrising medicament.
The ulcer, incarned with common sarcoticks, and the ulce­
rations about it, were cured by ointment of tuty, and such
like epuloticks. Wiseman of Inflammation.

EQU

EQUABI’LITY. n. s. [from equable.] Equality to itself; even­
ness; uniformity.
For the celestial bodies, the equability and constancy of
their motions argue them ordained by Wisdom. Ray.
The equability of the temperature of the air rendered the
Asiaticks lazy. Arbuthnot on Air.

E’QUABLE. adj. [æquabilis, Latin.] Equal to itself; even;
uniform in respect to form, motion, or temperature.
He would have the vast body of a planet to be as elegant
and round as a factitious globe represents it; to be every where
smooth and equable, and as plain as elysian fields. Bentley.
Nothing abates acrimony of the blood more than an equable
motion of it, neither too swift nor too slow; for too quick a
motion produceth an alkaline, and too slow an acid acri­
mony. Arbuthnot on Diet.

E’QUABLY. adv. [from equable.] Uniformly; in the same
tenour; evenly; equally to itself.
If bodies move equably in concentrick circles, and the
squares of their periodical times be as the cubes of their dis­
tances from the common center, their centripetal forces will
be reciprocally as the squares of the distances. Cheyne.

E’QUAL. adj. [æqualis, Latin.]
1. Like another in bulk, excellence, or any other quality that
admits comparison; neither greater nor less; neither worse
nor better.
If thou be among great men, make not thyself equal with
them. Ecclus. xxxii. 9.
Equal lot
May join us; equal joy, as equal love. Milton's Par. Lost.
Although there were no man in the world to take notice of
it, every triangle would contain three angles equal to two
right angles. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Adequate to any purpose.
The Scots trusted not their own numbers, as equal to fight
with the English. Clarendon, b. viii.



3. Even; uniform.
He laughs at all the vulgar cares and fears,
At their vain triumphs, and their vainer tears;
An equal temper in his mind he found,
When fortune flatter'd him, and when she frown'd. Dryden.
Think not of me: perhaps my equal mind
May learn to bear the fate the gods allot me. Smith.
4. In just proportion.
It is not permitted me to make my commendations equal
to your merit. Dryden's Fab. Dedication.
5. Impartial; neutral.
Each to his proper fortune stand or fall;
Equal and unconcern'd I look on all:
Rutilians, Trojans, are the same to me,
And both shall draw the lots their fates decree. Dryd. Æn.
6. Indifferent.
They who are not disposed to receive them, may let them
alone, or reject them; it is equal to me. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
7. Equitable; advantageous alike to both parties.
He submitted himself, and sware to all equal conditions.
2 Mac. xiii. 23.
8. Upon the same terms.
They made the married, orphans, widows, yea and the
aged also, equal in spoils with themselves. 2 Mac. viii. 30.

E’QUAL. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. One not inferiour or superiour to another.
He is enamoured on Hero: I pray you, dissuade him from
her; she is no equal for his birth. Sh. Much Ado about Nothing.
He would make them all equals to the citizens of Rome.
2 Mac. ix. 15.
Those who were once his equals, envy and defame him,
because they now see him their superiour; and those who
were once his superiours, because they look upon him as their
equal. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
To my dear equal, in my native land,
My plighted vow I gave: I his receiv'd:
Each swore with truth; with pleasure each believ'd:
The mutual contract was to heav'n convey'd. Prior.
2. One of the same age.
I profited in the Jews religion above many my equals in
mine own nation. Gal. i. 14.

To E’QUAL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make one thing or person equal to another.
2. To rise to the same state with another person.
I know no body so like to equal him, even at the age he
wrote most of them, as yourself. Trumbull to Pope.
3. To be equal to.
One whose all not equals Edward's moiety. Shakespeare.
4. To recompense fully.
Then sought Sicheus through the shady grove,
Who answer'd all her cares, and equal'd all her love. Dryd.
Nor you, great queen, these offices repent,
Which he will equal, and perhaps augment. Dryden's Virg.

To E’QUALISE. v. a. [from equal.]
1. To make even.
To equalise accounts we will allow three hundred years,
and so long a time as we can manifest from the Scripture. Bro.
2. To be equal to: a sense not used.
That would make the moved body, remaining what it is,
in regard of its bigness, to equalise and fit a thing bigger than
it is. Digby on Bodies.
Ye lofty beeches, tell this matchless dame,
That if together ye fed all one flame,
It could not equalise the hundredth part
Of what her eyes have kindled in my heart. Waller.

EQUA’LITY. n. s. [from equal.]
1. Likeness with regard to any quantities compared.
Equality of two domestick powers,
Breeds scrupulous faction: the hated, grown to strength,
Are newly grown to love. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.
2. The same degree of dignity.
One shall rise,
Of proud ambition; who, not content
With fair equality, fraternal state,
Will arrogate dominion undeserv'd,
Over his brethren. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii. l. 26.
According to this equality wherein God hath placed all
mankind, with relation to himself, in all the relations between
man and man there is a mutual dependance. Swift.
3. Evenness; uniformity; constant tenour; equability.
Measure out the lives of men, and periodically define the
alterations of their tempers, conceive a regularity in muta­
tions, with an equality in constitutions, and forget that variety
which physicians therein discover. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

E’QUALLY. adv. [from equal.]
1. In the same degree with another person or thing; alike.
To reconcile mens vices to their fears is the aim of all the
various schemes and projects of sin, and is equally intended
by atheism and immorality. Rogers, Sermon 15.
They are equally impatient of their condition, equally
tempted with the wages of unrighteousness, as if they were
indeed poor. Rogers, Sermon 2.
2. Evenly; equably; uniformly.
If the motion of the sun were as unequal as of a ship,
sometimes slow, and at others swift; or, if being constantly
equally swift, it yet was not circular, and produced not the
same appearances, it would not help us to measure time more
than the motion of a comet does. Locke.
3. Impartially.
We shall use them,
As we shall find their merits and our safety
May equally determine. Shakespeare's King Lear.

EQU’ANGULAR. adj. [from equus and angulus, Latin.] Con­
sisting of equal angles.

EQUANI’MITY. n. s. [æquanimitas, Latin.] Evenness of mind
neither elated nor depressed.

EQUA’NIMOUS. adj. [æquanimis, Latin.] Even; not dejected;
not elated.

EQUA’TION. n. s. [æquare, Latin.] The investigation of a
mean proportion collected from the extremities of excess and
defect, to be applied to the whole.
We are to find out the extremities on both sides, and from
and between them the middle daily motions of the sun along
the Ecliptick; and to frame tables of equation of natural days,
to be applied to the mean motion by addition or substraction,
as the case shall require. Holder on Time.
By an argument taken from the equations of the times of the
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, it seems that light is propagated
in time, spending in its passage from the sun to us about seven
minutes of time. Newton's Opt.

EQUATION. [In algebra.] Is an expression of the same quan­
tity in two dissimilar terms, but of equal value; as 3 s.=36 d.
Dict.

EQUATION. [In astronomy.] The difference between the time
marked out by the sun's apparent motion, and the time that
is measured by its real or middle motion; according to which
clocks and watches ought to be adjusted. Dict.

EQUA’TOR. n. s. [æquator, Latin.] On the earth, or equi­
noctial in the heavens, is a great circle, whose poles are the
poles of the world. It divides the globe into two equal parts,
the northern and southern hemispheres. It passes through the
east and west points of the horizon; and at the meridian is
raised as much above the horizon as is the complement of the
latitude of the place. Whenever the sun comes to this circle,
it makes equal days and nights all round the globe, because he
then rises due east and sets due west, which he doth at no
other time of the year. Harris.
By reason of the convexity of the earth, the eye of man,
under the equator, cannot discover both the poles; neither
would the eye, under the poles, discover the sun in the
equator. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 5.
On the other side the equator there is much land still re­
maining undiscovered. Ray on the Creation.
Rocks rich in gems, and mountains big with mines,
That on the high equator ridgy rise,
Whence many a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson.

EQUATO’RIAL. adj. [from equator.] Pertaining to the equator;
taken at the equator.
The planets have spheroidical figures, and obliquities of
their equatorial to their ecliptick planes. Cheyne.

EQUE’STRIAN. adj. [equestris, Latin.]
1. Appearing on horseback.
An equestrian lady appeared upon the plains. Spectator.
2. Skilled in horsemanship.
3. Belonging to the second rank in Rome.

EQUE’RRY. n. s. [ecurie, Dutch.] Master of the horse.

EQUICRU’RAL. adj. [æquus and crus, Latin.]

EQUICRU’RE. adj. [æquus and crus, Latin.]
1. Having the legs of an equal length.
2. Having the legs of an equal length, and longer than the
base; isosceles.
An equicrure triangle goes upon a certain proportion of
length and breadth. Digby on the Soul.
We begin with Saturn, and successively draw lines from
angle to angle, until seven equicrural triangles be described.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 22.

EQUIDI’STANT. adj. [æquus and distans, Latin.] At the same
distance.
The fixt stars are not all placed in the same concave spheri­
cal superficies, and equidistant from us, as they seem to be.
Ray on the Creation.

EQUIDI’STANTLY. adv. [from equidistant.] At the same
distance.
The liver, though seated on the right side, yet by the sub­
clavian division equidistantly communicates unto either arm.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 4.

EQUIFO’RMITY. n. s. [æquus and forma, Latin.] Uniform
equality.
No diversity or difference, but a simplicity of parts and
equiformity of motion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.

EQUILA’TERAL. adj. [æquus and latus, Latin.] Having all
sides equal.
Circles or squares, or triangles equilateral, which are all
figures of equal lines, can differ but in greater or lesser. Bacon.
Trifling futility appears in their twelve signs of the zo­



diack and their aspects: why no more aspects than diametri­
cally opposite, and such as make equilateral figures? Bentley.

To EQUILI’BRATE. v. a. [from equilibrium.] To balance
equally; to keep even with equal weight on each side.
If the point of the knife, drawn over the loadstone, have
in this affriction been drawn from the equator of the load­
stone towards the pole, it will attract one of the extremes of
an equilibrated magnetick needle. Boyle's Experiments.
The bodies of fishes are equilibrated with the water in which
they swim. Arbuthnot on Air.

EQUILIBRA’TION. n. s. [from equilibrate.] Equipoise; the act
of keeping the balance even.
The accession of bodies upon, or secession thereof from the
earth's surface, perturb not the equilibration of either hemi­
sphere. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.
In so great a variety of motions, as running, leaping, and
dancing, nature's laws of equilibration are always observed.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

EQUILI’BRIUM. n. s. [Latin.]
1. Equipoise; equality of weight.
2. Equality of evidence, motives, or powers of any kind.
Things are not left to an equilibrium, to hover under an
indifference whether they shall come to pass, or not come to
pass. South's Sermons.
It is in equilibrio
If deities descend or no;
Then let th' affirmative prevail,
As requisite to form my tale. Prior.
Health consists in the equilibrium between those two powers,
when the fluids move so equally that they don't press upon the
solids with a greater force than they can bear. Arbuth. on Alim.

EQUINE’CESSARY. adj. [æquus and necessarius, Latin.] Need­
ful in the same degree.
For both to give blows and to carry,
In fights, are equinecessary. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.

EQUINO’CTIAL. n. s. [æquus and nox, Latin.] The line that
encompasses the world at an equal distance from either pole, to
which circle when the sun comes, he makes equal days and
nights all over the globe.

EQUINO’CTIAL. adj. [from equinox.]
1. Pertaining to the equinox.
Thrice th' equinoctial line
He circled; four times cross'd the car of night
From pole to pole, traversing each colure. Milton's Pa. Lost.
Some say the sun
Was bid turn reins from th' equinoctial road,
Like distant breadth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. Happening about the time of the equinoxes.
3. Being near the equinoctial line; having the properties of
things near the equator.
In vain they covet shades, and Thracia's gales,
Pining with equinoctial heat. Phillips.

EQUINO’CTIALLY. adv. [from equinoctial.] In the direction of
the equinoctial.
They may be refrigerated inclanaterly, or somewhat equi­
noctially; that is, towards the eastern and western points. Brown.

E’QUINOX. n. s. [æquus and nox, Latin.]
1. Equinoxes are the precise times in which the sun enters into
the first point of Aries and Libra; for then, moving exactly
under the equinoctial, he makes our days and nights equal.
This he doth twice a year, about the 21st of March and 23d
of September, which therefore are called the vernal and au­
tumnal equinoxes. Harris.
It ariseth not unto Biarmia, and heliacally about the au­
tumnal equinox. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
The time when this kid was taken out of the womb was
about the vernal equinox. Ray on the Creation.
'Twas now the month in which the world began,
If March beheld the first created man;
And since the vernal equinox, the sun
In Aries twelve degrees or more had run. Dryden.
2. Equality; even measure. Improper.
Do but see his vice;
'Tis to his virtues a just equinox,
The one as long as th' other. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. Equinoctial wind: a poetical use.
The passage yet was good; the wind, 'tis true,
Was somewhat high, but that was nothing new,
No more than usual equinoxes blew. Dryden.

EQUINU’MERANT. adj. [æquus and numerus, Latin.] Having
the same number; consisting of the same number.
This talent of gold, though not equinumerant, nor yet equi­
ponderant, as to any other; yet was equivalent to some cor­
respondent talent in brass. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To E’QUIP. v. a. [equipper, French.]
1. To furnish for a horseman or cavalier.
2. To furnish; to accoutre; to dress out.
The country are led! astray in following the town; and
equipped in a ridiculous habit, when they fancy themselves in
the height of the mode. Addison's Spectator, No. 129.

E’QUIPAGE. n. s. [equipage, French.]
1. Furniture for a horseman.
2. Carriage of state; vehicle.
Winged spirits, and chariots wing'd,
From th' armory of God; where stand of old
Myriads, between two brazen mountains lodg'd
Against a solemn day, harness'd at hand,
Celestial equipage! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 203.
3. Attendance; retinue.
Think what an equipage thou hast in air,
And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pope.
4. Accoutrements; furniture.
Soon as thy dreadful trump begins to sound,
The god of war, with his fierce equipage,
Thou do'st awake, sleep never be so sound. Fairy Queen.
I will not lend thee a penny.—
I will retort the sum in equipage.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

E’QUIPAGED. adj. [from equipage.] Accoutred; attended;
with fine habits; with splendid retinue.
She forth issued with a goodly train
Of squires and ladies, equipaged well,
And entertained them right fairly, as befell. Fairy Queen.

EQUIPE’NDENCY. n. s. [æquus and pendeo, Latin.] The act of
hanging in equipoise; not determined either way.
Doubtless the will of man, in the state of innocence, had
an entire freedom, a perfect equipendency and indifference to
either part of the contradiction, to stand or not to stand. South.

EQUI’PMENT. n. s. [from equip.]
1. The act of equipping or accoutering.
2. Accoutrement; equipage.

E’QUIPOISE. n. s. [æqutus, Latin, and poids, French.] Equality
of weight; equilibration; equality of force.
In the temperate zone of our life there are few bodies at
such an equipoise of humours; but that the prevalency of some
one indisposeth the spirits. Glanv. Sceps. c. 14.

EQUIPO’LLENCE. n. s. [æquus and pollentia, Latin.] Equality
of force or power.

EQUIPO’LLENT. adj. [æquipollens, Lat.] Having equal power
or force; equivalent.
Votary resolution is made equipollent to custom, even in
matter of blood. Bacon's Essays, Civil and Moral.

EQUIPO’NDERANCE. n. s. [æquus and pondus, Latin.] Equa­
lity of weight; equipoise. Dict.

EQUIPO’NDERANCY. n. s. [æquus and pondus, Latin.] Equa­
lity of weight; equipoise. Dict.

EQUIPO’NDERANT. adj. [æquus and ponderans, Latin.] Being
of the same weight.
Their lungs may serve to render their bodies equiponderant
to the water. Ray on the Creation.
A column of air, of any given diameter, is equiponderant
to a column of quicksilver of between twenty-nine and thirty
inches height. Locke.

To EQUIPO’NDERATE. v. n. [æquus and pondero, Latin.] To
weigh equal to any thing.
The heaviness of any weight doth increase proportionably to
its distance from the center: thus one pound A at D, will equi­
ponderate unto two pounds at B, if the distance A D is double
unto A B. Wilkins's Mathem. Magick.

EQUIPO’NDIOUS. adj. [æquus and pondus, Lat.] Equilibrated;
equal on either part.
The Scepticks affected an indifferent equipondious neutrality,
as the only means to their ataraxia. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.

E’QUITABLE. adj. [equitable, French.]
1. Just; due to justice.
It seems but equitable to give the artists leave to name them
as they please. Boyle's Scept. Chym.
2. Loving justice; candid; impartial.

E’QUITABLY. adv. [from equitable.] Justly; impartially.

E’QUITY. n. s. [equite, French; æquitas, Latin.]
1. Justice; right; honesty.
Foul subornation is predominant,
And equity exil'd your highness' land. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Christianity secures both the private interests of men and
the publick peace, enforcing all justice and equity. Tillotson.
2. Impartiality.
Liking their own somewhat better than other mens, even
because they are their own, they must in equity allow us to be
like unto them in this affection. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
3. [In law.] The rules of decision observed by the court of
Chancery.

EQUI’VALENCE. n. s. [æquus and valeo, Latin.] Equality of
power or worth.

EQUI’VALENCY. n. s. [æquus and valeo, Latin.] Equality of
power or worth.
Must the servant of God be assured that which he nightly
prays for shall be granted? Yes, either formally or by way of
equivalence, either that or something better. Hamm. Pract. Cat.
That there is any equivalence or parity of worth betwixt
the good we do to our brother, and the good we hope for
from God, all good Protestants do deny. Smalridge.
Civil causes are equivalent unto criminal causes, and of as
great importance; but that this equivalency only respects the
careful and diligent admission of proofs. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To EQUI’VALENCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To equiponde­
rate; to be equal to.
Whether the transgression of Eve seducing did not exceed
Adam seduced, or whether the resistibility of his reason did



not equivalence the facility of her seduction, we shall refer to
schoolmen. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 1.

EQUI’VALENT. adj. [æquus and valens, Latin.]
1. Equal in value.
Things
Well nigh equivalent, and neighb'ring value,
By lot are parted; but the value, high heav'n, thy share,
In equal balance laid with earth and hell,
Flings up the adverse scale, and shuns proportion. Prior.
2. Equal in value, or in any excellence.
No fair to thine
Equivalent, or second! which compell'd
Me thus, though importune perhaps, to come
And gaze, and worship thee. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
3. Equal in force or power.
The dread of Israel's foes, who, with a strength
Equivalent to angels, walk'd their streets,
None offering fight. Milton's Agonistes, l. 342.
4. Of the same cogency or weight.
The consideration of publick utility is, by very good ad­
vice, judged at the least equivalent with the easier kind of
necessity. Hooker, b. v. s. 9.
5. Of the same import or meaning.
The use of the word minister is brought down to the literal
signification of it, a servant; for now to serve and to minister,
servile and ministerial, are terms equivalent. South's Sermons.

EQUI’VALENT. n. s. A thing of the same weight, dignity, or
value.
The slave without a ransom shall be sent;
It rests for you to make th' equivalent. Dryden's Homer.
Fancy a regular obedience to one law will be a full equiva­
lent for their breach of another. Rogers, Sermon 13.

EQUI’VOCAL. adj. [æquivocus, Latin.]
1. Of doubtful signification; meaning different things; stand­
ing for different notions.
These sentences to sugar, or to gall,
Being strong on both sides, are equivocal. Shakesp. Othello.
Words of different significations, taken in general, are of
an equivocal sense; but being considered with all their particu­
lar circumstances, they have their sense restrained. Stillingfleet.
The greater number of those who held this were misguided
by equivocal terms. Swift.
2. Uncertain; doubtful; happening different ways.
Equivocal generation is the production of plants without seed,
or of insects or animals without parents in the natural way of
coition between male and female; which is now believed never
to happen, but that all bodies are univocally produced. Harr.
My affirmation is, that there is no such thing as equivocal or
spontaneous generation; but that all animals are generated by
animal parents of the same species with themselves. Ray.
Those half-learn'd witlings, num'rous in our isle
As half-form'd insects on the banks of Nile;
Unfinish'd things, one knows not what to call,
Their generation's so equivocal. Pope's Essay on Criticism.

EQUI’VOCAL. n. s. Ambiguity; word of doubtful meaning.
Shall two or three wretched equivocals have the force to
corrupt us. Dennis.

EQUI’VOCALLY. adv. [from equivocal.]
1. Ambiguously; in a doubtful or double sense.
Words abstracted from their proper sense and signification,
lose the nature of words, and are only equivocally so called. South.
2. By uncertain or irregular birth; by equivocal generation; by
generation out of the stated order.
No insect or animal did ever proceed equivocally from putre­
faction, unless in miraculous cases; as in Egypt by the Divine
judgments. Bentley's Sermons.

EQUI’VOCALNESS. n. s. [from equivocal.] Ambiguity; double
meaning.
Distinguish the equivocalness or latitude of the word, and
then point out that determinate part which is the ground of
my demonstration. Norris.

To EQUI’VOCATE. v. n. [æquivocatio, Latin.] To use words
of double meaning; to use ambiguous expressions; to mean
one thing and express another.
Not only Jesuits can equivocate. Dryden's Hind and Panth.
My soul disdain'd a promise;
But yet your false equivocating tongue,
Your looks, your eyes, your ev'ry motion promis'd:
But you are ripe in frauds, and learn'd in falshoods. Smith.

EQUIVOCA’TION. n. s. [æquivocatio, Latin.] Ambiguity of
speech; double meaning.
Reproof is easily misapplied, and, through equivocation,
wrested. Hooker, b. ii. s. 8.
I pull in resolution, and begin
To doubt the equivocation of the fiend,
That lies like truth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

EQUIVOCA’TOR. n. s. [from equivocate.] One who uses ambi­
guous language; one who uses mental reservation.
Here's an equivocator, that could swear in both the scales
against either scale; who committed treason, yet could not
equivocate to heaven. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

ER, a syllable in the middle of names or places, comes by con­
traction from the Saxon wara, dwellers. Gibson's Camden.

E’RA. n. s. [æra, Latin.] The account of time from any par­
ticular date or epoch.
From the blessings they bestow
Our times are dated, and our eras move:
They govern, and enlighten all below,
As thou do'st all above. Prior.

ERADIA’TION. n. s. [e and radius, Latin.] Emission of ra­
diance.
God gives me a heart humbly to converse with him, from
whom alone are all the eradiations of true majesty. K. Charles.

To ERA’DICATE. v. a. [eradico, Latin.]
1. To pull up by the root.
He suffereth the poison of Nubia to be gathered, and Aconite
to be eradicated, yet this not to be moved. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. To completely destroy; to end; to cut off.
If a gouty person can bring himself entirely to a milk diet,
he may so change the whole juices of his body as to eradicate
the distemper. Arbuthnot on Diet.
If vice cannot wholly be eradicated, it ought at least to be
confined to particular objects. Swift's Examiner, No. 27.

ERADICA’TION. n. s. [from eradicate.]
1. The act of tearing up by the root; destruction; excision.
2. The state of being torn up by the roots.
They affirm the roots of mandrakes give a shriek upon era­
dication, which is false below confutation. Brown's Vulg. Err.

ERA’DICATIVE. adj. [from eradicate.] That which cures
radically; that which drives quite away.

To ERA’SE. v. a. [raser, French.] To destroy; to exscind;
to expunge; to rub out.
The heads of birds, for the most part, are given erased;
that is, plucked off. Peacham on Blazoning.

ERA’SEMENT. n. s. [from erase.]
1. Destruction; devastation.
2. Expunction; abolition.

ERE

ERE. adv. [ær, Saxon; air, Gothick; eer, Dutch. This word
is sometimes vitiously written e'er, as if from ever. It is like­
wise written or before ever, or and ær in Saxon being indis­
criminately written. Mr. Lye.]
1. Before; sooner than.
Ere he would have hang'd a man for the getting a hundred
bastards, he would have paid for the nursing a thousand. Shak.
The lions brake all their bones in pieces or ever they came
to the bottom of the den. Daniel.
Just trial, ere I merit
My exaltation without change or end. Milt. Par. Regain'd.
The mountain trees in distant prospect please,
Ere yet the pine descended to the seas;
Ere sails were spread new oceans to explore. Dryden's Ovid.
Our fruitful Nile
Flow'd ere the wonted season. Dryden's All for Love.
The birds shall cease to tune their ev'ning song,
The winds to breathe, the waving woods to move,
And streams to murmur, ere I cease to love. Pope's Autumn.

ERELO’NG. adv. [from ere and long.] Before a long time had
elapsed. Nec longum tempus.
The wild horse having enmity with the stag, came to a
man to desire aid, who mounted upon his back, and, follow­
ing the stag, erelong slew him. Spenser on Ireland.
The anger already began to paint revenge in many colours,
erelong he had not only gotten pity but pardon. Sidney.
Nothing is lasting that is feigned: it will have another face
than it had erelong. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
They swim in joy,
Erelong to swim at large, and laugh, for which
The world erelong a world of tears must weep. Milt. P. Lost.
I saw two stock-doves billing, and erelong
Will take the nest. Dryden's Virgil, Past. 3.
It pleases me to think, that I who know so small a portion
of the works of the Creator, and with slow and painful steps
creep up and down on the surface of this globe, shall erelong
shoot away with the swiftness of imagination, and trace the
springs of nature's operations. Spectator, No. 635.

ERENO’W. adv. [from ere and now.] Before this time.
Ah, gentle soldiers, some short time allow;
My father has repented him erenow. Dryd. Conq. of Granad.
Had the world eternally been, science had been brought to
perfection long erenow. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

EREWHI’LE. adv. [from ere and while.] Some time ago;
before a little while.

EREWHI’LES. adv. [from ere and while.] Some time ago;
before a little while.
I am as fair now as I was erewhile:
Since night you lov'd me, yet since night you left me. Shak.
We sit down to our meals, suspect not the intrusion of armed
uninvited guests, who erewhiles, we know, were wont to sur­
prise us. Decay of Piety.

To ERE’CT. v. a. [erectus, Latin.]
1. To raise in a strait line; to place perpendicularly to the
horizon.
2. To ERECT a Perpendicular. To cross one line by another at
right angles.



3. To raise; to build.
Happier walls expect,
Which, wand'ring long, at last thou shalt erect. Dryd. Virg.
There are many monuments erected to benefactors to the
republick. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
4. To establish anew; to settle.
Great difference there is between their proceedings, who
erect a new commonwealth which is to have neither regiment
nor religion the same that was, and theirs who only reform a
decayed estate. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
He suffers seventy-two distinct nations to be erected out of
the first monarchy, under distinct governours. Raleigh.
5. To elevate; to exalt.
I, who am a party, am not to erect myself into a judge.
Dryden's Fables, Preface.
I am far from pretending infallibility: that would be to
erect myself into an apostle. Locke on St. Paul's Epistles.
6. To raise consequences from premises.
Men being too hasty to erect to themselves general notions
and ill-grounded theories, find themselves deceived in their
stock of knowledge. Locke.
Malebranche erects this proposition, of seeing all things in
God, upon their ruin. Locke.
7. To animate; not to depress; to encourage.
Why should not hope
As much erect our thoughts, as fear deject them. Denham.

To ERE’CT. v. n. To rise upright.
The trefoil against rain swelleth in the stalk, and so stand­
eth more upright; for by wet stalks do erect, and leaves bow
down. Bacon's Natural History, No. 827.

ERE’CT. adj. [erectus, Latin.]
1. Upright; not leaning; not prone.
Birds, far from proneness, are almost erect; advancing the
head and breast in progression, only prone in volitation. Brown.
Basil tells us, that the serpent went erect like man. Brown.
2. Directed upwards.
Vain were vows,
And plaints, and suppliant hands, to heav'n erect. Phillips.
3. Bold; confident; unshaken.
Let no vain fear thy gen'rous ardour tame;
But stand erect, and sound as loud as fame. Granville.
4. Vigorous; not depressed.
That vigilant and erect attention of mind, which in prayer
is very necessary, is wasted or dulled. Hooker, b. v. s. 33.

ERE’CTION. n. s. [from erect.]
1. The act of raising, or state of being raised upward.
We are to consider only the erection of the hills above the
ordinary land. Brerewood on Languages.
2. The act of building or raising edifices.
The first thing which moveth them thus to cast up their
poison, are certain solemnities usual at the first erection of
churches. Hooker, b. v. s. 12.
Pillars were set up above one thousand four hundred and
twenty-six years before the flood, counting Seth to be an hun­
dred years old at the erection of them. Raleigh's History.
3. Establishment; settlement.
It must needs have a peculiar influence upon the erection,
countinuance, and dissolution of every society. South's Serm.
4. Elevation; exaltation of sentiments.
Her peerless height my mind to high erection draws up. Sidn.

ERE’CTNESS. n. s. [from erect.] Uprightness of posture or
form.
We take erectness strictly as Galen defined it: they only,
sayeth he, have an erect figure, whose spine and thighbone
are carried on right lines. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 1.

E’REMITE. n. s. [eremita, Latin; ἔϱημ.] One who lives
in a wilderness; one who lives in solitude; an hermit; a
solitary.
Antonius the eremite findeth a fifth commodity not infe­
rior to any of these four. Raleigh's History of the World.
And many more too long,
Embryoes and idiots, eremites and friars,
White, black, and grey, with all their trumpery. Milton.

EREMI’TICAL. adj. [from eremite.] Religiously solitary; lead­
ing the life of an hermit.
They have multitudes of religious orders, eremitical and
cenobitical. Stillingfleet.

EREPTA’TION. n. s. [erepto, Latin.] A creeping forth. Bail.

ERE’PTION. n. s. [ereptio, Latin.] A snatching or taking away
by force. Bail.

E’RGOT. n. s. A sort of stub, like a piece of soft horn,
about the bigness of a chesnut, which is placed behind and
below the pastern joint, and is commonly hid under the tuft
of the fetlock. Farrier's Dict.

ERI’NGO. n. s. Sea-holly, a plant.

ERI’STICAL. adj. [ἔϱις.] Controversial; relating to dispute;
containing controversies.

ERK

ERKE. n. s. [easg, Saxon.] Idle; lazy; slouthful. An old
word.
For men therein should hem delite;
And of that dede be not erke,
But oft sithes haunt that werke. Chaucer.

E’RMELIN. n. s. [diminutive, of ermin; armelin, French.] An
ermine. See ERMINE.
Silver skins,
Passing the hate spot ermelins. Sidney, b. ii.

E’RMINE. n. s. [hermine, French, from armenius, Latin.] An
animal that is found in cold countries, and which very nearly
resembles a weasle in shape; having a white pile, and the tip
of the tail balck, and furnishing a choice and valuable fur.
The fellmongers and furriers put upon it little bits of Lom­
bardy lambskin, which is noted for its shining black colour,
the better to set off the whiteness of the ermine. Trevoux.
Ermine is the fur of a little beast, about the bigness of a
weasel, called Mus Armenius; for they are found in Ar­
menia. Peacham on Blazoning.
A lady's honour must be touch'd;
Which, nice as ermines, will not bear a soil. Dryden.
Fair ermines, spotless as the snows they press. Thomson.

E’RMINED. adj. [from ermine.] Cloathed with ermine.
Arcadia's countess, here in ermin'd pride,
Is there Pastora by a fountain side. Pope's Epistles.

E’RNE. Do immediately flow from the Saxon ern, earn, a
cottage, or place of retirement. Gibson's Camden.

E’RON. Do immediately flow from the Saxon ern, earn, a
cottage, or place of retirement. Gibson's Camden.

To ERO’DE. v. a. [erodo, Latin.] To canker, or eat away;
to corrode.
It hath been anciently received, that the sea-hare hath an­
tipathy with the lungs, if it cometh near the body, and
erodeth them. Bacon's Natural History, No. 983.
The blood, being too sharp or thin, erodes the vessel. Wise.

EROGA’TION. n. s. [erogatio, Latin.] The act of giving or
bestowing; distribution.

ERO’SION. n. s. [erosio, Latin.]
1. The act of eating away.
2. The state of being eaten away; canker; corrosion.
As sea-salt is a sharp solid body, when taken in too great
quantities, in a constant diet of salt meat, it breaks the ves­
sels, produceth erosions of the solid parts, and all the symptoms
of the sea-scurvy. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ERR

To ERR. v. n. [erro, Latin.]
1. To wander; to ramble.
A storm of strokes, well meant, with fury flies,
And errs about their temples, ears, and eyes. Dryden's Virg.
The rains arise, and fires their warmth dispense;
And fix'd and erring stars dispose their influence. Dryd. Virg.
2. To miss the right way; to stray.
We have erred and strayed like lost sheep. Common Prayer.
3. To deviate from any purpose.
But errs not nature from this gracious end,
From burning suns when livid deaths descend. Pope's Essays.
4. To commit errours; to mistake.
It is a judgment maim'd and most imperfect,
That will confess perfection so could err,
Against all rules of nature. Shakespeare's Othello.
Do they not err that devise evil? Prov. xiv. 22.
Possibly the man may err in his judgment of circumstances,
and therefore let him fear; but because it is not certain he is
mistaken, let him not despair. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Nor has it only been the heat of erring persons that has been
thus mischievous, but sometimes men of right judgments have
too much contributed to the breach. Decay of Piety.
The muses' friend, unto himself severe,
With silent pity looks on all that err. Waller.
He who from the reflected image of the sun in water would
conclude of light and heat, could not err more grosly. Cheyne.

E’RRAND. n. s. [ærenth, Saxon; arend, Danish.] A message;
something to be told or done by a messenger; a mandate; a
commission. It is generally used now only in familiar lan­
guage.
Servants being commanded to go, shall stand still, 'till they
have their errand warranted unto them. Hooker, b. ii. s. 8.
But hast thou done thy errand to Baptista?
—I told him that your father was in Venice. Shakespeare.
A quean! have I not forbid her my house? She comes of
errands, does she? Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
When he came, behold the captains of the host were sitting,
and he said, I have an errand to thee, O captain. 2 Kings ix. 5.
From them I go
This uncouth errand sole. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
His eyes,
That run through all the heav'ns, or down to th' earth,
Bear his swift errands, over moist and dry,
O'er sea and land. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii. l. 652.
Well thou do'st to hide from common sight
Thy close intrigues, too bad to bear the light;
Nor doubt I, but the silver-footed dame,
Tripping from sea, on such an errand came. Dryd. Homer.

E’RRABLE. adj. [from err.] Liable to err; liable to mistake.

E’RRABLENESS. n. s. [from errable.] Liableness to error;
liableness to mistake.
We may infer, from the errableness of our nature, the
reasonableness of compassion to the seduced. Decay of Piety.

ERRA’NT. adj. [errans, Latin; errant, French.]
1. Wandering; roving; rambling. Particularly applied to



an order of knights much celebrated in romances, who roved
about the world in search of adventures.
There are just seven planets, or errant stars, in the lower
orbs of heaven; but it is now demonstrable unto sense, that
there are many more. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Chief of domestick knights and errant,
Either for chartel or for warrant. Hudibras.
2. Vile; abandoned; completely bad. See ARRANT.
Any way, so thou wilt do it, good impertinence:
Thy company, if I slept not very well
A-nights, would make me an errant fool with questions.
Johnson's Catiline.

E’RRANTRY. n. s. [from errant.]
1. An errant state; the condition of a wanderer.
After a short space of errantry upon the seas, he got safe
back to Dunkirk. Addison's Freeholder, No. 36.
2. The employment of a knight errant.

ERRA’TA. n. s. [Latin.] The faults of the printer inserted in
the beginning or end of the book.
If he meet with faults, besides those that the errata take
notice of, he will consider the weakness of the author's
eyes. Boyle.

ERRA’TICK. adj. [erraticus, Latin.]
1. Wandering; uncertain; keeping no certain order; holding
no established course.
The earth, and each erratick world,
Around the sun their proper center whirl'd,
Compose but one extended vast machine. Blackm. Creation.
Through the vast waves the dreadful wonders move,
Hence nam'd erratick. Pope's Odyssey, b. xii. l. 75.
2. Irregular; changeable.
They are incommoded with a slimy mattery cough, stink
of breath, and an erratick fever. Harvey on Consumptions.

ERRA’TICALLY. adv. [from erratical or erratick.] Without
rule; without any established method or order.
They come not forth in generations erratical, or different
from each other; but in specifical and regular shapes.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.

E’RRHINE. n. s. [ἐῥῤινα.] Snuffed up the nose; occasioning
sneezing.
We see sage or betony bruised, sneezing powder, and
other powders or liquors, which the physicians call errhines,
put into the nose to draw phlegm and water from the head.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 38.

ERRO’NEOUS. adj. [from erro, Latin.]
1. Wandering; unsettled.
They roam
Erroneous and disconsolate, themselves
Accusing, and their chiefs improvident
Of military chance. Phillips.
This circle, by being placed here, stopped much of the
erroneous light, which otherwise would have disturbed the
vision. Newton's Opt.
Unblam'd abundance crown'd the royal board,
What time this done rever'd her prudent lord;
Who now, so heav'n decrees, is doom'd to mourn,
Bitter constraint! erroneous and forlorn. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
2. Irregular; wandering from the right road.
If the vessels, instead of breaking, yield, it subjects the per­
son to all the inconveniencies of erroneous circulation; that is,
when the blood strays into the vessels destined to carry serum
or lymph. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Mistaking; misled by errour.
Thou art far from destroying the innocent with the guilty,
and the erroneous with the malicious. King Charles.
There is the erroneous as well as the rightly informed con­
science. South's Sermons.
4. Mistaken; not conformable to truth.
Their whole counsel is in this point utterly condemned, as
having either proceeded from the blindness of those times, or
from negligence, or from desire of honour and glory, or from
an erroneous opinion that such things might be for a while.
Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
A wonderful erroneous observation that walketh about, is
commonly received, contrary to all the true account of time
and experience. Bacon's War with Spain.
The phænomena of light have been hitherto explained by
supposing that they arise from new modifications of the rays,
which is an erroneous supposition. Newton's Opt.

ERRO’NEOUSLY. adv. [from erroneous.] By mistake; not
rightly.
The minds of men are erroneously persuaded, that it is the
will of God to have those things done which they fancy. Hook.
I could not discover the lenity and favour of this sentence;
but conceived it, perhaps erroneously, rather to be rigorous
than gentle. Gulliver's Travels.

ERRO’NEOUSNESS. n. s. [from erroneous.] Physical falsehood;
inconformity to truth.
The phænomena may be explained by his hypothesis,
whereof he demonstrates the truth, together with the erro­
neousness of ours. Boyle's Spring of the Air.

E’RROUR. n. s. [error, Latin.]
1. Mistake; involuntary deviation from truth.
Errour is a mistake of our judgment giving assent to that
which is not true. Locke.
Oh, hateful errour, melancholy's child!
Why do'st thou shew to the apt thoughts of men,
The things that are not? Shakespeare's Jul. Cæsar.
2. A blunder; an act or assertion in which a mistake is com­
mitted.
In religion,
What damned errour, but some sober brow
Will bless it. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
He look'd like nature's errour, as the mind
And body were not of a piece design'd,
But made for two, and by mistake in one were join'd. Dryd.
3. Roving excursion; irregular course.
What brought you living to the Stygian state?
Driv'n by the winds and errours of the sea,
Or did you heav'n's superiour doom obey? Dryden's Æn.
4. [In theology.] Sin.
Blood he offered for himself, and for the errours of the
people. Heb. ix. 7.
5. [In law, more especially in our common law.] An
errour in pleading, or in the process; and the writ, which
is brought for remedy of this oversight, is called a writ of
errour, which lies to redress false judgment given in any court
of record. Cowel.

ERST. adv. [erst, German; ærsta, Saxon.]
1. First.
Sir knight, if knight thou be,
Abandon this forestalled place at erst,
For fear of further harm, I counsel thee. Spens. Fai. Queen.
2. At first; in the beginning.
Fame that her high worth to raise,
Seem'd erst so lavish and profuse,
We may justly now accuse
Of detraction from her praise. Milton.
3. Once; when time was.
He taught us erst the heifer's tail to view. Gay.
The future few or more, howe'er they be,
Were destin'd erst, nor can by fate's decree
Be now cut off. Prior.
4. Formerly; long ago.
5. Before; till then; till now.
As signal now in low dejected state,
As erst in highest, behold him. Milton's Agonistes, l. 338.
Opener mine eyes,
Dim erst; dilated spirits, ampler heart. Milton's Par. Lost.
The Rhodians, who erst thought themselves at great quiet,
were now overtaken with a sudden and unexpected mischief.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

ERU

ERUBE’SCENCE. n. s. [erubescentia, Latin.] The act of grow­
ing red; redness.

ERUBE’SCENCY. n. s. [erubescentia, Latin.] The act of grow­
ing red; redness.

ERUBESCENT. adj. [erubescens, Latin.] Reddish; somewhat
red; inclining to redness.

To ERU’CT. v. a. [eructo, Latin.] To belch; to break wind
from the stomach.

ERUCTA’TION. n. s. [from eruct.]
1. The act of belching.
2. Belch; the matter vented from the stomach.
The signs of the functions of the stomach being depraved,
are eructations, either with the taste of the aliment, acid, in­
odorous, or fetid. Arbuthnot.
3. Any sudden burst of wind or matter.
Thermæ, are hot springs, or fiery eructations; such as burst
forth of the earth during earthquakes. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

ERUDI’TION. n. s. [eruditio, Latin.] Learning; knowledge
obtained by study and instruction.
Fam'd be thy tutor, and thy parts of nature;
Thrice fam'd beyond all erudition. Shakespeare.
The earl was of good erudition, having been placed at study
in Cambridge very young. Wotton.
To your experience in state affairs you have also joined no
vulgar erudition, which all your modesty is not able to con­
ceal; for to understand critically the delicacies of Horace, is
a height to which few of our noblemen have arrived. Dryden.
Some gentlemen, abounding in their university erudition,
are apt to fill their sermons with philosophical terms and no­
tions, metaphysical. Swift.

ERU’GINOUS. adj. [æruginosus, Latin.] Partaking of the sub­
stance and nature of copper.
Agues depend upon a corrupt incinerated melancholy, or
upon an adust stibial or eruginous sulphur. Harvey on Consumpt.
Copperas is a rough and acrimonious kind of salt, drawn
out of ferreous and eruginous earths, partaking chiefly of iron
and copper; the blue of copper, the green of iron. Browne.

ERU’PTION. n. s. [eruptio, Latin.]
1. The act of breaking or bursting forth from any confinement.
In part of Media there are eruptions of flames out of
plains. Bacon's Natural History, No. 361.
Finding themselves pent in by the exterior earth, they
pressed with violence against that arch, to make it yield and



give way to their dilatation and eruption. Burnet's Theory.
2. Burst; emission.
Upon a signal given the eruption began; fire and smoak,
mixed with several unusual prodigies and figures, made their
appearance. Addison's Guardian, No. 103.
3. Sudden excursion of an hostile kind.
Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps
Our first eruption, thither or elsewhere;
For this infernal pit shall never hold
Celestial spirits in bondage. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Such command we had,
To see that none thence issu'd forth a spy,
Or enemy, while God was in his work;
Lest he, incens'd at such eruption bold,
Destruction with creation might have mix'd. Milt. P. Lost.
4. Violent exclamation.
It did not run out in voice or indecent eruptions, but filled
the soul, as God does the universe, silently and without noise.
South's Sermons.
5. Efflorescence; pistules.
Diseased nature oftentimes breaks forth
In strange eruptions. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
An eruption of humours, in any part, is not cured merely
by outward applications, but by alterative medicines.
Government of the Tongue, s. 6.
Unripe fruits are apt to occasion foul eruptions on the
skin. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ERU’PTIVE. adj. [eruptus, Latin.] Bursting forth.
'Tis listening fear, and dumb amazement all,
When to the startled eye the sudden glance
Appears far south eruptive through the cloud. Thomson.

ERYSI’PELAS. n. s. [ἐϱυσίπελας.]
An erysipelas is generated by a hot serum in the blood, and
affects the superficie, of the skin with a shining pale red, or
citron colour, without pulsation or circumscribed tumour,
spreading from one place to another. Wiseman's Surgery.

ESC

ESCALA’DE. n. s. [French.] The act of scaling the walls
of a fortification.
In Geneva one meets with the ladders, petard, and other
utensils, which were made use of in their famous escalade. Add.

E’SCALOP. n. s. A shellfish, whose shell is regularly in­
dented.
The shells of those cockles, escalops, and periwinkles, which
have greater gravity, were enclosed in the strata of stone.
Woodward's Natural History.

To ESCA’PE. v. a. [echaper, French.]
1. To obtain exemption from; to obtain security from; to fly;
to avoid.
Since we cannot escape the pursuit of passions, and per­
plexity of thoughts, there is no way left but to endeavour all
we can either to subdue or divert them. Temple.
Had David died sooner, how much trouble had he escaped,
which by living he endured in the rebellion of his son. Wake.
2. To pass unobserved.
Men are blinded with ignorance and errour: many things
may escape them, and in many things they may be deceived.
Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
'Tis still the same, although their airy shape
All but a quick poetick sight escape. Denham.
The reader finds out those beauties of propriety in thought
and writing, which escaped him in the tumult and hurry of
representing. Dryden's Don Sebastian, Pref.

To ESCA’PE. v. n. To fly; to get out of danger.
Benhadad, the king of Syria, escaped on horse. Chronicles.
They escaped all safe to land. Acts xxvii. 44.
The sinner shall not escape with his spoil, and the patience
of the godly shall not be frustrated. Ecclus. xvi. 13.
Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay thou
in all the plain: escape to the mountain, lest thou be con­
sumed. Gen. xix. 17.
Whoso pleaseth God shall escape from her, but the sinner
shall be taken by her. Eccl. vii. 26.
There is no woman's gown big enough for him; otherwise
he might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so
escape. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
To convince us that there was no way to escape by climb­
ing up to the mountains, he assures us that the highest were
all covered. Woodward's Natural History.
Laws are not executed, men of virtue are disgraced, and
murderers escape. Watts's Logick.

ESCA’PE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Flight; the act of getting out of danger.
I would hasten my escape from the windy storm and tem­
pest. Ps. lv. 7.
He enjoyed neither his escape nor his honour long; for he
was hewn in pieces. Hayward.
Men of virtue have had extraordinary escapes out of such
dangers as have enclosed them, and which have seemed in­
evitable. Addison's Guardian, No. 117.
2. Excursion; sally.
We made an escape, not so much to seek our own,
As to be instruments of your safety. Denham's Sophy.
3. [In law.] Violent or privy evasion out of some lawful re­
straint. For example, if the sheriff, upon a capias directed
unto him, takes a person, and endeavours to carry him to
gaol, and he in the way, either by violence or by slight, breaks
from him, this is called an escape. Cowel.
4. Excuse; subterfuge; evasion.
St. Paul himself did not despise to remember whatsoever he
found agreeable to the word of God among the heathen, that
he might take from them all escape by way of ignorance. Ral.
5. Sally; flight; irregularity.
Thousand 'scapes of wit,
Make thee the father of their idle dreams,
And rack thee in their fancies. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Loose 'scapes of love. Milton.
6. Oversight; mistake.
In transcribing there would be less care taken, as the lan­
guage was less understood, and so the escapes less subject to
observation. Brerewood on Languages.

ESCA’RGATOIRE. n. s. [French.] A nursery of snails.
At the Capuchins I saw escargatoires, which I took the more
notice of, because I do not remember to have met with any
thing of the same kind in other countries. It is a square place
boarded in, and filled with a vast quantity of large snails that
are esteemed excellent food, when they are well dressed. Add.

ESCHALO’T. n. s. [French.] Pronounced shallot.
Eschalots are now from France become an English plant,
being increased and managed after the same manner as garlick;
only they are to be set earlier, because they spring sooner, and
taken up as soon as the leaves begin to wither, lest either they
rot there, or the Winter kills them. They give a fine relish
to most sauces, and the breath of those that eat them is not
offensive to others. Mortimer's Husbandry.

E’SCHAR. n. s. [ἐσχάϱα.] A hard crust or scar made by
hot applications.
When issues are made, or bones exposed, the eschar should
be cut out immediately. Sharp's Surgery.

ESCHA’ROTICK. adj. [from eschar.] Caustick; having the
power to sear or burn the flesh.
An eschar was made by the catharetick, which we thrust off,
and continued the use of escharoticks. Wiseman's Surgery.
scaroticks applied of ash-ashes, or blistering plaister. Floyer.

ESCHE’AT. n. s. [from the French eschevir.] Any lands, or
other profits, that fall to a lord within his manor by forfeiture,
or the death of his tenant, dying without heir general or espe­
cial. Escheat is also used sometimes for the place in which the
king, or other lord, has escheats of his tenants. Thirdly,
escheat is used for a writ, which lies where the tenant, having
estate of fee-simple in any lands or tenements holden of a
superiour lord, dies seised, without heir general or especial;
for, in this case, the lord brings this writ against him that pos­
sesses the lands after the death of his tenant, and shall thereby
recover them. Cowel.
If the king's ordinary courts of justice do not extend to
protect the people, if he have no certain revenue or escheats,
I cannot justly say that such a country is wholly conquered.
Davies on Ireland.

To ESCHE’AT. v. a. [from the noun.] To fall to the lord of
the manor by forfeiture, or for want of heirs.
In the last general wars there, I knew many good free­
holders executed by martial law, whose lands were thereby
saved to their heirs, which should have otherwise escheated to
her majesty. Spenser on Ireland.
He would forbear to alienate any of the forfeited escheated
lands in Ireland, which should accrue to the crown by reason
of this rebellion. Clarendon.

ESCHE’ATOR. n. s. [from escheat.] An officer that observes the
escheats of the king in the county whereof he is escheator,
and certifies them into the Exchequer. Cowel.
At a Bartholomew fair at London an escheator of the city
arrested a clothier, and seised his goods. Camden's Remains.

To ESCHE’W. v. a. [escheoir, old French.] To fly; to avoid;
to shun; to decline. A word almost obsolete.
She was like a young sawn, who, coming in the wind of
the hunters, doth not know whether it be a thing or no to be
eschewed. Sidney, b. ii.
So let us, which this change of weather view,
Change eke our minds, and former lives amend;
The old year's sins forepast let us eschew,
And fly the faults with which we did offend. Spenser.
He who obeys, destruction shall eschew;
A wise man knows both when and what to do. Sandys.
Of virtue and vice the obligations are such, that men are
universally to practise the one and eschew the other.
Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.

ESCHU’TCHEON. n. s. The shield of the family; the picture
of the ensigns armorial.
Eschutcheon is a French word, from the Latin scutum, lea­
ther; and hence cometh our English word buckler, lere in the
old Saxon signifying leather, and buck or bock a buck or stag;
of whose skins, quilted close together with horn or hard wood,
the ancient Britons made their shields. Peacham.



There be now, for martial encouragement, some degrees
and orders of chivalry, and some remembrance perhaps upon
the eschutcheon. Bacon's Essays.
We will pass over the eschutcheons of the tribes of Israel, as
they are usually described in the maps of Canaan. Brown.

ESCO’RT. n. s. [escort, French.] Convoy; guard from place
to place.

To ESCO’RT. v. a. [escorter, French.] To convoy; to guard
from place to place.

ESCO’T. n. s. [French.] A tax paid in boroughs and corpora­
tions towards the support of the community, which is called
scot and lot.

To ESCO’T. v. a. [from the noun.] To pay a man's reckon­
ing; to support.
What, are they children? Who maintains them? How
are they escoted? Shakespeare's Hamlet.

ESCO’UT. n. s. [escouter, French.] Listeners or spies; persons
sent for intelligence.
They were well entrenched, having good escout abroad, and
sure watch within. Hayward.

ESCRI’TOIR. n. s. [French.] A box with all the implements
necessary for writing.

ESCU’AGE. n. s. [from escu, French, a shield.]
Escuage, that is service of the shield, is either uncertain or
certain. Escuage uncertain is likewise twofold: first, where
the tenant by his tenure is bound to follow his lord, going in
person to the king's wars against his enemies, either himself,
or to send a sufficient man in his place, at his cost, so many
days as were agreed upon between the lord and his first tenant
at the granting of the fee; and the days of such service seem
to have been rated by the quantity of the land so holden: as,
if it extend to a whole knight's fee, then the tenant was bound
thus to follow his lord forty days. A knight's fee was so much
land as, in those days, was accounted a sufficient living for a
a knight; and that was six hundred and eighty acres as some
think, or eight hundred as others, or 15 l. per Annum. Sir
Thomas Smith saith that census equestris is 40 l. revenue in
free lands. If the law extend but to half a knight's fee, then
the tenant is bound to follow his lord, as above is said, but
twenty days. The other kind of this escuage uncertain is
called castleward, where the tenant by his land is bound,
either by himself or by some other, to defend a castle as often
as it shall come to his course. Escuage certain is where the
tenant is set at a certain sum of money, to be paid in lieu of
such uncertain services: as that a man yearly pay for a knight's
fee twenty shillings; for half his fee, ten shillings, or some
like rate. Cowel.

E’SCULENT. adj. [esculentus, Latin.] Good for food; eatable.
I knew a man that would fast five days; but the same man
used to have continually a great wisp of herbs that he smelled
on, and some esculent herbs of strong scent, as garlick. Bacon.

E’SCULENT. n. s. Something fit for food.
This cutting off the leaves in plants, where the root is the
esculent, as radish and parsnips, it will make the root the
greater, and so it will do to the heads of onions; and where
the fruit is the esculent, by strengthening the root, it will make
the fruit also the greater. Bacon's Natural History, No. 474.

ESP

ESPA’LIER. n. s. Trees planted and cut so as to join.
Plant your fairest tulips in places of shelter, and under
espaliers. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Behold Villario's ten years toil complete,
His arbours darken, his espaliers meet. Pope, Epistle iv.

ESPA’RCET. n. s. A kind of saint-foin, and by some judged
to be the same. Mortimer's Husbandry.

ESPE’CIAL. adj. [specialis, Latin.] Principal; chief.
They had th' especial engines been, to rear
His fortunes up. Daniel's Civil War.

ESPE’CIALLY. adv. [from especial.] Principally; chiefly; par­
ticularly; in an uncommon degree above any other.
I somewhat marvel, that they especially should think it absurd
to oppose church government, a plain matter of action, unto
matter of faith, who know that themselves divide the gospel
into doctrine and discipline. Hooker, b. iii. s. 3.
Would you proceed especially against Caius Marcius? Shak.
This delight they take in doing of mischief, whereby I
mean spoiling of any thing to no purpose; but more especially
the pleasure they take to put any thing to pain that is capable
of it, I cannot persuade myself to be any other than a foreign
and introduced disposition. Locke.
Providence hath planted in all men a natural desire and
curiosity of knowing things to come; and such things espe­
cially as concern our particular happiness, or the general fate
of mankind. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

ESPE’RANCE. n. s. [French.] Hope.
To be worst,
The lowest, most dejected things of fortune,
Stands still in esperance, lives not in fear. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Yet there is a credence in my heart,
An esperance so obstinately strong,
That doth invert th' attest of eyes and ears. Shakespeare.

ESPI’AL. n. s. [French, from espier.] A spy; a scout; one sent
to bring intelligence.
Those four garrisons, issuing forth at such convenient times
as they shall have intelligence, or espial upon the enemy, will
drive him from one side to another. Spenser on Ireland.
As he march'd along,
By your espials were discovered
Two mightier troops. Shakesp.
'Spials have informed me,
The English in the suburbs close entrench'd,
Went through a secret grate. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
She had some secret espials to look abroad for graceful
youths, to make Plantagenets. Bac. H. VII.

ESPLANADE. n. s. [French.] In fortification, the same with
the glacis of the counterscarpe originally; but now it is taken
for the empty space between the glacis of a citadel and the first
houses of the town. Harris.

ESPO’USALS. n. s. without a singul. [sponsalia, Latin; espous,
French.] The act of contracting or affiancing a man and
woman to each other; the act or ceremony of betrothing.

ESPO’USAL. adj. Used in the act of espousing or betrothing.
The ambassador put his leg, stript naked to the knee, be­
tween the espousal sheets; that the ceremony might amount to
a consummation. Bacon's Henry VII.

To ESPO’USE. v. a. [espouser, French.]
1. To contract or betroth to another.
Deliver me my wife Michal, which I espoused to me. 2 Sa.
He had received him as a suppliant, protected him as a per­
son fled for refuge, and espoused him with his kinswoman. Bac.
2. To marry; to wed.
Lavinia will I make my emperess,
And in the sacred Pantheon her espouse. Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
Here, in close recess,
With flow'rs, garlands, and sweet smelling herbs,
Espoused Eve deck'd first her nuptial bed. Milton's Par. Lost.
They soon espous'd; for they with ease were join'd,
Who were before contracted in the mind. Dryden.
If her sire approves,
Let him espouse her to the peer she loves. Pope's Odyssey, b. ii.
3. To adopt; to take to himself.
In gratitude unto the duke of Bretagne, for his former
favours, he espoused that quarrel, and declared himself in aid
of the duke. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. To maintain; to defend.
Their gods did not only interest themselves in the event of
wars, but also espoused the several parties in a visible corporeal
descent. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
The city, army, court, espouse my cause. Dryd. Sp. Fry.
Men espouse the well-endowed opinions in fashion, and
then seek arguments either to make good their beauty, or var­
nish over their deformity. Locke.
The righteousness of the best cause may be over balanced
by the iniquities of those that espouse it. Smalridge's Sermons.
The cause of religion and goodness, which is the cause of
God, is ours by descent, and we are doubly bound to espouse
it. Atterbury's Sermons.

To E’SPY. v. a. [espier, French.]
1. To see a thing at a distance.
2. To discover a thing intended to be hid.
He who before he was espied was afraid, after being per­
ceived was ashamed, now being hardly rubbed upon, left both
fear and shame, and was moved to anger. Sidney.
Few there are of so weak capacity but publick evils they
easily espy; fewer so patient as not to complain, when the
grievous inconveniencies thereof doth work sensible smart. Hook.
3. To see unexpectedly.
And as one of them opened his sack, he espied his money.
Gen. xl. 27.
4. To discover as a spy.
Moses sent me to espy out the land, and I brought him word
again. Jos. xiv. 7.

To ESPY’. v. n. To watch; to look about.
Stand by the way and espy; ask him that fleeth what is
done. Jer. xlvii. 19.

ESQ

ESQU’IRE. n. s. [escuer, French.] See SQUIRE.
1. The armour-bearer or attendant on a knight.
2. A title of dignity, and next in degree below a knight. Those
to whom this title is now of right due, are all the younger sons
of noblemen, and their heirs male for ever; the four esquires
of the king's body; the eldest sons of all baronets; so also of
all knights of the Bath, and knights batchelors, and their heirs
male in the right line; those that serve the king in any wor­
shipful calling, as the serjeant chirurgeon, serjeant of the ewry,
master cook, &c. such as are created esquires by the king with
a collar of S. S. of silver, as the heralds and serjeants at arms.
The chief of some ancient families are likewise esquires by
prescription; those that bear any superior office in the com­
monwealth, as high sheriff of any county, who retains the
title of esquire during his life, in respect of the great trust he
has had of the posse comitatus. He who is a justice of the
peace has it during the time he is in commission, and no
longer, if not otherwise qualified to bear it. Utter barristers,
in the acts of parliament for poll-money, were ranked among
esquires. Blount.



What are our English dead?
—Sir Richard Ketley, Davy Gam esquire. Shakes. Hen. V.

ESS

To ESSA’Y. v. a. [essayer, French.]
1. To attempt; to try; to endeavour.
While I this unexampled task essay,
Pass awful gulphs, and beat my painful way,
Celestial dove, divine assistance bring. Blackmore's Creation.
No conquest she, but o'er herself desir'd;
No arts essay'd, but not to be admir'd. Pope, Epistle 5.
2. To make experiment of.
3. To try the value and purity of metals.
The standard in our mint being now settled, the rules and
methods of essaying suited to it should remain unvariable. Locke.

E’SSAY. n. s. [from the verb. The accent is used on either
syllable.]
1. Attempt; endeavour.
Fruitless our hopes, though pious our essays;
Your's to preserve a friend, and mine to praise. Smith.
2. A loose sally of the mind; an irregular indigested piece; not
a regular and orderly composition.
My essays, of all my other works, have been most current. Bac.
Yet modestly he does his work survey,
And calls his finish'd poem an essay. Poem to Roscommon.
3. A trial; an experiment.
He wrote this but as an essay, or taste of my virtue. Shak.
Repetitions wear us into a liking of what possibly, in the
first essay, displeased us. Locke.
4. First taste of any thing; first experiment.
Translating the first of Homer's Iliads, I intended as an
essay to the whole work. Dryden's Fables, Preface.

E’SSENCE. n. s. [essentia, Latin.]
1. Essence is but the very nature of any being, whether it be
actually existing or no: a rose in Winter has an essence; in
Summer it has existence also. Watts's Logick.
One thinks the soul is air; another, fire;
Another, blood diffus'd about the Heart;
Another saith, the elements conspire,
And to her essence each doth give a part. Davies.
I could wish the nature of a spirit were more unknown to
me than it is, that I might believe its existence, without med­
dling at all with its essence. More's Divine Dialogues.
He wrote the nature of things upon their names: he could
view essences in themselves, and read forms without the com­
ment of their respective properties. South's Sermons.
2. Formal existence; that which makes any thing to be what
it is.
The visible church of Jesus is one in outward profession of
those things, which supernaturally appertain to the very essence
of Christianity, and are necessarily required in every particular
Christian man. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
3. Existence; the quality of being.
In such cogitations have I stood, with such a darkness and
heaviness of mind, that I might have been persuaded to have
resigned my very essence. Sidney.
4. Being; existent person.
As far as gods, and heav'nly essences
Can perish. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i. l. 138.
5. Species of existent being.
Here be four of you, as differing as the four elements; and
yet you are friends: as for Eupolis, because he is temperate,
and without passion, he may be the fifth essence. Bacon.
6. Constituent substance.
For spirits, when they please,
Can either sex assume, or both; so soft
And uncompounded is their essence pure;
Not ty'd or manacled with joint or limb. Milton's Pa. Lost.
7. The cause of existence. This sense is not proper.
She is my essence; and I leave to be,
If I be not by her fair influence
Foster'd, illumin'd, cherish'd, kept alive. Shakespeare.
8. [In medicine.] The chief properties or virtues of any simple,
or composition collected in a narrow compass.
9. Perfume; odour; scent.
Our humble province is to 'tend the fair;
To save the powder from too rude a gale,
Nor let th' imprison'd essences exhale. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

To E’SSENCE. v. a. [from essence.] To perfume; to scent.
The husband rails, from morning to night, at essenced fops
and tawdry courtiers. Addison's Spectator, No. 128.

ESSE’NTIAL. adj. [essentialis, Latin.]
1. Necessary to the constitution or existence of any thing.
The discipline of our church, although it be not an essential
part of our religion, should not be rashly altered, as the very
substance of our religion will be interested in it. Bacon.
From that original of doing good, that is essential to the
infinite being of our Creator, we have an excellent copy
transcribed. Spratt's Sermon.
This power cannot be innate and essential to matter; and if
it be not essential, it is consequently most manifest it could
never supervene to it, unless impressed and infused into it by
an immaterial and divine power. Bentley's Sermons.
A great minister puts you a case, and asks your opinion;
but conceals an essential circumstance, upon which the whole
weight of the matter turns. Swift.
And if each system in gradation roll,
Alike essential to th' amazing whole,
The least confusion but in one, not all
That system only, but the whole must fall. Pope.
2. Important in the highest degree; principal.
Judgment's more essential to a general,
Than courage. Denham's Sophy.
3. Pure; highly rectified; subtilly elaborated; extracted so as to
contain all the virtues of its elemental parts contracted into a
narrow compass.
The juice of the seed is an essential oil or balm, designed
by nature to preserve the seed from corruption. Arbuthnot.

ESSE’NTIAL. n. s.
1. Existence; being.
His utmost ire to the height enrag'd,
Will either quite consume us, or reduce
To nothing this essential. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
2. Nature; first or constituent principles.
The plague of sin has even altered his nature, and eaten
into his very essentials. South's Sermons.
3. The chief point; that which is in any respect of great im­
portance.

ESSE’NTIALLY. adv. [essentialiter, Latin.] By the constitution
of nature.
He that loves himself,
Hath not essentially, but by circumstance,
The name of valour. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
Body and spirit are essentially divided, though not locally
distant. Glanville.
All sin essentially is, and must be, mortal. South's Sermons.
Knowledge is that which, next to virtue, truly and
essentially raises one man above another. Addison's Guardian.

ESSO’INE. n. s. [of the French essoniè, or exonniè.]
1. He that has his presence forborn or excused upon any just
cause; as sickness.
2. Allegment of an excuse for him that is summoned, or sought
for, to appear and answer to an action real, or to perform suit
to a court-baron, upon just cause of absence. Cowel.
3. Excuse; exemption.
From every work he challenged essoin,
For contemplation sake; yet otherwise
His life he led in lawless riotise. Fairy Queen, b. i. c. 4.

EST

To ESTA’BLISH. v. a. [etablir, French.]
1. To settle firmly; to fix unalterably.
He may establish thee to-day for a people unto himself. Deut.
Upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to or­
der it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice. Is. ix.
I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting
covenant, Gen. xvii. 19.
The Normans never obtained this kingdom by such a right
of conquest, as did or might alter the established laws of the
kingdom. Hale's Common Law of England.
2. To settle in any privilege or possession; to confirm.
Soon after the rebellion broke out, the Presbyterian sect
was established in all its forms by an ordinance of the lords and
commons. Swift.
3. To make firm; to ratify.
Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her
husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void. Num.
4. To fix or settle in an opinion.
So were the churches established in the faith. Acts xvi. 5.
5. To form or model.
He appointed in what manner his family should be esta­
blished. Clarendon, b. viii.
6. To found; to build firmly; to fix immoveably. A sense not
in use.
For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon
the floods. Ps. xxiv. 12.
7. To make a settlement of any inheritance. A sense not in
use.
We will establish our estate upon
Our eldest Malcolm, whom we name hereafter
The prince of Cumberland. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

ESTA’BLISHMENT. n. s. [from establish; etablissement, French.]
1. Settlement; fixed state.
All happy peace, and goodly government,
Is settled there in sure establishment. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 11.
2. Confirmation of something already done; ratification.
He had not the act penned by way of recognition of right;
as, on the other side, he avoided to have it by new law; but
chose rather a kind of middle way, by way of establish­
ment. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Settled regulation; form; model of a government or family.
Now come unto that general reformation, and bring in
that establishment by which all men should be contained in
duty. Spenser's State of Ireland.
4. Foundation; fundamental principle; settled law.
The sacred order to which you belong, and even the esta­
blishment on which it subsists, have often been struck at; but
in vain. Atterbury's Sermons.



5. Allowance; income; salary.
His excellency, who had the sole disposal of the emperor's
revenue, might easily provide against that evil, by gradually
lessening your establishment. Gulliver's Travels.

ESTA’TE. n. s. [estat, French.]
1. The general interest; the business of the government; the
publick. In this sense it is now commonly written state.
Many times the things adduced to judgment may be meum
& tuum, when the reason and consequence thereof may reach
to point of estate: I call matters of estate not only the parts of
sovereignty, but whatsoever introduceth any great alteration,
or dangerous precedent, or concerneth manifestly any great
portion of people. Bacon's Essays.
2. Condition of life, with regard to prosperity or adversity.
Thanks to giddy chance,
She cast us headlong from our high estate. Dryden.
3. Condition; circumstances in general.
Truth and certainty are not at all secured by innate prin­
ciples; but men are in the fame uncertain, floating estate with
as without them. Locke.
4. Fortune; possession: generally meant of possessions in land,
or realities.
She accused us to the king, as though we went about to
overthrow him in his own estate. Sidney, b. ii.
Go, miser! go; for lucre sell thy soul;
Truck wares for wares, and trudge from pole to pole,
That men may say, when thou art dead and gone,
See what a vast estate he left his son! Dryden's Pers. Sat.
5. Rank; quality.
Who hath not heard of the greatness of your estate? Who
seeth not that your estate is much excelled with that sweet
uniting of all beauties. Sidney, b. ii.
6. A person of high rank. This sense is disused.
She is a dutchess, a great estate. Latimer.
Herod, on his birthday, made a supper to his lords, high
captains, and chief estates of Galilee. Mar. vi. 21.

To ESTA’TE. v. a. [from the noun.] To settle as a fortune.
Why hath thy queen
Summon'd me hither?
—A contract of true love to celebrate,
And some donation freely to estate
On the bless'd lovers. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To ESTE’EM. v. a. [estimer, French; æstimo, Latin.]
1. To set a value whether high or low upon any thing.
The worth of all men by their end esteem,
And then due praise, or due reproach them yield. Fa. Queen.
I preferred her before sceptres and thrones, and esteemed
riches nothing in comparison of her. Wisd. vii. 8.
2. To compare; to estimate by proportion.
Besides, those single forms she doth esteem,
And in her balance doth their values try. Davies.
3. To prize; to rate high; to regard with reverence.
Who would not be loved more, though he were esteemed
less? Dryden.
4. To hold in opinion; to think; to imagine.
One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth
every day alike. Rom. xiv. 5.

ESTE’EM. n. s. [from the verb.] High value; reverential re­
gard.
Who can see,
Without esteem for virtuous poverty,
Severe Fabritius, or can cease t' admire
The ploughman consul in his coarse attire. Dryden's Æn.
Both those poets lived in much esteem with good and holy
men in orders. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
I am not uneasy that many, whom I never had any esteem
for, are likely to enjoy this world after me. Pope.

ESTE’EMER. n. s. [from esteem.] One that highly values; one
that sets an high rate upon any thing.
This might instruct the proudest esteemer of his own parts,
how useful it is to talk and consult with others. Locke.

E’STIMABLE. adj. [French.]
1. Valuable; worth a large price.
A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man,
Is not so estimable or profitable
As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats, Shak. Mer. of Venice.
2. Worthy of esteem; worthy of some degree of honour and
respect.
A lady said of her two companions, that one was more
amiable, the other more estimable.
You lost one who gave hopes of being, in time, every thing
that was estimable and good. Temple.

E’STIMABLENESS. n. s. [from estimable.] The quality of de­
serving regard.

To E’STIMATE. v. a. [æstimo, Latin.]
1. To rate; to adjust the value of; to judge of any thing by its
proportion to something else.
When a man shall sanctify his house to the Lord, then the
priest shall estimate it whether it be good or bad: as the priest
shall estimate it, so shall it stand. Lev. xxvii. 14.
It is by the weight of silver, and not the name of the piece,
that men estimate commodities and exchange them. Locke.
2. To calculate; to compute.

E’STIMATE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Computation; calculation.
Upon a moderate estimate and calculation of the quantity of
water now actually contained in the abyss, I found that this
alone was full enough to cover the whole globe to the height
assigned by Moses. Woodward.
2. Value.
I'd love
My country's good, with a respect more tender,
More holy and profound than mine own life,
My dear wife's estimate, her womb's increase,
The treasure of my loins. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Valuation; assignment of proportional value; comparative
judgment.
The only way to come to a true estimate upon the odds be­
twixt a publick and a private life, is to try both. L'Estrange.
Outward actions can never give a just estimate of us, since
there are many perfections of a man which are not capable of
appearing in actions. Addison's Spectator, No. 257.

ESTIMA’TION. n. s. [from estimate.]
1. The act of adjusting proportional value.
If a man shall sanctify unto the Lord some part of a field,
the estimation shall be according to the seed, and homer of
barley. Levit.
2. Calculation; computation.
3. Opinion; judgment.
In our own estimation we account such particulars more
worthy than those that are already tried and known. Bacon.
4. Esteem; regard; honour.
Crimes there were laid to his charge many, the least where­
of being just, had bereaved him of estimation and credit with
men. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Of your brace of unprizeable estimations, the one is but
frail, and the other casual. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
I know the gentleman
To be of worth and worthy estimation,
And not without desert so well reputed. Shakespeare.
I shall have estimation among the multitude, and honour
with the elders. Wisd. viii. 10.
A plain reason of the publick honours due to the magistrate
is, that he may be in due estimation and reverence. Atterbury.

E’STIMATIVE. adj. [from estimate.] Having the power of
comparing and adjusting the preference.
We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty, an
appetition or aversation, and loco-motive faculty answering
the will. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

ESTIMA’TOR. n. s. [from estimate.] A setter of rates; a com­
putist.

E’STIVAL. adj. [æstivus, Latin.]
1. Pertaining to the Summer.
2. Continuing for the Summer.

ESTIVA’TION. n. s. [æstivatio, Latin.] The act of passing
the Summer.
A grotto is a place of shade, or estivation. Bacon's Essays.

ESTRA’DE. n. s. [French; stratum, Latin.] An even or level
space. Dict.

To ESTRA’NGE. v. a. [estranger, French.]
1. To keep at a distance; to withdraw.
Had we not only cut off their corruptions, but also
estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent, who seeth
not how greatly prejudicial this might have been to so good a
cause? Hooker, b. iv. s. 7.
They know it is our custom of simple reading, not for
conversion of infidels estranged from the house of God, but for
instruction of men baptized, bred, and brought up in the
bosom of the church. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
See, she weeps;
Thinks me unkind, or false, and knows not why
I thus estrange my person from her bed. Dryden.
2. To alienate; to divert from its original use or possessor.
They have estranged this place, and have burnt incense in it
to other gods. Jer. xix. 4.
3. To alienate from affection; to turn from kindness to male­
volence or indifference.
How comes it now, my husband, oh, how comes it,
That thou art thus estranged from thyself?
Thyself I call it, being strange to me. Shakes. Com. of Err.
Adam, estrang'd in look, and alter'd style,
Speech intermitted, thus to Eve renew'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
I came to grieve a father's heart estrang'd;
But little thought to find a mistress chang'd. Dryd. Aurengz.
I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has estranged
him from me. Pope.
4. To withdraw or withold.
We must endeavour to estrange our belief from every thing
which is not clearly and distinctly evidenced to our faculties.
Glanv. Sceps. c. 14.

ESTRA’NGEMENT. n. s. [from estrange.] Alienation; distance;
removal; voluntary abstraction.
Desires, by a long estrangement from better things, come at
length perfectly to loath, and fly off from them. South.

ESTRAPA’DE. n. s. [French.] The defence of a horse that



will not obey, who, to get rid of his rider, rises mightily
before; and while his forehand is yet in the air, yerks furi­
ously with his hind legs. Farrier's Dict.

ESTRE’ATE. n. s. [extractum, Latin.] The true copy of an
original writing: for example, of americaments or penalties,
set down in the rolls of a court, to be levied by the bailiff, or
other officer, of every man for his offence. A law term. Cowel.

ESTRE’PEMENT. n. s. [of the French word estrepier.] Spoil
made by the tenant for term of life upon any lands or woods,
to the prejudice of him in the reversion. Cowel.

E’STRICH. n. s. [commonly written ostrich.] The largest of
birds.
To be furious,
Is to be frighted out of fear; and, in that mood,
The dove will peck the estridge. Shak. Anth. and Cleopatra.
The peacock, not at thy command, assumes
His glorious train; nor estrich her rare plumes. Sandys.

E’STUARY. n. s. [æstuarium, Latin.] An arm of the sea; the
mouth of a lake or river in which the tide reciprocates; a
frith.

To E’STUATE. v. a. [æstuo, Latin.] To swell and fall reci­
procally; to boil; to be in a state of violent commotion. Dict.

ESTUA’TION. n. s. [from æstuo, Latin.] The state of boiling;
reciprocation of rise and fall; agitation; commotion.
Rivers and lakes, that want fermenting parts at the bot­
tom, are not excited unto estuations; therefore some seas flow
higher than others. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 13.
The motion of the will is accompanied with a sensible com­
motion of the spirits, and an estuation of the blood. Norris.

E’STURE. n. s. [æstus, Latin.] Violence; commotion.
The seas retain
Not only their outrageous esture there,
But supernatural mischief they expire. Chapman's Odyssey.

E’SURIENT. adj. [esuriens, Latin.] Hungry; voracious. Dict.

E’SURINE. adj. [esurio, Latin.] Corroding; eating.
Over much piercing is the air of Hampstead, in which sort
of air there is always something esurine and acid. Wiseman.

ETC. A contraction of the two Latin words et cætera, which
signifies and so on; and the rest; and others of the like kind.

To ETCH. v. a. [etizen, German.]
1. A way used in making of prints, by drawing with a pro­
per needle upon a copper-plate, covered over with a ground
of wax, &c. and well blacked with the smoke of a link,
in order to take off the figure of the drawing or print;
which having its backside tinctured with white lead, will,
by running over the strucken out lines with a stift, impress
the exact figure on the black or red ground; which
figure is afterwards with needles drawn deeper quite through
the ground, and all the shadows and hatchings put in; and
then a wax border being made all round the plate, there is
poured on a sufficient quantity of well tempered aqua fortis,
which, insinuating into the strokes made by the needles,
usually eats, in about half an hour, into the figure of the print
or drawing on the copper plate. Harris.
2. To scetch; to draw; to delineate [unless this word be mis­
taken by Locke for eke.]
There are many empty terms to be found in some learned
writers, to which they had recourse to etch out their
systems. Locke.
3. [This word is evidently mistaken by Ray for edge.] To move
forwards towards one side.
When we lie long awake in the night, we are not able to
rest one quarter of an hour without shifting of sides, or at
least etching this way and that way, more or less. Ray.

ETCH. n. s. A country word, of which I know not the
meaning.
When they fow their etch crops, they sprinkle a pound or
two of clover on an acre. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Where you find dunging of land makes it rank, lay dung
upon the etch, and sow it with barley. Mortimer's Husbandry.

ETE

ETE’RNAL. adj. [æternus, Latin.]
1. Without beginning or end.
The eternal God is thy refuge. Deut. xxxiii. 27.
2. Without beginning.
It is a question quite different from our having an idea of
eternity, to know whether there were any real being, whose
duration has been eternal. Locke.
3. Without end; endless; immortal.
Thou know'st that Banquo and his Fleance lives.
—But in them nature's copy's not eternal. Shakes. Macbeth.
4. Perpetual; constant; unintermitting.
Burnt off'rings morn and ev'ning shall be thine,
And fires eternal in thy temple shine. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
5. Unchangeable.
Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed. Dryd.

ETE’RNAL. n. s. [eternel, French.] One of the appellations of
the Godhead.
That law whereby the eternal himself doth work. Hooker.
The eternal, to prevent such horrid fray,
Hung out of heav'n his golden scales. Milton.

ETE’RNALIST. n. s. [æternus, Latin.] One that holds the past
existence of the world infinite.
I would ask the eternalists what mark is there that they could
expect or desire of the novelty of a world, that is not found
in this? Or what mark is there of eternity that is found in
this? Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To ETE’RNALISE. v. a. [from eternal.] To make eter­
nal. Dict.

ETE’RNALLY. adv. [from eternal.]
1. Without beginning or end.
2. Unchangeably; invariably.
That which is morally good, or evil, at any time, or in
any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so, with
relation to that time and to that case. South's Sermons.
3. Perpetually; without intermission.
Bear me, some god, to Baja's gentle seats,
Or cover me in Umbria's green retreats,
Where western gales eternally reside,
And all the seasons lavish all their pride. Addison.

ETE’RNE. adj. [æternus, Latin.] Eternal; perpetual; end­
less.
The Cyclops hammers fall
On Mars his armour, forg'd for proof eterne. Shak. Hamlet.

ETE’RNITY. n. s. [æternitas, Latin.]
1. Duration without beginning or end.
In this ground his precious root
Still lives, which, when weak time shall be pour'd out
Into eternity, and circular joys
Dancing an endless round, again shall rise. Crashaw.
Thy immortal rhyme
Makes this one short point of time,
To fill up half the orb of round eternity. Cowley.
By repeating the idea of any length of duration which we
have in our minds, with all the endless addition of number,
we come by the idea of eternity. Locke.
2. Duration without end.
Beyond is all abyss,
Eternity, whose end no eye can reach! Milt. Parad. Lost.
Eternity, thou pleasing, dreadful thought!
Through what variety of untried being,
Through what new scenes and changes must we pass. Add.

To ETE’RNIZE. v. a. [æterno, Latin.]
1. To make endless; to perpetuate.
I with two fair gifts
Created him endow'd; with happiness,
And immortality: that fondly lost,
This other serv'd but to eternize woe. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. To make for ever famous; to immortalize.
Mankind by all means seeking to eternize himself, so much
the more as he is near his end, doth it by speeches and
writings. Sidney.
And well beseems all knights of noble name,
That covet in th' immortal book of fame
To be eternized, that same to haunt. Fairy Queen, b. i.
I might relate of thousands, and their names
Eternize here on earth; but those elect
Angels, contented with their fame in heav'n,
Seek not the praise of men. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
The four great monarchies have been celebrated by the
writings of many famous men, who have eternized their fame,
and thereby their own. Temple.
Both of them are set on fire by the great actions of heroes,
and both endeavour to eternize them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Hence came its name, in that the grateful Jove
Hath eterniz'd the glory of his love. Creech's Manilius.

ETH

E’THER. n. s. [æther, Latin; ἄιϑηϱ.]
1. An element more fine and subtle than air; air refined or
sublimed.
If any one should suppose that ether, like our air, may con­
tain particles which endeavour to recede from one another;
for I do not know what this ether is; and that its particles are
exceedingly smaller than those of air, or even than those of
light, the exceeding smallness of its particles may contribute
to the greatness of the force, by which those particles may re­
cede from one another. Newton's Opt.
The parts of other bodies are held together by the eternal
pressure of the ether, and can have no other conceivable cause
of their cohesion and union. Locke.
2. The matter of the highest regions above.
There fields of light and liquid ether flow,
Purg'd from the pond'rous dregs of earth below. Dryden.

ETHE’REAL. adj. [from ether.]
1. Formed of ether.
Man feels me, when I press th' ethereal plains. Dryden.
2. Celestial; heavenly.
Go, heav'nly guest, ethereal messenger,
Sent from whose sov'reign goodness I adore. Milton.
Thrones and imperial pow'rs, offspring of heav'n,
Ethereal virtues! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 311.
Such as these, being in good part freed from the entangle­
ments of sense and body, are employed, like the spirits above,
in contemplating the Divine Wisdom in the works of nature;
a kind of anticipation of the ethereal happiness and employ­
ment. Glanv. Apol.



Vast chain of being, which from God began,
Natures ethereal, human; angel, man. Pope.

ETHE’REOUS. adj. [from ether.] Formed of ether; heavenly.
Behold the bright surface
Of this ethereous mould, whereon we stand. Milt. Pa. Lost.

E’THICAL. adj. [ἤϑιϰ.] Moral; treating on morality.

E’THICALLY. adv. [from ethical.] According to the doctrines
of morality.
My subject leads me not to discourse ethically, but christian­
ly of the faults of the tongue. Government of the Tongue.

E’THICK. adj. [ἤϑίϰ.] Moral; delivering precepts of mo­
rality. Whence Pope entitled part of his works Ethick Epistles.

E’THICKS. n. s. without the singular. [ἠϑιϰὴ.] The doctrine
of morality; a system of morality.
For of all moral virtues, she was all
That ethicks speak of virtues cardinal. Donne.
I will never set politicks against ethicks; especially for that
true ethicks are but as a handmaid to divinity and religion.
Bacon's War with Spain.
Persius professes the stoick philosophy; the most noble, ge­
nerous, and beneficial amongst all the sects who have given
rules of ethicks. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.
If the atheists would live up to the ethicks of Epicurus him­
self, they would make few or no proselytes from the Christian
religion. Bentley's Sermons.

E’THNICK. adj. [ἔϑνιϰ.] Heathen; Pagan; not Jewish;
not Christian.
Such contumely as the ethnick world durst not offer him, is
the peculiar insolence of degenerated Christians. Gov. of Tongue.
I shall begin with the agreement of profane, whether
Jewish or ethnick, with the Sacred Writings. Grew's Cosm. Sac.

E’THNICKS. n. s. Heathens; not Jews; not Christians.
This first Jupiter of the ethnicks was then the same Cain,
the son of Adam. Raleigh's History of the World.

ETHOLO’GICAL. adj. [ηἔϑ and λόγ.] Treating of mo­
rality.

ETIO’LOGY. n. s. [ἀιτιολογία.] An account of the causes of
any thing, generally of a distemper.
I have not particulars enough to enable me to enter into
the etiology of this distemper. Arbuthnot on Air.

ETYMOLO’GICAL. adj. [from etymology.] Relating to etymo­
logy; relating to the derivation of words.
Excuse this conceit, this etymological observation. Locke.

ETYMO’LOGIST. n. s. [from etymology.] One who searches out
the original of words; one who shows the derivation of words
from their original.

ETYMO’LOGY. n. s. [etymologia, Lat. [ἔτυμ and λόγ.]
1. The descent or derivation of a word from its original; the
deduction of formations from the radical word; the analysis
of compound words into primitives.
Consumption is generally taken for any universal diminu­
tion and colliquation of the body, which acception its etymo­
logy implies. Harvey on Consumptions.
When words are restrained, by common usage, to a parti­
cular sense, to run up to etymology, and construe them by dic­
tionary, is wretchedly ridiculous. Collier's View of the Stage.
Pelvis is used by comick writers for a looking-glass, by
which means the etymology of the word is visible, and pelvidera
will signify a lady who looks in her glass. Addison's Spectator.
If the meaning of a word could be learned by its derivation
or etymology, yet the original derivation of words is oftentimes
very dark. Watts's Logick.
2. The part of grammar which delivers the inflections of nouns
and verbs.

E’TYMON. n. s. [ἔτυμον.] Origin; primitive word.
Blue hath its etymon from the High Dutch blaw; from
whence they call himmel-blue, that which we call sky-colour
or heaven's blue. Peacham on Drawing.

EVA

To EVA’CATE. v. a. [vaco, Latin.] To empty out; to throw
out.
Dry air opens the surface of the earth to disincarcerate
venene bodies, or to evacate them. Harvey on the Plague.

To EVA’CUATE. v. a. [evacuo, Latin.]
1. To make empty; to clear.
There is no good way of prevention but by evacuating
clean, and emptying the church. Hooker, b. iv. s. 10.
We tried how far the air would manifest its gravity in so
thin a medium, as we could make in our receiver, by eva­
cuating it. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. To throw out as noxious, or offensive.
3. To void by any of the excretory passages.
Boerhaave gives an instance of a patient, who, by a long
use of whey and water, and garden fruits, evacuated a great
quantity of black matter, and recovered his senses. Arbuthnot.
4. To make void; to evacate; to nullify; to annul.
The defect, though it would not evacuate a marriage, after
cohabitation and actual consummation; yet it was enough to
make void a contract. Bacon's Henry VII.
If the prophecies recorded of the Messiah are not fulfilled
in Jesus of Nazareth, it is impossible to know when a pro­
phecy is fulfilled, and when not, in anything or person what­
soever, which would utterly evacuate the use of them. South.
5. To quit; to withdraw from out of a place.
As this neutrality was never observed by the emperor, so he
never effectually evacuated Catalonia. Swift.

EVA’CUANT. n. s. [evacuans, Latin.] Medicine that procures
evacuation by any passage.

EVACUA’TION. n. s. [from evacuate.]
1. Such emissions as leave a vacancy; discharge.
Consider the vast evacuations of men that England hath had,
by assistances lent to foreign kingdoms. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
2. Abolition; nullification.
Popery hath not been able to re-establish itself in any place,
after provision made against it by utter evacuation of all Romish
ceremonies. Hooker, b. iv. s. 9.
2. The practice of emptying the body by physick.
The usual practice of physick among us, turns in a man­
ner wholly upon evacuation, either by bleeding, vomit, or
some purgation. Temple.
3. Discharges of the body by any vent natural or artificial.

To EVA’DE. v. a. [evado, Latin.]
1. To elude; to escape by artifice or stratagem.
In this point charge him home, that he affects
Tyrannick power: if he evade us there,
Inforce him with his envy to the people. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Or, if thou covet death, as utmost end
Of misery, so thinking to evade
The penalty pronounc'd, doubt not but God
Hath wiselier arm'd his vengeful ire, than so
To be forestall'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 1021.
He might evade the accomplishment of these afflictions he
now gradually endureth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
2. To avoid; to decline by subterfuge.
Our question thou evad'st; how did'st thou dare
To break hell bounds? Dryden's State of Innocence.
3. To escape or elude by sophistry.
My argument evidently overthrows all that he brings to
evade the testimonies of the fathers. Stillingfleet.
4. To escape as imperceptible, or unconquerable, as too great
or too subtle to be seized or subdued.
We have seen how a contingent event baffles man's know­
ledge, and evades his power. South's Sermons.

To EVA’DE. v. n.
1. To escape; to slip away.
His wisdom, by often evading from perils, was turned
rather into a dexterity to deliver himself from dangers, than
into a providence to prevent. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To practise sophistry or evasions.
Unarm'd they might
Have easily, as spirits, evaded swift
By quick contraction, or remove. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The ministers of God are not to evade or take refuge in
any of these two forementioned ways. South's Sermons.

EVAGA’TION. n. s. [evagor, Latin.] The act of wandering;
excursion; ramble; deviation.
These long chains of lofty mountains, which run through
whole continents east and west, serve to stop the evagation of
the vapours to the north and south in hot countries. Roy.

EVANE’SCENT. adj. [evanescens, Latin.] Vanishing; imper­
ceptible; lessening beyond the perception of the senses.
As the canal is wire-drawn, it grows still smaller and slen­
derer, so as that the evanescent solid and fluid will scarce
differ. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The difference between right and wrong, on some petty
cases, is almost evanescent. Wollaston.
The downy orchard, and the melting pulp
Of mellow fruit, the nameless nations feed
Of evanescent insects. Thomson's Spring, l. 300.

EVANGE’LICAL. adj. [evangelique, French; evangelicus, Latin.]
1. Agreeable to gospel; consonant to the Christian law revealed
in the holy gospel.
This distinction between moral goodness and evangelical
perfection, ought to have been observed. Atterbury's Sermons.
God will indeed judge the world in righteousness; but 'tis
by an evangelical, not a legal righteousness, and by the inter­
vention of the man Christ Jesus, who is the Saviour as well
as the judge of the world. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Contained in the gospel.
Those evangelical hymns they allow not to stand in our
liturgy. Hooker, b. v. s. 35.

EVANGE’LISM. n. s. [from evangely.] The promulgation of
the blessed gospel.
Thus was this land saved from infidelity, through the apos­
tolical and miraculous evangelism. Bacon's New Atlantis.

EVA’NGELIST. n. s. [ἔυαγγελ.]
1. A writer of the history of our Lord Jesus.
Each of these early writers ascribe to the four evangelists by
name their respective histories. Addison's Christ. Religion.
2. A promulgator of the Christian laws.
Those to whom he first entrusted the promulgating of the
gospel, had instructions; and it were fit our new evangelists
should show their authority. Decay of Piety.

To EVANGE’LIZE. v. a. [evangelize, Latin; ἐυαγγελίω.] To
instruct in the gospel, or law of Jesus.



The spirit
Pour'd first on his apostles, whom he sends
T' evangelize the nations; then on all
Baptiz'd, shall them with wond'rous gifts endue. Milton.

EVA’NGELY. n. s. [ἐυαγγέλιον, that is, good tidings.] Good
tidings; the message of pardon and salvation; the holy gos­
pel; the gospel of Jesus.
Good Lucius,
That first received Christianity,
The sacred pledge of Christ's evangely. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

EVA’NID. adj. [evanidus, Latin.] Faint; weak; evanescent.
Where there is heat and strength enough in the plant to
make the leaves odorate, there the smell of the flower is rather
evanid and weaker than that of the leaves. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The decoctions of simples, which bear the visible colours
of bodies decocted, are dead and evanid, without the com­
mixtion of allum, argol, and the like. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
I put as great difference between our new lights and ancient
truths, as between the sun and an evanid meteor. Glanv. Sceps.

To EVA’NISH. v. a. [evanesco, Latin.] To vanish; to escape
from notice or perception.

EVA’PORABLE. adj. [from evaporate.] Easily dissipated in
fumes or vapours.
Such cordial powders as are aromatick, their virtue lies in
parts that are of themselves volatile, and easily evapo­
rable. Grew's Musæum.

To EVA’PORATE. v. n. [evaporo, Latin.] To fly away in
vapours or fumes; to waste insensibly as a volatile spirit.
Poesy is of so subtile a spirit, that in the pouring out of
one language into another it will all evaporate. Denham.
Our works unhappily evaporated into words; we should
have talked less, and done more. Decay of Piety.
Being weary with attending the so slow consumption of the
liquor, we set it in a digesting furnace to evaporate more
nimbly. Boyle on Saltpetre.
This vapour falling upon joints which have not heat
enough to dispel it, cannot be cured otherwise than by burn­
ing, by which it evaporates. Temple.
The enemy takes a surer way to consume us, by letting our
courage evaporate against stones and rubbish. Swift.

To EVA’PORATE. v. a.
1. To drive away in fumes; to disperse in vapours.
If we compute that prodigious mass of water daily thrown
into the sea from all the rivers, we should then know how
much is perpetually evaporated, and cast again upon the conti­
nents to supply those innumerable streams. Bentley's Sermons.
Convents abroad are so many retreats for the speculative,
the melancholy, the proud, the silent, the politick, and the
morose, to spend themselves, and evaporate the noxious par­
ticles. Swift's Argument against abolishing Christianity.
We perceive clearly, that fire will warm or burn us, and
will evaporate water. Watts's Logick.
2. To give vent to; to let out in ebullition or sallies.
My lord of Essex evaporated his thoughts in a sonnet to be
sung before the queen. Wotton.

EVAPORA’TION. n. s. [from evaporate.]
1. The act of flying away in fumes or vapours; vent; dis­
charge.
They are but the fruits of adusted choler, and the evapora­
tions of a vindicative spirit. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
Evaporations are at some times greater, according to the
greater heat of the sun; so wherever they alight again in rain,
'tis superior in quantity to the rain of colder seasons. Woodw.
2. The act of attenuating matter, so as to make it fume away.
Those waters, by rarifaction and evaporation, ascended.
Raleigh's History of the World.
3. [In pharmacy.] An operation by which liquids are spent or
driven away in steams, so as to leave some part stronger, or
of a higher consistence than before. Quincy.

EVA’SION. n. s. [evasum, Latin.] Excuse; subterfuge; sophis­
try; artifice; artful means of eluding or escaping.
We are too well acquainted with those answers;
But his evasion, wing'd thus swift with scorn,
Cannot outfly our apprehensions. Shak. Troilus and Cressida.
Him, after all disputes,
Forc'd I absolve: all my evasions vain,
And reasonings, though through mazes, lead me still
But to my own conviction. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
In vain thou striv'st to cover shame with shame;
For by evasions thy crime uncover'st more. Milton's Agonistes.

EVA’SIVE. adj. [from evade.]
1. Practising evasion; elusive.
Thus he, though conscious of th' etherial guest,
Answer'd evasive of the sly request. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
2. Containing an evasion; sophistical; dishonestly artful.

EVA’SIVELY. adv. [from evasive.] By evasion; elusively;
sophistically.

EUC

EU’CHARIST. n. s. [ἐυχαϱιϛία.] The act of giving thanks;
the sacramental act in which the death of our Redeemer is
commemorated with a thankful remembrance; the sacrament
of the Lord's supper.
Himself did better like of common bread to be used in the
eucharist. Hooker, Preface.
Some receive the sacrament as a means to procure great
graces and blessings, others as an eucharist and an office of
thanksgiving for what they have received. Taylor.

EUCHARI’STICAL. adj. [from eucharist.]
1. Containing acts of thanksgiving.
The latter part was eucharistical, which began at the break­
ing and blessing of the bread. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
It would not be amiss to put it into the eucharistical part of
our daily devotions: we praise thee, O God, for our limbs
and senses. Ray on the Creation.
2. Relating to the sacrament of the supper of the Lord.

EUCHO’LOGY. n. s. [ἐυχολόγιον.] A formulary of prayers.

EUCRASY. n. s. [ἐυϰϱασία.] An agreeable well proportioned
mixture of qualities, whereby a body is said to be in a good
state of health. Quincy.

EVE

EVE. n. s. [æfen, Saxon; avend, or avond, Dutch.]

E’VEN. n. s. [æfen, Saxon; avend, or avond, Dutch.]
1. The close of the day; the latter part of the day; the interval
between bright light and darkness.
They like so many Alexanders,
Have in these parts from morn 'till even fought,
And sheath'd their swords for lack of argument. Sh. H. V.
Such sights as youthful poets dream
On Summer eves by haunted stream. Milton.
O, nightingale, that on yon bloomy spray
Warblest at eve, when all the woods are still. Milton.
When the sun's orb both even and morn is bright,
Then let no fear of storms thy mind affright. May's Virgil.
Th' unerring sun by certain signs declares,
What the late ev'n, or early morn prepares. Dryd. Virgil.
Winter, oft at eve, resumes the breeze,
Chills the pale morn. Thomson's Spring, l. 20.
2. The vigil or fast to be observed before an holiday. In this
sense only eve is used, not even.
Let the immediate preceding day be kept as the eve to this
great feast. Duppa's Rule to Devotion.

E’VEN. adj. [efen, Saxon; even, Dutch; æquus, Latin.]
1. Level; not rugged; not unequal.
To see a beggar's brat in riches flow,
Adds not a wrinkle to my even brow. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 6.
The present face of Rome is much more even and level
than it was formerly. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The superficies of such plates are not even, but have many
cavities and swellings, which, how shallow soever, do a little
vary the thickness of the plate. Newton's Opt.
2. Uniform; equal to itself; smooth as opposed to rough.
Lay the rough paths of peevish nature ev'n,
And open in each heart a little heav'n. Prior.
3. Level with; parallel to.
That the net may be even to the midst of the altar. Ex.
And shall lay thee even with the ground. Luk. xix. 44.
4. Without inclination any way; not leaning to any side.
He was
A noble servant to them; but he could not
Carry his honours even. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
5. Without any part higher or lower than the other.
When Alexander demanded of one what was the fittest seat
of his empire, he laid a dry hide before him, and desired him
to set his foot on one side thereof; which being done, all the
other parts of the hide did rise up; but when he did set his
foot in the middle, all the other parts lay flat and even. Davies.
Upheld by me, yet once more he shall stand
On even ground against his mortal foe. Milton's Par. Lost.
6. Equal on both sides: as, the account is even.
Even reckoning makes lasting friends; and the way to make
reckonings even, I am sure, is to make them often. South.
7. Without any thing owed, either good or ill; out of debt.
We reckon with your several loves,
And make us even with you;
Henceforth be earls. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I will be even with thee, doubt it not. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.
I do confess
The blind lad's pow'r, whilst he inhabits there;
But I'll be ev'n with him nevertheless. Suckling.
In taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but
in passing it over, he is superior. Bacon's Essays.
The publick is always even with an author who has not a
just deference for them: the contempt is reciprocal. Addison.
The true reason of their flying to this strange doctrine was
to be even with the magistrate, who, they found, was against
them; and they resolved, therefore, at any rate to be against
him. Atterbury's Sermons.
8. Calm; not subject to elevation or depression.
Desires compos'd, affections ever ev'n,
Tears that delight, and sighs that waft to heav'n. Pope.
9. Capable to be divided into equal parts; not odd.
Let him tell me whether the number of the stars be even or
odd. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
What verity there is in that numeral conceit, in the lateral



division of man by even and odd, ascribing the odd unto the
right side, and even unto the left. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To E’VEN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make even.
2. To make out of debt; to put in a state in which either good
or ill is fully repaid.
Nothing can, or shall content my soul,
'Till I am evened with him, wife for wife. Shakesp. Othello.
3. To level; to make level.
This temple Xerxes evened with the soil, which Alexander
is said to have repaired. Raleigh's History of the World.
Beat, roll, and mow carpet-walks and cammomile; for now
the ground is supple, and it will even all inequalities. Evelyn.

To E’VEN. v. n. To be equal to. Now disused.
A like strange observation taketh place here as at Stone­
henge, that a redoubled numbering never eveneth with the
first. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

E’VEN. adv. [often contracted to ev'n.]
1. A word of strong assertion; verily.
Even so did those Gauls possess the coasts. Spenser's Ireland.
Thou wast a soldier
Even to Cato's wish; not fierce, and terrible
Only in strokes. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Dang'rous rocks,
Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side,
Would scatter all the spices on the stream,
Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks;
And, in a word, yea even now worth this,
And now worth nothing. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
It is not much that the good man ventures; and after this
life, if there be no God, is as well as the bad; but if there
be a God, is infinitely better, even as much as unspeakable
and eternal happiness is better than extreme and endless
misery. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Notwithstanding; though it was so that.
All I can say for those passages is, that I knew they were bad
enough to please, even when I wrote them. Dryden.
3. Likewise; not only so, but also.
The motions of all the lights of heaven might afford mea­
sures of time, if we could number them; but most of those
motions are not evident, and the great lights are sufficient, and
serve also to measure even the motions of those others. Holder.
He might even as well have employed his time, as some
princes have done, in the frivolous and low delights of catch­
ing moles. Atterbury.
Here all their rage, and ev'n their murmurs cease,
And sacred silence reigns, and universal peace. Pope.
4. So much as.
Books give the same turn to our thoughts that company
does to our conversation, without loading our memories, or
making us even sensible of the change. Swift.
5. A word of exaggeration in which a secret comparison is
implied: as, even the great, that is, the great like the mean.
Nor death itself can wholly wash your stains,
But long contracted filth ev'n in the soul remains. Dryden.
I have made several discoveries which appear new, even to
those who are versed in critical learning. Addison's Spectator.
6. A term of concession.
Since you refined the notion, and corrected the malignity,
I shall e'en let it pass. Collier of Friendship.

EVENHA’NDED. adj. [even and hand.] Impartial; equitable.
Evenhanded justice
Returns th' ingredients of our poison'd chalice
To our own lips. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

E’VENING. n. s. [æfen, Saxon; avend, Dutch.] The close of
the day; the beginning of night.
I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening,
And no man see me more. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The devil is now more laborious than ever, the long day
of mankind drawing fast towards an evening, and the world's
tragedy and time near at an end. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Mean time the sun descended from the skies,
And the bright evening star began to rise. Dryden's Æn.
It was a sacred rule among the Pythagoreans, that they
should every evening thrice run over the actions and affairs of
the day. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.

E’VENLY. adj. [from even.]
1. Equally; uniformly; in an equipoise.
In an infinite chaos nothing could be formed; no particles
could convene by mutual attraction; for every one there must
have infinite matter around it, and therefore must rest for ever,
being evenly balanced between infinite attractions. Bentley.
2. Levelly; without asperities.
The first shall be a palish clearness, evenly and smoothly
spread; not overthin and washy, but of a pretty solid con­
sistence. Wotton.
3. Without inclination to either side; in a posture parallel to
the horizon; horizontally.
The upper face of the sea is known to be level by nature,
and evenly distant from the center, and waxes deeper and
deeper the farther one saileth from the shore. Brerewood.
4. Impartially; without favour or enmity.
You serve a great and gracious master, and there is a most
hopeful young prince: it behoves you to carry yourself wisely
and evenly between them both. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

E’VENNESS. n. s. [from even.]
1. State of being even.
2. Uniformity; regularity.
The ether most readily yieldeth to the revolutions of the
celestial bodies, and the making them with that evenness and
celerity is requisite in them all. Grew's Cosmolog. Sacr. b. i.
3. Equality of surface; levelness.
4. Freedom from inclination to either side.
A crooked stick is not straitned, unless it be bent as far on
the clear contrary side, that so it may settle itself at the length
in a middle estate of evenness between both. Hooker, b. iv. s. 8.
5. Impartiality; equal respect.
6. Calmness; freedom from perturbation.
Though he appeared to relish these blessings as much as any
man, yet he bore the loss of them, when it happened, with
great composure and evenness of mind. Atterbury's Sermons.

E’VENSONG. n. s. [even and song.]
1. The form of worship used in the evening.
Thee, 'chantress of the woods among,
I woo to hear thy evensong. Milton.
If a man were but of a day's life, it is well if he lasts 'till
evensong, and then says his compline an hour before the time.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. The evening; the close of the day.
He tun'd his notes both evensong and morn. Dryden.

EVENTI’DE. n. s. [even and tide.] The time of evening.
A swarm of gnats at eventide,
Out of the fens of Allan do arise,
Their murmuring small trumpets sounding wide. Fa. Queen.
Isaac went out to meditate at the eventide. Gen. xxiv. 63.

EVE’NT. n. s. [eventus, Latin.]
1. An incident; any thing that happens, good or bad.
There is one event to the righteous, and to the wicked. Eccl.
Oh heavy times, begetting such events! Shak. Hen. VI.
2. The consequence of an action; the conclusion; the upshot.
Two spears from Meleager's hand were sent,
With equal force, but various in th' event;
The first was fixt in earth, the second stood
On the boar's bristled back, and deeply drank his blood. Dry.

To EVE’NTERATE. v. a. [eventero, Latin.] To rip up; to
open by ripping the belly.
In a bear, which the hunters eventerated, or opened, I be­
held the young ones with all their parts distinct. Brown.

EVE’NTFUL. adj. [event and full.] Full of incidents; full of
changes of fortune.
Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness. Shakespeare's As you like it.

To EVE’NTILATE. v. n. [eventilo, Latin.]
1. To winnow; to sift out.
2. To examine; to discuss. Dict.

EVE’NTUAL. adj. [from event.] Happening in consequence of
any thing; consequential.

EVE’NTUALLY. adv. [from eventual.] In the event; in the last
result; in the consequence.
Hermione has but intentionally, not eventually, disobliged
you; and hath made your flame a better return, by restoring
you your own heart, than she could have done by exchanging
her's for it. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

E’VER. adv. [æfre, Saxon.]
1. At any time.
Men know by this time, if ever they will know, whether
it be good or evil which hath been so long retained. Hooker.
If thou hast that, which I have greater reason to believe
now than ever, I mean valour, this might shew it. Sh. Othello.
You serve a master who is as free from the envy of friends,
as ever any king was. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
So few translations deserve praise, that I scarce ever saw any
which deserved pardon. Denham.
The most sensual man that ever was in the world, never felt
so delicious a pleasure as a clear conscience. Tillotson's Sermons.
By repeating any such idea of any length of time, as of a
minute, a year, or an age, as often as we will in our own
thoughts, and adding them to one another, without ever com­
ing to the end of such addition, we come by the idea of
eternity. Locke.
2. At all times; always; without end.
God hath had ever, and ever shall have, some church visible
upon the earth. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
I see things may serve long, but not serve ever. Shakesp.
Riches endless is as poor as Winter,
To him that ever fears he shall be poor. Shakesp. Othello.
Blinded greatness, ever in turmoil,
Still seeking happy life, makes life a toil. Daniel's Civ. War.
There under ebon shades, and low-brow'd rocks,
In dark cimmerian desart ever dwell. Milton.
The inclinations of the people must ever have a great in­
fluence. Temple.



He shall ever love, and always be
The subject of my scorn and cruelty. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
Mankind is ever the same, and nothing lost out of nature,
though every thing is altered. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Ever since that time Lisander has been at the house. Tatler.
Immortal Vida! on whose honour'd brow
The poet's bays and critick's ivy grow,
Cremona now shall ever boast thy name,
As next in place to Mantua, next in fame. Pope's Essays.
3. For ever; eternally; to perpetuity.
Men are like a company of poor insects, whereof some are
bees, delighted with flowers and their sweetness; others beetles,
delighted with other kinds of viands; which, having enjoyed
for a season, they cease to be, and exist no more for ever. Loc.
We'll to the temple: there you'll find your son;
And there be crown'd, or give him up for ever. A. Phillips.
4. It is sometimes reduplicated.
For ever, and for ever, farewel, Cassius. Shakespeare.
I know a lord who values no lease, though for a thousand
years, nor any estate that is not for ever and ever. Temple.
The meeting points the fatal lock dissever
From the fair head, for ever and for ever. Pope.
5. At one time, as, ever and anon: that is, at one time and
another; now and then.
So long as Guyon with her communed,
Unto the ground she cast her modest eye;
And ever and anon, with rosy red,
The bashful blood her snowy cheeks did dye. Fairy Queen.
The fat ones would be ever and anon making sport with
the lean, and calling them starvelings. L'Estrange.
He lay stretch'd along,
And ever and anon a silent tear
Stole down and trickled from his hoary beard. Dryden.
6. In any degree.
Let no man fear that harmful creature ever the less, be­
cause he sees the apostle safe from that poison. Hall.
For a mine undiscovered, neither the owner of the ground
or any body else are ever the richer. Collier on Pride.
It suffices to the unity of any idea, that it be considered as
one representation or picture, though made up of ever so many
particulars. Locke.
There must be somewhere such a rank as man;
And all the question, wrangle e'er so long,
Is only this, if God has plac'd him wrong. Pope's Essays.
7. A word of enforcement, or aggravation. As soon as ever he
had done it; that is, immediately after he had done it. In this
sense it is scarcely used but in familiar language.
That ever this fellow should have fewer words than a parrot,
and yet the son of a woman. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. 1.
They brake all their bones in pieces, or ever they came at the
bottom of the den. Dan. iv. 24.
That purse in your hand, as a twin brother, is as like him as
ever he can look. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
As soon as e'er the bird is dead,
Opening again, he lays his claim
To half the profit, half the fame. Prior.
The title of duke had been sunk in the family ever since the
attainder of the great duke of Suffolk. Addison on Italy.
8. EVER A. Any: [as every, that is, ever ich or ever each
is each one, all.] This word is still retained in the Scottish
dialect.
I am old, I am old.
—I love thee better than I love e'er a scurvy young boy of
them all. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
9. It is often contracted into e'er.
10. It is much used in composition in the sense of always: as,
evergreen, green throughout the year; everduring, enduring
without end. It is added almost arbitrarily to neutral participles
and adjectives, and will be sufficiently explained by the follow­
ing instances.

EVERBU’BBLING. adj. [ever and bubbling.] Boiling up with
perpetual murmurs.
Panting murmurs, still'd out of her breast,
That everbubbling spring. Crashaw.

EVERBU’RNING. adj. [ever and burning.] Unextinguished.
His tail was stretched out in wond'rous length,
That to the house of heavenly gods it raught;
And with extorted power and borrow'd strength,
The everburning lamps from thence it brought. Fai. Queen.
Torture without end
Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed
With everburning sulphur unconsum'd! Milton's Par. Lost.

EVERDU’RING. adj. [ever and during.] Eternal; enduring
without end.
Our souls, piercing through the impurity of flesh, behold
the highest heavens, and thence bring knowledge to contem­
plate the everduring glory and termless joy. Raleigh.
Heav'n open'd wide
Her everduring gates, harmonious sound!
On golden hinges moving. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.

EVERGRE’EN. adj. [ever and green.] Verdant throughout the year.
There will I build him
A monument, and plant it round with shade
Of laurel, evergreen, and branching palm. Milton's Agonist.
The juice, when in greater plenty than can be exhaled by
the sun, renders the plant evergreen. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

E’VERGREEN. n. s. A plant that retains its verdure through all
the seasons.
Some of the hardiest evergreens may be transplanted, espe­
cially if the weather be moist and temperate. Evelyn's Kalend.
I find you are against filling an English garden with ever­
greens. Addison's Spectator, No. 477.

EVERHO’NOURED. adj. [ever and honoured.] Always held in
honour or esteem.
Mentes, an everhonour'd name, of old
High in Ulysses' social list enroll'd. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

EVERLA’STING. adj. [ever and lasting.]
1. Lasting or enduring without end; perpetual; immortal;
eternal.
Whether we shall meet again, I know not;
Therefore our everlasting farewel take:
For ever, and for ever, farewel, Cassius. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
The everlasting life, both of body and soul, in that future
state, whether in bliss or woe, hath been added. Hammond.
And what a trifle is a moment's breath,
Laid in the scale with everlasting death! Denham.
2. It is used of past as well as future eternity, though not so
properly.

EVERLA’STING. n. s. Eternity; eternal duration whether past
or future.
From everlasting to everlasting thou art God. Ps. xc. 2.
We are in God through the knowledge which is had of us,
and the love which is born towards us, from everlasting. Hooker.

EVERLA’STINGLY. adv. [from everlasting.] Eternally; with­
out end.
I'll hate him everlastingly,
That bids me be of comfort any more. Shakes. Rich. II.
Many have made themselves everlastingly ridiculous. Swift.

EVERLA’STINGNESS. n. s. [from everlasting.] Eternity; per­
petuity; an indefinite duration.
Nothing could make me sooner to confess,
That this world had an everlastingness,
Than to consider that a year is run
Since both this lower world's, and the sun's sun,
The lustre and the vigour of this all,
Did set. Donne.

EVERLI’VING. adj. [ever and living.] Living without end;
immortal; eternal; incessant.
Is not from hence the way, that leadeth right
To that most glorious house, that glist'reth bright
With burning stars and everliving fires. Fairy Queen, b. i.
In that he is man, he received life from the Father, as from
the fountain of that everliving Deity. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.
God's justice in the one, and his goodness in the other, is
exercised for evermore, as the everliving subjects of his re­
ward and punishment. Raleigh's History of the World.
The instinct of brutes and insects can be the effect of no­
thing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful everliving
Agent. Newton's Opt.

EVERMO’RE. adv. [ever and more.] Always; eternally. More
seems an expletive accidentally added, unless it signified origi­
nally from this time: as, evermore, always henceforward; but
this sense has not been strictly preserved.
It govern'd was, and guided evermore,
Through wisdom of a matron grave and hoare.  Fa. Queen.
Sparks by nature evermore aspire,
Which makes them now to such a highness flee. Davies.
Religion prefers those pleasures which flow from the pre­
sence of God for evermore, infinitely before the transitory plea­
sures of this world. Tillotson, Sermon i.

EVERO’PEN. adv. [ever and open.] Never closed; not at any
time shut.
God is the great eye of the world, always watching over
our actions, and has an everopen ear to hear all our words.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.

EVERPLE’ASING. adj. [ever and pleasing.] Delighting at all
times; never ceasing to give pleasure.
The everpleasing Pamela was content to urge a little farther
for me. Sidney.
Forsaking Scheria's everpleasing shore,
The winds to Marathon the virgin bore. Pope's Odyssey.

To EVE’RSE. v. a. [eversus, Latin.] To overthrow; to sub­
vert; to destroy.
The foundation of this principle is totally eversed by the
ingenious commentator upon immaterial beings. Glanv. Sceps.

To EVE’RT. v. a. [everto, Latin.] To destroy; to over­
throw.
A process is valid, if the jurisdiction of the judge is not
yet everted and overthrown. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EVERWA’TCHFUL. adj. [ever and watchful.] Always vigilant.
Plac'd at the helm he sat, and mark'd the skies,
Nor clos'd in sleep his everwatchful eyes. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.

E’VERY. adj. [in old language everich, that is, ever each;
æfer ealc, Saxon.]
1. Each one of all. Every has therefore no plural signification.



He proposeth unto God their necessities, and they their own
requests for relief in every of them. Hooker, b. v. s. 39.
All the congregation are holy, every one of them. Num. xvi.
The king made this ordonance, that every twelve years
there should be set forth two ships. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The virtue and force of every of these three is shrewdly
allayed. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Aristotle has long since observed, how unreasonable it is to
expect the same kind of proof for every thing, which we have
for some things. Tillotson's Sermons.
Every one, that has any idea of a foot, finds that he can
repeat that idea, and, joining it to the former, make the idea
of two feet. Locke.
From pole to pole the thunder roars aloud,
And broken lightnings flash from ev'ry cloud. Pope's Statius.
2. EVERY-WHERE. In all places; in each place.
The substance of the body of Christ was not every-where
seen, nor did it every-where suffer death; every-where it could
not be entombed: it is not every-where now, being exalted
into heaven. Hooker, b. v. s. 55.
If I send my son abroad, how is it possible to keep him from
vice, which is every-where so in fashion? Locke.
'Tis no-where to be found, or every-where. Pope.

E’VERYOUNG. adj. [ever and young.] Not subject to old age,
or decay; undecaying.
Joys everyoung, unmix'd with pain or fear,
Fill the wide circle of th' eternal year. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.

E’VESDROPPER. n. s. [eves and dropper.] Some mean fellow
that skulks about a house in the night.
What makes you listening there? Get farther off; I preach
not to thee, thou wicked evesdropper. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Do but think how decent a habit you have on, and how
becoming your function it is to be disguised like a slave, and
an evesdropper, under the women's windows. Dryd. Don Sebast.

To EVE’STIGATE. v. a. [evestigo, Lat.] To search out. Dict.

EUGH. n. s. [This word is so written by most writers; but since
the original iw, Saxon, or Welsh ywen, more favours the
easier orthography of yew, I have referred it thither.] A
tree.
At the first stretch of both his hands he drew,
And almost join'd the horns of the tough eugh. Dryd. Æn.

EVI

To EVI’CT. v. a. [evinco, Latin.]
1. To dispossess of by a judicial course.
The law of England would speedily evict them out of their
possession, and therefore they held it the best policy to cast off
the yoke of English law. Davies on Ireland.
2. To take away by a sentence of law.
His lands were evicted from him. K. James's Declaration.
3. To prove; to evince. Little used.
This nervous fluid has never been discovered in live ani­
mals by the senses, however assisted; nor its necessity evicted
by any cogent experiment. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

EVI’CTION. n. s. [from evict.]
1. Dispossession or deprivation by a definitive sentence of a court
of judicature.
If any of the parties be laid asleep, under pretence of arbi­
trement, and the other party doth cautiously get the start at
common law, yet the pretorian court will set back all things,
and no respect had to eviction or dispossession. Bacon.
2. Proof; evidence; certain testimony.
A plurality of voices carries the question, in all our debates,
but rather as an expedient for peace than an eviction of the
right. L'Estrange's Fables.

E’VIDENCE. n. s. [French.]
1. The state of being evident; clearness; indubitable certainty;
notoriety.
2. Testimony; proof.
I had delivered the evidence of the purchase unto Baruch.
Jer. xxxii. 16.
Unreasonable it is to expect the same kind of proof and
evidence for every thing, which we have for some things. Tillot.
Cato major, who had borne all the great offices, has left
us an evidence, under his own hand, how much he was versed
in country affairs. Locke.
They bear evidence to a history in defence of Christianity,
the truth of which history was their motive to embrace
Christianity. Addison on the Christian Religion.
3. Witness; one that gives evidence. In this sense it is some­
times plural; as, the evidence were sworn: but sometimes re­
gularly augmented, as evidences.
To swear he saw three inches through a door,
As Asiatick evidences swore. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. vii.
There are books extant, which they must needs allow of as
proper evidence; even the mighty volumes of visible nature,
and the everlasting tables of right reason. Bentley.

To E’VIDENCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To prove; to evince.
If they be principles evident of themselves, they need
nothing to evidence them. Tillotson's Sermons, Preface.
These things the Christian religion require, as might be
evidenced from texts. Tillotson, Sermon v.
2. To shew; to make discovery of.
Thou on earth had'st prosper'd, which thy looks
Now also evidence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 361.

E’VIDENT. adj. [French.] Plain; apparent; notorious.
It is evident, in the general frame of nature, that things
most manifest unto sense have proved obscure unto the under­
standing. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 10.
In this state they are incapable of making conquest upon
their neighbours, which is evident to all that know their con­
stitutions. Temple.
Children minded not what was said, when it was evident
to them that no attention was sufficient. Locke.

E’VIDENTLY. adv. [from evident.] Apparently; certainly;
undeniably.
Laying their eggs, they evidently prove
The genial pow'r and full effects of love. Prior.
The printing private letters is the worst sort of betraying
conversation, as it has evidently the most extensive ill conse­
quences. Pope.

E’VIL. adj. [ywel, Saxon; cuvel, Dutch.]
1. Having bad qualities of any kind; not good.
He hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel.
Deut. xxii. 19.
An evil disease cleaveth fast unto him; and now that he
lieth, he shall rise up no more. Ps. xli. 8.
The good fig's very good, and the evil very evil, that can­
not be eaten they are so evil. Jeremiah xxiv. 3.
That hour he cured many of evil spirits. Luke vii. 21.
2. Wicked; bad; corrupt.
Is thine eye evil, because I am good? Matt. xx. 15.
The imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth. Gen.
3. Unhappy; miserable; calamitous.
And the officers did see that they were in evil case. Ex. v.
All the days of the afflicted are evil. Prov. xv. 15.
4. Mischievous; destructive; ravenous.
It is my son's coat; an evil beast hath devoured him. Gen.

E’VIL. n. s. [generally contracted to ill.]
1. Wickedness; a crime.
Not in the legions
Of horrid hell can come a devil more damn'd
In evils to top Macbeth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Injury; mischief.
Whoso rewardeth evil for good, evil shall not depart from
his house. Prov. xvii. 13.
Let thine enemies, and they that seek evil to my Lord, be
as Nabal. 1 Sa. xxv. 26.
3. Malignity; corruption.
The heart of the sons of men is full of evil. Eccles. ix. 3.
4. Misfortune; calamity.
Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we
not receive evil. Job ii. 10.
A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself. Prov.
If we will stand boggling at imaginary evils, let us never
blame a horse for starting at a shadow. L'Estrange.
Evil is what is apt to produce or increase any pain, or
diminish any pleasure in us; or else to procure us any evil, or
deprive us of any good. Locke.
5. Malady; disease: as, the king's evil.
At his touch,
Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand,
They presently amend.
——What's the disease he means?
——'Tis call'd the evil. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

E’VIL. adv. [commonly contracted to ill.]
1. Not well in whatever respect.
Ah, froward Clarence, evil it beseems thee,
To flatter Henry, and forsake thy brother! Shak. Hen. VI.
2. Not well; not virtuously; not innocently.
If I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil; but if well,
why smitest thou me. John xviii. 22.
3. Not well; not happily; not fortunately.
It went evil with his house. Deut. vii. 23.
4. Injuriously; not kindly.
The Egyptians evil entreated us, and afflicted us. Deut. xxvi.
5. It is often used in composition to give a bad meaning to a
word; but in this, as in all other cases, it is in the modern
dialect generally contracted to ill.

EVILAFFE’CTED. adj. [evil and affected.] Not kind; not dis­
posed to kindness.
The unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles, and made
their minds evilaffected against the brethren. Acts xiv. 2.

EVILDO’ER. n. s. [evil and doer.] Malefactor; one that com­
mits crimes.
Whereas they speak evil against you as evildoers, they may
by your good works glorify God. 1 Pet. ii. 12.

EVILFA’VOURED. adj. [evil and favour.] Illcountenanced;
having no good aspect.
Machiavel well noteth, though in an evilfavoured instance,
there is no trusting to the force of nature, nor the bravery of
words, except it be corroborate by custom. Bacon's Essays.

EVILFA’VOUREDNESS. n. s. [from evilfavoured.] Deformity.



Thou shalt not sacrifice unto the Lord any bullock, or
sheep, wherein is blemish or any evilfavouredness. Deutr. xvii.

E’VILLY. adv. [from evil.] Not well.
This act, so evilly born, shall cool the hearts
Of all his people, and freeze up their zeal. Shak. K. John.

EVILMI’NDED. adj. [evil and mind.] Malicious; mischievous;
malignant; wicked; insidious.
But most she fear'd, that travelling so late,
Some evilminded beasts might lie in wait,
And, without witness, wreak their hidden hate. Dryden.

E’VILNESS. n. s. [from evil.] Contrariety to goodness; bad­
ness of whatever kind.
The moral goodness and congruity, or evilness, unfitness,
and unseasonableness of moral or natural actions, falls not
within the verge of a brutal faculty. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.

EVILSPE’AKING. n. s. [evil and speaking.] Slander; defama­
tion; calumny; censoriousness.
Wherefore laying aside all malice and all guile, and hypo­
crisies and envies, and all evilspeakings. 1 Pet. ii. 1.

EVILWI’SHING. adj. [evil and wish.] Wishing evil to; having
no good will.
They having heard of this sudden going out with so small
a company, in a country full of evilwishing minds towards
him, followed him. Sidney, b. ii.

EVILWO’RKER. n. s. [evil and work.] One who does ill.
Beware of dogs, beware of evilworkers.  Phil. iii. 3.

To EVI’NCE. v. a. [evinco, Latin.] To prove; to show;
to manifest; to make evident.
Doubt not but that sin
Will reign among them, as of thee begot;
And therefore was law given them, to evince
Their natural pravity. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
That religion, teaching a future state of souls, is a proba­
bility; and that its contrary cannot, with equal probability,
be proved, we have evinced. South's Sermons.
The greater the absurdities are, the more strongly do they
evince the falsity of that supposition from whence they flow.
Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.

EVI’NCIBLE. adj. [from evince.] Capable of proof; demon­
strable.
Implanted instincts in brutes are in themselves highly rea­
sonable and useful to their ends, and evincible by true reason to
be such. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EVI’NCIBLY. adv. [from evincible.] In such a manner as to
force conviction.

To E’VIRATE. v. a. [eviratus, Latin.] To deprive of man­
hood; to emasculate. Dict.

To EVI’SCERATE. v. a. [eviscero, Latin.] To embowel; to
draw; to deprive of the entrails; to search within the en­
trails.

E’VITABLE. adj. [evitabilis, Latin.] Avoidable; that may be
escaped or shunned.
Of divers things evil, all being not evitable, we take
one; which one, saving only in case of so great urgency,
were not otherwise to be taken. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.

To E’VITATE. v. a. [evito, Latin.] To avoid; to shun; to
escape.
Therein she doth evitate and shun
A thousand irreligious cursed hours,
Which forced marriage would have brought upon her. Shak.

EVITA’TION. n. s. [from evitate.] The act of avoiding. Dict.

EVITE’RNAL. adj. [æviternus, Latin.] Eternal in a limited
sense; of duration not infinitely but indefinitely long.

EVITE’RNITY. n. s. [æviternitas, low Lat.] Duration not infi­
nitely, but indefinitely long.

EU’LOGY. n. s. [ἐυ and λόγ.] Praise; encomium; pane­
gyrick.
Many brave young minds have oftentimes, through hearing
the praises and famous eulogies of worthy men, been stirred up
to affect the like commendations. Spenser on Ireland.

EU’NUCH. n. s. [ἔυνχ.] One that is castrated or emas­
culated.
He hath gelded the commonwealth, and made it an eunuch.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
It hath been observed by the ancients, that much of Venus
doth dim the sight; and yet eunuchs, which are unable to ge­
nerate, are nevertheless also dimsighted. Bacon's Nat. History.
So charm'd you were, you ceas'd awhile to doat
On nonsense gargl'd in an eunuch's throat. Fenton.

To EU’NUCHATE. v. a. To make an eunuch.
It were an impossible act to eunuchate or castrate themselves.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. viii. c. 4.

EVO

EVOCA’TION. n. s. [evocatio, Latin.] The act of calling out.
Instead of a descent into hell, it seems rather a conjuring
up or an evocation of the dead from hell. Notes to Pope's Odyssey.

EVOLA’TION. n. s. [evolo, Latin.] The act of flying away.

To EVO’LVE. v. a. [evolvo, Latin.] To unfold; to dis­
entangle.
The animal soul sooner expands and evolves itself to its
full orb and extent than the human soul. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
This little active principle, as the body increaseth and
dilateth, evolveth, diffuseth, and expandeth, if not his sub­
stantial existence, yet his energy. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To EVO’LVE. v. n. To open itself; to disclose itself.
Ambrosial odours
Does round the air evolving scents diffuse;
The holy ground is wet with heav'nly dews. Prior.

EVO’LVENT. n. s. [evolvens, Latin.] Harris.

EVOLU’TION. n. s. [evolutus, Latin.]
1. The act of unrolling or unfolding.
2. The series of things unrolled or unfolded.
The whole evolution of ages, from everlasting to everlast­
ing, is so collectedly and presentifickly represented to God at
once, as if all things which ever were, are, or shall be, were
at this very instant, and so always, really present and existent
before him. More's Divine Dialogues.
3. [In geometry.] The equable evolution of the periphery of
a circle, or any other curve, is such a gradual approach of the
circumference to rectitude, as that all its parts do meet toge­
ther, and equally evolve or unbend; so that the same line be­
comes successively a less arch of a reciprocally greater circle,
'till at last they turn into a strait line. In the Philos. Trans­
actions, No. 260. you have a new quadratrix to the circle,
found by this means. Harris.
4. [In tacticks.] The motion made by a body of men in
changing their posture, or form of drawing up, either to
make good the ground they are upon, or to possess themselves
of another; that so they may attack the enemy, or receive
his onset more advantageously. And these evolutions are
doubling of ranks or files, countermarches, and wheelings.
Harris.
This spontaneous coagulation of the little saline bodies
was preceded by almost innumerable evolutions, which were so
various, that the little bodies came to obvert to each other
those parts by which they might be best fastened together. Boyle.
5. EVOLUTION of Powers [in algebra]. Extracting of roots
from any given power, being the reverse of involution. Harr.

EVOMI’TION. n. s. [evomo, Latin.] The act of vomiting
out. Dict.

EUPHO’NICAL. adj. [from euphony.] Sounding agreeably. Dict.

EU’PHONY. n. s. [ἐυφωνία.] An agreeable sound; the con­
trary to harshness.

EUPHO’RBIUM. n. s.
1. A plant.
It hath flowers and fruit like the spurge, and is also full of
an hot sharp milky juice. The plants are angular, and
shaped somewhat like the cereus or torch-thistle. It is com­
monly beset with spines, and for the most part hath no
leaves. Miller.
2. A gum resin, brought to us always in drops or grains, of a
bright yellow, between a straw and a gold colour, and a
smooth glossy surface. It has no great smell, but its taste is
violently acrid and nauseous. It is produced in the remoter
parts of Africa, whence it is sent to Sallee, and thence trans­
ported into Europe. The plant is also common on the coast
of Malabar; but the Africans only know the secret of col­
lecting the gum. It is used medicinally in sinapisms. Hill.

EU’PHRASY. n. s. [euphrasia, Latin.] The herb eyebright; a
plant supposed to clear the sight.
Then purg'd with euphrasy, and rue,
The visual nerve; for he had much to see;
And from the well of life three drops instill'd. Milt. P. Lost.

EURO’CLYDON. n. s. [ἐυϱοϰλύδων.] A wind which blows be­
tween the East and North, and is very dangerous in the Me­
diterranean. It is of the nature of a whirlwind, which falls
suddenly on ships, makes them tack about, and sometimes
causes them to founder, as Pliny observes. Calmet.
There arose against it a tempestuous wind called euroclydon.
Acts xxvii. 14.

EUROPE’AN. adj. [europæus, Latin.] Belonging to Europe.
Mean while the Spaniards in America,
Near to the line the sun approaching saw,
And hop'd their European coasts to find
Clear'd from our ships by the autumnal wind. Waller.
What was the waste of war, what fierce alarms
Shook Asia's crown with European arms! Dryden's Æn.
He alone defy'd
The European thrones combin'd, and still
Had set at nought their machinations vain. Phillips.

EU’RUS. n. s. [Latin.] The East wind.
Eurus, as all other winds, must be drawn with blown
cheeks, wings upon his shoulders, and his body the colour of
the tawny moon. Peacham.

E’URYTHMY. n. s. [ἐύϱυϑμ.] Harmony; regular and
symmetrical measure.

EUTHAN’ASIA. n. s. [ἐυϑανασία.] An easy death.

EUTHA’NASY. n. s. [ἐυϑανασία.] An easy death.
A recovery, in my case, and at my age, is impossible: the
kindest with of my friends is euthanasia. Arbuthnot.

EVU

EVU’LSION. n. s. [evulsio, Latin.] The act of plucking out.
From a strict enquiry we cannot maintain the evulsion, or
biting off any parts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 2.

EVULGA’TION. n. s. [evulgo, Latin.] The act of divulging;
publication. Dict.




EWE. n. s. [eowe, Saxon.] The she-sheep; the female to the
ram.
Abraham set seven ewe lambs by themselves. Gen. xxi. 28.
Rams have more wreathed horns than ewes. Bac. N. Hist.
Haste the sacrifice;
Sev'n bullocks yet unyok'd, for Phœbus chuse;
And for Diana seven unspotted ewes. Dryden's Æn. b. viii.

E’WER. n. s. [from eau, perhaps anciently eu, water.] A ves­
sel in which water is brought for washing the hands.
I dreamt of a silver bason and ewer to-night. Shakes. Timon.
Let one attend him with a silver bason
Full of rosewater, and bestrew'd with flowers;
Another bear the ewer; a third a diaper;
And say, wil't please your lordship cool your hands? Shak.
The golden ewer a maid obsequious brings,
Replenish'd from the cool, translucent springs;
With copious water the bright vase supplies
A silver laver, of capacious size:
They wash. Pope's Odyssey, b. i. l. 179.

E’WRY. n. s. [from ewer.] An office in the king's houshold,
where they take care of the linen for the king's table, lay the
cloth, and serve up water in silver ewers after dinner. Dict.

EX. A Latin preposition often prefixed to compounded words;
sometimes meaning out, as exhaust, to draw out; sometimes
only enforcing the meaning, and sometimes producing little
alteration.

EXA

To EXACE’RBATE. v. a. [exacerbo, Latin.] To imbitter;
to exasperate; to heighten any malignant quality.

EXACERBA’TION. n. s. [from exacerbate.]
1. Encrease of malignity; augmented force or severity.
2. Height of a disease; paroxysm.
The patient may strive, by little and little, to overcome the
symptom in exacerbation; and so, by time, turn suffering into
nature. Bacon's Natural History, No. 61.
Watchfulness and delirium, and exacerbation, every other
day. Arbuthnot on Diet.

EXACERVA’TION. n. s. [acervus, Latin.] The act of heaping
up. Dict.

EXA’CT. adj. [exactus, Latin.]
1. Nice; without failure; without deviation from rule.
All this, exact to rule, were brought about,
Were but in a combat in the lists left out. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
2. Methodical; not negligently performed.
What if you and I enquire how money matters stand be­
tween us?—With all my heart, I love exact dealing; and let
Hocus audit. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
3. Accurate; not negligent.
Many gentlemen turn out of the seats of their ancestors, to
make way for such new masters as have been more exact in
their accounts than themselves. Spectator, No. 174.
4. Honest; strict; punctual.
In my doings I was exact. Ecclus. li. 19.

To EXA’CT. v. a. [exigo, exactus, Latin.]
1. To require authoritatively.
Thou now exact'st the penalty,
Which is a pound of this poor merchant's flesh. Shakesp.
Of a foreigner thou mayest exact it again; but that which
is thine with thy brother, thine hand shall release. Deut. xv. 3.
Exact of servants to be faithful and diligent. Taylor.
From us his foes pronounc'd glory he exacts. Milton.
The hand of fate is over us, and heaven
Exacts severity from all our thoughts. Addison's Cato.
2. To demand of right.
Years of service past,
From grateful souls exact reward at last. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
Where they design a recompence for benefits received, they
are less solicitous to make it when it is exacted. Smalridge.
3. To summon; to enjoin.
Let us descend now therefore from this top
Of speculation; for the hour precise
Exacts our parting hence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Duty,
And justice to my father's soul, exact
This cruel piety. Denham's Sophy.

To EXA’CT. v. n. To practise extortion.
The enemy shall not exact upon him. Ps. lxxx. 22.

EXA’CTER. n. s. [from exact.]
1. Extortioner; one who claims more than his due, or claims
his due with outrage and severity.
The poller and exacter of fees justifies the common resem­
blance of the courts of justice to the bush, whereunto while
the sheep flies for defence in weather, he is sure to lose part
of the fleece. Bacon's Essays, Civ. and Mor.
I will also make thy officers peace, and thine exacters
righteousness. Is. lx. 17.
2. He that demands by authority.
Light and lewd persons, especially that the exacter of the
oath did neither use exhortation, nor examining of them for
taking thereof, were easily suborned to make an affidavit for
money. Bacon's Office of Alienation.
3. One who is severe in his injunctions or his demands.
No men are proné to be greater tyrants, and more rigorous
exacters upon others, than such whose pride was formerly least
disposed to the obedience of lawful constitutions. K. Charles.
The grateful person being still the most severe exacter of
himself, not only confesses, but proclaims his debts. South.
There is no way to deal with this man of reason, this rigid
exacter of strict demonstration for things which are not capable
of it. Tillotson.

EXA’CTION. n. s. [from exact.]
1. The act of making an authoritative demand, or levying by
force.
If he should break his day, what should I gain
By the exaction of the forfeiture? Shak. Merch. of Venice.
2. Extortion; unjust demand.
They vent reproaches
Most bitterly on you, for putter-on
Of these exactions. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Remove violence and spoil, and execute judgment and jus­
tice; take away your exactions from my people. Ez. xlv. 9.
As the first earl did first raise the greatness of that house, by
Irish exactions and oppressions; so Girald the last earl did at last
ruin and reduce it to nothing, by using the like extortions.
Davies's State of Ireland.
3. A toll; a tribute severely levied.
They have not made bridges over the rivers for the conve­
nience of their subjects as well as strangers, who pay an un­
reasonable exaction at every ferry upon the least using of the
waters. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

EXA’CTLY. adv. [from exact.] Accurately; nicely; thoroughly.
Both of 'em knew mankind exactly well; for both of 'em
began that study in themselves. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
The religion they profess is such, that the more exactly it is
sifted by pure unbiassed reason, the more reasonable still it will
be found. Atterbury's Sermons.

EXA’CTNESS. n. s. [from exact.]
1. Accuracy; nicety; strict conformity to rule or symmetry.
The experiments were all made with the utmost exactness
and circumspection. Woodward on Fossils.
In wit, as nature, what affects our hearts
Is not th' exactness of peculiar parts;
'Tis not a lip, or eye, we beauty call,
But the joint force and full result of all. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
The balance must be held by a third hand, who is to deal
power with the utmost exactness into the several scales. Swift.
2. Regularity of conduct; strictness of manners; care not to
deviate.
I preferred not the outward peace of my kingdoms with
men, before that inward exactness of conscience before
God. King Charles.
They think that their exactness in one duty will attone for
their neglect of another. Rogers.

To EXA’GGERATE. v. a. [exaggero, Latin.] To heighten
by representation; to enlarge by hyperbolical expressions.
He had exaggerated, as pathetically as he could, the sense
the people generally had, even despair of ever seeing an end
of the calamities. Clarendon, b. viii.
A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his
crimes. Addison's Spectator, No. 399.

EXAGGERA’TION. n. s. [from exaggerate.]
1. The act of heaping together; an heap; an accumulation.
Some towns, that were anciently havens and ports, are
now, by exaggeration of sand between those towns and the
sea, converted into firm land. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Hyperbolical amplification.
Exaggerations of the prodigious condescensions in the prince
to pass good laws, would have an odd sound at West­
minster. Swift.

To EXA’GITATE. v. a. [exagito, Latin.]
1. To shake; to put in motion.
The warm air of the bed exagitates the blood. Arbuthnot.
2. To reproach; to pursue with invectives. This sense is now
disused, being purely Latin.
This their defect and imperfection I had rather lament in
such case than exagitate. Hooker, b. iii.

EXAGITA’TION. n. s. [from exagitate.] The act of shaking,
or agitating. Dict.

To EXA’LT. v. a. [exalter, French; altus, Latin; exalto, low
Latin.]
1. To raise on high.
And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven,
shalt be brought down to hell. Mat. xi. 23.
2. To elevate to power, wealth, or dignity.
Exalt him that is low, and abase him that is high. Ezek.
As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou
wilt not let them go? Ex. ix. 17.
How long shall mine enemy be exalted over me? Ps. xiii. 2.
3. To elevate to joy or confidence.
The covenanters who understood the court, and their own
want of strength, were very reasonably exalted with this
success. Clarendon, b. iii.
How much soever the king's friends were dejected upon the
passing those two acts, it is certain, they who thought they got



whatsoever he lost were mightily exalted, and thought them­
selves now superior to any opposition. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
4. To praise; to extol; to magnify.
O magnify the Lord with me, and let us exalt his name
together. Ps. xxxiv. 3.
5. To raise up in opposition: a scriptural phrase.
Against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lift up thine
eyes on high? 2 Kings xix. 22.
6. To intend; to enforce.
Now Mars, she said, let fame exalt her voice;
Nor let thy conquests only be her choice. Prior.
7. To heighten; to improve; to refine by fire, as in chemistry.
The wild animals have more exercise, have their juices
more elaborated and exalted; but, for the same reason, the
fibres are harder, especially when old. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
With chymick art exalts the min'ral pow'rs,
And draws the aromatick souls of flow'rs. Pope.
They meditate what will be the effect of their composition,
and whether the virtues of the one will exalt or diminish the
force of the other, or correct any, of its nocent qualities. Watts.
8. To elevate in diction or sentiment.
But hear, oh hear, in what exalted strains,
Sicilian muses, through these happy plains,
Proclaim Saturnian times, our own Apollo reigns. Rosc.

EXALTA’TION. n. s. [from exalt.]
1. The act of raising on high.
2. Elevation to power, or dignity.
She put off the garments of widowhood, for the exaltation
of those that were oppressed. Judith xvi. 8.
The former was an humiliation of Deity, the latter an
humiliation of manhood; for which cause there followed,
upon the latter, an exaltation of that which was humbled; for
with power he created the world, but restored it by obedience.
Hooker, b. v. s. 54.
3. Most elevated state; state of greatness or dignity.
I wonder'd at my flight and change
To this high exaltation. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. l. 90.
In God all perfections, in their highest degree and exalta­
tion, meet together. Tillotson, Sermon i.
You are as much esteemed, and as much beloved, perhaps
more dreaded, than ever you were in your highest exalta­
tion. Swift.
4. [In pharmacy.] Raising a medicine to a higher degree of
virtue, or an increase of the most remarkable property of any
body. Quincy.
5. Dignity of a planet in which its powers are increased.
Astrologers tell us, that the sun receives his exaltation in the
sign Aries. Dryden.

EXA’MEN. n. s. [Latin.] Examination; disquisition; en­
quiry.
This considered together with a strict account, and critical
examen of reason, will also distract the witty determinations
of astrology. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.

EXA’MINATE. n. s. [examinatus, Latin.] The person exa­
mined.
In an examination where a freed servant, who having
power with Claudius, very saucily had almost all the words,
asked in scorn one of the examinates, who was likewise a
freed servant of Scribonianus; I pray, sir, if Scribonianus had
been emperor, what would you have done? He answered, I
would have stood behind his chair and held my peace. Bacon.

EXAMINA’TION. n. s. [examinatio, Latin.] The act of exa­
mining by questions, or experiment; accurate disquisition.
I have brought him forth, that, after examination had, I
might have somewhat to write. Acts xxv. 26.
Different men leaving out or putting in several simple ideas,
according to their various examination, skill, or observation of
the subject, have different essences. Locke.

EXAMINA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] An examiner; an en­
quirer.
An inference, not of power to persuade a serious exami­
nator. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.

To EXA’MINE. v. a. [examino, Latin.]
1. To try a person accused or suspected by interrogatories.
Let them examine themselves whether they repent them
truly. Ch. Cat.
If we this day be examined of the good deed done to the
impotent man. Acts iv. 9.
We ought, before it be too late, to examine our souls, and
provide for futurity. Wake's Preparation for Death.
2. To interrogate a witness.
Command his accusers to come unto thee, by examining of
whom thyself mayest take knowledge of all these things. Acts.
3. To try the truth or falshood of any proposition.
4. To try by experiment, or observation; narrowly sift; scan.
To write what may securely stand the test
Of being well read over thrice at least,
Compare each phrase, examine ev'ry line,
Weigh ev'ry word, and every thought refine.
5. To make enquiry into; to search into; to scrutinise.
When I began to examine the extent and certainty of our
knowledge, I found it had a near connexion with words. Locke.

EXA’MINER. n. s. [from examine.]
1. One who interrogates a criminal or evidence.
A crafty clerk, commissioner, or examiner, will make a
witness speak what he truly never meant. Hale's Law of Engl.
2. One who searches or tries any thing; one who scrutinises.
So much diligence is not altogether necessary, but it will
promote the success of the experiments, and by a very scru­
pulous examiner of things deserves to be applied. Newt. Opt.

EXA’MPLARY. adj. [from example.] Serving for example or
pattern; proposed to imitation.
We are not of opinion that nature, in working, hath before
her certain examplary draughts or patterns, which subsisting in
the bosom of the Highest, and being thence discovered, she
fixeth her eye upon them. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.

EXA’MPLE. n. s. [exemple, French; exemplum, Latin.]
1. Copy or pattern; that which is proposed to be resembled or
imitated.
The example and pattern of those his creatures he beheld
in all eternity. Raleigh's History of the World.
2. Precedent; former instance of the like.
So hot a speed, with such advice dispos'd,
Such temp'rate order in so fierce a course,
Doth want example. Shakespeare's King John.
3. Precedent of good.
Let us shew an example to our brethren. Judith viii. 24.
Taught this by his example, whom I now
Acknowledge my Redeemer ever blest! Milt. Parad. Lost.
4. A person fit to be proposed as a pattern.
Be thou an example of the believers. 1 Tim. iv. 12.
5. One punished for the admonition of others.
Sodom and Gomorrah, giving themselves over to fornica­
tion, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of
eternal fire. Jude vii.
6. Influence which disposes to imitation.
When virtue is present, men take example at it; and when
it is gone, they desire it. Wisd. iv. 2.
Example is a motive of a very prevailing force on the
actions of men. Rogers, Sermon 4.
7. Instance; illustration of a general position by some particu­
lar specification.
Can we, for example, give the praise of valour to a man,
who, seeing his gods prophaned, should want the courage to
defend them? Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedication.
8. Instance in which a rule is illustrated by an application.
My reason is sufficiently convinced both of the truth and
usefulness of his precepts: it is to pretend that I have, at least
in some places, made examples to his rules. Dryden.

To EXA’MPLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To examplify; to
give an instance of.
The proof whereof I saw sufficiently exampled in these late
wars of Munster. Spenser's State of Ireland.

EXA’NGUIOUS. adj. [exanguis, Latin.] Having no blood;
formed with animal juices, not sanguineous.
Hereby they confound the generation of perfect animals
with imperfect, sanguineous with exanguious. Brown.
The insects, if we take in the exanguious, both terrestial
and aquatick, may for number vie even with plants. Ray.

EXA’NIMATE. adj. [exanimatus, Latin.]
1. Lifeless; dead.
2. Spiritless; depressed.
The grey morn
Lifts her pale lustre on the paler wretch,
Exanimate by love. Thomson's Spring, l. 1045.

EXANIMA’TION. n. s. [from exanimate.] Deprivation of
life. Dict.

EXA’NIMOUS. adj. [exanimis, Latin.] Lifeless; dead; killed.

EXANTHE’MATA. n. s. [ἐξανϑήμαα.] Efflorescencies;
eruptions; breaking out; pustules.

EXANTHE’MATOUS. adj. [from exanthemata.] Pustulous; ef­
florescent; eruptive.

To EXANTLA’TE. n. s. [exantlo, Latin.]
1. To draw out.
2. To exhaust; to waste away.
By time those seeds are wearied or exantlated, or unable to
act their parts any longer. Boyle's Scept. Chym.

EXANTLA’TION. n. s. [from exantlate.] The act of drawing
out; exhaustion.

EXARA’TION. n. s. [exaro, Lat.] The manual act of writing;
the manner of manual writing. Dict.

EXARTICULA’TION. n. s. [ex and articulus, Latin.] The dis­
location of a joint. Dict.

To EXA’SPERATE. v. a. [exaspero, Latin.]
1. To provoke; to enrage; to irritate; to anger; to make
furious.
To take the widow,
Exasperates, makes mad her sister Goneril. Shak. K. Lear.
The people of Italy, who run into news and politicks,
have something to exasperate them against the king of France.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. To heighten a difference; to aggravate; to embitter.
Matters grew more exasperate between the two kings of



England and France, for the auxiliary forces of French and
English were much blooded one against another. Bacon.
When our ambition is unable to attain its end, it is not
only wearied, but exasperated too at the vanity of its labours.
Parnel to Pope.
3. To exacerbate; to heighten malignity.
The plaister alone would pen the humour already contained
in the part, and so exasperate it. Bacon's Natural History.

EXASPERA’TER. n. s. [from exasperate.] He that exasperates,
or provokes; a provoker.

EXASPERA’TION. n. s. [from exasperate.]
1. Aggravation; malignant representation.
My going to demand justice upon the five members, my
enemies loaded with all the obloquies and exasperations they
could. King Charles.
2. Provocation; irritation; incitement to rage.
Their ill usage and exasperations of him, and his zeal for
maintaining his argument, disposed him to take liberty. Woodw.

To EXAU’CTORATE. v. a. [exauctoro, Latin.]
1. To dismiss from service.
2. To deprive of a benefice.
Arch hereticks, in the primitive days of Christianity, were
by the church treated with no other punishment than excom­
munication, and by exauctorating and depriving them of their
degrees therein. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXAUTORA’TION. n. s. [from exauctorate.]
1. Dismission from service.
2. Deprivation; degradation.
Deposition, degradation, or exauctoration, is nothing else
but the removing of a person from some dignity or order in
the church, and the depriving him of his ecclesiastical prefer­
ments. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXC

EXCANDE’SCENCE. n. s. [excandesco, Latin.]

EXCANDE’SCENCY. n. s. [excandesco, Latin.]
1. Heat; the state of growing hot.
2. Anger; the state of growing angry.

EXCANTA’TION. n. s. [excanto, Latin.] Disenchantment by
a counter-charm.

To EXCA’RNATE. v. a. [ex and carnes, Latin.] To clear from
flesh.
The spleen is most curiously excarnated, and the vessels
filled with wax, whereby its fibres and vessels are very well
seen. Grew's Musæum.

EXCARNIFICA’TION. n. s. [excarnifico, Latin.] The act of
taking away the flesh.

To E’XCAVATE. v. a. [excavo, Latin.] To hollow; to cut
into hollows.
The cups, gilt with a golden border about the brim, were
of that wonderful smalness, that Faber put a thousand of them
into an excavated pepper-corn. Ray on the Creation.
Though nitrous tempests, and clandestine death,
Fill'd the deep caves, and num'rous vaults beneath,
Which form'd with art, and wrought with endless toil,
Ran through the faithless excavated soil,
See the unweary'd Briton delves his way,
And to the caverns lets in war and day. Blackm. Creation.
Flat thecæ, some like hats, some like buttons, excavated
in the middle. Derham's Physico-Theology.

EXCAVA’TION. n. s. [from excavate.]
1. The act of cutting into hollows.
2. The hollow formed; the cavity.
While our eye measures the eminent and the hollowed parts
of pillars, the total object appeareth the bigger; and so, as
much as those excavations do substract, is supplied by a fallacy
of the sight. Wotton's Architecture.

To EXCE’ED. v. a. [excedo, Latin.]
1. To go beyond; to outgo.
Nor did any of the crusts much exceed half an inch in
thickness. Woodward on Fossils.
2. To excel; to surpass.
Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth. 1 Kings x. 23.

To EXCE’ED. v. n.
1. To go too far; to pass the bounds of fitness.
In your prayers, and places of religion, use reverent pos­
tures and great attention, remembering that we speak to God,
in our reverence to whom we cannot possibly exceed. Taylor.
2. To go beyond any limits.
Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed. Deutr. xxv.
3. To bear the greater proportion.
Justice must punish the rebellious deed;
Yet punish so, as pity shall exceed. Dryd. State of Innocence.

EXCE’EDING. participial adj. [from exceed.] Great in quan­
tity, extent, or duration.
He saith, that cities were built an exceeding space of time
before the great flood. Raleigh's History of the World.

EXCE’EDING. adv. [This word is not analogical, but has been
long admitted and established.] In a very great degree; emi­
nently.
The country is supposed to be exceeding rich. Abbot.
The Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea, and had
many places in the East, and contended often with the Vene­
tians for superiority. Raleigh.
Talk no more so exceeding proudly; let not arrogance come
out of your mouth. 1 Sa. ii. 3.
The action of the Iliad and that of the Æneid were in
themselves exceeding short; but are beautifully extended and
diversified by the invention of episodes, and the machinery of
the gods. Addison's Spectator, No. 267.
The serum of the blood affords, by distillation, an exceed­
ing limpid water, neither acid nor alkaline. Arbuthn. on Alim.

EXCE’EDINGLY. adv. [from exceeding.] To a great degree;
greatly; very much.
They cried out the more exceedingly, crucify him. Mar. xv.
Isaac trembled exceedingly. Gen. xxvii. 33.
The earl of Surrey, lieutenant of Ireland, was much feared
of the king's enemies, and exceedingly beloved of the king's
subjects. Davies on Ireland.
Precious stones look exceedingly well, when they are set in
those places which we would make to come out of the pic­
ture. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Is not this medium exceedingly more rare and subtile than
the air, and exceedingly more elastick and active? Newt. Opt.

To EXCE’L. v. a. [excello, Latin.] To outgo in good quali­
ties; to surpass.
Venus her myrtle, Phœbus has his bays;
Tea both excels, which you vouchsafe to praise. Waller.
How heroes rise, how patriots set,
Thy father's bloom and death may tell;
Excelling others, these were great;
Thou, greater still, must these excel. Prior.

To EXCE’L. v. n. To have good qualities in a great degree;
to be eminent; to be excellent.
Then to Silvia let us sing,
That Silvia is excelling. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
Reuben, unstable as water, thou shalt not excel. Gen. xlix.
It is not only in order of nature for him to govern, that is,
the more intelligent; but there is no less required, courage to
protect, and, above all, honesty and probity to abstain from
injury: so fitness to govern is a perplexed business. Some
men, some nations, excel in the one ability, some in the
other. Bacon's Holy War.
Company are to be avoided that are good for nothing;
those to be sought and frequented that excel in some quality or
other. Temple.
He match'd their beauties where they most excel;
Of love sung better, and of arms as well. Dryden.
Let those teach others, who themselves excel;
And censure freely, who have written well. Pope.

EXCELLE’NCE. n. s. [excellence, French; excellentia, Latin.]

EXCELLE’NCY. n. s. [excellence, French; excellentia, Latin.]
1. The state of abounding in any good quality.
2. Dignity; high rank in existence.
Is it not wonderful, that base desires should so extinguish in
men the sense of their own excellency, as to make them willing
that their souls should be like to the souls of beasts, mortal
and corruptible with their bodies? Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
I know not why a fiend may not deceive a creature of more
excellency than himself, but yet a creature. Dryden's Juv. Dedic.
3. The state of excelling in any thing.
I have, amongst men of parts and business, seldom heard
any one commended for having an excellency in musick. Locke.
4. That in which one excels.
The criticisms have been made rather to discover beauties
and excellencies than their faults and imperfections. Addis. Spect.
5. Purity; goodness.
She loves him with that excellence,
That angels love good men with. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
6. A title of honour. It is now usually applied to generals of
an army, ambassadors, and governors.
They humbly sue unto your excellence,
To have a goodly peace concluded of. Shakesp. Henry VI.

E’XCELLENT. adj. [excellens, Latin.]
1. Of great virtue; of great worth; of great dignity.
Arts and sciences are excellent, in order to certain ends. Tayl.
2. Eminent in any good quality.
He is excellent in power and in judgment. Job xxxvii. 23.

E’XCELLENTLY. adv. [from excellent.]
1. Well; in a high degree.
He determines that man was erect, because he was made
with hands, as he excellently declareth. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
That was excellently observed, says I, when I read a passage
in an author, where his opinion agrees with mine. Swift.
2. To an eminent degree.
Comedy is both excellently instructive and extremely plea­
sant; satyr lashes vice into reformation; and humour repre­
sents folly, so as to render it ridiculous. Dryd. St. of Inn. Pref.

To EXCE’PT. v. a. [excipio, Latin.]
1. To leave out, and specify as left out of a general precept, or
position.
But when he saith, all things are put under him, it is mani­
fest, that he is excepted which did put all things under him.
1 Cor. xv. 27.
Adam, behold
Th' effects, which thy original crime hath wrought.



In some to spring from thee, who never touch'd
Th' excepted tree. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 426.

To EXCE’PT. v. n. To object; to make objections.
A succession which our author could not except against. Locke.

EXCE’PT. preposit. [from the verb. This word, long taken as
a preposition or conjunction, is originally the participle passive
of the verb; which, like most others, had for its parti­
ciple two terminations, except or excepted. All except one,
is all, one excepted. Except may be, according to the Teu­
tonick idiom, the imperative mood: all, except one; that is,
all but one, which you must except.]
1. Exclusively of; without inclusion of.
Richard except, those, whom we fight against,
Had rather have us win than him they follow. Shak. R. III.
God and his son except,
Nought valued he nor fear'd. Milton.
2. Unless.
It is necessary to know our duty, because 'tis necessary for
us to do it; and it is impossible to do it, except we know it. Till.

EXCE’PTING. preposit. [from except. See EXCEPT.] With­
out inclusion of; with exception of. An improper word.
What, since the pretor did my fetters loose,
May I not live without controul and awe,
Excepting still the letter of the law. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 5.
People come into the world in Turkey the same way they
do here; and yet, excepting the royal family, they get but little
by it. Collier on Duelling.

EXCE’PTION. n. s. [from except; exceptio, Latin.]
1. Exclusion from the things comprehended in a precept, or po­
sition; exclusion of any person from a general law.
When God renewed this charter of man's sovereignty over
the creatures to Noah and his family, we find no exception at
all; but that Cham stood as fully invested with this right as any
of his brethren. South's Sermons.
2. It should have from before the rule or law to which the excep­
tion refers; but it is sometimes inaccurately used with to.
Let the money be raised on land, with an exception to some
of the more barren parts, that might be tax-free. Addison.
Pleads, in exception to all gen'ral rules,
Your taste of follies with our scorn of fools. Pope's Epistles.
3. Thing excepted or specified in exception.
Every act of parliament was not previous to what it en­
acted; unless those two, by which the earl of Strafford and sir
John Fenwick lost their heads may pass for exceptions. Swift.
Who first taught souls enslav'd, and realms undone,
Th' enormous faith of many made for one;
That proud exception to all nature's laws,
T' invert the world and counterwork its cause. Pope's Essays.
4. Objection; cavil. With against or to.
Your assertion hath drawn us to make search whether these
be just exceptions against the customs of our church, when ye
plead that they are the same which the church of Rome hath,
or that they are not the same which some other reformed
churches have devised. Hooker, Preface.
He may have exceptions peremptory against the jurors, of
which he then shall shew cause. Spenser.
Revelations will soon be discerned to be extremely condu­
cible to reforming men's lives, such as will answer all objec­
tions and exceptions of flesh and blood against it. Hammond.
I will answer what exceptions they can have against our ac­
count, and confute all the reasons and explications they can
give of their own. Bentley's Sermons.
5. Peevish dislike; offence taken.
I fear'd to shew my father Julia's letter,
Lest he should take exceptions to my love. Shakespeare.
He first took exception at this badge,
Pronouncing, that the paleness of this flow'r
Bewray'd the faintness of my master's heart. Shak. Hen. VI.
Rodorigo, thou hast taken against me an exception; but
I protest I have dealt most directly in thy affair. Sh. Othello.
He gave sir James Tirrel great thanks; but took exception to
the place of their burial, being too base for them that were
king's children. Bacon's Henry VII.

EXCE’PTIONABLE. adj. [from exception.] Liable to objection.
The only piece of pleasantry is where the evil spirits rally
the angels upon the success of their artillery: this passage I
look upon to be the most exceptionable in the whole poem. Add.

EXCE’PTIOUS. adj. [from except.] Peevish; froward; full of
objections; quarrelsome.
They are so supercilious, sharp, troublesome, fierce, and
exceptious, that they are not only short of the true character of
friendship, but become the very sores and burdens of society.
South's Sermons.

EXCE’PTIVE. adj. [from except.] Including an exception.
Exceptive propositions will make complex syllogisms, as
none but physicians came to the consultation: the nurse is no
physician, therefore the nurse came not to the consultation.
Watts's Logick.

EXCE’PTLESS. adj. [from except.] Omitting or neglecting all
exception; general; universal.
Forgive my gen'ral and exceptless rashness,
Perpetual sober gods! I do proclaim
One honest man. Shakespeare's Timon.

EXCE’PTOR. n. s. [from except.] Objecter; one that makes
exceptions.
The exceptor makes a reflection upon the impropriety of
those expressions. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To EXCE’RN. v. a. [excerno, Latin.] To strain out; to sepa­
rate or emit by strainers; to send out by excretion.
That which is dead, or corrupted; or excerned, hath anti­
pathy with the same thing when it is alive and sound, and
with those parts which do excern. Bacon's Natural History.
Exercise first sendeth nourishment into the parts; and se­
condly, helpeth to excern by sweat, and so maketh the parts
assimilate. Bacon's Natural History, No. 299.
An unguent or pap prepared, with an open vessel to excern
it into. Ray on the Creation.

EXCE’RPTION. n. s. [excerptio, Latin.]
1. The act of gleaning; selecting.
2. The thing gleaned or selected.
Times have consumed his works, saving some few ex­
cerptions. Raleigh.

EXCE’SS. n. s. [excessus, Latin.]
1. More than enough; superfluity.
Amongst the heaps of these excesses and superfluities, there is
espied the want of a principal part of duty. Hooker, b. v. s. 43.
Goodness answers to the theological virtue charity, and ad­
mits no excess but error: the desire of power in excess caused
the angels to fall; the desire of knowledge in excess caused
man to fall; but in charity there is no excess, neither can angel
or man come in danger by it. Bacon's Essays.
Members are crooked or distorted, or disproportionate to
the rest, either in excess or defect. Ray on the Creation.
2. Exuberance; act of exceeding; comparative exuberance.
Let the superfluous and lust dieted man,
That braves your ordinance, feel your power quickly;
So distribution shall undo excess,
And each man have enough. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The several rays in that white light retain their colorifick
qualities, by which those of any sort, whenever they become
more copious than the rest, do by their excess and predomi­
nance cause their proper colour to appear. Newton's Opt.
3. Intemperance; unreasonable indulgence in meat and drink.
It was excess of wine that set him on,
And on his more advice we pardon him. Shakesp. Hen. V.
There will be need first of temperance in diet; for the
body, once heavy with excess and surfeits, hangs plummets on
the nobler parts. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
4. Violence of passion.
5. Transgression of due limits.
A popular sway, by forcing kings to give
More than was fit for subjects to receive,
Ran to the same extremes; and one excess
Made both, by striving to be greater, less. Denham.
Hospitality sometimes degenerates into profuseness: even
parsimony itself, which sits but ill upon a publick figure, is
yet the more pardonable excess of the two. Atterbury's Sermons.

EXCE’SSIVE. adj. [excessif, French; from excess.]
1. Beyond the common proportion of quantity or bulk.
If panicum be laid below and about the bottom of a root,
it will cause the root to grow to an excessive bigness. Bacon.
2. Vehement beyond measure in kindness or dislike.
Be not excessive toward any. Ecclus. xxxiii. 29.
The people whose property it is, by excessive favour, to
bring great men to misery, and then to be excessive in pity,
departed away grieved and afraid. Hayward.

EXCE’SSIVELY. adv. [from excessive.] Exceedingly; eminent­
ly; in a great degree.
A man must be excessively stupid, as well as uncharitable,
who believes there is no virtue but on his own side. Addison.

To EXCHA’NGE. v. a. [exchanger, French; excambiare, low
Latin.]
1. To give or quit one thing for the sake of gaining another.
They shall not sell of it, neither exchange nor alienate the
first fruits. Ezek. xlviii. 14.
Exchange his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparkling pebble,
or a diamond. Locke.
Take delight in the good things of this world, so as to re­
member that we are to part with them, and to exchange them
for more excellent and durable enjoyments. Atterbury's Serm.
2. To give and take reciprocally.
Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet;
Mine and my father's blood, be not upon thee,
Nor thine on me. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Words having naturally no signification, the idea must be
learned by those who would exchange thoughts, and hold intel­
ligible discourse with others. Locke.
Here then exchange we mutually forgiveness,
So may the guilt of all my broken vows,
My perjuries to thee, be all forgotten. Rowe's Jane Shore.
3. It has with before the person with whom the exchange is made,
and for before the thing taken in exchange.
The king called in the old money, and erected exchanges
where the weight of old money was exchanged for new. Camd.



Being acquainted with the laws and fashions of his own
country, he has something to exchange with those abroad. Locke.

EXCHA’NGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of giving and receiving reciprocally.
And thus they parted with exchange of harms;
Much blood the monsters lost, and they their arms. Waller.
They lend their corn, they make exchanges; they are al­
ways ready to serve one another. Addison.
2. Traffick by permutation.
The world is maintained by intercourse; and the whole
course of nature is a great exchange, in which one good turn
is, and ought to be, the stated price of another. South's Serm.
3. The form or act of transferring, properly by bills or notes.
I have bills for money by exchange
From Florence, and must here deliver them. Shakespeare.
4. The balance of the money of different nations.
He was skilful in the exchange beyond seas, and in all the
circumstances and practices thereof. Hayward on Edward VI.
5. The thing given in return for something received.
Thou art arm'd, Glo'ster; let the trumpet sound:
If none appear to prove upon thy person
Thy heinous, manifest, and many treasons,
There is my pledge: I'll prove it on thy heart.
—There's my exchange; what in the world he is
That names me traitor, villain-like he lies. Shak. K. Lear.
Spend all I have, only give me so much time in exchange of
it. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
It made not the silver coined go for more than its value in
all things to be bought; but just so much as the denomination
was raised, just so much less of commodity had the buyer in
exchange for it. Locke.
If blood you seek, I will my own resign:
O spare her life, and in exchange take mine. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
6. The thing received in return for something given.
The respect and love which was paid you by all, who had
the happiness to know you, was a wise exchange for the honours
of the court. Dryden.
7. The place where the merchants meet to negociate their
affairs; place of sale.
He that uses the same words sometimes in one, and some­
times in another signification, ought to pass, in the schools,
for as fair a man, as he does, in the market and exchange, who
fells several things under the same name. Locke.
No thing, no place is strange,
While his fair bosom is the world's exchange. Denham.

EXCHA’NGER. n. s. [from exchange.] One who practises ex­
change.
Whilst bullion may be had for a small price more than the
weight of our current cash, these exchangers generally chuse
rather to buy bullion than run the risk of melting down our
coin, which is criminal by the law. Locke.

EXCHE’AT. n. s. See ESCHEAT.
The sons of day he favoureth, I see,
And by my ruins thinks to make them great:
To make one great by others loss, is bad excheat. Fai. Qu.

EXCHE’ATOR. n. s. See ESCHEATOR.
These earls and dukes appointed their special officers; as
sheriff, admiral, receiver, havener, customer, butler, searcher,
comptroller, gager, excheator, feodary, auditor, and clerk of
the market. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

EXCHE’QUER. n. s. [eschequeir, Norman French; schaccharium,
low Latin, from schatz, a treasure, German.] The court to
which are brought all the revenues belonging to the crown.
It consists of two parts; whereof one dealeth specially in the
hearing and deciding of all causes appertaining to the king's
coffers: the other is called the receipt of the exchequer, which
is properly employed in the receiving and paying of money.
It is also a court of record, wherein all causes touching the
revenues of the crown are handled. Harris.
I will be cheater to them both, and they shall be exchequers
to me: they shall be my East and West Indies. Shakespeare.
Your treasures
Are quite exhausted, the exchequer's empty. Denham's Sophy.
Clipped money will pass whilst the king's bankers and at last
the exchequer takes it. Locke.

EXCI’SE. n. s. [accijs, Dutch; excisum, Latin.] A hateful
tax levied upon commodities, and adjudged not by the com­
mon judges of property, but wretches hired by those to whom
excise is paid.
The people should pay a ratable tax for their sheep, and an
excise for every thing which they should eat. Hayward.
Ambitious now to take excise
Of a more fragrant paradise. Cleaveland.
Excise,
With hundred rows of teeth, the shark exceeds,
And on all trades like Cassawar she feeds. Marvel.
Can hire large houses, and oppress the poor,
By farm'd excise. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 3.

To EXCI’SE. v. a. [from the noun.] To levy excise upon a
person or thing.
In South-sea days, not happier when surmis'd
The lord of thousands, than if now excis'd. Pope's Horace.

EXCI’SEMAN. n. s. [excise and man.] An officer who inspects
commodities, and rates their excise.

EXCI’SION. n. s. [excisio, Latin.] Extirpation; destruction;
ruin; the act of cutting off; the state of being cut off.
Pride is one of the fatallest instruments of excision.
Decay of Piety.
Such conquerors are the instruments of vengeance on those
nations that have filled up the measure of iniquities, and are
grown ripe for excision. Atterbury's Sermons.

EXCITA’TION. n. s. [from excito, to excite, Latin.]
1. The act of exciting, or putting into motion.
All putrefactions come from the ambient body, either by
ingress of the ambient body into the body putrefied, or by ex­
citation and solicitation of the body putrefied by the body am­
bient. Bacon's Natural History, No. 836.
2. The act of rousing or awakening.
The original of sensible and spiritual ideas may be owing to
sensation and reflection, the recollection and fresh excitation
of them to other occasions. Watts's Logick.

To EXCI’TE. v. a. [excito, Latin.]
1. To rouse; to animate; to stir up; to encourage.
The Lacedemonians were more excited to desire of honour
with the excellent verses of the poet Tirtæus, than with all
the exhortations of their captains, or authority of their rulers
and magistrates. Spenser's State of Ireland.
That kind of poesy which excites to virtue the greatest men,
is of greatest use to human kind. Dryden.
2. To put into motion; to awaken; to raise.

EXCI’TEMENT. n. s. [from excite.] The motive by which one
is stirred up, animated, or put in action.
How stand I then,
That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd,
Excitements of my reason and my blood,
And let all sleep? Shakespeare's Tempest.

EXCI’TER. n. s. [from excite.]
1. One that stirs up others, or puts them in motion.
They never punished the delinquency of the tumults and
their exciters. King Charles.
2. The cause by which any thing is raised or put in motion.
Hope is the grand exciter of industry. Decay of Piety.

To EXCLA’IM. v. n. [exclamo, Latin.]
1. To cry out with vehemence; to make an outcry; to cry out
querulously and outrageously.
This ring,
Which, when you part from, lose, or give away,
Let it presage the ruin of your love,
And be my 'vantage to exclaim on you. Sh. Merch. of Venice.
Those who exclaim against all foreign tyranny, do, to this
intestine usurper, make an entire dedition of themselves.
Decay of Piety.
The most insupportable of tyrants exclaim against the exer­
cise of arbitrary power. L'Estrange.
2. To declare with loud vociferation.
Is Cade the son of Henry the fifth,
That thus you do exclaim you'll go with him? Shak. H. VI.

EXCLA’IM. n. s. [from the verb.] Clamour; outcry. Now
disused.
Alas, the part I had in Glo'ster's blood
Doth more solicit me than your exclaims,
To stir against the butchers of his life. Shakes. Richard II.

EXCLAMA’TION. n. s. [exclamatio, Latin.]
1. Vehement outcry; clamour; outrageous vociferation.
The ears of the people are continually beaten with exclama­
tions against abuses in the church. Hooker, Dedication.
Either be patient, and intreat me fair,
Or with the clamorous report of war
Thus will I drown your exclamations. Shakesp. Richard III.
2. An emphatical utterance; a pathetical sentence.
O Musidorus! Musidorus! but what serve exclamations,
where there are no ears to receive the sound? Sidney, b. ii.
3. A note by which a pathetical sentence is marked thus!

EXCLA’MER. n. s. [from exclaim.] One that makes vehement
outcries; one that speaks with great heat and passion.
I must tell this exclaimer, that, if that were his real aim,
his manner of proceeding is very strange and unaccountable.
Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.

EXCLA’MATORY. adj. [from exclaim.]
1. Practising exclamation.
2. Containing exclamation.

To EXCLU’DE. v. a. [excludo, Latin.]
1. To shut out; to hinder from entrance or admission.
Fenc'd with hedges and deep ditches round,
Exclude th' incroaching cattle from thy ground. Dryd. Virg.
Sure I am, unless I win in arms,
To stand excluded from Emilia's charms. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
Bodies do each singly possess its proper portion, according
to the extent of its solid parts, and thereby exclude all other
bodies from that space. Locke.
Though these three sorts of substances do not exclude one
another out of the same place, yet we cannot conceive but
that they must necessarily each of them exclude any of the same
kind out of the same place. Locke.



If the church be so unhappily contrived as to exclude from
its communion such persons likeliest to have great abilities, it
should be altered. Swift.
2. To debar; to hinder from participation; to prohibit.
Justice, that sits and frowns where publick laws
Exclude soft mercy from a private cause,
In your tribunal most herself does please;
There only smiles, because she lives at ease. Dryden.
This is Dutch partnership, to share in all our beneficial
bargains, and exclude us wholly from theirs. Swift.
3. To except in any position.
4. Not to comprehend in any grant or privilege.
They separate from all apparent hope of life and salvation,
thousands whom the goodness of Almighty God doth not ex­
clude. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.

EXCLU’SION. n. s. [from exclude.]
1. The act of shutting out or denying admission.
In bodies that need detention of spirits, the exclusion of the
air doth good; but in bodies that need emission of spirits, it
doth hurt. Bacon's Natural History, No. 343.
2. Rejection; not reception in any manner.
If he is for an entire exclusion of fear, which is supposed to
have some influence in every law, he opposes himself to every
government. Addison's Freeholder, No. 31.
3. The act of debarring from any privilege, or participation.
4. Exception.
There was a question also asked at the table, whether the
French king would agree to have the disposing of the marriage
of Bretagne, with an exception and exclusion that he should
not marry her himself. Bacon's Henry VII.
5. The dismission of the young from the egg or womb.
How were it possible the womb should contain the child,
nay sometimes twins, 'till they come to their due perfection
and maturity for exclusion? Ray on the Creation.

EXCLU’SIVE. adj. [from exclude.]
1. Having the power of excluding or denying admission.
They obstacle find none
Of membrane, joint, or limb, exclusive bars:
Easier than air with air, if spirits embrace,
Total they mix. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 625.
2. Debarring from participation.
In Scripture there is no such thing as an heir that was, by
right of nature, to inherit all, exclusive of his brethren. Locke.
3. Not taking into an account or number; opposed to inclusive.
I know not whether he reckons the dross exclusive or inclu­
sive with his three hundred and sixty tons of copper. Swift.
4. Excepting.

EXCLU’SIVELY. adv. [from exclusive.]
1. Without admission of another to participation.
It is not so easy to discern, among the many differing sub­
stances that may be obtained from the same portion of matter,
which ought to be esteemed, exclusively to all the rest, its in­
existent elementary ingredients; much less what primogeneal
and simple bodies, convened together, compose it. Boyle.
Ulysses addresses himself to the queen chiefly or primarily,
but not exclusively of the king. Notes to Pope's Odyssey.
2. Without comprehension in an account or number.
The first part lasts from the date of the citation to the join­
ing of issue, exclusively: the second continues to a conclusion
in the cause, inclusively. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To EXCO’CT. v. a. [excoctus, Latin.] To boil up; to make
by boiling.
Salt and sugar, excocted by heat, are dissolved by cold and
moisture. Bacon's Natural History, No. 843.

To EXCO’GITATE. v. a. [excogito, Latin.] To invent; to
strike out by thinking.
If the wit of man had been to contrive this organ for him­
self, what could he have possibly excogitated more accurate?
More's Antidote against Atheism.
The tradition of the origination of mankind seems to be
universal; but the particular methods of that origination, ex­
cogitated by the heathen, were particular. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
We shall find them to be little else than excogitated and in­
vented models, not much arising from the true image of the
things themselves. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To EXCO’MMUNICATE. v. a. [excommunico, low Latin.] To
eject from the communion of the visible church by an eccle­
siastical censure; to interdict from the participation of holy
mysteries.
Thou shalt stand curst and excommunicate;
And blessed shall he be, that doth revolt
From his allegiance to an heretick. Shakesp. King John.
What if they shall excommunicate me, hath the doctrine of
meekness any salve for me then? Hammond's Pract. Catech.
The office is performed by the parish-priest at interment,
but not unto persons excommunicated. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXCOMMUNICA’TION. n. s. [from excommunicate.] An eccle­
siastical interdict; exclusion from the fellowship of the church.
As for excommunication, it neither shutteth out from the
mystical, nor clean from the visible church; but only from
fellowship with the visible in holy duties. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.

To EXCO’RIATE. v. a. To flay; to strip off the skin.
An hypersarcosis arises upon the excoriated eyelid, and
turneth it outward. Wiseman's Surgery.
A looseness proves often a fatal symptom in fevers; for it
weakens, excoriates, and inflames the bowels. Arbuthnot.

EXCORIA’TION. n. s. [from excoriate.]
1. Loss of skin; privation of skin; the act of flaying.
The pituite secerned in the nose, mouth, and intestines,
is not an excrementitious, but a laudable humour, necessary
for defending those parts from excoriations. Arbuthn. on Aliments.
2. Plunder; spoil; the act of stripping of possessions.
It hath marvellously enhanced the revenues of the crown
to many millions more than it was, though with a pitiful exco­
riation of the poorer sort. Howel's Vocal Forrest.

EXCORTICA’TION. n. s. [from cortex and ex, Latin.] Pulling
the bark off any thing. Quincy.

To E’XCREATE. v. a. [excreo, Latin.] To eject at the mouth
by hawking, or forcing matter from the throat.

E’XCREMENT. n. s. [excrementum, Latin.] That which is
thrown out as useless, noxious, or corrupted from the natural
passages of the body.
We see that those excrements, that are of the first digestion,
smell the worst; as the excrements from the belly. Bacon.
It fares with politick bodies as with the physical; each would
convert all into their own proper substance, and cast forth as
excrement what will not so be changed. Raleigh's Essays.
Their sordid avarice rakes
In excrements, and hires the very jakes. Dryden's Juv. Sat. 3.
Farce, in itself, is of a nasty scent;
But the gain smells not of the excrement. Dryden.
You may find, by dissection, not only their stomachs full of
meat, but their intestines full of excrement. Bentley's Sermons.
The excrements of horses are nothing but hay, and, as such,
combustible. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXCREME’NTAL. adj. [from excrement.] That which is voided
as excrement.
God hath given virtues to springs, fountains, earth, plants,
and the excremental parts of the basest living creatures. Raleigh.

EXCREMENTI’TIOUS. adj. [from excrement.] Containing ex­
crements; consisting of matter excreted from the body; of­
fensive or useless to the body.
The excrementitious moisture of living creatures passeth in
birds through a fairer and more delicate strainer than in beasts.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 5.
Toil of the mind destroys health, by attracting the spirits
from their task of concoction to the brain; whither they
carry along with them clouds of vapours and excrementitious
humours. Harvey on Consumptions.
The lungs are the grand emunctory of the body; and the
main end of respiration is continually to discharge and expel
an excrementitious fluid out of the mass of blood. Woodward.
An animal fluid no ways excrementitious, mild, elabo­
rated, and nutritious. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXCRE’SCENCE. n. s. [excresco, Latin.] Somewhat growing
out of another without use, and contrary to
the common order of production; preternatural production.

EXCRE’SCENCY. n. s. [excresco, Latin.] Somewhat growing
out of another without use, and contrary to
the common order of production; preternatural production.
All beyond this is monstrous, 'tis out of nature, 'tis an ex­
crescence, and not a living part of poetry. Dryden.
We have little more than the excrescencies of the Spanish
monarchy. Addison on the State of the War.
They are the excrescences of our souls; which, like our hair
and beards, look horrid or becoming, as we out or let them
grow. Tatler, No. 54.
Tumours and excrescences of plants, out of which generally
issues a fly or a worm, are at first made by such insects which
wound the tender buds. Bentley.

EXCRE’SCENT. adj. [excrescens, Latin.] That which grows
out of another with preternatural superfluity.
Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts
Of all, our vices have created arts:
Then see how little the remaining sum,
Which serv'd the past, and must the times to come. Pope.

EXCRE’TION. n. s. [excretio, Latin.] Separation of animal sub­
stance; ejecting somewhat quite out of the body, as of no
further use, which is called excrement. Quincy.
The symptoms of the excretion of the bile vitiated, are a
yellowish skin, white hard fæces, loss of appetite, and lixivial
urine. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXCRE’TIVE. adj. [excretus, Latin.] Having the power of
separating and ejecting excrements.
A diminution of the body happens by some fault in the ex­
cretive faculty, excerning or evacuating more than necessary.
Harvey on Consumptions.

E’XCRETORY. adj. [from excretion.] Having the quality of
separating and ejecting superfluous parts.
Excretories of the body are nothing but slender slips of the
arteries, deriving an appropriated juice from the blood. Cheyne.

EXCRU’CIABLE. adj. [from excruciate.] Liable to torment. Dict.

To EXCRU’CIATE. v. a. [excrucio, Latin.] To torture; to
torment.
And here my heart, long time excruciate,
Amongst the leaves I rested all that night. Chapm. Odyssey.



Leave them, as long as they keep their hardness and impe­
nitent hearts, to those gnawing and excruciating fears, those
whips of the Divine Nemesis, that frequently scourge even
atheists themselves. Bentley's Sermons.

EXCUBA’TION. n. s. [excubatio, Latin.] The act of watching
all night. Dict.

To EXCU’LPATE. v. a. [ex and culpo, Latin.] To clear from
the imputation of a fault.
A good child will not seek to exculpate herself at the expence
of the most revered characters. Clarissa.

EXCU’RSION. n. s. [excursion, French; excurro, Latin.]
1. The act of deviating from the stated or settled path; a
ramble.
The muse whose early voice you taught to sing,
Prescrib'd her heights, and prun'd her tender wing;
Her guide now lost, no more attempts to rise,
But in low numbers short excursions tries. Pope's Essays.
2. An expedition into some distant part.
The mind extends its thoughts often even beyond the ut­
most expansion of matter, and makes excursions into that in­
comprehensible. Locke.
3. Progression beyond fixed limits.
The causes of those great excursions of the seasons into the
extremes of cold and heat, are very obscure. Arbuthn. on Air.
4. Digression; ramble from a subject.
Expect not that I should beg pardon for this excursion, 'till
I think it a digression, to insist on the blessedness of Christ in
heaven. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
I am too weary to allow myself any excursion from the main
design. Atterbury.

EXCU’RSIVE. adj. [from excurro, Latin.] Rambling; wander­
ing; deviating.
But why so far excursive? when at hand
Along these blushing borders, bright with dew,
Fair-handed Spring unbosoms every grace? Thoms. Spring.

EXCU’SABLE. adj. [from excuse.] Pardonable; that for which
some excuse or apology may be admitted.
Though he were already stept into the winter of his age,
he found himself warm in those desires, which were in his son
far more excusable. Sidney, b. ii.
Learned men are excusable in particulars, whereupon our
salvation dependeth not. Raleigh's History of the World.
Not only that;
That were excusable, that and thousands more
Of semblable import. Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
For his intermeddling with arms he is the more excusable,
because many others of his coat are not only martial direc­
tors, but commanders. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
Before the Gospel, impenitency was much more excusable,
because men were ignorant. Tillotson, Sermon 5.

EXCU’SABLENESS. n. s. [from excusable.] Pardonableness;
capability to be excused.
It may satisfy others of the excusableness of my dissatisfac­
tion, to peruse the ensuing relation. Boyle's Physiol. Considerat.

EXCUSA’TION. n. s. [from excuse.] Excuse; plea; apology.
Prefaces, excusations, and other speeches of reference to the
person, though they seem to proceed of modesty, they are
bravery. Bacon's Essays.
And goodness to be admired, that it refuted not his argu­
ment in the punishment of his excusation. Brown's Vul. Err.

EXCU’SATORY. adj. [from excuse.] Pleading excuse; apolo­
getical; making apology.

To EXCU’SE. v. a. [excuso, Latin.]
1. To extenuate by apology.
Bad men excuse their faults, good men will leave them;
He acts the third crime that defends the first. B. Johns. Catil.
2. To disengage from an obligation; remit attendance.
I have bought a piece of ground, and I must needs go and
see it: I pray thee, have me excused. Luke xiv. 19.
Laud attended throughout that whole journey, which he
was not obliged to do, and no doubt would have been excused
from it. Clarendon.
3. To remit; not to exact.
4. To weaken or mollify obligation to any thing; to obtain
remission.
Nor could the real danger of leaving their dwellings to go
up to the temple, excuse their journey. South's Sermons.
5. To pardon by allowing an apology.
O thou, whoe'er thou art, excuse the force
These men have us'd; and O befriend our course. Addison.
Excuse some courtly strains;
No whiter page than Addison's remains. Pope.
6. To throw off imputation by a feigned apology.
Think you that we excuse ourselves unto you? 2 Cor. xii.

EXCU’SE. n. s. [from the verb. The last syllable of the verb is
sounded as if written excuze, that of the noun with the natural
sound.]
1. Plea offered in extenuation; apology.
I was set upon by some of your servants, whom because I
have in my just defence evil entreated, I came to make my
excuse to you. Sidney.
Be gone, I will not hear thy vain excuse;
But, as thou lov'st thy life, make speed from hence. Shakes.
As good success admits no examination, so the contrary
allows of no excuse, how reasonable or just soever. Raleigh.
We find out some excuse or other for deferring good resolu­
tions, 'till our intended retreat is cut off by death. Addison.
2. The act of excusing or apologising.
Heav'n put it in thy mind to take it hence,
That thou might'st win the more thy father's love,
Pleading so wisely in excuse of it. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
3. Cause for which one is excused.
Let no vain hope your easy mind seduce;
For rich ill poets are without excuse. Roscommon.
Nothing but love this patience could produce;
And I allow your rage that kind excuse. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

EXCU’SELESS. adj. [from excuse.] That for which no excuse
or apology can be given.
The voluntary enslaving myself is excuseless. Decay of Piety.

EXCU’SER. n. s. [from excuse.]
1. One who pleads for another.
In vain would his excusers endeavour to palliate his enormi­
ties, by imputing them to madness. Swift.
2. One who forgives another.

To EXCU’SS. v. a. [excussus, Lat.] To seize and detain by law.
The person of a man ought not, by the civil law, to be
taken for a debt, unless his goods and estate has been first ex­
cussed. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXCU’SSION. n. s. [excussio, Latin.] Seizure by law.
If upon an excussion there are not goods to satisfy the judg­
ment, his body may be attached. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXE

EXE’CRABLE. adj. [execrabilis, Latin.] Hateful; detestable;
accursed; abominable.
For us to change that which he hath established, they hold
it execrable pride and presumption. Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
Of the visible church of Jesus Christ those may be, in re­
spect of their outward profession; who, in regard of their
inward disposition, are most worthily both hateful in the sight
of God himself, and in the eyes of the sounder parts of the
visible church most execrable. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
Give sentence on this execrable wretch,
That hath been breeder of these dire events. Shak. Tit. And.
When execrable Troy in ashes lay,
Through fires, and swords, and seas, they forc'd their way.
Dryden's Æn. b. vii. l. 408.

EXE’CRABLY. adv. [from execrable.] Cursedly; abominably.
'Tis fustian all, 'tis execrably bad;
But if they will be fools, must you be mad? Dryden'. Pers.

To E’XECRATE. v. a. [execror, Latin.] To curse; to im­
precate ill upon; to abominate.
Extinction of some tyranny, by the indignation of a peo­
ple, makes way for some form contrary to that which they
lately execrated and detested. Temple.

EXECRA’TION. n. s. [from execrate.] Curse; imprecation of
evil.
Mischance and sorrow go along with you,
And threefold vengeance tend upon your steps!
— Cease, gentle queen, these execrations. Shakes. Hen. VI.
For this we may thank Adam! but his thanks
Shall be the execration. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
The Indians, at naming the devil, did spit on the ground
in token of execration. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

To EXE’CT. v. a. [execo, Latin.] To cut out; to cut away.
Were it not for the effusion of blood which would follow
an exection, the liver might not only be exected, but its office
supplied by the spleen and other parts. Harvey on Consumptions.

EXE’CTION. n. s. [from exect.] The act of cutting out. See
EXECT.

To E’XECUTE. v. a. [exequor, Latin.]
1. To perform; to practise.
Against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment. Ex.
He casts into the balance the promise of a reward to such as
should execute, and of punishment to such as should neglect
their commission. South's Sermons.
2. To put in act; to do what is planned or determined.
Men may not devise laws, but are bound for ever to use
and execute those which God hath delivered. Hooker, b. iii. s. 7.
The government here is so regularly disposed, that it almost
executes itself. Swift.
Absalom pronounced sentence of death against his brother,
and had it executed too. Locke.
3. To put to death according to form of justice; to punish
capitally.
Sir William Bremingham was executed for treason. Davies.
Fitzosborn was executed under him, or discarded into foreign
service for a pretty shadow of exilement. Spenser.
O Tyburn, cou'dst thou reason and dispute,
Cou'dst thou but judge as well as execute,
How often wou'dst thou change the felon's doom,
And truss some stern chief justice in his room. Dryden.
4. To put to death; to kill.
The treacherous Fastolfe wounds my peace,
Whom with my bare fists I would execute,
If I now had him. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.




EXECU’TION. n. s. [from execute.]
1. Performance; practice.
When things are come to the execution, there is no secrecy
comparable to celerity. Bacon's Essays.
I wish no better
Than have him hold that purpose, and to put it
In execution. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I like thy counsel; and how well I like it,
The execution of it shall make known. Shakespeare.
The excellency of the subject contributed much to the hap­
piness of the execution. Dryden.
2. The last act of the law in civil causes, by which possession is
given of body or goods.
Sir Richard was committed to the Fleet in execution for the
whole six thousand pounds. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. Capital punishment; death inflicted by forms of law.
Good rest.
—As wretches have o'er night,
That wait for execution in the morn. Shak. Two Gent. of Ver.
I have seen,
When, after execution, judgment hath
Repented o'er his doom. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
Laws support those crimes they checkt before,
And executions now affright no more. Creech's Manilius.
4. Destruction; slaughter.
Brave Macbeth, with his brandish'd steel,
Which smok'd with bloody execution, carv'd out his passage.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The execution had been too cruel, and far exceeding the
bounds of ordinary hostility. Hayward.
When the tongue is the weapon, a man may strike where
he cannot reach, and a word shall do execution both further and
deeper than the mightiest blow. South's Sermons.
Ships of such height and strength, that his vessels could do
no execution upon them. Arbuthnot on Coins.

EXECU’TIONER. n. s. [from execution.]
1. He that puts in act, or executes.
Is not the causer of the timeless deaths,
As blameful as the executioner? Shakesp. Richard III.
It is a singular comfort to the executioners of this office,
when they consider that they cannot be guilty of oppression.
Bacon's Office of Alienation.
The heart of every man was in the hand of God, and he
could have made them executioners of his wrath upon one
another. Woodward's Natural History.
In this case every man hath a right to punish the offender,
and be the executioner of the law of nature. Locke.
2. He that inflicts capital punishment; he that puts to death ac­
cording to the sentence of the law.
He, born to the greatest expectation, and of the greatest
blood, submitted himself to be servant to the executioner that
should put to death Musidorus. Sidney, b. ii.
The deluge was not sent only as an executioner to mankind,
but its prime errand was to reform the earth. Woodward.
3. He that kills; he that murthers.
I would not be thy executioner:
I fly thee, for I would not injure thee;
Thou tell'st me, there is murder in mine eyes. Shakespeare.
4. The instrument by which any thing is performed.
All along
The walls, abominable ornaments!
Are tools of wrath, anvils of torments hung,
Fell executioners of foul intents. Crashaw.

EXE’CUTIVE. adj. [from execute.]
1. Having the quality of executing or performing.
They are the nimblest, agil, strongest instruments, fittest
to be executive of the commands of the souls. Hale.
2. Active; not deliberative; not legislative; having the power
to put in act the laws.
The Roman emperors were possessed of the whole legisla­
tive as well as executive power. Addison's Freeholder, No. 51.
Hobbes confounds the executive with the legislative power,
though all well instituted states have ever placed them in dif­
ferent hands. Swift.

E’XECUTER. n. s. [from execute.]
1. He that performs or executes any thing.
My sweet mistress
Weeps when she sees me work, and says such baseness
Had ne'er like executer. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Sophocles and Euripides, in their most beautiful pieces, are
impartial executers of poetick justice. Dennis.
2. He that is intrusted to perform the will of a testator. In this
sense the accent is on the second syllable.
Let's chuse executers, and talk of wills;
And yet not so; for what can we bequeath? Shak. R. II.
3. An executioner; one who puts others to death. Disused.
The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum,
Delivers o'er to executers pale
The lazy yawning drone. Shakespeare's Henry V.

EXE’CUTERSHIP. n. s. [from executer.] The office of him
that is appointed to perform the will of the defunct.
For fishing for testaments and executorships it is worse, by
how much men submit themselves to mean persons, than in
service. Bacon's Essays, Civil and Moral.

EXE’CUTRIX. n. s. [from execute.] A woman intrusted to per­
form the will of the testator.
He did, after the death of the earl, buy of his executrix
the remnant of the term. Bacon's Office of Alienation.

EXEGE’SIS. n. s. [ἐξήγησις.] An explanation.

EXEGE’TICAL. adj. [ἐξηγήτιϰ.] Explanatory; expository.
I have here and there interspersed some critical and some
exegetical notes, fit for learners to know, and not unfit for
some teachers to read. Walker's Pref. to Ex. of the Lat. Synt.

EXE’MPLAR. n. s. [exemplar, Latin.] A pattern; an example
to be imitated.
The idea and exemplar of the world was first in God. Raleigh.
They began at a known body, a barleycorn, the weight
whereof is therefore called a grain; which ariseth, being mul­
tiplied to scruples, drachms, ounces, and pounds, and then
those weights, as they happen to take them, are fixed by au­
thority, and exemplars of them publickly kept. Holder.
If he intends to murder his prince, as Cromwel did, he
must persuade him that he resolves nothing but his safety; as
the same grand exemplar of hypocrisy did before. South.
Best poet! fit exemplar for the tribe
Of Phœbus. Phillips.

EXE’MPLARILY. adv. [from exemplary.]
1. In such a manner as deserves imitation.
She is exemplarily loyal in a high exact obedience. Howel.
2. In such a manner as may warn others.
If he had shut the commons house to have been quiet, whilst
their champions were exemplarily punished, their jurisdiction
would probably in a short time have been brought within the
due limits. Clarendon.

EXE’MPLARINESS. n. s. [from exemplary.] State of standing
as a pattern to be copied.
In Scripture we find several titles given to Christ, which
import his exemplariness as of a prince and a captain, a master
and a guide. Tillotson's Sermons.

EXE’MPLARY. adj. [from exemplar.]
1. Such as may deserve to be proposed to imitation, whether per­
sons or things.
The archbishops and bishops have the government of the
church: be not you the mean to prefer any to those places,
but only for their learning, gravity, and worth: their lives
and doctrine ought to be exemplary. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
If all these were exemplary in the conduct of their lives,
religion would receive a mighty encouragement. Swift.
2. Such as may give warning to others.
Had the tumults been repressed by exemplary justice, I had
obtained all that I designed. King Charles.
3. Such as may attract notice and imitation.
Awaking therefore, as who long had dream'd,
Much of my women and their gods asham'd,
From this abyss of exemplary vice
Resolv'd, as time might aid my thought, to rise. Prior.
When any duty is fallen under a general disuse and neglect,
in such a case the most visible and exemplary performance is
required. Rogers, Sermon 18.

EXEMPLIFICA’TION. n. s. [from exemplify.] A copy; a
transcript.
An ambassador of Scotland demanded an exemplification of
the articles of peace. Hayward.
A love of vice as such, a delighting in sin for its own sake,
is an imitation, or rather an exemplification of the malice of the
devil. South's Sermons.

To EXE’MPLIFY. v. a. [from exemplar.]
1. To illustrate by example.
This might be exemplified even by heaps of rites and cus­
toms, now superstitious in the greatest part of the Christian
world. Hooker, b. v. s. 3.
Our author has exemplified his precepts in the very precepts
themselves. Spectator, No. 253.
A satire may be exemplified by pictures, characters, and
examples. Pope to Swift.
2. To transcribe; to copy.

To EXE’MPT. v. a. [exemptus, Latin.] To privilege; to
grant immunity from.
Things done well,
And with a care, exempt themselves from fear:
Things done without example, in their issue
Are to be fear'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
The religious were not exempted, but fought among the
other soldiers. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The emperors exempted them from all taxes, to which they
subjected merchants without exception. Arbuthnot on Coins.

EXE’MPT. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Free by privilege.
Be it my wrong you are from me exempt;
But wrong not that wrong with a mere contempt. Shakesp.
An abbot cannot, without the advice of his convent, sub­
ject a monastery to any, from whose jurisdiction such mo­
nastery was exempted. Ayliffe's Parergon.



2. Not subject; not liable to.
Do not ouce hope, that thou canst tempt
A spirit so resolved to tread
Upon thy throat, and live exempt
From all the nets that thou canst spread. Ben. Johnson.
No man, not even the most wealthy and powerful among
the sons of men, is exempt from the chances of human life.
Atterbury's Sermons.
The god constrains the Greek to roam,
A hopeless exile from his native home,
From death alone exempt. Pope's Odyssey, b. i. l. 96.
3. Clear; not included.
His dreadful imprecation hear;
'Tis laid on all, not any one exempt. Lee's Oedipus.
4. Cut off from. Disused.
Was not thy father for treason 'headed?
And by his treason stand'st not thou attained,
Corrupted, and exempt from ancient gentry? Shak. Hen. VI.

EXE’MPTION. n. s. [from exempt.] Immunity; privilege;
freedom from imposts or burdensome employments.
The like exemption hath the writ to enquire of a man's
death, which also must be granted freely. Bacon's Off. of Alien.
The Roman laws gave particular exemptions to such as built
ships, or traded in corn. Arbuthnot on Coins.

EXEMPTI’TIOUS. adj. [from exemptus, Latin.] Separable;
that which may be taken from another.
If motion were loose or exemptitious from matter, I could
be convinced that it had extension of its own. More.

To EXE’NTERATE. v. a. [exentero, Latin.] To embowel; to
deprive of the entrails.
A toad contains not those urinary parts which are found in
other animals to avoid that serous excretion, which may ap­
pear unto any that exenterates or dissects them. Brown.

EXENTERA’TION. n. s. [exenteratio, Lat.] The act of taking
out the bowels; embowelling.
Belonius not only affirms that chamelions feed on flies,
caterpillars, beetles, and other insects; but upon exenteration
he found these animals in their bellies. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

EXE’QUIAL. adj. [from exequiæ, Latin.] Funeral; relating to
funerals. Dict.

EXE’QUIES. n. s. without a singular. [exequiæ, Lat.] Funeral
rites; the ceremony of burial; the procession of burial. For
this word obsequies is often used, but not so properly.
Let's not forget
The noble duke of Bedford late deceas'd,
But see his exequies fulfill'd in Roan. Shakespeare's Hen. VI.
The tragical end of the two brothers, whose exequies the
next successor had leisure to perform. Dryden's Dedic. to Æn.

EXE’RCENT. adj. [exercens, Latin.] Practising; following any
calling or vocation.
The judge may oblige every exercent advocate to give his
patronage and assistance unto a litigant in distress for want of
an advocate. Ayliffe's Parergon.

E’XERCISE. n. s. [exercitium, Latin.]
1. Labour of the body; labour considered as conducive to the
cure or prevention of diseases.
Men ought to beware that they use not exercise and a spare
diet both; but if much exercise, a plentiful diet; if sparing
diet, little exercise. Bacon's Natural History, No. 298.
The wise for cure on exercise depend;
God never made his work for man to mend. Dryden.
He is exact in prescribing the exercises of his patients, or­
dering some of them to walk eighty stadia in a day, which is
about nine English miles. Arbuthnot on Coins.
The purest exercise of health,
The kind refresher of the Summer heats. Thomson's Summer.
2. Something done for amusement.
As a watchful king, he would not neglect his safety, think­
ing nevertheless to perform all things rather as an exercise than
as a labour. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Habitual action by which the body is formed to gracefulness,
air, and agility.
He was strong of body, and so much the stronger as he, by
a well disciplined exercise, taught it both to do and to suffer.
Sidney, b. ii.
The French apply themselves more universally to their
exercises than any nation: one seldom sees a young gentleman
that does not fence, dance, and ride. Addison.
4. Preparatory practice in order to skill: as, the exercise of
soldiers.
5. Use; actual application of any thing.
The sceptre of spiritual regimen over us in this present
world, is at the length to be yielded up into the hands of the
Father which gave it; that is, the use and exercise thereof shall
cease, there being no longer on earth any militant church to
govern. Hooker, b. v. s. 54.
6. Practice; outward performance.
The same prince refused even those of the church of Eng­
land, who followed their master to St. Germain's, the publick
exercise of their religion. Addison on Italy.
7. Employment.
The learning of the situation and boundaries of kingdoms,
being only an exercise of the eyes and memory, a child with
pleasure will learn them. Locke.
Children, by the exercise of their senses about objects that
affect them in the womb, receive some few ideas before they
are born. Locke.
Exercise is very alluring and entertaining to the understand­
ing, while its reasoning powers are employed without la­
bour. Watts.
8. Task; that which one is appointed to perform.
Patience is more oft the exercise
Of saints, the trial of their fortitude
Making them each his own deliverer,
And victor over all
That tyranny or fortune can inflict. Milton's Agonistes.
9. Act of divine worship whether publick or private.
Good sir John,
I'm in your debt for your last exercise;
Come the next Sabbath, and I will content you. Shakesp.

To E’XERCISE. n. a. [exerceo, Latin.]
1. To employ; to engage in employment.
This faculty of the mind, when it is exercised immediately
about things, is called judgment. Locke.
2. To train by use to any act.
The Roman tongue was the study of their youth: it was
their own language they were instructed and exercised in. Locke.
3. To make skilful or dexterous by practice; to habituate.
Strong meat belongeth to them who, by reason of use,
have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil. Hebr.
Reason, by its own penetration, where it is strong and
exercised, usually sees quicker and clearer without syllo­
gism. Locke.
And now the goddess, exercis'd in ill,
Who watch'd an hour to work her impious will,
Ascends the roof. Dryden's Æn. b. vii. l. 713.
4. To busy; to keep busy.
He will exercise himself with pleasure, and without weari­
ness, in that godlike employment of doing good which is
assigned him. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. To task; to keep employed as a penal injunction.
Sore travel hath God given to the sons of man, to be exer­
cised therewith. Eccl. i. 13.
Where pain of unextinguishable fire
Must exercise us, without hope of end. Milton's Par. Lost.
6. To practise; to perform.
A man's body is confined to a place; but where friendship
is, all offices are granted to him and his deputy: for he may
exercise them by his friend. Bacon's Essays.
Age's chief arts, and arms, are to grow wise;
Virtue to know, and, known, to exercise. Denham.
7. To exert; to put in use.
The princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over them,
and they that are great exercise authority upon them. Mat. xx.
Their consciences oblige them to submit to that dominion
which their governours had a right to exercise over them. Locke.
8. To practise or use in order to habitual skill.
Mean while I'll draw up my Numidian troop
Within the square, to exercise their arms. Addison's Cato.

To E’XERCISE. v. n. To use exercise; to labour for health or
for amusement.
The Lacedemonians were remarkable for the use of this
sport, and Alexander the Great frequently exercised at it.
Notes to the Odyssey.

E’XERCISER. n. s. [from exercise.] He that directs or uses
exercise. Dict.

EXERCITA’TION. n. s. [exercitatio, Latin.]
1. Exercise.
It were some extenuation of the curse, if insudore vultus tui
were confinable unto corporal exercitations. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. Practice; use.
By frequent exercitations we form them within us. Felton.

To EXE’RT. v. a. [exero, Latin.]
1. To use with an effort; to use with ardour and vehemence.
When the service of Britain requires your courage and
conduct, you may exert them both. Dryden's Fables, Dedicat.
Whate'er I am, each faculty,
The utmost power of my exerted soul,
Preserves a being only for your service. Rowe.
2. To put forth; to perform.
When the will has exerted an act of command upon any
faculty of the soul, or member of the body, it has done all
that the whole man, as a moral agent, can do for the actual
exercise or employment of such a faculty or member. South.
3. To enforce; to push to an effort. With the reciprocal pro­
noun.
Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still;
Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill. Dryd. Aurengzebe.

EXE’RTION. n. s. [from exert.] The act of exerting; effort.

EXE’SION. n. s. [exesus, Latin.] The act of eating through.
Theophrastus denieth the exesion or forcing of vipers through
the belly of the dam. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

EXESTUA’TION. n. s. [exæstuo, Latin.] The state of boiling;
tumultuous heat; effervescence; ebullition.



Saltpetre is in operation a cold body: physicians and chy­
mists give it in fevers, to allay the inward exestuations of the
blood and humours. Boyle.

To EXFO’LIATE. v. n. [ex and folium, Latin.] To shell off;
separate, as a corrupt bone from the sound part. A term of
chirurgery.
Our work went on successfully, the bone exfoliating from
the edges. Wiseman's Surgery.

EXFOLIA’TION. n. s. [from exfoliate.] The process by which
the corrupted part of the bone separates from the sound.
If the bone be dressed, the flesh will soon arise in that cut
of the bone, and make exfoliation of what is necessary, and
incarn it. Wiseman's Surgery.

EXFO’LIATIVE. adj. [from exfoliate.] That which has the
power of procuring exfoliation.
Dress the bone with the milder exfoliatives, 'till the burnt
bone is cast off. Wiseman's Surgery.

EXH

EXHA’LABLE. adj. [from exhale.] That which may be eva­
porated or exhaled.
The fire may resolve some of the more spirituous and ex­
halable parts, whereof distillation has shewn me that alabaster
is not destitute, into vapours. Boyle.

EXHALA’TION. n. s. [exhalatio, Latin.]
1. The act of exhaling or sending out in vapours; emission.
2. The state of evaporating or flying out in vapours; evapo­
ration.
3. That which rises in vapours, and sometimes takes the form of
meteors.
No nat'ral exhalation in the sky,
No 'scape of nature, no distemper'd day,
But they will pluck away its nat'ral cause,
And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs,
Abortives, and presages, tongues of heav'n
Plainly denouncing vengeance upon John. Shak. King John.
While moving in so high a sphere, and with so vigorous a
lustre, he must needs, as the sun, raise many envious exhala­
tions; which, condensed by a popular odium, are capable to
cast a cloud upon the brightest merit and integrity. K. Charles.
Anon, out of the earth, a fabrick huge
Rose like an exhalation, with the sound
Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet. Milton's Par. Lost.
It is no wonder if the earth be often shaken, there being
quantities of exhalations within those mines, or cavernous pas­
sages, that are capable of rarefaction and inflammation. Burn.
The growing tow'rs like exhalations rise,
And the huge columns heave into the skies. Pope.

To EXHA’LE. v. a. [exhalo, Latin.]
1. To send or draw out in vapours or fumes.
Yon light is not daylight, I know it well:
It is some meteor that the sun exhales,
To be to thee this night a torch-bearer. Sh. Rom. and Jul.
I flattered myself with hopes that the vapour had been
exhaled. Temple.
Fear freezes minds; but love, like heat,
Exhales the soul sublime to seek her native seat. Dryden.
2. To draw out.
See, dead Henry's wounds
Open their congeal'd mouths, and bleed afresh!
Blush, blush, thou lump of foul deformity;
For 'tis thy presence that exhales this blood
From cold and empty veins, where no blood dwells. Shakes.

EXHA’LEMENT. n. s. [from exhale.] Matter exhaled; va­
pour.
Nor will polished amber, although it send forth a gross and
corporal exhalement, be found a long time defective upon the
exactest scales. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.

To EXHA’UST. v. a.
1. To drain; to diminish; to deprive by draining.
Single men be many times more charitable, because their
means are less exhausted. Bacon's Essays.
Spermatick matter of a vitious sort abounds in the blood,
exhausts it of its best spirits, and derives the flower of it to the
seminal vessels. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. To draw out totally; to draw 'till nothing is left.
Though the knowledge they have left us be worth our
study, yet they exhausted not all its treasures: they left a great
deal for the industry and sagacity of after-ages. Locke.
The nursling grove
Seems fair awhile, cherish'd with foster earth;
But when the alien compost is exhaust,
Its native poverty again prevails. Phillips.

EXHA’USTION. n. s. [from exhaust.] The act of drawing or
draining.

EXHA’USTLESS. adj. [from exhaust.] Not to be emptied; not
to be all drawn off; inexhaustible.
Of heat and light, what everduring stores
Brought from the sun's exhaustless golden shores,
Through gulphs immense of intervening air,
Enrich the earth, and every loss repair. Blackm. Creation.

To EXHI’BIT. v. a. [exhibeo, Latin.]
1. To offer to view or use; to offer or propose in a formal or
publick manner.
If any claim redress of injustice, they should exhibit their
petitions in the street. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
He suffered his attorney-general to exhibit a charge of high
treason against the earl. Clarendon.
2. To show; to display.
One of an unfortunate constitution is perpetually exhibiting
a miserable example of the weakness of mind and body. Pope.

EXHI’BITER. n. s. [from exhibit.] He that offers any thing,
as a petition or charge, in a publick manner.
He seems indifferent,
Or rather swaying more upon our part,
Than cherishing th' exhibiters against us. Shakesp. Henry V.

EXHIBI’TION. n. s. [from exhibit.]
1. The act of exhibiting; display; setting forth.
What are all mechanick works, but the sensible exhibition
of mathematick demonstrations? Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. ii.
2. Allowance; salary; pension.
I crave fit disposition for my wife,
Due preference of place and exhibition,
As levels with her breeding. Shakespeare's Othello.
What maintenance he from his friends receives,
Like exhibition thou shalt have from me. Shakespeare.
All was assigned to the army and garrisons there, and she
received only a pension or exhibition out of his coffers. Bacon.
He is now neglected, and driven to live in exile upon a
small exhibition. Swift.

EXHI’BITIVE. adj. [from exhibit.] Representative; display­
ing.
Truths must have an eternal existence in some understand­
ing; or rather, they are the same with that understanding
itself, considered as variously exhibitive or representative, ac­
cording to the various modes of inimitability or partici­
pation. Norris.

EXHI’LARATE. v. a. [exhilaro, Latin.] To make cheerful;
to cheer; to fill with mirth; to enliven; to glad; to gladden.
The coming into a fair garden, the coming into a fair room
richly furnished, a beautiful person, and the like, do delight
and exhilarate the spirits much. Bacon's Natural History.
The force of that fallacious fruit,
That with exhilarating vapours bland
About their spirits, had play'd, and inmost pow'rs
Made err, was now exhal'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Continual tide
Flows from th' exhilarating fount. Phillips.
Let them thank
Boon nature, that thus annually supplies
Their vaults, and with her former liquid gifts
Exhilarates their languid minds, within
The golden mean confin'd. Phillips.

EXHILARA’TION. n. s. [from exhilarate.]
1. The act of giving gaiety.
2. The state of being enlivened.
And therefore exhilaration hath some affinity with joy,
though it be a much lighter motion. Bacon's Natural History.

To EXHO’RT. v. a. [exhortor, Latin.] To incite by words
to any good action.
We beseech you, and exhort you by the Lord Jesus, that
as ye have received of us, how you ought to walk, so ye
would abound. 1 Thes. iv. 1.
My duty is to exhort you to consider the dignity of that
holy mystery. Common Prayer.

EXHORTA’TION. n. s. [from exhort.]
1. The act of exhorting; incitement to good.
If we will not encourage publick beneficence, 'till
we are secure that no storm shall overturn what we help to
build, there is no room for exhortations to charity. Atterbury.
2. The form of words by which one is exhorted.
I'll end my exhortation after dinner. Shakespeare.

EXHORTA’TORY. adj. [from exhort.] Tending to exhort.

EXHO’RTER. n. s. [from exhort.] One who exhorts or encou­
rages by words.

EXI

To EXI’CCATE. v. a. [exsicco, Latin.] To dry; to dry
up. Dict.

EXICCA’TION. n. s. [from exiccate.] Arefaction; act of dry­
ing up; state of being dried up.
What is more easily refuted than that old vulgar assertion
of an universal drought and exiccation of the earth? As if the
sun could evaporate the least drop of its moisture, so that it
should never descend again, but be attracted and elevated quite
out of the atmosphere. Bentley's Sermons.

EXI’CCATIVE. adj. [from exiccate.] Drying in quality; having
the power of drying.

E’XIGENCE. n. s. [This word is probably only a corruption
of exigents, vitiated by an unskilful pronoun­
ciation.]

E’XIGENCY. n. s. [This word is probably only a corruption
of exigents, vitiated by an unskilful pronoun­
ciation.]
1. Demand; want; need.
As men, we are at our own choice, both for time and
place and form, according to the exigence of our own occa­
sions in private. Hooker, b. v. s. 24.
You have heard what the present condition and exigencies of
these several charities are. Atterbury's Sermons.
While our fortunes exceed not the measure of real conve­



nience, and are adapted to the exigencies of our station, we
perceive the hand of providence in our gradual and successive
supplies. Rogers, Sermon 2.
2. Pressing necessity; distress; sudden occasion.
This dissimulation in war may be called stratagem and con­
duct; in other exigencies address and dexterity. Notes on the Ody.
Now in such exigencies not to need,
Upon my word you must be rich indeed!
A noble superfluity it craves,
Not for yourself, but for your fools and knaves. Pope.

E’XIGENT. n. s. [exigens, Latin.]
1. Pressing business; occasion that requires immediate help.
In such an exigent I see not how they could have staid to
deliberate about any other regiment than that which already
was devised to their hands. Hooker, Preface.
The council met, your guards to find you sent,
And know your pleasure in this exigent. Waller.
2. [A law term.] A writ sued when the defendant is not to be
found, being part of the process leading to an outlawry.
Shakespeare uses it for any extremity. Hanmer.
3. End.
These eyes, like lamps whose wasting oil is spent,
Wax dim, as drawing to their exigent. Shakes. Henry VI.

EXIGU’ITY. n. s. [exiguitas, Latin.] Smallness; diminitive­
ness; slenderness.
The exiguity and shape of the extant particles is now
supposed. Boyle on Colours.

EXIGU’OUS. adj. [exiguus, Latin.] Small; diminutive; little.
Their subtile parts and exiguous dose are consumed and
evaporated in less than two hours time. Harvey.

E’XILE. n. s. [exilium, Latin. It seems anciently to have had
the accent indifferently on either syllable: now it is uniformly
on the first.]
1. Banishment; state of being banished from one's country.
Our state of bodies would bewray what life
We've led since thy exile. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Welcome is exile, welcome were my death. Shak. H. VI.
Let them pronounce the steep Tarpeian death,
Vagabond exile, flaying, pent to linger
But with a grain of day, I would not buy
Their mercy at the price of one fair word. Shak. Coriolanus.
2. The person banished.
O must the wretched exiles ever mourn,
Nor after length of rowling years return? Dryden's Virg.
Ulysses, sole of all the victor train,
An exile from his dear paternal coast,
Deplor'd his absent queen, and empire lost. Pope's Odyssey.

EXI’LE. adj. [exilis, Latin.] Small; slender; not full; not
powerful. Not in use, except in philosophical writings.
It were also good to enquire what other means may be to
draw forth the exile heat which is in the air; for that may be
a secret of great power to produce cold weather. Bacon.
In a virginal, when the lid is down, it maketh a more exile
sound than when the lid is open. Bacon's Natural History.

To E’XILE. v. a. [from the noun. This had formerly the ac­
cent on the last syllable, now generally on the first, though
Dryden has used both.] To banish; to drive from a country;
to transport.
Call home our exil'd friends abroad,
That fled the snares of watchful tyranny. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Foul subornation is predominant,
And equity exil'd your highness' land. Shakesp. Henry VI.
For that offence,
Immediately we do exile him hence. Shak. Rom. and Juliet.
They fettered with the bonds of a long night, lay there
exiled from the eternal providence. Wisd. xvii. 2.
His brutal manners from his breast exil'd,
His mien he fashion'd, and his tongue he fil'd. Dryden.
Arms and the man I sing, who forc'd by fate,
And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate,
Expel'd and exil'd. Dryden's Virgil's Æn.

EXI’LEMENT. n. s. [from exile.] Banishment.
Fitzosborn was discarded into foreign service for a pretty
shadow of exilement. Wotton.

EXILI’TION. n. s. [exilitio, Latin.] The act of springing or
rushing out suddenly.
From saltpetre proceedeth the force and report; for sulphur
and small-coal, mixt, will not take fire with noise or exilition;
and powder, which is made of impure and greasy petre, hath
but a weak emission, and gives but a faint report. Brown.

EXI’LITY. n. s. [exilis, Latin.] Slenderness; smalness; dimi­
nution.
Certain flies, called ephemera, live but a day: the cause is
the exility of the spirit, or perhaps the absence of the sun. Bac.
For exility of the voice, or other sounds, it is certain that
the voice doth pass through solid and hard bodies, if they be
not too thick; and through water, which is likewise a very
close body, and such an one as letteth not in air. Bacon.
A body, by being subtilized, can lose nothing of its cor­
poreity; neither can it hereby gain any thing but exility; for
all degrees of subtility are essentially the same thing. Grew.

EXI’MIOUS. adj. [eximius, Latin.] Famous; eminent; con­
spicuous; excellent. Dict.

EXINANI’TION. n. s. [exinanitio, Latin.] Privation; loss.
He is not more impotent in his glory than he was in his
exinanition. Decay of Piety.

To EXI’ST. v. n. [existo, Latin.] To be; to have a being.
It is as easy to conceive that an infinite Almighty Power
might produce a thing out of nothing, and make that to exist
de novo, which did not exist before; as to conceive the world
to have had no beginning, but to have existed from eternity.
South's Sermons.
It seems reasonable to enquire, how such a multitude comes
to make but one idea, since that combination does not always
exist together in nature. Locke.
One year is past; a different scene!
No farther mention of the dean:
Who now, alas, no more is mist
Than if he never did exist. Swift.

EXI’STENCE. n. s. [existentia, low Latin.] State of being;
actual possession of being.

EXI’STENCY. n. s. [existentia, low Latin.] State of being;
actual possession of being.
Nor is only the existency of this animal considerable, but
many things delivered thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
It is impossible any being can be eternal with successive
eternal physical changes, or variety of states or manner of
existency, naturally and necessarily concomitant unto it. Hale.
The soul, secur'd in her existence, smiles
At the drawn dagger, and defies its point. Addison's Cato.
When a being is considered as possible, it is said to have an
essence or nature: such were all things before the creation.
When it is considered as actual, then it is said to have exist­
ence also. Watts's Logick.

EXI’STENT. adj. [from exist.] In being; in possession of being
or of existence.
Whatsoever sign the sun possessed, whose recess or vicinity
defineth the quarters of the year, those seasons were actually
existent. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 2.
The eyes and minds are fastened on objects which have no
real being, as if they were truly existent. Dryden.

EXISTIMA’TION. n. s. [existimatio, Latin.]
1. Opinion.
2. Esteem.

E’XIT. n. s. [exit, Latin.]
1. The term set in the margin of plays to mark the time at
which the player goes off the stage.
2. Recess; departure; act of quitting the stage; act of quitting
the theatre of life.
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women meerly players:
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts. Shakespeare.
A regard for fame becomes a man more towards the exit
than at his entrance into life. Swift.
Many of your old comrades live a short life, and make a
figure at their exit. Swift.
3. Passage out of any place.
In such a pervious substance as the brain, they might find
an easy either entrance or exit, almost every where. Glanville.
4. Way by which there is a passage out.
The fire makes its way, forcing the water forth through
its ordinary exits, wells, and the outlets of rivers. Woodw.

EXI’TAL. adj. [exitialis, Latin.] Destructive; fatal;
mortal.

EXI’TIOUS. adj. [exitialis, Latin.] Destructive; fatal;
mortal.
Most exitial fevers, although not concomitated with the
tokens, exanthemata, anthraces, or carbuncles, are to be cen­
sured pestilential. Harvey on the Plague.

EXO

E’XODUS. n. s. [ἔξοδ.] Departure; journey from a place:
the second book of Moses is so called, because it
describes the journey of the Israelites from Egypt.

E’XODY. n. s. [ἔξοδ.] Departure; journey from a place:
the second book of Moses is so called, because it
describes the journey of the Israelites from Egypt.
In all probability their years continued to be three hundred
and sixty-five days, ever since the time of the Jewish exody at
least. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EXOLE’TE. adj. [exoletus, Lat.] Obsolete; out of use. Dict.

To EXO’LVE. v. a. [exolvo, Latin.] To loose; to pay. Dict.

EXO’MPHALOS. n. s. [ἐξ and ὄμφαλ.] A navel rupture.

To EXO’NERATE. v. a. [exonero, Latin.] To unload; to
disburthen; to free from any heavy charge.
The glands being a congeries of vessels curled, circumgy­
rated, and complicated, give the blood time to separate through
the capillary vessels into the secretory ones, which afterwards
all exonerate themselves into one common ductus. Ray.

EXONERA’TION. n. s. [from exonerate.] The act of disburthen­
ing, or discharging.
The body is adapted unto eating, drinking, nutrition, and
other ways of repletion and exoneration. Grew.

EXO’PTABLE. adj. [exoptabilis, Lat.] Desireable; to be sought
with eagerness or desire.

E’XORABLE. adj. [exorabilis, Latin.] To be moved by in­
treaty.

EXO’RBITANCE. n. s. [from exorbitance.]

EXO’RBITANCY. n. s. [from exorbitance.]
1. The act of going out of the track prescribed.



I see some degree of this fault cleave to those, who have
eminently corrected all other exorbitancies of the tongue.
Government of the Tongue, s. 4.
2. Enormity; gross deviation from rule or right.
The reverence of my presence may be a curb to your exor­
bitancies. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
The people were grosly imposed on, to commit such exor­
bitancies as could not end but in the dissolution of the govern­
ment. Swift on the Dissentions in Athens and Rome.
3. Boundless depravity.
They riot still,
Unbounded in exorbitance of ill. Garth's Dispensary.

EXO’RBITANT. adj. [ex and orbito, Latin.]
1. Going out of the prescribed track; deviating from the course
appointed or rule established.
What signifies the fiction of the tortoise riding upon the
wings of the wind, but to prescribe bounds and measures to
our exorbitant passions? L'Estrange.
These phenomena are not peculiar to the earthquakes which
have happened in our times, but have been observed in all
ages, and particularly those exorbitant commotions of the wa­
ters of the globe. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Anomalous; not comprehended in a settled rule or method.
The Jews, who had laws so particularly determining in all
affairs what to do, were notwithstanding continually inured
with causes exorbitant, and such as their laws had not provided
for. Hooker, b. iii. s. 11.
3. Enormous; beyond due proportion; excessive.
Their subjects would live in great plenty, were not the im­
positions so very exorbitant; for the courts are too splendid for
the territories. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
So endless and exorbitant are the desires of men, that they
will grasp at all, and can form no scheme of perfect happiness
with less. Swift on the Dissentions in Athens and Rome.

To EXO’RBITATE. v. n. [ex and orbito, Latin.] To deviate;
to go out of the track or road prescribed.
The planets sometimes would have approached the sun as
near as the orb of Mercury, and sometimes have exorbitated
beyond the distance of Saturn. Bentley's Sermons.

To E’XORCISE. v. a. [ἐξοϱϰίω.]
1. To adjure by some holy name.
2. To drive away spirits by certain forms of adjuration.
3. To purify from the influence of malignant spirits by religious
ceremonies.
And fry'rs, that through the wealthy regions run,
Resort to farmers rich, and bless their halls,
And exorcise the beds, and cross the walls. Dryden.

E’XORCISER. n. s. [from exorcise.] One who practises to drive
away evil spirits.

E’XORCISM. n. s. [ἐξοϱϰισμὸς.] The form of adjuration, or
religious ceremony by which evil and malignant spirits are
driven away.
Will his lordship behold and hear our exorcisms? Shakesp.
Symptoms supernatural, must be only curable by superna­
tural means; namely, by devout prayers or exorcisms. Harvey.

E’XORCIST. n. s. [ἐξοϱϰιϛὴς.]
1. One who by adjurations, prayers, or religious acts, drives
away malignant spirits.
Then certain of the vagabond Jews, exorcists, took upon
them to call over them which had evil spirits. Acts xix. 13.
2. An enchanter; a conjurer. Improperly.
Soul of Rome!
Thou, like an exorcist, hast conjur'd up
My mortified spirit. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Is there no exorcist
Beguiles the truer office of mine eyes?
Is't real that I see? Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

EXO’RDIUM. n. s. [Latin.] A formal preface; the proemial
part of a composition.
Nor will I thee detain
With poets fictions, nor oppress thine ear
With circumstance, and long exordiums here. May's Virgil.
I have been distasted at this way of writing, by reason of
long prefaces and exordiums. Addison on ancient Medals.

EXORNA’TION. n. s. [exornatio, Latin.] Ornament; decora­
tion; embellishment.
It seemeth that all those curious exornations should rather
cease. Hooker, b. v. s. 15.
Hyperbolical exornations and elegancies many much affect.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EXO’SSATED. adj. [exossatus, Latin.] Deprived of bones. Dict.

EXOSTO’SIS. n. s. [ἐϰ and ὄϛεον.] Any protuberance of a bone
that is not natural, as often happens in venereal cases. Quincy.

EXO’SSEOUS. adj. [ex and ossa, Latin.] Wanting bones; bone­
less; formed without bones.
Thus we daily observe in the heads of fishes, as also in
snails and soft exosseous animals, nature near the head hath
placed a flat white stone, or testaceous concretion. Brown.

EXO’TICK. adj. [ἐξωτιϰὸς.] Foreign; not produced in our
own country; not domestick.
Some learned men treat of the nature of letters as of some
remote exotick thing, whereof we had no knowledge but by
fabulous relations. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Continue fresh hot-beds to entertain such exotick plants as
arrive not to their perfection without them. Evelyn's Kalendar.

EXO’TICK. n. s. A foreign plant.
Claudian was seated on the other summit, which was bar­
ren, and produced, on some spots, plants that are unknown to
Italy, and such as the gardeners call exoticks. Addison's Guard.

EXP

To EXPA’ND. v. a. [expando, Latin.]
1. To spread; to lay open as a net or sheet.
2. To dilate; to spread out every way; to diffuse.
An animal growing, expands its fibres in the air as a fluid.
Arbuthnot on Air.
Along the stream of time thy name
Expanded flies, and gathers all its fame. Pope's Ess. on Man.

EXPA’NSE. n. s. [expansum, Latin.] A body widely extended
without inequalities.
A murmuring sound
Of waters issu'd from a cave, and spread
Into a liquid plain; then stood unmov'd,
Pure as th' expanse of heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
Bright as th' ethereal glows the green expanse. Savage.
On the smooth expanse of crystal lakes,
The sinking stone at first a circle makes;
The trembling surface, by the motion stirr'd,
Spreads in a second circle, then a third;
Wide, and more wide, the floating rings advance,
Fill all the watry plain, and to the margin dance. Pope.

EXPANSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from expansible.] Capacity of exten­
sion; possibility to be expanded or spread into a wider surface.
Together with the rotundity common to the atoms of all
fluids, there is some difference in bulk, by which the atoms in
one fluid are distinguished from those of another; else all fluids
would be alike in weight, expansibility, and all other qualities.
Grew's Cosmolog. Sacr. b. i. c. 3.

EXPA’NSIBLE. adj. [from expansus, Latin.] Capable to be ex­
tended; capable to be spread into a wider surface.
Bodies are not expansible in proportion to their weight, or
to the quantity of matter to be expanded. Grew's Cosmol.

EXPA’NSION. n. s. [from expand.]
1. The state of being expanded into a wider surface or greater
space.
'Tis demonstrated that the condensation and expansion of
any portion of the air is always proportional to the weight and
pressure incumbent upon it. Bentley's Sermons.
2. The act of spreading out.
The easy expansion of the wing of a bird, and the lightness,
strength, and shape of the feathers, are all fitted for her better
flight. Grew's Cosmolog. Sac. b. i. c. 5.
3. Extent; space to which any thing is extended.
The capacious mind of man takes its flight farther than the
stars, and cannot be confined by the limits of the world: it
extends its thoughts often even beyond the utmost expansion of
matter, and makes excursions into that incomprehensible
inane. Locke.
4. Pure space, as distinct from extension in solid matter.
Distance or space, in its simple abstract conception, I call
expansion, to distinguish it from extension, which expresses this
distance only as it is in the solid parts of matter. Locke.
It would for ever take an useless flight,
Lost in expansion, void and infinite. Blackmore's Creation.

EXPA’NSIVE. adj. [from expand.] Having the power to spread
into a wider surface, or greater space.
The elastick or expansive faculty of the air, whereby it
dilates itself when compressed, hath been made use of in the
common weather-glasses. Ray on the Creation.
Then no more
Th' expansive atmosphere is cramp'd with cold. Thomson.

To EXPA’TIATE. v. n. [expatior, Latin.]
1. To range at large; to rove without any prescribed limits.
Religion contracts the circle of our pleasures, but leaves it
wide enough for her votaries to expatiate in. Addison's Spectat.
He looks in heav'n with more than mortal eyes,
Bids his free soul expatiate in the skies;
Amidst her kindred stars familiar roam,
Survey the region, and confess her home. Pope.
Expatiate free o'er all this scene of man;
A mighty maze! but not without a plan. Pope's Ess. on Man.
With wonder seiz'd, we view the pleasing ground,
And walk delighted, and expatiate round. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To enlarge upon in language.
They had a custom of offering the tongues to Mercury,
because they believed him the giver of eloquence: Dacier ex­
patiates upon this custom. Notes on Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.
3. To let loose; to allow to range. This sense is very improper.
Make choice of a subject, which, being of itself capable of
all that colours and the elegance of design can possibly give,
shall afterwards afford art an ample field of matter wherein to
expatiate itself. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To EXPE’CT. v. a. [expecto, Latin.]
1. To have a previous apprehension of either good or evil.



2. To wait for; to attend the coming.
While, expecting there the queen, he rais'd
His wond'ring eyes, and round the temple gaz'd. Dryden.

To EXPE’CT. v. n. To wait; to stay.
Elihu had expected 'till Job had spoken. Job.

EXPE’CTABLE. adj. [from expect.] To be expected; to be
hoped or feared.
Occult and spiritual operations are not expectable from ice;
for being but water congealed, it can never make good such
qualities. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

EXPE’CTANCE. n. s. [from expect.]

EXPE’CTANCY. n. s. [from expect.]
1. The act or state of expecting; expectation.
Every moment is expectancy
Of more arrivance. Shakespeare's Othello.
Satyrs leave your petulance,
Or else rail upon the moon,
Your expectance is too soon;
For before the second cock
Crow, the gates will not unlock. Ben. Johns. Fairy Prince.
This blessed expectance must be now my theme. Boyle.
But fy, my wand'ring muse, how thou do'st stay!
Expectance calls thee now another way. Milton.
2. Something expected.
There is expectance here from both the sides,
What further you will do. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
3. Hope; that of which the expectation is accompanied with
pleasure.
Oh, what a noble mind is here o'erthrown!
The expectancy and rose of the fair state. Shakesp. Hamlet.

EXPE’CTANT. adj. [French.] Waiting in expectation.
Her majesty has offered concessions, in order to remove
scruples raised in the mind of the expectant heir. Swift.

EXPE’CTANT. n. s. [from expect.] One who waits in expecta­
tion of any thing; one held in dependance by his hopes.
They, vain expectants of the bridal hour,
My stores in riotous expence devour. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
This treatise was agreeable to the sentiments of the whole
nation, except of those gentlemen who had employments, or
were expectants. Swift to Pope.

EXPECTA’TION. n. s. [exspectatio, Latin.]
1. The act of expecting.
The trees
Should have borne men, and expectation fainted,
Longing for what it had not. Shak. Anth. and Cleopatra.
The rest,
That are within the note of expectation,
Already are i' th' court. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. The state of expecting either with hope or fear.
Live in a constant and serious expectation of that day, when
we must appear before the Judge of heaven and earth. Rogers.
3. Prospect of any thing good to come.
My soul, wait thou only upon God; for my expectation is
from him. Ps. lxii. 5.
4. The object of happy expectation; the Messiah expected.
Now clear I understand,
What oft my steadiest thoughts have search'd in vain,
Why our great expectation should be call'd
The seed of woman. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
5. A state in which something excellent is expected from us.
How fit it will be for you, born so great a prince, and of so
rare not only expectation but proof, to divert your thoughts
from the way of goodness. Sidney.
You first came home
From travel with such hopes as made you look'd on,
By all men's eyes, a youth of expectation;
Pleas'd with your growing virtue, I receiv'd you. Otway.

EXPE’CTER. n. s. [from expect.]
1. One who has hopes of something.
These are not great expecters under your administration,
according to the period of governors here. Swift.
2. One who waits for another.
Signify this loving interview
To the expecters of our Trojan part. Shak. Troil. and Cress.

To EXPE’CTORATE. v. a. [ex and pectus, Latin.] To eject
from the breast.
Excrementitious humours are expectorated by a cough after
a cold or an asthma. Harvey on Consumptions.
Morbifick matter is either attenuated so as to be returned
into the channels, or expectorated by coughing. Arbuthnot.

EXPE’CTORATION. n. s. [from expectorate.]
1. The act of discharging from the breast.
2. That discharge which is made by coughing, as bringing up
phlegm, or any thing that obstructs the vessels of the lungs,
and strengthens the breath. Quincy.
With water, vinegar, and honey, in pleurisies and inflam­
mations of the lungs, he mixeth spices, for promoting expec­
toration. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXPE’CTORATIVE. adj. [from expectorate.] Having the quality
of promoting expectoration.
Syrups and other expectoratives, in coughs, must necessarily
occasion a greater cough. Harvey on Consumptions.

EXPE’DIENCE. n. s. [from expedient.]

EXPE’DIENCY. n. s. [from expedient.]
1. Fitness; propriety; suitableness to an end.
Solemn dedications of things set apart for Divine Worship,
could never have been universally practised, had not right rea­
son dictated the high expediency and great use of such practices.
South's Sermons.
2. It is used in Shakespeare for expedition; adventure; or at­
tempt.
Let me hear
What yesternight our council did decree,
In forwarding this dear expedience. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
3. It is also used by Shakespeare for expedition; haste; dispatch.
I shall break
The cause of our expedience to the queen,
And get her leave to part. Shakesp. Anth. and Cleopatra.
Eight tall ships, three thousand men of war,
Are making hither with all due expedience. Shak. Richard II.

EXPE’DIENT. adj. [expedit, Latin.]
1. Proper; fit; convenient; suitable.
All things are not expedient: in things indifferent there is a
choice; they are not always equally expedient. Hooker, b. ii.
When men live as if there were no God, it becomes expe­
dient for them that there should be none; and then they en­
deavour to persuade themselves so. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. In Shakespeare, quick; expeditious.
The adverse winds,
Whose leisure I have staid, have given him time
To land his legions all as soon as I:
His marches are expedient to this town. Shakes. King John.

EXPE’DIENT. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. That which helps forward; as means to an end.
God, who delights not to grieve the children of men, does
not project for our sorrow, but our innocence; and would
never have invited us to the one, but as an expedient to the
other. Decay of Piety.
2. A shift; means to an end which are contrived in an exi­
gence.
Th' expedient pleas'd, where neither lost his right;
Mars had the day, and Venus had the night. Dryden.
He flies to a new expedient to solve the matter, and supposes
an earth of a make and frame like that of Des Cartes. Woodw.

EXPE’DIENTLY. adv. [from expedient.]
1. Fitly; suitably; conveniently.
2. Hastily; quickly.
Let my officers of such a nature
Make an extent upon his house and lands:
Do this expediently, and turn him going. Shak. As you like it.

To E’XPEDITE. v. a. [expedio, Latin.]
1. To facilitate; to free from impediment.
By sin and death a broad way now is pav'd,
To expedite your glorious march. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To hasten; to quicken.
An inquisition would still be a further improvement, and
would expedite the conversion of the Papists. Swift.
3. To dispatch; to issue from a publick office.
Though such charters be expedited of course, and as of right,
yet they are varied by discretion. Bacon's New Atlantis.

E’XPEDITE. adj. [expeditus, Latin.]
1. Quick; hasty; soon performed.
Wholesome advice, and expedite execution in freeing the
state of those monsters. Sandys.
2. Easy; disencumbered; clear from impediments.
Nature can teach the church but in part; neither so
fully as is requisite for man's salvation, nor so easily as to
make the way plain and expedite enough, that many may come
to the knowledge of it, and so be saved, and therefore the
Scripture has been given. Hooker, b. iii. s. 3.
3. Nimble; active; agile.
The more any man's soul is cleansed from sensual lusts,
the more nimble and expedite it will be in its operations. Tillot.
4. It seems to be used by Bacon for light armed in the Roman
signification.
He sent the lord chamberlain with expedite forces to speed to
Exeter, to the rescue of the town. Bacon's Henry VII.

E’XPEDITELY. adv. [from expedite.] With quickness, readi­
ness, haste.
Nature hath left his ears naked, that he may turn them
more expeditely for the reception of sounds from every quarter.
Grew's Musæum.

EXPEDI’TION. n. s. [from expedite.]
1. Haste; speed; activity.
Prayers, whereunto devout minds have added a piercing
kind of brevity, thereby the better to express that quick and
speedy expedition wherewith ardent affections, the very wings
of prayer, are delighted to present our suits in heaven. Hooker.
Ev'n with the speediest expedition
I will dispatch him to the emperor's court. Shakespeare.
2. A march or voyage with martial intentions.
Young Octavius, and Mark Antony,
Come down upon us with a mighty power.
Bending their expedition tow'rd Philippi. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.




To EXPE’L. v. a. [expello, Latin.]
1. To drive out; to force away.
The Lord your God shall expel them from before you, and
drive them from out of your sight. Jos. xxiii. 5.
I may know the let why gentle peace
Should not expel these inconveniencies. Shakes. Henry V.
Suppose a mighty rock to fall there, it would expel the wa­
ters out of their places with such violence as to fling them
among the clouds. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. To eject; to throw out.
Whatsoever cannot be digested by the stomach, is either
put up by vomit, or put down to the guts, and other parts of
the body are moved to expel by consent. Bacon's Nat. History.
3. To banish; to drive from the place of residence.
Arms and the man I sing, who forc'd by fate,
And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate,
Expel'd and exil'd left the Trojan shore. Dryden's Virg. Æn.

EXPE’LLER. n. s. [from expel.] One that expels or drives
away.

To EXPE’ND. v. a. [expendo, Latin.] To lay out; to spend.
If my death might make this island happy,
I would expend it with all willingness. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The king of England wasted the French king's country,
and thereby caused him to expend such sums of money as ex­
ceeded the debt. Hayward.
The publick burthens, though they may be a good reason
for our not expending so much in charity, yet will not justify
us in giving nothing. Atterbury's Sermons.

EXPE’NSE. n. s. [expensum, Latin.] Cost; charges; money
expended.
Hence comes that wild and vast expense,
That hath enforc'd Rome's virtue thence,
Which simple poverty first made. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
A feast prepar'd with riotous expense,
Much cost, more care, and most magnificence. Dryden.
I can see no reason by which we were obliged to make those
prodigious expenses. Swift.

EXPE’NSEFUL. adj. [expense and full.] Costly; chargeable;
expensive.
No part of structure is either more expenceful than win­
dows or more ruinous, as being exposed to all violence of
weather. Wotton's Architecture.

EXPE’NSELESS. adj. [from expense.] Without cost.
A physician may save any army by this frugal and expenseless
means only. Milton on Education.
What health promotes, and gives unenvy'd peace,
Is all expenseless, and procur'd with ease. Blackm. Creation.

EXPE’NSIVE. adj. [from expense.]
1. Given to expense; extravagant; luxurious.
Frugal and industrious men are friendly to the established
government, as the idle and expensive are dangerous. Temple.
2. Costly; requiring expense: as, expensive dress; an expensive
journey.
3. Liberal; generous; distributive.
This requires an active, expensive, indefatigable goodness,
such as our apostle calls a work and labour of love. Spratt.

EXPE’NSIVELY. adv. [from expensive.] With great expense;
at great charge.
I never knew him live so great and expensively as he hath
done since his return from exile. Swift.

EXPE’NSIVENESS. n. s. [from expensive.]
1. Addiction to expense; extravagance.
2. Costliness.
Their highways, for their extent, solidity, or expensiveness,
are some of the greatest monuments of the grandeur of the
Roman empire. Arbuthnot on Coins.

EXPE’RIENCE. n. s. [experientia, Latin.]
1. Practice; frequent trial.
Hereof experience hath informed reason, and time hath
made those things apparent which were hidden. Raleigh.
2. Knowledge gained by trial and practice.
Boys immature in knowledge,
Pawn their experience to their present pleasure,
And so rebel to judgment. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
But if you'll prosper, mark what I advise,
Whom age and long experience render wise. Pope.

To EXPE’RIENCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To try; to practise.
2. To know by practice.

EXPE’RIENCED. participial adj. [from experience.]
1. Made skilful by experience.
We must perfect, as much as we can, our ideas of the dis­
tinct species; or learn them from such as are used to that sort
of things, and are experienced in them. Locke.
2. Wise by long practice.
To him experienc'd Nestor thus rejoin'd,
O friend! what sorrows do'st thou bring to mind! Pope.

EXPE’RIENCER. n. s. One who makes trials; a practiser of
experiments.
A curious experiencer did affirm, that the likeness of any
object, if strongly enlightned, will appear to another, in the
eye of him that looks strongly and steadily upon it, 'till he be
dazzled by it; even after he shall have turned his eyes from
it. Digby on Bodies.

EXPE’RIMENT. n. s. [experimentum, Latin.] Trial of any
thing; something done in order to discover an uncertain or
unknown effect.
That which sheweth them to be wise, is the gathering of
principles out of their own particular experiments; and the
framing of our particular experiments, according to the rule of
their principles, shall make us such as they are. Hooker, b. v.
It is good also not to try experiments in states, except the
necessity be urgent, or the utility evident. Bacon.
Adam! by sad experiment I know,
How little weight with thee my words can find,
Found so erroneous. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
'Till his fall it was ignorant of nothing but of sin; or, at
least, it rested in the notion without the smart of the expe­
riment. South's Sermons.
When we are searching out the nature or properties of any
being by various methods of trial, this sort of observation is
called experiment. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To EXPE’RIMENT. v. a. [from the noun.] To try; to search
out by trial.
Francisco Redi experimented that no putrified flesh will of
itself, if all insects be carefully kept from it, produce any. Ray.

EXPERIME’NTAL. adj. [from experiment.]
1. Pertaining to experiment.
2. Built upon experiment; formed by observation.
Call me a fool;
Trust not my reading, nor my observations,
Which with experimental seal do warrant
The tenor of my book. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
The experimental testimony of Gillius is most considerable
of any, who beheld the course thereof. Brown's Vulgar Err.
3. Known by experiment or trial.
We have no other evidence of universal impenetrability,
besides a large experience, without an experimental excep­
tion. Newton's Opt.
These are so far from being subservient to atheists in their
audacious attempts, that they rather afford an experimental
confirmation of the universal deluge. Bentley's Sermons.

EXPERIME’NTALLY. adv. [from experimental.] By expe­
rience; by trial; by experiment; by observation.
The miscarriage being sometimes universal, has made us
impart what we have experimentally learned by our own obser­
vations. Evelyn's Kalendar.
While the man is under the scourge of affliction, he is
willing to abjure those sins which he now experimentally finds
attended with such bitter consequences. Rogers's Sermons.

EXPE’RIMENTER. n. s. [from experiment.] One who makes
experiment.
Galileus and Marsenius, two exact experimenters, do think
they find this verity by their experiences; but surely this is
impossible to be done. Digby on Bodies.

EXPE’RT. adj. [expertus, Latin.]
1. Skilful; addressful; intelligent in business.
Now we will take some order in the town,
Placing therein some expert officers. Shakes. Henry VI.
Again fair Alma sits confest,
On Florimel's experter breast;
When she the rising sigh constrains,
And by concealing speaks her pains. Prior.
2. Ready; dexterous.
The meanest sculptor in th' Æmilian square,
Can imitate in brass the nails and hair;
Expert in trifles, and a cunning fool,
Able t' express the parts, but not dispose the whole. Dryden.
They have not the good luck to be perfectly knowing in the
forms of syllogism, or expert in mode and figure. Locke.
3. Skilful by practice or experience. This sense is rare.
Expert men can execute, and judge of particulars, one by
one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling
of affairs, come best from those that are learned. Bacon.
4. It is used by Pope with of before the object of skill, generally
with in.
Thy offspring bloom,
Expert of arms, and prudent in debate,
The gifts of heav'n to guard thy hoary state. Pope's Odyssey.

EXPE’RTLY. adv. [from expert.] In a skilful, ready and dex­
terous manner.

EXPE’RTNESS. n. s. [from expert.] Skill; readiness; dex­
terity.
What his reputation, what his valour, honesty, and ex­
pertness in war. Shak. All's well that ends well.
This army, for the expertness and valour of the soldiers,
was thought sufficient to have met the greatest army of the
Turks. Knolles's History of the Turks.

E’XPIABLE. adj. [from expiate.] Capable to be expiated, or
attoned.

To E’XPIATE. v. a. [expio, Latin.]
1. To annual the guilt of a crime by subsequent acts of piety;
to attone for.
Strong and able petty felons, in true penitence, implore



permission to expiate their crimes by their assiduous labours in
so innocent and so hopeful a work. Bacon's Phys. Remarks.
The odium which some men's rigour or remissness had con­
tracted upon my government, I resolved to expiate by regu­
lations. King Charles.
For the cure of this disease an humble, serious, hearty re­
pentance is the only physick; not to expiate the guilt of it,
but to qualify us to partake of the benefit of Christ's attone­
ment. Ray on the Creation.
2. To avert the threats of prodigies.

EXPIA’TION. n. s. [from expiate.]
1. The act of expiating or attoning for any crime.
2. The means by which we attone for crimes; attonement.
Law can discover sin, but not remove,
Save by those shadowy expiations weak,
The blood of bulls and goats. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
The former part of this poem is but a due expiation for my
not serving my king and country in it. Dryden.
Let a man's innocence be what it will, let his virtues rise to
the highest pitch of perfection, there will be still in him so
many secret sins, so many human frailties, so many offences of
ignorance, passion and prejudice, so many unguarded words
and thoughts, that without the advantage of such an expiation
and attonement, as Christianity has revealed to us, it is impos­
sible he should be saved. Addison's Spectator, No. 50.
3. Practices by which the threats of ominous prodigies were
averted.
Upon the birth of such monsters the Grecians and Romans
did use divers sorts of expiations, and to go about their prin­
cipal cities with many solemn ceremonies and sacrifices. Hayw.

E’XPIATORY. adj. [from expiate.] Having the power of ex­
piation or attonement.
His voluntary death for others prevailed with God, and had
the force of an expiatory sacrifice. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.

EXPILA’TION. n. s. [expilatio, Latin.] Robbery; the act of
committing waste upon land to the loss of the heir.

EXPIRA’TION. n. s. [from expire.]
1. That act of respiration which thrusts the air out of the lungs,
and contracts the cavity of the breast. Quincy.
In all expiration the motion is outwards, and therefore rather
driveth away the voice than draweth it. Bacon's Nat. History.
Of an inflammation of the diaphragm, the symptoms are a
violent fever, and a most exquisite pain increases upon inspi­
ration; by which it is distinguished from a pleurisy, in which
the greatest pain is in expiration. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The last emission of breath; death.
We have heard him breathe the groan of expiration. Rambler.
3. Evaporation; act of fuming out.
4. Vapour; matter expired.
Words of this sort resemble the wind in fury and impetu­
ousness, in transientness and sudden expiration. Decay of Piety.
Close air is warmer than open air, as the cause of cold is
an expiration from the earth, which in open places is stronger.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 866.
5. The cessation of any thing to which life is figuratively
ascribed.
To satisfy ourselves of its expiration we darkened the room,
and in vain endeavoured to discover any spark of fire. Boyle.
6. The conclusion of any limited time.
If 'till the expiration of your month,
You will return and sojourn with my sister,
Dismissing half your train, come there to me. Shak. K. Lear.
This he did in a fortnight after the expiration of the treaty
of Uxbridge. Clarendon, b. viii.

To EXPI’RE. v. a. [expiro, Latin.]
1. To breathe out.
To save his body from the scorching fire,
Which he from hellish entrails did expire. Fairy Queen.
Anatomy exhibits the lungs in a continual motion of in­
spiring and expiring air. Harvey on Consumptions.
This chaff'd the boar; his nostrils flames expire,
And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden's Ovid.
2. To exhale; to send out in exhalations.
The fluid which is thus secreted, and expired forth along
with the air, goes off in insensible parcels. Woodward.
3. To close; to conclude; to bring to an end.
When as time flying with wings swift,
Expired had the term that these two javels
Should render up a reck'ning of their travels. Hubb. Tale.

To EXPI’RE. v. n.
1. To make an emission of the breath.
If the inspiring and expiring organ of any animal be stopt, it
suddenly dies. Walton's Angler.
2. To die; to breathe the last.
For when the fair in all their pride expire,
To their first elements the souls retire. Pope.
3. To perish; to fall; to be destroyed.
All thy praise is vain,
Save what this verse, which never shall expire,
Shall to thee purchase. Spenser.
The dead man's knell,
Is there scarce alk'd, for whom; and good mens lives
Expire before the flowers in their caps,
Dying or ere they sicken. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. To fly out with a blast.
The distance judg'd for shot of every size,
The linstocks touch, the pond'rous ball expires;
The vig rous seaman every porthole plies,
And adds his heart to every gun he fires. Dryden.
5. To conclude; to terminate; to come to an end.
A month before
This bond expires, I do expect return
Of thrice three times the value of this bond. Shakespeare.

To EXPLA’IN. v. a. [explano, Latin.] To expound; to il­
lustrate; to clear by notes or commentaries.
Such is the original design, however we may explain it
away. Ayliffe's Parergon.
You will have variety of commentators to explain the dif­
ficult passages to you. Gay.
Some explain'd the meaning quite away. Pope.

EXPLA’INABLE. adj. [from explain.] Capable of being ex­
plained or interpreted.
It is symbolically explainable, and implieth purification and
cleanness. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 21.

EXPLA’INER. n. s. [from explain.] Expositor; interpreter;
commentator.

EXPLANA’TION. n. s. [from explain.]
1. The act of explaining or interpreting.
2. The sense given by an explainer or interpreter.
Before this explanation be condemned, and the bill found
upon it, some lawyers should fully inform the jury. Swift.

EXPLA’NATORY. adj. [from explain.] Containing explana­
tion.
Had the printer given me notice, I would have printed the
names, and writ explanatory notes. Swift.

E’XPLETIVE. n. s. [expletivum, Latin.] Something used only to
take up room; something of which the use is only to prevent
a vacancy.
These are not only useful expletives to matter, but great or­
naments of style. Swift.
Oft the ear the open vowels tire,
While expletives their feeble aid do join. Pope's Ess. on Critic.
Another nicety is in relation to expletives, whether words
or syllables, which are made use of purely to supply a va­
cancy: do, before verbs plural, is absolutely such; and future
refiners may explode did and does. Pope.

E’XPLICABLE. adj. [from explicate.] Explainable; possible to
be explained.
Many difficulties, scarce explicable with any certainty, occur
in the fabrick of human nature. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Great variety there is in compound bodies, and little many
of them seem to be explicable. Boyle.

To E’XPLICATE. v. a. [explico, Latin.]
1. To unfold; to expand.
They explicate the leaves, and ripen food
For the silk labourers of the mulberry wood. Blackmore.
2. To explain; to clear; to interpret.
They do not understand that part of Christian philosophy
which explicates the secret nature of this divine sacrament.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Although the truths may be elicited and explicated by the
contemplation of animals, yet they are more clearly evidenced
in the contemplation of man. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The last verse of his last satyr is not yet sufficiently ex­
plicated. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.

EXPLICA’TION. n. s. [from explicate.]
1. The act of opening; unfolding or expanding.
2. The act of explaining; interpretation; explanation.
The church preacheth, first publishing, by way of testi­
mony, the truth which from them she hath received, written
in the sacred volumes of Scripture; secondly, by way of expli­
cation, discovering the mysteries which lie hid therein. Hooker.
Many things are needful for explication, and many for appli­
cation unto particular occasions. Hooker, b. i.
Allowances are made in the explication of our Saviour's
parables, which hold only as to the main scope. Atterbury.
3. The sense given by an explainer; interpretation.
'Tis the substance of this theory I mainly depend upon:
many single explications and particularities may be rectified
upon farther thoughts. Burnet's Theory of the Earth, Preface.

E’XPLICATIVE. adj. [from explicate.] Having a tendency to
explain.
If the term which is added to the subject of a complex pro­
position be either essential or any way necessary to it, then it
is called explicative; for it only explains the subject, as every
mortal man is a son of Adam. Watts's Logick.

EXPLICA’TOR. n. s. [from explicate.] Expounder; interpreter;
explainer.

EXPLI’CIT. adj. [explicitus, Latin.] Unfolded; plain; clear;
not obscure; not merely implied.
We must lay aside that lazy and fallacious method of cen­
suring by the lump, and bring things close to explicit proof
and evidence. Burnet's Theory of the Earth, Preface.
These speculations, when most refined, serve only to shew



how impossible it is for us to have a clear and explicit notion
of that which is infinite. South's Sermons.

EXPLI’CITLY. adv. [from explicit.] Plainly; directly; not
merely by inference or implication.
This querulous humour carries an implicit repugnance to
God's disposals; but where it is indulged, it usually is its own
expositor, and explicitly avows it. Government of the Tongue.

To EXPLO’DE. v. a. [explodo, Latin.]
1. To drive out disgracefully with some noise of contempt; to
treat with open contempt; to treat not only with neglect, but
open disdain or scorn.
Him old and young
Exploded, and had seiz'd with violent hands;
Had not a cloud descending snatch'd him thence
Unseen amid' the throng. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Thus was th' applause they meant,
Turn'd to exploding hiss, triumph to shame,
Cast on themselves from their own mouths. Milt. Par. Lost.
Old age explodes all but morality. Roscommon.
There is pretended, that a magnetical globe or terrella,
being placed upon its poles, would have a constant rotation;
but this is commonly exploded, as being against all expe­
rience. Wilkins's Dædalus.
Shall that man pass for a proficient in Christ's school, who
would have been exploded in the school of Zeno or Epictetus.
South's Sermons.
Provided that no word, which a society shall give a sanction
to, be afterwards antiquated and exploded, they may re­
ceive whatever new ones they shall find occasion for.
Swift's Letter to the Lord High Treasurer.
2. To drive out with noise and violence.
But late the kindled powder did explode
The massy ball, and the brass tube unload. Blackmore.

EXPLO’DER. n. s. [from explode.] An hisser; one who drives
out any person or thing with open contempt.

EXPLO’IT. n. s. [expletum, Latin, res expleta.] A design
accomplished; an atchievement; a successful attempt.
Know'st thou not any whom corrupting gold
Would tempt into a close exploit of death? Shak. Rich. III.
Flight cannot stain the honour you have won;
But mine it will, that no exploit have done. Shak. Hen. VI.
How shall I relate
To human sense th' invisible exploits
Of warring spirits? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
He breaks fierce Hannibal's insulting heats;
Of which exploit thus our friend Ennius treats. Denham.
Will you thus dishonour
Your past exploits, and sully all your wars? Addison's Cato.

To EXPLO’IT. v. a. [from the noun.] To perform; to at­
chieve.
He exploited great matters in his own person in Gallia, and
by his son in Spain. Camden's Remains.

To EXPLO’RATE. v. a. [exploro, Latin.] To search out;
to try by searching.
Snails exclude their horns, and therewith explorate their
way. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 20.

EXPLORA’TION. n. s. [from explorate.] Search; examination.
For exact exploration they should be suspended where the air
is quiet, that, clear of impediments, they may the more freely
convert upon their natural verticity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Use may be made of the like way of exploration in that en­
quiry which puzzles so many modern naturalists. Boyle.

EXPLORA’TOR. n. s. [from explorate.] One who searches; a
searcher; an examiner.

EXPLO’RATORY. adj. [from explorate.] Searching; exa­
mining.

To EXPLO’RE. v. a. [exploro, Latin.] To try; to search
into; to examine by trial.
Abdiel that sight endur'd not, where he stood
Among the mightiest, bent on highest deeds,
And thus his own undaunted heart explores. Milt. Par. Lost.
Divers opinions I have been inclined to question, not
only as a naturalist, but as a chymist, whether they be agree­
able to true grounds of philosophy, or the exploring experi­
ments of the fire. Boyle.
But Capys, and the rest of sounder mind,
The fatal present to the flames design'd,
Or to the wat'ry deep; at least to bore
The hollow sides, and hidden frauds explore. Dryden's Æn.
The mighty Stagyrite first left the shore,
Spread all his sails, and durst the deeps explore;
He steer'd securely, and discover'd far,
Led by the light of the Mœonian star. Pope's Ess. on Crit.

EXPLO’REMENT. n. s. [from explore.] Search; trial.
The frustrated search of Porta, upon the explorement of
many, could scarce find one. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

EXPLO’SION. n. s. [from explode.] The act of driving out
any thing with noise and violence.
Those parts which abound with strata of stone, or marble,
making the strongest opposition, are the most furiously shat­
tered; an event observable not only in this, but all other
explosions whatever. Woodward's Natural History.
In gunpowder the charcoal and sulphur easily take fire, and
set fire to the nitre; and the spirit of the nitre being thereby
rarified into vapour, rushes out with explosion, after the man­
ner that the vapour of water rushesout of an æolipile: the sul­
phur also, being volatile, is converted into vapour, and aug­
ments the explosion. Newton's Opt.
With explosion vast,
The thunder raises his tremendous voice. Thomson.

EXPLO’SIVE. adj. [from explode.] Driving out with noise and
violence.
These minerals constitute in the earth a kind of natural
gunpowder, which takes fire; and by the assistance of its ex­
plosive power, renders the shock greater. Woodward's N. Hist.

EXPO’NENT. n. s. [from expono, Latin.]
Exponent of the ratio, or proportion between any two num­
bers or quantities, is the exponent arising when the antecedent
is divided by the consequent: thus six is the exponent of the
ratio which thirty hath to five. Also a rank of numbers in
arithmetical progression, beginning from o, and placed over
a rank of numbers in geometrical progression, are called in­
dices or exponents: and in this is founded the reason and de­
monstration of logarithms; for addition and subtraction of
these exponents answers to multiplication and division in the
geometrical numbers. Harris.

EXPO’NENTIAL. adj. [from exponent.]
Exponential curves are such as partake both of the nature
of algebraick and transcendental ones. They partake of the
former, because they consist of a finite number of terms,
though those terms themselves are indeterminate; and they
are in some measure transcendental, because they cannot be
algebraically constructed. Harris.

To EXPO’RT. v. a. [exporto, Latin.] To carry out of a
country, generally in the way of traffick.
Glorious followers taint business for want of secrecy, and
export honour from a man, and make him a return in envy.
Bacon's Essays, Civil and Moral.
Edward III. by his encouragement of trade, turned the
scale so much in favour of English merchandize, that, by a
balance of trade taken in his time, the exported commodities
amounted to two hundred ninety-four thousand pounds, and
the imported but to thirty-eight thousand. Addison's Freeholder.
Great ships brought from the Indies precious wood, and ex­
ported pearls and robes. Arbuthnot on Coins.

E’XPORT. n. s. [from the verb.] Commodity carried out in
traffick.

EXPORTA’TION. n. s. [from export.] The act or practice of
carrying out commodities into other countries.
The cause of a kingdom's thriving is fruitfulness of soil to
produce necessaries, not only sufficient for the inhabitants, but
for exportation into other countries. Swift.

EXPO’RTER. n. s. [from export.] He that carries out commo­
dities, in opposition to the importer, who brings them in.
Money which is weight, according to its denomination by
the standard of the mint, will be that which will be melted
down, or carried away in coin by the exporter, whether the
pieces of each species be by the law bigger or less. Locke.

To EXPO’SE. v. a. [expono, expositum, Lat. exposer, French.]
1. To lay open; to make liable to.
Take physick, pomp;
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,
That thou may'st shake the superflux to them,
And shew heav'n just. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Who here
Will envy whom the highest place exposes
Foremost to stand against the Thunderer's aim? Milt. P. L.
To pass the riper period of his age,
Acting his part upon a crowded stage,
To lasting toils expos'd, and endless cares,
To open dangers, and to secret snares. Prior.
2. To put in the power of any thing.
But still he held his purpose to depart;
For as he lov'd her equal to his life,
He would not to the seas expose his wife. Dryden.
3. To lay open; to make bare; to put in a state of being acted
upon.
Then joyous birds frequent the lonely grove,
And beasts, by nature strong, renew their love;
Then fields the blades of bury'd corn disclose,
And while the balmy western spirit blows,
Earth to the breath her bosom dares expose. Dryden's Virgil.
4. To lay open to censure or ridicule; to show in such a state
as brings contempt.
Like Horace, you only expose the follies of men, without
arraigning their vices. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.
Tully has justly exposed a precept, that a man should live
with his friend in such a manner, that if he became his ene­
my, it should not be in his power to hurt him. Addison's Spect.
A fool might once himself alone expose;
Now one in verse makes many more in prose. Pope.
Your fame and your property suffer alike, you are at once
exposed and plundered. Pope.
5. To lay open to examination.



Those who seek truth only, freely expose their principles to
the test, and are pleased to have them examined. Locke.
6. To put in danger.
The exposing himself notoriously did sometimes change the
fortune of the day, when his troops begun to give ground.
Clarendon, b. viii.
7. To cast out to chance.
A father, unnaturally careless of his child, gives him to
another man; and he again exposes him: a third man finding
him, breeds up and provides for him as his own. Locke.
Helpless and naked on a woman's knees,
To be expos'd or rear'd as she may please,
Feel her neglect, and pine from her disease. Prior.
8. To censure; to treat with dispraise. A colloquial abuse of
the word.
A little wit is equally capable of exposing a beauty, and of
aggravating a fault. Addison's Spectator, No. 29.

EXPOSI’TION. n. s. [from expose.]
1. The situation in which any thing is placed with respect to the
sun or air.
Water he chuses clear, light, without taste or smell; drawn
not from snow, but from springs with an easterly exposition.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The diversity of exposition of the several kitchens in this
city, whereby some receive the rays of the sun sooner, and
others later, will occasion great irregularity as to the time of
dining. Arbuthnot.
2. Explanation; interpretation; [from expound, expono, Latin.]
My lord of York, it better shew'd with you,
When that your flock, assembled by the bell,
Encircled you, to hear with reverence
Your exposition on the holy text. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
You are a worthy judge;
You know the law: your exposition
Hath been most sound. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
I have sometimes very boldly made such expositions of my
authors, as no commentator will forgive me. Dryden.

EXPO’SITOR. n. s. [expositor, Latin.] Explainer; expounder;
interpreter.
A mirth-moving jest,
Which his fair tongue, conceit's expositor,
Delivers in such apt and gracious words,
That aged ears play truant at his tales. Shakespeare.
In the picture of Abraham's sacrificing his son, Isaac is
described as a little boy, which is not consentaneous unto the
authority of expositors. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 8.
The sinner's conscience is the best expositor of the mind of
God, under any judgment or affliction. South's Sermons.
Commentators and scholiasts, those copious expositors of
places, pour out a vain overflow of learning on passages plain
and easy. Locke.

To EXPO’STULATE. v. n. [expostulo, Latin.] To can­
vass with another; to altercate; to debate without open rup­
ture.
More bitterly could I expostulate,
Save that for reverence of some alive
I give a sparing limit to my tongue. Shakes. Richard III.
The emperor's ambassador did expostulate with the king,
that he had broken his league with the emperor. Hayward.
It is madness for friendless and unarmed innocence to ex­
postulate with invincible power. L'Estrange.
Durst I expostulate with providence, I then might ask. Cotton.
The bishop will expostulate, and the tenant will have regard
to the reasonableness of the demand, rather than engage in a
suit. Swift.

EXPOSTULA’TION. n. s. [from expostulate.]
1. Debate; altercation; discussion of an affair in private with­
out rupture.
Expostulations end well between lovers, but ill between
friends. Spect.
2. Charge; accusation.
This makes her bleeding patients to accuse
High heav'n, and these expostulations use;
Could nature then no private woman grace,
Whom we might dare to love, with such a face? Waller.
Expostulation is a private accusation of one friend touching
another, supposed not to have dealt singly or considerately in
the course of good friendship. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXPOSTULA’TOR. n. s. [from expostulate.] One that debates
with another without open rupture.

EXPO’STULATORY. adj. [from expostulate.] Containing ex­
postulation.
This fable is a kind of an expostulatory debate between
bounty and ingratitude. L'Estrange.

EXPO’SURE. n. s. [from expose.]
1. The act of exposing or setting out to observation.
2. The state of being open to observation.
When we have our naked frailties hid,
That suffer in exposure, let us meet. Shakes. Macbeth.
3. The state of being exposed, or being liable to any thing.
Determine on some course,
More than a wild exposure to each chance
That starts i' th' way before thee. Shakes. Coriolanus.
4. The state of being in danger.
Ajax sets Thersites
To match us in comparisons with dirt;
To weaken and discredit our exposure,
How hard soever rounded in with danger. Shakespeare.
5. Exposition; the situation in which the sun or air is received.
The cold now advancing, set such plants as will not endure
the house, in pots two or three inches lower than the surface
of some bed, under a southern exposure. Evelyn.

To EXPO’UND. v. a. [expono, Lat.]
1. To explain; to clear; to interpret; to shew the meaning of.
We cannot better interpret the meaning of those words
than pope Leo himself expounded them, whose speech concern­
ing our Lord's ascension may serve instead of a marginal
gloss. Hooker, b. v. s. 45.
This by Calphurnia's dream is signified.
—And this way you have well expounded it. Shak. Ju. Cæs.
He expounded unto them in all the Scriptures the things con­
cerning himself. Lu. xxiv. 27.
Those right holy fathers, as in matters of faith they did
not make truth, but religiously expounded it; so in matters of
ecclesiastical government, they did not create provinces for
themselves, but ordered the countries which they then had.
Raleigh's Essays.
2. To examine; to lay open: a Latinism.
He expounded both his pockets,
And found a watch with rings and lockets. Hudibras.

EXPO’UNDER. n. s. [from expound.] Explainer; interpreter.
This they did partly as faithful witnesses, making a mere re­
lation of what God himself had revealed unto them; and partly
as careful expounders, teachers, and persuaders thereof. Hooker.
The best he was,
And faithfullest expounder of the laws. Dryden's Juv. Sat. 4.

To EXPRE’SS. v. a. [exprimo, expressus, Latin.]
1. To copy; to resemble; to represent.
So kids and whelps their sires and dams express,
And so the great I measur'd by the less. Dryden's Virgil.
Adorn a dream, expressing human form,
The shape of him who suffer'd in the storm;
And send it fleeting to the Thracian court,
The wreck of wretched Ceyx to report. Dryden.
2. To represent by any of the imitative arts: as poetry, sculp­
ture, painting.
Each skilful artist shall express thy form
In animated gold. Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.
3. To represent in words; to exhibit by language; to utter; to
declare.
Less than half we find exprest,
Envy bid conceal the rest. Milton.
Though they have learned those sounds, yet there are no
determined ideas laid up in their minds, which are to be ex­
pressed to others by them. Locke.
In moral ideas we have no sensible marks that resemble
them, whereby we can set them down: we have nothing but
words to express them by. Locke.
True wit is nature to advantage drest,
What oft was thought, but ne'er so well exprest. Pope.
Others for language all their care express,
And value books, as women men, for dress. Pope.
To shed tears, among the ancients, when they should ex­
press their gratitude to the gods with joy, was esteemed a pro­
phanation. Notes to Pope's Odyssey.
4. To show or make known in any manner.
No longer shall thy bodice aptly lace,
That air and shape of harmony express,
Fine by degrees, and delicately less. Prior.
5. To utter; to declare, with the reciprocal pronoun.
Mr. Philips did express himself with much indignation
against me one evening. Pope.
6. To denote; to designate.
Moses and Aaron took these men expressed by their names.
Numb. i. 17.
7. To squeeze out; to force out by compression.
Among the watry juices of fruit are all the fruits out of
which drink is expressed; as the grape, and the apple. Bacon.
8. To extort by violence: a Latinism.
Halters and racks cannot express from thee
More than thy deeds; 'tis only judgment waits thee.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

EXPRE’SS. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Copied; resembling; exactly like.
Of his presence many a sign
Still following thee, still compassing thee round
With goodness and paternal love; his face
Express, and of his steps the track divine. Milton's P. Lost.
2. Plain; apparent; in direct terms.
There hath been some doubt whether containing in Scrip­
ture do import express setting down in plain terms; or else
comprehending in such sort, that by reason we may from
thence conclude all things which are necessary. Hooker, b. i.
There is not any positive law of men, whether general or
particular, received by formal express consent, as in councils;
or by secret approbation; but the same may be taken away, if
occasion serves. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.



All the gazers on the skies,
Read not in fair heaven's story
Expresser truth, or truer glory,
Than they might in her bright eyes. Ben. Johns. Epigr.
3. Clear; not dubious.
I love to feel myself of an express and settled judgment and
affection, in things of the greatest moment. More's Div. Dial.
As to the testimonies of the fathers, let them be never so
express against all sorts of prayers and invocations, they hold
only of such a sort of prayer. Stillingfleet.
Where reason or scripture is express for any opinion, or
action, we may receive it as of divine authority. Locke.
4. On purpose; for a particular end.
They who are not induced to believe and live as they ought,
by those discoveries which God hath made in Scripture, would
stand out against any evidence whatsoever; even that of a
messenger sent express from the other world. Atterbury's Serm.

EXPRE’SS. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A messenger sent on purpose.
The king sent an express immediately to the marquis, with
all the particular informations. Clarendon, b. viii.
As if expresses from all parts had come,
With fresh alarms threat'ning the fate of Rome. Dryd. Juv.
Upon the first moment I was discovered sleeping on the
ground, after my landing, the emperor had early notice of it
by an express. Gulliver's Travels.
2. A message sent.
I am content my heart should be discovered to the world,
without any of those popular captations which some men use
in their speeches and expresses. King Charles.
3. A declaration in plain terms. Not usual.
They do not only contradict the general design and particu­
lar expresses of the gospel, but trespass against all logick and
common sense. Norris.

EXPRE’SSIBLE. adj. [from express.]
1. That may be uttered or declared.
They had not only a memory and tradition of it in general,
but even of several particular accidents of it likewise, which
they handed downwards to the succeeding ages, with notes of
the greatest terror expressible. Woodward's Natural History.
2. That may be drawn by squeezing or expression.

EXPRE’SSION. n. s. [from express.]
1. The act or power of representing any thing.
There is nothing comparable to the variety of instructive
expressions by speech, wherewith a man alone is endowed, as
with an instrument suitable to the excellency of his soul, for
the communication of his thoughts. Holder's Elem. of Speech.
2. The form or cast of language in which any thoughts are
uttered.
But ill expression sometimes gives allay
To noble thoughts, whose flame shall ne'er decay. Buckingh.
The poet, to reconcile Helen to his reader, brings her in
as a penitent, condemning her own infidelity in very strong
expressions. Notes on the Odyssey.
3. A phrase; a mode of speech.
4. The act of squeezing or forcing out any thing by a press.
Those juices that are so fleshy, as they cannot make drink
by expression, yet may make drink by mixture of water. Bacon.
The juices of the leaves are obtained by expression: from
this juice proceeds the taste. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXPRE’SSIVE. adj. [from express.] Having the power of ut­
terance or representation. With of before the thing expressed.
Each verse so swells expressive of her woes,
And ev'ry tear in lines so mournful flows,
We, spite of fame, her fate revers'd believe,
O'erlook her crimes, and think she ought to live. Tickell.
And four fair queens, whose hands sustain a flow'r,
Th' expressive emblem of their softer pow'r. Pope.
A visible and exemplary obedience to God's laws is the
most expressive acknowledgment of the majesty and sovereignty
of God, and disposes others to glorify him by the same ob­
servances. Rogers, Sermon 18.

EXPRE’SSIVELY. adv. [from expressive.] In a clear and repre­
sentative way.

EXPRE’SSIVENESS. n. s. [from expressive.] The power of ex­
pression, or representation by words.
The murrain at the end has all the expressiveness that words
can give: it was here that the poet strained hard to outdo
Lucretius. Addison.

EXPRE’SSLY. adv. [from express.] In direct terms; plainly;
clearly; not by implication; not generally.
It doth not follow, that of necessity we shall sin, unless
we expressly extend this in every particular. Hooker, b. ii. s. 2.
Articles of belief, and things which all men must of neces­
sity do, to the end they may be saved, are either expressly set
down in Scripture, or else plainly thereby to be gathered.
Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
Who dare cross 'em,
Bearing the king's will from his mouth expressly? Shakes.
The beginning of the worship of images in these western
parts, was by the folly and superstition of the people, expressly
against the will of their own bishop. Stillingfleet.
This account I expressly give of them, when I enter on the
argument. Atterbury's Sermons.
All the duties that the best political laws enjoin, as condu­
cive to the quiet and order of social life, are expressly com­
manded by our religion. Rogers, Sermon 17.

EXPRE’SSURE. n. s. [from express. Now disused.]
1. Expression; utterance.
There is a mystery in the soul of state,
Which hath an operation more divine,
Than breath or pen can give expressure to. Sh. Troil. and Cr.
2. The form; the likeness represented.
I will drop some obscure epistles of love, wherein, by the
colour of his beard, the manner of his gait, the expressure of
his eye, forehead, and complexion, he shall find himself per­
sonated. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
3. The mark; the impression.
And nightly, meadow fairies, look you sing,
Like to the garter-compass in a ring:
Th' expressure that it bears, green let it be,
More fertile fresh than all the field to see. Shakespeare.

To EXPROBRA’TE. v. a. [exprobro, Latin.] To charge upon
with reproach; to impute openly with blame; to upbraid.
To exprobrate their stupidity, he induces the providence of
storks: now, if the bird had been unknown, the illustration
had been obscure, and the exprobration not so proper. Brown.

EXPROBRA’TION. n. s. [from exprobrate.] Scornful charge;
reproachful accusation; act of upbraiding.
The only goodness we glory in, is to find out somewhat
whereby we may judge others to be ungodly: each other's
fault we observe as matter of exprobration, and not of grief.
Hooker's Sermons, Preface.
The Parthians, with exprobration of Crassus's thirst after
money, poured molten gold into his mouth after he was dead.
Abbot's Description of the World.
It will be a denial with scorn, with a taunting exprobration;
and to be miserable without commiseration, is the height of
misery. South's Sermons.
No need such boasts, or exprobrations false
Of cowardice: the military mound
The British files transcend in evil hour
For their proud foes. Phillips.

To EXPRO’PRIATE. v. a. [ex and proprius, Latin.] To make
no longer our own; to hold no longer as a property. Not in
use.
When you have resigned, or rather consigned, your expro­
priated will to God, and thereby entrusted him to will for you,
all his dispensations towards you are, in effect, the acts of
your own will. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

To EXPU’GN. v. a. [expugno, Latin.] To conquer; to take
by assault.

EXPUGNA’TION. n. s. [from expugn.] Conquest; the act of
taking by assault.
The expugnation of Vienna he could never accomplish. Sand.

To EXPU’LSE. v. a. [expulsus, Latin.] To drive out; to ex­
pel; to force away.
For ever should they be expuls'd from France,
And not have title of an earldom there. Shak. Henry VI.
Suppose a nation where the custom were, that after full age
the sons should expulse their fathers and mothers out of posses­
sions, and put them to their pensions. Bacon's holy War.
Although inwardly received, it may be very diuretick, and
expulse the stone in the kidneys; yet how it should resolve or
break that in the bladder, will require a farther dispute. Brown.
Dictys relates, that Peleus was expulsed from his kingdom
by Acastus. Notes on the Odyssey.

EXPU’LSION. n. s. [from expulse.]
1. The act of expelling or driving out.
A wooer,
More hateful than the foul expulsion is
Of thy dear husband. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Sole victor from th' expulsion of his foes,
Messiah his triumphal chariot turn'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Others think it possible so to contrive several pieces of steel
and a load-stone, that, by their continual attraction and expul­
sion of one another, they may cause a perpetual revolution of
a wheel. Wilkins's Dædalus.
Coffee-coloured urine proceeds from a mixture of a small
quantity of blood with the urine; but often prognosticates a
resolution of the obstructing matter, and the expulsion of gra­
vel or a stone. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The state of being driven out.
To what end had the angel been set to keep the entrance
into Paradise, after Adam's expulsion, if the universe had been
Paradise? For then must Adam have been chased also out of
the world. Raleigh's History of the World.
This magnificent temple was not finished 'till after the ex­
pulsion of Tarquin. Stillingfleet.

EXPU’LSIVE. adj. [from expulse.] Having the power of ex­
pulsion.
If the member be dependent, by raising of it up, and
placing it equal with or higher than the rest of the body, the



influx may be restrained, and the part strengthened by expul­
sive bandages. Wiseman's Surgery.

EXPU’NCTION. n. s. [from expunge.] Abolition; the act of ex­
punging, blotting, or effacing.

To EXPU’NGE. v. a. [expungo, Latin.]
1. To blot out; to rub out.
The difference of the denarius and drachm having been
done in the manuscript, it was needless to expunge it. Arbuthn.
Neither do they remember the many alterations, additions,
and expungings made by great authors in those treatises which
they prepare for the publick. Swift.
2. To efface; to annihilate.
Wilt thou not to a broken heart dispense
Thy balm of mercy, and expunge th' offence? Sandys.
Deduct what is but vanity, or dress,
Or learning's luxury, or idleness,
Or tricks to shew the stretch of human brain
Mere curious pleasure, or ingenious pain;
Expunge the whole, or lop th' excrescent parts
Of all, our vices have created arts:
Then see how little the remaining sum,
Which serv'd the past, and must the times to come! Pope.

EXPURGA’TION. n. s. [expurgatio, Latin.]
1. The act of purging or cleansing.
All the intestines, but especially the great ones, kidneys
and ureters, serve for expurgation. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Purification from bad mixture, as of errour or falshood.
Wise men know, that arts and learning want expurga­
tion; and if the course of truth be permitted to itself, it can­
not escape many errours. Brown's Preface to Vulgar Errours.

EXPU’RGATORY. adj. [expurgatorius, Latin.] Employed in
purging away what is noxious: as, the expurgatory index of
the Romanists directs the abolition or expunction of passages
admitted by any authors contrary to popery.
There wants expurgatory animadversions, whereby we
might strike out great numbers of hidden qualities; and having
once a conceded list, we might with more safety attempt their
reasons. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 7.

E’XQUISITE. adj. [exquisitus, Latin.]
1. Farsought; excellent; consummate; complete.
His absolute exactness they imitate by tending unto that
which is most exquisite in every particular. Hooker, b. i. s. 5.
Why should the state be troubled with this needless charge
of keeping and maintaining so great a navy in such exquisite
perfection and readiness? Raleigh's Essays.
Adam and Eve, before the fall, were a different species;
and none but a poet of the most unbounded invention, and
the most exquisite judgment, could have fitted their conversa­
tion and behaviour to their state of innocence. Addison.
The pleasures of sense are probably relished by beasts in a
more exquisite degree than they are by men; for they taste them
sincere and pure, without being distracted in the pursuit, or
disquieted in the use of them. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Consummately bad.
With exquisite malice they have mixed the gall and vinegar
of falsity and contempt. King Charles.

EXQU’ISITELY. adv. [from exquisite.] Perfectly; completely:
in either a good or ill sense.
We see more exquisitely with one eye shut than with both
open; for that the spirits visual unite themselves, and become
stronger. Bacon's Natural History, No. 86.
A collection of rare manuscripts, exquisitely written in Ara­
bick, and sought in the most remote parts by Epenius, the most
excellent linguist. Wotton.
The soldier then, in Grecian arts unskill'd,
Returning rich with plunder from the field,
If cups of silver or of gold he brought,
With jewels set, and exquisitely wrought,
To glorious trappings strait the plate he turn'd,
And with the glitt'ring spoil his horse adorn'd. Dryden.
The poetry of opera's is generally as exquisitely ill as the
musick is good. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

EXQU’ISITENESS. n. s. [from exquisite.] Nicety; perfection.
We suppose the superficies of the two glasses should be so
exactly flat and smooth, that no air at all can come between
them; and experience has informed us, that it is extremely
difficult to procure from our ordinary tradesmen either glasses
or marbles so much as approaching such an exquisiteness. Boyle.

EXS

E’XSCRIPT. n. s. [exscriptum, Latin.] A copy; a writing co­
pied from another.

EXSI’CCANT. adj. [from exsiccate.] Drying; having the power
to dry up.
Some are moderately moist, and require to be treated with
medicines of the like nature, such as fleshy parts; others dry
in themselves, yet require exsiccants, as bones. Wiseman.

To EXSI’CCATE. v. a. [exsicco, Latin.] To dry.
If in a dissolution of steel a separation of parts be made by
precipitation, or exhalation, the exsiccated powder ascends not
unto the loadstone. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.
Great heats and droughts exsiccate and waste the moisture
and vegetative nature of the earth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

EXSICCA’TION. n. s. [from exsiccate.] The act of drying.
That which is concreted by exsiccation, or expression of hu­
midity, will be resolved by humectation; as earth, dirt, and
clay. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

EXSI’CCATIVE. adj. [from exsiccate.] Having the power of
drying.

EXSPUI’TION. n. s. [expuo, Latin.] A discharge of saliva by
spitting. Quincy.

EXSU’CTION. n. s. [exugo, Latin.] The act of sucking out, or
draining out, without immediate contact of the power sucking
with the thing sucked.
If you open the valve, and force up the sucker, after this
first exsuction you will drive out almost a whole cylinder full of
air. Boyle.

EXSUDA’TION. n. s. [from exudo, Latin.] A sweating out; an
extillation; an emission.
They seemed to be made by an exsudation, or extillation of
some petrifying juices out of the rocky earth. Derham.

To EXSU’FFOLATE. v. a. [a word peculiar to Shakespeare.]
To whisper; to buzz in the ear, [from the Italian verb
suffolar. Hanmer.
Exchange me for a goat,
When I shall turn the business of my soul
To such exsuffolate and blown surmises. Shakesp. Othello.

EXSUFFLA’TION. n. s. [ex and sufflo, Latin.] A blast working
underneath.
Of volatility the utmost degree is when it will fly away
without returning: the next is when it will fly up, but with
ease return: the next is when it will fly upwards over the
helm, by a kind of exsufflation, without vapouring. Bacon.

To EXSU’SCITATE. v. a. [exsuscito, Latin.] To rouse up; to
stir up. Dict.

EXT

E’XTANCY. n. s. [from extant.] Parts rising up above the
rest; in opposition to those depressed.
The order of the little extancies, and consequently that of
the little depressions in point of situation, will be altered
likewise. Boyle on Colours.

E’XTANT. adj. [extans, Latin.]
1. Standing out to view; standing above the rest.
That part of the teeth which is extant above the gums is
naked, and not invested with that sensible membrane called
periosteum, wherewith the other bones are covered. Ray.
2. Publick; not suppressed.
The first of the continued weekly bills of mortality, extant
at the parish clerks hall, begins the twenty-ninth of December
1603. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

EXTA’TICAL. adj. [ἐϰϛατιϰὸς. See ECSTACY.]

EXTA’TICK. adj. [ἐϰϛατιϰὸς. See ECSTACY.]
1. Tending to something external.
I find in me a great deal of extatical love, which continual­
ly carries me to good without myself. Boyle.
2. Rapturous.
In trance extatick may thy pangs be drown'd;
Bright clouds descend, and angels watch thee round. Pope.

EXTE’MPORAL. adj. [extemporalis, Latin.]
1. Uttered without premeditation; quick; ready; sudden.
Alcidimus the sophister hath many arguments to prove,
that voluntary and extemporal far excelleth premeditated speech.
Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
A man of pleasant and popular conversation, of good ex­
temporal judgment and discourse, for the satisfying of publick
ministers. Wotton's Life of the Duke of Buckingham.
2. Speaking without premeditation.
Many foolish things fall from wise men, if they speak in
haste, or be extemporal. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.

EXTE’MPORALLY. adv. [from extemporal.] Quickly; without
premeditation.
The quick comedians
Extemporally will stage us, and present
Our Alexandrian revels. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.

EXTEMPORA’NEOUS. adj. [extemporaneus, Latin.] Without
premeditation; sudden.

EXTE’MPORARY. adj. [extemporareus, Latin.] Uttered or per­
formed without premeditation; sudden; quick.
This custom was begun by our ancestors out of an ambition
of shewing their extemporary ability of speaking upon any
subject. More's Divine Dialogues.
That men should confer at very distant removes by an ex­
temporary intercourse, is another reputed impossibility. Glanv.
They write in so diminutive a manner, with such frequent
interlineations, that they are hardly able to go on without per­
petual hesitations, or extemporary expletives. Swift.

EXTE’MPORE. adv. [extempore, Latin.]
1. Without premeditation; suddenly; readily; without any
previous care or preparation.
You may do it extempore; for it is nothing but roaring. Sh.
Nothing great ought to be ventured upon without prepara­
tion; but, above all, how sottish is it to engage extempore,
where the concern is eternity? South's Sermons.
Hast thou no mark at which to bend thy bow?
Or, like a boy, pursu'st the carrion-crow
With pellets and with stones from tree to tree,
A fruitless toil, and liv'st extempore? Dryden's Pers. Sat. 3.



2. It is sometimes used as an adjective, but very improperly.
I have known a woman branch out into a long extempore
dissertation upon a petticoat. Addison's Spectator, No. 247.

EXTE’MPORINESS. n. s. [from extempore.] The faculty of
speaking or acting without premeditation.

To EXTE’MPORIZE. v. n. [from extempore.] To speak extem­
pore, or without premeditation.
The extemporizing faculty is never more out of its element
than in the pulpit; though, even here, it is much more ex­
cusable in a sermon than in a prayer. South's Sermons.

To EXTE’ND. v. a. [extendo, Latin.]
1. To stretch out towards any part.
See the figure of his lifeless friend,
And his old sire, his helpless hand extend. Dryden's Virgil.
Should'ring god's altar a vile image stands,
Belies his features, nay extends his hands. Pope.
2. To spread abroad; to diffuse; to expand.
He much magnifies the capacity of his understanding, who
persuades himself that he can extend his thoughts farther than
God exists, or imagine any expansion where he is not. Locke.
3. To widen to a large comprehension.
Few extend their thoughts towards universal know­
ledge. Locke.
4. To stretch into assignable dimensions; to make local; to
magnify so as to fill some assignable space.
The mind, say they, while you sustain
To hold her station in the brain;
You grant, at least she is extended,
Ergo, the whole dispute is ended. Prior.
5. To enlarge; to continue.
To Helen's bed the gods alone assign
Hermione, t' extend the regal line. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.
6. To encrease in force or duration.
If much you note him,
You shall offend him, and extend his passion:
Feed and regard him not. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
7. To enlarge the comprehension of any position.
Seeing it is not set down how far the bounds of his speech
concerning dissimilitude reach, who can assure us that it ex­
tendeth farther than to those things only wherein the nations
were idolatrous. Hooker, b. iv. s. 6.
8. To impart; to communicate.
Let there be none to extend mercy unto him. Ps. civ. 12.
9. To seize by a course of law.
The law, that settles all you do,
And marries where you did but woo;
And if it judge upon your side,
Will soon extend her for your bride;
And put her person, goods or lands,
Or which you like best, int' your hands. Hudibras, p. iii.

EXTE’NDER. n. s. [from extend.] The person or instrument
by which any thing is extended.
The extension made, the extenders are to be loosened
gently. Wiseman's Surgery.

EXTE’NDIBLE. adj. [from extend.] Capable of extension;
capable to be made wider or longer.
Tubes, recently made of fluids, are easily lengthened; such
as have often suffered force, grow rigid, and hardly ex­
tendible. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXTE’NDLESSNESS. n. s. [from extend.] Unlimited extension.
In this sense it is once found; but, I think, with little pro­
priety.
Certain moleculæ seminales must keep the world from an
infinitude, and extendlessness of excursions every moment into
new figures and animals. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

EXTENSIBILI’TY. n. s. [from extensible.] The quality of being
extensible.
In what manner they are mixed, so as to give a fibre exten­
sibility, who can say? Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. ii. c. 5.

EXTE’NSIBLE. adj. [extensio, Latin.]
1. Capable of being stretched into length or breadth.
The malleus being fixed to an extensible membrane, follows
the traction of the muscle, and is drawn inward. Holder.
2. Capable of being extended to a larger comprehension.
That love is blind, is extensible beyond the object of
poetry. Glanv. Sceps. c. 15.

EXTE’NSIBLENESS. n. s. [from extensible.] Capacity of being
extended.

EXTE’NSION. n. s. [from extensio, Latin.]
1. The act of extending.
2. The state of being extended.
The hiccough cometh of fulness of meat, especially in chil­
dren, which causeth an extension of the stomach. Bacon.
All rest satisfied at the postures of moderation, and none
endure the extremity of flexure or extension. Brown's Vul. Err.
This foundation of the earth upon the waters, or extension
of it above the waters, doth agree to the antediluvian earth.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
By this idea of solidity is the extension of body distinguished
from the extension of space: the extension of body being no­
thing but the cohesion or continuity of solid, separable, move­
able parts; and the extension of space, the continuity of un­
solid, inseparable, and immoveable parts. Locke.

EXTE’NSIVE. adj. [extensivus, Latin.] Wide; large.
I would not be understood to recommend to all a pursuit
of those sciences, to those extensive lengths to which the mo­
derns have advanced them. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

EXTE’NSIVELY. adv. [from extensive.] Widely; largely.
'Tis impossible for any to pass a right judgment concerning
them, without entering into most of these circumstances, and
surveying them extensively, and comparing and balancing them
all aright. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

EXTE’NSIVENESS. n. s. [from extensive.]
1. Largeness; diffusiveness; wideness.
As we have reason to admire the excellency of this con­
trivance, so have we to applaud the extensiveness of the be­
nefit. Government of the Tongue, s. 1.
An extensiveness of understanding and a large memory are
of service. Watts's Logick.
2. Possibility to be extended.
We take notice of the wonderful dilatability or extensiveness
of the throats and gullets of serpents: I myself have taken
two entire adult mice out of the stomach of an adder, whose
neck was not bigger than my little finger. Ray on the Creation.

EXTE’NSOR. n. s. [Latin.] The muscle by which any limb is
extended.
Extensors are muscles so called, which serve to extend any
part. Quincy.
Complaisant and civil people had the flexors of the head
very strong; but in the proud and insolent there was a great
overbalance of strength in the extensors of the neck and the
muscles of the back. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

EXTE’NT. participle. from extend. Extended.
Both his hands most filthy feculent,
Above the water were on high extent,
And fain'd to wash themselves incessantly. Spens. Fai. Queen.

EXTE’NT. n. s. [extentus, Latin.]
1. Space or degree to which any thing is extended.
If I mean to reign
David's true heir, and his full sceptre sway
To just extent over all Israel's sons. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Communication; distribution.
An emperour of Rome
Troubled, confronted thus, and for th' extent
Of equal justice us'd with such contempt. Shak. Tit. Andron.
3. Execution; seizure.
Let my officers
Make an extent upon his house and land,
And turn him going. Shakespeare's As you like it.

To EXTE’NUATE. v. a. [extenuo, Latin.]
1. To lessen; to make small or slender in bulk.
His body behind his head becomes broad, from whence it
is again extenuated all the way to the tail. Grew's Musæum.
2. To lessen; to diminish in any quality.
To persist
In doing wrong, extenuates not wrong,
But makes it much more heavy. Shak. Troilus and Cressida.
But fortune there extenuates the crime;
What's vice in me, is only mirth in him. Dryden's Juvenal.
3. To lessen; to degrade; to diminish in honour.
Righteous are thy decrees on all thy works;
Who can extenuate thee? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
4. To lessen in representation; to palliate. Opposite to ag­
gravate.
When you shall these unlucky deeds relate,
Speak of me, as I am: nothing extenuate,
Nor set down aught in malice. Shakes. Othello.
Upon his examination he denied little of that wherewith
he was charged, nor endeavoured much to excuse or extenuate
his fault; so that, not very wisely thinking to make his offence
less by confession, he made it enough for condemnation. Bac.
Yet hear me, Sampson, not that I endeavour
To lessen or extenuate my offence. Milton's Agonistes.
5. To make lean.

EXTENUA’TION. n. s. [from extenuate.]
1. The act of representing things less ill than they are; con­
trary to aggravation; palliation.
2. Mitigation; alleviation of punishment.
When sin is to be judged, the kindest enquiry is what deeds
of charity we can allege in extenuation of our punishment. Att.
3. A loss of plumpness, or a general decay in the muscular flesh
of the whole body. Quincy.

EXTE’RIOR. adj. [exterior, Latin.] Outward; external;
not intrinsick.
And what is faith, love, virtue unessay'd
Alone, without exterior help sustain'd? Milton's Par. Lost.
Seraphick and common lovers behold exterior beauties as
children and astronomers consider Galileo's optick glasses. Boyle.
Father, blacker, and merrier, are words which, together
with the thing they denominate, imply also something else
separate and exterior to the existence of that thing. Locke.

EXTE’RIORLY. adv. [from exterior.] Outwardly; externally;
not intrinsically.
You have slander'd nature in my form;
Which, howsoever rude exteriorly,



Is yet the cover of a fairer mind,
Than to be butcher of an innocent child. Shakes. K. John.

To EXTE’RMINATE. v. a. [extermino, Latin.] To root
out; to tear up; to drive away; to abolish; to destroy.
Unlucky vices, on which the exterminating lot happened to
fall. Decay of Piety.
Alexander left Grecian colonies in the Indies; but they were
exterminated by Sandrocothus. Arbuthnot on Coins.
This discovery alone is sufficient, if the vices of men did
not captivate their reason, to explode and exterminate rank
atheism out of the world. Bentley's Sermons.

EXTERMINA’TION. n. s. [from exterminate.] Destruction;
excision.
The question is, how far an holy war is to be pursued,
whether to displanting and extermination of people. Bacon.

EXTERMINA’TOR. n. s. [exterminator, Latin.] The person or
instrument by which any thing is destroyed.

To EXTE’RMINE. v. a. [extermino, Latin.] To exterminate;
to destroy.
If you do sorrow at my grief in love,
By giving love, your sorrow and my grief
Were both extermin'd. Shakes. As you like it.

EXTE’RN. adj. [externus, Latin.]
1. External; outward; visible.
When my outward action doth demonstrate
The native act and figure of my heart
In compliment extern, 'tis not long after
But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve,
For daws to peck at. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. Without itself; not inherent; not intrinsick; not depending
on itself.
When two bodies are pressed one against another, the rare
body not being so able to resist division as the dense, and being
not permitted to retire back, by reason of the extern violence
impelling it, the parts of the rare body must be severed. Digby.

EXTE’RNAL. adj. [externus, Latin.]
1. Outward; not proceeding from itself; operating or acting
from without; opposite to internal.
We come to be assured that there is such a being, either by
an internal impression of the notion of a God upon our minds,
or else by such external and visible effects as our reason tells us
must be attributed to some cause, and which we cannot attri­
bute to any other but such as we conceive God to be. Tillotson.
These shells being thus exposed loose upon the surface of
the earth to the injuries of weather, to be trod upon by
horses and other cattle, and to many other external accidents,
are, in tract of time, worn, fretted, and broken to pieces.
Woodward's Natural History.
2. Having the outward appearance; having to the view or out­
ward perception any particular nature.
Adam was then no less glorious in his externals: he had a
beautiful body as well as an immortal soul. South's Sermons.
He that commits only the external act of idolatry is as guilty
as he that commits the external act of theft. Stillingfleet.

EXTE’RNALLY. adv. [from external.] Outwardly.
The exterior ministry, externally and alone, hath in it no­
thing excellent, as being destitute of the sanctity that God
requires, and it is common to wicked men and good. Taylor.

To EXTI’L. v. n. [ex and stillo, Lat.] To drop or distil from.

EXTILLA’TION. n. s. [from ex and stillo, Latin.] The act of
falling in drops.
They seemed made by an exsudation or extillation of putri­
fying juices out of the rocky earth. Derham's Phys. Theology.

To EXTI’MULATE. v. a. [extimulo, Latin.] To prick; to
incite by stimulation.
Choler is one excretion whereby nature excludeth another,
which, descending unto the bowels, extimulates and excites
them unto expulsion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 2.

EXTIMULA’TION. n. s. [from extimulatio, Latin.] Pungency;
power of exciting motion or sensation.
The native spirits admit great diversity; as hot, cold, active,
dull, &c. whence proceed most of the virtues of bodies; but
the air intermixed is without virtues, and maketh things in­
sipid, and without any extimulation. Bacon's Natural History.

EXTI’NCT. adj. [extinctus, Latin.]
1. Extinguished; quenched; put out.
Their purple vengeance bath'd in gore retires,
Her weapons blunted, and extinct her fires. Pope.
2. At a stop; without progressive succession.
The royal family is all extinct,
And she who reigns bestows her crown on me. Dryden.
The nobility are never likely to be extinct, because the
greatest part of their titles descend to heirs general. Swift.
3. Abolished; out of force.
A censure inflicted a jure continues, though such law be
extinct, or the lawgiver removed from his office. Ayliffe.

EXTI’NCTION. n. s. [extinctio, Latin.]
1. The act of quenching or extinguishing.
Red-hot needles or wires, extinguished in quicksi'ver, do
yet acquire a verticity according to the laws of position and
extinction. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.
2. The state of being quenched.
The parts are consumed through extinction of their native
heat, and dissipation of their radical moisture. Harvey.
3. Destruction; excision.
The extinction of nations, and the desolation of kingdoms,
were but the effects of this destructive evil. Rogers's Sermons.
4. Suppression.
They lie in dead oblivion, losing half
The fleeting moments of too short a life,
Total extinction of th' enlighten'd soul. Thomson's Summer.

To EXTI’NGUISH. v. a. [extinguo, Latin.]
1. To put out; to quench.
The soft god of pleasure that warm'd our desires,
Has broken his bow, and extinguish'd his fires. Dryden.
Then rose the seed of chaos and of night,
To blot out order, and extinguish light. Dunciad, b. iv.
2. To suppress; to destroy.
They extinguish the love of the people to the young king, by
remembring some imperfections of his father. Hayward.
My fame of chastity, by which the skies
I reacht before, by thee extinguish'd dies. Denham.
3. To cloud; to obscure.
Bethink thee on her virtues that surmount,
Her nat'ral graces that extinguish art. Shakesp. Henry VI.

EXTI’NGUISHABLE. adj. [from extinguish.] That may be
quenched, suppressed, or destroyed.

EXTI’NGUISHER. n. s. [from extinguish.] A hollow cone put
upon a candle to quench it.
If it should ever offer to flame out again, I would use the
conicum as an extinguisher to smother it. More's Div. Dialog.
Of it a broad extinguisher he makes,
And hoods the flames that to their quarry strove. Dryden.
'Tis better to cover the vital flame with an extinguisher of
honour, than let it consume 'till it burns blue, and lies ago­
nizing within the socket. Collier on the Value of Life.

EXTI’NGUISHMENT. n. s. [from extinguish.]
1. Extinction; suppression; act of quenching; destruction.
When death's form appears, she feareth not
An utter quenching, or extinguishment;
She would be glad to meet with such a lot,
That so she might all future ill prevent. Davies.
He moved him to a war upon Flanders, for the better ex­
tinguishment of the civil wars of France. Bacon.
The immediate cause of death is the resolution or extinguish­
ment of the spirits. Bacon's Natural History, No. 400.
2. Abolition; nullification.
Divine laws of Christian church polity may not be altered
by extinguishment. Hooker, b. iii.
3. Termination of a family or succession.
His heart easily conceived treason against the crown,
wherein he perished himself, and made a final extinguishment
of his house and honour. Davies on Ireland.

To EXTI’RP. v. a. [extirpo, Latin.] To eradicate; to root
out.
Which to extirp he laid him privily
Down in a darksome lowly place far in. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Nor shall that nation boast it so with us,
But be extirped from our provinces. Shakespeare's Henry VI.

To EXTI’RPATE. v. a. [extirpo, Latin.] To root out; to
eradicate; to exscind; to destroy.
The rebels were grown so strong, that they made account
speedily to extirpate the British nation in that kingdom. Dryd.
We in vain endeavour with noise, and weapons of law, to
drive the wolf from our own to another's door: the breed
ought to be extirpated out of the island. Locke.
It is not the business of virtue to extirpate the affections,
but to regulate them. Addison's Spectator, No. 494.

EXTIRPA’TION. n. s. [from extirpate.] The act of rooting
out; eradication; excision; destruction.
It is said that popery, for want of utter extirpation, hath in
some places taken root and flourished again. Hooker, b. iv.
Religion requires the extirpation of all those passions and
vices which render men unsociable and troublesome to one
another. Tillotson, Sermon 3.

EXTIRPA’TOR. n. s. [from extirpate.] One who roots out; a
destroyer.

EXTISPI’CIOUS. adj. [extispicium, Latin.] Augurial; relating
to the inspection of entrails in order to prognostication.
Thus hath he deluded many nations unto his augurial and
extispicious inventions, from casual and uncontrived contin­
gences, divining events succeeding. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To EXTO’L. v. a. [extollo, Latin.] To praise; to magnify;
to laud; to celebrate.
When a rich man speaketh, every man holdeth his tongue;
and look, what he saith they extol it to the clouds. Ecclus. xiii.
For which both heav'n and earth shall high extol
Thy praises, with th' innumerable sound
Of hymns, and sacred songs, wherewith thy throne
Encompass'd shall resound thee ever bless'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
Let Araby extol her happy coast,
Her cinnamon and sweet amomum boast. Dryden's Ovid.

EXTO’LLER. n. s. [from extol.] A praiser; a magnifier; one
that praises to the skies.

EXTO’RSIVE. adj. [from extort.] Having the quality of draw­
ing by violent means.




EXTO’RSIVELY. adv. [from extorsive.] In an extorsive man­
ner; by violence.

To EXTO’RT. v. a. [extorqueo, extortus, Latin.]
1. To draw by force; to force away; to wrest; to wring from
one.
'Till the injurious Roman did extort
This tribute from us, we were free. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Newness
Of Cloten's death may drive us to a render,
Where we have liv'd; and so extort from us
That which we've done. Shakes. Cymbeline.
That glory never shall his wrath or might
Extort from me, to bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee, and deify his pow'r. Milt. Par. Lost.
I remember well the impious oath,
Hardly extorted from my trembling youth. Rowe.
My earnest desires, not any doubts of your goodness, but
my real concern for your welfare, extort this from me. Wake.
2. To gain by violence or oppression.
His tail was stretch'd out in wond'rous length,
That to the house of heav'nly gods it raught,
And with extorted power and borrow'd strength,
The ever-burning lamps from thence it brought. Spenser.
Are my chests fill'd up with extorted gold? Shakes. H. VI.

To EXTO’RT. v. n. To practise oppression and violence. Now
disused.
To whom they never gave any penny of entertainment,
but let them feed upon the countries, and extort upon all men
where they come. Spenser on Ireland.
Before they did extort and oppress the people only by colour
of a lewd custom, they did afterwards use the same extortions
by warrant. Davies on Ireland.

EXTO’RTER. n. s. [from extort.] One who practises oppression
or extortion.
Edric the extorter was deprived by king Cnute of the go­
vernment of Mercia. Camden's Remains.

EXTO’RTION. n. s. [from extort.]
1. The act or practice of gaining by violence and rapacity.
That goodness
Of gleaning all the land's wealth into one,
Into your own hands, cardinal, by extortion. Shak. H. VIII.
Oppression and extortion did maintain the greatness, and op­
pression and extortion did extinguish the greatness of that
house. Davies on Ireland.
2. Force by which any thing is unjustly taken away.
Because the lords had power to impose this charge, the free­
holders were glad to give a great part of their lands to hold
the rest free from that extortion. Davies on Ireland.
A succeeding king's just recovery of rights from unjust
usurpations and extortions, shall never be prejudiced by any act
of mine. King Charles.

EXTO’RTIONER. n. s. [from extortion.] One who practises
extortion; one who grows rich by violence and rapacity.
There will be always tyrants, murderers, thieves, adulterers,
extortioners, church-robbers, traitors, and other of the same
rabblement. Camden's Remains.
The covetous extortioner is involved in the same sentence.
Decay of Piety.

To EXTRA’CT. v. a. [extraho, extractum, Latin.]
1. To draw out of something.
The drawing one metal or mineral out of another, we call
extracting. Bacon's Physical Remarks.
Out of the ashes of all plants they extract a salt which they
use in medicines. Bacon's Natural History, No. 645.
If the metallick or mineral matter is discoverable, it is so
diffused and scattered amongst the crasser and more unprofitable
matter, that it would never be possible to separate and extract
it. Woodward's Natural History.
2. To draw by chemical operation.
They
Whom sunny Borney bears, are stor'd with streams
Egregious, rum and rice's spirit extract. Phillips.
3. To take from something of which the thing taken was a part.
I now see
Bone of my bone, flesh of my flesh, myself
Before me: woman is her name, of man
Extracted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii. l. 497.
4. To draw out of any containing body or cavity.
These waters were extracted, and laid upon the surface of
the ground. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
5. To select and abstract from a larger treatise.
To see how this case is represented, I have extracted out of
that pamphlet a few notorious falshoods. Swift.

E’XTRACT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The substance extracted; the chief parts drawn from any thing.
In tinctures, if the superfluous spirit of wine be distilled off,
it leaves at the bottom that thicker substance, which chymists
call the extract of the vegetables. Boyle's Scept. Chym.
To dip our tongues in gall, to have nothing in our mouth
but the extract and exhalation of our inward bitterness, is no
great sensuality. Government of the Tongue, s. 10.
2. The chief heads drawn from a book; an abstract; an epi­
tome.
I will present a few extracts out of authors. Camden's Rem.
Some books may be read by extracts made of them by
others, but only in the less important arguments, and the
meaner books; else distilled books are like common distilled
waters, flashy things. Bacon's Essays, Civil and Moral.
Spend some hours every day in reading, and making ex­
tracts, if your memory be weak. Swift.

EXTRA’CT. partic. adj. See the verb.

EXTRA’CTION. n. s. [extractio, Latin.]
1. The act of drawing one part out of a compound; the act
of drawing out the principal substance by chemical operation.
Although the charge of extraction should exceed the worth,
at least it will discover nature and possibility. Bacon.
They have fallen upon the distillations of waters, extractions
of oils, and such like experiments unknown to the ancients.
Hakewill on Providence.
It would not defray the charge and labour of the extraction,
and must needs be all irretrievably lost. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Derivation from an original; lineage; descent.
One whose extraction's from an ancient line,
Gives hope again that well-born men may shine;
The meanest in your nature mild and good,
The noble rest secured in your blood. Waller.
A family of an ancient extraction, transported with the con­
queror out of Normandy. Clarendon.

EXTRA’CTOR. n. s. [Latin.] The person or instrument by
which any thing is extracted.

EXTRADI’CTIONARY. adj. [extra and dictio, Latin.] Not
confisting in words but realities.
Of these extradictionary and real fallacies, Aristotle and lo­
gicians make six; but we observe men are commonly deceived
by four thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 4.

EXTRAJUDI’CIAL. adj. [extra and judicium, Latin.] Out of
the regular course of legal procedure.
A declaratory or extrajudicial absolution is conferred in foro
pænitentiali. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXTRAJUDI’CIALLY. adv. [from extrajudicial.] In a manner
different from the ordinary course of legal procedure.
The confirmation of an election, though done by a pre­
vious citation of all persons concerned, may be said to be done
extrajudicially, when opposition ensues thereupon. Ayliffe.

EXTRAMI’SSION. n. s. [extra and mitto, Latin.] The act of
emitting outwards; opposite to intromission.
Aristotle, Alhazen, and others, hold that sight is by recep­
tion, and not by extramission; by receiving the rays of the ob­
ject unto the eye, and not by sending any out. Brown.

EXTRAMUNDA’NE. adj. [extra and mundus, Latin.] Beyond
the verge of the material world.
'Tis a philosophy that gives the exactest topography of the
extramundane spaces. Glanv. Sceps. c. 18.

EXTRA’NEOUS. adj. [extraneus, Latin.] Not belonging to any
thing; foreign; of different substance; not intrinsick.
Relation is not contained in the real existence of things,
but something extraneous and superinduced. Locke.
When the mind refers any of its ideas to any thing extra­
neous to them, they are then called true or false. Locke.
Gold, when equally pure, and freed from extraneous matter,
is absolutely alike in colour, consistence, specifick gravity,
and all other respects. Woodward on Fossils.

EXTRAO’RDINARILY. adv. [from extraordinary.]
1. In a manner out of the common method and order.
In the affairs which were not determinable one way or
other by the Scripture, himself gave an extraordinarily direc­
tion and counsel, as oft as they sought it at his hands. Hooker.
In government it is good to use men of one rank equally;
for to countenance some extraordinarily, is to make them in­
solent, and the rest discontent. Bacon's Essays, Civ. and Moral.
2. Uncommonly; particularly; eminently; remarkably.
He quotes me right; and I hope all his quotations, wherein
he is so extraordinarily copious and elaborate, are so. Howel.
The temple of Solomon was a type, and therefore was so
extraordinarily magnificent; otherwise perhaps a cheaper struc­
ture might have been as serviceable. Wilkins's Math. Magick.

EXTRAO’RDINARINESS. n. s. [from extraordinary.] Uncom­
monness; eminence; remarkableness.
I chuse some few, which either for the extraordinariness of
their guilt, or the frequency of their practice, are the most
eminent. Government of the Tongue, s. 4.

EXTRAO’RDINARY. adj. [extraordinarius, Lat. This word
and its derivatives are generally pronounced extrordinary,
whereby the a is liquified into the o.]
1. Different from common order and method; not ordinary.
Evils must be judged inevitable, if there be no apparent
ordinary way to avoid them; because where council and ad­
vice bear rule of God's extraordinary power, without extraor­
dinary warrant, we cannot presume. Hooker, b. v. s. 9.
At that time Spain had no other wars, save those which
were grown into an ordinary: now they have coupled there­
with the extraordinary of the Voltaline and the Palatinate.
Bacon's War with Spain.
Let us see what extraordinary armies have been transmitted
thither, and what ordinary forces have been maintained there.
Davies's State of Ireland.
2. Different from the common course of law.
If they proceeded in a martial or any other extraordinary



way, without any form of law, his majesty should declare
his justice and affection to an old faithful servant. Clarendon.
3. Eminent; remarkable; more than common.
The house was built of fair and strong stone, not affecting
so much any extraordinary kind of fineness, as an honourable
representing of a firm stateliness. Sidney.
The Indians worshipped rivers, fountains, rocks, or great
stones, &c. and all things which seemed to have something
extraordinary in them. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

EXTRAO’RDINARY. adv. [This word seems only a colloquial
barbarism, used for the ease of pronunciation.] Extraor­
dinarily.
I ran over their cabinet of medals, but don't remember to
have met with any things in it that are extraordinary rare. Add.

EXTRAPARO’CHIAL. adj. [extra and parochia, Latin.] Not
comprehended within any parish.

EXTRAPROVI’NCIAL. adj. [extra and provincia, Latin.] Not
within the same province; not within the jurisdiction of the
same archbishop.
An extraprovincial citation is not valid, ultra duas diætas,
above two day's journey; nor is a citation valid that contains
many conditions manifestly inconvenient. Ayliffe's Parergon.

EXTRARE’GULAR. adj. [extra and regula, Latin.] Not com­
prehended within a rule.
His providence is extraregular, and produces strange things
beyond common rules; and he led Israel through a sea, and
made a rock pour forth water. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

EXTRA’VAGANCE. n. s. [extravagans, Latin.]

EXTRA’VAGANCY. n. s. [extravagans, Latin.]
1. Excursion or sally beyond prescribed limits.
I have troubled you too far with this extravagance: I shall
make no delay to recall myself into the road again, having
been taught by you those several particulars. Hammond.
2. Irregularity; wildness.
3. Outrage; violence; outrageous vehemence.
How many, by the wild fury and extravagancy of their own
passions, have put their bodies into a combustion, and by stirr­
ing up their rage against others, have armed that fierce humour
against themselves. Tillotson, Sermon 4.
4. Unnatural tumour; bombast.
I remember some verses of my own, Maximin and Alman­
zor, which cry vengeance upon me for their extravagance.
Dryden's Spanish Fryar, Dedication.
5. Waste; vain and superfluous expence.
She used to come home in her cups, and break the china
and the looking-glasses; and was of such an irregular temper,
and so entirely given up to her passion, that you might argue
as well with the North-wind as with her ladyship; so expen­
sive, that the income of three dukes was not enough to sup­
ply her extravagance. Arbuthnot.

EXTRA’VAGANT. adj. [extravagans, Latin.]
1. Wandering out of his bounds. This is the primogeneal
sense, but not now in use.
At his warning
The extravagant and erring spirit hies
To his confine. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. Roving beyond just limits or prescribed methods.
I dare not ask for what you would not grant:
But wishes, madam, are extravagant;
They are not bounded with things possible;
I may wish more than I presume to tell. Dryden's Aurengz.
3. Not comprehended in any thing.
Twenty constitutions of pope John XXII. are called the
extravagants; for that they being written in no order or me­
thod, vagantu extra corpus collectionum canonum. Ayliffe's Parer.
4. Irregular; wild.
For a dance they seem'd
Somewhat extravagant, and wild. Milton's Paradise Lost.
There appears something nobly wild and extravagant in
great natural geniuses, infinitely more beautiful than turn and
polishing. Addison's Spectator, No. 160.
New ideas employed my fancy all night, and composed a
wild extravagant dream. Addison's Spectator.
5. Wasteful; prodigal; vainly expensive.
An extravagant man, who has nothing else to recommend
him but a false generosity, is often more beloved than a per­
son of a much more finished character, who is defective in
this particular. Addison's Spectator, No. 243.

EXTRA’VAGANT. n. s. One who is confined in no general
rule or definition.
We pity or laugh at those fatuous extravagants. Glanville.
There are certain extravagants among people of all sizes
and professions; and there must be no drawing of general
rules from particular exceptions. L'Estrange.

EXTRA’VAGANTLY. adv. [from extravagant.]
1. In an extravagant manner; wildly.
Her passion was extravagantly new;
But mine is much the madder of the two. Dryden.
2. In an unreasonable degree.
Some are found to praise our author, and others as rashly
and extravagantly contradict his admirers. Pope's Ess. on Homer.
3. Expensively; luxuriously; wastefully.

EXTRAVAGA’NTNESS. n. s. [from extravagant.] Excess; ex­
cursion beyond limits.

To EXTRA’VAGATE. v. n. [extra and vagor, Latin.] To
wander out of limits. Dict.

EXTRA’VASATED. adj. [extra and vasa, Latin.] Forced out
of the properly containing vessels.
The viscuous matter, which lies like leather upon the ex­
travasated blood of pleuretick people, may be dissolved by a
due degree of heat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

EXTRAVASA’TION. n. s. [from extravasated.] The act of
forcing, or state of being forced out of the proper containing
vessels.
Aliment, too viscuous, obstructing the glands, and by its
acrimony corroding the small vessels of the lungs, after a rup­
ture and extravasation of blood, easily produces an ulcer. Arb.

EXTRAVE’NATE. adj. [extra and vena, Latin.] Let out of the
veins.
That there is a magnetick way of curing wounds, by anoint­
ing the weapon; and that the wound is affected in like manner
as is the extravenate blood by the sympathetick medicine, as to
matter of fact, is with circumstances of good evidence as­
serted. Glanv. Sceps. c. 24.

EXTRAVE’RSION. n. s. [extra and versio, Latin.] The act of
throwing out; the state of being thrown out.
Nor does there intervene heat to afford them any colour to
pretend that there is made an extraversion of the sulphur, or
of any of the two other supposed principles. Boyle.

EXTRA’UGHT. part. [This is an obsolete participle from ex­
tract; as distraught from distract.] Extracted.
Sham'st thou not, knowing whence thou art extraught,
To let thy tongue detect thy baseborn heart? Shak. H. VI.

EXTRE’ME. adj. [extremus, Latin. This word is sometimes
corrupted by the superlative termination, of which it is by no
means capable, as it has in itself the superlative signification.]
1. Greatest; of the highest degree.
He that will take away extreme heat by setting the body in
extremity of cold, shall undoubtedly remove the disease; but
together with it the diseased too. Hooker, b. iv. s. 8.
The Lord shall smite thee with a fever, an inflammation,
and an extreme burning. Deutr. xxviii. 22.
They thought it the extremest of evils to put themselves at
the mercy of those hungry and disorderly people. Bacon.
2. Utmost.
The hairy fool
Stood on th' extremest verge of the swift brook,
Augmenting it with tears. Shakes. As you like it.
Miseno's cape and Bauli last he view'd,
That on the sea's extremest borders stood. Addison on Italy.
3. Last; that beyond which there is nothing.
Farewel, ungrateful and unkind! I go,
Condemn'd by thee, to those sad shades below:
I go th' extremest remedy to prove,
To drink oblivion, and to drench my love. Dryden.
4. Pressing in the utmost degree.
Cases of necessity being sometime but urgent, sometime
extreme, the consideration of publick utility is urged equi­
valent to the easier kind of necessity. Hooker, b. v. s. 9.

EXTRE’ME. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Utmost point; highest degree of any thing.
Thither by harpy-footed furies hal'd,
At certain revolutions, all the damn'd
Are brought; and feel by turns the bitter change
Of fierce extremes, extremes by change more fierce;
From beds of raging fire to starve in ice
Their soft ethereal warmth, and there to pine
Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round
Periods of time; thence hurried back to fire. Milt. Pa. Lost.
Avoid extremes, and shun the faults of such
Who still are pleas'd too little, or too much. Pope.
They cannot bear that human nature, which they know to
be imperfect, should be praised in an extreme, without oppo­
sition. Pope's Essay on Homer.
2. Points at the greatest distance from each other; extremity.
The true Protestant religion is seated in the golden mean;
the enemies unto her are the extremes on either hand. Bacon.
The syllogistical form only shews, that if the intermediate
idea agrees with those it is on both sides immediately applied
to, then those two remote ones, or, as they are called, extremes,
do certainly agree. Locke.

EXTRE’MELY. adv. [from extreme.]
1. In the utmost degree.
She might hear, not far from her, an extremely doleful voice;
but so suppressed with a kind of whispering note, that he could
not conceive the words distinctly. Sidney.
2. Very much; greatly: in familiar language.
Whoever sees a scoundrel in a gown reeling home at mid­
night, is apt to be extremely comforted in his own vices. Swift.

EXTRE’MITY. n. s. [extremitas, Latin.]
1. The utmost point; the highest degree.
He that will take away extreme heat by setting the body in
extremity of cold, shall undoubtedly remove the disease; but
together with it the diseased too. Hooker, b. iv. s. 8.



Should any one be cruel and uncharitable to that extremity,
yet this would not prove that propriety gave any autho­
rity. Locke.
2. The utmost parts; the parts most remote from the middle.
It is commonly set forth green or yellow: in its proper
colour it is inclining to white, excepting the extremities or
tops of the wing-feathers, which are black. Brown.
The extremities of the joints must be seldom hidden, and
the extremities or end of the feet never. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The extremity of pain often creates a coldness in the extre­
mities; but such a sensation is very consistent with an inflam­
matory distemper. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. The points in the utmost degree of opposition, or at the ut­
most distance from each other.
He's a man of that strange composition,
Made up of all the worst extremities
Of youth and age. Denham's Sophy.
4. Remotest parts; parts at the greatest distance.
They sent fleets out of the Red Sea to the extremities of
Æthiopia, and imported quantities of precious goods. Arbuth.
5. Violence of passion.
With equal measure she did moderate
The strong extremities of their outrage. Spenser's Fa. Queen.
If I shew no colour for my extremity, let me be your table­
sport. Shakespeare.
6. The utmost violence, rigour, or distress.
Why should not the same laws take good effect on that
people, being prepared by the sword, and brought under by
extremity? Spenser on Ireland.
Their hearts she guesseth,
And yields her to extremity of time. Fairy Queen, b. i.
He promised, if they should be besieged, to do all he could
to relieve them, before they should be reduced to extremity.
Clarendon, b. viii.
It should be never so exposed to the extremity of war as to
fall into those barbarous hands. Clarendon.
I wish peace, and any terms prefer
Before the last extremities of war. Dryden's Ind. Emperor.

To E’XTRICATE. v. a. [extrico, Latin.] To disembarrass;
to set free any one in a state of perplexity; to disentangle.
We run into great difficulties about free created agents,
which reason cannot well extricate itself out of. Locke.
These are great reliefs to nature, as they give her an oppor­
tunity of extricating herself from her oppressions, and reco­
vering the several tones and springs of her distended vessels.
Addison's Spectator, No. 195.

EXTRICA’TION. n. s. [from extricate.] The act of disen­
tangling; disentanglement.
Crude salt has a taste not properly acid, but such as predo­
minates in brine; and it does not appear, that this acid spirit
did as such pre-exist in the salt whence it was obtained, so
that we may suppose it to have been made rather by transmu­
tation than extrication. Boyle.

EXTRI’NSICAL. adj. [extrinsecus, Latin.] External; out­
ward; not intimately belonging; not intrinsick. It is com­
monly written so, but analogy requires extrinsecal.
A body cannot move, unless it be moved by some extrinsi­
cal agent: we may easily frame a conceit, how absurd it is to
think that a body, by a quality in it, can work upon itself.
Digby on Bodies.
Neither is the atom by any extrinsical impulse diverted from
its natural course. Ray on the Creation.
Outward objects, that are extrinsical to the mind; and its
own operations, proceeding from powers intrinsical, and pro­
per to itself, which, when reflected on by itself, become also
objects of its contemplation, are the original of all know­
ledge. Locke.

EXTRI’NSICAILY. adv. [from extrinsical.] From without.
If to suppose the soul a distinct substance from the body,
and extrinsically advenient, be an error, almost all the world
hath been mistaken. Glanville.

EXTRI’NSICK. adj. [extrinsecus, Latin.] Outward; external.
When they cannot shake the main fort, they must try if
they can possess themselves of the outworks, raise some preju­
dice against his carriage and his most extrinsick adherents.
Government of the Tongue, s. 7.
Extrinsick modes are such as arise from something that is
not in the subject or substance itself; but it is a manner of
being which some substances attain, by reason of something
that is external or foreign to the subject; as, this globe lies
within two yards of the wall; this man is beloved or hated.
Watts's Logick.

To EXTRU’CT. v. a. [extruo, extructum, Latin.] To build;
to raise; to form into a structure.

EXTRU’CTOR. n. s. [from extruct.] A builder; a fabricator;
a contriver.

To EXTRU’DE. v. a. [extrudo, Latin.] To thrust off; to
drive off; to push out with violence.
If in any part of the continent they found the shells, they
concluded that the sea had been extruded and driven off by the
mud. Woodward's Natural History.

EXTRU’SION. n. s. [extrusus, Latin.] The act of thrusting or
driving out.
They suppose the channel of the sea to have been formed,
and mountains and caverns, by a violent depression of some
parts of the earth, and an extrusion and elevation of others.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

EXTU’BERANCE. n. s. [ex and tuber, Latin.] Knobs, or parts
protuberant; parts that rise from the rest of the body.
The gouge takes off the irregularities or extuberances that
lie farthest from the axis of the work. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

EXU

EXU’BERANCE. n. s. [exuberatio, Latin.] Overgrowth; super­
fluous shoots; useless abundance; luxuriance.
Men esteem the overflowing of gall the exuberance of
zeal, and all the promises of the faithful combatant they con­
fidently appropriate. Decay of Piety.
Though he expatiates on the same thoughts in different
words, yet in his similes that exuberance is avoided. Garth.

EXU’BERANT. adj. [exuberans, Latin.]
1. Growing with superfluous shoots; overabundant; superflu­
ously plenteous; luxuriant.
Another Flora there of bolder hues,
And richer sweets, beyond our gardens pride,
Plays o'er the fields, and showers with sudden hand
Exuberant spring. Thomson's Spring, l. 685.
His similes have been thought too exuberant, and full of
circumstances. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
2. Abounding in the utmost degree.
We might there discern such immense power, such un­
searchable wisdom, and such exuberant goodness, as may justly
ravish us to an amazement, rather than a bare admiration.
Boyle's Seraphick Love.
A part of that exuberant devotion, with which the whole
assembly raised and animated one another, catches a reader at
the greatest distance of time. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.

EXU’BERANTLY. adv. [from exuberant.] Abundantly; to a
superfluous degree.
A considerable quantity of the vegetable matter lay at the
surface of the antediluvian earth, and rendered it exuberantly
fruitful. Woodward's Natural History.

To EXU’BERATE. v. n. [exubero, Latin.] To abound in the
highest degree.
All the loveliness imparted to the creature is lent it, to give
us enlarged conceptions of that vast confluence and immen­
sity that exuberates in God. Boyle's Seraph. Love.

EXU’CCOUS. adj. [exsuccus, Latin.] Without juice; dry.
This is to be effected not only in the plant yet growing, but
in that which is brought exuccous and dry unto us. Brown.

EXU’DATION. n. s. [from exudo, Latin.]
1. The act of emitting in sweat; the act of emitting moisture
through the pores.
The tumour sometimes arises by a general exudation out of
the cutis. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. The matter issuing out by sweat from any body.
The gum of trees, which we see shining and clear, is but a
fine passage or straining of the juice of the tree through the
wood and bark; and in like manner Cornish diamonds, and
rock rubies, which are yet more resplendent than gums, are
the fine exudations of stone. Bacon's Natural History.
If it hath more dew at noon than in the morning, then
it seemeth to be an exudation of the herb itself. Bacon.
Cuckowspittle, or woodsere, that spumous frothy dew,
or exudation, or both, is found especially about the joints of
lavender and rosemary. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 3.

To EXU’DATE. v. n. [exudo, Latin.] To sweat out; to issue
out by sweat.

To EXU’DE. v. n. [exudo, Latin.] To sweat out; to issue
out by sweat.
Some perforations in the part itself, through which the
humour included doth exudate, may be observed in such as
are fresh. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The juices of the flowers are, first, the expressed juice;
secondly, a volatile oil, wherein the smell of the plant pre­
sides; thirdly, honey, exuding from all flowers, the bitter not
excepted. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To EXU’LCERATE. v. a. [exulcero, Latin.]
1. To make sore with an ulcer; to affect with a running or eat­
ing sore.
Cantharides, applied to any part of the body, touch the
bladder and exulcerate it, if they stay on long. Bac. Nat. Hist.
That the saliva hath a virtue of macerating bodies, appears
by the effects in taking away warts, sometimes exulcerating the
jaws, and rotting the teeth. Ray on the Creation.
The stagnating serum turning acrimonious, exulce­
rates and putrifies the bowels, producing most dismal symp­
toms. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To afflict; to corrode; to enrage.
Thoughts, my tormentors, arm'd with deadly stings,
Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts,
Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise
Dire inflammation, which no cooling herb.
Or medicinal liquor can asswage. Milton's Agonistes, l. 623.

EXULCERA’TION. n. s. [from exulcerate.]
1. The beginning erosion, which wears away the substance and
forms an ulcer. Quincy.



2. Exacerbation; corrosion.
This exulceration of mind made him apt to take all occa­
sions of contradiction. Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.

EXU’LCERATORY. adj. [from exulcerate.] Having a tendency
to cause ulcers.

To EXU’LT. v. n. [exulto, Latin.] To rejoice above mea­
sure; to triumph; to be in high exaltation of gladness.
The whole world did seem to exult that it had occasion of
pouring out gifts to so blessed a purpose. Hooker, b. v. s. 13.
Who might be your mother,
That you insult, exult, and rail, at once
Over the wretched. Shakespeare's As you like it.

EXU’LTANCE. n. s. [from exult.] Transport; joy; triumph;
gladness; exultation.
We have great cause of exultance and joy, God's service
being the most perfect freedom. Government of the Tongue.

EXULTA’TION. n. s. [exultatio, Latin.] Joy; triumph; rap­
turous delight.
Good effects may grow in each of the people towards other,
in them all towards their pastor, and in their pastor towards
every of them; between whom there daily and interchange­
ably pass, in the hearing of God himself, and in the presence
of his holy angels, so many heavenly acclamations, exultations,
provocations, petitions. Hooker, b. v. s. 39.
Devotion inspires men with sentiments of religious grati­
tude, and swells their hearts with inward transports of joy and
exultation. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.

To EXU’NDATE. v. n. [exundo, Lat.] To overflow. Dict.

EXUNDA’TION. n. s. [from exundate.] Overflow; abundance.
It is more worthy the Deity to attribute the creation of the
world to the exundation and overflowing of his transcendent
and infinite goodness. Ray on the Creation.

EXU’PERABLE. adv. [exuperabilis, Latin.] Conquerable;
superable; vincible.

EXU’PERANCE. n. s. [exuperantia, Lat.] Overbalance; greater
proportion.
Rome hath less variation than London; for on the West
side of Rome are seated France, Spain and Germany, which
take off the exuperance, and balance the vigour of the Eastern
parts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

To EXU’SCITATE. v. a. [exsuscito, Latin.] To stir up; to
rouse.

EXU’STION. n. s. [exustio, Latin.] The act of burning up;
consumption by fire.

EXU’VIÆ. n. s. [Latin.] Cast skins; cast shells; whatever is
thrown off, or shed by animals.
The fishes upon this stone have taken up so little room in
the stone, that they appear to be only the skins or exuviæ,
rather than entire bodies of fishes. Woodward on Fishes.

EY. May either come from ig, an island, by melting the
Saxon g into y, which is usually done; or from the
Saxon ea, which signifies a water, river, &c. or, lastly,
from ieag, a field, by the same kind of melting. Gibson.

EA. May either come from ig, an island, by melting the
Saxon g into y, which is usually done; or from the
Saxon ea, which signifies a water, river, &c. or, lastly,
from ieag, a field, by the same kind of melting. Gibson.

EE. May either come from ig, an island, by melting the
Saxon g into y, which is usually done; or from the
Saxon ea, which signifies a water, river, &c. or, lastly,
from ieag, a field, by the same kind of melting. Gibson.

EY’AS. n. s. [niais, French.] A young hawk just taken from
the nest, not able to prey for itself. Hanmer.
There is, sir, an aiery of children, little eyases, that cry out.
Shakespeare's Hamlet.

EY’ASMUSKET. n. s. A young unfledged male hawk of the
musket kind. Hanmer.
Here comes little Robin.—How now, my eyasmusket; what
news with you? Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

EYE

EYE. n. s. obsolete plural eyne, now eyes. [auga, Gothick; eag,
Saxon; oog, Dutch; ee, Scottish, plur. eene.]
1. The organ of vision; the medium of the sense of sight.
Good sir John, as you have one eye upon my follies, turn
another into the register of your own, that I may pass with a
reproof off the easier. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
My face is but a moon, and clouded too.
—Blessed are clouds to do as such clouds do:
Vouchsafe, bright moon, and these thy stars to shine,
Those clouds remov'd, upon our watry eyne. Shakespeare.
Nor doth the eye itself,
That most pure spirit of sense, behold itself,
Not going from itself; but eyes oppos'd,
Salute each other with each other's form. Sh. Troil. and Cress.
He kept him as the apple of his eye. Deutr. xxxii. 10.
As long looking against the sun or fire hurteth the eye by
dilatation; so curious printing in small volumes, and reading
of small letters, do hurt the eye by contraction. Bacon.
His awful presence did the crowd surprize,
Nor durst the rash spectator meet his eyes;
Eyes that confess'd him born for kingly sway,
So fierce, they flash'd intolerable day. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
But sure the eye of time beholds no name
So blest as thine in all the rolls of fame. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Sight; ocular knowledge.
Who hath bewitched you, that you should not obey the
truth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ hath been evidently set
forth? Gal. iii. 1.
3. Look; countenance.
I'll say yon grey is not the morning's eye,
'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Sh. Rom. and Jul.
4. Front; face.
To justify this worthy nobleman,
Her shall you hear disproved to your eyes.
Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
5. A posture of direct opposition, where one thing is in the same
line with another.
Now pass'd, on either side they nimbly tack,
Both strive to intercept and guide the wind;
And in its eye more closely they come back,
To finish all the deaths they left behind. Dryd. Ann. Miral.
6. Aspect; regard.
Having an eye to a number of rites and orders in the church
of England, as marrying with a ring, &c. sundry church­
offices, dignities and callings, for which they found no com­
mandment in the holy Scripture, they thought by the one only
stroke of an axiom to have cut them off. Hooker, b. iii. s. 4.
As in Scripture a number of laws, particular and positive,
being in force, may not by any law of man be violated; we
are, in making laws, to have thereunto an especial eye. Hooker.
The man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his
eyes shall be evil towards his brother. Deutr. xxviii. 54.
He that hath a bountiful eye shall be blessed. Prov. xxii. 9.
None should be put into either of those commissions, with
an eye of favour to their persons, to give them countenance or
reputation in the places where they live. Bacon to Villiers.
Winds and hurricanes at land, tempests and storms at sea,
have always been looked upon with as evil an eye as earth­
quakes. Woodward's Natural History.
In this disposal of my sister, I have had an eye to her being a
wit, and provided that the bridegroom be a man of sound
judgment. Tatler, No. 75.
Booksellers mention with respect the authors they have
printed, and consequently have an eye to their own advan­
tage. Addison's Spectator, No. 92.
7. Notice; attention; observation.
Not satisfied with our oath, he appointed a band of horse­
men to have an eye that we should not go beyond appointed
limits. Sidney, b. ii.
Lawmakers must have an eye to the place where, and to the
men amongst whom. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
His majesty hath cast his eyes upon you, as finding you to
be such as you should be, or hoping to make you to be such
as he would have you to be. Bacon.
If the English had driven the Irish into the plains and open
countries, where they might have an eye and observation upon
them, the Irish had been easily kept in order. Davies on Irel.
Spenser has followed both Virgil and Theocritus in the
charms which he employs for curing Britomartis of her love;
but he had also our poet's Ceiris in his eye. Dryden's Æn.
Misdoubt my constancy, and do not try;
But stay and ever keep me in your eye. Dryd. Ind. Emperor.
After this jealousy he kept a strict eye upon him. L'Estrange.
This method of teaching children by a repeated practice,
under the eye and direction of the tutor, 'till they have got the
habit of doing well, has many advantages. Locke.
These are intrinsick difficulties arising from the text itself,
as the uncertainty sometimes who are the persons he speaks to,
or the opinions or practices which he has in his eye. Locke.
Several performances have been justly applauded for their
wit, which have been written with an eye to this predominant
humour of the town. Addison's Freeholder, No. 35.
We were the most obedient creatures in the world, con­
stant to our duty, and kept a steddy eye on the end for which
we were sent hither. Spectator, No. 577.
8. Opinion formed by observation.
She told her husband, she designed to be beautiful in no
body's eye but his. Sidney.
It hath, in their eye, no great affinity with the form of the
church of Rome. Hooker, b. v. s. 27.
Like one of two contending in a prize,
That thinks he hath done well in people's eyes. Shakespeare.
I was as far from meditating a war as I was, in the eye of
the world, from having any preparations for one. K. Charles.
Though he in all the people's eyes seem'd great,
Yet greater he appear'd in his retreat. Denham.
9. Sight; view; the place in which any thing may be seen.
There shall he practise tilts and tournaments,
Hear sweet discourse, converse with noblemen;
And be, in eye of every exercise,
Worthy his youth and nobleness of birth. Shakespeare.
10. Any thing formed like an eye.
Or see colours like the eye of a peacock's feather, by press­
ing our eyes on either corner, whilst we look the other way.
Newton's Opt.
11. Any small perforation.
This Ajax has not so much wit as will stop the eye of He­
len's needle. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Does not our Saviour himself speak of the intolerable diffi­
culty which they cause in men's passage to heaven? Do not
they make the narrow way much narrower, and contract the



gate which leads to life to the streightness of a needle's
eye? South's Sermons.
12. A small catch into which a hook goes.
Those parts, if they cohere to one another but by rest only,
may be much more easily dissociated, and put into motion by
any external body, than they could be, if they were by little
hooks and eyes, or other kind of fastenings entangled in one
another. Boyle.
13. Bud of a plant.
Prune and cut off all your vine-shoots to the very root,
save one or two of the stoutest, to be left with three or four
eyes of young wood. Evelyn's Kalendar.
14. A small shade of colour.
The ground indeed is tawny.
—With an eye of green in't. Shakes. Tempest.
Red with an eye of blue, makes a purple. Boyle on Colours.
15. Power of perception.
The eyes of your understanding being enlightened. Eph. i.
A gift doth blind the eyes of the wise. Deutr. xvi. 19.

To EYE. v. a. [from the noun.] To watch; to keep in view;
to observe.
When they are laid in garrison, they may better hide
their defaults than when they are in camp, where they are
continually eyed and noted of all men. Spenser on Ireland.
Full many a lady
I've ey'd with best regard. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The kitchen Malkin pins
Her richest lockram 'bout her reeky neck,
Clamb'ring the walls to eye him. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Bid the cheek be ready with a blush,
Modest as morning, when she coldly eyes
The youthful Phœbus. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
Bold deed thou hast presum'd, advent'rous Eve,
And peril great provok'd, who thus hath dar'd,
Had it been only coveting to eye
That sacred fruit. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix. l. 923.
Such a story as the basilisk is that of the wolf, concerning
priority of vision, that a man becomes hoarse and dumb, if
the wolf have the advantage first to eye him. Brown's Vulg. Err.
It was needful for her perpetually to eye her pursuing enemy.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
Then gave it to his faithful squire,
With lessons how t'observe and eye her. Hudibras, p. iii.
Eye nature's walks, shoot folly as it flies,
And catch the manners living as they rise. Pope's Ess. on Man.
Have a box when eunuchs sing,
And foremost in the circle eye a king. Pope's Epist. of Hor.

To EYE. v. n. To appear; to show; to bear an appearance.
Forgive me,
Since my becomings kill me when they do not
Eye well to you. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.

EY’EBALL. n. s. [eye and ball.] The apple of the eye; the
pupil.
Oh, were mine eyeballs into bullets turn'd,
That I in rage might shoot them at your faces! Shak. H. VI.
Be subject to no sight but mine: invisible
To every eyeball else. Shakespeare's Tempest.
I feel my hair grow stiff, my eyeballs rowl;
This is the only form could shake my soul. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Not when a gilt buffet's reflected pride
Turns you from sound philosophy aside,
Not when from plate to plate your eyeballs roll,
And the brain dances to the mantling bowl. Pope's Horace.

EYEBRI’GHT. n. s. [euphrasia, Latin.] It hath an anomalous
personated flower of one leaf, divided into two lips; the upper
one upright, parted into several divisions; and the lower one
divided into three parts, each of which is again divided into
two: out of the flowercup rises the pointal, which afterwards
turns to a fruit, or oblong husk, divided into two parts, and
replete with small seeds. Miller.

EY’EBROW. n. s. [eye and brow.] The hairy arch over the
eye.
The lover,
Sighing like a furnace, with a woful ballad
Made to his mistress eyebrow. Shakesp. As you like it.
On the seventh day he shall shave all his hair off his head,
his beard, and his eyebrows. Lev. xiv. 9.
Above stand the eyebrows, to keep any thing from running
down upon them; as drops of sweat from the forehead, or
dust. Ray on the Creation.
The balls of his broad eyes roll'd in his head,
And glar'd betwixt a yellow and a red;
He look'd a lion with a gloomy stare,
And o'er his eyebrows hung his matted hair. Dryden.

EY’EDROP. n. s. [eye and drop.] Tear.
That tyranny which never quaft but blood,
Would by beholding him have wash'd his knife
With gentle eyedrops. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

EY’EGLANCE. n. s. [eye and glance.] Quick notice of the
eye.
His countenance was bold, and bashed not
For Guyon's looks; but scornful eyeglance at him shot. F. Q.

EY’EGLASS. n. s. [eye and glass.] Spectacles; glass to assist the
sight.
Ha' not you seen, Camillo?
But that's past doubt you have; or your eyeglass
Is thicker than a cuckold's horn. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
By comparing it with a good perspective of four foot in
length, made with a concave eyeglass, I could read at a greater
distance with my own instrument than with the glass. Newton.

EY’ELESS. adj. [from eye.] Without eyes; sightless; deprived
of sight.
A proclaim'd prize! most happy!
That eyeless head of thine was first fram'd flesh
To raise my fortunes. Shakesp. King Lear.
Promise was, that I
Should Israel from Philistian yoke deliver:
Ask for this great deliverer now, and find him
Eyeless in Gaza, at the mill with slaves:
Himself is bound under Philistian yoke. Milton's Agonistes.
Pentheus durst deride
The cheated people, and the eyeless guide.
Addison's Ovid's Metamorph.
Eyeless he grop'd about with vengeful haste,
And justled promontories as he pass'd. Garth's Ovid.
Meonides,
Poor eyeless pilgrim. Phillips.
Cyclop, if any pitying thy disgrace,
Ask who disfigur'd thus that eyeless face. Pope's Odyssey.

EY’ELET. n. s. [œillet, French, a little eye.] A hole through
which light may enter; any small perforation for a lace to go
through.
Slitting the back and fingers of a glove, I made eyelet holes
to draw it close. Wiseman's Surgery.

EY’ELID. n. s. [eye and lid.] The membrane that shuts over
the eye.
Therewith her dim eyelids she up 'gan rear,
On which the dreary death did sit, as sad
As lump of lead, and made dark clouds appear. Fai. Queen.
Mark when she smiles with amiable chear,
And tell me whereto can ye liken it!
When on each eyelid sweetly do appear
An hundred graces as in shade to sit. Spenser's Sonnets.
On my eyelids is the shadow of death. Job xvi. 16.
Fetch me that flower; the herb I shew'd thee once;
The juice of it, on sleeping eyelids laid,
Will make or man or woman madly doat
Upon the next live creature that it sees. Shakespeare.
The Turks have a black powder, made of a mineral called
alcohol, which with a fine long pencil they lay under their
eyelids, which doth colour black, whereby the white of the
eye is set off more white. Bacon's Natural History.
At length, the crackling noise and dreadful blaze
Call'd up some waking lover to the sight;
And long it was ere he the rest could raise,
Whose heavy eyelids yet were full of night. Dryden.

EYESE’RVANT. n. s. [eye and servant.] A servant that works
only while watched.

EYESE’RVICE. n. s. [eye and service.] Service performed only
under inspection.
Servants, obey in all things your master; not with eye­
service, as men pleasers, but in singleness of heart. Col. iii.

EY’ESHOT. n. s. [eye and shot.] Sight; glance; view.
I must carry off my prize as others do; and not think of
sharing the booty before I am free from danger, and out of
eyeshot from the other windows. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
I have preserved many a young man from her eyeshot by this
means. Spectator, No. 284.

EY’ESIGHT. n. s. [eye and sight.] Sight of the eye.
The Lord hath recompensed me according to my cleanness
in his eyesight. 2 Sam. xxii. 22.
I have an ill-divining soul:
Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,
As one dead in the bottom of a tomb;
Either my eyesight fails, or thou look'st pale. Shakespeare.
I love you, sir,
Dearer than eyesight, space and liberty,
Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare. Shakes. K. Lear.
Though sight be lost,
Life yet hath many solaces, enjoy'd
Where other senses want not their delights,
At home in leisure and domestick ease,
Exempt from many a care and chance, to which
Eyesight exposes daily men abroad. Milton's Agonistes.
Josephus sets this down from his own eyesight, being him­
self a chief captain at the siege of Jopata, where these events
happened. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
He blinds the wise, gives eyesight to the blind,
And molds and stamps anew the lover's mind. Dryden.

EY’ESORE. n. s. [eye and sore.] Something offensive to the
sight.
Hath the church of Christ, from the first beginning, by a
secret universal instinct of God's good spirit, always tied itself



to end neither sermon, nor almost any speech of moment,
which hath concerned matters of God, without some special
words of honour and glory to the Trinity which we all adore;
and is the like conclusion of psalms become now, at length,
an eyesore, or a galling to the ears that hear it? Hooker, b. v.
Fy, doff this habit; shame to your estate,
And eyesore to our solemn festival. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
As soon as the two lords came thither they covered, to the
trouble of the other; but having presently to speak, they were
quickly freed from that eyesore. Clarendon, b. viii.
Mordecai was an eyesore to Haman. L'Estrange, Fable 38.
He's the best piece of man's flesh in the market; not an
eyesore in his whole body. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

EYESPO’TTED. adj. [eye and spot.] Marked with spots like
eyes.
Nor Juno's bird, in her eyespotted train,
So many goodly colours doth contain. Spenser.

EYESTRI’NG. n. s. [eye and string.] The string of the eye;
the tendon by which the eye is moved.
I would have broke mine eyestrings; crackt them, but
To look upon him. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
To know whether the sheep are sound or not, see that their
gums be red, the brisket-skin red, and the eyestrings ruddy.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

EY’ETOOTH. n. s. [eye and tooth.] The tooth on the upper
jaw next on each side to the grinders; the fang.
The next one on each side stronger and deeper rooted, and
more pointed, called canini, in English eyeteeth, to tear the
more tough sort of aliments. Ray on the Creation.

EY’EWINK. n. s. [eye and wink.] A wink, as a hint or token.
They would have won any woman's heart; and, I warrant
you, they could never get an eyewink of her. Shakespeare.

EYEWI’TNESS. n. s. [eye and witness.] An ocular evidence; one
who gives testimony to facts seen with his own eyes.
We made known unto you the power and coming of our
Lord Jesus Christ, and were eyewitnesses of his majesty. 2 Pet.
To meet him all his saints, who silent stood
Eyewitnesses of his almighty acts,
With jubilee advanc'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Give us, if thou can'st,
Eyewitness of what first or last was done,
Relation more particular and distinct. Milton's Agonistes.
The curious, by laying together circumstances, attestations,
and characters of those who are concerned in them, either re­
ceive or reject what at first but eyewitnesses could absolutely
believe or disbelieve. Addison on the Christian Religion.

EYR

EYRE. n. s. [eyre, French; iter, Latin.] The court of justices
itinerants; and justices in eyre are those only, which Bracton
in many places calls justiciarios itinerantes. The eyre also of
the forest is nothing but the justice-seat, otherwise called;
which is, or should by ancient custom, be held every three
years by the justices of the forest, journeying up and down
to that purpose. Cowel.

EY’RY. n. s. [from ey, an egg.] The place where birds of
prey build their nests and hatch.
But I was born so high,
Our eyrie buildeth in the cedars top,
And dallies with the wind, and scorns the sun. Shak. R. III.
The eagle, and the stork,
On cliffs and cedar-tops their eyries build. Milt. Par. Lost.
Some haggard hawk, who had her eyry nigh,
Well pounc'd to fasten, and well wing'd to fly. Dryden.





F

F
A consonant generally reckoned by authors, and
admitted by Scaliger, among the semi-vowels, and
according to that opinion distinguished in the enu­
meration of the alphabet by a name beginning with
a vowel, yet has so far the nature of a mute,
that it is easily pronounced before a liquid in the same syl­
lable. It has in English an invariable sound, formed by com­
pression of the whole lips and a forcible breath. Its kindred
letter is V, which, in the Islandick alphabet, is only distin­
guished from it by a point in the body of the letter.

FAB

FABA’CEOUS. adj. [fabaceus, Latin.] Having the nature of a
bean. Dict.

FA’BLE. n. s. [fable, French; fabula, Latin.]
1. A feigned story intended to enforce some moral precept.
Jotham's fable of the bees is the oldest extant, and as beau­
tiful as any made since. Addison's Spectator.
2. A fiction in general.
Triptolemus, so sung the nine,
Strew'd plenty from his cart divine;
But, spite of all those fable makers,
He never sow'd on Almaign acres. Dryden.
3. A vitious or foolish fiction.
But refuse profane and old wives fables. 1 Tim. iv. 7.
4. The series or contexture of events which constitute a poem
epick or dramatick.
The moral is the first business of the poet: this being
formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most
suitable to the moral. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The first thing to be considered in an epick poem is the
fable, which is perfect or imperfect, according as the action,
which it relates, is more or less so. Addison's Spectator.
5. A lye. This sense is merely familiar.

To FA’BLE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To feign; to write not truth but fiction.
That Saturn's sons receiv'd the three-fold reign
Of heav'n, of ocean, and deep hell beneath,
Old poets mention, fabling. Prior.
Vain now the tales which fabling poets tell,
That wav'ring conquest still desires to rove!
In Marlbro's camp the goddess knows to dwell. Prior.
2. To tell falshoods; to lye.
He fables not: I hear the enemy. Shakesp. Henry VI.

To FA’BLE. v. a. To feign; to tell of falsety.
We mean to win,
Or turn this heav'n itself into the hell
Thou fablest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 292.
Ladies of th' Hesperides, that seem'd
Fairer than feign'd of old, or fabl'd since
Of fairy damsels met in forest wide,
By knights. Milton's Parad. Lost.

FA’BLED. adj. [from fable.] Celebrated in fables.
Hail, fabled grotto! hail, Elysian soil!
Thou fairest spot of fair Britannia's isle! Tickell.

FA’BLER. n. s. [from fable.] A dealer in fiction; a writer of
feigned stories.

To FA’BRICATE. v. a. [fabricor, Latin.]
1. To build; to construct.
2. To forge; to devise falsely. This sense is retained among
the Scottish lawyers; for when they suspect a paper to be
forged, they say it is fabricate.

FABRICA’TION. n. s. [from fabricate.] The act of building;
construction.
This fabrication of the human body is the immediate work
of a vital principle, that formeth the first rudiments of the
human nature. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

FA’BRICK. n. s. [fabrica, Latin.]
1. A building; an edifice.
There must be an exquisite care to place the columns, set
in several stories, most precisely one over another, that so the
solid may answer to the solid, and the vacuities to the vacui­
ties, as well for beauty as strength of the fabrick. Wotton.
2. Any system or compages of matter; any body formed by the
conjunction of dissimilar parts.
Still will ye think it strange,
That all the parts of this great fabrick change;
Quit their old station and primeval frame. Prior.

To FA’BRICK. v. a. [from the noun.] To build; to form;
to construct.
Shew what laws of life
The cheese inhabitants observe, and how
Fabrick their mansions. Phillips.

FA’BULIST. n. s. [fabuliste, French.] A writer of fables.
Quitting Esop and the fabulists, he copies from Boccace.
Croxal.
Our bard's a fabulist, and deals in fiction. Garrick.

FABULO’SITY. n. s. [fabulositas, Latin.] Lyingness; fulness
of stories; fabulous invention.
In their fabulosity they would report, that they had observa­
tions for twenty thousand years.
Abbot's Description of the World.

FA’BULOUS. adj. [fabulosus, Latin.] Feigned; full of fables,
or invented tales.
A person terrified with the imagination of spectres, is more
reasonable than one who thinks the appearance of spirits fabu­
lous and groundless. Addison's Spectator, No. 110.

FA’BULOUSLY. adv. [from fabulous.] In fiction; in a fabulous
manner.
There are many things fabulously delivered, and are not to
be accepted as truths. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 8.

FAC

FACE. n. s. [face, French, from facies, Latin.]
1. The visage.
The children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the
skin of Moses's face shone. Exod. xxxiv. 35.
A man shall see faces, which, if you examine them part by
part, you shall never find good; but take them together, are
not uncomely. Bacon, Essay 44.
From beauty still to beauty ranging,
In ev'ry face I found a dart. Addison's Spectator.
2. Countenance; cast of the features; look; air of the face.
Seiz'd and ty'd down to judge, how wretched I!
Who can't be silent, and who will not lye:
To laugh, were want of goodness and of grace;
And to be grave, exceeds all pow'r of face. Pope's Epistles.
3. The surface of any thing.
A mist watered the whole face of the ground. Gen. ii. 6.
4. The front or forepart of any thing.
The breadth of the face of the house, towards the East, was
an hundred cubits. Ezek. xli. 14.
4. State of affairs.
He look'd, and saw the face of things quite chang'd,
The brazen throat of war had ceas'd to roar;
All now was turn'd to jollity and game,
To luxury and riot, feast and dance. Milton's Par. Lost.
This would produce a new face of things in Europe. Addis.
5. Appearance; resemblance.
Keep still your former face, and mix again
With these lost spirits; run all their mazes with 'em;
For such are treasons. Ben. Johnson.
At the first shock, with blood and powder stain'd,
Nor heav'n, nor sea, their former face retain'd;
Fury and art produce effects so strange,
They trouble nature, and her visage change. Waller.
His dialogue has so much the face of probability, that some
have mistaken it for a real conference. Baker.
6. Presence; sight.
Ye shall give her unto Eleazar, and one shall slay her before
his face. Numb. xix. 3.
Jove cannot fear; then tell me to my face,
That I of all the gods am least in grace. Dryden's Iliad.
7. Confidence; boldness.
Thinking, by this face,
To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
But 'tis not so. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
How many things are there which a man cannot, with any
face or comliness, say or do himself? A man can scarce allege
his own merits with modesty, much less extol them: a man
cannot sometimes brook to supplicate or beg.
Bacon, Essay 28.
You'll find the thing will not be done
With ignorance and face alone. Hudibras, p. ii.
You, says the judge to the wolf, have the face to challenge


that which you never lost; and you, says he to the fox, have
the confidence to deny that which you have certainly stolen.
L'Estrange, Fable 415.
This is the man that has the face to charge others with false
citations. Tillotson, Preface.
8. Distortion of the face.
Shame itself!
Why do you make such faces? Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FACE to FACE. [An adverbial expression.]
1. When both parties are present.
It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to
die, before that he which is accused have his accusers face to
face. Acts xxv. 16.
2. Nakedly; without the interposition of other bodies.
Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face.
1 Cor. xiii. 12.

To FACE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To carry a false appearance; to play the hypocrite.
Thou needs must learn to laugh, to lye,
To face, to forge, to scoff, to company. Hubberd's Tale.
2. To turn the face; to come in front.
Face about, man; you a soldier, and afraid of the enemy!
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Then thrice the mounted squadrons ride around
The fire, and Arcite's name they thrice resound;
Hail and farewel they shouted thrice amain,
Thrice facing to the left, and thence they turn'd again. Dry.

To FACE. v. a.
1. To meet in front; to oppose with confidence and firmness.
I'll face
This tempest, and deserve the name of king. Dryden.
We get intelligence of the force of the enemy, and
cast about for a sufficient number of troops to face the
enemy in the field of battle. Addison on the War.
They are as loth to see the fires kindled in Smithfield as his
lordship; and, at least, as ready to face them under a popish
persecution. Swift.
2. To oppose with impudence.
We trapann'd the state, and fac'd it down
With plots and projects of our own. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 2.
Because he walk'd against his will,
He fac'd men down that he stood still. Prior.
3. To stand opposite to.
On one side is the head of the emperor Trajan; the reverse
has on it the circus Maximus, and a view of the side of the
Palatine mountain that faces it. Addison on Italy.
The temple is described to be square, and the four fronts
with open gates, facing the different quarters of the world.
Pope's Temple of Fame.
4. To cover with an additional superficies; to invest with a
covering.
The whole fortification of Soleurre is faced with marble.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Where your old bank is hollow, face it with the first spit of
earth that you dig out of the ditch. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FA’CELESS. adj. [from face.] Without a face. Bailey.

FACEPAI’NTER. n. s. [face and painter.] A drawer of por­
traits; a painter who draws from the life.

FACEPAI’NTING. n. s. [face and painting.] The art of draw­
ing portraits.
Georgione, the contemporary of Titian, excelled in portraits
or facepainting. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

FA’CET. n. s. [facette, French.] A small surface; a super­
ficies cut into several angles.
Honour that is gained and broken upon another, hath the
quickest reflection, like diamonds cut with facets. Bacon.

FACE’TIOUS. adj. [facetieux, French; facetiæ, Lat.] Gay;
cheerful; lively; merry; witty. It is used both of persons
and sentiments.
Socrates, informed of some derogating speeches used of him
behind his back, made this facetious reply, Let him beat me
too when I am absent. Government of the Tongue, s. 6.

FACE’TIOUSLY. adv. [from facetious.] Gayly; cheerfully;
wittily; merrily.

FACE’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from facetious.] Cheerful wit; mirth;
gaiety.

FA’CILE. adj. [facile, French; facilis, Latin.]
1. Easy; not difficult; performable or attainable with little
labour.
Then also those poets, which are now counted most hard,
will be both facile and pleasant. Milton on Education.
To confine the imagination is as facile a performance as the
Goteham's design of hedging in the cuckoo. Glanv. Sceps.
By dividing it into parts so distinct, the order in which they
shall find each disposed, will render the work facile and de­
lightful. Evelyn's Kalendar.
This may at first seem perplexed with many difficulties, yet
many things may be suggested to make it more facile and com­
modious. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
2. Easily surmountable; easily conquerable.
The facile gates of hell too slightly barr'd. Milt. P. Lost.
3. Easy of access or converse; not haughty; not supercilious;
not austere.
I meant she should be courteous, facile, sweet,
Hating that solemn vice of greatness, pride;
I meant each softest virtue there should meet,
Fit in that softer bosom to reside. Ben. Johnson's Epigrams.
Raphael now, to Adam's doubt propos'd,
Benevolent and facile, thus reply'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. Pliant; flexible; easily persuaded to good or bad; ductile to
a fault.
Too facile then, thou did'st not much gainsay;
Nay did'st permit, approve, and fair dismiss. Milt. P. Lost.
Since Adam and his facile consort Eve
Lost Paradise, deceiv'd by me. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Some men are of that facile temper, that they are wrought
upon by every object they converse with, whom any affec­
tionate discourse, or serious sermon, or any notable accident,
shall put into a fit of religion, which yet usually lasts no
longer than till somewhat else comes in their way. Calamy.

To FACI’LITATE. v. a. [faciliter, French.] To make easy;
to free from difficulty; to clear from impediments.
Choice of the likeliest and best prepared metal for the ver­
sion will facilitate the work. Bacon's Natural History.
They renewed their assault two or three days together, and
planted cannon to facilitate their passage, which did little hurt;
but they still lost many men in the attempt. Clarendon, b. viii.
Though perspective cannot be called a certain rule, or a
finishing of the picture, yet it is a great succour and relief to
art, and facilitates the means of execution. Dryden's Dufresn.
What produceth a due quantity of animal spirits, necessarily
facilitates the animal and natural motions. Arbuthnot on Diet.
A war on the side of Italy would cause a great diversion of
the French forces, and facilitate the progress of our arms in
Spain. Swift.

FAC’ILITY. n. s. [facilitè, French; facilitas, Latin.]
1. Easiness to be performed; freedom from difficulty.
Yet reason saith, reason should have ability
To hold these worldly things in such proportion,
As let them come or go with even facility. Sidney, b. ii.
Piety could not be diverted from this to a more commo­
dious business by any motives of profit or facility. Raleigh.
A war upon the Turks is more worthy than upon any other
Gentiles, both in point of religion and in point of honour;
though facility and hope of success might invite some other
choice. Bacon's holy War.
2. Readiness in performing; dexterity.
They who have studied have not only learned many excel­
lent things, but also have acquired a great facility of profiting
themselves by reading good authors. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The facility which we get of doing things, by a custom of
doing, makes them often pass in us without our notice. Locke.
3. Vitious ductility; easiness to be persuaded to good or bad; to
ready compliance.
Facility is worse than bribery; for bribes come now and
then: but if importunity or idle respects lead a man, he shall
never be without. Bacon, Essay 11. 
'Tis a great error to take facility for good-nature; tender­
ness, without discretion, is no better than a more pardonable
folly. L'Estrange, Fable 30.
4. Easiness of access; complaisance; condescension; affability.
He opens and yields himself to the man of business with
difficulty and reluctancy; but offers himself to the visits of a
friend with facility, and all the meeting readiness of appetite
and desire. South's Sermons.

FACINE’RIOUS. adj. [corrupted by Shakespeare from facinorous;
facinus, facinoris, Latin.] Wicked; facinorous.
'Tis strange, 'tis very strange, that is the brief and the
tedious of it; and he's of a most facinerious spirit that will not
acknowledge it. Shakes. All's well that ends well.

FA’CING. n. s. [from To face.] An ornamental covering; that
which is put on the outside of any thing by way of deco­
ration.
These offices and dignities were but the facings and fringes
of his greatness. Wotton.

FACI’NOROUS. adj. [facinora, Latin.] Wicked; atro­
cious; detestably bad.

FACI’NOROUSNESS. n. s. [from facinorous.] Wickedness in a
high degree.

FACT. n. s. [factum, Latin.]
1. A thing done; an effect produced; something not barely sup­
posed or suspected, but really done.
In matter of fact there is some credit to be given to the
testimony of man; but not in matter of opinion and judg­
ment: we see the contrary both acknowledged and universally
practised also throughout the world. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
As men are not to mistake the causes of these operations,
so much less are they to mistake the fact or effect, and rashly
to take that for done which is not done. Bacon's Nat. History.
Matter of fact breaks out and blazes with too great an evi­
dence to be denied. South's Sermons.
2. Reality; not supposition; not speculation.


Those effects which are wrought by the percussion of the
sense, and by things in fact, are produced likewise in some
degree by the imagination: therefore if a man see another eat
sour or acid things, which set the teeth on edge, that object
tainteth the imagination. Bacon's Natural History, No. 795.
If this were true in fact, I do not see any colour for such
a conclusion. Addison on the State of the War.
Manifold sins, though in speculation they may be separable
from war, in reality and fact never fail to attend it. Smalridge.
3. Action; deed.
Unhappy man! to break the pious laws.
Of nature, pleading in his children's cause:
Howe'er the doubtful fact is understood,
'Tis love of honour and his country's good;
The consul, not the father, sheds the blood. Dryden.

FA’CTION. n. s. [faction, French; factio, Latin.]
1. A party in a state.
The queen is valued thirty thousand strong;
If she hath time to breathe, be well assur'd
Her faction will be full as strong as ours. Shakes. Henry VI.
He has been known to commit outrages,
And cherish factions. Shakespeare's Timon.
Their hatred went so far, that by one of Simon's faction
murders were committed. 2 Mac. iv. 9.
By the weight of reason I should counterpoise the over­
balancings of any factions. King Charles.
2. Tumult; discord; dissension.
They remained at Newbery in great faction among them­
selves. Clarendon.

FA’CTIONARY. n. s. [factionaire, French.] One of a faction;
a party man. A word not in use.
Pr'ythee, fellow, remember my name is Menenius; always
factionary of the party of your general. Shakes. Coriolanus.

FA’CTIOUS. adj. [factieux, French.]
1. Given to faction; loud and violent in a party; publickly
dissensious; addicted to form parties and raise publick dis­
turbances.
He is a traitor; let him to the Tower,
And crop away that factious pate of his. Shakes. Hen. VI.
Be factious for redress of all these griefs. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
2. Proceeding from publick dissensions; tending to publick
discord.
Grey-headed men and grave, with warriors mix'd,
Assemble; and harangues are heard; but soon
In factious opposition. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 664.
Factious tumults overbore the freedom and honour of the
two houses. King Charles.
Why these factious quarrels, controversies, and battles
amongst themselves, when they were all united in the same
design? Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.

FA’CTIOUSLY. adv. [from factious.] In a manner criminally
dissensious or tumultuous.
I intended not only to oblige my friends, but mine ene­
mies also; exceeding even the desires of those that were fac­
tiously discontented. King Charles.

FA’CTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from factious.] Inclination to publick
dissension; violent clamourousness for a party.

FACTI’TIOUS. adj. [factitius, Latin.] Made by art, in oppo­
sition to what is made by nature.
In the making and distilling of soap, by one degree of fire
the salt, the water, and the oil or grease, whereof that facti­
tious concrete is made up, being boiled up together, are easily
brought to incorporate. Boyle.
Hardness wherein some stones exceed all other bodies, and
among them the adamant all other stones, being exalted to that
degree that art in vain endeavours to counterfeit it; the facti­
tious stones of chymists, in imitation, being easily detected by
an ordinary lapidist. Ray on the Creation.

FA’CTOR. n. s. [facteur, French; factor, Latin.]
1. An agent for another; one who transacts business for an­
other. Commonly a substitute in mercantile affairs.
Take on you the charge
And kingly government of this your land;
Not as protector, steward, substitute,
Or lowly factor for another's gain. Shakes. Richard III.
Percy is but my factor, good my lord,
T' engross up glorious deeds on my behalf. Shak. Hen. IV.
You all three,
The senators alone of this great world,
Chief factors for the gods. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.
We agreed that I should send up an English factor, that
whatsoever the island could yield should be delivered at a rea­
sonable rate. Raleigh's Apology.
It was conceived that the Scots had good intelligence,
having some factors doubtless at this mart, albeit they did not
openly trade. Hayward.
Vile arts and restless endeavours are used by some sly and
venomous factors for the old republican cause. South's Sermons.
All the reason that I could ever hear alleged, by the chief
factors for a general intromission of all sorts, sects and persua­
sions, into our communion, is, that those who separate from
us are stiff and obstinate, and will not submit to the rules and
orders of our church, and that therefore they ought to be taken
away. South's Sermons.
Forc'd into exile from his rightful throne,
He made all countries where he came his own;
And viewing monarchs secret arts of sway,
A royal factor for their kingdoms lay. Dryden.
2. [In arithmetick.] The multiplicator and multiplicand. Harris.

FA’CTORY. n. s. [from factor.]
1. A house or district inhabited by traders in a distant country.
2. The traders embodied in one place.

FACTO’TUM. n. s. [fac totum, Latin. It is used likewise in
burlesque French.] A servant employed alike in all kinds of
business: as Scrub in the Stratagem.

FA’CTURE. n. s. [French.] The act or manner of making
any thing.

FA’CULTY. n. s. [facultè, French; facultas, Latin.]
1. The power of doing any thing; ability whether corporal or
intellectual.
There is no kind of faculty or power in man, or any crea­
ture, which can rightly perform the functions allotted to it
without perpetual aid and concurrence of that supreme cause
of all things. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
Orators may grieve; for in their sides,
Rather than heads, their faculty abides. Denham.
Reason in man supplies the defect of other faculties where­
in we are inferior to beasts, and what we cannot compass by
force we bring about by stratagem. L'Estrange.
2. Powers of the mind, imagination, reason, memory.
For well I understand in the prime end
Of nature, her the inferior; in the mind
And inward faculties, which most excel. Milt. Parad. Lost.
In the ordinary way of speaking, the understanding and
will are two faculties of the mind. Locke.
Neither did our Saviour think it necessary to explain to us
the nature of God, because it would be impossible, without
bestowing on us other faculties than we possess at present. Swift.
3. [In physick.] A power or ability to perform any action na­
tural, vital, and animal: by the first they understand that by
which the body is nourished and augmented, or another like
it generated: the vital faculty is that by which life is preserved,
and the ordinary functions of the body performed; and the
animal faculty is what conducts the operations of the mind.
Quincy.
4. A knack; habitual excellence; dexterity.
He had none of those faculties, which the other had, of re­
conciling men to him. Clarendon, b. viii.
A sober man would have wondered how our author found
out monarchical absolute power in that text, had he not had
an exceeding good faculty to find it himself where he could not
shew it others. Locke.
He had an excellent faculty in preaching, if he were not
too refined. Swift.
5. Quality; disposition or habit of good or ill.
I'm traduc'd by tongues which neither know
My faculties nor person, yet will be
The chronicles of my doing. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
6. Power; authority.
This Duncan
Hath born his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
7. Privilege; right to do any thing.
Law hath set down to what persons, in what causes, with
what circumstances, almost every faculty or favour shall be
granted. Hooker, b. v.
8. Faculty, in an university, denotes the masters and professors
of the several sciences: as, a meeting of the faculty or
faculties.

FACU’ND. adj. [facundus, Latin.] Eloquent. Dict.

FAD

To FA’DDLE. v. n. [corrupted from To fiddle, or toy with the
fingers.] To trifle; to toy; to play.

To FADE. v. n. [fade, French, insipid, languid.]
1. To tend from greater to less vigour; to grow weak; to lan­
guish.
2. To tend from a brighter to a weaker colour.
The greenness of a leaf ought to pass for apparent, because
soon fading into a yellow, it scarce lasts at all, in comparison
of the greenness of an emerald. Boyle on Colours.
The spots in this stone are of the same colour throughout,
even to the very edges; there being an immediate transition
from white to black, and the colours not fading or declining
gradually. Woodward on Fossils.
3. To wither: as a vegetable.
Ye shall be as an oak whose leaf fadeth, and as a garden
that hath no water. Is. i. 30.
4. To die away gradually; to vanish; to be worn out.
Where either through the temper of the body, or some
other default, the memory is very weak, ideas in the mind
quickly fade. Locke.
The stars shall fade away, the sun himself
Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years. Addis. Cato.


5. To be naturally not durable; to be transient; easily to lose
vigour or beauty.
The glorious beauty on the head of the fat valley shall be a
fading flower. Is. xxviii. 4.
The pictures drawn in our minds are laid in fading colours,
and, if not sometimes refreshed, vanish and disappear. Locke.
Narcissus' change, to the vain virgin shows
Who trusts to beauty, trusts the fading rose. Gay's Fan.

To FADE. v. a. To wear away; to reduce to languor; to de­
prive of freshness or vigour; to wither.
This is a man old, wrinkled, faded, withered;
And not a maiden, as thou say'st he is. Shakespeare.
His palms, though under weights they did not stand,
Still thriv'd; no Winter could his laurels fade. Dryden.
Restless anxiety, forlorn despair,
And all the faded family of care. Garth's Dispens.

To FADGE. v. n. [gefegan, Saxon; fugen, German.]
1. To suit; to fit; to have one part consistent with another.
How will this fadge? my master loves her dearly,
And I, poor monster, fond as much on him;
And she, mistaken, seems to dote on me. Shakespeare.
2. To agree; not to quarrel; to live in amity.
When they thriv'd they never fadg'd,
But only by the ears engag'd;
Like dogs that snarl about a bone,
And play together when they've none. Hudibras, p. iii.
3. To succeed; to hit.
The fox had a fetch; and when he saw it would not fadge,
away goes he presently. L'Estrange's Fables.
4. This is a mean word not now used, unless perhaps in ludi­
crous and low compositions.

FÆ’CES. n. s. [Latin.] Excrements; but often used to express
the ingredients and settlings after distillation and infusion.
Quincy.

To FAG. v. a. [fatigo, Latin.] To grow weary; to faint
with weariness.
Creighton witheld his force 'till the Italian begun to fag,
and then brought him to the ground. Mackenzie's Lives.

FAGE’ND. n. s. [from fag and end.]
1. The end of a web of cloath, generally made of coarser ma­
terials.
2. The refuse or meaner part of any thing.
In the world's fagend
A nation lies. Fanshaw.
When they are the worst of their way, and fixt in the
fagend of business, they are apt to look not kindly upon those
who go before them. Collier of Envy.

FA’GOT. n. s. [fagod, Welsh and Armorick; fagot, French.]
1. A bundle of sticks bound together for the fire.
About the pile of fagots, sticks and hay,
The bellows raised the newly kindled flame. Fairfax, b. ii.
Spare for no fagots, let there be enow;
Place pitchy barrels on the fatal stake. Shakes. Henry VI.
Mitres or fagots have been the rewards of different persons,
according as they pronounced these consecrated syllables or
not. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. A bundle of sticks for any purpose.
The black prince filled a ditch with fagots as successfully as
the generals of our times do it with fascines. Addis. Spectator.
3. A soldier numbered in the muster-roll, but not really
existing.

To FA’GOT. v. a. [from the noun.] To tie up; to bundle
together.
He was too warm on picking work to dwell,
But fagoted his notions as they fell,
And if they rhym'd and rattled, all was well. Dryden.

FAI

To FAIL. v. n. [failler, French; faeln, Welsh. Pezron.]
1. To be deficient; to cease from former plenty; to fall short;
not to be equal to demand or use.
The waters fail from the sea, and the flood decayeth and
drieth up. Job xiv. 11. 
Where the credit and money fail, barter alone must
do. Locke.
2. To be extinct; to cease to be produced.
Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth; for the faithful fail
from among the children of men. Ps. xii. 1. 
Let there not fail from the house of Joab one that hath an
issue. 2 Sa. iii. 29.
3. To cease; to perish; to be lost.
For Titan, by the mighty loss dismay'd,
Among the heavens th' immortal fact display'd,
Lest the remembrance of his grief should fail. Addison.
4. To die; to lose life.
Had the king in his last sickness fail'd,
Their heads should have gone off. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Both he that helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall
fall down, and they all shall fail together. Is. xxxi. 3.
5. To sink; to be torn down; to languish through re­
sistance.
Neither will I be always wroth; for the spirit should fail
before me. Is. lvii. 16.
6. To decay; to decline; to languish.
Mine eyes fail. Ps. cxix. 82.
I perceive
Thy mortal sight to fail: objects divine
Must needs impair and weary human sense. Milt. Par. Lost.
7. To miss; not to produce its effect.
Consider of deformity not as a sign which is deceiveable,
but as a cause which seldom faileth of the effect. Bacon's Essays.
This jest was first of th' other house's making,
And, five times try'd, has never fail'd of taking. Dryden.
A persuasion that we shall overcome any difficulties, that we
meet with in the sciences, seldom fails to carry us through
them. Locke.
He does not remember whether every grain came up or
not; but he thinks that very few failed. Mortimer's Husband.
8. To miss; not to succeed in a design.
I am enjoin'd, by oath, if I fail
Of the right casket, never in my life
To woo a maid in way of marriage. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
In difficulties of state, the true reason of failing proceeds
from failings in the administration. L'Estrange.
Men who have been busied in the pursuit of the philoso­
pher's stone, have failed in their design. Addison's Guardian.
9. To be deficient in duty.
Endeavour to fulfill God's commands, to repent as often as
you fail of it, and to hope for pardon and acceptance of him.
Wake's Preparation for Death.

To FAIL. v. a.
1. To desert; not to continue to assist or supply.
The ship was now left alone, as proud lords be when for­
tune fails them. Sidney, b. ii.
So hast thou oft with guile thine honour blent;
But little may such guile thee now avail.
If wonted force and fortune do not much me fail. Fai. Qu.
There shall be signs in the sun, the moon, and the stars,
mens hearts failing them for fear. Lu. xxi. 26.
Her heart failed her, and she would fain have compounded
for her life. L'Estrange.
He presumes upon his parts that they will not fail him at
time of need, and so thinks it superfluous labour to make any
provision beforehand. Locke.
2. Not to assist; to neglect; to omit to help.
Since nature fails us in no needful thing,
Why want I means my inward self to see? Davies.
3. To omit; not to perform.
The inventive god who never fails his part,
Inspires the wit, when once he warms the heart. Dryden.
4. To be wanting to.
There shall not fail thee a man on the throne. 1 Kings ii. 4.

FAIL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Miscarriage; miss; unsuccessfulness.
2. Omission; non-performance.
Mark and perform it, seest thou? for the fail
Of any point in't shall not only be
Death to thyself, but to thy lewd-tongu'd wife. Shakespeare.
He will without fail drive out from before you the Ca­
naanites. Jos. iii. 10.
3. Deficience; want.
4. Death; extinction.
How grounded he his title to the crown
Upon our fail? Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

FAI’LING. n. s. [from fail.] Deficiency; imperfection; faults
not atrocious; lapse.
Besides what failings may be in the matter, even in the
expressions there must often be great obscurities. Digby.
To failings mild, but zealous for desert;
The clearest head, and the sincerest heart. Pope.
Even good men have many temptations to subdue, many
conflicts with those enemies which war against the soul, and
many failings and lapses to lament and recover. Rogers.

FA’ILURE. n. s. [from fail.]
1. Deficience; cessation.
There must have been an universal failure and want of
springs and rivers all the Summer season. Woodward's N. Hist.
2. Omission; non-performance; slip.
He that, being subject to an apoplexy, used still to carry his
remedy about him; but upon a time shifting his cloaths, and
not taking that with him, chanced upon that very day to be
surprised with a fit: he owed his death to a mere accident, to
a little inadvertency and failure of memory. South's Sermons.
3. A lapse; a slight fault.

FAIN. adj. [feagn, Saxon.]
1. Glad; merry; chearful; fond. It is still retained in Scot­
land in this sense.
And in her hand she held a mirrour bright,
Wherein her face she often viewed fain. Fairy Queen.
My lips will be fain when I sing unto thee, and so will my
soul whom thou hast delivered. Psalm lxxi.
2. Forced; obliged; compelled. [This signification seems to
have arisen from the mistake of the original signification in
some ambiguous expressions; as, I was fain to do this, would


equally suit with the rest of the sentence, whether it was un­
derstood to mean I was compelled, or I was glad to do it for fear
of worse. Thus the primary meaning seems to have been early
lost.]
Every weight to shroud it did constrain,
And this fair couple eke to shroud themselves were fain.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 1.  stan. 6.
Whosoever will hear, he shall find God; whosoever will
study to know, shall be also fain to believe. Hooker, b. v.
I was fain to forswear it; they would else have married me
to the rotten medlar. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
When Hildebrand had accursed Henry IV. there were none
so hardy as to defend their lord; wherefore he was fain to
humble himself before Hildebrand. Raleigh's Essays.
The learned Castalio was fain to make trenchers at Basle,
to keep himself from starving. Locke.

FAIN. adv. [from the adjective.] Gladly; very desirously; ac­
cording to earnest wishes.
Now I would give a thousand furlongs of sea for an acre
of barren ground: I would fain die a dry death. Shakespeare.
Why would'st thou urge me to confess a flame
I long have stifled, and would fain conceal. Addison's Cato.
Fain wou'd I Raphael's godlike art rehearse,
And show th' immortal labours in my verse. Addison.
The plebeians would fain have a law enacted to lay all mens
rights and privileges upon the same level. Swift.

To FAIN. v. n. [from the noun.] To wish; to desire fondly.
Fairer than fairest, in his faining eye,
Whose sole aspect he counts felicity. Spenser on Love.

To FAINT. v. n. [faner, French.]
1. To decay; to wear or waste away quickly.
Those figures in the gilded clouds, while we gaze upon
them, faint before the eye, and decay into confusion. Pope.
2. To lose the animal functions; to sink motionless and sense­
less.
Their young children were out of heart, and their women
and young men fainted for thirst, and fell down in the streets.
Judith vii. 22.
We are ready to faint with fasting. 1 Mac. iii. 17.
Upon hearing the honour intended her, she fainted away,
and fell down as dead. Guardian, No. 167.
3. To grow feeble.
They will stand in their order, and never faint in their
watches. Ecclus. xliii. 10.
The imagination cannot be always alike constant and strong,
and if the success follow not speedily it will faint and lose
strength. Bacon's Natural History, No. 953.
4. To sink into dejection.
Lest they faint
At the sad sentence rigorously urg'd,
All terror hide. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 108.

To FAINT. v. a. To deject; to depress; to enfeeble. A
word little in use.
It faints me
To think what follows. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

FAINT. adj. [fane, French.]
1. Languid; weak; feeble.
In the more intemperate climates the spirits, either exhaled
by heat or comprest by cold, are rendered faint and slug­
gish. Temple.
2. Not bright; not vivid; not striking.
The blue compared with these is a faint and dark colour,
and the indigo and violet are much darker and fainter. Newt.
The length of the image I measured from the faintest and
utmost red at one end, to the faintest and utmost blue at the
other end, excepting only a little penumbra. Newton's Opt.
From her naked limbs of glowing white,
In folds loose floating, fell the fainter lawn. Thomson.
3. Not loud; not piercing.
The pump after this being employed from time to time,
the sound grew fainter and fainter. Boyle.
4. Feeble of body.
Two neighbouring shepherds, faint with thirst, stood at
the common boundary of their grounds. Rambler.
5. Cowardly; timorous; not vigorous; not ardent.
Faint heart never won fair lady. Proverb in Camden's Rem.
Our faint Egyptians pray for Antony;
But in their servile hearts they own Octavius. Dryden.
6. Dejected; depressed.
Consider him that endureth such contradiction against him­
self, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds. Hebr. xii. 3.
7. Not vigorous; not active.
The defects which hindered the conquest, were the faint
prosecution of the war, and the looseness of the civil go­
vernment. Davies on Ireland.

FAINTHEA’RTED. adj. [faint and heart.] Cowardly; timo­
rous; dejected; easily depressed.
Fear not, neither be fainthearted for the two tails of these
smoaking firebrands. Is. vii. 4.
They should resolve the next day as victorious conquerors
to take the city, or else there as fainthearted cowards to end
their days. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Now the late fainthearted rout,
O'erthrown and scatter'd round about,
Chac'd by the horrour of their fear,
From bloody fray of knight and bear,
Took heart again and fac'd about,
As if they meant to stand it out. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
Villain, stand off! base, groveling, worthless wretches,
Mongrils in faction; poor fainthearted traitors. Addis. Cato.

FAINTHEA’RTEDLY. adv. [from fainthearted.] Timorously;
in a cowardly manner.

FAINTHEA’RTEDNESS. n. s. [from fainthearted.] Cowardice;
timorousness; want of courage.

FA’INTING. n. s. [from faint.] Deliquium; temporary loss
of animal motion.
These faintings her physicians suspect to proceed from con­
tusions. Wiseman's Surgery.

FA’INTISHNESS. n. s. [from faint.] Weakness in a slight
degree; incipient debility.
A certain degree of heat lengthens and relaxes the fibres;
whence proceeds the sensation of faintishness and debility in a
hot day. Arbuthnot on Air.

FA’INTLING. adj. [from faint.] Timorous; feebleminded.
A burlesque or low word.
There's no having patience, thou art such a faintling silly
creature. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

FA’INTLY. adv. [from faint.]
1. Feebly; languidly.
Love's like a torch, which, if secur'd from blasts,
Will faintly burn; but then it longer lasts:
Expos'd to storms of jealousy and doubt,
The blaze grows greater, but 'tis sooner out. Walsh.
2. Not in bright colours.
Nature affords at least a glimm'ring light;
The lines, tho' touch'd but faintly, are drawn right. Pope.
3. Without force of representation.
I have told you what I have seen and heard but faintly;
nothing like the image and horrour of it. Shakes. King Lear.
An obscure and confused idea represents the object so
faintly, that it doth not appear plain to the mind. Watts.
4. Without strength of body.
With his loll'd tongue he faintly licks his prey,
His warm breath blows her flix up as she lies. Dryden.
5. Not vigorously; not actively.
Though still the famish'd English, like pale ghosts,
Faintly besiege us one hour in a month. Shakes. Henry VI.
6. Timorously; with dejection; without spirit.
Loth was the ape, though praised, to adventure;
Yet faintly 'gan into his work to enter. Hubberd's Tale.
He faintly now declines the fatal strife;
So much his love was dearer than his life. Denham.

FA’INTNESS. n. s. [from faint.]
1. Languour; feebleness; want of strength.
If the prince of the lights of heaven, which now as a giant
doth run his unwearied courses, should through a languishing
faintness begin to stand. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
This proceeded not from any violence of pain, but from a
general languishing and faintness of spirits, which made him
think nothing worth the trouble of one careful thought. Temp.
2. Inactivity; want of vigour.
This evil proceeds rather of the unsoundness of the coun­
sels laid for the reformation, or of faintness in following and
effecting the same, than of any such fatal course appointed of
God. Spenser's State of Ireland.
3. Timorousness; dejection.
The paleness of this flow'r
Bewray'd the faintness of my master's heart. Shak. Hen. VI.

FA’INTY. adj. [from faint.] Weak; feeble; languid; debi­
litated; enfeebled.
When Winter frosts constrain the field with cold,
The fainty root can take no steady hold. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
The ladies gasp'd, and scarcely could respire;
The breath they drew, no longer air, but fire:
The fainty knights were scorch'd, and knew not where
To run for shelter; for no shade was near. Dryden.

FAIR. adj. [fæger, Saxon; faur, Danish.]
1. Beautiful; elegant of feature; handsome. Foir seems in the
common acceptation to be restrained, when applied to wo­
men, to the beauty of the face.
Thou art a fair woman to look upon. Gen. xii. 11. 
My decay'd fair,
A sunny look of his will soon repair. Shak. Comed. of Err.
2. Not black; not brown; white in the complexion.
I never yet saw man,
But she would spell him backward; if fair fac'd,
She'd swear the gentleman should be her sister;
If black, why, nature, drawing of an antick,
Made a foul blot. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
Let us look upon men in several climates: the Ethiopians
are black, flat-nosed, and crisp-haired: the Moors tawny; the
Northern people large, and fair complexioned. Hale.


3. Pleasing to the eye; beautiful in general.
Carry him gently to my fairest chamber,
And hang it round with all my wanton pictures. Shakespeare.
Thus was he fair in his greatness, and in the length of his
branches. Ezek. xxxi. 7.
4. Clear; pure.
A standard of a damask-rose, with the root on, was set in
a chamber where no fire was, upright in an earthen pan, full
of fair water, half a foot under the water. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Even fair water, falling upon white paper or linnen, will
immediately alter the colour of them, and make it sadder than
that of the unwetted parts. Boyle on Colours.
5. Not cloudy; not foul; not tempestuous.
Fair is foul, and foul is fair;
Hover through the fog and filthy air. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Fair weather cometh out of the earth. Job xxxvii. 22.
About three of the clock in the afternoon the weather was
very fair and very warm. Clarendon, b. viii.
6. Favourable; prosperous: as, a fair wind.
In vain you tell your parting lover,
You wish fair winds may waft him over. Prior.
7. Likely to succeed.
Yourself, renowned prince, stood as fair
As any comer I have look'd on yet,
For my affection. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
The Caliphs obtained a mighty empire, which was in a fair
way to have enlarged, until they fell out. Raleigh's Essays.
O pity and shame! that they who to live well
Enter'd so fair, should turn aside to tread
Paths indirect, or in the midway faint. Milt. Paradise Lost.
8. Equal; just.
The king did so much desire a peace, that no man need
advise him to it, or could divert him from it, if fair and
honourable conditions of peace were offered to him. Clarendon.
9. Not effected by any insidious or unlawful methods; not
foul.
After all these conquests he passed the rest of his age in his
own native country, and died a fair and natural death. Temple.
10. Not practising any fraudulent or insidious arts: as, a fair
rival, a fair disputant.
Virtuous and vicious ev'ry man must be,
Few in th' extreme, but all in the degree;
The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise,
And ev'n the best, by fits, what they despise. Pope.
11.  Open; direct.
For still, methought, she sung not far away;
At last I found her on a laurel-spray:
Close by my side she sat, and fair in sight,
Full in a line, against her opposite. Dryden.
12. Gentle; mild; not compulsory.
All the lords came in, and, being by fair means wrought
thereunto, acknowledged king Henry. Spenser on Ireland.
For to reduce her by main force,
Is now in vain; by fair means, worse. Hudibras, p. iii.
13. Mild; not severe.
Not only do'st degrade them, or remit
To life obscur'd, which were a fair dismission;
But throw'st them lower than thou did'st exalt them high.
Milton's Agonistes.
14. Pleasing; civil.
Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear
Things that do sound so fair? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When fair words and good counsel will not prevail upon
us, we must be frighted into our duty. L'Estrange.
15. Equitable; not injurious.
His doom is fair,
That dust I am, and shall to dust return. Milt. Parad. Lost.
16. Commodious; easy.
Hereby, upon the edge of yonder coppice,
A stand where you may make the fairest shoot. Shakespeare.

FAIR. adv. [from the adjective.]
1. Gently; decently; without violence.
He who fair and softly goes steadily forward, in a course
that points right, will sooner be at his journey's end than he
that runs after every one, though he gallop. Locke.
2. Civilly; complaisantly.
Well, you must now speak sir John Falstaff fair. Shakesp.
One of the company spoke him fair, and would have stopt
his mouth with a crust. L'Estrange, Fable 21. 
In this plain fable you th' effect may see
Of negligence, and fond credulity;
And learn besides of flatt'rers to beware,
Then most pernicious when they speak too fair. Dryden.
His promise Palamon accepts; but pray'd
To keep it better than the first he made:
Thus fair they parted 'till the morrow's dawn;
For each had laid his plighted faith to pawn. Dryden.
Kalib ascend, my fair spoke servant rise,
And sooth my heart with pleasing prophecies. Dryd. In. Emp.
This promised fair at first. Addison on Italy.
3. Happily; successfully.
O, princely Buckingham, I'll kiss thy hand,
In sign of league and amity with thee:
Now fair befal thee and thy noble house!
Thy garments are not spotted with our blood. Shak. R. III.
4. On good terms.
There are other nice, though inferior cases, in which a
man must guard, if he intends to keep fair with the world,
and turn the penny. Collier of Popularity.

FAIR. n. s.
1. A beauty; elliptically a fair woman.
Of sleep forsaken, to relieve his care,
He sought the conversation of the fair. Dryden's Fables.
Gentlemen who do not design to marry, yet pay their de­
voirs to one particular fair. Spectator, No. 288.
2. Honesty; just dealing.
I am not much for that present; we'll settle it between our­
selves: fair and square, Nic, keeps friends together. Arbuthnot.

FAIR. n. s. [foire, French; feriæ, or forum, Latin.] An an­
nual or stated meeting of buyers and sellers; a time of traf­
fick more frequented than a market. The privilege of hold­
ing fairs in England is granted by the king.
With silver, iron, tin and lead they traded in thy fairs.
Ezek. xxvii. 12.
His corn, his cattle, were his only care,
And his supreme delight a country fair. Dryden.
The ancient Nundinæ, or fairs of Rome, were kept every
ninth day: afterwards the same privileges were granted to the
country markets, which were at first under the power of the
consuls. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FA’IRING. n. s. [from fair.] A present given at a fair.
Sweetheart, we shall be rich ere we depart,
If fairings come thus plentifully in. Shakes. Love's Lab. Lost.
What pretty things they are, we wonder at!
Like children that esteem every trifle,
And prefer a fairing before their fathers:
What difference is between us and them?
That we are dearer fools, cockscombs at
A higher rate. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Now he goes on, and sings of fairs and shows;
For still new fairs before his eyes arose:
How pedlars stalls with glitt'ring toys are laid,
The various fairings of the country maid. Gay's Pastorals.

FA’IRLY. adv. [from fair.]
1. Beautifully: as, a city fairly situated.
2. Commodiously; conveniently; suitably to any purpose or
design.
Waiting 'till willing winds their sails supply'd,
Within a trading town they long abide,
Full fairly situate on a haven's side. Dryden.
3. Honestly; justly; without shift; without fraud.
To the first advantages we may fairly lay claim; I wish we
had as good a title to the latter. Atterbury's Sermons.
It is a church of England man's opinion, that the freedom
of a nation consists in an absolute unlimited legislative power,
wherein the whole body of the people are fairly represented,
and in an executive duly limited. Swift.
4. Ingenuously; plainly; openly.
The stage how loosely does Astrea tread,
Who fairly puts all characters to bed. Pope's Epist. of Hor.
5. Candidly; without sinistrous interpretations.
As I interpret fairly your design,
So look not with severer eyes on mine. Dryden's Aurengz.
6. Without violence to right reason.
Where I have enlarged them, I desire the false criticks
would not always think that those thoughts are wholly mine;
but that either they are secretly in the poet, or may be fairly
deduced from him. Dryden.
This nutritious juice being a subtile liquor, scarce obtain­
able by a human body, the serum of the blood is fairly sub­
stituted in its place. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
7. Without blots.
Here is th' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
Which in a set hand fairly is engross'd. Shakes. Rich. III.
8. Completely; without any deficience.
All this they fairly overcame, by reason of the continual
presence of their king. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Let them say, 'tis grossly done; so it be fairly done, no
matter. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Our love is not so great, Hortensio, but we may blow our
nails together, and fast it fairly out. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.

FA’IRNESS. n. s. [from fair.]
1. Beauty; elegance of form.
That which made her fairness much the fairer, was that it
was but a fair embassador of a most fair mind, full of wit,
and a wit which delighted more to judge itself than to show
itself. Sidney.
2. Honesty; candour; ingenuity.
There may be somewhat of wisdom, but little of goodness
or fairness in this conduct. Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.

FA’IRSPOKEN. adj. [from fair and speak.] Bland and civil in
language and address.
Arius, a priest in the church of Alexandria, a subtlewitted


and a marvellous fairspoken man, but discontented that we
should be placed before him in honour, whose superior he
thought himself in desert, because through envy and stomach
prone unto contradiction. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.

FAI’RY. n. s. [ferhth, Saxon; fee, French.]
Ab ἔϱα, terra, fit & fέϱα Macedonum dialecto; unde ἔνεϱοι
ἔνfεϱοι, & Romanis inferi, qui Scoto-Saxonibus dicuntur feries,
nostratiq; vulgo corruptius fairies, ϰαταχόνιοι δαίμονες, five
dii manes. Baxter's Glossary.
1. A kind of fabled beings supposed to appear in a diminutive
human form, and to dance in the meadows, and reward clean­
liness in houses; an elf; a fay.
Nan Page, my daughter, and my little son,
And three or four more of their growth, we'll dress
Like urchins, ouphes, and fairies, green and white,
With rounds of waxen tapers on their heads,
And rattles in their hands. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Then let them all encircle him about,
And fairy like too pinch the unclean knight;
And ask him, why, that hour of fairy revel,
In their so sacred paths he dares to tread
In shape prophane. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
By the idea any one has of fairies, or centaurs, he can­
not know that things, answering those ideas, exist. Locke.
Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and demons hear. Pope.
2. Enchantress. Warburton.
To this great fairy I'll commend thy acts,
Make her thanks bless thee. Shakes. Anth. and Cleopatra.

FA’IRY. adj.
1. Given by fairies.
Be secret and discrete; these fairy favours
Are lost when not conceal'd. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Such borrowed wealth, like fairy money, though it were
gold in the hand from which he received it, will be but leaves
and dust when it comes to use. Locke.
2. Belonging to fairies.
This is the fairy land: oh, spight of spights,
We talk with goblings, owls, and elvish sprights. Shakesp.

FA’IRYSTONE. n. s. [fairy and stone.] It is found in gravel­
pits, being of an hemispherical figure; hath five double lines
arising from the centre of its basis, which meet in the pole.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

FAITH. n. s. [foi, French; fede, Italian; fides, Latin.]
1. Belief of the revealed truths of religion.
The name of faith being properly and strictly taken, it
must needs have reference unto some uttered word, as the ob­
ject of belief. Hooker, b. ii. s. 4.
Faith, if it have not works, is dead. Jam. ii. 17.
Vision in the next life is the perfecting of that faith in this
life, or that faith here is turned into vision there, as hope into
enjoying. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
Then faith shall fail, and holy hope shall die;
One lost in certainty, and one in joy. Prior.
2. The system of revealed truths held by the Christian church;
the credenda.
Felix heard Paul concerning the faith. Acts xxiv. 24.
This is the catholick faith. Common Prayer.
3. Trust in God.
Faith is an entire dependence upon the truth, the power, the
justice, and the mercy of God; which dependence will cer­
tainly incline us to obey him in all things. Swift.
4. Tenet held.
Which to believe of her,
Must be a faith, that reason, without miracle,
Should never plant in me. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. Trust in the honesty or veracity of another.
6. Fidelity; unshaken adherence.
Her failing, while her faith to me remains,
I should conceal, and not expose to blame
By my complaint. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 129.
7. Honour; social confidence.
For you alone
I broke my faith with injur'd Palamon. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
8. Sincerity; honesty; veracity.
Sir, in good faith, in meer verity. Shakes. King Lear.
They are a very froward generation, children in whom is
no faith. Deutr. xxxii. 20.
9. Promise given.
I have been forsworn,
In breaking faith with Julia whom I lov'd. Shakespeare.

FAI’THBREACH. n. s. [faith and breach.] Breach of fidelity;
disloyalty; perfidy.
Now minutely revolts upbraid his faithbreach;
Those he commands, move only in command,
Nothing in love. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FAI’THED. adj. [from faith.] Honest; sincere. A word not
in use.
Thou bastard! would the reposal
Of any trust, virtue, or worth in thee,
Make thy words faith'd? Shakespeare's King Lear.

FA’ITHFUL. adj. [faith and full.]
1. Firm in adherence to the truth of religion.
To the saints which are at Ephesus, and the faithful in
Christ Jesus. Eph. i. 1. 
Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown
of life. Rev. ii. 10.
2. Of true fidelity; loyal; true to the allegiance or duty pro­
fessed.
I have this day receiv'd a traitor's judgment,
And by that name must die; yet, heav'n bear witness,
And, if I have a conscience, let it sink me,
Ev'n as the axe falls, if I be not faithful. Shak. Hen. VIII.
So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
Among the faithless, faithful only he. Milton's Parad. Lost.
3. Honest; upright; without fraud.
My servant Moses is faithful in all mine house. Numb. xii.
4. Observant of compact or promise; true to his contract; sin­
cere; veracious.
Well I know him;
Of easy temper, naturally good,
And faithful to his word. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

FAI’THFULLY. adv. [from faithful.]
1. With firm belief in religion.
2. With full confidence in God.
3. With strict adherence to duty and allegiance.
His noble grace would have some pity
Upon my wretched women, that so long
Have follow'd both my fortunes faithfully. Shakes. H. VIII.
4. Without failure of performance; honestly; exactly.
If on my wounded breast thou drop a tear,
Think for whose sake my breast that wound did bear;
And faithfully my last desires fulfil,
As I perform my cruel father's will. Dryden's Ovid.
5. Sincerely; with strong promises.
For his own part, he did faithfully promise to be still in the
king's power. Bacon's H. VII.
6. Honestly; without fraud, trick, or ambiguity.
They suppose the nature of things to be truly and faithfully
signified by their names, and thereupon believe as they hear, and
practise as they believe. South's Sermons.
7. In Shakespeare, according to Mr. Warburton, fervently, per­
haps rather confidently; steadily.
If his occasions were not virtuous,
I should not urge it half so faithfully. Shakesp. Timon.

FA’ITHFULNESS. n. s. [from faithful.]
1. Honesty; veracity.
For there is no faithfulness in your mouth; your inward
part is very wickedness. Ps. lix.
The band that knits together and supports all compacts, is
truth and faithfulness. South's Sermons.
2. Adherence to duty; loyalty.
The same zeal and faithfulness continues in your blood,
which animated one of your noble ancestors to sacrifice his
life in the quarrel of his sovereign. Dryden.

FA’ITHLESS. adj. [from faith.]
1. Without belief in the revealed truths of religion; uncon­
verted.
Whatsoever our hearts be to God and to his truth, believe
we, or be we as yet faithless, for our conversion or confirma­
tion, the force of natural reason is great. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
Never dare misfortune cross her foot,
Unless she doth it under this excuse,
That she is issue to a faithless Jew. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.
2. Perfidious; disloyal; not true to duty, profession, promise,
or allegiance.
Both
Fell by our servants, by those men we lov'd most;
A most unnatural and faithless service. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found;
Among the faithless, faithful only he. Milton's Parad. Lost.

FA’ITHLESSNESS. n. s. [from faithless.]
1. Treachery; perfidy.
2. Unbelief as to revealed religion.

FA’ITOUR. n. s. [faitard, French.] A scoundrel; a rascal; a
mean fellow; a poltron. An old word now obsolete.
To Philemon, false faitour, Philemon,
I cast to pay, that I so dearly bought. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Into new woes unweeting I was cast,
By this false faitour. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 4. stan. 47.

FAKE. n. s. [Among seamen.] A coil of rope. Harris.

FAL

FALCA’DE. n. s. [from falx, falcis, Latin.]
A horse is said to make falcades, when he throws himself
upon his haunches two or three times, as in very quick cur­
vets, which is done in forming a stop, and half a stop; there­
fore a falcade is that action of the haunches and of the legs,
which bend very low, when you make a stop and half a
stop. Farrier's Dict.

FA’LCATED. adj. [falcatus, Latin.] Hooked; bent like a
reaping hook or scythe.
The enlightened part of the moon appears in the form
of a sickle, or reaping hook, which is while she is
moving from the conjunction to the opposition, or from the
new moon to the full; but from full to a new again, the en­
lightened part appears gibbous, and the dark falcated. Harris.



FALCA’TION. n. s. [falcis, Latin.] Crookedness; form like
that of a reaper's hook.
The locusts have antennæ, or long horns before, with a
long falcation or forcipated tail behind. Brown's Vulgar Err.

FA’LCHION. n. s. [ensis falcatus; in French fauchon.] A short
crooked sword; a cymeter.
I've seen the day, with my good biting falchion,
I would have made them skip: I am old now. Sh. K. Lear.
Old falchions are new temper'd in the fires;
The sounding trumpet ev'ry soul inspires. Dryden's Æn.
What sighs and tears
Hath Eugene caused! how many widows curse
His cleaving falchion! Phillips.

FA’LCON. n. s. [faulcon, French; falconne, Italian; falco,
Latin. Credo, a rostro falcato five adunco, from the falcated or
crooked bill.]
1. A hawk trained for sport.
As Venus' bird, the white, swift, lovely dove,
O! happy dove that art compar'd to her,
Doth on her wings her utmost swiftness prove,
Finding the gripe of falcon fierce not far. Sidney.
Air stops not the high soaring of my noble generous falcon.
Walton's Angler.
Apulian farms, for the rich soil admir'd,
And thy large fields where falcons may be tir'd. Dryd. Juv.
Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,
Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove? Pope.
2. A sort of cannon, whose diameter at the bore is five inches
and a quarter, weight seven hundred and fifty pounds, length
seven foot, load two pounds and a quarter, shot two inches
and a half diameter, and two pounds and a half weight. Harris.

FA’LCONER. n. s. [faulconnier, French.] One who breeds and
trains hawks; one who follows the sport of fowling with
hawks.
Hist! Romeo, hist! O for a falc'ner's voice,
To lure this tassel gentle back again. Shak. Rom. and Jul.
The universal remedy was swallowing of pebblestones, in
imitation of falconers curing hawks. Temple.
I have learnt of a falconer never to feed up a hawk, when
I would have him fly. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
A falc'ner Henry is, when Emma hawks;
With her of tarsels and of lures he talks. Prior.

FA’LCONET. n. s. [falconette, French.] A sort of ordnance,
whose diameter at the bore is four inches and a quarter, weight
four hundred pounds, length six foot, load one pound and a
quarter, shot something more than two inches diameter, and
one pound and a quarter weight. Harris.
Mahomet sent janizaries and nimble footmen, with certain
falconets and other small pieces, to take the streights. Knolles.

FA’LDAGE. n. s. [faldagium, barbarous Latin.] A privilege
which anciently several lords reserved to themselves of setting
up folds for sheep, in any fields within their manors, the bet­
ter to manure them; and this not only with their own, but
their tenants sheep, which they called secta faldæ. This fal­
dage in some places they call a foldcourse, or freefold; and in
some old charters 'tis called foldsoca, that is, libertas foldæ, or
faldagii. Harris.

FA’LDFEE. n. s. [fald and fee.] A composition paid anciently
by tenants for the privilege of faldage. Dict.

FA’LDING. n. s. A kind of coarse cloth. Dict.

FA’LDSTOOL. n. s. [fald or fold and stool.] A kind of stool
placed at the south-side of the altar, at which the kings of
England kneel at their coronation.

To FALL. v. n. pret. I fell; compound pret. I have fallen,
or faln. [feallan, Saxon; fallen, German.]
1. To drop from a higher place.
Thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring
not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence. Deut.
I was walking in the open fields 'till the night insensibly fell
upon me. Spectator, No. 565.
I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening,
And no man see me more. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
2. To drop from an erect to a prone posture.
Saul fell all along on the earth. 1 Sa. xxviii. 20.
Where he bowed, there he fell down dead. Judg. v. 27.
That is a step,
On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap;
For in my way it lies. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. To drop; to be held no longer.
His chains fell off from his hands. Acts xii. 7.
4. To move down any descent.
All liquid bodies are diffusive; for their parts being in mo­
tion, have no connexion one with another, but glide and fall
off any way, as gravity and the air presseth them. Burnet.
5. To drop ripe from the tree.
As the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig
from the fig-tree. Is. xxxiv. 4.
6. To pass at the outlet: as a river.
Cæsar therefore gave orders to build his gallies on the Loir,
and the rivers that fall into it. Arbuthnot on Coins.
7. To be determined to some particular direction.
Birds and fowls that rest one foot to ease the other, natu­
rally lay their heads under their wings, that the center of gra­
vity may fall upon the foot they stand on. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
8. To apostatise; to depart from faith or goodness.
Labour to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the
same example of unbelief. Heb. iv. 11. 
They brought scandal
To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt
In feeble hearts, propense enough before
To waver or fall off, and join with idols. Milton's Agonist.
Whether some spirit on holy purpose bent,
Or some fall'n angel from below broke loose,
Who comes with envious eyes, and curst intent,
To view this world and its created Lord. Dryden.
9. To die by violence.
God and good angels fight on Richmond's side,
And Richard fall in height of all his pride. Shak. Rich. III.
If one should be a prey, how much the better
To fall before the lion than the wolf! Shakespeare.
What other oath,
Than honesty to honesty engag'd?
That this shall be, or we will fall for it. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy
right hand; but it shall not come nigh thee. Ps. xci. 7.
Ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you
by the sword. Lev. xxvi. 7.
They not obeying,
Incurr'd, what could they less? the penalty;
And manifold in sin, deserv'd to fall. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Almon falls, old Tyrrheus' eldest care,
Pierc'd with an arrow from the distant war. Dryden's Æn.
10. To come to a sudden end.
The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished,
when their oppressions and extortions were taken away. Davies.
He first the fate of Cæsar did foretell,
And pity'd Rome, when Rome in Cæsar fell;
In iron clouds conceal'd the publick light,
And impious mortals fear'd eternal night. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
11.  To be degraded from an high station; to sink into mean­
ness or disgrace; to be plunged into sudden misery.
They shall fall among them that fall; at the time that I
visit them they shall be cast down. Jer. vi. 15.
What can be their business
With a poor weak woman fall'n from favour! Shak. H. VIII.
12. To decline from power or empire; to be overthrown.
What men could do,
Is done already: heaven and earth will witness,
If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. Addison's Cato.
13. To enter into any state worse than the former.
He fell at difference with Ludovico Sfortia, who carried the
keys which brought him in, and shut him out. Bacon's H. VII.
Some of the ablest painters taking precepts in too literal
a sense, have fallen thereby into great inconveniencies.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
14. To come into any state of weakness, terrour, or misery.
These, by obtruding the beginning of a change for the en­
tire work of new life, will fall under the former guilt. Hamm.
One would wonder how so many learned men could fall
into so great an absurdity, as to believe this river could pre­
serve itself unmixt with the lake. Addison on Italy.
The best men generally fall under the severest pressures.
Wake's Preparation for Death.
15. To decrease; to be diminished.
From the pound weight, as Pliny tells us, the as fell to
two ounces in the first Punick war: when Hannibal invaded
Italy, to one ounce; then, by the Papirian law, to half an
ounce. Arbuthnot on Coins.
16. To ebb; to grow shallow.
17. To decrease in value; to bear less price.
When the price of corn falleth, men generally break no
more ground than will supply their own turn. Carew.
But now her price is fall'n. Shakespeare's King Lear.
His rents will fall, and his income every day lessen, 'till
industry and frugality, joined to a well ordered trade, shall
restore to the kingdom the riches it had formerly. Locke.
18. To sink; not to amount to the full.
The greatness of an estate, in bulk and territory, doth fall
under measure; and the greatness of finances and revenue doth
fall under computation. Bacon, Essay 30.
19. To be rejected; to become null.
This book must stand or fall with thee; not by any opinion
I have of it, but thy own. Locke.
20. To decline from violence to calmness, from intenseness to
remission.
He was stirr'd,
And something spoke in choler, ill and hasty;
But he fell to himself again, and sweetly
In all the rest shew'd a most noble patience. Shakes. H. VIII.
At length her fury fell, her foaming ceas'd;
And ebbing in her soul, the god decreas'd. Dryden's Æn.
21.  To enter into any new state of the body or mind.


In sweet musick is such art,
Killing care and grief of heart,
Fall asleep, or hearing die. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Solyman, chafed with the loss of his gallies and best sol­
diers, and with the double injury done unto him by the Vene­
tians, fell into such a rage that he cursed Barbarossa. Knolles.
When about twenty, upon the falseness of a lover, she
fell distracted. Temple.
A spark like thee, of the man-killing trade,
Fell sick; and thus to his physician said:
Methinks I am not right in ev'ry part,
I feel a kind of trembling at my heart;
My pulse unequal, and my breath is strong;
Besides a filthy furr upon my tongue. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
And have you known none in health who have pitied you;
and behold, they are gone before you, even since you fell into
this distemper? Wake's Preparation for Death.
He died calmly, and with all the easiness of a man falling
asleep. Atterbury.
Portius himself oft falls in tears before me,
As if he mourn'd his rival's ill success. Addison's Cato.
For as his own bright image he survey'd,
He fell in love with the fantastick shade. Addis. Ovid. Met.
I fell in love with the character of Pomponius Atticus: I
longed to imitate him. Blount to Pope.
22. To sink into an air of discontent or dejection.
If thou persuade thyself that they shall not be taken, let
not thy countenance fall: I have spoken it, and none of my
words shall be in vain. Judith vi. 9.
If you have any other request to make, hide it not; for ye
shall find we will not make your countenance to fall by the
answer ye shall receive. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Syphax, I joy to meet thee thus alone;
I have observ'd of late thy looks are fallen,
O'ercast with gloomy cares and discontent. Addison's Cato.
23. To sink below something in comparison.
Fame of thy beauty and thy youth,
Among the rest, me hither brought:
Finding this fame fall short of truth,
Made me stay longer than I thought. Waller.
24. To happen; to befall.
For such things as do fall scarce once in many ages, it did
suffice to take such order as was requisite when they fell. Hook.
Oft it falls out, that while one thinks too much of his
doing, he leaves to do the effect of this thinking. Sidney, b. i.
A long advertent and deliberate connexing of consequents,
which falls not in the common road of ordinary men. Hale.
Since this fortune falls to you,
Be content and seek no new. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
If the worst fall that ever fell, I hope, I shall make shift
to go without him. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
O, how feeble is man's power,
That if good fortune fall,
Cannot add another hour,
Nor a lost hour recall! Donne.
Since both cannot possess what both pursue,
I'm griev'd, my friend, the chance should fall on you. Dry.
I had more leisure, and disposition, than have since fallen
to my share. Swift.
25. To come by chance; to light on.
I have two boys
Seek Percy and thyself about the field;
But seeing thou fall'st on me so luckily,
I will assay thee. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
The Romans fell upon this model by chance, but the Spar­
tans by thought and design. Swift.
26. To come in a stated method.
The odd hours at the end of the solar year, are not indeed
fully six, but are deficient 10' 44''; which deficiency, in 134
years, collected, amounts to a whole day: and hence may be
seen the reason why the vernal equinox, which at the time of
the Nicene council fell upon the 21st of March, falls now
about ten days sooner. Holder on Time.
It does not fall within my subject to lay down the rules of
odes. Felton on the Classicks.
27. To come unexpectedly.
I am fallen upon the mention of mercuries. Boyle.
It happened this evening that we fell into a very pleasing
walk, at a distance from his house. Addison's Spectator.
28. To begin any thing with ardour and vehemence.
The king understanding of their adventure, suddenly falls
to take pride in making much of them with infinite praises.
Sidney, b. ii.
Each of us fell in praise of our country mistresses. Shakesp.
And the mixt multitude fell a lusting. Num. ii. 4.
It is better to sound a person afar off, than to fall upon the
point at first; except you mean to surprize him by some short
question. Bacon, Essay 48.
When a horse is hungry, and comes to a good pasture, he
falls to his food immediately. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
They fell to blows, insomuch that the Argonauts slew the
most part of the Deliones, with their king Cyzicus. L'Estr.
29. To handle or treat directly.
We must immediately fall into our subject, and treat every
part of it in a lively manner. Addison's Spectator, No. 124.
30. To come vindictively: as a punishment.
There fell wrath for it against Israel. 2 Chron. xv. 9.
31.  To co me by any mischance to any new possessor.
The stout bishop could not well brook that his province
should fall into their hands. Knolles's History of the Turks.
32. To drop or pass by carelessness or imprudence.
Ulysses let no partial favours fall,
The people's parent, he protected all. Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.
Some expressions fell from him, not very favourable to the
people of Ireland. Swift.
33. To come forcibly and irresistibly.
Fear fell on them all. Acts xix. 17.
A kind refreshing sleep is fallen upon him:
I saw him stretcht at ease, his fancy lost
In pleasing dreams. Addison's Cato.
34. To become the property of any one by lot, chance, inhe­
ritance, or otherwise.
All the lands, which will fall to her majesty thereabouts,
are large enough to contain them. Spenser on Ireland.
If you do chance to hear of that blind traitor,
Preferment falls on him that cuts him off. Shakes. K. Lear.
Then 'tis most like
The sovereignty will fall upon Macbeth. Shakes. Macbeth.
After the flood, arts to Chaldea fell;
The father of the faithful there did dwell,
Who both their parent and instructor was. Denham.
You shall see a great estate fall to you, which you would
have lost the relish of, had you known yourself born to it.
Addison's Spectator, No. 123.
If to her share some female errours fall,
Look on her face, and you'll forget them all. Pope.
In their spiritual and temporal courts the labour falls to their
vicars general, secretaries, proctors, apparitors and seneschals.
Swift's Considerations on two Bills.
35. To languish; to grow faint.
Their hopes or fears for the common cause rose or fell with
your lordship's interest. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
36. To be born; to be yeaned.
Lambs must have care taken of them at their first falling,
else, while they are weak, the crows and magpies will be apt
to pick out their eyes. Mortimer's Husbandry.
37. To FALL away. To grow lean.
Watery vegetables are proper, and fish rather than flesh: in
a Lent diet people commonly fall away. Arbuthnot on Diet.
38. To FALL away. To revolt; to change allegiance.
The fugitives fell away to the king of babylon. 2 Kings xxv.
39. To FALL away. To apostatise; to sink into wickedness.
These for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall
away. Luke viii. 13.
Say not thou it is through the Lord that I fell away; for
thou oughtest not to do the things that he hateth. Ecclus. xv.
The old giants fell away in the strength of their foolish­
ness. Ecclus. xvi.
40. To FALL away. To perish; to be lost.
Still propagate; for still they fall away;
'Tis prudence to prevent th' entire decay. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
How can it enter into the thoughts of man, that the soul,
which is capable of such immense perfections, and of receiving
new improvement to all eternity, shall fall away into nothing,
almost as soon as it is created? Addison's Spectator, No. 111. 
41.  To FALL away. To decline gradually; to fade; to lan­
guish.
In a curious brede of needlework one colour falls away by
such just degrees, and another rises so insensibly, that we see
the variety, without being able to distinguish the total vanish­
ing of the one from the first appearance of the other. Addison.
42. To FALL back. To fail of a promise or purpose.
We have often fallen back from our resolutions. Taylor.
43. To FALL back. To recede; to give away.
44. To FALL down. [down is sometimes added to fall, though it
adds little to the signification.] To prostrate himself in ado­
ration.
All kings shall fall down before him; all nations shall serve
him. Ps. lxxii. 11. 
Shall I fall down to the stock of a tree? Is. xliv. 19.
45. To FALL down. To sink; not to stand.
As she was speaking, she fell down for faintness. Esth. xv.
Down fell the beauteous youth; the yawning wound
Gush'd out a purple stream, and stain'd the ground. Dryden.
46. To FALL down. To bend as a suppliant.
They shall fall down unto thee; they shall make supplica­
tion unto thee. Is. xlv. 14.
47. To FALL from. To revolt; to depart from adherence.
Clarence
Is very likely now to fall from him. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
The emperor being much solicited by the Scots not to be a
help to ruin their kingdom, fell by degrees from the king of
England. Hayward.


48. To FALL in. To concur; to coincide.
Objections fall in here, and are the clearest and most con­
vincing arguments of the truth. Woodward's Nat. History.
His reasonings in this chapter seem to fall in with each
other; yet, upon a closer examination, we shall find them
proposed with great variety and distinction. Atterbury.
Any single paper that falls in with the popular taste, and
pleases more than ordinary, brings one in a great return of
letters. Addison's Spectator, No. 482.
When the war was begun, there soon fell in other inci­
dents at home, which made the continuance of it neces­
sary. Swift.
49. To comply; to yield to.
Our fine young ladies readily fall in with the direction of
the graver sort. Spectator, No. 536.
It is a double misfortune to a nation, which is thus given
to change, when they have a sovereign that is prone to fall in
with all the turns and veerings of the people. Addison's Freeh.
You will find it difficult to persuade learned men to fall in
with your projects. Addison on ancient Medals.
That prince applied himself first to the church of England;
and, upon their refusal to fall in with his measures, made the
like advances to the dissenters. Swift.
50. To FALL off. To separate; to be broken.
Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide; in cities,
mutinies; in countries, discord. Shakes. King Lear.
51.  To FALL off. To perish; to die away.
Languages need recruits to supply the place of those words
that are continually falling off through disuse. Felton.
52. To FALL off. To apostatise; to revolt; to forsake.
Oh, Hamlet, what a falling off was there! Shak. Haml.
Revolted Mortimer?
—He never did fall off, my sovereign liege,
But by the chance of war. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
They, accustomed to afford at other times either silence or
short assent to what he did purpose, did then fall off and for­
sake him. Hayward.
What cause
Mov'd our grand parents, in that happy state,
Favour'd of heav'n so highly, to fall off
From their Creator, and transgress his will? Milt. P. Lost.
As for those captive tribes, themselves
Who wrought their own captivity, fell off
From God to worship calves. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Were I always grave, one half of my readers would fall off
from me. Addison's Spectator, No. 179.
53. To FALL on. To begin eagerly to do any thing.
Some coarse cold sallad is before thee set;
Bread with the bran perhaps, and broken meat;
Fall on, and try thy appetite to eat. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
54. To FALL on. To make an assault; to begin the attack.
They fell on, I made good my place: at length they came
to th' broomstaff with me; I defied 'em still. Shak. Hen. VIII.
Fall on, fall on, and hear him not;
But spare his person for his father's sake. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
Draw all; and when I give the word fall on. Oedipus.
He pretends, amongst the rest, to quarrel with me, to have
fallen foul on priesthood. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
55. To FALL over. To revolt; to desert from one side to the
other.
And do'st thou now fall over to my foes?
Thou wear a lion's hide! doff it, for shame,
And hang a calve's skin on those recreant limbs. Sh. K. John.
56. To FALL out. To quarrel; to jar; to grow contentious.
Little needed those proofs to one who would have fallen out
with herself, rather than make any conjectures to Zelmane's
speeches. Sidney, b. ii.
How fell you out, say that?
—No contraries hold more antipathy,
Than I and such a knave. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Meeting her of late behind the wood,
Seeking sweet favours for this hateful fool,
I did upbraid her: and fall out with her. Shakespeare.
The cedar, by the instigation of the loyalists, fell out with
the homebians: who had elected him to be their king. Howel.
A soul exasperated in ills, falls out
With every thing, its friend, itself. Addison's Cato.
It has been my misfortune to live among quarrelsome neigh­
bours: there is but one thing can make us fall out, and that is
the inheritance of lord Strut's estate. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
57. To FALL out. To happen; to befall.
Who think you is my Dorus fallen out to be? Sidney.
Now, for the most part, it so falleth out, touching things
which generally are received, that although in themselves they
be most certain, yet, because men presume them granted of all,
we are hardliest able to bring proof of their certainty. Hooker.
It so fell out, that certain players
We o'er-rode on the way; of those we told him. Shakesp.
Yet so it may fall out, because their end
Is hate, not help to me. Milton's Agonistes.
There fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the
mice. L'Estrange, Fable 41. 
If it so fall out that thou art miserable for ever, thou hast
no reason to be surprised, as if some unexpected thing had
happened. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
58. To FALL to. To begin eagerly to eat.
The men were fashion'd in a larger mould,
The women fit for labour, big and bold;
Gigantick hinds, as soon as work was done,
To their huge pots of boiling pulse would run;
Fall to, with eager joy, on homely food. Dryden's Juven.
59. To FALL to. To apply himself to.
They would needs fall to the practice of those virtues which
they before learned. Sidney, b. ii.
I know thee not, old man; fall to thy prayers:
How ill white hairs become a fool and jester! Shak. H. IV.
Having been brought up an idle horseboy, he will never
after fall to labour; but is only made fit for the halter. Spenser.
They fell to raising money under pretence of the relief of
Ireland. Clarendon.
My lady falls to play: so bad her chance,
He must repair it. Pope's Epist.
60. To FALL under. To be subject to; to become the object
of.
We know the effects of heat will be such as will scarce fall
under the conceit of man, if the force of it be altogether
kept in. Bacon's Natural History, No. 99.
Those things which are wholly in the choice of another,
fall under our deliberation. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The idea of the painter and the sculptor is undoubtedly
that perfect and excellent example of the mind, by imitation
of which imagined form all things are represented, which fall
under human sight. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
61.  To FALL under. To be ranged with; to be reckoned with.
No rules that relate to pastoral can affect the Georgicks,
which fall under that class of poetry which consists in giving
plain instructions to the reader. Addison on the Georgicks.
62. To FALL upon. To attack; to invade; to assault.
Auria falling upon these gallies, had with them a cruel and
deadly fight. Knolles.
An infection in a town first falls upon children, weak con­
stitutions, or those that are subject to other diseases; but,
spreading further, seizes upon the most healthy. Temple.
Man falls upon every thing that comes in his way; not a
berry or a mushrome can escape him. Addison's Spectator.
To get rid of fools and scoundrels was one part of my de­
sign in falling upon these authors. Pope to Swift.
63. To FALL upon. To attempt.
I do not intend to fall upon nice philosophical disquisitions
about the nature of time. Holder on Time.
64. To FALL upon. To rush against.
At the same time that the storm bears upon the whole spe­
cies, we are falling foul upon one another. Addison's Spectator.
This is one of those general words of which it is very dif­
ficult to ascertain or detail the full signification. It retains in
most of its senses some part of its primitive meaning, and
implies either literally or figuratively descent, violence, or sud­
denness. In many of its senses it is opposed to rise; but in
others has no counterpart, or correlative.

To FALL. v. a.
1. To drop; to let fall.
To-morrow in the battle think on me,
And fall thy edgeless sword, despair and die. Shak. Rich. III.
If that the earth could teem with woman's tears,
Each drop, she falls, would prove a crocodile. Shak. Othello.
Draw together;
And when I rear my hand, do you the like,
To fall it on Gonzalo. Shakespeare's Tempest.
I am willing to fall this argument: 'tis free for every man
to write or not to write in verse, as he thinks it is or is not
his talent, or as he imagines the audience will receive it. Dryd.
2. To sink; to depress.
If a man would endeavour to raise or fall his voice still by
half notes, like the stops of a lute, or by whole notes alone
without halfs, as far as an eight, he will not be able to frame
his voice unto it. Bacon's Natural History.
3. To diminish in value; to let sink in price.
Upon lessening interest to four per cent. you fall the price of
your native commodities, or lessen your trade, or else prevent
not the high use. Locke.
4. To yean; to bring forth.
They then conceiving, did in yeaning time
Fall party-colour'd lambs, and those were Jacob's. Shakesp.

FALL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of dropping from on high.
High o'er their heads a mould ring rock is plac'd,
That promises a fall, and shakes at ev'ry blast. Dryd. Æn.
2. The act of tumbling from an erect posture.
I saw him run after a gilded butterfly; and when he caught
it, he let it go again, and after it again; and over and over he
comes, and up again, and caught it again; or whether his fall
enraged him, or how it was, he did so set his teeth, and did
tear it. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.


3. The violence suffered in dropping from on high.
My son coming into his marriage-chamber, happened to
have a fall, and died. 2 Esdr. x. 48.
Spirit of wine, mingled with common water, if the first
fall be broken, by means of a sop, or otherwise, stayeth
above; and if once mingled, it severeth not again, as oil
doth. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
A fever or fall may take away my reason. Locke.
Some were hurt with the falls they got by leaping upon the
ground. Gulliver's Travels.
4. Death; overthrow; destruction incurred.
Wail his fall,
Whom I myself struck down. Shakes. Macbeth.
Our fathers were given to the sword, and for a spoil, and
had a great fall before our enemies. Judith viii. 9.
I will begin to pray for myself and for them; for I see the
falls of us that dwell in the land. 2 Esdr. viii. 17.
5. Ruin; dissolution.
Paul's, the late theme of such a muse, whose flight
Has bravely reach'd and soar'd above thy height;
Now shalt thou stand, though sword, or time, or fire,
Or zeal more fierce than they, thy fall conspire. Denham.
6. Downfal; loss of greatness; declension from eminence; de­
gradation; state of being deposed from a high station; plunge
from happiness or greatness into misery or meanness.
Her memory served as an accuser of her change, and her
own handwriting was there to bear testimony against her
fall. Sidney, b. ii.
Perhaps thou talk'st of me, and do'st enquire
Of my restraint; why here I live alone;
And pitiest this my miserable fall. Daniel's Civil War.
He, careless now of int'rest, fame, or fate,
Perhaps forgets that Oxford e'er was great;
Or deeming meanest what we greatest call,
Beholds thee glorious only in thy fall. Pope to Parnel.
7. Declension of greatness, power, or dominion.
'Till the empire came to be settled in Charles the Great,
the fall of the Romans huge dominion concurring with other
universal evils, caused those times to be days of much afflic­
tion and trouble throughout the world. Hooker, b. v. s. 41. 
8. Diminution; decrease of price.
That the improvement of Ireland is the principal cause
why our lands in purchase rise not, as naturally they should,
with the fall of our interest, appears evidently from the effect
the fall of interest hath had upon houses in London. Child.
9. Declination or diminution of sound; cadence; close of
musick.
That strain again; it had a dying fall:
O, it came o'er my ear, like the sweet South
That breathes upon a bank of violets,
Stealing and giving odours. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
How sweetly did they float upon the wings
Of silence, through the empty-vaulted night,
At ev'ry fall smoothing the raven down
Of darkness 'till it smil'd! Milton.
10. Declivity; steep descent.
Waters when beat upon the shore, or straitned, as the falls
of bridges, or dashed against themselves by winds, give a
roaring noise. Bacon's Natural History, No. 115.
11.  Cataract; cascade; rush of water down a steep place.
There will we fit upon the rocks,
And see the shepherds feed their flocks
By shallow rivers, to whose falls
Melodious birds sing madrigals. Shakespeare.
A whistling wind, or a melodious noise of birds among the
spreading branches, or a pleasing fall of water running vio­
lently, these things made them to swoon for fear. Wisd. xvii.
Down through the crannies of the living walls
The crystal streams descend in murm'ring falls. Dryd. Virg.
The swain, in barren deserts, with surprize
Sees lilies spring, and sudden verdure rise;
And starts, amidst the thirsty wilds, to hear
New falls of water murm'ring in his ear. Pope's Messiah.
Now under hanging mountains,
Beside the falls of fountains,
He makes his moan;
And calls her ghost,
For ever, ever, ever lost! Pope's St. Cecilia.
12. The outlet of a current into any other water.
Before the fall of the Po into the gulph, it receives into its
channel the most considerable rivers of Piedmont, Milan, and
the rest of Lombardy. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
13. Autumn; the fall of the leaf; the time when the leaves
drop from the trees.
What crowds of patients the town-doctor kills,
Or how last fall he rais'd the weekly bills. Dryden's Juven.
14. Any thing that falls in great quantities.
Upon a great fall of rain the current carried away a huge
heap of apples. L'Estrange.
15. The act of felling or cutting down: as, the fall of timber.

FALLA’CIOUS. adj. [fallax, Latin; fallacieux, French.]
1. Producing mistake; sophistical. It is never used of men, but
of writings, propositions, or things.
They believed and assented to things neither evident nor
certain, nor yet so much as probable, but actually false and
fallacious; such as were the absurd doctrines and stories of
their rabbies. South's Sermons.
2. Deceitful; mocking expectation.
Soon as the force of that fallacious fruit,
That with exhilerating vapour bland
About their spirits had play'd, and inmost pow'rs
Made err, was now exhal'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
False philosophy inspires
Fallacious hope. Milton.

FALLA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from fallacious.] Sophistically; with
purpose to deceive; with unsound reasoning.
We shall so far encourage contradiction, as to promise not
to oppose any pen that shall fallaciously refute us. Brown.
We have seen how fallaciously the author has stated the cause,
by supposing that nothing but unlimited mercy, or unlimited
punishment, are the methods that can be made use of. Addis.

FALLA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from fallacious.] Tendency to de­
ceive; inconclusiveness.

FA’LLACY. n. s. [fallacia, Latin; fallace, French.] Sophism;
logical artifice; deceit; deceitful argument; delusory mode of
ratiocination.
Most princes make themselves another thing from the
people by a fallacy of argument, thinking themselves most
kings when the subject is most basely subjected. Sidney, b. ii.
Until I know this sure uncertainty,
I'll entertain the favour'd fallacy. Shak. Comedy of Errours.
It were a mere fallacy, and mistaking to ascribe that to the
force of imagination upon another body, which is but the
force of imagination upon the proper body. Bacon's Na. Hist.
All men, who can see an inch before them, may easily de­
tect gross fallacies. Dryden.

FALLIBI’LITY. n. s. [from fallible.] Liableness to be deceived;
uncertainty; possibility of errour.
There is a great deal of fallibility in the testimony of men;
yet there are some things we may be almost as certain of as
that the sun shines, or that five twenties make an hundred.
Watts's Logick.

FA’LLIBLE. adj. [fallo, Latin.] Liable to errour; such
as may be deceived.
Do not falsify your resolution with hopes that are fallible:
to-morrow you must die. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
He that creates to himself thousands of little hopes, uncer­
tain in the promise, fallible in the event, and depending upon
a thousand circumstances, shall often fail in his expectations.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Our intellectual or rational powers need some assistance,
because they are so frail and fallible in the present state. Watts.

FA’LLING. n. s. [from fall.] Indentings opposed to promi­
nence.
It shows the nose and eyebrows, with the several promi­
nencies and fallings in of the features, much more distinctly
than any other kind of figure. Addison on ancient Medals.

FA’LLINGSICKNESS. n. s. [fall and sickness.] The epilepsy;
a disease in which the patient is without any warning deprived
at once of his senses, and falls down.
Did Cæsar swoon?—He fell down in the market-place, and
foam'd at mouth, and was speechless—He hath the falling­
sickness. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
The dogfisher is good against the fallingsickness. Walton.

FA’LLOW. adj. [falewe, Saxon.]
1. Pale red, or pale yellow.
How does your fallow greyhound, sir?
I heard say, he was out-run at Cotsale. Shakespeare.
The king, who was excessively affected to hunting, had a
great desire to make a great park for red as well as fallow deer
between Richmond and Hampton-court. Clarendon.
2. Unsowed; left to rest after the years of tillage. [Supposed
to be so called from the colour of naked ground.]
The ridges of the fallow field lay traversed, so as the Eng­
lish must cross them in presenting the charge. Hayward.
3. Plowed, but not sowed; plowed as prepared for a second
aration.
Her predecessors, in their course of government, did but
sometimes cast up the ground; and so leaving it fallow, it be­
came quickly overgrown with weeds. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
4. Unplowed; uncultivated.
Her fallow lees
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
Doth root upon. Shakespeare's Henry V.
5. Unoccupied; neglected.
Shall saints in civil bloodshed wallow
Of saints, and let the cause lie fallow. Hudibras, p. i. c. 2.

FALLOW. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Ground plowed in order to be plowed again.
The plowing of fallows is a very great benefit to land.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
They are the best ploughs to plow up Summer fallow with.
Mortimer's Husbandry.


2. Ground lying at rest.
Within an ancient forest's ample verge,
There stands a lonely but a healthful dwelling,
Built for convenience, and the use of life;
Around it fallows, meads, and pastures fair,
A little garden, and a limpid brook,
By nature's own contrivance seems dispos'd. Row's J. Shore.

To FA’LLOW. v. n. To plow in order to a second plowing.
Begin to plow up fallows: this first fallowing ought to be
very shallow. Mortimer's Husbandry.
But the ground ought to be well plowed and fallowed the
Summer before. Mortimer.

FA’LLOWNESS. n. s. [from fallow.] Barrenness; an exemp­
tion from bearing fruit.
Like one, who, in her third widowhood, doth profess
Herself a nun, ty'd to retiredness,
S' affects my muse now a chaste fallowness. Donne.

FALSE. adj. [falsus, Latin; faux, fausse, French.]
1. Not morally true; expressing that which is not thought.
Innocence shall make
False accusation blush, and tyranny
Tremble at patience. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
There are false witnesses among men. L'Estrange.
2. Not physically true; conceiving that which does not exist.
For how can that be false, which ev'ry tongue
Of ev'ry mortal man affirms for true?
Which truth hath in all ages been so strong,
As, loadstone like, all hearts it ever drew. Davies.
A farce is that in poetry which grotesque is in a picture:
the persons and action of a farce are all unnatural, and the
manners false; that is, inconsisting with the characters of
mankind. Dryden's Dusresnoy.
3. Suppositious; succedaneous.
Take a vessel, and make a false bottom of coarse canvass:
fill it with earth above the canvass. Bacon's Nat. History.
4. Deceiving expectation.
The heart of man looks fair to the eye; but when we
come to lay any weight upon't, the ground is false under us.
L'Estrange, Fable 54.
5. Not agreeable to rule, or propriety.
Now, fy upon my false French; by mine honour, in true
English, I love thee, Kate. Shakespeare's Henry V.
6. Not honest; not just.
What thou would'st highly,
That thou would'st holily; would'st not play false,
And yet would'st wrongly win. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The true prince may, for recreation sake, prove a false
thief; for the poor abuses of the times want countenance.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Men are spunges, which, to pour out, receive;
Who know false play, rather than lose, deceive. Donne.
7. Treacherous; perfidious; traiterous; deceitful; hollow.
I grant him bloody,
Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful,
Sudden, malicious, smacking of ev'ry sin
That has a name. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand. Shakespeare.
A man to whom he had committed the trust of his person,
in making him his chamberlain; this man, no ways disgraced,
no ways discontent, no ways put in fear, turns false unto
him. Bacon's Henry VII.
So hast thou cheated Theseus with a wile,
Against thy vow, returning to beguile
Under a borrow'd name; as false to me,
So false thou art to him who set thee free. Dryden.
The ladies will make a numerous party against him, for
being false to love in forsaking Dido. Dryd. Virg. Æn. Ded.
8. Counterfeit; hypocritical; not real.
False tears true pity moves: the king commands
To loose his fetters. Dryden's Æn. b. ii.
9. In all these senses true is the word opposed.

To FALSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To violate by failure of veracity.
Is't not enough that to this lady mild,
Thou falsed hast thy faith with perjury. Fairy Queen, b. i.
2. To deceive.
Fair seemly pleasance each to other makes,
With goodly purposes there as they sit;
And in his falsed fancy he, her takes
To be the fairest wight that lived yet. Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. To defeat; to balk; to shift; to evade, as fencers commonly
do.
But, Guyon, in the heat of all his strife,
Was wary wise, and closely did await
Advantage, whilst his foe did rage most rife;
Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him strait,
And falsed oft his blows t' illude him with such bait. F. Qu.
4. This word is now out of use.

FALSEHEA’RTED. adj. [false and heart.]
1. Treacherous; perfidious; deceitful; hollow.
The traitorous or treacherous, who have misled others,
are severely punished; and the neutrals and falsehearted friends
and followers, who have started aside like a broken bow, he
noted. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

FA’LSEHOOD. n. s. [from false.]
1. Want of truth; want of veracity.
All deception in the course of life is, indeed, nothing else
but a lie reduced to practice, and falsehood passing from words
to things. South's Sermons.
2. Want of honesty; treachery; deceitfulness; perfidy.
3. A lie; a false assertion.

FA’LSELY. adv. [from false.]
1. Contrarily to truth; not truly.
Simeon and Levi spake not only falsely but insidiously, nay
hypocritically, abusing proselytes and religion. Gov. of Tongue.
Already were the Belgians on our coast,
Whose fleet more mighty every day became
By late success, which they did falsely boast,
And now by first appearing seem'd to claim. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
Tell him, I did in vain his brother move,
And yet he falsely said he was in love;
Falsely; for had he truly lov'd, at least
He would have giv'n one day to my request. Dryd. Aureng.
Such as are treated ill, and upbraided falsely, find out an
intimate friend that will hear their complaints, and endeavour
to sooth their secret resentments. Addison's Spectator.
2. Erroneously; by mistake.
He knows that to be inconvenient which we falsely think
convenient for us. Smalridge's Sermons.
3. Persidiously; treacherously; deceitfully.

FA’LSENESS. n. s. [from false.]
1. Contrariety to truth.
2. Want of veracity; violation of promise.
Suppose the reverse of virtue were solemnly enacted, and
the practice of fraud and rapine, and perjury and falseness to
a man's word, and all vice were established by a law, would
that which we now call vice gain the reputation of virtue, and
that which we now call virtue grow odious to human na­
ture? Tillotson, Sermon 3.
3. Duplicity; deceit; double dealing.
Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and insincerity, and all false­
ness or foulness of intentions, especially to personated devo­
tion. Hammond's Fundamentals.
4. Treachery; perfidy; traitorousness.
King Richard might create a perfect guess,
That great Northumberland, then false to him,
Would of that seed grow to a greater falseness. Shak. H. IV.
The prince is in no danger of being betrayed by the false­
ness, or cheated by the avarice of such a servant. Rogers.

FA’LSER. n. s. [from false.] A deceiver; an hypocrite. Now
obsolete.
Such end had the kid; for he would weaned be
Of craft coloured with simplicity;
And such end, pardie, does all them remain,
That of such falsers friendship been fain. Spenser's Pastorals.

FALSIFIA’BLE. adv. [from falsify.] Liable to be counter­
feited or corrupted.

FALSIFICA’TION. n. s. [falsification, French, from falsify.]
1. The act of counterfeiting any thing so as to make it appear
what it is not.
Concerning the word of God, whether it be by miscon­
struction of the sense, or by falsification of the words, witting­
ly to endeavour that any thing may seem divine which is not,
is very plainly to abuse, and even to falsify Divine evidence,
which injury, offered but unto men, is most worthily counted
heinous. Hooker, b. iii. s. 5.
To counterfeit the dead image of a king in his coin is an
high offence; but to counterfeit the living image of a king in
his person, exceedeth all falsifications; except it should be that
of a Mahomet, that counterfeits divine honour. Bacon.
2. Confutation.
The poet invents this fiction to prevent posterity from
searching after this isle, and to preserve his story from detection
of falsification. Notes on the Odyssey.

FA’LSIFIER. n. s. [from falsify.]
1. One that counterfeits; one that makes any thing to seem
what it is not.
It happens in theories built on too obvious or too few ex­
periments, what happens to falsifiers of coin; for counterfeit
money will endure some one proof, others another, but none
of them all proofs. Boyle.
2. A liar; one that contrives falshoods.
Boasters are naturally falsifiers, and the people, of all others,
that put their shams the worst together. L'Estrange's Fables.

To FA’LSIFY. v. a. [falsifier, French.]
1. To counterfeit; to forge; to produce something for that
which in reality it is not.
We cannot excuse that church, which either through cor­
rupt translations of Scripture, delivereth, instead of divine
speeches, any thing repugnant unto that which God speak­
eth; or, through falsified additions, proposeth that to the
people of God as Scripture which is in truth no Scripture.
Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
The Irish bards use to forge and falsify every thing as they
list, to please or displease any man. Spenser on Ireland.


2. To confute; to prove false.
Our Saviour's prophecy stands good in the destruction of
the temple, and the dissolution of the Jewish œconomy, when
Jews and Pagans united all their endeavours, under Julian the
apostate, to baffle and falsify the prediction. Addison.
3. To violate; to break by falsehood.
It shall be thy work, thy shameful work, which is in thy
power to shun, to make him live to see thy faith falsified, and
his bed defiled. Sidney, b. ii.
He suddenly falsified his faith, and villainously slew Selymes
the king, as he was bathing himself, mistrusting nothing less
than the falsehood of the pyrate. Knolles's History of the Turks.
This superadds treachery to all the other pestilent ingre­
dients of the crime; 'tis the falsifying the most important
trust. Decay of Piety.
4. To pierce; to run through.
His crest is rash'd away, his ample shield
Is falsify'd, and round with jav'lins fill'd. Dryden's Æn.
Of this word Mr. Dryden writes thus. My friends quar­
relled at the word falsified, as an innovation in our language.
The fact is confessed; for I remember not to have read it in
any English author; though perhaps it may be found in Spen­
ser's Fairy Queen. But suppose it be not there: why am I
forbidden to borrow from the Italian, a polished language, the
word which is wanting in my native tongue? Horace has
given us a rule for coining words, si græco fonte cadant, espe­
cially when other words are joined with them which explain
the sense. I use the word falsify, in this place, to mean that
the shield of Turnus was not of proof against the spears and
javelins of the Trojans, which had pierced it through and
through in many places. The words which accompany this
new one, makes my meaning plain:
Ma si l' Usbergo d' Ambi era perfetto,
Che mai poter falsarlo in nessum canto. Ariosto, cant. xxvi.
Falsar cannot otherwise be turned than by falsified; for his
shield was falsed, is not English. I might indeed have con­
tented myself with saying his shield was pierced, and bored,
and stuck with javelins. Dryden.
Dryden, with all this effort, was not able to naturalise the
new signification, which I have never seen copied, except
once by some obscure nameless writer, and which indeed de­
serves not to be received.

To FA’LSIFY. v. n. To tell lies; to violate truth.
This point have we gained, that it is absolutely and uni­
versally unlawful to lie and falsify. South's Sermons.

FA’LSITY. n. s. [falsitas, Latin.]
1. Falsehood; contrariety to truth.
Neither are they able to break through those errours,
wherein they are so determinately settled, that they pay unto
falsity the whole sum of whatsoever love is owing unto God's
truth. Hooker, b. v. s. 49.
Can you on him such falsities obtrude?
And as a mortal the most wise delude? Sandys's Paraphrase.
Probability does not properly make any alteration, either in
the truth or falsity of things; but only imports a different de­
gree of their clearness or appearance to the understanding.
South's Sermons.
2. A lye; an errour; a false assertion or position.
That Danubius ariseth from the Pyrenean hills, that the
earth is higher towards the North, are opinions truly charged
on Aristotle by the restorer of Epicurus, and all easily con­
futable falsities. Glanv. Sceps. c. 20.

To FA’LTER. v. n. [faltar, to be wanting, Spanish; vault­
tur, a stammerer, Islandick, which is probably a word from
the same radical.]
1. To hesitate in the utterance of words.
With faltering tongue, and trembling ev'ry vein,
Tell on, quoth she. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The pale assistants on each other star'd,
With gaping mouths for issuing words prepar'd;
The still-born sounds upon the palate hung,
And dy'd imperfect on the falt'ring tongue. Dryden.
He changes, gods! and falters at the question:
His fears, his words, his looks declare him guilty. Smith.
2. To fail in any act of the body.
This earth shall have a feeling; and these stones
Prove armed soldiers, ere her native king
Shall falter under foul rebellious arms. Shakes. Richard II.
3. To fail in any act of the understanding.
How far ideots are concerned in the want or weakness of
any or all faculties, an exact observation of their several ways
of faltering would discover. Locke.

To FA’LTER. v. a. To sift; to cleanse. This word seems to
be merely rustick or provincial.
Barley for malt must be bold, dry, sweet, and clean faltered
from foulness, seeds and oats. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FA’LTERINGLY. adv. [from falter.] With hesitation; with
difficulty; with feebleness.

FAM

To FA’MBLE. v. a. [famler, Danish.] To hesitate in the
speech. This word I find only in Skinner.

FAME. n. s. [fama, Latin; ϕαμα, Dorick.]
1. Celebrity; renown.
The house to be builded for the Lord must be exceeding
magnifical, of fame and of glory throughout all countries.
1 Chro. xxii. 5.
The desire of fame will not suffer endowments to lie use­
less. Addison's Spectator.
What is this fame, for which we thoughts employ,
The owner's wife, which other men enjoy? Pope.
2. Report; rumour.
We have heard the fame of him, and all that he did in
Egypt. Jos. ix. 9.
I shall shew what are true fames. Bacon.

FA’MED. adj. [from fame.] Renowned; celebrated; much
talked of.
He is fam'd for mildness, peace and prayer. Shak. H. VI.
He purposes to seek the Clarian god,
Avoiding Delphos, his more fam'd abode,
Since Phlegyan robbers made unsafe the road. Dryden.
Aristides was an Athenian philosopher, famed for his learn­
ing and wisdom; but converted to Christianity. Addison.

FA’MELESS. adj. [from fame.] Without fame; without re­
nown.
Then let me, fameless, love the fields and woods,
The fruitful water'd vales and running floods. May's Virgil.

FAMILIAR. adj. [familiaris, Latin.]
1. Domestick; relating to a family.
They range familiar to the dome. Pope.
2. Affable; not formal; easy in conversation.
Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Shak. Hamlet.
Be not too familiar with Poins; for he misuses thy favours
so much, that he swears thou art to marry his sister Nell. Shak.
3. Unceremonious; free, as among persons long acquainted.
Kalandar streight thought he saw his niece Parthenia, and
was about in such familiar sort to have spoken unto her; but
she, in grave and honourable manner, gave him to understand
that he was mistaken. Sidney.
4. Well known; brought into knowledge by frequent practice
or custom.
I see not how the Scripture could be possibly made familiar
unto all, unless far more should be read in the people's hear­
ing than by a sermon can be opened. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
Let us chuse such limbs of noble counsel,
That the great body of our state may go
In equal rank with the best govern'd nation;
That war, or peace, or both at once, may be
As things acquainted and familiar to us. Shakes. Henry IV.
Our sweet
Recess, and only consolation left
Familiar to our eyes! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
One idea which is familiar to the mind, connected with
others which are new and strange, will bring those new ideas
into easy remembrance. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
5. Well acquainted with; accustomed; habituated by custom.
Or chang'd at length, and to the place conform'd
In temper and in nature, will receive
Familiar the fierce heat, and void of pain. Milton's P. Lost.
The senses at first let in particular ideas; and the mind, by
degrees, growing familiar with some of them, they are lodged
in the memory, and names got to them. Locke.
He was amazed how so impotent and groveling an insect
as I could entertain such inhuman ideas, and in so familiar a
manner, as to appear wholly unmoved at all the scenes of
blood and desolation. Gulliver's Travels.
Patient permit the sadly-pleasing strain;
Familiar now with grief, your tears refrain. Pope's Odyssey.
6. Common; frequent.
To a wrong hypothesis, may be reduced the errors
that may be occasioned by a true hypothesis, but not rightly
understood: there is nothing more familiar than this. Locke.
7. Easy; unconstrained.
He unreins
His muse, and sports in loose familiar strains. Addison.
8. Too nearly acquainted.
A poor man found a priest familiar with his wife, and be­
cause he spake it abroad, and could not prove it, the priest
sued him for defamation. Camden.

FA’MILIAR. n. s.
1. An intimate; one long acquainted.
The king is a noble gentleman, and my familiar. Shakesp.
When he finds himself avoided and neglected by his fami­
liars, this affects him. Rogers, Sermon 10.
2. A demon supposed to attend at call.
Love is a familiar; there is no evil angel but love. Shakesp.

FAMILIA’RITY. n. s. [familiarité, French, from familiar.]
1. Easiness of conversation; omission of ceremony; affability.
2. Acquaintance; habitude.
We contract at last such an intimacy and familiarity with
them, as makes it difficult and irksome for us to call off our
minds. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Easy intercourse.
They say any mortals may enjoy the most intimate familia­
rities with these gentle spirits. Pope.



To FAMILIARI’ZE. v. a. [familiariser, French.]
1. To make familiar; to make easy by habitude.
2. To bring down from a state of distant superiority.
The genius smiled upon me with a look of compassion and
affability that familiarized him to my imagination, and at once
dispelled all fear and apprehensions. Addison's Spectator.

FA’MILIARLY. adv. [from familiar.]
1. Unceremoniously; with freedom like that of long ac­
quaintance.
Because that I familiarly sometimes
Do use you for my fool, and chat with you,
Your sawciness will jest upon my love. Shak. Comed. of Err.
He talks as familiarly of John of Gaunt as if he had
been sworn brother to him; and I'll be sworn he never saw
him but once in the Tiltyard, and then he broke his head. Sh.
The governour came to us, and, after salutations, said fami­
liarly, that he was come to visit us, and called for a chair and
sat him down. Bacon's New Atlantis.
2. Commonly; frequently; with the unconcernedness or easi­
ness of long habitude or acquaintance.
Lesser mists and fogs than those which covered Greece with
so long darkness, do familiarly present our senses with as great
alterations in the sun and moon. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
3. Easily; without solemnity; without formality.
Horace still charms with graceful negligence,
And without method talks us into sense;
Will, like a friend, familiarly convey
The truest notions in the easiest way. Pope's Ess. on Critic.

FAMI’LLE. en famille, French. In a family way; do­
mestically.
Deluded mortals, whom the great
Chuse for companions tete à tete;
Who at their dinners, en famille,
Get leave to sit whene'er you will. Swift.

FA’MILY. n. s. [familia, Latin; famille, French.]
1. Those who live in the same house; household.
The night made little impression on myself; but I cannot
answer for my whole family; for my wife prevailed on me to
take somewhat. Swift.
2. Those that descend from one common progenitor; a race; a
tribe; a generation.
3. A class; a tribe; a species.
There be two great families of things, sulphureous and
mercurial, inflammable and not inflammable, mature and
crude, oily and watry. Bacon's Natural History, No. 354.

FA’MINE. n. s. [famine, French; fames, Latin.] Scarcity of
food; dearth; distress for want of victuals.
Our castle's strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn: here let them lie,
'Till famine and the ague eat them up. Shakes. Macbeth.
Famines have not been of late observed, partly because of
the industry of mankind, partly by those supplies that come
by sea to countries in want, but principally by the goodness
of God. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
This city never felt a siege before,
But from the lake receiv'd its daily store;
Which now shut up, and millions crowded here,
Famine will soon in multitudes appear. Dryd. Indian Emp.

To FA’MISH. v. a. [from fames, Latin; famis, old French.]
1. To kill with hunger; to starve; to destroy by want of food.
What, did he marry me to famish me? Shakespeare.
The pains of famish'd Tantalus he'll feel,
And Sisyphus, that labours up the hill
The rowling rock in vain; and curst Ixion's wheel. Dryd.
2. To kill by deprivation or denial of any thing necessary to
life.
Thin air
Above the clouds will pine his entrails gross,
And famish him of breath, if not of bread. Milt. P. Lost.

To FA’MISH. v. n. To die of hunger.
You are all resolved rather to die than to famish. Sh. Coriol.

FA’MISHMENT. n. s. [from famish.] The pain of hunger;
want of food.
Apicius, thou did'st on thy gut bestow
Full ninety millions; yet, when this was spent,
Ten millions still remain'd to thee; which thou,
Fearing to suffer thirst and famishment,
In poison'd potion drank'st. Hakewill on Providence.

FAMO’SITY. n. s. [from famous.] Renown; celebrity. Dict.

FA’MOUS. adj. [fameux, French; famosus, Latin.]
1. Renowned; celebrated; much talked of and praised.
Henry the fifth, too famous to live long;
England ne'er lost a king of so much worth. Shak. Hen. VI.
There rose up before Moses two hundred and fifty princes
of the assembly, famous in the congregation, men of re­
nown. Num. xvi. 2.
She became famous among women; for they had executed
judgment upon her. Ezek. xxiii. 10.
Pyreius was only famous for counterfeiting all base things;
as earthen pitchers, a scullery, rogues together by the ears,
and swine tumbling in the mire; whereupon he was sirnamed
Rupographus. Peacham on Drawing.
I shall be nam'd among the famousest
Of women, sung at solemn festivals. Milton's Agonistes.
Many, besides myself, have heard our famous Waller own,
that he derived the harmony of his numbers from the Godfrey
of Bulloign, which was turned into English by Mr. Fairfax.
Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
2. It has sometimes a middle signification, and imports fame
whether for good or ill.
Menecrates and Menas, famous pyrates,
Make the sea serve them. Shakesp. Anthony and Cleopatra.

FA’MOUSLY. adv. [from famous.] With great renown; with
great celebration.
Then this land was famously enriched
With politick grave counsel; then the king
Had virtuous uncles to protect his grace. Shakes. Rich. III.
They looked on the particulars as things famously spoken of,
and believed, and worthy to be recorded and read. Grew's Cos.

FA’MOUSNESS. n. s. [from famous.] Celebrity; great fame.

FAN

FAN. n. s. [vannus, Latin.]
1. An instrument used by ladies to move the air and cool
themselves.
With scarfs, and fans, and double change of brav'ry,
With amber bracelets, beads, with all this knav'ry. Shakes.
Flavia, the least and slightest toy
Can with resistless art employ:
In other hands the fan would prove
An engine of small force in love;
But she, with such an air and mien,
Not to be told or safely seen,
Directs its wanton motions so,
That it wounds more than Cupid's bow;
Gives coolness to the matchless dame,
To every other breast a flame. Atterbury.
The modest fan was lifted up no more,
And virgins smil'd at what they blush'd before. Pope.
2. Any thing spread out like a woman's fan into a triangle with
a broad base.
As a peacock and crane were in company, the peacock
spread his tail, and challenged the other to shew him such a
fan of feathers. L'Estrange.
3. The instrument by which the chaff is blown away when corn
is winnowed. [Van, French.]
Flaile, strawfork, and rake with a fan that is strong. Tuss.
Asses shall eat clean provender, winnowed with the shovel
and with the fan. Is. xxx. 24.
In the wind and tempest of fortune's frown,
Distinction, with a broad and powerful fan,
Puffing at all, winnows the light away. Shak. Troil. and Cr.
For the cleansing of corn is commonly used either a wicker­
fan, or a fan with sails. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Any thing by which the air is moved; wings.
The pris'ner with a spring from prison broke;
Then stretch'd his feather'd fans with all his might,
And to the neighb'ring maple wing'd his flight. Dryden.
5. An instrument to raise the fire.
Nature worketh in us all a love to our own counsels: the
contradiction of others is a fan to inflame that love. Hooker.

To FAN. v. a.
1. To cool or recreate with a fan.
She was fanned into slumbers by her slaves. Spectator.
2. To ventilate; to affect by air put in motion.
Let every feeble humour shake your hearts;
Your enemies, with nodding of their plumes,
Fan you into despair. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The Norweyan banners flout the sky,
And fan our people cold. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The air
Floats as they pass, fann'd with unnumber'd plumes:
From branch to branch the smaller birds with song
Solac'd the woods, and spread their painted wings,
'Till ev'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii. l. 432.
The fanning wind upon her bosom blows;
To meet the fanning wind the bosom rose:
The fanning wind and purling streams continue her repose.
Dryden's Cymon and Iphigenia.
Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves,
And bright, as when thy eyes first lighted up our loves. Dryd.
And now his shorter breath, with sultry air,
Pants on her neck, and fans her parting hair. Pope.
3. To separate, as by winnowing.
I have collected some few, therein fanning the old, not
omitting any. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Not so the wicked; but as chaff, which, fann'd,
The wind drives, so the wicked shall not stand
In judgment. Milton.

FANA’TICISM. n. s. [from fanatick.] Enthusiasm; religious
frenzy.
A church whose doctrines are derived from the clear foun­
tains of the Scriptures, whose polity and discipline are formed
upon the most uncorrupted models of antiquity, which has
stood unshaken by the most furious assaults of popery on the
one hand, and fanaticism on the other; has triumphed over


all the arguments of its enemies, and has nothing now to con­
tend with but their slanders and calumnies. Rogers's Sermons.

FANA’TICK. adj. [fanaticus, Latin; fanatique, Fr.] En­
thusiastick; struck with a superstitious frenzy.
After these appear'd
A crew, who, under names of old renown,
Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train,
With monst'rous shapes and sorceries abus'd
Fanatick Egypt, and her priests, to seek
Their wand'ring gods disguis'd in brutish forms. Milt. P. L.

FANA’TICK. n. s. [from the adjective.] An enthusiast; a man
mad with wild notions of religion.
The double armature of St. Peter is a more destructive en­
gine than the tumultary weapon snatcht up by a fanatick.
Decay of Piety.

FA’NCIFUL. adj. [fancy and full.]
1. Imaginative; rather guided by imagination than reason.
Some fanciful men have expected nothing but confusion and
ruin from those very means, whereby both that and this is
most effectually prevented. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Directed by the imagination, not the reason; full of wild
images.
What treasures did he bury in his sumptuous buildings?
and how foolish and fanciful were they? Hayward.
It would show as much singularity to deny this, as it does a
fanciful facility to affirm it. Garth's Preface to Ovid.

FA’NCIFULLY. adv. [from fanciful.] According to the wild­
ness of imagination.

FA’NCIFULNESS. n. s. [from fanciful.] Addiction to the plea­
sures of imagination; habit of following fancy rather than
reason.
Albertus Magnus, with somewhat too much curiosity, was
somewhat transported with too much fancifulness towards the
influences of the heavenly motions, and astrological calcula­
tions. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

FA’NCY. n. s. [contracted from phantasy, phantasia, Latin;
φαντασία.]
1. Imagination; the power by which the mind forms to itself
images and representations of things, persons, or scenes of
being.
Shakespeare, fancy's sweetest child! Milton.
In the soul
Are many lesser faculties, that serve
Reason as chief: among these fancy next
Her office holds; of all external things,
Which the five watchful senses represent,
She forms imaginations, airy shapes,
Which reason joining, or disjoining, frames
All what we affirm, or what deny, and call
Our knowledge, or opinion. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Though no evidence affects the fancy so strongly as that of
sense, yet there is other evidence, which gives as full satis­
faction and as clear a conviction to our reason. Atterbury.
Love is by fancy led about,
From hope to fear, from joy to doubt:
Whom we now a goddess call,
Divinity grac'd in every feature,
Strait's a deform'd, a perjur'd creature;
Love and hate are fancy all. Granville.
2. An opinion bred rather by the imagination than the reason.
Mens private fancies must give place to the higher judgment
of that church which is in authority over them. Hooker.
A person of a full and ample fortune, who was not dis­
turbed by any fancies in religion. Clarendon, b. viii.
I have always had a fancy, that learning might be made a
play and recreation to children. Locke.
3. Taste; idea; conception of things.
The little chapel called the Salutation is very neat, and built
with a pretty fancy. Addison on Italy.
4. Image; conception; thought.
How now, my lord, why do you keep alone;
Of sorriest fancies your companions making,
Using those thoughts which should indeed have died
With them they think on? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. Inclination; liking; fondness.
Tell me where is fancy bred,
Or in the heart, or in the head?
How begot, how nourished?
It is engender'd in the eyes,
With gazing sed, and fancy dies
In the cradle where it lies. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
His fancy lay extremely to travelling. L'Estrange.
For you, fair Hermia, look you arm yourself,
To fit your fancies to your father's will;
Or else the law of Athens yields you up
To death, or to a vow of single life. Shakespeare.
A resemblance in humour or opinion, a fancy for the same
business or diversion, is oftentimes a ground of affection.
Collier of Friendship.
6. Caprice; humour; whim.
True worth shall gain me, that it may be said
Desert, not fancy, once a woman led. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
The sultan of Egypt kept a good correspondence with the
Jacobites towards the head of the Nile, for fear they should
take a fancy to turn the course of that river. Arbuthnot.
7. Frolick; idle scheme; vagary.
One that was just entring upon a long journey, took up a
fancy of putting a trick upon Mercury. L'Estrange.
8. Something that pleases or entertains.
The altering of the scent, colour, or taste of fruit, by in­
fusing, mixing, or cutting into the bark or root of the tree,
herb, or flower, any coloured, aromatical, or medicinal sub­
stance, are but fancies: the cause is, for that those things have
passed their period, and nourish not. Bacon's Nat. History.
London-pride is a pretty fancy, and does well for borders.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

To FA’NCY. v. n. [from the noun.] To imagine; to believe
without being able to prove.
All are not always bound to hate and punish the true ene­
mies of religion, much less any whom they may fancy to be
so: all are always obliged to love its true friends, and to pray
for its very enemies. Spratt's Sermons.
If our search has reached no farther than simile and me­
taphor, we rather fancy than know, and are not yet pene­
trated into the inside and reality of the thing; but content
ourselves with what our imaginations furnish us with. Locke.

To FA’NCY. v. a.
1. To portray in the mind; to image to himself; to imagine.
But he whose noble genius is allow'd,
Who with stretch'd pinions soars above the crowd;
Who mighty thought can clothe with manly dress,
He whom I fancy, but can ne'er express. Dryd. Juven. Sat.
2. To like; to be pleased with.
Ninus both admiring her judgment and valour, together
with her person and external beauty, fancied her so strongly,
as, neglecting all princely respects, he took her from her
husband. Raleigh's History of the World.
It is a little hard that the queen cannot demolish this town
in whatever manner she pleaseth to fancy. Swift.

FANCYMO’NGER. n. s. [from fancy.] One who deals in tricks
of imagination.
There is a man haunts the forest, that abuses our young
plants with carving Rosalind on their barks; hangs odes upon
hawthorns, and elegies on brambles; all, forsooth, deifying
the name of Rosalind. If I could meet that fancymonger, I
would give him some good counsel; for he seems to have the
quotidian of love upon him. Shakesp. As you like it.

FA’NCYSICK. adj. [fancy and sick.] One whose imagination
is unsound; one whose distemper is in his own mind.
'Tis not necessity, but opinion, that makes men miserable;
and when we come once to be fancysick, there's no cure for
it. L'Estrange.

FANE. n. s. [fane, French; fanum, Latin.] A temple; a place
consecrated to religion.
Nor fane, nor capitol,
The prayers of priests, nor times of sacrifice,
Embarments all of fury, shall lift up
Their rotten privilege. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Old Calibe, who kept the sacred fane
Of Juno, now she seem'd. Dryden's Æn. b. vii. l. 589.
Yet some to fanes repair'd, and humble rites
Perform'd to Thor and Woden, fabled gods,
Who with their vot'ries in one ruin shar'd. Phillips.
A sacred fane in Egypt's fruitful lands,
Hewn from the Theban mountain's rocky womb. Tickell.
The fields are ravish'd from th' industrious swains,
From men their cities, and from gods their fanes. Pope.

FA’NFARON. n. s. [French, from the Spanish. Originally in
Arabick it signifies one who promises what he cannot per­
form. Menage.]
1. A bully; a hector.
2. A blusterer; a boaster of more than he can perform.
There are fanfarons in the trials of wit too, as well as in
feats of arms; and none so forward to engage in argument or
discourse as those that are least able to go through with it. L'Est.
Virgil makes Æneas a bold avower of his own virtues,
which, in the civility of our poets, is the character of a fan­
faron or hector. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.

FANFARONA’DE. n. s. [from fanfaron, French.] A bluster;
a tumour of fictitious dignity.
The bishop copied this proceeding from the fanfaronade of
monsieur Bouffleurs, when the earl of Portland and that ge­
neral had an interview. Swift.

To FANG. v. a. [fangan, Saxon; vangen, Dutch.] To seize;
to gripe; to clutch.
Destruction fang mankind! Shakespeare's Timon.

FANG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The long tusks of a boar or other animal; any thing like 'em.
Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
The season's difference; as the icy fang
And churlish chiding of the Winter's wind;
Which, when it bites and blows upon my body,
Ev'n 'till I shrink with cold, I smile and say
This is no flattery. Shakespeare's As you like it.


Some creatures have overlong or outgrowing teeth, which
we call fangs, or tusks; as boars, pikes, salmons, and dogs,
though less. Bacon's Natural History, No. 752.
Prepar'd to fly,
The fatal fang drove deep within his thigh,
And cut the nerves: the nerves no more sustain
The bulk; the bulk, unprop'd, falls headlong on the plain.
Dryden's Ovid, b. viii.
Then charge him close, provoke him to the rage
Of fangs and claws, and, stooping from your horse,
Rivet the panting savage to the ground. Addison's Cato.
2. The nails; the talons.
3. Any shoot or other thing by which hold is taken.
The protuberant fangs of the yuca are to be treated like
the tuberoses. Evelyn's Kalendar.

FA’NGED. adj. [from fang.] Furnished with fangs or long
teeth; furnished with any instruments of destruction, which
can be exercised in imitation of fangs.
My two schoolfellows,
Whom I will trust as I will adders fang'd,
They bear the mandate. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Not Scythians, nor fierce Dacians, onward rush
With half the speed, nor half so swift retreat:
In chariots, fang'd with scythes, they scour the field,
Drive through our wedg'd battalions with a whirl,
And strew a dreadful harvest on the plain. Phillips's Briton.

FA’NGLE. n. s. [from fengan, Saxon, to attempt. Skinner.]
Silly attempt; trifling scheme. It is never used, or rarely,
but in contempt with the epithet new; as, new fangles, new
fangleness.

FA’NGLED. adj. [from fangle.] This word seems to signify
gaudy; ridiculously shewy; vainly decorated. This is still
retained in Scotland: as, he's new fangled, or whimsical, and
very fond of novelty.
Quick wits be in desire new fangled, and in purpose un­
constant. Ascham.
A book! oh, rare one!
Be not, as in this fangled world, a garment
Nobler than that it covers. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

FA’NGLESS. adj. [from fang.] Toothless; without teeth.
The king hath wasted all his rods
On late offenders, that he now doth lack
The very instruments of chastisement;
So that his pow'r, like to a fangless lion,
May offer, but not hold. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

FA’NGOT. n. s. [] A quantity of wares: as raw
silk, &c. containing from one or two hundred weight three
quarters. Dict.

FA’NNEL. n. s. [fanon, French.] A sort of ornament like a
scarf, worn about the left arm of a mass-priest when he of­
ficiates. Dict.

FA’NNER. n. s. [from fan.] One that plays a fan.
I will send unto Babylon fanners that shall fan her. Jerem.

FA’NTASIED. adj. [from fantasy.] Filled with fancies or wild
imaginations.
As I travell'd hither through the land,
I found the people strangely fantasied. Shakes. King John.

FANTA’SM. n. s. [See PHANTASM.]

FANTA’STICAL. adj. [fantastique, Fr. from fantasy.]

FANTA’STICK. adj. [fantastique, Fr. from fantasy.]
1. Irrational; bred only in the imagination.
The delight that a man takes from another's sin, can be
nothing else but a fantastical, preternatural complacency,
arising from that which he really has no feeling of. South.
2. Subsisting only in the fancy; imaginary.
Present feats
Are less than horrible imaginings:
My thought, whose murther yet is but fantastical,
Shakes so my single state of man, that function
Is smother'd in surmise; and nothing is,
But what is not. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Men are so possessed with their own fancies, that they take
them for oracles; and are arrived to some extraordinary reve­
lations of truth, when indeed they do but dream dreams, and
amuse themselves with the fantastick ideas of a busy imagi­
nation. Decay of Piety.
3. Unreal; apparent only; having the nature of phantoms
which only assume visible forms occasionally.
Are ye fantastical, or that indeed
Which outwardly ye shew? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. Capricious; humourous; unsteady; irregular.
Nor happiness can I, nor misery feel,
From any turn of her fantastick wheel. Prior.
5. Whimsical; fanciful; indulgent to one's own imagination.
They put such words in the mouths of one of these fantas­
tical mind-infected people, that children and musicians call
lovers. Sidney.
I'll knit it up in silken strings,
With twenty odd conceited true love knots:
To be fantastick, may become a youth
Of greater time than I. Shakes. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Duumvir is provided with an imperious, expensive and fan­
tastick mistress; to whom he retires from the conversation of
a discreet and affectionate wife. Tatler.
We are apt to think your medallists a little fantastical in the
different prices they set upon their coins, without any regard
to the metal of which they are composed. Addison.

FANTA’STICALLY. adj. [from fantastical.]
1. By the power of imagination.
2. Capriciously; humourously; unsteadily.
England is so idly king'd,
Her sceptre so fantastically borne,
By a vain, giddy, shallow, humourous youth,
That fear attends her not. Shakespeare's Henry V.
3. Whimsically; in compliance with mere imagination.
One cannot so much as fantastically chuse, even or odd, he
thinks not why. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii. c. 4.

FANTA’STICALNESS. n. s. [from fantastical.]

FANTA’STICKNESS. n. s. [from fantastical.]
1. Humourousness; mere compliance with fancy.
2. Whimsicalness; unreasonableness.
I dare not assume to myself to have put him out of conceit
with it, by having convinced him of the fantasticalness of
it. Tillotson, Preface.
3. Caprice; unsteadiness.

FA’NTASY. n. s. [fantasie, Fr. phantasia, Latin; φαυτασία.]
1. Fancy; imagination; the power of imagining. See FANCY.
How now, Horatio? you tremble and look pale!
Is not this something more than fantasy? Shakes. Hamlet.
I talk of dreams,
Which are the children of an idle brain,
Begot of nothing but vain fantasy;
Which is as thin of substance as the air,
And more unconstant than the wind. Shak. Rom. and Juliet.
He is superstitious grown of late,
Quite from the main opinion he held once
Of fantasy, of dreams, and ceremonies. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Go you, and where you find a maid,
That ere she sleep hath thrice her prayers said,
Rein up the organs of her fantasy,
Sleep she as sound as careless infancy. Shakespeare.
These spirits of sense, in fantasy's high court,
Judge of the forms of objects, ill or well;
And so they send a good or ill report
Down to the heart, where all affections dwell. Davies.
By the power of fantasy we see colours in a dream, or a
mad man sees things before him which are not there. Newton.
2. Idea; image of the mind.
And with the sug'ry sweet thereof allure,
Chaste ladies ears to fantasies impure. Hubberd's Tale.
3. Humour; inclination.
I would wish that both you and others would cease from
drawing the Scriptures to your fantasies and affections. Whitg.

FA’NTOM. n. s. [See PHANTOM.]

FAP. adj. Fuddled; drunk. It seems to have been a cant
word in the time of Shakespeare.
The gentleman had drunk himself out of his five senses;
and being fap, sir, was, as they say, cashiered. Shakespeare.

FAR

FAR. adv. [feor, Saxon; fatt, Erse.
1. To great extent in length.
Pay sacred rev'rence to Apollo's song,
Lest wrathful the far-shooting god emit
His fatal arrows. Prior.
2. To a great extent every way. This less proper.
Vast and great
Is what I love: the far extended ocean
To a little riv'let I prefer. Prior.
With costly cates she stain'd her frugal board;
Then with ill-gotten gold she bought a lord:
Corruption, discord, luxury combin'd,
Down sunk the far fam'd mistress of mankind. Arbuthnot.
From the same lineage stern Æætes came,
The far fam'd brother of th' enchantress dame. Pope.
3. To a great distance progressively.
Be factious for redress of all these griefs,
And I will set this foot of mine as far
As who goes farthest. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Is it far you ride?
—As far, my lord, as will fill up the time
'Twixt this and supper. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Far from that hated face the Trojans fly;
All but the fool who sought his destiny. Dryden's Æn.
4. Remotely; at a great distance.
He meant to travel into far countries, until his friends af­
fection either ceased or prevailed. Sidney.
In a kingdom rightly ordered, after a law is once published,
it presently takes effect far and wide; all states framing them­
selves thereunto. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
And after that long strayed here and there,
Through every field and forrest far and near. Hubb. Tale.
Far be it from me to justify the cruelties which were at
first used towards them, which had their reward soon after.
Bacon's Holy War.
He sent light horsemen into Mesopotamia with a guide, be­


cause the country was unto him best known; following not
far after himself with all his army. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
And yet the lights which in my tower do shine,
Mine eyes, which view all objects nigh and far,
Look not into this little world of mine. Davies.
God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares,
And not molest us; unless we ourselves
Seek them with wand'ring thoughts, and notions vain. Milt.
I have been hunting up and down, far and near, since your
unhappy indisposition, to find out a remedy. L'Estrange.
The nations far and near contend in choice,
And send the flow'r of war by publick voice. Dryden.
The painted lizard and the birds of prey,
Foes of the frugal kind, be far away. Dryden's Virg. Geor.
But from the reading of my book and me,
Be far, ye foes of virtuous poetry!
Who fortune's fault upon the poor can throw,
Point at the tatter'd coat and ragged shoe. Dryden's Pers.
Far off you view'd them with a longing eye
Upon the topmost branch. Dryden.
These words are so far from establishing any dominion,
that we find the quite contrary. Locke.
'Till on the Po his blasted corps was hurl'd,
Far from his country, in the western world. Addison's Ovid.
5. To a distance.
As far as the East is from the West, so far hath he removed
our transgressions from him. Ps. ciii. 12.
Neither did those that were sent, and travelled far off, un­
dertake so difficult enterprizes without a conductor. Raleigh.
But all in vain! which when he saw, he ceas'd
Contending, and remov'd his tents far off. Milt. Par. Lost.
I had always a curiosity to look back into the sources of
things, and view in my mind, so far as I was able, the be­
ginning and progress of a rising world. Burn. Th. of the World.
A lion's hide around his loins he wore;
The well-poiz'd javelin to the field he bore,
Inur'd to blood; the far destroying dart,
And the best weapon, an undaunted heart. Addison's Ovid.
6. In a great part.
When they were by Jebus the day was far spent. Judg.
7. In a great proportion; by many degrees.
Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above
rubies. Prov. xxxi. 10.
Such a communication passeth far better through the water
than air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 134.
Those countries have far greater rivers, and far higher
mountains to pour down waters, than any part of the old
world. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The face of war,
In ancient times, doth differ far
From what our fiery battles are. Waller.
Of negatives we have far the least certainty, and they are
usually hardest, and many times impossible to be proved. Tillot.
Latin is a more succinct language than either the Italian,
Spanish, French, or even than the English, which, by reason
of its monosyllables, is far the most compendious of them.
Dryden.
Besides, he's lovely far above the rest,
With you immortal, and with beauty blest. Pope.
Ah! hope not yet to breathe thy native air;
Far other journey first demands thy care. Pope's Odyssey.
8. To a great height; magnificently. This is perhaps only in
Shakespeare.
I do not think
So fair an outward, and such stuff within,
Endows a man but him.
——You speak him far.
——I don't extend him, sir. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
9. To a certain point; to a certain degree.
The substance of the service of God, so far forth as it
hath in it any thing more than the law of reason doth teach,
may not be invented of men, as it is amongst the heathen;
but must be received from God himself. Hooker, b. i.
Answer them
How far forth you do like their articles. Shakes. Henry IV.
Not to resolve, is to resolve; and many times it breeds as
many necessities, and engageth as far in some other sort, as
to resolve. Bacon.
Of this I need not many words to declare how far it is
from being so much as any part of repentance. Hammond.
My discourse is so far from being equivalent to the position
he mentions, that it is a perfect contradiction to it. Tillotson.
The custom of these tongues sometimes so far influences
the expressions, that in these epistles one may observe the
force of the Hebrew conjugations. Locke on St. Paul's Epistles.
10. It is used often in composition: as farshooting, farseeing.

FAR-FE’TCH. n. s. [far and fetch.] A deep stratagem. A ludi­
crous word.
But Jesuits have deeper reaches,
In all their politick farfetches;
And from their Coptick priest, Kircherus,
Found out this mystick way to jeer us. Hudibras, p. iii.

FAR-FE’TCHED. adj. [far and fetch.]
1. Brought from places remote.
Of these things others quickly will dispose,
Whose pains have earn'd the farfetch'd spoil. Milt. Pa. Lost.
By his command we boldly cross'd the line,
And bravely fought where southern stars arise:
We trac'd the farfetch'd gold unto the mine,
And that which brib'd our fathers made our prize. Dryden.
2. Studiously sought; elaborately strained; not easily or natural­
ly introduced.
York, with all his farfetch'd policy. Shakes. Henry VI.
For farfetch'd rhymes make puzzled angels strain,
And in low prose dull Lucifer complain. Smith.
Under this head we may rank those words, which signify
different ideas, by a sort of an unaccountable farfetched analo­
gy, or distant resemblance, that fancy has introduced between
one thing and another; as when we say, the meat is green
when it is half roasted. Watts's Logick.

FAR-PIE’RCING. adj. [far and pierce.] Striking, or penetrating
a great way.
Atlas, her sire, to whose farpiercing eye
The wonders of the deep expanded lie;
Th' eternal columns which on earth he rears,
End in the starry vault, and prop the spheres. Pope's Odyss.

FAR-SHOO’TING. adj. [far and shoot.] Shooting to a great
distance.
Then loud he call'd Æneas thrice by name;
The loud repeated voice to glad Æneas came;
Great Jove, he said, and the farshooting god,
Inspire thy mind to make thy challenge good. Dryd. Æn.

FAR. adj.
1. Distant; remote.
But we must beg our bread in climes unknown,
Beheath the scorching or the freezing zone;
And some to far Oaxis shall be sold,
Or try the Lybian heat, or Scythian cold. Dryden's Virgil.
2. It was formerly used not only as an adverb but an adjective,
with off.
These things seem small and undistinguishable,
Like far off mountains turned into clouds. Shakespeare.
If we may behold in any creature any one spark of that
eternal fire, or any far off dawning of God's glorious bright­
ness, the same in the beauty, motion, and virtue of this light
may be perceived. Raleigh's History of the World.
3. From FAR. In this sense is used elliptically for a far or re­
mote place.
The Lord shall bring a nation against thee from far, from
the end of the earth. Deutr. xxvii. 49.
4. Remoter of the two; in horsemanship, the right side of the
horse, which the rider turns from him when he mounts.
No true Egyptian ever knew in horses
The far side from the near. Dryden's Cleomenes.

FAR. n. s. [contracted from farrow.] The offspring of a sow;
young pigs.
Sows, ready to farrow this time of the year,
Are for to be made of and counted full dear;
For now is the loss of the far of the sow
More great than the loss of two calves of the cow. Tuss.

To FARCE. v. a. [farcio, Latin; farcir, French.]
1. To stuff; to fill with mingled ingredients.
Wrestling is a pastime which either the Cornishmen de­
rived from Corineus, their first pretended founder, or at least
it ministred some stuff to the farcing of that fable. Carew.
2. To extend; to swell out.
'Tis not the balm, the sceptre and the ball,
The sword, the mace, the crown imperial,
The entertissu'd robe of gold and pearl,
The farced title running 'fore the king. Shakes. Henry V.

FARCE. n. s. [from the verb; or from farcer, French, to
mock.] A dramatick representation written without regu­
larity, and stuffed with wild and ludicrous conceits.
There is yet a lower sort of poetry and painting, which is
out of nature; for a farce is that in poetry which grotesque
is in a picture: the persons and actions of a farce are all un­
natural, and the manners false; that is, inconsistent with the
characters of mankind: grotesque painting is the just resem­
blance of this. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
What should be great, you turn to farce. Prior.
They object against it as a farce, because the irregularity of
the plot should answer to the extravagance of the characters,
which they say this piece wants, and therefore is no farce. Gay.

FA’RCICAL. adj. [from farce.] Belonging to a farce; appro­
priated to a farce.
They deny the characters to be farcical, because they are
actually in nature. Gay's Preface to the What d'ye Call it.

FA’RCY. n. s. [farcina, Italian; farcin, French.] The leprosy
of horses. It is probably curable by antimony.

FA’RDEL. n. s. [fardello, Italian; fardeau, Fr.] A bundle;
a little pack.
Let us to the king: there is that in this fardel will make
him scratch his beard. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.


Who would fardels bear,
To groan and sweat under a weary life? Shakesp. Hamlet.

To FARE. v. n. [faran, Saxon; varen, Dutch.]
1. To go; to pass; to travel.
At last, resolving forward still to fare,
Until the blust'ring storm is overblown. Fairy Queen, b. i.
His spirits pure were subject to our sight,
Like to a man in shew and shape he fared. Fairfax.
So on he fares, and to the border comes
Of Eden. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv. l. 131. 
Sadly they far'd along the sea-beat shore;
Still heav'd their hearts. Pope.
2. To be in any state good or bad.
So bids thee well to fare thy nether friend. Fairy Queen.
A stubborn heart shall fare evil at the last. Ecclus. iii. 26.
Well fare the hand, which to our humble sight
Presents that beauty, which the dazzling light
Of royal splendor. Waller.
So in this throng bright Sacharissa far'd,
Oppress'd by those who strove to be her guard:
As ships, though never so obsequious, fall
Foul in a tempest on their admiral. Waller.
So fares the stag among th' enraged hounds;
Repels their force, and wounds returns for wounds. Denh.
But as a barque, that in foul weather,
Toss'd by two adverse winds together,
Is bruis'd and beaten to and fro,
And knows not which to turn him to;
So far'd the knight between two foes,
And knew not which of them t' oppose. Hudibras, p. i.
If you do as I do, you may fare as I fare. L'Estrange.
Thus fares the queen, and thus her fury blows
Amid'st the crowd. Dryden's Æn.
English ministers never fare so well as in a time of war
with a foreign power, which diverts the private feuds and ani­
mosities of the nation, and turns their efforts upon the com­
mon enemy. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
Some give out there is no danger at all; others are com­
forted that it will be a common calamity, and they shall fare
no worse than their neighbours. Swift.
3. To proceed in any train of consequences good or bad.
Thus it fareth when too much desire of contradiction
causeth our speeches rather to pass by number than to stay for
weight. Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.
So fares it when with truth falsehood contends. Milton.
4. To happen to any one well or ill. With it preceding in an
impersonal form.
When the hand finds itself well warmed and covered, let it
refuse the trouble of feeding the mouth, or guarding the head,
'till the body be starved or killed, and then we shall see how it
will fare with the hand. South's Sermons.
5. To feed; to eat; to be entertained with food.
The rich man fared sumptuously every day. Luke.
Feast your ears with the musick awhile, if they will fare so
harshly as on the trumpet's sound. Shakespeare's Timon.
Men think they have fared hardly, if, in times of extre­
mity, they have descended so low as dogs; but Galen deli­
vereth, that, young, fat, and gelded, they were the food of
many nations. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 25.

FARE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Price of passage in a vehicle by land or by water. Used only
of that which is paid for the person, not the goods.
He found a ship going to Tarsish; so he paid the fare there­
of, and went down into it to go with them unto Tarsish. Jon.
He passage begs with unregarded pray'r,
And wants two farthings to discharge his fare. Dryd. Juv.
2. Food prepared for the table; provisions.
But come, so well refresh'd, now let us play,
As meet is, after such delicious fare. Milton's Paradise Lost.
But when the western winds with vital pow'r
Call forth the tender grass and budding flow'r,
Then, at the last, produce in open air
Both flocks, and send them to their Summer's fare. Dryden.
This is what nature's want may well suffice;
He that would more is covetous, not wise:
But since among mankind so few there are,
Who will conform to philosophick fare,
This much I will indulge thee for thy ease,
And mingle something of our times to please. Dryd. Juv.
Upon his rising up he ordered the peasant to set before him
whatever food he had in his house: the peasant brought out a
great deal of coarse fare, of which the emperor eat very
heartily. Addison's Guardian, No. 99.

FAREWE’LL. adv. [This word is originally the imperative of
the verb fare well, or fare you well; sis felix, abi in bonam
rem; or bene sit tibi; but in time use familiarised it to an ad­
verb, and it is used both by those who go and those who are
left.]
1. The parting compliment; adieu.
But farewell, king; sith thus thou wilt appear,
Freedom lives hence, and banishment is here. Shak. K. Lear.
Farewell, master Silence: I will not use many words with
you; fare you well, gentlemen, both. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Whether we shall meet again, I know not,
Therefore our everlasting farewell take;
For ever, and for ever, farewell, Cassius. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Be not amazed, call all your senses to you; defend your re­
putation, or bid farewell to your good life for ever. Shakesp.
An iron slumber shuts my swimming eyes;
And now farewell, involv'd in shades of night,
For ever I am ravish'd from thy sight. Dryden's Virg. Geo.
Farewell, says he; the parting sound scarce fell
From his faint lips, but she replied farewell. Dryden.
O queen, farewell! be still possest
Of dear remembrance, blessing still and blest! Pope's Odyss.
2. It is sometimes used only as an expression of separation with­
out kindness.
Farewell the year which threaten'd so
The fairest light the world can show. Waller.
Treading the path to nobler ends,
A long farewell to love I gave;
Resolv'd my country and my friends
All that remain'd of me should have. Waller.

FAREWE’LL. n. s.
1. Leave; act of departure.
See how the morning opes her golden gates,
And takes her farewell of the glorious sun. Shakes. Hen. VI.
If chance the radiant sun, with farewell sweet,
Extend his ev'ning beam, the fields revive,
The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds
Attest their joy, that hill and valley ring. Milt. Par. Lost.
As in this grove I took my last farewell,
As on this very spot of earth I fell. Dryden.
Before I take my farewell of this subject, I shall advise the
author for the future to speak his meaning more plainly. Addis.
2. It is sometimes used as an adjective; leave-taking.
Several ingenious writers, who have taken their leave of
the publick in farewell papers, will not give over so, but in­
tend to appear again; though perhaps under another form, and
with a different title. Spectator, No. 445.

FARINA’CEOUS. adj. [from farina, Latin.] Mealy; tasting
like meal or flower of corn.
The properest food of the vegetable kingdom for mankind,
is taken from the farinaceous or mealy seeds of some culmi­
ferous plants; as oats, barley, wheat, rice, rye, maize,
panick, and millet. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FARM. n. s. [ferme, French; feorm, provision, Saxon.]
1. Ground let to a tenant; ground cultivated by another man
upon condition of paying part of the profit to the owner or
landlord.
Touching their particular complaint for reducing lands and
farms to their ancient rents, it could not be done without a
parliament. Hayward.
2. The state of lands let out to the culture of tenants.
The lords of land in Ireland do not use to set out their land
in farm, for term of years, to their tenants; but only from
year to year, and some during pleasure. Spenser on Ireland.

To FARM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To let out to tenants at a certain rent.
We are enforc'd to farm our royal realm,
The revenue whereof shall furnish us
For our affairs in hand. Shakespeare's Richard II.
2. To take at a certain rate.
They received of the bankers scant twenty shillings for thirty,
which the earl of Cornwall farmed of the king. Camden's Rem.
3. To cultivate land.

FA’RMER. n. s. [fermier, French; or from farm.]
1. One who cultivates hired ground.
Thou hast seen a farmer's dog bark at a beggar, and the
creature run from the cur: there thou might'st behold the
great image of authority; a dog's obey'd in office. Shakesp.
2. One who cultivates ground, whether his own or another's.
Nothing is of greater prejudice to the farmer than the stock­
ing of his land with cattle that are larger than it will bear.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

FA’RMOST. n. s. [superlative of far.] Most distant; re­
motest.
A spacious cave, within its farmost part,
Was hew'd and fashion'd by laborious art,
Through the hill's hollow sides. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.

FA’RNESS. n. s. [from far.] Distance; remoteness.
Their nearness on all quarters to the enemy, and their far­
ness from timely succour by their friends, have forced the com­
manders to call forth the uttermost number of able hands to
fight. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

FARRA’GINOUS. adj. [from farrago, Latin.] Formed of dif­
ferent materials.
Being a confusion of knaves and fools, and a farra­
ginous concurrence of all conditions, tempers, sexes and ages,
it is but natural if their determinations be monstrous, and
many ways inconsistent with truth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

FARRA’GO. n. s. [Latin.] A mass formed confusedly of
several ingredients; a medley.



FA’RRIER. n. s. [ferrier, French; ferrarius, Latin.]
1. A shoer of horses.
But the utmost exactness in these particulars belong to far­
riers, saddlers, smiths, and other tradesmen. Digby.
2. One who professes the medicine of horses.
If you are a piece of a farrier, as every good groom ought
to be, get sack, brandy, or strong-beer to rub your horses.
Swift's Directions to the Groom.

To FA’RRIER. v. n. [from the noun.] To practise physick
or chirurgery on horses.
Though there are many pretenders to the art of farriering
and cowleeching, yet many of them are very ignorant. Mort.

FA’RROW. n. s. [fearh, Saxon.] A little pig.
Pour in sow's blood that hath litter'd
Her nine farrow. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To FA’RROW. v. a. To bring pigs. It is used only of swine.
Sows ready to farrow this time of the year,
Are for to be made of. Tuss. Husb.
The swine, although multiparous, yet being bisulcous, and
only cloven-hoosed, is farrowed with open eyes, as other bi­
sulcous animals. Brown.
Ev'n her, who did her numerous offspring boast,
As fair and fruitful as the sow that carry'd
The thirty pigs, at one large litter farrow'd. Dryd. Juven.

FART. n. s. [fert, Saxon.] Wind from behind.
Love is the fart
Of every heart;
It pains a man when 'tis kept close;
And others doth offend, when 'tis let loose. Suckling.

To FART. v. a. [from the noun.] To break wind behind.
As when we a gun discharge,
Although the bore be ne'er so large,
Before the flame from muzzle burst,
Just at the breech it flashes first;
So from my lord his passion broke,
He farted first, and then he spoke. Swift.

FA’RTHER. adv. [This word is now generally considered as
the comparative degree of far; but by no analoger can far
make farther or farthest: it is therefore probable, that the an­
cient orthography was nearer the true, and that we ought to
write further and furthest, from forth, forther, forthest, for­
thor, further, Saxon; the o and u, by resemblance of sound,
being first confounded in speech, and afterwards in books.]
At a greater distance; to a greater distance; more remotely;
beyond; moreover.
To make a perfect judgment of good pictures, when com­
pared with one another, besides rules, there is farther required
a long conversation with the best pieces. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
They contented themselves with the opinions, fashions and
things of their country, without looking any farther. Locke.

FA’RTHER. adj. [supposed from far, more, probably from forth.]
1. More remote.
Let me add a farther truth, that without those ties of gra­
titude, I have a most particular inclination to honour you.
Dryden's Juven. Dedication.
2. Longer; tending to greater distance.
Before our farther way the fates allow,
Here must we fix on high the golden bough. Dryden's Æn.

FA’RTHERANCE. n. s. [more properly furtherance, from fur­
ther.] Encouragement; promotion.
That was the foundation of the learning I have, and of all
the fartherance that I have obtained. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

FARTHERMO’RE. adv. [more properly furthermore.] Besides;
over and above; likewise.
Farthermore the leaves, body and boughs of this tree, by
so much exceed all other plants, as the greatest men of power
and worldly ability surpass the meanest. Raleigh's History.

To FA’RTHER. v. a. [more proper To further.] To promote;
to facilitate; to advance.
If he had farthered or hindered the taking of the town,
Dryden's Dedicat. to the Æn.

FA’RTHEST. adv. [more properly furthest. See FARTHER.]
1. At the greatest distance.
2. To the greatest distance.

FA’RTHEST. adj. Most distant; remotest.
Yet it must be withal considered, that the greatest part of
the world are they which be farthest from perfection. Hooker.

FA’RTHING. n. s. [feorthling, Saxon, from feower, four, that
is, the fourth part of a penny.]
1. The fourth of a penny; the smallest English coin.
A farthing is the least denomination or fraction of money
used in England. Cocker's Arithmetick.
Else all those things we toil so hard in,
Would not avail one single farthing. Prior.
2. Copper money.
The parish find, 'tis true; but our church-wardens
Feed on the silver, and give us the farthings. Gay.
You are not obliged to take money not of gold or silver;
not the halfpence or farthings of England. Swift.
3. It is used sometimes in a sense hyperbolical: as, it is not
worth a farthing; or proverbial.
His son builds on, and never is content,
'Till the last farthing is in structure spent. Dryden's Juven.

FA’RTHINGALE. n. s. [This word has much exercised the ety­
mology of Skinner, who at last seems to determine that it is
derived from vertu garde: if he had considered what vert sig­
nifies in Dutch, he might have found out the true sense.] A
hoop; circles of whalebone used to spread the petticoat to a
wide circumference.
With silken coats, and caps, and golden rings,
With ruffs, and cuffs, and farthingales, and things. Shakesp.
Tell me,
What compass will you wear your farthingale? Shakesp.
Arthur wore in hall
Round table, like a farthingal. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1. 
Some will have it that it portends the downfal of the French
king; and observe, that the farthingale appeared in England
a little before the ruin of the Spanish monarchy. Addison.
She seems a medley of all ages,
With a huge farthingale to swell her fustian stuff,
A new commode, a topknot, and a ruff. Swift.

FA’RTHINGSWORTH. n. s. [farthing and worth.] As much as
is sold for a farthing.
They are thy customers; I hardly ever sell them a farthings­
worth of any thing. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

FAS

FA’SCES. n. s. [Latin.] Rods anciently carried before the con­
suls as a mark of their authority.
The duke beheld, like Scipio, with disdain,
That Carthage, which he ruin'd, rise once more;
And shook aloft the fasces of the main,
To fright those slaves with what they felt before. Dryden.

FA’SCIA. n. s. [Latin.] A fillet; a bandage.

FA’SCIATED. adj. [from fascia.] Bound with fillets; tied with
a bandage. Dict.

FASCIA’TION. n. s. [from fascia.] Bandage; the act or man­
ner of binding diseased parts.
Three especial sorts of fasciation, or rowling, have the wor­
thies of our profession commended to posterity. Wiseman.

To FA’SCINATE. v. a. [fascino, Latin.] To bewitch; to
enchant; to influence in some wicked and secret manner.
There be none of the affections which have been noted to
fascinate or bewitch, but love and envy. Bacon, Essay 9.
Such a fascinating sin this is, as allows men no liberty of
consideration. Decay of Piety.

FASCINA’TION. n. s. [from fascinate.] The power or act of
bewitching; enchantment; unseen inexplicable influence.
He had such a crafty and bewitching fashion, both to move
pity and to induce belief, as was like a kind of fascination and
enchantment to those that saw him or heard him. Bacon.
The Turks hang old rags, or such like ugly things, upon
their fairest horses, and other goodly creatures, to secure them
against fascination. Waller.
There is a certain bewitchery or fascination in words,
which makes them operate with a force beyond what we can
naturally give an account of. South's Sermons.

FA’SCINE. n. s. [French.] A faggot. Military cant.
The black prince passed many a river without the help of
pontoons, and filled a ditch with faggots as successfully as the
generals of our times do with fascines. Addison's Spectator.

FA’SCINOUS. adj. [fascinum, Latin.] Caused or acting by
witchcraft, or enchantment.
I shall not discuss the possibility of fascinous diseases, farther
than refer to experiment. Harvey on Consumptions.

FA’SHION. n. s. [façon, French; facies, Latin.]
1. Form; make; state of any thing with regard to its outward
appearance.
They pretend themselves grieved at our solemnities in erect­
ing churches, at their form and fashion, at the stateliness of
them and costliness, and at the opinion which we have of
them. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
The fashion of his countenance was altered. Luke ix. 29.
Stand these poor people's friend.
—I will,
Or let me lose the fashion of a man. Shakes. Henry VIII.
2. The make or cut of cloaths.
I'll be at charges for a looking-glass,
And entertain a score or two of taylors,
To study fashions to adorn my body. Shakes. Richard III.
You, sir, I entertain for one of my hundred; only, I do
not like the fashion of your garments. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Manner; sort; way.
For that I love your daughter
In such a righteous fashion as I do,
Perforce against all checks, rebukes, and manners,
I must advance. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Pluck Casca by the sleeve,
And he will, after his sour fashion, tell you
What hath proceeded. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
The commissioners either pulled down or defaced all images
in churches; and that in such unseasonable and unseasoned
fashion, as if it had been done in hostility against them. Hayw.
4. Custom operating upon dress, or any domestick ornaments.


Here's the note
How much your chain weighs to the utmost carat,
The fineness of the gold, the chargeful fashion. Shakespeare.
5. Custom; general practice.
Zelmane again, with great admiration, begun to speak of
him; asking whether it were the fashion or no, in Arcadia,
that shepherds should perform such valorous enterprizes. Sidn.
Though the truth of this hath been universally acknow­
ledged, yet because the fashion of the age is to call every thing
into question, it will be requisite to satisfy mens reason about
it. Tillotson, Sermon 3.
Why truly, wife, it was not easily reconciled to the com­
mon method; but then it was the fashion to do such things.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
6. Manner imitated from another; way established by precedent.
Sorrow so royally in you appears,
That I will deeply put the fashion on,
And wear it in my heart. Shakespeare.
7. General approbation; mode.
A young gentleman accommodates himself to the innocent
diversions in fashion. Locke.
His panegyricks were bestowed only on such persons as he
had familiarly known, and only at such times as others cease
to praise, when out of power, or out of fashion. Pope.
8. Rank; condition above the vulgar. It is used in a sense
below that of quality.
It is strange that men of fashion, and gentlemen, should so
grosly belie their own knowledge. Raleigh.
9. Any thing worn.
Now, by this maiden blossom in my hand,
I scorn thee, and thy fashion, peevish boy. Shak. Hen. VI.
10. The farcy; a distemper in horses; the horses leprosy. A
barbarous word.
His horse is possest with the glanders, infected with the
fashions, and full of windgalls. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.

To FA’SHION. v. a. [façonner, French, from the noun.]
1. To form; to mould; to figure.
He loves me well, and I have giv'n him reasons;
Send him but hither, and I'll fashion him. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Did not he that made me in the womb, make him? And
did not one fashion us in the womb? Job xxxi. 15.
The graves of the rebellious generations were already
fashioned in the clouds, which soon after should swallow up all
living creatures. Raleigh's History of the World.
The rib he form'd, and fashion'd with his hands:
Under his forming hands a creature grew,
Man like, but different sex. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Inability will every one find in himself, who shall go about
to fashion in his understanding any simple idea, not received by
his senses from external objects, or by reflection from the ope­
rations of his mind about them. Locke.
How could this noble fabrick be design'd,
And fashion'd, by a maker brute and blind?
Could it of art such miracles invent?
And raise a beauteous world of such extent? Blackm. Creat.
A different toil another forge employs,
Here the loud hammer fashions female toys;
Each trinket that adorns the modern dame,
First to these little artists ow'd its frame. Gay's Fan.
2. To fit; to adapt; to accommodate.
Laws ought to be fashioned unto the manners and conditions
of the people to whom they are meant, and not to be im­
posed upon them according to the simple rule of right. Spenser.
Ne do, I doubt, but that ye well can fashion
Yourselves thereto, according to occasion. Hubb. Tale.
Nature, as it grows again tow'rds earth,
Is fashion'd for the journey, dull and heavy. Shakes. Timon.
This cardinal,
Though from an humble stock undoubtedly,
Was fashion'd to much honour from his cradle. Sh. H. VIII.
3. To cast into external appearance.
It better fits my blood to be disdained of all, than to fashion
a carriage to rob love from any. Sh. Much Ado about Nothing.
4. To make according to the rule prescribed by custom.
The value of the labour employed about one parcel of silver
more than another, makes a difference in their price; and
thus fashioned plate sells for more than its weight. Locke.

FA’SHIONABLE. adj. [from fashion.]
1. Approved by custom; established by custom; modish.
The eminence of your condition, and the gallantry of
your principles, will invite gentlemen to the useful and en­
nobling study of nature, and make philosophy fashionable. Glan.
Examine how the fashionable practice of the world can be
reconciled to this important doctrine of our religion. Rogers.
'Tis prevailing example that hath now made it fashion­
able. Bentley.
2. Made according to the mode.
Rich, fashionable robes her person deck;
Pendants her ears, and pearls adorn her neck. Dryd. Ovid.
3. Observant of the mode.
Time is like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by th' hand;
But with his arms outstretch'd, as he would fly,
Grasps in the comer: welcome ever smiles,
And farewell goes out sighing. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
4. Having rank above the vulgar, and below nobility.

FA’SHIONABLENESS. n. s. [from fashionable.] Modish ele­
gance; such appearance as is according to the present custom.
Why should they not continue to value themselves for this
outside fashionableness of the taylor or tirewoman's making,
when their parents have so early instructed them to do
so? Locke.

FA’SHIONABLY. adv. [from fashionable.] In a manner con­
formable to custom; with modish elegance.
He must at length die dully of old age at home, when here
he might so fashionably and genteelly have been duelled or fluxed
into another world. South's Sermons.

FA’SHIONIST. n. s. [from fashion.] A follower of the mode;
a fop; a coxcomb. Dict.

To FAST. v. n. [fastan, Gothick; fæstan, Saxon.]
1. To abstain from food.
Our love is not so great, Hortensio,
But we may blow our nails together,
And fast it fairly out. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
I had rather fast from all four days than drink so much in
one. Shakspeare's Anthony and Cleopatra.
We have some meats, and breads, and drinks, which taken
by men enable them to fast long after. Bacon's New Atlantis.
2. To mortify the body by religious abstinence.
When thou fastest, anoint thy head and wash thy face, that
thou appear not unto men to fast. Mat. vi.
Last night the very god shew'd me a vision:
I fast, and pray'd for their intelligence. Shakes. Cymbeline.

FAST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Abstinence from food.
A thousand men have broke their fasts to-day,
That ne'er shall dine, unless thou yield the crown. Shakes.
Where will this end? Four times ten days I've pass'd,
Wand'ring this woody maze, and human food
Nor tasted, nor had appetite; that fast
To virtue I impute not, or count part
Of what I suffer here. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Happy and innocent were the ages of our fore-fathers, who
broke their fasts with herbs and roots; and when they were
permitted flesh, eat it only dressed with hunger and fire. Taylor.
She's gone unkindly, and refus'd to cast
One glance to feed me for so long a fast. Dryd. Tyran. Love.
2. Religious mortification by abstinence; religious humiliation.
We humble ourselves before God this day, not merely by
the outward solemnities of a fast, but by afflicting our souls as
well as bodies for our sins. Atterbury's Sermons.
Nor pray'rs nor fasts its stubborn pulse restrain;
Nor tears, for ages, taught to flow in vain. Pope.

FAST. adj. [fæst, Saxon.]
1. Firm; immoveable.
He by his strength setteth fast mountains. Ps. lxv. 6.
Last, the sire and his three sons,
With their four wives; and God made fast the door. Milt.
Be sure to find,
What I foretold thee, many a hard assay
Of dangers and adversities, and pains,
Ere thou of Israel's sceptre get fast hold. Milt. Par. Reg.
2. Strong; impregnable.
England, by report of the chronicles, was infested with
robbers and outlaws; which, lurking in woods and fast places,
used often to break forth to rob and spoil. Spenser on Ireland.
3. Fixed.
Lodronius, with the breaking in and force of the horsemen,
was driven into a marsh; where, after that he, being sore
wounded, and almost fast in the deep mud, had done the ut­
termost of that his last endeavour, he yielded himself. Knolles.
A man in a boat, who tugs at a rope that's fast to a ship,
looks as if he resolved to draw the ship to him. Temple.
4. Deep; sound.
I have seen her rise from her bed, take paper, fold it, seal
it, and again return to bed; yet all this while in a most fast
sleep. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. Firm in adherence.
Quick wits be in desire new-fangled; in purpose, uncon­
stant; light to promise any thing, ready to forget every thing,
both benefit and injury; and thereby neither fast to friend,
nor fearful to foe. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
6. [from ffest, Welsh, quick.] Speedy; quick; swift.
This work goeth fast on, and prospereth in their hands.
Ezra v. viii.
Skill comes so slow, and life so fast doth fly,
We learn so little, and forget so much. Davies.
The prince groweth up fast to be a man, and is of a sweet
and excellent disposition: it would be a stain upon you if you
should mislead, or suffer him to be misled. Bacon to Villiers.
7. FAST and loose. Uncertain; variable; inconstant; de­
ceitful.


A rope of fair pearl, which now hiding, now hidden by
the hair, did, as it were, play at fast and loose each with other,
giving and receiving richness. Sidney.
If she perceived by his outward chear,
That any would his love by talk bewray,
Sometimes she heard him, sometimes stopt her ear,
And play'd fast and loose the live-long day. Fairfax, b. v.
The folly and wickedness of men, that think to play fast
and loose with God Almighty! L'Estrange.
If they cohered, yet by the next conflict with other atoms
they might be separated again; and so on in an eternal vicissi­
tude of fast and loose, without ever consociating into the huge
condense bodies of planets. Bentley's Sermons.

FAST. adv.
1. Firmly; immoveably.
Bind the boy, which you shall find with me,
Fast to the chair. Shakespeare's King John.
This love of theirs myself have often seen,
Haply when they have judg'd me fast asleep. Shakespeare.
2. Closely; nearly.
Barbarossa left fourteen galleys in the lake; but the tack­
lings, sails, oars, and ordnance he had laid up in the castle
fast by. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Siloa's brook, that flow'd
Fast by the oracle of God. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Let purling streams be in her fancy seen,
And flow'ry meads, and vales of chearful green;
And in the midst of deathless groves
Soft sighing wishes lie,
And smiling hopes fast by,
And just beyond 'em ever-laughing loves. Dryd. Tyr. Love.
Fast by the throne obsequious fame resides,
And wealth incessant rolls her golden tides. Pope's Odyssey.
Well known to me the palace you inquire;
For fast beside it dwells my honour'd sire. Pope's Odyssey.
Here o'er the martyr-king the marble weeps,
And fast beside him once-fear'd Edward sleeps. Pope.
3. Swiftly; nimbly.
I would give a thousand pound I could run as fast as thou
can'st. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
There streams a spring of blood so fast,
From those deep wounds, as all embru'd the face. Daniel.
The heaviest muse the swiftest course has gone,
As clocks run fastest when most lead is on. Pope.
You are to look upon me as one going fast out of the
world. Swift to Pope.
4. Frequently.
Being tried only with a promise, he gave full credit to that
promise, and still gave evidence of his fidelity as fast as occa­
sions were offered. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

To FA’STEN. v. a. [from fast.]
1. To make fast; to make firm; to fix immoveably.
A mantle coming under her right arm, and covering most
of that side, had no fastening on the left side. Sidney.
Moses reared up the tabernacle, and fastened his sockets. Ex.
By chance a ship was fasten'd to the shore,
Which from old Clusium king Osinius bore. Dryden's Æn.
2. To hold together; to cement; to link.
She had all magnetick force alone,
To draw and fasten sundred parts in one. Donne.
In the sea-coast of India there is no iron, which flies not
like a bird unto those mountains, and therefore their ships are
fastened with wood. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 8.
3. To affix; to conjoin.
The words Whig and Tory have been pressed to the service
of many successions of parties, with very different ideas fast­
ened to them. Swift's Examiner, No. 43.
4. To stamp; to impress.
Thinking, by this face,
To fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
But 'tis not so. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
5. To settle; to confirm.
Their oppressors have changed the scene, and combated the
opinions in their true shape, upon which they could not so
well fasten their disguise. Decay of Piety.
6. To lay on with strength.
Could he fasten a blow, or make a thrust, when not suf­
fered to approach? Dryden's Æn. Dedication.

To FA’STEN. v. n. To fix himself.
This paucity of blood may be observed in other sorts of
lizards, in frogs, and other fishes; and therefore an horse­
leech will hardly fasten upon a fish. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He fasten'd on my neck; and bellow'd out,
As he'd burst heaven. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The wrong judgment that misleads us, and makes the will
often fasten on the worse side, lies in misreporting upon
comparisons. Locke.

FA’STENER. n. s. [from fasten.] One that makes fast or
firm.

FA’STER. n. s. [from fast.] He who abstains from food. Ains.

FA’STHANDED. adj. [fast and hand.] Avaricious; close­
handed; closesisted; covetous.
The king being fasthanded, and loth to part with a second
dowry, prevailed with the prince to be contracted with the
princess Catharine. Bacon's Henry VII.

FASTIDIO’SITY. n. s. [from fastidious.] Disdainfulness; con­
temptuousness. Swift.

FASTI’DIOUS. adj. [fastidiosus, Latin; fastidieux, fastidiouse,
French.] Disdainful; squeamish; delicate to a vice; inso­
lently nice.
Reasons plainly delivered, and always after one manner,
especially with fine and fastidious minds, enter but heavily and
dully. Bacon's Collection of Good and Evil.
Let their fastidious vain
Commission of the brain,
Run on and rage, sweat, censure, and condemn,
They were not made for thee, less thou for them. B. Johns.
A squeamish fastidious niceness, in meats and drinks, must
be cured by starving. L'Estrange.
All hopes, raised upon the promises or supposed kindnesses
of the fastidious and fallacious great ones of the world, shall
fail. South's Sermons.

FASTI’DIOUSLY. adv. [from fastidious.] Disdainfully; con­
temptuously; squeamishly.
Their sole talent is pride and scorn: they look fastidiously,
and speak disdainfully, on any one who want them; con­
cluding, if a man shall fall short of their garniture at the knees
and elbows, he is much inferior to them in the furniture of
his head. Government of the Tongue, s. 7.

FASTIGI’ATED. adv. [fastigiatus, Latin.] Roofed; nar­
rowed up to the top. Dict.

FA’STINGDAY. n. s. [fast and day.] Day of mortification by
religious abstinence.
Do not call it a fastingday, unless also it be a day of extra­
ordinary devotion and of alms. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

FA’STNESS. n. s. [from fast.]
1. Firmness; firm adherence.
Such as had given the king any distaste, did content by their
forwardness to shew it was but their fastness to the former
government, and that those affections ended with the time.
Bacon's History of Great Britain.
2. Strength; security.
All the places are cleared, and places of fastness laid open,
which are the proper walls and castles of the Irish, as they
were of the British in the times of Agricola. Davies on Ireland.
The foes had left the fastness of their place,
Prevail'd in fight, and had his men in chace. Dryden's Æn.
3. A strong place; a place not easily forced.
If his adversary be not well aware of him, he entrenches
himself in a new fastness, and holds out the siege with a new
artillery. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. Closeness; conciseness; not diffusion.
Bring his stile from all loose grossness to such firm fastness in
Latin, as in Demosthenes. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

FA’STUOUS. adj. [fastuosus, Latin; fastueux-se, Fr.] Proud;
haughty. Dict.

FAT

FAT. adj. [fæt, Saxon.]
1. Fullfed; plump; fleshy; the contrary to lean.
When gods have hot backs, what shall poor men do? For
me, I am here a Windsor stag, and the fattest, I think, i' th'
forest. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Let our wives
Appoint a meeting with this old fat fellow. Shakespeare.
'Tis a fine thing to be fat and smooth. L'Estrange.
Spare diet and labour will keep constitutions, where this
disposition is the strongest, from being fat: you may see in
an army forty thousand foot-soldiers without a fat man; and I
dare affirm, that by plenty and rest twenty of the forty
shall grow fat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Coarse; gross; dull. [fat, French.]
O souls! in whom no heav'nly fire is found,
Fat minds, and ever-grov'ling on the ground. Dryd. Pers.
3. Wealthy; rich.
Some are allured to law, not on the contemplation of
equity, but on the promising and pleasing thoughts of liti­
gious terms, fat contentions, and flowing fees. Milton.
A fat benefice is that which so abounds with an estate and
revenues, that a man may expend a great deal in delicacies of
eating and drinking. Ayliffe's Parergon.

FAT. n. s. An oily and sulphureous part of the blood, depo­
sited in the cells of the membrana adiposa, from the innu­
merable little vessels which are spread amongst them. The
fat is to be found immediately under the skin, in all the parts
of the body, except in the forehead, eyelids, lips, upper part
of the ear, yard, and scrotum. In some the vesicles of the
membrana adiposa are so full, that the fat is an inch or more
thick; and in others they are almost flat, containing little or
no fat. There are two sorts of fat; one yellow, soft, and lax,
which is easily melted, called pinguedo; another firm, white,
brittle, and which is not so easily melted, called sebum, suet,
or tallow. Some reckon the marrow of the bones for a third
sort of fat. Quincy.
In this ointment the strangest and hardest ingredients to
come by, are the moss upon the skull of a dead man unburied,


and the fats of a boar and a bear, killed in the act of genera­
tion. Bacon's Natural History, No. 998.
This membrane separates an oily liquor called fat: when
the fibres are lax, and the aliment too redundant, great part
of it is converted into this oily liquor. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FAT. n. s. [fæt, Saxon; vatte, Dutch. This is generally
written vat.] A vessel in which any thing is put to serment
or be soaked.
The fats shall overflow with wine and oil. Joel ii. 24.
A white stone used for flagging floors, for cisterns, and tan­
ners fats. Woodward on Fossils.

To FAT. v. a. [from the noun.] To make fat; to fatten;
to make plump and fleshy with abundant food.
Oh how this villany
Doth fat me with the very thoughts of it! Shak. Tit. Andr.
Ere this
I should have fatted all the region kites
With this slave's offal. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
They fat such enemies as they take in the wars, that they
may devour them. Abbot's Description of the World.
The Caribbees were wont to geld their children, on purpose
to fat and eat them. Locke.
Cattle fatted by good pasturage, after violent motion, some­
times die suddenly. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To FAT. v. n. To grow fat; to grow full fleshed.
Clarence, he is well repaid;
He is frank'd up to fatting for his pains. Shakes. Rich. III.
The one labours in his duty with a good conscience; the
other, like a beast, but fatting up for the slaughter. L'Estrange.
An old ox fats as well, and is as good, as a young one.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

FA’TAL. adj. [fatalis, Latin; fatal, French.]
1. Deadly; mortal; destructive; causing destruction.
O fatal maid! thy marriage is endow'd
With Phrygian, Latian, and Rutilian blood. Dryden's Æn.
A palsy in the brain is most dangerous; when it seizeth the
heart, or organs of breathing, fatal. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. Proceeding by destiny; inevitable; necessary.
Others delude their trouble by a graver way of reasoning,
that these things are fatal and necessary, it being in vain to
be troubled at that which we cannot help. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. Appointed by destiny.
It was fatal to the king to fight for his money; and though
he avoided to fight with enemies abroad, yet he was still en­
forced to fight for it with rebels at home. Bacon's Henry VII.
Fatal course
Had circled his full orb. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
It was
Still fatal to stout Hudibras,
In all his feats of arms, when least
He dreamt of it, to prosper best. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
Behold the destin'd place of your abodes;
For thus Anchises prophecy'd of old,
And this our fatal place of rest foretold. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
O race divine!
For beauty still is fatal to the line. Dryden.

FA’TALIST. n. s. [from fate.] One who maintains that all
things happen by invincible necessity.
Will the obstinate fatalists find sufficient apology. Watts.

FATA’LITY. n. s. [fatalité, French, from fatal.]
1. Predestination; predetermined order or series of things and
events; preordination of inevitable causes acting invincibly
in perpetual succession.
The stoicks held a fatality, and a fixed unalterable course of
events; but then they held also, that they fell out by a neces­
sity emergent from and inherent in the things themselves,
which God himself could not alter. South's Sermons.
2. Decree of fate.
By a strange fatality men suffer their dissenting to be drawn
into the stream of the present vogue. King Charles.
All the father's precaution could not secure the son from the
fatality of dying by a lion. L'Estrange's Fables.
3. Tendency to danger; tendency to some great or hazardous
event.
Seven times seven, or forty-nine, nine times nine, or
eighty-one, and seven times nine, or the years sixty-three, is
conceived to carry with it the most considerable fatality. Bro.

FA’TALLY. adv. [from fatal.]
1. Mortally; destructively; even to death.
The stream is so transparent, pure and clear,
That had the self-enamour'd youth gaz'd here,
So fatally deceiv'd he had not been,
While he the bottom, not his face had seen. Denham.
'Tis the procession of a funeral vow,
Which cruel laws to Indian wives allow,
When fatally their virtue they approve;
Chearful in flames, and martyrs of their love. Dryd. Auren.
2. By the decree of fate; by inevitable and invincible deter­
mination.
To say that the world was made casually by the concur­
rence of atoms, is to affirm that the atoms composed the
world mechanically and fatally; only they were not sensible
of it. Bentley's Sermons.

FA’TALNESS. n. s. [from fatal.] Invincible necessity.

FATE. n. s. [fatum, Latin.]
1. Destiny; an eternal series of successive causes.
Necessity or chance
Approach not me; and what I will is fate. Milton.
There is a necessity in fate
Why still the brave bold man is fortunate. Dryden.
You must obey me soon or late;
Why will you vainly struggle with your fate! Dryden.
When empire in its childhood first appears,
A watchful fate o'ersees its rising years. Dryden.
Random chance, or wilful fate,
Guides the shaft from Cupid's bow. A. Phillips.
2. Event predetermined.
Tell me what fates attend the duke of Suffolk?
By water shall he die, and take his end. Shakespeare.
3. a th; destruction.
Viewing a neighbouring hill, whose top of late
A chapel crown'd, 'till in the common fate
Th' adjoining abbey fell. Denham.
Looking, he feeds alone his famish'd eyes;
Feeds ling'ring death, but looking not he dies;
Yet still he chose the longest way to fate,
Wasting at once his life and his estate. Dryden.
Courage uncertain dangers may abate;
But who can bear th' approach of certain fate! Dryden.
The whizzing arrow sings,
And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings. Pope.
4. Cause of death.
With full force his deadly bow he bent,
And feather'd fates among the mules and sumpters sent. Dry.

FA’TED. adj. [from fate.]
1. Decreed by fate.
She fled her father's rage, and with a train
Driv'n by the southern blasts was fated here to reign. Dryd.
2. Determined in any manner by fate.
Bright Vulcanian arms,
Fated from force of steel by Stygian charms,
Suspended, shone on high. Dryden's Æn.
3. Endued with any quality by fate.
Her aukward love indeed was oddly fated;
She and her Polly were too near related. Prior.
4. Invested with the power of fatal determination. Peculiar to
Shakespeare.
Thy fated sky
Gives us free scope. Shakespeare.

FA’THER. n. s. [fæther, Saxon; aaher, Erse. This word is
found likewise in the Persian language.]
1. He by whom the son or daughter is begotten.
Father is a notion superinduced to the substance, or man,
and refers only to an act of that thing called man, whereby
he contributed to the generation of one of his own kind. Locke.
Son of Bensalem, thy father saith it; the man by whom
thou hast breath and life speaketh the word. Bacon.
He shall forget
Father and mother, and to his wife adhere. Milt. Pa. Lost.
2. The first ancestor.
It was said
It should not stand in thy posterity;
But that myself should be the root and father
Of many kings. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Abraham is the father of us all. Rom. iv. 16.
3. The appellation of an old man.
A poor blind man was accounted cunning in prognosti­
cating weather: Epsom, a lawyer, said in scorn, Tell me,
father, when doth the sun change? The old man answered,
when such a wicked lawyer as you goeth to heaven. Camden.
4. The title of any man reverend for age, learning, and piety.
You shall find one well accompanied
With reverend fathers and well learned bishops. Sh. R. III.
5. One who has given original to any thing good or bad.
Jubal was the father of all such as handle the harp and
organ. Gen. iv. 21. 
6. The ecclesiastical writers of the first centuries.
Men may talk of the fathers, and magnify the fathers, and
seem to make the authority of the fathers next to infallible;
and yet none expose them more to contempt than they which
give such answers as these. Stillingfleet.
7. One who acts with paternal care and tenderness.
I was a father to the poor. Job xxix. 16.
He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his
house. Gen. xlv. 8.
8. The title of a popish confessor, particularly of a Jesuit.
Formal in apparel,
In gait and countenance surely like a father. Shakespeare.
There was in this place a father of a convent, who was
very much renowned for his piety and exemplary life; and as
it is usual, under any great affliction, to apply themselves to
the most eminent confessors, our beautiful votary took the
opportunity of confessing herself to this celebrated father. Add.
9. The title of a senator of old Rome.
From hence the race of Alban fathers come,
And the long glories of majestick Rome. Dryden's Virgil.


10. The appellation of the first person of the adorable Trinity.
The eternal son of God esteemed it his meat and drink to
do the will of his Father, and for his obedience alone obtained
the greatest glory. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
11.  The compellation of God as Creator.
We have one Father, even God. John viii. 41. 
Almighty and most merciful Father. Common Prayer.

FATHER-IN-LAW. n. s. [from father.] The father of one's
husband or wife.
I must make my father-in-law a visit with a great train and
equipage. Addison's Spectator, No. 547.

To FA’THER. v. a.
1. To take; to adopt as a son or daughter.
Ay, good youth,
And rather father thee than master thee. Shakes. Cymbeline.
2. To supply with a father.
I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so father'd and so husbanded. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
How light and portable my pain seems now,
When that which makes me bend makes the king bow;
He childed as I father'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To adopt a composition.
Men of wit,
Often father'd what he writ. Swift.
4. To ascribe to any one as his offspring, or production.
And lest we seem to father any thing upon them more than
is their own, let them read. Hooker, b. iv. s. 4.
My name was made use of by several persons, one of which
was pleased to father on me a new set of productions. Swift.
Magical relations comprehend effects derived and fathered
upon hidden qualities, whereof, from received grounds of art,
no reasons are derived. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

FA’THERHOOD. n. s. [from father.] The character of a
father; the authority of a father.
Who can abide, that against their own doctors, both of
the middle and latest age, six whole books should by their
fatherhoods of Trent be under pain of a curse, imperiously
obtruded upon God and his church. Hall.
We might have had an entire notion of this fatherhood, or
fatherly authority. Locke.

FA’THERLESS. adj. [from father.] Without a father; desti­
tute of a father.
Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child. Ex. xxii.
Our fatherless distress was left unmoan'd;
Your widow dolours likewise be unwept. Shakes. R. III.
The fatherless had no friend. Sandys.
He caught his death the last county-sessions, where he
would go to see justice done to a poor widow woman and her
fatherless children. Addison's Spectator, No. 517.

FA’THERLINESS. n. s. [from father.] The tenderness of a
father; parental kindness.

FA’THERLY. adj. [from father.] Paternal; like a father;
tender; protecting; careful.
Let me but move one question to your daughter,
And, by that fatherly and kindly power
That you have in her, bid her answer truly. Shakespeare.
The part which describes the fire, I owe to the piety and
fatherly affection of our monarch to his suffering subjects. Dry.

FA’THERLY. adv. In the manner of a father.
Thus Adam, fatherly displeas'd:
O execrable son! so to aspire
Above his brethren! Milton.

FA’THOM. n. s. [fædm, Saxon.]
1. A measure of length containing six foot, or two yards; the
space to which a man can extend both arms.
The extent of this fathom, or distance between the extre­
mity of the fingers of either hand upon expansion, is equal
unto the space between the sole of the foot and the crown.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.
The arms spread cross in a streight line, and measured from
the end of the long finger on one hand to that of the other,
made a measure equal to the stature, and is named a fathom.
Holder on Time.
2. It is the usual measure applied to the depth of the sea, when
the line for sounding is called the fathom-line.
Dive into the bottom of the deep,
Where fathom-line could never touch the ground. Sh. H. IV.
3. Reach; penetration; depth of contrivance; compass of
thought.
Another of his fathom they have none
To lead their business. Shakespeare's Othello.

To FA’THOM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To encompass with the arms extended or encircling.
2. To reach; to master.
Leave, leave to fathom such high points as these;
Nor be ambitious, ere the time, to please. Dryden's Pers.
3. To sound; to try with respect to the depth.
'Tis too strong for weak heads to try the heights and fathom
the depths of his flights. Felton on the Classicks.
Our depths who fathoms? Pope.
4. To penetrate into; to find the bottom or utmost extent: as,
I cannot fathom his design.

FA’THOMLESS. adj. [from fathom.]
1. That of which no bottom can be found.
2. That of which the circumference cannot be embraced.
Will you with counters sum
The vast proportion of his infinite;
And buckle in a waste most fathomless,
With spans and inches so diminutive
As fears and reasons? Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

FATI’DICAL. adj. [fatidicus, Latin; fatidique, French.] Pro­
phetick; having the power to foretell future events.
The oak, of all other trees only fatidical, told them what
a fearful unfortunate business this would prove. Howel.

FATI’FEROUS. adj. [fatiser, Latin.] Deadly; mortal; de­
structive. Dict.

FA’TIGABLE. adj. [fatigo, Lat.] Easily wearied; susceptible
of weariness.

To FA’TIGATE. v. a. [fatigo, Latin.] To weary; to fatigue;
to tire; to exhaust with labour; to oppress with lassitude.
By and by the din of war 'gan to pierce
His ready sense, when straight his doubled spirit
Requicken'd what in flesh was fatigate,
And to the battle came he. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

FATI’GUE. n. s. [fatigue, French; fatigo, Latin.]
1. Weariness; lassitude.
2. The cause of weariness; labour; toil.
The great Scipio sought honours in his youth, and endured
the fatigues with which he purchased them. Dryden.

To FA’TIGUE. v. a. [fatigue, French; fatigo, Latin.] To
tire; to weary; to harrass with toil; to exhaust with labour.
The man who struggles in the fight,
Fatigues left arm as well as right. Prior.

FATKI’DNEYED. adj. [fat and kidney.] Fat: by way of re­
proach or contempt.
Peace, ye fatkidneyed rascal; what a brawling do'st thou
keep! Shakespeare's Henry IV.

FA’TLING. n. s. [from fat.] A young animal fed fat for the
slaughter.
The calf and the young lion, and the fatling shall lie down
together, and a little child shall lead them. Is. xi. 6.

FA’TNER. n. s. [from fat.] That which gives fatness.
The wind was west, on which that philosopher bestowed
the encomium of fatner of the earth. Arbuthn. Mart. Scribl.

FA’TNESS. n. s. [from fat.]
1. The quality of being fat, plump, or full-fed.
2. Fat; grease; fulness of flesh.
And by his side rode loathsome gluttony,
Deformed creature, on a filthy swine;
His belly was upblown with luxury,
And eke with fatness swollen were his eyen. Fal. Queen, b. i.
3. Unctuous or greasy matter.
Earth and water, mingled by the help of the sun, gather a
nitrous fatness. Bacon's Natural History, No. 355.
4. Oleaginousness; sliminess.
By reason of the fatness and heaviness of the ground, Egypt
did not produce metals, wood, pitch, and some fruits. Arbuth.
5. Fertility; fruitfulness.
God give thee of the dew of heaven, and the fatness of
the earth, and plenty of corn and wine. Gen. xxvii. 28.
6. That which causes fertility.
When around
The clouds drop fatness, in the middle sky
The dew suspended staid, and left unmoist
The execrable glebe. Phillips.
Vapours and clouds feed the plants of the earth with the
balm of dews and the fatness of showers. Bentley's Sermons.

To FA’TTEN. v. a. [from fat.]
1. To feed up; to make fleshy; to plump with fat.
Frequent blood-letting, in small quantities, often increaseth
the force of the organs of digestion, and fatteneth and in­
creaseth the distemper. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To make fruitful.
Town of stuff to fatten land. Lib. Londiniensis.
Dare not, on thy life,
Touch aught of mine;
This falchion else, not hitherto withstood,
These hostile fields shall fatten with thy blood. Dryden.
3. To feed grosly; to increase.
Obscene Orontes
Conveys his wealth to Tyber's hungry shores,
And fattens Italy with foreign whores. Dryden's Juvenal.

To FA’TTEN. v. n. [from fat.] To grow fat; to be pampered;
to grow fleshy.
All agree to spoil the publick good,
And villains fatten with the brave man's labour. Otway.
Apollo check'd my pride, and bad me feed
My fatt'ning flocks, nor dare beyond the reed. Dryden.
Yet then this little spot of earth well till'd,
A num'rous family with plenty fill'd,
The good old man and thrifty housewife spent
Their days in peace, and fatten'd with content;
Enjoy'd the dregs of life, and liv'd to see
A long-descending healthful progeny. Dryden's Juvenal.


Tygers and wolves shall in the ocean breed,
The whale and dolphin fatten on the mead,
And every element exchange its kind,
When thriving honesty in courts we find. Granville.

FA’TUOUS. adj. [fatuus, Latin.]
1. Stupid; foolish; feeble of mind.
We pity or laugh at those fatuous extravagants, while yet
ourselves have a considerable dose of what makes them so. Glan.
2. Impotent; without force; illusory; alluding to an ignis
fatuus.
And when that flame finds combustible earth,
Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth. Denham.

FATU’ITY. n. s. [fatuité, French; from fatuous.] Foolish­
ness; weakness of mind; some degree of frenzy.
It had argued a very short sight of things, and extreme
fatuity of mind in me, to bind my own hands at their re­
quest. King Charles.
These symptoms were so high in some as to produce a sort
of fatuity or madness. Arbuthnot on Air.

FA’TWITTED. adj. [fat and wit.] Heavy; dull; stupid.
Thou art so fatwitted with drinking old sack, and unbot­
toning thee after supper, and sleeping upon benches in the
afternoon, that thou hast forgotten. Shakes. Henry IV.

FA’TTY. adj. [from fat.] Unctuous; oleaginous; greasy;
partaking of the nature of fat.
The like cloud, if oily or fatty, will not discharge; not
because it sticketh faster, but because air preyeth upon water,
and flame and fire upon oil. Bacon's Natural History.
The gourd
And thirsty cucumber, when they perceive
Th' approaching olive, with resentment fly
Her fatty fibres, and with tendrils creep
Diverse, detesting contact. Phillips.
The common symptoms of the muriatick scurvy are, a
saline taste in the spittle, and a lixivial urine, sometimes with
a fatty substance like a thin skin a-top. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FAU

FA’UCET. n. s. [fausset, French; fauces, Latin.] The pipe
inserted into a vessel to give vent to the liquor, and stopped up
by a peg or spigot. It is sometimes improperly written
fosset.
You were out a good wholesome forenoon in hearing a
cause between an orange-wife and a fosset-seller, and adjourned
a controversy of three-pence to a second audience. Shakesp.
If you are sent down to draw drink, and find it will not
run, blow strongly into the faucet, and it will immediately
pour into your mouth. Swift's Direct. to the Butler.

FA’UCHION. n. s. [See FALCHION.] A crooked sword.
But good Æneas order'd on the shore
A stately tomb, whose top a trumpet bore;
A soldier's fauchion, and a seaman's oar. Dryden's Æn.

FA’UFEL. n. s. [French.] The fruit of a species of the palm­
tree. See PALM.

FAVI’LLOUS. adj. [favilla, Latin.] Consisting of ashes.
As to foretelling of strangers, from the fungous particles
about the wicks of the candle, it only signifieth a moist air
about them, hindering the avolation of light and the favillous
particles. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 22.

FA’ULCON. See FALCON.

FA’ULCONRY. See FALCONRY.

FAULT. n. s. [faut, faute, Fr. faltar, to be deficient, Spanish.
The l is sometimes sounded, and sometimes mute. In con­
versation it is generally suppressed.]
1. Offence; slight crime; somewhat liable to censure or ob­
jection.
The prophet chuseth rather to charge them with the fault
of making a law unto themselves, than the crime of trans­
gressing a law which God had made. Hooker, b. iii. s. 6.
He finds no fault with their opinion about the true God,
but only that it was not clear and distinct enough. Stillingfleet.
He that but conceives a crime in thought,
Contracts the danger of an actual fault:
Then what must he expect that still proceeds
To commit sin, and work up thoughts to deeds. Dryden.
If you like not my poem, the fault may possibly be in my
writing; but more probably 'tis in your morals, which can­
not bear the truth of it. Dryden.
They wholly mistake the nature of criticism, who think
its business is principally to find fault. Dryden.
To be desirous of a good name, and careful to do every
thing, that we innocently may, to obtain it, is so far from
being a fault, even in private persons, that it is their great and
indispensible duty. Atterbury's Sermons.
Before his sacred name flies ev'ry fault,
And each exalted stanza teems with thought. Pope.
Which of our thrum-cap'd ancestors found fault,
For want of sugar-tongs or spoons for salt? King.
Being void of all friendship and enmity, they never com­
plain, nor find fault with the times. Swift.
2. Defect; want; absence.
I could tell to thee, as to one it pleases me, for fault of a
better, to call my friend, I could be sad, and sad indeed
too. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
There is no straw given unto thy servants, and they say
unto us, make brick; and behold, thy servants are beaten;
but the fault is in thine own people. Ex. v. 16.
3. Puzzle; difficulty: as, the enquirer is at a fault.

To FAULT. v. n. [from the noun.] To be wrong; to fail.
Which moved him rather in eclogues than otherwise to
write, minding to furnish our tongue in this kind wherein it
faulteth. Spenser.

To FAULT. v. a. To charge with a fault; to accuse.
For that I will not fault thee,
But for humbleness exalt thee. Old Song.

FA’ULTER. n. s. [from fault.] An offender; one who com­
mits a fault.
Then she, behold the faulter here in sight;
This hand committed that supposed offence. Fairfax, b. ii.

FA’ULTFINDER. n. s. [fault and find.] A censurer; an ob­
jector.

FA’ULTILY. adv. [from faulty.] Not rightly; improperly;
defectively; erroneously.

FA’ULTINESS. n. s. [from faulty.]
1. Badness; vitiousness; evil disposition.
When her judgment was to be practised in knowing faulti­
ness by his first tokens, she was like a young fawn, who
coming in the wind of the hunters, doth not know whether
it be a thing or no to be eschewed. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Delinquency; actual offences.
The inhabitants will not take it in evil part, that the faulti­
ness of their people heretofore is by us so far forth laid open.
Hooker, Preface.

FA’ULTLESS. adj. [from fault.] Without fault; perfect; com­
pletely excellent.
Where for our sins he faultless suffered pain,
There where he died, and where he liv'd again. Fairfax.
Who durst thy faultless figure thus deface? Dryden's Æn.
Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see,
Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. Pope.

FA’ULTY. adj. [fautif, French, from fault.]
1. Guilty of a fault; blameable; criminal; not innocent.
The king doth speak as one which is faulty. 2 Sa. xiv. 13.
Can thus
Th' image of God in man, created once
So goodly and erect, though faulty since!
To such unsightly sufferings be debas'd! Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Wrong; erroneous.
The form of polity by them set down for perpetuity, is
three ways faulty; faulty in omitting some things which in
Scripture are of that nature, as, namely, the difference that
ought to be of pastors, when they grow to any great multi­
tude; faulty in requiring doctors, deacons, and widows, as
things of perpetual necessity by the law of God, which in
truth are nothing less; faulty also in urging some things by
Scripture mutable, as their lay-elders. Hooker, b. iii.
3. Defective; bad in any respect; not fit for the use intended.
By accident of a faulty helmet that Parker had on, he was
stricken into the mouth at the first course, so that he died pre­
sently. Bacon's Henry VII.

FAV

To FA’VOUR. v. a. [faveo, Latin.]
1. To support; to regard with kindness; to be propitious to;
to countenance.
Of all the race of silver-winged flies
Was none more favourable, nor more fair,
Whilst heaven did favour his felicities,
Than Clarion, the eldest son and heir
Of Muscarol. Spenser.
The self-same gods that arm'd the queen of Troy,
May favour Tamora the queen of Goths. Shak. Tit. Andr.
Men favour wonders. Bacon's Natural History, No. 495.
Fortune so favoured him, that the town at his first coming
surrendered unto him. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The good Æneas am I call'd; a name,
While fortune favour'd, not unknown to fame. Dryden.
Oh happy youth! and favour'd of the skies,
Distinguish'd care of guardian deities. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.
2. To assist with advantages or conveniences.
No one place about it is weaker than another, to favour an
enemy in his approaches. Addison's Whig Examiner.
3. To resemble in feature.
The porter owned that the gentleman favoured his
master. Spectator.
4. To conduce to; to contribute.

FA’VOUR. n. s. [favor, Latin; faveur, French.]
1. Countenance; kindness; kind regard; propitious aspect.
It pleas'd your majesty to turn your looks
Of favour from myself, and all our house. Shakes. H. IV.
The child Samuel was in favour both with the Lord and
also with men. 1 Sa. ii. 26.
The race is not to the swift, nor yet favour to men of
skill. Eccl. ix. 11. 


His dreadful navy, and his lovely mind,
Gave him the fear and favour of mankind. Waller.
This favour, had it been employed on a more deserving
subject, had been an effect of justice in your nature; but, as
placed on me, is only charity. Dryden's Aurengzebe, Preface.
At play, among strangers, we are apt to find our hopes and
wishes engaged on a sudden in favour of one side more than
another. Swift.
2. Support; defence; vindication.
The pleasures which these Scriptures ascribe to religion, are
of a kind very different from those in favour of which they
are here alleged. Rogers, Sermon 15.
3. Kindness granted.
All favours and punishments passed by him, all offices and
places of importance were distributed to his favourites. Sidney.
O, my royal master!
The gods, in favour to you, made her cruel. A. Phillips.
4. Lenity; mildness; mitigation of punishment.
I could not discover the lenity and favour of this sentence;
but conceived it rather to be rigorous than gentle. Gulliv. Trav.
5. Leave; good will; pardon.
Worthy Macbeth, we stay upon your leisure.
—Give me your favour; my dull brain was wrought
With things forgot. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Yet e're we enter into open act,
With favour, 'twere no loss if 't might be inquir'd
What the condition of these arms would be. B. Johns. Cat.
They got not the land by their own sword; but thy right
hand and thine arm, and the light of thy countenance, be­
cause thou hast a favour unto them. Ps. xliv. 3.
Come down, said Reynard, let us treat of peace:
A peace, with all my soul, said Chanticleer;
But, with your favour, I will treat it here. Dryden.
6. Object of favour; person or thing favoured.
All these his wond'rous works, but chiefly man,
His chief delight and favour; him, for whom
All these his works so wond'rous he ordain'd. Milt. P. L.
7. Something given by a lady to be worn.
And every one his lovesuit will advance
Unto his several mistress, which they'll know
By favours several which they did bestow. Shakespeare.
It is received that it helpeth to continue love, if one wear
the hair of the party beloved; and perhaps a glove, or other
like favour, may as well do it. Bacon's Natural History.
A blue ribband tied round the sword-arm, I conceive to be
the remains of that custom of wearing a mistress's favour on
such occasions of old. Spectator, No. 436.
8. Any thing worn openly as a token.
Here, Fluellen, wear thou this favour for me, and stick it
in thy cap: when Alanson and myself were down together, I
pluck'd this glove from his helm. Shakesp. Henry V.
9. Feature; countenance.
That is only suitable in laying a foul complexion upon a
filthy favour, setting forth both in sluttishness. Sidney.
Young though thou art, thine eye
Hath staid upon some favour that it loves. Shakespeare.
Disseat thy favour with an usurped beard. Shakes. Othello.
There's no goodness in thy face: if Antony
Be free and healthful, why so tart a favour
To trumpet such good tidings. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Yet well I remember
The favours of these men: were they not mine?
Did they not sometime cry, all hail! to me? Shakes. R. II.
A youth of fine favour and shape. Bacon's Henry VII.
By their virtuous behaviour they compensate hardness of their
favour, and by the pulchritude of their souls, make up what
is wanting in the beauty of their bodies. South.

FA’VOURABLE. adj. [favorable, French; favorabilis, Latin.]
1. Kind; propitious; affectionate.
Famous Plantagenet! most gracious prince,
Lend favourable ear to our requests. Shakes. Richard III.
2. Palliative; tender; averse from censure.
None can have the favourable thought,
That to obey a tyrant's will they fought. Dryden's Juvenal.
3. Conducive to; contributing to; propitious.
People are multiplied in a country by the temper of the
climate, favourable to generation, to health, and long life.
Temple.
4. Accommodate; convenient.
Many good officers were willing to stay there, as a place
very favourable for the making levies of men. Clarendon.
5. Beautiful; well favoured; well featured. Obsolete.
Of all the race of silver-winged flies
Which do possess the empire of the air,
Betwixt the centred earth and azure skies
Was none more favourable, nor more fair,
Than Clarion, the eldest son and heir
Of Muscarol. Spenser.

FA’VOURABLENESS. n. s. [from favourable.] Kindness; be­
nignity.

FA’VOURABLY. adv. [from favourable.] Kindly; with favour;
with tenderness; with kind regard.
Touching actions of common life, there is not any defence
more favourably heard than theirs who allege sincerely for
themselves, that they did as necessity constrained them. Hook.
She goeth about seeking such as are worthy of her, and
sheweth herself favourably unto them in the ways. Wisd. vi.
The violent will condemn the character of Absalom, as
either too favourably or too hardly drawn. Dryden.
We are naturally inclined to think favourably of those we
love. Rogers's Sermons.

FA’VOURED. participial adj. [from favour.]
1. Regarded with kindness.
Oft with some favour'd traveller they stray,
And shine before him all the desert way. Pope's Odyssey.
2. [From favour, the noun.] Featured. Always conjoined
with well or ill.
Of her there bred
A thousand young ones, which she daily fed;
Sucking upon her poisonous dugs, each one
Of sundry shape, yet all ill-favoured. Fairy Queen, b. i.

FA’VOUREDLY. adv. [from favoured.] Always joined with
well or ill, in a fair or foul way.

FA’VOURER. n. s. [from favour.] One who favours; one who
regards with kindness or tenderness; a wellwisher; a friend.
If we should upbraid them with irreligious, as they do us
with superstitious favourers, the answer which herein they
would make us, let them apply unto themselves. Hooker, b. iv.
Do I not know you for a favourer
Of this new sect? ye are not sound. Shak. Henry VIII.
Being now a favourer to the Briton. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Conjure their friends they had, labour for more,
Solicit all reputed favourers. Daniel's Civil War.
All the favourers of magick were the most profest and bit­
ter enemies to the Christian religion. Addis. on the Christ. Rel.

FA’VOURITE. n. s. [favori, favorite, French; favorita, Ital.]
1. A person or thing beloved; one regarded with favour; any
thing in which pleasure is taken; that which is regarded with
particular approbation or affection.
Every particular master in criticism has his favourite pas­
sages in an author. Addison's Spectator, No. 262.
So fathers speak, persuasive speech and mild!
Their sage experience to the fav'rite child. Pope's Odyssey.
2. One chosen as a companion by his superiour; a mean wretch
whose whole business is by any means to please.
All favours and punishments passed by him, all offices and
places of importance were distributed to his favourites. Sidney.
I was a Thessalian gentleman, who, by mischance, having
killed a favourite of the prince of that country, was pursued
so cruelly, that in no place but by favour or corruption they
would obtain my destruction. Sidney, b. i.
The great man down, you mark, his fav'rite flies;
The poor advanc'd, makes friends of enemies. Shak. Haml.
Bid her steal into the plashed bower,
Where honeysuckles, ripen'd by the sun,
Forbid the sun to enter; like to favourites,
Made proud by princes, that advance their pride
Against that power that bred it. Shakespeare.
Nothing is more vigilant, nothing more jealous than a fa­
vourite, especially towards the waining time, and suspect of
satiety. Wotton.
This man was very capable of being a great favourite to a
great king. Clarendon.
What fav'rites gain, and what the nation owes,
Fly the forgetful world. Pope.

FA’VOURLESS. adj. [from favour.]
1. Unfavoured; not regarded with kindness; without pa­
tronage; without countenance.
2. Unfavouring; unpropitious.
Of that goddess I have sought the sight,
Yet no where can her find; such happiness
Heaven doth me envy, and fortune favourless. Fairy Queen.

FAU

FA’USEN. n. s. A sort of large eel.
He left the waves to wash;
The wave sprung entrails, about which fausens and other fish
Did shole. Chapman's Iliads, b. xxi.

FA’USSEBRAYE. n. s. A small mount of earth, four fathom
wide, erected on the level round the foot of the rampart,
made use of to fire upon the enemy, when he is so far ad­
vanced that you cannot force him back; and also to receive
the ruins which the cannons make in the body of the place.
Harris.

FA’UTOR. n. s. [Latin; fauteur, French.] Favourer; counte­
nancer; supporter.
I am neither author or fautor of any sect: I will have no
man addict himself to me; but, if I have any thing right, de­
fend it as truth's, not mine. Ben. Johnson.
The new mountain in the Lucrine lake, which is alleged,
by the fautors of this opinion, as an instance in behalf of it,
was not raised thus. Woodward.

FA’UTRESS. n. s. [fautrix, Latin; fautrice, Fr.] A woman
that favours, or shows countenance.
It made him pray, and prove
Minerva's aid his fautress still. Chapman's Iliads.
He comes from banishment to the fautress of liberty, from
the barbarous to the polite. Garth's Dedicat. to Ovid.



FAWN. n. s. [faon, French, from fan, in old French a child,
probably from infans, Latin.] A young deer.
Looking my love, I go from place to place,
Like a young fawn that late hath lost the hind;
And seek each where, where last I saw her face,
Whose image yet I carry fresh in mind. Spenser's Sonnets.
The buck is called the first year a fawn, the second year a
pricket. Shakespeare's Love's Labour Lost.
The colt hath about four years of growth; and so the fawn,
and so the calf. Bacon's Natural History, No. 759.
Who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn,
For him as kindly spreads the flow'ry lawn. Pope.

To FAWN. v. n. [of uncertain original. Perhaps a contrac­
tion of the French fanfan, a term of fondness for children.
1. To court by frisking before one: as a dog.
The dog straight fawned upon his master for old know­
ledge. Sidney.
Holding Corioli in the name of Rome,
Even like a fawning greyhound. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. To court by any means. Used by animals.
Instead thereof he kiss'd her weary feet,
And lick'd her lily hands with fawning tongue,
As he her wrong'd innocence did weet. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Is it not strange that a rational man should worship an
ox? that he should fawn upon his dog? bow himself before a
cat? and adore leeks and garlick? South's Sermons.
3. To court servilely.
My love, forbear to fawn upon their frowns;
What danger or what sorrow can befal thee,
So long as Edward is thy constant friend? Shak. Henry VI.
And thou, sly hypocrite, who now would'st be
Patron of liberty, who more than thou
Once fawn'd, and cring'd, and servilely ador'd
Heav'n's awful monarch? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
Whom Ancus follows, with a fawning air;
But vain within, and proudly popular. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
Dext'rous the craving fawning crowd to quit,
And pleas'd to 'scape from flattery to wit. Pope.
4. To bring forth a fawn.

FA’WNER. n. s. [from fawn.] One that fawns; one that pays
servile courtship.
By softness of behaviour we have arrived at the appella­
tion of fawners. Spectator, No. 304.

FA’WNINGLY. adv. [from fawn.] In a cringing servile way.

FA’XED. adj. [from fæx, Saxon, hair.] Hairy. Now ob­
solete.
They could call a comet a faxed star, which is all one with
stella crinita, or cometa. Camden's Remains.

FAY. n. s. [feé, French.]
1. A fairy; an elf.
And the yellow-skirted fays
Fly after the night-steeds, leaving their moon-lov'd maze.
Milton.
Ye sylphs and sylphids, to your chief give ear;
Fays, fairies, genii, elves and demons hear! Pope.
2. [from foi, French.] Faith. Wholly obsolete.
They plainly to speak of shepherds most what,
Bad is the best, this English is flat;
Their ill 'haviour garres men missay,
Both of their doctrine and their fay. Spenser's Pastorals.

FEA

FE’ABERRY. n. s. A gooseberry. Dict.

To FEAGUE. v. a. [Gower uses To feige, free to censure; fegen,
German, to sweep; fyken, Dutch, to strike.] To whip; to
chastise; to beat. In Scottish feake, to slutter; to be idly or
officiously busy.

FE’ALTY. n. s. [feaultè, French.] Duty due to a superior
lord; fidelity to a master; loyalty.
I am in parliament pledge for his truth,
And lasting fealty to the new-made king. Shak. Rich. III.
Let my sovereign
Command my eldest son, nay all my sons,
As pledges of my fealty and love. Shakes. Henry IV. p. ii.
Man disobeying,
Disloyal, breaks his fealty, and sins
Against the high supremacy of heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
Each bird and beast hehold
After their kinds: I bring them to receive
From thee their names, and pay thee fealty
With low subjection. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Whether his first design be to withdraw
Our fealty from God, or to disturb
Conjugal love. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

FEAR. n. s. [fearan, Sax. to fear; vaer, Dut. feakle, Erse.]
1. Dread; horrour; painful apprehension of danger.
Fear is an uneasiness of the mind, upon the thought of
future evil likely to befal us. Locke.
Trembling fear still to and fro did fly,
And found no place where safe she shrowd him might. F. Q.
For fear was upon them, because of the people of those
countries. Ezra iii. 3.
What then remains? Are we depriv'd of will?
Must we not wish, for fear of wishing ill? Dryden's Juv.
Fear, in general, is that passion of our nature whereby we
are excited to provide for our security upon the approach of
evil. Rogers, Sermon 1. 
2. Awe; dejection of mind at the presence of any person or
thing.
And the fear of you, and the dread of you, shall be upon
every beast. Gen. ix. 2.
3. Anxiety; solicitude.
The greatest and principal fear was for the holy temple.
2 Mac. xv. 18.
4. That which causes fear.
Antony, stay not by his side:
Thy demon, that's the spirit that keeps thee, is
Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable,
Where Cæsar's is not; but near him, thy angel
Becomes a fear, as being o'erpower'd. Shak. Ant. and Cleop.
5. The object of fear.
Except the God of Abraham and the fear of Isaac had
been with me. Gen. xxxi. 42.
6. Something hung up to scare deer by its colour or noise.
He who fleeth from the noise of the fear shall fall into the
pit, and he that cometh up out of the midst of the pit shall be
taken in the snare. Is. xxiv. 18.

FEAR. n. s. [foera, Saxon.] A companion. Obsolete.
But fair Charissa to a lovely fear
Was linked, and by him had many pledges dear. Fairy Qu.

To FEAR. v. a. [fearan, Saxon.]
1. To dread; to consider with apprehensions of terrour; to be
afraid of.
Now, for my life, Hortensio fears his widow.
—Then never trust me if I be afraid.
—You are very sensible, yet you miss my sense;
I mean Hortensio is afraid of you. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
To fear the foe, since fear oppresseth strength,
Gives, in your weakness, strength unto your foe. Sh. R. II.
There shall rise up a kingdom, and it shall be feared above
all the kingdoms before it. 2 Esdr. xii. 13.
When I view the beauties of thy face,
I fear not death, nor dangers, nor disgrace. Dryden.
2. To fright; to terrify; to make afraid.
The inhabitants, being feared with the Spaniards landing
and burning, fled from their dwellings. Carew.
If he be taken, he shall never more
Be fear'd of doing harm: make your own purpose
How in my strength you please. Shakes. King Lear.
We must not make a scarecrow of the law,
Setting it up to fear the birds of prey. Sh. Meas. for Meas.
Some, sitting on the hatches, would seem there,
With hideous gazing, to fear away fear. Donne.

To FEAR. v. n.
1. To live in horrour; to be afraid.
Well you may fear too far.
—Safer than trust too far:
Let me still take away the harms I fear,
Not fear still to be harm'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. To be anxious.
If any such be here, if any fear
Less for his person than an ill report;
If any think brave death outweighs bad life. Shak. Coriolan.
Then let the greedy merchant fear
For his ill-gotten gain;
And pray to gods that will not hear,
While the debating winds and billows bear
His wealth into the main. Dryden's Horace.
See, pious king, with diff'rent strife,
Thy struggling Albion's bosom torn:
So much she fears for William's life,
That Mary's fate she dare not mourn. Prior.

FE’ARFUL. adj. [fear and full.]
1. Timorous; timid; easily made afraid.
He's gentle, and not fearful. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. Afraid. It has of before the object of fear.
The Irish are more fearful to offend the law than the
English. Davies on Ireland.
I have made my heroine fearful of death, which neither
Cassandra nor Cleopatra would have been. Dryd. Auren. Pref.
3. Awful; to be reverenced.
Who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises.
Ex. xv. 11. 
4. Terrible; dreadful; frightful; impressing fear.
Neither fast to friend, nor fearful to foe. Ascham's Schoolm.
Against such monsters God maintained his own, by fearful
execution of extraordinary judgment upon them. Hooker.
What God did command touching Canaan, concerneth not
us any otherwise than only as a fearful pattern of his just dis­
pleasure. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
All torment, trouble, wonder, and amazement
Inhabits here: some heav'nly power guide us
Out of this fearful country. Shakespeare's Tempest.
It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
Hebr. x. 31. 
Lay down by those pleasures the fearful and dangerous


thunders and lightnings, the horrible and frequent earthquakes,
and then there will be found no comparison. Raleigh.
This is the natural fruit of sin, and the present revenge
which it takes upon sinners, besides that fearful punishment
which shall be inflicted on them in another life. Tillotson.

FE’ARFULLY. adv. [from fearful.]
1. Timorously; in fear.
In such a night
Did Thisbe fearfully o'ertrip the dew,
And saw the lion's shadow. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. Terribly; dreadfully.
There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully on the confined deep. Shakes. King Lear.

FE’ARFULNESS. n. s. [from fearful.]
1. Timorousness; habitual timidity.
2. State of being afraid; awe; dread.
Is it credible that the acknowledgment of our own un­
worthiness, our professed fearfulness to ask any thing, other­
wise than only for his sake to whom God can deny nothing,
that this should be noted for a popish errour. Hooker, b. v.
A third thing that makes a government justly despised, is
fearfulness of and mean compliances with bold popular of­
fenders. South's Sermons.

FE’ARLESLY. adv. [from fearless.] Without terrour.
'Tis matter of the greatest astonishment to observe the stu­
pid, yet common boldness of men, who so fearlesly expose
themselves to this most formidable of perils. Decay of Piety.

FE’ARLESNESS. n. s. [from fearless.] Exemption from fear;
intrepidity.
He gave instances of an invincible courage, and fearlessness
in danger. Clarendon, b. viii.

FE’ARLESS. adj. [from fear.] Free from fear; intrepid; cou­
rageous; bold.
From the ground she fearless doth arise,
And walked forth without suspect of crime. Fairy Queen.
The flaming seraph, fearless, though alone
Encompass'd round with foes, thus answer'd bold. Milton.
A nation, whose distinguishing character it is to be more
fearless of death and danger than any other. Temple.

FE’ASIBILITY. n. s. [from feasible.] A thing practicable.
Men often swallow falsities for truths, dubiosities for cer­
tainties, possibilities for feasibilities, and things impossible for
possibilities themselves. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 5.

FE’ASIBLE. adj. [faisible, French.] Practicable; such as
may be effected; such as may be done.
We conclude many things impossibilities, which yet are
easy feasibles. Glanville's Sceps. c. 14.
Things are feasible in themselves; else the eternal wisdom
of God would never have advised, and much less have com­
manded them. South's Sermons.

FE’ASIBLY. adv. [from feasible.] Practicably.

FEAST. n. s. [feste, French; fesium, Latin.]
1. An entertainment of the table; a sumptuous treat of great
numbers.
Here's our chief guest.
----If he had been forgotten,
It had been as a gap in our great feast. Shakes. Macbeth.
On Pharaoh's birthday he made a feast unto all his ser­
vants. Gen. xl. 20.
The lady of the leaf ordain'd a feast,
And made the lady of the flow'r her guest;
When lo! a bow'r ascended on the plain,
With sudden seats ordain'd, and large for either train. Dry.
2. An anniversary day of rejoicing either on a civil or religious
occasion. Opposed to a fast.
This day is call'd the feast of Crispian. Shakes. Hen. V.
3. Something delicious to the palate.
Many people would, with reason, prefer the griping of an
hungry belly to those dishes which are a feast to others. Locke.

To FEAST. v. n. [from the noun.] To eat sumptuously; to
eat together on a day of joy.
Richard and Northumberland, great friends,
Did feast together. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
The parish finds, indeed; but our church-wardens­
Feast on the silver, and give us the farthings. Gay.

To FEAST. v. a.
1. To entertain sumptuously; to entertain magnificently.
He was entertained and feasted by the king with great shew
of favour. Hayward.
2. To delight; to pamper.
All these are our's, all nature's excellence,
Whose taste or smell can bless the feasted sense. Dryden.

FE’ASTER. n. s. [from feast.]
1. One that fares deliciously.
Those feasters could speak of great and many excellencies
in manna. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
2. One that entertains magnificently.

FE’ASTFUL. adj. [feast and full.]
1. Festive; joyful.
The virgins also shall on feastful days
Visit his tomb with flowers, only bewailing
His lot unfortunate in nuptial choice,
From whence captivity and loss of eyes. Milton's Agonistes.
Therefore be sure
Thou, when the bridegroom with his feastful friends
Passes to bliss at the mid-hour of night,
Hast gain'd thy entrance, virgin wise and pure. Milton.
2. Luxurious; riotous.
The suitor train
Who crowd his palace, and with lawless pow'r
His herds and flocks in feastful rites devour. Pope's Odyssey.

FE’ASTRITE. n. s. [feast and rite.] Custom observed in en­
tertainments.
His hospitable gate,
Unbarr'd to all, invites a numerous train
Of daily guests; whose board with plenty crown'd,
Revives the feastrites old. Phillips.

FEAT. n. s. [fait, French.]
1. Act; deed; action; exploit.
Pyrocles is his name, renowned far
For his bold feats, and hardy confidence;
Full oft approved in many a cruel war. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Tarquin's self he met,
And struck him on his knee: in that day's feats,
When he might act the woman in the scene,
He prov'd th' best man i' th' field. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Our soldiers are men of strong heads for action, and per­
form such feats as they are not able to express. Addis. Spectat.
2. A trick; a festive or ludicrous performance.
The joints are more supple to all feats of activity and mo­
tion in youth than afterwards. Bacon's Essays.

FEAT. adj. [fait, bien fait, French; homo factus ad unguem.]
1. Ready; skilful; ingenious.
Never master had
A page so kind, so duteous, diligent;
So tender over his occasions, true,
So feat, so nurse-like. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. It is now only used in irony and contempt.
That feat man at controversy. Stillingfleet.
3. Nice; neat.
Look how well my garments sit upon me,
Much feater than before. Shakespeare's Tempest.

FE’ATEOUS. adj. [from feat.] Neat; dexterous Obsolete.

FE’ATEOUSLY. adv. [from feateous.] Neatly; dexterously.
And with fine fingers cropt full feateously
The tender stalks on high. Spenser.

FE’ATHER. n. s. [fether, Saxon; feder, German.]
1. The plume of birds.
Look, as I blow this feather from my face. Shak. H. VI.
The brave eagle does with sorrow see
The forest wasted, and that lofty tree,
Which holds her nest, about to be o'erthrown,
Before the feathers of her young are grown;
She will not leave them, nor she cannot stay,
But bears them boldly on her wings away. Waller.
When a man in the dark presses either corner of his eye
with his finger, and turns his eye away from his finger, he
will see a circle of colours like those in the feathers of a pea­
cock's tail. Newton's Opt.
I am bright as an angel, and light as a feather. Swift.
2. King; nature; species: from the proverbial expression, birds
of a feather; that is, of a species.
The proud insulting queen,
With Clifford and the haught Northumberland,
And of their feather many more proud birds,
Have wrought the easy-melting king, like wax. Sh. H. VI.
I am not of that feather to shake off
My friend, when he most needs me. Shakesp. Timon.
3. An ornament; an empty title.
4. [Upon a horse.] A sort of natural frizzling of hair, which,
in some places, rises above the lying hair, and there makes a
figure resembling the tip of an ear of corn. Farrier's Dict.

To FE’ATHER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dress in feathers.
2. To fit with feathers.
3. To tread as a cock.
Dame Partlet was the sovereign of his heart;
Ardent in love, outrageous in his play,
He feather'd her a hundred times a day. Dryden.
4. To enrich; to adorn; to exalt.
They stuck not to say, that the king cared not to plume his
nobility and people, to feather himself. Bacon's Henry VII.
5. To FEATHER one's Nest. Alluding to birds which collect
feathers, among other materials, for making their nests; to
get riches together.

FE’ATHERBED. n. s. [feather and bed.] A bed stuffed with
feathers; a soft bed.
The husband cock looks out, and strait is sped,
And meets his wife, which brings her featherbed. Donne.

FE’ATHERDRIVER. n. s. [feather and drive.] One who
cleanses feathers by whisking them about.
A featherdriver had the residue of his lungs filled with the
fine dust or down of feathers. Derham's Physica-Theology.

FE’ATHERED. adj. [from feather.]


1. Cloathed with feathers.
I saw young Harry with his beaver on,
His cuisses on his thighs, gallantly arm'd,
Rise from the ground like feather'd Mercury. Shak. H. IV.
So when the new-born phœnix first is seen,
Her feather'd subjects all adore their queen. Dryden.
Dark'ning the sky, they hover o'er, and shroud
The wanton sailors with a feather'd cloud. Prior.
Then ships of uncouth form shall stem the tide,
And feather'd people crowd my wealthy side. Pope.
Vultures, harpies, ravens, cormorants, and, among many
other feathered creatures, several little winged boys perch upon
the middle arches. Addison's Spectator, No. 159.
2. Fitted with feathers; carrying feathers.
An eagle had the ill hap to be struck with an arrow, fea­
ther'd from her own wing. L'Estrange's Fables.
Not the bow they bend, nor boast the skill
To give the feather'd arrow wings to kill. Pope's Odyssey.

FE’ATHEREDGE. n. s.
Boards or planks that have one edge thinner than another,
are called featheredge stuff. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

FE’ATHEREDGED. adj. [feather and edge.] Belonging to a
feather edge.
The cover must be made of featheredged boards, in the na­
ture of several doors with hinges fixed thereon. Mortimer.

FE’ATHERFEW. n. s. A plant both single and double: it is
increased by seeds or slips, and also by dividing the roots: it
flowereth most part of the Summer. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FE’ATHERLESS. adj. [from feather.] Without feathers.
This so high grown ivy was like that featherless bird, which
went about to beg plumes of other birds to cover his naked­
ness. Howel's Vocal Forrest.

FE’ATHERSELLER. n. s. [feather and seller.] One who sells
feathers for beds.

FE’ATHERY. adj. [from feather.] Cloathed with feathers.
Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock
Count the night-watches to his feathery dames. Milton.

FE’ATLY. adv. [from feat.] Neatly; nimbly; dexterously.
Foot it featly here and there,
And sweet sprites the burthen bear. Shakesp. Tempest.
The moon was up, and shot a gleamy light;
He saw a quire of ladies in a round,
That featly footing seem'd to skim the ground. Dryden.
There haply by the ruddy damsel seen,
Or shepherd-boy, they featly foot the green. Tickell.

FE’ATNESS. n. s. [from feat.] Neatness; nicety; dexte­
rity.

FE’ATURE. n. s. [faiture, old French.]
1. The cast or make of the face.
Report the feature of Octavia, her years. Shakespeare.
2. Any lineament or single part of the face.
Though ye be the fairest of God's creatures,
Yet think that death shall spoil your goodly features. Spenser.
We may compare the face of a great man with the
character, and try if we can find out in his looks and features
the haughty, cruel, or unmerciful temper that discovers itself
in the history. Addison on ancient Medals.
Though various features did the sisters grace,
A sister's likeness was in every face. Addison's Ovid's Met.

To FE’ATURE. v. a. To resemble in countenance; to favour.
He liv'd in court most prais'd, most lov'd,
A sample to the young'st; to th' more mature,
A glass that featur'd them. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To FEAZE. v. a. [See FAXED, perhaps from fax, Saxon,
hair.]
1. To untwist the end of a rope, and reduce it again to its first
stamina.
2. To beat; to whip with rods. Ainsw.

To FEBRI’CITATE. v. n. [febricitor, Latin.] To be in a
fever. Dict.

FEBRI’CULOSE. adj. [febriculosus, Latin.] Troubled with a
fever. Dict.

FEBRIFU’GE. n. s. [febris and fugo, Latin; febrifuge, Fr.]
Any medicine serviceable in a fever. Quincy.
Bitters, like choler, are the best sanguifiers, and also the
best febrifuges. Floyer on the Humours.

FEBRIFU’GE. adj. Having the power to cure fevers.
Febrifuge draughts had a most surprising good effect. Arbuth.

FE’BRILE. adj. [febrilis, Latin; febrile, Fr.] Constituting a
fever; proceeding from a fever.
The spirits, embroiled with the malignity in the blood, and
turgid and tumified by the febrile fermentation, are by phlebo­
tomy relieved. Harvey on Consumptions.

FE’BRUARY. n. s. [februarius, Latin.] The name of the
second month in the year.
You have such a February face,
So full of frost, of storm, and cloudiness? Shakespeare.

FEC

FE’CES. n. s. [fæces, Latin; feces, French.]
1. Dregs; lees; sediment; subsidence.
Hence the surface of the ground with mud
And slime besmear'd, the feces of the flood,
Receiv'd the rays of heav'n; and sucking in
The seeds of heat, new creatures did begin. Dryden.
2. Excrement.
The symptoms of such a constitution are a sour smell in
their feces. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FE’CULENCE. n. s. [fæculentia, Latin.]

FE’CULENCY. n. s. [fæculentia, Latin.]
1. Muddiness; quality of abounding with lees or sediment.
2. Lees; feces; sediment; dregs.
Pour upon it some very strong lee, to facilitate the separa­
tion of its feculencies. Boyle.
Whether the wilding's fibres are contriv'd
To draw th' earth's purest spirit, and resist
Its feculence, which in more porous stocks
Of cyder plants finds passage free. Phillips.

FE’CULENT. adj. [fæculentus, Lat. feculent, French.] Foul;
dreggy; excrementitious.
But both his hands, most filthy feculent,
Above the water were on high extent,
And fain'd to wash themselves incessantly,
Yet nothing cleaner were for such intent. Fairy Queen.
We may affirm them to be to the body as the light of a
candle to the gross and feculent snuff, which as it is not pent
up in it, so neither doth it partake of its stench and im­
purity. Glanv. Apology.

FECU’ND. adj. [fœcundus, Latin; fecond, Fr.] Fruitful;
prolifick.
The more sickly the years are, the less fecund or fruitful of
children also they be. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

FECUNDA’TION. n. s. [fœcundo, Latin.] The act of making
fruitful or prolifick.
She requested these plants as a medicine of fecundation, or
to make her fruitful. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 7.

To FECU’NDIFY. v. a. To make fruitful; to make pro­
lifick. Dict.

FECU’NDITY. n. s. [from fecund; fecondité, French.]
1. Fruitfulness; quality of producing or bringing forth in great
abundance.
I appeal to the animal and vegetable productions of the
earth, the vast numbers whereof notoriously testify the ex­
treme luxuriance and fecundity of it. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Power of producing or bringing forth.
Some of the ancients mention some seeds that retain their
fecundity forty years; and I have found, from a friend, that
melon-seeds, after thirty years, are best for raising of melons.
Ray on the Creation.
He could never create so ample a world, but he could have
made a bigger; the fecundity of his creative power never grow­
ing barren, nor being exhausted. Bentley's Sermons.

FED. Preterite and participle pass. of To feed.
For on the grassy verdure as he lay,
And breath'd the freshness of the early day,
Devouring dogs the helpless infant tore,
Fed on his trembling limbs, and lapp'd the gore. Pope.

FE’DARY. n. s. [fœdus, Latin, or from feudum.] This word,
peculiar to Shakespeare, may signify either a confederate; a
partner; or a dependant.
Damn'd paper!
Black as the ink that's on thee, senseless bauble!
Art thou a fedary for this act, and lookest
So virgin-like without? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

FE’DERAL. adj. [from fœdus, Latin.] Relating to a league or
contract.
It is a federal rite betwixt God and us, as eating and drink­
ing, both among the Jews and Heathens, was wont to be.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
The Romans compelled them, contrary to all federal right
and justice, both to part with Sardinia, their lawful territory,
and also to pay them for the future a double tribute. Grew.

FE’DERARY. n. s. [from fœdus, Latin.] A confederate; an
accomplice.
She's a traitor, and Camillo is
A federary with her. Shakespeare.

FE’DERATE. adj. [fœderatus, Latin.] Leagued; joined in
confederacy.

FEE

FEE. n. s. [feoh, Saxon; fee, Danish, cattle; feudum, low
Latin; feu, Scottish.]
1. [In law.] All lands and tenements that are held by any ac­
knowledgment of superiority to a higher lord. All lands and
tenements, wherein a man hath a perpetual estate to him and
his heirs, &c. are divided into allodium and feudum: allodium
is every man's own land, which he possesses merely in his own
right, without acknowledgment of any service, or payment
of any rent to any other. Feudum, or fee, is that which we
hold by the benefit of another, and in name whereof we owe
services, or pay rent, or both, to a superior lord. And all
our land in England, the crown-land, which is in the king's
own hands, in right of his crown, excepted, is in the nature
of feudum: for though a man have land by descent from his
ancestors, or bought it for his money; yet is the land of such
a nature, that it cannot come to any, either by descent or
purchase, but with the burthen that was laid upon him who
had novel fee, or first of all received it as a benefit from his
lord, to him and to all such to whom it might descend, or


be any way conveyed from him. So that no man in England
has directum dominium, that is, the very property or demesne
in any land, but the prince in right of his crown: for though
he that has fee has jus perpetuum & utile dominium, yet he
owes a duty for it, and therefore it is not simply his own.
Fee is divided into two sorts; fee-absolute, otherwise called
fee-simple, and fee-conditional, otherwise termed fee-tail:
fee-simple is that whereof we are seized in those general words,
To us and our heirs for ever: fee-tail is that whereof we are
seised to us and our heirs, with limitation; that is, the heirs
of our body, &c. And fee-tail is either general or special:
general is where land is given to a man, and the heirs of his
body: fee-tail special is that where a man and his wife are
seised of land to them and the heirs of their two bodies. Cowel.
Now like a lawyer, when he land would let,
Or sell fee-simples in his master's name. Hubberd's Tale.
Here's the lord of the soil come to seize me for a stray, for
entering his fee-simple without leave. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
2. Property; peculiar.
What concern they?
The general cause; or is it a fee-grief,
Due to some single breast? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. Reward; gratification; recompense.
These be the ways by which, without reward,
Livings in courts be gotten, though full hard;
For nothing there is done without a fee. Hubberd's Tale.
Not helping, death's my fee;
But if I help, what do you promise me? Shakespeare.
4. Payments occasionally claimed by persons in office.
Now that God and friends
Have turn'd my captive state to liberty,
At our enlargement what are thy due fees? Shak. Hen. VI.
5. Reward paid to physicians or lawyers.
He does not reject the person's pretensions, who does not
know how to explain them; or refuse doing a good office for
a man, because he cannot pay the fee of it. Addison's Spectat.
6. Portion; pittance; share. Obsolete.
In pruning and trimming all manner of trees,
Reserve to each cattle their property fees. Tuss. Husbandry.

FE’EFARM. n. s. [fee and farm.] Tenure by which lands are
held from a superiour lord.
John surrendered his kingdoms to the pope, and took them
back again, to hold in feefarm; which brought him into such
hatred, as all his lifetime after he was possest with fear. Davies.

To FEE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To reward; to pay.
No man fees the sun, no man purchases the light, nor errs
if he walks by it. South's Sermons.
Watch the disease in time; for when within
The dropsy rages and extends the skin,
In vain for hellebore the patient cries,
And fees the doctor; but too late is wise. Dryden's Pers.
2. To bribe.
I have long loved her, and ingrossed opportunities to meet
her; feed every slight occasion, that could but niggardly give
me sight of her. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. To keep in hire.
There's not a thane of them but in his house
I have a servant fee'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FE’EBLE. adj. [foible, French.] Weak; debilitated; sickly;
infirm; without strength of body or mind.
The men carried all the feeble upon asses to Jericho. 2 Chron.
Command th' assistance of a faithful friend,
But feeble are the succours I can send. Dryden's Æn.
How I have lov'd, excuse my falt'ring tongue;
My spirits feeble, and my pains are strong. Dryden.
We carry the image of God in us, a rational and immor­
tal soul; and though we be now miserable and feeble, yet we
aspire after eternal happiness, and finally expect a great exal­
tation of all our natural powers. Bentley's Sermons.
A crutch that helps the weak along,
Supports the feeble, but retards the strong. Smith.

To FE’EBLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To weaken; to en­
feeble; to deprive of strength or power. Not in use.
Or as a castle reared high and round,
By subtile engines and malicious slight
Is undermined from the lowest ground,
And her foundation forc'd and feebled quite. Fairy Queen.
Shall that victorious hand be feebled here,
That in your chambers gave you chastisement? Sh. K. John.

FEEBLEMI’NDED. adj. [feeble and mind.] Weak of mind;
defective in resolution and constancy.
Warn them that are unruly, comfort the feebleminded, sup­
port the weak, be patient toward all men. 1 Thess. v. 14.

FE’EBLENESS. n. s. [from feeble.] Weakness; imbecility; in­
firmity; want of strength.
A better head Rome's glorious body fits,
Than his that shakes for age and feebleness. Shak. Tit. Andr.
Some in their latter years, through the feebleness of their
limbs, have been forced to study upon their knees. South.

FE’EBLY. adv. [from feeble.] Weakly; without strength.
Like mine, thy gentle numbers feebly creep;
Thy tragick muse gives smiles, thy comick sleep. Dryden.

To FEED. v. a. [fodan, Gothick; fedan, foedan, Saxon.]
1. To supply with food.
Her heart and bowels through her back he drew,
And fed the hounds that help'd him to pursue. Dryden.
Boerhaave fed a sparrow with bread four days, in which
time it eat more than its own weight. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To supply; to furnish.
A constant smoke arises from the warm springs that feed
the many baths with which this island is stocked. Addison.
The breadth of the bottom of the hopper must be half the
length of a barleycorn, and near as long as the rollers, that it
may not feed them too fast. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To graze; to consume by cattle.
Once in three years feed your mowing lands, if you can­
not get manure constantly to keep them in heart. Mortimer.
The frost will spoil the grass; for which reason take care to
feed it close before Winter. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. To nourish; to cherish.
How oft from pomp and state did I remove,
To feed despair, and cherish hopeless love? Prior.
5. To keep in hope or expectation.
Barbarossa learned the strength of the emperor, craftily
feeding him with the hope of liberty. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
6. To delight; to entertain; to keep from satiety.
The alteration of scenes, so it be without noise, feeds and
relieves the eye, before it be full of the same object. Bacon.

To FEED. v. n.
1. To take food. Chiefly applied to animals food.
To feed were best at home;
From thence the sawce to meat is ceremony;
Meeting were bare without it. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. To prey; to live by eating.
I am not covetous of gold;
Nor care I, who doth feed upon my cost. Shakes. Hen. V.
You cry against the noble senate, who,
Under the gods, keep you in awe, which else
Would feed on one another. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Galen speaketh of the curing of the scirrhus of the liver by
milk of a cow, that feedeth upon certain herbs. Bacon.
Some birds feed upon the berries of this vegetable. Brown.
He feeds on fruits, which, of their own accord,
The willing grounds and laden trees afford. Dryden's Virg.
The Brachmans were all of the same race, lived in fields
and woods, and fed only upon rice, milk, or herbs. Temple.
All feed on one vain patron, and enjoy
Th' extensive blessing of his luxury. Pope's Essay on Man.
3. To pasture; to place cattle to feed.
If a man shall cause a field to be eaten, and shall put in his
beast, and shall feed in another man's field, he shall make
restitution. Ex. xxii. 5.
4. To grow fat or plump.

FEED. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Food; that which is eaten.
A fearful deer then looks most about when he comes to the
best feed, with a shruging kind of tremor through all her
principal parts. Sidney, b. ii.
An old worked ox fats as well as a young one: their feed
is much cheaper, because they eat no oats. Mortimer's Husb.
2. Pasture.
Besides his cote, his flocks and bounds of feed
Are now on sale. Shakespeare's As you like it.

FE’EDER. n. s. [from feed.]
1. One that gives food.
The beast obeys his keeper, and looks up,
Not to his master's but his feeder's hand. Denham.
2. An exciter; an encourager.
When thou do'st hear I am as I have been,
Approach me, and thou shalt be as thou was't,
The tutor and the feeder of my riots. Shakes. Henry IV.
3. One that eats.
With eager feeding, food doth choak the feeder. Shakes.
We meet in Aristotle with one kind of thrush, called the
missel-thrush, or feeder upon misseltoe. Brown's Vulgar Err.
4. One that eats nicely; one that lives luxuriously.
But that our feasts
In every mess have folly, and the feeders
Jest with it as a custom, I should blush
To see you so attired. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
But such fine feeders are no guests for me;
Riot agrees not with frugality:
Then, that unfashionable man am I,
With me they'd starve for want of ivory. Dryden's Juven.

To FEEL. pret. felt; part pass. felt. v. n. [felan, Saxon.]
1. To have perception of things by the touch.
The sense of feeling can give us a notion of extension,
shape, and all other ideas that enter at the eye, except co­
lours. Addison's Spectator, No. 411. 
2. To search by feeling. See FEELER.
3. To have a quick sensibility of good or evil, right or wrong.
Man, who feels for all mankind. Pope.


4. To appear to the touch.
The difference of these tumours will be distinguished by
the feel: one feels flaccid and rumpled; the other more even,
flatulent and springy. Sharp's Surgery.

To FEEL. v. a.
1. To perceive by the touch.
Suffer me that I may feel the pillars. Judg. xxvi. 26.
2. To try; to sound.
He hath writ this to feel my affection to your honour. Shak.
3. To have sense of pain or pleasure.
Nor did they not perceive the evil plight
In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel? Milton.
But why should those be thought to 'scape, who feel
Those rods of scorpions and those whips of steel?
Creech's Juvenal.
The well sung woes shall sooth my pensive ghost;
He best can paint them who can feel them most. Pope.
Not youthful kings in battle seiz'd alive,
E'er felt such grief, such terrour, and despair. Pope.
4. To be affected by.
Would I had never trod this English earth,
Or felt the flatteries that grow upon it. Shakes. Hen. VIII.
5. To know; to be acquainted with.
His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
For then, and not 'till then, he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little. Shakes. Hen. VIII.

FEEL. n. s. [from the verb.] The sense of feeling; the touch.
The difference of these tumours will be distinguished by
the feel: one feels flaccid and rumpled, the other more even,
flatulent, and springy. Sharp's Surgery.

FE’ELER. n. s. [from feel.]
1. One that feels.
This hand, whose touch,
Whose ev'ry touch would force the feeler's soul
To th' oath of loyalty. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. The horns or antennæ of insects.
Insects clean their eyes with their forelegs as well as an­
tennæ; and as they are perpetually feeling and searching be­
fore them with their feelers or antennæ, I am apt to think that
besides wiping and cleaning the eyes, the uses here named may
be admitted. Derham's Physico-Theology.

FEE’LING. participial adj. [from feel.]
1. Expressive of great sensibility.
O wretched state of man in self-division!
O well thou say'st a feeling declaration
Thy tongue hath made of Cupid's deep incision. Sidney.
Thy wailing words do much my spirits move,
They uttered are in such a feeling fashion. Sidney, b. ii.
Write 'till your ink be dry, and with your tears
Moist it again; and frame some feeling line,
That may discover such integrity. Sh. Two Gent. of Verona.
2. Sensibly felt. This sense is not sufficiently analogical.
A most poor man made tame to fortune's blows,
Who, by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I had a feeling sense
Of all your royal favours; but this last
Strikes through my heart. Southerne.

FE’ELING. n. s. [from feel.]
1. The sense of touch.
Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as th' eye confin'd?
So obvious and so easy to be quench'd,
And not, as feeling, through all parts diffus'd,
That she might look at will through ev'ry pore. Milton.
2. Sensibility; tenderness.
The apprehension of the good,
Gives but the greater feeling to the worse. Shakes. Rich. II.
Their king, out of a princely feeling, was sparing and com­
passionate towards his subjects. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Perception.
Great persons had need to borrow other men's opinions to
think themselves happy; for if they judge by their own feeling,
they cannot find it. Bacon's Essays.
As we learn what belongs to the body by the evidence of
sense, so we learn what belongs to the soul by an inward con­
sciousness, which may be called a sort of internal feeling. Watts.

FEE’LINGLY. adv. [from feeling.]
1. With expression of great sensibility.
The princess might judge that he meant himself, who spake
so feelingly. Sidney.
He would not have talked so feelingly of Codrus's bed, if
there had been room for a bedfellow in it. Pope.
2. So as to be sensibly felt.
Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
The season's difference; as the icy phang,
And churlish chiding of the Winter's wind,
Which when it bites and blows upon my body,
Ev'n 'till I shrink with cold, I smile and say,
This is no flattery: these are counsellors,
That feelingly persuade me what I am. Shakesp. As you like it.
He feelingly knew, and had trial of the late good, and of
the new purchased evil. Raleigh's History of the World.

FEET. n. s. The plural of foot.
His brother's image to his mind appears,
Inflames his heart with rage, and wings his feet with fears.
Pope's Statius.

FEE’TLESS. adj. [from feet.] Without feet.
Geoffrey of Boulloin broched three feetless birds, called Al­
lerions, upon his arrow. Camden.

To FEIGN. v. a. [feindre, French; fingo, Latin.]
1. To invent.
And these three voices differ; all the things done, the doing
and the doer; the thing feigned, the feigning and the feigner;
so the poem, the poesy and the poet. Ben. Johnson's Discover.
No such things are done as thou sayest, but thou feignest
them out of thine own heart. Neh. vi. 8.
2. To make a show of.
Both his hands, most filthy feculent,
Above the water were on high extent,
And feigned to wash themselves incessantly. Spens. Fairy Qu.
3. To make a shew of; to do upon some false pretence.
Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
Then, hid in shades, eludes her eager swain;
But feigns a laugh to see me search around. Pope.
4. To dissemble; to conceal. Now obsolete.
Each trembling leaf and whistling wind they hear,
As ghastly bug their hair on end does rear;
Yet both do strive their fearfulness to feign. Fairy Queen.

To FEIGN. v. n. To relate falsely; to image from the in­
vention.
Therefore the poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods;
Since nought so stockish, hard and full of rage,
But musick for the time doth change his nature. Shakesp.

FE’IGNEDLY. adv. [from feign.] In fiction; not truly.
Such is found to have been falsely and feignedly in some of
the heathens. Bacon, Essay 28.

FE’IGNER. n. s. [from feign.] Inventer; contriver of a
fiction.
And these three voices differ; all the things done, the
doing and the doer; the thing feigned, the feigning and the
feigner; so the poem, the poesy and the poet. Ben. Johnson.

FEINT. participial adj. [from feign, for feigned; or feint, Fr.]
The mind by degrees loses its natural relish of real, solid
truth, and is reconciled insensibly to any thing that can be but
dressed up into any feint appearance of it. Locke.

FEINT. n. s. [feint, French.]
1. A false appearance; an offer of something not intended to
be.
Courtly's letter is but a feint to get off. Spectator, No. 286.
2. A mock assault; an appearance of aiming at one part when
another is intended to be struck.
But, in the breast encamp'd, prepares
For well-bred feints and future wars. Prior.

FEL

FE’LANDERS. n. s. Worms in hawks. Ainsworth.

FE’LDFARE. n. s. See FIELDFARE.

To FELI’CITATE. v. a. [feliciter, French; felicita, Latin.]
1. To make happy.
I profess
Myself an enemy to all other joys;
And find I am alone felicitate
In your dear highness' love. Shakespeare's King Lear.
What a glorious entertainment and pleasure would fill and
felicitate his spirit, if he could grasp all in a single survey. Watts.
2. To congratulate.
They might proceed unto forms of speeches, felicitating the
good, or deprecating the evil to follow. Brown's Vulgar Err.

FELICITA’TION. n. s. [French, from felicitate.] Congratula­
tion. Dict.

FELI’CITOUS. adj. [felix, Latin.] Happy. Dict.

FELI’CITOUSLY. adv. [from felicitous.] Happily. Dict.

FELI’CITY. n. s. [felicitas, Latin; felicité, Fr.] Happiness;
prosperity; blissfulness; blessedness.
The joyous day, dear Lord, with joy begin,
And grant that we, for whom thou didest die,
Being with thy dear blood clean wash'd from sin,
May live for ever in felicity. Spenser, Sonnet 68.
Others in virtue plac'd felicity;
But virtue join'd with riches and long life,
In corporal pleasure he, and careless ease. Milt. Par. Reg.
So the felicities of her wonderful reign may be complete.
Atterbury's Sermons.
How great, how glorious a felicity, how adequate to the
desires of a reasonable nature, is revealed to our hopes in the
gospel! Rogers, Sermon iii.

FE’LINE. adj. [felinus, Latin.] Like a cat; pertaining to a
cat.
Even as in the beaver; from which he differs principally in
his teeth, which are canine, and in his tail, which is feline,
or a long taper. Grew's Musæum.

FELL. adj. [felle, Saxon.]
1. Cruel; barbarous; inhuman.


It seemed fury, discord, madness fell,
Flew from his lap when he unfolds the same. Fairfax, b. ii.
So fellest foes,
Whose passions and whose plots have broke their sleep,
To take the one the other, by some chance,
Some trick not worth an egg, shall grow dear friends. Shak.
That instant was I turn'd into a hart,
And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds,
E'er since pursue me. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
2. Savage; ravenous; bloody.
I know thee, love! wild as the raging main,
More fell than tygers on the Lybian plain. Pope's Autumn.
Scorning all the taming arts of man,
The keen hyena, fellest of the fell. Thomson's Spring.

FELL. n. s. [felle, Saxon.] The skin; the hide.
Wipe thine eye;
The goujers shall devour them, flesh and fell,
Ere they shall make us weep. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The time has been my senses would have cool'd
To hear a night-shriek; and my fell of hair
Would at a dismal treatise rouze and stir. Shakes. Macbeth.

To FELL. v. a. [fellen, German.]
1. To knock down; to bring to the ground.
Villain, stand, or I'll fell thee down. Shakesp. Henry V.
Up and down he traverses his ground;
Now wards a felling blow, now strikes again. Daniel.
Taking the small end of his musket in his hand, he struck
him on the head with the stock, and felled him. Raleigh.
His fall, for the present, struck an earthquake into all
minds; nor could the vulgar be induced to believe he was
felled. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
On their whole host I flew
Unarm'd, and with a trivial weapon fell'd
Their choicest youth: they only liv'd who fled. Milt. Agon.
Whom with such force he struck he fell'd him down,
And cleft the circle of his golden crown. Dryden.
I fell'd along a man of bearded face,
His limbs all cover'd with a shining case. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
2. To hew down; to cut down.
Then would he seem a farmer that would sell
Bargains of woods, which he did lately fell. Hubb. Tale.
Proud Arcite and fierce Palamon,
In mortal battle, doubling blow on blow;
Like lightning flam'd their fauchions to and fro,
And shot a dreadful gleam; so strong they struck,
There seem'd less force requir'd to fell an oak. Dryden.

FELL. The preterite of To fall.
None on their feet might stand,
Though standing else as rocks; but down they fell
By thousands, angel on archangel roll'd. Milton.

FE’LLER. n. s. [from fell.] One that hews down.
Since thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us.
Is. xiv. 8.

FELLI’FLUOUS. adj. [fel and fluo, Latin.] Flowing with
gall. Dict.

FE’LLMONGER. n. s. [from fell.] A dealer in hides.

FE’LLNESS. n. s. [from fell.] Cruelty; savageness; fury; rage.
When his brother saw the red blood trail
Adown so fast, and all his armour steep,
For very felness loud he 'gan to weep. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

FE’LLOE. n. s. [felge, Danish.] The circumference of a
wheel; the outward part. It is often written fally or felly.
Out, out, thou strumpet fortune! all you gods,
In general synod, take away her power;
Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heav'n. Shakesp.
Their axle-trees, naves, felloes, and spokes were all molten.
1 Kings vii. 33.

FE’LLOW. n. s. [quasi, to follow, Minshew; from fe, faith,
and lag, bound, Saxon, Junius; fallow, Scottish.]
1. A companion; one with whom we consort.
In youth I had twelve fellows like unto myself, but not one
of them came to a good end. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
To be your fellow,
You may deny me; but I'll be your servant,
Whether you will or no. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Have we not plighted each our holy oath,
That one should be the common good of both;
One soul should both inspire, and neither prove
His fellow's hindrance in pursuit of love? Dryden.
2. An associate; one united in the same affair.
Each on his fellow for assistance calls;
At length the fatal fabrick mounts the walls. Dryden's Virg.
3. One of the same kind.
Let partial spirits still aloud complain,
Think themselves injur'd that they cannot reign;
And own no liberty, but where they may
Without controul upon their fellows prey. Waller.
A shepherd had one favourite dog: he fed him with his own
hand, and took more care of him than of any of his fellows.
L'Estrange's Fables.
4. Equal; peer.
Chieftain of the rest
I chose him here: the earth shall him allow;
His fellows late, shall be his subjects now. Fairfax, b. i.
So you are to be hereafter fellows, and no longer ser­
vants. Sidney.
5. One thing suited to another; one of a pair.
When virtue is lodged in a body, that seems to have been
prepared for the reception of vice: the soul and the body do
not seem to be fellows. Addison's Spectator, No. 86.
6. One like another: as, this knave hath not his fellow.
7. A familiar appellation used sometimes with fondness; some
times with esteem; but generally with some degree of con
tempt.
This is Othello's ancient, as I take it.
—The same indeed; a very valiant fellow. Shakes. Othello.
An officer was in danger to have lost his place, but his
wife made his peace; whereupon a pleasant fellow said, that he
had been crushed, but that he saved himself upon his horns.
Bacon, Apophthegm 4.
Full fifteen thousand lusty fellows
With fire and sword the sort maintain;
Each was a Hercules, you tell us,
Yet out they march'd like common men. Prior.
8. A word of contempt: the foolish mortal; the mean wretch;
the sorry rascal.
Those great fellows scornfully receiving them, as foolish
birds fallen into their net, it pleased the eternal justice to make
them suffer death by their hands. Sidney, b. ii.
Cassio hath here been set on in the dark
By Rodorigo, and fellows that are 'scap'd:
He's almost slain, and Rodorigo dead. Shakesp. Othello.
I have great comfort from this fellow: methinks he hath
no drowning mark about him; his complexion is perfect
gallows. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Opinion, that did help me to the crown,
Had still kept loyal to possession;
And left me in reputeless banishment,
A fellow of no mark nor likelihood. Shakesp. Henry IV.
How oft the sight of means, to do ill deeds,
Makes deeds ill done? for had'st not thou been by,
A fellow by the hand of nature mark'd,
Quoted, and sign'd to do a deed of shame,
This murder had not come into my mind. Shakes. K. John.
The Moor's abus'd by some most villainous knave,
Some base notorious knave, some scurvy fellow. Shak. Othell.
The fellow had taken more fish than he could spend while
they were sweet. L'Estrange.
As next of kin, Achilles' arms I claim;
This fellow would ingrast a foreign name
Upon our stock, and the Sisyphian seed
By fraud and theft asserts his father's breed. Dryden.
You will wonder how such an ordinary fellow, as this Mr.
Wood, could have got his majesty's broad seal. Swift.
You'll find, if once the monarch acts the monk,
Or, cobler like, the parson will be drunk,
Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow;
The rest is all but leather and prunella. Pope's Ess. on Man.
9. Sometimes it implies a mixture of pity with contempt.
The provost commanded his men to hang him up on the
nearest tree: then the fellow cried out that he was not the
miller, but the miller's man. Hayward.
10. A member of a college that shares its revenues.

To FE’LLOW. v. a. To suit with; to pair with; to match.
Fellow is often used in composition to mark community of
nature, station, or employment.
Imagination,
With what's unreal, thou co-active art,
And fellow'st nothing. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

FELLOW-CO’MMONER. n. s.
1. One who has the same right of common.
He cannot appropriate, he cannot inclose, without the con­
sent of all his fellowcommoners, all mankind. Locke.
2. A commoner at Cambridge of the higher order, who dines
with the fellows.

FELLOW-CREA’TURE. n. s. One that has the same creator.
Reason is the glory of human nature, and one of the chief
eminencies whereby we are raised above our fellowcreatures the
brutes in this lower world. Watts's Logick, Introduction.

FELLO’W-HEIR. n. s. Coheir; partner of the same inheri­
tance.
The Gentiles should be fellowheirs. Eph. iii. 6.

FELLOW-HE’LPER. n. s. Coadjutor; one who concurs in the
same business.
We ought to receive such, that we might be fellowhe'pers to
the truth. 3 Jo. viii.

FELLOW-LA’BOURER. n. s. One who labours in the same
design.
My fellowlabourers have likewise commissioned me to per­
form in their behalf this office of dedication. Dryd. Juv. Ded.

FELLOW-SE’RVANT. n. s. One that has the same master.


Nor less think we in heav'n of thee on earth,
Than of our fellowservant; and inquire
Gladly into the ways of God with man. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Fair fellowservant! may your gentle ear
Prove more propitious to my slighted care
Than the bright dame's we serve. Waller.
Their fathers and yours were fellowservants to the same
heavenly master while they lived; nor is that relation dis­
solved by their death, but ought still to operate among their
surviving children. Atterbury's Sermons.

FELLOW-SO’LDIER. n. s. One who fights under the same com­
mander. An endearing appellation used by officers to their
men.
Come, fellowsoldier, make thou proclamation. Shakesp.
Epaphroditus, my brother and companion in labour, and
fellowsoldier. Phil. ii. 25.

FELLOW-STU’DENT. n. s. One who studies in company with
another.
I pr'ythee, do not mock me, fellowstudent;
I think it was to see my mother's wedding. Shakes. Hamlet.
If you have no fellowstudent at hand, tell it over with your
acquaintance. Watts's Logick.

FELLOW-SU’BJECT. n. s. One who lives under the same go­
vernment.
The bleeding condition of their fellowsubjects was a feather
in the balance with their private ends. Swift.

FELLOW-SU’FFERER. n. s. One who shares in the same evils;
one who partakes the same sufferings with another.
How happy was it for those poor creatures, that your grace
was made their fellowsufferer? And how glorious for you, that
you chose to want rather than not relieve the wants of others?
Dryden's Fables, Dedicatiou.
We in some measure share the necessities of the poor at the
same time that we relieve them, and make ourselves not only
their patrons but fellowsufferers. Addison's Spectator.

FELLOW-WRI’TER. n. s. One who writes at the same time, or
on the same subject.
Since they cannot raise themselves to the reputation of their
fellow-writers, they must sink it to their own pitch, if they
would keep themselves upon a level with them. Addis. Spectat.

FELLOWFE’ELING. n. s. [fellow and feeling.]
1. Sympathy.
It is a high degree of inhumanity not to have a fellowfeel­
ing of the misfortune of my brother. L'Estrange.
2. Combination; joint interest.
Even your milkwoman and your nurserymaid have a fel­
lowfeeling. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

FE’LLOWLIKE. adj. [fellow and like.] Like a companion;
on equal terms; companionable.

FE’LLOWLY. adj. [fellow and like.] Like a companion;
on equal terms; companionable.
All which good parts he graceth with a good fellowlike,
kind, and respectful carriage. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
One seed for another, to make an exchange,
With fellowly neighbourhood seemeth not strange. Tusser.

FE’LLOWSHIP. n. s. [from fellow.]
1. Companionship; consort; society.
This boy cannot tell what he would have,
But kneels and holds up hands for fellowship. Shak. Coriolan.
From blissful bow'rs
Of amarantine shade, fountain, or spring,
By the waters of life, where'er they sat
In fellowships of joy, the sons of light
Hasted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi. l. 80.
There is no man but God puts excellent things into his
possession, to be used for the common good; for men are
made for society and mutual fellowship. Calamy's Sermons.
God having designed man for a sociable creature, made him
not only with an inclination and under the necessity to have
fellowship with those of his own kind, but furnished him also
with language, which was to be the great instrument and ce­
menter of society. Locke.
2. Association; confederacy; combination.
We would not die in that man's company,
That fears his fellowship to die with us. Shakesp. Henry V.
Those laws do bind men absolutely, even as they are men,
although they have never any settled fellowship, never any so­
lemn agreement amongst themselves what to do, or not to
do. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
Most of the other Christian princes were drawn into the
fellowship of that war. Knolles's History of the Turks.
3. Equality.
4. Partnership; joint interest.
Nearer acquainted, now I feel by proof
That fellowship in pain divides not smart,
Nor lightens aught each man's peculiar load. Parad. Reg.
O love! thou sternly do'st thy pow'r maintain,
And wilt not bear a rival in thy reign;
Tyrants and thou all fellowship disdain. Dryden.
5. Company; state of being together.
The great contention of the sea and skies
Parted our fellowship. But hark, a sail! Shakesp. Othello.
6. Frequency of intercourse; social pleasure.
In a great town friends are scattered, so that there is not
that fellowship which is in less neighbourhoods. Bacon's Essays.
7. Fitness and fondness for festal entertainments, with good pre­
fixed.
He had by his excessive good fellowship, which was grateful to
all the company, made himself popular with all the officers of
the army. Clarendon, b. viii.
8. An establishment in the college with share in its revenue.
Corusodes having, by the most extreme parsimony, saved
thirty-four pounds out of a beggarly fellowship, went up to
London. Swift.
9. [In arithmetick.] That rule of plural proportion whereby
we balance accompts, depending between divers persons,
having put together a general stock, so that they may every
man have his proportional gain, or sustain his proportional
part of loss. Cocker's Arithmetick.
10. A rule in arithmetick, by which two or more independent
operations of the rule of three may divide any given number
into unequal parts, proportional to certain other numbers.
It is so called, because the more common and useful application
thereof is in the division of gains, losses, or other things,
among partners in company. Malcolm.

FE’LLY. adv. [from fell.] Cruelly; inhumanly; savagely;
barbarously.
Fair ye be sure, but cruel and unkind;
As is a tyger, that with greediness
Hunts after blood, when he by chance doth find
A feeble beast, doth felly him oppress. Spenser's Sonnets.

FELO-DE-SE. n. s. [In law.] He that committeth felony by
murdering himself.

FE’LON. n. s. [felon, French; felo, low Latin; fel, Saxon.]
1. One who has committed a capital crime.
I apprehend thee for a felon here. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
And often have you brought the wily fox,
Chas'd even amid' the folds; and made to bleed,
Like felons, where they did the murd'rous deed. Dryden.
2. A whitlow; a tumour formed between the bone and its in­
vesting membrane, very painful.
The malign paronychia is that which is commonly called a
felon. Wiseman's Surgery.

FE’LON. adj. Cruel; traitorous; inhuman.
Ay me! what thing on earth, that all things breeds,
Might be the cause of so impatient plight!
What fury, or what fiend with felon deeds,
Hath stirred up so mischievous despight! Spenser.
Then bids prepare th' hospitable treat,
Vain shews of love to veil his felon hate. Pope's Odyssey.

FE’LONIOUS. adj. [from felon.] Wicked; traitorous; villa­
nous; malignant; perfidious; destructive.
This man conceived the duke's death; but what was the
motive of that felonious conception is in the clouds. Wotton.
O thievish night!
Why should'st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lanthorn thus close up the stars
That nature hung in heav'n, and fill'd the lamps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller? Milton.
In thy felonious heart though venom lies,
It does but touch thy Irish pen and dies. Dryden.

FELO’NIOUSLY. adj. [from felonious.] In a felonious way.

FE’LONOUS. adj. [from felon.] Wicked; felonious.
I am like for desperate dole to die,
Through felonous force of mine enemy. Spenser's Pastorals.

FE’LONY. n. s. [felonie, Fr. felonia, low Latin, from felon.] A
crime denounced capital by the law; an enormous crime.
I will make it felony to drink small beer. Shakes. Henry VI.

FELT. The preterite of FEEL, which see.

FELT. n. s. [feltt, Saxon.]
1. Cloath made of wool united without weaving.
It were a delicate stratagem to shoe
A troop of horse with felt. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. A hide or skin.
To know whether sheep are sound or not, see that the felt
be loose. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To FELT. v. a. [from the noun.] To unite without weaving.
The same wool one man feits into a hat, another weaves it
into cloath, another into kersey. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To FE’LTRE. v. a. [from felt.] To clot together like felt.
His feltred locks, that on his bosom fell,
On rugged mountains briers and thorns resemble. Fairfax.

FELU’CCA. n. s. [feleu, Fr. felkon, Arab.] A small open boat
with six oars. Dict.

FEM

FE’MALE. n. s. [femalle, French; femella, Latin.] A she;
one of the sex which brings young.
God created man in his own image, male and female created
he them. Gen. i. 27.
Man, more divine,
Lord of the wide world, and wide wat'ry seas,
Indu'd with intellectual sense and soul,
Are masters to their femaies, and their lords. Shakespeare.

FE’MALE. adj.
1. Not masculine; belonging to a she.
If by a female hand he had foreseen
He was to die, his wish had rather been
The lance and double ax of the fair warrior queen. Dryd.


2. FEMALE Rhymes. Double rhymes so called, because in
French, from which the term is taken, they end in e weak or
feminine. These rhymes are female:
Th' excess of heat is but a fable;
We know the torrid zone is now found habitable. Cowley.
The female rhymes are in use with the Italian in every line,
with the Spaniard promiscuously, and with the French alter­
nately, as appears from the Alarique, the Pucelle, or any of
their later poems. Dryden's Preface to Ann. Mirab.

FEME Covert. n. s. [French.] A married woman; who is also
said to be under covert baron. Blount.

FEME Sole. n. s. [French.] A single woman; an unmarried
woman.

FEMINA’LITY. n. s. [from fæmina, Latin.] Female nature.
If in the minority of natural vigour the parts of feminality
take place, upon the increase or growth thereof the masculine
appears. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 17.

FE’MININE. adj. [fæmininus, Latin.]
1. Of the sex that brings young; female.
Thus we chastise the god of wine
With water that is feminine,
Until the cooler nymph abate
His wrath, and so concorporate. Cleaveland.
2. Soft; tender; delicate.
Her heav'nly form
Angelick, but more soft and feminine. Milton's Parad. Lost.
3. Effeminate; emasculated.
Ninias was no man of war at all, but altogether feminine
and subjected to ease and delicacy. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

FE’MININE. n. s. A she; one of the sex that brings young;
a female.
O! why did God create at last
This novelty on earth, this fair defect
Of nature? And not fill the world at once
With men, as angels, without feminine? Milt. Par. Lost.

FE’MORAL. adj. [femoralis, Latin.] Belonging to the thigh.
The largest crooked needle should be used in taking up the
femoral arteries in amputation. Sharp's Surgery.

FEN

FEN. n. s. [fenn, Saxon; venne, Dutch.] A marsh; low flat
and moist ground; a moor; a bog.
Mexico is a city that stands in the midst of a great marsh or
fen. Abbot's Description of the World.
I go alone,
Like to a lonely dragon, that his fen
Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen. Shakes. Coriolan.
Yon common cry of curs, whose breath I hate,
As reek o' th' rotten fens. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The surface is of black fen earth. Woodward on Fossils.
He to Portina's wat'ry marshes went;
A long canal the muddy fen divides,
And with a clear unfully'd current glides. Addison.

FE’NBERRY. n. s. [fen and berry.] A kind of black­
berry. Skinner.

FENCE. n. s. [from defence.]
1. Guard; security; outwork; defence.
That proved not fence enough to the reputation of their
oppressors. Decay of Piety.
There's no fence against inundations, earthquakes, or hur­
ricanes. L'Estrange, Fable 167.
To put them out of their parents view, at a great distance,
is to expose them to the greatest dangers of their whole life,
when they have the least fence and guard against them. Locke.
Let us bear this awful corps to Cæsar,
And lay it in his sight, that it may stand
A fence betwixt us and the victor's wrath. Addison's Cato.
2. Inclosure; mound; hedge.
In vain did nature's wise command
Divide the waters from the land,
If daring ships, and men prophane,
Invade th' inviolable main;
Th' eternal fences overleap,
And pass at will the boundless deep. Dryden's Horace.
Shall I mention make
Of the vast mound that binds the Lucrine lake?
Or the disdainful sea, that, shut from thence,
Roars round the structure, and invades the fence? Dryden.
Employ their wiles and unavailing care,
To pass the fences and surprise the fair. Pope.
3. The art of fencing; defence.
I bruised my skin th' other day, with playing at sword and
dagger with a master of fence. Shakes. Merry Wives of Winds.
4. Skill in defence.
I'll prove it on his body, if he dare,
Despite his nice fence and his active practice. Shakespeare.

To FENCE. v. a.
1. To inclose; to secure by an inclosure or hedge.
Th' inhabitants each pasture and each plain
Destroyed have, each field to waste is lade;
In fenced towers bestowed is their grain,
Before thou cam'st this kingdom to invade. Fairfax, b. ii.
He hath fenced up my way that I cannot pass, and set dark­
ness in my paths. Job xix. 8.
Thou hast cloathed me with skin and flesh, and hast fenced
me with bones and sinews. Job x. 11. 
He went about to make a bridge to a strong city, which
was fenced about with walls. 2 Mac. xii. 13.
See that the churchyard be fenced in with a decent rail, or
other inclosure. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. To guard.
So much of adders wisdom I have learnt,
To fence my ear against thy forceries. Milton's Agonistes.
With love to friend, th' impatient lover went,
Fenc'd from the thorns, and trod the deep descent. Dryden.

To FENCE. v. n.
1. To practise the arts of manual defence; to practise the use of
weapons.
He having got some iron, should have it beaten into swords,
and put into his servants hands to fence with, and bang one
another. Locke.
2. To guard against; to act on the defensive.
Vice is the more stubborn as well as the more dangerous
evil, and therefore in the first place to be fenced against. Locke.
3. To fight according to art.
If a throstle sing, he falls strait a capering:
He will fence with his own shadow. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
A beauteous heifer in the wood is bred;
The stooping warriors, aiming head to head,
Engage their clashing horns; with dreadful sound
The forest rattles, and the rocks rebound;
They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar,
Their dewlaps and their sides are bath'd in gore. Dryden.
A man that cannot fence will keep out of bullies and game­
sters company. Locke.
These, being polemical arts, could no more be learned
alone than fencing or cudgelplaying. Arbuth. and Pope's Ma. Sc.

FE’NCELESS. adj. [from fence.] Without inclosure; open.
Each motion of the heart rises to fury,
And love in their weak bosoms is a rage
As terrible as hate, and as destructive:
So the wind roars o'er the wide fenceless ocean,
And heaves the billows of the boiling deep,
Alike from North, from South, from East, from West.
Rowe's Jane Shore.

FE’NCER. n. s. [from fence.] One who teaches or practises the
use of weapons, or science of defence.
Calmness is great advantage: he that lets
Another chafe, may warm him at his fire,
Mark all his wand'rings, and enjoy his frets;
As cunning fencers suffer heat to tire. Herbert.
A nimble fencer will put in a thrust so quick, that the foil
will be in your bosom when you thought it a yard off. Digby.

FE’NCIBLE. adj. [from fence.] Capable of defence. Addison.

FE’NCINGMASTER. n. s. [fence and master.] One who teaches
the use of weapons.

FE’NCINGSCHOOL. n. s. [fence and school.] A place in which
the use of weapons is taught.
If a man be to prepare his son for duels, I had rather mine
should be a good wrestler than an ordinary fencer, which is
the most a gentleman can attain to, unless he will be con­
stantly in the fencingschool, and every day exercising. Locke.

To FEND. v. a. [from desend.] To keep off; to shut out.
Spread with straw the bedding of thy fold,
With fern beneath, to fend the bitter cold. Dryden's Virgil.

To FEND. v. n. To dispute; to shift off a charge.
The dexterous management of terms, and being able to
fend and prove with them, passes for a great part of learning;
but it is learning distinct from knowledge. Locke.

FE’NDER. n. s. [from fend.]
1. An iron plate laid before the fire to hinder coals that fall from
rolling forward to the floor.
2. Any thing laid or hung at the side of a ship to keep off
violence.

FENERA’TION. n. s. [fœneratio, Latin.] Usury; the gain of
interest; the practice of increasing money by lending.
The hare figured not only pusilanimity and timidity from
its temper, but feneration and usury from its fecundity and
superfetation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 17.

FE’NUGREEK. n. s. [fœnum Græcum, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose empalement
rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a pod, somewhat
plain, shaped like a horn, and full of seeds, for the most part
rhomboid or kidney-shaped. Miller.

FE’NNEL. n. s. [fœniculum, Latin.] A plant of strong scent.
It is an umbelliferous plant, whose leaves are divided into
capillaceous jags: the petals of the flower are intire, and placed
orbicularly, expanding in form of a rose: each flower is suc­
ceeded by two oblong thick gibbous seeds, chaucled on one
side, and plain on the other. Miller.
A sav'ry odour blown, more pleas'd my sense
Than smell of sweetest fennel, or the teats
Of ewe, or goat, dropping with milk at ev'n. Milton.

FE’NNELFLOWER. n. s. A plant.

FE’NNELGIANT. n. s. A plant.


It hath a large succulent milky root: the stalks are spongy,
and filled with pith: the flowers consist of many leaves, ex­
panded in form of a rose, growing in an umbel: each flower
is succeeded by two large oval-shaped flat seeds, which are
very thin, and turn black when ripe: the leaves are like those
of fennel. Miller.

FE’NNY. adj. [from fen.]
1. Marshy; boggy; moorish.
Driving in of piles is used for stone or brick houses, and
that only where the ground proves fenny or moorish. Moxon.
The hungry crocodile, and hissing snake,
Lurk in the troubl'd stream and fenny brake. Prior.
2. Inhabiting the marsh.
Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the caudron boil and bake. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FE’NNYSTONES. n. s. A plant.

FE’NSUCKED. adj. [fen and suck.] Sucked out of marshes.
Infect her beauty,
You fensuck'd fogs, drawn by the pow'rful sun. Sh. K. Lear.

FE’OD. n. s. [feodum, low Latin.] Fee; tenure. Dict.

FE’ODAL. adj. [feodal, French, from feod.] Held from another.

FE’ODARY. n. s. [from feodum, Latin.] One who holds his
estate under the tenure of suit and service to a superiour
lord. Hanmer.

To FEOFF. v. a. [fief, fieffer, French; feoffare, low Latin.]
To put in possession; to invest with right.

FEOFFEE. n. s. [feoffatus, Latin; fieffé, French.] One put
in possession.
The late earl of Desmond, before his breaking forth into
rebellion, conveyed secretly all his lands to feoffee in trust, in
hope to have cut off her majesty from the escheat of his
lands. Spenser's State of Ireland.

FE’OFFER. n. s. [feoffator, low Latin.] One who gives pos­
session of any thing. See FEOFFMENT.

FE’OFFMENT. n. s. [feoffamentum, Latin.] The act of grant­
ing possession.
Any gift or grant of any honours, castles, lands, or other
immoveable things, to another in fee-simple, that is, to him
and his heirs for ever, by the delivery of seisin of the thing
given: when it is in writing, it is called a deed of feoffment;
and in every feoffment the giver is called the feoffor, feoffator,
and he that receiveth by virtue thereof the feoffee, feoffatus.
The proper difference between a feoffor and a donor is, that
the feoffor gives in fee-simple, the donor in fee-tail. Cowel.
The act of parliament cut off and frustrated all such con­
veyances as had, by the space of twelve years before his rebel­
lion, been made; within the compass whereof the fraudulent
feoffment of others, his accomplices and fellow-traytors, were
contained. Spenser's State of Ireland.

FER

FERA’CITY. n. s. [feracitas, Lat.] Fruitfulness; fertility. Dict.

FE’RAL. adj. [feralis, Latin.] Funereal; mournful; deadly.
Dict.

FERIA’TION. n. s. [feriatio, Lat.] The act of keeping holi­
day; cessation from work.
As though there were any feriation in nature, this season is
commonly termed the physicians vacation. Brown's Vulg. Err.

FE’RINE. adj. [ferinus, Latin.] Wild; savage.
The only difficulty that remains is touching those ferine,
noxious, and untameable beasts; as lions, tygers, wolves and
bears. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

FERI’NENESS. n. s. [from ferine.] Barbarity; savageness;
wildness.
A ferine and necessitous kind of life, a conversation with
those that were fallen into a barbarous habit of life, would
assimilate the next generation to barbarism and ferineness. Hale.

FE’RITY. n. s. [feritas, Latin.] Barbarity; cruelty; wild­
ness; savageness.
He reduced him from the most abject and stupid ferity to
his senses, and to sober reason. Woodward's Natural History.

To FERME’NT. v. a. [fermento, Latin; fermenter, French.]
To exalt or rarify by intestine motion of parts.
Ye vig'rous swains! while youth ferments your blood,
And purer spirits swell the sprightly flood,
Now range the hills, the thickest woods beset,
Wind the shrill horn, or spread the waving net. Pope.

To FERME’NT. v. n. To have the parts put into intestine
motion.

FE’RMENT. n. s. [ferment, French; fermentum, Latin.]
1. That which causes intestine motion.
The semen puts females into a fever, upon impregnation;
and all animal humours which poison, are putrefying ferments.
Floyer on the Humours.
Subdue and cool the ferment of desire. Rogers's Sermons.
2. The intestine motion; tumult.

FERME’NTABLE. adj. [from ferment.] Capable of fermen­
tation.

FERME’NTAL. adj. [from ferment.] Having the power to
cause fermentation.
Cucumbers, being waterish, fill the veins with crude and
windy serosities, that contain little salt or spirit, and debilitate
the vital acidity and fermental faculty of the stomach. Brown.

FERMENTA’TION. n. s. [fermentatio, Latin.] A slow
motion of the intestine particles of a mixt body, arising
usually from the operation of some active acid matter, which
rarifies, exalts, and subtilizes the soft and sulphureous par­
ticles: as when leaven or yest rarifies, lightens, and ferments
bread or wort, &c. And this motion differs much from that
usually called ebullition or effervescence, which is a violent
boiling and struggling between an acid and an alkali, when
mixed together. Harris.
The juice of grapes, after fermentation, will yield a spiritus
ardens. Boyle.
A man, by tumbling his thoughts, and forming them into
expressions, gives them a new kind of fermentation; which
works them into a finer body, and makes them much clearer
than they were before. Collier of Friendship.
The sap, in fluent dance,
And lively fermentation, mounting, spreads
All this innumerous colour'd scene of things. Thomson.

FERME’NTATIVE. adj. [from ferment.] Causing fermenta­
tion; having the power to cause fermentation.
Aromatical spirits destroy by their fermentative heat. Arbuth.

FERN. n. s. [fearn, Saxon.] A plant.
The male fern is common on the stumps of trees in woods,
and on the banks of ditches: the leaves are formed of a num­
ber of small pinnules, dentated on the edges, and set close by
one another on slender ribs. On the back of these pinnules
are produced the seeds, small and extremely numerous. De­
coctions of the root and diet-drinks have been used in chro­
nick disorders and obstructions. The country people esteem
it a sovereign remedy for the rickets in children. Hill.
Black was the forest, thick with beech it stood,
Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn;
Few paths of human feet or tracks of beasts were worn.
Dryden's Æneid.
There are great varieties of fern in different parts of the
world; but they are seldom cultivated in gardens. Miller.

FE’RNY. adj. [from fern.] Overgrown with fern.
The herd suffic'd, did late repair
To ferny heaths, and to their forest-lare. Dryden.

FERO’CIOUS. adj. [ferox, Latin; feroce, French.]
1. Savage; fierce.
2. Ravenous; rapacious.
The hare, that becometh a prey unto man, unto beasts and
fowls of the air, is fruitful even unto superfetation; but the
lion and ferocious animal hath young ones but seldom, and but
one at a time. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 16.
Smedley rose in majesty of mud;
Shaking the horrors of his ample brows,
And each ferocious feature grim with ooze.
Pope's Dunciad, b. ii.

FERO’CITY. n. s. [ferocitas, Lat. ferocité, Fr. from ferocious.]
Savageness; wildness; fierceness.
An uncommon ferocity in my countenance, with the re­
markable flatness of my nose, and extent of my mouth, have
procured me the name of lion. Addison's Guardian.
Untaught, uncultivated, as they were
Inhospitable, full of ferocity. Phillips's Briton.

FE’RREOUS. adj. [ferreus, Latin.] Irony; of iron.
In the body of glass there is no ferreous or magnetical na­
ture. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.

FE’RRET. n. s. [fured, Welsh; furet, French; ferret, Dutch;
viverra, Lat.]
1. A kind of rat with red eyes and a long snout, used to catch
rabbits.
With what an eager earnestness she looked, having threat­
ning not only in her ferret eyes, but while she spoke her nose
seemed to threaten her chin. Sidney, b. ii.
Cicero
Looks with such ferret and such firy eyes,
As we have seen him. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Coneys are destroyed or taken either by ferrets or purse­
nets. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A kind of narrow ribband.

To FE’RRET. v. a. [from the noun.] To drive out of lurking
places, as the ferret drives the coney.
The archbishop had ferreted him out of all his holds. Heylin.

FE’RRETER. n. s. [from ferret.] One that hunts another in
his privacies.

FE’RRIAGE. n. s. [from ferry.] The fare paid at a ferry.

FERRU’GINOUS. adj. [ferrugineux, Fr. ferrugineus, Latin.]
Partaking of the particles and qualities of iron.
They are cold, hot, purgative, diuretick, ferruginous, sa­
line, petrefying and bituminous. Ray on the Creation.

FE’RRULE. n. s. [from ferrum, iron, Latin.] An iron ring
put round any thing to keep it from cracking.
The fingers ends are strengthened with nails, as we fortify
the ends of our staves or sorks with iron hoops or ferrules. Ray.

To FE’RRY. v. a. [faran, to pass, Saxon; fahr, German, a
passage. Skinner imagines that this whole family of words
may be deduced from the Latin veho. I do not love Latin
originals; but if such must be sought, may not these words
be more naturally derived from ferri, to be carried?] To
carry over in a boat.


Cymocles heard and saw,
He loudly call'd to such as were aboard,
The little bark unto the shore to draw,
And him to ferry over that deep ford. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To FE’RRY. v. n. To pass over water in a vessel of carriage.
Thence hurried back to fire,
They ferry over this Lethæan sound
Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment. Milt. Par. Lost.

FE’RRY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A vessel of carriage; a vessel in which goods or passengers
are carried over water.
By this time was the worthy Guyon brought
Unto the other side of that wide strand,
Where she was rowing, and for passage sought:
Him needed not long call, she soon to hand
Her ferry brought. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 6.
There went a ferryboat to carry over the king's houshold.
2 Sa. xix. 18.
Bring them with imagin'd speed
Unto the Traject, to the common ferry
Which trades to Venice. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
I went down to the river Brent in the ordinary ferry. Addis.
2. The passage over which the ferryboat passes.

FE’RRYMAN. n. s. [ferry and man.] One who keeps a ferry;
one who for hire transports goods and passengers over the
water.
I past, methought, the melancholy flood,
With that grim ferryman, which poets write of,
Unto the kingdom of perpetual night. Shakes. Richard III.
The common ferryman of Egypt, that wafted over the
dead bodies from Memphis, was made by the Greeks the
ferryman of hell, and solemn stories raised after him. Brown.
The grisly ferryman of hell deny'd
Æneas entrance, 'till he knew his guide. Roscommon.

FERTH, or forth. Common terminations are the same as in
English an army; coming from the Saxon word fyrth. Gibson.

FE’RTILE. adj. [fertile, French; fertilis, Latin.]
1. Fruitful; abundant; plenteous.
I had hope of France,
As firmly as I hope for fertile England. Shakes. Henry VI.
I have had a large, a fair, and a pleasant field; so fertile,
that it has given me two harvests in a Summer. Dryden.
I ask whether in the uncultivated waste of America, left to
nature, without any improvement, a thousand acres yield the
needy inhabitants as many conveniencies of life as ten acres
of equally fertile land do in Devonshire? Locke.
View the wide earth adorn'd with hills and woods,
Rich in her herds, and fertile by her floods. Blackm. Creat.
2. With of before the thing produced.
The earth is fertile of all kind of grain. Camden's Remains.
This happy country is extremely fertile, as of those above,
so likewise of its productions under ground. Woodward.

FE’RTILENESS. n. s. [from fertile.] Fruitfulness; fecundity.

To FERTI’LITATE. v. a. [from fertile.] To fecundate; to
fertilize; to make fruitful or productive.
A cock will in one day fertilitate the whole racemation or
cluster of eggs, which are not excluded in many weeks after.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

FERTI’LITY. n. s. [fertilitas, Latin.] Fecundity; abun­
dance; fruitfulness; plenteousness.
I will go root away
The noisom weeds, that without profit suck
The soil's fertility from wholesome flowers. Shak. Rich. II.
Paradise itself exceeded in beauty and fertility; and these
places had but a resemblance thereof. Raleigh's History.
To inundations Egypt, through which the Nile flows, and
the Indies owe their extraordinary fertility, and those mighty
crops they produce after these waters are withdrawn. Woodw.

To FE’RTILIZE. v. a. [fertiliser, French.] To make fruit­
ful; to make plenteous; to make productive; to fecundate.
Rain-water carries along with it a sort of terrestrial matter
that fertilizes the land, as being proper for the formation of
vegetables. Woodward's Natural History.

FE’RTILY. adv. [from fertile.] Fruitfully; plenteously; plen­
tifully; abundantly.

FE’RVENCY. n. s. [fervens, Latin.]
1. Heat of mind; ardour; eagerness.
Your diver
Did hang a saltfish on his hook, which he
With fervency drew up. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
2. Pious ardour; flame of devotion; zeal.
We have on all sides lost much of our first fervency towards
God. Hooker, Dedication.
There must be zeal and fervency in him which proposeth
for the rest those suits and supplications, which they by their
joyful acclamations must ratify. Hooker, b. v. s. 25.
When you pray, let it be with attention, with fervency,
and with perseverance. Wake's Preparation for Death.

FE’RVENT. adj. [fervens, Latin; fervent, French.]
1. Hot; boiling.
From the phlegmatick humour, the proper allay of fervent
blood, will flow a future quietude and serenitude. Wotton.
2. Hot in temper; vehement.
They that are more fervent to dispute, be not always the
most able to determine. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
3. Ardent in piety; warm in zeal; flaming with devotion.
This man being fervent in the spirit, taught diligently the
things of the Lord. Acts xviii. 25.
So spake the fervent angel; but his zeal
None seconded, as out of season judg'd,
Or singular and rash. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Let all enquiries into the mysterious points of theology be
carried on with fervent petitions to God, that he would dis­
pose their minds to direct all their skill to the promotion of a
good life. South's Sermons.

FE’RVENTLY. adv. [from fervent.]
1. Eagerly; vehemently.
They all that charge did fervently apply,
With greedy malice and importune toil. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. With pious ardour; with holy zeal.
Epaphras saluteth you, labouring fervently for you in
prayers. Col. iv. 12.
He cares not how or what he suffers, so he suffer well, and
be the friend of Christ; nor where nor when he suffers, so he
may do it frequently, fervently, and acceptably. Taylor.

FE’RVID. adj. [fervidus, Latin.]
1. Hot; burning; boiling.
2. Vehement; eager; zealous.

FERVI’DITY. n. s. [from fervid.]
1. Heat.
2. Zeal; passion; ardour.

FE’RVIDNESS. n. s. [from fervid.] Ardour of mind; zeal;
passion.
As to the healing of Malchus's ear, in the act of the meek
lamb of God, it was a kind of injury done to him by the
fervidness of St. Peter, who knew not yet what spirit he was
of. Bentley's Sermons.

FE’RULA. n. s. [ferule, Fr. from ferula, giant fennel, Lat.] An
instrument of correction with which young scholars are beaten
on the hand: so named because anciently the stalks of fennel
were used for this purpose.
These differ as much as the rod and ferula. Shaw's Gramm.

To FE’RULE. v. a. To chastise with the ferula.

FE’RVOUR. n. s. [fervor, Latin; ferveur, French.]
1. Heat; warmth.
Were it an undeniable truth that an effectual fervour pro­
ceeded from this star, yet would not the same determine the
opinion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
Like bright Aurora, whose refulgent ray
Foretells the fervour of ensuing day,
And warns the shepherd with his flocks retreat
To leafy shadows, from the threatned heat. Waller.
These silver drops, like morning dew,
Foretell the fervour of the day;
So from one cloud soft show'rs we view,
And blasting lightnings burst away. Pope.
2. Heat of mind; zeal; ardour of devotion.
Odious it must needs have been to abolish that which all
had held for the space of many ages, without reason so great
as might in the eyes of impartial men appear sufficient to clear
them from all blame of rash proceedings, if in fervour of zeal
they had removed such things. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
Haply despair hath seiz'd her;
Or, wing'd with fervour of her love, she's flown
To her desir'd Posthumus. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
There will be at Loretto, in a few ages more, jewels of
the greatest value in Europe, if the devotion of its princes
continues in its present fervour. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

FES

FESCUE. n. s. [veese, Dutch; festu, French.] A small wire by
which those who teach to read point out the letters.
Teach him an alphabet upon his fingers, making the points
of his fingers of his left hand both on the inside to signify
some letter, when any of them is pointed at by the fore­
finger of the right hand, or by any kind of fescue. Holder.
Teach them how manly passions ought to move;
For such as cannot think, can never love;
And since they needs will judge the poet's art,
Point 'em with fescues to each shining part. Dryden.

FE’SELS. n. s. A kind of base grain.
Disdain not fesels or poor vech to sow,
Or care to make Egyptian lentils thrive. May's Virg. Georg.

FESSE. n. s. [In heraldry.]
The fesse is so called of the Latin word fascia, a band or
girdle, possessing the third part of the escutcheon over the
middle: if there be above one, you must call them bars; if
with the field there be odd pieces, as seven or nine, then you
must name the field, and say so many bars; if even, as six,
eight, or ten, you must say barwise, or barry of six, eight,
or ten, as the king of Hungary bears argent and gules barry
of eight. Peacham on Blazoning.

To FE’STER. v. n. [fesse, in Bavarian, a swelling corrupted,
Junius.] To rankle; to corrupt; to grow virulent.
I might, even in my lady's presence, discover the sore
which had deeply festered within me. Sidney, b. ii.


How should our festered sores be cured? Hooker, b. i.
Inward corruption and infected sin,
Not purg'd, not heal'd, behind remained still,
And festering sore did rankle yet within. Fairy Queen, b. i.
I have some wounds upon me, and they smart
To hear themselves remember'd.
—Well might they fester 'gainst ingratitude,
And tent themselves with death. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Mind that their souls
May make a peaceful and a sweet retire
From off these fields, where, wretches, their poor bodies
Must lie and fester. Shakespeare's Henry V.
There was imagination, that between a knight whom
the duke had taken into some good degree of favour, and
Felton, there had been ancient quarrels not yet well
healed, which might perhaps be festering in his breast, and
by a certain inflammation produce this effect. Wotton.
Passion, anger, and unkindness may give a wound that
shall bleed and smart; but it is treachery only that makes it
fester. South's Sermons.

FE’STINATE. adj. [festinatus, Latin.] Hasty; hurried. A
word not in use.
Advise the duke, where you are going, to a most festinate
preparation: we are bound to the like. Shakes. King Lear.

FE’STINATELY. adv. [from festinate.] Hastily; speedily;
with speed. Not in use.
Take this key; give enlargement to the swain, and bring
him festinately hither. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

FESTINA’TION. n. s. [festinatio, Latin.] Haste; hurry.

FE’STIVAL. adj. [festivus, Latin.] Pertaining to feasts;
joyous.
He appeared at great tables, and festival entertainments,
that he might manifest his divine charity to men. Atterbury.

FE’STIVAL. n. s. Time of feast; anniversary-day of civil or
religious joy.
So tedious is this day,
As is the night before some festival,
To an impatient child that hath new robes,
And may not wear them. Shakes. Romeo and Juliet.
Th' invited sisters with their graces blest
Their festivals. Sandys.
The morning trumpets festival proclaim'd
Through each high street. Milton's Agonistes.
Follow, ye nymphs and shepherds all,
Come celebrate this festival,
And merrily sing, and sport, and play;
For 'tis Oriana's nuptial day. Granville.
By sacrifice of the tongues they purged away whatever
they had spoken amiss during the festival. Notes on the Odyssey.
The festival of our Lord's resurrection we have celebrated,
and may now consider the chief consequence of his resurrec­
tion, a judgment to come. Atterbury's Sermons.

FE’STIVE. adj. [festivus, Latin.] Joyous; gay; befiting a
feast.
The glad circle round them yield their souls
To festive mirth and wit that knows no gall. Thomson.

FESTI’VITY. n. s. [festivitas, Latin, from festive.]
1. Festival; time of rejoicing.
The daughter of Jephtha came to be worshipped as a deity,
and had an annual festivity observed unto her honour. Brown.
There happening a great and solemn festivity, such as the
sheep-shearings used to be, David condescends to beg of a rich
man some small repast. South.
2. Gaiety; joyfulness; temper or behaviour befitting a feast.
To those persons there is no better instrument to cause the
remembrance, and to endear the affection to the article, than
the recommending it by festivity and joy of a holyday. Taylor.

FE’STOON. n. s. [feston, French.] In architecture, an orna­
ment of carved work in the form of a wreath or garland of
flowers, or leaves twisted together, thickest at the middle,
and suspended by the two extremes, whence it hangs down
perpendicularly. Harris.

FE’STUCINE. adj. [festuca, Latin.] Straw-colour between
green and yellow.
Therein may be discovered a little insect of a festucine or
pale green, resembling a locust or grashopper. Brown.

FESTU’COUS. adj. [festuca, Latin.] Formed of straw.
We speak of straws, or festucous divisions, lightly drawn
over with oil. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

FET

To FET. v. a. To fetch; to go and bring.
Get home with thy fewel, made ready to fet,
The sooner the easier carriage to get. Tuss. Husbandry.
He in a chair was set,
Tossing and turning them withouten end;
But for he was unable them to fet,
A little boy did on him still attend. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
And they fet forth Urijah out of Egypt to Jehoiakim, who
slew him with the sword. Jer. xxvi. 23.

FET. n. s. [I suppose from fait, French, a part or portion.]
A piece.
The bottom clear,
Now laid with many a fet
Of seed-pearl, ere she bath'd her there
Was known as black as jet. Drayton.

To FETCH. v. a. preter. fetched; anciently fet, unless it rather
came from To fet. [feccan, fettan, Saxon.]
1. To go and bring.
They have devis'd a mean
How he her chamber-window will ascend,
And with a corded ladder fetch her down. Shakespeare.
We will take men to fetch victuals for the people. Judg. xx.
Go to the flock, and fetch me from thence two kid goats.
Gen. xxvii. 9.
The seat of empire, where the Irish come,
And the unwilling Scotch, to fetch their doom. Waller.
Draw forth the monsters of th' abyss profound,
Or fetch th' aerial eagle to the ground. Pope's Ess. on Man.
2. To derive; to draw.
On, you noblest English,
Whose blood is fetcht from fathers of war-proof. Sh. H. V.
3. To strike at a distance.
The conditions of weapons, and their improvements, are
the fetching afar off; for that outruns the danger, as it is seen
in ordnance and muskets. Bacon's Essays.
4. To bring to any state by some powerful operation.
In smells we see their great and sudden effect in fetching
men again, when they swoon. Bacon's Natural History.
At Rome any of those arts immediately thrives, under the
encouragement of the prince, as may be fetched up to its per­
fection in ten or a dozen years, which is the work of an age
or two in other countries. Addison on Italy.
5. To draw within any confinement or prohibition.
General terms may sufficiently convey to the people what
our intentions are, and yet not fetch us within the compass of
the ordinance. Sanderson.
6. To produce by some kind of force.
These ways, if there were any secret excellence among
them, would fetch it out, and give it fair opportunities to ad­
vance itself by. Milton on Education.
An human soul without education is like marble in the
quarry, which shews none of its beauties 'till the skill of the
polisher fetches out the colours. Addison's Spectator.
7. To perform any excursion.
I'll fetch a turn about the garden, pitying
The pangs of barr'd affections; though the king
Hath charg'd you should not speak together. Shak. Cymbel.
When evening grey doth rise, I fetch my round
Over the mount, and all this hollow ground. Milton.
To come to that place they must fetch a compass three miles
on the right hand through a forest. Knolles's History.
8. To perform with suddenness or violence.
Note a wild and wanton herd,
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud. Shakes.
The fox fetched a hundred and a hundred leaps at a delicious
cluster of grapes. L'Estrange.
Talk to her of an unfortunate young lady that lost her
beauty by the small-pox, she fetches a deep sigh. Addison.
9. To reach; to arrive at; to come to.
Mean time flew our ships, and streight we fetcht
The syrens isle; a spleenless wind so stretcht
Her wings to waft us, and so urg'd our keel. Chapman.
It needs not thy belief,
If earth, industrious of herself, fetch day
Travelling East; and with her part averse
From the sun's beam, meet night; her other part
Still luminous by his ray. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
The hare laid himself down, and took a nap; for, says he,
I can fetch up the tortoise when I please. L'Estrange.
10. To obtain as its price.
During such a state, silver in the coin will never fetch as
much as the silver in bullion. Locke.

To FETCH. v. n. To move with a quick return.
Like a shifted wind unto a sail,
It makes the course of thoughts to fetch about. Shakespeare.

FETCH. n. s. [from the verb.] A stratagem by which any
thing is indirectly performed; by which one thing seems in­
tended and another is done; a trick; an artifice.
An envious neighbour is easy to find,
His cumbersome fetches are seldom behind:
His fetch is to flatter, to get what he can;
His purpose once gotten, a pin for thee than. Tuss. Husband.
It is a fetch of wit;
You laying these slight sullies on my son,
As 'twere a thing a little soil'd i' th' working. Shak. Hamlet.
But Sidrophel, as full of tricks
As rota men of politicks,
Streight cast about to over-reach
Th' unwary conqu'ror with a fetch. Hudibras, p. ii.
With this fetch he laughs at the trick he hath plaid me. Still.
The fox had a fetch in't. L'Estrange, Fab. 42.
From these instances and fetches
Thou mak'st of horses, clocks and watches,


Quoth Mat, thou seem'st to mean
That Alma is a mere machine. Prior.

FE’TCHER. n. s. [from fetch.] One that fetches any thing.

FE’TID. adj. [fœtidus, Latin; fetide, Fr.] Stinking; ran­
cid; having a smell strong and offensive.
Most putrefactions are of an odious smell; for they smell
either fetid or mouldy. Bacon's Natural History.
In the most severe orders of the church of Rome, those who
practise abstinence, feel after it fetid hot eructations. Arbuth.
Plague, fiercest child of Nemesis divine,
Descends from Ethiopia's poison'd woods,
From stifled Cairo's filth and fetid fields. Thomson's Summer.

FE’TIDNESS. n. s. [from fetid.] The quality of stinking.

FE’TLOCK. n. s. [feet and lock.] A tuft of hair as big as the
hair of the mane that grows behind the pastern-joint of many
horses: horses of a low size have scarce any such tuft.
Farrier's Dict.
Their wounded steeds
Fret fetlock deep in gore, and with wild rage
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters. Sh. H. V.
White were the fetlocks of his feet before,
And on his front a snowy star he bore. Dryd. Virg. Æn.

FE’TOR. n. s. [fœtor, Latin.] A stink; a stench; a strong
and offensive smell.
The fetor may discover itself by sweat and humour. Brown.
When the symptoms are attended with a fetor of any kind,
such a disease will be cured by acescent substances, and
none better than whey. Arbuthnot on Diet.

FE’TTER. n. s. It is commonly used in the plural fetters.
[from feet; fettere, Saxon.] Chains for the feet; chains by
which walking is hindered.
Doctrine unto fools is as fetters on the feet, and like ma­
nacles on the right hand. Ecclus. xxi. 19.
Drawing after me the chains and fetters whereunto I have
been thirteen years tied, I have by other mens errours failed.
Raleigh's Apology.
Passion's too fierce to be in fetters bound,
And nature flies him like enchanted ground. Dryden.
The wretch in double fetters bound,
Your potent mercy may release. Prior.
I thought her pride
Had broke your fetters, and assur'd your freedom. A. Phill.

To FE’TTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To bind; to enchain;
to shackle; to tie.
Neither her great worthiness nor his own suffering for her,
could fetter his fickleness. Sidney.
My conscience! thou art fetter'd
More than my shanks and wrists. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Fetter strong madness in a silken thread;
Charm ach with air, and agony with words. Shakespeare.
Doth a master chide his servant because he doth not come,
yet knows that the servant is chained and fettered, so as he can­
not move? Bramhall against Hobbes.
A chain which man to fetter man has made;
By artifice impos'd, by fear obey'd. Prior.

To FE’TTLE. v. n. [A cant word from feel.] To do trifing
business; to ply the hands without labour.
When your master is most busy in company, come in and
pretend to fettle about the room; and if he chides, say you
thought he rung the bell. Swift's Direct. to the Footman.

FE’TUS. n. s. [fœtus, Latin.] Any animal in embrio; any
thing yet in the womb; any thing unborn.
Nor are we at leisure to examine that paradox of Hippo­
crates, which some learned physicians have of late revived,
that the fetus respires in the womb. Boyle.

FEUD. n. s. [feahd, enmity, Saxon.] Quarrel; contention;
opposition; war.
Though men would find such mortal feuds
In sharing of their publick goods. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
In former ages it was a constant policy of France to raise
and cherish intestine feuds and discords in the isle of Great
Britain. Addison's Freeholder.
Scythia mourns
Our guilty wars, and earth's remotest regions
Lie half unpeopled by the feuds of Rome. Addison's Cato.

FE’UDAL. adj. [feudalis, low Latin.] Pertaining to fees,
feus, or tenures by which lands are held of a superiour lord.

FE’UDAL. n. s. A dependance; something held by tenure;
a fee; a feu.
Wales, that was not always the feudal territory of England,
having been governed by a prince of their own, had laws
utterly strange to the laws of England. Hale.

FEU’DATORY. n. s. [from feudal.] One who holds not in chief,
but by some conditional tenure from a superiour.
The duke of Parma was reasonably well tempted to be
true to that enterprize, by no less promise than to be made a
feudatary, or beneficiary king of England, under the seignory
in chief of the pope, and the protection of the king of Spain.
Bacon's War with Spain.

FEV

FE’VER. n. s. [fievre, French; febris, Latin.] A disease in
which the body is violently heated, and the pulse quickened,
or in which heat and cold prevail by turns. It is sometimes
continual, sometimes intermittent.
Think'st thou the firy fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation?
Will it give place to flexure and low bending? Shak. H. V.
Duncan is in his grave;
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Should not a ling'ring fever be remov'd,
Because it long has rag'd within my blood? Dryden.
He had never dreamed in his life, 'till he had the fever he
was then newly recovered of. Locke.

To FE’VER. v. a. [from the noun.] To put into a fever.
The white hand of a lady fever thee!
Shake to look on't. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.

FE’VERET. n. s. [from fever.] A slight fever; febricula.
A light feveret, or an old quartan ague, is not a sufficient
excuse for non-appearance. Ayliffe's Parergon.

FE’VERFEW. n. s. [febris and fugo, Latin.]
It has a fibrose root: the leaves are conjugated, and divided
into many segments: the cup of the flower is squamose and
hemispherical: the flowers grow in an umbel upon the top of
the stalks, and the rays of the flower are generally white.
The species are nine; but the first, called common feverfew,
is the sort used in medicine, and is found wild in many parts
of England; but is, however, cultivated in medicinal gar­
dens. Miller.

FE’VERISH. adj. [from fever.]
1. Troubled with a fever.
To other climates beasts and birds retire,
And feverish nature burns in her own fire. Creech.
When an animal that gives suck turns feverish, that is, its
juices more alkaline, the milk turns from its native genuine
whiteness to yellow. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Tending to a fever.
A feverish disorder disabled me. Swift to Pope.
3. Uncertain; inconstant; now hot, now cold.
We toss and turn about our feverish will,
When all our ease must come by lying still;
For all the happiness mankind can gain,
Is not in pleasure, but in rest from pain. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
4. Hot; burning.
And now four days the sun had seen our woes,
Four nights the moon beheld th' incessant fire;
It seem'd as if the stars more sickly rose,
And farther from the feverish North retire. Dryd. Ann. Mir.

FE’VERISHNESS. n. s. [from feverish.] A slight disorder of the
feverish kind.

FE’VEROUS. adj. [fievreux-se, French, from fever.]
1. Troubled with a fever or ague.
Thou mad'st thine enemies shake, as if the world
Were feverous, and did tremble. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. Having the nature of a fever.
All fev'rous kinds,
Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Having a tendency to produce fevers.
It hath been noted by the ancients, that southern winds,
blowing much, without rain, do cause a feverous disposition of
the year; but with rain, not. Bacon's Natural History.

FE’VERY. adj. [from fever.] Diseased with a fever.
O Rome, thy head
Is drown'd in sleep, and all thy body fev'ry. B. Johns. Catil.

FE’UILLAGE. n. s. [French.] A bunch or row of leaves.
I have done Homer's head; and I inclose the outline, that
you may determine whether you would have it so large, or
reduced to make room for feuillage or laurel round the oval.
Jervas to Pope.

FE’UILLEMORT. n. s. [French.] The colour of a faded
leaf, corrupted commonly to philemot.

FE’UTERER. n. s. A dogkeeper: perhaps the cleaner of the
kennel.

FEW

FEW. adj. [feo, feowa, Saxon; fua, Danish.]
1. Not many; not in a great number.
We are left but few of many. Jer.
So much the thirst of honour fires the blood;
So many would be great, so few be good;
For who would virtue for herself regard,
Or wed without the portion of reward? Dryd. Juvenal.
On Winter seas we fewer storms behold,
Than foul diseases that infect the fold. Dryden's Virg. Geor.
Men have fewer or more simple ideas from without, accord­
ing as the objects they converse with afford greater or less
variety. Locke.
The fewer still you name, you wound the more;
Bond is but one, but Harpax is a score. Pope's Hor. Imitat.
Party is the madness of many, for the gain of a few. Swift.
The imagination of a poet is a thing so nice and delicate,
that it is no easy matter to find out images capable of giving
pleasure to one of the few, who, in any age, have come up
to that character. Berkley to Pope.
2. Sometimes elliptically; not many words.
To answer both allegations at once, the very substance of
that they contain is in few but this. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.


So having said, he thus to Eve in few:
Say, woman, what is this which thou hast done? Milton.
Thus Jupiter in few unfolds the charge. Dryden's Æn.
The firm resolve I here in few disclose. Pope's Odyssey.

FE’WEL. n. s. [feu, French.] Combustible matter; ma­
terials for keeping fire: as firewood, coal.
If a spark of error have thus far prevailed, falling even
where the wood was green, and farthest off from any inclina­
tion unto furious attempts, must not the peril thereof be
greater in men, whose minds are as dry fewel, apt beforehand
unto tumults, seditions and broils? Hooker, Dedication.
Others may give the fewel or the fire;
But they the breath, that makes the flame, inspire. Denham.
A known quantity of fewel, all kindled at once, will cause
water to boil, which being lighted gradually will never be
able to do it. Bentley's Sermons.

To FE’WEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To feed with fewel.
Never, alas! the dreadful name,
That fewels the infernal flame. Cowley.

FE’WNESS. n. s. [from few.]
1. Paucity; smalness of number.
These, by reason of their fewness, I could not distinguish
from the numbers of the rest with whom they are embodied.
Dryden's Preface to the Hind and Panther.
2. Paucity of words; brevity; conciseness.
Fewness and truth, 'tis thus. Shakes. Meas. for Measure.

To FEY. v. a. [veghen, Dutch.] To cleanse a ditch of mud.
Such muddy deep ditches and pits in the field,
That all a dry Summer no water will yield,
By feying and casting that mud upon heaps,
Commodities many the husbandman reaps. Tuss. Husband.

FIB. n. s. [A cant word among children.] A lye; a falsehood.
Destroy his fib or sophistry; in vain,
The creature's at his dirty work again. Pope's Epistles.
I so often lie,
Scarce Harvey's self has told more fibs than I. Pope.

To FIB. v. n. [from the noun.] To lie; to tell lyes; to speak
falsely.
If you have any particular mark, whereby one may know
when you fib, and when you speak truth, you had best tell it
me. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

FI’BBER. n. s. [from fib.] A teller of fibs.

FI’BRE. n. s. [fibre, Fr. fibra, Latin.] A small thread or
string; the first constituent parts of bodies.
Now sliding streams the thirsty plants renew,
And feed their fibres with reviving dew. Pope.
2. A fibre, in physick, is an animal thread, of which there are
different kinds: some are soft, flexible, and a little elastick;
and these are either hollow, like small pipes, or spongious and
full of little cells, as the nervous and fleshy fibres: others are
more solid, flexible, and with a strong elasticity or spring, as
the membranous and cartilaginous fibres: and a third sort are
hard and flexible, as the fibres of the bones. Now of all those
some are very sensible, and others destitute of all sense: some
so very small as not to be easily perceived; and others, on the
contrary, so big as to be plainly seen; and most of them,
when examined with a microscope, appear to be composed of
still smaller fibres: these fibres first constitute the substance of
the bones, cartilages, ligaments, membranes, nerves, veins,
arteries and muscles. And again, by the various texture and
different combination of some or all of those parts, the more
compound organs are framed; such as the lungs, stomach,
liver, legs and arms, the sum of all which make up the
body. Quincy.
My heart sinks in me while I hear him speak,
And every slacken'd fibre drops its hold,
Like nature letting down the springs of life:
The name of father awes me still. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.

FI’BRIL. n. s. [fibrille, French.] A small fibre or string.
The muscles consist of a number of fibres, and each fibre
of an incredible number of little fibrils bound together, and
divided into little cells. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

FI’BROUS. adj. [fibreux, French, from fibre.] Composed of
fibres or stamina.
The difference between bodies fibrous and bodies viscous is
plain; for all wool and tow, and cotton and silk, have a
greediness of moisture. Bacon's Natural History.
I saw Petræus' arms employ'd around
A well-grown oak, to root it from the ground;
This way and that he wrench'd the fibrous bands,
The trunk was like a sapling in his hands. Dryden.
The fibrous and solid parts of plants pass unaltered through
the intestines. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FI’BULA. n. s. [Latin.] The outer and lesser bone of the
leg, much smaller than the tibia: it lies on the outside of the
leg; and its upper end, which is not so high as the knee, re­
ceives the lateral knob of the upper end of the tibia into a
small sinus, which it has in its inner side. Its lower end is
received into the small sinus of the tibia, and then it extends
into a large process, which forms the outer ankle. Quincy.

FIC

FI’CKLE. adj. [ficol, Saxon.]
1. Changeable; unconstant; irresolute; wavering; unsteady;
mutable; changeful; without steady adherence.
Remember where we are,
In France amongst a fickle wavering nation. Shak. Hen. VI.
A slave, whose easy borrow'd pride
Dwells in the fickle grace of her he follows. Shak. K. Lear.
Or likest hovering dreams,
The fickle pensioners of Morpheus' train. Milton.
They know how fickle common lovers are;
Their oaths and vows are cautiously believ'd;
For few there are but have been once deceiv'd. Dryden.
We in vain the fickle sex pursue,
Who change the constant lover for the new. Prior.
2. Not fixed; subject to vicissitude.
He would be loth
Us to abolish; left the adversary
Triumph, and say, fickle their state, whom God
Most favours! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

FI’CKLENESS. n. s. [from fickle.] Inconstancy; uncertainty;
unsteadiness.
Neither her great worthiness, nor his own suffering for her,
could fetter his fickleness; but, before his marriage-day, he had
taken to wife that Baccha of whom she complained. Sidney.
Beware of fraud, beware of fickleness,
In choice and change of thy dear loved dame. Fairy Queen.
I am a soldier, and unapt to weep,
Or to exclaim on fortune's fickleness. Shakes. Henry VI.
Instability of temper ought to be checked, when it dis­
poses men to wander from one scheme of government to
another, since such a fickleness cannot but be attended with
fatal consequences. Addison's Freeholder, No. 25.
Whether out of fickleness or design I can't tell, I found
that what she liked one day she disliked another. Addison.

FI’CKLY. adv. [from fickle.] Without certainty or stability.
Do not now,
Like a young wasteful heir, mortgage the hopes
Of godlike majesty on bankrupt terms,
To raise a present pow'r that's fickly held
By the frail tenure of the people's will. Southern.

FI’CO. n. s. [Italian.] An act of contempt done with the
fingers, expressing a fig for you.
Having once recovered his fortress, he then gives the fico
to all that his adversaries can by siege, force, or famine at­
tempt against him. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

FI’CTILE. adj. [fictilis, Latin.] Moulded into form; manu­
factured by the potter.
The cause of fragility is an impotency to be extended;
and therefore stone is more fragil than metal, and so fictile
earth is more fragil than crude earth. Bacon's Nat. History.

FI’CTION. n. s. [fictio, Latin; fiction, French.]
1. The act of feigning or inventing.
If the presence of God in the image, by a mere fiction of
the mind, be a sufficient ground to worship that image, is not
God's real presence in every creature a far better ground to
worship it? Stillingfleet.
Fiction is of the essence of poetry, as well as of painting:
there is a resemblance in one of human bodies, things, and
actions, which are not real; and in the other of a true story
by a fiction. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. The thing feigned or invented.
If through mine ears pierce any consolations,
By wise discourse, sweet tunes, or poets fictions;
If ought I cease these hideous exclamations,
While that my soul, she, she lives in affliction. Sidney.
So also was the fiction of those golden apples kept by a
dragon, taken from the serpent, which tempted Evah. Raleigh.
3. A falsehood; a lye.

FI’CTIOUS. adj. [fictus, Latin.] Fictitious; imaginary; in­
vented. A word coined by Prior.
With fancy'd rules and arbitrary laws
Matter and motion man restrains,
And study'd lines and fictious circles draws. Prior.

FICTI’TIOUS. adj. [fictitius, Latin.]
1. Counterfeit; false; not genuine.
Draw him strictly so,
That all who view the piece may know
He needs no trappings of fictitious fame. Dryden.
2. Feigned; imaginary.
The human persons are as fictitious as the airy ones; and
Belinda resembles you in nothing but in beauty. Pope.
3. Not real; not true.
Milton, sensible of this defect in the subject of his poem,
brought into it two characters of a shadowy and fictitious na­
ture, in the persons of sin and death, by which means he has
interwoven in his fable a very beautiful allegory. Addis. Spect.

FICTI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from fictitious.] Falsely; counter­
feitly.
These pieces are fictitiously set down, and have no copy in
nature. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 20.

FID

FID. n. s. [fitta, Italian.] A pointed iron with which seamen
untwist their cords. Skinner.

FI’DDLE. n. s. [fidele, Saxon; vedel, Dutch; fidel, German;
fidicula, Latin; fiúll, Erse.]
1. A stringed instrument of musick; a violin.


In trials of musical skill the judges did not crown the fiddle,
but the performer. Stillingfleet.
The adventure of the bear and fiddle
Is sung; but breaks off in the middle. Hudibras.
She tried the fiddle all over, by drawing the bow over every
part of the strings; but could not, for her heart, find where­
about the tune lay. Addison's Guardian, No. 98.

To FI’DDLE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To play upon a fiddle.
Themistocles being desired at a feast to touch a lute, he
said he could not fiddle, but he could make a small town a
great city. Bacon's Essays.
Others import yet nobler arts from France,
Teach kings to fiddle, and make senates dance. Pope.
2. To trifle; to shift the hands often, and do nothing, like a
fellow that plays upon a fiddle.
A cunning fellow observed, that old Lewis had stole away
part of the map, and saw him fiddling and turning the map,
trying to join the two pieces together. Arbuth. H. of J. Bull.
Good cooks cannot abide what they justly call fiddling work,
where abundance of time is spent, and little done. Swift.

FI’DDLEFADDLE. n. s. [A cant word.] Trifles.
She said that their grandfather had a horse shot at Edgehill,
and their uncle was at the siege of Buda; with abundance of
fiddlefaddle of the same nature. Spectator, No. 299.

FI’DDLEFADDLE. adj. Trifling; giving trouble, or making a
bustle about nothing.
She was a troublesome fiddlefaddle old woman, and so cere­
monious that there was no bearing of her. Arbuthn. J. Bull.

FI’DDLER. n. s. [from fiddle.] A musician; one that plays
upon the fiddle.
Let no sawcy fiddler presume to intrude,
Unless he is sent for to vary our bliss. Ben. Johnson.
Nero put the fiddlers to death, for being more skilful in the
trade than he was. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
These will appear such chits in story,
'Twill turn all politicks to jests,
To be repeated like John Dory,
When fiddlers sing at feasts. Dryden.
When miss delights in her spinnet,
A fiddler may a fortune get. Swift.

FI’DDLESTICK. n. s. [fiddle and stick.] The bow and hair
which a fiddler draws over the strings of a fiddle.
His grisly beard was long and thick,
With which he strung his fiddlestick. Hudibras, p. i.

FI’DDLESTRING. n. s. [fiddle and string.] The string of a
fiddle; that which makes the noise.
A fiddlestring, moistened with water, will sink a note in a
little time, and consequently must be relaxed or lengthened
one sixteenth. Arbuthnot on Air.

FIDE’LITY. n. s. [fidelitas, Latin; fidelité, French.]
1. Honesty; veracity.
The church, by her publick reading of the book of God,
preached only as a witness; now the principal thing required
in a witness is a fidelity. Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
2. Faithful adherence.
They mistake credulity for fidelity. Clarke.

To FIDGE. v. n. [A cant word.] To move nimbly and
irregularly. It implies in Scotland agitation.

To FI’DGET. v. n. [A cant word.] To move nimbly and
irregularly. It implies in Scotland agitation.
Tim, thou'rt the Punch to stir up trouble in;
You wriggle, fidge, and make a rout,
Put all your brother puppets out;
Run on in a perpetual round,
To teaze, perplex, disturb, confound. Swift.

FIDU’CIAL. adj. [fiducia, Latin.] Confident; undoubting.
Faith is cordial, and such as God will accept of, when it
affords fiducial reliance on the promises, and obediential sub­
mission to the commands. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

FIDU’CIARY. n. s. [fiduciarius, Latin.]
1. One who holds any thing in trust.
2. One who depends on faith without works.
The second obstructive is that of the fiduciary, that faith
is the only instrument of his justification; and excludes good
works from contributing any thing toward it. Hammond.

FIDU’CIARY. adj.
1. Confident; steady; undoubting; untouched with doubt.
That faith, which is required of us, is then perfect, when
it produces in us a fiduciary assent to whatever the Gospel has
revealed. Wake's Preparation for Death.
2. Not to be doubted.
Elaiana can rely no where upon mere love and fiduciary
obedience, unless at her own home, where she is exemplarily
loyal to herself in a high exact obedience. Howel's Voc. Forest.

FIE

FIEF. n. s. [fief, French.] A fee; a manor; a possession
held by some tenure of a superiour.
To the next realm she stretch'd her sway,
For painture near adjoining lay,
A plenteous province and alluring prey;
A chamber of dependencies was fram'd,
And the whole fief, in right of poetry, she claim'd. Dryd.
As they were honoured by great privileges, so their lands
were in the nature of fiefs, for which the possessors were
obliged to do personal service at sea. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FIELD. n. s. [feld, Saxon; feld, German; veld, Dutch.]
1. Ground not inhabited; not built on.
Live with me, and be my love,
And we will all the pleasure prove,
That hills and vallies, dale and field,
And all the craggy mountains yield. Raleigh.
By the civil law the corpse of persons deceased were buried
out of the city in the fields. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Ground not enclosed.
Field lands are not exempted from mildews, not yet from
smut, where it is more than in inclosed lands. Mortim. Husb.
3. Cultivated tract of ground.
Or great Osiris, who first taught the swain
In Pharian fields to sow the golden grain. Pope's Statius.
4. The open country: opposed to quarters.
Since his majesty went into the field,
I have seen her rise from her bed. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. The ground of battle.
What though the field be lost,
All is not lost. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
When a man is in the field, a moderate skill in fencing ra­
ther exposes him to the sword of his enemy than secures him
from it. Locke.
6. A battle; a campaign; the action of an army while it keeps
the field.
You maintain several factions;
And whilst a field should be dispatch'd and fought,
You are disputing of your generals. Shakesp. Henry VI.
7. A wide expanse.
The god a clearer space for heav'n design'd;
Where fields of light and liquid ether flow,
Purg'd from the pond'rous dregs of earth below. Dryden.
Ask of yonder argent fields above,
Why Jove's satellites are less than Jove. Pope's Ess. on Man.
8. Space; compass; extent.
The ill-natured man gives himself a large field to expatiate
in: he exposes failings in human nature. Addison's Spectator.
I should enter upon a field too wide, and too much beaten,
if I should display all the advantages of peace. Smalridge.
Who can this field of miracles survey,
And not with Galen all in rapture say,
Behold a God, adore him and obey. Blackmore's Creation.
9. The ground or blank space on which figures are drawn.
Let the field or ground of the picture be clean, light, and
well united with colour. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
10. [In heraldry.] The surface of a shield.

FI’ELDED. adj. [from field.] Being in field of battle.
Now, Mars, I pr'ythee, make us quick in work;
That we with smoking swords may march from hence,
To help our fielded friends. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

FIELD-BASIL. n. s. [field and basil.] A plant with a labiated
flower, consisting of one leaf, whose upper lip is upright,
roundish, and generally split in two; but the beard, or under
lip, is divided into three segments: these flowers are disposed
in whorles round the stalks, and are succeeded by oblong
seeds. Miller.

FI’ELDBED. n. s. [field and bed.] A bed contrived to be set up
easily in the field.
Romeo, good-night; I'll to my trucklebed,
This fieldbed is too cold for me to sleep. Shak. Rom. and Jul.

FI’ELDFARE. n. s. [feld and faran, to wander in the fields.]
A bird.
Winter birds, as woodcocks and fieldfares, if they come
early out of the northern countries, with us shew cold
Winters. Bacon's Natural History, No. 816.

FI’ELDMARSHAL. n. s. [field and marshal.] Commander of
an army in the field.

FI’ELDMOUSE. n. s. [field and mouse.] A mouse that bur­
rows in banks, and makes her house with various apart­
ments.
The fieldmouse builds her garner under ground. Dryden.
Fieldmice are apt to gnaw their roots, and kill them in hard
Winters. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FI’ELDOFFICER. n. s. [field and officer.] An officer whose
command in the field extends to a whole regiment: as the
colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major.

FI’ELDPIECE. adj. [field and piece.] Small cannon used in
battles, but not in sieges.
The bassa planting his fieldpieces upon the hills on the
North-side, did from thence grievously annoy the defendants.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

FIEND. n. s. [fiend, fiond, Saxon, a foe.]
1. An enemy; the great enemy of mankind; satan; the devil.
Tom is followed by the foul fiend. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
2. Any infernal being.
What now, had I a body again, I could,
Coming from hell; what fiends would wish should be,
And Hannibal could not have wish'd to see. B. Johns. Cat.
The hell-hounds, as ungorg'd with flesh and blood,
Pursue their prey, and seek their wonted food;
The fiend remounts his courser. Dryden's Theo. and Hon.


O woman! woman! when to ill thy mind
Is bent, all hell contains no fouler fiend. Pope's Odyssey.

FIERCE. adj. [fier, French; ferox, Latin.]
1. Savage; ravenous; easily enraged.
Thou huntest me as a fierce lion. Job.
2. Vehement in rage; eager of mischief.
Destruction enters in the treacherous wood,
And vengeful slaughter, fierce for human blood. Pope.
Tyrants fierce, that unrelenting die. Pope.
With that the god, whose earthquakes rock the ground,
Fierce to Phœacia crost the vast profound. Pope's Odyssey.
3. Violent; outrageous.
Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce; and their wrath,
for it was cruel. Gen. xlix. 7.
4. Passionate; angry; furious.
This fierce abridgment
Hath to it circumstantial branches, which
Distinction should be rich in. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
A man brings his mind to be positive and fierce for positions
whose evidence he has never examined. Locke.
5. Strong; forcible.
The ships, though so great, are driven of fierce winds;
yet are they turned about with a very small helm. Ja. iii. 2.

FI’ERCELY. adv. [from fierce.] Violently; furiously.
Battle join'd, and both sides fiercely fought. Shak. H. VI.
The defendants, fiercely assailed by their enemies before,
and beaten with the great ordnance behind, were grievously
distressed. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The air, if very cold, irritateth the flame, and maketh it
burn more fiercely, as fire scorcheth in frosty weather, and so
furthereth the consumption. Bacon's Natural History.

FI’ERCENESS. n. s. [from fierce.]
1. Ferocity; savageness.
The same defect of heat which gives a fierceness to our
natures, may contribute to that roughness of our language.
Swift's Letter to the Lord High Treasurer.
2. Eagerness for blood; fury.
Suddenly there came out of a wood a monstrous lion, with
a she-bear not far from him, of little less fierceness. Sidney.
3. Quickness to attack; keenness in anger and resentment.
The Greeks are strong, and skilful to their strength,
Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant. Shakes.
4. Violence; outrageous passion.
His pride and brutal fierceness I abhor;
But scorn your mean suspicions of me more. Dryd. Aureng.

FIERIFA’CIAS. [In law.] A judicial writ, that lies at all
times within the year and day, for him that has recovered in
an action of debt or damages, to the sheriff, to command
him to levy the debt, or the damages of his goods, against
whom the recovery was had. Cowel.

FI’ERINESS. n. s. [from fiery.]
1. Hot qualities; heat; acrimony.
The ashes, by their heat, their fieriness, and their dryness,
belong to the element of earth. Boyle.
2. Heat of temper; intellectual ardour.
The Italians, notwithstanding their natural fieriness of tem­
per, affect always to appear sober and sedate. Addison.

FI’ERY. adj. [from fire.]
1. Consisting of fire.
Scarcely had Phœbus in the gloomy East
Yet harnessed his fiery footed team,
Ne rear'd above the earth his flaming crest,
When the last deadly smoak aloft did steam. Fairy Queen.
I know, thou'dst rather
Follow thine enemy in a fiery gulph
Than flatter him in a bower. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. Hot like fire.
Hath thy fiery heart so parcht thy entrails,
That not a tear can fall for Rutland's death? Shak. H. VI.
3. Vehement; ardent; active.
Then fiery expedition be my wing,
Jove's Mercury, and herald for a king. Shakes. Rich. III.
I drew this gallant head of war,
And cull'd these fiery spirits from the world,
To outlook conquest, and to win renown
Ev'n in the jaws of danger and of death. Shakes. K. John.
4. Passionate; outrageous; easily provoked.
You know the fiery quality of the duke;
How unremoveable, and fixt he is
In his own course. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. Unrestrained; fierce.
Then, as I said, the duke, great Bolingbroke,
Mounted upon a hot and fiery steed,
Which his aspiring rider seem'd to know,
With slow but stately pace kept on his course. Shak. R. II.
Through Elis and the Grecian towns he flew;
Th' audacious wretch four fiery coursers drew. Dryden.
6. Heated by fire.
The sword which is made fiery doth not only cut, by rea­
son of the sharpness which simply it hath, but also burn by
means of that heat which it hath from fire. Hooker, b. v. 54.
See! from the brake the whirring pheasant springs,
And mounts exulting on triumphant wings:
Short is his joy; he feels the fiery wound,
Flutters in blood, and panting beats the ground. Pope.

FIFE. n. s. [fifre, French.] A pipe blown to the drum; mi­
litary wind-musick.
Farewell the plumed troops, and the big war
That make ambition virtue! oh farewell!
Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, th' ear-piercing fife. Shak. Othello.
Thus the gay victim, with fresh garlands crown'd,
Pleas'd with the sacred fife's enlivening sound,
Through gazing crowds in solemn state proceeds. Phillips.

FI’FTEEN. adj. [fyftyne, Saxon.] Five and ten.
I have dreamed and slept above some fifteen years and
more. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

FI’FTEENTH. adj. [fifteotha, Sax.] The ordinal of fifteen;
the fifth after the tenth.
A fifteenth part of silver incorporate with gold, will not be
recovered by any water of separation, except you put a greater
quanty of silver to draw up the less. Bacon's Natural History.
London sends but four burgesses to parliament, although
it bear the fifteenth part of the charge of the whole nation in
all publick taxes and levies. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

FIFTH. adj. [fifta, Saxon.]
1. The ordinal of five; the next to the fourth.
With smiling aspect you serenely move,
In your fifth orb, and rule the realm of love. Dryden.
Just as I wish'd, the lots were cast on four,
Myself the fifth. Pope's Odyssey, b. ix.
2. All the ordinals are taken elliptically for the part which they
express: a fifth, a fifth part; a third, a third part.
The publick shall have lost four fifths of its annual income
for ever. Swift.

FI’FTHLY. adv. [from fifth.] In the fifth place.
Fifthly, living creatures have a more exact figure than
plants. Bacon's Natural History, No. 607.

FI’FTIETH. adj. [fifteogotha, Saxon.] The ordinal of fifty.
If this medium be rarer within the sun's body than at its
surface, and rarer there than at the hundred part of an inch
from its body, and rarer there than at the fiftieth part of an
inch from its body, and rarer there than at the orb of Saturn,
I see no reason why the increase of density should stop any
where. Newton's Opt.

FI’FTY. adj. [fiftig, Saxon.] Five tens.
A wither'd hermit, five score Winters worn,
Might shake off fifty looking in her eye. Shakespeare.
Judas ordained captains over thousands, hundreds, fifties,
and tens. 1 Mac. iii. 55.
The breadth of the ark shall be fifty cubits. Gen. vi. 15.
In the Hebrew there is a particle consisting but of one let­
ter, of which there are reckoned up above fifty several signi­
fications. Locke.

FIG

FIG. n. s. [ficus, Latin; figo, Spanish; figue, French.]
1. A tree that bears figs.
The characters are: the flowers, which are always inclosed
in the middle of the fruit, consist of the leaf, and are male
and female in the same fruit: the male flowers are situated
towards the crown of the fruit; and the female, growing
near the stalk, are succeeded by small hard seeds: the intire
fruit is, for the most part, turbinated and globular, or of an
oval shape, is fleshy, and of a sweet taste. Miller.
Full on its crown a fig's green branches rise,
And shoot a leafy forest to the skies. Pope's Odyssey, b. xii.
Or lead me through the maze,
Embowering endless of the Indian fig. Thomson's Summer.
2. A luscious soft fruit; the fruit of the figtree.
It maketh figs better, if a figtree, when it beginneth to
put forth leaves, have his top cut off. Bacon's Nat. History.
Figs are great subduers of acrimony. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To FIG. v. a. [See FICO.]
1. To insult with fico's or contemptuous motions of the fingers.
When Pistol lies, do this, and fig me like
The bragging Spaniard. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
2. To put something useless into one's head. Low cant.
Away to the sow she goes, and figs her in the crown with
another story. L'Estrange.

FI’GAPPLE. n. s. A fruit.
A figapple hath no core or kernel, in these resembling a fig,
and differing from other apples. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FI’GMARIGOLD. n. s. A plant. It is succulent, and has the ap­
pearance of houseleek: the leaves grow opposite by pairs. Mill.

To FIGHT. v. n. preter. fought; part. pass. fought. [feohtan, Saxon.]
1. To contend in battle; to war; to make war; to battle; to
contend in arms. It is used both of armies and single com­
batants.
King Henry, be thy title right or wrong,
Lord Clifford vows to fight in thy defence. Shak. Hen. VI.
Fierce fiery warriors fight upon the clouds
In ranks and squadrons, and right form of war. Shakesp.
The common question is, if we must now surrender Spain,


what have we been fighting for all this while? The answer is
ready: we have been fighting for the ruin of the publick in­
terest, and the advancement of a private. Swift.
For her confederate nations fought, and kings were slain,
Troy was o'erthrown, and a whole empire fell. Phillips.
2. To combat; to duel; to contend in single fight.
One shall undertake to fight against another. 2 Esdr. xiii.
The poor wren,
The most diminutive of birds, will fight,
The young ones in her nest, against the owl. Shakes. Macb.
3. To act as a soldier in any case.
Richard, that robb'd the lion of his heart,
And fought the holy wars in Palestine,
By this brave duke came early to his grave. Shak. K. John.
Greatly unfortunate, he fights the cause
Of honour, virtue, liberty and Rome. Addison's Cato.
4. It has with before the person opposed.
5. To contend.
The hot and cold, the dry and humid fight. Sandys.

To FIGHT. v. a. To war against; to combat against.
Himself alone, an equal match he boasts,
To fight the Phrygian and the Ausonian hosts. Dryd. Æn.

FIGHT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Battle.
2. Combat; duel.
Herilus in single fight I slew,
Whom with three lives Feronia did endue;
And thrice I sent him to the Stygian shore,
'Till the last ebbing soul return'd no more. Dryden's Æn.
3. Something to screen the combatants in ships.

FI’GHTER. n. s. [from fight.] Warriour; duellist.
I will return again into the house, and desire some conduct
of the lady: I am no fighter. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
O, 'tis the coldest youth upon a charge,
The most deliberate fighter! Dryden's All for Love.

FI’GHTING. participial adj. [from fight.]
1. Qualified for war; fit for battle.
An host of fighting men went out to war by bands. 2 Chro.
2. Occupied by war; being the scene of war.
In fighting fields, as far the spear I throw
As flies the arrow from the well-drawn bow. Pope's Odyss.

FI’GMENT. n. s. [figmentum, Latin.] An invention; a fic­
tion; the idea feigned.
Upon the like grounds was raised the figment of Briareus,
who, dwelling in a city called Hecatonchiria, the fancies of
those times assigned him an hundred hands. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The most frightful passages, probably so strange as to be
hardly credible; it carried rather an appearance of figment
and invention, in those that handed down the memory of it,
than of truth and reality. Woodward's Natural History.

FI’GPECKER. n. s. [fig and peck.] A bird.

FI’GULATE. adj. [from figulus, Latin.] Made of potters
clay.

FI’GURABLE. adj. [from figuro, Latin.] Capable of being
brought to certain form, and retained in it. Thus lead is
figurable, but not water.
The differences of impressible and not impressible, figurable
and not figurable, scissible and not scissible, are plebeian no­
tions. Bacon's Natural History.

FIGURABI’LITY. n. s. [from figurable.] The quality of being
capable of a certain and stable form.

FI’GURAL. adj. [from figure.]
1. Represented by delineation.
Incongruities have been committed by geographers in the
figural resemblances of several regions. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. FIGURAL Numbers. Such numbers as do or may represent
some geometrical figure, in relation to which they are always
considered, and are either lineary, superficial, or solid. Harris.

FI’GURATE. adj. [figuratus, Latin.]
1. Of a certain and determinate form.
Plants are all figurate and determinate, which inanimate
bodies are not; for look how far the spirit is able to spread
and continue itself, so far goeth the shape or figure, and then
is determined. Bacon.
2. Resembling any thing of a determinate form: as, figurate
stones retaining the forms of shells in which they were formed
by the deluge.
3. FI'GURATE Counterpoint. [In musick.] That wherein there
is a mixture of discords along with the concords. Harris.
5. FIGURATE Descant. [In musick.] That wherein discords
are concerned, as well, though not so much, as concords;
and may well be termed the ornament or rhetorical part of
musick, in regard that in this are introduced all the varieties
of points, figures, syncopes, diversities of measures, and
whatever else is capable of adorning the composition. Harris.

FIGURA’TION. n. s. [figuratus, Latin.]
1. Determination to a certain form.
Neither doth the wind, as far as it carrieth a voice, with
motion thereof confound any of the delicate and articulate
figurations of the air in variety of words. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. The act of giving a certain form.
If motion be in a certain order, there followeth vivification
and figuration in living creatures perfect. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

FI’GURATIVE. adj. [figuratif-ve, Fr. from figura, Latin.]
1. Representing something else; typical; representative.
This, they will say, was figurative, and served by God's
appointment but for a time, to shadow out the true everlast­
ing glory of a more divine sanctity; where into Christ being
long since entered, it seemeth that all these curious exornations
should rather cease. Hooker, b. v. s. 15.
2. Changed by rhetorical figures from the primitive meaning;
not literal.
How often have we been railed at for understanding words
in a figurative sense, which cannot be literally understood
without overthrowing the plainest evidence of sense and
reason. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
This is a figurative expression, where the words are used in
a different sense from what they signify in their first ordinary
intention. Rogers, Sermon 14.
3. Full of figures; full of rhetorical exornations; full of
changes from the original sense.
Sublime subjects ought to be adorned with the sublimest and
with the most figurative expressions. Dryden's Juvenal, Pref.

FI’GURATIVELY. adj. [from figurative.] By a figure; in a
sense different from that which words originally imply; not
literally.
The custom of the apostle is figuratively to transfer to him­
self, in the first person, what belongs to others. Hammond.
The words are different, but the sense is still the same; for
therein are figuratively intended Uziah and Ezechias. Brown.
Satyr is a kind of poetry in which human vices are repre­
hended, partly dramatically, partly simply; but, for the most
part, figuratively and occultly. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedicat.

FI’GURE. n. s. [figura, Latin.]
1. The form of any thing as terminated by the outline.
Flowers have all exquisite figures, and the flower numbers
are chiefly five and four; as in primroses, briar-roses, single
muskroses, single pinks and gilliflowers, &c. which have five
leaves; lilies, flower-de-luces, borage, buglass, &c. which
have four leaves. Bacon's Natural History.
Men find green clay that is soft as long as it is in the wa­
ter, so that one may print on it all kind of figures, and give it
what shape one pleases. Boyle.
Figures are properly modifications of bodies; for pure space
is not any where terminated, nor can be: whether there be
or be not body in it, it is uniformly continued. Locke.
2. Shape; form; semblance.
He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his age,
doing in the figure of a lamb the feats of a lion. Shakespeare.
3. Person; external form; appearance graceful or inelegant,
mean or grand.
The blue German shall the Tigris drink,
E'er I, forsaking gratitude and truth,
Forget the figure of that godlike youth. Dryden's Virgil.
I was charmed with the gracefulness of his figure and deli­
very, as well as with his discourses. Addison's Spectator.
A good figure, or person, in man or woman, gives credit
at first sight to the choice of either. Clarissa.
4. Distinguished appearance; eminence; remarkable character.
While fortune favour'd, while his arms support
The cause, and rul'd the counsels of the court,
I made some figure there; nor was my name
Obscure, nor I without my share of fame. Dryden's Æn.
The speech, I believe, was not so much designed by the
knight to inform the court, as to give him a figure in my eye,
and keep up his credit in the country. Addison's Spectator.
Not a woman shall be unexplained that makes a figure either
as a maid, a wife, or a widow. Addison's Guardian.
Whether or no they have done well to set you up for
making another kind of figure, time will witness. Addison.
Many princes made very ill figures upon the throne, who
before were the favourites of the people. Addison's Freeholder.
5. A statue; an image; something formed in resemblance of
somewhat else.
The several statues, which seemed at a distance to be made
of the whitest marble, were nothing else but so many figures
in snow. Addison's Freeholder.
6. Representations in painting; persons exhibited in colours.
In the principal figures of a picture the painter is to em­
ploy the sinews of his art; for in them consists the principal
beauty of his work. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
My favourite books and pictures sell;
Kindly throw in a little figure,
And set the price upon the bigger. Prior.
7. Arrangement; disposition; modification.
The figure of a syllogism is the proper disposition of the
middle term with the parts of the question. Watts's Logick.
8. A character denoting a number.
Hearts, tongues, figures, scribes, bards, poets cannot
Think, speak, cast, write, sing, number
His love to Anthony. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
He that seeketh to be eminent amongst able men, hath a


great task; but that is ever good for the publick: but he that
plots to be the only figure among cyphers, is the decay of a
whole age. Bacon's Essays.
As in accounts cyphers and figures pass for real sums, so in
human affairs words pass for things themselves. South's Serm.
9. The horoscope; the diagram of the aspects of the astrolo­
gical houses.
We do not know what's brought to pass under the profes­
sion of fortunetelling: she works by charms, by spells, by
the figure, and dawbry beyond our element. Shakespeare.
He set a figure to discover
If you were fled to Rye or Dover. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
Figure flingers and star-gazers pretend to foretell the for­
tunes of kingdoms, and have no foresight in what concerns
themselves. L'Estrange, Fable 94.
10. [In theology.] Type representative.
Who was the figure of him that is to come. Romans.
11.  [In rhetorick.] Any mode of speaking in which words are
detorted from their literal and primitive sense. In strict ac­
ceptation, the change of a word is a trope, and any affection
of a sentence a figure; but they are generally confounded by
the exactest writers.
Silken terms precise,
Three pil'd hyperboles, spruce affectation,
Figures pedantical, these Summer flies
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation. Shakespeare.
Here is a strange figure invented against the plain and na­
tural sense of the words; for by praying to bestow, must be
understood only praying to pray. Stillingfleet.
They have been taught rhetorick, but yet never taught to
express themselves in the language they are always to use; as
if the names of the figures that embellished the discourse of
those, who understood the art of speaking, were the very art
and skill of speaking well. Locke.
12. [In grammar.] Any deviation from the rules of analogy or
syntax.

To FI’GURE. v. a. [figuro, Latin.]
1. To form into any determinate shape.
Trees and herbs, in the growing forth of their boughs and
branches, are not figured, and keep no order. Bacon.
Accept this goblet, rough with figur'd gold. Dryd. Virgil.
2. To show by a corporeal resemblance: as in picture or sta­
tuary.
Arachne figur'd how Jove did abuse
Europa like a bull, and on his back
Her through the sea did bear; so lively seen,
That it true sea, and true bull ye would ween. Spenser.
Now marks the course of rolling orbs on high,
O'er figur'd worlds now travels with his eye. Pope.
3. To cover or adorn with figures.
I'll give my jewels for a set of beads,
My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,
My gay apparel for an almsman's gown,
My figur'd goblets for a dish of wood. Shakes. Richard II.
4. To diversify; to variegate with adventitious forms or
matter.
But this effusion of such manly drops,
Startle mine eyes, and makes me more amaz'd
Than had I seen the vaulty top of heav'n
Figur'd quite o'er with burning meteors. Shakesp. K. John.
5. To represent by a typical or figurative resemblance.
When sacraments are said to be visible signs of invisible
grace, we thereby conceive how grace is indeed the very end
for which these heavenly mysteries were instituted; and the
matter whereof they consist is such as signifieth, figureth, and
representeth their end. Hooker, b. v.
There is a history in all mens lives,
Figuring the nature of the times deceased. Shakes. Hen. IV.
Marriage rings are not of this stuff:
Oh! why should ought less precious or less tough
Figure our loves? Donne.
The emperor appears as a rising sun, and holds a globe in
his hand to figure out the earth that is enlightened and actuated
by his beams. Addison on ancient Medals.
6. To image in the mind.
None that feels sensibly the decays of age, and his life
wearing off, can figure to himself those imaginary charms in
riches and praise, that men are apt to do in the warmth of
their blood. Temple.
If love, alas! be pain, the pain I bear
No thought can figure, and no tongue declare. Prior.
7. To prefigure; to foreshow.
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun,
In this the heaven figures some event. Shakes. Henry VI.
8. To form figuratively; to use in a sense not literal.
Figured and metaphorical expressions do well to illustrate
more abstruse and unfamiliar ideas, which the mind is not yet
thoroughly accustomed to. Locke.

FIGURE-FLINGER. n. s. [figure and fling.] A pretender to
astrology and prediction.
Quacks, figure-flingers, pettifoggers, and republican plot­
ters cannot well live without it. Collier of Confidence.

FI’GWORT. n. s. [fig and wort.] A plant.
It hath an anomalous flower, consisting of one leaf, gaping
at both sides, and generally globular, cut as it were into two
lips, under the upper one of which are two small leaves. Mill.

FIL

FILA’CEOUS. adj. [from filum, Lat.] Consisting of threads;
composed of threads.
They make cables of the bark of lime-trees: it is the stalk
that maketh the filaceous matter commonly, and sometimes
the down that groweth above. Bacon's Natural History.

FI’LACER. n. s. [filazarius, low Lat. filum.] An officer in the
Common Pleas, so called because he files those writs whereon
he makes process. There are fourteen of them in their several
divisions and counties: they make out all original process, as
well real as personal and mixt. Harris.

FI’LAMENT. n. s. [filament, Fr. filamenta, Latin.] A slender
thread; a body slender and long like a thread.
The effluvium passing out in a smaller thread, and more
enlightened filament, it stirreth not the bodies interposed. Bro.
The lungs of consumptives have been consumed, nothing
remaining but the ambient membrane, and a number of
withered veins and filaments. Harvey on Consumptions.
The ever-rolling orb's impulsive ray
On the next threads and filaments does bear,
Which form the springy texture of the air
And those still strike the next, 'till to the sight
The quick vibration propagates the light. Blackm. Creation.
The dung of horses is nothing but the filaments of the hay,
and as such combustible. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FI’LBERT. n. s. [This is derived by Junius and Skinner from
the long beards or husks, as corrupted from full beard, or full
of beard. It probably had its name, like many other fruits,
from some one that introduced or cultivated it; and is there­
fore corrupted from Filbert or Filibert, the name of him who
brought it hither.] A fine hazel nut with a thin shell.
In August comes fruit of all sorts; as plumbs, pears, apri­
cots, barberries, filberts, muskmelons, monkshoods of all
colours. Bacon, Essay 47.
Thou hast a brain, such as it is indeed!
On what else should thy worm of fancy feed?
Yet in a filbert I have often known
Maggots survive, when all the kernel's gone. Dorset.
There is also another kind, called the filbert of Constan­
tinople; the leaves and fruit of which are bigger than either
of the former: the best are those of a thin shell. Mortimer.

To FILCH. v. a. [A word of uncertain etymology. The
French word filer, from which some derive it, is of very late
production, and therefore cannot be its original.] To steal;
to take by theft; to pilfer; to pillage; to rob; to take by
robbery. It is usually spoken of petty thefts.
He shall find his wealth wonderfully enlarged by keeping
his cattle in inclosures, where they shall always have safe
being, that none are continually filched and stolen. Spenser.
The champion robbeth by night,
And prowleth and filcheth by daie. Tusser's Husbandry.
Who steals my purse, steals trash; 'tis something, nothing;
'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands;
But he that filches from me my good name,
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed. Shakespeare's Othello.
His thefts were too open; his filching was like an unskilful
singer, he kept no time. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
He could discern cities like hives of bees, wherein every
bee did nought else but sting; some like hornets, some like
filching wasps, others as drones. Burton on Melancholy.
What made thee venture to betray,
And filch the lady's heart away. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
The pismire was formerly a husbandman, that secretly
filched away his neighbour's goods. L'Estrange's Fables.
Fain would they filch that little food away,
While unrestrain'd those happy gluttons prey. Dryden.
So speeds the wily fox, alarm'd by fear,
Who lately filch'd the turkey's callow care. Gay's Trivia.

FI’LCHER. n. s. [from filch.] A thief; a petty robber.

FILE. n. s. [file, French; filum, a thread, Latin.]
1. A thread.
But let me resume the file of my relation, which this ob­
ject of books, best agreeable to my course of life, hath a little
interrupted. Wotton.
2. A line on which papers are strung to keep them in order.
All records, wherein there was any memory of the king's
attainder, should be cancelled and taken off the file. Bacon.
The petitions being thus prepared, do you continually set
apart an hour in a day to peruse those, and then rank them
into several files, according to the subject matters. Bacon.
Th' apothecary-train is wholly blind;
From files a random recipe they take,
And many deaths of one prescription make. Dryden.
3. A catalogue; roll; series.
Our present musters grow upon the file
To five and twenty thousand men of choice. Shakes. H. IV.
The valu'd file
Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle. Shak. Macb.


4. A line of soldiers ranged one behind another.
Those goodly eyes,
That o'er the files and musters of the war
Have glow'd like plated Mars, now bend, now turn
Upon a tawny front. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
So saying, on he led his radiant files,
Dazzling the moon. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
5. [feol, Saxon; vijle, Dutch.] An instrument to rub down
prominences.
The rough or coarse-toothed file, if it be large, is called a
rubber, and is to take off the unevenness of your work which
the hammer made in the forging: the bastard-toothed file is to
take out of your work the deep cuts, or file-strokes, the rough
file made: the fine-toothed file is to take out the cuts, or file­
strokes, the bastard file made; and the smooth file is to take
out those cuts, or file-strokes, that the fine file made. Moxon.
Yet they had a file for the mattocks and for the coulters.
1 Sa. xiii. 21. 
The smiths and armourers on palfreys ride,
Files in their hands and hammers at their side,
And nails for loosen'd spears, and thongs for shields provide.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.

FILECU’TTER. s. n. [file and cutter.] A marker of files.
Gad-steel is a tough sort of steel: filecutters use it to make
their chissels, with which they cut their files. Moxon.

To FILE. v. a. [from filum, a thread.]
1. To string upon a thread or wire. Whence to file a bile is to
offer it in its order to the notice of the judge.
From the day his first bill was filed he began to collect
reports. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
2. [from feolan, Saxon.] To cut with a file.
They which would file away most from the largeness of that
offer, do in more sparing terms acknowledge little less.
Hooker, b. v. s. 27.
His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue
filed, and his eye ambitious. Shakes. Love's Labour Lost.
Let men be careful how they attempt to cure a blemish by
filing or cutting off the head of such an overgrown tooth. Ray.
3. [from filan.] To foul; to sully; to pollute. This sense is
retained in Scotland.
For Banquo's issue have I fil'd my mind,
For them the gracious Duncan have I murder'd. Shakesp.
His weeds, divinely fashioned,
All fil'd and mangl'd. Chapman's Iliads, b. xviii.

To FILE. v. n. [from the noun.] To march in a file, not
abreast, but one behind another.
All ran down without order or ceremony, 'till we drew up
in good order, and filed off. Tatler, No. 86.
Did all the grosser atoms at the cell
Of chance file off to form the pond'rous ball,
And undetermin'd into order fall? Blackmore's Creation.

FI’LEMOT. n. s. [corrupted from feueille morte, a dead leaf,
French.] A brown or yellow-brown colour.
The colours you ought to wish for are blue or filemot,
turned up with red. Swift's Direct. to the Footman.

FI’LER. n. s. [from file.] One who files; one who uses the
file in cutting metals.

FI’LIAL. adj. [filial-le, French; filius, Latin.]
1. Pertaining to a son; befitting a son.
My mischievous proceeding may be the glory of his filial
piety, the only reward now left for so great a merit. Sidney.
From imposition of strict laws, to free
Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear
To filial; works of law, to works of faith. Milt. Pa. Lost.
He griev'd, he wept, the sight an image brought
Of his own filial love; a sadly pleasing thought. Dryden.
2. Bearing the character or relation of a son.
And thus the filial godhead answ'ring spoke. Milt. P. L.
Where the old myrtle her good influence sheds,
Sprigs of like leaf erect their filial heads;
And when the parent rose decays and dies,
With a resembling face the daughter buds arise. Prior.

FILIA’TION. n. s. [from filius, Latin.] The relation of a son
to a father; correlative to paternity.
The relation of paternity and filiation, between the first and
second person, and the relation between the sacred persons of
the Trinity, and the denomination thereof, must needs be
eternal, because the terms of relation between whom that
relation ariseth were eternal. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

FI’LINGS. n. s. [without a singular; from file.] Fragments
rubbed off by the action of the file.
The filings of iron infused in vinegar, will, with a decoc­
tion of galls, make good ink, without any copperose at all.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.
The chippings and filings of those jewels are of more value
than the whole mass of ordinary authors. Felton on the Class.

To FILL. v. n. [fyllan, Saxon.]
1. To store 'till no more can be admitted.
Fill thine horn with oil. 1 Sa. xvi. 1. 
Fill the waterpots with water, and they filled them up to the
brim. Jo. ii. 7.
The earth is filled with violence through them. Gen. vi. 13.
2. To store abundantly.
Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas. Gen.
3. To satisfy; to content.
Nothing but the supreme and absolute Infinite can ade­
quately fill and super-abundantly satisfy the infinite desires of
intelligent beings. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
4. To glut; to surfeit.
Thou art going to lord Timon's feast.
—Ay, to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools. Shakes.
5. To FILL out. To pour out liquor for drink.
6. To FILL out. To extend by something contained.
I only speak of him
Whom pomp and greatness sits so loose about,
That he wants majesty to fill them out. Dryden.
7. To FILL up. [Up is often used without much addition to the
force of the verb.] To make full.
Hope leads from goal to goal,
And opens still, and opens on his soul;
'Till lengthen'd on to faith, and unconfin'd,
It pours the bliss that fills up all the mind. Pope's Ess. on Man.
8. To FILL up. To supply.
When the several trades and professions are supplied, you
will find most of those that are proper for war absolutely ne­
cessary for filling up the laborious part of life, and carrying on
the underwork of the nation. Addison on the War.
9. To FILL up. To occupy by bulk.
There would not be altogether so much water required for
the land as for the sea, to raise them to an equal height; be­
cause mountains and hills would fill up part of that space upon
the land, and so make less water requisite. Burnet.
10. To FILL up. To engage; to employ.
Is it far you ride?
—As far, my lord, as will fill up the time
'Twixt this and supper. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To FILL. v. n.
1. To give to drink.
In the cup which she hath filled, fill to her double. Rev. xviii.
We fill to th' general joy of the whole table,
And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss. Shak. Mac.
2. To grow full.
3. To glut; to satiate.
Things that are sweet and fat are more filling, and do swim
and hang more about the mouth of the stomach, and go not
down so speedily. Bacon's Natural History.
4. To FILL up. To grow full.
Neither the Palus Meotis nor the Euxine, nor any other
seas, fill up, or by degrees grow shallower. Woodward.
The first stage of healing, or the discharge of matter, is
by surgeons called digestion; the second, or the filling up with
flesh, incarnation; and the last, or skining over, cicatri­
zation. Sharp's Surgery.

FILL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. As much as may produce complete satisfaction.
Her neck and breasts were ever open bare,
That aye thereof her babes might suck their fill. Fairy Qu.
But thus inflam'd bespoke the captain,
Who scorneth peace shall have his fill of war. Fairfax, b. ii.
When ye were thirsty, did I not cleave the rock, and wa­
ters flowed out to your fill? 2 Esd. i. 20.
Mean while enjoy
Your fill, what happiness this happy state
Can comprehend, incapable of more. Milton's Par. Lost.
Amid' the tree now got, where plenty hung
Tempting so nigh, to pluck and eat my fill
I spar'd not. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Which made me gently first remove your fears,
That so you might have room to entertain
Your fill of joy. Denham's Sophy.
Your barbarity, which I have heard so long exclaimed
against in town and country, may have its fill of destruc­
tion. Pope.
2. [More properly thill.] The place between the shafts of a
carriage.
This mule being put in the fill of a cart, run away with
the cart and timber. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FI’LLER. n. s. [from fill.]
1. Any thing that fills up room without use.
'Tis a meer filler, to stop a vacancy in the hexameter, and
connect the preface to the work of Virgil. Dryd. Æn. Dedic.
A mixture of tender gentle thoughts and suitable expres­
sions, of forced and inextricable conceits, and of needless
fillers up to the rest. Pope.
2. One whose employment is to fill vessels of carriage.
They commonly have three, four, five or six hewers or
diggers to four fillers, being proportioned so as to keep the
fillers always at work. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FI’LLET. n. s. [filet, French; filum, Latin.]
1. A band tied round the head or other part.
His baleful breath inspiring, as he glides,
Now like a chain around her neck he rides;


Now like a fillet to her head repairs,
And with his circling volumes folds her hairs. Dryd. Æn.
She scorn'd the praise of beauty, and the care;
A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair. Pope's Winds. For.
2. The fleshy part of the thigh: applied commonly to veal.
The youth approach'd the fire, and as it burn'd,
On five sharp broachers rank'd, the roast they turn'd:
These morsels stay'd their stomachs; then the rest
They cut in legs and fillets for the feast. Dryden's Iliad.
3. Meat rolled together, and tied round.
Fillet of a fenny snake,
In the cauldron boil and bake. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The mixture thus, by chymick art
United close in every part,
In fillets roll'd, or cut in pieces,
Appear'd like one continu'd species. Swift.
4. [In architecture.] A little member which appears in the or­
naments and mouldings, and is otherwise called listel. Harris.

To FI’LLET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bind with a bandage or fillet.
2. To adorn with an astragal.
He made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid their chapiters
and filletted them. Ex. xxxviii. 28.

To FI’LLIP. v. a. [A word, says Skinner, formed from the
sound. This resemblance I am not able to discover, and there­
fore am inclined to imagine it corrupted from fill up, by some
combination of ideas which cannot be recovered.] To strike
with the nail of the finger by a sudden spring or motion.
If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle. Shak. Hen. IV.
Then let the pebbles on the hungry beach
Fillip the stars: then let the mutinous winds
Strike the proud cedars 'gainst the fiery sun. Shakes. Coriol.
We see, that if you fillip a lutestring, it sheweth double or
treble. Bacon's Natural History, No. 183.

FI’LLIP. n. s. [from the verb.] A jerk of the finger let go
from the thumb.

FI’LLY. n. s. [filoy, Welsh; fille, French.]
1. A young horse or mare.
Geld fillies, but tits, yer a nine days of age,
They die else of gelding, or gelders do rage:
Young fillies so likely of bulk and of bone,
Keep such to be breeders, let gelding alone. Tuss. Husband.
A well-wayed horse will convey thee to thy journey's end,
when an unbacked filly may give thee a fall. Suckling.
2. A young mare, opposed to a colt or young horse.
I jest to Oberon, and make him smile,
When I a fat and bean-fed horse beguile,
Neighing in likeness of a filly foal. Shakespeare.
I am joined in wedlock, for my sins, to one of those fillies
who are described in the old poet. Addison's Spectator.

FILM. n. s. [fylmeHa, Saxon.] A thin pellicle or skin.
While the silver needle did work upon the sight of his eye,
to remove the film of the cataract, he never saw any thing
more clear or perfect than that white needle. Bacon's N. Hist.
Michael from Adam's eyes the film remov'd,
Which that false fruit that promis'd clearer sight
Had bred. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii. l. 412.
A stone is held up by the films of the bladder, and so kept
from grating or offending it. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
There is not one infidel so ridiculous as to pretend to solve
the phænomena of sight, fancy, or cogitation, by those fleet­
ing superficial films of bodies. Bentley's Sermons.
He from thick films shall purge the visual ray,
And on the sightless eyeballs pour the day. Pope's Messiah.

To FILM. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with a pellicle or
thin skin.
It will but skin and film the ulcerous place,
Whilst rank corruption, mining all within,
Infects unseen. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

FI’LMY. adj. [from film.] Composed of thin membranes or
pellicles.
So the false spider, when her nets are spread,
Deep ambush'd in her silent den does lie;
And feels, far off, the trembling of her thread,
Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly. Dryden.
They with fruitless toil
Flap filmy pinions oft, to extricate
Their feet in liquid shackles bound, 'till death
Bereave them of their worthless souls; such doom
Waits luxury, and lawless love of gain. Phillips.
Loose to the winds their airy garments flew,
Thin glitt'ring textures of the filmy dew;
Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies,
Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes. Pope.

To FI’LTER. v. a. [filtro, low Latin; per filum trahere.]
1. To defecate by drawing off liquor by depending threads.
2. To strain; to percolate.
Dilute this liquor with fair water, filtre it through a paper,
and so evaporate it. Grew's Musæum.

FI’LTER. n. s. [filtrum, Latin.]
1. A twist of thread, of which one end is dipped in the liquor
to be desecated, and the other hangs below the bottom of the
vessel, so that the liquor drips from it. See NEW DISPEN­
SATORY.
2. A strainer; a searce.
That the water, passing through the veins of the earth,
should be rendered fresh and potable, which it cannot be by
any percolations we can make, but the saline particles will
pass through a tenfold filter. Ray on the Creation.

FILFTH. n. s. [filth, Saxon.]
1. Dirt; nastiness; any thing that soils or fouls.
When we in our viciousness grow hard,
The wise gods seal our eyes;
In our own filth drop our clear judgments. Shakespeare.
Wisdom and goodness to the vile seem vile;
Filths savour but themselves. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Neither may you trust waters that taste sweet; for they are
commonly found in rising grounds of great cities, which must
needs take in a great deal of filth. Bacon's Natural History.
How perfect then is man? From head to foot
Defil'd with filth, and rotten at the root. Sandys.
Though perhaps among the rout
He wildly flings his filth about;
He still has gratitude and sap'ence,
To spare the folks that give him ha'pence. Swift.
2. Corruption; grossness; pollution.
Such do likewise exceedingly dispose us to piety and reli­
gion, by purifying our souls from the dross and filth of sensual
delights. Tillotson's Sermons.

FI’LTHILY. adv. [from filthy.] Nastily; foully; grossly.
It stuck filthily in the camel's stomach that bulls, bears, and
the like, should be armed, and that a creature of his size
should be left defenceless. L'Estrange, Fable 78.

FI’LTHINESS. n. s. [from filthy.]
1. Nastiness; foulness; dirtiness.
Men of virtue suppressed it, lest their shining should disco­
ver the others filthiness. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Corruption; pollution.
They held this land, and with their filthiness
Polluted this same gentle soil long time,
That their own mother loath'd their beastliness,
And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime,
All were they born of her own native slime. Fairy Queen.
They never duly improved the utmost of such a power,
but gave themselves up to all the filthiness and licentiousness of
life imaginable. South's Sermons.

FI’LTHY. adj. [from filth.]
1. Nasty; foul; dirty.
Fair is foul, and foul is fair;
Hover through the fog and filthy air. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Gross; polluted.
As all stories are not proper subjects for an epick poem or
a tragedy, so neither are they for a noble picture: the subjects
both of the one and of the other, ought to have nothing of
immoral, low, or filthy in them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To FI’LTRATE. v. a. [from filter.] To strain; to perco­
late; to filter.
The extract obtained by the former operation, burnt to
ashes, and those ashes boiled in water and filtrated, yield a
fiery salt. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FI’LTRATION. n. s. [from filtrate.] A method by which
liquors are procured fine and clear. The filtration in use is
straining a liquor through paper, which, by the smallness of
its pores, admits only the finer parts through, and keeps the
rest behind. Quincy.
We took then common nitre, and having, by the usual way
of solution, filtration, and coagulation, reduced it into cry­
stals, we put four ounces of this purified nitre into a strong
new crucible. Boyle.

FI’MBLE Hemp. n. s.
The season of pulling of it is first about Lambas, when
good part of it will be ripe; that is, the light Summer hemp,
that bears no seed, which is called fimble hemp. Mortim. Husb.
Good flax and good hemp, for to have of her own,
In May a good housewife will see it be sown;
And afterwards trim it, to serve at a need,
The fimble to spin, and the carle for her seed. Tuss. Husb.

FIN

FIN. n. s. [fin, Saxon; vin, Dutch.] The wing of a fish;
the limb by which he balances his body, and moves in the
water.
He that depends
Upon your favours, swims with fins of lead,
And hews down oaks with rushes. Shakespeare's Othello.
Their fins consist of a number of gristly bones, long and
slender, like pins and needles. More's Antid. against Atheism.
Thus at half-ebb a rowling sea
Returns, and wins upon the shore;
The watry herd, affrighted at the roar,
Rest on their fins awhile, and stay,
Then backward take their wond'ring way. Dryden.
Still at his oar th' industrious Libys plies;
But as he plies, each busy arm shrinks in,
And by degrees is fashion'd to a fin. Addis. Ovid's Metam.



FIN-FOO’TED. adj. [fin and foot.] Palmipedous; having feet
with membranes between the toes.
It is described like fissipedes, or birds which have their feet
or claws divided; whereas it is palmipedous or fin-footed, like
swans and geese, according to the method of nature in lati­
rostrous or flat-billed birds; which being generally swimmers,
the organ is wisely contrived unto the action, and they are
framed with fins or oars upon their feet. Brown's Vulg. Err.

FI’NABLE. adj. [from fine.] That admits a fine.
This is the order for writs of covenant that be finable. Bac.
He sent letters to the council, wherein he acknowledged
himself favoured in bringing his cause finable. Hayward.

FI’NAL. adj. [final, French; finalis, Latin.]
1. Ultimate; last.
And over them triumphant death his dart
Shook; but delay'd to strike, though oft invok'd
With vows, as their chief good, and final hope. Milt. P. L.
2. Conclusive; decisive.
There be many examples where sea-fights have been final
to the war. Bacon, Essay 30.
Henry spent his reign in establishing himself, and had
neither leisure nor opportunity to undertake the final conquest
of Ireland. Davies on Ireland.
3. Mortal; destructive.
At last resolv'd to work his final smart,
He lifted up his hand, but back again did start. Fai. Queen.
4. Respecting the end or motive.
Some things in such sort are allowed, that they be also re­
quired as necessary unto salvation, by way of direct, imme­
diate, and proper necessity final; so that, without performance
of them, they cannot by ordinary course be saved, nor by any
means be excluded from life, observing them. Hooker, b. ii.
By its gravity fire raises the water in pumps, siphons, and
other engines; and performs all those feats which former phi­
losophers, through ignorance of the efficient cause, attributed
to a final, namely, nature's abhorrence of a vacuity. Ray.
Your answering in the final cause, makes me believe you
are at a loss for the efficient. Collier on Thought.

FI’NALLY. adv. [from final.]
1. Ultimately; lastly; in conclusion.
Sight bereav'd
May chance to number thee with those
Whom patience finally must crown. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Completely; without recovery.
Their houses were many times in danger of ruin; yet was
there not any house of noble English in Ireland utterly de­
stroyed, or finally rooted out by the hand of justice, but the
house of Desmond only. Davies on Ireland.
Doubtlessly many men are finally lost, who yet have no
mens sins to answer for but their own. South's Sermons.

FI’NANCE. n. s. [French.] Revenue; income; profit. It
is seldom used in the singular.
This sort of finance hath been increased by this new device.
Bacon's Off. of Alienation.
The residue of these ordinary finances be casual or uncer­
tain; as be the escheats and forfeitures. Bacon.
His pretence for making war upon his neighbours was their
pyracies, though he practised the same trade when he was
straitened in his finances at the siege of Byzantium. Arbuthnot.

FI’NANCIER. n. s. [French.] One who collects or farms
the publick revenue.

FI’NARY. n. s. [from To fine.] In the iron works, the second
forge at the iron mills. Dict.

FINCH. n. s. [finc, Saxon.] A small bird of which we have
three kinds, the goldfinch, chaffinch, and bulfinch.

To FIND. v. a. [findan, Saxon; vinden, Dutch.]
1. To obtain by searching or seeking.
Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find.
Matt. vii. 7.
Whereas thou hast searched all my stuff, what hast thou
found of all thy houshold stuff? Gen. xxxi. 37.
A bird that flies about,
And beats itself against the cage,
Finding at last no passage out,
It sits and sings. Cowley.
2. To obtain something lost.
When he hath found his sheep, he layeth it on his shoul­
ders rejoicing. Luke xv. 5.
In my school days, when I had lost one shaft,
I shot his fellow of the self-same flight
The self-same way, with more advised watch,
To find the other forth; by vent'ring both,
I oft found both. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
3. To meet with; to fall upon.
There watchful at the gate they find
Suspicion with her eyes behind. Dodsley's Miscell.
In woods and forests thou art found. Cowley.
The bad must miss, the good unsought shall find. Pope.
4. To know by experience.
How oft will he
Of thy chang'd faith complain!
And his fortunes find to be
So airy and so vain!
Cowley.
The torrid zone is now sound habitable. Cowley.
5. To discover by study.
Physicians
With sharpen'd sight some remedies may find. Dryden.
Thy maid! ah, find some nobler theme,
Whereon thy doubts to place. Cowley.
6. To discover what is hidden.
A curse on him who found the oar. Cowley.
7. To hit on by chance; to perceive by accident.
They build on sands, which if unmov'd they find,
'Tis but because there was no wind. Cowley.
8. To gain by any mental endeavour.
If we for happiness could leisure find,
And wand'ring time into a method bind,
We should not then the great mens favour need. Cowley.
We oft review, each finding like a friend
Something to blame, and something to commend. Pope.
9. To remark; to observe.
Beauty or wit in all I find. Cowley.
10. To detect; to deprehend; to catch.
When first found in a lie, talk to him of it as a strange
monstrous matter, and so shame him out of it. Locke.
11.  To reach; to attain.
They are glad when they can find the grave. Job. iii. 22.
He did the utmost bounds of knowledge find,
Yet found them not so large as was his mind. Cowley.
12. To meet.
A clear conscience and heroick mind,
In ills their business and their glory find. Cowley.
13. To settle; to fix any thing in one's own opinion.
Some men
The marks of old and catholick would find. Cowley.
14. To determine by judicial verdict.
His peers, upon this evidence,
Have found him guilty of high treason. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
15. To supply; to furnish: as, he finds me in money and in
victuals.
16. [In law.] To approve: as, to find a bill.
17. To FIND himself. To be; to fare with regard to ease or
pain, health or sickness.
Pray, sir, how d'ye find yourself? says the doctor. L'Estr.
18. To FIND out. To unriddle; to solve.
The finding out of parables is a wearisome labour of the
mind. Ecclus. xiii. 26.
19. To FIND out. To discover something hidden.
Can'st thou by searching find out God? Can'st thou find out
the Almighty unto perfection? Job ii. 7.
There are agents in nature able to make the particles of
bodies stick together by very strong attractions, and it is the
business of experimental philosophy to find them out. Newton.
What hinders then, but that thou find her out,
And hurry her away by manly force? Addison's Cato.
20. To FIND out. To obtain the knowledge of.
The principal part of painting is to find out and thoroughly
to understand what nature has made most beautiful. Dryden.
21.  To FIND out. To invent; to excogitate.
A man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold, and to find out
every device which shall be put to him. 2 Chron. ii. 14.
22. The particle out is added often without any other use than
that it adds some force or emphasis to the verb.
While she proudly march'd about,
Greater conquests to find out,
She beat out Susan by the by. Cowley.
It is agreeable to compare the face of a great man with the
character, and to try if we can find out in his looks and fea­
tures either the haughty, cruel, or merciful temper. Addison.
He was afraid of being insulted with Greek; for which rea­
son he desired a friend to find him out a clergyman rather of
plain sense than much learning. Addison's Spectator.

FI’NDER. n. s. [from find.]
1. One that meets or falls upon any thing.
We will bring the device to the bar, and crown thee for a
finder of mad men. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
2. One that picks up any thing lost.
Some lewd squeaking cryer,
Well pleas'd with one lean thread-bare groat for hire,
May like a devil roar through every street,
And gall the finder's conscience, if they meet. Donne.
O yes! if any happy eye
This roving wanton shall descry,
Let the finder surely know
Mine is the wag; 'tis I that owe
The winged wand'rer. Crashaw.

FINDFA’ULT. n. s. [find and fault.] A censurer; a caviller.
We are the makers of manners, Kate; and the liberty that
follows our places, stops the mouth of all findfaults. Shakesp.

FI’NDY. adj. [gyndig, Saxon.] Plump; weighty; firm;
solid. Thus the proverb,
A cold May and a windy,
Makes the barn fat and findy.
means that it stores the barn with plump and firm grain. Jun.



FINE. adj. [finne, French; fijn, Dutch and Erse, perhaps from
finitus, completed, Latin.]
1. Not coarse.
Not any skill'd in loops of fingering fine,
With this so curious net-work might compare. Spenser.
He was arrayed in purple and fine linen. Luke.
2. Refined; pure; free from dross.
Two vessels of fine copper, precious as gold. Ezra viii. 27.
3. Subtle; thin; tenuous: as, the fine spirits evaporate.
4. Refined; subtilely excogitated.
In substance he promised himself money, honour, friends,
and peace in the end; but those things were too fine to be for­
tunate, and succeed in all parts. Bacon.
Whether the scheme has not been pursued so far as to draw
it into practice, or whether it be too fine to be capable of
it, I will not determine. Temple.
5. Keen; thin; smoothly sharp.
Great affairs are commonly too rough and stubborn to be
wrought upon by the finer edges or points of wit. Bacon.
6. Clear; pellucid; transparent: as, the wine is fine.
7. Nice; exquisite; delicate.
Are they not senseless then, that think the soul
Nought but a fine perfection of the sense. Davies.
The irons of planes are set fine or rank: they are set fine,
when they stand so shallow below the sole of the plane, that
in working they take off a thin shaving. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
8. Artful; dexterous.
The wisdom of all these latter times, in princes affairs, is
rather fine deliveries, and shiftings of dangers and mischiefs,
than solid and grounded courses to keep them aloof. Bacon.
9. Fraudulent; sly; knavishly subtle.
Through his fine handling, and his cleanly play,
He all those royal signs had stol'n away. Hubberd's Tale.
10. Elegant; with elevation.
To call the trumpet by the name of the metal was fine. Dry.
11.  Applied to person, it means beautiful with dignity.
12. Accomplished; elegant of manners.
He was not only the finest gentleman of his time, but one
of the finest scholars. Felton on the Classicks.
13. Showy; splendid.
It is with a fine genius as with a fine fashion; all those are
displeased at it who are not able to follow it. Pope.
The satirical part of mankind will needs believe, that it is
not impossible to be very fine and very filthy. Swift.
14. [Ironically.] Something that will serve the purpose; some­
thing worth contemptuous notice.
That same knave, Ford, her husband, hath the finest mad
devil of jealousy in him, master Brook, that ever governed
frenzy. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
They taught us, indeed, to cloath, to dwell in houses,
To feast, to sleep on down, to be profuse:
A fine exchange for liberty. Phillips's Briton.

FINE. n. s. [ffin, Cimbr.]
1. A mulct; a pecuniary punishment.
The killing of an Irishman was not punished by our law,
as manslaughter, which is felony and capital; but by a fine or
pecuniary punishment, called an ericke. Davies on Ireland.
2. Penalty.
Ev'n this ill night your breathing shall expire,
Paying the fine of rated treachery. Shakesp. King John.
3. Forfeit; money paid for any exemption or liberty.
The spirit of wantonness is sure scared out of him: if the
devil have him not in fee-simple, with fine and recovery, he
will never, I think, in the way of waste, attempt us again.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Beside fines set upon plays, games, balls and feasting, they
have many customs which contribute to their simplicity. Addis.
How vain that second life in others breath,
Th' estate which wits inherit after death!
Ease, health, and life for this they must resign,
Unsure the tenure, but how vast the fine! Pope.
4. [From finis, Latin; fin, enfin, French.] The end; conclu­
sion. It is seldom used but adverbially, in fine.
In fine, whatsoever he was, he was nothing but what it
pleased Zelmane, the powers of his spirit depending of her. Sid.
His resolution, in fine, is, that in the church a number of
things are strictly observed, whereof no law of scripture
maketh mention one way or other. Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.
Still the fine's the crown;
Whate'er the course, the end is the renown. Shakespeare.
Your daughter, ere she seems as won,
Desires this ring; appoints him an encounter;
In fine, delivers me to fill the time,
Herself most chastly absent. Shak. All's well that ends well.
The blessings of fortune are the lowest: the next are the
bodily advantages of strength and health; but the superlative
blessings, in fine, are those of the mind. L'Estrange.
In fine, he wears no limbs about him sound,
With sores and sicknesses beleaguer'd round. Dryden's Juv.
In fine, let there be a perfect relation betwixt the parts and
the whole, that they may be entirely of a piece. Dryden.

To FINE. v. a. [from fine, the adjective.]
1. To refine; to purify.
The fining pot is for silver, and the furnace for gold. Prov.
There is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold, where
they fine it. Job xxviii. 1. 
2. To embellish; to decorate. Now not in use.
Hugh Capet also, who usurp'd the crown,
To fine his title with some shews of truth,
Convey'd himself as heir to th' lady Lingare. Shakes. H. V.
3. To make less coarse.
It fines the grass, but makes it short, though thick. Mortim.
4. To make transparent.
It is good also for fuel, not to omit the shavings of it for
the fining of wine. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. [From the substantive.] To punish with pecuniary penalty.
To fine men one third of their fortune, without any crime
committed, seems very hard. Locke.

To FINE. v. n. To pay a fine.
What poet ever fin'd for sheriff? or who
By rhymes and verse did ever lord mayor grow? Oldham.

To FINEDRA’W. v. a. [fine and draw.] To sow up a rent
with so much nicety that it is not perceived.

FINEDRA’WER. n. s. [from finedraw.] One whose business is
to sow up rents.

FINEFI’NGERED. adj. [fine and finger.] Nice; artful; ex­
quisite.
The most finefinger'd workman on the ground,
Arachne, by his means was vanquished. Spenser.

FI’NELY. adv. [from fine.]
1. Beautifully; elegantly; more than justly.
Plutarch says very finely, that a man should not allow him­
self to hate even his enemies; because, says he, if you indulge
this passion on some occasions, it will rise of itself in others.
Addison's Spectator, No. 125.
The walls are painted, and represent the labours of Her­
cules: many of them look very finely, though a great part of
the work has been cracked. Addison on Italy.
2. Keenly; sharply; with a thin edge or point.
Get you black lead, sharpened finely, and put it into quills.
Peacham on Drawing.
3. Not coarsely; not meanly; gaily.
He was alone, save that he had two persons of honour, on
either hand one, finely attired in white. Bacon's New Atlantis.
4. In small parts; subtilly; not grossly.
Saltpetre was but grossly beaten; for it should not be finely
powdered. Boyle.
5. [Ironically.] Wretchedly; in such a manner as to deserve
contemptuous notice.
Let laws be made to obey, and not to be obeyed, and you
will find that kingdom finely governed in a short time. South.
For him she loves:
She nam'd not me; that may be Torrismond,
Whom she has thrice in private seen this day:
Then I am finely caught in my own snare. Dryd. Sp. Fryar.

FI’NENESS. n. s. [from fine.]
1. Elegance; beauty; delicacy.
Every thing was full of a choice fineness, that, if it wanted
any thing in majesty, it supplied with increase in pleasure;
and if at the first it struck not admiration, it ravished with
delight. Sidney.
The softness of her sex, and the fineness of her genius, con­
spire to give her a very distinguishing character. Prior.
2. Show; splendour; gaiety of appearance.
The fineness of cloaths destroys the ease: it often helps men
to pain, but can never rid them of any: the body may lan­
guish under the most splendid cover. Decay of Piety.
3. Subtility; artfulness; ingenuity.
Those, with the fineness of their souls,
By reason guide his execution. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
4. Purity; freedom from dross or base mixtures.
Our works are, indeed, nought else
But the protractive tryals of great Jove,
To find persistive constancy in men;
The fineness of which metal is not found
In fortune's love. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
I am doubtful whether men have sufficiently refined metals;
as whether iron, brass, and tin be refined to the height: but
when they come to such a fineness as serveth the ordinary use,
they try no farther. Bacon's Natural History.
The ancients were careful to coin their money in due
weight and fineness, only in times of exigence they have dimi­
nished both the weight and fineness. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FI’NERY. n. s. [from fine.] Show; splendour of appearance;
gaiety of colours.
Dress up your houses and your images,
And put on all the city's finery,
To consecrate this day a festival. Southern.
The capacities of a lady are sometimes apt to fall short in
cultivating cleanliness and finery together. Swift.
Don't chuse your place of study by the finery of the prospects,
or the most various scenes of sensible things. Watts.



FINE’SSE. n. s. [French.] Artifice; stratagem: an unneces­
sary word which is creeping into the language.
A circumstance not much to be stood upon, in case it were
not upon some finess. Hayward.

FI’NER. n. s. [from fine.] One who purifies metals.
Take away the dross from the silver, and there shall come
forth a vessel for the finer. Prov. xxv. 4.

FI’NGER. n. s. [finger, Saxon, from fangen, to hold.]
1. The flexible member of the hand by which men catch and
hold.
The fingers and thumb in each hand consist of fifteen bones,
there being three to each finger: they are a little convex and
round towards the back of the hand, but hollow and plain
towards the palm, except the last, where the nails are. The
order of their dispositions is called first, second, and third pha­
lanx: the first is longer than the second, and the second longer
than the third. The upper extremity of the first bone on
each finger has a little sinus, which receives the round head of
the bones of the metacarpus. The upper extremity of the
second and third bones of each finger hath two small sinuses,
parted by a small protuberance; and the lower extremity of
the first and second bones of each finger has two protuberances,
divided by a small sinus: the two protuberances are received
into the two sinuses of the upper extremity of the second and
third bones; and the small sinus receives the little protube­
rance of the same end of the fame bones. The first bone of
the thumb is like the bones of the metacarpus, and it is joined
to the wrist and second of the thumb, as they are to the wrist
and first of the fingers. The second bone of the thumb is
like the first bones of the fingers, and it is joined to the first
and third, as they are to the bones of the metacarpus and
second of the fingers. The fingers are moved sideways only
upon their first joint. Besides these there are some small
bones, called ossa sesamoidea, because they resemble sesamum
grains: they are reckoned about twelve in each hand: they
are placed at the joint of the fingers, under the tendons of
the flexors, to which they serve as pullies. Quincy.
You seem to understand me,
By each at once her choppy finger laying
Upon her skinny lips. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Diogenes, who is never said,
For aught that ever I could read,
To whine, put finger i' th' eye and sob,
Because h' had ne'er another tub. Hudibras.
The hand is divided into four fingers bending forward, and
one opposite to them bending backwards, and of greater
strength than any of them singly, which we call the thumb,
to join with them severally or united; whereby it is fitted to
lay hold of objects of any size or quantity. Ray on the Creat.
A hand of a vast extension, and a prodigious number of
fingers playing upon all the organ pipes of the world, and
making every one sound a particular note. Keil against Burnet.
Poor Peg sewed, spun, and knit for a livelihood, 'til her
finger ends were sore. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
2. A small measure of extension.
Go now, go trust the wind's uncertain breath,
Remov'd four fingers from approaching death;
Or seven at most, when thickest is the board. Dryd. Juv.
One of these bows with a little arrow did pierce through a
piece of steel three fingers thick. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
3. The hand; the instrument of work; manufacture; art.
Fool, that forgets her stubborn look
This softness from thy finger took. Waller.

To FI’NGER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To touch lightly; to toy with.
Go, get you gone, and let the papers lie;
You would be fingering them to anger me. Shakespeare.
One that is covetous is not so highly pleased with the meer
sight and fingering of money, as with the thoughts of his
being considered as a wealthy man. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
2. To touch unseasonably or thievishly.
His ambition would needs be fingering the scepter, and
hoisting him into his father's throne. South's Sermons.
3. To touch an instrument of musick.
She hath broke the lute;
I did but tell her she mistook her frets,
And bow'd her hand to teach her fingering. Shakespeare.
4. To perform any work exquisitely with the fingers.
Not any skill'd in loops of fingering fine,
With this so curious net-work might compare. Spenser.

F’INGLEFANGLE. n. s. [from fangle.] A trifle: a burlesque
word.
We agree in nothing but to wrangle,
About the slightest finglefangle. Hudibras, p. iii. cau. 3.

FI’NICAL. adj. [from fine.] Nice; foppish; pretending to
superfluous elegance.
A whorson, glassgazing, superserviceable, finical rogue.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
I cannot hear a finical fop romancing, how the king took
him aside at such a time; what the queen said to him at an­
other. L'Estrange, Fable 34.

FI’NICALLY. adv. [from finical.] Foppishly.

FI’NICALNESS. n. s. [from finical.] Superfluous nicety; fop­
pery.

To FI’NISH. v. a. [finir, French; finio, Latin.]
1. To bring to the end purposed; to complete.
For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not
down first and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to
finish it? Luke xiv. 28.
As he had begun, so he would also finish in you the same
grace. 2 Cor. viii. 6.
A poet uses episodes; but episodes, taken separately, finish
nothing. Notes on the Odyssey.
2. To perfect; to polish to the excellency intended.
Though here you all perfection should not find,
Yet is it all th' Eternal Will design'd;
It is a finish'd work, and perfect in his kind. Blackmore.
I would make what bears your name as finished as my last
work ought to be; that is, more finished than the rest. Pope.
3. To end; to put an end to.

FI’NISHER. n. s. [from finish.]
1. Performer; accomplisher.
He that of greatest works is finisher,
Oft does them by the weakest minister. Shakespeare.
2. One that puts an end; ender.
This was the plain condition of those times; the whole
world against Athanasius, and Athanasius against it: half an
hundred of years spent in doubtful trials which of the two, in
the end, would prevail; the side which had all, or else that
part which had no friend but God and death, the one a de­
fender of his innocency, the other a finisher of all his troubles.
Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
3. One that completes or perfects.
The author and finisher of our faith. Hebrews.
O prophet of glad tidings! finisher
Of utmost hope! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

FI’NITE. adj. [finitus, Latin.] Limited; bounded; termi­
nated.
Servius conceives no more thereby than a finite number for
indefinite. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 12.
Finite of any magnitude holds not any proportion to infi­
nite. Locke.
That supposed infinite duration will, by the very supposi­
tion, be limited at two extremes, though never so remote
asunder, and consequently must needs be finite. Bentley's Serm.

FI’NITELESS. adj. [from finite.] Without bounds; unlimited.
It is ridiculous unto reason, and finiteless as their de­
sires. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

FI’NITELY. adv. [from finite.] Within certain limits; to a
certain degree.
They are creatures still, and that sets them at an infinite
distance from God; whereas all their excellencies can make
them but finitely distant from us. Stillingfleet.

FI’NITENESS. n. s. [from finite.] Limitation; confinement
within certain boundaries.
I ought now to unbay the current of my passion, and love
without other boundary than what is set by the finiteness of
my natural powers. Norris.

FI’NITUDE. n. s. [from finite.] Limitation; confinement
within certain boundaries.
Finitude, applied to natural or created things, imports the
proportions of the several degrees of affections, or properties
of these things to one another; infinitude, the unboundedness
of these degrees of affections, or properties. Gheyne.

FI’NLESS. adj. [from fin.] Without fins.
He angers me
With telling of the moldwarp and the ant,
And of a dragon and a finless fish. Shakesp. Henry IV.

FI’NLIKE. adj. [fin and like.] Formed in imitation of fins.
In shipping such as this, the Irish kern
And untaught Indian, on the stream did glide;
Ere sharp-keel'd boats to stem the flood did learn,
Or finlike oars did spread from either side. Dryd. Ann. Mir.

FI’NNED. adj. [from fin.] Having broad edges spread out on
either side.
They plow up the turf with a broad finned plough. Mortim.

FI’NNY. adj. [from fin.] Furnished with fins; formed for
the element of water.
High o'er the main in wat'ry pomp he rides,
His azure car and finny coursers guides;
Proteus his name. Dryden's Virg. Georg. b. iv.
New herds of beasts he sends the plains to share;
New colonies of birds to people air;
And to their oozy beds the finny fish repair. Dryd. Ovid.
While black with storms the ruffled ocean rolls,
And from the fisher's art defends her finny sholes. Blackmore.
With hairy springes we the birds betray;
Slight lines of hair surprize the finny prey. Pope.

FI’NTOED. adj. [fin and toe.] Palmipedous; having a mem­
brane between the toes.
Such creatures as are whole footed, or fintoed, viz. some
birds and quadrupeds, are naturally directed to go into the
water and swim there. Ray on the Creation.



FI’NOCHIO. n. s. See FENNEL, of which plant it is a
species.

FI’PPLE. n. s. [from fibula, Latin.] A stopper.
You must know, that in recorders, which go with a gentle
breath, the concave of the pipe, were it not for the fipple that
straitneth the air, much more than the simple concave, would
yield no sound. Bacon's Natural History.

FIR

FIR. n. s. [fyrr, Welsh; furH, Saxon; fyr, Danish.] The
tree of which deal-boards are made.
It is ever green: the leaves are single, and for the most part
produced on every side of the branches: the male flowers, or
catkins, are placed at remote distances from the fruit on the
same tree. The seeds are propagated on cones, which are
squamose. See PINE-TREE. Miller.
He covered the floor of the house with planks of fir. 1 Kings.
The 'spiring fir and stately box adorn. Pope.

FIRE. n. s. [fyr, Saxon; fewr, German.]
1. The igneous element.
2. Any thing burning.
A little fire is quickly trodden out,
Which, being suffer'd, rivers cannot quench. Shakes. H. VI.
Where two raging fires meet together,
They do consume the thing that feeds their fury. Shakesp.
So contraries on Etna's top conspire;
Here hoary frosts, and by them breaks out fire. Cowley.
3. A conflagration of towns or countries.
There is another liberality to the citizens, who had suf­
fered damage by a great fire. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Though safe thou think'st thy treasure lies,
Conceal'd in chests from human eyes,
A fire may come, and it may be
Bury'd, my friend, as far from thee. Granville.
4. Flame; light; lustre.
Stars, hide your fires!
Let not night see my black and deep desires! Shakes. Mach.
5. Torture by burning.
Did Shadrach's zeal my glowing breast inspire,
To weary tortures, and rejoice in fire? Prior.
6. The punishment of the damned.
Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire? Who
among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings? Isa. xxxiii.
7. Any thing provoking; any thing that inflames the passions.
What fire is in my ears? Can this be true?
Stand I condemn'd for pride and scorn so much? Shakesp.
8. Ardour of temper; violence of passion.
He had fire in his temper, and a German bluntness; and,
upon provocations, might strain a phrase. Atterbury.
9. Liveliness of imagination; vigour of fancy; intellectual ac­
tivity; force of expression; spirit of sentiment.
Nor can the snow that age does shed
Upon thy rev'rend head,
Quench or allay the noble fire within,
But all that youth can be thou art. Cowley.
They have no notion of life and fire in fancy and in words,
and any thing that is just in grammar and in measure is good
oratory and poetry to them. Felton on the Classicks.
He brings
The reasoner's weapons and the poet's fire. Blackmore.
Exact Racin, and Corneille's noble fire,
Taught us that France had something to admire. Pope.
The bold Longinus all the nine inspire,
And warm the critick with a poet's fire. Pope.
Oh may some spark of your celestial fire,
The last, the meanest of your sons inspire. Pope.
10. The passion of love.
Love various hearts does variously inspire,
It stirs in gentle bosoms gentle fire,
Like that of incense on the altar laid;
But raging flames tempestuous souls invade;
A fire which every windy passion blows,
With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows. Dryden.
The fire of love in youthful blood,
Like what is kindled in brush-wood,
But for a moment burns. Shadwell.
The god of love retires;
Dim are his torches, and extinct his fires. Pope.
New charms shall still increase desire,
And time's swift wing shall fan the fire. Moore's Fables.
11.  Eruptions or imposthumations: as, St. Anthony's fire.
12. To set FIRE on, or set on FIRE. To kindle; to inflame.
Hermosilla courageously set upon the horsemen, and set fire
also upon the stables where the Turks horses stood. Knolles.
He that set a fire on a plane-tree to spite his neighbour, and
the plane-tree set on his neighbour's house, is bound to pay
all the loss, because it did all rise from his own ill intention.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.

FI’REARMS. n. s. [fire and arms.] Arms which owe their
efficacy to fire; guns.
Nor had they ammunition to supply their few firearms:
horses they had, and officers they had, which made all their
shew. Clarendon, b. ii.
Before the use of firearms there was infinitely more scope
for personal valour than in the modern battles. Pope.

FI’REBALL. s. n. [fire and ball.] Grenado; ball filled with
combustibles, and bursting where it is thrown.
Judge of those insolent boasts of conscience, which, like
so many fireballs, or mouth grenadoes, are thrown at our
church. South's Sermons.
The same great man hath sworn to make us swallow his
coin in fireballs. Swift.

FI’REBRUSH. n. s. [fire and brush.] The brush which hangs
by the fire to sweep the hearth.
When you are ordered to stir up the fire, clean away the
ashes from betwixt the bars with the firebrush. Swift.

FI’REDRAKE. n. s. [fire and drake.] A fiery serpent: I sup­
pose the prester.
By the hissing of the snake,
The rustling of the firedrake,
I charge thee thou this place forsake,
Nor of queen Mab be prattling. Drayton's Nymphia.

FI’RENEW. adj. [fire and new.] New from the forge; new
from the melting-house.
Armado is a most illustrious wight,
A man of firenew words, fashion's own knight. Shakesp.
Some excellent jests, firenew from the mint. Shakespeare.
Upon the wedding-day I put myself, according to custom,
in another suit firenew, with silver buttons to it. Addis. Guard.

FI’REPAN. n. s. [fire and pan.] Vessel of metal to carry fire.
His firepans, and all the vessels thereof, thou shalt make of
brass. Ex. xxvii. 3.
Pour of it upon a firepan well heated, as they do rose­
water and vinegar. Bacon's Natural History.

FI’RER. n. s. [from fire.] An incendiary.
Others burned Moussel, and the rest marched as a
guard for defence of these firers. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

FI’RESIDE. n. s. [fire and side.] The hearth; the chimney;
the focus.
My judgment is, that they ought all to be despised, and
ought to serve but for Winter talk by the fireside. Bacon.
By his fireside he starts the hare,
And turns her in his wicker chair:
His feet, however lame, you find,
Have got the better of his mind. Prior.
What art thou asking of them, after all? Only to sit quietly
at thy own fireside. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

FI’RESTICK. n. s. [fire and stick.] A lighted stick or brand.
Children, when they play with firesticks, move and whirle
them round so fast, that the motion will cozen their eyes, and
represent an intire circle of fire to them. Digby on Bodies.

FI’REWORK. n. s. [fire and work.] Shows of fire; pyrotech­
nical performances.
The king would have me present the princess with some
delightful ostentation, or pageant, or antick, or firework. Shak.
We represent also ordnance, and new mixtures of gun­
powder, wildfires burning in water and unquenchable; and
also fireworks of all variety. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The ancients were imperfect in the doctrine of meteors,
by their ignorance of gunpowder and fireworks. Brown.
In fireworks give him leave to vent his spite;
Those are the only serpents he can write. Dryden.
Our companion proposed a subject for a firework, which he
thought would be very amusing. Addison's Guardian.
Their fireworks are made up in paper. Tatler, No. 88.

To FIRE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To set on fire; to kindle.
They spoiled many parts of the city, and fired the houses
of those whom they esteemed not to be their friends; but the
rage of the fire was at first hindered, and then appeased by
the fall of a sudden shower of rain. Hayward.
The breathless body, thus bewail'd, they lay,
And fire the pile. Dryden.
A second Paris, diff'ring but in name,
Shall fire his country with a second flame. Dryden's Æn.
2. To inflame the passions; to animate.
Yet, if desire of fame, and thirst of pow'r,
A beauteous princess, with a crown in dow'r,
So fire your mind, in arms assert your right. Dryden.
3. To drive by fire.
He that parts us, shall bring a brand from heav'n
And fire us hence. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To FIRE. v. n.
1. To take fire; to be kindled.
2. To be inflamed with passion.
3. To discharge any firearms.

FIREBRA’ND. n. s. [fire and brand.]
1. A piece of wood kindled.
I have eased my father-in-law of a firebrand, to set my own
house in a flame. L'Estrange.
2. An incendiary; one who inflames factions; one who causes
mischief.
Troy must not be, nor goodly Ilion stand;
Our firebrand brother, Paris, burns us all. Shakespeare.
He sent Surrey with a competent power against the rebels,
who fought with the principal band of them, and defeated
them, and took alive John Chamber, their firebrand. Bacon.



FI’RECROSS. n. s. [fire and cross.] A token in Scotland for the
nation to take arms: the ends thereof burnt black, and in
some parts smeared with blood. It is carried like lightning
from one place to another. Upon refusal to send it forward,
or to rise, the last person who has it shoots the other dead.
He sent his heralds through all parts of the realm, and com­
manded the firecross to be carried; namely, two firebrands set
in fashion of a cross, and pitched upon the point of a
spear. Haywood.

FI’RELOCK. n. s. [fire and lock.] A soldier's gun; a gun dis­
charged by striking steel with flint.
Prime all your firelocks, fasten well the stake. Gay.

FI’REMAN. n. s. [fire and man.]
1. One who is employed to extinguish burning houses.
The fireman sweats beneath his crooked arms;
A leathern casque his vent'rous head defends,
Boldly he climbs where thickest smoke ascends. Gay.
2. A man of violent passions.
I had last night the fate to drink a bottle with two of these
firemen. Tatler, No. 61. 

FI’REPAN. n. s. [fire and pan.]
1. A pan for holding fire.
2. [In a gun.] The receptacle for the priming powder.

FI’RESHIP. n. s. [fire and ship.] A ship filled with combustible
matter to fire the vessels of the enemy.
Our men bravely quitted themselves of the fireship, by
cutting the spritsail tackle. Wiseman's Surgery.

FI’RESHOVEL. n. s. [fire and shovel.] The instrument with
which the hot coals are thrown up in kitchens.
Nim and Bardolph are sworn brothers in filching; and in
Calais they stole a fireshovel. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Culinary utensils and irons often feel the force of fire; as
tongs, fireshovels, prongs, and irons. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The neighbours are coming out with forks and fireshovels,
and spits, and other domestick weapons. Dryd. Span. Fryar.

FI’RESTONE. n. s. [fire and stone.]
The firestone, or pyrites, is a compound metallick fossil,
composed of vitriol, sulphur, and an unmetallick earth, but
in very different proportions in the several masses. The most
common sort, which is used in medicine, is a greenish shape­
less kind found in our clay-pits, out of which the green vitriol
or copperas is procured. It has its name of pyrites, or fire­
stone, from its giving fire on being struck against a steel much
more freely than a flint will do; and all the sparks burn a
longer time, and grow larger as they fall, the inflammable
matter struck from off the stone burning itself out before the
spark becomes extinguished. Hill's Mat. Med.
Firestone is a kind of stone called also Rygate stone, from
the place whence it is chiefly brought, being very good for
firehearths, ovens, and stoves. Builder's Dict.
Firestone, if broke small, and laid on cold lands, must be
of advantage. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FI’REWOOD. n. s. [fire and wood.] Wood to burn; fewel.

FI’RING. n. s. [from fire.] Fewel.
They burn the cakes, firing being there scarce. Mortimer.

To FIRK. v. a. [from ferio, Latin.] To whip; to beat; to
correct; to chastise.
Besides, it is not only foppish,
But vile, idolatrous and popish,
For one man out of his own skin
To firk and whip another's sin. Hudibras, p. ii. can. 2.

FI’RKIN. n. s. [from feower, Saxon, the fourth part of a vessel.]
1. A vessel containing nine gallons.
Strutt's servants get such a haunt about that shop, that it
will cost us many a firkin of strong beer to bring them back
again. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. A small vessel.
You heard of that wonder of the lightning and thunder,
Which made the lye so much the louder;
Now list to another, that miracle's brother,
Which was done with a firkin of powder. Denham.

FIRM. adj. [firmus, Latin.]
1. Strong; not easily pierced or shaken; hard, opposed to soft.
The flakes of his flesh are joined together: they are firm
in themselves, and they cannot be moved. Job xli. 23.
Love's artillery then checks
The breastworks of the firmest sex. Cleaveland.
There is nothing to be left void in a firm building; even
the cavities ought to be filled with rubbish. Dryden.
That body, whose parts are most firm in themselves, and
are by their peculiar shapes capable of the greatest contacts, is
the most firm; and that which has parts very small, and ca­
pable of the least contact, will be most soft. Woodward.
2. Constant; steady; resolute; fixed; unshaken.
We hold firm to the works of God, and to the sense which
is God's lamp. Bacon's Natural History.
He straight obeys;
And firm believes. Milt. Paradise Lost.
The great encouragement is the assurance of a future re­
ward, the firm persuasion whereof is enough to raise us above
any thing in this world. Tillotson, Sermon 6.
The man that's resolute and just,
Firm to his principles and trust,
Nor hopes nor fears can blind. Walsh.

To FIRM. v. a. [firmo, Latin.]
1. To settle; to confirm; to establish; to fix.
He declared the death of the emperor; which after they
had seen to be true, they by another secret and speedy mes­
senger advertised Solyman again thereof, firming those letters
with all their hands and seals. Knolles's History of the Turks.
'Tis ratify'd above by every god,
And Jove has firm'd it with an awful nod. Dryd. Albion.
The pow'rs, said he,
To you, and your's, and mine, propitious be,
And firm our purpose with their augury. Dryden's Æn.
Oh thou, who free'st me from my doubtful state,
Long lost and wilder's in the maze of fate!
Be present still: oh goddess, in our aid
Proceed, and firm those omens thou hast made. Pope's Stat.
2. To fix without wandering.
He on his card and compass firms his eye,
The masters of his long experiment. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

FI’RMAMENT. n. s. [firmamentum, Latin.] The sky; the
heavens.
Even to the heavens their shouting shrill
Doth reach, and all the firmament doth fill. Spenser.
I am constant as the northern star,
Of whose true, fixt, and resting quality,
There is no fellow in the firmament. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
The Almighty, whose hieroglyphical characters are the
unnumbered stars, sun and moon, written on these large
volumes of the firmament. Raleigh's History of the World.
The firmament expanse of liquid, pure,
Transparent, elemental air, diffus'd
In circuit to the uttermost convex
Of this great round. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
The steeds climb up the first ascent with pain;
And when the middle firmament they gain,
If downward from the heavens my head I bow,
And see the earth and ocean hang below,
Ev'n I am seiz'd with horror. Addison's Ovid's Metamorph.
What an immensurable space is the firmament, wherein a
great number of stars, lesser and lesser, and consequently far­
ther and farther off, are seen with our naked eye, and many
more discovered with our glasses! Derham's Astro-Theology.

FIRMAME’NTAL. adj. [from firmament.] Celestial; of the
upper regions.
An hollow crystal pyramid he takes,
In firmamental waters dipt above. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.

FI’RMLY. adv. [from firm.]
1. Strongly; impenetrably; immoveably.
Thou shalt come of force,
Though thou art firmlier fasten'd than a rock. Milt. Agonist.
How very hard particles, which touch only in a few points,
can stick together so firmly, without something which causes
them to be attracted towards one another, is difficult to con­
ceive. Newton's Opt.
2. Steadily; constantly.
Himself to be the man the sates require;
I firmly judge, and what I judge desire. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
The common people of Lucca are firmly persuaded, that
one Lucquese can beat five Florentines. Addison on Italy.

FI’RMNESS. n. s. [from firm.]
1. Stability; hardness; compactness; solidity.
It would become by degrees of greater consistency and
firmness, so as to resemble an habitable earth. Burnet.
2. Durability.
Both the easiness and firmness of union might be conjec­
tured, for that both people are of the same language. Hayw.
3. Certainty; soundness.
In persons already possessed with notions of religion, the
understanding cannot be brought to change them, but by great
examination of the truth and firmness of the one, and the
flaws and weakness of the other. South's Sermons.
4. Steadiness; constancy; resolution.
That thou should'st my firmness doubt
To God, or thee, because we have a foe
May tempt us, I expected not to hear. Milt. Paradise Lost.
Nor can th' Egyptian patriarch blame my muse,
Which for his firmness does his heat excuse. Roscommon.
This armed Job with firmness and fortitude. Atterbury.

FIRST. adj. [first, Saxon.]
1. The ordinal of one; that which is in order before any
other.
Thy air,
Thou other gold-bound brow, is like the first.
—A third is like the former. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In the six hundreth and first year, in the first month, the
first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the
earth. Gen. viii. 13.
Arms and the man I sing, the first who bore
His course to Latium from the Trojan shore. Æn.
2. Earliest in time.
The first covenant had also ordinances of divine service.
Heb. ix. i.


I find, quoth Mat, reproof is vain!
Who first offend, will first complain. Prior.
3. Highest in dignity.
Three presidents, of whom Daniel was first. Dan.
First with the dogs, and king among the squires. Spect.
4. Great; excellent.
My first son,
Where will you go? Take good Cominius
With thee. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

FIRST. adv.
1. Before any thing else; earliest.
He, not unmindful of his usual art,
First in dissembled fire attempts to part;
Then roaring beasts and running streams he tries. Dryden.
Thy praise, and thine was then the publick voice,
First recommended Guiscard to my choice. Dryden.
Heav'n, sure, has kept this spot of earth uncurst,
To shew how all things were created first. Prior.
2. Before any other consideration.
First, metals are more durable than plants; secondly, they
are more solid and hard; thirdly, they are wholly subterra­
neous; whereas plants are part above earth, and part under the
earth. Bacon's Natural History, No. 603.
3. It has often at before it, and means at the beginning.
At first the silent venom slid with ease,
And seiz'd her cooler senses by degrees. Dryden's Æn.
Excepting fish and insects, there are very few or no crea­
tures that can provide for themselves at first, without the
assistance of parents. Bentley's Sermons.
4. FIRST or last. At one hour or other.
But sure a general doom on man is past,
And all are fools and lovers first or last. Dryden.

FIRST-BEGOT. n. s. [from first and begot.] The eldest
of children.

FIRST-BEGOTTEN. n. s. [from first and begot.] The eldest
of children.
His first-begot, we know; and sore have felt,
When his fierce thunder drove us to the deep. Parad. Reg.

FIRST-BORN. n. s. [first and born.] Eldest; the first by the
order of nativity.
Last, with one midnight stroke, all the first-born
Of Egypt must lie dead. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Hail, holy light, offspring of heav'n first-born! Milton.
The first-born has not a sole or peculiar right, by any law
of God and nature; the younger children having an equal
title with him. Locke.

FIRST-FRUITS. n. s. [first and fruits.]
1. What the season first produces or matures of any kind.
A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
First-fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf. Milt. P. L.
The blooming hopes of my then very young patron have
been confirmed by most noble first-fruits, and his life is going
on towards a plentiful harvest of all accumulated virtues. Prior.
2. The first profits of any thing.
Although the king loved to employ and advance bishops,
because, having rich bishopricks, they carried their reward upon
themselves; yet he did use to raise them by steps, that he
might not lose the profit of the first-fruits, which by that
course of gradation was multiplied. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. The earliest effect of any thing.
See, Father, what first-fruits on earth are sprung,
From thy implanted grace in man! Milton's Parad. Lost.

FI’RSTLING. adj. [from first.] That which is first produced
or brought forth.
All the firstling males that come of thy herd, and of thy
flock, thou shalt sanctify unto the Lord thy God. Deutr. xv.

FI’RSTLING. n. s. [from first.]
1. The first produce or offspring.
A shepherd next,
More meek, came with the firstlings of his flock,
Choicest and best. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The tender firstlings of my woolly breed,
Shall on his holy altar often bleed. Dryden's Virg. Past.
The firstlings of the flock are doom'd to die;
Rich fragrant wines the cheering bowl supply. Pope's Odyss.
2. The thing first thought or done.
Our play
Leaps o'er the vaunt and firstlings of these broils,
'Ginning i' th' middle. Shakes. Troil. and Cress. Prologue.
The flighty purpose works o'erlook,
Unless the deed go with it: from this moment,
The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FIS

FI’SCAL. n. s. [from fiscus, a treasury, Latin.] Exchequer;
revenue.
War, as it is entertained by diet, so can it not be long
maintained by the ordinary fiscal and receipt. Bacon.

FISH. n. s. [fisc, Saxon; visch, Dutch.] An animal that
inhabits the water.
The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowls,
Are their males subjects. Shakes. Comedy of Errours.
I fight when I cannot chuse, and I eat no fish. Sh. K. Lear.
And now the fish ignoble fates escape,
Since Venus ow'd her safety to their shape. Creech.
There are fishes, that have wings, that are not strangers to
the airy region; and there are some birds that are inhabitants
of the water, whose blood is cold as fishes; and their flesh is
so like in taste, that the scrupulous are allowed them on fish­
days. Locke.

To FISH. v. n.
1. To be employed in catching fishes.
2. To endeavour at any thing by artifice.
While others fish, with craft, for great opinion,
I, with great truth, catch meer simplicity. Shakespeare.

To FISH. v. a. To search water in quest of fish, or any thing
else.
Some have fished the very jakes for papers left there by men
of wit. Swift.
Oft, as he fish'd her nether realms for wit,
The goddess favour'd him, and favours yet. Pope's Dunciad.

FISH-HOOK. n. s. [fish and hook.] A hook baited, with which
fish are caught.
A sharp point, bended upward and backward, like a fish­
hook. Grew's Musæum.

FISH-POND. n. s. [fish and pond.] A small pool for fish.
Fish-ponds are no small improvement of watry boggy
lands. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Fish-ponds were made where former forests grew,
And hills were levell'd to extend the view. Prior.
After what I have said of the great value the Romans put
upon fishes, it will not appear incredible that C. Hirrius should
sell his fish-ponds for quadragies H. S. 32,291 l. 13 s. 4 d.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

FI’SHER. n. s. [from fish.] One who is employed in catching
fish.
In our sight the three were taken up
By fishermen of Corinth, as we thought:
At length another had seiz'd on us,
And would have rest the fishers of their prey,
Had not they been very slow of sail. Shakes. Comedy of Err.
We know that town is but with fishers fraught,
Where Theseus govern'd and where Plato taught. Sandys.
Lest he should suspect it, draw it from him,
As fishers do the bait, to make him follow it. Denham.
A soldier now he with his coat appears;
A fisher now, his trembling angle bears;
Each shape he varies. Pope.

FI’SHERBOAT. n. s. [fisher and boat.] A boat employed in
catching fish.

FI’SHERMAN. n. s. [fisher and man.] One whose employment
and livelihood is to catch fish.
How fearful
And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low!
The fishermen that walk upon the beach
Appear like mice. Shakespeare's King Lear.
At length two monsters of unequal size,
Hard by the shore, a fisherman espies. Waller.
Do scales and fins bear price to this excess?
You might have bought the fisherman for less. Dryd. Juven.

FI’SHERTOWN. n. s. [fisher and town.] A town inhabited by
fishermen.
Others of them, in that time, burned that fishertown
Mousehole. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Lime in Dorsetshire, a little fishertown. Clarendon, b. vii.

FISHERS-COAT. n. s. [fisher and coat.] A coat worn by a
fisher.
When Simon-Peter heard that it was the Lord, he girt his
fishers-coat unto him, for he was naked, and did cast himself
into the sea. Jo. xxi. 7.

FI’SHERY. n. s. [from fisher.] The business of catching fish.
We shall have plenty of mackerel this season: our fishery
will not be disturbed by privateers. Addison's Spectator.

FI’SHFUL. adj. [from fish.] Abounding with fish; stored with
fish.
Thus mean in state, and calm in sprite,
My fishful pond is my delight. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
It is walled and guarded with the ocean, most commodious
for traffick to all parts of the world, and watered with plea­
sant, fishful and navigable rivers. Camden's Remains.

To FI’SHIFY. v. a. [from fish.] To turn to fish: a cant
word.
Here comes Romeo.
—Without his roe, like a dried herring:
O flesh, flesh, how art thou fishified! Shak. Rom. and Juliet.

FI’SHING. n. s. [from fish.] Commodity of taking fish.
There also would be planted a good town, having both a
good haven and a plentiful fishing. Spenser on Ireland.

FI’SHKETTLE. n. s. [fish and kettle.] A caldron made long
for the fish to be boiled without bending.
It is probable that the way of embalming amongst the Egyp­
tians was by boiling the body, in a long caldron like a fish­
kettle, in some kind of liquid balsam. Grew's Musæum.



FI’SHMEAL. n. s. [fish and meal.] Diet of fish; abstemious
diet.
Thin drink doth overcool their blood, and making many
fishmeals, they fall into a kind of male greensickness. Sharp.

FI’SHMONGER. n. s. [from fish.] A dealer in fish; a seller of
fish.
I fear to play the fishmonger; and yet so large a commodity
may not pass in silence. Garew's Survey of Cornwal.
The surgeon left the fishmonger to determine the controversy
between him and the pike. L'Estrange.

FI’SHY. adj. [from fish.]
1. Consisting of fish.
My absent mates
Roam the wild isle in search of rural cates,
Bait the barb'd steel, and from the fishy flood
Appease th' afflictive fierce desire of food. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Having the qualities of fish.
Few eyes have escaped the picture of mermaids, that is,
according to Horace, a monster with a woman's head above,
and fishy extremity below. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

FI’SSILE. adj. [fissilis, Latin.] Having the grain in a certain
direction, so as to be cleft.
This crystal is a pellucid fissile stone, clear as water or crystal
of the rock, and without colour; enduring a red heat without
losing its transparency, and in a very strong heat calcining
without fusion. Newton's Opt.

FISSI’LITY. n. s. [from fissile.] The quality of admitting to be
cloven.

FI’SSURE. n. s. [fissura, Latin; fissure, French.] A cleft; a
narrow chasm where a breach has been made.
The stone and other terrestrial matter was distinguished
into strata or layers, as it is in England: those strata were
divided by parallel fissures, that were inclosed in the
stone. Woodward's Natural History.
I see
The gaping fissures to receive the rain. Thomson's Autumn.

To FI’SSURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cleave; to make a
fissure.
By a fall or blow the skull may be fissured or fractured. Wise.

FIST. n. s. [fist, Saxon.] The hand clenched with the fin­
gers doubled down, in order to give a blow, or keep hold.
She quick and proud, and who did Pas despise,
Up with her fist, and took him on the face;
Another time, quoth she, become more wise;
Thus Pas did kiss her hand with little grace. Sidney.
And being down, the villain sore did beat
And bruise with clownish fists his manly face. Fairy Queen.
Anger causeth paleness in some; in others trembling,
swelling, soaming at the mouth, stamping, and bending the
fist. Bacon's Natural History, No. 716.
And the same hand into a fist may close,
Which instantly a palm expanded shows. Denham.
Tyrrheus, the foster-father of the beast,
Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist. Dryden's Æn.

To FIST. v. a.
1. To strike with the fist.
I saw him spurning and fisting her most unmercifully. Dryd.
2. To gripe with the fist.
We have been down together in my sleep,
Unbuckling helms, fisting each other's throat,
And wak'd half dead with nothing. Shakes. Coriolanus.

FI’STINUT. n. s. A pistachio nut.

FI’STICUFFS. n. s. [fist and cuff.] Battle with the fist; blows
with the fist.
Naked men belabouring one another with snagged sticks,
or dully falling together by the ears at fisticuffs. More.
She would seize upon John's commons; for which they
were sure to go to fisticuffs. Arbuthn. History of John Bull.
My invention and judgment are perpetually at fisticuffs, 'till
they have quite disabled each other. Swift.

FI’STULA. n. s. [Latin; fistule, French.]
1. A sinuous ulcer callous within; any sinuous ulcer.
That fistula which is recent is the easiest of cure: those of
a long continuance are accompanied with ulcerations of the
gland and caries in the bone. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. FISTULA Lachrimalis. A disorder of the canals leading
from the eye to the nose, which obstructs the natural progress
of the tears, and makes them trickle down the cheek; but
this is only the first and mildest stage of the disease: in the
next there is matter discharged with the tears from the puncta
lachrimalia, and sometimes from an orifice broke through the
skin between the nose and angle of the eye. The last and
worst degree of it is when the matter of the eye, by its long
continuance, has not only corroded the neighbouring soft
parts, but also affected the subjacent bone. Sharp's Surgery.

FI’STULAR. adj. [from fistula.] Hollow like a pipe.

FI’STULOUS. adj. [from fistula; fistuleux, French.] Having
the nature of a fistula; callous or sinuous like a fistula.
How these sinuous ulcers become fistulous, I have shewn
you. Wiseman's Surgery.

FIT

FIT. n. s. [from fight, Skinner, every fit of a disease being a
struggle of nature; from viit, in Flemish, frequent, Junius.]
1. A paroxysm or exacerbation of any intermittent distemper.
Small stones and gravel collect and become very large in
the kidneys, in which case a fit of the stone in that part is the
cure. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Any short return after intermission; interval.
Sometimes 'tis grateful to the rich to try
A short vicissitude, and fit of poverty. Dryden's Horace.
Men that are habitually wicked may now and then, by fits
and starts, feel certain motions of repentance. L'Estrange.
By fits my swelling grief appears,
In rising sighs and falling tears. Addison on Italy.
Thus o'er the dying lamp th' unsteady flame
Hangs quivering on a point, leaps off by fits,
And falls again as loth to quit its hold. Addison's Cato.
Religion is not the business of some fits only and intervals
of our life, to be taken up at certain days and hours, and laid
aside for the rest of our time; but a system of precepts to be
regarded in all our conduct. Rogers's Sermons.
All fits of pleasure we balanced by an equal degree of pain
or languor: 'tis like spending this year part of the next year's
revenue. Swift.
3. Any violent affection of mind or body.
The life did flit away out of her nest,
And all his senses were with deadly fit opprest. Fairy Queen.
An ambitious man subjects himself to others, and puts it
in the power of every malicious tongue to throw him into a
fit of melancholy. Addison's Spectator.
4. Disorder; distemperature.
For your husband,
He's noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
The fits o' th' season. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. It is used, without an epithet of discrimination, for the hys­
terical disorders of women, and the convulsions of children;
and by the vulgar for the epilepsy.
Mrs. Bull was so much enraged, that she fell downright
into a fit. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

FIT. adj. [vitten, Flemish, Junius.]
1. Qualified; proper: with for before the noun, and to before
the verb.
Mighty men of valour, fit to go out for war and battle.
1 Chron. vii. 11. 
He lends him vain Goliah's sacred sword,
The fittest help just fortune could afford. Cowley's Davideis.
This fury fit for her intent she chose,
One who delights in wars and human woes. Dryden's Æn.
It is a wrong use of my understanding to make it the rule
and measure of another man's; a use which it is neither fit
for, nor capable of. Locke.
2. Convenient; meet; proper; right.
Since we have said it were good not to use men of ambi­
tious natures, except it be upon necessity, it is fit we speak in
what cases they are so. Bacon, Essay 37.
See how thou could'st judge of fit and meet. Milt. P. L.
It is fit for a man to know his own abilities and weak­
nesses, and not think himself obliged to imitate all that he
thinks fit to praise. Boyle.
If our forefathers thought fit to be grave and serious, I hope
their posterity may laugh without offence. Addison.

To FIT. v. a. [vitten, Flemish, Junius.]
1. To accommodate to any thing; to suit one thing to another.
The carpenter marketh it out with a line: he fitteth it with
planes. Is. xliv. 13.
Would fate permit
To my desires I might my fortune fit,
Troy I would raise. Denham.
2. To accommodate a person with any thing: as, the taylor fits
his customer.
A trussmaker fitted the child with a pair of boddice, stiffened
on the lame side. Wiseman's Surgery.
3. To be adapted to; to suit any thing.
She shall be our messenger to this paultry knight: trust me
I thought on her; she'll fit it. Shakespeare.
As much of the stone as was contiguous to the marcasite,
fitted the marcasite so close as if it had been formerly liquid. Bo.
4. To FIT out. To furnish; to equip; to supply with necessa­
ries or decoration.
A play, which if you dare but twice fit out,
You'll all be slander'd, and be thought devout. Dryden.
The English fleet could not be paid and manned, and fitted
out, unless we encouraged trade and navigation. Addis. Freeh.
5. To FIT up. To furnish; to make proper for the use or re­
ception of any.
He has fitted up his farm. Pope to Swift.

To FIT. v. n. To be proper; to be fit.
Nor fits it to prolong the heavenly feast,
Timeless, indecent, but retire to rest. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.

FITCH. n. s. [A colloquial corruption of vetch.] A small kind
of wild pea.
Now is the season
For sowing of fitches, of beans, and of peason. Tusser.

FI’TCHAT. n. s. [fissau, French; fisse, Dutch.] A stinking
little beast, that robs the henroost and warren.

FI’TCHEW. n. s. [fissau, French; fisse, Dutch.] A stinking
little beast, that robs the henroost and warren.


Skinner calls him the stinking ferret; but he is much larger,
at least as some provinces distinguish them, in which the pole­
cat is termed a fitchat, and the stinking ferret a stoat.
'Tis such another fitchew! marry, a perfum'd one:
What do you mean by this haunting of me? Shakespeare.
The fitchat, the fulimart, and the like creatures, live upon
the face and within the bowels of the earth. Walton's Angler.

FI’TFUL. adj. [fit and full.] Varied by paroxysms; disor­
dered by change of maladies.
Duncan is in his grave;
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well. Shakesp. Macbeth.

FI’TLY. adv. [from fit.]
1. Properly; justly; reasonably.
Mutinous parts
That envied his receit, even so most fitly
As you malign our senators. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Where a man cannot fitly play his own part, if he have not
a friend, he may quit the stage. Bacon, Essay 28.
I cannot fitlier compare marriage than to a lottery; for, in
both, he that ventures may succeed, and may miss; and if
he draw a prize, he hath a rich return of his venture: but
in both lotteries there lie pretty store of blanks for every
prize. Boyle.
The whole of our duty may be expressed most fitly by de­
parting from evil. Tillotson's Sermons.
An animal, in order to be moveable, must be flexible; and
therefore is fitly made of separate and small solid parts, replete
with proper fluids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Commodiously; meetly.
To take a latitude,
Sun or stars are fitliest view'd
At their brightest; but to conclude
Of longitudes, what other way have we
But to mark when, and where the dark eclipfes be. Donne.

FI’TNESS. n. s. [from fit.]
1. Propriety; meetness; justness; reasonableness.
In things the fitness whereof is not of itself apparent, nor
easy to be made sufficiently manifest unto all, yet the judg­
ment of antiquity, concurring with that which is received,
may induce them to think it not unfit. Hooker, b. v. s. 7.
The queen being absent, 'tis a needful fitness
That we adjourn this court. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Wer't my fitness
To let these hands obey my boiling blood,
They're apt enough to dislocate and tear
Thy flesh and bones. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Convenience; commodity; the state of being fit.
Nor time nor place
Did then cohere, and yet you would make both:
They've made themselves, and that their fitness now
Does unmake you. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FI’TMENT. n. s. [from fit.] Something adapted to a particular
purpose.
Poor beseeming: 'twas a fitment for
The purpose I then follow'd. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

FI’TTER. n. s. [from fit.]
1. The person or thing that confers fitness for any thing.
Sowing the sandy gravelly land in Devonshire and Cornwal
with French furze-seed, they reckon a great improver of their
land, and a fitter of it for corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. [from fetta, Italian: fetzen, German.] A small piece: as, to
cut into fitters. Skinner.

FITZ. n. s. [Norman, from fils, a son, Fr.] A son. Only
used in law and genealogy: as Fitzherbert, the son of Herbert;
Fitzthomas, the son of Thomas; Fitzroy, the son of the king.
It is commonly used of illegitimate children.

FIVE. adj. [fif, Saxon.] Four and one; half of ten.
And five of them were wise, and five were foolish. Mat.
No person, no incident, but must be of use to carry on
the main design: all things else are like six fingers to the
hand, when nature, which is superfluous in nothing, can do
her work with five. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Five herds, five bleating flocks, his pastures fill'd;
His lands a hundred yoke of oxen till'd. Dryden's Æn.
Our British youth lose their figure by that time they are
five and twenty. Addison's Guardian, No. 111. 

FIVELE’AVED Grass. n. s. Cinquefoil; a species of clover.

FIVES. n. s.
1. A kind of play with a bowl.
2. A disease of horses.
His horse sped with spavins rayed with the yellows, past
cure of the fives, and stark spoiled with the staggers. Shakesp.

FIX

To FIX. v. a. [fixer, French; fixus, Latin.]
1. To make fast, firm, or stable.
Hell heard the unsufferable noise, hell saw
Heav'n ruining from heav'n, and would have fled
Affrighted, but that fate had fix'd too deep
Her dark foundations, and too fast had bound. Milt. P. L.
2. To settle; to establish invariably.
Brightest seraph! tell
In which of all these orbs hath man
His fixed seat, or fixed seat hath none,
But all these shining orbs his choice to dwell! Milt. P. L.
One loves fixed laws, and the other arbitrary power. Temple.
When custom hath fixed his eating to certain stated periods,
his stomach will expect victuals at the usual hour. Locke.
3. To direct without variation.
Why are thine eyes fixt to the sullen earth,
Gazing at that which seems to dim thy sight! Shak. H. VI.
Thus while the Trojan prince employs his eyes,
Fix'd on the walls with wonder and surprize. Dryden's Æn.
4. To deprive of volatility.
We pronounce concerning gold, that it is fixed. Locke.
5. To pierce; to transfix. A sense purely Latin.
While from the raging sword he vainly flies,
A bow of steel shall fix his trembling thighs. Sandys.
6. To withold from motion.

To FIX. v. n.
1. To settle the opinion; to determine the resolution.
If we would be happy, we must fix upon some foundation
that can never deceive us. L'Estrange.
He made himself their prey,
T' impose on their belief and Troy betray;
Fix'd on his aim, and obstinately bent
To die undaunted, or to circumvent. Dryden's Æn.
Here hope began to dawn; resolv'd to try,
She fix'd on this her utmost remedy,
Death was behind; but hard it was to die. Dryden.
In most bodies, not propagated by seed, it is the colour we
must fix on, and are most led by. Locke.
2. To rest; to cease to wander.
Your kindness banishes your fear,
Resolv'd to fix for ever here. Waller.
3. To lose volatility, so as to be malleable.
In the midst of molten lead, when it beginneth to congeal,
make a little dent, and put quicksilver, wrapped in a piece of
linen, in that hole, and the quicksilver will fix and run no
more, and endure the hammer. Bacon's Natural History.

FIXA’TION. n. s. [French.]
1. Stability; firmness; steadiness.
Your fixation in matters of religion will not be more neces­
sary for your soul's than your kingdom's peace. King Charles.
2. Residence in a certain place.
To light, created in the first day, God gave no proper place
or fixation. Raleigh's History of the World.
3. Confinement; forbearance of excursion.
They are subject to errors from a narrowness of soul, a
fixation and confinement of thought to a few objects. Watts.
4. Want of volatility; destruction of volatility.
Upon the compound body three things are chiefly to be ob­
served; the colour, the fragility or pliantness, and the volati­
lity or fixation, compared with the simple bodies. Bacon.
It is more difficult to make gold of other metals less pon­
derous and less materiate, than, via versâ, to make silver of lead
or quicksilver, both which are more ponderous than silver; so
that they need rather a degree of fixation than any conden­
sation. Bacon's Natural History.
5. Reduction from fluidity to firmness.
Salt dissolved, upon a fixation returns to its affected cubes.
Glanv. Sceps. c. 7.

FI’XEDLY. adv. [from fixed.] Certainly; firmly; in a man­
ner settled and established.
If we pretend that the distinction of species, or sorts, is
fixedly established by the real and secret constitutions of
things. Locke.

FI’XEDNESS. n. s. [from fixed.]
1. Stability; firmness.
2. Want or loss of volatility.
Fixedness, or a power to remain in the fire unconsumed, is
an idea that always accompanies our complex idea signified
by the word gold. Locke.
3. Solidity; coherence of parts.
All matter is either fluid or solid, to comprehend all the
middle degrees between extreme fixedness and coherency, and
the most rapid intestine motion of the particles of bodies.
Bentley's Sermons.
4. Steadiness; settled opinion or resolution.
A fixedness in religion will not give my conscience leave to
consent to innovations. King Charles.

FIXI’DITY. n. s. [from fixed.] Coherence of parts, opposed to
volatility. A word of Boyle.
Bodies mingled by the fire are differing as to fixidity and
volatility, and yet are so combined by the first operation of the
fire, that itself does scarce afterwards separate them. Boyle.

FI’XITY. n. s. [fixitè, French.] Coherence of parts, opposed
to volatility.
And are not the sun and fixed stars great earths vehemently
hot, whose heat is conserved by the greatness of the bodies,
and the mutual action and reaction between them, and the
light which they emit, and whose parts are kept from fuming
away, not only by their fixity, but also by the vast weight and
density of the atmospheres incumbent upon them? Newt. Opt.



FI’XURE. n. s. [from fix.]
1. Position.
The fixure of her eye hath motion in't,
As we were mock'd with art. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. Stable pressure.
The firm fixure of thy foot would give an excellent motion
to thy gait. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. Firmness; stable state.
Frights, changes, horrours,
Divert and crack, rend and deracinate
The unity and married calm of states
Quite from their fixure. Shakespeare's Troil. and Cressida.

FI’ZGIG. n. s. A kind of dart or harpoon with which seamen
strike fish.

FLA

FLA’BBY. adj. [flaccidus, Latin.] Soft; not firm; easily
shaking or yielding to the touch.
Paleness, a weak pulse, palpitations of the heart, flabby
and black flesh, are symptoms of weak fibres. Arbuthnot.
Pulls out the rags contriv'd to prop
Her flabby dugs, and down they drop. Swift.

FLA’BILE. adj. [flabilis, Latin.] Blown about by the wind;
subject to be blown. Dict.

FLA’CCID. adj. [flaccidus, Latin.] Weak; limber; not
stiff; lax; not tense.
The bowing and inclining the head is found in the great
flower of the sun: the cause I take to be is, that the part
against which the sun beateth waxeth more faint and flaccid in
the stalk, and thereby less able to support the flower. Bacon.
They whose muscles are weak or flaccid, are unapt to pro­
nounce the letter r. Holder's Elements of Speech.
The surgeon ought to vary the diet as he finds the fibres
are too flaccid and produce funguses, or as they harden and
produce callosities. Arbuthnot on Diet.

FLACCI’DITY. n. s. [from flaccid.] Laxity; limberness; want
of tension; want of stiffness.
There is neither fluxion nor pain, but flaccidity joined with
insensibility. Wiseman's Surgery.

To FLAG. v. n. [flaggeren, Dutch; fleogan, Saxon, to fly.]
1. To hang loose without stiffness or tension.
Beds of cotton wool hung up between two trees, not far
from the ground; in the which, flagging down in the middle,
men, wives and children lie together. Abbot.
The jades
That drag the tragick melancholy night,
Who with their drowsy, slow, and flagging wings
Clip dead men's graves. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
It keeps those slender aerial bodies separated and stretched
out, which otherwise, by reason of their flexibleness and
weight, would flag or curl. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
Like a fiery meteor sunk the sun,
The promise of a storm; the shifting gales
Forsake by fits, and fill the flagging sails. Dryden.
2. To grow spiritless or dejected.
My flagging soul flies under her own pitch,
Like fowl in air too damp, and lags along
As if she were a body in a body:
My senses too are dull and stupify'd,
Their edge rebated: sure some ill approaches. Dryd. D. Seb.
The pleasures of the town begin to flag and grow languid,
giving way daily to cruel inroads from the spleen. Swift.
3. To grow feeble; to lose vigour.
Juice in language is somewhat less than blood; for if the
words be but becoming and signifying, and the sense gentle,
there is juice: but where that wanteth, the language is thin,
flagging, poor, starved, scarce covering the bone, and shews
like stones in a sack: some men, to avoid redundancy, run
into that; and while they strive to hinder ill blood or juice,
they lose their good. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
His stomach will expect victuals at the usual hour, and grow
peevish if he passes it; either fretting itself into a troublesome
excess, or flagging into a downright want of appetite. Locke.
There must be a noble train of actions to preserve his fame
in life and motion; for, when it is once at a stand, it naturally
flags and languishes. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
If on sublimer wings of love and praise,
My love above the starry vault I raise,
Lur'd by some vain conceit of pride or lust,
I flag, I drop, and flutter in the dust. Arbuthnot.
He sees a spirit hath been raised against him, and he only
watches 'till it begins to flag: he goes about watching when
to devour us. Swift.

To FLAG. v. a.
1. To let fall; to suffer to droop.
Take heed, my dear, youth flies apace;
As well as Cupid, Time is blind:
Soon must those glories of thy face
The fate of vulgar beauty find:
The thousand loves, that arm thy potent eye,
Must drop their quivers, flag their wings, and die. Prior.
2. [From flag, a species of stone.] To lay with broad stone.
The sides and floor are all flagged with excellent marble. Sandys.
A white stone used for flagging floors. Woodward on Fossils.

FLAG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A water plant with a broad bladed leaf and yellow flower, so
called from its motion in the wind.
She took an ark of bulrushes, and laid it in the flags by the
river's brink. Ex. ii. 3.
Can bulrushes but by the river grow?
Can flags there flourish where no waters flow. Sandys.
There be divers fishes that cast their spawn on flags or
stones. Walton's Angler.
Cut flag roots, and the roots of other weeds. Mortimer.
2. The colours or ensign of a ship or land forces, by which
signals are made at sea, or regiments are distinguished in the
field.
These flags of France that are advanced here,
Before the eye and prospect of your town,
Have hither march'd to your endamagement. Shak. K. John.
He hangs out as many flags as he descryeth vessels; square,
if ships; if gallies, pendants. Sandys's Travels.
Let him be girt
With all the grisly legions that troop
Under the sooty flag of Acheron,
Harpies and hydras, or all the monstrous forms
'Twixt Africa and Inde, I'll find him out,
And force him to restore his purchase back,
Or drag him by the curls to a foul death. Milton.
The French and Spaniard, when your flags appear,
Forget their hatred, and consent to fear. Waller.
The interpretation of that article about the flag is a ground
at pleasure for opening a war. Temple.
In either's flag the golden serpents bear,
Erecting crests alike, like volumes rear,
And mingle friendly hissings in the air. Dryden's Aurengz.
Then they, whose mothers, frantick with their fear,
In woods and wilds the flags of Bacchus bear,
And lead his dances with dishevell'd hair. Dryden's Æn.
3. A species of stone used for smooth pavements. [flache, old
French.]
Part of two flags striated, but deeper on one side than the
other. Woodward on Fossils.
Flagstone will not split, as slate does, being found formed
into flags, or thin plates, which are no other than so many
strata. Woodward's Met. Foss.

FLAG-BROOM. n. s. [from flag and broom.] A broom for
sweeping flags or pavements, commonly made of birch-twigs,
or of the leaves of the dwarf palm, imported from Spain.

FLAG-OFFICER. n. s. [flag and officer.] A commander of a
squadron.
Her grandfather was a flag-officer. Addison's Spectator.

FLAG-SHIP. n. s. [flag and ship.] The ship in which the
commander of a fleet is.

FLAG-WORM. n. s. [flag and worm.] A grub bred in watry
places among flags or sedge.
He will in the three hot months bite at a flag-worm, or
a green gentle. Walton's Angler.

FLA’GELET. n. s. [flageolet, French.] A small flute; a small
instrument of wind musick.
Play us a lesson on your flagelet. More's Divine Dialogues.

FLAGELLA’TION. n. s. [from flagello, Latin.] The use of the
scourge.
By Bridewell all descend,
As morning pray'r and flagellation end. Garth's Dispens.

FLA’GGINESS. n. s. [from flaggy.] Laxity; limberness; want
of tension.

FLA’GGY. adj. [from flag.]
1. Weak; lax; limber; not stiff; not tense.
His flaggy wings, when forth he did display,
Were like two sails, in which the hollow wind
Is gather'd full, and worketh speedy way. Fairy Queen, b. i.
That basking in the sun thy bees may lye,
And resting there, their flaggy pinions dry. Dryden's Virgil.
2. Weak in taste; insipid.
Graft an apple-cion upon the stock of a colewort, and it
will bear a great flaggy apple. Bacon's Natural History.

FLAGI’TIOUS. adj. [from flagitius, Latin.] Wicked; vil­
lainous; atrocious.
No villany or flagitious action was ever yet committed, but,
upon a due enquiry into the causes of it, it will be found that
a lye was first or last the principal engine to effect it. South.
There's no working upon a flagitious and perverse nature by
kindness and discipline. L'Estrange.
First, those flagitious times,
Pregnant with unknown crimes,
Conspire to violate the nuptial bed. Roscommon.
Perjury is a crime of so flagitious a nature, we cannot be
too careful in avoiding every approach towards it. Addison.
But if in noble minds some dregs remain,
Not yet purg'd off, of spleen and sour disdain,
Discharge that rage on more provoking crimes,
Nor fear a dearth in these flagitious times. Pope.



FLAGI’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from flagitious.] Wickedness; vil­
lany.

FLA’GON. n. s. [fflacced, Welsh; flaxe, Saxon; flaske, Danish;
flacon, French; fiasco, Italian; flasco, Spanish.] A vessel of
drink with a narrow mouth.
A mad rogue! he pour'd a flagon of Rhenish on my head
once. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
More had sent him by a suitor in Chancery two silver
flagons. Bacon's Apophth.
Did they coin pispots, bowls, and flagons
Int' officers of horse and dragoons? Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
His trusty flagon, full of potent juice,
Was hanging by, worn thin with age and use. Roscommon.
One flagon walks the round, that none should think
They either change, or stint him of his drink. Dryd. Juv.

FLA’GRANCY. n. s. [flagrantia, Latin.] Burning; heat;
fire.
Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes, as the sight and the
touch are the things desired, and therefore the spirits resort to
those parts. Bacon's Natural History.

FLA’GRANT. adj. [flagrans, Latin.]
1. Ardent; burning; eager.
A thing which filleth the mind with comfort and heavenly
delight, stirreth up flagrant desires and affections, correspon­
dent unto that which the words contain. Hooker, b. v. s. 39.
2. Glowing; flushed.
See Sapho, at her toilet's greasy task,
And issuing flagrant to an evening mask:
So morning insects, that in muck begun,
Shine, buz, and fly-blow in the setting sun. Pope's Epistles.
3. Red; imprinted red.
Their common loves, a lewd abandon'd pack,
The beadle's lash still flagrant on their back. Prior.
4. Notorious; flaming.
When fraud is great, it furnishes weapons to defend itself;
and at worst, if the crimes be so flagrant that a man is laid
aside out of perfect shame, he retires loaded with the spoils of
the nation. Swift.
With equal poize let steddy justice sway,
And flagrant crimes with certain vengeance pay;
But, 'till the proofs are clear, the stroke delay. Smith.

FLAGRA’TION. n. s. [flagro, Latin.] Burning. Dict.

FLA’GSTAFF. n. s. [flag and staff.] The staff on which the
flag is fixed.
The duke, less numerous, but in courage more,
On wings of all the winds to combat flies:
His murdering guns a loud defiance roar,
And bloody crosses on his flagstaffs rise. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.

FLAIL. n. s. [flagellum, Latin; flegel, German.] The instru­
ment with which grain is beaten out of the ear.
Our soldiers, like the night owl's lazy flight,
Or like a lazy thresher with a flail,
Fell gently down as if they struck their friends. Sh. H. VI.
When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn,
That ten day-labourers could not end,
Then lies him down the lubbar-fend. Milton.
In this pile should reign a mighty prince,
Born for a scourge of wit, and flail of sense. Dryden.
The dextrous handling of the flail, or the plough, and
being good workmen with these tools, did not hinder Gideon's
and Cincinnatus's skill in arms, nor make them less able in
the arts of war and government. Locke.
The thresher, Duck, could o'er the queen prevail;
The proverb says, no fence against a flail. Swift.

FLAKE. n. s. [floccus, Latin.]
1. Any thing that appears loosely held together, like a flock of
wool.
O crimson circles, like red flakes in the element, when the
weather is hottest. Sidney, b. ii.
And from his wide devouring oven sent
A flake of fire, that flushing in his beard,
Him all amaz'd, and almost made affear'd. Fairy Queen.
The earth is sometimes covered with snow two or three
feet deep, made up only of little flakes or pieces of ice. Burn.
Small drops of a misling rain, descending through a freezing
air, do each of them shoot into one of those figured icicles;
which, being ruffled by the wind, in their fall are broken, and
clustered together into small parcels, which we call flakes of
snow. Grew's Cosmolog. Sacr. b. i. c. 3.
Upon throwing in a stone the water boils for a considerable
time, and at the same time are seen little flakes of scurf rising
up. Addison on Italy.
2. A stratum; layer; lamina.
The flakes of his tough flesh so firmly bound,
As not to be divorced by a wound. Sandys.
A labourer in his left hand holding the head of the center­
pin, and with his right drawing about the beam and teeth,
which cut and tore away great flakes of the metal, 'till it re­
ceived the perfect form the teeth would make. Moxon.

To FLAKE. v. a. [from the noun.] To form in flakes or bo­
dies loosely connected.
From the bleak pole no winds inclement blow,
Mold the round hail, or flake the fleecy snow. Pope's Odyss.

FLA’KY. adj. [from flake.]
1. Loosely hanging together.
The silent hour steals on,
And flaky darkness breaks within the East. Shakes. Rich. III.
The trumpet roars, long flaky flames expire,
With sparks that seem to set the world on fire. Pope.
Hence, when the snows in Winter cease to weep,
And undissolv'd their flaky texture keep,
The banks with ease their humble streams contain,
Which swell in Summer, and those banks disdain. Blackm.
2. Lying in layers or strata; broken into laminæ.

FLAM. n. s. [A cant word of no certain etymology.] A false­
hood; a lye; an illusory pretext.
A flam more senseless than the rog'ry
Of old aruspicy and aug'ry. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
'Till these men can prove the things, ordered by our church,
to be either intrinsically unlawful or indecent, all pretences or
pleas of conscience to the contrary are nothing but cant and
cheat, flam and delusion. South's Sermons.
What are most of the histories of the world but lyes?
Lyes immortalized and consigned over as a perpetual abuse
and flam upon posterity. South's Sermons.

FLAM. n. s. [from the French flamme, a flame.] A transient
blaze; a sudden explosion of flame from fat or dripping: and
so in Scotland transferred to any thing glozing and flashily illu­
sory.

To FLAM. v. a. [from the noun.] To deceive with a lye.
Merely cant.
For so our ignorance was flamm'd,
To damn ourselves t' avoid being damn'd. Hudibras, p. iii.
God is not to be flammed off with lyes, who knows ex­
actly what thou can'st do, and what not. South's Sermons.

FLA’MBEAU. n. s. [French.] A lighted torch.
The king seiz'd a flambeau with zeal to destroy. Dryden.
As the attendants carried each of them a flambeau in their
hands, the sultan, after having ordered all the lights to be put
out, gave the word to enter the house, find out the criminal,
and put him to death. Addison's Guardian.

FLAME. n. s. [flamma, Latin; flamme, French.]
1. Light emitted from fire.
Is not flame a vapour, fume, or exhalation heated red hot,
that is, so hot as to shine? For bodies do not flame without
emitting a copious fume, and this fume burns in the flame.
Newton's Opt.
What flame, what lightning e'er
So quick an active force did bear! Cowley.
2. Fire.
Jove, Prometheus' theft allow;
The flames he once stole from thee, grant him now. Cowley.
3. Ardour of temper or imagination; brightness of fancy; vi­
gour of thought.
Of all our elder plays,
This and Philaster have the loudest fame;
Great are their faults, and glorious is their flame:
In both our English genius is exprest,
Lofty and bold, but negligently drest. Waller.
4. Ardour of inclination.
Smit with the love of kindred arts we came,
And met congeneal, mingling flame with flame. Pope.
5. Passion of love.
My heart's on flame, and does like fire
To her aspire. Cowley.
Come arm'd in flames; for I would prove
All the extremities of love. Cowley.
No warning of th' approaching flame;
Swiftly like sudden death it came:
I lov'd the moment I beheld. Granville.

To FLAME. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To shine as fire; to burn with emission of light.
Can you think to blow out the intended fire your city is
ready to flame in, with such weak breath as this? Shakesp.
He fell flaming through th' ethereal sky
To bottomless perdition. Milton.
Hell all around
As one great furnace flam'd. Milton.
2. To shine like flame.
Behold it like an ample curtain spread,
Now streak'd and glowing with the morning red;
Anon at noon in flaming yellow bright,
And chusing sable for the peaceful night. Prior.
3. To break out in violence of passion.

FLAMECO’LOURED. adj. [flame and colour.] Of a bright yel­
low colour.
'Tis strong, and it does indifferent well in flamecoloured
stockings. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
August shall bear the form of a young man of a fierce and
cholerick aspect, in a flamecoloured garment. Peacham.

FLA’MEN. n. s. [Latin.] A priest; one that officiates in
solemn offices.
Then first the flamen tasted living food;
Next his grim idol smear'd with human blood. Pope.



FLAMMA’TION. n. s. [flammatio, Latin.] The act of setting
on flame.
White or crystalline arsenick, being artificial, and sublimed
with salt, will not endure flammation. Brown's Vulgar Err.

FLAMMAB.’LITY. n. s. [flamma, Latin.] The quality of ad­
mitting to be set on fire.
In the sulphur of bodies torrified, that is, the oily, fat and
unctuous parts, consist the principles of flammability. Brown.

FLA’MMEOUS. adj. [flammeus, Latin.] Consisting of flame;
resembling flame.
This flammeous light is not over all the body. Brown.

FLAMMI’FEROUS. adj. [flammifer, Lat.] Bringing flame. Dict.

FLAMMI’VOMOUS. adj. [flamma and vomo, Latin.] Vomiting
out flame. Dict.

FLA’MY. adj. [from flame.]
1. Inflamed; burning; flaming.
My thoughts imprison'd in my secret woes,
With flamy breaths do issue oft in sound. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Having the nature of flame.
The vital spirits of living creatures are a substance com­
pounded of an airy and flamy matter; and though air and
flame, being free, will not well mingle, yet bound in by a
body they will. Bacon's Natural History.

FLANK. n. s. [flanc, French, according to Menage, from
λαγὼν; more probably from latus, Latin.]
1. That part of the side of a quadruped near the hinder thigh.
The belly shall be eminent by shadowing the flank. Peach.
2. [In men.] The lateral part of the lower belly.
He said, and, pois'd in air, the jav'lin sent:
Through Paris shield the forceful weapon went,
His corslet pierces, and his garment rends,
And glancing downward near his flank descends. Pope.
3. The side of any army or fleet.
Great ordnance and small shot thundered and showered
upon our men from the rampier in front, and from the gallies
that lay at sea in flank. Bacon's War with Spain.
The other half of the battle, and the whole flank of the
rear, was closed by the carriages. Hayward.
Gray was appointed to stand on the left side, in such sort
as he might take the flank of the enemy. Hayward.
To right and left the front
Divided, and to either flank retir'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. [In fortification.] That part of the bastion which reaches
from the curtain to the face, and defends the opposite face,
the flank and the curtain. Harris.

To FLANK. v. a.
1. To attack the side of a battalion or fleet.
2. To be posted so as to overlook or command any pass on the
side; to be on the side.
With fates averse, against their king's command,
Arm'd on the right, and on the left they stand,
And flank the passage. Dryden's Æn.
By the rich scent we found our perfum'd prey,
Which, flank'd with rocks, did close in covert lay. Dryden.

FLA’NKER. n. s. [from flank.] A fortification jutting out so
as to command the side of a body marching to the assault.
The Turks, discouraged with the loss of their fellows, and
fore beaten by the Spaniards out of their flankers, were enforced
to retire. Knolles's History of the Turks.

To FLA’NKER. v. a. [flanquer, French.] To defend by late­
ral fortifications.

FLA’NNEL. n. s. [gwlanen, Welch, from gwlan, wool, Davies.]
A soft nappy stuff of wool.
I cannot answer the Welch flannel. Shakespeare.

FLAP. n. s. [lœppe, Saxon.]
1. Any thing that hangs broad and loose, fastened only by one
side.
There is a peculiar provision for the windpipe, that is, a
cartilaginous flap upon the opening of the larinx, which hath
an open cavity for the admission of the air. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Some surgeons make a crucial incision, upon the supposi­
tion that the wound will more easily heal by turning down the
flaps. Sharp's Surgery.
2. The motion of any thing broad and loose.
3. [A disease in horses.]
When a horse is said to have the flaps, you may perceive his
lips to be swelled on both sides of his mouth; and that which
is in the blisters is like the white of an egg: you must, to
cure it, cut some slashes with a knife, and rub it once with
salt, and it will cure. Farrier's Dict.

To FLAP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To beat with a flap, as flies are beaten.
A hare, hard put to it by an eagle, took sanctuary in a
ditch with a beetle: the eagle flapt off the former, and de­
voured the other. L'Estrange.
Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,
This painted child of dirt, that stinks and stings. Pope.
2. To move with a flap or noise made by the stroke of any thing
broad.
The dira flapping on the shield of Turnus, and fluttering about
his head, disheartened him in the duel. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
With fruitless toil
Flap filmy pinions oft, to extricate
Their feet in liquid shackles bound. Phillips.
Three times, all in the dead of night,
A bell was heard to ring;
And shrieking at her window thrice
The raven flapp'd his wing. Tickell.

To FLAP. v. n.
1. To ply the wings with noise.
'Tis common for a duck to run flapping and fluttering away,
as if maimed, to carry people from her young. L'Estrange.
2. To fall with flaps, or broad parts depending.
When suffocating mists obscure the morn,
Let thy worst wig, long us'd to storms, be worn;
This knows the powder'd footman, and with care
Beneath his flapping hat secures his hair. Gay's Trivia.

FLA’PDRAGON. n. s.
1. A play in which they catch raisins out of burning brandy,
and, extinguishing them by closing the mouth, eat them.
2. The thing eaten at flapdragon.
He plays at quoits well, and eats conger and fennel, and
drinks candles ends for flapdragons, and rides the wild mare
with the boys. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

To FLA’PDRAGON. v. a. [from the noun.] To swallow; to
devour.
But to make an end of the ship, to see how the sea flap­
dragoned it. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

FLA’PEARED. adj. [flap and ear.] Having loose and broad
ears.
A whorseson, beetleheaded, flapeared knave. Shakespeare.

To FLARE. v. n. [from flederen, to flutter, Dutch, Skinner;
perhaps accidentally changed from glare.]
1. To flutter with a splendid show.
She shall be loose enrob'd,
With ribbands pendant flaring 'bout her head. Shakespeare.
2. To glitter with transient lustre.
Doctrine and life, colours and light, in one
When they combine and mingle, bring
A strong regard and awe; but speech alone
Doth vanish like a flaring thing,
And in the ear, not conscience, ring. Herbert.
3. To glitter offensively.
When the sun begins to fling
His flaring beams, me, goddess, bring
To arched walks of twilight groves. Milton.
4. To be in too much light.
I cannot stay
Flaring in sunshine all the day. Prior.

FLASH. n. s. [φλὸξ, Minshew.]
1. A sudden, quick, transitory blaze.
When the cross blue lightning seem'd to open
The breast of heav'n, I did present myself
Ev'n in the aim and very flash of it. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
We see a flash of a piece is seen sooner than the noise is
heard. Bacon's Natural History, No. 210.
One with a flash begins, and ends in smoak;
The other out of smoak brings glorious light. Roscommon.
And as Ægeon, when with heaven he strove,
Defy'd the forky lightning from afar,
At fifty mouths his flaming breath expires,
And flash for flash returns, and fires for fires. Dryd. Æn.
2. Sudden burst of wit or merriment.
Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs?
your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table in
a roar? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Wicked men prefer the light flashes of a wanton mirth,
which for a while suspend reflection, and hide the sinner from
himself, to such discourses as awaken conscience. Rogers.
3. A short transient state.
The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash. Bacon.
4. A body of water driven by violence.

To FLASH. v. n.
1. To glitter with a quick and transient flame.
This salt powdered, and put into a crucible, was, by the
injection of well kindled charcoal, made to flash divers times
almost like melted nitre. Boyle.
2. To burst out into any kind of violence.
By day and night he wrongs me; ev'ry hour
He flashes into one gross crime or other,
That sets us all at odds. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To break out into wit, merriment, or bright thought.
They flash out sometimes into an irregular greatness of
thought. Felton on the Classicks.

To FLASH. v. a. To strike up large bodies of water from the
surface.
With his raging arms he rudely flash'd
The waves about, and all his armour swept,
That all the blood and filth away was wash'd. Fairy Queen.
If the sea-water be flashed with a stick or oar, the same
casteth a shining colour, and the drops resemble sparkles of
fire. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.



FLA’SHER. n. s. [from flash.] A man of more appearance of
wit than reality. Dict.

FLA’SHILY. adv. [from flashy.] With empty show; without
real power of wit or solidity of thought.

FLA’SHY. adj. [from flash.]
1. Empty; not solid; showy without substance.
Flashy wits cannot fathom the whole extent of a large dis­
course. Digby on the Soul, Dedicat.
When they list, their lean and flashy songs
Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. Milton.
This mean conceit, this darling mystery,
Which thou think'st nothing, friend! thou shalt not buy;
Nor will I change for all the fleshy wit. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
2. [From flaccidus, Skinner.] Insipid; without force or spirit.
Distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy
things. Bacon, Essay 51. 
The tastes that most offend in fruits, herbs and roots, are
bitter, harsh, sour, waterish or flashy. Bacon's Nat. History.

FLASK. n. s. [flasque, French.]
1. A bottle; a vessel.
Then for the Bourdeaux you may freely ask;
But the Champaigne is to each man his flask. King.
2. A powder-horn.
Powder in a skilless soldier's flask
Is set on fire. Shakespeare.

FLA’SKET. n. s. [from flask.] A vessel in which viands are
served.
Another plac'd
The silver stands, with golden flaskets grac'd. Pope's Odyss.

FLAT. adj. [plat, French.]
1. Horizontally level without inclination.
Thou all-shaking thunder,
Strike flat the thick rotundity o' th' world. Shak. K. Lear.
The houses are flat roofed to walk upon, so that every
bomb that fell on them would take effect. Addison on Italy.
2. Smooth; without protuberances.
In the dawning of the next day we might plainly discern
it was a land flat to our sight, and full of boscage. Bacon.
3. Without elevation.
Cease t' admire, and beauty's plumes
Fall flat, and shrink into a trivial toy,
At every sudden slighting quite abasht. Milton's Par. Lost.
4. Level with the ground.
In them is plainest taught, and easiest learnt,
What makes a nation happy, and keeps it so,
What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat. Milt. Par. Reg.
That Christ-church stands above ground, and that the
church of Westminster lies not flat upon it, is your lordship's
commendation. South.
5. Lying horizontally prostrate; lying along.
The wood-born people fall before her flat,
And worship her as goddess of the wood. Fairy Queen, b. i.
That lamentable wound,
Which laid that wretched prince flat on the ground. Daniel.
6. [In painting.] Without relief; without prominence of the
figures.
7. Tasteless; insipid; dead.
He, like a puling cuckold, would drink up
The lees and dregs of a flat tamed piece. Sh. Troil. and Cres.
Taste so divine! that what of sweet before
Hath touch'd my sense, flat seems to this and harsh. Milton.
The miry fields,
Rejoicing in rich mold, most ample fruit
Of beauteous form produce; pleasing to sight,
But to the tongue inelegant and flat. Phillips.
8. Dull; unanimated; frigid.
Short speeches fly abroad like darts, and are thought to be
shot out of secret intentions; but as for large discourses, they
are flat things, and not so much noted. Bacon, Essay 16.
Some short excursions of a broken vow
He made indeed, but flat insipid stuff. Dryd. Don Sebastian.
9. Depressed; spiritless; dejected.
My hopes all flat, nature within me seems
In all her functions weary of herself. Milton's Agonistes.
10. Unpleasing; tasteless.
How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world! Shakesp. Hamlet.
To one firmly persuaded of the reality of heavenly happi­
ness, and earnestly desirous of obtaining it, all earthly satis­
factions must needs look little, and grow flat and unsa­
voury. Atterbury's Sermons.
11.  Peremptory; absolute; downright.
His horse with flat tiring taught him, that discrete stays
make speedy journeys. Sidney.
It is a flat wrong to punish the thought or purpose of any
before it be enacted; for true justice punisheth nothing but
the evil act or wicked word. Spenser's State of Ireland.
As it is in the nature of all men to love liberty, so they
become flat libertines, and fall to all licentiousness. Spenser.
You start away,
And lend no ear unto my purposes;
Those prisoners you shall keep:
——I will, that's flat. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Thus repuls'd, our final hope
Is flat despair: we must exasperate
Th' Almighty Victor to spend all his rage,
And that must end us. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
If thou sin in wine or wantonness,
Boast not thereof, nor make thy shame thy glory;
Frailty gets pardon by submissiveness:
But he that boasts, shuts that out of his story:
He makes flat war with God, and doth defy
With his meer clod of earth the spacious sky. Herbert.
You had broke and robb'd his house,
And stole his talismanique louse;
And all his new-found old inventions,
With flat felonious intentions. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1. 
12. Not shrill; not acute; not sharp in sound.
If you stop the holes of a hawk's bell it will make no
ring, but a flat noise or rattle. Bacon's Natural History.
The upper end of the windpipe is endued with several car­
tilages and muscles to contract or dilate it, as we would have
our voice flat or sharp. Ray on the Creation.

FLAT. n. s.
1. A level; an extended plane.
The strings of a lute, viol, or virginals, give a far greater
sound, by reason of the knot, board and concave under­
neath, than if there were nothing but only the flat of a
board to let in the upper air into the lower. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Because the air receiveth great tincture from the earth, ex­
pose flesh or fish, both upon a stake of wood some height above
the earth, and upon the flat of the earth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It comes near an artificial miracle to make divers distinct
eminences appear a flat by force of shadows, and yet the sha­
dows themselves not to appear. Wotton's Architecture.
He has cut the side of the rock into a flat for a garden;
and by laying on it the waste earth, that he has found in
several of the neighbouring parts, furnished out a kind of
luxury for a hermit. Addison on Italy.
2. Even ground; not mountainous.
Now pile your dust upon the quick and dead,
'Till of this flat a mountain you have made,
T' o'ertop old Pelion, or the skyish head
Of blue Olympus. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The way is ready and not long,
Beyond a row of myrtles, on a flat,
Fast by a mountain. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
3. A smooth low ground exposed to inundations.
The ocean, overpeering of his list,
Eats not the flats with more impetuous haste,
Than young Laertes, in a riotous head,
O'erbears your officers. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
All the infections, that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prospero fall. Shakesp. Tempest.
Half my pow'rs this night,
Passing these flats, are taken by the tide;
These Lincoln washes have devoured them. Shak. K. John.
4. Shallow; strand; place in the sea where the water is not deep
enough for ships.
I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats. Shakespeare.
The difficulty is very great to bring them in or out through
so many flats and sands, if wind and weather be not very
favourable. Raleigh's Essays.
Having newly left these grammatick flats and shallows,
where they stuck unreasonably, to learn a few words with
lamentable constructions, we are now on the sudden turmoiled
with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet deeps of
controversy. Milton on Education.
Full in the prince's passage hills of sand,
And dang'rous flats, in secret ambush lay,
Where the false tides skim o'er the cover'd land,
And seamen with dissembled depths betray. Dryden.
The sea could not be narrower than it is, without a great
loss to the world; and must we now have an ocean of mere
flats and shallows, to the utter ruin of navigation? Bentley.
5. The broad side of a blade.
A darted mandate came
From that great will which moves this mighty frame,
Bid me to thee, my royal charge, repair,
To guard thee from the dæmons of the air;
My flaming sword above 'em to display,
All keen and ground upon the edge of day,
The flat to sweep the visions from thy mind,
The edge to cut 'em through that stay behind. Dryden.
6. Depression of thought or language.
Milton's Paradise Lost is admirable; but am I therefore
bound to maintain, that there are no flats amongst his eleva­
tions, when 'tis evident he creeps along sometimes for above
an hundred lines together? Dryden.
7. A surface without relief, or prominences.
Are there then such ravishing charms in a dull unvaried
flat, to make a sufficient compensation for the chief things of
the ancient mountains, and for the precious things of the last­
ing hills. Bentley's Sermons.



To FLAT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To level; to depress; to make broad and smooth.
The ancients say, if you take two twigs of several fruit­
trees, and flat them on the sides, and bind them close, and
set them in the ground, they will come up in one stock. Bacon.
With horrid shapes she does her sons expose,
Distends their swelling lips, and flats their nose. Creech.
2. To make vapid.
An orange, lemon and apple, wrapt in a linen cloth, being
buried for a fortnight four foot deep within the earth, though
in a moist place and rainy time, were become a little harder
than they were; otherwise fresh in their colour, but their juice
somewhat flatted. Bacon's Natural History, No. 377.

To FLAT. v. n.
1. To grow flat: opposed to swell.
I burnt it the second time, and observed the skin shrink,
and the swelling to flat yet more than at first. Temple.
2. To obstruct; retard; hinder; to render unanimated or evanid.
Nor are constant forms of prayer more likely to flat and
hinder the spirit of prayer and devotion, than unpremeditated
and confused variety to distract and lose it. K. Charles.

FLA’TLONG. adv. [flat and long.] With the flat downwards;
not edgewise.
What a blow was there given?
—An it had not fallen flatlong. Shakespeare's Tempest.

FLA’TLY. adv. [from flat.]
1. Horizontally; without inclination.
2. Without prominence or elevation.
3. Without spirit; dully; frigidly.
4. Peremptorily; downright.
He in these wars had flatly refused his aid. Sidney, b. ii.
Thereupon they flatly disavouch
To yield him more obedience, or support. Daniel's Ci. War.
Unjust, thou say'st,
Flatly unjust, to bind with laws the free. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Not any interpreters allow it to be spoken of such as flatly
deny the being of God; but of them that believing his exis­
tence, do yet seclude him from directing the affairs of the
world. Bentley's Sermons.

FLA’TNESS. n. s. [from flat.]
1. Evenness; level extension.
2. Want of relief or prominence.
It appears so very plain and uniform, that one would think
the coiner looked on the flatness of a figure, as one of the
greatest beauties in sculpture. Addison on ancient Medals.
3. Deadness; insipidity; vapidness.
Deadness or flatness in cyder is often occasioned by the too
free admission of air into the vessel. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Dejection of state.
The emperor of Russia was my father:
Oh, that he were alive, and here beholding
His daughter's trial! that he did but see
The flatness of my misery! Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
5. Dejection of mind; want of life; want of spirit.
6. Dulness; insipidity; frigidity.
How fast does obscurity, flatness, and impertinency flow in
upon our meditations? 'Tis a difficult task to talk to the pur­
pose, and to put life and perspicuity into our discourses. Collier.
Some of Homer's translators have swelled into fustian, and
others sunk into flatness. Pope's Preface to Homer.
7. The contrary to shrilness or acuteness of sound.
Take two saucers, and strike the edge of the one against
the bottom of the other within a pail of water, and you shall
find the sound groweth more flat, even while part of the saucer
is above the water; but that flatness of sound is joined with a
harshness. Bacon's Natural History, No. 157.

To FLA’TTEN. v. a. [flatir, French, from flat.]
1. To make even or level, without prominence or elevation.
2. To beat down to the ground.
If they should lie in it, and beat it down, or flatten it, it
will rise again. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To make vapid.
4. To deject; to depress; to dispirit.

To FLA’TTEN. v. n.
1. To grow even or level.
2. To grow dull and insipid.
Here joys that endure for ever, fresh and in vigour, are op­
posed to satisfactions that are attended with satiety and surfeits,
and flatten in the very tasting. L'Estrange, Fable 161. 

FLA’TTER. n. s. [from flat.] The workman or instrument by
which bodies are flattened.

To FLA’TTER. v. a. [flater, French.]
1. To sooth with praises; to please with blandishments; to gra­
tify with servile obsequiousness; to gain by false compliments.
When I tell him he hates flatterers,
He says he does; being then most flattered. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
His nature is too noble for the world;
He would not flatter Neptune for his trident,
Or Jove for's power to thunder: his heart's his mouth;
What his breast forges, that his tongue must vent. Shakesp.
He that flattereth his neighbour, spreadeth a net for his
feet. Prov. xxix. 5.
He flattereth himself in his own eyes, until his iniquity be
found hateful. Ps. xxxvi. 2.
After this way of flattering their willing benefactors out of
part, they contrived another of forcing their unwilling neigh­
bours out of all their possessions. Decay of Piety.
Averse alike to flatter or offend. Pope.
They flatter'd ev'ry day, and some days eat. Pope.
I scorn to flatter you or any man. Dr. Newton's Ded. to Milt.
2. To praise falsely.
Flatter'd crimes of a licentious age,
Provoke our censure. Young.
3. To please; to sooth. This sense is purely Gallick.
A consort of voices supporting themselves by their different
parts make a harmony, pleasingly fills the ears and flatters
them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. To raise false hopes.
He always vacant, always amiable,
Hopes thee, of flatt'ring gales
Unmindful. Milton.

FLA’TTERER. n. s. [from flatter.] One who flatters; a
fawner; a wheedler; one who endeavours to gain favour by
pleasing falsities.
When I tell him he hates flatterers,
He says he does; being then most flattered. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
Some praises proceed merely of flattery; and if he be an
ordinary flatterer, he will have certain common attributes,
which may serve every man: if he be a cunning flatterer,
he will follow the arch flatterer, which is a man's self. But
if he be an impudent flatterer, look wherein a man is con­
scious to himself that he is most defective, and is most out
of countenance in himself, that will the flatterer entitle him
to perforce. Bacon, Essay 54.
If we from wealth to poverty descend,
Want gives to know the flatt'rer from the friend. Dryden.
After treating her like a goddess, the husband uses her like a
woman: what is still worse, the most abject flatterers degene­
rate into the greatest tyrants. Addison's Guardian, No. 113.
The publick should know this of your ladyship; yet who­
ever goes about to inform them, shall be censured for a flat­
terer. Swift.

FLA’TTERY. n. s. [from flatter; flaterie, French.] False praise;
artful obsequiousness; adulation.
Minds, by nature great, are conscious of their greatness,
And hold it mean to borrow aught from flattery. Rowe.
Simple pride for flatt'ry makes demands. Pope.
See how they beg an alms of flattery!
They languish, O! support them with a lye. Young.

FLA’TTISH. adj. [from flat.] Somewhat flat; approaching to
flatness.
These are from three inches over to six or seven, and of a
flattish shape. Woodward on Fossils.

FLA’TULENCY. n. s. [from flatulent.]
1. Windiness; fulness of wind; turgescence by wind confined.
Vegetable substances contain a great deal of air, which ex­
pands itself, producing all the disorders of flatulency. Arbuthn.
2. Emptiness; vanity; levity; airiness.
Whether most of them are not the genuine derivations of
the hypothesis they claim to, may be determined by any that
considers the natural flatulency of that airy scheme of no­
tions. Glanville.

FLA’TULENT. adj. [flatulentus, flatus, Latin.]
1. Turgid with air; windy.
Pease are mild and demulcent; but being full of aerial par­
ticles, are flatulent, when dissolved by digestion. Arbuthnot.
Flatulent tumours are such as easily yield to the pressure of
the finger; but readily return, by their elasticity, to a tumid
state again: these are so light as scarce to be felt by the pa­
tient, and no otherwise incommodious than by their unsight­
liness or bulk. Quincy.
2. Empty; vain; big without substance or reality; puffy.
To talk of knowledge, from those few indistinct represen­
tations which are made to our grosser faculties, is a flatulent
vanity. Glanv. Sceps. c. 23.
How many of these flatulent writers have sunk in their re­
putation, after seven or eight editions of their works. Dryden.

FLATUO’SITY. n. s. [flatuosité, French, from flatus, Latin.]
Windiness; fulness of air.
The cause is flatuosity; for wind stirred, moveth to expel;
and all purgers have in them a raw spirit or wind, which is the
principal cause of tension in the stomach and belly. Bacon.

FLA’TUOUS. adj. [from flatus, Latin.] Windy; full of wind.
Rhubarb in the stomach, in a small quantity, doth digest
and overcome, being not flatuous nor loathsome; and so send­
eth it to the mesentery veins, and, being opening, it helpeth
down urine. Bacon's Natural History, No. 44.

FLA’TUS. n. s. [Latin.] Wind gathered in any cavities of
the body, caused by indigestion and a gross internal perspira­
tion; which is therefore discussed by warm aromaticks. Quinc.

FLA’TWISE. adj. [flat and wise: so it should be written, not
flatways.] With the flat downwards; not the edge.
Its posture in the earth was flatwise, and parallel to the site
of the stratum in which it was reposited. Woodward on Fossils.



To FLAUNT. v. n.
1. To make a fluttering show in apparel.
With ivy canopy'd, and interwove
With flaunting honeysuckle. Milton.
These courtiers of applause deny themselves things conve­
nient to flaunt it out, being frequently enough fain to immo­
late their own desires to their vanity. Boyle.
Here, attir'd beyond our purse, we go,
For useless ornament and flaunting show:
We take on trust, in purple robes to shine,
And poor, are yet ambitious to be fine. Dryden's Juvenal.
You sot, you loiter about alehouses, or flaunt about the
streets in your new-gilt chariot, never minding me nor your
numerous family. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. To be hung with something loose and flying. This seems
not to be proper.
Fortune in men has some small diff'rence made;
One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade. Pope's Essays.

FLAUNT. n. s. Any thing loose and airy.
How would he look to see his work so noble,
Wildly bound up, what would he say! or how
Should I in these my borrow'd flaunts behold
The sternness of his presence! Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

FLA’VOUR. n. s.
1. Power of pleasing the taste.
They have a certain flavour, at their first appearance, from
several accidental circumstances, which they may lose, if not
taken early. Addison's Spectator, No. 488.
2. Sweetness to the smell; odour; fragrance.
Myrtle, orange, and the blushing rose,
With bending heaps, so nigh their bloom disclose,
Each seems to smell the flavour which the other blows. Dry.

FLA’VOUROUS. adj. [from flavour.]
1. Delightful to the palate.
Sweet grapes degen'rate there, and fruits declin'd
From their first flav'rous taste, renounce their kind. Dryden.
2. Fragrant; odorous.

FLAW. n. s. [φλάω, to break; floh, Saxon, a fragment;
flauw, Dutch, broken in mind.]
1. A crack or breach in any thing.
This heart shall break into a thousand flaws,
Or ere I weep. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Wool, new-shorn, being laid casually upon a vessel of ver­
juice, after some time had drunk up a great part of the ver­
juice, though the vessel were whole, without any flaw, and
had not the bunghole open. Bacon's Natural History.
We found it exceeding difficult to keep out the air from
getting in at any imperceptible hole or flaw. Boyle.
A flaw is in thy ill-bak'd vessel found;
'Tis hollow, and returns a jarring sound. Dryden's Pers.
As if great Atlas, from his height,
Should sink beneath his heavenly weight;
And with a mighty flaw the flaming wall, as once it shall,
Should gape immense, and, rushing down, o'erwhelm this
nether ball. Dryden.
Whether the nymph shall break Diana's law,
Or some frail China-jar receive a flaw. Pope.
He that would keep his house in repair, must attend every
little breach or flaw, and supply it immediately, else time
alone will bring all to ruin. Swift.
2. A fault; defect.
Yet certain though it be, it hath flaws; for that the scri­
veners and brokers do value unsound men to serve their own
turn. Bacon's Essays.
Traditions were a proof alone,
Could we be certain such they were, so known:
But since some flaws in long descents may be,
They make not truth, but probability. Dryden.
And laid her dowry out in law,
To null her jointure with a flaw. Hudibras, p. iii. c. 1. 
Their judgment has found a flaw in what the generality
of mankind admires. Addison's Spectator.
So many flaws had this vow in its first conception. Atterb.
3. A sudden gust; a violent blast. [from flo, Latin.]
Being incens'd, he's flint;
As humourous as Winter, and as sudden
As flaws congealed in the spring of day. Shakes. Hen. IV.
Oh, that that earth, which kept the world in awe,
Should patch a wall, t' expel the Winter's flaw. Shak. Ham.
As a huge fish, laid
Near to the cold weed-gathering shore, is with a north flaw fraid,
Shoots back; so, sent against the ground,
Was foil'd Eurialus. Chapman's Iliads.
Bursting their brazen dungeon, arm'd with ice,
And snow, and hail, and stormy gust, and flaw,
Boreas, and Cæcias, and Argestes loud,
And Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn. Milton.
I heard the rack,
As earth and sky would mingle; but myself
Was distant; and these flaws, though mortals fear them,
As dangerous to the pillar'd frame of heav'n,
Or to the earth's dark basis underneath,
Are to the main inconsiderable. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. A tumult; a tempestuous uproar.
And this fell tempest shall not cease to rage,
Until the golden circuit on my head
Do calm the fury of this madbrain'd flaw. Shak. Hen. VI.
The fort's revolted to the emperor,
The gates are open'd, the portcullis drawn,
And deluges of armies from the town
Came pouring in: I heard the mighty flaw;
When first it broke, the crowding ensigns saw
Which choak'd the passage. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
5. A sudden commotion of mind.
Oh these flaws and starts,
Impostors to true fear, would become
A woman's story at a Winter's fire. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To FLAW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To break; to crack; to damage with fissure.
But his flaw'd heart,
Alack, too weak the conflict to support,
'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief,
Burst smilingly. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The cup was flawed with such a multitude of little cracks,
that it looks like a white, not like a crystalline cup. Boyle.
The brazen cauldrons with the frosts are flaw'd,
The garment stiff with ice, at hearths is thaw'd. Dryden.
2. To break; to violate. Out of use.
France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
Our merchants goods. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

FLA’WLESS. adj. [from flaw.] Without cracks; without de­
fects.
A star of the first magnitude, which the more high, more
vast, and more flawless, shines only bright enough to make
itself conspicuous. Boyle on Colours.

FLAWN. n. s. [flena, Saxon; flan, French; vlaeye, Dutch.]
A sort of custard; a pie baked in a dish. Dict.

To FLA’WTER. v. a. To scrape or pare a skin. Ainsworth.

FLA’WY. adj. [from flaw.] Full of flaws.

FLAX. n. s. [fleax, flex, Saxon; vlas, Dutch.]
1. The fibrous plant of which the finest thread is made.
The leaves, for the most part, grow alternately on branches:
the cup of the flower consists of one leaf, is tubulous, and
divided into five parts at the top: the flower consists of five
leaves, which expand in form of a clove-gilliflower: the ova­
ry, which rises from the centre of the flowercup, becomes an
almost globular fruit, which is generally pointed, and com­
posed of many cells, in which are lodged many plain smooth
seeds, which are blunt at one end, and generally sharp at the
other. The species are six. The first sort is that which is
cultivated for use in divers parts of Europe, and is reckoned an
excellent commodity. It should be cultivated. Miller.
2. The fibres of flax cleansed and combed for the spinner.
I'll fetch some flax, and whites of eggs,
T' apply to's bleeding face. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Then on the rock a scanty measure place
Of vital flax, and turn'd the wheel apace,
And turning sung. Dryden's Ovid, b. viii.

FLA’XCOMB. n. s. [flax and comb.] The instrument with
which the fibres of flax are cleansed from the brittle parts.

FLA’XDRESSER. n. s. [flax and dress.] He that prepares flax
for the spinner.

FLA’XEN. adj. [from flax.]
1. Made of flax.
The matron, at her nightly task,
With pensive labour draws the flaxen thread. Thoms. Winter.
The best materials for making ligatures are the flaxen thread
that shoemakers use. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Fair, long and flowing, as if made of flax.
I bought a fine flaxen long wig, that cost me thirty guineas.
Addison's Guardian, No. 97.

FLA’XWEED. n. s. A plant.

To FLAY. v. a. [ad flaa, Islandick; flae, Danish; vlaen, Dut.]
1. To strip of the skin.
I must have suffered famine, been eaten with wild beasts, or
have fallen into the hands of the Spaniards, and been flayed
alive. Raleigh's Apology.
While the old levitical hierarchy continued, it was part of
the ministerial office to flay the sacrifices. South.
Then give command the sacrifice to haste;
Let the flay'd victims in the plains be cast;
And sacred vows, and mystick song, apply'd
To grisly Pluto and his gloomy bride. Pope's Odyssey, b. x.
2. To take off the skin or surface of any thing.
They flay their skin from off them, break their bones, and
chop them in pieces. Mac. iii. 3.
Neither should that odious custom be allowed of cutting
scraws, which is flaying off the green surface of the ground,
to cover their cabins, or make up their ditches. Swift.

FLA’YER. n. s. [from flay.] He that strips off the skin of any
thing.

FLE

FLEA. n. s. [flea, Saxon; vloye, Dutch; fleach, Scottish.] A
small red insect remarkable for its agility in leaping, which
sucks the blood of larger animals.
While wormwood hath seed, get a handful or twain,
To save against March to make flea to refrain:


Where chamber is sweeped, and wormwood is strown,
No flea for his life dare abide to be known. Tuss. Husband.
Fleas breed principally of straw or mats, where there hath
been a little moisture. Bacon's Natural History.
A valiant flea, that dares eat his breakfast on the lip of a
lion. Shakespeare's Henry V.

To FLEA. v. a. [from the noun.] To clean from fleas.

FLE’ABANE. n. s. [flea and bane.] A plant.
It hath undivided leaves, which, for the most part, are glu­
tinous, and have a strong scent: the cup of the flower is for
the most part scaly, and of a cylindrical form: the flower is
composed of many florets, which are succeeded by seeds with
a downy substance adhering to them. Miller.

FLE’ABITE. n. s. [flea and bite.]

FLE’ABITING. n. s. [flea and bite.]
1. Red marks caused by fleas.
The attendance of a cancer is commonly a breaking out all
over the body, like a fleabiting. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. A small hurt or pain like that caused by the sting of a flea.
A gout, a cholick, a cutting off an arm or leg, or fearing
the flesh, are but fleabites to the pains of the soul. Harvey.
The same expence that breaks one man's back, is not a flea­
biting to another. L'Estrange, Fable 229.

FLE’ABITTEN. adj. [flea and bite.]
1. Stung by fleas.
2. Mean; worthless.
Fleabitten synod, an assembly brew'd
Of clerks and elders ana, like the rude
Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide,
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. Cleaveland.

FLE’AK. v. a. [from floccus, Latin. See FLAKE.] A small
lock, thread, or twist.
The businesses of men depend upon these little long fleaks
or threads of hemp and flax. More's Antidote against Atheism.

FLEAM. n. s. [corrupted from φλεβότομον, the instrument used
in phlebotomy.] An instrument used to bleed cattle, which
is placed on the vein, and then driven by a blow.

FLE’AWORT. n. s. [flea and wort.] A plant.
This plant agrees with plantain and buckshorn-plantain in
every respect, excepting that this rises up with leafy stalks,
and divides into many branches; whereas both the others pro­
duce their flowers upon naked pedicles. Miller.

To FLECK. v. a. [fleck, German, a spot, Skinner: perhaps it
is derived from fleak, or fleke, an old word for a grate, hurdle,
or any thing made of parts laid transverse, from the Islandick
flake.] To spot; to streak; to stripe; to dapple; to varie­
gate.
Let it not see the dawning fleck the skies,
Nor the grey morning from the ocean rise. Sandys.
Fleck'd in her face, and with disorder'd hair,
Her garments ruffled, and her bosom bare. Dryden's Juven.
Both fleck'd with white, the true Arcadian strain. Dryden.

To FLE’CKER. v. a. [from fleck.] To spot; to mark with
strokes or touches of different colours; to mark with red
whelkes.
The grey-ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night,
Check'ring the eastern clouds with streaks of light;
And darkness flecker'd, like a drunkard, reels
From forth day's path, and Titan's burning wheels. Shakesp.

FLED. The preterite and participle not properly of fly, to use
the wings, but of flee, to run away.
The truth is fled far away, and leasing is hard at hand.
2 Esdr. xiv. 18.
In vain for life he to the altar fled;
Ambition and revenge have certain speed. Prior.

FLEDGE. adj. [flederen, to fly, Dutch.] Full-feathered; able
to fly; qualified to leave the nest.
We did find
The shells of fledge souls left behind. Herbert.
His locks behind,
Illustrious on his shoulders, fledge with wings,
Lay waving round. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

To FLEDGE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To furnish with
wings; to supply with feathers.
The birds were not as yet fledged enough to shift for them­
selves. L'Estrange, Fable 72.
The speedy growth of birds that are hatched in nests, and
fed by the old ones 'till they be fledged, and come almost to
full bigness in about a fortnight, seems to me an argument of
providence. Ray on the Creation.
The sandals of celestial mould,
Fledg'd with ambrosial plumes, and rich with gold,
Surround her feet. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

To FLEE. v. n. pret. fled. [This word is now almost univer­
sally written fly, though properly to fly, fleogan, is to move
with wings, and flee, flean, to run away. They are now con­
founded.] To run from danger; to have recourse to shelter.
Behold, this city is near to flee unto. Gen. xix. 20.
Were men so dull they could not see
That Lyce painted; should they flee
Like simple birds into a net,
So grosly woven and ill set? Waller.
There are none of us fall into those circumstances of dan­
ger, want, or pain, that we can have hopes of relief but
from God alone; none in all the world to flee to, but him.
Tillotson, Sermon 1. 

FLEECE. n. s. [flyr, fler, Saxon; vleese, Dutch.] As much
wool as is shorn from one sheep.
Giving account of the annual increase
Both of their lambs and of their woolly fleece. Hubb. Tale.
So many days my ewes have been with young,
So many months ere I shall sheer the fleece. Shak. Hen. VI.
I am shepherd to another man,
And do not sheer the fleeces that I graze. Shak. As you like it.
Her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece. Shakespeare.
Sailors have used every night to hang fleeces of wool on the
sides of their ships, towards the water; and they have crushed
fresh water out of them in the morning. Bacon's Nat. History.
The sheep will prove much to the advantage of the woollen
manufacture, by the fineness of the fleeces. Gulliver's Travels.

To FLEECE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To clip the fleece off a sheep.
2. To strip; to pull; to plunder, as a sheep is robbed of his
wool.
Courts of justice have a small pension, so that they are
tempted to take bribes, and to fleece the people. Addison.

FLE’ECED. adj. [from fleece.] Having fleeces of wool.
As when two rams, stirr'd with ambitious pride,
Fight for the rule of the rich fleeced flock,
Their horned fronts so fierce on either side
Do meet, that with the terror of the shock
Astonied both stand senseless as a block. Fairy Queen, b. i.

FLE’ECY. adj. [from fleece.] Woolly; covered with wool.
Not all the fleecy wealth
That doth enrich these downs, is worth a thought
To that my errand. Milton.
From eastern point
Of Libra, to the fleecy star, that bears
Andromeda far off Atlantic seas. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Let her glad valleys smile with wavy corn;
Let fleecy flocks her rising hills adorn. Prior.
The good shepherd tends his fleecy care,
Seeks freshest pasture, and the purest air;
Explores the lost, the wand'ring sheep directs. Pope's Mess.

To FLEER. v. n. [fleardian, to trifle, Saxon; fleardan, Scot­
tish. Skinner thinks it formed from leer.]
1. To mock; to gibe; to jest with insolence and contempt.
You speak to Casca, and to such a man
That is no fleering tell-tale. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Dares the slave
Come hither, cover'd with an antick face,
To fleer and scorn at our solemnity! Shak. Rom. and Juliet.
Do I, like the female tribe,
Think it well to fleer and gibe? Swift.
2. To leer; to grin with an air of civility.
How popular and courteous; how they grin and fleer upon
every man they meet! Burton on Melancholy.

FLEER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Mockery expressed either in words or looks.
Encave yourself,
And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns,
That dwell in ev'ry region of his face. Shakesp. Othello.
2. A deceitful grin of civility.
If a man will but observe such persons exactly, he shall ge­
nerally spy such false lines, and such a sly treacherous fleer upon
their face, that he shall be sure to have a cast of their eye to
warn him, before they give him a cast of their nature to betray
him. South's Sermons.

FLE’ERER. n. s. [from fleer.] A mocker; a fawner. Dict.

FLEET. FLEOT. FLOT. Are all derived from the Saxon fleot,
which signifies a bay or gulph. Gibson's Camden.

FLEET. n. s. [flota, Saxon.] A company of ships; a navy.
Our pray'rs are heard; our master's fleet shall go
As far as winds can bear, or waters flow. Prior.

FLEET. n. s. [fleot, Saxon, an estuary, or arm of the sea.] A
creek; an inlet of water. A provincial word, from which
the Fleet-prison and Fleet-street are named.
They have a very good way in Essex of draining of lands
that have land-floods or fleets running through them, which
make a kind of a small creek. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLEET. adj. [fliotur, Islandick.] Swift of pace; quick; nim­
ble; active.
Upon that shore he spied Atin stand;
There by his master left, when late he far'd
In Phædria's fleet bark. Fairy Queen.
I take him for the better dog:
—Thou art a fool: if Echo were as fleet,
I would esteem him worth a dozen such. Shakespeare.
He had in his stables one of the fleetest horses in England. Clar.
His fear was greater than his haste;


For fear, though fleeter than the wind,
Believes 'tis always left behind. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.
So fierce they drove, their coursers were so fleet,
That the turf trembled underneath their feet. Dryden.
He told us, that the welkin would be clear
When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air. Gay.
Ten thousand thousand fleet ideas
Croud fast into the mind. Thomson's Autumn.
2. [In the husbandry of some provinces.] Light; superficially
fruitful.
Marl cope-ground is a cold, stiff, wet clay, unless where it
is very fleet for pasture. Mortimer.
3. Skimming the surface.
Those lands must be plowed fleet. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To FLEET. v. n. [flotan, Saxon.]
1. To fly swiftly; to vanish.
How all the other passions fleet to air,
As doubtful thoughts, and rash embrac'd despair! Shakesp.
A wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter,
Ev'n from the gallows did his fell soul fleet. Shakespeare.
2. To be in a transient state; the same with flit.
Our understanding, to make a complete notion, must add
something else to this fleeting and unremarkable superficies,
that may bring it to our acquaintance. Digby on Bodies.
O fleeting joys
Of Paradise, dear-bought with lasting woes! Milt. P. Lost.
While I listen to thy voice,
Chloris! I feel my life decay:
That powerful noise
Calls my fleeting soul away. Waller.
As empty clouds by rising winds are tost,
Their fleeting forms scarce sooner found than lost. Prior.

To FLEET. v. a.
1. To skim the water.
Who swelling sails in Caspian sea doth cross,
And in frail wood an Adrian gulph doth fleet,
Doth not, I ween, so many evils meet. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. To live merrily, or pass time away lightly.
Many young gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet
the time carelesly as they did in the golden age. Shakespeare.
3. [In the country.] To skim milk; to take off the cream:
whence the word fleeting dish.

FLEE’TINGDISH. n. s. [from fleet and dish.] A skimming
bowl.

FLE’ETLY. adv. [from fleet.] Swiftly; nimbly; with swift
pace.

FLEE’TNESS. n. s. [from fleet.] Swiftness of course; nimble­
ness; celerity; velocity; speed; quickness.

FLESH. n. s. [flœc, flœsc, Saxon; vleesch, Dutch; fêol, Erse.]
1. The body distinguished from the soul.
As if this flesh, which walls about our life,
Were brass impregnable. Shakespeare's Richard II.
A disease that's in my flesh,
Which I must needs call mine. Shakespeare's King Lear.
And thou, my soul, which turn'st with curious eye
To view the beams of thine own form divine,
Know, that thou can'st know nothing perfectly,
While thou art clouded with this flesh of mine. Davies.
2. The muscles distinguished from the skin, bones, tendons.
A spirit hath not flesh and bones. New Testament.
3. Animal food distinguished from vegetable.
Flesh should be forborne as long as he is in coats, or at least
'till he is two or three years old. Locke.
Flesh, without being qualified with acids, is too alkalescent
a diet. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Acidity in the infant may be cured by a flesh diet in the
nurse. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. The body of beasts or birds used in food, distinct from
fishes.
There is another indictment upon thee, for suffering flesh
to be eaten in thy house, contrary to the law. Shakesp. H. IV.
We mortify ourselves with the diet of fish; and think we
fare coarsely, if we abstain from the flesh of other animals.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
5. Animal nature.
The end of all flesh is come before me. Gen. vi. 13.
6. Carnality; corporal appetites.
Name not religion; for thou lov'st the flesh. Shakes.
Fasting serves to mortify the flesh, and subdue the lusts
thereof. Smalridge's Sermons.
7. A carnal state; worldly disposition.
They that are in the flesh cannot please God. Rom. viii. 8.
The flesh lusteth against the spirit, and the spirit against the
flesh. Gal. v. 16.
8. Near relation.
Let not our hand be upon him; for he is our flesh. Gen.
When thou seest the naked, cover him; and hide not thy­
self from thine own flesh. Isa. lviii. 7.
9. The outward or literal sense. The Orientals termed the
immediate or literal signification of any precept or type the
flesh, and the remote or typical meaning the spirit. This is
frequent in St. Paul.
Ye judge after the flesh. John viii. 15.

To FLESH. v. a.
1. To initiate: from the sportsman's practise of feeding his
hawks and dogs with the first game that they take, or train­
ing them to pursuit by giving them the flesh of animals.
Good man boy, if you please; come, I'll flesh ye. Shakesp.
Every puny swordsman will think him a good tame quarry
to enter and flesh himself upon. Government of the Tongue.
2. To harden; to establish in any practice, as dogs by often
feeding on any thing.
These princes finding them so fleshed in cruelty, as not to be
reclaimed, secretly undertook the matter alone. Sidney, b. ii.
The women ran all away, saving only one, who was so
fleshed in malice, that neither during nor after the fight she
gave any truce to her cruelty. Sidney, b. ii.
3. To glut; to satiate.
Harry from curb'd licence plucks
The muzzle of restraint; and the wild dog
Shall flesh his tooth on every innocent. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He hath perverted a young gentlewoman, and this night he
fleshes his will in the spoil of her honour. Shakespeare.
The kindred of him hath been flesh'd upon us;
And he is bred out of that bloody strain,
That hunted us in our familiar paths. Shakes. Henry V.
Full bravely hast thou flesht
Thy maiden sword. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

FLE’SHBROATH. n. s. [flesh and broath.] Broath made by
decocting flesh.
Her leg being emaciated, I advised bathing it with flesh­
broath, wherein had been decocted emollient herbs. Wiseman.

FLE’SHCOLOUR. n. s. [flesh and colour.] The colour of flesh.
A complication of ideas together makes up the single com­
plex idea, which he calls man, whereof white or fleshcolour in
England is one. Locke.
A loose earth of a pale fleshcolour, that is, white with a
blush of red, is found in small fissures of a brown soft stone in
the Skrees, a mountain in Cumberland. Woodward on Fossils.

FLE’SHFLY. n. s. [flesh and fly.] A fly that seeds upon flesh,
and deposites her eggs in it.
I would no more endure
This wooden slavery, than I would suffer
The fleshfly blow my mouth. Shakespeare's Tempest.
It is a wonderful thing in fleshflies, that a fly-maggot, in five
days space after it is hatched, arrives at its full growth and
perfect magnitude. Ray on the Creation.

FLE’SHHOOK. n. s. [flesh and hook.] A hook to draw flesh
from the caldron.
All that the fleshhook brought up the priest took. 1 Sa. ii. 12.

FLE’SHLESS. adj. [from flesh.] Without flesh.

FLE’SHLINESS. n. s. [from fleshly.] Carnal passions or ap­
petites.
When strong passions or weak fleshliness
Would from the right way seek to draw him wide,
He would, through temperance and stedfastness,
Teach him the weak to strengthen, and the strong suppress.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 4. stan. 2.
Corrupt manners in living, breed false judgment in doc­
trine: sin and fleshliness bring forth sects and heresies. Ascham.

FLE’SHLY. adj. [from flesh.]
1. Corporeal.
Nothing resembles death so much as sleep;
Yet then our minds themselves from slumber keep,
When from their fleshly bondage they are free. Denham.
2. Carnal; lascivious.
From amid'st them rose
Belial, the dissolutest spirit that fell,
The sensualest; and, after Asmodai,
The fleshliest incubus. Paradise Regained, b. ii.
3. Animal; not vegetable.
'Tis then for nought that mother earth provides
The stores of all she shows, and all she hides,
If men with fleshly morsels must be fed,
And chaw with bloody teeth the breathing bread. Dryden.
4. Human; not celestial; not spiritual.
Else, never could the force of fleshly arm
Ne molten metal in his flesh embrue. Fairy Queen, b. i.
What time th' eternal Lord in fleshly shrine
Enwombed was, from wretched Adam's line,
To purge away the guilt of sinful crime. Fairy Queen.
Much ostentation, vain of fleshly arm,
And of frail arms, much instrument of war
Before mine eyes thou'st set. Milton's Par. Regained, b. iii.

FLE’SHMEAT. n. s. [flesh and meat.] Animal food; the flesh
of animals prepared for food.
The most convenient diet is that of fleshmeats. Floyer.
In this prodigious plenty of cattle and dearth of human
creatures, fleshmeat is monstrously dear. Swift.

FLE’SHMENT. n. s. [from flesh.] Eagerness gained by a suc­
cessful initiation.
He got praises of the king,
For him attempting who was self-subdued;
And in the fleshment of this dread exploit,
Drew on me here again. Shakespeare's King Lear.



FLE’SHMONGER. n. s. [from flesh.] One who deals in flesh; a
pimp.
Was the duke a fleshmonger, a fool, and a coward, as you
then reported him? Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.

FLE’SHPOT. n. s. [flesh and pot.] A vessel in which flesh is
cooked; thence plenty of flesh.
If he takes away the fleshpots, he can also alter the ap­
petite. Taylor's Rule for living holy.

FLE’SHQUAKE. n. s. [flesh and quake.] A tremor of the body:
a word formed by Johnson in imitation of earthquake.
They may, blood-shaken then,
Feel such a fleshquake to possess their powers,
As they shall cry like ours:
In sound of peace or wars,
No harp e'er hit the stars. Ben. Johnson's New-Inn.

FLE’SHY. adj. [from flesh.]
1. Plump; full of flesh; fat; musculous.
All Ethiopes are fleshy and plump, and have great lips; all
which betoken moisture retained, and not drawn out. Bacon.
We say it is a fleshy stile when there is much periphrases and
circuit of words, and when with more than enough it grows
sat and corpulent. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
The sole of his foot is flat and broad, being very fleshy, and
covered only with a thick skin; but very fit to travel in sandy
places. Ray.
2. Pulpous; plump: with regard to fruits.
Those fruits that are so fleshy, as they cannot make drink
by expression, yet may make drink by mixture of water. Bacon.

FLE’TCHER. n. s. [from fleche, an arrow, French.] A manu­
facturer of bows and arrows.
It is commended by our fletchers for bows, next unto yew.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLET. participle passive of To fleet. Skimmed; deprived of the
cream.
They teach them to drink flet milk, which they just warm.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLEW. The preterite of fly.
The people flew upon the spoil. 1 Sa. xiv. 32.
O'er the world of waters Hermes flew,
'Till now the distant island rose in view. Pope's Odyssey, b. v.

FLEW. n. s. The large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound. Hanm.

FLEWED. adj. [from flew.] Chapped; mouthed.
My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
So flew'd, so sanded, and their heads are hung
With ears that sweep away the morning dew. Shakespeare.

FLEXA’NIMOUS. adj. [flexanimus, Latin.] Having power to
change the disposition of the mind. Dict.

FLEXIBI’LITY. n. s. [flexibilité, French, from flexible.]
1. The quality of admitting to be bent; pliancy.
Do not the rays which differ in refrangibility differ also in
flexibility? And are they not, by their different inflexions, se­
parated from one another, so as after separation to make the
colours? Newton's Opt.
Corpuscles of the same set agree in every thing; but those
that are of diverse kinds differ in specifick gravity, in hard­
ness, and in flexibility, as in bigness and figure. Woodward.
2. Easiness to be persuaded; ductility of mind; compliance;
facility.
Advise me to resolve rather to err by too much flexibility
than too much perverseness, by meekness than by self-love.
Hammond's Pract. Catech.

FLE’XIBLE. adj. [flexibilis, Latin; flexible, French.]
1. Possible to be bent; not brittle; easy to be bent; pliant;
not stiff.
When splitting winds
Make flexible the knees of knotted oaks. Sh. Troil. and Cress.
Take a stock-gillyflower and tie it upon a stick, and put
them both into a stoop glass full of quicksilver, so that the
flower be covered: after four or five days you shall find the
flower fresh, and the stalk harder and less flexible than it was.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 796.
2. Not rigid; not inexorable; complying; obsequious.
Phocyon was a man of great severity, and no ways flexible
to the will of the people. Bacon.
3. Ductile; manageable.
Under whose care soever a child is put to be taught, during
the tender and flexible years of his life, it should be one who
thinks Latin and language the least part of education. Locke.
4. That may be accommodated to various forms and purposes.
This was a principle more flexible to their purpose. Rogers.

FLE’XIBLENESS. n. s. [from flexible.]
1. Possibility to be bent; not brittleness; easiness to be bent;
not stiffness; pliantness; pliancy.
I will rather chuse to wear a crown of thorns, than to ex­
change that of gold for one of lead, whose embased flexibleness
shall be forced to bend. King Charles.
Keep those slender aerial bodies separated and stretched out,
which otherwise, by reason of their flexibleness and weight,
would flag or curl. Boyle's Spring of the Air.
2. Facility; obsequiousness; compliance.
3. Ductility; manageableness.
The flexibleness of the former part of a man's age, not yet
grown up to be headstrong, makes it more governable. Locke.

FLE’XILE. adj. [flexilis, Latin.] Pliant; easily bent; obse­
quious to any power or impulse.
Every flexile wave
Obeys the blast, th' aerial tumult swells. Thomson's Summer.

FLE’XION. n. s. [flexio, Latin.]
1. The act of bending.
2. A double; a bending; part bent; joint.
Of a sinuous pipe that may have some four flexions, trial
would be made. Bacon's Natural History, No. 222.
3. A turn towards any part or quarter.
Pity causeth sometimes tears, and a flexion or cast of the eye
aside. Bacon's Natural History, No. 71. 

FLE’XOR. n. s. [Latin.] The general name of the muscles
which act in contracting the joints.
Flatterers, who have the flexor muscles so strong that they
are always bowing and cringing, might in some measure be
corrected by being tied down upon a tree by the back. Arbuth.

FLE’XUOUS. adj. [flexuosus, Latin.]
1. Winding; full of turns and meanders; tortuous.
In regard of the soul, the numerous and crooked narrow
cranies, and the restrained flexuous rivulets of corporeal things,
are all contemptible. Digby on the Soul.
2. Bending; not strait; variable; not steady.
The trembling of a candle discovers a wind, that otherwise
we do not feel; and the flexuous burning of flames doth shew
the air beginneth to be unquiet. Bacon's Natural History.

FLE’XURE. n. s. [flexura, Latin.]
1. The form or direction in which any thing is bent.
Contrary is the flexure of the joints of our arms and legs
to that of quadrupeds: our knees bend forward, whereas the
same joint of their hind legs bends backward. Ray.
2. The act of bending.
The elephant hath joints, but none for courtesy;
His legs are for necessity, not flexure. Shak. Troil. and Cress.
3. The part bent; the joint.
His mighty strength lies in his able loins,
And where the flexure of his navel joins. Sandys.
4. Obsequious or servile cringe.
Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation?
Will it give place to flexure and low bends? Shak. Hen. V.

FLI

To FLI’CKER. v. a. [fligheren, Dutch; fliccerian, Saxon.]
To flutter; to play the wings; to have a fluttering motion.
Under th' allowance of your grand aspect,
Whose influence, like the wreath of radiant fire,
On flickering Phœbus' front. Shakespeare's King Lear.
'Twas ebbing darkness, past the mid' of night,
And Phospher, on the confines of the light,
Promis'd the sun, ere day began to spring;
The tuneful lark already stretch'd her wing,
And flick'ring on her nest, made short essays to sing. Dry.
At all her stretch her little wings she spread,
And with her feather'd arms embrac'd the dead;
Then flickering to his pallid lips, she strove
To print a kiss, the last essay of love. Dryden.

FLI’ER. n. s. [from fly.]
1. One that runs away; a fugitive; a runaway.
Cam'st thou from where they made the stand?
——I did;
Though you, it seems, came from the fliers. Shak. Cymbel.
The gates are ope, now prove good seconds;
'Tis for the followers fortune widens them,
Not for the fliers. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Now the fliers from and forsakers of their places, carry the
parliamentary power along with them. King Charles.
2. That part of a machine which, by being put into a more
rapid motion than the other parts, equalizes and regulates the
motion of the rest; as in a jack.
The flier, tho't had leaden feet,
Turn'd so quick, you scarce could see't. Swift.

FLIGHT. n. s. [from To fly.]
1. The act of flying or running from danger.
And now, too late, he wishes for the fight,
That strength he wasted in ignoble flight. Denham.
He thinks by flight his mistress must be won,
And claims the prize because he best did run. Dryd. Ind. Em.
As eager of the chace, the maid
Beyond the forest's verdant limits stray'd;
Pan saw and lov'd, and, burning with desire,
Pursu'd her flight; her flight increas'd his fire. Pope.
2. Removal to another place.
The fury sprang above the Stygian flood;
And on her wicker wings, sublime through night,
She to the Latian palace took her flight. Dryden's Æn.
3. The act of using wings; volation.
For he so swift and nimble was of flight,
That from this lower tract he dar'd to fly
Up to the clouds, and thence with pinions light
To mount aloft unto the crystal sky. Spenser's Muiopotmos.
Winds that tempests brew,
When through Arabian groves they take their flight,
Made wanton with rich odours, lose their spite. Dryden.


4. Removal from place to place by means of wings.
Ere the bat hath flown
His cloyster's flight. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The fowls shall take their flight away together. 2. Esd. v. 6.
Fowls, by Winter forc'd, forsake the floods,
And wing their hasty flight to happier lands. Dryden's Æn.
5. A flock of birds flying together.
Flights of angels wing thee to thy rest. Shakesp. Hamlet.
They take great pride in the feathers of birds; and this
they took from their ancestors of the mountains, who were
invited unto it by the infinite flights of birds that came up to
the high grounds. Bacon's New Atlantis.
I can at will, doubt not,
Command a table in this wilderness;
And call swift flights of angels ministrant,
Array'd in glory, on my cup t' attend. Milton's Par. Lost.
6. The birds produced in the same season: as, the harvest flight
of pigeons.
7. A volley; a shower; as much shot as is discharged at once.
At the first flight of arrows sent,
Full threescore Scots they slew. Chevy Chase.
Above an hundred arrows discharged on my left hand,
pricked me like so many needles; and besides they shot ano­
ther flight into the air, as we do bombs. Gulliver's Travels.
8. The space past by flying.
9. Heat of imagination; sally of the soul.
Old Pindar's flights by him are reacht,
When on that gale his wings are stretcht. Denham.
He shewed all the stretch of fancy at once; and if he has
failed in some of his flights, it was but because he attempted
every thing. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
Strange graces still, and stranger flights she had;
Was just not ugly, and was just not mad. Pope, Epistle ii.
Trust me, dear! good humour can prevail,
When airs and flights, and screams and scolding fail. Pope.
10. Excursion on the wing.
If there were any certain height where the flights of ambi­
tion end, one might imagine that the interest of France were
but to conserve its present greatness. Temple.
It is not only the utmost pitch of impiety, but the highest
flight of folly, to deride these things. Tillotson, Sermon 2.
11.  The power of flying.
In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft,
I shot his fellow of the self-same flight
The self-same way. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

FLI’GHTY. adj. [from flight.]
1. Fleeting; swift.
Time, thou anticipat'st my dread exploits:
The flighty purpose never is o'ertook,
Unless the deed go with it. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Wild; full of imagination.

FLI’MSY. adj. [Of this word I know not any original, and
suspect it to have crept into our language from the cant of
manufacturers.]
1. Weak; feeble; without strength of texture.
2. Mean; spiritless; without force.
Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines. Pope, Epistle ii.

To FLINCH. v. n. [corrupted from fling. Skinner.]
1. To shrink from any suffering or undertaking; to withdraw
from any pain or danger.
Every martyr could keep one eye steadily fixed upon im­
mortality, and look death and danger out of countenance
with the other; nor did they flinch from duty, for fear of
martyrdom. South's Sermons.
A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be accus­
tomed to bear very rough usage without flinching or com­
plaining. Locke.
Oh ingratitude, that John Bull, whom I have honoured
with my friendship, should flinch at last, and pretend that he
can disburse no more money. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. In Shakespeare it signifies to fail.
If I break time, or flinch in property
Of what I spoke, unpitied let me die. Shakespeare.

FLI’NCHER. n. s. [from the verb.] He who shrinks or fails in
any matter.

To FLING. preter. flung; part. flung or flong. v. a. [from
fligo, Latin, Skinner: according to others from flying; so to
fling is to set flying.]
1. To cast from the hand; to throw.
The matrons flung their gloves,
Ladies and maids their scarfs and handkerchiefs
Upon him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
'Tis fate that flings the dice; and as she flings,
Of kings makes peasants, and of peasants kings. Dryden.
2. To dart; to cast with violence.
How much unlike that Hector who return'd
Clad in Achilles' spoils; when he, among
A thousand ships, like Jove, his lightning flung. Denham.
3. To scatter.
Ev'ry beam new transient colours flings,
Colours that change whene'er they wave their wings. Pope.
4. To drive by violence.
A heap of rocks, falling, would expel the waters out of
their places with such a violence as to fling them among the
highest clouds. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
5. To move forcibly.
The knight seeing his habitation reduced to so small com­
pass, ordered all the apartments to be flung open. Addis. Spect.
6. To eject; to dismiss.
Cromwell, I charge thee fling away ambition;
By that sin fell the angels. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
7. To cast reproach.
I know thy gen'rous temper:
Fling but the appearance of dishonour on it,
It strait takes fire. Addison's Cato.
8. To force into another condition, properly into a worse.
Squalid fortune, into baseness fiong,
Doth scorn the pride of wonted ornaments. Spenser.
9. To FLING down. To demolish; to ruin.
These are so far from raising mountains, that they over­
turn and fling down some of those which were before stand­
ing. Woodward's Natural History.
10. To FLING off. To baffle in the chace; to defeat of a prey.
These men are too well acquainted with the chace to be
flung off by any false steps or doubles. Addison's Spectator.

To FLING. v. n.
1. To flounce; to wince; to fly into violent and irregular
motions.
The angry beast
Began to kick, and fling, and wince,
As if h' had been beside his sense. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
Their consciences are galled by it, and this makes them
wince and fling as if they had some mettle. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. To FLING out. To grow unruly or outrageous: from the
act of any angry horse that throws out his legs.
Duncan's horses,
Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out,
Contending 'gainst obedience. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FLING. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A throw; a cast.
2. A gibe; a sneer; a contemptuous remark.
No little scribbler is of wit so bare,
But has his fling at the poor wedded pair. Addison.
I, who love to have a fling
Both at senate-house and king,
Thought no method more commodious
Than to show their vices odious. Swift.

FLI’NGER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. He who throws.
2. He who jeers.

FLINT. n. s. [flint, Saxon.]
1. A semi-pellucid stone, composed of crystal debased, of a
blackish grey, of one similar and equal substance, free from
veins, and naturally invested with a whitish crust. It is some­
times smooth and equal, more frequently rough: its size is
various. It is well known to strike fire with steel. It is use­
ful in glassmaking. Hill on Fossils.
Searching the window for a flint, I found
This paper. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Love melts the rigour which the rocks have bred;
A flint will break upon a featherbed. Cleaveland.
There is the same force and the same refreshing virtue in
fire kindled by a spark from a flint, as if it were kindled by a
beam from the sun. South's Sermons.
Take this, and lay your flint edg'd weapon by. Dryden.
I'll fetch quick fuel from the neighb'ring wood,
And strike the sparkling flint, and dress the food. Prior.
2. Any thing eminently or proverbially hard.
Your tears, a heart of flint
Might tender make. Spenser.
Throw my heart
Against the flint and hardness of my fault. Sh. Ant. and Cleop.

FLI’NTY. adj. [from flint.]
1. Made of flint; strong.
Tyrant custom
Hath made the flinty and steel couch of war
My thrice-driven bed of down. Shakesp. Othello.
A pointed flinty rock, all bare and black,
Grew gibbous from behind the mountain's back. Dryden.
2. Full of stones.
The gathering up of flints in flinty ground, and laying them
on heaps, is no good husbandry. Bacon's Natural History.
3. Hard of heart; cruel; savage; inexorable.
I did him a desired office,
Dear almost as his life; which gratitude,
Through flinty Tartar's bosom, would peep forth,
And answer thanks. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

FLIPP. n. s. [A cant word.] A liquor much used in ships, made
by mixing beer with spirits and sugar.
The tarpawlin and swabber is lolling at Madagascar, with
some drunken sunburnt whore, over a can of flip. Dennis.

FLIPPA’NT. adj. [A word of no great authority, probably de­
rived from flip-flap.]


1. Nimble; moveable. It is used only of the act of speech.
An excellent anatomist promised to dissect a woman's tongue,
and examine whether there may not be in it certain juices,
which render it so wonderfully voluble or flippant. Addison.
2. Pert; talkative.
Away with flippant epilogues. Thomson.

FLI’PPANTLY. adv. [from the adjective.] In a flowing prating
way.

To FLIRT. v. a. [Skinner thinks it formed from the sound.]
1. To throw any thing with a quick elastick motion.
Dick the scavenger
Flirts from his cart the mud in Walpole's face. Swift.
2. To move with quickness.
Permit some happier man
To kiss your hand, or flirt your fan. Dorset.

To FLIRT. v. n.
1. To jeer; to gibe at one.
2. To run about perpetually; to be unsteady and fluttering.

FLIRT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A quick elastick motion.
In unfurling the fan are several little flirts and vibrations,
as also gradual and deliberate openings. Addison's Spectator.
Before you pass th' imaginary sights
While the spread fan o'ershades your closing eyes,
Then give one flirt, and all the vision flies. Pope.
2. A sudden trick.
Have licence to play,
At the hedge a flirt,
For a sheet or a shirt. Ben. Johnson's Gypsies.
3. A pert young hussey.
Scurvy knave, I am none of his flirt gills; I am none of
his skains mates. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us out
of the fashionable world. Addison's Guardian, No. 109.

FLIRTA’TION. n. s. [from flirt.] A quick sprightly mo­
tion. A cant word among women.
A muslin flounce, made very full, would give a very agree­
able flirtation air. Pope.

To FLIT. v. n. [from To fleet; or from flitter, Danish, to re­
move.]
1. To fly away.
Likest it seemeth, in my simple wit,
Unto the fair sunshine in Summer's day,
That when a dreadful storm away is flit,
Through the broad world doth spread his goodly ray. Spens.
His grudging ghost did strive
With the frail flesh; at last it flitted is,
Whither the souls do die of men that live amiss. Fairy Qu.
2. To remove; to migrate. In Scotland it is still used for re­
moving from one place to another at quarter-day, or the usual
term.
So hardly he the flitted life does win,
Unto her native prison to return. Fairy Queen, cant. 7.
It became a received opinion, that the souls of men, de­
parting this life, did flit out one body into some other. Hooker.
3. To flutter; to rove on the wing.
He made a glancing shot, and miss'd the dove;
Yet miss'd so narrow, that he cut the cord
Which fasten'd, by the foot, the flitting bird. Dryd. Æn.
Fear the just gods, and think of Scylla's fate!
Chang'd to a bird, and sent to flit in air. Pope.
4. To be flux or unstable.
Himself up high he lifted from the ground,
And with strong flight did forcibly divide
The yielding air, which nigh too feeble found
Her flitting parts, and element unsound. Fairy Queen, b. i.
He stopt at once the passage of his wind,
And the free soul to flitting air resign'd. Dryden's Æn.

FLIT. adj. [from fleet.] Swift; nimble; quick.
And in his hand two darts exceeding flit,
And deadly sharp, he held; whose heads were dight,
In poison and in blood, of malice and despight. Fairy Qu.

FLITCH. n. s. [flicce, Saxon; flycke, Danish; fleche, floche,
French. Skinner.] The side of a hog salted and cured.
But heretofore 'twas thought a sumptuous feast,
On birthdays, festivals, or days of state,
A salt dry flitch of bacon to prepare;
If they had fresh meat, 'twas delicious fare. Dryden's Juv.
While he from out the chimney took
A flitch of bacon off the hook,
Cut out large slices to be fry'd. Swift.
He sometimes accompanies the present with a flitch of
bacon. Addison.

FLI’TTERMOUSE. n. s. The bat.

FLI’TTING. n. s. [flit, Saxon, scandal.] An offence; a
fault.
Thou tellest my flittings, put my tears into thy bottle.
Psalm lvi.

FLIX. n. s. [corrupted from flax.] Down; sur; soft hair.
With his loll'd tongue he faintly licks his prey;
His warm breath blows her flix up as she lies:
She trembling creeps upon the ground away,
And looks back to him with beseeching eyes. Dryden.

FLI’XWOOD. n. s. See HEDGE-MUSTARD.

FLO

To FLOAT. v. n. [flotter, French.]
1. To swim on the surface of the water.
When the sea was calm, all boats alike
Shew'd mastership in floating. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The ark no more now floats, but seems on ground,
Fast on the top of some high mountain fix'd. Milt. P. L.
That men, being drowned and sunk, do float the ninth
day, when their gall breaketh, are popular affirmations. Brown.
Three blust'ring nights, born by the southern blast,
I floated; and discover'd land at last. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
His rosy wreath was dropt not long before,
Born by the tide of wine, and floating on the floor. Dryden.
On frothy billows thousands float the stream,
In cumb'rous mail, with love of farther shore. Phillips.
Carp are very apt to float away with fresh water. Mortimer.
2. To move without labour in a fluid.
What divine monsters, O ye gods, were these
That float in air, and fly upon the seas! Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Swift they descend, with wing to wing conjoin'd,
Stretch their broad plumes, and float upon the wind. Pope.
3. To pass with a light irregular course.
Floating visions make not deep impressions enough to leave
in the mind clear, distinct, lasting ideas. Locke.

To FLOAT. v. a. To cover with water.
Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands,
And leaves a rich manure of golden sands. Dryden's Æn.
Venice looks, at a distance, like a great town half floated
by a deluge. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Now smoaks with show'rs the misty mountain-ground,
And floated fields lie undistinguish'd round. Pope's Statius.
The vast parterres a thousand hands shall make:
Lo! Cobham comes, and floats them with a lake. Pope.

FLOAT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of flowing; the flux; the contrary to the ebb. A
sense now out of use.
Our trust in the Almighty is, that with us contentions are
now at their highest float. Hooker, Preface.
Of this kind is some disposition of bodies to rotation, par­
ticularly from East to West; of which kind we conceive the
main float and refloat of the sea is, which is by consent of the
universe, as part of the diurnal motion. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. Any body so contrived or formed as to swim upon the water.
They took it for a ship, and, as it came nearer, for a boat;
but it proved a float of weeds and rushes. L'Estrange's Fables.
A passage for the weary people make;
With osier floats the standing water strow,
Of massy stones make bridges, if it flow. Dryden's Virgil.
3. The cork or quill by which the angler discovers the bite of
a fish.
You will find this to be a very choice bait, sometimes cast­
ing a little of it into the place where your float swims. Walton.
4. A cant word for a level.
Banks are measured by the float or floor, which is eighteen
foot square, and one deep. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLO’ATY. adj. Buoyant and swimming a-top.
The hindrance to stay well is the extreme length of a ship,
especially if she be floaty, and want sharpness of way for­
wards. Raleigh's Essays.

FLOCK. n. s. [flocc, Saxon.]
1. A company; usually a company of birds or beasts.
She that hath a heart of that fine frame,
To pay this debt of love but to a brother,
How will she love when the rich golden shaft
Hath kill'd the flock of all affections else
That live in her. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
2. A company of sheep, distinguished from herds, which are of
oxen.
The cattle in the fields, and meadows green,
Those rare and solitary; these in flocks
Pasturing at once, and in broad herds upsprung. Milton.
France has a sheep by her, not only as a sacrifice, but to
shew that the riches of the country consisted chiefly in flocks
and pasturage. Addison on ancient Medals.
3. A body of men.
The heathen that had fled out of Judea came to Nicanor by
flocks. 2 Mac. xiv. 14.
4. [From floccus.] A lock of wool.
A house well furnish'd shall be thine to keep;
And, for a flock bed, I can sheer my sheep. Dryden.

To FLOCK. v. n. [from the noun.] To gather in crowds or
large numbers.
Many young gentlemen flock to him every day, and fleet
the time carelesly. Shakes. As you like it.
Upon the return of the ambassadors, the poor of all sorts
flocked together to the great master's house. Knolles's History.
Others ran flocking out of their houses to the general sup­
plication. 2 Mac. iii. 18.
Stilpo, when the people flocked about him, and that one
said, The people come wondering about you, as if it were to


see some strange beast; no, saith he, it is to see a man which
Diogenes sought with his lanthorn at noon-day. Bacon.
Seeing the spirits swelling the nerves cause the arm's mo­
tion, upon its resistance they flock from other parts of the
body to overcome it. Digby on Bodies.
The wits of the town came thither;
'T was strange to see how they flock'd together;
Each strongly confident of his own way,
Thought to gain the laurel that day. Suckling.
Friends daily flock. Dryden's Æn.
The Trojan youth about the captive flock,
To wonder, or to pity, or to mock. Denham.
People do not flock to courts so much for their majesties
service, as for making their fortunes. L'Estrange.

To FLOG. v. a. [from flagrum, Latin.] To lash; to whip;
to chastise.
The schoolmaster's joy is to flog. Swift.

FLONG. particip. passive, from To fling, used by Spenser. See
FLING.

FLOOD. n. s. [flod, Saxon; flot, French.]
1. A body of water; the sea; a river.
What need the bridge much broader than the flood? Shak.
His dominion shall be also from the one sea to the other, and
from the flood unto the world's end. Psalm lxxii. 8.
Or thence from Niger flood to Atlas mount,
The kingdoms of Almanzor, Fez, and Sus,
Morocco, and Algiers, and Tremisen. Milton's Par. Lost.
All dwellings else
Flood overwhelm'd, and them with all their pomp
Deep under water roll'd; sea cover'd sea,
Sea without shore. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Arcadia's flow'ry plains and pleasing floods. Dryden's Virg.
2. A deluge; an inundation.
When went there by an age since the great flood,
But it was fam'd with more than with one man? Shakesp.
You see this confluence, this great flood of visiters. Shak.
By sudden floods, and fall of waters,
Buckingham's army is dispers'd and scatter'd. Shak. R. III.
3. Flow; flux; not ebb; not reflux; the swelling of a river by
rain or inland flood.
We seek to know the moving of each sphere,
And the strange cause o' th' ebbs and floods of Nile. Davies.
4. Catamenia.
Those that have the good fortune of miscarrying, or being
delivered, escape by means of their floods revelling the hu­
mours from their lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.

To FLOOD. v. a. [from the noun.] To deluge; to cover with
waters.
Where meadows are flooded late in Spring, roll them with a
large barley-roller. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLO’ODGATE. n. s. [flood and gate.] Gate or shutter by which
the watercourse is closed or opened at pleasure.
As if the opening of her mouth to Zelmane had opened
some great floodgate of sorrow, whereof her heart could not
abide the violent issue, she sunk to the ground. Sidney.
Yet there the steel staid not; but inly bate
Deep in his flesh, and opened wide a red floodgate. Fai. Qu.
His youth, and want of experience in maritime service,
had somewhat been shrewdly touched, even before the sluices
and floodgates of popular liberty were yet set open. Wotton.
The rain descended for forty days, the cataracts or flood­
gates of heaven being opened. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

FLOOK. n. s. [pflug, a plow, German.] The broad part of the
anchor which takes hold of the ground.

FLOOR. n. s. [flor, flore, Saxon.]
1. The pavement: a pavement is always of stone, the floor
of wood or stone; the part on which one treads.
His stepmother, making all her gestures counterfeit afflic­
tion, lay almost groveling upon the floor of her chamber. Sidn.
He rent that iron door
With furious force, and indignation fell;
Where entered in, his foot could find no floor,
But all a deep descent as dark as hell. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Look how the floor of heav'n
Is thick inlay'd with patens of bright gold:
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young ey'd cherubims. Shakespeare.
The ground lay strewed with pikes so thick as a floor is
usually strewed with rushes. Hayward.
He winnoweth barley to-night in the threshing floor. Ruth.
2. A story; a flight of rooms.
He that building stays at one
Floor, or the second, hath erected none. Johnson's Catiline.

To FLOOR. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover the bottom with
a floor.
Hewn stone and timber to floor the houses. 2 Chro. xxxiv.

FLO’ORING. n. s. [from floor.] Bottom; floor.
The flooring is a kind of red plaister made of brick, ground
to powder, and afterwards worked into mortar. Addison.

To FLOP. v. a. [from flap.] To clap the wings with noise;
to play with any noisy motion of a broad body.
A blackbird was frighted almost to death with a huge stopp­
ing kite that she saw over her head. L'Estrange.

FLO’RAL. adj. [floralis, Latin.] Relating to Flora, or to
flowers.
Let one great day
To celebrated sports and floral play
Be set aside. Prior.

FLO’RENCE. n. s. [from the city Florence.] A kind of
cloath. Dict.

FLO’REN. n. s. [so named, says Camden, because made by Flo­
rentines.] A gold coin of Edward III. in value six shillings.

FLO’RET. n. s. [fleurette, French.] A small imperfect flower.

FLO’RID. adj. [floridus, Latin.]
1. Productive of flowers; covered with flowers.
2. Bright in colour; flushed with red.
Our beauty is in colour inferiour to many flowers; and
when it is most florid and gay, three fits of an ague can change
it into yellowness and leanness. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The qualities of blood in a healthy state are to be florid,
when let out of the vessel, the red part congealing strongly
and soon. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Embellished; splendid; brilliant with decorations.
The florid, elevated, and figurative way is for the passions;
for love and hatred, fear and anger, are begotten in the soul,
by shewing their objects out of their true proportion. Dryden.
How did, pray, the florid youth offend,
Whose speech you took, and gave it to a friend? Pope.

FLORI’DITY. n. s. [from florid.] Freshness of colour.
There is a floridity in the face from the good digestion of
the red part of the blood. Floyer on the Humours.

FLO’RIDNESS. n. s. [from florid.]
1. Freshness of colour.
2. Embellishment; ambitious elegance.
Though a philosopher need not delight readers with his
floridness, yet he may take a care that he disgust them not
by flatness. Boyle.

FLORI’FEROUS. adj. [florifer, Latin.] Productive of flowers.

FLO’RIN. n. s. [French.] A coin first made by the Floren­
tines. That of Germany is in value 2 s. 4 d. that of Spain
4 s. 4 d. halfpenny; that of Palermo and Sicily 2 s. 6 d.
that of Holland 2 s.
In the Imperial chamber the proctors have half a florin
taxed and allowed them for every substantial recess. Ayliffe.

FLO’RIST. n. s. [fleuriste, French.] A cultivater of flowers.
Some botanists or florists at the least. Dunciad, b. iv.
And while they break
On the charm'd eye, th' exulting florist marks
With secret pride the wonders of his hand. Thoms. Spring.

FLO’RULENT. adj. [floris, Latin.] Flowery; blos­
soming.

FLO’SCULOUS. adj. [flosculus, Latin.] Composed of flowers;
having the nature or form of flowers.
The outward part is a thick and carnous covering, and the
second a dry and flosculous coat. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To FLOTE. v. a. [See To fleet.] To skim.
Such cheeses, good Cisley, ye floted too nigh. Tusser.

FLO’TSON. n. s. [from flote.] Goods that swim without an
owner on the sea.

FLO’TTEN. part. [from flote.] Skimmed. Skinner.

To FLOUNCE. v. n. [plonsen, Dutch, to plunge.]
1. To move with violence in the water or mire; to struggle or
dash in the water.
With his broad fins and forky tail he laves
The rising surge, and flounces in the waves. Addison's Ovid.
2. To move with weight and tumult.
Six flouncing Flanders mares
Are e'en as good as any two of theirs. Prior.
3. To move with passionate agitation.
When I'm duller than a post,
Nor can the plainest word pronounce,
You neither fume, nor fret, nor flounce. Swift.

To FLOUNCE. v. a. To deck with flounces.
She was flounced and furbelowed from head to foot; every
ribbon was crinkled, and every part of her garments in
curl. Addison's Spectator, No. 129.
They have got into the fashion of flouncing the petticoat so
very deep, that it looks like an entire coat of lutestring. Pope.

FLOUNCE. n. s. [from the verb.] Any thing sewed to the gar­
ment, and hanging loose, so as to swell and shake.
Nay, oft in dreams invention we bestow,
To change a flounce, or add a furbelow. Pope.
A muslin flounce, made very full, would be very agree­
able. Pope.

FLO’UNDER. n. s. [flynder, Danish; fluke, Scottish.] The name
of a small flat fish.
Like the flounder, out of the frying-pan into the fire. Camd.
Flounders will both thrive and breed in any pond. Mortimer.

To FLO’UNDER. v. n. [from flounce.] To struggle with vio­
lent and irregular motions: as a horse in the mire.
Down goes at once the horseman and the horse;
That courser stumbles on the fallen steed,
And flound'ring throws the rider o'er his head. Dryden.


The more inform'd, the less he understood,
And deeper sunk by flound'ring in the mud. Dryden.
He champs the bit, impatient of his loss,
And starts aside, and flounders at the cross. Dryden.
He plung'd for sense, but found no bottom there;
Then writ and flounder'd on, in mere despair. Pope's Dunc.

To FLO’URISH. v. n. [floreo, floresco, Latin.]
1. To be in vigour; not to fade.
The righteous shall flourish like the palm-tree. Ps. xcii. 12.
Where e'er you tread, the blushing flow'rs shall rise,
And all things flourish where you turn your eyes. Pope.
2. To be in a prosperous state.
If I could find example
Of thousands, that had struck anointed kings,
And flourish'd after, I'd not do't: but since
Nor brass, nor stone, nor parchment, bears not one,
Let villany itself forswear't. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Harry, that prophesied thou should'st be king,
Doth comfort thee in sleep; live thou and flourish. Shakesp.
He was the patron of my manhood, when I flourished in the
opinion of the world, though with small advantage to my
fortune. Dryden's Dedicat. to Lord Clifford.
3. To use florid language; to speak with ambitious copiousness
and elegance.
Whilst Cicero acts the part of a rhetorician, he dilates and
flourishes, and gives example instead of rule. Baker.
You should not affect to flourish in a copious harangue and
a diffusive style in company. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
They dilate sometimes, and flourish long upon little inci­
dents, and they skip over and but lightly touch the drier part
of their theme. Watts's Logick.
4. To describe various figures by intersecting lines; to play in
wanton and irregular motions.
Impetuous spread
The stream and smoaking, flourish'd o'er his head. Pope.
5. To boast; to brag.
6. [In musick.] To play some prelude.

To FLO’URISH. v. a.
1. To adorn with vegetable beauty.
With shadowy verdure flourish'd high,
A sudden youth the groves enjoy. Fenton.
2. To adorn with figures of needle work.
3. To work with a needle into figures.
All that I shall say will be but like bottoms of thread close
wound up, which, with a good needle, perhaps may be flou­
rished into large works. Bacon's War with Spain.
4. To move any thing in quick circles or vibrations by way of
show or triumph.
And all the powers of hell in full applause
Flourish'd their snakes, and toss'd their flaming brands. Cra.
Against the post their wicker shields they crush,
Flourish the sword, and at the plastron push. Dryden's Juv.
5. To adorn with embellishments of language; to grace with
eloquence ostentatiously diffusive.
We should add the labours of Hercules, though flourished
with much fabulous matter; yet it doth notably set forth the
consent of all nations and ages in the approbation of the ex­
tirpating and debellating giants, monsters and tyrants. Bacon.
6. To adorn; to embellish; to grace.
To bring you thus together, 'tis no sin,
Sith that the justice of your title to him
Doth flourish the deceit. Shakes. Measure for Measure.

FLO’URISH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Bravery; beauty.
I call'd thee then vain flourish of my fortune;
I call'd thee then poor shadow, painted queen,
The presentation of but what I was. Shakesp. Richard III.
The flourish of his sober youth,
Was the pride of naked truth. Crashaw.
2. An ostentatious embellishment; ambitious copiousness; far­
fetched elegance.
This is a flourish: there follow excellent parables. Bacon.
We can excuse the duty of our knowledge, if we only
bestow the flourish of poetry thereon, or those commendatory
conceits which popularly set forth the eminence of this crea­
ture. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 5.
The apprehension is so deeply rivetted into my mind, that
such rhetorical flourishes cannot at all loosen or brush it out.
More's Divine Dialogues.
Villanies have not the same countenance, when there are
great interests, plausible colours, and flourishes of wit and
rhetorick interposed between the sight and the object. L'Estr.
The so much repeated ornament and flourish of their for­
mer speeches was commonly the truest word they spoke, tho'
least believed by them. South's Sermons.
Studious to please the genius of the times,
With periods, points, and tropes he slurs his crimes;
He lards with flourishes his long harangue;
'Tis fine, say'st thou; what to be prais'd, and hang? Dryd.
3. Figures formed by lines curiously or wantonly drawn.
A child with delight looks upon emblems finely drawn and
painted, and takes some pleasure in beholding the neat cha­
racters and flourishes of a bible curiously printed. Boyle.
They were intended only for ludicrous ornaments of na­
ture, like the flourishes about a great letter that signify nothing,
but are made only to delight the eye. More against Atheism.

FLO’URISHER. n. s. [from flourish.] One that is in prime or
in prosperity.
They count him of the green-hair'd eld, they may, or in
his flow'r;
For not our greatest flourisher can equal him in pow'r.
Chapman's Iliads.

To FLOUT. v. a. [fluyten, Dutch; flouwe, Frisick.] To
mock; to insult; to treat with mockery and contempt.
You must flout my insufficiency. Shakespeare.
The Norweyan banners flout the sky,
And fan our people cold. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He mock'd us when he begg'd our voices;
Certainly he flouted us downright. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
She railed at her, that she should be so immodest to write to
one she knew would flout her. Shakespeare.
Phillida flouts me. Walton's Angler.

To FLOUT. v. n. To practise mockery; to behave with con­
tempt; to sneer.
Though nature hath given us wit to flout at fortune, hath
not fortune sent in this fool to cut off this argument? Shakes.
With talents well endu'd
To be scurrilous and rude;
When you pertly raise your snout,
Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout. Swift.

FLOUT. n. s. [from the verb.] A mock; an insult; a word
or act of contempt.
He would ask of those that had been at the other's table,
Tell truly, was there never a flout or dry blow given? Bacon.
She opened it, and read it out,
With many a smile and leering flout. Hudibras, p. iii.
Their doors are barr'd against a bitter flout;
Snarl, if you please; but you shall snarl without. Dryden.
How many flouts and jeers must I expose myself to by this
repentance? How shall I answer such an old acquaintance
when he invites me to an intemperate cup? Calamy's Serm.

FLO’UTER. n. s. [from flout.] One who jeers.

To FLOW. v. n. [flowan, Saxon.]
1. To run or spread as water.
The god am I, whose yellow water flows
Around these fields, and fattens as it goes. Dryden's Æn.
Fields of light and liquid ether flow,
Purg'd from the pond'rous dregs of earth below. Dryden.
Endless tears flow down in streams. Swift.
2. To run: opposed to standing waters.
With osier floats the standing water strow;
Of massy stones make bridges, if it flow. Dryden.
2. To rise; not to ebb.
This river hath thrice flow'd, no ebb between. Shakesp.
3. To melt.
Oh that thou wouldst rent the heavens, that the mountains
might flow down at thy presence. Is. lxiv. 1. 
4. To proceed; to issue.
I'll use that tongue I have: if wit flow from 't,
I shall do good. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The knowledge drawn from experience is quite of another
kind from that which flows from speculation or discourse. South.
5. To glide smoothly without asperity: as, a flowing period.
This discourse of Cyprian, and the flowers of rhetorick in
it, shew him to have been of a great wit and flowing elo­
quence. Hakewill on Providence.
6. To write smoothly; to speak volubly.
Virgil is sweet and flowing in his hexameters. Dryden.
Did sweeter sounds adorn my flowing tongue
Than ever man pronounc'd, or angel sung. Prior.
7. To abound; to be crowded.
The dry streets flow'd with men. Chapman.
8. To be copious; to be full.
Then shall our names,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd. Shak. Hen. V.
There ev'ry eye with slumb'rous chains she bound,
And dash'd the flowing goblet to the ground. Pope's Odyssey.
9. To hang loose and waving.
He was cloathed in a flowing mantle of green silk, inter­
woven with flowers. Spectator, No. 425.

To FLOW. v. a. To overflow; to deluge.
In a hot dry Summer watering would be a very great ad­
vantage to hops; but it is scarce practicable, unless you have
a stream at hand to flow the ground. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLOW. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The rise of water; not the ebb.
Some, from the diurnal and annual motion of the earth,
endeavour to solve the flows and motions of these seas, illus­
trating the same by water in a bowl, that rises or falls accord­
ing to the motion of the vessel. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The ebb of tides, and their mysterious flow,
We as arts elements shall understand. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
2. A sudden plenty or abundance.
The noble power of suffering bravely is as far above that


of enterprising greatly, as an unblemished conscience and in­
flexible resolution are above an accidental flow of spirits, or a
sudden tide of blood. Pope.
3. A stream of diction; volubility of tongue.
Teaching is not a flow of words, nor the draining of an
hour-glass; but an effectual procuring that a man know some­
thing which he knew not before, or to know it better. South.

FLO’WER. n. s. [fleur, French; flos, flores, Latin.]
1. The part of a plant which contains the seeds.
Such are reckoned perfect flowers which have petala, a
stamen, apex and stylus; and whatever flower wants either of
these is reckoned imperfect. Perfect flowers are divided into
simple ones, which are not composed of other smaller ones,
and which usually have but one single style; and compounded,
which consist of many flosculi, all making but one flower.
Simple flowers are monopetalous, which have the body of the
flower all of one intire leaf, though sometimes cut or divided
a little way into many seeming petala, or leaves; as in borage,
bugloss, &c. or polypetalous, which have distinct petala, and
those falling off singly, and not all together, as the seeming
petala of monopetalous flowers always do: but those are fur­
ther divided into uniform and difform flowers: the former
have their right and left hand parts, and the forward and back­
ward parts all alike; but the difform have no such regularity,
as in the flowers of sage, deadnettle, &c. A monopetalous
difform flower is likewise further divided into, first, semi-fistu­
lar, whose upper part resembles a pipe cut off obliquely, as in
the arilostochia: 2d, labiate; and this either with one lip
only, as in the acanthum and scordium, or with two lips, as
in the far greater part of the labiate flowers: and here the up­
per lip is sometimes turned upwards, and so turns the convex
part downwards, as in the chamæcissus, &c. but most com­
monly the upper lip is convex above, and turns the hollow
part down to its fellow below, and so represents a kind of
helmet, or monkshood; and from thence these are frequently
called galeate, cucullate, and galericulate flowers; and in this
form are the flowers of the lamium, and most verticillate plants.
Sometimes also the lamium is intire, and sometimes jagged or
divided. 3d, Corniculate; that is, such hollow flowers as have
on their upper part a kind of spur, or little horn, as in the
linaria, delphinum, &c. and the carniculum, or calcar, is al­
ways impervious at the tip or point. Compounded flowers
are either, first, discous or discoidal; that is, whose flosculi
are set together so close, thick, and even, as to make the sur­
face of the flower plain and flat, which therefore, because of
its round form, will be like a discus; which disk is some­
times radiated, when there is a row of petala standing round
in the disk, like the points of a star, as in the matricaria,
chamæmelum, &c. and sometimes naked, having no such
radiating leaves round the limb of its disk, as in the tanace­
tum: 2d, planifolious, which is composed of plain flowers,
set together in circular rows round the centre, and whose face
is usually indented, notched uneven and jagged, as the hiera­
cia, &c. 3d, fistular, which is compounded of many
long hollow little flowers, like pipes, all divided into large jags
at the ends. Imperfect flowers, because they want the petala,
are called stamineous, apetalous, and capillaceous; and those
which hang pendulous by fine threads, like the juli, are by
Tournefort called amentaceous, and we call them cats-tail.
The term campaniformis is used for such as are in the shape of
a bell, and infundibuliformis for such as are in the form of a
funnel. Miller.
Good men's lives
Expire before the flowers in their caps,
Dying or ere they sicken. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
With flow'r inwoven tresses torn,
The nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn.
Milton.
Beauteous flow'rs why do we spread
Upon the monuments of the dead? Cowley.
Though the same sun with all-diffusive rays
Blush in the rose and in the diamond blaze,
We praise the stronger effort of his power,
And always set the gem above the flower. Pope.
If the blossom of the plant be of most importance, we call
it a flower; such are daisies, tulips, and carnations. Watts.
2. An ornament; an embellishment.
This discourse of Cyprian, and the excellent flowers of rhe­
torick in it, shew him to have been a sweet and powerful
erator. Hakewill on Providence.
Truth needs no flow'rs of speech. Pope.
3. The prime; the flourishing part.
Alas! young man, your days can ne'er be long:
In flow'r of age you perish for a song. Pope's Horace Impr.
4. The edible part of corn; the meal.
The bread I would have in flower, so as it might be baked
still to serve their necessary want. Spenser on Ireland.
I can make my audit up, that all
From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
And leave me but the bran. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The flowers of grains, mixed with water, will make a sort
of glue. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
But by thy care twelve urns of wine be fill'd,
Next these in worth, and firm those urns be seal'd;
Be twice ten measures of the choicest flour
Prepar'd, ere yet descends the evening hour. Pope's Odyssey.
5. The most excellent or valuable part of any thing; quin­
tessence.
The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms
do more briefly contain, and more movingly express, by rea­
son of their poetical form. Hooker.
Thou hast slain
The flower of Europe for his chivalry. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The French monarchy is exhausted of its bravest subjects:
the flower of the nation is consumed in its wars. Addison.
6. That which is most distinguished for any thing valuable.
He is not the flower of courtesy; but, I warrant him, as
gentle as a lamb. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

FLO’WER de Luce. n. s. A bulbous iris.
It hath a lily flower of one leaf, shaped like that of the
common iris: the pointal has three leaves, and the empale­
ment turns to a fruit shaped like that of the common iris. Its
root is bulbous. Miller specifies thirty-four species of this
plant; and among them the Persian flower de luce is greatly
esteemed for the sweetness and beauty of its variegated flowers,
which are in perfection in February, or the beginning of
March.
Crop'd are the flower de luces in your arms;
Of England's coat one half is cut away. Shakes. Henry VI.
The iris is the flower de luce. Peacham.

To FLO’WER. v. n. [fleurir, French, or from the noun.]
1. To be in flower; to be in blossom; to bloom; to put forth
flowers.
So forth they marched in this goodly sort,
To take the solace of the open air,
And in fresh flowering fields themselves to sport. Fairy Qu.
Sacred hill, whose head full high,
Is, as it were, for endless memory
Of that dear Lord, who oft thereon was found,
For ever with a flow'ring garland crown'd. Fairy Queen.
Then herbs of every leaf, that sudden flower'd,
Op'ning their various colours. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood,
If od'rous blooms the bearing branches load. Dryd. Georg.
To leafless shrubs the flow'ring palms succeed,
And od'rous myrtle to the noisome weed. Pope's Messiah.
2. To be in the prime; to flourish.
Whilome in youth, when flower'd my youthful spring,
Like swallow swift, I wandered here and there;
For heat of heedless lust me did so sting,
That I of doubted danger had no fear. Spenser's Pastorals.
This cause detain'd me all my flow'ring youth,
Within a loathsome dungeon there to pine. Shak. Hen. VI.
3. To froth; to ferment; to mantle, as new bottled beer.
Those above water were the best, and that beer did flower
a little; whereas that under water did not, though it were
fresh. Bacon's Natural History, No. 385.
An extreme clarification doth spread the spirits so smooth
that they become dull, and the drink dead, which ought to
have a little flowering. Bacon's Natural History.
4. To come as cream from the surface.
If you can accept of these few observations, which have
flowered off, and are, as it were, the burnishing of many stu­
dious and contemplative years, I here give you them to dispose
of. Milton on Education.

To FLO’WER. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn with ficti­
tious or imitated flowers.

FLO’WERAGE. n. s. [from flower.] Store of flowers. Dict.

FLO’WERET. n. s. [fleuret, French.] A flower; a small
flower.
Sometimes her head she fondly would aguise
With gaudy garlands, or fresh flow'rets dight,
About her neck, or rings of rushes plight. Fairy Queen.
No more shall trenching war channel her fields,
Nor bruise her flow'rets with the armed hoofs
Of hostile pacer. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
That same dew, which sometime on the buds
Was wont to swell, like round and orient pearls,
Stood now within the pretty flow'ret's eyes,
Like tears that did their own disgrace bewail. Shakespeare.
So to the sylvan lodge
They came, that like Pomona's arbour smil'd,
With flow'rets deck'd, and fragrant smells. Milt. Par. Lost.
Then laughs the childish year with flow'rets crown'd,
And lavishly persumes the fields around;
But no substantial nourishment receives,
Infirm the stalks, unsolid are the leaves. Dryden's Fables.

FLO’WERGARDEN. n. s. [flower and garden.] A garden in
which flowers are principally cultivated.
Observing that this manure produced flowers in the field, I
made my gardener try those shells in my flowergarden, and I
never saw better carnations or flowers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FLO’WERINESS. n. s. [from flowery.]
1. The state of abounding in flowers.


2. Floridness of speech.

FLO’WERINGBUSH. n. s. A plant.
The leaves are triangular and grassy, the stalks naked, and
the flowers disposed in an umbella upon the top of the stalk,
cach consisting of six leaves: three of them are large, and
three small, which are expanded in form of a rose. Miller.

FLO’WERY. adj. [from flower.] Full of flowers; adorned with
flowers real or fictitious.
My mother Circe, with the syrens three,
Amid'st the flow'ry kirtl'd Naiades. Milton.
Day's harbinger
Comes dancing from the East, and leads with her
The flow'ry May, who from her green lap throws
The yellow cowslip and the pale primrose. Milton.
O'er his fair limbs a flow'ry vest he threw. Pope's Odyssey.
To her the shady grove, the flow'ry field,
The streams and fountains, no delight could yield. Pope.

FLO’WINGLY. adv. [from flow.] With volubility; with
abundance.

FLOWK. n. s. [fluke, Scott.] A flounder; the name of a fish.
Amongst these the flowk, sole, and plaice follow the tide up
into the fresh waters. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

FLO’WKWORT. n. s. The name of a plant.

FLOWN. Participle of fly, or flee, they being confounded.
1. Gone away.
For those,
Appointed to sit there, had left their charge,
Flown to the upper world. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Where, my deluded sense! was reason flown?
Where the high majesty of David's throne? Prior.
2. Puffed; inflated; elate.
And when night
Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
Of Beliah, flown with insolence and wine. Milton's P. L.

FLU

FLU’CTUANT. adj. [fluctuans, Latin.] Wavering; uncertain.
To be longing for this thing to-day, and for that thing to­
morrow; to change likings for loathings, and to stand wish­
ing and hankering at a venture, how is it possible for any man
to be at rest in this fluctuant wandering humour and opi­
nion? L'Estrange.

To FLU’CTUATE. v. n. [fluctuo, Latin.]
1. To roll to and again as water in agitation.
The fluctuating fields of liquid air,
With all the curious meteors hov'ring there,
And the wide regions of the land, proclaim
The Pow'r Divine, that rais'd the mighty frame. Blackmore.
2. To float backward and forward, as with the motion of water.
3. To move with uncertain and hasty motion.
The tempter
New part puts on; and, as to passion mov'd,
Fluctuates disturb'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
4. To be in an uncertain state; to feel sudden vicissitudes.
As the greatest part of my estate has been hitherto of an
unsteady and volatile nature, either tost upon seas, or fluc­
tuating in funds, it is now fixed and settled in substantial acres
and tenements. Addison's Spectator, No. 549.
5. To be irresolute; to be undetermined.

FLUCTUA’TION. n. s. [fluctuatio, Latin; fluctuation, French,
from fluctuate.]
1. The alternate motion of the water.
Its fluctuations are but motions subservient, which winds,
storms, shores, shelves, and every interjacency irregulates.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 17.
They were caused by the impulses and fluctuation of water
in the bowels of the earth. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Uncertainty; indetermination.
It will not hinder it from making a proselyte of a person,
that loves fluctuation of judgment little enough to be willing
to be eased of it by any thing but errour. Boyle.

FLUE. n. s. [A word of which I know not the etymology, un­
less it be derived from flew of fly.]
1. A small pipe or chimney to convey air, heat, or smoke.
2. Soft down or fur, such as may fly in the wind.

FLUE’LLIN. n. s. The herb SPEEDWELL.

FLU’ENCY. n. s. [from fluent.]
1. The quality of flowing; smoothness; freedom from harsh­
ness or asperity.
Fluency of numbers, and most expressive figures for the
poet, morals for the serious, and pleasantries for admirers of
points of wit. Garth's Preface to Ovid.
2. Readiness; copiousness; volubility.
Our publick liturgy must be cashiered, the better to please
those men who gloried in their extemporary vein and
fluency. King Charles.
Th' unthinking victors vainly boast their pow'rs;
Be their's the musquet, while the tongue is our's:
We reason with such fluency and fire,
The beaux we baffle, and the learned tire. Tickell.
The common fluency of speech in many men, and most wo­
men, is owing to a scarcity of matter, and a scarcity of words;
for whoever is a master of language, and hath a mind full of
ideas, will be apt, in speaking, to hesitate upon the choice of
both. Swift's Thoughts on various Subjects.
3. Affluence; abundance. This sense is obsolete.
Those who grow old in fluency and ease,
Behold him tost on seas. Sandys's Paraphrase on Job.
God riches and renown to men imparts,
Even all they wish; and yet their narrow hearts
Cannot so great a fluency receive,
But their fruition to a stranger leave. Sandys.

FLU’ENT. adj. [fluens, Latin.]
1. Liquid.
It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stupified. Bac.
2. Flowing; in motion; in flux.
Motion being a fluent thing, and one part of its duration
being absolutely independent upon another, it doth not follow
that because any thing moves this moment, it must necessarily
continue to do so the next. Ray on the Creation.
3. Ready; copious; voluble.
Those have some natural dispositions, which have bet­
ter grace in youth than in age, such as is a fluent and luxu­
rious speech. Bacon.
I shall lay before you all that's within me,
And with most fluent utterance. Denham's Sophy.

FLU’ENT. n. s. Stream; running water.
Confiding in their hands, that sed'lous strive
To cut th' outrageous fluent; in this distress,
Ev'n in the sight of death. Phillips.

FLU’ID. adj. [fluidus, Latin; fluide, French.] Having parts
easily separable; not solid.
Or serve they as a flow'ry verge to bind
The fluid skirts of that same wat'ry cloud,
Lest it again dissolve, and show'r the earth? Milt. P. Lost.
If particles slip easily, and are of a fit size to be agitated by
heat, and the heat is big enough to keep them in agitation,
the body is fluid; and if it be apt to stick to things, it is
humid. Newton's Opt.

FLU’ID. n. s. [In physick.] Any animal juice: as the blood.
Consider how luxury hath introduced new diseases, and
with them, not improbably, altered the whole course of the
fluids. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

FLU’IDITY. n. s. [fluidite, Fr. from fluid.] The quality in bo­
dies opposite to solidity; want of adherence between the parts.
Heat promotes fluidity very much, by diminishing the tena­
city of bodies: it makes many bodies fluid, which are not fluid
in cold, and increases the fluidity of tenacious liquids; as of
oil, balsam and honey; and thereby decreases their re­
sistance. Newton's Opt.
A disease opposite to this spissitude is too great fluidity. Arb.

FLU’IDNESS. n. s. [from fluid.] That quality in bodies oppo­
site to stability.
What if we should say that fluidness and stability depends
so much upon the texture of the parts, that, by the change of
that texture, the same parts may be made to constitute either a
fluid or a dry body, and that permanently too? Boyle.

FLU’MMERY. n. s. A kind of food made by coagulation of
wheatflower or oatmeal.
Milk and flummery are very fit for children. Locke.

FLUNG. participle and preterite of fling. Thrown; cast.
Several statues the Romans themselves flung into the river,
when they would revenge themselves. Addison on Italy.

FLU’OR. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A fluid state.
The particles of fluids which do not cohere too strongly,
and are of such a smallness as renders them most susceptible of
those agitations which keep liquors in a fluor, are most easily
separated and rarified into vapours. Newton's Opt.
2. Catamenia.

FLU’RRY. n. s.
1. A gust or storm of wind; a hasty blast.
The boat was overset by a sudden flurry from the North.
Gulliver's Travels.
2. Hurry; a violent commotion.

To FLUSH. v. n. [fluysen, Dutch, to flow; fius, or fiux, Fr.]
1. To flow with violence.
The pulse of the heart he attributes to an ebullition and
sudden expansion of the blood in the ventricles, after the man­
ner of the milk, which, being heated to such a degree, doth
suddenly, and all at once, flush up and run over the vessel. Ray.
It flushes violently out of the cock for about a quart, and
then stops. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To come in haste.
If the place but affords
Any store of lucky birds,
As I make 'em to flush,
Each owl out of his bush. Ben. Johnson's Owls.
3. To glow in the skin; to produce a colour in the face by a
sudden afflux of blood.
Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears
Had left the flushing in her gauled eyes,
She married. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Thus Eve with count'nance blithe her story told,
But in her cheek distemper flushing glow'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
What can be more significant than the sudden flushing and
confusion of a blush? Collier of the Aspect.


What means that lovely fruit? What means, alas!
That blood, which flushes guilty in your face? Dryden.
At once, array'd
In all the colours of the flushing year,
The garden glows. Thomson's Spring, l. 95.
4. To shine. Obsolete.
A flake of fire, that flushing in his beard,
Him all amaz'd. Spenser.

To FLUSH. v. a.
1. To colour; to redden.
The glowing dames of Zama's royal court,
Have faces flush'd with more exalted charms. Addis. Cato.
Some court, or secret corner seek,
Nor flush with shame the passing virgin's cheek. Gay's Triv.
2. To elate; to elevate.
A prosperous people, flushed with great victories and suc­
cesses, are rarely known to confine their joys within the
bounds of moderation and innocence. Atterbury's Sermons.

FLUSH. adj.
1. Fresh; full of vigour.
He took my father grosly, full of bread,
With all his crimes broad blown, and flush as May;
And how his audit stands, who knows, save heav'n? Shak.
I love to wear cloths that are flush,
Not prefacing old rags with plush. Cleaveland.
2. Affluent; abounding. A cant word.
Lord Strut was not very flush in ready, either to go to law
or clear old debts; neither could he find good bail. Arbuthnot.

FLUSH. n. s. Afflux; sudden impulse; violent flow.
Never had any man such a loss, cries a widower, in the
flush of his extravagancies for a dead wife. L'Estrange.
The pulse of the arteries is not only caused by the pulsation
of the heart, driving the blood through them in manner of a
wave or flush, but by the coats of the arteries themselves. Ray.
Success may give him a present flush of joy; but when the
short transport is over, the apprehension of losing succeeds to
the care of acquiring. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Cards all of a sort.

To FLU’STER. v. a. [from To flush.] To make hot and rosy
with drinking; to make half drunk.
Three lads of Cyprus, noble swelling spirits,
Have I to-night fluster'd with flowing cups,
And they watch too. Shakespeare's Othello.

FLUTE. n. s. [fluste, flute, French; fluyte, Dutch.]
1. A musical pipe; a pipe with stops for the fingers.
Th' oars were silver,
Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke. Shak. Ant. and Cleo.
The soft complaining flute
In dying notes discovers
The woes of hopeless lovers,
Whose dirge is whisper'd by the warbling lute. Dryden.
2. A channel or furrow in a pillar, like the concave of a flute
split.

To FLUTE. v. a. To cut columns into hollows.

To FLU’TTER. v. n. [floteran, Saxon; flotter, French.]
1. To take short flights with great agitation of the wings.
As an eagle stirreth up her nest, fluttereth over her young, and
spreadeth abroad her wings, so the Lord alone did lead
him. Deutr. xxxii. 11. 
When your hands untie these strings,
Think you've an angel by the wings;
One that gladly will be nigh,
To wait upon each morning-sigh;
To flutter in the balmy air
Of your well-perfumed pray'r. Crashaw.
They fed, and, flutt'ring, by degrees withdrew. Dryden.
2. To move about with great show and bustle without con­
sequence.
Excess muddies the best wit, and only makes it flutter and
froth high. Grew.
No rag, no scrap of all the beau or wit,
That once so flutter'd, and that once so writ. Pope's Dunc.
3. To be moved with quick vibrations or undulations.
Ye spirits! to your charge repair;
The flutt'ring fan be Zephyretta's care. Pope.
They the tall mast above the vessel rear,
Or teach the flutt'ring sail to float in air. Pope's Odyssey.
4. To be in agitation; to move irregularly; to be in a state of
uncertainty.
The relation being brought him what a glorious victory
was got, and with what difficulty, and how long she fluttered
upon the wings of doubtful success, he was not surprised.
Howel's Vocal Forest.
It is impossible that men should certainly discover the agree­
ment or disagreement of ideas, whilst their thoughts flutter
about, or stick only in sounds of doubtful signification. Locke.
Esteem we these, my friends! event and chance,
Produc'd by atoms from their flutt'ring dance! Prior.
Some never arrive at any deep, solid, or valuable know­
ledge, because they are perpetually fluttering over the surface
of things. Watts.
His thoughts are very fluttering and wandering, and cannot
be fixed attentively to a few ideas successively. Watts.

To FLUTTER. v. a.
1. To drive in disorder, like a flock of birds suddenly roused.
Like an eagle in a dovecoat, I
Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioli. Shakes. Coriolanus.
2. To hurry the mind.
3. To disorder the position of any thing.

FLU’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Vibration; undulation; quick and irregular motion.
An infinite variety of motions are to be made use of in the
flutter of a fan: there is the angry flutter, the modest flutter,
and the timorous flutter. Addison's Spectator, No. 102.
2. Hurry; tumult; disorder of mind.
3. Confusion; irregular position.

FLUVIA’TICK. adj. [fluviaticus, Latin.] Belonging to rivers.

FLUX. n. s. [fluxus, Latin; flux, French.]
1. The act of flowing; passage.
The most simple and primary motion of fire is a flux, in a
direct line from the centre of the fuel to its circumference.
Digby on Bodies.
By the perpetual flux of the liquids, a great part of them is
thrown out of the body. Arbuthnot.
2. The state of passing away and giving place to others.
The heat of the sun in animals whose parts are successive,
and in a continual flux, can produce a deep and perfect gloss
of blackness. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 10.
What the stated rate of interest should be, in the constant
change of affairs, and flux of money, is hard to deter­
mine. Locke.
In the constituent matter of one body, turning naturally to
another like body, the stock or fund can never be exhausted,
nor the flux and alteration sensible. Woodward.
Languages, like our bodies, are in a perpetual flux, and
stand in need of recruits to supply the place of those words
that are continually falling through disuse. Felton on the Class.
3. Any flow or issue of matter.
Quinces stop fluxes of blood. Arbuthnot on Diet.
4. Dysentery; disease in which the bowels are excoriated and
bleed; bloody flux.
Eat eastern spice, secure
From burning fluxes and hot calenture. Hallifax.
5. Excrement; that which falls from bodies.
Civet is the very uncleanly flux of a cat. Shakespeare.
6. Concourse; confluence.
Left and abandon'd of his velvet friends;
'Tis right, quoth he; thus misery doth part
The flux of company. Shakesp. As you like it.
7. The state of being melted.
8. That which mingled with a body makes it melt.

FLUX. adj. [fluxus, Latin.] Unconstant; not durable; main­
tained by a constant succession of parts.

To FLUX. v. a.
1. To melt.
2. To salivate; to evacuate by spitting.
He might fashionably and genteelly have been duelled or
fluxed into another world. South.

FLU’XILITY. n. s. [fluxus, Latin.] Easiness of separation of
parts; possibility of liquefaction.
Experiments seem to teach, that the supposed aversation of
nature to a vacuum is but accidental, or in consequence, partly
of the weight and fluidity, or at least flexility of the bodies here
below. Boyle.

FLU’XION. n. s. [fluxio, Latin.]
1. The act of flowing.
2. The matter that flows.
3. [In mathematicks.] The arithmetick or analysis of infinitely
small variable quantities; or it is the method of finding an
infinite small or infinitely small quantity, which, being taken
an infinite number of times, becomes equal to a quantity
given. Harris.
A penetration into the abstruse difficulties and depths of
modern algebra and fluxions, are not worth the labour of those
who design the learned professions as the business of life. Watts.

FLY

To FLY. pret. flew or fled; part. fled or flown. v. n. [fleogan,
Saxon. To fly is properly to use wings, and gives flew and
flown. To flee is to escape, or go away, flean, Saxon, and
makes fled. They are now confounded.]
1. To move through the air with wings.
Ere the bat hath flown
His cloister'd flight. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament
of heaven. Gen. i. 20.
These men's hastiness the warier sort of you do not com­
mend: ye wish they had held themselves longer in, and not
flown so dangerously abroad before the feathers of the cause
had been grown. Hooker.
2. To pass through the air.
Man is born unto trouble, as the sparks fly upward. Job v.
3. To pass away.
Ev'n a romance, a tune, a rhime,
Help thee to pass the tedious time,
Which else would on thy hand remain;
Though flown, it ne'er looks back again. Prior.
4. To pass swiftly.
The scouts with flying speed
Return, and through the city spread the news. Dryden.
Earth rolls back beneath the flying steed. Pope.


5. To spring with violence; to fall on suddenly.
A servant that he bred, thrill'd with remorse,
Oppos'd against the act, bending his sword
To his great master; who, thereat enrag'd,
Flew on him, and amongst them fell'd him dead. Shakesp.
Though the dogs have never seen the dog-killer, yet they
will come forth, and bark and fly at him. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
No honour, no fortune, can keep a man from being mise­
rable, when an enraged conscience shall fly at him, and take
him by the throat. South's Sermons.
6. To move with rapidity.
Glad to catch this good occasion,
Most thoroughly to be winnow'd, where my chaff
And corn shall fly asunder. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
A fair example to his master gave;
He bassas heads, to save his own, made fly;
And now, the sultan to preserve, must die. Waller.
7. To burst asunder with a sudden explosion.
Behold, a frothy substance rise;
Be cautious, or your bottle flies. Swift.
8. To break; to shiver.
9. [flean, Saxon; fliehen, German.] To run away; to attempt
escape. [In this sense the verb is properly to flee, when fled
is formed; but the following examples shew that they are
confounded.]
Which when the valiant elf perceiv'd, he leapt,
As lion fierce, upon the flying prey. Spenser.
Macduff is fled to England. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Ye shall flee, as ye fled from before the earthquake.
Zech. xiv. 5.
Abiathar escaped, and fled after David. 1 Sa. xxii. 20.
What wonder if the kindly beams he shed,
Reviv'd the drooping arts again;
If science rais'd her head,
And soft humanity, that from rebellion fled. Dryden.
He oft desir'd to fly from Israel's throne,
And live in shades with her and love alone. Prior.
I'll fly from shepherds, flocks, and flow'ry plains;
From shepherds, flocks, and plains I may remove,
Forsake mankind, and all the world but love. Pope.
10. To FLY in the face. To insult.
This would discourage any man from doing you good, when
you will either neglect him, or fly in his face; and he must ex­
pect only danger to himself. Swift's Drapier's Letters.
11.  To act in defiance.
Fly in nature's face:
—But how, if nature fly in my face first?
—Then nature's the aggressor. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
12. To FLY off. To revolt.
Deny to speak with me? They're sick, they're weary,
They have travell'd all the night! mean fetches;
The images of revolt, and flying off. Shakesp. King Lear.
The traytor Syphax
Flew off at once with his Numidian horse. Addison's Cato.
13. To FLY out. To burst into passion.
How easy is a noble spirit discern'd,
From harsh and sulphurous matter that flies out
In contumelies, makes a noise, and stinks. Ben. Johns. Catil.
Passion is apt to ruffle, and pride will fly out into contumely
and neglect. Collier of Friendship.
14. To FLY out. To break out into licence.
You use me like a courser spurr'd and rein'd:
If I fly out, my fierceness you command. Dryden.
Papists, when unopposed, fly out into all the pageantries of
worship; but in times of war, when they are hard pressed by
arguments, lie close intrenched behind the council of Trent.
Dryden's Medal, Dedicat.
15. To FLY out. To start violently from any direction.
All bodies, moved circularly, have a perpetual endeavour
to recede from the centre, and every moment would fly out in
right lines, if they were not restrained. Bentley's Sermons.
16. To let FLY. To discharge.
The noisy culverin, o'ercharg'd, lets fly,
And bursts, unaiming, in the rended sky. Granville.
17. To be light and unencumbered: as, a flying camp.

To FLY. v. a.
1. To shun; to avoid; to decline.
Love like a shadow flies, when substance love pursues;
Pursuing that which flies, and flying what pursues. Shakesp.
O Jove, I think
Foundations fly the wretched; such I mean,
Where they should be relieved. Shakespeare.
If you fly physick in health altogether, it will be too strange
for your body when you shall need it. Bacon's Essays.
O whither shall I run, or which way fly
The sight of this so horrid spectacle. Milton's Agonistes.
2. To refuse association with.
Sleep flies the wretch; or when with cares opprest,
And his toss'd limbs are weary'd into rest,
Then dreams invade. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 13.
Nature flies him like enchanted ground. Dryden.
3. To quit by flight.
Dedalus, to fly the Cretan shore,
His heavy limbs on jointed pinions bore,
The first who sail'd in air. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
4. To attack by a bird of prey.
If a man can tame this monster, and with her fly other
ravening fowl, and kill them, it is somewhat worth. Bacon.
5. It is probable that flew was originally the preterite of fly,
when it signified volation, and fled when it signified escape:
flown should be confined likewise to volation; but these dis­
tinctions are now confounded.

FLY. n. s. [fleoge, Saxon.]
1. A small winged insect of many species.
As flies to wanton boys, are we to th' gods;
They kill us for their sport. Shakespeare's King Lear.
My country neighbours begin to think of being in general,
before they come to think of the fly in their sheep, or the tares
in their corn. Locke.
To prevent the fly, some propose to sow ashes with the
seed. Mortimer's Husbandry.
To heedless flies the window proves
A constant death. Thomson's Summer.
2. That part of a machine which, being put into a quick mo­
tion, regulates and equalises the motion of the rest.
If we suppose a man tied in the place of the weight, it
were easy, by a single hair fastened unto the fly or balance of
the jack, to draw him up from the ground. Wilkins.
3. FLY, in a compass. That part which points how the wind
blows.

To FLY’BLOW. v. a. [fly and blow.] To taint with flies; to
fill with maggots.
I cannot discern any labyrinth, unless in the perplexity of
his own thoughts; for I am unwilling to believe that he doth
it with a design to play tricks, and to flyblow my words, to
make others distaste them. Stillingfleet.
Like a flyblown cake of tallow;
Or, on parchment, ink turn'd yellow. Swift.
So morning insects, that in muck begun,
Shine, buz, and flyblow in the setting sun. Pope's Epistles.

FLY’BOAT. n. s. [fly and boat.] A kind of vessel nimble and
light for sailing.

FLYCA’TCHER. n. s. [fly and catch.] One that hunts flies.
There was more need of Brutus in Domitian's days, to
redeem or mend, than of Horace, to laugh at a flycatcher. Dry.
The swallow was a flycatcher as well as the spider. L'Estr.

FLY’ER. n. s. [from fly.]
1. One that flies or runs away.
They hit one another with darts, as the others do with
their hands, which they never throw counter, but at the back
of the flyer. Sandys's Journey.
He grieves so many Britons should be lost;
Taking more pains, when he beheld them yield,
To save the flyers than to win the field. Waller.
2. One that uses wings.
3. The fly of a jack.
4. [In architecture.] Stairs made of an oblong square figure,
whose fore and backsides are parallel to each other, and so are
their ends: the second of these flyers stands parallel behind
the first, the third behind the second, and so are said to fly off
from one another. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To FLY’FISH. v. n. [fly and fish.] To angle with a hook
baited with a fly.
I shall next give you some other directions for fly­
fishing. Walton's Angler.

FOA

FOAL. n. s. [fola, Saxon.] The offspring of a mare, or other
beast of burthen. The custom now is to use colt for a young
horse, and foal for a young mare; but there was not origi­
nally any such distinction.
Also flew his steed,
And with his winged heels did tread the wind,
As he had been a foal of Pegasus's kind. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Twenty she-asses and ten foals. Gen. xxxii. 15.

To FOAL. v. a. [from the noun.] To bring forth a foal.
Give my horse to Timon: it foals me straight
Ten able horses. Shakespeare's Timon.
Such colts as are
Of generous race, straight, when they first are foal'd,
Walk proudly. May's Georgicks.
About September take your mares into the house, where
keep them 'till they foal. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FO’ALBIT. n. s. Plants.

FO’ALFOOT. n. s. Plants.

FOAM. n. s. [fam, Saxon.] The white substance which agita­
tion or fermentation gathers on the top of liquors; froth; spume.
The foam upon the water. Hos. x. 7.
Whitening, down their mossy tinctur'd stream
Descends the billowy foam. Thomson's Spring.

To FOAM v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To froth; to gather foam.
What a beard of the general's cut will do among foaming
bottles and ale-wash'd wits, is wonderful. Shakesp. Henry V.
Cæsar fell down in the market-place, and foam'd at mouth,
and was speechless. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.


To Pallas high the foaming bowl he crown'd,
And sprinkl'd large libations on the ground. Pope's Odyssey.
Upon a foaming horse
There follow'd strait a man of royal port. Rowe.
2. To be in rage; to be violently agitated.
He foameth, and gnasheth with his teeth. Mar. ix. 18.

FO’AMY. adj. [from foam.] Covered with foam; frothy.
More white than Neptune's foamy face,
When struggling rocks he would embrace. Sidney, b. ii.
Behold how high the foamy billows ride!
The winds and waves are on the juster side. Dryden.

FOB. n. s. [fuppe, fupsacke, German.] A small pocket.
Who pick'd a fob at holding forth,
And where a watch for half the worth
May be redeem'd. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
When were the dice with more profusion thrown?
The well-fill'd fob, not empty'd now alone. Dryd. Juven.
He put his hand into his fob, and presented me in his name
with a tobacco-stopper. Addison's Spectator.
There were two pockets which we could not enter; these
he called his fobs: they were two large slits cut into the top of
his middle cover, but squeezed close by the pressure of his
belly. Gulliver's Travels.
Orphans around his bed the lawyer sees,
And takes the plaintiff's and defendant's fees;
His fellow pick-purse, watching for a job,
Fancies his fingers in the cully's fob. Swift.

To FOB. v. a. [fuppen, German.]
1. To cheat; to trick; to defraud.
I think it is scurvy, and begin to find myself fobb'd in
it. Shakespeare's Othello.
Shall there be a gallows standing in England when thou art
king, and resolution thus fobb'd as it is with the rusty curb of
old father antick the law. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
He goes pressing forward, 'till he was fobbed again with
another story. L'Estrange.
2. To FOB off. To shift off; to put aside with an artifice; to
delude by a trick.
You must not think
To fob off our disgraces with a tale. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
For they, poor knaves, were glad to cheat,
To get their wives and children meat;
But these will not be fobb'd off so,
They must have wealth and power too. Hudibras, p. i.
By a Ravenna vintner once betray'd,
So much for wine and water mix'd I paid;
But when I thought the purchas'd liquor mine,
The rascal fobb'd me off with only wine. Addison.
Being a great lover of country-sports, I absolutely deter­
mined not to be a minister of state, nor to be fobb'd off with a
garter. Addison's Freeholder, No. 3.

FO’CAL. adj. [from focus.] Belonging to the focus. See
FOCUS.
Schelhammer demandeth whether the convexity or conca­
vity of the drum collects rays into a focal point, or scatters
them. Derham's Physico-Theology.

FO’CIL. n. s. [focile, French.] The greater or less bone between
the knee and ankle, or elbow and wrist.
The fracture was of both the focils of the left leg. Wisem.

FOCILLA’TION. n. s. [focillo, Lat.] Comfort; support. Dict.

FO’CUS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. [In opticks.] The focus of a glass is the point of convergence
or concourse, where the rays meet and cross the axis after their
refraction by the glass. Harris.
The point from which rays diverge, or to which they con­
verge, may be called their focus. Newton's Opt.
2. FOCUS of a Parabola. A point in the axis within the figure,
and distant from the vertex by a fourth part of the parameter,
or latus rectum. Harris.
3. FOCUS of an Ellipsis. A point towards each end of the
longer axis; from whence two right lines being drawn to any
point in the circumference, shall be together equal to that
longer axis. Harris.
4. FOCUS of the Hyperbola. A point in the principal axis,
within the opposite hyperbola's; from which if any two right
lines are drawn, meeting in either of the opposite hyperbolas,
the difference will be equal to the principal axis. Dict.

FOD

FO’DDER. n. s. [fothre, fother, Saxon.] Dry food stored up
for cattle against Winter.
Their cattle, starving for want of fodder, corrupted the
air. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Being not to be raised without wintering, they will help to
force men into improvement of land by a necessity of
fodder. Temple.
Of grass and fodder thou defraud'st the dams,
And of their mothers dugs the starving lambs. Dryd. Virgil.

To FO’DDER. v. a. [from the noun.] To feed with dry food.
Natural earth is taken the first half spit from just under the
turf of the best pasture ground, in a place that has been well
foddered on. Evelyn's Kalendar.
From Winter keep,
Well fodder'd in the stalls, thy tender sheep. Dryd. Virgil.
A farm of fifty pound hath commonly three barns, with as
many cowyards to fodder cattle in. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Straw will do well enough to fodder with. Mortim. Husb.

FO’DDERER. n. s. [from fodder.] He who fodders cattle.

FOE. n. s. [fah, Saxon; fae, Scottish.]
1. An enemy in war.
Ere he had established his throne,
He fought great battles with his savage fone,
In which he them defeated ever more. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Never but one more was either like
To meet so great a foe. Milton.
2. A persecutor; an enemy in common life.
God's benison go with you, and with those
That would make good of bad, and friends of foes. Shakes.
Forc'd by thy worth, thy foe in death become;
Thy friend has lodg'd thee in a costly tomb. Dryden's Fab.
Thy defects to know,
Make use of ev'ry friend, and ev'ry foe. Pope.
3. An opponent; an illwisher.
He that considers and enquires into the reason of things, is
counted a foe to received doctrines. Watts's Imp. of the Mind.

FO’EMAN. n. s. [from foe and man.] Enemy in war; antago­
nist. An obsolete word.
Here haunts that fiend, and does his daily spoil;
Therefore henceforth be at your keeping well,
And ever ready for your foeman fell. Fairy Queen, b. i.
What valiant foemen, like to Autumn's corn,
Have we mow'd down in top of all their pride? Sh. H. VI.

FO’ETUS. n. s. [Latin.] The child in the womb after it is
perfectly formed: but before, it is called embryo. Quincy.
A fœtus, in the mother's womb, differs not much from the
state of a vegetable. Locke.

FOG. n. s. [fog, Danish, a storm.] A thick mist; a moist
dense vapour near the surface of the land or water.
Infect her beauty,
You fensuck'd fogs, drawn by the pow'rful fun,
To fall and blast her pride. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Lesser mists and fogs than those which covered Greece with
so long darkness, present great alterations in the sun and
moon. Raleigh's History of the World.
Fly, fly, prophane fogs! far hence fly away;
Taint not the pure streams of the springing day
With your dull influence: it is for you
To sit and scoule upon night's heavy brow. Crashaw.
Fogs we frequently observe after sun-setting, even in
our hottest months. Woodward's Natural History.

FOG. n. s. [fogagium, low Latin. Gramen in foresta regis locatur
pro fogagio. Leges forest. Scoticæ.] Aftergrass; grass which
grows in Autumn after the hay is mown.

FO’GGILY. adv. [from foggy.] Mistily; darkly; cloudily.

FO’GGINESS. n. s. [from foggy.] The state of being dark or
misty; cloudiness; mistiness.

FO’GGY. adj. [from fog.]
1. Misty; cloudy; dank; full of moist vapours.
Alas! while we are wrapt in foggy mist
Of our self-love, so passions do deceive,
We think they hurt, when most they do assist. Sidney, b. ii.
And Phœbus flying so, most shameful sight,
His blushing face in foggy cloud implys,
And hides for shame. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 6.
Whence have they this mettle?
Is not their climate foggy, raw and dull? Shakes. Henry V.
Let not air be too gross, nor too penetrative; not subject
to any foggy noisomeness, from fens or marshes near adjoin­
ing. Wotton's Architecture.
About Michaelmas, the weather fair, and by no means
foggy, retire your rarest plants. Evelyn's Kalendar.
2. Cloudy in understanding; dull.

FOH. interject. [from fah, Saxon, an enemy.] An interjection
of abhorrence: as if one should at sight of any thing hated
cry out a foe!
Not to affect many proposed matches
Of her own clime, complection and degree,
Whereto we see in all things nature tends,
Foh! one may smell in such a will most rank,
Foul disproportions, thoughts unnatural. Shakes. Othello.

FOI

FO’IBLE. n. s. [French.] A weak side; a blind side; a
failing.
He knew the foibles of human nature. Freind's Hist. of Phys.
The witty men sometimes have sense enough to know their
own foible, and therefore they craftily shun the attacks of
argument. Watts's Logick.

To FOIL. v. a. [affoler, to wound, old French.] To put to
the worst; to defeat, though without a complete victory.
Amazement seiz'd
The rebel thrones; but greater rage to see
Thus foil'd their mightiest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Leader of those armies bright,
Which but th' omnipotent none could have foil'd! Milton.
Yet these subject not: I to thee disclose
What inward thence I feel, not therefore foil'd:
Who meet with various objects, from the sense


Variously representing; yet still free,
Approve the best, and follow what I approve. Milt. P. Lost.
Strange, that your fingers should the pencil foil,
Without the help of colours or of oil! Waller.
He had been foiled in the cure, and had left it to nature.
Wiseman's Surgery.
In their conflicts with sin they have been so often foiled,
that they now despair of ever getting the day. Calamy's Serm.
Virtue, disdain, despair, I oft have try'd;
And, foil'd, have with new arms my foe defy'd. Dryden.
But I, the consort of the Thunderer,
Have wag'd a long and unsuccessful war;
With various arts and arms in vain have toil'd,
And by a mortal man at length am foil'd. Dryden's Æn.

FOIL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A defeat; a miscarriage; an advantage gained without a
complete conquest.
We of thy cunning had no diffidence;
One sudden foil shall never breed distrust. Shakes. Hen. VI.
Whosoever overthroweth his mate in such sort, as that either
his back, or the one shoulder, and contrary heel do touch the
ground, shall be accounted to give the fall: if he be endan­
gered, and make a narrow escape, it is called a foil. Carew.
So after many a foil the tempter proud,
Renewing fresh assaults, amidst his pride,
Fell whence he stood to see his victor fall. Milton's P. Lost.
When age shall level me to impotence,
And sweating pleasure leave me on the foil. Southern.
Death never won a stake with greater toil,
Nor e'er was fate so near a foil. Dryden.
2. [Feuille, French.] Leaf; gilding.
A stately palace, built of squared brick,
Which cunningly was without mortar laid,
Whose walls were high, but nothing strong nor thick,
And golden foil all over them display'd. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil,
Nor in the glistering foil
Set off to th' world, nor in broad rumour lies. Milton.
3. Something of another colour near which jewels are set to
raise their lustre.
As she a black silk cap on him begun
To set for foil of his milk-white to serve. Sidney.
Like bright metal on a sullen ground,
My reformation glittering o'er my fault,
Shall shew more goodly, and attract more eyes,
Than that which hath no foil to set it off. Shak. Hen. IV.
The sullen passage of thy weary steps
Esteem a foil, wherein thou art to set
The precious jewel of thy home. Shakespeare.
'Tis the property of all true diamonds to unite the foil
closely itself, and thereby better augment its lustre: the foil is
a mixture of mastich and burnt ivory. Grew's Musæum.
Hector has a foil to set him off: we are perpetually op­
posing the incontinence of Paris to the temperance of Hector.
Notes on the Odyssey.
4. [From fouiller, French.] A blunt sword used in fencing.
He that plays the king shall be welcome; his majesty shall
have tribute of me: the adventurous knight shall use his foil
and target. Shak. Hamlet.

FO’ILER. n. s. [from foil.] One who has gained advantage
over another.

To FOIN. v. n. [poindre, Fr. Skinner.] To push in fencing.
He hew'd, and lash'd, and foin'd, and thunder'd blows,
And every way did seek into his life;
Ne plate, ne mail, could ward so mighty throws,
But yielded passage to his cruel knife. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
He cares not what mischief he doth, if his weapon be out:
he will foin like any devil; he will spare neither man, woman,
nor child. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Then both, no moment lost, at once advance
Against each other, arm'd with sword and lance:
They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corslets, and the thinnest parts explore. Dryden.

FOIN. n. s. [from the verb.] A thrust; a push.

FO’ININGLY. adv. [from foin.] In a pushing manner.

FO’ISON. n. s. [foison, Saxon.] Plenty; abundance. A word
now out of use.
Pay justly thy tithes, whatsoever thou be,
That God may in blessing send foison to thee. Tuss. Husb.
Be wilful to kill, and unskilful to store,
And look for no foison, I tell thee before. Tusser's Husband.
Nature should bring forth,
Of its own kind, all foison, all abundance,
To feed my innocent people. Shakespeare's Tempest.
As those that feed grow full, as blossoming time
That from the seedness the bare fallow brings
To teeming foison; so her plenteous womb
Expresseth his full tilth and husbandry. Shak. Meas. for Meas.

To FOIST. v. a. [fausser, French.] To insert by forgery.
Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses
and corruption, an archdeacon was appointed to take account
of their doings. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Forge law, and foist it into some by-place
Of some old rotten roll. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

FO’ISTINESS. n. s. [from foisty.] Fustiness; mouldiness.
Dress mustard, and lay it in cellar up sweet,
Lest foistiness make it for table unmeet. Tuss. Husbandry.

FO’ISTY. adj. [See FUSTY.] Mouldy; fusty.

FOL

FOLD. n. s. [falæd, falth, Saxon.]
1. The ground in which sheep are confined.
His eyes he open'd, and beheld a field
Part arable and tilth; whereon were sheaves
New reap'd; the other part, sheepwalks and folds. Milton.
In thy book record their groans,
Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold
Slain. Milton.
2. The place where sheep are housed.
Time drives the flocks from field to fold,
When rivers rage and rocks grow cold;
And Philomel becometh dumb,
And all complain of cares to come. Raleigh.
3. The flock of sheep.
And this you see I scarcely drag along,
Who yeaning on the rocks has left her young,
The hope and promise of my failing fold. Dryden's Virgil.
4. A limit; a boundary.
Secure from meeting, they're distinctly roll'd;
Nor leave their seats, and pass the dreadful fold. Creech.
5. [From fild, Saxon.] A double; a complication; an invo­
lution; one part added to another; one part doubled upon
another.
She in this trice of time
Commits a thing so monstrous, to dismantle
So many folds of favour! Shakespeare's King Lear.
The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrowded in a num­
ber of folds of linen, besmeared with gums. Bacon's N. Hist.
Not with indented wave,
Prone on the ground, as since; but on his rear
Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd
Fold above fold, a surging maze! Milton's Paradise Lost.
Let the draperies be nobly spread upon the body, and let
the folds be large: the parts should be often traversed by the
flowing of the folds. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
With fear and wonder seiz'd, the crowd beholds
The gloves of death, with seven distinguish'd folds
Of tough bull hides. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
The inward coat of a lion's stomach has stronger folds than
a human, but in other things not much different. Arbuthnot.
6. From the foregoing signification is derived the use of fold in
composition. Fold signifies the same quantity added: as, two
fold, twice the quantity; twenty fold, twenty times repeated.
But other fell into good ground, and brought forth fruit;
some an hundred fold, some sixty fold, some thirty fold. Matt.
At last appear
Hell bounds, high reaching to the horrid roof,
And thrice three fold the gates: three folds were brass,
Three iron, three of adamantine rock. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Their martyr'd blood and ashes sow
O'er all th' Italian fields, where still doth sway
The triple tyrant; that from these may grow
A hundred fold. Milton.

To FOLD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut sheep in the fold.
The star that bids the shepherd fold,
Now the top of heav'n doth hold. Milton.
We see that the folding of sheep helps ground, as well by
their warmth as by their compost. Bacon's Natural History.
She in pens his flocks will fold,
And then produce her dairy store,
With wine to drive away the cold,
And unbought dainties of the poor. Dryden's Horace.
2. [faldan, Saxon.] To double; to complicate.
As a vesture shalt thou fold them up. Heb. i. 12.
Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the
hands to sleep. Prov. vi. 10.
They be folden together as thorns. Nah. i. 10.
I have seen her rise from her bed, unlock her closet, take
forth paper, fold it, write upon't, read it, seal it, and again
return to bed. Shakespeare.
Conscious of its own impotence, it folds its arms in despair,
and sits cursing in a corner. Collier of Envy.
Both furl their sails, and strip them for the fight;
Their folded sheets dismiss the useless air. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
3. To inclose; to include; to shut.
We will descend and fold him in our arms. Shak. Rich. II.
Witness my son, now in the shade of death,
Whose bright outshining beams thy cloudy wrath
Hath in eternal darkness folded up. Shakesp. Richard III.
The fires i' th' lowest hell fold in the people! Shak. Coriol.

To FOLD. v. n. To close over another of the same kind; to
join with another of the same kind.
The two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two
leaves of the other door were folding. 1 Kings vi. 34.



FOLIA’CEOUS. adj. [foliaceus, from folium, Latin.] Con­
sisting of laminæ or leaves.
A piece of another, consisting of an outer crust, of a ruddy
talky spar, and a blue talky foliaceous spar. Woodward on Foss.

FO’LIAGE. n. s. [folium, Latin; feuillage, French.] Leaves;
tufts of leaves; the apparel of leaves to a plant.
The great columns are finely engraven with fruits and fo­
liage, that run twisting about them from the very top to the
bottom. Addison on Italy.
When swelling buds their od'rous foliage shed,
And gently harden into fruit, the wise
Spare not the little offsprings, if they grow
Redundant. Phillips.

To FO’LIATE. v. a. [foliatus, folium, Latin.] To beat into
laminas or leaves.
Gold foliated, or any metal foliated, cleaveth. Bacon.
If gold be foliated, and held between your eyes and the
light, the light looks of a greenish blue. Newton's Opt.

FOLIA’TION. n. s. [foliatio, folium, Latin.]
1. The act of beating into thin leaves.
2. Foliation is one of the parts of the flower of a plant, being
the collection of those fugacious coloured leaves called petala,
which constitute the compass of the flower; and also some­
times to secure and guard the fruit which succeeds the folia­
tion, as in apples, pears, &c. and sometimes stands within it,
as in cherries, apricots, &c. for these, being of a tender and
pulpous body, and coming forth in the colder parts of the
Spring, would be often injured by the extremities of weather,
if they were not thus protected and lodged up within their
flowers. Quincy.

FO’LIATURE. n. s. [from folium, Latin.] The state of being
hammered into leaves. Dict.

FO’LIO. n. s. [in folio, Latin.] A large book, of which the
pages are formed by a sheet of paper once doubled.
Plumbinus and Plumeo made less progress in knowledge,
though they had read over more folio's. Watts's Improvement.

FO’LIOMORT. adj. [folium mortuum, Latin.] A dark yellow;
the colour of a leaf faded: vulgarly called philomot.
A flinty pebble was of a dark-green colour, and the exte­
riour cortex of a foliomert colour. Woodward on Fossils.

FOLK. n. s. [folc, Saxon; volk, Dutch.]
1. People, in familiar language.
Never troubling him, either with asking questions, or find­
ing fault with his melancholy, but rather fitting to his dolor
dolorous discourses of their own and other folks misfor­
tune. Sidney.
Dorilaus having married his sister, had his marriage in short
time blest, for so are folk wont to say, how unhappy soever the
children after grow, with a son. Sidney.
When with greatest art he spoke,
You'd think he talk'd like other folk;
For all a rhetorician's rules
Teach nothing but to name his tools. Hudibras, p. i.
2. Nations; mankind.
Thou shalt judge the folk righteously, and govern the na­
tions upon earth. Psalm lvii. 4.
3. Any kind of people as discriminated from others.
The river thrice hath flow'd, no ebb between;
And the old folk, time's doting chronicles,
Say it did so a little time before. Shakesp.
Anger is a kind of baseness; as it appears well in the weak­
ness of children, women, old folks, and sick folks. Bacon's Ess.
4. It is now used only in familiar or burlesque language.
Old good man Dobson of the green,
Remembers he the tree has seen,
And goes with folks to shew the sight. Swift.
He walk'd, and wore a threadbare cloak;
He din'd and supp'd at charge of other folk. Swift.

FO’LKMOTE. n. s. [from folk and mote.]
Those hills were appointed for two special uses, and built
by two several nations: the one is that which you call folk­
motes, built by the Saxons, and signifies in the Saxon a meeting
of folk. Spenser on Ireland.

FO’LLICLE. n. s. [folliculus, Latin.]
1. A cavity in any body with strong coats.
Although there be no eminent and circular follicle, no round
bag or vesicle, which long containeth this humour; yet is
there a manifest receptacle of choler from the liver into the
guts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 2.
2. Follicle is a term in botany signifying the seed-vessels, capsula
seminalis, or case, which some fruits and seeds have over
them; as that of the alkengi, pedicularis, &c. Quincy.

To FO’LLOW. v. a. [folgian, Saxon; volgen, Dutch.]
1. To go after; not before or side by side.
I had rather, forsooth, go before you like a man, than follow
him like a dwarf. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. To pursue as an enemy.
Wherever guilt can fly, revenge can follow. Irene.
3. To attend as a dependant.
And the three eldest sons of Jesse went and followed Saul to
the battle. 1 Sa. xvii. 13.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion,
That in the nature of their lords rebels:
As knowing nought, like dogs, but following. Shak. K. Lear.
Let not the muse then flatter lawless sway,
Nor follow fortune where she leads the way. Pope.
4. To pursue.
Not yielding over to old age his country delights, he was at
that time following a merlin. Sidney, b. ii.
Some pious tears the pitying hero paid,
And follow'd with his eyes the fleeting shade. Dryden's Æn.
We follow fate, which does too fast pursue. Dryden.
5. To succeed in order of time.
6. To be consequential, as effects to causes.
7. To imitate; to copy.
Where Rome keepeth that which is ancienter and better,
others, whom we much more affect, leaving it for newer, and
changing it for worse, we had rather follow the perfections of
them whom we like not, than in defects resemble them whom
we love. Hooker, b. v. s. 28.
Ill patterns are sure to be followed more than good rules.
Locke on Education.
8. To obey; to observe.
If all who do not follow oral tradition as their only rule of
faith are out of the church, then all who follow the council
of Trent are no Christians. Tillotson, Preface.
Most men admire
Virtue, who follow not her lore. Paradise Regain'd, b. vii.
9. To confirm by new endeavours; to keep up indefatigably.
They bound themselves to his laws and obedience; and in
case it had been followed upon them, as it should have been,
they should have been reduced to perpetual civility. Spenser.
10. To attend to; to be busied with.
He that undertaketh and followeth other mens business for
gain, shall fall into suits. Ecclus. xxix. 9.

To FO’LLOW. v. n.
1. To come after another.
Peter followed afar off. Luke xxii. 54.
The famine shall follow close after you. Jer. xlii. 16.
Welcome all that lead or follow
To the oracle of Apollo. Ben. Johnson.
2. To be posteriour in time.
3. To be consequential, as effect to cause.
If the neglect or abuse of liberty to examine what would
really and truly make for his happiness misleads him, the mis­
carriages that follow on it must be imputed to his own elec­
tion. Locke.
To tempt them to do what is neither for their own nor the
good of those under their care, great mischiefs cannot but
follow. Locke.
4. To be consequential, as inference to premises.
Though there are or have been sometimes dwarfs, and some­
times giants in the world; yet it does not follow that there
must be such in every age, nor in every country. Temple.
This dangerous doctrine must necessarily follow, from
making all political power to be nothing else but Adam's pa­
ternal power. Locke.
5. To continue endeavours.
Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the Lord. Hos.

FO’LLOWER. n. s. [from follow.]
1. One who comes after another; not before him, or side by
side.
Little gallant, you were wont to be a follower; but now you
are a leader: whether had you rather lead mine eyes, or eye
your master's heels? Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
No stop, no stay, but clouds of sand arise,
Spurn'd and cast backward on the follower's eyes. Dryden.
2. A dependant.
3. An attendant.
No follower, but a friend. Pope.
4. An associate; a companion.
How accompanied, can'st thou tell that?
—With Poins, and other his continual followers. Sh. H. IV.
5. One under the command of another.
I hold it no wisdom to leave unto them too much command
over their kindred, but rather withdraw their followers from
them as much as may be, and gather them under the com­
mand of law. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The understanding that should be eyes to the blind faculty
of the will, is blind itself; and so brings all the inconve­
niences that attend a blind follower, under the conduct of a
blind guide. South's Sermons.
And forc'd Æneas, when his ships were lost,
To leave his followers on a foreign coast. Dryden's Æn.
6. A scholar; an imitator; a copyer; one of the same sort.
Be ye followers of me, even as I am of Christ. 1 Cor. xi. 1. 
The true profession of Christianity inviolably engages all its
followers to do good to all men. Sprat's Sermons.
Every one's idea of identity will not be the same that Pytha­
goras and thousands of his followers have. Locke.
The studious head or gen'rous mind,
Follow'r of God, or friend of human kind,
Poet or patriot, rose but to restore
The faith and moral nature gave before. Pope's Essays.



FO’LLY. n. s. [folie, French.]
1. Want of understanding; weakness of intellect.
2. Criminal weakness; depravity of mind.
Think'st thou, that duty shall have dread to speak,
When pow'r to flattery bows? To plainness honour
Is bound, when majesty to folly falls. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Act of negligence or passion unbecoming gravity or deep
wisdom. In this sense it has a plural.
Love is blind, and lovers cannot see
The pretty follies that themselves commit;
For if they could, Cupid himself would blush
To see me thus transformed to a boy. Shakespeare.
Leave such to trifle with more grace and ease,
Whom folly pleases, or whose follies please. Pope's Horace.

To FOME’NT. v. a. [fomentor, Latin; fomenter, French.]
1. To cherish with heat.
Every kind that lives,
Fomented by his virtual power, and warm'd. Milton's P. L.
2. To bathe with warm lotions.
He fomented the head with opiates to procure sleep, and a
solution of opium in water to foment the forehead. Arbuthnot.
3. To encourage; to support; to cherish.
They love their givings, and foment their deeds no less than
parents do their children. Wotton.
Blame then thyself, as reason's law requires,
Since nature gave, and thou foment'st my fires. Dryden.
They are troubled with those ill humours, which they
themselves infused and fomented in them. Locke.

FOMENTA’TION. n. s. [fomentation, Fr. from foment.]
1. A fomentation is partial bathing, called also stuping, which is
applying hot flannels to any part, dipped in medicated decoc­
tions, whereby the steams breathe into the parts, and discuss
obstructed humours. Quincy.
Fomentation calleth forth the humour by vapours; but yet,
in regard of the way made by the poultis, draweth gently the
humours out: for it is a gentle fomentation, and hath withal a
mixture of some stupefactive. Bacon's Natural History.
2. The lotion prepared to foment the parts.
The medicines were prepared by the physicians, and the
lotions or fomentations by the nurses. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FOME’NTER. n. s. [from foment.] An encourager; a sup­
porter.
These fatal distempers, as they did much hurt to the body
politick at home, being like humours stirred in the natural
without evacuation, so did they produce disadvantageous
effects abroad; and better had it been, that the raisers and
fomenters of them had never sprung up in Druina. Howel.

FON

FON. n. s. [Scott. A word now obsolete.] A fool; an ideot.
Sicker I hold him for a greater fon,
That loves the thing he cannot purchase. Spenser's Past.

FOND. n. s. [fonn, Scottish. A word of which I have found
no satisfactory etymology. To fonne is in Chaucer to doat, to
be foolish.]
1. Foolish; silly; indiscreet; imprudent; injudicious.
This we know that the Grecians or Gentiles did account
foolishness; but that they ever did think it a fond or unlikely
way to seek men's conversion by sermons, we have not
heard. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
He was beaten out of all love of learning by a fond school­
master. Ascham.
Tell these sad women,
'Tis fond to wail inevitable strokes,
As 'tis to laugh at them. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Grant I may never prove so fond
To trust man on his oath or bond. Shakespeare's Timon.
I am weaker than a woman's tear,
Tamer than sleep, fonder than ignorance. Shakespeare.
Fond thoughts may fall into some idle brain;
But one belief of all, is ever wise. Davies.
Thou see'st
How subtly to detain thee I devise,
Inviting thee to hear while I relate;
Fond! were it not in hope of thy reply. Milt. Paradise Lost.
So fond are mortal men,
Fall'n into wrath divine,
As their own ruin on themselves t' invite. Milton's Agonistes.
'Twas not revenge for griev'd Apollo's wrong
Those ass's ears on Midas' temples hung;
But fond repentance of his happy wish. Waller.
But reason with your fond religion fights;
For many gods are many infinites. Dryden's Tyran. Love.
This is fond, because it is the way to cheat thyself. Tillotson.
2. Trifling; valued by folly.
Not with fond shekles of the tested gold,
Or stones, whose rate are either rich or poor
As fancy values them. Shakespeare's Meas. for Measure.
3. Foolishly tender; injudiciously indulgent.
I'm a foolish fond wife. Addison.
Like Venus I'll shine,
Be fond and be fine. Addison.
4. Pleased in too great a degree; foolishly delighted.
Fame is in itself a real good, if we may believe Cicero,
who was perhaps too fond of it. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
I, fond of my well-chosen seat,
My pictures, medals, books complete. Prior.
Some are so fond to know a great deal at once, and love to
talk of things with freedom and boldness before they
thoroughly understand them. Watts's Improvem. of the Mind.

To FOND. v. a. [from the noun.] To treat with great
indulgence; to caress; to cocker.

To FO’NDLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To treat with great
indulgence; to caress; to cocker.
Howe'er unjust your jealousy appear,
It does my pity, not my anger move:
I'll fond it as the froward child of love. Dryden's Aurengz.
When amidst the fervour of the feast,
The Tyrian hugs, and fonds thee on her breast,
And with sweet kisses in her arms constrains,
Thou may'st infuse thy venom in her veins. Dryden's Æn.
They are allowed to kiss the child at meeting and parting;
but a professor, who always stands by, will not suffer them to
use any fondling expressions. Gulliver's Travels.

To FOND. v. n. To be fond of; to be in love; to doat
on.
How will this fadge? My master loves her dearly;
And I, poor monster, fond as much on him;
And she, mistaken, seems to dote on me. Shakespeare.

FO’NDLER. n. s. [from fond.] One who fondles.

FO’NDLING. n. s. [from fondle.] A person or thing much fondled
or caressed; something regarded with great affection.
Partiality in a parent is commonly unlucky; for fondlings
are in danger to be made fools, and the children that are least
cockered make the best and wisest men. L'Estrange.
The bent of our own minds may favour any opinion or
action, that may shew it to be a fondling of our own. Locke.
Any body would have guessed miss to have been bred up
under a cruel stepdame, and John to be the fondling of a ten­
der mother. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
Bred a fondling and an heiress.
Dress'd like any lady may'ress;
Cocker'd by the servants round,
Was too good to touch the ground. Swift.

FO’NDLY. adv. [from fond.]
1. Foolishly; weakly; imprudently; injudiciously.
Most shallowly did you these arms commence,
Fondly brought here, and foolishly sent hence. Shak. H. IV.
Sorrow and grief of heart
Makes him speak fondly, like a frantick man. Shakes. R. II.
Ficinus fondly adviseth, for the prolongation of life, that a
vein be opened in the arm of some wholesome young man,
and the blood to be sucked. Bacon's Natural History.
The military mound
The British files transcend, in evil hour
For their proud foes, that fondly brav'd their fate. Phillips.
Some valuing those of their own side or mind,
Still make themselves the measure of mankind:
Fondly we think we merit honour then,
When we but praise ourselves in other men. Pope's Criticism.
Under those sacred leaves, secure
From common lightning of the skies,
He fondly thought he might endure
The flashes of Ardelia's eyes. Swift.
2. With great or extreme tenderness.
Ev'n before the fatal engine clos'd,
A wretched sylph too fondly interpos'd:
Fate urg'd the sheers, and cut the sylph in twain. Pope.
Fondly or severely kind. Savage.

FO’NDNESS. n. s. [from fond.]
1. Foolishness; weakness; want of sense; want of judgment.
Fondness it were for any, being free,
To covet fetters, though they golden be. Spenser's Sonnets.
2. Foolish tenderness.
My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee;
But hence! 'tis gone: I give it to the winds. Addis. Cato.
Hopeless mother!
Whose fondness could compare her mortal offspring
To those which fair Latona bore to Jove. Prior.
3. Tender passion.
Your jealousy perverts my meaning still;
My very hate is construed into fondness. A. Phill. Dist. Moth.
Corinna, with that youthful air,
Is thirty and a bit to spare:
Her fondness for a certain earl
Began when I was but a girl. Swift.
4. Unreasonable liking.
They err that either through indulgence to others, or fondness
to any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance any thing
that is less than a sincere resolution of new obedience, attended
with faithful endeavour, and meet fruits of this change.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

FONT. n. s. [fons, Latin; fonte, French.] A stone vessel in
which the water for holy baptism is contained in the church.
The presenting of infants at the holy font is by their god­
fathers. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.


I have no name, no title;
No, not that name was given me at the font. Shakes. R. II.

FO’NTANEL. n. s. [fontanelle, French.] An issue; a discharge
opened in the body.
A person plethorick, subject to hot defluxions, was advised
to a fontanel in her arm. Wiseman of Inflammation.

FONTA’NGE. n. s. [from the name of the first wearer.]
A knot of ribbonds on the top of the head-dress. Out
of use.
These old fashioned fontanges rose an ell above the head:
they were pointed like steeples, and had long loose pieces of
crape, which were fringed, and hung down their backs. Addis.

FOO

FOOD. n. s. [fædan, Sax. voeden, Dut. to feed; feed, Scott.]
1. Victuals; provision for the mouth.
On my knees I beg,
That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food. Shakesp.
Much food is in the tillage of the poor. Prov. xiii. 23.
Under whose lowly roof thou hast vouchsaf'd
To enter, and these earthly fruits to taste;
Food not of angels, yet accepted so,
As that more willingly thou could'st not seem
At heav'n's high feasts t' have fed. Milton's Paradise Lost.
They give us food, which may with nectar vie,
And wax that does the absent sun supply. Waller.
2. Any thing that nourishes.
Give me some musick: musick, moody food
Of us that trade in love. Shakes. Antony and Cleopatra.
O dear son Edgar,
The food of thy abused father's wrath,
Might I but live to see thee in my touch,
I'd say, I had eyes again. Shakespeare's King Lear.

FOO’DFUL. adj. [food and full.] Fruitful; full of food; plen­
teous.
There Tityus was to see, who took his birth
From heav'n, his nursing from the foodful earth. Dryden.

FOO’DY. adj. [from food.] Eatable; fit for food.
To vessels, wine she drew;
And into well sew'd sacks pour'd foody meal. Chapman.

FOOL. n. s. [ffol, Welsh; fol, Islandick; fol, French.]
1. One whom nature has denied reason; a natural; an idiot.
Do'st thou call me fool, boy?
—All thy other titles thou hast given away that thou wast
born with. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The fool multitude, that chuse by show,
Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach,
Which pry not to the interior. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
It may be asked, whether the eldest son, being a fool, shall
inherit paternal power before the younger, a wise man. Locke.
He thanks his stars he was not born a fool. Pope.
2. [In Scripture.] A wicked man.
The fool hath said in his heart there is no God. Ps. xiv. 1. 
3. A term of indignity and reproach.
To be thought knowing, you must first put the fool upon all
mankind. Dryden's Juvenal, Preface.
4. One who counterfeits folly; a buffoon; a jester.
Where's my knave, my fool? Go you, and call my fool
hither. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I scorn, although their drudge, to be their fool or jester. Milt.
If this disguise sit not naturally on so grave a person, yet it
may become him better than that fool's coat. Denham.
5. To play the FOOL. To play pranks like a hired jester; to
jest; to make sport.
I returning where I left his armour, found another instead
thereof, and armed myself therein to play the fool. Sidney.
6. To play the FOOL. To act like one void of common under­
standing.
Well, thus we play the fools with the time,
And the spirits of the wise sit in the clouds
And mock us. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Is it worth the name of freedom to be at liberty to play the
fool, and draw shame and misery upon a man's self? Locke.
7. To make a FOOL. To disappoint; to defeat.
'Twere as good a deed as to drink when a man's a-hungry,
to challenge him to the field, and then to break promise with
him, and make a fool of him. Shakes. Twelfth Night.

To FOOL. v. n. [from the noun.] To trifle; to toy; to play;
to idle; to sport.
I, in this kind of merry fooling, am nothing to you; so you
may continue and laugh at nothing still. Shakesp. Tempest.
Fool not; for all may have,
If they dare try, a glorious life, a grave. Herbert.
If you have the luck to be court-fools, those that have either
wit or honesty, you may fool withal, and spare not. Denham.
It must be an industrious youth that provides against age;
and he that fools away the one, must either beg or starve in
the other. L'Estrange.
He must be happy that knows the true measures of fool­
ing. L'Estrange, Fable 74.
Is this a time for fooling? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

To FOOL. v. a.
1. To treat with contempt; to disappoint; to frustrate; to de­
feat.
And shall it in more shame be further spoken,
That you are fool'd, discarded, and shook off? Shak. H. IV.
If it be you that stir these daughters hearts
Against their father, fool me not so much
To bear it tamely. Shakespeare's King Lear.
When I am read, thou feign'st a weak applause,
As if thou wert my friend, but lackest a cause:
This but thy judgment fools; the other way
Would both thy folly and thy spite betray. Ben. Johnson.
Him over-weaning
To over-reach; but with the serpent meeting,
Fool'd and beguil'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
If men loved to be deceived and fooled about their spiritual
estate, they cannot take a surer course than by taking their
neighbour's word for that, which can be known only from
their own heart. South's Sermons.
When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat;
For fool'd with hope, men favour the deceit.
I'm tir'd with waiting for this chemick gold,
Which fools us young, and beggars us when old. Dryden.
I would advise this blinded set of men not to give credit to
those, by whom they have been so often fooled and imposed
upon. Addison's Freeholder, No. 7.
2. To infatuate.
It were an handsome plot,
But full of difficulties, and uncertain;
And he's so fool'd with downright honesty,
He'll ne'er believe it. Denham's Sophy.
A long and eternal adieu to all unlawful pleasures: I will
no longer be fooled or imposed upon by them. Calamy's Serm.
A boor of Holland, whose cares of growing still richer
and richer, perhaps fool him so far as to make him enjoy
less in his riches than others in poverty. Temple.
3. To cheat: as, to fool one of his money.

FOO’LBORN. adj. [fool and born.] Foolish from the birth.
Reply not to me with a foolborn jest. Shakes. Henry IV.

FOO’LERY. n. s. [from fool.]
1. Habitual folly.
Foolery, sir, does walk about the orb like the sun; it shines
every where: I would be sorry, sir, but the fool should be as
oft with your master as with my mistress. Shak. Twelfth Night.
2. An act of folly; trifling practice.
It is mere foolery to multiply distinct particulars in treating
of things, where the difference lies only in words. Watts.
3. Object of folly.
That Pythagoras, Plato, or Orpheus believed in any of
these fooleries, it cannot be suspected. Raleigh's History.
We are transported with fooleries, which, if we understood,
we should despise. L'Estrange's Fables.

FOOLHA’PPY. adj. [fool and happy.] Lucky without contri­
vance or judgment.
As when a ship, that flies fair under sail,
An hidden rock escaped unawares,
That lay in wait her wreck for to bewail;
The mariner, yet half amazed, stares
At perils past, and yet in doubt ne dares
To joy at his foolhappy oversight. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 6.

FOOLHA’RDINESS. n. s. [from foolhardy.] Mad rashness; cou­
rage without sense.
A false glozing parasite would call his foolhardiness valour,
and then he may go on boldly, because blindly. South's Serm.
There is a difference betwixt daring and foolhardiness: Lu­
can and Statius often ventured them too far, our Virgil
never. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

FOOLHA’RDISE. n. s. [fool and hardiesse, French.] Foolhardi­
ness; adventurousness without judgment. Obsolete.
More huge in strength than wise in works he was,
And reason with foolhardise over-ran;
Stern melancholy did his courage pass,
And was, for terror more, all arm'd in shining brass. F. Q.

FOOLHA’RDY. adj. [fool and hardy.] Daring without judg­
ment; madly adventurous; foolishly bold.
One mother, when as her foolhardy child
Did come too near, and with his talons play,
Half dead through fear, her little babe revil'd. Fairy Queen.
Some would be so foolhardy as to presume to be more of the
cabinet-council of God Almighty than the angels. Howel.
If any yet be so foolhardy,
T' expose themselves to vain jeopardy;
If they come wounded off, and lame,
No honour's got by such a maim. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1. 

FOO’LTRAP. n. s. [fool and trap.] A snare to catch fools in:
as a flytrap.
Betts, at the first, were fooltraps, where the wise
Like spiders lay in ambush for the flies. Dryden.

FOO’LISH. adj. [from fool.]
1. Void of understanding; weak of intellect.
Thou foolish woman, seest thou not our mourning? 2 Esdr.
He, of all the men that ever my foolish eyes looked upon,
was the best deserving a fair lady. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
2. Imprudent; indiscreet.
We are come off


Like Romans; neither foolish in our stands,
Nor cowardly in retire. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Ridiculous; contemptible.
It is a foolish thing to make a long prologue, and to be short
in the story itself. 2 Mac. ii. 32.
Pray do not mock me;
I am a very foolish fond old man:
I fear I am not in my perfect mind. Shakesp. King Lear.
What could the head perform alone,
If all their friendly aids were gone?
A foolish figure he must make;
Do nothing else but sleep and ake. Prior.
4. [In Scripture.] Wicked; sinful.

FOO’LISHLY. adv. [from foolish.] Weakly; without under­
standing. In Scripture, wickedly.
Although we boast our Winter sun looks bright,
And foolishly are glad to see it at its height;
Yet so much sooner comes the long and gloomy night. Swift.

FOO’LISHNESS. n. s. [from foolish.]
1. Folly; want of understanding.
2. Foolish practice; actual deviation from the right.
Foolishness being properly a man's deviation from right rea­
son, in point of practice, must needs consist in his pitching
upon such an end as is unsuitable to his condition, or pitching
upon means unsuitable to the compassing of his end. South.
Charm'd by their eyes, their manners I acquire,
And shape my foolishness to their desire. Prior.

FOO’LSTONES. n. s. A plant.
The characters are: it hath an anomalous flower, consist­
ing of six dissimilar leaves; the five uppermost of which are
so disposed as to imitate in some manner a helmet. Miller.

FOOT. n. s. plural feet. [fot, Saxon; voet, Dutch; fut,
Scottish.]
1. The part upon which we stand.
The queen that bore thee,
Oft'ner upon her knees than on her feet,
Died ev'ry day she liv'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
His affection to the church was so notorious, that he never
deserted it 'till both it and he were over-run and trod under
foot. Clarendon.
2. That by which any thing is supported in the nature of a foot.
3. The lower part; the base.
Yond' towers, whose wanton tops do buss the clouds,
Must kiss their own feet. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
Fretting, by little and little, washes away and eats out both
the tops and sides and feet of mountains. Hakewill on Provid.
4. The end; the lower part.
What dismal cries are those?
—Nothing; a trifling sum of misery,
New added to the foot of thy account:
Thy wife is seiz'd by force, and born away. Dryd. Cleomen.
5. The act of walking.
Antiochus departed, weening in his pride to make the land
navigable, and the sea passable by foot. 2 Mac. v. 21. 
6. On FOOT. Walking; without carriage.
Israel journeyed about six hundred thousand on foot. Ex. xii.
7. A posture of action.
The centurions and their charges distinctly billeted, already
in the entertainment, and to be on foot at an hour's warning.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
8. Infantry; footmen in arms. In this sense it has no plural.
Lusias gathered threescore thousand choice men of foot, and
five thousand horsemen. 1 Mac. iv. 28.
Himself with all his foot entered the town, his horse being
quartered about it. Clarendon, b. viii.
Thrice horse and foot about the fires are led,
And thrice with loud laments they wail the dead. Dryden.
9. State; character; condition.
See on what foot we stand; a scanty shore,
The sea behind, our enemies before. Dryden's Æn.
In specifying the word Ireland, it would seem to insinuate
that we are not upon the same foot with our fellow subjects in
England. Swift's Drapier's Letters.
What colour of excuse can be for the contempt with which
we treat this part of our species, that we should not put them
upon the common foot of humanity, that we should only set
an insignificant fine upon the man who murders them? Addis.
10. Scheme; plan; settlement.
There is no wellwisher to his country without a little hope,
that in time the kingdom may be on a better foot. Swift.
I ask, whether upon the foot of our constitution, as it stood
in the reign of the late king James, a king of England may
be deposed? Swift.
11.  A state of incipient existence.
If such a tradition were at any time set on foot, it is not
easy to imagine how it should at first gain entertainment; but
much more difficult how it should come to be universally pro­
pagated. Tillotson's Sermons.
12. It seems to have been once proverbially used for the level,
the square, par.
Were it not for this easy borrowing upon interest, men's
necessities would draw upon them a most sudden undoing, in
that they would be forced to sell their means, be it lands or
goods, far under foot. Bacon's Essays.
13. A certain number of syllables constituting a distinct part of
a verse.
Feet, in our English versifying, without quantity and joints,
be sure signs that the verse is either born deformed, unnatural,
or lame. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Did'st thou hear these verses?
—O yes, I heard them all, and more too; for some o' them
had in them more feet than the verses would bear. Shakespeare.
14. Motion; action.
While other jests are something rank on foot,
Her father hath commanded her to slip
Away with Slender to marry. Shakes. Mer. Wives of Winds.
In the government of the world the number and variety of
the ends on foot, with the secret nature of most things to which
they relate, must make a distinct remark of their congruity,
in some cases very difficult, and in some unattainable. Grew.
15. A measure containing twelve inches.
When it signifies measure it has often, but vitiously, foot in
the plural.
An orange, lemon, and apple, wrapt in a linnen cloth,
being buried for a fortnight's space four foot deep within the
earth, came forth no ways mouldy or rotten. Bacon.
16. Step.
This man's son would, every foot and anon, be taking some
of his companions into the orchard. L'Estrange.

To FOOT. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To dance; to tread wantonly; to trip.
Lonely the vale and full of horror stood,
Brown with the shade of a religious wood;
The moon was up, and shot a gleamy light;
He saw a quire of ladies in a round,
That featly footing seem'd to skim the ground. Dryden.
2. To walk; not ride; not fly.
By this the dreadful beast drew nigh to land,
Half flying, and half footing in his haste. Fairy Queen.
Take heed, have open eye; for thieves do foot by night. Sh.
The man set the boy upon the ass, and footed it him­
self. L'Estrange.
With them a man sometimes cannot be a penitent, unless
he also turns vagabond, and foots it to Jerusalem; or wanders
over this or that part of the world, to visit the shrine of such
or such a pretended saint. South.
If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try, for once, who can
foot it farthest. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

To FOOT. v. a.
1. To spurn; to kick.
You, that did void your rheum upon my beard, and foot me
as you spurn a stranger cur over your threshold. Shakespeare.
2. To settle; to begin to fix.
What confed'racy have you with the traitors
Late footed in the kingdom? Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. To tread.
Saint Withold footed thrice the wold:
He met the night-mare, and her name told;
Bid her alight, and her troth plight,
And aroynt thee, witch, aroynt thee right. Shak. K. Lear.
There haply by the ruddy damsel seen,
Or shepherd boy, they featly foot the green. Tickell.

FOO’TBALL. n. s. [foot and ball.] A ball commonly made of a
blown bladder cased with leather, driven by the foot.
Am I so round with you as you with me,
That like a football you do spurn me thus? Shakespeare.
Such a Winter-piece should be beautified with all manner
of works and exercises of Winter; as footballs, felling of
wood, and sliding upon the ice. Peacham.
As when a sort of lusty shepherds try
Their force at football, care of victory
Makes them salute so rudely, breast to breast,
That their encounter seems too rough for jest. Waller.
One rolls along a football to his foes,
One with a broken truncheon deals his blows. Dryden.
He was sensible the common football was a very imperfect
imitation of that exercise. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scribl.

FOO’TBOY. n. s. [foot and boy.] A low menial; an attendant
in livery.
Was it discretion, lords, to let this man,
This honest man, wait like a lowsy footboy
At chamber-door? Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Though I had no body to assist but a footboy, yet I made
shift to try a pretty number of things. Boyle on Colours.
Whenever he imagines advantage will redound to one of
his footboys by oppression of me, he never disputes it. Swift.

FOO’TBRIDGE. n. s. [foot and bridge.] A bridge on which
passengers walk; a narrow bridge.
Palemon's shepherd, fearing the footbridge was not strong
enough, loaded it so long, 'till he broke that which would have
born a bigger burden. Sidney.

FOO’TCLOATH. n. s. [foot and cloath.] A sumpter cloath.


Three times to-day my footcloath horse did stumble,
And started when he look'd upon the Tower,
As loth to bear me to the slaughterhouse. Shakes. Rich. III.

FOO’TED. adj. [from foot.] Shaped in the foot.
Snouted and tailed like a boar, and footed like a goat. Grew.

FOO’TFIGHT. n. s. [foot and fight.] A fight made on foot, in
opposition to that on horseback.
So began our footfight in such sort, that we were well en­
tered to blood of both sides. Sidney, b. ii.

FOO’THOLD. n. s. [foot and hold.] Space to hold the foot;
space on which one may tread surely.
So they all fell to work at the roots of the tree, and left it
so little foothold, that the first blast of wind laid it flat upon the
ground. L'Estrange.
He's never well 'till he's at the top: he has nothing above
him to aspire to, nor any foothold left him to come down by.
L'Estrange, Fable 6.

FOO’TING. n. s. [from foot.]
1. Ground for the foot.
I'll read you matter deep and dangerous;
As full of peril and advent'rous spirit
As to o'erwalk a current, roaring loud,
On the unsteadfast footing of a spear. Shakesp. Henry IV.
As Noah's pigeon, which return'd no more,
Did shew she footing found, for all the flood. Davies.
In ascents, every step gained is a footing and help to the
next. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Foundation; basis; support; root.
Cloven stakes; and, wond'rous to behold,
Their sharpen'd ends in earth their footing place,
And the dry poles produce a living race. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
All those sublime thoughts take their rise and footing here:
the mind stirs not one jot beyond those ideas which sense or
reflection have offered. Locke.
The reasoning faculties of the soul would not know how
to move, for want of a foundation and footing in most men,
who cannot trace truth to its fountain and original. Locke.
3. Place.
Whether they unctuous exhalations are,
Fir'd by the sun, or seeming so alone;
Or each some more remote and slippery star,
Which loses footing when to mortals shewn. Dryden.
4. Tread; walk.
I would outnight you did no body come:
But hark, I hear the footing of a man. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
Break off, break off; I feel the different sound
Of some chaste footing near about this ground:
Run to your shrouds, within these brakes and trees;
Our number may affright. Milton.
5. Dance.
Make holyday: your ryestraw hats put on,
And these fresh nymphs encounter every one
In country footing. Shakespeare's Tempest.
6. Steps; road; track.
He grew strong among the Irish; and in his footing his son
continuing, hath increased his said name. Spenser on Ireland.
Like running weeds, that have no certain root; or like
footings up and down, impossible to be traced. Bacon's H. VII.
7. Entrance; beginning; establishment.
Ever since our nation had any footing in this land, the state
of England did desire to perfect the conquest. Davies.
The defeat of colonel Bellasis gave them their first footing
in Yorkshire. Clarendon, b. viii.
No useful arts have yet found footing here;
But all untaught and savage does appear. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
8. State; condition; settlement.
Gaul was on the same footing with Egypt, as to taxes. Arb.

FOO’TLICKER. n. s. [foot and lick.] A slave; an humble
fawner; one who licks the foot.
Do that good mischief which may make this island
Thine own for ever; and I, thy Caliban,
For ay thy footlicker. Shakespeare's Tempest.

FOO’TMAN. n. s. [foot and man.]
1. A soldier that marches and fights on foot.
The numbers levied by her lieutenant did consist of footmen
three millions, of horsemen one million. Raleigh's History.
2. A low menial servant in livery.
He was carried in a rich chariot, litterwise, with two horses
at either end, and two footmen on each side. Bacon.
Like footmen running before coaches,
To tell the inn what lord approaches. Prior.
3. One who practises to walk or run.

FOO’TMANSHIP. n. s. [from footman.] The art or faculty of
a runner.
The Irish archers espying this, suddenly broke up, and
committed the safety of their lives to their nimble footman­
ship. Hayward.
Yet, says the fox, I have baffled more of them with my
wiles and shifts than ever you did with your footmanship. L'Est.

FOO’TPACE. n. s. [foot and pace.]
1. Part of a pair of stairs, whereon, after four or five steps,
you arrive to a broad place, where you make two or three
paces before you ascend another step, thereby to ease the legs
in ascending the rest of the stairs. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
2. A pace no faster than a slow walk.

FOO’TPAD. n. s. [foot and pad.] A highwayman that robs on
foot, not on horseback.

FOO’TPATH. n. s. [foot and path.] A narrow way which
will not admit horses or carriages.
Know'st thou the way to Dover?
—Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath. Shak. K. Lear.

FOO’TPOST. n. s. [foot and post.] A post or messenger that
travels on foot.
For carrying such letters, every thoroughfare weekly ap­
pointeth a footpost, whose dispatch is well near as speedy as the
horses. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

FOO’TSTALL. n. s. [foot and stall.] A woman's stirrup.

FOO’TSTEP. n. s. [foot and step.]
1. Trace; track; impression left by the foot.
Clear-sighted reason wisdom's judgment leads,
And sense, her vassal, in her footsteps treads. Denham.
A man shall never want crooked paths to walk in, if he
thinks that he is in the right way, where ever he has the foot­
steps of others to follow. Locke.
2. Token; mark; notice given.
Let us turn our thoughts to the frame of our system, if
there we may trace any visible footsteps of Divine Wisdom and
Beneficence. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Example.

FOO’TSTOOL. n. s. [foot and stool.] Stool on which he that
sits places his feet.
Thus have we swept suspicion from our seat,
And made our footstool of security. Shakesp. Henry VI.
They whose sacred office 'tis to bring
Kings to obey their God, and men their king,
By these mysterious links to fix and tye
Men to the footstool of the Deity. Denham's Sophy.
Let ecchoing anthems make his praises known
On earth, his footstool, as in heav'n his throne. Roscommon.
By the phrase of worshipping his footstool, no more is meant
than worshipping God at his footstool. Stillingfleet.

FOP

FOP. n. s. [A word probably made by chance, and therefore
without etymology.] A simpleton; a coxcomb; a man of
small understanding and much ostentation; a pretender; a
man fond of show, dress, and flutter; an impertinent.
A whole tribe of fops,
Got 'tween asleep and wake. Shakespeare's King Lear.
When such a positive abandon'd fop,
Among his numerous absurdities,
Stumbles upon some tolerable line,
I fret to see them in such company. Roscommon.
The leopard's beauty, without the fox's wit, is no better
than a fop in a gay coat. L'Estrange.
In a dull stream, which moving slow,
You hardly see the current flow;
When a small breeze obstructs the course,
It whirls about for want of force,
And in its narrow circle gathers
Nothing but chaff, and straws, and feathers:
The current of a female mind
Stops thus, and turns with ev'ry wind;
Thus whirling round, together draws
Fools, fops, and rakes, for chaff and straws. Swift.

FO’PDOODLE. n. s. [fop and doodle.] A fool; an insignificant
wretch.
Where sturdy butchers broke your noddle,
And handled you like a fopdoodle. Hudibras, p. ii.

FO’PPERY. n. s. [from fop.]
1. Folly; impertinence.
Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
My sober house. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
I was three or four times in the thought they were not fai­
ries; and yet the guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise
of my powers, drove the grossness of the foppery into a re­
ceived belief, in despight of the teeth of all rhime and reason,
that they were fairies. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
This is the excellent foppery of the world, that when we
are sick in fortune, often the surfeits of our own behaviour,
we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon and stars,
as if we were villains on necessity. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. Affectation of show or importance; showy folly.
3. Foolery; vain or idle practice; idle affectation.
They thought the people were better let alone in their fop­
peries, than to be suffered to break loose from that subjection
which your superstition kept them in. Stillingfleet.
But though we fetch from Italy and France
Our fopperies of tune, and mode of dance,
Our sturdy Britons scorn to borrow sense. Granville.
I wish I could say quaint fopperies were wholly absent from
graver subjects. Swift to the Lord High Treasurer.

FO’PPISH. adj. [from fop.]
1. Foolish; idle; vain.


Fools ne'er had less grace in a year;
For wise men are grown foppish,
And know not how their wits to wear,
Their manners are so apish. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Vain in show; foolishly ostentatious; vain of dress.
With him the present still some virtues have;
The vain are sprightly, and the stupid grave;
The slothful negligent, the foppish neat;
The lewd are airy, and the sly discreet. Garth's Dispensat.
The Romans grew extremely expensive and foppish in this
article; so that the emperor Aurelian forbid men that variety
of colours on their shoes, allowing it still to women. Arbuth.

FO’PPISHLY. adv. [from foppish.] Vainly; ostentatiously.

FO’PPISHNESS. n. s. [from foppish.] Vanity; showy or osten­
tatious vanity.

FO’PPLING. n. s. [from fop.] A petty fop; an under-rate
coxcomb.
Thy works in Chloe's toilet gain a part,
And, with his tailor, share the foppling's heart. Tickell.

FOR

FOR. prep. [for, Saxon; voor, Dutch.]
1. Because of.
That which we for our unworthiness are afraid to crave, our
prayer is, that God for the worthiness of his son would not­
withstanding vouchsafe to grant. Hooker, b. v. s. 47.
Edward and Richard,
With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath,
Are at our backs. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
Speak, good Cominius;
Leave nothing out for length. Shakesp.
For as much as the question cannot be scanned, unless the
time of Abraham's journey be considered of, I will search into
a tradition concerning his travels. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
An astrologer saith, if it were not for two things that are
constant, no individual would last one moment. Bacon.
For as much as it is a fundamental law in the Turkish em­
pire, that they may, without any other provocation, make
war upon Christendom for the propagation of their laws;
so the Christians may at all times, as they think good, be
upon the prevention. Bacon's War with Spain.
The governour, sallying out, took great store of victual
and warlike provision, which the Turks had for haste left be­
hind them. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Their offer he willingly accepted, knowing that he was not
able to keep that place three days, for lack of victual. Knolles.
Quit, quit, for shame; this will not move,
This cannot take her:
If of herself she will not love,
Nothing can make her. Suckling.
Care not for frowns or smiles. Denham's Sophy, Prol.
The hypocrite or carnal man hopes, and is the wickeder
for hoping. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
Let no man, for his own poverty, become more oppress­
ing in his bargains; but quietly recommend his estate to God;
and leave the success to him. Taylor.
Persons who have lost most of their grinders, having been
compelled to use three or four only in chewing, wore them
so low that the inward nerve lay bare, and they would no longer
for pain make use of them. Ray on the Creation.
I but revenge my fate; disdain'd, betray'd,
And suff'ring death for this ungrateful maid. Dryden.
Sole on the barren sands, the suff'ring chief
Roar'd out for anguish, and indulg'd his grief. Dryden.
For his long absence church and state did groan,
Madness the pulpit, faction seiz'd the throne. Dryden.
Nor with a superstitious fear is aw'd
For what befalls at home, or what abroad. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
I, my own judge, condemn'd myself before;
For pity, aggravate my crime no more. Dryden's Aurengz.
Matrons of renown,
When tyrant Nero burnt th' imperial town,
Shriek'd for the downfal in a doleful cry,
For which their guiltless lords were doom'd to die. Dryden.
Children, discountenanced by their parents for any fault,
find a refuge in the caresses of foolish flatterers. Locke.
A sound mind in a sound body is a short but full description
of a happy state in this world: he that has these two has lit­
tle more to wish for, and he that wants either of them will be
but little the better for any thing else. Locke.
The middle of the gulph is remarkable for tempests. Addis.
My open'd thought to joyous prospect raise,
And for thy mercy let me sing thy praise. Prior.
Which best or worst, you could not think;
And die you must, for want of drink. Prior.
It is a most infamous scandal upon the nation, to reproach
them for treating foreigners with contempt. Swift.
We can only give them that liberty now for something,
which they have so many years exercised for nothing, of rail­
ing and scribbling against us. Swift.
Your sermons would be less valuable, for want of
time. Swift.
2. With respect to; with regard to.
Rather our state's defective for requital,
Than we to stretch it out. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
A paltry ring
That she did give me, whose poesy was,
For all the world, like cutlers poetry
Upon a knife; love me and leave me not. Shakespeare.
For all the world,
As thou art at this hour, was Richard then. Shakes. H. IV.
It was young counsel for the persons, and violent
counsel for the matters. Bacon, Essay 21. 
Authority followeth old men, and favour and popularity
youth; but for the moral part, perhaps, youth will have the
pre-eminence, as age hath for the politick. Bacon's Essays.
Comets are rather gazed upon than wisely observed in their
effects; that is, what kind of comet for magnitude or colour,
produceth what kind of effects. Bacon, Essay 54.
For me, if there be such a thing as I. Waller.
He saith these honours consisted in preserving their memo­
ries, and praising their virtues; but for any matter of wor­
ship towards them, he utterly denies it. Stillingfleet.
Our laws were for their matter foreign. Hales.
Now for the government, it is absolute monarchy; there
being no other laws in China but the king's command. Temple.
For me, no other happiness I own,
Than to have born no issue to the throne. Dryd. Tyr. Love.
For me, my stormy voyage at an end,
I to the port of death securely tend. Dryden's Æn. b. xii.
After death, we sprights have just such natures
We had, for all the world, when human creatures. Dryden.
Such little wasps, and yet so full of spite;
For bulk mere insects, yet in mischief strong. Tate's Juv.
Hobbes has given us a correct explanation of the sense in
general; but for particulars and circumstances, he continually
lops them. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
Lo, some are vellom, and the rest as good,
For all his lordship knows, but they are wood. Pope.
3. In this sense it has often as before it.
As for Maramaldus the general, they had no just cause to
mislike him, being an old captain of great experience. Knolles.
4. In the character of.
If a man can be fully assured of any thing for a truth,
without having examined, what is there that he may not em­
brace for truth? Locke.
She thinks you favour'd:
But let her go, for an ungrateful woman. A. Phillips.
Say, is it fitting in this very field,
This field, where from my youth I've been a carter,
I, in this field, should die for a deserter? Gay.
5. With resemblance of.
I hear for certain, and do speak the truth,
The gentle York is up. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Now, now for sure, deliverance is at hand,
The kingdom shall to Israel be restor'd. Paradise Regain'd.
The startling steed was seiz'd with sudden fright,
And, bounding, o'er the pommel cast the knight:
Forward he flew, and pitching on his head,
He quiver'd with his feet, and lay for dead. Dryden.
6. Considered as; in the place of.
Our present lot appears
For happy, though but ill; for ill, not worst,
If we procure not to ourselves more woe. Milton's Pa. Lost.
The council-table and star-chamber held for honourable
that which pleased, and for just that which profited. Clarendon.
Read all the prefaces of Dryden,
For those out criticks much confide in;
Though meerly writ at first for filling,
To raise the volume's price a shilling. Swift.
7. In advantage of; for the sake of.
An ant is a wise creature for itself; but it is a shrewd thing
in an orchard. Bacon, Essay 24.
He refused not to die for those that killed him, and shed his
blood for some of those that spilt it. Boyle.
Whether some hero's fate,
In words worth dying for, he celebrate. Cowley.
Shall I think the world was made for one,
And men are born for kings, as beasts for men,
Not for protection, but to be devour'd? Dryd. Span. Fryar.
8. Conducive to; beneficial to.
It is for the general good of human society, and conse­
quently of particular persons, to be true and just; and it is for
mens health to be temperate. Tillotson, Sermon 1. 
It can never be for the interest of a believer to do me a mis­
chief, because he is sure, upon the balance of accounts, to
find himself a loser by it. Addison's Spectator, No. 186.
9. With intention of going to a certain place.
We sailed from Peru, where we had continued for the space
of one whole year, for China and Japan, taking with us vic­
tuals for twelve months. Bacon's New Atlantis.
As she was brought for England, she was cast away near
Harwich haven. Hayward.
We sailed directly for Genoa, and had a fair wind. Addison.


10. In comparative respect.
For tusks with Indian elephants he strove,
And Jove's own thunder from his mouth he drove. Dryden.
11.  In proportion to.
As he could see clear, for those times, through super­
stition; so he would be blinded, now and then, by human
policy. Bacon's Henry VII.
Your understandings are not bright enough for the exercise
of the highest acts of reason. Tillotson, Sermon 4.
12. With appropriation to.
Shadow will serve for Summer: prick him; for we have a
number of shadows to fill up the muster-book. Shakes. H. IV.
13. After O an expression of desire.
O for a muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest heaven of invention! Shak. H. V. Prologue.
14. In account of; in solution of.
Thus much for the beginning and progress of the deluge.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
15. Inducing to as a motive.
There is a natural, immutable, and eternal reason for that
which we call virtue, and against that which we call vice. Till.
16. In expectation of.
He must be back again by one and twenty, to marry and
propagate: the father cannot stay any longer for the portion,
nor the mother for a new set of babies to play with. Locke.
17. Noting power or possibility.
For a holy person to be humble, for one whom all men
esteem a saint, to fear lest himself become a devil, is as hard
as for a prince to submit himself to be guided by tutors. Taylor.
18. Noting dependence.
The colours of outward objects, brought into a darkened
room, depend for their visibility upon the dimness of the light
they are beheld by. Boyle on Colours.
19. In prevention of; for fear of.
Corn being had down, any way ye allow,
Should wither as needeth for burning in mow. Tuss. Hush.
And, for the time shall not seem tedious,
I'll tell thee what befel me on a day,
In this self place. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
There must be no alleys with hedges at the hither end, for
letting your prospect upon this fair hedge from the green; nor
at the farther end, for letting your prospect from the hedge
through the arches upon the heath. Bacon, Essay 47.
20. In remedy of.
Sometimes hot, sometimes cold things are good for the
toothach. Garretson.
21.  In exchange for.
He made considerable progress in the study of the law, be­
fore he quitted that profession for this of poetry. Dryden.
22. In the place of; instead of.
To make him copious is to alter his character; and to
translate him line for line, is impossible. Dryden.
We take a falling meteor for a star. Cowley.
23. In supply of; to serve in the place of.
Most of our ingenious young men take up some cried-up
English poet for their model, adore him, and imitate him, as
they think, without knowing wherein he is defective. Dryden.
24. Through a certain duration.
Some please for once, some will for ever please. Roscom.
Those who sleep without dreaming, can never be convinced
that their thoughts are for four hours busy, without their
knowing it. Locke.
The administration of this bank is for life, and partly in the
hands of the chief citizens. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Since, hir'd for life, thy servile muse must sing
Successive conquests, and a glorious king;
And bring him laurels, whatsoe'er they cost. Prior.
The youth transported, asks without delay
To guide the sun's bright chariot for a day. Garth's Ovid.
25. In search of; in quest of.
Some of the philosophers have run so far back for argu­
ments of comfort against pain, as to doubt whether there were
any such thing; and yet, for all that, when any great evil has
been upon them, they would cry out as loud as other men.
Tillotson, Sermon 5.
26. According to.
Chymists have not been able, for aught is vulgarly known,
by fire alone to separate true sulphur from antimony. Boyle.
27. Noting a state of fitness or readiness.
Nay, if you be an undertaker, I am for you. Shakespeare.
If he be brave, he's ready for the stroke. Dryden.
28. In hope of; for the sake of; noting the final cause.
How quickly nature
Falls to revolt, when gold becomes her object!
For this the foolish, over-careful fathers,
Have broke their sleeps with thought, their brains with care,
Their bones with industry: for this, engross'd
The canker'd heaps of strong atchieved gold:
For this they have been thoughtful to invest
Their sons with arts and martial exercises. Shakes. H. IV.
The kingdom of God was first rent by ill counsel; upon
which counsel there are set, for our instruction, two marks.
Bacon.
For he writes not for money, nor for praise,
Nor to be call'd a wit, nor to wear bays. Denham.
There we shall see, a sight worthy dying for, that blessed
Saviour, who so highly deserves of us. Boyle.
He is not disposed to be a fool, and to be miserable for
company. Tillotson, Sermon 1. 
Even death's become to me no dreadful name;
In fighting fields, where our acquaintance grew,
I saw him, and contemn'd him first for you. Dryd. Aureng.
For this, 'tis needful to prevent her art,
And fire with love the proud Phœnician's heart. Dryd. Virg.
Some pray for riches; riches they obtain;
But watch'd by robbers, for their wealth are slain. Dryden.
Let them, who truly would appear my friends,
Employ their swords like mine for noble ends. Dryd. Auren.
Scholars are frugal of their words, and not willing to let
any go for ornament, if they will not serve for use. Felton.
29. Of tendency to; towards.
It were more for his honour to raise his siege, than to spend
so many good men in the winning of it by force. Knolles.
The kettle to the top was hoist;
But with the upside down, to show
Its inclination for below. Swift.
30. In favour of; on the part of; on the side of.
Ye suppose the laws for which ye strive are found in Scrip­
ture; but those not against which we strive. Hooker, Preface.
It becomes me not to draw my pen in the defence of a bad
cause, when I have so often drawn it for a good one. Dryden.
Jove was for Venus; but he fear'd his wife. Dryden.
He for the world was made, not us alone. Cowley.
They must be void of all zeal for God's honour, who do
not with sighs and tears intercede with him. Smalridge's Serm.
Aristotle is for poetical justice. Dennis.
They are all for rank and foul feeding. Felton.
31.  Noting accommodation or adaptation.
Fortune, if there be such a thing as she,
Spies that I bear so well her tyranny,
That she thinks nothing else so fit for me. Donne.
A few rules of logick are thought sufficient, in this case, for
those who pretend to the highest improvement. Locke.
It is for wicked men to dread God; but a virtuous man
may have undisturbed thoughts, even of the justice of God.
Tillotson, Sermon 4.
His country has good havens, both for the Adriatick and
Mediterranean. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Persia is commodiously situated for trade both by sea and
land. Arbuthnot on Coins.
32. With intention of.
And by that justice hast remov'd the cause
Of those rude tempests, which, for rapine sent
Too oft, alas, involv'd the innocent. Waller.
Here huntsmen with delight may read
How to chuse dogs for scent or speed. Waller.
God hath made some things for as long a duration as they
are capable of. Tillotson, Sermon 1. 
For this, from Trivia's temple and her wood,
Are coursers driv'n, who shed their masters blood. Dryden.
Such examples should be set before them, as patterns for
their daily imitation. Locke.
The next question usually is, what is it for? Locke.
Achilles is for revenging himself upon Agamemnon, by
means of Hector. Pope's View of Epick Poem.
33. Becoming; belonging to.
It were not for your quiet, nor your good,
Nor for my manhood, honesty, and wisdom,
To let you know my thoughts. Shakespeare's Othello.
Th' offers he doth make,
Were not for him to give, nor them to take. Daniel.
Jests for Dutchmen and English boys. Cowley.
Is it for you to ravage seas and land,
Unauthoriz'd by my supreme command! Dryd. Virg. Æn.
His sire already signs him for the skies,
And marks the seat amidst the deities. Dryden's Æn.
It is a reasonable account for any man to give, why he does
not live as the greatest part of the world do, that he has no
mind to die as they do, and perish with them. Tillotson.
34. Notwithstanding.
This, for any thing we know to the contrary, might be the
self-same form which Philojudæus expresseth. Hooker, b. v.
God's desertion shall, for ought he knows the next
minute, supervene. Decay of Piety.
Probability supposes that a thing may, or may not be so,
for any thing that yet is certainly determined on either side.
South's Sermons.
For any thing that legally appears to the contrary, it may
be a contrivance to fright us. Swift's Drapier's Letters.
If such vast masses of matter had been situated nearer to the
sun, or to each other, as they might as easily have been, for
any mechanical or fortuitous agent, they must necessarily have
caused a considerable disorder in the whole system. Bentley.


35. FOR all. Notwithstanding.
Neither doubt you, because I wear a woman's apparel, I
will be the more womanish; since I assure you, for all my
apparel, there is nothing I desire more than fully to prove
myself a man in this enterprize. Sidney.
For all the carefulness of the Christians the English bulwark
was undermined by the enemy, and upon the fourth of Sep­
tember part thereof was blown up. Knolles's History.
But as Noah's pigeon, which return'd no more,
Did shew she footing found for all the flood. Davies.
They resolute, for all this, do proceed
Unto that judgment. Daniel.
For all his exact plot, down was he cast from all his great­
ness, and forced to end his days in a mean condition. South.
If we apprehend the greatest things in the world of the
emperor of China or Japan, we are well enough contented,
for all that, to let them govern at home. Stillingfleet.
Though that very ingenious person has anticipated part of
what I should say, yet you will, for all that, expect that I
should give you a fuller account. Boyle on Colours.
She might have passed over all such petty businesses; but the
raising of my rabble is not to be mumbled up in silence, for
all her pertness. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
36. To the use of; to be used in.
The oak for nothing ill,
The osier good for twigs, the poplar for the mill. Spenser.
37. In consequence of.
For love they force through thickets of the wood,
They climb the steepy hills and stem the flood. Dryden.
38. In recompense of.
Now, for so many glorious actions done,
For peace at home, and for the publick wealth,
I mean to crown a bowl for Cæsar's health;
Besides, in gratitude for such high matters,
Know I have vow'd two hundred gladiators. Dryden's Pers.
First the wily wizard must be caught;
For unconstrain'd, he nothing tells for naught. Dryd. Virg.
39. In proportion to.
He is not very tall, yet for his years he's tall. Shakespeare.
Exalted Socrates! divinely brave!
Injur'd he fell, and dying he forgave;
Too noble for revenge. Dryden's Juven. Sat. 13.
40. By means of; by interposition of.
Moral consideration can no way move the sensible appetite,
were it not for the will. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Of some calamity we can have no relief but from God
alone; and what would men do in such a case, if it were not
for God? Tillotson's Sermons.
41.  In regard of; in preservation of. I cannot for my life, is, I
cannot if my life might be saved by it.
I bid the rascal knock upon your gate;
But could not get him for my heart. Shakespeare.
I cannot for my heart leave a room, before I have thorough­
ly examined the papers pasted upon the walls. Addison's Spect.
42. FOR to. In the language used two centuries ago, for was
commonly used before to the sign of the infinitive mood, to
note the final cause. As, I come for to see you, for I love to
see you: in the same sense with the French pour. Thus it is
used in the translation of the Bible. But this distinction was
by the best writers sometimes forgotten; and for, by wrong use,
appearing superfluous, is now always omitted.
Who shall let me now
On this vile body for to wreak my wrong? Fairy Queen.
A large posterity
Up to your happy palaces may mount,
Of blessed saints for to increase the count. Spenser.
These things may serve for to represent how just cause of
fear this kingdom may have towards Spain. Bacon.

FOR. conj.
1. The word by which the reason is given of something ad­
vanced before.
Heav'n doth with us as we with torches deal,
Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues
Did not go forth of us, 'twere all alike
As if we had them not. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Old husbandmen I at Sabinum know,
Who for another year dig, plough, and sow;
For never any man was yet so old,
But hop'd his life one Winter more would hold. Denham.
Tell me what kind of thing is wit?
For the first matter loves variety less. Cowley.
Thus does he who, for fear of any thing in this world,
ventures to displease God; for in so doing he runs away from
men, and falls into the hands of the living hand. Tillotson.
2. Because; on this account that.
I doubt not but great troops would be ready to run; yet
for that the worst men are most ready to remove, I would wish
them chosen by discretion of wise men. Spenser on Ireland.
Jealous souls will not be answer'd so:
They are not ever jealous for a cause,
But jealous for they're jealous. Shakespeare's Othello.
Heaven defend your good souls, that you think
I will your serious and great business scant;
For she is with me. Shakespeare's Othello.
Nor swell'd his breast with uncouth pride,
That heav'n on him above his charge had laid;
But, for his great Creator would the same,
His will increas'd; so fire augmenteth flame. Fairfax.
Many excrescences of trees grow chiefly where the tree is
dead or faded; for that the natural sap of the tree corrupteth
into some preternatural substance. Bacon's Natural History.
3. FOR as much. In regard that; in consideration of.
For as much as in publick prayer we are not only to consi­
der what is needful, in respect of God; but there is also in
men that which we must regard: we somewhat incline to
length, lest overquick dispatch should give occasion to deem,
that the thing itself is but little accounted of. Hooker, b. v.
For as much as the thirst is intolerable, the patient may be
indulged the free use of spaw water. Arbuthnot on Diet.
4. FOR why. Because; for this reason that.
Solyman had three hundred fieldpieces, that a camel might
well carry one of them, being taken from the carriage; for
why, Solyman purposing to draw the emperor unto battle, had
brought no greater pieces of battery with him. Knolles.

To FO’RAGE. v. n. [from foris, abroad, Latin.]
1. To wander far; to rove at a distance.
Forage, and run
To meet displeasure farther from the doors,
And grapple with him, ere he come so nigh. Shak. K. John.
2. To wander in search of spoil, generally of provisions.
As in a stormy night,
Wolves, urged by their raging appetite,
Forage for prey. Denham.
There was a brood of young larks in the corn, and the dam
went abroad to forage for them. L'Estrange's Fables.
Nor dare they stray
When rain is promis'd, or a stormy day;
But near the city walls their wat'ring take,
Nor forage far, but short excursions make. Dryden's Virgil.
3. To ravage; to seed on spoil.
His most mighty father on a hill
Stood smiling, to behold his lion's whelp
Forage in blood of French nobility. Shakesp. Henry V.

To FO’RAGE. v. a. To plunder; to strip; to spoil.
They will both strengthen all the country round, and also
be as continual holds for her majesty, if the people should re­
volt; for without such it is easy to forage and over-run the
whole land. Spenser on Ireland.

FO’RAGE. n. s. [fourage, German and French, from foris,
Latin.]
1. Search of provisions; the act of feeding abroad.
One way a band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine,
From a fat meadow ground; or fleecy flock,
Ewes, and their bleating lambs, over the plains
Their booty. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
2. Provisions sought abroad.
Some o'er the publick magazines preside,
And some are sent new forage to provide. Dryden's Georg.
3. Provisions in general.
Provided forage, our spent arms renew'd. Dryd. Fables.

FORA’MINOUS. adj. [from foramen, Latin.] Full of holes;
perforated in many places; porous.
Soft and foraminous bodies, in the first creation of the
sound, will deaden it; but in the passage of the sound they
will admit it better than harder bodies. Bacon's Nat. History.

To FORBE’AR. v. n. pret. I forbore, anciently forbare; part.
forborn. [forbæran, Saxon. For has in composition the
power of privation; as, forbear: or depravation; as forswear,
and other powers not easily explained.]
1. To cease from any thing; to intermit.
The wolf, the lion, and the bear,
When they their prey in pieces tear,
To quarrel with themselves forbear. Denham.
2. To pause; to delay.
I pray you, tarry: pause a day or two,
Before you hazard; for in chusing wrong,
I lose your company; therefore forbear a while. Shakesp.
3. To omit voluntarily; not to do; to abstain.
He forbare to go forth. 1 Sa. xxiii. 13.
At this he started, and forbore to swear;
Not out of conscience of the sin, but fear. Dryden's Juv.
Who can forbear to admire and adore him who weighed
the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance. Cheyne.
4. To restrain any violence of temper; to be patient.
By long forbearing is a prince persuaded, and a soft tongue
breaketh the bone. Prov. xxv. 15.

To FO’RBEAR. v. a.
1. To decline; to omit voluntarily.
Forbear his presence, until time hath qualified the heat of his
displeasure. Shakespeare's King Lear.
So angry bulls the combat do forbear,
When from the wood a lion does appear. Waller.
2. To abstain from; to shun to do.


If it passed only by the house of peers, it should be
looked upon as invalid and void, and execution should be
thereupon forborn or suspended. Clarendon, b. viii.
There is not any one action whatsoever which a man ought
to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear
precept or prohibition for it. South's Sermons.
3. To spare; to treat with clemency.
With all lowliness and meekness, with long suffering, for­
bearing one another in love. Eph. iv. 2.
4. To withold.
Forbear thee from meddling with God, who is with me,
that he destroy thee not. 2 Chro. xxxv. 21. 

FORBE’ARANCE. n. s. [from forbear.]
1. The care of avoiding or shunning any thing; negation of
practice.
True nobleness would
Learn him forbearance from so foul a wrong. Shakes. R. III.
This may convince us how vastly greater a pleasure is con­
sequent upon the forbearance of sin, than can possibly accom­
pany the commission of it. South's Sermons.
Liberty is the power a man has to do, or forbear doing, any
particular action, according as its doing or forbearance has the
actual preference in the mind. Locke.
2. Intermission of something.
3. Command of temper.
Have a continent forbearance, 'till the speed of his rage
goes slower. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. Lenity; delay of punishment; mildness.
Nor do I take notice of this instance of severity in our own
country to justify such a proceeding, but only to display the
mildness and forbearance made use of under the reign of his
present majesty. Addison's Freeholder, No. 52.
He applies to our gratitude by obligations of kindness and
beneficence, of long suffering and forbearance. Rogers.

FORBE’ARER. n. s. [from forbear.] An intermitter; inter­
ceptor of any thing.
The West as a father all goodness doth bring,
The East a forbearer, no manner of thing. Tuss. Husbandry.

To FO’RBID. v. a.  pret. I forbade; part. forbidden or forbid.
[forbeodan, Saxon; verbieden, Dutch.]
1. To prohibit; to interdict any thing.
A witch, a quean, an old cozening quean; have I not for­
bid her my house? Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
By tasting of that fruit forbid,
Where they sought knowledge, they did error find. Davies.
The voice of reason, in all the dictates of natural morality,
ought carefully to be attended to, by a strict observance of
what it commands, but especially of what it forbids. South.
All hatred of persons, by very many Christian principles,
we are most solemnly and indispensably forbid. Spratt's Serm.
The chaste and holy race
Are all forbidden this polluted place. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
2. To command to forbear any thing.
She with so sweet a rigour forbad him, that he durst not
rebel. Sidney, b. ii.
It is the shameful work of Hubert's hand,
The practice and the purpose of the king,
From whose obedience I forbid may soul. Shakespeare.
They have determined to consume all those things that
God hath forbidden them to eat by his laws. Judith xi. 12.
3. To oppose; to hinder.
The moisture being forbidden to come up in the plant, stay­
eth longer in the root, and so dilateth it. Bacon's Nat. History.
The plaister alone would pen the humour, and so exasperate
it as well as forbid new humour. Bacon's Natural History.
Thy throne is darkness in th' abyss of light,
A blaze of glory that forbids the sight!
O teach me to believe thee thus conceal'd,
And search no farther than thyself reveal'd. Dryden.
4. To accurse; to blast. Now obsolete. To bid is in old lan­
guage to pray; to forbid therefore is to curse.
Sleep shall neither night nor day
Hang upon his penthouse lid;
He shall live a man forbid. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To FO’RBID. v. n. To utter a prohibition.
Now the good gods forbid,
That our renowned Rome
Should now eat up her own! Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

FORBI’DDANCE. n. s. [from forbid.] Prohibition; edict against
any thing.
How hast thou yielded to transgress
The strict forbiddance! how to violate
The sacred fruit forbidden! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

FO’RBIDDENLY. adv. [from forbid.] In an unlawful manner.
With all confidence he swears, as he had seen't,
That you have touch'd his queen forbiddenly. Shakespeare.

FO’RBIDDER. n. s. [from forbid.] One that prohibits; one
that enacts a prohibition.
This was a bold accusation of God, making the foun­
tain of good the contriver of evil, and the forbidder of
the crime an abettor of the fact prohibited. Brown's Vul. Err.
Other care, perhaps,
May have diverted from continual watch
Our great forbidder! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

FO’RBIDDING. participial adj. [from forbid.] Raising abhor­
rence; repelling approach; causing aversion.
Tragedy was made forbidding and horrible. A. Hill.

FORCE. n. s. [force, French; fortis, Latin.]
1. Strength; vigour; might; active power.
He never could maintain his part but in the force of his
will. Shakes. Much Ado about Nothing.
A ship, which hath struck sail, doth run
By force of that force which before it won. Donne.
2. Violence.
Thus got the house of Lancaster the crown,
Which now they hold by force, and not by right. Sh. H. VI.
The shepherd Paris bore the Spartan bride
By force away, and then by force enjoy'd;
But I by free consent. Dryden.
3. Virtue; efficacy.
Manifest it is, that the very majesty and holiness of the
place where God is worshipped, hath, in regard of us, great
virtue, force and efficacy; for that it serveth as a sensible help
to stir up devotion. Hooker, b. v. s. 16.
No definitions, no suppositions of any sect, are of force
enough to destroy constant experience. Locke.
4. Validness; power of law.
A testament is of force after men are dead. Heb. ix. 17.
Not long in force this charter stood;
Wanting that seal, it must be seal'd in blood. Denham.
5. Armament; warlike preparation. Often forces in the plural.
O Thou! whose captain I account myself,
Look on my forces with a gracious eye. Shakes. Richard III.
The secret of the power of Spain consisteth in a veteran
army, compounded of miscellany forces of all nations. Bacon.
A greater force than that which here we find,
Ne'er press'd the ocean, nor employ'd the wind. Waller.
Those victorious forces of the rebels were not able
to sustain your arms. Dryden.
6. Destiny; necessity; fatal compulsion.

To FORCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To compel; to constrain.
Dangers are light, if they once seem light; and more
dangers have deceived men than forced them. Bacon.
I have been forced to use the cant words of Whig and
Tory. Swift's Examiner.
The actions and operations did force them upon dividing
the single idea. Pope's View of Epick Poem.
2. To overpower by strength.
O that fortune
Had brought me to the field where thou art fam'd
To have wrought such wonders with an ass's jaw,
I should have forc'd thee soon with other arms. Milton.
With fates averse, the rout in arms resort,
To force their monarch and insult the court. Dryden's Æn.
3. To impel; to press.
Thou shalt not destroy the trees by forcing an ax against
them. Deutr. 20. 19.
4. To draw or push by main strength.
Stooping, the spear descended on his chine,
Just where the bone distinguish'd either loin:
It stuck so fast, so deeply bury'd lay,
That scarce the victor forc'd the steel away. Dryden's Æn.
5. To enforce; to urge.
Three blust'ring nights, born by the southern blast,
I floated, and discover'd land at last:
High on a mounting wave my head I bore,
Forcing my strength, and gath'ring to the shore. Dryd. Æn.
6. To drive by violence or power.
This way of flattering their willing benefactors out of part,
contrived another of forcing their unwilling neighbours out of
all their possessions. Decay of Piety.
To free the ports, and ope the Punique land
To Trojan guests; lest, ignorant of fate,
The queen might force them from her town and state. Dryd.
7. To gain by violence or power.
My heart was your's; but, oh! you left it here
Abandon'd to those tyrants hope and fear:
If they forc'd from me one kind look or word,
Could you not that, nor that small part afford? Dryden.
8. To storm; to take or enter by violence.
Troy wall'd so high,
Atrides might as well have forc'd the sky. Waller.
Heav'n from all ages wisely did provide
This wealth, and for the bravest nation hide;
Who with four hundred foot, and forty horse,
Dare boldly go a new-found world to force. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
9. To ravish; to violate by force.
Force her.—I like it not. Dryden.
10. To constrain; to distort; not to obtain naturally or with
ease.
Our general taste in England is for epigram, turns of wit,
and forced conceits. Addison's Spectator, No. 409.
11.  To man; to strengthen by soldiers; to garrison.


Here let them lye,
'Till famine and the ague eat them up:
Were they not forc'd with those that should be our's,
We might have met them dareful, beard to beard. Shakesp.
If you find that any great number of soldiers be newly
sent into Oroonoque, and that the passages be already forced,
then be well advised how you land. Raleigh's Apology.
11.  To FORCE out. To extort.
The tricks used in convening synods might force out an ex­
pression from him, that did not carry all the respect due to
those great names. Atterbury.
The heat of the dispute had forced out from him expressions
that seemed to make his doctrine run higher than really it
did. Atterbury.

To FORCE. v. n. To lay stress upon. This word I have only
found in the following passage.
That morning that he was to join battle with Harold, his
armorer put on his backpiece before, and his breastplate be­
hind; the which being espied by some that stood by, was
taken among them for an ill token, and therefore advised him
not to fight that day; to whom the duke answered, I force not
of such fooleries; but if I have any skill in soothsaying, as in
sooth I have none, it doth prognosticate that I shall change
copy from a duke to a king. Camden's Remains.

FO’RCEDLY. adv. [from force.] Violently; constrainedly;
unnaturally.
This foundation of the earth upon the waters doth most
aptly agree to that structure of the abyss and antediluvian
earth; but very improperly and forcedly to the present form of
the earth and the waters. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

FO’RCEFUL. adj. [force and full.] Violent; strong; driven
with great might; impetuous.
Why, what need we
Commune with you of this, but rather follow
Our forceful instigation? Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Against the steed he threw
His forceful spear, which, hissing as it flew,
Pierc'd through the yielding planks. Dryden's Æn.
Were it by chance, or forceful destiny,
Which forms in causes first whate'er shall be,
Assisted by a friend, one moonless night,
This Palamon from prison took his flight. Dryden.
He pois'd in air, the jav'lin sent,
Through Paris' shield the forceful weapon went. Pope.

FO’RCEFULLY. adv. [from forceful.] Violently; impetu­
ously.

FO’RCELESS. adj. [from force.] Without force; weak;
feeble; impotent.

FO’RCEPS. n. s. [Latin.]
Forceps properly signifies a pair of tongs; but is used for
an instrument in chirurgery, to extract any thing out of
wounds, and the like occasions. Quincy.

FO’RCER. n. s. [from force.]
1. That which forces, drives, or constrains.
2. The embolus of a pump working by pulsion, in contradistinc­
tion to a sucker, which acts by attraction.
The usual means for the ascent of water is either by suckers
or forcers. Wilkins's Dædalus.

FO’RCIBLE. adj. [from force.]
1. Strong; mighty: opposed to weak.
That punishment, which hath been sometimes forcible to
bridle sin, may grow afterwards too weak and feeble. Hooker.
2. Violent; impetuous.
3. Efficacious; active; powerful.
Sweet smells are most forcible in dry substances, when
broken; and so likewise in oranges, the ripping of their rind
giveth out their smell more. Bacon's Natural History.
4. Prevalent; of great influence.
God hath assured us, that there is no inclination or temp­
tation so forcible which our humble prayers and desires may
not frustrate and break asunder. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Jersey, belov'd by all; for all must feel
The influence of a form and mind,
Where comely grace and constant virtue dwell,
Like mingl'd streams, more forcible when join'd:
Jersey shall at thy altars stand,
Shall there receive the azure band. Prior.
5. Done by force.
The abdication of king James, the advocates on that side
look upon to have been forcible and unjust, and consequently
void. Swift.
6. Valid; binding; obligatory.

FO’RCIBLENESS. n. s. [from forcible.] Force; violence.

FO’RCIBLY. adv. [from forcible.]
1. Strongly; powerfully.
The Gospel offers such considerations as are fit to work
very forcibly upon two of the most swaying and governing
passions in the mind, our hopes and our fears. Tillotson.
2. Impetuously.
3. By violence; by force.
He himself with greedy great desire
Into the castle enter'd forcibly. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 8.
The taking and carrying away of women forcibly, and
against their will, except female wards and bondwomen, was
made capital. Bacon's Henry VII.
This doctrine brings us down to the level of horse and mule,
whose mouths are forcibly holden with bit and bridle. Hamm.

FO’RCIPATED. adj. [from forceps.] Formed like a pair of
pincers to open and inclose.
The locusts have antennæ, or long horns before, with a
long falcation or forcipated tail behind. Brown's Vulgar Err.
When they have seized their prey, they will so tenaciously
hold it with their forcipated mouth, that they will not part
therewith, even when taken out of the waters. Derham.

FORD. n. s. [ford, Saxon, from faran, to pass.]
1. A shallow part of a river when it may be passed without
swimming.
Her men the paths rode through made by her sword;
They pass the stream, when she had found the ford. Fairfax.
2. It sometimes signifies the stream, the current, without any
consideration of passage or shallowness.
Medusa with Gorgonian terror guards
The ford, and of itself the water slies
All taste of living wight. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Rise, wretched widow! rise; nor undeplor'd
Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford:
But rise, prepar'd in black to mourn thy perish'd lord. Dry.

To FORD. v. a. [from the noun.] To pass without swim­
ming.
Adam's shin-bones must have contained a thousand fathom,
and much more, if he had forded the ocean. Raleigh's Hist.

FO’RDABLE. adj. [from ford.] Passable without swimming.
Pliny placeth the Schenitæ upon the Euphrates, where the
same beginneth to be fordable. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
A countryman sounded a river up and down, to try where
it was most fordable; and where the water ran too smooth, he
found it deepest; and, on the contrary, shallowest where it
made most noise. L'Estrange.

FORE. adj. [fore, Saxon.] Anterior; that which comes
first in a progressive motion.
Resistance in fluids arises from their greater pressing on the
fore than hind part of the bodies moving in them. Cheyne.

FORE. adv.
1. Anteriorly; in the part which appears first to those that meet
it.
Each of them will bear six demiculverins and four saikers,
needing no other addition than a slight spar deck fore and aft,
which is a slight deck throughout. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Fore is a word much used in composition to mark priority of
time, of which some examples shall be given.

To FOREADVI’SE. v. n. [fore and advise.] To counsel early;
to counsel before the time of action, or the event.
Thus to have said,
As you were foreadvis'd, had touch'd his spirit,
And tried his inclination. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To FOREAPPO’INT. [fore and appoint.] To order beforehand.

To FOREA’RM. v. a. [fore and arm.] To provide for attack
or resistance before the time of need.
A man should fix and forearm his mind with this persuasion,
that, during his passion, whatsoever is offered to his imagina­
tion tends only to deceive. South's Sermons.
He forearms his care
With rules to push his fortune, or to bear. Dryden's Æn.

To FOREBO’DE. v. n. [fore and bode.]
1. To prognosticate; to foretell.
An ancient augur, skill'd in future fate,
With these foreboding words restrains their hate. Dryden.
2. To foreknow; to be prescient of; to feel a secret sense of
something future.
Fate makes you deaf, while I in vain implore:
My heart forebodes I ne'er shall see you more. Dryd. In. Emp.
My soul foreboded I should find the bow'r
Of some fell monster, fierce with barb'rous pow'r. Pope.

FOREBO’DER. n. s. [from forebode.]
1. A prognosticator; a soothsayer.
Your raven has a reputation in the world for a bird of omen,
and a kind of small prophet: a crow that had observed the
raven's manner and way of delivering his predictions, sets up
for a foreboder. L'Estrange's Fables.
2. A foreknower.

FOREBY’. prep. [fore and by.] Near; hard by; fast by.
Not far away he hence doth won
Foreby a fountain, where I late him left. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To FORECA’ST. v. a. [fore and cast.]
1. To scheme; to plan before execution.
He shall forecast his devices against the strong holds. Dan. xi.
2. To adjust; to contrive.
The feast was serv'd; the time so well forecast,
That just when the dessert and fruits were plac'd,
The fiend's alarm began. Dryden's Theod. and Honoria.
3. To foresee; to provide against.
It is wisdom to consider the end of things before we em­
bark, and to forecast consequences. L'Estrange, Fable 83.



To FORECA’ST. v. n. To form schemes; to contrive before­
hand.
And whatso heavens in their secret doom
Ordained have, how can frail fleshy wight
Forecast, but it must needs to issue come? Spenser.
When broad awake, she finds in troublous fit,
Forecasting how his foe he might annoy. Fairy Queen, b. i.

FO’RECAST. n. s. [from the verb.] Contrivance beforehand;
scheme; plan; antecedent policy.
Alas! that Warwick had no more forecast,
But while he thought to steal the single ten,
The king was slily finger'd from the deck! Shak. Hen. VI.
He makes this difference to arise from the forecast and pre­
determination of the gods. Addison on ancient Medals.
The last, scarce ripen'd into perfect man,
Saw helpless him from whom their life began:
Mem'ry and forecast just returns engage;
That pointed back to youth, this on to age. Pope.

FORECA’STER. n. s. [from forecast.] One who contrives be­
forehand.

FO’RECASTLE. n. s. [fore and castle.] In a ship, is that part
where the foremast stands, and is divided from the rest of the
floor by a bulk-head: that part of the forecastle which is aloft,
and not in the hold, is called the prow. Harris.
The commodity of the new cook-room the merchants
have found to be so great, as that, in all their ships, the cook­
rooms are built in their forecastles, contrary to that which had
been anciently used. Raleigh's Essays.

FORECHO’SEN. partic. [fore and chosen.] Pre-elected.

FORECI’TED. part. [fore and cite.] Quoted before, or above.
Greaves is of opinion, that the alteration mentioned in
that forecited passage is continued. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To FORECLO’SE. v. a. [fore and close.]
1. To shut up; to preclude; to prevent.
The embargo with Spain foreclosed this trade. Carew.
2. To FORECLOSE a Mortgage, is to cut off the power of re­
demption.

FO’REDECK. n. s. [fore and deck.] The anterior part of the
ship.
I to the foredeck went, and thence did look
For rocky Scylla. Chapman's Odyssey, b. xii.

To FOREDESI’GN. v. a. [fore and design.] To plan before­
hand.
All the steps of the growth and vegetation both of animals
and plants, have been foreseen and foredesigned by the wise
Author of nature. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

To FOREDO’. v. a. [from for and do, not fore.]
1. To ruin; to destroy. A word obsolete. Opposed to making
happy.
Beseeching him, if either salves or oils,
A foredone wight from door of death might raise,
He would at her request prolong her nephew's days. Fa. Qu.
That drew on men God's hatred and his wrath,
And many souls in dolours had foredone. Fairy Queen, b. i.
This doth betoken,
The corse they follow did with desperate hand
Foredo its own life. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
This is the night
That either makes me, or foredoes me quite. Shakespeare.
2. To overdo; to weary; to harrass.
Whilst the heavy plowman snoars,
All with weary task foredone. Shakespeare.

To FOREDO’OM. v. a. [fore and doom.] To predestinate; to
determine beforehand.
Through various hazards and events we move
To Latium, and the realms foredoom'd by Jove. Dryd. Æn.
The willing metal will obey thy hand,
Following with ease: if favour'd by thy fate,
Thou art foredoom'd to view the Stygian state. Dryden.
Fate foredoom'd, and all things tend
By course of time to their appointed end. Dryden.
Here Britain's statesmen oft the fall foredoom
Of foreign tyrants, and of nymphs at home. Pope.

FOREE’ND. n. s. [fore and end.] The anteriour part.
I have liv'd at honest freedom; paid
More pious debts to heaven than in all
The fore-end of my time. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
In the fore-end of it, which was towards him, grew a small
green branch of palm; and when the wise man had taken it
into his boat, it opened of itself, and there were found in it
a book and a letter. Bacon's New Atlantis.

FOREFA’THER. n. s. [fore and father.] Ancestor; one who
in any degree of ascending genealogy precedes another.
The custom of the people of God, and the decrees of our
forefathers, are to be kept, touching those things whereof the
Scripture hath neither one way or other given us charge. Hook.
If it be a generous desire in men to know from whence
their own forefathers have come, it cannot be displeasing to
understand the place of our first ancestor. Raleigh's History.
Conceit is still deriv'd
From some forefather grief; mine is not so. Shak. Rich. II.
Shall I not be distraught,
And madly play with my forefathers joints? Sh. Ro. and Jul.
Our great forefathers
Had left him nought to conquer but his country. Addison.
When a man sees the prodigious pains our forefathers have
been at in these barbarous buildings, one cannot but fancy
what miracles of architecture they would have left us, had
they been instructed in the right way. Addison on Italy.
Blest peer! his great forefathers ev'ry grace
Reflecting, and reflected in his race. Pope, Epist. i.

To FOREFE’ND. v. a. [fore and defend.]
1. To prohibit; to avert.
I would not kill thy unprepared spirit;
No, heav'ns forefend! I would not kill thy soul. Shakesp.
Perhaps a fever, which the gods forefend,
May bring your youth to some untimely end. Dryden.
2. To provide for; to secure.
Down with the nose,
Down with it flat: take the bridge quite away
Of him, that, his particular to forefend,
Smells from the gen'ral weal. Shakes. Timon of Athens.

FOREFI’NGER. n. s. [fore and finger.] The finger next to the
thumb; the index.
An agate-stone
On the forefinger of an alderman. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
Polymnia shall be drawn, as it were, acting her speech with
her forefinger. Peacham on Drawing.
Some wear this on the middlefinger, as the ancient Gauls
and Britons; and some upon the forefinger. Brown's Vul. Err.

FO’REFOOT. n. s. plur. forefeet. [fore and foot.] The anterior
foot of a quadruped: in contempt, a hand.
Give me thy fist, thy forefoot to me give. Shak. Hen. V.
He ran fiercely, and smote at Heliodorus with his fore­
feet. 2 Mac. iii. 25.
I continue my line from thence to the heel; then making
the breast with the eminency thereof, bring out his near fore­
foot, which I finish. Peacham on Drawing.

To FOREGO’. v. a. [for and go.]
1. To quit; to give up; to resign.
Is it her nature, or is it her will,
To be so cruel to an humbled foe?
If nature, then she may it mend with skill;
If will, then she at will may will forego. Spenser, Son. 41. 
Having all before absolutely in his power, it remaineth so
still, he having already neither foregiven nor foregone any
thing thereby unto them, but having received something from
them. Spenser's State of Ireland.
He is a great adventurer, said he,
That hath his sword through hard assay forgone;
And now hath vowed, 'till he avenged be
Of that despite, never to wearen none. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Special reason oftentimes causeth the will to prefer one good
thing before another; to leave one for another's sake, to fore­
go meaner for the attainment of higher degrees. Hooker, b. v.
Must I then leave you? Must I needs forgo
So good, so noble, and so true a master? Shakes. H. VIII.
Let us not forgo
That for a trifle which was bought with blood. Shakespeare.
How can I live without thee! how forego
Thy sweet converse, and love so dearly join'd,
To live again in these wild woods forlorn! Milt. Pa. Lost.
This argument might prevail with you to forego a little
of your repose for the publick benefit. Dryd. Juv. Dedic.
What they have enjoyed with great pleasure at one time,
has proved insipid or nauseous at another; and therefore they
see nothing in it, for which they should forego a present enjoy­
ment. Locke.
2. To go before; to be past. [from fore and go.]
By our remembrances of days foregone,
Such were our faults: O! then we thought them not. Shak.
It is to be understood of Cain, that many years foregone,
and when his people were increased, he built the city of
Enoch. Raleigh's History of the World.
Left what has been said of the differences between true and
apparent colours be interpreted in too unlimited a sense, reflect
upon the two foregoing objections. Boyle on Colours.
This foregoing remark gives the reason why imitation
pleases. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
I was seated in my elbow-chair, where I had indulged the
foregoing speculations, with my lamp burning by me as usual.
Addison's Spectator, No. 463.
In the foregoing part of this work I promised further proofs.
Woodward's Natural History.
3. To lose.
This is the very ecstasy of love,
Whose violent property forgoes itself,
And leads the will to desp'rate undertakings. Shak. Hamlet.

FO’REGOER. n. s. [from forego.] Ancestor; progenitor.
Honours best thrive,
When rather from our acts we them derive
Than our foregoers. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.



FO’REGROUND. n. s. [fore and ground.] The part of the field
or expanse of a picture which seems to lie before the figures.
All agree that white can subsist on the foreground of the
picture: the question therefore is to know, if it can equally
be placed upon that which is backward, the light being uni­
versal, and the figures supposed in an open field. Dryden.

FO’REHAND. n. s. [fore and hand.]
1. The part of a horse which is before the rider.
2. The chief part.
The great Achilles, whom opinion crowns
The sinew and the forehand of our host. Shakespeare.

FO’REHAND. adj. A thing done too soon.
You'll say she did embrace me as a husband,
And so extenuate the forehand sin. Shakespeare.

FOREHA’NDED. n. s. [from fore and hand.]
1. Early; timely.
If by thus doing you have not secured your time by an early
and forehanded care, yet be sure, by a timely diligence, to re­
deem the time. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. Formed in the foreparts.
Bauble, do you call him? He's a substantial true-bred beast,
bravely forehanded: mark but the cleanness of his shapes too.
Dryden's Don Sebastian.

FO’REHEAD. n. s. [fore and head.]
1. That part of the face which reaches from the eyes upward
to the hair.
The breast of Hecuba,
When she did suckle Hector, look'd not lovelier
Than Hector's forehead, when it spit forth blood
At Grecian swords contending. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Some angel copy'd, while I slept, each grace,
And molded ev'ry feature from my face:
Such majesty does from her forehead rise,
Her cheeks such blushes cast, such rays her eyes. Dryden.
2. Impudence; confidence; assurance; audaciousness; au­
dacity.
A man of confidence presseth forward upon every appear­
ance of advantage, and thinks nothing above his manage­
ment or his merit: where his force is too feeble, he prevails
by dint of impudence: these men of forehead are magnificent
in promises, and infallible in their prescriptions. Collier.
I would fain know to what branch of the legislature they
can have the forehead to apply. Swift's Presbyterian Plea.

FOREHO’LDING. n. s. [fore and hold.] Predictions; ominous
accounts; superstitious prognostications.
How are superstitious men hagged out of their wits with
the fancy of omens, foreholdings, and old wives tales! L'Estr.

FO’REIGN. adj. [forain, French; forano, Spanish, from foris,
Latin.]
1. Not of this country; not domestick.
Your son, that with a fearful soul
Leads discontented steps in foreign soil,
This fair alliance quickly shall call home. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The learned correspondence you hold in foreign parts. Milt.
The positions are so far from being new, that they are
commonly to be met with in both ancient and modern, domes­
tick and foreign writers. Atterbury's Serm. Pref.
The parties and divisions amongst us may several ways
bring destruction upon our country, at the same time that our
united force would secure us against all the attempts of a
foreign enemy. Addison's Freeholder, No. 34.
2. Alien; remote; not allied; not belonging; without relation.
It is often used with to; but more properly with from.
I must dissemble,
And speak a language foreign to my heart. Addison's Cato.
Fame is a good so wholly foreign to our natures, that we
have no faculty in the soul adapted to it, nor any organ in the
body to relish it, placed out of the possibility of fruition. Addis.
This design is not foreign from some people's thoughts.
Swift on the Sacramental Test.
3. Excluded; not admitted; held at a distance.
They will not stick to say you envied him;
And fearing he would rise, he was so virtuous,
Kept him a foreign man still; which so griev'd him,
That he ran mad and died. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
4. [In law.] A foreign plea, plantum forinsecum; as being a plea
out of the proper court of justice.
5. Extraneous; adventitious in general.
There are who, fondly studious of increase,
Rich foreign mold in their ill-natur'd land
Induce. Phillips.

FO’REIGNER. n. s. [from foreign.] A man that comes from
another country; not a native; a stranger.
Joy is such a foreigner,
So mere a stranger to my thoughts, I know
Not how to entertain him. Denham's Sophy.
To this false foreigner you give your throne,
And wrong a friend, a kinsman, and a son:
Resume your ancient care. Dryd. Æn.
Water is the only native of England made use of in punch;
but the lemons, the brandy, the sugar, and the nutmegs, are
all foreigners. Addison's Freeholder.
Nor could the majesty of the English crown appear in a
greater lustre, either to foreigners or subjects. Swift.

FO’REIGNNESS. n. s. [from foreign.] Remoteness; want of
relation to something.
Let not the foreignness of the subject hinder you from en­
deavouring to set me right. Locke.

To FOREIMA’GINE. v. a. [fore and imagine.] To conceive
or fancy before proof.
We are within compass of a foreimagined possibility in that
behalf. Camden's Remains.

To FOREJU’DGE. v. a. [fore and judge.] To judge before­
hand; to be prepossessed.

To FOREKNO’W. v. a. [fore and know.] To have prescience
of; to foresee.
We foreknow that the sun will rise and set, that all men
born in the world shall die again; that after Winter the Spring
shall come; after the Spring, Summer and harvest; yet is not
our foreknowledge the cause of any of those. Raleigh.
He foreknew John should not suffer a violent death, but go
into his grave in peace. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 10.
Calchas the sacred seer, who had in view
Things present and the past, and things to come foreknew.
Dryden's Iliad.
Who would the miseries of man foreknow?
Not knowing, we but share our part of woe. Dryden.

FOREKNO’WABLE. adj. [from foreknow.] Possible to be known
before they happen.
It is certainly foreknowable what they will do in such and
such circumstances. More's Divine Dialogues.

FOREKNO’WLEDGE. n. s. [fore and knowledge.] Prescience;
knowledge of that which has not yet happened.
Our being in Christ by eternal foreknowledge, saveth us not
without our actual and real adoption into the fellowship of
his saints in this present world. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.
I told him you was asleep: he seems to have a foreknowledge
of that too, and therefore chuses to speak with you. Shakesp.
If I foreknew,
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault,
Which had no less prov'd certain unforeknown. Milton.
I hope the foreknowledge you had of my esteem for you, is
the reason that you do not dislike my letters. Pope.

FO’RELAND. n. s. [fore and land.] A promontory; headland;
high land jutting into the sea; a cape.
As when a ship, by skilful steersman wrought,
Nigh river's mouth, or foreland, where the wind
Veers oft, as oft so steers, and shifts her sails. Milt. P. L.

To FORELA’Y. v. a. [fore and lay.] To lay wait for; to in­
trap by ambush.
A serpent shoots his sting at unaware;
An ambush'd thief forelays a traveller:
The man lies murder'd, while the thief and snake,
One gains the thickets, and one thrids the brake. Dryden.

To FORELI’FT. v. a. [fore and lift.] To raise aloft any ante­
rior part.
So dreadfully he towards him did pass,
Forelifting up aloft his speckled breast;
And often bounding on the bruised grass,
As for great joy of his new comen guest. Fairy Queen, b. i.

FO’RELOCK. n. s. [fore and lock.] The hair that grows from
the forepart of the head.
Tell her the joyous time will not be staid,
Unless she do him by the forelock take. Spenser, Sonnet 70.
Hyacinthine locks
Round from his parted forelock manly hung,
Clust'ring, but not beneath his shoulders broad. Milton.
Zeal and duty are not slow,
But on occasion's forelock watchful wait. Milt. Parad. Reg.
Time is painted with a lock before, and bald behind, signi­
fying thereby that we must take time by the forelock; for,
when it is once past, there is no recalling it. Swift.

FO’REMAN. n. s. [fore and man.] The first or chief person.
He is a very sensible man, shoots flying, and has been
several times foreman of the petty jury. Addison's Spectator.

FOREME’NTIONED. adj. [fore and mentioned.] Mentioned or
recited before. It is observeable that many participles are
compounded with fore, whose verbs have no such composi­
tion.
Dacier, in the life of Aurelius, has not taken notice of the
forementioned figure on the pillar. Addison on Italy.

FO’REMOST. adj. [from fore.]
1. First in place.
Our women in the foremost ranks appear;
March to the fight, and meet your mistress there. Dryden.
I stand astonish'd! what, the bold Sempronius,
That still broke foremost through the crowd of patriots,
As with a hurricane of zeal transported,
And virtuous ev'n to madness! Addison's Cato.
2. First in dignity.
All three were set among the foremost ranks of fame, for great
minds to attempt, and great force to perform what they did
attempt. Sidney, b. ii.
These ride foremost in the field,
As they the foremost rank of honour held. Dryden.



FORENA’MED. adj. [fore and name.] Nominated before.
And such are sure ones,
As Curius, and the forenam'd Lentulus. Ben. Johns. Catil.

FO’RENOON. n. s. [fore and noon.] The time of day reckoned
from the middle point, between the dawn and the meridian,
to the meridian: opposed to afternoon.
The manner was, that the forenoon they should run at tilt,
the afternoon in a broad field in manner of a battle, 'till either
the strangers or the country knights won the field. Sidney.
Curio, at the funeral of his father, built a temporary thea­
tre, consisting of two parts turning on hinges, according to
the position of the sun, for the conveniency of forenoon's and
afternoon's diversion. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FORENO’TICE. n. s. [fore and notice.] Information of an
event before it happens.
So strange a revolution never happens in poetry, but either
heaven or earth gives some forenotice of it. Rymer's Tragedies.

FORE’NSICK. adj. [forensis, Latin.] Belonging to courts of
judicature.
Person is a forensick term, appropriating actions and their
merit; and so belongs only to intelligent agents, capable of a
law, and happiness and misery. This personality extends it­
self beyond present existence to what is past, only by consci­
ousness. Locke.
The forum was a publick place in Rome, where lawyers
and orators made their speeches before the proper judges in
matters of property, or in criminal cases: thence all sorts of
disputations in courts of justice, where several persons make
their distinct speeches, may come under the name of fo­
rensick disputes. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To FOREORDA’IN. v. a. [fore and ordain.] To predestinate;
to predetermine; to preordain.
The church can discharge, in manner convenient, a work
of so great importance; by foreordaining some short collect
wherein briefly to mention thanks. Hooker, b. v.

FO’REPART. n. s. [fore and part.] The anteriour part.
Had it been so raised, it would deprive us of the sun's
light all the forepart of the day. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
The ribs have no cavity in them, and towards the forepart
or breast are broad and thin, to bend and give way without
danger of fracture. Ray on the Creation.

FOREPA’ST. adj. [fore and past.] Past before a certain time.
Now cease, ye damsels, your delights forepast;
Enough it is that all the day is your's. Spenser's Epithalam.
My forepast proofs, howe'er the matter fall,
Shall tax my fears of little vanity,
Having vainly fear'd too little. Shakespeare.
Such is the treaty which he negotiates with us, an offer and
tender of a reconciliation, an act of oblivion, of all forepast
sins, and of a new covenant. Hammond on Fundamentals.

FOREPOSSE’SSED. adj. [fore and possess.] Preoccupied; pre­
possessed; pre-engaged.
The testimony either of the ancient fathers, or of other
classical divines, may be clearly and abundantly answered,
to the satisfaction of any rational man, not extremely
forepossessed with prejudice. Sanderson's Judgment.

FO’RERANK. n. s. [fore and rank.] First rank; front.
Yet leave our cousin Catharine here with us;
She is our capital demand, compris'd
Within the forerank of our articles. Shakes. Henry V.

FORERECI’TED. adj. [fore and recite.] Mentioned or enume­
rated before.
Bid him recount
The forerecited practices, whereof
We cannot feel too little, hear too much. Shak. Hen. VIII.

To FORERU’N. v. a. [fore and run.]
1. To come before as an earnest of something following; to in­
troduce as an harbinger.
Against ill chances men are ever merry;
But heaviness foreruns the good event. Shakes. Henry IV.
The sun
Was set, and twilight from the East came on,
Forerunning night. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
She bids me hope: oh heav'ns, she pities me!
And pity still foreruns approaching love,
As lightning does the thunder. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. To precede; to have the start of.
I heard it to be a maxim at Dublin to follow, if not fore­
run, all that is or will be practised in London. Graunt.

FORERU’NNER. n. s. [from forerun.]
1. An harbinger; a messenger sent before to give notice of the
approach of those that follow.
The six strangers seek for you, madam, to take their leave;
and there is a forerunner come from a seventh, the prince of
Morocco. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
A cock was sacrificed as the forerunner of day and the sun,
thereby acknowledging the light of life to be derived from
the divine bounty, the daughter of providence. Stillingfleet.
My elder brothers, my forerunners came,
Rough draughts of nature, ill design'd, and lame:
Blown off, like blossoms, never made to bear;
'Till I came finish'd, her last labour'd care. Dryd. Aurengz.
Already opera prepares the way,
The sure forerunner of her gentle sway. Pope's Dunciad.
2. A prognostick; a sign foreshowing any thing.
O Eve! some further change awaits us nigh,
Which heav'n, by these mute signs in nature, shews
Forerunners of his purpose. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Loss of sight is the misery of life, and usually the forerunner
of death. South's Sermons.
The keeping insensible perspiration up in due measure is the
cause as well as sign of health, and the least deviation from
that due quantity, the certain forerunner of a disease. Arbuthn.

To FORESA’Y. v. a. [fore and say.] To predict; to prophesy;
to foretell.
Let ordinance
Come as the gods foresay it. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To FORESE’E. v. a. [fore and see.] To see beforehand; to see
what has not yet happened; to have prescience; to fore­
know.
With Cupid she foresees and goes god Vulcan's pace. Sidney.
The first of them could things to come foresee;
The next, could of things present best advise;
The third, things past could keep in memory. Fairy Queen.
If there be any thing foreseen that is not usual, be armed
for it by any hearty though a short prayer, and an earnest re­
solution beforehand, and then watch when it comes. Taylor.
At his foreseen approach, already quake
The Caspian kingdoms and Meotian lake:
Their seers behold the tempest from afar,
And threat'ning oracles denounce the war. Dryden's Æn.

To FORESHA’ME. v. a. [for and shame.] To shame; to
bring reproach upon.
Oh bill, foreshaming
Those rich-left heirs, that let their fathers lie
Without a monument. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To FO’RESHEW. v. a. [See FORESHOW.]

FO’RESHIP. n. s. [fore and ship.] The anteriour part of the
ship.
The shipmen would have cast anchors out of the fore­
ship. Acts xxvii. 30.

To FORESHO’RTEN. v. a. [fore and shorten.] To shorten
figures for the sake of shewing those behind.
The greatest parts of the body ought to appear foremost;
and he forbids the foreshortenings, because they make the parts
appear little. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To FORESHO’W. v. a. [fore and show.]
1. To discover before it happens; to predict; to prognosticate.
Christ had called him to be a witness of his death, and re­
surrection from the dead, according to that which the prophets
and Moses had foreshowed. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose,
Whose purple blush the day foreshows. Denham.
You chose to withdraw yourself from publick business,
when the face of heaven grew troubled, and the frequent
shifting of the wind foreshowed a storm. Dryden.
2. To represent before it comes.
What else is the law but the gospel foreshowed? What
other the gospel than the law fulfilled? Hooker, b. v.

FO’RESIGHT. n. s. [fore and sight.]
1. Prescience; prognostication; foreknowledge. The accent
anciently on the last syllable.
Let Eve, for I have drench'd her eyes,
Here sleep below; while thou to foresight wak'st;
As once thou slept'st, whilst she to life was form'd. Milton.
2. Provident care of futurity.
He had a sharp foresight, and working wit,
That never idle was, ne once could rest a whit. Fai. Qu.
In matters of arms he was both skilful and industrious, and
as well in foresight as resolution present and great. Hayward.
Difficulties and temptations will more easily be born or
avoided, if with prudent foresight we arm ourselves against
them. Rogers's Sermons.

FORESI’GHTFUL. adj. [forsight and full.] Prescient; pro­
vident.
Death gave him no such pangs as the foresightful care he
had of his silly successor. Sidney, b. ii.

To FORESI’GNIFY. v. a. [fore and signify.] To betoken be­
forehand; to foreshow; to typify.
Discoveries of Christ already present, whose future
coming the Psalms did but foresignify. Hooker, b. v.
Yet as being past times noxious, where they light
On man, beast, plant, wasteful and turbulent,
They oft foresignify, and threaten ill. Milton's Par. Reg.

FO’RESKIN. n. s. [fore and skin.] The prepuce.
Their own hand
An hundred of the faithless foe shall slay,
And for a dow'r their hundred foreskins pay,
Be Michel thy reward. Cowley's Davideis.

FO’RESKIRT. n. s. [fore and skirt.] The pendulous or loose
part of the coat before.


A thousand pounds a year for pure respect!
No other obligation?
That promises more thousands: honour's train
Is longer than his foreskirt. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To FORESLA’CK. v. a. [fore and slack.] To neglect by idle­
ness.
It is a great pity that so good an opportunity was omitted,
and so happy an occasion foreslacked, that might have been the
eternal good of the land. Spenser's State of Ireland.

To FORESLO’W. v. a. [fore and slow.]
1. To delay; to hinder; to impede; to obstruct.
No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow
Their hasty pace. Fairfax, b. i.
Now the illustrious nymph return'd again,
Brings every grace triumphant in her train:
The wond'ring Nereids, though they rais'd no storm,
Foreslow'd her passage, to behold her form. Dryden.
2. To neglect; to omit.
When the rebels were on Blackheath, the king knowing
well that it stood him upon, by how much the more he had
hitherto protracted the time in not encountering them, by so
much the sooner to dispatch with them, that it might appear
to have been no coldness in foreslowing, but wisdom in chusing
his time, resolved with speed to assail them. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Chremes, how many fishers do you know
That rule their boats and use their nets aright,
That neither wind, nor time, nor tide foreslow?
Some such have been: but, ah! by tempests spite
Their boats are lost; while we may sit and moan
That few were such, and now these few are none. P. Fletch.

To FORESLO’W. v. n. To be dilatory; to loiter.
This may plant courage in their quailing breasts,
For yet is hope of life and victory:
Foreslow no longer, make we hence amain. Shak. Hen. VI.

To FORESPE’AK. v. n. [fore and speak.]
1. To predict; to foresay; to foreshow; to foretell.
Old Godfrey of Winchester, thinketh no ominous forespeaking
to lie in names. Camden's Remains.
2. To forbid.
Thou hast forespoke my being in these wars,
And say'st it is not fit. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

FORESPE’NT. adj. [fore and spent.]
1. Wasted; tired; spent.
After him came spurring hard
A gentleman, almost forespent with speed. Shak. Henry IV.
2. Forepassed; past.
Is not enough thy evil life forespent? Fairy Queen, b. i.
You shall find his vanities forespent,
Were but the outside of the Roman Brutus,
Covering discretion with a coat of folly. Shakesp. Hen. V.
3. Bestowed before.
We must receive him
According to the honour of his sender;
And towards himself, his goodness forespent on us,
We must extend our notice. Shakespeare.

FORESPU’RRER. n. s. [fore and spur.] One that rides before.
A day in April never came so sweet,
To show how costly Summer was at hand,
As this forespurrer comes before his lord. Shakespeare.

FO’REST. n. s. [forest, French; foresta, Italian.]
1. A wild uncultivated tract of ground, with wood.
By many tribulations we enter into the kingdom of heaven,
because, in a forest of many wolves, sheep cannot chuse but
feed in continual danger of life. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be, until
Great Birnam-wood to Dunsinane's high hill
Shall come against him.
——That will never be:
Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
There be airs which the physicians advise their patients to
remove unto, which commonly are plain champaigns, but
grasing, and not overgrown with heath; or else timber-shades,
as in forests. Bacon's Natural History, No. 936.
How the first forest rais'd its shady head. Roscommon.
2. [In law.] A certain territory of woody grounds and fruitful
pastures, privileged for wild beasts, and fowls of forest, chase,
and warren, to rest and abide in, in the safe protection of the
king, for his pleasure; which territory of ground is bounded
with irremoveable marks, and replenished with beasts of venery
or chase, and with great coverts of vert for their succour and
abode: for the preservation of which place, vert, and venison,
there are certain particular laws. The manner of making
forests is this: the king sends out his commission, under the
broad seal of England, directed to certain discreet persons,
for viewing, perambulating, and bounding the place that he
has a mind to afforest: which returned into Chancery, pro­
clamation is made throughout all the country where the ground
lies, that none shall hunt or chase any wild beasts within that
precinct, without the king's special licence; after which he
appoints ordinances, laws, and officers for the preservation
of the vert and venison; and this becomes a forest by matter
of record. The properties of a forest are these: a forest, as
it is strictly taken, cannot be in the hands of any but the king,
who hath power to grant commission to a justice in eyre for
the forest; the courts; the officers for preserving the vert and
venison, as the justices of the forest, the warden or keeper,
the verders, the foresters, agistors, regarders, bailiffs, and
beadles. The chief property of a forest is the swainmote,
which is no less incident to it than the court of pyepowders
to a fair. Cowel.

To FORESTA’LL. v. a. [forestallan, Saxon.]
1. To anticipate; to take up beforehand.
If thou be master-gunner, spend not all
That thou can'st speak at once; but husband it,
And give men turns of speech: do not forestall
By lavishness thine own and others wit,
As if thou mad'st thy will. Herbert.
What need a man forestall his date of grief,
And run to meet what he would most avoid. Milton.
2. To hinder by preoccupation or prevention.
And though good luck prolonged hath thy date,
Yet death then would the like mishap forestall. Fairy Queen.
What's in prayer, but this twofold force
To be forestalled e're we come to fall,
Or pardon'd being down. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
May
This night forestall him of the coming day. Shak. Cymbeline.
But for my tears,
I had forestall'd this dear and deep rebuke,
Ere you with grief had spoke. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
If thou covet death, as utmost end
Of misery, so thinking to evade
The penalty pronounc'd, doubt not but God
Hath wiselier arm'd his vengeful ire, than so
To be forestall'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
I will not forestall your judgment of the rest. Pope.
3. To seize or gain possession of before another; to buy before
another in order to raise the price.
He bold spake, Sir knight, if knight thou be,
Abandon this forestalled place at erst,
For fear of further harm, I counsel thee. Fairy Queen.

FORESTA’LLER. n. s. [from forestall.] One that anticipates
the market; one that purchases before others to raise the
price.
Commodities, good or bad, the workman must take at his
master's rate, or sit still and starve; whilst, by this means, this
new sort of ingrossors or forestallers having the feeding and
supplying this numerous body of workmen, set the price upon
the poor landholder. Locke.

FORESTBO’RN. adj. [forest and born.] Born in a wild.
This boy is forestborn,
And hath been tutor'd in the rudiments
Of desperate studies. Shak. As you like it.

FO’RESTER. n. s. [forestier, French, from forest.]
1. An officer of the forest.
Forester, my friend, where is the bush,
That we may stand and play the murtherer in?
— Here by, upon the edge of yonder copice. Shakespeare.
2. An inhabitant of the wild country.

FO’RESWAT. adj. [from fore and swat, from sweat.] Spent
with heat.

FO’RESWART. adj. [from fore and swat, from sweat.] Spent
with heat.
Miso and Mopsa, like a couple of foreswat melters, were
getting the pure silver of their bodies out of the ore of their
garments. Sidney, b. ii.

To FORETA’STE. v. a. [fore and taste.]
1. To have antepast of; to have prescience of.
2. To taste before another.
Perhaps the fact
Is not so heinous now, foretasted fruit,
Profan'd first by the serpent, by him first
Made common, and unhallow'd, ere our taste. Milt. P. L.

FO’RETASTE. n. s. Anticipation of.
A pleasure that a man may call as properly his own as his
soul and his conscience, neither liable to accident, nor ex­
posed to injury: it is the foretaste of heaven, and the earnest
of eternity. South's Sermons.

To FORETE’LL. v. a. [fore and tell.]
1. To predict; to prophesy.
What art thou, whose heavy looks foretell
Some dreadful story hanging on thy tongue? Shak. H. VI.
I found
The new-created world, which fame in heaven
Long had foretold. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Mercia's king,
Warn'd in a dream, his murder did fortell,
From point to point, as after it befell. Dryden.
When great Ulysses sought the Phrygian shores,
Deeds then undone my faithful tongue foretold;
Heaven seal'd my words, and you those deeds behold. Pope.


2. To foretoken; to foreshow.

To FORETE’LL. v. n. To utter prophecy.
All the prophets from Samuel, and those that follow after,
have likewise foretold of these days. Acts iii. 24.

FORETE’LLER. n. s. [from foretell.] Predicter; foreshower.
Others are proposed, not that the foretold events should be
known; but that the accomplishment that expounds them
may evince, that the foreteller of them was able to foresee
thee. Boyle on Colours.

To FORETHI’NK. v. a. [fore and think.] To anticipate in
the mind; to have prescience of.
The soul of every man
Prophetically does forethink thy fall. Shakes. Henry IV.
I do pray to thee,
Thou virtuous Dauphin, alter not the doom
Forethought by heav'n. Shakespeare's King John.
Adam could not be ignorant of the punishments due to
neglect and disobedience; and felt, by the proof thereof, in
himself another terror than he had forethought, or could ima­
gine. Raleigh's History of the World.
Friday, the fatal day! when next it came,
Her soul forethought the fiend would change his game. Dryd.

To FORETHI’NK. v. n. To contrive beforehand.
With this you blot my name, and clear your own;
And what's my frenzy will be call'd my crime:
What then is thine? Thou cool deliberate villain!
Thou wise, forethinking, weighing politician! Smith.

FORETHO’UGHT. n. s. [from forethink.]
1. Prescience; anticipation.
He that is undone, is equally undone, whether it be by spite­
fulness of forethought, or by the folly of oversight, or evil
counsel. L'Estrange.
2. Provident care.

To FORETO’KEN. v. a. [fore and token.] To foreshow; to
prognosticate as a sign.
The king from Ireland hastes; but did no good;
Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood. Daniel.

FORETO’KEN. n. s. [from the verb.] Prevenient sign; prog­
nostick.
It may prove some ominous foretoken of misfortune. Sidney.
They misliked nothing more in king Edward the Confessor,
than that he was Frenchified; and accounted the desire of
foreign language then to be a foretoken of bringing in of fo­
reign powers, which indeed happened. Camden's Remains.

FORETO’OTH. n. s. [fore and tooth.] The tooth in the ante­
rior part of the mouth; the incisor.
The foreteeth should be formed broad, and with a thin sharp
edge like chizzles. Ray on the Creation.

FO’RETOP. n. s. [fore and top.] That part of a woman's head­
dress that is forward, or the top of a periwig.
So may your hats your foretops never press,
Untouch'd your ribbons, sacred be your dress. Dryden.

FOREVOU’CHED. part. [fore and vouch.] Affirmed before;
formerly told.
Sure her offence
Must be of such unnatural degree,
That monsters it; or your forevouch'd affection
Fall'n into taint. Shakespeare's King Lear.

FO’REWARD. n. s. [fore and ward.] The van; the front.
They that marched in the foreward were all mighty men.
1 Mac. ix. 11. 

To FOREWA’RN. v. a. [fore and warn.]
1. To admonish beforehand.
I will forewarn you whom you shall fear: fear him which,
after he hath killed, hath power to cast into hell. Lu. xii. 5.
2. To inform previously of any future event.
Divine interpreter, by favour sent
Down from the empyrean, to forewarn
Us timely of what might else have been our loss
Unknown. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
3. To caution against any thing beforehand.
Well I will arm me, being thus forewarn'd. Shak. H. VI.
Thy pride,
And wand'ring vanity, when least was safe,
Rejected my forewarning, and disdain'd
Not to be trusted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Tho' Phœbus had forewarned him of singing wars, yet the
search of nature was free. Dryd. Virg. Dedic. to Ld. Clifford.
Young Choræbus, who by love was led
To win renown and fair Cassandra's bed,
Had lately brought his troops to Priam's aid;
Forewarn'd in vain by the prophetick maid. Dryden's Æn.

To FOREWA’STE. v. a. [fore and waste.] To desolate; to
destroy. Out of use.
Vespasian, with great spoil and rage,
Forewasted all, until Gemissa gent
Persuaded him to cease. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
High time 'gan it wex for Una fair,
To think of those her captive parents dear,
And their forewasted kingdom to repair. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To FOREWI’SH. part. [fore and wish.] To desire beforehand.
The wiser sort ceased not to do what in them lay, to pro­
cure that the good commonly forewished might in time come
to effect. Knolles's History of the Turks.

FOREWO’RN. part. [fore and worn, from wear.] Worn out;
wasted by time or use.
Neither the light was enough to read the words, and the
ink was already foreworn, and in many places blotted. Sidney.

FO’RFEIT. n. s. [forfait, French; fforfed, Welsh.]
1. Something lost by the commission of a crime; something
paid for expiation of a crime; a fine; a mulct.
Thy slanders I forgive, and therewithal
Remit thy other forfeits. Shak. Measure for Measure.
Th' execution leave to high disposal,
And let another hand, not thine, exact
Thy penal forfeit from thyself. Milton's Agonistes, l. 506.
Thy life, Melantius! I am come to take,
Of which foul treason does a forfeit make. Waller.
2. A person obnoxious to punishment; one whose life is for­
feited by his offence. Now obsolete.
Your brother is a forfeit of the law,
And you but waste your words. Shak. Meas. for Measure.
Claudio, whom here you have warrant to execute, is no
greater forfeit to the law than Angelo, who hath sentenced
him. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.

To FO’RFEIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To lose by some breach
of condition; to lose by some offence.
If then a man, on light conditions, gain
A great estate to him, and his, for ever;
If wilfully he forfeit it again,
Who doth bemoan his heir, or blame the giver? Davies.
Men displeased God, and consequently forfeited all right to
happiness. Boyle.
A father cannot alien the power he has over his child: he
may perhaps to some degrees forfeit it, but cannot transfer
it. Locke.

FO’RFEIT. participial adj. [from the verb.] Liable to penal
seizure; alienated by a crime; lost either as to the right
or possession, by breach of conditions.
All the souls that are, were forfeit once;
And he that might the 'vantage best have took,
Found out the remedy. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Beg that thou may'st have leave to hang thyself;
And yet, thy wealth being forfeit to the state,
Thou hast not left the value of a cord. Shakespeare.
This now fenceless world,
Forfeit to death. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 303.
Straight all his hopes exhal'd in empty smoke,
And his long toils were forfeit for a look. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
Methought with wond'rous ease he swallow'd down
His forfeit honour, to betray the town. Dryd. Indian Emp.
How the murd'rer paid his forfeit breath;
What lands so distant from that scene of death,
But trembling heard the fame! Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.

FO’RFEITABLE. adj. [from forfeit.] Possessed on conditions,
by the breach of which any thing may be lost.

FO’RFEITURE. n. s. [forfaiture, French, from forfeit.]
1. The act of forfeiting; the punishment discharged by loss of
something possessed.
2. The thing forfeited; a mulct; a fine.
The court is as well a Chancery to save and debar for­
feitures, as a court of common law to decide rights; and there
would be work enough in Germany and Italy, if Imperial
forfeitures should go for good titles. Bacon's War with Spain.
Ancient privileges and acts of grace indulged by former
kings, must not, without high reason, be revoked by their
successors; nor forfeitures be exacted violently, nor penal
laws urged rigorously. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
He fairly abdicates his throne,
He has a forfeiture incurr'd. Swift.

To FORFE’ND. v. a. To prevent; to forbid. Hanmer.

FORGA’VE. The preterite of forgive.

FORGE. n. s. [forge, French.]
1. The place where iron is beaten into form. In common lan­
guage we use forge for large work, and smithy for small; but
in books the distinction is not kept.
Now behold,
In the quick forge and working-house of thought,
How London doth pour out her citizens. Shak. Henry V.
In other part stood one, who at the forge
Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass
Had melted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Th' o'er-labour'd Cyclop from his task retires,
Th' Æolian forge exhausted of its fires. Pope's Statius.
2. Any place where any thing is made or shaped.
From no other forge hath proceeded a strange conceit, that
to serve God with any set form of common prayer is super­
stitious. Hooker, b. v. s. 26.

To FORGE. v. a. [forger, old French.]
1. To form by the hammer; to beat into shape.
The queen of martials,


And Mars himself conducted them; both which being
forg'd of gold,
Must needs have golden furniture. Chapman's Iliad, b. xviii.
Tyger with tyger, bear with bear you'll find
In leagues offensive and defensive join'd;
But lawless man the anvil dares profane,
And forge that steel by which a man is slain,
Which earth at first for plough-shares did afford,
Nor yet the smith had learn'd to form a sword. Tate's Juv.
2. To make by any means.
He was a kind of nothing, titleless,
'Till he had forg'd himself a name i' th' fire
Of burning Rome. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
His heart's his mouth:
What his breast forges, that his tongue must vent. Shakesp.
Those few names that the schools forged, and put into the
mouths of their scholars, could never yet get admittance into
common use, or obtain the licence of publick approba­
tion. Locke.
3. To counterfeit; to falsify.
Were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands:
My more having would be as sauce
To make me hunger more, that I should forge
Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal,
Destroying them for wealth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FO’RGER. n. s. [from forge.]
1. One who makes or forms.
2. One who counterfeits any thing; a falsifier.
As in stealing, if there were no receivers there would be no
thieves; so in slander, if there were fewer spreaders there
would be fewer forgers of libels. Government of the Tongue.
No forger of lyes willingly and wittingly furnishes out the
means of his own detection. West on the Resurrection.

FO’RGERY. n. s. [from forge.] The crime of falsification.
Has your king married the lady Gray?
And now, to sooth your forgery and his,
Sends me a paper to persuade me patience. Shakes. Hen. VI.
Nothing could have been easier than for the Jews, the ene­
mies of Jesus Christ, to have disproved these facts, had they
been false, to have shewn their falshood, and to have convicted
them of forgery. Stephens's Sermons.
A forgery, in setting a false name to a writing, which may
prejudice another's fortune, the law punishes with the loss of
ears; but has inflicted no adequate penalty for doing the same
thing in print, though books sold under a false name are so
many forgeries. Swift.
2. Smith's work; fabrication; the act of the forge.
He ran on embattl'd armies clad in iron,
And weaponless himself,
Made arms ridiculous, useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear, the hammer'd cuirass,
Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail
Adamantean proof. Milton's Agonistes, l. 129.

To FORGE’T. v. a.  preter. forgot; part. forgotten, or forgot.
[forgytan, Saxon; vergeten, Dutch.]
1. To lose memory of; to let go from the remembrance.
That is not forgot
Which ne'er I did remember; to my knowledge,
I never in my life did look on him. Shakesp. Richard II.
When I am forgotten, as I shall be,
And sleep in dull cold marble, where no mention
Of me must more be heard. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Oh, my oblivion is a very Anthony,
And I am all forgotten. Shakes. Anthony and Cleopatra.
Forget not thy friend in thy mind, and be not unmindful
of him in thy riches. Ecclus. xxxvii. 6.
No sooner was our deliverance compleated, but we forgot
our danger and our duty. Atterbury's Sermons.
Alive, ridiculous; and dead, forgot. Pope.
2. Not to attend; to neglect.
Can a woman forget her sucking child? Yea, they may for­
get; yet will I not forget thee. Isa. xlix. 5.
The mass of mean forgotten things. Anon.

FORGE’TFUL. adj. [from forget.]
1. Not retaining the memory of.
2. Causing oblivion; oblivious.
But when a thousand rolling years are past,
So long their punishments and penance last,
Whole droves of minds are by the driving god
Compell'd to drink the deep Lethean flood,
In large forgetful draughts to steep the cares
Of their past labours, and their irksome years. Dryd. Æn.
3. Inattentive; negligent; neglectful; careless.
Be not forgetful to entertain strangers. Hebr. xiii. 2.
The queen is comfortless, and we forgetful
In our long absence. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Have you not love enough to bear with me,
When that rash humour, which my mother gave me,
Makes me forgetful? Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
I, in fact, a real interest have,
Which to my own advantage I would save;
And, with the usual courtier's trick, intend
To serve myself, forgetful of my friend. Prior.

FORGE’TFULNESS. n. s. [from forgetful.]
1. Oblivion; cessation to remember; loss of memory.
O gentle sleep!
Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee,
That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down,
And steep my senses in forgetfulness! Shakesp. Henry IV.
All birds and beasts lie hush'd; sleep steals away
The wild desires of men and toils of day;
And brings, descending through the silent air,
A sweet forgetfulness of human care. Pope's Statius.
2. Negligence; neglect; inattention.
The church of England is grievously charged with forgetful­
ness of her duty. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.

FORGE’TTER. n. s. [from forget.]
1. One that forgets.
2. A careless person.

To FORGI’VE. v. a. [forgifan, Saxon.]
1. To pardon a person; not to punish.
Then heaven forgive him too! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I do beseech your grace for charity;
If ever any malice in your heart
Were hid against me, now forgive me frankly.
—Sir Thomas Lovell, I as free forgive you,
As I would be forgiven: I forgive all. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Slowly provok'd, she easily forgives. Prior.
2. To pardon a crime.
The people that dwell therein shall be forgiven their ini­
quity. Is. xxxiii. 24.
3. To remit; not to exact debt or penalty.
The lord of that servant was moved with compassion, loosed
him, and forgave him the debt. Mat. xviii. 27.

FORGI’VENESS. n. s. [forgifennisse, Saxon.]
1. The act of forgiving.
To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses. Dan.
2. Pardon of an offender.
Thou hast promised repentance and forgiveness to them that
have sinned against thee. Prayer of Manass.
Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet;
Mine and my father's death come not on thee,
Nor thine on me. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Forgiveness to the injur'd does belong;
But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong. Dryden.
3. Pardon of an offence.
God has certainly promised forgiveness of sin to every one
who repents. South's Sermons.
4. Tenderness; willingness to pardon.
Here are introduced more heroick principles of meekness,
forgiveness, bounty and magnanimity, than all the learning of
the heathens could invent. Sprat's Sermons.
Mercy above did hourly plead
For her resemblance here below;
And mild forgiveness intercede
To stop the coming blow. Dryden.
5. Remission of a fine or penalty.

FORGI’VER. n. s. [from forgive.] One who pardons.

FORGO’T. part. pass. of forget. Not remembered.

FORGO’TTEN. part. pass. of forget. Not remembered.
This song shall not be forgotten. Deutr. xxxi. 21. 
Great Strafford! worthy of that name, though all
Of thee could be forgotten, but thy fall. Denham.
The soft ideas of the cheerful note,
Lightly receiv'd, were easily forgot. Prior.

To FORHA’IL. v. a. [An old word. Probably for forhaul, from
for and haul.] To harrass; tear; torment.
All this long tale
Nought easeth the care that doth me forhail. Spenser's Past.

FORK. n. s. [furca, Latin; fforch, Welsh; fourche, French.]
1. An instrument divided at the end into two or more points or
prongs, used on many occasions.
At Midsummer down with the brembles and brakes,
And after abroad with thy forks and thy rakes. Tuss. Husb.
The vicar first, and after him the crew,
With forks and staves the felon to pursue,
Ran Coll our dog. Dryden's Nun's Priest.
I dine with forks that have but two prongs. Swift.
2. It is sometimes used for the point of an arrow.
The bow is bent and drawn: make from the shaft.
—Let it fall rather, though the fork invade
The region of my heart. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. A point of a fork.
Several are amazed at the wisdom of the ancients that re­
presented a thunderbolt with three forks, since nothing could
have better explained its triple quality of piercing, burning,
and melting. Addison on ancient Medals.

To FORK. v. n. [from the noun.] To shoot into blades, as
corn does out of the ground.


The corn beginneth to fork. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FO’RKED. adj. [from fork.] Opening into two or more parts.
When he was naked he was, for all the world, like a forked
radish, with a head fantastically carved upon it with a knife.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Sometimes we see a cloud that's dragonish,
A forked mountain, or blue promontory. Shakespeare.
Come, shall we go and kill us venison?
And yet it irks me the poor dappled fools
Should, in their own confines, with forked heads,
Have their round haunches goar'd. Shakesp. As you like it.
He would have spoke;
But hiss for hiss return'd, with forked tongue
To forked tongue. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Ye dragons, whose contagious breath
Peoples the dark retreats of death,
Change your fierce hissing into joyful song,
And praise your maker with your forked tongue. Roscommon.

FO’RKEDLY. adv. [from forked.] In a forked form.

FO’RKEDNESS. n. s. [from forked.] The quality of opening
into two parts.

FO’RKHEAD. n. s. [fork and head.] Point of an arrow.
It seizing, no way enter might;
But back rebounding, left the forkhead keen,
Eftsoons it fled away, and might no where be seen. Fa. Qu.

FO’RKY. adj. [from fork.] Forked; furcated; opening into
two parts.
The smiling infant in his hand shall take
The crested basilisk and speckled snake;
Pleas'd the green lustre of the scales survey,
And with their forky tongue and pointless sting shall play.
Pope's Messiah.

FORLO’RE. [The preterite and participle of the Saxon forleoran,
in Dutch verloren.] Deserted; forsook; forsaken.
Such as Diana by the sandy shore
Of swift Eurotas, or on Cynthus' green,
Where all the nymphs have her forlore. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
That wretched world he 'gan for to abhor,
And mortal life 'gan loath, as thing forlore. Fairy Queen.
Thus fell the trees, with noise the desarts roar;
The beasts their caves, the birds their nests forelore. Fairf.

FORLO’RN. adj. [forloren, from forleoran, Saxon; ver­
loren, Dutch.]
1. Deserted; destitute; forsaken; wretched; helpless; soli­
tary.
Make them seek for that they wont to scorn;
Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn. Hubberd's Tale.
Tell me, good Hobinol, what gars thee greet?
What! hath some wolf thy tender lambs ytorn?
Or is thy bagpipe broke, that sounds so sweet?
Or art thou of thy loved lass forlorne? Spenser's Pastorals.
In every place was heard the lamentation of women and
children; every thing shewed the heaviness of the time, and
seemed as altogether lost and forlorn. Knolles's History.
How can I live without thee! how forego
Thy sweet converse, and love so dearly join'd,
To live again in these wild woods forlorn! Milt. Par. Lost.
Their way
Lies through the perplex'd paths of this drear wood;
The nodding horrour of whose shady brows,
Threats the forlorn and wand'ring passenger. Milton.
My only strength and stay! forlorn of thee,
Whither shall I betake me, where subsist! Milt. Par. Lost.
Like a declining statesman, left forlorn
To his friends pity and pursuers scorn. Denham.
The good old man, forlorn of human aid,
For vengeance to his heav'nly patron pray'd. Dryd. Iliad.
Philomel laments forlorn. Fenton.
As some sad turtle his lost love deplores,
Thus, far from Delia, to the winds I mourn;
Alike unheard, unpity'd, and forlorn. Pope's Autumn.
2. Lost; desperate.
What is become of great Acrates' son?
Or where hath he hung up his mortal blade,
That hath so many haughty conquests won?
Is all his force forlorn, and all his glory done? Fairy Queen.
3. Small; despicable: in a ludicrous sense.
He was so forlorn, that his dimensions to any thick sight
were invincible. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

FORLO’RN. n. s. A lost, solitary, forsaken man.
Henry
Is of a king become a banish'd man,
And forc'd to live in Scotland a forlorn. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. FORLORN Hope. The soldiers who are sent first to the at­
tack, and are therefore doomed to perish.
Criticks in plume,
Who lolling on our foremost benches sit,
And still charge first, the true forlorn of wit. Dryden.

FORLO’RNNESS. n. s. [from forlorn.] Destitution; misery;
solitude.
Men displeased God, and consequently forfeited all right
to happiness; even whilst they compleated the forlornness of
their condition by the lethargy of not being sensible of it. Boyle.

To FO’RLYE. v. n. [from for and lye.] To lye across.
Knit with a golden baldric, which forlay
Athwart her snowy breast, and did divide
Her dainty paps, which, like young fruit in May,
Now little 'gan to swell; and being ty'd,
Through her thin weed, their places only signify'd. Fa. Qu.

FORM. n. s. [forma, Latin; forme, French.]
1. The external appearance of any thing; representation;
shape.
Nay, women are frail too.
——Ay, as the glasses where they view themselves,
Which are as easy broke as they make forms. Shakespeare.
It stood still; but I could not discern the form thereof. Job.
Gold will endure a vehement fire, without any change, and
after it has been divided by corrosive liquors into invisible
parts; yet may presently be precipitated, so as to appear again
in its form. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. i.
Matter, as wise logicians say,
Cannot without a form subsist;
And form, say I as well as they,
Must fail, if matter brings no grift. Swift.
2. Being, as modified by a particular shape.
When noble benefits shall prove
Not well dispos'd, the mind grown once corrupt,
They turn to vicious forms, ten times more ugly
Than ever they were fair. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Here toils and death, and death's half-brother, sleep,
Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep;
With anxious pleasures of a guilty mind,
Deep frauds before, and open force behind. Dryden's Æn.
3. Particular model or modification.
He that will look into many parts of Asia and America,
will find men reason there perhaps as acutely as himself, who
yet never heard of a syllogism, nor can reduce any one argu­
ment to those forms. Locke.
It lengthens out every act of worship, and produces more
lasting and permanent impressions in the mind, than those
which accompany any transient form of words that are ut­
tered in the ordinary method of religious worship. Addison.
4. Beauty; elegance of appearance.
He hath no form nor comeliness. Isa. liii. 2.
5. Regularity; method; order.
What he spoke, though it lack'd form a little,
Was not like madness. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
6. External appearance without the essential qualities; empty
show.
Then those whom form of laws
Condemn'd to die, when traitors judg'd their cause. Dryden.
They were young heirs sent only for form from schools,
where they were not suffered to stay three months in the year.
Swift's Essay on Modern Education.
7. Ceremony; external rites.
Though well we may not pass upon his life,
Without the form of justice; yet our pow'r
Shall do a court'sy to our wrath, which men
May blame, but not controul. Shakespeare's King Lear.
A long table, and a square table, or seat about the walls,
seem things of form, but are things of substance; for at a long
table, a few at the upper end, in effect, sway all the business;
but in the other form, there is more use of the counsellors opi­
nions that sit lower. Bacon, Essay 21. 
That the parliaments of Ireland might want no decent or
honourable form used in England, he caused a particu­
lar act to pass that the lords of Ireland should appear in par­
liament robes. Davies in Ireland.
Their general used, in all dispatches made by himself, to
observe all decency in their forms. Clarendon, b. viii.
How am I to interpret, sir, this visit?
Is it a compliment of form, or love? A. Phill. Dist. Moth.
8. Stated method; established practice.
He who affirmeth speech to be necessary amongst all men,
throughout the world, doth not thereby import that all men
must necessarily speak one kind of language; even so the ne­
cessity of polity and regimen in all churches may be held,
without holding any one certain form to be necessary in them
all. Hooker, b. iii. s. 2.
Nor are constant forms of prayer more likely to flat and
hinder the spirit of prayer and devotion, than unpremeditated
and confused variety to distract and lose it. King Charles.
Nor seek to know
Their process, or the forms of law below. Dryden's Æn.
9. A long seat.
If a chair be defined a seat for a single person, with a back
belonging to it, then a stool is a seat for a single person with­
out a back; and a form is a seat for several persons, without
a back. Watts's Logick.
I was seen with her in the manorhouse, sitting with her
upon the form, and taken following her into the park. Shakes.
10. A class; a rank of students.
It will be necessary to see and examine those works which


have given so great a reputation to the masters of the first
form. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
11.  The seat or bed of a hare.
Now for a clod-like hare in form they peer;
Now bolt and cudgel squirrels leap do move;
Now the ambitious lark, with mirrour clear,
They catch, while he, fool! to himself makes love. Sidn.
Have you observ'd a sitting hare,
List'ning, and fearful of the storm
Of horns and hounds, clap back her ear,
Afraid to keep or leave her form. Prior.
12. Form is the essential, specifical, or distinguishing modifica­
tion of the matter of which any thing is composed, so as
thereby to give it such a peculiar manner of existence. Harris.
In definitions, whether they be framed larger to augment,
or stricter to abridge the number of sacraments, we find grace
expresly mentioned as their true essential form, and elements as
the matter whereunto that form doth adjoin itself. Hooker.
They inferred, if the world were a living creature, it had
a soul and spirit, by which they did not intend God, for they
did admit of a deity besides, but only the soul or essential
form of the universe. Bacon's Natural History.
13. A formal cause; that which gives essence.

To FORM v. a. [formo, Latin.]
1. To make out of materials.
God formed man of the dust of the ground. Gen. ii. 7.
She form'd the phantom of well-bodied air. Pope.
2. To model to a particular shape.
3. To modify; to scheme; to plan.
Lucretius taught him not to form his heroe, to give him
piety or valour for his manners. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
4. To arrange; to combine in any particular manner: as, he
formed his troops.
5. To adjust; to settle.
Our differences with the Romanists are thus formed into an
interest, and become the design not of single persons, but of
corporations and successions. Decay of Piety.
6. To contrive; to coin.
The defeat of the design is the routing of opinions formed
for promoting it. Decay of Piety.
He dies too soon;
And fate, if possible, must be delay'd:
The thought that labours in my forming brain,
Yet crude and immature, demands more time. Rowe.
7. To model by education or institution.
Let him to this with easy pains be brought,
And seem to labour when he labours not:
Thus form'd for speed, he challenges the wind,
And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind. Dryd. Virg. Geo.

FO’RMAL. adj. [formel, French; formalis, Latin.]
1. Ceremonious; solemn; precise; exact to affectation.
The justice,
In fair round belly, with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances,
And so he plays his part. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Formal in apparel,
In gait and countenance surely like a father. Shakespeare.
Ceremonies especially be not to be omitted to strangers and
formal natures; but the exalting them above the mean is not
only tedious, but doth diminish the credit of him that speaks.
Bacon, Essay 53.
2. Done according to established rules and methods; not irre­
gular; not sudden; not extemporaneous.
There is not any positive law of men, whether it be gene­
ral or particular, received by formal express consent, as in
councils; or by secret approbation, as in customs it cometh to
pass, but the same may be taken away, if occasion serve.
Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
As there are formal and written leagues, respective to cer­
tain enemies; so there is a natural and tacit confederation
amongst all men against the common enemy of human society,
so as there needs no intimation or denunciation of the war;
but all these formalities the law of nature supplies, as in the
case of pyrates. Bacon's Holy War.
3. Regular; methodical.
The formal stars do travel so,
As we their names and courses know;
And he that on their changes looks,
Would think them govern'd by our books. Waller.
4. External; having the appearance but not the essence.
Of formal duty, make no more thy boast;
Thou disobey'st where it concerns me most. Dryd. Aureng.
5. Depending upon establishment or custom.
Still in constraint your suffering sex remains,
Or bound in formal or in real chains. Pope.
6. Having the power of making any thing what it is; consti­
tuent; essential.
Of letters the material part is breath and voice: the formal
is constituted by the motions and figure of the organs of speech
affecting breath with a peculiar sound, by which each letter is
discriminated. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Bellarmine agrees in making the formal act of adoration to
be subjection to a superior; but withal he makes the mere ap­
prehension of excellency to include the formal reason of it:
whereas mere excellency, without superiority, doth not require
any subjection, but only estimation. Stillingfleet.
The very life and vital motion, and the formal essence and
nature of man, is wholly owing to the power of God. Bentl.
7. Retaining its proper and essential characteristick.
Thou shou'dst come like a fury cover'd with snakes,
Not like a formal man. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
I will not let him stir,
'Till I have us'd th' approved means I have;
With wholsome syrups, drugs, and holy prayers,
To make of him a formal man again. Shakesp. Com. of Err.

FO’RMALIST. n. s. [formaliste, French, from form.] One who
practises external ceremony; one who prefers appearance to
reality; one who seems what he is not.
It is a ridiculous thing, and fit for a satyr to persons of
judgment, to see what shifts formalists have, and what
prospectives to make superficies to seem a body that hath depth
and bulk. Bacon, Essay 27.
A grave, stanch, skilfully managed face, set upon a grasp­
ing aspiring mind, having got many a sly formalist the reputa­
tion of a primitive and severe piety. South's Sermons.

FORMA’LITY. n. s. [formalité, French, from form.]
1. Ceremony; established mode of behaviour.
The attire, which the minister of God is by order to use
at times of divine service, is but a matter of mere forma­
lity, yet such as for comeliness sake hath hitherto been judged
not unnecessary. Hooker, b. v. s. 29.
Formalities of extraordinary zeal and piety are never more
studied and elaborate than in desperate designs. King Charles.
Many a worthy man sacrifices his peace to formalities of
compliment and good manners. L'Estrange, Fable 184.
Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of forma­
lity and custom, but of conscience. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Solemn order, habit, or dress.
If men forswear the deeds and bonds they draw,
Though sign'd with all formality of law;
And though the signing and the seal proclaim
The barefac'd perjury, and fix the shame. Dryden's Juven.
The pretender would have infallibly landed in our northern
parts, and found them all sat down in their formalities, as the
Gauls did the Roman senators. Swift.
3. Essence; the quality by which any thing is what it is.
To fix on God the formality of faculties, or affections, is
the imposture of our fancies, and contradictory to his divi­
nity. Glanv. Sceps. c. 13.
May not a man vow to A. and B. that he will give a hun­
dred pound to an hospital? Here the vow is made both to God
and to A. and B. But here A. and B. are only witnesses to
the vow; but the formality of the vow lies in the promise
made to God. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

To FO’RMALIZE. v. a. [formaliser, French, from formal.]
1. To model; to modify. A word not now in use.
The same spirit which anointed the blessed soul of our Sa­
viour Christ, doth so formalize, unite, and actuate his whole
race, as if both he and they were so many limbs compacted
into one body. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.
2. To affect formality; to be fond of ceremony.

FO’RMALLY. adv. [from formal.]
1. According to established rules, methods, ceremonies or rites.
Formally, according to our law,
Depose him. Shakespeare's Richard II.
2. Ceremoniously; stifly; precisely.
To be stiff and formally reserved, as if the company did
not deserve our familiarity, is a downright challenge of
homage. Collier on Pride.
3. In open appearance; with visible and apparent show.
You and your followers do stand formally divided against
the authorised guides of the church, and the rest of the
people. Hooker.
4. Essentially; characteristically.
This power and dominion is not adequately and formally
the image of God, but only a part of it. South's Sermons.
The Heathens and the Christians may agree in material
acts of charity; but that which formally makes this a Christian
grace, is the spring from which it flows. Smalridge's Sermons.

FORMA’TION. n. s. [formation, French, from formo, Latin.]
1. The act of forming or generating.
The matter discharged sorth of vulcano's, and other spiracles,
contributes to the formation of meteors. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The solids are originally formed of a fluid, from a small
point, as appears by the gradual formation of a fœtus. Arbuth.
Complicated ideas, growing up under observation, give not
the same confusion, as if they were all offered to the mind at
once, without your observing the original and formation of
them. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. The manner in which a thing is formed.
The chorion, a thick membrane obscuring the formation,
the dam doth tear asunder. Brown's Vulgar Errours.



FO’RMATIVE. adj. [from formo, Latin.] Having the power
of giving form; plastick.
As we have established our assertion of the seminal pro­
duction of all kinds of animals; so likewise we affirm, that
the meanest plant cannot be raised without seed, by any for­
mative power residing in the soil. Bentley's Sermons.

FO’RMER. n. s. [from form.] He that forms; maker; con­
triver; planner.
The wonderful art and providence of the contriver and
former of our bodies, appears in the multitude of intentions
he must have in the formation of several parts for several
uses. Ray on the Creation.

FO’RMER. adj. [from forma, Saxon, first; whence former, and
formost now commonly written foremost, as if derived from
before. Formost is generally applied to place, rank, or degree,
and former only to time; for when we say, the last rank of
the procession is like the former, we respect time rather than
place, and mean that which we saw before, rather than that
which had precedence in place.]
1. Before another in time.
Thy air,
Thou other gold-bound brow, is like the first:
— A third is like the former. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Mentioned before another.
A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critick: a
man may be the former merely through the misfortune of an
ill judgment; but he cannot be the latter without both that
and an ill temper. Pope.
3. Past: as, this was the custom in former times.

FO’RMERLY. adv. [from former.] In times past.
The places mentioned were all of them formerly the cool
retirements of the Romans, where they used to hide them­
selves among the woods and mountains, during the excessive
heats of their Summer. Addison on Italy.
As an animal degenerates by diseases, the animal salts, for­
merly benign, approach towards an alkaline nature. Arbuthnot.

FO’RMIDABLE. adj. [formidabilis, Latin; formidable, Fr.]
Terrible; dreadful; tremendous; terrifick; to be feared.
I swell my preface into a volume, and make it formidable,
when you see so many pages behind. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
They seem'd to fear the formidable sight,
And roll'd their billows on, to speed his flight. Dryden.

FO’RMIDABLENESS. n. s. [from formidable.]
1. The quality of exciting terror or dread.
2. The thing causing dread.
They rather chuse to be shewed the formidableness of their
danger, than, by a blind embracing it, to perish in it.
Decay of Piety.

FO’RMIDABLY. adv. [from formidable.] In a terrible manner.
Behold! e'en to remoter shores,
A conquering navy proudly spread;
The British cannon formidably roars. Dryden.

FO’RMLESS. adj. [from form.] Shapeless; without regularity
of form.
All form is formless, order orderless,
Save what is opposite to England's love. Shakesp. K. John.

FO’RMULARY. n. s. [formulaire, French, from formule.] A
book containing stated and prescribed models or set forms.

FO’RMULE. n. s. [formule, French; formula, Latin.] A set
or prescribed model.

To FO’RNICATE. v. a. [from fornix, Latin.] To commit
lewdness.
It is a new way to fornicate at a distance. Brown's Vul. Err.

FORNICA’TION. n. s. [fornication, French; fornicatio, Latin.]
1. Concubinage or commerce with an unmarried woman.
Bless me! what a fry of fornication is at the door. Shakes.
The law ought to be strict against fornications and adulte­
ries; for, if there were universal liberty, the increase of man­
kind would be but like that of foxes at best. Graunt.
2. In Scripture, sometimes idolatry.
Thou didst trust in thine own beauty, and playedst the
harlot, because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornica­
tions, on every one that passed by. Ezek. xvi. 15.

FORNICA’TOR. n. s. [fornicateur, French, from fornix, Latin.]
One that has commerce with unmarried women.
A fornicator or adulterer steals the soul as well as dishonours
the body of his neighbour. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

FORNICA’TRESS. n. s. [from fornicator.] A woman who with­
out marriage cohabits with a man.
See you the fornicatress be remov'd;
Let her have needful but not slavish means. Shakespeare.

To FORSA’KE. v. a. preter. forsook; part. pass. forsook, or for­
saken. [versaeken, Dutch.]
1. To leave in resentment, neglect, or dislike.
'Twas now the time when first Saul God forsook,
God Saul; the room in's heart wild passions took. Cowley.
Orestes comes in time
To save your honour: Pyrrhus cools apace;
Prevent his falshood, and forsake him first:
I know you hate him. A. Phillips's Distrest Mother.
Daughter of Jove! whose arms in thunder wield
Th' avenging bolt, and shake the dreadful shield,
Forsook by thee, in vain I sought thy aid. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To leave; to go away from; to depart from.
Unwilling I forsook your friendly state,
Commanded by the gods, and forc'd by fate. Dryden's Æn.
3. To desert; to fail.
Truth, modesty, and shame the world forsook;
Fraud, avarice, and force their places took. Dryd. Ovid.
When ev'n the flying sails were seen no more,
Forsaken of all sight she left the shore. Dryden.
Their purple majesty,
And all those outward shows which we call greatness,
Languish and droop, seem empty and forsaken,
And draw the wond'ring gazers eyes no more. Rowe.

FORSA’KER. n. s. [from forsake.] Deserter; one that forsakes.
Thou did'st deliver us into the hands of lawless enemies,
most hateful forsakers of God. Apocrypha.

FORSOO’TH. adv. [forsothe, Saxon.]
1. In truth; certainly; very well. It is used almost always in
an ironical or contemptuous sense.
Wherefore doth Lysander
Deny your love, so rich within his soul,
And tender me, forsooth, affection? Shakespeare.
A fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm, who had so goodly
government in his own estate. Hayward.
Unlearned persons use such letters as justly express the
power or sound of their speech; yet forsooth, we say, write
not true English, or true French. Holder's Elem. of Speech.
In the East-Indies a widow, who has any regard to her
character, throws herself into the flames of her husband's
funeral pile, to shew, forsooth, that she is faithful to the me­
mory of her deceased lord. Addison's Freeholder.
She would cry out murder, and disturb the whole neigh­
bourhood; and when John came running down the stairs to
enquire what the matter was, nothing, forsooth, only her maid
had stuck a pin wrong in her gown. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.
Some question the genuineness of his books, because, for­
sooth, they cannot discover in them that fiumen orationis that
Cicero speaks of. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
2. It is supposed to have been once a word of honour in address
to women. It is probablethat an inferior, being called, shewed
his attention by answering in the word yes, forsooth, which
in time lost its true meaning; and instead of a mere exclama­
tory interjection, was supposed a compellation. It appears in
Shakespeare to have been used likewise to men.
Our old English word forsooth has been changed for the
French madam. Guardian.

To FORSWE’AR. v. a. pret. forswore; part. forsworn. [forswærian, Saxon.]
1. To renounce upon oath.
I firmly vow
Never to wooe her more; but do forswear her,
As one unworthy all the former favours,
That I have fondly flatter'd her withal. Shakespeare.
2. To deny upon oath.
And that self chain about his neck,
Which he forswore most monstrously to have. Shakespeare.
Observe the wretch who hath his faith forsook,
How clear his voice, and how assur'd his look!
Like innocence, and as serenely bold
As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold! Dryd. Juven.
3. With the reciprocal pronoun: as, to forswear himself; to be
perjured; to swear falsely.
To leave my Julia, shall I be forsworn?
To love fair Silvia, shall I be forsworn?
To wrong my friend, shall I be much forsworn?
And ev'n that power which gave me first my oath,
Provokes me to this threefold perjury. Shakespeare.
One says, he never should endure the sight
Of that forsworn, that wrongs both land and laws. Daniel.
I too have sworn, ev'n at the altar sworn,
Eternal love and endless faith to Theseus;
And yet am false, forsworn: the hallow'd shrine,
That heard me swear, is witness to my falshood. Smith.

To FORSWE’AR. v. n. To swear falsely; to commit perjury.
Take heed; for he holds vengeance in his hand,
To hurl upon their heads that break his law.
— And that same vengeance doth hurl on thee,
For false forswearing, and for murder too. Shakes. Rich. III.

FORSWEA’RER. n. s. [from forswear.] One who is perjured.

FORT. n. s. [fort, French.] A fortified house; a castle.
They erected a sort, which they called the fort de l'or; and
from thence they bolted like beasts of the forest. Bacon.
Now to their fort they are about to send
For the loud engines which their isle defend. Waller.
He that views a fort to take it,
Plants his artillery 'gainst the weakest part. Denham's Sophy.
My fury does, like jealous forts, pursue
With death, ev'n strangers who but come to view. Dryden.

FO’RTED. adj. [from fort.] Furnished or guarded by forts.
Not used now.


Your desert speaks loud, and I should wrong
To lock it in the wards of covert bosom,
When it deserves with characters of brass
A forted residence, 'gainst the tooth of time
And rasure of oblivion. Shakes. Measure for Measure.

FORTH. adv. [fowth, Saxon; whence further and furthest.]
1. Forward; onward in time.
From that day forth I lov'd that face divine;
From that day forth I cast in careful mind
To seek her out. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 9.
2. Forward in place or order.
Look at the second admonition, and so forth, where they
speak in most unchristian manner. Whitgifte.
Mad Pandarus steps forth, with vengeance vow'd
For Bitias' death. Dryden's Æn.
3. Abroad; out of doors.
Uncle, I must come forth. Shakespeare's Othello.
I have no mind of feasting forth to-night. Shakespeare.
Attend you here the door of our stern daughter?
Will she not forth? Shakespeare.
When Winter past, and Summer scarce begun,
Invites them forth to labour in the sun. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
4. Out away; beyond the boundary of any place.
They will privily relieve their friends that are forth; they
will send the enemy secret advertisements; and they will not
also stick to draw the enemy privily upon them. Spenser.
Even that sunshine brew'd a show'r for him,
That wash'd his father's fortunes forth of France. Shakesp.
5. Out into publick state; publick view.
You may set forth the same with farmhouses. Peacham.
But when your troubled country call'd you forth,
Your flaming courage, and your matchless worth,
To fierce contention gave a prosp'rous end. Waller.
6. Throughly; from beginning to end.
You, cousin,
Whom it concerns to hear this matter forth,
Do with your injuries as seems you best. Shakesp.
7. To a certain degree.
Hence we learn, how far forth we may expect justification
and salvation from the sufferings of Christ; no further than
we are wrought on by his renewing grace. Hammond.
8. On to the end.
I repeated the Ave Maria: the inquisitor bad me say forth;
I said I was taught no more. Memoir in Strype.

FORTH. prop. Out of.
And here's a prophet, that I brought with me
From forth the streets of Pomfret. Shakespeare.
Some forth their cabbins peep,
And trembling ask what news, and do hear so
As jealous husbands, what they would not know. Donne.

FORTHCO’MING. adj. [forth and coming.] Ready to appear;
not absconding; not lost.
Carry this mad knave to jail: I charge you see that he be
forthcoming. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
We'll see your trinkets here forthcoming all. Shak. H. VI.

FORTHI’SSUING. adj. [forth and issue.] Coming out; coming
forward from a covert.
Forthissuing thus, she gave him first to wield
A weighty axe, with truest temper steel'd,
And double edg'd. Pope's Odyssey, b. v.

FORTHRI’GHT. adv. [forth and right.] Strait forward; with­
out flexions.
He ever going so just with the horse, either forthright or
turning, that it seemed as he borrowed the horse's body, so he
lent the horse his mind. Sidney, b. ii.
The river not running forthright, but almost continually
winding, as if the lower streams would return to their spring,
or that the river had a delight to play with itself. Sidney, b. ii.
Arrived there, they passed in forthright;
For still to all the gate stood open wide. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Here's a maze trod, indeed,
Through forthrights and meanders. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Thither forthright he rode to rouse the prey,
That shaded by the fern in harbour lay,
And thence dislodg'd. Dryden's Knight's Tale.

FORTHWI’TH. adv. [forth and with.] Immediately; without
delay; at once; strait.
Forthwith he runs, with feigned faithful haste,
Unto his guest; who, after troublous sights
And dreams, 'gan now to take more sound repast. Fa. Qu.
Few things are so restrained to any one end or purpose, that
the same being extinct, they should forthwith utterly become
frustrate. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Neither did the martial men dally or prosecute the service
faintly, but did forthwith quench that fire. Davies on Ireland.
Forthwith began these fury-moving sounds,
The notes of wrath, the musick brought from hell,
The rattling drums. Daniel's Civil War.
The winged heralds, by command
Of sov'reign pow'r, throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council forthwith to be held
At Pandæmonium. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
In his passage thither one put into his hand a note of the
whole conspiracy, desiring him to read it forthwith, and to
remember the giver of it as long as he lived. South's Sermons.

FO’RTIETH. adj. [from forty.] The fourth tenth; next after
the thirty-ninth.
What doth it avail
To be the fortieth man in an entail? Donne.
Burnet says, Scotland is not above a fortieth part in value
to the rest of Britain; and, with respect to the profit that Eng­
land gains from hence, not the forty thousandth part. Swift.

FO’RTIFIABLE. adj. [from fortify.] What may be fortified.

FORTIFICA’TION. n. s. [fortification, French, from fortify.]
1. The science of military architecture.
Fortification is an art shewing how to fortify a place with
ramparts, parapets, moats, and other bulwarks; to the end
that a small number of men within may be able to defend
themselves, for a considerable time, against the assaults of a
numerous army without; so that the enemy, in attacking
them, must of necessity suffer great loss. It is either regular
or irregular; and, with respect to time, may be distinguished
into durable and temporary. Harris.
The Phœacians, tho' an unwarlike nation, yet understood
the art of fortification. Notes on the Odyssey.
2. A place built for strength.
Excellent devices were used to make even their sports pro­
fitable; images, battles, and fortifications being then delivered
to their memory, which, after stronger judgments, might
dispense some advantage. Sidney, b. ii.

FO’RTIFIER. n. s. [from fortify.]
1. One who erects works for defence.
The fortifier of Pendennis made his advantage of the com­
modity afforded by the ground. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
2. One who supports or secures; one who upholds.
He was led forth by many armed men, who often had been
the fortifiers of wickedness, to the place of execution. Sidney.

To FO’RTIFY. v. a. [fortifier, French.]
1. To strengthen against attacks by walls or works.
Great Dunsinane he strongly fortifies. Shakes. Macbeth.
He fortified the city against besieging. Ecclus. l. 4.
2. To confirm; to encourage.
It greatly fortified her desires, to see that her mother had the
like desires. Sidney, b. ii.
3. To fix; to establish in resolution.
But in-born worth that fortune can controul,
New-strung and stiffer bent her softer soul:
The heroine assum'd the woman's place,
Confirm'd her mind, and fortify'd her face. Dryden.
A young man, before he leaves the shelter of his father's
house, should be fortified with resolution to secure his vir­
tues. Locke.

FORTILA’GE. n. s. [from fort.] A little fort; a blockhouse.
In all straights and narrow passages there should be some
little fortilage, or wooden castle set, which should keep and
command the straight. Spenser on Ireland.

FO’RTIN. n. s. [French.] A little fort raised to defend a
camp, particularly in a siege. Hanmer.
Thou hast talk'd
Of palisadoes, fortins, parapets. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.

FO’RTITUDE. n. s. [fortitudo, Latin.]
1. Courage; bravery; magnanimity; greatness of mind; power
of acting or suffering well.
The king-becoming graces,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
I have no relish of them. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The better fortitude
Of patience, and heroick martyrdom
Unsung. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues; and
without courage, a man will scarce keep steady to his duty,
and fill up the character of a truly worthy man. Locke.
2. Strength; force. Not in use.
He wrongs his fame,
Despairing of his own arm's fortitude,
To join with witches and the help of hell! Shakes. H. VI.

FO’RTLET. n. s. [from fort.] A little fort.

FO’RTNIGHT. n. s. [contracted from fourteen nights, feowretyne
night, Saxon. It was the custom of the ancient northern
nations to count time by nights: thus we say, this day seven­
night. So Tacitus, Non dierum numerum ut nos, sed noctium
computant.] The space of two weeks.
She would give her a lesson for walking so late, that should
make her keep within doors for one fortnight. Sidney, b. ii.
Hanging in a deep well, somewhat above the water, for
some fortnights space, is an excellent means of making drink
fresh and quick. Bacon's Natural History.
About a fortnight before I had finished it, his majesty's de­
claration for liberty of conscience came abroad. Dryden.
He often had it in his head, but never, with much appre­
hension, 'till about a fortnight before. Swift.

FO’RTRESS. n. s. [forteresse, French.] A strong hold; a forti­
fied place; a castle of defence.


Breaking forth like a sudden tempest, he over-ran all, break­
ing down all the holds and fortresses. Spenser on Ireland.
The trump of death sounds in their hearing shrill;
Their weapon, faith; their fortress was the grave. Fairfax.
God is our fortress, in whose conqu'ring name
Let us resolve to scale their flinty bulwarks. Shak. Hen. VI.
There is no such way to give defence to absurd doctrines,
as to guard them round about with legions of obscure and
undefined words; which yet makes these retreats more like
the dens of robbers, or holes of foxes, than the fortresses of
fair warriors. Locke.

FORTU’ITOUS. adj. [fortuit, French; fortuitus, Lat.] Ac­
cidental; casual; happening by chance.
A wonder then it must be, that there should be any man
found so stupid as to persuade himself that this most beautiful
world could be produced by the fortuitous concourse of atoms.
Ray on the Creation.
If casual concourse did the world compose,
And things and acts fortuitous arose,
Then any thing might come from any thing;
For how from chance can constant order spring. Blackmore.

FORTU’ITOUSLY. adv. [from fortuitous.] Accidentally; casual­
ly; by chance.
It is partly evaporated into air, and partly diluted into wa­
ter, and fortuitously shared between all the elements. Rogers.

FORTU’ITOUSNESS. n. s. [from fortuitous.] Accident; chance;
hit.

FO’RTUNATE. adj. [fortunatus, Latin.] Lucky; happy;
successful; not subject to miscarriage. Used of persons or
actions.
I am most fortunate thus accidentally to encounter you:
you have ended my business, and I will merrily accompany
you home. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He sigh'd; and could not but their fate deplore,
So wretched now, so fortunate before. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
No, there is a necessity in fate
Why still the brave bold man is fortunate:
He keeps his object ever full in sight,
And that assurance holds him firm and right:
True, 'tis a narrow path that leads to bliss,
But right before there is no precipice;
Fear makes men look aside, and so their footing miss. Dry.

FO’RTUNATELY. adv. [from fortunate.] Happily; success­
fully.
Bright Eliza rul'd Britannia's state,
And boldly wise, and fortunately great. Prior.

FO’RTUNATENESS. n. s. [from fortunate.] Happiness; good
luck; success.
O me, said she, whose greatest fortunateness is more unfor­
tunate than my sister's greatest unfortunateness. Sidney, b. ii.

FO’RTUNE. n. s. [fortuna, Latin; fortune, French.]
1. The power supposed to distribute the lots of life according to
her own humour.
Fortune, that arrant whore,
Ne'er turns the key to th' poor. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Though fortune's malice overthrow my state,
My mind exceeds the compass of her wheel. Shakes. H. VI.
2. The good or ill that befals man.
Rejoice, said he, to-day;
In you the fortune of Great Britain lies:
Among so brave a people you are they
Whom heav'n has chose to fight for such a prize. Dryden.
The adequate meaning of chance, as distinguished from
fortune, in that the latter is understood to befal only rational
agents, but chance to be among inanimate bodies. Bentley.
3. The chance of life; means of living.
His father dying, he was driven to London to seek his
fortune. Swift.
4. Event; success good or bad.
This terrestrial globe has been surrounded by the fortune
and boldness of many navigators. Temple.
No, he shall eat, and die with me, or live;
Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give. Dryd. Innocence.
5. Estate; possessions.
If thou do'st
As this instructs thee, thou do'st make thy way
To noble fortunes. Shakespeare's King Lear.
That eyeless head of thine was first fram'd flesh
To raise my fortunes. Shakespeare's King Lear.
But tell me, Tityrus, what heav'nly power
Preserv'd your fortunes in that fatal hour? Dryd. Virg. Past.
The fate which governs poets, thought it fit
He should not raise his fortunes by his wit. Dryden.
He was younger son to a gentleman of a good birth, but
small fortune. Swift.
6. The portion of a man or woman: generally of a woman.
I am thought some heiress rich in lands,
Fled to escape a cruel guardian's hands;
Which may produce a story worth the telling,
Of the next sparks that go a fortune stealing. Prol. to Orphan.
The fortune hunters have already cast their eyes upon her,
and take care to plant themselves in her view. Spectator.
When miss delights in her spinnet,
A fiddler may a fortune get. Swift.
7. Futurity; future events.
You who mens fortunes in their faces read,
To find out mine, look not, alas, on me:
But mark her face, and all the features heed;
For only there is writ my destiny. Cowley's Mistress.

To FO’RTUNE. v. n. [from the noun.] To befall; to fall
out; to happen; to come casually to pass.
It fortuned, as fair it then befell,
Behind his back, unweeting, where he stood,
Of ancient time there was a springing well,
From which fast trickled forth a silver flood. Fairy Queen.
It fortuned the same night that a Christian, serving a Turk
in the camp, secretly gave the watchmen warning that the
Turks prepared the next day to give a general assault. Knolles.
I'll tell you as we pass along,
That you will wonder what hath fortuned. Shakespeare.
Here fortun'd Curl to slide. Pope's Dunciad.

FO’RTUNED. adj. Supplied by fortune.
Not th' imperious shew
Of the full fortun'd Cæsar ever shall
Be brook'd with me. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

FO’RTUNEBOOK. n. s. [fortune and book.] A book consulted
to know fortune or future events.
Thou know'st a face, in whose each look
Beauty lays ope love's fortunebook;
On whose fair revolutions wait
The obsequious motions of love's fate. Crashaw.

FORTUNEHU’NTER. n. s. [fortune and hunt.] A man whose
employment is to enquire after women with great portions to
enrich himself by marrying them.
We must, however, distinguish between fortunehunters and
fortunestealers. Spectator, No. 312.

To FO’RTUNETELL. v. n. [fortune and tell.]
1. To pretend to the power of revealing futurity.
We are simple men; we do not know what's brought to
pass under the profession of fortunetelling. Shakespeare.
I'll conjure you, I'll fortunetell you. Shakespeare.
The gypsies were to divide the money got by stealing lin­
nen, or by fortunetelling. Walton's Angler.
2. To reveal futurity.
Here, while his canting drone-pipe scan'd
The mystick figures of her hand,
He tipples palmestry, and dines
On all her fortunetelling lines. Cleaveland.

FO’RTUNETELLER. n. s. [fortune and teller.] One who cheats
common people by pretending to the knowledge of futurity.
They brought one Pinch, a hungry lean-fac'd villain,
A thread-bare juggler, and a fortuneteller. Shakespeare.
A Welchman being at a sessions-house, and seeing the pri­
soners hold up hands at the bar, related to some of his ac­
quaintance that the judges were good fortunetellers; for if they
did but look upon their hand, they could certainly tell whether
they should live or die. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Hast thou given credit to vain predictions of men, to dreams
or fortunetellers, or gone about to know any secret things by
lot? Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
There needs no more than impudence on one side, and a
superstitious credulity on the other, to the setting up of a for­
tuneteller. L'Estrange, Fable 94.
Long ago a fortuneteller
Exactly said what now befell her. Swift.

FO’RTY. adj. [feowertig, Saxon.] Four times ten.
On fair ground I could beat forty of them. Shak. Coriol.
He that upon levity quits his station, in hopes to be better,
'tis forty to one loses. L'Estrange.

FO’RUM. n. s. [Latin.] Any publick place.
The forum was a publick place in Rome, where lawyers
and orators made their speeches before the proper judge in
matters of property, or in criminal cases, to accuse or excuse,
to complain or defend. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Close to the bay great Neptune's fane adjoins,
And near a forum flank'd with marble shines,
Where the bold youth, the num'rous fleets to store,
Shape the broad sail, or smooth the taper oar. Pope.

To FORWA’NDER. v. a. [for and wander.] To wander wildly
and wearily.
The better part now of the ling'ring day
They travelled had, when as they far espy'd
A weary wight forwand'ring by the way. Fairy Queen, b. i.

FO’RWARD. adv. [forweard, Saxon.] Towards; to a part
or place before; onward; progressively.
When fervent sorrow slaked was,
She up arose, resolving him to find
Alive or dead, and forward forth doth pass. Fairy Queen.
From smaller things the mind of the hearers may go for­
ward to the knowledge of greater, and climb up from the
lowest to the highest things. Hooker, b. v. s. 20.
He that is used to go forward, and findeth a stop, falleth of
his own favour, and is not the thing he was. Bacon's Essays.



FO’RWARD. adj. [from the adverb.]
1. Warm; earnest.
They would that we should remember the poor, which I
also was forward to do. Gal. ii. 10.
2. Ardent; eager; hot; violent.
You'll still be too forward. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
Unskill'd to dart the pointed spear,
Or lead the forward youth to noble war. Prior.
3. Ready; confident; presumptuous.
Old Butes' form he took, Anchises' squire,
Now left to rule Ascanius by his sire;
And thus salutes the boy, too forward for his years. Dryd.
4. Not reserved; not over modest.
'Tis a per'lous boy,
Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable;
He's all the mother's from the top to toe. Shakes. Rich. III.
5. Premature; early ripe.
Short Summer lightly has a forward Spring. Sh. R. III.
6. Quick; ready; hasty.
The mind makes not that benefit it should of the informa­
tion it receives from civil or natural historians, in being too
forward or two slow in making observations on the particular
facts recorded in them. Locke.
Had they, who would persuade us that there are innate
principles, considered separately the parts out of which these
propositions are made, they would not perhaps have been so
forward to believe they were innate. Locke.
7. Antecedent; anterior: opposed to posterior.
Let us take the instant by the forward top;
For we are old, and on our quick'st decrees
Th' inaudible and noiseless foot of time
Steals, ere we can effect them. Shakespeare.
8. Not behindhand; not inferiour.
My good Camillo,
She is as forward of her breeding, as
She is i' th' rear o' our birth. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

To FO’RWARD. v. a. [from the adverb.]
1. To hasten; to quicken; to accelerate in growth or improve­
ment.
As we house hot country plants, as lemons, to save them;
so we may house our own country plants to forward them,
and make them come in the cold seasons. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Whenever I shine,
I forward the grass and I ripen the vine. Swift.
2. To patronise; to advance.

FO’RWARDER. n. s. [from forward.] He who promotes any
thing.

FO’RWARDLY. adv. [from the adjective.] Eagerly; hastily;
quickly.
The sudden and surprising turns we ourselves have felt,
should not suffer us too forwardly to admit presumption. Atter.

FO’RWARDNESS. n. s. [from forward.]
1. Eagerness; ardour; readiness to act.
Absolutely we cannot discommend, we cannot absolutely
approve either willingness to live, or forwardness to die. Hook.
Is it so strange a matter to find a good thing furthered by ill
men of a sinister intent and purpose, whose forwardness is not
therefore a bridle to such as favour the same cause with a bet­
ter and sincere meaning. Hooker, b. iv. s. 9.
If the great ones were in forwardness, the people were in
fury, entertaining this airy phantasm with incredible affection.
Bacon's Henry VII.
2. Quickness; readiness.
He had such a dextrous proclivity, as his teachers were
fain to restrain his forwardness; to the end that his brothers,
who were under the same training, might hold pace with
him. Wotton.
3. Earliness; early ripeness.
4. Confidence; assurance; want of modesty.
In France it is usual to bring their children into company,
and to cherish in them, from their infancy, a kind of for­
wardnes and assurance. Addison on Italy.

FO’RWARDS. adv. Straight before; progressively.
The Rhodian ship passed through the whole Roman fleet,
backwards and forwards several times, carrying intelligence
to Drepanum. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FOS

FOSSE. n. s. [fossa, Latin; fòs, Welch.] A ditch; a moat;
an intrenchment thrown up by the spade.

FO’SSET. See FAUCET.

FO’SSEWAY. n. s. [fosse and way.] One of the great Roman
inroads through England, so called from the ditches on each
side.

FO’SSIL. adj. [fossilis, Latin; fossile, French.] That which is
dug out of the earth.
The fossil shells are many of them of the same kinds with
those that now appear upon the neighbouring shores; and the
rest such as may be presumed to be at the bottom of the adja­
cent seas. Woodward's Natural History.
Fossil or rock salt, and sal gemm, differ not in nature from
each other; nor from the common salt of salt springs, or that
of the sea, when pure. Woodward's Natural History.
It is of a middle nature, between fossil and animal, being
produced from animal excrements, intermixed with vegetable
salts. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

FO’SSIL. n. s.
In this globe are many other bodies, which, because we dis­
cover them by digging into the bowels of the earth, are called
by one common name fossils; under which are comprehended
metals and minerals. Locke.
Many kinds of fossils are very oddly and elegantly shaped.
Bentley's Sermons.
By the word fossil, used as a denomination of one of three
general divisions of natural productions, we understand bodies
formed usually within the earth, sometimes on its surface, and
sometimes in waters; of a plain and simple structure, in which
there is no visible difference of parts, no distinction of vessels
and their contents, but every portion of which is similar to
and perfect as the whole. Hill's Mat. Med.

To FO’STER. v. a. [fostrian, Saxon.]
1. To nurse; to feed; to support; to train up.
Thy threat'ning colours now wind up,
And tame the savage spirit of wild war;
That, like a lion foster'd up at hand,
It may lie gently at the foot of peace. Shakesp. King John.
Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. Shakespeare.
Our kingdom's earth should not be soil'd
With that dear blood, which it hath fostered. Shakes. R. II.
That base wretch,
Bred on alms, and foster'd with cold dishes,
With scraps o' th' court. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Fostering has always been a stronger alliance than blood.
Davies on Ireland.
No more let Ireland brag her harmless nation
Fosters no venom, since that Scots plantation. Cleaveland.
The son of Mulciber,
Found in the fire, and foster'd in the plains,
A shepherd and a king at once he reigns. Dryd. Æn. b. vii.
2. To pamper; to encourage.
A prince of great courage and beauty, but fostered up in
blood by his naughty father. Sidney, b. ii.
3. To cherish; to forward.
Ye fostering breezes, blow;
Ye softening dews, ye tender showers descend. Thomson.

FO’STERAGE. n. s. [from foster.] The charge of nursing; al­
terage.
Some one adjoining to this lake had the charge and fosterage
of this child, who being, perchance, but some base and ob­
scure creature, was cast from the top of her temple into the
lake adjoining; and, as the poets have feigned, changed by
Venus into a fish, all but her face. Raleigh's History.

FOSTERBRO’THER. n. s. [foster brother, Saxon.] One bred
at the same pap; one fed by the same nurse.

FOSTERCHI’LD. n. s. [foster cild, Saxon.] A child nursed
by a woman not the mother, or bred by a man not the father.
The fosterchildren do love and are beloved of their foster­
fathers. Davies on Ireland.
The goddess thus beguil'd,
With pleasant stories, her false fosterchild. Addis. Ov. Met.

FOSTERDA’M. n. s. [foster and dam.] A nurse; one that per­
forms the office of a mother by giving food to a young child.
There, by the wolf, were laid the martial twins:
Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung;
The fosterdam loll'd out her fawning tongue. Dryden's Æn.

FOSTEREA’RTH. n. s. [foster and earth.] Earth by which the
plant is nourished, though it did not grow at first in it.
In vain, the nursling grove
Seems fair a while, cherish'd with fosterearth;
But when the alien compost is exhaust,
Its native poverty again prevails! Phillips.

FO’STERER. n. s. [from foster.] A nurse; one who gives food
in the place of a parent.
In Ireland they put their children to fosterers; the rich men
selling, the meaner sort buying the alterage of their children:
in the opinion of the Irish fostering has always been a stronger
alliance than blood; and the fosterchildren do love, and are
beloved of their fosterfathers and their sept, more than of their
own natural parents and kindred. Davies on Ireland.

FOSTERFA’THER. n. s. [fosterfader, Saxon.] One who
gives food in the place of the father.
In Ireland fosterchildren do love and are beloved of their
fosterfathers, and their sept, more than of their own natural
parents and kindred. Davies on Ireland.
The duke of Bretagne having been an host and a kind of
parent or fosterfather to the king, in his tenderness of age and
weakness of fortune, did look for aid this time from king
Henry. Bacon's Henry VII.
Tyrrheus, the fosterfather of the beast,
Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist. Dryden's Æn.

FOSTERMO’THER. n. s. [foster and mother.] A nurse.

FOSTERNU’RSE. n. s. [foster and nurse.] This is an improper
compound, because foster and nurse mean the same.] A
nurse.


Our fosternurse of nature is repose,
The which he lacks. Shakespeare's King Lear.

FO’STERSON. n. s. [foster and son.] One fed and educated,
though not the son by nature.
Mature in years, to ready honours move;
O of celestial seed! O fosterson of Jove! Dryd. Virg. Past.

FOU

FOUGA’DE. n. s. [French.] In the art of war, a sort of lit­
tle mine in the manner of a well, scarce more than ten feet
wide and twelve deep, dug under some work or fortification,
and charged with barrels or sacks of gunpowder to blow it
up, and covered over with earth. Dict.

FOUGHT. The preterite and participle of fight.

FO’UGHTEN. [The passive participle of fight. Rarely used.]
Contested; disputed by arms.
On the foughten field
Michael and his angels, prevalent
Encamping, plac'd in guard their watches round
Cherubick waving fires. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

FOUL. adj. [fuls, Gothick; ful, Saxon.]
1. Not clean; filthy; dirty; miry. Through most of its sig­
nifications it is opposed to fair.
My face is foul with weeping. Job xvi. 16.
It's monstrous labour when I wash my brain,
And it grows fouler. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
He that can travel in deep and foul ways, ought not to say
that he cannot walk in fair. Tillotson's Sermons.
The stream is foul with stains
Of rushing torrents and descending rains. Addison.
2. Impure; polluted; full of filth.
With foul mouth,
And in the witness of his proper ear,
To call him villain. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
Kill thy physician, and the fee bestow
Upon the foul disease. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Intemperance and sensuality debase mens minds, clog their
spirits, and make them gross, foul, listless and unactive. Tillots.
3. Wicked; detestable; abominable.
Jesus rebuked the foul spirit. Mar. ix. 25.
He hates foul leasings and vile flattery,
Two filthy blots in noble gentery. Hubberd's Tale.
This is the grossest and most irrational supposition, as well
as the foulest atheism, that can be imagined. Hale.
Satire has always shone among the rest,
And is the boldest way, if not the best,
To tell men truly of their foulest faults,
To laugh at their vain deeds, and vainer thoughts. Dryden.
4. Not lawful; not according to the established rules.
By foul play were we heav'd thence,
But blessedly help'd hither. Shakespeare's Tempest.
5. Hateful; ugly; loathsome.
Th' other half did woman's shape retain,
Most loathsom, filthy, foul, and full of vile disdain. F. Qu.
Hast thou forgot
The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy
Was grown into a hoop? Shakespeare's Tempest.
Foul sights do rather displease, in that they excite the me­
mory of foul things than in the immediate objects; and there­
fore, in pictures, those foul sights do not much offend. Bacon.
6. Disgraceful; shameful.
Too well I see and rue the dire event,
That with sad overthrow and foul defeat
Hath lost us heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Who first seduc'd them to that foul revolt? Milt. P. Lost.
Reason half extinct,
Or impotent, or else approving, sees
The foul disorder. Thomson's Spring.
7. Coarse; gross.
You will have no notion of delicacies, if you table with
them: they are all for rank and foul feeding, and spoil the best
provisions in cooking. Felton on the Classicks.
8. Full of gross humours, or bad matter; wanting purgation
or mundification.
You perceive the body of our kingdom,
How foul it is; what rank diseases grow,
And with what danger near the heart of it. Shakes. H. IV.
9. Not bright; not serene.
Who's there besides foul weather?
One minded like the weather, most inquietly. Sh. K. Lear.
Be fair or foul, or rain or shine,
The joys I have profess'd, in spite of fate are mine. Dryd.
10. With rough force; with unseasonable violence.
So in this throng bright Sacharissa far'd,
Oppress'd by those who strove to be her guard:
As ships, though never so obsequious, fall
Foul in a tempest on their admiral. Waller.
In his sallies their men might fall foul of each other. Clarend.
The great art of the devil, and the principal deceit of the
heart, is to keep fair with God himself, while men fall foul
upon his laws. South's Sermons.
11.  [Among seamen.] Entangled: as, a rope is foul of the
anchor.

To FOUL. v. a. [fulan, Saxon.] To daub; to bemire; to
make filthy; to dirty.
Sweep and cleanse your walks from autumnal leaves, lest
the worms draw them into their holes, and foul your gardens.
Evelyn's Kalendar.
While Traulus all his ordure scatters,
To foul the man he chiefly flatters. Swift.
She fouls a smock more in one hour than the kitchen-maid
doth in a week. Swift's Directions to Servants.

FO’ULFACED. adj. [foul and faced.] Having an ugly or hate­
ful visage.
If black scandal, or foulfac'd reproach,
Attend the sequel of your imposition,
Your mere enforcement shall acquittance me
From all the impure blots and stains thereof. Shakes. R. III.

FO’ULLY. adv. [from foul.] Filthily; nastily; odiously;
hatefully; scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully.
We in the world's wide mouth
Live scandaliz'd, and foully spoken of. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The letter to the protector was gilded over with many
smooth words; but the other two did fully and foully set forth
his obstinacy, avarice and ambition. Hayward.
O brother, brother! Filbert still is true;
I foully wrong'd him: do, forgive me, do. Gay.

FOULMOU’THED. adj. [foul and mouth.] Scurrilous; habi­
tuated to the use of opprobrious terms and epithets.
My lord, he speaks most vilely of you, like a foulmouth'd
man as he is, and said he would cudgel you. Shak. H. IV.
It was allowed by every body, that so foulmouthed a witness
never appeared in any cause. Addison.
My reputation is too well established in the world to re­
ceive any hurt from such a foulmouthed scoundrel as he. Arbuth.
Now singing shrill, and scolding oft between,
Scolds answer foulmouth'd scolds; bad neighbourhood I
ween. Swift.

FO’ULNESS. n. s. [from foul.]
1. The quality of being foul; filthiness; nastiness.
The ancients were wont to make garments that were not
destroyed but purified by fire; and whereas the spots or foul­
ness of other cloaths are washed out, in these they were usually
burnt away. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
2. Pollution; impurity.
It is no vicious blot, murder, or foulness,
No unchaste action, or dishonour'd step,
That hath depriv'd me of your grace and favour. Shakesp.
There is not so chaste a nation as this, nor so free from all
pollution or foulness: it is the virgin of the world. Bacon.
3. Hatefulness; atrociousness.
He by an affection sprung up from excessive beauty, should
not delight in horrible foulness. Sidney.
Consul, you are too mild:
The foulness of some facts takes thence all mercy:
Report it to the senate. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
It is the wickedness of a whole life, discharging all its filth
and foulness into this one quality, as into a great sink or com­
mon shore. South's Sermons.
4. Ugliness; deformity.
He's fallen in love with your foulness, and she'll fall in love
with my anger. Shakespeare's As you like it.
The fury laid aside
Her looks and limbs, and with new methods tried
The foulness of th' infernal form to hide. Dryden's Æn.
5. Dishonesty; want of candour.
Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and insincerity, and all false­
ness or foulness of intentions; especially to that personated
devotion, under which any kind of impiety is wont to be dis­
guised. Hammond's Fundamentals.

FOUND. The preterite and participle passive of find.
I am sought of them that asked not for me: I am found of
them that sought me not. Is. lxv. 1. 

To FOUND. v. a. [fundare, Latin; fonder, French.]
1. To lay the basis of any building.
It fell not; for it was founded upon a rock. Math. vii.
He hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the
floods. Ps. xxiv. 2.
2. To build; to raise.
These tunes of reason are Amphion's lyre,
Wherewith he did the Theban city found. Davies.
They Gabian walls, and strong Fidenæ rear,
Nomentum, Bola with Pometia found,
And raise Colatian tow'rs on rocky ground. Dryden's Æn.
3. To establish; to erect.
This also shall they gain by their delay
In the wide wilderness; there they shall found
Their government, and their great senate chuse,
Through the twelve tribes, to rule by laws ordain'd. Milt.
He founding a library, gathered together the acts of the
kings and prophets. 2 Mac. ii. 13.
4. To give birth or original to: as, he founded an art; he
founded a family.
5. To raise upon, as on a principle or ground.
Though some have made use of the opinion of some


schoolmen, that dominion is founded in grace; yet as that is
but an opinion, so were it admitted as the most certain truth,
it could never warrant any such sanguinary method.
Decay of Piety.
A right to the use of the creatures is founded originally in
the right a man has to subsist. Locke.
Power, founded on contract, can descend only to him who
has right by that contract. Locke.
The reputation of the Iliad they found upon the ignorance
of his times. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
6. To fix firm.
Fleance is escap'd.
—Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect,
Whole as the marble, founded as the rock. Shakes. Macbeth.

To FOUND. v. a. [fundere, Latin; fondre, French.] To form
by melting and pouring into moulds; to cast.

FOUNDA’TION. n. s. [fondation, French.]
1. The basis or lower parts of an edifice.
The stateliness of houses, the goodliness of trees, when we
behold them, delighteth the eye; but that foundation which
beareth up the one, that root which ministreth unto the other
nourishment and life, is in the bosom of the earth concealed.
Hooker, b. i. s. 1. 
That is the way to make the city flat,
To bring the roof to the foundation,
To bury all. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
O Jove, I think,
Foundations fly the wretched; such, I mean,
Where they should be reliev'd. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I draw a line along the shore;
I lay the deep foundations of a wall,
And Enos, nam'd from me, the city call. Dryden's Æn.
2. The act of fixing the basis.
Ne'er to these chambers where the mighty rest,
Since their foundation, came a nobler guest. Tickel.
3. The principles or ground on which any notion is raised.
If we give way to our passions, we do but gratify ourselves
for the present, in order to our future disquiet; but if we resist
and conquer them, we lay the foundation of perpetual peace in
our minds. Tillotson, Sermon 6.
That she should be subject to her husband, the laws of man­
kind and customs of nations have ordered it so; and there is
a foundation in nature for it. Locke.
4. Original; rise.
Throughout the world, even from the first foundation there­
of, all men have either been taken as lords or lawful kings in
their own houses. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
5. A revenue settled and established for any purpose, particularly
charity.
He had an opportunity of going to school on a foun­
dation. Swift.
6. Establishment; settlement.

FO’UNDER. n. s. [from found.]
1. A builder; one who raises an edifice; one who presides at
the erection of a city.
Of famous cities we the founders know;
But rivers, old as seas to which they go,
Are nature's bounty: 'tis of more renown
To make a river than to build a town. Waller.
Nor was Prœneste's founder wanting there,
Whom fame reports the son of Mulciber;
Found in the fire, and foster'd in the plains;
A shepherd and a king at once he reigns. Dryden's Æn.
2. One who establishes a revenue for any purpose.
The wanting orphans saw with wat'ry eyes
Their founders charity in the dust laid low. Dryden.
This hath been experimentally proved beyond contradic­
tion, by the honourable founder of this lecture in his treatise
of the air. Bentley.
3. One from whom any thing has its original or beginning.
And the rude notions of pedantick schools
Blaspheme the sacred founder of our rules. Roscommon.
When Jove, who saw from high, with just disdain,
The dead inspir'd with vital breath again,
Struck to the center with his flaming dart
Th' unhappy founder of the godlike art. Dryden's Æn.
King James I. the founder of the Stuart race, had he not
confined all his views to the peace of his own reign, his son
had not been involved in such fatal troubles. Addis. Freehold.
Nor can the skilful herald trace
The founder of thy ancient race. Swift.
4. [Fondeur, French.] A caster; one who forms figures by
casting melted matter into moulds.
Founders add a little antimony to their bell-metal, to make
it more sonorous; and so pewterers to their pewter, to make
it sound more clear like silver. Grew's Musæum.

To FO’UNDER. v. a. [fondre, French.] To cause such a sore­
ness and tenderness in a horse's foot, that he is unable to set it
to the ground.
Phœbus' steeds are founder'd,
Or night kept chain'd below. Shakespeare's Tempest.
I have foundered nine score and odd posts; and here, travel­
tainted as I am, have, in my pure and immaculate valour;
taken Sir John Colevile of the Dale, a most furious knight:
but what of that? he saw me and yielded. Shakes. Henry IV.
Thy stumbling founder'd jade can trot as high
As any other Pegasus can fly;
So the dull eel moves nimbler in the mud,
Than all the swift-finn'd racers of the flood. Dorset.
Brutes find out where their talents lie:
A bear will not attempt to fly;
A founder'd horse will oft debate,
Before he tries a five-barr'd gate. Swift.
If you find a gentleman fond of your horse, persuade your
master to sell him, because he is vicious, and foundered into
the bargain. Swift's Directions to the Groom.
Men of discretion, whom people in power may with little
ceremony load as heavy as they please, drive them through the
hardest and deepest roads, without danger of foundering or
breaking their backs, and will be sure to find them neither
resty nor vicious. Swift.

To FO’UNDER. v. n. [from fond, French, the bottom.]
1. To sink to the bottom.
New ships, built at those rates, have been ready to founder
in the seas with every extraordinary storm. Raleigh's Essays.
2. To fail; to miscarry.
In this point
All his tricks founder; and he brings his physick
After his patient's death. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

FO’UNDERY. n. s. [fonderi, Fr. from found.] A place where
figures are formed of melted metal; a castinghouse.

FO’UNDLING. n. s. [from found of find.] A child exposed to
chance; a child found without any parent or owner.
We, like bastards, are laid abroad, even as foundlings, to
be trained up by grief and sorrow. Sidney.
I pass the foundling by, a race unknown,
At doors expos'd, whom matrons make their own,
And into noble families advance
A nameless issue; the blind work of chance. Dryd. Juven.
I shall mention a piece of charity which is practised by most
of the nations about us: I mean a provision for foundlings, or
for those children who, for want of such a provision, are ex­
posed to the barbarity of cruel and unnatural parents. Addison.
The goddess long had mark'd the child's distress,
And long had sought his suff'rings to redress;
She prays the gods to take the foundling's part,
To teach his hands some beneficial art
Practis'd in streets. Gay's Trivia.

FO’UNDRESS. n. s. [from founder.]
1. A woman that founds, builds, establishes, or begins any
thing.
2. A woman that establishes any charitable revenue.
For of their order she was patroness,
Albe Charissa was their chiefest foundress. Fairy Queen, b. i.
For zeal like her's, her servants were to show;
She was the first, where need requir'd to go;
Herself the foundress, and attendant too. Dryden.

FOUNT. n. s. [fons, Latin; fontaine, French.]

FO’UNTAIN. n. s. [fons, Latin; fontaine, French.]
1. A well; a spring.
He set before him spread
A table of celestial food divine,
Ambrosial fruits, fetcht from the tree of life;
And from the fount of life ambrosial drink. Milt. Par. Reg.
2. A small bason of springing water.
Proofs as clear as founts in July, when
We see each grain of gravel. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Can a man drink better from the fountain when it is finely
paved with marble, than when it swells over the green turf?
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Narcissus on the grassy verdure lies;
But whilst within the crystal fount he tries
To quench his heat, he feels new heat arise. Addison.
3. A jet; a spout of water.
Fountains I intend to be of two natures: the one that
sprinkleth or spouteth water; the other a fair receipt of water,
without fish, or slime, or mud. Bacon, Essay 47.
4. The head or first spring of a river.
All actions of your grace are of a piece, as waters keep
the tenor of their fountains: your compassion is general, and
has the same effect as well on enemies as friends. Dryden.
5. Original; first principle; first cause.
Almighty God, the fountain of all goodness. Comm. Prayer.
You may reduce many thousand bodies to these few general
figures, as unto their principal heads and fountains. Peacham.
This one city may well be reckoned not only the seat of
trade and commerce, not only the fountain of habits and
fashions, and good breeding, but of morally good or bad
manners to all England. Spratt's Sermons.

FO’UNTAINLESS. adj. [from fountain.] Without a fountain;
without a spring.


So large
The prospect was, that here and there was room
For barren desert fountainless and dry. Milton's Parad. Reg.

FO’UNTFUL. adj. [fount and full.] Full of springs.
But when the fountful Ida's top they scal'd with utmost
haste,
All fell upon the high-hair'd oaks. Chapman's Iliads.

To FOUPE. v. a. To drive with sudden impetuosity. A word
out of use.
We pronounce, by the confession of strangers, as smoothly
and moderately as any of the northern nations, who foupe
their words out of the throat with fat and full spirits. Camden.

FOUR. adj. [feower, Saxon.] Twice two.
Just as I wish'd, the lots were cast on four;
Myself the fifth. Pope's Odyssey, b. ix.

FOURBE. n. s. [French.] A cheat; a tricking fellow. Not
in use.
Jove's envoy, through the air,
Brings dismal tydings; as if such low care
Could reach their thoughts, or their repose disturb!
Thou art a false impostor, and a fourbe. Denham.

FOURFO’LD. adj. [four and fold.] Four times told.
He shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he had no pity.
2 Sa. xii. 6.

FOURFO’OTED. adj. [four and foot.] Quadruped; having
twice two feet.
Augur Astylos, whose art in vain
From fight dissuaded the fourfooted train,
Now beat the hoof with Nessus on the plain. Dryden.

FOURSCO’RE. adj. [four and score.]
1. Four times twenty; eighty.
When they were out of reach, they turned and crossed the
ocean to Spain, having lost fourscore of their ships, and the
greater part of their men. Bacon's War with Spain.
The Chiots were first a free people, being a common­
wealth, maintaining a navy of fourscore ships. Sandys.
The Liturgy had, by the practice of near fourscore years,
obtained great veneration from all sober Protestants. Clarend.
2. It is used elliptically for fourscore years in numbering the
age of man.
At seventeen years many their fortunes seek;
But at fourscore it is too late a week. Shak. As you like it.
Some few might be of use in council upon great occasions,
'till after threescore and ten; and the two late ministers in
Spain were so 'till fourscore. Temple.

FOURSQUA’RE. adj. [four and square.] Quadrangular; having
four sides and angles equal.
The temple of Bel was invironed with a wall carried four­
square, of great height and beauty; and on each square cer­
tain brazen gates curiously engraven. Raleigh's History.

FOURTE’EN. adj. [feowertyn, Saxon.] Four and ten; twice
seven.
She says I am not fourteen pence on the score for sheer ale.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

FOURTE’ENTH. adj. [from fourteen.] The ordinal of fourteen;
the fourth after the tenth.
I have not found any that see the ninth day, few before the
twelfth, and the eyes of some not open before the fourteenth
day. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 26.

FOURTH. adj. [from four.] The ordinal of four; the first
after the third.
A third is like the former: filthy hags!
Why do you shew me this? A fourth? start eye!
What! will the line stretch out to th' crack of doom? Shak.

FO’URTHLY. adv. [from fourth.] In the fourth place.
Fourthly, plants have their seed and seminal parts uppermost,
and living creatures have them lowermost. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

FOURWHE’ELED. adj. [four and wheel.] Running upon twice
two wheels.
Scarce twenty fourwheel'd cars, compact and strong,
The massy load could bear, and roll along. Pope's Odyssey.

FO’UTRA. n. s. [from foutre, French.] A fig; a scoff; an act
of contempt.
A foutra for the world, and worldlings base. Shak. H. IV.

FOW

FOWL. n. s. [fugel, fuhl, Saxon; vogel, Dutch.] A winged
animal; a bird. It is colloquially used of edible birds, but in
books of all the feathered tribes.
The beasts, the fishes, and the winged fowls,
Are their males subjects, and at their controuls. Shakesp.
Lucullus entertained Pompey in a magnificent house: Pom­
pey said, this is a marvellous house for the Summer; but me­
thinks very cold for Winter. Lucullus answered, do you not
think me as wise as divers fowls, to change my habitation in
the Winter season. Bacon's Apophthegms.
This mighty breath
Instructs the fowls of heaven. Thomson's Spring.

To FOWL. v. n. [from the noun.] To kill birds for food or
game.

FO’WLER. n. s. [from fowl.] A sportsman who pursues birds.
The fowler, warn'd
By those good omens, with swift early steps
Treads the crimp earth, ranging through fields and glades,
Offensive to the birds. Phillips.
With slaught'ring guns th' unweary'd fowler roves,
When frosts have whiten'd all the naked groves. Pope.

FO’WLINGPIECE. n. s. [fowl and piece.] A gun for birds.
'Tis necessary that the countryman be provided with a good
fowlingpiece, to destroy and scare them away. Mortimer.

FOX. n. s. [fox, Saxon; vos, vosch, Dutch.]
1. A wild animal of the canine kind, with sharp ears and a
bushy tail, remarkable for his cunning, living in holes, and
preying upon fowls or small animals.
The fox barks not when he would steal the lamb. Shakes.
He that trusts to you,
Where he should find you lions, finds you hares;
Where foxes, geese. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
These retreats are more like the dens of robbers, or holes
of foxes, than the fortresses of fair warriours. Locke.
2. By way of reproach, applied to a knave or cunning fellow.

FO’XCASE. n. s. [fox and case.] A fox's skin.
One had better be laughed at for taking a foxcase for a fox,
than be destroyed by taking a live fox for a case. L'Estrange.

FO’XCHASE. n. s. [fox and chase.] The pursuit of the fox
with hounds.
See the same man, in vigour, in the gout;
Alone, in company; in place or out;
Early at business, and at hazard late;
Mad at a foxchase, wise at a debate. Pope, Epistle i.

FO’XEVIL. n. s. [fox and evil.] A kind of disease in which the
hair sheds.

FO’XGLOVES. n. s. A plant.
The leaves are produced alternately on the branches: the
cup of the flower consists of one leaf, which is divided into
six ample long segments: the flower consists of one leaf, is
tubulose and compressed, and a little reflexed at the brim:
these flowers are disposed in a long spike, and always grow
upon one side of the stalk: the ovary of the flower becomes a
roundish fruit, which ends in a point, and opens in the mid­
dle: it has two cells, in which many small seeds are con­
tained. Miller.

FOXHU’NTER. n. s. [fox and hunter.] A man whose chief am­
bition is to shew his bravery in hunting foxes. A term of
reproach used of country gentlemen.
The foxhunters went their way, and then out steals the
fox. L'Estrange, Fable 104.
John Wildfire, foxhunter, broke his neck over a six-bar
gate. Spectator, No. 561. 

FO’XSHIP. n. s. [from fox.] The character or qualities of a
fox; cunning; mischievous art.
Had'st thou foxship
To banish him that struck more blows for Rome,
Than thou hast spoken words. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

FO’XTRAP. n. s. [fox and trap.] A gin or snare to catch
foxes.
Answer a question, at what hour of the night to set a
foxtrap. Tatler, No. 56.

FOY. n. s. [foi, French.] Faith; allegiance. An obsolete
word.
He Easterland subdued, and Denmark won,
And of them both did foy and tribute raise. Fairy Queen.

FRA

To FRACT. v. a. [fractus, Latin.] To break; to violate; to
infringe. Found perhaps only in the following passage.
His days and times are past,
And my reliance on his fracted dates
Has smit my credit. Shakespeare's Timon.

FRA’CTION. n. s. [fraction, Fr. fractio, Latin.]
1. The act of breaking; the state of being broken.
It hath been observed by several, that the surface of the
earth hath been broke, and the parts of it dislocated; but more
particularly several parcels of nature retain still the evident
marks of fraction and ruin. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. A broken part of an integral.
Neither the motion of the moon, whereby months are
computed, nor the sun, whereby years are accounted, con­
sisteth of whole numbers, but admits of fractions and broken
parts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.
Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than a
fraction. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FRA’CTIONAL. adj. [from fraction.] Belonging to a broken
number.
We make a cypher the medium between increasing and
decreasing numbers, commonly called absolute or whole num­
bers, and negative or fractional numbers. Cocker's Arithmetick.

FRA’CTURE. n. s. [fractura, Latin.]
1. Breach; separation of continuous parts.
That may do it without any great fracture of the more
stable and fixed parts of nature, or the infringement of the
laws thereof. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. The separation of the continuity of a bone in living bodies.
But thou wilt sin and grief destroy,
That so the broken bones may joy,
And tune together in a well-set song,
Full of his praises,
Who dead men raises;
Fractures well cur'd, make us more strong. Herbert.


Fractures of the scull are dangerous, not in consequence of
the injury done to the cranium itself, but as the brain becomes
affected. Sharp's Surgery.

To FRA’CTURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To break a bone.
The leg was dressed, and the fractured bones united toge­
ther. Wiseman's Surgery.

FRA’GILE. adj. [fragile, French; fragilis, Latin.]
1. Brittle; easily snapped or broken.
To ease them of their griefs,
Their pangs of love, and other incident throes,
That nature's fragile vessel doth sustain
In life's uncertain voyage. Shakespeare's Timon.
The stalk of ivy is tough, and not fragile. Bacon's N. Hist.
When subtle wits have spun their threads too fine,
'Tis weak and fragile, like Arachne's line. Denham.
A dry stick will be easily broken, when a green one will
maintain a strong resistance; and yet in the moist substance
there is less rest than in what is drier and more fragile. Glanv.
2. Weak; uncertain; easily destroyed.
Much ostentation, vain of fleshly arms,
And fragile arms, much instrument of war,
Long in preparing, soon to nothing brought,
Before mine eyes thou'st set. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.

FRAGI’LITY. n. s. [from fragile.]
1. Brittleness; easiness to be broken.
To make an induration with toughness, and less fragility,
decoct bodies in water for two or three days. Bacon's N. Hist.
2. Weakness; uncertainty; easiness to be destroyed.
Fearing the uncertainty of man's fragility, the common
chance of war, the violence of fortune. Knolles's History.
3. Frailty; liableness to fault.
All could not be right, in such a state, in this lower age of
fragility. Wotton.

FRA’GMENT. n. s. [fragmentum, Latin.] A part broken
from the whole; an imperfect piece.
He who late a sceptre did command,
Now grasps a floating fragment in his hand. Dryden.
Cowley, in his unfinished fragment of the Davideis, has
shewn us this way to improvement. Watts's Improvement.
If a thinned or plated body, which, being of an even thick­
ness, appears all over of one uniform colour, should be slit
into threads, or broken into fragments of the same thickness
with the plate, I see no reason why every thread or fragment
should not keep its colour. Newton's Opt.

FRA’GMENTARY. adj. [from fragment.] Composed of frag­
ments. A word not elegant, nor in use.
She, she is gone; she's gone: when thou know'st this,
What fragmentary rubbish this world is,
Thou know'st, and that it is not worth a thought;
He knows it too too much that thinks it nought. Donne.

FRA’GOR. n. s. [Latin.] A noise; a crack; a crash.
Pursu'd by hideous fragors, as before
The flames descend, they in their breaches roar. Sandys.

FRA’GRANCE. n. s. [fragrantia, Lat.] Sweetness of smell;
pleasing scent; grateful odour.

FRA’GRANCY. n. s. [fragrantia, Lat.] Sweetness of smell;
pleasing scent; grateful odour.
Eve separate he spies,
Veil'd in a cloud of fragrance, where she stood
Half-spy'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
I am more pleased to survey my rows of coleworts and cab­
bages springing up in their full fragrancy and verdure, than to
see the tender plants of foreign countries kept alive by artifi­
cial heats. Addison's Spectator, No. 47.
Not lovelier seem'd Narcissus to the eye;
Nor, when a flower, could boast more fragrancy. Garth.
Such was the wine; to quench whose fervent steam
Scarce twenty measures from the living stream
To cool one cup suffic'd: the goblet crown'd,
Breath'd aromatick fragrancies around. Pope's Odyssey, b. ix.

FRA’GRANT. adj. [fragrans, Latin.] Odorous; sweet of
smell.
The nymph vouchsaf'd to place
Upon her head the various wreath:
The flow'rs, less blooming than her face;
Their scent, less fragrant than her breath. Prior.

FRA’GRANTLY. adv. [from fragrant.] With sweet scent.
As the hops begin to change colour, and smell fragrantly,
you may conclude them ripe. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FRAIL. n. s.
1. A basket made of rushes.
2. A rush for weaving baskets.

FRAIL. adj. [fragilis, Latin.]
1. Weak; easily decaying; subject to casualties; easily de­
stroyed.
I know my body's of so frail a kind,
As force without, fevers within can kill. Davies.
When with care we have raised this imaginary treasure of
happiness, we find, at last, that the materials of the structure
are frail and perishing, and the foundation itself is laid in the
sand. Rogers, Sermon 5.
2. Weak of resolution; liable to errour or seduction.
The truly virtuous do not easily credit evil that is told them
of their neighbours; for if others may do amiss, then may
these also speak amiss: man is frail, and prone to evil, and
therefore may soon fail in words. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

FRA’ILNESS. n. s. [from frail.] Weakness; instability.
There is nothing among all the frailnesses and uncertainties
of this sublunary world so tottering and unstable as the virtue
of a coward. Norris.

FRA’ILTY. n. s. [from frail.]
1. Weakness of resolution; instability of mind; infirmity.
Though Page be a secure fool, and stands so firmly on his
wife's frailty, yet I cannot put off my opinion so easily. Shak.
Nor should'st thou have trusted that to woman's frailty:
Ere I to thee, thou to thyself wast cruel. Milton's Agonisies.
God knows our frailty, pities our weakness, and requires
of us no more than we are able to do. Locke.
2. Fault proceeding from weakness; sins of infirmity.
Love did his reason blind,
And love's the noblest frailty of the mind. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Kind wits will those light faults excuse;
Those are the common frailties of the muse. Dryden.
Death, only death, can break the lasting chain;
And here, ev'n then, shall my cold dust remain;
Here all its frailties, all its flames resign,
And wait, 'till 'tis no sin to mix with thine. Pope.

FRA’ISCHEUR. n. s. [French.] Freshness; coolness. A
word foolishly innovated by Dryden.
Hither in Summer-ev'nings you repair,
To taste the fraischeur of the purer air. Dryden.

FRAISE. n. s. [French, the caul of an animal.] A pancake
with bacon in it.

To FRAME. v. a.
1. To form or fabricate by orderly construction and union of
various parts.
The double gates he findeth locked fast;
The one fair fram'd of burnish'd ivory,
The other all with silver overcast. Spenser.
2. To fit one to another.
They rather cut down their timber to frame it, and to do
other such necessaries to their convenient use, than to fight.
Abbot's Description of the World.
Hew the timber, saw it out, frame it, and set it together.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To make; to compose.
Then chusing out few words most horrible,
Thereof did verses frame. Spenser.
Fight valiantly to-day;
And yet I do thee wrong to mind thee of it;
For thou art fram'd of the firm truth of valour. Shakesp.
4. To regulate; to adjust.
Let us not deceive ourselves by pretending to this excellent
knowledge of Christ Jesus our Lord, if we do not frame our
lives according to it. Tillotson.
5. To form to any rule or method by study or precept.
Thou art their soldier, and, being bred in broils,
Hast not the soft way; but thou wilt frame
Thyself forsooth hereafter theirs. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I have been a truant to the law;
I never yet could frame my will to it,
And therefore frame the law unto my will. Shakesp. H. VI.
6. To form and digest by thought.
The most abstruse ideas are only such as the understanding
frames to itself, by joining together ideas that it had either from
objects of sense, or from its own operations about them. Locke.
Full of that flame his tender scenes he warms,
And frames his goddess by your matchless charms. Granv.
Urge him with truth to frame his sure replies;
And sure he will; for wisdom never lies. Pope's Odyssey.
How many excellent reasonings are framed in the mind of a
man of wisdom and study in a length of years? Watts.
7. To contrive; to plan.
Unpardonable the presumption and insolence in contriving
and framing this letter was. Clarendon, b. viii.
8. To settle; to scheme out.
Though I cannot make true wars,
I'll frame convenient peace. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
9. To invent; to fabricate, in a bad sense: as, to frame a story
or lie.
Astronomers, to solve the phænomena, framed to their con­
ceit eccentricks and epicycles. Bacon.

FRAME. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A fabrick; any thing constructed of various parts or mem­
bers.
If the frame of the heavenly arch should dissolve itself, if
celestial spheres should forget their wonted motions, and by
irregular volubility turn themselves any way, as it might
happen. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
Castles made of trees upon frames of timber, with turrets
and arches, were anciently matters of magnificence. Bacon.
These are thy glorious works, parent of good!
Almighty! thine this universal frame. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Divine Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame. Dryden.


The gate was adamant; eternal frame,
Which, hew'd by Mars himself, from Indian quarries came,
The labour of a god; and all along
Tough iron plates were clench'd to make it strong. Dryd.
We see this vast frame of the world, and an innumerable
multitude of creatures in it; all which we, who believe a
God, attribute to him as the author. Tillotson, Sermon 1. 
2. Any thing made so as to inclose or admit something else.
Put both the tube and the vessel it leaned on into a conve­
nient wooden frame, to keep them from mischances. Boyle.
His picture scarcely would deserve a frame. Dryden's Juvenal.
A globe of glass, about eight or ten inches in diameter,
being put into a frame where it may be swiftly turned round
its axis, will, in turning, shine, where it rubs against the palm
of one's hand. Newton's Opt.
3. Order; regularity; adjusted series or disposition.
A woman, that is like a German clock,
Still a repairing, ever out of frame,
And never going aright. Shakespeare.
Your steddy soul preserves her frame;
In good and evil times the same. Swift.
4. Scheme; order.
Another party did resolve to change the whole frame of
the government in state as well as church. Clarendon.
5. Contrivance; projection.
John the Bastard,
Whose spirits toil in frame of villanies. Shakespeare.
6. Mechanical construction.
7. Shape; form; proportion.
A bear's a savage beast,
Whelp'd without form, until the dam
Has lick'd it into shape and frame. Hudibras.

FRA’MER. n. s. [from frame; fremman, Saxon.] Maker;
former; contriver; schemer.
The forger of his own fate, the framer of his fortune,
should be improper, if all his actions were predetermined.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
There was want of accurateness in experiments in the
first original framer of those medals. Arbuthnot on Coins.

FRA’MPOLD. n. s. [This word is written by Dr. Hacket fram­
pul. I know not its original.] Peevish; boisterous; rugged;
crossgrained.
Her husband! Alas, the sweet woman leads an ill life with
him: she leads a very frampold life with him. Shakespeare.
The frampul man could not be pacified.
Hacket's Life of Williams.

FRA’NCHISE. n. s. [franchise, French.]
1. Exemption from any onerous duty.
2. Privilege; immunity; right granted.
They granted them markets, and other franchises, and
erected corporate towns among them. Davies on Ireland.
His gracious edict the same franchise yields
To all the wild increase of woods and fields. Dryden.
3. District; extent of jurisdiction.
There are other privileges granted unto most of the corpo­
rations, that they shall not be travelled forth of their own
franchises. Spenser's State of Ireland.

To FRANCHI’SE. v. a. [from the noun.] To enfranchise; to
make free; to keep free.
I lose no honour
In seeking to augment it; but still keep
My bosom franchis'd, and allegiance clear. Shak. Macbeth.

FRA’NGIBLE. adj. [frango, Latin.] Fragile; brittle; easily
broken.
Though it seem the solidest wood, if wrought before it be
well seasoned, it will shew itself very frangible. Boyle.

FRA’NION. n. s. [Of this word I know not the derivation.] A
paramour; a boon companion.
First, by her side did sit the bold Sansloy,
Fit mate for such a mincing minion,
Who in her looseness took exceeding joy,
Might not be found a franker franion. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

FRANK. adj. [franc, French.]
1. Liberal; generous; not niggardly.
The moister sorts of trees yield little moss, which is for
the reason of the frank putting up of the sap into the boughs.
Bacon's Natural History.
They were left destitute, either by narrow provision, or
by their frank hearts and their open hands, and their charity
towards others. Spratt's Sermons.
'Tis the ordinary practice of the world to be frank of civi­
lities that cost them nothing. L'Estrange.
2. Open; ingenuous; sincere; not reserved.
3. Without conditions; without payment.
Thou hast it won; for it is of frank gift,
And he will care for all the rest to shift. Hubberd's Tale.
4. Not restrained; licentious.
Might not be found a franker franion. Spenser.

FRANK. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A place to feed hogs in; a sty: so called from liberality of
food.
Where sups here? Doth the old boar feed in the old
frank? Shakespeare's Henry IV.
2. A letter which pays no postage.
You'll have immediately, by several franks, my epistle to
lord Cobham. Pope to Swift.
3. A French coin.

To FRANK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut up in a frank or sty. Hanmer.
Tell Richmond this from me,
That in the sty of this most bloody boar,
My son George Stanly is frank'd up in hold:
If I revolt, off goes young George's head. Shak. Rich. III.
2. To feed high; to fat; to cram. Junius and Ainsworth.
3. [From the adjective.] To exempt letters from postage.
My lord Orrery writes to you to-morrow; and you see I
send this under his cover, or at least franked by him. Swift.
Gazettes sent gratis down, and frank'd,
For which thy patron's weekly thank'd. Pope.

FRANKALMOI’GNE. n. s. The same which we in Latin call
libera eleemosyna, or free alms in English; whence that tenure
is commonly known among our English lawyers by the name
of a tenure in frank aumone, or frankalmoigne, which, accord­
ing to Britton, is a tenure by divine service. Ayliffe's Parerg.

FRA’NKINCENSE. n. s. [frank and incense; so called perhaps
from its liberal distribution of odour.]
Frankincense is a dry resinous substance in pieces or drops,
of a pale yellowish white colour; a strong smell, but not dis­
agreeable, and a bitter, acrid, and resinous taste. It is very
inflammable. The earliest histories inform us, that frankin­
cense was used among the sacred rites and sacrifices, as it still
continues to be in many different parts of the world. As well
however as the world has at all times been acquainted with
the drug itself, we are still uncertain as to the place whence
frankincense is brought, and much more so as to the tree
which produces it. It is commended against disorders in the
head and breast, and against diarrhœas and dysenteries. Hill.
Take unto thee sweet spices, with pure frankincense. Exod.
I find in Dioscorides record of frankincense gotten in
India. Brerewood on Languages.
Black ebon only will in India grow,
And od'rous frankincense on the Sabœan bough. Dryd. Virg.
Cedar and frankincense, an od'rous pile,
Flam'd on the hearth, and wide perfum'd the isle. Pope.

FRA’NKLIN. n. s. [from frank.] A steward; a bailiff of land.
It signifies originally a little gentleman, and is not improperly
Englished a gentleman servant.
A spacious court they see,
Both plain and pleasant to be walked in,
Where them does meet a franklin fair and free. Fai. Queen.

FRA’NKLY. adv. [from frank.]
1. Liberally; freely; kindly; readily.
Oh, were it but my life,
I'd throw it down for your deliverance,
As frankly as a pin. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
If ever any malice in your heart
Were hid against me, now forgive me frankly. Sh. H. VIII.
When they had nothing to pay, he frankly forgave them
both. Lu. vii. 42.
By the toughness of the earth the sap cannot get up to
spread so frankly as it should do. Bacon's Natural History.
I value my garden more for being full of blackbirds than
cherries, and very frankly give them fruit for their songs. Spect.
2. Without constraint; without reserve.
The lords mounted their servants upon their own horses;
and they, with the voluntiers, who frankly listed themselves,
amounted to a body of two hundred and fifty horse. Clarend.
He entered very frankly into those new designs, which were
contrived at court. Clarendon, b. viii.

FRA’NKNESS. n. s. [from frank.]
1. Plainness of speech; openness; ingenuousness.
When the conde duke had some eclaircissment with the
duke, in which he made all the protestations of his sincere
affection, the other received his protestations with all con­
tempt; and declared, with a very unnecessary frankness, that
he would have no friendship with him. Clarendon.
Tom made love to a woman of sense, and always treated
her as such during the whole time of courtship: his natural
temper and good breeding hindered him from doing any thing
disagreeable, as his sincerity and frankness of behaviour made
him converse with her before marriage in the same manner he
intended to do afterwards. Addison's Guardian.
2. Liberality; bounteousness.
3. Freedom from reserve.
Upon occasion of the pictures present, he delivered with the
frankness of a friend's tongue, as near as he could, word by
word, what Kalander had told him touching the strange
story. Sidney.
The ablest men that ever were, have had all an openness
and frankness of dealing, and a name of certainty and ve­
racity. Bacon, Essay 6.



FRANKPLE’DGE. n. s. [franciplegium, Latin, of franc, i. e.
liber & pleige, i. e. fidei jussor.] A pledge or surety for free­
men. For the ancient custom of England, for the preserva­
tion of the publick peace, was that every freeborn man at
fourteen years of age, religious persons, clerks, knights and
their eldest sons excepted, should find security for his fidelity
to the king, or else be kept in prison: whence it became
customary for a certain number of neighbours to be bound
for one another, to see each man of their pledge forthcoming
at all times, or to answer the trangression of any one absent­
ing himself. This was called frankpledge, and the circuit
thereof was called decenna, because it commonly consisted of
ten housholds; and every particular person, thus mutually
bound, was called decennier. This custom was so strictly ob­
served, that the sheriffs, in every county, did from time to
time take the oaths of young ones as they grew to the age of
fourteen years, and see that they combined in one dozen or
other: whereupon this branch of the sheriff's authority was
called visus franciplegii, view of frankpledge. Cowel.

FRA’NTICK. adj. [corrupted from phrenetick, phreneticus,
Latin; φϱενηιϰὸς.]
1. Mad; deprived of understanding by violent madness; out­
rageously and turbulently mad.
Far off, he wonders what makes them so glad;
Of Bacchus merry fruit they did invent,
Or Cebel's frantick rites have made them mad. Fairy Queen.
2. Transported by violence of passion; outrageous; turbulent.
Esteeming, in the frantick error of their minds, the great­
est madness in the world to be wisdom, and the highest wis­
dom foolishness. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
The lover, frantick,
Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt. Shakespeare.
To such height their frantick passion grows,
That what both love, both hazard to destroy. Dryden.
She tears her hair, and, frantick in her griefs,
Calls out Lucia. Addison's Cato.

FRA’NTICKLY. adv. [from frantick.] Madly; outrageously.
Fie, fie, how frantickly I square my talk! Shakespeare.

FRA’NTICKNESS. n. s. [from frantick.] Madness; fury of
passion.

FRATERNAL. adj. [fraternel, French; fraternus, Latin.]
Brotherly; pertaining to brothers; becoming brothers.
One shall rise
Of proud ambitious heart; who, not content
With fair equality, fraternal state,
Will arrogate dominion undeserv'd,
Over his brethren. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
The admonitions, fraternal or paternal, of his fellow Chris­
tians, or of the governors of the church, then more publick
reprehensions; and upon their unsuccessfulness, the censures of
the church, until he reform and return. Hammond's Fundam.
Plead it to her,
With all the strength and heats of eloquence
Fraternal love and friendship can inspire. Addison's Cato.

FRATE’RNALLY. adv. [from fraternal.] In a brotherly manner.

FRATE’RNITY. n. s. [fraternite, French; fraternitas, Latin.]
1. The state or quality of a brother.
2. Body of men united; corporation; society; association;
brotherhood.
'Tis a necessary rule in alliances, societies, and fraternities,
and all manner of civil contracts, to have a strict regard to
the humour of those we have to do withal. L'Estrange's Fables.
3. Men of the same class or character.
With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of
their own fraternity. South's Sermons.

FRA’TRICIDE. n. s. [fratricide, French; fratricidium, Latin.]
The murder of a brother.

FRAUD. n. s. [fraus, Latin; fraude, Fr.] Deceit; cheat;
trick; artifice; subtility; stratagem.
None need the frauds of sly Ulysses fear. Dryden's Æn.
If success a lover's toil attends,
Who asks if force or fraud obtain'd his ends. Pope.

FRA’UDFUL. adj. [fraud and full.] Treacherous; artful;
trickish; deceitful; subtle.
The welfare of us all
Hangs on the cutting short that fraudful man. Shak. H. VI.
He, full of fraudful arts,
This well-invented tale for truth imparts. Dryden's Æn.

FRA’UDFULLY. adv. [from fraudful.] Deceitfully; artfully;
subtilly; treacherously; by stratagem.

FRA’UDULENCE. n. s. [fraudulentia, Latin.] Deceitfulness;
trickishness; proneness to artifice.

FRA’UDULENCY. n. s. [fraudulentia, Latin.] Deceitfulness;
trickishness; proneness to artifice.
We admire the providence of God in the continuance of
Scripture, notwithstanding the endeavours of infidels to abo­
lish, and the fraudulence of hereticks always to deprave the
same. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.

FRA’UDULENT. adj. [frauduleux, Fr. fraudulentus, Latin.]
1. Full of artifice; trickish; subtle; deceitful.
He with serpent tongue
His fraudulent temptation thus began. Milton.
She mix'd the potion, fraudulent of soul;
The potion mantled in the golden bowl. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Performed by artifice; deceitful; treacherous.
Now thou hast aveng'd
Supplanted Adam,
And frustrated the conquest fraudulent. Milt. Parad. Reg.

FRA’UDULENTLY. adv. [from fraudulent.] By fraud; by de­
ceit; by artifice; deceitfully.
He that by fact, word, or sign, either froudulently or vio­
lently, does hurt to his neighbour, is bound to make resti­
tution. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

FRAUGHT. particip. pass. [from fraight, now written freight.]
1. Laden; charged.
In the narrow seas that part
The French and English, there miscarried
A vessel of our country, richly fraught. Shakespeare.
With joy
And tidings fraught, to hell he now return'd. Milt. P. Lost.
And now approach'd their fleet from India, fraught
With all the riches of the rising sun,
And precious sand from southern climates brought. Dryden.
2. Filled; stored; thronged.
The Scripture is fraught even with laws of nature. Hooker.
By this sad Una, fraught with anguish sore,
Arriv'd, where they in earth their fruitless blood had spilt.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 6.
I am so fraught with curious business, that I leave out cere­
mony. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his
wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the commu­
nicating and discoursing with another. Bacon, Essay 28.
Hell, their fit habitation, fraught with fire
Unquenchable, the house of woe and pain. Milt. Par. Lost.
Abdallah and Balfora were so fraught with all kinds of
knowledge, and possessed with so constant a passion for each
other, that their solitude never lay heavy on them. Guardian.

FRAUGHT. n. s. [from the participle.] A freight; a cargo.
Yield up, oh love, thy crown and parted throne
To tyrannous hate! swell, bosom, with thy fraught;
For 'tis of aspicks tongues. Shakespeare's Othello.
The bark that all our blessings brought,
Charg'd with thyself and James, a doubly royal fraught. Dry.

To FRAUGHT. v. a. [for freight, by corruption.] To load;
to crowd.
Hence from my sight:
If after this command thou fraught the court
With thy unworthiness, thou dy'st. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

FRA’UGHTAGE. n. s. [from fraught.] Lading; cargo. A bad
word.
Our fraughtage, sir,
I have convey'd aboard. Shakes. Comedy of Errours.

FRAY. n. s. [effrayer, to fright, French.]
1. A broil; a battle; a fight.
Time tells, that on that ever blessed day,
When Christian swords with Persian blood were dy'd,
The furious prince Tancredie from that fray
His coward foes chased through forests wide. Fairfax.
I'll speak between the change of man and boy
With a reed voice, and turn two mincing steps
Into a manly stride; and speak of frays,
Like a fine bragging youth. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
After the bloody fray at Wakefield fought. Shak. H. VI.
He left them to the fates in bloody fray,
To toil and struggle through the well-fought day. Pope.
2. A duel; a combat.
Since, if we fall before th' appointed day,
Nature and death continue long their fray. Denham.
The boaster Paris oft desir'd the day
With Sparta's king to meet in single fray. Pope's Iliad.

To FRAY. v. a. [effrayer, French.] To fright; to terrify.
The panther, knowing that his spotted hide
Doth please all beasts, but that his looks them fray,
Within a bush his dreadful head doth hide,
To let them gaze, whilst he on them may prey. Spenser.
So diversely themselves in vain they fray,
Whilst some more bold to measure him stand nigh. Fa. Qu.
Fishes are thought to be frayed with the motion caused by
noise upon the water. Bacon's Natural History.
These vulturs prey only on carcases, on such stupid minds
as have not life and vigour enough to fray them away.
Government of the Tongue.
2. [frayer, French.] To rub.

FRE

FREAK. n. s. [frech, German, saucy, petulant; fræc, Saxon,
fugitive.]
1. A sudden and causeless change of place.
2. A sudden fancy; a humour; a whim; a capricious prank.
O! but I fear the fickle freaks, quoth she,
Of fortune, and the odds of arms in field. Fairy Queen.
When that freak has taken possession of a fantastical head,
the distemper is incurable. L'Estrange, Fable 100.
She is so restless and peevish that she quarrels with all about
her, and sometimes in a freak will instantly change her habi­
tation. Spectator, No. 427.


To vex me more, he took a freak
To slit my tongue, and make me speak. Swift.

To FREAK. v. a. [A word, I suppose, Scotch, brought into
England by Thomson.] To variegate; to checquer.
There furry nations harbour:
Sables of glossy black, and dark embrown'd,
Or beauteous, freak'd with many a mingled hue. Thomson.

FRE’AKISH. adj. [from freak.] Capricious; humoursome.
It may be a question, whether the wife or the woman was
the more freakish of the two; for she was still the same uneasy
fop. L'Estrange, Fable 173.

FRE’AKISHLY. adv. [from freakish.] Capriciously; humour­
somely.

FRE’AKISHNESS. n. s. [from freakish.] Capriciousness; hu­
moursomness; whimsicalness.

To FREAM. v. n. [fremere, Lat. fremir, French.] To growl
or grunt as a boar. Bailey.

FRE’CKLE. n. s. [flech, a spot, German; whence fleckle,
freckle.]
1. A spot raised in the skin by the sun.
Ruddy his lips, and fresh and fair his hue;
Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen,
Whose dusk set off the whiteness of the skin. Dryden.
2. Any small spot or discoloration.
The cowslips tall her pensioners be;
In their gold coats spots you see:
Those be rubies fairy favours;
In those freckles live their savours. Sh. Mids. Night's Dream.
The farewel frosts and easterly winds now spot your tulips;
therefore cover such with mats, to prevent freckles. Evelyn.

FRE’CKLED. adj. [from freckle.] Spotted; maculated; disco­
loured with small spots.
Sometimes we'll angle at the brook,
The freckled trout to take
With silken worms. Drayton's Cynthia.
The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth
The freckled cowslip,
Wanting the scythe, all uncorrected, rank,
Conceives by idleness. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Now thy face charms ev'ry shepherd,
Spotted over like a leopard;
And, thy freckled neck display'd,
Envy breeds in ev'ry maid. Swift.

FRE’CKLY. adj. [from freckle.] Full of freckles.

FRED. The same with peace; upon which our forefathers
called their sanctuaries fredstole, i. e. the seats of peace. So
Frederic is powerful, or wealthy in peace; Winfred, victorious
peace; Reinfred, sincere peace. Gibson's Camden.

FREE. adj. [freah, Saxon; vry, Dutch.]
1. At liberty; not a vassal; not enslaved; not a prisoner; not
dependant.
Do faithful homage, and receive free honours,
All which we pine for now. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
A free nation is that which has never been conquered, or
thereby entered into any conditions of subjection. Temple.
Free, what, and fetter'd with so many chains? Dryden.
How can we think any one freer than to have the power
to do what he will? Locke.
This wretched body trembles at your pow'r:
Thus far could fortune; but she can no more:
Free to herself my potent mind remains,
Nor fears the victor's rage, nor feels his chains. Prior.
Set an unhappy pris'ner free,
Who ne'er intended harm to thee. Prior.
2. Uncompelled; unrestrained.
Their use of meats was not like unto our ceremonies, that
being a matter of private action in common life, where every
man was free to order that which himself did; but this is a
publick constitution for the ordering of the church. Hooker.
It was free, and in my choice whether or no I should pub­
lish these discourses; yet the publication being once resolved,
the dedication was not so indifferent. South.
3. Not bound by fate; not necessitated.
Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell:
Not free, what proof could they have giv'n sincere
Of true allegiance, constant faith, or love,
Where only what they needs must do, appear'd;
Not what they would? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
4. Permitted; allowed.
Why, sir, I pray, are not the streets as free
For me as for you? Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Defaming as impure what God declares
Pure; and commands to some, leaves free to all. Milton.
5. Licentious; unrestrained.
O conspiracy!
Sham'st thou to shew thy dang'rous brow by night,
When evils are most free? Shak. Julius Cæsar.
Physicians are too free upon the subject, in the conversation
of their friends. Temple.
The criticks have been very free in their censures. Felton.
I know there are to whose presumptuous thoughts
Those freer beauties, ev'n in them, seem faults. Pope.
6. Open; ingenuous.
'Tis not to make me jealous;
To say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves company,
Is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well,
Where virtue is, these make more virtuous. Shak. Othello.
Castalio, I have doubts within my heart;
Will you be free and candid to your friend? Otway's Orph.
7. Acquainted; conversing without reserve.
Being one day very free at a great feast, he suddenly broke
forth into a great slaughter. Hakewill on Providence.
Free and familiar with misfortune grow,
Be us'd to sorrow, and inur'd to woe. Prior.
8. Liberal; not parsimonious.
Glo'ster too, a foe to citizens,
O'ercharging your free purses with large fines,
That seeks to overthrow religion. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
No statute in his favour says,
How free or frugal I shall pass my days;
I, who at sometimes spend as others spare. Pope's Horace.
Alexandrian verses, of twelve syllables, should never be
allowed but when some remarkable beauty or propriety in them
atones for the liberty: Mr. Dryden has been too free of these
in his latter works. Pope.
9. Frank; not gained by importunity; not purchased.
We wanted words to express our thanks: his noble free
offers left us nothing to ask. Bacon's New Atlantis.
10. Clear from distress.
Who alone suffers, suffers most i' th' mind,
Leaving free things and happy shows behind. Shak. K. Lear.
11.  Guiltless; innocent.
Make mad the guilty, and appall the free,
Confound the ign'rant. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
My hands are guilty, but my heart is free. Dryden.
12. Exempt.
These
Are such allow'd infirmities, that honesty
Is never free of. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Who fears not to do ill, yet fears the name;
And free from conscience, is a slave to fame. Denham.
Let envy, then, those crimes within you see,
From which the happy never must be free. Dryden.
Their steeds around,
Free from the harness, graze the flow'ry ground. Dryden.
The will, free from the determination of such desires, is
left to the pursuit of nearer satisfactions. Locke.
13. Invested with franchises; possessing any thing without vas­
salage; admitted to the privileges of any body.
He therefore makes all birds of every sect
Free of his farm, with promise to respect
Their several kinds alike, and equally protect. Dryden.
Friend!
What do'st thou make a-shipboard? To what end
Art thou of Bethlem's noble college free?
Stark-staring mad, that thou shou'dst tempt the sea? Dryd.
14. Without expence; by charity, as a freeschool.

To FREE. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To set at liberty; to rescue from slavery or captivity; to
manumit; to loose.
The child was prisoner to the womb, and is
By law and process of great nature thence
Free'd and enfranchis'd; not a party to
The anger of the king, nor guilty of,
If any be, the trespass of the queen. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
He recovered the temple, free'd the city, and upheld the
laws which were going down. 2 Mac. ii. 22.
Can'st thou no other master understand,
Than him that free'd thee by the pretor's wand? Dryden.
Should thy coward tongue
Spread its cold poison through the martial throng,
My jav'lin shall revenge so base a part,
And free the soul that quivers in thy heart. Pope.
2. To rid from; to clear from any thing ill.
It is no marvail, that he could think of no better way to
be free'd of these inconveniencies the passions of those meet­
ings gave him, than to dissolve them. Clarendon.
Hercules
Free'd Erymanthus from the foaming boar. Dryden.
Our land is from the rage of tygers free'd. Dryden's Virg.
3. To clear from impediments or obstructions.
The chaste Sibylla shall your steps convey,
And blood of offer'd victims free the way. Dryden.
Fierce was the fight; but hast'ning to his prey,
By force the furious lover free'd his way. Dryden.
4. To banish; to send away; to rid.
We may again
Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights,
Free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives. Shakespeare.
5. To exempt.
For he that is dead is free'd from sin. Rom. vi. 7.
6. To unlock; to open.
This master-key
Frees every lock, and leads us to his person. Dryden.



FREEBO’OTER. n. s. [free and booty.] A robber; a plunderer;
a pillager.
The Kentishmen, perceiving that Perkin was not followed
by any English of name; and that his forces consisted mostly
of base people and freebooters, fitter to spoil a coast than to
recover a kingdom, professed their loyalty to the king. Bacon.
The earl of Warwick had, as often as he met with any
Irish frigates, or such freebooters as sailed under their com­
mission, taken all the seamen who became prisoners to them
of that nation, and bound them back to back, and thrown
them overboard into the sea. Clarendon, b. viii.

FREEBOO’TING. n. s. Robbery; plunder; the act of pil­
laging.
Under it he may cleanly convey any fit pillage, that cometh
handsomely in his way; and when he goeth abroad in the
night on freebooting, it is his best and surest friend. Spenser.

FRE’EBORN. n. s. [free and born.] Not a slave; inheriting
liberty.
O baseness, to support a tyrant's throne,
And crush your freeborn brethren of the world! Dryden.
I shall speak my thoughts like a freeborn subject, such
things perhaps as no Dutch commentator could, and I
am sure no Frenchman durst. Dryden's Æn. Dedication.
Shall freeborn men, in humble awe,
Submit to servile shame;
Who from consent and custom draw
The same right to be rul'd by law,
Which kings pretend to reign? Dryden.

FREECHA’PPEL. n. s. [free and chappel.] Such chappels as are
of the king's foundation, and by him exempted from the juris­
diction of the ordinary. The king may also license a subject
to found such a chappel, and by his charter exempt it from
the ordinary's visitation. Cowel.

FRE’ECOST. n. s. [free and cost.] Without expence; free from
charges.
We must not vouch any man for an exact master in the
rules of our modern policy, but such a one as has brought
himself so far to hate and despise the absurdity of being kind
upon freecost, as not so much as to tell a friend what it is
o'clock for nothing. South's Sermons.

FRE’EDMAN. n. s. [freed and man.] A slave manumitted.
Libertus.
The freedman jostles, and will be preferr'd;
First come, first serv'd, he cries. Dryden's Juv. Sat. 1. 

FRE’EDOM. n. s. [from free.]
1. Liberty; exemption from servitude; independence.
The laws themselves they do specially rage at, as most re­
pugnant to their liberty and natural freedom. Spenser on Ireland.
O freedom! first delight of human kind!
Not that which bondmen from their masters find,
The privilege of doles; nor yet t' inscribe
Their names in this or t'other Roman tribe:
That false enfranchisement with ease is found;
Slaves are made citizens by turning round. Dryden's Pers.
2. Privileges; franchises; immunities.
By our holy Sabbath have I sworn
To have the due and forfeit of my bond:
If you deny it, let the danger light
Upon your charter, and your city's freedom. Shakespeare.
3. Power of enjoying franchises.
This prince first gave freedom to servants, so as to become
citizens of equal privileges with the rest, which very much
increased the power of the people. Swift.
4. Exemption from fate, necessity, or predetermination.
I else must change
Their nature, and revoke the high decree
Unchangeable, eternal, which ordain'd
Their freedom; they themselves ordain'd their fall. Milton.
In every sin, by how much the more free will is in its
choice, by so much is the act the more sinful; and where there
is nothing to importune, urge, or provoke the will to any act,
there is so much an higher and perfecter degree of freedom
about that act. South's Sermons.
5. Unrestraint.
I will that all the feasts and sabbaths shall be all days of
immunity and freedom for the Jews in my realm. 1 Mac. x.
6. The state of being without any particular evil or inconve­
nience.
7. Ease or facility in doing or showing any thing.

FREEFO’OTED. adj. [free and foot.] Not restrained in the
march.
We will fetters put upon this fear,
Which now goes too freefooted. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

FREEHE’ARTED. adj. [free and heart.] Liberal; unre­
strained.
Love must freehearted be, and voluntary;
And not inchanted, or by fate constrain'd. Davies.

FREEHO’LD. n. s. [free and hold.] That land or tenement
which a man holdeth in fee, fee-tail, or for term of life.
Freehold in deed is the real possession of lands or tenements in
fee, fee-tail, or for life. Freehold in law is the right that a
man has to such land or tenements before his entry or seisure.
Freehold is sometimes taken in opposition to villenage. Land,
in the time of the Saxons, was called either bockland, that is,
holden by book or writing, or foleland, that is, holden with­
out writing. The former was held by far better conditions,
and by the better sort of tenants, as noblemen and gentlemen,
being such as we now call freehold. The latter was commonly
in the possession of clowns, being that which we now call at
the will of the lord. Cowel.
No alienation of lands holden in chief should be available,
touching the freehold or inheritance thereof, but only where it
were made by matter of record, to be found in some of her
majesty's treasuries. Bacon's Office of Alienation.
There is an unspeakable pleasure in calling any thing one's
own: a freehold, though it be but in ice and snow, will make
the owner pleased in the possession, and stout in the defence of
it. Addison's Freeholder, No. 1. 
My friends here are very few, and fixed to the freehold,
from whence nothing but death will remove them. Swift.
I should be glad to possess a freehold that could not be taken
from me by any law to which I did not give my own consent.
Swift to Lord Middleton.

FREEHO’LDER. n. s. [from freehold.] One who has a free­
hold.
As extortion did banish the old English freeholder, who
could not live but under the law; so the law did banish the
Irish lord, who could not live but by extortion. Davies.

FREE’LY. adv. [from free.]
1. At liberty; without vassalage; without slavery; without de­
pendance.
2. Without restraint; lavishly.
If my son were my husband, I would freelier rejoice in that
absence wherein he won honour, than in the embracements
of his bed, where he would shew most love. Shakesp. Coriolan.
I pledge your grace; and if you knew what pains
I have bestow'd to breed this present peace,
You would drink freely. Shakes. Henry IV.
3. Without scruple; without reserve.
Let such teach others who themselves excel,
And censure freely who have written well. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
4. Without impediment.
To follow rather the Goths in rhyming than the Greeks in
true versifying, were even to eat acorns with swine, when we
may freely eat wheat-bread among men. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
The path to peace is virtue: what I show,
Thyself may freely on thyself bestow:
Fortune was never worshipp'd by the wise;
But, set aloft by fools, usurps the skies. Dryden's Juv. Sat.
5. Without necessity; without predetermination.
Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. Milton.
He leaves us to chuse with the liberty of reasonable beings:
they who comply with his grace, comply with it freely; and
they who reject it, do also freely reject it. Rogers's Sermons.
6. Frankly; liberally.
By nature all things have an equally common use: nature
freely and indifferently opens the bosom of the universe to all
mankind. South's Sermons.
7. Spontaneously; of its own accord.

FRE’EMAN. n. s. [free and man.]
1. One not a slave; not a vassal.
Had you rather Cæsar were living, and die all slaves, than
that Cæsar were dead, to live all freemen? Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
If to break loose from the conduct of reason, and to want
that restraint of examination and judgment which keeps us
from chusing or doing the worse, be liberty, true liberty, mad
men and fools are only the freemen. Locke.
2. One partaking of rights, privileges, or immunities.
He made us freemen of the continent,
Whom nature did like captives treat before. Dryden.
What this union was is expressed in the preceding
verse, by their both having been made freemen on the
same day. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

FREEMI’NDED. adj. [free and mind.] Unconstrained; without
load of care.
To be freeminded, and cheerfully disposed at hours of meat,
sleep, and exercise, is one of the best precepts of long lasting.
Bacon, Essay 31. 

FRE’ENESS. n. s. [from free.]
1. The state or quality of being free.
2. Openness; unreservedness; ingenuousness; candour.
The reader may pardon it, if he please, for the freeness of
the confession. Dryden.
3. Generosity; liberality.
I hope it will never be said that the laity, who by the clergy
are taught to be charitable, shall in their corporations exceed
the clergy itself, and their sons, in freeness of giving. Sprat.

FREESCHO’OL. n. s. [free and school.] A school in which learn­
ing is given without pay.
To give a civil education to the youth of this land in the


time to come, provision was made by another law, that there
should be one freeschool at least erected in every diocess. Davies.
Two clergymen stood candidates for a small freeschool in
——shire, where a gentleman of interest in the country,
who happened to have a better understanding than his neigh­
bours, procured the place for him who was the better
scholar. Swift.

FREESPO’KEN. adj. [free and spoken.] Accustomed to speak
without reserve.
Nerva one night supped privately with some six or seven;
amongst whom there was one that was a dangerous man, and
began to take the like courses as Marcellus and Regulus had
done: the emperor fell into discourse of the injustice and
tyranny of the former time, and, by name, of the two ac­
cusers; and said, what should we do with them, if we had
them now? One of them that was at supper, and was a free­
spoken senator, said, Marry, they should sup with us. Bacon.

FRE’ESTONE. n. s. [free and stone.] Stone commonly used in
building.
Freestone is so named from its being of such a constitution
as to be wrought and cut freely in any direction. Woodward.
I saw her hand: she has a leathern hand, a freestone­
coloured hand. Shakespeare's As you like it.
The streets are generally paved with brick or freestone, and
always kept very neat. Addison on Italy.

FREETHI’NKER. n. s. [free and think.] A libertine; a con­
temner of religion.
Atheist is an old-fashion'd word: I'm a freethinker, child.
Addison's Drummer.
Of what use is freedom of thought, if it will not produce
freedom of action, which is the sole end, how remote soever
in appearance, of all objections against Christianity? And
therefore the freethinkers consider it as an edifice, wherein all
the parts have such a mutual dependance on each other, that
if you pull out one single nail, the whole fabrick must fall to
the ground. Swift's Argument against abolishing Christianity.

FREEWI’LL. n. s. [free and will.]
1. The power of directing our own actions without constraint
by necessity or fate.
We have a power to suspend the prosecution of this or that
desire: this seems to me the source of all liberty; in this seems
to consist that which is improperly called freewill. Locke.
2. Voluntariness; spontaneity.
I make a decree, that all they of the people of Israel in my
realm, which are minded of their own freewill to go up to
Jerusalem, go with thee. Ezr. vii. 13.

FREEWO’MAN. n. s. [free and woman.] A woman not en­
slaved.
All her ornaments are taken away of a freewoman; she is
become a bondslave. 1 Mac. ii. 11. 

To FREEZE. v. n. preter. froze. [vriesen, Dutch.]
1. To be congealed with cold.
The aqueous humour of the eye will not freeze, which is
very admirable, seeing it hath the perspicuity and fluidity of
common water. Ray on the Creation.
The freezing of water, or the blowing of a plant, return­
ing at equidistant periods in all parts of the earth, would as
well serve men to reckon their years by as the motions of the
sun. Locke.
2. To be of that degree of cold by which water is congealed.
Orpheus with his lute made trees
And mountain tops, that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Thou art all ice, thy kindness freezes. Shakes. Rich. III.
Heav'n froze above severe, the clouds congeal,
And thro' the crystal vault appear'd the standing hail. Dryd.

To FREEZE. v. a. pret. froze; part. frozen or froze.
1. To congeal with cold.
2. To kill by cold.
When we both lay in the field,
Frozen almost to death, how did he lap me,
Ev'n in his garments! Shakespeare's Richard III.
My master and mistress are almost frozen to death. Shakesp.
3. To chill by the loss of power or motion.
I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins,
That almost freezes up the heat of life. Sh. Rom. and Juliet.
Death came on amain,
And exercis'd below his iron reign;
Then upward to the seat of life he goes;
Sense fled before him, what he touch'd he froze. Dryden.

To FREIGHT. v. a. preter. freighted; part. fraught; which
being now used as an adjective, freighted is adopted. [fretter,
French.]
1. To load a ship or vessel of carriage with goods for trans­
portation.
The princes
Have to the port of Athens sent their ships,
Fraught with the ministers and instruments
Of cruel war. Shak. Troilus and Cressida, Prologue.
Nor is, indeed, that man less mad than these,
Who freights a ship to venture on the seas;
With one frail interposing plank to save
From certain death, roll'd on by ev'ry wave. Dryden's Juv.
Freighted with iron, from my native land
I steer my voyage. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.
2. To load as the burthen; to be the thing with which a vessel
is freighted.
I would
Have sunk the sea within the earth, or ere
It should the good ship so have swallow'd, and
The freighting souls within her. Shakespeare's Tempest.

FREIGHT. n. s.
1. Any thing with which a ship is loaded.
He clears the deck, receives the mighty freight;
The leaky vessel groans beneath the weight. Dryden's Æn.
2. The money due for transportation of goods.

FRE’IGHTER. n. s. [fretteur, French.] He who freights a
vessel.

FREN. n. s. A worthless woman. An old word wholly for­
gotten.
But now from me his madding mind is start,
And wooes the widow's daughter of the glen;
And now fair Rosalind hath bred his smart,
So now his friend is changed for a fren. Spenser's Past.

FRENCH Chalk. n. s.
French chalk is an indurated clay, extremely dense, of a
smooth glossy surface, and soft and unctuous to the touch; of
a greyish white colour, variegated with a dusky green. Hill.
French chalk is unctuous to the touch, as steatites is, but
harder, and nearer approaching the consistence of stone. Wood.

To FRE’NCHIFY. v. a. [from French.] To infect with the
manner of France; to make a coxcomb.
They misliked nothing more in king Edward the Con­
fessor than that he was Frenchified; and accounted the desire
of foreign language then to be a foretoken of bringing in
foreign powers, which indeed happened. Camden's Remains.
Has he familiarly dislik'd
Your yellow starch, or said your doublet
Was not exactly Frenchified. Shakespeare's As you like it.

FRE’NETICK. adj. [frenetique, French; φϱενητιϰὸς; generally
therefore written phrenetick.] Mad; distracted.
He himself impotent,
By means of his frenetick malady. Daniel's Civil War.

FRE’NZY. n. s. [φϱενίτις; phrenitis, Latin: whence phrenetisy,
phrenetsy, phrenzy, or frenzy.] Madness; distraction of mind;
alienation of understanding; any violent passion approaching
to madness.
That knave, Ford, hath the finest mad devil of jealousy in
him that ever governed frenzy. Shakes. Mer. Wives of Winds.
True fortitude is seen in great exploits,
That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides;
All else is touring frenzy and distraction. Addison's Cato.
Why such a disposition of the body induceth sleep, another
disturbs all the operations of the soul, and occasions a lethargy
or frenzy: this knowledge exceeds our narrow faculties. Bent.

FRE’QUENCE. n. s. [frequence, Fr. frequentia, Latin.] Crowd;
concourse; assembly.
The frequence of degree,
From high to low throughout. Shakespeare's Timon.
He, in full frequence bright
Of angels, thus to Gabriel smiling spake. Paradise Reg.

FRE’QUENCY. n. s. [frequentia, Latin.]
1. Common occurrence; the condition of being often seen or
done.
Should a miracle be indulged to one, others would
think themselves equally intitled to it; and if indulged to
many, it would no longer have the effect of a miracle; its
force and influence would be lost by the frequency of it. Atterb.
2. Concourse; full assembly.
Thou cam'st e're while into this senate: who
Of such a frequency, so many friends
And kindred thou hast here, saluted thee? Ben. Johns. Catil.

FRE’QUENT. adj. [frequent, French; frequens, Latin.]
1. Often done; often seen; often occurring.
An ancient and imperial city falls;
The streets are fill'd with frequent funerals. Dryden's Æn.
Frequent herses shall besiege your gates. Pope.
2. Used often to practise any thing.
Every man thinks he may pretend to any employment, pro­
vided he has been loud and frequent in declaring himself
hearty for the government. Swift.
3. Full of concourse.
Frequent and full. Milton.

To FREQU’ENT. v. a. [frequento, Latin; frequenter, French.]
To visit often; to be much in any place; to resort often to.
Latter day,
Finding in it fit ports for fishers trade,
'Gan more the same frequent, and further to invade. F. Q.
There were synagogues for men to resort unto: our Sa­
viour himself, and after him the apostles, frequented them.
Hooker, b. v. s. 11. 
This fellow here, this thy creature,
By night frequents my house. Shakespeare's Timon.


At that time this land was known and frequented by the
ships and vessels. Bacon.
With tears
Wat'ring the ground, and with our sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
Of sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation meek. Milt. P. L.
To serve my friends, the senate I frequent;
And there what I before digested, vent. Denham.
That he frequented the court of Augustus, and was well re­
ceived in it, is most undoubted. Dryden's Ovid, Preface.

FREQUE’NTABLE. adj. [from frequent.] Conversable; acces­
sible. A word not now used, but not inelegant.
While youth lasted in him, the exercises of that age and
his humour, not yet fully discovered, made him somewhat
the more frequentable and less dangerous. Sidney, b. ii.

FREQUE’NTATIVE. adj. [frequentatif, French; frequentativus,
Latin.] A grammatical term applied to verbs signifying the
frequent repetition of an action.

FREQUE’NTER. n. s. [from frequent.] One who often resorts
to any place.
Persons under bad imputations are no great frequenters of
churches. Swift.

FRE’QUENTLY. adv. [frequenter, Latin.] Often; commonly;
not rarely; not seldom; a considerable number of times;
manifold times.
I could not, without much grief, observe how frequently
both gentlemen and ladies are at a loss for questions and an­
swers. Swift's Introduction to Genteel Conversation.

FRE’SCO. n. s. [Italian.]
1. Coolness; shade; duskiness, like that of the evening or
morning.
Hellish sprites
Love more the fresco of the nights. Prior.
2. A picture not drawn in glaring light, but in dusk.
Here thy well-study'd marbles fix our eye;
A fading fresco here demands a sigh. Pope.

FRESH. adj. [fresc, Saxon; fraiche, French.]
1. Cool; not vapid with heat.
I'll cull the farthest mead for thy repast;
The choicest herbs I to thy board will bring,
And draw thy water from the freshest spring. Prior.
2. Not salt.
They keep themselves unmixt with the salt water; so that,
a very great way within the sea, men may take up as fresh
water as if they were near the land. Abbot's Desc. of the World.
3. New; not impaired by time.
This second source of men, while yet but few,
And while the dread of judgment past remain
Fresh in their minds, fearing the Deity,
With some regard to what's just and right,
Shall lead their lives. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
That love which first was set, will first decay;
Mine of a fresher date will longer stay. Dryd. Indian Emp.
4. In a state like that of recentness.
We will revive those times, and in our memories
Preserve and still keep fresh, like flowers in water. Denham.
With such a care
As roses from their stalks we tear,
When we would still preserve them new,
And fresh as on the bush they grew. Waller.
Thou sun, said I, fair light!
And thou enlighten'd earth, so fresh and gay! Milt. P. L.
5. Recent; newly come.
Amidst the spirits Palinurus press'd;
Yet fresh from life, a new admitted guest. Dryden's Æn.
Fresh from the fact, as in the present case,
The criminals are seiz'd upon the place;
Stiff in denial, as the law appoints,
On engines they distend their tortur'd joints. Dryden.
6. Repaired from any loss or diminution.
Nor lies she long; but, as her fates ordain,
Springs up to life, and fresh to second pain;
Is sav'd to-day, to-morrow to be slain. Dryden.
7. Florid; vigorous; chearful; unfaded; unimpaired.
This pope is decrepid, and the bell goeth for him: take or­
der that when he is dead there be chosen a pope of fresh years,
between fifty and threescore. Bacon's holy War.
Two swains,
Fresh as the morn, and as the season fair. Pope.
8. Healthy in countenance; ruddy.
Tell me,
Hast thou beheld a fresher gentlewoman,
Such war of white and red within her cheeks? Shakespeare.
It is no rare observation in England to see a fresh coloured
lusty young man yoked to a consumptive female, and him
soon after attending her to the grave. Harvey on Consumptions.
They represent to themselves a thousand poor, tall, inno­
cent, fresh coloured young gentlemen. Addison's Spectator.
9. Brisk; strong; vigorous.
As a fresh gale of wind fills the sails of a ship. Holder.
10. Fasting: opposed to eating or drinking. A low word.
11.  Sweet: opposed to stale or stinking.

FRESH. n. s. Water not salt.
He shall drink nought but brine; for I'll not shew him
Where the quick freshes are. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To FRE’SHEN. v. a. [from fresh.] To make fresh.
Prelusive drops let all their moisture flow
In large effusion o'er the freshen'd world. Thomson's Spring.

To FRE’SHEN. v. n. To grow fresh.
A freshening breeze the magick power supply'd,
While the wing'd vessel flew along the tide. Pope's Odyssey.

FRE’SHET. n. s. [from fresh.] A pool of fresh water.
All fish from sea or shore,
Freshet or purling brook, or shell or fin. Milt. Parad. Lost.

FRE’SHLY. adv. [from fresh.]
1. Coolly.
2. Newly; in the former state renewed.
The weeds of heresy being grown unto such ripeness as
that was, do, even in the very cutting down, scatter often­
times those seeds which for a while lie unseen and buried in
the earth; but afterwards freshly spring up again, no less per­
nicious than at the first. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Then shall our names,
Familiar in their mouth as houshold words,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd. Shak. Hen. V.
They are now freshly in difference with them. Bacon.
3. With a healthy look; ruddily.
Looks he as freshly as he did the day he wrestled? Shakesp.

FRE’SHNESS. n. s. [from fresh.]
1. Newness; vigour; spirit; the contrary to vapidness.
Most odours smell best broken or crushed; but flowers
pressed or beaten, do lose the freshness and sweetness of their
odour. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Freedom from diminution by time; not staleness.
For the constant freshness of it, it is such a pleasure as can
never cloy or overwork the mind; for surely no man was ever
weary of thinking that he had done well or virtuously. South.
3. Freedom from fatigue; newness of strength.
The Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness
of men. Hayward.
4. Coolness.
There are some rooms in Italy and Spain for freshness, and
gathering the winds and air in the heats of Summer; but they
be but pennings of the winds, and enlarging them again, and
making them reverberate in circles. Bacon.
Say, if she please, she hither may repair,
And breathe the freshness of the open air. Dryden's Aureng.
She laid her down to rest,
And to the winds expos'd her glowing breast,
To take the freshness of the morning air. Addison on Italy.
5. Ruddiness; colour of health.
The secret venom, circling in her veins,
Works through her skin, and bursts in bloating stains;
Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace,
And an unusual paleness spreads her face. Granville.
6. Freedom from saltness.

FRESHWA’TER. [A compound word of fresh and water, used as
an adjective.] Raw; unskilled; unacquainted. A low term
borrowed from the sailors, who stigmatise those who come
first to sea as freshwater men or novices.
The nobility, as freshwater soldiers which had never seen
but some light skirmishes, in their vain bravery made light
account of the Turks. Knolles's History of the Turks.

FRET. n. s. [Of this word the etymology is very doubtful:
some derive it from fretan, to eat; others from fretwan, to
adorn; some from φϱίττο; Skinner more probably from fremo,
or the French fretiller: perhaps it comes immediately from
the Latin fretum.]
1. A frith, or strait of the sea, where the water by confinement
is always rough.
Euripus generally signifieth any strait, fret, or channel of
the sea, running between two shores. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
2. Any agitation of liquors by fermentation, confinement, or
other cause.
The channel of this river is white with rocks, and the sur­
face covered with froth and bubbles; for it runs along upon
the fret, and is still breaking against the stones that oppose its
passage. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The blood in a fever, if well governed, like wine upon
the fret, dischargeth itself of all heterogeneous mixtures.
Derham's Physico-Theology.
3. That stop of the musical instrument which causes or regulates
the vibrations of the string.
It requireth good winding of a string before it will make
any note; and in the tops of lutes, &c. the higher they go,
the less distance is between the frets. Bacon's Nat. History.
The harp
Had work, and rested not: the solemn pipe
And dulcimer, all organs of sweet stop,
All sounds on fret by string or golden wire,
Temper'd soft tunings, intermix'd with voice
Choral or unison. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
They are fitted to answer the most variable harmony: two


or three pipes to all those of a church-organ, or to all the
strings and frets of a lute. Grew's Cosmolog. Sac. b. i.
4. Work rising in protuberances.
The frets of houses, and all equal figures, please; whereas
unequal figures are but deformities. Bacon's Natural History.
We take delight in a prospect well laid out, and diversified
with fields and meadows, woods and rivers, in the curious
fret works of rocks and grottos. Spectator, No. 414.
5. Agitation of the mind; commotion of the temper; passion.
Calmness is great advantage: he that lets
Another chafe, may warm him at his fire,
Mark all his wand'rings, and enjoy his frets,
As cunning fencers suffer heat to tire. Herbert.
The incred'lous Pheac, having yet
Drank but one round, reply'd in sober fret. Tate's Juven.
You, too weak the slightest loss to bear,
Are on the fret of passion, boil and rage. Creech's Juven.
Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret;
I never answer'd, I was not in debt. Pope, Epistle ii.

To FRET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To rub against any thing; to agitate violently.
You may as well forbid the mountain pines
To wag their high tops, and to make a noise
When they are fretted with the gusts of heav'n. Shakespeare.
2. To wear away by rubbing.
Drop them still upon one place,
'Till they have fretted us a pair of graves
Within the earth. Shakespeare's Richard II.
In the banks of rivers, with the washing of the water,
there were divers times fretted out big pieces of gold. Abbot.
Before I ground the object metal on the pitch, I always
ground the putty on it with the concave copper, 'till it had
done making a noise; because, if the particles of the putty
were not made to stick fast in the pitch, they would, by roll­
ing up and down, grate and fret the object metal, and fill it
full of little holes. Newton's Opt.
3. To hurt by attrition.
The better part with Mary and with Ruth
Chosen thou hast; and they that over-ween,
And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen,
No anger find in thee, but pity and ruth. Milton.
4. To corrode; to eat away.
It is fret inward, whether it be bare within or without.
Lev. xiii. 55.
The painful husband, plowing up his ground,
Shall find all fret with rust, both pikes and shields,
And empty helms under his harrow sound. Hakewill.
5. To form into raised work.
Nor did there want
Cornice or freeze, with bossy sculptures grav'n;
The roof was fretted gold. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
6. To variegate; to diversify.
Yon grey lines,
That fret the clouds, are messengers of day. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
7. To make angry; to vex.
Antony
Is valiant and dejected; and, by starts,
His fretted fortunes give him hope and fear
Of what he has and has not. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Because thou hast fretted me in all these things, behold I
will recompense thy way upon thine head. Ezek. xvi. 43.
Such an expectation, cries one, will never come to pass:
therefore I'll even give it up, and go and fret myself. Collier.
Injuries from friends fret and gall more, and the memory of
them is not so easily obliterated. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.

To FRET. v. n.
1. To be in commotion; to be agitated.
No benefits whatsoever shall ever alter or allay that diabo­
lical rancour, that frets and ferments in some hellish breasts,
but that upon all occasions it will foam out at its foul mouth
in slander and invective. South's Sermons.
Th' adjoining brook, that purls along
The vocal grove, now fretting o'er a rock,
Now scarcely moving through a reedy pool. Thoms. Summ.
2. To be worn away; to be corroded.
Take a piece of glovers leather that is very thin, and put
your gold therein, binding it close, and then hang it up: the
sal armoniack will fret away, and the gold remain behind.
Peacham on Drawing.
3. To make way by attrition.
These do but indeed scrape off the extuberances, or fret
into the wood, and therefore they are very seldom used to
soft wood. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
It inflamed and swelled very much; many wheals arose,
and fretted one into another with great excoriation. Wiseman.
4. To be angry; to be peevish; to vex himself.
They trouble themselves with fretting at the ignorance of
such as withstand them in their opinion. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
We are in a fretting mind at the church of Rome, and with
angry disposition enter into cogitation. Hooker.
Helpless, what may it boot
To fret for anger, or for grief to moan! Fairy Queen.
Their wounded steeds
Fret fetlock deep in gore, and with wild rage
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters. Sh. H. V.
Be lion-mettled, proud, and take no care
Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Sh. Macb.
His heart fretteth against the Lord. Prov. xix. 3.
Hudibras fretting
Conquest should be so long a getting,
Drew up his force. Hudibras, b. i. cant. 2.
He swells with wrath, he makes outrageous moan,
He frets, he sumes, he stares, he stamps the ground. Dryd.
How should I fret to mangle ev'ry line,
In rev'rence to the sins of thirty-nine. Pope.

FRE’TFUL. adj. [from fret.] Angry; peevish; in a state of
vexation.
Thy knotty and combined locks to part,
And each particular hair to stand on end,
Like quills upon the fretful porcupine. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Where's the king?
—Contending with the fretful elements;
Bids the wind blow the earth into the sea. Shakes. K. Lear.
They are extremely fretful and peevish, never well at rest;
but always calling for this or that, or changing their posture
of lying or sitting. Harvey on Consumptions.
Are you positive and fretful?
Heedless, ignorant, forgetful? Swift.

FRE’TFULLY. adv. [from fretful.] Peevishly.

FRE’TFULNESS. n. s. [from fretful.] Passion; peevishness.

FRE’TTY. adj. [from fret.] Adorned with raised work.

FRI

FRIABI’LITY. n. s. [from friable.] Capacity of being reduced
to powder.
Hardness, friability, and power to draw iron, are qualities
to be found in a loadstone. Locke.

FRI’ABLE. adj. [friable, French; friabilis, Latin.] Easily
crumbled; easily reduced to powder.
A spongy excrescence groweth upon the roots of the laser­
tree, and sometimes on cedar, very white, light, and friable,
which we call agarick. Bacon's Natural History.
The liver, of all the viscera, is the most friable, and easily
crumbled or dissolved. Arbuthnot on Diet.

FRI’AR. n. s. [A corruption of frere, French.] A religious;
a brother of some regular order.
Holy Franciscan friar! brother! ho! Sh. Rom. and Jul.
All the priests and friars in my realm,
Shall in procession sing her endless praise. Shakesp. H. VI.
He says he's but a friar, but he's big enough to be a pope.
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Many jesuits and friars went about, in the disguise of Pres­
byterian and Independent ministers, to preach up rebel­
lion. Swift.
A friar would needs shew his talent in Latin. Swift.

FRI’ARLIKE. adj. [from friar.] Monastick; unskilled in
the world.
Their friarlike general would the next day make one holy­
day in the Christian calendars, in remembrance of thirty thou­
sand Hungarian martyrs slain of the Turks. Knolles's History.

FRI’ARLY. adv. [friar and like.] Like a friar, or man un­
taught in life.
Seek not proud riches, but such as thou may'st get justly,
use soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly; yet
have no abstract nor friarly contempt of them. Bacon's Essays.

FRI’ARSCOWL. n. s. [friar and cowl.] A plant.
It agrees with the dragon and arum, from both which it
differs only in having a flower resembling a cowl.

FRI’ARY. n. s. [from friar.] A monastry or convent of
friars.

FRI’ARY. adj. Like a friar.
Francis Cornfield did scratch his elbow when he had sweet­
ly invented to signify his name, St. Francis, with a friary cowl
in a cornfield. Camden's Remains.

To FRI’BBLE. v. n. To trifle.
Though cheats, yet more intelligible
Than those that with the stars do fribble. Hudibras, p. ii.

FRI’BBLER. n. s. [from the verb.] A trifler.
A fribbler is one who professes rapture for the woman, and
dreads her consent. Spectator, No. 288.

FRICASSE’E. n. s. [French.] A dish made by cutting
chickens or other small things in pieces, and dressing them
with strong sauce.
Oh, how would Homer praise their dancing dogs,
Their stinking cheese, and fricacy of frogs!
He'd raise no fables, sing no flagrant lye,
Of boys with custard choak'd at Newberry. King.

FRICA’TION. n. s. [fricatio, Latin.] The act of rubbing one
thing against another.
Gentle frication draweth forth the nourishment, by making
the parts a little hungry, and heating them: this frication I wish
to be done in the morning. Bacon's Natural History.
Resinous or unctuous bodies, and such as will flame, attract
vigorously, and most thereof without frication, as good hard


wax, which will convert the needle almost as actively as the
loadstone. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 4.

FRI’CTION. n. s. [friction, Fr. frictio, from frico, Latin.]
1. The act of rubbing two bodies together.
Do not all bodies which abound with terrestrial parts, and
especially with sulphureous ones, emit light as often as those
parts are sufficiently agitated, whether the agitation be made
by heat, friction, percussion, putrefaction, or by any vital
motion? Newton's Opt.
2. The resistance in machines caused by the motion of one body
upon another.
3. Medical rubbing with the fleshbrush or cloaths.
Frictions make the parts more fleshy and full, as we see
both in men and in the currying of horses; for that they draw
a greater quantity of spirits to the parts. Bacon.

FRI’DAY. n. s. [frige dæg, Saxon.] The sixth day of the
week, so named of Freya, a Saxon deity.
An' she were not kin to me, she would be as fair on Friday
as Helen is on Sunday. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
For Venus, like her day, will change her cheer,
And seldom shall we see a Friday clear. Dryden.

FRIEND. n. s. [vriend, Dutch; freond, Saxon. This word,
with its derivatives, is pronounced frend, frendly: the i totally
neglected.
1. One joined to another in mutual benevolence and intima­
cy: opposed to foe or enemy.
Friends of my soul, you twain
Rule in this realm, and the gor'd state sustain. Shakesp.
Some man is a friend for his own occasion, and will not
abide in the day of thy trouble. Ecclus. vi. 8.
God's benison go with you, and with those
That would make good of bad, and friends of foes. Shakes.
Wonder not to see this soul extend
The bounds, and seek some other self, a friend. Dryden.
2. One without hostile intentions.
Who comes so fast in silence of the night?
—A friend.
—What friend? your name? Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
3. One reconciled to another: this is put by the custom of the
language somewhat irregularly in the plural number.
He's friends with Cæsar,
In state of health thou say'st, and thou say'st free. Shakesp.
My son came then into my mind; and yet my mind
Was then scarce friends with him. Shak. King Lear.
4. An attendant, or companion.
The king ordains their entrance, and ascends
His regal seat, surrounded by his friends. Dryden's Æn.
5. Favourer; one propitious.
Aurora riding upon Pegasus, sheweth her swiftness, and how
she is a friend to poetry and all ingenious inventions. Peacham.
6. A familiar compellation.
Friend, how camest thou in hither? Mat. xxii. 12.
What supports me, do'st thou ask?
The conscience, friend, t'have lost mine eyes o'erply'd
In liberty's defence. Milton.

To FRIEND. v. a. [from the noun.] To favour; to befriend;
to countenance; to support.
I know that we shall have him well to friend. Shakesp.
When vice makes mercy, mercy's so extended,
That, for the fault's love, is th' offender friended. Shakesp.

FRI’ENDLESS. adj. [from friend.]
1. Wanting friends; wanting support; without countenance;
destitute; forlorn.
Alas! I am a woman, friendless, hopeless. Shak. H. VIII.
Woe to him that is alone, is verified upon none so much as
upon the friendless person. South's Sermons.
To some new clime, or to thy native sky,
Oh friendless and forsaken virtue fly. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
To what new clime, what distant sky,
Forsaken, friendless, will ye fly?
Say, will ye bless the bleak Atlantick shore,
Or bid the furious Gaul be rude no more? Pope.
2. FRIENDLESS Man. The Saxon word for him whom we call
an outlaw, because he was, upon his exclusion from the king's
peace and protection, denied all help of friends.

FRI’ENDLINESS. n. s. [from friendly.]
1. A disposition to friendship.
Such a liking and friendliness as hath brought forth the
effects. Sidney.
2. Exertion of benevolence.
Let all the intervals be employed in prayers, charity, friend­
liness and neighbourhood, and means of spiritual and corporal
health. Taylor's Rule of holy living.

FRI’ENDLY. adj. [from friend.]
1. Having the temper and disposition of a friend; kind; fa­
vourable; benevolent.
They gave them thanks, desiring them to be friendly still
unto them. 2 Mac. xii. 31. 
Thou to mankind
Be good, and friendly still, and oft return! Milton's P. Lost.
How art thou
To me so friendly grown above the rest
Of brutal kind? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Let the Nassau-star in rising majesty appear,
And guide the prosp'rous mariner
With everlasting beams of friendly light. Prior.
2. Disposed to union.
Like friendly colours found our hearts unite,
And each from each contract new strength and light. Pope.
3. Salutary; homogeneal.
Not that Nepentes, which the wife of Thone
In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena,
Is of such power to stir up joy as this,
To life so friendly, or so cool to thirst. Milton.

FRI’ENDLY. adv. In the manner of friends; with appearance
of kindness.
Here between the armies,
Let's drink together friendly, and embrace;
That all their eyes may bear those tokens home
Of our restored love and amity. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

FRIE’NDSHIP. n. s. [vriendschap, Dutch.]
1. The state of minds united by mutual benevolence.
There is little friendship in the world, and least of all be­
tween equals, which was wont to be magnified: that that is,
is between superior and inferior, whose fortunes may com­
prehend the one the other. Bacon, Essay 49.
He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship
with the favourites. Clarendon.
My sons, let your unseemly discord cease,
If not in friendship, live at least in peace. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
2. Highest degree of intimacy.
His friendships, still to few confin'd,
Were always of the middling kind. Swift.
3. Favour; personal kindness.
Raw captains are usually sent only preferred by friendship,
and not chosen by sufficiency. Spenser on Ireland.
4. Assistance; help.
Gracious, my lord, hard-by here is a hovel:
Some friendship will it lend you 'gainst the tempest;
Repose you there. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. Conformity; affinity; correspondence; aptness to unite.
We know those colours which have a friendship with each
other, and those which are incompatible, in mixing together
those colours of which we would make trial. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

FRIEZE. n. s. [drap de frieze, French.] A coarse warm
cloath, made perhaps first in Friesland.
If all the world
Should in a pet of temperance feed on pulse,
Drink the clear stream, and nothing wear but frieze,
The All-giver would be unthank'd. Milton.
The captive Germans, of gigantick size,
Are rank'd in order, and are clad in frieze. Dryd. Pers.
He could no more live without his frieze coat than without
his skin. Addison's Guardian, No. 102.
See how the double nation lies,
Like a rich coat with skirts of frieze;
As if a man, in making poesies,
Should bundle thistles up with roses. Swift.

FRIEZE. n. s. [In architecture.] A large flat member which
separates the architrave from the cornice; of which
there are as many kinds as there are orders of columns. Harr.

FRIZE. n. s. [In architecture.] A large flat member which
separates the architrave from the cornice; of which
there are as many kinds as there are orders of columns. Harr.
No jutting frieze,
Buttrice, nor coigne of 'vantage, but this bird
Hath made his pendant-bed, and procreant cradle. Shakes.
Nor did there want
Cornice or frieze with bossy sculptures grav'n;
The roof was fretted gold. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Polydore designed admirably well, as to the practical part,
having a particular genius for friezes. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

FRI’EZED. adj. [from frieze.] Shagged or napped with frieze.

FRI’EZELIKE. adj. [frieze and like.] Resembling a frieze.
I have seen the figure of Thalia, the comick muse, some­
times with an entire headpiece and a little friezelike tower,
running round the edges of the face, and sometimes with a
mask for the face only. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

FRI’GAT. n. s. [frigate, French; fregata, Italian.]
1. A small ship. Ships under fifty guns are generally termed
frigats.
The treasure they fought for was, in their view, embezzled
in certain frigats. Raleigh's Apology.
On high-rais'd decks the haughty Belgians ride,
Beneath whose shade our humble frigats go. Dryden.
2. Any small vessel on the water.
Behold the water work and play
About her little frigat, therein making way. Fairy Queen.

FRIGEFA’CTION. n. s. [frigus and facio, Latin.] The act of
making cold.

To FRIGHT. v. a. [frigHtan, Saxon.] To terrify; to
disturb with fear; to shock with fear; to daunt.
The herds
Were strongly clam'rous in the frighted fields. Shak. H. IV.
Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit,
With innocence guarded,
With virtue rewarded,
I make of my sufferings a merit. Dryden's Albion.


The mind frights itself with any thing reflected on in gross,
and at a distance: things thus offered to the mind, carry the
shew of nothing but difficulty. Locke.
Whence glaring oft with many a broaden'd orb,
He frights the nations. Thomson's Autumn.

FRIGHT. n. s. [from the verb.] A sudden terrour.
You, if your goodness does not plead my cause,
May think I broke all hospitable laws,
To bear you from your palace-yard by might,
And put your noble person in a fright. Dryden.

To FRI’GHTEN. v. a. To terrify; to shock with dread.
The rugged bear's, or spotted lynx's brood,
Frighten the valleys and infest the wood. Prior.

FRI’GHTFUL. adj. [from fright.]
1. Terrible; dreadful; full of terrour.
Tetchy and wayward was thy infancy,
Thy schooldays frightful, desp'rate, wild, and furious. Shak.
Without aid you durst not undertake
This frightful passage o'er the Stygian lake. Dryden's Æn.
2. A cant word among women for any thing unpleasing.

FRI’GHTFULLY. adv. [from frightful.]
1. Dreadfully; horribly.
This will make a prodigious mass of water, and looks fright­
fully to the imagination; 'tis huge and great. Burnet.
2. Disagreeably; not beautifully. A woman's word.
Then to her glass; and Betty, pray,
Don't I look frightfully to-day? Swift.

FRI’GHTFULNESS. n. s. [from frightful.] The power of im­
pressing terrour.

FRI’GID. adj. [frigidus, Latin.]
1. Cold; without warmth. In this sense it is seldom used but
in science.
In the torrid zone the heat would have been intolerable,
and in the frigid zones the cold would have destroyed both
animals and vegetables. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
2. Without warmth of affection.
3. Impotent; without warmth of body.
4. Dull; without fire of fancy.
If justice Phillip's costive head
Some frigid rhymes disburses,
They shall like Persian tales be read,
And glad both babes and nurses. Swift.

FRI’GIDITY. n. s. [frigiditas, Latin.]
1. Coldness; want of warmth.
2. Dulness; want of intellectual fire.
Driving at these as at the highest elegancies, which are but
the frigidities of wit. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 9.
Of the two extremes, one would sooner pardon phrenzy
than frigidity. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
3. Want of corporeal warmth.
The boiling blood of youth agitating the fluid air, hinders
that serenity which is necessary to so severe an intentness; and
the frigidity of decrepit age is as much its enemy, by reason
of its dulling moisture. Glanv. Sceps. c. 14.
4. Coldness of affection.

FRI’GIDLY. adv. [from frigid.] Coldly; dully; without af­
fection.

FRI’GIDNESS. n. s. [from frigid.] Coldness; dulness; want
of affection.

FRIGORI’FICK. adj. [frigorificus, frigus and facio, Lat.] Causing
cold. A word used in science.
Frigorifick atoms or particles mean those nitrous salts which
float in the air in cold weather, and occasion freezing. Quincy.

To FRILL. v. a. [frilleux, French.] To quake or shiver with
cold. Used of a hawk; as, the hawk frills. Dict.

FRINGE. n. s. [friggio, Italian; frange, French.] Orna­
mental appendages added to dress or furniture.
Those offices and dignities were but the facings or fringes
of his greatness. Wotton.
The golden fringe ev'n set the ground on flame,
And drew a precious trail. Dryden's Flower and Leaf.
The shadows of all bodies, in this light, were bordered
with three parallel fringes, or bands of coloured light, where­
of that which was contiguous to the shadow was broadest and
most luminous; and that which was remotest from it was nar­
rowest, and so faint as not easily to be visible. Newton's Opt.

To FRINGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn with fringes;
to decorate with ornamental appendages.
Either side of the bank, fringed with most beautiful trees,
resisted the sun's darts. Sidney, b. ii.
Of silver wings he took a shining pair,
Fringed with gold. Fairfax, stan. 14.
Here, by the sacred bramble ting'd,
My petticoat is doubly fring'd. Swift.

FRI’PPERER. n. s. [from frippier, French.] One who deals in
old things vamped up.

FRI’PPERY. n. s. [fripperie, French; fripperia, Italian.]
1. The place where old cloaths are sold.
Oh, oh, monster, we know what belongs to a frippery.
Shakespeare's Tempest.
Lurana is a frippery of bankrupts, who fly thither from
Druina to play their after-game. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
2. Old cloaths; cast dresses; tattered rags.
Poor poet ape, that would be thought our chief,
Whose works are e'en the frippery of wit;
From brocage is become so bold a thief,
As we, the robb'd, leave rage, and pity it. Ben. Johnson.
The fighting-place now seamens rage supply,
And all the tackling is a frippery. Donne.
Ragfair is a place near the Tower of London, where old
cloaths and frippery are sold. Notes to Pope's Dunciad.

To FRISK. v. n. [frizzare, Italian.]
1. To leap; to skip.
Put water into a glass, and wet your finger, and draw it
round about the lip of the glass, pressing it somewhat hard;
and after drawing it some few times about, it will make the
water frisk and sprinkle up in a fine dew. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The fish fell a frisking in the net. L'Estrange's Fables.
Whether every one hath experimented this troublesome
intrusion of some frisking ideas, which thus importune the
understanding, and hinder it from being better employed, I
know not. Locke.
2. To dance in frolick or gaiety.
We are as twinn'd lamb, that did frisk i' th' sun,
And bleat the one at the other: what we chang'd,
Was innocence for innocence; we knew not
The doctrine of ill-doing. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
About them frisking play'd
All beasts of th' earth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
A wanton heifer frisked up and down in a meadow, at ease
and pleasure. L'Estrange.
Watch the quick motions of the frisking tail,
Then serve their fury with the rushing male. Dryd. Virgil.
So Bacchus through the conquer'd Indies rode,
And beasts in gambols frisk'd before their honest god. Dryd.
Oft to the mountains airy tops advanc'd,
The frisking satyrs on the summits danc'd. Addison.
Those merry blades,
That frisk it under Pindus' shades. Prior.
Peg faints at the sound of an organ, and yet will dance and
frisk at the noise of a bagpipe. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.
Sly hunters thus, in Borneo's isle,
To catch a monkey by a wile,
The mimick animal amuse;
They place before him gloves and shoes;
Which when the brute puts aukward on,
All his agility is gone:
In vain to frisk or climb he tries;
The huntsmen seize the grinning prize. Swift.

FRISK. n. s. [from the verb.] A frolick; a fit of wanton
gaiety.

FRI’SKER. n. s. [from frisk.] A wanton; one not constant or
settled.
Now I will wear this, and now I will wear that;
Now I will wear I cannot tell what:
All new fashions be pleasant to me:
Now I am a frisker, all men on me look;
What should I do but set cock on the hoop? Camden.

FRI’SKINESS. n. s. [from frisk.] Gaiety; liveliness. A low
word.

FRI’SKY. adj. [frisque, French, from frisk.] Gay; airy. A
low word.

FRIT. n. s. [Among chymists.] Ashes or salt baked or fried
together with sand. Dict.

FRITH. n. s. [fretum, Latin.]
1. A strait of the sea where the water being confined is rough.
What desp'rate madman then would venture o'er
The frith, or haul his cables from the shore? Dryd. Virg.
Batavian fleets
Defraud us of the glittering finny swarms
That heave our friths, and crowd upon our shores. Thomson.
2. A kind of net. I know not whether this sense be now
retained.
The Wear is a frith, reaching through the Ose, from the
land to low water mark, and having in it a bunt or cod with
an eye-hook; where the fish entering, upon their coming back
with the ebb, are stopt from issuing out again. Carew.

FRITI’LLARY. n. s. [fritillaire, French.] A plant.
The flower consists of six leaves, and is of the bell-shaped
lily flowers, pendulous, naked, and, for the most part, che­
quered: the style of the flower becomes an oblong fruit,
divided into three cells, and filled with flat seeds, lying in a double row: the root consists of two fleshy knobs, for the
most part semi-globular, betwixt which arises the flower­
stalk. Miller.

FRI’TINANCY. n. s. [from fritinnio, Latin.] The scream of
an insect, as the cricket or cicada.
The note or fritinancy thereof is far more shrill than that of
the locust, and its life short. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

FRI’TTER. n. s. [friture, French.]
1. A small piece cut to be fried.
Maids, fritters and pancakes ynow see ye make;
Let Slut have one pancake for company sake. Tuss. Husb.
2. A fragment; a small piece.


Sense and putter! have I lived to stand in the taunt of one
that makes fritters of English! Shak. Merry Wives of Winds.
If you strike a solid body that is brittle, as glass or sugar,
it breaketh not only where the immediate force is, but break­
eth all about into shivers and fritters; the motion, upon the
pressure, searching all ways, and breaking where it findeth
the body weakest. Bacon's Natural History.
The ancient errant knights
Won all their ladies hearts in fights;
And cut whole giants into fritters,
To put them into amorous twitters. Hudibras, p. iii.
3. A cheesecake; a wigg. Ainsworth.

To FRI’TTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cut meat into small pieces to be fried.
2. To break into small particles or fragments.
Joy to great chaos! let division reign!
My racks and tortures soon shall drive them hence,
Break all their nerves, and fritter all their sense. Dunciad.
How prologues into prefaces decay,
And these to notes are fritter'd quite away. Pope's Dunciad.

FRI’VOLOUS. adj. [frivolus, Latin; frivole, Fr.] Slight;
trifling; of no moment.
It is frivolous to say we ought not to use bad ceremonies of
the church of Rome, and presume all such bad as it pleaseth
themselves to dislike. Hooker, b. iv. s. 4.
These seem very frivolous and fruitless; for, by the breach of
them, little damage can come to the commonwealth. Spenser.
She tam'd the brinded lioness,
And spotted mountain pard; but set at nought
The frivolous bolt of Cupid. Milton.
Those things which now seem frivolous and slight,
Will be of serious consequence to you,
When they have made you once ridiculous. Roscommon.
All the impeachments in Greece and Rome seem to have
agreed in a notion they had of being concerned, in point of
honour, to condemn whatever person they impeached, how­
ever frivolous the articles, or however weak the surmises,
whereon they were to proceed in their proofs. Swift.
I will not defend any mistake, and do not think myself
obliged to answer every frivolous objection. Arbuthnot.

FRI’VOLOUSNESS. n. s. [from frivolous.] Want of importance;
triflingness.

FRI’VOLOUSLY. adv. [from frivolous.] Triflingly; without
weight.

To FRIZLE. v. a. [friser, Fr.] To curl in short curls like
nap of frieze.
Th' humble shrub
And bush, with frizl'd hair implicit. Milton's Parad. Lost.
They frizled and curled their hair with hot irons. Hakewill.
I doff'd my shoe, and swear
Therein I spy'd this yellow frizled hair. Gay's Pastorals.

FRI’ZLER. n. s. [from frizle.] One that makes short curls.

FRO

FRO. adv. [of fra, Saxon.]
1. Backward; regressively. It is only used in opposition to the
word to; to and fro, backward and forward.
The Carthaginians, in all the long Punick war, having
spoiled all Spain, rooted out all that were affected to the Ro­
mans; and the Romans, having recovered that country, did
cut off all that favoured the Carthaginians: so betwixt them
both, to and fro, there was scarce a native Spaniard left. Spens.
As when a heap of gather'd thorns is cast,
Now to, now fro, before th' autumnal blast,
Together clung, it rolls around the field. Pope's Odyssey.
2. It is a contraction of from: not now used.
They turn round like grindlestones,
Which they dig out fro' the delves,
For their bairns bread, wives and selves. Ben. Johnson.

FROCK. n. s. [froc, French.]
1. A dress; a coat.
That monster, custom, is angel yet in this,
That to the use of actions fair and good,
He likewise gives a frock or livery,
That aptly is put on. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail
Adamantean proof. Milton's Agonistes, l. 129.
2. A kind of close coat for men.
I strip my body of my shepherd's frock. Dryden.
3. A kind of gown for children.

FROG. n. s. [frogga, Saxon.]
1. A small animal with four feet, living both by land and water,
and placed by naturalists among mixed animals, as partaking
of beast and fish. There is likewise a small green frog that
perches on trees, said to be venomous.
Poor Tom, that eats the swimming frog, the toad, the tod­
pole. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Auster is drawn with a pot or urn, pouring forth water,
with which shall descend frogs. Peacham on Drawing.
2. The hollow part of the horse's hoof.

FRO’GBIT. n. s. [frog and bit.] An herb. Ainsworth.

FRO’GFISH. n. s. [frog and fish.] A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

FRO’GGRASS. n. s. [frog and grass.] A kind of herb.

FRO’GLETTUCE. n. s. [frog and lettuce.] A plant.

FROISE. n. s. [from the French froisser, as the pancake is crisped
or crimpled in frying.] A kind of food made by frying bacon
inclosed in a pancake.

FRO’LICK. adj. [vrolijck, Dutch.] Gay; full of levity; full
of pranks.
We fairies, that do run
By the triple Hecate's team,
From the presence of the sun,
Following darkness like a dream,
Now are frolick. Shakespeare's Midsum. Night's Dream.
Whether, as some sages sing,
The frolick wind that breathes the Spring,
Zephyr with Aurora playing,
As he met her once a Maying;
There on beds of violets blue,
And fresh-blown roses wash'd in dew,
Fill'd her with thee a daughter fair,
So buxom, blithe, and debonnair. Milton.
Who ripe, and frolick of his full-grown age,
Roving the Celtick and Iberian fields,
At last betakes him to this ominous wood. Milton.
The gay, the frolick, and the loud. Waller.

FRO’LICK. n. s. [from the adjective.] A wild prank; a flight
of whim and levity.
He would be at his frolick once again,
And his pretensions to divinity. Roscommon.
Alcibiades, having been formerly noted for the like frolicks
and excursions, was immediately accused of this. Swift.
While rain depends, the pensive cat gives o'er
Her frolicks, and pursues her tail no more. Swift.

To FRO’LICK. v. n. [from the noun.] To play wild pranks;
to play tricks of levity and gaiety.
Then to her new love let her go,
And deck her in golden array;
Be finest at ev'ry fine show,
And frolick it all the long day. Rowe.

FRO’LICKLY. adv. [from frolick.] Gaily; wildly.

FRO’LICKSOME. adj. [from frolick.] Full of wild gaiety.

FRO’LICKSOMENESS. n. s. [from frolicksome.] Wildness of
gaiety; pranks.

FRO’LICKSOMELY. adv. [from frolicksome.] With wild
gaiety.

FROM. prep. [fram, Saxon and Scottish.]
1. Away; noting privation.
Your flighting Zulema, this very hour
Will take ten thousand subjects from your power. Dryden.
In fetters one the barking porter ty'd,
And took him trembling from his sov'reign's side. Dryden.
Clarissa drew, with tempting grace,
A two-edg'd weapon from the shining case. Pope.
2. Noting reception.
What time would spare from steel receives its date. Pope.
3. Noting procession, descent, or birth.
Thus the hard and stubborn race of man
From animated rock and flint began. Blackmore's Creation.
The song began from Jove. Dryden.
Succeeding kings rise from the happy bed. Irene.
4. Noting transmission.
The messengers from our sister and the king. Shakesp.
5. Noting abstraction; vacation from.
I shall find time
From this enormous state, and seek to give
Losses their remedies. Shakespeare's King Lear.
6. With to following; noting succession.
These motions we must examine from first to last, to find
out what was the form of the earth. Burn. Theo. of the Earth.
He bid her from time to time be comforted. Addis. Spectat.
7. Out of; noting emission.
When the most high
Eternal Father, from his secret cloud
Amidst, in thunder utter'd thus his voice. Milt. Par. Lost.
Then pierc'd with pain, she shook her haughty head,
Sigh'd from her inward soul, and thus she said. Dryd. Æn.
8. Noting progress from premisses to inferences.
If an objection be not removed, the conclusion of expe­
rience from the time past to the time present will not be sound
and perfect. Bacon's War with Spain.
This is evident from that high and refined morality, which
shined forth in some of the ancient heathens. South's Sermons.
9. Noting the place or person from whom a message is brought.
The king is coming, and I must speak with him from the
bridge.——How now, Fluellen, cam'st thou from the bridge?
Shakespeare's Henry V.
10. Out of: noting extraction.
From high Meonia's rocky shores I came,
Of poor descent; Acætes is my name. Addis. Ovid. Met.
11.  Because of. Noting the reason or motive of an act or
effect.
You are good, but from a nobler cause;
From your own knowledge, not from nature's laws. Dryden.
David celebrates the glory of God from the consideration
of the greatness of his works. Tillotson, Sermon 4.
We sicken soon from her contagious care;
Grieve for her sorrows, groan for her despair. Prior.


Relaxations from plenitude is cured by spare diet, and from
any cause by that which is contrary to it. Arbuthnot on Alim.
12. Out of. Noting the ground or cause of any thing.
They who believe that the praises which arise from valour
are superiour to those which proceed from any other virtues,
have not considered. Dryden's Virg. Æn. Dedication.
What entertainment can be raised from so pitiful a machine?
We see the success of the battle from the very beginning. Dryd.
'Tis true from force the strongest titles spring. Dryden.
13. Not near to. Noting distance.
His regiment lies half a mile at least
South from the mighty power of the king. Shak. Rich. III.
14. Noting separation or recession.
To die by thee, were but to die in jest;
From thee to die, were torture more than death. Sh. H. VI.
By the sacred radiance of the sun,
The mysteries of Hecate, and the night;
By all the operations of the orbs,
From whom we do exist, and cease to be,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care. Shakesp. King Lear.
Hast thou beheld, when from the goal they start,
The youthful charioteers, with heaving heart,
Rush to the race, and, panting, scarcely bear
Th' extremes of feverish hope and chilling fear. Dryd. Virg.
15. Noting exemption or deliverance.
From jealousy's tormenting strife,
For ever be thy bosom free. Prior.
16. At a distance. Noting absence.
Our father he hath writ, so hath our sister,
Of diff'rences, which I best thought it fit
To answer from our home. Shakespeare's King Lear.
17. Noting derivation.
I lay the deep foundations of a wall,
And Enos, nam'd from me, the city call. Dryden's Æn.
18. Since. Noting distance from the past.
The flood was not the cause of mountains, but there were
mountains from the creation. Raleigh's History of the World.
I had, from my childhood, a wart upon one of my fingers.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 997.
The other had been trained up from his youth in the war
of Flanders. Clarendon, b. viii.
The milk of tygers was his infant food,
Taught from his tender years the taste of blood. Dryden.
Were there, from all eternity, no memorable actions done
'till about that time? Tillotson, Sermon 1. 
19. Contrary to.
Any thing so overdone is from the purpose of playing;
whose end, both at the first and now, was and is to hold, as
'twere, the mirrour up to nature. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Do not believe,
That from the sense of all civility,
I thus would play and trifle with your reverence. Shakesp.
Did you draw bonds to forfeit? Sign, to break?
Or must we read you quite from what we speak,
And find the truth out the wrong way? Donne.
20. Noting removal.
Thrice from the ground she leap'd. Dryden's Æn. b. ii.
21.  From is very frequently joined by an ellipsis with adverbs:
as, from above, from the parts above; from below, from the
places below; of which some are here exemplified.
22. FROM above.
He, which gave them from above such power, for miraculous
confirmation of that which they taught, endued them also
with wisdom from above, to teach that which they so did con­
firm. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
No sooner were his eyes in slumber bound,
When, from above, a more than mortal sound
Invades his ears. Dryden's Æn. b. viii.
23. FROM afar.
Light demilances from afar they throw. Dryden's Æn.
24. FROM beneath.
With whirlwinds from beneath she toss'd the ship,
And bare expos'd the bosom of the deep. Dryden's Virgil.
An arm arises of the Stygian flood,
Which, breaking from beneath with bellowing sound,
Whirls the black waves and rattling stones around. Dryden.
25. FROM behind.
See, to their base restor'd, earth, seas, and air,
And joyful ages from behind, in crowding ranks appear. Dry.
26. FROM far.
The train, proceeding on their way,
From far the town and lofty tow'rs survey. Dryden's Æn.
27. FROM high.
Then heav'n's imperious queen shot down from high. Dryd.
28. FROM thence. Here from is superfluous.
In the necessary differences which arise from thence, they
rather break into several divisions than join in any one publick
interest; and from hence have always risen the most dangerous
factions, which have ruined the peace of nations. Clarendon.
29. FROM whence. From is here superfluous.
While future realms his wand'ring thoughts delight,
His daily vision, and his dream by night,
Forbidden Thebes appears before his eye,
From whence he sees his absent brother fly. Pope's Statius.
30. FROM where.
From where high Ithaca o'erlooks the floods,
Brown with o'er-arching shades and pendent woods,
Us to these shores our filial duty draws. Pope's Odyssey.
31.  FROM without.
When the plantation grows to strength, then it is time to
plant it with women as well as with men, that it may spread
into generations, and not be pieced from without. Bacon.
If native power prevail not, shall I doubt
To seek for needful succour from without. Dryden's Æn.
32. From is sometimes followed by another preposition, with its
proper case.
33. FROM amidst.
Thou too shalt fall by time or barb'rous foes,
Whose circling walls the sev'n fam'd hills enclose;
And thou, whose rival tow'rs invade the skies,
And, from amidst the waves, with equal glory rise. Addison.
34. FROM among.
Here had new begun
My wand'ring, had not he, who was my guide
Up hither, from among the trees appear'd,
Presence divine! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
35. FROM beneath.
My worthy wife our arms mislaid,
And from beneath my head my sword convey'd. Dryd. Æn.
36. FROM beyond.
There followed him great multitudes of people from Gali­
lee, and from beyond Jordan. Mat. iv. 25.
37. FROM forth.
Young Aretus, from forth his bridal bow'r,
Brought the full laver o'er their hands to pour,
And canisters of consecrated flour. Pope's Odyssey.
38. FROM off.
The sea being constrained to withdraw from off certain
tracts of lands, which lay 'till then at the bottom of it. Woodw.
Knights, unhors'd, may rise from off the plain,
And fight on foot, their honour to regain. Dryden.
39. FROM out.
The king with angry threatnings from out a window, where
he was not ashamed the world should behold him a beholder,
commanded his guard and the rest of his soldiers to hasten
their death. Sidney, b. ii.
And join thy voice unto the angel-quire,
From out his secret altar touch'd with hallow'd fire. Milton.
Now shake, from out thy fruitful breast, the seeds
Of envy, discord, and of cruel deeds. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
Strong god of arms, whose iron sceptre sways
The freezing North and hyperborean seas,
Terror is thine; and wild amazement, flung
From out thy chariot, withers ev'n the strong. Dryden.
40. FROM out of.
Whatsoever such principle there is, it was at the first found
out by discourse, and drawn from out of the very bowels of
heaven and earth. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
41.  FROM under.
He, though blind of sight,
Despis'd, and thought extinguish'd quite,
With inward eyes illuminated,
His fiery virtue rous'd
From under ashes into sudden flame. Milton's Agonistes.
42. FROM within.
From within
The broken bowels, and the bloated skin,
A buzzing noise of bees his ears alarms. Dryd. Virg. Geor.

FRO’MWARD. prep. [fram and weard, Saxon.] Away from;
the contrary to the word towards.
As chearfully going towards as Pyrocles went froward
fromward his death. Sidney.
The common horizontal needle is continually varying
towards East and West; and so the dipping or inclining needle
is varying up and down, towards or fromwards the zenith,
Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

FRONDI’FEROUS. adj. [frondifer, Lat.] Bearing leaves. Dict.

FRONT. n. s. [frons, Latin; front, French.]
1. The face.
His front yet threatens, and his frowns command. Prior.
They stand not front to front, but each doth view
The other's tail, pursu'd as they pursue. Creech's Manilius.
The patriot virtues that distend thy thought,
Spread on thy front, and in thy bosom glow. Thomson.
2. The face, in a sense of censure or dislike: as, a hardened
front; a fierce front. This is the usual sense.
3. The face as opposed to an enemy.
His forward hand, inur'd to wounds, makes way
Upon the sharpest fronts of the most fierce. Daniel's C. W.
4. The part or place opposed to the face.


The access of the town was only by a neck of land: our
men had shot that thundered upon them from the rampier in
front, and from the gallies that lay at sea in flank. Bacon.
5. The van of an army.
'Twixt host and host but narrow space was left,
A dreadful interval! and front to front
Presented, stood in terrible array. Milton's Paradise Lost.
6. The forepart of any thing, as of a building.
Both these sides are not only returns, but parts of the front;
and uniform without, though severally partitioned within, and
are on both sides of a great and stately tower, in the midst of
the front. Bacon, Essay 46.
Palladius adviseth the front of his edifice should so respect
the South, that in its first angle it receive the rising rays of the
Winter sun, and decline a little from the Winter setting
thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.
The prince approach'd the door,
Possess'd the porch, and on the front above
He fix'd the fatal bough. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
One sees the front of a palace covered with painted pillars of
different orders. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
7. The most conspicuous part or particular.

To FRONT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To oppose directly, or face to face; to encounter.
You four shall front them in the narrow lane; we will walk
lower: if they scape from your encounter, then they light on
us. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Can you, when you have push'd out of your gates the very
defender of them, think to front his revenges with easy
groans. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Some are either to be won to the state in a fast and true
manner, or fronted with some other of the same party that
may oppose them, and so divide the reputation. Bacon's Essays.
I shall front thee, like some staring ghost,
With all my wrongs about me. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. To stand opposed or overagainst any place or thing.
The square will be one of the most beautiful in Italy when
this statue is erected, and a townhouse built at one end to front
the church that stands at the other. Addison on Italy.

To FRONT. v. n. To stand foremost.
I front but in that file,
Where others tell steps with me. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

FRO’NTAL. n. s. [frontale, Lat. frontal, Fr.] Any external form of
medicine to be applied to the forehead, generally composed
amongst the ancients of coolers and hypnoticks. Quincy.
We may apply intercipients upon the temples of mastick:
frontales may also be applied. Wiseman's Surgery.
The torpedo, being alive, stupifies at a distance; but after
death produceth no such effect; which had they retained, they
might have supplied opium, and served as frontals in phrensies.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

FRO’NTATED. adj. [from frons, Latin.] In botany, the
frontated leaf of a flower grows broader and broader, and
at last perhaps terminates in a right line: used in opposition
to cuspated, which is, when the leaves of a flower end in a
point. Quincy.

FRO’NTBOX. n. s. [front and box.] The box in the playhouse
from which there is a direct view to the stage.
How vain are all these glories, all our pains,
Unless good sense preserve what beauty gains!
That men may say, when we the frontbox grace,
Behold the first in virtue, as in face. Pope's Ra. of the Lock.

FRO’NTED. adj. [from front.] Formed with a front.
Part fronted brigades form. Milton.

FRO’NTIER. n. s. [frontiere, French.] The marches; the
limit; the utmost verge of any territory; the border: proper­
ly that which terminates not at the sea, but fronts another
country.
Draw all the inhabitants of those borders away, or plant
garrisons upon all those frontiers about him. Spenser on Ireland.
I upon my frontiers here
Keep residence,
That little which is left so to defend. Milton's Paradise Lost.

FRO’NTIER. adj. Bordering.
A place there lies on Gallia's utmost bounds,
Where rising seas insult the frontier grounds. Addison.

FRO’NTISPIECE. n. s. [frontispicium, id quod in fronte conspi­
citur; frontispice, French.] That part of any building or
other body that directly meets the eye.
With frontispiece of diamond and gold
Embellish'd, thick with sparkling orient gems
The portal shone. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Who is it has informed us that a rational soul can inhabit
no tenement, unless it has just such a sort of frontispice? Locke.
The frontispiece of the townhouse has pillars of a beautiful
black marble, streaked with white. Addison on Italy.

FRO’NTLESS. adj. [from front.] Without blushes; without
shame; without diffidence.
Thee, frontless man, we follow'd from afar,
Thy instruments of death and tools of war. Dryd. Iliad.
For vice, though frontless and of harden'd face,
Is daunted at the sight of awful grace. Dryden.
Strike a blush through frontless flattery. Pope.

FRO’NTLET. n. s. [from frons, Latin; fronteau, French.] A
bandage worn upon the forehead.
How now, daughter, what makes that frontlet on? You are
too much of late i' th' frown. Shakespeare's King Lear.
They shall be as frontlets between thine eyes. Deutr. vi. 8.
To the forehead frontlets were applied, to restrain and inter­
cept the influx. Wiseman's Surgery.

FRONTROO’M. n. s. [front and room.] An apartment in the
forepart of the house.
If your shop stands in an eminent street, the frontrooms are
commonly more airy than the backrooms; and it will be in­
convenient to make the frontroom shallow. Moxon's Mech. Ex.

FRORE. adj. [bevroren, Dutch, frozen.] Frozen. This word
is not used since the time of Milton.
The parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs th' effect of fire. Milt. P. L.

FRORNE. adj. [bevroren, frozen, Dutch.] Frozen; congealed
with cold. Obsolete.
O, my heart-blood is well nigh frorne I feel,
And my galage grown fast to my heel. Spenser's Pastorals.

FROST. n. s. [frost, Saxon.]
1. The last effect of cold; the power or act of congelation.
This is the state of man: to-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hopes, to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him;
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost,
And when he thinks, good easy man, full surely
His greatness is a ripening, nips his root,
And then he falls. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
When the frost seizes upon wine, only the more waterish
parts are congealed: there is a mighty spirit which can retreat
into itself, and within its own compass lie secure from the
freezing impression. South's Sermons.
2. The appearance of plants and trees sparkling with congela­
tion of dew.
Behold the groves that shine with silver frost.
Their beauty wither'd, and their verdure lost. Pope's Winter.

FRO’STBITTEN. adj. [frost and bitten.] Nipped or withered
by the frost.
The leaves, gathered somewhat before they are too much
frostbitten, make excellent matresses. Mortimer.

FRO’STED. adj. [from frost.] Laid on in inequalities like those
of the hoar frost upon plants.
The rich brocaded silk unfold,
Where rising flow'rs grow stiff with frosted gold. Gay.

FRO’STILY. adv. [from frosty.]
1. With frost; with excessive cold.
2. Without warmth of affection.
Courtling, I rather thou should'st utterly
Dispraise my work, than praise it frostily. Ben. Johnson.

FRO’STINESS. n. s. [from frosty.] Cold; freezing cold.

FRO’STNAIL. n. s. [frost and nail.] A nail with a prominent
head driven into the horse's shoes, that it may pierce the
ice.
The claws are strait only to take hold, for better progres­
sion; as a horse that is shod with frostnails. Grew's Cosmol.

FRO’STWORK. n. s. [frost and work.] Work in which the
substance is laid on with inequalities, like the dew congealed
upon shrubs.
By nature shap'd to various figures, those
The fruitful rain, and these the hail compose;
The snowy fleece and curious frostwork these,
Produce the dew, and those the gentle breeze. Blackmore.

FRO’STY. adj. [from frost.]
1. Having the power of congelation; excessive cold.
For all my blood in Rome's great quarrel shed,
For all the frosty nights that I have watch'd,
Be pitiful to my condemned sons. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
The air, if very cold, irritateth the flame, and maketh it
burn more fiercely; as fire scorcheth in frosty weather. Bacon.
A gnat, half starved with cold and hunger, went out one
frosty morning to a bee-hive. L'Estrange.
2. Chill in affection; without warmth of kindness or courage.
What a frosty spirited rogue is this! Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. Hoary; gray-haired; resembling frost.
Where is loyalty?
If it be banish'd from the frosty head,
Where shall it find a harbour in the earth? Shak. H. VI.

FROTH. n. s. [froe, Danish and Scottish.]
1. Spume; foam; the bubbles caused in liquors by agitation.
His hideous tail then hurled he about,
And therewith all enwrapt the nimble thighs
Of his froth foamy steed. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 11. 
When wind expireth from under the sea, as it causeth some
resounding of the water, so it causeth some light motions of
bubbles, and white circles of froth. Bacon's Nat. History.
Surging waves against a solid rock,
Though all to shivers dash'd, th' assault renew;
Vain batt'ry, and in froth or bubbles end. Milton's Pa. Reg.
The useless froth swims on the surface, but the pearl lies
covered with a mass of waters. Glanv. Sceps. c. 9.


The scatter'd ocean flies;
Black sands, discolour'd froth, and mingled mud arise. Dry.
They were the froth my raging folly mov'd
When it boil'd up; I knew not then I lov'd,
Yet then lov'd most. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
If now the colours of natural bodies are to be mingled, let
water, a little thickened with soap, be agitated to raise a froth;
and after that froth has stood a little, there will appear, to one
that shall view it intently, various colours every where in the
surfaces of the several bubbles; but to one that shall go so far
off that he cannot distinguish the colours from one another,
the whole froth will grow white, with a perfect whiteness.
Newton's Opt.
A painter, having finished the picture of a horse, excepting
the loose froth about his mouth and his bridle; and after many
unsuccessful essays, despairing to do that to his satisfaction, in
a great rage threw a spunge at it, all besmeared with the co­
lours, which fortunately hitting upon the right place, by one
bold stroke of chance most exactly supplied the want of skill
in the artist. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Any empty or senseless show of wit or eloquence.
3. Any thing not hard, solid, or substantial.
Who eateth his veal, pig and lamb being froth,
Shall twice in a week go to bed without broth. Tuss. Husb.

To FROTH. v. n. [from the noun.] To foam; to throw out
spume; to generate spume.
He frets within, froths treason at his mouth,
And churns it through his teeth. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

FRO’THILY. adv. [from frothy.]
1. With foam; with spume.
2. In an empty trifling manner.

FRO’THY. adj. [from froth.]
1. Full of foam, froth, or spume.
The sap of trees is of differing natures; some watery and
clear, as vines, beeches, pears; some thick, as apples; some
gummy, as cherries; and some frothy, as elms. Bacon.
Behold a frothy substance rise;
Be cautious, or your bottle flies. Swift.
2. Soft; not solid; wasting.
Their bodies are so solid and hard as you need not fear that
bathing should make them frothy. Bacon's Natural History.
3. Vain; empty; trifling.
What's a voluptuous dinner, and the frothy vanity of dis­
course that commonly attends these pompous entertainments?
What is it but a mortification, to a man of sense and
virtue? L'Estrange, Fable 185.
Though the principles of religion were never so clear and
evident, yet they may be made ridiculous by vain and frothy
men; as the gravest and wisest person in the world may be
abused by being put in a fool's coat. Tillotson, Sermon 1. 

FROUNCE. n. s. A word used by falconers for a distemper,
in which white spittle gathers about the hawk's bill.
Skinner and Ainsworth.

To FROUNCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To frizzle or curl the
hair about the face. This word was at first probably used in
contempt.
Some frounce their curled hair in courtly guise,
Some prank their ruffs, and others timely dight
Their gay attire. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 4.
Some warlike sign must be used; either a slovenly buskin,
or an overstaring frounced head. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Thus, night, oft see me in thy pale career,
'Till civil suited morn appear;
Not trick'd and frounc'd as she was wont,
With the Attick boy to hunt. Milton.

FRO’UZY. adj. [A cant word.] Dim; fœtid; musty.
Petticoats in frouzy heaps. Swift.
When first Diana leaves her bed,
Vapours and steams her looks disgrace;
A frouzy dirty-colour'd red
Sits on her cloudy wrinkled face. Swift.

FRO’WARD. adj. [framweard, Saxon.] Peevish; ungo­
vernable; angry; perverse: the contrary to toward.
The froward pain of mine own heart made me so delight
to punish him, whom I esteemed the chiefest let in the
way. Sidney.
She's not froward, but modest as the dove:
She is not hot, but temperate as the morn. Shakespeare.
Whose ways are crooked, and they froward in their paths.
Prov. ii. 15.
Time moveth so round, that a froward retention of custom
is as turbulent a thing as innovation. Bacon, Essay 25.
'Tis with froward men, and froward factions too, as 'tis
with froward children; they'll be sooner quieted by fear than
by any sense of duty. L'Estrange.
They help or occasion sleep, as we find by the common
use and experience of rocking froward children in cradles.
Temple.

FRO’WARDLY. adv. [from froward.] Peevishly; perversely.
I hid me and was wroth, and he went frowardly in the way
of his heart. Is. lvii. 17.

FRO’WARDNESS. n. s. [from froward.] Peevishness; perverse­
ness.
How many frowardnesses of ours does he smother? how
many indignities does he pass by? how many affronts does he
put up at our hands? South's Sermons.
We'll mutually forget
The warmth of youth and frowardness of age. Addis. Cato.

FRO’WER. n. s. [I know not the etymology.] A cleaving
tool.
A frower of iron for cleaving of lath,
With roll for a sawpit, good husbandry hath. Tuss. Husb.

To FROWN. v. a. [frogner, old French, to wrinkle. Skin­
ner.] To express displeasure by contracting the face to
wrinkles; to look stern.
Say that she frowns; I'll say, she looks as clear
As morning roses newly wash'd with dew. Shakespeare.
They chuse their magistrate;
And such a one as he, who puts his shall,
His popular shall, against a graver bench
Than ever frown'd. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
How now, daughter, what makes that frontlet on? You
are too much of late i' th' frown.
——Thou wast a pretty fellow, when thou hadst no need to
care for her frowning. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Heroes in animated marble frown. Pope.
The wood,
Whose shady horrors on a rising brow
Wav'd high, and frown'd upon the stream below. Pope.

FROWN. n. s. [from the verb.] A wrinkled look; a look of
displeasure.
Patiently endure that frown of fortune, and by some notable
exploit win again her favour. Knolles's History of the Turks.
In his half-clos'd eyes
Stern vengeance yet and hostile terror stand;
His front yet threatens, and his frowns command. Prior.

FRO’WNINGLY. adv. [from frown.] Sternly; with a look of
displeasure.
What, look'd he frowningly?
—A count'nance more in sorrow than in anger. Shak. Ham.

FRO’WY. adj. Musty; mossy. This word is now not used;
but instead of it frouzy.
But if they with thy gotes should yede,
They soon might be corrupted;
Or like not of the frowy fede,
Or with the weeds be glutted. Spenser's Pastorals.

FRO’ZEN. part. pass. of freeze.
Against whom was the fine frozen knight, frozen in despair;
but his armour so naturally representing ice, and all his furni­
ture so lively answering thereto, as yet did I never see any thing
that pleased me better. Sidney, b. ii.
How dire a tempest from Mycenæ pour'd,
Our plains, our temples, and our town devour'd:
What was the waste of war, what fierce alarms
Shook Asia's crown with European arms;
Ev'n such have heard, if any such there be,
Whose earth is bounded by the frozen sea. Dryden's Æn.
Fierce Boreas, with his offspring, issues forth
T' invade the frozen waggon of the North. Dryd. Ovid.
A cheerful blaze arose, and by the fire
They warm'd their frozen feet, and dry'd their wet attire.
Dryden's Flower and Leaf.

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society.
Who this profess,
Shine in the dignity of F. R. S. Pope.

FRU

FRU’CTIFEROUS. adj. [fructifer, Latin.] Bearing fruit. Ains.

To FRU’CTIFY. v. a. [fructifier, French.] To make fruit­
ful; to fertilise.
The legal levies the sovereign raises, are as vapours which
the sun exhales, which fall down in sweet showers to fructify
the earth. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Where e'er she looks, behold some sudden birth
Adorns the trees, and fructifies the earth. Granville.

To FRU’CTIFY. v. n. To bear fruit.
It watereth the heart, to the end it may fructify; maketh
the virtuous, in trouble, full of magnanimity and courage;
and serveth as a most approved remedy against all doleful and
heavy accidents which befall men in this present life. Hooker.
Thus would there nothing fructify, either near or under
them, the sun being horizontal to the poles. Brown's Vu. Err.

FRUCTIFICA’TION. n. s. [from fructify.] The act of causing
or of bearing fruit; fecundation; fertility.
That the sap doth powerfully rise in the Spring, to put the
plant in a capacity of fructification, he that hath beheld how
many gallons of water may be drawn from a birch-tree, hath
slender reason to doubt. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

FRU’CTUOUS. adj. [fructueux, Fr. from fructify.] Fruitful;
fertile; impregnating with fertility.
Here to the sight
Apples of price, and plenteous sheaves of corn
Oft interlac'd occur; and both imbibe
Fitting congenial juice, so rich the soil,
So much does fructuous moisture o'erabound! Phillips.



FRU’GAL. adj. [frugalis, Latin; frugal, Fr.] Thristy; spar­
ing; parsimonious; not prodigal; not profuse; not lavish.
If through mists he shoots his sullen beams,
Frugal of light, in loose and straggling streams,
Suspect a drisling day. Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks.

FRU’GALLY. adv. [from frugal.] Parsimoniously; sparingly;
thristily.
Mean time young Pasimond his marriage press'd,
And frugally resolv'd, the charge to shun,
To join his brother's bridal with his own. Dryden.

FRUGA’LITY. n. s. [frugalité, French; frugalitas, Latin.]
Thrist; parsimony; good husbandry.
As for the general sort of men, frugality may be the cause
of drinking water; for that is no small saving, to pay nothing
for one's drink. Bacon.
Frugality and bounty too,
Those diff'ring virtues, meet in you. Waller.
In this frugality of your praises, some things I cannot
omit. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
The boundaries of virtues are indivisible lines: it is impos­
sible to march up close to the frontiers of frugality, without
entering the territories of parsimony. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

FRU’GIFEROUS. adj. [fragiser, Latin.] Bearing fruit. Ains.

FRUIT. n. s. [fructus, Latin; frwyth, Welsh; fruit, French.]
1. The product of a tree or plant in which the seeds are con­
tained.
The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholsome berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. That part of a plant which is taken for food.
By tasting of that fruit forbid,
Where they sought knowledge, they did error find. Davies.
See how the rising fruits the gardens crown,
Imbibe the sun, and make his light their own. Blackmore.
3. Production.
The fruit of the spirit is in all goodness and righteousness,
and truth. Ez. v. 9.
4. The offspring of the womb; the young of any animal.
Can'st thou their reck'nings keep? the time compute,
When their swol'n bellies shall enlarge their fruit. Sandys.
5. Advantage gained by any enterprise or conduct.
What is become of all the king of Sweden's victories?
Where are the fruits of them at this day? Or of what benefit
will they be to posterity? Swift.
Another fruit, from considering things in themselves,
will be, that each man will pursue his thoughts in that me­
thod which will be most agreeable to the nature of the thing,
and to his apprehension of what it suggests to him. Locke.
6. The effect or consequence of any action.
She blushed when she considered the effect of granting; she
was pale, when she remembered the fruits of denying. Sidney.
They shall eat of the fruit of their own way. Prov. i. 31. 
If I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour. Philip i.

FRU’ITAGE. n. s. [fruitage, French.] Fruit collectively;
various fruits.
In heav'n the trees
Of life ambrosial fruitage bear, and vines
Yield nectar. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Greedily they pluck'd
The fruitage, fair to sight, like that which grew
Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flam'd. Milton.
What is more ordinary with them than the taking in flow­
ers and fruitage for the garnishing of their work? More.

FRU’ITBEARER. n. s. [fruit and bearer.] That which pro­
duces fruit.
Trees, especially fruitbearers, are often infected with the
measles. Mortimer's Husbandry.

FRU’ITBEARING. adj. [fruit and bear.] Having the quality
of producing fruit.
By this way graft trees of different kinds one on another,
as fruitbearing trees on those that bear not. Mort. Husbandry.

FRU’ITERER. n. s. [fruitier, French.] One who trades in
fruit.
I did fight with one Sampson Stockfish, a fruiterer, behind
Gray's-inn. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Walnuts the fruit'rer's hand in Autumn stain;
Blue plumbs and juicy pears augment his gain. Gay.

FRU’ITERY. n. s. [fruiterie, French.]
1. Fruit collectively taken.
Oft, notwithstanding all thy care
To help thy plants, on the small fruitery
Exempt from ills, an oriental blast
Disastrous flies. Phillips.
2. A fruit-loft; a repository for fruit.

FRU’ITFUL. adj. [fruit and full.]
1. Fertile; abundantly productive; liberal of product.
If she continued cruel, he could no more sustain his life
than the earth remain fruitful in the sun's continual ab­
sence. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Actually bearing fruit.
Adonis' gardens,
That one day bloom'd, and fruitful were the next. Shakesp.
3. Prolifick; childbearing; not barren.
Hear, nature, hear; dear goddess, hear a father!
Suspend thy purpose, if thou did'st intend
To make this creature fruitful:
Into her womb convey sterility. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I have copied nature, making the youths amorous and the
damsels fruitful. Gay's Preface to the What d'ye Call it.
4. Plenteous; abounding in any thing.
While you, my lord, the rural shades admire,
And from Britannia's publick posts retire,
Me into foreign realms my fate conveys,
Through nations fruitful of immortal lays. Addison.

FRU’ITFULLY. adv. [from fruitful.]
1. In such a manner as to be prolifick.
How sacred seeds of sea, and air, and earth,
And purer fire through universal night,
And empty space, did fruitfully unite. Roscommon.
2. Plenteously; abundantly.
You have many opportunities to cut him off: if your will
want not, time and place will be fruitfully offered. Shakesp.

FRU’ITFULNESS. n. s. [from fruitful.]
1. Fertility; fecundity; plentiful production.
Neither can we ascribe the same fruitfulness to any part of
the earth, nor the same virtue to any plant thereon growing,
that they had before the flood. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
2. The qualit of being prolifick.
The goddess, present at the match she made,
So bless'd the bed, such fruitfulness convey'd,
That ere ten moons had sharpen'd either horn,
To crown their bliss, a lovely boy was born. Dryd. Ovid.
3. Exuberant abundance.
The remedy of fruitfulness is easy, but no labour will help
the contrary: I will like and praise some things in a young
writer, which yet, if he continues in, I cannot but justly hate
him for. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.

FRUITGRO’VES. n. s. [fruit and groves.] Shades, or close
plantations of fruit trees.
The faithful slave,
Whom to my nuptial train Icarius gave,
To tend the fruitgroves? Pope's Odyssey, b. iv.

FRUI’TION. n. s. [fruor, Latin.] Enjoyment; possession;
pleasure given by possession or use.
Man doth not seem to rest satisfied either with fruition
of that wherewith his life is preserved, or with performance
of such actions as advance him most deservedly in estima­
tion. Hooker, b. i.
I am driv'n, by breath of her renown,
Either to seek shipwreck, or arrive
Where I may have fruition of her love. Shakesp. Henry VI.
God riches and renown to men imparts,
Ev'n all they wish; and yet their narrow hearts
Cannot so great a fluency receive,
But their fruition to a stranger leave. Sandys's Paraphrase.
Affliction generally disables a man from pursuing those vices
in which the guilt of men consists: if the affliction be on his
body, his appetites are weakened, and capacity of fruition
destroyed. Rogers's Sermons.
Wit once, like beauty, without art or dress,
Naked and unadorn'd, could find success;
'Till by fruition, novelty destroy'd,
The nymph must find new charms to be enjoy'd. Granv.

FRU’ITIVE. adj. [from the noun.] Enjoying; possessing;
having the power of enjoyment.
To whet our longings for fruitive or experimental know­
ledge, it is reserved among the prerogatives of being in heaven
to know how happy we shall be, when there. Boyle.

FRU’ITLESS. adj. [from fruit.]
1. Barren of fruit; not bearing fruit.
The Spaniards of Mexico, for the first forty years, could
not make our kind of wheat bear seed; but it grew up as
high as the trees, and was fruitless. Raleigh's History.
2. Vain; productive of no advantage; idle; unprofitable.
O! let me not, quoth he, return again
Back to the world, whose joys so fruitless are;
But let me here for ay in peace remain,
Or straightway on that last long voyage fare. Fairy Queen.
Serpent! we might have spar'd our coming hither;
Fruitless to me, though fruit be here t' excess. Milt. P. L.
3. Without offspring.
Upon my head they plac'd a fruitless crown,
And put a barren scepter in my gripe;
No son of mine succeeding. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

FRU’ITLESSLY. adv. [from fruitless.] Vainly; idly; unpro­
fitably.
After this fruit curiosity fruitlesly enquireth, and confidence
blindly determineth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
Walking they talk'd, and fruitlesly divin'd
What friend the priestess by those words design'd. Dryden.

FRUIT-TIME. n. s. [fruit and time.] The Autumn; the time
for gathering fruit.

FRU’ITTREE. n. s. [fruit and tree.] A tree of that kind
whose principal value arises from the fruit produced by it.


Lady, by yonder blessed moon I vow,
That tips with silver all these fruittree tops. Shakespeare.
They took strong cities, possessed houses full of all goods,
wells digged, vineyards and oliveyards, and fruittrees in abun­
dance. Neh. ix. 25.
All with a border of rich fruittrees crown'd,
Whose loaded branches hide the lofty mound. Waller.

FRUMENTA’CIOUS. adj. [from frumentum, Latin.] Made of
grain. Dict.

FRUME’NTY. n. s. [frumentum, corn, Latin.] Food made of
wheat boiled in milk.

To FRUMP. v. a. To mock; to browbeat. Skinner. Ainsw.

To FRUSH. v. a. [froisser, French.] To break, bruise, or
crush. Hanmer.
I like thy armour well;
I'll frush it, and unlock the rivets all,
But I'll be master of it. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

FRUSH. n. s. [from the verb.] A sort of tender horn that
grows in the middle of the sole, and at some distance from
the toe: it divides into two branches, running towards the
heel, in the form of a fork. Farrier's Dict.

FRUSTRA’NEOUS. adj. [frustra, Latin.] Vain; useless; un­
profitable; without advantage.
Their attempts being so frustraneous, and the demonstra­
tions to the contrary so perspicuous, it is a marvel that any
man, virtuously and piously disposed, should be so partially
and zealously affected in a cause that has neither truth nor any
honest usefulness in it. More's Divine Dialogues.
He timely withdraws his frustraneous baffled kindnesses, and
sees the folly of endeavouring to stroke a tyger into a lamb,
or to court an Ethiopian out of his colour. South's Sermons.

To FRU’STRATE. v. a. [frustror, Latin; frustrer, Fr.]
1. To defeat; to disappoint; to balk.
It is an axiom of nature, that natural desire cannot utterly
be frustrate. Hooker, b. i.
I survive,
To mock the expectations of the world;
To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out
Rotten opinion, which hath writ me down
After my seeming. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Stern look'd the fiend, as frustrate of his will;
Not half suffic'd, and greedy yet to kill. Dryden.
Not more almighty to resist our might,
Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles. Milt. P. Lost.
2. To make null; to nullify.
The act of parliament which gave all his lands to the queen,
did cut off and frustrate all such conveyances. Spenser.
Now thou hast aveng'd
Supplanted Adam; and by vanquishing
Temptation, hast regain'd lost paradise,
And frustrated the conquest fraudulent. Milton's Par. Reg.
The peculiar strength of the motive may of itself perhaps
contribute to frustrate the efficacy of it, rendering it liable to
be suspected by him to whom it is addressed. Atterbury's Serm.

FRU’STRATE. participial adj. [from the verb.]
1. Vain; ineffectual; useless; unprofitable.
He is drown'd
Whom thus we stray to find, and the sea mocks
Our frustrate search on land. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The ruler of the province of Judea being by Julian
busied in the re-edifying of this temple, flaming balls
of fire issuing near the foundation, and oft consuming the
workmen, made the enterprise frustrate. Raleigh's History.
All at once employ their thronging darts;
But out of order thrown, in air they join,
And multitude makes frustrate the design. Dryden's Ovid.
2. Null; void.
Few things are so restrained to any one end or purpose, that,
the same being extinct, they should forthwith utterly become
frustrate. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.

FRUSTRA’TION. n. s. [frustratio, Latin, from frustrate.] Dis­
appointment; defeat.
In states notoriously irreligious, a secret and irresistible
power countermands their deepest projects, splits their coun­
sels, and smites their most refined policies with frustration and
a curse. South's Sermons.

FRU’STRATIVE. adj. [from frustrate.] Fallacious; disap­
pointing. Ainsworth.

FRU’STRATORY. adj. [from frustrate.] That which makes
any procedure void; that which vacates any former process.
Bartolus restrains this to a frustratory appeal. Ayliffe's Par.

FRU’STUM. n. s. [Latin.] A piece cut off from a regular
figure. A term of science.

FRY

FRY. n. s. [from froe, foam, Danish. Skinner.]
1. The swarm of little fishes just produced from the spawn.
They come to us, but us love draws;
He swallows us, and never chaws:
By him, as by chain'd shot, whole ranks do die;
He is the tyrant pike, and we the fry. Donne.
Forthwith the sounds and seas, each creek and bay,
With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals
Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales
Glide under the green wave in sculls, that oft
Bank the mid-sea. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
The angler had the hap to draw up a very little fish from
among the fry. L'Estrange.
So close behind some promontory lie
The huge leviathans, t' attend their prey;
And give no chace, but swallow in the fry,
Which through their gaping jaws mistake the way. Dryd.
2. Any swarm of animals; or young people in contempt.
Out of the fry of these rakehell horseboys, growing up in
knavery and villany, are their kern continually supplied and
maintained. Spenser on Ireland.
Them before the fry of children young,
Their wanton sports and childish mirth did play,
And to the maidens sounding timbrels sung. Fairy Queen.
Draw me no constellations there,
Nor dog, nor goat, nor bull, nor bear;
Nor any of that monstrous fry
Of animals that stock the sky. Oldham.
The young fry must be held at a distance, and kept under
the discipline of contempt. Collier on Pride.

FRY. n. s. A kind of sieve.
He dresseth the dust from malt, by running it through a
fan or fry. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To FRY. v. a. [frigo, Lat. ffrio, Welsh; frijck, Erse.] To
dress food by roasting it in a pan on the fire.

To FRY. v. n.
1. To be roasted in a pan on the fire.
2. To suffer the action of fire.
So when with crackling flames a cauldron fries,
The bubbling waters from the bottom rise;
Above the brims they force their fiery way,
Black vapours climb aloft, and cloud the day. Dryd. Æn.
3. To melt with heat.
Spices and gums about them melting fry,
And, phenix like, in that rich nest they die. Waller.
4. To be agitated like liquor in the pan on the fire.
Oil of sweet almonds, newly drawn with sugar, and a little
spice, spread upon bread toasted, is an excellent nourisher;
but then, to keep the oil from frying in the stomach, drink
mild beer after it. Bacon's Natural History.
Where no ford he finds, no water fries,
Nor billows with unequal murmurs roar,
But smoothly slide along, and swell the shoar,
That course he steer'd. Dryden's Æn.

FRY. n. s. [from the verb.] A dish of things fried.

FRY’INGPAN. n. s. [fry and pan.] The vessel in which meat
is roasted on the fire.
If I pass by sea, I may chance to fall from the fryingpan
into the fire. Howel's Vocal Forest.
We understand by out of the fryingpan into the fire, that
things go from bad to worse. L'Estrange.
A freeman of London has the privilege of disturbing a
whole street, for an hour together, with the twanking of a
brass kettle or a fryingpan. Addison's Spectator.

To FUB. v. a. To put off; to delay by false pretences; to
cheat. It is generally written fob. See FOB.
A hundred mark is a long lone for a poor lone woman to
bear; and I have borne, and borne, and borne, and have been
fubb'd off and fubb'd off from this day to that day, that it is a
shame to be thought on. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

FUB. n. s. A plump chubby boy. Ainsworth.

FU’CATED. adj. [fucatus, Latin.]
1. Painted; disguised with paint.
2. Disguised by false show.

FU’CUS. n. s. [Latin.] Paint for the face.
Women chat
Of fucus this, and fucus that. Ben. Johnson.
Those who paint for debauchery should have the fucus
pulled off, and the coarseness underneath discovered. Collier.

To FU’DDLE. v. a. [Of unknown etymology.] To make
drunk.
Earnest brimming bowls
Leave every soul the table floating round,
And pavement faithless to the fuddled feet. Thoms. Autumn.

To FU’DDLE. v. n. To drink to excess.
Men, we see, will be whoring and fuddling on still. L'Estr.

FUE

FUEL. n. s. [from feu, fire, French.] The matter or aliment
of fire.
This shall be with burning and fuel of fire. Is. ix. 5.
This spark will prove a raging fire,
If wind and fuel be brought to feed it with. Shak. H. VI.
Mov'd by my charms, with them your love may cease;
And as the fuel sinks, the flame decrease. Prior.

To FU’EL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To feed fire with combustible matter.
And yet she cannot waste by this,
Nor long endure this torturing wrong;
For more corruption needful is,
To fuel such a fever long. Donne.


Never, alas! the dreadful name
That fuels the infernal flame. Cowley.
The fuel'd chimney blazes wide. Thomson's Autumn.
2. To store with firing.
Some are plainly oeconomical, as that the seat be well
watered, and well fuelled. Wotton's Architecture.

FUE’ILLEMORTE. [French.] Corruptly pronounced and writ­
ten philomot.
Fueillemorte colour signifies the colour of withered leaves
in Autumn. Locke.

FUG

FUGA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [fugax, Latin.] Volatility; the qua­
lity of flying away.

FUGA’CITY. n. s. [fugax, Latin.]
1. Volatility; quality of flying away.
Spirits and salts, which, by their fugacity, colour, smell,
taste, and divers experiments that I purposely made to exa­
mine them, were like the salt and spirit of urine and soot. Boyle.
2. Uncertainty; instability.

FUGH. interj. [perhaps from φε̃υ.] An expression of abhor­
rence.
A very filthy fellow: how odiously he smells of his country
garlick! fugh, how he stinks of Spain! Dryd. Don Sebastian.

FU’GITIVE. adj. [fugitif, French; fugitivus, Latin.]
1. Not tenable; not to be held or detained.
Our idea of infinity is a growing and fugitive idea, still in
a boundless progression, that can stop no where. Locke.
Happiness, object of that waking dream,
Which we call life, mistaking: fugitive theme
Of my pursuing verse, ideal shade,
Notional good, by fancy only made. Prior.
2. Unsteady; unstable; not durable.
3. Volatile; apt to fly away.
The more tender and fugitive parts, the leaves, of many of
the more sturdy vegetables, fall off for want of the supply from
beneath: those only which are more tenacious, making a shift
to subsist without such recruit. Woodward's Nat. History.
4. Flying; running from danger.
Whilst yet with Parthian blood thy sword is warm,
The fugitive Parthians follow. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The Trojan chief
Thrice fugitive about Troy wall. Milton.
5. Flying from duty; falling off.
Can a fugitive daughter enjoy herself, while her parents are
in tears? Clarissa.
6. Wandering; runnagate; vagabond.
It was the most malicious surmise that had ever been
brewed, howsoever countenanced by a libellous pamphlet of a
fugitive physician. Wotton.

FU’GITIVE. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. One who runs from his station or duty.
Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants,
but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away,
and almost all fugitives are of that condition. Bacon, Essay 8.
Back to thy punishment,
False fugitive! and to thy speed add wings,
Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue
Thy ling'ring. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
We understand by some fugitives that he hath commanded
The generals to return with victory, or expect
A shameful death. Denham's Sophy.
2. One who takes shelter under another power from punish­
ment.
There are also in this realm of England too many, which,
being men of good inheritance, are fled beyond the seas, where
they live under princes which are her majesty's professed ene­
mies; and converse and are confederates with other traytors
and fugitives, which are there abiding. Spenser on Ireland.
Your royal highness is too great and too just a monarch
either to want or to receive the homage of rebellious fugi­
tives. Dryden.

FU’GITIVENESS. n. s. [from fugitive.]
1. Volatility; fugacity.
That divers salts, emerging upon the analysis of many con­
cretes, are very volatile, is plain from the fugitiveness of salt
and of hartshorn ascending in distillation. Boyle.
2. Instability; uncertainty.

FUGUE. n. s. [French, from fuga, Latin.] In musick, some
point consisting of four, five, six, or any other number of
notes begun by some one single part, and then seconded by a
third, fourth, fifth and sixth part, if the composition consists
of so many; repeating the same, or such like notes, so that
the several parts follow, or come in one after another in the
same manner, the leading parts still flying before those that
follow. Harris.
The reports and fugues have an agreement with the figures
in rhetorick of repetition and traduction. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The skilful organist plies his grave and fancied descant in
lofty fugues; or through the whole symphony artful and unima­
ginable touches adorn and grace the well-studied chords of
some choice composer. Milton on Education.
His volant touch
Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
Fled, and pursu'd transverse the resonant fugue. Milt. P. L.
Long has a race of heroes fill'd the stage,
That rant by note, and through the gamut rage;
In songs and airs express their martial fire,
Combat in trills, and in a fugue expire. Addison.

FUL

FU’LCIMENT. n. s. [fulcimen, fulcimentum, Latin.] That on
which a body rests, which acts or is acted upon at each end, as
a balance or a lever.
The power that equiponderates with any weight, must
have the same proportion unto it as there is betwixt their
several distances from the center or fulciment. Wilkins.

To FULFI’L. v. a. [full and fill.]
1. To fill till there is no room for more. This sense is now not
used.
Six gates i' th' city, with massy staples,
And corresponsive and fulfilling bolts,
Sparre up the sons of Troy. Shak. Troil. and Cressida, Prol.
2. To answer any prophecy or promise by performance.
They knew him not, nor yet the voices of the prophets
which are read every sabbath-day, they have fulfilled them in
condemning him. Acts xiii. 27.
The fury bath'd them in each other's blood;
Then, having fix'd the fight, exulting flies,
And bears fulfill'd her promise to the skies. Dryden's Æn.
3. To answer any purpose or design.
Here nature seems fulfill'd in all her ends. Milt. P. Lost.
4. To answer any desire by compliance or gratification.
If on my wounded breast thou drop'st a tear,
Think for whose sake my breast that wound did bear;
And faithfully my last desires fulfil,
As I perform my cruel father's will. Dryden's Ovid.
5. To answer any law by obedience.
Love worketh no ill to his neighbour, therefore love is the
fulfilling of the law. Ro. xiii. 10.
This I my glory account,
My exaltation, and my whole delight,
That thou in me well-pleas'd, declar'st thy will
Fulfill'd, which to fulfil is all my bliss. Milton's Par. Lost.

FULFRA’UGHT. adj. [full and fraught.] Fully stored.
Thy fall hath left a kind of blot
To mark the fulfraught man, the best endu'd,
With some suspicion. Shakespeare's Henry V.

FU’LGENCY. n. s. [fulgens, Latin.] Splendour; glitter. Dict.

FU’LGENT. adj. [fulgens, Latin.] Shining; dazzling; ex­
quisitely bright.
As from a cloud, his fulgent head,
And shape star-bright, appear'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The illumination is not so bright and fulgent as to obscure
or extinguish all perceptibility of reason. More's Divine Dial.

FU’LGID. adj. [fulgidus, Latin.] Shining; glittering; daz­
zling.

FULGI’DITY. n. s. [from fulgid.] Splendour; dazzling glit­
ter. Dict.

FU’LGOUR. n. s. [fulgor, Latin.]
1. Splendour; dazzling brightness like that of lightning.
Glow-worms alive project a lustre in the dark; which
fulgour, notwithstanding, ceaseth after death. Brown.
When I set my eyes on this side of things, there shines from
them such an intellectual fulgour, that methinks the very glory
of the Deity becomes visible through them. More.

FULGURA’TION. n. s. [fulguratio, Latin.] The act of
lightening.

FU’LHAM. n. s. A cant word for false dice. Hanmer.
Let vultures gripe thy guts, for gourd and Fulham's hold,
And high and low beguile the rich and poor. Shakespeare.

FULI’GINOUS. adj. [fuligineux-se, Fr. fuliginosus, Lat.] Sooty;
smoky.
The leaf of burrage hath an excellent spirit to repress the
fuliginous vapours of dusky melancholy, and so cure madness.
Bacon's Natural History.
Whereas history should be the torch of truth, he makes her
in divers places a fuliginous link of lies. Howel.

FU’LIMART. n. s. [This word, of which Skinner observes that
he found it only in this passage, seems to mean the same with
stoat.] A kind of stinking ferret.
The fichat, the fulimart, and the ferret, live upon the face,
and within the bowels of the earth. Walton's Angler.

FULL. adj. [fulle, Saxon; vol, Dutch.]
1. Replete; without vacuity; without any space void.
Better is an handful with quietness than both the hands full
with travel and vexation of spirit. Eccl. iv. 6.
2. Abounding in any quality good or bad.
With pretence from Strephon her to guard,
He met her full, but full of warefulness. Sidney.
You should tread a course
Pretty and full of view. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Followers, who make themselves as trumpets of the com­
mendation of those they follow, are full of inconvenience;
for they taint business through want of secresy, and they ex­
port honour from a man, and make him a return in envy.
Bacon, Essay 49.
In that sweet season, as in bed I lay,


I turn'd my weary side, but still in vain,
Though full of youthful health and void of pain. Dryden.
He is full of wants which he cannot supply, and compassed
about with infirmities which he cannot remove. Tillots. Serm.
From yon bright heaven our author fetch'd his fire,
And paints the passions that your eyes inspire;
Full of that flame, his tender scenes he warms,
And frames his goddess by your matchless charms. Granv.
3. Stored with any thing; well supplied with any thing.
Full of days was he;
Two ages past, he liv'd the third to see. Tickell.
4. Plump; saginated; fat.
A gentleman of a full body having broken his skin by a
fall, the wound inflamed. Wiseman's Surgery.
5. Saturated; sated.
I am full of the burnt offerings of rams. Isa. i. 11. 
The alteration of scenes feeds and relieves the eye, before
it be full of the same object. Bacon.
6. Crouded in the imagination or memory.
Every one is full of the miracles done by cold baths on de­
cayed and weak constitutions. Locke.
7. That which fills or makes full; large; great in effect.
Water digesteth a full meal sooner than any other liquor.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
8. Complete; such as that nothing further is desired or wanted.
That day had seen the full accomplishment
Of all his travels. Daniel's Civil War.
Being tried at that time only with a promise, he gave full
credit to that promise, and still gave evidence of his fidelity
as fast as occasions were offered. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
The resurrection of Jesus from the dead hath given the
world full assurance of another life. Tillotson, Sermon 5.
9. Complete without abatement; at the utmost degree.
At the end of two full years Pharaoh dreamed. Genesis.
After hard riding plunge the horses into water, and allow
them to drink as they please; but gallop them full speed, to
warm the water in their bellies. Swift's Direct. to the Groom.
10. Containing the whole matter; expressing much.
Where my expressions are not so full as his, either our lan­
guage or my art were defective; but where mine are fuller
than his, they are but the impressions which the often reading
of him hath left upon my thoughts. Denham.
Should a man go about with never so set study to describe
such a natural form of the year before the deluge as that which
is at present established, he could scarcely do it in so few
words, so fit and proper, so full and express. Woodward.
11.  Strong; not faint; not attenuated.
I did never know so full a voice issue from so empty a heart;
but the saying is true, the empty vessel makes the greatest
sound. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Barrels placed under the floor of a chamber, make all noises
in the same more full and resounding. Bacon's Nat. History.
Dryden taught to join
The varying verse, the full resounding line. Pope.
12. Mature; perfect.
In the sultanry of the Mamalukes, slaves reigned over fa­
milies of free men; and much like were the case, if you sup­
pose a nation, where the custom were that after full age the
sons should expulse their fathers and mothers out of their pos­
sessions. Bacon's Holy War.
13. [Applied to the moon.] Complete in its orb.
Towards the full moon, as he was coming home one morn­
ing, he felt his legs faulter. Wiseman's Surgery.
14. Noting the conclusion of any matter, or a full stop.
Therewith he ended, making a full point of a hearty
sigh. Sidney.
15. Spread to view in all dimensions.
'Till about the end of the third century, I do not remem­
ber to have seen the head of a Roman emperor drawn with a
full face: they always appear in profile. Addison on Medals.

FULL. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Complete measure; freedom from deficiency.
When we return,
We'll see those things effected to the full. Shak. Henry VI.
He liked the pomp and absolute authority of a general well,
and preserved the dignity of it to the full. Clarendon, b. viii.
The picture of Ptolemy Philopater is given by the foremen­
tioned authors to the full. Dryden's Preface to Cleomenes.
Sicilian tortures and the brazen bull,
Are emblems, rather than express the full
Of what he feels. Dryden's Pers. Sat. iii.
If where the rules not far enough extend,
Some lucky licence answer to the full
Th' intent propos'd, that licence is a rule. Pope's Criticism.
2. The highest state or degree.
The swan's down feather,
That stands upon the swell at full of tide,
Neither way inclines. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. The whole; the total.
The king hath won, and hath sent out
A speedy pow'r to encounter you, my lord:
This is the news at full. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
But what at full I know, thou know'st no part;
I knowing all my peril, thou no art. Shakespeare.
4. The state of being full.
When I had fed them to the full. Jer. v. 7.
5. [Applied to the moon.] The time in which the moon makes
a perfect orb.
Brains in rabbits, woodcocks, and calves, are fullest in the
full of the moon. Bacon's Natural History.

FULL. adv.
1. Without abatement.
In the unity of place they are full as scrupulous; for many
of their criticks limit to that very spot of ground where the
play is supposed to begin. Dryden's Dramatick Poesy.
A modest blush he wears, not form'd by art;
Free from deceit his face, and full as free his heart. Dryden.
The most judicious writer is sometimes mistaken after all
his care; but the hasty critick, who judges on a view, is full
as liable to be deceived. Dryden's Aurengz. Preface.
Since you may
Suspect my courage, if I should not lay,
The pawn I proffer shall be full as good. Dryd. Virg. Past.
2. With the whole effect.
'Tis the pencil, thrown luckily full upon the horse's mouth
to express the foam, which the painter, with all his skill, could
not perform without it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
From harmony, from heavenly harmony,
This universal frame began:
From harmony to harmony,
Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in man. Dryden.
3. Exactly.
Full in the centre of the sacred wood,
An arm ariseth of the Stygian flood. Addison on Italy.
Full nineteen sailors did the ship convey,
A shole of nineteen dolphins round her play. Addis. Ovid.
4. Directly.
He met her full, but full of warefulness. Sidney.
He then confronts the bull,
And on his ample forehead aiming full,
The deadly stroke descending pierc'd the skull. Dryden.
At length resolv'd, he throws with all his force
Full at the temples of the warrior horse. Dryden's Æn.
5. It is placed before adverbs and adjectives, to intend or
strengthen their signification.
Why on your shield, so goodly scor'd,
Bear ye the picture of that lady's head?
Full lively is the semblant, though the substance dead. F. Q.
I was set at work
Among my maids; full little, God knows, looking
Either for such men or such business. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Full well ye reject the commandment. Mar. vii. 9.
Adam was all in tears, and to his guide
Lamenting turn'd full sad. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
You full little think that you must be the beginner of the
discourse yourself. More's Divine Dialogues.
Full little thought of him the gentle knight. Dryden.
Full well the god his sister's envy knew,
And what her aims and what her arts pursue. Dryden.
There is a perquisite full as honest, by which you have the
best part of a bottle of wine for yourself. Swift.

FULL is much used in composition to intimate any thing ar­
rived at its highest state, or utmost degree.

FULL-BLO’WN. adj. [full and blown.]
1. Spread to the utmost extent, as a perfect blossom.
My glories are past danger; they're full-blown:
Things, that are blasted, are but in the bud. Denh. Sophy.
My full-blown youth already fades apace;
Of our short being 'tis the shortest space! Dryden's Juven.
2. Stretched by the wind to the utmost extent.
He who with bold Cratinus is inspir'd,
With zeal and equal indignation fir'd;
Who at enormous villany turns pale,
And steers against it with a full-blown sail. Dryd. Pers. Sat.

FULL-BO’TTOMED. adj. [full and bottom.] Having a large
bottom.
I was obliged to sit at home in my morning-gown, having
pawned a new suit of cloaths and a full-bottomed wig for a sum
of money. Guardian, No. 166.

FULL-EA’RED. [full and ear.] Having the heads full of grain.
As flames roll'd by the winds conspiring force,
O'er full-ear'd corn, or torrents raging course. Denham.

FULL-EY’ED. [full and eye.] Having large prominent
eyes.

FULL-FE’D. [full and fed.] Sated; fat; saginated.
All as a partridge plump, full-fed and fair,
She form'd this image of well-bodied air. Pope's Dunciad.

FULL-LA’DEN. [full and laden.] Laden 'till there can be no
more.
It were unfit that so excellent a reward as the Gospel pro­
mises should stoop down, like fruit upon a full-laden bough,
to be plucked by every idle and wanton hand. Tillotson's Serm.



FULL-SPRE’AD. [full and spread.] Spread to the utmost ex­
tent.
How easy 'tis, when destiny proves kind,
With full-spread sails to run before the wind;
But those that 'gainst stiff gales laveering go,
Must be at once resolv'd and skilful too. Dryden.

FULL-SU’MMED. [full and summed.] Complete in all its parts.
The time was that the cedar stretched forth his imperial
branches as far as the mountains of the moon, and that the
king of birds nested within his leaves, thick feathered, and
with full-summed wings fastening his talons East and West;
but now the eagle is become half naked. Howel's Voc. Forest.

To FULL. v. a. [fullo, Latin.] To cleanse cloath from its
oil or grease.

FU’LLAGE. n. s. [from full.] The money paid for fulling or
cleansing cloath.

FU’LLER. n. s. [fullo, Latin.] One whose trade is to cleanse
cloath.
The clothiers have put off
The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shakes. H. VIII.
His raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so
as no fuller on earth can whiten them. Mar. ix. 3.

FU’LLERS Earth. n. s.
Fullers earth is a marl of a close texture, extremely soft and
unctuous to the touch: when dry it is of a greyish brown
colour, in all degrees, from very pale to almost black, and
generally has something of a greenish cast in it. The finest
fullers earth is dug in our own island. Hill's Mat. Medica.
The fullers earth of England is very various, and it very
much exceeds any yet discovered abroad in goodness; which
is one great reason why the English surpass all other nations
in the woollen manufacture. Woodward on Fossils.

FU’LLERY. n. s. [from fuller.] The place where the trade of
a fuller is exercised.

FU’LLINGMILL. n. s. [full and mill.] A mill where the water
raises hammers which beat the cloath 'till it be cleansed.
By large hammers, like those used for paper and fulling­
mills, they beat their hemp. Mortimer.

FU’LLY. adv. [from full.]
1. Without vacuity.
2. Completely; without lack; without more to be desired.
There are many graces for which we may not cease
hourly to sue, graces which are in bestowing always, but ne­
ver come to be fully had in this present life; and therefore,
when all things here have an end, endless thanks must have
their beginning in a state which bringeth the full and final sa­
tisfaction of all such perpetual desires. Hooker, b. v. s. 43.
He fully possessed the entire revelation he had received from
God, and had thoroughly digested it. Locke.
The goddess cry'd
It is enough, I'm fully satisfy'd. Addison's Ovid's Metam.

FU’LMINANT. adj. [fulminant, Fr. fulminans, Latin.] Thun­
dering; making a noise like thunder.

To FU’LMINATE. v. n. [fulmino, Lat. fulminer, French.]
1. To thunder.
2. To make a loud noise or crack.
Whilst it was in fusion we cast into it a live coal, which
presently kindled it, and made it boil and flash for a pretty
while: after which we cast in another glowing coal, which
made it fulminate afresh. Boyle.
In damps one is called the suffocating, and the other the ful­
minating damp. Woodward's Natural History.
3. To issue out ecclesiastical censures.

To FU’LMINATE. v. a. To throw out as an object of ter­
rour.
As excommunication is not greatly regarded here in Eng­
land, as now fulminated; so this constitution is out of use
among us in a great measure. Ayliffe's Parergon.

FULMINA’TION. n. s. [fulminatio, Latin; fulmination, French,
from fulminate.]
1. The act of thundering.
2. Denunciations of censure.
The fulminations from the vatican were turned into ridi­
cule. Ayliffe's Parergon.

FU’LMINATORY. adj. [fulmineus, Latin; from fulminate.]
Thundering; striking horror.

FU’LNESS. n. s. [from full.]
1. The state of being filled so as to have no part vacant.
Your heave-offering shall be reckoned the fulness of the
wine-press. Numb. xviii. 27.
To the houses I wished nothing more than safety, fulness,
and freedom. King Charles.
2. The state of abounding in any quality good or bad.
3. Completeness; such as leaves nothing to be desired.
Your enjoyments are so complete, I turn wishes into gra­
tulations, and congratulating their fulness only wish their con­
tinuance. South.
4. Completeness from the coalition of many parts.
The king set forwards to London, receiving the acclama­
tions and applauses of the people as he went; which indeed
were true and unfeigned, as might well appear in the very
demonstrations and fulness of the cry. Bacon's Henry VII.
5. Completeness; freedom from deficiency.
He is the half part of a blessed man,
Left to be finished by such as she;
And she a fair divided excellence,
Whose fulness of perfection lies in him. Shakes. K. John.
6. Repletion; satiety.
I need not instance in the habitual intemperance of rich
tables, nor the evil accidents and effects of fulness, pride and
lust, wantonness and softness. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
7. Plenty; wealth.
To lapse in fulness
Is sorer than to lie for need; and falshood
Is worse in kings than beggars. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
8. Struggling perturbation; swelling in the mind.
A principal fruit of friendship is the ease and discharge of
the fulness of the heart, which passions of all kinds do cause
and induce. Bacon, Essay 28.
9. Largeness; extent.
There wanted the fulness of a plot, and variety of charac­
ters to form it as it ought; and perhaps something might have
been added to the beauty of the style. Dryden.
10. Force of sound, such as fills the ear; vigour.
This sort of pastoral derives almost its whole beauty from a
natural ease of thought and smoothness of verse; whereas that
of most other kinds consists in the strength and fulness of
both. Pope.

FU’LSOME. adj. [from fulle, Saxon, foul.]
1. Nauseous; offensive.
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands;
And in the doing of the deed of kind,
He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes. Shakespeare.
He that brings fulsome objects to my view,
With nauseous images my fancy fills,
And all goes down like oxymel of squills. Roscommon.
Now half the youth of Europe are in arms,
How fulsome must it be to stay behind,
And die of rank diseases here at home? Otway's Orphan.
2. Of a rank odious smell.
White satyrion is of a dainty smell, and bean-flowers:
again, if the plant puts forth white flowers only, and those
not thin or dry, they are commonly of rank and fulsome smell.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 507.
3. Tending to obscenity.
A certain epigram, which is ascribed to the emperor, is more
fulsome than any passage I have met with in our poet. Dryden.

FU’LSOMELY. adv. [from fulsome.] Nauseously; rankly; ob­
scenely.

FU’LSOMENESS. n. s. [from fulsome.]
1. Nauseousness.
2. Rank smell.
3. Obscenity.
No decency is considered, no fulsomeness is omitted, no venom
is wanting, as far as dulness can supply it. Dryden.

FUM

FU’MADO. n. s. [fumus, Latin.] A smoked fish.
Fish that serve for the hotter countries, they used at first to
fume, by hanging them up on long sticks one by one, drying
them with the smoke of a soft and continual fire, from which
they purchased the name of fumadoes. Carew.

FU’MAGE. n. s. [from fumus, Latin.] Hearthmoney. Dict.

FU’MATORY. n. s. [fumaria, Lat. fumeterre, Fr.] See FUMITORY.
It hath divided leaves resembling those of the umbelliferous
plants: the flowers, which are collected into a spike, are of
an anomalous figure, somewhat resembling a papilionaceous
flower, consisting of two petals or leaves, open like two lips,
the upper lip ending in a spur: the footstalk is joined to the
middle part of the flower: the fruit is either of a long or a
round figure, which is like a pod. Miller.
Her fallow leas
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumatory,
Doth root upon. Shakespeare's Henry V.

To FU’MBLE. v. n. [fommelen, Dutch.]
1. To attempt any thing aukwardly or ungainly.
Our mechanick theists will have their atoms never once to
have fumbled in these their motions, nor to have produced any
inept system. Cudworth.
2. To puzzle; to strain in perplexity.
Am not I a friend to help you out? You would have been
fumbling half an hour for this excuse. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
3. To play childishly.
I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers,
and smile upon his finger's end. Shakespeare's Henry V.

To FU’MBLE. v. a. To manage aukwardly.
As many farewels as be stars in heav'n,
With distinct breath and consign'd kisses to them,
He fumbles up all in one loose adieu. Shakespeare.
His greasy bald-pate choir
Came fumbling o'er the beads, in such an agony,
They told 'em false for fear. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

FU’MBLER. n. s. [from fumble.] One who acts aukwardly.

F’UMBLINGLY. adv. [from fumble.] In an aukward manner.

FUME. n. s. [fumée, French; fumus, Latin.]
1. Smoke.


Thus fighting fires a while themselves consume;
But streight, like Turks, forc'd on to win or die,
They first lay tender bridges of their fume,
And o'er the breach in unctuous vapours fly. Dryden.
2. Vapour; any volatile parts flying away.
Love is a smoke rais'd with the fume of sighs;
Being purg'd, a fire sparkling in lovers eyes. Shakespeare.
It were good to try the taking of fumes by pipes, as they do
in tobacco, of other things, to dry and comfort. Bacon.
In Winter, when the heat without is less, it becomes so far
condensed as to be visible, flowing out of the mouth in form
of a fume, or crasser vapour; and may, by proper vessels, set
in a strong freezing mixture, be collected in a considerable
quantity. Woodward's Natural History.
3. Exhalation from the stomach.
The fumes of drink discompose and stupify the brains of a
man overcharged with it. South's Sermons.
Plung'd in sloth we lie, and snore supine,
As fill'd with fumes of undigested wine. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
Pow'r, like new wine, does your weak brain surprize,
And its mad fumes in hot discourses rise;
But time these yielding vapours will remove:
Mean while I'll taste the sober joys of love. Dryden's Auren.
4. Rage; heat of mind; passion.
The fumes of his passion do really intoxicate and confound
his judging and discerning faculty. South.
5. Any thing unsubstantial.
When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains
Will I with wine and wassel so convince,
That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
6. Idle conceit; vain imagination.
Plato's great year would have some effect, not in renewing
the state of like individuals; for that is the fume of those, that
conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influences
upon these things below, than indeed they have, but in gross.
Bacon, Essay 59.
To lay aside all that may seem to have a shew of fumes and
fancies, and to speak solids, a war with Spain is a mighty
work. Bacon's War with Spain.

To FUME. v. n. [fumer, French; fumo, Latin.]
1. To smoke.
Their pray'rs pass'd
Dimensionless through heav'nly doors; then clad
With incense, where the golden altar fum'd,
By their great intercessor; came in sight
Before the Father's throne. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
From thence the fuming trail began to spread,
And lambent glories danc'd about her head. Dryd. Æn.
Strait hover round the fair her airy band;
Some, as she sipp'd, the fuming liquor fann'd. Pope.
2. To vapour; to yield exhalations.
Tie up the libertine in a field of feasts,
Keep his brain fuming. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
Silenus lay,
Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain,
And always boil in each extended vein. Roscommon.
3. To pass away in vapours.
We have
No anger in our eyes, no storm, no lightning:
Our hate is spent and fum'd away in vapour,
Before our hands be at work. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity, and
also by the vast weight and density of the atmospheres incum­
bent upon them. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
The first fresh dawn then wak'd the gladden'd race
Of uncorrupted man, nor blush'd to see
The sluggard sleep beneath its sacred beam;
For their light slumbers gentle fum'd away. Thomson's Spring.
4. To be in a rage.
When he knew his rival free'd and gone,
He swells with wrath; he makes outrageous moan:
He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground,
The hollow tow'r with clamours rings around. Dryden.

To FUME. v. a.
1. To smoke; to dry in the smoke.
Those that serve for hot countries they used at first to fume,
by hanging them upon long sticks one by one, and drying
them with the smoke of a soft fire. Carew.
2. To perfume with odours in the fire.
She fum'd the temples with an od'rous flame,
And oft before the sacred altars came,
To pray for him who was an empty name. Dryden.
The fuming of the holes with brimstone, garlick, or other
unsavory things, will drive moles out of the ground. Mortim.
3. To disperse in vapours.
The heat will fume away most of the scent. Mortimer.

FUME’TTE. n. s. [French.] A word introduced by cooks,
and the pupils of cooks, for the stink of meat.
A haunch of ven'son made her sweat,
Unless it had the right fumette. Swift.

FU’MID. adj. [fumidus, Latin.] Smoky; vaporous.
A crass and fumid exhalation is caused from the combat of
the sulphur and iron with the acid and nitrous spirits of aqua­
fortis. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 5.

FUMI’DITY. n. s. [from fumid.] Smokiness; tendency to
smoke. Dict.

To FU’MIGATE. v. n. [from fumus, Latin; fumiger, Fr.]
1. To smoke; to perfume by smoke or vapour.
Would'st thou preserve thy famish'd family,
With fragrant thyme the city fumigate,
And break the waxen walls to save the state. Dryden's Virg.
2. To medicate or heal by vapours.

FU’MIGATION. n. s. [fumigatio, Latin; fumigation, French;
from fumigate.]
1. Scents raised by fire.
Fumigations, often repeated, are very beneficial. Arbuthnot.
My fumigation is to Venus, just
The souls of roses, and red coral's dust:
And, last, to make my fumigation good,
'Tis mixt with sparrows brains and pigeons blood. Dryden.
2. The application of medicines to the body in fumes.

FU’MINGLY. adv. [from fume.] Angrily; in a rage.
That which we move for our better learning and instruction
sake, turneth unto anger and choler in them: they grow alto­
gether out of quietness with it; they answer fumingly, that
they are ashamed to defile their pens with making answer to
such idle questions. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.

FU’MITER. n. s. See FUMATORY.
Why, he was met even now,
As mad as the vext sea; singing aloud,
Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds. Shakespeare.

FU’MOUS. adj. [fumeux-se, French; from fume.] Producing
fumes.

FU’MY. adj. [fumeux-se, French; from fume.] Producing
fumes.
From dice and wine the youth retir'd to rest,
And puff'd the fumy god from out his breast:
Ev'n then he dreamt of drink and lucky play;
More lucky had it lasted 'till the day. Dryden's Æn.

FUN

FUN. n. s. [A low cant word.] Sport; high merriment; fro­
licksome delight.
Don't mind me, though, for all my fun and jokes,
You bards may find us bloods good-natur'd folks. Moore.

FU’NCTION. n. s. [functio, Latin.]
1. Discharge; performance.
There is hardly a greater difference between two things
than there is between a representing commoner in the func­
tion of his publick calling, and the same person in common
life. Swift.
2. Employment; office.
The ministry is not now bound to any one tribe: now
none is secluded from that function of any degree, state, or
calling. Whitgifte.
You have paid the heav'ns your function, and the prisoner
the very debt of your calling. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
Nor was it any policy of state, or obstinacy of will, or
partiality of affection either to the men or their function,
which fixed me. King Charles.
This double function of the goddess gives a considerable
light and beauty to the ode which Horace has addressed to
her. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Let not these indignities discourage us from asserting the
just privileges and pre-eminence of our holy function and cha­
racter. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Single act of any office.
Without difference those functions cannot, in orderly sort,
be executed. Hooker.
They have several offices and prayers against fire, tem­
pests, and especially for the dead, in which functions they use
sacerdotal garments. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
4. Trade; occupation.
Follow your function; go, and batten on cold bits. Shakesp.
5. Office of any particular part of the body.
The bodies of men, and other animals, are excellently well
fitted for life and motion; and the several parts of them well
adapted to their particular functions. Bentley's Sermons.
6. Power; faculty.
Tears in his eyes, distraction in his aspect,
A broken voice, and his whole function suiting
With forms to his conceit. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Nature seems
In all her functions weary of herself:
My race of glory run, and race of shame;
And I shall shortly be with them that rest. Milton.
Whatever warms the heart, or fills the head,
As the mind opens, and its functions spread,
Imagination plies her dang'rous art,
And pours it all upon the peccant part. Pope.
Though every human constitution is morbid, yet are their
diseases consistent with the common functions of life. Arbuthn.

FUND. n. s. [fond, French; funda, a bag, Latin.]
1. Stock; capital; that by which any expence is supported.
He touches the passions more delicately than Ovid, and per­
forms all this out of his own fund, without diving into the
arts and sciences for a supply. Dryden.


Part must be left, a fund when foes invade,
And part employ'd to roll the watry tide. Dryden.
In preaching, no men succeed better than those who trust
entirely to the stock or fund of their own reason, advanced
indeed, but not overlaid by commerce with books. Swift.
2. Stock or bank of money.
As my estate has been hitherto either tost upon seas, or
fluctuating in funds, it is now fixed in substantial acres. Add.

FU’NDAMENT. n. s. [fundamentum, Latin.] The back part
of the body.

FUNDAME’NTAL. adj. [fundamentalis, Lat. from fundament.]
Serving for the foundation; that upon which the rest is built;
essential; important; not merely accidental.
Until this can be agreed upon, one main and fundamental
cause of the most grievous war is not like to be taken from
the earth. Raleigh's Essays.
You that will be less fearful than discreet,
That love the fundamental part of state,
More than you doubt the charge of 't. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Others, when they were brought to allow the throne vacant,
thought the succession should go to the next heir, according to
the fundamental laws of the kingdom, as if the last king were
actually dead. Swift's Examiner.
Gain some general and fundamental truths, both in philo­
sophy, in religion, and in human life. Watts.
Such we find they are, as can controul
The servile actions of our wav'ring soul,
Can fright, can alter, or can chain the will;
Their ills all built on life, that fundamental ill. Prior.
Yet some there were among the sounder few,
Of those who less presum'd, and better knew,
Who durst assert the juster ancient cause,
And here restor'd wit's fundamental laws. Pope on Criticism.

FUNDAME’NTAL. n. s. Leading proposition; important and
essential part which is the groundwork of the rest.
We will propose the question, whether those who hold the
fundamentals of faith may deny Christ damnably, in respect of
those superstructures and consequences that arise from them.
South's Sermons.
It is a very just reproach, that there should be so much vio­
lence and hatred in religious matters among men who agree in
all fundamentals, and only differ in some ceremonies, or mere
speculative points. Swift.

FUNDAME’NTALLY. adv. [from fundamental.] Essentially;
originally.
As virtue is seated fundamentally in the intellect, so perspec­
tively in the fancy; so that virtue is the force of reason, in
the conduct of our actions and passions to a good end. Grew.
Religion is not only useful to civil society, but fundamen­
tally necessary to its very birth and constitution. Bentley.
The unlimited power placed fundamentally in the body of a
people, the legislators endeavour to deposite in such hands as
would preserve the people. Swift on the Diss. in Ath. and Rome.

FU’NERAL. n. s. [funus, Latin; funerailles, French.]
1. The solemnization of a burial; the payment of the last
honours to the dead; obsequies.
Here, under leave of Brutus, and the rest,
Come I to speak in Cæsar's funeral. Shak. Julius Cæsar.
All things that we ordained festival,
Turn from their office to black funeral. Shakespeare.
He that had cast out many unburied, had none to mourn for
him, nor any solemn funerals, nor sepulchre with his
fathers. 2 Mac. v. 10.
No widow at his funeral shall weep. Sandys.
2. The pomp or procession with which the dead are carried.
The long fun'rals blacken all the way. Pope.
You are sometimes desirous to see a funeral pass by in the
street. Swift's Directions to the Chambermaid.
3. Burial; interment.
May he find his funeral
I' th' sands, when he before his day shall fall. Denham.

FU’NERAL. adj. Used at the ceremony of interring the
dead.
Our instruments to melancholy bells,
Our wedding chear to a sad funeral feast. Shak. R. and Jul.
Let such honours
And funeral rites, as to his birth and virtues
Are due, be first perform'd. Denham's Sophy.
Thy hand o'er towns the fun'ral torch displays,
And forms a thousand ills ten thousand ways. Dryden.

FUNE’REAL. adj. [funerea, Latin.] Suiting a funeral; dark;
dismal.
But if his soul hath wing'd the destin'd flight,
Inhabitant of deep disastrous night,
Homeward with pious speed repass the main,
To the pale shade funereal rites ordain. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

FUNGO’SITY. n. s. [from fungus.] Unsolid excrescence. Dict.

FU’NGOUS. adj. [from fungus.] Excrescent; spongy; want­
ing firmness.
It is often employed to keep down the fungous lips that
spread upon the bone; but it is much more painful than the
escharotick medicines. Sharp's Surgery.

FU’NGUS. n. s. [Latin.] Strictly a mushroom: a word used to
express such excrescences of flesh as grow out upon the lips
of wounds, or any other excrescence from trees or plants not
naturally belonging to them; as the agarick from the larch­
tree, and auriculæ Judæ from elder. Quincy.
The surgeon ought to vary the diet as the fibres lengthen
too much, are too fluid, and produce funguses, or as they
harden and produce callosities. Arbuthnot on Diet.

FU’NICLE. n. s. [funiculus, Latin.] A small cord; a small
ligature; a fibre.

FUNI’CULAR. adj. [funiculaire, Fr. from funicle.] Consisting
of a small cord or fibre.

FUNK. n. s. A stink. A low word.

FU’NNEL. n. s. [infundibulum, Latin; whence fundible, fundle,
funnel.]
1. An inverted hollow cone with a pipe descending from it,
through which liquors are poured into vessels with narrow
mouths; a tundish.
If you pour a glut of water upon a bottle, it receives little
of it; but with a funnel, and by degrees, you shall fill many
of them. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Some the long funnel's curious mouth extend,
Through which ingested meats with ease descend. Blackm.
The outward ear or auricula is made hollow, and con­
tracted by degrees, to draw the sound inward, to take in as
much as may be of it, as we use a funnel to pour liquor into
any vessel. Ray on the Creation.
2. A pipe or passage of communication.
Towards the middle are two large funnels, bored through
the roof of the grotto, to let in light or fresh air. Addison.

FUR

FUR. n. s. [fourrure, French.]
1. Skin with soft hair with which garments are lined for warmth,
or covered for ornament.
December must be expressed with a horrid and fearful coun­
tenance; as also at his back a bundle of holly, holding in fur
mittens the sign of Capricorn. Peacham on Drawing.
'Tis but dressing up a bird of prey in his cap and furs to
make a judge of him. L'Estrange.
And lordly gout wrapt up in fur,
And wheezing asthma, loth to stir. Swift.
2. Soft hair of beasts found in cold countries, where nature pro­
vides coats suitable to the weather; hair in general.
This night, wherein the cubdrawn bear would couch,
The lion and the belly-pinched wolf
Keep their fur dry, unbonnetted he runs,
And bids what will take all. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Such animals as feed upon flesh qualify it, the one by swal­
lowing the hair or fur of the beasts they prey upon, the other
by devouring some part of the feathers of the birds they gorge
themselves with. Ray on the Creation.
3. Any moisture exhaled to such a degree as that the remainder
sticks on the part.
Methinks I am not right in ev'ry part;
I feel a kind of trembling at my heart:
My pulse unequal, and my breath is strong;
Besides a filthy fur upon my tongue. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 3.

To FUR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To line or cover with skins that have soft hair.
How mad a sight it was to see Dametas, like rich tissue
furred with lambskins? Sidney, b. ii.
Through tatter'd cloaths small vices do appear;
Robes and furr'd gowns hide all. Shakesp. King Lear.
You are for dreams and slumbers, brother priest;
You fur your gloves with reasons. Shakes. Troil. and Cress.
2. To cover with soft matter.
To make lampblack, take a torch and hold it under the bot­
tom of a latten bason; and, as it groweth to be furred and
black within, strike it with a feather into some shell. Peacham.
The sisters, mourning for their brother's loss,
Their bodies hid in bark, and furr'd with moss. Dryden.
Their frying blood compels to irrigate
Their dry furr'd tongues. Phillips.
A dungeon wide and horrible; the walls
On all sides furr'd with mouldy damps, and hung
With clots of ropy gore. Addison.

FUR. adv. [It is now commonly written far.] At a distance.
The white lovely dove
Doth on her wings her utmost swiftness prove,
Finding the gripe of falcon fierce not fur. Sidney.

FUR-WROUGHT. adj. [fur and wrought.] Made of fur.
Silent along the mazy margin stray,
And with the fur-wrought fly delude the prey. Gay's Past.

FURA’CIOUS. adj. [furax, Latin.] Thievish; inclined to
steal. Dict.

FURA’CITY. n. s. [from furax, Latin.] Disposition to thest;
thievishness.

FU’RBELOW. n. s. [fur and below.] Fur sewed on the lower
part of the garment; an ornament of dress.
Nay, oft in dreams invention we bestow
To change a flounce, or add a furbelow. Pope.



To FU’RBELOW. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn with orna­
mental appendages of dress.
When arguments too fiercely glare,
You calm them with a milder air;
To break their points, you turn their force,
And furbelow the plain discourse. Prior.
She was flounced and furbelowed from head to foot; every
ribbon was crinkled, and every part of her garments in curl.
Addison's Spectator, No. 129.

To FU’RBISH. v. a. [fourbir, French.] To burnish; to
polish; to rub to brightness.
It may enter Mowbray's waxen coat,
And furbish new the name of John o' Gaunt. Shak. R. II.
Furbish the spears, and put on the brigandines. Jer. xlvi. 4.
Some others who furbish up and reprint his old errours, hold
that the sufferings of the damned are not to be, in a strict
sense, eternal; but that, after a certain period of time, there
shall be a general gaol-delivery of the souls in prison, and that
not for a farther execution, but a final release. South's Serm.
As after Numa's peaceful reign,
The martial Ancus did the sceptre wield;
Furbish'd the rusty sword again,
Resum'd the long-forgotten shield,
And led the Latins to the dusty field. Dryden.
Inferior ministers, for Mars repair
His broken axle-tree, and blunted war;
And send him forth again, with furbish'd arms. Dryden.

FU’RBISHER. n. s. [fourbisseur, French, from furbish.] One
who polishes any thing.

FURCA’TION. n. s. [furca, Latin.] Forkiness; the state of
shooting two ways like the blades of a fork.
When they grow old they grow less branched, and first do
lose their brow-antlers, or lowest furcations next the head.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 9.

FU’RFUR. n. s. [Latin.] Husk or chaff, scurff or dandriff,
that grows upon the skin, with some likeness to bran. Quincy.

FURFURA’CEOUS. adj. [furfuraceus, Latin.] Husky; branny;
scaly.

FU’RIOUS. adj. [furieux, French; furiosus, Latin.]
1. Mad; phrenetick.
No man did ever think the hurtful actions of furious men
and innocents to be punishable. Hooker, b. i. s. 9.
2. Raging; violent; transported by passion beyond reason.
Who can be wise, amaz'd, temp'rate and furious,
Loyal and neutral in a moment? No man. Shakesp. Macb.
To be furious,
Is to be frighted out of fear; and, in that mood,
The dove will peck the estridge. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.

FU’RIOUSLY. adv. [from furious.] Madly; violently; vehe­
mently.
Which when his brother saw, fraught with great grief
And wrath, he to him leapt furiously. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
They observe countenance to attend the practice; and this
carries them on furiously to that which of themselves they are
inclined. South's Sermons.
She heard not half, so furiously she flies;
Fear gave her wings. Dryden.

FU’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from furious.] Frenzy; madness;
transport of passion.

To FURL. v. a. [fresler, French.] To draw up; to con­
tract.
When fortune sends a stormy wind,
Then shew a brave and present mind;
And when with too indulgent gales
She swells too much, then furl thy sails. Creech.

FU’RLONG. n. s. [farlang, Saxon.] A measure of length; the
eighth part of a mile.
If a man stand in the middle of a field and speak aloud, he
shall be heard a furlong in round, and that in articulate sounds.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 289.
Coming within a few furlongs of the temple, they passed
through a very thick grove. Addison's Freeholder.

FU’RLOUGH. n. s. [verloef, Dutch.] A temporary dismission
from military service; a licence given to a soldier to be absent.
Brutus and Cato might discharge their souls,
And give them furlo's for another world;
But we, like sentries, are oblig'd to stand
In starless nights, and wait th' appointed hour. Dryden.

FU’RMENTY. n. s. [More properly frumenty, or frumety, of fru­
mentum, Latin.] Food made by boiling wheat in milk.
Remember, wife, therefore, though I do it not,
The seed-cake, the pasties, and furmenty pot. Tuss. Husb.

FU’RNACE. n. s. [furnus, Latin.] An inclosed fireplace.
Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot
That it may singe yourself. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The sining pot is for silver and the furnace for gold. Prov.
We have also furnaces of great diversities, that keep great
diversity of heats. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The kings of Spain have erected divers furnaces and forges,
for the trying and fining of their gold. Abbo.
Whoso falleth not down and worshippeth, shall the same
hour be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace. Dan.
A dungeon horrible, on all sides around,
As one great furnace, flam'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.

To FU’RNACE. v. a. [from the noun.] To throw out as
sparks from a furnace. A bad word.
He furnaces
The thick sighs from him. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To FU’RNISH. v. a. [fournir, French.]
1. To supply with what is necessary.
She hath directed
How I shall take her from her father's house;
What gold and jewels she is furnish'd with. Shakespeare.
His training such,
That he may furnish and instruct great teachers,
And never seek for aid out of himself. Shak. Henry VIII.
Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock. Deut. xv.
Auria, having driven the Turks from Corone, both by
sea and land, furnished the city with corn, wine, victual, and
powder. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Come, thou stranger, and furnish a table, and feed me of
that thou hast ready. Ecclus. xxix. 26.
I shall not need to heap up instances; every one's reading
and conversation will sufficiently furnish him, if he wants to
be better stored. Locke.
2. To give things for use.
These simple ideas, the materials of all our knowledge, are
suggested and furnished to the mind only by these two ways,
sensation and reflection. Locke.
It is not any action of the state, but a compact among pri­
vate persons that hath furnished out these several remittances.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
3. To fit up; to fit with appendages.
Something deeper,
Whereof perchance these are but furnishings. Shakespeare.
Plato entertained some of his friends at dinner, and had in
the chamber a bed or couch, neatly and costly furnished. Dio­
genes came in, and got up upon the bed, and trampled it,
saying, I trample upon the pride of Plato. Plato mildly an­
swered, But with greater pride, Diogenes. Bacon's Apophth.
We were led into another great room, furnished with old
inscriptions. Addison on Italy.
4. To equip; to fit out for any undertaking.
Will your lordship lend me a thousand pounds to furnish
me? Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Ideas, forms, and intellects,
Have furnish'd out three diff'rent sects. Prior.
Doubtless the man Jesus Christ is furnished with superior
powers to all the angels in heaven, because he is employed in
superior work. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
5. To decorate; to adorn.
The wounded arm would furnish all their rooms,
And bleed for ever scarlet in the looms. Halifax.

FU’RNISHER. n. s. [fournisseur, French, from furnish.] One
who supplies or fits out.

FU’RNITURE. n. s. [fourniture, Fr. from furnish.]
1. Moveables; goods put in a house for use or ornament.
No man can transport his large retinue, his sumptuous fare,
and his rich furniture into another world. South's Sermons.
There are many noble palaces in Venice: their furniture is
not commonly very rich, if we except the pictures from the
hands of the best masters. Addison.
2. Appendages.
By a general conflagration mankind shall be destroyed, with
the form and all the furniture of the earth. Tillotson.
3. Equipage; embellishments; decorations.
Young Clarion, with vauntful lustyhed,
After his guise did cast abroad to fare,
And thereto 'gan his furnitures prepare. Spenser.
The duke is coming: see, the barge be ready,
And fit it with such furniture as suits
The greatness of his person. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
The ground must be of a mixt brown, and large enough,
or the horse's furniture must be of very sensible colours. Dryd.

FU’RRIER. n. s. [from fur.] A dealer in furs.

FU’RROW. n. s. [furh, Saxon.]
1. A small trench made by the plow for the reception of seed.
Wheat must be sowed above furrow before Michaelmas.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
Then ploughs for seed the fruitful furrows broke,
And oxen labour'd first beneath the yoke. Dryden's Ovid.
2. Any long trench or hollow: as a wrinkle.
My lord it is, though time has plow'd that face
With many furrows since I saw it first;
Yet I'm too well acquainted with the ground quite to for­
get it. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.

FU’RROW-WEED. n. s. [furrow and weed.] A weed that grows
in furrowed land.
Crown'd with rank fumiter, and furrow-weeds. Shakesp.

To FU’RROW. v. a. [from the noun; fyrian, Saxon.]
1. To cut in furrows.
While the plowman near at hand,
Whistles o'er the furrow'd land. Milton.
2. To divide in long hollows.


No briny tear has furrow'd her smooth cheek. Suckling.
The billows fall, while Neptune lays his mace
On the rough sea, and smooths its furrow'd face. Dryden.
3. To make by cutting.
There go the ships that furrow out their way;
Yea, there of whales enormous sights we see. Wotton.

FU’RRY. adj. [from fur.]
1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur.
From Volga's banks th' imperious Czar
Leads forth his furry troops to war. Felton to Lord Gower.
2. Consisting of fur.
Not arm'd with horns of arbitrary might,
Or claws to seize their furry spoils in fight. Dryden.

FU’RTHER. adj. [from forth, not from far, as is commonly
imagined; forth, further, furthest, corrupted from forther,
forthest, forther, Saxon. Forther is used by Sir Thomas More.
See FORTH and FARTHER, of which the examples are to be
referred to this word.]
1. At a greater distance.
2. Beyond this.
What further need have we of witnesses. Mat. xxvi. 65.

FU’RTHER. adv. [from forth.] To a greater distance.
And the angel of the Lord went further, and stood in a
narrow place. Numb. xxii. 2.

To FU’RTHER. v. a. [from the adverb; forthrian, Saxon.]
To put onward; to forward; to promote; to countenance;
to assist; to help.
Things thus set in order, in quiet and rest,
Shall further thy harvest, and pleasure thee best. Tuss. Husb.
Could their fond superstition have furthered so great at­
tempts, without the mixture of a true persuasion concerning
the irresistible force of divine power. Hooker, b. v. s. 1. 
Grant not, O Lord, the desires of the wicked; further not
his wicked device. Ps. cxl. 8.
This binds thee then to further my design,
As I am bound by vow to further thine. Dryden.

FU’RTHERANCE. n. s. [from further.] Promotion; advance­
ment; help.
The Gauls learned them first, and used them only for the
furtherance of their trade and private business. Spenser.
Our diligence must search out all helps and furtherances of
direction, which scriptures, councils, fathers, histories, the
laws and practices of all churches afford. Hooker.
For gain and work, and success in his affairs, he seeketh
furtherance of him that hath no manner of power. Hooker.
Cannot my body, nor blood-sacrifice,
Intreat you to your wonted furtherance? Shak. Henry VI.
If men were minded to live righteously, to believe a
God would be no hindrance or prejudice to any such design,
but very much for the advancement and furtherance of it. Till.

FU’RTHERER. n. s. [from further.] Promoter; advancer.
That earnest favourer and furtherer of God's true religion,
that faithful servitor to his prince and country. Ascham.

FU’RTHERMORE. [further and more.] Moreover; besides.
This ring I do accept most thankfully,
And so, I pray you, tell him: furthermore,
I pray you, shew my youth old Shylock's house. Shakesp.

FU’RTIVE. adj. [furtive, Fr. furtivus, Latin.] Stolen; gotten
by theft.
Or do they, as your schemes, I think, have shown,
Dart furtive beams and glory not their own,
All servants to that source of light, the sun? Prior.

FU’RUNCLE. n. s. [furoncle, Fr. furunculus, Latin.] A bile;
an angry pustule.
A furuncle is in its beginning round, hard, and inflamed;
and as it increaseth, it riseth up with an acute head, and some­
times a pustule; and then it is more inflamed and painful,
when it arrives at its state, which is about the eighth or ninth
day. Wiseman's Surgery.

FU’RY. n. s. [furor, Latin; fureur, French.]
1. Madness.
2. Rage; passion of anger; tumult of mind approaching to
madness.
I do oppose my patience to his fury; and am arm'd
To suffer with a quietness of spirit
The very tyranny and rage of his. Shakesp. Mer. of Venice.
He hath given me to know the natures of living creatures,
and the furies of wild beasts. Wisd. vii. 20.
3. Enthusiasm; exaltation of fancy.
Taking up the lute, her wit began to be with a divine fury
inspired; and her voice would, in so beloved an occasion,
second her wit. Sidney, b. ii.
A sybil, that had number'd in the world
The sun to course two hundred compasses,
In her prophetick fury sew'd the work. Shakesp. Othello.
Greater than human kind she seem'd to look,
And with an accent more than mortal spoke;
Her staring eyes with sparkling fury roll,
When all the god came rushing on her soul. Dryden's Æn.
4. [From furia, Latin.] One of the deities of vengeance, and
thence a stormy, turbulent, violent, raging woman.
The sight of any of the house of York,
Is as a fury to torment my soul. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
It was the most proper place for a fury to make her exit;
and I believe every reader's imagination is pleased, when he
sees the angry goddess thus sinking in a tempest, and plunging
herself into hell, amidst such a scene of horror and confu­
sion. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

FURZE. n. s. [firs, Saxon.] Gorse; goss.
The whole plant is very thorny: the flowers, which are of
the pea-bloom kind, are disposed in short thick spikes, which
are succeeded by short compressed pods, in each of which are
contained three or four kidney-shaped seeds. The species are
three, each of which grow wild on the heaths and upland­
commons in England: the first is sometimes used to make
hedges, for which purpose it will do very well for a few
years. Miller.
Carry out gravel to fill up a hole,
Both timber and furzin, the turf and the cole. Tuss. Husb.
For fewel, there groweth generally in all parts great store
of furze, of which the shrubby sort is called tame, and the
better grown French. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
From hence uncertain seasons we may know,
And when to reap the grain, and when to sow,
Or when to fell the furzes. Dryden's Virg. Georg.

FU’RZY. adj. [from furze.] Overgrown with furze; full of
gorse.
Wide through the furzy field their route they take,
Their bleeding bosoms force the thorny brake. Gay.

FUS

FUSCA’TION. n. s. [fuscus, Latin.] The act of darkening or
obscuring. Dict.

To FUSE. v. a. [fundo, fusum, Latin.] To melt; to put into
fusion; to liquify by heat.

To FUSE. v. n. To be melted; to be capable of being liqui­
fied by heat.

FU’SEE. n. s. [fuseau, French.]
1. The cone round which is wound the cord or chain of a
clock or watch.
The reason of the motion of the balance is by the motion
of the next wheel, and that by the motion of the next, and
that by the motion of the fusee, and that by the motion of the
spring: the whole frame of the watch carries a reasonableness
in it, the passive impression of the intellectual idea that was in
the artist. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. A firelock [from fusil, Fr.]; a small neat musquet. This
is more properly written fusil.

FUSEE of a bomb or granado shell, is that which makes the
whole powder or composition in the shell take fire, to do the
designed execution. 'Tis usually a wooden pipe or tap filled
with wildfire, or some such matter; and is intended to burn
no longer than is the time of the motion of the bomb from
the mouth of the mortar to the place where it is to fall, which
time Anderson makes twenty-seven seconds. Harris.

FU’SEE. Track of a buck. Ainsworth.

FU’SIBLE. adj. [from fuse.] Capable of being melted; capable
of being made liquid by heat.
Colours afforded by metalline bodies, either colliquate with
or otherwise penetrate into other bodies, especially fusible
ones. Boyle.

FUSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from fusible.] Capacity of being melted;
quality of growing liquid by heat.
The ancients observing in that material a kind of metalical
nature, or at least a fusibility, seem to have resolved it into a
nobler use. Wotton's Architecture.
The bodies of most use, that are sought for out of the
depths of the earth, are the metals, which are distinguished
from other bodies by their weight, fusibility, and malleable­
ness. Locke.

FU’SIL. adj. [fusile, French; fusilis, Latin.]
1. Capable of being melted; liquifiable by heat.
The liquid ore he drain'd
Into fit molds prepar'd; from which he form'd
First his own tools: then, what might else be wrought
Fusile, or grav'n in metal. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Some, less skilful, fancy these scapi that occur in most of
the larger Gothick buildings of England are artificial; and
will have it, that they are a kind of fusil marble. Woodward.
2. Running by the force of heat.
Perpetual flames,
O'er sand and ashes, and the stubborn slint,
Prevailing, turn into a fusil sea. Phillips.

FU’SIL. n. s. [fusil, French.]
1. A firelock; a small neat musquet.
2. [In heraldry, from fusus, Latin.] Something like a spindle.
Fusils must be made long, and small in the middle, in the
ancient coat of Mountague, argent three fusils in fesse gules.
Peacham on Blazoning.

FU’SILIER. n. s. [from fusil.] A soldier armed with a fusil.

FU’SION. n. s. [fusio, Latin; fusion, French.]
1. The act of melting.
2. The state of being melted, or of running with heat.
Metals in fusion do not flame for want of a copious sume,
except spelter, which sumes copiously, and thereby flames.
Newton's Opt.

FUSS. n. s. [A low cant word.] A tumult; a bustle.


End as it befits your station;
Come to use and application;
Nor with senates keep a fuss:
I submit, and answer thus. Swift.

FUST. n. s. [fuste, French.]
1. The trunk or body of a column.
2. [From fustè, French.] A strong smell, as that of a mouldy
barrel.

To FUST. v. n. [from the noun.] To grow mouldy; to smell
ill.

FU’STIAN. n. s. [futaine, French, from fuste, a tree, because
cotton grows on trees.]
1. A kind of cloth made of linen and cotton, and perhaps now
of cotton only.
Is supper ready, the house trimm'd, the serving-men in
their new fustian and their white stockings? Shakespeare.
2. A high swelling kind of writing made up of heterogeneous
parts, or of words and ideas ill associated; bombast.
Nor will you raise in me combustion,
By dint of high heroick fustian. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 1. 
What fustian have I heard these gentlemen find out in Mr.
Cowley's odes! In general, I will say, that nothing can ap­
pear more beautiful to me than the strength of those images
which they condemn. Dryden.
I am much deceived if this be not abominable fustian; that
is, thoughts and words ill sorted, and without the least rela­
tion to each other. Dryden's Spanish Fryar, Dedication.
Chance thoughts, when govern'd by the close,
Oft rise to fustian, or descend to prose. Smith.

FU’STIAN. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Made of fustian.
2. Swelling; unnaturally pompous; ridiculously tumid. Used
of stile.
When men argue, th' greatest part
O' th' contest falls on terms of art,
Until the fustian stuff be spent,
And then they fall to th' argument. Hudibras, p. i. can. 3.
Virgil, if he could have seen the first verses of the Sylvæ,
would have thought Statius mad in his fustian description of
the statue on the brazen horse. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

FU’STIC. n. s. A sort of wood brought from the West-Indies,
used in dying of cloath. Dict.

To FU’STIGATE. v. a. [fustigo, Latin.] To beat with a stick;
to cane. Dict.

FU’STILARIAN. n. s. [from fusty.] A low fellow; a stinkard;
a scoundrel. A word used by Shakespeare only.
Away, you scullion, you rampallian, you fustilarian: I'll
tickle your catastrophe. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

FU’STINESS. n. s. [from fusty.] Mouldiness; stink.

FU’STY. adj. [from fust.] Ill smelling; mouldy.
Hector shall have a great catch, if he knock out either of
your brains: he were as good crack a fusty nut with no
kernel. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
The fusty plebeians hate thine honours. Shak. Coriolan.
The large Achilles, at this fusty stuff,
From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause. Shakesp.

FUT

FU’TILE. adj. [futile, French; futilis, Latin.]
1. Talkative; loquacious.
One futile person, that maketh it his glory to tell, will do
more hurt than many that know it their duty to conceal. Bacon.
2. Trifling; worthless; of no weight.

FUTI’LITY. n. s. [futilité, French, from futile.]
1. Talkativeness; loquacity.
This fable does not strike so much at the futility of women,
as at the incontinent levity of a prying humour. L'Estrange.
2. Triflingness; want of weight; want of solidity.
Trifling futility appears in their signs of the zodiack, and
their mutual relations and aspects. Bentley.

FU’TTOCKS. n. s. [corrupted from foot hooks. Skinner.] The
lower timbers that hold the ship together.

FU’TURE. adj. [futurus, Latin; futur, French.] That
which will be hereafter; to come: as, the future state.
Glory they sung to the most High! good will
To future men, and in their dwellings peace. Milt. P. L.
He sows the teeth at Pallas's command,
And flings the future people from his hand. Addison's Ovid.

FU’TURE. n. s. [from the adjective.] Time to come; some­
what to happen hereafter.
Thy letters have transported me beyond
This ign'rant present time; and I feel now
The future in the instant. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power,
either is disabled for the future, or else checks at any vigorous
undertaking ever after. Locke.

FU’TURELY. adv. [from future.] In time to come.
This prescience of God, as it is prescience, is not the cause
of any thing futurely succeeding; neither doth God's fore­
knowledge impose any necessity, or bind. Raleigh.

FUTURI’TION. n. s. [from future.] The state of being to be;
of being to come to pass hereafter.
Is it imaginable, that the great means of the world's re­
demption should rest only in the number of possibilities, and
hang so loose in respect of its futurition, as to leave the event
in an equal poise, whether ever there should be such a thing
or no? South's Sermons.

FU’TURITY. n. s. [from future.]
1. Time to come; events to come.
Not my service past, nor present sorrows,
Nor purpos'd merit in futurity,
Can ransom me. Shakespeare's Othello.
All futurities are naked before that All-seeing Eye, the sight
of which is no more hindred by distance of time than the sight
of an angel can be determined by distance of place. South.
I will contrive some way to make it known to futurity, that
I had your lordship for my patron. Swift.
This, great Amphiarus, lay hid from thee,
Though skill'd in fate and dark futurity. Pope's Statius.
2. The state of being to be; futurition.
It may be well reckoned among the bare possibilities, which
never commence into a futurity; it requiring such a free,
sedate and intent mind, as, it may be, is no where found but
among the platonical ideas. Glanv. Sceps. c. 10.

To FUZZ. v. n. [without etymology.] To fly out in small
particles.

FU’ZZBALL. n. s. [fuzz and ball.] A kind of fungus, which,
when pressed, bursts and scatters dust in the eyes.

FY

FY. interj. [fy, French and Flemish; φε̃υ, Greek; vah, Lat.]
A word of blame and disapprobation.
And fy on fortune, mine avowed foe,
Whose wrathful wreaks themselves do now allay. Fa. Queen.
Fy, my lord, fy! a soldier, and afraid? What need we
fear who knows it, when none can call our power to ac­
count? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
A bawd, sir, fy upon him! Shakes. Measure for Measure.
But fy, my wand'ring muse, how thou do'st stray!
Expectance calls thee now another way. Milton.
Nay, fy, what mean you in this open place?
Unhand me, or, I swear, I'll scratch your face:
Let go, for shame; you make me mad for spite:
My mouth's my own; and if you kiss, I'll bite. Dryden.
Fy, madam, he cried, we must be past all these gaities.
Tatler, No. 54.






G

G
Has two sounds, one from the Greek Γ, and the
Latin, which is called that of the hard G, because
it is formed by a pressure somewhat hard of the
forepart of the tongue against the upper gum. This
sound G retains before a, o, u, l, r; as, gate, go, gull.
The other sound, called that of the soft G, resembles that of
J, and is commonly, though not always, found before e, i;
as, gem, gibbet. Before n, at the end of a word, g is com­
monly melted away; as in the French, from which these words
are commonly derived: thus, for benign, malign, condign, we
pronounce benine, maline, condine. It is often silent in the
middle of words before h; as, might. The Saxon G, g, seems
to have had generally the sound of y consonant; whence gate
is by rusticks still pronounced yate.

GA’BARDINE. n. s. [gavardina, Italian.] A coarse frock;
any mean dress.
My best way is to creep under his gabardine; there is no
other shelter hereabout. Shakespeare's Tempest.
You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,
And spit upon my Jewish gabardine. Shakes. Mer. of Venice.
The knight did straight submit,
And laid his weapons at her feet:
Next he disrob'd his gabardine,
And with it did himself resign. Hudibras, b. i.

To GA’BBLE. v. n. [gabbare, Italian; gabberen, Dutch.]
1. To make an inarticulate noise.
When thou could'st not, savage,
Shew thine own meaning, but would'st gabble like
A thing most brutish, I endow'd thy purposes
With words that made them known. Shakesp. Tempest.
Flocks of fowl, that when the tempests roar,
With their hoarse gabbling seek the silent shoar. Dryd. Æn.
2. To prate loudly without meaning.
Have you no wit, manners, nor honesty, but to gabble like
tinkers at this time of night? Do ye make an alehouse of
my lady's house? Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Which made some think, when he did gabble,
Th' had heard three labourers of Babel. Hudibras, p. i.
Such a rout, and such a rabble,
Run to hear Jack Pudding gabble. Swift.

GA’BBLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Inarticulate noise like that of brute animals.
Not to know what we speak one to another, so we seem to
know, is to know straight our purpose: chough's language,
gabble enough, and good enough. Shak. All's well that ends well.
2. Loud talk without meaning.
Forthwith a hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders; each to other calls,
Not understood. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

GA’BBLER. n. s. [from gabble.] A prater; a chattering
fellow.

GA’BEL. n. s. [gabelle, French; gabello, Italian; gafel, Saxon,
a tribute.] An excise; a tax.
The gabels of Naples are very high on oil, wine, and to­
bacco. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

GA’BION. n. s. [French.] A wicker basket which is filled
with earth to make a fortification or intrenchment.
His battery was defended all along with gabions, and casks
filled with sand. Knolles's History of the Turks.

GA’BLE. n. s. [gaval, Welsh; gable, French.] The sloping
roof of a building.
Take care that all your brick-work be covered with the
tiling, according to the new way of building, without gable
ends, which are very heavy, and very apt to let the water
into the brick-work. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GAD

GAD. n. s. [gad, Saxon; gaddur, Islandick, a club.]
1. A wedge or ingot of steel.
Flemish steel is brought down the Rhine to Dort, and other
parts of Holland and Flanders, some in bars, and some in gads;
and therefore called Flemish steel, and sometimes gad steel.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. It seems to be used by Shakespeare for a stile or graver,
[from gad, Saxon, a goad.]
I will go get a leaf of brass,
And with a gad of steel will write these words. Shakespeare.

To GAD. v. n. [Derived by Skinner from gadfly; by Junius
from gadaw, Welsh, to forsake.] To ramble about without
any settled purpose; to rove loosely and idly.
How now, my headstrong, where have you been gadding?
—Where I have learnt me to repent. Shakes. Rom. and Jul.
Give the water no passage, neither a wicked woman liberty
to gad abroad. Ecclus. xxv. 25.
The lesser devils arose with ghastly rore,
And thronged forth about the world to gad;
Each land they fill'd, river, stream and shore. Fairfax, b. iv.
Envy is a gadding passion, and walketh the streets, and doth
not keep home. Bacon, Essay 9.
Gad not abroad at ev'ry quest and call
Of an untrained hope or passion;
To court each place or fortune that doth fall,
Is wantonness in contemplation. Herbert.
Thee, shepherd, thee the woods and desart caves,
With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown,
And all their echo's moan. Milton.
A fierce loud buzzing breeze; their stings draw blood,
And drive the cattle gadding through the wood. Dryd. Virg.
She wreaks her anger on her rival's head;
With furies frights her from her native home,
And drives her gadding, round the world to roam. Dryden.
Gull 'em with freedom,
And you shall see 'em toss their tails, and gad
As if the breeze had stung them. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
There's an ox lost, and this coxcomb runs a gadding after
wild fowl. L'Estrange.
No wonder their thoughts should be perpetually shifting
from what disgusts them, and seek better entertainment in
more pleasing objects, after which they will unavoidably be
gadding. Locke.

GA’DDER. n. s. [from gad.] A rambler; one that runs much
abroad without business.
A drunken woman, and a gadder abroad, causeth great an­
ger, and she will not cover her own shame. Ecclus. xxvi. 8.

GA’DDINGLY. adv. [from gad.] In a rambling, roving man­
ner.

GA’DFLY. n. s. [gad and fly; but by Skinner, who makes it
the original of gad, goadfly. Supposed to be originally from
goad, in Saxon gad, and fly.] A fly that when he stings the
cattle makes them gad or run madly about; the breese.
The fly called the gadfly breedeth of somewhat that swim­
eth upon the top of the water, and is most about ponds. Bac.
Light fly his slumbers, if perchance a flight
Of angry gadflies fasten on the herd. Thomson's Summer.

GAFF. n. s. A harpoon or large hook. Ainsworth.

GA’FFER. n. s. [gefere, companion, Saxon.] A word of
respect now obsolete, or applied only in contempt to a mean
person.
For gaffer Treadwell told us by the bye,
Excessive sorrow is exceeding dry. Gay's Pastorals.

GA’FFLES. n. s. [gafelucas, spears, Saxon.]
1. Artificial spurs put upon cocks when they are set to fight.
2. A steel contrivance to bend cross-bows. Ainsworth.

To GAG. v. n. [from gaghel, Dutch, the palate, Minshew.] To
stop the mouth with something that may allow to breathe, but
hinder to speak.
He's out of his guard already: unless you laugh and mini­
ster occasion to him, he is gagg'd. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
There foam'd rebellious logick, gagg'd and bound. Pope.

GAG

GAG. n. s. [from the verb.] Something put into the mouth to
hinder speech or eating.
Some, when the kids their dams too deeply drain,
With gags and muzzles their soft mouths restrain. Dryden.
Your woman would have run up stairs before me; but I
have secured her below with a gag in her chaps. Dryden.

GAGE. n. s. [gage, French.] A pledge; a pawn; a caution;
any thing given in security.


Who, when the shamed shield of slain Sansfoy
He spy'd, with that same fairy champion's page,
He to him leapt; and that same envious gage,
Of victor's glory, from him snatcht away. Fairy Queen.
There I throw my gage
Disclaiming here the kindred of a king,
And lay aside my high blood's royalty. Shakesp. Richard II.
There is my gage, the manual seal of death,
That marks thee out for hell. Shakesp. Richard II.
They from their mothers breasts poor orphans rend,
Nor without gages to the needy lend. Sandys's Paraphrase.
I am made the cautionary pledge,
The gage and hostage of your keeping it. Southern's Oroonok.
But since it was decreed, auspicious king,
In Britain's right that thou should'st wed the main,
Heav'n, as a gage, would cast some previous thing,
And therefore doom'd that Lawson should be slain. Dryden.
In any truth, that gets not possession of our minds by self­
evidence or demonstration, the arguments, that gain it assent,
are the vouchers and gage of its probability. Locke.

To GAGE. v. a. [gager, French.]
1. To wager; to depone as a wager; to impawn; to give as a
caution, pledge, or security.
Against the which, a moiety competent
Was gaged by our king. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Drawing near the shore, he sound the Turkish merchants
making merry upon the main: unto these merchants he gave
due salutations, gaging his faith for their safety, and they like­
wise to him. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. To measure; to take the contents of any vessel of liquids
particularly. More properly gauge. See GAUGE.
We shall see your bearing.
—Nay, but I bar to-night: you shall not gage me
By what we do to-night. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

To GA’GGLE. v. n. [gagen, gagelen, Dutch.] To make noise
like a goose.
Birds prune their feathers, geese gaggle, and crows seem to
call upon rain; which is but the comfort they receive in the
relenting of the air. Bacon's Natural History, No. 823.
May fat geese gaggle with melodious voice,
And ne'er want gooseberries or apple-sauce. King.

GAI

GAI’ETY. See GAYETY.

GAILY. adv. [from gay.]
1. Airily; cheerfully.
2. Splendidly; pompously; with great show.
The ladies gaily dress'd, the Mall adorn
With curious dyes, and paint the sunny morn. Gay's Trivia.
Like some fair flow'r that early Spring supplies,
That gaily blooms, but ev'n in blooming dies. Pope.

GAIN. n. s. [gain, French.]
1. Profit; advantage.
But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for
Christ. Phil. iii. 7.
Besides the purpose it were now, to teach how victory should
be used, or the gains thereof communicated to the general
content. Raleigh's Essays.
It is in praise of men as in gettings and gains; for light
gains make heavy purses; for light gains come thick, whereas
great come but now and then. Bacon, Essay 53.
This must be made by some governor upon his own private
account, who has a great stock that he is content to turn that
way, and is invited by the gains. Temple.
2. Interest; lucrative views.
That sir, which serves for gain,
And follows but for form,
Will pack, when it begins to rain,
And leave thee in the storm. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. Unlawful advantage.
Did I make a gain of you by any of them whom I sent unto
you? 2 Cor. xii. 17.
4. Overplus in a comparative computation; any thing opposed
to loss.

To GAIN. v. a. [gagner, French.]
1. To obtain as profit or advantage.
Thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily
gained of thy neighbours by extortions. Ezek. xxii. 12.
2. To have the overplus in comparative computation.
If you have two vessels to fill, and you empty one to fill the
other, you gain nothing by that. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. To obtain; to procure.
If such a tradition were endeavoured to be set on foot, it is
not easy to imagine how it should at first gain entertainment;
but much more difficult to conceive how ever it should come
to be universally propagated. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. To obtain increase of any thing allotted.
I know that ye would gain the time, because ye see the king
is gone from me. Dan. ii. 8.
5. To obtain whatever good or bad.
Ye should not have loosed from Crete, and have gained this
harm and loss. Acts xxvii. 21.
6. To win.
They who were sent to the other pass, after a short resist­
ance, gained it. Clarendon, b. viii.
Fat fees from the defended Umbrian draws,
And only gains the wealthy client's cause. Dryd. Pers. Sat.
O love! for Sylvia let me gain the prize,
And make my tongue victorious as her eyes. Pope's Spring.
7. To draw into any interest or party.
Come, with presents, laden from the port,
To gratify the queen and gain the court. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
If Pyrrhus must be wrought to pity,
No woman does it better than yourself:
If you gain him, I shall comply of course. A. Phillips.
8. To reach; to attain.
The West glimmers with some streaks of day:
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Death was the post, which I almost did gain:
Shall I once more be tost into the main? Waller.
We came to the roots of the mountain, and had a very
troublesome march to gain the top of it. Addison on Italy.
Thus sav'd from death, they gain the Phestan shores,
With shatter'd vessels and disabled oars. Pope's Odyssey, b. iii.
9. To GAIN over. To draw to another party or interest.
The court of Hanover should have endeavoured to gain over
those who were represented as their enemies. Swift.

To GAIN. v. n.
1. To encroach; to come forward by degrees.
When watchful herons leave their wat'ry stand,
And mounting upward with erected flight,
Gain on the skies, and soar above the sight. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
On the land while here the ocean gains,
In other parts it leaves wide sandy plains. Pope on Criticism.
2. To get ground; to prevail against.
The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in
the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself. Addison.
3. To obtain influence with.
My good behaviour had gained so far on the emperor, that
I began to conceive hopes of liberty. Gulliver's Travels.

To GAIN. v. n. To grow rich; to have advantage; to be ad­
vanced in interest or happiness.

GAIN. adj. [An old word now out of use.] Handy; ready;
dexterous.

GA’INER. n. s. [from gain.] One who receives profit or ad­
vantage.
The client, besides retaining a good conscience, is always
a gainer, and by no means can be at any loss, as seeing, if the
composition be overhard, he may relieve himself by recourse
to his oath. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.
If what I get in empire
I lose in fame, I think myself no gainer. Denham's Sophy.
He that loses any thing, and gets wisdom by it, is a gainer
by the loss. L'Estrange, Fable 59.
By extending a well regulated trade, we are as great gainers
by the commodities of many other countries as those of our
own nation. Addison's Freeholder.

GAI’NFUL. adj. [gain and full.]
1. Advantageous; profitable.
He will dazzle his eyes, and bait him in with the luscious
proposal of some gainful purchase, some rich match, or advan­
tageous project. South.
2. Lucrative; productive of money.
Nor knows he merchants gainful care. Dryden's Horace.
Maro's muse,
Thrice sacred muse! commodious precepts gives,
Instructive to the swains, not wholly bent
On what is gainful: sometimes she diverts
From solid counsels. Phillips.

GA’INFULLY. adv. [from gainful.] Profitably; advantage­
ously.

GA’INFULNESS. n. s. [from gainful.] Profit; advantage.

GAI’NGIVING. n. s. ['gainst and give.] The same as mis­
giving; a giving against: as gainsaying, which is still in use,
is saying against, or contradicting. Hanmer.
It is but foolery; but it is such a kind of gaingiving as
would, perhaps, trouble a woman. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

GA’INLESS. adj. [from gain.] Unprofitable; producing no
advantage.

GAI’NLESSNESS. n. s. [from gainless.] Unprofitableness; want
of advantage.
The parallel holds too in the gainlessness as well as labori­
ousness of the work: those wretched creatures, buried in earth
and darkness, were never the richer for all the ore they
digged; no more is the insatiable miser. Decay of Piety.

GA’INLY. adv. [from gain.] Handily; readily; dexterously.

To GA’INSAY. v. a. ['gainst and say.]
1. To contradict; to oppose; to controvert with; to dispute
against.
Speeches which gainsay one another, must of necessity be
applied both unto one and the same subject. Hooker, b. v.
Too facile then, thou didst not much gainsay;
Nay, didst permit, approve, and fair dismiss. Milton's P. L.
2. To deny any thing.


I never heard yet
That any of those bolder vices wanted
Less impudence to gainsay what they did,
Than to perform it first. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

GA’INSAYER. n. s. [from gainsay.] Opponent; adversary.
Such as may satisfy gainsayers, when suddenly, and besides
expectation, they require the same at our hands. Hooker, b. v.
We are, for this cause, challenged as manifest gainsayers
of Scripture, even in that which we read for Scripture unto
the people. Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
It was full matter of conviction to all gainsayers. Hammond.

’GAINST. prep. [for against.] See AGAINST.
Tremble, ye nations! who, secure before,
Laugh'd at those arms, that 'gainst ourselves we bore. Dryd.

To GA’INSTAND. v. a. ['gainst and stand.] To withstand; to
oppose; to resist.
Love proved himself valiant, that durst with the sword of
reverent duty gainstand the force of so many enraged de­
sires. Sidney, b. ii.

GA’IRISH. adj. [gearrian, to dress fine, Saxon.]
1. Gaudy; showy; splendid; fine.
I call'd thee then poor shadow, painted queen,
The presentation of but what I was;
A mother, only mock'd with two fair babes;
A dream of what thou wast, a gairish flag,
To be the aim of every dangerous shot. Shakesp. Rich. III.
There in close covert by some brook,
Where no profaner eye may look,
Hide me from day's gairish eye. Milton.
2. Extravagantly gay; flighty.
Fame and glory transports a man out of himself: it makes
the mind loose and gairish, scatters the spirits, and leaves a
kind of dissolution upon all the faculties. South's Sermons.

GA’IRISHNESS. n. s. [from gairish.]
1. Finery; flaunting gaudiness.
2. Flighty or extravagant joy.
Let your hope be without vanity, or garishness of spirit, but
sober, grave and silent. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

GAIT. n. s. [gat, Dutch.]
1. A way: as, gang your gait.
Good youth, address thy gait unto her;
Be not denied access, stand at her door. Shakespeare.
2. March; walk.
Nought regarding, they kept on their gait,
And all her vain allurements did forsake. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Thou art so lean and meagre waxen late,
That scarce thy legs uphold thy feeble gait. Hubb. Tale.
3. The manner and air of walking.
Great Juno comes; I know her by her gait. Shakespeare.
He had in his person, in his aspect, the appearance of a
great man, which he preserved in his gait and motion. Claren.
A third, who, by his gait
And fierce demeanour, seems the prince of hell. Milton.
Leviathans
Wallowing, unwieldy, enormous in their gait. Milton.
I describ'd his way,
Bent all on speed, and mark'd his airy gait. Milt. Pa. Lost.

GAL

GALA’GE. n. s. A shepherd's clog.
My heart-blood is well nigh frone, I feel;
And my galage grown fast to my heel. Spenser's Pastorals.

GALA’NGAL. n. s. [galange, French.] A medicinal root,
of which there are two species. The lesser galangal is in
pieces, about an inch or two long, of the thickness of a man's
little finger; a brownish red colour, extremely hot and pun­
gent. The larger galangal is in pieces, about two inches or
more in length, and an inch in thickness: its colour is brown,
with a faint cast of red in it: it has a disagreeable, but much
less acrid and pungent taste than the smaller sort. They are
both brought from the East-Indies; the small kind from China,
and the larger from the island of Java, wherewith the people,
while it is fresh, by way of spice, season their dishes. The
small sort is used with us in medicine as a stomachick, and is
an ingredient in almost all bitter infusions and mixtures. Hill.

GALA’XY. n. s. [γαλαξία; galaxie, Fr.] The milky way; a
stream of light in the sky.
A broad and ample road, whose dust is gold,
And pavement stars, as stars to thee appear,
Seen in the galaxy. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
A brown, for which heaven would disband
The galaxy, and stars be tann'd. Cleaveland.
Men doubt, because they stand so thick i' th' sky,
If those be stars that paint the galaxy. Cowley.
We dare not undertake to shew what advantage is brought
to us by those innumerable stars in the galaxy. Bentley's Serm.

GA’LBANUM. n. s.
We meet with galbanum sometimes in loose granules, called
drops or tears, which is the purest, and sometimes in large
masses. It is soft, like wax, and ductile between the fingers;
of a yellowish or reddish colour: its smell is strong and dis­
agreeable; its taste acrid, nauseous and bitterish. It is of a
middle nature between a gum and a resin, being inflammable
as a resin, and soluble in water as a gum, and will not dissolve
in oil as pure resins do. It is the produce of an umbelliferous
plant, whose stalks are about an inch thick, and five or six feet
high: its leaves are like the common anise, of a strong smell,
and acrid taste; but the flowers, and especially the seeds, much
more so. The whole plant abounds with a viscous milky
juice, which it yields when wounded, and which soon con­
cretes into substance called galbanum. The plant is frequent
in Persia, and in many parts of Africa. Its medicinal virtues
are considerable in asthmas, coughs, and hysterick com­
plaints. Hill's Materia Medica.
I yielded indeed a pleasant odour, like the best myrrh; as
galbanum. Ecclus. xxiv. 15.

GALE. n. s. [gahling, hasty, sudden, German.] A wind not
tempestuous, yet stronger than a breeze.
What happy gale
Blows you to Padua here, from old Verona? Shakespeare.
Winds
Of gentlest gale Arabian odours fann'd
From their soft wings, and Flora's earliest smells. Milton.
Fresh gales and gentle air. Milton.
Umbria's green retreats,
Where western gales eternally reside. Addison.

GA’LEAS. n. s. [galeasse, French.] A heavy low-built vessel,
with both sails and oars. It carries three masts, but they can­
not be lowered, as in a galley. It has thirty-two seats for
rowers, and six or seven slaves to each. They carry three
tire of guns at the head, and at the stern there are two tire
of guns. Dict.
The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great
necessity, thirty men of war, a hundred gallies, and ten ga­
leasses. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

GA’LEATED. adj. [galeatus, Latin.]
1. Covered as with a helmet.
A galeated eschinus copped, and in shape somewhat more
conick than any of the foregoing. Woodward on Fossils.
2. [In botany.] Such plants as bear a flower resembling an hel­
met, as the monkshood.

GALERI’CULATE. adj. [from galerus, Latin.] Covered as
with a hat.

GA’LIOT. n. s. [galiotte, French.] A little galley or sort of
brigantine, built very slight and fit for chase. It carries but
one mast, and two or three pattereroes. It can both sail and
row, and has sixteen or twenty seats for the rowers, with one
man to each oar. Dict.
Barbarossa sent before him Dragut and Corsetus, two
notable pyrates, with thirty galiots, who, landing their men,
were valiantly encountered by Sarmentus, and forced again to
their galiots. Knolles's History of the Turks.

GALL. n. s. [geala, Saxon; galle, Dutch.]
1. The bile; an animal juice remarkable for its supposed bitter­
ness.
Come to my woman's breast,
And take my milk for gall, you murth'ring ministers! Shak.
A honey tongue, a heart of gall,
Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall. Shakespeare.
It drew from my heart all love,
And added to the gall. Shakespeare's King Lear.
This position informs us of a vulgar errour, terming the
gall bitter, as their proverb more peremptorily implies, It's as
bitter as gall; whereas there's nothing gustable sweeter; and
what is most unctuous must needs partake of a sweet savour.
Harvey on Consumptions.
Gall is the greatest resolvent of curdled milk: Boerhaave
has given at a time one drop of the gall of an eel with
success. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The part which contains the bile.
The married couple, as a testimony of future concord, did
cast the gall of the sacrifice behind the altar. Brown's Vu. Err.
3. Any thing extremely bitter.
Thither write, my queen,
And with mine eyes I'll drink the words you send,
Though ink be made of gall. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Poison be their drink!
Gall, worse than gall, the daintiest meat they taste! Shakes.
She still insults, and you must still adore;
Grant that the honey's much, the gall is more. Dryd. Juv.
4. Rancour; malignity.
They did great hurt unto his title, and have left a perpetual
gall in the mind of the people. Spenser's State of Ireland.
5. A slight hurt by fretting off the skin. [From the verb.]
This is the fatalest wound of the tongue, carries least smart,
but infinitely more of danger; and is as much superior to the
former, as a gangrene is to a gall or scratch: this may be sore
and vexing, but that stupifying and deadening.
Government of the Tongue, s. 8.
6. Anger; bitterness of mind.
Suppose your hero were a lover,
Though he before had gall and rage;
He grows dispirited and low,
He hates the fight, and shuns the blow. Prior.


7. [From galla.]
Galls or galnuts are a kind of preternatural and accidental tu­
mours, produced on various trees; but those of the oak only are
used in medicine. We have two kinds, the Oriental and the Eu­
ropean galls: the Oriental are brought from Aleppo, of the
bigness of a large nutmeg, with tubercles on their surface, of
a very firm and solid texture, and a disagreeable, acerb, and
astringent taste. The European galls are of the same size,
with perfectly smooth surfaces: they are light, often spongy,
and cavernous within, and always of a lax texture. They have
a less austere taste, and are of much less value than the first
sort, both in manufactures and medicine. The general his­
tory of galls is this: an insect of the fly kind, for the safety
of her young, wounds the branches of the trees, and in the
hole deposites her egg: the lacerated vessels of the tree dis­
charging their contents, form a tumour or woody case about
the hole, where the egg is thus defended from all injuries.
This tumour also serves for the food of the tender maggot,
produced from the egg of the fly, which, as soon as it is per­
fect, and in its winged state, gnaws its way out, as appears
from the hole found in the gall; and where no hole is seen on
its surface, the maggot, or its remains, are sure to be found
within, on breaking it. It has been observed, that the oak
does not produce galls in cold countries: but this observation
should be confined to the medicinal galls; for all those excres­
cencies which we find on this tree in our own woods, and
call oak-apples, oak-grapes, and oak-cones, are true and ge­
nuine galls, though less firm in their texture. The true rea­
son of the hard ones not being produced with us, seems to be
that we want the peculiar species of insect to which they owe
their origin, which is a fly of the inchneumon kind, only found
in hot countries. The species of fly that occasions, by its
punctures, the soft galls of France and Italy, is different both
from the Syrian one and from ours, though still of the ich­
neumon kind; and we find the several kinds, which occasion
the different galls in our own kingdom, produce different
kinds, and those of different degrees of hardness, on the same
tree. Galls are used in making ink, and in dying and dress­
ing leather, and many other manufactures. In medicine they
are very astringent, and good under proper management. Hill.
Besides the acorns, the oak beareth galls, oak-apples, and
oak-nuts. Bacon's Natural History, No. 635.
Malpighi, in his treatise of galls, under which name he
comprehends all preternatural and morbose excrescences, de­
monstrates that all such excrescences, where any insects are
found, are excited by some venenose liquor, which, together
with their eggs, such insects shed. Ray on the Creation.
The Aleppo galls, wherewith we make ink, are no other
than cases of insects, which are bred in them. Derham.

To GALL. v. a. [galer, French.]
1. To hurt by fretting the skin.
I'll touch my point
With this contagion, that, if I gall him slightly,
It may be death. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
His yoke is easy, when by us embrac'd;
But loads and galls, if on our necks 'tis cast. Denham.
A carrier, when he would think of a remedy for his galled
horse, begins with casting his eye upon all things. Locke.
On the monarch's speech Achilles broke,
And furious thus, and interrupting spoke,
Tyrant, I well deserv'd thy galling chain. Pope's Iliad.
2. To impair; to wear away.
He doth object, I am too great of birth;
And that my state being gall'd with my expence,
I seek to heal it only by his wealth. Shakespeare.
If it should fall down in a continual stream like a river, it
would gall the ground, wash away plants by the roots, and
overthrow houses. Ray on the Creation.
3. To teaze; to fret; to vex.
In honour of that action, and to gall their minds who did
not so much commend it, he wrote his book. Hooker, b. ii.
What they seem contented with, even for that very cause
we reject; and there is nothing but it pleaseth us the better,
if we espy that it galleth them. Hooker, b. iv. s. 9.
When I shew justice,
I pity those I do not know;
Which a dismiss'd offence would after gall. Shakespeare.
Let it not gall your patience, good Iago,
That I extend my manners: 'tis my breeding,
That gives me this bold shew of courtesy. Shakesp. Othello.
All studies here I solemnly defy,
Save how to gall and pinch this Bolingbroke. Shak. H. IV.
No man commits any sin but his conscience smites him,
and his guilty mind is frequently galled with the remembrance
of it. Tillotson's Sermons.
5. To harrass; to mischief.
The Helots had gotten new heart, and with divers sorts of
shot from corners of streets and house-windows galled
them. Sidney.
Light demilances from afar they throw,
Fasten'd with leathern thongs, to gall the foe. Dryd. Æn.
In our wars against the French of old, we used to gall them
with our long bows, at a greater distance than they could shoot
their arrows. Addison on the State of the War.

To GALL. v. n. To fret.
I have seen you glecking and galling at this gentleman twice
or thrice. Shakespeare's Henry V.

GA’LLANT. adj. [galant, French, from gala, fine dress,
Spanish.]
1. Gay; well dressed; showy; splendid; magnificent.
A place of broad rivers, wherein shall go no gally with
oars, neither shall gallant ships pass thereby. Is. xxxiii. 21.
The gay, the wise, the gallant, and the grave,
Subdu'd alike, all but one passion have. Waller.
2. Brave; high spirited; daring; magnanimous.
Scorn, that any should kill his uncle, made him seek his
revenge in manner gallant enough. Sidney, b. ii.
But, fare thee well, thou art a gallant youth. Shakespeare.
A gallant man, whose thoughts fly at the highest game, re­
quires no further insight into them than to satisfy himself by
what way they may be performed. Digby on the Soul, Dedicat.
3. Fine; noble; specious.
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith;
But hollow men, like horses hot at hand,
Make gallant shew and promise of their mettle. Shakesp.
He discoursed, how gallant and how brave a thing it would
be for his highness to make a journey into Spain, and to fetch
home his mistress. Clarendon.
4. Inclined to courtship.
When first the soul of love is sent abroad,
The gay troops begin
In gallant thought to plume their painted wings. Thomson.

GA’LLANT. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A gay, sprightly, airy, splendid man.
The new proclamation.
——What is't for?
—The reformation of our travell'd gallants,
That fill the court with quarrels, talk, and taylors. Shakesp.
The gallants and lusty youths of Naples came and offered
themselves unto Vastius. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The gallants, to protect the lady's right,
Their fauchions brandish'd at the grisly spright. Dryden.
Gallants, look to't, you say there are no sprights;
But I'll come dance about your beds at nights. Dryden.
2. A whoremaster, who caresses women to debauch them.
One, worn to pieces with age, shews himself a young
gallant. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The next carried a handsome young fellow upon her back:
she had left the good man at home, and brought away her
gallant. Addison's Spectator.
3. A wooer; one who courts a woman for marriage. In the
two latter senses it has commonly the accent on the last syl­
lable.

GA’LLANTLY. adv. [from gallant.]
1. Gayly; splendidly.
2. Bravely; nobly; generously.
You have not dealt so gallantly with us as we did with you
in a parallel case: last year a paper was brought here from
England, which we ordered to be burnt by the common
hangman. Swift.

GA’LLANTRY. n. s. [galanterie, French.]
1. Splendour of appearance; show; magnificence; glittering
grandeur; ostentatious finery.
Make the sea shine with gallantry, and all
The English youth flock to their admiral. Waller.
2. Bravery; nobleness; generosity.
The eminence of your condition, and the gallantry of your
principles, will invite gentlemen to the useful and enobling
study of nature. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
3. A number of gallants.
Hector, Deiphobus, and all the gallantry of Troy, I would
have arm'd to-day. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
4. Courtship; refined address to women.
The martial Moors, in gallantry refin'd,
Invent new arts to make their charmers kind. Granville.
5. Vicious love; lewdness; debauchery.
It looks like a sort of compounding between virtue and
vice, as if a woman were allowed to be vicious, provided she
be not a profligate; as if there were a certain point where
gallantry ends, and infamy begins. Swift.

GA’LLEASS. n. s. [galeas, French.] A large galley; a vessel
of war driven with oars.
My father hath no less
Than three great argosies, besides two galleasses,
And twelve tight gallies. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The number of vessels were one hundred and thirty,
whereof galleasses and galleons seventy-two, goodly ships, like
floating towers. Bacon's War with Spain.

GALLE’ON. n. s. [galion, French.] A large ship with four or
sometimes five decks, now in use only among the Spaniards.
I assured them that I would stay for them at Trinidado, and
that no force should drive me thence, except I were sunk or
set on fire by the Spanish galleons. Raleigh's Apology.


The number of vessels were one hundred and thirty,
whereof galleasses and galleons seventy-two, goodly ships, like
floating towers or castles. Bacon's War with Spain.

GA’LLERY. n. s. [galerie, French, derived by Du Cange from
galeria, low Latin, a fine room.]
1. A kind of walk along the floor of a house, into which the
doors of the apartments open; in general, any building of
which the length much exceeds the breadth.
In most part there had been framed by art such pleasant
arbors, that, one answering another, they became a gallery
aloft from tree to tree, almost round about, which be­
low gave a perfect shadow. Sidney, b. i.
High lifted up were many lofty towers,
And goodly galleries fair overlaid. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Your gallery
Have we pass'd through, not without much content. Shakes.
The row of return on the banquet side, let it be all stately
galleries, in which galleries let there be three cupola's. Bacon.
A private gallery 'twixt th' apartments led,
Not to the foe yet known. Denham.
Nor is the shape of our cathedral proper for our preaching
auditories, but rather the figure of an amphitheatre, with
galleries gradually overlooking each other; for into this condi­
tion the parish-churches of London are driving apace, as ap­
pears by the many galleries every day built in them. Graunt.
There are covered galleries that lead from the palace to five
different churches. Addison on Italy.
2. The seats in the playhouse above the pit, in which the meaner
people sit.
While all its throats the gallery extends,
And all the thunder of the pit ascends. Pope's Ep. of Horace.

GA’LLETYLE. n. s. I suppose this word has the same import
with gallipot.
Make a compound body of glass and galletyle; that is, to
have the colour milky like a chalcedon, being a stuff between
a porcellane and a glass. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

GA’LLEY. n. s. [galea, Italian; galere, French; derived, as
some think, from galea, a helmet pictured anciently on the
prow; as others from γαλεώτης, the swordfish; as others
from galleon, expressing in Syriac men exposed to the sea.
From galley come galleass, galleon, galliot.]
1. A vessel driven with oars, much in use in the Mediterranean,
but found unable to endure the agitation of the main ocean.
Great Neptune grieved underneath the load
Of ships, hulks, gallies, barks and brigandines. Fairfax.
In the ages following, navigation did every where greatly
decay, and especially far voyages; the rather by the use of
gallies, and such vessels as could hardly brook the ocean.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
Jason ranged the coasts of Asia the Less in an open boat, or
kind of galley. Raleigh's History of the World.
On oozy ground his gallies moor;
Their heads are turn'd to sea, their sterns to shore. Dryden.
2. It is proverbially considered as a place of toilsome misery, be­
cause criminals are condemned to row in them.
The most voluptuous person, were he tied to follow his
hawks and his hounds, his dice and his courtships every day,
would find it the greatest torment that could befal him: he
would fly to the mines and the gallies for his recreation, and
to the spade and the mattock for a diversion from the misery of
a continual uninterrupted pleasure. South's Sermons.

GA’LLEY-SLAVE. n. s. [galley and slave.] A man condemned
for some crime to row in the gallies.
As if one chain were not sufficient to load poor man, but
he must be clogged with innumerable chains: this is just such
another freedom as the Turkish galley-slaves do enjoy. Bramh.
Hardened galley-slaves despise manumission. Decay of Piety.
The surges gently dash against the shore,
Flocks quit the plains, and galley-slaves their oar. Garth.

GA’LLIARD. n. s. [gaillard, French; imagined to be derived
from the Gaulish ard, genius, and gay.]
1. A gay, brisk, lively man; a fine fellow.
Selden is a galliard by himself. Cleaveland.
2. An active, nimble, spritely dance. It is in both senses now
obsolete.
I did think by the excellent constitution of thy leg, it was
form'd under the star of a galliard. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
There's nought in France
That can be with a nimble galliard won:
You cannot revel into dukedoms there. Shakesp. Henry V.
If there be any that would take up all the time, let him
find means to take them off, and bring others on; as musi­
cians use to do with those that dance too long galliards. Bacon.
The tripla's and changing of times have an agreement with
the changes of motion; as when galliard time and measure
time are in the medley of one dance. Bacon's Natural History.

GA’LLIARDISE. n. s. [French.] Merriment; exuberant
gaiety.
At my nativity my ascendant was the watry sign of Scor­
pius: I was born in the planetary hour of Saturn, and I think
I have a piece of that leaden planet in me: I am no way fa­
cetious, nor disposed for the mirth and galliardise of com­
pany. Brown's Rel. Med.

GA’LLICISM. n. s. [gallicisme, French, from gallicus, Latin.]
A mode of speech peculiar to the French language; such as,
he figured in controvery; he held this conduct; he held the
same language that another had held before: with many other
expressions to be found in the pages of Bolinbroke.
In English I would have Gallicisms avoided, that we may
keep to our own language, and not follow the French mode
in our speech. Felton on the Classicks.

GA’LLIGASKINS. n. s. [Caligæ Gallo-Vasconum. Skinner.]
Large open hose.
My galligaskins, that have long withstood
The Winter's fury, and encroaching frosts,
By time subdu'd, what will not time subdue,
An horrid chasm disclose. Phillips.

GALLIMA’TIA. n. s. [galimathias, French.] Nonsense; talk
without meaning.

GALLIMAU’FRY. n. s. [galimafreé, French.]
1. A hoch-poch, or hash of several sorts of broken meat; a
medley. Hanmer.
They have made of our English tongue a gallimaufry, or
hodge-podge of all other speeches. Spenser.
2. Any inconsistent or ridiculous medley.
They have a dance, which the wenches say is a gallimaufry
of gambols, because they are not in't. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The painter who, under pretence of diverting the eyes,
would fill his picture with such varieties as alter the truth of
history, would make a ridiculous piece of painting, and a
mere gallimaufry of his work. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. It is used by Shakespeare ludicrously of a woman.
Sir John affects thy wife.
—Why, sir, my wife is not young.
—He wooes both high and low, both rich and poor;
He loves thy gallimaufry, friend. Shakespeare.

GA’LLIOT. n. s. [galiotte, French.] A small swift galley.
Barbarossa departing out of Hellespontus with eighty gallies,
and certain galliots, shaped his course towards Italy. Knolles.

GA’LLIPOT. n. s. [gleye, Dutch, shining earth. Skinner. The
true derivation is from gala, Spanish, finery. Gala, or gally­
pot, is a fine painted pot.] A pot painted and glazed, com­
monly used for medicines.
Plato said his master Socrates was like the apothecary's gal­
lipots, that had on the outsides apes, owls, and satyrs; but
within, precious drugs. Bacon, Apophth. 227.
Here phials in nice discipline are set;
There gallipots are rang'd in alphabet. Garth's Dispensatory.
Alexandrinus thought it unsafe to trust the real secret of his
phial and gallipot to any man. Spectator, No. 426.
Thou that do'st Æsculapius deride,
And o'er his gallipots in triumph ride. Fenton.

GA’LLON. n. s. [gelo, low Latin.] A liquid measure of four
quarts.
Beat them into powder, and boil them in a gallon of wine,
in a vessel close stopped. Wiseman's Surgery.

GALLO’ON. n. s. [galon, French.] A kind of close lace, made
of gold or silver, or of silk alone.

To GA’LLOP. v. n. [galoper, French. Derived by all the
etymologists, after Budæus, from ϰαλϖάειν; but perhaps it
comes from gaut, all, and loopen, to run, Dutch; that is, to
go on full speed.]
1. To move forward by leaps, so that all the feet are off the
ground at once.
I did hear
The galloping of horse: who was't came by? Shak. Macb.
His steeds will be restrain'd,
But gallop lively down the western hill. Donne.
In such a shape grim Saturn did restrain
His heav'nly limbs, and flow'd with such a mane,
When half surpriz'd, and fearing to be seen,
The leacher gallop'd from his jealous queen. Dryden's Virgil.
2. To ride at the pace which is performed by leaps.
Seeing such streams of blood as threatned a drowning life,
we galloped toward them to part them. Sidney, b. ii.
They 'gan espy
An armed knight towards them gallop fast,
That seem'd from some feared foe to fly. Fairy Queen, b. i.
He who fair and softly goes steadily forward, in a course
that points right, will sooner be at his journey's end than he
that runs after every one he meets, though he gallop all day
full speed. Locke.
3. To move very fast.
The golden sun salutes the morn,
And, having gilt the ocean with his beams,
Gallops the zodiack in his glist'ring coach. Shak. Tit. Andr.
Whom doth time gallop withal?
—With a thief to the gallows. Shakesp. As you like it.
He that rides post through a country may, from the tran­
sient view, tell how in general the parts lie: such superficial
ideas he may collect in galloping over it. Locke.

GA’LLOP. n. s. [from the verb.] The motion of a horse when


he runs at full speed; in which, making a kind of a leap for­
wards, he lifts both his forelegs very near at the same time;
and while these are in the air, and just upon the point of
touching the ground, he lifts both his hindlegs almost at
once. Farrier's Dict.

GA’LLOPER. n. s. [from gallop.]
1. A horse that gallops.
Mules bred in cold countries are much better to ride than
horses for their walk and trot; but they are commonly rough
gallopers, though some of them are very fleet. Mortim. Husb.
2. A man that rides fast, or makes great haste.

GA’LLOWAY. n. s. A horse not more than fourteen hands
high, much used in the North; probably as coming originally
from Galloway, a shire in Scotland.

To GA’LLOW. v. a. [agælwan, to fright, Saxon.] To terrify;
to fright.
The wrathful skies
Gallow the very wand'rers of the dark,
And make them keep their caves. Shakespeare's King Lear.

GA’LLOWGLASSES. n. s.
1. It is worn then likewise of footmen under their shirts of mail,
the which footmen call gallowglasses: the which name doth
discover them also to be ancient English; for gallogla signifies
an English servitor or yeoman. And he being so armed in a
long shirt of mail, down to the calf of his leg, with a long
broad ax in his hand, was then pedes gravis armaturæ; and
was instead of the footman that now weareth a corslet, before
the corslet was used, or almost invented. Spenser on Ireland.
2. [Hanmer, otherwise than Spenser.] Soldiers among the wild
Irish, who serve on horseback.
A puissant and mighty pow'r
Of gallowglasses and stout kernes,
Is marching hitherward in proud array. Shakes. Henry VI.

GA’LLOW. n. s. [It is used by some in the singular; but by
more only in the plural, or sometimes has another
plural gallowses. Galga, Gothick; gealga, Saxon; galge,
Dutch; which some derive from gabalus, furca, Latin; others
from גכה high; others from gallu, Welsh, power: but it is
probably derived like gallow, to fright, from agælwan, the
gallows being the great object of legal terrour.]

GA’LLOWS. n. s. [It is used by some in the singular; but by
more only in the plural, or sometimes has another
plural gallowses. Galga, Gothick; gealga, Saxon; galge,
Dutch; which some derive from gabalus, furca, Latin; others
from גכה high; others from gallu, Welsh, power: but it is
probably derived like gallow, to fright, from agælwan, the
gallows being the great object of legal terrour.]
1. A beam laid over two posts, on which malefactors are hanged.
This monster sat like a hangman upon a pair of gallows:
in his right hand he was painted holding a crown of laurel, in
his left hand a purse of money. Sidney, b. ii.
I would we were all of one mind, and one mind good; O,
there were desolation of gaolers and gallowses. Shakesp. Cymbel.
I prophesied, if a gallows were on land,
This fellow could not drown. Shakespeare's Tempest.
A little before dinner he took the major aside, and whis­
pered him in the ear, that execution must that day be done in
the town, and therefore required him that a pair of gallows
should be erected. Hayward.
A production that naturally groweth under gallowses, and
places of execution. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
A poor fellow, going to the gallows, may be allowed to feel
the smart of wasps while he is upon Tyburn road. Swift.
2. A wretch that deserves the gallows.
Cupid hath been five thousand years a boy.
—Ay, and a shrewd unhappy gallows too. Shakespeare.

GA’LLOWSFREE. adj. [gallows and free.] Exempt by destiny
from being hanged.
Let him be gallowsfree by my consent,
And nothing suffer, since he nothing meant. Dryden.

GA’LLOWTREE. n. s. [gallows and tree.] The tree of ter­
rour; the tree of execution.
He hung their conquer'd arms, for more defame,
On gallowtrees, in honour of his dearest dame. Fai. Queen.
A Scot, when from the gallowtree got loose,
Drops into Styx, and turns a soland goose. Cleaveland.

GAM

GAMBA’DE. n. s. [gamba, Italian, a leg.] Spatterdashes;
boots worn upon the legs above the shoe.

GAMBA’DO. n. s. [gamba, Italian, a leg.] Spatterdashes;
boots worn upon the legs above the shoe.
The pettifogger ambles to her in his gambadoes once a week.
Dennis's Letters.

GA’MBLER. n. s. [A cant word, I suppose, for game or gamester.]
A knave whose practice it is to invite the unwary to game
and cheat them.

GA’MBOGE. n. s.
Gamboge is a concreted vegetable juice, partly of a gummy,
partly of a resinous nature. It is heavy, of a bright yellow
colour, and scarce any smell. It is brought from America,
and from many parts of the East Indies, particularly from
Cambaja, or Cambogia, whence it has its name. Gamboge
was not known in Europe 'till 1603, and soon after got into
use as a purgative medicine; but the roughness of its opera­
tion rendering it less esteemed as such, it got into use in paint­
ing, where it yet retains its credit. Hill.

To GA’MBOL. v. n. [gambiller, French.]
1. To dance; to skip; to frisk; to jump for joy; to play merry
frolicks.
Bears, tigers, ounces, pards,
Gambol'd before them. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
The king of elfs, and little fairy queen,
Gambol'd on heaths, and danc'd on ev'ry green. Dryden.
The monsters of the flood
Gambol around him in the wat'ry way,
And heavy whales in aukward measures play. Pope.
2. To leap; to start.
'Tis not madness
That I have utter'd; bring me to the test,
And I the matter will record, which madness
Would gambol from. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

GA’MBOL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A skip; a hop; a leap for joy.
A gentleman had got a favourite spaniel, that would be still
toying and leaping upon him, and playing a thousand pretty
gambols. L'Estrange's Fables.
Bacchus through the conquer'd Indies rode,
And beasts in gambols frisk'd before their honest god. Dryden.
2. A frolick; a wild prank.
For who did ever play his gambols,
With such insufferable rambles? Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.

GA’MBREL. n. s. [from gamba, gambarella, Italian.] The leg
of a horse.
What can be more admirable than for the principles of the
fibres of a tendon to be so mixed as to make it a soft body,
and yet to have the strength of iron? as appears by the weight
which the tendon, lying on a horse's gambrel, doth then com­
mand, when he rears up with a man upon his back. Grew.

GAME. n. s. [gaman, a jest, Islandick.]
1. Sport of any kind.
We have had pastimes here, and pleasing game. Shakesp.
2. Jest, opposed to earnest or seriousness.
Then on her head they set a garland green,
And crowned her 'twixt earnest and 'twixt game. Fai. Qu.
3. Insolent merriment; sportive insult.
Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels,
On my refusal, to distress me more;
Or make a game of my calamities. Milton's Agonistes.
4. A single match at play.
5. Advantage in play.
Mutual vouchers for our fame we stand,
And play the game into each other's hand. Dryden.
6. Scheme pursued; measures planned.
This seems to be the present game of that crown, and that
they will begin no other 'till they see an end of this. Temple.
7. Field sports: as, the chase, falconry.
If about this hour he make his way,
Under the colour of his usual game,
He shall here find his friends with horse and men,
To set him free from his captivity. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
What arms to use, or nets to frame
Wild beasts to combat, or to tame,
With all the myst'ries of that game. Waller.
Some sportsmen, that were abroad upon game, spied a com­
pany of bustards and cranes. L'Estrange.
8. Animals pursued in the field; animals appropriated to legal
sportsmen.
Hunting, and men, not beasts, shall be his game,
With war, and hostile snare, such as refuse
Subjection to his empire tyrannous. Milton's Parad. Lost.
There is such a variety of game springing up before me,
that I am distracted in my choice, and know not which to
follow. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
A bloodhound will follow the tract of the person he pur­
sues, and all hounds the particular game they have in chace.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Go, with thy Cynthia hurl the pointed spear
At the rough bear, or chace the flying deer;
I and my Chloe take a nobler aim,
At human hearts we fling, nor ever miss the game. Prior.
Proud Nimrod first the bloody chace began,
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man:
Our haughty Norman boasts that barb'rous name,
And makes his trembling slaves the royal game. Pope.
9. Solemn contests exhibited as spectacles to the people.
The games are done, and Cæsar is returning. Shakespeare.
Milo, when ent'ring the Olympick game,
With a huge ox upon his shoulders came. Denham.

To GAME. v. n. [gaman, Saxon.]
1. To play at any sport.
2. To play wantonly and extravagantly for money.
Gaming leaves no satisfaction behind it: it no way profits
either body or mind. Locke.

GA’MECOCK. n. s. [game and cock.] Cocks bred to fight.
They managed the dispute as fiercely as two gamecocks in the
pit. Locke.

GAME-EGG. n. s. [game and egg.] Eggs from which fighting
cocks are bred.
Thus boys hatch game-eggs under birds of prey,
To make the fowl more furious for the fray. Garth.

GA’MEKEEPER. n. s. [game and keep.] A person who looks
after game, and sees it is not destroyed.



GA’MESOME. adj. [from game.] Frolicksome; gay; sportive;
playful; sportful.
Geron, though old, yet gamesome, kept one end with
Cosma. Sidney.
I am not gamesome; I do lack some part
Of that quick spirit that is in Antony. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
The gamesome wind among her tresses play,
And curleth up those growing riches short. Fairfax, b. iv.
Belial, in like gamesome mood. Milton's Paradise Lost.
This gamesome humour of children should rather be encou­
raged, to keep up their spirits and improve their strength and
health, than curbed or restrained. Locke.

GA’MESOMENESS. n. s. [from gamesome.] Sportiveness; mer­
riment.

GA’MESOMELY. adv. [from gamesome.] Merrily.

GA’MESTER. n. s. [from game.]
1. One who is vitiously addicted to play.
Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good student from his
book, and it is wonderful. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
A gamester, the greater master he is in his art, the worse
man he is. Bacon.
Gamesters for whole patrimonies play;
The steward brings the deeds, which must convey
The whole estate. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 1.
Could we look into the mind of a common gamester, we
should see it full of nothing but trumps and mattadores: her
slumbers are haunted with kings, queens and knaves. Addison.
All the superfluous whims relate,
That fill a female gamester's pate;
What agony of soul she feels
To see a knave's inverted heels. Swift.
2. One who is engaged at play.
When lenity and cruelty play for kingdoms,
The gentler gamester is the soonest winner. Shakes. Hen. V.
A man may think, if he will, that two eyes see no more
than one; or that a gamester seeth always more than a looker­
on: but, when all is done, the help of good counsel is that
which setteth business strait. Bacon, Essay 28.
3. A merry frolicksome person.
You're a merry gamester,
My lord Sands. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. A prostitute.
She's impudent, my lord,
And was a common gamester to the camp. Shakespeare.

GA’MMER. n. s. [Of uncertain etymology; perhaps from grand
mere, and therefore used commonly to old women.] The
compellation of a woman corresponding to gaffer.

GA’MMON. n. s. [gambone, Italian.]
1. The buttock of an hog salted and dried; the lower end of
the flitch.
Ask for what price thy venal tongue was sold:
A rusty gammon of some sev'n years old. Dryden's Juv. Sat.
Gammons, that give a relish to the taste,
And potted fowl, and fish, come in so fast,
That ere the first is out, the second stinks. Dryden's Pers.
2. A kind of play with dice.
The quick dice,
In thunder leaping from the box, awake
The founding gammon. Thomson's Autumn.

GA’MUT. n. s. [gama, Italian.] The scale of musical notes.
Madam, before you touch the instrument,
To learn the order of my fingering,
I must begin with rudiments of art,
To teach you gamut in a briefer sort. Shakespeare.
When by the gamut some musicians make
A perfect song, others will undertake,
By the same gamut chang'd, to equal it:
Things simply good can never be unfit. Donne.
Long has a race of heroes fill'd the stage,
That rant by note, and through the gamut rage;
In songs and airs express their martial fire,
Combat in trills, and in a feuge expire. Addison.

GAN

’GAN, for began, from 'gin for begin.
The noble knight 'gan feel
His vital force to faint. Spenser.

To GANCH. v. a. [ganciare, from gancio, a hook, Italian;
ganche, French.] To drop from a high place upon hooks
by way of punishment: a practice in Turkey, to which Smith
alludes in his Pocokius.
Cohors catenis qua pia stridulis
Gemunt onusti, vel sude trans sinum
Luctantur actâ, pendulive
Sanguineis luctantur in unæs. Musæ Angl.

GA’NDER. n. s. [gandra, Saxon.] The male of the goose.
As deep drinketh the goose as the gander. Camden's Rem.
One gander will serve five geese. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GANG. v. n. [gangen, Dutch; gangan, Saxon; gang, Scot­
tish.] To go; to walk: an old word not now used, except
ludicrously.
But let them gang alone,
As they have brewed, so let them bear blame. Spenser.
Your flaunting beaus gang with their breasts open. Arbuthn.

GANG. n. s. [from the verb.] A number herding together; a
troop; a company; a tribe; a herd. It is seldom used but in
contempt or abhorrence.
Oh, you panderly rascals! there's a knot, a gang, a pack,
a conspiracy against me. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
As a gang of thieves were robbing a house, a mastiff fell
a barking. L'Estrange, Fable 21.
Admitted in among the gang,
He acts and talks as they befriend him. Prior.

GA’NGHON. [French.] A kind of flower. Ainsworth.

GA’NGLION. n. s. [γαγλίον.] A tumour in the tendinous
and nervous parts, proceeding from a fall or stroke. It resists,
if stirred; if pressed upon the side, is not diverted, nor can
be turned round. Harris.
Bonesetters usually represent every bone dislocated, though
possibly it be but a ganglion, or other crude tumour or preter­
natural protuberance of some part of a joint. Wiseman.

GA’NGRENE. n. s. [gangrene, Fr. gangrœna, Lat.] A mor­
tification; a stoppage of circulation followed by putrefaction.
This experiment may be transferred unto the cure of gan­
grenes, either coming of themselves, or induced by too much
applying of opiates. Bacon's Natural History.
She saves the lover, as we gangrenes stay,
By cutting hope, like a lopt limb, away. Waller.
A discolouring in the part was supposed an approach of a
gangrene. Wiseman's Surgery.
If the substance of the soul is festered with these passions,
the gangrene is gone too far to be ever cured: the inflamma­
tion will rage to all eternity. Addison's Spectator.

To GA’NGRENE. v. a. [gangrener, French, from the noun.]
To corrupt to mortification.
In cold countries, when men's noses and ears are mortified,
and, as it were, gangrened with cold, if they come to a fire
they rot off presently; for that the few spirits, that remain in
those parts, are suddenly drawn forth, and so putrefaction is
made complete. Bacon's Natural History.
Gangren'd members must be lop'd away,
Before the nobler parts are tainted to decay. Dryden.

To GA’NGRENE. v. n. To become mortified.
My griefs not only pain me
As a ling'ring disease;
But finding no redress, ferment and rage,
Nor less than wounds immedicable
Rankle and fester, and gangrene
To black mortification. Milton's Agonistes.
As phlegmons are subject to mortification, so also in fat
bodies they are apt to gangrene after opening, if that fat be
not speedily digested out. Wiseman's Surgery.

GA’NGRENOUS. adj. [from gangrene.] Mortified; producing
or betokening mortification.
The blood, turning acrimonious, corrodes the vessels, pro­
ducing hæmorrhages, pustules red, lead-coloured, black and
gangrenous. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GA’NGWAY. n. s. In a ship, the several ways or passages from
one part of it to the other. Dict.

GA’NGWEEK. n. s. [gang and week.] Rogation week, when
processions are made to lustrate the bounds of parishes. Dict.

GA’NTELOPE. n. s. [gantlet is only corrupted from gantelope,
gant, all, and loopen, to run, Dutch.] A mi­
litary punishment, in which the criminal running between the
ranks receives a lash from each man.

GA’NTLET. n. s. [gantlet is only corrupted from gantelope,
gant, all, and loopen, to run, Dutch.] A mi­
litary punishment, in which the criminal running between the
ranks receives a lash from each man.
But would'st thou, friend, who hast two legs alone,
Would'st thou to run the ganlet these expose,
To a whole company of hob-nail'd shoes? Dryden's Juv.
Young gentlemen are driven with a whip, to run the gantlet
through the several classes. Locke.

GA’NZA. n. s. [gansa, Spanish, a goose.] A kind of wild
goose, by a flock of which a virtuoso was fabled to be carried
to the lunar world.
They are but idle dreams and fancies,
And savour strongly of the ganza's. Hudibras, p. ii.

GAO

GAOL. n. s. [geol, Welsh; geole, French.] A prison; a place
of confinement. It is always pronounced and too often writ­
ten jail, and sometimes goal.
Then am I the prisoner, and his bed my gaol. Sh. K. Lear.
Have I been ever free, and must my house
Be my retentive enemy, my gaol? Shakespeare's Timon.
If we mean to thrive and do good, break open the gaols,
and let out the prisoners. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.

GA’OLDELIVERY. n. s. [gaol and deliver.] The judicial
process, which by condemnation or acquittal of persons con­
fined evacuates the prison.
Then doth th' aspiring soul the body leave,
Which we call death; but were it known to all,
What life our souls do by this death receive,
Men would it birth or gaoldelivery call. Davies.
These make a general goaldelivery of souls, not for punish­
ment. South.

GA’OLER. n. s. [from gaol.] Keeper of a prison; he to whose
care the prisoners are committed.


This is a gentle provost; seldom, when
The steeled gaoler is the friend of men. Sh. Meas. for Meas.
I know not how or why my surly goaler,
Hard as his irons, and insolent as pow'r
When put in vulgar hands, Cleanthes,
Put off the brute. Dryden's Cleomenes.
From the polite part of mankind she had been banished and
immured, 'till the death of her gaoler. Tatler, No. 53.

GAP

GAP. n. s. [from gape.]
1. An opening in a broken fence.
Behold the despair,
By custom and covetous pates,
By gaps and opening of gates. Tusser's Husbandry.
With terrours and with furies to the bounds
And crystal wall of heav'n; which, opening wide,
Roll'd inward, and a spacious gap disclos'd
Into the wasteful deep. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Bushes are most lasting of any for dead hedges, or to mend
gaps. Mortimer's Husbandry.
I sought for a man, says God, that should make up the
hedge, and stand in the gap before me, for the land that I
should not destroy it. Rogers, Sermon 18.
2. A breach.
The loss of that strong city concerned the Christian com­
monweal: manifold and lamentable miseries afterwards en­
sued by the opening of that gap, not unto the kingdom of
Hungary only, but to all that side of Christendom. Knolles.
3. Any passage.
He's made master
O' th' rolls and the king's secretary: further
Stands in the gap, and treads for more preferment. Shakesp.
So stands the Thracian herdsman with his spear
Full in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear,
And hears him rustling in the wood. Dryden.
4. An avenue; an open way.
The former kings of England passed into them a great part
of their prerogatives; which though then it was well intended,
and perhaps well deserved, yet now such a gap of mischief lies
open thereby, that I could wish it were well stopt. Spenser.
5. A hole; a deficiency.
If you violently proceed against him, mistaking his purpose,
it would make a great gap in your honour. Shak. King Lear.
Nor is it any botch or gap at all in the works of nature.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
6. Any interstice; a vacuity.
Each one demand, and answer to his part
Perform'd in this wide gap of time, since first
We were dissever'd. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
That I might sleep out this great gap of time my An­
tony is away. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
To make 'twixt words and lines huge gaps,
Wide as meridians in maps. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
One can revive a languishing conversation by a sudden sur­
prising sentence; another is more dexterous in seconding; a
third can fill the gap with laughing. Swift's Genteel Conversat.
7. An opening of the mouth in speech during the pronunciation
of two successive vowels.
The hiatus, or gap between two words, is caused by two
vowels opening on each other. Pope.
8. To stop a GAP, is to escape by some mean shift: alluding to
hedges mended with dead bushes, 'till the quicksets will grow.
His policy consists in setting traps,
In finding ways and means, and stopping gaps. Swift.

GA’P-TOOTHED. adj. [gap and tooth.] Having interstices be­
tween the teeth.
The reeve, miller, and cook, are distinguished from each
other as much as the mincing lady prioress and the broad­
speaking gap-toothed wife of Bath. Dryden's Fables, Preface.

To GAPE. v. n. [geapan, Saxon.]
1. To open the mouth wide; to yawn.
Some men there are love not a gaping pig;
Some, that are mad, if they behold a cat. Shakespeare.
Gaping or yawning, and stretching, do pass from man to
man; for that that causeth gaping and stretching is when the
spirits are a little heavy by any vapour. Arbuthnot.
She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
And asks if it be time to rise. Swift.
2. To open the mouth for food, as a young bird.
As callow birds,
Whose mother's kill'd in seeking of the prey,
Cry in their nest, and think her long away;
And at each leaf that stirs, each blast of wind,
Gape for the food which they must never find. Dryden.
As in a drought the thirsty creatures cry,
And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain,
Then first the martlet meets it in the sky,
And with wet wings joys all the feather'd train. Dryden.
3. To desire earnestly; to crave. With for.
To her grim death appears in all her shapes;
The hungry grave for her due tribute gapes. Denham.
To thy fortune be not thou a slave;
For what hast thou to fear beyond the grave?
And thou, who gap'st for my estate, draw near;
For I would whisper somewhat in thy ear. Dryden's Pers.
4. With after.
What shall we say of those who spend their days in gaping
after court-favour and preferments? L'Estrange.
5. With at.
Many have gaped at the church revenues; but, before they
could swallow them, have had their mouths stopped in the
church-yard. South's Sermons.
6. To open in fissures or holes.
If it assume my noble father's person,
I'll speak to it, though hell itself should gape
And bid me hold my peace. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
May that ground gape, and swallow me alive,
Where I shall kneel to him that slew my father. Sh. H. VI.
The great horse-mussel, with the fine shell, doth gape and
shut as the oysters do. Bacon's Natural History.
The reception of one is as different from the admission of
the other, as when the earth falls open under the incisions of
the plough, and when it gapes and greedily opens itself to drink
in the dew of heaven, or the refreshments of a shower. South.
The mouth of a little artery and nerve gapes into the cavity
of these vesicles. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
7. To open with a breach.
The planks, their pitchy coverings wash'd away,
Now yield, and now a yawning breach display:
The roaring waters, with a hostile tide,
Rush through the ruins of her gaping side. Dryden.
That all these actions can be performed by aliment, as well
as medicines, is plain; by observing the effects of different
substances upon the fluids and solids, when the vessels are open
and gape by a wound. Arbuthnot.
8. To open; to have an hiatus.
There is not, to the best of my remembrance, one vowel
gaping on another for want of a cæsura in this whole poem.
Dryden's Æn. Dedication.
9. To make a noise with open throat.
And, if my muse can through past ages see,
That noisy, nauseous, gaping fool is he. Roscommon.
10. To stare with hope or expectation.
Others will gape t' anticipate
The cabinet designs of fate;
Apply to wizards, to foresee
What shall, and what shall never be. Hudibras, p. ii.
11. To stare with wonder.
Parts of different species jumbled together, according to the
mad imagination of the dawber; and the end of all this to
cause laughter: a very monster in a Bartholomew fair, for the
mob to gape at. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Where elevated o'er the gaping croud,
Clasp'd in the board the perjur'd head is bow'd,
Betimes retreat. Gay's Trivia.
12. To stare irreverently.
They have gaped upon me with their mouth. Job xvi. 10.

GA’PER. n. s. [from gape.]
1. One who opens his mouth.
2. One who stares foolishly.
3. One who longs or craves.
The golden shower of the dissolved abbey-lands rained well
near into every gaper's mouth. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

GAR

GAR, in Saxon, signifies a weapon: so Eadgar is a happy
weapon; Ethelgar, a noble weapon. Gibson's Camden.

To GAR. v. a. [giera, Islandick.] To cause; to make. It
is still in use in Scotland.
Tell me, good Hobbinol, what gars thee greet?
What! hath some wolf thy tender lambs ytorn?
Or is thy bagpipe broke, that sounds so sweet?
Or art thou of thy loved loss forlorne. Spenser's Pastorals.

GARB. n. s. [garbe, French.]
1. Dress; cloaths; habit.
Thus Belial, with words cloath'd in reason's garb,
Counsel'd ignoble ease, and peaceful sloth.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
He puts himself into the garb and habit of a professor of
physick, and sets up. L'Estrange, Fable 37.
2. Fashion of dress.
Horace's wit, and Virgil's state,
He did not steal, but emulate;
And when he would like them appear,
Their garb, but not their cloaths, did wear. Denham.
3. Exteriour appearance.
This is some fellow,
Who, having been prais'd for bluntness, doth affect
A saucy roughness, and constrains the garb
Quite from his nature. Shakespeare's King Lear.

GA’RBAGE. n. s. [garbear, Spanish. This etymology is very
doubtful.]
1. The bowels; the offal; that part of the inwards which is
separated and thrown away.
The cloyed will,
That satiate, yet unsatisfy'd desire, that tub


Both fill'd and running, ravening first the lamb,
Longs after for the garbage. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Lust, though to a radiant angel link'd,
Will sate itself in a celestial bed,
And prey on garbage. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
A flam more senseless than the rog'ry
Of old Aruspicy and aug'ry,
That out of garbages of cattle
Presag'd th' events of truce or battle. Hudibras, p. ii.
Who, without aversion, ever look'd
On holy garbage, though by Homer cook'd? Roscommon.
When you receive condign punishment, you run to your
confessor, that parcel of guts and garbage. Dryd. Span. Fryar.

GARBEL. n. s. A plank next the keel of a ship. Bailey.

GA’RBIDGE. n. s. Corrupted for garbage.
All shavings of horns, hoofs of cattle, blood, and garbidge
is good manure for land. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GA’RBISH. n. s. Corrupted from garbage.
In Newfoundland they improve their ground with the gar­
bish of fish. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GA’RBLE. v. a. [garbellare, Italian.] To sift; to part;
to separate the good from the bad.
But you who fathers and traditions take,
And garble some, and some you quite forsake. Dryden.
Had our author set down this command without garbling,
as God gave it, and joined mother to father, it had made
directly against him. Locke.
The understanding works to collate, combine, and garble
the images and ideas, the imagination and memory present to
it. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

GA’RBLER. n. s. [from garble.] He who separates one part
from another.
A farther secret in this clause may best be discovered by the
projectors, or at least the garblers of it. Swift's Examiner.

GA’RBOIL. n. s. [garbouille, French; garbuglio, Italian.] Dis­
order; tumult; uproar. Hanmer.
Look here, and at thy sovereign leisure read
What garboils she awak'd. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.

GARD. n. s. [garde, French.] Wardship; care; custody.

GA’RDEN. n. s. [gardd, Welsh; jardin, French; giardino,
Italian.]
1. A piece of ground inclosed, and cultivated with extraordi­
nary care, planted with herbs or fruits for food, or laid out
for pleasure.
Thy promises are like Adonis' gardens,
Which one day bloom'd and fruitful were the next. Shakes.
My lord of Ely, when I was last in Holbourn,
I saw good strawberries in your garden there. Shakes. R. III.
In the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens
for all the months in the year. Bacon's Essays.
In every garden should be provided flowers, fruit, shade and
water. Temple.
2. A place particularly fruitful or delightful.
I am arriv'd from fruitful Lombardy,
The pleasant garden of great Italy. Shak. Tam. of the Shrew.
3. GARDEN is often used in composition for hortensis, or be­
longing to a garden.

GARDEN-MOULD. n. s. Mould fit for a garden.
They delight most in rich black garden-mould, that is deep
and light, and mixed rather with sand than clay. Mortimer.

GARDEN-TILLAGE. n. s. Tillage used in cultivating gar­
dens.
Peas and beans are what belong to garden tillage as well as
that of the field. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GARDEN-WARE. n. s. The produce of gardens.
A clay bottom is a much more pernicious soil for trees and
garden-ware than gravel. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GA’RDEN. v. n. [from the noun.] To cultivate a garden;
to lay out gardens.
At first, in Rome's poor age,
When both her kings and consuls held the plough,
Or garden'd well. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
When ages grow to civility and elegancy, men come to
build stately, sooner than to garden finely; as if gardening
were the greater perfection. Bacon, Essay 47.

GA’RDENER. n. s. [from garden.] He that attends or culti­
vates gardens.
Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are
gardeners; so that, if we will plant nettles, or sow lettuce,
the power lies in our will. Shakespeare's Othello.
Gardeners tread down any loose ground, after they have
sown onions or turnips. Bacon's Natural History.
The gardener may lop religion as he please. Howel.
The life and felicity of an excellent gardener is preferable
to all other diversions. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Then let the learned gard'ner mark with care
The kinds of stocks, and what those kinds will bear. Dryd.

GA’RDENING. n. s. [from garden.] The act of cultivating or
planning gardens.
My compositions in gardening are after the Pindarick man­
ner, and run into the beautiful wildness of nature, without
affecting the nicer elegancies of art. Spectator, No. 477.

GARE. n. s. Coarse wool growing on the legs of sheep. Dict.

GA’RGARISM. n. s. [γαϱγαϱισμὸς; gargarisme, French.] A
liquid form of medicine to wash the mouth with. Quincy.
Apophlegmatisms and gargarisms draw the rheum down by
the palate. Bacon's Natural History.

To GARGARI’ZE. v. a. [γαϱγαϱίω; gargariser, French.]
To wash the mouth with medicated liquors.
Vinegar, put to the nostrils, or gargarized, doth ease the
hiccough; for that it is astringent, and inhibiteth the motion
of the spirit. Bacon's Natural History.
This being relaxed, may make a shaking of the larynx;
as when we gargarize. Holder's Elements of Speech.

GA’RGET. n. s. A distemper in cattle.
The garget appears in the head, maw, or in the hinder
parts. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GA’RGLE. v. a. [gargouiller, French; gargogliare, Ital.
gurgel, German, the throat.]
1. To wash the throat with some liquor not suffered imme­
diately to descend.
Gargle twice or thrice with sharp oxycrate. Harvey.
The excision made, the bleeding will soon be stopt by gar­
gling with oxycrate. Wiseman's Surgery.
They comb, and then they order ev'ry hair;
Next gargle well their throats. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
2. To warble; to play in the throat. An improper use.
Those which only warble long,
And gargle in their throats a song. Waller.
So charm'd you were, you ceas'd a while to doat
On nonsense gargl'd in an eunuch's throat. Fenton.

GA’RGLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A liquor with which the
throat is washed.
His throat was washed with one of the gargles set down in
the method of cure. Wiseman's Surgery.

GA’RGLION. n. s. An exsudation of nervous juice from a
bruise, or the like, which indurates into a hard immoveable
tumour. Quincy.

GA’RGOL. n. s. A distemper in hogs.
The signs of the gargol in hogs are, hanging down of the
head, moist eyes, staggering, and loss of appetite. Mortimer.

GA’RLAND. n. s. [garlande, guirland, French.] A wreath of
branches or flowers.
Strephon, with leavy twigs of laurel-tree,
A garland made, on temples for to wear;
For he then chosen was the dignity
Of village-lord that Whitsuntide to bear. Sidney.
With every minute you do change a mind,
And call him noble, that was now your hate,
Him vile, that was your garland. Shakespeare.
A reeling world will never stand upright,
'Till Richard wear the garland of the realm.
—How! wear the garland! do'st thou mean the crown?
—Ay, my good lord. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Then party-colour'd flow'rs of white and red
She wove, to make a garland for her head. Dryden's Fables.
Vanquish again; though she be gone,
Whose garland crown'd the victor's hair,
And reign; though she has left the throne,
Who made thy glory worth thy care. Prior.
Her gods and godlike heroes rise to view,
And all her faded garlands bloom anew. Pope.

GA’RLICK. n. s. [gar, Saxon, a lance, and leek, the leek that
shoots up in blades. Skinner.]
It has a bulbous root, consisting of many small tubercles
included in its coats: the leaves are plain: the flowers consist
of six leaves, formed into a corymbus on the top of the stalk;
and are succeeded by subrotund fruit, divided into three cells,
which contain roundish seeds. Miller.
Garlick is of an extremely strong, and to most people a dis­
agreeable smell, and of an acrid and pungent taste. It is an
extremely active and penetrating medicine, as may be proved
by applying plaisters of garlick to the soles of the feet, which
will in a very little time give a strong smell to the breath.
Issues will smell strongly of garlick three or four hours after a
person has eaten it; and given to fowls, it communicates its
taste strongly to their flesh, and in some degree to their eggs.
Bruised, and laid on any tender part of the skin, it corrodes it,
and raises blisters. Some are very fond of it in food; and a
little of it is not only agreeable this way, but assists digestion,
and strengthens the stomach. Hill.
Garlick has, of all our plants, the greatest strength, affords
most nourishment, and supplies most spirits to those who eat
little flesh. Temple.
'Tis mortal sin an onion to devour;
Each clove of garlick is a sacred pow'r:
Religious nations sure, and blest abodes,
Where ev'ry orchard is o'er-run with gods. Tate's Juven.

GA’RLICK Pear-tree. n. s.
It hath an anomalous flower, consisting of four petals or
leaves, which stand erect, the lower part being occupied by a
number of chives: the pointal, which is fixed on a long foot­


stalk, rises from the centre of the empalement, and afterward
becomes a globular fleshy fruit; in the centre of which are
included many seeds, which are shaped almost like kidneys.
This tree is pretty common in Jamaica, and several other
places in the warmer parts of America, where it usually rises
to the height of thirty or forty feet, and spreads into many
branches. When the flowers fall off the pointal, it becomes
a round fruit about the size of a tennis-ball, which, when
ripe, has a rough brownish rind, and a mealy sweet pulp,
somewhat like some of the European pears; but has a strong
scent of garlick. Miller.

GARLICK Wild. n. s.
The characters are: it agrees in every respect with the gar­
lick; but hath, for the most part, a sweet scent; and the
flowers are produced in an umbel. Miller.

GARLICKEA’TER. n. s. [garlick and eat.] A mean fellow.
You've made good work,
You and your apron men, that stood so much
Upon the voice of occupation, and
The breath of garlickeaters. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

GA’RMENT. n. s. [guarniment, old French.] Any thing by
which the body is covered; cloaths; dress.
Hence, rotten thing, or I shall shake thy bones
Out of thy garments. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Hast any of thy late master's garments in thy possession?
Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Our leaf, once fallen, springeth no more; neither doth the
sun or summer adorn us again with the garments of new leaves
and flowers. Raleigh's History of the World.
Three worthy persons from his side it tore,
And dy'd his garment with their scatter'd gore. Waller.
The peacock, in all his pride, does not display half the
colours that appear in the garments of a British lady, when
she is dressed. Addison's Spectator, No. 265.

GA’RNER. n. s. [grenier, French.] A place in which threshed
grain is stored up.
Earth's increase, and foyson plenty,
Barns and garners never empty. Shakespeare's Tempest.
For sundry foes the rural realm surround;
The fieldmouse builds her garner under ground:
For gather'd grain the blind laborious mole,
In winding mazes, works her hidden hole. Dryd. Vir. Geo.

To GA’RNER. v. a. [from the noun.] To store as in garners.
There, where I have garner'd up my heart,
Where either I must live, or bear no life. Shakes. Othello.

GA’RNET. n. s. [garnato, Italian; granatus, low Latin, from its
resemblance in colour to the grain of the pomegranate.]
The garnet is a gem of a middle degree of hardness, be­
tween the saphire and the common crystal. It is found of
various sizes. Its surfaces are not so smooth or polite as those
of a ruby, and its colour is ever of a strong red, with a plain
admixture of blueish: its degree of colour is very different,
and it always wants much of the brightness of the ruby. Hill.
The garnet seems to be a species of the carbuncle of the
ancients: the Bohemian is red, with a slight cast of a flame­
colour; and the Syrian is red, with a slight cast of purple.
Woodward's Met. Fossils.

To GA’RNISH. v. a. [garnir, French.]
1. To decorate with ornamental appendages.
There were hills which garnished their proud heights with
stately trees. Sidney.
All within with flowers was garnished,
That, when mild Zephyrus amongst them blew,
Did breathe out bounteous smells, and painted colours shew.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5.
With taper light
To seek the beauteous eye of heav'n to garnish,
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. Shakesp. King John.
Paradise was a terrestrial garden, garnished with fruits, de­
lighting both the eye and taste.
Raleigh's History of the World.
All the streets between the Bridge-foot and palace of Paul's,
where the king then lay, were garnished with the citizens,
standing in their liveries. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To embellish a dish with something laid round it.
With what expence and art, how richly drest!
Garnish'd with 'sparagus, himself a feast! Dryd. Juven. Sat.
No man lards salt pork with orange-peel,
Or garnishes his lamb with spitchcok'd eel. King's Cookery.
3. To fit with fetters.

GA’RNISH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Ornament; decoration; embellishment.
So are you, sweet,
Ev'n in the lovely garnish of a boy. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
Matter and figure they produce;
For garnish this, and that for use;
They seek to feed and please their guests. Prior.
2. Things strewed round a dish.
3. [In gaols.] Fetters.
4. Pensiuncula carceraria; an acknowledgment in money when
first a prisoner goes into a gaol. Ainsworth.

GA’RNISHMENT. n. s. [from garnish.] Ornament; embellish­
ment.
The church of Sancta Guistiniana in Padoua is a sound piece
of good art, where the materials being but ordinary stone,
without any garnishment of sculpture, do ravish the beholders.
Wotton's Architecture.

GA’RNITURE. n. s. [from garnish.] Furniture; ornament.
They conclude, if they fall short in the garniture of their
knees, that they are inferior in the furniture of their heads.
Government of the Tongue.
Plain sense, which pleas'd your sires an age ago,
Is lost, without the garniture of show. Granville.
As nature has poured out her charms upon the female part
of our species, so they are very assiduous in bestowing upon
themselves the finest garnitures of art. Addison's Spectator.

GA’ROUS. adj. [from garum.] Resembling pickle made of
fish.
In a civet-cat a different and offensive odour proceeds, part­
ly from its food, that being especially fish; whereof this
humour may be a garous excretion, and olidous separation.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 4.

GA’RRAN. n. s. [Erse. It imports the same as gelding. The
word is still retained in Scotland.] A small horse; a hobby.
A Highland horse which when brought into the North of Eng­
land takes the name of galloway.
When he comes forth he will make their cows and garrans
to walk, if he doth no other harm to their persons. Spenser.
Every man would be forced to provide Winter-fodder for
his team, whereas common garrans shift upon grass the year
round; and this would force men to the enclosing of grounds,
so that the race of garrans would decrease. Temple.

GA’RRET. n. s. [garite, the tower of a citadel, French.]
1. A room on the highest floor of the house.
The mob, commission'd by the government,
Are seldom to an empty garret sent. Dryden's Juven. Sat.
John Bull skipped from room to room; ran up stairs and
down stairs, from the kitchen to the garret. Arbuthn. J. Bull.
On earth the god of wealth was made
Sole patron of the building trade;
Leaving the arts the spacious air,
With licence to build castles there:
And 'tis conceiv'd their old pretence,
To lodge in garrets, comes from thence. Swift.
2. Rotten wood.
The colour of the shining part of rotten wood, by day­
light, is in some pieces white, and in some pieces inclining
to red, which they call the white and red garret. Bacon.

GARRETE’ER. n. s. [from garret.] An inhabitant of a
garret.

GA’RRISON. n. s. [garnison, French.]
1. Soldiers placed in a fortified town or castle to defend it.
How oft he said to me,
Thou art no soldier fit for Cupid's garrison. Sidney, b. i.
2. Fortified place stored with soldiers.
Whom the old Roman wall so ill confin'd,
With a new chain of garrisons you bind. Waller.
3. The state of being placed in a fortification for its defence.
Some of them that are laid in garrison will do no great hurt
to the enemies. Spenser on Ireland.

To GA’RRISON. v. a. [from the verb.] To secure by for­
tresses.
Others those forces join,
Which garrison the conquests near the Rhine. Dryd. Juven.

GARRU’LITY. n. s. [garrulitas, Latin.]
1. Loquacity; incontinence of tongue; inability to keep a
secret.
Let me here
Expiate, if possible, my crime,
Shameful garrulity. Milton's Agonistes.
2. The quality of talking too much; talkativeness.
Some vices of speech must carefully be avoided: first of all,
loquacity or garrulity. Ray on the Creation.

GA’RRULOUS. adj. [garrulus, Latin.] Prattling; talkative.
Old age looks out,
And garrulous recounts the feats of youth. Thomson.

GA’RTER. n. s. [gardus, Welsh; jartier, French, from gar,
Welsh, the binding of the knee.]
1. A string or ribband by which the stocking is held upon the
leg.
Let their heads be sleekly comb'd, their blue coats brush'd,
and their garters of an indifferent knit. Sh. Tam. of the Shrew.
When we rest in our cloaths we loosen our garters, and
other ligatures, to give the spirits free passage. Ray.
Handsome garters at your knees. Swift.
There lay three garters, half a pair of gloves,
And all the trophies of his former loves. Pope.
2. The mark of the order of the garter, the highest order of
English knighthood.
Now by my george, my garter.
—The george, profan'd, hath lost his holy honour;
The garter, blemish'd, pawn'd his knightly virtue. Sh. R. III.


You owe your Ormond nothing but a son,
To fill in future times his father's place,
And wear the garter of his mother's race. Dryden.
3. The principal king at arms.

To GA’RTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To bind with a garter.
He, being in love, could not see to garter his hose. Shakes.
A person was wounded in the leg, below the gartering
place. Wiseman's Surgery.

GARTH. n. s. [as if girth, from gird.] The bulk of the body
measured by the girdle.

GAS

GAS. n. s. [A word invented by the chymists.] It is used
by Van Helmont, and seems designed to signify, in general, a
spirit not capable of being coagulated: but he uses it loosely
in many senses, and very unintelligibly and inconsistently. Har.

GASCONA’DE. n. s. [French, from Gascon, a nation eminent
for boasting.] A boast; a bravado.
Was it a gasconade to please me, that you said your fortune
was increased to one hundred a year since I left you? Swift.

To GASCONA’DE. v. n. [from the noun.] To boast; to brag;
to bluster.

To GASH. v. a. [from hacher, to cut, French. Skinner.] To
cut deep so as to make a gaping wound; to cut with a blunt
instrument so as to make the wound wide.
Where the Englishmen at arms had been defeated, many
of their horses were found grievously gashed or gored to
death. Hayward.
Wit is a keen instrument, and every one can cut and gash
with it; but to carve a beautiful image requires great art.
Tillotson, Sermon 2.
See me gash'd with knives,
Or sear'd with burning steel. Rowe's Royal Convert.
Streaming with blood, all over gash'd with wounds,
He reel'd, he groan'd, and at the altar fell. A. Phillips.

GASH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A deep and wide wound.
He glancing on his helmet, made a large
And open gash therein; were not his targe,
That broke the violence of his intent,
The weary soul from thence it would discharge. Fai. Queen.
A perilous gash, a very limb lopt off. Shakes. Henry IV.
Hamilton drove Newton almost to the end of the lists; but
Newton on a sudden gave him such a gash on the leg, that
therewith he fell to the ground. Hayward.
But th' ethereal substance clos'd,
Not long divisible; and from the gash
A stream of nectarous humour issuing flow'd. Milt. P. Lost.
2. The mark of a wound. I know not if this be proper.
I was fond of back-sword and cudgel play, and I now bear
in my body many a black and blue gash and scar. Arbuthnot.

GA’SKINS. n. s. [from Gascoigne. See GALLIGASKINS.]
Wide hose; wide breeches. An old ludicrous word.
If one point break, the other will hold;
Or, if both break, your gaskins fall. Shak. Twelfth Night.

To GASP. v. n. [from gape, Skinner; from gispe, Danish, to
sob, Junius.]
1. To open the mouth wide to catch breath.
The sick for air before the portal gasp. Dryd. Virg. Geo.
They rais'd a feeble cry with trembling notes;
But the weak voice deceiv'd their gasping throats. Dryden.
The gasping head flies off; a purple flood
Flows from the trunk. Dryden's Æn.
The ladies gasp'd, and scarcely could respire;
The breath they drew no longer air, but fire. Dryden.
A scantling of wit lay gasping for life, and groaning be­
neath a heap of rubbish. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Pale and faint,
He gasps for breath; and, as his life flows from him,
Demands to see his friends. Addison's Cato.
2. To emit breath by opening the mouth convulsively.
I lay me down to gasp my latest breath;
The wolves will get a breakfast by my death. Dryden.
He staggers round, his eyeballs roll in death,
And with short sobs he gasps away his breath. Dryden's Æn.
3. To long for. This sense is, I think, not proper, as nature
never expresses desire by gasping.
The Castilian and his wife had the comfort to be under the
same master, who, seeing how dearly they loved one another,
and gasped after their liberty, demanded a most exorbitant
price for their ransom. Spectator, No. 198.

GASP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of opening the mouth to catch breath.
2. The short catch of breath in the last agonies.
His fortunes all lie speechless, and his name
Is at last gasp. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Ah, Warwick, Montague hath breath'd his last;
And to the latest gasp cry'd out for Warwick. Shak. H. VI.
If in the dreadful hour of death,
If at the latest gasp of breath,
When the cold damp bedews your brow,
You hope for mercy, shew it now. Addison's Rosamond.
Life's business at one gasp be o'er. Pope.

To GAST. v. a. [from gast, Saxon. See AGHAST.] To
make aghast; to fright; to shock; to terrify; to fear; to
affray.
When he saw my best alarmed spirits,
Bold in the quarrel's right, rous'd to th' encounter,
Or whether gasted by the noise I made,
Full suddenly he fled. Shakespeare's King Lear.

GA’STRICK. adj. [from γαϛὴϱ.] Belonging to the belly.

GASTRO’RAPHY. n. s. [γαϛὴϱ and ϱάϖω.] In strictness of
etymology, signifies no more than sewing up any wound of
the belly; yet in common acceptation it implies, that the
wound of the belly is complicated with another of the in­
testine. Sharp's Surgery.

GASTRO’TOMY. n. s. [γαϛὴϱ and τέτομα.] The act of
cutting open the belly.

GAT

GAT. The preterite of get.
Moses gat him up into the mount. Ex. xxiv. 18.

GATE. n. s. [geat, Saxon.]
1. The door of a city, a castle, palace, or large building.
Open the gate of mercy, gracious God!
My soul flies through these wounds to seek thee. Shakesp.
Gates of monarchs
Are arch'd so high, that giants may jet through,
And keep their impious turbands on, without
Good-morrow to the sun. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. A frame of timber upon hinges to give a passage into inclosed
grounds.
Know'st thou the way to Dover?
——Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath. Shakesp.
3. An avenue; an opening.
Auria had done nothing but wisely and politickly, in setting
the Venetians together by the ears with the Turks, and open­
ing a gate for a long war. Knolles's History of the Turks.

GA’TEVEIN. n. s. The vena portæ.
Being a king that loved wealth, he could not endure to have
trade sick, nor any obstruction to continue in the gatevein
which disperseth that blood. Bacon's Henry VII.

GA’TEWAY. n. s. [gate and way.] A way through gates of
inclosed grounds.
Gateways between inclosures are so miry, that they cannot
cart between one field and another. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GA’THER. v. a. [gaderan, Saxon.]
1. To collect; to bring into one place; to get in harvest.
I gathered me silver and gold. Ecclus. ii. 8.
Gather stones—and they took stones and made an heap. Gen.
The seventh year we shall not sow, nor gather in our in­
crease. Lev. xxv. 20.
2. To pick up; to glean; to pluck.
His opinions
Have satisfied the king for his divorce,
Gather'd from all the famous colleges. Shak. Henry VIII.
Cast up the highway, gather out the stones. Is. lxii. 10.
I will spend this preface upon those from whom I have
gathered my knowledge; for I am but a gatherer. Wotton.
To pay the creditor, that lent him his rent, he must gather
up money by degrees, as the sale of his commodities shall
bring it in. Locke.
3. To crop.
What have I done?
To see my youth, my beauty, and my love
No sooner gain'd, but slighted and betray'd;
And like a rose just gather'd from the stalk,
But only smelt, and cheaply thrown aside,
To wither on the ground! Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
4. To assemble.
They have gathered themselves together against me. Job.
Come ye heathen, and gather yourselves together. Joel iii.
He led us through three fair streets; and all the way we
went there were gathered some people on both sides, standing
in a row. Bacon's New Atlantis.
5. To heap up; to accumulate.
He that by usury and unjust gain increaseth his substance,
shall gather it for him that will pity the poor. Prov. xxviii. 8.
6. To select and take.
Save us, O Lord, and gather us from among the heathen,
to give thanks unto thy holy name. Ps. cvi. 47.
7. To sweep together.
The kingdom of heaven is like unto a net that was cast
into the sea, and gathered of every kind. Mat. xiii. 47.
8. To collect charitable contributions.
9. To bring into one body or interest.
I will gather others to him, besides those that are gathered
unto him. Is. lvi. 8.
10. To draw together from a state of diffusion; to compress;
to contract.
Immortal Tully shone,
The Roman rostra deck'd the consul's throne;
Gath'ring his flowing robe he seem'd to stand,
In act to speak, and graceful stretch'd his hand. Pope.
11. To gain.
He gathers ground upon her in the chace;
Now breathes upon her hair with nearer pace. Dryden.
12. To pucker needlework.


13. To collect logically; to know by inference.
That which, out of the law either of reason or of God,
men probably gathering to be expedient, they make it law.
Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
The reason that I gather he is mad,
Is a mad tale he told to-day at dinner,
Of his own door being shut against his entrance. Shakesp.
After he had seen the vision, we endeavoured to get into
Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us.
Acts xvi. 10.
Return'd
By night, and listening where the hapless pair
Sat in their sad discourse, and various plaint,
Thence gather'd his own doom. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Madamoiselle de Scudery, who is as old as Sibyl, is at this
time translating Chaucer into modern French: from which I
gather, that he has formerly been translated into the old Pro­
vençal. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
We may easily gather from this passage what notion the
ancients had concerning a future state. Notes on the Odyssey.
14. To GATHER Breath. [A proverbial expression.] To have
respite from any calamity.
The luckless lucky maid
A long time with that savage people staid,
To gather breath, in many miseries. Spenser.

To GA’THER. v. n.
1. To be condensed; to thicken.
If ere night the gath'ring clouds we fear,
A song will help the beating storm to bear. Dryden's Past.
When gath'ring clouds o'ershadow all the skies,
And shoot quick lightnings, weigh, my boys! he cries. Dry.
When the rival winds their quarrel try,
South, East and West, on airy coursers born,
The whirlwind gathers, and the woods are torn. Dryden.
Think on the storm that gathers o'er your head,
And threatens every hour to burst upon it. Addison's Cato.
2. To grow larger by the accretion of similar matter.
Their snow-ball did not gather as it went; for the people
came in to them. Bacon's Henry VIII.
3. To assemble.
There be three things that mine heart feareth; the slander
of a city, the gathering together of an unruly multitude, and
a false accusation. Ecclus. xxvi. 5.
4. To generate pus or matter.
Ask one, who by repeated restraints hath subdued his na­
tural rage, how he likes the change, and he will tell you 'tis
no less happy than the ease of a broken imposthume after the
painful gathering and filling of it. Decay of Piety.

GA’THER. n. s. [from the verb.] Pucker; cloth drawn toge­
ther in wrinkles.
Give laws for pantaloons,
The length of breeches, and the gathers,
Part cannons, perriwigs and feathers. Hudibras, p. i.

GA’THERER. n. s. [from gather.]
1. One that gathers; one that collects; a collector.
I will spend this preface about those from whom I have ga­
thered my knowledge; for I am but a gatherer and disposer of
other mens stuff. Wotton's Preface to Elem. of Architecture.
2. One that gets in a crop of any kind.
I was a herdman and a gatherer of sycamore-fruit. Amos vii.
Nor in that land
Do poisonous herbs deceive the gatherer's hand. May's Virg.

GA’THERING. n. s. [from gather.] Collection of charitable
contributions.
Let every one lay by him in store, that there be no gather­
ings when I come. 1 Cor. xvi. 2.

GA’TTEN-TREE. See CORNELIAN-CHERRY, of which it is
a species.

GAU

GAUDE. n. s. [The etymology of this word is uncertain:
Skinner imagines it may come from gaude, French, a yellow
flower, yellow being the most gaudy colour. Junius, accord­
ing to his custom, talks of ἄγαν; and Mr. Lye finds gaude,
in Douglass, to signify deceit or fraud, from gwawdio, Welsh,
to cheat. It seems to me most easily deducible from gaudium,
Latin, joy; the cause of joy; a token of joy: thence aptly
applied to any thing that gives or expresses pleasure. In Scot­
land this word is still retained, both as a showy bawble, and
the person fooled. It is also retained in Scotland to denote a
yellow flower.] An ornament; a fine thing; any thing worn
as a sign of joy.
He stole th' impression of her fantasy,
With bracelets of thy hair, rings, gaudes, conceits,
Knacks, trifles, nosegays, sweetmeats. Shakespeare.
The sun is in the heav'n, and the proud day,
Attended with the pleasures of the world,
Is all too wanton, and too full of gaudes,
To give me audience. Shakespeare's King Lear.
My love to Hermia
Is melted as the snow; seems to me now
As the remembrance of an idle gaude,
Which in my childhood I did doat upon. Shakespeare.
Some bound for Guiney, golden sand to find,
Bore all the gaudes the simple natives wear;
Some for the pride of Turkish courts design'd,
For folded turbants finest holland bear. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.

To GAUDE. v. a. [gaudeo, Latin.] To exult; to rejoice at
any thing.
Go to a gossip's feast, and gaude with me,
After so long grief such nativity. Shakespeare.

GA’UDERY. n. s. [from gaude.] Finery; ostentatious luxury
of dress.
The triumph was not pageants and gaudery, but one of the
wisest and noblest institutions that ever was. Bacon's Essays.
Age, which is but one remove from death, and should
have nothing about us but what looks like a decent preparation
for it, scarce ever appears, of late, but in the high mode, the
flaunting garb, and utmost gaudery of youth, with cloaths as
ridiculously, and as much in the fashion, as the person that
wears them is usually grown out of it. South's Sermons.
A plain suit, since we can make but one,
Is better than to be by tarnish'd gaud'ry known. Dryden.

GA’UDILY. adv. [from gaudy.] Showily.

GAU’DINESS. n. s. [from gaudy.] Showiness; tinsel appearance.

GA’UDY. adj. [from gaude.] Showy; splendid; pompous;
ostentatiously fine.
Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
But not exprest in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
For the apparel oft proclaims the man. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Fancies fond with gaudy shapes possess,
As thick and numberless
As the gay motes that people the sun-beams. Milton.
A man who walks directly to his journey's end, will arrive
thither much sooner than him who wanders aside to gaze at
every thing, or to gather every gaudy flower. Watts.
A goldfinch there I saw, with gaudy pride
Of painted plumes, that hopp'd from side to side. Dryden.
The Bavarian duke his brigades leads,
Gallant in arms, and gaudy to behold. Phillips.

GA’UDY. n. s. [gaudium, Latin.] A feast; a festival; a day
of plenty.
He may surely be content with a fast to-day, that is sure of
a gaudy to-morrow. Cheyne.

GAVE. The preterite of give.
Thou can'st not every day give me thy heart;
If thou can'st give it, then thou never gav'st it:
Lovers riddles are, that though thy heart depart,
It stays at home, and thou with losing sav'st it. Donne.

GA’VEL. n. s. A provincial word for ground.
Let it lie upon the ground or gavel eight or ten days. Mort.

GA’VEIKIND. n. s. [In law.] A custom whereby the lands of
the father are equally divided at his death amongst all his sons,
or the land of the brother equally divided among the brothers,
if he have no issue of his own. This custom is of force in
divers places of England, but especially in Kent. Cowel.
Among other Welsh customs he abolished that of gavelkind,
whereby the heirs female were utterly excluded, and the
bastards did inherit as well as the legitimate, which is the
very Irish gavelkind. Davies on Ireland.

To GAUGE. v. a. [gauge, jauge, a measuring rod, French. It
is pronounced gage.]
1. To measure with respect to the contents of a vessel.
2. To measure with regard to any proportion.
The vanes nicely gauged on each side, broad on one side,
and narrow on the other, both which minister to the pro­
gressive motion of the bird. Derham's Physico-Theology.
There is nothing more perfectly admirable in itself than that
artful manner in Homer's battles of taking measure or gaging
his heroes by each other, and thereby elevating the character
of one person by the opposition of it to some other he is made
to excel. Pope's Essay on Homer's Battles.

GAUGE. n. s. [from the verb.] A measure; a standard.
This plate must be a gage to file your worm and groove to
equal breadth by. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
If money were to be hired, as land is, or to be had from
the owner himself, it might then be had at the market rate,
which would be a constant gauge of your trade and wealth. Loc.
Timothy proposed to his mistress, that she should entertain
no servant that was above four foot seven inches high; and for
that purpose had prepared a gage, by which they were to be
measured. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

GAU’GER. n. s. [from gauge.] One whose business is to mea­
sure vessels or quantities.
Those earls and dukes have, from the beginning, been pri­
vileged with royal jurisdiction; and, to this end, appointed
their special officers, as sheriff, admiral, gauger, and escheator.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

GAUNT. adj. [As if gewant, from gepanian, to lessen, Saxon.]
Thin; slender; lean; meagre.
Oh, how that name befits my composition!
Old Gaunt, indeed, and gaunt in being old:
Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast;
And who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?


For sleeping England long time have I watch'd;
Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunt:
The pleasure that some fathers feed upon,
Is my strict fast; I mean my childrens looks;
And therein fasting, thou hast made me gaunt:
Gaunt am I for the grave, gaunt as a grave,
Whose hollow womb inherits nought but bones. Sh. R. II.
Two mastiffs, gaunt and grim, her flight pursu'd,
And oft their fasten'd fangs in blood embru'd. Dryd. Fables.

GA’UNTLY. adv. [from gaunt.] Leanly; slenderly; mea­
gerly.

GA’UNTLET. n. s. [gantelet, French.] An iron glove used for
defence, and thrown down in challenges. It is sometimes
in poetry used for the cestus, or boxing glove.
A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
Must glove this hand. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Feel but the difference, soft and rough;
This a gauntlet, that a muff. Cleaveland.
Some shall in swiftness for the goal contend,
And others try the twanging bow to bend;
The strong with iron gauntlets arm'd shall stand,
Oppos'd in combat, on the yellow sand. Dryd. Virg. Æn.
Who naked wrestled best, besmear'd with oil;
Or who with gaunlets gave or took the foil. Dryd. Fables.
The funeral of some valiant knight
May give this thing its proper light:
View his two gauntlets; these declare
That both his hands were us'd to war. Prior.
So to repel the Vandals of the stage,
Our vet'ran bard resumes his tragick rage;
He throws the gauntlet Otway us'd to wield,
And calls for Englishmen to judge the field. Southern.

GA’VOT. n. s. [gavotte, French.] A kind of dance.
The disposition in a fiddle to play tunes in preludes, sara­
bands, jigs and gavots, are real qualities in the instrument.
Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

GAUZE. n. s. A kind of thin transparent silk.
Silken cloaths were used by the ladies; and it seems they
were thin, like gauze. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Brocadoes and damasks, and tabbies and gauzes,
Are lately brought over. Swift.

GAWK. n. s. [geac, Saxon.]
1. A cuckow.
2. A foolish fellow. In both senses it is retained in Scotland.

GAWN. n. s. [corrupted for gallon.] A small tub, or lading
vessel.

GA’WNTREE. n. s. [Scottish.] A wooden frame on which
beer-casks are set when tunned.

GAY. adj. [gay, French.]
1. Airy; chearful; merry; frolick.
Smooth flow the waves, the zephyrs gently play;
Belinda smil'd, and all the world was gay. Pope.
Ev'n rival wits did Voiture's fate deplore,
And the gay mourn'd, who never mourn'd before. Pope.
2. Fine; showy.
A virgin that loves to go gay. Bar. vi. 9.

GAY. n. s. [from the adjective.] An ornament; an embel­
lishment.
Morose and untractable spirits look upon precepts in em­
blem, as they do upon gays and pictures, the fooleries of so
many old wives tales. L'Estrange.

GA’YETY. n. s. [gayeté, French, from gay.]
1. Chearfulness; airiness; merriment.
2. Acts of juvenile pleasure.
And from those gayeties our youth requires
To exercise their minds, our age retires. Denham.
3. Finery; show.
Our gayety and our gilt are all besmirch'd,
With rainy marching in the painful field. Shakesp. H. V.

GA’YLY. adv. Merrily; chearfully; showily.

GA’YNESS. n. s. [from gay.] Gayety; finery. Not much in
use.

GAZ

To GAZE. v. n. [ἀγάζεσϑαι, or rather gesean, to see, Sax.]
To look intently and earnestly; to look with eagerness.
What see'st thou there? King Henry's diadem,
Inchas'd with all the honours of the world:
If so, gaze on. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
From some she cast her modest eyes below;
At some her gazing glances roving flew. Fairfax, b. iv.
Gaze not on a maid, that thou fall not by those things that
are precious in her. Ecclus. ix. 5.
A lover's eyes will gaze an eagle blind. Shakespeare.
Strait toward heav'n my wond'ring eyes I turn'd,
And gaz'd a while the ample sky. Milton's Paradise Lost.

GAZE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Intent regard; look of eagerness or wonder; fixed look.
Being light'ned with her beauty's beam,
And thereby fill'd with happy influence,
And lifted up above the worldis gaze,
To sing with angels her immortal praise. Spenser.
Do but note a wild and wanton herd,
If any air of musick touch their ears,
You shall perceive them make a mutual stand,
Their savage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze,
By the sweet power of musick. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Not a month
'Fore your queen dy'd, she was more worth such gazes
Than what you look on now. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
With secret gaze,
Or open admiration, him behold,
On whom the great Creator hath bestow'd
Worlds. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Pindar is a dark writer, wants connexion as to our under­
standing, soars out of sight, and leaves his readers at a
gaze. Dryden's Preface to Ovid.
After having stood at gaze before this gate, he discovered
an inscription. Addison's Freeholder, No. 27.
2. The object gazed on.
I must die
Betray'd, captiv'd, and both my eyes put out;
Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze;
To grind in brazen fetters, under task,
With my heav'n-gifted strength. Milton's Agonistes.

GA’ZER. n. s. [from gaze.] He that gazes; one that looks
intently with eagerness or admiration.
In her cheeks the vermil red did shew,
Like roses in a bed of lilies shed;
The which ambrosial odours from them threw,
And gazers sense with double pleasure fed. Fairy Queen.
I'll slay more gazers than the basilisk. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Come, basilisk,
And kill the innocent gazer with thy sight. Shak. Hen. VI.
Bright as the sun, her eyes the gazers strike;
And, like the sun, they shine on all alike. Pope.
His learned ideas give him a transcendent delight; and yet,
at the same time, discover the blemishes which the common
gazer never observed. Watts's Logick.

GA’ZEFUL. adj. [gaze and full.] Looking intently.
The brightness of her beauty clear,
The ravisht hearts of gazeful men might rear
To admiration of that heavenly light. Spenser on Beauty.

GA’ZEHOUND. n. s. [gaze and hound; canis agasæus, Skinner.]
A hound that pursues not by the scent, but by the eye.
See'st thou the gazehound! how with glance severe
From the close herd he marks the destin'd deer! Tickell.

GA’ZETTE. n. s. [gazetta is a Venetian halfpenny, the price
of a news paper, of which the first was published at Venice.]
A paper of news; a paper of publick intelligence. It is ac­
cented indifferently on the first or last syllable.
And sometimes when the loss is small,
And danger great, they challenge all;
Print new additions to their feats,
And emendations in gazettes. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.
An English gentleman, without geography, cannot well
understand a gazette. Locke.
One cannot hear a name mentioned in it that does not
bring to mind a piece of a gazette. Addison's Guardian.
All, all but truth, falls dead-born from the press;
Like the last gazette, or the last address. Pope.

GAZETTE’ER. n. s. [from gazette.]
1. A writer of news.
2. It was lately a term of the utmost infamy, being usually ap­
plied to wretches who were hired to vindicate the court.
Satire is no more: I feel it die:
No gazetteer more innocent than I. Pope.

GA’ZINGSTOCK. n. s. [gaze and stock.] A person gazed at
with scorn or abhorrence.
These things are offences to us, by making us gazingstocks
to others, and objects of their scorn and derision. Ray.

GAZO’N. n. s. [French.] In fortification, pieces of fresh earth
covered with grass, cut in form of a wedge, about a foot long
and half a foot thick, to line parapets and the trasverses
of galleries. Harris.

GEA

GEAR. n. s. [gyrian, to cloath; geawre, furniture, Saxon.]
1. Furniture; accoutrements; dress; habit; ornaments.
Array thyself in her most gorgeous gear. Fairy Queen.
When he found her bound, stript from her gear,
And vile tormenters ready saw in place,
He broke through. Fairfax, b. ii. stan. 27.
When once her eye
Hath met the virtue of this magick dust,
I shall appear some harmless villager,
Whom thrift keeps up about his country gear. Milton.
I fancy every body observes me as I walk the street, and
long to be in my old plain gear again. Addison's Guardian.
To see some radiant nymph appear
In all her glitt'ring birthday gear,
You think some goddess from the sky
Descended, ready cut and dry. Swift.
2. The traces by which horses or oxen draw.
Apollo's spite Pallas discern'd, and flew to Tydeus' son;
His scourge reacht, and his horse made fresh; then took
her angry run
At king Eumelus, brake his gears. Chapman's Iliads.


The frauds he learn'd in his fanatick years
Made him uneasy in his lawful gears. Dryden.
3. Stuff. Hanmer.
If fortune be a woman, she is a good wench for this
gear. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
4. [In Scotland.] Goods or riches: as, he has gear enough.

GE’ASON. adj. [A word which I find only in Spenser.] Won­
derful.
It to Leeches seemed strange and geason. Hubberd's Tale.

GEAT. n. s. [corrupted from jett.] The hole through which
the metal runs into the mold. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

GECK. n. s. [geac, a cuckow; geck, German, a fool; gawk,
Scottish.] A bubble easily imposed upon. Hanmer.
Why did you suffer Jachimo to taint his noble heart and
brain with needless jealousy, and to become the geek and scorn
o' th' other's villany? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Why have you suffer'd me to be imprison'd,
And made the most notorious geek and gull
That e'er invention plaid on? Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

To GECK. v. a. [from the noun.] To cheat; to trick.

GEE. A term used by waggoners to their horses when they
would have them go faster.

GEESE. The plural of goose.

GEL

GE’LABLE. adj. [from gelu, Latin.] What may be congealed
or concreted into a gelly.

GE’LATINE. adj. [gelatus, Latin.] Formed into a gelly;
viscous; stiff and cohesive.

GELA’TINOUS. adj. [gelatus, Latin.] Formed into a gelly;
viscous; stiff and cohesive.
That pellucid gelatinous substance is an excrement cast off
from the shoals of fish that inhabit the main. Woodward.
You shall always see their eggs laid carefully up in that
spermatick gelatine matter, in which they are reposited. Derh.

To GELD. v. a. preter. gelded or gelt; part. pass. gelded or gelt.
[gelten, German.]
1. To castrate; to deprive of the power of generation.
Geld bull-calf and ram-lamb as soon as they fall. Tusser.
Lord Say hath gelded the commonwealth, and made it
an eunuch. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. To deprive of any essential part.
He bears his course, and runs me up
With like advantage on the other side,
Gelding th' oppos'd continent as much
As on the other side it takes from you. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. To deprive of any thing immodest, or liable to objection.
They were diligent enough to make sure work, and to geld
it so clearly in some places that they took away the very man­
hood of it. Dryden's Preface to Cleomenes.

GE’LDER. n. s. [from geld.] One that performs the act of
castration.
Geld later with gelders, as many one do,
And look of a dozen to geld away two. Tuss. Husbandry.
No sow gelder did blow his horn
To geld a cat, but cry'd reform. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.

GE’LDER-ROSE. n. s. [I suppose brought from Guelderland.]
The leaves are like those of the maple-tree: the flowers
consist of one leaf, which expands in a circular rose form,
and is divided at the top into five parts: these are collected in
form of an umbel, the largest of which grow on the outside,
and are barren; but those in the middle are fruitful, producing
red berries, in each of which is contained one flat heart­
shaped seed.
The species are three. If the soil be moist, this plant
affords a very agreeable prospect, both in the season when it
is in flower, and also in the Autumn, when the fruit is ripe,
which generally grows in large clusters, and is of a beautiful
colour. Miller.
The gelder-rose is increased by suckers and cuttings. Mort.

GE’LDING. n. s. [from geld.] Any animal castrated, particu­
larly an horse.
Though naturally there be more males of horses, bulls or
rams than females; yet artificially, that is, by making geld­
ings, oxen and weathers, there are sewer. Graunt.
The lord lieutenant may chuse out one of the best horses,
and two of the best geldings; for which shall be paid one hun­
dred pounds for the horse, and fifty pounds a-piece for the
geldings. Temple.

GE’LID. adj. [gelidus, Latin.] Extremely cold.
From the deep ooze and gelid cavern rous'd,
They flounce. Thomson's Spring.

GELI’DITY. n. s. [from gelid.] Extreme cold. Dict.

GE’LIDNESS. n. s. [from gelid.] Extreme cold. Dict.

GE’LLY. n. s. [gelatus, Latin.] Any viscous body; visci­
dity; glue; gluey substance.
My best blood turn
To an infected gelly. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The tapers of the gods,
The sun and moon, became like waxen globes,
The shooting stars end all in purple gellies,
And chaos is at hand. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
The white of an egg will coagulate by a moderate heat,
and the hardest of animal solids are resolvable again into
gellies. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GELT. n. s. [from geld.] A castrated animal; gelding.
The spayed gelts they esteem the most profitable. Mortimer.

GELT. n. s. [corrupted for the sake of rhyme from gilt.] Tin­
sel; gilt surface.
I won her with a girdle of gelt,
Embost with bugle about the belt. Spenser's Pastorals.

GELT. The participle passive of geld.
Let the others be gelt for oxen. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GEM. n. s. [gemma, Latin.]
1. A jewel; a precious stone of whatever kind.
Love his fancy drew;
And so to take the gem Urania sought. Sidney.
I saw his bleeding rings,
Their precious gems now lost, became his guide,
Led him, begg'd for him, sav'd him from despair. Shakesp.
It will seem a hard matter to shadow a gem, or well pointed
diamond, that hath many sides, and to give the lustre where
it ought. Peacham on Drawing.
Stones of small worth may lie unseen by day;
But night itself does the rich gem betray. Cowley.
The basis of all gems is, when pure, wholly diaphanous,
and either crystal or an adamantine matter; but we find the
diaphaneity of this matter changed, by means of a fine metal­
lick matter. Woodward.
2. The first bud.
From the joints of thy prolifick stem
A swelling knot is raised, call'd a gem;
Whence, in short space, itself the cluster shows. Denham.
Embolden'd out they come,
And swell the gems, and burst the narrow room. Dryden.
The orchard loves to wave
With Winter winds, before the gems exert
Their feeble heads. Phillips.

To GEM. v. a. [gemma, Latin.] To adorn, as with jewels or
buds.

To GEM. v. n. [gemmo, Latin.] To put forth the first
buds.
Last rose, in dance, the stately trees, and spread
Their branches; hung with copious fruit; or gemm'd
Their blossoms. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.

GEME’LLIPAROUS. adj. [gemelli and pario, Latin.] Bearing
twins. Dict.

To GE’MINATE. v. a. [gemino, Latin.] To double. Dict.

GEMINA’TION. n. s. [from geminate.] Repetition; redupli­
cation.
Be not afraid of them that kill the body: fear him, which,
after he hath killed, hath power to cast into hell; yea, I say
unto you, a gemination, which the present controversy shews
not to have been causeless, fear him. Boyle.

GE’MINY. n. s. [gemini, Latin.] Twins; a pair; a brace; a
couple.
I have grated upon my good friends for three reprives for
you, and your couch-fellow, Nim; or else you had looked
through the grate, like a geminy of baboons. Shakespeare.
A geminy of asses split, would make just four of you. Congr.

GE’MINOUS. adj. [geminus, Latin.] Double.
Christians have baptized these geminous births, and double
connascencies, with several names, as conceiving in them a
distinction of souls. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

GE’MMARY. adj. [from gem.] Pertaining to gems or jewels.
The principle and gemmary affection is its translucency: as
for irradiancy, which is found in many gems, it is not disco­
verable in this. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i. c. 2.

GE’MMEOUS. adj. [gemmeus, Latin.]
1. Tending to gems.
Sometimes we find them in the gemmeous matter itself. Woodw.
2. Resembling gems.

GEMMO’SITY. n. s. [from gem.] The quality of being a
jewel. Dict.

GE’MOTE. n. s. The court of the hundred. Obsolete.

GEN

GE’NDER. n. s. [genus, Latin; gendre, French.]
1. A kind; a sort.
Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our wills are
gardeners; so that if we will supply it with one gender of
herbs, or distract it with many, the power and corrigible au­
thority of this lies in our will. Shakespeare's Othello.
The other motive,
Why to a publick court I might not go,
Is the great love the general gender bear me. Shak. Hamlet.
2. A sex.
3. [In grammar.] A denomination given to nouns, from their
being joined with an adjective in this or that termination. Clark.
Cubitus, sometimes cubitum in the neutral gender, signifies
the lower part of the arm on which we lean. Arbuthnot.
Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa, yet immediately changes the
words into the masculine gender. Notes on the Odyssey.

To GE’NDER. v. a. [engendrer, French.]
1. To beget.
2. To produce; to cause.
Foolish and unlearned questions avoid, knowing that they
do gender strife. 2 Tim. ii. 23.



To GE’NDER. v. n. To copulate; to breed.
A cistern for foul toads
To gender in. Shakespeare's Othello.
Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind.
Lev. xix. 19.

GENEALO’GICAL. adj. [from genealogy.] Pertaining to descents
or families; pertaining to the history of the successions of
houses.

GENEA’LOGIST. n. s. [γενεαλογέω; genealogiste, French.] He
who traces descents.

GENEA’LOGY. n. s. [γενεὰ and λόγ.] History of the
succession of families; enumeration of descent in order of
succession; a pedigree.
The ancients ranged chaos into several regions; and in that
order successively rising one from another, as if it was a pedi­
gree or genealogy. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

GE’NERABLE. adj. [from genero, Latin.] That may be pro­
duced or begotten.

GE’NERAL. adj. [general, French; generalis, Latin.]
1. Comprehending many species or individuals; not special;
not particular.
To conclude from particulars to generals is a false way of
arguing. Notes to Pope's Odyssey.
2. Lax in signification; not restrained to any special or particu­
lar import.
Where the author speaks more strictly and particularly on
any theme, it will explain the more loose and general ex­
pressions. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Not restrained by narrow or distinctive limitations.
A general idea is an idea in the mind, considered there as
separated from time and place, and so capable to represent
any particular being that is conformable to it. Locke.
4. Relating to a whole class or body of men, or a whole kind
of any being.
They, because some have been admitted without trial,
make that fault general which is particular. Whitgifte.
5. Publick; comprising the whole.
Nor would we deign him burial of his men,
'Till he disburs'd, at Saint Colmeskill isle,
Ten thousand dollars to our gen'ral use. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Nor fail'd they to express how much they prais'd,
That for the general safety he despis'd
His own. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
6. Not directed to any single object.
If the same thing be peculiarly evil, that general aversion
will be turned into a particular hatred against it. Spratt.
7. Extensive, though not universal.
8. Common; usual.
I've been bold,
For that I knew it the most general way. Shakesp. Timon.
9. General is appended to several offices: as, Attorney General,
Solicitor General, Vicar General.

GE’NERAL. n. s.
1. The whole; the totality; the main, without insisting on
particulars.
That which makes an action fit to be commanded or for­
bidden, can be nothing else, in general, but its tendency to
promote or hinder the attainment of some end. Norris.
In particulars our knowledge begins, and so spreads itself
by degrees to generals. Locke.
I have considered Milton's Paradise Lost in the fable, the
characters, the sentiments, and the language; and have shewn
that he excels, in general, under each of these heads. Addison.
2. The publick; the interest of the whole. Not in use.
Neither my place, nor aught I heard of business,
Hath raised me from my bed; nor doth the general
Take hold on me; for my particular grief
Ingluts and swallows other sorrows. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. The vulgar. Not in use.
The play, I remember, pleased not the million; 'twas ca­
viare to the general: but it was, as I received it, and others,
whose judgment in such matters cried in the top of mine, an
excellent play. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
4. [General, Fr.] One that has the command over an army.
A general is one that hath power to command an army. Loc.
The generals on the enemy's side are inferior to several that
once commanded the French armies. Addison on the War.
The war's whole art each private soldier knows,
And with a gen'ral's love of conquest glows. Addison.

GENERALI’SSIMO. n. s. [generalissime, French, from general.]
The supreme commander. It is often rather a title of honour
than office.
Commission of generalissimo was likewise given to the
prince. Clarendon, b. viii.
Pompey had deserved the name of great; and Alexander, of
the same cognomination, was generalissimo of Greece. Brown.

GENERA’LITY. n. s. [generalité, French, from general.]
1. The state of being general; the quality of including species
or particulars.
Because the curiosity of man's wit doth with peril wade
farther in the search of things than were convenient, the same
is thereby restrained unto such generalities as, every where of­
fering themselves, are apparent to men of the weakest con­
ceit. Hooker, b. i. s. 6.
These certificates do only in the generality mention the par­
ties contumacies and disobedience. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The main body; the bulk; the common mass.
There is a great necessity, though not apparent, as not
extending to the generality, but resting upon private heads.
Raleigh's Essays.
By his own principles he excludes from salvation the gene­
rality of his own church; that is, all that do not believe upon
his grounds. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
The generality of the English have such a favourable opi­
nion of treason, nothing can cure them. Addison's Freeholder.
They publish their ill-natured discoveries with a secret pride,
and applaud themselves for the singularity of their judgment,
which has found a flaw in what the generality of mankind ad­
mires. Addison's Spectator.
Such treatment has its effect among the generality of those
whose hands it falls into. Addison's Spectator.
The wisest were distracted with doubts, while the generality
wandered without any ruler. Rogers, Sermon 3.

GE’NERALLY. adv. [from general.]
1. In general; without specification or exception.
I am not a woman to be touch'd with so many giddy fancies
as he hath generally taxed their whole sex withal. Shakespeare.
Generally we would not have those that read this work of
Sylva Sylvarum, account it strange that we have set down par­
ticulars untried. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Extensively, though not universally.
3. Commonly; frequently.
4. In the main; without minute detail; in the whole taken to­
gether.
Generally speaking, they live very quietly. Addis. Guardian.
Generally speaking, they have been gaining ever since, though
with frequent interruptions. Swift.

GE’NERALNESS. n. s. [from general.] Wide extent, though
short of universality; frequency; commonness.
They had with a general consent, rather springing by the
generalness of the cause than of any artificial practice, set
themselves in arms. Sidney.

GE’NERALTY. n. s. [from general.] The whole; the to­
tality.
The municipal laws of this kingdom are of a vast extent,
and include in their generalty all those several laws which are
allowed as the rule of justice and judicial proceedings. Hale.

GE’NERANT. n. s. [generans, Latin.] The begetting or pro­
ductive power.
Some believe that the soul is made by God, some by angels,
and some by the generant: whether it be immediately created
or traduced hath been the great ball of contention to the later
ages. Glanv. Sceps. c. 4.
In such pretended generations the generant or active prin­
ciple is supposed to be the sun, which, being an inanimate
body, cannot act otherwise than by his heat. Ray on the Creat.

To GE’NERATE. v. a. [genero, Latin.]
1. To beget; to propagate.
Those creatures which being wild generate seldom, being
tame, generate often. Bacon's Natural History.
2. To cause; to produce.
God created the great whales, and each
Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously
The waters generated by their kinds. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Or find some other way to generate
Mankind. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x. l. 894.
Sounds are generated where there is no air at all. Bacon.
Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle, must like­
wise generate milk. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GENERA’TION. n. s. [generation, French, from generate.]
1. The act of begetting or producing.
Seals make excellent impressions; and so it may be thought
of sounds in their first generation: but then the dilation of
them, without any new sealing, shews they cannot be im­
pressions. Bacon's Natural History.
He longer will delay, to hear thee tell
His generation, and the rising birth
Of nature from the unapparent deep. Milton's Paradise Lost.
If we deduce the several races of mankind in the several
parts of the world from generation, we must imagine the first
numbers of them, who in any place agree upon any civil con­
stitutions, to assemble as so many heads of families whom they
represent. Temple.
2. A family; a race.
Y'are a dog.
——Thy mother's of my generation: what's she, if I be a
dog? Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
3. Progeny; offspring.
The barb'rous Scythian,
Or he that makes his generation messes,
To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom
Be as well neighbour'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.


4. A single succession; one gradation in the scale of genealogical
descent.
This generation shall not pass 'till all these things be ful­
filled. Mat. xxiv. 34.
In the fourth generation they shall come hither again. Gen.
A marvellous number were excited to the conquest of Pa­
lestine, which with singular virtue they performed, and held
that kingdom some few generations. Raleigh's Essays.
5. An age.
By some of the ancients a generation was fixed at an hun­
dred years; by others at an hundred and ten; by others at
thirty-three, thirty, thirty-five, and twenty: but it is re­
marked, that the continuance of generations is so much longer
as they come nearer to the more ancient times. Calmet.
Every where throughout all generations and ages of the
Christian world, no church ever perceived the word of God
to be against it. Hooker.

GE’NERATIVE. adj. [generatif, French, from genero, Latin.]
1. Having the power of propagation.
He gave to all, that have life, a power generative, thereby
to continue their species and kinds. Raleigh's History.
In grains and kernels the greatest part is but the nutriment
of that generative particle, so disproportionable unto it. Brown.
2. Prolifick; having the power of production; fruitful.
If there hath been such a gradual diminution of the gene­
rative faculty upon the earth, why was there not the like
decay in the production of vegetables? Bentley's Sermons.

GENERA’TOR. n. s. [from genero, Latin.] The power which
begets, causes, or produces.
Imagination assimilates the idea of the generator into the
reality in the thing engendered. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

GENE’RICAL. adj. [generique, French, from genus, Latin.]
That which comprehends the genus, or
distinguishes from another genus, but does not distinguish the
species.

GENE’RICK. adj. [generique, French, from genus, Latin.]
That which comprehends the genus, or
distinguishes from another genus, but does not distinguish the
species.
The word consumption being applicable to a proper, and
improper to a true and bastard comsumption, requires a gene­
rical description quadrate to both. Harvey on Consumptions.
Though wine differs from other liquids, in that it is the
juice of a certain fruit; yet this is but a general or generick
difference; for it does not distinguish wine from cyder or
perry: the specifick difference of wine, therefore, is its pres­
sure from the grape. Watts's Logick.

GENE’RICALLY. adv. [from generick.] With regard to the
genus, though not the species.
These have all the essential characters of sea-shells, and
shew that they are of the very same specifick gravity with
those to which they are so generically allied. Woodward.

GENERO’SITY. n. s. [generosité, French; generositas, Latin.]
The quality of being generous; magnanimity; liberality.
Can he be better principled in the grounds of true virtue
and generosity than his young tutor is? Locke on Education.
It would not have been your generosity, to have passed
by such a fault as this. Locke.

GE’NEROUS. adj. [generosus, Latin; genereux, French.]
1. Not of mean birth; of good extraction.
2. Noble of mind; magnanimous; open of heart.
His gen'rous spouse, Theano, heav'nly fair,
Nurs'd the young stranger. Pope.
3. Liberal; munificent.
4. Strong; vigorous.
Having in a digestive furnace drawn off the ardent spirit
from some good sack, the phlegm, even in this generous wine,
was copious. Boyle.

GE’NEROUSLY. adv. [from generous.]
1. Not meanly with regard to birth.
2. Magnanimously; nobly.
When all the gods our ruin have foretold,
Yet generously he does his arms withold. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
3. Liberally; munificently.

GEN’EROUSNESS. n. s. [from generous.] The quality of being
generous.
Is it possible to conceive that the overflowing generousness of
the Divine Nature would create immortal beings with mean
or envious principles? Collier on Kindness.

GE’NESIS. n. s. [γένεσις; genese, French.] Generation; the
first book of Moses, which treats of the production of the world.

GE’NET. n. s. [French. The word originally signified a horse­
man, and perhaps a gentleman or knight.] A small sized
well proportioned Spanish horse.
You'll have your nephews neigh to you; you'll have
coursers for cousins, and genets for germanes. Shak. Othello.
It is no more likely that frogs should be engendered in the
clouds than Spanish genets be begotten by the wind. Ray.
He shews his statue too, where, plac'd on high,
The genet underneath him seems to fly. Dryd. Juven. Sat.

GENETHLI’ACAL. adj. [γενεϑλίαϰ.] Pertaining to nati­
vities as calculated by astronomers; shewing the configura­
tions of the stars at any birth.
The night immediately before he was slighting the art of
those foolish astrologers, and genethliacal ephemerists, that use
to pry into the horoscope of nativities. Howel's Vocal Forest.

GENETHLI’ACKS. n. s. [from γενέϑλη.] The science of cal­
culating nativities, or predicting the future events of life from
the stars predominant at the birth.

GENETHLIA’TICK. n. s. [γενέϑλη.] He who calculates na­
tivities.
The truth of astrological predictions is not to be referred
to the constellations: the genethliaticks conjecture by the dis­
position, temper, and complexion of the person. Drummond.

GENE’VA. n. s. [A corruption of genevre, French, a juniper­
berry.]
We used to keep a distilled spirituous water of juniper in
the shops; but the making of it became the business of the
distiller, who sold it under the name of geneva. At present
only a better kind is distilled from the juniper-berry: what is
commonly sold is made with no better an ingredient than oil
of turpentine, put into the still, with a little common salt,
and the coarsest spirit they have, which is drawn off much
below proof strength, and is consequently a liquor that one
would wonder any people could accustom themselves to drink
with pleasure. Hill's Mat. Medica.

GE’NIAL. adj. [genialis, Latin.]
1. That which contributes to propagation.
Higher of the genial bed by far,
And with mysterious reverence I deem. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Creator Venus, genial pow'r of love,
The bliss of men below and gods above! Dryden's Fables.
2. That gives chearfulness or supports life.
Nor th' other light of life continue long,
But yields to double darkness nigh at hand;
So much I feel my genial spirits droop. Milton's Agonistes.
3. Natural; native.
It chiefly proceedeth from natural incapacity, and genial in­
disposition. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

GE’NIALLY. adv. [from genial.]
1. By genius; naturally.
Some men are genially disposed to some opinions, and natu­
rally as averse to others. Glanv. Sceps. c. 15.
2. Gayly; chearfully.

GENICULA’TED. adj. [geniculatus, Latin.] Knotted;
jointed.
A piece of some geniculated plant, seeming to be part of a
sugar-cane. Woodward on Fossils.

GENICULA’TION. n. s. [geniculatio, Latin.] Knottiness; the
quality in plants of having knots or joints.

GE’NIO. n. s. [genio, Italian; genius, Latin.] A man of a par­
ticular turn of mind.
Some genio's are not capable of pure affection; and a man
is born with talents for it as much as for poetry, or any other
science. Tatler, No. 53.

GE’NITALS. n. s. [genitalis, Lat.] Parts belonging to generation.
Ham is conceived to be Jupiter, who was the youngest son,
who is said to have cut off the genitals of his father. Brown.

GE’NITING. n. s. [A corruption of Janeton, French, signifying
Jane or Janet, having been so called in honour of some lady
of that name; and the Scottish dialect calls them Janet apples,
which is the same with Janeton: otherwise supposed to be cor­
rupted from Juneting.] An early apple gathered in June.
In July come early pears and plumbs in fruit, genitings and
codlins. Bacon, Essay 47.

GE’NITIVE. adj. [genitivus, Latin.] In grammar, the name
of a case, which, among other relations, signifies one begot­
ten, as, the father of a son; or one begetting, as son of a father.

GE’NIUS. n. s. [Latin; genie, French.]
1. The protecting or ruling power of men, places, or things.
There is none but he
Whose being I do fear: and, under him,
My genius is rebuk'd; as it is said
Antony's was by Cæsar. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
And as I awake, sweet musick breathe,
Sent by some spirit to mortals good,
Or th' unseen genius of the wood. Milton.
And the tame demon that should guard my throne,
Shrinks at a genius greater than his own. Dryden.
To your glad genius sacrifice this day;
Let common meats respectfully give way. Dryden.
2. A man endowed with superiour faculties.
There is no little writer of Pindarick who is not mentioned
as a prodigious genius. Addison.
3. Mental power or faculties.
The state and order does proclaim
The genius of that royal dame. Waller.
4. Disposition of nature by which any one is qualified for some
peculiar employment.
A happy genius is the gift of nature. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Your majesty's sagacity, and happy genius for natural his­
tory, is a better preparation for enquiries of this kind than all
the dead learning of the schools. Burnet's Theory, Preface.
One science only will one genius fit;
So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope on Criticism.
The Romans, though they had no great genius for trade,
yet were not entirely neglectful of it. Arbuthnot on Coins.


5. Nature; disposition.
Studious to please the genius of the times,
With periods, points and tropes he slurs his crimes. Dryd.
Another genius and disposition improper for philosophical
contemplations is not so much from the narrowness of their
spirit and understanding, as because they will not take time
to extend them. Burnet's Theory of the Earth, Preface.
He tames the genius of the stubborn plain. Pope.

GENT. adj. [gent, old French.] Elegant; soft; gentle; polite.
A word now disused.
Vespasian, with great spoil and rage,
Forewasted all: 'till Genuissa gent
Persuaded him to cease. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 10.
She that was noble, wise, as fair and gent,
Cast how she might their harmless lives preserve. Fairfax.

GENTE’EL. adj. [gentil, French.]
1. Polite; elegant in behaviour; civil.
He had a genteeler manner of binding the chains of this
kingdom than most of his predecessors. Swift to Gay.
Their poets have no notion of genteel comedy, and fall into
the most filthy double meanings when they have a mind to
make their audience merry. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. Graceful in mien.

GENTE’ELLY. adv. [from genteel.]
1. Elegantly; politely.
Those that would be genteelly learned, need not purchase it
at the dear rate of being atheists. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
After a long fatigue of eating and drinking, and babbling,
he concludes the great work of dining genteelly. South.
2. Gracefully; handsomely.

GENTE’ELNESS. n. s. [from genteel,]
1. Elegance; gracefulness; politeness.
He had a genius full of genteelness and spirit, having nothing
that was ungraceful in his postures and dresses. Dryd. Dufresn.
2. Qualities befitting a man of rank.

GE’NTIAN. n. s. [gentiane, French; gentiana, Latin.] Felwort
or baldmony.
The leaves grow by pairs opposite to each other: the flower
consists of one leaf, shaped like a cup, being cut into four,
five, or more segments: it is succeeded by a membranous oval
shaped fruit, ending in a sharp point, opening lengthwise into
two parts, and containing many flat roundish seeds, bordered
with a leafy rim. Miller.
The root of the gentian is large and long, of a tolerably
firm texture, and remarkably tough: it has a faintish and
somewhat disagreeable smell, and an extremely bitter taste. It
is brought cheap from Germany. Hill's Mat. Medica.
If it be fistulous, and the orifice small, dilate it with gentian
roots. Wiseman's Surgery.

GENTIANE’LLA. n. s. A kind of blue colour.

GE’NTILE. n. s. [gentilis, Latin.]
1. One of an uncovenanted nation; one who knows not the
true God.
Tribulation and anguish upon every soul that doeth evil, of
the Jew first, and also of the gentile. Rom. ii. 2.
Gentiles or infidels, in those actions, upon both the spiritual
and temporal good, have been in one pursuit conjoined. Bacon.
2. A person of rank. Obsolete.
Fine Basil desireth it may be her lot
To grow, as a gilliflower, trim in a pot;
That ladies and gentiles, for whom ye do serve,
May help him as needeth, poor life to preserve. Tusser.

GENTILE’SSE. n. s. [French.] Complaisance; civility.
She with her wedding-cloaths undresses
Her compla sance and gentilesses. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 1.

GE’NTILISM. n. s. [gentilisme, French, from gentile.] Hea­
thenism; paganism.
If invocation of saints had been introduced in the aposto­
lical times, it would have looked like the introducing of gen­
tilism again. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

GENTILI’TIOUS. adj. [gentilitius, Latin.]
1. Endemial; peculiar to a nation.
That an unsavory odour is gentilitious, or national unto the
Jews, reason or sense will not induce. Brown's Vulgar Err.
2. Hereditary; entailed on a family.
The common cause of this distemper is a particular and
perhaps a gentilitious disposition of body. Arbuthnot on Aliment.

GENTI’LITY. n. s. [gentilité, French, from gentil, French; gen­
tilis, Latin.]
1. Good extraction; dignity of birth.
2. Elegance of behaviour; gracefulness of mien; nicety of taste.
3. Gentry; the class of persons well born.
Gavelkind must needs, in the end, make a poor gentility.
Davies on Ireland.
4. Paganism; heathenism.
When people began to espy the falshood of oracles, where­
upon all gentility was built, their hearts were utterly averted
from it. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.

GE’NTLE. adj. [gentilis, Latin.]
1. Well born; well descended; ancient, though not noble.
They entering and killing all of the gentle and rich faction,
for honesty sake broke open all prisons. Sidney.
These are the studies wherein our noble and gentle youth
ought to bestow their time. Milton on Education.
Of gentle blood, part shed in honour's cause,
Each parent sprung. Pope.
2. Soft; bland; mild; tame; meek; peaceable.
I am one of those gentle ones that will use the devil himself
with curtesy. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Her voice was ever soft,
Gentle and low; an excellent thing in woman. Shakespeare.
As gentle, and as jocund, as to jest,
Go I to fight. Shakespeare's Richard II.
A virtuous and a good man, reverend in conversation, and
gentle in condition. 2 Mac. xv. 12.
The gentlest heart on earth is prov'd unkind. Fairfax.
Your change was wise; for, had she been deny'd,
A swift revenge had follow'd from her pride:
You from my gentle nature had no fears;
All my revenge is only in my tears. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
He had such a gentle method of reproving their faults, that
they were not so much afraid as ashamed to repeat them. Atter.
3. Soothing; pacifick.
And though this sense first gentle musick found,
Her proper object is the speech of men. Davies.

GE’NTLE. n. s.
1. A gentleman; a man of birth. Now out of use.
Gentles, do not reprehend;
If you pardon, we will mend. Shakespeare.
Where is my lovely bride?
How does my father? Gentles, methinks you frown. Shakes.
2. A particular kind of worm.
He will in the three hot months bite at a flagworm, or at a
green gentle. Walton's Angler.

To GE’NTLE. v. a. To make gentle; to raise from the vulgar.
Obsolete.
He to-day that sheds his blood with me,
Shall be my brother; be he never so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition. Shakespeare's Henry V.

GE’NTLEFOLK. n. s. [gentle and folk.] Persons distinguished
by their birth from the vulgar.
The queen's kindred are made gentlefolk. Shakes. Rich. III.
Gentlefolks will not care for the remainder of a bottle of
wine; therefore always set a fresh one before them after
dinner. Swift's Directions to the Butler.

GE’NTLEMAN. n. s. [gentilhomme, French; gentilhuomo, Ital.
that is, homo gentilis, a man of ancestry. All other deri­
vations seem to be whimsical.]
1. A man of birth; a man of extraction, though not noble.
A civil war was within the bowels of that state, between
the gentlemen and the peasants. Sidney.
I freely told you, all the wealth I had
Ran in my veins; I was a gentleman. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
He hither came a private gentleman,
But young and brave, and of a family
Ancient and noble. Otway's Orphan.
You say a long descended race
Makes gentlemen, and that your high degree
Is much disparag'd to be match'd with me. Dryden.
2. A man raised above the vulgar by his character or post.
Inquire me out some mean-born gentleman,
Whom I will marry strait to Clarence' daughter. Shakesp.
3. A term of complaisance.
The same gentlemen who have fixed this piece of morality on
the three naked sisters dancing hand in hand, would have
found out as good a one had there been four of them sitting
at a distance, and covered from head to foot. Addison.
4. The servant that waits about the person of a man of rank.
Sir Thomas More, the Sunday after he gave up his chan­
cellorship, came to his wife's pew, and used the usual words
of his gentleman usher, Madam, my lord is gone. Camden.
Let be call'd before us
That gentleman of Buckingham's in person. Shak. H. VIII.
5. It is used of any man however high.
The earl of Hereford was reputed then
In England the most valiant gentleman. Shakes. Henry IV.
The king is a noble gentleman, and my familiar. Shakesp.

GENTLEMANLI’KE. adj. [gentleman and like.] Becoming a
man of birth.

GE’NTLEMANLY. adj. [gentleman and like.] Becoming a
man of birth.
He holdeth himself a gentleman, and scorneth to work,
which, he saith, is the life of a peasant or churl; but enureth
himself to his weapon, and to the gentlemanly trade of steal­
ing. Spenser on Ireland.
Pyramus is a sweet-fac'd man; a proper man as one shall
see in a Summer's day; a most lovely gentlemanlike man. Shak.
You have train'd me up like a peasant, hiding from me all
gentlemanlike qualities. Shakespeare's As you like it.
A gentleman uses the words of gallantry, and gentlemanlike
very often in his petition. Spectator, No. 629.
Two clergymen stood candidates for a freeschool, where a
gentleman, who happened to have understanding, procured
the place for him who was the better scholar and more gentle­
manly person of the two. Swift.

GE’NTLENESS. n. s. [from gentle.]


1. Dignity of birth; goodness of extraction.
2. Softness of manners; sweetness of disposition; meekness;
tenderness.
My lord Sebastian,
The truth, you speak, doth lack some gentleness. Shakesp.
Still she retains
Her maiden gentleness, and oft at eve
Visits the herds. Milton.
The perpetual gentleness and inherent goodness of the Or­
mond family. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
Changes are brought about silently and insensibly, with all
imaginable benignity and gentleness. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
Masters must correct their servants with gentleness, pru­
dence, and mercy. Rogers.
Women ought not to think gentleness of heart despicable in
a man. Clarissa.
3. Kindness; benevolence. Obsolete.
The gentleness of all the gods go with thee. Shakespeare.

GE’NTLESHIP. n. s. [from gentle.] Carriage of a gentleman.
Obsolete.
Some in France, which will needs be gentlemen, have more
gentleship in their hat than in their head. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

GE’NTLEWOMAN. n. s. [gentle and woman. See GENTLE­
MAN.]
1. A woman of birth above the vulgar; a woman well de­
scended.
The gentlewomen of Rome did not suffer their infants to be
so long swathed as poorer people. Abbot's Descr. of the World.
Doth this sir Protheus
Often resort unto this gentlewoman? Shakespeare.
Gentlewomen may do themselves much good by kneeling
upon a cushion, and weeding. Bacon's Natural History.
2. A woman who waits about the person of one of high rank.
The late queen's gentlewoman, a knight's daughter,
To be her mistress' mistress! Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Her gentlewomen, like the nereids,
So many mermaids, tended her i' th' eyes,
And made their bends adorings. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
3. A word of civility or irony.
Now, gentlewoman, you are confessing your enormities; I
know it by that hypocritical down-cast look. Dryden.

GE’NTLY. adv. [from gentle.]
1. Softly; meekly; tenderly; inoffensively; kindly.
My mistress gently chides the fault I made. Dryden.
The mischiefs that come by inadvertency, or ignorance,
are but very gently to be taken notice of. Locke.
2. Softly; without violence.
Fortune's blows,
When most struck home, being gently warded, craves
A noble cunning. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
In the same island a sort of great bat, as men lie asleep
with their legs naked, will suck their blood at a wound so
gently made as not to awake them. Grew's Musæum.

GE’NTRY. n. s. [gentlery, gentry, from gentle.]
1. Birth; condition.
You are certainly a gentleman,
Clerk-like experienc'd, which no less adorns
Our gentry than our parents' noble name,
In whose success we are gentle. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. Class of people above the vulgar; those between the vulgar
and the nobility.
They slaughtered many of the gentry, for whom no sex or
age could be accepted for excuse. Sidney.
Let states, that aim at greatness, take heed how their nobi­
lity and gentry multiply too fast. Bacon's Ornam. Ration.
How chearfully the hawkers cry
A satire, and the gentry buy. Swift.
2. A term of civility real or ironical.
The many-colour'd gentry there above,
By turns are rul'd by tumult and by love. Prior.
3. Civility; complaisance. Obsolete.
Shew us so much gentry and good-will,
As to extend your time with us a-while. Shakesp. Hamlet.

GE’NUFLECTION. n. s. [genuflexion, French; genu and flecto,
Latin.] The act of bending the knee; adoration expressed
by bending the knee.
Here they make use of all the rites of adoration, genuflec­
tions, wax-candles, incense, oblations, prayers only excepted.
Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

GE’NUINE. adj. [genuinus, Latin.] Not spurious; not coun­
terfeit; real; natural; true.
Experiments were at one time tried with genuine materials,
and at another time with sophisticated ones. Boyle.
The belief and remembrance, and love and fear of God,
have so great influence to make men religious, that where any
of these is, the rest, together with the true and genuine effects
of them, are supposed to be. Tillotson's Sermons.
A sudden darkness covers all;
True genuine night: night added to the groves:
The fogs are blown full in the face of heaven. Dryd. Oedip.

GENU’INELY. adv. [from genuine.] Without adulteration;
without foreign admixtures; naturally.
There is another agent able to analize compound bodies
less violently, more genuinely, and more universally than the
fire. Boyle.

GENU’INENESS. n. s. [from genuine.] Freedom from any thing
counterfeit; freedom from adulteration; purity; natural
state.
It is not essential to the genuineness of colours to be
durable. Boyle.

GE’NUS. n. s. [Latin.] In science, a class of being, compre­
hending under it many species: as quadruped is a genus com­
prehending under it almost all terrestrial beasts.
A general idea is called by the schools genus, and it is one
common nature agreeing to several other common natures:
so animal is a genus, because it agrees to horse, lion, whale,
and butterfly. Watts's Logick.
If minerals are not convertible into another species, though
of the same genus, much less can they be surmised reducible
into a species of another genus. Harvey on Consumptions.

GEO

GE’OCENTRICK. adj. [γῆ and ϰέντρον; geocentrique, French.]
Applied to a planet or orb having the earth for its centre, or
the same centre with the earth. Harris.

GE’ODÆSIA. n. s. [γεωδαισία; geodesie, French.] That part
of geometry which contains the doctrine or art of measuring
surfaces, and finding the contents of all plane figures. Harris.

GE’ODÆTICAL. adj. [from geodæsia.] Relating to the art of
measuring surfaces; comprehending or showing the art of
measuring land.

GE’OGRAPHER. n. s. [γῆ and γράφω; geographe, French.]
One who describes the earth according to the position of its
different parts.
A greater part of the earth hath ever been peopled than
hath been known or described by geographers. Brown.
The bay of Naples is called the Crater by the old geogra­
phers. Addison.
From sea to sea, from realm to realm I rove,
And grow a meer geographer by love. Tickell.

GEOGRA’PHICAL. adj. [geographique, French, from geogra­
phy.] Relating to geography; belonging to geography.

GEOGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from geographical.] In a geogra­
phical manner; according to the rules of geography.
Minerva lets Ulysses into the knowledge of his country:
she geographically describes it to him. Broome on the Odyssey.

GEO’GRAPHY. n. s. [γῆ and γράφω; geographie, Fr.] Geography in
a strict sense, signifies the knowledge of the circles of the earthly
globe, and the situation of the various parts of the earth. When
it is taken in a little larger sense, it includes the knowledge of
the seas also; and in the largest sense of all, it extends to the
various customs, habits, and governments of nations. Watts.
Olympus is extolled by the Greeks as attaining unto heaven;
but geography makes slight account hereof, when they discourse
of Andes or Teneriff. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.
According to ancient fables the Argonauts sailed up the
Danube, and from thence passed into the Adriatick, carrying
their ships upon their shoulders: a mark of great ignorance
in geography. Arbuthnot on Coins.

GEO’LOGY. n. s. [γῆ and λόγ.] The doctrine of the earth;
the knowledge of the state and nature of the earth.

GE’OMANCER. n. s. [γῆ and μάντις.] A fortuneteller; a
caster of figures; a cheat who pretends to foretell futurity by
other means than the astrologer.
Fortunetellers, jugglers, geomancers, and the incantatory
impostors, though commonly men of inferior rank, daily
delude the vulgar. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

GE’OMANCY. n. s. [γῆ and μαντία; geomance, French.]
The act of casting figures; the act of foretelling by figures
what shall happen.
According to some persons there are four kinds of divina­
tion; hydromancy, pyromancy, aeromancy, and geomancy.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

GEOMA’NTICK. adj. [from geomancy.] Pertaining to the act
of casting figures.
Two geomantick figures were display'd
Above his head, a warrior and a maid;
One when direct, and one when retrograde. Dryden.

GE’OMETER. n. s. [γεωμέτρης; geometre, French.] One skilled
in geometry; a geometrician.
He became one of the chief geometers of his age. Watts.

GE’OMETRAL. adj. [geometral, French, from geometry.] Per­
taining to geometry. Dict.

GE’OMETRICAL. adj. [γεωμεριϰὸς; geometrique, French, from
geometry.]

GE’OMETRICK. adj. [γεωμεριϰὸς; geometrique, French, from
geometry.]
1. Pertaining to geometry.
A geometrical scheme is let in by the eyes, but the demon­
stration is discerned by reason. More's Antid. against Atheism.
This mathematical discipline, by the help of geometrical
principles, doth teach to contrive several weights and powers
unto motion or rest. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
2. Prescribed or laid down by geometry.
Must men take the measure of God just by the same geome­
trical proportions that he did, that gather'd the height and big­
ness of Hercules by his foot? Stillingfleet.


Does not this wise philosopher assert,
That the vast orb, which casts so fair his beams,
Is such, or not much bigger than he seems?
That the dimensions of his glorious face
Two geometrick feet do scarce surpass? Blackmore's Creation.
3. Disposed according to geometry.
Geometrick jasper seemeth of affinity with the lapis sanguinalis
described by Boetius; but it is certainly one sort of lapis cru­
ciformis. Grew's Musæum.

GEOME’TRICALLY. adv. [from geometrical.] According to the
laws of geometry.
'Tis possible geometrically to contrive such an artificial mo­
tion as shall be of greater swiftness than the revolutions of the
heavens. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
All the bones, muscles, and vessels of the body are con­
trived most geometrically, according to the strictest rules of
mechanicks. Ray on the Creation.

GEOMETRI’CIAN. n. s. [γεωμέτρης.] One skilled in geometry;
a geometer.
Although there be a certain truth therein, geometricians
would not receive satisfaction without demonstration thereof.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
How easily does an expert geometrician, with one glance of
his eye, take in a complicated diagram, made up of many
lines and circles! Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To GEO’METRIZE. v. n. [γεωμερέω.] To act according to
the laws of geometry.
We obtained good store of crystals, whose figures were
differing enough, though prettily shaped, as if nature had at
once affected variety in their figuration, and yet confined her­
self to geometrize. Boyle.

GE’OMETRY. n. s. [γεωμερία; geometrie, French.] Origi­
nally signifies the art of measuring the earth, or any distances
or dimensions on or within it: but it is now used for the
science of quantity, extension, or magnitude abstractedly
considered, without any regard to matter.
Geometry very probably had its first rise in Egypt, where the
Nile annually overflowing the country, and covering it with
mud, obliged men to distinguish their lands one from another,
by the consideration of their figure; and after which, 'tis pro­
bable, to be able also to measure the quantity of it, and to
know how to plot it, and lay it out again in its just dimen­
sions, figure and proportion: after which, it is likely, a far­
ther contemplation of those draughts and figures helped them
to discover many excellent and wonderful properties belonging
to them; which speculations were continually improving, and
are still to this day. Geometry is usually divided into specula­
tive and practical; the former of which contemplates and
treats of the properties of continued quantity abstractedly;
and the latter applies these speculations and theorems to use
and practice, and to the benefit and advantage of man­
kind. Harris.
In the muscles alone there seems to be more geometry than in
all the artificial engines in the world. Ray on the Creation.
Him also for my censor I disdain,
Who thinks all science, as all virtue, vain;
Who counts geometry and numbers toys,
And with his foot the sacred dust destroys. Dryd. Pers. Sat.

GEOPO’NICAL. adj. [γῆ and πόν; geoponique, French.] Re­
lating to agriculture; relating to the cultivation of the ground.
Such expressions are frequent in authors geoponical, or such
as have treated de re rustica. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

GEOPO’NICKS. n. s. [γῆ and πόν.] The science of culti­
vating the ground; the doctrine of agriculture.

GEORGE. n. s. [Georgius, Latin.]
1. A figure of St. George on horseback worn by the knights of
the garter.
Look on my George, I am a gentleman;
Rate me at what thou wilt. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
2. A brown loaf. Of this sense I know not the original.
Cubb'd in a cabbin, on a mattress laid,
On a brown george, with lousy swobbers, fed. Dryd. Pers.

GEO’RGICK. n. s. [γεωργιϰὸν; georgiques, Fr.] Some part of
the science of husbandry put into a pleasing dress, and set off
with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry. Addison.

GEO’RGICK. adj. Relating to the doctrine of agriculture.
Here I peruse the Mantuan's georgick strains,
And learn the labours of Italian swains. Gay's Rural Sports.

GEO’TICK. adj. [from γῆ.] Belonging to the earth; ter­
restrial. Dict.

GER

GE’RENT. adj. [gerens, Latin.] Carrying; bearing. Dict.

GE’RFALCON. n. s. A bird of prey, in size between a vulture
and a hawk, and of the greatest strength next to the
eagle. Bailey.

GE’RMAN. n. s. [germain, French; germanus, Lat.] Brother;
one approaching to a brother in proximity of blood: thus the
children of brothers or sisters are called cousins german.
They knew it was their cousin german, the famous Am­
phialus. Sidney, b. ii.
And to him said, go now, proud miscreant,
Thyself thy message do to german dear. Fairy Queen, b. i.
These Germans did subdue all Germany,
Of whom it hight; but in the end their sire,
With foul repulse, from France was forced to retire. F. Q.
Wert thou a bear, thou wouldst be kill'd by the horse;
wert thou a horse, thou wouldst be seiz'd by the leopard;
wert thou a leopard, thou wert german to the lion, and the
spots of thy kindred were juries on thy life. Shakesp. Timon.
You'll have your nephews neigh to you; you'll have coursers
for cousins, and genets for germans. Shakesp. Othello.

GE’RMAN. adj. [germanus, Latin.] Related.
Not he alone shall suffer what wit can make heavy, and
vengeance bitter; but those that are german to him, though
removed fifty times, shall come under the hangman. Shakesp.

GE’RMANDER. n. s. [germandrée, French.]
It has small thick leaves, which are laciniated somewhat
like those of the oak: the flowers, which are produced at the
wings of the leaves, are labiated: the stamina or threads sup­
ply the place of the crest, or upper lip: the beard or lower lip
of the flower is divided into five parts: the middle segment,
which is largest, is hollow like a spoon, and sometimes divided
into two parts: the cup of the flower is fistulous. Miller.

GE’RME. n. s. [germen, Latin.] A sprout or shoot; that part
which grows and spreads.
Whether it be not made out of the germe, or treadle of the
egg, doth seem of lesser doubt. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

GE’RMIN. n. s. [germen, Latin.] A shooting or sprouting
seed.
Though palaces and pyramids do slope
Their heads to their foundations; though the treasure
Of nature's germins tumble all together,
Even 'till destruction sicken; answer me
To what I ask you. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Thou all-shaking thunder,
Strike flat the thick rotundity o' th' world;
Crack nature's mould, all germins spill at once
That make ungrateful man. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To GE’RMINATE. v. n. [germino, Latin.] To sprout; to
shoot; to bud; to put forth.
This action is furthered by the chalcites, which hath within
a spirit that will put forth and germinate, as we see in chymical
trials. Bacon's Natural History.
The seeds of all kinds of vegetables being planted near the
surface of the earth, in a convenient soil, amongst matter
proper for the formation of vegetables, would germinate, grow
up, and replenish the face of the earth. Woodward's Na. Hist.

GERMINA’TION. n. s. [germination, French, from germinate.]
The act of sprouting or shooting; growth.
For acceleration of germination, we refer it over unto the
place, where we shall handle the subject of plants generally.
Bacon's Natural History.
The duke of Buckingham had another kind of germination;
and surely, had he been a plant, he would have been reckoned
among the sponte nascentes. Wotton.
There is but little similitude between a terreous humidity
and plantal germinations. Glanv. Sceps. c. 25.
Suppose the earth should be carried to the great distance of
Saturn; there the whole globe would be one frigid zone;
there would be no life, no germination. Bentley's Sermons.

GE’RUND. n. s. [gerundium, Latin.] In the Latin grammar, a
kind of verbal noun, which governs cases like a verb.

GES

GEST. n. s. [gestum, Latin.]
1. A deed; an action; an atchievement.
Who fair them quites, as him beseemed best,
And goodly can discourse of many a noble gest. Fai. Qu.
2. Show; representation.
Gests should be interlarded after the Persian manner, by
ages, young and old.
3. The roll or journal of the several days, and stages prefixed,
in the progresses of our kings, many of them being still ex­
tant in the herald's office. [From giste, or gite, Fr.] Hanmer.
I'll give you my commission,
To let him there a month, behind the gest,
Prefix'd for's parting. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
He distinctly sets down the gests and progress thereof; and
are conceits of eminent use, to solve magnetical phenomenas.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 2.

GESTA’TION. n. s. [gestatio, Latin.] The act of bearing the
young in the womb.
Aristotle affirmeth the birth of the infant, or time of its
gestation, extendeth sometimes unto the eleventh month; but
Hippocrates avers that it exceedeth not the tenth. Brown.
Why in viviparous animals, in the time of gestation, should
the nourishment be carried to the embryo in the womb, which
at other times goeth not that way? Ray on the Creation.

To GESTI’CULATE. v. n. [gesticulor, Latin; gisticuler, Fr.]
To play antick tricks; to shew postures. Dict.

GESTICULA’TION. n. s. [gesticulatio, Latin; gesticulation, Fr.
from gesticulate.] Antick tricks; various postures.

GE’STURE. n. s. [gero, gestum, Latin; geste, French.]
1. Action or posture expressive of sentiment.
Ah, my sister, if you had heard his words, or seen his


gestures, when he made me know what and to whom his
love was, you would have matched in yourself, those two
rarely matched together, pity and delight. Sidney, b. ii.
When we make profession of our faith, we stand; when
we acknowledge our sins, or seek unto God for favour, we
fall down; because the gesture of constancy becometh us best
in the one, in the other the behaviour of humility. Hooker.
To the dumbness of the gesture
One might interpret. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
2. Movement of the body.
Grace was in all her steps, heav'n in her eye,
In ev'ry gesture dignity and love! Milton's Paradise Lost.
Every one will agree in this, that we ought either to lay
aside all kinds of gesture, or at least to make use of such only
as are graceful and expressive. Addison's Spectator, No. 408.

To GE’STURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To accompany with
action or posture.
Our attire disgraceth it; it is not orderly read, nor gestured
as beseemeth. Hooker, b. v.
Undertaking so to gesture and muffle up himself in his hood,
as the duke's manner was, that none should discern him.
Wotton's Life of the Duke of Buckingham.

GET

To GET. v. a. pret. I got, anciently gat; part. pass. got, or
gotten. [getan, gettan, Saxon.]
1. To procure; to obtain.
Thine be the cosset, well hast thou it got. Spenser's Past.
Of that which was our father's hath he gotten all this
glory. Gen. xxxi. 1.
We gat our bread with the peril of our lives. Sam. v. 9.
The pains of hell gat hold upon me. Ps. cxvi. 3.
David gat him a name when he returned from smiting of
the Syrians. 2 Sa. viii. 13.
Most of these things might be more exactly tried by the
Torricellian experiments, if we could get tubes so accurately
blown that the cavity were perfectly cylindrical. Boyle.
Such a conscience, as has not been wanting to itself, in en­
deavouring to get the utmost and clearest information about
the will of God, that its power, advantages, and opportunities
could afford it, is that great internal judge, whose absolution
is a rational and sure ground of confidence. South's Sermons.
He insensibly got a facility, without perceiving how; and that
is attributed wholly to nature, which was much more the effect
of use and practice. Locke.
He who attempts to get another man into his absolute power,
does thereby put himself into a state of war with him. Locke.
The man who lives upon alms, gets him his set of admirers,
and delights in superiority. Addison's Spectator, No. 219.
Sphinx was a monster that would eat
Whatever stranger she could get,
Unless his ready wit disclos'd,
The subtle riddle she propos'd. Addison's Whig Examiner.
This practice is to be used at first, in order to get a fixed
habit of attention, and in some cases only. Watts.
The word get is variously used: we say to get money, to get
in, to get off, to get ready, to get a stomach, and to get a
cold. Watts's Logick.
2. To force; to seize.
Such losels and scatterlings cannot easily, by any constable,
or other ordinary officer, be gotten, when they are challenged
for any such fact. Spenser on Ireland.
The king seeing this, starting from where he sat,
Out from his trembling hand his weapon gat. Daniel.
All things, but one, you can restore;
The heart you get returns no more. Waller.
3. To win.
Henry the sixth hath lost
All that which Henry the fifth had gotten. Shakes. Hen. VI.
He gat his people great honour, and he made battles, pro­
tecting the host with his sword. 1 Mac. iii. 3.
To get the day of them of his own nation, would be a most
unhappy day for him. 2 Mac. v. 6.
Auria held that course to have drawn the gallies within his
great ships, who thundering amongst them with their great
ordnance, might have opened a way unto his gallies to have
gotten a victory. Knolles's History of the Turks.
4. To have possession of; to hold.
Then forcing thee, by fire he made thee bright;
Nay, thou hast got the face of man. Herbert.
5. To beget upon a female.
These boys are boys of ice; they'll none of her: sure they
are bastards to the English, the French never got them. Shak.
Women with study'd arts they vex:
Ye gods destroy that impious sex;
And if there must be some t' invoke
Your pow'rs, and make your altars smoke,
Come down yourselves, and, in their place,
Get a more just and nobler race. Waller.
Children they got on their female captives. Locke.
If you'll take 'em as their fathers got 'em, so and well; if
not, you must stay 'till they get a better generation. Dryden.
Has no man, but who has kill'd
A father, right to get a child? Prior.
Let ev'ry married man, that's grave and wise,
Take a tartuff of known ability,
Who shall so settle lasting reformation;
First get a son, then give him education. Dorset.
The god of day, descending from above,
Mixt with the day, and got the queen of love. Granville.
6. To gain as profit.
Though creditors will lose one fifth of their principal and
use, and landlords one fifth of their income, yet the debtors
and tenants will not get it. Locke.
7. To gain as superiority or advantage.
If they get ground and 'vantage of the king,
Then join you with them like a rib of steel. Shakes. H. IV.
8. To earn; to gain by labour.
Nature and necessity taught them to make certain vessels of
a tree, which they got down, not with cutting, but with fire.
Abbot's Description of the World.
Having no mines, nor any other way of getting or keeping
of riches but by trade, so much of our trade as is lost, so
much of our riches must necessarily go with it. Locke.
If it be so much pains to count the money I would spend,
what labour did it cost my ancestors to get it? Locke.
9. To receive as a price or reward.
Any tax laid on foreign commodities in England raises their
price, and makes the importer get more for them; but a tax
laid on your homemade commodities lessens their price. Locke.
10. To learn.
Get by heart the more common and useful words out of
some judicious vocabulary. Watts.
11. To procure to be.
I shall shew how we may get it thus informed, and after­
wards preserve and keep it so. South's Sermons.
12. To put into any state.
Take no repulse, whatever she doth say;
For, get you gone, she doth not mean away. Shakespeare.
About a fortnight before your ewes bring forth their young,
they may be pretty well kept, to get them a little into heart.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
Helim, who was taken up in embalming the bodies, visited
the place very frequently: his greatest perplexity was how to
get the lovers out of it, the gates being watched. Guardian.
13. To prevail on; to induce.
Though the king could not get him to engage in a life of
business, he made him however his chief companion. Spectat.
14. To draw; to hook.
With much communication will he tempt thee, and smiling
upon thee get out thy secrets. Ecclus. xiii. 11.
By the marriage of his grandson Ferdinand he got into his
family the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary. Addison.
After having got out of you every thing you can spare, I
scorn to trespass. Guardian, No. 167.
15. To betake; to remove.
Get you to bed on th' instant; I will be return'd forthwith.
Shakespeare's Othello.
Arise, get thee out from this land. Gen. xxxi. 13.
Get thee out, and depart hence. Luke xiii. 31.
Lest they join also unto our enemies, and fight against us,
and so get them up out of the land. Ex. i. 10.
Get ye up in peace unto your father. Gen. xliv. 17.
Thus perplexed, he with all speed got himself with his fol­
lowers to the strong town of Mega, in hope to shrowd him­
self. Knolles's History of the Turks.
16. To remove by force or art.
By the good direction of Auria she was quickly got off the
land again, and entered with the rest. Knolles's History.
The roving fumes of quicksilver, in evaporating, would
oftentimes fasten upon the gold in such plenty, as would put
him to much trouble to get them off from his rings. Boyle.
When mercury is got by the help of the fire out of a metal,
or other mineral body, we may suppose this quicksilver to have
been a perfect body of its own kind. Boyle.
They are offended to see them wilful, and would be glad to
get out those weeds which their own hands have planted, and
which now have taken too deep root to be easily extirpated.
Locke on Education.
17. To put.
Get on thy boots; we'll ride all night. Shakesp. Henry IV.
18. To GET off. To sell or dispose of by some expedient.
Wood, to get his halfpence off, offered an hundred pounds
in his coin for seventy in silver. Swift.

To GET. v. n.
1. To arrive at any state or posture by degrees with some kind
of labour, effort, or difficulty.
Phalantus was entrapped, and saw round about him, but
could not get out. Sidney.
You knew he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge
More likely to fall in than to get o'er. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Away, get thee down. Ex. xix. 24.


If it displease thee, I will get me back again. Num. xxii.
The stranger shall get up above thee very high, and thou
shalt come down very low. Deuter. xxviii. 43.
The fox bragged what a number of shifts and devices he
had to get from the hounds, and the cat said he had but one,
which was to climb a tree. Bacon.
Those that are very cold, and especially in their feet, can­
not get to sleep. Bacon's Natural History.
I utterly condemn the practice of the later times, that some
who are pricked for sheriffs, and were fit, should get out of
the bill. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Being entered unto the Mahometan religion, he got away
unto the Christians, and hardly escaped from the battle.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
He would be at their backs before they could get out of
Armenia. Knolles's History of the Turks.
She plays with his rage, and gets above his anger. Denham.
The latitant air had got away in bubbles. Boyle.
There are few bodies whose minute parts stick so close to­
gether, but that it is possible to meet with some other body
whose small parts may get between, and so disjoin them. Boyle.
There was but an insensible diminution of the liquor upon
the recess of whatever it was that got through the cork. Boyle.
Although the universe, and every part thereof, are objects
full of excellency, yet the multiplicity thereof is so various,
that the understanding falls under a kind of despondency of
getting through so great a task. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
If there should be any leak at the bottom of the vessel, yet
very little water would get in, because no air could get out.
Wilkins's Math. Magick.
O heav'n, in what a lab'rinth am I led!
I could get out, but she detains the thread! Dryden.
So have I seen some fearful hare maintain
A course, 'till tir'd before the dog she lay;
Who, stretch'd behind her, pants upon the plain,
Past pow'r to kill, as she to get away. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
The more oily and light part of this mass would get above
the other, and swim upon it. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Having got through the foregoing passage, let us go on to
his next argument. Locke.
The removing of the pains we feel is the getting out of
misery, and consequently the first thing to be done, in order
to happiness, absent good. Locke.
If, having got into the sense of the epistles, we will but
compare what he says, in the places where he treats of the
same subject, we can hardly be mistaken in his sense. Locke.
I got up as fast as possible, girt on my rapier, and snatched
up my hat, when my landlady came up to me. Tatler.
Bucephalus would let nobody get upon him but Alexander
the Great. Addison on Italy.
Imprison'd fires, in the close dungeons pent,
Roar to get loose, and struggle for a vent;
Eating their way, and undermining all,
'Till with a mighty burst whole mountains fall. Addison.
When Alma now, in diff'rent ages,
Has finish'd her ascending stages,
Into the head at length she gets,
And there in publick grandeur sits,
To judge of things. Prior.
I resolved to break through all measures to get away. Swift.
Happy are they who meet with civil people that will com­
ply with their ignorance, and help them to get out of it. Locke.
2. To fall; to come by accident.
Two or three men of the town are got among them. Tatler.
3. To find the way.
When an egg is made hard by boiling, since there is nothing
that appears to get in at the shell, unless some colorifick atoms,
and some little particles of the water it is boiled in, it is not
easy to discover from whence else this change of consistency
proceeds than from a change made in the texture of the
parts. Boyle.
He raves; his words are loose
As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense:
You see he knows not me, his natural father;
But aiming to possess th' usurping queen,
So high he's mounted in his airy hopes,
That now the wind is got into his head,
And turns his brains to frenzy. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
A child runs to overtake and get up to the top of his sha­
dow, which still advances at the same rate that he does. Locke.
Should dressing, feasting, and balls once get among the
Cantons, their military roughness would be quickly lost. Addis.
The fluids which surround bodies, upon the surface of the
globe, get in between the surfaces of bodies when they are at
any distance. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
4. To move; to remove.
Get home with thy fewel made ready to set;
The sooner, the easier carriage to get. Tusser.
Many of the gallies rode it out at sea, where they were by
shot out of the city enforced to get them farther off. Knolles.
Rise up and get you forth from amongst my people. Ex. xii.
5. To have recourse to.
The Turks made great haste through the midst of the town
ditch, to get up into the bulwark to help their fellows. Knolles.
Lying is so cheap a cover for any miscarriage, and so much
in fashion, that a child can scarce be kept from getting into
it. Locke.
6. To go; to repair.
They ran to their weapons, and furiously assailed the Turks,
now fearing no such matter, and were not as yet all got into
the castle. Knolles's History of the Turks.
A knot of ladies, got together by themselves, is a very school
of impertinence. Swift.
7. To put one's self in any state.
To-morrow get you early on your way. Judg. xix. 9.
They might get over the river Avon at Stratford, and get
between the king and Worcester. Clarendon.
We can neither find source nor issue for such an excessive
mass of waters, neither where to have them; nor, if we had
them, how to get quit of them. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Without his assistance we can no more get quit of our
affliction, than but by his permission we should have fallen
into it. Wake's Preparation for Death.
There is a sort of men who pretend to divest themselves of
partiality on both sides, and to get above that imperfect idea
of their subject which little writers fall into. Pope on Homer.
As the obtaining the love of valuable men is the happiest
end of this life, so the next felicity is to get rid of fools and
scoundrels. Pope to Swift.
8. To become by any act what one was not before.
The laughing sot, like all unthinking men,
Bathes and gets drunk; then bathes and drinks again. Dryd.
9. To be a gainer; to receive advantage.
Like jewels to advantage set,
Her beauty by the shade does get. Waller.
10. To GET off. To escape.
The gallies, by the benefit of the shores and shallows, got
off. Bacon's War with Spain.
Whate'er thou do'st, deliver not thy sword;
With that thou may'st get off, tho' odds oppose thee. Dryd.
11. To GET over. To conquer; to suppress; to pass without
being stopped in thinking or acting.
'Tis very pleasant, on this occasion, to hear the lady pro­
pose her doubts, and to see the pains he is at to get over them.
Addison's Spectator, No. 475.
I cannot get over the prejudice of taking some little offence
at the clergy, for perpetually reading their sermons. Swift.
To remove this difficulty, the earl of Peterborough was dis­
patched to Vienna, and got over some part of those disputes,
to the satisfaction of the duke of Savoy. Swift.
12. To GET up. To rise from repose.
Sheep will get up betimes in the morning to feed against
rain. Bacon's Natural History.
13. To GET up. To rise from a seat.
Get you up from about the tabernacle of Koran, Dathan,
and Aboriam. Numb. xvi.

GE’TTER. n. s. [from get.]
1. One who procures or obtains.
2. One who begets on a female.
Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, null'd, deaf, sleepy, in­
sensible; a getter of more bastard-children than war's a de­
stroyer of men. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

GE’TTING. n. s. [from get.]
1. Act of getting; acquisition.
Wisdom is the principal thing, therefore get wisdom; and
with all thy getting get understanding. Prov. iv. 7.
2. Gain; profit.
Who hath a state to repair may not despise small things;
and it is less dishonourable to abridge a petty charge than to
stoop to petty gettings. Bacon, Essay 29.
The meaner families, are obliged to return to the steward
a small monthly share of their gettings, to be a portion for the
child. Gulliver's Travels.

GEW

GE’WGAW. n. s. [gegaf, Saxon; joyau, French.] A showy
trifle; a toy; a bauble; a splendid plaything.
That metal they exchanged for the meanest trifles and gew­
gaws which the others could bring. Abbot's Descr. of the World.
Prefer that which providence has pronounced to be the staff
of life, before a glittering gewgaw that has no other value
than what vanity has set upon it. L'Estrange, Fable 1.
As children, when they throw one toy away,
Straight a more foolish gewgaw comes in play. Dryden.
A heavy gewgaw, call'd a crown, that spread
About his temples, drown'd his narrow head,
And would have crush'd it. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 10.
Some loose the bands
Of ancient friendship, cancel nature's laws
For pageantry and tawdry gewgaws. Phillips.
The first images were fans, silks, ribbands, laces, and many
other gewgaws, which lay so thick that the whole heart was
nothing else but a toyshop. Addison's Guard.



GE’WGAW. adj. Splendidly trifling; showy without value.
Let him that would learn the happiness of religion, see the
poor gewgaw happiness of Feliciano. Law's Serious Call.

GHA’STFUL. adj. [gast and fulle, Saxon.] Dreary; dismal;
melancholy; fit for walking spirits.
Here will I dwell apart,
In ghastful grave, 'till my last sleep
Do close mine eyes:
Help me, ye baneful birds, whose shrieking sound
Is sign of dreary death. Spenser's Pastorals.

GHA’STLINESS. n. s. [from ghastly.]
1. Horrour of countenance; resemblance of a ghost; paleness.

GHA’STLY. adj. [gast, or ghost, and like.]
1. Like a ghost; having horrour in the countenance; pale;
dreadful; dismal.
Why looks your grace so heavily to-day?
—O, I have past a miserable night;
So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams,
So full of dismal terrour was the time. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Envy quickly discovered in court Solyman's changed coun­
tenance upon the great bassa, and began now to shew her
ghastly face. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Death
Grinn'd horrible a ghastly smile, to hear
His famine should be fill'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Those departed friends, whom at our last separation we saw
disfigured by all the ghastly horrours of death, we shall then
see assisting about the majestick throne of Christ, with their
once vile bodies transfigured into the likeness of his glorious
body, mingling their glad acclamations with the hallelujahs
of thrones, principalities and powers. Boyle.
This poor man's desolate wife,
Expects some happy day;
This ghastly thing, the comfort of her life. Flatman.
He came, but with such alter'd looks,
So wild, so ghastly, as if some ghost had met him,
All pale and speechless. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
I did not for these ghastly visions send;
Their sudden coming does some ill portend. Dryd. Ind. Em.
I who make the triumph of to-day,
May of to-morrow's pomp one part appear,
Ghastly with wounds, and lifeless on the bier! Prior.
2. Horrible; shocking; dreadful.
To be less than gods
Disdain'd; but meaner thoughts learn'd in their flight,
Mangled with ghastly wounds through plate and mail. Milt.

GHA’STNESS. n. s. [from gast, Saxon.] Ghastliness; horrour
of look.
Look you pale, mistress?
Do you perceive the ghastness of the eye? Shakesp. Othello.

GHE’RKIN. n. s. [from gurcke, German, a cucumber.] A
pickled cucumber. Skinner.

To GHESS. v. n. [See To GUESS. Ghess is by criticks con­
sidered as the true orthography, but guess has universally pre­
vailed.] To conjecture.

GHO

GHOST. n. s. [gast, Saxon.]
1. The soul of man.
Vex not his ghost: O, let him pass! He hates him,
That would upon the rack of this rough world
Stretch him out longer. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Often did I strive
To yield the ghost; but still the envious flood
Kept in my soul. Shak. R. III.
Man, when once cut down, when his pale ghost
Fleets into air, is for ever lost. Sandys's Paraphrase.
2. A spirit appearing after death.
The mighty ghosts of our great Harrys rose,
And armed Edwards look'd with anxious eyes,
To see this fleet among unequal foes,
By which fate promis'd them their Charles should rise. Dryd.
3. To give up the GHOST. To die; to yield up the spirit into
the hands of God.
Their shadows seem
A canopy most fatal, under which
Our army lies ready to give up the ghost. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
4. The third person in the adorable Trinity, called the Holy
Ghost.

To GHOST. v. n. [from the noun.] To yield up the ghost; to
die. Not in use.
Euryalus taking leave of Lucretia, precipitated her into such
a love-fit, that within a few hours she ghosted; which course
Euryalus was like to have steered, upon the news. Sidney.

To GHOST. v. a. To haunt with apparitions of departed
men. Obsolete.
Julius Cæsar,
Who at Philippi the good Brutus ghosted,
There saw you labouring for him. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopat.

GHO’STLINESS. n. s. [from ghostly.] Spiritual tendency; qua­
lity of having reference chiefly to the soul.

GHO’STLY. adj. [from ghost.]
1. Spiritual; relating to the soul; not carnal; not secular.
Our common necessities, and the lack which we all have,
as well of ghostly as of earthly favours, is in each kind so easily
known, but the gifts of God, according to these degrees and
times, which he in his secret wisdom seeth meet, are so
diversly bestowed, that it seldom appeareth what all receive,
what all stand in need of, it seldom lieth hid. Hooker, b. v.
The graces of the spirit are much more precious than
worldly benefits, and our ghostly evils of greater importance
than any harm which the body feeleth. Hooker, b. v. s. 35.
To deny me the ghostly comfort of my chaplains, seems a
greater barbarity than is ever used by Christians. King Charles.
2. Having a character from religion; spiritual.
Hence will I to my ghostly friar's close cell,
His help to crave, and my dear hap to tell. Sh. Ro. and Jul.
The ghostly father now hath done his shrift. Shakesp. H. VI.

GIA’LALINA. n. s. [Italian.] Earth of a bright gold colour,
found in the kingdom of Naples, very fine, and much valued
by painters. Woodward's Met. Foss.

GIA’MBEUX. n. s. [jambes, French.] Legs, or armour for
legs; greaves.
The mortal steel dispiteously entail'd,
Deep in their flesh, quite through the iron walls,
That a large purple stream adown their giambeux falls. F. Q.

GI’ANT. n. s. [geant, French; gigas, Latin.] A man of size
above the ordinary rate of men; a man unnaturally large. It
is observable, that the idea of a giant is always associated
with pride, brutality, and wickedness.
Now does he feel his axle
Hang loose about him, like a giant's robe
Upon a dwarfish thief. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Gates of monarchs
Are arch'd so high that giants may jet through,
And keep their impious turbands on, without
Good-morrow to the sun. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Woman's gentle brain
Could not drop forth such giant rude invention;
Such Ethiop words. Shakesp. As you like it.
Fierce faces threat'ning wars,
Giants of mighty bone, and bold emprise! Milt. Pa. Lost.
Those giants, those mighty men, and men of renown, far
exceeded the proportion, nature, and strength of those giants
remembered by Moses of his own time. Raleigh's History.
The giant brothers, in their camp, have found
I was not forc'd with ease to quit my ground. Dryden's Æn.
By weary steps and slow
The groping giant with a trunk of pine
Explor'd his way. Addison.
Neptune, by pray'r repentant, rarely won,
Afflicts the chief t' avenge his giant son,
Great Polypheme, of more than mortal might. Pope.

GI’ANTESS. n. s. [from giant.] A she-giant; a woman of un­
natural bulk and height.
I had rather be a giantess, and lie under mount Pelion. Shak.
Were this subject to the cedar, she would be able to
make head against that huge giantess. Howel.

GI’ANTLIKE. adj. [from giant and like.] Gigantick; vast;
bulky.

GI’ANTLY. adj. [from giant and like.] Gigantick; vast;
bulky.
Single courage, has often, without romance, overcome
giantly difficulties. Decay of Piety.
Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and philosophy,
which they are deplorably strangers to, and those unanswer­
able doubts and difficulties, which, over their cups, they pre­
tend to have against Christianity; persuade but the covetous
man not to deify his money, the proud man not to adore him­
self, and I dare undertake that all their giantlike objections
against the Christian religion shall presently vanish and quit
the field. South's Sermons.

GI’ANTSHIP. n. s. [from giant.] Quality or character of a
giant.
His giantship is gone somewhat crest-fall'n,
Stalking with less unconscionable strides,
And lower looks. Milton's Agonistes.

GIB

GI’BBE. n. s. Any old worn-out animal. Hanmer.
For who that's but a queen, fair, sober, wise,
Would from a paddock, from a bat, a gibbe,
Such dear concernings hide? Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To GI’BBER. v. n. [from jabber.] To speak inarticulately.
The sheeted dead
Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets. Shakesp. Haml.

GI’BBERISH. n. s. [Derived by Skinner from gaber, French, to
cheat; by others conjectured to be formed by corruption from
jabber. But as it was anciently written gebrish, it is probably
derived from the chymical cant, and originally implied the
jargon of Geber and his tribe.] Cant; the private language
of rogues and gipsies; words without meaning.
Some, if they happen to hear an old word, albeit very na­
tural and significant, cry out straitway, that we speak no Eng­
lish, but gibberish. Spenser.
Some of both sexes writing down a number of letters, just
as it came into their heads; upon reading this gibberish, that
which the men had wrote sounded like High Dutch, and the
other by the women like Italian. Swift.



GI’BBET. n. s. [gibet, French.]
1. A gallows; the post on which malefactors are hanged, or on
which their carcases are exposed.
When was there ever cursed atheist brought
Unto the gibbet, but he did adore
That blessed pow'r which he had set at nought? Davies.
You scandal to the stock of verse, a race
Able to bring the gibbet in disgrace. Cleaveland.
Haman suffered death himself upon the very gibbet that he
had provided for another. L'Estrange.
Papers of universal approbation, lay such principles to the
whole body of the Tories, as, if they were true, our next
business should be to erect gibbets in every parish, and hang
them out of the way. Swift.
2. Any traverse beams.

To GI’BBET. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To hang or expose on a gibbet.
I'll gibbet up his name. Oldham.
2. To hang on any thing going traverse: as the beam of a
gibbet.
He shall come off and on swifter than he that gibbets on
the brewer's bucket. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. II.

GI’BBIER. n. s. [French.] Game; wild fowl.
These imposts are laid on all butcher's meat, while, at the
same time, the fowl and gibbier are tax free. Addison on Italy.

GIBBO’SITY. n. s. [gibbosité, Fr. from gibbous.] Convexity;
prominence; protuberance.
When two ships, sailing contrary ways, lose the sight one
of another, what should take away the sight of ships from
each other, but the gibbosity of the interjacent water? Ray.

GI’BBOUS. adj. [gibbus, Latin; gibbeux, Fr.]
1. Convex; protuberant; swelling into inequalities.
The bones will rise, and make a gibbous member. Wiseman.
A pointed flinty rock, all bare and black,
Grew gibbous from behind the mountain's back. Dryden.
The sea, by this access and recess, shuffling the empty
shells, wears them away, reducing those that are concave and
gibbous to a flat. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Crookbacked.
I shall demand how the camels of Bactria came to have
two bunches in their back, whereas the camels of Arabia, in
all relations, have but one? How oxen, in some countries,
began and continue gibbous, or hunch-backed? Brown.

GI’BBOUSNESS. n. s. [from gibbous.] Convexity; prominence.
To make the convexity of the earth discernible, suppose a
man lifted in the air, that he may have a spacious horizon;
but then, because of the distance, the convexity and gibbous­
ness would vanish away, and he would only see a great circular
flat. Bentley's Sermons.

GI’BCAT. n. s. [gib and cat.] An old worn-out cat.
I am as melancholy as a gibcat, or a lugg'd bear. Shakesp.

To GIBE. v. n. [gaber, old French, to sneer, to ridicule.]
To sneer; to join censoriousness with contempt.
They seem to imagine that we have erected of late a frame
of some new religion, the furniture whereof we should not
have borrowed from our enemies, lest they should afterwards
laugh and gibe at our party. Hooker, b. iv. s. 9.
When he saw her toy, and gibe, and geer,
And pass the bounds of modest merry-make,
Her dalliance he despis'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 6.
Why that's the way to choke a gibing spirit,
Whose influence is begot of that loose grace
Which shallow laughing hearers give to fools. Shakespeare.
Thus with talents well endu'd
To be scurrilous and rude,
When you pertly raise your snout,
Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout. Swift.

To GIBE. v. a. To reproach by contemptuous hints; to
flout; to scoff; to ridicule; to treat with scorn; to sneer; to
taunt.
When rioting in Alexandria: you
Did pocket up my letters, and with taunts
Did gibe my missive out of audience. Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.
Draw the beasts as I describe them,
From their features, while I gibe them. Swift.

GIBE. n. s. [from the verb.] Sneer; hint of contempt by word
or look; scoff; act or expression of scorn; taunt.
Mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns
That dwell in ev'ry region of his face. Shakesp. Othello.
The rich have still a gibe in store,
And will be monstrous witty on the poor. Dryden's Juven.
If they would hate from the bottom of their hearts, their
aversion would be too strong for little gibes every moment.
Spectator, No. 300.
But the dean, if this secret shou'd come to his ears,
Will never have done with his gibes and his jeers. Swift.

GI’BER. n. s. [from gibe.] A sneerer; one who turns others
to ridicule by contemptuous hints; a scoffer; a taunter.
You are well understood to be a more perfect giber of the
table, than a necessary bencher of the capitol. Shakes. Cor.
Come, Sempronia, leave him;
He is a giber, and our present business
If of more serious consequence. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

GI’BINGLY. adv. [from gibe.] Scornfully; contemptuously.
His present portance,
Gibingly and ungravely he did fashion
After th' inveterate hate he bears to you. Shakes. Coriolanus.

GI’BLETS. n. s. [According to Minshew from gobbet, gobblet:
according to Junius more probably from gibier, game, Fr.]
The parts of a goose which are cut off before it is roasted.
'Tis holyday; provide me better cheer:
'Tis holyday; and shall be round the year:
Shall I my houshold gods and genius cheat,
To make him rich who grudges me my meat?
That he may loll at ease; and pamper'd high,
When I am laid, may feed on giblet pie? Dryden's Pers.

GID

GI’DDILY. adv. [from giddy.]
1. With the head seeming to turn round.
2. Inconstantly; unsteadily.
To roam
Giddily, and be every where but at home,
Such freedom doth a banishment become. Donne.
3. Carelesly; heedlesly; negligently.
The parts that fortune hath bestow'd upon her,
Tell her, I hold as giddily as fortune. Shak. Twelfth Night.

GI’DDINESS. n. s. [from giddy.]
1. The state of being giddy or vertiginous; the sensation which
we have when every thing seems to turn round.
Megrims and giddiness are rather when we rise after long
sitting, than while we sit. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Inconstancy; unsteadiness; mutability; changeableness.
There be that delight in giddiness, and count it a bondage
to fix a belief. Bacon, Essay 1.
3. Quick rotation; inability to keep its place.
The indignation of heaven rolling and turning us, 'till
at length such a giddiness seized upon government, that it
fell into the very dregs of sectaries. South's Sermons.
4. Frolick; wantonness of life.
Thou, like a contrite penitent,
Charitably warn'd of thy sins, do'st repent
These vanities and giddinesses. Donne.

GI’DDY. adj. [gidig, Saxon. I know not whether this
word may not come from gad, to wander, to be in motion,
gad, gid, giddy.]
1. Vertiginous; having in the head a whirl, or sensation of cir­
cular motion, such as happens by disease or drunkenness.
Them rev'ling thus the Tentyrites invade,
By giddy heads and stagg'ring legs betray'd. Tate's Juvenal.
2. Rotatory; whirling; running round with celerity.
As Ixion fix'd, the wretch shall feel
The giddy motion of the whirling mill. Pope.
3. Inconstant; mutable; unsteady; changeful.
Our fancies are more giddy and unfirm,
More longing, wavering, sooner lost and won,
Than womens are. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
It may be gnats and flies have their imagination more mu­
table and giddy, as small birds likewise have. Bacon's N. Hist.
Thanks to giddy chance, which never bears
That mortal bliss should last for length of years,
She cast us headlong from our high estate,
And here in hope of thy return we wait. Dryden's Fables.
The giddy vulgar, as their fancies guide,
With noise say nothing, and in parts divide. Dryden's Æn.
You are as giddy and volatile as ever, the reverse of Pope,
who hath always loved a domestick life. Swift to Gay.
4. That which causes giddiness.
The frequent errors of the pathless wood,
The giddy precipice, and the dang'rous flood. Prior.
The sylphs through mystick mazes guide their way,
Through all the giddy circle they pursue. Pope.
5. Heedless; thoughtless; uncautious; wild.
Too many giddy foolish hours are gone,
And in fantastick measures danc'd away. Rowe's Ja. Shore.
How inexcusable are those giddy creatures, who, in the same
hour, leap from a parent's window to a husband's bed. Clarissa.
6. Tottering; unfixed.
As we pac'd along
Upon the giddy footing of the hatches,
Methought that Glo'ster stumbled. Shakespeare's Rich. III.
7. Intoxicated; elated to thoughtlesness; overcome by any over­
powering inticement.
Art thou not giddy with the fashion too, that thou hast
shifted out of thy tale into telling me of the fashion? Shakesp.
Like one of two contending in a prize,
That thinks he hath done well in people's eyes;
Hearing applause and universal shout,
Giddy in spirit, gazing still in doubt,
Whether those peals of praise be his or no. Shakespeare.

GI’DDYBRAINED. adj. [giddy and brain.] Careless; thought­
less.


Turn him out again, you unnecessary, useless, giddybrain'd
ass! Otway's Venice Preserved.

GI’DDYHEADED. adj. [giddy and head.] Without thought or
caution; without steadiness or constancy.
And sooner may a gulling weather spy,
By drawing forth heav'n's scheme descry
What fashion'd hats or ruffs, or suits, next year,
Our giddyheaded antick youth will wear. Donne.
That men are so misaffected, melancholy, giddyheaded,
hear the testimony of Solomon. Burton on Melancholy.

GI’DDYPACED. adj. [giddy and pace.] Moving without regu­
larity.
More than light airs, and recollected terms,
Of these most brisk and giddypaced times. Shakespeare.

GI’ER-EAGLE. n. s. [Sometimes it is written jer-eagle.] An
eagle of a particular kind.
These fowls shall not be eaten, the swan and the pelican,
and the gier-eagle. Lev. xi. 18.

GIFT. n. s. [from give.]
1. A thing given or bestowed; something conferred without
price.
They presented unto him gifts, gold, and frankincense and
myrrh. Mat. ii. 11.
Recall your gift, for I your pow'r confess;
But first take back my life, a gift that's less. Dryd. Aureng.
2. The act of giving.
No man has any antecedent right or claim to that which
comes to him by free gift. South's Sermons.
3. Oblation; offering.
Many nations shall come with gifts in their hands, even
gifts to the king of heaven: Tob. xiii. 11.
4. A bribe.
Thou shalt not wrest judgment, thou shalt not respect per­
sons, neither take a gift; for a gift doth blind the eyes of the
wife. Deuter. xvi. 19.
5. Power; faculty.
And if the boy have not a woman's gift,
To rain a shower of commanded tears,
An onion will do well for such a shift. Shakespeare.
He who has the gift of ridicule, finds fault with any thing
that gives him an opportunity of exerting his beloved talent.
Addison's Spectator, No. 291.

GI’FTED. adj. [from gift.]
1. Given; bestowed.
Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze,
To grind in brazen fetters, under task,
With my heav'n gifted strength. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Endowed with extraordinary powers. It is commonly used
ironically.
Two of their gifted brotherhood, Hacket and Coppinger,
got up into a pease-cart, and harangued the people to dispose
them to an insurrection. Dryd. Rel. Laici, Preface.
There is no talent so pernicious as eloquence, to those who
have it not under command: women, who are so liberally
gifted by nature in this particular, ought to study the rules of
female oratory. Addison's Freeholder, No. 23.

GIG

GIG. n. s. [Etymology uncertain.]
1. Any thing that is whirled round in play.]
Playthings, as tops, gigs, battledores, should be procured
them. Locke.
2. [Gigia, Islandick.] A fiddle. Now out of use.

GI’GANTICK. adj. [gigantes, Latin.] Suitable to a giant;
big; bulky; enormous; likewise wicked; atrocious.
Others from the wall defend
With dart and jav'lin, stones, and sulphurous fire;
On each hand slaughter and gigantick deeds! Milt. Pa. Lost.
I dread him not, nor all his giant-brood,
Though fame divulg'd him father of five sons,
All of gigantick size, Goliah chief. Milton's Agonistes.
The son of Hercules he justly seems,
By his broad shoulders and gigantick limbs. Dryden's Æn.
The Cyclopean race in arms arose;
A lawless nation of gigantick foes. Pope's Odyssey, b. vi.

To GI’GGLE. v. n. [gichgelen, Dutch.] To laugh idly; to
titter; to grin with merry levity. It is retained in Scotland.

GI’GGLER. n. s. [from giggle.] A laugher; a titterer; one
idly and foolishly merry.
A sad wise valour is the brave complexion,
That leads the van, and swallows up the cities:
The giggler is a milk-maid, whom infection,
Or the fir'd beacon, frighteth from his ditties. Herbert.
We shew our present, joking, giggling race;
True joy consists in gravity and grace. Garrick's Epilogue.

GI’GLET. n. s. [geagl, Saxon; geyl, Dutch; gillet, Scottish, is
still retained.] A wanton; a lascivious girl. Now out of use.
Young Talbot was not born
To be the pillage of a giglet wench. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The fam'd Cassibelan was once at point,
Oh giglet fortune! to master Cæsar's sword. Shak. Cymbel.
Away with those giglets too, and with the other confederate
companion. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.

GI’GOT. n. s. [French.] The hip joint.

GIL

To GILD. v. a. pret. gilded, or gilt. [gildan, Saxon.]
1. To wash over with gold; to cover with foliated gold.
The room was large and wide,
As it some gilt or solemn temple were:
Many great golden pillars did uprear
The massy roof, and riches huge sustain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Gilded wood may worms infold. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
To gild refined gold, to paint the lily,
To throw a perfume on the violet. Shakespeare's K. John.
And the gilded car of day
His glowing axle doth allay
In the steep Atlantick stream. Milton.
Purchasing riches with our time and care,
We lose our freedom in a gilded snare. Roscommon.
When Britain, looking with a just disdain
Upon this gilded majesty of Spain,
And knowing well that empire must decline,
Whose chief support and sinews are of coin. Waller.
Her joy in gilded chariots, when alive;
And love of ombre after death survive. Pope.
2. To cover with any yellow matter.
Thou did'st drink
The stale of horses and the gilded puddle,
Which beasts would cough at. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. To adorn with lustre.
No more the rising sun shall gild the morn,
Nor ev'ning Cynthia fill her silver horn. Pope's Messiah.
4. To brighten; to illuminate.
The lightsome passion of joy was not that trivial, vanish­
ing, superficial thing, that only gilds the apprehension and
plays upon the surface of the soul. South.
5. To recommend by adventitious ornaments.
For my part, if a lie may do thee grace,
I'll gild it with the happiest terms I have. Shakes. Hen. IV.
Yet, oh! th' imperfect piece moves more delight;
'Tis gilded o'er with youth, to catch the sight. Dryd. Auren.

GI’LDER. n. s. [from gild.]
1. One who lays gold on the surface of any other body.
Gilders use to have a piece of gold in their mouth, to draw
the spirits of the quicksilver. Bacon's Natural History.
We have here a gilder, with his anvil and hammer.
Notes on the Odyssey.
2. A coin, from one shilling and sixpence, to two shillings. Phil.
I am bound
To Persia, and want gilders for my voyage. Shakespeare.

GI’LDING. n. s. [from gild.] Gold laid on any surface by way
of ornament.
Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding, which,
if it might be corrected with a little mixture of gold, there is
profit. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
The church of the Annunciation, all but one corner of it,
is covered with statues, gilding, and paint. Addison on Italy.
Could laureate Dryden Pimp and Fry'r engage,
And I not strip the gilding off a knave,
Unplac'd, unpension'd, no man's heir or slave? Pope's Hor.

GILL. n. s. [agulla, Spanish; gula, Latin.]
1. The apertures at each side of a fish's head.
The leviathan,
Stretch'd like a promontory, sleeps or swims,
And seems a moving land; and at his gills
Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out a sea. Milt. P. Lost.
Fishes perform their respiration under water by the gills.
Ray on the Creation.
He hath, on the bottom of his sides, two gill-fins; not be­
hind the gills, as in most fishes, but for a good part before
them. Walton.
'Till they, of farther passage quite bereft,
Were in the mash with gills entangl'd left. King's Fisherman.
2. The flaps that hang below the beak of a fowl.
The turkeycock hath great and swelling gills, and the hen
hath less. Bacon's Natural History.
3. The flesh under the chin.
In many there is no paleness at all; but, contrariwise, red­
ness about the cheeks and gills, which is by the sending forth
of spirits in an appetite to revenge. Bacon's Natural History.
Like the long bag of flesh hanging down from the gills of
the people in Piedmont. Swift.
4. [Gilla, barbarous Latin.] A measure of liquids containing
the fourth part of a pint.
Every bottle must be rinced with wine: some, out of mis­
staken thrift, will rince a dozen with the same: change the
wine at every second bottle: a gill may be enough. Swift.
5. [From gillian, the old English way of writing Julian, or
Juliana.] The appellation of a woman in ludicrous lan­
guage.
I can, for I will,
Here at Burley o' th' Hill,
Give you all your fill,
Each Jack with his Gill. Ben. Johnson's Gypsies.


6. The name of a plant; ground-ivy.
7. Malt liquor medicated with ground-ivy.

GI’LLHOUSE. n. s. [gill and house.] A house where gill is
sold.
Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn,
And answ'ring ginshops sourer sighs return. Pope.

GIL’LYFLOWER. n. s. [Either corrupted from July flower, or
from giroflée, French.]
Gillyflowers, or rather Julyflowers, so called from the month
they blow in, are of a very great variety; but they may be
reduced to these forts; red and white, purple and white,
scarlet and white, the various kinds of which are too many
to enumerate. Mortimer's Husbandry.
In July come gillyflowers of all varieties. Bacon, Essay 47.
Fair is the gillyflow'r of gardens sweet,
Fair is the marygold, for pottage meet. Gay's Pastorals.

GILT. n. s. [from gild.] Golden show; gold laid on the sur­
face of any matter. Now obsolete.
Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirch'd,
With rainy marching in the painful field. Shakes. Hen. V.
When thou wast in thy gilt, and thy perfume, they mockt
thee for too much curiosity: in thy rags thou know'st none,
but art despis'd for the contrary. Shakes. Timon of Athens.
The double gilt of this opportunity you let time wash off.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

GILT. The participle of GILD, which see.
Where the gilt chariot never mark'd its way. Pope.

GI’LTHEAD. n. s. [gilt and head.] A seafish. Dict.

GILT-TAIL. n. s. [gilt and tail.] A worm so called from
his yellow tail.

GIM. adj. [An old word.] Neat; spruce; well dressed.

GI’MCRACK. n. s. [Supposed by Skinner to be ludicrously formed
from gin, derived from engine.] A slight or trivial mecha­
nism.
For though these gimcracks were away,
However, more reduc'd and plain,
The watch would still a watch remain;
But if the horal orbit ceases,
The whole stands still, or breaks to pieces. Prior.
What's the meaning of all these trangrams and gim­
cracks? What, in the name of wonder, are you going
about, jumping over my master's hedges, and running your
lines cross his grounds? Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

GI’MLET. n. s. [gibelet, guimbelet, French.] A borer with a
screw at its point.
The gimlet hath a worm at the end of its bit. Moxon.

GI’MMAL. n. s. [Supposed by Skinner and Ainsworth to be derived
from gimellus, Latin, and to be used only of something consist­
ing of correspondent parts, or double. It seems rather to be gra­
dually corrupted from geometry or geometrical.] Some little
quaint devices or pieces of machinery. Hanmer.
I think by some odd gimmals or device
Their arms are set like clocks, still to strike on,
Else they could not hold out so as they do. Shakes. Hen. VI.

GI’MMER. n. s. [See GIMMAL.] Movement; machinery.
The holding together of the parts of matter has so con­
founded me, that I have been prone to conclude with myself,
that the gimmers of the world hold together not so much by
geometry as some natural magick. More's Divine Dialogues.

GIMP. n. s. [See GIM. Gimp, in old English, is neat, spruee.]
A kind of silk twist or lace.

GIN

GIN. n. s. [from engine.]
1. A trap; a snare.
As the day begins,
With twenty gins we will the small birds take,
And pastime make. Sidney, b. i.
Which two, through treason and deceitful gin,
Hath slain sir Mordant. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
So strives the woodcock with the gin;
So doth the cony struggle in the net. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Be it by gins, by snares, by subtilty. Shakes. Hen. VI.
If those, who have but sense, can shun
The engines that have them annoy'd;
Little for me had reason done,
If I could not thy gins avoid. Ben. Johnson's Forest.
I know thy trains,
Though dearly to my cost, thy gins and toils;
No more on me have pow'r, their force is null'd. Milton.
He made a planetary gin,
Which rats would run their own heads in,
And come on purpose to be taken,
Without th' expence of cheese and bacon. Hudibras, p. ii.
Keep from flaying scourge thy skin,
And ankle free from iron gin. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
2. Any thing moved with screws, as an engine of torture.
Typhæus' joints were stretched on a gin. Fairy Queen.
3. A pump worked by rotatory sails.
A bituminous plate, alternately yellow and black, formed
by water driveling on the outside of the gin pump of Mostyn
coalpits. Woodward on Fossils.
4. [Contracted from GENEVA, which see.] The spirit drawn
by distillation from juniper berries.
This calls the church to deprecate our sin,
And hurls the thunder of our laws on gin. Pope, Dial. 1.
Thee shall each alehouse, thee each gillhouse mourn,
And answ'ring gin shops sourer sighs return. Pope's Dunciad.

GI’NGER. n. s. [zinziber, Latin; gingero, Italian.]
The flower consists of five leaves, which are shaped some­
what like those of the iris: these are produced in an head or
club, each coming out of a separate leafy scale. The ovary
afterwards becomes a triangular fruit, having three cells which
contain their seeds. Miller.
The root of ginger is of the tuberous kind, knotty, crooked
and irregular; of a hot, acrid, and pungent taste, though
aromatick, and of a very agreeable smell. The Indians eat
both the young shoots of the leaves and the roots themselves,
cut small in their sallads, and make an excellent sweetmeat
of them. Ginger is an excellent carminative and sto­
machick. Hill's Mat. Medica.
Or wasting ginger round the streets to go,
And visit alehouse where ye first did grow. Pope's Dunciad.

GI’NGERBREAD. n. s. [ginger and bread.] A kind of sari­
naceous sweetmeat made of dough, like that of bread or bis­
cuit, sweetened with treacle, and flavoured with ginger and
some other aromatick seeds. It is sometimes gilt.
An' I had but one penny in the world, thou should'st have
it to buy gingerbread. Shakespeare's Love's Labour Lost.
Her currans there and gooseberries were spread,
With the enticing gold of gingerbread. King's Cookery.
'Tis a loss you are not here, to partake of three weeks
frost, and eat gingerbread in a booth by a fire upon the
Thames. Swift.

GI’NGERLY. adv. [I know not whence derived.] Cautiously,
nicely.
What is't that you
Took up so gingerly? Shakespeare's Two Gent. of Verona.

GI’NGERNESS. n. s. Niceness; tenderness. Dict.

GI’NGIVAL. adj. [gingiva, Latin.] Belonging to the gums.
Whilst the Italians strive to cut a thread in their pronun­
ciation between D and T, so to sweeten it, they make the
occluse appulse, especially the gingival, softer than we do,
giving a little of perviousness. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To GIN’GLE. v. n.
1. To utter a sharp clattering noise; to utter a sharp noise in
quick succession.
The foot grows black that was with dirt embrown'd,
And in thy pocket gingling halfpence sound. Cay's Trivia.
Once, we confess, beneath the patriot's cloak,
From the crack'd bag the dropping guinea spoke,
And gingling down the backstairs, told the crew,
Old Cato is as great a rogue as you. Pope's Epistles.
2. To make an affected sound in periods or cadence.

To GI’NGLE. v. a. To shake so that a sharp shrill clattering
noise should be made.
Her infant grandame's whistle next it grew;
The bells she gingled, and the whistle blew. Pope.

GI’NGLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A shrill resounding noise.
2. Affectation in the sound of periods.

GI’NGLYMOID. adj. [γιγϰυμ and ἔιδ.] Resembling a
ginglymus; approaching to a ginglymus.
The malleus lies along, fixed to the tympanum, and on the
other end is joined to the incus by a double or ginglymoid
joint. Holder's Elements of Speech.

GI’NGLYMUS. n. s. [ginglime, French.] A mutual indenting
of two bones into each other's cavity, of which the elbow is
an instance. Wiseman.

GI’NNET. n. s. [γίνν.] A nag; a mule; a degenerated
breed. Hence, according to some, but, I believe, erroneously,
a Spanish gennet, improperly written for ginnet.

GI’NSENG. n. s. [I suppose Chinese.] A root brought lately
into Europe. It never grows to any great size, and is of a
brownish colour on the outside, and somewhat yellowish
within; and so pure and fine, that it seems almost transparent.
It is of a very agreeable and aromatick smell, though not very
strong. Its taste is acrid and aromatick, and has somewhat
bitter in it. We have it from China; and there is of it
in the same latitudes in America. The Chinese value this
root so highly, that it sells with them for three times its weight
in silver. The Asiaticks in general think the ginseng almost
an universal medicine. The virtues most generally believed
to be in it are those of a restorative, and a cordial.
The European physicians esteem it a good medicine in con­
vulsions, vertigoes, and all nervous complaints; and recom­
mend it as one of the best restoratives known. Hill.

GIP

To GIP. v. a. To take out the guts of herrings. Bailey.

GI’PSY. n. s. [Corrupted from Egyptian; for when they first
appeared in Europe they declared, and perhaps truly, that they
were driven from Egypt by the Turks. They are now min­
gled with all nations.]
1. A vagabond who pretends to foretell futurity, commonly by
palmestry or physiognomy.
The butler, though he is sure to lose a knife, a fork, or a
spoon every time his fortune is told him, shuts himself up in


the pantry with an old gipsy for above half an hour. Addison.
A frantick gipsey now, the house he haunts,
And in wild phrases speaks dissembled wants. Prior.
I, near yon stile, three sallow gypsies met;
Upon my hand they cast a poring look,
Bid me beware, and thrice their heads they shook. Gay.
In this still labyrinth around her lie
Spells, philters, globes, and spheres of palmistry;
A sigil in this hand the gipsy bears,
In th' other a prophetick sieve and sheers. Garth's Dispensat.
2. A reproachful name for a dark complexion.
Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen-wench; Dido a
dowdy; Cleopatra a gipsy; Helen and Hero hildings and
harlots. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
3. A name of slight reproach to a woman.
The widow play'd the gypsy, and so did her confidant too,
in pretending to believe her. L'Estrange.
A slave I am to Clara's eyes:
The gipsy knows her pow'r, and flies. Prior.

GIR

GIR’ASOLE. n. s. [girasol, French.]
1. The herb turnsol.
2. The opal stone.

To GIRD. v. a. pret. girded, or girt. [gyrdan, Saxon.]
1. To bind round.
They sprinkled earth upon their heads, and girded their
loins with sackcloth. 2 Mac. x. 25.
2. To put on so as to surround or bind.
Cords of the bigness of packthread were fastened to ban­
dages, which the workmen had girt round my neck. Gulliver.
3. To fasten by binding.
He girt his warlike harness about him. 1 Mac. iii. 3.
My bow and thunder, my almighty arms
Gird on, and sword upon thy puissant thigh. Milt. P. Lost.
No, let us rise at once, gird on our swords,
And, at the head of our remaining troops,
Attack the foe. Addison's Cato.
The combatant too late the field declines,
When now the sword is girded to his loins. Prior.
4. To invest.
Stoop then, and set your knee against my foot;
And in reguerdon of that duty done,
I gird thee with the valiant sword of York. Shakesp. H. VI.
The son appear'd,
Girt with omnipotence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
5. To dress; to habit; to clothe.
I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered thee with
silk. Ezek. xvi. 10.
Tysiphone there keeps the ward,
Girt in her sanguine gown, by night and day,
Observant of the souls that pass the downward way. Dryd.
6. To cover round as a garment.
These, with what skill they had, together sow'd,
To gird their waist: vain covering, if to hide
Their guilt, and dreaded shame! Milton's Paradise Lost.
7. To reproach; to gibe.
Being mov'd, he will not spare to gird the gods. Shakes.
8. To furnish; to equip.
So to the coast of Jordan he directs
His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles. Paradise Regain'd.
9. To inclose; to incircle.
That Nyseian isle,
Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham
Hid Amalthea, and her florid son
Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye. Milt. P. L.

To GIRD. v. n. To break a scornful jest; to gibe; to sneer.
Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at me: the brain of
this foolish compounded clay, man, is not able to invent any
thing that tends to laughter more than I invent, or is invented
on me: I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit
is in other men. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

GIRD. n. s. [from the verb.] A twitch; a pang: from the
sensation caused by a bandage or girdle drawn hard suddenly.
This word is now seldom used.
Sweet king! the bishop hath a kindly gird:
For shame, my lord of Winchester, relent. Shakes. H. VI.
They give satisfaction to his mind, and his conscience by
this means is freed from many fearful girds and twinges which
the atheist feels. Tillotson, Sermon 2.
He has the glory of his conscience, when he doth
well, to set against the checks and girds of it when he doth
amiss. Goodman's Winter Evening Con.

GI’RDER. n. s. [from gird.] In architecture, the largest piece
of timber in a floor. Its end is usually fastened into the
summers, or breast summers, and the joists are framed in at
one arm to the girders. Harris.
The girders are also to be of the same scantling the sum­
mers and ground-plates are of, though the back girder need
not be so strong as the front girder. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
These mighty girders which the fabrick bind,
These ribs robust and vast in order join'd. Blackm. Creation.

GI’RDLE. n. s. [gyrdel. Saxon.]
1. Any thing drawn round the waist, and tied or buckled.
There will I make thee beds of roses,
With a thousand fragrant posies;
A cap of flowers, and a girdle,
Embroider'd all with leaves of myrtle. Shakespeare.
Many conceive there is somewhat amiss, until they put on
their girdle. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v. c. 21.
On him his mantle, girdle, sword and bow,
On him his heart and soul he did bestow. Cowley.
2. Enclosure; circumference.
Suppose within the girdle of these walls
Are now confin'd two mighty monarchies. Shakes. Hen. V.
3. The equator; the torrid zone.
Great breezes in great circles, such as are under the girdle
of the world, do refrigerate. Bacon.

To GI’RDLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To gird; to bind as with a girdle.
Lay the gentle babes, girdling one another
Within their innocent alabaster arms. Shakes. Rich. III.
2. To inclose; to shut in; to environ.
Those sleeping stones,
That as a waist do girdle you about,
By this time from their fixed beds of lime
Had been dishabited. Shakespeare's King John.
Let me look back upon thee, O thou wall,
That girdlest in those wolves! Shakespeare's Timon.

GI’RDLEBELT. n. s. [girdle and belt.] The belt that incircles
the waist.
Nor did his eyes less longingly behold
The girdlebelt, with nails of burnish'd gold. Dryden's Æn.

GI’RDLER. n. s. [from girdle.] A maker of girdles.

GIRE. n. s. [gyrus, Latin.] A circle described by any thing
in motion. See GYRE.

GIRL. n. s. [About the etymology of this word there is much
question: Meric Casaubon, as is his custom, derives it from ϰόρη,
of the same signification; Minshew from garrula, Latin, a
prattler, or girella, Italian, a weathercock; Junius thinks
that it comes from herlodes, Welsh, from which, says he,
harlot is very easily deduced. Skinner imagines that the Saxons,
who used ceorl for a man, might likewise have ceorla for a
woman, though no such word is now found. Dr. Hickes
derives it most probably from the Iflandick karlinna, a wo­
man.] A young woman, or female child.
In those unfledg'd days was my wife a girl. Shakespeare.
And let it not displease thee, good Bianca;
For I will love thee ne'er the less, my girl. Shakespeare.
A weather-beaten lover, but once known,
Is sport for every girl to practise on. Donne.
Tragedy should blush as much to stoop
To the low mimick follies of a farce,
As a grave matron would to dance with girls. Roscommon.
A boy, like thee, would make a kingly line;
But oh, a girl, like her, must be divine! Dryden.

GI’RLISH. adj. [from girl.] Suiting a girl; youthful.
In her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor. Carew.

GI’RLISHLY. adv. [from girlish.] In a girlish manner.

To GIRN. v. n. Seems to be a corruption of grin. It is still
used in Scotland, and is applied to a crabbed, captious, or pee­
vish person.

GI’RROCK. n. s. A kind of fish. Dict.

GIRT. part. pass. [from To gird.]

To GIRT. v. a. [from gird.] To gird; to encompass; to
encircle. Not proper.
In the dread ocean, undulating wide
Beneath the radiant line, that girts the globe,
The circling Typhon whirl'd from point to point. Thomson.

GIRT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A band by which the saddle or burthen is fixed upon the
horse.
Here lies old Hobson, death hath broke his girt;
And here, alas! hath laid him in the dirt. Milton.
2. A circular bandage.
The most common way of bandage is by that of the girt,
which girt hath a bolster in the middle, and the ends are
tacked firmly together. Wiseman's Surgery.

GIRTH. n. s. [from gird.]
1. The band by which the saddle is fixed upon the horse.
Or the saddle turn'd round, or the girths brake;
For low on the ground, woe for his sake,
The law is found. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
Nor Pegasus could bear the load,
Along the high celestial road;
The steed oppress'd, would break his girth,
To raise the lumber from the earth. Swift.
Mordanto gallops on alone;
The roads are with his foll'wers strown;
This breaks a girth, and that a bone. Swift.
2. The compass measured by the girdle, or enclosing bandage.
He's a lusty jolly fellow that lives well, at least three yards
in the girth. Addison's Freeholder.

To GIRTH. v. a. To bind with a girth.

GIS

To GISE Ground. v. a. Is when the owner of it does not feed
it with his own stock, but takes in other cattle to graze. Bailey.



GI’SLE. Among the English Saxons, signifies a pledge: thus,
Fredgisle is a pledge of peace; Gislebert an illustrious pledge,
like the Greek Homerus. Gibson's Camden.

GITH. n. s. An herb called Guiney pepper.

GIV

To GIVE. v. a. preter. gave; part. pass. given. [gifan, Saxon.]
1. To bestow; to confer without any price or reward.
This opinion abated the fear of death in them which were
so resolved, and gave them courage to all adventures. Hooker.
Give us of your oil, for our lamps are gone out. Mat. xxv.
Give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sa­
crifice unto the Lord. Ex. x. 25.
I had a master that gave me all I could ask, but thought fit
to take one thing from me again. Temple.
Constant at church and change; his gains were sure,
His givings rare, save farthings to the poor. Pope's Epistles.
2. To transmit from himself to another by hand, speech, or
writing; to deliver; to impart; to communicate.
The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me
of the tree, and I did eat. Gen. iii. 12.
They were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in
marriage. Mat. xxiv. 38.
Those bills were printed not only every week, but also a
general account of the whole year was given in upon the
Thursday before Christmas. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
We shall give an account of these phenomena. Burnet.
Aristotle advises not poets to put things evidently false and
impossible into their poems, nor gives them licence to run out
into wildness. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
3. To put into one's possession; to consign.
Nature gives us many children and friends, to take them
away; but takes none away to give them us again. Temple.
Give me, says Archimedes, where to stand firm, and I will
remove the earth. Temple.
If the agreement of men first gave a sceptre into any one's
hands, or put a crown on his head, that almost must direct its
conveyance. Locke.
4. To pay as price or reward, or in exchange.
All that a man hath will he give for his life. Job ii. 4.
If you did know to whom I gave the ring,
If you did know for whom I gave the ring,
And would conceive for what I gave the ring,
And how unwillingly I left the ring,
You would abate the strength of your displeasure. Shakesp.
He would give his nuts for a piece of metal, and exchange
his sheep for shells, or wool for a sparkling pebble. Locke.
5. To yield; not to withold.
Philip, Alexander's father, gave sentence against a prisoner
what time he was drowsy, and seemed to give small attention.
The prisoner, after sentence was pronounced, said, I appeal:
the king, somewhat stirred, said, To whom do you appeal?
The prisoner answered, From Philip, when he gave no ear, to
Philip, when he shall give ear. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Constantia accused herself for having so tamely given an ear
to the proposal. Addison's Spectator.
6. To quit; to yield as due.
Give place, thou stranger, to an honourable man. Ecclus.
7. To confer; to impart.
I will bless her, and give thee a son also of her. Gen. xvii.
Nothing can give that to another which it hath not itself.
Bramh. against Hobbs.
What beauties I lose in some places, I give to others which
had them not originally. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
8. To expose.
All clad in skins of beasts the jav'lin bear;
Give to the wanton winds their flowing hair. Dryd. Æn.
9. To grant; to allow.
'Tis given me once again to behold my friend. Rowe.
He has not given Luther fairer play. Atterbury.
10. To yield; not to deny.
I gave his wise proposal way;
Nay, urg'd him to go on: the shallow fraud
Will ruin him. Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
11. To yield without resistance.
12. To permit; to commission.
Prepare
The due libation and the solemn pray'r;
Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine. Pope's Odyss.
13. To enable; to allow.
God himself requireth the lifting up of pure hands in
prayers; and hath given the world to understand, that the
wicked, although they cry, shall not be heard. Hooker.
Give me to know
How this foul rout began, who set it on. Shakes. Othello.
So some weak shoot, which else would poorly rise,
Jove's tree adopts, and lifts into the skies;
Through the new pulpil fost'ring juices flow,
Thrust forth the gems, and give the flow'rs to blow. Tickel.
14. To pay.
The applause and approbation, most reverend for thy stretcht­
out life, I give to both your speeches. Shak. Troil. and Cressida.
15. To utter; to vent; to pronounce.
So you must be the first that gives this sentence,
And he that suffers. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
The Rhodians seeing their enemies turn their backs, gave
a great shout in derision of them. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Let the first honest discoverer give the word about, that
Wood's halfpence have been offered, and caution the poor
people not to receive them. Swift.
16. To exhibit; to express.
This instance gives the impossibility of an eternal existence
in any thing essentially alterable or corruptible. Hale.
17. To exhibit as the product of a calculation.
The number of men being divided by the number of ships,
gives four hundred and twenty-four men a-piece. Arbuthnot.
18. To do any act of which the consequence reaches others.
As we desire to give no offence ourselves, so neither shall
we take any at the difference of judgment in others. Burnet.
19. To exhibit; to send forth as odours from any body.
In oranges the ripping of their rind giveth out their smell
more. Bacon.
20. To addict; to apply.
The Helots, of the other side, shutting their gates, gave
themselves to bury their dead, to cure their wounds, and rest
their wearied bodies. Sidney.
After men began to grow to number, the first thing we read
they gave themselves into, was the tilling of the earth and the
feeding of cattle. Hooker, b. i.
Groves and hill-altars were dangerous, in regard of the
secret access which people superstitiously given might have
always thereunto with ease. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
The duke is virtuous, mild, and too well given,
To dream on evil, or to work my downfal. Shakesp. H. VI.
Fear him not, Cæsar, he's not dangerous:
He is a noble Roman, and well given. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
His name is Falstaff: if that man should be lewdly given,
he deceives me; for, Harry, I see virtue in his looks. Shakesp.
Huniades, the scourge of the Turks, was dead long before;
so was also Mathias: after whom succeeded others, given all
to pleasure and ease. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Though he was given to pleasure, yet he was likewise de­
sirous of glory. Bacon's Henry VII.
He that giveth his mind to the law of the most High, will
seek out the wisdom of all the ancients. Ecclus. xxxix. 1.
He is much given to contemplation, and the viewing of this
theatre of the world. More's Antidote against Atheism.
They who gave themselves to warlike action and enter­
prises, went immediately to the palace of Odin. Temple.
Men are given to this licentious humour of scoffing at per­
sonal blemishes and defects. L'Estrange.
Besides, he is too much given to horseplay in his raillery;
and comes to battle, like a dictator from the plough. Dryden.
I have some business of importance with her; but her hus­
band is so horribly given to be jealous. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.
What can I refuse to a man so charitably given? Dryden.
21. To resign; to yield up.
Finding ourselves in the midst of the greatest wilderness of
waters, without victual, we gave ourselves for lost men, and
prepared for death. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Who say, I care not, those I give for lost;
And to instruct them, will not quit the cost. Herbert.
Virtue giv'n for lost,
Deprest and overthrown, as seem'd;
Like that self-begott'n bird
In the Arabian woods embost,
That no second knows, nor third,
And lay erewhile a holocaust,
From out her ashy womb now teem'd. Milton's Agonistes.
Since no deep within her gulph can hold
Immortal vigour, though oppress'd and fall'n,
I give not heaven for lost. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
For a man to give his name to Christianity in those days,
was to list himself a martyr. South.
Ours gives himself for gone; you've watch'd your time,
He fights this day unarm'd, without his rhyme. Dryden.
The parents, after a long search for the body, gave him for
drowned in one of the canals. Addison's Spectator.
As the hinder feet of the horse stuck to the mountain, while
the body reared up in the air, the poet with great difficulty
kept himself from sliding off his back, in so much that the
people gave him for gone. Addison's Guardian.
22. To conclude; to suppose.
Whence came you here, O friend, and whither bound?
All gave you lost on far Cyclopean ground. Garth's Ovid.
23. To GIVE away. To alienate from one's self; to make
over to another; to transfer.
The more he got, the more he shewed that he gave away
to his new mistress, when he betrayed his promises to the
former. Sidney, b. ii.
If you shall marry,
You give away this hand, and that is mine;
You give away heav'n's vows, and those are mine;
You give away myself, which is known mine. Shakespeare.


Honest company, I thank you all,
That have beheld me give away myself
To this most patient, sweet, and virtuous wife. Shakespeare.
I know not how they sold themselves; but thou, like a kind
fellow, gav'st thyself away gratis, and I thank thee for
thee. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Love gives away all things, that so he may advance the in­
terest of the beloved person. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
But we who give our native rights away,
And our enslav'd posterity betray,
Are now reduc'd to beg an alms, and go
On holidays to see a puppet-show. Dryden's Juvenal's Sat.
Alas, said I, man was made in vain! How is he given
away to misery and mortality! Addison's Spectator, No. 159.
Theodosius arrived at a religious house in the city, where
Constantia resided, and made himself one of the order, with
a private vow never to inquire after Constantia, whom he
looked upon as given away to his rival, upon the day on which
their marriage was to have been solemnized. Addison's Spectat.
Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses, during our lives,
is given away from ourselves: what we bequeath at our death,
is given from others only, as our nearest relations. Atterbury.
24. To GIVE back. To return; to restore.
'Till their vices perhaps give back all those advantages which
their victories procured. Atterbury's Sermons.
25. To GIVE forth. To publish; to tell.
Soon after it was given forth, and believed by many, that
the king was dead. Hayward.
26. To GIVE the hand. To yield pre-eminence, as being sub­
ordinate or inferior.
Lessons being free from some inconveniences, whereunto
sermons are more subject, they may in this respect no less
take than in others they must give the hand, which betokeneth
pre-eminence. Hooker.
27. To GIVE over. To leave; to quit; to cease.
Let novelty therefore in this give over endless contradictions,
and let ancient customs prevail. Hooker.
It may be done rather than that be given over. Hooker.
Never give her o'er;
For scorn at first makes after love the more. Shakespeare.
If Desdemona will return me my jewels, I will give over
my suit, and repent my unlawful solicitation. Shakes. Othello.
Abdemelech, as one weary of the world, gave over all, and
betook himself to a solitary life, and became monk. Knolles.
All the soldiers, from the highest to the lowest, had solemnly
sworn to defend the city, and not to give it over unto the last
man. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Sleep hath forsook and giv'n me o'er
To death's benuming opium, as my only cure. Milton.
Those troops, which were levied, have given over the pro­
secution of the war. Clarendon, b. viii.
But worst of all to give her over,
'Till she's as desperate to recover. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 3.
'Tis not amiss, e'er y' are giv'n o'er,
To try one desp'rate med'cine more;
And where your case can be no worse,
The desp'ratest is the wisest course. Hudibras, p. ii.
A woman had a hen that laid every day an egg: she fancied
that upon a larger allowance this hen might lay twice a day;
but the hen grew fat, and gave quite over laying. L'Estrange.
Many have given over their pursuits after fame, either from
the disappointments they have met, or from their experience
of the little pleasure which attends it. Addison's Spectator.
28. To GIVE over. To addict; to attach to.
Zelmane, govern and direct me; for I am wholly given over
unto thee. Sidney, b. ii.
When the Babylonians had given themselves over to all man­
ner of vice, it was time for the Lord, who had set up that
empire, to pull it down. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii. c. 3.
I used one thing ill, or gave myself so much over to it as to
neglect what I owed either to him or the rest of the world.
Temple's Miscellanies.
29. To GIVE over. To conclude lost.
Since it is lawful to practise upon them that are forsaken
and given over, I will adventure to prescribe to you. Suckling.
The abbess, finding that the physicians had given her over,
told her that Theodosius was just gone before her, and had
sent her his benediction. Addison's Spectator, No. 164.
Her condition was now quite desperate, all regular physi­
cians, and her nearest relations, having given her over. Arbuth.
Yet this false comfort never gives him o'er,
That, whilst he creeps, his vigorous thoughts can soar. Pope.
Not one foretells I shall recover;
But all agree to give me over. Swift.
30. To GIVE over. To abandon.
The duty of uniformity throughout all churches, in all man­
ner of indifferent ceremonies, will be very hard, and there­
fore best to give it over. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
The cause, for which we fought and swore
So boldly, shall we now give o'er? Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.
31. To GIVE out. To proclaim; to publish; to utter.
The fathers give it out for a rule, that whatsoever Christ is
said in Scripture to have received, the same we ought to ap­
ply only to the manhood of Christ. Hooker, b. v. s. 54.
It is given out, that, sleeping in my orchard,
A serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark
Is, by a forged process of my death,
Rankly abused. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
One that gives out himself prince Florizel,
Son of Polixenes, with his princess. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
It hath been given out, by an hypocritical thief, who was
the first master of my ship, that I carried with me out of
England twenty-two thousand of twenty-two shillings per
piece. Raleigh's Apology.
He gave out general fummons for the assembly of his council
for the wars. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The night was distinguished by the orders which he gave
out to his army, that they should forbear all insulting of their
enemies. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
32. To GIVE out. To show in false appearance.
His givings out were of an infinite distance
From his true meant design. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
She that, so young, could give out such a seeming,
To seal her father's eyes up close as oak. Shakesp. Othello.
33. To GIVE up. To resign; to quit; to yield.
The people, weary of the miseries of war, would give him
up, if they saw him shrink. Sidney, b. ii.
He has betray'd your business, and given up
For certain drops of salt your city Rome. Shak. Coriolanus.
The sun, breaking out with his cheerful beams, revived
many, before ready to give up the ghost for cold, and gave
comfort to them all. Knolles's History of the Turks.
He found the lord Hopton in trouble for the loss of the re­
giment of foot at Alton, and with the unexpected assurance of
the giving up of Arundel-castle. Clarendon, b. viii.
Let us give ourselves wholly up to Christ in heart and desire.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Such an expectation will never come to pass; therefore I'll
e'en give it up, and go and fret myself. Collier against Despair.
I can give up to the historians of your country the names of
so many generals and heroes which crowd their annals. Dryd.
He declares himself to be now satisfied to the contrary, in
which he has given up the cause. Dryden.
The leagues made between several states, disowning all
claim to the land in the other's possession, have, by common
consent, given up their pretences to their natural right. Locke.
If they give them up to their reasons, then they with them
give up all truth and farther enquiry, and think there is no
such thing as certainty. Locke.
We should see him give up again to the wild common of
nature, whatever was more than would supply the convenien­
cies of life. Locke.
Juba's surrender, since his father's death,
Would give up Africk into Cæsar's hands,
And make him lord of half the burning zone. Addis. Cato.
Learn to be honest men, give up your leaders,
And pardon shall descend on all the rest. Addison's Cato.
A popish priest threatened to excommunicate a Northum­
berland squire, if he did not give up to him the church
lands. Addison's Freeholder.
He saw the celestial deities acting in a confederacy against
him, and immediately gave up a cause which was excluded
from all possibility of success. Addison's Freeholder.
An old gentleman, who had been engaged in an argument
with the emperor, upon his friend's telling him he wondered
he would give up the question when he had the better, I am
never ashamed, says he, to be confuted by one who is master
of fifty legions. Addison's Spectator, No. 239.
He may be brought to give up the clearest evidence. Atterb.
The constant health and longevity of men must be given up
also, as a groundless conceit. Bentley's Sermons.
Have the physicians giv'n up all their hopes?
Cannot they add a few days to a monarch? Rowe.
These people were obliged to demand peace, and give up
to the Romans all their possessions in Sicily. Arbuthnot.
Every one who will not ask for the conduct of God in the
study of religion, has just reason to fear he shall be left of
God, and given up a prey to a thousand prejudices, that he
shall be consigned over to the follies of his own heart. Watts.
Give yourself up to some hours of leisure. Watts.
34. To GIVE up. To abandon.
If any be given up to believe lyes, some must be first given
up to tell them. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
Our minds naturally give themselves up to every diversion
which they are much accustomed to; and we always find that
play, when followed with assiduity, engrosses the whole
woman. Addison's Guardian, No. 120.
Give up your fond paternal pride,
Nor argue on the weaker side. Swift.
A good poet no sooner communicates his works, but it is
imagined he is a vain young creature given up to the ambition
of fame. Pope.


I am obliged at this time to give up my whole application
to Homer. Pope.
Persons who, through misfortunes, chuse not to dress,
should not, however, give up neatness. Clarissa.
35. To GIVE up. To deliver.
And Joab gave up the sum of the number of the people to
the king. 2 Sa. xxiv. 9.
His accounts were confused, and he could not then give
them up. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.

To GIVE. v. n.
1. To rush; to fall on; to give the assault. A phrase merely
French, and not worthy of adoption.
Your orders come too late, the fight's begun;
The enemy gives on with fury led. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
Hannibal gave upon the Romans. Hooke's Rom. Hist.
2. To relent; to grow moist; to melt or soften; to thaw.
Some things are harder when they come from the fire, and
afterwards give again, and grow soft; as the crust of bread,
bisket, sweetmeats, and salt. Bacon's Natural History.
Only a sweet and virtuous soul,
Like season'd timber, never gives;
But though the whole world turn to coal,
Then chiefly lives. Herbert.
Unless it is kept in a hot house, it will so give again, that
it will be little better than raw malt. Mortimer.
Before you carry your large cocks in, open them once, and
spread them: hay is apt to give in the cock. Mortimer.
3. To move. A French phrase.
Up and down he traverses his ground,
Then nimbly shifts a thrust, then lends a wound;
Now back he gives, then rushes on amain. Daniel's C. War.
4. To GIVE in. To go back; to give way.
The charge was given with so well governed fury, that the
left corner of the Scots battalion was enforced to give in. Hayw.
5. To GIVE in to. [A French phrase.] To adopt; to embrace.
This is a geography particular to the medallists: the poets,
however, have sometimes given in to it, and furnish us with
very good lights for the explication of it. Addison on Medals.
This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those
general phrases, which have attained a veneration in our lan­
guage from being used in the Old Testament. Pope.
The whole body of the people are either stupidly negligent,
or else giving in with all their might to those very practices
that are working their destruction. Swift.
6. To GIVE off. To cease; to forbear.
The punishment would be kept from being too much, if
we gave off as soon as we perceived that it reached the mind.
Locke on Education.
7. To GIVE over. To cease; to act no more.
If they will speak to the purpose, they must give over, and
stand upon such particulars only as they can shew we have
either added or abrogated, otherwise than we ought, in the
matter of church polity. Hooker, b. iii.
Neither hath Christ, thro' union of both natures, incurred
the damage of either; lest, by being born a man, we should
think he hath given over to be God, or that because he con­
tinued God, therefore he cannot be man also. Hooker, b. v.
Give not o'er so: to him again; intreat him,
Kneel down before him, hang upon his gown;
You are too cold. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
The state of human actions is so variable, that to try things
oft, and never to give over, doth wonders. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Demetrius, king of Macedon, had a petition offered him
divers times by an old woman, and still answered he had no
leisure; whereupon the woman said aloud, Why then give
over to be king. Bacon's Apophthegms.
So Satan, whom repulse upon repulse
Met ever, and to shameful silence brought,
Yet gives not o'er, though desperate of success. Milton.
Shall we kindle all this flame
Only to put it out again?
And must we now give o'er,
And only end where we begun?
In vain this mischief we have done,
If we can do no more. Denham.
It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give
over, and to desist from any farther pursuits after fame. Addis.
He coined again, and was forced to give over for the same
reason. Swift.
8. To GIVE out. To publish; to proclaim.
Simon bewitched the people of Samaria, giving out that him­
self was some great one. Acts viii. 9.
Julius Cæsar laid asleep Pompey's preparations, by a fame
that he cunningly gave out how Cæsar's own soldiers loved
him not. Bacon, Essay 60.
Your ill-wishers will give out you are now going to quit
your school. Swift.
9. To GIVE out. To cease; to yield.
We are the earth; and they,
Like moles within us, heave and cast about:
And 'till they foot and clutch their prey;
They never cool, much less give out. Herbert.
Madam, I always believ'd you so stout,
That for twenty denials you would not give out. Swift.
10. To GIVE way. To yield; not to resist; to make room for.
Private respects, with him, gave way to the common
good. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Perpetual pushing and assurance put a difficulty out of coun­
tenance, and make a seeming impossibility give way. Collier.
Scarce had he spoken when the cloud gave way;
The mists flew upward, and dissolv'd in day. Dryd. Æn.
His golden helm gives way with stony blows,
Batter'd and flat, and beaten to his brows. Dryden's Æn.

GI’VER. n. s. [from give.] One that gives; donor; bestower;
distributer; granter.
Well we may afford
Our givers their own gifts. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
By thee how fairly is the giver now
Repaid? But gratitude in thee is lost
Long since. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iv.
I have not liv'd since first I heard the news;
The gift the guilty giver doth accuse. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Both gifts destructive to the givers prove;
Alike both lovers fall by those they love. Pope.

GI’ZZARD. n. s. [gesier, French; gigeria, Latin. It is some­
times called gizzern.]
1. The strong musculous stomach of a fowl.
Fowls have two ventricles, and pick up stones to convey
them into their second ventricle, the gizzerne. More.
In birds there is no mastication in the mouth; but in such
as are not carnivorous, it is immediately swallowed into the
crop, a kind of antestomach, where it is moistened by some
proper juice from the glandules distilling in there, and thence
transferred into the gizzard, or musculous stomach. Ray.
Flutt'ring there they nestle near the throne,
And lodge in habitations not their own;
By their high crops and corny gizzards known. Dryden.
2. It is proverbially used for apprehension or conception of mind:
as, he frets his gizzard, he harrasses his imagination.
But that which does them greatest harm,
Their spiritual gizzards are too warm;
Which puts the overheated sots
In fevers still. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 11.
Satisfaction and restitution lie so cursedly hard upon the
gizzards of our publicans, that the blood in their veins is not
half so dear to them as the treasure they have in their cof­
fers. L'Estrange.

GLA

GLA’BRITY. n. s. [from glaber, Latin.] Smoothness; bald­
ness. Dict.

GLA’CIAL. adj. [glacial, French; glacialis, Latin.] Icy; made
of ice; frozen.

To GLA’CIATE. v. n. [glacies, Latin; glacer, French.] To
turn into ice.

GLACIA’TION. n. s. [from glaciate.] The act of turning into
ice; ice formed.
Ice is plain upon the surface of water, but round in hail,
which is also a glaciation, and figured in its guttulous descent
from the air. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 1.

GLA’CIS. n. s. [French.] In fortification, a sloping
bank. It is more especially taken for that which rangeth
from the parapet of the covered way to the level on the side
of the field. Harris.

GLAD. adj. [glæd, Saxon; glad, Danish.]
1. Cheerful; gay; in a state of hilarity.
He will be glad in his heart. Ex. iv. 14.
They blessed the king, and went unto their tents joyful and
glad of heart. 1 Kings viii. 66.
2. Wearing a gay appearance; fertile; bright; showy.
The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them,
and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose. Is. xxxv.
3. Pleased; elevated with joy. It has generally of, sometimes
at or with before the cause of gladness: perhaps of is most
proper, when the cause of joy is something gained or possessed;
and at or with, when it is some accident befallen himself or
another.
I am glad to see your worship. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
He hath an uncle in Messina will be very much glad of
it. Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.
He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished. Prov.
If he be my enemy, let him triumph; if he be my friend,
he will be glad of my repentance. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
The gaping wound gush'd out a crimson flood;
The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood,
His fauchion drew. Dryden's Æn.
I would be glad to learn from those who pronounce that
the human soul always thinks, how they know it. Locke.
4. Pleasing; exhilarating.
Her conversation
More glad to me than to a miser money is. Sidney, b. i.
5. Expressing gladness.
Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers:
Prepare the way, a God, a God appears! Pope's Messiah.

To GLAD. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make glad; to
cheer; to exhilarate.


He saw rich nectar-thaws release the rigour
Of th' icy North; from frost-bound Atlas' hands
His adamantine fetters fall: green vigour
Gladding the Scythian rocks, and Lybian sands. Crashaw.
It glads me
To see so many virtues thus united,
To restore justice and dethrone oppression. Otway.
Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man. Pope.
If justice Philips' costive head
Some frigid rhymes disburses,
They shall like Persian tales be read,
And glad both babes and nurses. Swift.

To GLA’DDEN. v. a. [from glad.] To cheer; to delight; to
make glad; to exhilarate.
Oh, he was all made up of love and charms!
Delight of every eye! When he appear'd,
A secret pleasure gladden'd all that saw him. Addison's Cato.
A kind of vital heat in the soul cheers and gladdens her,
when she does not attend to it. Addison's Spectator.

GLA’DDER. n. s. [from glad.] One that makes glad; one that
gladdens; one that exhilarates.
Thou gladder of the mount of Cytheron,
Have pity, goddess. Dryden.

GLADE. n. s. [from glowan, to be hot, or to shine; whence
the Danish glod, and the obsolete English gleed, a red hot
coal.] A lawn or opening in a wood. Lucus. It is taken
for an avenue through a wood, whether open or shaded, and
has therefore epithets of opposite meaning.
So flam'd his eyen with rage and rancorous ire;
But far within, as in a hollow glade,
Those glaring lamps were set, that made a dreadful shade.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 11.
Lo where they spy'd, how in a gloomy glade
The lion sleeping lay in secret shade. Hubberd's Tale.
O might I here
In solitude live savage, in some glade
Obscur'd, where highest woods, impenetrable
To star or sun-light, spread their umbrage broad,
And brown as evening. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
When any, favour'd of high Jove,
Chances to pass through this adventurous glade,
Swift as a sparkle of a glancing star
I shoot from heav'n to give him safe convoy. Milton.
For noonday's heat are closer arbours made,
And for fresh ev'ning air the op'ner glade. Dryd. Innocence.
There, interspers'd in lawns and opening glades,
Thin trees arise that shun each other's shades. Pope.
By the heroes armed shades,
Glitt'ring through the gloomy glades;
By the youths that dy'd for love,
Wand'ring in the myrtle grove,
Restore, restore Eurydice to life!
Oh, take the husband, or restore the wife! Pope's St. Cecil.

GLA’DEN. n. s. [from gladius, Latin, a sword.] Swordgrass: a
general name of plants that rise with a broad
blade like sedge. Junius.

GLA’DER. n. s. [from gladius, Latin, a sword.] Swordgrass: a
general name of plants that rise with a broad
blade like sedge. Junius.

GLA’DFULNESS. n. s. [glad and fulness.] Joy; gladness.
And there him rests in riotous suffisance
Of all his gladfulness, and kingly joyance. Spenser.

GLADIA’TOR. n. s. [Latin; gladiateur, Fr.] A swordplayer;
a prizefighter.
Then whilst his foe each gladiator foils,
The atheist, looking on, enjoys the spoils. Denham.
Besides, in gratitude for such high matters,
Know I have vow'd two hundred gladiators. Dryden's Pers.

GLA’DLY. adv. [from glad.] Joyfully; with gayety; with
merriment; with triumph; with exultation.
For his particular, I'll receive him gladly;
But not one follower. Shakespeare's King Lear.
You are going to set us right; and 'tis an advantage every
body will gladly see you engross the glory of. Blount to Pope.

GLA’DNESS. n. s. [from glad.] Cheerfulness; joy; exultation.
By such degrees the spreading gladness grew
In every heart, which fear had froze before:
The standing streets with so much joy they view,
That with less grief the perish'd they deplore. Dryden.

GLA’DSOME. adj. [from glad.]
1. Pleased; gay; delighted.
The highest angels to and fro descend,
From highest heaven in gladsome company. Fairy Queen.
The gladsome ghosts in circling troops attend,
And with unweary'd eyes behold their friend:
Delight to hover near. Dryden's Æn. b. iv.
2. Causing joy; having an appearance of gayety.
Each morn they wak'd me with a sprightly lay;
Of opening heav'n they sung and gladsome day. Prior.

GLA’DSOMELY. adv. [from gladsome.] With gayety and de­
light.

GLA’DSOMNESS. n. s. [from gladsome.] Gayety; showiness;
delight.

GLAIRE. n. s. [glær, Saxon, amber; glar, Danish, glass; glaire,
French; glarea, Latin.]
1. The white of an egg.
Take the glaire of eggs, and strain it as short as water.
Peacham on Drawing.
2. A kind of halbert. Dict.

To GLAIRE. v. a. [glairer, French; from the noun.] To
smear with the white of an egg. This word is still used by
the bookbinders.

GLANCE. n. s. [glantz, German, glitter.]
1. A sudden shoot of light or splendour.
His off'ring soon propitious fire from heav'n
Consum'd with nimble glance, and grateful steam:
The other's not; for his was not sincere. Milt. Parad. Lost.
2. A stroke or dart of the beam of sight.
The aspects which procure love are not gazings, but
sudden glances and dartings of the eye. Bacon's Nat. History.
There are of those sort of beauties which last but for a
moment; some particularity of a violent passion, some grace­
ful action, a smile, a glance of an eye, a disdainful look, and
a look of gravity. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. A snatch of sight; a quick view.
The ample mind takes a survey of several objects with one
glance. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To GLANCE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To shoot a sudden ray of splendour.
He double blows about him fiercely laid,
That glancing fire out of the iron play'd,
As sparkles from the anvil use,
When heavy hammers on the wedge are sway'd. Fai. Queen.
When through the gloom the glancing lightnings fly,
Heavy the rattling thunders roll on high. Rowe.
2. To fly off in an oblique direction.
He has a little gall'd me, I confess;
But as the jest did glance away from me,
'Tis ten to one it maim'd you two outright. Shakespeare.
3. To strike in an oblique direction.
Pois'd in air, the jav'lin sent,
Through Paris' shield the forceful weapon went,
His corslet pierces, and his garment rends,
And glancing downwards near his flank descends. Pope.
4. To view with a quick cast of the eye; to play the eye.
O' th' sudden up they rise and dance,
Then sit again, and sigh and glance;
Then dance again, and kiss. Suckling.
Mighty dulness crown'd,
Shall take through Grub-street her triumphant round;
And her Parnassus glancing o'er at once,
Behold a hundred sons, and each a dunce. Pope's Dunciad.
The cooing dove
Flies thick in am'rous chace, and wanton rolls
The glancing eye, and turns the changeful scene. Thomson.
5. To censure by oblique hints.
How can'st thou thus, for shame, Titania,
Glance at my credit with Hippolita,
Knowing I know thy love to Theseus? Shakespeare.
Some men glance and dart at others, by justifying themselves
by negatives; as to say, this I do not. Bacon, Essay 23.
I have never glanced upon the late designed procession of his
holiness and his attendants, notwithstanding it might have
afforded matter to many ludicrous speculations. Addis. Spect.
It was objected against him that he had written verses,
wherein he glanced at a certain reverend doctor, famous for
dulness. Swift.

To GLANCE. v. a. To move nimbly; to shoot obliquely.
Glancing an eye of pity on his losses,
Enough to press a royal merchant down. Shak. Mer. of Ven.

GLA’NCINGLY. adv. [from glance.] In an oblique broken
manner; transiently.
Sir Richard Hawkins hath done something in this kind, but
brokenly and glancingly, intending chiefly a discourse of his
own voyage. Hakewill on Providence.

GLAND. n. s. [glans, Latin; gland, French.]
All the glands of a human body are reduced to two sorts,
viz. conglobate and conglomerate. A conglobate gland is a
little smooth body, wrapt up in a fine skin, by which it is
separated from all the other parts, only admitting an artery
and nerve to pass in, and giving way to a vein and excretory
canal to come out: of this sort are the glands in the brain, the
labial glands, and testes. A conglomerate gland is composed
of many little conglobate glands, all tied together, and wrapt
up in the common tunicle or membrane. Quincy.
I observed the abscess to have begun deep in the body of the
glands. Wiseman's Surgery.
The glands, which o'er the body spread,
Fine complicated clues of nervous thread,
Involv'd and twisted with th' arterial duct,
The rapid motion of the blood obstruct. Blackm. Creation.

GLA’NDERS. n. s. [from gland.] In a horse, is the running of
corrupt matter from the nose, which differs in colour accord­
ing to the degree of the malignity, being white, yellow, green
or black. Farrier's Dict.


His horse is possest with the glanders, and like to mose in
the chine. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

GLANDI’FEROUS. adj. [glans and fero, Latin.] Bearing mast;
bearing acorns, or fruit like acorns.
The beech is of two sorts, and numbered amongst the
glandiferous trees. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GLA’NDULE. n. s. [glandula, Latin; glandule, Fr.] A small
gland serving to the secretion of humours.
Nature hath provided several glandules to separate this juice
from the blood, and no less than four pair of channels to con­
vey it into the mouth, which are called ductus salivales. Ray.

GLANDULO’SITY. n. s. [from glandulous.] A collection of
glands.
In the upper parts of worms are found certain white and
oval glandulosities. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

GLA’NDULOUS. adj. [glandulosus, Latin; glanduleux, Fr. from
glandule.] Pertaining to the glands; subsisting in the glands;
having the nature of glands.
There are no testicles, or parts official unto generation, but
glandulous substances, that hold the nature of emunctories.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 17.
Such constitutions must be subject to glandulous tumours
and ruptures of the lymphatick, and all the diseases thereon
dependant. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To GLARE. v. n. [glaeren, Dutch.]
1. To shine so as to dazzle the eyes.
After great light, if you come suddenly into the dark, or,
contrariwise, out of the dark into a glaring light, the eye is
dazzled for a time, and the sight confused. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
His glaring eyes with anger's venom swell,
And like the brand of foul Alecto flame. Fairfax, b. ii.
He is every where above conceits of epigrammatick wit,
and gross hyperboles: he maintains majesty in the midst of
plainness; he shines, but glares not; and is stately without
ambition. Dryden.
The court of Cacus stands reveal'd to sight;
The cavern glares with new admitted light. Dryden's Æn.
Alas, thy dazzled eye
Beholds this man in a false glaring light,
Which conquest and success have thrown upon him. Addis.
2. To look with fierce piercing eyes.
Avaunt, and quit my sight! let the earth hide thee!
Thou hast no speculation in those eyes,
Which thou do'st glare with. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Look, how pale he glares!
His form and cause conjoin'd, preaching to stones,
Would make them capable. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Now friends no more, nor walking hand in hand;
But when they met they made a surly stand,
And glar'd, like angry lions, as they pass'd,
And wish'd that ev'ry look might be their last. Dryd. Fables.
3. To shine ostentatiously, or with too much laboured lustre.
The most glaring and notorious passages are none of the
finest, or most correct. Felton on the Classicks.

To GLARE. v. a. To shoot such splendour as the eye cannot
bear.
One spirit in them rul'd, and every eye
Glar'd lightning, and shot forth pernicious fire
Among th' accurst, that wither'd all their strength. Milton.

GLARE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Overpowering lustre; splendour, such as dazzles the eye.
The frame of burnish'd steel that cast a glare
From far, and seem'd to thaw the freezing air. Dryd. Fab.
I have grieved to see a person of quality gliding by me in
her chair at two o'clock in the morning, and looking like a
spectre amidst a glare of flambeaux. Addison's Guardian.
Here in a grotto, shelter'd close from air,
And screen'd in shades from day's detested glare,
She sighs for ever. Pope's Rock of the Lock.
2. A fierce piercing look.
About them round,
A lion now he stalks with fiery glare. Milt. Parad. Lost.

GLA’REOUS. adj. [glaireux, Fr. glareosus, Latin, from glaire.]
Consisting of viscous transparent matter, like the white of an
egg.

GLA’RING. adj. Applied to any thing very shocking: as, a
glaring crime.

GLASS. n. s. [glæs, Saxon; glas, Dutch, as Pezon imagines
from glâs, British, green. In Erse it is called klânn, and this
primarily signifies clean or clear, being so denominated from
its transparency.
1. An artificial substance made by fusing fixed salts and flint or
sand together, with a vehement fire.
The word glass cometh from the Belgick and High Dutch:
glass, from the verb glansen, which signifies amongst them to
shine; or perhaps from glacies in the Latin, which is ice,
whose colour it resembles. Peacham on Drawing.
Glass is thought so compact and firm a body that it is
indestructible by art or nature, and is also of so close a tex­
ture that the subtlest chymical spirits cannot pervade it. Boyle.
Show'rs of granadoes rain, by sudden burst
Disploding murd'rous bowels, fragments of steel
And stones, and glass and nitrous grain adust. Phillips.
2. A glass vessel of any kind.
I'll see no more;
And yet the eighth appears, who bears a glass
Which shews me many more. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. A looking-glass; a mirrour.
He was the mark and glass, copy and book,
That fashion'd others. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
He spreads his subtile nets from sight,
With twinkling glasses, to betray
The larks that in the meshes light. Dryden's Horace.
4. An Hour GLASS. A glass used in measuring time by the
flux of sand.
Were my wife's liver
Infected as her life, she would not live
The running of one glass. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
5. A cup of glass used to drink in.
To this last costly treaty,
That swallow'd so much treasure, and like a glass
Did break i' th' rinsing. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
When thy heart
Dilates with fervent joys, and eager soul
Prompts to pursue the sparkling glass, besure
'Tis time to shun it. Phillips.
6. The quantity of wine usually contained in a glass; a
draught.
While a man thinks one glass more will not make him
drunk, that one glass hath disabled him from well discerning
his present condition. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The first glass may pass for health, the second for good­
humour, the third for our friends; but the fourth is for our
enemies. Temple.
7. A perspective glass.
Like those who have surveyed the moon by glasses, I can
only tell of a new and shining world above us; but not relate
the riches and glories of the place. Dryden.

GLASS. adj. Vitreous; made of glass.
Get thee glass eyes;
And, like a scurvy politician, seem
To see the things thou do'st not. Shakesp. King Lear.
Glass bottles are more fit for this second fining than those
of wood. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GLASS. v. a.
1. To see as in a glass; to represent as in a glass or mirrour.
Methinks I am partaker of thy passion,
And in thy case do glass mine own debility. Sidney, b. ii.
2. To case in glass.
Methought all his senses were lockt in his eye,
As jewels in crystal for some prince to buy;
Who tend'ring their own worth, from whence they were
glasst,
Did point out to buy them, along as you past. Shakesp.
3. To cover with glass; to glaze.
I have observed little grains of silver to lie hid in the small
cavities, perhaps glassed over by a vitrifying heat, in crucibles
wherein silver has been long kept in fusion. Boyle.

GLA’SSFURNACE. n. s. [glass and furnace.] A furnace in
which glass is made by liquefaction.
If our dreamer pleases to try whether the glowing heat of a
glassfurnace be barely a wandering imagination in a drowsy
man's fancy, by putting his hand into it, he may perhaps be
awakened into a certainty that it is something more than bare
imagination. Locke.

GLA’SSGAZING. adj. [glass and gazing.] Finical; often con­
templating himself in a mirrour.
A whorson, glassgazing, superserviceable, finical rogue.
Shakespeare's King Lear.

GLA’SSGRINDER. n. s. [glass and grinder.] One whose trade
is to polish and grind glass.
The glassgrinders complain of the trouble they meet
with. Boyle.

GLA’SSHOUSE. n. s. [glass and house.] A house where glass is
manufactured.
I remember to have met with an old Roman Mosaic,
composed of little pieces of clay half vitrified, and prepared
at the glasshouses. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

GLA’SSMAN. n. s. [glass and man.] One who sells glass.
The profit of glasses consists only in a small present made
by the glassman. Swift.

GLA’SSMETAL. n. s. [glass and metal.] Glass in fusion.
Let proof be made of the incorporating of copper or brass
with glassmetal. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

GLA’SSWORK. n. s. [glass and work.] Manufactory of glass.
The crystalline Venice glass is a mixture, in equal portions,
of stones brought from Pavia, and the ashes of a weed called
kali, gathered in a desert between Alexandria and Rosetta;
and is by the Egyptians used first for fuel, and then they crush
the ashes into lumps like a stone, and so sell them to the Ve­
netians for their glassworks. Bacon's Natural History.



GLA’SSWORT. n. s. [salicornia, or saltwort.]
It hath an apetalous flower, wanting the empalement; for
the stamina, or chives, and the embryoes grow on the extreme
part of the leaves: these embryoes afterward become pods or
bladders, which for the most part contain one seed. The
species are two. These plants grow on the sea-coasts in
many parts of Europe, and upon the shores in several places
of England which are washed every tide with the salt water.
The inhabitants, near the sea-coast where these plants grow,
cut them up toward the latter end of Summer, when they are
fully grown; and, after having dried them in the sun, they
burn them for their ashes, which are used in making of glass
and foap. These herbs are by the country people called kelp,
and are promiscuously gathered for use. From the ashes of
these plants is extracted the salt called sal kali, or alkali, much
used by the chymists. Miller.
For the fine glass we use the purest of the finest sand, and the
ashes of chali or glasswort; and for the coarser or green sort,
the ashes of brake or other plants. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

GLA’SSY. adj. [from glass.]
1. Made of glass; vitreous.
In the valley near mount Carmel in Judea there is a sand,
which, of all others, hath most affinity with glass; insomuch
as other minerals laid in it turn to a glassy substance. Bacon.
2. Resembling glass, as in smoothness or lustre, or brittleness.
Man! proud man!
Drest in a little brief authority,
Most ignorant of what he's most assur'd:
His glassy essence, like an angry ape,
Plays such fantastick tricks before high heav'n,
As makes the angels weep. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
There is a willow grows aslant a brook,
That shews his hoary leaves in the glassy stream. Shak. Ham.
The magnet attracteth the shining or glassy powder brought
from the Indies, usually employed in writing-dust. Brown.
Whose womb produc'd the glassy ice? Who bred
The hoary frosts that fall on Winter's head? Sandys.
A hundred sweep,
With stretching oars, the glassy deep. Dryden's Æn.

GLA’STONBURY Thorn. n. s. A species of MEDLAR, whichsee.
This species of thorn produces some bunches of flowers in
Winter, and flowers again in the Spring, and in no other
respect differs from the common hawthorn. Miller.

GLAUCO’MA. n. s. [γλαύϰωμα; glaucome, French.] A fault
in the eye, which changes the crystalline humour into a
greyish colour, without detriment of sight, and therein differs
from what is commonly understood by suffusion. Quincy.
The glaucoma is no other disease than the cataract. Sharp.

GLAVE. n. s. [glaive, French; glaif, a hook, Welsh. Glaive
is Erse for a broad sword.] A broad sword; a falchion.
Two hundred Greeks came next in sight well try'd,
Not surely arm'd in steel or iron strong,
But each a glave had pendant by his side. Fairfax, b. i.
When zeal, with aged clubs and glaves,
Gave chace to rockets and white staves. Hudibras, p. iii.

To GLAVER. v. n. [glave, Welsh, flattery; gliwan, Saxon, to
flatter. It is still retained in Scotland.] To flatter; to
wheedle. A low word.
Kingdoms have their distempers, intermissions, and pa­
roxysms, as well as natural bodies; and a glavering council is
as dangerous on the one hand as a wheedling priest, or a flat­
tering physician is on the other. L'Estrange's Fables.

To GLAZE. v. a. [To glass, only accidentally varied.]
1. To furnish with windows of glass.
Let there be two delicate cabinets daintily paved, richly
hanged, and glazed with crystalline glass. Bacon's Essays.
2. To cover with glass, as potters do their earthen ware; [from
the French glâise, argilla.]
3. To overlay with something shining and pellucid.
Sorrow's eye, glaz'd with blinding tears,
Divides one thing entire to many objects. Shakesp. R. II.
The reason of one man operates on that of another in all
true oratory; wherein though with other ornaments he may
glaze and brandish the weapons, yet is it sound reason that
carries the stroke home. Grew's Cosm. Sac. b. ii. c. 6.
White, with other strong colours, with which we paint
that which we intend to glaze, are the life, the spirit, and the
lustre of it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

GLA’ZIER. n. s. [corrupted from glasier, or glassier, of glass.]
One whose trade is to make glass windows. Other manu­
facturers of glass are otherwise named.
Into rabbets the several panes of glasswork are set, and
fastened by the glazier. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The dext'rous glazier strong returns the bound,
And gingling sashes on the penthouse sound. Gay's Trivia.

GLE

GLEAD. n. s. A buzzard hawk; a kite. It retains that name
in Scotland.

GLEAM. n. s. [gelioma, Saxon.] Sudden shoot of light;
lustre; brightness.
Then was the fair Dodonian tree far seen
Upon seven hills to spread his gladsome gleam;
And conquerors bedecked with his green,
Along the banks of the Ausonian stream. Spenser.
At last a gleam
Of dawning light turn'd thitherward in haste
His travell'd steps. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
As I bent down to look just opposite,
A shape within the wat'ry gleam appear'd,
Bending to look on me. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
Mine is a gleam of bliss, too hot to last;
Wat'ry it shines, and will be soon o'ercast. Dryd. Aurengz.
We ken them from afar; the setting sun
Plays on their shining arms and burnish'd helmets,
And covers all the field with gleams of fire. Addison's Cato.
In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen,
And floating forests paint the waves with green. Pope.
Nought was seen, and nought was heard,
Around the dreary coast,
But dreadful gleams,
Fires that glow,
Shrieks of woe. Pope's St. Cecilia.

To GLEAM. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To shine with sudden coruscation.
Observant of approaching day,
The meek-ey'd morn appears, mother of dews,
At first faint gleaming in the dappled East. Thoms. Summer.
Ye gleamings of departed peace
Shine out your last. Thomson's Spring.
2. To shine.
On each hand the gushing waters play,
And down the rough cascade white dashing fall,
Or gleam in lengthen'd vista's through the trees. Thomson.

GLE’AMY. adj. [from gleam.] Flashing; darting sudden corus­
cations of light.
In brazen arms, that cast a gleamy ray,
Swift through the town the warriour bends his way. Pope.

To GLEAN. v. a. [glaner, French, as Skinner thinks, from
granum.]
1. To gather what the gatherers of the harvest leave behind.
She came and gleaned in the field after the reapers. Ruth ii.
Cheap conquest for his following friends remain'd;
He reap'd the field, and they but only glean'd. Dryden.
She went, by hard necessity compell'd,
To glean Palæmon's fields. Thomson's Autumn.
2. To gather any thing thinly scattered.
Gather
So much as from occasions you may glean,
If aught, to us unknown, afflicts him thus. Shakes. Hamlet.
That goodness
Of gleaning all the land's wealth into one,
Into your own hands, card'nal, by extortion. Shak. H. VIII.
They gleaned of them in the highways five thousand men.
Judg. xx. 45.
But Argive chiefs, and Agamemnon's train,
When his refulgent arms flash'd through the shady plain,
Fled from his well-known face with wonted fear;
As when his thund'ring sword and pointed spear
Drove headlong to their ships, and glean'd the routed rear.
Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
In the knowledge of bodies we must be content to glean
what we can from particular experiments; since we cannot,
from a discovery of their real essences, grasp at a time whole
sheaves, and in bundles comprehend the nature and properties
of whole species together. Locke.

GLEAN. n. s. [from the verb.] Collection made laboriously
by slow degrees.
Plains, meads, and orchards all the day he plies;
The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs:
He spoils the saffron. Dryden's Virg. Georg. b. iv.

GLE’ANER. n. s. [from glean.]
1. One who gathers after the reapers.
For still the world prevail'd, and its dread laugh,
Which scarce the firm philosopher can scorn,
Should his heart own a gleaner in the field. Thoms. Autumn.
2. One who gathers any thing slowly and laboriously.
An ordinary coffee-house gleaner of the city is an arrant
statesman, and as much superior to him, as a man conversant
about the court is to a shopkeeper. Locke.

GLE’ANING. n. s. [from glean.] The act of gleaning, or thing
gleaned.
There shall be as the shaking of an olive-tree, and as the
gleaning of grapes when the vintage is done. Bible.
The orphan and widow are members of the same common
family, and have a right to be supported out of the incomes
of it, as the poor Jews had to gather the gleanings of the rich
man's harvest. Atterbury's Sermons.

GLEBE. n. s. [gleba, Latin.]
1. Turf; soil; ground.
Fertile of corn the glebe, of oil and wine,
With herds the pastures throng'd, with flocks the hills. Milt.
Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood;
If od'rous blooms the bearing branches load,
The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign,
Great heats will follow, and large crops of grain. Dryden.


Sleeping vegetables lie,
'Till the glad summons of a genial ray
Unbinds the glebe, and calls them out to day. Garth.
2. The land possessed as part of the revenue of an ecclesiastical
benefice.
The ordinary living or revenue of a parsonage is of three
sorts: the one in land, commonly called the glebe; another in
tythe, which is a set part of our goods rendered to God; the
third, in other offerings bestowed upon God and his church
by the people. Spelman.
A trespass done on a parson's glebe land, which is a freehold,
cannot be tried in a spiritual court. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Many parishes have not an inch of glebe. Swift.

GLE’BOUS. adj. [from glebe.] Turfy. Dict.

GLE’BY. adj. [from glebe.] Turfy; perhaps in the following
passage fat or fruitful, if it has indeed any meaning.
Pernicious flatt'ry! thy malignant seeds
In an ill hour, and by a fatal hand
Sadly diffus'd o'er virtue's gleby land,
With rising pride amidst the corn appear,
And choke the hopes and harvest of the year. Prior.

GLEDE. n. s. [glidaglide, Saxon.] A kite.
Ye shall not eat the glede, the kite, and the vulture. Deutr.

GLEE. n. s. [gligge, Saxon.] Joy; merriment; gayety. It
anciently signified musick played at feasts. It is not now used,
except in ludicrous writing, or with some mixture of irony
and contempt.
She marcheth home, and by her takes the knight,
Whom all the people follow with great glee. Fairy Queen.
Many wayfarers make themselves glee, by putting the in­
habitants in mind of their privilege; who again foreslow not
to baigne them with perfume. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
And his sportive limbs,
This way and that convolv'd, in friskful glee
Their frolicks play. Thomson's Spring.
Is Blouzelinda dead? Farewel my glee!
No happiness is now reserv'd for me. Gay's Pastorals.

GLEED. n. s. [from glowan, Saxon, to glow.] A hot glow­
ing coal. A provincial and obsolete word.

GLE’EFUL. adj. [glee and full.] Gay; merry; cheerful.
My lovely Aaron, wherefore look'st thou sad,
When every thing doth make a gleeful boast? Shakespeare.

GLEEK. n. s. [gligge, Saxon.] Musick; or musician.
What will you give us?——No money, but the gleek: I
will give you the minstrel. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

To GLEEK. v. a. [gligman, in Saxon, is a mimick or a droll.]
1. To sneer; to gibe; to droll upon.
I can gleek upon occasion. Shakesp. Mids. Night's Dream.
I have seen you gleeking or galling at this gentleman twice
or thrice. Shakespeare's Henry V.
2. In Scotland it is still retained, and signifies to fool or spend
time idly, with something of mimickry or drollery.

To GLEEN. v. n. To shine with heat or polish. I know not
the original notion of this word: it may be of the same race
with glow or with gleam.
Those who labour
The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleening armour,
Acknowledge Vulcan's aid. Prior.

GLEET. n. s. [It is written by Skinner glitt, and derived from
glidan, Saxon, to run softly.] A sanious ooze; a thin ichor
running from a sore.
There then lay a hard dry eschar, without either matter or
gleet. Wiseman's Surgery.

To GLEET. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To drip or ooze with a thin sanious liquor.
His thumb being inflamed and swelled, I made an incision
into it to the bone: this not only bled, but gleeted a few
drops. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. To run slowly.
Vapours may be raised by the sun in such quantities as are
sufficient to make clouds, which are carried up and down the
atmosphere, 'till they hit against the sides of the more moun­
tainous places of the globe, and by this concussion are con­
densed, and so gleet down the rocky caverns of these moun­
tains, whose inner parts, being hollow and stony, afford them
a bason. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

GLE’ETY. adj. [from gleet.] Ichory; thinly sanious.
If the flesh lose its ruddiness, and the matter change to be
thin and gleety, you may suspect it corrupting. Wiseman.

GLEN. n. s. [gleann, Erse.] A valley; a dale; a depression
between two hills.
From me his madding mind is start,
And wooes the widow's daughter of the glen. Spenser.

GLEW. n. s. [gluten, Latin.] A viscous cement made by dis­
solving the skins of animals in boiling water, and drying the
gelly. See GLUE.

GLI

GLIB. adj. [from λεί. Skinner.]
1. Smooth; slippery; so formed as to be easily moved.
Liquid bodies have nothing to sustain their parts, nor any
thing to cement them: the parts being glib and continually in
motion, fall off from one another, which way soever gravity
inclines them. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Habbakkuk brought him a smooth strong rope, compactly
twisted together, with a noose that slipt as glib as a birdcatcher's
gin. Arbuthnot.
2. Smooth; voluble.
I want that glib and oily art
To speak and purpose not, since what I well intend,
I'll do't before I speak. Shakespeare's King Lear.
There was never so much glib nonsense put together in well
sounding English. Locke.
Now Curl his shop from rubbish drains;
Three genuine tomes of Swift's remains:
And then, to make them pass the glibber,
Revis'd by Tibbald, Moore, and Cibber. Swift.
Be sure he's a fine spoken man;
Do but hear on the clergy how glib his tongue ran. Swift.

GLIB. n. s.
They have another custom from the Scythians, the wearing
of mantles and long glibs; which is a thick curled bush of
hair hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously disguising
them. Spenser on Ireland.

To GLIB. v. a. [from the adjective.] To castrate.
I'll geld them all: fourteen they shall not see,
To bring false generations; they are coheirs,
And I had rather glib myself than they
Should not produce fair issue. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

GLI’BLY. adv. [from glib.] Smoothly; volubly.
Many who would startle at an oath, whose stomachs as well
as consciences recoil at an obscenity, do yet slide glibly into a
detraction. Government of the Tongue.

GLI’BNESS. n. s. [from glib.] Smoothness; slipperiness.
A polish'd ice-like glibness doth enfold
The rock. Chapman's Odyssey.
The tongue is the most ready for motion of any member,
needs not so much as the flexure of a joint, and by access of
humours acquires a glibness too, the more to facilitate its
moving. Government of the Tongue.

To GLIDE. v. n. [glidan, Saxon; glijden, Dutch.]
1. To flow gently and silently.
By East, among the dusty vallies, glide
The silver streams of Jordan's crystal flood. Fairfax, b. iii.
Broke by the jutting land on either side,
In double streams the briny waters glide. Dryden's Æn.
Just before the confines of the wood,
The gliding Lethe leads her silent flood. Dryden's Æn.
Where stray the Muses, in what lawn or grove?
In those fair fields where sacred Isis glides,
Or else where Cam his winding vales divides. Pope.
2. To pass gently and without tumult.
Ye gliding ghosts, permit me to relate
The mystick wonders of your silent state. Dryden's Æn.
3. To move swiftly and smoothly along.
If one of mean affairs
May plod it in a week, why may not I
Glide thither in a day? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Shoals of fish, with sins and shining scales,
Glide under the green wave. Milton.
He trembl'd every limb, and felt a smart
As if cold steel had glided through his heart. Dryd. Fables.
All things are beheld as in a hasty motion, where the
objects only glide before the eye and disappear. Dryden.

GLIDE. n. s. [from the verb.] Lapse; act or manner of passing
smoothly.
About his neck
A green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself,
Who, with her head nimble in threats, approach'd
The opening of his mouth; but suddenly
Seeing Orlando it unlink'd itself,
And with indented glides did slip away
Into a bush. Shakespeare's As you like it.

GLI’DER. n. s. [from glide.] One that glides.
The glaunce into my heart did glide;
Hey ho the glider;
Therewith my soul was sharply gride,
Such wounds soon waxen wider. Spenser's Pastoral.

GLIKE. n. s. [glig, Saxon. See GLEEK.] A sneer; a scoff;
a flout. Not now in use.
Now where's the bastard's braves, and Charles his glikes?
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.

To GLI’MMER. v. n. [glimmer, Danish, to shine; glimmen,
Dutch, to glow.]
1. To shine faintly.
The West yet glimmers with some streaks of day. Shakes.
The truth appears so naked on my side,
That any purblind eye may find it out.
—And on my side it is so well apparel'd,
So clear, so shining, and so evident,
That it will glimmer through a blind man's eye. Shakespeare.
Oft in glimmering bowers and glades
He met her. Milton.


See'st thou yon' dreary plain, forlorn and wild,
The seat of desolation, void of light,
Save what the glimmering of these livid flames
Casts pale and dreadful? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
The sacred influence
Of light appears, and from the walls of heav'n
Shoots far into the bosom of dim night
A glimmering dawn. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Through these sad shades this chaos in my soul,
Some seeds of light at length began to roll;
The rising motion of an infant ray
Shot glimm'ring through the cloud, and promis'd day. Prior.
Oft by the winds, extinct the signal lies;
Or smother'd in the glimm'ring socket dies. Gay's Trivia.
When rosy morning glimmer'd o'er the dales,
He drove to pasture all the lusty males. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To be perceived imperfectly; to appear faintly.
On the way the baggage post-boy, who had been at court,
got a glimmering who they were. Wotton.
The Pagan priesthood was always in the druids;
and there was a perceivable glimmering of the Jewish rites in
it, though much corrupted. Swift.

GLI’MMER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Faint splendour; weak light.
2. A kind of fossil.
The lesser masses that are lodged in sparry and stony bodies,
dispersedly, from their shining and glimmering, were an in­
ducement to the writers of fossils to give those bodies the
name of mica and glimmer. Woodward on Fossils.
Stones which are composed of plates, that are generally plain
and parallel, and that are flexible and elastick: talc, catsilver,
or glimmer, of which there are three sorts, the yellow or
golden, the white or silvery, and the black. Woodward.

GLIMPSE. n. s. [glimmen, Dutch, to glow.]
1. A weak faint light.
Such vast room in nature,
Only to shine, yet scarce to contribute
Each orb a glimpse of light, convey'd so far
Down to this habitable, which returns
Light back to them. Milt. Par. Lost.
Thousands of things, which now either wholly escape our
apprehensions, or, which our shortsighted reason having got
some faint glimpse of, we, in the dark, grope after. Locke.
2. A quick flashing light.
Light as the lightning glimpse they ran? Milton's P. Lost.
My thoughtless youth was wing'd with vain desires;
My manhood, long misled by wand'ring fires,
Follow'd false lights; and when their glimpse was gone,
My pride struck out new spangles of her own. Dryden.
3. Transitory lustre.
If I, celestial sire, in aught
Have serv'd thy will, or gratified thy thought,
One glimpse of glory to my issue give;
Grac'd for the little time he has to live. Dryd. Fables.
4. Short fleeting enjoyment.
If, while this weary'd flesh draws fleeting breath,
Not satisfy'd with life, afraid of death,
If hap'ly be thy will that I should know
Glimpse of delight, or pause from anxious woe;
From now, from instant now, great sire, dispel
The clouds that press my soul. Prior.
5. A short transitory view.
O friends! I hear the tread of nimble feet
Hasting this way, and now by glimpse discern
Ithuriel, and Zephon, through the shade. Milt. Par. Lost.
Some he punisheth exemplarily in this world, that we might
from thence have a taste or glimpse of his present justice.
Hakewill on Providence.
A man, used to such sort of reflections, sees as much at one
glimpse as would require a long discourse to lay before another,
and make out in one entire and gradual deducation. Locke.
What should I do! while here I was enchain'd,
No glimpse of godlike liberty remain'd. Dryden's Virgil.
6. The exhibition of a faint resemblance.
There is no man hath a virtue that he has not a glimpse of.
Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

To GLI’STEN. v. n. [glittan, German.] To shine; to sparkle
with light.
The bleating kind
Eye the bleak heaven, and next the glistening earth,
With looks of dumb despair. Thomson's Winter.
The ladies eyes glistened with pleasure. Richardson's Pamela.

To GLI’STER. v. n. [glittan, German; glisteren, Dutch.] To
shine; to be bright.
The wars flame most in Summer, and the helmets glister
brightest in the fairest sunshine. Spenser on Ireland.
How he glisters
Through my dark rust! And how his piety
Does my deeds make the blacker! Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
'Tis better to be lowly born,
And range with humble livers in content,
Than to be perk'd up in a glistering grief,
And wear a golden sorrow. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
The golden sun
Gallops the zodiack in his glist'ring coach. Shakespeare.
All that glisters is not gold. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
You were more the eye and talk
Of the court to day, than all
Else that glister'd in Whitehall. Ben. Johns. Underwoods.
When the sun shone upon the shields of gold and brass,
the mountains glistered therewith, and shined like lamps of
fire. 1 Mac. vi. 39.
Glister'd in one snake, and into fraud
Led Eve, our credulous mother, to the tree
Of prohibition. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
It consisted not of rubies, yet the small pieces of it were
of a pleasant redish colour, and glistered prettily. Boyle.

GLI’STER. n. s. [Properly written clyster, from ϰλύω.] See
CLYSTER.
Now enters Bush with new state airs,
His lordship's premier minister;
And who, in all profound affairs,
Is held as needful as his glister. Swift.
Choler is the natural glister, or one excretion whereby na­
ture excludeth another; which, descending daily unto the
bowels, extimulates those parts, and excites them unto ex­
pulsion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 2.

To GLI’TTER. v. n. [glitinran, Saxon.]
1. To shine; to exhibit lustre; to gleam.
Steel glosses are more resplendent than the like plates of
brass, and so is the glittering of a blade. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
Before the battle joins, from afar
The field yet glitters with the pomp of war. Dryden's Virg.
Scarce had'st thou time t' unsheath thy conqu'ring blade;
It did but glitter, and the rebels fled. Granville.
2. To be specious; to be striking.
Let them on the one hand set the most glittering tempta­
tions to discord, and on the other the dismal effects of it.
Decay of Piety.

GLI’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.] Lustre; bright show;
splendour.
Clad
With what permissive glory since his fall
Was left him, or false glitter. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
A man has reason not to flourish too much upon the glitter
of his fortune, for fear there should be too much alloy in it.
Collier on Pride.

GLI’TTERAND. Shining; sparkling. A participle used by
Chaucer and the old English poets. This participial termina­
tion is still retained in Scotland.

GLI’TTERINGLY. adv. [from glitter.] With shining lustre.

GLO

To GLOAR. v. a. [gloeren, Dutch.]
1. To squint; to look askew. Skinner.
2. In Scotland, to stare: as, what a gloarand quean.

To GLOAT. v. n. [This word I conceive to be ignorantly
written for gloar.] To cast side glances as a timorous lover.
Teach every grace to smile in your behalf,
And her deluding eyes to gloat for you. Rowe's Ja. Shore.

GLO’BARD. n. s. [from glow.] A glow-worm.

GLOBATED. adj. [from globe.] Formed in shape of a globe;
spherical; spheroidical.

GLOBE. n. s. [globe, French; globus, Latin.]
1. A sphere; a ball; a round body; a body of which every
part of the surface is at the same distance from the centre.
2. The terraqueous ball.
The youth, whose fortune the vast globe obey'd,
Finding his royal enemy betray'd,
Wept at his fall. Stepney.
Where God declares his intention to give this dominion, it
is plain he meant that he would make a species of creatures
that should have dominion over the other species of this ter­
restrial globe. Locke.
3. A sphere in which the various regions of the earth are geo­
graphically depicted, or in which the constellations are laid
down according to their places in the sky.
The astrologer who spells the stars,
Mistakes his globe, and in her brighter eye
Interprets heaven's physiognomy. Cleaveland.
These are the stars,
But raise thy thought from sense, nor think to find
Such figures there as are in globes design'd. Creech.
4. A body of soldiers drawn into a circle.
Him round
A globe of fiery seraphim inclos'd,
With bright imblazoning, and horrent arms. Milton.

GLOBE Amaranth, or everlasting flower. n. s. [amaranthoides,
The flowers are small, and cut into four segments, which
are collected into squamose heads: from each of those scales
is produced a single flower: the ovary in the bottom of the
flower becomes a roundish crooked seed, contained in a thin
pellicule or skin. Miller.

GLOBE Daisy. n. s. A kind of flower.



GLOBE. Fish. n. s. A kind of orbicular fish.

GLOBE. Ranunculus. n. s. [helleboro-ranunculus.]
It hath single circumscribed leaves, like the ranunculus: the
cup of the flower consists of five small leaves of the same
colour with the flower. Miller.

GLOBE Thistle. n. s.
It hath the whole appearance of a thistle: the leaves are
produced alternately: the florets consist of one leaf, which is
divided into five segments, and is hollow, and each single
floret has a scaly cup: the flowers are collected into a spheri­
cal head, which has the common cup or covering. Miller.

GLOBO’SE. adj. [globosus, Latin.] Spherical; round.
Regions, to which
All thy dominion, Adam, is no more
Than what this garden is to all the earth,
And all the sea; from one entire globose
Stretch'd into longitude. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Then form'd the moon
Globose, and ev'ry magnitude of stars. Milton's Par. Lost.

GLOBO’SITY. n. s. [from globose.] Sphericity; sphericalness.
Why the same eclipse of the sun, which is seen to them that
live more easterly, when the sun is elevated six degrees above
the horizon, should be seen to them that live one degree more
westerly, where the sun is but five degrees above the horizon,
and so lower and lower proportionably, 'till at last it appear
not at all: no account can be given, but the globosity of the
earth. Ray on the Creation.

GLO’BOUS. adj. [globosus, Latin. When the accent is intended
to be on the last syllable, the word should be written globose,
when on the first globous: I have transferred hither a passage
of Milton, in which this rule has been neglected.] Spheri­
cal; round.
Wide over all the plain, and wider far
Than all this globose earth in plain outspread,
Such are the courts of God! Milton.
The brazen instruments of death discharge
Horrible flames, and turbid streaming clouds;
Large globous irons fly, of dreadful hiss,
Singeing the air. Phillips.

GLO’BULAR. adj. [globulus, Latin.] In form of a small sphere;
round; spherical.
The figure of the atoms of all visible fluids seemeth to be
globular, there being no other figure so well fitted to the
making of fluidity. Grew's Cosmol. Sacr. b. i. c. 2.

GLO’BULARIA. n. s. [Lat. globulaire, Fr.] A flosculous flower,
consisting of many florets, which are divided into several seg­
ments, and have one lip. Miller.

GLO’BULE. n. s. [globule, Fr. globulus, Lat.] Such a small par­
ticle of matter as is of a globular or spherical figure, as the red
particles of the blood, which swim in a transparent serum, and
are easily discovered by the microscope. These will attract
one another when they come within a due distance, and unite
like the spheres of quicksilver. Quincy.
The hailstones have opaque globules of snow in their centre,
to intercept the light within the halo. Newton's Opt.
Blood consists of red globules, swimming in a thin liquor
called serum: the red globules are elastick, and will break:
the vessels which admit the smaller globule, cannot admit the
greater without a disease. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GLO’BULOUS. adj. [from globule.] In form of a small sphere;
round.
The whiteness of such globulous particles proceeds from the
air included in the froth. Boyle.

To GLO’MERATE. v. a. [glomero, Latin.] To gather into a
ball or sphere.

GLOMERA’TION. n. s. [glomeratio, Latin.]
1. The act of forming into a ball or sphere.
2. A body formed into a ball.
The rainbow consisteth of a glomeration of small drops,
which cannot possibly fall but from the air that is very low.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 832.

GLO’MEROUS. adj. [glomerosus, Latin.] Gathered into a ball
or sphere.

GLOOM. n. s. [glomang, Saxon, twilight.]
1. Imperfect darkness; dismalness; obscurity; defect of light.
Glowing embers through the room,
Teach light to counterfeit a gloom. Milton.
This the seat,
That we must change for heav'n? This mournful gloom,
For that celestial light? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
The still night, not now, as ere men fell,
Wholsome, and cool, and mild; but with black air
Accompany'd; with damps, and dreadful gloom. Milton.
Now warm in love, now with'ring in thy bloom,
Lost in a convent's solitary gloom. Pope.
2. Cloudiness of aspect; heaviness of mind; sullenness.

To GLOOM. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To shine obscurely, as the twilight. This sense is not now
in use.
His glist'ring armour made
A little glooming light much like a shade. Fairy Queen.
Scarcely had Phœbus in the glooming East
Yet harnessed his fiery sooted team. Spenser.
2. To be cloudy; to be dark.
3. To be melancholy; to be sullen.

GLOO’MILY. adv. [from gloomy.]
1. Obscurely; dimly; without perfect light; dismally.
2. Sullenly; with cloudy aspect; with dark intentions; not
cheerfully.
See, he comes: how gloomily he looks! Dryden.
Gloomily retir'd
The villain spider lives. Thomson's Summer.

GLOO’MINESS. n. s. [from gloomy.]
1. Want of light; obscurity; imperfect light; dismalness.
2. Want of cheerfulness; cloudiness of look; heaviness of
mind; melancholy.
Neglect spreads gloominess upon their humour, and makes
them grow sullen and unconversable. Collier of the Spleen.
The gloominess in which sometimes the minds of the best
men are involved, very often stands in need of such little in­
citements to mirth and laughter as are apt to disperse melan­
choly. Addison's Spectator, No. 179.

GLOO’MY. adj. [from gloom.]
1. Obscure; imperfectly illuminated; almost dark; dismal for
want of light.
These were from without
The growing miseries, which Adam saw
Already in part, though hid in gloomiest shade,
To sorrow abandon'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Deep in a cavern dwells the drowsy god,
Whose gloomy mansion nor the rising sun,
Nor setting visits, nor the lightsome noon. Dryden's Fables.
The surface of the earth is clearer or gloomier, just as the
sun is bright or more overcast. Pope's Letters.
2. Dark of complexion.
That fair field
Of Enna, where Proserpine gathering flow'rs,
Herself a fairer flow'r, by gloomy Dis
Was gather'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
3. Sullen; melancholy; cloudy of look; heavy of heart.

GLO’RIED. adj. [from glory.] Illustrious; honourable; deco­
rated with glory; dignified with honours.
Old respect,
As I suppose, toward your once glory'd friend,
My son now captive, hither hath inform'd
Your younger feet, while mine cast back with age
Came lagging after. Milton's Agonistes.

GLORIFICA’TION. n. s. [glorification, Fr. from glorify.] The
act of giving glory.
At opening your eyes, enter upon the day with thanks­
giving for the preservation of you the last night, with the glo­
rification of God for the works of the creation. Taylor.

To GLO’RIFY. v. a. [glorifier, French; glorifico, Latin.]
1. To procure honour or praise to one.
Two such silver currents, when they join,
Do glorify the banks that bound them in. Shakesp. K. John.
Justice is their virtue: that alone
Makes them sit sure, and glorifies the throne. Daniel.
2. To pay honour or praise in worship.
God is glorified when such his excellency, above all things,
is with due admiration acknowledged. Hooker, b. v.
This form and manner of glorifying God was not at that
time first begun; but received long before, and alleged at that
time as an argument for the truth. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Good fellow, tell us here the circumstance,
That we for thee may glorify the Lord. Shakesp. Henry VI.
All nations shall glorify thy name. Ps. lxxxvi. 9.
This is the perfection of every thing, to attain its true and
proper end; and the end of all these gifts and endowments,
which God hath given us, is to glorify the giver. Tillotson.
3. To praise; to honour; to extol.
Whomsoever they find to be most licentious of life, despe­
rate in all parts of disobedience and rebellious disposition, him
they set up and glorify. Spenser on Ireland.
No chymist yet the elixir got,
But glorifies his pregnant pot,
If by the way to him befall
Some odoriferous thing, or medicinal. Donne.
4. To exalt to glory or dignity.
If God be glorified in him, God shall also glorify him in him­
self, and shall straightway glorify him. Jo. xiii. 32.
Whom he justified, them he also glorified. Rom. viii. 30.
The soul, being immortal, will, at some time or other,
resume its body again in a glorified manner. Ayliffe's Parergon.

GLO’RIOUS. adj. [gloriosus, Latin; glorieux, French.]
1. Boastful; proud; haughty; ostentatious.
Glorious followers, who make themselves as trumpets of
the commendation of those they follow, taint business for
want of secrecy. Bacon.
They that are glorious must needs be factious; for all bra­
very stands upon comparisons. Bacon, Essay 55.
2. Noble; illustrious; excellent.


Let them know that thou art Lord, the only God, and
glorious over the whole world. Dan. iii. 22.
Impartial justice holds her equal scales,
'Till stronger virtue does the weight incline;
If over thee thy glorious foe prevails,
He now defends the cause that once was thine. Prior.
Let us remember we are Cato's friends,
And act like men who claim that glorious title. Addison's Cato.

GLO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from glorious.] Nobly; splendidly; il­
lustriously.
They inspire with those celestial flames, which shine so glo­
riously in their works. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Great wits sometimes may gloriously offend,
And rise to faults true criticks dare not mend. Pope.

GLO’RY. n. s. [gloire, French; gloria, Latin. Among the old
poets it was used sometimes as one syllable, glore.]
1. Praise paid in adoration.
Glory to God in the highest. Luke ii. 14.
2. The felicity of heaven prepared for those that please God.
Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterwards re­
ceive me to thy glory. Psal. lxxiii. 24.
Then enter into glory, and resume
His seat at God's right hand, exalted high
Above all names in heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Honour; praise; fame; renown; celebrity.
Think it no glory to swell in tyranny. Sidney.
Glory is like a circle in the water,
Which never ceaseth to enlarge itself,
'Till by broad spreading it disperse to nought. Shak. H. VI.
And with that word and warning soon was dight,
Each soldier longing for near coming glory. Fairfax, b. i.
Can we imagine that either the ambition of princes, or in­
terest, or gain in private persons, or curiosity and the desire of
knowledge, or the glory of discoveries, could ever move them
in that endless time to try their fortunes upon the sea. Burnet.
4. Splendour; magnificence.
Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of
these. Matt. vi. 29.
Treated so ill, chas'd from your throne,
Returning, you adorn the town;
And with a brave revenge do show
Their glory went and came with you. Waller.
Aristotle says, that should a man under ground converse
with works of art, and be afterwards brought up into the open
day, and see the several glories of the heaven and earth, he
would pronounce them the works of God. Addison's Spectator.
5. Lustre; brightness.
Now sleeping flocks on their soft fleeces lie;
The moon, serene in glory, mounts the sky. Pope's Winter.
From opening skies may streaming glories shine,
And saints embrace thee with a love like mine. Pope.
6. A circle of rays which surrounds the heads of saints in
picture.
It is not a converting but a crowning grace; such an one
as irradiates, and puts a circle of glory about the head of him
upon whom it descends. South's Sermons.
A smile plays with a surprising agreeableness in the eye,
breaks out with the brightest distinction, and sits like a glory
upon the countenance. Collier of the Aspect.
7. Pride; boastfulness; arrogance.
By the vain glory of men they entered into the world, and
therefore shall they come shortly to an end. Wisd. xiv. 14.
8. Generous pride.
The success of those wars was too notable to be unknown
to your ears, to which all worthy fame hath glory to come
unto. Sidney, b. ii.

To GLO’RY. v. n. [glorior, Latin.] To boast in; to be proud
of.
With like judgment glorying when he had happened to do
a thing well, as when he had performed some notable mis­
chief. Sidney, b. ii.
They were wont, in the pride of their own proceedings, to
glory, that whereas Luther did but blow away the roof, and
Zuinglius batter but the walls of popish superstition, the last
and hardest work of all remained, which was to raze up the
very ground and foundation of popery. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
Let them look they glory not in mischief,
Nor build their evils on the graves of great men;
For then my guiltless blood must cry against them. Shakesp.
Your glorying is not good. 1 Cor. v. 6.
Thou hast seen mount Atlas,
While storms and tempests thunder on its brow,
And oceans break their billows at its feet,
It stands unmov'd, and glories in its height. Addis. Cato.
This title is what I most glory in, and what most effectually
calls to my mind the happiness of that government under which
I live. Addison's Freeholder, No. 1.
If others may glory in their birth, why may not we, whose
parents were called by God to attend on him at his altar? Atter.
No one is out of the reach of misfortune; no one there­
fore should glory in his prosperity. Clarissa.

To GLOSE. v. a. To flatter; to collogue. Hanmer. See
To GLOZE.

GLOSS. n. s. [γλώσσα; glose, French.]
1. A scholium; a comment.
They never hear sentence, which mentioneth the word or
scripture, but forthwith their glosses upon it are the word
preached, the scripture explained, or delivered unto us in
sermons. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
If then all souls, both good and bad, do teach,
With gen'ral voice, that souls can never die;
'Tis not man's flatt'ring gloss, but nature's speech,
Which, like God's oracles, can never lie. Davies.
Some mutter at certain passages therein, by putting ill glosses
upon the text, and taking with the left hand what I offer with
the right. Howel.
All this, without a gloss or comment,
He could unriddle in a moment. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.
In many places he has perverted my meaning by his glosses,
and interpreted my words into blasphemy and bawdry, of
which they were not guilty. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
They give the scandal, and the wise discern;
Their glosses teach an age too apt to learn. Dryden.
Explaining the text in short glosses, was Accursius's
method. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
Indentures, cov'nants, articles they draw,
Large as the fields themselves, and larger far
Than civil codes with all their glosses are. Pope.
2. An interpretation artfully specious; a specious representation.
Poor painters oft with silly poets join,
To fill the world with strange but vain conceit;
One brings the stuff, the other stamps the coin,
Which breeds nought else but glosses of deceit. Sidney, b. ii.
It is no part of my secret meaning to draw you hereby into
hatred, or to set upon the face of this cause any fairer gloss
than the naked truth doth afford. Hooker, Preface.
He seems with forged quaint conceit
To set a gloss upon his bad intent. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
The common gloss
Of theologians. Milton.
3. Superficial lustre.
His iron coat, all over grown with rust,
Was underneath enveloped with gold,
Whose glistering gloss dark'ned with filthy dust. Fai. Queen.
You are a sectary,
That's the plain truth: your painted gloss discovers,
To men that understand you, words and weakness. Shakes.
Golden opinions from all sorts of people,
Which would be worn now in their newest gloss. Shakesp.
The doubt will be whether it will polish so well; for steel
glosses are more resplendent than the like plates of brass, and
so is the glittering of a blade. Bacon's Phys. Rom.
Weeds that the wind did toss
The virgins wore: the youths, woven coats, that cast a
faint dim gloss,
Like that of oil. Chapman's Iliads, b. xviii.
It was the colour of devotion, giving a lustre to reverence,
and a gloss to humility. South's Sermons.
Groves, fields, and meadows, are at any season pleasant to
look upon; but never so much as in the opening of the Spring,
when they are all new and fresh, with their first gloss upon
them. Addison's Spectator, No. 412.

To GLOSS. v. n. [gloser, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To comment.
Thou detain'st Briseis in thy bands,
By priestly glossing on the gods commands. Dryd. Fables.
2. To make sly remarks.
Her equals first observ'd her growing zeal,
And laughing gloss'd, that Abra serv'd so well. Prior.

To GLOSS. v. a.
1. To explain by comment.
No woman shall succeed in Salique land;
Which Salique land the French unjustly gloss
To be the realm of France. Shakespeare's Henry V.
In parchment then, large as the fields, he draws
Assurances, big as gloss'd civil laws. Donne.
2. To palliate by specious exposition or representation.
Is this the paradise, in description whereof so much glossing
and deceiving eloquence hath been spent? Hooker's Sermons.
Do I not reason wholly on your conduct?
You have the art to gloss the foulest cause. Phillips's Briton.
3. To embellish with superficial lustre.
But thou, who lately of the common strain
Wert one of us, if still thou do'st retain
The same ill habits, the same follies too,
Gloss'd over only with a saint-like show,
Then I resume the freedom which I gave,
Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave. Dryden's Pers.

GLO’SSARY. n. s. [glossarium, Latin; glossaire, French.] A
dictionary of obscure or antiquated words.
According to Varro, the most learned of the Romans,
when delubrum was applied to a place, it signified such a one,
in quo dei simulachrum dedicatum est; and also in the old glos­
saries. Stillingfleet.


I could add another word to the glossary. Baker.

GLOSSA’TOR. n. s. [glossateur, French, from gloss.] A writer of
glosses; a commentator.
The reason why the assertion of a single judge does not
prove the existence of judicial acts, is because his office is to
pronounce judgment, and not to become an evidence: but
why may not the same be said of two judges? Therefore, in
this respect, the glossator's opinion must be false. Ayliffe.

GLO’SSER. n. s. [glossarius, Latin.]
1. A scholiast; a commentator.
2. A polisher.

GLO’SSINESS. n. s. [from glossy.] Smooth polish; superficial
lustre.
Those grains were as like little cubes as if they had been
made by a skilful jeweller, and their surfaces had a smooth­
ness and glossiness much surpassing whatever I had observed in
marine or common salt. Boyle.

GLO’SSOGRAPHER. n. s. [γλώσσα and γϱάφω.] A scholiast;
a commentator.

GLO’SSOGRAPHY. n. s. [γλώσσα and γϱάφω.] The writing
of commentaries.

GLO’SSY. adj. [from gloss.] Shining; smoothly polished.
There came towards us a person of place: he had on him
a gown with wide sleeves, of a kind of water-camblet, of an
excellent azure colour, far more glossy than ours. Bacon.
The rest entire
Shone with a glossy scurf. Milton.
His surcoat was a bearskin on his back;
His hair hung long behind, and glossy raven black. Dryden.
Myself will search our planted grounds at home,
For downy peaches and the glossy plum. Dryden's Virgil.

GLOVE. n. s. [glofe, Saxon, from klaffue, Danish, to divide.]
Cover of the hands.
Like an uproar in a town,
Before them every thing went down;
They flew about like chaff i' th' wind;
For haste some left their masks behind,
Some could not stay their gloves to find. Drayton.
White gloves were on his hands, and on his head
A wreath of laurel. Dryden.

To GLOVE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover as with a
glove.
My limbs,
Weaken'd with grief, being now enrag'd with grief,
Are thrice themselves: hence therefore, thou nice crutch;
A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
Must glove this hand. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
The next he preys on is her palm,
That alm'ner of transpiring balm;
So soft, 'tis air but once remov'd;
Tender as 'twere a jelly glov'd. Cleaveland.

GLO’VER. n. s. [from glove.] One whose trade is to make
or sell gloves.
Does he not wear a great round beard like a glover's paring
knife? Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

To GLOUT. v. n. [A low word of which I find no etymology.]
To pout; to look sullen. It is still used in Scotland.
She lurks in midst of all her den, and streaks
From out a ghastly whirlpool all her necks,
Where, glowting round her rock, to fish she falls. Chapman.
Glouting with sullen spight, the fury shook
Her clotted locks, and blasted with each look. Garth.

To GLOW. v. n. [glowan, Saxon; gloeyen, Dutch.]
1. To be heated so as to shine without flame.
But sithence silence lesseneth not my fire,
But told it flames, and hidden it does glow,
I will reveal what ye so much desire. Fairy Queen, b. i.
His goodly eyes,
That o'er the files and musters of the war
Have glow'd like plated Mars, now bend, now turn
Their office upon a tawny front. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
Kunigund, wife to the emperor Henry II. to show her in­
nocency, did take seven glowing irons, one after another, in
her bare hands, and had thereby no harm. Hakewill.
Not all parts like, but all alike inform'd
With radiant light, as glowing iron with fire. Milt. Par. L.
2. To burn with vehement heat.
Nor would you find it easy to compose
The mettled steeds, when from their nostrils flows
The scorching fire that in their entrails glows. Addis. Ovid.
How op'ning heav'ns their happy regions show,
And yawning gulphs with flaming vengeance glow. Smith.
Fires that glow,
Shrieks of woe. Pope.
3. To feel heat of body.
Did not his temples glow
In the same sultry winds and scorching heats? Addis. Cato.
The cord slides swiftly through his glowing hands. Gay.
4. To exhibit a strong bright colour.
With smile that glow'd
Celestial rosy red, love's proper hue. Milton.
Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays. Dryden.
A malicious joy,
Whose red and fiery beams cast through your visage
A glowing pleasure. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
From the mingled strength of shade and light,
A new creation rises to my sight;
Such heav'nly figures from his pencil flow,
So warm with life his blended colours glow,
Amidst the soft variety I'm lost. Addison.
Like th' ethereal glow'd the green expanse. Savage.
Fair ideas flow,
Strike in the sketch, or in the picture glow. Pope.
Not the fair fruit that on yon branches glows,
With that ripe red th' autumnal sun bestows,
Can move the god. Pope.
Each pleasing Blount shall endless smiles bestow,
And fair Belinda's blush for ever glow. Pope.
Here clearer stars glow round the frozen pole. Pope.
From her naked limbs of glowing white,
In folds loose floating, fell the fainter lawn. Thomson.
5. To feel passion of mind, or activity of fancy.
You strive in vain
To hide your thoughts from him, who knew too well
The inward glowings of a heart in love. Addison's Cato.
Forc'd compliments and formal bows
Will shew thee just above neglect;
The fire with which thy lover glows,
Will settle into cold respect. Prior.
Did Shadrach's zeal my glowing breast inspire
To weary tortures, and rejoice in fire. Prior.
Let the gay conscience of a life well spent
Calm ev'ry thought, inspirit ev'ry grace,
Glow in thy heart, and smile upon thy face. Pope.
With furies surrounded,
Despairing, confounded,
He trembles, he glows,
Amidst Rhodope's snows. Pope.
So perish all, whose breasts ne'er learn'd to glow
For others good, or melt at others woe. Pope.
To praise is always hard,
When real virtue fires the glowing bard. Lewis.
6. To rage or burn as a passion.
A fire which every windy passion blows;
With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows. Dryden.
When crept into aged veins,
Love slowly burns, and long remains;
It glows, and with a sullen heat,
Like fire in logs, it warms us long. Shadwell.

To GLOW. v. a. To make hot so as to shine. Not in use.
On each side her
Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids,
With divers colour'd fans, whose wind did seem
To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool. Shakesp.

GLOW. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Shining heat.
2. Vehemence of passion.
3. Brightness or vividness of colour.
The pale complexion of true love,
And the red glow of scorn and proud disdain. Shakespeare.
A waving glow his bloomy beds display;
Blushing in bright diversities of day. Pope, Epistle iv.

GLO’WWORM. n. s. [glow and worm.] A small creeping insect
with a luminous tail.
The honey bags steal from the humble bees,
And for night-tapers crop their waxen thighs,
And light them at the fiery glowworm's eyes. Shakespeare.
The glowworm shews the mattin to be near,
And 'gins to pale his uneffectual fire. Shakesp. Hamlet.
A great light drowneth a smaller that it cannot be seen; as
the sun that of a glowworm. Bacon's Natural History.
The man, who first upon the ground
A glowworm spy'd, supposing he had found
A moving diamond, a breathing stone;
For life it had, and like those jewels shone:
He held it dear, 'till by the springing day
Inform'd, he threw the worthless worm away. Waller.

To GLOZE. v. n. [glesan, Saxon.]
1. To flatter; to wheedle; to insinuate; to sawn.
Man will hearken to his glozing lies,
And easily transgress. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
So gloz'd the tempter, and his proem tun'd:
Into the heart of Eve his words made way. Milt. Par. Lost.
A false glozing parasite would call his foolhardiness valour,
and then he may go on boldly, because blindly, and by mis­
taking himself for a lion, come to perish like an ass. South.
Now for a glozing speech,
Fair protestations, specious marks of friendship. Phillips.
2. To comment. This should be gloss.
Which Salique land the French unjustly gloze
To be the realm of France. Shakespeare's Henry V.



GLOZE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Flattery; insinuation.
Now to plain dealing; lay these glozes by. Shakespeare.
2. Specious show; gloss.
Precious couches full oft are shaked with a fever;
If then a bodily evil in a bodily gloze be not hidden,
Shall such morning dews be an ease to the heat of a love's
fire? Sidney, b. i.

GLU

GLUE. n. s. [glu, Fr. gluten, Lat. glud, Welsh.] A viscous body
commonly made by boiling the skins of animals to a gelly;
any viscous or tenacious matter by which bodies are held one
to another; a cement.
Water, and all liquors, do hastily receive dry and more
terrestrial bodies proportionable; and dry bodies, on the other
side, drink in waters and liquors: so that, as it was well said
by one of the ancients of earthly and watery substances, one
is a glue to another. Bacon's Natural History.
To build the earth did chance materials chuse,
And through the parts cementing glue diffuse. Blackmore.
The clearest, driest, and most transparent glue is the best.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The flowers of grains, mixed with water, will make a sort
of glue. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To GLUE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To join with a viscous cement.
I fear thy overthrow
More than my body's parting with my soul:
My love and fear glu'd many friends to thee. Shakesp. H. VI.
Whose teacheth a fool is as one that glueth a potsherd to­
gether. Ecclus. xxii. 7.
The custom of crowning the Holy Virgin is so much in
vogue among the Italians, that one often sees in their churches
a little tinsel crown, or a circle of stars, glued to the canvas
over the head of the figure. Addison on Italy.
Most wounds, if kept clean, and from the air, the flesh
will glue together with its own native balm. Derham.
2. To hold together.
The parts of all homogeneal hard bodies, which fully touch
one another, stick together very strongly; and for explaining
how this may be, some have invented hooked atoms, which is
begging the question; and others tell us their bodies are glued
together by rest, that is, by an occult quality, or rather by
nothing. Newton's Opt.
3. To join; to unite; to inviscate.
Those wasps in a honeypot are so many sensual men, that
are plunged in their lusts and pleasures; and when they are
once glued to them, 'tis a very hard matter to work themselves
out. L'Estrange, Fable 126.
Intemperance, sensuality, and fleshly lusts, do debase mens
minds and clog their spirits; fink us down into sense, and
glue us to those low and inferior things. Tillotson's Sermons.
She curb'd a groan, that else had come;
And pausing, view'd the present in the tomb:
Then to the heart ador'd devoutly glu'd
Her lips, and, raising it, her speech renew'd. Dryden.
I hear thee, view thee, gaze o'er all thy charms,
And round thy phantom glue my clasping arms. Pope.

GLU’EBOILER. n. s. [glue and boil.] One whose trade is to
make glue.

GLU’ER. n. s. [from glue.] One who cements with glue.

GLUM. adj. [A low cant word formed by corrupting gloom.]
Sullen; stubbornly grave.
Some, when they hear a story, look glum, and cry, Well,
what then? Guardian.

To GLUT. v. a. [engloutir, French; glutio, Lat. to swallow;
γλύζω.]
1. To swallow; to devour.
'Till cram'd and gorg'd, nigh burst
With suck'd and glutted offal. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. To cloy; to fill beyond sufficiency; to sate; to disgust.
The ambassador, making his oration, did so magnify the
king and queen, as was enough to glut the hearers. Bacon.
Love breaks friendship, whose delights
Feed, but not glut our appetites. Denham.
What way remove
His settled hate, and reconcile his love,
That he may look propitious on our toils,
And hungry graves no more be glutted with our spoils. Dry.
No more, my friend;
Here let our glutted execution end. Dryden's Æn.
I found
The fickle ear soon glutted with the sound,
Condemn'd eternal changes to pursue,
Tir'd with the last, and eager of the new. Prior.
3. To feast or delight even to satiety.
With death's carcase glut the grave. Milton.
His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice,
Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant's eyes. Dryden.
A sylvan scene, which, rising by degrees,
Leads up the eye below, nor gluts the sight
With one full prospect; but invites by many,
To view at last the whole. Dryden's State of Innocence.
4. To overfill; to load.
He attributes the ill success of either party to their glutting
the market, and retailing too much of a bad commodity at
once. Arbuthnot's Art of Polite Lying.
5. To saturate.
The menstrum, being already glutted, could not act power­
fully enough to dissolve it. Boyle.

GLUT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. That which is gorged or swallowed.
Disgorging foul
Their devilish glut, chain'd thunderbolts, and hall
Of iron globes. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
2. Plenty even to loathing and satiety.
So death
Shall be deceiv'd his glut; and with us two
Be forc'd to satisfy his rav'nous maw. Milton's Par. Lost.
Let him but set the one in balance against the other, and he
shall find himself miserable, even in the very glut of his
delights. L'Estrange, Fable 11.
A glut of study and retirement in the first part of my life,
cast me into this; and this will throw me again into study
and retirement. Pope to Swift.
3. More than enough; overmuch.
If you pour a glut of water upon a bottle, it receives little
of it. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
4. Any thing that fills up a passage.
The water some suppose to pass continually from the
bottom of the sea to the heads of springs and rivers, through
certain subterranean conduits or channels, until they were by
some glut, stop, or other means, arrested in their passage.
Woodward's Natural History.

GLU’TINOUS. adj. [glutinex, French, from gluten, Latin.]
Gluey; viscous; tenacious.
The cause of all vivification is a gentle and proportionable
heat, working upon a glutinous and yielding substance; for the
heat doth bring forth spirit in that substance, and the substance
being glutinous, produceth two effects: the one, that the spirit
is detained, and cannot break forth; the other, that the mat­
ter, being gentle and yielding, is driven forwards by the motion
of the spirits, after some swelling, into shape and members.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 900.
Next this marble venom'd seat,
Smear'd with gums of glutinous heat. Milton.
Nourishment too viscid and glutinous to be subdued by the
vital force. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GLU’TINOUSNESS. n. s. [from glutinous.] Viscosity; tena­
city.
There is a resistance in fluids, which may arise from their
elasticity, glutinousness, and the friction of their parts. Cheyne.

GLU’TTON. n. s. [glouton, French, from glutio, Latin, to swal­
low.]
1. One who indulges himself too much in eating.
The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day, and some gluttons
have used to have catsflesh baked. Bacon's Natural History.
Through Macer's gullet she runs down,
When the vile glutton dines alone;
And, void of modesty and thought,
She follows Bibo's endless draught. Prior.
2. One eager of any thing to excess.
The rest bring home in state the happy pair
To that last scene of bliss, and leave them there;
All those free joys insatiably to prove,
With which rich beauty feasts the glutton love. Cowley.
Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy,
Their fatal arts so impiously employ. Granville.

To GLU’TTONISE. v. n. [from glutton.] To play the glutton;
to be luxurious.

GLU’TTONOUS. adj. [from glutton.] Given to excessive
feeding; delighted overmuch with food.
When they would smile and fawn upon his debts,
And take down th' interest in their glutt'nous maws. Shakesp.
The exceeding luxuriousness of this gluttonous age, wherein
we press nature with overweighty burdens, and finding her
strength defective, we take the work out of her hands, and
commit it to the artificial help of strong waters. Raleigh.
Thou well observe
The rule of not too much, by temperance taught
In what thou eat'st and drink'st; seeking from thence
Due nourishment, no gluttonous delight. Milton's Par. Lost.

GLU’TTONOUSLY. adv. [from gluttonous.] With the voracity
of a glutton.

GLU’TTONY. n. s. [glutonnie, Fr. from glutton.] Excess of
eating; luxury of the table.
Their sumptuous gluttonies and gorgeous feasts,
On citron tables or Atlantick stone. Milton's Parad. Reg.
Well may they fear some miserable end,
Whom gluttony and want at once attend. Dryden's Juven.
The inhabitants of cold moist countries are generally more
fat than those of warm and dry; but the most common cause
is too great a quantity of food, and too small a quantity of
motion; in plain English, gluttony and laziness. Arbuthnot.

GLU’Y. adj. [from glue.]
2. Viscous; tenacious; glutinous.


It is called balsamick mixture, because it is a gluy spumous
matter. Harvey on Consumptions.
With gluy wax some new foundations lay
Of virgin combs. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
Whatever is the composition of the vapour, let it have but
one quality of being very gluy or viscous, and it will mecha­
nically solve all the phænomena of the grotto. Addison.

GLYN. n. s. [Irish; gleann, glyn, plur. Erse; glenn, Scottish.]
A hollow between two mountains.
Though he could not beat out the Irish, yet he did shut
them up within those narrow corners and glyns under the
mountains foot. Spenser's State of Ireland.

To GNAR. v. n. [gnyrran, Saxon; knorren, Dutch.] To
growl; to murmur; to snarl.

To GNARL. v. n. [gnyrran, Saxon; knorren, Dutch.] To
growl; to murmur; to snarl.
When he 'gan to rear his bristles strong,
And felly gnar, until day's enemy
Did him appease. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 1.
Thus is the shepherd beaten from thy side,
And wolves are gnarling who shall gnaw thee first. Shakesp.
Gnarling sorrow hath less power to bite
The man that mocks at it, and sets it light. Shakesp. R. II.
The gnarring porter durst not whine for doubt;
Still were the furies while their sovereign spoke. Fairfax.

GNA’RLED. adj. [gnar, nar, or nurr, is in Staffordshire a hard
knot of wood which boys drive with sticks.] Knotty.
Merciful heav'n!
Thou rather with thy sharp and sulph'rous bolt
Split'st the unwedgeable and gnarled oak,
Than the soft myrtle. Shak. Measure for Measure.

To GNASH. v. a. [knaschen, Dutch.] To strike together; to
clash.
The seer, who could not yet his wrath asswage,
Rowl'd his green eyes, that sparkl'd with his rage,
And gnash'd his teeth. Dryden's Virg. Georg.

To GNASH. v. n.
1. To grind or collide the teeth.
He shall gnash with his teeth, and melt away. Ps. cxii. 10.
There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. Mat. viii.
2. To rage even to collision of the teeth; to fume; to growl.
His great iron teeth he still did grind,
And grimly gnash, threatning revenge in vain. Fai. Queen.
They gnashed upon me with their teeth. Ps. xxxv. 16.
They him laid
Gnashing for anguish, and despite and shame,
To find himself not matchless. Milton's Paradise Lost.
With boiling rage Atrides burn'd,
And foam betwixt his gnashing grinders churn'd. Dryden.

GNAT. n. s. [gnæt, Saxon.]
1. A small winged stinging insect.
Her whip of cricket's bone, the lash of film;
Her waggoner, a small grey-coated gnat. Shak. Rom. and Ju.
2. Any thing proverbially small.
Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a
camel. Mat. xxiii. 24.

GNA’TFLOWER. n. s. [gnat and flower.] A flower otherwise
called the beeflower.

GNA’TSNAPPER. n. s. [gnat and snap.] A bird so called, be­
cause he lives by catching gnats.
They deny that any bird is to be eaten whole, but only the
gnatsnapper. Hakewill on Providence.

To GNAW. v. a. [gnagan, Saxon; knaghen, Dutch.]
1. To eat by degrees; to devour by slow corrosion.
To you such scabb'd harsh fruit is giv'n, as raw
Young soldiers at their exercisings gnaw. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. To bite in agony or rage.
Alas, why gnaw you so your nether lip?
Some bloody passion shakes your very frame. Shak. Othello.
They gnawed their tongues for pain. Rev. xvi. 10.
He comely fell, and dying gnaw'd the ground. Dryden.
3. To wear away by biting.
Gnawing with my teeth my bonds asunder,
I gain'd my freedom. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
Like rotten fruit I fall, worn like a cloth
Gnawn into rags by the devouring moth. Sandys.
A lion, hampered in a net, called to a mouse to help him
out of the snare: the mouse gnawed the threads to pieces, and
set the lion at liberty. L'Estrange.
4. To fret; to waste; to corrode.
5. To pick with the teeth.
His bones clean pick'd; his very bones they gnaw. Dryd.

To GNAW. v. n. To exercise the teeth.
I might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties
him; but I should sooner mar my teeth than procure li­
berty. Sidney.
See the hell of having a false woman: my bed shall be
abused, my coffers ransacked, my reputation gnawn at. Shakes.
I thought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks,
A thousand men that fishes gnaw'd upon. Shakesp. R. III.

GNA’WER. n. s. [from gnaw.] One that gnaws.

GNO

GNO’MON. n. s. [γνώμων.] The hand or pin of a dial.
The gnomon of every dial is supposed to represent the axis
of the world, and therefore the two ends or extremities there­
of must directly answer to the North and South pole. Harris.
There were from great antiquity sun-dials, by the shadow
of a style or gnomon, denoting the hours of the day. Brown.

GNO’MONICKS. n. s. [γνωμονιϰὴ.] A science which makes a
part of the mathematicks: it teaches to find the just propor­
tion of shadows for the construction of all kinds of sun and
moon dials, and for knowing what o'clock it is by means
thereof; as also of a gnomon or stile, that throws off the
shadow for this purpose. Trevoux.

GO

To GO. v. n. pret. I went; I have gone. [gan, Saxon. This
was probably changed to gone, or gang, then contracted to go.]
1. To walk; to move step by step.
You know that love
Will creep in service where it cannot go. Shakespeare.
After some months those muscles become callous; and,
having yielded to the extension, the patient makes shift to go
upon it, though lamely. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. To move; not stand still.
Rife, let us be going. Mat. xxvi. 46.
3. To walk solemnly.
If there be cause for the church to go forth in solemn pro­
cession, his whole family have such business come upon them
that no one can be spared. Hooker, b. v. s. 41.
4. To walk leisurely, not run.
And must I go to him?
—Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long, that
going will scarce serve the turn. Shakespeare.
5. To travel; to journey a-foot.
I will only go through on my feet. Num. xx. 19.
And whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him
twain. Mat. v. 41.
From them I go,
This uncouth errand sole. Milton.
6. To proceed; to make a progress.
Thus others we with defamation wound,
While they stab us; and so the jest goes round. Dryden.
7. To remove from place to place.
I am in blood
Stept in so far, that, should I wade no more,
Returning were as tedious as go o'er. Shakesp. Macbeth.
8. To depart from a place; to move from a place; the opposite
of to come.
I hope it be not gone, to tell my lord
That I kiss aught but him. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
At once, good-night:
Stand not upon the order of your going,
But go at once. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Ye shall not go forth hence. Gen. xlii. 15.
And when she had so said she went her way. Jo. xi. 28.
I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice; only you shall not
go very far away. Ex. viii. 28.
Colchester oysters are put into pits, where the sea goeth and
cometh. Bacon's Natural History.
A young tall squire
Did from the camp at first before him go. Cowley's Davideis.
Then I concur to let him go for Greece,
And wish our Egypt fairly rid of him. Dryden's Cleomenes.
Go first the master of thy herds to find,
True to his charge, a loyal swain and kind. Pope's Odyssey.
9. To move or pass in any manner, or to any end.
Though the vicar be bad, or the parson be evil,
Go not for thy tything thyself to the devil. Tuss. Husbandry.
She may go to bed when she list; all is as she will. Shakesp.
You did wish that I would make her turn;
Sir, she can turn and turn, and yet go on. Shakes. Othello.
I am glad to see your lordship abroad: I heard say your
lordship was sick: I hope your lordship goes abroad by ad­
vice. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Go to, let us go down, and there confound their lan­
guage. Gen. xi. 7.
Let my Lord go amongst us. Ex. xxxiv. 9.
The mourners go about the streets. Eccl. xii. 5.
The sun shall go down over the prophets, and the day shall
be dark over them. Mac. iii. 6.
Put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out
from gate to gate throughout the camp. Ex. xxxii. 27.
The sun, which once did shine alone,
Hung down his head, and wish'd for night,
When he beheld twelve suns for one
Going about the world, and giving light. Herbert.
This seen, the rest at awful distance stood,
As if they had been there as servants set,
To stay, or to go on, as he thought good,
And not pursue, but wait on his retreat. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
Not turning them going, 'till you have given them all the
satisfaction they are capable of, and so leading them by your
answers into farther questions. Locke.
History only acquaints us that his fleet went up the Elbe,
he having carried his arms as far as the banks of that river.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
The last advice I give you relates to your behaviour when


you are going to be hanged, which, either for robbing your
master, for housebreaking, or going upon the highway, may
very probably be your lot. Swift's Directions to the Footman.
Those who come for gold will go off with pewter and
brass, rather than return empty. Swift.
10. To pass in company with others.
Thou shalt again be adorned with thy tabrets, and shalt go
forth in the dances of them that make merry. Jer. xxxi. 4.
Whatever remains in story of Atlas, or his kingdom of old,
is so obscured with age or fables, that it may go along with
those of the Atlantick islands. Temple.
11. To proceed in any course of life good or bad.
He goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and
walketh with wicked men. Job xxxiv. 8.
And the Levites that are gone away far from me, when
Israel went astray, which went astray away from me after their
idols, they shall even bear their iniquity. Ezek. xliv. 10.
12. To proceed in mental operations.
If I had unwarily too far engaged myself for the present
publishing it, truely I should have kept it by me 'till I had
once again gone over it. Digby on the Soul, Dedication.
Thus I have gone through the speculative consideration of
the Divine Providence. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
I hope, by going over all these particulars, you may receive
some tolerable satisfaction about this great subject. South.
If we go over the laws of Christianity, we shall find that,
excepting a very few particulars, they enjoin the very same
things, only they have made our duty more clear and certain.
Tillotson, Sermon 6.
In their primary qualities we can go but a very little
way. Locke.
I go over some parts of this argument again, and enlarge a
little more upon them. Locke.
They are not able all their life-time to reckon, or regularly
go over any moderate series of numbers. Locke.
13. To take any road.
I will go along by the highway; I will neither turn to the
right hand, nor to the left. Deutr. ii. 27.
Who shall bemoan thee? Or who shall go aside to ask how
thou doest? Jer. xv. 5.
His horses go about
Almost a mile. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I have endeavoured to escape into the ease and freedom of
a private scene, where a man may go his own way and his
own pace. Temple.
14. To march in a hostile or warlike manner.
You were advis'd his flesh was capable
Of wounds and scars, and that his forward spirit
Would lift where most trade of danger rang'd;
Yet did you say go forth. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
We be not able to go up against the people; for they are
stronger than we. Numb. xiii. 31.
Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil
them until the morning light. 1 Sa. xiv. 36.
Thou art able to go against this Philistine to fight with
him. 1 Sa. xvii. 33.
The remnant of Jacob shall be among the Gentiles as a lion
among the beasts of the forest; who, if he go through, both
treadeth down and teareth in pieces, and none can deliver.
Mic. v. 8.
15. To change state or opinion for better or worse.
We will not hearken to the king's words to go from our
religion. 1 Mac. ii. 22.
The regard of the publick state, in so great a danger, made
all those goodly things, which went so to wreck, to be lightly
accounted of, in comparison of their lives and liberty. Knolles.
They become secretly discontent, and look upon men and
matters with an evil eye; and are best pleased when things go
backward, which is the worst property of a servant of a prince
or state. Bacon, Essay 37.
All goes to ruin, they themselves contrive
To rob the honey, and subvert the hive. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
Landed men, as well as others, by their providence and
good husbandry, accommodating their expences to their in­
come, keep themselves from going backwards in the
world. Locke.
Cato, we all go into your opinion. Addison's Cato.
16. To apply one's self.
Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute ora­
tor, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel false­
hood. Sidney.
Because this atheist goes mechanically to work, he will not
offer to affirm that all the parts of the embryon could, accord­
ing to his explication, be formed at a time. Bentley's Sermons.
17. To have recourse to.
Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to
law before the unjust, and not before the saints? 1 Cor. vi. 1.
18. To be about to do.
So extraordinary an example, in so degenerate an age, de­
serves for the rarity, and, I was going to say, for the incredibi­
lity of it, the attestation of all that knew him, and considered
his worth. Locke.
19. To shift; to pass life not quite well.
Every goldsmith, eager to engross to himself as much as he
could, was content to pay high for it, rather than go with­
out. Locke.
Cloaths they must have; but if they speak for this stuff, or
that colour, they should be sure to go without it. Locke.
20. To decline; to tend towards death or ruin.
He is far gone, and, truly, in my youth,
I suffer'd much extremity for love,
Very near this. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
21. To be in party or design.
They with the vanquish'd prince and party go,
And leave their temples empty to the foe. Dryden.
22. To escape.
Timotheus himself fell into the hands of Dositheus and
Sosipater, whom he besought with much craft to let him go
with his life. 2 Mac. xii. 24.
23. To tend to any act.
There be some women, Silvius, had they mark'd him
In parcels as I did, would have gone near
To fall in love with him. Shakesp. As you like it.
24. To be uttered.
His disciples personally appeared among them, and ascer­
tained the report which had gone abroad concerning a life so
full of miracles. Addison on the Christian Religion.
25. To be talked of; to be known.
It has the greatest town in the island that goes under the
name of Ano-Caprea, and is in several places covered with a
very fruitful soil. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
26. To pass; to be received.
Because a fellow of my acquaintance set forth her praises in
verse, I will only repeat them, and spare my own tongue, since
she goes for a woman. Sidney.
And the man went among men for an old man in the days
of Saul. 1 Sa. xvii. 12.
A kind imagination makes a bold man have vigour and en­
terprize in his air and motion: it stamps value upon his face,
and tells the people he is to go for so much. Collier.
Clipping should be finally stopped, and the money which
remains should go according to its true value. Locke.
27. To move by mechanism.
This pope is decrepid, and the bell goeth for him: take or­
der that, when he is dead, there be chosen a pope of fresh
years. Bacon's Holy War.
Clocks will go as they are set; but man,
Irregular man's never constant, never certain. Otway.
'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none
Go just alike, yet each believes his own. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
28. To be in motion from whatever cause.
The weyward sisters, hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go about, about. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Clipt and washed money goes about, when the entire and
weighty lies hoarded up. Waller.
29. To move in any direction.
Doctor, he is a curer of souls, and you a curer of bodies:
if you should fight, you go against the hair of your pro­
fessions. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Thou trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed, even upon
Egypt; on which, if a man lean, it will go into his hand and
pierce it. 2 Kings xviii. 21.
Shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, or go back ten
degrees? 2 Kings xx. 9.
30. To flow; to pass; to have a course.
The god I am, whose yellow water flows
Around these fields, and fattens as it goes,
Tyber my name. Dryden's Æn.
31. To have any tendency.
Athenians, know
Against right reason all your counsels go;
This is not fair, nor profitable that,
Nor t'other question proper for debate. Dryden's Pers.
32. To be in a state of compact or partnership.
As a lion was bestriding an ox that he had newly plucked
down, a robber passing by cried out to him, half shares:
you should go your snip, says the lion, if you were not so for­
ward to be your own carver. L'Estrange.
There was a hunting match agreed upon betwixt a lion,
an ass, and a fox, and they were to go equal shares in the
booty. L'Estrange.
33. To be regulated by any method; to proceed upon principles.
Where the multitude beareth sway, laws that shall tend to
the preservation of that state must make common smaller offices
to go by lot, for fear of strife and divisions likely to arise. Hook.
We are to go by another measure. Sprat's Sermons.
The principles I there went on, I see no reason to alter. Loc.
The reasons that they went upon were very specious and
probable. Bentley's Sermons.


34. To be pregnant.
Great bellied women,
That had not half a week to go. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The fruit she goes with,
I pray that it good time and life may find. Shakes. H. VIII.
Of living creatures some are a longer time in the womb,
and some shorter: women go commonly nine months, the
cow and the ewe about six months. Bacon's Nat. History.
Some do go with their young the sixth part of a year,
or two over or under, that is, about six or nine weeks;
and the whelps of these see not 'till twelve days. Brown.
And now with second hopes she goes,
And calls Lucina to her throws. Milton.
35. To pass; not to remain.
She began to afflict him, and his strength went from
him. Judg. xvi. 19.
When our merchants have brought them, if our commo­
dities will not be enough, our money must go to pay for
them. Locke.
36. To pass; not to be retained.
Then he lets me go,
And, with his head over his shoulder turn'd,
He seem'd to find his way without his eyes. Shakes. Hamlet.
Let go the hand of that arch heretick. Shakes. K. John.
37. To be expended.
Scholars are close and frugal of their words, and not will­
ing to let any go for ornament, if they will not serve for use.
Felton on the Classicks.
38. To be in order of time or place.
We must enquire farther what is the connexion of that sen­
tence with those that go before it, and those which follow
it. Watts's Logick.
39. To reach or be extended to any degree.
Can another man perceive that I am conscious of any thing,
when I perceive it not myself? No man's knowledge here can
go beyond his experience. Locke.
40. To extend to consequences.
It is not one master that either directs or takes notice of
these: it goes a great way barely to permit them. L'Estrange.
41. To reach by effects.
Considering the cheapness, so much money might go far­
ther than a sum ten times greater could do now. Wilkins.
42. To extend in meaning.
His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may
allow. Dryden's Ovid, Preface.
43. To spread; to be dispersed; to reach farther.
Whose flesh, torn off by lumps, the rav'nous foe
In morsels cut, to make it farther go. Tate's Juven. Sat.
44. To have influence; to be of weight.
I had another reason to decline it, that ever uses to go far
with me upon all new inventions or experiments; which is,
that the best trial of them is by time, and observing whether
they live or no. Temple.
'Tis a rule that goes a great way in the government of a
sober man's life, not to put any thing to hazard that may be
secured by industry, consideration, or circumspection. L'Estr.
Whatever appears against their prevailing vice goes for
nothing, being either not applied, or passing for libel and
slander. Swift.
45. To be rated one with another; to be considered with regard
to greater or less worth.
I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man
enough. Arbuthnot.
46. To contribute; to conduce; to concur.
The medicines which go to the ointments are so strong,
that, if they were used inwards, they would kill those that
use them. Bacon's Natural History.
More parts of the greater wheels go to the making one part
of their lines. Glanv. Sceps. c. 8.
There goes a great many qualifications to the compleating
this relation: there is no small share of honour and conscience
and sufficiency required. Collier of Friendship.
I had some thoughts of giving the sex their revenge, by
laying together the many vicious characters that prevail in the
male world, and shewing the different ingredients that go to
the making up of such different humours and constitutions.
Addison's Spectator, No. 211.
Something better and greater than high birth and quality
must go toward acquiring those demonstrations of publick
esteem and love. Swift to Pope.
47. To fall out, or terminate; to succeed.
Your strong possession much more than your right,
Or else it must go wrong with you and me. Shakes. K. John.
Howe'er the business goes, you have made fault
I' th' boldness of your speech. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I will send to thy father, and they shall declare unto him
how things go with thee. Tob. x. 8.
In many armies, if the matter should be tried by duel be­
tween two champions, the victory should go on the one side;
and yet, if it be tried by the gross, it would go on the other
side. Bacon's Collection of Good and Evil.
It has been the constant observation of all, that if a minister
had a cause depending in the court, it was ten to one but it
went against him. South's Sermons.
At the time of the prince's landing, the father, easily fore­
seeing how things would go, went over, like many others, to
the prince. Swift.
Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay
me the reward. Watts's Logick.
48. To be in any state. This sense is impersonal.
It shall go ill with him that is left in his tabernacle. Job xx.
He called his name Beriah, because it went evil with his
house. 1 Chr. vii. 23.
49. To proceed in train or consequence.
How goes the night, boy?
—The moon is down: I have not heard the clock;
And she goes down at twelve.
I take't 'tis later, sir. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I had hope,
When violence was ceas'd, and war on earth,
All would have then gone well. Milton.
Duration in itself is to be considered as going on in one
constant, equal, uniform course. Locke.
50. To GO about. To attempt; to endeavour; to set one's
self to any business.
O dear father,
It is thy business that I go about. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I lost him; but so found, as well I saw
He could not lose himself, but went about
His father's business. Paradise Regain'd, b. ii.
Which answer exceedingly united the vulgar minds to
them, who concurred only with them as they saw them like
to prevail in what they went about. Clarendon.
Some men, from a false persuasion that they cannot reform
their lives, break off their ill customs, and root out their old
vicious habits, never so much as attempt, endeavour, or go
about it. South's Sermons.
Either my book is plainly enough written to be rightly un­
derstood by those who peruse it with attention and indiffe­
rency, or else I have writ mine so obscurely that it is in vain
to go about to mend it. Locke.
They never go about, as in former times, to hide or palliate
their vices; but expose them freely to view. Swift.
51. To GO aside. To err; to deviate from the right.
If any man's wife go aside, and commit a trespass against
him. Numb. v. 12.
52. To GO between. To interpose; to moderate between two.
I did go between them, as I said; but more than that, he
loved her; for, indeed, he was mad for her. Shakespeare.
53. To GO by. To pass away unnoticed.
Do not you come your tardy son to chide,
That laps'd in time and passion, lets go by
Th' important acting of your dread command? Sh. Hamlet.
So much the more our carver's excellent,
Which lets go by some sixteen years, and makes her
As she liv'd now. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
What's that to us? The time goes by; away. Shakespeare.
54. To GO by. To find or get in the conclusion.
In argument with men a woman ever
Goes by the worse, whatever be her cause. Milt. Agonistes.
He's sure to go by the worst that contends with an adversary
that is too mighty for him. L'Estrange.
55. To GO by. To observe as a rule.
'Tis not to be supposed, that by searching one can positively
judge of the size and form of a stone; and indeed the fre­
quency of the fits, and violence of the symptoms, are a better
rule to go by. Sharp's Surgery.
56. To GO down. To be swallowed; to be received, not re­
jected.
Nothing so ridiculous, nothing so impossible, but it goes
down whole with him for truth and earnest. L'Estrange.
Folly will not easily go down in its own natural form with
discerning judges. Dryden's Aurengzebe, Preface.
If he be hungry, bread will go down. Locke.
Ministers are so wise to leave their proceedings to be ac­
counted for by reasoners at a distance, who often mould them
into the systems that do not only go down very well in the
coffeehouse, but are supplies for pamphlets in the present
age. Swift on the present State of Affairs.
57. To GO in and out. To do the business of life.
The Lord shall preserve thy going out and thy coming in. Ps.
58. To GO in and out. To be at liberty.
He shall go in and out, and find pasture. John x. 9.
59. To GO off. To die; to go out of life; to decease.
I would the friends we miss were safe arriv'd:
Some must go off; and yet, by these I see,
So great a day as this is cheaply bought. Shakesp. Macbeth.
In this manner he went off, not like a man that departed out
of life, but one that returned to his abode. Tatler, No. 86.
60. To GO off. To depart from a post.
The leaders having charge from you to stand,
Will not go off until they hear you speak. Shakesp. H. IV.


61. To GO on. To make attack.
Bold Cethegus,
Whose valour I have turn'd into his poison,
And prais'd so to daring, as he would
Go on upon the gods. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
62. To GO on. To proceed.
He found it a great war to keep that peace, but was fain to
go on in his story. Sidney, b. ii.
He that desires only that the work of God and religion shall
go on, is pleased with it, whoever is the instrument. Taylor.
I have escaped many threats of ill fits by these motions: if
they go on, the only poltice I have dealt with is wool from the
belly of a fat sheep. Temple.
To look upon the soul as going on from strength to strength,
to consider that she is to shine for ever with new accessions of
glory, and brighten to all eternity, is agreeable. Addis. Spect.
Go on chearfully in the glorious course you have under­
taken. Addison's Spectator, No. 164.
Copious bleeding is the most effectual remedy in the begin­
ning of the disease; but when the expectoration goes on suc­
cessfully, not so proper, because it sometimes suppresseth
it. Arbuthnot on Diet.
I have already handled some abuses during the late manage­
ment, and in convenient time shall go on with the rest. Swift.
When we had found that design impracticable, we should
not have gone on in so expensive a management of it. Swift.
Many clergymen write in so diminutive a manner, with
such frequent blots and interlineations, that they are hardly
able to go on without perpetual hesitations, or extraordinary
expletives. Swift.
I wish you health to go on with that noble work. Berkley.
63. To GO over. To revolt; to betake himself to another
party.
In the change of religion, men of ordinary understandings
don't so much consider the principles as the practice of those
to whom they go over. Addison on Italy.
Power, which, according to the old maxim, was used to
follow, is now gone over to money. Swift.
64. To GO out. To go upon any expedition.
You need not have pricked me: there are other men fitter
to go out than I. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
65. To GO out. To be extinguished.
Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out,
With titles blown from adulation? Shakespeare's Henry V.
Spirit of wine burned 'till it go out of itself, will burn no
more. Bacon's Natural History.
The care of a state, or an army, ought to be as constant
as the chymist's fire, to make any great production; and if
it goes out for an hour, perhaps the whole operation fails. Temp.
The morning, as mistaken, turns about;
And all her early fires again go out. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Let the acquaintance be decently buried, and the flame ra­
ther go out than be smothered. Collier of Friendship.
My blood runs cold, my heart forgets to heave,
And life itself goes out at thy displeasure. Addison's Cato.
And at her felt approach and secret might,
Art after art goes out, and all is night. Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.
66. To GO through. To perform throughly; to execute.
Finding Pyrocles every way able to go through with that
kind of life, he was as desirous for his sake as for his own to
enter into it. Sidney, b. ii.
If you can as well go through with the statute laws of that
land, I will think you have not lost all your time there. Spenser.
Kings ought not to suffer their council to go through with
the resolution and direction, as if it depended on them, but
take the matter back into their own hands. Bacon, Essay 21.
He much feared the earl of Antrim had not steadiness of
mind enough to go through with such an undertaking. Clarend.
The amazing difficulty and greatness of his account will
rather terrify than inform him, and keep him from setting
heartily about such a task, as he despairs ever to go through
with it. South's Sermons.
The powers in Germany are borrowing money, in order
to go through their part of the expence. Addison on the War.
67. To GO through. To suffer; to undergo.
I tell thee that it is absolutely necessary for the common
good that thou shouldst go through this operation. Arbuthnot.
68. The senses of this word are very indistinct: its general no­
tion is motion or progression.

GO TO. interject. Come, come, take the right course. A
scornful exhortation.
Go to then, O thou far renowned son
Of great Apollo; shew thy famous might
In medicine. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 5. stan. 43.
Go to, go to, thou art a foolish fellow;
Let me be clear of thee. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
My favour is not bought with words like these:
Go to; you'll teach your tongue another tale. Rowe.

GO-BY. n. s. Delusion; artifice; circumvention; over-reach.
Except an apprentice is instructed how to adulterate and
varnish, and give you the go-by upon occasion, his master may
be charged with neglect. Collier on Pride.

GO-CART. n. s. [go and cart.] A machine in which children
are inclosed to teach them to walk, and which they push for­
ward without danger of falling.
Young children, who are try'd in
Go-carts, to keep their steps from sliding,
When members knit, and legs grow stronger,
Make use of such machine no longer. Prior.

GOA

GOAD. n. s. [gad, Saxon.] A pointed instrument with which
oxen are driven forward.
Oft in his harden'd hand a goad he bears. Pope.

To GOAD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To prick or drive with a goad.
2. To incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to drive forward.
Most dangerous
Is that temptation, that doth goad us on
To sin in loving virtue. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Goaded with most sharp occasions,
Which lay nice manners by, I put you to
The use of your own virtues. Shak. All's well that ends well.
Of all that breathes the various progeny,
Stung with delight, is goaded on by thee. Dryden's Lucret.

GOAL. n. s. [gaule, French, a long pole set up to mark the
bounds of the race.]
1. The landmark set up to bound a race; the point marked out
to which racers run.
As at the Olympian games, or Pythian fields,
Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
And the slope sun his upward beam
Shoots against the dusky pole,
Pacing toward the other goal. Milton.
2. The starting post.
Hast thou beheld, when from the goal they start,
The youthful charioteers with heaving heart
Rush to the race? Dryden's Virg. Georg.
3. The final purpose; the end to which a design tends.
Our poet has always the goal in his eye, which directs him
in his race: some beautiful design, which he first establishes,
and then contrives the means, which will naturally conduct
him to his end. Dryden's Ovid, Preface.
Each individual seeks a sev'ral goal;
But heav'n's great view is one, and that the whole. Pope.
So man, who here seems principal alone,
Perhaps acts second to some sphere unknown;
Touches some wheel, or verges to some goal;
'Tis but a part we see, and not a whole.
Pope's Essay on Man.
4. It is sometimes improperly written for gaol, or jail.

GOAR. n. s. [goror, Welsh.] Any edging sewed upon cloath
to strengthen it. Skinner.

GOAT. n. s. [gat, Saxon and Scottish.] A ruminant animal
that seems a middle species between deer and sheep.
Gall of goat, and slips of yew. Shakesp. Macbeth.
You may draw naked boys riding and playing with their
paper-mills or bubble-shells upon goats, eagles, or dolphins.
Peacham on Drawing.
The little bear that rock'd the mighty Jove,
The swan whose borrow'd shape conceal'd his love,
Are grac'd with light; the nursing goat's repaid
With heaven, and duty rais'd the pious maid. Creech.

GO’ATBEARD. n. s. [goat and beard.]
It is a plant with a semiflosculous flower, consisting of many
half florets: these with the embryoes are included in one
common many leaved flower-cup, not scaly, but the segments
are stretched out above the florets: the embryoes afterward
become oblong seeds inclosed in coats, and have a thick down
like a beard adhering to them. Miller.

GOA’TSBREAD. The same with GOATSBEARD, which see.

GOA’TCHAFER. n. s. An insect; a kind of beetle. Bailey.

GOA’THERD. n. s. [gat and hyrd, Saxon, a feeder or tender.]
One whose employment is to tend goats.
Is not thilk same goatherd proud,
That sits on yonder bank,
Whose straying herd themself doth shrowd
Among the bushes rank? Spenser's Pastorals.
They first gave the goatherd good contentment, and the
marquis and his servant chased the kid about the stack. Wotton.

GOA’TMARJORAM. n. s. The same with GOATSBEARD,
which see.

GOA’TSMILK. n. s. [goat and milk.]
After the fever and such like accidents are diminished,
asses and goatsmilk may be necessary. Wiseman's Surgery.

GOA’TMILKER. n. s. [goat and milker.] A kind of owl so
called from sucking goats. Bailey.

GOATS Rue. n. s. [galega.]
It hath a perennial root: the leaves grow by pairs, fastened
to a mid-rib, terminating in an odd lobe: the flower is of the
papilionaceous kind, consisting of a standard, the wings, and
the keel: the pointal becomes a long taper pod, which is filled
with oblong kidney-shaped seeds. This plant is propagated
for medicinal use. Miller.


Goat's rue is a native of Italy, and some parts of Spain,
where it has the reputation of being a great alexipharmick
and sudorifick: the Italians eat it raw and boiled, and make a
kind of tea of it; but with us it is of no esteem. Hill.

GOA’TSKIN. n. s. [goat and skin.]
They wandered about in sheepskins and goatskins, being
destitute, afflicted, and tormented. Hebr. ii. 37.
Then fill'd two goatskins, with her hands divine;
With water one, and one with sable wine. Pope's Odyssey.

GOATS-THORN. n. s. [goat and thorn.]
It hath a papilinaceous flower, out of which empalement
arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a bicapsular pod
filled with kidney-shaped seeds: the leaves grow by pairs on a
middle rib, which always end in a thorn. Tournefort says
the gum adragant, or dragon, is produced in Crete. Miller.

GOA’TISH. adj. [from goat.] Resembling a goat in any qua­
lities: as, rankness; lust.
An admirable evasion of a whoremaster, man, to lay his
goatish disposition on the change of a star. Shak. King Lear.
The last is notorious for its goatish smell, and tufts not un­
like the beard of that lecherous animal. More against Atheism.

GOB

GOB. n. s. [gobe, French.] A small quantity. A low word.
Do'st think I have so little wit as to part with such a gob of
money? L'Estrange.

GO’BBET. n. s. [gobe, French.] A mouthful; as much as
can be swallowed at once.
Therewith she spew'd out of her filthy maw
A flood of poison, horrible and black,
Full of great lumps of flash and gobbets raw. Fairy Queen.
By devilish policy art thou grown great,
And, like ambitious Sylla, overgorg'd
With gobbets of thy mother's bleeding heart. Shakes. H. VI.
The cooks, slicing it into little gobbets, prick it on a prog
of iron, and hang it in a furnace. Sandys's Travels.
The giant, gorg'd with flesh, and wine, and blood,
Lay stretcht at length, and snoring in his den,
Belching raw gobbets from his maw, o'ercharg'd
With purple wine and cruddl'd gore confus'd. Addison.

To GO’BBET. v. a. [from the noun.] To swallow at a mouth­
ful. A low word.
Down comes a kite powdering upon them, and gobbets up
both together. L'Estrange, Fable 4.

To GO’BBLE. v. a. [gober, to swallow, old French.] To
swallow hastily with tumult and noise.
The sheep were so keen upon the acorns, that they gobbled
up now and then a piece of the coat along with them. L'Est.
Of last year's corn in barn great store;
Fat turkeys gobbling at the door. Prior.
The time too precious now to waste,
And supper gobbled up in haste,
Again afresh to cards they run. Swift.

GO’BBLER. n. s. [from gobble.] One that devours in haste; a
gormand; a greedy eater.

GOBETWEEN. n. s. [go and between.] One that transacts
business by running between two parties.
Even as you came in to me, her assistant, or go-between,
parted from me: I say I shall be with her between ten and
eleven. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

GO’BLET. n. s. [gobelet, French.] A bowl, or cup, that holds
a large draught.
My figur'd goblets for a dish of wood. Shakes. Rich. II.
We love not loaded boards, and goblets crown'd;
But free from surfeits our repose is found. Denham.
Crown high the goblets with a chearful draught;
Enjoy the present hour, adjourn the future thought. Dryden.

GO’BLIN. n. s. [French; gobelina, which Spenser has once re­
tained, writing it in three syllables. This word some derive
from the Gibellines, a faction in Italy; so that elfe and goblin
is Guelph and Gibelline, because the children of either party
were terrified by their nurses with the name of the other: but
it appears that elfe is Welsh, and much older than those fac­
tions. Eilff Uylhon are phantoms of the night, and the Germans
likewise have long had spirits among them named Goboldi,
from which gobelin might be derived.]
1. An evil spirit; a walking spirit; a frightful phantom.
Angels and ministers of grace defend us!
Be thou a spirit of health, or goblin damn'd,
Bring with thee airs from heav'n, or blasts from hell? Shak.
To whom the goblin, full of wrath, reply'd,
Art thou that traytor angel? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Always, whilst he is young, be sure to preserve his tender
mind from all impressions and notions of spirits and goblins,
or any fearful apprehensions in the dark. Locke.
2. A fairy; an elf.
His son was Elfinel, who overcame
The wicked gobbelines in bloody field;
But Elfant was of most renowned fame,
Who of all crystal did Panthea build. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Go, charge my goblins that they grind their joints
With dry convulsions; shorten up their sinews
With aged cramps. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Mean time the village rouzes up the fire,
While well attested, and as well believ'd,
Heard solemn goes the goblin story round. Thomson's Winter.

GOD

GOD. n. s. [god, Saxon, which likewise signifies good. The
same word passes in both senses with only accidental variations
through all the Teutonick dialects.]
1. The Supreme Being.
God is a spirit, and they that worship him must worship him
in spirit and in truth. John iv. 24.
God above
Deal between thee and me: for ever now
I put myself to thy direction. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The Supreme Being, whom we call God, is necessary, self­
existent, eternal, immense, omnipotent, omniscient, and best
being; and therefore also a being who is and ought to be
esteemed most sacred or holy. Grew's Cosmol. Sacr. b. i.
2. A false god; an idol.
He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the Lord only,
he shall be utterly destroyed. Exod. xxii. 20.
As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods,
They kill us for their sport. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Strong god of arms, whose iron sceptre sways
The freezing North, and Hyperborean seas,
And Scythian colds, and Thracia's Winter coast,
Where stand thy steeds, and thou art honour'd most. Dryd.
3. Any person or thing deified or too much honoured.
Whose end is destruction whose god is their belly. Phil. iii.
I am not Licio,
Nor a musician as I seem to be;
But one that scorns to live in this disguise,
For such a one as leaves a gentleman,
And makes a god of such a cullion. Shakespeare.

To GOD. v. a. [from the noun.] To deify; to exalt to divine
honours.
This last old man,
Lov'd me above the measure of a father;
Nay, godded me, indeed. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

GO’DCHILD. n. s. [god and child.] A term of spiritual rela­
tion; one for whom one became sponsor at baptism, and pro­
mised to see educated as a Christian.

GO’DDAUGHTER. n. s. [god and daughter.] A girl for whom
one became sponsor in baptism. A term of spiritual relation.

GO’DDESS. n. s. [from god.] A female divinity.
Hear, nature, hear; dear goddess, hear a father! Shakes.
A woman I forswore; but I will prove,
Thou being a goddess, I forswore not thee:
My vow was earthy, thou a heav'nly love. Shakespeare.
I long have waited in the temple nigh,
Built to the gracious goddess Clemency;
But rev'rence thou the pow'r. Dryden's Fables.
From his seat the goddess born arose,
And thus undaunted spoke. Dryden's Fables.
When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among a
crowd of goddesse, she was distinguished by her graceful sta­
ture and superior beauty. Addison's Freeholder, No. 1.
Modesty with-held the goddess' train. Pope's Odyssey.

GO’DDESS-LIKE. adj. [goddess and like.] Resembling a god­
dess.
Then female voices from the shore I heard;
A maid amidst them goddess-like appear'd. Pope's Odyssey.

GO’DFATHER. n. s. [god and father.] The sponsor at the
font.
He had a son by her, and the king did him the honour as to
stand godfather to his child. Bacon's Henry VII.
Confirmation, a profitable usage of the church, transcribed
from the apostles, consists in the child's undertaking in his
own name the baptismal vow; and, that he may more solemn­
ly enter this obligation, bringing some godfather with him,
not now, as in baptism, as his procurator. Hammond.

GO’DHEAD. n. s. [from god.]
1. Godship; deity; divinity; divine nature.
Be content;
Your low-laid son our godhead will uplift. Shakesp. Cymbel.
At the holy mount
Of heav'n's high-seated top, th' imperial throne
Of godhead, fix'd for ever firm and sure,
The filial pow'r arriv'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
So may thy godhead be confest,
So the returning year be blest. Prior.
2. A deity in person; a god or goddess.
Were your godheads to borrow of men, men would forsake
the gods. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
Adoring first the genius of the place,
The nymphs and native godheads yet unknown. Dryd. Æn.

GO’DLESS. adj. [from god.] Without sense of duty to God;
atheistical; wicked; irreligious; impious.
Of these two sorts of men, both godless, the one has utterly
no knowledge of God, and the other studies how to persuade
themselves that there is no such thing to be known. Hooker.
That godless crew
Rebellious. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi. l. 49.


For faults not his, for guilt and crimes
Of godless men, and of rebellious times,
Him his ungrateful country sent,
Their best Camillus, into banishment. Dryden.

GO’DLIKE. adj. [god and like.] Divine; resembling a divi­
nity; supremely excellent.
Thus Adam his illustrious guest besought,
And thus the godlike angel answer'd mild. Milt. Par. Lost.
Musing and much revolving in his breast,
How best the mighty work he might begin
Of saviour to mankind, and which way first
Publish his godlike office now mature. Paradise Regain'd.
That prince shall be so wise and godlike, as, by established
laws of liberty, to secure protection and encouragement to the
honest industry of mankind. Locke.

GO’DLING. n. s. [from god.] A little divinity; a diminutive
god.
Thy puny godlings of inferior race,
Whose humble statues are content with brass. Dryd. Juven.

GO’DLINESS. n. s. [from godly.]
1. Piety to God.
2. General observation of all the duties prescribed by religion.
Virtue and godliness of life are required at the hands of the
minister of God. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.

GO’DLY. adj. [from god.]
1. Pious towards God.
Grant that we may hereafter live a godly, righteous, and
sober life. Common Prayer.
2. Good; righteous; religious.
Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth, for the faithful fail
among the children of men. Ps. xii. 1.

GO’DLY. adv. Piously; righteously.
The apostle St. Paul teacheth, that every one which will
live godly in Christ Jesus must suffer persecution. Hooker, b. v.

GO’DLYHEAD. n. s. [from godly.] Goodness; righteousness.
An old word.
For this, and many more such outrage,
I crave your godlyhead to asswage
The rancorous rigour of his might. Spenser.

GO’DMOTHER. n. s. [god and mother.] A woman who has be­
come sponsor in baptism. A term of spiritual relation.

GO’DSHIP. n. s. [from god.] The rank or character of a god;
deity; divinity.
Discoursing largely on this theme,
O'er hills and dales their godships came. Prior.

GO’DSON. n. s. [god and son.] One for whom one has been
sponsor at the font.
What, did my father's godson seek your life?
He whom my father named? your Edgar? Shakes. K. Lear.

GO’DWARD. adj. To Godward is toward God. So we read,
Hac Arethusa tenus, for hactenus Arethusa.
And such trust have we through Christ to Godward. 2 Cor.

GO’DWIT. n. s. [god, good, and wita, an animal.] A bird of
particular delicacy.
Nor ortelans nor godwits crown his board. Cowley.

GO’DYELD. adv. [corrupted from God shield or protect.] A
term of thanks. Now not used.

GO’DYIELD. adv. [corrupted from God shield or protect.] A
term of thanks. Now not used.
Herein I teach you,
How you should bid godyeld us for your pains,
And thank us for your trouble. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

GOEL. adj. [goler, Saxon.] Yellow. An old word.
In March at the furthest, dry season or wet,
Hop-roots so well chosen let skilful go set;
The goeler and younger, the better I love;
Well gutted and pared, the better they prove. Tuss. Husb.

GO’ER. n. s. [from go.]
1. One that goes; a runner.
I would they were in Africk both together,
Myself by with a needle, that I might prick
The goer back. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Such a man
Might be a copy to these younger times;
Which, follow'd well, would now demonstrate them
But goers backward. Shakes. All's well that ends well.
Nothing could hurt either of us so much as the intervening
officious impertinence of those goers between us, who in Eng­
land pretend to intimacies with you, and in Ireland to inti­
macies with me. Pope to Swift.
2. A walker; one that has a gait or manner of walking good
or bad.
The earl was so far from being a good dancer, that he was
no graceful goer. Wotton.

GOG

To GO’GGLE. v. n. To look asquint.
Inflam'd all over with disgrace,
To be seen by her in such a place,
Which made him hang his head, and scoul,
And wink and goggle like an owl. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 1.
Nor sighs, nor groans, nor goggling eyes did want. Dryd.

GO’GGLE-EYED. adj. [scegl egen, Saxon.] Squint-eyed; not
looking strait.
They are deformed, unnatural, or lame; and very unseemly
to look upon, except to men that be goggle-eyed them­
selves. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

GO’ING. n. s. [from going.]
1. The act of walking.
When nobles are their taylors tutors,
No hereticks burnt, but wenches suitors,
Then comes the time, who lives to see't,
That going shall be us'd with feet. Shakes. King Lear.
2. Pregnancy.
The time of death has a far greater latitude than that of our
birth; most women coming, according to their reckoning,
within the compass of a fortnight; that is, the twentieth part
of their going. Grew's Cosmol. Sacr. b. iii. c. 3.
3. Departure.
Thy going is not lonely; with thee goes
Thy husband; him to follow thou art bound. Milt. P. Lost.

GOL

GOLA. n. s. The same with CYMATIUM, which see.
In a cornice the gola, or cymatium of the corona, the
coping, the modillions or dentelli, make a noble show. Spect.

GOLD. n. s. [gold, Saxon; golud, riches, Welsh. It is
called gold in our English tongue either of geel, as Sca­
liger says, which is in Dutch to shine; or of another Dutch
word, which is gelten, and signifies in Latin valere, in English
to be of price or value: hence cometh their ordinary word
gelt, for money. Peacham on Drawing.]
1. Gold is the heaviest, the most dense, the most simple, the
most ductile, and most fixed of all bodies; not to be injured
either by air or fire, and seeming incorruptible. It is soluble
by means of sea-salt; but is injured by no other salt, and is
most easily of all metals amalgamated with silver. Gold is
frequently found native, and very rarely in a state of ore. It
never constitutes a peculiar ore, but is found most frequently
among ore of silver. Native gold is seldom found pure, but
has almost constantly silver with it, and very frequently cop­
per. Gold dust, or native gold, in small masses, is mixed
among the sand of rivers in many parts of the world. It is
found, in the greatest abundance, bedded in masses of hard
stone, often at the depth of a hundred and fifty fathoms in the
mines of Peru. Pure gold is so fixed, that Boerhaave informs
us of an ounce of it set in the eye of a glass furnace for two
months, without losing a single grain. Hill on Fossils.
Gold hath these natures: greatness of weight, closeness of
parts, fixation, pliantness or softness, immunity from rust,
and the colour or tincture of yellow. Bacon's Nat. History.
Ah! Buckingham, now do I ply the touch,
To try if thou be current gold indeed. Shakes. Rich. III.
We commonly take shape and colour for so presumptive
ideas of several species, that, in a good picture, we readily
say this is gold, and that a silver goblet, only by the different
figures and colours represented to the eye by the pencil. Locke.
The gold fraught vessel, which mad tempests beat,
He sees now vainly make to his retreat. Dryd. Tyran. Love.
2. Money.
For me, the gold of France did not seduce,
Although I did admit it as a motive
The sooner to effect what I intended. Shakesp. Henry V.
Thou, that so stoutly hast resisted me,
Give me thy gold, if thou hast any gold;
For I have bought it with an hundred blows. Shakes. H. VI.
If I want gold, steal but a beggar's dog,
And give it Timon, why, the dog coins gold. Shakespeare.
3. It is used for any thing pleasing or valuable. So among the
ancients χϱυσῆ ἀφϱοδίτη; and animamq; moresque aureos educit
in astra. Horace.
The king's a bawcock, and a heart of gold,
A lad of life, an imp of fame. Shakespeare's Henry V.

GOLD of Pleasure. n. s. [myagrum, ]
It hath a flower of four leaves, placed in form of a cross,
out of whose cup arises the pointal, which becomes a turbi­
nated fruit, having one cell, in which is included an oblong
seed, and two empty cells at the point. Miller.

GO’LDBEATER. n. s. [gold and beat.] One whose occupation
is to beat or foliate gold so as to gild other matter.
Our goldbeaters, though, for their own profit sake, they are
wont to use the finest coined gold they can get, yet they scru­
ple not to employ coined gold; and that the mint-masters
are wont to alloy with copper or silver, to make the coin more
stiff, and less subject to be wasted by attrition. Boyle.
This gilder was a goldbeater. Pope.

GO’LDBEATER’s Skin. n. s. The intestinum rectum of an ox,
which goldbeaters lay between the leaves of their metal while
they beat it, whereby the membrane is reduced thin, and
made fit to apply to cuts or small fresh wounds, as is now the
common practice. Quincy.
When your gilliflowers blow, if they break the pod, open
it with a penknife or lancet at each division, as low as the
flower has burst it, and bind it about with a narrow slip of
goldbeater's skin, which moisten with your tongue, and it will
stick together. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GO’LDBOUND. adj. [gold and bound.] Encompassed with gold.
Thy air,
Thou other goldbound brow, is like the first. Shakesp. Macb.



GO’LDEN. adj. [from gold.]
1. Made of gold; consisting of gold.
O would to God that the inclusive verge
Of golden metal, that must round my brow,
Were red-hot steel to sear me to the brain. Shakes. R. III.
Nine royal knights in equal rank succeed,
Each warrior mounted on a fiery steed,
In golden armour glorious to behold;
The rivets of their arms were nail'd with gold. Dryden.
2. Shining; bright; splendid; resplendent.
So sweet a kiss the golden sun gives not
To those fresh morning drops upon the rose;
Nor shines the silver moon one half so bright
Through the transparent bosom of the deep. Shakespeare.
'Tis better to be lowly born,
And range with humble livers in content,
Than to be perk'd up in a glistering grief,
And wear a golden sorrow. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Heaven's golden winged herald late he saw
To a poor Galilean virgin sent. Crashaw.
To her hard yoke you must hereafter bow,
Howe'er she shines all golden to you now. Dryden.
And see the guardian angels of the good,
Reclining soft on many a golden cloud. Rowe's Royal Conv.
3. Yellow; of the colour of gold.
Golden russeting hath a gold coloured coat under a russet
hair, and its flesh of a yellow colour. Mortimer.
4. Excellent; valuable.
I have bought
Golden opinions from all sort of people,
Which would be worn now in their newest gloss,
Not cast aside so soon. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
That verse which they commonly call golden, has two sub­
stantives and two adjectives, with a verb betwixt them to
keep the peace. Dryden.
Thence arises that golden rule of dealing with others as we
would have others deal with us. Watts's Logick.
5. Happy; resembling the age of gold.
They say many young gentlemen flock to him every day,
and fleet the time carelesly, as they did in the golden world.
Shakespeare's As you like it.

GO’LDEN Saxifrage. n. s. [chrysoplenium, ]
It hath a perennial fibrose root: the flowercup is divided
into four parts: the flower has no visible petals, but eight
stamina, or threads, which surround the ovary: the pointal
becomes a membraneous vessel, which is forked and bivalve,
inclosing many small seeds. It grows wild upon marshy soil,
and in shady woods. Miller.

GO’LDENLY. adv. [from golden.] Delightfully; splendidly.
My brother Jaques he keeps at school, and report speaks
goldenly of his profit. Shakespeare's As you like it.

GO’LDFINCH. n. s. [goldfinc, Saxon.] A singing bird, so
named from his golden colour. This is called in Staffordshire
a proud taylor.
Of singing birds they have linnets, goldfinches, ruddocks,
Canary-birds, blackbirds, thrushes, and divers others. Carew.
A goldfinch there I saw, with gaudy pride
Of painted plumes, that hopp'd from side to side. Dryden.

GO’LDFINDER. n. s. [gold and find.] One who finds gold. A
term ludicrously applied to those that empty jakes.
His empty paunch that he might fill,
He suck'd his vittels through a quill;
Untouch'd it pass'd between his grinders,
Or't had been happy for goldfinders. Swift.

GO’LDHAMMER. n. s. A kind of bird. Dict.

GO’LDING. n. s. A sort of apple. Dict.

GO’LDNEY. n. s. A sort of fish, otherwise called GILTHEAD,
which see. Dict.

GO’LDPLEASURE. n. s. An herb. Dict.

GO’LDSIZE. n. s. A glue of a golden colour; glue used by
gilders.
The gum of ivy is good to put into your goldsize, and other
colours. Peacham on Drawing.

GO’LDSMITH. n. s. [gold and smit, Saxon.]
1. One who manufactures gold.
Neither chain nor goldsmith came to me. Shakespeare.
2. A banker; one who keeps money for others in his hands.
The goldsmith or scrivener, who takes all your fortune to
dispose of, when he has beforehand resolved to break the fol­
lowing day, does surely deserve the gallows. Swift.

GO’LDYLOCKS. n. s. [coma aurea, Latin.]
It hath a fibrose perennial root: its numerous leaves are pro­
duced alternately on every side the branches: the flowers are
yellow, and produced either singly or in an umbel upon the
tops of the branches. Miller.

GOLL. n. s. [corrupted, as Skinner thinks, from wal or pol,
whence wealdan, to handle or manage.] Hands; paws;
claws. Used in contempt, and obsolete.
They set hands, and Mopsa put to her golden golls among
them; and blind fortune, that saw not the colour of them,
gave her the preheminence. Sidney, b. ii.

GOME. n. s. The black and oily grease of a cart-wheel.
Bailey.

GO’MPHOSIS. n. s. A particular form of articulation.
Gomphosis is the connexion of a tooth to its socket. Wisem.

GO’NDOLA. n. s. [gondole, French.] A boat much used in
Venice; a small boat.
He saw did swim
Along the shore, as swift as glance of eye,
A little gondelay, bedecked trim
With boughs and arbours woven cunningly. Fairy Queen.
In a gondola were seen together Lorenzo and his amorous
Jessica. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
As with gondola's and men, his
Good excellence the duke of Venice
Sails out, and gives the gulph a ring. Prior.

GONDOLI’ER. n. s. [from gondola.] A boatman; one that rows
a gondola.
Your fair daughter,
Transported with no worse nor better guard,
But with a knave of hire, a gondolier,
To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor. Shakes. Othello.

GONE. part. preter. [from go. See To GO.] As,
I need not qualify these remarks with a supposition that I
have gone upon through the whole course of my papers. Addis.
1. Advanced; forward in progress.
I have known sheep cured of the rot, when they have not
been far gone with it, only by being put into broomlands. Mort.
The observator is much the brisker of the two, and, I
think, farther gone of late in lyes and impudence than his
Presbyterian brother. Swift.
2. Ruined; undone.
He must know 'tis none of your daughter, nor my sister;
we are gone else. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
3. Past.
I'll tell the story of my life,
And the particular accidents gone by,
Since I came to this isle. Shakespeare's Tempest.
4. Lost; departed.
When her masters saw that the hope of their gains was
gone, they caught Paul and Silas. Acts xvi. 19.
Speech is confined to the living, and imparted to only those
that are in presence, and is transient and gone. Holder.
5. Dead; departed from life.
I mourn Adonis dead and gone. Oldham.
A dog, that has his nose held in the vapour, loses all signs
of life; but carried into the air, or thrown into a lake, reco­
vers, if not quite gone. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

GO’NFALON. n. s. [gonfanon, French; gunfana, Islandick,
from gunn, a battle, and fani, a flag.] Mr. Lye.
An ensign; a standard.

GO’NFANON. n. s. [gonfanon, French; gunfana, Islandick,
from gunn, a battle, and fani, a flag.] Mr. Lye.
An ensign; a standard.
Ten thousand thousand ensigns high advanc'd,
Standards and gonfalons, 'twixt van and rear,
Stream in the air. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. v.

GONORRHOE’A. n. s. [γόν and ῥεω.] A morbid running of
venereal hurts.
Rauty mummy or stone mummy grows on the tops of high
rocks: they powder and boil it in milk, and then give it to
stop gonorrhœas. Woodward on Fossils.

GOO

GOOD. adj. comp. better, superl. best. [god, Saxon; goed,
Dutch.]
1. Having such physical qualities as are expected or desired.
God saw every thing that he had made, and behold it was
very good. Gen. i. 31.
Take ye good heed unto yourselves. Deutr. ii. 4.
A universe of death! which God by curse
Created evil; for evil only good. Milt. Paradise Lost.
Resolv'd
From an ill cause to draw a good effect. Dryden's Fables.
Notwithstanding this criticism the verses were good. Spectat.
A man is no more to be praised upon this account, than
because he has a regular pulse and a good digestion. Addison.
We may as well pretend to obtain the good which we want
without God's assistance, as to know what is good for us with­
out his direction. Smalridge's Sermons.
Ah! ne'er so dire a thirst of glory boast,
Nor in the critick let the man be lost!
Good nature and good sense must ever join;
To err is human, to forgive, divine. Pope's Ess. on Critic.
2. Proper; fit; convenient.
It is not good that the man should be alone. Gen. ii. 18.
We thought it good to be left at Athens alone. 1 Thes. iii. 1.
Amongst a man's peers a man shall be sure of familiarity,
and therefore it is good a little to keep state: amongst a man's
inferiors one shall be sure of reverence, and therefore it is good
a little to be familiar. Bacon, Essay 53.
Let us, if you think good, give Martius leave to proceed in
his discourse. Bacon's holy War.
He concluded, that it was a good time to comply with the
importunity of the gentlemen of Sussex. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. Uncorrupted; undamaged.


He also bartered away plumbs, that would have rotted in a
week, for nuts, that would last good for his eating a whole
year. Locke.
4. Wholsome; salubrious.
A man first builds a country seat,
Then finds the walls not good to eat. Prior.
5. Medicinal; salutary.
The water of Nilus is sweeter than other waters in taste,
and it is excellent good for the stone and hypochondriack me­
lancholy. Bacon's Natural History, No. 767.
6. Pleasant to the taste.
Eat thou honey, because it is good; and the honeycomb,
which is sweet. Prov. xxiv. 13.
Of herbs and plants some are good to eat raw; as lettuce,
endive, and purslane. Bacon's Natural History.
7. Complete; full.
The Protestant subjects of the abbey make up a good third
of its people. Addison on Italy.
8. Useful; valuable.
All quality, that is good for any thing, is originally founded
upon merit. Collier of Envy.
We discipline betimes those other creatures we would make
useful and good for somewhat. Locke.
9. Sound; not false; not fallacious.
He is resolved now to shew how slight the propositions were
which Luther let go for good. Atterbury.
10. Legal; valid; rightly claimed or held.
According to military custom the place was good, and the
lieutenant of the colonel's company might well pretend to the
next vacant captainship in the same regiment. Wotton.
11. Confirmed; attested; valid.
Ha! am I sure she's wrong'd? Perhaps 'tis malice!
Slave, make it clear, make good your accusation. Smith.
12. Having the qualities desired to a considerable degree; suffi­
cient; not too little.
The king had likewise provided a good fleet, and had caused
a body of three thousand foot to be embarked on those
ships. Clarendon, b. ii.
13. With as preceding. It has a kind of negative or inverted
sense; as good as, no better than.
Therefore sprang there even of one, and him as good as
dead, so many as the stars of the sky in multitude. Heb. xi.
14. No worse.
He sharply reproved them as men of no courage, which,
being many times as good as in possession of the victory, had
most cowardly turned their backs upon their enemies. Knolles.
The master, I am sure, will be as good as his word, for his
own business. L'Estrange, Fable 52.
15. Well qualified; not deficient.
If they had held their royalties by that title, either there
must have been but one sovereign over them all, or else every
father of a family had been as good a prince, and had as good
a claim to royalty as these. Locke.
16. Skilful; ready; dexterous.
Flatter him it may, I confess; as those are generally good
at flattering who are good for nothing else. South's Sermons.
I make my way where e'er I see my foe;
But you, my lord, are good at a retreat. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
17. Happy; prosperous.
Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to
dwell together in unity. Ps. cxxxiii. 1.
Many good morrows to my noble lord!
—Good morrow, Catesby, you are early stirring. Shak. R. III.
Good e'en, neighbours;
Good e'en to you all, good e'en to you all. Shakesp. Coriolan.
At once good night:
Stand not upon the order of your going,
But go at once. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
At my window bid good morrow. Milton.
Good morrow, Portius! Let us once embrace. Addison.
18. Honourable.
Silence, the knave's repute, the whore's good name,
The only honour of the wishing dame. Pope.
19. Cheerful; gay. Joined with any words expressing temper
of mind.
That when they are certified of our mind, they may be of
good comfort, and ever go cheerfully about their own affairs.
2 Mac. xi. 26.
Quietness of mind improves into cheerfulness, enough to
make me just so good humoured as to wish that world well.
Pope to Swift.
20. Considerable; not small though not very great.
A good while ago God made choice that the Gentiles by
my mouth should hear the word. Acts xv. 7.
It seemeth the plant, having a great stalk and top, doth prey
upon the grass a good way about, by drawing the juice of the
earth from it. Bacon's Natural History.
Mirtle and pomgranate, if they be planted, though a good
space one from the other, will meet. Peacham on Drawing.
We may suppose a great many degrees of littleness and
lightness in these earthy particles, so as many of them might
float in the air a good while, like exhalations before they fell
down. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
They held a good share of civil and military employments
during the whole time of the usurpation. Swift.
21. Elegant; decent; delicate. With breeding.
If the critick has published nothing but rules and observa­
tions in criticism, I then consider whether there be a pro­
priety and elegance in his thoughts and words, clearness and
delicacy in his remarks, wit and good breeding in his rail­
lery. Addison's Guardian.
Mankind have been forced to invent a kind of artificial
humanity, which is what we express by the word good breed­
ing. Addison's Spectator.
Those among them, who return into their several countries,
are sure to be followed and imitated as the greatest patterns
of wit and good breeding. Swift.
22. Real; serious; earnest.
Love not in good earnest, nor no farther in sport neither,
than with safety of a pure blush thou may'st in honour come
off again. Shakespeare's As you like it.
23. Rich; of credit; able to fulfil engagements.
Antonio is a good man: my meaning, in saying that he is a
good man, is to have you understand me that he is suffi­
cient. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
24. Having moral qualities, such as are wished; virtuous.
For a good man some would even dare to die. Rom. v. 7.
The woman hath wrought a good work upon me. Matt.
Grant the bad what happiness they would,
One they must want, which is to pass for good. Pope.
25. Kind; soft; benevolent.
Matters being so turned in her, that where at first liking
her manners did breed good will, now good will became the
chief cause of liking her manners. Sidney, b. ii.
Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace and good
will towards men. Lu. ii. 14.
Without good nature man is but a better kind of vermin.
Bacon's Ornam. Ration.
Here we are lov'd, and there we love;
Good nature now and passion strive
Which of the two should be above,
And laws unto the other give. Suckling.
'Tis no wonder if that which affords so little glory to God,
hath no more good will for men. Decay of Piety.
When you shall see him, sir, to die for pity,
'Twere such a thing, 'twould so deceive the world,
'Twould make the people think you were good natur'd. Denh.
To teach him betimes to love and be good natured to others,
is to lay early the true foundation of an honest man. Locke.
Good sense and good nature are never separated, though the
ignorant world has thought otherwise. Dryd. Juven. Dedicat.
Affability, mildness, tenderness, and a word which I would
fain bring back to its original signification of virtue, I mean
good nature, are of daily use. Dryden.
This doctrine of God's good will towards men, this com­
mand of mens proportionable good will to one another, is not
this the very body and substance, this the very spirit and life
of our Saviour's whole institution? Spratt's Sermons.
It was his greatest pleasure to spread his healing wings over
every place, and to make every one sensible of his good will to
mankind. Calamy's Sermons.
How could you chide the young good natur'd prince,
And drive him from you with so stern an air. Addis. Cato.
26. Favourable; loving.
But the men were very good unto us, and we were not
hurt. 1 Sa. xxv. 15.
Truly God is good to Israel, even to such as are of a clean
heart. Ps. lxxiii. 1.
You have good remembrance of us always, desiring greatly
to see us, as we also to see you. 1 Thess. iii. 6.
This idea, thus made, and laid up for a pattern, must ne­
cessarily be adequate, being referred to nothing else but itself,
nor made by any other original but the good liking and will of
him that first made this combination. Locke.
27. Companionable; sociable; merry. Often used ironically.
It was well known, that Sir Roger had been a good fellow
in his youth. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Though he did not draw the good fellows to him by drink­
ing, yet he eat well. Clarendon, b. viii.
Not being permitted to drink without eating, will prevent
the custom of having the cup often at his nose; a dangerous
beginning and preparation to good fellowship. Locke.
28. It is sometimes used as an epithet of slight contempt, im­
plying a kind of negative virtue or bare freedom from ill.
My good man, as far from jealousy as I am from giving him
cause. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
She had left the good man at home, and brought away her
gallant. Addison's Spectator.
29. In a ludicrous sense.
As for all other good women that love to do but little work,
how handsome it is to louse themselves in the sunshine, they
that have been but a while in Ireland can well witness. Spenser.


30. Hearty; earnest; not dubious.
He, that saw the time fit for the delivery he intended, called
unto us to follow him, which we both, bound by oath and
willing by good will, obeyed. Sidney, b. ii.
The good will of the nation to the present war has been
since but too much experienced by the successes that have at­
tended it. Temple.
Good will, she said, my want of strength supplies;
And diligence shall give what age denies. Dryden's Fables.
31. In GOOD time. Not too fast.
In good time, replies another, you have heard them dispute
against a vacuum in the schools. Collier on Human Reason.
32. In GOOD sooth. Really; seriously.
What, must I hold a candle to my shames?
They in themselves, good sooth, are too too light. Shakesp.
33. GOOD [To make.] To keep; to maintain; not to give up;
not to abandon.
There died upon the place all the chieftains, all making good
the fight without any ground given. Bacon's Henry VII.
He forced them to retire in spite of their dragoons, which
were placed there to make good their retreat. Clarendon.
Since we claim a proper interest above others in the pre­
eminent rights of the houshold of faith, then, no doubt, to
make good that claim, we are proportionably obliged above
others to conform to the proper manners and virtues that
belong to and become this houshold, and distinguish it from
all others. Spratt's Sermons.
He without fear a dangerous war pursues;
As honour made him first the danger chuse,
So still he makes it good on virtue's score. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
34. GOOD [To make.] To perform; to confirm.
I farther will maintain
Upon his bad life to make all this good. Shakesp. Rich. II.
While she so far extends her grace,
She makes but good the promise of her face. Waller.
These propositions I shall endeavour to make good. Smalridge.
35. GOOD [To make.] To supply.
Every distinct being has somewhat peculiar to itself, to
make good in one circumstance what it wants in another. L'Est.

GOOD. n. s.
1. That which physically contributes to happiness; benefit; ad­
vantage; the contrary to evil.
I fear the emperor means no good to us. Shak. Tit. Andr.
Let me play the lion too: I will roar, that I will do any
man's heart good to hear me. Shak. Midsum. Night's Dream.
He wav'd indifferently 'twixt them, doing neither good nor
harm. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Nature in man's heart her laws doth pen,
Prescribing truth to wit, and good to will. Davies.
This caution will have also this good in it, that it will put
them upon considering, and teach them the necessity of exa­
mining more than they do. Locke.
Good is what is apt to cause or increase pleasure, or diminish
pain in us; or else to procure or preserve us the possession of
any other good, or absence of any evil. Locke.
Refuse to leave thy destin'd charge too soon,
And for the church's good defer thy own. Prior.
Works may have more wit than does them good,
As bodies perish through excess of blood. Pope's Ess. on Crit.
A thirst after truth, and a desire of good, are principles
which still act with a great and universal force. Rogers.
2. Prosperity; advancement.
If he had employ'd
Those excellent gifts of fortune and of nature
Unto the good, not ruin of the state. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
3. Earnest; not jest.
The good woman never died after this, 'till she came to die
for good and all. L'Estrange.
4. Moral qualities, such as are desirable; virtue; righteousness;
piety.
Depart from evil, and do good. Ps. xxxiv. 14.
Empty of all good, wherein consists
Woman's domestick honour, and chief praise. Milt. P. L.
By good, I question not but good, morally so called, bonum
honestum ought, chiefly at least, to be understood; and that
the good of profit or pleasure the bonum utile, or jucundum,
hardly come into any account here. South.
Nor holds this earth a more deserving knight
For virtue, valour, and for noble blood,
Truth, honour, all that is compriz'd in good. Dryden.
5. GOOD placed after had, with as, seems a substantive; but the
expression is, I think, vitious; and good is rather an adjective
elliptically used, or it may be considered as adverbial. See
GOOD adv.
The pilot must intend some port before he steers his course,
or he had as good leave his vessel to the direction of the winds,
and the government of the waves. South's Sermons.
Without good nature and gratitude, men had as good live in
a wilderness as in a society. L'Estrange.

GOOD. adv.
1. Well; not ill; not amiss.
2. As GOOD. No worse.
Was I to have never parted from thy side,
As good have grown there still a lifeless rib. Milton.
Says the cuckow to the hawk, Had you not as good have
been eating worms now as pigeons? L'Estrange.

GOOD. interjection. Well! right! It is sometimes used
ironically.
Good! my complexion! do'st thou think, though I am ca­
parison'd like a man, I have a doublet and hose in my dispo­
sition? Shakespeare's As you like it.

GOO’D-CONDITIONED. adj. Without ill qualities or symptoms.
Used both of things and persons, but not elegantly.
No surgeon, at this time, dilates an abscess of any kind by
injections, when the pus is good-conditioned. Sharp's Surgery.

GOOD-NOW. interjection.
1. In good time; a la bonne heure. A gentle exclamation of in­
treaty. It is now a low word.
Good-now sit down, and tell me, he that knows,
Why this same watch? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. A soft exclamation of wonder.
Good-now, good-now, how your devotions jump with mine!
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

GO’ODLINESS. n. s. [from goodly.] Beauty; grace; elegance.
She sung this song with a voice no less beautiful to his ears,
than her goodliness was full of harmony to his eyes. Sidney.
The stateliness of houses, the goodliness of trees, when we
behold them, delighteth the eye. Hooker, b. i.

GO’ODLY. adj. [from good.]
1. Beautiful; graceful; fine; splendid. Now little in use.
A prince of a goodly aspect, and the more goodly by a grave
majesty, wherewith his mind did deck his outward graces. Sidn.
A goodly city is this Antium. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Patience and sorrow strove
Which should express her goodliest: you have seen
Sunshine and rain at once. Her smiles and tears
Were like a wetter May. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Here from gracious England have I offer
Of goodly thousands. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
But he's something stain'd
With grief, that's beauty's canker, thou might'st call him
A goodly person. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldest son Esau, and
put them upon Jacob. Gen. xxvii. 15.
There was not among the children of Israel a goodlier per­
son than he. 1 Sa. ix. 2.
He had not, according to his promise to them in time of
his distress, made them any recompence for their goodly houses
and olive gardens, destroyed in the country by Roscetes in the
former wars. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The goodliest man of men since born
His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve. Milton.
Of the fourth Edward was his noble song;
Fierce, goodly, valiant, beautiful and young. Waller.
Not long since walking in the field,
My nurse and I, we there beheld
A goodly fruit, which, tempting me,
I would have pluck'd. Waller.
How full of ornament is all I view
In all its parts! and seems as beautiful as new:
O goodly order'd work! O power divine!
Of thee I am, and what I am is thine! Dryden's Innocence.
His eldest born, a goodly youth to view,
Excell'd the rest in shape and outward shew;
Fair, tall, his limbs with due proportion join'd,
But of a heavy, dull, degen'rate mind. Dryden's Fables.
2. Bulky; swelling; affectedly turgid.
Round as a globe, and liquor'd every chink,
Goodly and great he sails behind his link. Dryden.
3. Happy; desireable; gay.
England was a peaceable kingdom, and but lately inured to
the mild and goodly government of the Confessor. Spenser.
We have many goodly days to see. Shak. Richard III.

GOO’DLY. adv. Excellently. Obsolete.
There Alma, like a virgin queen most bright,
Doth flourish in all beauty excellent;
And to her guests doth bounteous banquet dight,
Atempered goodly well for health and for delight. F. Queen.

GOO’DLYHOOD. n. s. [from goodly.] Grace; goodness. Ob­
solete.
But mote thy goodlyhood forgive it me,
To meet which of the gods I shall thee name. Fai. Queen.

GOO’DMAN. n. s. [good and man.]
1. A slight appellation of civility: generally ironical.
Help ho! murther! murther!
—How now, what's the matter? part.
—With you, goodman boy, if you please: come, I'll flesh
ye. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. A rustick term of compliment; gaffer.
Are you my wife, and will not call me husband? My men
should call me lord: I am your goodman. Shakespeare.
Nay, hear your goodman delver. Shakesp. Hamlet.
But see the sun-beams bright to labour warn,
And gild the thatch of goodman Hodge's barn. Gay's Past.


Old goodman Dobson of the green,
Remembers he the trees has seen. Swift.

GO’ODNESS. n. s. [from good.] Desirable qualities either moral
or physicial; kindness; favour.
If for any thing he loved greatness, it was because therein
he might exercise his goodness. Sidney, b. ii.
There is in all things an appetite or desire, whereby they
incline to something which they may be; all which perfections
are contained under the general name of goodness. Hooker.
All goodness
Is poison to thy stomach.
——Yes, that goodness
Of gleaning all the land's wealth into one,
Into your own hands, cardinal, by extortion:
The goodness of your intercepted packets
You writ to the pope against the king; your goodness,
Since you provoke me, shall be most notorious. Sh. H. VIII.
There's no goodness in thy face. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The goodness of every thing is measured by its end and use,
and that's the best thing which serves the best end and pur­
pose. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
All severally made him very particular relations of the
strength of the Scots army, the excellent discipline that was
observed in it, and the goodness of the men. Clarendon, b. ii.
No body can say that tobacco of the same goodness is risen
in respect of itself: one pound of the same goodness will never
exchange for a pound and a quarter of the same goodness. Locke.

GOODS. n. s. [from good.]
1. Moveables in a house.
That a writ be su'd against you,
To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements,
Castles, and whatsoever. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
2. Wares; freight; merchandise.
Her majesty, when the goods of our English merchants were
attached by the duke of Alva, arrested likewise the goods of the
Low Dutch here in England. Raleigh's Essays.
Sallee, that scorn'd all pow'r and laws of men,
Goods with their owners hurrying to their den. Waller.

GOO’DY. n. s. [corrupted from good wife.] A low term of civi­
lity used to mean persons.
Soft, goody sheep, then said the fox, not so;
Unto the king so rash ye may not go. Hubberd's Tale.
Swarm'd on a rotten stick the bees I spy'd,
Which erst I saw when goody Dobson dy'd. Gay's Pastorals.
Plain goody would no longer down;
'Twas madam in her grogram gown. Swift.

GOOSE. n. s. plural geese. [gos, Saxon; goes, Dutch; gawe,
Erse, sing. gewey, plural.]
1. A large waterfowl proverbially noted, I know not why, for
foolishness.
Thou cream-faced lown,
Where got'st thou that goose look? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Since I pluckt geese, play'd truant, and whipt top, I knew
not what 'twas to be beaten 'till lately. Shakespeare.
Smile you my speeches, as I were a fool?
Goose, if I had you upon Sarum plain,
I'd drive ye cackling home to Comelot. Shakes. King Lear.
Birds most easy to be drawn are waterfowl; as the goose
and swan. Peacham on Drawing.
Nor watchful dogs, nor the more wakeful geese,
Disturb with nightly noise the sacred peace. Dryd. Fables.
2. A taylor's smoothing iron.
Come in, taylor: here you may roast your goose. Shakesp.

GO’OSEBERRY. n. s. [goose and berry, because eaten with young
geese as sauce.]
The leaves are laciniated or jagged: the whole plant is set
with prickles: the fruit grows dispersedly upon the tree, having
for the most part but one fruit upon a footstalk, which is of an
oval or globular figure, containing many small seeds, sur­
rounded by a pulpy substance. The species are, 1. The com­
mon gooseberry. 2. The large manured gooseberry. 3. The
red hairy gooseberry. 4. The large white Dutch gooseberry.
5. The large amber gooseberry. 6. The large green goose­
berry. 7. The large red gooseberry. 8. The yellow-leaved
gooseberry. 9. The striped-leaved gooseberry. Miller.
August has upon his arm a basket of all manner of ripe
fruits; as pears, plums, apples, gooseberries. Peacham.
Upon a gooseberry bush a snail I found;
For always snails near sweetest fruit abound. Gay's Past.

GO’OSEFOOT. n. s. [chenopodium, ] Wild orach.
The seeds are single and globose in some species; but in
others they are compressed: the cup of the flower is quinquefid:
the leaves grow alternately upon the stalks between the
seeds. Miller.

GO’OSEGRASS. n. s. Clivers; an herb. See CLIVERS.
Goosegrass, or wild tansy, is a weed that strong clays are
very subject to. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GOR

GO’RBELLY. n. s. [from gor, dung, and belly, according to
Skinner and Junius. It may perhaps come from gor, Welsh,
beyond, too much; or, as seems to me more likely, may be
contracted from gormand, or gormand's belly, the belly of a
glutton.] A big paunch; a swelling belly. A term of re­
proach for a fat man.

GO’RBELLIED. adj. [from gorbelly.] Fat; bigbellied; having
swelling paunches.
Hang ye, gorbellied knaves, are you undone? No, ye fat
chuffs, I would your store were here. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

GORD. n. s. An instrument of gaming, as appears from Beau­
mont and Fletcher. Warburton.
Thy dry bones can reach at nothing now, but gords and
ninepins. Beaumont and Fletcher.
Let vultures gripe thy guts; for gords and Fulham holds.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

GORE. n. s. [gore, Saxon; gor, Welsh, sanious matter.]
1. Blood.
A griesly wound,
From which forth gush'd a stream of gore blood thick,
That all her goodly garment stain'd around,
And into a deep sanguine dy'd the grassy ground. F. Queen.
Another's crimes the youth unhappy bore,
Glutting his father's eyes with guiltless gore. Dryden's Æn.
2. Blood clotted or congealed.
The bloody fact
Will be aveng'd; though here thou see him die,
Rolling in dust and gore. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
His horrid beard and knotted tresses stood
Stiff with his gore, and all his wounds ran blood. Denham.

To GORE. v. a. [geberian, Saxon.]
1. To stab; to pierce.
Oh, let no noble eye profane a tear
For me, if I be gor'd with Mowbray's spear. Shakes. R. II.
No weaker lion's by a stronger slain;
Nor from his larger tusks the forest boar
Commission takes his brother swine to gore. Tate's Juven.
For arms his men long pikes and jav'lins bore,
And poles with pointed steel their foes in battle gore. Dryd.
2. To pierce with a horn.
Some toss'd, some gor'd, some trampling down he kill'd.
Dryden's Preface to the Conquest of Granada.
He idly butting, feigns
His rival gor'd in every knotty trunk. Thomson's Spring.

GORGE. n. s. [gorge, French.]
1. The throat; the swallow.
There were birds also made so finely, that they did not only
deceive the sight with their figures, but the hearing with their
songs, which the watry instruments did make their gorge
deliver. Sidney.
And now how abhorred in my imagination it is! my gorge
rises at it. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Her delicate tenderness will find itself abused, begin to
heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the Moor. Shakes. Othello.
2. That which is gorged or swallowed.
And all the way, most like a brutish beast,
He spewed up his gorge, that all did him detest. Fa. Queen.

To GORGE. v. u. [gorger, French.]
1. To fill up to the throat; to glut; to satiate.
Thou detestable maw, thou womb of death,
Gorg'd with the dearest morsel of the earth. Sh. Ro. and Jul.
Being with his presence glutted, gorg'd, and full. Shakes.
He that makes his generation messes,
To gorge his appetite. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite. Dryden.
I must therefore desire, that they will not gorge him either
with nonsense or obscenity. Addison's Guardian.
Nor would his slaughter'd army now have lain
On Africk's sands, disfigur'd with their wounds,
To gorge the wolves and vultures of Numidia. Addis. Cato.
The giant, gorg'd with flesh, and wine, and blood,
Lay stretcht at length, and snoring in his den. Addison.
2. To swallow: as, the fish has gorged the hook.

GO’RGEOUS. adj. [gorgias, old French. Skinner.] Fine;
splendid; glittering in various colours; showy; magnificent.
O, that deceit should dwell
In such a gorgeous palace! Shakes. Romeo and Juliet.
As full of spirit as the month of May,
And gorgeous as the sun at Midsummer. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
He bad them look upon themselves and upon their enemies,
themselves dreadful, their enemies gorgeous and brave. Hayw.
The gorgeous East, with richest hand,
Pours on her kings barbaric, pearl and gold. Milton.
With gorgeous wings, the marks of sov'reign sway,
The two contending princes make their way. Dryd. Virgil.

GO’RGEOUSLY. adv. [from gorgeous.] Splendidly; magnifi­
cently; finely.
The duke, one solemn day, gorgeously clad in a suit all over
spread with diamonds, lost one of them of good value. Wotton.

GO’RGEOUSNESS. n. s. [from gorgeous.] Splendour; magni­
ficence; show.

GO’RGET. n. s. [from gorge.] The piece of armour that de­
fends the throat.
He with a palsy fumbling on his gorget,
Shakes in and out the rivet. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.


He did oftentimes spend the night in the church alone pray­
ing, his headpiece, gorget, and gauntlets lying by him.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
See how his gorget peers above his gown,
To tell the people in what danger he was. Ben. Johns. Cat.
About his neck a threefold gorget,
As rough as trebled leathern target. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 2.

GO’RGON. n. s. [γοϱγὼ.] A monster with snaky hairs, of
which the sight turned beholders to stone; any thing ugly or
horrid.
Gorgons and hydras, and chimera's dire. Milton.
Why did'st thou not encounter man for man,
And try the virtue of that gorgon face
To stare me into stature. Dryden.

GO’RMAND. n. s. [gourmand, French.] A greedy eater; a
ravenous luxurious feeder.

To GO’RMANDIZE. v. n. [from gormand.] To eat greedily;
to feed ravenously.

GO’RMANDIZER. n. s. [from the verb.] A voracious eater.

GORSE. n. s. [gors, Saxon.] Furz; a thick prickly shrub that
bears yellow flowers in Winter.

GO’RY. adj. [from gore.]
1. Covered with congealed blood.
When two boars with rankling malice met,
Their gory sides the fresh wounds fiercely fret. Spenser.
Why do'st thou shake thy gory locks at me?
Thou can'st not say I did it. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Bloody; murtherous; fatal. Not in use.
The obligation of our blood forbids
A gory emulation 'twixt us twain. Shak. Troil. and Cressida.

GOS

GO’SHAWK. n. s. [gos, goose, and hafoc, a hawk.] A hawk
of a large kind.
Such dread his awful visage on them cast;
So seem poor doves at goshawks sight aghast. Fairfax, b. iii.

GO’SLING. n. s. [from goose.]
1. A young goose; a goose not yet full grown.
Why do you go nodding and waggling so like a fool, as if
you were hipshot? says the goose to her gosling. L'Estrange.
Nature hath instructed even a brood of goslings to stick toge­
ther, while the kite is hovering over their heads. Swift.
2. A cat's tail on nut-trees and pines.

GO’SPEL. n. s. [godes spel, or God's or good tidings; ἐυαγ­
γέλιον; soskkel, skeal suach, happy tidings, Erse.]
1. God's word; the holy book of the Christian revelation.
Thus may the gospel to the rising sun
Be spread, and flourish where it first begun. Waller.
How is a good Christian animated and cheered by a stedfast
belief of the promises of the gospel! Bentley's Sermons.
2. Divinity; theology.

To GO’SPEL. v. n. [from the noun.] To fill with sentiments
of religion. This word in Shakespeare, in whom alone I have
found it, is used, though so venerable in itself, with some de­
gree of irony: I suppose from the gospellers, who had long
been held in contempt.
Are you so gospell'd
To pray for this good man, and for his issue,
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave? Shakesp.

GO’SPELLER. n. s. [from gospel.] A name of the followers of
Wicklif, who first attempted a reformation from popery, given
them by the Papists in reproach, from their professing to follow
and preach only the gospel.
These gospellers have had their golden days,
Have troden down our holy Roman faith. Rowe's J. Shore.

GO’SSAMER. n. s. [gossipium, low Latin.] The down of
plants; the long white cobwebs which fly in the air in calm
sunny weather, especially about the time of Autumn. Hanmer.
A lover may bestride the gossamour,
That idles in the wanton Summer air,
And yet not fall, so light is vanity. Shakes. Rom. and Juliet.
Had'st thou been aught but gossamere, feathers, air,
So many fathom down precipitating,
Thou'd'st shiver'd like an egg. Shakesp. King Lear.
Four nimble gnats the horses were,
Their harnesses of gossamere. Drayton's Nymphid.
The filmy gossamer now flits no more,
Nor halcyons bask on the short sunny shore. Dryd. Virgil.

GO’SSIP. n. s. [from god and syb, relation, affinity, Saxon.]
1. One who answers for the child in baptism.
Go to a gossip's feast and gaude with me,
After so long grief such nativity:
—With all my heart, I'll gossip at this feast. Shakespeare.
At the christening of George duke of Clarence, who was
born in the castle of Dublin, he made both the earl of Kil­
dare and the earl of Ormond his gossips. Davies on Ireland.
2. A tippling companion.
And sometimes lurk I in a gossip's bowl,
In very likeness of a roasted crab,
And when she drinks against her lips I bob. Shakespeare.
3. One who runs about tattling like women at a lying-in.
To do the office of a neighbour,
And be a gossip at his labour. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 1.
'Tis sung in ev'ry street,
The common chat of gossips when they meet. Dryden.

To GO’SSIP. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To chat; to prate; to be merry.
Go to a gossip's feast and gaude with me.
—With all my heart, I'll gossip at this feast. Shakespeare.
His mother was a votress of my order,
And, in the spiced Indian air by night,
Full often hath she gossipt by my side. Shakespeare.
The market and exchange must be left to their own ways of
talking; and gossippings not be robbed of their ancient pri­
vilege. Locke.
2. To be a pot-companion.
Nor met with fortune, other than at feasts,
Full warm of blood, of mirth, of gossipping. Shak. K. John.

GO’SSIPRED. n. s. [gossipry, from gossip.]
Gossipred or compaternity, by the canon law, is a spiritual
affinity; and the juror, that was gossip to either of the par­
ties, might, in former times, have been challenged as not in­
different. Davies on Ireland.

GO’STING. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

GOT. pret. [from the verb get.]
Titus Lartius writes, they fought together; but Aufidius
got off. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If you have strength Achilles' arms to bear,
Though foul Thersites got thee, thou shalt be
Lov'd and esteem'd. Dryden's Juvenal.
These regions and this realm my wars have got;
This mournful empire is the loser's lot. Dryd. Innocence.
When they began to reason about the means how the sea
got thither, and away back again, there they were presently in
the dark. Woodward's Natural History.

GOT. part. pass of get.
Solyman commended them for their valour in their evil
haps, in a plot so well by them laid, more than he did the
victory of others got by good fortune, not grounded upon any
good reason. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Let him boast
His knowledge of good lost, and evil got. Milt. Par. Lost.
A gentle persuasion in reasoning, when the first point of
submission to your will is got, will most times do. Locke.
If he behaves himself so when he depends on us for his daily
bread, can any man say what he will do when he is got above
the world? Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
Thou wert from Ætna's burning entrails torn,
Got by fierce whirlwinds, and in thunder born. Pope.

GO’TTEN. part. pass. of get.
Wisdom cannot be gotten for gold. Job. xxviii. 15.
Few of them, when they are gotten into an office, apply
their thoughts to the execution of it. Temple.

GOUD. n. s. Woad: a plant. Dict.

GOV

GOVE. n. s. A mow. Tusser.

To GOVE. v. n. To mow; to put in a gove, goff, or mow.
An old word.
Load safe, carry home, follow time being fair,
Gove just in the barn, it is out of despair. Tuss. Husbandry.

To GO’VERN. v. a. [gouverner, French; guberno, Latin.]
1. To rule as a chief magistrate.
This inconvenience is more hard to be redressed in the go­
vernor than the governed; as a malady in a vital part is more
incurable than in an external. Spenser on Ireland.
Slaves to our passions we become, and then
It grows impossible to govern men. Waller.
2. To regulate; to influence; to direct.
The welfare of that is the chief point, which he is to carry
always in his eye, and by which he is to govern all his coun­
sels, designs, and actions. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To manage; to restrain.
Go after her, she's desperate; govern her. Shak. K. Lear.
4. [In grammar.] To have force with regard to syntax: as, amo
governs the accusative case.
5. To pilot; to regulate the motions of a ship.

To GO’VERN. v. n. To keep superiority; to behave with
haughtiness.
By that rule,
Your wicked atoms may be working now
To give bad counsel, that you still may govern. Dryden.

GO’VERNABLE. adj. [from govern.] Submissive to authority;
subject to rule; obedient; manageable.
The flexibleness of the former part of a man's age, not yet
grown up to be headstrong, makes it more governable and
safe. Locke.

GO’VERNANCE. n. s. [from govern.]
1. Government; rule; management.
Jonathan took the governance upon him at that time, and
rose up instead of his brother Judas. 1 Mac. ix. 31.
2. Control, as that of a guardian.
Me he knew not, neither his own ill,
'Till through wise handling, and fair governance,
I him recured to a better will. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
What! shall king Henry be a pupil still,
Under the surly Glo'ster's governance? Shakes. Hen. VI.
3. Behaviour; manners. Obsolete.



GO’VERNANTE. n. s. [gouvernante, French.] A lady who has
the care of young girls of quality. The more usual and pro­
per word is governess.

GO’VERNESS. n. s. [gouverneresse, old French, from govern.]
1. A female invested with authority.
The moon, the governess of floods,
Pale in her anger, washes all the air,
That rheumatick diseases do abound. Shakespeare.
2. A tutoress; a woman that has the care of young ladies.
He presented himself unto her, falling down upon both his
knees, and holding up his hands, as the old governess of Da­
nae is painted, when she suddenly saw the golden shower. Sidn.
His three younger children were taken from the governess
in whose hands he put them. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. A tutoress; an instructress; a directress.
Great affliction that severe governess of the life of man
brings upon those souls she seizes on. More against Atheism.

GO’VERNMENT. n. s. [gouvernment, French.]
1. Form of a community with respect to the disposition of the
supreme authority.
There seem to be but two general kinds of government in
the world: the one exercised according to the arbitrary com­
mands and will of some single person; and the other accord­
ing to certain orders or laws introduced by agreement or
custom, and not to be changed without the consent of
many. Temple.
2. An establishment of legal authority.
There they shall found
Their government, and their great senate chuse
Through the twelve tribes, to rule by laws ordain'd. Milton.
While he survives, in concord and content
The commons live, by no divisions rent;
But the great monarch's death dissolves the government. Dryd.
Every one knows, who has considered the nature of go­
vernment, that there must be in each particular form of it an
absolute unlimited power. Addison.
Where any one person or body of men seize into their
hands the power in the last resort, there is properly no longer
a government, but what Aristotle and his followers call the
abuse or corruption of one. Swift.
3. Administration of publick affairs.
Safety and equal government are things
Which subjects make as happy as their kings. Waller.
4. Regularity of behaviour.
You needs must learn, lord, to amend this fault;
Though sometimes it shews greatness, courage, blood,
Yet oftentimes it doth present harsh rage,
Defect of manners, want of government,
Pride, haughtiness, opinion and disdain. Shakes. Hen. IV.
'Tis government that makes them seem divine;
The want thereof makes thee abominable. Shakes. H. VI.
5. Manageableness; compliance; obsequiousness.
Thy eyes windows fall,
Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;
Each part depriv'd of supple government,
Shall stiff and stark, and cold appear, like death. Shakesp.
6. Management of the limbs or body. Obsolete.
Their god
Shot many a dart at me with fierce intent;
But I them warded all with wary government. Fairy Queen.
7. [In grammar.] Influence with regard to construction.

GO’VERNOUR. n. s. [gouverneur, French.]
1. One who has the supreme direction.
It must be confessed, that of Christ, working as a creator
and a governour of the world by providence, all are par­
takers. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.
They beget in us a great idea and veneration of the mighty
author and governour of such stupendious bodies, and excite
and elevate our minds to his adoration and praise. Bentley.
2. One who is invested with supreme authority in a state.
For the kingdom is the Lord's, and he is the governour
among the nations. Ps. xxii. 28.
The magistrate cannot urge obedience upon such potent
grounds as the minister, if so disposed, can urge disobedience:
as, for instance, if my governour should command me to do a
thing, or I must die, or forfeit my estate; and the minister
steps in and tells me, that I offend God, and ruin my soul, if
I obey that command, 'tis easy to see a greater force in this
persuasion. South's Sermons.
3. One who rules any place with delegated and temporary
authority.
To you, lord governour,
Remains the censure of this hellish villain. Shakes. Othello.
4. A tutor; one who has care of a young man.
To Eltam will I, where the young king is,
Being ordain'd his special governour;
And for his safety there I'll best devise. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The great work of a governour is to fashion the carriage,
and form the mind; to settle in his pupil good habits, and the
principles of virtue and wisdom. Locke.
5. Pilot; regulator; manager.
Behold also the ships, which though they be so great, and
are driven of fierce winds, yet they are turned about with a
very small helm, whithersoever the governour listeth. Ja. iii. 4.

GOUGE. n. s. [French.] A chissel having a round edge, for
the cutting such wood as is to be rounded or hollowed. Moxon.

GO’UJERES. n. s. [from gouje, French, a camp trull.] The
French disease. Hamner.

GOURD. n. s. [gouhorde, French.]
1. It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, of the expanded
bell-shape, for the most part so deeply cut that it seems to con­
sist of five distinct leaves: this, like the cucumber, has male
and female flowers on the same plant. The fruit of some
species are long, of others round, or bottle-shaped, and is
commonly divided into six cells, in which are contained many
flat oblong seeds. Miller.
But I will haste, and from each bough and brake,
Each plant, and juiciest gourd, will pluck such choice
To entertain our angel-guest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Gourd seeds are used in medicine; and they abound so much
in oil, that a sweet and pleasant one may be drawn from them
by expression: they are of the number of the four greater cold
seeds, and are used in emulsions. Hill's Mat. Med.
2. A bottle [from gourt, old French. Skinner.]
The large fruit so called is often scooped hollow, for the
purpose of containing and carrying wine, and other liquors:
from thence any leathern bottle grew to be called by the same
name, and so the word is used by Chaucer. Hanmer.

GOU’RDINESS. n. s. [from gourd.] A swelling in a horse's leg
after a journey. Farrier's Dict.

GOU’RNET. n. s. A fish. Ainsworth.

GOUT. n. s. [goutte, French.]
1. The arthritis; a periodical disease attended with great pain.
The gout is a disease which may affect any membranous part,
but commonly those which are at the greatest distance from the
heart or the brain, where the motion of the fluids is the slow­
est, the resistance, friction, and stricture of the solid parts
the greatest, and the sensation of pain, by the dilaceration of
the nervous fibres, extreme. Arbuthnot on Diet.
One that's sick o' th' gout, had rather
Groan so in perplexity than be cur'd
By th' sure physician death. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
This very rev'rend lecher, quite worn out
With rheumatisms, and crippled with his gout,
Forgets what he in youthful times has done,
And swinges his own vices in his son. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. A drop, [goutte, French; gutta, Latin.] Gut for drop is still
used in Scotland by physicians.
I see thee still,
And on the blade o' th' dudgeon gouts of blood,
Which was not so before. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

GOUT. n. s. [French.] A taste. An affected cant word.
The method which he has published will make these cata­
logues exceeding useful, and serve for a direction to any one
that has a goût for the like studies. Woodward on Fossils.

GO’UTWORT. n. s. [gout and wort.] An herb. Ainsworth.

GO’UTY. adj. [from gout.]
1. Afflicted or diseased with the gout.
There dies not above one of a thousand of the gout, al­
though I believe that more die gouty. Graunt's Bills of Mortal.
Knots upon his gouty joints appear,
And chalk is in his crippled fingers found. Dryd. Pers. Sat.
Most commonly a gouty constitution is attended with great
acuteness of parts, the nervous fibres, both in the brain and
the other extremities, being delicate. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. Relating to the gout.

GOW

GOWN. n. s. [gonna, Italian; gwn, Welsh and Erse.]
1. A long upper garment.
They make garments either short, as cloaks, or, as gowns,
long to the ground. Abbot's Description of the World.
If ever I said a loosebodied gown, sew me up in the skirts
of it, and beat me to death with a bottom of brown thread;
I said a gown. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
In length of train descends her sweeping gown,
And by her graceful walk the queen of love is known. Dry.
2. A woman's upper garment.
I despise your new gown, 'till I see you dressed in it. Pope.
3. The long habit of a man dedicated to acts of peace, as divi­
nity, medicine, law.
The benefices themselves are so mean in Irish counties, that
they will not yield any competent maintenance for any honest
minister, scarcely to buy him a gown. Spenser on Ireland.
Girt in his Gabin gown the hero sat. Dryden's Æn.
4. The dress of peace.
He Mars depos'd, and arms to gowns made yield;
Successful councils did him soon approve
As fit for close intrigues as open field. Dryden.

GO’WNED. adj. [from gown.] Dressed in a gown.
A noble crew about them waited round
Of sage and sober peers, all gravely gown'd. Fairy Queen.
In velvet white as snow the troop was gown'd,
The seams with sparkling emeralds set around. Dryden.

GO’WNMAN. n. s. [gown and man.] A man devoted to the
acts of peace; one whose proper habit is a gown.


Let him with pedants
Pore out his life amongst the lazy gownmen. Rowe.
Thus will that whole bench, in an age or two, be com­
posed of mean, fawning gownmen, dependants upon the
court for a morsel of bread. Swift.

GRA

To GRA’BBLE. v. n. [probably corrupted from grapple.] To
grope; to feel eagerly with the hands.
My blood chills about my heart at the thought of these
rogues, with their bloody hands grabbling in my guts, and
pulling out my very entrails. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

To GRA’BBLE. v. a. To lie prostrate on the ground. Ainsw.

GRACE. n. s. [grace, French; gratia, Latin; graace, Erse.]
1. Favour; kindness.
If the highest love in no base person may aspire to grace,
then may I hope your beauty will not be without pity. Sidney.
O momentary grace of mortal men,
Which we more hunt for than the grace of God! Shakesp.
Such as were popular,
And well deserving, were advanc'd by grace. Daniel.
Is this the reward and thanks I am to have for those many
acts of grace I have lately passed? King Charles.
Yet those remov'd,
Such grace shall one just man find in his sight,
That he relents, not to blot out mankind. Milt. Par. Lost.
Noble pity held
His hand a while, and to their choice gave space
Which they would prove, his valour or his grace. Waller.
Or each, or all, may win a lady's grace;
Then either of you knights may well deserve
A princess born. Dryden's Fables.
None of us, who now your grace implore,
But held the rank of sovereign queen before. Dryden.
With profer'd service I repaid the fair,
That of her grace she gave her maid to know
The secret meaning of this moral show. Dryden.
2. Favourable influence of God on the human mind.
Prevenient grace descending had remov'd
The stony from their hearts, and made new flesh
Regenerate grow instead. Milton.
The grace of God, that passeth understanding, keep your
hearts and minds. Common Prayer.
3. Virtue; effect of God's influence.
How Van wants grace, who never wanted wit. Pope.
4. Pardon.
Bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee. Milton.
5. Favour conferred.
I should therefore esteem it great favour and grace,
Would you be so kind as to go in my place. Prior.
6. Privilege.
But to return and view the chearful skies,
To few great Jupiter imparts this grace. Dryden.
7. A goddess, by the heathens supposed to bestow beauty.
This forehead, where your verse has said
The loves delighted and the graces play'd. Prior.
8. Behaviour, considered as decent or unbecoming.
Have I reason or good grace in what I do. Temple.
They would have ill grace in denying it. Bolingbroke.
9. Adventitious or artificial beauty; pleasing appearance.
Her purple habit sits with such a grace
On her smooth shoulders, and so suits her face. Dryd. Æn.
To write and speak correctly gives a grace, and gains a
favourable attention to what one has to say. Locke.
10. Natural excellence.
It doth grieve me, that things of principal excellency
should be thus bitten at by men whom God hath endued with
graces, both of wit and learning, for better purposes. Hooker.
To some kind of men,
Their graces serve them but as enemies. Shak. As you like it.
In his own grace he doth exalt himself
More than in your advancement. Shakes. King Lear.
The charming Lausus, full of youthful fire,
To Turnus only second in the grace
Of manly mien, and features of the face. Dryden's Æn.
11. Embellishment; recommendation; beauty.
Set all things in their own peculiar place,
And know that order is the greatest grace. Dryden.
The flow'r which lasts for little space,
A short liv'd good, and an uncertain grace. Dryden.
12. Single beauty.
I pass their form and every charming grace. Dryden.
13. Ornament; flower; highest perfection.
By their hands this grace of kings must die,
If hell and treason hold their promises. Shakes. Henry V.
14. Virtue; goodness.
Where justice grows, there grows the greater grace,
The which doth quench the brand of hellish smart. Fa. Qu.
The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
I have no relish of them. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The graces of his religion prepare him for the most useful
discharge of every relation of life. Rogers.
15. Virtue physical.
O, mickle is the pow'rful grace that lies
In plants, herbs, stones, and their true qualities. Shakespeare.
16. The title of a duke; formerly of the king, meaning the
same as your goodness, or your clemency.
Here come I from our princely general,
To know your griefs; to tell you from his grace,
That he will give you audience. Shakesp. Henry IV.
High and mighty king, your grace, and those your nobles
here present, may be pleased to bow your ears. Bacon's H. VII.
17. A short prayer said before and after meat.
Your soldiers use him as the grace 'fore meat,
Their talk at table, and their thanks at end. Shak. Coriolan.
While grace is saying after meat, do you and your brethren
take the chairs from behind the company. Swift.
Then chearful healths, your mistress shall have place;
And what's more rare, a poet shall say grace. Pope's Horace.

GRACE-CUP. n. s. [grace and cup.] The cup or health drank
after grace.
The grace-cup serv'd, the cloth away,
Jove thought it time to shew his play. Prior.

To GRACE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To adorn; to dignify; to embellish; to recommend; to de­
corate.
This they study, this they practise, this they grace with a
wanton superfluity of wit. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
I do not think a braver gentleman,
More daring, or more bold is now alive,
To grace this latter age with noble deeds. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Little of this great world can I speak,
And therefore little shall I grace my cause,
In speaking for myself. Shakespeare's Othello.
There is due from the judge to the advocate some commen­
dation and gracing, where causes are well handled. Bacon.
Rich crowns were on their royal scutcheons plac'd,
With saphires, diamonds, and with rubies grac'd. Dryden.
By both his parents of descent divine;
Great Jove and Phœbus grac'd his noble line. Pope's Statius.
Though triumphs were to generals only due,
Crowns were reserv'd to grace the soldiers too. Pope.
2. To dignify or raise by an act of favour.
He writes
How happily he lives, how well belov'd,
And daily graced by the emperor. Sh. Two Gent. of Verona.
Dispose all honours of the sword and gun,
Grace with a nod, and ruin with a frown. Dryden's Juven.
3. To favour.
When the guests withdrew,
Their courteous host saluting all the crew,
Regardless pass'd her o'er, nor grac'd with kind adieu. Dryd.

GRA’CED. adj. [from grace.]
1. Beautiful; graceful.
He saw this gentleman, one of the properest and best graced
men that ever I saw, being of a middle age and a mean sta­
ture. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Virtuous; regular; chaste.
Epicurism and lust
Make it more like a tavern or a brothel,
Than a grac'd palace. Shakesp. King Lear.

GRA’CEFUL. adj. [from grace.] Beautiful with dignity.
Amid' the troops, and like the leading god,
High o'er the rest in arms the graceful Turnus rode. Dryden.
Matchless his pen, victorious was his lance;
Bold in the lists, and graceful in the dance. Pope.
Yet graceful ease, and sweetness void of pride,
Might hide her faults, if belles had faults to hide. Pope.

GRA’CEFULLY. adv. [from graceful.] Elegantly; with pleasing
dignity.
Through nature and through art she rang'd,
And gracefully her subject chang'd. Swift.
Walking is the mode or manner of man, or of a beast;
but walking gracefully implies a manner or mode super-added
to that action. Watts's Logick.

GRA’CEFULNESS. n. s. [from graceful.] Elegance of manner;
dignity with beauty.
His neck, his hands, his shoulders, and his breast,
Did next in gracefulness and beauty stand,
To breathing figures. Dryden's Ovid.
He executed with so much gracefulness and beauty, that he
alone got money and reputation. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
There is a secret gracefulness of youth which accompanies
his writings, though the staidness and sobriety of age be want­
ing. Dryden's Ovid, Preface.
If hearers are amaz'd from whence
Proceeds that fund of wit and sense,
Which, though her modesty would shroud,
Breaks like the sun behind a cloud;
While gracefulness its art conceals,
And yet through ev'ry motion steals. Swift.



GRA’CELESS. adj. [from grace.] Without grace; wicked;
hopelesly corrupt; abandoned.
This graceless man, for furtherance of his guile,
Did court the handmaid of my lady dear. Fairy Queen.
Whose hap shall be to have her,
Will not so graceless be, to be ingrate. Shakespeare.
In all manner of graceless and hopeless characters, some are
lost for want of advice, and others for want of heed. L'Estr.
Furnish'd for offence, he cross'd the way
Betwixt the graceless villain and his prey. Dryden.

GRA’CES. n. s. Good graces for favour is seldom used in the
singular.
Demand deliv'ry of her heart,
Her goods and chattels, and good graces,
And person up to his embraces. Hudibras, p. iii.

GRA’CILE. adj. [gracilis, Latin.] Slender; small. Dict.

GRA’CILENT. n. s. [gracilentus, Latin.] Lean. Dict.

GRACI’LITY. n. s. [gracilitas, Latin.] Slenderness; smal­
ness. Dict.

GRA’CIOUS. adj. [gracieux, French.]
1. Merciful; benevolent.
Common sense and reason could not but tell them, that the
good and gracious God could not be pleased, nor consequently
worshipped, with any thing barbarous or cruel. South's Serm.
To be good and gracious, and a lover of knowledge, are
two of the most amiable things. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Favourable; kind.
And the Lord was gracious unto them, and had compassion
on them. 2 Kings xiii. 23.
From now reveal
A gracious beam of light; from now inspire
My tongue to sing, my hand to touch the lyre. Prior.
3. Acceptable; favoured.
Doctrine is much more profitable and gracious by example
than by rule. Spenser.
He made us gracious before the kings of Persia, so that they
gave us food. 1 Esdr. viii. 80.
Goring, who was now general of the horse, was no more
gracious to prince Rupert than Wilmot had been. Clarendon.
4. Virtuous; good.
Kings are no less unhappy, their issue not being gracious,
than they are in losing them when they have approved their
virtues. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
5. Excellent.
The grievous abuse which hath been of counsels, should
rather cause men to study how so gracious a thing may again
be reduced to that first perfection. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
6. Graceful; becoming.
Our womens names are more gracious than their Rutilia,
that is, red head. Camden.

GRA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from gracious.]
1. Kindly; with kind condescension.
His testimony he graciously confirmed, that it was the best
of all my tragedies. Dryden.
He heard my vows, and graciously decreed
My grounds to be restor'd, my former flocks to feed. Dryd.
If her majesty would but graciously be pleased to think a
hardship of this nature worthy her royal consideration. Swift.
2. In a pleasing manner.

GRA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from gracious.]
1. Kind condescension.
The graciousness and temper of this answer made no im­
pression on them. Clarendon.
2. Pleasing manner.

GRADA’TION. n. s. [gradation, French; gradus, Latin.]
1. Regular progress from one degree to another.
The desire of more and more rises by a natural gradation to
most, and after that to all. L'Estrange.
2. Regular advance step by step.
From thence,
By cold gradation, and well balanc'd form,
We shall proceed with Angelo. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
The psalmist very elegantly expresseth to us the several gra­
dations by which men at last come to this horrid degree of
impiety. Tillotson, Sermon 2.
3. Order; arrangement.
'Tis the curse of service;
Preferment goes by letter and affection,
Not, as of old, gradation, where each second
Stood heir to th' first. Shakespeare's Othello.
4. Regular process of argument.
Certain it is, by a direct gradation of consequences from
this principle of merit, that the obligation to gratitude flows
from, and is enjoined by, the first dictates of nature. South.

GRADA’TORY. n. s. [gradus, Latin.] Steps from the cloisters
into the church. Ainsworth.

GRA’DIENT. adj. [gradiens, Latin.] Walking; moving by
steps.
Amongst those gradient automata, that iron spider is espe­
cially remarkable, which, being but of an ordinary bigness, did
creep up and down as if it had been alive. Wilkins.

GRA’DUAL. adj. [graduel, French.] Proceeding by degrees;
advancing step by step; from one stage to another.
Nobler birth
Of creatures animate with gradual life,
Of growth, sense, reason, all summ'd up in man. Milton.
Men still suppose a gradual natural progress of things; as
that, from great, things and persons should grow greater, 'till
at length, by many steps and ascents, they come to be at
greatest. South.

GRA’DUAL. n. s. [gradus, Latin.] An order of steps.
Before the gradual prostrate they ador'd,
The pavement kiss'd, and thus the saint implor'd. Dryden.

GRADUA’LITY. n. s. [from gradual.] Regular progression.
This some ascribe unto the mixture of the elements, others
to the graduality of opacity and light. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

GRA’DUALLY. adv. [from gradual.] By degrees; in regular
progression.
When the moon passes over the fixed stars, and eclipses
them, your light vanishes; not gradually, like that of the
planets, but all at once. Newton's Opt.
The Author of our being weans us gradually from our
fondness of life the nearer we approach towards the end of
it. Swift.
Human creatures are able to bear air of much greater den­
sity in diving, and of much less upon the tops of mountains,
provided the changes be made gradually. Arbuthnot.

To GRA’DUATE. v. a. [graduer, French; gradus, Latin.]
1. To dignify with a degree in the university.
John Tregonwel, graduated a doctor and dubbed a knight,
did his prince good service. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Concerning columns and their adjuncts, architects make
such a noise as if the terms of architraves, frizes, and cornices
were enough to graduate a master of this art. Wotton's Architect.
2. To mark with degrees.
The places were marked where the spirits stood at the se­
verest cold and greatest heat, and according to these observa­
tions he graduates his thermometers. Derham's Physico-Theology.
3. To raise to a higher place in the scale of metals: a chimical
term.
The tincture was capable to transmute or graduate as much
silver as equalled in weight that gold. Boyle.
4. To heighten; to improve.
Not only vitriol is a cause of blackness, but the salts of na­
tural bodies; and dyers advance and graduate their colours
with salts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 12.

GRA’DUATE. n. s. [gradué, French, from gradus, Latin.] A
man dignified with an academical degree.
Of graduates I dislike the learned rout,
And chuse a female doctor for the gout. Bramston.

GRADUA’TION. n. s. [graduation, French, from graduate.]
1. Regular progression by succession of degrees.
The graduation of the parts of the universe is likewise ne­
cessary to the perfection of the whole. Grew's Cosmol. Sacra.
Of greater repugnancy unto reason is that which he deli­
vers concerning its graduation, that heated in fire, and often
extinguished in oyl of mars or iron, the loadstone acquires
an ability to extract a nail fastened in a wall. Brown's Vu. Err.
2. The act of conferring academical degrees.

GRAFF. n. s. [See GRAVE.] A ditch; a moat.
Though the fortifications were not regular, yet the walls
were good, and the graff broad and deep. Clarendon, b. viii.

GRAFF. n. s. [greffe, French.] A small branch inserted into
the stock of another tree, and nourished by its sap,
but bearing its own fruit; a young cyon.

GRAFT. n. s. [greffe, French.] A small branch inserted into
the stock of another tree, and nourished by its sap,
but bearing its own fruit; a young cyon.
God gave unto man all kind of seeds and graffs of life; as
the vegetative life of plants, the sensual of beasts, the rational
of man, and the intellectual of angels. Raleigh.
It is likely, that as in fruit-trees the graft maketh a greater
fruit, so in trees that bear no fruit it will make the greater
leaves. Bacon's Natural History, No. 475.
'Tis usual now an inmate graff to see
With insolence invade a foreign tree. Dryd. Virg. Georg.
If you cover the top with clay and horse-dung, in the same
manner as you do a graft, it will help to heel the sooner. Mort.
Now the cleft rind inserted graffs receives,
And yields an offspring more than nature gives. Pope.

To GRAFF. v. a. [greffer, French.]

To GRAFT. v. a. [greffer, French.]
1. To insert a cyon or branch of one tree into the stock of another.
His growth is but a wild and fruitless plant;
I'll cut his barren branches to the stock,
And graft you on to bear. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
With his pruning hook disjoin
Unbearing branches from their head,
And graft more happy in their stead. Dryden.
2. To propagate by insertion or inoculation.
In March is good graffing the skilful do know,
So long as the wind in the East do not blow:
From moon being changed, 'till past be the prime,
For graffing and cropping is very good time. Tusser's Husb.
To have fruit in greater plenty the way is to graft, not
only upon young stocks, but upon divers boughs of an old
tree; for they will bear great numbers of fruit: whereas, if
you graft but upon one stock, the tree can bear but few. Bacon.


Now let me graff my pears, and prune the vine. Dryden.
3. To insert into a place or body to which it did not originally
belong.
And they also, if they bide not still in unbelief, shall be
graffed in; for God is able to graff them in again. Rom. xi. 23.
These are th' Italian names which fate will join
With ours, and graff upon the Trojan line. Dryden's Æn.
4. To fill with an adscititious branch.
We've some old crab-trees here at home, that will not
Be grafted to your relish. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The noble isle doth want her proper limbs;
Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants. Shakesp. R. III.
5. To join one thing so as to receive support from another.
This resolution against any peace with Spain is a new inci­
dent grafted upon the original quarrel, by the intrigues of a
faction among us. Swift.
May one kind grave unite each hapless name,
And graft my love immortal on thy fame. Pope.

GRA’FTER. n. s. [from graff or graft.] One who propagates
fruit by grafting.
I am informed, by the trials of more than one of the most
skilful and experienced grafters of these parts, that a man shall
seldom fail of having cherries borne by his graft the same year
in which the infition is made. Evelyn.

GRAIL. n. s. [from gréle, French.] Small particles of any
kind.
Hereof this gentle knight unweeting was,
And, lying down upon the sandy grails,
Drank of the stream as clear as crystal glass. Fairy Queen.

GRAIN. n. s. [graine, French; granum, Latin; grano, Italian,
has all the following significations.]
1. A single seed of corn.
Look into the seeds of time,
And say which grain will grow, and which will not. Shakes.
His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels
of chaff. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Let them pronounce the steep Tarpeian death,
Vagabond exile, flaying, pent to linger
But with a grain a day, I would not buy
Their mercy at the price of one fair word. Shak. Coriolanus.
Many of the ears, being six inches long, had sixty grains
in them, and none less than forty. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Corn.
As it ebbs, the seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain,
And shortly comes to harvest. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Pales no longer swell'd the teeming grain,
Nor Phœbus fed his oxen on the plain. Dryden's Pastorals.
'Tis a rich soil, I grant you; but oftner covered with weeds
than grain. Collier on Fame.
3. The seed of any fruit.
4. Any minute particle; any single body.
Thou exist'st on many thousand grains
That issue out of dust. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
By intelligence
And proofs as clear as founts in July, when
We see each grain of gravel. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
5. The smallest weight, of which in physick twenty make a
scruple, and in Troy weight twenty-four make a peny weight;
a grain so named because it is supposed of equal weight with
a grain of corn.
They began at a known body, a barley-corn, the weight
whereof is therefore sailed a grain; which ariseth, being mul­
tiplied, to scruples, drachms, ounces and pounds. Holder.
The trial being made betwixt lead and lead, weighing
severally seven drachms, in the air; the balance in the water
weigheth only four drachms and forty-one grains, and abateth
of the weight in the air two drachms and nineteen grains:
the balance kept the same depth in the water as abovesaid.
Bacon's Phys. Rem.
His brain
Outweigh'd his rage but half a grain. Hudibras, p. i.
6. Any thing proverbially small.
For the whole world before thee is as a little grain of the
balance. Wisd. xi. 22.
The ungrateful person lives to himself, and subsists by the
good nature of others, of which he himself has not the least
grain. South's Sermons.
7. GRAIN of Allowance. Something indulged or remitted;
something above or under the exact weight.
He, whose very best actions must be seen with grains of al­
lowance, cannot be too mild, moderate, and forgiving. Addis.
I would always give some grains of allowance to the sacred
science of theology. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
8. The direction of the fibres of wood, or other fibrous matter.
Knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain
Tortive and errant from his course of growth. Shakesp.
9. The body of the wood.
The beech, the swimming alder, and the plane,
Hard box, and linden of a softer grain. Dryden.
10. The body considered with respect to the form or direction
of the constituent particles.
The tooth of a sea-horse, in the midst of the solider parts,
contains a curdled grain which is not to be found in ivory.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 23.
Stones of a constitution so compact, and a grain so fine,
that they bear a fine polish. Woodward.
11. Died or stained substance.
How the red roses flush up in her cheeks,
And the pure snow with goodly vermil stain,
Like crimson dy'd in grain. Spenser's Prothalam.
Over his lucid arms
A military vest of purple flow'd,
Livelier than melibæan, or the grain
Of farra, worn by kings and heroes old. Milton's P. Lost.
Come, pensive nun, devout and pure,
All in a robe of darkest grain,
Flowing with majestick train. Milton.
The third, his feet
Shadow'd from either heel with feather'd mail,
Sky-tinctur'd grain! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
12. Temper; disposition; inclination; humour.
Your minds, preoccupied with what
You rather must do than what you should do,
Made you against the grain to voice him consul. Shakesp.
Quoth Hudibras, it is in vain,
I see, to argue 'gainst the grain. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 2.
Old clients, weary'd out with fruitless care,
Dismiss their hopes of eating, and despair;
Though much against the grain, forc'd to retire,
Buy roots for supper, and provide a fire. Dryden's Juvenal.
13. The heart; the bottom.
The one being tractable and mild, the other stiff and im­
patient of a superior, they lived but in cunning concord, as
brothers glued together, but not united in grain. Hayward.
14. The form of the surface with regard to roughness and
smoothness.
The smaller the particles of those substances are, the smaller
will be the scratches by which they continually fret and wear
away the glass until it be polished; but be they never so small,
they can wear away the glass no otherwise than by grating and
scratching it, and breaking the protuberances; and therefore
polish it no otherwise than by bringing its roughness to a very
fine grain, so that the scratches and frettings of the surface
become too small to be visible. Newton's Opt.

GRA’INED. adj. [from grain.] Rough; made less smooth.
Though now this grained face of mine be hid
In sap consuming Winter's drizzled snow,
Yet hath my night of life some memory. Shakespeare.

GRAINS. n. s. [without a singular.] The husks of malt ex­
hausted in brewing.
Give them grains their fill,
Husks, draff, to drink and swill. Ben. Johns. New Inn.

GRA’INY. adj. [from grain.]
1. Full of corn.
2. Full of grains or kernels.

GRAME’RCY. interj. [contracted from grant me mercy.] An
obsolete expression of surprise.
Gramercy, sir, said he; but mote I weet
What strange adventure do ye now pursue? Fairy Queen.
Gramercy, lovely Lucius, what's the news? Shakesp.

GRAMI’NEOUS. adj. [gramineus, Latin.] Grassy. Grami­
neous plants are such as have a long leaf without a footstalk.

GRAMINI’VOROUS. adj. [gramen and voro, Latin.] Grass­
eating; living upon grass.
The ancients were versed chiefly in the dissection of brutes,
among which the graminivorous kind have a party-coloured
choroides. Sharp's Surgery.

GRA’MMAR. n. s. [grammaire, French; grammatica, Latin;
γϱαμμαιϰὴ.]
1. The science of speaking correctly; the art which teaches the
relations of words to each other.
We make a countryman dumb, whom we will not allow
to speak but by the rules of grammar. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Men, speaking language according to the grammar rules of
that language, do yet speak improperly of things. Locke.
2. Propriety or justness of speech; speech according to grammar.
Varium & mutabile semper femina, is the sharpest satire that
ever was made on woman; for the adjectives are neuter, and
animal must be understood to make them grammar. Dryden.
3. The book that treats of the various relations of words to one
another.

GRA’MMAR School. n. s. A school in which the learned lan­
guages are grammatically taught.
Thou hast most traitorously corrupted the youth of the
realm in erecting a grammar school. Shakespeare's Hen. VI.
The ordinary way of learning Latin in a grammar school I
cannot encourage. Locke.

GRAMMA’RIAN. n. s. [grammairien, French, from grammar.]
One who teaches grammar; a philologer.


Many disputes the ambiguous nature of letters hath created
among the grammarians. Holder's Elements of Speech.
They who have called him the torture of grammarians,
might also have called him the plague of translators. Dryden.

GRAMMA’TICAL. adj. [grammatical, Fr. grammaticus, Latin.]
1. Belonging to grammar.
The beauty of virtue still being set before their eyes, and
that taught them with far more diligent care than grammatical
rules. Sidney, b. ii.
I shall take the number of consonants, not from the gram­
matical alphabets of any language, but from the diversity of
sounds framed by single articulations with appulse. Holder.
2. Taught by grammar.
They seldom know more than the grammatical construction,
unless born with a poetical genius. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

GRAMMA’TICALLY. adv. [from grammatical.] According to
the rules or science of grammar.
When a sentence is distinguished into the nouns, the verbs,
pronouns, adverbs, and other particles of speech which com­
pose it, then it is said to be analysed grammatically. Watts.
As grammar teacheth us to speak properly, so it is the part
of rhetorick to instruct how to do it elegantly, by adding
beauty to that language that before was naked and gramma­
tically true. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

GRAMMATICA’STER. n. s. [Latin.] A mean verbal pedant;
a low grammarian.
I have not vexed their language with the doubts, the re­
marks, and eternal triflings of the French grammaticasters.
Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.

GRA’MPLE. n. s. A crab-fish. Ainsworth.

GRA’MPUS. n. s. A large fish of the cetaceous kind.

GRA’NARY. n. s. [granarium, Latin.] A storehouse for
threshed corn.
Ants, by their labour and industry, contrive the matter so,
that corn will keep as dry in their nests as in our granaries.
Addison's Guardian, No. 156.
The naked nations cloath,
And be th' exhaustless granary of a world. Thomson's Spring.

GRA’NATE. n. s. [from granum, Latin.] A kind of marble so
called, because it is marked with small variegations like
grains. Otherwise GRANITE.

GRAND. adj. [grand, French; grandis, Latin.]
1. Great; illustrious; high in power.
God had planted, that is, made to grow the trees of life
and knowledge, plants only proper and becoming the paradise
and garden of so grand a Lord. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
2. Great; splendid; magnificent.
A voice has flown
To re-enflame a grand design. Young.
3. Noble; sublime; lofty; conceived or expressed with great
dignity.
4. It is used to signify ascent or descent of consanguinity.

GRA’NDAM. n. s. [grand and dam or dame.]
1. Grandmother; my father's or mother's mother.
I meeting him, will tell him that my lady
Was fairer than his grandam, and as chaste
As may be in the world. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
A woman's story, at a Winter's fire,
Authoris'd by her grandam. Shakesp. Macbeth.
We have our forefathers and great grandames all before us,
as they were in Chaucer's days. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Thy tygress heart belies thy angel face:
Too well thou shew'st thy pedigree from stone;
Thy grandame's was the first by Pyrrha thrown. Dryden.
2. An old withered woman.
The women
Cry'd, one and all, the suppliant should have right,
And to the grandame hag adjudg'd the knight. Dryden.

GRA’NDCHILD. n. s. [grand and child.] The son or daughter
of my son or daughter; one in the second degree of descent.
Augustus Cæsar, out of indignation against his daughters
and Agrippa his grandchild, would say that they were not his
seed, but imposthumes broken from him. Bacon's Apophthegms.
These hymns may work on future wits, and so
May great grandchildren of thy praises grow. Donne.
He hoped his majesty did believe, that he would never make
the least scruple to obey the grandchild of king James. Clarend.
Fair daughter, and thou son and grandchild both! Milton.
He 'scaping with his gods and reliques fled,
And tow'rds the shore his little grandchild led. Denham.

GRA’NDAUGHTER. n. s. [grand and daughter.] The daughter
of a son or daughter.

GRANDE’E. n. s. [grand, French; grandis, Latin.] A man of
great rank, power, or dignity.
They had some sharper and some milder differences, which
might easily happen in such an interview of grandees, both
vehement on the parts which they swayed. Wotton.
When a prince or grandee manifests a liking to such a thing,
men generally set about to make themselves considerable for
such things. South's Sermons.
Some parts of the Spanish monarchy are rather for orna­
ment than strength: they furnish out viceroyalties for the
grandees, and posts of honour for the noble families. Addison.

GRANDE’VITY. n. s. [from grandævus, Latin.] Great age;
length of life. Dict.

GRANDE’VOUS. adj. [grandævus, Latin.] Long lived; of
great age. Dict.

GRA’NDEUR. n. s. [French.]
1. State; splendour of appearance; magnificence.
As a magistrate or great officer, he locks himself from all
approaches by the multiplied formalities of attendance, by the
distance of ceremony and grandeur. South's Sermons.
2. Elevation of sentiment or language.

GRA’NDFATHER. n. s. [grand and father.] The father of my
father or mother; the next above my father in the scale of
ascent.
One was saying that his great grandfather, and grandfather,
and father died at sea: said another, that heard him, an' I were
as you, I would never come at sea. Why, saith he, where
did your great grandfather, and grandfather, and father die?
He answered, where but in their beds? He answered, an' I
were as you, I would never come in bed. Bacon's Apophth.
Our grandchildren will see a few rags hung up in Westmin­
sterhall, which cost an hundred millions, whereof they are
paying the arrears, and boast that their grandfathers were rich
and great. Swift.

GRANDI’FICK. adj. [grandis and facio, Latin.] Making
great. Dict.

GRA’NDINOUS. adj. [grando, Latin.] Full of hail; consisting
of hail. Dict.

GRA’NDITY. n. s. [from grandis, Latin.] Greatness; gran­
deur; magnificence. An old word.
Our poets excel in grandity and gravity, smoothness and
property, in quickness and briefness. Camden's Remains.

GRA’NDMOTHER. n. s. [grand and mother.] The father's or
mother's mother.
Thy grandmother Lois, and thy mother Eunice. 1 Tim. i. 5.

GRA’NDSIRE. n. s. [grand and sire.]
1. Grandfather.
Think'st thou, that I will leave my kingly throne,
Wherein my grandsire and my father sat? Shakes. Hen. VI.
Thy grandsire, and his brother, to whom fame.
Gave, from two conquer'd parts o' th' world, their name.
Denham.
The wreaths his grandsire knew to reap
By active toil and military sweat. Prior.
2. Any ancestor, poetically.
Why should a man, whose blood is warm within,
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster? Shakes. Merch. of Ven.
Above the portal, carv'd in cedar wood,
Plac'd in their ranks, their godlike grandsires stood. Dryden.
So mimick ancient wits at best,
As apes our grandsires in their doublets drest. Pope.

GRA’NDSON. n. s. [grand and son.] The son of a son or
daughter.
Almighty Jove augment your wealthy store,
Give much to you, and to his grandsons more. Dryden.
Grandfathers in private families are not much observed to
have great influence on their grandsons, and, I believe, they
have much less among princes. Swift.

GRANGE. n. s. [grange, French.] A farm; generally a farm
with a house at a distance from neighbours.
One, when he had got the inheritance of an unlucky old
grange, would needs sell it; and, to draw buyers, proclaimed
the virtues of it: nothing ever thrived on it, saith he; the
trees were all blasted, the swine died of the measles, the cattle
of the murrain, and the sheep of the rot; nothing was ever
reared there, not a duckling or a goose. Ben. Johnson's Discov.
At the moated grange resides this dejected Mariana. Shakes.
The loose unletter'd hinds,
When for their teeming flocks and granges full
In wanton dance they praise the bounteous Pan. Milton.
If the church was of their own foundation, they might
chuse, the incumbent being once dead, whether they would
put any other therein; unless, perhaps, the said church had
people belonging to it; for then they must still maintain a
curate: and of this sort were their granges and priories. Ayliffe.

GRA’NITE. n. s. [granit, Fr. from granum, Lat. because consist­
ing as it were of grains, or small distinct particles.] A stone
composed of separate and very large concretions, rudely com­
pacted together; of great hardness, giving fire with steel; not
fermenting with acids, and imperfectly calcinable in a great
fire. The hard white granite with black spots, commonly
called moor-stone, forms a very firm, and though rude, yet
beautifully variegated mass. It is found in immense strata in
Ireland, but not used there. In Cornwal and the adjacent
counties it is found on the surface of the earth in prodigious
masses, and brought in great quantities to London, where it
is used for the steps of publick buildings. Hard red granite,
variegated with black and white, now called oriental granite,
is valuable for its extreme hardness and beauty, and capable
of a most elegant polish. It is common in Egypt and Arabia,


and is also found in the West of England little inferiour. The
vulgar opinion of their being cast out of various fragments of
marble, because they appear composed of particles or granules
of different colours, is easily confuted by an accurate inspec­
tion of the structure and formation of those granules, the least
and meanest of which no human art could ever compose, nor
fire leave in the state in which we see them. A third sort of
granite has a beautiful variegation of colours, red, white,
black and yellow, and capable of an elegant polish: it is lit­
tle inferiour in beauty to the oriental granite, and there are im­
mense strata of it in Minorca. Detached nodules of it, two
or three foot in circumference, are also frequent on the shores
of Guernsey, from whence it is brought as ballast, and used
in paving our streets. Hill on Fossils.
Alabaster, marble of divers colours, both simple and mixed,
the opulites, porphyry, and the granite. Woodward.
There are still great pillars of granite, and other fragments
of this ancient temple. Addison on Italy.

GRANI’VOROUS. adj. [granum and voro, Lat.] Eating grain;
living upon grain.
Granivorous birds, as a crane, upon the first peck of their
bills, can distinguish the qualities of hard bodies, which the
sense of men discerns not without mastication. Brown.
Panick affords a soft demulcent nourishment, both for gra­
nivorous birds and mankind. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GRA’NNAM. n. s. [for grandam.] Grandmother. Only used
in burlesque works.
Oft my kind grannam told me, Tim, take warning. Gay.

To GRANT. v. a. [from garantir, French, Junius and Skin­
ner; perhaps, as Minshew thinks, from gratuito, or rather
from gratia or gratificor.]
1. To admit that which is not yet proved; to allow; to yield;
to concede.
They gather out of Scripture general rules to be followed
in making laws; and so, in effect, they plainly grant, that we
ourselves may lawfully make laws for the church. Hooker.
Grant that the fates have firm'd, by their decree,
The Trojan race to reign in Italy. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
Suppose, which yet I grant not, thy desire
A moment elder than my rival fire,
Can chance of seeing first thy title prove? Dryden.
If he be one indifferent as to the present rebellion, they
may take it for granted his complaint is the rage of a disap­
pointed man. Addison's Freeholder.
2. To bestow something which cannot be claimed of right.
The God of Israel grant thee thy petition that thou hast
asked of him. 1 Sa. xvii.
Then hath God also to the Gentiles granted repentance unto
life. Acts xiii. 18.
Did'st thou not kill this king?
——I grant ye.
—Do'st grant me, hedgehog? Then God grant me too,
Thou may'st be damned for that wicked deed. Shak. R. III.
He heard, and granted half his prayer;
The rest the winds dispers'd. Pope.

GRANT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of granting or bestowing.
2. The thing granted; a gift; a boon.
Courtiers justle for a grant,
And when they break their friendship plead their want. Dry.
3. [In law.] A gift in writing of such a thing as cannot aptly
be passed or conveyed by word only; as rent, reversions, ser­
vices, advowsons in gross, common in gross, tithes, &c. or
made by such persons as cannot give but by deed, as the king,
and all bodies politick; which differences be often in speech
neglected, and then is taken generally for every gift whatso­
ever, made of any thing by any person; and he that granteth
it is named the grantor, and he to whom it is made the
grantee. A thing is said to be in grant which cannot be as­
signed without deed. Cowel.
All the whole land is the queen's, unless there be some
grant of any part thereof, to be shewed from her majesty.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
4. Concession; admission of something in dispute.
But of this so large a grant, we are content not to take
advantage. Hooker, b. iii. s. 11.
This grant destroys all you have urg'd before. Dryden.

GRA’NTABLE. adj. [from grant.] That which may be
granted.
The office of the bishop's chancellor was grantable for
life. Ayliffe's Parergon.

GRA’NTEE. n. s. [from grant.] He to whom any grant is
made.
To smooth the way for popery in Mary's time, the grantees
were confirmed by the pope in the possession of the abby­
lands. Swift.

GRA’NTOR. n. s. [from grant.] He by whom a grant is made.
A duplex querela shall not be granted under pain of suspen­
sion of the grantor from the execution of his office. Ayliffe.

GRA’NULARY. adj. [from granule.] Small and compact; re­
sembling a small grain or seed.
Small-coal, with sulphur and nitre, proportionably mixed,
tempered, and formed into granulary bodies, do make up that
powder which is in use for guns. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To GRA’NULATE. v. n. [granuler, Fr. from granum, Latin.]
To be formed into small grains.
The juice of grapes, inspissated by heat, granulates into
sugar. Spratt.

To GRA’NULATE. v. a.
1. To break into small masses or granules.
2. To raise into small asperities.
I have observed, in many birds, the gullet, before its en­
trance into the gizzard, to be much dilated, and thick set, or
as it were granulated with a multitude of glandules, each
whereof was provided with its excretory vessel. Ray.

GRANULA’TION. n. s. [granulation, French, from granulate.]
1. The act of pouring melted metal into cold water, so as it
may granulate or congeal into small grains: it is generally
done through a colander, or a birchen broom. Gunpowder
and some salts are likewise said to be granulated, from their
resemblance to grain or seed. Quincy.
2. The act of shooting or breaking in small masses.
Tents in wounds, by resisting the growth of the little gra­
nulations of the flesh, in process of time harden them, and in
that manner produce a fistula. Sharp's Surgery.

GRA’NULE. n. s. [from granum, Latin.] A small compact
particle.
With an excellent microscope, where the naked eye did see
but a green powder, the assisted eye could discern particular
granules, some blue, and some yellow. Boyle on Colours.

GRA’NULOUS. adj. [from granule.] Full of little grains.

GRAPE. n. s. [grappe, French; krappe, Dutch.] The fruit
of the vine, growing in clusters; the fruit from which wine
is expressed.
And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither shalt thou
gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for
the poor and stranger. Lev. xix. 10.
Turn back thine hand, as the grape gatherers into the
baskets. Jer. vi. 9.
Anacreon, for thy sake
I of the grape no mention make;
Ere my Anacreon by thee fell,
Cursed plant I lov'd thee well. Cowley.
Here are the vines in early flow'r discry'd,
Here grapes discolour'd on the sunny side. Pope's Odyssey.

GRAPE Hyacinth, or GRAPE Flower. See MUSK.

GRA’PESTONE. n. s. [grape and stone.] The stone or seed con­
tained in the grape.
When obedient nature knows his will,
A fly, a grapestone, or a hair can kill. Prior.

GRA’PHICAL. adj. [γϱάφω.] Well delineated.
Write with a needle, or bodkin, or knife, or the like, when
the fruit or trees are young; for as they grow, so the letters
will grow more large and graphical. Bacon's Natural History.

GRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from graphical.] In a picturesque man­
ner; with good description or delineation.
The hyena odorata, or civet cat, is delivered and graphically
described by Castellus. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

GRA’PNEL. n. s. [grapin, French.]
1. A small anchor belonging to a little vessel.
2. A grappling iron with which in fight one ship fastens on
another.

To GRA’PPLE. v. n. [grabbelen, Dutch; krappeln, German.]
1. To contend by seizing each other, as wrestlers.
They must be also practised in all the locks and gripes of
wrestling, as need may often be in fight to tugg or grapple, and
to close. Milton.
Living virtue, all atchievements past,
Meets envy, still to grapple with at last. Waller.
Does he think that he can grapple with divine vengeance,
and endure the everlasting burnings? South's Sermons.
Antæus here and stern Alcides strive,
And both the grappling statues seem to live. Addison.
2. To contest in close fight.
I'll in my standard bear the arms of York,
To grapple with the house of Lancaster. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Sometimes, from fighting squadrons of each fleet,
Two grappling Ætna's on the ocean meet,
And English fires with Belgian flames contend. Dryden.

To GRA’PPLE. v. a.
1. To fasten; to fix; to join indissolubly. Now obsolete.
Grapple your minds to sternage of the navy,
And leave your England as dead midnight still. Shak. H. V.
I will put that business in your bosoms,
Whose execution takes your enemy off,
Grapples you to the heart and love of us. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To seize; to lay fast hold of.

GRA’PPLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Contest hand to hand, in which the combatants seize each
other; the wrestlers hold.
As when earth's son, Antæus, strove
With Jove's Alcides, and, oft foil'd, still rose


Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple join'd,
Throttled at length in th' air, expir'd and fell. Milton.
Or did his genius
Know mine the stronger demon, fear'd the grapple,
And, looking round him, found this nook of fate,
To skulk behind my sword. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. Close fight.
In the grapple I boarded them; on the instant they got clear
of our ship, so I alone became their prisoner. Shakes. Hamlet.
3. Iron instrument by which one ship fastens on another.
But Cymon soon his crooked grapples cast,
Which with tenacious hold his foes embrac'd. Dryden.

GRA’PPLEMENT. n. s. [from grapple.] Close fight; hostile
embrace.
They catching hold of him, as down he lent,
Him backward overthrew, and down him stay'd
With their rude hands and griefly grapplement. Fairy Queen.

GRA’SHOPPER. n. s. [grass and hop.] A small insect that hops
in the Summer grass. The cicada of the Latins, or cicala of
the Italians, is often by the poets translated grashopper, but
improperly.
Her waggon spokes made of long spinners legs,
The cover of the wings of grashoppers. Shakes. Ro. and Jul.
Grashoppers eat up the green of whole countries. Bacon.
Where silver lakes, with verdant shadows crown'd,
Disperse a grateful chilness all around;
The grashopper avoids the untainted air,
Nor in the midst of Summer ventures there. Addison.
The women were of such an enormous stature, that we
appeared as grashoppers before them. Addison's Spectator.

GRA’SIER. See GRAZIER.

To GRASP. v. a. [graspare, Italian.]
1. To hold in the hand; to gripe.
O fool that I am, that thought I could grasp water and bind
the wind. Sidney, b. ii.
In his right hand
Grasping ten thousand thunders, which he sent
Before him, such as in their souls infix'd
Plagues. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Kings, by grasping more than they could hold,
First made their subjects, by oppression, bold. Denham.
Doom, as they please, my empire not to stand,
I'll grasp my sceptre with my dying hand. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
2. To seize; to catch at.
This grasping of the militia of the kingdom into their own
hands, was desired the Summer before. Clarendon.

To GRASP. v. n.
1. To catch; to endeavour to seize; to try at.
So endless and exorbitant are the desires of men, that they
will grasp at all, and can form no scheme of perfect happiness
with less. Swift.
2. To struggle; to strive; to grapple. Not now in use.
See, his face is black and full of blood;
His hands abroad display'd, as one that graspt
And tugg'd for life. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
3. To gripe; to encroach.
Like a miser 'midst his store,
Who grasps and grasps 'till he can hold no more. Dryden.

GRASP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The gripe or seizure of the hand.
Nor wanted in his grasp
What seem'd both spear and shield. Milton's Paradise Lost.
This hand and sword have been acquainted well;
It should have come before into my grasp,
To kill the ravisher. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
The left arm is a little defaced, though one may see it held
something in its grasp formerly. Addison on Italy.
2. Possession; hold.
I would not be the villain that thou think'st
For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp,
And the rich East to boot. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. Power of seizing.
Within the direful grasp
Of savage hunger, or of savage heat. Milton.
They looked upon it as their own, and had it even within
their grasp. Clarendon, b. viii.

GRA’SPER. n. s. [from grasp.] One that grasps, seizes, or
catches at.

GRASS. n. s. [græs, Saxon.] The common herbage of the
field on which cattle feed; an herb with long narrow leaves.
Ye are grown fat as the heifer at grass, and bellow as
bulls. Jer. l. 11.
The trade of beef for foreign exportation was prejudiced,
and almost sunk; for the flesh being young, and only grass
fed, was thin, light and moist, and not of a substance to
endure the salt, or be preserved by it, for long voyages,
or a slow consumption. Temple.
You'll be no more your former you;
But for a blooming nymph will pass,
Just fifteen, coming Summer's grass. Swift.

GRASS of Parnassus. n. s. [parnassia, Latin.]
It hath a rose-shaped flower of five large leaves, and five
small at the bottom fringed, of a greenish colour, and planted
orbicularly: out of the flower-cup arises the pointal, which
turns to an oval membranaceous fruit, having but one cell
filled with seeds. This plant grows wild in most meadows,
particularly in the North. It is called parnassia from mount
Parnassus, where it was supposed to grow; and because the
cattle feed on it, it obtained the name of grass, though the
plant has no resemblance to the grass kind. Miller.

To GRASS. v. n. [from the noun.] To breed grass; to become
pasture.
Land arable, driven, or worn to the proof,
With oats ye may sow it, the sooner to grass,
More soon to be pasture, to bring it to pass. Tuss. Husband.

GRASS-PLOT. n. s. [grass and plot.] A small level covered
with short grass.
Here on this grass-plot, in this very place,
Come and sport. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The part of your garden next your house should be a par­
terre for flowers, or grass-plots bordered with flowers. Temple.
They are much valued by our modern planters, to adorn
their walks and grass-plots. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GRASS-FOLY. A species of WILLOW-WORT, which see.

GRA’SSINESS. n. s. [from grassy.] The state of abounding in
grass.

GRA’SSY. adj. [from grass.] Covered with grass; abounding
with grass.
Ne did he leave the mountains bare unseen,
Nor the rank grassy fens delights untry'd. Spenser.
Rais'd of grassy turf
Their table was, and mossy seats had round. Milt. P. Lost.
The most in fields, like herded beasts, lie down,
To dews obnoxious, on the grassy floor. Dryd. Ann. Mir.

GRATE. n. s. [crates, Latin.]
1. A partition made with bars placed near to one another, or
crossing each other: such as are in cloysters or prisons.
I have grated upon my good friends for three reprieves for
you, and your couch-fellow, Nim; or else you had look'd
through the grates, like a geminy of baboons. Shakespeare.
Out at a little grate his eyes he cast
Upon those bord'ring hills, and open plain. Daniel's C. W.
A fan has on it a nunnery of lively black-eyed vestals,
who are endeavouring to creep out at the grates. Addison.
2. The range of bars within which fires are made.
My dear is of opinion that an old fashioned grate consumes
coals, but gives no heat. Spectator, No. 30.

To GRATE. v. a. [gratter, French.]
1. To rub or wear any thing by the attrition of a rough body.
Thereat the fiend his gnashing teeth did grate. Fai. Qu.
Blind oblivion swallow'd cities up,
And mighty states characterless are grated
To dusty nothing. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
If the particles of the putty were not made to stick fast in
the pitch, they would, by rolling up and down, grate and fret
the object metal, and fill it full of little holes. Newton's Opt.
2. To offend by any thing harsh or vexatious.
Thereat enraged, soon he 'gan upstart,
Grinding his teeth and grating his great heart. Hubb. Tale.
They have been partial in the gospel, culled and chosen out
those softer and more gentle dictates which should less grate
and disturb them. Decay of Piety.
Just resentment and hard usage coin'd
Th' unwilling word; and, grating as it is,
Take it, for it is thy due. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
This habit of writing and discoursing, wherein I unfortu­
nately differ from almost the whole kingdom, and am apt to
grate the ears of more than I could wish, was acquired during
my apprenticeship in London. Swift.
3. To form a sound by collision of asperities or hard bodies.
The grating shock of wrathful iron arms. Shakes. R. II.
On a sudden open fly,
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound,
Th' infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
Of Erebus. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

To GRATE. v. n.
1. To rub hard so as to injure or offend; to offend, as by op­
pression or importunity.
Wherein have you been galled by the king?
What peer hath been suborn'd to grate on you,
That you should seal this lawless bloody book
Of forg'd rebellion with a seal divine? Shakes. Henry IV.
I have grated upon my good friends for three reprieves for
you, or else you had looked through the grates. Shakespeare.
Paradoxing is of great use; but the faculty must be so ten­
derly managed as not to grate upon the truth and reason of
things. L'Estrange's Fables.
This grated harder upon, and raised greater tumults and
boilings in the hearts of men, than the seeming unreasonable­
ness of former articles. South's Sermons.


I never heard him make the least complaint, in a case that
would have grated sorely on some men's patience, and have
filled their lives with discontent. Locke.
2. To make a harsh noise, as that of a rough body drawn over
another.
We are not so nice as to cast away a sharp knife, because
the edge of it may sometimes grate. Hooker, b. v. s. 36.

GRA’TEFUL. adj. [gratus, Latin.]
1. Having a due sense of benefits; willing to acknowledge and
to repay benefits.
A grateful mind
By owing owes not, but still pays. Milton.
Years of service past,
From grateful souls exact reward at last. Dryden's Fables.
2. Pleasing; acceptable; delightful; delicious.
Whatsoever is ingrate at first, is made grateful by custom;
but whatsoever is too pleasing at first, groweth quickly to
satiate. Bacon's Natural History.
Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine,
And grateful clusters swell with floods of wine. Pope.

GRA’TEFULLY. adv. [from grateful.]
1. With willingness to acknowledge and repay benefits; with
due sense of obligation.
He, as new wak'd, thus gratefully reply'd. Milton.
Enough remains for houshold charge beside,
His wife and tender children to sustain,
And gratefully to seed his dumb deserving train. Dryd. Virg.
In Cyprus long by men and gods obey'd,
The lovers toil she gratefully repaid. Granville.
2. In a pleasing manner.
Study detains the mind by the perpetual occurrence of some­
thing new, which may gratefully strike the imagination. Watts.

GRA’TEFULNESS. n. s. [from grateful.]
1. Gratitude; duty to benefactors. Now obsolete.
A Laconian knight, having sometime served him with more
gratefulness than good courage defended him. Sidney.
Blessings beforehand, ties of gratefulness,
The sound of glory ringing in our ears. Herbert.
2. Quality of being acceptable; pleasantness.

GRA’TER. n. s. [gratoir, Fr. from grate.] A kind of coarse file
with which soft bodies are rubbed to powder.

GRATIFICA’TION. n. s. [gratificatio, Latin.]
1. The act of pleasing.
They are incapable of any design above the present grati­
fication of their palates. South's Sermons.
2. Pleasure; delight.
How hardly is his will brought to change all its desires and
aversions, and to renounce those gratifications in which he has
been long used to place his happiness? Rogers's Sermons.
3. Reward; recompence. A low word.

To GRA’TIFY. v. a. [gratificor, Latin.]
1. To indulge; to please by compliance.
You steer between the country and the court,
Nor gratify, whate'er the great desire,
Nor grudging give what publick needs require. Dryden.
2. To delight; to please.
But pride stood ready to prevent the blow;
For who would die to gratify a foe? Dryden's Fables.
The captive generals to his car are ty'd;
The joyful citizens tumultuous tide
Echoing his glory, gratify his pride. Prior.
A palled appetite is humorous, and must be gratified with
sauces rather than food. Tatler, No. 54.
At once they gratify their scent and taste,
While frequent cups prolong the rich repast. Pope.
A thousand little impertinencies are very gratifying to cu­
riosity, though not improving to the understanding. Addison.
3. To requite with a gratification: as, I'll gratify you for this
trouble.

GRA’TINGLY. adv. [from grate.] Harshly; offensively.

GRA’TIS. adv. [Latin.] For nothing; without a recom­
pence.
The people cry you mock'd them; and, of late,
When corn was given them gratis, you repin'd. Shakesp.
They sold themselves; but thou, like a kind fellow, gav'st
thyself away gratis, and I thank thee for thee. Shakespeare.
Kindred are no welcome clients, where relation gives them
a title to have advice gratis. L'Estrange.
I scorned to take my degree at Utrecht or Leyden, though
offered it gratis by those universities. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

GRA’TITUDE. n. s. [gratitudo, low Latin.]
1. Duty to benefactors.
Forbid
That our renowned Rome, whose gratitude
Tow'rds her deserving children is enroll'd,
Should now eat up her own! Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. Desire to return benefits.
The debt immense of endless gratitude. Milton.
Gratitude is properly a virtue, disposing the mind to an in­
ward sense and an outward acknowledgment of a benefit re­
ceived, together with a readiness to return the same, or the
like. South's Sermons.

GRATU’ITOUS. adj. [gratuitus, Latin; gratuit, Fr.]
1. Voluntary; granted without claim or merit.
We mistake the gratuitous blessings of heaven for the fruits
of our own industry. L'Estrange.
2. Asserted without proof.
The second motive they had to introduce this gratuitous
declination of atoms, the same poet gives us. Ray.

GRATU’ITOUSLY. adv. [from gratuitous.]
1. Without claim or merit.
2. Without proof.
I would know whence came this obliquity of direction,
which they gratuitously tack to matter: this is to ascribe will
and choice to these particles. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

GRATU’ITY. n. s. [gratuité, Fr. from gratuitous.] A present or
acknowledgment; a free gift.
They might have pretended to comply with Ulysses, and
dismissed him with a small gratuity. Notes on the Odyssey.
He used every year to present us with his almanack, upon
the score of some little gratuity we gave him. Swift.

To GRA’TULATE. v. a. [gratulor, Latin.]
1. To congratulate; to salute with declarations of joy.
To gratify the good Andronicus,
And gratulate his safe return to Rome,
The people will accept whom he admires. Shakes. Tit. Andr.
Whither away so fast?
——No farther than the Tower,
To gratulate the gentle princes there. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Since nature could behold so dire a crime,
I gratulate at least my native clime,
That such a land, which such a monster bore,
So far is distant from our Thracian shore. Dryden's Fables.
2. To declare joy for.
Yet give thy jealous subjects leave to doubt,
Who this thy 'scape from rumour gratulate,
No less than if from peril; and devout,
Do beg thy care unto thy after state. Ben. Johns. Epigrams.

GRATULA’TION. n. s. [from gratulatio, Latin.] Salutations
made by expressing joy; expression of joy.
They are the first gratulations wherewith our Lord and Sa­
viour was joyfully received at his entrance into the world, by
such as in their hearts, arms, and bowels embraced him. Hook.
The earth
Gave signs of gratulation, and each hill. Milt. Par. Lost.
Your enjoyments, according to the standard of a Christian
desire, are so compleat that they require no addition: I shall
turn my wishes into gratulations, and, congratulating their ful­
ness, only wish their continuance. South.

GRA’TULATORY. adj. [from gratulate.] Congratulatory, ex­
pressing congratulation.

GRAVE, a final syllable in the names of places, is from the
Saxon græf, a grove or cave. Gibson's Camden.

GRAVE. n. s. [græf, Saxon.] The place in the ground in
which the dead are reposited.
Now it is the time of night,
That the graves, all gaping wide,
Every one lets forth his spright,
In the church-way paths to glide. Shakespeare.
Thou wilt not leave me in the loathsome grave. Milton.
To walk upon the graves of our dead masters,
Is our own security. Denham's Sophy.
A flood of waters would overwhelm all those fragments
which the earth broke into, and bury in one common grave
all mankind, and all the inhabitants of the earth. Burnet.

GRA’VE-CLOATHS. n. s. [grave and cloaths.] The dress of the
dead.
But of such subtle substance and unsound,
That like a ghost he seem'd, whose grave-cloaths were un­
bound. Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. xi.
And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot
with grave-cloaths. Jo. xi. 44.

GRA’VE-STONE. n. s. [grave and stone.] The stone that is laid
over the grave; the monumental stone.
Timon, presently prepare thy grave;
Lye where the light foam of the sea may beat
Thy grave-stone daily. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.

To GRAVE. v. a. preter. graved; part. pass. graven. [graver,
French; γϱάφω.]
1. To insculp; to carve a figure or inscription in any hard sub­
stance.
Cornice with bossy sculptures graven. Milton.
Such later vows, oaths, or leagues can never blot out those
former gravings or characters, which by just and lawful oaths
were made upon their souls. King Charles.
Thy sum of duty let two words contain;
O! may they graven in thy heart remain,
Be humble and be just. Prior.
2. To carve or form.
What profiteth the graven image, that the maker thereof
hath graven it? Heb. ii. 18.
3. To copy paintings upon wood or metal, in order to be im­
pressed on paper.


The gravers can and ought to imitate the bodies of the
colours by the degrees of the lights and shadows: 'tis impos­
sible to give much strength to what they grave, after the works
of the schools, without imitating in some sort the colour of
the objects. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. [From grave.] To entomb. Not in use.
There's more gold:
Do you damn others, and let this damn you:
And ditches grave you all! Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
5. To clean, caulk, and sheath a ship. Ainsworth.

To GRAVE. v. n. To write or delineate on hard substances.
Thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon
it. Ex. xxviii. 36.

GRAVE. adj. [grave, French; gravis, Latin.]
1. Solemn; serious; sober; not gay; not light or trifling.
To th' more mature,
A glass that featur'd them; and to the grave,
A child that guided dotards. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
We should have else desir'd
Your good advice, which still hath been both grave
And prosperous, in this day's council. Shakesp. Macbeth.
That grave awfulness, as in your best breed of mastives, or
elegancy and prettiness, as in your lesser dogs, are modes of
beauty. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Even the grave and serious characters are distinguished by
their several sorts of gravity. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
Youth on silent wings is flown;
Graver years come rolling on. Prior.
To laugh, were want of goodness and of grace;
And to be grave, exceeds all pow'r of face. Pope's Epistles.
Folly-painting humour, grave himself,
Calls laughter forth. Thomson's Winter.
2. Of weight; not futile; credible. Little used.
The Roman state was of all others the most celebrated for their
virtue, as the gravest of their own writers, and of strangers,
do bear them witness. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. iii. c. 3.
3. Not showy; not tawdry: as, a grave suit of cloaths.
4. Not sharp of sound; not acute.
Accent, in the Greek names and usage, seems to have re­
garded the tone of the voice; the acute accent raising the
voice, in some certain syllables, to a higher, i. e. more acute
pitch or tone, and the grave depressing it lower, and both
having some emphasis, i. e. more vigorous pronunciation.
Holder's Elements of Speech.

GRA’VEL. n. s. [gravier, French; graveel, Dutch; gravel,
Armorick.]
1. Hard sand; sand consisting of very small pebblestones.
Gravel consists of flints of all the usual sizes and colours, of
the several sorts of pebbles; sometimes with a few pyritæ,
and other mineral bodies, confusedly intermixed, and com­
mon sand. Woodward's Met. Foss.
His armour, all gilt, was so well handled, that it shewed
like a glittering sand and gravel, interlaced with silver ri­
vers. Sidney.
By intelligence,
And proofs as clear as founts in July, when
We see each grain of gravel. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Providence permitted not the strength of the earth to spend
itself in base gravel and pebbles, instead of quarries of stones.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
So deep, and yet so clear, we might behold
The gravel bottom, and that bottom gold. Dryden.
The upper garden at Kensington was at first nothing but a
gravel pit. Spectator, No. 477.
Gravel walks are best for fruit-trees. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. [Gravelle, French.] Sandy matter concreted in the kidneys.
If the stone is brittle it will often crumble, and pass in the
form of gravel: if the stone is too big to pass, the best method
is to come to a sort of a composition or truce with it. Arbuthn.

To GRA’VEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To pave or cover with gravel.
Moss groweth upon alleys, especially such as lie cold, and
upon the North, as in divers terrasses; and again, if they be
much trodden, or if they were at the first gravelled. Bacon.
2. To stick in the sand.
William the Conqueror, when he invaded this island,
chanced at his arrival to be gravelled; and one of his feet
stuck so fast in the sand, that he fell to the ground. Camden.
3. To puzzle; to stop; to put to a stand; to embarrass.
I would kiss before I spoke.
—Nay, you were better speak first, and when you were gra­
vell'd for lack of matter you might take occasion to kiss. Shak.
The disease itself will gravel him to judge of it; nor can
there be any prediction made of it, it is so sharp. Howel.
What work do our imaginations make with eternity and
immensity? And how are we gravelled by their cutting
dilemma's? Glanv. Sceps. c. 13.
Mat, who was here a little gravell'd,
Tost up his nose, and would have cavill'd. Prior.
4. [In horsemanship.] To hurt the foot with gravel confined
by the shoe.

GRA’VELESS. adj. [from grave.] Without a tomb; unburied.
By degrees the memory of my womb,
Together with my brave Egyptians all,
By the discandying of this pelletted storm,
Lie graveless. Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.

GRA’VELLY. adj. [graveleux, French, from gravel.] Full of
gravel; abounding with gravel; consisting of gravel.
There are some natural spring-waters that will inlapidate
wood; so that you shall see one piece of wood, whereof the
part above the water shall continue wood, and the part under
the water shall be turned into a gravelly stone. Bacon's N. Hist.
If you live in a consumptive air, make choice of the more
open, high, dry, and gravelly part of it. Harvey on Consumpt.

GRA’VELY. adv. [from grave.]
1. Solemnly; seriously; soberly; without lightness or mirth.
Thou stand'st
Gravely in doubt when to hold them wise. Milton.
A girl longs to tell her confidant that she hopes to be mar­
ried in a little time, and asks her very gravely what she would
have her to do. Spectator, No. 475.
Wisdom's above suspecting wiles;
The queen of learning gravely smiles. Swift.
A formal story was very gravely carried to his excellency,
by some zealous members. Swift.
2. Without gaudiness or show.

GRA’VENESS. n. s. [from grave.] Seriousness; solemnity and
sobriety of behaviour.
You no less becomes
The light and careless livery that it wears,
Than settled age his sables, and his weeds
Importing health and graveness. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
But yet beware of counsels when too full;
Number makes long disputes and graveness dull. Denham.

GRA’VEOLENT. adj. [graveolens, Lat.] Strong scented. Dict.

GRA’VER. n. s. [graveur, French, from grave.]
1. One whose business is to inscribe or carve upon hard sub­
stances; one who copies pictures upon wood or metal to be
impressed on paper.
If he makes a design to be graved, he is to remember that
the gravers dispose not their colours as the painters do; and
that, by consequence, he must take occasion to find the reason
of his design in the natural shadows of the figures, which he
has disposed to cause the effect. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. The stile or tool used in graving.
With all the care wherewith I tried upon it the known
ways of softening gravers, I could not soften this. Boyle.
The toilsome hours in diff'rent labour slide,
Some work the file, and some the graver guide. Gay's Fan.

GRAVI’DITY. n. s. [gravidus, Latin.] Pregnancy; state of
being with child.
Women, obstructed, have not always the forementioned
symptoms: in those the signs of gravidity and obstructions are
hard to be distinguished in the beginning. Arbuthnot on Diet.

GRA’VING. n. s. [from grave.] Carved work.
Skilful to work in gold; also to grave any manner of
graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to
him. 2 Chro. ii. 14.

To GRA’VITATE. v. n. [from gravis, Latin.] To tend to
the center of attraction.
Those who have nature's steps with care pursu'd,
That matter is with active force endu'd,
That all its parts magnetick pow'r exert,
And to each other gravitate, assert. Blackmore's Creation.
That subtle matter must be of the same substance with all
other matter, and as much as is comprehended within a parti­
cular body must gravitate jointly with that body. Bentley.

GRAVITA’TION. n. s. [from gravitate.] Act of tending to the
centre.
The most considerable phenomenon belonging to terrestrial
bodies is the general action of gravitation, whereby all known
bodies, in the vicinity of the earth, do tend and press towards
its centre. Bentley's Sermons.
When the loose mountain trembles from on high,
Shall gravitation cease, if you go by? Pope's Ess. on Man.

GRA’VITY. n. s. [gravitas, Latin; gravité, French.]
1. Weight; heaviness; tendency to the centre.
That quality by which all heavy bodies tend towards the
centre of the earth, accelerating their motion the nearer they
approach towards it, true philosophy has shewn to be unsolve­
able by any hypothesis, and resolved it into the immediate will
of the Creator. Of all bodies, considered within the confines
of any fluid, there is a twofold gravity, true and absolute,
and apparent, vulgar or comparative: absolute gravity is the
whole force by which any body tends downwards; but the
relative or vulgar is the excess of gravity in one body above
the specifick gravity of the fluid, whereby it tends downwards
more than the ambient fluid doth. Quincy.
Bodies do swim or sink in different liquors, according to the
tenacity or gravity of those liquors which are to support
them. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii. c. 15.
Though this increase of density may at great distances be
exceeding slow, yet if the elastick tone of this medium be
exceeding great, it may suffice to impel bodies from the denser


parts of the medium towards the rarer, with all that power
which we call gravity. Newton's Opt.
2. Atrociousness; weight of guilt.
No man could ever have thought this reasonable, that had
intended thereby only to punish the injury committed, accord­
ing to the gravity of the fact. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
3. Seriousness; solemnity.
There is not a white hair on your face but should have his
effect of gravity. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Our youths and wildness shall no whit appear,
But all be buried in his gravity. Shakespeare's Jul. Cæsar.
For the advocates and council that plead, patience and gra­
vity of hearing is an essential part of justice. Bacon, Essay 57.
Great Cato there, for gravity renown'd. Dryden's Æn.
The emperors often jested on their rivals or predecessors,
but their mints still maintained their gravity. Addison.

GRA’VY. n. s. The serous juice that runs from flesh not much
dried by the fire.
They usually boil and roast their meat until it falls almost
off from the bones; but we love it half raw, with the blood
trickling down from it, delicately terming it the gravy, which
in truth looks more like an ichorous or raw bloody matter.
Harvey on Consumptions.
There may be a stronger broth made of vegetables than of
any gravy soup. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

GRAY. adj. [græg, Saxon; grau, Danish; graau, Dutch.]
1. White with a mixture of black.
They left me then, when the gray headed even,
Like a sad votarist in palmer's weed,
Rose from the hindmost wheels of Phœbus' wain. Milton.
These gray and dun colours may be also produced by mix­
ing whites and blacks, and by consequence differ from perfect
whites, not in species of colours, but only in degree of lumi­
nousness. Newton's Opt.
2. White or hoary with old age.
Living creatures generally do change their hair with age,
turning to be gray; as is seen in men, though some earlier and
some later; in horses, that are dappled and turn white; in old
squirrels that turn grisly, and many others. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Thou hast neither forsaken me now I am become gray
headed, nor suffered me to forsake thee in the late days of
temptation. Walton's Life of Bishop Sanderson.
Anon
Gray headed men and grave, with warriors mix'd,
Assemble. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The restoration of gray hairs to juvenility, and renewing
the exhausted marrow, may be effected. Glanv. Sceps.
Gray headed infant! and in vain grown old!
Art thou to learn that in another's gold
Lie charms resistless? Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 13.
We most of us are grown gray headed in our dear master's
service. Addison's Spectator, No. 517.
Her gray hair'd synods damning books unread,
And Bacon trembling for his brazen head. Pope's Dunciad.
3. Dark like the opening or close of day; of the colour of ashes.
Our women's names are more gracious than their Cæsilia,
that is, gray eyed. Camden's Remains.
The gray ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night,
Chequ'ring the eastern clouds with streaks of light. Shakesp.
I'll say yon gray is not the morning's eye;
'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Shak. R. and Jul.
Soon as the gray ey'd morning streaks the skies,
And in the doubtful day the woodcock flies. Gay's Trivia.

GRAY. n. s. A badger. Ainsworth.

GRA’YBEARD. n. s. [gray and beard.] An old man, in con­
tempt.
Youngling, thou can'st not love so dear as I.
—Graybeard, thy love doth freeze. Shakespeare.
Have I in conquest stretcht mine arm so far,
To be afraid to tell graybeards the truth? Shakes. Jul. Cæs.

GRA’YHOUND. See GREYHOUND.

GRA’YLING. n. s. The umber, a fish.
The grayling lives in such rivers as the trout does, and is
usually taken with the same baits, and after the same manner:
he is of a fine shape, his flesh white, and his teeth, those little
ones that he has, are in his throat. He is not so general a fish
as the trout, nor so good to eat. Walton's Angler.

GRA’YNESS. n. s. [from gray.] The quality of being gray.

To GRAZE. v. n. [from grass.]
1. To eat grass; to feed on grass.
The greatest of my pride is to see my ewes graze, and my
lambs suck. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Graze where you will, you shall not house with me. Shak.
Leaving in the fields his grazing cows,
He sought himself some hospitable house. Dryden's Fables.
The more ignoble throng
Attend their stately steps, and slowly graze along. Dryden.
2. To supply grass.
Physicians advise their patients to remove into airs which
are plain champaigns, but grazing, and not overgrown with
heath. Bacon.
The sewers must be kept so as the water may not stay too
long in the Spring; for then the ground continueth the wet,
whereby it will never graze to purpose that year. Bacon.
A third sort of grazing ground is that near the sea, which
is commonly very rich land. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To move on devouring.
As every state lay next to the other that was oppressed, so
the fire perpetually grazed. Bacon on the War with Spain.
4. [From raser, French.] To touch lightly.
Mark then a bounding valour in our English,
That being dead, like to the bullets grazing,
Breaks out into a second course of mischief,
Killing in relapse of mortality. Shakesp. Henry V.

To GRAZE. v. a.
1. To tend grazing cattle; to set cattle to seed on grass.
Jacob graz'd his uncle Laban's sheep. Shakespeare.
O happy man, saith he, that, lo! I see
Grazing his cattle in those pleasant fields,
If he but know his good! Daniel's Civil War.
The chief beheld their chariots from afar;
Their steeds around,
Free from their harness, graze the flow'ry ground. Dryden.
Grounds graze well the next year after plowing. Mortimer.
Some graze their land 'till Christmas, and some longer. Mort.
He hath a house and barn in repair, and a field or two to
graze his cows, with a garden and orchard. Swift.
2. To seed upon.
I was at first as other beasts, that graze
The trodden herb, of abject thoughts and low. Milton.
This Neptune gave him, when he gave to keep
His scaly flocks that graze the wat'ry deep. Dryden's Virgil.
The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead. Pope.

GRA’ZIER. n. s. [from graze.]
All graziers prefer their cattle from meaner pastures to bet­
ter. Bacon.
Gentle peace, which fillest the husbandman's barns, the
grazier's folds, and the tradesman's shop. Howel.
His confusion increased when he sound the alderman's father
to be a grazier. Spectator, No. 612.
Of agriculture, the desolation made in the country by en­
grossing graziers, and the great yearly importation of corn
from England, are lamentable instances under what discou­
ragement it lies. Swift.

GRE

GREASE. n. s. [graisse, French.]
1. The soft part of the fat; the oily or unctuous part of ani­
mals.
Grease, that's sweaten
From the murth'rer's gibbet, throw
Into the flame. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
To take out a spot of grease they use a coal upon brown
paper. Bacon's Natural History.
Thou hop'st, with sacrifice of oxen slain,
To compass wealth, and bribe the god of gain
To give thee flocks and herds, with large increase;
Fool! to expect them from a bullock's grease. Dryd. Juv.
A girdle, foul with grease, binds his obscene attire. Dryd.
2. [In horsemanship.] A swelling and gourdiness of the legs,
which generally happens to a horse after his journey.

To GREASE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To smear or anoint with grease.
2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents.
Envy not the store
Of the greas'd advocate that grinds the poor. Dryd. Pers.

GRE’ASINESS. n. s. [from grease.] Oiliness; fatness.
Upon the most of these stones, after they are cut, there
appears always, as it were, a kind of greasiness or unctuo­
sity. Boyle.

GRE’ASY. adj. [from grease.]
1. Oily; fat; unctuous.
The fragments, scraps, the bits and greasy reliques
Of her o'er-eaten faith. Shakesp.
2. Smeared with grease.
Even the lewd rabble
Govern'd their roaring throats, and grumbled pity:
I could have hugg'd the greasy rogues; they pleas'd me. Otw.
Buy sheep, and see that they be big-boned, and have a soft,
greasy, well curled close wool. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. Fat of body; bulky. In reproach.
Let's consult together against this greasy knight. Shakespeare.

GREAT. adj. [great, Saxon; groot, Dutch.]
1. Large in bulk or number.
Judas one of the twelve came, and with a great multitude
with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the
people. Mat. xxvi. 47.
All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates and bars,
besides unwalled towns a great many. Deutr. iii. v.
The idea of so much is positive and clear: the idea of
greater is also clear, but it is but a comparative idea. Locke.
2. Having any quality in a high degree.
There were they in great fear. Ps. xiv. 5.
This is a great paradox. Tillotson.


3. Considerable in extent or duration.
Thou hast spoken of thy servants house for a great while to
come. 2 Sa. vii. 19.
4. Important; weighty.
Many
Have broke their backs with laying manors on them,
For this great journey. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
And though this be a great truth, if it be impartially con­
sidered, yet it is also a great paradox to men of corrupt minds
and vitious practices. Tillotson, Sermon 6.
5. Chief; principal.
Hear the king's pleasure, cardinal, who commands you
To render up the great seal presently. Shakes. Henry VIII.
6. Of high rank; of large power.
Such men as he be never at heart's ease,
Whilst they behold a greater than themselves. Sh. Jul. Cæs.
Of all the great, how few
Are just to heaven, and to their promise true! Pope's Odyss.
Misfortune made the throne her seat,
And none could be unhappy but the great. Rowe.
Despise the farce of state,
The sober follies of the wise and great. Pope.
7. Illustrious; eminent.
O Lord, thou art great, and thy name is great in might.
Jer. x. 6.
8. Grand of aspect; of elevated mien.
Such Dido was; with such becoming state,
Amidst the crowd, she walks serenely great. Dryd. Virgil.
9. Noble; magnanimous.
In her every thing was goodly and stately; yet so, that it
might seem that great mindedness was but the ancient-bearer
to the humbleness. Sidney.
10. Swelling; proud.
Solyman perceived that Vienna was not to be won with
words, nor the defendants to be discouraged with great looks;
wherefore he begun to batter the walls. Knolles.
11. Familiar; much acquainted. A low word.
Those that would not censure, or speak ill of a man imme­
diately, will talk more boldly of those that are great with
them, and thereby wound their honour. Bacon, Essay 49.
12. Pregnant; teeming.
Their bellies great
With swelling vanity, bring forth deceit. Sandys.
This fly, for most he stings in heat of day,
From cattle great with young keep thou away. May's Virg.
13. It is added in every step of ascending or descending consan­
guinity: as great grandson is the son of my grandson.
I dare not yet affirm for the antiquity of our language, that
our great-great-great grandsires tongue came out of Persia.
Camden's Remains.
What we call great-great grandfather they called fortha­
fader. Camden's Remainder.
Their holiday-cloaths go from father to son, and are seldom
worn out 'till the second or third generation; so that 'tis com­
mon enough to see a countryman in the doublet and breeches
of his great grandfather. Addison.
14. Hard; difficult; grievous. A proverbial expression.
It is no great matter to live lovingly with good natured and
meek persons. Taylor's Devotion.

GREAT. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The whole; the gross; the whole in a lump.
To let out thy harvest by great or by day,
Let this by experience lead thee the way:
By great will deceive thee with ling'ring it out,
By day will dispatch. Tusser's Husbandry for August.
It were behoveful, for the strength of the navy, that no
ships should be builded by the great; for by daily experience
they are found to be weak and imperfect. Raleigh's Essays.
He did at length so many slain forget,
And lost the tale, and took them by the great. Dryden.
Carpenters, for uniformity, generally make them so, unless
they build an house by the great, and are agreed for the sum
of money. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
I set aside one day in a week for lovers, and interpret by the
great for any gentlewoman who is turned of sixty. Addison.

GRE’ATBELLIED. adj. [great and belly.] Pregnant; teeming.
Greatbellied women,
That had not half a week to go, like rams
In the old time of war, would shake the press,
And make 'em reel from before 'em. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
A greatbellied woman, walking through the city in the day­
time, had her child struck out of her womb, and carried half
a furlong from her. Wilkins's Math. Magick.

To GRE’ATEN. v. a. [from great.] To aggrandize; to en­
large; to magnify. A word little used.
After they sought to greaten themselves in Italy itself, using
strangers for the commanders of their armies, the Turks by
degrees beat them out of all their goodly countries. Raleigh.

GREATHEA’RTED. adj. [great and heart.] High spirited;
undejected.
The earl, as greathearted as he, declared that he neither
cared for his friendship, nor feared his hatred. Clarendon.

GRE’ATLY. adj. [from great.]
1. In a great degree.
Thy sorrow I will greatly multiply. Milton.
2. Nobly; illustriously.
Yet London, empress of the northern clime,
By an high fate thou greatly didst expire. Dryd. Ann. Mir.
3. Magnanimously; generously; bravely.
Where are these bold intrepid sons of war,
That greatly turn their backs upon the foe,
And to their general send a brave defiance? Addison's Cato.

GRE’ATNESS. n. s. [from great.]
1. Largeness of quantity or number.
2. Comparative quantity.
We can have no positive idea of any space or duration,
which is not made up of and commensurate to repeated num­
bers of feet or yards, or days or years, and whereby we
judge of the greatness of these sort of quantities. Locke.
All absent good does not, according to the greatness it has,
or is acknowledged to have, cause pain equal to that greatness,
as all pain causes desire equal to itself; because the absence of
good is not always a pain, as the presence of pain is. Locke.
3. High degree of any quality.
Zeal, in duties, should be proportioned to the greatness of
the reward, and the certainty. Rogers, Sermon 13.
4. High place; dignity; power; influence; empire.
Farewel, a long farewel to all my greatness. Shakespeare.
So many
As will to greatness dedicate themselves. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I beg your greatness not to give the law
In other realms; but beaten, to withdraw. Dryden's Æn.
Approaching greatness met him with her charms
Of pow'r and future state;
He shook her from his arms. Dryden.
Themistocles raised the Athenians to their greatness at sea,
which he thought to be the true and constant interest of that
commonwealth. Swift.
5. Swelling pride; affected state.
My lord would have you know, that it is not of pride or
greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships. Bacon.
6. Merit; magnanimity; nobleness of mind.
Greatness of mind and nobleness their seat
Build in her loveliest. Milton.
7. Grandeur; state; magnificence.
Greatness with Timon dwells in such a draught,
As brings all Brobdignag before your thought. Pope.

GREAVE. n. s. [græf, Saxon.] A grove. Spenser.

GREAVES. n. s. [from gréves, French.] Armour for the legs;
a sort of boots. It wants the singular number.
He had greaves of brass upon his legs. 1 Sa. xvii. 6.
A shield make for him, and a helm, fair greaves, and curets
such
As may renown thy workmanship, and honour him as much.
Chapman's Iliads, b. xviii.

GRE’CISM. n. s. [gnæcismus, Latin.] An idiom of the Greek
language.

GREE. n. s. [gré, French, probably from gratia.] Good will;
favour; good graces.
And falling her before on lowly knee,
To her makes present of his service seen,
Which she accepts with thanks and goodly gree. Fa. Queen.

GREECE. n. s. [corrupted from degrees.] A flight of steps.
Ev'ry greece of fortune
Is smother'd by that below. Shakespeare.
After the procession, the king himself remaining seated in
the quire, the lord archbishop, upon the greece of the quire,
made a long oration. Bacon's Henry VII.

GRE’EDILY. adj. [from greedy.] Eagerly; ravenously; vora­
ciously; with keen appetite or desire.
Greedily she engorg'd without restraint. Milt. Par. Lost.
He swallow'd it as greedily
As parched earth drinks rain. Denham's Sophy.
Ev'n deadly plants, and herbs of pois'nous juice,
Wild hunger seeks; and to prolong our breath,
We greedily devour our certain death. Dryd. Indian Emp.

GRE’EDINESS. n. s. [from greedy.] Ravenousness; voracity;
hunger; eagerness of appetite or desire.
Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness. Shakes. King Lear.
Thither with all greediness of affection are they gone, and
there they intend to sup. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
If thou wert the wolf, thy greediness would afflict thee.
Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
I with the same greediness did seek,
As water when I thirst, to swallow Greek. Denham.

GRE’EDY. adj. [gædig, Sax. graadig, Dan. gretig, Dutch.]
1. Ravenous; voracious; hungry.
As a lion that is greedy of his prey. Ps. xvii. 12.
Be not unsatiable in any dainty thing, nor too greedy upon
meats. Ecclus. xxxvii. 29.
He made the greedy ravens to be Elias's caterers, and bring
him food. King Charles.


2. Eager; vehemently desirous. It is now commonly taken in
an ill sense.
Greedy to know, as is the mind of man,
Their cause of death, swift to the fire she ran. Fairfax.
The ways of every one that is greedy of gain. Prov.
Stern look'd the fiend, as frustrate of his will,
Not half suffic'd, and greedy yet to kill. Dryden.
While the reaper fills his greedy hands,
And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands. Dryd. Virg.

GREEN. adj. [grun, German; groen, Dutch.]
1. Having a colour formed commonly by compounding blue and
yellow; of the colour of the leaves of trees or herbs. The
green colour is said to be most favourable to the sight.
The general colour of plants is green, which is a colour that
no flower is of: there is a greenish primrose, but it is pale,
and scarce a green. Bacon's Natural History.
Groves for ever green. Pope.
2. Pale; sickly: from whence we call the maid's disease the
green sickness, or chlorosis. Like it is Sappho's χλωϱοτέϱη πόιας.
Was the hope drunk
Wherein you drest yourself? Hath it slept since?
And wakes it now to look so green and pale
At what it did so freely? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
There's never any of these demure boys come to any proof:
they fall into a kind of male green sickness. Shak. Henry IV.
'Till the green sickness and love's force betray'd
To death's remorseless arms th' unhappy maid. Garth.
3. Flourishing; fresh; undecayed: from trees in Spring.
4. New; fresh: as, a green wound.
The door is open, sir; there lies your way:
You may be jogging while your boots are green. Shakesp.
Griefs are green;
And all thy friends, which thou must make thy friends,
Have but their stings and teeth newly ta'en out. Sh. H. IV.
In a vault,
Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth,
Lies festering in his blood. Shakes. Romeo and Juliet.
A man that studieth revenge keeps his own wounds green,
which otherwise would heal and do well. Bacon, Essay 4.
5. Not dry.
If a spark of error have thus far prevailed, falling even
where the wood was green, and farthest off from any inclina­
tion unto furious attempts; must not the peril thereof be
greater in men, whose minds are of themselves as dry fewel,
apt beforehand unto tumults? Hooker, Dedication.
Of fragility the cause is an impotency to be extended, and
therefore stone is more fragil than metal, and so dry wood is
more fragil than green. Bacon's Natural History.
If you but consider a piece of green wood burning in a
chimney, you will readily discern, in the disbanded parts of it,
the four elements. Boyle.
The green do often heat the ripe, and the ripe, so heated,
give fire to the green. Mortimer's Husbandry.
6. Not roasted; half raw.
Under this head we may rank those words which signify
different ideas, by a sort of an unaccountable far-fetched ana­
logy, or distant resemblance, that fancy has introduced be­
tween one thing and another; as when we say the meat is
green, when it is half roasted. Watts's Logick.
7. Unripe; immature; young; because fruits are green before
they are ripe.
My sallad days,
When I was green in judgment, cold in blood! Shakesp.
O charming youth, in the first op'ning page;
So many graces in so green an age. Dryden.
You'll find a difference
Between the promise of his greener days,
And these he masters now. Shakesp. Henry V.
If you would fat green geese, shut them up when they are
about a month old. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Stubble geese at Michaelmas are seen
Upon the spit, next May produces green. King's Cookery.

GREEN. n. s.
1. The green colour; green colour of different shades.
Her mother hath intended,
That, quaint in green, she shall be loose enrob'd. Shakesp.
But with your presence cheer'd, they cease to mourn;
And walks wear fresher green at your return. Dryden.
Cinnabar, illuminated by this beam, appears of the same
red colour as in daylight; and if at the lens you intercept the
green making and blue making rays, its redness will become
more full and lively. Newton's Opt.
Let us but consider the two colours of yellow and blue: if
they are mingled together in any considerable proportion, they
make a green. Watts's Logick.
2. A grassy plain.
For this down-trodden equity, we tread
In warlike march these greens before your town. Shakesp.
O'er the smooth enamell'd green,
Where no print of step hath been,
Follow me as I sing. Milton.
The young Æmilia, fairer to be seen
Than the fair lilly on the flow'ry green. Dryden's Fables.
3. Leaves; branches; wreaths.
With greens and flow'rs recruit their empty hives,
And seek fresh forage to sustain their lives. Dryden's Virg.
Ev'ry brow with chearful green is crown'd;
The feasts are doubled, and the bowls go round. Dryden.
The fragrant greens I seek, my brows to bind. Dryden.

To GREEN. v. a. [from the noun.] To make green. A low
word.
Great Spring before
Green'd all the year; and fruits and blossoms blush'd
In social sweetness on the self-same bough. Thoms. Spring.

GRE’ENBROOM. n. s. [cytiso genista, Latin.]
It hath papilionaceous flowers, which are succeeded by com­
pressed pods, in which are contained many kidney-shaped
seeds: the branches of the trees are flexible, and have some­
times single, and other times three leaves joined together. This
shrub grows wild upon barren dry heaths. Miller.

GRE’ENCLOTH. n. s. A board or court of justice held in the
counting-house of the king's houshold, for the taking cogni­
zance of all matters of government and justice within the
king's court-royal; and for correcting all the servants that
shall offend. Dict.
For the greencloth law, take it in the largest sense, I have no
opinion of it. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

GRE’ENEYED. adj. [green and eye.] Having eyes coloured
with green.
Doubtful thoughts, and rash-embrac'd despair,
And shudd'ring fear, and greeney'd jealousy. Shakespeare.

GRE’ENFINCH. n. s. A kind of bird.
The chaffinch, greenfinch, dormouse, and other small birds,
are injurious to some fruits. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GREE’NFISH. n. s. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

GRE’ENGAGE. n. s. A species of PLUM, which see.

GRE’ENHOUSE. n. s. [green and house.] A house in which
tender plants are sheltered from the weather.
If the season prove exceeding piercing, which you may
know by the freezing of a moistened cloth set in your green­
house, kindle some charcoal. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Sometimes our road led us into several hollow apartments
among the rocks and mountains, that look like so many na­
tural greenhouses, as being always shaded with a great variety
of trees and shrubs that never lose their verdure. Addison.
A kitchen garden is a more pleasant sight than the finest
orangery or artificial greenhouse. Spectator, No. 477.

GRE’ENISH. adj. [from green.] Somewhat green; tending to
green.
With goodly greenish locks, all loose, unty'd,
As each had been a bride. Spenser's Prothalam.
Of this order the green of all vegetables seems to be, partly
by reason of the intenseness of their colours, and partly be­
cause, when they wither, some of them turn to a greenish
yellow. Newton's Opt.

GRE’ENLY. adj. [from green.]
1. With a greenish colour.
2. Newly; freshly.
3. Immaturely.
4. Wanly; timidly.
Kate, I cannot look greenly, nor gasp out my eloquence;
nor have I cunning in protestation. Shakespeare's Henry V.

GRE’ENNESS. n. s. [from green.]
1. The quality of being green; viridity; viridness.
About it grew such sort of trees, as either excellency of
fruit, stateliness of growth, continual greenness, or poetical
fancies have made at any time famous. Sidney, b. i.
In a meadow, though the meer grass and greenness delights,
yet the variety of flowers doth heighten and beautify. B. Johns.
My reason, which discourses on what it finds in my phan­
tasy, can consider greenness by itself, or mellowness, or sweet­
ness, or coldness, singly and alone by itself. Digby on Bodies.
2. Immaturity; unripeness.
This prince, while yet the errors in his nature were ex­
cused by the greenness of his youth, which took all the fault
upon itself, loved a private man's wife. Sidney, b. ii.
3. Freshness; vigour.
Take the picture of a man in the greenness and vivacity of
his youth, and in the latter date and declension of his droop­
ing years, and you will scarce know it to belong to the same
person. South's Sermons.
4. Newness.

GRE’ENSICKNESS. n. s. [green and sickness.] The disease of
maids, so called from the paleness which it produces.
Sour eructations, and a craving appetite, especially of ter­
restrial and absorbent substances, are the case of girls in the
greensickness. Arbuthnot.

GRE’ENSWARD. n. s. [green and sward: of the same original
with swath.] The turf on which grass
grows.

GRE’ENSWORD. n. s. [green and sward: of the same original
with swath.] The turf on which grass
grows.
This is the prettiest low-born lass that ever
Ran on the greensword. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.


After break their fast
On greensword ground, a cool and grateful taste. Dryden.
In shallow soils all is gravel within a few inches; and
sometimes in low ground a thin greensward, and sloughy un­
derneath; which last turns all into bog. Swift.

GRE’ENWEED. n. s. [green and weed.] Dyers weed.

GRE’ENWOOD. n. s. [green and wood.] A wood considered as
it appears in the Spring or Summer. It is sometimes used as
one word.
Among wild herbs under the greenwood shade. Fairfax.
It happen'd on a Summer's holiday,
That to the greenwood shade he took his way;
For Cymon shunn'd the church.
Dryden's Cymon and Iphigenia.

To GREET. v. a. [grator, Latin; gretan, Saxon.]
1. To address at meeting.
I think if men, which in these places live,
Durst look in themselves, and themselves retrieve,
They would like strangers greet themselves. Donne.
I would gladly go,
To greet my Pallas with such news below. Dryden's Æn.
2. To address in whatever manner.
My noble partner
You greet with present grace, and great prediction;
To me you speak not. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Now, Thomas Mowbray, do I turn to thee,
And mark my greeting well; for what I speak,
My body shall make good. Shakespeare's Richard II.
3. To salute in kindness or respect.
My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you.
—God bless your grace with health and happy days. Shakes.
Now the herald lark
Left his ground nest, high tow'ring to descry
The morn's approach, and greet her with his song. Milton.
Once had the early matrons run
To greet her of a lovely son. Milton.
The sea's our own; and now all nations greet,
With bending sails, each vessel of our fleet. Waller.
Thus pale they meet, their eyes with fury burn:
None greets; for none the greeting will return;
But in dumb surliness, each arm'd with care,
His foe profest, as brother of the war. Dryden's Fables.
4. To congratulate.
His lady, seeing all that channel from far,
Approacht in haste to greet his victorie. Fairy Queen, b. i.
5. To pay compliments at a distance.
The king's a-bed,
And sent great largess to your officers;
This diamond he greets your wife withal,
By the name of most kind hostess. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
6. To meet, as those do who go to pay congratulations. Not
much in use.
Your haste
Is now urg'd on you.
——We will greet the time. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Such was that face on which I dwelt with joy,
Ere Greece assembled stem'd the tides to Troy;
But parting then for that detested shore,
Our eyes, unhappy! never greeted more. Pope's Odyssey.

To GREET. v. n. To meet and salute.
There greet in silence, as the dead are wont,
And sleep in peace. Shakesp.

GREE’TER. n. s. [from the verb.] He who greets.

GRE’ETING. n. s. [from greet.] Salutation at meeting, or
compliments at a distance.
I from him
Give you all greetings, that a king, as friend,
Can send his brother. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

GREEZE. n. s. [Otherwise written greece. See GREECE, or
GRIEZE, or GRICE, from degrees.] A flight of steps; a
step.
In purity of manhood stand upright,
And say, this man's a flatterer: if one be,
So are they all; for every greeze of fortune
Is smooth'd by that below: the learned pate,
Ducks to the golden fool. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.

GRE’GAL. adj. [grex, gregis, Lat.] Belonging to a flock. Dict.

GREGA’RIOUS. adj. [gregarius, Latin.] Going in flocks or
herds, like sheep or partridges.
No birds of prey are gregarious. Ray on the Creation.

GRE’MIAL. adj. [gremium, Lat.] Pertaining to the lap. Dict.

GRENA’DE. n. s. [from pomum granatum, Latin.] A lit­
tle hollow globe or ball of iron, or other metal, about
two inches and a half in diameter, which, being filled
with fine powder, is set on fire by means of a small fusee
fastened to the touch-hole: as soon as it is kindled, the case
flies into many shatters, much to the damage of all that stand
near. These granades serve to fire close and narrow passages,
and are often thrown with the hand among the soldiers to dis­
order their ranks, more especially in those posts where they
stand thickest; as in trenches, redoubts, and lodgments. Harr.

GRE’NADIER. n. s. [grenadier, Fr. from grenade.] A tall foot­
soldier, of whom there is one company in every regiment:
such men being employed to throw grenades.
Peace allays the shepherd's fear
Of wearing cap of grenadier. Gay's Pastorals.

GRENA’DO. n. s. See GRENADE.
Yet to express a Scot, to play that prize,
Not all those mouth grenados can suffice. Cleaveland.
You may as well try to quench a flaming grenado with a
shell of fair water, as hope to succeed. Watts.

GREUT. n. s. A kind of fossile body.
A sort of tin-ore, with its greut; that is, a congeries of
crystals, or sparks of spar, of the bigness of baysalt, and of a
brown shining colour immersed therein. Grew's Musæum.

GREW. The preterite of grow.
The pleasing task he fails not to renew;
Soft and more soft at ev'ry touch it grew. Dryden's Fables.

GREY. adj. [gris, French. More properly written gray.] See
GRAY.
This ancient ruffian, sir, whose life I spar'd at suit of his
grey beard. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Our green youth copies what grey sinners act,
When venerable age commends the fact. Dryden.

GRE’YHOUND. n. s. [grigHund, Saxon.] A tall fleet dog that
chases in sight.
First may a trusty greyhound transform himself into a
tyger. Sidney, b. i.
So on the downs we see, near Wilton fair,
A hast'ned hare from greedy greyhounds go. Sidney.
Th' impatient greyhound, slipt from far,
Bounds o'er the glebe to catch the fearful hare. Dryden.

GRI

GRICE. n. s.
1. A little pig. Gouldman.
2. A step or greeze.
No, not a grice;
This a step to love. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

To GRIDE. v. n. [gridare, Italian.] To cut; to make way
by cutting. A word elegant, but not in use.
His poignant spear he thrust with puissant sway,
At proud Cymochles, whiles his shield was wide,
That through his thigh the mortal steel did gride. F. Queen.
So sore
The griding sword, with discontinuous wound,
Pass'd through him! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

GRI’DELIN. adj. A colour mixed of white and red.
The ladies dress'd in rich symars were seen,
Of Florence satten, flower'd with white and green,
And for a shade betwixt the bloomy gridelin. Dryden's Fab.

GRI’DIRON. n. s. [grind, Islandick, a grate and iron.] A port­
able grate on which meat is laid to be broiled upon the fire.
He had added two bars to the gridiron. Spectator, No. 570.

GRIEF. n. s. [from grieve; griff, Welsh, probably from the
English.]
1. Sorrow; trouble for something past.
I will instruct my sorrows to be proud;
For grief is proud, and makes his owner stout. Shakespeare.
Wringing of the hands, knocking the breast, or wishing
one's self unborn, are but the ceremonies of sorrow, the
pomp and oftentation of an effeminate grief, which speak not
so much the greatness of the misery as the smallness of the
mind. South's Sermons.
The mother was so afflicted at the loss of a fine boy, who
was her only son, that she died for grief of it. Addison's Spect.
2. Grievance; harm. [Grief, French.]
Be factious for redress of all these griefs,
And I will set this foot of mine as far
As who goes farthest. Shakespeare.
The king hath sent to know
The nature of your griefs, and whereupon
You conjure from the breast of civil peace
Such bold hostility? Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
3. Pain; disease.

GRI’EVANCE. n. s. [from grief.]
1. A state of uneasiness. Out of use.
2. The cause of uneasiness. Used of such causes as are the
effects of human conduct.
What remedy can be found against grievances, but to bring
religion into countenance, and encourage those who, from the
hope of future reward, and dread of future punishment, will
be moved to justice and integrity? Swift.

To GRIEVE. v. a. [grever, French; griever, Flemish; gra­
vis, Latin.] To afflict; to hurt.
For he doth not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of
men. Lu. iii. 33.
Forty years long was I grieved with this generation. Psal.
It repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth,
and it grieved him at his heart. Gen. vi. 6.
Griev'd at the thought, he vow'd his whole endeavour
Should be to close those breaches. Rowe's Ambitious Stepm.

To GRIEVE. v. n. To be in pain for something past; to
mourn; to sorrow, as for the death of friends.
Do not you grieve at this; I shall be sent for in private to
him: look you, he must seem thus to the world. Shak. H. IV.


With equal mind what happens let us bear;
Nor joy nor grieve too much for things beyond our care.
Dryden's Fables.

GRIE’VINGLY. adv. [from grieve.] In sorrow; sorrowfully.
Grievingly, I think,
The peace between the French and us not values
The cost that did conclude it. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

GRIE’VOUS. adj. [gravis, Latin; or from To grieve.]
1. Afflictive; painful; hard to be born.
To the flesh, as the apostle himself granteth, all affliction
is naturally grievous. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
Correction is grievous unto him that forsaketh the way, and
he that hateth reproof shall die. Prov. xv. 10.
2. Such as causes sorrow.
To own a great but grievous truth, though they may
quicken and sharpen the invention, they corrupt the temper.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Expressing a great degree of uneasiness.
He durst not disobey, but sent grievous complaints to the
parliament of the usage he was forced to submit to. Clarendon.
4. Atrocious; heavy.
It was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Cæsar answer'd it. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
5. Sometimes used adverbially in low language.
He cannot come, my lord; he's grievous sick. Shakesp.

GRIE’VOUSLY. adv. [from grievous.]
1. Painfully; with pain.
Wide was the wound, and a large lukewarm flood,
Red as the rose, thence gushed grievously. Fairy Queen.
2. With discontent; with ill will.
Grittus, perceiving how grievously the matter was taken,
with the danger he was in, began to doubt. Knolles.
3. Calamitously; miserably.
I see how a number of souls are, for want of right infor­
mation in this point, oftentimes grievously vexed. Hooker, b. v.
4. Vexatiously; to a great degree of uneasiness.
Houses built in plains are apt to be grievously annoyed with
mire and dirt. Ray on the Creation.

GRIE’VOUSNESS. n. s. [from grievous.] Sorrow; pain; cala­
mity.
They fled from the swords, from the drawn sword and from
the bent bow, and from the grievousness of war. Is. xxi. 15.

GRI’FFIN. n. s. [This should rather be written gryson, or gry­
phon, gryps, γϱὺψ; but it is generally written
griffon.] A fabled animal, said to be generated between the lion
and eagle, and to have the head and paws of the lion, and
the wings of the eagle.

GRI’FFON. n. s. [This should rather be written gryfon, or gry­
phon, gryps, γϱὺψ; but it is generally written
griffon.] A fabled animal, said to be generated between the lion
and eagle, and to have the head and paws of the lion, and
the wings of the eagle.
Of all bearing among these winged creatures, the griffin is
the most ancient. Peacham on Blazoning.
Aristeus, a poet of Proconesus, affirmed, that near the one­
eyed nations griffins defended the mines of gold. Brown.

GRIG. n. s. [kricke, Bavarian, a little duck.]
1. It seems originally to have signified any thing below the
natural size.
2. A small eel.
3. A merry creature. [Supposed from Greek; græculus festivus,
Latin.]
Hard is her heart as flint or stone,
She laughs to see me pale;
And merry as a grig is grown,
And brisk as bottle-ale. Swift.

To GRILL. v. n. [grille, a grate, French.] To broil on a
grate or gridiron.

GRI’LLADE. n. s. [from grill.] Any thing broiled on the
gridiron.

To GRI’LLY. v. a. [from grill.] This word signifies, as it
seems, to harrass; to hurt: as we now say, to roast a man,
for to teaze him.
For while we wrangle here and jar,
W' are grillied all at Temple-bar. Hudibras, p. iii.

GRIM. adj. [grimma, Saxon.]
1. Having a countenance of terrour; horrible; hideous; fright­
ful.
The innocent prey in haste he does forsake,
Which quit from death, yet quakes in every limb,
With change of fear to see the lion look so grim. F. Queen.
Thou hast a grim appearance, and thy face
Bears a command in't. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Their dear causes
Would to the bleeding and the grim alarm
Excite the mortified man. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
What if the breath that kindled those grim fires,
Awak'd, should blow them into sevenfold rage? Milton.
Expert to turn the sway
Of battle, open when and where to close
The ridges of grim war. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
He that dares to die,
May laugh at the grim face of law and scorn,
The cruel wrinkle of a tyrant brow. Denham's Sophy.
Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains,
Doubling the native horrour of the war,
And making death more grim. Addison's Cato.
2. Ugly; ill-looking.
Grim visag'd war hath smooth'd his wrinkl'd front. Shak.
Venus was like her mother; for her father is but grim. Shak.

GRI’MACE. n. s. [French, from grim.]
1. A distortion of the countenance from habit, affectation, or
insolence.
He had not spar'd to shew his piques,
Against th' haranguer's politicks,
With smart remarks of leering faces,
And annotations of grimaces! Hudibras, p. iii.
The favourable opinion and good word of men comes often­
times at a very easy rate; and by a few demure looks and af­
fected whims, set off with some odd devotional postures and
grimaces, and such other little arts of dissimulation, cunning
men will do wonders. South's Sermons.
The buffoon ape, with grimaces and gambols, carried it
from the whole field. L'Estrange, Fable 116.
The French nation is addicted to grimace. Spectator.
2. Air of affectation.
Vice in a vizard, to avoid grimace,
Allows all freedom, but to see the face. Granville.

GRIMA’LKIN. n. s. [gris, French, grey, and malkin, or little
Moll.]
1. Grey little woman; the name of an old cat.
So, poets sing,
Grimalkin, to domestick vermin sworn
An everlasting foe, with watchful eye
Lies nightly brooding o'er a chinky gap,
Protending her fell claws, to thoughtless mice
Sure ruin. Phillips.

GRIME. n. s. [from grim.] Dirt deeply insinuated; sullying
blackness not easily cleansed.
Swart, like my shoe, but her face nothing so clean kept;
for why? she sweats: a man may go over shoes in the grime
of it. Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.
Collow is the word by which they denote black grime of
burnt coals or wood. Woodward on Fossils.

To GRIME. v. a. [from the noun.] To dirt; to sully deeply.
My face I'll grime with filth,
Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots. Shakespeare.

GRI’MLY. adv. [from grim.]
1. Horribly; hideously; terribly.
We've landed in ill time: the skies look grimly,
And threaten present blusters, Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
So Pluto, seiz'd of Proserpine, convey'd
To hell's tremendous gloom th' affrighted maid;
There grimly smil'd, pleas'd with the beauteous prize,
Nor envy'd Jove his sunshine and his skies. Addison's Cato.
2. Sourly; sullenly.
The augurs
Say they know not; they cannot tell; look grimly,
And dare not speak their knowledge. Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.

GRI’MNESS. n. s. [from grim.] Horror; frightfulness of
visage.

To GRIN. v. n. [grennian, Saxon; grinnen, grinden, Dutch,
undoubtedly of the same origin with To grind, as we now say
to grind the teeth; grincer, French.]
1. To set the teeth together and withdraw the lips.
Small curs are not regarded when they grin;
But great men tremble when the lion roars. Shakesp. H. VI.
Death, death! oh, amiable, lovely death!
Come grin on me, and I will think thou smil'st. Shakesp.
What valour were it, when a cur doth grin,
For one to trust his hand between his teeth,
When he might spurn him with his foot away? Shakesp.
It was no unpleasant entertainment to me to see the various
methods with which they have attacked me; some with pite­
ous moans and outcries, others grinning, and only shewing
their teeth. Stillingfleet.
A lion's hide he wears;
About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin;
The teeth and gaping jaws severely grin. Dryden's Æn.
They neither could defend, nor can pursue;
But grinn'd their teeth, and cast a helpless view. Dryden.
Madness, we fancy, gave an ill-tim'd birth
To grinning laughter and to frantick mirth. Prior.
2. To fix the teeth as in anguish.
I like not such grinning honour as sir Walter hath: give me
life, which if I can save, so; if not, honour comes unlook'd
for, and there's an end. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.

GRIN. n. s. [from the verb.] The act of closing the teeth
and shewing them.
He laughs at him: in's face too.
—O you mistake him; 'twas an humble grin,
The lawning joy of courtiers and of dogs. Dryden.
The muscles were so drawn together on each side of his
face, that he shewed twenty teeth at a grin. Addison's Spectat.
Deists are effectually beaten in all their combats at the wea­
pons of men, that is, reason and argument; and they would
now attack our religion with the talents of a vile animal, that
is, grin and grimace. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

GRIN. n. s. [gryn, gyrene, Saxon.] A snare; a trap.


Like a birde that hasteth to his gryn,
Not knowinge the perile. Chaucer.
The grin shall take him by the heel, and the robber shall
prevail against him. Job xviii. 9.

To GRIND. v. a. preter. I ground; part. pass. ground. [grin­
dan, gegsunden, ground, Saxon.]
1. To reduce any thing to powder by friction; to comminute by
attrition.
And whosoever shall fall on this stone, shall be broken; but
on whomsoever it shall fall, it will grind him to powder. Mat.
He that will have a cake out of the wheat, must needs tarry
the grinding. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
What relation or affinity is there between a minute body
and cogitation, any more than the greatest? Is a small drop of
rain any wiser than the ocean? Or do we grind inanimate corn
into living and rational meal? Bentley's Sermons.
2. To sharpen or smooth by rubbing on something hard.
Meeting with time, slack thing, said I,
Thy sithe is dull; whet it, for shame:
No marvel, sir, he did reply,
If it at length deserve some blame;
But where one man would have me grind it,
Twenty for one too sharp do find it. Herbert.
Against a stump his tusk the monster grinds,
And in the sharpen'd edge new vigour finds. Dryd. Fables.
That the stomach in animals grinds the substances which it
receives, is evident from the dissection of animals, which have
swallowed metals, which have been found polished on the side
next the stomach. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. To rub one against another.
So up he let him rise; who with grim look,
And count'nance stern, upstanding, 'gan to grind
His grated teeth for great disdain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Harsh sounds, as of a saw when it is sharpened, and grind­
ing of one stone against another, make a shivering or horror
in the body, and set the teeth on edge. Bacon's Nat. History.
4. To harrass; to oppress.
Some merchants and tradesmen, under colour of furnishing
the colony with necessaries, may not grind them so as shall
always keep them in poverty. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Another way the Spaniards have taken to grind the Neapo­
litans, and yet to take off the odium from themselves. Addis.

To GRIND. v. n. To perform the act of grinding; to move
a mill.
Fetter'd they send thee
Into the common prison, there to grind
Among the slaves and asses. Milton's Agonistes.
2. To be moved as in the act of grinding.
Shrinking sinews start,
And smeary foam works o'er my grinding jaws. Rowe.

GRI’NDER. n. s. [from grind.]
1. One that grinds; one that works in a mill.
2. The instrument of grinding.
His heart a solid rock, to fear unknown,
And harder than the grinder's nether stone. Sandys.
Now exhort
Thy hinds to exercise the pointed steel
On the hard rock, and give a wheely form
To the expected grinder. Phillips.
3. [Grind-tothas.] The back teeth; the double teeth.
The teeth are in men of three kinds: sharp, as the fore­
teeth; broad, as the back-teeth, which we call the molar­
teeth, or grinders; and pointed teeth, or canine, which are
between both. Bacon's Natural History.
He the raging lioness confounds,
The roaring lion with his javelin wounds;
Scatters their whelps, their grinders breaks; so they
With the old hunter starve for want of prey. Sandys.
The jaw-teeth or grinders, in Latin molares, are made flat
and broad a-top, and withal somewhat uneven and rugged,
that, by their knobs and little cavities, they may the better
retain, grind and commix the aliments. Ray on the Creation.
Nature is at a great deal of labour to transmute vegetable
into animal substances; therefore herb-eating animals, which
don't ruminate, have strong grinders, and chew much. Arbuth.
4. The teeth, in irony or contempt.
One, who at sight of supper, open'd wide
His jaws before, and whetted grinders try'd. Dryd. Juven.
Both he brought;
He mouth'd them, and betwixt his grinders caught. Dryden.

GRI’NDLESTONE. n. s. [from grind and stone.] The stone
on which edged instruments are sharpened.

GRI’NDSTONE. n. s. [from grind and stone.] The stone
on which edged instruments are sharpened.
Such a light and metall'd dance
Saw you never yet in France;
And by the lead-men, for the nonce,
That turn round like grindlestones,
Which they dig out fro' the dells,
For their bairns bread, wives and sells. Ben. Johnson.
Literature is the grindstone to sharpen the coulters, and to
whet their natural faculties. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Smiths that make hinges brighten them, yet seldom file
them; but grind them on a grindstone 'till bright. Moxon.

GRI’NNER. n. s. [from grin.] He that grins.
The frightful'st grinner
Be the winner. Addison's Spectator, No. 170.

GRI’NNINGLY. adv. [from grin.] With a grinning laugh.

GRIP. n. s. A small ditch. Ainsworth.

To GRIPE. v. a. [greipan, Gothick; gripan, Saxon; grijpen,
Dutch; gripp, Scottish.]
1. To hold with the fingers closed; to grasp; to press with the
fingers.
He that speaks doth gripe the hearer's wrist,
Whilst he that hears makes fearful action
With wrinkl'd brows. Shakespeare's King John.
He seiz'd the shining bough with griping hold,
And rent away with ease the ling'ring gold. Dryden's Æn.
2. [Gripper, French.] To catch eagerly; to seize.
A wond'rous way it for this lady wrought,
From lion's claws to pluck the griped prey. Fairy Queen.
You took occasion to be quickly woo'd
To gripe the gen'ral sway into your hands. Shakes. Hen. IV.
3. To close; to clutch.
Unlucky Welsted! thy unfeeling master,
The more thou ticklest, gripes his hand the faster. Pope.
4. To pinch; to press; to squeeze.
And first the dame came rushing through the wood;
And next the famish'd hounds that sought their food,
And grip'd her flanks, and oft essay'd their jaws in blood.
Dryden's Fables.

To GRIPE. v. n. To pinch the belly; to give the colick.
Thus full of counsel to the den she went,
Grip'd all the way, and longing for a vent. Dryden.
Many people would, with reason, prefer the griping of an
hungry belly to those dishes which are a feast to others. Locke.
Manna, by the bulk, figure, texture and motion of its
parts, has a power to produce the sensations of sickness, and
sometimes of acute pains or gripings in us. Locke.

GRIPE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Grasp; hold; seizure of the hand or paw.
Therefore still on high
He over him did hold his cruel claws,
Threatning with greedy gripe to do him dy. Fairy Queen.
They put a barren sceptre in my gripe,
Thence to be wrench'd with an unlineal hand. Shak. Macb.
Should I
Slaver with lips, as common as the stairs
That mount the Capitol; join gripes with hands
Made hardy with hourly falshood as with labour. Shakesp.
He gave me his hand,
And, with a feeble gripe, says, dear, my lord,
Command my service. Shakespeare's Henry V.
I fell; and with my weight the helm constrain'd,
Was drawn along, which yet my gripe retain'd. Dryd. Æn.
2. Squeeze; pressure.
Fir'd with this thought, at once he strain'd the breast;
'Tis true, the harden'd breast resists the gripe,
And the cold lips return a kiss unripe. Dryden's Fables.
3. Oppression; crushing power.
I take my cause
Out of the gripes of cruel men, and give it
To a most noble judge, the king my master. Shak. H. VIII.
4. Affliction; pinching distress.
Adam, at the news
Heart-struck with chilling gripe of sorrow stood,
That all his senses bound! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Can'st thou bear cold and hunger? Can these limbs,
Fram'd for the tender offices of love,
Endure the bitter gripes of smarting poverty? Otway.
5. [In the plural.] Belly-ach; colick.
In the jaundice the choler is wanting; and the icterical
have a great sourness and gripes, with windiness. Floyer.

GRI’PER. n. s. [from gripe.] Oppressor; usurer; extor­
tioner.
Others pretend zeal, and yet are professed usurers, gripers,
monsters of men, and harpies. Burton on Melancholy.

GRI’PINGLY. adv. [from griping.] With pain in the guts.
Clysters help, lest the medicine stop in the guts, and work
gripingly. Bacon's Natural History.

GRI’PLE. n. s. A greedy snatcher; a griping miser. Spenser.

GRI’SAMBER. n. s. Used by Milton for ambergrise.
Beasts of chase, or fowl of game,
In pastry built, or from the spit, or boil'd,
Grisamber steam'd. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. ii.

GRISE. n. s. [See GREEZE, as it should be written.] A step,
or scale of steps.
Let me speak like ourself; and lay a sentence,
Which, as a grise or step, may help these lovers
Into your favour. Shakespeare's Othello.

GRI’SKIN. n. s. [grisgin, roast meat, Irish.] The vertebræ of
a hog broiled.

GRI’SLY. adj. [grislu, Saxon.] Dreadful; horrible; hideous;
frightful; terrible.


His grisly locks, long growen and unbound,
Disordered hung about his shoulders round. Fairy Queen.
Where I was wont to seek the honey bee,
The grisly toadstool grown there might I see. Spenser.
My grisly countenance made others fly;
None durst come near, for fear of sudden death. Sh. H. VI.
Back step'd those two fair angels, half amaz'd
So sudden to behold the grisly king;
Yet thus, unmov'd with fear, accost him soon. Milt. P. L.
For that damn'd magician, let him be girt
With all the grisly legions that troop
Under the sooty flag of Acheron. Milton.
The beauteous form of fight
Is chang'd, and war appears a grisly sight. Dryden's Fables.
In vision thou shalt see his grisly face,
The king of terrors, raging in thy race. Dryd. Innocence.
Thus the grisly spectre spoke again. Dryden's Fables.
Close by each other laid, they press'd the ground,
Their manly bosoms pierc'd with many a griesly wound.
Dryden's Fables.
So rushes on his foe the grisly bear. Addison.

GRIST. n. s. [grist, Saxon.]
1. Corn to be ground.
Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store,
Lest miller lack water. Tusser's Husbandry.
A mighty trade this lusty miller drove;
Much grist from Cambridge to his lot did fall,
And all the corn they us'd at Scholars-hall. Miller of Tromp.
2. Supply; provision.
Matter, as wise logicians say,
Cannot without a form subsist;
And form, say I, as well as they,
Must fail, if matter brings no grist. Swift.
3. GRIST to Mill, is profit; gain.
The computation of degrees, in all matrimonial causes, is
wont to be made according to the rules of that law, because
it brings grist to the mill. Ayliffe's Parergon.

GRI’STLE. n. s. [gristle, Saxon.] A cartilage; a part of
the body next in hardness to a bone.
No living creatures, that have shells very hard, as oysters,
crabs, lobsters, and especially the tortoise, have no bones
within them, but only little gristles. Bacon's Nat. History.
Lest the asperity or hardness of these cartilages should hurt
the œsophagus or gullet, which is tender and of a skinny sub­
stance, or hinder the swallowing of our meat, therefore these
annulary gristles are not made round, or intire circles; but
where the gullet touches the windpipe, there, to fill up the
circle, is only a soft membrane, which may easily give way to
the dilatation of the gullet. Ray on the Creation.

GRI’STLY. adj. [from gristle.] Cartilaginous; made of gristle.
At last they spit out pieces of their lungs; it may be small
gristly bits, that are eaten off from the lung-pipes. Harvey.
She has made the back-bone of several vertebræ, as being
more fit to bend, more tough, and less in danger of breaking,
than if they were all one intire bone without these gristly
junctures. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Fins are made of gristly spokes, or rays connected by
membranes; so that they may be contracted or extended like
womens fans. Ray on the Creation.
They have a louder and stronger note than other birds of
the same bigness, which have only a gristly windpipe. Grew.
Each pipe, distinguish'd by its gristly rings,
To cherish life aerial pasture brings. Blackmore's Creation.

GRIT. n. s. [grytta, greot, Saxon.]
1. The coarse part of meal.
2. Oats husked, or coarsely ground.
3. Sand; rough hard particles.
Silesian bole, crackling a little betwixt the teeth, yet with­
out the least particle of grit, feels as smooth as Castile soap.
Grew's Musæum.
The sturdy pear-tree here
Will rise luxuriant, and with toughest root
Pierce the obstructing grit and restive marle. Phillips.
4. Grits are fossils found in minute masses, forming together a
kind of powder; the several particles of which are of no de­
terminate shape, but seem the rudely broken fragments of
larger masses; not to be dissolved or disunited by water, but
retaining their figure, and not cohering into a mass. They
are opake, and in many species fermenting with acids, and
often fouled with heterogene matters. One sort is a fine, dull
looking, grey grit, which, if wetted with salt-water into
mortar or paste, dries almost immediately, and coalesces into
a hard stony mass, such as is not easily afterwards disunited by
water. This is the pulvis puteolanus of the ancients, mixed
among their cements used in buildings sunk into the sea; and
in France and Italy an ingredient in their harder plaisters, un­
der the name of pozzolane. It is common on the sides of
hills in Italy. Another species, which is a coarse, beautifully
green, dull grit, is the chrysocolla of the ancients, which they
used in soldering gold, long supposed a lost fossil. It serves
the purpose of soldering metals better than borax, and may be
had for carriage from the shores of New England. The
ferrugineous black glittering grit, is the black shining sand em­
ployed to throw over writing, found on the shores of Italy.
What is commonly used in London is from Genoa. The
coarse, glittering, brownish black is nearly of the same nature,
but inferior, in all respects. Hill on Fossils.

GRI’TTINESS. n. s. [from gritty.] Sandiness; the quality of
abounding in grit.
In fullers-earth he could find no sand by the microscope, nor
any grittiness. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GRI’TTY. adj. [from grit.] Full of hard particles; consisting
of grit.
I could not discern the unevenness of the surface of the
powder, nor the little shadows let fall from the gritty particles
thereof. Newton's Opt.

GRI’ZELIN. adj. [More properly gridelin. See GRIDELIN.]
The Burgundy, which is a grizelin or pale red, of all others,
is surest to ripen in our climate. Temple.

GRI’ZZLE. n. s. [from gris, gray; grisaille, French.] A mix­
ture of white and black; gray.
O thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be,
When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy face? Shakespeare.

GRI’ZZLED. adj. [from grizzle.] Interspersed with gray.
To the boy Cæsar, send this grizzled head. Shakespeare.
His beard was grizzled: no.
—It was as I have seen it in his life. Shakesp. Hamlet.
His hair just grizzled,
As in a green old age. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
Those grizzled locks, which nature did provide
In plenteous growth, their asses ears to hide. Dryd. Juven.

GRI’ZZLY. adj. [from gris, gray, French.] Somewhat gray.
Living creatures generally do change their hair with age,
turning to be gray and white; as is seen in men, though some
earlier, some later; in horses that are dappled, and turn white;
and in old squirrels, that turn grizzly. Bacon's Nat. History.

GRO

To GROAN. v. n. [granan, Saxon; gronen, Dutch.] To
breathe with a hoarse noise, as in pain or agony.
Many an heir
Of these fair edifices, for my wars,
Have I heard groan and drop. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Men groan from out of the city, and the soul of the
wounded crieth out. Job. xxiv. 12.
Repenting and groaning for anguish of spirit. Wisd. v. 3.
So shall the world go on,
To good malignant, to bad men benign,
Under her own weight groaning. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Nothing can so peculiarly gratify the noble dispositions of
humanity, as for one man to see another so much himself as
to sigh his griefs and groan his pains. South.
On the blazing pile his parent lay,
Or a lov'd brother groan'd his life away. Pope's Odyssey.

GROAN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Breath expired with noise and difficulty.
Alas poor country,
Where sighs and groans, and shrieks that rend the air,
Are made, not mark'd! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I led to slaughter, and to slaughter leave;
And ev'n from hence their dying groans receive. Dryden.
2. Any hoarse dead sound.
Such sheets of fire, such bursts of horrid thunder,
Such groans of roaring wind and rain, I never
Remember to have heard. Shakespeare's King Lear.

GRO’ANFUL. adj. [groan and full.] Sad; agonizing.
Adown he kest it with so puissant wrest,
That back again it did aloft rebound,
And gave against his mother earth a groanful sound. F. Qu.

GROAT. n. s. [groot, Dutch; grosso, Italian.]
1. A piece valued at four pence.
2. A proverbial name for a small sum.
My mother was wont
To call them woollen vassals, things created
To buy and sell with groats. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I dare lay a groat,
A tertian ague is at least your lot. Dryden's Fables.
Imagine a person of quality prevailed on to marry a wo­
man much his inferior, and without a groat to her for­
tune. Swift.
3. GROATS. Oats that have the hulls taken off. Ainsworth.

GRO’CER. n. s. [This should be written grosser, from gross, a
large quantity; a grocer originally being one who dealt by
wholesale; or from grossus, a fig, which their present state
seems to favour.]
A grocer is a man who buys and sells tea, sugar and plumbs
and spices for gain. Watts's Logick.
But still the offspring of your brain shall prove
The grocer's care, and brave the rage of Jove. Garth.

GRO’CERY. n. s. [from grocer.] Grocers ware, such as tea;
sugar; raisins; spice.
His troops, being now in a country where they were not
expected, met with many cart-loads of wine, grocery, and
tobacco. Clarendon, b. viii.



GRO’GERAM. n. s. [gros grain, French; grossogranus, low
Latin. Ainsworth.] Stuff woven with large
woof and a rough pile.

GRO’GRAM. n. s. [gros grain, French; grossogranus, low
Latin. Ainsworth.] Stuff woven with large
woof and a rough pile.

GRO’GRAN. n. s. [gros grain, French; grossogranus, low
Latin. Ainsworth.] Stuff woven with large
woof and a rough pile.
Certes they're neatly cloth'd: I of this mind am,
Your only wearing is your grogeram. Donne.
Natolia affords great store of chamelots and grograms. Sandys.
Some men will say this habit of John's was neither of
camel's skin nor any coarse texture of its hair, but rather some
finer weave of camelot, grogram, or the like. Brown's Vul. Err.
The natural sweetness and innocence of her behaviour
shot me through and through, and did more execution upon
me in grogram than the greatest beauty in town had ever done
in brocade. Addison's Spectator.
Plain goody would no longer down;
'Twas madam in her grogram gown. Swift.

GROIN. n. s. [Of uncertain derivation.] The part next the
thigh.
The fatal dart arrives,
And through the border of his buckler drives;
Pass'd through and pierc'd his groin; the deadly wound
Cast from his chariot, roll'd him on the ground. Dryden.

GRO’MWELL. n. s. [lithospermum, Latin.] Gromill or gray­
mill. A plant.
The cup of the flower consists of one leaf, cut into five
long narrow segments: the flower, which is, for the most part,
small, consists of one leaf, is funnel-shaped, and open at the
top: the pointal is incompassed by four embryo's, which be­
come so many roundish hard polished seeds. Miller.

GROOM. n. s. [grom, Dutch.]
1. A boy; a waiter; a servant.
Then called she a groom, that forth him led
Into a goodly lodge. Fairy Queen, b. i.
From Egypt's king ambassadours they come;
Them many a squire attends, and many a groom. Fairfax.
Think then, my soul! that death is but a groom
Which brings a taper to the outward room. Donne.
In the time of Edward VI. lived Sternhold, whom king
Henry his father, a little before, had made groom of his cham­
ber, for turning of certain of David's psalms into verse.
Peacham on Poetry.
Would'st thou be touch'd
By the presuming hands of saucy grooms? Dryd. Don Sebast.
Amid' the fold he rages, nor the sheep
Their shepherds, nor the grooms their bulls can keep. Dryd.
2. A young man.
I presume for to intreat this groom,
And silly maid, from danger to redeem. Fairfax, b. ii.
3. A man newly married.
By this the brides are wak'd, their grooms are dress'd;
All Rhodes is summon'd to the nuptial feast. Dryden.

GROOVE. n. s. [from grave.]
1. A deep cavern, or hollow in mines.
He might, to avoid idleness, work in a groove or mine-pit
thereabouts, which at that time was little esteemed. Boyle.
2. A channel or hollow cut with a tool.
The screw-plate is a kind of steel well tempered, with
several holes in it, each less than other; and in those holes are
threads grooved inwards, into which grooves fit the respective
taps that belong to them. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To GROOVE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut hollow.
The plates of iron fastened at the bottom of the box pre­
served the balance while it fell, and every joint of it was well
grooved. Gulliver's Travels.

To GROPE. v. n. [grapan, Saxon.] To feel where one can­
not see.
My sea-gown scarf about me, in the dark
Grop'd I, to find out them. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
We grope for the wall like the blind, and we grope as if we
had no eyes. Is. lix. 10.
They meet with darkness in the clearest light;
And grope at noon, as if involv'd with night. Sandys.
A boy was groping for eels, and laid his hand upon a
snake. L'Estrange, Fable 131.
This, no doubt, is better for men than that they should in
the dark grope after knowledge; as St. Paul tells us all nations
did after God. Locke.
He heard us in our course,
And with his out-stretch'd arms around him grop'd. Addison.
O truth divine! enlighten'd by thy ray,
I grope and guess no more, but see my way. Arbuthnot.

To GROPE. v. a. To search by feeling in the dark; to feel
without being able to see.
How vigilant to grope mens thoughts, and to pick out some­
what whereof they might complain. Hayward.
They have left our endeavours to grope them out by twi­
light, and by darkness almost to discover that, whose existence
is evidenced by light. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
But Strephon, cautious, never meant
The bottom of the pan to grope. Swift.

GRO’PER. n. s. [from grope.] One that searches in the dark.

GROSS. adj. [gros, French; grosso, Italian; crassus, Latin.]
1. Thick; bulky.
The crows and choughs, that wing the midway air,
Shew scarce so gross as beetles. Shakesp. King Lear.
There are two gross volumes concerning the power of
popes. Baker on Learning.
2. Shameful; unseemly.
He ripely considered how gross a thing it were for men of
his quality, wise and grave men, to live with such a multi­
tude, and to be tenants at will under them. Hooker, Preface.
They can say that in doctrine, in discipline, in prayers, and
in sacraments, the church of Rome hath very foul and gross
corruptions. Hooker, b. iv.
So far hath the natural understanding, even of sundry whole
nations, been darkened, that they have not discerned, no, not
gross iniquity to be sin. Hooker, b. i.
3. Intellectually coarse; palpable; impure; unrefined.
To all sense 'tis gross
You love my son: invention is asham'd,
Against the proclamation of thy passion,
To say thou do'st not. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Examples gross as earth exhort me. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Like gross terms,
The prince will in the perfectness of time
Cast off his followers. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd
Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love
Vice for itself. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Is not religion so perfectly good in itself, above all, in its
Author, that, without the grossest sensuality, we cannot but
admire it. Spratt's Sermons.
It is a gross mistake of some men, to think that our wants
only and imperfections do naturally induce us to be bene­
ficent. Smalridge's Sermons.
4. Inelegant; disproportionate in bulk.
The sun's oppressive ray the roseat bloom
Of beauty blasting, gives the gloomy hue,
And feature gross. Thomson's Summer.
5. Thick; not refined; not pure.
It is manifest, that when the eye standeth in the finer me­
dium, and the object is in the grosser, things shew greater;
but contrariwise, when the eye is placed in the grosser me­
dium, and the object in the finer. Bacon's Natural History.
Of elements,
The grosser feeds the purer; earth the sea,
Earth and the sea feed air. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Light fumes are merry, grosser fumes are sad;
Both are the reasonable soul run mad. Dryden's Fables.
Or suck the mists in grosser air below,
Or dip their pinions in the painted bow. Pope.
6. Stupid; dull.
If she doth then the subtile sense excel,
How gross are they that drown her in the blood? Davies.
And in clear dream and solemn vision,
Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear. Milton.
Some men give more light and knowledge by the bare stating
of the question with perspicuity and justness, than others by
talking of it in gross confusion for whole hours together. Watts.
7. Coarse; rough; opposite to delicate.
Fine and delicate sculptures are helped with nearness, and
gross with distance. Wotton's Architecture.
8. Thick; fat; bulky.

GROSS. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The main body; the main force.
The Belgians hop'd, that with disorder'd haste
The deep-cut keels upon the sands might run;
Or, if with caution leisurely were past,
Their numerous gross might charge us one by one. Dryden.
Several casuists are of opinion, that, in a battle, you should
discharge upon the gross of the enemy, without levelling your
piece at any particular person. Addison's Freeholder.
The gross of the people can have no other prospect in
changes and revolutions than of publick blessings. Addison.
2. The bulk; the whole not divided into its several parts.
Certain general inducements are used to make saleable your
cause in gross. Hooker, Preface.
There was an opinion in gross, that the soul was im­
mortal. Abbot's Description of the World.
Remember, son,
You are a general: other wars require you;
For see the Saxon gross begins to move. Dryden's K. Arthur.
Notwithstanding the decay and loss of sundry trades and
manufactures, yet, in the gross, we ship off now one third
part more of the manufactures, as also lead and tin, than we
did twenty years past. Child's Discourse on Trade.
3. Not individual, but a body together.
He hath ribbons of all the colours i' th' rainbow; they
come to him by the gross. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
I cannot instantly raise up the gross
Of full three thousand ducats. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
You see the united design of many persons to make up one
figure: after they have separated themselves in many petty
divisions, they rejoin one by one into a gross. Dryden.


4. The chief part; the main mass.
Comets, out of question, have likewise power and effect
over the gross and mass of things. Bacon, Essay 24.
The articulate sounds are more confused, though the gross
of the sound be greater. Bacon's Natural History.
5. The number of twelve dozen. [Grosse, French.]
It is made up only of that simple idea of an unite repeated;
and repetitions of this kind, joined together, make those dis­
tinct simple modes of a dozen, a gross, and a million. Locke.

GRO’SSLY. adv. [from gross.]
1. Bulkily; in bulky parts; coarsely: as, this matter is grossly
pulverized.
2. Without subtilty; without art; without delicacy; without
refinement; coarsely; palpably.
Such kind of ceremonies as have been so grossly and shame­
fully abused in the church of Rome, where they remain, are
scandalous. Hooker, b. iv. s. 12.
Treason and murder ever kept together,
As two yoke devils sworn to others purpose;
Working so grossly in a natural cause,
That admiration did not whoop at them. Shakesp. Hen. V.
And thine eyes
See it so grossly shown in thy behaviour,
That in their kind they speak it. Shakespeare.
What! are we cuckolds ere we have deserv'd it?
—Speak not so grossly. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
What I have said has been forced from me, by seeing a
noble sort of poetry so happily restored by one man, and so
grossly copied by almost all the rest. Dryden.
If at any time I speak of light and rays as coloured, or
endued with colours, I would be understood to speak not phi­
losophically and properly, but grossly, and according to such
conceptions as vulgar people, in seeing all these experiments,
would be apt to frame. Newton's Opt.
While it is so difficult to learn the springs and motives of
some facts, it is no wonder they should be so grossly misrepre­
sented to the publick by curious inquisitive heads. Swift.

GRO’SSNESS. n. s. [from gross.]
1. Coarseness; not subtilty; thickness; greatness of parts.
The purpose is perspicuous even as substance,
Whose grossness little characters sum up. Shakespeare.
And I will purge that mortal grossness so,
That thou shalt like an airy spirit go. Shakespeare.
The cause of the epilepsy from the stomach is the grossness
of the vapours which rise and enter into the cells of the brain.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 966.
Then all this earthy grossness quit;
Attir'd with stars we shall for ever sit,
Triumphing over death. Milton.
So this being the first colour which vapours begin to reflect,
it ought to be the colour of the finest and most transparent
skies, in which vapours are not arrived to that grossness requi­
site to reflect other colours. Newton's Opt.
For envy'd wit, like Sol eclips'd, was known
Th' opposing body's grossness, not its own. Pope.
2. Inelegant fatness; unwieldy corpulence.
Wise men, that be over-fat and fleshy, go to sojourn abroad
at the temperate diet of some sober man; and so, by little
and little, eat away the grossness that is in them. Ascham.
3. Want of refinement; want of delicacy; intellectual coarse­
ness.
I was three or four times in the thought they were not fai­
ries; and yet the guiltiness of my mind drove the grossness of
the foppery into a received belief that they were fairies. Shak.
Whatever beauties it may want, 'tis free at least from the
grossness of those faults I mentioned. Dryden.
What a grossness is there in the mind of that man, who
thinks to reach a lady's heart by wounding her ears! Clarissa.

GROT. n. s. [grotte, French; grotta, Italian.] A cave; a ca­
vern for coolness and pleasure.
In the remotest wood and lonely grot,
Certain to meet that worst of evils, thought. Prior.
Awful see the Egerian grot. Pope.

GROTE’SQUE. adj. [grotesque, French; grottesco, Italian.]
Distorted of figure; unnatural; wildly formed.
The champaign head
Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides
With thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild,
Access deny'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
There is yet a lower sort of poetry and painting, which is
out of nature; for a farce is that in poetry which grotesque is
in a picture: the persons and actions of a farce are all unna­
tural, and the manners false, that is, inconsisting with the
characters of mankind: grotesque painting is the just resem­
blance of this. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
An hideous figure of their foes they drew,
Nor lines, nor looks, nor shades, nor colours true,
And this grotesque design expos'd to publick view. Dryden.
Palladian walls, Venetian doors,
Grotesco roofs, and stucco floors. Pope's Sat. of Horace.

GRO’TTO. n. s. [grotte, French; grotta, Italian.] A cavern or
cave made for coolness. It is not used properly of a dark hor­
rid cavern.
Their careless chiefs to the cool grotto's run,
The bow'rs of kings, to shade them from the sun. Dryden.
This was found at the entry of the grotto in the Peak.
Woodward on Fossils.

GROVE. n. s. [from grave.] A walk covered by trees meeting
above.
I look'd toward Birnam, and anon methought
The wood began to move:
Within this three mile may you see it coming;
I say, a moving grove. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Fortunate fields, and groves, and flow'ry vales;
Thrice happy isles! Milton.
She left the flow'ry field, and waving grove. Blackmore.
Banish'd from courts and love,
Abandon'd truth seeks shelter in the grove. Granville.
Can fierce passions vex his breast,
While every gale is peace, and every grove
Is melody? Thomson's Spring.

To GRO’VEL. v. n. [grufde, Islandick, flat on the face. It may
perhaps come by gradual corruption from ground feel.]
1. To lie prone; to creep low on the ground.
The steel-head passage wrought,
And through his shoulder pierc'd; wherewith to ground
He groveling fell, all gored in his gushing wound. Fa. Qu.
What see'st thou there? king Henry's diadem,
Inchas'd with all the honours of the world!
If so, gaze on, and grovel on thy face,
Until thy head be circled with the same. Shakes. Hen. IV.
Now they lie
Groveling and prostrate on yon lake of fire. Milt. Par. Lost.
Upon thy belly groveling thou shalt go. Milt. Par. Lost.
Let us then conclude that all painters ought to require this
part of excellence: not to do it, is to want courage, and not
dare to shew themselves: 'tis to creep and grovel on the
ground. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. To be mean; to be without dignity or elevation.
I must disclaim whate'er he can express;
His groveling sense will show my passion less. Dryden.
Several thoughts may be natural which are low and gro­
veling. Addison's Spectator.

GROUND. n. s. [grund, Saxon; grondt, Danish.]
1. The earth, considered as solid, or as low.
Israel shall go on dry ground through the sea. Ex. xiv. 16.
From the other hill
To their fix'd station, all in bright array,
The cherubim descended, on the ground
Gliding meteorous. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. The earth as distinguished from air or water.
I have made man and beast upon the ground. Jer. xxvii. 5.
There was dew upon all the ground. Judg. vi. 40.
It light on him as dew falleth on the ground. 2 Sa. xvii. 12.
Too late young Turnus the delusion found;
Far on the sea, still making from the ground. Dryden's Æn.
3. Land; country.
The water breaks its bounds,
And overflows the level grounds. Hudibras.
4. Region; territory.
With these came they, who from the bord'ring flood
Of old Euphrates to the brook that parts
Egypt from Syrian ground, had general names
Of Baalim and Ashtaroth. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
5. Farm; estate; possession.
Uneasy still within these narrow bounds,
Thy next design is on thy neighbours grounds:
His crop invites, to full perfection grown;
Thy own seems thin, because it is thy own. Dryd. Juven.
6. The floor or level of the place.
Wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? 2 Sa. ii. 22.
Dagon was fallen on his face to the ground. 1 Sa. v. 4.
A multitude sit on the ground. Ma. xv. 35.
7. Dregs; lees; fæces; that which settles at the bottom of
liquors.
Set by them cyder, verjuice, sour drink, or grounds. Mort.
Some insist upon having had particular success in stopping
gangrenes, from the use of the grounds of strong beer, mixed
up with bread or oatmeal. Sharp's Surgery.
8. The first stratum of paint upon which the figures are after­
wards painted.
We see the limner to begin with a rude draught, and the
painter to lay his grounds with shadows and darksome colours.
Hakewill on Providence.
When solid bodies, sensible to the feeling and dark, are
placed on light and transparent grounds, as, for example, the
heavens, the clouds and waters, and every other thing which
is in motion, and void of different objects; they ought to be
more rough, and more distinguishable, than that with which
they are encompassed. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
9. The fundamental substance; that by which the additional or
accidental parts are supported.


Indeed it was but just that the finest lines in nature should
be drawn upon the most durable ground. Pope.
10. The plain song; the tune on which descants are raised.
Get a prayer-book in your hand,
And stand between two churchmen, good my lord;
For on that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shakes. R. III.
11. First hint; first traces of an invention; that which gives
occasion to the rest.
Though jealousy of state th' invention found,
Yet love refin'd upon the former ground;
That way the tyrant had reserv'd to fly,
Pursuing hate, now serv'd to bring two lovers nigh. Dryden.
12. The first principles of knowledge.
The concords will easily be known, if the fore grounds be
thoroughly beaten in. Preface to Accidence.
Here statesmen, or of them they which can read,
May of their occupation find the grounds. Donne.
After evening repasts, 'till bed-time, their thoughts will be
best taken up in the easy grounds of religion, and the story of
scripture. Milton on Education.
13. The fundamental cause; the true reason; original principle.
He desired the steward to tell him particularly the ground and
event of this accident. Sidney.
Making happiness the ground of his unhappiness, and good
news the argument of his sorrow. Sidney, b. ii.
The use and benefit of good laws all that live under them
may enjoy with delight and comfort, albeit the grounds and
first original causes from whence they have sprung be un­
known. Hooker, b. i. s. 1.
Thou could'st not have discern'd
Fraud in the serpent, speaking as he spake,
No ground of enmity between us known. Milt. Par. Lost.
Nor did either of them ever think fit to make any parti­
cular relation of the grounds of their proceedings, or the
causes of their misadventures. Clarendon, b. viii.
Sound judgment is the ground of writing well. Roscomm.
Love once given from her, and plac'd in you,
Would leave no ground I ever would be true. Dryden.
If it be natural, ought we not to conclude that there is
some ground and reason for these fears, and that nature hath
not planted them in us to no purpose. Tillotson.
Upon that prince's death, although the grounds of our quar­
rel with France had received no manner of addition, yet this
lord thought fit to alter his sentiments. Swift.
The miraculous increase of the professors of Christianity
was without any visible grounds and causes, and contrary to all
human probability and appearance. Atterbury's Sermons.
14. The field or place of action.
Here was thy end decreed, when these men rose;
And ev'n with theirs this act thy death did bring,
Or hasten'd at the least upon this ground. Daniel's C. War.
15. The space occupied by an army as they fight, advance, or
retire.
At length the left wing of the Arcadians began to lose
ground. Sidney.
Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground,
While our's with easy victory were crown'd. Dryd. Aureng.
He has lost ground at the latter end of the day, by pursuing
his point too far, like the prince of Conde at the battle of
Senepa. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
16. The intervening space between the flyer and pursuer.
Ev'ning mist,
Ris'n from a river, o'er the marish glides,
And gathers ground fast at the labourer's heels,
Homeward returning. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Superiors think it a detraction from their merit to see ano­
ther get ground upon them, and overtake them in the pursuits
of glory. Addison's Spectator.
Even whilst we speak our conqueror comes on,
And gathers ground upon us every moment. Addison.
17. The state in which one is with respect to opponents or com­
petitors.
Had'st thou sway'd as kings should do,
Giving no ground unto the house of York,
They never then had sprung. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
If they get ground and 'vantage of the king,
Then join you with them like a rib of steel,
To make them stronger. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
He will stand his ground against all the attacks that can be
made upon his probity. Atterbury's Sermons.
Whatever ground we may have gotten upon our enemies,
we have gotten none upon our vices, the worst enemies of the
two; but are even subdued and led captive by the one, while
we triumph so gloriously over the others. Atterbury's Sermons.
18. State of progress or recession.
I have known so many great examples of this cure, and
heard of its being so familiar in Austria, that I wonder it has
gained no more ground in other places. Temple.
The squirrel is perpetually turning the wheel in her cage:
she runs apace, and wearies herself with her continual mo­
tion, and gets no ground. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
19. The foil to set a thing off.
Like bright metal on a sullen ground,
My reformation glittering o'er my fault,
Shall shew more goodly, and attract more eyes,
Than that which hath no foil to set it off. Shakespeare.

To GROUND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fix on the ground.
Wherever she had grounded her foot, neither gods nor men
could force her to retire. Rambler.
2. To found as upon cause or principle.
Wisdom groundeth her laws upon an infallible rule of com­
parison. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
It may serve us to ground conjectures more approaching to
the truth than we have hitherto met with. Boyle.
If your own actions on your will you ground,
Mine shall hereafter know no other bound. Dryd. Aurengz.
Some eminent spirit, having signalized his valour, be­
comes to have influence on the people, to grow their leader
in warlike expeditions; and this is grounded upon the princi­
ples of nature and common reason, which, where prudence
and courage are required, rather incite us to fly to a single
person than a multitude. Swift.
3. To settle in first principles or rudiments of knowledge.
Being rooted and grounded in love. Eph. iii. 17.

GROUND. The preterite and part. pass. of grind.
He took the calf which they had made, and burnt it in the
fire, and ground it to powder. Exo. xxxii. 20.
How dull and rugged, ere 'tis ground
And polish'd, looks a diamond? Hudibras, p. iii.

GROUND is much used in composition for that which is next
the ground, or near the ground.

GRO’UND-ASH. n. s. A saplin of ash taken from the ground;
not a branch cut from a tree.
A lance of tough groundash the Trojan threw,
Rough in the rind, and knotted as it grew. Dryden's Æn.
Some cut the young ashes off about an inch above the
ground, which causes them to make very large straight shoots,
which they call groundash. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GRO’UND-BAIT. n. s. [from ground and bait.] A bait made of
barley or malt boiled; which, being thrown into the
place where you design to angle, sinks to the bottom, and
draws the fish to it.
Take the depth of the place where you mean after to cast
your groundbait, and to fish. Walton's Angler.

GRO’UND-FLOOR. n. s. [ground and floor.] The lower story of
a house.

GRO’UND-IVY. n. s. [hedera terrestris, Latin.] Alehoof, or
tunhoof.
The shoots trail upon the ground, and emit roots from
almost every joint, which fasten themselves into the earth:
the leaves are roundish, thick, rough, and crenated on the
edges: the helmet of the flower is roundish, bifid, and re­
flexed: the beard or lower lip is trifid, or cut into three seg­
ments; the middle segment is broad and bifid, and the flowers
are produced at the joints of the shoots. The species are, first,
common groundivy, or gill-go-by-ground; and second, lesser
groundivy. Miller.
Alehoof or groundivy is, in my opinion, of the most ex­
cellent use and virtue of any plants among us. Temple.

GRO’UND-OAK. n. s. [ground and oak.]
If the planting of oaks were more in use for underwoods,
it would spoil the coopers trade for the making of hoops,
either of hasel or ash; because one hoop made of the young
shoots of a groundoak, would outlast six of the best ash. Mort.

GRO’UND-PINE. n. s. [chamæpitys, Latin.]
The leaves are narrow and trifid; the flower labiated: the
place of the crest of the flower is supplied with little teeth:
the lower lip is divided into three parts, the middle segment
being split again into two parts. The flowers rarely grow in
whorles, but one or two are produced at the wings of the
leaves. Miller.
The whole plant has a very singular smell, resembling that
of resin; whence its name groundpine. It grows on dry and
barren hills, and in some places on the ditch-banks by road­
sides. It is highly extolled, by the generality of medical wri­
ters, as an aperient, cephalick, and nervous medicine; but it
is however little used at present. Hill's Mat. Med.

GRO’UND-PLATE. n. s. [In architecture.] The outermost
pieces of timber lying on or near the ground, and framed into
one another with mortises and tennons. In these also are
mortises made to receive the tennons of the joists, the summer
and girders; and sometimes the trimmers for the stair-case
and chimney way, and the binding joist. Harris.
In the orthographical schemes there should be a true delinea­
tion, if it be a timber-building, of the several sizes of the
groundplates, breast-summers, and beams. Mortimer's Husb.

GRO’UND-PLOT. n. s.
1. The ground on which any building is placed.
Wretched Gynecia, where can'st thou find any small ground­
plot for hope to dwell upon? Sidney.
2. The ichnography of a building.

GROUND-RENT. n. s. Rent paid for the privilege of building
on another man's ground.


A foot in front, and thirty-three five sevenths deep, would
bring in a ground-rent of five pounds. Arbuthnot on Coins.

GROUND-ROOM. n. s. A room on the level with the ground.
I beseeched him hereafter to meditate in a ground-room; for
that otherwise it would be impossible for an artist of any other
kind to live near him. Tatler, No. 88.

GRO’UNDEDLY. adv. [from grounded.] Upon firm principles.
He hath given the first hint of speaking groundedly, and to
the purpose, upon this subject. Glanville.

GRO’UNDLESS. n. s. [from ground.] Void of reason; without
ground.
But when vain doubt and groundless fear
Do that dear foolish bosom tear. Prior.
We have great reason to look upon the high pretensions
which the Roman church makes to miracles as groundless, and
to reject her vain and fabulous accounts of them. Atterbury.
The party who distinguish themselves by their zeal for the
present establishment, should be careful to discover such a re­
verence for religion, as may shew how groundless that reproach
is which is cast upon them, of being averse to our national
worship. Freeholder, No. 129.

GRO’UNDLESSLY. adv. [from groundless.] Without reason;
without cause; without just reason.
Divers persons have produced the like by spirit of vitriol,
or juice of lemons; but have groundlessly ascribed the effect to
some peculiar quality of those two liquors. Boyle on Colours.

GRO’UNDLESSNESS. n. s. [from groundless.] Want of just
reason.
He durst not cite the words either of my book or sermons,
lest the reader should have discovered the notorious falshood
and groundlessness of his calumny. Tillotson, Sermon 1.

GRO’UNDLING. n. s. [from ground.] A fish which keeps at
the bottom of the water: hence one of the low vulgar. Hanm.
It offends me to the soul, to hear a robusteous perriwig­
pated fellow tear a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the
ears of the groundlings. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

GRO’UNDLY. adv. [from ground.] Upon principles; solidly;
not superficially.
A man, groundly learned already, may take much profit
himself, in using by epitome to draw other mens works, for
his own memory sake, into shorter room. Ascham's Schoolm.

GRO’UNDSEL. n. s. [grund and srle, the basis, Sax. perhaps
from sella, Latin.] The timber or raised pavement next the
ground.
The window-frame hath every one of its lights rabbetted on
its outside about half an inch into the frame; and all these
rabbets, but that on the groundsel, are grooved square; but the
rabbets on the groundsel is levelled downwards, that rain or
snow may the freelier fall off. Maxon's Mech. Exer.

GRO’UNDSEL. n. s. [senecio, Latin.]
It hath a flosculous flower, consisting of many florets, di­
vided into several segments sitting on the embryo, contained
in an empalement consisting of one leaf, and divided into
many parts, afterwards becoming of a conical figure: the em­
bryo afterward becomes a feed, furnished with down; at
which time the empalement is reflexed, to make way for the
seeds to escape. Miller.

GRO’UNDWORK. n. s. [ground and work.]
1. The ground; the first stratum; the first part of the whole;
that to which the rest is additional.
A way there is in heav'n's expanded plain,
Which, when the skies are clear, is seen below,
And mortals by the name of milky know;
The groundwork is of stars. Dryden's Fables.
2. The first part of an undertaking; the fundamentals.
The main skill and groundwork will be to temper them such
lectures and explanations, upon every opportunity, as may
lead and draw them in willing obedience. Milton.
3. First principle; original reason.
The groundwork thereof is nevertheless true and certain,
however they through ignorance disguise the same, or through
vanity. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The morals is the first business of the poet, as being the
groundwork of his instruction. Dryden.

GROUP. n. s. [grouppe, French; groppo, Italian.] A croud; a
cluster; a huddle; a number thronged together.
In a picture, besides the principal figures which compose it,
and are placed in the midst of it, there are less groups or knots
of figures disposed at proper distances, which are parts of the
piece, and seem to carry on the same design in a more inferior
manner. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
I cannot doubt but the poet had here in view the picture of
Zetus, in the famous group of figures which represents the
two brothers binding Dirce to the horns of a mad bull. Addis.
You should try your graving tools
On this odious group of fools. Swift.

To GROUP. v. a. [groupper, French.] To put into a croud;
To huddle together.
The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the pain­
ters term it, in grouping such a multitude of different objects,
preserving still the justice and conformity of style and colour­
ing. Prior.

GROUSE. n. s. A kind of fowl; a heathcock.
The 'squires in scorn will fly the house
For better game, and look for grouse. Swift.

GROUT. n. s. [grut, Saxon. In Scotland they call it groats.]
1. Coarse meal; pollard.
King Hardicnute, 'midst Danes and Saxons stout,
Carous'd in nut-brown ale, and din'd on grout:
Which dish its pristine honour still retains,
And when each prince is crown'd in splendour reigns. King.
2. That which purges off.
Sweet honey some condense, some purge the grout;
The rest, in cells apart, the liquid nectar shout. Dryden.
3. A kind of wild apple. [Agriomelum, Latin.]

To GROW. v. n.  preter. grew; part. pass. grown. [growan,
Saxon; groeyen, Dutch.]
1. To vegetate; to have vegetable motion; to increase by vege­
tation.
It is not the growing of fruit that nourisheth man; but
it is thy word which preserveth them. Wisd. xvi. 26.
He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the
service of man. Ps. civ. 14.
2. To be produced by vegetation.
Ye shall eat this year such things as grow of themselves.
2 Kings xix. 29.
In this country groweth abundance of that wood, which
since is brought into Europe to die red colours. Abbot.
A bag, that groweth in the fields, at the first is hard like a
tennis-ball, and white; and after groweth of a mushroom­
colour, and full of light dust. Bacon's Natural History.
But say, where grows the tree? from hence how far?
Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
In colder regions men compose
Poison with art; but here it grows. Waller.
Those tow'rs of oak o'er fertile plains might go,
And visit mountains where they once did grow. Waller.
3. To shoot in any particular form.
Children, like tender osiers, take the bow;
And as they first are fashion'd, always grow. Dryden's Juv.
4. To increase in stature.
I long with all my heart to see the prince;
I hope he is much grown since last I saw him. Shakes. R. III.
The poor man had nothing, save one little ew-lamb, which
he had bought and reared up; and it grew up together with
him and with his children. 2 Sa. xii. 3.
Thine own things, and such as are grown up with thee,
can'st thou not know. 2 Esdr. iv. 10.
5. To come to manhood from infancy.
Now the prince groweth up fast to be a man, and is of a
sweet and excellent disposition. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The main thing to be considered, in every action of a
child, is how it will become him when he is bigger, and whi­
ther it will lead him when he is grown up. Locke.
We are brought into the world children, ignorant and im­
potent; and we grow up in vanity and folly. Wake.
6. To issue, as plants from a soil, or as branches from the main
trunk.
They will seem not stuck into him, but growing out of
him. Dryden's Æn. Dedication.
7. To increase in bulk; to become greater, or more numerous.
Bones, after full growth, continue at a stay: as for nails,
they grow continually. Bacon's Natural History.
Then their numbers swell,
And grow upon us. Denham.
Divisions grow upon us, by neglect of practick duties: as
every age degenerated from primitive piety, they advanced in
nice enquiries. Decay of Piety.
8. To improve; to make progress.
Grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and
Saviour Jesus Christ. 2 Pet. iii. 18.
As he grew forward in years he was trained up to learning,
under one Pronapides, who taught the Pelasgick letter invented
by Linus. Pope's Essay on Homer.
9. To advance to any state.
Nature, as it grows again towards earth,
Is fashion'd for the journey dull and heavy. Shakespeare.
They doubted whereunto this would grow. Acts v. 24.
The king, by this time, was grown to such an height of re­
putation for cunning and policy, that every accident and event
that went well was laid and imputed to his foresight. Bacon.
But when to ripen'd manhood he shall grow,
The greedy sailor shall the seas forego. Dryden's Virgil.
Verse, or the other harmony of prose, I have so long stu­
died and practised, that they are grown into a habit, and be­
come familiar to me. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
10. To come by degrees; to reach any state gradually.
After they grew to rest upon number, rather competent than
vast, they grew to advantages of place, cunning diversions,
and the like; and they grew more skilful in the ordering of
their battles. Bacon's Essays.
The trespasses of people are grown up to heaven, and their
sins are got beyond all restraints of law and authority. Rogers.
11. To come forward; to gather ground.


Some seeing the end of their government nigh, and trou­
blous practice growing up, which may work trouble to the
next governour, will not attempt redress. Spenser on Ireland.
It was now the beginning of October, and Winter began to
grow fast on: great rain, with terrible thunder and lightning,
and mighty tempests, then fell abundantly. Knolles.
12. To be changed from one state to another; to become either
better or worse; to turn.
A good man's fortune may grow out at heels. Shakesp.
Hence, hence, and to some barbarous climate fly,
Which only brutes in human form does yield,
And man grows wild in nature's common field. Dryden.
The nymph grew pale, and in a mortal fright,
Spent with the labour of so long a flight. Dryden.
Patient of command
In time he grew; and growing us'd to hand,
He waited at his master's board for food. Dryden's Æn.
We may trade and be busy, and grow poor by it, unless we
regulate our expences. Locke.
You will grow a thing contemptible, unless you can supply
the loss of beauty with more durable qualities. Swift.
Delos, by being reckoned a sacred place, grew to be a free
port, where nations warring traded, as in a neutral country.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
13. To proceed as from a cause.
What will grow out of such errours, as masked under the
cloak of divine authority, impossible it is that ever the wit of
man should imagine, 'till time have brought forth the fruits of
them. Hooker.
Shall we set light by that custom of reading, from whence
so precious a benefit hath grown? Hooker, b. v.
Take heed now that ye fail not to do this: why should da­
mage grow to the hurt of the king. Ez. iv. 22.
Scipio Nasica feared lest, if the dread of that enemy were
taken away, the Romans would grow either to idleness or
civil dissention. Abbot.
The want of trade in Ireland proceeds from the want of
people; and this is not grown from any ill qualities of the cli­
mate or air, but chiefly from so many wars. Temple.
14. To accrue; to be forthcoming.
Ev'n just the sum that I do owe to you,
Is growing to me by Antipholis. Shakesp. Com. of Errours.
15. To adhere; to stick together.
Honour and policy, like unsever'd friends,
I' th' war do grow together. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The frog's mouth grows up, and he continues so for at
least six months without eating. Walton's Angler.
In burnings and scaldings the fingers would many times
grow together: the chin would grow to the breast, and the
arms to the sides, were they not hindered. Wiseman's Surgery.
16. To swell: a sea term.
Mariners are used to the tumbling and rolling of ships from
side to side, when the sea is never so little grown. Raleigh.

GRO’WER. n. s. [from grow.] An increaser.
It will grow to a great bigness, being the quickest grower of
any kind of elm. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To GROWL. v. n. [grollen, Flemish.]
1. To snarl or murmur like an angry cur.
They roam amid' the fury of their heart,
And growl their horrid loves. Thomson's Spring.
Dogs in this country are of the size of common mastiffs,
and by nature never bark, but growl when they are pro­
voked. Ellis's Voyage.
2. To murmur; to grumble.
Othello, neighbours—how he would roar about a foolish
handkerchief! and then he would growl so manfully. Gay.

GROWN. The participle passive of grow.
1. Advanced in growth.
2. Covered or filled by the growth of any thing.
I went by the field of the slothful, and by the vineyard of
the man void of understanding; and lo, it was all grown over
with thorns, and nettles had covered the face thereof. Prov.
3. Arrived at full growth or stature.
I saw lately a pair of China shoes, which I was told were
for a grown woman, that would scarce have been big enough
for one of our little girls. Locke.

GROWTH. n. s. [from growth.]
1. Vegetation; vegetable life; increase of vegetation.
Deep in the palace, of long growth there stood
A laurel's trunk, a venerable wood. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
Those trees that have the slowest growth, are, for that rea­
son, of the longest continuance. Atterbury's Sermone.
2. Product; thing produced.
Forbidding every bleak unkindly fog
To touch the prosperous growth of this tall wood. Milton.
Our little world, the image of the great,
Of her own growth hath all that nature craves,
And all that's rare, as tribute from the waves. Waller.
The trade of a country arises from the native growths of
the soil or seas. Temple.
I had thought, for the honour of our nation, that this story
was of English growth, and Chaucer's own. Dryden.
3. Increase in number, bulk, or frequency.
What I have tried, or thought, or heard upon this subject,
may go a great way in preventing the growth of this disease,
where it is but new. Temple.
4. Increase of stature; advance to maturity.
They say my son of York
Has almost overta'en him in his growth. Shakes. Rich. III.
The stag, now conscious of his fatal growth,
To some dark covert his retreat had made. Denham.
Though an animal arrives at its full growth at a certain age,
perhaps it never comes to its full bulk 'till the last period of
life. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
5. Improvement; advancement.
It grieved David's religious mind to consider the growth of his
own estate and dignity, the affairs of religion continuing still
in the former manner. Hooker, b. iv. s. 2.

GRO’WTHEAD. n. s. [from gross or great head; capito,
Latin.]

GRO’WTNOL. n. s. [from gross or great head; capito,
Latin.]
1. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.
2. An idle lazy fellow.
Though sleeping one hour refresheth his song,
Yet trust not Hob growthead for sleeping too long. Tusser.

GRU

To GRUB. v. a. [graban, preter. grôb, to dig, Gothick.] To
dig up; to destroy by digging; to root out of the ground; to
eradicate by throwing up out of the soil.
A foolish heir caused all the bushes and hedges about his
vineyard to be grubbed up. L'Estrange.
Forest land,
From whence the surly ploughman grubs the wood. Dryden.
The grubbing up of woods and trees may be very needful,
upon the account of their unthriftiness. Mortimer's Husband.
As for the thick woods, which not only Virgil but Homer
mentions, they are most of them grubbed up, since the pro­
montory has been cultivated and inhabited. Addison on Italy.

GRUB. n. s. [from grubbing, or mining.]
1. A small worm that eats holes in bodies.
There is a difference between a grub and a butterfly, and
yet your butterfly was a grub. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
New creatures rise,
A moving mass at first, and short of thighs;
'Till shooting out with legs, and imp'd with wings,
The grubs proceed to bees with pointed stings. Dryden.
Sometimes they are eaten with grubs. Mortimer's Husband.
The grub,
Oft unobserv'd, invades the vital core;
Pernicious tenant! and her secret cave
Enlarges hourly, preying on the pulp
Ceaseless. Phillips.
2. A short thick man; a dwarf. In contempt.
John Romane, a short clownish grub, would bear the whole
carcase of an ox, yet never tugged with him. Carew.

To GRU’BBLE. v. n. [grubelen, German, from grub.] To
feel in the dark.
Thou hast a colour;
Now let me rowl and grubble thee:
Blind men say white feels smooth, and black feels rough:
Thou hast a rugged skin; I do not like thee. Dryden.

GRU’BSTREET. n. s. Originally the name of a street in Moor­
fields in London, much inhabited by writers of small histo­
ries, dictionaries, and temporary poems; whence any mean
production is called grubstreet.
Χᾶιῤ Ιϑαϰὴ με᾿ ἄεϑλα, με᾿ ἄλγεα πιϰρὰ
Ἀσπασίως έον δας ἱϰάνομαι.
The first part, though calculated only for the meridian of
grubstreet, was yet taken notice of by the better sort. Arbuthn.
I'd sooner ballads write, and grubstreet lays. Gay.

To GRUDGE. v. a. [from gruger, according to Skinner, which
in French is to grind or eat. In this sense we say of one who
resents any thing secretly, he chews it. Grwgnach, in Welsh,
is to murmur; to grumble. Grunigh, in Scotland, denotes a
grumbling morose countenance.]
1. To envy; to see any advantage of another with discontent.
What means this banishing me from your counsels? Do you
love your sorrow so well, as to grudge me part of it? Sidney.
'Tis not in thee
To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train. Shak. K. Lear.
He struggles into birth, and cries for aid;
Then helpless in his mother's lap is laid:
He creeps, he walks; and, issuing into man,
Grudges their life from whence his own began. Dryden.
These clamours with disdain he heard,
Much grudg'd the praise, but more the rob'd reward. Dryd.
Do not, as some men, run upon the tilt, and taste of the
sediments of a grudging uncommunicative disposition. Spectat.
Let us consider the ample provision of waters, those inex­
hausted treasures of the ocean; and though some have grudged
the great share that it takes of the surface of the earth, yet
we shall propose this too, as a conspicuous mark and character
of the wisdom of God. Bentley's Sermons.
I have often heard the Presbyterians say they did not grudge
us our employments. Swift.
2. To give or take unwillingly.


Let me at least a funeral marriage crave,
Nor grudge my cold embraces in the grave. Dryd. Aurengz.
You steer betwixt the country and the court,
Nor gratify whate'er the great desire,
Nor grudging give what publick needs require. Dryd. Fab.
They have grudged those contributions, which have set our
country at the head of all the governments of Europe. Addison.

To GRUDGE. v. n.
1. To murmur; to repine.
They knew the force of that dreadful curse, whereunto
idolatry maketh subject; nor is there cause why the guilty sus­
taining the same should grudge or complain of injustice. Hook.
2. To be unwilling; to be reluctant.
Many times they go with as great grudging to serve in his
majesty's ships, as if it were to be slaves in the gallies. Raleigh.
3. To be envious.
Grudge not one against another, brethren, lest ye be con­
demned. Ja. v. 9.
4. To wish in secret. A low word.
E'en in the most sincere advice he gave,
He had a grudging still to be a knave. Dryden's Medal.
5. To give or have any uneasy remains. I know not whether
the word in this sense be not rather grugeons, or remains;
grugeons being the part of corn that remains after the fine
meal has passed the sieve.
My Dolabella,
Hast thou not still some grudgings of thy fever? Dryden.

GRUDGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Old quarrel; inveterate malevolence; sullen malice.
Many countries about her were full of wars, which, for old
grudges to Corinth, were thought still would conclude
there. Sidney, b. ii.
Two housholds, both alike in dignity,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Shakespeare.
Let me go in to see the generals:
There is some grudge between 'em; 'tis not meet
They be alone. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Deep-fester'd hate;
A grudge in both, time out of mind, begun,
And mutually bequeath'd from sire to son. Tate's Juvenal.
2. Anger; ill-will.
The god of wit, to shew his grudge,
Clapt ass's ears upon the judge. Swift.
3. Unwillingness to benefit.
4. Envy; odium; invidious censure.
Those to whom you have
With grudge preferr'd me. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
4. Remorse of conscience. Ainsworth.
5. Some little commotlon, or forerunner of a disease. Ainsw.

GRU’DGINGLY. adj. [from grudge.] Unwillingly; malignant­
ly; reluctantly.
Like harpies they could scent a plenteous board;
Then to be sure they never fail'd their lord:
The rest was form, and bare attendance paid;
They drank and eat, and grudgingly obey'd. Dryden.

GRUEL. n. s. [gruau, gruelle, French.] Food made by boil­
ing oatmeal in water; any kind of mixture made by boiling
ingredients in water.
Finger of birth-strangl'd babe,
Ditch-deliver'd by a drab;
Make the gruel thick and slab. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Was ever Tartar fierce or cruel
Upon the strength of water gruel? Prior.
Gruel made of grain, broths, malt-drink not much hopped,
posset-drinks, and in general whatever relaxeth. Arbuthnot.

GRUFF. adj. [groff, Dutch.] Sour of aspect; harsh of man­
ners.
Around the fiend, in hideous order, sat
Foul bawling infamy and bold debate,
Gruff discontent, through ignorance misled. Garth.
The appellation of honour was such an one the gruff, such
an one the stocky. Addison.

GRU’FFLY. adv. [from gruff.] Harshly; ruggedly; roughly.
The form of Mars high on a chariot stood,
All sheath'd in arms, and gruffly look'd the god. Dryden.

GRU’FFNESS. n. s. [from gruff.] Ruggedness of mien; harsh­
ness of look or voice.

GRUM. adj. [contracted from grumble.] Sour; surly; severe.
A low word.
Nic looked sour and grum, and would not open his mouth.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

To GRU’MBLE. v. n. [grommelen, grommen, Dutch.]
1. To murmur with discontent.
A bridegroom,
A grumbling groom, and that the girl shall find. Shakesp.
Thou grumblest and railest every hour on Achilles, and thou
art as full of envy at his greatness as Cerberus is at Proserpina's
beauty. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Th' accurst Philistian stands on th' other side,
Grumbling aloud, and smiles 'twixt rage and pride. Cowley.
Suitors, all but one, will depart grumbling, because they
miss of what they think their due. South's Sermons.
Providence has allotted man a competency: all beyond it
is superfluous; and there will be grumbling without end, if
we reckon that we want this, because we have it not. L'Estr.
L'Avare, not using half his store,
Still grumbles that he has no more. Prior.
2. To growl; to gnarl.
The lion, though he sees the toils are set,
Yet, pinch'd with raging hunger, scours away;
Hunts in the face of danger all the day;
At night, with sullen pleasure, grumbles o'er his prey. Dryd.
3. To make a hoarse rattle.
Thou grumbling thunder join thy voice. Motteux.
Like a storm
That gathers black upon the frowning sky,
And grumbles in the wind. Rowe's Royal Convert.
Vapours foul
Dash on the mountains brow, and shake the woods
That grumbling wave below. Thomson's Winter.

GRU’MBLER. n. s. [from grumble.] One that grumbles; a
murmurer; a discontented man.
The half-pence are good half-pence, and I will stand by it:
if I made them of silver, it would be the same thing to the
grumbler. Swift.

GRU’MBLING. n. s. [from grumble.] A murmuring through
discontent; a grudge.
I have serv'd
Without or grudge or grumblings. Shakesp. Tempest.

GRUME. n. s. [grumeau, French; grumus, Latin.] A thick
viscid consistence of a fluid: as the white of an egg, or clotted
like cold blood. Quincy.

GRU’MLY. adv. [from grum.] Sullenly; morosely.

GRU’MMEL. n. s. [lithospermum, Lat.] An herb. Ainsworth.

GRU’MOUS. adj. [from grume.] Thick; clotted.
The blood, when let, was black, grumous, the red part
without a due consistence, the serum saline, and of a yel­
lowish green. Arbuthnot on Diet.

GRU’MOUSNESS. n. s. [from grumous.] Thickness of a coagu­
lated liquor.
The cause may be referred either to the coagulation of the
serum, or grumousness of the blood. Wiseman's Surgery.

GRU’NSEL. n. s. [More usually groundsil, unless Milton intended
to preserve the Saxon grund.] The groundsil; the lower part
of the building.
Next came one
Who mourn'd in earnest, when the captive ark
Maim'd his brute image, head and hands lopp'd off
In his own temple, on the grunsel edge,
Where he fell flat, and sham'd his worshippers. Milton.

To GRUNT. v. n. [grunnio, Latin.] To murmur like
a hog.

To GRU’NTLE. v. n. [grunnio, Latin.] To murmur like
a hog.
And neigh, and bark, and grunt, and roar and burn,
Like horse, hound, hog, bear, fire, at every turn. Shakesp.
Lament, ye swine! in gruntings spend your grief;
For you, like me, have lost your sole relief. Gay's Past.
Thy brinded boars may slumber undismay'd,
Or grunt secure beneath the chesnut shade. Tickel.
The scolding quean to louder notes doth rise,
To her full pipes the grunting hog replies;
The grunting hogs alarm the neighbours round. Swift.

GRUNT. n. s. [from the verb.] The noise of a hog.
Ran cow and calf, and family of hogs,
In panick horrour of pursuing dogs;
With many a deadly grunt and doleful squeak,
Poor swine, as if their pretty hearts would break. Dryden.
From hence were heard
The grunts of bristled boars, and groans of bears,
And herds of howling wolves. Dryden's Æn.

GRU’NTER. n. s. [from grunt.]
1. He that grunts.
2. A kind of fish. [χϱομὶς.] Ainsworth.

GRU’NTLING. n. s. [from grunt.] A young hog.

To GRUTCH. v. n. [corrupted for the sake of rhyme from
grudge.] To envy; to repine; to be discontented.
The poor at the enclosure doth grutch,
Because of abuses that fall,
Lest some men should have but too much,
And some again nothing at all. Tusser's Husbandry.
But what we're born for we must bear,
Our frail condition it is such,
That what to all may happen here,
If't chance to me, I must not grutch. Ben. Johnson.

GRUTCH. n. s. [from the verb.] Malice; ill-will.
In it he melted leaden bullets,
To shoot at foes, and sometimes pullets;
To whom he bore so fell a grutch,
He ne'er gave quarter t' any such. Hudibras, p. i.

GRY. n. s. [γϱὺ.] Any thing of little value: as, the paring of
the nails. Dict.

GUA

GUAIA’CUM. n. s. [See LIGNUM-VITÆ.]
Guaiacum is attenuant and aperient, and promotes dis­
charges by sweat and urine. It is an excellent medicine in
many chronick cases, and was once famous for curing the


venereal disease, which it still does singly in warmer climates,
but with us we find it insufficient. We have a resin of it, im­
properly called gum guaiacum, given in the same cases with
the famous balsamum polycrestum is made of it. Hill.

GUARANTE’E. n. s. [guarant, French.] A power who un­
dertakes to see stipulations performed.
God, the great guarantee for the peace of mankind, where
laws cannot secure it, may think it the concern of his provi­
dence. South's Sermons.
A prince distinguished by being a patron of Protestants, and
guarantee of the Westphalian treaty. Addison on the War.

To GUA’RANTY. v. a. [garantir, French.] To undertake
to secure the performance of any articles.

To GUARD. v. a. [garder, French, from our word ward, the
w being changed by the French into g; as Galles for Wales.]
1. To watch by way of defence and security.
2. To protect; to defend.
Naked the graces guarded you from all
Dangers abroad, and now your thunder shall. Waller.
Your pow'r you never use, but for defence,
To guard your own or others innocence. Dryden.
Fix'd on defence, the Trojans are not slow
To guard their shore from an expected foe. Dryden.
The port of Genoa is very ill guarded against the storms.
Addison on Italy.
3. To preserve by caution.
One would take care to guard one's self against this parti­
cular imperfection, because it is that which our nature very
strongly inclines us to. Addison's Spectator.
4. To provide against objections.
Homer has guarded every circumstance with as much cau­
tion as if he had been aware of the objection. Notes on Odyssey.
5. To adorn with lists, laces, or ornamental borders.
Give him a livery
More guarded than his fellows. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
See a fellow
In a long motley, guarded with yellow. Shak. Henry VIII.

To GUARD. v. n. To be in a state of caution or defence.
There are other nice cases, in which a man must guard, if
he intends to keep fair with the world, and turn the penny.
Collier on Popularity.
To guard against such mistakes, it is necessary to acquaint
ourselves a little with words. Watts's Logick.

GUARD. n. s. [garde, French; ward, Teutonick.]
1. A man, or body of men, whose business is to watch by way
of defence or prevention.
The guard bare them, and brought them back into the
guard-chamber. 1 Kings xiv. 28.
Up into heav'n, from paradise, in haste
Th' angelick guards ascended, mute, and sad,
For man. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
With lifted hands, and gazing eyes,
His guards behold him soaring through the skies. Dryden.
Others are cooped in close by the strict guards of those
whose interest it is to keep them ignorant. Locke.
He must be trusted to his own conduct, since there cannot
always be a guard upon him, except what you put into his
own mind by good principles. Locke.
They, usurping arbitrary power, had their guards and spies,
after the practice of tyrants. Swift.
2. A state of caution; a state of vigilance.
The great alteration which he made in the state ecclesiasti­
cal, caused him to stand upon his guard at home. Davies.
Temerity puts a man off his guard. L'Estrange.
It is wisdom to keep ourselves upon a guard. L'Estrange.
Now he stood collected and prepar'd;
For malice and revenge had put him on his guard. Dryden.
Men are always upon their guard against an appearance of
design. Smalridge's Sermons.
3. Limitation; anticipation of objection; caution of expression.
They have expressed themselves with as few guards and
restrictions as I. Atterbury.
4. An ornamental hem, lace, or border.
5. Part of the hilt of a sword.

GUA’RDAGE. n. s. [from guard.] State of wardship.
A maid so tender, fair and happy,
Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom
Of such a thing as thou. Shakespeare's Othello.

GU’ARDER. n. s. One who guards. Ainsworth.

GUA’RDIAN. n. s. [gardien, French, from guard.]
1. One that has the care of an orphan; one who is to supply the
want of parents.
I am sorry for her, as I have just cause, being her uncle and
her guardian. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
When perjur'd guardians, proud with impious gains,
Choak up the streets, too narrow for their trains! Dryden.
Hocus, with two other of the guardians, thought it their
duty to take care of the interest of the three girls. Arbuthnot.
2. One to whom the care and preservation of any thing is com­
mitted.
I gave you all,
Made you my guardians, my depositaries;
But kept a reservation to be follow'd
With such a number. Shakes. King Lear.
3. A repository or storehouse. Not used.
Where is Duncan's body?
——Carried to Colmeskill,
The sacred storehouse of his predecessors,
And guardian of their bones. Shakesp. Macbeth.

GUARDIAN of the Spiritualties. He to whom the spiritual
jurisdiction of any diocese is committed, during the vacancy of
the see. He may be either guardian in law, or jure magistra­
tus, as the archbishop is of any diocese within his province;
or guardian by delegation, as he whom the archbishop or
vicar-general doth for the time depute. Cowel.

GUA’RDIAN. adj. Performing the office of a kind protector
or superintendant.
My charming patroness protects me unseen, like my guar­
dian angel; and shuns my gratitude like a fairy, who is boun­
tiful by stealth, and conceals the giver, when she bestows the
gift. Dryden's Dedication to Cleomenes.
Thus shall mankind his guardian care engage,
The promis'd father of the future age. Pope's Messiah.
Mean while Minerva, in her guardian care,
Shoots from the starry vaults through fields of air. Pope.

GUA’RDIANSHIP. n. s. [from guardian.] The office of a
guardian.
The curate stretched his patent for the cure of souls, to a
kind of tutelary guardianship over goods and chattels. L'Estr.
Theseus is the first who established the popular state in
Athens, assigning to himself the guardianship of the laws, and
chief commands in war. Swift.

GUA’RDLESS. adj. [from guard.] Without defence.
So on the guardless herd, their keeper slain,
Rushes a tyger in the Lybian plain. Waller.
A rich land, guardless and undefended, must needs have
been a double incitement. South's Sermons.

GUA’RDSHIP. n. s. [from guard.]
1. Care; protection.
How bless'd am I, by such a man led!
Under whose wise and careful guardship
I now despise fatigue and hardship. Swift.
2. [Guard and ship.] A king's ship to guard the coast.

GUA’IAVA. n. s. GUA’VA. n. s.
The flowers consist of five leaves, produced in a circular
order, having many stamina or threads surrounding the ovary:
the ovary is of a long tubulous figure, which becomes a fleshy
fruit, crowned on the top, and containing many small hard
seeds. The fruit, says Sir Hans Sloane, is extremely delici­
ous and wholsome. They have only this inconvenience, that,
being very astringent, they stop up the belly, if taken in great
quantities. Miller.

GUBERNA’TION. n. s. [gubernatio, Lat.] Government; su­
perintendency; superiour direction.
Perhaps there is little or nothing in the government of the
kingdoms of nature and grace, but what is transacted by the
man Jesus, inhabited by the divine power and wisdom, and
employed as a medium or conscious instrument of this exten­
sive gubernation. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

GU’DGEON. n. s. [goujon, French.]
1. A small fish found in brooks and rivers, easily caught, and
therefore made a proverbial name for a man easily cheated.
'Tis true, no turbets dignify my boards;
But gudgeons, flounders, what my Thames affords. Pope.
This he did to draw you in, like so many gudgeons, to swal­
low his false arguments. Swift.
2. Something to be caught to a man's own disadvantage; a bait;
an allurement: gudgeons being commonly used as baits for
pike.
But fish not with this melancholy bait,
For this fool's gudgeon, this opinion. Shakes. Merch. of Ven.

GUE

GUE’RDON. n. s. [guerdon, gardon, French.] A reward; a
recompense. A word now no longer in use.
He hearken'd, and did stay from further harms,
To gain so goodly guerdon as she spake. Fairy Queen, b. i.
But to the virgin comes, who all this while
Amazed stands herself so mock'd to see,
By him who has the guerdon of his guile,
For so misfeigning her true knight to be. Fairy Queen, b. i.
He shall, by thy revenging hand, at once receive the just
guerdon of all his former villanies. Knolles.
Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
To scorn delights, and live laborious days;
But the fair guerdon when we hope to find,
And think to burst out into sudden blaze,
Comes the blind fury with th' abhorred sheers,
And slits the thin-spun life. Milton.

To GUESS. v. a. [ghissen, Dutch.]
1. To conjecture; to judge without any certain principles of
judgment.
Incapable and shallow innocents!
You cannot guess who caus'd your father's death. Shakesp.
Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever,
Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound


That ever yet they heard.
—Hum! I guess at it. Shakes. Macbeth.
He that, by reason of his swift motions, can inform him­
self of all places and preparations, should he not very often
guess rightly of things to come, where God pleaseth not to
give impediment? Raleigh's History of the World.
There issue swarming bands
Of ambush'd men, whom, by their arms and dress,
To be Taxcallan enemies I guess. Dryd. Indian Emperor.
The same author ventures to guess at the particular fate
which would attend the Roman government. Swift.
Nor can imagination guess,
How that ungrateful charming maid
My purest passion has betray'd. Swift.
2. To conjecture rightly.
One may guess by Plato's writings, that his meaning, as to
the inferiour deities, was, that they who would have them
might, and they who would not, might let them alone; but
that himself had a right opinion concerning the true God.
Stillingfleet's Defence of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

To GUESS. v. a. To hit upon by accident; to determine
rightly of any thing without certain direction of the judg­
ment.
If Xerxes was able to call every common soldier by his
name in his army, it may be guessed he got not this wonder­
ful ability by learning his lessons by heart. Locke.

GUESS. n. s. [from the verb.] Conjecture; judgment without
any positive or certain grounds.
The enemy's in view; draw up your powers:
Hard is the guess of their true strength and forces. Shakesp.
A poet must confess
His art's like physick, but a happy guess. Dryden.
It is a wrong way of proceeding to venture a greater good
for a less, upon uncertain guesses, before a due examina­
tion. Locke.
We may make some guess at the distinction of things, into
those that are according to, above, and contrary to rea­
son. Locke.
This problem yet, this offspring of a guess,
Let us for once a child of truth confess. Prior.

GUE’SSER. n. s. [from guess.] Conjecturer; one who judges
without certain knowledge.
It is the opinion of divers good guessers, that the last fit
will not be more violent than advantageous. Pope.
If fortune should please but to take such a crochet,
To thee I apply, great Smedley's successor,
To give thee lawn-sleeves, a mitre and rochet,
Whom would'st thou resemble? I leave thee a guesser. Swift.

GUE’SSINGLY. adv. [from guessing.] Conjecturally; uncer­
tainly.
What confed'racy have you with the traytors
Late footed in the kingdom?
——I have a letter guessingly set down,
Which came from one that's of a neutral heart,
And not from one oppos'd. Shakes. King Lear.

GUEST. n. s. [gest, gist, Saxon; gwest, Welsh.]
1. One entertained in the house of another.
They all murmured, saying, that he was gone to be guest
with a man that is a sinner. Lu. xix. 7.
Methinks a father
Is, at the nuptial of his son, a guest
That best becomes the table. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Tell my royal guest
I add to his commands my own request. Dryden's Æn.
2. A stranger; one who comes newly to reside.
O desarts, desarts! how fit a guest am I for you, since my
heart can people you with wild ravenous beasts, which in you
are wanting. Sidney.
Those happiest smiles
That play'd on her ripe lip, seem'd not to know
What guests were in her eyes; which parted thence
As pearls from diamonds dropt. Shakespeare.

GUE’STCHAMBER. n. s. [guest and chamber.] Chamber of
entertainment.
Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover
with my disciples? Mar. xiv. 14.

To GUGGLE. v. n. [gorgoliare, Italian.] To sound as water
running with intermissions out of a narrow mouthed vessel.

GUI

GUI’DAGE. n. s. [from guide.] The reward given to a
guide. Ainsworth.

GUI’DANCE. n. s. [from guide.] Direction; government.
As to those who lived under the guidance of reason alone,
without the assistance of supernatural light, it is highly
probable that miracles, or a message from the dead, would
persuade them. Atterbury's Sermons.
Particular application must be left to Christian prudence,
under the guidance of God's holy spirit, who knows our neces­
sity before we ask, and our ignorance in asking. Rogers.
A prince ought not to be under the guidance or influence of
either faction, because he declines from his office of presiding
over the whole to be the head of a party. Swift.

To GUIDE. v. a. [guider, French.]
1. To direct in a way.
When the spirit of truth is come, he will guide you into
all truth. Jo. xvi. 13.
The new light served to guide them to their neighbours
coffers. Decay of Piety.
Whosoever has a faithful friend to guide him in the dark
passages of life, may carry his eyes in another man's head,
and yet see never the worse. South's Sermons.
2. To govern by counsel; to instruct.
For thy name's sake lead me and guide me. Ps. xxxi. 3.
3. To regulate; to superintend.
Women neglect that which St. Paul assigns them as their
proper business, the guiding of the house. Decay of Piety.

GUIDE. n. s. [guide, French, from the verb.]
1. One who directs another in his way.
Judas was guide to them that took Jesus. Acts i. 16.
Thou gavest them a burning pillar of fire, to be a guide of
the unknown journey. Wisd. xviii. 3.
Can knowledge have no bound, but must advance
So far to make us wish for ignorance?
And rather in the dark to grope our way,
Than led by a false guide to err by day? Denham.
2. One who directs another in his conduct.
While yet but young his father dy'd,
And left him to an happy guide. Waller.
3. Director; regulator.
Who the guide of nature, but only the God of nature?
In him we live, move and are. Those things which nature is
said to do, are by divine art performed, using nature as an
instrument: nor is there any such art or knowledge divine in
nature herself working, but in the guide of nature's work.
Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
Some truths are not by reason to be tried,
But we have sure experience for our guide. Dryden's Fables.

GUI’DELESS. adj. [from guide.] Without a guide; without a
governour or superintendant.
Th' ambitious Swede, like restless billows tost,
Though in his life he blood and ruin breath'd,
To his now guideless kingdom peace bequeath'd. Dryden.
There fierce winds o'er dusky valleys blow,
Whose every puff bears empty shades away,
Which guideless in those dark dominions stray. Dryden.

GUI’DER. n. s. [from guide.] Director; regulator; guide.
Our guider come! to the Roman camp conduct us. Shak.
That person, that being provoked by excessive pain, thrust
his dagger into his body, and thereby, instead of reaching his
vitals, opened an imposthume, the unknown cause of all his
pain, and so stabbed himself into perfect health and ease,
surely had great reason to acknowledge chance for his chirur­
geon, and providence for the guider of his hand. South.

GUI’DON. n. s. [French.] A standardbearer; a standard.
Obsolete.

GUILD. n. s. [gildscip, Saxon, a fellowship, a corporation.]
A society; a corporation; a fraternity or company, com­
bined together by orders and laws made among themselves by
their prince's licence. Hence the common word gild or guild­
hall proceeds, being a fraternity or commonalty of men ga­
thered into one combination, supporting their common charge
by mutual contribution. Cowel.
Towards three or four o'clock
Look for the news that the guild hall affords. Shak. R. III.
In woollen cloth it appears, by those ancient guilds that were
settled in England for this manufacture, that this kingdom
greatly flourished in that art. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
As when the long-ear'd milky mothers wait
At some sick miser's triple-bolted gate,
For their defrauded absent foals they make
A moan so loud, that all the guild awake. Pope's Dunciad.

GUILE. n. s. [guille, gille, old French, the same with wile.]
Deceitful cunning; insidious artifice; mischievous subtilty.
With fawning words he courted her awhile,
And looking lovely, and oft sighing sore,
Her constant heart did court with divers guile;
But words and looks, and sighs she did abhor. Fairy Queen.
When I have most need to employ a friend,
Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile,
Be he to me! This do I beg of heav'n,
When I am cold in zeal to you or yours. Shak. Rich. III.
We may, with more successful hope, resolve
To wage by force or guile eternal war. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Nor thou his malice and false guile contemn:
Subtile he needs must be who could seduce
Angels. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

GUI’LEFUL. adj. [guile and full.]
1. Wily; insidious; mischievously artful.
The way not to be inveigled by them that are so guileful
through skill, is throughly to be instructed in that which
maketh skilful against guile. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
Without expence at all,
By guileful fair words, peace may be obtain'd. Shak. H. VI.


He saw his guileful act
By Eve, though all unweeting, seconded
Upon her husband. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
The guileful phantom now forsook the shrowd,
And flew sublime, and vanish'd in a cloud. Dryden's Æn.
2. Treacherous; secretly mischievous.
I train'd thy brethren to that guileful hole,
Where the dead corps of Bassianus lay. Shakesp. Tit. Andr.

GUI’LEFULLY. adv. [from guileful.] Insidiously; treache­
rously.
To whom the tempter guilefully reply'd. Milton's P. Lost.

GUI’LEFULNESS. n. s. [from guileful.] Secret treachery;
tricking cunning.

GUI’LELESS. adj. [from guile.] Without deceit; without in­
sidiousness; simply honest.

GUI’LER. n. s. [from guile. See BEGUILE.] One that be­
trays into danger by insidious practices.
But he was wary wise in all his way,
And well perceived his deceitful sleight;
Ne suffered lust his safety to betray;
So goodly did beguile the guiler of the prey. Fairy Queen.

GUILT. n. s. [gilt, Saxon, originally signified the fine or
mulct paid for an offence, and afterward the offence itself.]
1. The state of a man justly charged with a crime; the contrary
to innocence.
It was neither guilt of crime, nor reason of state, that
could quench the envy that was upon the king for this exe­
cution. Bacon's Henry VII.
When these two are taken away, the possibility of guilt,
and the possibility of innocence, what restraint can the belief
of the creed lay upon any man? Hammond on Fundamentals.
2. A crime; an offence.
Close pent up guilts
Rive your concealing continents, and ask
These dreadful summoners grace. Shakes. King Lear.

GUI’LTILY. adv. [from guilty.] Without innocence; with­
out clearness of conscience.
Bloody and guilty, guiltily awake,
And in a bloody battle end thy days:
Think on lord Hastings, and despair and die. Shak. R. III.

GUI’LTINESS. n. s. [from guilty.] The state of being guilty;
wickedness; consciousness of crime.
He thought his flight rather to proceed of a fearful guiltiness
than of an humble faithfulness. Sidney, b. ii.
The last was I that felt thy tyranny:
O, in the battle think on Buckingham,
And die in terrour of thy guiltiness. Shakesp. Richard III.
I should be guiltier than my guiltiness. Shakespeare.

GUI’LTLESS. adj. [from guilt.] Innocent; free from crime.
I am in this commanded to deliver
The noble duke of Clarence to your hands:
I will not reason what is meant hereby,
Because I will be guiltless of the meaning. Shakesp. R. III.
Many worthy and chaste dames thus,
All guiltless, meet reproach. Shakespeare's Othello.
Then shall the man be guiltless from iniquity, and this wo­
man shall bear her iniquity. Num. v. 31.
Thou, who do'st all thou wishest at thy will,
And never willest aught but what is right,
Preserve this guiltless blood they seek to spill;
Thine be my kingdom. Fairfax.
Guiltless of greatness, thus he always pray'd,
Nor knew nor wish'd he, that those vows he made
On his own head should be at last repaid. Dryden.
Thou know'st how guiltless first I met thy flame,
When love approach'd me under friendship's name. Pope.

GUI’LTLESSLY. adv. [from guiltless.] Without guilt; inno­
cently.

GUI’LTLESSNESS. n. s. [from guiltless.] Innocence; freedom
from crime.
A good number, trusting to their number more than to
their value, and valuing money higher than equity, felt that
guiltlessness is not always with ease oppressed. Sidney, b. ii.
I would not have had any hand in his death, of whose guilt­
lessness I was better assured than any man living could
be. King Charles.

GUI’LTY. adj. [giltig, Saxon, one condemned to pay a fine
for an offence.]
1. Justly chargeable with a crime; not innocent.
Is there not a ballad of the king and the beggar?
—The world was guilty of such a ballad some three ages
since. Shakespeare's Love's Labour Lost.
Mark'd you not
How that the guilty kindred of the queen
Look'd pale, when they did hear of Clarence' death? Shak.
We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we
saw the anguish of his soul when he besought us, and we
would not hear. Gen. xlii. 21.
With mortal hatred I pursu'd his life,
Nor he, nor you, were guilty of the strife;
Nor I, but as I lov'd; yet all combin'd,
Your beauty and my impotence of mind. Dryden.
Farewel the stones
And threshold, guilty of my midnight moans. Dryden.
There is no man, that is knowingly wicked, but is guilty
to himself; and there is no man, that carries guilt about him,
but he receives a sting into his soul. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Wicked; corrupt.
All the tumult of a guilty world,
Tost by ungenerous passion, sinks away. Thomson's Spring.

GUI’NEA. n. s. [from Guinea, a country in Africa abounding
with gold.] A gold coin valued at one and twenty shillings.
By the word gold I must be understood to design a particular
piece of matter; that is, the last guinea that was coined. Locke.

GUINE’ADROPPER. n. s. [guinea and drop.] One who cheats
by dropping guineas.
Who now the guineadropper's bait regards,
Trick'd by the sharper's dice, or juggler's cards. Gay.

GUI’NEAHEN. n. s. A small Indian hen.

GUINE’APEPPER. n. s. [capsicum, Latin.]
The characters are: the flowers consist of one leaf, and are
expanded like those of nightshade: the fruit is soft, fleshy and
membraneous, divided into two or more cells, in which are
contained many flat kidney-shaped seeds. Miller.

GUI’NEAPIG. n. s. A small animal with a pig's snout.

GUISE. n. s. [The same with wise; guise, French; wisa, Saxon,
the w or w being changed as is common into g.]
1. Manner; mien; habit; cast of behaviour.
His own sire, and master of his guise,
Did often tremble at his horrid view. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Thus women know, and thus they use the guise,
T' enchant the valiant and beguile the wise. Fairfax, b. iv.
Lo you! here she comes: this is her very guise; and, upon
my life, fast asleep: observe her, stand close. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They stand a horrid front
Of dreadful length, and dazzling arms, in guise
Of warriors old, with order'd spear and shield,
Awaiting what command their mighty chief
Had to impose. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
By their guise
Just men they seem, and all their study bent
To worship God a-right. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Back, shepherds, back;
Here be without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod,
Of lighter toes and such court guise,
As Mercury did first devise. Milton.
Their external shapes are notoriously accommodated to that
law or guise of life that nature has designed them. More.
2. Practice; custom; property.
This would not be slept;
Old guise must be kept. Ben. Johnson.
The swain reply'd, it never was our guise
To slight the poor, or aught humane despise. Pope.
3. External appearance; dress.
When I was very young, nothing was so much talked of
as rickets among children, and consumptions among young
people: after these the spleen came in play, and then the
scurvy, which was the general complaint, and both were
thought to appear in many various guises. Temple.
The Hugonots were engaged in a civil war, by the specious
pretences of some, who, under the guise of religion, sacrificed
so many thousands to their own ambition. Swift.

GUITA’R. n. s. [ghitara, Italian; guiterre, French.] A stringed
instrument of musick.
Sallads and eggs, and lighter fare,
Tune the Italian spark's guitar. Prior.

GUL

GULCH. n. s. [from gulo, Latin.] A little glutton.
Skinner.

GU’LCHIN. n. s. [from gulo, Latin.] A little glutton.
Skinner.

GULES. adj. [perhaps from geule, the throat.] Red: a bar­
barous term of heraldry.
Follow thy drum;
With man's blood paint the ground: gules, gules;
Religious canons, civil laws are cruel;
Then what should war be? Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
He whose sable arms,
Black as his purpose, did the knight resemble,
When he laid couched in the ominous horse,
Hath now his dread and black complexion smear'd
With heraldry more dismal; head to foot,
Now he is total gules. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

GULF. n. s. [golfo, Italian.]
1. A bay; an opening into land.
Pisaurius, the Venetian admiral, knowing himself unable
to encounter with the Turks great fleet at sea, withdrew him­
self farther off from the island Corfu, into the gulf of the
Adriatick. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. An abyss; an unmeasurable depth.
Thence turning back, in silence soft they stole,
And brought the heavy corse with easy pace
To yawning gulf of deep Avernus' hole;
By that same hole, an entrance dark and base,
With smoak and sulphur hiding all the place,
Descends to hell. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 5.


I know thou'd'st rather
Follow thine enemy in a fiery gulf,
Than flatter him in a bower. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
This is the gulf through which Virgil's Alecto shoots her­
self into hell: the fall of waters, the woods that encompass it,
are all in the description. Addison on Italy.
The sea could not be much narrower than it is, without a
great loss to the world; and must we now have an ocean of
mere flats and shallows, to the utter ruin of navigation, for
fear our heads should turn giddy at the imagination of gaping
abysses and unfathomable gulfs? Bentley.
3. A whirlpool; a sucking eddy.
England his approaches makes as fierce
As waters to the sucking of a gulf. Shakesp. Henry V.
4. Any thing insatiable.
Scull of dragon, tooth of wolf,
Witches mummy; maw and gulf
Of the ravening salt sea shark;
Root of hemlock, digg'd i' th' dark. Shakesp. Macbeth.

GU’LFY. adj. [from gulf.] Full of gulfs or whirlpools; vor­
ticosus.
Rivers arise; whether thou be the son
Of utmost Tweed, or Oose, or gulfy Dun. Milton.
At their native realms the Greeks arriv'd,
All who the war of ten long years surviv'd,
And 'scap'd the perils of the gulfy main. Pope's Odyssey.
High o'er a gulfy sea the Pharian isle
Fronts the deep roar of disemboguing Nile. Pope's Odyssey.

To GULL. v. a. [guiller, to cheat, old French.] To trick;
to cheat; to defraud; to deceive.
If I do not gull him into a nay word, and make him a com­
mon recreation, do not think I have wit enough to lie straight
in my bed. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Yet love these sorc'ries did remove, and move
Thee to gull thine own mother for my love. Donne.
He would have gull'd him with a trick,
But Mart was too too politick. Hudibras, p. ii.
They are not to be gulled twice with the same trick. L'Estr.
The Roman people were grosly gulled twice or thrice over,
and as often enslaved in one century, and under the same pre­
tence of reformation. Dryden's Æn. Dedication.
By their designing leaders taught,
The vulgar, gull'd into rebellion, arm'd; Dryden.
For this advantage age from youth has won,
As not to be out-ridden, though out-run;
By fortune he was now to Venus trin'd,
And with stern Mars in Capricorn was join'd:
Of him disposing in his own abode,
He sooth'd the goddess, while he gull'd the god. Dryden.

GULL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sea-bird.
2. A cheat; a fraud; a trick.
I should think this a gull, but that the white-bearded fellow
speaks it. Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.
Either they have these excellencies they are praised for, or
they have not; if they have not, 'tis an apparent cheat and
gull. Government of the Tongue.
3. A stupid animal; one easily cheated.
Being fed by us you us'd us so,
As that ungentle gull, the cuckow bird,
Useth the sparrow. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.
Why have you suffer'd me to be imprison'd,
Kept in a dark house, visited by the priest,
And made the most notorious geck and gull
That e'er invention plaid on. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
That paltry story is untrue,
And forg'd to cheat such gulls as you. Hudibras, p. ii.

GU’LLCATCHER. n. s. [gull and catch.] A cheat; a man of
trick; one who catches silly people.
Here comes my noble gullcatcher. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

GU’LLER. n. s. [from gull.] A cheat; an impostor.

GU’LLERY. n. s. [from gull.] Cheat; imposture. Ainsworth.

GU’LLET. n. s. [goulet, French; gula, Latin.] The throat;
the passage through which the food passes; the meat-pipe;
the œsophagus.
It might be his doom
One day to sing
With gullet in string. Denham.
Many have the gullet or feeding channel which have no
lungs or windpipe; as fishes which have gills, whereby the
heart is refrigerated; for such thereof as have lungs and re­
spiration are not without wizzon, as whales and cetaceous
animals. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 8.
Nature has various tender muscles plac'd,
By which the artful gullet is embrac'd. Blackmore's Creation.
The liquor in the stomach is a compound of that which is
separated from its inward coat, the spittle which is swallowed,
and the liquor which distils from the gullet. Arbuthnot.

To GU’LLY. v. n. [corrupted from gurgle.] To run with
noise.

GU’LLYHOLE. n. s. [from gully and hole.] The hole where the
gutters empty themselves in the subterraneous sewer.

GULO’SITY. n. s. [gulosus, Latin.] Greediness; gluttony;
voracity.
They are very temperate, seldom offending in ebriety, or
excess of drink; nor erring in gulosity, or superfluity of meats.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 10.

To GULP. v. a. [golpen, Dutch.] To swallow eagerly; to
suck down without intermission.
He loosens the fish, gulps it down, and so soon as ever the
morsel was gone wipes his mouth. L'Estrange.
I thirsty stand,
And see the double flaggon charge their hand;
See them puff off the froth, and gulp amain,
While with dry tongue I lick my lips in vain. Gay.

GULP. n. s. [from the verb.] As much as can be swallowed
at once.
In deep suspirations we take more large gulphs of air to
cool our heart, overcharged with love and sorrow. More.
As oft as he can catch a gulp of air,
And peep above the seas, he names the fair. Dryden's Fables.

GUM. n. s. [gummi, Latin.]
1. A vegetable substance differing from a resin, in being more
viscid and less friable, and generally dissolving in aqueous men­
struums; whereas resins, being more sulphurous, require a
spirituous dissolvent. Quincy.
One whose eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum. Shakespeare's Othello.
He ripens spices, fruit, and precious gum,
Which from remotest regions hither come. Waller.
Her maiden train,
Who bore the vests that holy rites require,
Incense, and od'rous gums, and cover'd fire. Dryd. Fables.
2. [Goma, Saxon; gumme, Dutch.] The fleshy covering that
invests and contains the teeth.
From the babe that milks me
I'd pluck my nipple from his boneless gums. Shak. Macbeth.
Untwists a wire, and from her gums
A set of teeth completely comes. Swift.

To GUM. v. a. [from the noun.] To close with gum; to
smear with gum.
The eyelids are apt to be gummed together with a viscous
humour. Wiseman's Surgery.
To prevent the gumming of the eyelids cut a piece of sponge,
and lay it wet upon the eye. Wiseman's Surgery.

GU’MMINESS. n. s. [from gummy.] The state of being gum­
my; accumulation of gum.
The tendons are involved with a great gumminess and col­
lection of matter. Wiseman's Surgery.

GUMMO’SITY. n. s. [from gummous.] The nature of gum;
gumminess.
Sugar and honey make windy liquors, and the elastick fer­
menting particles are detained by their innate gummosity. Floyer.

GU’MMOUS. adj. [from gum.] Of the nature of gum.
Observations concerning English amber, and relations about
the amber of Prussia, prove that amber is not a gummous or
resinous substance drawn out of trees by the sun's heat, but a
natural fossil. Woodward's Natural History.

GU’MMY. adj. [from gum.]
1. Consisting of gum; of the nature of gum.
From the utmost end of the head branches there issueth out
a gummy juice, which hangeth downward like a cord. Raleigh.
Nor all the gummy stores Arabia yields. Dryden's Virgil.
How each arising alder now appears,
And o'er the Po distils her gummy tears. Dryden's Silenus.
2. Productive of gum.
Late the clouds
Justling, or push'd with winds, rude in their shock,
Tine the slant light'ning; whose thwart flame driv'n down,
Kindles the gummy bark of fir and pine. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Overgrown with gum.
The yawning youth, scarce half awake, essays
His lazy limbs and dozy head to raise;
Then rubs his gummy eyes, and scrubs his pate. Dryden.

GUN

GUN. n. s. [Of this word there is no satisfactory etymology.
Mr. Lye observes that gun in Iceland signifies battle; but when
guns came into use we had no commerce with Iceland.] The
general name for firearms; the instrument from which shot is
discharged by fire.
These dread curses, like the sun 'gainst glass,
Or like an overcharged gun, recoil
And turn upon thyself. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
The emperor, smiling, said that never emperor was yet slain
with a gun. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The bullet flying, makes the gun recoil. Cleaveland.
In vain the dart or glitt'ring sword we shun,
Condemn'd to perish by the slaught'ring gun. Granville.

GU’NNEL. n. s. [corrupted for gunwale. See GUNWALE.]

GU’NNER. n. s. [from gun.] Cannonier; he whose employ­
ment is to manage the artillery in a ship.


The nimble gunner
With lynstock now the devilish cannon touches,
And down goes all before him. Shakespeare's Henry V.
They slew the principal gunners, and carried away their ar­
tillery. Hayward.

GU’NNERY. n. s. [from gunner.] The science of artillery;
the art of managing cannon.

GU’NPOWDER. n. s. [gun and powder.] The powder put into
guns to be fired. It consists of about twenty parts of nitre,
three parts of sulphur, and three of charcoal. The propor­
tions are not exactly kept.
Gunpowder consisteth of three ingredients, saltpetre, small­
coal, and brimstone. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
Burning by gunpowder frequently happens at sea. Wiseman.

GU’NSHOT. n. s. [gun and shot.] The reach or range of a
gun; the space to which a shot can be thrown.
Those who are come over to the royal party are supposed to
be out of gunshot. Dryden.

GU’NSHOT. adj. Made by the shot of a gun.
The greater symptoms I have translated to gunshot wounds.
Wiseman's Surgery.

GU’NSMITH. n. s. [gun and smith.] A man whose trade is to
make guns.
It is of particular esteem with the gunsmiths for stocks. Mort.

GU’NSTICK. n. s. [gun and stick.] The rammer; or stick
with which the charge is driven.

GU’NSTOCK. n. s. [gun and stock.] The wood to which the
barrel of the gun is fixed.
The timber is useful for bows, pullies, screws, mills, and
gunstocks. Mortimer's Husbandry.

GU’NSTONE. n. s. [gun and stone.] The shot of cannon. They
used formerly to shoot stones from artillery.
Tell the pleasant prince, this mock of his
Hath turn'd his ball to gunstones, and his soul
Shall stand sore charged for the wasteful vengeance
That shall fly with them. Shakesp. Hen. V.

GU’NWALE, or GUNNEL of a Ship. That piece of timber
which reaches on either side of the ship from the half-deck to
the forecastle, being the uppermost bend which finisheth the
upper works of the hull in that part, and wherein they put
the stanchions which support the waste trees; and this is
called the gunwale, whether there be guns in the ship or no;
and the lower part of any port, where any ordnance are, is
also termed the gunwale. Harris.

GURGE. n. s. [gurges, Latin.] Whirlpool; gulf.
Marching from Eden he shall find
The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge
Boils out from under ground. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

GU’RGION. n. s. The coarser part of the meal, sifted from the
bran.

To GU’RGLE. v. n. [gorgogliare, Italian.] To fall or gush
with noise, as water from a bottle.
Then when a fountain's gurgling waters play,
They rush to land, and end in feasts the day. Pope.

GU’RNARD. n. s. [gournal, French.] A kind of sea-fish.

GU’RNET. n. s. [gournal, French.] A kind of sea-fish.
If I be not asham'd of my soldiers I am a sowc'd gurnet:
I have misus'd the king's press damnably. Shak. Henry IV.

GUS

To GUSH. v. n. [gostelen, Dutch.]
1. To flow or rush out with violence; not to spring in a small
stream, but in a large body.
A sea of blood gush'd from the gaping wound,
That her gay garments stain'd with filthy gore. Fai. Queen.
The covering of this abyss was broken asunder, and the
water gushed out that made the deluge. Burnet.
Incessant streams of thin magnetick rays
Gush from their fountains with impetuous force,
In either pole, then take an adverse course. Blackmore.
On either hand the gushing waters play,
And down the rough cascade white-dashing fall. Thomson.
2. To emit in a copious effluxion.
The gaping wound gush'd out a crimson flood. Dryden.
Line after line my gushing eyes o'erflow,
Led through a sad variety of woe. Pope.

GUSH. n. s. [from the verb.] An emission of liquor in a
large quantity at once; the liquor so emitted.
If a lung-vein be bursted, generally at the first cough a
great gush of blood is coughed up. Harvey on Consumpt.

GU’SSET. n. s. [gousset, French.] Any thing sewed on to
cloath, in order to strengthen it.

GUST. n. s. [goust, French; gustus, Latin.]
1. Sense of tasting.
Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust,
Yet cry, if man's unhappy, God's unjust. Pope.
2. Height of perception; height of sensual enjoyment.
They fondly thinking to allay
Their appetite with gust, instead of fruit
Chew'd bitter ashes, which th' offended taste
With spattering noise rejected. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Where love is duty on the female side,
On theirs meer sensual gust, and sought with surly pride.
Dryden's Fables.
My sight, and smell, and hearing were employ'd,
And all three senses in full gust enjoy'd. Dryden's Fables.
3. Love; liking.
To kill, I grant, is sin's extremest gust;
But, in defence, by mercy 'tis made just. Shakesp. Timon.
Old age shall do the work of taking away both the gust and
comfort of them. L'Estrange, Fable 38.
We have lost, in a great measure, the gust and relish of
true happiness. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. Turn of fancy; intellectual taste.
The principal part of painting is to find what nature has
made most proper to this art, and a choice of it may be made
according to the gust and manner of the ancients. Dryden.
5. [From guster, Islandick.] A sudden violent blast of wind.
Some troops pursue the bloody-minded queen,
That led calm Henry, though he were a king,
As doth a sail, fill'd with a fretting gust,
Command an argosie to stem the waves. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
You may as well forbid the mountain pines
To wag their high tops, and to make a noise,
When they are fretted with the gusts of heav'n. Shakesp.
Presently come forth swarms and volleys of libels, which
are the gusts of liberty of speech restrained. Bacon's H. VII.
As when fierce northern blasts from th' Alps descend,
From his firm roots with struggling gusts to rend
An aged sturdy oak, the rattling sound
Grows loud. Denham.
Part stay for passage, 'till a gust of wind
Ships o'er their forces in a shining sheet. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
Pardon a weak distemper'd soul, that swells
With sudden gusts, and sinks as soon in calms,
The sport of passions. Addison's Cato.
6. It is written in Spenser vitiously for justs, sports.
Full jolly knight he seem'd, and fair did sit,
As one for knightly gusts and fierce encounters fit. Fa. Qu.

GU’STABLE. n. s. [gusto, Latin.]
1. To be tasted.
This position informs us of a vulgar errour, terming the
gall bitter; whereas there is nothing gustable sweeter. Harvey.
2. Pleasant to the taste.
A gustable thing, seen or smelt, excites the appetite, and
affects the glands and parts of the mouth. Derham.

GUSTA’TION. n. s. [gusto, Latin.] The act of tasting.
In it the gullet and conveying parts are only seated,
which partake of the nerves of gustation, or appertaining unto
sapor. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

GU’STFUL. adj. [gust and full.] Tasteful; well-tasted.
What he defaults from some dry insipid sin, is but to make
up for some other more gustful. Decay of Piety.

GU’STO. n. s. [Italian.]
1. The relish of any thing; the power by which any thing ex­
cites sensations in the palate.
Pleasant gustos gratify the appetite of the luxurious. Derh.
2. Intellectual taste; liking.
In reading what I have written, let them bring no particu­
lar gusto along with them. Dryden.

GU’STY. adj. [from gust.] Stormy; tempestuous.
Once upon a raw and gusty day,
The troubled Tyber chafing with his shores. Sh. Jul. Cæs.
Or whirl'd tempestuous by the gusty wind. Thomson.

GUT

GUT. n. s. [kutteln, German.]
1. The long pipe reaching with many convolutions from the
stomach to the vent.
This lord wears his wit in his belly, and his guts in his
head. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Reveng'd I will be, as sure as his guts are made of pud­
dings. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
A viol should have a lay of wire-strings below, close to the
belly, and then the strings of guts mounted upon a bridge,
that by this means the upper strings stricken should make the
lower resound. Bacon's Natural History.
The intestines or guts may be inflamed by any acrid or
poisonous substance taken inwardly. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The stomach; the receptacle of food: proverbially.
And cramm'd them 'till their guts did ake,
With cawdle, custard, and plum-cake. Hudibras, p. ii.
With false weights their servants guts they cheat,
And pinch their own to cover the deceit. Dryden's Juvenal.
3. Gluttony; love of gormandising.
Apicius, thou did'st on thy guts bestow
Full ninety millions; yet, when this was spent,
Ten millions still remain'd to thee; which thou,
Fearing to suffer thirst and famishment,
In poison'd potion drank'st. Hakewill on Providence.

To GUT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To eviscerate; to draw; to exenterate.
The fishermen save the most part of their fish: some are
gutted, splitted, powdered and dried. Carew's Sur. of Cornwal.
2. To plunder of contents.
In Nero's arbitrary time,
When virtue was a guilt, and wealth a crime,


A troop of cut-throat guards were sent to seize
The rich men's goods, and gut their palaces. Dryd. Juven.
Tom Brown, of facetious memory, after having gutted a
proper name of its vowels, used it in his works as free as he
pleased. Spectator, No. 567.

GU’TTATED. adj. [from gutta, Latin, a drop.] Besprinkled
with drops; bedropped. Dict.

GU’TTER. n. s. [from guttur, a throat, Latin.] A passage for
water.
These gutter tiles are in length ten inches and a half. Moxon.
Rocks rise one above another, and have deep gutters worn
in the sides of them by torrents of rain. Addison on Italy.

To GU’TTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut in small hol­
lows.
Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds,
The gutter'd rocks, and congregated sands,
Traitors ensteep'd to clog the guiltless keel,
As having sense of beauty, do omit
Their mortal natures, letting safe go by
The divine Desdemona. Shakespeare's Othello.
My cheeks are gutter'd with my fretting tears. Sandys.
First in a place, by nature close, they build
A narrow flooring, gutter'd, wall'd, and til'd. Dryden.
The gutter'd rocks, and mazy-running clefts. Thomson.

To GU’TTLE. v. n. [from gut.] To feed luxuriously; to
gormandise. A low word.
His jolly brother, opposite in sense,
Laughs at his thrift; and, lavish of expence,
Quaffs, crams, and guttles in his own defence. Dryden.

To GU’TTLE. v. a. [from gut.] To swallow.
The fool spit in his porridge, to try if they'd hiss: they
did not hiss, and so he guttled them up, and scalded his
chops. L'Estrange.

GU’TTLER. n. s. [from guttle.] A greedy eater.

GU’TTULOUS. adj. [from guttula, Latin.] In the form of a
small drop.
Ice is plain upon the surface of the water, but round in hail,
which is also a glaciation, and figured in its guttulous descent
from the air. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

GU’TTURAL. adj. [gutturalis, Latin.] Pronounced in the
throat; belonging to the throat.
The Hebrews have assigned which letters are labial, which
dental, and which guttural. Bacon's Natural History.
In attempting to pronounce the nasals, and some of the
vowels spiritally, the throat is brought to labour, and makes
that which we call a guttural pronunciation. Holder.

GU’TTURALNESS. n. s. [from guttural.] The quality of being
guttural. Dict.

GU’TWORT. n. s. [gut and wort.] An herb.

GUY. n. s. [from guide.] A rope used to lift any thing into the
ship. Skinner.

To GU’ZZLE. v. n. [from gut, or gust, to guttle, or gustle.] To
gormandise; to feed immoderately; to swallow any liquor
greedily.
Well season'd bowls the gossip's spirits raise,
Who while she guzzles chats the doctor's praise. Roscommon.
They fell to lapping and guzzling, 'till they burst them­
selves. L'Estrange.
No more her care shall fill the hollow tray,
To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey. Gay.

To GU’ZZLE. v. a. To swallow with immoderate gust.
The Pylian king
Was longest liv'd of any two-legg'd thing,
Still guzzling must of wine. Dryd. Juvenal.

GU’ZZLER. n. s. [from guzzle.] A gormandiser; an immode­
rate eater or drinker.

GYB

GYBE. n. s. [See GIBE.] A sneer; a taunt; a sarcasm.
Ready in gybes, quick answer'd, saucy, and as quarrellous
as the weazel. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To GYBE. v. n. To sneer; to taunt.
The vulgar yield an open ear,
And common courtiers love to gybe and fleer. Hubb. Tale.

GYMNA’STICALLY. adv. [from gymnastick.] Athletically;
fitly for strong exercise.
Such as with agility and vigour have not the use of either,
who are not gymnastically composed, nor actively use those
parts. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.

GYMNA’STICK. adj. [γυμναϛιϰὸς; gymnastique, French.]
Pertaining to athletick exercises; consisting of leaping, wrest­
ling, running, throwing the dart, or quoit.
The Cretans wisely forbid their servants gymnasticks as well
as arms; and yet your modern footmen exercise themselves
daily, whilst their enervated lords are softly lolling in their
chariots. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

GY’MNICK. adj. [γυμνιϰὸς; gymnique, French.] Such as prac­
tise the athletick or gymnastick exercises.
Have they not sword-players, and ev'ry sort
Of gymnick artists, wrestlers, riders, runners. Milton.

GYMNOSPE’RMOUS. adj. [γύμν and σϖέϱμα.] Having the
seeds naked.

GY’NECOCRASAY. n. s. [γυναιϰοϰϱατία; gynecocratie, French.]
Petticoat government; female power.

GYRA’TION. n. s. [gyro, Latin.] The act of turning any thing
about.
This effluvium attenuateth and impelleth the neighbour air,
which, returning home, in a gyration carrieth with it the ob­
vious bodies into the electrick. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If a burning coal be nimbly moved round in a circle with
gyrations, continually repeated, the whole circle will appear
like fire; the reason of which is, that the sensation of the coal
in the several places of that circle remains impressed on the
sensorium, until the coal return again to the same place. Newt.

GYRE. n. s. [gyrus, Latin.] A circle described by any thing
going in an orbit.
Ne thenceforth his approved skill to ward,
Or strike, or hurlen round in warlike gyre,
Remember'd he; ne car'd for his safe guard,
But rudely rag'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 5.
Does the wild haggard tow'r into the sky,
And to the South by thy direction fly?
Or eagle in her gyres the clouds embrace? Sandys.
He fashion'd those harmonious orbs, that roll
In restless gyres about the Artick pole. Sandys.
Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres,
Then falls, and in much foam his soul expires. Dryden.

GYV

GYVES. n. s. [gevyn, Welsh.] Fetters; chains for the legs.
The villains march wide betwixt the legs, as if they had
gyves on. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
And knowing this, should I yet stay,
Like such as blow away their lives,
And never will redeem a day,
Enamour'd of their golden gyves? Ben. Johnson's Forest.
The poor prisoners, ready to take the occasion offered,
boldly starting up, break off their chains and gyves. Knolles.
Do'st thou already single me? I thought
Gyves and the mill had tam'd thee. Milton's Agonistes.
But Telamon rush'd in, and hap'd to meet
A rising root, that held his fasten'd feet;
So down he fell, whom sprawling on the ground,
His brother from the wooden gyves unbound. Dryd. Fables.

To GYVE. v. a. [from the noun.] To fetter; to shackle; to
enchain; to ensnare.
With as little a web as this, will I ensnare as great a fly as
Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do. I will gyve thee in thine
own courtship. Shakespeare's Othello.





H

H
Is in English, as in other languages, a note of
aspiration, sounded only by a strong emission of
the breath, without any conformation of the or­
gans of speech, and is therefore by many gramma­
rians accounted no letter. The h in English is
scarcely ever mute at the beginning of a word, or where it im­
mediately precedes a vowel; as house, behaviour: where it is
followed by a consonant it has no sound, according to the
present pronunciation: but anciently, as now in Scotland, it
made the syllable guttural; as right, bought.

HA. interject. [ha, Latin.]
1. An expression of wonder, surprise, sudden question, or sudden
exertion.
You shall look fairer ere I give or hazard:
What says the golden chest? ha! let me see. Shakesp.
Ha! what art thou! thou horrid headless trunk!
It is my Hastings! Rowe's Jane Shore.
2. An expression of laughter.
He saith among the trumpets ha, ha, and he smelleth the
battle afar off. Job xxxix. 25.
Ha, ha, 'tis what so long I wish'd and vow'd;
Our plots and delusions
Have wrought such confusions,
That the monarch's a slave to the crowd. Dryd. Albion.

HAAK. n. s. A fish. Ainsworth.

HAB

HA’BEAS CORPUS. [Latin.] A writ, the which, a man
indicted of some trespass, being laid in prison for the same,
may have out of the King's Bench, thereby to remove
himself thither at his own costs, and to answer the cause
there. Cowel.

HABERDA’SHER. n. s. [This word is ingeniously deduced by
Minshew from habt ihr dass, German, have you this, the ex­
pression of a shopkeeper offering his wares to sale.] One who
sells small wares; a pedlar.
Because these cunning men are like haberdashers of small
wares, it is not amiss to set forth their shop. Bacon's Essays.
A haberdasher, who was the oracle of the coffeehouse, de­
clared his opinion. Addison's Spectator, No. 48.

HA’BERDINE. n. s. A dried salt cod. Ainsworth.

HA’BERGEON. n. s. [haubergeon, French; halbergium, low Lat.]
Armour to cover the neck and breast; breastplate; neckpiece;
gorget.
And halbert some, and some a haberion;
So every one in arms was quickly dight. Fairfax, b. i.
The shot let fly, and grazing
Upon his shoulder, in the passing,
Lodg'd in Magnano's brass habergeon. Hudibras, p. i.

HABI’LIMENT. n. s. [habilement, French.] Dress; cloaths;
garment.
He the fairest Una found,
Strange lady, in so strange habiliment,
Teaching the satyres. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 6.
My riches are these poor habiliments,
Of which if you should here disfurnish me,
You take the sum and substance that I have. Shakespeare.
The clergy should content themselves with wearing gowns
and other habiliments of Irish drapery. Swift.

To HABI’LITATE. v. n. [habiliter, French.] To qualify;
to entitle.
Divers persons in the house of commons were attainted,
and thereby not legal, nor habilitate to serve in parliament,
being disabled in the highest degree. Bacon's Henry VII.

HABILITA’TION. n. s. [from habilitate.] Qualification.
The things formerly spoken of, are but habilitations towards
arms; and what is habilitation without intention and act?
Bacon, Essay 30.

HA’BILITY. n. s. [habilite, French.] Faculty; power.

HA’BIT. n. s. [habitus, Latin.]
1. State of any thing: as, habit of body.
2. Dress; accoutrement.
I shifted
Into a madman's rags, t' assume a semblance
The very dogs disdain'd; and in this habit
Met I my father. Shakespeare's King Lear.
If you have any justice, any pity;
If ye be any thing, but churchmen's habits. Shakespeare.
Both the poets being dressed in the same English habit,
story compared with story, judgment may be made be­
twixt them. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
The scenes are old, the habits are the same
We wore last year. Dryden's Indian Emperor.
There are among the statues several of Venus, in different
habits. Addison on Italy.
The clergy are the only set of men who wear a distinct
habit from others. Swift.
3. Habit is a power or ability in man of doing any thing, when
it has been acquired by frequent doing the same thing. Locke.
He hath a better bad habit of frowning than the count
Palatine. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. Custom; inveterate use.
This is the last fatal step but one, which is, by frequent
repetition of the sinful act, to continue and persist in it, 'till
at length it settles into a fixed confirmed habit of sin; which
being properly that which the apostle calls the finishing of sin,
ends certainly in death; death not only as to merit, but also as
to actual infliction. South's Sermons.
No civil broils have since his death arose,
But faction now by habit does obey;
And wars have that respect for his repose,
As winds for halcyons when they breed at sea. Dryden.
The force of education is so great, that we may mould the
minds and manners of the young into what shape we please,
and give the impressions of such habits as shall ever afterwards
remain. Atterbury's Sermons.

To HA’BIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To dress; to accoutre;
to array.
Present yourself and your fair princess
Before Leontes:
She shall be habited as it becomes
The partner of your bed. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Having called to his memory Sir George Villiers, and the
cloaths he used to wear, in which at that time he seemed to be
habited, he thought him to be that person. Clarendon.
They habited themselves like those rural deities, and imi­
tated them in their rustick dances. Dryden.

HA’BITABLE. adj. [habitable, Fr. habitabilis, Lat.] Capable
of being dwelt in; capable of sustaining human creatures.
By means of our solitary situation, we know well most
part of the habitable world, and are ourselves unknown. Bacon.
That was her torrid and inflaming time;
This is her habitable tropique clime. Donne.
Look round the habitable world, how few
Know their own good, or knowing it, pursue. Dryden.

HA’BITABLENESS. n. s. [from habitable.] Capacity of being
dwelt in.
The cutting of the Equinoctial line decides that contro­
versy of the habitableness of the Torrid zone. More.
Those ancient problems of the spherical roundness of the
earth, the being of antipodes, and of the habitableness of the
torrid zone, are abundantly demonstrated. Ray.

HA’BITANCE. n. s. [habitatio, Latin.] Dwelling; abode.
What art thou, man, if man at all thou art,
That here in desart hast thine habitance?
And these rich heaps of wealth do'st hide apart
From the world's eye, and from her right usance. Fa. Qu.

HA’BITANT. n. s. [habitant, Fr. habitans, Latin.] Dweller;
one that lives in any place; inhabitant.
Not to earth are those bright luminaries
Officious; but to the earth's habitant:
And for the heav'n's wide circuit, let it speak
The maker's high magnificence. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Pow'rs celestial to each other's view
Stand still confest, though distant far they lie,
Or habitants of earth, or sea, or sky. Pope's Odyssey.

HABITA’TION. n. s. [habitation, French; habitatio, Latin.]
1. The act of dwelling; the state of a place receiving
dwellers.


Amplitude almost immense, with stars
Numerous, and ev'ry star perhaps a world
Of destin'd habitation. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Palaces,
For want of habitation and repair,
Dissolve to heaps of ruins. Denham's Sophy.
Rocks and mountains, which in the first ages were high
and craggy, and consequently then inconvenient for habi­
tation, were by continual deterration brought to a lower
pitch. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Place of abode; dwelling.
Wisdom, to the end she might save many, built her house
of that nature which is common unto all; she made not this
or that man her habitation, but dwelt in us. Hooker, b. v.
God oft descends to visit men
Unseen, and through their habitations walks
To mark their doings. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

HABITA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] Dweller; inhabitant.
So is his presence more continued unto the northern inha­
bitants; and the longest day in Cancer is longer unto us than
that in Capricorn unto the northern habitators. Brown.

HABI’TUAL. adj. [habituel, from habit, French.] Customary;
accustomed; inveterate; established by frequent repetition.
Sin, there in pow'r before
Once actual; now in body, and to dwell
Habitual habitant. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Art is properly anhabitual knowledge of certain rules and
maxims. South.
By length of time
The scurf is worn away of each committed crime:
No speck is left of their habitual stains;
But the pure ether of the soul remains. Dryden's Æn.
'Tis impossible to become an able artist, without making
your art habitual to you. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

HABI’TUALLY. adv. [from habitual.] Customarily; by habit.
Internal graces and qualities of mind sanctify our natures,
and render us habitually holy. Atterbury's Sermons.

To HABI’TUATE. v. a. [habituer, French.] To accustom; to
use one's self by frequent repetition.
Men are first corrupted by bad counsel and company, and
next they habituate themselves to their vicious practices. Tillot.
Such as live in a rarer air are habituated to the exercise of a
greater muscular strength. Arbuthnot on Air.

HA’BITUDE. n. s. [habitudo, Latin; habitude, French.]
1. Relation; respect; state with regard to something else.
We cannot conclude this complexion of nations from the
vicinity or habitude they hold unto the sun. Brown's Vul. Err.
The will of God is like a streight unalterable rule; but the
various comportments of the creature, either thwarting this
rule, or holding conformity to it, occasions several habitudes
of this rule into it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
It results from the very nature and being of things, as they
stand in such a certain habitude, or relation to one another.
South's Sermons.
As by the objective part of perfect happiness we under­
stand that which is best and last, and to which all other things
are to be referred; so by the formal part must be understood
the best and last habitude of man toward that best object. Norr.
In all the habitudes of life
The friend, the mistress, and the wife;
Variety we still pursue. Swift.
2. Familiarity; converse; frequent intercourse.
His knowledge in the noblest useful arts,
Was such dead authors could not give;
But habitudes with those who live. Dryden.
To write well, one must have frequent habitudes with the
best company. Dryden.
3. Long custom; habit; inveterate use.
Mankind is not more liable to deceit than willing to con­
tinue in a pleasing errour, strengthened by a long habitude.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Thy ear, inur'd to charitable sounds,
And pitying love, must feel the hateful wounds
Of jest obscene, and vulgar ribaldry,
The ill-bred question, and the loud reply,
Brought by long habitude from bad to worse;
Must hear the frequent oath, the direful curse. Prior.
4. The power of doing any thing acquired by frequent repe­
tition.
It is impossible to gain an exact habitude, without an infi­
nite number of acts and perpetual practice. Dryd. Dufresnoy.

HA’BNAB. adv. [hap ne hap, or nap; as would ne would, will
ne will; that is, let it happen or not.] At random; at the
mercy of chance; without any rule or certainty of effect.
He circles draws and squares,
With cyphers, astral characters;
Then looks 'em o'er to understand 'em,
Although set down habnab at random. Hudibras, p. ii.

To HACK. v. a. [Haccan, Saxon; hacken, Dutch; hacher, Fr.
from acase, an axe, Saxon.]
1. To cut into small pieces; to chop; to cut slightly with fre­
quent or unskilful blows.
He put on that armour, whereof there was no one piece
wanting, though hacked in some places, bewraying some fight
not long since passed. Sidney.
What a slave art thou, to hack thy sword as thou hast done,
and say it was in fight! Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Richard the second here was hack'd to death. Shak. R. III.
I'll fight 'till from my bones my flesh be hackt. Shakesp.
One flourishing branch of his most royal root
Is hackt down, and his summer leaves all faded,
By envy's hand, and murder's bloody axe. Shakes. Rich. II.
Burn me, hack me, hew me into pieces. Dryden.
But fate with butchers plac'd thy priestly stall,
Meek modern faith to murder, hack and mawl. Pope.
Not the hack'd helmet, nor the dusty field,
But purple vests and flow'ry garlands please. Addis. Ovid.
2. To speak unreadily, or with hesitation.
Disarm them, and let them question; let them keep their
limbs whole, and hack our English. Shakespeare.

To HACK. v. n. To hackney; to turn hackney or pro­
stitute. Hanmer.
I could be knighted.—What! thou liest. Sir Alice Ford,
these knights will hack, and so thou shouldst alter the article
of thy gentry. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

HA’CKLE. n. s. Raw silk; any filmy substance unspun.
Take the hackle of a cock or capon's neck, or a plover's
top: take off one side of the feather, and then take the hackle
silk, gold or silver thread, and make these fast at the bent of
the hook. Walton's Angler.

To HA’CKLE. v. a. [from hack.] To dress flax.

HA’CKNEY. n. s. [hacnai, Welsh; hackeneye, Teuton. haquenée,
French.]
1. A pacing horse.
2. A hired horse; hired horses being usually taught to pace, or
recommended as good pacers.
Light and lewd persons were as easily suborned to make an
affidavit for money, as post-horses and hackneys are taken to
hire. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.
Who, mounted on a broom, the nag
And hackney of a Lapland hag,
In quest of you came hither post,
Within an hour, I'm sure, at most. Hudibras, p. iii.
3. A hireling; a prostitute.
Three kingdoms rung
With his accumulative and hackney tongue. Roscommon.
That is no more than every lover
Does from his hackney lady suffer. Hudibras.
Shall each spurgall'd hackney of the day,
Or each new pension'd sycophant, pretend
To break my windows. Pope, Dial. 2.
4. Any thing let out for hire.
A wit can study in the streets;
Not quite so well, however, as one mought;
A hackney coach may chance to spoil a thought. Pope.
5. Much used; common.
These notions young students in physick derive from their
hackney authors. Harvey on Consumptions.

To HA’CKNEY. v. a. [from the noun.] To practise in one
thing; to accustom to the road.
He is long hackney'd in the ways of men. Shakespeare.

HA’CQUETON. n. s. [haquet, old French, a little horse.] Some
piece of armour.
You may see the very fashion of the Irish horseman in his
long hose, riding shoes of costly cordwain, his hacqueton, and
his habergeon. Spenser's State of Ireland.

HAD. The preterite and part. pass. of have.
I had rather be a country servant maid,
Than a great queen with this condition,
To be thus taunted. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Had we not better leave this Utica,
To arm Numidia in our cause? Addison's Cato.

HA’DDOCK. n. s. [hadot, French.] A sea-fish of the cod kind,
but small.
The coast is plentifully stored with pilchards, herrings, and
haddocks. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HAFT. n. s. [Hæft, Saxon; heft, Dutch, from To have or
hold.] A handle; that part of any instrument that is taken
into the hand.
This brandish'd dagger
I'll bury to the haft in her fair breast. Dryd. and Lee's Oedip.
These extremities of the joints are the hafts and handles of
the members. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
A needle is a simple body, being only made of steel; but a
sword is a compound, because its haft or handle is made of
materials different from the blade. Watts's Logick.

To HAFT. v. a. [from the noun.] To set in a haft. Ainsw.

HAG

HAG. n. s. [Hægesse, a goblin, Saxon; heckle, a witch, Dutch.]
1. A fury; a she monster.


Thus spoke th' impatient prince, and made a pause;
His foul hags rais'd their heads, and clapt their hands;
And all the powers of hell, in full applause,
Flourish'd their snakes, and tost their flaming brands. Crash.
2. A witch; an enchantress.
Out of my door, you witch! you hag, you baggage, you
poulcat, you runnion. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. An old ugly woman.
Such affectations may become the young;
But thou, old hag, of threescore years and three,
Is shewing of thy parts in Greek for thee? Dryden's Juven.

To HAG. v. a. [from the noun.] To torment; to harrass
with vain terrour.
That makes them in the dark see visions,
And hag themselves with apparitions. Hudibras, p. iii.
How are superstitious men hagged out of their wits with the
fancy of omens, tales, and visions! L'Estrange.

HA’GARD. adj. [hagard, French.]
1. Wild; untamed; irreclaimable.
To let them down before that his flights end,
As hagard hawk, presuming to contend
With hardy fowl above his able might,
His weary pounces all in vain doth spend,
To truss the prey too heavy for his flight. Fairy Queen.
2. [Hager, German.] Lean. To this sense I have put the fol­
lowing passage; for so the author ought to have written.
A hagged carion of a wolf, and a jolly sort of dog, with
good flesh upon's back, fell into company together. L'Estr.
3. [Hage, Welsh.] Ugly; rugged; deformed; wildly disordered.
She's too disdainful;
I know her spirits are as coy and wild,
As hagard as the rock. Shakespeare.
Fearful besides of what in fight had pass'd,
His hands and hagard eyes to heav'n he cast. Dryden's Æn.
Where are the conscious looks, the face now pale,
Now flushing red, the down-cast hagard eyes,
Or fixt on earth, or slowly rais'd! Smith's Phæd. and Hipp.

HA’GGARD. n. s.
1. Any thing wild or irreclaimable.
I will be married to a wealthy widow,
Ere three days pass, which has as long lov'd me
As I have lov'd this proud disdainful haggard. Shakespeare.
2. A species of hawk.
Does the wild haggard tow'r into the sky,
And to the South by thy direction fly? Sandys.
I enlarge my discourse to the observation of the aires, the
brancher, the ramish hawk, and the haggard. Walton's Angler.
3. A hag. So Garth has used it for want of understanding it.
Beneath the gloomy covert of an yew,
In a dark grot, the baleful haggard lay,
Breathing black vengeance, and infecting day. Garth.

HA’GGARDLY. adv. [from haggard.] Deformed; ugly.
For her the rich Arabia sweats her gum;
And precious oils from distant Indies come,
How haggardly soe'er she looks at home. Dryd. Juven.

HA’GGESS. n. s. [from hog or hack.] A mass of meat, gene­
rally pork chopped, and inclosed in a membrane. In Scotland
it is commonly made in a sheep's maw of the entrails of
the same animal, cut small, with suet and spices.

HA’GGISH. adj. [from hag.] Of the nature of a hag; de­
formed; horrid.
He lasted long;
But on us both did haggish age steal on,
And wore us out of act. Shak. All's well that ends well.

To HA’GGLE. v. a. [corrupted from hackle or hack.] To cut;
to chop; to mangle.
Suffolk first died, and York all haggled o'er
Comes to him where in gore he lay insteep'd. Shakes. H. V.

To HA’GGLE. v. n. To be tedious in a bargain; to be long in
coming to the price.

HA’GGLER. n. s. [from haggle.]
1. One that cuts.
2. One that is tardy in bargaining.

HA’GIOGRAPHER. n. s. [ἅγι and γϱάφω.] A holy writer.
The Jews divide the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament
into the law, the prophets, and the hagiographers.

HAH. interject. An expression of sudden effort.
Her coats tuck'd up, and all her motions just,
She stamps, and then cries hah! at ev'ry thrust. Dryden.

HAI

HAIL. n. s. [hagel, Saxon.]
1. Drops of rain frozen in their falling. Locke.
As thick as hail
Came post on post. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To HAIL. v. n. To pour down hail.
My people shall dwell in a peaceable habitation when it
shall hail, coming down on the forest. Is. xxxii. 19.

HAIL. interj. [hœl, health, Saxon: hail, therefore, is the same
as salve of the Latins, or ὑγιαίνε of the Greeks, health be to
you.] A term of salutation now used only in poetry; health
be to you.
Hail, hail, brave friend!
Say to the king the knowledge of the broil
As thou did'st leave it. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Her sick head is bound about with clouds:
It does not look as it would have a hail
Or health wish'd in it, as on other morns. Ben. Johnson.
The angel hail
Bestow'd, the holy salutation us'd
Long after to blest Mary, second Eve. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Farewel, happy fields,
Where joy for ever dwells! hail horrors! hail
Infernal world! and thou profoundest hell
Receive thy new possessor! Milton' Paradise Lost, b. i.
All hail, he cry'd, thy country's grace and love;
Once first of men below, now first of birds above. Dryd.
Hail to the sun! from whose returning light
The chearful soldier's arms new lustre take,
To deck the pomp of battle. Rowe's Tamerlane.

To HAIL. v. a. [from the noun.] To salute; to call to.
A galley well appointed, with a long boat, drawing near
unto the shore, was hailed by a Turk, accompanied with a
troop of horsemen. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Thrice call upon my name, thrice beat your breast,
And hail me thrice to everlasting rest. Dryden.

HA’ILED. adj. [from hail.] Struck with hail.

HA’ILSHOT. n. s. [hail and shot.] Small shot scattered like
hail.
The master of the artillery did visit them sharply with mur­
dering hailshot, from the pieces mounted towards the top of the
hill. Hayward.

HA’ILSTONE. n. s. [hail and stone.] A particle or single ball
of hail.
You are no surer, no,
Than is the coal of fire upon the ice,
Or hailstone in the sun. Shakespeare.
Hard hailstones lye not thicker on the plain,
Nor shaken oaks such show'rs of acorns rain. Dryden.

HAI’LY. adj. [from hail.] Consisting of hail.
From whose dark womb a rattling tempest pours,
Which the cold North congeals to haily showers. Pope.

HAIR. n. s. [hær, Saxon.]
1. One of the common teguments of the body. It is to be
found upon all the parts of the body, except the soles of the
feet and palms of the hands. When we examine the hairs
with a microscope, we find that they have each a round bul­
bous root, which lies pretty deep in the skin, and which draws
their nourishment from the surrounding humours: that each
hair consists of five or six others, wrapt up in a common tegu­
ment or tube. They grow as the nails do, each part near the
root thrusting forward that which is immediately above it, and
not by any liquor running along the hair in tubes, as plants
grow. Quincy.
2. A single hair.
My fleece of woolly hair uncurls. Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
Shall the difference of hair only, on the skin, be a mark of
a different internal constitution between a changeling and a
drill? Locke.
Naughty lady,
These hairs which thou do'st ravish from my chin,
Will quicken and accuse thee. Shakesp. King Lear.
Much is breeding;
Which, like the courser's hair, hath yet but life,
And not a serpent's poison. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. Any thing proverbially small.
If thou tak'st more
Or less than just a pound; if the scale turn
But in the estimation of a hair,
Thou diest. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
He judges to a hair of little indecencies, and knows better
than any man what is not to be written. Dryden.
4. Course; order; grain; the hair falling in a certain direction.
Mr. doctor, he is a curer of souls, and you a curer of bo­
dies: if you should fight, you go against the hair of your pro­
fession. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

HA’IRBRAINED. adj. [This should rather be written hare­
brained, unconstant, unsettled, wild as a hare.] Wild; irre­
gular; unsteady.
Let's leave this town; for they are hairbrain'd slaves,
And hunger will enforce them be more eager. Shakes. H. VI.

HA’IRBREADTH. n. s. [hair and breadth.] A very small dis­
tance; the diameter of a hair.
Seven hundred chosen men left-handed could sling stones at
an hairbreadth, and not miss. Judg. xx. 16.
I spoke of most disastrous chances,
Of moving accidents by flood and field;
Of hairbreadth 'scapes in th' imminent deadly breach. Shak.

HAI’RBEL. n. s. The name of a flower; the hyacinth.

HA’IRCLOTH. n. s. [hair and cloth.] Stuff made of hair, very
rough and prickly, worn sometimes in mortification.
It is composed of reeds and parts of plants woven together,
like a piece of haircloth. Grew's Musæum.



HAIRLA’CE. n. s. [hair and lace.] The fillet with which wo­
men tie up their hair.
Worms are commonly resembled to a woman's hairlace or
fillet, thence called tenia. Harvey on Consumptions.
If Molly happens to be careless,
And but neglects to warm her hairlace,
She gets a cold as sure as death. Swift.

HA’IRLESS. adj. [from hair.] Without hair.
White beards have arm'd their thin and hairless scalps
Against thy majesty. Shakespeare's Richard II.

HA’IRINESS. n. s. [from hairy.] The state of being covered
with hair, or abounding with hair.

HA’IRY. adj. [from hair.]
1. Overgrown with hair; covered with hair.
She his hairy temples then had rounded
With coronet of flowers. Shakes. Midsum. Night's Dream.
Children are not hairy, for that their skins are more perspir­
able. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Consisting of hair.
Storms have shed
From vines the hairy honours of their head. Dryd. Virgil.

HAKE. n. s. A kind of fish.
The coast is plentifully stored with mackrel and hake.
Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HA’KOT. n. s. [from hake.] A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HAL

HAL is derived like al from the Saxon Healle, i. e. a hall, a pa­
lace. In Gothick alh signifies a temple, or any other famous
building. Gibson's Camden.

HA’LBERD. n. s. [halebarde, French; hallebarde, Dutch, from
barde, an ax, and halle, a court, halberds being the common
weapons of guards.] A battle-ax fixed to a long pole.
Advance thy halberd higher than my breast,
Or I'll strike thee to my foot. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Our halberds did shut up his passage. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Four knaves in garbs succinct, a trusty band,
Caps on their heads, and halberds in their hand,
Draw forth to combat on the velvet plain. Pope.

HA’LBERDIER. n. s. [halebardier, French, from halberd.] One
who is armed with a halberd.
The dutchess appointed him a guard of thirty persons, hal­
berdeers, in a livery of murrey and blue, to attend his person.
Bacon's Henry VII.
The king had only his halberdeers, and fewer of them than
used to go with him. Clarendon.

HA’LCYON. n. s. [haleyo, Latin.] A bird, of which it is said
that she breeds in the sea, and that there is always a calm
during her incubation.
Such smiling rogues, as these, sooth ev'ry passion,
Bring oil to fire, snow to their colder moods;
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With ev'ry gale and vary of their masters. Shakes. K. Lear.
Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be,
As halcyons brooding on a Winter sea. Dryden's Ind. Emp.

HA’LCYON. adj. [from the noun.] Placid; quiet; still;
peaceful.
When great Augustus made war's tempests cease,
His halcyon days brought forth the arts of peace. Denham.
No man can expect eternal serenity and halcyon days from
so incompetent and partial a cause, as the constant course of
the sun in the equinoctial circle. Bentley's Sermons.

HALE. adj. [This should rather be written hail, from hæl,
health.] Healthy; sound; hearty; well complexioned.
My seely sheep like well below,
For they been hale enough I trow,
And liken their abode. Spenser's Pastorals.
Some of these wise partizans concluded the government
had hired two or three hundred hale men, to be pinioned, if
not executed, as representatives of the pretended captives.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 7.
His stomach too begins to fail;
Last year we thought him strong and hale,
But now he's quite another thing:
I wish he may hold out 'till Spring. Swift.

To HALE. v. a. [halen, Dutch; haler, French.] To drag by
force; to pull violently.
Fly to your house;
The plebeians have got your fellow tribune,
And hale him up and down. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
My third comfort,
Starr'd most unluckily, is from my breast
Hal'd out to murder. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Give diligence that thou mayest be delivered from him, lest
he hale thee to the judge. Lu. xii. 58.
He by the neck hath hal'd, in pieces cut,
And set me as a mark on every butt. Sandys.
Thither by harpy-footed furies hal'd,
At certain revolutions, all the damn'd
Are brought. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
This sinistrous gravity is drawn that way by the great artery,
which then subsideth, and haleth the heart unto it. Brown.
Who would not be disgusted with any recreation, in itself
indifferent, if he should with blows be haled to it when he had
no mind? Locke.
In all the tumults at Rome, though the people proceeded
sometimes to pull and hale one another about, yet no blood
was drawn 'till the time of the Gracchi. Swift.

HA’LER. n. s. [from hale.] He who pulls and hales.

HALF. n. s. plural. [Healf, Saxon, and all the Teutonick dia­
lects. The l is often not sounded.]
1. A moiety; one part of two; an equal part.
An half acre of land. 1 Sa. xiv. 14.
Many might go to heaven with half the labour they go to
hell, if they would venture their industry the right way.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Well chosen friendship, the most noble
Of virtues, all our joys makes double,
And into halves divides our trouble. Denham.
Or what but riches is there known
Which man can solely call his own;
In which no creature goes his half,
Unless it be to squint and laugh? Hudibras, p. ii.
No mortal tongue can half the beauty tell;
For none but hands divine could work so well. Dryden.
Of our manufacture foreign markets took off one half, and
the other half were consumed amongst ourselves. Locke.
The council is made up half out of the noble families, and
half out of the plebeian. Addison on Italy.
Half the misery of life might be extinguished, would men
alleviate the general curse by mutual compassion. Addison.
Her beauty, in thy softer half
Bury'd and lost, she ought to grieve. Prior.
Natural was it for a prince, who had proposed to himself
the empire of the world, not to neglect the sea, the half of
his dominions. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. It sometimes has a plural signification when a number is
divided.
Had the land selected of the best,
Half had come hence, and let the world provide the
rest. Dryden.
3. It is much used in composition to signify a thing imperfect,
as the following examples will show.

HALF. adv. In part; equally.
I go with love and fortune, two blind guides,
To lead my way; half loth, and half consenting. Dryden.

HALF-BLOOD. n. s. One not born of the same father and
mother.
Which shall be heir of the two male twins, who, by the
dissection of the mother, were laid open to the world? Whe­
ther a sister by the half-blood shall inherit before a brother's
daughter by the whole-blood? Locke.

HALF-BLOODED. adj. [half and blood.] Mean; degenerate.
The let alone lies not in your good will.
——Nor in thine, lord.
——Half-blooded fellow, yes. Shakes. King Lear.

HALF-CAP. n. s. Cap imperfectly put off, or faintly moved.
After distasteful looks, and these hard fractions,
With certain half-caps and cold moving nods,
They froze me into silence. Shakes. Timon of Athens.

HA’LFENDEAL. n. s. [half and dæl, Saxon.] Part. Spenser.

HALF-FACED. adj. [half and faced.] Showing only part of the
face; small faced.
Proud incroaching tyranny
Burns with revenging fire, whose hopeful colours
Advance, a half-faced sun striving to shine. Shak. Hen. VI.
This same half-faced fellow, Shadow; give me this man:
he presents no mark to the enemy: the foeman may with as
great aim level at the edge of a penknife. Shak. Henry IV.

HALF-HATCHED. adj. [half and hatch.] Imperfectly hatched.
Here, thick as hailstones pour,
Turnips, and half-hatch'd eggs, a mingled show'r,
Among the rabble rain. Gay's Trivia.

HALF-HEARD. adj. Imperfectly heard; not heard to an end.
Not added years on years my task could close;
Back to thy native islands might'st thou sail,
And leave half-heard the melancholy tale. Pope's Odyssey.

HALF-MOON. n. s.
1. The moon in its appearance when at half increase or decrease.
2. Any thing in the figure of a half moon.
See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs and wedges, and half-moons and wings. Milton.

HALF-PENY. n. s. plural half-pence. [half and peny.] A copper
coin, of which two make a peny.
There shall be in England seven half-peny loaves sold for a
peny. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
Bardolph stole a lute-case, bore it twelve leagues, and sold
it for three half-pence. Shakespeare's Henry V.
I thank you; and sure, dear friend, my thanks are too dear
of a half-peny. Shakespeare.
He cheats for half-pence, and he doffs his coat
To save a farthing in a ferryboat. Dryden's Pers.
Never admit this pernicious coin, no not so much as one
single half-peny. Swift.


You will wonder how Wood could get his majesty's broad
seal for so great a sum of bad money, and that the nobility
here could not obtain the same favour, and make our own half­
pence as we used to do. Swift.

HALF-PIKE. n. s. [half and pike.] The small pike carried by
officers.
The various ways of paying the salute with the half­
pike. Tatler, No. 60.

HALF-PINT. n. s. [half and pint.] The fourth part of a
quart.
One half-pint bottle serves them both to dine;
And is at once their vinegar and wine. Pope's Horace.

HALF-SCHOLAR. n. s. Imperfectly learned.
We have many half-scholars now-a-days, and there is much
confusion and inconsistency in the notions and opinions of
some persons. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

HALF-SEAS over. A proverbial expression for any one far ad­
vanced. It is commonly used of one half drunk.
I am half-seas o'er to death;
And since I must die once, I would be loth
To make a double work of what's half finish'd. Dryden.

HALF-SIGHTED. adj. [half and sight.] Seeing imperfectly;
having weak discernment.
The officers of the king's houshold had need be provident,
both for his honour and thrift: they must look both ways, else
they are but half-sighted. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

HALF-SPHERE. n. s. [half and sphere.] Hemisphere.
Let night grow blacker with thy plots; and day,
At shewing but thy head forth, start away
From this half-sphere. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

HALF-STRAINED. adj. [half and strain.] Half-bred; im­
perfect.
I find I'm but a half-strain'd villain yet,
But mungril-mischievous; for my blood boil'd
To view this brutal act. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

HALF-SWORD. n. s. Close fight; within half the length of a
sword.
I am a rogue, if I were not at half-sword with a dozen of
them two hours together. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

HALF-WAY. adv. [half and way.] In the middle.
Fearless he sees, who is with virtue crown'd,
The tempest rage, and hears the thunder sound;
Ever the same, let fortune smile or frown:
Serenely as he liv'd resigns his breath;
Meets destiny half-way, nor shrinks at death. Granville.

HALF-WIT. n. s. [half and wit.] A blockhead; a foolish
fellow.
Half-wits are fleas, so little and so light,
We scarce could know they live, but that they bite. Dryden.

HALF-WITTED. adj. [from half-wit.] Imperfectly furnished
with understanding.
I would rather have trusted the refinement of our language,
as to sound, to the judgment of the women than of half­
witted poets. Swift.
Jack had passed for a poor, well-meaning, half-witted,
crack-brained fellow: people were strangely surprised to find
him in such a roguery. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

HA’LIBUT. n. s. A sort of fish. Ainsworth.

HA’LIDOM. n. s. [Halig dom, holy judgment, or Halig and dame,
for lady.] Our blessed lady.
By my halidom, quoth he,
Ye a great master are in your degree. Hubberd's Tale.

HA’LIMASS. n. s. [Halig and mass.] The feast of All-souls.
My queen to France; from whence set forth in pomp,
She came adorned hither like sweet May;
Sent back like halimass, or shortest day. Shakes. Rich. II.

HA’LITUOUS. adj. [halitus, Latin.] Vaporous; fumous.
We speak of the atmosphere as of a peculiar thin and hali­
tuous liquor, much lighter than spirit of wine. Boyle.

HALL. n. s. [Hal, Saxon; halle, Dutch.]
1. A court of justice.
2. A manour-house so called, because in it were held courts for
the tenants.
Captain Sentry, my master's nephew, has taken possession
of the hall house, and the whole estate. Addison's Spectator.
3. The publick room of a corporation.
With expedition on the beadle call,
To summon all the company to the hall. Garth.
4. The first large room of a house.
That light we see is burning in my hall. Shakespeare.
Courtesy is sooner found in lowly sheds
With smoky rafters, than in tap'stry halls
And courts of princes. Milton.

HALLELU’JAH. n. s. [הללויח.] Praise ye the Lord. A song
of thanksgiving.
Then shall thy saints
Unfained hallelujahs to Thee sing,
Hymns of high praise. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Singing those devout hymns and heavenly anthems, in
which the church militant seems ambitious to emulate the
triumphant, and echo back the solemn praises and hallelujahs
of the celestial choirs. Boyle.

HA’LLOO. interj. [The original of this word is controverted:
some imagine it corrupted from a lui, to him! others from
allons, let us go! and Skinner from haller, to draw.] A word
of encouragement when dogs are let loose on their game.
Some popular chief,
More noisy than the rest, but cries halloo,
And, in a trice, the bellowing herd come out. Dryden.

To HA’LLOO. v. n. [haler, Fr.] To cry as after the dogs.
A number of country folks hallooed and houted after me, as
at the arrantest coward that ever shewed his shoulders to his
enemy. Sidney, b. ii.
A cry more tuneable
Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn. Shakespeare.

To HA’LLOO. v. a.
1. To encourage with shouts.
If, whilst a boy, Jack ran from school,
Fond of his hunting-horn and pole,
Though gout and age his speed detain,
Old John halloos his hounds again. Prior.
2. To chase with shouts.
If I fly, Marcius,
Halloo me like a hare. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. To call or shout to.
When we have found the king, he that first lights on him,
Halloo the other. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To HA’LLOW. v. a. [Halgian, Halig, Saxon, holy.]
1. To consecrate; to make holy.
When we sanctify or hallow churches, it is only to testify
that we make them places of publick resort; that we invest
God himself with them, and that we sever them from com­
mon uses. Hooker, b. v. s. 12.
With us it cannot be endured to hear a man openly profess
that he putteth fire to his neighbour's house, but yet so hal­
loweth the same with prayer, that he hopeth it shall not burn.
Hooker, b. v. s. 29.
Is't Cade that I have slain, that monstrous traitor?
Sword, I will hallow thee for this thy deed,
And hang thee o'er my tomb, when I am dead. Shakesp.
My prayers
Are not words duly hallow'd, nor my wishes
More worth than vanities; yet pray'rs and wishes
Are all I can return. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
And from work
Now resting, bless'd and hallow'd the seventh day,
As resting on that day from all his works,
But not in silence holy kept. Milton.
Then banish'd faith shall once again return,
And vestal fires in hallow'd temples burn. Dryden's Virgil.
No satyr lurks within this hallow'd ground;
But nymphs and heroines, kings and gods abound. Granv.
2. To reverence as holy; hallowed be thy name.

HALLUCINA’TION. n. s. [hallucinatio, Latin.] Errour; blun­
der; mistake; folly.
A wasting of flesh, without cause, is frequently termed a
bewitched disease; but questionless a meer hallucination of the
vulgar. Harvey on Consumptions.
This must have been the hallucination of the transcriber,
who probably mistook the dash of the I for a T. Addis. Spect.

HALM. n. s. [Healm, Saxon.] Straw. Pronounced hawm.

HA’LO. n. s. A red circle round the sun or moon.
And, if the hail be a little flatted, the light transmitted may
grow so strong, at a little less distance than that of twenty-six
degrees, as to form a halo about the sun or moon; which halo,
as often as the hailstones are duly figured, may be coloured.
Newton's Opt.
I saw by reflexion, in a vessel of stagnating water, three
halo's, crowns or rings of colours about the sun, like three
little rainbows, concentrick to his body. Newton's Opt.

HA’LSENING. adj. [hals, German; hass, Scottish, the neck.]
Sounding harshly; inharmonius in the throat or tongue.
This ill halsening horny name hath, as cornuto in Italy,
opened a gap to the scoffs of many. Carew.

HA’LSER. n. s. [from Hals, neck, and seel, a rope. It is now
in marine pronunciation corrupted to hawser.] A rope less
than a cable.
A beechen mast then in the hollow base
They hoisted, and with well-wreath'd halsers hoise
Their white sails. Chapman's Odyssey, b. ii.
No halsers need to bind these vessels here,
Nor bearded anchors; for no storms they fear. Dryd. Virg.

To HALT. v. n. [Healtt, Saxon, lame; Healtan, to limp.]
1. To limp; to be lame.
And will she yet debase her eyes
On me, that halt and am mis-shapen thus? Shakes. R. III.
Thus inborn broils the factions would engage,
Or wars of exil'd heirs, or foreign rage,
'Till halting vengeance overtook our age. Dryden.
Spenser himself affects the obsolete,
And Sidney's verse halts ill on Roman feet. Pope.
2. To stop in a march.
I was forced to halt in this perpendicular march. Addison.
3. To hesitate; to stand dubious.


How long halt ye between two opinions? 1 Kings xviii.
4. To fail; to faulter.
Here's a paper written in his hand;
A halting sonnet of his own pure brain,
Fashion'd to Beatrice. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
All my familiars watched for my halting, saying, peradven­
ture he will be enticed, and we shall prevail against him. Jer.

HALT. adj. [from the verb.] Lame; crippled.
Bring in hither the poor, the maimed, the halt, and the
blind. Lu. xiv. 21.

HALT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of limping; the manner of limping.
2. [Alte, French.] A stop in a march.
The heav'nly bands
Down from a sky of jasper lighted now
In Paradise, and on a hill made halt. Milt. Paradise Lost.
Scouts each coast light armed scour
Each quarter to descry the distant foe,
Where lodg'd, or whether fled, or if for fight
In motion, or in halt. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Without any halt they marched between the two armies.
Clarendon, b. viii.
He might have made a halt 'till his foot and artillery came
up to him. Clarendon, b. ii.

HA’LTER. n. s. [from halt.] He who limps.

HA’LTER. n. s. [Healstre, Saxon, from Hals, the neck.]
1. A rope to hang malefactors.
He's fled, my lord, and all his pow'rs do yield;
And humbly thus, with halters on their necks,
Expect your highness' doom of life or death. Shak. H. VI.
Answer was made, it was by the sword if they stood upon
defence, and by the halter if they yielded; wherefore they
made choice to die rather as soldiers than as dogs. Hayward.
Were I a drowsy judge, whose dismal note
Disgorgeth halters, as a juggler's throat
Doth ribbands. Cleaveland.
When the times begin to alter,
None rise so high as from the halter. Hudibras, p. iii.
He gets renown, who, to the halter near,
But narrowly escapes, and buys it dear. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. A cord; a strong string.
Whom neither halter binds nor burthens charge. Sandys.

To HA’LTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To bind with a cord;
to catch in a noose.
He might have employed his time in the frivolous delights
of catching moles and haltering frogs. Atterbury.

To HALVE. v. a. [from half, halves.] To divide into two
parts.

HALVES. interj. [from half, halves being the plural.] An ex­
pression by which any one lays claim to an equal share.
Have you not seen how the divided dam
Runs to the summons of her hungry lamb?
But when the twin cries halves, she quits the first. Cleaveland.

HAM

HAM, whether initial or final, is no other than the Saxon Ham,
a house, farm, or village. Gibson's Camden.

HAM. n. s. [Ham, Saxon; hamme, Dutch.]
1. The hip; the hinder part of the articulation of the thigh
with the knee.
The ham was much relaxed; but there was some contrac­
tion remaining. Wiseman.
2. The thigh of a hog salted.
Who has not learn'd, fresh sturgeon and ham pye
Are no rewards for want and infamy. Pope's Horace.

HA’MATED. adj. [hamatus, Latin.] Hooked; set with hooks.

To HA’MBLE. v. a. [from ham.] To cut the sinews of the
thigh; to hamstring.

HAME. n. s. [Hama, Saxon.] The collar by which a horse
draws in a waggon.

HA’MLET. n. s. [Ham, Saxon, and let, the diminutive termi­
nation.] A small village.
Within the self-same lordship, parish, or hamlet, lands have
divers degrees of value. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.
He pitch'd upon the plain
His mighty camp, and, when the day return'd,
The country wasted and the hamlets burn'd. Dryden's Fables.

HA’MMER. n. s. [Hamer, Saxon; hammer, Danish.]
1. The instrument consisting of a long handle and heavy head,
with which any thing is forged or driven.
The armourers,
With busy hammers closing rivets up,
Give dreadful note of preparation. Shakespeare's Henry V.
The stuff will not work well with a hammer. Bacon.
It is broken not without many blows, and will break the
best anvils and hammers of iron. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Every morning he rises fresh to his hammer and his anvil.
South's Sermons.
The smith prepares his hammer for the stroke. Dryd. Juv.
2. Any thing destructive.
That renowned pillar of truth and hammer of heresies, St.
Augustine. Hakewill on Providence.

To HA’MMER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To beat with a hammer.
His bones the hammer'd steel in strength surpass. Sandys.
2. To forge or form with a hammer.
Some hammer helmets for the fighting field. Dryd. Æn.
Drudg'd like a smith, and on the anvil beat,
'Till he had hammer'd out a vast estate. Dryden's Juvenal.
I must pay with hammered money instead of milled. Dryden.
3. To work in the mind; to contrive by intellectual labour.
Wilt thou still be hammering treachery,
To humble down thy husband and thyself? Shakesp. H. VI.
He was nobody that could not hammer out of his name an
invention by this witcraft, and picture it accordingly. Camden.
Some spirits, by whom they were stirred and guided in the
name of the people, hammered up the articles. Hayward.

To HA’MMER. v. n.
1. To work; to be busy.
Nor need'st thou much importune me to that,
Whereon this month I have been hammering. Shakespeare.
I have been studying how to compare
This prison where I live unto the world;
And, for because the world is populous,
And here is not a creature but myself,
I cannot do it; yet I'll hammer on't. Shakespeare.
2. To be in agitation.
Vengeance is in my heart, death in my hand;
Blood and revenge are hammering in my head. Sh. Tit. Andr.

HA’MMERER. n. s. [from hammer.] He who works with a
hammer.

HA’MMERHARD. n. s. [hammer and hard.]
Hammerhard is when you harden iron or steel with much
hammering on it. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

HA’MMOCK. n. s. [Hamaca, Saxon.] A swinging bed.
Prince Maurice of Nassau, who had been accustomed to
hammocks, used them all his life. Temple.

HA’MPER. n. s. [Supposed by Minshew to be contracted from
hand panier; but hanaperium appears to have been a word long
in use, whence hanaper, hamper.] A large basket for carriage.
What powder'd wigs! what flames and darts!
What hampers full of bleeding hearts. Swift.

To HA’MPER. v. a. [The original of this word, in its present
meaning, is uncertain: Junius observes that hamplyns in Teu­
tonick is a quarrel: others imagine that hamper or hanaper,
being the treasury to which fines are paid, to hamper, which
is commonly applied to the law, means originally to fine.]
1. To shackle; to entangle in chains.
O loose this frame, this knot of man untie!
That my free soul may use her wing,
Which now is pinion'd with mortality,
As an entangl'd, hamper'd thing. Herbert.
We shall find such engines to assail,
And hamper thee, as thou shalt come of force. Milton.
What was it but a lion hampered in a net! L'Estrange.
They hamper and entangle our souls, and hinder their flight
upwards. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. To ensnare; to inveigle; to catch with allurements.
She'll hamper thee, and dandle thee like a baby. Shakesp.
Wear under vizard-masks their talents,
And mother wits before their gallants;
Until they're hamper'd in the nooze,
Too fast to dream of breaking loose. Hudibras, p. iii.
3. To complicate; to tangle.
Engend'ring heats, these one by one unbind,
Stretch their small tubes, and hamper'd nerves unwind. Blac.
4. To perplex; to embarrass by many lets and troubles.
And when th' are hamper'd by the laws,
Release the lab'rers for the cause. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.

HA’MSTRING. n. s. [ham and string.] The tendon of the
ham.
A strutting player, whose conceit
Lies in his hamstring, doth think it rich
To hear the wooden dialogue, and sound
'Twixt his stretch'd footing and the scaffoldage. Shakesp.
On the hinder side it is guarded with the two hamstrings.
Wiseman's Surgery.

To HA’MSTRING. v. a. preter. and part. pass. hamstrung. [from
the noun.] To lame by cutting the tendon of the ham.
Hamstring'd behind, unhappy Gyges dy'd;
Then Phalaris is added to his side. Dryden's Æn.

HAN

HAN for have, in the plural. Spenser.

HA’NAPER. n. s. [hanaperium, low Latin.] A treasury; an
exchequer. The clerk of the hanaper receives the fees due
to the king for the seal of charters and patents.
The fines for all original writs were wont to be immediate­
ly paid into the hanaper of the Chancery. Bacon.

HA’NCES. n. s. [In a ship.] Falls of the fife-rails placed on ban­
nisters on the poop and quarter-deck down to the gangway. Har.

HANCES. [In architecture.] The ends of elliptical arches;
and these are the arches of smaller circles than the scheme, or
middle part of the arch. Harris.
The sweep of the arch will not contain above fourteen
inches, and perhaps you must cement pieces to many of the
courses in the hance, to make them long enough to contain
fourteen inches. Moxon's Mech. Exer.



HAND. n. s. [Hand, Hond, Saxon, and in all the Teutonick
dialects.]
1. The palm with the fingers; the member with which we hold
or use any instrument.
They laid hands upon him, and bound him hand and foot.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
So hand in hand they pass'd, the loveliest pair
That ever since in love's embraces met. Milt. Parad. Lost.
They hand in hand, with wandering steps and slow,
Through Eden took their solitary way. Milton.
That wonderful instrument the hand, was it made to be
idle? Berkley.
2. Measure of four inches; a measure used in the matches of
horses; a palm.
3. Side, right or left.
For the other side of the court-gate on this hand, and that
hand, were hangings of fifteen cubits. Ex. xxxviii. 15.
4. Part; quarter; side.
It is allowed on all hands, that the people of England are
more corrupt in their morals than any other nation this day
under the sun. Swift.
5. Ready payment with respect to the receiver.
Of which offer the bassa accepted, receiving in hand one
year's tribute. Knolles's History of the Turks.
These two must make our duty very easy; a considerable
reward in hand, and the assurance of a far greater recompence
hereafter. Tillotson's Sermons.
6. Ready payment with regard to the payer.
Let not the wages of any man tarry with thee, but give it
him out of hand. Tob. iv. 14.
7. Rate; price.
Time is the measure of business, as money of wares: busi­
ness is bought at a dear hand, where there is small dispatch.
Bacon, Essay 26.
8. Terms; conditions.
With simplicity admire and accept the mystery; but at no
hand by pride, ignorance, interest, or vanity wrest it to ignoble
senses. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
It is either an ill sign or an ill effect, and therefore at no hand
consistent with humility. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
9. Act; deed; external action.
Thou sawest the contradiction between my heart and
hand. King Charles.
10. Labour; act of the hand.
Alnaschar was a very idle fellow, that never would set his
hand to any business during his father's life. Addison's Spectat.
I rather suspect my own judgment than I can believe a fault
to be in that poem, which lay so long under Virgil's correc­
tion, and had his last hand put to it. Addison.
11. Performance.
Where are these porters,
These lazy knaves? Y'ave made a fine hand! fellows,
There's a trim rabble let in. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
12. Power of performance.
Will. Honeycomb has told me, that he had a great mind to
try his hand at a Spectator, and that he would fain have one
of his writing in my works. Addison's Spectator.
A friend of mine has a very fine hand on the violin.
Addison's Guardian, No. 98.
13. Attempt; undertaking.
Out of them you dare take in hand to lay open the original
of such a nation. Spenser on Ireland.
14. Manner of gathering or taking.
As her majesty hath received great profit, so may she, by a
moderate hand, from time to time reap the like. Bacon.
15. Workmanship; power or act of manufacturing or making.
An intelligent being, coming out of the hands of infinite
perfection, with an aversion or even indifferency to be re­
united with its Author, the source of its utmost felicity, is
such a shock and deformity in the beautiful analogy of things,
as is not consistent with finite wisdom and perfection. Cheyne.
16. Manner of acting or performing.
The master saw the madness rise;
His glowing cheeks, his ardent eyes;
And while he heav'n and earth defy'd,
Chang'd his hand, and check'd his pride. Dryden.
17. Agency; part in action.
God must have set a more than ordinary esteem upon that
which David was not thought fit to have an hand in. South.
18. The act of giving or presenting.
Let Tamar dress the meat in my sight, that I may eat it at
her hand. 2 Sa. xiii. 5.
To-night the poet's advocate I stand,
And he deserves the favour at my hand. Addison.
19. Act of receiving any thing ready to one's hand, when it only
waits to be taken.
His power reaches no farther than to compound and divide
the materials that are made to his hand; but can do nothing
towards the making or destroying one atom of what is already
in being. Locke.
Many, whose greatness and fortune were not made to their
hands, had sufficient qualifications and opportunities of rising
to these high posts. Addison's Freeholder.
20. Care; necessity of managing.
Jupiter had a farm a long time upon his hands, for want of
a tenant to come up to his price. L'Estrange.
When a statesman wants a day's defence,
Or envy holds a whole week's war with sense,
Or simple pride for flatt'ry makes demands,
May dunce by dunce be whistled off my hands. Pope.
21. Discharge of duty.
Let it therefore be required, on both parts, at the hands of
the clergy, to be in meanness of estate like the apostles; at
the hands of the laity, to be as they who lived under the
apostles. Hooker, Preface.
22. Reach; nearness: as, at hand, within reach, near, ap­
proaching.
Your husband is at hand, I hear his trumpet. Shakesp.
Cousins, I hope the days are near at hand
That chambers will be safe. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He is at hand, and Pindarus is come
To do you salutation. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
The sight of his mind was like some sights of eyes; rather
strong at hand than to carry afar off. Bacon's Henry VII.
Any light thing that moveth, when we find no wind, shew­
eth a wind at hand. Bacon's Natural History.
A very great sound near hand hath strucken many deaf.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 128.
It is not probable that any body should effect that at a dis­
tance, which, nearer hand, it cannot perform. Brown.
When mineral or metal is to be generated, nature needs
not to have at hand salt, sulphur, and mercury. Boyle.
23. Manual management.
Nor swords at hand, nor hissing darts afar,
Are doom'd t' avenge the tedious bloody war. Dryd. Juven.
24. State of being in preparation.
Where is our usual manager of mirth?
What revels are in hand? Is there no play,
To ease the anguish of a torturing hour? Shakespeare.
25. State of being in present agitation.
I look'd upon her with a soldier's eye;
That lik'd, but had a rougher task in hand
Than to drive liking to the name of war. Shakespeare.
It is indifferent to the matter in hand which way the learned
shall determine of it. Locke.
26. Cards held at a game.
There was never an hand drawn, that did double the rest of
the habitable world, before this; for so a man may term it, if
he shall put to account that which may be hereafter, by the
occupation and colonizing of those countries. Bacon.
27. That which is used in opposition to another.
He would dispute,
Confute, change hands, and still confute. Hudibras, p. i.
28. Scheme of action.
Consult of your own ways, and think which hand
Is best to take. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
They who thought they could never be secure, except the
king were first at their mercy, were willing to change the hand
in carrying on the war. Clarendon, b. viii.
29. Advantage; gain; superiority.
The French king, supposing to make his hand by those rude
ravages in England, broke off his treaty of peace, and pro­
claimed hostility. Hayward.
30. Competition; contest.
She in beauty, education, blood,
Holds hand with any princess of the world. Shakes. K. Lear.
31. Transmission; conveyance; agency of conveyance.
The salutation by the hand of me Paul. Col. iv. 18.
32. Possession; power.
Sacraments serve as the moral instruments of God to that pur­
pose; the use whereof is in our hands, the effect in his. Hooker.
And though you war, like petty wrangling states,
You're in my hand; and when I bid you cease,
You shall be crush'd together into peace. Dryden.
Between the landlord and tenant there must be a quarter of
the revenue of the land constantly in their hands. Locke.
It is fruitless pains to learn a language, which one may
guess by his temper he will wholly neglect, as soon as an ap­
proach to manhood, setting him free from a governour, shall
put him into the hands of his own inclination. Locke.
Vectigales Agri were lands taken from the enemy, and
distributed amongst the soldiers, or left in the hands of the pro­
prietors under the condition of certain duties. Arbuthnot.
33. Pressure of the bridle.
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith;
But hollow men, like horses hot at hand,
Make gallant show and promise of their mettle. Shakesp.
34. Method of government; discipline; restraint.
Menelaus bare an heavy hand over the citizens, having a
malicious mind against his countrymen. 2 Mac. v. 23.
He kept a strict hand on his nobility, and chose rather to
advance clergymen and lawyers. Bacon's Henry VII.


However strict a hand is to be kept upon all desires of fancy,
yet in recreation fancy must be permitted to speak. Locke.
35. Influence; management.
Flattery, the dang'rous nurse of vice,
Got hand upon his youth, to pleasures bent. Daniel.
36. That which performs the office of a hand in pointing.
The body, though it moves, yet changing perceivable dis­
tance with other bodies, as fast as the ideas of our own minds
do naturally follow one another, the thing seems to stand still;
as is evident in the hands of clocks and shadows of sun­
dials. Locke.
37. Agent; person employed.
The wisest prince, if he can save himself and his people
from ruin, under the worst administration, what may not his
subjects hope for when he changeth hands, and maketh use of
the best? Swift.
38. Giver, and receiver.
This tradition is more like to be a notion bred in the mind
of man, than transmitted from hand to hand through all ge­
nerations. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
39. An actor; a workman; a soldier.
Your wrongs are known: impose but your commands,
This hour shall bring you twenty thousand hands. Dryden.
Demetrius appointed the painter guards for his security,
pleased that he could preserve that hand from the barbarity and
insolence of soldiers. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
A dictionary containing a natural history requires too many
hands, as well as too much time, ever to be hoped for. Locke.
40. Catch or reach without choice.
The men of Israel smote as well the men of every city as
the beast, and all that came to hand. Judg. xx. 48.
A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
First fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf,
Uncull'd as came to hand. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
41. Form or cast of writing.
Here is th' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
Which in a set hand fairly is engross'd;
Eleven hours I've spent to write it over. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Solyman shewed him his own letters intercepted, asking
him if he knew not that hand, if he knew not that seal. Knoll.
Being discovered by their knowledge of Mr. Cowley's hand,
I happily escaped. Denham, Dedication.
If my debtors do not keep their day,
Deny their hands, and then refuse to pay,
I must attend. Dryd. Juvenal.
Whether men write court or Roman hand, or any other,
there is something peculiar in every one's writing. Cockburn.
The way to teach to write, is to get a plate graved with the
characters of such hand you like. Locke.
Constantia saw that the hand writing agreed with the con­
tents of the letter. Addison's Spectator.
I present these thoughts in an ill hand; but scholars are bad
penmen: we seldom regard the mechanick part of writing.
Felton on the Classicks.
They were wrote on both sides, and in a small hand. Arbut.
42. HAND over head. Negligently; rashly; without seeing what
one does.
So many strokes of the alarum bell of fear and awaking to
other nations, and the facility of the titles, which, hand over
head, have served their turn, doth ring the peal so much the
louder. Bacon's War with Spain.
A country fellow got an unlucky tumble from a tree: thus
'tis, says a passenger, when people will be doing things hand
over head, without either fear or wit. L'Estrange.
43. HAND to HAND. Close fight.
In single opposition, hand to hand,
He did confound the best part of an hour. Shakesp. H. IV.
He issues, ere the fight, his dread command,
That slings afar, and poiniards hand to hand,
Be banish'd from the field. Dryden's Fables.
44. HAND in HAND. In union; conjointly.
Had the sea been Marlborough's element, the war had been
bestowed there, to the advantage of the country, which would
then have gone hand in hand with his own. Swift.
45. HAND in HAND. Fit; pat.
As fair and as good, a kind of hand in hand comparison,
had been something too fair and too good for any lady in Bri­
tany. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
46. HAND to mouth. As want requires.
I can get bread from hand to mouth, and make even at the
year's end. L'Estrange.
47. To bear in HAND. To keep in expectation; to elude.
A rascally yea forsooth knave, to bear in hand, and then
stand upon security. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
48. To be HAND and Glove. To be intimate and familiar.

To HAND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To give or transmit with the hand.
Judas was not far off, not only because he dipped in the
same dish, but because he was so near that our Saviour could
hand the sop unto him. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Reports, like snowballs, gather still the farther they roll;
and when I have once handed it to another, how know I how
he may improve it? Government of the Tongue.
I have been shewn a written prophecy that is handed among
them with great secrecy. Addison's Freeholder.
2. To guide or lead by the hand.
Angels did hand her up, who next God dwell;
For she was of that order whence most fell. Donne.
By safe and insensible degrees he will pass from a boy to a
man, which is the most hazardous step in life: this therefore
should be carefully watched, and a young man with great dili­
gence handed over it. Locke.
3. To seize; to lay hands on.
Let him, that makes but trifles of his eyes,
First hand me: on mine own accord, I'll off. Shakespeare.
4. To manage; to move with the hand.
'Tis then that with delight I rove
Upon the boundless depth of love:
I bless my chains, I hand my oar,
Nor think on all I left on shoar. Prior.
5. To transmit in succession; to deliver down from one to an­
other.
They had not only a tradition of it in general, but even of
several the most remarkable particular accidents of it likewise,
which they handed downwards to the succeeding ages. Woodw.
I know no other way of securing these monuments, and
making them numerous enough to be handed down to future
ages. Addison on ancient Medals.
Arts and sciences consist of scattered theorems and practices,
which are handed about amongst the masters, and only revealed
to the filii artis, 'till some great genius appears, who collects
these disjointed propositions, and reduces them into a regular
system. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
One would think a story so fit for age to talk of, and in­
fancy to hear, were incapable of being handed down to us.
Pope's Essay on Homer.

HAND is much used in composition for that which is manage­
able by the hand, as a handsaw; or born in the hand, as a
handbarrow.

HA’ND-BARROW. n. s. A frame on which any thing is carried
by the hands of two men, without wheeling on the ground.
A hand-barrow, wheelbarrow, shovel and spade. Tusser.
Set the board whereon the hive standeth on a hand-barrow,
and carry them to the place you intend. Mortim. Husbandry.

HAND-BASKET. n. s. A portable basket.
You must have woollen yarn to tie grafts with, and a small
hand-basket to carry them in. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HAND-BELL. n. s. A bell rung by the hand.
The strength of the percussion is a principal cause of the
loudness or softness of sounds; as in ringing of a hand-bell
harder or softer. Bacon's Natural History.

HAND-BREADTH. n. s. A space equal to the breadth of the
hand; a palm.
A border of an hand-breadth round about. Ex. xxv. 25.
Within were hooks an hand-breadth, fastened round about.
Ezek. xl. 43.
The eastern people determined their hand-breadth by the
breadth of barley-corns, six making a digit, and twenty-four
a hand's breadth. Arbuthnot on Coins.

HA’NDED. adj. [from hand.]
1. Having the use of the hand left or right.
Many are right handed, whose livers are weakly consti­
tuted; and many use the left, in whom that part is strongest.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 5.
2. With hands joined.
Into their inmost bow'r
Handed they went. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.

HA’NDER. n. s. [from hand.] Transmitter; conveyor in suc­
cession.
They would assume, with wond'rous art,
Themselves to be the whole, who are but part,
Of that vast frame the church; yet grant they were
The handers down, can they from thence infer
A right t' interpret? Or would they alone,
Who brought the present, claim it for their own? Dryden.

HA’NDFAST. n. s. [hand and fast.] Hold; custody. Obsolete.
If that shepherd be not in handfast, let him fly. Shakesp.

HA’NDFUL. n. s. [hand and full.]
1. As much as the hand can gripe or contain.
In the park I saw a country gentleman at the side of Rosa­
mond's pond, pulling a handful of oats out of his pocket, and
gathering the ducks about him. Freeholder, No. 44.
2. A palm; a hand's breadth; four inches.
Take one vessel of silver and another of wood, each full
of water, and knap the tongs together about an handful from
the bottom, and the sound will be more resounding from the
vessel of silver than that of wood. Bacon's Natural History.
The peaceful scabbard where it dwelt,
The rancour of its edge had selt;
For of the lower end two handful
It had devour'd, it was so manful. Hudibras, p. i.
3. A small number or quantity.


Being in possession of the town, they had their handful to
defend themselves from firing. Raleigh's Apology.
He could not, with such a handful of men, and without
cannon, propose reasonably to fight a battle. Clarendon.

HAND-GALLOP. n. s. A slow easy gallop, in which the hand
presses the bridle to hinder increase of speed.
Ovid, with all his sweetness, has as little variety of num­
bers and sound as he: he is always upon a hand-gallop, and his
verse runs upon carpet ground. Dryden.

HAND-GUN. n. s. A gun wielded by the hand.
They have names given them, some from serpents or rave­
nous birds, as culverines or colubrines; others in other re­
spects, as cannons, demicannons, handguns and muskets. Camd.

HA’NDICRAFT. n. s. [hand and craft.] Manual occupation;
work performed by the hand.
The nurseries for children of ordinary gentlemen and han­
dicrafts are managed after the same manner. Gulliver's Trav.
The cov'nants thou shalt teach by candle-light,
When puffing smiths, and ev'ry painful trade
Of handicrafts, in peaceful beds are laid. Dryden's Juvenal.
Particular members of convents have excellent mechanical
genius's, and divert themselves with painting, sculpture, archi­
tecture, gardening, and several kinds of handicrafts. Addison.

HANDICRA’FTSMAN. n. s. [handicraft and man.] A manufac­
turer; one employed in manual occupation.
O miserable age! virtue is not regarded in handicraftsmen.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
He has simply the best wit of any handicraftsman in Athens.
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.
The principal bulk of the vulgar natives are tillers of the
ground, free servants, and handicraftsmen; as smiths, masons
and carpenters. Bacon, Essay 30.
The profaneness and ignorance of handicraftsmen, small
traders, servants, and the like, are to a degree very hard to be
imagined greater. Swift.
It is the landed man that maintains the merchant and shop­
keeper, and handicraftsman. Swift.

HA’NDILY. adv. [from handy.] With skill; with dexterity.

HA’NDINESS. n. s. [from handy.] Readiness; dexterity.

HA’NDIWORK. n. s. [handy and work.] Work of the hand;
product of labour; manufacture.
In general they are not repugnant unto the natural will of
God, which wisheth to the works of his own hands, in that
they are his own handiwork, all happiness; although perhaps,
for some special cause in our own particular, a contrary deter­
mination have seemed more convenient. Hooker, b. v.
As proper men as ever trod upon neats-leather have gone
upon my handiwork. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament
sheweth his handiwork. Ps. xix. 1.
He parted with the greatest blessing of human nature for
the handiwork of a taylor. L'Estrange.

HA’NDKERCHIEF. n. s. [hand and kerchief.] A piece of silk
or linen used to wipe the face, or cover the neck.
She found her sitting in a chair, in one hand holding a let­
ter, in the other her handkerchief, which had lately drunk up
the tears of her eyes. Sidney, b. ii.
He was torn to pieces with a bear: this avouches the shep­
herd's son, who has not only his innocence, but a handkerchief
and rings of his, that Paulina knows. Shak. Winter's Tale.
They did not make use of handkerchiefs, but of the lacinia
or border of the garment, to wipe their face. Arbuthnot.

To HA’NDLE. v. a. [handelen, Dutch, from hand.]
1. To touch; to feel with the hand.
The bodies which we daily handle make us perceive, that
whilst they remain between them, they hinder the approach of
the parts of our hands that press them. Locke.
2. To manage; to wield.
That fellow handles his bow like a cowkeeper. Shakespeare.
3. To make familiar to the hand by frequent touching.
An incurable shyness is the general vice of the Irish horses,
and is hardly ever seen in Flanders, because the hardness of the
Winters forces the breeders there to house and handle their
colts six months every year. Temple.
4. To treat in discourse.
He left nothing fitting for the purpose
Untouch'd, or slightly handled in discourse. Shakes. R. III.
I tell thee, I am mad
In Cressid's love: thou answer'st, she is fair;
Pour'st in the open ulcer of my heart
Her eyes, her hair, her cheek, her gait, her voice,
Thou handlest in thy discourse. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
Leaving to the author the exact handling of every parti­
cular, and labouring to follow the rules of abridgment. 2 Mac.
Of a number of other like instances we shall speak more,
when we handle the communication of sounds. Bacon.
By Guidus Ubaldus, in his treatise, for the explica­
tion of this instrument, the subtleties of it are largely and
excellently handled. Wilkins's Dædalus.
In an argument, handled thus briefly, every thing cannot be
said. Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.
5. To deal with; to practise.
They that handle the law know me not. Jer. ii. 8.
6. To treat well or ill.
Talbot, my life, my joy, again return'd!
How wert thou handled, being prisoner? Shak. Henry VI.
They were well enough pleased to be rid of an enemy that
had handled them so ill. Clarendon, b. viii.
7. To practise upon; to do with.
Pray you, my lord, give me leave to question; you shall see
how I'll handle her. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.

HA’NDLE. n. s. [Handle, Saxon.]
1. That part of any thing by which it is held in the hand.
No hand of blood and bone
Can gripe the sacred handle of our sceptre,
Unless he do prophane, steal, or usurp. Shakesp. Rich. II.
Fortune turneth the handle of the bottle, which is easy to
be taken hold of; and after the belly, which is hard to grasp.
Bacon's Ornam. Ration.
There is nothing but hath a double handle, or at least we
have two hands to apprehend it. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
A carpenter, that had got the iron work of an ax, begged
only so much wood as would make a handle to it. L'Estrange.
Of bone the handles of my knives are made,
Yet no ill taste from thence affects the blade,
Or what I carve; nor is there ever left
Any unsav'ry haut-goust from the haft. Dryden's Juvenal.
A beam there was, on which a beechen pail
Hung by the handle on a driven nail. Dryden's Fables.
2. That of which use is made.
They overturned him in all his interests by the sure but
fatal handle of his own good nature. South's Sermons.

HA’NDLESS. adj. [hand and less.] Without a hand.
Speak, my Lavinia, what accursed hand
Hath made thee handless? Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
His mangled Myrmidons,
Noseless, handless, hackt and clipt, come to him,
Crying on Hector. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.

HA’NDMAID. n. s. A maid that waits at hand.
Brave Burgundy, undoubted hope of France!
Stay, let thy humble handmaid speak to thee. Sh. Hen. VI.
She gave the knight great thanks in little speech,
And said she would his handmaid poor remain. Fairfax.
I will never set politicks against ethicks, especially for that
true ethicks are but as a handmaid to divinity and religion. Bac.
Heav'n's youngest teamed star
Hath fix'd her polish'd car,
Her sleeping Lord with handmaid lamp attending. Milton.
Love led them on; and faith, who knew them best
Thy handmaids, clad them o'er with purple beams
And azure wings, that up they flew so drest,
And speak the truth of thee on glorious themes
Before the judge. Milton.
Those of my family their master slight,
Grown despicable in my handmaid's sight. Sandys.
By viewing nature, nature's handmaid, art,
Makes mighty things from small beginnings great;
Thus fishes first to shipping did impart,
Their tail the rudder, and their head the prow. Dryden.
Since he had placed his heart upon wisdom, health, wealth,
victory and honour should always wait on her as her hand­
maids. Addison's Guardian.
The great master will descend to hear
The humble series of his handmaid's care. Prior.
Then criticism the muse's handmaid prov'd,
To dress her charms and make her more belov'd. Pope.

HA’NDMILL. n. s. [hand and mill.] A mill moved by the
hand.
Oft the drudging ass is driv'n with toil;
Returning late, and loaden home with gain
Of barter'd pitch, and handmills for the grain. Dryd. Virg.

HANDS off. A vulgar phrase for keep off; forbear.
They cut a stag into parts; but as they were entering upon
the dividend, hands off, says the lion. L'Estrange's Fables.

HA’NDSAILS. n. s. Sails managed by the hand.
The seamen will neither stand to their handsails, nor suffer
the pilot to steer. Temple.

HA’NDSAW. n. s. Saw manageable by the hand.
My buckler cut through and through, and my sword hack'd
like a handsaw. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
To perform this work it is necessary to be provided with a
strong knife and a small handsaw. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’NDSEL. n. s. [hansel, a first gift, Dutch.] The first act of
using any thing; the first act of sale.
The apostles term it the pledge of our inheritance, and the
hansel or earnest of that which is to come. Hooker.
Thou art joy's handsel; heav'n lies flat in thee,
Subject to ev'ry mounter's bended knee. Herbert.

To HA’NDSEL. v. a. To use or do any thing the first time.
In timorous deer he handsels his young paws,
And leaves the rugged bear for firmer claws. Cowley.
I'd show you
How easy 'tis to die, by my example,
And handsel fate before you. Dryden.



HA’NDSOME. adj. [handsaem, Dutch, ready, dexterous.]
1. Ready; gainly; convenient.
For a thief it is so handsome, as it may seem it was first
invented for him. Spenser.
2. Beautiful with dignity; graceful.
A great man entered by force into a peasant's house, and,
finding his wife very handsome, turned the good man out of his
dwelling. Addison's Guardian.
3. Elegant; graceful.
That easiness and handsome address in writing, which is
hardest to be attained by persons bred in a meaner way, will
be familiar to you. Felton on the Classicks.
4. Ample; liberal: as, a handsome fortune.
5. Generous; noble: as, a handsome action.

To HA’NDSOME. v. a. [from the adjective.] To render ele­
gant or neat.
Him all repute
For his device in handsoming a suit;
To judge of lace he hath the best conceit. Donne.

HA’NDSOMELY. adv. [from handsome.]
1. Conveniently; dexterously.
Under it he may cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh
handsomely in his way. Spenser on Ireland.
Where the kind nymph, changing her faultless shape,
Becomes unhandsome, handsomely to 'scape. Waller.
2. Beautifully; gracefully.
3. Elegantly; neatly.
A carpenter, after he hath sawn down a tree, hath wrought
it handsomely, and made a vessel thereof. Wisd. xiii. 11.
4. Liberally; generously.
I am finding out a convenient place for an alms-house,
which I intend to endow very handsomely for a dozen super­
annuated husbandmen. Addison.

HA’NDSOMENESS. n. s. [from handsome.] Beauty; grace;
elegance.
Accompanying her mourning garments with a doleful coun­
tenance, yet neither forgetting handsomeness in her mourning
garments, nor sweetness in her doleful countenance. Sidney.
For handsomeness sake, it were good you hang the upper
glass upon a nail. Bacon's Natural History.
In cloths, cheap handsomeness doth bear the bell. Herbert.
Persons of the fairer sex like that handsomeness for which
they find themselves to be the most liked. Boyle.

HA’NDVICE. n. s. [hand and vice.] A vice to hold small work
in. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

HA’NDWRITING. n. s. [hand and writing.] A cast or form of
writing peculiar to each hand.
That you beat me at the mart, I have your hand to show;
If the skin were parchment, and the blows you gave me ink,
Your own handwriting would tell you what I think. Shak.
To no other cause than the wise providence of God can be
referred the diversity of handwritings. Cockburn.

HA’NDY. adj. [from hand.]
1. Executed or performed by the hand.
Proudly vaunting, that although they were but few, yet
they would easily overthrow the great numbers of them, if
ever they came to handy blows. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Both parties now were drawn so close,
Almost to come to handy blows. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
2. Ready; dexterous; skilful.
She stript the stalks of all their leaves; the best
She cull'd, and them with handy care she drest. Dryden.
The servants wash the platter, scour the plate;
And each is handy in his way. Dryden.
3. Convenient.
The strike-block is a plane shorter than the jointer, and is
more handy than the long jointer. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

HA’NDYDANDY. n. s. A play in which children change hands
and places.
See how yond justice rails upon yond simple thief! Hark in
thine ear: change places, and, handydandy, which is the jus­
tice, which is the thief. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Neither cross and pile, nor ducks and drakes, are quite so
ancient as handydandy. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

To HANG. v. a. preter. and part. pass. hanged or hung, an­
ciently hong. [Hangan, Saxon.]
1. To suspend; to fasten in such a manner as to be sustained not
below, but above.
Strangely visited people he cures;
Hanging a golden stamp about their necks,
Put on with holy prayers. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
His great army is utterly ruined, he himself slain in it, and
his head and right hand cut off, and hung up before Jeru­
salem. South's Sermons.
2. To place without any solid support.
Thou all things hast of nothing made,
That hung'st the solid earth in fleeting air,
Vein'd with clear springs, which ambient seas repair. Sandys.
3. To choak and kill by suspending by the neck, so as that the
ligature intercepts the breath and circulation.
He hath commission from thy wife and me
To hang Cordelia in the prison. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Hanging supposes human soul and reason;
This animal's below committing treason:
Shall he be hang'd, who never could rebel?
That's a preferment for Achitophel. Dryden.
Virgil has described hanging more happily than Homer.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
4. To display; to show aloft.
This unlucky mole misled several coxcombs; and, like the
hanging out of false colours, made some of them converse with
Rosalinda in what they thought the spirit of her party. Addis.
5. To let fall below the proper situation; to decline.
There is a wicked man that hangeth down his head sadly;
but inwardly he is full of deceit. Ecclus. xix. 26.
The beauties of this place should mourn;
Th' immortal fruits and flow'rs at my return
Should hang their wither'd head; for sure my breath
Is now more pois'nous. Dryden's State of Innocence.
The rose is fragrant, but it fades in time;
The violet sweet, but quickly past the prime;
White lilies hang their heads, and soon decay;
And whiter snow in minutes melts away. Dryden.
The cheerful birds no longer sing;
Each drops his head, and hangs his wing. Prior.
6. To fix in such a manner as in some directions to be moveable.
The gates and the chambers they renewed, and hanged doors
upon them. 1 Mac. iv. 57.
7. To adorn by hanging upon.
Hung be the heav'ns with black, yield day to night! Sh.
The pavement ever foul with human gore;
Heads and their mangled members hung the door. Dryden.
8. To furnish with ornaments or draperies fastened to the wall.
Musick is better in chambers wainscotted than hanged. Bac.
If e'er my pious father for my sake
Did grateful off'rings on thy altars make,
Or I increas'd them with my silvan toils,
And hung thy holy roofs with savage spoils,
Give me to scatter these. Dryden's Æn.
Sir Roger has hung several parts of his house with the tro­
phies of his labours. Addison's Spectator.

To HANG. v. n.
1. To be suspended; to be supported above, not below.
Over it a fair portcullis hong,
Which to the gate directly did incline,
With comely compass and compacture strong. Fairy Queen.
2. To depend; to fall loosely on the lower part; to dangle.
A tower full of ashes had a round instrument, which every
side hanged down. 2 Mac. xiii. 5.
Upon her shoulders wings she wears
Like hanging sleeves, lin'd through with ears. Hudibras.
If gaming does an aged sire entice,
Then my young master swiftly learns the vice,
And shakes in hanging sleeves the little box and dice. Dry.
3. To bend forward.
By hanging is only meant a posture of bending forward to
strike the enemy. Addison.
4. To float; to play.
And fall these sayings from that gentle tongue,
Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung. Prior.
5. To be supported by something raised above the ground.
Whatever is placed on the head may be said to hang; as we
call hanging gardens such as are planted on the top of the
house. Addison on Italy.
6. To rest upon by embracing.
She hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss
She vied. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
To-day might I, hanging on Hotspur's neck,
Have talk'd of Monmouth's grave. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Faustina is described in the form of a lady sitting upon a
bed, and two little infants hanging about her neck. Peacham.
7. To hover; to impend.
With this strange virtue
He hath a heavenly gift of prophecy;
And sundry blessings hang about his throne,
That speak him full of grace. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Odious names of distinction, which had slept while the
dread of popery hung over us, were revived. Atterbury's Serm.
8. To be loosely joined.
Whither go you?
——To see your wife: is she at home?
—Ay, and as idle as she may hang together, for want of com­
pany. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
9. To drag; to be incommodiously joined.
In my Lucia's absence
Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden. Addis. Cato.
10. To be compact or united.
In the common cause we are all of a piece; we hang toge­
ther. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Your device hangs very well together; but is it not liable to
the same exceptions you made to such explications as have
nothing but the writer's imagination to support them? Addison.
11. To adhere.
A cheerful temper shines out in all her conversation, and


dissipates those apprehensions which hang on the timorous or
the modest, when admitted to her presence. Addison.
Shining landskips, gilded triumphs, and beautiful faces,
disperse that gloominess which is apt to hang upon the mind in
those dark disconsolate seasons. Addison's Spectator.
12. To rest.
Sleep shall neither night nor day
Hang upon his penthouse lid. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Two women, the babes hanging at their breasts, were cast
headlong from the wall. 2 Mac. vi. 10.
13. To be in suspense; to be in a state of uncertainty.
Thy life shall hang in doubt before thee, and thou shalt fear
day and night, and shalt have none assurance of thy life. Deut.
14. To be delayed; to linger.
A noble stroke he lifted,
Which hung not, but so swift with tempest fell
On the proud crest of Satan. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
She thrice essay'd to speak: her accents hung,
And fault'ring dy'd unfinish'd on her tongue. Dryden.
15. To be dependant on.
Oh, how wretched
Is that poor man that hangs on princes favours. Shakesp.
Great queen! whose name strikes haughty monarchs pale,
On whose just sceptre hangs Europa's scale. Prior.
16. To be fixed or suspended with attention.
Though wond'ring senates hung on all he spoke,
The club must hail him master of the joke. Pope's Epistles.
17. To have a steep declivity.
Sussex marl shews itself on the middle of the sides of hang­
ing grounds. Mortimer's Husbandry.
18. To be executed by the halter.
The court forsakes him, and sir Balaam hangs. Pope.
19. To decline; to tend down.
His neck obliquely o'er his shoulders hung,
Press'd with the weight of sleep that tames the strong. Pope.

HA’NGER. n. s. [from hang.] That by which any thing hangs:
as, the pot hangers.

HA’NGER. n. s. [from hang.] A short broad sword.

HA’NGER-ON. n. s. [from hang.] A dependant; one who eats
and drinks without payment.
If the wife or children were absent, their rooms were sup­
plied by the umbræ, or hangers-on. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
They all excused themselves save two, which two he
reckoned his friends, and all the rest hangers-on. L'Estrange.
He is a perpetual hanger-on, yet nobody knows how to be
without him. Swift.

HA’NGING. n. s. [from hang.] Drapery hung or fastened
against the walls of rooms by way of ornament.
A storm, or robbery, call it what you will,
Shook down my mellow hangings, nay, my leaves,
And left me bare to weather. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Like rich hangings in an homely house,
So was his will in his old feeble body. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Being informed that his breakfast was ready, he drew
towards the door, where the hangings were held up. Clarendon.
Now purple hangings cloath the palace walls,
And sumptuous feasts are made in splendid halls. Dryden.
Lucas Van Leyden has infected all Europe with his designs
for tapestry, which, by the ignorant, are called ancient hang­
ings. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Rome oft has heard a cross haranguing,
With prompting priest behind the hanging. Prior.

HA’NGING. participial adj. [from hang.]
1. Foreboding death by the halter.
Surely, sir, a good favour you have; but that you have a
hanging look. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
What Ethiops lips he has!
How foul a snout, and what a hanging face! Dryd. Juven.
2. Requiring to be punished by the halter.

HA’NGMAN. n. s. [hang and man.] The publick executioner.
This monster sat like a hangman upon a pair of gallows; in
his right hand he was painted holding a crown of laurel, and
in his left hand a purse of money. Sidney, b. ii.
One cried, God bless us! and amen! the other;
As they had seen me with these hangman's hands:
Listening their fear, I could not say amen,
When they did say God bless us. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He hath twice or thrice cut Cupid's bowstring, and the lit­
tle hangman dare not shoot at him. Shakespeare.
Who makes that noise there? Who are you?
—Your friend, sir, the hangman: you must be so good, sir,
to rise, and be put to death. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Men do not stand
In so ill case, that God hath with his hand
Sign'd kings blank charters to kill whom they hate;
Nor are they vicars, but hangmen to fate. Donne.
I never knew a critick, who made it his business to lash the
faults of other writers, that was not guilty of greater himself;
as the hangman is generally a worse malefactor than the crimi­
nal that suffers by his hand. Addison's Whig Examiner.

HANK. n. s. [hank, Islandick, a chain or coil of rope.]
1. A skein of thread.
2. A tye; a check; an influence. A low word.
Do we think we have the hank that some gallants have on
their trusting merchants, that, upon peril of losing all former
scores, he must still go on to supply? Decay of Piety.

To HA’NKER. v. n. [hankeren, Dutch.] To long importu­
nately; to have an incessant wish.
And now the saints began their reign,
For which th' had yearn'd so long in vain,
And felt such bowel hankerings,
To see an empire all of kings. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.
Among women and children, care is to be taken that they
get not a hankering after these juggling astrologers and fortune­
tellers. L'Estrange's Fables.
The shepherd would be a merchant, and the merchant
hankers after something else. L'Estrange's Fables.
Do'st thou not hanker after a greater liberty in some things?
If not, there's no better sign of a good resolution. Calamy.
The wife is an old coquette, that is always hankering after
the diversions of the town. Addison's Spectator.
The republick that fell under the subjection of the duke of
Florence, still retains many hankerings after its ancient li­
berty. Addison on Italy.

HAN’T, for has not, or have not.
That roguish leer of your's makes a pretty woman's heart
ake: you han't that simper about the mouth for nothing. Addis.

HAP

HAP. n. s. [anhap, in Welsh, is misfortune.]
1. Chance; fortune.
Things casual do vary, and that which a man doth but
chance to think well of cannot still have the like hap. Hooker.
Whether art it were, or heedless hap,
As through the flow'ring forest rash she fled,
In her rude hairs sweet flowers themselves did lap,
And flourishing fresh leaves and blossoms did enwrap. F. Q.
A fox had the hap to fall into the walk of a lion. L'Estr.
2. That which happens by chance or fortune.
Curst be good haps, and curst be they that build
Their hopes on haps, and do not make despair
For all these certain blows the surest shield. Sidney.
To have ejected whatsoever that church doth make account
of, without any other crime than that it hath been the hap
thereof to be used by the church of Rome, and not to be
commanded in the word of God, might haply have pleased
some few men, who, having begun such a course themselves,
must be glad to see their example followed. Hooker, b. iv.
3. Accident; casual event; misfortune.
Solyman commended them for their valour in their evil haps,
more than the victory of others got by good fortune. Knolles.
Nor feared she among the bands to stray
Of armed men; for often had she seen
The tragick end of many a bloody fray:
Her life had full of haps and hazards been. Fairfax, b. vi.

HAP-HAZARD. n. s. Chance; accident.
The former of these is the most sure and infallible way; but
so hard that all shun it, and had rather walk as men do in the
dark by hap-hazard, than tread so long and intricate mazes for
knowledge sake. Hooker, b. i. s. 7.
We live at haphazard, and without any insight into causes
and effects. L'Estrange.
We take our principles at hap-hazard upon trust, and
without ever having examined them; and then believe a whole
system, upon a presumption that they are true. Locke.

To HAP. v. n. [from the noun.] To come by accident; to
fall out; to happen.
It will be too late to gather provision from abroad, for the
furnishing of ships or soldiers, which peradventure may need
to be presently employed, and whose want may hap to hazard
a kingdom. Spenser on Ireland.
Run you to the citadel,
And tell my lord and lady what hath hap'd. Shak. Othello.
In destructions by deluge, the remnant which hap to be
reserved are ignorant people. Bacon.

HA’PLY. adv. [from hap.]
1. Perhaps; peradventure; it may be.
This love of theirs myself have often seen,
Haply when they have judg'd me fast asleep. Shakespeare.
To warn
Us, haply too secure, of our discharge
From penalty, because from death releas'd
Some days. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Then haply yet your breast remains untouch'd,
Though that seems strange. Rowe's Royal Convert.
Let us now see what conclusions may be found for instruc­
tion of any other state, that may haply labour under the like
circumstances. Swift on the Dissent. in Athens and Rome.
2. By chance; by accident.
Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest, that swim the ocean stream,
Him haply slumb'ring on the Norway foam,
The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff
Deeming some island oft, as seamen tell,
With fixed anchor in his scaly rind,
Moors by his side. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.

HA’PLESS. adj. [from hap.] Unhappy; unfortunate; luckless;
unlucky.


Hapless Ægeon, whom the fates have mark'd
To bear th' extremity of dire mishap! Shakespeare.
Here hapless Icarus had found his part,
Had not the father's grief restrain'd his art. Dryden's Æn.
Did his hapless passion equal mine,
I would refuse the bliss. Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.

To HA’PPEN. v. n. [from hap.]
1. To fall out; to chance; to come to pass.
Bring forth your strong reasons, and shew us what shall
happen. Is. xl. 22.
Say not I have sinned, and what harm hath happened unto
me. Ecclus. v. 4.
If it so fall out that thou art miserable for ever, thou hast
no reason to be surprized, as if some unexpected thing had
happened to thee. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. To light; to fall by chance.
I have happened on some other accounts relating to morta­
lities. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

HA’PPILY. adv. [from happy.]
1. Fortunately; luckily; successfully.
Were she as rough
As are the swelling Adriatick seas,
I come to wive it wealthily in Padua:
If wealthily, then happily in Padua. Shakespeare.
Preferr'd by conquest, happily o'erthrown,
Falling they rise to be with us made one. Waller.
Neither is it so trivial an undertaking to make a tragedy
end happily; for 'tis more difficult to save than kill. Dryden.
2. Addressfully; gracefully; without labour.
Form'd by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope.
3. In a state of selicity: as, he lives happily.
4. By chance; peradventure. In this sense happily is written
erroneously for haply.
One thing more I shall wish you to desire of them, who
happily may peruse these two treatises. Digby.

HA’PPINESS. n. s. [from happy.]
1. Felicity; state in which the desires are satisfied.
Happiness is that estate whereby we attain, so far as possibly
may be attained, the full possession of that which simply for
itself is to be desired, and containeth in it after an eminent
sort the contentation of our desires, the highest degree of all
our perfection. Hooker, b. i.
Oh! happiness of sweet retir'd content,
To be at once secure and innocent. Denham.
The various and contrary choices that men make in the
world, argue that the same thing is not good to every man
alike: this variety of pursuits shews, that every one does not
place his happiness in the same thing. Locke.
2. Good luck; good fortune.
3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace.
Certain graces and happinesses, peculiar to every language,
give life and energy to the words. Denham.
Some beauties yet no precepts can declare;
For there's a happiness as well as care. Pope on Criticism.

HA’PPY. adj. [from hap; as lucky for luck.]
1. In a state of felicity; in a state where the desire is satisfied.
At other end Uran did Strephon lend
Her happy making hand. Sidney.
Am I happy in thy news?
—If to have done the thing you gave in charge
Beget you happiness, be happy then;
For it is done. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Truth and peace, and love, shall ever shine
About the supreme throne
Of him, t' whose happy making sight alone,
When once our heav'nly guided soul shall climb. Milton.
Though the presence of imaginary good cannot make us
happy, the absence of it may make us miserable. Addison.
2. Lucky; successful; fortunate.
Chymists have been more happy in finding experiments than
the causes of them. Boyle.
Yet in this agony his fancy wrought,
And fear supply'd him with this happy thought. Dryden.
3. Addressful; ready.
One gentleman is happy at a reply, and another excels in a
rejoinder. Swift.

HA’QUETON. n. s. A piece of armour. Spenser.

HAR

HARA’NGUE. n. s. [harangue, French. The original of the
French word is much questioned: Menage thinks it a corrup­
tion of hearing, English; Junius imagines it to be discours au
rang, to a circle, which the Italian arringo seems to favour.
Perhaps it may be from orare, or orationare, orationer, oraner,
aranger, haranguer.] A speech; a popular oration.
Gray-headed men, and grave, with warriors mix'd,
Assemble, and harangues are heard; but soon
In factious opposition. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Nothing can better improve political schoolboys than the
art of making plausible or implausible harangues, against the
very opinion for which they resolve to determine. Swift.
A multitude of preachers neglect method in their harangues.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To HARA’NGUE. v. n. [haranguer, French.] To make a
speech; to pronounce an oration.

HARA’NGUER. n. s. [from harangue.] An orator; a publick
speaker: generally with some mixture of contempt.

To HA’RASS. v. a. [harasser, French, from harasse, a heavy
buckler, according to Du Cauge.] To weary; to fatigue; to
tire with labour and uneasiness.
These troops came to the army but the day before, harassed
with a long and wearisome march. Bacon's War with Spain.
Our walls are thinly mann'd, our best men slain;
The rest, an heartless number, spent with watching,
And harass'd out with duty. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Nature oppress'd, and harass'd out with care,
Sinks down to rest. Addison's Cato.

HA’RASS. n. s. [from the verb.] Waste; disturbance.
The men of Judah, to prevent
The harass of their land, beset me round. Milton's Agonist.

HA’RBINGER. n. s. [herberger, Dutch, one who goes to pro­
vide lodgings or an harbour for those that follow.] A fore­
runner; a precursor.
Make all our trumpets speak, give them all breath,
Those calm'rous harbingers of blood and death. Sh. Macb.
I'll be myself the harbinger, and make joyful
The hearing of my wife with your approach. Shak. Macb.
Sin, and her shadow death, and misery,
Death's harbinger. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ix. l. 13.
And now of love they treat, 'till th' evening star,
Love's harbinger, appear'd. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi.
Before him a great prophet, to proclaim
His coming, is sent harbinger, who all
Invites. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. i.
As Ormond's harbinger to you they run;
For Venus is the promise of the Sun. Dryden.

HA’RBOUR. n. s. [herberge, French; herberg, Dutch; albergo,
Italian.]
1. A lodging; a place of entertainment.
For harbour at a thousand doors they knock'd;
Not one of all the thousand but was lock'd. Dryd. Fables.
Doubly curs'd
Be all those easy fools who give it harbour. Rowe's J. Shore.
2. A port or haven for shipping.
Three of your argosies
Are richly come to harbour suddenly. Shakes. Merch. of Ven.
They leave the mouths of Po,
That all the borders of the town o'erflow;
And spreading round in one continu'd lake,
A spacious hospitable harbour make. Addison on Italy.
3. An asylum; a shelter; a place of shelter and security.

To HA’RBOUR. v. n. [from the noun.] To receive entertain­
ment; to sojourn; to take shelter.
This night let's harbour here in York. Shakes. Henry VI.
They are sent by me,
That they should harbour where their lord would be. Shakes.
Southwards they bent their flight,
And harbour'd in a hollow rock at night:
Next morn they rose, and set up every sail;
The wind was fair, but blew a mackrel gale. Dryden.
Let me be grateful; but let far from me
Be fawning cringe, and false dissembling look,
And servile flattery, that harbours oft
In courts and gilded roofs. Phillips.

To HA’RBOUR. v. a.
1. To entertain; to permit to reside.
My lady bids me tell you, that though she harbours you as
her uncle, she's nothing allied to your disorders. Shakespeare.
Knaves I know, which in this plainness
Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends,
Than twenty silky ducking observants,
That stretch their duties nicely. Shakesp. King Lear.
Let not your gentle breast harbour one thought
Of outrage from the king. Rowe's Royal Convert.
We owe this old house the same kind of gratitude that we
do to an old friend who harbours us in his declining condition,
nay even in his last extremities. Pope.
How people, so greatly warmed with a sense of liberty,
should be capable of harbouring such weak superstition; and
that so much bravery and so much folly can inhabit the same
breasts. Pope.
2. To shelter; to secure.
Harbour yourself this night in this castle, because the time
requires it; and, in truth, this country is very dangerous for
murthering thieves to trust a sleeping life among them. Sidney.

HA’RBOURAGE. n. s. [herbergage, Fr. from harbour.] Shelter;
entertainment.
Let in us, your king, whose labour'd spirits,
Forewearied in this action of swift speed,
Crave harbourage within your city walls. Shakesp. King John.

HA’RBOURER. n. s. [from harbour.] One that entertains
another.

HA’RBOURLESS. adj. [from harbour.] Without harbour; with­
out lodging; without shelter.

HARBROUGH for harbour. Spenser.



HARD. adj. [Heard, Saxon; hard, Dutch.]
1. Firm; resisting penetration or separation; not soft; not easy
to be pierced or broken.
Repose you there, while I to the hard house,
More hard than is the stone whereof 'tis rais'd;
Which even but now, demanding after you,
Denied me to come in. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Difficult; not easy to the intellect.
Some diseases, when they are easy to be cured, are hard to
be known. Sidney, b. ii.
The hard causes they brought unto Moses; but every small
matter they judged themselves. Ex. xviii. 26.
When hard words, jealousies, and fears,
Set folks together by the ears. Hudibras, p. i.
'Tis hard to say if Clymene were mov'd
More by his pray'r, whom she so dearly lov'd,
Or more with fury fir'd. Dryden.
As for the hard words, which I was obliged to use, they are
either terms of art, or such as I substituted in place of others
that were too low. Arbuthnot.
3. Difficult of accomplishment; full of difficulties.
Is any thing too hard for the Lord? Gen. xviii. 14.
Possess
As lords a spacious world, t' our native heav'n
Little inferior, by my adventure hard
With peril great atchiev'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Long is the way
And hard, that out of hell leads up to light:
Our prison strong. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
He now discerned he was wholly to be on the defensive,
and that was like to be a very hard part too. Clarendon, b. viii.
Nervous and tendinous parts have worse symptoms, and
are harder of cure, than fleshy ones. Wiseman on Inflammation.
The love and pious duty which you pay,
Have pass'd the perils of so hard a way. Dryden's Æn.
4. Painful; distressful; laborious.
Rachael travelled, and she had hard labour. Gen. xxxv. 16.
Worcester's horse came but to-day;
And now their pride and mettle is asleep,
Their courage with hard labour tame and dull,
That not a horse is half of himself. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Continual hard duty, with little fighting, lessened and di­
minished his army. Clarendon, b. viii.
When Sebastian weeps, his tears
Come harder than his blood. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
A man obliged to hard labour is not reduced to the necessity
of having twice as much victuals as one under no necessity to
work. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
5. Cruel; oppressive; rigorous.
The bargain of Julius III, may be accounted a very hard
one. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 23.
Whom scarce my sheep, and scarce my painful plough,
The needful aids of human life allow;
So wretched is thy son, so hard a mother thou. Dryden.
If you thought that hard upon you, we would not refuse
you half your time. Dryden's Juven. Dedication.
It will be a loss to all those, who have their estates in money,
of one third of their estates; which will be a very hard case
upon a great number of people. Locke.
No people live with more ease and prosperity than the sub­
jects of little commonwealths; as, on the contrary, there are
none who suffer more under the grievances of a hard govern­
ment than the subjects of little principalities. Addison.
Rough ungovernable passions hurry men on to say or do
very hard or offensive things. Atterbury's Sermons.
To find a bill that may bring punishment upon the inno­
cent, will appear very hard. Swift.
6. Sower; rough; severe.
What, have you given him any hard words of late? Shak.
7. Unfavourable; unkind.
As thou lov'st me, do him not that wrong,
To bear a hard opinion of his truth. Shakespeare.
Absalom and Achitophel he thinks is a little hard on his
fanatick patrons. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
Some hard rumours have been transmitted from t'other side
the water, and rumours of the severest kind. Swift.
8. Insensible; untouched.
If I by chance succeed
In what I write, and that's a chance indeed,
Know I am not so stupid, or so hard,
Not to feel praise, or fame's deserv'd reward. Dryd. Pers.
9. Unhappy; vexatious.
It is a very hard quality upon our soil or climate, that so
excellent a fruit, which prospers among all our neighbours,
will not grow here. Temple.
10. Vehement; keen; severe: as, a hard Winter.
11. Unreasonable; unjust.
It is a little hard, that in an affair of the last consequence to
the very being of the clergy, this whole reverend body
should be the sole persons not consulted. Swift.
It is the hardest case in the world, that Steele should take
up the reports of his faction, and put them off as additional
fears. Swift.
12. Forced; not easily granted.
If we allow the first couple, at the end of one hundred
years, to have left ten pair of breeders, which is no hard sup­
position; there would arise from these, in fifteen hundred
years, a greater number than the earth was capable of. Burnet.
13. Powerful.
The stag was too hard for the horse, and the horse flies for
succour to one that's too hard for him, and rides the one to
death, and outright kills the other. L'Estrange's Fables.
Let them consider the vexation they are treasuring up for
themselves, by struggling with a power which will be always
too hard for them. Addison's Freeholder.
A disputant, when he finds that his adversary is too hard
for him, with slyness turns the discourse. Watts.
14. Austere; rough, as liquids.
In making of vinegar, set vessels of wine over against the
noon sun, which calleth out the more oily spirits, and leaveth
the spirit more sour and hard. Bacon's Natural History.
15. Harsh; stiff; constrained.
Others, scrupulously tied to the practice of the ancients,
make their figures harder than even the marble itself. Dryden.
His diction is hard, his figures too bold, and his tropes,
particularly his metaphors, insufferably strained. Dryden.
16. Not plentiful; not prosperous.
You have got a famous victory: there are bonfires decreed;
and, if the times had not been hard, my billet should have
burnt too. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
17. Avaricious; faultily sparing.

HARD. adv. [hardo, very old German.]
1. Close; near.
Hard by was a house of pleasure, built for a Summer re­
tiring place. Sidney.
They doubted a while what it should be, 'till it was cast up
even hard before them; at which time they fully saw it was a
man. Sidney.
A little lowly hermitage it was,
Down in a dale hard by a forest's side,
Far from resort of people that did pass
In travel to and fro. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Scarce had he said, when hard at hand they spie
That quicksand nigh, with water covered. Fairy Queen.
When these marshal the way, hard at hand comes the
master and main exercise. Shakespeare's Othello.
Abimeleck went hard unto the door of the tower, to burn
it with fire. Judg. ix. 52.
Hard by a cottage chimney smokes,
From betwixt two aged oaks. Milton.
2. Diligently; laboriously; incessantly; vehemently; ear­
nestly; importunately.
Geneura rose in his defence,
And pray'd so hard for mercy from the prince,
That to his queen the king th' offender gave. Dryden.
An ant works as hard as a man who should carry a very
heavy load every day four leagues. Addison's Guardian.
Whoever my unknown correspondent be, he presses hard
for an answer, and is earnest in that point. Atterbury.
3. Uneasily; vexatiously.
When a man's servant shall play the cur with him, look
you it goes hard. Shakes. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
4. Vehemently; distressfully.
The question is hard set, and we have reason to doubt. Bro.
A stag, that was hard set by the huntsmen, betook himself
to a stall for sanctuary. L'Estrange.
5. Fast; nimbly.
The Philistines followed hard upon Saul. 2 Sa. xxxi. 2.
The wolves scampered away as hard as they could drive.
L'Estrange's Fables.
6. With difficulty; in a manner requiring labour.
Solid bodies foreshow rain, as boxes and pegs of wood
when they draw and wind hard. Bacon's Natural History.
7. Tempestuously; boisterously.
When the North wind blows hard, and it rains sadly, none
but fools sit down in it and cry; wise people defend themselves
against it. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

HA’RDBOUND. adj. [hard and bound.] Costive.
Just writes to make his barrenness appear,
And strains from hardbound brains eight lines a year. Pope.

To HA’RDEN. v. n. [from hard.] To grow hard.
The powder of loadstone and flint, by the addition of whites
of eggs and gum-dragon, made into paste, will in a few days
harden to the hardness of a stone. Bacon's Natural History.

To HA’RDEN. v. a. [from hard.]
1. To make hard; to indurate.
Sure he, who first the passage try'd,
In harden'd oak his heart did hide,
And ribs of iron arm'd his side,
Who tempted first the briny flood. Dryden.
A piece of the hardened marl. Woodward on Fossils.
2. To confirm in effrontery; to make impudent.
3. To confirm in wickedness, to make obdurate.


But exhort one another daily, lest any of you be hardened
through the deceitfulness of sin. Hebr. iii. 13.
He stiffened his neck, and hardened his heart from turning
unto the Lord. 2 Chro. xxxvi. 13.
It is a melancholy consideration, that there should be several
among us so hardened and deluded as to think an oath a proper
subject for a jest. Addison's Freeholder.
4. To make insensible; to stupify.
Our religion sets before us not the example of a stupid
stoick, who had by obstinate principles hardened himself
against all sense of pain; but an example of a man like our­
selves, that had a tender sense of the least suffering, and yet
patiently endured the greatest. Tillotson's Sermons.
Years have not yet hardened me, and I have an addition of
weight on my spirits since we lost him. Swift to Pope.
5. To make firm; to endue with constancy.
Then should I yet have comfort? yea, I would harden my­
self in sorrow. Job vi. 10.
One raises the soul, and hardens it to virtue; the other
softens it again, and unbends it into vice. Dryden.

HA’RDENER. n. s. [from harden.] One that makes any thing
hard.

HARDFA’VOURED. adj. [hard and favour.] Coarse of feature;
harsh of countenance.
When the blast of war blows in your ears,
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood,
Disguise fair nature with hardfavour'd looks,
Then lend the eye a terrible aspect. Shakesp. Henry V.
The brother a very lovely youth, and the sister hard­
favoured. L'Estrange.
When Vulcan came into the world he was so hardfavoured
that both his parents frowned on him. Dryden.

HARDHA’NDED. adj. [hard and hand.] Coarse; mechanick;
one that has hands hard with labour.
What are they that do play it?
—Hardhanded men that work in Athens here,
Which never labour'd in their minds 'till now. Shakespeare.

HA’RDHEAD. n. s. [hard and head.] Clash of heads; manner
of fighting in which the combatants dash their heads toge­
ther.
I have been at hardhead with your butting citizens; I have
routed your herd, I have disperst them. Dryden's Span. Fryar.

HARDHE’ARTED. adj. [hard and heart.] Cruel; inexorable;
merciless; pitiless; barbarous; inhuman; savage; uncom­
passionate.
Hardhearted Clifford, take me from the world;
My soul to heav'n. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Can you be so hardhearted to destroy
My ripening hopes, that are so near to joy? Dryden.
John Bull, otherwise a good-natured man, was very hard­
hearted to his sister Peg. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

HARDHE’ARTEDNESS. n. s. [from hardhearted.] Cruelty; want
of tenderness; want of compassion.
Hardheartedness and cruelty is not only an inhuman vice,
but worse than brutal. L'Estrange.
How black and base a vice ingratitude is, may be seen in
those vices which it is always in combination with, pride and
hardheartedness, or want of compassion. South's Sermons.
Hardheartedness is an essential in the character of a liber­
tine. Clarissa.

HA’RDIHEAD. n. s. [from hardy.] Stoutness; bravery. Ob­
solete.

HA’RDIHOOD. n. s. [from hardy.] Stoutness; bravery. Ob­
solete.
Enflam'd with fury and fierce hardyhead,
He seem'd in heart to harbour thoughts unkind,
And nourish bloody vengeance in his bitter mind. Fa. Qu.
If you have this about you,
Boldly assault the necromancer's hall,
Where if he be, with dauntless hardihood. Milton.

HA’RDIMENT. n. s. [from hardy, hardiment, adv. French.]
Courage; stoutness; bravery.
But full of fire and greedy hardiment,
The youthful knight could not for aught be staid. Fa. Qu.
On the gentle Severn's sedgy bank,
In single opposition, hand to hand,
He did confound the best part of an hour
In changing hardiment with great Glendower. Shak. H. IV.
Zeal was the spring whence flowed her hardiment. Fairf.

HA’RDINESS. n. s. [hardiesse, French, from hardy.]
1. Hardship; fatigue.
They are valiant and hardy; great endurers of cold, hun­
ger, and all hardiness. Spenser.
2. Stoutness; courage; bravery.
If with thrice such powers left at home,
Cannot defend our own doors from the dog,
Let us be worried; and our nation lose
The name of hardiness and policy. Shakesp. Henry V.
Perkin had gathered together a power of all nations, neither
in number nor in the hardiness and courage of their persons
contemptible. Bacon's Henry VII.
He has the courage of a rational creature, and such an har­
diness we should endeavour by custom and use to bring children
to. Locke.
Criminal as you are, you avenge yourself against the hardi­
ness of one that should tell you of it. Spectator.
3. Effrontery; confidence.

HARDLA’BOURED. adj. [hard and labour.] Elaborate; studied;
diligently wrought.
How chearfully the hawkers cry
A satire, and the gentry buy!
While my hardlabour'd poem pines,
Unfold upon the printer's lines. Swift.

HA’RDLY. adv. [from hard.]
1. With difficulty; not easily.
For the most part it so falleth out, touching things which
generally are received, that although in themselves they be
most certain, yet, because men presume them granted of all,
we are hardliest able to bring such proof of their certainty as
may satisfy gainsayers, when suddenly and besides expectation
they require the same at our hands. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
There are but a few, and they endued with great ripeness
of wit and judgment, free from all such affairs as might trou­
ble their meditations, instructed in the sharpest and subtlest
points of learning; who have, and that very hardly, been
able to find out but only the immortality of the soul. Hooker.
God hath delivered a law as sharp as the two-edged sword,
piercing the very closest and most unsearchable corners of the
heart, which the law of nature can hardly, human laws by no
means, possibly reach unto. Hooker, b. i.
There are in living creatures parts that nourish and repair
easily, and parts that nourish and repair hardly. Bacon.
The barks of those trees are more close and soft than those
of oaks and ashes, whereby the moss can the hardlier issue
out. Bacon's Natural History.
False confidence is easily taken up, and hardly laid
down. South's Sermons.
The father, mother, daughter they invite;
Hardly the dame was drawn to this repast. Dryden.
Recov'ring hardly what he lost before,
His right endears it much, his purchase more. Dryden.
2. Scarcely; scant; not lightly.
The fish that once was caught, new bait will hardly bite.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 1.
They are worn, lord consul, so
That we shall hardly in our ages see
Their banners wave again. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Hardly shall you find any one so bad, but he desires the
credit of being thought good. South's Sermons.
The wand'ring breath was on the wing to part,
Weak was the pulse, and hardly heav'd the heart. Dryden.
There is hardly a gentleman in the nation who hath not a
near alliance with some of that body. Swift.
3. Grudgingly; as an injury.
If I unwittingly
Have aught committed that is hardly borne
By any in this presence, I desire
To reconcile me. Shakespeare's Richard III.
4. Severely; unfavourably.
If there are some reasons inducing you to think hard­
ly of our laws, are those reasons demonstrative, are they
necessary, or meer possibilities only? Hooker, Preface.
5. Rigorously; oppressively.
Many men believed that he was hardly dealt with. Clarend.
They are now in prison, and treated hardly enough; for
there are fifteen dead within two years. Addison on Italy.
They have begun to say, and to fetch instances, where he
has in many things been hardly used. Swift.
6. Unwelcomely; harshly.
Such information, even from those who have authority over
them, comes very hardly and harshly to a grown man; and,
however softened, goes but ill down. Locke.
7. Not softly; not tenderly; not delicately.
Heav'n was her canopy, bare earth her bed;
So hardly lodg'd. Dryden.

HA’RDMOUTHED. adj. [hard and mouth.] Disobedient to the
rein; not sensible of the bit.
'Tis time my hardmouth'd coursers to controul,
Apt to run riot, and trangress the goal,
And therefore I conclude. Dryden's Fables.
But who can youth, let loose to vice, restrain?
When once the hardmouth'd horse has got the rein,
He's past thy pow'r to stop. Dryden's Juvenal.

HA’RDNESS. n. s. [from hard.]
1. Durity; power of resistance in bodies.
Hardness is a firm cohesion of the parts of matter that make
up masses of a sensible bulk, so that the whole does not ea­
sily change its figure. Locke.
From the various combinations of these corpuscles happen
all the varieties of the bodies formed out of them, in colour,
taste, smell, hardness, and specifick gravity. Woodward.
2. Difficulty to be understood.
I found
This label on my bosom, whose containing
Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.


3. Difficulty to be accomplished.
It was time now or never to sharpen my intention to pierce
through the hardness of this enterprize. Sidney.
Concerning the duty itself, the hardness thereof is not such
as needeth much art. Hooker, b. v. s. 31.
4. Scarcity; penury.
The tenants poor, the hardness of the times,
Are ill excuses for a servant's crimes. Swift.
5. Obduracy; profligateness.
Every commission of sin introduces unto the soul a certain
degree of hardness, and an aptness to continue in that sin.
South's Sermons.
6. Coarseness; harshness of look.
By their virtuous behaviour they compensate the hardness of
their favour, and by the pulchritude of their souls make up
what is wanting in the beauty of their bodies. Ray.
7. Keenness; vehemence of weather or seasons.
If the hardness of the Winter should spoil them, neither the
loss of seed nor labour will be much. Mortimers Husbandry.
8. Cruelty of temper; savageness; harshness; barbarity.
We will ask,
That if we fail in our request, the blame
May hang upon your hardness. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
They quicken sloth, perplexities unty,
Make roughness smooth, and hardness mollify. Denham.
9. Stiffness; harshness.
Sculptors are obliged to follow the manners of the painters,
and to make many ample folds, which are insufferable hard­
nesses, and more like a rock than a natural garment. Dryden.
10. Faulty parsimony; stinginess.

HA’RDOCK. n. s. I suppose the same with burdock.
Why he was met ev'n now,
Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,
With hardocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers. Shakesp.

HARDS. n. s. The refuse or coarser part of flax.

HA’RDSHIP. n. s. [from hard.]
1. Injury; oppression.
They are ripe for a peace, to enjoy what we have con­
quered for them; and so are we, to recover the effects of their
hardships upon us. Swift.
2. Inconvenience; fatigue.
They were exposed to hardship and penury. Sprat's Serm.
You could not undergo the toils of war,
Nor bear the hardships that your leaders bore. Addis. Cato.
In journeys or at home, in war or peace,
By hardships many, many fall by ease. Prior.

HA’RDWARE. n. s. [hard and ware.] Manufactures of metal.

HA’RDWAREMAN. n. s. [hardware and man.] A maker or
seller of metalline manufactures.
One William Wood, an hardwareman, obtains by fraud a
patent in England to coin 108,000 l. in copper to pass in
Ireland, leaving us liberty to take or refuse. Swift.

HA’RDY. adj. [hardi, French.]
1. Bold; brave; stout; daring.
Try the imagination of some in cock-fights, to make one
cock more hardy, and the other more cowardly. Bacon.
Recite
The feats of Amazons, the fatal fight
Betwixt the hardy queen and hero knight. Dryd. Fables.
Who is there hardy enough to contend with the reproach
which is prepared for those, who dare venture to dissent from
the received opinions of their country? Locke.
Could thirst of vengeance, and desire of fame,
Excite the female breast with martial flame?
And shall not love's diviner pow'r inspire
More hardy virtue, and more gen'rous fire? Prior.
2. Strong; hard; firm.
Is a man confident of his present strength? An unwhol­
some blast may shake in pieces his hardy fabrick. South.
3. Confident; firm.

HARE and HERE, differing in pronunciation only, signify both
an army and a lord. So Harold is a general of an army;
Hareman, a chief man in the army; Herwin, a victorious
army; which are much like Stratocles, Polemarchus, and Hege­
sistratus among the Greeks. Gibson's Camden.

HARE. n. s. [Hara, Saxon; karh, Erse.]
1. A small quadruped, with long ears and short tail, that moves
by leaps, remarkable for timidity, vigilance, and fecundity;
the common game of hunters.
Dismay'd not this
Our captains Macbeth and Banquo?
——Yes,
As sparrows, eagles; or the hare, the lion. Shakesp. Macb.
We view in the open champaign a brace of swift grey­
hounds coursing a good stout and well breathed hare. More.
Your dressings must be with Galen's powder and hare's fur.
Wiseman's Surgery.
Poor is the triumph o'er the timid hare. Thoms. Autumn.
2. A constellation.
The hare appears, whose active rays supply
A nimble force, and hardly wings deny. Creech.

To HARE. v. n. [harier, French.] To fright; to hurry with
terrour.
To hare and rate them, is not to teach but vex them. Locke.

HA’REBELL. n. s. [hare and bell.] A blue flower campaniform.
Thou shalt not lack
The flow'r that's like thy face, pale primrose; nor
The azur'd harebell, like thy veins. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

HA’REBRAINED. adj. [from hare the verb and brain.] Volatile;
unsettled; wild; fluttering; hurried.
That harebrained wild fellow begins to play the fool, when
others are weary of it. Bacon's Henry VII.

HA’REFOOT. n. s. [hare and foot.]
1. A bird. Ainsworth.
2. An herb. Ainsworth.

HA’RELIP. n. s. A fissure in the upper lip with want of sub­
stance, a natural defect. Quincy.
The blots of nature's hand
Shall not in their issue stand;
Never mole, harelip, nor scar,
Shall upon their children be. Shakes. Mids. Night's Dream.
The third stitch is performed with pins or needles, as in
harelips. Wiseman's Surgery.

HA’RESEAR. n. s. [bupleurum, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: the leaves grow alternately upon the
branches, and for the most part surround the stalk, having no
footstalk: the seeds are oblong, smooth, and furrowed. Miller.

HA’RIER. n. s. [from hare.] A dog for hunting hares. Ainsw.

To HARK. v. n. [Contracted from hearken.] To listen.
The king,
To me inveterate, harks my brother's suit. Shakespeare.
Pricking up his ears, to hark
If he could hear too in the dark. Hudibras, p. iii.

HARK. interj. [It is originally the imperative of the verb hark.]
List! hear! listen!
What harmony is this? My good friends, hark! Shakes.
The butcher saw him upon the gallop with a piece of flesh,
and called out, hark ye, friend, you may make the best of
your purchase. L'Estrange's Fables.
Hark! methinks the roar that late pursu'd me,
Sinks like the murmurs of a falling wind. Rowe's Ja. Shore.
Hark how loud the woods
Invite you forth! Thomson's Spring.

HARL. n. s.
1. The filaments of flax.
2. Any filamentous substance.
The general sort are wicker hives, made of privet, willow,
or harl, daubed with cow-dung. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’RLEQUIN. n. s. [This name is said to have been given by
Francis of France to a busy buffoon, in ridicule of his enemy
Charles le quint. Menage derives it more probably from a
famous comedian that frequented M. Harlay's house, whom
his friends called Harlequino, little Harley. Trev.] A buf­
foon who plays tricks to divert the populace; a Jack-pudding;
a zani.
The joy of a king for a victory must not be like that of
a harlequin upon a letter from his mistress. Dryden.
The man in graver tragick known,
Though his best part long since was done,
Still on the stage desires to tarry;
And he who play'd the harlequin,
After the jest still loads the scene,
Unwilling to retire, though weary. Prior.

HA’RLOT. n. s. [herlodes, Welsh, a girl. Others for hore­
let, a little whore. Others from the name of the mother of
William the Conqueror. Hurlet is used in Chaucer for a low
male drudge.] A whore; a strumpet.
Away, my disposition, and possess me with
Some harlot's spirit. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
They help thee by such aids as geese and harlots. Ben. Johns.
The barbarous harlots crowd the publick place;
Go, fools, and purchase an unclean embrace. Dryd. Juven.

HA’RLOTRY. n. s. [from harlot.]
1. The trade of a harlot; fornication.
Nor shall,
From Rome's tribunal, thy harangues prevail
'Gainst harlotry, while thou art clad so thin. Dryd. Juven.
2. A name of contempt for a woman.
A peevish self-will'd harlotry,
That no persuasion can do good upon. Shakesp. Henry IV.

HARM. n. s. [Hearm, Saxon.]
1. Injury; crime; wickedness.
2. Mischief; detriment; hurt.
We, ignorant of ourselves,
Beg often our own harms, which the wise powers
Deny us for our good. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
They should be suffered to write on: it would keep them
out of harms way, and prevent them from evil courses. Swift.

To HARM. v. a. To hurt; to injure.
What sense had I of her stol'n hours or lust?
I saw't not, thought it not, it harm'd not me. Shak. Othello.
Passions ne'er could grow
To harm another, or impeach your rest. Waller.


After their young are hatched, they brood them under their
wings, lest the cold, and sometimes the heat, should harm
them. Ray on the Creation.

HA’RMFUL. adj. [harm and full.] Hurtful; mischievous;
noxious; injurious; detrimental.
His dearly loved squire
His spear of heben-wood behind him bare,
Whose harmful head, thrice heated in the fire,
Had riven many a breast with pike-head square. Fa. Queen.
Let no man fear that harmful creature less, because he sees
the apostle safe from that poison. Hall.
The earth brought forth fruit and food for man, with­
out any mixture of harmful quality. Raleigh's History.
For flax and oats will burn the tender field,
And sleepy poppies harmful harvests yield. Dryden's Georg.

HA’RMFULLY. adv. [from harmful.] Hurtfully; noxiously;
detrimentally.
A scholar is better occupied in playing or sleeping, than
spending his time not only vainly, but harmfully in such kind
of exercise. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

HA’RMFULNESS. n. s. [from harmful.] Hurtfulness; mis­
chievousness; noxiousness.

HA’RMLESS. adj. [from harm.]
1. Innocent; innoxious; not hurtful.
Touching ceremonies harmless in themselves, and hurtful
only in respect of number, was it amiss to decree that those
things that were least needful, and newliest come, should be
the first that were taken away? Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
She, like harmless lightning, throws her eye
On him, her brothers, me, her master; hitting
Each object with a joy. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. Unhurt; undamaged.
The shipwright will be careful to gain by his labour, or at
least to save himself harmless, and therefore suit his work
slightly, according to a slight price. Raleigh's Essays.

HA’RMLESSLY. adv. [from harmless.] Innocently; without
hurt; without crime.
He spent that day free from worldly trouble, harmlessly,
and in a recreation that became a churchman. Walton.
Bullets batter the walls which stand inflexible, but fall harm­
lessly into wood or feathers. Decay of Piety.

HA’RMLESSNESS. n. s. [from harmless.] Innocence; freedom
from injury or hurt.
When, through tasteless flat humility,
In dough-bak'd men some harmlessness we see,
'Tis but his phlegm that's virtuous, and not he. Donne.
Compare the harmlessness, the credulity, the tenderness, the
modesty, and the ingenuous pliableness to virtuous counsels,
which is in youth untainted, with the mischievousness, the
slyness, the craft, the impudence, the falshood, and the con­
firmed obstinacy in an aged long-practised sinner. South.

HA’RMONICAL. adj. [ἁϱμονιϰὸς; harmonique, French.] Pro­
portioned to each other; adapted to each
other; concordant; musical.

HA’RMONICK. adj. [ἁϱμονιϰὸς; harmonique, French.] Pro­
portioned to each other; adapted to each
other; concordant; musical.
After every three whole notes, nature requireth, for all har­
monical use, one half note to be interposed. Bacon's N. Hist.
Harmonical sounds, and discordant sounds, are both active
and positive; but blackness and darkness are, indeed, but pri­
vatives. Bacon's Natural History.
So swells each wind-pipe; ass intones to ass,
Harmonick twang of leather, horn, and brass. Pope.

HARMO’NIOUS. adj. [harmonieux, French, from harmony.]
1. Adapted to each other; having the parts proportioned to each
other.
All the wide-extended sky,
And all th' harmonius worlds on high,
And Virgil's sacred work shall dye. Cowley.
God has made the intellectual world harmonious and beauti­
ful without us; but it will never come into our heads all at
once; we must bring it home piece-meal. Locke.
2. Having sounds concordant to each other; musical.
Harmony in wedded pair,
More grateful than harmonious sounds to th' ear. Milton.
The verse of Chaucer is not harmonious to us: they who
lived with him, and some time after him, thought it musical.
Dryden's Fables, Preface.

HA’RMONIOUSLY. adv. [from harmonious.]
1. With just adaptation and proportion of parts to each other.
Not chaos-like, together crush'd and bruis'd;
But as the world, harmoniously confus'd:
Where order in variety we see,
And where, though all things differ, they agree. Pope.
That all these distances, motions, and quantities of matter
should be so accurately and harmoniously adjusted in this great
variety of our system, is above the fortuitous hits of blind
material causes, and must certainly flow from that eternal
fountain of wisdom. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Musically; with concord of sounds.
If we look upon the world as a musical instrument, well­
tuned, and harmoniously struck, we ought not therefore to
worship the instrument, but him that makes the musick.
Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.

HARMO’NIOUSNESS. n. s. [from harmonious.] Proportion;
musicalness.

To HA’RMONIZE. v. a. [from harmony.] To adjust in fit pro­
portions; to make musical.
Love first invented verse, and form'd the rhime,
The motion measur'd, harmoniz'd the chime. Dryden.

HA’RMONY. n. s. [ἁϱμονία; harmonie, French.]
1. The just adaptation of one part to another.
The pleasures of the eye and ear are but the effects of equa­
lity, good proportion, or correspondence; so that equality
and correspondence are the causes of harmony. Bacon.
The harmony of things,
As well as that of sounds, from discord springs. Denham.
Sure infinite wisdom must accomplish all its works with con­
summate harmony, proportion, and regularity. Cheyne.
2. Just proportion of sound; musical concord.
Harmony is a compound idea, made up of different sounds
united. Watts's Logick.
3. Concord; correspondent sentiment.
In us both one soul,
Harmony to behold in wedded pair!
More grateful than harmonious sounds to th' ear. Milton.
I no sooner in my heart divin'd,
My heart, which by a secret harmony
Still moves with thine, join'd in connexion sweet! Milton.

HA’RNESS. n. s. [harnois, French, supposed from iern or
hiern, Runnick; hiairn, Welsh and Erse, iron.]
1. Armour; defensive furniture of war.
A goodly knight, all dress'd in harness meet,
That from his head no place appeared to his feet. F. Queen.
Doff thy harness, youth:
I am to-day i' th' vein of chivalry. Shakesp. Troil. and Cress.
Of no right, nor colour like to right,
He doth fill fields with harness. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Were I a great man, I should fear to drink:
Great men should drink with harness on their throats. Shak.
2. The traces of draught horses, particularly of carriages of
pleasure or state: of other carriages we say geer.
Or wilt thou ride? Thy horses shall be trapp'd,
Their harness studded all with gold and pearl. Shakespeare.
Their steeds around,
Free from their harness, graze the flow'ry ground. Dryden.

To HA’RNESS. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dress in armour.
He was harnest light, and to the field goes he. Shakesp.
Full fifty years, harness'd in rugged steel,
I have endur'd the biting Winter's blast. Rowe.
2. To fix horses in their traces.
Before the door her iron chariot stood,
All ready harnessed for journey new. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Harness the horses, and get up the horsemen, and stand
forth with your helmets. Jer. xlvi. 4.
When I plow my ground, my horse is harnessed and chained
to my plough. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
To the harnessed yoke
They lend their shoulder, and begin their toil. Thomson.

HARP. n. s. [Hearp, Saxon; harpe, French. It is used through
both the Teutonick and Roman dialects, and has been long
in use.
Romanusq; lyrâ plaudat tibi, Barbarus harpâ. Ven. Fort.]
1. A lyre; an instrument strung with wire and struck with the
finger.
Arion, when through tempests cruel wreck
He forth was thrown into the greedy seas,
Through the sweet musick which his harp did make,
Allur'd a dolphin him from death to ease. Spenser.
They touch'd their golden harps, and hyming prais'd
God and his works. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Nor wanted tuneful harp, nor vocal quire,
The muses sung, Apollo touch'd the lyre. Dryden.
2. A constellation.
Next shines the harp, and through the liquid skies
The shell, as lightest, first begins to rise;
This when sweet Orpheus struck, to list'ning rocks
He senses gave, and ears to wither'd oaks. Creech's Manilus.

To HARP. v. n. [harper, French, from the noun.]
1. To play on the harp.
I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps. Rev.
Things without life giving sound, whether pipe or harp,
except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be
known what is piped or harped. 1 Cor. xiv. 7.
The helmed cherubim,
And sworded seraphim,
Are seen in glitt'ring ranks with wings display'd,
Harping in loud and solemn quire,
With unexpressive notes to heav'n's new-born heir. Milton.
I conceive you harp a little too much upon one string.
Collier on Pride.
2. To touch any passion, as the harper touches a string; to
dwell on a subject.
Gracious duke,
Harp not on that, nor do not banish reason


For inequality; but let your reason serve
To make the truth appear. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Macbeth, beware Macduff!
Beware the thane of Fife: dismiss me: enough.
——Whate'er thou art, for thy good caution, thanks:
Thou'st harp'd my fear aright. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He seems
Proud and disdainful, harping on what I am,
Not what he knew I was. Shakes. Ant. aud Cleopatra.

HA’RPER. n. s. [from harp.] A player on the harp.
Never will I trust to speeches penn'd,
Nor to the motion of a schoolboy's tongue;
Nor wooe in rhime, like a blind harper's song. Shakespeare.
I'm the god of the harp: stop, my fairest:—in vain;
Nor the harp, nor the harper, could fetch her again. Tickell.

HA’RPING Iron. n. s. [from harpago, Latin.] A bearded dart
with a line fastened to the handle, with which whales are
struck and caught.
The boat which on the first assault did go,
Struck with a harping iron the younger foe;
Who, when he felt his side so rudely gor'd,
Loud as the sea that nourish'd him he roar'd. Waller.

HARPONE’ER. n. s. [harponeur, French, from harpoon.] He
that throws the harpoon in whalefishing.

HARPO’ON. n. s. [harpon, French.] A harping iron.

HA’RPSICORD. n. s. A musical instrument.

HA’RPY. n. s. [harpyia, Latin; harpie, harpye, French.]
The harpies were a kind of birds which had the faces of
women, and foul long claws, very filthy creatures; which,
when the table was furnished for Phineus, came flying in, and
devouring or carrying away the greater part of the victuals,
did so defile the rest that they could not be endured. Raleigh.
That an harpy is not a centaur is by this way as much a
truth, as that a square is not a circle. Locke.
2. A ravenous wretch.
I will do you any ambassage to the pigmies, rather than hold
three words conference with this harpy. Shakespeare.

HA’RQUEBUSS. n. s. [See ARQUEBUSE.] A handgun.

HA’RQUEBUSSIER. n. s. [from harquebuss.] One armed with
a harquebuss.
About thirty paces off were placed twenty thousand nimble
harquebussiers, ranged in length, and but five in a rank. Knolles.

HARRIDA’N. n. s. [corrupted from haridelle, a worn-out
worthless horse.] A decayed strumpet.
She just endur'd the Winter she began,
And in four months a batter'd harridan;
Now nothing's left, but wither'd, pale, and shrunk,
To bawd for others, and go shares with punk. Swift.

HA’RROW. n. s. [charroue, French; harcke, German, a rake.]
A frame of timbers crossing each other, and set with teeth,
drawn over sowed ground to break the clods and throw the
earth over the seed.
The land with daily care
Is exercis'd, and with an iron war
Of rakes and harrows. Dryden's Georgick.
Two small harrows, that clap on each side of the ridge,
harrow it right up and down. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To HA’RROW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To break with the harrow.
Friend, harrow in time, by some manner of means,
Not only thy peason, but also thy beans. Tuss. Husbandry.
Can'st thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow?
or will he harrow the valleys after thee? Job xxxix. 10.
Let the Volscians
Plow Rome, and harrow Italy, I'll never
Be such a gosling to obey instinct. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To tear up; to rip up.
I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word
Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood,
Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres. Sh.
Imagine you behold me bound and scourg'd,
My aged muscles harrow'd up with whips;
Or hear me groaning on the rending rack. Rowe.
3. To pillage; to strip; to lay waste. See HARRY, which in
Scottish is the same thing.
As the king did excel in good commonwealth laws, so he
had in secret a design to make use of them, as well for col­
lecting of treasure as for correcting of manners; and so mean­
ing thereby to harrow his people, did accumulate them the
rather. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. To invade; to harass with incursions. [From Hergian,
Saxon.]
And he that harrow'd hell with heavy stowre,
The faulty souls from thence brought to his heavenly bowre.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 10.
Most glorious Lord of life, that on this day
Did'st make thy triumph over death and sin;
And having harrow'd hell, did'st bring away
Captivity thence captive, us to win. Spenser's Sonnets.
5. To disturb; to put into commotion. [This should rather
be written harry, harer, French.]
Most like: it harrows me with fear and wonder. Shakesp.
Amaz'd I stood, harrow'd with grief and care. Milton.
Harrow now out and weal away, he cried;
What dismal day hath sent this cursed light,
To see my lord so deadly damnify'd? Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HA’RROW. interj. An exclamation of sudden distress. Now
out of use.

HA’RROWER. n. s. [from harrow.]
1. He who harrows.
2. A kind of hawk. Ainsworth.

To HA’RRY. v. a. [harer, French.]
1. To teaze; to hare; to ruffle.
Thou must not take my former sharpness ill.
—I repent me much
That I so harry'd him. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
2. In Scotland it signifies to rob, plunder, or oppress: as, one
harried a nest; that is, he took the young away: as also, he
harried me out of house and home; that is, he robbed me of my
goods, and turned me out of doors. See To HARROW.

HARSH. adj. [hervische, German, Skinner.]
1. Austere; roughly sour.
Our nature here is not unlike our wine;
Some sorts, when old, continue brisk and fine:
So age's gravity may seem severe,
But nothing harsh or bitter ought t' appear. Denham.
Sweet, bitter, sour, barsh and salt, are all the epithets we
have to denominate that numberless variety of relishes. Locke.
The same defect of heat which gives a fierceness to our na­
tures, may contribute to that roughness of our language,
which bears some analogy to the harsh fruit of colder coun­
tries. Swift to the Lord High Treasurer.
2. Rough to the ear.
A name unmusical to Volscian ears,
And harsh in sound to thine. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Age might, what nature never gives the young,
Have taught the smoothness of thy native tongue;
But satire needs not that, and with will shine
Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line. Dryden.
The unnecessary consonants made their spelling tedious,
and their pronunciation harsh. Dryden.
Thy lord commands thee now
With a harsh voice, and supercilious brow,
To servile duties. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 5.
3. Crabbed; morose; peevish.
He was a wise man and an eloquent; but in his nature
harsh and haughty. Bacon's Henry VII.
Bear patiently the harsh words of thy enemies, as knowing
that the anger of an enemy admonishes us of our duty. Taylor.
No harsh reflection let remembrance raise;
Forbear to mention what thou can'st not praise. Prior.
A certain quickness of apprehension inclined him to kindle
into the first motions of anger; but, for a long time before
he died, no one heard an intemperate or harsh word proceed
from him. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. Rugged to the touch.
Black feels as if you were feeling needles points, or some
harsh sand; and red feels very smooth. Boyle on Colours.
5. Unpleasing; rigorous.
With eloquence innate his tongue was arm'd;
Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charm'd. Dryd.

HA’RSHLY. adj. [from harsh.]
1. Sourly; austerely to the palate, as unripe fruit.
2. With violence; in opposition to gentleness, unless in the fol­
lowing passage it rather signifies unripely.
'Till, like ripe fruit, thou drop
Into thy mother's lap; or be with ease
Gather'd, not harshly pluck'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
3. Severely; morosely; crabbedly.
I would rather he was a man of a rough temper, that would
treat me harshly, than of an effeminate nature. Addison.
4. Ruggedly to the ear.
My wife is in a wayward mood to-day:
I tell you, 'twould sound harshly in her ears. Shakespeare.
Get from him why he puts on this confusion,
Grating so harshly all his days of quiet
With turbulent and dang'rous lunacy. Shakesp. Hamlet.
A hollow groan, a murm'ring wind arose;
The rings of iron that on the doors were hung,
Sent out a jarring sound, and harshly rung. Dryd. Fables.

HA’RSHNESS. n. s. [from harsh.]
1. Sourness; austere taste.
Take an apple and roll it upon a table hard: the rolling
doth soften and sweeten the fruit, which is nothing but the
smooth distribution of the spirits into the parts; for the un­
equal distribution of the spirits maketh the harshness. Bacon.
2. Roughness to the ear.
Neither can the natural harshness of the French, or the per­
petual ill accent, be ever refined into perfect harmony like the
Italian. Dryden.
Cannot I admire the height of Milton's invention, and the
strength of his expression, without defending his antiquated
words, and the perpetual harshness of their sound? Dryden.


'Tis not enough no harshness gives offence;
The sound must seem an echo to the sense. Pope.
3. Ruggedness to the touch.
Harshness and ruggedness of bodies is unpleasant to the
touch. Bacon's Natural History.
4. Crabbedness; moroseness; peevishness.
No, Regan, you shall never have my curse:
Thy tender-hefted nature shall not give
Thee o'er to harshness: her eyes are fierce, but thine
Do comfort and not burn. Shakesp. King Lear.

HART. n. s. [Heort, Saxon.] A he-deer of the large kind;
the male of the roe.
That instant was I turn'd into a hart,
And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds,
E'er since pursue me. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
The deer
And fearful harts do wander every where
Amidst the dogs. May's Virgil's Georg.

HA’RTSHORN. n. s.
Hartshorn is a drug that comes into use as many ways, and
under as many forms, as any one in the whole materia medica.
What is used here are the whole horns of the common male
deer, which fall off every year. This species is the fallow
deer; but some tell us, that the medicinal hartshorn should be
that of the true hart or stag, called the red deer. The salt of
hartshorn is a great sudorifick, and the spirit has all the virtues
of volatile alkalies: it is used to bring people out of faintings
by its pungency, holding it under the nose, and pouring down
some drops of it in water. Hill's Mat. Med.
Ramose concretions of the volatile salts are observable upon
the glass of the receiver, whilst the spirits of vipers and harts­
horn are drawn. Woodward on Fossils.

HA’RTSHORN. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

HA’RT-ROYAL. n. s. A plant. A species of buckthorn plan­
tain.

HA’RTSTONGUE. n. s. [lingua cervina, Latin.] A plant.
It commonly grows out from the joints of old walls and
buildings, where they are moist and shady. There are very
few of them in Europe. Miller.
Hartstongue is propagated by parting the roots, and also by
seed. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’RTWORT. n. s. [tordylium, Latin.] It is an umbelliferous
plant, with a rose-shaped flower, consisting of five unequal
heart-fashioned petals, which are placed circularly and rest on
the empalement, which afterward becomes an almost round
fruit, composed of two flat seeds, which easily cast off their
covering with a raised border, which are commonly indented.
It is an annual plant, and perishes soon after it has perfected
its seed. It is found wild in several parts of England. Miller.

HA’RVEST. n. s. [Hærfest, Saxon.]
1. The season of reaping and gathering the corn.
As it ebbs, the seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain,
And shortly comes to harvest. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
With harvest work he is worse than he was in the Spring.
L'Estrange.
2. The corn ripened, gathered and inned.
From Ireland come I with my strength,
And reap the harvest which that rascal sow'd. Shak. H. VI.
When the father is too fondly kind,
Such seed he sows, such harvest shall he find. Dryden.
3. The product of labour.
Let these small cotts and hills suffice:
Let us the harvest of our labour eat;
'Tis labour makes the coarsest diet sweet. Dryden's Juven.

HA’RVEST-HOME. n. s.
1. The song which the reapers sing at the feast made for having
inned the harvest.
Your hay it is mow'd, and your corn is reap'd;
Your barns will be full, and your hovels heap'd;
Come, my boys, come,
Come, my boys, come,
And merrily roar out harvest-home. Dryden's K. Arthur.
2. The time of gathering harvest.
At harvest-home, and on the shearing-day,
When he should thanks to Pan and Pales pay,
And better Ceres, trembling to approach
The little barrel. Dryden's Pers. Sat. 4.
3. The opportunity of gathering treasure.
His wife seems to be well favoured: I will use it as the key
of the cuckoldy rogue's coffer; and there's my harvest-home.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

HA’RVEST-LORD. n. s. The head reaper at the harvest.
Grant harvest-lord more by a peny or two,
To call on his fellows the better to do. Tuss. Husbandry.

HA’RVESTER. n. s. [from harvest.] One who works at the
harvest.

HA’RVESTMAN. n. s. [harvest and man.] A labourer in
harvest.
Like to a harvestman, that's task'd to mow
Or all, or lose his hire. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

HAS

To HASH. v. n. [hacher, French.] To mince; to chop into
small pieces, and mingle.
He rais'd his arm
Above his head, and rain'd a storm
Of blows so terrible and thick,
As if he meant to hash her quick. Hudibras, p. i.
What have they to complain of but too great variety, tho'
some of the dishes be not served in the exactest order, and
politeness; but hashed up in haste. Garth.

HASK. n. s. This seems to signify a case or habitation made
of rushes or flags.
Phœbus, weary of his yearly task,
Established hath his steeds in lowly lay,
And taken up his inn in fishes hask. Spenser's Pastorals.

HA’SLET. n. s. [hasla, Islandick, a bundle; hasterel, has­
tereau, hastier, French.] The heart, liver, and
lights of a hog, with the windpipe and part of the throat
to it.

HA’RSLET. n. s. [hasla, Islandick, a bundle; hasterel, has­
tereau, hastier, French.] The heart, liver, and
lights of a hog, with the windpipe and part of the throat
to it.

HASP. n. s. [Hæps, Saxon, whence in some provinces it is yet
called hapse.] A clasp folded over a staple, and fastened on
with a padlock.
Have doors to open and shut at pleasure, with hasps to
them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To HASP. v. n. [from the noun.] To shut with a hasp.

HA’SSOCK. n. s. [haseck, German. Skinner.]
1. A thick mat on which men kneel at church.
He found his parishioners very irregular; and in order to
make them kneel, and join in the responses, he gave every
one of them a hassock and common prayer book. Addison.
2. In Scotland it is applied to any thing made of rushes or privet,
on which a person may sit: it is therefore probable that hassock
and hask are the same.

HAST. The second person singular of have.

HASTE. n. s. [haste, French; haeste, Dutch.]
1. Hurry; speed; nimbleness; precipitation.
Spare him, death!
Let not pity with her tears
Keep such distance from thine ears:
But O, thou wilt not, canst not spare!
Haste hath never time to hear. Crashaw.
Our lines reform'd, and not compos'd in haste,
Polish'd like marble, would like marble last;
But as the present, so the last age writ;
In both we find like negligence and wit. Waller.
In as much haste as I am, I cannot forbear giving an ex­
ample. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The wretched father, running to their aid
With pious haste, but vain, they next invade. Dryden.
2. Passion; vehemence.
I said in my haste, all men are liars. Ps. cxvi. 11.

To HASTE. v. n. [haster, French; haesten, Dutch.]

To HA’STEN. v. n. [haster, French; haesten, Dutch.]
1. To make haste; to be in a hurry; to be busy; to be speedy.
I have not hastened from being a pastor to follow thee. Jer.
2. To move with swiftness.
'Tis Cinna, I do know him by his gait;
He is a friend. Cinna, where haste you so? Shakespeare.
They were troubled and hasted away. Ps. xlviii. 5.
All those things are passed away like a shadow, and as a post
that hasted by. Wisd. v. 9.
Hasting to pay his tribute to the sea,
Like mortal life to meet eternity. Denham.
These rites perform'd, the prince, without delay,
Hastes to the nether world, his destin'd way. Dryden's Æn.
To distant Sparta, and the spacious waste
Of sandy Pyle, the royal youth shall haste. Pope's Odyssey.
Soon as the sun awakes the sprightly court,
Leave their repose, and hasten to the sport. Prior.

To HASTE. v. a. To push forward; to urge on; to pre­
cipitate; to drive to a swifter pace.

To HA’STEN. v. a. To push forward; to urge on; to pre­
cipitate; to drive to a swifter pace.
Let it be so hasted, that supper be ready at the farthest by
five of the clock. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
All hopes of succour from your arms is past;
To save us now, you must our ruin haste. Dryden.
Each sees his lamp with diff'rent lustre crown'd;
Each knows his course with diff'rent periods bound;
And in his passage through the liquid space,
Nor hastens, nor retards his neighbour's race. Prior.

HA’STENER. n. s. [from hasten.] One that hastens or hurries.

HA’STILY. adj. [from hasty.]
1. In a hurry; speedily; nimbly; quickly.
A voice, that called loud and clear,
Come hither, hither, O come hastily! Fa. Queen.
If your grace incline that we should live,
You must not, sir, too hastily forgive. Waller.
The next to danger, hot pursu'd by fate,
Half cloth'd, half naked, hastily retire. Dryden.
2. Rashly; precipitately.
Without considering consequences, we hastily engaged in
a war which hath cost us sixty millions. Swift.
3. Passionately; with vehemence.

HASTINESS. n. s. [from hasty.]


1. Haste; speed.
A fellow being out of breath, or seeming to be for haste,
with humble hastiness told Basilius. Sidney, b. i.
2. Hurry; precipitation.
There is most just cause to fear, lest our hastiness to embrace
a thing of so perilous consequence, should cause posterity to
feel those evils. Hooker, Preface.
The turns of his verse, his breakings, his propriety, his
numbers, and his gravity, I have as far imitated as the po­
verty of our language, and the hastiness of my performance,
would allow. Dryden.
3. Angry testiness; passionate vehemence.

HA’STINGS. n. s. [from hasty.] Peas that come early.
The large white and green hastings are not to be set 'till
the cold is over. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’STY. adj. [hastif, French, from haste; haestig, Dutch.]
1. Quick; speedy.
Is all the counsel that we two have shar'd,
The sisters vows, the hours that we have spent,
When we have chid the hasty footed time
For parting us. Shakes. Midsummer Night's Dream.
2. Passionate; vehement.
He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding; but he
that is hasty of spirit exalteth folly. Prov. xiv. 29.
3. Rash; precipitate.
Seest thou a man that is hasty in his words? There is more
hope of a fool than of him. Prov. xxix. 20.
Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine heart be
hasty to utter any thing before God. Eccl. v. 2.
4. Early ripe.
Beauty shall be a fading flower, and as the hasty fruit before
the Summer. Is. xxviii. 4.

HA’STY-PUDDING. n. s. A pudding made of milk and flower,
boiled quick together; as also of oatmeal and water boiled
together.
Sure hasty-pudding is thy chiefest dish,
With bullock's liver, or some stinking fish. Dorset.

HAT

HAT. n. s. [Hæt, Saxon; hatt, German.] A cover for the
head.
She's as big as he is; and there's her thrum hat, and her
muffler too. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Out of meer ambition you have made
Your holy hat be stampt on the king's coin. Shak. H. VIII.
His hat was like a helmet, or Spanish montera. Bacon.
Hermes o'er his head in air appear'd,
And with soft words his drooping spirits cheer'd;
His hat adorn'd with wings disclos'd the god,
And in his hand he bore the sleep compelling rod. Dryden.

HA’TBAND. n. s. [hat and band.] A string tied round the
hat.
They had hats of blue velvet, with fine plumes of divers
colours, set round like hatbands. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Room for the noble gladiator! see
His coat and hatband shew his quality. Dryden's Juven.

HA’TCASE. n. s. [hat and case.] A slight box for a hat.
I might mention a hatcase, which I would not exchange
for all the beavers in Great Britain. Addison's Spectator.

To HATCH. v. a. [hecken, German, as Skinner thinks, from
heghen, eghen, œg, egg, Saxon.]
1. To produce young from eggs by the warmth of incubation.
When they have laid such a number of eggs as they can
conveniently cover and hatch, they give over, and begin to
sit. Ray on the Creation.
He kindly spreads his spacious wing,
And hatches plenty for th' ensuing Spring. Denham.
The tepid caves, and fens and shores,
Their brood as numerous hatch from th' eggs, that soon
Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclos'd
Their callow young. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
2. To quicken the egg by incubation.
Others hatch their eggs and tend the birth, 'till it is able to
shift for itself. Addison's Spectator.
3. To produce by precedent action.
4. To form by meditation; to contrive.
Which thing they very well know, and, I doubt not, will
easily confess, who live to their great both toil and grief,
where the blasphemies of Arrians are renewed by them; who,
to hatch their heresy, have chosen those churches as fittest nests
where Athanasius's creed is not heard. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
He was a man harmless and faithful, and one who never
hatched any hopes prejudicial to the king, but always intended
his safety and honour. Hayward.
5. [From hacher, to cut.] To shade by lines in drawing or
graving.
Who first shall wound, through others arms, his blood
appearing fresh,
Shall win this sword, silver'd and hatcht. Chapm. Iliads.
Such as Agamemnon and the hand of Greece
Should hold up high in brass; and such again
As venerable Nestor, hatch'd in silver,
Should with a bond of air, strong as the axle-tree
On which heav'n rides, knit all the Grecian ears
To his experienc'd tongue. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
Those tender hairs, and those hatching strokes of the pen­
cil, which make a kind of minced meat in painting, are ne­
ver able to deceive the sight. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To HATCH. v. n.
1. To be in the state of growing quick.
He observed circumstances in eggs, whilst they were
hatching, which varied. Boyle.
2. To be in a state of advance towards effect.

HATCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A brood excluded from the egg.
2. The act of exclusion from the egg.
3. Disclosure; discovery.
Something's in his soul,
O'er which his melancholy sits on brood;
And, I do doubt, the hatch and the disclose
Will be some danger. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
4. [Hæca, Saxon; hecke, Dutch, a bolt.] The half door; the
opening over the door.
Something about, a little from the right,
In at the window, or else o'er the hatch. Shakes. K. John.
5. [In the plural.] The doors or openings by which they descend
from one deck or floor of a ship to another.
To the king's ship, invisible as thou art,
There shalt thou find the mariners asleep
Under the hatches. Shakespeare's Tempest.
There she's hid;
The mariners all under hatches stow'd. Shakesp. Tempest.
So seas, impell'd by winds with added pow'r,
Assault the sides, and o'er the hatches tow'r. Dryden.
A ship was fasten'd to the shore;
The plank was ready laid for safe ascent,
For shelter there the trembling shadow bent,
And skip'd and sculk'd, and under hatches went. Dryden.
6. To be under HATCHES. To be in a state of ignominy, po­
verty, or depression.
He assures us how this fatherhood began in Adam, con­
tinued its course 'till the flood, got out of the ark with Noah,
made and supported all the kings of the earth, 'till the capti­
vity in Egypt, and then the poor fatherhood was under
hatches. Locke.
7. Hatches. Floodgates. Ainsworth.

To HA’TCHEL. v. a. [hachelen, German.] To beat flax so
as to separate the fibrous from the brittle part.
This asbestos seems different from that mentioned by
Kircher in his description of China; which he says, put into
water, moulders like clay, and is a fibrous small excrescence,
like hairs growing upon the stones; and for the hatchelling,
spinning, and weaving it, he refers to his mundus subterraneus.
Woodward on Fossils.

HA’TCHEL. n. s. [from the verb; hachel, German.] The in­
strument with which flax is beaten.

HA’TCHELLER. n. s. [from hatchel.] A beater of flax.

HA’TCHET. n. s. [hache, hachette, French; ascia, Latin.]
A small axe.
The hatchet is to hew the irregularities of pieces of stuff.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.
His harmful hatchet he hent in his hand,
And to the field he speedeth. Spenser's Pastorals.
Ye shall have a hempen caudle then, and the help of a
hatchet. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
Nails, hammers, hatchets sharp, and halters strong,
Swords, spears, twice dipt in the dire stains
Of brothers blood. Crashaw.
Tyrrheus, the foster-father of the beast,
Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist. Dryden's Æn.
Our countryman presented him with a curious hatchet; and
asking him whether it had a good edge, tried it upon the
donor. Addison's Freeholder.

HA’TCHET-FACE. n. s. An ugly face; such, I suppose, as
might be hewn out of a block by a hatchet.
An ape his own dear image will embrace;
An ugly beau adores a hatchet-face. Dryden.

HA’TCHMENT. n. s. [Corrupted from atchievement. See AT­
CHIEVEMENT.] Armorial escutcheon placed over a door at
a funeral.
His means of death, his obscure funeral,
No trophy, sword, nor hatchment o'er his bones,
No noble rites nor formal ostentation,
Cry to be heard. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

HA’TCHWAY. n. s. [hatches and way.] The way over or
through the hatches.

To HATE. v. a. [Hatian, Saxon.] To detest; to abhor; to
abominate; to regard with the passion contrary to love.
You are, I think, assur'd I love you not.
—I am assur'd, if I be measur'd rightly,
Your majesty hath no just cause to hate me. Shak. Hen. IV.
Do all men kill the thing they do not love?
—Hates any man the thing he would not kill?
—Ev'ry offence is not a hate at first. Shakespeare.
Those old inhabitants of thy holy land thou hatest for doing
most odious works. Wisd. xii. 4.


But whatsoever our jarring fortunes prove,
Though our lords hate, methinks we two may love. Dryden.

HATE. n. s. [Hate, Saxon.] Malignity; detestation; the con­
trary to love.
Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear
Your favours nor your hate. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Hate to Mezentius, arm'd five hundred more,
Whom Mincius from his sire Benacus bore. Dryden's Æn.
Nausicaa teaches that the afflicted are not always the objects
of divine hate. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

HA’TEFUL. adj. [hate and full.]
1. That which causes abhorrence; odious; abominable; de­
testable.
My name's Macbeth.
—The devil himself could not pronounce a title
More hateful to mine ear. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
There is no vice more hateful to God and man than ingra­
titude. Peacham.
What owe I to his commands
Who hates me, and hath hither thrust me down,
To sit in hateful office here confin'd,
Inhabitant of heav'n, and heav'nly born? Milt. Par. Lost.
I hear the tread
Of hateful steps: I must be viewless now. Milton.
But Umbriel, hateful gnome! forbears not so;
He breaks the vial whence the sorrows flow. Pope.
2. Abhorrent; detesting; malignant; malevolent.
Palamon, compell'd
No more to try the fortune of the field;
And, worse than death, to view with hateful eyes
His rival's conquest, and renounce the prize. Dryden.

HA’TEFULLY. adv. [from hateful.]
1. Odiously; abominably.
2. Malignantly; maliciously.
All their hearts stood hatefully appaid
Long since. Chapman's Iliads.
They shall deal with thee hatefully, take away all thy labour,
and leave thee naked and bare. Ezek. xxiii. 29.

HA’TEFULNESS. n. s. [from hateful.] Odiousness.

HA’TER. n. s. [from hate.] One that hates; an abhorrer; a
detester.
I of her understood of that most noble constancy in my
lord Argalus; which whosoever loves not, shews himself to
be a hater of virtue, and unworthy to live in the society of
mankind. Sidney.
Whilst he stood up and spoke,
He was my master, and I wore my life
To spend upon his haters. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
An enemy to God, and a hater of all good. Brown.
They never wanted so much knowledge as to inform and
convince them of the unlawfulness of a man's being a mur­
derer, an hater of God, and a covenant-breaker. South.

HA’TRED. n. s. [from hate.] Hate; ill-will; malignity; ma­
levolence; dislike; abhorrence; detestation; abomination;
the passion contrary to love.
Hatred is the thought of the pain which any thing present
or absent is apt to produce in us. Locke.
I wish I had a cause to seek him there,
To oppose his hatred fully. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Hatred is the passion of defiance, and there is a kind of
aversation and hostility included in its very essence; but then,
if there could have been hatred in the world when there was
scarce any thing odious, it would have acted within the com­
pass of its proper object. South's Sermons.
Hatreds are often begotten from slight and almost innocent
occasions, and quarrels propagated and continued in the
world. Locke.
Retain no malice nor hatred against any: be ready to do
them all the kindness you are able. Wake's Preparat. for Death.
She is a Presbyterian of the most rank and virulent kind,
and consequently has an inveterate hatred to the church. Swift.

To HA’TTER. v. a. [Perhaps corrupted from batter.] To
harass; to weary; to wear out with fatigue.
He's hatter'd out with pennance. Dryden.

HA’TTER. n. s. [from hat.] A maker of hats.
A hatter sells a dozen of hats for five shillings a piece. Swift.

HA’TTOCK. n. s. [attock, Erse.] A shock of corn. Dict.

HAU’BERK. n. s. [hauberg, old French.] A coat of mail; a
breastplate.
Him on the hauberk struck the princess sore,
That quite disparted all the linked frame,
And pierced to the skin. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Hauberks and helms are hew'd with many a wound;
The mighty maces with such haste descend,
They break the bones, and make the solid armour bend.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.

HAV

To HAVE. v. a. pret. and part. pass. had. [haban, Gothick;
Habban, Saxon; hebben, Dutch; avoir, French; avere, Ital.]
1. Not to be without.
I have brought him before you, that after examination had
I might have something to write. Acts xxv. 26.
2. To carry; to wear.
Upon the mast they saw a young man, who sat as on horse­
back, having nothing upon him. Sidney.
3. To make use of.
I have no Levite to my priest. Judg. xvii. 13.
4. To possess.
He that gathered much had nothing over, and he that ga­
thered little had no lack. Ex. xvi. 18.
5. To bear; to carry; to be attended with or united to, as an
accident or concomitant.
I will never trust a man again for keeping his sword clean;
nor believe he can have every thing in him, by wearing his
apparel neatly. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
6. To obtain; to enjoy.
Now, O Father, glorify me with thine own self, with the
glory which I had with thee before the world was. Jo. xvii. 5.
7. To take; to receive.
A secret happiness, in Petronius, is called curiosa felicitas,
and which I suppose he had from the feliciter audere of Ho­
race. Dryden.
8. To be in any state.
Have I need of madmen, that ye have brought this fel­
low? 1 Sa. xxi. 15.
9. To put; to take.
With tossing and raking, and setting on cox,
Grass lately in swathes is meat for an oxe;
That done, go and cart it, and have it away. Tuss. Husb.
10. To procure; to find.
I would fain have any one name to me that tongue, that
any one can speak as he should do, by the rules of grammar.
Locke on Education.
11. Not to neglect; not to omit.
I cannot speak; if my heart be not ready to burst. Well,
sweet Jack, have a care of thyself. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Your plea is good; but still I say beware:
Laws are explain'd by men; so have a care. Pope.
12. To hold; to regard.
Of the maid servants shall I be had in honour. 2 Sa. vi. 22.
The proud have had me greatly in derision. Ps. cxix. 51.
13. To maintain; to hold opinion.
Sometimes they will have them to be natural heat, whereas
some of them are crude and cold; and sometimes they will
have them to be the qualities of the tangible parts, whereas
they are things by themselves. Bacon's Natural History.
14. To contain.
You have of these pedlars that have more in 'em than
you'd think, sister. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
15. To require; to claim.
What would these madmen have?
First they would bribe us without pence,
Deceive us without common sense,
And without pow'r enslave. Dryden.
16. To be a husband or wife to another.
If I had been married to him, for all he was in woman's
apparel, I would not have had him. Shakespeare.
17. To be engaged, as in a task.
If we maintain things that are established, we have to strive
with a number of heavy prejudices, deeply rooted in the hearts
of men. Hooker, b. i. s. 1.
The Spaniards captain never hath to meddle with his sol­
diers pay. Spenser on Ireland.
You did set your course to treat of the evils which hin­
dered the peace and good ordering of that land, among which
that of the inconvenience of the laws was the first which you
had in hand. Spenser on Ireland.
Kings have to deal with their neighbours, their wives, their
children, their prelates or clergy, their nobles, their merchants
and their commons. Bacon's Essays.
18. To wish; to desire.
I had rather be a door-keeper in the house of my God, than
to dwell in the tents of wickedness. Ps. lxxxiv. 10.
I would have no man discouraged with that kind of life or
series of actions, in which the choice of others, or his own
necessities, may have engaged him. Addison.
19. To buy.
If these trifles were rated only by art and artfulness, we
should have them much cheaper. Collier on human Reason.
20. It is most used in English, as in other European languages,
as an auxiliary verb to make the tenses. Have the preter­
perfect, and had the preterpluperfect.
If there had been words enow between them to have ex­
pressed provocation, they had gone together by the ears. Cong.
I have heard one of the greatest genius's this age has pro­
duced, who had been trained up in all the polite studies of an­
tiquity, assure me, upon his being obliged to search into re­
cords, that he at last took an incredible pleasure in it. Addison.
I have not here considered custom as it makes things easy,
but as it renders them delightful; and though others have
made the same reflections, it is impossible they may not have
drawn those uses from it. Addison.


That admirable precept which Pythagoras is said to have
given to his disciples, and which that philosopher must have
drawn from the observation I have enlarged upon. Addison.
The gods have placed labour before virtue. Addison.
This observation we have made on man. Addison.
Evil spirits have contracted in the body habits of lust and
sensuality, malice and revenge. Addison.
There torments have already taken root in them. Addison.
It has been finely improved by many divines. Addison.
That excellent author has shewn how every particular cus­
tom and habit of virtue will, in its own nature, produce the
heaven, or a state of happiness, in him who shall hereafter
practise it. Addison.
21. HAVE at, or with, is an expression denoting resolution to
make some attempt.
He that will caper with me for a thousand marks, let him
lend me the money, and have at him. Shak. Henry IV. p. ii.
I can bear my part; 'tis my occupation: have at it with
you. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
I never was out at a mad frolick, though this is the maddest
I ever undertook: have with you, lady mine; I take you at
your word. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

HA’VEN. n. s. [haven, Dutch; havre, French.]
1. A port; a harbour; a safe station for ships.
Only love was threatened and promised to him, and so to
his cousin, as both the tempest and haven of their best
years. Sidney, b. ii.
Order for sea is given:
They have put forth the haven. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
After an hour and a half failing, we entered into a good
haven, being the port of a fair city. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The queen beheld, as soon as day appear'd,
The navy under sail, the haven clear'd. Denham.
We may be shipwreckt by her breath:
Love, favour'd once with that sweet gale,
Doubles his haste, and fills his sail,
'Till he arrive, where she must prove
The haven, or the rock of love. Waller.
2. A shelter; an asylum.
All places, that the eye of heaven visits,
Are to a wise man ports and happy havens. Shakes. R. II.

HA’VENER. n. s. [from haven.] An overseer of a port.
These earls and dukes appointed their special officers, as
receiver, havener, and customer. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HA’VER. n. s. [from have.] Possessor; holder.
Valour is the chiefest virtue, and
Most dignifies the haver. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

HA’VER is a common word in the northern counties for oats:
as, haver bread for oaten bread.
When you would anneal, take a blue stone, such as they
make haver or oat cakes upon, and lay it upon the cross bars
of iron. Peacham.

HAUGHT. adj. [haut, French.]
1. Haughty; insolent; proud; contemptuous; arrogant.
The proud insulting queen,
With Clifford and the haught Northumberland,
Have wrought the easy melting king, like wax. Shakesp.
No lord of thine, thou haught insulting man;
Nor no man's lord. Shakespeare's Richard II.
2. High; proudly magnanimous.
His courage haught,
Desir'd of foreign foemen to be known,
And far abroad for strange adventures sought. Fairy Queen.

HAU’GHTILY. adv. [from haughty.] Proudly; arrogantly;
contemptuously.
Her heav'nly form too haughtily she priz'd;
His person hated, and his gifts despis'd. Dryden.

HA’UGHTINESS. n. s. [from haughty.] Pride; arrogance; the
quality of being haughty.
By the head we make known our supplications, our threat­
nings, our mildness, our haughtiness, our love, and our ha­
tred. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

HA’UGHTY. adj. [hautaine, French.]
1. Proud; lofty; insolent; arrogant; contemptuous.
His wife, being a woman of a haughty and imperious na­
ture, and of a wit superior to his, quickly resented the disre­
spect she received from him. Clarendon, b. viii.
I shall sing of battles, blood and rage,
And haughty souls, that mov'd with mutual hate,
In fighting fields pursu'd and found their fate. Dryd. Æn.
2. Proudly great.
Our vanquish'd wills that pleasing force obey:
Her goodness takes our liberty away;
And haughty Britain yields to arbitrary sway. Prior.
3. Bold; adventurous.
Who now shall give me words and sound
Equal unto this haughty enterprize?
Or who shall lend me wings, with which from ground
My lowly verse may loftily arise? Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HA’VING. n. s. [from have.]
1. Possession; estate; fortune.
My having is not much;
I'll make division of my present with you:
Hold, there's half my coffer. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
2. The act or state of possessing.
Of the one side was alleged the having a picture, which
the other wanted; of the other side, the first striking the
shield. Sidney.
Thou art not for the fashion of these times,
Where none will sweat but for promotion;
And having that, do choak their service up,
Even with the having. Shakes. As you like it.
3. Behaviour; regularity. This is still retained in the Scot­
tish dialect.
The gentleman is of no having: he kept company with
the wild prince and Poinz: he is of too high a region; he
knows too much. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.

HA’VIOUR. n. s. [for behaviour.] Conduct; manners.
Their ill haviour garres men missay
Both of their doctrines and their say. Spenser's Pastorals.

HAU

To HAUL. v. a. [haler, French, to draw.] To pull; to draw;
to drag by violence. A word which, applied to things, im­
plies violence; and, to persons, aukwardness or rudeness.
Thy Dol, and Helen of thy noble thoughts,
Is in base durance and contagious prison,
Houl'd thither by mechanick dirty hands. Shakes. Henry IV.
The youth with songs and rhimes,
Some dance, some haul the rope. Denham.
Some the wheels prepare,
And fasten to the horses feet; the rest
With cables haul along th' unwieldly beast. Dryden's Æn.
In his grandeur he naturally chuses to haul up others
after him whose accomplishments most resemble his own. Swift.
Thither they bent, and haul'd their ships to land;
The crooked keel divides the yellow sand. Pope's Odyssey.
While romp-loving miss
Is haul'd about in gallantry robust. Thomson's Autumn.

HAUL. n. s. [from the verb.] Pull; violence in dragging.
The leap, the slap, the haul; and shook to notes
Of native musick, the respondent dance. Thoms. Winter.

HAUM. n. s. [or hame, or halm; Healm, Saxon; halm, Dutch
and Danish.] Straw.
In champion countrie a pleasure they take
To mow up their haume for to brew and to bake:
The haume is the straw of the wheat or the rie,
Which once being reaped, they mow by and by. Tusser.
Having stripped off the haum or binds from the poles, as
you pick the hops, stack them up for their security in Winter.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

HAUNCH. n. s. [hancke, Dutch; hanche, French; anca, Italian.]
1. The thigh; the hind hip.
Hail, groom! didst thou not see a bleeding hind,
Whose right haunch earst my stedfast arrow strake?
If thou didst, tell me. Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 3.
To make a man able to teach his horse to stop and turn
quick, and to rest on his haunches, is of use to a gentleman
both in peace and war. Locke.
2. The rear; the hind part.
O Westmorland, thou art a Summer bird,
Which ever in the haunch of Winter sings
The lifting up of day. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

To HAUNT. v. a. [hanter, French.]
1. To frequent; to be much about any place or person.
A man who for his hospitality is so much haunted, that no
news stir but come to his ears. Sidney.
Now we being brought known unto her, the time that we
spent in curing some very dangerous wounds, after once we
were acquainted, and acquainted we were sooner than our­
selves expected, she continually almost haunted us. Sidney.
I do haunt thee in the battle thus,
Because some tell me that thou art a king. Shak. Hen. IV.
She this dang'rous forest haunts,
And in sad accents utters her complaints. Waller.
Earth now
Secur'd like to heav'n, a seat where gods might dwell,
Or wander with delight, and love to haunt
Her sacred shades. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Celestial Venus haunts Idalia's groves;
Diana Cynthus, Ceres Hybla loves. Pope's Spring.
2. It is used frequently in an ill sense of one that comes unwel­
come.
You wrong me, sir, thus still to haunt my house;
I told you, sir, my daughter is dispos'd of. Shakespeare.
Oh, could I see my country-seat!
There leaning near a gentle brook,
Sleep, or peruse some ancient book;
And there in sweet oblivion drown
Those cares that haunt the court and town. Swift.
3. It is eminently used of apparitions or spectres that appear in
a particular place.


Foul spirits haunt my resting place,
And ghastly visions break my sleep by night. Fairfax.
All these the woes of Oedipus have known,
Your fates, your furies, and your haunted town. Pope.

To HAUNT. v. n. To be much about; to appear frequently.
I've charged thee not to haunt about my doors:
In honest plainness thou hast heard me say,
My daughter's not for thee. Shakespeare's Othello.
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ'd
The air is delicate. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

HAUNT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Place in which one is frequently found.
We set toils, nets, gins, snares and traps for beasts and
birds in their own haunts and walks, and without any seal of
faith and confidence. L'Estrange.
To me pertains not, she replies,
To know or care where Cupid flies;
What are his haunts, or which his way,
Where he would dwell, or whither stray. Prior.
A scene where, if a god should cast his sight,
A god might gaze and wonder with delight!
Joy touch'd the messenger of heav'n; he stay'd
Entranc'd, and all the blissful haunt survey'd. Pope's Odyss.
2. Habit of being in a certain place.
The haunt you have got about the courts will one day or
another bring your family to beggary. Arbuthn. John Bull.

HA’UNTER. n. s. [from haunt.] Frequenter; one that is often
found in any place.
The ancient Grecians were an ingenious people, of whom
the vulgar sort, such as were haunters of theatres, took plea­
sure in the conceits of Aristophanes. Wotton on Education.
O goddess, haunter of the woodland green,
Queen of the nether skies. Dryden's Fables.

HA’VOCK. n. s. [hafog, Welsh, devastation.] Waste; wide and
general devastation; merciless destruction.
Having been never used to have any thing of their own,
and now being upon spoil of others, they make no spare of
any thing, but havock and confusion of all they meet with.
Spenser on Ireland.
Saul made havock of the church. Acts viii. 3.
Ye gods, what havock does ambition make
Among your works! Addison's Cato.
The Rabbins, to express the great havock which has been
made of them, tells us, that there were such torrents of holy
blood shed, as carried rocks of a hundred yards in circum­
ference above three miles into the sea. Addison's Spectator.
If it had either air or fuel, it must make a greater havock
than any history mentions. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

HA’VOCK. interj. [from the noun.] A word of encourage­
ment to slaughter.
Why stand these royal fronts amazed thus?
Cry havock, kings! Shakesp. King John.
Até by his side,
Cries havock! and lets loose the dogs of war. Shakespeare.

To HA’VOCK. v. a. [from the noun.] To waste; to destroy;
to lay waste.
Whatsoever they leave, the soldier spoileth and havocketh
likewise; so that, between both, nothing is very shortly left.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
See! with what heat these dogs of hell advance,
To waste and havock yonder world, which I
So fair and good created! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

HA’UTBOY. n. s. [haut and bois.] A wind instrument.
I saw it, and told John of Gaunt he beat his own name;
for you might have truss'd him and all his apparel into an eel­
skin: the case of a treble hautboy was a mansion for him, a
court; and now hath he land and beeves. Shakes. Henry IV.
Now give the hautboys breath; he comes, he comes. Dry.

HA’UTBOY Strawberry. See STRAWBERRY.

HAW

HAW. n. s. [Hag, Saxon.]
1. The berry and seed of the hawthorn.
Now sow and go harrow, where ridge ye did draw
The seed of the bremble with kernel and haw. Tusser.
Years of store of haws and hips commonly portend cold
Winters. Bacon's Natural History.
His quarrel to the hedge was, that his thorns and his bram­
bles did not bring forth raisins, rather than haws and black­
berries. L'Estrange.
2. An excrescence in the eye.
3. [Haga, Saxon; haw, a garden, Danish.] A small piece of
ground adjoining to an house. In Scotland they call it haugh.
Upon the haw at Plymouth is cut out in the ground the
portraiture of two men, with clubs in their hands, whom they
term Gog and Magog. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HA’WTHORN. n. s. [Hæg thorn, Saxon.] A species of med­
lar; the thorn that bears haws.
The great use to which it is applied in England is to make
hedges and fences; and there are two or three varieties of it
about London; but that sort which produces the smallest
leaves is preferable, because its branches always grow close
together. Miller.
There is a man haunts the forest, that abuses our young
plants with carving Rosalind on their barks; hangs odes upon
hawthorns, and elegies on brambles. Shak. As you like it.
The hawthorn fly is all black, and not big. Walton's Angler.
Some in their hands, beside the lance and shield,
The boughs of woodbine, or of hawthorn held. Dryden.
Now hawthorns blossom, now the daisies spring. Pope.
The hawthorn whitens, and the juicy groves
Put forth their buds. Thomson's Spring.

To HAW. v. n. [Perhaps corrupted from hawk or hack.] To
speak slowly with frequent intermission and hesitation.
'Tis a great way; but yet, after a little humming and haw­
ing upon't, he agreed to undertake the job. L'Estrange.

HAWK. n. s. [hæbeg, Welsh; Hafoc, Saxon.]
1. A bird of prey, used much anciently in sport to catch other
birds.
Do'st thou love hawking? Thou hast hawks will soar
Above the morning lark. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
It can be no more disgrace to a great lord to draw a fair
picture, than to cut his hawk's meat. Peacham on Drawing.
Whence borne on liquid wing
The sounding culver shoots; or where the hawk,
High in the beetling cliff, his airy builds. Thomson's Spring.
2. [Hoch, Welsh.] An effort to force phlegm up the throat.

To HAWK. v. n. [from hawk.]
1. To fly hawks at fowls; to catch birds by means of a hawk.
'Tis his highness' pleasure
You do prepare to ride unto St. Alban's,
Whereas the king and queen do mean to hawk. Shakespeare.
Do'st thou love hawking? Thou hast hawks will soar
Above the morning lark. Shakespeare.
One followed study and knowledge, and another hawking
and hunting. Locke.
He that hawks at larks and sparrows has no less sport, though
a much less considerable quarry, than he that flies at nobler
game. Locke.
A falc'ner Henry is, when Emma hawks;
With her of tarsels and of lures he talks. Prior.
2. To fly at; to attack on the wing.
A faulcon tow'ring in her pride of place,
Was by a mousing owl hawk'd at and kill'd. Shakes. Macb.
Whether upward to the moon they go,
Or dream the Winter out in caves below,
Or hawk at flies elsewhere, concerns us not to know. Dry.
3. [Hoch, Welsh.] To force up phlegm with a noise.
Come, sit, sit, and a song.——Shall we clap into't round­
ly, without hawking or spitting, or saying we are hoarse,
which are the only prologues to a bad voice. Shakespeare.
She complained of a soreness of her throat, and of a stink­
ing tough phlegm which she hawked up in the mornings.
Wiseman's Surgery.
Blood, cast out of the throat or windpipe, is spit out with
a hawking or small cough; that out of the gums is spit out
without hawking, coughing, or vomiting. Harvey on Consumpt.
4. To sell by proclaiming it in the streets. [From hock, German,
a salesman.]
His works were hawk'd in ev'ry street;
But seldom rose above a sheet. Swift.

HA’WKED. adj. [from hawk.] Formed like a hawk's bill.
Flat noses seem comely unto the Moor, an aquiline or
hawked one unto the Persian, a large and prominent nose unto
the Roman. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HA’WKER. n. s. [from hock, German.] One who sells his
wares by proclaiming them in the street.
I saw my labours, which had cost me so much thought and
watching, bawled about by common hawkers, which I once
intended for the weighty consideration of the greatest person.
Swift's Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff.
To grace this honour'd day the queen proclaims,
By herald hawkers, high heroick games:
She summons all her sons; an endless band
Pours forth, and leaves unpeopled half the land. Pope.

HA’WKWEED. n. s.
The characters are: the stalks are branched and slender,
the leaves produced alternately, and the flower consists of
many leaves placed in an orbicular order, and open in form
of a marigold: the seeds are slender and angular, or furrowed:
the whole plant hath a milky juice. Oxtongue is a species of
this plant. Miller.

HA’WSES. n. s. [of a ship.] Two round holes under the ship's
head or beak, through which the cables pass when she is at
anchor. Harris.

HAY

HAY. n. s. [Hieg, Hig, Saxon; hey, Dutch.] Grass dried to
fodder cattle in Winter.
Make hay while the sun shines. Camden's Remains.
Make poor men's cattle break their necks;
Set fire on barns and hay stacks in the night,
And bid the owners quench them with their tears. Shakesp.
We have heats of dungs, and of hays and herbs laid up
moist. Bacon's New Atlantis.


Or if the earlier season lead
To the tann'd hay cock in the mead. Milton.
Bring them for food sweet boughs and osiars cut,
Nor all the Winter long thy hay rick shut. May's Virgil.
Some turners turn long and slender springs of ivory, as small
as an hay stalk, Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The best manure for meadows is the bottom of hay mows
and hay stacks. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Hay and oats, in the management of a groom, will make
ale. Swift.
By some hay cock, or some shady thorn,
He bids his beads both even song and morn. Dryden.
Blouzelinda, in a gamesome mood,
Behind a hay cock loudly laughing stood. Gay's Pastorals.
The hum of bees inviting sleep sincere,
Into the guiltless breast, beneath the shade,
Or thrown at large amid' the fragrant hay. Thoms. Autumn.

To dance the HAY. To dance in a ring: probably from dancing
round a hay cock.
I will play on the tabor to the worthies,
And let them dance the hay. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
This maids think on the hearth they see,
When fires well nigh consumed be,
There dancing hays by two and three,
Just as your fancy casts them. Drayton's Nymphid.
The gum and glist'ning, which with art
And study'd method, in each part
Hangs down the heart,
Looks just as if that day
Snails there had crawl'd the hay. Suckling.

HAY. n. s. [from haie, French, a hedge.] A net which incloses
the haunt of an animal.
Coneys are destroyed by hays, curs, spaniels, or tumblers
bred up for that purpose. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’YMAKER. n. s. [hay and make.] One employed in drying
grass for hay.
As to the return of his health and vigour, were you here,
you might enquire of his haymakers. Pope to Swift.

HAZ

HA’ZARD. n. s. [hazard, French; azar, Spanish; haski, Ru­
nick, danger.]
1. Chance; accident; fortuitous hap.
I have set my life upon a cast,
And I will stand the hazard of the die. Shakesp. Rich. III.
I will upon all hazards well believe
Thou art my friend, that know'st my tongue so well. Shak.
Where the mind does not perceive this connection, there
mens opinions are not the product of judgment, but the
effects of chance and hazard, of a mind floating at all adven­
tures, without choice and without direction. Locke.
2. Danger; chance of danger.
We are bound to yield unto our Creator, the father of all
mercy, eternal thanks, for that he hath delivered his law unto
the world; a law wherein so many things are laid open, as a
light which otherwise would have been buried in darkness,
not without the hazard, or rather not with the hazard, but
with the certain loss of thousands of souls, most undoubtedly
now saved. Hooker, b. i.
The hazard I have run to see you here, should inform you
that I love not at a common rate. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Men are led on from one stage of life to another in a con­
dition of the utmost hazard, and yet without the least appre­
hension of their danger. Rogers's Sermons.
3. A game at dice.
The duke playing at hazard at the groom-porter's, in much
company, held in a great many hands together, and drew a
huge heap of gold. Swift.

To HA’ZARD. v. a. [hazarder, French.] To expose to chance;
to put into danger.
They might, by persisting in the extremity of that opinion,
hazard greatly their own estates, and so weaken that part
which their places now give. Hooker, b. v.
It was not in his power to adventure upon his own fortune,
or bearing a publick charge to hazard himself against a man
of private condition. Hayward.

To HA’ZARD. v. n.
1. To try the chance.
I pray you tarry; pause a day or two,
Before you hazard; for in chusing wrong,
I lose your company. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. To adventure.
She from her fellow-provinces would go,
Rather than hazard to have you her foe. Waller.

HA’ZARDABLE. adj. [from hazard.] Venturesome; liable to
chance.
An hazardable determination it is, unto fluctuating and indif­
ferent effects, to affix a positive type or period. Brown.

HA’ZARDER. n. s. [from hazard.] He who hazards.

HA’ZARDRY. n. s. [from hazard.] Temerity; precipitation;
rash adventurousness. Obsolete.
Hasty wrath, and heedless hazardry,
Do breed repentance late, and lasting infamy.
Fairy Queen.

HA’ZARDOUS. adj. [hazardeux, Fr. from hazard.] Dangerous;
exposed to chance.
Grant that our hazardous attempt prove vain,
We feel the worst, secur'd from greater pain. Dryden.

HA’ZARDOUSLY. adv. [from hazardous.] With danger or
chance.

HAZE. n. s. [The etymology unknown.] Fog; mist.

To HAZE. v. n. To be foggy or misty.

To HAZE. v. a. To fright one. Ainsworth.

HA’ZEL. n. s. [Hæsel, Saxon; corylus, Latin.]
It hath male flowers growing at remote distances from the
fruit on the same tree: the nuts grow in clusters, and are close­
ly joined together at the bottom, each being covered with an
outward husk or cup, which opens at the top, and when the
fruit is ripe it falls out: the leaves are roundish and intire.
The species are hazelnut, cobnut, and filbert. The red and
white filberts are mostly esteemed for their fruit. Miller.
Kate, like the hazel twig,
Is straight and slender; and as brown in hue
As hazel nuts, and sweeter than the kernels. Shakespeare.
Her chariot is an empty hazel nut. Shak. Rom. and Jul.
Why sit we not beneath the grateful shade,
Which hazels, intermix'd with elms, have made? Dryden.
There are some from the size of a hazle nut to that of a
man's fist. Woodward on Fossils.

HA’ZEL. adj. [from the noun.] Light brown; of the colour
of hazle.
Chuse a warm dry soil, that has a good depth of light hazel
mould. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’ZELLY. adj. Of the colour of hazel; a light brown.
Uplands consist either of sand, gravel, chalk, rock or stone,
hazelly loam, clay, or black mould. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HA’ZY. adj. [from haze.] Dark; foggy; misty.
Our clearest day here is misty and hazy; we see not far, and
what we do see is in a bad light. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Oft engender'd by the hazy North,
My riads on myriads, insect armies waft. Thomson.

HE. pronoun. gen. him; plur. they; gen. them. [hy, Dutch; He,
Saxon. It seems to have borrowed the plural from this,
plural das, dative disum.]
1. The man that was named before.
All the conspirators, save only he,
Did that they did in envy of great Cæsar. Shakespeare.
If much you note him,
You shall offend him, and increase his passion;
Feed and regard him not. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I am weary of this moon; would he would change. Shakes.
Adam spoke;
So cheer'd he his fair spouse, and she was cheer'd. Milton.
When Adam wak'd, he on his side
Leaning half rais'd hung over her. Milton.
Thus talking, hand in hand along they pass'd
On to their blissful bow'rs. Milton.
Extol
Him first, him last, him midst. Milton.
2. The man; the person. It sometimes stands without refe­
rence to any foregoing word.
He is never poor
That little hath, but he that much desires. Daniel.
3. Man or male being.
Such mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's law
Is death to any he that utters them. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
Ay, crook-back, here I stand to answer thee, or any he the
proudest of thy sort. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
Tros and his race the sculptor shall employ,
And he the god who built the walls of Troy. Dryd. Virg.
4. Male: as, a he bear, a he goat. It is used where the male
and female have not different denominations.
The he's in birds have the fairest feathers. Bacon's N. Hist.
5. In the two last senses he is rather a noun than pronoun.

HEA

HEAD. n. s. [Heafod, Heafd, Saxon; hoofd, Dutch; heved, old
English, whence by contraction head.]
1. The part of the animal that contains the brain or the organ
of sensation or thought.
Vein healing verven, and head purging dill. Spenser.
Over head up-grew
Insuperable height of loftiest shade. Milton's Parad. Lost.
My head geers off, what filthy work you make. Dryden.
The dewy paths of meadows we will tread,
For crowns and chaplets to adorn thy head. Dryden.
I could still have offers, that some, who hold their heads
higher, would be glad to accept. Swift.
2. Person as exposed to any danger or penalty.
What he gets more of her than sharp words, let it lie on
my head. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Who of all ages to succeed, but feeling
The evil on him brought by me, will curse
My head? ill fare our ancestor impure. Milt. Parad. Lost.
3. HEAD and Ears. The whole person.
In jingling rhimes well fortify'd and strong,
He fights intrench'd o'er head and ears in song. Granville.
4. Denomination of any animals.


When Innocent XI. desired the marquis of Carpio to fur­
nish thirty thousand head of swine, he could not spare them;
but thirty thousand lawyers he had at his service. Addison.
The tax upon pasturage was raised according to a certain
rate per head upon cattle. Arbuthnot on Coins.
5. Chief; principal person; one to whom the rest are subordi­
nate; leader; commander.
For their commons, there is little danger from them, ex­
cept it be where they have great and potent heads. Bacon.
Your head I him appoint;
And by myself have sworn, to him shall bow
All knees in heav'n, and shall confess him lord. Milton.
The heads of the chief sects of philosophy, as Thales,
Anaxagoras, and Pythagoras, did likewise consent to this
tradition. Tillotson's Sermons.
6. Place of honour; the first place.
Notwithstanding all the justices had taken their places upon
the bench, they made room for the old knight at the head of
them. Addison's Spectator.
7. Place of command.
An army of fourscore thousand troops, with the duke of
Marlborough at the head of them, could do nothing against
an enemy. Addison on the War.
8. Countenance; presence.
Richard not far from hence hath hid his head. Sh. R. II.
With Cain go wander through the shade of night,
And never shew thy head by day or light. Shak. Rich. II.
Ere to-morrow's sun shall shew his head. Dryden.
9. Understanding; faculties of the mind.
The wenches laid their heads together. L'Estrange.
A fox and a goat went down a well to drink: the goat fell
to hunting which way to get back; oh, says Reynard, never
trouble your head, but leave that to me. L'Estrange.
Work with all the ease and speed you can, without break­
ing your head, and being so very industrious in starting
scruples. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The lazy and inconsiderate took up their notions by
chance, without much beating their heads about them. Locke.
If a man shews that he has no religion, why should we
think that he beats his head and troubles himself to examine
the grounds of this or that doctrine. Locke.
When in ordinary discourse we say a man has a fine head,
we express ourselves metaphorically, and speak in relation to
his understanding; and when we say of a woman she has a
fine head, we speak only in relation to her commode. Addison.
We laid our heads together, to consider what grievances
the nation had suffered under king George. Addis. Freeholder.
10. Face; front; fore part.
The gathering crowd pursues;
The ravishers turn head, the fight renews. Dryden.
11. Resistance; hostile opposition.
Then made he head against his enemies,
And Hymner slew. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Sometimes hath Henry Bolingbroke made head against my
power. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
Two valiant gentlemen first making head against them, se­
conded by half a dozen more, made forty of them run away.
Raleigh's Apology.
Sin having depraved his judgment, and got possession of his
will, there is no other principle left him naturally, by which
he can make head against it. South's Sermons.
12. Spontaneous resolution.
The bordering wars in this kingdom were made altogether
by voluntaries, upon their own head, without any pay or com­
mission from the state. Davies on Ireland.
13. State of a deer's horns, by which his age is known.
It was a buck of the first head. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
The buck is called the fifth year a buck of the first head. Shak.
14. Individual. It is used in numbers or computation.
If there be six millions of people, then there is about four
acres for every head. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
15. The top of any thing bigger than the rest.
His spear's head weighed six hundred shekels of iron. 1 Sa.
As high
As his proud head is rais'd towards the sky,
So low tow'rds hell his roots descend. Denham.
Trees, which have large and spreading heads, would lie
with their branches up in the water. Woodward.
If the buds are made our food, they are called heads or
tops; so heads of asparagus and artichoaks. Watts's Logick.
It is an equivocal term; for it signifies the head of a nail,
or of a pin, as well as of an animal. Watts's Logick.
16. Place of chief resort.
The horse took the alarm, and made their escape to Win­
chester, the head quarters. Clarendon, b. viii.
17. The fore part of any thing, as of a ship.
By gallies with brazen heads she might transport over In­
dus at once three hundred thousand soldiers.
Raleigh's History of the World.
On oozy ground his gallies moor;
Their heads are turn'd to sea, their sterns to shore. Dryden.
18. That which rises on the top.
Let it stand in a tub four or five days before it be put into
the cask, stirring it twice a day, and beating down the head or
yeast into it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
19. The blade of an axe.
A man fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree,
and the head slippeth from the helve. Deutr. xix. 5.
20. Upper part of a bed.
Israel bowed upon the bed's head. Gen. xlvii. 31.
21. The brain.
As eastern priests in giddy circles run,
And turn their heads to imitate the sun. Pope's Essays.
22. Dress of the head.
Politick ladies think they gain a great point when they have
teazed their husbands to buy them a laced head, or a fine petti­
coat. Swift.
23. Principal topicks of discourse.
These heads are of a mixed order, and we propose only
such as belong to the natural world. Burnet's Theo. of the Earth.
These heads are set down more fully in the arguments of
each chapter. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
'Tis our great interest, and our chief duty, to satisfy our­
selves on this head, upon which our whole conduct depends.
Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.
24. Source of a stream.
It is the glory of God to give; his very nature delighteth in
it: his mercies in the current, through which they would pass,
may be dried up, but at the head they never fail. Hooker.
The current by Gaza is but a small stream, rising between
it and the Red sea, whose head from Gaza is little more than
twenty English miles. Raleigh's History of the World.
Some did the song, and some the choir maintain,
Beneath a laurel shade, where mighty Po
Mounts up to woods above, and hides his head below. Dry.
25. Crifis; pitch.
The indisposition which has long hung upon me, is at last
grown to such a head, that it must quickly make an end of
me, or of itself. Addison's Spectator.
26. Power; influence; force; strength; dominion.
Within her breast though calm, her breast though pure,
Motherly cares and fears got head, and rais'd
Some troubled thoughts. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
God will not admit of the passionate man's apology, that
he has so long given his unruly passions their head, that he can­
not now govern nor controul them. South's Sermons.
27. Body; conflux.
People under command chuse to consult, and after to march
in order; and rebels, contrariwise, run upon an head together
in confusion. Bacon's Henry VII.
Let all this wicked crew gather
Their forces to one head. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
28. Power; armed force.
My lord, my lord, the French have gather'd head. Shakes.
At sixteen years,
When Tarquin made a head for Rome, he sought
Beyond the mark of others. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
A mighty and a fearful head they are,
As ever offer'd foul play in a state. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Far in the marches here we heard you were,
Making another head to fight again. Shakesp. Henry VI.
29. Liberty in running a horse.
He gave his able horse the head,
And bounding forward struck his agile heels
Against the panting sides of his poor jade
Up to the rowel-head. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
30. It is very improperly applied to roots.
How turneps hide their swelling heads below,
And how the closing coleworts upwards grow. Gay.
31. HEAD and Shoulders. By force; violently.
People that hit upon a thought that tickles them, will be
still bringing it in by head and shoulders, over and over, in
several companies. L'Estrange.
They can bring in every odd exception in grammar, every
figure of speech, head and shoulders by main force, in spite of
nature and their subject. Felton on the Classicks.

To HEAD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To lead; to influence; to direct; to govern.
Nor is what has been said of princes less true of all other
governours, from him that heads an army to him that is master
of a family, or of one single servant. South.
Abas, who seem'd our friend, is either fled,
Or, what we fear, our enemies does head. Dryd. Aurengz.
This lord had headed his appointed bands,
In firm allegiance to his king's commands. Prior.
2. To behead; to kill by taking away the head.
If you head and hang all that offend that way but for ten
years together, you'll be glad to give out a commission for
more heads. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
3. To fit any thing with a head, or principal part.
Headed with flints and feathers bloody dy'd,
Such as the Indians in their quivers hide. Fairy Queen.


Of cornel-wood a spear upright,
Headed with piercing steel, and polish'd bright. Dryden.
4. To lop trees.
You must disbranch them, leaving only the summit entire:
unless the soil be very good, it may be necessary to head them
too. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HE’ADACH. n. s. [head and ach.] Pain in the head.
From the cruel headach,
Riches do not preserve. Sidney, b. i.
Nothing more exposes to headachs, colds, catarrhs, and
coughs, than keeping the head warm. Locke.
In the headach he orders the opening of the vein of the
forehead. Arbuthnot.
At some dear idle time,
Not plagu'd with headachs, or the want of rhyme. Pope.

HE’ADBAND. n. s. [head and band.]
1. A fillet for the head; a topknot.
The Lord will take away the bonnets, and the head­
bands. Is. iii. 20.
2. The band at each end of a book.

HE’ADBOROUGH. n. s. [head and borough.] A constable; a
subordinate constable.
Here lies John Dod, a servant of God, to whom he is gone,
Father or mother, sister or brother, he never knew none;
A headborough and a constable, a man of fame,
The first of his house, and last of his name. Camden.
This none are able to break through,
Until they're freed by head of borough. Hudibras, p. i.

HE’ADDRESS. n. s. [head and dress.]
1. The covering of a woman's head.
There is not so variable a thing in nature as a lady's head­
dress: I have known it rise and fall. Addison's Spectator.
If ere with airy horns I planted heads,
Or discompos'd the headdress of a prude. Pope.
2. Any thing resembling a headdress, and prominent on the
head.
Among birds the males very often appear in a most beauti­
ful headdress, whether it be a crest, a comb, a tuft of feathers,
or a natural little plume, erected like a kind of pinnacle on the
very top of the head. Addison's Spectator.

HE’ADER. n. s. [from head.]
1. One that heads nails or pins, or the like.
2. The first brick in the angle.
If the header of one side of the wall is toothed as much as
the stretcher on the outside, it would be a stronger toothing,
and the joints of the headers of one side would be in the mid­
dle of the headers of the course they lie upon of the other
side, Moxon's Mech. Exer.

HE’ADGARGLE. n. s. [head and gargle.] A disease, I sup­
pose, in cattle.
For the headgargle give powder of fenugreek. Mortimer.

HE’ADINESS. n. s. [from heady.] Hurry; rashness; stubborn­
ness; precipitation; obstinacy.
If any will rashly blame such his choice of old and un­
wonted words, him may I more justly blame and condemn,
either of witless headiness in judging, or of headless hardiness
in condemning. Spenser.

HE’ADLAND. n. s. [head and land.]
1. Promontary; cape.
An heroick play ought to be an imitation of an heroick
poem, and consequently love and valour ought to be the sub­
ject of it: both these sir William Davenant began to shadow;
but it was so as discoverers draw their maps, with headlands
and promontories. Dryden.
2. Ground under hedges.
Now down with the grass upon headlands about,
That groweth in shadow so rank and so stout. Tusser.

HE’ADLESS. adj. [from head.]
1. Without an head; beheaded.
His shining helmet he 'gan soon unlace,
And left his headless body bleeding at the place. Fairy Queen.
Were I a man, a duke, and next of blood,
I would remove these tedious stumbling blocks,
And smooth my way upon their headless necks. Shak. H. VI.
On the cold earth lies th' unregarded king,
A headless carkass, and a nameless thing. Denham.
Prickly stubs, instead of trees, are found;
Headless the most, and hideous to behold. Dryden.
2. Without a chief.
They rested not until they had made the empire stand head­
less about seventeen years. Raleigh's Essays.
3. Obstinate; inconsiderate; ignorant; wanting intellects:
perhaps for heedless.
If any will rashly blame such his choice of old unwonted
words, him may I more justly blame and condemn, either of
witless headiness in judging, or of headless hardiness in con­
demning. Spenser.

HE’ADLONG. adj.
1. Rash; thoughtless.
2. Sudden; precipitate.
It suddenly fell from an excess of favour, which, many ex­
amples having taught them, never stopt his race 'till it came to
a headlong overthrow. Sidney, b. ii.

HE’ADLONG. adv. [head and long.]
1. With the head foremost. It is often doubtful whether this
word be adjective or adverb.
I'll look no more,
Lest my brain turn, and the deficient sight
Topple down headlong. Shakes. King Lear.
Who, while he steering view'd the stars, and bore
His course from Africk to the Latian shore,
Fell headlong down. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
Headlong from thence the glowing fury springs,
And o'er the Theban palace spreads her wings. Pope.
2. Rashly; without thought; precipitately.
To give Ahab such warning, as might infallibly have pre­
vented his destruction, was esteemed by him evil; and to push
him on headlong into it, because he was fond of it, was ac­
counted good. South's Sermons.
Some ask for envy'd pow'r, which publick hate
Pursues and hurries headlong to their fate;
Down go the titles. Dryden's Juv. Sat. x.
3. Hastily; without delay or respite.
Unhappy offspring of my teeming womb!
Dragg'd headlong from thy cradle to thy tomb. Dryden.
4. It is very negligently used by Shakespeare.
Hence will I drag thee headlong by the heels
Unto a dunghill, which shall be thy grave. Shakesp. H. VI.

HE’ADMOULD-SHOT. n. s. [head, mould, and shot.] This is when
the sutures of the skull, generally the coronal, ride; that is,
have their edges shot over one another; which is frequent
in infants, and occasions convulsions and death. Quincy.

HE’ADPIECE. n. s. [head and piece.]
1. Armour for the head; helmet; morion.
I pulled off my headpiece, and humbly intreated her pardon,
or knowledge why she was cruel. Sidney, b. ii.
The word is giv'n; with eager speed they lace
The shining headpiece, and the shield embrace. Dryden.
Another reason for this fiction was their wearing a head­
piece, or martial vizor, that had but one sight through it.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
This champion will not be in such haste to come into the
field, before his great blunderbuss can be got ready, his old
rusty breastplate scoured, and his cracked headpiece mended.
Swift.
2. Understanding; force of mind.
'Tis done by some severals
Of headpiece extraordinary, lower messes
Perchance are to this business purblind. Shak. Winter's Tale.
Eumenes had the best headpiece of all Alexander's cap­
tains. Prideaux.

HE’ADQUARTERS. n. s. [head and quarters.] The place of ge­
neral rendezvous, or lodgment for soldiers.
Those spirits, posted upon the out-guards, immediately
scour off to the brain, which is the headquarters, or office of
intelligence, and there they make their report. Collier.

HE’ADSHIP. n. s. [from head.] Dignity; authority; chief
place.

HE’ADSMAN. n. s. [head and man.] Executioner; one that
cuts off heads.
Rods broke on our associates bleeding backs,
And headsmen lab'ring 'till they blunt their ax? Dryden.

HE’ADSTALL. n. s. [head and stall.] Part of the bridle that
covers the head.
His horse near legg'd before, and with a half-cheek'd bit,
and a headstall of sheep's leather, which being restrained to
keep him from stumbling, hath been often burst, and now re­
paired with knots. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

HE’ADSTONE. n. s. [head and stone.] The first or capital
stone.
The stone, which the builders refused, is become the head­
stone. Ps. cxviii. 24.

HE’ADSTRONG. adj. [head and strong.] Unrestrained; violent;
ungovernable; resolute to run his own way: as a horse whose
head cannot be held in.
An example, for headstrong and inconsiderate zeal, no less
fearful than Achitophel for proud and irreligious wisdom.
Hooker, Dedication.
How now, my headstrong! where have you been gadding?
—Where I have learnt me to repent the sin
Of disobedient opposition. Shakes. Romeo and Juliet.
But such a headstrong potent fault it is,
That it but mocks reproof. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
He ill aspires to rule
Cities of men or headstrong multitudes,
Subject himself to anarchy within. Milton's Paradise Lost.
There's no opposing the torrent of a headstrong multi­
tude. L'Estrange.
Now let the headstrong boy my will controul:
Virtue's no slave of man; no sex confines the soul:
I, for myself, th' imperial seat will gain,
And he shall wait my leisure for his reign. Dryd. Aurengz.


Your father's folly took a headstrong course;
But I'll rule yours, and teach you love by force. Dryden.
I'll try if yet I can reduce to reason
This headstrong youth, and make him spurn at Cato. Addis.
Why there it is, you will be both judge and party: I am
sorry thou discoverest so much of thy headstrong humour. Arb.
Can we forget how the mad headstrong rout
Defy'd their prince to arms, nor made account
Of faith or duty, or allegiance sworn? Phillips.

HE’ADWORKMAN. n. s. [head work and man.] The foreman,
or chief servant over the rest.
Can Wood be otherwise regarded than as the mechanick,
the headworkman, to prepare his furnace, metal, and stamps?
Swift's Address to Parliament.

HE’ADY. adj. [from head.]
1. Rash; precipitate; hasty; violent; ungovernable; hurried
on with passion.
Take pity of your town and of your people,
While yet the cool and temp'rate wind of grace
O'erblows the filthy and contagious clouds
Of heady murther, spoil and villany. Shakesp. Henry V.
I am advised what I say:
Neither disturb'd with the effect of wine,
Nor, heady rash, provok'd with raging ire;
Albeit my wrongs might make one wiser mad. Shakespeare.
I'll forbear,
And am fall'n out with my more heady will,
To take the indispos'd and sickly fit
For the sound man. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Never came reformation in a flood
With such a heady current scow'ring faults;
Nor ever hydra-headed wilfulness
So soon did lose his seat, and all at once,
As in this king. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Wives, the readiest helps
To betray heady husbands, rob the easy. Ben. Johns. Catil.
Men, naturally warm and heady, are transported with the
greatest flush of good nature. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Apt to affect the head.
I was entertained with a sort of wine which was very
heady, but otherwise seemed to be sack. Boyle.
Since hearty beef and mutton will not do,
Here's julep-dance, ptisan of song and show:
Give you strong sense, the liquor is too heady;
You're come to farce, that's asses milk, already. Dryden.
Flow, Welsted! flow, like thine inspirer, beer;
Heady, not strong; and foaming, though not full. Pope.

To HEAL. v. a. [halgan, Gothick; Hælan, Saxon; heelen,
Dutch.]
1. To cure a person; to restore from hurt or sickness.
I will restore health, and heal thee of thy wounds. Jer. xxx.
Who would not believe that our Saviour healed the sick, and
raised the dead, when it was published by those who themselves
often did the same miracles? Addison.
Physicians, by just observations, grow up to an honourable
degree of skill in the art of healing. Watts's Imp. of the Mind.
2. To cure a wound or distemper.
Thou hast no healing medicines. Jer. xxx. 13.
A fontanel had been made in the same leg, which he was
forced to heal up, by reason of the pain. Wiseman's Surgery.
3. To perform the act of making a sore to cicatrize, after it is
cleansed.
After separation of the eschar, I deterged and healed. Wisem.
4. To reconcile: as, he healed all dissensions.

To HEAL. v. n. To grow well. Used of wounds or sores.
Those wounds heal that men do give themselves. Shakes.
Abscesses will have a greater or less tendency to heal, as
they are higher or lower in the body. Sharp's Surgery.

HE’ALER. n. s. [from heal.] One who cures or heals.
I will not be an healer. Is. iii. 7.

HE’ALING. participial adj. [from heal.] Mild; mollifying;
gentle; assuasive: as, he's of a healing pacifick temper.

HEALTH. n. s. [from Heel, Saxon.]
1. Freedom from bodily pain or sickness.
Health is the faculty of performing all actions proper to a
human body, in the most perfect manner. Quincy.
Our father is in good health, he is yet alive. Gen. xliii. 28.
May be he is not well;
Infirmity doth still neglect all office,
Whereto our health is bound. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Welfare of mind; purity; goodness; principle of salvation.
There is no health in us. Common Prayer.
The best preservative to keep the mind in health, is the
faithful admonition of a friend. Bacon, Essay 28.
3. Salvation spiritual and temporal.
My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me, and art so
far from my health, and from the words of my complaint? Ps.
4. Wish of happiness in drinking.
Come, love and health to all;
I drink to th' general joy of the whole table.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He asked leave to begin two healths: the first was to the
king's mistress, and the second to his wife. Howel.
For peace at home, and for the publick wealth,
I mean to crown a bowl to Cæsar's health. Dryden's Pers.

HE’ALTHFUL. adj. [health and full.]
1. Free from sickness.
Adam knew no disease, so long as temperance from the for­
bidden fruit secured him: nature was his physician, and inno­
cence and abstinence would have kept him healthful to immor­
tality. South's Sermons.
2. Well disposed.
Such an exploit have I in hand, Ligarius,
Had you an healthful ear to hear it. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
3. Wholesome; salubrious.
There be many good and healthful airs that do appear by
habitation and proofs, that differ not in smell from other airs.
Bacon's Natural History.
While they pervert pure nature's healthful rules
To loathsome sickness; worthily since they
God's image did not reverence in themselves. Milt. P. Lost.
Our healthful food the stomach labours thus,
At first embracing what it straight doth crush. Dryden.
4. Salutary; productive of salvation.
Pour upon them the healthful spirit of thy grace. Com. Prayer.

HE’ALTHFULLY. adv. [from healthful.]
1. In health.
2. Wholsomely.

HE’ALTHFULNESS. n. s. [from healthful.]
1. State of being well.
2. Wholsomeness; salubrious qualities.
You have tasted of that cup whereof I have liberally drank,
which I look upon as God's physick, having that in healthful­
ness which it wants in pleasure. King Charles.
We ventured to make a standard of the healthfulness of the
air from the proportion of acute and epidemical diseases. Graunt.
To the winds the inhabitants of Geneva ascribe the health­
fulness of their air; for as the Alps surround them on all sides,
there would be a constant stagnation of vapours, did not the
north wind put them in motion. Addison on Italy.

HE’ALTHILY. adv. [from healthy.] Without sickness or
pain.

HE’ALTHINESS. n. s. [from healthy.] The state of health.

HE’ALTHLESS. adj. [from health.] Weak; sickly; infirm.
He that spends his time in sports, is like him whose gar­
ment is all made of fringes, and his meat nothing but sauces;
they are healthless, chargeable, and useless. Taylor.

HE’ALTHSOME. adj. [from health.] Wholsome; salutary.
Shall I not then be stifled in the vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,
And there be strangl'd ere my Romeo comes? Shakespeare.

HE’ALTHY. adj. [from health.] In health; free from sickness;
hale; sound.
The husbandman returns from the field, and from manuring
his ground, strong and healthy, because innocent and labo­
rious. South's Sermons.
Gardening or husbandry, and working in wood, are fit and
healthy recreations for a man of study or business. Locke.
Temperance, industry, and a publick spirit, running thro'
the whole body of the people in Holland, hath preserved an
infant commonwealth, of a sickly constitution, through so
many dangers, as a much more healthy one could never have
struggled against without those advantages. Swift.
Air and exercise contribute to make the animal healthy. Arb.

HEAM. n. s. In beasts the same as the after-birth in women.

HEAP. n. s. [Heap, Saxon; hoop, Dutch and Scottish.]
1. Many single things thrown together; a pile; an accumulation.
The way to lay the city flat,
And bury all which yet distinctly ranges,
In heaps and piles of ruin. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The dead were fallen down by heaps, one upon another.
Wisd. xviii. 23.
Huge heaps of slain around the body rise. Dryden's Æn.
One may form from it an idea of Venice in its first begin­
nings, when it had only a few heaps of earth for its domi­
nions. Addison on Italy.
2. A crowd; a throng; a rabble.
A cruel tyranny, bathed in the blood of their emperors; a
heap of vassals and slaves, no freemen, no inheritance, no
stirp or ancient families. Bacon's holy War.
3. Cluster; number driven together.
An universal cry resounds aloud;
The sailors run in heaps, a helpless crowd. Dryden.

To HEAP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To throw on heaps; to pile; to throw together.
Heap on wood, kindle the fire, consume the flesh, and
spice it well. Ezek. xxiv. 10.
2. To accumulate; to lay up.
Though the wicked heap up silver as the dust, and raiment
as the clay; but the just shall put it on, and the innocent shall
divide the silver. Job xxvii. 16.
How great the credit was, wherein that oracle was pre­


served, may be gathered from the vast riches which were there
heaped up from the offerings of all the Grecian nations. Temple.
They who will make profession of painting, must heap up
treasures out of their reading, and there will find many won­
derful means of raising themselves above others. Dryden.
3. To add to something else.
For those of old,
And the late dignities heap'd up to them,
We rest your hermits. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

HE’APER. n. s. [from heap.] One that makes piles or heaps.

HE’APY. adj. [from heap.] Lying in heaps.
Where a dim gleam the paly lanthorn throws
O'er the mid pavement, heapy rubbish grows. Gay.
Scarce his head
Rais'd o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk
Lies slumb'ring sulren in the white abyss. Thoms. Winter.

To HEAR. v. n. [Hyran, Saxon; hooren, Dutch.]
1. To enjoy the sense by which sounds are distinguished.
Sound is nothing but a certain modulation of the external
air, which, being gathered by the external ear, beats, as is
supposed, upon the membrana tympani, which moves the
four little bones in the tympanum: in like manner as it is beat
by the external air, these little bones move the internal air
which is in the tympanum and vestibulum; which internal
air makes an impression upon the auditory nerve in the laby­
rinth and cochlea, according as it is moved by the little bones
in the tympanum: so that, according to the various reflexions
of the external air, the internal air makes various impressions
upon the auditory nerve, the immediate organ of hearing; and
these different impressions represent different sounds. Quincy.
The object of hearing is sound, whose variety is so great,
that it brings in admirable store of intelligence. Holder.
2. To listen; to hearken.
Since 'tis your command, what you so well
Are pleas'd to hear, I cannot grieve to tell. Denham.
3. To be told; to have an account.
I have heard by many of this man. Acts ix. 13.
I was bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dismayed at
the seeing of it. Is. xxi. 3.
Prepare to hear of such a crime
As tragick poets, since the birth of time,
Ne'er feign'd. Tate's Juven. Sat. 15.
This, of eldest parents, leaves us more in the dark, who,
by divine institution, has a right to civil power, than those
who never heard any thing at all of heir or descent. Locke.

To HEAR. v. a.
1. To perceive by the ear.
The trumpeters and singers were as one sound to be heard
in praising the Lord. 2 Chro. v. 13.
2. To give an audience, or allowance to speak.
He sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in
Christ. Acts xxiv. 24.
I must beg the forbearance of censure, 'till I have been heard
out in the sequel of this discourse. Locke.
3. To attend; to listen to; to obey.
Hear the word at my mouth, and give them warning from
me. Ezek. iii. 17.
4. To attend favourably.
They think they shall be heard for their much speaking. Mat.
5. To try; to attend judicially.
Hear the causes, and judge righteously. Deutr. i. 16.
6. To acknowledge. A Latin phrase.
Or hear'st thou rather pure ethereal stream,
Whose fountain who shall tell? Milton.
Hear'st thou submissive, but a lowly birth? Prior.

HEARD signifies a keeper, and is sometimes initial; as heard­
bearht, a glorious keeper: sometimes final, as cyneheard, a
royal keeper. Gibson's Camden. It is now written herd: as,
cowherd, a cowkeeper; Hyrd, Saxon.

HE’ARER. n. s. [from hear.] One who attends to any doctrine
or discourse delivered orally by another.
And so was she dulled withal, that we could come so near
as to hear her speeches, and yet she not perceive the hearers of
her lamentation. Sidney, b. ii.
St. John and St. Mathew, which have recorded these ser­
mons, heard them; and being hearers, did think themselves
as well respected as the pharisees. Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
Words, be they never so few, are too many, when they
benefit not the hearer. Hooker, b. v.
The hearers will shed tears,
And say, alas, it was a piteous deed! Shakesp. Henry VI.
Tell thou the lamentable fall of me,
And send the hearers weeping to their beds.
Shakespeare's Richard II.
Plays in themselves have neither hopes nor fears;
Their fate is only in their hearers ears. Ben. Johnson.
Her hearers had no share
In all she spoke, except to stare. Swift.

HE’ARING. n. s. [from hear.]
1. The sense by which sounds are perceived.
Bees are called with sound upon brass, and therefore they
have hearing. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Audience.
The French ambassador upon that instant
Crav'd audience; and the hour, I think, is come
To give him hearing. Shakespeare's Henry V.
3. Judicial trial.
Agrippa and Bernice entered into the place of hearing. Acts.
The readers are the jury to decide according to the merits
of the cause, or to bring it to another hearing before some
other court. Dryden's Fables, Pref.
Those of different principles may be betrayed to give you a
fair hearing, and to know what you have to say for yourself.
Addison's Freeholder.
4. Reach of the ear.
If we profess, as Peter did, that we love the Lord, and
profess it in the hearing of men; charity is prone to hear all
things, and therefore charitable men are likely to think we do
so. Hooker, b. iii.
In our hearing the king charged thee, beware that none
touch Absalom. 2 Sa. xviii. 12.
You have been talked of since your travels much,
And that in Hamlet's hearing, for a quality
Wherein they say you shine. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The fox had the good luck to be within hearing. L'Estrange.

To HE’ARKEN. v. n. [Hearcnian, Saxon.]
1. To listen by way of curiosity.
The youngest daughter, whom you hearken for,
Her father keeps from access of suitors. Shakespeare.
He hearkens after prophecies and dreams. Shakes. R. III.
They do me too much injury,
That ever said I hearken'd for your death:
If it were so, I might have let alone
Th' insulting hand of Douglas over you. Shakespeare.
The gaping three-mouth'd dog forgets to snarl;
The furies hearken, and their snakes uncurl. Dryd. Virgil.
Louder, and yet more loud, I hear the alarms
Of human cries:
I mount the terrass, thence the town survey,
And hearken what the fruitful sounds convey. Dryden.
He who makes much necessary, will want much; and,
wearied with the difficulty of the attainment, will incline to
hearken after any expedient that offers to shorten his way to
it. Rogers's Sermons.
2. To attend; to pay regard.
Hearken unto me, thou son of Zippor. Nu. xxiii. 18.
Those who put passion in the place of reason, neither use
their own, nor hearken to other people's reason, any farther
than it suits their humour. Locke.
There's not a blessing individuals find,
But some way leans and hearkens to the kind. Pope.

HE’ARKENER. n. s. [from hearken.] Listener; one that
hearkens.

HE’ARSAY. n. s. [hear and say.] Report; rumour; what is
not known otherwise than by account from others.
For prey these shepherds two he took,
Whose metal stiff he knew he could not bend
With hearsay pictures, or a window look. Sidney.
He affirms by hearsay, that some giants saved themselves
upon the mountain Baris in Armenia. Raleigh's History.
All the little scramblers after fame fall upon him, publish
every blot in his life, and depend upon hearsay to defame
him. Addison's Freeholder.

HEARSE. n. s. [of unknown etymology.]
1. A carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the grave.
2. A temporary monument set over a grave.
To add to your laments,
Wherewith you now bedew king Henry's hearse,
I must inform you of a dismal fight. Shakesp. Henry VI.

HEART. n. s. [Heort, Saxon; hertz, German.]
1. The muscle which by its contraction and dilation propels
the blood through the course of circulation, and is therefore
considered as the source of vital motion. It is supposed in
popular language to be the seat sometimes of courage, some­
times of affection.
He with providence and courage so passed over all, that the
mother took such spiteful grief at it, that her heart brake
withal, and she died. Sidney.
Thou wouldst have left thy dearest heart blood there,
Rather than made that savage duke thine heir,
And disinherited thine only son. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Snakes, in my heart blood warm'd, that sting my heart.
Shakespeare's Richard II.
Our battle is more full of names than your's,
Our men more perfect in the use of arms,
Our armour all as strong, our cause the best;
Then reason wills our hearts should be as good. Shak. H. IV.
I thank you for my venison, master Shallow.
—Master Page, much good do it your good heart. Shakesp.


But since the brain doth lodge the pow'rs of sense,
How makes it in the heart those passions spring?
The mutual love, the kind intelligence
'Twixt heart and brain, this sympathy doth bring. Davies.
We all set our hearts at rest, since whatever comes from
above is for the best. L'Estrange.
The only true zeal is that which is guided by a good light
in the head, and that which consists of good and innocent af­
fections in the heart. Spratt's Sermons.
Prest with heart corroding grief and years,
To the gay court a rural shed prefers. Pope's Odyssey.
2. The chief part; the vital part.
Barley being steeped in water, and turned upon a dry floor,
will sprout half an inch; and, if it be let alone, much more,
until the heart be out. Bacon's Natural History.
3. The inner part of any thing.
Some Englishmen did with great danger pass by water into
the heart of the country. Abbot's Description of the World.
The king's forces are employed in appeasing disorders more
near the heart of the kingdom. Hayward.
Generally the inside or heart of trees is harder than the
outward parts. Boyle.
Here in the heart of all the town I'll stay,
And timely succour, where it wants, convey. Dryden.
If the foundations be bad, provide good piles made of heart
of oak, such as will reach ground. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
4. Person; character. Used with respect to courage or kindness.
The king's a bawcock, and a heart of gold,
A lad of life, an imp of fame. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Hey, my hearts; cheerly, my hearts. Shakesp. Tempest.
What says my heart of elder? Ha! is he dead, bully-stale?
Is he dead? Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
5. Courage; spirit.
If it please you to make his fortune known, as I have done
Erona's, I will after take heart again to go on with his false­
hood. Sidney, b. ii.
There did other like unhappy accidents happen out of Eng­
land, which gave heart and good opportunity to them to re­
gain their old possessions. Spenser on Ireland.
Wide was the wound; and a large lukewarm flood,
Red as the rose, thence gushed grievously,
That when the painim spy'd the streaming blood,
Gave him great heart and hope of victory. Fairy Queen.
Eve, recov'ring heart, reply'd. Milton.
Having left that city well provided, and in good heart, his
majesty removed with his little army to Bewdley. Clarendon.
Finding that it did them no hurt, they took heart upon't,
went up to't, and viewed it. L'Estrange's Fables.
The expelled nations take heart, and when they fly from
one country invade another. Temple.
6. Seat of love.
Ah! what avails it me the flocks to keep,
Who lost my heart while I preserv'd my sheep? Pope.
7. Affection; inclination.
Joab perceived that the king's heart was towards Absalom.
2 Sa. xiv. 1.
Means how to feel, and learn each other's heart,
By th' abbot's skill of Westminster is found. Daniel.
Nor set thy heart,
Thus over-fond, on that which is not thine. Milton.
'Tis well to be tender; but to set the heart too much upon
any thing, is what we cannot justify. L'Estrange.
A friend makes me a feast, and sets all before me; but I
set my heart upon one dish alone, and if that happen to be
thrown down, I scorn all the rest. Temple.
Then mixing pow'rful herbs with magick art,
She chang'd his form who could not change his heart. Dryd.
What did I not, her stubborn heart to gain?
But all my vows were answer'd with disdain. Dryden.
8. Memory.
Whatsoever was attained to, concerning God and his work­
ing in nature, the same was delivered over by heart and tradi­
tion from wise men to a posterity equally zealous. Raleigh.
We call the committing of a thing to memory the getting
it by heart; for it is the memory that must transmit it to the
heart; and it is in vain to expect that the heart should keep
its hold of any truth, when the memory has let it go. South.
Shall I in London act this idle part?
Composing songs for fools to get by heart. Pope.
9. Good-will; ardour of zeal. To take to heart any thing, is to
be zealous or solicitous or ardent about it.
If he take not their causes to heart, how should there be
but in them frozen coldness, when his affections seem be­
numbed, from whom theirs should take fire? Hooker.
If he would take the business to heart, and deal in it effec­
tually, it would succeed well. Bacon's Henry VII.
The lady marchioness of Hertford engaged her husband to
take this business to heart. Clarendon, b. viii.
Amongst those, who took it most to heart, sir John Stawel
was the chief. Clarendon, b. viii.
Every prudent and honest man would join himself to that
side which had the good of their country most at heart. Addis.
Learned men have been now a long time searching after the
happy country from which our first parents were exiled: if
they can find it, with all my heart. Woodward's Nat. History.
I would not be sorry to find the Presbyterians mistaken in
this point, which they have most at heart. Swift.
What I have most at heart is, that some method should be
thought on for ascertaining and fixing our language. Swift.
10. Passions; anxiety; concern.
Set your heart at rest;
The fairy land buys not the child of me. Shakespeare.
11. Secret thoughts; recesses of the mind.
Michal saw king David leaping and dancing before the
Lord, and she despised him in her heart. 2 Sa. vi. 16.
The next generation will in tongue and heart, and every
way else, become English; so as there will be no difference or
distinction, but the Irish sea, betwixt us. Davies on Ireland.
Thou sawest the contradiction between my heart and
hand. King Charles.
Would you have him open his heart to you, and ask your
advice, you must begin to do so with him first. Locke.
Men, some to pleasure, some to business take;
But every woman is, at heart, a rake. Pope, Epistle ii.
12. Disposition of mind.
Doing all things with so pretty a grace, that it seemed ig­
norance could not make him do amiss, because he had a heart
to do well. Sidney.
13. The heart is considered as the seat of tenderness: a hard
heart therefore is cruelty.
I've seen thee stern, and thou hast oft beheld
Heart hardening spectacles. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Such iron hearts we are, and such
The base barbarity of human kind. Rowe's Jane Shore.
14. To find in the HEART. To be not wholly averse.
For my breaking the laws of friendship with you, I could
find in my heart to ask you pardon for it, but that your now
handling of me gives me reason to confirm my former deal­
ing. Sidney.
15. Secret meaning; hidden intention.
I will on with my speech in your praise,
And then shew you the heart of my message. Shakespeare.
16. Conscience; sense of good or ill.
Every man's heart and conscience doth in good or evil,
even secretly committed, and known to none but itself, either
like or disallow itself. Hooker, b. i. s. 9.
17. Strength; power.
Try whether leaves of trees, swept together, with some
chalk and dung mixed, to give them more heart, would not
make a good compost. Bacon's Natural History.
He keeps a sabbath of alternate years,
That the spent earth may gather heart again,
And, better'd by cessation, bear the grain. Dryden's Georg.
Care must be taken not to plow ground out of heart, because
if 'tis in heart, it may be improved by marl again. Mortimer.
18. Utmost degree.
This gay charm,
Whose eye beck'd forth my wars, and call'd thee home,
Whose bosom was my crownet, my chief end,
Like a right gipsy, hath, at fast and loose,
Beguil'd me to the very heart of loss. Shakespeare.
19. Life. For my heart seems sometimes to signify, if life was
at stake; and sometimes for tenderness.
I bid the rascal knock upon your gate,
And could not get him for my heart to do it. Shakespeare.
I gave it to a youth,
A prating boy, that begg'd it as a fee:
I could not for my heart deny it him. Shakes. Mer. of Venice.
Profoundly skill'd in the black art,
As English Merlin for his heart. Hudibras, p. i.
20. It is much used in composition for mind, or affection.

HEART-ACH. n. s. [heart and ach.] Sorrow; pang; anguish
of mind.
To die—to sleep—
No more; and, by a sleep, to say we end
The heartach, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

HEART-BREAK. n. s. [heart and break.] Overpowering sor­
row.
Better a little chiding than a great deal of heartbreak. Shakes.

HEART-BREAKER. n. s. A cant name for a woman's curls,
supposed to break the heart of all her lovers.
Like Sampson's heartbreakers, it grew
In time to make a nation rue. Hudibras, p. i.

HEART-BREAKING. adj. Overpowering with sorrow.
Those piteous plaints and sorrowful sad tine,
Which late you poured forth, as ye did sit
Beside the silver springs of Helicone,
Making your musick of heartbreaking mone. Spenser.

HEART-BREAKING. n. s. Overpowering grief.
What greater heartbreaking and confusion can there be to
one, than to have all his secret faults laid open, and the sen­
tence of condemnation passed upon him? Hakewill.



HE’ART-BURNED. adj. [heart and burn.] Having the heart
inflamed.
How tartly that gentleman looks! I never can see him but
I am heart-burn'd an hour after. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.

HEART-BURNING. n. s. [heart and burn.]
1. Pain at the stomach, commonly from an acrid humour.
Fine clean chalk is one of the most noble absorbents, and
powerfully corrects and subdues the acrid humours in the
stomach: this property renders it very serviceable in the car­
dialgia, or heart-burning. Woodward on Fossils.
2. Discontent; secret enmity.
In great changes, when right of inheritance is broke, there
will remain much heart-burning and discontent among the
meaner people. Swift to Pope.

HEART-DEAR. adj. Sincerely beloved.
The time was, father, that you broke your word,
When you were more endear'd to it than now;
When your own Percy, when my heart-dear Harry,
Threw many a northward look to see his father
Bring up his pow'rs; but he did long in vain! Shak. H. IV.

HEART-EASE. n. s. Quiet; tranquillity.
What infinite heart-ease must kings neglect,
That private men enjoy? Shakespeare's Henry V.

HEART-EASING. adj. Giving quiet.
But come, thou goddess fair and free,
In heav'n yclep'd Euphrosyne,
And by men heart-easing mirth. Milton.

HEART-FELT. adj. Felt in the conscience.
What nothing earthly gives, or can destroy,
The soul's calm sun-shine, and the heart-felt joy,
Is virtue's prize. Pope's Essay on Man.

HEART-PEAS. n. s. A plant.
The characters are: it hath a trailing stalk, emitting claspers,
whereby it fastens itself to whatever plant stands near it: the
flower-cup consists of three leaves, the flower of eight leaves,
and are of an anomalous figure: the ovary becomes a fruit
like a bladder, divided into three cells, in which are contained
round seeds in form of peas, of a black colour, having the
figure of an heart of a white colour upon each. Miller.

HEART-QUELLING. adj. Conquering the affection.
And let fair Venus, that is queen of love,
With her heart-quelling son, upon you smile. Spenser.

HEART-RENDING. adj. Killing with anguish.
Heart-rending news, and dreadful to those few
Who her resemble, and her steps pursue;
That death should licence have to rage among
The fair, the wise, the virtuous, and the young! Waller.

HEART-ROBBING. adj. Ecstatick; depriving of thought.
Sweet is thy virtue, as thyself sweet art;
For when on me thou shinedst, late in sadness,
A melting pleasance ran through every part,
And me revived with heart-robbing gladness. Spenser.

HEART-SICK. adj.
1. Pained in mind.
If we be heart-sick, or afflicted with an uncertain soul, then
we are true desirers of relief and mercy. Taylor.
2. Mortally ill; hurt in the constitution.
Good Romeo, hide thyself.
—Not I, unless the breath of heart-sick groans,
Mist like, infold me from the search of eyes. Shakespeare.

HEARTS-EASE. n. s. A plant.
Hearts-ease is a sort of violet that blows all Summer, and
often in Winter: it sows itself. Mortimer.

HEART-SORE. n. s. Struck with sorrow.
Wherever he that godly knight may find,
His only heart-sore and his only foe. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HEART-STRING. n. s. [string and heart.] The tendons or
nerves supposed to brace and sustain the heart.
He was by Jove deprived
Of life himself, and heart-strings of an eagle rived. Fa. Qu.
How, out of tune on the strings?
—Not so; but yet so false, that he grieves my very heart­
strings. Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona.
That grates my heart-strings: what should discontent him!
Except he thinks I live too long. Denham's Sophy.
If thou thinkest thou shalt perish, I cannot blame thee to be
sad 'till thy heart-strings crack. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
There's the fatal wound,
That tears my heart-strings; but he shall be found,
My arms shall hold him. Granville.

HEART-STRUCK. adj.
1. Driven to the heart; infixed for ever in the mind.
Who is with him?
——None but the fool who labours to out-jest
His heart-struck injuries. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Shocked with fear or dismay.
He added not; for Adam, at the news
Heart-struck, with chilling gripe of sorrow stood,
That all his senses bound! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.

HEART-SWELLING. adj. Rankling in the mind.
Drawn into arms, and proof of mortal fight,
Through proud ambition and heart-swelling hate. Spenser.

HEART-WHOLE. adj.
1. With the affections yet unfixed.
You have not seen me yet, and therefore I am confident
you are heart-whole. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Cupid hath clapt him o' th' shoulder; but I'll warrant him
heart-whole. Shakespeare's As you like it.
2. With the vitals yet unimpaired.

HEART-WOUNDED. adj. Filled with passion of love or grief.
Mean time the queen, without reflection due,
Heart-wounded, to the bed of state withdrew. Pope's Odyss.

HEART-WOUNDING. adj. Filling with grief.
With a shriek heart-wounding loud she cry'd,
While down her cheeks the gushing torrents ran,
Fast falling on her hands. Rowe's Jane Shore.

HE’ARTED. adj. It is only used in composition: as, hard
hearted.

To HE’ARTEN. v. a. [from heart.]
1. To encourage; to animate; to stir up.
Palladius blaming those that were slow, heartening them that
were forward, but especially with his own example leading
them, made an impression into the squadron. Sidney.
My royal father, cheer these noble lords,
And hearten those that fight in your defence:
Unsheath your sword, good father; cry, St. George! Shak.
This rare man, Tydides, would prepare;
That he might conquer, hearten'd him, and taught him
tricks. Chapman's Iliads.
Thus hearten'd well, and flesh'd upon his prey,
The youth may prove a man another day. Dryden.
2. To meliorate with manure.
The ground one year at rest; forget not then
With richest dung to hearten it again. May's Virg. Georg.

HEARTH. n. s. The pavement of a room in which a fire is
made; the ground under the chimney.
Hoop'd out of Rome: now this extremity
Hath brought me to this hearth. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou leap,
Whereas thou find'st unrak'd, and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry. Shakespeare.
Good luck befriend thee, son; for at thy birth
The fairy ladies danc'd upon the hearth. Milton.
The vanquish'd fires withdraw from every place;
Or, full with feeding, sink into a sleep:
Each houshold genius shews again its face,
And from the hearths the little lares creep. Dryden.

HE’ARTILY. adv. [from hearty.]
1. Sincerely; actively; diligently; vigorously.
Where his judgment led him to oppose men on a publick
account, he would do it vigorously and heartily; yet the op­
position ended there. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. From the heart; fully.
I bear no malice for my death;
But those that sought it, I could wish more Christians;
Be what they will, I heartily forgive them. Shakes. H. VIII.
If to be sad is to be wise,
I do most heartily despise
Whatever Socrates has said,
Or Tully writ, or Wanley read. Prior.
3. Eagerly; with desire.
As for my eating heartily of the food, know that anxiety
has hindered my eating 'till this moment. Addison's Guardian.

HE’ARTINESS. n. s. [from hearty.]
1. Sincerity; freedom from hypocrisy.
This entertainment may a free face put on; derive a liberty
from heartiness, and well become the agent. Shakespeare.
2. Vigour; diligence; strength.
The anger of an enemy represents our faults, or admo­
nishes us of our duty, with more heartiness than the kindness
of a friend. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

HE’ARTLESS. adj. [from heart.] Without courage; spirit­
less.
I joyed oft to chase the trembling pricket,
Or hunt the heartless hare 'till she were tame. Spenser.
Then hopeless, heartless 'gan the cunning thief,
Persuade us die, to stint all further strife. Fairy Queen, b. i.
What, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds?
Turn thee, Benvolio; look upon thy death. Shakespeare.
Thousands besides stood mute and heartless there,
Men valiant all; nor was I us'd to fear. Cowley.
The peasants were accustomed to payments, and grew
heartless as they grew poor. Temple.
Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground,
While our's with easy victory were crown'd. Dryden.

HE’ARTLESSLY. adv. [from heartless.] Without courage;
faintly; timidly.

HE’ARTLESSNESS. n. s. [from heartless.] Want of courage or
spirit; dejection of mind.

HE’ARTY. adj. [from heart.]
1. Sincere; undissembled; warm; zealous.
They did not bring that hearty inclination to peace, which
they hoped they would have done. Clarendon, b. viii.


But the kind hosts their entertainment grace
With hearty welcome and an open face;
In all they did, you might discern with ease
A willing mind, and a desire to please. Dryden.
Every man may pretend to any employment, provided he
has been loud and frequent in declaring himself hearty for the
government. Swift.
2. In full health.
3. Vigorous; strong.
Whose laughs are hearty, though his jests are coarse,
And loves you best of all things but his horse. Pope.
4. Strong; hard; durable.
Oak, and the like true hearty timber, being strong in all
positions, may be better trusted in cross and transverse work.
Wotton's Architecture.

HEARTY-HALE. adj. [heart and hale.] Good for the heart.
Vein-healing verven, and head-purging dill,
Sound savory, and basil hearty-hale. Spenser.

HEAT. n. s. [Heat, Hæt, Saxon; heete, Danish.]
1. The sensation caused by the approach or touch of fire.
Heat is a very brisk agitation of the insensible parts of the
object, which produces in us that sensation from whence we
denominate the object hot; so what in our sensation is heat,
in the object is nothing but motion. Locke.
The word heat is used to signify the sensation we have when
we are near the fire, as well as the cause of that sensation,
which is in the fire itself; and thence we conclude, that there
is a sort of heat in the fire resembling our own sensation:
whereas in the fire there is nothing but little particles of mat­
ter, of such particular shapes as are fitted to impress such
motions on our flesh as excite the sense of heat. Watts.
2. The cause of the sensation of burning.
The sword which is made fiery doth not only cut by reason
of the sharpness which simply it hath, but also burn by means
of that heat which it hath from fire. Hooker, b. v.
After they came down into the valley, and found the in­
tolerable heats which are there, and knew no means of lighter
apparel, they were forced to begin the custom of going naked.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
3. Hot weather.
Mark well the flow'ring almonds in the wood;
The glebe will answer to the sylvan reign;
Great heats will follow, and large crops of grain. Dryden.
The pope would not comply with the proposal, as fearing
the heats might advance too far before they had finished their
work, and produce a pestilence among the people. Addison.
4. State of any body under the action of the fire.
The heats smiths take of their iron are a blood-red heat,
a white flame heat, and a sparkling or welding heat. Moxon.
5. One violent action unintermitted.
The continual agitations of the spirits must needs be a
weakening of any constitution, especially in age; and many
causes are required for refreshment betwixt the heats. Dryden.
6. The state of being once hot.
I'll strike my fortune with him at a heat,
And give him not the leisure to forget. Dryden's Aurengz.
7. A course at a race, between each of which courses there is
an intermission.
Feign'd zeal, you saw, set out the speedier pace;
But the last heat, plain dealing won the race. Dryden.
8. Pimples in the face; flush.
It has raised animosities in their hearts, and heats in their
faces, and broke out in their ribbans. Addison's Freeholder.
9. Agitation of sudden or violent passion; vehemence of action.
They seeing what forces were in the city with them, issued
against the tyrant while they were in this heat, before practices
might be used to dissever them. Sidney, b. ii.
The friend hath lost his friend;
And the best quarrels, in the heat, are curst
By those that feel their sharpness. Shakesp. King Lear.
It might have pleased in the heat and hurry of his rage, but
must have displeased in the cool sedate reflections of his mind.
South's Sermons.
We have spilt no blood but in the heat of the battle, or the
chase. Atterbury's Sermons.
One playing at hazard, held in many hands together, and
drew a huge heap of gold; but, in the heat of play, never
observed a sharper, who swept it into his hat. Swift.
10. Faction; contest; party rage.
Our state thinks not so: they are in a most warlike prepa­
ration, and hope to come upon them in the heat of their divi­
sion. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I was sorry to hear with what partiality and popular heat
elections were carried. King Charles.
What can more gratify the Phrygian foe
Than those distemper'd heats? Dryden's Homer.
11. Ardour of thought or elocution.
Plead it to her
With all the strength and heats of eloquence,
Fraternal love and friendship can inspire. Addison's Cato.

To HEAT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make hot; to endue with the power of burning.
He commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven
times more than it was wont to be heated. Dan. iii. 19.
2. To cause to ferment.
Hops lying undried heats them, and changes their colour.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To make the constitution feverish.
Thou art going to lord Timon's feast.
—Ay, to see meat fill knaves, and wine heat fools. Shakes.
Whatever increaseth the density of the blood, even with­
out increasing its celerity, heats, because a denser body is hotter
than a rarer. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To warm with vehemence of passion or desire.
A noble emulation heats your breast,
And your own fame now robs you of your rest. Dryden.
5. To agitate the blood and spirits with action.
When he was well heated the younger champion could not
stand before him; and we find the elder contended not for the
gift, but for the honour. Dryden's Æn. Dedication.

HE’ATER. n. s. [from heat.] An iron made hot, and put into
a box-iron, to smooth and plait linnen.

HEATH. n. s. [erica, Latin.]
1. A plant.
It is a shrub of low stature: the leaves are small, and abide
green all the year: the flower consists of one leaf, is naked,
and, for the most part, shaped like a pitcher: the ovary, which
is produced in the bottom of the flower, becomes a roundish
fruit, divided into four cells, in which are contained many
small seeds. Miller.
In Kent they cut up the heath in May, burn it, and spread
the ashes. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Oft with bolder wing they soaring dare
The purple heath. Thomson's Spring.
2. A place overgrown with heath.
Say, from whence
You owe this strange intelligence? or why
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way
With such prophetick greeting. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. A place covered with shrubs of whatever kind.
Some woods of oranges, and heaths of rosemary, will smell
a great way into the sea. Bacon's Natural History.

HEATH-COCK. n. s. [heath and cock.] A large fowl that fre­
quents heaths.
Cornwall hath quail, rail, partridge, pheasant, heath-cock,
and powte. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

HEATH-POUT. n. s. [heath and pout.] A bird.
Not heath-pout, or the rarer bird
Which Phasis or Ionia yields,
More pleasing morsels would afford
Than the fat olives of my fields. Dryden.

HEATH-PEAS. n. s. A species of bitter VETCH, which see.

HEATH-ROSE. n. s. [heath and rose.] A plant. Ainsworth.

HE’ATHEN. n. s. [heyden, German.] The gentiles; the pa­
gans; the nations unacquainted with the covenant of grace.
Deliver us from the heathen, that we may give thanks to thy
holy name. 1 Chro. xvi. 35.
If the opinions of others, whom we think well of, be a
ground of assent, men have reason to be heathens in Japan,
mahometans in Turkey, papists in Spain, and protestants in
England. Locke.
In a paper of morality, I consider how I may recommend
the particular virtues I treat of, by the precepts or examples
of the ancient heathens. Addison's Spectator.

HE’ATHEN. adj. Gentile; pagan.
It was impossible for a heathen author to relate these things,
because, if he had believed them, he would no longer have
been a heathen. Addison.

HE’ATHENISH. adj. [from heathen.]
1. Belonging to the gentiles.
When the apostles of our Lord and Saviour were ordained
to alter the laws of heathenish religion, chosen they were, St.
Paul excepted; the rest unschooled altogether, and unlettered
men. Hooker, b. iv.
2. Wild; savage; rapacious; cruel.
The Moors did tread under their heathenish feet whatever
little they found yet there standing. Spenser.
That execrable Cromwel made a heathenish or rather inhu­
man edict against the poor episcopal clergy, that they should
neither preach, pray in publick, baptize, marry, bury, nor
teach school. South's Sermons.

HE’ATHENISHLY. adv. [from heathenish.] After the manner of
heathens.

HE’ATHENISM. n. s. [from heathen.] Gentilism; paganism.
It signifies the acknowledgment of the true God, in oppo­
sition to heathenism. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

HE’ATHY. adj. [from heath.] Full of heath.
This sort of land they order the same way with the heathy
land. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To HEAVE. v. a. pret. heaved, anciently hove; part. heaved,
or hoven.
1. To lift; to raise from the ground.
So stretch'd out huge in length the arch fiend lay,
Chain'd on the burning lake; nor ever hence


Had ris'n, or heav'd his head, but that the will
And high permission of all-ruling heaven
Left him at large. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
2. To carry.
Now we bear the king
Tow'rd Calais: grant him there; and there being seen,
Heave him away upon your winged thoughts
Athwart the sea. Shakespeare's Henry V.
3. To raise; to lift.
So daunted, when the giant saw the knight,
His heavy hand he heaved up on high,
And him to dust thought to have batter'd quite. Fa. Queen.
Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave
My heart into my mouth: I love your majesty
According to my bond, no more nor less. Shakesp. K. Lear.
He dy'd in fight;
Fought next my person, as in consort fought,
Save when he heav'd his shield in my defence,
And on his naked side receiv'd my wound. Dryd. Don Seb.
4. To cause to swell.
The groans of ghosts, that cleave the earth with pain,
And heave it up: they pant and stick half way. Dryden.
The glittering finny swarms,
That heave our friths and croud upon our shores. Thomson.
5. To force up from the breast.
Made she no verbal quest?
—Yes, once or twice she heav'd the name of father
Pantingly forth, as if it prest her heart. Shak. King Lear.
The wretched animal heav'd forth such groans,
That their discharge did stretch his leathern coat
Almost to bursting. Shakesp. As you like it.
6. To exalt; to elevate.
Poor shadow, painted queen;
One heav'd on high, to be hurl'd down below. Shak. R. III.
7. To puff; to elate.
The Scots, heaved up into high hope of victory, took the
English for foolish birds fallen into their net, forsook their hill,
and marched into the plain. Hayward.

To HEAVE. v. n.
1. To pant; to breathe with pain.
'Tis such as you,
That creep like shadows by him, and do sigh
At each his needless heavings; such as you
Nourish the cause of his awaking. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
He heaves for breath, which, from his lungs supply'd,
And fetch'd from far, distends his lab'ring side. Dryden.
2. To labour.
The church of England had struggled and heaved at a re­
formation ever since Wickliff's days. Atterbury.
3. To rise with pain; to swell and fall.
Thou hast made my curdled blood run back,
My heart heave up, my hair to rise in bristles. Dryden.
The wand'ring breath was on the wing to part;
Weak was the pulse, and hardly heav'd the heart. Dryden.
No object affects my imagination so much as the sea or
ocean: I cannot see the heaving of this prodigious bulk of
waters, even in a calm, without a very pleasing astonish­
ment. Addison's Spectator.
Frequent for breath his panting bosom heaves. Prior.
The heaving tide
In widen'd circles beats on either side. Gay's Trivia.
4. To keck; to feel a tendency to vomit.

HEAVE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Lift; exertion or effort upwards.
None could guess whether the next heave of the earthquake
would settle them on the first foundation, or swallow them.
Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. Rising of the breast.
There's matter in these sighs; these profound heaves
You must translate; 'tis fit we understand them. Shakesp.
3. Effort to vomit.
4. Struggle to rise.
But after many strains and heaves,
He got up to his saddle eaves. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.

HEAVE Offering. n. s. An offering among the Jews.
Ye shall offer a cake of the first of your dough for an heave
offering, as ye do the heave offering of the threshing floor. Num.

HE’AVEN. n. s. [Heofon, which seems to be derived from
Heofd, the places over head, Saxon.]
1. The regions above; the expanse of the sky.
A station like the herald Mercury,
New lighted on a heaven kissing hill. Shakes. Hamlet.
Thy race in time to come
Shall spread the conquests of imperial Rome;
Rome, whose ascending tow'rs shall heav'n invade,
Involving earth and ocean in her shade. Dryden's Æn.
The words are taken more properly for the air and ether
than for the heavens, as the best Hebrecians understand them.
Raleigh's History of the World.
This act, with shouts heav'n high, the friendly band
Applaud. Dryden's Fables.
2. The habitation of God, good angels, and pure souls departed.
It is a knell
That summons thee to heaven, or to hell. Shakes. Macbeth.
These, the late
Heav'n banish'd host, left desert utmost hell. Milton.
All yet left of that revolted rout,
Heav'n fall'n, in station stood, or just array,
Sublime with expectation. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
3. The supreme power; the sovereign of heaven.
Now heav'n help him! Shakespeare's King Lear.
The will
And high permission of all-ruling heav'n
Left him at large. Milton.
The prophets were taught to know the will of God, and
thereby instruct the people, and enabled to prophesy, as a
testimony of their being sent by heaven. Temple.
4. The pagan gods; the celestials.
Our brows
No more obey the heavens than our courtiers. Shak. Cymbel.
Take physick, pomp;
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,
That thou may'st shake the superflux to them,
And show the heavens more just. Shakes. King Lear.
They can judge as fitly of his worth,
As I can of those mysteries which heaven
Will not have earth to know. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Heav'ns! what a spring was in his arm, to throw!
How high he held his shield, and rose at ev'ry blow. Dryd.
5. Elevation; sublimity.
O, for a muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest heav'n of invention. Shakesp. Henry V. Prol.
6. It is often used in composition.

HEAVEN-BEGOT. Begot by a celestial power.
If I am heav'n-begot, assert your son
By some sure sign. Dryden.

HEAVEN-BORN. Descended from the celestial regions; native
of heaven.
If a fever fires his sulphurous blood,
In ev'ry fit he feels the hand of God,
And heav'n-born flame. Dryden's Juvenal, Sat. 13.
Oh heav'n-born sisters! source of art!
Who charm the sense, or mend the heart;
Who lead fair virtue's train along,
Moral truth, and mystick song! Pope.

HEAVEN-BRED. Produced or cultivated in heaven.
Much is the force of heav'n-bred poesy. Shakespeare.

HEAVEN-BUILT. Built by the agency of gods.
My soul inspire,
As when we wrapt Troy's heav'n-built walls in fire. Pope.
His arms had wrought the destin'd fall
Of sacred Troy, and raz'd her heav'n-built wall. Pope.

HEAVEN-DIRECTED.
1. Raised towards the sky.
Who taught that heav'n-directed spire to rise? Pope.
2. Taught by the powers of heaven.
O sacred weapon! left for truth's defence;
To all but heaven-directed hands deny'd;
The muse may give it, but the gods must guide. Pope.

HE’AVENLY. adj. [from heaven.]
1. Resembling heaven; supremely excellent.
As the love of heaven makes one heavenly, the love of vir­
tue virtuous, so doth the love of the world make one become
worldly. Sidney.
Not Maro's muse, who sung the mighty man;
Nor Pindar's heav'nly lyre, nor Horace when a swan. Dryd.
2. Celestial; inhabiting heaven.
Adoring first the genius of the place,
Then earth, the mother of the heav'nly race. Dryd. Æn.

HE’AVENLY. adv.
1. In a manner resembling that of heaven.
In these deep solitudes and awful cells,
Where heav'nly pensive contemplation dwells,
And ever-musing melancholy reigns,
What means this tumult in a vestal's veins? Pope.
2. By the agency or influence of heaven.
Truth and peace and love shall ever shine
About the supreme throne
Of him, t' whose happy-making sight alone,
Our heav'nly guided soul shall climb. Milton.

HE’AVENWARD. adv. [heaven and weard, Saxon.] Towards
heaven.
I prostrate lay,
By various doubts impell'd, or to obey,
Or to object; at length, my mournful look
Heav'nward erect, determin'd, thus I spoke. Prior.

HE’AVILY. adv. [from heavy.]
1. With great ponderousness.
2. Grievously; afflictively.
Ease must be impracticable to the envious: they lie under
a double misfortune; common calamities and common bless­
ings fall heavily upon them. Collier of Envy.


3. Sorrowfully; with an air of dejection.
I came hither to transport the tydings,
Which I have heavily born. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Why looks your grace so heavily to-day?
—O, I have past a miserable night. Shakespeare's R. III.
This O'Neil took very heavily, because his condition in
the army was less pleasant to him. Clarendon.

HE’AVINESS. n. s. [from heavy.]
1. Ponderousness; the quality of being heavy; weight.
The subject is concerning the heaviness of several bodies, or
the proportion that is required betwixt any weight and the
power which may move it. Wilkins.
2. Dejection of mind; depression of spirit.
We are, at the hearing of some, more inclined unto sorrow
and heaviness; of some more mollified, and softened in mind.
Hooker, b. v. s. 38.
Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop; but a good
word maketh it glad. Prov. xii. 25.
Ye greatly rejoice; though now for a season ye are in
heaviness, through manifold temptations. 1 Pet. i. 6.
Against ill chances men are ever merry;
But heaviness foreruns the good event. Shak. Henry IV.
Let us not burthen our remembrance with
An heaviness that's gone. Shakespeare's Tempest.
3. Inaptitude to motion or thought; sluggishness; torpidness;
dulness of spirit; languidness; languor.
Our strength is all gone into heaviness,
That makes the weight. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
What means this heaviness that hangs upon me?
This lethargy that creeps through all my senses? Add. Cato.
He would not violate that sweet recess,
And found besides a welcome heaviness,
Which seiz'd his eyes. Dryden.
A sensation of drousiness, oppression, heaviness, and lassi­
tude, are signs of a too plentiful meal. Arbuthn. on Aliment.
4. Oppression; crush; affliction.
5. Deepness or richness of soil.
As Alexandria exported many commodities, so it received
some from other European ports, which, by reason of the fat­
ness and heaviness of the ground, Egypt did not produce; such
as metals, wood, and pitch. Arbuthnot on Coins.

HE’AVY. adj. [heafig, Saxon.]
1. Weighty; ponderous; tending strongly to the center; con­
trary to light.
Mersennus tells us, that a little child, with an engine of an
hundred double pulleys, might move this earth, though it were
much heavier than it is. Wilkins.
2. Sorrowful; dejected; depressed.
Let me not be light;
For a light wife doth make a heavy husband. Shakespeare.
3. Grievous; oppressive; afflictive.
Menelaus bore an heavy hand over the citizens, having a
malicious mind. 2 Mac. v. 23.
Let not your ears despise my tongue for ever,
Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound
That ever yet they heard. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
If the cause be not good, the king himself hath a heavy
reckoning to make. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Are you so gospell'd
To pray for this good man, and for his issue?
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
And beggar'd yours for ever. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Chartres, at the levee,
Tells with a sneer the tydings heavy. Swift.
4. Wanting alacrity; wanting briskness of appearance.
My heavy eyes, you say, confess
A heart to love and grief inclin'd. Prior.
5. Wanting spirit or rapidity of sentiment; unanimated.
A work was to be done, a heavy writer to be encouraged,
and accordingly many thousand copies were bespoke. Swift.
6. Wanting activity; indolent; lazy.
Fair, tall, his limbs with due proportion join'd;
But of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind. Dryden's Fables.
7. Drousy; dull; torpid.
Peter and they that were with him were heavy with
sleep. Lu. ix. 33.
8. Slow; sluggish.
But let thy spiders, that suck up thy venom,
And heavy gaited toads lie in their way. Shakesp. Rich. II.
9. Stupid; foolish.
This heavy headed revel, East and West
Makes us traduc'd, and tax'd of other nations. Shakesp.
I would not be accounted so base minded, or heavy headed,
that I will confess that any of them is for valour, power, or
fortune better than myself. Knolles's History of the Turks.
10. Burdensome; troublesome; tedious.
I put into thy hands what has been the diversion of some of
my idle and heavy hours. Locke's Epistle to the Reader.
When alone, your time will not lie heavy upon your hands
for want of some trifling amusement. Swift.
11. Loaded; incumbered; burthened.
Hearing that there were forces coming against him, and not
willing that they should find his men heavy and laden with
booty, he returned unto Scotland. Bacon's Henry VII.
12. Not easily digested; not light to the stomach.
Such preparations as retain the oil or fat, are most heavy to
the stomach, which makes baked meat hard of digestion. Arb.
13. Rich in soil; fertile, as heavy lands.
14. Deep; cumbersome, as heavy roads.

HE’AVY. adv. As an adverb it is only used in composition;
heavily.
Your carriages were heavy laden; they are a burden to the
weary beast. Is. xlvi. 1.
Come unto me all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and
I will give you rest. Mat. ii. 28.

HE’BDOMAD. n. s. [hebdomas, Latin.] A week; a space of
seven days.
Computing by the medical month, the first hebdomad or sep­
tenary consists of six days, seventeen hours and a half. Brown.

HEBDO’MADAL. adj. [from hebdomas, Latin.] Weekly;
consisting of seven days.

HEBDO’MADARY. adj. [from hebdomas, Latin.] Weekly;
consisting of seven days.
As for hebdomadal periods, or weeks, in regard of their
sabbaths, they were observed by the Hebrews. Brown.

To HEBE’TATE. v. a. [hebeto, Latin; hebeter, French.] To
dull; to blunt; to stupify.
The eye, especially if hebetated, might cause the same per­
ception. Harvey on Consumptions.
Beef may confer a robustness on the limbs of my son, but
will hebetate and clog his intellectuals. Arb. and Pope's M. Scrib.

HEBETA’TION. n. s. [from hebetate.]
1. The act of dulling.
2. The state of being dulled.

HE’BETUDE. n. s. [hebetudo, Latin.] Dulness; obtuseness;
bluntness.
The pestilent seminaries, according to their grossness or
subtilty, activity or hebetude, cause more or less truculent
plagues. Harvey on the Plague.

HE’BRAISM. n. s. [hebraisme, French; hebraismus, Latin.] A
Hebrew idiom.
Milton has infused a great many Latinisms, as well as Græ­
cisms, and sometimes Hebraisms, into his poem. Spectator.

HE’BRAIST. n. s. [hebræus, Latin.] A man skilled in Hebrew.

HE’BRICIAN. n. s. [from Hebrew.] One skilful in Hebrew.
The words are more properly taken for the air or ether than
the heavens, as the best Hebrecians understand them. Raleigh.
The nature of the Hebrew verse, as the meanest Hebrician
knoweth, consists of uneven feet. Peacham.

HEC

HE’CATOMB. n. s. [hecatombe, French; ἐϰατόμβη.] A sacri­
fice of an hundred cattle.
In rich mens homes
I bid kill some beasts, but no hecatombs;
None starve, none surfeit so. Donne.
One of these three is a whole hecatomb,
And therefore only one of them shall die. Dryden.
Her triumphant sons in war succeed,
And slaughter'd hecatombs around 'em bleed. Addison.

HE’CTICAL. adj. [hectique, French, from ἕξις.]

HE’CTICK. adj. [hectique, French, from ἕξις.]
1. Habitual; constitutional.
This word is joined only to that kind of fever which
is slow and continual, and ending in a consumption, is the
contrary to those fevers which arise from a plethora, or
too great fulness from obstruction, because it is attended
with too lax a state of the excretory passages, and gene­
rally those of the skin; whereby so much runs off as
leaves not resistance enough in the contractile vessels to keep
them sufficiently distended, so that they vibrate oftener, agitate
the fluids the more, and keep them thin and hot. Quincy.
A hectick fever hath got hold
Of the whole substance, not to be controul'd. Donne.
2. Troubled with a morbid heat.
No hectick student scars the gentle maid. Taylor.

HE’CTICK. n. s. An hectick fever.
Like the hectick in my blood he rages,
And thou must cure me. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

HE’CTOR. n. s. [from the name of Hector, the great Homeric
warriour.]
1. A bully; a blustering, turbulent, pervicacious, noisy fellow.
Those usurping hectors, who pretend to honour without re­
ligion, think the charge of a lye a blot not to be washed out
but by blood. South's Sermons.
We'll take one cooling cup of nectar,
And drink to this celestial hector. Prior.

To HE’CTOR. v. a. [from the noun.] To threaten; to treat
with insolent authoritative terms.
They reckon they must part with honour together with
their opinion, if they suffer themselves to be hectored out of
it. Government of the Tongue.
The weak low spirit, fortune makes her slave;
But she's a drudge, when hector'd by the brave. Dryden.
An honest man, when he came home at night, found another
fellow domineering in his family, hectoring his servants, and
calling for supper. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.



To HE’CTOR. v. n. To play the bully; to bluster.
They have attacked me, some with piteous moans and out­
cries, others grinning and only shewing their teeth, others
ranting and hectoring, others scolding and reviling. Stillingfleet.
One would think the hectoring, the storming, the sullen,
and all the different species of the angry, should be cured. Spect.
Don Carlos made her chief director,
That she might o'er the servants hector. Swift.

HED

HEDERA’CEOUS. adj. [hederaceus, Lat.] Producing ivy. Dict.

HEDGE. n. s. [hegge, Saxon.] A fence made round grounds
with prickly bushes.
It is a good wood for fire, if kept dry; and is very useful
for stakes in hedges. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The gardens unfold variety of colours to the eye every
morning, and the hedges breath is beyond all perfume. Pope.
Through the verdant maze
Of sweet-briar hedges I pursue my walk. Thomson.

HEDGE, prefixed to any word, notes something mean, vile, of
the lowest class: perhaps from a hedge, or hedge-born man, a
man without any known place of birth.
There are five in the first shew: the pedant, the braggart,
the hedge-priest, the fool, and the boy. Shakespeare.
The clergy do much better than a little hedge, contemptible,
illiterate vicar can be presumed to do. Swift.
A person, who, by his stile and literature, seems to have
been the corrector of a hedge-press in Little Britain, proceeded
gradually to an author. Swift.

To HEDGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To inclose with a hedge, or fence of wood dry or growing.
Hedge thy possession about with thorns. Ecclus. xxviii. 24.
Those alleys must be bedged at both ends, to keep out the
wind. Bacon, Essay 47.
2. To obstruct.
I will hedge up thy way with thorns. Hos. ii. 6.
3. To incircle for defence.
England, hedg'd in with the main,
That water-walled bulwark, still secure
And confident from foreign purposes. Shakes. King John.
There's such divinity doth hedge a king,
That reason can but peep to what it would. Shakes. Hamlet.
4. To shut up within an inclosure.
It must not be paid and exported in ready money; so says
our law; but that is a law to hedge in the cuckow, and serves
for no purpose: for if we export not goods, for which our
merchants have money due to them, how can it be paid by bills
of exchange? Locke.
5. To force into a place already full. This seems to be mistaken
for edge. To edge in, is to put in by the way that requires least
room; but hedge may signify to thrust in with difficulty, as into
a hedge.
Bay not me,
I'll not endure it: you forget yourself
To hedge me in: I am a soldier. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
When I was hasty, thou delay'dst me longer:
I pr'ythee, let me hedge one moment more
Into thy promise; for thy life preserv'd. Dryden.
When you are sent on an errand, be sure to hedge in some
business of your own. Swift's Directions to the Footman.

To HEDGE. v. n. To shift; to hide the head.
I myself sometimes, hiding mine honour in my necessity, am
fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch; and yet you rogue will
ensconce your rags, your catamountain looks, your red-lettice
phrases. Shakespeare.

HEDGE-BORN. adj. [hedge and born.] Of no known birth;
meanly born.
He then, that is not furnish'd in this sort,
Doth but usurp the sacred name of knight,
And should, if I were worthy to be judge,
Be quite degraded, like a hedge-born swain,
That doth presume to boast of gentle blood. Shak. Hen. VI.

HEDGE-FUMITORY. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

HEDGE-HOG. n. s. [hedge and hog.]
1. An animal set with prickles, like thorns in an hedge.
Like hedge-hogs, which
Lie tumbling in my bare-foot way, and mount
Their pricks at my soot-fall. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Few have belief to swallow, or hope enough to experience,
the collyrium of Albertus; that is, to make one see in the
dark: yet thus much, according unto his receipt, will the
right eye of an hedge-hog, boiled in oil, and preserved in a
brazen vessel, effect. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
The hedge-hog hath his backside and flanks thick set with
strong and sharp prickles; and besides, by the help of a mus­
cle, can contract himself into a globular figure, and so with­
draw his whole under part, head, belly and legs, within his
thicket of prickles. Ray on the Creation.
2. A term of reproach.
Did'st thou not kill this king?
——I grant ye.
——Do'st grant me, hedge-hog? Shakes. Richard III.
3. A plant. Ainsworth.
4. The globe-fish. Ainsworth.

HEDGE-HYSSOP. n. s. [hedge aud hyssop.] A species of wil­
low-wort.
Hedge-hyssop is a purging medicine, and a very rough one:
externally it is said to be a vulnerary. Hill's Mat. Medica.

HEDGE-MUSTARD. n. s. A plant.
The flower has four leaves, expanded in a crucial form:
the pointal becomes a long, slender, bivalve pod, divided by a
partition into two cells, which contain many round seeds.
The species are five. Miller.

HEDGE-NETTLE. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

HEDGE-NOTE. n. s. [hedge and note.] A word of contempt
for low writing.
When they began to be somewhat better bred, they left
these hedge-notes for another sort of poem, which was also full
of pleasant raillery. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.

HEDGE-PIG. n. s. [hedge and pig.] A young hedge-hog.
Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd,
Thrice and once the hedge-pig whin'd. Shakes. Macbeth.

HEDGE-ROW. n. s. [hedge and row.] The series of trees or
bushes planted for inclosures.
Sometime walking not unseen
By hedge-row elms, on hillocks green. Milton.
The fields in the northern side are divided by hedge-rows of
myrtle. Berkley to Pope.

HE’DGE-SPARROW. n. s. [hedge and sparrow.] A sparrow that
lives in bushes.
The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long,
That it had its head bit off by its young. Shakesp. K. Lear.

HE’DGING-BILL. n. s. [hedge and bill.] A cutting hook used in
making hedges.
Comes master Dametas with a hedging-bill in his hand,
chaffing and swearing. Sidney.

HE’DGER. n. s. [from hedge.] One who makes hedges.
The labour'd ox
In his loose traces from the furrow came,
And the swink'd hedger at his supper sat. Milton.
He would be laughed at, that should go about to make a
fine dancer out of a country hedger at past fifty. Locke.

HEE

To HEED. v. a. [Hedan, Saxon.] To mind; to regard; to
take notice of; to attend.
With pleasure Argus the musician heeds;
But wonders much at those new vocal reeds. Dryden.
He will no more have clear ideas of all the operations of
his mind, than he will have all the particular ideas of any
landscape or clock, who will not turn his eyes to it, and with
attention heed all the parts of it. Locke.

HEED. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Care; attention.
With wanton heed and giddy cunning,
The melting voice through mazes running. Milton.
Take heed that, in their tender years, ideas, that have no
natural cohesion, come not to be united in their heads. Locke.
Thou must take heed, my Portius;
The world has all its eyes on Cato's son. Addison's Cato.
2. Caution; fearful attention; suspicious watch.
Either wise bearing or ignorant carriage is caught as men
catch diseases, one of another; therefore, let men take heed of
their company. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Take heed, have open eye; for thieves do foot by night:
Take heed ere Summer comes, or cuckoo birds affright.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. Care to avoid.
We should take heed of the neglect or contempt of his
worship. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. Notice; observation.
Speech must come by hearing and learning; and birds give
more heed, and mark words more than beasts. Bacon.
5. Seriousness; staidness.
He did unseal them; and the first he view'd,
He did it with a serious mind; a heed
Was in his countenance. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
6. Regard; respectful notice.
It is a way of calling a man a fool, when no heed is
given to what he says. L'Estrange.

HE’EDFUL. adj. [from heed.]
1. Watchful; cautious; suspicious.
Give him heedful note;
For I mine eyes will rivet to his face;
And, after, we will both our judgments join,
In censure of his seeming. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. Attentive; careful; observing.
I am commanded
To tell the passion of my sovereign's heart;
Where fame, late ent'ring at his heedful ears,
Hath plac'd thy beauty's image and thy virtue. Shak. H. VI.
To him one of the other twins was bound,
Whilst I had been like heedful of the other. Shakespeare.
Thou, heedful of advice, secure proceed;
My praise the precept is, be thine the deed. Pope's Odyssey.

HE’EDFULLY. adv. [from heedful.] Attentively; carefully;
cautiously.
Let the learner maintain an honourable opinion of his in­


structor, and heedfully listen to his instructions, as one willing
to be led. Watts.

HE’EDFULNESS. n. s. [from heedful.] Caution; vigilance; at­
tention.

HE’EDILY. adv. Cautiously; vigilantly. Dict.

HE’EDINESS. n. s. Caution; vigilance. Dict.

HE’EDLESS. adj. [from heed.] Negligent; inattentive; care­
less; thoughtless; regardless; unobserving.
The heedless lover does not know
Whose eyes they are that wound him so. Waller.
Heedless of verse, and hopeless of the crown,
Scarce half a wit, and more than half a clown. Dryden.
Some ideas, which have more than once offered themselves
to the senses, have yet been little taken notice of; the mind
being either heedless, as in children, or otherwise employed, as
in men. Locke.

HE’EDLESSLY. adv. [from heedless.] Carelessly; negligently;
inattentively.
Whilst ye discharge the duty of matrimony, ye heedlessly
slide into sin. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

HE’EDLESSNESS. n. s. [from heedless.] Carelessness; thought­
lessness; negligence; inattention.
In the little harms they suffer from knocks and falls, they
should not be pitied, but bid do so again; which is a better
way to cure their heedlessness. Locke.

HEEL. n. s. [Hele, Saxon.]
1. The part of the foot that protuberates behind.
He calls to mind his strength, and then his speed,
His winged heels, and then his armed head;
With these t' avoid, with that his fate to meet;
But fear prevails, and bids him trust his feet. Denham.
If the luxated bone be distorted backward, it lieth over the
heel bone. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. The whole foot of animals.
Pegasus appeared hanging off the side of a rock, with a
fountain running from his heel. Addison's Guardian.
3. The feet, as employed in flight.
Nothing is commoner, in times of danger, than for men to
leave their masters to bears and tygers, and shew them a fair
pair of heels for't. L'Estrange's Fables.
4. To be at the HEELS. To pursue closely; to follow hard.
Sir, when comes your book forth?
—Upon the heels of my presentment. Shakesp. Timon.
But is there no sequel at the heels of this
Mother's admiration? Shakesp. Hamlet.
Could we break our way
By force, and at our heels all hell should rise
With blackest insurrection, to confound
Heav'n's purest light. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
5. To pursue as an enemy.
The Spaniards fled on towards the North to seek their for­
tunes, being still chased by the English navy at their heels, un­
til they were fain to give them over for want of powder. Bacon.
Want! hungry want! that hungry meagre fiend,
Is at my heels, and chaces me in view. Otway.
6. To follow close as a dependent.
Through proud London he came sighing on,
After th' admired heels of Bolingbroke. Shakes. Henry IV.
7. To lay by the HEELS. To fetter; to shackle; to put in gyves.
If the king blame me for't, I'll lay ye all
By th' heels, and suddenly; and on your heads
Clap round fines for neglect. Shakes. Henry VIII.
One half of man, his mind,
Is, sui juris, unconfin'd,
And cannot be laid by the heels. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers; and
wondered that none of the Middlesex justices took care to lay
some of them by the heels. Addison's Freeholder.
8. Any thing shaped like a heel.
At the other side is a kind of heel or knob, to break clots
with. Mortimer's Husbandry.
9. The back part of a stocken: whence the phrase to be out at
heels, to be worn out.
I've watch'd and travell'd hard;
Some time I shall sleep out, the rest I'll whistle:
A good man's fortune may grow out at heels. Shak. K. Lear.

To HEEL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To dance.
I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt, nor sweeten talk. Shakespeare.
2. To lean on one side: as, the ship heels.

HEE’LER. n. s. [from heel.] A cock that strikes well with his
heels.

HE’EL-PIECE. n. s. [heel and piece.] A piece fixed on the hinder
part of the shoe, to supply what is worn away.

To HE’EL-PIECE. v. a. [heel and piece.] To put a piece of
leather on a shoe-heel.
Some blamed Mrs. Bull for new heel-piecing her shoes. Arb.

HEF

HEFT. n. s. [from heave.]
1. Heaving; effort.
May be in the cup
A spider steep'd, and one may drink; depart,
And yet partake no venom; for his knowledge
Is not infected: but if one present
Th' abhorr'd ingredient to his eye, make known
How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides
With violent hefts. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. [For haft.] Handle.
His oily side devours both blade and heft. Waller.

HE’GIRA. n. s. [Arabick.] A term in chronology, signi­
fying the epocha, or account of time, used by the Ara­
bians and Turks, who begin their computation from the day
that Mahomet was forced to make his escape from the city of
Mecca, which happened on Friday July 16, A. D. 622, un­
der the reign of the emperor Heracleus. Harris.

HEI

HE’IFER. n. s. [HeaHfore, Saxon.] A young cow.
Who finds the heifer dead and bleeding fresh,
And sees fast by a butcher with an ax,
But will suspect 'twas he that made the slaughter? Shakesp.
A heifer will put up her nose, and snuff in the air, against
rain. Bacon's Natural History.
For her the flocks refuse their verdant food,
Nor thirsty heifers seek the gliding flood. Pope's Winter.

HEIGH-HO. interj.
1. An expression of slight languour and uneasiness.
Heigh-ho! an't be not four by the day, I'll be hang'd. Shak.
2. It is used by Dryden, contrarily to custom, as a voice of
exultation.
We'll toss off our ale 'till we cannot stand,
And heigh-ho for the honour of old England. Dryden.

HEIGHT. n. s. [from high.]
1. Elevation above the ground; any place assigned.
Into what pit thou see'st,
From what height fall'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
2. Altitude; space measured upwards.
Abroad I'll study thee,
As he removes far off, that great heights takes. Donne.
There is in Ticinium, in Italy, a church that is in length
one hundred feet, in breadth twenty, and in height near fifty.
Bacon's Natural History.
An amphitheatre appear'd,
Rais'd in degrees, to sixty paces rear'd;
That when a man was plac'd in one degree,
Height was allow'd for him above to see. Dryden.
An amphitheatre's amazing height
Here fills the eye with terror and delight. Addison.
3. Degree of latitude.
Guinea lieth to the North sea, in the same height as Peru
to the South. Abbot's Description of the World.
4. Summit; ascent; towering eminence.
From Alpine heights the father first descends;
His daughter's husband in the plain attends. Dryden's Æn.
Every man of learning need not enter into their difficulties,
nor climb the heights to which some others have arrived. Watts.
5. Elevation of rank; station of dignity.
By him that rais'd me to this careful height,
From that contented hap which I enjoy'd,
I never did incense his majesty
Against Clarence. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Ten kings had from the Norman conqu'ror reign'd,
When England to her greatest height attain'd,
Of pow'r, dominion, glory, wealth and state. Daniel.
6. The utmost degree; full completion.
Putrefaction doth not rise to its height at once. Bacon.
Did not she
Of Timna first betray me, and reveal
The secret, wrested from me in the height
Of nuptial love profess'd? Milton's Agonistes.
Hide me from the face
Of God, whom to behold was then my height
Of happiness! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
7. Utmost exertion.
Come on, sir; I shall now put you to the height of your
breeding. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
8. State of excellence; advance towards perfection.
Social duties are carried to greater heights, and enforced
with stronger motives, by the principles of our religion. Addis.

To HE’IGHTEN. v. a. [from height.]
1. To raise higher.
2. To improve; to meliorate.
3. To aggravate.
Foreign states gave us their assistance in reducing our coun­
try to a state of peace; and which of them used their endea­
vours to heighten our confusions, and plunge us into all the
evils of a civil war? Addison's Freeholder.
4. To improve by decorations.
As in a room, contrived for state, the height of the roof
should bear a proportion to the area; so in the heightenings of
poetry, the strength and vehemence of figures should be suited
to the occasion. Dryden's Span. Fryar, Dedication.

HE’INOUS. adj. [haineux, French, from hain, hate; or from
the Teutonick hoon, shame.] Atrocious; wicked in a high
degree.
To abrogate or innovate the gospel of Christ, if men or


angels should attempt, it were most heinous and accursed sa­
crilege. Hooker, b. iii. s. 10.
This is the man should do the bloody deed:
The image of a wicked heinous fault
Lives in his eye. Shakespeare's King John.
As it is a most heinous, so it is a most dangerous impiety to
despise him that can destroy us. Tillotson's Sermons.

HE’INOUSLY. adv. [from heinous.] Atrociously; wickedly.

HE’INOUSNESS. n. s. [from heinous.] Atrociousness; wicked­
ness.
He who can treat offences provoking to God as jests and
trifles, must have very little sense of the heinousness of them.
Rogers's Sermons.

HEIR. n. s. [heire, old Fr. hæres, Latin.] One that is inhe­
ritor of any thing after the present possessor.
An heir signifies the eldest, who is, by the laws of England,
to have all his father's land. Locke.
What lady is that?
—The heir of Alanson, Rosaline her name. Shakespeare.
That I'll give my voice on Richard's side,
To bar my master's heirs in true descent,
God knows, I will not do it. Shakesp. Richard III.
Being heirs together of the grace of life. 1 Pet. iii. 7.
The young extravagant heir had got a new steward, and
was resolved to look into his estate before things grew
desperate. Swift.
Sunk is the hero, and his glory lost,
And I his heir in misery alone. Pope's Odyssey.
The heirs to titles and large estates have a weakness in
their eyes, and a tenderness in their constitutions. Swift.

To HEIR. v. a. [from the noun.] To inherit.
His sons in blooming youth were snatch'd by fate;
One only daughter heir'd the royal state. Dryden's Æn.

HE’IRESS. n. s. [from heir.] An inheritrix; a woman that
inherits.
An heiress she, while yet alive;
All that was her's to him did give. Waller.
Æneas, though he married the heiress of the crown, yet
claimed no title to it during the life of his father-in-law. Dryd.

HE’IRLESS. adj. [from heir.] Without an heir; wanting one
to inherit after him.
I still think of
The wrong I did myself; which was so much,
That heirless it hath made my kingdom. Shakes. Wint. Tale.

HE’IRSHIP. n. s. [from heir.] The state, character, or privi­
leges of an heir.
A layman appoints an heir or an executor in his will, to
build an hospital within a year, under pain of being deprived
of his heirship. Ayliffe's Parergon.

HE’IRLOOM. n. s. [heir and geloma, goods, Sax.] Any furni­
ture or moveable decreed to descend by inheritance, and there­
fore inseparable from the freehold.
Achilles' sceptre was of wood,
Transmitted to the hero's line;
Thence through a long descent of kings
Came an heirloom, as Homer sings. Swift.

HEL

HELD. The preterite and part pass. of hold.
A rich man beginning to fall, is held up of friends. Ecclus.
If Minerva had not appeared and held his hand, he had
executed his design. Dryden.

HELI’ACAL. adj. [heliaque, Fr. from ἥλι.] Emerging from
the lustre of the sun, or falling into it.
Had they ascribed the heat of the season to this star, they
would not have computed from its heliacal ascent. Brown.

HE’LIACALLY. adv. [from heliacal.]
From the rising of this star, not cosmically, that is, with
the sun, but heliacally, that is, its emersion from the rays of
the sun, the ancients computed their canicular days. Brown.
He is tempestuous in the Summer, when he rises heliacally;
and rainy in the Winter, when he rises achronically. Dryden.

HE’LICAL. adv. [helice, Fr. from ἕλιξ.] Spiral; with many
circumvolutions.
The screw is a kind of wedge, multiplied or continued by
a helical revolution about a cylinder, receiving its motion not
from any stroke, but from a vectis at one end of it. Wilkins.

HE’LIOID Parabola, in mathematicks, or the parabolick spiral,
is a curve which arises from the supposition of the axis of
the common Apollonian parabola's being bent round into the
periphery of a circle, and is a line then passing through the
extremities of the ordinates, which do now converge towards
the centre of the said circle. Harris.

HELIOCE’NTRICK. adj. [heliocentrique, Fr. ἥλι, and ϰέντϱον.]
The heliocentrick place of a planet is said to be such as it
would appear to us from the sun, if our eye were fixed in its
centre. Harris.

HE’LIOSCOPE. n. s. [helioscope, Fr. ἥλι and σϰοπέω.] A sort of
telescope fitted so as to look on the body of the sun, without
offence to the eyes. Harris.

HE’LIOTROPE. n. s. [ἥλι and τϱέπω; heliotrope, French;
heliotropium, Latin.] A plant that turns towards the sun;
but more particularly the turnsol, or sun-flower.
'Tis a common observation of flatterers, that they are like
the heliotrope; they open only towards the sun, but shut and
contract themselves at night, and in cloudy weather.
Government of the Tongue.

HE’LISPHERICAL. adj. [helix and sphere.]
The helispherical line is the rhomb line in navigation, and
is so called because on the globe it winds round the pole spi­
rally, and still comes nearer and nearer to it, but cannot ter­
minate in it. Harris.

HE’LIX. n. s. [helice, Fr. ἕλιξ.] A spiral line; a circumvolu­
tion.
Find the true inclination of the screw, together with the
certain quantity of water which every helix does contain.
Wilkins's Dædalus.

HELL. n. s. [Helle, Saxon.]
1. The place of the devil and wicked souls.
For it is a knell
That summons thee to heaven, or to hell. Shakes. Macbeth.
If a man were a porter of hell gates, he should have old
turning the key. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Let none admire
That riches grow in hell; that soil may best
Deserve the precious bane. Milton.
Hell's black tyrant trembled to behold
The glorious light he forfeited of old. Cowley.
2. The place of separate souls, whether good or bad.
I will go down to my son mourning to hell. Gen. vi. 35.
He descended into hell. Apostles Creed.
3. Temporal death.
The pains of hell came about me; the snares of death over­
took me. Psalm xviii. 4.
4. The place at a running play to which those who are caught
are carried.
Then couples three be straight allotted there;
They of both ends the middle two do fly;
The two that in mid-place, hell called were,
Must strive with waiting foot, and watching eye,
To catch of them, and them to hell to bear,
That they, as well as they, hell may supply. Sidney.
5. The place into which the taylor throws his shreds.
This trusty squire, he had, as well
As the bold Trojan knight, seen hell;
Not with a counterfeited pass
Of golden bough, but true gold lace. Hudibras, p. i.
In Covent-garden did a taylor dwell,
Who might deserve a place in his own hell. King's Cookery.
6. The infernal powers.
Much danger first, much did he sustain,
While Saul and hell crost his strong fate in vain. Cowley.
7. It is used in composition by the old writers more than by the
modern.

HELL-BLACK. adj. Black as hell.
The sea, with such a storm as his bare head
In hell-black night endur'd, would have boil'd up,
And quench'd the stelled fires. Shakesp. King Lear.

HELL-BRED. adj. [hell and bred.] Produced in hell.
Heart cannot think what courage and what cries,
With foul enfouldred smoak and flashing fire,
The hell-bred beast threw forth unto the skies. Fairy Queen.

HELL-BROTH. n. s. [hell and broth.] A composition boiled up
for infernal purposes.
Adder's fork, and blind worm's sting,
Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing;
For a charm of pow'rful trouble,
Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Shakesp. Macbeth.

HELL-DOOMED. adj. [hell and doom.] Consigned to hell.
And reckon'st thou thyself with spirits of heav'n,
Hell-doom'd! and breath'st defiance here and scorn,
Where I reign king? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

HELL-GOVERNED. adj. Directed by hell.
Earth gape open wide and eat him quick,
As thou do'st swallow up this good king's blood,
Which his hell-govern'd arm hath butcher'd. Shak. R. III.

HELL-HATED. adj. Abhorred like hell.
Back do I toss these treasons to thy head,
With the hell-hated lie o'erwhelm thy heart. Shak. K. Lear.

HELL-HAUNTED. adj. [hell and haunt.] Haunted by the
devil.
Fierce Osmond clos'd me in the bleeding bark,
And bid me stand exposed to the bleak winds,
And Winter's storms, and heav'n's inclemency,
Bound to the fate of this hell-haunted grove. Dryden.

HELL-HOUND. n. s. [Helle Hund, Saxon.]
1. Dogs of hell.
Thou had'st a Clarence too, and Richard kill'd him:
From forth the kennel of thy womb hath crept
A hell-hound, that doth hunt us all to death. Shakesp. R. III.
Now the hell-hounds with superior speed
Had reach'd the dame, and, fast'ning on her side,
The ground with issuing streams of purple dy'd. Dryden.
2. Agent of hell.


I call'd
My hell-hounds to lick up the draff, and filth,
Which man's polluting sin with taint had shed
On what was pure. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

HE’LL-KITE. n. s. [hell and kite.] Kite of infernal breed. The
term hell prefixed to any word notes detestation.
All my pretty ones?
Did you say all? What, all? Oh, hell-kite! all?
What, all my pretty chickens, and their dam,
At one fell skoop? Shakesp. Macbeth.

HE’LLEBORE. n. s. [helleborus, Latin.] Christmas flower.
It hath a digitated leaf: the flower consists of several leaves
placed orbicularly, and expanding in form of a rose: in the
centre of the flower rises the pointal, encompassed about the
base with several little horns between the chives and petals,
which turn to a fruit, in which the membranaceous husks are
gathered into a little head, ending in an horn, opening long­
wise, and full of roundish or oval seeds. Miller.

HE’LLEBORE White. n. s. [veratrum, Latin.] A plant.
The flower is naked, consisting of six leaves, expanding in
form of a rose: in the middle arises the pointal, surrounded
by six threads, which turn to a fruit; in which three mem­
branaceous sheaths are gathered into a little head, and are full
of oblong seeds resembling a grain of wheat, and compassed
by a leafy wing. Miller.
There are great doubts whether any of its species be the
true hellebore of the ancients. Miller.

HE’LLENISM. n. s. [ἑλληνισμὸς.] An idiom of the Greek.
Ainsworth.

HE’LLISH. adj. [from hell.]
1. Having the qualities of hell; infernal; wicked; detestable.
No benefits shall ever allay that diabolical rancour that fer­
ments in some hellish breasts, but that it will foam out at its
soul mouth in slander. South's Sermons.
Victory and triumph to the son of God,
Now entering his great duel, not of arms,
But to vanquish by wisdom hellish wiles. Paradise Regain'd.
2. Sent from hell; belonging to hell.
O thou celestial or infernal spirit of love, or what other
heavenly or hellish title thou list to have, for effects of both I
find in myself, have compassion of me. Sidney, b. i.

HE’LLISHLY. adv. [from hellish.] Infernally; wickedly; de­
testably.

HE’LLISHNESS. n. s. [from hellish.] Wickedness; abhorred
qualities.

HE’LLWARD. adv. [from hell.] Towards hell.
Be next thy care the sable sheep to place
Full o'er the pit, and hellward turn their face. Pope's Odyss.

HELM denotes defence: as Eadhelm, happy defence; Sighelm,
victorious defence; Berthelm, eminent defence: like Amyntas
and Boetius among the Greeks. Gibson's Camden.

HELM. n. s. [Helm, Saxon, from helan, to cover, to protect.]
1. A covering for the head in war; a helmet; a morrion; an
headpiece.
France spreads his banners in our noiseless land;
With plumed helm thy slay'r begins his threats. Shakespeare.
Mnestheus lays hard load upon his helm. Dryder.
2. The part of a coat of arms that bears the crest.
More might be added of helms, crests, mantles, and sup­
porters. Camden's Remains.
3. The upper part of the retort.
The vulgar chymists themselves pretend to be able, by re­
peated cohobations, and other fit operations, to make the dis­
tilled parts of a concrete bring its own caput mortuum over the
helm. Boyle.
4. [Helma, Saxon.] The steerage; the rudder.
They did not leave the helm in storms!
And such they are make happy states. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
More in prosperity is reason tost
Than ships in storms, their helms and anchors lost. Denh.
Fair occasion shews the springing gale,
And int'rest guides the helm, and honour swells the sail. Pri.
5. The station of government.
I may be wrong in some of the means; but that is no ma­
terial objection against the design: let those who are at the
helm contrive it better. Swift.
6. In the following line it is difficult to determine whether
steersman or defender is intended: I think steersman.
You slander
The helms o' th' state, who care for you like fathers,
When you curse them as enemies. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To HELM. v. a. [from the noun.] To guide; to con­
duct. Hanmer.
The very stream of his life, and the business he hath helmed,
must give him a better proclamation. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.

HE’LMED. adj. [from helm.]
1. Furnished with a headpiece.
The helmed cherubim
Are seen in glittering ranks with wings display'd. Milton.

HE’LMET. n. s. [Probably a diminutive of helm.] A helm; a
headpiece; armour for the head.
I saw him down; thrice up again, and fighting;
From helmet to the spur all bleeding o'er. Shakesp. H. V.
Put in their hands thy bruising irons of wrath,
That they may crush down with a heavy fall
Th' usurping helmets of our adversaries. Shak. Rich. III.
Sev'n darts are thrown at once, and some rebound
From his bright shield, some on his helmet sound. Dryden.

HELMI’NTHICK. adj. [from ἕλμινϑ.] Relating to
worms. Dict.

To HELP. v. a.  preter. helped, or holp; part. helped, or holpen.
[hilpan, Gothick; Helpan, Saxon.]
1. To assist; to support; to aid.
Let us work as valiant men behoves;
For boldest hearts good fortune helpeth out. Fairfax, b. ii.
God helped him against the Philistines. 2 Chro. xxvi. 7.
They helped them in all things with silver and gold. 1 Esdr.
A man reads his prayers out of a book, as a means to help
his understanding and direct his expressions. Stillingfleet.
This he conceives not hard to bring about,
If all of you should join to help him out. Dryden.
What I offer is so far from doing any diskindness to the cause
these gentlemen are engaged in, that it does them a real ser­
vice, and helps them out with the main thing whereat they
stuck. Woodward's Natural History.
The god of learning and of light,
Would want a god himself to help him out. Swift.
2. To remove, or advance by help.
Woe to him that is alone when he falleth; for he hath not
another to help him up. Eccl. iv. 10.
Having never learned any laudable manual art, they have
recourse to those foolish or ill ways in use to help off their
time. Locke.
Wherever they are at a stand, help them presently over the
difficulty without any rebuke. Locke.
3. To free from pain or disease.
Help and ease them, but by no means bemoan them. Locke.
4. To cure; to heal.
Love doth to her eyes repair,
To help him of his blindness. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
5. To remedy; to change for the better.
Cease to lament for that thou can'st not help;
And study help for that which thou lament'st. Shakespeare.
If they take offence when we give none, it is a thing we
cannot help, and therefore the whole blame must lie upon
them. Sanderson.
It is a high point of ill nature to make sport with any man's
imperfections, that he cannot help. L'Estrange.
Those closing skies might still continue bright;
But who can help it, if you'll make it night. Dryden.
She, betwixt her modesty and pride,
Her wishes, which she could not help, would hide. Dryden.
It is reckoned ill manners for men to quarrel upon diffe­
rence in opinion, because that is a thing which no man can
help in himself. Swift.
Those few who reside among us, only because they cannot
help it. Swift.
6. To forbear; to avoid.
He cannot help believing, that such things he saw and
heard. Atterbury's Sermons.
I cannot help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and
our author in qualities, fame, and fortune. Pope.
7. To promote; to forward.
If you make the earth narrower at the bottom than at the
top, in fashion of a sugar-loaf reversed, it will help the expe­
riment. Bacon's Natural History.
8. To HELP to. To supply with; to furnish with.
Whom they would help to a kingdom, those reign; and
whom again they would, they displace. 1 Mac. viii. 13.
The man that is now with Tiresias can help him to his
oxen again. L'Estrange.
In plenty starving, tantaliz'd in state,
And complaisantly help'd to all I hate;
Treated, caress'd, and tir'd, I take my leave. Pope.

To HELP. v. n.
1. To contribute assistance.
Sir, how come it you
Have holp to make this rescue? Shakes. Coriolanus.
Discreet followers and servants help much to reputation. Bac.
Bennet's grave look was a pretence,
And Danby's matchless impudence
Help'd to support the knave. Dryden.
A generous present helps to persuade as well as an agreeable
person. Garth.
2. To bring a supply.
Some, wanting the talent to write, made it their care that
the actors should help out where the muses failed. Rymer.

HELP. n. s. [from the verb; hulpe, Dutch.]
1. Assistance; aid; support; succour.
Muleasses, despairing to recover the city, hardly escaped his
enemies hands by the good help of his uncle. Knolles.


He may be beholden to experience and acquired notions,
where he thinks he has not the least help from them. Locke.
So great is the stupidity of some of those, that they may
have no sense of the help administred to them. Smalridge.
2. That which forwards or promotes.
Coral is in use as an help to the teeth of children. Bacon.
3. That which gives help.
Though these contrivances increase the power, yet they
proportionably protract the time: that which by such helps one
man may do in a hundred days, may be done by the imme­
diate strength of a hundred men in one day. Wilkins.
Virtue is a friend and an help to nature; but it is vice and
luxury that destroys it, and the diseases of intemperance are
the natural product of the sins of intemperance. South.
Another help St. Paul himself affords us towards the attain­
ing the true meaning contained in his epistles. Locke.
4. Remedy.
There is no help for it, but he must be taught accordingly
to comply with that faulty way of writing. Holder on Speech.

HE’LPER. n. s. [from help.]
1. An assistant; an auxiliary; an aider; one that helps or assists.
There was not any left, nor any helper for Israel. 2 Kings.
We ought to receive such, that we might be fellow helpers
to the truth. 3 Jo. viii.
It is impossible for that man to despair who remembers that
his helper is omnipotent. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. One that administers remedy.
Compassion, the mother of tears, is not always a mere idle
spectator, but an helper oftentimes of evils. More.
3. A supernumerary servant.
I live in the corner of a vast unfurnished house: my family
consists of a steward, a groom, a helper in the stable, a foot­
man, and an old maid. Swift to Pope.
4. One that supplies with any thing wanted.
Heaven
Hath brought me up to be your daughter's dower,
As it hath fated her to be my motive
And helper to a husband. Shak. All's well that ends well.

HE’LPFUL. adj. [help and full.]
1. Useful; that which gives assistance.
Let's fight with gentle words,
'Till time lend friends, and friends their helpful swords. Sh.
He orders all the succours which they bring;
The helpful and the good about him run,
And form an army. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.
2. Wholsome; salutary.
A skilful chymist can as well, by separation of visible ele­
ments, draw helpful medicines out of poison, as poison out of
the most healthful herbs. Raleigh's History of the World.

HE’LPLESS. adj. [from help.]
1. Wanting power to succour one's self.
One dire shot
Close by the board the prince's main-mast bore;
All three now helpless by each other lie. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
Let our enemies rage and persecute the poor and the helpless;
but let it be our glory to be pure and peaceable. Rogers.
2. Wanting support or assistance.
How shall I then your helpless fame defend?
'Twill then be infamy to seem your friend. Pope.
3. Irremediable; admitting no help.
Such helpless harms it's better hidden keep,
Than rip up grief, where it may not avail. Fairy Queen.
4. Unsupplied; void.
Naked he lies, and ready to expire,
Helpless of all that human wants require. Dryden.

HE’LPLESSLY. adv. [from helpless.] Without succour; with­
out ability.

HE’LPLESSNESS. n. s. [from helpless.] Want of succour; want
of ability.

HELTER-SKELTER. adv. [As Skinner fancies, from Heolster
sceado, the darkness of hell; hell, says he, being a place of
confusion.] In a hurry; without order; tumultuously.
Sir John, I am thy Pistol, and thy friend;
And helter-skelter have I rode to England,
And tidings do I bring. Shakespeare's Henry V.
He had no sooner turned his back but they were at it helter­
skelter, throwing books at one another's heads. L'Estrange.

HELVE. n. s. [Helfe, Saxon.] The handle of an axe.
The slipping of an axe from the helve, whereby another is
slain, was the work of God himself. Raleigh's History.

To HELVE. v. a. [from the noun.] To fit with a helve or
handle.

HEM

HEM. n. s. [Hem, Saxon.]
1. The edge of a garment doubled and sewed to keep the threads
from spreading.
Rowlers must be made of even cloth, white and gentle,
without hem, seam, or thread hanging by. Wiseman.
2. [Hemmen, Dutch.] The noise uttered by a sudden and violent
expiration of the breath.
I would try if I could cry hem, and have him. Shakespeare.
He loves to clear his pipes in good air, and is not a little
pleased with any one who takes notice of the strength which
he still exerts in his morning hems. Addison's Spectator.
3. interject. Hem! [Latin.]

To HEM. v. a.
1. To close the edge of cloath by a hem or double border sewed
together.
2. To border; to edge.
All the skirt about
Was hem'd with golden fringe. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Along the shoar of silver streaming Thames,
Whose rushy bank, the which his river hems. Spenser.
3. To enclose; to environ; to confine; to shut.
So of either side, stretching itself in a narrow length, was
it hemmed in by woody hills, as if indeed nature had meant
therein to make a place for beholders. Sidney, b. ii.
What lets us then the great Jerusalem
With valiant squadrons round about to hem. Fairfax, b. i.
Why, Neptune, hast thou made us stand alone,
Divided from the world for this, say they;
Hemm'd in to be a spoil to tyranny,
Leaving affliction hence no way to fly? Daniel's Civ. War.
I hurry me in haste away,
And find his honour in a pound,
Hemm'd by a triple circle round,
Chequer'd with ribbons, blue and green. Pope.

To HEM. v. n. [hemmen, Dutch.] To utter a noise by violent
expulsion of the breath.

HE’MICRANY. n. s. [ἥμισυ, half, and ϰϱάνιον, the skull, or
head.] A pain that affects only one part of the head at a
time. Quincy.

HE’MICYCLE. n. s. [ἡμίϰυϰλ.] A half round.

HE’MINA. n. s. An ancient measure: now used in medicine to
signify about ten ounces in measure. Quincy.

HE’MIPLEGY. n. s. [ἥμισυ, half, and πλήσσω, to strike or seize.]
A palsy, or any nervous affection relating thereunto, that
seizes one side at a time; some partial disorder of the ner­
vous system.

HE’MISPHERE. n. s. [ἡμισφᾶιϱιον; hemisphere, French.]
The half of a globe when it is supposed to be cut through its
centre in the plane of one of its greatest circles.
That place is earth, the seat of man; that light
His day, which else, as th' other hemisphere,
Night would invade. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
God saw the light was good,
And light from darkness by the hemisphere
Divided. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
A hill
Of Paradise, the highest from whose top
The hemisphere of earth, in clearest ken
Stretch'd out to th' amplest reach of prospect lay. Milt. P. L.
The sun is more powerful in the northern hemisphere, and
in the apogeum; for therein his motion is flower. Brown.
In open prospect nothing bounds our eye,
Until the earth seems join'd unto the sky;
So in this hemisphere our utmost view
Is only bounded by our king and you. Dryden.

HEMISPHE’RICAL. adj. [from hemisphere.] Half round;
containing half a globe.

HEMISPHE’RICK. adj. [from hemisphere.] Half round;
containing half a globe.
The thin film of water swells above the surface of the
water it swims on, and commonly constitutes hemispherical
bodies with it. Boyle.
A pyrites, placed in the cavity of another of an hemisphe­
rick figure, in much the same manner as an acorn in its
cup. Woodward on Fossils.

HE’MISTICK. n. s. [ἡμιϛίχιον; hemistiche, Fr.] Half a verse.
He broke off in the hemistick, or midst of the verse; but
seized, as it were, with a divine fury, he made up the latter
part of the hemistick. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

HE’MLOCK. n. s. [Hemloc, Saxon.] An herb.
The leaves are cut into many minute segments: the petals
of the flower are bifid, heart-shaped, and unequal: the flower
is succeeded by two short chanelled seeds. One sort is some­
times used in medicine, though it is noxious; but the hem­
lock of the ancients, which was such deadly poison, is gene­
rally supposed different. Miller.
He was met even now,
As mad as the vext sea, singing aloud;
Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,
With hardocks, hemlock. Shakesp. King Lear.
We cannot with certainty affirm, that no man can be nou­
rished by wood or stones, or that all men will be poisoned by
hemlock. Locke.

HE’MORRHAGE. n. s. [αἱμοῤῥαγία; hemorragie, French.] A
violent flux of blood.

HE’MORRHAGY. n. s. [αἱμοῤῥαγία; hemorragie, French.] A
violent flux of blood.
Great hemorrhagy succeeds the separation. Ray.
Twenty days fasting will not diminish its quantity so much
as one great hemorrhage. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

HE’MORRHOIDS. n. s. [αἱμοῤῥοιδες; hemorrhoids, French.]
The piles; the emrods.
I got the hemorrhoids. Swift.

HE’MORRHOIDAL. adj. [hemorrhoidal, Fr. from hemorrhoids.]
Belonging to the veins in the fundament.
Besides there are hemorrhages from the nose and hemorrhoidal
veins, and fluxes of rheum. Ray on the Creation.


Embost upon the field, a battle stood
Of leeches, spouting hemorrhoidal blood. Garth's Dispensat.

HEMP. n. s. [Hænep, Saxon; hampe, Dutch.] A fibrous plant
of which coarse linen and ropes are made.
It hath digitated leaves opposite to one another: the flowers
have no visible petals; it is male and female in different plants.
It is propagated in the rich fenny parts of Lincolnshire in great
quantities for its bark, which is useful for cordage, cloth, &c.
and the seed affords an oil used in medicine. Miller.
Let gallows go for dog; let man go free,
And let not hemp his windpipe suffocate. Shakes. Hen. V.
Hemp and flax are commodities that deserve encouragement,
both for their usefulness and profit. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HEMP Agrimony. n. s. A plant.
The common hemp agrimony is found wild by ditches and
sides of rivers. Miller.

HE’MPEN. adj. [from hemp.] Made of hemp.
In foul reproach of knighthood's fair degree,
About his neck a hempen rope he wears. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Behold
Upon the hempen tackle ship-boys climbing. Shak. Hen. V.
Ye shall have a hempen caudle then, and the help of a
hatchet. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
I twitch'd his dangling garter from his knee;
He wist not when the hempen string I drew. Gay.

HEN

HEN. n. s. [Henne, Saxon and Dutch; han, German, a cock.]
1. The female of a house-cock.
2. The female of any land-fowl.
The peacock, pheasant, and goldfinch cocks have glorious
colours; the hens have not. Bacon's Natural History.
Whilst the hen bird is covering her eggs, the male generally
takes his stand upon a neighbouring bough within her hear­
ing, and by that means diverts her with his songs during the
whole time of her sitting. Addison's Spectator.
The wild duck hence
O'er the rough moss, and o'er the trackless waste
The heath hen flutters. Thomson's Spring.

HEN-DRIVER. n. s. [hen and driver.] A kind of hawk.
The hen-driver I forbear to name. Walton's Angler.

HE’N-HARM. n. s. A kind of kite. Ainsw. So called
probably from destroying chickens.

HE’N-HARRIER. n. s. A kind of kite. Ainsw. So called
probably from destroying chickens.

HEN-HEARTED. adj. [hen and heart.] Dastardly; cowardly;
like a hen. A low word.

HEN-PECKED. adj. [hen and pecked.] Governed by the wife.
A stepdame too I have, a cursed she,
Who rules my hen-peck'd sire, and orders me. Dryd. Virgil.
The neighbours reported that he was hen-pecked, which was
impossible, by such a mild-spirited woman as his wife. Arbuthn.

HEN-ROOST. n. s. [hen and roost.] The place where the poultry
rest.
Many a poor devil stands to a whipping post for the pilfer­
ing of a silver spoon, or the robbing of a hen-roost. L'Estr.
Her house is frequented by a company of rogues, whom
she encourageth to rob his hen-roosts. Swift.
If a man prosecutes gipsies with severity, his hen-roost is sure
to pay for it. Addison's Spectator.
They oft have sally'd out to pillage
The hen-roosts of some peaceful village. Tickell.

HENS-FEET. n. s. A kind of plant. Ainsworth.

HE’NBANE. n. s. [hyoscyamus, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves are soft and hairy, growing alternately upon the
branches: the cup of the flower is short, bell-shaped, and
divided into five segments: the flower consists of one leaf,
the bottom part of which is tubelose, but is expanded at the
top, and divided into five segments, having five obtuse sta­
mina: the fruit, which is inclosed within the calyx, resembles
a pot with a cover to it, and is divided by a partition into two
cells, which contain many small seeds. It is very often found
growing upon the sides of banks and old dunghills. This is a
very poisonous plant. Miller.
That to which old Socrates was curs'd,
Or henbane juice, to swell 'em 'till they burst. Dryden.

HE’NBIT. n. s. A plant.
In a scarcity in Silesia a rumour was spread of its raining
millet-seed; but it was found to be only the seeds of the ivy­
leaved speedwell, or small henbit. Derham's Phys. Theology.

HENCE. adv. or interj. [Heonan, Saxon; hennes, old English.]
1. From this place to another.
Discharge my follow'rs; let them hence away,
From Richard's night to Bolinbroke's fair day. Shak. R. II.
Th' Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy; will not drive us hence. Milton's P. L.
A sullen prudence drew thee hence
From noise, fraud and impertinence. Roscommon.
2. Away; to a distance.
Be not found here; hence with your little ones. Shak. Macb.
Hence with denial vain, and coy excuse. Milton.
3. At a distance; in other place.
Why should I then be false, since it is true
That I must die here, and live hence by truth? Shakespeare.
All members of our cause, both here and hence,
That are insinewed to this action. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. From this time; in the future.
He who can reason well to-day about one sort of matters,
cannot at all reason to-day about others, though perhaps a year
hence he may. Locke.
Let not posterity a thousand years hence look for truth in the
voluminous annals of pedants. Arbuthnot.
5. For this reason; in consequence of this.
Hence perhaps it is, that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord
the beginning of wisdom. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
6. From this cause; from this ground.
By too strong a projectile motion the aliment tends to pu­
trefaction: hence may be deduced the force of exercise in help­
ing digestion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
7. From this source; from this original; from this store.
My Flora was my sun; for as
One sun, so but one Flora was:
All other faces borrowed hence
Their light and grace, as stars do thence. Suckling.
8. From hence is a vitious expression, which crept into use even
among good authors, as the original force of the word hence
was gradually forgotten.
An ancient author prophesy'd from hence,
Behold on Latian shores a foreign prince!
From the same parts of heav'n his navy stands,
To the same parts on earth. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.

To HENCE. v. a. [from the adverb.] To send off; to dispatch
to a distance. Obsolete.
Go, bawling cur! thy hungry maw go fill
On you foul flock, belonging not to me;
With that his dog he henc'd, his flock he curst. Sidney.

HENCEFO’RTH. adv. [Henonforth, Saxon.] From this time
forward.
Thanes and kinsmen,
Henceforth be earls. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Never henceforth shall I joy again;
Never, oh never, shall I see more joy. Shakes. Henry VI.
Happier thou may'st be, worthier can'st not be;
Taste this, and be henceforth among the gods,
Thyself a goddess. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
I never from thy side henceforth will stray,
'Till day droop. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
If we treat gallant soldiers in this sort,
Who then henceforth to our defence will come? Dryden.

HENCEFO’RWARD. adv. [hence and forward.] From this time
to all futurity.
Henceforward will I bear
Upon my target three fair shining suns. Shakes. Henry VI.
Henceforward it shall be treason for any that calls me other
than lord Mortimer. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
Pardon, I beseech you;
Henceforward I am ever rul'd by you. Shak. Romeo and Jul.
The royal academy will admit henceforward only such who
are endued with good qualities. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

HE’NCHMAN. n. s. [Hync, a servant, and man, Skinner; Hengst,
a horse, and man, Spelman.] A page; an attendant. Ob­
solete.
Why should Titania cross her Oberon?
I do but beg a little changeling boy,
To be my henchman. Shakespeare's Mids. Night's Dream.
Three henchmen were for ev'ry knight assign'd,
All in rich livery clad, and of a kind. Dryden.

To HEND. v. a. [Hendan, Saxon, from hendo, low Latin, which
seems borrowed from hand or hond, Teutonick.]
1. To seize; to lay hold on.
With that the sergeants hent the young man stout,
And bound him likewise in a worthless chain. Fairfax, b. ii.
2. To croud; to surround. Perhaps the following passage is
corrupt, and should be read hemmed.
The generous and gravest citizens
Have hent the gates, and very near upon
The duke is entering. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.

HE’NDECAGON. n. s. [ἕνδεϰα and γωνία.] A figure of eleven
sides or angles.

HEP

HEPA’TICAL. adj. [hepaticus, Latin; hepatique, French, from
ἥπαϱ.] Belonging to the liver.

HEPA’TICK. adj. [hepaticus, Latin; hepatique, French, from
ἥπαϱ.] Belonging to the liver.
If the evacuated blood be florid, it is stomach blood; if
red and copious, it's hepatick. Harvey on Consumptions.
The cystick gall is thick, and intensely bitter; the hepatick
gall is more fluid, and not so bitter. Arbuthn. on Aliments.

HEPS. n. s. Hawthorn-berries, commonly written hips. Ainsw.
In hard Winters there is observed great plenty of heps and
haws, which preserve the small birds from starving. Bacon.

HEPTACA’PSULAR. adj. [ἕϖα and capsula.] Having seven ca­
vities or cells.

HE’PTAGON. n. s. [heptagone, French; ἕϖα and γωνία.] A
figure with seven sides or angles.

HEPTA’GONAL. adj. [from heptagon.] Having seven angles or
sides.

HE’PTARCHY. n. s. [heptarchie, Fr. ἕϖα and ἀϱχὴ.] A seven­
fold government.
In the Saxon heptarchy I find little noted of arms, albeit the
Germans, of whom they descended, used shields. Camden.
England began not to be a people, when Alfred reduced it


into a monarchy; for the materials thereof were extant be­
fore, namely, under the heptarchy. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The next returning planetary hour
Of Mars, who shar'd the heptarchy of pow'r,
His steps bold Arcite to the temple bent. Dryden.

HER

HER. pron. [Hera, Her, in Saxon, stood for their, or of them,
which at length became the female possessive.]
1. Belonging to a female; of a she; of a woman:
About his neck
A green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself,
Who with her head, nimble in threats, approach'd
The opening of his mouth. Shakesp. As you like it.
Still new favourites she chose,
'Till up in arms my passion rose,
And cast away her yoke. Cowley.
One month, three days, and half an hour,
Judith held the sov'reign pow'r;
Wond'rous beautiful her face;
But so weak and small her wit,
That she to govern were unfit,
And so Susanna took her place. Cowley.
2. The oblique case of she.
England is so idly king'd,
Her sceptre so fantastically borne,
That fear attends her not. Shakespeare's Henry V.
She cannot seem deform'd to me,
And I would have her seem to others so. Cowley.
The moon arose clad o'er in light,
With thousand stars attending on her train;
With her they rise, with her they set again. Cowley.
Should I be left, and thou be lost, the sea,
That bury'd her I lov'd, should bury me. Dryden.

HERS. pronoun. This is used when it refers to a substantive go­
ing before: as, such are her charms, such charms are hers.
This pride of hers,
Upon advice, hath drawn my love from her. Shakespeare.
Thine own unworthiness,
Will still that thou art mine not hers confess. Cowley.
Some secret charm did all her acts attend,
And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend. Dryden.
I bred you up to arms, rais'd you to power,
Indeed to save a crown, not hers, but yours. Dryden.

HE’RALD. n. s. [herault, French; herald, German.]
1. An officer whose business it is to register genealogies, adjust
ensigns armorial, regulate funerals, and anciently to carry
messages between princes, and proclaim war and peace.
May none, whose scatter'd names honour my book,
For strict degrees of rank or title look;
'Tis 'gainst the manners of an epigram,
And I a poet here, no herald am. Ben. Johnson's Epigrams.
When time shall serve, let but the herald cry,
And I'll appear again. Shakesp. King Lear.
After my death I wish no other herald,
No other speaker of my living actions,
But such an honest chronicler as Griffith. Shakes. Hen. VIII.
Embassador of peace, if peace you chuse;
Or herald of a war, if you refuse. Dryden's Ind. Emperor.
Please thy pride, and search the herald's roll,
Where thou shalt find thy famous pedigree. Dryden.
2. A precursor; a forerunner; a harbinger.
It is the part of men to fear and tremble,
When the most mighty gods, by tokens, send
Such dreadful heralds to astonish us. Shak. Julius Cæsar.
It was the lark, the herald of the morn. Shakespeare.

To HE’RALD. v. a. [from the noun.] To introduce as an
herald. A word not used.
We are sent
To give thee from our royal master thanks;
Only to herald thee into his sight,
Not pay thee. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

HE’RALDRY. n. s. [heraulderie, French, from herald.]
1. The art or office of a herald.
I am writing of heraldry. Peacham.
Grant her, besides, of noble blood that ran
In ancient veins, ere heraldry began. Dryden's Juvenal.
'Twas no false heraldry, when madness drew
Her pedigree from those who too much knew. Denham.
2. Blazonry.
Metals may blazon common beauties; she
Makes pearls and planets humble heraldry. Cleaveland.

HERB. n. s. [herbe, French; herba, Latin.]
Herbs are those plants whose stalks are soft, and have no­
thing woody in them; as grass and hemlock. Locke.
In such a night
Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs
That did renew old Æson. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
With sweet-swelling herbs
Espoused Eve deck'd first her nuptial bed. Milton.
Unhappy, from whom still conceal'd does lie
Of herbs and roots the harmless luxury. Cowley.
If the leaves are of chief use to us, then we call them
herbs; as sage and mint. Watts's Logick.
Herb eating animals, which don't ruminate, have strong
grinders, and chew much. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

HERB Christopher, or Bane-berries. n. s. A plant.
The flower consists of five leaves, placed orbicularly in form
of a rose: in its centre arises the ovary, which becomes a soft
fruit or berry of an oval shape, and filled with seeds in a
double row, which for the most part adhere together. Miller.

HERBA’CEOUS. adj. [from herba, Latin.]
1. Belonging to herbs.
Ginger is the root of neither tree nor trunk; but an herba­
ceous plant, resembling the water flower-de-luce. Brown.
2. Feeding on vegetables.
Their teeth are fitted to their food; the rapacious to catch­
ing, holding, and tearing their prey; the herbaceous to gather­
ing and comminution of vegetables. Derham's Phys. Theology.

HE’RBAGE. n. s. [herbage, French.]
1. Herbs collectively; grass; pasture.
Rocks lie cover'd with eternal snow;
Thin herbage in the plains, and fruitless fields. Dryden.
At the time the deluge came the earth was loaded with
herbage, and thronged with animals. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. The tythe and the right of pasture. Ainsworth.

HE’RBAL. n. s. [from herb.] A book containing the names
and description of plants.
We leave the description of plants to herbals, and other
like books of natural history. Bacon's Natural History.
Such a plant will not be found in the herbal of nature. Bro.
As for the medicinal uses of plants, the large herbals are
ample testimonies thereof. More's Antid. against Atheism.
Our herbals are sufficiently stored with plants. Baker.

HE’RBALIST. n. s. [from herbal.] A man skilled in herbs.
Herbalists have thus distinguished them, naming that the
male whose leaves are lighter, and fruit and apples rounder.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 6.

HE’RBAR. n. s. [A word, I believe, only to be found in Spenser.]
Herb; plant.
The roof hereof was arched over head,
And deck'd with flowers and herbars daintily. Fairy Queen.

HE’RBARIST. n. s. [herbarius, from herba, Latin.] One skilled
in herbs.
Herbarists have exercised a commendable curiosity in sub­
dividing plants of the same denomination. Boyle.
He was too much swayed by the opinions then current
amongst herbarists, that different colours or multiplicity of
leaves in the flower were sufficient to constitute a specifick
difference. Ray on the Creation.
As to the fuci, their seed hath been discovered and shewed
me first by an ingenious herbarist. Derham's Phys. Theology.

HE’RBELET. n. s. [Diminutive of herb, or of herbula, Latin.]
A small herb.
Even so
These herbelets shall, which we upon you strow. Shakesp.

HERBE’SCENT. adj. [herbescens, Latin.] Growing into herbs.

HE’RBID. adj. [herbidus, Latin.] Covered with herbs.

HE’RBORIST. n. s. [from herb.] One curious in herbs. This
seems a mistake for herbarist.
A curious herborist has a plant, whose flower perishes in
about an hour. Ray.

HE’RBOROUGH. n. s. [herberg, German.] Place of temporary
residence. Now written harbour.
The German lord, when he went out of Newgate into the
cart, took order to have his arms set up in his last herborough;
said he was taken and committed upon suspicion of treason,
no witness appearing against him. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.

HE’RBOUS. adj. [herbosus, Latin.] Abounding with herbs.

HE’RBULENT. adj. [from herbula.] Containing herbs. Dict.

HE’RBWOMAN. n. s. [herb and woman.] A woman that sells
herbs.
I was like to be pulled to pieces by brewer, butcher, and
baker; even my herbwoman dunned me as I went along. Arb.

HE’RBY. adj. [from herb.] Having the nature of herbs.
No substance but earth, and the procedures of earth, as tile
and stone, yieldeth any moss or herby substance. Bacon.

HERD. n. s. [Heord, Saxon.]
1. A number of beasts together. It is peculiarly applied to black
cattle. Flocks and herds are sheep and oxen or kine.
Note a wild and wanton herd,
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
There find a herd of heifers, wand'ring o'er
The neighbouring hill, and drive them to the shore. Addison.
2. A company of men, in contempt or detestation.
Survey the world, and where one Cato shines,
Count a degenerate herd of Catilines. Dryden's Juven.
I do not remember where ever God delivered his oracles by
the multitude, or nature truths by the herd. Locke.
3. It anciently signified a keeper of cattle, and in Scotland it
is still used. [Hyrd, Saxon,] a sense still retained in compo­
sition: as goatherd.

To HERD. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To run in herds or companies.
Weak women should, in danger, herd like deer. Dryden.


It is the nature of indigency, like common danger, to en­
dear men to one another, and make them herd together, like
fellow-sailors in a storm. Norris.
2. To associate.
I'll herd among his friends, and seem
One of the number. Addison's Cato.
Run to towns, to herd with knaves and fools,
And undistinguish'd pass among the crowd. Walsh.

To HERD. v. a. To throw or put into an herd.
The rest,
However great we are, honest and valiant,
Are herded with the vulgar. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.

HE’RDGROOM. n. s. [herd and groom.] A keeper of herds.
But who shall judge the wager won or lost?
That shall yonder herdgroom, and none other,
Which over the pousse hitherward doth post. Spenser.

HE’RDMAN. n. s. [herd and man.] One employed in tend­
ing herds: formerly, an owner of herds.

HE’RDSMAN. n. s. [herd and man.] One employed in tend­
ing herds: formerly, an owner of herds.
A herdsman rich, of much account was he,
In whom no evil did reign, or good appear. Sidney.
And you, enchantment,
Worthy enough a herdsman, if e'er thou
These rural latches to his entrance open,
I will devise a death cruel for thee. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
Scarce themselves know how to hold
A sheephook, or have learn'd ought else the least
That to the faithful herdman's art belongs. Milton.
There ost the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds
At loop-holes cut through thickest shade. Milt. Par. Lost.
So stands a Thracian herdsman with his spear
Full in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear. Dryden.
The herdsmen, round
The chearful fire, provoke his health in goblets crown'd.
Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks.
When their herdsmen could not agree, they parted by con­
sent. Locke.

HERE. adv. [Her, Saxon; hier, Dutch.]
1. In this place.
Before thy here approach,
Old Siward, with ten thousand warlike men,
All ready at appoint, was setting forth. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I, upon my frontiers here,
Keep residence. Milton.
Here nature first begins
Her farthest verge. Milton.
How wretched does Prometheus' state appear,
While he his second mis'ry suffers here! Cowley.
To-day is ours, we have it here. Cowley.
2. In the present state.
Thus shall you be happy here, and more happy hereafter.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
3. It is used in making an offer or attempt.
Then here's for earnest:
'Tis finish'd, and the dusk that yet remains
Is but the native horrour of the wood. Dryden's K. Arthur.
However, friend, here's to the king, one cries;
To him who was the king, the friend replies. Prior.
4. It is often opposed to there. Dispersedly; in one place and
another.
Good-night: mine eyes do itch;
Doth that bode weeping?
—'Tis neither here nor there. Shakespeare's Othello.
We are come to see thee fight, to see thee foigne, to see
thee traverse, to see thee here, to see thee there. Shakespeare.
Then this, then that man's aid, they crave, implore;
Post here for help, seek there their followers. Daniel.
I would have in the heath some thickets made only of sweet
briar and honey-suckle, and some wild vine amongst; and the
ground set with violets; for these are sweet, and prosper in the
shade; and these to be in the heath here and there, not in
order. Bacon's Essays.
The devil might perhaps, by inward suggestions, have
drawn in here and there a single proselyte. Gover. of the Tongue.
You remember how your city, after the dreadful fire, was
rebuilt, not presently, by raising continued streets in any one
part; but at first here a house, and there a house, to which
others by degrees were joined. Spratt's Sermons.
He that rides post through a country may be able to give
some loose description of here a mountain and there a plain,
here a morass and there a river, woodland in one part, and
savanas in another. Locke.
5. Here seems, in the following passage, to mean this place.
Bid them farewel, Cordelia, though unkind;
Thou losest here, a better where to find. Shakesp. K. Lear.

HEREABO’UTS. adv. [here and about.] About this place.
I saw hereabouts nothing remarkable, except Augustus's
bridge. Addison on Italy.

HEREA’FTER. adv. [here and after.]
1. In time to come; in futurity.
How worthy he is, I will leave to appear hereafter, rather
than story him in his own hearing. Shakes. Cymbeline.
The grand-child, with twelve sons increas'd, departs
From Canaan, to a land hereafter call'd
Egypt. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Hereafter he from war shall come,
And bring his Trojans peace. Dryden.
2. In a future state.

HEREA’FTER. n. s. A future state.
'Tis the divinity that stirs within us;
'Tis heaven itself that points out an hereafter,
And intimates eternity to man. Addison's Cato.
I still shall wait
Some new hereafter, and a future state. Prior.

HEREA’T. adv. [here and at.] At this.
One man coming to the tribune, to receive his donative,
with a garland in his hand, the tribune, offended hereat, de­
manded what this singularity could mean. Hooker, b. ii.

HEREBY’. adv. [here and by.] By this.
In what estate the fathers rested, which were dead before,
it is not hereby either one way or other determined. Hooker.
Hereby the Moors are not excluded by beauty, there being
in this description no consideration of colours. Brown.
The acquisition of truth is of infinite concernment: here­
by we become acquainted with the nature of things. Watts.

HERE’DITABLE. adj. [hæres, Latin.] Whatever may be occu­
pied as inheritance.
Adam being neither a monarch, nor his imaginary monarchy
hereditable, the power which is now in the world is not that
which was Adam's. Locke.

HE’REDITAMENT. n. s. [hæredium, Latin.] A law term de­
noting inheritance, or hereditary estate.

HERE’DITARY. adj. [hereditaire, French; hereditarius, Lat.]
Possessed or claimed by right of inheritance; descending by
inheritance.
To thee and thine, hereditary ever,
Remain this ample third of our fair kingdom. Shakespeare.
These old fellows
Have their ingratitude in them hereditary. Shakespeare.
He shall ascend
The throne hereditary, and bound his reign
With earth's wide bounds, his glory with the heav'ns. Milt.
Thus while the mute creation downward bend
Their sight, and to their earthly mother tend,
Man looks aloft, and with erected eyes
Beholds his own hereditary skies. Dryden's Ovid.
When heroick verse his youth shall raise,
And form it to hereditary praise. Dryden's Virgil.

HERE’DITARILY. adv. [from hereditary.] By inheritance.
Here is another, who thinks one of the greatest glories of
his father was to have distinguished and loved you, and who
loves you hereditarily. Pope to Swift.

HEREI’N. adv. [here and in.] In this.
How highly soever it may please them with words of truth
to extol sermons, they shall not herein offend us. Hooker, b. v.
My best endeavours shall be done herein. Shakespeare.
Since truths, absolutely necessary to salvation, are so clearly
revealed that we cannot err in them, unless we be notoriously
wanting to ourselves, herein the fault of the judgment is re­
solved into a precedent default in the will. South.

HEREI’NTO. adv. [here and into.] Into this.
Because the point about which we strive is the quality of our
laws, our first entrance hereinto cannot better be made than
with consideration of the nature of law in general. Hooker.

HEREO’F. adv. [here and of.] From this; of this.
Hereof comes it that prince Harry is valiant. Shakespeare.

HEREO’N. adv. [here and on.] Upon this.
If we should strictly insist hereon, the possibility might fall
into question. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

HEREO’UT. adv. [here and out.]
1. Out of this place.
A bird all white, well feather'd on each wing,
Here-out up to the throne of God did fly. Spenser.
2. All the words compounded of here and a preposition, except
hereafter, are obsolete, or obsolescent; never used in poetry,
and seldom in prose, by elegant writers, though perhaps not
unworthy to be retained.

HEREMI’TICAL. adj. [It should be written eremitical, from ere­
mite, of ἔϱημ, a desart; heremitique, French.] Solitary;
suitable to a hermit.
You describe so well your heremitical state of life, that none
of the ancient anchorites could go beyond you for a cave in a
rock. Pope.

HE’RESY. n. s. [heresie, French; hæresis, Latin; ἅιϱεσις.] An
opinion of private men different from that of the catholick
and orthodox church.
Heresy prevaileth only by a counterfeit shew of reason,
whereby notwithstanding it becometh invincible, unless it be
convicted of fraud by manifest remonstrance clearly true, and
unable to be withstood. Hooker, b. iii.
As for speculative heresies, they work mightily upon mens
wits; yet they do not produce any great alterations in states.
Bacon, Essay 59.


Let the truth of that religion I profess be represented to her
judgment, not in the odious disguises of levity, schism, heresy,
novelty, cruelty, and disloyalty. King Charles.

HE’RESIARCH. n. s. [heresiarque, French; ἅιϱεσις and ἀϱχὴ.]
A leader in heresy; the head of a herd of hereticks.
The pope declared him not only an heretick, but an here­
siarch. Stillingfleet.

HE’RETICK. n. s. [heretique, Fr. ἁιϱετιϰὸς.] One who propa­
gates his private opinions in opposition to the catholick church.
I rather will suspect the sun with cold
Than thee with wantonness; thy honour stands,
In him that was of late an heretick,
As firm as faith. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
These things would be prevented, if no known heretick or
schismatick be suffered to go into those countries. Bacon.
No hereticks desire to spread
Their wild opinions like these Epicures. Davies.
Bellarmin owns, that he has quoted a heretick instead of a
father. Baker on Learning.
When a Papist uses the word hereticks, he generally means
Protestants; when a Protestant uses the word, he means any
persons wilfully and contentiously obstinate in fundamental
errours. Watts's Logick.

HERE’TICAL. adj. [from heretick.] Containing heresy.
How exclude they us from being any part of the church of
Christ under the colour of heresy, when they cannot but grant
it possible even for him to be, as touching his own personal per­
suasion, heretical, who in their opinion not only is of the
church, but holdeth the chiefest place of authority over the
same? Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
Constantinople was in an uproar, upon an ignorant jealousy
that those words had some heretical meaning. Decay of Piety.

HERE’TICALLY. adv. [from heretical.] With heresy.

HERETO’. adv. [here and to.] To this; add to this.

HERETOFO’RE. adv. [hereto and fore.] Formerly; anciently.
Lord Amphialus, said she, I have long desired to know you
heretofore, with honouring your virtue, though I love not your
person. Sidney.
So near is the connection between the civil state and religi­
ous, that heretofore you will find the government and the priest­
hood united in the same person. South's Sermons.
We now can form no more
Long schemes of life, as heretofore. Swift.

HEREUNTO’. adv. [here and unto.] To this.
They which rightly consider after what sort the heart of man
hereunto is framed, must of necessity acknowledge, that whoso
assenteth to the words of eternal life, doth it in regard of his
authority whose words they are. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
Agreeable hereunto might not be amiss to make children,
as soon as they are capable of it, often to tell a story of any
thing they know. Locke.

HEREWI’TH. adv. [here and with.] With this.
You, fair sir, be not herewith dismaid,
But constant keep the way in which ye stand. Fai. Queen.
Herewith the castle of Hame was suddenly surprised by the
Scots. Hayward.

HE’RIOT. n. s. [Heregild, Saxon.] A fine paid to the lord at
the death of a landholder, commonly the best thing in the
landholder's possession.
This he detains from the ivy; for he should be the true
possessory lord thereof, but the olive dispenseth with his con­
science to pass it over with a compliment and an heriot every
year. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Though thou consume but to renew,
Yet love, as lord, doth claim a heriot due. Cleaveland.
I took him up, as your heriot, with intention to have made
the best of him, and then have brought the whole produce of
him in a purse to you. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

HE’RITABLE. adj. [hæres, Latin.] A person that may inherit
whatever may be inherited.
By the canon law this son shall be legitimate and heritable,
according to the laws of England. Hale's Common Law.

HE’RITAGE. n. s. [heritage, French.]
1. Inheritance; estate devolved by succession; estate in general.
Let us our father's heritage divide. Hubberd's Tale.
He considers that his proper home and heritage is in another
world, and therefore regards the events of this with the indif­
ference of a guest that tarries but a day. Rogers's Sermons.
2. [In divinity.] The people of God.
O Lord, save thy people, and bless thine heritage. Com. Pr.

HERMA’PHRODITE. n. s. [hermaphrodite, French, from ἑϱμῆς
and ἀφϱοδίτη.] An animal uniting two sexes.
Man and wife make but one right
Canonical hermaphrodite. Cleaveland.
Monstrosity could not incapacitate from marriage, witness
hermaphrodites. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

HERMAPHRODI’TICAL. adj. [from hermaphrodite.] Partaking
of both sexes.
There may be equivocal seeds and hermaphroditical princi­
ples, that contain the radicality and power of different forms.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HERME’TICAL. adj. [from Hermes, or Mercury, the ima­
gined inventer of chymistry; hermetique,
French.] Chymical.

HERME’TICK. adj. [from Hermes, or Mercury, the ima­
gined inventer of chymistry; hermetique,
French.] Chymical.
An hermetical seal, or to seal any thing hermetically, is to
heat the neck of a glass 'till it is just ready to melt, and then
with a pair of hot pincers to twist it close together. Quincy.
The tube was closed at one end with diachylon, instead of
an hermetical seal. Boyle.

HERME’TICALLY. adv. [from hermetical.] According to the
hermetical or chimick art.
He suffered those things to putrefy in hermetically sealed
glasses, and vessels close covered with paper; and not only so,
but in vessels covered with fine lawn, so as to admit the air
and keep out the insects: no living thing was ever produced
there. Bentley.

HE’RMIT. n. s. [hermite, French; contracted from eremite,
ἐϱημίτης.]
1. A solitary; an anchoret; one who retires from society to
contemplation and devotion.
A wither'd hermit, fivescore Winters worn,
Might shake off fifty looking in her eye. Shakespeare.
You were pleased to lay this command upon me, to give
you my poor advice for your carriage in so eminent a place:
I humbly return you mine opinion, such as an hermit rather
than a courtier can render. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
He had been duke of Savoy, and, after a very glorious reign,
took on him the habit of a hermit, and retired into this soli­
tary spot. Addison on Italy.
Come, inspiration, from thy hermit seat,
By mortals seldom found. Thomson's Summer.
2. A beadsman; one bound to pray for another. Improper.
For those of old,
And the late dignities heap'd up to them,
We rest your hermit. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

HE’RMITAGE. n. s. [hermitage, French.] The cell or habita­
tion of a hermit.
By that painful way they pass
Forth to an hill, that was both steep and high;
On top whereof a sacred chapel was,
And eke a little hermitage thereby. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Go with speed
To some forlorn and naked hermitage,
Remote from all the pleasures of the world. Shakespeare.
And may at last my weary age
Find out the peaceful hermitage,
The hairy gown and mossy cell,
Where I may sit and rightly spell
Of every star that heav'n doth shew,
And ev'ry herb that sips the dew. Milton.
About two leagues from Fribourg we went to see a hermi­
tage: it lies in the prettiest solitude imaginable, among woods
and rocks. Addison on Italy.

HE’RMITESS. n. s. [from hermit.] A woman retired to devo­
tion.

HE’RMITICAL. adj. [from hermit.] Suitable to a hermit.

HE’RMODACTYL. n. s. [ἑϱμῆς and δάϰυλ.]
Hermodactyl is a root of a determinate and regular figure,
and represents the common figure of a heart cut in two, from
half an inch to an inch in length. This drug was first brought
into medicinal use by the Arabians, and comes from Egypt
and Syria, where the people use them, while fresh, as a vomit
or purge; and have a way of roasting them for food, which
they eat in order to make themselves fat. The dried roots,
which we have, are a gentle purge; but they are now little
used. Hill's Mat. Med.

HERN. n. s. [Contracted from HERON, which see.]
Birds that are most easy to be drawn are the mallard, swan,
hern, and bittern. Peacham on Drawing.

HE’RNHILL. n. s. [hern and hill.] An herb. Ainsworth.

HE’RNIA. n. s. [Latin.] Any kind of rupture, diversified by
the name of the part affected.
A hernia would certainly succeed. Wiseman's Surgery.

HE’RO. n. s. [heros, Latin; ἡϱὼς.]
1. A man eminent for bravery.
In which were held, by sad decease,
Heroes and heroesses. Chapman's Odyssey.
I sing of heroes and of kings,
In mighty numbers mighty things. Cowley.
Heroes in animated marble frown. Pope.
In this view he ceases to be an hero, and his return is no
longer a virtue. Pope's Odyssey, Notes.
These are thy honours, not that here thy bust
Is mix'd with heroes, or with kings thy dust. Pope.
Heroes, kings,
Joy thy wish'd approach to see. Welsted.
2. A man of the highest class in any respect.

HE’ROESS. n. s. [from hero; herois, Latin.] A heroine; a fe­
male hero.
In which were held, by sad decease,
Heroes and heroesses. Chapman's Odyssey.



HERO’ICAL. adj. [from hero.] Befitting an hero; heroick.
Musidorus was famous over all Asia for his heroical enter­
prizes. Sidney, b. ii.
Though you have courage in an heroical degree, I ascribe it
to you as your second attribute. Dryden's Fables, Dedic.

HERO’ICALLY. adv. [from heroical.] After the way of a hero;
suitably to an hero.
Not heroically in killing his tyrannical cousin. Sidney, b. ii.
Free from all meaning, whether good or bad;
And, in one word, heroically mad. Dryden.

HERO’ICK. adj. [from hero; heroique, French.]
1. Productive of heroes.
Bolingbroke
From John of Gaunt doth bring his pedigree,
Being but the fourth of that heroick line. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
2. Noble; suitable to an hero; brave; magnanimous; intrepid;
enterprising; illustrious.
Not that which justly gives heroick name
To person, or to poem. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Verse makes heroick virtue live,
But you can life to verses give. Waller.
3. Reciting the acts of heroes.
Methinks heroick poesy, 'till now,
Like some fantastick fairy land did show. Cowley.
I have chosen the most heroick subject which any poet could
desire: I have taken upon me to describe the motives, the be­
ginning, progress and successes of a most just and necessary
war. Dryden's Ann. Mirab. Preface.
An heroick poem is the greatest which the soul of man is
capable to perform: the design of it is to form the mind to
heroick virtue by example. Dryden.

HERO’ICKLY. adv. [from heroick.] Suitably to an hero. He­
roically is more frequent, and more analogical.
Samson hath quit himself
Like Samson, and heroickly hath finish'd
A life heroick. Milton's Agonistes.

HE’ROINE. n. s. [from hero; heroine, French.] A female
hero. Anciently, according to English analogy, heroess.
But inborn worth, that fortune can controul,
New-strung, and stiffer bent her softer soul;
The heroine assum'd the woman's place,
Confirm'd her mind, and fortify'd her face. Dryden.
Then shall the British stage
More noble characters expose to view,
And draw her finish'd heroines from you. Addison.

HE’ROISM. n. s. [heroisme, French.] The qualities or character
of an hero.
If the Odyssey be less noble than the Iliad, it is more in­
structive: the Iliad abounds with more heroism, this with more
morality. Broome's Notes to the Odyssey.

HE’RON. n. s. [heron, French.]
1. A bird that seeds upon fish.
So lords, with sport of stag and heron full,
Sometimes we see small birds from nests do pull. Sidney.
The heron, when she soareth high, sheweth winds. Bacon.
2. It is now commonly pronounced hern.
The tow'ring hawk let future poets sing,
Who terror bears upon his soaring wing;
Let them on high the frighted hern survey,
And lofty numbers paint their airy fray. Gay.

HE’RONRY. n. s. [from heron; commonly pronounced hern­
ry.] A place where herons breed.

HE’RONSHAW. n. s. [from heron; commonly pronounced hern­
ry.] A place where herons breed.
They carry their load to a large heronry above three miles.
Derham's Physico-Thelogy.

HE’RPES. n. s. [ἕϱπις.] A cutaneous inflammation of two
kinds: miliaris, or pistularis, which is like millet-seed upon
the skin; and exedens, which is more corrosive and pene­
trating, so as to form little ulcers, if not timely taken care
of. Quincy.
A farther progress towards acrimony maketh a herpes; and,
if the access of acrimony be very great, it maketh an herpes
exedens. Wiseman's Surgery.

HE’RRING. n. s. [hareng, French; Hæring, Saxon.] A small
sea-fish.
The coast is plentifully stored with round fish, pilchard,
herring, mackrel, and cod. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Buy my herring fresh. Swift.

HERS. pron. The female possessive used when it refers to a
substantive going before: as, this is her house, this house is
hers.
How came her eyes so bright? not with salt tears;
If so, my eyes are oftner wash'd than hers. Shakespeare.
Whom ill fate would ruin, it prefers;
For all the miserable are made hers. Waller.
I see her rowling eyes;
And panting, lo! the god, the god, she cries;
With words not hers, and more than human sound,
She makes th' obedient ghosts peep trembling through the
ground. Roscommon.

HERSE. n. s. [hersia, low Latin; supposed to come from
Herian, to praise.]
1. A temporary monument raised over a grave.
2. The carriage in which corpses are drawn to the grave.
When mourning nymphs attend their Daphnis' herse,
Who does not weep that reads the moving verse? Roscom.
Crowds of dead in decent pomp are born;
Their friends attend the herse, the next relations mourn.
Dryden's Virgil's Georg. b. iv.
On all the line a sudden vengeance waits,
And frequent herses shall besiege your gates. Pope.

To HERSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To put into an herse.
I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels
in her ear. O, would she were hers'd at my foot, and the
ducats in her coffin. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The Grecians spritefully drew from the darts the corse,
And hers'd it, bearing it to fleet. Chapman's Iliads.
The house is hers'd about with a black wood,
Which nods with many a heavy-headed tree:
Each flower's a pregnant poison, try'd and good;
Each herb a plague. Crashaw.

HERSELF. pronoun. The female personal pronoun, in the
oblique cases reciprocal.
The jealous o'er worn widow and herself,
Since that our brother dubb'd them gentlewomen,
Are mighty gossips in this monarchy. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The more she looks, the more her fears increase,
At nearer sight; and she's herself the less. Dryden.

HE’RSELIKE. adj. [herse and like.] Funereal; suitable to fu­
nerals.
Even in the Old Testament, if you listen to David's harp,
you shall hear as many herselike airs as carols. Bacon.

To HE’RY. v. a. [Herian, Saxon, to praise, to celebrate.] To
hallow; to regard as holy. Now no longer in use.
Thenot, now his the time of merrymake,
Nor Pan to hery, nor with love to play;
Like mirth in May is meetest for to make,
Or Summer shade, under the cocked hay. Spenser's Past.
Thenceforth it firmly was established,
And for Apollo's honour highly heried. Fairy Queen.
But were thy years green as now be mine,
Then wouldst thou learn to carol of love,
And hery with hymns thy lass's glove. Spenser.

HE’SITANCY. n. s. [from hesitate.] Dubiousness; uncertainty;
suspence.
The reason of my hesitancy about the air is, that I forgot to
try whether that liquor, which shot into crystals exposed to
the air, would not have done the like in a vessel accurately
stopped. Boyle.
Some of them reasoned without doubt or hesitancy, and lived
and died in such a manner as to shew that they believed their
own reasonings. Atterbury's Sermons.

To HE’SITATE. v. a. [hæsito, Latin; hesiter, French.] To be
doubtful; to delay; to pause; to make difficulty.
A spirit of revenge makes him curse the Grecians in the
seventh book, when they hesitate to accept Hector's chal­
lenge. Broome's Notes on the Iliad.
Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,
Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike;
Alike reserv'd to blame or to commend,
A tim'rous foe, and a suspicious friend. Pope.

HESITA’TION. n. s. [from hesitate.]
1. Doubt; uncertainty; difficulty made.
I cannot foresee the difficulties and hesitations of every one:
they will be more or fewer, according to the capacity of each
peruser. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Intermission of speech; want of volubility.
Many clergymen write in so diminutive a manner, with
such frequent blots and interlineations, that they are hardly
able to go on without perpetual hesitations. Swift.

HEST. n. s. [Hæst, Saxon.] Command; precept; injunction.
If thou be the most kind preserver
Of living wights, the sovereign lord of all,
How falls it then, that, with thy furious fervour,
Thou dost afflict the not deserver,
As him that doth thy lovely hests despise. Spenser.
Thou wast a spirit too delicate
To act her earthy and abhorr'd commands,
Refusing her grand hests. Shakespeare's Tempest.

HET

HE’TEROCLITE. n. s. [heteroclite, Fr. heteroclitum, Latin;
ἑτεϱὸς and ϰλίνω.]
1. Such nouns as vary from the common forms of declension,
by any redundancy, defect, or otherwise. Clarke's Lot. Gram.
The heteroclite nouns of the Latin should not be touched in
the first learning of the rudiments of the tongue. Watts.
2. Any thing or person deviating from the common rule.

HETEROCLI’TICAL. adj. [from heteroclite.] Deviating from
the common rule.
Of sins heteroclitical, and such as want either name or pre­
sident, there is oft times a sin, even in their histories.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HE’TERODOX. adj. [heterodoxe, French; ἕτερ and δόξα.]
Deviating from the established opinion; not orthodox.


Partiality may be observed in some to vulgar, in others to
heterodox tenets. Locke.

HE’TERODOX. n. s. An opinion peculiar.
Not only a simple heterodox, but a very hard paradox it will
seem, and of great absurdity, if we say attraction is unjustly
appropriated unto the loadstone. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HETEROGE’NEAL. adj. [heterogene, French; ἑτεϱος and γένος.]
Not of the same nature; not kindred.
Let the body adjacent and ambient be not commaterial,
but merely heterogeneal towards the body that is to be pre­
served: such are quicksilver and white amber to herbs and
flies. Bacon's Natural History.
The light, whose rays are all alike refrangible, I call sim­
ple, homogeneal, and similar; and that whose rays are some
more refrangible than others, I call compound, heterogeneal,
and dissimilar. Newton's Opt.

HETEROGENE’ITY. n. s. [heterogeneité, Fr. from heterogeneous.]
1. Opposition of nature; contrariety or dissimilitude of qualities.
2. Opposite or dissimilar part.
Guaiacum, burnt with an open fire in a chimney, is se­
questered into ashes and soot; whereas the same wood, dis­
tilled in a retort, does yield far other heterogeneities, and is
resolved into oil, spirit, vinegar, water and charcoal. Boyle.

HETEROGE’NEOUS. adj. [ἕτεϱος and γένος.] Not kindred;
opposite or dissimilar in nature.
I have with great care observed the condition of such hete­
rogeneous bodies, which I found immersed and included in the
mass of this sandstone. Woodward.

HETERO’SCIANS. n. s. [ἑτεϱος and σϰία.] Those whose sha­
dows fall only one way, as the shadows of us who live north
of the Tropick fall at noon always to the North.

To HEW. v. a. part. hewn or hewed. [Heawan, Saxon; hauwen,
Dutch.]
1. To cut with an edged instrument; to hack.
Upon the joint the lucky steel did light,
And made such way that hew'd it quite in twain. Spenser.
I had purpose
Once more to hew thy target from thy brawn,
Or lose my arm for't. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He was hewn in pieces by Hamilton's friends. Hayward.
One Vane was so grievously hewn, that many thousands have
died of less than half his hurts, whereof he was cured. Hayw.
2. To chop; to cut.
Scarce can I speak, my choler is so great:
Oh! I could hew up rocks, and fight with flint. Shakesp.
He from deep wells with engines water drew,
And us'd his noble hands the wood to hew. Dryd. Fables.
3. To sell, as with an ax.
He that depends
Upon your favours, swims with fins of lead,
And hews down oaks with rushes. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Brave followers, yonder stands the thorny wood,
Which, by the heav'n's assistance and your strength,
Must by the roots be hewn up yet ere night. Shakes. H. VI.
Yet shall the axe of justice hew him down,
And level with the root his lofty crown. Sandys.
He from the mountain hewing timber tall,
Began to build a vessel of huge bulk. Milton's Parad. Lost.
We'll force the gate where Marcus keeps his guard,
And hew down all that would oppose our passage. Addison.
4. To form or shape with an axe.
Thou hast hewed thee out a sepulchre here, as he that hewed
him out a sepulchre on high. Is. xxii. 16.
Nor is it so proper to hew out religious reformations by the
sword, as to polish them by fair and equal disputations. K. Ch.
This river rises in the very heart of the Alps, and has a long
valley that seems hewn out on purpose to give its waters a pas­
sage amidst so many rocks. Addison on Italy.
Next unto bricks are preferred the square hewn stone. Mort.
5. To form laboriously.
The gate was adamant; eternal frame!
Which, hew'd by Mars himself, from Indian quarries came,
The labour of a god. Dryden's Fables.
I now pass my days, not studious nor idle, rather polishing
old works than hewing out new. Pope to Swift.

HE’WER. n. s. [from hew.] One whose employment is to cut
wood or stone.
At the building of Solomon's temple there were fourscore
thousand hewers in the mountains. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HEX

HE’XAGON. n. s. [hexagone, French; ἕξ and γωνία.] A figure
of six sides or angles: the most capacious of all the figures that
can be added to each other without any interstice; and there­
fore the cells in honeycombs are of that form.

HEXA’GONAL. adj. [from hexagon.] Having six sides or cor­
ners.
As for the figures of crystal, it is for the most part hexago­
nal, or six-cornered. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Many of them shoot into regular figures; as crystal and
bastard diamonds into hexagonal. Ray on the Creation.

HEXA’GONY. n. s. [from hexagon.] A figure of six angles.
When I read in St. Ambrose of hexagonies, or sexangular
cellars of bees, did I therefore conclude that they were ma­
thematicians? Bramh. against Hobbs.

HEXA’METER. n. s. [ἕξ and μέτϱον.] A verse of six feet.
The Latin hexameter has more feet than the English he­
roick. Dryden.

HEXA’NGULAR. adj. [ἕξ and angulus, Latin.] Having six
corners.
Hexangular sprigs or shoots of crystal, of various sizes,
some clear, and others a little soiled. Woodward on Fossils.

HEXA’POD. n. s. [ἕξ and ϖόδες.] An animal with six feet.
I take those to have been the hexapods, from which the
greater sort of beetles come; for that sort of hexapods are eaten
in America. Ray on the Creation.

HEXA’STICK. n. s. [ἕξ and ϛίχος.] A poem of six lines.

HEY. interj. [from high.] An expression of joy, or mutual
exhortation; the contrary to the Latin hei.
Shadwell from the town retires,
To bless the wood with peaceful lyrick;
Then hey for praise and panegyrick. Prior.

HE’YDAY. interj. [for high day.] An expression of frolick and
exultation, and sometimes of wonder.
Thou'lt say anon he is some kin to thee,
Thou spend'st such heyday wit in praising him. Shakespeare.
'Twas a strange riddle of a lady,
Not love, if any lov'd her, heyday! Hudibras, p. i.

HE’YDAY. n. s. A frolick; wildness.
At your age
The heyday in the blood is tame, it's humble,
And waits upon the judgment. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

HE’YDEGIVES. n. s. A wild frolick dance.
But friendly fairys met with many graces,
And light-foot nymphs can chase the ling'ring night
With heydegives, and trimly trodden traces. Spenser.

HIA’TION. n. s. [from hio, Latin.] The act of gaping.
Men observing the continual hiation, or holding open its
mouth, conceive the intention thereof to receive the aliment
of air; but this is also occasioned by the greatness of the
lungs. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HIA’TUS. n. s. [hiatus, Latin.]
1. An aperture; a breach.
Those hiatus's are at the bottom of the sea, whereby the
abyss below open into and communicates with it. Woodward.
2. The opening of the mouth by the succession of an initial to
a final vowel.
The hiatus should be avoided with more care in poetry than
in oratory; and I would try to prevent it, unless where the
cutting it off is more prejudicial to the sound than the hiatus
itself. Pope.

HIBE’RNAL. adj. [hibernus, Latin.] Belonging to the Winter.
This star should rather manifest its warming power in the
Winter, when it remains conjoined with the sun in its hiber­
nal conversion. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HICCIUS DOCCIUS. n. s. [corrupted, I fancy, from hic est
doctus, this or here is the learned man. Used by jugglers
of themselves.] A cant word for a juggler; one that plays
fast and loose.
An old dull sot, who told the clock
For many years at Bridewell dock,
At Westminster and Hicks's hall,
And hiccius doccius play'd in all;
Where, in all governments and times,
H' had been both friend and foe to crimes. Hudibras, p. iii.

HICCO’UGH. n. s. [hicken, Danish.] A convulsion of the sto­
mach producing sobs.
So by an abbey's skeleton of late
I heard an eccho supererogate
Through imperfection, and the voice restore,
As if she had the hiccough o'er and o'er. Cleaveland.
Sneezing cureth the hiccough, and is profitable unto women
in hard labour. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If the stomach be hurt, singultus or hiccough follows, with
vomiting and nausea. Wiseman's Surgery.

To HI’CCOUGH. v. n. [from the noun.] To sob with con­
vulsion of the stomach.

To HI’CKUP. v. n. [corrupted from hiccough.] To sob with a
convulsed stomach.
Quoth he, to bid me not to love,
Is to forbid my pulse to move,
My beard to grow, my ears to prick up,
Or, when I'm in a fit, to hickup. Hudibras, p. ii.

HI’CKWALL. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

HI’CKWAY. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

HID

HID. part. pass. of hide. HI’DDEN. part. pass. of hide.
Thus fame shall be atchiev'd, renown on earth;
And what most merits fame, in silence hid. Milton.
Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;
God said, let Newton be, and all was light. Pope's Epist.

To HIDE. v. a. preter. hid; part. pass. hid or hidden. [Hidan,
Saxon.] To conceal; to withold or withdraw from sight or
knowledge.
Avaunt, and quit my sight; let the earth hide thee! Shak.


His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels
of chaff. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Nile hears him knocking at his sev'nfold gates,
And seeks his hidden spring, and fears his nephews fates. Dr.
Thus the sire of gods and men below:
What I have hidden, hope not thou to know. Dryden.
The sev'ral parts lay hidden in the piece;
Th' occasion but exerted that, or this. Dryden.
Then for my corps a homely grave provide,
Which love and me from publick scorn may hide. Dryden.
Seas hid with navies, chariots passing o'er
The channel, on a bridge from shore to shore. Dryden.
With what astonishment and veneration may we look into
our own souls, where there are such hidden stores of virtue and
knowledge, such inexhausted sources of perfection? Addison.
The crafty being makes a much longer voyage than Ulysses,
puts in practice many more wiles, and hides himself under a
greater variety of shapes. Addison.
Hell trembles at the sight, and hides its head
In utmost darkness, while on earth each heart
Is filled with peace. Rowe's Royal Convert.

To HIDE. v. n. To lye hid; to be concealed.
A fox, that had been hard run, begged of a countryman, at
work in a wood, to help him to some hiding place. L'Estrange.
Our bolder talents in full view display'd;
Your virtues open fairest in the shade:
Bred to disguise, in publick 'tis you hide,
Where none distinguish 'twixt your shame and pride,
Weakness or delicacy. Pope.

HIDE and SEEK. n. s. A play in which some hide themselves,
and another seeks them.
The boys and girls would venture to come and play at hide
and seek in my hair. Gulliver's Travels.

HIDE. n. s. [Hythe, Saxon; haude, Dutch.]
1. The skin of any animal, either raw or dressed.
The trembling weapon past
Through nine bull hides, each under other plac'd
On his broad shield. Dryden.
Pisistratus was first to grasp their hands,
And spread soft hides upon the yellow sands. Pope's Odyssey.
2. The human skin: in contempt.
Oh, tyger's heart, wrapt in a woman's hide!
How could'st thou drain the life-blood of the child? Shakes.
His mantle, now his hide, with rugged hairs
Cleaves to his back; a famish'd face he bears. Dryden.
3. A certain quantity of land. [Hide, hyde, French; hida, bar­
barous Latin, as much as one plough can till.] Ainsworth.
One of the first things was the perfecting of the Winchester
book, being a more particular inquisition than had been before
of every hide of land within the precincts of his conquest,
and how they were holden. Wotton.

HIDEBOU’ND. adj. [hide and bound.]
1. A horse is said to be hidebound when his skin sticks so hard
to his ribs and back, that you cannot with your hand pull up
or loosen the one from the other. It sometimes comes by
poverty and bad keeping; at other times from over-riding, or
a surfeit. Farriers Dict.
2. [In trees.] Being in the state in which the bark will not give
way to the growth.
A root of a tree may be hidebound, but it will not keep open
without somewhat put into it. Bacon's Natural History.
Like stinted hidebound trees, that just have got
Sufficient sap at once to bear and rot. Swift.
3. Harsh; untractable.
And still the harsher and hidebounder,
The damsels prove, become the fonder. Hudibras, p. ii.
4. Niggardly; penurious; parsimonious. Ainsworth.

HI’DEOUS. adj. [hideux, French.] Horrible; dreadful;
shocking.
If he could have turned himself to as many forms as Pro­
teus, every form should have been made hideous. Sidney, b. ii.
Thou echo'st me,
As if there were some monster in thy thoughts,
Too hideous to be shewn. Shakespeare's Othello.
I fled, and cry'd out death!
Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sigh'd
From all her caves, and back resounded death. Milton.
Her eyes grew stiffen'd, and with sulphur burn;
Her hideous looks and hellish form return;
Her curling snakes with hissings fill the place,
And open all the furies of her face. Dryden's Æn.
'Tis forced through the hiatus's at the bottom of the sea with
such vehemence, that it puts the sea into the most horrible dis­
order, making it rage and roar with a most hideous and
amazing noise. Woodward's Natural History.

HI’DEOUSLY. adv. [from hideous.] Horribly; dreadfully; in
a manner that shocks.
I arm myself
To welcome the condition of the time;
Which cannot look more hideously on me,
Than I have drawn it in my fantasy. Shakesp. Henry IV.
This, in the present application, is hideously profane; but
the sense is intelligible. Collier's Defence.

HI’DEOUSNESS. n. s. [from hideous.] Horribleness; dreadful­
ness; terrour.

HI’DER. n. s. [from the verb.] He that hides.

HIE

To HIE. v. n. [Hiegan, Saxon.]
1. To hasten; to go in haste.
When they had mark'd the changed skies,
They wist their hour was spent; then each to rest him hies.
Fairy Queen, b. ii. cant. 2.
In a fair moon-shine night thither he hieth to dig it up.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
My will is even this,
That presently you hie you home to bed. Shakespeare.
Well, I will hie,
And so bestow these papers as you bade me. Shak. Ju. Cæs.
Some to the shores do fly,
Some to the woods, or whither fear advis'd;
But running from, all to destruction hie. Daniel's Civ. War.
The snake no sooner hist,
But virtue heard it, and away she hy'd. Crashaw.
Thither, full fraught with mischievous revenge,
Accurs'd, and in a cursed hour, he hies. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Thus he advis'd me, on yon aged tree
Hang up thy lute, and hie thee to the sea. Waller.
The youth, returning to his mistress, hies. Dryden.
2. It was anciently used with the reciprocal pronoun. It is now
almost obsolete in all its uses.
Auster spy'd him;
Cruel Auster thither hy'd him. Crashaw.

HI’ERARCH. n. s. [ἵεϱ and ἀϱχὴ; hierarque, Fr.] The
chief of a sacred order.
Angels, by imperial summons call'd,
Forthwith from all the ends of heav'n appear'd,
Under their hierarchs in orders bright. Milt. Parad. Lost.

HIERA’RCHICAL. adj. [hierarchique, French; from hierarch.]
Belonging to sacred or ecclesiastical government.

HI’ERARCHY. n. s. [hierarchie, French, from hierarch.]
1. A sacred government; rank or subordination of holy beings.
Out of the hierarchies of angels sheen,
The gentle Gabriel call'd he from the rest. Fairfax, b. i.
He rounds the air, and breaks the hymnick notes
In birds, heav'n's choristers, organick throats;
Which, if they did not die, might seem to be
A tenth rank in the heavenly hierarchy. Donne.
These the supreme king
Exalted to such pow'r, and gave to rule,
Each in his hierarchy, the orders bright. Milton's Par. Lost.
Jehova, from the summit of the sky,
Environ'd with his winged hierarchy,
The world survey'd. Sandys.
The blessedest of mortal wights, now questionless the high­
est saint in the celestial hierarchy, began to be so importuned,
that a great part of the divine liturgy was addressed solely to
her. Howel's Vocal Forest.
2. Ecclesiastical establishment.
The presbytery had more sympathy with the discipline of
Scotland than the hierarchy of England. Bacon.
While the old levitical hierarchy continued, it was part of
the ministerial office to flay the sacrifices. South.
Consider what I have written, from regard for the church
established under the hierarchy of bishops. Swift.

HIEROGLY’PH. n. s. [hieroglyphe, French; ἱεϱὸς, sacred,
and γλύφω, to carve.]

HIEROGLY’PHICK. n. s. [hieroglyphe, French; ἱεϱὸς, sacred,
and γλύφω, to carve.]
1. An emblem; a figure by which a word was implied. Hiero­
glyphicks were used before the alphabet was invented.
This hieroglyphick of the Egyptians was erected for parental
affection, manifested in the protection of her young ones,
when her nest was set on fire. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A lamp amongst the Egyptians is the hieroglyphick of life.
Wilkins's Dædalus.
The first writing they used was only the single pictures and
gravings of the things they would represent, which way of
expression was afterwards called hieroglyphick. Woodward.
Between the statues obelisks were plac'd,
And the learn'd walls with hieroglyphicks grac'd. Pope.
2. The art of writing in picture.
No brute can endure the taste of strong liquor, and conse­
quently it is against all the rules of hieroglyph to assign those
animals as patrons of punch. Swift.

HIEROGLY’PHICAL. adj. [hieroglyphique, French; from the
noun.] Emblematical; expressive of
some meaning beyond what immediately appears.

HIEROGLY’PHICK. adj. [hieroglyphique, French; from the
noun.] Emblematical; expressive of
some meaning beyond what immediately appears.
In this place stands a stately hieroglyphical obelisk of Theban
marble. Sandys's Travels.
Th' Egyptian serpent figures time,
And, stripp'd, returns into his prime;
If my affection thou would'st win,
First cast thy hieroglyphick skin. Cleaveland.
The original of the conceit was probably hieroglyphical,
which after became mythological, and, by a process of tradi­


tion, stole into a total verity, which was but partly true in its
morality. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HIEROGLY’PHICALLY. adv. [from hieroglyphical.] Emblema­
tically.
Others have spoken emblematically and hieroglyphically as
the Egyptians, and the phœnix was the hieroglyphick of
the sun. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HIERO’GRAPHY. n. s. [ἱεϱὸς and γϱάφω.] Holy writing.

HIE’ROPHANT. n. s. [ἱεϱοφάνης.] One who teaches rules of
religion; a priest.
Herein the wantonness of poets, and the crafts of their
heathenish priests and hierophants, abundantly gratified the fan­
cies of the people. Hales's Origin of Mankind.

HIG

To HI’GGLE. v. n. [of uncertain etymology; probably cor­
rupted from haggle.]
1. To chaffer; to be penurious in a bargain.
In good offices and due retributions we may not be pinch­
ing and niggardly: it argues an ignoble mind, where we have
wronged, to higgle and dodge in the amends. Hale.
Base thou art!
To higgle thus for a few blows,
To gain thy knight an op'lent spouse. Hudibras, p. ii.
Why all this higgling with thy friend about such a paultry
sum? Does this become the generosity of the noble and rich
John Bull? Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. To go selling provisions from door to door. This seems the
original meaning.

HIGGLEDY-PIGGELDY. adv. A cant word, corrupted from
higgle, which denotes any confused mass, as higglers carry a
huddle of provisions together.

HI’GGLER. n. s. [from higgle.] One who sells provisions by
retail.

HIGH. adj. [HeaH, Saxon; hoogh, Dutch.]
1. Long upwards; rising above from the surface, or from the
centre.
They that stand high have many blasts to shake them,
And, if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces. Sh. R. III.
Their andes, or mountains, were far higher than those with
us; whereby the remnants of the generation of men were, in
such a particular deluge, saved. Bacon, Essay 59.
The higher parts of the earth being continually spending,
and the lower continually gaining, they must of necessity at
length come to an equality. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Elevated in place; raised aloft.
High o'er their heads a mould'ring rock is plac'd,
That promises a fall, and shakes at ev'ry blast. Dryd. Æn.
Reason elevates our thoughts as high as the stars, and leads
us through the vast spaces of this mighty fabrick; yet it comes
far short of the real extent of even corporeal being. Locke.
3. Exalted in nature.
4. Elevated in rank or condition: as, high priest.
O mortals! blind in fate, who never know
To bear high fortune, or endure the low. Dryden's Æn.
5. Exalted in sentiment.
Solomon liv'd at ease, nor aimed beyond
Higher design than to enjoy his state. Milton.
6. Difficult; abstruse.
They meet to hear, and answer such high things. Shakesp.
7. Boastful; ostentatious.
His forces, after all the high discourses, amounted really
but to eighteen hundred foot. Clarendon, b. viii.
8. Arrogant; proud; lofty.
The governor made himself merry with his high and threat­
ning language, and sent him word he would neither give nor
receive quarter. Clarendon, b. viii.
9. Severe; oppressive.
When there appeareth on either side an high hand, violent
prosecution, cunning advantages taken, and combination,
then is the virtue of a judge seen. Bacon.
10. Noble; illustrious.
Trust me, I am exceeding weary.
——Is it come to that? I had thought, weariness durst not
have attacked so high blood.—It doth me, though it discolours
the complection of my greatness to acknowledge it. Shakesp.
He wooes both high and low, both rich and poor. Shakes.
11. Violent; tempestuous; loud. Applied to the wind.
More ships in calms on a deceitful coast,
Or unseen rocks, than in high storms are lost. Denham.
Spiders cannot easily weave their nets in a high wind.
Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
At length the winds are rais'd, the storm blows high;
Be it your care, my friends, to keep it up
In its full fury. Addison's Cato.
12. Tumultuous; turbulent; ungovernable.
Not only tears
Rain'd at their eyes, but high winds worse within,
Began to rise; high passions, anger,
Mistrust, suspicion, discord, hate, shook sore
Their inward state of mind. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Can heav'nly minds such high resentment show,
Or exercise their spight in human woe? Dryden's Æn.
13. Full; complete.
High time now 'gan it wax for Una fair,
To think of those her captive parents dear. Fairy Queen.
Sweet warriour, when shall I have peace with you.
High time it is this war now ended were. Spenser.
It was high time to do so; for it was now certain, that forces
were already upon their march towards the West. Clarendon.
It was high time for the lords to look about them. Clarend.
14. Strong tasted; gustful.
Solomon liv'd at ease, and full
Of honour, wealth, high fare, aim'd not beyond
Higher design than to enjoy his state. Milt. Parad. Lost.
High sauces and rich spices are fetched from the Indies.
Baker's Reflections on Learning.
15. Advancing in latitude from the line.
They are forced to take their course either high to the North,
or low to the South. Abbot's Description of the World.
16. At the most perfect state; in the meridian: as, by the sun it
is high noon.
It is yet high day, neither is it time that the cattle should
be gathered. Gen. xxix. 7.
17. Far advanced into antiquity.
The nominal observation of the several days of the week,
is very high, and as old as the ancient Egyptians, who named
the same according to the seven planets. Brown's Vulgar Err.
18. Dear; exorbitant in price.
If they must be good at so high a rate, they know they may
be safe at a cheaper. South's Sermons.
19. Capital; great; opposed to little: as, high treason, in op­
position to petty.

HIGH. n. s. High place; elevation; superiour region.
Which when the king of gods beheld from high,
He sigh'd. Dryden.

On HIGH. Aloft; above; into superiour regions.
Wide is the fronting gate, and rais'd on high,
With adamantine columns threats the sky. Dryden's Æn.

HIGH is much used in composition with variety of meaning.

HIGH-BLE’ST. adj. Supremely happy.
The good which we enjoy from heav'n descends;
But that from us ought should ascend to heav'n
So prevalent, as to concern the mind
Of God high-blest, or to incline his will,
Hard to belief may seem. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.

HI’GH-BLOWN. Swelled much with wind; much inflated.
I have ventur'd,
Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders,
These many Summers on a sea of glory;
But far beyond my depth: my high-blown pride
At length broke under me, and now has left me,
Weary, and old with service, to the mercy
Of a rude stream, that must for ever hide me. Sh. H. VIII.

HI’GH-BORN. Of noble extraction.
Cast round your eyes
Upon the high-born beauties of the court;
There chuse some worthy partner of your heart. Rowe.

HI’GH-BUILT. adj.
1. Of losty structure.
I know him by his stride,
The giant Harapha of Gath; his look
Haughty as is his pile, high-built and proud. Milt. Agonistes.
2. Covered with lofty buildings.
In dreadful wars
The high-built elephant his castle rears,
Looks down on man below, and strikes the stars. Creech.

HIGH-CO’LOURED. Having a deep or glaring colour.
If a fever happens in a rancid oily state of blood, it pro­
duces a scorbutick fever, with high-coloured urine, and spots in
the skin. Floyer on the Humours.

HIGH-DESI’GNING. Having great schemes.
His warlike mind, his soul devoid of fear,
His high-designing thoughts were figur'd there. Dryden.

HIGH-FE’D. Pampered.
A favourite mule, high-fed, and in the pride of flesh and
metal, would still be bragging of his family. L'Estrange.

HIGH-FLA’MING. Throwing the flame to a great height.
Hecatombs of bulls to Neptune slain,
High-flaming, please the monarch of the main. Pope.

HIGH-FLI’ER. n. s. One that carries his opinions to extra­
vagance.
She openly professeth herself to be a high-flier; and it is not
improbable she may also be a papist at heart. Swift.

HI’GH-FLOWN. adj. [high and flown, from fly.]
1. Elevated; proud.
This stiff-neckt pride nor art nor force can bend,
Nor high-flown hopes to reason's lure descend. Denham.
2. Turgid; extravagant.
This fable is a high-flown hyperbole upon the miseries of
marriage. L'Estrange.

HIGH-FLY’ING. Extravagant in claims or opinions.
Clip the wings
Of their high-flying arbitrary kings. Dryd. Virgil.

HIGH-HE’APED. adj.
1. Covered with high piles.


The plenteous board high-heap'd with cates divine,
And o'er the foaming bowl the laughing wine. Pope.
2. Raised into high piles.
I saw myself the vast unnumber'd store
Of brass, high-heap'd amidst the regal dome. Pope's Odyssey.

HIGH-HE’ELED. Having the heel of the shoe much raised.
By these embroider'd high-heel'd shoes,
She shall be caught as in a noose. Swift.

HI’GH-HUNG. Hung aloft.
By the high-hung taper's light,
I could discern his cheeks were glowing red. Dryden.

HIGH-ME’TTLED. Proud or ardent of spirit.
He fails not in these to keep a stiff rein on a high-mettled
Pegasus; and takes care not to surfeit here, as he had done on
other heads, by an erroneous abundance. Garth.

HIGH-MI’NDED. Proud; arrogant.
My breast I'll burst with straining of my courage,
But I will chastise this high-minded strumpet. Shakes. H. VI.
Because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou standest
by faith: be not high-minded, but fear. Rom. ii. 20.

HIGH-PRI’NCIPLED. Extravagant in notions of politicks.
This seems to be the political creed of all the high-principled
men I have met with. Swift.

HIGH-RE’D. Deeply red.
Oil of turpentine, though clear as water, being digested
upon the purely white sugar of lead, has in a short time af­
forded a high-red tincture. Boyle on Colours.

HIGH-SE’ASONED. Piquant to the palate.
Be sparing also of salt in the seasoning of all his victuals,
and use him not to high-seasoned meats. Locke.

HIGH-SI’GHTED. Always looking upwards.
Let high-sighted tyranny range on,
'Till each man drop by lottery;
But if these countrymen bear fire enough,
What need we any spur but our own cause? Shakespeare.

HIGH-SPI’RITED. Bold; daring; insolent.

HIGH-STO’MACHED. Obstinate; lofty.
High-stomach'd are they both, and full of ire;
In rage, deaf as the sea, hasty as fire. Shakespeare.

HIGH-TA’STED. Gustful; piquant.
Flatt'ry still in sugar'd words betrays,
And poison in high-tasted meats conveys. Denham.

HIGH-VI’CED. Enormously wicked.
Be as a planetary plague, when Jove
Will o'er some high-vic'd city hang his poison
In the sick air. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.

HI’GH-WROUGHT. Accurately finished; nobly laboured.
Thou triumph'st, victor of the high-wrought day,
And the pleas'd dame, soft smiling, lead'st away. Pope.

HI’GHLAND. n. s. [high and land.] Mountainous region.
The wond'ring moon
Beholds her brother's steeds beneath her own;
The highlands smoak'd, cleft by the piercing rays. Addison.
Ladies in the highlands of Scotland use this discipline to
their children in the midst of Winter, and find that cold wa­
ter does them no harm. Locke.

HIGHLA’NDER. n. s. [from highland.] An inhabitant of
mountains.
His cabinet council of highlanders. Addison.

HI’GHLY. adv. [from high.]
1. With elevation as to place and situation.
2. In a great degree.
Whatever expedients can allay those heats, which break us
into different factions, cannot but be useful to the publick,
and highly tend to its safety. Addison's Freeholder.
It cannot but be highly requisite for us to support and en­
liven our faith, by dwelling often on the same considerations.
Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Proudly; arrogantly; ambitiously.
What thou wouldst highly,
That thou wouldst holily; wouldst not play false,
And yet wouldst wrongly win. Shakesp. Macbeth.
4. With esteem; with estimation.
Every man that is among you, not to think of himself
more highly than he ought to think. Rom. xii. 3.

HI’GHMOST. adj. [An irregular word.] Highest; topmost.
Now is the sun upon the highmost hill
Of this day's journey; and from nine 'till twelve,
Is three long hours. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

HI’GHNESS. n. s. [from high.]
1. Elevation above the surface.
2. The title of princes, anciently of kings.
Most royal majesty,
I crave no more than that your highness offer'd. Shakespeare.
How long in vain had nature striv'd to frame
A perfect princess, ere her highness came? Waller.
Beauty and greatness are eminently joined in your royal
highness. Dryden.
3. Dignity of nature; supremacy.
Destruction from God was a terrour to me, and by reason
of his highness I could not endure. Job xxxi. 23.

HIGHT. [This is an imperfect verb, used only in the preterite
tense with a passive signification: Hatan, to call, Saxon; hessen,
to be called, German.]
1. Was named; was called.
The city of the great king hight it well,
Wherein eternal peace and happiness doth dwell. Fa. Queen.
Within this homestead liv'd, without a peer
For crowing loud, the noble Chanticleer,
So hight her cock. Dryden's Nun's Priest.
2. It is sometimes used as a participle passive, and signifies called;
named. It is now obsolete, except in burlesque writings.
Amongst the rest a good old woman was,
Hight mother Hubberd. Hubberd's Tale.

HIGHWA’TER. n. s. [high and water.] The utmost flow of the
tide.
They have a good way in Essex of draining of lands that
lie below the highwater, and that are something above the low­
water mark. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HIGHWA’Y. n. s. [high and way.] Great road; publick path.
So few there be
That chuse the narrow path, or seek the right:
All keep the broad highway, and take delight
With many rather for to go astray. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Two inscriptions give a great light to the histories of Appius,
who made the highway, and of Fabius the dictator. Addison.
Ent'ring on a broad highway,
Where power and titles scatter'd lay,
He strove to pick up all he found. Swift.
I could mention more trades we have lost, and are in the
highway to lose. Child on Trade.

HI’GHWAYMAN. n. s. [highway and man.] A robber that plun­
ders on the publick roads.
'Tis like the friendship of pickpockets and highwaymen,
that observe strict justice among themselves. Bentley's Sermons.
A remedy like that of giving my money to an high­
wayman before he attempts to take it by force, to prevent
the sin of robbery. Swift.

HI’GLAPER. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

HIL

HILA’RITY. n. s. [hilaritas, Latin.] Merriment; gayety.
Averroes restrained his hilarity, and made no more thereof
than Seneca commendeth, and was allowable in Cato; that is,
a sober incalescence from wine. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HILD, in Ælrick's grammar, is interpreted a lord or lady: so
Hildebert is a noble lord; Mahtild, an heroick lady; and in
the same sense is Wiga also found. Gib. Camden.

HI’LDING. n. s. [Hild, Saxon, signifies a lord: perhaps hilding
means originally a little lord in contempt, for a man that has
only the delicacy or bad qualities of high rank; or a term of re­
proach abbreviated from hinderling, degenerate. Hughes's Spens.]
1. A sorry, paltry, cowardly fellow.
He was some hilding fellow, that had stol'n
The horse he rode on. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
If your lordship find him not a hilding, hold me no more in
your respect. Shakes. All's well that ends well.
You are curb'd from that enlargement by
The consequence o' th' crown, and must not foil
The precious note of it with a base slave,
A hilding for a livery, a squire's cloth. Shak. Cymbeline.
This idle toy, this hilding scorns my power,
And sets us all at naught. Rowe's Jane Shore.
2. It is used likewise for a mean woman.
Laura, to his lady, was but a kitchen wench;
Helen and Hero, hildings and harlots. Shak. Rom. and Jul.

HILL. n. s. [Hil, Saxon.] An elevation of ground less than a
mountain.
My sheep are thoughts, which I both guide and serve;
Their pasture is fair hills of fruitless love. Sidney, b. ii.
Jerusalem is seated on two hills,
Of height unlike, and turned side to side. Fairfax.
Three sides are sure imbar'd with crags and hills,
The rest is easy, scant to rise espy'd;
But mighty bulkwarks fence the plainer part:
So art helps nature, nature strengtheneth art. Fairfax, b. iii.
When our eye some prospect would pursue,
Descending from a hill, looks round to view. Granville.
A hill is nothing but the nest of some metal or mineral,
which, by a plastick virtue, and the efficacy of subterranean
fires, converting the adjacent earths into their substance, do
increase and grow. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

HI’LLOCK. n. s. [from hill.] A little hill.
Yet weigh this, alas! great is not great to the greater:
What, judge you, doth a hillock show by the lofty Olympus!
Sidney, b. i.
Sometime walking not unseen
By hedge-row elms, on hillocks green. Milton.
This mountain, and a few neighbouring hillocks that lie
scattered about the bottom of it, is the whole circuit of these
dominions. Addison on Italy.

HI’LLY. adj. [from hill.] Full of hills; unequal in the sur­
face.
Towards the hilly corners of Druina remain yet her very
Aborigenes, fatally thrust amongst an assembly of mountains.
Howel's Vocal Forrest.


Climbing to a hilly steep,
He views his herds in vales afar. Dryden.
Lo! how the Norick plains
Rise hilly, with large piles of slaughter'd knights. Phillips.
Hilly countries afford the most entertaining prospects, tho'
aman would chuse to travel through a plain one. Addison.

HILT. n. s. [Hilt, Saxon, from Healdan, to hold.] The handle
of any thing, particularly of a sword.
Now sits expectation in the air,
And hides a sword from hilt unto the point,
With crowns imperial; crowns and coronets,
Promis'd to Harry and his followers. Shakesp. Henry V.
Take thou the hilt,
And when my face is cover'd, as 'tis now,
Guide thou the sword. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Be his this sword, whose blade of brass displays
A ruddy gleam; whose hilt, a silver blaze. Pope's Odyssey.

HIM. [Him, Saxon.]
1. The oblique case of he.
Me he restored unto my office, and him he hanged. Gen. xli.
2. Him was anciently used for it in a neutral sense.

HI’MSELF. pron. [him and self.]
1. In the nominative the same as he, only more emphatical.
It was a sparing speech of the ancients to say, that a friend
is another himself; for that a friend is far more than him­
self. Bacon.
With shame remembers, while himself was one
Of the same herd, himself the same had done. Denham.
2. In ancient authors it is used neutrally for itself.
She is advanc'd
Above the clouds as high as heav'n himself. Shakespeare.
3. In the oblique cases it has a reciprocal signification.
I perceive it was not altogether your brother's evil disposi­
tion made him seek his death; but a provoking merit, set
awork by a reproveable badness in himself. Shakesp. K. Lear.
4. It is sometimes not reciprocal.
Nothing in nature can so peculiarly gratify the noble dispo­
sitions of humanity, as for one man to see another so much
himself as to sigh his griefs, and groan his pains, to sing his
joys, and do and feel every thing by sympathy. South.

HIN

HIN. n. s. [חן.] A measure of liquids among Jews, con­
taining about ten pints.
With the one lamb a tenth deal of flour, mingled with the
fourth part of an hin of beaten oil. Ex. xxix. 40.

HIND. adj. compar. hinder; superl. hindmost. [Hyndan, Saxon.]
Backward; contrary in position to the face: as, hind legs. See
HINDER and HINDMOST.
Bringing its tail to its head, it bends its back so far 'till its
head comes to touch its hind part, and so with its armour ga­
thers itself into a ball. Ray on the Creation.
The stag
Hears his own feet, and thinks they sound like more,
And fears his hind legs will o'ertake his fore. Pope.

HIND. n. s. [Hinde, Saxon, from hinnus, Latin.]
1. The she to a stag; the female of red deer.
How he slew, with glancing dart amiss,
A gentle hind, the which the lovely boy
Did love as life. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Can'st thou mark when the hinds do calve? Job xxxix. 1.
Nor Hercules more lands or labours knew,
Not though the brazen-footed hind he slew. Dryden's Æn.
2. [Hine, Saxon.] A servant.
A couple of Ford's knaves, his hinds, were called forth by
their mistress, to carry me in the name of foul cloaths to
Datchet-lane. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. [Hineman, Saxon.] A peasant; a boor; a mean rustick.
The Dutch, who came like greedy hinds before,
To reap the harvest their ripe ears did yield,
Now look like those, when rolling thunders roar,
And sheets of lightning blast the standing field. Dryden.
He cloth'd himself in coarse array,
A lab'ring hind in shew. Dryden's Fables.

HINDRE’RRIES. n. s. The same as raspberries. Ainsworth.

To HI’NDER. v. a. [Hindrian, Saxon.] To obstruct; to stop;
to let; to impede.
Hinder me not, seeing the Lord hath prospered my way.
Gen. xxiv. 56.
The whole world shined with clear light, and none were
hindered in their labour. Wisd. xvii. 20.
You minimus of hindring knot-grass made;
You bead, you acorn. Shakespeare's Mids. Night's Dream.
If the alms were hindered only by intreaty, the hinderer is
not tied to restitution, because intreaty took not liberty away
from the giver. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
This objection hinders not but that the heroick action of
some commander, enterprised for the Christian cause, and exe­
cuted happily, may be written. Dryden's Juv. Dedicat.
What hinders younger brothers, being fathers of families,
from having the same right? Locke.

HI’NDER. adj. [from hind.] That which is in a position con­
trary to that of the face.
These beasts, fighting with any man, stand upon their hinder
feet, and so this did, being ready to give me a shrewd em­
bracement. Sidney, b. i.
As the hinder feet of the horse stuck to the mountain, while
the body reared up in the air, the poet with great difficulty
kept himself from sliding off his back. Addison's Guardian.

HI’NDERANCE. n. s. [from hinder.] Impediment; let; stop;
obstruction.
False opinions, touching the will of God to have things
done, are wont to bring forth mighty and violent practices
against the hinderances of them, and those practices new opi­
nions more pernicious than the first; yea, most extremely
sometimes opposite to the first. Hooker, Preface.
They must be in every Christian church the same, except
mere impossibility of so having it be the hinderance. Hooker.
What hinderance have they been to the knowledge of what
is well done? Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Have we not plighted each our holy oath,
One soul should both inspire, and neither prove
His fellow's hind'rance in pursuit of love? Dryden.
He must conquer all these difficulties, and remove all these
hinderances out of the way that leads to justice. Atterbury.

HI’NDERER. n. s. [from hinder.] He or that which hinders
or obstructs.
Brakes, great hinderers of all plowing, grow. May.

HI’NDERLING. n. s. [from hind or hinder.] A paltry, worth­
less, degenerate animal.

HI’NDERMOST. adj. [This word seems to be less proper than
hindmost.] Hindmost; last; in the rear.
He put the handmaids and their children foremost, and Leah
and her children after, and Rachel and Joseph hindermost. Gen.
Like to an enter'd tide, they all rush by,
And leave you hindermost. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.

HI’NDMOST. adj. [hind and most.] The last; the lag; that
which comes in the rear.
'Tis not his wont to be the hindmost man,
Whate'er occasion keeps him from us now. Shakesp. H. VI.
He met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee,
even all that were feeble behind. Deutr. xxv. 18.
Let him retire, betwixt two ages cast,
The first of this, and hindmost of the last,
A losing gamester. Dryden's Aurengz. Prologue.
The race by vigour, not by vaunts is won;
So take the hindmost, hell—he said, and run. Pope.

HINGE. n. s. [or hingle, from hangle or hang.]
1. Joints upon which a gate or door turns.
At the gate
Of heav'n arriv'd, the gate self-open'd wide,
On golden hinges turning. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Then from the hinge their strokes the gates divorce,
And where the way they cannot find, they force. Denham.
Heav'n's imperious queen shot down from high;
At her approach the brazen hinges fly,
The gates are forc'd. Dryden's Æn.
2. The cardinal points of the world, East, West, North, and
South.
If when the moon is in the hinge at East,
The birth breaks forward from its native rest;
Full eighty years, if you two years abate,
This station gives. Creech's Manilius.
And these being hinges of the world, create
New powers in stars. Creech's Manilius.
3. A governing rule or principle.
The other hinge of punishment might turn upon a law,
whereby all men, who did not marry by the age of five and
twenty, should pay the third part of their revenue. Temple.
4. To be off the HINGES. To be in a state of irregularity and
disorder.
The man's spirit is out of order and off the hinges; and
'till that be put into its right frame, he will be perpetually dis­
quieted. Tillotson, Sermon 4.

To HINGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with hinges.
2. To bend as an hinge.
Be thou a flatt'rer now, and hinge thy knee;
And let his very breath, whom thou'lt observe,
Blow off thy cap. Shakes. Timon of Athens.

To HINT. v. a. [enter, French. Skinner.] To bring to mind
by a slight mention or remote allusion; to mention imper­
fectly.
Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,
Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike. Pope.
In waking whispers, and repeated dreams,
To hint pure thought, and warn the favour'd soul. Thomson.

To HINT. at. To allude to; to touch slightly upon.
Speaking of Augustus's actions, he still remembers that agri­
culture ought to be some way hinted at throughout the whole
poem. Addison on the Georgicks.

HINT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Faint notice given to the mind; remote allusion; distant in­
sinuation.


Let him strictly observe the first stirrings and intimations,
the first hints and whispers of good and evil, that pass in his
heart. South's Sermons.
2. Suggestion; intimation.
On this hint I spake,
She lov'd me for the dangers I had past. Shakes. Othello.
Actions are so full of circumstances, that, as men observe
some parts more than others, they take different hints, and
put different interpretations on them. Addison's Spectator.

HIP. n. s. [Hype, Saxon.]
1. The joint of the thigh; the fleshy part of the thigh.
How now, which of your hips has the most profound
sciatica. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
Hippocrates affirmeth of the Scythians, that, using conti­
nual riding, they were generally molested with the sciatica,
or hip gout. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
So shepherds use
To set the same mark on the hip
Both of their sound and rotten sheep. Hudibras, p. ii.
Against a stump his tusk the monster grinds,
And ranch'd his hips with one continu'd wound. Dryden.
2. To have on the HIP. [A low phrase.] To have an advantage
over another. It seems to be taken from hunting, the hip or
haunch of a deer being the part commonly seised by the dogs.
If this poor brach of Venice, whom I cherish
For his quick hunting, stand the putting on,
I'll have our Michael Cassio on the hip. Shakesp. Othello.

HIP. n. s. [from Heopa, Saxon.] The fruit of the briar or the
dogrose.
Eating hips and drinking watry foam. Hubberd's Tale.
Why should you want? Behold, the earth hath roots;
The oaks bear masts, the briars scarlet hips. Shakespeare.
Years of store of haws and hips do commonly portend cold
Winters. Bacon's Natural History.

To HIP. v. a. [from hip.]
1. To sprain or shoot the hip.
His horse was hipp'd, with an old motly saddle, and the stir­
rups of no kindred. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
2. HIP-HOP. A cant word formed by the reduplication of
hop.
Your different tastes divide our poets cares;
One foot the sock, t'other the buskin wears:
Thus while he strives to please, he's forc'd to do't,
Like Volscius hip-hop in a single boot. Congreve.

HIP. interject. An exclamation, or calling to one; the same
as the Latin eho, heus! Ainsworth.

HIP. adj. A corruption of hypochondriack. Ainsworth.

HI’PPISH. adj. A corruption of hypochondriack. Ainsworth.

HIPPOCE’NTAUR. n. s. [ἱπποϰέναυϱ; hippocentaure, French.]
A fabulous monster, half horse and half man.
How are poetical fictions, how are hippocentaurs and chi­
meras to be imaged, which are things quite out of nature,
and whereof we can have no notion? Dryden.

HI’PPOCRASS. n. s. [hypocras, French; quasi vinum Hippocratis.]
A medicated wine.
Sack and the well-spic'd hippocrass, the wine,
Wassail the bowl with ancient ribbands fine. King.

HI’PPOCRATES’s Sleeve. n. s. A woollen bag made by joining
the two opposite angles of a square piece of flannel, used to
strain syrups and decoctions for clarification. Quincy.

HI’PPOGRIFF. n. s. [ἵϖϖ and γϱύψ; hippogriffe, French.]
A winged horse.
He caught him up, and without wing
Of hippogriff bore through the air sublime. Milt. Par. Lost.

HIPPO’POTAMUS. n. s. [ἵϖϖος and πόταμ.] The river
horse. An animal found in the Nile.

HI’PSHOT. adj. [hip and shot.] Sprained or dislocated in the
hip.
Why do you go nodding and waggling so like a fool, as if
you were hipshot? says the goose to the gosling. L'Estrange.

HI’PWORT. n. s. [hip and wort.] A plant. Ainsworth.

HIR

To HIRE. v. a. [Hyran, Saxon.]
1. To procure any thing for temporary use at a certain price.
His sordid avarice rakes
In excrements, and hires the jakes. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. To engage a man to temporary service for wages.
They weigh silver in the balance, and hire a goldsmith, and
he maketh it a god. Is. xlvi. 6.
I cannot strike at wretched kerns, whose arms
Are hir'd to bear their staves. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. To bribe.
Themetes first, 'tis doubtful whether hir'd,
Or so the Trojan destiny requir'd,
Mov'd that the ramparts might be broken down. Dryd. Æn.
4. To engage himself for pay.
They that were full, hired out themselves for bread; and
they that were hungry, ceased. 1 Sa. ii. 5.

HIRE. n. s. [Hyre, Saxon.]
1. Reward or recompence paid for the use of any thing.
2. Wages paid for service.
Great thanks and goodly meed to that good sire;
He thence departing gave for his pains hire. Fairy Queen.
I have five hundred crowns,
The thrifty hire I sav'd under your father. Shakespeare.
Though little was their hire, and light their gain,
Yet somewhat to their share he threw. Dryden.
All arts and artists Theseus could command,
Who sold for hire, or wrought for better fame. Dryden.

HI’RELING. n. s. [from hire.]
1. One who serves for wages.
The hireling longs to see the shades ascend,
That with the tedious day his toil might end,
And he his pay receive. Sandys.
In the framing of Hiero's ship there were three hundred car­
penters employed for a year, besides many other hirelings for
carriages. Wilkins's Dædalus.
'Tis frequent here to see a freeborn son
On the left hand of a rich hireling run. Dryd. Juvenal.
2. A mercenary; a prostitute.
Now she shades thy evening walk with bays,
No hireling she, no prostitute to praise. Pope.

HI’RELING. adj. Serving for hire; venal; mercenary; doing
what is done for money.
Then trumpets, torches, and a tedious crew
Of hireling mourners for his funeral due. Dryd. Pers. Sat.

HI’RER. n. s. [from hire.]
1. One who uses any thing paying a recompence; one who em­
ploys others paying wages.
2. In Scotland it denotes one who keeps small horses to let.

HIRSU’TE. adj. [hirsutus, Latin.] Rough; rugged.
There are bulbous, fibrous, and hirsute roots: the hirsute is
a middle sort, between the bulbous and fibrous; that, besides the
putting forth sap upwards and downwards, putteth forth in
round. Bacon's Natural History.

HIS

HIS. pronoun possessive. [Hys, Saxon.]
1. The masculine possessive. Belonging to him that was before
mentioned.
England his approaches makes as fierce
As waters to the sucking of a gulph. Shakesp. Henry V.
If much you note him,
You shall offend him, and extend his passion. Shak. Macb.
Heav'n and yourself
Had part in this fair maid; now heaven hath all,
And all the better is it for the maid:
Your part in her you could not keep from death;
But heav'n keeps his part in eternal life. Shak. Ro. and Jul.
If our father carry authority with such disposition as he
bears this last surrender of his, it will but offend us. Shakesp.
He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up under an
oak in the wood, has appropriated them to himself: nobody
can deny but the nourishment is his. Locke.
Whene'er I stoop, he offers at a kiss;
And when my arms I stretch, he stretches his. Addis. Ovid.
2. It was anciently used in a neutral sense, where we now say
its.
Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Not the dreadful spout,
Shall dizzy with more clamour Neptune's ear
In his descent. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
There's not the smallest orb, which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubims. Shakespeare.
This rule is not so general, but that it admitteth his excep­
tions. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Opium loseth some of his poisonous quality, if it be va­
poured out, mingled with spirit of wine. Bacon.
3. It is sometimes used as a sign of the genitive case: as, the
man his ground, for the man's ground.
Where is this mankind now? who lives to age
Fit to be made Methusalem his page? Donne.
By thy fond consort, by thy father's cares,
By young Telemachus his blooming years. Pope's Odyssey.
4. It is sometimes used in opposition to this man's.
Were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands,
Desire his jewels, and this other's house. Shakes. Macbeth.
5. Anciently before self.
Every of us, each for his self, laboured how to recover
him. Sidney.

To HISS. v. n. [hissen, Dutch.] To utter a noise like that of a
serpent and some other animals. It is remarkable, that this
word cannot be pronounced without making the noise which
it signifies.
In the height of this bath to be thrown into the Thames,
and cool'd glowing hot, in that surge, like a horseshoe; think
of that; hissing hot. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The merchants shall hiss at thee. Ezek. xxvii. 36.
See the furies arise:
See the snakes that they rear,
How they hiss in their hair. Dryden's Alexander's Feast.
Against the steed he threw
His forceful spear, which, hissing as it flew,
Pierc'd through the yielding planks. Dryden.



To HISS. v. a. [Hiscean, Saxon.]
1. To condemn by hissing; to explode.
Every one will hiss him out to his disgrace. Ecclus. xxii. 1.
Men shall pursue with merited disgrace;
Hiss, clap their hands, and from his country chase. Sandys.
She would so shamefully fail in the last act, that, instead of
a plaudite, she would deserve to be hissed off the stage. More.
I have seen many successions of men, who have shot them­
selves into the world, some bolting out upon the stage with
vast applause, and others hissed off, and quitting it with dis­
grace. Dryden.
Will you venture your all upon a cause, which would be
hissed out of all the courts as ridiculous? Collier on Duelling.
2. To procure hisses or disgrace.
Thy mother plays, and I
Play too; but so disgrac'd a part, whose issue
Will hiss me to my grave. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
What's the newest grief?
—That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker,
Each minute teems a new one. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

HISS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The voice of a serpent, and of some other animals.
2. Censure; expression of contempt used in theatres.
He heard
On all sides, from innumerable tongues,
A dismal universal hiss, the sound
Of publick scorn! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Fierce champion fortitude, that knows no fears
Of hisses, blows, or want, or loss of ears. Pope's Dunciad.

HIST. interj. [Of this word I know not the original: probably
it may be a corruption of hush, hush it, husht, hist.] An excla­
mation commanding silence.
Hist! Romeo, hist! O for a falc'ner's voice,
To lure this tassel gentle back again. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
Mute silence hist along!
'Less Philomel will deign a song,
In her sweetest saddest plight,
Smoothing the rugged brow of night. Milton.
Hist, hist, says another that stood by, away, doctor; for
here's a whole pack of dismals coming. Swift.

HISTO’RIAN. n. s. [historicus, Latin; historien, French.] A
writer of facts and events; a writer of history.
What thanks sufficient, or what recompence
Equal, have I to render thee, divine
Historian! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Our country, which has produced writers of the first figure
in every other kind of work, has been very barren in good
historians. Addison's Freeholder.
Not added years on years my task could close,
The long historian of my country's woes. Pope's Odyssey.

HISTO’RICAL. adj. [historique, Fr. historicus, Latin.]

HISTO’RICK. adj. [historique, Fr. historicus, Latin.]
1. Containing or giving an account of facts and events.
Because the beginning seemeth abrupt, it needs that you
know the occasion of these several adventures; for the me­
thod of a poet historical is not such as of an historiogra­
pher. Spenser.
Here rising bold, the patriot's honest face;
There warriors frowning in historick brass. Pope.
2. Suitable or pertaining to history or narrative.
In an historical relation we use terms that are most proper
and best known. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
With equal justice and historick care,
Their laws, their toils, their arms with his compare. Prior.

HISTO’RICALLY. adv. [from historical.] In the manner of
history; by way of narration.
The gospels, which are weekly read, do all historically de­
clare something which our Lord Jesus Christ himself either
spoke, did, or suffered in his own person. Hooker, b. v.
When that which the word of God doth but deliver histo­
rically, we construe as if it were legally meant, and so urge it
further than we can prove it was intended, do we not add to
the laws of God? Hooker, b. iii. s. 5.
After his life has been rather invented than written, I shall
consider him historically as an author, with regard to those
works he has left behind him. Pope's Essay on Homer.

To HISTO’RIFY. v. a. [from history.] To relate; to record
in history.
O, muse, historify
Her praise, whose praise to learn your skill hath framed
me. Sidney, b. i.
The third age they term historicon; that is, such wherein
matters have been more truely historified, and therefore may
be believed. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 6.

HISTORIO’GRAPHER. n. s. [ἱϛοϱία and γϱαφω; historiographe,
Fr.] An historian; a writer of history.
Because the beginning seemeth abrupt, it needs that you
know the occasion of these knights several adventures; for the
method of a poet historical is not such as of an historiogra­
pher. Spenser.
What poor ideas must strangers conceive of these persons
who have been famous among us, should they form their no­
tions of them from the writings of those our historiographers?
Addison's Freeholder, No. 35.
I put the journals of all transactions into a strong box, after
the manner of the historiographers of some eastern monarchs.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

HISTORIO’GRAPHY. n. s. [ἱϛοϱία and γϱαφω.] The art or
employment of an historian.

HI’STORY. n. s. [ἱϛοϱία; historia, Latin; histoire, French.]
1. A narration of events and facts delivered with dignity.
Justly Cæsar scorns the poet's lays;
It is to history he trusts for praise. Pope.
2. Narration; relation.
The history part lay within a little room. Wiseman's Surgery.
What histories of toil could I declare?
But still long-weary'd nature wants repair. Pope's Odyssey.
3. The knowledge of facts and events.
History, so far as it relates to the affairs of the Bible, is
necessary to divines. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

HI’STORY Piece. n. s. A picture representing some memorable
event.
The former makes his works resemble a large history piece,
where even the less important figures have some convenient
place. Pope's Essay on Homer's Battles.

HISTRIO’NICAL. adj. [from histrio, Latin; histrion, Fr.]
Befitting the stage; suitable to a player;
becoming a buffoon; theatrical.

HISTRIO’NICK. adj. [from histrio, Latin; histrion, Fr.]
Befitting the stage; suitable to a player;
becoming a buffoon; theatrical.

HISTRIO’NICALLY. adv. [from histrionical.] Theatrically; in
the manner of a buffoon.

HIT

To HIT. v. a. [from ictus, Latin, Minshew, from hitte, Danish,
to throw at random, Junius.]
1. To strike; to touch with a blow.
When I first saw her I was presently stricken; and I, like a
foolish child, that when any thing hits him will strike himself
again upon it, would needs look again, as though I would per­
suade mine eyes that they were deceived. Sidney, b. i.
His conscience shall hit him in the teeth, and tell him his
sin and folly. South's Sermons.
2. To touch the mark; not to miss.
Is he a god that ever flies the light?
Or naked he, disguis'd in all untruth?
If he be blind, how hitteth he so right? Sidney, b. ii.
So hard it is to tremble, and not to err, and to hit the
mark with a shaking hand. South's Sermons.
3. To attain; to reach the point.
Were I but twenty-one,
Your father's image is so hit in you,
His very air, that I should call you brother,
As I did him. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Search every comment that your care can find,
Some here, some there, may hit the poet's mind. Roscomm.
Birds learning tunes, and their endeavours to hit the notes
right, put it past doubt that they have perception, and retain
ideas, and use them for patterns. Locke.
Here's an opportunity to shew how great a bungler my au­
thor is in hitting features. Atterbury.
4. To strike a ruling passion.
Hail, divinest melancholy!
Whose saintly visage is too bright
To hit the sense of human sight. Milton.
There you hit him: St. Dominick loves charity exceeding­
ly; that argument never fails with him. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.
5. To HIT off. To strike out; to fix or determine luckily.
What prince soever can hit off this great secret, need know
no more either for his own safety, or that of the people he
governs. Temple.
6. To HIT out. To perform by good luck.
Having the sound of these ancient poets still ringing in his
ears, he mought needs in singing hit out some of their tunes.
Spenser's Pastorals.

To HIT. v. n.
1. To clash; to collide.
If bodies be extension alone, how can they move and hit
one against another; or what can make distinct surfaces in an
uniform extension? Locke.
The bones, teeth, and shells being sustained in the water
with these metallick corpuscles, and the said corpuscles meet­
ing with and hitting upon those bodies, become conjoined with
them. Woodward's Natural History.
2. To chance luckily; to succeed by accident; not to miss.
Oft expectation fails, and most oft there
Where most it promises; and oft it hits
Where hope is coldest, and despair most sits. Shakespeare.
There is a kind of conveying of effectual and imprinting
passages amongst compliments, which is of singular use, if a
man can hit upon it. Bacon, Essay 53.
3. To succeed; not to miscarry.
The experiment of binding of thoughts would be diver­
sified, and you are to note whether it hits for the most part.
Bacon's Natural History.


But thou bring'st valour too and wit,
Two things that seldom fail to hit. Hudibras, p. i.
This may hit, 'tis more than barely possible; for friars have
free admittance into every house. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
All human race would fain be wits,
And millions miss for one that hits. Swift.
4. To light on.
You've hit upon the very string, which touch'd,
Echoes the sound, and jars within my soul;
There lies my grief. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
It is much, if men were from eternity, that they should
not find out the way of writing before that time: sure he
was a fortunate man, who, after men had been eternally so
dull as not to find it out, had the luck at last to hit upon
it. Tillotson's Sermons.
There's a just medium betwixt eating too much and too lit­
tle; and this dame had hit upon't, when the matter was so
ordered that the hen brought her every day an egg. L'Estr.
None of them hit upon the art. Addison's Guardian.
There's but a true and a false prediction in any telling of
fortune; and a man that never hits on the right side, cannot be
called a bad guesser, but must miss out of design. Bentley.

HIT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A stroke.
The king hath laid, that in a dozen passes between you and
him, he shall not exceed you three hits. Shakes. Hamlet.
So he the fam'd Cilician fencer prais'd,
And at each hit with wonder seem'd amaz'd. Dryd. Juven.
2. A lucky chance.
Have all his ventures fail'd? What, not one hit? Shak.
To suppose a watch, by the blind hits of chance, to per­
form diversity of orderly motions, without the regulation of
art, this were the more pardonable absurdity. Glanville.
If the rule we judge by be uncertain, it is odds but we
shall judge wrong; and if we should judge right, yet it is not
properly skill, but chance; not a true judgment, but a lucky
hit. South's Sermons.
But with more lucky hit than those
That use to make the stars depose. Hudibras, p. i.
The fisherman's waiting, and the lucky hit it had in the
conclusion, tells us, that honest endeavours will not fail. L'Est.
These hits of words a true poet often finds, without seek­
ing. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
If casual concourse did the world compose,
And things and hits fortuitous arose,
Then any thing might come from any thing;
For how from chance can constant order spring? Blackmore.
If at first he minds his hits,
And drinks champaigne among the wits,
Five deep he toasts the tow'ring lasses. Prior.

To HITCH. v. n. [Hiegan, Saxon, or hocher, French. Skinner.]
To catch; to move by jerks. I know not where it is used but
in the following passage.
Whoe'er offends, at some unlucky time
Slides in a verse, or hitches in a rhyme;
Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,
And the sad burthen of some merry song. Pope's Horace.

To HI’TCHEL. v. a. [See HATCHEL.] To beat or comb flax
or hemp.

HI’TCHEL. n. s. [heckel, German.] The instrument with which
flax is beaten or combed.

HITHE. n. s. [Hythe, Saxon.] A small haven to land wares out
of vessels or boats: as Queenhithe, and Lambhithe, now Lam­
beth.

HI’THER. adv. [Hither, Saxon.]
1. To this place from some other.
Cæsar, tempted with the fame
Of this sweet island, never conquered,
And envying the Britons blazed name,
O hideous hunger of dominion, hither came. Fairy Queen.
Men must endure
Their going hence, even as their coming hither. Shakesp.
Who brought me hither
Will bring me hence, no other guide I seek. Parad. Reg.
2. It is used in opposition: hither and thither, to this place and
that.
3. To this end; to this design; to this topick of argument:
[huc, Latin. Huc refer exitum.]
Hereupon dependeth whatsoever difference there is between
the states of saints in glory; hither we refer whatsoever be­
longeth unto the highest perfection of man, by way of ser­
vice towards God. Hooker, b. ii. s. 8.
Hither belong all those texts, which require of us that we
should not walk after the flesh, but after the spirit. Tillotson.

HI’THER. adj. superl. hithermost. Nearer; towards this part.
After these,
But on the hither side, a different sort,
From the high neighb'ring hills descended. Milton's P. Lost.
An eternal duration may be shorter or longer upon the
hither end thereof, namely, that extreme wherein it is finite.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

HI’THERMOST. adj. [of hither, adv.] Nearest on this side.
That which is eternal cannot be extended to a greater ex­
tent at the hithermost and concluding extreme. Hale.

HI’THERTO. adv. [from hither.]
1. To this time; yet; in any time till now.
More ample spirit than hitherto was wont,
Here needs me, whiles the famous ancestries
Of my most dreadful sovereign I recount. Fairy Queen.
Hitherto I have only told the reader what ought not to be
the subject of a picture or of a poem. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. At every time till now.
In this we are not their adversaries, tho' they in the other
hitherto have been ours. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
Hitherto, lords, what your commands impos'd
I have perform'd, as reason was, obeying. Milton's Agonist.
Hitherto she kept her love conceal'd,
And with those graces ev'ry day beheld
The graceful youth. Dryden's Fables.
He could not have failed to add the opposition of ill spirits
to the good: they have also their design ever opposite to that
of heaven, and this alone has hitherto been the practice of the
moderns. Dryden's Juven. Dedication.
We ought to struggle with those natural disadvantages, and
be careful whom we employ, whenever we design to correct
them, which is a work that has hitherto been assumed by the
least qualified hands. Swift.

HI’THERWARD. adv. [Hytherweard, Saxon.] This way;
towards this place.

HI’THERWARDS. adv. [Hytherweard, Saxon.] This way;
towards this place.
Some parcels of their power are forth already,
And only hitherward. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The king himself in person hath set forth,
Or hitherwards intended speedily,
With strong and mighty preparation. Shakesp. Henry IV.
A puissant and mighty pow'r
Of gallow-glasses and stout kernes,
Is marching hitherward in proud array. Shakes. Henry VI.
Look now for no enchanting voice, nor fear
The bait of honey'd words; a rougher tongue
Draws hitherward. Milton's Agonistes.

HIVE. n. s. [Hyfe, Saxon.]
1. The habitation or cell of bees.
So bees with smoke, and doves with noisome stench,
Are from their hives and houses driv'n away. Shakes. H. VI.
So wand'ring bees would perish in the air,
Did not a sound, proportion'd to their ear,
Appease their rage, invite them to the hive. Waller.
Bees, of which we are told so many wonderful things, have
each of them a hole in their hives: their honey is their own,
and every bee minds her own concerns. Addison's Guardian.
2. The bees inhabiting a hive.
The commons, like an angry hive of bees
That want their leader, scatter up and down. Shak. H. VI.
3. A company being together.
What modern masons call a lodge was by antiquity called
a hive of free masons; and therefore, when a dissention hap­
pens, the going off is to this day called swarming. Swift.

To HIVE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put into hives; to harbour.
Mr. Addison of Oxford has been troublesome to me: after
his bees, my latter swarm is scarcely worth hiving. Dryden.
When they are fully settled, and the cluster at the biggest,
hive them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To contain in hives.
Ambitious now to take excise
Of a more fragrant paradise,
He at Fuscara's sleeve arriv'd,
Where all delicious sweets are hiv'd. Cleaveland.

To HIVE. v. n. To take shelter together.
He sleeps by day
More than the wild cat: drones hive not with me,
Therefore I part with him. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
In Summer we wander in a paradisaical scene, among groves
and gardens; but at this season we get into warmer houses,
and hive together in cities. Pope's Letters.

HI’VER. n. s. [from hive.] One who puts bees in hives.
Let the hiver drink a cup of good beer, and wash his hands
and face therewith. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO. interj. [eho! Latin.] A call; a sudden exclamation to
give notice of approach, or any thing else.

HOA

HOA. interj. [eho! Latin.] A call; a sudden exclamation to
give notice of approach, or any thing else.
What noise there, ho? Shakespeare.
Here dwells my father Jew: hoa, who's within? Shakes.
Stand, ho! speak the word along. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
When I cried hoa!
Like boys, kings would start forth, and cry,
Your will. Shakespeare.
Ho, ho, come forth and flee. Zech. ii. 6.
Ho, swain, what shepherd owns these ragged sheep? Dry.

HOAR. adj. [Har, Saxon.]
1. White.
A people,
Whom Ireland sent from loughs and forrests hore. Fairfax.


Island of bliss, all assaults
Baffling, like thy hoar cliffs the loud sea-wave. Thomson.
2. Grey with age.
It govern'd was and guided evermore
Through wisdom of a matron grave and hoar. Fai. Queen.
Now swarms the populace, a countless throng;
Youth and hoar age, and man drives man along. Pope.
3. White with frost.

HOAR-FROST. n. s. [hoar and frost.] The congelations of dew
in frosty mornings on the grass.
When the dew was gone up, behold upon the face of the
wilderness there lay a small round thing, as small as the hoar­
frost on the ground. Ex. xvi. 14.
In Farenheit's thermometer, at thirty-two degrees, the wa­
ter in the air begins to freeze, which is known by hoar-frosts.
Arbuthnot on Air.

HOARD. n. s. [Hord, Saxon.] A store laid up in secret; a
hidden stock; a treasure.
I have a venturous fairy, that shall seek
The squirrel's hoard, and fetch thee thence new nuts. Shak.
They might have even starved, had it not been for this pro­
vidential reserve, this hoard, that was stowed in the strata un­
derneath, and now seasonably disclosed. Woodw. Nat. History.

To HOARD. v. n. To make hoards; to lay up store.
He fear'd not once himself to be in need,
Nor car'd to hoard for those whom he did breed. Fa. Queen.
Happy always was it for that son,
Whose father for his hoarding went to hell? Shak. Hen. VI.

To HOARD. v. a. To lay in hoards; to husband privily; to
store secretly.
The hoarded plague of the gods requite your love? Shak.
I have just occasion to complain of them, who, because
they understand Chaucer, would hoard him up as misers
do their grandam gold, only to look on it themselves,
and hinder others from making use of it. Dryd. Fab. Preface.
You hoard not health for your own private use,
But on the publick spend the rich produce. Dryden's Fables.
The base wretch, who hoards up all he can,
Is prais'd, and call'd a careful thrifty man. Dryden's Juven.
You will be unsuccessful, if you give out of a great man,
who is remarkable for his frugality for the publick, that he
squanders away the nation's money; but you may safely relate
that he hoards it. Arbuthnot's Art of political Lying.
A superfluous abundance tempts us to forget God, when it
is hoarded in our treasures, or considered as a safe, independent
provision laid up for many years. Rogers, Sermon 2.

HOA’RDER. n. s. [from hoard.] One that stores up in secret.
Since commodities will be raised, this alteration will be an
advantage to nobody but hoarders of money. Locke.

HO’ARHOUND. n. s. [marrubium, Latin.] A plant.
It is a verticillate plant with a lip flower, consisting of one
leaf, whose upper lip or crest is upright, with two horns; but
the under lip or beard is divided into three parts: the pointal
is fixed to the hinder part of the flower, and attended by four
embryoes, which become so many oblong seeds, inclosed in
the flower-cup. Miller.
Hoarhound has its leaves and flower-cup covered very thick
with a white hoariness: it is famous for the relief it gives in
moist asthmas, and in all diseases of the breast and lungs, of
which a thick and viscous matter is the cause; but it is now
little used. Hill's Mat. Med.

HO’ARINESS. n. s. [from hoary.] The state of being whitish;
the colour of old mens hair.
He grows a wolf, his hoariness remains,
And the same rage in other members reigns. Dryden.

HOARSE. adj. [Has, Saxon; heersch, Dutch.] Having the
voice rough, as with a cold; having a rough sound.
Come, sit, sit, and a song.
——Clap into't roundly, without hawking or spitting, or
saying we are hoarse. Shakespeare's As you like it.
The raven himself is hoarse,
That crokes the fatal entrance of Duncan
Under my battlements. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He sped his steps along the hoarse resounding shore. Dry.
The stock-dove only through the forest cooes,
Mournfully hoarse. Thomson's Summer.

HO’ARSELY. adv. [from hoarse.] With a rough harsh voice.
The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay'd;
The hunter close pursu'd the visionary maid. Dryden.

HO’ARSENESS. n. s. [from hoarse.] Roughness of voice.
The voice is sometimes intercluded by an hoarseness, or
viscuous phlegm. Holder.
She sings them back in my despight!
I had a voice in heav'n, ere sulph'rous steams
Had damp'd it to a hoarseness. Dryden's King Arthur.
The want of it in the wind-pipe occasions hoarseness in the
gullet, and difficulty of swallowing. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

HO’ARY. adj. [Har, Harung, Saxon. See HOAR.]
1. White; whitish.
Thus she rested on her arm reclin'd,
The hoary willows waving with the wind. Addison.
2. White or grey with age.
A comely palmer, clad in black attire,
Of ripest years, and hairs all hoary grey. Spenser.
Solyman, marvelling at the courage and majesty of the
hoary old prince in his so great extremity, dismissed him, and
sent him again into the city. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Has then my hoary head deserv'd no better? Rowe.
Then in full age, and hoary holiness,
Retire, great preacher, to thy promis'd bliss. Prior.
3. White with frost.
Through this distemperature we see
The seasons alter; hoary headed frosts
Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose. Shakespeare.
4. Mouldy; mossy; rusty.
There was brought out of the city into the camp very
coarse, hoary, moulded bread. Knolles's History of the Turks.

HOB

HO’BNOB. This is probably corrupted from hab nab by a
coarse pronunciation. See HAB NAB.
His incensement at this moment is so implacable, that satis­
faction can be none, but pangs of death and sepulchre: hob­
nob is his word; give't, or take't. Shakes. Twelfth Night.

To HO’BBLE. v. n. [to hop, to hopple, to hobble.]
1. To walk lamely or awkwardly upon one leg more than the
other; to hitch.
The friar was hobbling the same way too, accidentally again.
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Some persons continued a kind of hobbling march on the
broken arches, but fell through. Addison's Spectator.
Was he ever able to walk without leading-strings, without
being discovered by his hobbling. Swift.
2. To move roughly or unevenly. Feet being ascribed to verses,
whatever is done with feet is likewise ascribed to them.
Those ancient Romans had a sort of extempore poetry, or
untuneable hobbling verse. Dryden.
While you Pindarick truths rehearse,
She hobbles in alternate verse. Prior.

HO’BBLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Uneven awkward gait.
One of his heels is higher than the other, which gives him
a hobble in his gait. Gulliver's Travels.

HO’BBLER. n. s. [from hobby.]
For twenty hobblers armed, the Irishmen were so called,
because they served on hobbies, he paid six-pence a-piece per
diem. Davies on Ireland.

HO’BBLINGLY. adv. [from hobble.] Clumsily; aukwardly;
with a halting gait.

HO’BBY. n. s. [hobereau, French.]
1. A species of hawk.
They have such a hovering possession of the Valtoline, as
an hobby hath over a lark. Bacon.
The common people will chop like trouts at an artificial
fly, and dare like larks under the awe of a painted hobby.
L'Estrange's Fables.
Larks lie dar'd to shun the hobby's flight. Dryden.
2. [Hoppe, Gothick, a horse; hobin, French, a pacing horse.]
An Irish or Scottish horse; a pacing horse; a garran.
3. A stick on which boys get astride and ride.
Those grave contenders about opiniative trifles look like
aged Socrates upon his boy's hobby horse. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.
As young children, who are try'd in
Go-carts, to keep their steps from sliding,
When members knit, and legs grow stronger,
Make use of such machine no longer;
But leap pro libitu, and scout
On horse call'd hobby, or without. Prior.
No hobby horse, with gorgeous top,
Could with this rod of Sid compare. Swift.
4. A stupid fellow.
I have studied eight or nine wise words to speak to you,
which these hobby horses must not hear. Shakespeare.

HOBGO’BLIN. n. s. [according to Skinner, for robgoblins, from
Robin Goodfellow, Hob being the nickname of Robin: but
more probably, according to Wallis and Junius, hopgoblins em­
pusæ, because they do not move their feet: whence, says Wal­
lis, came the boys play of fox in the hole, the fox always
hopping on one leg.
Fairies, black, grey, green, and white,
Attend your office and your quality:
Crier hobgoblin, make the fairy o-yes. Shakespeare.

HO’BIT. n. s. A small mortar to shoot little bombs.

HO’BNAIL. n. s. [from hobby and nail.] A nail used in shoing
a hobby or little horse; a nail with a thick strong head.
Steel, if thou turn thine edge, or cut not out the burly­
bon'd clown in chines of beef, ere thou sleep in thy sheath, I
beseech Jove on my knees thou may'st be turn'd into hob­
nails. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
We shall buy maidens as they buy hobnails, by the hun­
dred. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

HO’BNAILED. adj. [from hobnail.] Set with hobnails.
Would'st thou, friend, who hast two legs alone,
Would'st thou, to run the gantlet, these expose
To a whole company of hobnail'd shoes? Dryden's Juvenal.



HOCK. n. s. [The same with hough; HoH, Saxon.] The joint
between the knee and the setlock.

To HOCK. v. a. [from the noun.] To disable in the hock.

HOCK. n. s. [from Hockheim on the Maine.] Old
strong Rhenish.

HO’CKAMORE. n. s. [from Hockheim on the Maine.] Old
strong Rhenish.
Restor'd the fainting high and mighty,
With brandy, wine, and aqua vitæ;
And made 'em stoutly overcome
With bachrach, hockamore and mum. Hudibras, p. iii.
Wine becomes sharp, as in hock, like the vitriolick acidity.
Floyer on the Humours.
If cyder-royal should become unpleasant, and as unfit to
bottle as old hockamore, mix one hogshead of that and one of
tart new cyder together. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO’CKHERB. n. s. [hock and herb.] A plant; the same with
mallows. Ainsworth.

To HO’CKLE. v. a. [from hock.] To hamstring; to cut the
sinews about the ham or hough. Hanmer.

HOCUS POCUS. [The original of this word is referred
by Tillotson to a form of the Romish church. Junius
derives it from hocced, Welsh, a cheat, and poke or pocus,
a bag, jugglers using a bag for conveyance. It is corrupted
from some words that had once a meaning, and which per­
haps cannot be discovered.] A juggle; a cheat.
This gift of hocus pocussing, and of disguising matters, is
surprising. L'Estrange.

HOD. n. s. [corrupted perhaps in contempt from hood, a hod
being carried on the head.] A kind of trough in which a
labourer carries mortar to the masons.
A fork and a hook to be tampering in clay,
A lath, hammer, trowel, a hod or a tray. Tuss. Husband.

HO’DMAN. n. s. [hod and man.] A labourer that carries
mortar.

HODMANDO’D. n. s. A fish.
Those that cast their shell are the lobster, the crab, the
crawfish, and the hodmandod or dodman. Bacon's Nat. History.

HODGE-PODGE. n. s. [hachè pochè, hochepot, quasi hachis en pot,
French.] A medley of ingredients boiled together.
They have made our English tongue a gallimaufrey, or
hodge-podge of all other speeches. Spenser.
It produces excellent corn, whereof the Turks make their
trachana and bouhourt, a certain hodge-podge of sundry ingre­
dients. Sandys's Travels.

HODIE’RNAL. adj. [hodiernus, Latin.] Of to-day.

HOE. n. s. [houe, French; houwe, Dutch.] An instrument to
cut up the earth, of which the blade is at right angles with
the handle.
If they come up too thick, they should be thinned with a
hoe. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To HOE. v. a. [houer, French; houwen, Dutch.] To cut or
dig with a hoe.
If it be a dry Spring, they must be continually kept with
weeding and hoeing. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HOG

HOG. n. s. [hwch, Welsh.]
1. The general name of swine.
This will raise the price of hogs, if we grow all to be pork­
eaters. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
The hog, that plows not nor obeys thy call,
Lives on the labours of this Lord of all. Pope.
2. A castrated boar.
3. To bring HOGS to a fair market. To fail of one's design.
You have brought your hogs to a fair market. Spectator.

HO’GCOTE. n. s. [hog and cote.] A house for hogs; a hogsty.
Out of a small hogcote sixty or eighty load of dung hath been
raised. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO’GGEREL. n. s. A two year old ewe. Ainsworth.

HOGH. n. s. [otherwise written ho, how, or hough, from hoogh,
Dutch.] A hill; rising ground; a cliff. Obsolete.
That well can witness yet unto this day,
The western hogh, besprinkl'd with the gore
Of mighty Goëmot. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HOGHE’RD. n. s. [hog and Hyrd, a keeper.] A keeper of hogs.
The terms hogherd and cowkeeper are not to be used in our
poetry; but there are no finer words in the Greek language.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

HO’GGISH. adj. [from hog.] Having the qualities of an hog;
brutish; greedy; selfish.
Suspicion Miso had, for the hoggish shrewdness of her brain,
and Mopsa, for a very unlikely envy. Sidney.

HO’GGISHLY. adv. [from hoggish.] Greedily; selfishly.

HO’GGISHNESS. n. s. [from hoggish.] Brutality; greediness;
selfishness.

HO’GSBEANS. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

HO’GSBREAD. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

HO’GSMUSHROOMS. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

HO’GSFENNEL. n. s. [hog and fennel.] A plant. Ainsworth.

HO’GSHEAD. n. s. [hog and head.]
1. A measure of liquids containing sixty gallons.
Varro tells, that every jugerum of vines yielded six hundred
urns of wine: according to this proportion, our acre should
yield fifty-five hogsheads, and a little more. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Any large barrel.
Blow strongly with a pair of bellows into a hogshead, putting
into it before that which you would have preserved; and in
the instant that you withdraw the bellows, stop the hole. Bacon.
They slung up one of their largest hogsheads: I drank it off;
for it did not hold half a pint. Gulliver's Travels.

HOGSTY’. n. s. [hog and sty.] The place in which swine are
shut to be fed.
The families of farmers live in filth and nastiness, with­
out a shoe or stocking to their feet, or a house so convenient
as an English hogsty. Swift.

HOGWA’SH. n. s. [hog and wash.] The draff which is given to
swine.
Your butler purloins your liquor, and the brewer sells you
hogwash. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

HO’IDEN. n. s. [hoeden, Welsh; fœmina levioris famæ, Latin.]
An ill-taught awkward country girl.

To HO’IDEN. v. n. [from the noun.] To romp indecently.
Some of them would get a scratch; but we always disco­
vered, upon examining, that they had been hoidening with the
young apprentices. Swift.

To HOISE. v. a. [hausser, French.] To raise up on
high.

To HOIST. v. a. [hausser, French.] To raise up on
high.
'Tis the sport to have the engineer hoist up with his own
petar. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Join you with me;
We'll quickly hoist duke Humphrey from his seat. Shakesp.
Hoise sail, and fly;
And in thy flight aloud on Cratis cry. Chapman's Odyssey.
Auria had hoised sail, and was on his way toward the bay of
Naupactus. Knolles's History of the Turks.
They loosed the rudder-bands, and hoised up the mainsail to
the wind, and made toward shore. Acts xxvii. 40.
That man which prizeth virtue for itself, and cannot endure
to hoise and strike his sails, as the divers natures of calms and
storms require, must cut his sails of mean length and breadth,
and content himself with a slow and sure navigation. Raleigh.
What made Absalom kick at all the kindnesses of his fa­
ther, but because his ambition would needs be fingering the
sceptre, and hoisting him into his father's throne. South's Serm.
We thought for Greece
The sails were hoisted, and our fears release. Dryden's Æn.
They hoist him on the bier, and deal the dole,
And there's an end. Dryden's Pers.
What haste she made to hoist her purple sails!
And to appear magnificent in flight,
Drew half our strength away. Dryden's All for Love.
Their navy swarms upon the coasts: they cry
To hoist their anchors, but the gods deny. Dryden's Æn.
Seize him, take, hoist him up, break off his hold,
And toss him headlong from the temple's wall. Southern.
If 'twas an island where they found the shells, they straight­
ways concluded that the whole island lay originally at the bot­
tom of the sea, and that it was hoisted up by some vapour from
beneath. Woodward's Natural History.

HOL

HOLD, in the old glossaries, is mentioned in the same sense with
wold, i. e. a governour or chief officer; but in some other
place for love, as holdlic, lovely. Gibson's Camden.

To HOLD. v. a. preter. held; part. pass. held or holden. [haldan,
Gothick; Haldan, Saxon; henden, Dutch.]
1. To grasp in the hand; to gripe; to clutch.
France, thou may'st hold a serpent by the tongue,
A fasting tyger safer by the tooth,
Than keep in peace that hand which thou do'st hold. Shak.
2. To keep; to retain; to gripe fast.
Too late it was for satyrs to be told,
Or ever hope recover her again;
In vain he seeks, that having cannot hold. Fairy Queen.
The loops held one curtain to another. Ex. xxxvi. 12.
Prove all things: hold fast that which is good. 2 Thes. v.
3. To maintain as an opinion.
Men with assurance hold and profess, without ever
having examined. Locke.
4. To consider as good or bad; to hold in regard.
I as a stranger to my heart and me
Hold thee from this for ever. Shakesp. King Lear.
I hold him but a fool, that will endanger
His body for a girl that loves him not. Shakespeare.
One amongst the fair'st of Greece,
That holds his honour higher than his ease. Shakespeare.
This makes thee blessed peace so light to hold,
Like Summer's flies that fear not Winter's cold. Fairfax.
Receive him therefore in the Lord with all gladness, and
hold such in esteem. St. Paul.
He would make us amends, and spend some time with us,
if we held his company and conference agreeable. Bacon.
As he is the father of English poetry, so I hold him in the
same degree of veneration as the Grecians held Homer, or the
Romans Virgil. Dryden's Fables, Preface.


Ye Latian dames, if any here
Hold your unhappy queen Amata dear!
The orgies and nocturnal rites prepare. Dryden's Æn.
5. To have any station.
The star bids the shepherd fold;
Now the top of heav'n doth hold. Milton.
And now the strand, and now the plain they held;
Their ardent eyes with bloody streaks were fill'd. Dryden.
Observe the youth who first appears in sight,
And holds the nearest station to the light. Dryden's Æn.
How pleasant and joyful a thing is it to have a light held us
forth from heaven to guide our steps. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
6. To possess; to enjoy.
Holding Corioli in the name of Rome,
Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash,
To let him slip at will. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The castle, holden by a garrison of Germans, he commanded
to be besieged. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Assuredly it is more shame for a man to lose that which he
holdeth, than to fail in getting that which he never had. Hayw.
7. To possess in subordination.
The duke was willing to yield himself unto Solyman as his
vassal, and of him to hold his seigniory for a yearly tribute.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
8. To suspend; to refrain.
Death! what do'st? O hold thy blow!
What thou do'st, thou do'st not know. Crashaw.
9. To stop; to restrain.
We cannot hold mortality's strong hand. Shak. K. John.
Fell, banning hag! inchantress, hold thy tongue. Shakesp.
Men in the midst of their own blood, and so furi­
ously assailed, held their hands, contrary to the laws of na­
ture and necessity. Bacon's War with Spain.
When straight the people, by no force compell'd,
Nor longer from their inclination held,
Break forth at once. Waller.
Unless thou find occasion, hold thy tongue;
Thyself or others, careless talk may wrong. Denham.
Hold your laughter, and then divert your fellow-servants.
Swift's Directions to the Footman.
10. To fix to any condition.
His gracious promise you might,
As cause had call'd you up, have held him to. Shak. Coriol.
11. To preserve; to keep.
Stay but a little; for my cloud of dignity
Is held from falling with so weak a wind,
That it will quickly drop: my day is dim. Shakes. Hen. IV.
12. To confine to a certain state.
The most High then shewed signs for then, and held still the
flood, 'till they were passed over. 2 Esdr. xiii. 14.
13. To detain.
Him God hath raised up, having loosed the pains of death,
because it was not possible that he should be holden of it. Acts.
14. To retain; to continue.
These reasons mov'd her star-like husband's heart;
But still he held his purpose to depart. Dryden.
15. To solemnize; to celebrate.
The queen this day here holds her parliament,
But little thinks we shall be of her council. Shakesp. H. VI.
He held a feast in his house, like the feast of a king. 1 Sa.
16. To offer; to propose.
Christianity came into the world with the greatest simplicity
of thought and language, as well as life and manners, holding
forth nothing but piety, charity, and humility, with the belief
of the Messiah and of his kingdom. Temple.
My account is so far from interfering with Moses, that it
holds forth a natural and unforced interpretation of his sense.
Woodward's Natural History.
17. To conserve; not to violate.
Her husband heard it, and held his peace. Numb. xxx. 7.
She said, and held her peace: Æneas went,
Unknowing whom the sacred sibyl meant. Dryden's Æn.
18. To manage; to handle intellectually.
Some in their discourse desire rather commendation of wit,
in being able to hold all arguments, than of judgment in dis­
cerning what is true. Bacon, Essay 33.
19. To maintain.
Whereupon they also made engines against their engines,
and held them battle a long season. 1 Mac. vi. 52.
20. To form; to plan.
The Pharisees went out, and held a counsel against him.
Mat. xii. 14.
21. To carry on; to continue.
He came to the land's end, where he holding his course, in a
narrow passage towards the West, for the space of divers days,
did at length peaceably pass through the straits. Abbot.
22. To HOLD forth. To offer to exhibit.
Observe the connection of these ideas in the propo­
sitions, which those books hold forth and pretend to teach
as truths. Locke.
23. To HOLD in. To restrain; to govern by the bridle.
I have lately sold my nag, and honestly told his greatest
fault, which is, that he became such a lover of liberty that I
could scarce hold him in. Swift.
24. To HOLD in. To restrain in general.
These mens hastiness the warier sort of you doth not com­
mend; ye wish they had held themselves longer in, and not so
dangerously flown abroad. Hooker, Preface.
25. To HOLD off. To keep at a distance.
Although 'tis fit that Cassio have his place;
Yet if you please to hold him off a while,
You shall by that perceive him. Shakespeare's Othello.
The object of sight doth strike upon the pupil of the eye
directly, without any interception; whereas the cave of the
ear doth hold off the sound a little from the organ. Bacon.
I am the better acquainted with you for absence, as men
are with themselves for affliction: absence does but hold off
a friend, to make one see him truly. Pope to Swift.
26. To HOLD on. To continue; to protract; to push forward.
They took Barbarossa, holding on his course to Asrick, who
brought great fear upon the country. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
If the obedience challenged were indeed due to these laws,
then did our brethren both begin the quarrel and hold it on.
Sanderson's Judgment in one View.
27. To HOLD out. To extend; to stretch forth.
The king held out to Esther the golden sceptre that was in
his hand. Esth. v. 2.
28. To HOLD out. To offer; to propose.
Fortune holds out these to you, as rewards. Ben. Johnson.
29. To HOLD out. To continue to do or suffer.
He cannot long hold out these pangs,
Th' incessant care and labour of his mind. Shakes. H. IV.
30. To HOLD up. To raise aloft.
I should remember him: does he not hold up his head, as it
were, and strut in his gait? Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The hand of the Almighty visibly held up, and prepared to
take vengeance. Locke.
31. To HOLD up. To sustain; to support.
There is no man at once either excellently good or extreme­
ly evil, but grows either as he holds himself up in virtue, or
lets himself slide to viciousness. Sidney.
It followeth, that all which they do in this sort proceedeth
originally from some such agent as knoweth, appointeth, hold­
eth up, and actually frameth the same. Hooker, b. i. s. 3.
The time misorder'd doth in common sense
Crowd us, and crush us to this monstrous form,
To hold our safety up. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
And so success of mischief shall be born,
And heir from heir shall hold his quarrel up. Shakes. H. IV.
Those princes have held up their sovereignty best, which
have been sparing in those grants. Davies on Ireland.
We have often made one considerably thick piece of marble
take and hold up another, having purposely caused their flat
surfaces to be carefully ground and polished. Boyle.
Then do not strike him dead with a denial,
But hold him up in life, and cheer his soul
With the faint glimmering of a doubtful hope. Addis. Cato.

To HOLD. v. n.
1. To stand; to be right; to be without exception.
To say that simply an argument, taken from man's autho­
rity, doth hold no way, neither affirmatively nor negatively,
is hard. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
This holdeth not in the sea-coasts, because the vapour of the
sea, without showers, doth refresh. Bacon's Natural History.
The lasting of plants is most in those that are largest of
body; as oak, elm, and chestnut, and this holdeth in trees;
but in herbs it is often contrary. Bacon's Natural History.
When the religion formerly received is rent by discords,
and when the holiness of the professors of religion is decayed,
and full of scandal, and withal the times be stupid, ignorant,
and barbarous, you may doubt the springing up of a new sect;
if then also there should arise any extravagant and strange
spirit, to make himself author thereof; all which points held
when Mahomet published his law. Bacon, Essay 59.
Nothing can be of greater use and defence to the mind than
the discovering of these colours, shewing in what cases they
hold, and in what they deceive. Bacon.
Where outward force constrains, the sentence holds;
But who constrains me? Milton.
So doth he deal with the testimonies of the fathers, let them
be never so express against all sorts of prayers and invocations:
they hold only of such a sort of prayer. Stillingfleet.
The reasons given by them against the worship of images,
will equally hold against the worship of images amongst
Christians. Stillingfleet's Def. of Disc. on Rom. Idol.
None of his solutions will hold by mere mechanicks. More.
This unseen agitation of the minute parts will hold in light
and spirituous liquors. Boyle.
It holds in all operative principles whatsoever, but especially
in such as relate to morality; in which not to proceed, is cer­
tainly to go backward. South's Sermons.
The drift of this figure holds good in all the parts of the
creation. L'Estrange.


The proverb holds, that to be wise and love,
Is hardly granted to the gods above. Dryden's Fables.
As if th' experiment were made to hold
For base production, and reject the gold. Dryden.
This remark, I must acknowledge, is not so proper for the
colouring as the design; but it will hold for both. Dryden.
Our author offers no reason; and when any body does, we
shall see whether it will hold or no. Locke.
The rule holds in land as well as all other commodities. Loc.
This seems to hold in most cases. Addison's Spectator.
The analogy holds good, and precisely keeps to the same pro­
perties in the planets and comets. Cheyne.
Sanctorius's experiment of perspiration, being to the other
secretion as five to three, does not hold in this country, ex­
cept in the hottest time of Summer. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold;
Alike fantastick, if too new or old. Pope on Criticism.
2. To continue unbroken or unsubdued.
Our force by land hath nobly held. Shakespeare.
3. To last; to endure.
We see, by the peeling of onions, what a holding substance
the skin is. Bacon's Natural History.
Never any man was yet so old,
But hop'd his life one Winter more might hold. Denham.
4. To continue.
He did not hold in this mind long. L'Estrange.
5. To refrain.
His dauntless heart would fain have held
From weeping, but his eyes rebell'd. Dryden.
6. To stand up for; to adhere.
Through envy of the devil came death into the world, and
they that do hold of his side do find it. Wisd. ii. 24.
They must, if they hold to their principles, agree that things
had their production always as now they have. Hale.
When Granada for your uncle held,
You was by us restor'd, and he expell'd. Dryden.
Numbers hold
With the fair freckled king and beard of gold:
So vig'rous are his eyes, such rays they cast,
So prominent his eagle's beak is plac'd. Dryden's Fables.
7. To be dependent on.
The other two were great princes, though holding of him;
men of giant-like both hugeness and force. Sidney, b. ii.
The mother, if the house holds of our lady, had rather,
yea and will, have her son cunning and bold, in making him
to live trimly. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
The great barons had not only great numbers of knights,
but even petty barons holding under them. Temple.
My crown is absolute, and holds of none. Dryden.
8. To derive right.
'Tis true, from force the noblest title springs;
I therefore hold from that which first made kings. Dryden.
9. To HOLD forth. To harangue; to speak in publick; to set
forth publickly.
A petty conjurer, telling fortunes, held forth in the market­
place. L'Estrange's Fables.
10. To HOLD in. To restrain one's self.
I am full of the fury of the Lord: I am weary with holding
in. Jer. vi. 11.
11. To HOLD in. To continue in luck.
A duke, playing at hazard, held in a great many hands to­
gether. Swift.
12. To HOLD off. To keep at a distance without closing with
offers.
These are interests important enough, and yet we must be
wooed to consider them; nay, that does not prevail neither,
but with a perverse coyness we hold off. Decay of Piety.
13. To HOLD on. To continue; not to be interrupted.
The trade held on for many years after the bishops became
Protestants; and some of their names are still remembered
with infamy, on account of enriching their families by such
sacrilegious alienations. Swift.
14. To HOLD on. To proceed.
He held on, however, 'till he was upon the very point of
breaking. L'Estrange.
15. To HOLD out. To last; to endure.
Before those dews that form manna come upon trees in the
valleys, they dissipate, and cannot hold out. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
As there are mountebanks for the natural body, so are there
mountebanks for the politick body; men that perhaps have
been lucky in two or three experiments, but want the grounds
of science, and therefore cannot hold out. Bacon's Essays.
Truth, fidelity, and justice, are a sure way of thriving,
and will hold out, when all fraudulent arts and devices will
fail. Tillotson's Sermons.
By an extremely exact regimen a consumptive person may
hold out for years, if the symptoms are not violent. Arbuthnot.
16. To HOLD out. Not to yield; not to be subdued.
The great master, leaving a sufficient number of soldiers
for the keeping of that fort, went with the rest of his company
to a place where the Spaniards, sore charged by Achimetes,
had much ado to hold out. Knolles's History of the Turks.
You think it strange a person, obsequious to those he loves,
should hold out so long against importunity. Boyle.
Nor could the hardest ir'n hold out
Against his blows. Hudibras.
I would cry now, my eyes grow womanish;
But yet my heart holds out. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
The citadel of Milan has held out formerly, after the con­
quest of the rest of the dutchy. Addison on Italy.
As to the holding out against so many alterations of state,
it sometimes proceeds from principles. Collier on Pride.
Pronounce your thoughts: are they still fixt
To hold it out, and fight it to the last?
Or are your hearts subdu'd at length, and wrought
By time and ill success to a submission? Addison's Cato.
17. To HOLD together. To be joined.
Those old Gothick castles, made at several times, hold to­
gether only, as it were, by rags and patches. Dryd. Dufresnoy.
18. To HOLD together. To remain in union.
Even outlaws and robbers, who break with all the world
besides, must keep faith amongst themselves, or else they can­
not hold together. Locke.
19. To HOLD up. To support himself.
All the wise sayings and advices which philosophers could
muster up to this purpose, have helped only to support some
few stout and obstinate minds, which, without the assistance
of philosophy, could have held up pretty well of themselves.
Tillotson, Sermon 5.
20. To HOLD up. Not to be foul weather.
Though nice and dark the point appear,
Quoth Ralph, it may hold up and clear. Hudibras, p. ii.
21. To HOLD up. To continue the same speed.
When two start into the world together, the success of the
first seems to press upon the reputation of the latter; for why
could not he hold up? Collier of Envy.

HOLD has the appearance of an interjection; but is the
imperative mood. Forbear; stop; be still.
Hold, ho! lieutenant—sir—Montano! Gentlemen,
Have you forgot all sense of place and duty?
The general speaks to you—hold, hold, for shame! Shakesp.
Hold, hold! are all thy empty wishes such!
A good old woman would have said as much. Dryden's Pers.

HOLD. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of seizing; gripe; grasp; seizure.
Those bards, Cæsar writeth, delivered no certain truth of
any thing; neither is there any certain hold to be taken of any
antiquity which is received by tradition. Spenser on Ireland.
The wits of the multitude are such, that many things they
cannot lay hold on at once. Hooker, Dedication.
Uzzah put forth his hand to the ark of God, and took hold
of it; for the oxen shook it. 2 Sa. vi. 6.
This is to give him liberty and power:
Rather thou should'st lay hold upon him, send him
To deserv'd death, and a just punishment. Ben. Johns. Catil.
Let but them
Find courage to lay hold on this occasion. Milt. Agonistes.
The devil himself, when let loose upon Job, could not
transport that patient good man beyond his temper, or make
him quit his hold. L'Estrange.
He seiz'd the shining bough with griping hold,
And rent away with ease the ling'ring gold. Dryden's Æn.
The head is divided into four fingers bending forwards, and
one opposite to them bending backwards, and of greater strength
than any of them singly, which we call the thumb, to join with
them severally or united, whereby it is fitted to lay hold of
objects of any size or quantity. Ray on the Creation.
Yet then, from all my grief, O Lord,
Thy mercy set me free,
Whilst, in the confidence of pray'r,
My soul took hold on thee. Addison's Spectator.
We are strangely backward to lay hold of this safe, this only
method of cure. Atterbury's Sermons.
He kept his hold,
Nor lost 'till beauty was decay'd and old,
And love was by possession pall'd and cold. Granville.
2. Something to be held; support.
If a man be upon an high place, without rails or good hold,
he is ready to fall. Bacon's Natural History.
3. Catch; power of seizing or keeping.
The law hath yet another hold on you. Shakespeare.
Let it consist with such a man's interest and safety to wrong
you, and then it will be impossible you can have any hold upon
him, because there is nothing left to give him a check, or to
put in the balance against his profit. Swift.
4. Prison; place of custody.
They lay him in hold, because it was not declared what
was to be done with him. Hooker, b. iii.
The prisoner to his hold retir'd,
His troop with equal emulation fir'd, Dryden.


5. Power; influence.
Rural recreations abroad, and books at home, are the inno­
cent pleasures of a man who is early wise; and gives fortune
no more hold of him than of necessity he must. Dryden.
Fear is that passion which hath the greatest power over us,
and by which God and his laws take the surest hold of us. Till.
6. Custody.
King Richard, he is in the mighty hold
Of Bolinbroke. Shakespeare's Richard II.
7. HOLD of a Ship. All that part which lies between the keel­
son and the lower deck. Harris.
Now a sea into the hold was got,
Wave upon wave another sea had wrought. Dryden's Juv.
8. A lurking place: as, the hold of a wild beast or dear.
9. A fortified place; a fort.
It was his policy to leave no hold behind him; but make all
plain and waste. Spenser.

HO’LDER. n. s. [from hold.]
1. One that holds or gripes any thing in his hand.
The makers and holders of plows are wedded to their own
particular way. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A tenant; one that holds land under another.
In times past not holdings were so plentiful, and holders so
scarce, as well was the landlord, who could not get one to be
his tenant. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HOLDERFO’RTH. n. s. [hold and forth.] An haranguer; one
who speaks in publick.
Whence some tub holdersforth have made
In powd'ring tubs the richest trade. Hudibras, p. iii.
He was confirmed in this opinion upon seeing the holder­
forth. Addison's Freeholder.

HO’LDFAST. n. s. [hold and fast.] Any thing which takes
hold; a catch; a hook.
The several sorts of teeth are furnished with holdfasts suit­
able to the stress that they are put to. Ray on the Creation.

HO’LDING. n. s. [from hold.]
1. Tenure; farm.
Holdings were so plentiful, and holders so scarce, as well
was the landlord who could not get a tenant. Carew.
2. It sometimes signifies the burthen or chorus of a song. Hanm.
The holding every man shall beat as loud
As his strong sides can volly. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

HOLE. n. s. [hol, Dutch; Hole, Saxon.]
1. A cavity narrow and long, either perpendicular or hori­
zontal.
The earth had not a hole to hide this deed. Shakesp.
Tickling is most in the soles, and under the arm holes and
sides. Bacon.
A loadstone is so disposed, that it shall draw unto it, on a
reclined plane, a bullet of steel, which, as it ascends near to
the loadstone, may fall down through some hole, and so return
to the place whence it began to move. Wilkins's Dædalus.
There are the tops of the mountains, and under their roots
in holes and caverns the air is often detained. Burnet.
2. A perforation; a small interstitial vacuity.
Look upon linen that has small holes in it: those holes appear
very black, and men are often deceived in taking holes for spots
of ink; and painters, to represent holes, make use of black.
Boyle on Colours.
3. A cave; a hollow place.
Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
A precious ring, that lightens all the hole. Shakespeare.
4. A cell of an animal.
A tortoise spends all his days in a hole, with a house upon his
head. L'Estrange.
I have frighted ants with my fingers, and pursued them as
far as another hole, stopping all passages to their own nest,
and it was natural for them to fly into the next hole. Addison.
5. A mean habitation. Hole is generally used, unless in speak­
ing of manual works, with some degree of dislike.
When Alexander first beheld the face
Of the great cynick, thus he did lament:
How much more happy thou, that art content
To live within this little hole, than I
Who after empire, that vain quarry, fly. Dryden's Juven.
6. Some subterfuge or shift. Ainsw.

HO’LIDAM. n. s. [holy dame.] Blessed lady. Hanmer.
By my holidam, here comes Catharine. Shakespeare.

HO’LILY. adv. [from holy.]
1. Piously; with sanctity.
Thou would'st be great,
Art not without ambition; but without
The illness should attend it: what thou would'st highly,
That would'st thou holily. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Inviolably; without breach.
Friendship, a rare thing in princes, more rare between
princes, that so holily was observed to the last of those two ex­
cellent men. Sidney, b. ii.

HO’LINESS. n. s. [from holy.]
1. Sanctity; piety; religious goodness.
I will not hence and leave my husband here;
And ill it doth beseem your holiness
To separate the husband and the wise. Shakes. Com. of Err.
Religion is rent by discords, and the holiness of the pro­
fessors is decayed, and full of scandal. Bacon's Essays.
Then in full age, and hoary holiness,
Retire, great teacher, to thy promis'd bliss. Prior.
We see piety and holiness ridiculed as morose singularities.
Rogers, Sermon 15.
2. The state of being hallowed; dedication to religion.
3. The title of the pope.
I here appeal unto the pope,
To bring my whole cause 'fore his holiness. Shakes. H. VIII.
His holiness has told some English gentlemen, that those of
our nation should have the privileges. Addison on Italy.

HO’LLA. interj. [hola, French.] A word used in calling to any
one at a distance.
List, list! I hear
Some far off hollow break the silent air. Milton.

To HO’LLA. v. n. [from the interjection. This word is now
vitiously written hollo by the best authors: sometimes halloo.]
To cry out loudly.
But I will find him when he lies asleep,
And in his ear I'll holla, Mortimer! Shakesp. Henry IV.
What halloing and what stir is this to-day? Shakespeare.

HO’LLAND. n. s. Fine linen made in Holland.
Some for the pride of Turkish courts design'd,
For folded turbants finest holland bear. Dryden.

HO’LLOW. adj. [from hole.]
1. Excavated; having a void space within; not solid.
It is fortune's use
To let the wretched man outlive his wealth,
To view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow
An age of poverty. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Some search for hollow trees, and fell the woods. Dryden.
He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground;
The hollow tow'rs with clamours ring around. Dryden.
2. Noisy, like sound reverberated from a cavity.
The southern wind,
Now by his hollow whistling in the leaves,
Foretels a tempest. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Thence issu'd such a blast and hollow roar,
As threaten'd from the hinge to heave the door. Dryden.
3. Not faithful; not sound; not what one appears.
Who in want a hollow friend doth try,
Directly seasons him his enemy. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Hollow church papists are like the roots of nettles, which
themselves sting not; but yet they bear all the stinging leaves.
Bacon's Ornam. Ration.
He seem'd
For dignity compos'd, and high exploit;
But all was false and hollow. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
What could be expected from him, but knotty and crooked
hollow hearted dealings? Howel's Vocal Forrest.
The hollow hearted, disaffected,
And close malignants are detected. Hudibras, p. iii.

HO’LLOW. n. s.
1. Cavity; concavity.
I've heard myself proclaim'd,
And by the happy hollow of a tree
Escap'd the hunt. Shakesp. King Lear.
I suppose there is some vault or hollow, or isle, behind the
wall, and some passage to it. Bacon's Natural History.
Against the horse's side his spear
He throws, which trembles with enclosed fear;
Whilst from the hollows of his womb proceed
Groans, not his own. Denham.
Himself, as in the hollow of his hand,
Holding, obedient to his high command,
The deep abyss. Prior.
2. Cavern; den; hole.
Who art thou, that lately did'st descend
Into this gaping hollow of the earth? Shak. Titus Andronicus.
Forests grew
Upon the barren hollows, high o'ershading
The haunts of savage beasts. Prior.
3. Pit.
A fine genius for gardening thought of forming such an un­
sightly hollow into so uncommon and agreeable a scene. Addis.
4. Any opening or vacuity.
He touched the hollow of his thigh. Gen. xxii. 25.
5. Passage; canal.
The little springs and rills are conveyed through little chan­
nels into the main hollow of the aqueduct. Addison on Italy.

To HO’LLOW. v. a. [from the noun.] To make hollow; to
excavate.
Trees, rudely hollow'd, did the waves sustain,
'Ere ships in triumph plow'd the watry plain. Dryd. Ovid.
Multitudes were employed in the sinking of wells, the
digging of trenches, and the hollowing of trees. Spectator.

To HO’LLOW. v. n. [This is written by neglect of etymology
for holla. See HOLLA.] To shout; to hoot.


This unseen judge will wait, and in your ear
Will hollow rebel, tyrant, murderer. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
I pass for a disaffected person and a murderer, for no other
reason but because I do not hoot and hollow, and make a noise.
Addison's Spectator.
He with his hounds comes hollowing from the stable,
Makes love with nods, and kneels beneath a table. Pope.

HO’LLOWLY. adv. [from hollow.]
1. With cavities.
2. Unfaithfully; insincerely; dishonestly.
O earth, bear witness,
And crown what I profess with kind event,
If I speak true; if hollowly, invert
What best is boaded me, to mischief! Shakesp. Tempest.
You shall arraign your conscience,
And try your penitence, if it be sound,
Or hollowly put on. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

HO’LLOWNESS. n. s. [from hollow.]
1. Cavity; state of being hollow.
If you throw a stone or a dart, they give no sound; no more
do bullets, except they happen to be a little hollowed in the
casting, which hollowness penneth the air. Bacon's Natur. Hist.
I have seen earth taken up by a strong wind, so that there
remained great empty hollowness in the place. Hakewill.
An heap of sand or fine powder will suffer no hollowness
within them, though they be dry substances. Burnet.
2. Deceit; insincerity; treachery.
Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least;
Nor are those empty hearted, whose low sound
Reverbs no hollowness. Shakespeare's King Lear.
People, young and raw, and soft natured, think it an easy
thing to gain love, and reckon their own friendship a sure
price of any man's: but when experience shall have shewn
them the hardness of most hearts, the hollowness of others, and
the baseness and ingratitude of almost all, they will then find
that a friend is the gift of God, and that he only who made
hearts can unite them. South's Sermons.

HO’LLOWROOT. n. s. [hollow and root.] A plant. Ainsworth.

HO’LLY. n. s. [Holeyn, Saxon.] A plant.
The leaves are set about the edges with long, sharp, stiff
prickles: the berries are small, round, and generally of a red
colour, containing four triangular striated seeds in each. Of
this tree there are several species; some variegated in the
leaves, some with yellow berries, and some with white. Mill.
Fairest blossoms drop with every blast;
But the brown beauty will like hollies last. Gay.
Some to the holly hedge
Nestling repair, and to the thicket some;
Some to the rude protection of the thorn. Thomson's Spring.

HO’LLYHOCK. n. s. [HoliHoc, Saxon, commonly called holyoak.]
Rosemallow.
It is in every respect larger than the common mallow: its
leaves are rougher, and its flowers, which are in some species
double, adhere closely to the stalk. They flower in July. Mill.
Holyocks far exceed poppies for their durableness, and are
very ornamental. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO’LLYROSE. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

HO’LLYTREE. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

HOLME. n. s.
1. Holme or howme, whether jointly or singly, comes from the
Saxon Holme, a river island; or if the place be not such, the
same word signifies also a hill, or mountain. Gibson's Camden.
2. The ilex; the evergreen oak.
Under what tree did'st thou take them companying toge­
ther? who answered, under a holm tree. Sus. lviii.
The carver holme, the maple seldom inward sound. Spens.

HO’LOCAUST. n. s. [ὅλ and ϰαίω.] A burnt sacrifice; a sa­
crifice of which the whole was consumed by fire, and nothing
retained by the offerer.
Isaac carried the wood for the sacrifice, which being an
holocaust, or burnt offering, to be consumed unto ashes, we
cannot well conceive a burthen for a boy. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Let the eye behold no evil thing, and it is made a sacrifice;
let the tongue speak no filthy word, and it becomes an obla­
tion; let the hand do no unlawful action, and you render it
a holocaust. Ray on the Creation.
Eumenes cut a piece from every part of the victim, and by
this he made it an holocaust, or an entire sacrifice. Broome.

HO’LOGRAPH. n. s. [ὁλ and γϱάφω.] This word is used in
the Scottish law to denote a deed written altogether by the
granter's own hand.

HOLP. The old preterite and participle passive of help.
His great love, sharp as his spur, hath holp him
To's home before us. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

HO’LPEN. The old participle passive of help.
In a long trunk the sound is holpen, though both the mouth
and the ear be a handful from the trunk; and somewhat more
holpen when the hearer is near, than when the speaker. Bacon.

HO’LSTER. n. s. [Heolster, Saxon, a hiding place.] A case for
a horseman's pistol.
In's rusty holsters put what meat
Into his hose he cou'd not get. Butler.

HOLT, whether at the beginning or ending of the name of any
place, signifies that it is or hath been woody, from the Saxon
Holt, a wood; or sometimes possibly from the Saxon Hol, i. e.
hollow, especially when the name ends in tun or dun. Gibson.

HO’LY. adj. [Halig, Saxon; heyligh, Dutch, from Hal, healthy,
or in a state of salvation.]
1. Good; pious; religious.
See where his grace stands 'tween two clergymen!
And see a book of prayer in his hand,
True ornaments to know a holy man. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Doubtless
With joy he will embrace you; for he's honourable,
And, doubling that, most holy. Shakes. Cymbeline.
2. Hallowed; consecrated to divine use.
State, holy or unhallow'd, what of that? Shak. Hen. VI.
Bare was his hoary head; one holy hand
Held forth his laurel crown, and one his sceptre. Dryden.
3. Pure; immaculate.
Common sense could tell them, that the good God could
not be pleased with any thing cruel; nor the most holy God
with any thing filthy and unclean. South's Sermons.
4. Sacred.
An evil soul producing holy witness,
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
He has deserv'd it, were it carbuncled
Like holy Phœbus' car. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.

HO’LY-GHOST. n. s. [Halig and gast, Saxon.] The third per­
son of the adorable Trinity.
If strength of persuasion be the light which must guide us,
I ask, how shall any one distinguish the inspirations of the
Holy-ghost? Locke.

HO’LY-THURSDAY. n. s. The day on which the ascension of
our Saviour is commemorated, ten days before Whitsuntide.

HO’LY-WEEK. n. s. The week before Easter.

HO’LYDAY. n. s. [holy and day.]
1. The day of some ecclesiastical festival.
2. Anniversary feast.
This victory was so welcome unto the Persians, that in
memorial thereof they kept that day as one of their solemn
holydays for many years after. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Rome's holydays you tell, as if a guest
With the old Romans you were wont to feast. Waller.
3. A day of gayety and joy.
He writes verses, he speaks holyday, he smells April and
May; he will carry it. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
What, have I 'scaped love-letters in the holyday time of my
beauty, and am I now a subject for them? Shakespeare.
4. A time that comes seldom.
Courage is but a holyday kind of virtue, to be seldom exer­
cised. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.

HOM

HO’MAGE. n. s. [hommage, French; homagium, low Latin.]
1. Service paid and fealty professed to a sovereign or superior
lord.
Call my sovereign yours,
And do him homage as obedient subjects. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
The chiefs, in a solemn manner, did their homages, and
made their oaths of fidelity to the earl marshal. Davies.
2. Obeisance; respect paid by external action.
The gods great mother, when her heav'nly race
Do homage to her. Denham.
A tuft of daisies on a flow'ry lay
They saw, and thitherward they bent their way;
To this both knights and dames their homage made,
And due obeisance to the daisy paid. Dryden.
Go, go, with homage yon proud victors meet!
Go, lie like dogs beneath your masters feet. Dryden.

To HO’MAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To reverence by exter­
nal action; to pay honour to; to profess fealty.

HO’MAGER. n. s. [hommager, Fr. from homage.] One who
holds by homage of some superior lord.
As I'm Egypt's queen,
Thou blushest, Antony; and that blood of thine
Is Cæsar's homager. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
His subjects, traytors, are received by the duke of Bretagne
his homager. Bacon's Henry VII.

HOME. n. s. [Ham, Saxon.]
1. His own house; the private dwelling.
I'm now from home, and out of that provision
Which shall be needful for your entertainment. Shakespeare.
Home is the sacred refuge of our life,
Secur'd from all approaches but a wife. Dryden.
When Hector went to see
His virtuous wife, the fair Andromache,
He found her not at home; for she was gone. Dryden.
Those who have homes, when home they do repair,
To a last lodging calls their wand'ring friends. Dryden.
2. His own country.
How can tyrants safely govern home,
Unless abroad they purchase great alliance? Shakes. H. VI.
Their determination is to return to their homes, and to
trouble you no more. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.


With honour to his home let Theseus ride,
With love to friend. Dryden's Fables.
At home the hateful names of parties cease,
And factious souls are weary'd into peace. Dryden.
They who pass through a foreign country, towards their
native home, do not usually give up themselves to the pleasures
of the place. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. The place of constant residence.
Flandria, by plenty made the home of war,
Shall weep her crime, and bow to Charles restor'd. Prior.
4. United to a substantive, it signifies domestick.
Let the exportation of home commodities be more in value
than the importation of foreign. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

HOME. adv. [from the noun.]
1. To one's own habitation.
One of Adam's children in the mountains lights on a glit­
tering substance; home he carries it to Adam, who finds it to
be hard, to have a bright yellow colour, and exceeding great
weight. Locke.
2. To one's own country.
3. Close to one's own breast or affairs.
He that encourages treason lays the foundation of a doc­
trine, that will come home to himself. L'Estrange.
This is a consideration that comes home to our interest. Add.
These considerations, proposed in general terms, I am sure,
madam, you will, by particular application, bring home to
your own concern. Wake's Preparation for Death.
4. To the point designed; to the utmost; closely; fully.
Crafty enough either to hide his faults, or never to shew
them, but when they might pay home. Sidney, b. ii.
In fell motion,
With his prepared sword he charges home
My unprovided body. Shakespeare's King Lear.
A loyal sir
To him thou follow'st: I will pay thy graces
Home both in word and deed. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Her cause and yours
I'll perfect him withal; and he shall bring you
Before the duke, and to the head of Angelo
Accuse him home and home. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Men of age object too much, adventure too little, and sel­
dom drive business home to the full period; but content them­
selves with a mediocrity of success. Bacon.
That cometh up home to the business, and taketh off the
objection clearly. Sanderson.
Break through the thick array
Of his throng'd legions, and charge home upon him. Addis.
He makes choice of some piece of morality; and in order
to press this home, he makes less use of the force of reasoning.
Pope's View of Epick Poems.
I can only refer the reader to the authors themselves, who
speak very home to the point. Atterbury's Serm. Preface.
5. United to a substantive, it implies force and efficacy.
Poison may be false;
The home thrust of a friendly sword is sure. Dryden.
I am sorry to give him such home thrusts; for he lays him­
self so open, and uses so little art to avoid them, that I must
either do nothing, or expose his weakness. Stillingfleet.

HOMEBO’RN. adj. [home and born.]
1. Native; natural.
Though to be thus elemented, arm
These creatures from homeborn intrinsick harm. Donne.
2. Domestick; not foreign.
Num'rous bands
With homeborn lyes, or tales from foreign lands. Pope.

HO’MEBRED. adj. [home and bred.]
1. Native; natural.
God hath taken care to anticipate every man, to draw him
early into his church, before other competitors, homebred lusts,
or vicious customs of the world, should be able to pretend to
him. Hammond on Fundamentals.
2. Not polished by travel; plain; rude; artless; uncultivated.
Only to me two homebred youths belong. Dryden's Juven.
3. Domestick; not foreign.
But if of danger, which hereby doth dwell,
And homebred evil, ye desire to hear,
I can you tydings tell. Fairy Queen, cant. i.
This once happy land,
By homebred fury rent, long groan'd. Phillips.

HO’MEFELT. adj. [home and felt.] Inward; private.
Yet they in pleasing slumber lull'd the sense,
And in sweet madness robb'd it of itself;
But such a sacred and homefelt delight,
Such sober certainty of waking bliss,
I never heard 'till now. Milton.
Happy next him who to these shades retires,
Whom nature charms, and whom the muse inspires,
Whom humbler joys of homefelt quiet please,
Successive study, exercise, and ease. Pope.

HO’MELILY. adv. [from homely.] Rudely; inelegantly.

HO’MELINESS. n. s. [from homely.] Plainness; rudeness;
coarseness.
Homer has opened a great field of raillery to men of more
delicacy than greatness of genius, by the homeliness of some of
his sentiments. Addison's Spectator.

HO’MELY. adj. [from home.] Plain; homespun; not elegant;
not beautiful; not fine; coarse; rude.
Each place handsome without curiosity, and homely without
loathsomeness. Sidney.
Within this wood, out of a rock did rise
A spring of water, mildly tumbling down;
Whereto approached not in any wise
The homely shepherd, nor the ruder clown. Spenser.
Like rich hangings in an homely house,
So was his will in his old feeble body. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift:
Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. Shakespeare.
Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits. Shakespeare.
Our stomachs will make what's homely savoury. Shakesp.
It is for homely features to keep home;
They had their name thence. Milton.
It is observed by some, that there is none so homely but
loves a looking-glass. South's Sermons.
Their homely fare dispatch'd, the hungry band
Invade their trenchers next. Dryden's Æn. b. vii.
Now Strephon daily entertains
His Chloe in the homeli'st strains. Swift.
Homely persons, the more they endeavour to adorn them­
selves, the more they expose the defects they want to hide. Clar.

HO’MELY. adv. Plainly; coarsely; rudely.
Thus like the god his father, homely drest,
He strides into the hall a horrid guest. Dryden's Æn.

HO’MELYN. n. s. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HOMEMA’DE. adj. [home and made.] Made at home; not
manufactured in foreign parts.
A tax laid on your native product, and homemade commo­
dities, makes them yield less to the first seller. Locke.

HO’MER. n. s. A measure of about three pints.
An homer of barley-seed shall be valued at fifty shekels of
silver. Lev. xxvii. 16.

HO’MESPUN. adj. [home and spun.]
1. Spun or wrought at home; not made by regular manufac­
turers.
Instead of homespun coifs were seen
Good pinners, edg'd with colberteen. Swift.
2. Not made in foreign countries.
He appeared in a suit of English broad-cloath, very plain,
but rich: every thing he wore was substantial, honest, home­
spun ware. Addison.
3. Plain; coarse; rude; homely; inelegant.
They sometimes put on, when they go ashore, long sleeve­
less coats of homespun cotton. Sandys's Travels.
We say, in our homespun English proverb, He killed two
birds with one stone; pleased the emperor, by giving him the
resemblance of his ancestors, and gave him such a resemblance
as was not scandalous in that age. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
Our homespun authors must forsake the field,
And Shakespeare to the soft Scarlatti yield. Addison.

HOMESPU’N. n. s. A coarse, inelegant, rude, untaught, rustick
man.
What hempen homespuns have we swaggering here,
So near the cradle of the fairy queen? Shakespeare.

HO’MESTALL. n. s. [Ham and stede, Saxon.] The place of
the house.

HO’MESTEAD. n. s. [Ham and stede, Saxon.] The place of
the house.
Both house and homestead into seas are born,
And rocks are from their old foundations torn. Dryden.

HO’MEWARD. adv. [Ham and weard, Saxon.] Towards
home; towards the native place; towards
the place of residence.

HO’MEWARDS. adv. [Ham and weard, Saxon.] Towards
home; towards the native place; towards
the place of residence.
Then Urania homeward did arise,
Leaving in pain their well-fed hungry eyes. Sidney.
My affairs
Do even drag me homeward. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Since such love's natural station is, may still
My love descend, and journey down the hill,
Not panting after growing beauties; so
I shall ebb on with them who homeward go. Donne.
Look homeward, angel now, and melt with ruth;
And, O ye dolphins, waft the hapless youth! Milton.
Like a long team of snowy swans on high,
Which clap their wings, and cleave the liquid sky,
Which homeward from their wat'ry pastures born,
They sing, and Asia's lakes their notes return. Dryd. Æn.
What now remains,
But that once more we tempt the wat'ry plains,
And, wand'ring homewards, seek our safety hence. Dryden.

HO’MICIDE. n. s. [homicide, French; homicidium, Latin.]
1. Murder; manquelling.
The apostles command to abstain from blood: construe this
according to the law of nature, and it will seem, that homicide
only is forbidden; but construe it in reference to the law of the
Jews, about which the question was, and it shall easily appear
to have a clean other sense, and a truer, when we expound it
of eating, and not of shedding blood. Hooker, b. iv.


2. Destruction. In the following lines it is not proper.
What wonder is't that black detraction thrives!
The homicide of names is less than lives. Dryden.
3. [Homicide, Fr. homicida, Lat.] A murderer; a manslayer.
Your beauty, that did haunt me in my sleep,
To undertake the death of all the world,
So might I live one hour in your sweet bosom.
——If I thought that, I tell thee, homicide,
These nails should rend that beauty from my cheeks. Shakes.
Hector comes, the homicide, to wield
His conqu'ring arms, with corps to strew the field. Dryden.

HOMICI’DAL. adj. [from homicide.] Murderous; bloody.
The troop forth issuing from the dark recess,
With homicidal rage, the king oppress. Pope's Odyssey.

HOMILE’TICAL. adj. [ὁμιλητιϰὸς.] Social; conversible.
His life was holy, and, when he had leisure for retirements,
severe: his virtues active chiefly, and homiletical; not those
lazy sullen ones of the cloyster. Atterbury.

HO’MILY. n. s. [homilie, French; ὁμιλία.] A discourse read to
a congregation.
Homilies were a third kind of readings usual in former times;
a most commendable institution, as well then to supply the
casual, as now the necessary defect of sermons. Hooker.
What tedious homily of love have you wearied your pa­
rishioners withal, and never cried have patience, good people.
Shakespeare's As you like it.
If we survey the homilies of the ancient church, we shall
discern that, upon festival days, the subject of the homily was
constantly the business of the day. Hammond's Fundamentals.

HOMOGE’NEAL. adj. [homogene, Fr. ὁμογενὴς.] Having
the same nature or principles; suitable
to each other.

HOMOGE’NEOUS. adj. [homogene, Fr. ὁμογενὴς.] Having
the same nature or principles; suitable
to each other.
The means of reduction, by the fire, is but by congrega­
tion of homogeneal parts. Bacon's Phys. Rem.
Ice is a similary body, and homogeneous concretion, whose
material is properly water. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
An homogeneous mass of one kind is easily distinguishable
from any other; gold from iron, sulphur from alum, and so
of the rest. Woodward's Natural History.
The light, whose rays are all alike refrangible, I call simple,
homogeneal, and similar; and that whose rays are some more
refrangible than others, I call compound, heterogeneal, and
dissimilar. Newton's Opt.

HOMOGE’NEALNESS. n. s. [from homogeneous, or homogeneal.]
Participation of the same principles or
nature; similitude of kind.

HOMOGENE’ITY. n. s. [from homogeneous, or homogeneal.]
Participation of the same principles or
nature; similitude of kind.

HOMOGE’NEOUSNESS. n. s. [from homogeneous, or homogeneal.]
Participation of the same principles or
nature; similitude of kind.
The mixtures acquire a greater degree of fluidity and simi­
larity, or homogeneity of parts. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Upon this supposition of only different diameters, it is im­
possible to account for the homogeneity or similarity of the se­
cerned liquors. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

HO’MOGENY. n. s. [ὁμογενία.] Joint nature.
By the driving back of the principal spirits, which preserve
the consistence of the body, their government is dissolved, and
every part returneth to his nature or homogeny. Bacon.

HOMO’LOGOUS. adj. [homologue, Fr. ὁμόλογ.] Having the
same manner or proportions.

HOMO’NYMOUS. adj. [homonyme, Fr. ὁμώνυμ.] Denomi­
nating different things; equivocal; ambiguous.
As words signifying the same thing are called synonymous,
so equivocal words, or those which signify several things, are
called homonymous, or ambiguous; and when persons use such
ambiguous words, with a design to deceive, it is called equi­
vocation. Watts's Logick.

HOMO’NYMY. n. s. [homonymie, French; ὁμονυμία.] Equivo­
cation; ambiguity.

HOMO’TONOUS. adj. [ὁμοτόν.] Equable: said of such dis­
tempers as keep a constant tenour of rise, state, and declen­
sion. Quincy.

HON

HONE. n. s. [This word M. Casaubon derives from ἀϰονὴ; Ju­
nius from hogsaen, Welsh; Skinner, who is always rational,
from Hæn, Saxon, a stone; Hænan, to stone.] A whetstone
for a rasor.
A home and a parer, to pare away grass. Tusser's Husband.

To HONE. v. n. [Hongian, Saxon.] To pine; to long for any
thing.

HO’NEST. adj. [honeste, French; honestus, Latin.]
1. Upright; true; sincere.
What art thou?
—A very honest hearted fellow, and as poor as the king. Sh.
The way to relieve ourselves from those sophisms, is an
honest and diligent enquiry into the real nature and causes of
things. Watts's Logick.
2. Chaste.
Wives may be merry, and yet honest too. Shakespeare.
3. Just; righteous; giving to every man his due.
4. It is sometimes used criminally for dishonest; base.
I'll devise some honest slanders
To stain my cousin with: one doth not know
How much an ill word doth impoison liking. Shakespeare.

HO’NESTLY. adv. [from honest.]
1. Uprightly; justly.
It doth make me tremble,
There should those spirits yet breathe, that when they cannot
Live honestly, would rather perish basely. Ben. Johns. Catil.
For some time past all endeavours or proposals from private
persons to advance the publick service, however honestly and
innocently designed, have been called flying in the king's
face. Swift.
2. With chastity; modestly.

HO’NESTY. n. s. [honnesteté, French; honestas, Latin.] Justice;
truth; virtue; purity.
Thou shalt not have thy husband's lands.
——Why, then mine honesty shall be my dower. Shakesp.
Goodness, as that which makes men prefer their duty and
their promise before their passions or their interest, and is pro­
perly the object of trust, in our language goes rather by the
name of honesty; though what we call an honest man, the Ro­
mans called a good man; and honesty in their language, as well
as in French, rather signifies a composition of those qualities
which generally acquire honour and esteem. Temple.

HO’NIED. adj. [from honey.]
1. Covered with honey.
The bee with honied thigh,
That at her flow'ry work doth sing. Milton.
2. Sweet; luscious.
When he speaks,
The air, a charter'd libertine, is still;
And the mute wonder lurketh in mens ears,
To steal his sweet and honied sentences. Shakesp. Henry V.
Look now for no enchanting voice, nor fear
The bait of honey'd words; a rougher tongue
Draws hitherward. Milton's Agonistes.

HO’NEY. n. s. [Hunig, Saxon; honig, Dutch; honec, honag,
German.]
1. A thick, viscous, fluid substance, of a whitish or yellowish
colour, sweet to the taste, soluble in water; and becoming
vinous on sermentation, inflammable, liquable by a gentle
heat, and of a fragrant smell. We have three kinds of honey:
the first and finest is virgin honey, not very firm, and of a
fragrant smell: it is the first produce of the swarm, ob­
tained by draining from the combs without pressing. The
second is thicker than the first, often almost solid, procured
from the combs by pressure: and the worst is the common
yellow honey, extracted by heating the combs over the fire,
and then pressing them. In the flowers of plants, by certain
glands near the basis in the petals, is secreted a sweet juice,
which the bee, by means of its probosis or trunk, sucks up,
swallows it, flies away with it to the hive, and discharges
again from the stomach through the mouth into some of the
cells of the comb. The honey thus taken up into the body of
the bee, and deposited again into the cells of the comb, is
destined for the food of the young offspring; but in hard sea­
sons the bees are sometimes reduced to the necessity of feeding
on it themselves, and die of hunger after they have eat it all
up. Honey, taken out of the new combs early in the Sum­
mer, is vastly preferrable to that taken from the same hive in
Autumn. Honey is an excellent pectoral, is detergent, ape­
rient, and diuretick. Hill's Mat. Med.
So work the honey bees,
Creatures that by a ruling nature teach
The art of order to a peopled kingdom. Shakes. Hen. V.
The like contention is found among the Greeks, touching
his education and first fostering: some affirm, that he was fed
by honey bees. Raleigh's History of the World.
In ancient time there was a kind of honey, which, either of
its own nature, or by art, would grow as hard as sugar, and
was not so luscious as ours. Bacon's Natural History.
When the patient is rich, there's no fear of physicians about
him, as thick as wasps to a honey pot. L'Estrange.
Honey is the most elaborate production of the vegetable
kind, being a most exquisite vegetable sope, resolvent of the
bile, balsamick and pectoral: honey contains no inflammable
spirit, before it has felt the force of fermentation; for by dis­
tillation it affords nothing that will burn in the fire. Arbuthn.
New wine, with honey temper'd milk we bring;
Then living waters from the crystal spring. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Sweetness; lusciousness.
The king hath found
Matter against him, that for ever mars
The honey of his language. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
A honey tongue, a heart of gall,
Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall. Shakespeare.
3. A name of tenderness; sweet; sweetness. [Mel; corculum.]
Honey, you shall be well desir'd in Cyprus;
I've found great love amongst them. Oh, my sweet,
I prattle out of fashion, and I dote
In mine own comfort. Shakespeare's Othello.
Why, honey bird, I bought him on purpose for thee: did'st
not thou say, thou long'dst for a Christian slave? Dryden.

To HO’NEY. v. n. [from the noun.] To talk fondly.
Nay, but to live
In the rank sweat of an incestuous bed,
Stew'd in corruption, honeying and making love
Over the nasty sty. Shakespeare's Hamlet.



HO’NEY-BAG. n. s. [honey and bag.]
The honey-bag is the stomach, which they always fill to
satisfy, and to spare, vomiting up the greater part of the honey
to be kept against Winter. Grew's Musæum.

HO’NEY-COMB. n. s. [honey and comb.] The cells of wax in
which the bee stores her honey.
All these a milk-white honey-comb surround,
Which in the midst the country banquet crown'd. Dryden.

HON’EY-COMBED. adj. [honey and comb.] Spoken of a piece of
ordnance flawed with little cavities by being ill cast.
A mariner having discharged his gun, which was honey­
combed, and loading it suddenly again, the powder took
fire. Wiseman.

HO’NEY-DEW. n. s. [honey and dew.] Sweet dew.
There is a honey-dew which hangs upon their leaves, and
breeds insects. Mortimer's Husbandry.
How honey-dews embalm the fragrant morn,
And the fair oak with luscious sweets adorn. Garth.

HO’NEY-FLOWER. n. s. [melanthus, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a perennial root, and the appearance of a shrub:
the leaves are like those of burnet; the cup of the flower is
divided into several parts: the flower consists of four leaves,
and is of an anomalous figure, sometimes in the shape of a
fan, and at other times conical: the ovary becomes a fruit,
resembling a bladder four cornered, divided into four cells,
and pregnant with roundish seeds. This plant produces large
spikes of chocolate-coloured flowers in May, in each of which
is contained a large quantity of black sweet liquor, from
whence it is supposed to derive its name. Miller.

HO’NEY-GNAT. n. s. [mellio, Latin; honey and gnat.] An in­
sect. Ainsworth.

HO’NEY-MOON. n. s. [honey and moon.] The first month after
marriage, when there is nothing but tenderness and pleasure.
A man should keep his finery for the latter season of mar­
riage, and not begin to dress 'till the honey-moon is over. Addis.

HO’NEY-SUCKLE. n. s. [caprifolium, Latin.] Woodbine.
It hath a climbing stalk, which twists itself about whatso­
ever tree stands near it: the flowers are tubulous and oblong,
consisting of one leaf, which opens towards the top, and is
divided into two lips; the uppermost of which is subdivided
into two, and the lowermost is cut into many segments: the
tube of the flowers is bent, somewhat resembling a huntsman's
horn. They are produced in clusters, and are very sweet.
Miller enumerates ten species, of which three grow wild in
our hedges.
Bid her steal into the pleached bower,
Where honey-suckles, ripen'd by the sun,
Forbid the sun to enter; like to favourites,
Made proud by princes, that advance their pride
Against the power that bred it. Shakespeare.
Watch upon a bank
With ivy canopied, and interwove
With flaunting honeysuckle. Milton.
Then melfoil beat, and honey-suckles pound;
With these alluring savours strew the ground. Dryd. Virgil.

HO’NEYLESS. adj. [from honey.] Without honey.
But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
And leave them honeyless. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

HO’NEY-WORT. n. s. [cerinthe, Latin.] A plant.
It hath glaucous deep green leaves, which are, for the most
part, beset with prickles: the flowers are cylindrical, consist­
ing of one leaf, in shape like those of comfrey, and are pen­
dulous: each flower turns to the top of the second page of the
third leaf following. Miller.

HO’NORARY. adj. [honorarius, Latin.]
1. Done in honour.
There was probably some distinction made among the Ro­
mans between such honorary arches erected to emperors, and
those that were raised to them on the account of a victory,
which are properly triumphal arches. Addison on Italy.
This monument is only honorary; for the ashes of the em­
peror lie elsewhere. Addison on Italy.
2. Conferring honour without gain.
The Romans abounded with these little honorary rewards,
that, without conferring wealth and riches, gave only place
and distinction to the person who received them. Addis. Guard.

HO’NOUR. n. s. [honeur, French; honor, Latin.]
1. Dignity; high rank.
2. Reputation; fame.
A man is an ill husband of his honour, that entereth into
any action, the failing wherein may disgrace him more than
the carrying of it through can honour him. Bacon's Essays.
3. The title of a man of rank.
Return unto thy lord,
Bid him not fear the separated councils:
His honour and myself are at the one;
And at the other is my good friend Catesby. Shakes. R. III.
4. Subject of praise.
Thou happy father,
Think that the clearest gods, who make them honours,
Of man's impossibilities, have preserv'd thee. Shakesp.
5. Nobleness of mind; scorn of meanness; magnanimity.
Now shall I see thy love; what motive may
Be stronger with thee than the name of wife?
—That which upholdeth him, that thee upholds,
His honour. Oh, thine honour, Lewis; thine honour. Shak.
If by honour is meant any thing distinct from conscience,
'tis no more than a regard to the censure and esteem of the
world. Rogers's Sermons.
6. Reverence; due veneration.
They take thee for their mother,
And every day do honour to thy grave. Shakes. Cymbeline.
There, my lord,
The high promotion of his grace of Canterbury,
Who holds his state at door, 'mongst pursuivants.
—— Ha! 'tis he, indeed!
Is this the honour they do one another? Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
This is a duty in the fifth commandment, required towards
our prince and our parent, under the name of honour; a re­
spect, which, in the notion of it, implies a mixture of love
and fear, and, in the object, equally supposes goodness and
power. Rogers's Sermons.
7. Chastity.
Be she honour flaw'd,
I have three daughters, the eldest is eleven;
If this prove true, they'll pay for't. Shak. Winter's Tale.
She dwells so securely on the excellency of her honour, that
the folly of my soul dares not prevent itself: she is too bright
to be looked against. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
8. Dignity of mien.
Two of far nobler shape, erect and tall,
Godlike erect! with native honour clad,
In naked majesty, seem'd lords of all. Milton's Parad. Lost.
9. Glory; boast.
A late eminent person, the honour of his profession for inte­
grity and learning. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
10. Publick mark of respect.
He saw his friends, who whelm'd beneath the waves,
Their fun'ral honours claim'd, and ask'd their quiet graves.
Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
Such discourses, on such mournful occasions as these, were
instituted not so much in honour of the dead, as for the use of
the living. Atterbury's Sermons.
Numbers engage their lives and labours, some to heap toge­
ther a little dirt that shall bury them in the end; others to gain
an honour, that, at best, can be celebrated but by an inconsi­
derable part of the world, and is envied and calumniated by
more than 'tis truly given. Wake's Preparation for Death.
11. Privileges of rank or birth.
Henry the seventh, truly pitying
My father's loss, like a most royal prince,
Restor'd to me my honours; and, from ruins,
Made my name once more noble. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
12. Civilities paid.
Then here a slave, or if you will a lord,
To do the honours, and to give the word. Pope's Horace.
13. Ornament; decoration.
The sire then shook the honours of his head,
And from his brows damps of oblivion shed. Dryden.
My hand to thee, my honour on my promise. Shakesp.

To HO’NOUR. v. a. [honnorer, French; honoro, Latin.]
1. To reverence; to regard with veneration.
He was called our father, and was continually honoured of
all men, as the next person unto the king. Esth. xvi. 11.
The poor man is honoured for his skill, and the rich man is
honoured for his riches. Ecclus. x. 30.
He that is honoured in poverty, how much more in riches?
Ecclus. x. 31.
How lov'd, how honour'd once, avails thee not. Pope.
2. To dignify; to raise to greatness.
In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition,
Which we ourselves have plow'd for, sow'd and scatter'd,
By mingling them with us, the honour'd number. Shakesp.
I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them,
and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host,
that the Egyptians may know that I am the Lord. Ex. xiv.

HO’NOURABLE. adj. [honorable, French.]
1. Illustrious; noble.
Sir, I'll tell you,
Since I am charg'd in honour, and by him
That I think honourable. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the crowning
city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the
honourable of the earth? Is. xxiii. 8.
2. Great; magnanimous; generous.
Think'st thou it honourable for a nobleman
Still to remember wrongs. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Conferring honour.
Then warlike kings, who for their country fought,
And honourable wounds from battle brought. Dryden's Æn.


Many of those persons, who put this honourable task on me,
were more able to perform it themselves. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. Accompanied with tokens of honour.
Sith this wretched woman overcome,
Of anguish, rather than of crime hath been,
Preserve her cause to her eternal doom;
And in the mean, vouchsafe her honourable tomb. Fa. Qu.
5. Not to be disgraced.
Here's a Bohemian tartar tarries the coming down of thy
fat woman:—let her descend, my chambers are honourable. Shak.
6. Without taint; without reproach.
As he was honourable in all his acts, so in this, that he took
Joppe for an haven. 1 Mac. xiv. 5.
Methinks I could not die any where so contented as in the
king's company, his cause being just and his quarrel honour­
able. Shakespeare's Henry V.
7. Honest; without intention of deceit.
The earl sent again to know if they would entertain their
pardon, in case he should come in person, and assure it: they
answered, they did conceive him to be so honourable, that from
himself they would most thankfully embrace it. Hayward.
If that thy bent of love be honourable,
Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow. Shakesp.
8. Equitable.

HO’NOURABLENESS. n. s. [from honourable.] Eminence; mag­
nificence; generosity.

HO’NOURABLY. adv. [from honourable.]
1. With tokens of honour.
The rev'rend abbot,
With all his convent, honourably receiv'd him. Sh. H. VIII.
2. Magnanimously; generously.
After some six weeks distance of time, which the king did
honourably interpose, to give space to his brother's intercession,
he was arraigned of high treason, and presently after con­
demned. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Reputably; with exemption from reproach.
'Tis just, ye gods! and what I well deserve:
Why did I not more honourably starve! Dryden's Juvenal.

HO’NOURER. n. s. [from honour.] One that honours; one that
regards with veneration.
I must not here omit to do justice to Mr. Gay, whose zeal
in your concern is worthy a friend and honourer. Pope.

HOO

HOOD, in composition, is derived from the Saxon Had, in Ger­
man heit, in Dutch heid. It denotes quality; character; con­
dition: as, knighthood; childhood; fatherhood. Sometimes it is
used after the Dutch, as maidenhead. Sometimes it is taken
collectively: as, brotherhood, a confraternity; sisterhood, a
company of sisters.

HOOD. n. s. [Hod, Saxon, probably from Hefod, head.]
1. The upper covering of a woman's head.
In velvet, white as snow, the troop was gown'd;
Their hoods and sleeves the same. Dryden's Fables.
2. Any thing drawn upon the head, and wrapping round it.
Undertaking so to gesture and muffle up himself in his hood,
as the duke's manner was to ride in cold weather, that none
should discern him. Wotton.
The lacerna came, from being a military habit, to be a
common dress: it had a hood, which could be separated or
joined to it. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. A covering put over the hawk's eyes, when he is not to fly.
4. An ornamental fold that hangs down the back of a graduate,
to mark his degree.

To HOOD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dress in a hood.
The cobler apron'd, and the parson gown'd,
The friar hooded, and the monarch crown'd. Pope.
2. To blind, as with a hood.
While grace is saying, I'll hood mine eyes
Thus with my hat, and sigh, and say, amen. Shakespeare.
3. To cover.
An hollow crystal pyramid he takes,
In firmamental waters dipt above;
Of it a broad extinguisher he makes,
And hoods the flames that to their quarry strove. Dryden.

HO’ODMAN’s Blind. n. s. A play in which the person hooded is
to catch another, and tell the name; blindman's buff.
What devil was't,
That thus hath cozen'd you at hoodman blind? Shak. Haml.

To HO’OD-WINK. v. a. [hood and wink.]
1. To blind with something bound over the eyes.
They willingly hood-winking themselves from seeing his
faults, he often abused the virtue of courage to defend his foul
vice of injustice. Sidney.
We will bind and hood-wink him so, that he shall suppose he
is carried into the leaguer of the adversaries. Shakespeare.
You may
Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty,
And yet seem cold, the time you may so hood-wink. Shakes.
Then she who hath been hood-wink'd from her birth,
Doth first herself within death's mirrour see. Davies.
So have I seen, at Christmass sports, one lost,
And, hood-wink'd, for a man embrace a post. Ben. Johnson.
Satan is fain to hood-wink those that are apt to start.
Decay of Piety.
Prejudice so dexterously hood-winks mens minds as to keep
them in the dark, with a belief that they are more in the
light. Locke.
Must I wed Rodogune?
Fantastick cruelty of hood-wink'd chance! Rowe.
On high, where no hoarse winds or clouds resort,
The hood-wink'd goddess keeps her partial court. Garth.
2. To cover; to hide.
Be patient; for the prize, I'll bring thee to,
Shall hood-wink this mischance. Shakespeare's Tempest.
3. To deceive; to impose upon.
She delighted in infamy, which often she had used to her
husband's shame, filling all mens ears, but his, with reproach;
while he, hood-winked with kindness, least of all men knew
who struck him. Sidney.

HOOF. n. s. [Hof, Saxon; hoef, Dutch.] The hard horny
substance on the feet of graminivorous animals.
With the hoofs of his horses shall he tread down all thy
streets. Ezek. xxvi. 11.
The bull and ram know the use of their horns as well as
the horse of his hoofs. More's Antidote against Atheism.

HO’OFED. adj. [from hoof.] Furnished with hoofs.
Among quadrupeds, the roe-deer is the swiftest; of all the
hoofed, the horse is the most beautiful; of all the clawed, the
lion is the strongest. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. ii. c. 8.

HOOF-BOUND. adj. [hoof and bound.]
A horse is said to be hoof-bound when he has a pain in the
forefeet, occasioned by the dryness and contraction or narrow­
ness of the horn of the quarters, which straitens the quarters
of the heels, and oftentimes makes the horse lame. A hoof­
bound horse has a narrow heel, the sides of which come too
near one another, insomuch that the flesh is kept too tight,
and has not its natural extent. Farrier's Dict.

HOOK. n. s. [Hoce, Saxon; hoeck, Dutch.]
1. Any thing bent so as to catch hold: as, a shepherd's hook and
pot hooks.
This falling not, for that they had not far enough under­
mined it, they assayed with great hooks and strong ropes to have
pulled it down. Knolles.
2. The curvated wire on which the bait is hung for fishes, and
with which the fish is pierced.
Like unto golden hooks,
That from the foolish fish their baits do hide. Spenser.
My bended hook shall pierce
Their flimy jaws. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Though divine Plato thus of pleasures thought,
They us with hooks and baits, like fishes, caught. Denham.
3. A snare; a trap.
A shop of all the qualities that man
Loves woman for, besides that hook of wiving,
Fairness, which strikes the eye. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. A sickle to reap corn.
Peace are commonly reaped with a hook at the end of a long
stick. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. An iron to seize the meat in the caldron.
About the caldron many cooks accoil'd,
With hooks and ladles, as need did require;
The while the viands in the vessel boil'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
6. Any instrument to cut or lop with.
Not that I'd lop the beauties from his book,
Like slashing Bentley with his desperate hook. Pope.
7. The part of the hinge fixed to the post: whence the proverb,
off the hooks, for in disorder.
My doublet looks,
Like him that wears it, quite off o' the hooks. Cleaveland.
She was horribly bold, meddling and expensive, easily put
off the hooks, and monstrous hard to be pleased again. L'Estr.
While Sheridan is off the hooks,
And friend Delany at his books. Swift.
8. HOOK. [In husbandry.] A field sown two years running. Ains.
9. HOOK or Crook. One way or other; by any expedient; by
any means direct or oblique.
Which he by hook or crook had gather'd,
And for his own inventions father'd. Hudibras, p. iii.
He would bring him by hook or crook into his quarrel. Dryd.

To HOOK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To catch with a hook.
The huge jack he had caught was served up for the first
dish: upon our sitting down to it, he gave us a long account
how he had hooked it, played with it, foiled it, and at length
drew it out upon the bank. Addison's Spectator.
2. To intrap; to ensnare.
3. To draw as with a hook.
But she
I can hook to me. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
4. To fasten as with an hook.
5. To be drawn by force or artifice.
There are many branches of the natural law no way redu­
cible to the two tables, unless hooked in by tedious conse­
quences. Norris.



HO’OKED. adj. [from hook.] Bent; curvated.
Gryps signifies eagle or vulture; from whence the epi­
thet grypus, for an hooked or aquiline nose. Brown.
Now thou threaten'st, with unjust decree,
To seize the prize which I so dearly bought:
Mean match to thine; for still above the rest,
Thy hook'd rapacious hands usurp the best. Dryden.
Caterpillars have claws and feet: the claws are hooked, to
take the better hold in climbing from twig to twig, and hang­
ing on the backsides of leaves. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.

HO’OKEDNESS. n. s. [from hooked.] State of being bent like a
hook.

HOOKNO’SED. adj. [hook and nose.] Having the aquiline nose
rising in the middle.
I may justly say with the hook-nosed fellow of Rome there,
Cæsar, I came, saw, and overcame. Shakes. Henry IV. p. ii.

HOOP. n. s. [hoep, Dutch.]
1. Any thing circular by which something else is bound, parti­
cularly casks or barrels.
Thou shalt prove a shelter to thy friends,
A hoop of gold to bind thy brothers in,
That the united vessel of their blood
Shall never leak. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
If I knew
What hoop would hold us staunch, from edge to edge
O' th' world I would pursue it. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
A quarrel, ho, already! what's the matter?
—About a hoop of gold, a paltry ring. Shak. Merch. of Ven.
To view so lewd a town, and to refrain,
What hoops of iron could my spleen contain! Dryd. Juven.
And learned Athens to our art must stoop,
Could she behold us tumbling through a hoop. Pope.
3. The whalebone with which women extend their petticoats; a
farthingale.
A petticoat without a hoop. Swift.
At coming in you saw her stoop;
The entry brush'd against her hoop. Swift.
All that hoops are good for is to clean dirty shoes, and to
keep fellows at distance. Clarissa.
2. Any thing circular.
I have seen at Rome an antique statue of time, with a
wheel or hoop of marble in his hand. Addison on Italy.

To HOOP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bind or enclose with hoops.
The three hoop'd pot shall have ten hoops, and I will make
it felony to drink small beer. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
The cask for his majesty's shipping were hooped as a wine­
cask, or hooped with iron. Raleigh's Essays.
2. To encircle; to clasp; to surround.
If ever henceforth thou
Shalt hoop his body more with thy embraces,
I will devise a death. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I hoop the firmament, and make
This my embrace the zodiack. Cleaveland.
That shelly guard, which hoops in the eye, and hides the
greater part of it, might occasion his mistake. Grew's Mus.

To HOOP. v. n. [from wopgan or wopyan, Gothick; or houpper,
French, derived from the Gothick. This word is generally
written whoop, which is more proper, if we deduce it from
the Gothick; and hoop, if we derive it from the French.]
To shout; to make an outcry by way of call or pursuit.

To HOOP. v. a.
1. To drive with a shout.
Dastard nobles
Suffer'd me, by th' voice of slaves, to be
Hoop'd out of Rome. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. To call by a shout.

HO’OPER. n. s. [from hoop, to inclose with hoops.] A cooper;
one that hoops tubs.

HO’OPING-COUGH. n. s. [or whooping-cough, from hoop, to
shout.] A convulsive cough, so called from its noise; the
chine cough.

To HOOT. v. n. [hwt, Welsh; huer, French.]
1. To shout in contempt.
A number of country folks happened to pass thereby, who
hollowed and hooted after me as at the arrantest coward. Sidney.
Matrons and girls shall hoot at thee no more. Dryd. Juv.
2. To cry as an owl.
Some keep back
The clamorous owl, that nightly hoots, and wonders
At our queint sports. Shakes. Midsum. Night's Dream.

To HOOT. v. a. To drive with noise and shouts.
We lov'd him; but, like beasts,
Our coward nobles gave way to your clusters,
Who did hoot him out o' th' city. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The owl of Rome, whom boys and girls will hoot!
That were I set up for that wooden god
That keeps our gardens, could not fright the crows,
Or the least bird, from muting on my head. Ben. Johnson.
Patridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat and im­
postor, if I fail in any particular of moment. Swift.

HOOT. n. s. [huée, French, from the verb.] Clamour; shout;
noise.
Its assertion would be entertained with the hoot of the
rabble. Glanville's Sceps.

HOP

To HOP. v. n. [Hoppan, Saxon; hoppen, Dutch.]
1. To jump; to skip lightly.
I would have thee gone,
And yet no further than a wanton's bird,
That lets it hop a little from her hand,
And with a silk thread plucks it back again. Shakespeare.
Go, hop me over every kennel home;
For you shall hop without my custom, sir. Shakespeare.
Be kind and curteous to this gentleman,
Hop in his walks, and gambol in his eyes. Shakespeare.
The painted birds, companions of the Spring,
Hopping from spray to spray were heard. Dryden.
Your Ben and Fletcher, in their first young flight,
Did no Volpone, nor no Arbaces write;
But hopp'd about, and short excursions made
From bough to bough, as if they were afraid. Dryden.
Why don't we vindicate ourselves by trial ordeal, and hop
over heated ploughshares blindfold. Collier on Duelling.
I am highly delighted to see the jay or the thrush hopping
about my walks. Spectator.
2. To leap on one leg.
Men with heads like dogs, and others with one huge foot
alone, whereupon they did hop from place to place. Abbot.
3. To walk lamely, or with one leg less nimble or strong than
the other; to limp; to halt.
The limping smith observ'd the sadden'd feast,
And hopping here and there, himself a jest,
Put in his word. Dryden's Homer.
4. To move; to play.
Softly feel
Her feeble pulse, to prove if any drop
Of living blood yet in her veins did hop. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HOP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A jump; a light leap.
2. A jump on one leg.
When my wings are on, I can go above a hundred yards at
a hop, step, and jump. Addison's Guardian.
3. A place where meaner people dance. Ainsworth.

HOP. n. s. [hop, Dutch; lupulus, Latin.] A plant.
It has a creeping root: the leaves are rough, angular, and
conjugated; the stalks climb and twist about whatever is near
them; the flowers are male and female on different plants:
the male flower consists of a calyx divided into five parts, which
surrounds the stamina, but has no petals to the flower: the
female plants have their flowers collected into squamose heads,
which grow in bunches: from each of the leafy scales is pro­
duced an horned ovary, which becomes a single roundish
seed. Miller.
If hop yard or orchard ye mind for to have,
For hop poles and crotches in lopping go save. Tuss. Husb.
The planting of hop yards is profitable for the planters, and
consequently for the kingdom. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Beer hath malt first infused in the liquor, and is afterwards
boiled with the hop. Bacon's Natural History.
Next to thistles are hop strings, cut after the flowers are
gathered. Derham's Physico-Theology.
Have the poles without forks, otherwise it will be trouble­
some to part the hop vines and the poles. Mortimer's Husband.
When you water hops, on the top of every hill put dissolved
dung, which will enrich your hop hills. Mortimer's Husbandry.
In Kent they plant their hop gardens with apple-trees and
cherry-trees between. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The price of hoeing of hop ground is forty shillings an
acre. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Hop poles, the largest sort, should be about twenty foot
long, and about nine inches in compass. Mortimer's Husband.

To HOP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To impregnate with hops.
Brew in March or October, and hop it for long keeping.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
To increase the milk, diminished by flesh-meat, take malt­
drink not much hopped. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

HOPE. n. s. [Hopa, Saxon; hope, Dutch.]
1. Expectation of some good; an expectation indulged with
pleasure.
There is hope of a tree, if cut down, that it will sprout
again. Job xiv. 7.
Hope is that pleasure in the mind which every one finds in
himself, upon the thought of a profitable future enjoyment of
a thing, which is apt to delight him. Locke.
When in heav'n she shall his essence see,
This is her sov'reign good, and perfect bliss;
Her longing, wishings, hopes, all finish'd be;
Her joys are full, her motions rest in this. Davies.
Sweet hope! kind cheat! fair fallacy! by thee
We are not where or what we be;
But what and where we would be: thus art thou
Our absent presence, and our future now. Crashaw.


Faith is opposed to infidelity, and hope to despair. Taylor.
He sought them both, but wish'd his hap might find
Eve separate: he wish'd, but not with hope
Of what so seldom chanc'd: when to his wish,
Beyond his hope, Eve separate he spies. Milton's Parad. Lost.
The Trojan dames
To Pallas' fane in long procession go,
In hopes to reconcile their heav'nly foe. Dryden's Virg. Æn.
Why not comfort myself with the hope of what may be, as
torment myself with the fear on't? L'Estrange.
To encourage our hopes it gives us the highest assurance of
most lasting happiness, in case of obedience. Tillotson.
The deceased really lived like one that had his hope in an­
other life; a life which he hath now entered upon, having ex­
changed hope for sight, desire for enjoyment. Atterbury.
Young men look rather to the past age than the present,
and therefore the future may have some hopes of them. Swift.
2. Confidence in a future event, or in the future conduct of
any body.
It is good, being put to death by men, to look for hope from
God, to be raised up again by him. 2 Mac. vii. 14.
Blessed is he who is not fallen from his hope in the Lord.
Ecclus. xiv. 2.
I had hope of France,
Ev'n as I have of fertile England's soil. Shakes. Henry VI.
3. That which gives hope; that on which the hopes are fixed,
as an agent by which something desired may be effected.
I might see from far some forty truncheoneers draw to her
succour, which were the hope of the Strand, where she was
quarter'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
4. The object of hope.
Thy mother felt more than a mother's pain,
And yet brought forth less than a mother's hope;
To wit, an indigested deform'd lump. Shakes. Henry VI.
She was his care, his hope, and his delight,
Most in his thought, and ever in his sight. Dryden.

HOPE. n. s. Any sloping plain between the ridges of moun­
tains. Ainsworth.

To HOPE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To live in expectation of some good.
Hope for good success, according to the efficacy of the
causes and the instrument; and let the husbandman hope for a
good harvest. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
My muse, by storms long tost,
Is thrown upon your hospitable coast;
And finds more favour by her ill success,
Than she could hope for by her happiness. Dryden.
Who knows what adverse fortune may befall!
Arm well your mind, hope little, and fear all. Dryden.
2. To place confidence in futurity.
He shall strengthen your heart, all ye that hope in the
Lord. Ps. xxxi. 24.

To HOPE. v. a. To expect with desire.
The sun shines hot; and if we use delay,
Cold-biting Winter mars our hop'd for hay. Shak. Hen. VI.
So stands the Thracian herdsman with his spear
Full in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear. Dryden's Fables.

HO’PEFUL. adj. [hope and full.]
1. Full of qualities which produce hope; promising; likely to
obtain success; likely to come to maturity; likely to gratify
desire, or answer expectation.
He will advance thee:
I know his noble nature, not to let
Thy hopeful service perish. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
You serve a great and gracious master, and there is a most
hopeful young prince whom you must not desert. Bacon.
What to the old can greater pleasure be,
Than hopeful and ingenious youth to see? Denham.
They take up a book in their declining years, and grow very
hopeful scholars by that time they are threescore. Addison.
2. Full of hope; full of expectation of success. This sense is
now almost confined to Scotland, though it is analogical, and
found in good writers.
Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly
conceited, whatsoever they took in hand. Hooker, b. v.
I was hopeful the success of your first attempts would en­
courage you to make trial also of more nice and difficult expe­
riments. Boyle.
Whatever ills the friendless orphan bears,
Bereav'd of parents in his infant years,
Still must the wrong'd Telemachus sustain,
If hopeful of your aid, he hopes in vain. Pope's Odyssey.

HO’PEFULLY. adv. [from hopeful.]
1. In such a manner as to raise hope; in a promising way.
He left all his female kindred either matched with peers of
the realm actually, or hopefully with earls sons and heirs. Wott.
They were ready to renew the war, and to prosecute it hope­
fully, to the reduction or suppression of the Irish. Clarendon.
2. With hope; without despair. This sense is rare.
From your promising and generous endeavours we may hope­
fully expect a considerable enlargement of the history of na­
ture. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.

HO’PEFULNESS. n. s. [from hopeful.] Promise of good; likeli­
hood to succeed.
Set down beforehand certain signatures of hopefulness, or
characters, whereby may be timely described what the child
will prove in probability. Wotton.

HO’PELESS. adj. [from hope.]
1. Without hope; without pleasing expectation.
Are they indifferent, being used as signs of immoderate
and hopeless lamentation for the dead? Hooker, b. iv.
Alas, I am a woman, friendless, hopeless! Shakespeare.
He watches with greedy hope to find
His wish, and best advantage, us asunder;
Hopeless to circumvent us join'd, where each
To other speedy aid might lend at need. Milt. Parad. Lost.
The fall'n archangel, envious of our state,
And hopeless to prevail by open force,
Seeks hid advantage. Dryden's State of Innocence.
Hopeless of ransom, and condemn'd to lie
In durance, doom'd a ling'ring death to die. Dryden's Fab.
2. Giving no hope; promising nothing pleasing.
The hopeless word of never to return,
Breathe I against thee upon pain of life. Shakesp. R. II.

HO’PER. n. s. [from hope.] One that has pleasing expectations.
I except all hopers, who turn the scale, because the strong ex­
pectation of a good certain salary, will outweigh the loss by
bad rents. Swift on the Sacramental Test.

HO’PINGLY. adv. [from hoping.] With hope; with expecta­
tion of good.
One sign of despair is the peremptory contempt of the con­
dition which is the ground of hope; the going on not only in
terrours and amazement of conscience, but also boldly, hop­
ingly, and confidently in wilful habits of sin. Hammond.

HO’PPER. n. s. [from hop.] He who hops or jumps on one
leg. Ainsworth.

HO’PPERS. [commonly called Scotch hoppers.] A kind of play
in which the actor hops on one leg.

HO’PPER. n. s. [so called because it is always hopping, or in agi­
tation. It is called in French, for the same reason, tremie or
tremue.]
1. The box or open frame of wood into which the corn is
put to be ground.
The salt of the lake Asphaltites shooteth into perfect cubes:
sometimes they are pyramidal and plain, like the hopper of
a mill. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
Granivorous birds have the mechanism of a mill: their
maw is the hopper which holds and softens the grain, letting
it drop by degrees into the stomach. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Just at the hopper will I stand,
In my whole life I never saw grist ground,
And mark the clack how justly it will sound. Betterton.
2. A basket for carrying seed. Ainsworth.

HOR

HO’RAL. adj. [from hora, Latin.] Relating to the hour.
Howe'er reduc'd and plain,
The watch would still a watch remain;
But if the horal orbit ceases,
The whole stands still, or breaks to pieces. Prior.

HO’RARY. adj. [horaire, French; horarius, Latin.]
1. Relating to an hour.
I'll draw a figure that shall tell you
What you perhaps forgot befell you,
By way of horary inspection,
Which some account our worst erection. Hudibras, p. ii.
In his answer to an horary question, as what hour of the
night to set a fox-trap, he has largely discussed, under the
character of Reynard, the manner of surprising all sharpers.
Tatler, No. 56.
2. Continuing for an hour.
When, from a basket of Summer-fruit, God by Amos fore­
told the destruction of his people, thereby was declared the
propinquity of their desolation, and that their tranquility was
of no longer duration than those horary or soon decaying fruits
of Summer. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HORDE. n. s. A clan; a migratory crew of people.
Of lost mankind, in polish'd slavery sunk,
Drove martial horde on horde with dreadful sweep,
And gave the vanquish'd world another form. Thoms. Winter.

HORI’ZON. n. s. [ὁϱίων.] The line that terminates the
view. The horizon is distinguished into sensible and real: the
sensible horizon is the circular line which limits the view; the
real is that which would bound it, if it could take in the he­
misphere. It is falsely pronounced by Shakespeare hórizon.
When the morning sun shall raise his car
Above the border of this horizon,
We'll forward towards Warwick and his mates. Shakesp.
She began to cast with herself from what coast this blazing
star should first appear, and at what time it must be upon the
horizon of Ireland. Bacon's Henry VII.
Far in th' horizon to the North appear'd,
From skirt to skirt, a fiery region. Milton's Paradise Lost.
In his East the glorious lamp was seen,
Regent of day; and all th' horizon round
Invested with bright rays. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.


The morning lark, the messenger of day,
Saluted in her song the morning gray;
And soon the sun arose with beams so bright,
That all th' horizon laugh'd to see the joyous sight. Dryden.
When the sea is worked up in a tempest, so that the horizon
on every side is nothing but foaming billows and floating
mountains, it is impossible to describe the agreeable horrour
that rises from such a prospect. Addison's Spectator.

HORIZO’NTAL. adj. [horizontal, French, from horizon.]
1. Near the horizon.
As when the sun, new risen,
Looks through the horizontal misty air,
Shorn of his beams; or from behind the moon,
In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds
On half the nations. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level.
An obelisk erected, and golden figures placed horizontal
about it, was brought out of Egypt by Augustus. Brown.
The problem is reduced to this; what perpendicular height
is necessary to place several ranks of rowers in a plane inclined
to a horizontal line in a given angle? Arbuthnot on Coins.

HORIZO’NTALLY. adv. [from horizontal.] In a direction pa­
rallel to the horizon.
As it will not sink into the bottom, so will it neither float
above, like lighter bodies; but, being near in weight, lie
superficially, or almost horizontally unto it. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The ambient ether is too liquid and empty to impel them
horizontally with celerity. Bentley's Sermons.

HORN. n. s. [haurn, Gothick; Horn, Saxon; horn, Dutch.]
1. The hard pointed bodies which grow on the heads of some
graminivorous quadrupeds, and serve them for weapons.
No beast that hath horns hath upper teeth. Bacon's N. Hist.
Zetus rises through the ground,
Bending the bull's tough neck with pain,
That tosses back his horns in vain. Addison on Italy.
All that process is no more surprising than the eruption of
horns in some brutes, or of teeth and beard in men at certain
periods of age. Bentley's Sermons.
2. An instrument of wind-musick made of horn.
The squire 'gan nigher to approach,
And wind his horn under the castle-wall,
That with the noise it shook as it would fall. Fairy Queen.
There's a post come from my master, with his horn full of
good news. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The goddess to her crooked horn
Adds all her breath: the rocks and woods around,
And mountains, tremble at th' infernal sound. Dryden.
Fair Ascanius, and his youthful train,
With horns and hounds a hunting match ordain. Dryden.
3. The extremity of the waxing or waining moon, as mentioned
by poets.
She bless'd the bed, such fruitfulness convey'd,
That ere ten moons had sharpen'd either horn,
To crown their bliss, a lovely boy was born. Dryden.
The moon
Wears a wan circle round her blunted horns. Thomson.
4. The feelers of a snail. Whence the proverb, To pull in the
horns, to repress one's ardour.
Love's feeling is more soft and sensible,
Than are the tender horns of cockled snails. Shakespeare.
Aufidius,
Hearing of our Marcius's banishment,
Thrust forth his horns again into the world,
Which were inshell'd when Marcius stood for Rome,
And durst not once peep out. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. A drinking cup made of horn.
6. Antler of a cuckold.
If I have horns to make one mad,
Let the proverb go with me, I'll be horn mad. Shakespeare.
Merchants, vent'ring through the main,
Slight pyrates, rocks, and horns for gain. Hudibras, p. ii.
7. HORN mad. Perhaps mad as a cuckold.
I am glad he went not in himself: if he had, he would have
been horn mad. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

HORNBE’AK. n. s. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HORNFI’SH. n. s. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HO’RNBEAM. n. s. [horn and boem, Dutch, for tree, from the
hardness of the timber.]
It hath leaves like the elm or beech-tree: the katkins are
placed at remote distances from the fruit on the same tree, and
the outward shell of the fruit is winged. This tree was for­
merly much used in hedges for wildernesses and orangeries.
The timber is very tough and inflexible, and of excellent
use. Miller.

HO’RNBOOK. n. s. [horn and book.] The first book of children,
covered with horn to keep it unsoiled.
He teaches boys the hornbook. Shak. Love's Labour Lost.
Nothing has been considered of this kind out of the ordi­
nary road of the hornbook and primer. Locke.
To master John the English maid
A hornbook gives of ginger-bread;
And that the child may learn the better,
As he can name, he eats the letter. Prior.

HO’RNED. adj. [from horn.] Furnished with horns.
As when two rams, stirr'd with ambitious pride,
Fight for the rule of the rich fleeced flock,
Their horned fronts so fierce on either side
Do meet, that, with the terrour of the shock,
Astonished both stand senseless as a block. Fairy Queen, b. i.
O, that I were
Upon the hill of Basan, to out-roar
The horned herd. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Thither all the horned host resorts,
To graze the ranker mead. Denham.
Thou king of horned floods, whose plenteous urn
Suffices fatness to the fruitful corn. Dryden.

HO’RNER. n. s. [from horn.] One that works in horn, and sells
horns.
The skin of a bull's forehead is the part of the hide made
use of by horners, whereupon they shave their horns. Grew.

HO’RNET. n. s. [Hyrnette, Saxon, from its horns.] A very
large strong stinging fly, which makes its nest in hollow trees.
Silence, in times of suff'ring, is the best;
'Tis dangerous to disturb a hornet's nest. Dryden.
Hornets do mischief to trees by breeding in them. Mortim.
I have often admired how hornets, that gather dry materials
for building their nests, have found a proper matter to glue
their combs. Derham's Physico-Theology.

HO’RNFOOT. n. s. [horn and foot.] Hoofed.
Mad frantick man,
That did not inly quake!
With hornfoot horses, and brass wheels,
Jove's storms to emulate. Hakewill on Providence.

HO’RNOWL. n. s. A kind of horned owl. Ainsworth.

HO’RNPIPE. n. s. [horn and pipe.] A county dance, danced
commonly to a horn.
A lusty tabrere,
That to thee many a hornpipe play'd,
Whereto they dauncen each one with his maid. Spenser.
There many a hornpipe he tun'd to his Phyllis. Raleigh.
Let all the quicksilver i' the mine
Run t' the feet-veins, and refine
Your firkhum jerkhum to a dance
Shall fetch the fiddlers out of France,
To wonder at the hornpipes here
Of Nottingham and Derbyshire. Ben. Johnson.
Florinda danced the Derbyshire hornpipe in the presence of
several friends. Tatler, No. 106.

HO’RNSTONE. n. s. A kind of blue stone. Ainsworth.

HO’RNWORK. n. s. A kind of angular fortification.

HO’RNY. adj. [from horn.]
1. Made of horn.
2. Resembling horn.
He thought he by the brook of Cherith stood,
And saw the ravens with their horny beaks
Food to Elijah bringing even and morn. Milton's Pa. Lost.
The horny or pellucid coat of the eye doth not lie in the
same superficies with the white of the eye, but riseth up above
its convexity, and is of an hyperbolical figure. Ray.
Rough are her ears, and broad her horny feet. Dryd. Virg.
The pineal gland was encompassed with a kind of horny
substance. Addison's Spectat.
As the serum of the blood is resolvable by a small heat, a
greater heat coagulates it so as to turn it horny, like parch­
ment; but when it is thoroughly putrified, it will no longer
concrete. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Hard as horn; callous.
Tyrrheus, the foster-father of the beast,
Then clench'd a hatchet in his horny fist. Dryden's Æn.

HORO’GRAPHY. n. s. [horographie, Fr. ὡϱα and γϱάφω.] An
account of the hours.

HO’ROLOGE. n. s. [horologium, Latin.] Any instrument that
tells the hour: as a clock; a watch; an hour­
glass.

HO’ROLOGY. n. s. [horologium, Latin.] Any instrument that
tells the hour: as a clock; a watch; an hour­
glass.
'Tis evermore the prologue to his sleep;
He'll watch the horologe a double set,
If drink rock not his cradle. Shakespeare's Othello.
Before the days of Jerome there were horologies, that mea­
sured the hours not only by drops of water in glasses, called
clepsydra, but also by sand in glasses, called clepsammia. Brown.

HORO’METRY. n. s. [horometrie, French; ὥϱα and μετϱέω.] The
art of measuring hours.
It is no easy wonder how the horometry of antiquity disco­
vered not this artifice. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HO’ROSCOPE. n. s. [horoscope, French; ὡϱόσϰοϖ.] The con­
figuration of the planets at the hour of birth.
How unlikely is it, that the many almost numberless con­
junctions of stars, which occur in the progress of a man's
life, should not match and countervail that one horoscope or
conjunction which is found at his birth? Drummond.
A proportion of the horoscope unto the seventh house, or op­
posite signs every seventh year, oppresseth living natures. Bro.
Him born beneath a boding horoscope,
His sire, the blear-ey'd Vulcan of a shop,
From Mars his forge sent to Minerva's school. Dryd. Juven.


The Greek names this the horoscope;
This governs life, and this marks out our parts,
Our humours, manners, qualities and arts. Creech's Manil.
They understood the planets and the zodiack by instinct,
and fell to drawing schemes of their own horoscopes in the same
dust they sprung out of. Bentley's Sermons.

HO’RRIBLE. adj. [horrible, French; horribilis, Lat.] Dread­
ful; terrible; shocking; hideous; enormous.
No colour affecteth the eye much with displeasure: there be
sights that are horrible, because they excite the memory of
things that are odious or fearful. Bacon's Natural History.
Eternal happiness and eternal misery, meeting with a per­
suasion that the soul is immortal, are, of all others, the first
the most desireable, and the latter the most horrible to human
apprehension. South's Sermons.

HO’RRIBLENESS. n. s. [from horrible.] Dreadfulness; hideous­
ness; terribleness; fearfulness.

HO’RRIBLY. adv. [from horrible.]
1. Dreadfully; hideously.
What hideous noise was that!
Horribly loud. Milton's Agonistes.
2. To a dreadful degree.
The contagion of these ill precedents, both in civility and
virtue, horribly infects children. Locke.

HO’RRID. adj. [horridus, Latin.]
1. Hideous; dreadful; shocking.
Oh!
Give colour to my pale cheek with thy blood,
That we the horrider may seem to those
Which chance to find us. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Not in the legions
Of horrid hell can come a devil more damn'd,
In evils to top Macbeth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Shocking; offensive; unpleasing: in womens cant.
Already I your tears survey,
Already hear the horrid things they say. Pope.
3. Rough; rugged.
Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn,
Few paths of human feet or tracks of beasts were worn. Dry.

HO’RRIDNESS. n. s. [from horrid.] Hideousness; enormity.
A bloody designer suborns his instrument to take away
such a man's life, and the confessor represents the horridness
of the fact, and brings him to repentance. Hammond.

HO’RRIFICK. adj. [horrificus, Latin.] Causing horrour.
His jaws horrifick, arm'd with three-fold fate,
Here dwells the direful shark. Thomson's Summer.

HORRI’SONOUS. adj. [horrisonus, Latin.] Sounding dread­
fully. Dict.

HO’RROUR. n. s. [horror, Latin; horreur, French.]
1. Terrour mixed with detestation; a passion compounded of
fear and hate, both strong.
Over them sad horrour, with grim hue,
Did always soar, beating his iron wings;
And after him owls and night ravens flew,
The hateful messengers of heavy things. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I have supt full with horrours;
Direness, familiar to my slaught'rous thoughts,
Cannot once start me. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Doubtless all souls have a surviving thought,
Therefore of death we think with quiet mind;
But if we think of being turn'd to nought,
A trembling horrour in our souls we find. Davies.
Me damp horrour chill'd
At such bold words, vouch'd with a deed so bold. Milton.
Deep horrour seizes ev'ry human breast;
Their pride is humbled, and their fear confest. Dryden.
2. Gloom; dreariness.
Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,
Shades ev'ry flow'r, and darkens ev'ry green;
Deepens the murmur of the falling floods,
And breathes a browner horrour on the woods. Pope.
3. [In medicine.] Such a shuddering or quivering as precedes
an ague-fit; a sense of shuddering or shrinking. Quincy.
All objects of the senses, which are very offensive, do cause
the spirits to retire; and, upon their flight, the parts are in
some degree destitute, and so there is induced in them a trepi­
dation and horrour. Bacon's Natural History.

HORSE. n. s. [Hors, Saxon.]
1. A neighing quadruped, used in war, and draught and car­
riage.
Duncan's horses, the minions of the race,
Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls. Shakesp. Macbeth.
A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse! Shak. R. III.
I would sell my horse, and buy ten more
Better than he. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Thy face, bright centaur, Autumn's heats retain,
The softer season suiting to the man;
Whilst Winter's shivering goat afflicts the horse
With frost, and makes him an uneasy course. Creech.
We call a little horse, such a one as comes not up to the size
of that idea which we have in our minds to belong ordinarily
to horses. Locke.
I took horse to the lake of Constance, which is formed by
the entry of the Rhine. Addison on Italy.
2. It is used in the plural sense, but with a singular termination,
for horses, horsemen, or cavalry.
I did hear
The galloping of horse: who was't came by? Shak. Macb.
The armies were appointed, consisting of twenty-five thou­
sand horse and foot, for the repulsing of the enemy at their
landing. Bacon's War with Spain.
If they had known that all the king's horse were quartered
behind them, their foot might very well have marched away
with their horse. Clarendon, b. viii.
Th' Arcadian horse
With ill success engage the Latin force. Dryden's Æn.
3. Something on which any thing is supported: as, a horse to dry
linnen on.
4. A wooden machine which soldiers ride by way of punish­
ment. It is sometimes called a timber-mare.
5. Joined to another substantive, it signifies something large or
coarse: as, a horseface, a face of which the features are large
and indelicate.

To HORSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mount upon a horse.
He came out with all his clowns, horsed upon such cart­
jades, and so furnished, as in good faith I thought with myself,
if that were thrift, I wisht none of my friends or subjects ever
to thrive. Sidney, b. ii.
After a great fight there came to the camp of Gonsalvo, the
great captain, a gentleman proudly horsed and armed: Diego
de Mendoza asked the great captain, Who's this? Who an­
swered, It is St. Ermin, who never appears but after the
storm. Bacon's Apophthegms.
2. To carry one on the back.
3. To ride any thing.
Stalls, bulks, windows
Are smother'd, leads fill'd, and ridges hors'd
With variable complexions; all agreeing
In earnestness to see him. Shakespeare.
4. To cover a mare.
If you let him out to horse more mares than your own, you
must feed him well. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO’RSEBACK. n. s. [horse and back.] The seat of the rider;
the state of being on a horse.
I've seen the French,
And they can well on horseback. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
I saw them salute on horseback,
Beheld them when they lighted. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He fought but one remarkable battle wherein there were
any elephants, and that was with Porus, king of India; in
which notwithstanding he was on horseback. Brown's Vul. Err.
When mannish Mevia, that two-handed whore,
Astride on horseback hunts the Tuscan boar. Dryd. Juvenal.
If your ramble was on horseback, I am glad of it, on ac­
count of your health. Swift to Gay.

HORSEBEA’N. n. s. [horse and bean.] A small bean usually
given to horses.
Only the small horsebean is propagated by the plough. Mort.

HO’RSEBLOCK. n. s. [horse and block.] A block on which they
climb to a horse.

HORSEBOA’T. n. s. [horse and boat.] A boat used in ferrying
horses.

HORSEBO’Y. n. s. [horse and boy.] A boy employed in dressing
horses; a stableboy.
Some horseboys, being awake, discovered them by the fire in
their matches. Knolles's History of the Turks.

HO’RSEBREAKER. n. s. [horse and break.] One whose employ­
ment it is to tame horses to the saddle.
Under Sagittarius are born chariot-racers, horsebreakers, and
tamers of wild beasts. Creech.

HORSECHE’SNUT. n. s. [horse and chesnut.] A plant.
It hath digitated or fingered leaves: the flowers, which con­
sist of five leaves, are of an anomalous figure, opening with
two lips: there are male and female upon the same spike:
the female flowers are succeeded by nuts, which grow in green
prickly husks. Their whole year's shoot is commonly
performed in three weeks time, after which it does no more
than increase in bulk, and become more firm; and all the lat­
ter part of the Summer is occupied in forming and strengthen­
ing the buds for the next year's shoots. Miller.
I may bring in the horsechesnut, which grows into a goodly
standard. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO’RSECOURSER. n. s. [horse and courser. Junius derives it
from horse and cose, an old Scotch word, which signifies to
change; and it should therefore, he thinks, be writ horsecoser.
The word now used in Scotland is horsecouper, to denote a
jockey, seller, or rather changer of horses. It may well be
derived from course, as he that sells horses may be supposed to
course or exercise them.]
1. One that runs horses, or keeps horses for the race.
2. A dealer in horses.
A servant to a horsecourser was thrown off his horse. Wisem.
A Florentine bought a horse for so many crowns, upon


condition to pay half down: the horsecourser comes to him
next morning for the remainder. L'Estrange.

HO’RSECRAB. n. s. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HORSECU’CUMBER. n. s. [horse and cucumber.] A plant.
The horsecucumber is the large green cucumber, and the best
for the table, green out of the garden. Mortimer.

HO’RSEDUNG. n. s. [horse and dung.] The excrements of
horses.
Put it into an ox's horn, and, covered close, let it rot in hot
horsedung. Peacham on Drawing.

HORSEE’MMET. n. s. [horse and emmet.] Ant of a large kind.

HO’RSEFLESH. n. s. [horse and flesh.] The flesh of horses.
The Chinese eat horseflesh at this day, and some gluttons
have colts flesh baked. Bacon's Natural History.
An old hungry lion would fain have been dealing with a
good piece of horseflesh that he had in his eye; but the nag he
thought would be too fleet for him. L'Estrange.

HO’RSEFLY. n. s. [horse and fly.] A fly that stings horses, and
sucks their blood.

HO’RSEFOOT. n. s. An herb. The same with coltsfoot. Ains.

HO’RSEHAIR. n. s. [horse and hair.] The hair of horses.
His glitt'ring helm, which terribly was grac'd
With waving horsehair. Dryden's Æn.

HO’RSEHEEL. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

HO’RSELAUGH. n. s. [horse and laugh.] A loud violent rude
laugh.
A horselaugh, if you please, at honesty;
A joke on Jekyl. Pope.

HO’RSELEECH. n. s. [horse and leech.]
1. A great leech that bites horses.
The horseleech hath two daughters, crying give, give. Prov.
Let us to France; like horseleeches, my boys,
The very blood to suck. Shakespeare's Henry V.
2. A farrier. Ainsworth.

HO’RSELITTER. n. s. [horse and litter.] A carriage hung upon
poles between two horses, in which the person carried lyes
along.
He that before thought he might command the waves of the
sea, was now cast on the ground, and carried in an horse­
litter. 2 Mac. ix. 8.

HO’RSEMAN. n. s. [horse and man.]
1. One skilled in riding.
A skilful horseman, and a huntsman bred. Dryden's Æn.
2. One that serves in wars on horseback.
Encounters between horsemen on the one side, and foot on
the other, are seldom with extremity of danger; because as
horsemen can hardly break a battle on foot, so men on foot can­
not possibly chase horsemen. Hayward.
In the early times of the Roman commonwealth, a horse­
man received yearly tria millia æris, and a foot-soldier one
mille; that is, more than six-pence a day to a horseman,
and two-pence a day to a foot-soldier. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. A rider; a man on horseback.
With descending show'rs of brimstone fir'd,
The wild Barbarian in the storm expir'd;
Wrapt in devouring flames the horseman rag'd,
And spurr'd the steed in equal flames engag'd. Addison.
A horseman's coat shall hide
Thy taper shape, and comeliness of side. Prior.

HO’RSEMANSHIP. n. s. [from horseman.] The art of riding;
the art of managing a horse.
He vaulted with such ease into his seat,
As if an angel dropt down from the clouds,
To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus,
And witch the world with noble horsemanship. Shak. H. IV.
They please themselves in terms of hunting or horseman­
ship. Wotton.
His majesty, to shew his horsemanship, slaughtered two
or three of his subjects. Addison's Freeholder.
Peers grew proud, in horsemanship t' excel;
Newmarket's glory rose, as Britain's fell. Pope.

HO’RSEMARTEN. n. s. A kind of large bee. Ainsworth.

HO’RSEMATCH. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

HO’RSEMEAT. n. s. [horse and meat.] Provender.
Though green peas and beans be eaten sooner, yet the dry
ones that are used for horsemeat are ripe last. Bac. Nat. Hist.

HO’RSEMINT. n. s. A large coarse mint.

HO’RSEMUSCLE. n. s. A large muscle.
The great horsemuscle, with the fine shell, that breedeth in
ponds, do not only gape and shut as the oysters do, but re­
move from one place to another. Bacon's Natural History.

HO’RSEPLAY. n. s. [horse and play.] Coarse, rough, rugged
play.
He is too much given to horseplay in his raillery, and comes
to battle like a dictator from the plough. Dryd. Fab. Preface.

HO’RSEPOND. n. s. [horse and pond.] A pond for horses.

HORSERA’CE. n. s. [horse and race.] A match of horses in
running.
In horseraces men are curious to foresee that there be not the
least weight upon the one horse more than upon the other.
Bacon's Natural History.
Trajan, in the fifth year of his tribuneship, entertained the
people with a horserace. Addison on ancient Medals.

HO’RSERADISH. n. s. [horse and radish.] A root acrid and
biting: a species of scurvygrass.
Horseradish is increased by sprouts spreading from the old
roots left in the ground, that are cut or broken off. Mortimer.
Stomachicks are the cresse acrids, as horseradish and scurvy­
grass, infused in wine. Floyer on the Humours.

HO’RSESHOE. n. s. [horse and shoe.]
1. A plate of iron nailed to the feet of horses.
I was thrown into the Thames, and cool'd glowing hot in
that surge, like a horseshoe. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. An herb. Ainsworth.

HORSESTEA’LER. n. s. [horse and steal.] A thief who takes
away horses.
He is not a pickpurse, nor a horsestealer; but for his verity
in love, I do think him as concave as a covered goblet, or a
worm-eaten nut. Shakesp. As you like it.

HO’RSETAIL. n. s. A plant.

HO’RSETONGUE. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

HO’RSEWAY. n. s. [horse and way.] A broad way by which
horses may travel.
Know'st thou the way to Dover?
—Both stile and gate, horseway and footpath. Shak. K. Lear.

HORTA’TION. n. s. [hortatio, Latin.] The act of exhorting;
a hortatory precept; advice or encouragement to something.

HO’RTATIVE. n. s. [from hortor, Latin.] Exhortation; pre­
cept by which one incites or animates.
Generals commonly in their hortatives put men in mind of
their wives and children. Bacon, Essay 8.

HO’RTATORY. adj. [from hortor, Latin.] Encouraging; ani­
mating; advising to any thing: used of precepts, not of per­
sons; a hortatory speech, not a hortatory speaker.

HORTICU’LTURE. n. s. [hortus and cultura, Latin.] The art
of cultivating gardens.

HO’RTULAN. adj. [hortulanus, Latin.] Belonging to a garden.
This seventh edition of my hortulan kalendar is yours.
Evelyn's Kalendar.

HOS

HO’SANNA. n. s. [ὁσαννα.] An exclamation of praise to God.
Through the vast of heav'n
It sounded, and the faithful armies rung
Hosanna to the Highest. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
The publick entrance which Christ made into Jerusalem
was celebrated with the hosanna's and acclamations of the
people. Fides's Sermons.

HOSE. n. s. plur. hosen. [Hosa, Saxon; hosan, Welsh; ossan,
Erse, ossanen, plur. chausse, French.]
1. Breeches.
Guards on wanton Cupid's hose. Shakespeare.
Here's an English taylor come hither for stealing out of a
French hose. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
These men were bound in their coats, hosen, hats, and other
garments, and cast into the midst of the burning fiery fur­
nace. Dan. iii. 21.
He cross examin'd both our hose,
And plunder'd all we had to lose. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
2. Stockings; covering for the legs.
He being in love, could not see to garter his hose;
And you, being in love, cannot see to put on
Your hose. Shakes. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Will she thy linen wash, or hosen darn,
And knit thee gloves? Gay's Pastorals.

HO’SIER. n. s. [from hose.] One who sells stockings.
You are as arrant a cockney as any hosier in Cheapside.
Swift to Gay.

HO’SPITABLE. adj. [hospitabilis, Latin.] Giving entertain­
ment to strangers; kind to strangers.
I'm your host:
With robbers hands my hospitable favour
You should not ruffle thus. Shakesp. King Lear.
Receive the ship-wreck'd on your friendly shore;
With hospitable rites relieve the poor. Dryden's Æn.

HO’SPITABLY. adv. [from hospitable.] With kindness to
strangers.
Ye thus hospitably live,
And strangers with good cheer receive. Prior.
The former liveth as piously and hospitably as the other. Swift.

HO’SPITAL. n. s. [hospital, French; hospitalis, Latin.]
1. A place built for the reception of the sick, or support of the
poor.
They who were so careful to bestow them in a college when
they were young, would be so good as to provide for them
in some hospital when they are old. Wotton.
I am about to build an hospital, which I will endow hand­
somely for twelve old husbandmen. Addison's Spectator.
2. A place for shelter or entertainment.
They spy'd a goodly castle, plac'd
Foreby a river in a pleasant dale,
Which chusing for that evening's hospital,
They thither march'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HOSPITA’LITY. n. s. [hospitalité, French.] The practice of
entertaining strangers.


The Lacedemonians forbidding all access of strangers into
their coasts, are, in that respect, deservedly blamed, as being
enemies to that hospitality which, for common humanity sake,
all the nations on earth should embrace. Hooker, b. i.
My master is of a churlish disposition,
And little recks to find the way to heav'n
By doing deeds of hospitality. Shakesp. As you like it.
How has this spirit of faction broke all the laws of charity,
neighbourhood, alliance, and hospitality? Swift.

HO’SPITALLER. n. s. [hospitallier, French; hospitalarius, low
Latin, from hospital.] One residing in an hospital in order
to receive the poor or stranger.
The first they reckon such as were granted to the hospitallers
in titulum beneficii. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To HO’SPITATE. v. a. [hospitor, Latin.] To reside under the
roof of another.
That always chuses an empty shell, and this hospitates with
the living animal in the same shell. Grew's Musæum.

HOST. n. s. [hoste, French; hospes, hospitis, Latin.]
1. One who gives entertainment to another.
Homer never entertained either guests or hosts with long
speeches, 'till the mouth of hunger be stopped. Sidney.
Here, father, take the shadow of this tree
For your good host. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. The landlord of an inn.
Time's like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by th' hand;
But with his arms out-stretch'd, as he would fly,
Grasps in the comer. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
The frighted friend arose by break of day,
And found the stall where late his fellow lay;
Then of his impious host enquiring more,
Was answer'd that his guest was gone before. Dryden.
3. [From hostis, Latin.] An army; numbers assembled for
war.
Let ev'ry soldier hew him down a bough,
And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow
The numbers of our host. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Then through the fiery pillar, and the cloud,
God looking forth, will trouble all his host,
And craze your chariot-wheels. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
After these came arm'd, with spear and shield,
An host so great as cover'd all the field. Dryden.
4. Any great number.
Give to a gracious message
An host of tongues; but let ill tidings tell
Themselves, when they be felt. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
5. [Hostia, Latin; hostie, French.] The sacrifice of the mass in
the Romish church; the consecrated wafer.

To HOST. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To take up entertainment.
Go, bear it to the centaur, where we host;
And stay there, Dromio, 'till I come to thee. Shakespeare.
2. To encounter in battle.
Strange to us it seem'd
At first, that angel should with angel war,
And in fierce hostings meet. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
From his loins
New authors of dissension spring; from him
Two branches, that in hosting long contend
For sov'reign sway. Phillips.
3. To review a body of men; to muster.
Lords have had the leading of their own followers to the
general hostings. Spenser on Ireland.

HO’STAGE. n. s. [ostage, French.] One given in pledge for
security of performance of conditions.
Your hostages I have, so have you mine;
And we shall talk before we fight. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopat.
Do this message honourably;
And if he stand on hostage for his safety,
Bid him demand what pledge will please him best. Shakesp.
He that hath wife and children, hath given hostages to for­
tune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of
virtue or mischief. Bacon, Essay 8.
They who marry give hostages to the publick, that they will
not attempt the ruin or disturb the peace of it. Atterbury.
The Romans having seized a great number of hostages, ac­
quainted them with their resolution. Arbuthnot on Coins.

HO’STEL. n. s. [hostel, hostelerie, French.] An inn. Ains.

HO’STELRY. n. s. [hostel, hostelerie, French.] An inn. Ains.

HO’STESS. n. s. [hostesse, French, from host.] A female host;
a woman that gives entertainment.
Fair and noble hostess,
We are your guest to-night. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Ye were beaten out of door,
And rail'd upon the hostess of the house. Shakespeare.
Be as kind an hostess as you have been to me, and you can
never fail of another husband. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.

HO’STESS-SHIP. n. s. [from hostess.] The character of an
hostess.
It is my father's will I should take on me
The hostess-ship o' th' day: you're welcome, sirs. Shakesp.

HO’STILE. adj. [hostilis, Latin.] Adverse; opposite; suitable
to an enemy.
He has now at last
Giv'n hostile strokes, and that not in the presence
Of dreaded justice, but on the ministers
That do distribute it. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Fierce Juno's hate,
Added to hostile force, shall urge thy fate. Dryden's Æn.

HO’STILITY. n. s. [hostilité, Fr. from hostile.] The practices
of an open enemy; open war; opposition in war.
Neither by treason nor hostility
To seek to put me down, and reign thyself. Shakesp. H. VI.
Hostility being thus suspended with France, preparation was
made for war against Scotland. Hayward.
What peace can we return,
But, to our pow'r, hostility and hate,
Untam'd reluctance and revenge? Milt. Parad. Lost, b. ii.
In this bloody dispute we have shewed ourselves fair, nay,
generous adversaries; and have carried on even our hostilities
with humanity. Atterbury's Sermons.

HO’STLER. n. s. [hosteller, from hostel.] One who has the care
of horses at an inn.
The cause why they are now to be permitted is want of
convenient inns for lodging travellers on horseback, and
hostlers to tend their horses by the way. Spenser on Ireland.

HO’STRY. n. s. [corrupted from hostelry.] A place where the
horses of guests are kept.
Swift rivers are with sudden ice constrain'd,
And studded wheels are on its back sustain'd;
An hostry now for waggons, which before
Tall ships of burden on its bosom bore. Dryden's Georg.

HOT

HOT. adj. [Hat, Saxon; hat, Scottish.]
1. Having the power to excite the sense of heat; contrary to
cold; fiery.
What is thy name?
——Thou'lt be afraid to hear it.
—No, though thou call'st thyself a hotter name
Than any is in hell. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The great breezes which the motion of the air in great
circles, such as are under the girdle of the world, produceth,
do refrigerate; and therefore, in those parts, noon is nothing
so hot as about nine in the forenoon. Bacon's Natural History.
Hot and cold were in one body fixt;
And soft with hard, and light with heavy mixt. Dryden.
Black substances do soonest of all others become hot in the
sun's light, and burn; which effect may proceed partly from
the multitude of refractions in a little room, and partly from
easy commotion of so very small corpuscles. Newton's Opt.
2. Lustful; lewd.
What hotter hours,
Unregister'd in vulgar same, you have
Luxuriously pick'd out. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Now the hot blooded gods assist me! remember, Jove, thou
was't a bull for thy Europa. Shakesp.
3. Strongly affected by sensible qualities: in allusion to dogs
hunting.
Nor law, nor checks of conscience will he hear,
When in hot scent of gain and full career. Dryden.
4. Violent; furious; dangerous.
That of Carthagena, where the Spaniards had warning of
our coming, and had put themselves in their full strength, was
one of the hottest services, and most dangerous assaults, that
hath been known. Bacon's War with Spain.
He resolved to storm; but his soldiers declined that hot ser­
vice, and plied it with artillery. Clarendon, b. viii.
To court the cry directs us, when we found
Th' assault so hot, as if 'twere only there. Denham.
Our army
Is now in hot engagement with the Moors. Dryden.
5. Ardent; vehement; precipitate.
Come, come, lord Mortimer, you are as slow,
As hot lord Percy is on fire to go. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Nature to youth hot rashness doth dispense,
But with cold prudence age doth recompense. Denham.
Achilles is impatient, hot, revengeful; Æneas, patient,
considerate, and careful of his people. Dryd. Fables, Preface.
6. Eager; keen in desire.
It is no wonder that men, either perplexed in the neces­
sary affairs of life, or hot in the pursuit of pleasures, should
not seriously examine their tenets. Locke.
Quoth Ralph, a jointure,
Which makes him have so hot a mind t' her. Hudibras.
7. Piquant; acrid.

HO’TBED. n. s. A bed of earth made hot by the fermentation
of dung.
The bed we call a hotbed is this: there was taken horsedung,
old and well rotted; this was laid upon a bank half a foot
high, and supported round about with planks, and upon the
top was cast sifted earth two fingers deep. Bacon's Nat. History.
Preserve the hotbed as much as possible from rain. Evelyn.

HOTBRA’INED. adj. [hot and brain.] Violent; vehement;
furious.


You shall find 'em either hotbrain'd youth,
Or needy bankrupts. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

HOTCO’CKLES. n. s. [hautes coquilles, French.] A play in which
one covers his eyes, and guesses who strikes him.
The chytindra is certainly not our hotcockles; for that was
by pinching, not by striking. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mar. Scribl.
As at hotcockles once I laid me down,
And felt the weighty hand of many a clown,
Buxoma gave a gentle tap, and I
Quick rose, and read soft mischief in her eye. Gay's Past.

HOTHEA’DED. adj. [hot and head.] Vehement; violent;
passionate.
One would not make the same person zealous for a stand­
ing army and publick liberty; nor a hotheaded, crackbrained
coxcomb forward for a scheme of moderation. Arbuthnot.

HO’THOUSE. n. s. [hot and house.]
1. A bagnio; a place to sweat and cup in.
Now she professes a hothouse, which, I think, is a very ill
house too. Shak. Measure for Measure.
2. A brothel.
Where lately harbour'd many a famous whore,
A purging bill, now fix'd upon the door,
Tells you it is a hothouse; so it may,
And still be a whorehouse: th' are synonyma. Ben. Johnson.

HO’TLY. adv. [from hot.]
1. With heat; not coldly.
2. Violently; vehemently.
The stag was in the end so hotly pursued, that he was driven
to make courage of despair. Sidney.
I do contest
As hotly and as nobly with thy love,
As ever in ambitious strength I did
Contend against thy valour. Shak. Coriolanus.
The enemy, now at hand, began hotly to skirmish in divers
places with the Christians. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Though this controversy be revived, and hotly agitated, I
doubt whether it be not a nominal dispute. Boyle.
3. Lustfully.
Voracious birds, that hotly bill and breed,
And largely drink, because on salt they feed. Dryden.

HOTMOU’THED. adj. [hot and mouth.] Headstrong; ungo­
vernable.
I fear my people's faith,
That hotmouth'd beast that bears against the curb,
Hard to be broken. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

HO’TNESS. n. s. [from hot.] Heat; violence; fury.

HO’TCHPOTCH. n. s. [haché en poche, French; or hachee en pot,
French, as Camden has it, as being boiled up in a pot; yet the
former corruption is now generally used.] A mingled hash;
a mixture.
Such patching maketh Littleton's hotchpot of our tongue,
and, in effect, brings the same rather to a Babellish confusion
than any one entire language. Camden's Remains.
A mixture of many disagreeing colours is ever unpleasant to
the eye, and a mixture or hotchpotch of many tastes is unplea­
sant to the taste. Bacon's Natural History.
Nor limbs, nor bones, nor carcass would remain;
But a mash'd heap, a hotchpotch of the slain. Dryd. Juvenal.

HO’TSPUR. n. s. [hot and spur.]
1. A man violent, passionate, precipitate and heady.
My nephew's trespass may be well forgot;
It hath the excuse of youth and heat of blood,
A harebrain'd hotspur, govern'd by a spleen. Shakes. H. IV.
Wars are begun by hairbrained dissolute captains, parasitical
sawners, unquiet hotspurs, and restless innovators. Burton.
2. A kind of pea of speedy growth.
Of such peas as are planted or sown in gardens, the hotspur
is the speediest of any in growth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HO’TSPURRED. adj. [from hotspur.] Vehement; rash;
heady.
To draw Mars like a young Hippolytus, with an effeminate
countenance, or Venus like that hotspurred Harpalice in Virgil,
this proceedeth from a senseless judgment. Peacham.

HOV

HOVE. The preterite of heave.

HO’VEL. n. s. [Diminutive of Hofe, house, Saxon.]
1. A shed open on the sides, and covered overhead.
So likewise a hovel will serve for a roome,
To stacke on the pease, when harvest shall come. Tusser.
If you make a large hovel, thatched, over some quantity of
ground, plank the ground over, and it will breed saltpetre.
Bacon's Natural History.
Your hay it is mow'd, your corn it is reap'd,
Your barns will be full, and your hovels heap'd. Dryden.
2. A mean habitation; a cottage.
The men clamber up the acclivities, dragging their kine
with them, where they feed them and milk them, and do all
the dairy-work in such sorry hovels and sheds as they build to
inhabit in during the Summer. Ray on the Creation.

To HO’VEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To shelter in an hovel.
And was't thou fain, poor father,
To hovel thee with swine and rogues forlorn,
In short and musty straw? Shakespeare's King Lear.

HO’VEN. part. pass. [from heave.] Raised; swelled; tumefied.
Tom Piper hath hoven and puffed up cheeks;
If cheese be so hoven, make Clisse to seek creeks. Tusser.

To HO’VER. v. n. [hovio, to hang over, Welsh.]
1. To hang in the air over head, without flying off one way or
other.
Some fiery devil hovers in the sky,
And pours down mischief. Shak. King John.
Ah, my poor princes! ah, my tender babes!
If yet your gentle souls fly in the air,
And be not fix'd in doom perpetual,
Hover about me with your airy wings,
And hear your mother's lamentation. Shak. Richard III.
A hovering mist came swimming o'er his sight,
And seal'd his eyes in everlasting night. Dryden's Æn.
Great flights of birds are hovering about the bridge, and
settling upon it. Addison's Spectator.
'Till as the earthly part decays and falls,
The captive breaks her prison's mould'ring walls;
Hovers a-while upon the sad remains,
Which now the pile, or sepulchre, contains,
And thence with liberty unbounded flies,
Impatient to regain her native skies. Prior.
Some less refin'd, beneath the moon's pale light,
Hover, and catch the shooting stars by night. Pope.
2. To stand in suspense or expectation.
The landlord will no longer covenant with him; for that he
daily looketh after change and alteration, and hovereth in ex­
pectation of new worlds. Spenser on Ireland.
3. To wander about one place.
We see so warlike a prince at the head of so great an army,
hovering on the borders of our confederates. Addison.
The truth and certainty is seen, and the mind fully possesses
itself of it; in the other, it only hovers about it. Locke.

HOU

HOUGH. n. s. [Hog, Saxon.]
1. The lower part of the thigh.
Blood shall be from the sword unto the belly, and dung of
men unto the camel's hough. 2 Esd. xiii. 36.
2. [Huë, French.] An adz; an hoe. See HOE.
Did they really believe that a man, by houghs and an ax,
could cut a god out of a tree? Stillingfleet.

To HOUGH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To hamstring; to disable by cutting the sinews of the ham.
Thou shalt hough their horses. Jos. ii. 6.
2. To cut up with an hough or hoe.
3. To hawk. This orthography is uncommon. See To HAWK.
Neither could we hough or spit from us; much less could
we sneeze or cough. Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. i.

HO’ULET. n. s. The vulgar name for an owl. The Scots and
northern counties still retain it.

HOULT. n. s. [Holt, Saxon.] A small wood. Obsolete.
Or as the wind, in hoults and shady greaves,
A murmur makes among the boughs and leaves. Fairfax.

HOUND. n. s. [Hund, Saxon; hund, Scottish.] A dog used
in the chase.
Hounds and greyhounds, mungrels, spaniels, curs,
Are cleped all by the name of dogs. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Jason threw, but fail'd to wound
The boar, and slew an undeserving hound,
And through the dog the dart was nail'd to ground. Dryd.
The kind spaniel and the faithful hound,
Likest that fox in shape and species found,
Pursues the noted path and covets home. Prior.

To HOUND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To set on the chase.
God is said to harden the heart permissively, but not ope­
ratively nor effectively; as he who only lets loose a greyhound
out of the slip, is said to hound him at the hare. Bramball.
2. To hunt; to pursue.
If the wolves had been hounded by tygers, they should have
worried them. L'Estrange.

HO’UNDFISH. n. s. A kind of fish. Ainsworth.

HOUNDSTO’NGUE. n. s. [cynoglossum, Latin.] A plant.
The cup of the flower consists of one leaf, deeply cut into
five parts: the flower consists of one leaf, is funnel-shaped,
and cut into five segments: the pointal, which arises from the
bottom of the flower, changes into a fruit composed of four
rough, each for the most part burry cells, and containing a
flat seed affixed to a pyramidal and quadrilateral placenta. The
proper season to take the roots up is soon after the leaves
decay. Miller.

HO’UNDTREE. n. s. A kind of tree. Ainsworth.

HOUP. n. s. [upupa, Latin.] The puet. Ainsworth.

HOUR. n. s. [heure, French; hora, Latin.]
1. The twenty-fourth part of a natural day; the space of sixty
minutes.
See the minutes how they run:
How many makes the hour full compleat,
How many hours bring about the day,
How many days will finish up the year,
How many years a mortal man may live. Shakesp. H. VI.
2. A particular time.


Vexation almost stops my breath,
That sunder'd friends greet in the hour of death. Shakesp.
When we can intreat an hour to serve,
We'll spend it in some words upon that business,
If you would grant the time. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The conscious wretch must all his arts reveal,
From the first moment of his vital breath,
To his last hour of unrepenting death. Dryden's Æn.
3. The time as marked by the clock.
The hour runs through the roughest day. Shakespeare.
Our neighbour let her floor to a genteel man, who kept
good hours. Tatler, No. 88.
They are as loud any hour of the morning, as our own
countrymen at midnight. Addison's Guardian.

HO’URGLASS. n. s. [hour and glass.]
1. A glass filled with sand, which, running through a narrow
hole, marks the time.
Next morning, known to be a morning better by the hour­
glass than by the day's clearness. Sidney.
If a man be in sickness, the time will seem longer without a
clock or hourglass than with it; for the mind doth value every
moment. Bacon.
O, recollect your thoughts!
Shake not his hourglass, when his hasty sand
Is ebbing to the last. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. Space of time. A manner of speaking rather affected than
elegant.
We, within the hourglass of two months, have won one
town, and overthrown great forces in the field. Bacon.

HO’URLY. adj. [from hour.] Happening or done every hour;
frequent; often repeated.
Alcyone
Computes how many nights he had been gone,
Observes the waining moon with hourly view,
Numbers her age, and wishes for a new. Dryden.
We must live in hourly expectation of having those troops
recalled, which they now leave with us. Swift.

HO’URLY. adv. [from hour.] Every hour; frequently.
She deserves a lord,
That twenty such rude boys might tend upon,
And hourly call her mistress. Shak. All's well that ends well.
Our estate may not endure
Hazard so near us, as doth hourly grow
Out of his lunacies. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
They with ceaseless cry
Surround me, as thou saw'st; hourly conceiv'd,
And hourly born, with sorrow infinite
To me! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Great was their strife, which hourly was renew'd,
'Till each with mortal hate his rival view'd. Dryden.

HOU’RPLATE. n. s. [hour and plate.] The dial; the plate on
which the hours pointed by the hand of a clock are inscribed.
If eyes could not view the hand, and the characters
of the hourplate, and thereby at a distance see what o'clock
it was, their owner could not be much benefited by that acute­
ness. Locke.

HOUSE. n. s. [Hus, Saxon; huys, Dutch; huse, Scottish.]
1. A place wherein a man lives; a place of human abode.
Sparrows must not build in his house eaves. Shakespeare.
Houses are built to live in, not to look on; therefore let use
be preferred before uniformity, except where both may be
had. Bacon, Essay 46.
In a house the doors are moveable, and the rooms square;
yet the house is neither moveable nor square. Watts.
2. Any place of abode.
The bees with smoke, the doves with noisome stench,
Are from their hives and houses driven away. Shakespeare.
3. Place in which religious or studious persons live in common;
monastery; college.
Theodosius arrived at a religious house in the city, where
now Constantia resided. Addison's Spectator.
4. The manner of living; the table.
He kept a miserable house, but the blame was laid wholly
upon madam. Swift.
5. Station of a planet in the heavens, astrologically considered.
Pure spiritual substances we cannot converse with, therefore
have need of means of communication, which some make to
be the celestial houses: those who are for the celestial houses
worship the planets, as the habitations of intellectual sub­
stances that animate them. Stillingfleet.
6. Family of ancestors, descendants, and kindred; race.
The red rose and the white are on his face,
The fatal colours of our striving houses. Shakes. Henry VI.
An ignominious ransom and free pardon
Are of two houses; lawful mercy sure
Is nothing kin to foul redemption. Shak. Meas. for Measure.
By delaying my last fine, upon your grace's accession to the
patrimonies of your house, I may seem to have made a for­
seiture. Dryden's Fables, Dedication.
A poet is not born in ev'ry race;
Two of a house few ages can afford,
One to perform, another to record. Dryden's Fables.
7. A body of the parliament; the lords or commons collectively
considered.
Nor were the crimes objected against him so clear, as to give
convincing satisfaction to the major part of both houses, espe­
cially that of the lords. King Charles.

To HOUSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To harbour; to admit to residence.
Palladius wished him to house all the Helots, and make them­
selves masters of the gates. Sidney.
Upon the North-sea a valley houseth a gentleman, who hath
worn out his former name. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Slander lives upon succession,
For ever housed where it gets possession. Shakespeare.
Mere cottagers are but housed beggars. Bacon.
Oh, can your counsel his despair defer,
Who now is housed in his sepulchre? Sandys.
We find them housing themselves under ground in dens.
South's Sermons.
In expectation of such times as these,
A chapel hous'd 'em, truly call'd of ease. Dryden.
2. To shelter; to keep under a roof.
As we house hot country plants to save them, so we may
house our own to forward them. Bacon's Natural History.
House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a
pent-house, to preserve them in extremity of weather. Evelyn.
Wit in northern climates will not blow,
Except, like orange-trees, 'tis hous'd from snow. Dryden.

To HOUSE. v. n.
1. To take shelter; to keep abode; to reside.
Ne suffer it to house there half a day. Hubberd's Tale.
Graze where you will, you shall not house with me. Shak.
Summers three times eight, save one,
She had told; alas, too soon,
After so short time of breath,
To house with darkness and with death. Milton.
2. To have an astrological station in the heavens.
In fear of this, observe the starry signs
Where Saturn houses, and where Hermes joins. Dryden.
I housing in the lion's hateful sign,
Bought senates and deserting troops are mine. Dryden.

HOUSEBREA’KER. n. s. [house and break.] Burglar; one who
makes his way into houses to steal.
All housebreakers and sharpers had thief written in their
foreheads. L'Estrange.

HOUSEBREA’KING. n. s. [house and break.] Burglary.
When he hears of a rogue to be tried for robbing or house­
breaking, he will send the whole paper to the govern­
ment. Swift.

HO’USEDOG. n. s. [house and dog.] A mastiff kept to guard
the house.
A very good housedog, but a dangerous cur to strangers,
had a bell about his neck. L'Estrange.
You see the goodness of the master even in the old house­
dog. Addison's Spectator.

HO’USEHOLD. n. s. [house and hold.]
1. A family living together.
Two housholds, both alike in dignity,
In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. Shakespeare.
A little kingdom is a great houshold, and a great houshold a
little kingdom. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Of God observ'd
The one just man alive, by his command,
Shall build a wond'rous ark, as thou beheld'st,
To save himself and houshold from amidst
A world devote to universal wreck. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. xi.
He has always taken to himself, amongst the sons of men,
a peculiar houshold of his love, which at all times he has che­
rished as a father, and governed as a master: this is the pro­
per houshold of faith; in the first ages of the world, 'twas
sometimes literally no more than a single houshold, or some few
families. Spratt's Sermons.
Great crimes must be with greater crimes repaid,
And second funerals on the former laid;
Let the whole houshold in one ruin fall,
And may Diana's curse o'ertake us all. Dryden's Fables.
Learning's little houshold did embark,
With her world's fruitful system in her sacred ark. Swift.
In his own church he keeps a seat,
Says grace before and after meat;
And calls, without affecting airs,
His houshold twice a day to prayers. Swift.
2. Family life; domestick management.
An inventory, thus importing
The several parcels of his plate, his treasure,
Rich stuffs, and ornaments of houshold. Shakesp. H. VIII.
3. It is used in the manner of an adjective, to signify domestick;
belonging to the family.
Cornelius called two of his houshold servants. Acts x. 7.


For nothing lovelier can be found
In woman, than to study houshold good;
And good works in her husband to promote. Milt. Pa. Lost.
It would be endless to enumerate the oaths and blasphemies
among the men, among the women the neglect of houshold
affairs. Swift.

HO’USEHOLDER. n. s. [from household.] Master of a family.
A certain householder planted a vineyard. Mat. xxi. 33.

HOU’SEHOLDSTUFF. n. s. [household and stuff.] Furniture of
an house; utensils convenient for a family.
In this war that he maketh, he still flieth from his foe, and
lurketh in the thick woods, waiting for advantages: his cloke
is his bed, yea and his housholdstuff. Spenser on Ireland.
A great part of the building was consumed, with much
costly housholdstuff. Bacon's Henry VII.
The poor woman had her jest for her housholdstuff, and paid
her physician with a conceit for his money. L'Estrange.

HOU’SEKEEPER. n. s. [house and keep.]
1. Householder; master of a family.
To be said an honest man and a good housekeeper, goes as
fairly as to say a graceful man and a great scholar. Shakespeare.
If I may credit housekeepers and substantial tradesmen, all
sorts of provisions and commodities are risen excessively. Locke.
2. One who lives in plenty.
The people are apter to applaud housekeepers than house­
raisers. Wotton.
3. One who lives much at home.
How do you both? You are manifest housekeepers. What
are you sewing here? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
4. A woman servant that has care of a family, and superintends
the other maid servants.
Merry folks, who want by chance
A pair to make a country-dance,
Call the old housekeeper, and get her
To fill a place for want of better. Swift.
5. A housedog.
Distinguish the housekeeper, the hunter. Shakes. Macbeth.

HOU’SEKEEPING. adj. [house and keep.] Domestick; useful to
a family.
His house, for pleasant prospect, large scope, and other house­
keeping commodities, challengeth the pre-eminence. Carew.

HO’USEKEEPING. n. s. Hospitality; liberal and plentiful table.
I hear your grace hath sworn out housekeeping. Shakespeare.
His table was one of the last that gave us an example of the
old housekeeping of an English nobleman: an abundance reigned,
which shewed the master's hospitality. Prior.

HO’USEL. n. s. [Husl, Saxon, from hunsel, Gothick, a sacrifice,
or hostia, dimin. hostiola, Latin.] The holy eucharist.

To HO’USEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To give or receive the
eucharist. Both the noun and verb are obsolete.

HO’USELEEK. n. s. [house and leek.] A plant.
The flower consists of several leaves, which are placed or­
bicularly, and expanded in form of a rose; out of whose
flower-cup rises the pointal, which afterwards turns to a
fruit, composed, as it were, of many seed-vessels resembling
husks, which are collected into a sort of head, and full of
small seeds. The species are fix. Miller.
The acerbs supply their quantity of cruder acids; as juices
of apples, grapes, the sorrels, and houseleek. Floyer.

HO’USELESS. adj. [from house.] Without abode; wanting ha­
bitation.
Poor naked wretches,
How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,
Your loop'd and window'd raggedness, defend you. Shakes.
This hungry, houseless, suffering, dying Jesus, fed many
thousands with five loaves and two fishes. West.

HO’USEMAID. n. s. [house and maid.] A maid employed to
keep the house clean.
The housemaid may put out the candle against the looking­
glass. Swift.

HO’USEROOM. n. s. [house and room.] Place in a house.
Houseroom, that costs him nothing, he bestows;
Yet still we scribble on, though still we lose. Dryden's Juv.

HO’USESNAIL. n. s. A kind of snail.

HO’USEWARMING. n. s. [house and warm.] A feast or merry­
making upon going into a new house.

HO’USING. n. s. [from house.]
1. Quantity of inhabited building.
London is supplied with people to increase its inhabitants,
according to the increase of housing. Graunt.
2. [from houseaux, heuses, or houses, French.] Cloath originally
used to keep off dirt, now added to saddles as ornamental.

HO’USLING. adj. [from house.] Provided for entertainment at
first entrance into a house; housewarming.
His own two hands the holy knot did knit,
That none but death for ever can divide;
His own two hands, for such a turn most fit,
The housling fire did kindle and provide. Fairy Queen, b. i.

HOUSS. n. s. [from houseaux, or houses, French.] Covering of
cloath originally used to keep off dirt, now added to saddles
as ornamental; housings. This word, though used by Dry­
den, I do not remember in any other place.
Six lions hides, with thongs together fast,
His upper part defended to his waist;
And where man ended, the continu'd vest,
Spread on his back, the houss and trappings of a beast. Dryd.

HO’USEWIFE. n. s. [house and wife. This is now frequently
written huswife, or hussy.] The mistress of a family.
You will think it unfit for a good housewife to stir in or to
busy herself about her housewifry. Spenser on Ireland.
I have room enough, but the kind and hearty housewife is
dead. Pope to Swift.
3. A female œconomist.
Fitting is a mantle for a bad man, and surely for a bad
housewife it is no less convenient; for some of them, that be
wandering women, it is half a wardrobe. Spenser on Ireland.
Let us sit and mock the good housewife, fortune, from her
wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be disposed equally. Shak.
Farmers in degree,
He a good husband, a good housewife she. Dryden.
Early housewives leave the bed,
When living embers on the hearth are spread. Dryden.
The fairest among the daughters of Britain shew themselves
good stateswomen as well as good housewives. Addis. Freehold.
3. One skilled in female business.
He was bred up under the tuition of a tender mother, 'till
she made him as good an housewife as herself: he could pre­
serve apricocks, and make jellies. Addison's Spectator.

HO’USEWIFELY. adj. [from housewife.] Skilled in the acts be­
coming a housewife.

HO’USEWIFELY. adv. [from housewife.] With the œconomy
of a housewife.

HO’USEWIFERY. n. s. [from housewife.]
1. Domestick or female business; management becoming the
mistress of a family.
You will think it unfit for a good housewife to stir in or to
busy herself about her housewifery. Spenser on Ireland.
He ordain'd a lady for his prise,
Generally praiseful; fair and young, and skill'd in house­
wiferies. Chapman's Iliads.
Little butter was exported abroad, and that discredited by
the housewifery of the Irish in making it up. Temple.
2. Female œconomy.
Learn good works for necessary uses; for St. Paul expresses
the obligation of Christian women to good housewifery, and
charitable provisions for their family and neighbourhood. Tayl.

HOW

HOW. adv. [Hu, Saxon; hoe, Dutch.]
1. In what manner; to what degree.
How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me?
Ex. x. 3.
How much better is it to get wisdom than gold? and to get
understanding rather to be chosen than silver? Prov. xvi. 16.
How oft is the candle of the wicked put out? And how oft
cometh their destruction upon them? Job xxi. 17.
O how love I thy law: it is my meditation. Ps. cxix. 97.
How many children's plaints, and mother's cries!
How many woful widows left to bow
To sad disgrace! Daniel's Civil War.
Consider into how many differing substances it may be ana­
lysed by the fire. Boyle.
2. In what manner.
Mark'd you not,
How that the guilty kindred of the queen
Look'd pale, when they did hear of Clarence' death? Shak.
Prosecute the means of thy deliverance
By ransom, or how else. Milton's Agonistes.
We examine the why, the what, and the how of things.
L'Estrange.
'Tis much in our power how to live; but not at all when
or how to die. L'Estrange.
It is pleasant to see how the small territories of this little re­
publick are cultivated to the best advantage. Addison on Italy.
3. For what reason; from what cause.
How now, my love? Why is your cheek so pale?
How chance the roses there do fade so fast? Shakespeare.
4. By what means.
How is it thou hast found it so quickly. Gen. xxvii. 10.
Men would have the colours of birds feathers, if they
could tell how; or they will have gay skins instead of gay
clothes. Bacon's Natural History.
5. In what state.
For how shall I go up to my father? Gen. xliv. 34.
Whence am I forc'd, and whither am I born?
How, and with what reproach shall I return? Dryden's Æn.
6. It is used in a sense marking proportion or correspondence.
Behold, he put no trust in his servants, how much less on
them that dwell in houses of clay, whose foundation is in the
dust. Job iv. 19.
A great division fell among the nobility, so much the more
dangerous by how much the spirits were more active and
high. Hayward.
By how much they would diminish the present extent of
the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains
and rivers of the earth. Bentley's Sermons.


7. It is much used in exclamation.
How are the mighty fallen! Sam.
How doth the city sit solitary as a widow. Lam. i. 1.
8. In an affirmative sense, not easily explained; that so it is;
that.
Thick clouds put us in some hope of land, knowing how
that part of the South sea was utterly unknown, and might
have islands or continents. Bacon's New Atlantis.

HOWBE’IT. adv. [how be it.] Nevertheless; notwithstand­
ing; yet; however. Not now in use.

HO’WBE. adv. [how be it.] Nevertheless; notwithstand­
ing; yet; however. Not now in use.
Siker thou speak'st like a lewd lorrel,
Of heaven to deemen so,
Howbe I am but rude and borrel,
Yet nearer ways I know. Spenser.
Things so ordained are to be kept, howbeit not necessarily,
any longer than 'till there grow some urgent cause to ordain
the contrary. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
There is a knowledge which God hath always revealed
unto them in the works of nature: this they honour and
esteem highly as profound wisdom, howbeit this wisdom saveth
them not. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
There was no army transmitted out of England, howbeit
the English colonies in Ireland did win ground upon the
Irish. Davies on Ireland.

HOWD’YE. [Contracted from how do ye.] In what state is your
health. A message of civility.
Years make men more talkative, but less writative; so that
I now write no letters but of plain business, or plain howd'ye's,
to those few I am forced to correspond with. Pope.

HOWE’VER. adv. [how and ever.]
1. In whatsoever manner; in whatsoever degree.
This ring he holds
In most rich choice; yet in his idle fire,
To buy his will, it would not seem too dear,
Howe'er repented of. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
To trace the ways
Of highest agents, deem'd however wise. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. At all events; happen what will; at least.
Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however
from the greatest evils; and to enjoy, if it may be, all good,
however the chiefest. Tillotson, Sermon 1.
3. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; yet.
In your excuse your love does little say;
You might howe'er have took a fairer way. Dryden.
Its views are bounded on all sides by several ranges of moun­
tains, which are however at so great a distance, that they leave
a wonderful variety of beautiful prospects. Addison on Italy.
I do not build my reasoning wholly on the case of persecu­
tion, however I do not exclude it. Atterbury.
Few turn their thoughts to examine how those diseases in a
state are bred, that hasten its end; which would, however, be
a very useful enquiry. Swift.

To HOWL. v. n. [huglen, Dutch; ululo, Latin.]
1. To cry as a wolf or dog.
Methought a legion of foul fiends
Environ'd me, and howled in mine ears
Such hideous cries, that with the very noise
I trembling wak'd. Shakespeare's Richard III.
If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
Thou should'st have said, Go, porter, turn the key. Shakes.
He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling
wilderness. Deutr. xxxii. 10.
As when a sort of wolves infest the night,
With their wild howlings at fair Cynthia's light. Waller.
Hard as his native rocks, cold as his sword,
Fierce as the wolves that howl'd around his birth;
He hates the tyrant, and the suppliant scorns. Smith.
2. To utter cries in distress.
Therefore will I howl, and cry out for all Moab. Jer. xlviii.
The damned use that word in hell,
Howlings attend it. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Each new morn
New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows
Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds
As if it felt with Scotland. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I have words
That would be howl'd out in the desart air,
Where hearing should not catch them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The noise grows louder still:
Rattling of armour, trumpets, drums and ataballes;
And sometimes peals of shouts that rend the heav'ns,
Like victory: then groans again, and howlings
Like those of vanquish'd men. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
3. To speak with a belluine cry or tone.
Peace, monster, peace! Go tell thy horrid tale
To savages, and howl it out in desarts!
Me would'st thou make the accomplice of thy crimes?
A. Phillips's Distrest Mother.
4. It is used poetically of any noise loud and horrid.

HOWL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The cry of a wolf or dog.
Murther,
Alarm'd by his sentinel the wolf,
Whose howl's his watch. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
These and the like rumours are no more than the last howls
of a dog dissected alive. Swift.
2. The cry of a human being in horrour.
She raves, she runs with a distracted pace,
And fills with horrid howls the publick place. Dryden's Æn.

HOWSOE’VER. adv. [how and soever.]
1. In what manner soever. See HOWEVER.
Berosus, who, after Moses, was one of the most ancient,
howsoever he hath been since corrupted, doth in the substance
of all agree. Raleigh's History of the World.
2. Although.
The man doth fear God, howsoever it seems not in him.
Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.

To HOX. v. a. [from Hog, Saxon.] To hough; to ham­
string.
Thou art a coward,
Which hoxes honesty behind, restraining
From course required. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Lodronius, perceiving the old soldier's meaning, alighted,
and with his sword hoxed his horse, saying aloud, This day,
valiant soldiers, shall you have me both your general and fel­
low soldier, fighting on foot as one of yourselves. Knolles.

HOY. n. s. [hou, old French.] A large boat sometimes with
one deck.
He sent to Germany, strange aid to rear;
From whence eftsoons arrived here three hoys
Of Saxons, whom he for his safety employs. Fairy Queen.
To define a barge and hoy, which are between a boat and a
ship, is hard. Watts's Logick.

HU’BBUB. n. s. [I know not the etymology, unless it be from
up up, or hobnob.] A tumult; a riot.
People pursued the business with all contempt of the go­
vernment; and in the hubbub of the first day there appeared
nobody of name or reckoning, but the actors were really of
the dregs of the people. Clarendon.
An universal hubbub wild
Of stunning sounds, and voices all confus'd,
Borne through the hollow dark, assaults his ear
With loudest vehemence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Why wolves raise a hubbub at her,
And dogs howl when she shines in water. Hudibras, p. ii.

HU’CKABACK. n. s. A kind of linen on which the figures are
raised.

HU’CKLEBACKED. adj. [hocker, German, a bunch, and back.]
Crooked in the shoulders.

HU’CKLEBONE. n. s. [from hucken, Dutch, to sit down.] The
hipbone.

HU’CKSTER. n. s. [hock, German, a pedlar; hockster, a she­
pedlar.]

HU’CKSTERER. n. s. [hock, German, a pedlar; hockster, a she­
pedlar.]
1. One who sells goods by retail, or in small quantities; a
pedlar.
There cannot be a more ignominious trade than the being
hucksters to such vile merchandise. Government of the Tongue.
God deliver the world from such guides, or rather such
hucksters of souls, the very shame of religion. South's Sermons.
Should thy shoe wrench aside, down, down you fall,
And overturn the scolding huckster's stall,
The scolding huckster shall not o'er thee moan,
But pence expect for nuts and pears o'erthrown. Gay.
There should be a general confederacy of all the servants in
every family, for the publick good, to drive those China huck­
sters from the doors. Swift.
Those hucksterers or money-jobbers will be found necessary,
if this brass money is made current. Swift.
2. A trickish mean fellow.
Now the ape wanted his huckster man. Hubb. Tale.

To HU’CKSTER. v. n. [from the noun.] To deal in petty
bargains.
They must pay a shilling, for changing their piece into sil­
ver, to some huckstering fellow who follows that trade. Swift.

HUD

To HU’DDLE. v. a. [probably from hood.]
1. To dress up close so as not to be discovered; to mobble.
2. To put on carelesly in a hurry.
At twelve she rose with much ado;
Her cloaths were huddl'd on by two. Prior.
Now all in haste they huddle on
Their hoods, their cloaks, and get them gone. Swift.
3. To cover up in haste.
4. To perform in a hurry.
I have given much application to this poem: this is not a
play huddled up in haste. Dryden.
When continu'd rain
The lab'ring husband in his house restrain,
Let him forecast his work with timely care,
Which else is huddled when the skies are fair. Dryd. Virgil.
5. To throw together in confusion.
Our adversary, huddling several suppositions together, and
that in doubtful and general terms, makes a medley and con­
fusion. Locke.



To HU’DDLE. v. n. To come in a crowd or hurry.
Glance an eye of pity on his losses,
That have of late so huddled on his back,
Enough to press a royal merchant down. Shakespeare.
Brown answered after his blunt and huddling manner. Bacon.
Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delay'd
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,
And sweeten'd every muskrose of the dale. Milton.
Their eyes are more imperfect than others; for they will
run against things, and, huddling forwards, fall from high
places. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HU’DDLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Crowd; tumult; confusion.
That the Aristotelian philosophy is a huddle of words and
terms insignificant, has been the censure of the wisest. Glanv.
Your carrying business in a huddle,
Has forc'd our rulers to new model. Hudibras, p. iii.
Nature doth nothing in a huddle. L'Estrange.
The understanding sees nothing distinctly in things remote,
and in a huddle. Locke.
Several merry answers were made to my question, which
entertained us 'till bed-time, and filled my mind with a huddle
of ideas. Addison's Spectator.

HUE. n. s. [Hiewe, Saxon.]
1. Colour; die.
For never in that land
Face of fair lady she before did view,
Or that dread lyon's look her cast in deadly hue. Fairy Qu.
For now three months have changed thrice their hue.
Fairy Queen, canto viii.
To add another hue unto the rainbow,
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. Shakes. King John.
Flow'rs of all hue, and without thorn the rose. Milton.
To whom the angel, with a smile that glow'd
Celestial rosy red, love's proper hue,
Answer'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Your's is much of the camelion hue,
To change the die with distant view. Dryden.
2. [Huée, French.] A clamour; a legal pursuit; an alarm
given to the country.
Hue and cry, villain, go! Assist me, knight, I am undone:
fly, run, hue and cry! villain, I am undone. Shakespeare.
Immediately comes a hue and cry after a gang of thieves,
that had taken a purse upon the road. L'Estrange.
If you should hiss, he swears he'll hiss as high;
And, like a culprit, join the hue and cry. Addison.
The hue and cry went after Jack, to apprehend him dead
or alive, wherever he could be found. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

HUE’R. n. s. [huer, French, to cry.] One whose business is
to call out to others.
They lie hovering upon the coast, and are directed by a
balker or huer, who standeth on the cliff-side, and from thence
discerneth the course of the pilchard. Carew's Surv. of Cornw.

HUF

HUFF. n. s. [from hove, or hoven, swelled: he is huffed up by
distempers. So in some provinces we still say the bread huffs up,
when it begins to heave or ferment: huff, therefore, may be
ferment. To be in a huff is then to be in a ferment, as we
now speak.]
1. Swell of sudden anger or arrogance.
Quoth Ralpho, honour's but a word
To swear by only in a lord;
In others it is but a huff,
To vapour with instead of proof. Hudibras, p. ii.
His frowns kept multitudes in awe,
Before the bluster of whose huff
All hats, as in a storm, flew off. Hudibras.
We have the apprehensions of a change to keep a check
upon us in the very huff of our greatness. L'Estrange.
A Spaniard was wonderfully upon the huff about his ex­
traction. L'Estrange.
No man goes about to ensnare or circumvent another in a
passion, to lay trains, and give secret blows in a present
huff. South's Sermons.
2. A wretch swelled with a false opinion of his own value.
Lewd shallow-brained huffs make atheism and contempt of
religion the sole badge and character of wit. South.
As for you, colonel huff-cap, we shall try before a civil
magistrate who's the greater plotter. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

To HUFF. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To swell; to puff.
In many wild birds the diaphragm may easily be huffed up
with air, and blown in at the windpipe. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
2. To hector; to treat with insolence and arrogance, or brutality.

To HUFF. v. n. To bluster; to storm; to bounce; to swell
with indignation or pride.
This senseless arrogant conceit of theirs made them huff at
the doctrine of repentance, as a thing below them. South.
A huffing, shining, flatt'ring, cringing coward,
A cankerworm of peace, was rais'd above him. Otway.
A thief and justice, fool and knave,
A huffing officer and slave. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
Huffing to cowards, fawning to the brave,
To knaves a fool, to cred'lous fools a knave. Roscommon.
Now what's his end? O charming glory, say!
What, a fifth act to crown his huffing play? Dryd. Juvenal.
What a small pittance of reason and truth is mixed with
those huffing opinions they are swelled with. Locke.
When Peg received John's message, she huffed and stormed
like the devil. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

HU’FFER. n. s. [from huff.] A blusterer; a bully.
Nor have I hazarded my art
To be expos'd i' th' end to suffer,
By such a braggadocio huffer. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.

HU’FFISH. adj. [from huff.] Arrogant; insolent; hectoring.

HU’FFISHLY. adv. [from huffish.] With arrogant petulance;
with bullying bluster.

HU’FFISHNESS. n. s. Petulance; arrogance; noisy bluster.

To HUG. v. a. [Hegian, Saxon, to hedge, to inclose.]
1. To press close in an embrace.
He bewept my fortune,
And hugg'd me in his arms. Shakesp. Richard III.
What would not he do now to hug the creature that had
given him so admirable a serenade! L'Estrange.
Ev'n in that urn their brother they confess,
And hug it in their arms, and to their bosom press. Dryden.
King Xerxes was enamoured upon an oak, which he would
hug and kiss. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. To fondle; to treat with tenderness.
I, under fair pretence of friendly ends,
And well-plac'd words of glozing courtesy,
Baited with reasons not unplausible,
Win me into the easy-hearted man,
And hug him into snares. Milton.
We hug deformities, if they bear our names. Glanville.
Admire yourself,
And, without rival, hug your darling book. Roscommon.
Though they know that the flatterer knows the falsehood
of his own flatteries, yet they love the impostor, and with
both arms hug the abuse. South's Sermons.
Mark with what joy he hugs the dear discovery! Rowe.
3. To hold fast.
Age makes us most fondly hug and retain the good things of
life, when we have the least prospect of enjoying them. Atterb.

HUG. n. s. [from the noun.] Close embrace.
Why these close hugs? I owe my shame to him. Gay.

HUGE. adj. [hoogh, high, Dutch.]
1. Vast; immense.
Let the state of the people of God, when they were in the
house of bondage, and their manner of serving God in a
strange land, be compared with that which Canaan and Jeru­
salem did afford; and who seeth not what huge difference there
was between them? Hooker, b. iv.
This space of earth is so huge, as that it equalleth in great­
ness not only Asia, Europe and Africa, but America. Abbot.
2. Great even to deformity or terribleness.
The patch is kind enough, but a huge feeder. Shakesp.
Through forrests huge, and long untravell'd heaths,
With desolation brown he wanders waste. Thomson's Spring.

HU’GELY. adv. [from huge.]
1. Immensely; enormously.
Who cries out on pride,
That can therein tax any private party?
Doth it not flow as hugely as the sea? Shakes. As you like it.
2. Greatly; very much.
I am hugely bent to believe, that whenever you concern
yourselves in our affairs, it is for our good. Swift.

HU’GENESS. n. s. [from huge.] Enormous bulk; greatness.
My mistress exceeds in goodness the hugeness of your un­
worthy thinking. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

HU’GGERMUGGER. n. s. [corrupted perhaps from huger morcker,
or hug in the dark. Morcker in Danish is darkness, whence
our murky. It is written by Sir Thomas More, hoker moker.
Hoker, in Chaucer, is peevish, crossgrained, of which moker may
be only a ludicrous reduplication. Hooke is likewise in Ger­
man a corner, and moky is in English dark. I know not how
to determine.] Secrecy; bye-place.
Now hold in huggermugger in their hand,
And all the rest do rob of goods and land. Hubberd's Tale.
But if I can but find them out,
Where e'er th' in huggermugger lurk,
I'll make them rue their handy-work. Hudibras, p. i.
There's a distinction betwixt what's done openly and bare­
faced, and a thing that's done in huggermugger, under a seal of
secrecy and concealment. L'Estrange's Fables.

HU’GY. adj. [See HUGE.] Vast; great; huge.
This hugy rock one finger's force
Apparently will move. Corew's Survey of Cornwal.

HUKE. n. s. [huque, French.] A cloak.
As we were thus in conference, there came one that seemed
to be a messenger in a rich huke. Bacon's New Atlantis.

HUL

HULK. n. s. [hulcke, Dutch; Hulc, Saxon.]
1. The body of a ship.
There's a whole merchant's venture of Bourdeaux stuff in
him: you have not seen a hulk better stuffed in the hold. Shakes.


The custom they had of giving the colour of the sea to the
hulks, sails, and mariners of their spy-boats, to keep them
from being discovered, came from the Veneti. Arbuthnot.
They Argo's hulk will tax,
And scrape her pitchy sides for wax. Swift.
The sooty hulk
Steer'd sluggish on. Thomson's Autumn.
2. Any thing bulky and unwieldy. This sense is still retained
in Scotland: as, a hulk of a fellow.
And Harry Monmouth's brawn, the hulk sir John,
Is prisoner to your son. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

To HULK. v. a. To exenterate: as, to hulk a hare. Ainsw.

HULL. n. s. [hulgan, Gothick, to cover.]
1. The husk or integument of any thing; the outer covering:
as, the hull of a nut covers the shell. [Hule, Scottish.]
2. The body of a ship; the hulk. Hull and hulk are now con­
founded; but hulk seems originally to have signified not merely
the body or hull, but a whole ship of burden, heavy and
bulky.
Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light,
And through the yielding planks a passage find. Dryden.
So many arts hath the Divine Wisdom put together, only
for the hull and tackle of a sensible and thinking creature.
Grew's Cosmol. Sac. b. i. c. 5.

To HULL. v. n. [from the noun.] To float; to drive to and
fro upon the water without sails or rudder.
They saw a sight full of piteous strangeness; a ship, or ra­
ther the carcase of the ship, or rather some few bones of the
carcase, hulling there, part broken, part burned, and part
drowned. Sidney.
Will you hoist sail, sir? here lies your way.
—No, good swabber, I am to hull here a little longer. Shak.
He look'd, and saw the ark hull on the flood,
Which now abated. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. xi.
People walking down upon the shore, saw somewhat come
hulling toward them. L'Estrange.

HU’LLY. adj. [from hull.] Siliquose; husky. Ainsworth.

HU’LVER. n. s. Holly.
Save hulver and thorn, thereof flail for to make. Tusser.

HUM

To HUM. v. a. [hommelen, Dutch.]
1. To make the noise of bees.
The humming of bees is an unequal buzzing. Bacon.
An airy nation flew,
Thick as the humming bees that hunt the golden dew
In Summer's heat. Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
So weary bees in little cells repose;
But if night-robbers lift the well-stor'd hive,
An humming through their waxen city grows. Dryden.
2. To make an inarticulate and buzzing sound.
I think he'll hear me: yet to bite his lip,
And hum at good Cominius, much unhearts me. Shakesp.
Upon my honour, sir, I heard a humming,
And that a strange one too, which did awake me. Shakesp.
The cloudy messenger turns me his back,
And hums; as who should say, you'll rue. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To pause in speaking, and supply the interval with an au­
dible emission of breath.
Having pump'd up all his wit,
And humm'd upon it, thus he writ. Hudibras, p. iii.
I still acquiest,
And never humm'd and haw'd sedition,
Nor snuffled treason. Hudibras, p. iii. cant. 2.
The man lay humming and hawing a good while; but, in
the end, he gave up himself to the physicians. L'Estrange.
Still humming on, their drowsy course they keep,
And lash'd so long, like tops, are lash'd asleep. Pope.
4. To sing low.
The musical accents of the Indians, to us, are but inarti­
culate hummings; as are ours to their otherwise tuned or­
gans. Glanv. Apol.
Hum half a tune. Pope.
5. To applaud. Approbation was commonly expressed in pub­
lick assemblies by a hum, about a century ago.

HUM. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The noise of bees or insects.
To black Hecat's summons
The shard-born beetle, with his drowsy hums,
Hath rung night's yawning peal. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Nor undelightful is the ceaseless hum,
To him who muses through the woods at noon. Thomson.
2. The noise of bustling crowds.
From camp to camp, through the foul womb of night,
The hum of either army stilly sounds. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Tower'd cities please us then,
And the busy hum of men. Milton.
One theatre there is of vast resort,
Which whilome of requests was call'd the court;
But now the great exchange of news 'tis hight,
And full of hum and buz from noon 'till night. Dryden.
3. Any low dull noise.
Who sat the nearest, by the words o'ercome,
Slept fast; the distant nodded to the hum. Pope's Dunciad.
4. A pause with an inarticulate sound.
These shrugs, these hums and haws,
When you have said she's goodly, come between,
'Ere you can say she's honest. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
Your excuses want some grains to make 'em current: hum
and ha will not do the business. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
5. In Hudibrass it seems used for ham.
And though his countrymen the Huns,
Did stew their meat between their hums
And the horses backs o'er which they straddle,
And ev'ry man eat up his saddle. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 11.
6. An expression of applause.
You hear a hum in the right place. Spectator.

HUM. interject. A sound implying doubt and deliberation.
Let not your ears despise the heaviest sound
That ever yet they heard.
—Hum! I guess at it. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
See sir Robert—hum!
And never laugh for all my life to come. Pope.

HU’MAN. adj. [humanus, Latin; humain, French.]
1. Having the qualities of a man.
It will not be asked whether he be a gentleman born, but
whether he be a human creature. Swift.
2. Belonging to man.
The king is but a man as I am: the violet smells to him as it
doth to me; all his senses have but human conditions. Shakes.
For man to tell how human life began
Is hard; for who himself beginning knew? Milton's P. L.
Thee, serpent, subtil'st beast of all the field,
I knew; but not with human voice indu'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
Intuitive knowledge needs no probation, nor can have any,
this being the highest of all human certainty. Locke.

HUMA’NE. adj. [humaine, French.] Kind; civil; benevolent;
good-natured.
Love of others, if it be not spent upon a few, doth naturally
spread itself towards many, and maketh men become humane
and charitable. Bacon's Essays.
Envy, malice, covetousness and revenge are abolished: a
new race of virtues and graces, more divine, more moral,
more humane, are planted in their stead. Spratt's Sermons.

HUMA’NELY. adv. [from humane.] Kindly; with good­
nature.
If they would yield us the superfluity, while it were whole­
some, we might guess they relieved us humanely. Shakespeare.

HU’MANIST. n. s. [humaniste, French.] A philologer; a gram­
marian.

HUMA’NITY. n. s. [humanité, French; humanitas, Latin.]
1. The nature of man.
Look to thyself; reach not beyond humanity. Sidney.
A rarer spirit never did steer humanity. Shakespeare.
The middle of humanity thou never knewest, but the extre­
mity of both ends. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
To preserve the Hebrew intire and uncorrupt, there hath
been used the highest caution humanity could invent. Brown.
2. Humankind; the collective body of mankind.
If he can untie those knots, he is able to teach all humanity,
and will do well to oblige mankind by his informations. Glan.
3. Benevolence; tenderness.
All men ought to maintain peace, and the common offices
of humanity and friendship in diversity of opinions. Locke.
How few, like thee, enquire the wretched out,
And court the offices of soft humanity?
Like thee reserve their raiment for the naked,
Reach out their bread to feed the crying orphan,
Or mix their pitying tears with those that weep? Rowe.
4. Philology; grammatical studies.

To HU’MANIZE. v. a. [humaniser, French.] To soften; to
make susceptive of tenderness or benevolence.
Here will I paint the characters of woe,
And here my faithful tears in showers shall flow,
To humanize the flints whereon I tread. Wotton.
Was it the business of magick to humanize our natures with
compassion, forgiveness, and all the instances of the most ex­
tensive charity? Addison on the Christian Religion.

HU’MANKIND. n. s. [human and kind.] The race of man;
mankind.
Blest with a taste exact, yet unconfin'd;
A knowledge both of books and humankind. Pope.

HU’MANLY. adv. [from human.]
1. After the notions of men; according to the power of men.
Thus the present happy prospect of our affairs, humanly
speaking, may seem to promise. Atterbury.
2. Kindly; with good-nature. This should be humanely.
Though learn'd, well bred; and though well bred, sincere;
Modestly bold, and humanly severe. Pope's Ess. on Criticism.

HU’MBIRD. n. s. [from hum and bird.] The humming bird.
All ages have conceived the wren the least of birds,
yet our own plantations have shewed us one far less; that is,
the humbird, not much exceeding a beetle. Brown's Vulg. Err.

HU’MBLE. adj. [humble, French; humilis, Latin.]
1. Not proud; modest; not arrogant.
And mighty proud to humble weak does yield. Fairy Qu.


Now we have shewn our power,
Let us seem humbler after it is done,
Than when it was a doing. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thy humble servant vows obedience,
And faithful service, 'till the point of death. Shak. H. VI.
We should be as humble in our imperfections and sins as
Christ was in the fulness of the spirit, great wisdom, and per­
fect life. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Chuse you for me; for well you understand
But if an humble husband may request,
Provide and order all things for the best. Dryden.
Ten thousand trifles light as these,
Nor can my rage nor anger move:
She should be humble, who would please;
And she must suffer, who can love. Prior.
2. Low; not high; not great.
Th' example of the heav'nly lark,
Thy fellow-poet, Cowley, mark!
Above the skies let thy proud musick sound,
Thy humble nest build on the ground. Cowley.
Denied what ev'ry wretch obtains of fate,
An humble roof and an obscure retreat. Yalden.
Ah! prince, hadst thou but known the joys which dwell
With humbler fortunes, thou wouldst curse thy royalty. Rowe.
Far humbler titles suit my lost condition. Smith.

To HU’MBLE. v. a. [from the adjective.
1. To make humble; to make submissive; to make to bow
down with humility.
Take this purse, thou whom the heaven's plagues
Have humbled to all strokes. Shakesp. King Lear.
The executioner
Falls not the axe upon the humbled neck,
But first begs pardon. Shakesp. As you like it.
Humble yourselves under the mighty hand of God, that he
may exalt you. 1 Pet. v. 6.
Hezekiah humbled himself for the pride of his heart. 2 Chro.
Why do I humble thus myself, and suing
For peace, reap nothing but repulse and hate. Milton.
Let the sinner put away the evil of his doings, and humble
himself by a speedy and sincere repentance: let him return to
God, and then let him be assured that God will return to
him. Rogers's Sermons.
2. To crush; to break; to subdue; to mortify.
Yearly injoin'd, some say, to undergo
This annual humbling certain number'd days,
To dash their pride, and joy, for man seduc'd. Milt. P. L.
We are pleased, by some implicit kind of revenge, to see
him taken down and humbled in his reputation, who had so
far raised himself above us. Addison's Spectat.
The mistress of the world, the seat of empire,
The nurse of heroes, the delight of gods,
That humbled the proud tyrants of the earth. Addis. Cato.
Men that make a kind of insult upon society, ought to be
humbled as disturbers of the publick tranquillity. Freeholder.
Fortune not much of humbling me can boast;
Though double tax'd, how little have I lost! Pope.
3. To make to condescend.
This would not be to condescend to their capacities, when
he humbles himself to speak to them, but to lose his design in
speaking. Locke.
4. To bring down from an height.
In process of time the highest mountains may be humbled
into valleys; and again, the lowest valleys exalted into moun­
tains. Hakewill on Providence.

HU’MBLEBEE. n. s. [hum and bee.] A buzzing wild bee.
The honeybags steal from the humblebees,
And for night-tapers crop their waxen thighs. Shakespeare.
This puts us in mind once again of the humblebees and the
tinderboxes. Atterbury.

HU’MBLEBEE. n. s. A herb. Ainsworth.

HU’MBLEBEE Eater. n. s. A fly that eats the humblebee. Ains.

HU’MBLENESS. n. s. [from humble.] Humility; absence of
pride.
With how true humbleness
They look'd down to triumph over pride! Sidney.
I am rather with all subjected humbleness to thank her ex­
cellencies, since the duty thereunto gave me rather heart to save
myself, than to receive thanks for a deed which was her only
inspiring. Sidney, b. i.
It was answered by us all, in all possible humbleness; but yet
with a countenance, that we knew that he spoke it but mer­
rily. Bacon's New Atlantis.
A grain of glory, mixt with humbleness,
Cures both a fever and lethargickness. Herbert.

HU’MBLER. n. s. [from humble.] One that humbles or subdues
himself or others.

HU’MBLEMOUTHED. adj. [humble and mouth.] Mild; meek.
You are meek and humblemouth'd; but your heart
Is cramm'd with arrogancy, spleen and pride. Shak. H. VIII.

HU’MBLEPLANT. n. s. A species of sensitiveplant.
The humbleplant is so called because, as soon as you touch it,
it prostrates itself on the ground, and in a short time elevates
itself again, is raised in hotbeds. Mortimer's Husbandry.

HU’MBLES. n. s. Entrails of a deer.

HU’MBLESS. n. s. [from humble.] Humbleness; humility.
And with meek humbless, and afflicted mood,
Pardon for thee, and grace for me intreat. Spenser.

HU’MBLY. adv. [from humble.]
1. Without pride; with humility.
They were us'd to bend,
To send their smiles before them to Achilles,
To come humbly as they us'd to creep to holy altars. Shakes.
Here the tam'd Euphrates humbly glides,
And there the Rhine submits her swelling tides. Dryden.
Write him down a slave, who, humbly proud,
With presents begs preferments from the crowd. Dryden.
In midst of dangers, fears, and death,
Thy goodness I'll adore;
And praise thee for thy mercies past,
And humbly hope for more. Addison's Spectator.
2. Without height; without elevation.

HU’MDRUM. adj. [from hum, drone, or humming drone.] Dull;
dronish; stupid.
Shall we, quoth she, stand still humdrum,
And see stout Bruin all alone,
By numbers basely overthrown? Hudibras, p. i.
I was talking with an old humdrum fellow, and, before I
had heard his story out, was called away by business. Addison.

To HUME’CT. v. a. [humecto, Latin; humecter, Fr.]
To wet; to moisten.

To HUME’CTATE. v. a. [humecto, Latin; humecter, Fr.]
To wet; to moisten.
The Nile and Niger do not only moisten and contemperate
the air by their exhalations, but refresh and humectate the
earth by their annual inundations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Her rivers are wheeled up into small cataracts, and so di­
vided into sluices, to humectate the bordering soil, and make
it wonderfully productive. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
The medicaments are of a cool humecting quality, and not
too much astringent. Wiseman's Surgery.

HUMECTA’TION. n. s. [humectation, Fr. from humectate.] The
act of wetting; moistening.
Plates of brass, applied to a blow, will keep it down from
swelling: the cause is repercussion, without humectation, or
entrance of any body. Bacon's Natural History.
That which is concreted by exsiccation, or expression of
humidity, will be resolved by humectation, as earth and clay.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

HU’MERAL. adj. [humeral, Fr. from humerus, Latin.] Belong­
ing to the shoulder.
The largest crooked needle should be used, with a ligature,
in taking up the humeral arteries in amputation. Sharp.

HUMICUBA’TION. n. s. [humi and cubo, Latin.] The act of
lying on the ground.
Fasting and sackcloth, and ashes and tears, and humicuba­
tions, used to be companions of repentance. Bramhall.

HU’MID. adj. [humide, French; humidus, Lat.] Wet; moist;
watery.
Iris there, with humid bow,
Waters the odorous banks that blow
Flowers of more mingl'd hue
Than her purpled scarff can shew. Milton.
The queen, recover'd, rears her humid eyes,
And first her husband on the poop espies. Dryden.
If they slip easily, and are of a fit size to be agitated by
heat, and the heat is big enough to keep them in agitation,
the body is fluid; and if it be apt to stick to things, it is
humid. Newton's Opt.

HUMI’DITY. n. s. [humidité, Fr. from humid.] That quality which
we call moisture, or the power of wetting other bodies. It dif­
fers very much from fluidity, depending altogether on the con­
gruity of the component particles of any liquor to the pores
or surfaces of such particular bodies as it is capable of adhering
to. Thus quicksilver is not a moist liquor, in respect to our
hands or clothes, and many other things it will not stick to;
but it may be called so in reference to gold, tin, or lead, to
whose surfaces it will presently adhere. And even water itself,
that wets almost every thing, and is the great standard of hu­
midity, is not capable of wetting every thing; for it stands
and runs easily off in globular drops on the leaves of cabbages,
and many other plants; and it will not wet the feathers of
ducks, swans, and other water-fowl. Quincy.
We'll use this unwholsome humidity, this gross watry pum­
pion: we'll teach him to know turtles from jays. Shakespeare.
O blessing-breeding sun, draw from the earth
Rotten humidity: below thy sister's orb
Infect the air. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Young animals have more tender fibres, and more humidity,
than old animals, which have their juices more exalted and
relishing. Arbuthnot on Diet.

HUMILIA’TION. n. s. [French.]
1. Descent from greatness; act of humility.
The former was an humiliation of Deity, the latter an humi­
liation of manhood; for which cause there followed upon the


latter an exaltation of that which was humbled; for with
power he created the world, but restored it by obedience.
Hooker, b. v. s. 55.
Thy humiliation shall exalt
With thee thy manhood also to this throne. Milt. Pa. Lost.
2. Mortification; external expression of sin and unworthiness.
John fared poorly, according unto the apparel he wore, that
is, of camel's hair; and the doctrine he preached was humi­
liation and repentance. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
With tears
Watering the ground, and with our sighs the air
Frequenting, sent from hearts contrite, in sign
Of sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation meek. Milt. Pa. Lost.
3. Abatement of pride.
It may serve for a great lesson of humiliation to mankind,
to behold the habits and passions of men trampling over in­
terest, friendship, honour, and their own personal safety, as
well as that of their country. Swift.

HUMI’LITY. n. s. [humilité, French.]
1. Freedom from pride; modesty; not arrogance.
When we make profession of our faith, we stand; when
we acknowledge our sins, or seek unto God for favour, we
fall down; because the gesture of constancy becometh us best
in the one, in the other the behaviour of humility. Hooker.
I do not know that Englishman alive,
With whom my soul is any jot at odds,
More than the infant that is born to-night;
I thank my God for my humility. Shakesp. Richard III.
What the height of a king tempteth to revenge, the humi­
lity of a Christian teacheth to forgive. King Charles.
The humility of the style gained them many friends. Claren.
There are some that use
Humility to serve their pride, and seem
Humble upon their way, to be the prouder
At their wish'd journey's end. Denham's Sophy.
It is an easy matter, when there is no danger of a trial, to
extol humility in the midst of honours, or to begin a fast after
dinner. South's Sermons.
As high turrets, for their airy steep,
Require foundations in proportion deep;
And lofty cedars as far upwards shoot,
As to the nether heavens they drive the root;
So low did her secure foundation lye,
She was not humble, but humility. Dryden.
2. Act of submission.
With these humilities they satisfied the young king, and by
their bowing and bending avoided the present storm. Davies.

HU’MMER. n. s. [from hum.] An applauder. Ainsworth.

HU’MORAL. adj. [from humour.] Proceeding from the hu­
mours.
This sort of fever is comprehended under continual humoral
fevers. Harvey on Consumptions.

HU’MORIST. n. s. [humoristo, Italian; humoriste, French.]
1. One who conducts himself by his own fancy; one who gra­
tifies his own humour.
The wit sinks imperceptibly into an humorist. Spectator.
The notion of a humorist is one that is greatly pleased, or
greatly displeased, with little things; his actions seldom directed
by the reason and nature of things. Watts's Logick.
This humorist keeps to himself much more than he wants,
and gives a vast refuse of his superfluities to purchase heaven.
Addison's Spectator.
2. One who has violent and peculiar passions.
By a wise and timous inquisition the peccant humours and
humorists must be discovered and purged, or cut off: mercy,
in such a case, in a king, is true cruelty. Bacon to Villiers.

HU’MOROUS. adj. [from humour.]
1. Full of grotesque or odd images.
Some of the commentators tell us, that Marsya was a law­
yer who had lost his cause; others that this passage alludes to
the story of the satire Marsyas, who contended with Apollo,
which I think is more humorous. Addison on Italy.
Thy humorous vein, thy pleasing folly,
Lies all neglected, all forgot;
And pensive, wav'ring, melancholy,
Thou dread'st and hop'st thou know'st not what. Prior.
2. Capricious; irregular; without any rule but the present
whim.
I am known to be a humorous patrician; said to be some­
thing imperfect, in favouring the first complaint; hasty and
tinder-like, upon too trivial motion. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thou fortune's champion, that do'st never fight
But when her humorous ladyship is by,
To teach thee safety. Shakesp. King John.
He's humorous as Winter, and as sudden
As flaws congeal'd in the spring of day. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
O, you awake then: come away,
Times be short, are made for play;
The humorous moon too will not stay:
What doth make you thus delay? Ben. Johnson.
Vast is his courage, boundless is his mind,
Rough as a storm, and humorous as the wind. Dryden.
He that would learn to pass a just sentence on persons and
things, must take heed of a fanciful temper of mind, and an
humorous conduct in his affairs. Watts's Logick.
3. Pleasant; jocular. Ainsworth.

HU’MOROUSLY. adj. [from humorous.]
1. Merrily; jocosely.
A cabinet of medals Juvenal calls, very humourously, con­
cisum argentum in titulos faciesque minutas. Addison on Medals.
We resolve by halves, and unadvisedly; we resolve rashly,
sillily, or humorously, upon no reasons that will hold. Calamy.
It has been humorously said, that some have fished the very
jakes for papers left there by men of wit. Swift.
2. With caprice; with whim.

HU’MOROUSNESS. n. s. [from humorous.] Fickleness; capri­
cious levity.

HU’MORSOME. adj. [from humour.]
1. Peevish; petulant.
2. Odd; humorous.
Our science cannot be much improved by masquerades,
where the wit of both sexes is altogether taken up in conti­
nuing singular and humorsome disguises. Swift.

HU’MORSOMELY. adv. [from humorsome.] Peevishly; petu­
lantly.

HU’MOUR. n. s. [humeur, French; humor, Latin.]
1. Moisture.
The aqueous humour of the eye will not freeze, which is
very admirable, seeing it hath the perspicuity and fluidity of
common water. Ray on the Creation.
2. The different kind of moisture in man's body, reckoned by
the old physicians to be phlegm, blood, choler, and melan­
choly, which, as they predominated, were supposed to deter­
mine the temper of mind.
Believe not these suggestions, which proceed
From anguish of the mind and humours black,
That mingle with thy fancy. Milton's Agonistes.
3. General turn or temper of mind.
As there is no humour, to which impudent poverty cannot
make itself serviceable; so were there enow of those of de­
sperate ambition, who would build their houses upon others
ruin. Sidney, b. ii.
There came with her a young lord, led hither with the
humour of youth, which ever thinks that good whose good­
riess he sees not. Sidney.
King James, as he was a prince of great judgment, so he
was a prince of a marvellous pleasant humour: as he was go­
ing through Lusen by Greenwich, he asked what town it
was; they said Lusen. He asked, a good while after, what
town is this we are now in? They said still it was Lusen: said
the king, I will be king of Lusen. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Examine how your humour is inclin'd,
And which the ruling passion of your mind. Roscommon.
They, who were acquainted with him, know his humour to
be such, that he would never constrain himself. Dryden.
In cases where it is necessary to make examples, it is the
humour of the multitude to forget the crime, and to remember
the punishment. Addison's Freeholder.
Good humour only teaches charms to last,
Still makes new conquests, and maintains the past. Pope.
4. Present disposition.
It is the curse of kings to be attended
By slaves, that take their humours for a warrant
To break into the blood-house of life. Shakesp. K. John.
Another thought her nobler humour fed. Fairfax, b. ii.
Their humours are not to be won,
But when they are impos'd upon. Hudibras, p. iii.
Tempt not his heavy hand;
But one submissive word which you let fall,
Will make him in good humour with us all. Dryden.
5. Grotesque imagery; jocularity; merriment.
6. Diseased or morbid disposition.
He was a man frank and generous; when well, denied
himself nothing that he had a mind to eat or drink, which
gave him a body full of humours, and made his fits of the
gout frequent and violent. Temple.
7. Petulance; peevishness.
Is my friend all perfection, all virtue and discretion? Has
he not humours to be endured, as well as kindnesses to be en­
joyed? South's Sermons.
8. A trick; a practice.
I like not the humour of lying: he hath wronged me in
some humours: I should have born the humour'd letter to her.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
9. Caprice; whim; predominent inclination.
In private, men are more bold in their own humours; and
in consort, men are more obnoxious to others humours; there­
fore it is good to take both. Bacon's Essays.

To HU’MOUR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To gratify; to sooth by compliance.
If I had a suit to master Shallow, I would humour his men;
if to his men, I would curry with master Shallow. Shakesp.
If I were Brutus now, and he were Cassius,
He should not humour me. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.


Obedience and subjection were never enjoined by God to
humour the passions, lusts, and vanities of those who are com­
manded to obey our governours. Swift.
You humour me, when I am sick;
Why not when I am splenetick? Pope.
Children are fond of something which strikes their fancy
most, and sullen and regardless of every thing else, if they
are not humoured in that fancy. Watts's Logick.
2. To fit; to comply with.
To after age thou shalt be writ the man,
That with smooth air could'st humour best our tongue. Milt.
'Tis my part to invent, and the musicians to humour that
invention. Dryden's Preface to Albion.
Fountainbleau is situated among rocks and woods, that give
a fine variety of savage prospects: the king has humoured the
genius of the place, and only made use of so much art as is
necessary to regulate nature. Addison's Guardian.

HUMP. n. s. [corrupted perhaps from bump. See BUMP.] The
protuberance formed by a crooked back.
These defects were mended by succeeding matches; the
eyes were opened in the next generation, and the hump fell.
Tatler, No. 74.

HU’MPBACK. n. s. [hump and back.] Crooked back; high
shoulders.
The chief of the family was born with an humpback and
very high nose. Tatler.

HUMPBA’CKED. adj. Having a crooked back.

HUN

To HUNCH. v. a. [husch, German.]
1. To strike or punch with the fists.
Jack's friends began to hunch and push one another: why
don't you go and cut the poor fellow down? Arbuthnot.
2. [Hocker, a crooked back, German.] To crook the back.
Thy crooked mind within hunch'd out thy back,
And wander'd in thy limbs: to thy own kind
Make love, if thou can'st find it in the world. Dryden.

HUNCHBA’CKED. adj. [hunch and back.] Having a crooked
back.
His person deformed to the highest degree, flat-nosed, and
hunchbacked. L'Estrange.
But I more fear Creon!
To take that hunchback'd monster in my arms,
Th' excrescence of a man. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
The second daughter was peevish, haggard, pale, with saucer­
eyes, a sharp nose, and hunchbacked. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.

HU’NDRED. adj. [Hund, Hundred, Saxon; honderd, Dutch.]
The number consisting of ten multiplied by ten.
A base, proud, three suited, hundred pound, filthy, worsted
stocking knave. Shakespeare's King Lear.
A hundred altars in her temple smoke,
A thousand bleeding hearts her pow'r invoke. Dryd. Æn.
Many thousands had seen the transactions of our Saviour,
and many hundred thousands received an account of them from
the mouths of those who were eye-witnesses. Addison.

HU’NDRED. n. s.
1. A company or body consisting of an hundred.
Very few will take this proposition, that God is pleased
with the doing of what he himself commands, for an innate
moral principle: whosoever does so, will have reason to think
hundreds of propositions innate. Locke.
Lands, taken from the enemy, were divided into centuries
or hundreds, and distributed amongst the soldiers. Arbuthnot.
2. A canton or division of a county, perhaps once containing
an hundred manors. [Hundredum, low Latin; hundrede, old
French.]
Imposts upon merchants do seldom good to the king's re­
venue; for that that he wins in the hundred, he loseth in the
shire. Bacon.
For justice they had a bench under a tree, where Ket usual­
ly sat, and with him two of every hundred whence their com­
panies had been raised: here complaints were exhibited. Hayw.

HU’NDREDTH. adj. [Hundreonteogowa, Saxon.] The ordinal
of an hundred; the tenth ten times told.
We shall not need to use the hundredth part of that time,
which themselves bestow in making invectives. Hooker.
If this medium is rarer within the sun's body than at its sur­
face, and rarer there than at the hundredth part of an inch from
its body, and rarer there than at the orb of Saturn, I see no
reason why the increase of density should stop any where.
Newton's Opt.

HUNG. The preterite and part. pass. of hang.
A wife so hung with virtues, such a freight,
What mortal shoulders can support! Dryden's Juvenal.
A room that is richly adorned, and hung round with a great
variety of pictures, strikes the eye at once. Watts.

HU’NGER. n. s. [Hunger, Saxon; honger, Dutch.]
1. Desire of food; the pain felt from fasting.
An uneasy sensation at the stomach for food. When the
stomach is empty, and the fibres in their natural tension, they
draw up so close as to rub against each other, so as to make that
sensation: but when they are distended with food, it is again
removed; unless when a person fasteth so long as for want of
spirits, or nervous fluid, to have those fibres grow too flaccid
to corrugate, and then we say a person has fasted away his sto­
mach; and this is occasioned by the attrition of the coats of
the stomach against each other. Quincy.
Thou shalt serve thine enemies in hunger and in thirst.
Deutr. xxviii. 48.
The sub-acid part of the animal spirits, being cast off by
the lower nerves upon the coats of the stomach, vellicates the
fibres, and thereby produces the sense we call hunger. Grew.
Something viscous, fat and oily, remaining in the stomach,
destroys the sensation of hunger. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Any violent desire.
The immaterial felicities we expect, do naturally suggest
the necessity of preparing our appetites and hungers for them,
without which heaven can be no heaven to us. Decay of Piety.

To HU’NGER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To feel the pain of hunger.
Widely they gape, and to the eye they roar,
As if they hunger'd for the food they bore. Cowley.
2. To desire with great eagerness.
Do'st thou so hunger for my empty chair,
That thou wilt needs invest thee with my honours,
Before thy hour be ripe? O, foolish youth,
Thou seek'st the greatness that will overwhelm thee!
Stay but a little. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
My more having, would be as a sauce
To make me hunger more. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I content me,
And from the sting of famine fear no harm,
Nor mind it, fed with better thoughts that feed
Me hung'ring more to do my father's will. Milton's P. Lost.

HU’NGERBIT. adj. [hunger and bit.] Pained or weak­
ened with hunger.

HU’NGERBITTEN. adj. [hunger and bit.] Pained or weak­
ened with hunger.
His strength shall be hungerbitten, and destruction shall be
ready at his side. Job xviii. 12.
Thyself
Bred up in poverty and straits at home;
Lost in a desert here, and hungerbit. Milton's Parad. Reg.

HU’NGERLY. adj. [from hunger.] Hungry; in want of nou­
rishment.
His beard
Grew thin and hungerly, and seem'd to ask
His sops as he was drinking. Shakes. Taming of the Shrew.

HU’NGERLY. adv. With keen appetite.
You have sav'd my longing, and I feed
Most hungerly on your sight. Shak. Timon of Athens.
They are all but stomachs, and we all but food;
They eat us hungerly, and, when they're full,
They belch us. Shakespeare's Othello.

HU’NGERSTARVED. adj. [hunger and starved.] Starved with
hunger; pinched by want of food.
All my followers to th' eager foe
Turn back, and fly like ships before the wind,
Or lambs pursu'd by hungerstarved wolves. Shakesp. H. VI.
O'ertake me, if thou can'st; I scorn thy strength:
Go, go, chear up thy hungerstarved men. Shakesp. H. VI.
As to some holy house th' afflicted came,
Th' hungerstarv'd, the naked, and the lame,
Want and diseases, fled before her name. Dryden.

HU’NGRED. adj. [from hunger.] Pinched by want of food.
Odours do in a small degree nourish, and we see men an
hungred love to smell hot bread. Bacon's Natural History.

HU’NGRILY. adv. [from hungry.] With keen appetite.
Thus much to the kind rural gods we owe,
Who pity'd suff'ring mortals long ago;
When on harsh acorns hungrily they fed,
And gave 'em nicer palates, better bread. Dryden's Juven.

HU’NGRY. adj. [from hunger.]
1. Feeling pain from want of food.
That face of his the hungry cannibals
Would not have touch'd, would not have stain'd with blood.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
They that talk thus may say that a man is always hungry,
but that he does not always feel it; whereas hunger consists in
that very sensation. Locke.
2. Not fat; not fruitful; not prolifick; more disposed to draw
from other substances than to impart to them.
Cassius has a lean and hungry look. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
The more fat water will bear soap best; for the hungry wa­
ter doth kill its unctuous nature. Bacon's Natural History.
In rushy grounds springs are found at the first and second
spit, and sometimes lower in a hungry gravel. Mortimer.
To this great day of retribution our Saviour refers us, for
reaping the fruits that we here sow in the most hungry and
barren soil. Smalridge's Sermons.

HUNKS. n. s. [hunskur, sordid, Islandick.] A covetous sordid
wretch; a miser; a curmudgeon.
The old hunks was well served, to be tricked out of a whole
hog for the securing of his puddings. L'Estrange.
She has a husband, a jealous, covetous, old hunks. Dryden.
Irus has given all the intimations of being a close hunks,
worth money. Addison's Spectator.



To HUNT. v. a. [Huntian, Saxon, from Hund, a dog.]
1. To chase wild animals.
The man that once did sell the lion's skin,
While the beast liv'd, was kill'd in hunting him. Shak. H. V.
Wilt thou hunt the prey for the lion, or fill the appetite of
the young lions? Job xxxviii. 39.
We should single every criminal out of the herd, and hunt
him down, however formidable and overgrown; and, on the
contrary, shelter and defend virtue. Addison's Spectator.
2. To pursue; to follow close.
Evil shall hunt the violent man to overthrow him. Ps. cxl.
The heart strikes five hundred sort of pulses in an hour,
and is hunted unto such continual palpitations, through anxiety,
that fain would it break. Harvey on Consumptions.
3. To search for.
Not certainly affirming any thing, but by conferring of
times and monuments, I do hunt out a probability. Spenser.
All that is found in books is not rightly deduced from the
principles it is pretended to be built upon: such an examen
every reader's mind is not forward to make, especially in those
who have given themselves up to a party, and only hunt for
what may favour and support the tenets of it. Locke.
4. To direct or manage hounds in the chace.
He hunts a pack of dogs better than any, and is famous for
finding hares. Addison's Spectator.

To HUNT. v. n.
1. To follow the chase.
When he returns from hunting,
I will not speak with him. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Esau went to the field to hunt for venison. Gen. xxvii. 5.
One followed study and knowledge, and another hawking
and hunting. Locke.
On the old pagan tombs masks, hunting matches, and Bac­
chanals are very common. Addison on Italy.
2. To pursue or search.
Very much of kin to this is the hunting after arguments to
make good one side of a question, and wholly to neglect and
refuse those which favour the other side. Locke.

HUNT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A pack of hounds.
The common hunt, though from their rage restrain'd
By sov'reign pow'r, her company disdain'd,
Grinn'd as they pass'd. Dryden's Hind and Panther.
2. A chace.
The hunt is up, the morn is bright and gray;
The fields are fragrant, and the woods are green. Shakesp.
3. Pursuit.
I've heard myself proclaim'd;
And by the happy hollow of a tree,
Escap'd the hunt. Shakespeare's King Lear.

HU’NTER. n. s. [from hunt.]
1. One who chases animals for pastime.
If those English lords had been good hunters, and reduced
the mountains, boggs, and woods within the limits of forests,
chaces and parks, the forest law would have driven them into
the plains. Davies on Ireland.
Down from a hill the beast that reigns in woods,
First hunter then, pursu'd a gentle brace,
Goodliest of all the forest, hart and hind. Milt. Par. Lost.
Another's crimes th' unhappy hunter bore,
Glutting his father's eyes with guiltless gore. Dryden's Æn.
This was the arms or device of our old Roman hun­
ters; a passage of Manilius lets us know the pagan hunters
had Meleager for their patron. Addison on Italy.
Bold Nimrod first the savage chace began,
A mighty hunter, and his game was man. Pope.
2. A dog that scents game or beasts of prey.
Of dogs, the valu'd file
Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle,
The housekeeper, the hunter. Shakesp. Macbeth.

HU’NTINGHORN. n. s. [hunting and horn.] A bugle; a horn
used to cheer the hounds.
Whilst a boy, Jack ran from school,
Fond of his huntinghorn and pole. Prior.

HU’NTRESS. n. s. [from hunter.] A woman that follows the
chace.
And thou thrice crowned queen of night, survey
With thy chaste eye, from thy pale sphere above,
Thy huntress' name, that my full life doth sway. Shakesp.
Shall I call
Antiquity from the old schools of Greece,
To testify the arms of chastity?
Hence had the huntress Dian her dread bow,
Fair silver-shafted queen, for ever chaste. Milton.
Let old Arcadia boast her ample plain,
Th' immortal huntress, and her virgin train;
Nor envy Windsor. Pope's Windsor Forest.
Homer represents Diana with her quiver at her shoulder;
but at the same time he describes her as an huntress. Broome.

HU’NTSMAN. n. s. [hunt and man.]
1. One who delights in the chace.
Like as a huntsman, after weary chace,
Seeing the game escape from him away,
Sits down to rest him. Spenser's Sonnets.
Such game, whilst yet the world was new,
The mighty Nimrod did pursue:
What huntsman of our feeble race,
Or dogs, dare such a monster chace? Waller.
2. The servant whose office it is to manage the chace.
Apply this moral rather to the huntsman, that managed the
chace, than to the master. L'Estrange's Fables.

HUN’TSMANSHIP. n. s. [from huntsman.] The qualifications
of a hunter.
At court your fellows every day
Give th' art of rhiming, huntsmanship, or play. Donne.

HUR

HU’RDLE. n. s. [Hyrdel, Saxon.] A texture of sticks woven
together; a crate.
Settle your fine joints 'gainst Thursday next,
Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither. Shakespeare.
The blacksmith was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Ty­
burn; taking pleasure upon the hurdle, to think that he should
be famous in after times. Bacon's Henry VII.
The sled, the tumbril, hurdles and the flail,
These all must be prepar'd. Dryden's Georg.

HURDS. n. s. The refuse of hemp or flax. Ainsworth.

To HURL. v. a. [from huorlt, to throw down, Islandick; or,
according to Skinner, from whirl.]
1. To throw with violence; to drive impetuously.
If heav'ns have any grievous plagues in store,
O, let them keep it 'till thy sins be ripe,
And then hurl down their indignation
On thee. Shakespeare's Richard III.
He holds vengeance in his hand,
To hurl upon their heads that break his law. Shak. R. III.
I with my nails digg'd stones out of the ground,
To hurl at the beholders of my shame. Shakes. Henry VI.
If he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of
wait. Num. xxxv. 20.
They use both the right hand and the left in hurling stones.
Chron. xii. 2.
Hurl ink and wit,
As madmen stones. Ben. Johnson.
His darling sons,
Hurl'd headlong to partake with us, shall curse
Their frail original and faded bliss. Milton's Parad. Lost.
She strikes the lute; but if it sound,
Threatens to hurl it on the ground. Waller.
Corrupted light of knowledge hurl'd
Sin, death, and ignorance o'er all the world. Denham.
Young Phaeton,
From East to North irregularly hurl'd,
First set himself on fire, and then the world. Dryd. Juven.
Conjure him far to drive the Grecian train,
And hurl them headlong to their fleet and main. Pope's Iliad.
2. To utter with vehemence. [Hurler, French, to make an
howling or hideous noise.]
The glad merchant that does view
His ship far come from watry wilderness,
He hurls out vows. Spenser.
Highly they rag'd against the Highest,
Hurling defiance toward the vault of heav'n. Milton.
3. To play at a kind of game.
Hurling taketh its denomination from throwing of the ball,
and is of two sorts; to goals, and to the country: for hurling
to goals there are fifteen or thirty players, more or less, chosen
out on each side, who strip themselves, and then join hands in
ranks, one against another: out of these ranks they match
themselves by pairs, one embracing another, and so pass away;
every of which couple are to watch one another during this
play. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HURL. n. s. [from the verb.] Tumult; riot; commotion.
He in the same hurl murdering such as he thought would
withstand his desire, was chosen king. Knolles.

HU’RLBAT. n. s. [hurl and bat.] Whirlbat. Ainsworth.

HU’RLER. n. s. [from hurl.] One that plays at hurling.
The hurlers must hurl man to man, and not two set upon
one man at once. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

HU’RLWIND. n. s. [hurl and wind.] A whirlwind; a violent
gust. A word not in use.
Like scatter'd down by howling Eurus blown,
By rapid hurlwinds from his mansion thrown. Sandys.

HU’RLY. n. s. [I have been told that this word owes its
original to two neighbouring families named
Hurly and Burly, or Hurleigh and Burleigh, which filled their
part of the kingdom with contests and violence. If this ac­
count be rejected, the word must be derived from hurl, hurly,
and burly, a ludicrous reduplication. Hurlade, French; hur­
lubrelu, inconsiderately.] Tumult; commotion; bustle.

HU’RLYBURLY. n. s. [I have been told that this word owes its
original to two neighbouring families named
Hurly and Burly, or Hurleigh and Burleigh, which filled their
part of the kingdom with contests and violence. If this ac­
count be rejected, the word must be derived from hurl, hurly,
and burly, a ludicrous reduplication. Hurlade, French; hur­
lubrelu, inconsiderately.] Tumult; commotion; bustle.
Winds take the ruffian billows by the top,
That with the hurley death itself awakes. Shakesp. H. IV.
Poor discontents,
Which gape and rub the elbow at the news
Of hurlyburly innovation. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.


Methinks, I see this hurly all on foot. Shakesp. K. John.
All places were filled with tumult and hurlyburly, every man
measured the danger by his own fear; and such a pitiful cry
was in every place, as in cities presently to be besieged. Knolles.

HU’RRICANE. n. s. [huracan, Spanish; ouragan, French.] A
violent storm, such as is often experienced in
the eastern hemisphere.

HU’RRICANO. n. s. [huracan, Spanish; ouragan, French.] A
violent storm, such as is often experienced in
the eastern hemisphere.
Blow winds, and crack your cheeks;
Your cataracts and hurricanoes spout. Shakesp. K. Lear.
A storm or hurricano, though but the force of air, makes a
strange havock where it comes. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
A poet who had a great genius for tragedy, made every
man and woman too in his plays stark raging mad: all was
tempestuous and blustering; heaven and earth were coming
together at every word; a mere hurricane from the beginning
to the end. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The ministers of state, who gave us law,
In corners with selected friends withdraw;
There, in deaf murmurs, solemnly are wise,
Whisp'ring like winds, ere hurricanes arise. Dryden.
So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend,
Sudden th' impetuous hurricanes descend,
Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play,
Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away. Addison.

To HU’RRY. v. a. [Hergian, to plunder, Saxon: hurs was like­
wise a word used by the old Germans in urging their horses
to speed; but seems the imperative of the verb.] To hasten;
to put into precipitation or confusion; to drive confusedly.
Your nobles will not hear you; but are gone
To offer service to your enemy;
And wild amazement hurries up and down
The little number of your doubtful friends. Shakespeare.
For whom all this haste
Of midnight march, and hurry'd meeting here? Milton.
Impetuous lust hurries him on to satisfy the cravings of it.
South's Sermons.
That hurry'd o'er
Such swarms of English to the neighb'ring shore. Dryden.
A man has not time to subdue his passions, establish his soul
in virtue, and come up to the perfection of his nature, before
he is hurried off the stage. Addison's Spectator.
Stay these sudden gusts of passion,
That hurry you away. Rowe's Royal Convert.
If a council be called, or a battle fought, you are not
coldly informed, the reader is hurried out of himself by the
poet's imagination. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.

To HU’RRY. v. n. To move on with precipitation.
Did you but know what joys your way attend,
You would not hurry to your journey's end. Dryd. Aurengz.

HU’RRY. n. s. [from the verb.] Tumult; precipitation; com­
motion.
Among all the horrible hurries in England, Ireland was then
almost quiet. Hayward.
It might have pleased him in the present heat and hurry of
his rage; but must have displeased him infinitely in the sedate
reflection. South's Sermons.
After the violence of the hurry and commotion was over,
the water came to a state somewhat more calm. Woodw.
Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, it inflames the mind,
and puts it into a violent hurry of thought. Addis. Spectator.
A long train of coaches and six ran through the heart, one
after another, in a very great hurry. Addison's Guardian.
I do not include the life of those who are in a perpetual hur­
ry of affairs, but of those who are not always engaged. Addis.
The pavement sounds with trampling feet,
And the mixt hurry barricades the street. Gay's Trivia.

HURST. n. s. [Hyrst, Sax.] A grove or thicket of trees. Ains.

To HURT. v. a. preter. I hurt; part. pass. I have hurt. [Hyrt,
wounded, Saxon; heurter, to strike, French.]
1. To mischief; to harm.
Virtue may be affail'd, but never hurt;
Surpriz'd by unjust force, but not enthrall'd. Milton.
2. To wound; to pain by some bodily harm.
My heart is turn'd to stone: I strike it, and it hurts my
hand. Shakespeare's Othello.
The Adonis of the sea is so called, because it is a loving and
innocent fish, that hurts nothing that has life. Walton's Angler.
It breeds contempt
For herds to listen, or presume to pry,
When the hurt lion groans within his den. Dryd. Don Seb.

HURT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Harm; mischief.
The hurt which cometh thereby is greater than the good.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
I found it stand there uncorrected, as if there had been no
hurt done. Baker on Learning.
2. Wound or bruise.
Where is he wounded?
—There will be large cicatrices to shew the people: he re­
ceived seven hurts i' th' body. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Carter adventured bravely, and received two great hurts in
his body. Hayward.
The pains of sickness and hurts, hunger, thirst and cold,
all men feel. Locke.
In arms and science 'tis the same,
Our rival's hurts create our fame. Prior.

HU’RTER. n. s. [from hurt.] One that does harm.

HU’RTFUL. adj. [hurt and full.] Mischievous; pernicious.
Secret neglect of our duty is but only our own hurt: one
man's contempt of the common prayer of the church of God
may be most hurtful unto many. Hooker, b. v.
The hurtful hazle in thy vineyard shun,
Nor plant it to receive the setting sun. Dryden's Georg.

HU’RTFULLY. adv. [from hurtful.] Mischievously; perni­
ciously.

HU’RTFULNESS. n. s. [from hurtful.] Mischievousness; per­
niciousness.

To HU’RTLE. v. n. [heurter, French; urtare, Italian.] To
clash; to skirmish; to run against any thing; to jostle; to
meet in shock and encounter. Hanmer.
The noise of battle hurtled in the air. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
Kindness, nobler ever than revenge,
And nature stronger than his just occasion,
Made him give battle to the lioness,
Who quickly fell before him; in which hurtling,
From miserable slumber I awak'd. Shakesp. As you like it.

To HU’RTLE. v. a. To move with violence or impetuosity.
This is probably the original of hurl.
His harmful club he 'gan to hurtle high,
And threaten battle to the fairy knight. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

HU’RTLEBERRY. n. s. [hiort bar, Danish.] Bilberry.

HU’RTLESS. adj. [from hurt.]
1. Innocent; harmless; innoxious; doing no harm.
Unto her home he oft would go,
Where bold and hurtless many a play he tries,
Her parents liking well it should be so;
For simple goodness shined in his eyes. Sidney.
She joy'd to make proof of her cruelty
On gentle dame, so hurtless and so true. Fairy Queen.
Shorter ev'ry gasp he takes,
And vain efforts and hurtless blows he makes. Dryden's Æn.
2. Receiving no hurt.

HU’RTLESSLY. adv. [from hurtless.] Without harm.
Your neighbours have found you so hurtlessly strong, that
they thought it better to rest in your friendship than make new
trial of your enmity. Sidney.

HU’RTLESSNESS. n. s. [from hurtless.] Freedom from any per­
nicious quality.

HUS

HU’SBAND. n. s. [hossband, master, Danish, from house and
bonda, Runick, a master.]
1. The correlative to wife; a man married to a woman.
Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper,
Thy head, thy sovereign. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Why, woman, your husband is in his old lunes again: he
so takes on yonder with my husband, and so rails against all
married mankind. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
This careful husband had been long away,
Whom his chaste wife and little children mourn. Dryden.
The contract and ceremony of marriage is the occasion of
the denomination or relation of husband. Locke.
2. The male of animals.
Ev'n though a snowy ram thou shalt behold,
Prefer him not in haste, for husband to thy fold. Dryden.
3. An œconomist; a man that knows and practises the methods
of frugality and profit. Its signification is always modified by
some epithet implying bad or good.
Edward I. shewed himself a right good husband; owner of
a lordship ill husbanded. Davies on Ireland.
I was considering the shortness of life, and what ill husbands
we are of so tender a fortune. Collier on Fame.
4. A tiller of the ground; a farmer.
Husband's work is laborious and hard. Hubberd's Tale.
I heard a great husband say, that it was a common error to
think that chalk helpeth arable grounds. Bacon's Nat. History.
In those fields
The painful husband plowing up his ground,
Shall find all fret with rust, both pikes and shields. Hakewill.
If continu'd rain
The lab'ring husband in his house restrain,
Let him forecast his work. Dryden's Georgicks.

To HU’SBAND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To supply with an husband.
Think you I am no stronger than my sex,
Being so father'd and so husbanded? Shak. Julius Cæsar.
If you shall prove
This ring was ever her's, you shall as easy
Prove that I husbanded her bed in Florence,
Where yet she never was. Shakespeare.
In my right,
By me invested, he compeers the best.
—That were the most, if he should husband you. Shakesp.
2. To manage with frugality.
It will be pastime passing excellent,
If it be husbanded with modesty. Shakespeare.


The French, wisely husbanding the possession of a victory,
kept themselves within their trenches. Bacon's Henry VII.
If thou be master-gunner, spend not all
That thou can'st speak at once; but husband it,
And give men turns of speech. Herbert.
3. To till; to cultivate the ground with proper management.
A farmer cannot husband his ground, if he sits at a great
rent. Bacon's Essays.

HU’SBANDLESS. adj. [from husband.] Without an husband.
A widow, husbandless, subject to fears;
A woman, naturally born to fears. Shakesp. King John.

HU’SBANDLY. adj. [from husband.] Frugal; thrifty.
Bare plots full of galls, if ye plow overthwart;
And compass it then, is a husbandly part. Tuss. Husbandry.

HU’SBANDMAN. n. s. [husband and man.] One who works in
tillage.
This Davy serves you for good uses; he is your serving­
man, and your husbandman. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
The mule being more swift in his labour than the ox, more
ground was allowed to the mule by the husbandman. Broome.

HU’SBANDRY. n. s. [from husband.]
1. Tillage; manner of cultivating land.
He began with a wild method to run over all the art of
husbandry, especially employing his tongue about well dunging
of a field. Sidney, b. ii.
Askt if in husbandry he ought did know,
To plough, to plant, to reap, to sow. Hubberd's Tale.
Husbandry supplieth unto us all things necessary for food.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
Peace hath from France too long been chas'd;
And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps,
Corrupting in its own fertility. Shakesp. Henry V.
Her plenteous womb
Expresseth its full tilth and husbandry. Shakespeare.
The seeds of virtue may, by the husbandry of Christian
counsel, produce better fruit than the strength of self­
nature. Raleigh's History of the World.
Husbandry the Spaniards wanting in the valley of Mexico,
could not make our wheat bear seed. Raleigh's H. of the World.
A family governed with order, will fall naturally to the
several trades of husbandry, tillage, and pasturage. Temple.
Let any one consider the difference between an acre of land
sown with wheat, and an acre of the same land lying without
any husbandry upon it, and he will find that the improvement
of labour makes the value. Locke.
2. Thrift; frugality; parsimony.
There's husbandry in heaven;
The candles are all out. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
You have already saved several millions to the publick, and
that what we ask is too inconsiderable to break into any rules
of the strictest good husbandry. Swift.
3. Care of domestick affairs.
Lorenzo, I commit into your hands
The husbandry and manage of my house. Shakespeare.

HUSH. interj. [Without etymology.] Silence! be still! no
noise!
The king hath done you wrong; but hush! 'tis so. Shak.
There's something else to do; hush and be mute,
Or else our spell is marr'd. Shakespeare's Tempest.

HUSH. adj. [from the interjection.] Still; silent; quiet.
As we often see, against some storm,
A silence in the heav'ns, the rack stand still,
The bold winds speechless, and the orb below
As hush as death. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To HUSH. v. n. [from the interjection.] To be still; to be
silent.
This frown'd, that fawn'd, the third for shame did blush;
Another seemed envious or coy;
Another in her teeth did gnaw a rush;
But at these strangers presence every one did hush. F. Queen.

To HUSH. v. a. To still; to silence; to quiet; to appease.
Yet can I not of such tame patience boast,
As to be husht, and nought at all to say. Shakesp. Rich. II.
It was my breath that blew this tempest up,
Upon your stubborn usage of the pope;
But since you are a gentle convertite,
My tongue shall hush again this storm of war,
And make fair weather in your blust'ring land. Sh. K. John.
Speak softly;
All's husht as midnight yet. Shakespeare's Tempest.
My love would speak; my duty hushes me. Shakespeare.
When in a bed of straw we shrink together,
And the bleak winds shall whistle round our heads,
Wilt thou then talk thus to me? Wilt thou then
Hush my cares thus, and shelter me with love? Otway.
Hush'd as midnight silence go;
He will not have your acclamations now. Dryden.
Her sire at length is kind,
Calms ev'ry storm, and hushes ev'ry wind;
Prepares his empire for his daughter's ease,
And for his hatching nephews smooths the seas. Dryden.
Upon his rising the court was hushed, and a whisper ran.
Addison's Spectator.

To HUSH up. v. a. To suppress in silence; to forbid to be
mentioned.
This matter is hushed up, and the servants are forbid to talk
of it. Pope.

HU’SHMONEY. n. s. [hush and money.] A bribe to hinder infor­
mation; pay to secure silence.
A dext'rous steward, when his tricks are found,
Hushmoney sends to all the neighbours round;
His master, unsuspicious of his pranks,
Pays all the cost, and gives the villain thanks. Swift.

HUSK. n. s. [huldsch, Dutch, or huyscken, from huys.] The
outmost integument of fruits.
Do but behold yon poor and starved band,
And your fair shew shall suck away their souls,
Leaving them but the shales and husks of men. Shak. H. V.
Most seeds, in their growing, leave their husk or rind about
the root. Bacon's Naural History.
Thy food shall be
The fresh brook mussels, withered roots, and husks
Wherein the acorn cradled. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Fruits of all kinds, in coat
Rough, or smooth rind, or bearded husks, or shell
She gathers; tribute large! and on the board
Heaps with unsparing hand. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Some steep their seeds, and some in cauldrons boil
O'er gentle fires; the exuberant juice to drain,
And swell the flatt'ring husks with fruitful grain. Dryden.
Some when the press, by utmost vigour screw'd,
Has drain'd the pulpous mass, regale their swine
With the dry refuse; thou, more wise, shalt steep
The husks in water, and again employ
The pond'rous engine. Phillips.
Barley for ptisan was first steeped in water 'till it swelled;
afterwards dried in the sun, then beat 'till the husk was taken
off, and ground. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Do not content yourselves with mere words, lest you only
amass a heap of unintelligible phrases, and feed upon husks in­
stead of kernels. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To HUSK. v. a. [from the noun.] To strip off the outward
integument.

HU’SKED. adj. [from husk.] Bearing an husk; covered with a
husk.

HU’SKY. adj. [from husk.] Abounding in husks; consisting of
husks.
Most have found
A husky harvest from the grudging ground. Dryden's Virgil.
With timely care
Shave the goat's shaggy beard, lest thou too late
In vain should'st seek a strainer, to dispart
The husky terrene dregs from purer must. Phillips.

HU’SSY. n. s. [corrupted from housewife: taken in an ill sense.]
A sorry or bad woman; a worthless wench. It is often used
ludicrously in slight disapprobation.
Get you in, hussy, go: how will I personate this hopeful
young jade. Southern's Innocent Adultery.

HU’STINGS. n. s. [Husting, Saxon.] A council; a court held.

To HU’STLE. v. a. [perhaps corrupted from hurtle.] To shake
together.

HU’SWIFE. n. s. [corrupted from housewife.]
1. A bad manager; a sorry woman. It is common to use house­
wife in a good, and huswife or hussy in a bad sense.
Bianca,
A huswife, that, by selling her desires,
Buys herself bread and cloth. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. An œconomist; a thrifty woman.
Why should you want?
The bounteous huswife, nature, on each bush
Lays her fulness before you. Shakespeare.

To HU’SWIFE. v. a. [from the noun.] To manage with œco­
nomy and frugality.
But huswifing the little heav'n had lent,
She duly paid a groat for quarter-rent;
And pinch'd her belly, with her daughters two,
To bring the year about with much ado. Dryden.

HU’SWIFERY. n. s. [from huswife.]
1. Management good or bad.
Good huswifery trieth
To rise with the cock;
Ill huswifery lyeth
'Till nine of the clock. Tusser.
2. Management of rural business committed to women.
If cheeses in dairie have Argus his eyes,
Tell Cisley the fault in her buswifery lies. Tuss. Husbandry.

HUT

HUT. n. s. [Hutte, Saxon; hute, French.] A poor cottage.
Our wand'ring saints, in woful state,
To a small cottage came at last,
Where dwelt a good old honest yeoman,
Who kindly did these saints invite
In his poor hut to pass the night. Swift.


Sore pierc'd by wintry wind,
How many shrink into the sordid hut
Of chearless poverty. Thomson.

HUTCH. n. s. [Hwæcca. Saxon; huche, French.] A corn chest.
The best way to keep them, after they are threshed, is to
dry them well, and keep them in hutches, or close casks. Mort.

To HUZZ. v. n. [from the sound.] To buzz; to murmur.

HUZZA’. interj. A shout; a cry of acclamation.
The huzzas of the rabble are the same to a bear that they
are to a prince. L'Estrange.
It was an unfair thing in you to keep a parcel of roar­
ing bullies about me day and night, with huzzas and hunting
horns never let me cool. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
All fame is foreign, but of true desert;
Plays round the head, but comes not to the heart:
One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas. Pope's Essay on Man.

To HUZZA’. v. n. [from the interjection.] To utter acclama­
tion.
A caldron of fat beef, and stoop of ale,
On the huzzaing mob shall still prevail. King's Cookery.

To HUZZA’. v. a. To receive with acclamation.
He was huzzaed into the court by several thousands of
weavers and clothiers. Addison.

HY’ACINTH. n. s. [ὑάϰινϑ; hyacinthe, Fr. hyacinthus, Lat.]
1. A plant.
It hath a bulbous root: the leaves are long and narrow: the
stalk is upright and naked, the flowers growing on the upper
part in a spike: the flowers consist each of one leaf, are naked,
tubulose, and cut into six divisions at the brim, which are re­
flexed: the ovary becomes a roundish fruit with three angles,
which is divided into three cells, which are filled with roundish
seeds. Miller.
The silken fleece, impurpl'd for the loom,
Rival'd the hyacinth in vernal bloom. Pope's Odyssey.
2. The hyacinth is the same with the lapis lyncurius of the an­
cients. It is a less shewy gem than any of the other red ones,
but not without its beauty, though not gaudy. It is seldom
smaller than a seed of hemp, or larger than a nutmeg. It is
found of various degrees of deepness and paleness; but its
colour is always a deadish red, with a considerable admixture
of yellow, which even sometimes seems predominant: but its
most usual is that mixed red and yellow, which we know by
the name of flame-colour. This gem is found in several parts
of Europe; but the finest sort comes from the East and West
Indies. Hill on Fossils.

HYACI’NTHINE. adj. [ὑαϰίνϑιν.] Made of hyacinths.

HY’ADES. n. s. [ὑάδες.] A watry constellation.

HY’ADS. n. s. [ὑάδες.] A watry constellation.
Then sailors quarter'd heav'n, and found a name
For ev'ry fix'd and ev'ry wand'ring star;
The pleiads, hyads. Dryden's Georgicks.

HY’ALINE. adj. [ὑάλιν.] Glassy; crystalline; made glass;
resembling glass.
From heav'n-gate not far, founded in view
On the clear hyaline, the glassy sea. Milton's Parad. Lost.

HY’BRIDOUS. adj. [ὕβϱις; hybrida, Latin.] Begotten between
animals of different species.
Why such different species should not only mingle together,
but also generate an animal, and yet that that hybridous pro­
duction should not again generate, is to me a mystery. Ray.

HYD

HYDA’TIDES. n. s. [from ὕδωϱ.] Little transparent bladders of
water in any part: most common in dropsical persons, from a
distention or rupture of the lympheducts; for they happen
mostly in parts abounding with those vessels. Quincy.
All the water is contained in little bladders, adhering to the
liver and peritoneum, known by the name of hydatides. Wisem.

HY’DRA. n. s. [hydra, Latin.] A monster with many heads
slain by Hercules: whence any multiplicity of evils is termed
a hydra.
New rebellions raise
Their hydra heads, and the false North displays
Her broken league to imp her serpent wings. Milton.
More formidable hydra stands within,
Whose jaws with iron-teeth severely grin. Dryden's Æn.
Subdue
The hydra of the many-headed hiffing crew. Dryden.

HY’DRAGOGUES. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and ἄγω; hydragogue, Fr.] Such
medicines as occasion the discharge of watery humours, which
is generally the case of the stronger catharticks, because they
shake most forcibly by their vellications the bowels and their
appendages, so as to squeeze out water enough to make the
stools seem to be little else. Quincy.

HYDRAU’LICAL. adj. [from hydraulick.] Relating to the con­
veyance of water through pipes.

HYDRAU’LICK. adj. [from hydraulick.] Relating to the con­
veyance of water through pipes.
Among the engines in which the air is useful, pumps may
be accounted not contemptible ones, and divers other hydrau­
lical engines. Derham's Physico-Theology.
We have employed a virtuoso to make an hydraulick engine,
in which a chymical liquor, resembling blood, is driven
through elastick channels. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

HYDRAU’LICKS. n. s. [ὕδωϱ, water, and ἀυλὸς, a pipe.]
The science of conveying water through pipes or conduits.

HYDROCE’LE. n. s. [ὑδϱοϰηλὴ hydrocele, Fr.] A watery rupture.

HYDROCE’PHALUS. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and ϰεφαλὴ.] A dropsy in the
head.
A hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the head, is only incurable
when the serum is extravasated into the ventricles of the
brain. Arbuthnot on Diet.

HYDRO’GRAPHER. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and γϱάφω; hydrographe, Fr.]
One who draws maps of the sea.
It may be drawn from the writings of our hydrogra­
pher. Boyle.

HYDRO’GRAPHY. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and γϱαφω; hydrographie, Fr.]
Description of the watery part of the terraqueous globe.

HY’DROMANCY. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and μανία; hydromantie, Fr.]
Prediction by water.
Divination was invented by the Persians: there are four
kinds of divination; hydromancy, pyromancy, aeromancy, and
geomancy. Ayliffe's Parergon.

HY’DROMEL. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and μέλι; hydromel, Fr.] Honey and
water.
Hydromel is a drink prepared of honey, being one of the
most pleasant and universal drinks the northern part of Europe
affords, as well as one of the most ancient. Mortimer's Husb.
In fevers the aliments prescribed by Hippocrates were
ptisans and cream of barley; hydromel, that is, honey and
water, when there was no tendency to a delirium. Arbuthnot.

HYDRO’METER. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and μέτϱον.] An instrument to
measure the extent of water.

HYDRO’METRY. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and μέτρον.] The act of mea­
suring the extent of water.

HYDROPHO’BIA. n. s. [ὑδϱοφοβία; hydrophobie, Fr.] Dread of
water.
Among those dismal symptoms that follow the bite of a mad
dog, the dread of water is the most remarkable. Quincy.

HYDRO’PICAL. adj. [ὑδϱοπιϰὸς; hydropique, French; from
hydrops, Latin.] Dropsical; diseased with ex­
travasated water.

HYDRO’PICK. adj. [ὑδϱοπιϰὸς; hydropique, French; from
hydrops, Latin.] Dropsical; diseased with ex­
travasated water.
Cantharides heats the watery parts of the body; as urine,
and hydropical water. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The world's whole sap is sunk:
The general balm th' hydropick earth hath drunk;
Whither, as to the bedsfeet, life is shrunk,
Dead and interr'd. Donne.
Some mens hydropick insatiableness learned to thirst the
more, by how much more they drank. King Charles.
Hydropical swellings, if they be pure, are pellucid. Wisem.
Every lust is a kind of hydropick distemper, and the more
we drink the more we shall thirst. Tillotson's Sermons.
Hydropick wretches by degrees decay,
Growing the more, the more they waste away;
By their own ruins they augmented lye,
With thirst and heat amidst a deluge fry. Blackmore.
One sort of remedy he uses in dropsies, viz. the water of
the hydropicks, which is a remedy for the disease. Arbuthnot.

HYDROSTA’TICAL. adj. [ὕδωϱ and ϛαιϰὴ.] Relating to
hydrostaticks; taught by hydrostaticks.
A human body forming in such a fluid, will never be recon­
cilable to this hydrostatical law: there will be always something
lighter beneath, and something heavier above; because bone,
the heaviest in specie, will be ever in the midst. Bentley.

HYDROSTA’TICALLY. adv. [from hydrostatical.] According to
hydrostaticks.
The weight of all bodies around the earth is ever propor­
tional to the quantity of their matter: for instance, a pound
weight, examined hydrostatically, doth always contain an equal
quantity of solid mass. Bentley's Sermons.

HYDROSTA’TICKS. n. s. [ὕδωϱ and ϛαιϰὴ; hydrostatique, Fr.]
The science of weighing fluids; weighing bodies in fluids.

HYDRO’TICK. n. s. [ὕδωϱ; hydrotique, French.] Purger of
water or phlegm.
He seems to have been the first who divided purges into
hydroticks and purgers of bile. Arbuthnot on Coins.

HY’EN. n. s. [hyene, French; hyæna, Latin.] An animal like
a wolf, said fabulously to imitate human voices.

HYE’NA. n. s. [hyene, French; hyæna, Latin.] An animal like
a wolf, said fabulously to imitate human voices.
I will weep when you are disposed to be merry; I will
laugh like a hyen, when you are inclined to sleep. Shakespeare.
A wonder more amazing would we find;
The hyena shews it, of a double kind:
Varying the sexes in alternate years,
In one begets, and in another bears. Dryden's Fables.
The hyena was indeed well joined with the bever, as having
also a bag in those parts, if thereby we understand the hyena
odorata, or civet cat. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The keen hyena, fellest of the fell. Thomson's Summer.

HYG

HYGRO’METER. n. s. [ὑγϱὸς and μεϱέω; hygrometre, French.]
An instrument to measure the degrees of moisture.
A sponge, perhaps, might be a better hygrometer than the
earth of the river. Arbuthnot on Air.

HY’GROSCOPE. n. s. [ὕγϱ and σϰοπέω; hygroscope, Fr.] An
instrument to shew the moisture and dryness of the air, and
to measure and estimate the quantity of either extreme. Quincy.
Moisture in the air is discovered by hygroscopes. Arbuthnot.



HYLA’RCHICAL. adj. [ὕλη and ἀϱχὴ.] Presiding over matter.

HYM. n. s. A species of dog.
Avaunt, you curs!
Mastiff, greyhound, mungril grim,
Hound or spaniel, brache or hym;
Or bobtail tike, or trundle tail,
Tom will make him weep and wail. Shakesp. King Lear.

HY’MEN. n. s. [ὑμην.]
1. The god of marriage.
2. The virginal membrane.

HYMENE’AL. n. s. [ὑμέναι.] A marriage song.

HYMENE’AN. n. s. [ὑμέναι.] A marriage song.
And heav'nly choirs the hymenean sung. Milt. Par. Lost.
For her the spouse prepares the bridal ring;
For her white virgins hymeneals sing. Pope.

HYMENE’AL. adj. Pertaining to marriage.

HYMENE’AN. adj. Pertaining to marriage.
The suitors heard, and deem'd the mirthful voice
A signal of her hymeneal choice. Pope's Odyssey.

HYMN. n. s. [hymne, Fr. ὕμν.] An encomiastick song, or
song of adoration to some superiour being.
As I earst, in praise of mine own dame,
So now in honour of thy mother dear,
An honourable hymn I eke should frame. Spenser.
Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change;
Our bridal flow'rs serve for a buried coarse. Shakespeare.
When steel grows
Soft as the parasite's silk, let hymns be made
An overture for the wars. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
There is an hymn sung; but the subject of it is always the
praises of Adam, and Noah and Abraham, concluding ever
with a thanksgiving for the nativity of our Saviour. Bacon.
Farewel, you happy shades,
Where angels first should practise hymns, and string
Their tuneful harps, when they to heav'n would sing. Dryd.

To HYMN. v. a. [ὑμνέω.] To praise in song; to worship with
hymns.

To HYMN. v. n. To sing songs of adoration.
They touch'd their golden harps, and hymning prais'd
God and his works. Milton.
He had not left alive this patient saint,
This anvil of affronts, but sent him hence
To hold a peaceful branch of palm above,
And hymn it in the quire. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

HY’MNICK. adj. [ὕμνος.] Relating to hymns.
He rounds the air, and breaks the hymnick notes
In birds, heav'n's choristers, organick throats;
Which, if they did not die, might seem to be
A tenth rank in the heavenly hierarchy. Donne.

HYP

To HYP. v. a. [barbarously contracted from hypochondriack.] To
make melancholy; to dispirit.
I have been, to the last degree, hypped since I saw you. Spect.

HY’PALLAGE. n. s. [ὑϖαλλαγὴ.] A figure by which words
change their cases with each other.

HY’PER. n. s. [A word barbarously curtailed by Prior from
hypercritick.] A hypercritick; one more critical than neces­
sity requires. Prior did not know the meaning of the word.
Criticks I read on other men,
And hypers upon them again. Prior.

HYPE’RBOLA. n. s. [hyperbole, Fr. ὕπεϱ and βάλλω.] In geo­
metry, a section of a cone made by a plane, so that the axis of
the section inclines to the opposite leg of the cone, which in the
parabola is parallel to it, and in the ellipsis intersects it. The
axis of the hyperbolical section will meet also with the opposite
side of the cone, when produced above the vertex. Harris.
Had the velocities of the several planets been greater or less
than they are, or had their distances from the sun, or the
quantity of the sun's matter, and consequently his attractive
power been greater or less than they are now, with the same
velocities, they would not have revolved in concentrick circles,
but have moved in hyperbola's very eccentrick. Bentley's Serm.

HY’PERBOLE. n. s. [hyperbole, Fr. ὑϖεϱβολὴ.] A figure in rhe­
torick by which any thing is increased or diminished beyond
the exact truth: as, he runs faster than lightning. His possessions
are fallen to dust. He was so gaunt, the case of a flagellet was
a mansion for him. Shakesp.
Terms unsquar'd,
Which, from the tongue of roaring Typhon dropt,
Would seem hyperboles. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
Taffata phrases, silken terms precise,
Three pil'd hyperboles, spruce affectation,
Figures pedantical, these Summer flies,
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation. Shakespeare.
They were above the hyperboles, that fond poetry bestows
upon its admired objects. Glanv. Sceps. c. 1.
Hyperboles, so daring and so bold,
Disdaining bounds, are yet by rules control'd;
Above the clouds, but yet within our sight,
They mount with truth, and make a tow'ring flight. Granv.
The common people understand raillery, or at least rheto­
rick, and will not take hyperboles in too literal a sense. Swift.

HYPERBO’LICAL. adj. [hyperbolique, French; from hyper­
bola.]

HYPERBO’LICK. adj. [hyperbolique, French; from hyper­
bola.]
1. Belonging to the hyperbola; having the nature of an hy­
perbola.
Cancellated in the middle with squares, with triangles be­
fore, and behind with hyperbolick lines. Grew's Musæum.
The horny or pellucid coat of the eye riseth up, as a hil­
lock, above the convexity of the white of the eye, and is of
an hyperbolical or parabolical figure. Ray on the Creation.
2. [From hyperbole.] Exaggerating or extenuating beyond fact.
It is parabolical, and probably hyperbolical, and therefore not
to be taken in a strict sense. Boyle.

HYPERBO’LICALLY. adv. [from hyperbolical.]
1. In form of an hyperbola.
2. With exaggeration or extenuation.
Yet may all be solved, if we take it hyperbolically. Brown.
Scylla is seated upon a narrow mountain, which thrusts
into the sea a steep high rock, and hyperbolically described by
Homer as inaccessible. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

HYPERBO’LIFORM. adj. [hyperbola and forma.] Having the
form, or nearly the form of the hyperbola.

HYPERBO’REAN. n. s. [hyperboréen, French; hyperboreus, Lat.]
Northern.

HYPERCRI’TICK. n. s. [hypercritique, Fr. ὕπεϱ and ϰϱίτιϰος.]
A critick exact or captious beyond use or reason.
Those hypercriticks in English poetry differ from the opi­
nion of the Greek and Latin judges of antiquity, from the Ita­
lians and French, and from the general taste of all ages. Dryd.

HYPERCRI’TICAL. adj. [from hypercritick.] Critical beyond
necessity or use.
We are far from imposing those nice and hypercritical punc­
tilio's, which some astrologers oblige our gardeners to. Evelyn.
Such hypercritical readers will consider my business was to
make a body of refined sayings, only taking care to produce
them in the most natural manner. Swift.

HYPE’RMETER. n. s. [ὑϖεϱ and μέτϱον.] Any thing greater
than the standard requires.
When a man rises beyond six foot, he is an hypermeter, and
may be admitted into the tall club. Addison's Guardian.

HYPERSARCO’SIS. n. s. [ὑπεϱσάϱϰωσις, ὕϖεϱ and σαϱϰὸς.]
The growth of fungous or proud flesh.
Where the hypersarcosis was great, I sprinkled it with pre­
cipitate, whereby I more speedily freed the ulcer of its putre­
faction. Wiseman's Surgery.

HY’PHEN. n. s. [ὐφὲν.] A note of conjunction: as, vir-tue,
ever-living.

HYPNO’TICK. n. s. [ὕϖνος.] Any medicine that induces
sleep.

HYPOCHO’NDRES. n. s. [hypocondre, Fr. ὑϖοχόνδϱιον.] The
two regions lying on each side the cartilago ensiformis, and
those of the ribs, and the tip of the breast, which have in one
the liver, and in the other the spleen. Quincy.
The blood moving too slowly through the celiack and me­
senterick arteries, produce various complaints in the lower
bowels and hypochondres; from whence such persons are called
hypochondriack. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

HYPOCHONDRI’ACAL. adj. [hypocondriaque, French, from
hypochondres.]

HYPOCHONDRI’ACK. adj. [hypocondriaque, French, from
hypochondres.]
1. Melancholy; disordered in the imagination.
Socrates laid down his life in attestation of that most fun­
damental truth, the belief of one God; and yet he's not re­
corded either as fool or hypochondriack. Decay of Piety.
2. Producing melancholy.
Cold sweats are many times mortal, and always suspected;
as in great fears, and hypochondriacal passions, being a relaxa­
tion or forsaking of the spirits. Bacon's Nat. History.

HY’POCIST. n. s. [ὑπόϰιϛις; hypociste, French.]
Hypocist is an inspissated juice in large flat masses, consi­
derably hard and heavy, of a fine shining black colour, when
broken. It is brought from the Levant, sometimes from
France, and other parts of Europe. The stem of the plant,
from which it is produced, is thick and fleshy; and, what is
singular, much thicker at the top than towards the bottom.
The fruits contain a tough glutinous liquor, which are ga­
thered before they are ripe; and the juice is expressed, then
evaporated over a gentle fire, formed into cakes, and dried in
the sun. It is an astringent medicine of considerable power.
Hill's Mat. Med.

HYPO’CRISY. n. s. [hypocrisie, Fr. ὑπόϰϱισις.] Dissimulation
with regard to the moral or religious character.
Next stood hypocrisy with holy leer,
Soft smiling and demurely looking down;
But hid the dagger underneath the gown. Dryden's Fables.
Hypocrisy is much more eligible than open infidelity and
vice: it wears the livery of religion, and is cautious of giving
scandal: nay, continued disguises are too great a constraint:
men would leave off their vices, rather than undergo the toil
of practising them in private. Swift.

HY’POCRITE. n. s. [hypocrite, French; ὑϖοϰϱιὴς.] A
dissembler in morality or religion.


He heartily prays some occasion may detain us longer: I
dare swear he is no hypocrite, but prays from his heart. Shak.
A wise man hateth not the law; but he that is an hypocrite
therein, is as a ship in a storm. Ecclus. xxxiii. 3.
Fair hypocrite, you seek to cheat in vain;
Your silence argues, you ask time to reign. Dryden.
The making religion necessary to interest might increase
hypocrisy; but if one in twenty should be brought to true
piety, and nineteen be only hypocrites, the advantage would
still be great. Swift.
Beware, ye honest: the third circling glass
Suffices virtue: but may hypocrites,
Who slily speak one thing, another think,
Hateful as hell, still pleas'd unwarn'd drink on,
And through intemp'rance grow a while sincere. Phillips.

HYPOCRI’TICAL. adj. [from hypocrite.] Dissembling; insin­
cere; appearing differently from the
reality.

HYPOCRI’TICK. adj. [from hypocrite.] Dissembling; insin­
cere; appearing differently from the
reality.
Now you are confessing your enormities; I know it by that
hypocritical, down-cast look. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Whatever virtues may appear in him, they will be esteemed
an hypocritical imposture on the world; and in his retired plea­
sures, he will be presumed a libertine. Roger's Sermons.
Let others skrew their hypocritick face. Swift.

HYPOCRI’TICALLY. adv. [from hypocritical.] With dissimu­
lation; without sincerity; falsely.
Simeon and Levi spake not only falsely, but insidiously, nay
hypocritically, abusing at once their proselytes and their reli­
gion. Government of the Tongue.

HYPOGA’STRICK. adj. [hypogastrique, French; ὕϖο and γαϛὴϱ.]
Seated in the lower part of the belly.
The swelling we supposed to rise from an effusion of serum
through all the hypogastrick arteries. Wiseman's Surgery.

HYPOGE’UM. n. s. [ὕϖο and γὴ.] A name which the ancient
architects gave to all the parts of a building that were under
ground, as cellars and vaults. Harris.

HYPO’STASIS. n. s. [hypostase, French; ὑϖόϛασις.]
1. Distinct substance.
2. Personality. A term used in the doctrine of the Holy Trinity.
The oneness of our Lord Jesus Christ, referring to the
several hypostases in the one eternal, indivisible, divine nature,
and the eternity of the Son's generation, and his co-eternity
and consubstantiality with the Father, are assertions equivalent
to those before comprised in the ancient more simple article.
Hammond on Fundamentals.

HYPOSTA’TICAL. adj. [hypostatique, French, from hypostasis.]
1. Constitutive; constituent as distinct ingredients.
Let our Carneades warn men not to subscribe to the grand
doctrine of the chymists, touching their three hypostatical
principles, 'till they have a little examined it. Boyle.
2. Personal; distinctly personal.

HYPOTENU’SE. n. s. [hypotenuse, Fr. ὑποένσα.] The line that
subtends the right angle of a right-angled triangle; the sub­
tense.
The square of the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle, is
equal to the squares of the two other sides. Locke.

HYPO’THESIS. n. s. [hypothese, Fr. ὑϖόϑεσις.] A supposi­
tion; a system formed upon some principle not proved.
The mind casts and turns itself restlesly from one thing to
another, 'till at length it brings all the ends of a long and va­
rious hypothesis together; sees how one part coheres with ano­
ther, and so clears off all the appearing contrarieties that seemed
to lie cross, and make the whole intelligible. South's Serm.
With imagin'd sovereignty
Lord of his new hypothesis he reigns:
He reigns: how long? 'till some usurper rise;
And he too, mighty thoughtful, mighty wise,
Studies new lines, and other circles feigns. Prior.

HYPOTHE’TICAL. adj. [hypothetique, Fr. from hypothesis.] In­
cluding a supposition; conditional.

HYPOTHE’TICK. adj. [hypothetique, Fr. from hypothesis.] In­
cluding a supposition; conditional.
Conditional or hypothetical propositions are those whose parts
are united by the conditional particle if; as, if the sun be
fixed, the earth must move. Watts's Logick.

HYPOTHE’TICALLY. adv. [from hypothetical.] Upon supposi­
tion; conditionally.
The only part liable to imputation is calling her a goddess;
yet this is proposed with modesty and doubt, and hypotheti­
cally. Broome's Notes to Pope's Odyssey.

HYRST, Are all from the Saxon Hyrst, a wood or grove. Gibs.

HURST, Are all from the Saxon Hyrst, a wood or grove. Gibs.

HERST, Are all from the Saxon Hyrst, a wood or grove. Gibs.

HYS

HY’SSOP. n. s. [hyssope, Fr. hyssopus, Lat.] A verticillate plant,
with long narrow leaves: the crest of the flower is roundish,
erect, and divided into two parts: the beard is divided into three
parts; the middle part is hollowed like a spoon, having a
double point, and is somewhat winged: the whorles of the
flowers are short, and at the lower part of the stalk are placed
at a great distance; but toward the top are closer joined, so
as to form a regular spike. It hath been a great dispute,
whether the hyssop commonly known is the same which is
mentioned in Scripture. Miller.
The hyssop of Solomon cannot be well conceived to be our
common hyssop; for that is not the least of vegetables observed
to grow upon walls; but rather some kind of capillaries,
which only grow upon walls and stony places. Brown.

HYSTE’RICAL. adj. [hysterique, French; ὑϛεριϰὸς.]

HYSTE’RICK. adj. [hysterique, French; ὑϛεριϰὸς.]
1. Troubled with fits; disordered in the regions of the womb.
In hysterick women the rarity of symptoms doth oft strike
such an astonishment into spectators, that they report them
possessed with the devil. Harvey on Consumptions.
Many hysterical women are sensible of wind passing from the
womb. Floyer on the Humours.
2. Proceeding from disorders in the womb.
Parent of vapours, and of female wit,
Who gave th' hysterick or poetick fit. Pope's Ra. of the Lock.
This terrible scene made too violent an impression upon a
woman in her condition, and threw her into a strong hysterick
fit. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scribl.

HYSTE’RICKS. n. s. [ὑϛεϱιϰὸς.] Fits of women, supposed to
proceed from disorders in the womb.





I

I
Is in English considered both as a vowel and consonant;
though, since the vowel and consonant differ in their
form as well as sound, they may be more properly ac­
counted two letters.
I vowel has a long sound, as fine, thine, which is
usually marked by an e final; and a short sound, as fin, thin.
Prefixed to e it makes a diphthong of the same sound with the
soft i, or double e, ee: thus field, yield, are spoken as feeld,
yeeld; except friend, which is spoken frend. Subjoined to a
or e it makes them long, as fail, neigh; and to o makes a
mingled sound, which approaches more nearly to the true no­
tion of a diphthong, or sound composed of the sounds of two
vowels, than any other combination of vowels in the English
language, as oil, coin. The sound of i before another i, and
at the end of a word, is always expressed by y.
J consonant has invariably the same sound with that of g in
giant; as jade, jet, jilt, jolt, just.

I. pronoun personal. [ik, Gothick; ic, Saxon; ich, Dutch.]
I, gen. me; plural we; gen. us.
ic, me, we, us.
1. The pronoun of the first person, myself.
I do not like these several councils, I. Shakes. Rich. III.
There is none greater in this house than I. Gen. xxxix. 9.
Be of good cheer, it is I; be not afraid. Mat. xiv. 27.
What shall I do to be for ever known,
And make the age to come my own?
I shall like beasts or common people dye,
Unless you write my elegy. Cowley.
Hence, and make room for me. Cowley.
When chance of business parts us two,
What do our souls, I wonder, do? Cowley.
Of that book you have given us a large earnest. Cowley.
Thus, having pass'd the night in fruitless pain,
I to my longing friends return again. Dryden's Æn.
2. Me is in the following passage written for I.
There is but one man whom she can have, and that is
me. Clarissa.
3. I is more than once in Shakespeare written for ay, or yes.
Hath Romeo slain himself? Say thou but I,
And that bare vowel, I, shall poison more
Than the death-darting eye of cockatrice. Shakespeare.
Did your letters pierce the queen?
—I, sir; she took 'em and read 'em in my presence,
And now and then an ample tear trill'd down. Shakespeare.

To JA’BBER. v. n. [gabberen, Dutch.] To talk idly; to prate
without thinking; to chatter.
We scorn, for want of talk, to jabber
Of parties. Swift.

JA’BBERER. n. s. [from jabber.] One who talks inarticulately
or unintelligibly.
Out cant the Babylonian labourers
At all their dialects of jabberers. Hudibras, p. iii.

JAC

JA’CENT. adj. [jacens, Latin.] Lying at length.
So laid, they are more apt in swagging down to pierce than
in the jacent posture. Wotton's Architect.

JACI’NTH. n. s. [for hyacinth, as Jerusalem for Hierusalem.]
1. The same with hyacinth.
2. A gem of a deep redish yellow approaching to a flame colour,
or the deepest amber. Woodward's Met. Foss.

JACK. n. s. [Probably by mistake from Jaques, which in French
is James.]
1. The diminutive of John. Used as a general term of con­
tempt for saucy or paltry fellows.
I am in estimation:
You will perceive that a Jack gardant cannot
Office me from my son Coriolanus. Shakespeare.
I have in my mind
A thousand raw tricks of these bragging Jacks,
Which I will practise. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
Every Jack slave hath his belly-full of fighting, and I must
go up and down like a cock that nobody can match. Shakesp.
2. The name of instruments which supply the place of a boy,
as an instrument to pull off boots.
Foot-boys, who had frequently the common name of jack
given them, were kept to turn the spit, or to pull off their
masters boots; but when instruments were invented for both
those services, they were both called jacks. Watts's Logick.
3. An engine which turns the spit.
The excellencies of a good jack are, that the jack frame be
forged and filed square; that the wheels be perpendicularly and
strongly fixed on the squares of the spindles; that the teeth be
evenly cut, and well smoothed; and that the teeth of the
worm-wheel fall evenly into the groove of the worm. Moxon.
The ordinary jacks, used for roasting of meat, commonly
consist but of three wheels. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
Clocks and jacks, though the screws and teeth be never so
smooth, yet, if not oiled, will hardly move. Ray.
A cookmaid, by the fall of a jack weight upon her head,
was beaten down. Wiseman's Surgery.
Some strain in rhyme; the muses on their racks
Scream, like the winding of ten thousand jacks. Pope.
4. A young pike.
No fish will thrive in a pond where roach or gudgeons are,
except jacks. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. [Jacque, French.] A coat of mail.
The residue were on foot, well furnished with jack and
skull, pike, dagger, bucklers made of board, and slicing
swords, broad, thin, and of an excellent temper. Hayward.
6. A cup of waxed leather.
Dead wine, that stinks of the borrachio, sup
From a foul jack, or greasy mapple cup. Dryden's Pers.
7. A small bowl thrown out for a mark to the bowlers.
'Tis as if one should say, that a bowl equally poised, and
thrown upon a plain bowling-green, will run necessarily in a
direct motion; but if it be made with a byass, that may de­
cline it a little from a straight line, it may acquire a liberty of
will, and so run spontaneously to the jack. Bentley's Sermons.
8. A part of the musical instrument called a virginal.
In a virginal, as soon as ever the jack falleth, and toucheth
the string, the sound ceaseth. Bacon's Natural History.
9. The male of animals.
A jack ass, for a stallion, was bought for three thousand two
hundred and twenty-nine pounds three shillings and four
pence. Arbuthnot on Coins.
10. A support to saw wood on. Ainsworth.
11. The colours or ensign of a ship. Ainsworth.
12. A cunning fellow who can turn to any thing.
Jack of all trades, show and sound;
An inverse burse, an exchange under ground. Cleaveland.

JACK Boots. n. s. [from jack, a coat of mail.] Boots which
serve as armour to the legs.
A man on horseback, in his breeches and jack boots, dressed
up in a commode and a night-rail. Spectator.

JACK by the Hedge. n. s. An herb.
Jack by the hedge is an herb that grows wild under hedges,
is eaten as other sallads are, and much used in broth. Mortim.

JACK Pudding. n. s. [jack and pudding.] A zani; a merry
Andrew.
Every jack pudding will be ridiculing palpable weaknesses
which they ought to cover. L'Estrange.
A buffoon is called by every nation by the name of the dish
they like best: in French jean pottage, and in English jack
pudding. Guardian.
Jack pudding, in his party-colour'd jacket,
Tosses the glove, and jokes at ev'ry packet. Gay.

JACK with a Lantern. An ignis fatuus.

JACKALE’NT. n. s. [Jack in Lent, a poor starven fellow.] A
simple sheepish fellow.
You little jackalent, have you been true to us?
—Ay, I'll be sworn. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

JACKA’L. n. s. [chacal, French.] A small animal supposed to
start prey for the lyon.
The Belgians tack upon our rear,
And raking chase-guns through our sterns they send:
Close by their fireships, like jackals, appear,
Who on their lions for the prey attend. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.


The mighty lyon, before whom stood the little jackal, the
faithful spy of the king of beasts. Arbuth. and Pope's M. Scrib.

JA’CKANAPES. n. s. [jack and ape.]
1. Monkey; an ape.
2. A coxcomb; an impertinent.
Which is he?
—That jackanapes with scarfs. Shakesp.
People wondered how such a young upstart jackanapes should
grow so pert and saucy, and take so much upon him. Arbuth.

JACKDA’W. n. s. [jack and daw.] A cock daw; a bird taught
to imitate the human voice.
To impose on a child to get by heart a long scroll of
phrases, without any ideas, is a practice fitter for a jackdaw
than for any thing that wears the shape of man. Watts.

JA’CKET. n. s. [jacquet, French.]
1. A short coat; a close waistcoat.
In a blue jacket, with a cross of red. Hubberd's Tale.
And hens, and dogs, and hogs are feeding by;
And here a sailor's jacket hangs to dry. Swift.
Jack pudding, in his party-colour'd jacket,
Tosses the glove, and jokes at ev'ry packet. Gay.
2. To beat one's JACKET, is to beat the man.
She fell upon the jacket of the parson, who stood gaping at
her. L'Estrange.

JA’COB’s Ladder. n. s. The same with Greek valerian.

JA’COB’s Staff. n. s.
1. A pilgrim's staff.
2. Staff concealing a dagger.
3. A cross staff; a kind of astrolabe.

JA’COBINE. n. s. A pidgeon with a high tuft. Ainsworth.

JACTITA’TION. n. s. [jactito, Latin.] Tossing; motion;
restlessness; heaving.
If the patient be surprised with jactitation, or great oppres­
sion about the stomach, expect no relief from cordials. Harv.

JACULA’TION. n. s. [jaculatio, jaculor, Latin.] The act of
throwing missive weapons.
So hills amid' the air encounter'd hills,
Hurl'd to and fro with jaculation dire. Milt. Parad. Lost.

JADE. n. s. [The etymology of this word is doubtful: Skinner
derives it from gaad, a goad, or spur.]
1. A horse of no spirit; a hired horse; a worthless nag.
Alas, what wights are these that load my heart!
I am as dull as Winter-starved sheep,
Tir'd as a jade in overloaden cart. Sidney.
When they should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crest, and, like deceitful jades,
Sink in the tryal. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks,
With torchstaves in their hand; and their poor jades
Lob down their heads, dropping the head and hips. Shakes.
To other regions
France is a stable, we that dwell in't jades;
Therefore to th' war. Shakes. All's well that ends well.
So have I seen with armed heel
A wight bestride a commonweal,
While still the more he kick'd and spurr'd,
The less the sullen jade has stirr'd. Hudibras, p. i.
The plain nag came upon the trial to prove those to be
jades that made sport with him. L'Estrange.
False steps but help them to renew their race,
As, after stumbling, jades will mend their pace. Pope.
2. A sorry woman. A word of contempt noting sometimes age,
but generally vice.
Shall these, these old jades, past the flower
Of youth, that you have, pass you. Chapman's Iliads.
But she, the cunning'st jade alive,
Says, 'tis the ready way to thrive,
By sharing female bounties. Stepney.
Get in, hussy: now will I personate this young jade, and
discover the intrigue. Southerne's Innocent Adultery.
In di'monds, pearl, and rich brocades,
She shines the first of batter'd jades,
And flutters in her pride. Swift.
3. A young woman: in irony and slight contempt.
You see now and then some handsome young jades among
them: the sluts have very often white teeth and black eyes. Add.

JADE. n. s. A species of stone.
The jade is a species of the jasper, and of extreme hard­
ness. Its colour is composed of a pale blueish grey, or ash­
colour, and a pale green, not simple and uniform, but inter­
mixed. It appears dull and coarse on the surface, but it takes
a very elegant and high polish. It is found in the East Indies,
and is much used by the Turks for handles of sabres. It is so
highly esteemed by the Indians as to be called the divine stone:
they wear it externally as a remedy for the gravel, and an
amulet to preserve them from the bite of venomous animals.
Hill's Materia Medica.

To JADE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To tire; to harass; to dispirit; to weary.
With his banners, and his well-paid ranks,
The ne'er-yet-beaten horse of Parthia
We've jaded out o' th' field. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
It is good in discourse to vary and intermingle speech of the
present occasion with arguments; for it is a dull thing to tire
and jade any thing too far. Bacon's Essays.
If fleet dragon's progeny at last
Proves jaded, and in frequent matches cast,
No favour for the stallion we retain,
And no respect for the degen'rate strain. Dryden's Juven.
The mind once jaded, by an attempt above its power, is
very hardly brought to exert its force again. Locke.
There are seasons when the brain is overtired or jaded with
study or thinking; or upon some other accounts animal na­
ture may be languid or cloudy, and unfit to assist the spirit in
meditation. Watts's Logick.
2. To overbear; to crush; to degrade; to harass, as a horse
that is ridden too hard.
If we live thus tamely,
To be thus jaded by a piece of scarlet,
Farewel nobility. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
3. To employ in vile offices.
The honourable blood
Must not be shed by such a jaded groom. Shakes. Hen. VI.
4. To ride; to rule with tyranny.
I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade me; for
every reason excites to this. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

To JADE. v. n. To lose spirit; to sink.
Many offer at the effects of friendship, but they do not last:
they are promising in the beginning, but they fail and jade and
tire in the prosecution. South's Sermons.

JA’DISH. adj. [from jade.]
1. Vitious; bad, as an horse.
That hors'd us on their backs, to show us
A jadish trick at last, and throw us. Hudibras, p. iii.
When once the people get the jadish trick
Of throwing off their king, no ruler's safe. Southern.
2. Unchaste; incontinent.
'Tis to no boot to be jealous of a woman; for if the hu­
mour takes her to be jadish, not all the locks and spies in na­
ture can keep her honest. L'Estrange.

To JAGG. v. a. [gagaw, slits or holes, Welsh.] To cut into
indentures; to cut into teeth like those of a saw.
Some leaves are round, some long, some square, and many
jagged on the sides. Bacon's Natural History.
The jagging of pinks and gilliflowers is like the inequality
of oak-leaves; but they never have any small plain purls. Bac.
The banks of that sea must be jagged and torn by the impe­
tuous assaults, or the silent underminings of waves; violent
rains must wash down earth from the tops of mountains. Bentl.
An alder-tree is one among the lesser trees, whose younger
branches are soft, and whose leaves are jagged. Watts.

JAGG. n. s. [from the verb.] A protuberance or denticulation.
The figure of the leaves is divided into so many jaggs or
escallops, and curiously indented round the edges. Ray.
Take off all the staring straws, twigs, and jaggs in the
hive, and make them as smooth as possible. Mort. Husbandry.

JA’GGY. adj. [from jagg.] Uneven; denticulated.
His tow'ring crest was glorious to behold;
His shoulders and his sides were scal'd with gold;
Three tongues he brandish'd when he charg'd his foes;
His teeth stood jaggy in three dreadful rows. Addison.
Amid' those angles, infinitely strain'd,
They joyful leave their jaggy salts behind. Thoms. Autumn.

JA’GGEDNESS. n. s. [from jagged.] The state of being denti­
culated; unevenness.
First draw rudely your leaves, making them plain with
your coal or lead, before you give them their veins or jagged­
ness. Peacham on Drawing.

JAI

JAIL. n. s. [geol, French.] A gaol; a prison; a place where
criminals are confined. See GAOL. It is written either way;
but commonly by latter writers jail.
Away with the dotard, to the jail with him. Shakesp.
A dependant upon him paid six pound ready money, which,
poor man, he lived to repent in a jail. Clarendon.
He sigh'd and turn'd his eyes, because he knew
'Twas but a larger jail he had in view. Dryden.
One jail did all their criminals restrain,
Which now the walls of Rome can scarce contain. Dryden.

JA’ILBIRD. n. s. [jail and bird.] One who has been in a jail.

JA’ILER. n. s. [from jail.] A gaoler; the keeper of a prison.
Seeking many means to speak with her, and ever kept from
it, as well because she shunned it, seeing and disdaining his
mind, as because of her jealous jailers. Sidney.
This is as a jailer, to bring forth
Some monstrous malefactor. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
His pow'r to hollow caverns is confin'd;
There let him reign, the jailer of the wind;
With hoarse commands his breathing subjects call,
And boast and bluster in his empty hall. Dryden's Æn.
Palamon, the pris'ner knight,
Restless for woe, arose before the light;
And with his jailer's leave, desir'd to breathe
An air more wholesome than the damp beneath. Dryden.



JAKES. n. s. [Of uncertain etymology.] A house of office.
I will tread this unbolted villain into mortar, and daub the
walls of jakes with him. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Their sordid avarice rakes
In excrements, and hires the very jakes. Dryden's Juvenal.
Some have fished the very jakes for papers left there by men
of wit. Swift.

JA’LAP. n. s. [jalap, French; jalapium, low Latin.]
Jalap is a firm and solid root, of a wrinkled surface, and
generally cut into slices, heavy and hard to break; of a
faintish smell, and of an acrid and nauseous taste. It was
not known in Europe 'till after the discovery of America, and
had its name jalapium, or jalapa, from Xalapa, a town in
New Spain, in the neighbourhood of which it was discovered;
though it is now principally brought from the Madeiras. It
is an excellent purgative in all cases where serous humours are
to be evacuated. Hill's Mat. Med.

JAM. n. s. [I know not whence derived.] A conserve of fruits
boiled with sugar and water.

JAMB. n. s. [jambe, French.] Any supporter on either side,
as the posts of a door.
No timber is to be laid within twelve inches of the foreside
of the chimney jambs. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

IA’MBICK. n. s. [iambique, French; iambicus, Latin.] Verses
composed of iambick feet, or a short and long syllable alter­
nately: used originally in satire, therefore taken for satire.
In thy felonious heart though venom lies,
It does but touch thy Irish pen, and dies:
Thy genius calls thee not to purchase fame
In keen iambicks, but mild anagram. Dryden.

To JA’NGLE. v. n. [jangler, French. Skinner.] To altercate;
to quarrel; to bicker in words.
Good wits will be jangling; but, gentiles agree,
This civil war of wits were much better us'd
On Navarre and his book-men. Shak. Love's Labour Lost.
So far am I glad it did so sort,
As this their jangling I esteem a sport. Shakespeare.
There is no errour which hath not some appearance of pro­
bability resembling truth, which when men, who study to be
singular, find out, straining reason, they then publish to the
world matter of contention and jangling. Raleigh.

To JA’NGLE. v. a. To make to sound untuneable.
Now see that noble and that sovereign reason,
Like sweet bells jangled out of tune and harsh. Shak. Haml.
'Ere Gothick forms were known in Greece,
And in our verse 'ere monkish rhimes
Had jangl'd their fantastick chimes. Prior.

JA’NGLER. n. s. [from the verb.] A wrangling, chattering,
noisy fellow.

JA’NIZARY. n. s. [A Turkish word.] One of the guards of
the Turkish king.
His grand visier, presuming to invest
The chief imperial city of the West,
With the first charge compel'd in haste to rise;
The standards lost, and janizaries slain,
Render the hopes he gave his master vain. Waller.

JA’NNOCK. n. s. [probably a corruption of bannock.] Oat­
bread. A northern word.

JA’NTY. adj. [corrupted from gentil, French.] Showy; flut­
tering.
This sort of woman is a janty slattern: she hangs on her
cloaths, plays her head, and varies her posture. Spectator.

JA’NUARY. n. s. [Januarius, Latin.] The first month of the
year, from Janus, to whom it was among the Romans con­
secrated.
January is clad in white, the colour of the earth at this
time, blowing his nails. This month had the name from Janus,
painted with two faces, signifying providence. Peacham.

JAPA’N. n. s. [from Japan in Asia, where figured work was
originally done.] Work varnished and raised in gold and
colours.
The poor girl had broken a large japan glass, of great value,
with a stroke of her brush. Swift.

To JAPA’N. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To varnish, and embellish with gold and raised figures.
For not the desk with silver nails,
Nor bureau of expence,
Nor standish well japan'd, avails
To writing of good sense. Swift.
2. To black shoes. A low phrase.
The god of fire
Among these gen'rous presents joins his part,
And aids with soot the new japanning art. Gay's Trivia.

JAPA’NNER. n. s. [from japan.]
1. One skilled in japan work.
2. A shoeblacker.
The poor have the same itch;
They change their weekly barber, weekly news,
Prefer a new japanner to their shoes. Pope's Horace.

JAR

To JAR. v. n. [from eorre, anger, Saxon; or guerre, war,
French; or garren, old Teutonick, to clamour.]
1. To strike together with a kind of short rattle.
A hollow groan, a murm'ring wind arose;
The rings of iron, that on the doors were hung,
Sent out a jarring sound, and harshly rung. Dryden.
My knees tremble with the jarring blow. Gay.
2. To strike or sound untuneably.
O, you kind gods!
Cure this great breach in his abused nature:
Th' untun'd and jarring senses, O, wind up,
Of this child-changed father. Shakesp. King Lear.
I perceive you delight not in musick.
—Not a whit, when it jars so. Shakespeare.
A string may jar in the best master's hand,
And the most skilful archer miss his aim. Roscommon.
He keeps his temper'd mind, serene and pure,
And every passion aptly harmoniz'd
Amid' a jarring world. Thomson's Summer.
3. To clash; to interfere; to act in opposition; to be incon­
sistent.
At last, though long, our jarring notes agree. Shakesp.
For orders and degrees
Jar not with liberty, but well consist. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Venalus concluded his report:
A jarring murmur fill'd the factious court:
As when a torrent rolls with rapid force,
The flood, constrain'd within a scanty space,
Roars horrible. Dryden's Æn.
4. To quarrel; to dispute.
When those renowned noble peers of Greece,
Through stubborn pride, among themselves did jar,
Forgetful of the famous golden fleece,
Then Orpheus with his harp their strife did bar. Spenser.
They must be sometimes ignorant of the means conducing
to those ends, in which alone they can jar and oppose each
other. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.

JAR. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A kind of rattling vibration of sound.
In r, the tongue is held stifly at its whole length, by the
force of the muscles; so as when the impulse of breath strikes
upon the end of the tongue, where it finds passage, it shakes
and agitates the whole tongue, whereby the sound is affected
with a trembling jar. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Clash; discord; debate.
He maketh war, he maketh peace again,
And yet his peace is but continual jar:
O miserable men, that to him subject are! Fairy Queen.
Nath'less, my brother, since we passed are
Unto this point, we will appease our jar. Hubberd's Tale.
Force would be right; or rather, right and wrong,
Between whose endless jar justice presides,
Would lose their names, and so would justice too. Shakesp.
3. A state in which a door unfastened may strike the post; half
opened.
The chaffering with dissenters, and dodging about this or
t'other ceremony, is but like opening a few wickets, and
leaving them a jar, by which no more than one can get in at
a time. Swift.
4. [Giarro, Italian.] An earthen vessel.
About the upper part of the jar there appeared a good num­
ber of bubbles. Boyle.
He mead for cooling drink prepares,
Of virgin honey in the jars. Dryden.
Warriors welter on the ground,
Whilst empty jars the dire defeat resound. Garth.

JA’RDES. n. s. [French.] Hard callous tumours in horses,
a little below the bending of the ham on the outside. This
distemper in time will make the horse halt, and grow so pain­
ful as to cause him to pine away, and become light-bellied.
It is most common to managed horses, that have been kept too
much upon their haunches. Farrier's Dict.

JA’RGON. n. s. [jargon, French; gerigonça, Spanish.] Unin­
telligible talk; gabble; gibberish.
Nothing is clearer than mathematical demonstration, yet
let one, who is altogether ignorant in mathematicks, hear it,
and he will hold it to be plain fustian or jargon. Bramhall.
From this last toil again what knowledge flows?
Just as much, perhaps, as shows
That all his predecessor's rules
Were empty cant, all jargon of the schools. Prior.
During the usurpation an infusion of enthusiastick jargon
prevailed in every writing. Swift.

JA’RGONELLE. n. s. See PEAR, of which it is a species.

JAS

JA’SHAWK. n. s. A young hawk. Ainsworth.

JA’SMINE. n. s. [jasmin, French. It is often pronounced jes­
samine.]
It hath a funnel-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf, which
is cut into several segments at the brim, out of whose cup
arises the pointal, which afterward becomes the fruit or pod,
which, for the most part, grows double and open lengthwise,
discovering the seeds, which are oblong, and have a border
round them: these are ranged over each other like slates on
a house, and are fastened to the placenta. Miller.
Thou, like the harmless bee, may'st freely range;
From jasmine grove to grove may'st wander. Thomson.



JA’SMINE Persian. n. s. A plant. See LILAC, of which
it is a species.

JA’SPER. n. s. [jaspe, Fr. iaspis, Lat.] A hard stone of a bright
beautiful green colour, sometimes clouded with white, found in
masses of various sizes and shapes. It is capable of a very
elegant polish, and is found in many parts of the East Indies,
and in Egypt, Africa, Tartary, and China. Hill's Mat. Med.
The basis of jasper is usually of a greenish hue, and spotted
with red, yellow and white. Woodward's Met. Foss.
The most valuable pillars about Rome are four columns of
oriental jasper in St. Paulina's chapel, and one of transparent
oriental jasper in the vatican library. Addison on Italy.

IATROLE’PTICK. adj. [iatraleptique, Fr. ἰαϱὸς and ἀλέιφω.]
That which cures by anointing.

To JA’VEL, or jable. v. a. To bemire; to soil over with dirt
through unnecessary traversing and travelling. This word
is still retained in Scotland and the northern counties.

JA’VEL. n. s. [perhaps from the verb.] A wandering fellow.
When as time, flying with wings swift,
Expired had the term that those two javels
Should render up a reckoning of their travels. Hubb. Tale.

JA’VELIN. n. s. [javeline, French.] A spear or half pike, which
anciently was used either by foot or horse. It had an iron
head pointed.
Others, from the wall, defend
With dart and jav'lin, stones and sulph'rous fire;
On each hand slaughter and gigantick deeds. Milt. Pa. Lost.
She shakes her myrtle jav'lin; and, behind,
Her Lycian quiver dances in the wind. Dryden's Æn.
Flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
Launch'd from the vigour of a Roman arm? Addis. Cato.

JA’UNDICE. n. s. [jaunisse, jaune, yellow, Fr.] A distemper from
obstructions of the glands of the liver, which prevents the gall
being duly separated by them from the blood; and sometimes,
especially in hard drinkers, they are so indurated as never af­
ter to be opened, and straighten the motion of the blood
so much through that viscus as to make it divert with a force
great enough into the gastrick arteries, which go off from
the hepatick, to break through them, and drain into the sto­
mach; so that vomiting of blood, in this distemper, is a fatal
symptom. Quincy.
Why should a man, whose blood is warm within,
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?
Sleep when he wakes, and creep into the jaundice
By being peevish? Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
What grief hath set the jaundice on your cheeks? Shak.
Those were thy thoughts, and thou couldst judge aright,
'Till int'rest made a jaundice in thy sight. Dryden.
The eyes of a man in the jaundice make yellow observa­
tions on every thing; and the soul, tinctured with any passion,
diffuses a false colour over the real appearances of things.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

JA’UNDICED. adj. [from jaundice.] Infected with the jaundice.
All seems infected, that th' infected spy,
As all looks yellow to the jaundic'd eye. Pope.

To JAUNT. v. n. [janter, French.] To wander here and
there; to bustle about. It is now always used in contempt
or levity.
I was not made a horse,
And yet I bear a burthen like an ass;
Spur-gall'd and tir'd by jaunting Bolingbroke. Shak. R. II.

JAUNT. n. s. [from the verb.] Ramble; flight; excursion.
It is commonly used ludicrously, but solemnly by Milton.
Our Saviour meek, and with untroubled mind,
After his airy jaunt, though hurry'd sore,
Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest. Milt. Par. Reg.
He sends me out on many a jaunt,
Old houses in the night to haunt. Hudibras, p. iii.
They parted, and away posts the cavalier in quest of his
new mistress: his first jaunt is to court. L'Estrange.
If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try for once who can foot
it farthest. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Thus much of the scheme of my design in this part have
I run over, and led my reader a long and tedious jaunt, in
tracing out these metallick and mineral bodies. Woodward.

JA’UNTINESS. n. s. [from jaunty, or janty, corrupted from gen­
til, French. See JANTY.] Airyness; flutter; genteelness.
A certain stiffness in my limbs entirely destroyed that jaun­
tiness of air I was once master of. Addison's Spectator.

JAW

JAW. n. s. [joue, a cheek, French; whence joowbone, or cheek­
bone, then jaw.]
1. The bone of the mouth in which the teeth are fixed.
A generation whose teeth are as swords, and their jaw teeth
as knives, to devour the poor. Prov. xxx. 14.
The jaw bones, hearts, and galls of pikes are very medi­
cinable. Walton's Angler.
Piso, who probably speaks Aristotle's meaning, saith that
the crocodile doth not only move his upper jaw, but that his
nether jaw is immoveable. Grew's Musæum.
More formidable hydra stands within,
Whose jaws with iron teeth severely grin. Dryden's Æn.
2. The mouth.
My tongue cleaveth to my jaws, and thou hast brought me
into the dust of death. Ps. xxii. 15.
My bended hook shall pierce their slimy jaws. Shakespeare.
A smeary foam works o'er my grinding jaws,
And utmost anguish shakes my lab'ring frame. Rowe.

JAY. n. s. [named from his cry. Skinner.] A bird.
Two sharp winged sheers,
Deck'd with diverse plumes, like painted jays,
Were fixed at his back, to cut his airy ways. Fairy Queen.
We'll use this unwholsome humidity, this gross wat'ry
pumpion—we'll teach him to know turtles from jays. Shakes.
What, is the jay more precious than the lark,
Because his feathers are more beautiful? Shakespeare.
I am highly delighted to see the jay or the thrush hopping
about my walks. Spectator.
Admires the jay, the insects gilded wings,
Or hears the hawk, when Philomela sings. Pope.

JA’ZEL. n. s. A precious stone of an azure or blue co­
lour. Dict.

ICE. n. s. [is, Saxon; eyse, Dutch.]
1. Water or other liquor made solid by cold.
You are no surer, no,
Than is the coal of fire upon the ice,
Or hailstone in the sun. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Thou art all ice, thy kindness freezes. Shakesp. R. III.
If I should ask whether ice and water were two distinct spe­
cies of things, I doubt not but I should be answered in the
affirmative. Locke.
2. Concreted sugar.
3. To break the ICE. To make the first opening to any attempt.
If you break the ice, and do this feat,
Atchieve the elder, set the younger free
For our access, whose hap shall be to have her,
Will not so graceless be to be ingrate. Shakespeare.
Thus have I broken the ice to invention, for the lively re­
presentation of floods and rivers necessary for our painters and
poets. Peacham on Drawing.
After he'd a while look'd wise,
At last broke silence and the ice. Hudibras, p. iii.

To ICE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with ice; to turn to ice.
2. To cover with concreted sugar.

I’CEHOUSE. n. s. [ice and house.] A house in which ice is re­
posited against the warm months.

ICHNE’UMON. n. s. [ἰχνέυμων.] A small animal that breaks
the eggs of the crocodile.

ICHNEUMONFLY’. n. s. A sort of fly.
The generation of the ichneumonfly is in the bodies of cater­
pillars, and other nymphæ of insects. Derham's Physico-Theol.

ICHNO’GRAPHY. n. s. [ἰχν and γϱάφω.] The groundplot.
It will be more intelligible to have a draught of each front
in a paper by itself, and also to have a draught of the ground­
plot or ichnography of every story in a paper by itself. Moxon.

I’CHOR. n. s. [ἰχωϱ.] A thin watery humour like
serum. Quincy.
Milk, drawn from some animals that feed only upon flesh,
will be more apt to turn rancid and putrify, acquiring first a
saline taste, which is a sign of putrefaction, and then it will
turn into an ichor. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

I’CHOROUS. adj. [from ichor.] Sanious; thin; undigested.
The lung-growth is imputed to a superficial sanious or
ichorous exulceration. Harvey on Consumptions.
The pus from an ulcer of the liver, growing thin and
ichorous, corrodes the vessels. Arbuthnot on Diet.

ICHTHYO’LOGY. n. s. [ichthyologie, Fr. ἰχϑυολογία, from ἰχϑὺς
and λέγω.] The doctrine of the nature of fish.
Some there are, as camels and sheep, which carry no name
in ichthyology. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ICHTHYO’PHAGY. n. s. [ἰχϑὺς and φάγω.] Diet of fish; the
practice of eating fish.

I’CICLE. n. s. [from ice.] A shoot of ice hanging down from
the upper part.
If distilled vinegar or aqua-fortis be poured into the pow­
der of loadstone, the subsiding powder, dried, retains some
magnetical virtue; but if the menstruum be evaporated to a
consistence, and afterwards doth shoot into icicle, or crystals,
the loadstone hath no power upon them. Brown's Vulgar Err.
From locks uncomb'd, and from the frozen beard,
Long icicles depend, and crackling sounds are heard. Dryd.
The common dropstone consists principally of spar, and is
frequently found in form of an icicle, hanging down from the
tops and sides of grotto's. Woodward's Nat. History.

I’CINESS. n. s. [from icy.] The state of generating ice.

ICO

I’CON. n. s. [ἐιϰὼν.] A picture or representation.
Boysardus, in his tract of divination, hath set forth the
icons of these ten, yet added two others. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Some of our own nation, and many Netherlanders, whose
names and icons are published, have deserved good commen­
dation. Hakewill on Providence.



ICO’NOCLAST. n. s. [iconoclaste, French; ἔιϰονοϰλαϛης.] A
breaker of images.

ICONO’LOGY. n. s. [iconologie, French; ἐιϰὼν and λέγω.] The
doctrine of picture or representation.

ICTE’RICAL. n. s. [icterique, French; icterus, Latin.]
1. Afflicted with the jaundice.
In the jaundice the choler is wanting, and the icterical have
a great sourness, and gripes with windiness. Floyer.
2. Good against the jaundice.

I’CY. adj. [from ice.]
1. Full of ice; covered with ice; cold; frosty.
But my poor heart first set free,
Bound in those icy chains by thee. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
The season's difference; as, the icy phang,
And churlish chiding of the Winter's wind. Shakespeare.
He relates the excessive coldness of the water they met
with in Summer in that icy region, where they were forced to
winter. Boyle.
Bear Britain's thunder, and her cross display
To the bright regions of the rising day;
Tempt icy seas, where scarce the waters roll,
Where clearer flames glow round the frozen pole. Pope.
2. Cold; free from passion.
Thou would'st have never learn'd
The icy precepts of respect. Shakesp. Timon.
3. Frigid; backward.
If thou do'st find him tractable to us,
Encourage him, and tell him all our reasons;
If he be leaden, icy, cold, unwilling,
Be thou so too. Shakespeare's Richard III.

I’D. Contracted for I would.

IDE

IDE’A. n. s. [ideé, French; ἰδέα.] Mental imagination.
Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is the imme­
diate object of perception, thought, or understanding, that I
call idea. Locke.
The form under which these things appear to the mind, or
the result of our apprehension, is called an idea. Watts.
Happy you that may to the saint, your only idea,
Although simply attir'd, your manly affection utter. Sidney.
Our Saviour himself, being to set down the perfect idea of
that which we are to pray and wish for on earth, did not teach
to pray or wish for more than only that here it might be with
us, as with them it is in heaven. Hooker, b. i.
Her sweet idea wander'd through his thoughts. Fairfax.
I did infer your lineaments,
Being the right idea of your father,
Both in your form and nobleness of mind. Shakesp. R. III.
How good, how fair,
Answering his great idea! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
If Chaucer by the best idea wrought,
The fairest nymph before his eyes he set. Dryden.

IDE’AL. adj. [from idea.] Mental; intellectual; not perceived
by the senses.
There is a two-fold knowledge of material things; one
real, when the thing, and the real impression thereof on our
senses, is perceived; the other ideal, when the image or idea
of a thing, absent in itself, is represented to and considered
on the imagination. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

IDE’ALLY. adv. [from ideal.] Intellectually; mentally.
A transmission is made materially from some parts, and
ideally from every one. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IDE’NTICAL. adj. [identique, French.] The same; imply­
ing the same thing; comprising the same idea.

IDE’NTICK. adj. [identique, French.] The same; imply­
ing the same thing; comprising the same idea.
The beard's th' identick beard you knew,
The same numerically true. Hudibras, p. ii.
There majus is identical with magis. Hale's Origin of Man.
Those ridiculous identical propositions, that faith is faith,
and rule is a rule, are first principles in this controversy of the
rule of faith, without which nothing can be solidly concluded
either about rule or faith. Tillotson's Sermons.
If this pre-existent eternity is not compatible with a suc­
cessive duration, as we clearly and distinctly perceive that it is
not, then it remains, that some being, though infinitely above
our finite comprehensions, must have had an identical, inva­
riable continuance from all eternity, which being is no other
than God. Bentley's Sermons.

IDE’NTITY. n. s. [identité, French; identitas, school Latin.]
Sameness; not diversity.
There is a fallacy of equivocation from a society in name,
inferring an identity in nature: by this fallacy was he deceived
that drank aqua-fortis for strong water. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Certainly those actions must needs be regular, where there
is an identity between the rule and the faculty. South's Serm.
Considering any thing as existing, at any determined time
and place, we compare it with itself existing at another time,
and thereon form the ideas of identity and diversity. Locke.
It cuts off the sense at the end of every first line, which
must always rhime to the next following, and consequently
produces too frequent an identity in sound, and brings every
couplet to the point of an epigram. Prior.

IDES. n. s. [ides, Fr. idus, Lat.] A term anciently used among the
Romans, and still retained in the Romish kalendar. It is the
13th day of each month, except in the months of March,
May, July and October, in which it is the 15th day, because
in these four months it was six days before the nones, and in
the others four days. Trevoux.
A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March. Shakesp.

IDIO’CRASY. n. s. [idiocrase, French; ἴδι and ϰρᾶσις.]
Peculiarity of constitution.

IDIOCRA’TICAL. adj. [from idiocrasy.] Peculiar in consti­
tution.

I’DIOCY. n. s. [ἰδιωία.] Want of understanding.
I stand not upon their idiocy in thinking that horses did eat
their bits. Bacon's Holy War.

I’DIOM. n. s. [idiome, French; ἰδίωμα.] A mode of speaking
peculiar to a language or dialect; the particular cast of a
tongue; a phrase; phraseology.
He did romanize our tongue, leaving the words translated
as much Latin as he found them; wherein he followed their
language, but did not comply with the idiom of ours. Dryden.
Some that with care true eloquence shall teach,
And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech. Prior.

IDIOMA’TICAL. adj. [from idiom.] Peculiar to a tongue;
phraseological.

IDIOMA’TICK. adj. [from idiom.] Peculiar to a tongue;
phraseological.
Since phrases used in conversation contract meanness by
passing through the mouths of the vulgar, a poet should guard
himself against idiomatick ways of speaking. Spectator.

IDIO’PATHY. n. s. [idiopathie, Fr. ἴδι and ϖάθ.] A primary
disease that neither depends on nor proceeds from another. Qui.

IDIOSY’NCRASY. n. s. [idiosynacrase, Fr. ἴδι, σύν, and ϰϱᾶσις.]
A peculiar temper or disposition not common to another. Qui.
Whether quails, from any idiosyncrasy or peculiarity of con­
stitution, do innocuously feed upon hellebore, or rather some­
times but medicinally use the same. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
The understanding also hath its idiosyncrasies, as well as
other faculties. Glanv. Sceps. c. 15.

I’DIOT. n. s. [idiote, Fr. idiota, Latin; ἰδιώτης.] A fool; a
natural; a changeling; one without the powers of reason.
Life is a tale,
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
What else doth he herein, than by a kind of circumlocu­
tion tell his humble suppliants that he holds them idiots, or
base wretches, not able to get relief? Raleigh's Essays.
By idle boys and idiots vilify'd,
Who me and my calamities deride. Sandys.
Many idiots will believe that they see what they only
hear. Dennis.

I’DIOTISM. n. s. [idiotisme, French; ἰδιωισμὸς.]
1. Peculiarity of expression; mode of expression peculiar to a
language.
Scholars sometimes in common speech, or writing, in their
native language, give terminations and idiotisms suitable to
their native language unto words newly invented. Hale.
2. Folly; natural imbecillity of mind.

IDL

I’DLE. adj. [ydel, Saxon.]
1. Lazy; averse from labour.
For shame, so much to do, and yet idle. Bull.
2. Not busy; at leisure.
For often have you writ to her; and she in modesty,
Or else for want of idle time, could not again reply. Shak.
3. Unactive; not employed.
No war or battle's sound
Was heard the world around,
The idle spear and shield were high up hung. Milton.
Children generally hate to be idle; all the care then is, that
their busy humour should be constantly employed in something
of use to them. Locke.
Supposing, among a multitude embarked in the same vessel,
there are several that, in the fury of a tempest, will rather
perish than work for their preservation; would it not be mad­
ness in the rest to stand idle, and rather chuse to sink than do
more than comes to their share? Addison.
4. Useless; vain; ineffectual.
They astonish'd, all resistance lost,
All courage; down their idle weapons dropp'd. Milton.
And threatning France, plac'd like a painted Jove,
Held idle thunder in his lifted hand. Dryden.
Where was then
The power that guards the sacred lives of kings?
Why slept the lightning and the thunderbolts,
Or bent their idle rage on fields and trees,
When vengeance call'd 'em here? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
5. Worthless; barren; not productive of good.
Suffice it then, thou money god, quoth he,
That all thine idle offers I refuse;
All that I need I have: what needeth me
To covet more than I have cause to use? Fairy Queen.
Of antres vast, and desarts idle,
It was my hent to speak. Shakespeare's Othello.
The murmuring surge,
That on th' unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes,
Cannot be heard so high. Shakesp. King Lear.


He was met even now,
Crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds,
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
In our sustaining corn. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. Trifling; of no importance: as, an idle story.
This answer is both idle in regard of us, and also repugnant
to themselves. Hooker.
They are not, in our estimation, idle reproofs, when the
authors of needless innovations are opposed with such nega­
tives, as that of Leo: how are these new devices brought in,
which our fathers never knew? Hooker, b. ii.
His friend smil'd scornful, and, with proud contempt,
Rejects as idle what his fellow dreamt. Dryden.
An idle reason lessens the weight of the good ones you gave
before. Swift.
How ill he wishes to recall the precious hours he has spent
in trifles, and loitered away in idle unprofitable diversions.
Rogers's Sermons.

To IDLE. v. n. [from the adjective.] To lose time in laziness
and inactivity.
Yet free from this poetick madness,
Next page he says, in sober sadness,
That she and all her fellow-gods
Sit idling in their high abodes. Prior.

IDLEHE’ADED. adj. [idle and head.] Foolish; unreasonable.
These idleheaded seekers resorted thither. Carew.
Upon this loss she fell idleheaded, and to this very day stands
near the place still. L'Estrange.

I’DLENESS. n. s. [from idle.]
1. Laziness; sloth; sluggishness; aversion from labour.
Nor is excess the only thing by which sin mauls and breaks
men in their health, and the comfortable enjoyment of them­
selves thereby; but many are also brought to a very ill and
languishing habit of body by mere idleness, and idleness is both
itself a great sin, and the cause of many more. South's Serm.
2. Absence of employment.
All which yet could not make us accuse her, though it made
us pine away for spight, to lose any of our time in so trouble­
some an idleness. Sidney, b. ii.
To the English court assemble now,
From ev'ry region, apes of idleness. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He fearing idleness, the nurse of ill,
In sculpture exercis'd his happy skill. Dryden's Ovid.
Nature being liberal to all without labour, necessity im­
posing no industry or travel, idleness bringeth forth no other
fruits than vain thoughts and licentious pleasures. Raleigh.
3. Omission of business.
Ten thousand harms, more than the ills I know,
My idleness doth hatch. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
4. Unimportance; trivialness.
5. Inefficacy; uselessness.
6. Barrenness; worthlessness.
7. Unreasonableness; want of judgment; foolishness; madness.
There is no heat of affection but is joined with some idle­
ness of brain. Bacon's War with Spain.

I’DLER. n. s. [from idle.] A lazy person; a sluggard.
Many of these poor fishermen and idlers, that are common­
ly presented to his majesty's ships, are so ignorant in sea-service
as that they know not the name of a rope. Raleigh.
Thou sluggish idler, dilatory slave. Irene.

I’DLY. adv. [from idle.]
1. Lazily; without employment.
I will slay myself,
For living idly here in pomp and ease. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. Foolishly; in a trifling manner.
And modern Asgil, whose capricious thought
Is yet with stores of wilder notions fraught,
Too soon convinc'd, shall yield that fleeting breath,
Which play'd so idly with the darts of death. Prior.
3. Carelesly; without attention.
This from rumour's tongue
I idly heard; if true or false, I know not. Shakes. K. John.
But shall we take the muse abroad,
To drop her idly on the road?
And leave our subject in the middle,
As Butler did his bear and fiddle? Prior.
4. Ineffectually; vainly.
Let this and other allegations, suitable unto it, cease to bark
any longer idly against the truth, the course and passage where­
of it is not in them to hinder. Hooker.

IDO

I’DOL. n. s. [idole, French; ἔιδωλον; idolum, Latin.]
1. An image worshipped as God.
They did sacrifice upon the idol altar, which was upon the
altar of God. 1 Mac. i. 59.
A nation from one faithful man to spring,
Him on this side Euphrates yet residing,
Bred up in idol worship. Milton's Parad. Lost.
The apostle is there arguing against the gnosticks who joined
in the idol feasts, and whom he therefore accuses of partici­
pating of the idol god. Atterbury.
2. A counterfeit.
Woe to the idol shepherd that leaveth the flock. Zech. ii. 17.
3. An image.
Never did art so well with nature strive,
Nor ever idol seem'd so much alive;
So like the man, so golden to the sight;
So base within, so counterfeit and light. Dryden.
4. A representation.
Men beholding so great excellence,
And rare perfection in mortality,
Do her adore with sacred reverence,
As th' idol of her maker's great magnificence. Fairy Qu.
5. One loved or honoured to adoration.
He's honoured and lov'd by all;
The soldiers god, and people's idol. Denham's Sophy.

IDO’LATER. n. s. [idolatre, French; idololatra, Latin.] One
who pays divine honours to images; one who worships for
God that which is not God.
The state of idolaters is two ways miserable: first, in that
which they worship they find no succour; and secondly, at
his hands, whom they ought to serve, there is no other thing
to be looked for but the effects of most just displeasure, the
withdrawing of grace, dereliction in this world, and in the
world to come confusion. Hooker.
An astrologer may be no Christian; he may be an idolater
or a pagan; but I would hardly think astrology to be com­
patible with rank atheism. Bentley's Sermons.

To IDO’LATRIZE. v. a. [from idolater.] To worship idols. Ains.

IDO’LATROUS. adj. [from idolater.] Tending to idolatry;
comprising idolatry, or the worship of false gods.
Neither may the pictures of our Saviour, the apostles, and
martyrs of the church, be drawn to an idolatrous use, or be
set up in churches to be worshipped. Peacham on Drawing.

IDO’LATROUSLY. adv. [from idolatrous.] In an idolatrous
manner.
Not therefore whatsoever idolaters have either thought or
done; but let whatsoever they have either thought or done
idolatrously, be so far forth abhorred. Hooker.

IDO’LATRY. n. s. [idolatrie, Fr. idololatria, Lat.] The worship of
images; the worship of any thing as God which is not God.
Thou shalt be worshipp'd, kiss'd, lov'd and ador'd;
And, were there sense in his idolatry,
My substance should be statued in thy stead. Shakespeare.
Idolatry is not only an accounting or worshipping that for
God which is not God, but it is also a worshipping the true
God in a way wholly unsuitable to his nature; and particu­
larly by the mediation of images and corporeal resemblances.
South's Sermons.
The kings were distinguished by judgments or blessings,
according as they promoted idolatry, or the worship of the
true God. Addison's Spectator.

I’DOLIST. n. s. [from idol.] A worshipper of images. A poeti­
cal word.
I to God have brought
Dishonour, obloquy, and op'd the mouths
Of idolists and atheists. Milton's Agonistes.

To I’DOLIZE. v. a. [from idol.] To love or reverence to ado­
ration.
Those who are generous, humble, just and wise,
Who not their gold, nor themselves idolize. Denham.
Parties, with the greatest violation of Christian unity, de­
nominate themselves, not from the grand author and finisher
of our faith, but from the first broacher of their idolized opi­
nions. Decay of Piety.

IDO’NEOUS. adj. [idoneus, Latin.] Fit; proper; convenient;
adequate.
You entangle, and so fix their saline part, by making them
corrode some idoneous body. Boyle.
An ecclesiastical benefice is sometimes void de jure & facto,
and then it ought to be conferred on an idoneous person. Ayliffe.

I’DYL. n. s. [εἰδυλλιον; idyllium, Latin.] A small short poem.

I. E. for id est, or that is.
That which raises the natural interest of money, is the same
that raises the rent of land, i. e. its aptness to bring in yearly,
to him that manages it, a greater overplus of income above
his rent, as a reward to his labour. Locke.

JEA

JE’ALOUS. adj. [jaloux, French.]
1. Suspicious in love.
To both these sisters have I sworn my love:
Each jealous of the other, as the stung
Are of the adder. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Wear your eye thus; not jealous, nor secure:
I would not have your free and noble nature,
Out of self-bounty, be abus'd: look to't. Shak. Othello.
Mistress Ford, the honest woman, the modest wife, the
virtuous creature, that hath the jealous fool to her husband.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
A jealous empress lies within your arms,
Too haughty to endure neglected charms. Dryd. Aurengz.
2. Emulous; full of competition.
I could not, without extreme reluctance, resign the theme
of your beauty to another hand: give me leave to acquaint
the world that I am jealous of this subject. Dryden.


3. Zealously cautious against dishonour.
I have been very jealous for the Lord God of hosts. 1 Kings.
4. Suspiciously vigilant.
I am jealous over you with godly jealousy. 2 Cor. ii. 2.
His apprehensions, as his jealous nature had much of saga­
city in it, or his restless and mutinous humour, transported
him. Clarendon, b. viii.
5. Suspiciously careful.
Although he were a prince in military virtue approved, and
jealous of the honour of the English nation; yet his cruelties
and parricides weighed down his virtues. Bacon's Henry VII.
They jealous of their secrets, fiercely oppos'd
My journey strange, with clamorous uproar
Protesting fate supreme. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute,
and yet how maliciously prodigal of other mens. Dec. of Piety.
6. Suspiciously fearful.
'Tis doing wrong creates such doubts as these;
Renders us jealous, and destroys our peace. Waller.
While the people are so jealous of the clergy's ambition, I
do not see any other method left for them to reform the world,
than by using all honest arts to make themselves acceptable
to the laity. Swift.

JE’ALOUSLY. adv. [from jealous.] Suspiciously; emulously;
with suspicious fear, vigilance, or caution.

JE’ALOUSNESS. n. s. [from jealous.] The state of being jealous;
rivalry; suspicion; suspicious vigilance.
Nor is it hard for thee to preserve me amidst the unjust ha­
tred and jealousness of too many, which thou hast suffered to
prevail upon me. King Charles.

JE’ALOUSY. n. s. [jalousie, French, from jealous.]
1. Suspicion in love.
But gnawing jealousy, out of their sight
Sitting alone, his bitter lips did bite. Fairy Queen.
The sweet woman leads an ill life with him; he's a very
jealousy man. Shakespeare.
How all the other passions fleet to air,
As doubtful thoughts, and rash embrac'd despair;
And shudd ring fear, and green-ey'd jealousy!
O love, be moderate; allay thy extasy. Shakespeare.
Why did you suffer Jachimo,
Slight thing of Italy,
To taint his noble heart and brain
With needless jealousy? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Small jealousies, 'tis true, inflame desire;
Too great, not fan, but quite blow out the fire. Dryden.
2. Suspicious fear.
The obstinacy in Essex, in refusing to treat with the king,
proceeded only from his jealousy, that when the king had got
him into his hands, he would take revenge upon him. Clarend.
3. Suspicious caution, vigilance, or rivalry.

To JEER. v. n. [Of uncertain etymology.] To scoff; to
flout; to make mock.
The merry world did on a day,
With his trainbands and mates, agree
To meet together where I lay,
And all in sport to jeer at me. Herbert.
Abstain from dissolute laughter, petulant uncomely jests,
loud talking, and jeering, which are called indecencies and
incivilities. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To JEER. v. a. To treat with scoffs.
My children abroad are driven to disavow me, for fear of
being jeered. Howel's England's Tears.

JEER. n. s. [from the verb.] Scoff; taunt; biting jest; flout;
jibe; mock.
Midas, expos'd to all their jeers,
Had lost his art, and kept his ears. Swift.
They tipt the forehead in a jeer,
As who should say—she wants it here;
She may be handsome, young and rich;
But none will burn her for a witch. Swift.

JE’ERER. n. s. [from jeer.] A scoffer; a scorner; a mocker.

JE’ERINGLY. adj. [from jeering.] Scornfully; contemptu­
ously; in mock; in scoff.
He jeeringly demandeth, whether the sonorous rays are re­
fracted? Derham's Physico-Theology.

JE’GGET. n. s. A kind of sausage. Ainsworth.

JEHO’VAH. n. s. [יהוה.] The proper name of God in the He­
brew language.

JEJ

JEJU’NE. adj. [jejunus, Latin.]
1. Wanting; empty; vacant.
Gold is the only substance which hath nothing in it vola­
tile, and yet melteth without much difficulty: the melting
sheweth that it is not jejune, or scarce in spirit. Bacon.
2. Hungry; not saturated.
In gross and turbid streams there might be contained nutri­
ment, and not jejune or limpid water. Brown's Vulgar Err.
3. Dry; unaffecting.
You may look upon an inquiry made up of meer narra­
tives, as somewhat jejune. Boyle.

JEJU’NENESS. n. s. [from jejune.]
1. Penury; poverty.
There are three causes of fixation: the even spreading both
parts, and the jejuneness or extreme comminution of spirits.
Bacon's Natural History.
2. Dryness; want of matter that can engage the attention.

JE’LLIED. adj. [See GELLY.] Glutinous; brought to a state
of viscosity.
The kiss that sips
The jellied philtre of her lips. Cleaveland.

JE’LLY. n. s. [gelatinum, Latin. See GELLY, which is the
proper orthography.]
1. Any thing brought to a state of glutinousness and viscosity.
They, distill'd
Almost to jelly with th' effect of fear,
Stand dumb, and speak not to him. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Sweetmeat made by boiling sugar in the gelly.
The desert came on, and jellies brought. King.
That jelly's rich, this malmsey healing;
Pray dip your whiskers. Pope's Sat. of Horace.

JE’NNETING. n. s. [corrupted from Juneting, an apple ripe in
June.] A species of apple soon ripe, and of a pleasant
taste. Mortimer's Husbandry.

JE’NNET. n. s. [See GENNET.] A Spanish horse.
The Spanish king presents a jennet,
To shew his love. Prior.

To JE’OPARD. v. a. [See JEOPARDY.] To hazard; to put
in danger. Obsolete.
He had been accused of Judaism, and did boldly jeopard his
body and life for the religion of the Jews. 2 Mac. xiv. 38.

JE’OPARDOUS. adj. [from jeopardy.] Hazardous; dangerous.

JE’OPARDY. n. s. [This word is supposed to be derived from
j'ai perdu, or jeu perdu. Skinner and Junius.] Hazard; dan­
ger; peril. A word not now in use.
And would ye not poor fellowship expel,
Myself would offer you t' accompany,
In this adventure's chanceful jeopardy. Hubberd's Tale.
Thy rage shall burn thee up, and thou shalt turn
To ashes ere our blood shall quench that fire:
Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy. Shakesp. K. John.
This colour will be reprehended or encountered, by im­
puting to all excellencies in compositions a kind of poverty,
or at least a casualty or jeopardy. Bacon.

To JERK. v. a. [gereccan, Saxon.] To strike with a quick
smart blow; to lash. It is sometimes written yerk.
I lack iniquity
Sometimes to do me service: nine or ten times
I thought to've jerk'd him here under the ribs. Shakes. Othel.
Bastings heavy, dry, obtuse,
Only dulness can produce;
While a little gentle jerking
Sets the spirits all a working. Swift.

To JERK. v. n. To strike up; to accost eagerly. This seems
to be the meaning in this place, but is mere cant.
Nor blush, should he some grave acquaintance meet;
But, proud of being known, will jerk and greet. Dryden.

JERK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A smart quick lash.
Contemn the silly taunts of fleering buffoonry; and the
jerks of that wit, that is but a kind of confident folly. Glanv.
Wit is not the jerk or sting of an epigram, nor the seeming
contradiction of a poor antithesis; neither is it so much the
morality of a grave sentence, affected by Lucan, but more
sparingly used by Virgil. Dryden.
2. A sudden spring; a quick jolt that shocks or starts.
Well run Tawney, the abbot's churl;
His jade gave him a jerk,
As he would have his rider hurl
His hood after the kirk. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
Lobsters use their tails as fins, wherewith they commonly
swim backwards by jerks or springs, reaching ten yards at
once. Grew.

JE’RKEN. n. s. [cyrtelkin, Saxon.] A jacket; a short coat; a
close waistcoat.
A man may wear it on both sides, like a leather jerkin. Shak.
Mistress Line, is not this my jerkin? Now is the jerkin un­
der the line: now, jerkin, you are like to lose your hair, and
prove a bald jerkin. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Unless we should expect that nature should make jerkins and
stockings grow out of the ground, what could she do better
than afford us so fit materials for clothing as the wool of the
sheep? More's Antidote against Atheism.
Imagine an ambassador presenting himself in a poor frize
jerkin, and tattered cloaths, certainly he would have but small
audience. South's Sermons.
Then strip thee of thy carnal jerkin,
And give thy outward fellow a ferkin. Hudibras, p. ii.
I walked into the sea, in my leathern jerkin, about an hour
before high water. Gulliver's Travels.

JE’RKIN. n. s. A kind of hawk. Ainsworth. This should be
written gyrkin.

JE’RSEY. n. s. [from the island of Jersey, where much yarn is
spun.] Fine yarn of wool.

JES

JESS. n. s. [gecte, French; getto, Italian.] Short straps of lea­
ther tied about the legs of a hawk, with which she is held on
the fist. Hanmer.


If I prove her haggard,
Though that my jesses were her dear heartstrings,
I'd whistle her off, and let her down the wind
To prey at fortune. Shakespeare's Othello.

JE’SSAMINE. n. s. [See JASMINE.] A fragrant flower.
Her goodly bosom, like a strawberry bed;
Her neck, like to a bunch of cullambines;
Her breast like lillies, ere their leaves be shed;
Her nipples, like young blossom'd jessamines. Spenser.

JERU’SALEM Artichokes. n. s. Sunflower, of which they
are a species.
Jerusalem artichokes are increased by small off-sets, and by
quartering the roots. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To JEST. v. n. [gesticulor, Latin.] To divert or make merry
by words or actions.
Jest not with a rude man, lest thy ancestors be disgraced.
Ecclus. viii. 4.
Fear you the boar, and go so unprovided?
—You may jest on; but
I do not like these several councils. Shakesp. Rich. III.

JEST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Any thing ludicrous, or meant only to raise laughter.
But is this true, or is it else your pleasure,
Like pleasant travellers to break a jest
Upon the company you overtake? Shakespeare.
As for jest, there be certain things which ought to be pri­
vileged from it; namely, religion, matters of state, and great
persons. Bacon's Essays.
No man ought to have the less reverence for the principles
of religion, or for the holy Scriptures, because idle and pro­
fane wits can break jests upon them. Tillotson's Sermons.
He had turn'd all tragedy to jest. Prior.
2. The object of jests; laughing-stock.
If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at me;
then let me be your jest, I deserve it. Shak. Mer. W. of Winds.
3. Manner of doing or speaking feigned, not real; ludicrous,
not serious; game, not earnest.
That high All-seer, which I dallied with,
Hath turn'd my feigned prayer on my head,
And giv'n in earnest what I begg'd in jest. Shakesp. R. III.
When his play-fellows chose him their king, he spoke and
did those things in jest, which would have become a king
in earnest. Grew's Cosmol.

JE’STER. n. s. [from jest.]
1. One given to merriment and pranks.
The skipping king, he rambled up and down
With shallow jesters, and rash bavin wits;
Soon kindled, and soon burnt. Shakesp. Henry IV.
2. One given to sarcasm.
Now, as a jester, I accost you,
Which never yet one friend has lost you. Swift.
3. Buffoon; jackpudding.
Another sort of like loose fellows do pass up and down,
amongst gentlemen, by the name of jesters; but are, indeed,
notable rogues, and partakers not only of many stealths, but
also privy to many traitorous practices. Spenser on Ireland.

JET

JET. n. s. [gagat, Saxon; get, Dutch; gagates, Latin.]
1. Jet is a very beautiful fossil, of a firm and very even struc­
ture, and of a smooth surface; found in masses, seldom of a
great size, lodged in clay. It is of a fine deep black colour,
having a grain resembling that of wood. The ancients re­
commend jet in medicine; but it is now used only in toys. It is
confounded with cannal-coal, which has no grain, and is ex­
tremely hard; and the jet is but moderately so. Hill.
Black, forsooth; coal-black, as jet. Shakesp. Henry VI.
There is more difference between thy flesh and hers, than
between jet and ivory. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The bottom clear,
Now laid with many a fet
Of seed-pearl, ere she bath'd her there,
Was known as black as jet. Drayton.
One of us in glass is set,
One of us you'll find in jet. Swift.
Under flowing jet,
Of sunny ringlets, or of circling brown,
The neck slight shaded. Thomson's Summer.
2. [Jet, French.] A spout or shoot of water.
Prodigious 'tis, that one attractive ray
Should this way bend, the next an adverse way!
For should th' unseen magnetick jets descend
All the same way, they could not gain their end.
Blackmore's Creation.
Thus the small jet, which hasty hands unlock,
Spurts in the gard'ner's eyes who turns the cock. Pope.
3. A yard. Obsolete.
What orchard unrobbed escapes?
Or pullet dare walk in their jet. Tusser's Husbandry.

To JET. v. n. [jetter, French.]
1. To shoot forward; to shoot out; to intrude; to jut out.
Think you not how dangerous
It is to jet upon a prince's right? Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
2. To strut; to agitate the body by a proud gait.
Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of him: how he
jets under his advanced plumes. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
3. To jolt; to be shaken. [Jetter, French.]
Upon the jetting of a hackney-coach she was thrown out
of the hinder seat against a bar of iron in the forepart. Wisem.

JE’TSAM. n. s. [jetter, French.] Goods or other things
which, having been cast over board in a storm, or
after shipwreck, are thrown upon the shore, and belong to the
lord admiral. Bailey.

JE’TSON. n. s. [jetter, French.] Goods or other things
which, having been cast over board in a storm, or
after shipwreck, are thrown upon the shore, and belong to the
lord admiral. Bailey.

JE’TTY. adj. [from jet.]
1. Made of jet.
2. Black as jet.
The people about Capo Negro, Cefala, and Madagascar,
are of a jetty black. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Her hair
Adown her shoulders loosely lay display'd,
And in her jetty curls ten thousand Cupids play'd. Prior.
Nigrina black, and Merdamante brown,
Vied for his love in jetty bow'rs below. Pope's Dunciad.

JEW

JE’WEL. n. s. [joyaux, French; jeweelen, Dutch.]
1. Any ornament of great value, used commonly of such as are
adorned with precious stones.
Here, wear this jewel for me; 'tis my picture. Shakes.
They found him dead, and cast into the streets,
An empty casket, where the jewel, life,
By some damn'd hand was robb'd and ta'en away. Shakes.
The pleasure of the religious man is an easy and a portable
pleasure, such an one as he carries about in his bosom, without
alarming either the eye or envy of the world: a man putting
all his pleasures into this one, is like a traveller's putting all
his goods into one jewel. South.
2. A precious stone; a gem.
Jewels too, stones, rich and precious stones,
Stol'n by my daughter! Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Proud fame's imperial seat
With jewels blaz'd, magnificently great. Pope.
3. A name of fondness; an appellation of tender regard.
Bid farewel to your sisters.
—Ye jewels of our father, with wash'd eyes
Cordelia leaves you. Shakespeare's King Lear.

JEWEL-HOUSE, or Office. n. s. The place where the regal or­
naments are reposited.
The king has made him
Master of the jewel-house. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

JE’WELLER. n. s. [from jewel.] One who trafficks in pre­
cious stones.
These grains were as like little dice as if they had been
made by a jeweller. Boyle.
The price of the market to a jeweller in his trade is one
thing; but the intrinsick worth of a thing to a man of sense is
another. L'Estrange.
I will turn jeweller: I shall then deal in diamonds, and all
sorts of rich stones. Addison.

JEWS-EARS. n. s. [from its resemblance of the human ear.
Skinner.] A fungus, tough and thin; and naturally, while
growing, of a rumpled figure, like a flat and variously hol­
lowed cup; from an inch to two inches in length, and about
two thirds of its length in breadth. Its sides are undulated,
and in many places run into the hollow, so as to represent in
it ridges like those of the human ear. Its substance is tough
like leather, and its colour very dark. It is light when dry, of
a disagreeable smell and nauseous taste. It generally grows on
the lower parts of the trunks of elder-trees, especially where
they are decaying. It is not much used by physicians; but
the common people cure themselves of sore throats with a de­
coction of it in milk. Hill's Mat. Med.
An herb called jews-ear groweth upon the lower parts of
elder, and sometimes ashes: in warm water it swelleth, and
openeth extremely. Bacon's Natural History.

JEWS-MALLOW. n. s. [corchorus, Latin.]
The leaves are produced alternately at the joints of the
stalks: the flower has five leaves, which expand in form of a
rose: the pointal of the flower becomes a cylindrical fruit,
divided into five cells, filled with angular seeds. Ranwolf
says it is sown in great plenty about Aleppo as a pot-herb, the
Jews boiling the leaves of this plant to eat it with their
meat. Miller.

JEWS-STONE. n. s. An extraneous fossil, being the cla­
vated spine of a very large egg-shaped sea-urchin, petri­
fied by long lying in the earth. It is of a regular figure,
oblong and rounded, swelling in the middle, and gradually
tapering to each end; generally about three quarters of an
inch in length, and half an inch in diameter. It is ridged and
furrowed alternately, in a longitudinal direction; and its co­
lour is a pale dusky grey, with a faint cast of dusky redishness.
It is found in Syria, lodged in a loose sandy stone, or a marly
very hard earth. It is diuretick; but has been falsely recom­
mended as a lithontriptick. Hill's Mat. Med.

JEWS-HARP. n. s. A kind of musical instrument held between
the teeth, which gives a sound by the motion of a broad


spring of iron, which, being struck by the hand, plays against
the breath.

IF. conjunction. [gif, Saxon.]
1. Suppose that; allowing that. A hypothetical particle.
Absolute approbation, without any cautions, qualifications,
ifs or ands. Hooker, Preface.
If that rebellion
Came like itself, in base and abject routs;
I say, if damn'd commotion so appear'd,
In his true, native, and most proper shape,
You, reverend father, and these noble lords,
Had not been here. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
If they have done this deed, my noble lord.
—If! talk'st thou to me of ifs? Thou art a traitor. Shak.
This seeing of all things, because we can desire to see all
things, he makes a proof that they are present to our minds;
and if they be present, they can no ways be present but by
the presence of God, who contains them all. Locke.
This is only an infallibility upon supposition, which amounts
to this, that if a thing be true, it is impossible to be false.
Tillotson's Sermons, Preface.
All of them suppose the apostle to have allowed the Epicu­
rean maxim to be good; if so be there were no resurrec­
tion. Atterbury's Sermons, Preface.
Tisiphone, that oft hast heard my pray'r,
Assist, if Oedipus deserve thy care. Pope's Statius.
2. Whether or no.
Uncertain if by augury, or chance;
But by this easy rise they all advance. Dryden.
She doubts if two and two make four:
It can't—it may be—and it must;
To which of these must Alma trust?
Nay, further yet they make her go,
In doubting if she doubts or no. Prior.
3. Though I doubt whether; suppose it be granted that.
Such mechanical circumstances, if I may so call them, were
not necessary to the experiments. Boyle.

IGN

I’GNEOUS. adj. [igneus, Latin.] Firy; containing fire; emit­
ting fire; having the nature of fire.
That the fire burns by heat, leaves us still ignorant of the
immediate way of igneous solutions. Glanv. Sceps. c. 20.

IGNI’POTENT. adj. [ignis and potens, Latin.] Presiding over
fire. Pope's Homer.

I’GNIS FA’TUUS. n. s. [Latin.] Will with the wisp; Jack
with the lanthorn.
Vapours arising from putrified waters are usually called
ignes fatui. Newton's Opt.

To I’GNITE. v. a. [from ignis, fire, Latin.] To kindle; to
set on fire.
Take good firm chalk, ignite it in a crucible, and then
powder it. Grew's Musæum.

IGNI’TION. n. s. [ignition, French, from ignite.] The act of
kindling, or of setting on fire.
The laborant stirred the kindled nitre, that the ignition
might be presently communicated. Boyle.
Those black circular lines we see on dishes, and other turned
vessels of wood, are the effects of ignition, by the pressure of
an edged stick upon the vessel turned nimbly in the lathe. Ray.

IGNI’TIBLE. adj. [from ignite.] Inflammable; capable of being
set on fire.
Such bodies only strike fire which have sulphur or ignitible
parts. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IGNI’VOMOUS. adj. [ignivomus, Latin.] Vomiting fire.
Vulcanos and ignivomous mountains are some of the most
terrible shocks of the globe. Derham's Physico-Theology.

IGNO’BLE. adj. [ignoble, ignobilis, Latin.]
1. Mean of birth; not noble; not of illustrious race.
As when in tumults rise th' ignoble crowd,
Mad are their motions, and their tongues are loud. Dryden.
2. Worthless; not deserving honour. Used of things or persons.
The noble isle doth want her proper limbs;
Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants. Shak. Rich. III.

IGNO’BLY. adv. [from ignoble.] Ignominiously; meanly; dis­
honourably; reproachfully; disgracefully.
To these, that sober race of men, whose lives
Religious, titled them the sons of God,
Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame
Ignobly! Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Here, over-match'd in fight, in heaps they lie;
There scatter'd o'er the fields ignobly fly. Dryden's Æn.

IGNOMI’NIOUS. adj. [ignominieux, French; ignominiosus, Lat.
from ignominy.] Mean; shameful; reproachful; dishonour­
able. Used both of persons and things.
They with pale fear surpriz'd,
Fled ignominious. Milton.
Cethegus, though a traitor to the state,
And tortur'd, 'scap'd this ignominious fate. Dryden's Juven.
They gave, and she transferr'd the curs'd advice,
That monarchs should their inward soul disguise;
By ignominious arts, for servile ends,
Should compliment their foes, and shun their friends. Prior.
Nor has this kingdom deserved to be sacrificed to one single,
rapacious, obscure, ignominious projector. Swift.

IGNOMI’NIOUSLY. adv. [from ignominious.] Meanly; scan­
dalously; disgracefully; shamefully; reproachfully.
It is some allay to the infamy of him who died ignominiously
to be buried privately. South's Sermons.

I’GNOMINY. n. s. [ignominie, Fr. ignominia, Latin.] Dis­
grace; reproach; shame; infamy; meanness; dishonour.
Adieu, and take thy praise with thee to heav'n;
Thy ignominy sleep with thee in the grave. Shakesp. H. IV.
Strength from truth divided, and from just,
Illaudable, nought merits but dispraise
And ignominy; yet to glory aspires,
Vain-glorious, and through infamy seeks fame. Milton.
Their generals have been received with honour after their
defeat, yours with ignominy after conquest. Addison.

IGNORA’MUS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. Ignoramus is a word properly used by the grand inquest im­
pannelled in the inquisition of causes criminal and publick;
and written upon the bill, whereby any crime is offered to
their consideration, when they mislike their evidence as de­
fective, or too weak to make good the presentment: the
effect of which word so written is, that all farther inquiry
upon that party, for that fault, is thereby stopped, and he deli­
vered without farther answer. Cowel.
2. A foolish fellow; a vain uninstructed pretender. A low word.
Tell an ignoramus, in place and power, that he has a wit
and an understanding above all the world, and he shall readily
admit the commendation. South's Sermons.

I’GNORANCE. n. s. [ignorance, French; ignoratio, Latin.]
1. Want of knowledge; unskilfulness.
If all the clergy were as learned as themselves are that most
complain of ignorance in others, yet our book of prayer might
remain the same. Hooker, b. v.
Ignorance is the curse of God,
Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heav'n. Shakesp.
Still banish your defenders, 'till at length
Your ignorance deliver you,
As most abated captives, to some nation
That won you without blows! Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If he have power,
Then veil your ignorance; if none, awake
Your dangerous lenity. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If we see right, we see our woes;
Then what avails it to have eyes?
From ignorance our comfort flows,
The only wretched are the wise! Prior.
2. Want of knowledge discovered by external effect. In this
sense it has a plural.
Forgive us all our sins, negligences, and ignorances. C. Pray.
Punish me not for my sins and ignorances. Tob. iii. 2.

I’GNORANT. adj. [ignorant, French; ignorans, Latin.]
1. Wanting knowledge; unlearned; uninstructed; unen­
lightened.
So foolish was I and ignorant, I was as a beast. Ps. lxxiii. 22.
Thy letters have transported me beyond
This ign'rant present time, and I feel now
The future in the instant. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In such business
Action is eloquence, and the eyes of th' ignorant
More learned than the ears. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He that doth not know those things which are of use for him
to know, is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know be­
sides. Tillotson's Sermons.
Fools grant whate'er ambition craves,
And men, once ignorant, are slaves. Pope.
2. Unknown; undiscovered.
If you know aught, which does behove my knowledge
Thereof to be inform'd, imprison't not
In ignorant concealment. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
3. Without knowledge of some particular.
Let not judges be so ignorant of their own right, as to think
there is not left to them, as a principal part of their office, a
wise application of laws. Bacon's Essays.
O visions ill foreseen! Better had I
Liv'd ignorant of future! so had borne
My part of evil only. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
4. Unacquainted with. In a good sense.
Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame. Dryden.
5. Ignorantly made or done.
His shipping,
Poor ignorant baubles, on our terrible seas
Like egg-shells mov'd. Shakespeare.

I’GNORANT. n. s. One untaught, unlettered, uninstructed.
Did I for this take pains to teach
Our zealous ignorants to preach! Denham.

I’GNORANTLY. adv. [from ignorant.] Without knowledge;
unskilfully; without information.
The greatest and most cruel foes we have,
Are those whom you would ignorantly save. Dryden.
When a poet, an orator, or a painter has performed ad­


mirably, we sometimes mistake his blunders for beauties, and
are so ignorantly fond as to copy after them. Watts.

To IGNO’RE. v. a. [ignorer, French; ignoro, Latin.] Not to
know; to be ignorant of. This word Boyle endeavoured to
introduce; but it has not been received.
I ignored not the stricter interpretation, given by modern
criticks to divers texts, by me alleged. Boyle.
Philosophy would solidly be established, if men would more
carefully distinguish those things that they know from those
that they ignore. Boyle.

IGNO’SCIBLE. adj. [ignoscibilis, Latin.] Capable of par­
don. Dict.

JIG. n. s. [giga, Italian; geige, Teutonick, a fiddle.] A light
careless dance, or tune.
When Cyrus had overcome the Lydians, that were a war­
like nation, instead of their warlike musick, he appointed to
them certain lascivious lays and loose jigs; by which he so
mollified and abated their courage, that they forgot their for­
mer fierceness. Spenser on Ireland.
As fiddlers still,
Though they be paid to be gone, yet needs will
Thrust one more jig upon you. Donne.
Posterity shall know that you dare, in these jig given times,
to countenance a legitimate poem. Ben. Johnson.
All the swains that there abide,
With jigs and rural dance resort. Milton.
The muses blush'd to see their friends exalting
Those elegant delights of jig and vaulting. Fenton.
They wrote to her friends in the country, that she should
dance a jig next October in Westminsterhall. Arbuthnot.
Another Phœbus, thy own Phœbus reigns,
Joys in my jigs, and dances in my chains. Pope.

To JIG. v. n. [from the noun.] To dance carelesly; to dance.
Expressed in contempt.
As for the jigging part and figures of dances, I count that
little. Locke.

JI’G-MAKER. n. s. [jig and make.] One who dances or plays
merrily.
Your only jig-maker! what should a man do but be merry?
Shakespeare's Hamlet.

J’IGGUMBOB. n. s. [A cant word.] A trinket; a knick-knack;
a slight contrivance in machinery.
He rifled all his pokes and fobs
Of gimcracks, whims, and jiggumbobs. Hudibras, p. iii.

JILT. n. s. [gilia, Islandick, to intrap in an amour. Mr. Lye.
Perhaps from giglot, by contraction; or gillet, or gillot, the dimi­
nutive of gill, the ludicrous name for a woman. 'Tis also called
jillet in Scotland.]
1. A woman who gives her lover hopes, and deceives him.
Avoid both courts and camps,
Where dilatory fortune plays the jilt
With the brave, noble, honest, gallant man,
To throw herself away on fools. Otway's Orphan.
2. A name of contempt for a woman.
When love was all an easy monarch's care,
Jilts rul'd the state, and statesmen farces writ. Pope.

To JILT. v. a. [from the noun.] To trick a man by flattering
his love with hopes, and then leaving him for another.
Tell who loves who;
And who is jilted for another's sake. Dryden's Juvenal.
Tell a man, passionately in love, that he is jilted; bring a
score of witnesses of the falsehood of his mistress, and it is
ten to one but three kind words of hers shall invalidate all
their testimonies. Locke.
She might have learn'd to cuckold, jilt, and sham,
Had Covent-garden been at Surinam. Congreve.

To JI’NGLE. v. n. [A word made from jangle, or copied from
the sound intended to be expressed.] To clink; to sound
correspondently.
What should the wars do with these jingling fools? Shak.
With noises
Of roaring, shrieking, howling, jingling chains,
We were awak'd. Shakespeare's Tempest.
You ne'er with jingling words deceive the ear;
And yet, on humble subjects, great appear. Smith.
What crowds of these, impenitently bold,
In sounds and jingling syllables grown old! Pope.

JI’NGLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Correspondent sounds.
Vulgar judges are nine parts in ten of all nations, who call
conceits and jingles wit. Dryden's Fables, Preface.
2. Any thing sounding; a rattle; a bell.
If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them
with trifles and jingles, but use them justly. Bacon's Essays.

ILE

ILE. n. s. [corrupted from aisle, French.] A walk or alley in a
church or publick building. Properly aile.
Upward the columns shoot, the roofs ascend,
And arches widen, and long iles extend. Pope.

ILE. n. s. [aisle, French.] An ear of corn. Ainsworth.

ILE’US. n. s. [Latin.]
The consequences of inflammation is an ileus, commonly
called the twisting of the guts; but is really either a circum­
volution, or insertion of one part of the gut within the other.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

I’LEX. n. s. [Latin.]
The ilex, or great scarlet oak, thrives well in England, is
a hardy sort of tree, and easily raised of acorns. The Spa­
niards have a sort they call enzina; the wood of which, when
old, is finely chambletted, as if it were painted, and is useful
for stocks of tools, mallet-heads, chairs, axle-trees, wedges,
beetles, pins, and pallisadoes for fortifications, being very
hard and durable. Mortimer.

ILIAC. adj. [iliacus, Latin.] Relating to the lower bowels.
The iliac passion is a kind of convulsion in the belly.
Those who die of the iliac passion have their bellies much
swelled. Floyer on the Humours.

I’LIAC Passion. n. s. A kind of nervous cholick, whose
seat is the ilium, whereby that gut is twisted, or one
part enters the cavity of the part immediately below or above;
whence it is also called the volvulus, from volvo, to roll.

ILK. adv. [ealc, Saxon.] Eke; also. It is still retained in
Scotland, and denotes each: as, ilk ane of you, every one of
you. It also signifies the same; as, Macintosh of that ilk, de­
notes a gentleman whose surname and the title of his estate
are the same.
Shepherds, should it not yshend
Your roundels fresh, to hear a doleful verse
Of Rosalind, who knows not Rosalind,
That Colin made? ilk can I you rehearse. Spenser.

ILL

ILL. adj. [contracted from EVIL, and retaining all its senses.]
1. Bad in any respect; contrary to good, whether physical or
moral; evil. See EVIL.
There's some ill planet reigns;
I must be patient, 'till the heavens look
With an aspect more favourable. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
Of his own body he was ill, and gave
The clergy ill example. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat; but ill
ways, ill markets, and ill neighbours. Bacon's Essays.
Some, of an ill and melancholy nature, incline the com­
pany to be sad and ill-disposed: others, of a jovial nature,
dispose them to be merry. Bacon.
2. Sick; disordered; not in health. I know not that evil is ever
used in this sense.
You wish me health in very happy season;
For I am on the sudden something ill. Shakes. Henry IV.
I have known two towns of the greatest consequence lost,
by the governours falling ill in the time of the sieges. Temple.

ILL. n. s.
1. Wickedness.
Ill, to man's nature, as it stands perverted, hath a natural
motion strongest in continuance. Bacon.
Young men to imitate all ills are prone;
But are compell'd to avarice alone:
For then in virtue's shape they follow vice. Dryden's Juv.
Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still,
Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill. Dryden's Aureng.
2. Misfortune; misery.
Who can all sense of others ills escape,
Is but a brute at best in human shape. Tate's Juvenal.
Though plung'd in ills and exercis'd in care,
Yet never let the noble mind despair;
When prest by dangers, and beset with foes,
The gods their timely succour interpose;
And when our virtue sinks, o'erwhelm'd with grief,
By unforeseen expedients bring relief. A. Phillips.

ILL. adv.
1. Not well; not rightly in any respect.
Ill at ease, both she and all her train
The scorching sun had borne, and beating rain. Dryden.
2. Not easily.
Thou desir'st
The punishment all on thyself! alas!
Bear thine own first; ill able to sustain
His full wrath, whose thou feel'st as yet least part,
And my displeasure bear'st so ill. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Ill bears the sex a youthful lover's fate,
When just approaching to the nuptial state. Dryden.

ILL, substantive or adverb, is used in composition to express
any bad quality or condition, which may be easily understood
by the following examples.

ILL. substantive.
Dangerous conjectures in ill breeding minds. Shak. Hamlet.
I have an ill divining soul:
Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,
As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Shakespeare.
No look, no last adieu before he went!
In an ill boding hour to slaughter sent. Dryd. Æn.
I know
The voice ill boding, and the solemn sound. Phillips.
He may strew
The wisest prince on earth may be deceived by the craft of
ill designing men. Swift's Examiner.


Your ill meaning politician lords,
Under pretence of bridal friends and guests,
Appointed to await me thirty spies,
Who, threat'ning cruel death, constrain'd the bride
To wring from me and tell to them my secret. Milt. Agon.
A spy distinguish'd from his airy stand,
To bribe whose vigilance, Ægisthus told
A mighty sum of ill persuading gold. Pope's Odyssey.

ILL. adverb.
There sounded an ill according cry of the enemies, and a
lamentable noise was carried abroad. Wisd. xviii. 10.
My colleague,
Being so ill affected with the gout,
Will not be able to be there in person. Ben. Johns. Catil.
The danger of the day's but newly gone,
And the examples
Of every minute's instance, present now,
Have put us in these ill beseeming arms. Shakesp. H. IV.
Lead back thy Saxons to their ancient Elbe:
I would restore the fruitful Kent, the gift
Of Vortigern, or Hengist's ill bought aid. Dryd. K. Arthur.
We simple toasters take delight
To see our women's teeth look white;
And ev'ry saucy ill bred fellow
Sneers at a mouth profoundly yellow. Prior.
The ungrateful treason of her ill chosen husband overthrows
her. Sidney, b. ii.
Envy, how carefully does it look? How meagre and ill
complexioned? It preys upon itself, and exhausts the spirits.
Collier on Envy.
There grows,
In my most ill compos'd affection, such
A stanchless avarice, that, were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands. Shakes. Macb.
To what end this ill concerted lye,
Palpable and gross? Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Our generals at present are such as are likely to make the
best use of their numbers, without throwing them away on
any ill concerted projects. Addison on the War.
The second daughter was a peevish, froward, ill conditioned
creature as ever was. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
No Persian arras hides his homely walls
With antick vests, which, through their shady fold,
Betray the streaks of ill dissembled gold. Dryd. Virg. Geor.
You shall not find me, daughter,
After the slander of most step-mothers,
Ill ey'd unto you. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
I see thy sister's tears,
Thy father's anguish, and thy brother's death,
In the pursuit of our ill fated loves. Addison's Cato.
Others ill fated are condemn'd to toil
Their tedious life. Prior.
Plain and rough nature, left to itself, is much better than
an artificial ungratefulness, and such studied ways of being ill
fashioned. Locke.
Much better, when I find virtue in a fair lodging, than
when I am bound to seek it in an ill favoured creature, like a
pearl in a dunghill. Sidney.
Near to an old ill favoured castle they meant to perform
their unknightly errand. Sidney, b. ii.
O, what a world of vile ill favour'd faults
Look handsome in three hundred pounds a year! Shakesp.
If a man had but an ill favoured nose, the deep thinkers
would contrive to impute the cause to the prejudice of his edu­
cation. Swift.
I was at her house the hour she appointed.
——And you sped, sir?
——Very ill favouredly. Shakes. Merry Wives of Winds.
He shook him ill favouredly for the time, raging through
the very bowels of his country, and plundering all whereso­
ever he came. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
They would not make bold, as every where they do, to de­
stroy ill formed and mis-shaped productions. Locke.
The fabled dragon never guarded more
The golden fleece, than he his ill got store. Dryd. Juven.
Bid him employ his care for these my friends,
And make good use of his ill gotten power,
By shelt'ring men much better than himself. Addis. Cato.
Ill govern'd passions in a prince's breast,
Hazard his private and the publick rest. Waller.
That knowledge of theirs is very superficial and ill
grounded. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Ill grounded passions quickly wear away;
What's built upon esteem can ne'er decay. Walsh.
Hither, of ill join'd sons and daughters born,
First from the ancient world these giants came. Milton.
Nor has he erred above once by an ill judged superfluity.
Garth's Ovid.
Did you never taste delicious drink out of an ill looked
vessel? L'Estrange.
The match had been so ill made for Plexirtus, that his ill
led life would have tumbled to destruction, had there not come
fifty to his defence. Sidney, b. ii.
The works are weak, the garrison but thin,
Dispirited with frequent overthrows,
Already wavering on their ill mann'd walls. Dryden.
He will not hear me out!
Was ever criminal forbid to plead?
Curb their ill manner'd zeal. Dryden.
These are the product
Of those ill mated marriages thou saw'st,
Where good with bad were match'd. Milt. Parad. Lost.
It is impossible for the most ill minded, avaritious, or cun­
ning clergyman to do the least injustice to the meanest cot­
tager, in any bargain for tythes. Swift.
Soon as th' ill omen'd rumour reach'd his ear,
Who can describe th' amazement in his face! Dryden.
The eternal law of things must not be altered, to comply
with his ill ordered choice. Locke.
When you expose the scene,
Down the ill organ'd engines fall,
Off fly the vizards. Swift.
For Phthia fix'd is my return;
Better at home my ill paid pains to mourn,
Than from an equal here sustain the publick scorn. Dryden.
There motly images her fancy strike,
Figures ill pair'd, and similies unlike. Pope's Dunciad.
Sparta has not to boast of such a woman;
Nor Troy to thank her, for her ill plac'd love. Dryden.
I shall direct you better, a task for which I take myself not
to be ill qualified, because I have had more opportunities than
many others to observe what sources the follies of women are
derived from. Swift.
Actions are pleasing or displeasing, either in themselves, of
considered as a means to a greater and more desirable end: the
eating of a well seasoned dish, suited to a man's palate, may
move the mind, by the delight itself that accompanies the eat­
ing, without reference to any other end; to which the consi­
deration of the pleasure there is in health and strength may
add a new gust, able to make us swallow an ill relished po­
tion. Locke.
Blushes, ill restrain'd, betray
Her thoughts inventive on the bridal day;
The conscious sire the dawning blush survey'd,
And smiling thus bespoke the blooming maid. Pope's Odyss.
Behold the fruit of ill rewarded pain:
As many months as I sustain'd her hate,
So many years is she condemn'd by fate. Dryden.
The god inform'd
This ill shap'd body with a daring soul.
Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
There was plenty enough, but the dishes were ill sorted:
whole pyramids of sweetmeats for boys and women; but lit­
tle of solid meat for men. Dryden.
It does not belong to the priest's office to impose this name
in baptism: he may refuse to pronounce the same, if the pa­
rents give them ludicrous, filthy, or ill sounding names. Ayliffe.
Ill spirited Wor'ster, did we not send grace,
Pardon and terms of love to all of you? Shakesp. H. IV.
From thy foolish heart, vain maid, remove
An useless sorrow, and an ill starr'd love. Prior.
Ah, why th' ill suiting pastime must I try?
To gloomy care my thoughts alone are free:
Ill the gay sports with troubled hearts agree. Pope's Odyssey.
Holding of ill tasted things in the mouth will make a small
salivation. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii.
The maid, with downcast eyes, and mute with grief,
For death unfinish'd, and ill tim'd relief,
Stood sullen to her suit. Dryden's Ovid.
How should opinions, thus settled, be given up, if there be
any suspicion of interest or design, as there never fails to be,
where men find themselves ill treated? Locke.
That boldness and spirit which lads get amongst their play­
fellows at school, has ordinarily a mixture of rudeness and ill
turned confidence; so that these misbecoming and disingenu­
ous ways of shifting in the world must be unlearned. Locke.

IL, before words beginning with l, stands for in.

ILLA’CHRYMABLE. adj. [illachrymabilis, Latin.] Incapable of
weeping. Dict.

ILLA’PSE. n. s. [illapsus, Latin.]
1. Gradual immission or entrance of one thing into another.
As a piece of iron red hot, by reason of the illapse of the
fire into it, appears all over like fire; so the souls of the blessed,
by the illapse of the divine essence into them, shall be all over
divine. Norris.
2. Sudden attack; casual coming.
Life is oft preserved
By the bold swimmer in the swift illapse
Of accident disastrous. Thomson's Summer.



To ILLA’QUEATE. v. a. [illaqueo, Latin.] To entangle;
to entrap; to ensnare.
I am illaquated, but not truly captivated into an assent to
your conclusion. More's Divine Dialogues.

ILLAQUEA’TION. n. s. [from illaqueate.]
1. The act of catching or ensnaring.
The word in Mathew doth not only signify suspension, or
pendulous illaqueation, but also suffocation. Brown's Vul. Err.
2. A snare; any thing to catch.

ILLA’TION. n. s. [illatio, Latin.] Inference; conclusion drawn
from premises.
Herein there seems to be a very erroneous illation from the
indulgence of God unto Cain, concluding an immunity unto
himself. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Illation so orders the intermediate ideas as to discover what
connection there is in each link of the chain, whereby the ex­
tremes are held together. Locke.

I’LLATIVE. adj. [illatus, Latin.] Relating to illation or con­
clusion.
In common discourse or writing such causal particles as
for, because, manifest the act of reasoning as well as the
illative particles then and therefore. Watts.

ILLA’UDABLE. adj. [illaudabilis, Latin.] Unworthy of praise
or commendation.
Strength from truth divided and from just,
Illaudable, nought merits but dispraise. Milton's Par. Lost.

ILLA’UDABLY. adv. [from illaudable.] Unworthily; without
deserving praise.
It is natural for all people to form, not illaudably, too fa­
vourable a judgment of their own country. Broome.

ILLE’GAL. adj. [in and legalis, Latin.] Contrary to law.
No patent can oblige the subject against law, unless an il­
legal patent passed in one kingdom can bind another, and not
itself. Swift.

ILLEGA’LITY. n. s. [from illegal.] Contrariety to law.
He wished them to consider what votes they had passed, of
the illegality of all those commissions, and of the unjustifiable­
ness of all the proceedings by virtue of them. Clarendon.

ILLE’GALLY. adv. [from illegal.] In a manner contrary to
law.

ILLE’GIBLE. adj. [in and legibilis, from lego, Latin.] What
cannot be read.
The secretary poured the ink-box all over the writings, and
so defaced them that they were made altogether illegible. Howel.

ILLEGI’TIMACY. n. s. [from illegitimate.] State of bastardry.

ILLEGI’TIMATE. adj. [in and legitimus, Latin.] Unlawfully
begotten; not begotten in wedlock.
Grieve not at your state;
For all the word is illegitimate. Cleaveland.
Being illegitimate, I was deprived of that endearing tenderness
and uncommon satisfaction, which a good man finds in the
love and conversation of a parent. Addison's Spectator.

ILLEGI’TIMATELY. adv. [from illegitimate.] Not in wed­
lock.

ILLEGITIMA’TION. n. s. [from illegitimate.] The state of one
not begotten in wedlock.
Richard III. had a resolution, out of his hatred to both his
brethren, to disable their issues, upon false and incompetent
pretexts, the one of attainder, the other of illegitimation. Bac.

ILLE’VIABLE. adv. [lever, French.] What cannot be levied
or exacted.
He rectified the method of collecting his revenue, and re­
moved obsolete and illeviable parts of charge. Hale.

ILLFA’VOURED. adj. Deformed. See the compositions of
ILL. adv.

ILLFA’VOUREDLY. adv. With deformity.

ILLFA’VOUREDNESS. n. s. Deformity.

ILLI’BERAL. adj. [illiberalis, Latin.]
1. Not noble; not ingenuous.
The charity of most men is grown so cold, and their reli­
gion so illiberal. King Charles.
2. Not munificent; not generous; sparing.
Yet subsist they did, and well too: an argument that that
earth did not deal out their nourishment with an oversparing
or illiberal hand. Woodward's Natural History.

ILLIBERA’LITY. n. s. [illiberalitas, Lat. from illiberal.] Parsi­
mony; niggardliness; want of munificence.
The illiberality of parents, in allowance towards their chil­
dren, is an harmful error, and acquaints them with shifts. Bac.

ILLI’BERALLY. adv. [from illiberal.] Disingenuously;
meanly.
One that had been bountiful only upon surprize and inco­
gitancy, illiberally retracts. Decay of Piety.

ILLI’CIT. adj. [illicitus, Latin; illicite, French.] Unlawful.

To ILLI’GHTEN. v. n. [in and lighten.] To enlighten; to il­
luminate. A word, I believe, only in Raleigh.
Corporeal light cannot be, because then it would not pierce
the air, nor diaphanous bodies; and yet every day we see the
air illightened. Raleigh.

ILLI’MITABLE. adj. [in and limes, Latin.] That which can­
not be bounded or limited.
Although in adoration of idols, unto the subtiler heads,
the worship perhaps might be symbolical; yet was the idolatry
direct in the people, whose credulity is illimitable, and who
may be made believe that any thing is God. Brown's Vu. Err.
With what an awful world-revolving power,
Were first th' unwieldy planets launch'd along
The illimitable void! Thomson's Summer.

ILLI’MITABLY. adv. [from illimitable.] Without susceptibi­
lity of bounds.

ILLI’MITED. adj. [in and limes, Latin; illimité, French.] Un­
bounded; interminable.

ILLI’MITEDNESS. n. s. [from illimited.] Exemption from all
bounds.
The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was
generally much spoken of. Clarendon, b. viii.

ILLI’TERATE. adj. [illiteratus, Latin.] Unlettered; un­
taught; unlearned; unenlightened by science.
The duke was illiterate, yet had learned at court to supply
his own defects, by the drawing unto him of the best instru­
ments of experience. Wotton.
Th' illiterate writer, empirick like, applies
To minds diseas'd unsafe chance remedies:
The learn'd in schools, where knowledge first began,
Studies with care th' anatomy of man;
Sees virtue, vice, and passions in their cause,
And fame from science, not from fortune draws. Dryden.
In the first ages of Christianity not only the learned and the
wise, but the ignorant and illiterate embraced torments and
death. Tillotson's Sermons.

ILLI’TERATENESS. n. s. [from illiterate.] Want of learning;
ignorance of science.
Many acquainted with chymistry but by report, have, from
the illiterateness and impostures of those that pretend skill in it,
entertained an ill opinion of the art. Boyle.

ILLI’TERATURE. n. s. [in and literature.] Want of learning.
The more usual causes of this deprivation are want of holy
orders, illiterature, or inability for the discharge of that sacred
function, and irreligion. Ayliffe's Parergon.

I’LLNESS. n. s. [from ill.]
1. Badness or inconvenience of any kind, natural or moral.
He that has his chains knocked off, and the prison-doors
set open, is perfectly at liberty, though his preference be de­
termined to stay, by the illness of the weather. Locke.
2. Sickness; malady; disorder of health.
On the Lord's day, which immediately preceded this illness,
he had received the sacrament. Atterbury's Sermons.
Since the account her majesty received of the insolent beha­
viour of the faction, during her late illness at Windsor, she
hath been willing to see them deprived of all power to do mis­
chief. Swift.
3. Wickedness.
Thou would be great;
Art not without ambition; but without
The illness should attend it. Shakesp. Macbeth.

ILLNA’TURE. n. s. [ill and nature.] Habitual malevolence;
want of humanity.
Illnature inclines a man to those actions that thwart and
four and disturb conversation, and consists of a proneness to do
ill turns, attended with a secret joy upon the sight of any mis­
chief that befals another, and of an utter insensibility of any
kindness done him. South's Sermons.

ILLNA’TURED. adj. [from illnature.]
1. Habitually malevolent; wanting kindness or goodwill; mis­
chievous.
These ill qualities denominate a person illnatured, they being
such as make him grievous and uneasy to all whom he deals
and associates himself with. South's Sermons.
Stay, silly bird, th' illnatur'd task refuse;
Nor be the bearer of unwelcome news. Addison's Ovid.
It might be one of those illnatured beings who are at enmity
with mankind, and do therefore take pleasure in filling them
with groundless terrors. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Phillips applies it to land. Untractable; not yielding to cul­
ture.
The fondly studious of increase,
Rich foreign mold on their illnatur'd land
Induce. Phillips.

ILLNA’TUREDLY. adv. [from illnatured.] In a peevish, fro­
ward manner.

ILLNA’TUREDNESS. n. s. [from illnatured.] Want of a kind­
ly disposition.

ILLO’GICAL. adj. [in and logical.]
1. Ignorant or negligent of the rules of reasoning.
One of the dissenters appeared to Dr. Sanderson so bold and
illogical in the dispute, as forced him to say he had never met
with a man of more pertinacious confidence, and less abi­
lities. Walton.
2. Contrary to the rules of reason.
Reason cannot dispute and make an inference so utterly illo­
gical. Decay of Piety.

ILLO’GICALLY. adv. [from illogical.] In a manner contrary to
the laws of argument.



To ILLU’DE. v. a. [illudo, Latin.] To deceive; to mock;
to impose on; to play upon; to torment by some contemptu­
ous artifice of mockery.
Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him strait,
And falsed of this blow, t' illude him with such bait. F. Qu.
In vain we measure this amazing sphere,
While its circumference, scorning to be brought
Ev'n into fancy'd space, illudes our vanquish'd thought. Pri.

To ILLU’ME. v. a. [illuminer, French.]
1. To enlighten; to illuminate.
When you same star, that's westward from the pole,
Had made his course t' illume that part of heav'n,
Where now it burns. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. To brighten; to adorn.
The mountain's brow,
Illum'd with fluid gold, his near approach
Betoken. Thomson's Summer.

To ILLU’MINE. v. a. [illuminer, French.]
1. To enlighten; to supply with light.
To confirm his words, out flew
Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs
Of mighty cherubims: the sudden blaze
Far round illumin'd hell. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
What in me is dark,
Illumine! what is low, raise and support! Milt. Par. Lost.
2. To decorate; to adorn.
To Cato, Virgil paid one honest line;
O let my country's friends illumine mine. Pope.

To ILLU’MINATE. v. a. [illuminer, French; lumen, Latin.]
1. To enlighten; to supply with light.
Do thou vouchsafe, with thy love-kindling light,
T' illuminate my dim and dulled eyn. Spenser.
No painting can be seen in full perfection, but as all nature
is illuminated by a single light. Wotton.
He made the stars,
And set them in the firmament of heav'n,
T' illuminate the earth and rule the night. Milt. Par. Lost.
Reason our guide, what can she more reply
Than that the sun illuminates the sky;
Than that night rises from his absent ray,
And his returning lustre kindles day? Prior.
2. To adorn with festal lamps or bonfires.
3. To enlighten intellectually with knowledge or grace.
Satan had no power to abuse the illuminated world with his
impostures. Sandys's Travels.
When he illuminates the mind with supernatural light, he
does not extinguish that which is natural. Locke.
4. To adorn with pictures or initial letters of various colours.
5. To illustrate.
My health is insufficient to amplify these remarks, and to
illuminate the several pages with variety of examples. Watts.

ILLUMINA’TION. n. s. [illuminatio, Lat. illumination, Fr. from
illuminate.]
1. The act of supplying with light.
2. That which gives light.
The sun is but a body illightened, and an illumination
created. Raleigh's History of the World.
3. Festal lights hung out as a token of joy.
Flow'rs are strew'd, and lamps in order plac'd,
And windows with illuminations grac'd. Dryden's Pers.
4. Brightness; splendour.
The illuminators of manuscripts borrowed their title from
the illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work.
Felton on the Classicks.
5. Infusion of intellectual light; knowledge or grace.
Hymns and psalms are such kinds of prayer as are not
conceived upon a sudden; but framed by meditation before­
hand, or by prophetical illumination are inspired. Hooker.
We have forms of prayers imploring God's aid and bless­
ing for the illumination of our labours, and the turning them
into good and holy uses. Bacon.
No holy passion, no illumination, no inspiration, can be
now a sufficient commission to warrant those attempts which
contradict the common rules of peace. Spratt's Sermons.

ILLU’MINATIVE. adj. [illuminatif, Fr. from illuminate.] Having
the power to give light.
What makes itself and other things be seen, being accom­
panied by light, is called fire: what admits the illuminative
action of fire, and is not seen, is called air. Digby on Bodies.

ILLUMINA’TOR. n. s. [from illuminate.]
1. One who gives light.
2. One whose business it is to decorate books with pictures at
the beginning of chapters.
Illuminators of manuscripts borrowed their title from the
illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work. Felton.

ILLU’SION. n. s. [illusio, Latin; illusion, Fr.] Mockery; false
show; counterfeit appearance; errour.
That, distill'd by magick slights,
Shall raise such artificial sprights,
As, by the strength of their illusion,
Shall draw him on to his confusion. Shakesp. Macbeth.
There wanted not some about him that would have per­
suaded him that all was but an illusion. Bacon's Henry VII.
So oft they fell
Into the same illusion; not as man,
Whom they triumph'd, once laps'd. Milton's Parad. Lost.
An excuse for uncharitableness, drawn from pretended in­
ability, is of all others the most general and prevailing illu­
sion. Atterbury's Sermons.
Many are the illusions by which the enemy endeavours to
cheat men into security, and defeat their title to salvation.
Rogers's Sermons.
To dream once more I close my willing eyes;
Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise! Pope.
We must use some illusion to render a pastoral delightful;
and this consists in exposing the best side only of a shepherd's
life, and in concealing its miseries. Pope.

ILLU’SIVE. adj. [from illusus, Latin.] Deceiving by false
show.
The heathen bards, who idle fables drest,
Illusive dreams in mystick forms exprest. Blackmore.
While the fond soul,
Wrapt in gay visions of unreal bliss,
Still paints th' illusive form. Thomson's Spring.

I’LLUSORY. adj. [from in and lusorius, Latin; illusoire, Fr.]
Deceiving; fraudulent.
Subtilty, in those who make profession to teach or defend
truth, hath passed for a virtue: a virtue indeed, which, con­
sisting for the most part in nothing but the fallacious and illu­
sory use of obscure or deceitful terms, is only fit to make men
more conceited in their ignorance. Locke.

To ILLU’STRATE. v. n. [illustro, Latin; illustrer, Fr.]
1. To brighten with light.
2. To brighten with honour.
Matter to me of glory! whom their hate
I'lustrates, when they see all regal pow'r
Giv'n me to quell their pride. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Thee she enroll'd her garter'd knights among,
Illustrating the noble list. Phillips.
3. To explain; to clear; to elucidate.
They take up popular conceits, and from tradition unjusti­
fiable, or really false, illustrate matters of undeniable truth.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ILLUSTRA’TION. n. s. [illustration, Fr. from illustrate.] Ex­
planation; elucidation; exposition.
Whoever looks about him will find many living illustrations
of this emblem. L'Estrange.
Space and duration, being ideas that have something very
abstruse and peculiar in their nature, the comparing them one
with another may perhaps be of use for their illustration. Locke.

ILLU’STRATIVE. adj. [from illustrate.] Having the quality of
elucidating or clearing.
They play much upon the simile, or illustrative argumenta­
tion, to induce their enthymemes unto the people. Brown.

ILLU’STRATIVELY. adv. [from illustrative.] By way of ex­
planation.
Things are many times delivered hieroglyphically, meta­
phorically, illustratively, and not with reference to action.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ILLU’STRIOUS. adj. [illustris, Latin; illustre, Fr.] Con­
spicuous; noble; eminent for excellence.
In other languages the most illustrious titles are derived from
things sacred. South's Sermons.
Of ev'ry nation, each illustrious name,
Such toys as those have cheated into fame. Dryden's Juven.

ILLU’STRIOUSLY. adv. [from illustrious.] Conspicuously;
nobly; eminently.
He disdained not to appear at festival entertainments, that
he might more illustriously manifest his charity. Atterb. Sermons.
Enjoy the glory to be great no more;
And carrying with you all the world can boast,
To all the world illustriously are lost. Pope's Spring.

ILLU’STRIOUSNESS. n. s. [from illustrious.] Eminence; nobi­
lity; grandeur.

I’M. Contracted from I am.

IM is used commonly, in composition, for in before mute letters.

IMA

I’MAGE. n. s. [image, French; imago, Latin.]
1. Any corporeal representation, generally used of statues; a
statue; a picture.
Whose is this image and superscription? Mat. xxii. 20.
The one is too like an image, and says nothing; and the
other too like my lady's oldest son, ever more talking. Shakes.
Thy brother I,
Even like a stony image, cold and numb. Shakesp. Tit. And.
The image of a deity may be a proper object for that which
is but the image of a religion. South's Sermons.
Still must I be upbraided with your line;
But your late brother did not prize me less,
Because I could not boast of images. Dryd. Tyrann. Love.
2. An idol; a false god.
3. A copy; representation; likeness.
Long may'st thou live,
To bear his image and renew his glories! Shakesp. Hen. VI.


I have bewept a worthy husband's death,
And liv'd by looking on his images:
But now two mirrours of his princely semblance
Are crack'd in pieces by malignant death. Shakesp. R. III.
The image of the jest
I'll shew you here at large. Shakesp. Mer. Wives of Winds.
He made us to his image all agree;
That image is the soul, and that must be,
Or not the maker's image, or be free. Dryden.
4. Semblance; show; appearance.
Deny to speak with me? They're sick, they're weary,
They have travell'd all night! Mere fetches,
The images of revolt. Shakespeare's King Lear.
This is the man should do the bloody deed:
The image of a wicked heinous fault
Lives in his eye. Shakespeare's King John.
The face of things a frightful image bears,
And present death in various forms appears. Dryden's Æn.
5. An idea; a representation of any thing to the mind; a pic­
ture drawn in the fancy.
Outcasts of mortal race! can we conceive
Image of aught delightful, soft, or great? Prior.
When we speak of a figure of a thousand angles, we may
have a clear idea of the number one thousand angles; but the
image, or sensible idea, we cannot distinguish by fancy from
the image of a figure that has nine hundred angles. Watts.

To I’MAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To copy by the fancy;
to imagine.
How are immaterial substances to be imaged, which are
such things whereof we can have no notion? Dryden.
Image to thy mind
How our forefathers to the Stygian shades
Went quick. Phillips.
His ear oft frighted with the imag'd voice
Of heav'n, when first it thunder'd. Prior.
If fate some future bard shall join
In sad similitude of griefs to mine,
Condemn'd whole years in absence to deplore,
And image charms he must behold no more. Pope.

I’MAGERY. n. s. [from image.]
1. Sensible representations; pictures; statues.
Of marble stone was cut
An altar, carv'd with cunning imagery. Fairy Queen.
When in those oratories might you see
Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery;
Where ev'ry figure to the life express'd
The godhead's pow'r. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Your gift shall two large goblets be
Of silver, wrought with curious imagery,
And high emboss'd. Dryden's Æn.
2. Show; appearance.
What can thy imagery of sorrow mean?
Secluded from the world, and all its care,
Hast thou to grieve or joy, to hope or fear? Prior.
All the visionary beauties of the prospect, the paint and
imagery that attracted our senses, fade and disappear. Rogers.
Things of the world fill the imaginative part with beauties
and fantastick imagery. Taylor.
3. Copies of the fancy; false ideas; imaginary phantasms.
It might be a mere dream which he saw; the imagery of
a melancholick fancy, such as musing men mistake for a
reality. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. Representations in writing; such descriptions as force the
image of the thing described upon the mind.
I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good
imagery. Dryden.

IMA’GINABLE. adj. [imaginable, Fr. from imagine.] Possible
to be conceived.
It is not imaginable that men will be brought to obey what
they cannot esteem. South's Sermons.
Men, sunk into the greatest darkness imaginable, retain some
sense and awe of a Deity. Tillotson's Sermons.

IMA’GINANT. adj. [imaginant, French.] Imagining; forming
ideas.
We will enquire what the force of imagination is, either
upon the body imaginant, or upon another body. Bacon.

IMA’GINARY. adj. [imaginaire, French, from imagine.]
1. Fancied; visionary; existing only in the imagination.
False sorrow's eye,
Which, for things true, weeps things imaginary. Shakesp.
Expectation whirls me round:
Th' imaginary relish is so sweet,
That it enchants my sense. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Fortune is nothing else but a power imaginary, to which
the successes of human actions and endeavours were for their
variety ascribed. Raleigh's History of the World.
Why wilt thou add, to all the griefs I suffer,
Imaginary ills and fancied tortures? Addison's Cato.

IMA’GINATION. n. s. [imaginatio, Latin; imagination, French,
from imagine.]
1. Fancy; the power of forming ideal pictures; the power of
representing things absent to one's self or others.
Imagination I understand to be the representation of an in­
dividual thought. Imagination is of three kinds: joined with
belief of that which is to come; joined with memory of that
which is past; and of things present, or as if they were pre­
sent: for I comprehend in this imagination feigned and at plea­
sure, as if one should imagine such a man to be in the vest­
ments of a pope, or to have wings. Bacon.
Our simple apprehension of corporal objects, if present, is
sense; if absent, imagination: when we would perceive a ma­
terial object, our fancies present us with its idea. Glanv. Sceps.
O whither shall I run, or which way fly
The sight of this so horrid spectacle,
Which erst my eyes beheld, and yet behold!
For dire imagination still pursues me. Milton's Agonistes.
His imaginations were often as just as they were bold and
strong. Dennis.
Where beams of warm imagination play,
The memory's soft figures melt away. Pope.
2. Conception; image in the mind; idea.
Sometimes despair darkens all her imaginations; sometimes
the active passion of love cheers and clears her invention. Sidn.
Princes have but their titles for their glories,
An outward honour for an inward toil;
And, for unfelt imaginations,
They often feel a world of restless cares. Shakesp. R. III.
Better I were distract,
So should my thoughts be sever'd from my griefs;
And woes, by wrong imaginations, lose
The knowledge of themselves. Shakesp. King Lear.
We are apt to think that space, in itself, is actually bound­
less; to which imagination, the idea of space, of itself leads
us. Locke.
3. Contrivance; scheme.
Thou hast seen all their vengeance, and all their imagina­
tions against me. Lam. iii. 60.

IMA’GINATIVE. adj. [imaginatif, Fr. from imagine.] Fantastick;
full of imagination.
Witches are imaginative, and believe oft times they do that
which they do not. Bacon's Natural History.
Lay fetters and restraints upon the imaginative and fanta­
stick part, because our fancy is usually pleased with the enter­
tainment of shadows and gauds. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To IMA’GINE. v. a. [imaginer, French; imaginor, Latin.]
1. To fancy; to paint in the mind.
Look what notes and garments he doth give thee,
Bring them, I pray thee, with imagin'd speed. Shakespeare.
Present feats
Are less than horrible imaginings. Shakesp. Macbeth.
What are our ideas of eternity and immensity but the re­
peated additions of certain ideas of imagined parts of duration
and expansion, with the infinity of number, in which we can
come to no end of addition? Locke.
2. To scheme; to contrive.
They intended evil against thee, they imagined a mischie­
vous device. Ps. xxi. 11.

IMA’GINER. n. s. [from imagine.] One who forms ideas.
The juggler took upon him to know that such an one should
point in such a place of a garter that was held up; and still he
did it, by first telling the imaginer, and after bidding the actor
think. Bacon's Natural History.

IMB

IMBE’CILE. adj. [imbecilis, Latin; imbecille, French.] Weak;
feeble; wanting strength of either mind or body.

To IMBE’CILE. v. a. [from the adjective. This word is cor­
ruptly written embezzle.] To weaken a stock or fortune by
clandestine expences or unjust appropriations.
Princes must in a special manner be guardians of pupils and
widows, not suffering their persons to be oppressed, or their
states imbeciled. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

IMBECI’LITY. n. s. [imbecillité, French.] Weakness; feeble­
ness of mind or body.
A weak and imperfect rule argueth imbecility and imper­
fection. Hooker, b. iv.
No imbecility of means can prejudice the truth of the pro­
mise of God herein. Hooker.
We that are strong must bear the imbecility of the impotent,
and not please ourselves. Hooker.
That way we are contented to prove, which, being the
worse in itself, is notwithstanding now, by reason of common
imbecility, the fitter and likelier to be brooked. Hooker.
Strength would be lord of imbecility,
And the rude son would strike his father dead. Shakespeare.
Imbecility, for sex and age, was such as they could not lift up
a hand against them. King Charles.
When man was fallen, and had abandoned his primitive
innocence, a strange imbecility immediately seized and laid hold
of him. Woodward's Natural History.

To IMBI’BE. v. a. [imbibo, Latin; imbiber, French.]
1. To drink in; to draw in.
A pot of ashes will receive more hot water than cold, for­
asmuch as the warm water imbibeth more of the salt. Brown.
The torrent merciless imbibes
Commissions, perquisites, and bribes. Swift.


Illumin'd wide,
The dewy-skirted clouds imbibe the sun. Thomson's Autumn.
2. To admit into the mind.
Those, that have imbibed this error, have extended the in­
fluence of this belief to the whole gospel, which they will not
allow to contain any thing but promises. Hammond.
It is not easy for the mind to put off those confused notions
and prejudices it has imbibed from custom. Locke.
Conversation with foreigners enlarges our minds, and sets
them free from many prejudices we are ready to imbibe con­
cerning them. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. To drench; to soak. This sense, though unusual, perhaps
unexampled, is necessary in the English, unless the word imbue
be adopted, which our writers seem not willing to receive.
Metals, corroded with a little acid, turn into rust, which
is an earth tasteless and indissolvable in water; and this earth,
imbibed with more acid, becomes a metallick salt. Newton.

IMBI’BER. n. s. [from imbibe.] That which drinks or sucks.
Salts are strong imbibers of sulphureous steams. Arbuthnot.

IMBIBI’TION. n. s. [imbibition, French, from imbibe.] The act
of sucking or drinking in.
Most powders grow more coherent by mixture of water
than of oil: the reason is the congruity of bodies, which
maketh a perfecter imbibition and incorporation. Bacon.
Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without communi­
cation of substance, but in moisture not; and to all madefac­
tion there is required an imbibition. Bacon's Natural History.
A drop of oil, let fall upon a sheet of white paper, that
part of it, which, by the imbibition of the liquor, acquires a
greater continuity and some transparency, will appear much
darker than the rest; many of the incident beams of light
being now transmitted, that otherwise would be reflected. Boyle.

To IMBI’TTER. v. a. [from bitter.]
1. To make bitter.
2. To deprive of pleasure; to make unhappy.
Let them extinguish their passions which imbitter their lives,
and deprive them of their share in the happiness of the com­
munity. Addison's Freeholder.
Is there any thing that more imbitters the enjoyments of
this life than shame? South's Sermons.
3. To exasperate.

To IMBO’DY. v. a. [from body.]
1. To condense to a body.
2. To invest with matter.
An opening cloud reveals
An heav'nly form imbody'd, and array'd
With robes of light. Dryden.
Though assiduity in the most fixed cogitation be no trouble
to immaterialised spirits, yet is it more than our embodied souls
can bear without lassitude. Glanv. Sceps.
3. To bring together into one mass or company.
I by vow am so embodied yours,
That she which marries you must marry me. Shakespeare.
Never since created, man
Met such imbodied force, as nam'd with these,
Could merit more than that small infantry
Warr'd on by cranes. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Under their head embody'd all in one. Milt. Par. Lost.
Then Clausus came, who led a num'rous band
Of troops embodied, from the Sabine land. Dryden's Æn.
4. To inclose. Improper.
In those strata we shall meet with the same metal or mineral
imbodied in stone, or lodged in coal, that elsewhere we found
in marle. Woodward's Natural History.

To IMBO’DY. v. n. To unite into one mass; to coalesce.
The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies and imbrutes, 'till she quite lose
The divine property of her first being. Milton.
The idea of white, which snow yielded yesterday, and an­
other idea of white from another snow to-day, put together
in your mind, imbody and run into one. Locke.

To IMBO’IL. v. n. [from boil.] To exestuate; to effervesce;
to move with violent agitation like hot liquor in a caldron.
With whose reproach and odious menace,
The knight imboiling in his haughty heart,
Knit all his forces, and 'gan soon unbrace
His grasping hold. Fairy Queen.

To IMBO’LDEN. v. a. [from bold.] To raise to confidence;
to encourage.
'Tis necessary he should die:
Nothing imboldens sin so much as mercy. Shak. Timon.
I think myself in better plight for a lender than you are,
the which hath something imboldened me to this unseasoned in­
trusion. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I was the more imboldened, because I found I had a soul
congenial to his. Dryden.
Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his way;
Imbolden'd by dispair, he stood at bay. Dryden's Æn.
Their virtues and superior genius imboldened them, in great
exigencies of state, to attempt the service of their prince and
country out of the common forms. Swift.

To IMBO’SOM. v. a. [from bosom.]
1. To hold on the bosom; to cover fondly with the folds of one's
garment; to hide under any cover.
The Father infinite,
By whom in bliss imbosom'd sat the son. Milton's Par. Lost.
Villages imbosom'd soft in trees,
And spiry towns by surging columns mark'd. Thomson.
2. To admit to the heart, or to affection.
But glad desire, his late embosom'd guest,
Yet but a babe, with milk of sight he nurst. Sidney.
Who glad t' embosom his affection vile,
Did all she might, more plainly to appear. Fairy Queen.

To IMBO’UND. v. a. [from bound.] To inclose; to shut in.
That sweet breath,
Which was embounded in this beauteous clay. Shak. K. John.

To IMBO’W. v. a. [from bow.] To arch; to vault.
Prince Arthur gave a box of diamond sure,
Imbowed with gold and gorgeous ornament. Fairy Queen.
Imbowed windows be pretty retiring places for conference:
they keep both the wind and sun off. Bacon.
Let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloister's pale,
And love the high embowed roof,
With antick pillar massy proof. Milton.

IMBO’WMENT. n. s. [from imbow.] Arch; vault.
The roof all open, not so much as any embowment near any
of the walls left. Bacon's Natural History.

To IMBO’WER. v. a. [from bower.] To cover with a bower;
to shelter with trees.
And stooping thence to Ham's embowering walks,
In spotless peace retir'd. Thomson.

To IMBRA’NGLE. v. a. To intangle. A low word.
With subtle cobweb cheats
They're catch'd in knotted law, like nets;
In which, when once they are imbrangled,
The more they stir, the more they're tangled. Hudibras.

IMBRI’CATED. adj. [from imbrex, Latin.] Indented with
concavities; bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter-tile.

IMBRICA’TION. n. s. [imbrex, Latin.] Concave indenture.
All is guarded with a well made tegument, adorned with
neat imbrications, and many other fineries. Derham.

To IMBRO’WN. v. a. [from brown.] To make brown; to darken;
to obscure; to cloud.
Where the morning sun first warmly smote
The open field, and where the unpierc'd shade
Imbrown'd the noontide bow'rs. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The walking crew,
At thy request, support the miry shoe;
The foot grows black that was with dirt imbrown'd,
And in thy pocket gingling half-pence sound. Gay.
Another age shall see the golden ear
Imbrown the slope, and nod on the parterre. Pope.
Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo! Henly stands. Pope.

To IMBRU’E. v. a. [from in and brue.]
1. To steep; to soak; to wet much or long.
Thou mad'st many hearts to bleed
Of mighty victors, with wide wounds embru'd,
And by thy cruel darts to thee subdu'd. Spenser.
There streams a spring of blood so fast
From those deep wounds, as all embru'd the face
Of that accursed caitiff. Daniel's Civil War.
The merciless Turks, embrued with the Christian blood,
were weary of slaughter, and began greedily to seek after the
spoil. Knolles's History of the Turks.
At me, as at a mark, his bow he drew,
Whose arrows in my blood their wings imbrue. Sandys.
Lucius pities the offenders,
That would embrue their hands in Cato's blood. Addison.
Lo! these hands in murder are imbru'd,
Those trembling feet by justice are pursu'd. Prior.
These, where two ways in equal parts divide,
The direful monster from afar descry'd,
Two bleeding babes depending at her side;
Whose panting vitals, warm with life, she draws,
And in their hearts embrues her cruel claws. Pope.
His virgin sword Ægysthus' veins imbru'd;
The murd'rer fell, and blood atton'd for blood. Pope.
A good man chuses rather to pass by a verbal injury than
imbrue his hands in blood. Clarissa.
2. To pour; to emit moisture. Obsolete.
Some bathed kisses, and did oft embrue
The sugar'd liquor through his melting lips. Fairy Queen.

To IMBRU’TE. v. a. [from brute.] To degrade to brutality.
I, who erst contended
With gods to sit the highest, am now constrain'd
Into a beast; and mix with bestial slime,
This essence to incarnate and imbrute. Milton's Par. Lost.

To IMBRU’TE. v. n. To sink down to brutality.
The soul grows clotted by contagion,
Imbodies and imbrutes, 'till she quite lose
The divine property of her first being. Milton.



To IMBU’E. v. a. [imbuo, Latin. This word, which seems
wanted in our language, has been proposed by several writers,
but not yet adopted by the rest. Imbu, French, the participial
adj. is only used.] To tincture deep; to imbibe with any
liquor or die.
I would render this treatise intelligible to every rational
man, however little versed in scholastick learning; among
whom I expect it will have a fairer passage, than among those
that are deeply imbued with other principles. Digby.
Cloaths which have once been throughly embued with black,
cannot well afterwards be dyed into lighter colour. Boyle.
Where the mineral matter is great, so as to take the eye,
the body appears imbued and tinctured with the colour. Woodw.

To IMBU’RSE. v. a. [bourse, French.] To stock with money.
This should be emburse, from embourser, French.

IMITABI’LITY. n. s. [imitabilis, Latin.] The quality of being
imitable.
According to the multifariousness of this imitability, so are
the possibilities of being. Norris.

I’MITABLE. adj. [imitabilis, Latin; imitable, French.]
1. Worthy to be imitated.
How could the most base men, and separate from all imitable
qualities, attain to honour but by an observant slavish
course? Raleigh's History of the World.
As acts of parliament are not regarded by most imitable wri­
ters, I account the relation of them improper for history. Hayw.
2. Possible to be imitated.
The characters of men placed in lower stations of life, are
more useful, as being imitable by greater numbers. Atterbury.

To I’MITATE. v. a. [imitor, Latin; imiter, French.]
1. To copy; to endeavour to resemble.
We imitate and practise to make swifter motions than any
out of your muskets. Bacon.
Despite wealth, and imitate a god. Cowley.
I would caress some stableman of note,
And imitate his language and his coat. Man of Taste.
2. To counterfeit.
This hand appear'd a shining sword to wield,
And that sustain'd an imitated shield. Dryden's Æn.
3. To pursue the course of a composition, so as to use parallel
images and examples.
For shame! what, imitate an ode! Gay.

IMITA’TION. n. s. [imitatio, Latin; imitation, French.]
1. The act of copying; attempt to resemble.
Since a true knowledge of nature gives us pleasure, a lively
imitation of it, either in poetry or painting, must produce a
much greater; for both these arts are not only true imitations
of nature, but of the best nature. Dryden.
2. That which is offered as a copy.
3. A method of translating looser than paraphrase, in which
modern examples and illustrations are used for ancient, or do­
mestick for foreign.
In the way of imitation, the translator not only varies from
the words and sense, but forsakes them as he sees occasion;
and, taking only some general hints from the original, runs
division on the groundwork. Dryden.

I’MITATIVE. adj. [imitativus, Latin.] Inclined to copy.
This temple, less in form, with equal grace,
Was imitative of the first in Thrace. Dryden.

IMITA’TOR. n. s. [Latin; imitateur, French.] One that copies
another; one that endeavours to resemble another.
Imitators are but a servile kind of cattle, says the poet. Dry.

IMM

IMMA’CULATE. adj. [immaculatus, Latin; immaculé, Fr.]
1. Spotless; pure; undefiled.
To keep this commandment immaculate and blameless, was
to teach the gospel of Christ. Hooker.
His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles;
His love sincere, his thoughts immaculate. Shakespeare.
The king, whom catholicks count a saint-like and immacu­
late prince, was taken away in the flower of his age. Bacon.
Were but my soul as pure
From other guilts as that, heav'n did not hold
One more immaculate. Denham's Sophy.
2. Pure; limpid. Improper.
Thou clear, immaculate, and silver fountain,
From whence this stream, through muddy passages,
Hath had his current and defil'd himself. Shakes. Rich. II.

To IMMA’NACLE. v. a. [from manacle.] To fetter; to con­
fine.
Thou can'st not touch the freedom of my mind
With all thy charms, although this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacl'd. Milton.

IMMA’NE. adj. [immanis, Latin.] Vast; prodigiously great.

I’MMANENT. adj. [immanent, French; in and maneo, Latin.]
Intrinsick; inherent; internal.
Judging the infinite essence by our narrow selves, we ascribe
intellections, volitions, and such like immanent actions, to that
nature which hath nothing in common with us. Glanv. Sceps.
What he wills and intends once, he willed and intended
from all eternity; it being grosly contrary to the very first no­
tions we have of the infinite perfections of the Divine Nature
to state or suppose any new immanent act in God. South.

IMMA’NIFEST. adj. [in and manifest.] Not manifest; not
plain.
A time not much unlike that which was before time, imma­
nifest and unknown. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IMMA’NITY. n. s. [immanitas, Latin.] Barbarity; savage­
ness.
It was both impious and unnatural,
That such immanity and bloody strife
Should reign among professors of one faith. Shakes. H. VI.

IMMARCE’SSIBLE. adj. [in and marcesco, Latin.] Unsad­
ing. Dict.

IMMA’RTIAL. adj. [in and martial.] Not warlike.
My pow'rs are unfit,
Myself immartial. Chapman's Odyssey.

To IMMA’SK. v. a. [in and mask.] To cover; to disguise.
I have cases of buckram for the nonce, to immask our noted
outward garments. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

IMMATE’RIAL. adj. [immateriel, Fr. in and materia, Latin.]
1. Incorporeal; distinct from matter; void of matter.
Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual, the glorious
inhabitants of those sacred palaces, where there is nothing but
light and immortality; no shadow of matter for tears, dis­
contentments, griefs, and uncomfortable passions to work
upon; but all joy, tranquillity, and peace, even for ever and
ever, do dwell. Hooker.
As then the soul a substance hath alone,
Besides the body, in which she is confin'd;
So hath she not a body of her own,
But is a spirit, and immaterial mind. Davies.
Those immaterial felicities we expect, suggest the necessity of
preparing our appetites, without which heaven can be no hea­
ven to us. Decay of Piety.
No man that owns the existence of an infinite spirit can
doubt of the possibility of a finite spirit; that is, such a thing
as is immaterial, and does not contain any principle of cor­
ruption. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Unimportant; without weight; impertinent; without rela­
tion. This sense has crept into the conversation and writings
of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.

IMMATE’RIALITY. n. s. [from immaterial.] Incorporeity;
distinctness from body or matter.
When we know cogitation is the prime attribute of a spirit,
we infer its immateriality, and thence its immortality. Watts.

IMMATE’RIALLY. adv. [from immaterial.] In a manner not
depending upon matter.
The visible species of things strike not our senses immate­
rially; but streaming in corporal rays, do carry with them the
qualities of the object from whence they flow, and the me­
dium through which they pass. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IMMATE’RIALIZED. adj. [from in and materia, Latin.] Dis­
tinct from matter; incorporeal.
Though assiduity in the most fixed cogitation be no trouble
to immaterialized spirits, yet is it more than our imbodied souls
can bear without lassitude. Glanv. Sceps.

IMMATE’RIALNESS. n. s. [from immaterial.] Distinctness from
matter.

IMMATE’RIATE. adj. [in and materia, Latin.] Not consisting
of matter; incorporeal; without body.
It is a virtue which may be called incorporeal and immate­
riate, whereof there be in nature but few. Bacon.
After a long enquiry of things immerse in matter, I inter­
pose some object which is immateriate, or less materiate; such
as this of sounds. Bacon.

IMMATU’RE. adj. [immaturus, Latin.]
1. Not ripe.
2. Not perfect; not arrived at fulness or completion.
The land enterprize of Panama was an ill measured and
immature counsel; for it was grounded upon a false account,
that the passages were no better fortified than Drake had left
them. Bacon.
This is your time for faction and debate,
For partial favour, and permitted hate:
Let now your immature dissension cease,
Sit quiet. Dryden.
3. Hasty; early; come to pass before the natural time.
We are pleased, and call not that death immature, if a man
lives 'till seventy. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

IMMATU’RELY. adv. [from immature.] Too soon; too early;
before ripeness or completion.

IMMATU’RENESS. n. s. [from immature.] Unripeness; in­
completeness; a state short of completion.

IMMATU’RITY. n. s. [from immature.] Unripeness; in­
completeness; a state short of completion.
I might reasonably expect a pardon from the ingenious for
faults committed in an immaturity of age and judgment. Glan.

IMMEABI’LITY. n. s. [immeabilis, Latin.] Want of power to
pass.
From this phlegm proceeds white cold tumours, viscidity,
and consequently immeability of the juices. Arbuthnot.

IMME’ASUREABLE. adj. [in and measure.] Immense; not to
be measured; indefinitely extensive.
Churches reared up to an height immeasurable, and adorned
with far more beauty in their restoration than their founders
before had given them. Hooker.


From the shore
They view'd the vast immeasurable abyss,
Outrageous as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild. Milt. Par. Lost.
Immeasurable strength they might behold
In me, of wisdom nothing more than mean. Milt. Agonist.
What a glorious show are those beings entertained with,
that can see such tremendous objects wandering through those
immeasurable depths of ether? Addison's Guardian.
Nor friends are there, nor vessels to convey,
Nor oars to cut th' immeasurable way. Pope's Odyssey.

IMME’ASURABLY. adv. [from immeasurable.] Immensely;
beyond all measure.
The Spaniards immeasurably bewail their dead. Spenser.
There ye shall be fed, and fill'd
Immeasurably; all things shall be your prey. Milt. Pa. Lost.

IMMECHA’NICAL. adj. [in and mechanical.] Not according to
the laws of mechanicks.
We have nothing to do to show any thing that is immechani­
cal, or not according to the established laws of nature. Cheyne.

IMME’DIACY. n. s. [immediateté, French, from immediate.]
Personal greatness; power of acting without dependance. This
is a harsh word, and sense peculiar I believe to Shakespeare.
He led our pow'rs,
Bore the commission of my place and person;
The which immediacy may well stand up,
And call itself your brother. Shakes. King Lear.

IMME’DIATE. adj. [immediat, French; in and medius, Latin.]
1. Being in such a state with respect to something else as that
there is nothing between them; proximate; with nothing
intervening.
Moses mentions the immediate causes, the rains and the wa­
ters; and St. Peter mentions the more remote and fundamental
causes, that constitution of the heavens. Burnet.
2. Not acting by second causes.
It is much to be ascribed to the immediate will of God, who
giveth and taketh away beauty at his pleasure. Abbot.
3. Instant; present with regard to time. Prior therefore should
not have written more immediate.
Immediate are my needs, and my relief
Must not be tost and turn'd to me in words,
But find supply immediate. Shakesp. Timon.
Death denounc'd that day,
Which he presumes already vain, and void,
Because not yet inflicted, as he fear'd,
By some immediate stroke. Milton's Paradise Lost.
But she, howe'er of vict'ry sure,
Contemns the wreath too long delay'd;
And arm'd with more immediate pow'r,
Calls cruel silence to her aid. Prior.

IMME’DIATELY. adv. [from immediate.]
1. Without the intervention of any other cause or event.
God's acceptance of it, either immediately by himself, or
mediately by the hands of the bishop, is that which vests
the whole property of a thing in God. South's Sermons.
2. Instantly; at the time present; without delay.
Her father hath commanded her to slip
Away with Slender, and with him at Eaton
Immediately to marry. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

IMME’DIATENESS. n. s. [from immediate.]
1. Prefence with regard to time.
2. Exemption from second or intervening causes.

IMME’DICABLE. adj. [immedicabilis, Latin.] Not to be healed;
incurable.
My griefs ferment and rage,
Nor less than wounds immedicable,
Rankle and fester, and gangrene
To black mortification. Milton's Agonistes.

IMME’MORABLE. adj. [immemorabilis, Latin.] Not worth re­
membering.

IMMEMO’RIAL. adj. [immemorial, French; in and memoria,
Latin.] Past time of memory; so ancient that the beginning
cannot be traced.
By a long immemorial practice, and prescription of an aged
thorough-paced hypocrisy, they come to believe that for a
reality, which, at first practice of it, they themselves knew to
be a cheat. South's Sermons.
All the laws of this kingdom have some memorials in
writing, yet all have not their original in writing; for some
obtained their force by immemorial usage or custom. Hale.

IMME’NSE. adj. [immense, Fr. immensus, Lat.] Unlimited;
unbounded; infinite.
O goodness infinite! goodness immense!
That all this good of evil shall produce! Milt. Parad. Lost.
As infinite duration hath no relation unto motion and time,
so infinite or immense essence hath no relation unto body; but
is a thing distinct from all corporeal magnitude, which we
mean when we speak of immensity, and of God as of an im­
mense being. Grew's Cosmol.

IMME’NSELY. adv. [from immense.] Infinitely; without mea­
sure.
We shall find that the void space of our system is immensely
bigger than all its corporeal mass. Bentley's Sermons.

IMME’NSITY. n. s. [immensité, French.] Unbounded greatness;
infinity.
By the power we find in ourselves of repeating, as often as
we will, any idea of space, we get the idea of immensity. Locke.
He that will consider the immensity of this fabrick, and the
great variety that is to be found in this inconsiderable part of
it which he has to do with, may think that in other mansions
of it there may be other and different intelligent beings. Locke.
All these illustrious worlds,
And millions which the glass can ne'er descry,
Lost in the wilds of vast immensity,
Are suns, are centers. Blackmore's Creation.

IMMENSURABI’LITY. n. s. [from immensurable.] Impossibility
to be measured.

IMME’NSURABLE. adj. [in and mensurabilis, Latin.] Not to
be measured.

To IMME’RGE. v. a. [immergo, Latin.] To put under water.

IMME’RIT. n. s. [immerito, Latin.] Want of worth; want of
desert.
When I receive your lines, and find there expressions of a
passion, reason and my own immerit tell me it must not be
for me. Suckling.

IMME’RSE. adj. [immersus, Latin.] Buried; covered; sunk
deep.
After long inquiry of things immerse in matter, I interpose
some object which is immateriate, or less materiate; such as
this of sounds, that the intellect may become not partial. Bac.

To IMME’RSE. v. a. [immersus, Latin.]
1. To put under water.
2. To sink or cover deep.
He stood
More than a mile immers'd within the wood;
At once the wind was laid. Dryden.
They observed that they were immersed in their rocks, quar­
ries, and mines, in the same manner as they are at this day
found in all known parts of the world. Woodw. Nat. History.
3. To keep in a state of intellectual depression.
It is a melancholy reflection, that our country, which, in
times of popery, was called the nation of saints, should now
have less appearance of religion in it than any other neigh­
bouring state or kingdom; whether they be such as continue
still immersed in the errours of the church of Rome, or such as
are recovered out of them. Addison's Freeholder.
We are prone to engage ourselves with the business, the
pleasures, and the amusements of this world: we give our­
selves up too greedily to the pursuit, and immerse ourselves too
deeply in the enjoyment of them. Atterbury's Sermons.
It is impossible for a man to have a lively hope in another
life, and yet be deeply immersed in the enjoyments of this.
Atterbury's Sermons.

IMME’RSION. n. s. [immersio, Latin; immersion, French.]
1. The act of putting any body into a fluid below the surface.
Achilles's mother is said to have dipped him, when he was a
child, in the river Styx, which made him invulnerable all over,
excepting that part which the mother held in her hand during
this immersion. Addison's Guardian.
2. The state of sinking below the surface of a fluid.
3. The state of being overwhelmed or lost in any respect.
There are many persons, who, through the heat of their
lusts and passions, through the contagion of ill example, or
too deep an immersion in the affairs of life, swerve from the
rules of their holy faith; and yet would, upon extraordi­
nary warning, be brought to comply with them. Atterbury.

IMMETHO’DICAL. adj. [in and methodical.] Confused; being
without regularity; being without method.
M. Bayle compares the answering of an immethodical au­
thor to the hunting of a duck: when you have him full in
your sight he gives you the slip, and becomes invisible. Addis.

IMMETHO’DICALLY. adv. [from immethodical.] Without me­
thod.

I’MMINENCE. n. s. [from imminent.] Any ill impending; im­
mediate or near danger. A word not in use.
I do not speak of flight, of fear, of death;
But dare all imminence, that gods and men
Address their dangers in. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

I’MMINENT. adj. [imminent, Fr. imminens, Lat.] Impend­
ing; at hand; threatning. Always in an ill sense.
What dangers at any time are imminent, what evils hang
over our heads, God doth know, and not we. Hooker.
Three times to-day
You have defended me from imminent death. Shakes. H. VI.
These she applies for warnings and portents
Of evils imminent; and on her knee
Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to-day. Shakespeare.
To them preach'd
Conversion and repentance, as to souls
In prison, under judgments imminent. Milton's Par. Lost.
Men could not sail without imminent danger and inconve­
niences. Pope.

To IMMI’NGLE. v. a. [in and mingle.] To mingle; to mix;
to unite.


Some of us, like thee, through stormy life
Toil'd, tempest-beaten, ere we could attain
This holy calm, this harmony of mind,
Where purity and peace immingle charms. Thoms. Summer.

IMMINU’TION. n. s. [from imminuo, Latin.] Diminution;
decrease.
These revolutions are as exactly uniform as the earth's are,
which could not be, were there any place for chance, and did
not a providence continually oversee and secure them from all
alteration or imminution. Ray on the Creation.

IMMISCIBI’LITY. n. s. [from immiscible.] Incapacity of being
mingled.

IMMI’SCIBLE. adj. [in and miscible.] Not capable of being
mingled. Clarissa.

IMMI’SSION. n. s. [immissio, Latin.] The act of sending in;
contrary to emission.

To IMMI’T. v. n. [immitto, Latin.] To send in.

To IMMI’X. v. a. [in and mix.] To mingle.
Samson, with these immixt, inevitably
Pull'd down the same destruction on himself. Milton.

IMMI’XABLE. adj. [in and mix.] Impossible to be mingled.
Fill a glass sphere with such liquors as may be clear, of the
same colour, and immixable. Wilkins.

IMMOBI’LITY. n. s. [immobilité, French, from immobilis, Latin.]
Unmoveableness; want of motion; resistance to motion.
The course of fluids through the vascular solids must in
time harden the fibres, and abolish many of the canals; from
whence driness, weakness, immobility, and debility of the vital
force. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

IMMO’DERATE. adj. [immoderé, Fr. immoderatus, Latin.]
Excessive; exceeding the due mean.
One means, very effectual for the preservation of health,
is a quiet and chearful mind, not afflicted with violent passions,
or distracted with immoderate cares. Ray on the Creation.

IMMO’DERATELY. adv. [from immoderate.] In an excessive
degree.
Immoderately she weeps for Tybalt's death. Shakespeare.
It weakened more and more the arch of the earth, sucking
out the moisture that was the cement of its parts, drying it
immoderately, and chapping it. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

IMMODERA’TION. n. s. [immoderation, Fr. from immoderate.]
Want of moderation; excess.

IMMO’DEST. adj. [immodeste, French; in and modest.]
1. Wanting shame; wanting delicacy or chastity.
She railed at herself, that she should be so immodest to write
to one that she knew would flout her. Shakespeare.
2. Unchaste; impure.
Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought;
But we proscribe the least immodest thought. Dryden.
3. Obscene.
'Tis needful that the most immodest word
Be look'd upon, and learn'd; which once attain'd,
Comes to no farther use
But to be known and hated. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
4. Unreasonable; exorbitant; arrogant.

IMMO’DESTY. n. s. [immodestie, French, from immodest.] Want
of modesty; indecency.
It was a piece of immodesty. Pope.

To I’MMOLATE. v. a. [immolo, Latin; immoler, French.]
To sacrifice; to kill in sacrifice.
These courtiers of applause being oftentimes reduced to
live in want, these costly trifles so ingrossing all that they can
spare, that they frequently enough are forced to immolate their
own desires to their vanity. Boyle.
Now immolate the tongues, and mix the wine,
Sacred to Neptune and the powers divine. Pope's Odyssey.

IMMOLA’TION. n. s. [immolation, French, from immolate.]
1. The act of sacrificing.
In the picture of the immolation of Isaac, or Abraham sacri­
ficing his son, Isaac is described as a little boy. Brown.
2. A sacrifice offered.
We make more barbarous immolations than the most savage
heathens. Decay of Piety.

IMMO’MENT. adj. [in and moment.] Trifling; of no impor­
tance or value. A barbarous word.
I some lady-trifles have reserv'd,
Immoment toys, things of such dignity
As we greet modern friends withal. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

IMMO’RAL. adj. [in and moral.] Wanting regard to the laws
of natural religion; contrary to honesty; dishonest.

IMMORA’LITY. n. s. [from immoral.] Dishonesty; want of
virtue; contrariety to virtue.
Such men are put into the commission of the peace who en­
courage the grossest immoralities, to whom all the bawds of the
ward pay contribution. Swift.

IMMO’RTAL. adj. [immortalis, Latin.]
1. Exempt from death; never to die.
To the king eternal, immortal, invisible, the only wise
God, be glory for ever. Tim. i. 17.
Her body sleeps in Capulet's monument,
And her immortal part with angels lives. Shak. Ro. and Jul.
There was an opinion in gross, that the soul was immor­
tal. Abbot's Description of the World.
The Paphian queen,
With gored hand, and veil so rudely torn,
Like terror did among th' immortals breed,
Taught by her wound that goddesses may bleed. Waller.
2. Never ending; perpetual.
Give me my robe, put on my crown: I have
Immortal longings in me. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.

IMMORTA’LITY. n. s. [immortalité, Fr. from immortal.] Ex­
emption from death; life never to end.
This corruptible shall put on incorruption, and this mortal,
immortality. Corinth.
Quaff immortality and joy. Milton.
He th' immortality of souls proclaim'd,
Whom th' oracle of men the wisest nam'd. Denham.
His existence will of itself continue for ever, unless it be
destroyed; which is impossible, from the immutability of God,
and the nature of his immortality. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
When we know cogitation is the prime attribute of a spirit,
we infer its immateriality, and thence its immortality. Watts.

IMMO’RTALLY. adv. [from the adjective.] So as never to die.

To IMMO’RTALIZE. v. a. [immortaliser, French, from immortal.]
To make immortal; to perpetuate; to exempt from death.
Drive them from Orleans, and be immortaliz'd. Shakesp.
For mortal things desire their like to breed,
That so they may their kind immortalize. Davies.

To IMMO’RTALIZE. v. n. To become immortal. This word
is, I think, peculiar to Pope.
Fix the year precise,
When British bards begin t' immortalize. Pope.

IMMO’RTALLY. adv. [from immortal.] With exemption from
death; without end.
There is your crown;
And he that wears the crown immortally,
Long guard it yours! Shakesp. Henry IV.
What pity 'tis that he cannot wallow immortally in his sen­
sual pleasures! Bentley's Sermons.

IMMO’VABLE. adj. [in and moveable.]
1. Not to be forced from its place.
We shall not question his removing the earth, when he finds
an immovable base to place his engine upon. Brown.
2. Not liable to be carried away; real in law.
When an executor meddles with the immovable estate, be­
fore he has seized on the moveable goods, it may be then ap­
pealed from the execution of sentence. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. Unshaken; unaffected.
How much happier is he, who, centring on himself, remains
immovable, and smiles at the madness of the dance about
him! Dryden's Don Sebastian.

IMMO’VABLY. adv. [from immovable.] In a state not to be
shaken.
Immovably firm to their duty, when they could have no pro­
spect of reward. Atterbury's Sermons.

IMMU’NITY. n. s. [immunité, French; immunitas, Latin.]
1. Discharge from any obligation.
Of things harmless whatsoever there is, which the whole
church doth observe, to argue for any man's immunity from
observing the same, it were a point of most insolent mad­
ness. Hooker.
2. Privilege; exemption.
Granting great immunities to the commons, they prevailed
so far as to cause Palladius to be proclaimed successor. Sidney.
Simon sent to Demetrius, to the end he should give the
land an immunity, because all that Tryphon did was to
spoil. 1 Mac. xiii. 34.
The laity invidiously aggravate the rights and immunities of
the clergy. Sprat's Sermons.
3. Freedom.
Common apprehensions entertain the antidotal condition of
Ireland, conceiving only in that land an immunity from ve­
nomous creatures. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
But this annex'd condition of the crown,
Immunity from errors, you disown. Dryden.

To IMMU’RE. v. a. [in and murus, Lat. emmurer, old French,
so that it might be written emmure.] To inclose within walls;
to confine; to shut up; to imprison.
Pity, you ancient stones, these tender babes,
Whom envy hath immur'd within your walls! Shak. R. III.
One of these three contains her heav'nly picture;
And shall I think in silver she's immur'd! Shakespeare.
At the first descent on shore he was not immured with a
wooden vessel, but he did countenance the landing in his long­
boat. Wotton.
Lysimachus immured it with a wall. Sandys's Travels.
Though a foul foolish prison her immure
On earth, she, when escap'd, is wise and pure. Denham.

IMMU’RE. n. s. [from the verb.] A wall; an inclosure, as in
Shakespeare.
Their vow is made
To ransack Troy; within whose strong immures
The ravish'd Helen, Menelaus' queen,
With wanton Paris sleeps. Shakespeare.



IMMU’SICAL. adj. [in and musical.] Unmusical; inharmo­
nious.
All sounds are either musical, which are ever equal, or im­
musical, which are ever unequal, as the voice in speaking,
and whisperings. Bacon's Natural History.
When we consider the immusical note of all swans we ever
beheld or heard of, we cannot consent. Brown.

IMMUTABI’LITY. n. s. [immutabilitas, Lat. immutabilité, Fr.
from immutable.] Exemption from change; invariableness;
unchangeableness.
The immutability of God they strive unto, by working after
one and the same manner. Hooker.
His existence will of itself continue for ever, unless it be de­
stroyed; which is impossible, from the immutability of God.
Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

IMMU’TABLE. adj. [immutabilis, Latin.] Unchangeable;
invariable; unalterable.
By two immutable things, in which it was impossible
for God to lye, we have a strong consolation. Heb. vi.
Thy threat'nings, Lord, as thine, thou may'st revoke;
But if immutable and fix'd they stand,
Continue still thyself to give the stroke,
And let not foreign foes oppress thy land. Dryden.

IMMU’TABLY. adv. [from immutable.] Unalterably; inva­
riably; unchangeably.
His love is like his essence, immutably eternal. Boyle.

IMP

IMP. n. s. [imp, Welsh, a shoot, a sprout, a sprig.]
1. A son; the offspring; progeny.
That noble imp your son. Lord Cromwel to King Henry.
And thou, most dreaded imp of highest Jove,
Fair Venus' son. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The tender imp was weaned from the teat. Fairfax.
A lad of life, an imp of fame. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. A subaltern devil; a puny devil. In this sense 'tis still re­
tained.
Such we deny not to be the imps and limbs of Satan. Hook.
Him after long debate, irresolute
Of thoughts revolv'd, his final sentence chose,
Fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom
To enter, and his dark suggestions hide
From sharpest sight. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. ix.
As soon as you can hear his knell,
This god on earth turns d——l in hell;
And, lo! his ministers of state,
Transform'd to imps, his levee wait. Swift.

To IMP. v. a. [impio, to engraff, Welsh.] To lengthen or
enlarge with any thing adscititious.
If then we shall shake off our slavish yoke,
Imp out our drooping country's broken wings. Shak. R. II.
New rebellions raise
Their hydra heads, and the false North displays
Her broken league to imp her serpent wings. Milton.
Help, ye tart satyrists, to imp my rage
With all the scorpions that should whip this age. Cleavel.
With cord and canvas from rich Hamburgh sent,
His navy's molted wings he imps once more. Dryden.
New creatures rise,
A moving mass at first, and short of thighs;
'Till shooting out with legs, and imp'd with wings,
The grubs proceed to bees with pointed stings. Dryden.
The Mercury of heav'n, with silver wings
Impt for the flight, to overtake his ghost. Southern.

To IMPA’CT. v. a. [impactus, Latin.] To drive close or
hard.
They are angular; but of what particular figure is not easy
to determine, because of their being impacted so thick and
confusedly together. Woodward on Fossils.

To IMPA’INT. v. a. [in and paint.] To paint; to decorate
with colours. Not in use.
Never yet did insurrection want
Such water-colours to impaint his cause. Shakesp. H. VI.

To IMPA’IR. v. a. [empirer, to make worse, French. Skinner.]
To diminish; to injure; to make worse; to lessen in quan­
tity, value, or excellence.
To change any such law, must needs, with the common
sort, impair and weaken the force of those grounds whereby
all laws are made effectual. Hooker.
Objects divine
Must needs impair, and weary human sense. Milt. Pa. Lost.
That soon refresh'd him weary'd, and repair'd
What hunger, if aught hunger had impair'd,
Or thirst. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Nor was the work impair'd by storms alone,
But felt th' approaches of too warm a sun. Pope.
In years he seem'd, but not impair'd by years. Pope.

To IMPA’IR. v. n. To be lessened or worn out.
Flesh may impair, quoth he; but reason can repair. F. Q.

IMPA’IR. n. s. [from the verb.] Diminution; decrease.
A loadstone, kept in undue position, that is, not lying on
the meridian, or with its poles inverted, receives in longer
time impair in activity and exchange of faces, and is more
powerfully preserved by site than dust of steel. Brown.

IMPA’IRMENT. n. s. [from impair.] Diminution; injury.
His posterity, at this distance, and after so perpetual impair­
ment, cannot but condemn the poverty of Adam's conception,
that thought to obscure himself from his Creator in the shade
of the garden. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

IMPA’LPABLE. adj. [impalpable, Fr. in and palpable.] Not to
be perceived by touch.
If beaten into an impalpable powder, when poured out, it
will emulate a liquor, by reason that the smalness of the parts
do make them easy to be put into motion. Boyle.

To IMPA’RADISE. v. a. [imparadisare, Italian.] To put in a
place or state resembling paradise in felicity.
This imparadised neighbourhood made Zelmane's soul
cleave unto her, both through the ivory case of her body, and
the apparel which did over-cloud it. Sidney, b. ii.
All my souls be
Imparadis'd in you, in whom alone
I understand, and grow, and see. Donne.
Thus these two,
Imparadis'd in one another's arms,
The happier Eden, shall enjoy their fill
Of bliss on bliss. Milton's Paradise Lost.

IMPA’RITY. n. s. [imparitas, impar, Latin.]
1. Inequality; disproportion.
Some bodies are hard, some soft: the hardness is caused
chiefly by the jejuneness of the spirits, and their imparity with
the tangible parts. Bacon.
2. Oddness; indivisibility into equal parts.
What verity is there in that numeral conceit, in the lateral
division of man, by even and odd; and so by parity or impa­
rity of letters in mens names, to determine misfortunes on
either side of their bodies? Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To IMPA’RK. v. a. [in and park.] To inclose with a park;
to sever from a common.

To IMPA’RT. v. a. [impartior, Latin.]
1. To grant; to give.
High state and honours to others impart,
But give me your heart. Dryden.
2. To communicate.
Gentle lady,
When first I did impart my love to you,
I freely told you, all the wealth I had
Ran in my veins. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.
As in confession the revealing is for the ease of a man's
heart, so secret men come to the knowledge of many things,
while men rather discharge than impart their minds. Bacon.
Thou to me thy thoughts
Wast wont, I mine to thee was wont t' impart. Milt. P. L.
I find thee knowing of thyself;
Expressing well the spirit within thee free,
My image, not imparted to the brute. Milt. Par. Lost.

IMPA’RTIAL. adj. [impartial, Fr. in and partial.] Equitable;
free from regard to party; indifferent; disinterested; equal in
distribution of justice; just. It is used as well of actions as
persons.
Success I hope, and fate I cannot fear:
Alive or dead, I shall deserve a name;
Jove is impartial, and to both the same. Dryden's Æn.

IMPARTIA’LITY. n. s. [impartialité, French; from impartial.]
Equitableness; justice.
A pious and well disposed will gives not only diligence, but
also impartiality to the understanding in its search into religion,
which is absolutely necessary to give success unto our inquiries
into truth; it being scarce possible for that man to hit the
mark, whose eye is still glancing upon something beside
it. South's Sermons.

IMPA’RTIALLY. adv. [from impartial.] Equitably; with in­
different and unbiassed judgment; without regard to party or
interest; justly; honestly.
Since the Scripture promises eternal happiness and pardon of
sin, upon the sole condition of faith and sincere obedience, it
is evident, that he only can plead a title to such a pardon,
whose conscience impartially tells him that he has performed
the required condition. South's Sermons.

IMPA’RTIBLE. adj. [impartible, Fr. from impart.] Commu­
nicable; to be conferred or bestowed. This word is elegant,
though used by few writers.
The same body may be conceived to be more or less impar­
tible than it is active or heavy. Digby.

IMPA’SSABLE. adj. [in and passable.] Not to be passed; not
admitting passage; impervious.
There are in America many high and impassable mountains,
which are very rich. Raleigh.
Over this gulf
Impassable, impervious; let us try,
To found a path from hell to that new world. Milton.
When Alexander would have passed the Ganges, he was
told by the Indians that all beyond it was either impassable
marshes, or sandy desarts. Temple.

IMPASSIBI’LITY. n. s. [impassibilité, Fr. from impassible.] Ex­
emption from suffering; insusceptibility of injury from external
things.


Two divinities might have pleaded their prerogative of im­
passibility, or at least not have been wounded by any mortal
hand. Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.

IMPA’SSIBLE. adj. [impassible, Fr. in and passio, Latin.] Inca­
pable of suffering; exempt from the agency of external
causes; exempt from pain.
If the upper soul check what is consented to by the will,
in compliance with the flesh, and can then hope that, after a
few years of sensuality, that rebellious servant shall be eter­
nally cast off, drop into a perpetual impassible nothing, take a
long progress into a land where all things are forgotten, this
would be some colour. Hammond.
Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart,
Though naked, and impassible depart. Dryden.

IMPA’SSIBLENESS. n. s. [from impassible.] Impassibility; ex­
emption from pain.
How shameless a partiality is it, thus to reserve all the sen­
sualities of this world, and yet cry out for the impassibleness of
the next? Decay of Piety.

IMPA’SSIONED. adj. [in and passion.] Seized with passion.
So, standing, moving, or to height upgrown,
The tempter, all impassion'd, thus began. Milt. Par. Lost.

IMPA’SSIVE. adj. [in and passive.] Exempt from the agency of
external causes.
She told him what those empty phantoms were,
Forms without bodies, and impassive air. Dryden's Æn.
Pale suns, unfelt at distance, roll away;
And on th' impassive ice the lightnings play. Pope.

IMPA’STED. adj. [in and paste.] Covered as with paste.
Horridly trickt
With blood of fathers, mothers, daughters, sons,
Bak'd and impasted with the parching fires. Shakes. Hamlet.

IMPA’TIENCE. n. s. [impatience, Fr. impatientia, Latin.]
1. Inability to suffer pain; rage under suffering.
All the power of his wits has given way to his impatience.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
The experiment I resolved to make was upon thought, and
not rashness or impatience. Temple.
2. Vehemence of temper; heat of passion.
3. Inability to suffer delay; eagerness.

IMPA’TIENT. adj. [impatient, Fr. impatiens, Latin.]
1. Not able to endure; incapable to bear.
Fame, impatient of extremes, decays
Not more by envy than excess of praise. Pope.
2. Furious with pain; unable to bear pain.
The tortur'd savage turns around,
And flings about his foam, impatient of the wound. Dryden.
3. Vehemently agitated by some painful passion.
To be impatient at the death of a person, concerning whom
it was certain he must die, is to mourn because thy friend was
not born an angel. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The impatient man will not give himself time to be informed
of the matter that lies before him. Addison's Spectator.
4. Eager; ardently desirous; not able to endure delay.
The mighty Cæsar waits his vital hour,
Impatient for the world, and grasps his promis'd pow'r. Dry.
On the seas prepar'd the vessel stands;
Th' impatient mariner thy speed demands. Pope's Odyssey.

IMPA’TIENTLY. adv. [from impatient.]
1. Passionately; ardently.
He considered one thing so impatiently, that he would not
admit any thing else to be worth consideration. Clarendon.
2. Eagerly; with great desire.

To IMPA’TRONIZE. v. a. [impatroniser, Fr. in and patronize.]
To gain to one's self the power of any seigniory. This word
is not usual.
The ambition of the French king was to impatronize him­
self of the dutchy. Bacon's Henry VII.

To IMPA’WN. v. a. [in and pawn.] To impignorate; to pawn;
to give as a pledge; to pledge.
Go to the king, and let there be impawn'd
Some surety for a safe return again. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Many now in health
Shall drop their blood, in approbation
Of what your reverence shall invite us to;
Therefore take heed how you impawn our person,
How you awake our sleeping sword of war. Shakes. H. V.

To IMPE’ACH. v. a. [empecher, French.]
1. To hinder; to impede. This sense is little in use.
Each door he opened without any breach;
There was no bar to stop, nor foe him to impeach.
Fairy Queen.
These ungracious practices of his sons did impeach his jour­
ney to the Holy Land, and vexed him all the days of his
life. Davies.
If they will impeach the purposes of an army, which they
have no reason to think themselves able to resist, they put
themselves out of all expectation of mercy. Hayward.
A defluxion on my throat impeached my utterance. Howel.
2. To accuse by publick authority.
They were both impeached by a house of commons. Addison.
Great dissentions were kindled between the nobles and com­
mons on account of Coriolanus, whom the latter had im­
peached. Swift.

IMPE’ACH. n. s. [from the verb.] Hindrance; let; impedi­
ment.
Why, what an intricate impeach is this?
If here you hous'd him, here he would have been;
If he were mad, he would not plead so coldly. Shakespeare.

IMPEA’CHABLE. adj. [from impeach.] Accusable; charge­
able.
Had God omitted by positive laws to give religion to the
world, the wisdom of his providence had been impeach­
able. Grew's Cosmol.

IMPE’ACHER. n. s. [from impeach.] An accuser; one who
brings an accusation against another.
Many of our fiercest impeachers would leave the delinquent
to the merciful indulgence of a Saviour. Gov. of the Tongue.

IMPE’ACHMENT. n. s. [from impeach.]
1. Hindrance; let; impediment; obstruction. Not in use.
Tell us what things, during your late continuance there,
are most offensive, and the greatest impeachment to the good go­
vernment thereof. Spenser on Ireland.
Turn thee back,
And tell thy king I do not seek him now;
But could be willing to march on to Calais,
Without impeachment. Shakes. Henry V.
Neither is this accession of necessity any impeachment to
Christian liberty, or ensnaring of mens consciences. Sanders.
2. Publick accusation; charge preferred.
The king, provok'd to it by the queen,
Devis'd impeachments to imprison him. Shak. Rich. III.
The lord Somers, though his accusers would gladly have
dropped their impeachment, was instant with them for the pro­
secution. Addison.
The consequences of Coriolanus's impeachment had like to
have been fatal to their state. Swift.

To IMPE’ARL. v. a. [in and pearl.]
1. To form in resemblance of pearls.
Innumerable as the stars of night,
Or stars of morning, dewdrops, which the sun
Impearls on every leaf, and ev'ry flow'r. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. To decorate as with pearls.
The dews of the morning impearl every thorn, and scatter
diamonds on the verdant mantle of the earth. Digby to Pope.

IMPECCABI’LITY. n. s. [impeccabilité, Fr. from impeccable.]
Exemption from sin; exemption from failure.
Infallibility and impeccability are two of his attributes. Pope.

IMPE’CCABLE. adj. [impeccable, French; in and pecco, Latin.]
Exempt from possibility of sin.
That man pretends he never commits any act prohibited by
the word of God, and then that were a rare charm to render
him impeccable, or that is the means of consecrating every
sin of his. Hammond on Fundamentals.

To IMPE’DE. v. a. [impedio, Latin.] To hinder; to let; to
obstruct.
All the forces are mustered to impede its passage.
Decay of Piety.
The way is open, and no stop to force
The stars return, or to impede their course. Creech.

IMPE’DIMENT. n. s. [impedimentum, Latin.] Hindrance; let;
impeachment; obstruction; opposition.
The minds of beasts grudge not at their bodies comfort, nor
are their senses letted from enjoying their objects: we have the
impediments of honour, and the torments of conscience. Sidney.
What impediments there are to hinder it, and which were
the speediest way to remove them. Hooker.
The life is led most happily wherein all virtue is exercised
without impediment or let. Hooker.
They bring one that was deaf, and had an impediment in his
speech. Mar. vii. 32.
But for my tears,
The moist impediments unto my speech,
I had forestall'd this dear and deep rebuke. Shakesp. H. IV.
May I never
To this good purpose, that so fairly shews,
Dream of impediment. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Free from th' impediments of light and noise,
Man, thus retir'd, his nobler thoughts employs. Waller.
Fear is the greatest impediment to martyrdom; and he that is
overcome by little arguments of pain, will hardly consent to
lose his life with torments. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

To IMPE’L. v. a. [impello, Latin.] To drive on towards a
point; to urge forward; to press on.
So Myrrha's mind, impell'd on either side,
Takes ev'ry bent, but cannot long abide. Dryden's Ovid.
The surge impell'd me on a craggy coast. Pope.
Propitious gales
Attend thy voyage, and impel thy sails. Pope's Odyssey.
A mightier pow'r the strong direction sends,
And sev'ral men impels to sev'ral ends;
This drives them constant to a certain coast. Pope.

IMPE’LLENT. n. s. [impellens, Latin.] An impulsive power; a
power that drives forward.


How such a variety of motions should be regularly ma­
naged, in such a wilderness of passages, by mere blind impel­
lents and material conveyances, I have not the least conjec­
ture. Glanv.

To IMPE’ND. v. n. [impendeo, Lat.] To hang over; to be at
hand; to press nearly.
It expresses our deep sorrow for our past sins, and our lively
sense of God's impending wrath. Smalridge's Sermons.
Destruction sure o'er all your heads impends;
Ulysses comes, and death his steps attends. Pope's Odyssey.
No story I unfold of publick woes,
Nor bear advices of impending foes. Pope's Odyssey.

IMPE’NDENT. adj. [impendens, Latin.] Imminent; hang­
ing over; pressing closely.
If the evil feared or impendent be a greater sensible evil than
the good, it over-rules the appetite to aversation. Hale.
Dreadful in arms, on Landen's glorious plain
Place Ormond's duke: impendent in the air
Let his keen sabre, comet-like, appear. Prior.

IMPE’NDENCE. n. s. [from impendent.] The state of hanging
over; near approach.
Though it be good, yet sometimes it is not safe to be at­
tempted, by reason of the impendence of a greater sensible evil.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

IMPENETRABI’LITY. n. s. [impenetrabilité, Fr. from impene­
trable.]
1. Quality of not being pierceable.
All bodies, so far as experience reaches, are either hard or
may be hardened; and we have no other evidence of univer­
sal impenetrability, besides a large experience, without an ex­
perimental exception. Newton's Opt.
2. Insusceptibility of intellectual impression.

IMPE’NETRABLE. adj. [impenetrable, Fr. impenetrabilis, Lat.]
1. Not to be pierced; not to be entered by any external force.
With hard'ning cold, and forming heat,
The cyclops did their strokes repeat,
Before th' impenetrable shield was wrought. Dryden.
2. Impervious; not admitting entrance.
Deep into some thick covert would I run,
Impenetrable to the stars or sun. Dryden.
The mind frights itself with any thing reflected on in gross:
things, thus offered to the mind, carry the shew of nothing
but difficulty in them, and are thought to be wrapped up in
impenetrable obscurity. Locke.
3. Not to be taught; not to be informed.
4. Not to be affected; not to be moved.
It is the most impenetrable cur
That ever kept with men.
——Let him alone;
I'll follow him no more with bootless prayers. Shakespeare.
Some will never believe a proposition in divinity, if any
thing can be said against it: they will be credulous in all affairs
of life, but impenetrable by a sermon of the gospel. Taylor.

IMPE’NETRABLY. adv. [from impenetrable.] With hardness
to a degree incapable of impression.
Blunt the sense, and fit it for a skull
Of solid proof, impenetrably dull. Pope's Dunciad.

IMPE’NITENCE. n. s. [impenitence, Fr. in and penitence.] Ob­
duracy; want of remorse for crimes; final
disregard of God's threatenings or mercy.

IMPE’NITENCY. n. s. [impenitence, Fr. in and penitence.] Ob­
duracy; want of remorse for crimes; final
disregard of God's threatenings or mercy.
Where one man ever comes to repent, a thousand end their
days in final impenitence. South's Sermons.
Before the revelation of the gospel the wickedness and im­
penitency of the heathens was a much more excuseable thing,
because they were in a great measure ignorant of the rewards
of another life. Tillotson's Sermons.
He will advance from one degree of wickedness and impe­
nitence to another, 'till at last he becomes hardened without
remorse. Rogers's Sermons.

IMPE’NITENT. adj. [impenitent, Fr. in and penitent.] Finally
negligent of the duty of repentance; obdurate.
Our Lord in anger hath granted some impenitent mens re­
quests; as, on the other side, the apostle's suit he hath of fa­
vour and mercy not granted. Hooker.
They dy'd
Impenitent, and left a race behind
Like to themselves. Milton.
When the reward of penitents, and punishment of impe­
nitents, is once assented to as true, 'tis impossible but the mind
of man should wish for the one, and have dislikes to the
other. Hammond.

IMPE’NITENTLY. adv. [from impenitent.] Obdurately; with­
out repentance.
The condition required of us is a constellation of all the
gospel graces, every one of them rooted in the heart, though
mixed with much weakness, and perhaps with many sins, so
they be not wilfully, and impenitently lived and died in. Hamm.
What crowds of these, impenitently bold,
In sounds and jingling syllables grown old,
Still run on poets! Pope.

IMPE’NNOUS. adj. [in and penna, Latin.] Wanting wings.
It is generally received an earwigg hath no wings, and is
reckoned amongst impennous insects; but he that shall with a
needle put aside the short and sheathy cases on their back, may
draw forth two wings, larger than in many flies. Brown.

I’MPERATE. adj. [imperatus, Latin.] Done with conscious­
ness; done by direction of the mind.
The elicit internal acts of any habit may be quick and vi­
gorous, when the external imperate acts of the same habit ut­
terly cease. South's Sermons.
Those natural and involuntary actings are not done by deli­
beration, yet they are done by the energy of the soul and in­
strumentality of the spirits, as well as those imperate acts,
wherein we see the empire of the soul. Hale's Origin of Mank.

IMPE’RATIVE. adj. [imperatif, Fr. imperativus, Latin.] Com­
manding; expressive of command.
The verb is formed in a different manner, to signify the in­
tention of commanding, forbidding, allowing, disallowing,
intreating; which likewise, from the principal use of it, is
called the imperative mood. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

IMPERCE’PTIBLE. adj. [imperceptible, Fr. in and perceptible.]
Not to be discovered; not to be perceived; small; subtle;
quick or slow so as to elude observation.
Some things are in their nature imperceptible by our sense; yea,
and the more refined parts of material existence, which, by rea­
son of their subtilty, escape our perception. Hale.
In the sudden changes of his subject with almost imperceptible
connections, the Theban poet is his master. Dryden.
The parts must have their outlines in waves, resembling
flames, or the gliding of a snake upon the ground: they must
be almost imperceptible to the touch, and even. Dryden.
The alterations in the globe are very slight, and almost im­
perceptible, and such as tend to the benefit of the earth. Wood.

IMPERCE’PTIBLENESS. n. s. [from imperceptible.] The quality
of eluding observation.
Many excellent things there are in nature, which, by rea­
son of their subtilty and imperceptibleness to us, are not so much
as within any of our faculties to apprehend. Hale.

IMPERCE’PTIBLY. adv. [from imperceptible.] In a manner not
to be perceived.
Upon reading of a fable we are made to believe we advise
ourselves: the moral insinuates itself imperceptibly, we are
taught by surprize, and become wiser and better unawares. Add.

IMPE’RFECT. adj. [imparfait, Fr. imperfectus, Latin.]
1. Not complete; not absolutely finished; defective. Used either
of persons or things.
Something he left imperfect in the state,
Which, since his coming forth, is thought of,
Which brought the kingdom so much fear and danger,
That his return was most required. Shakesp.
Opinion is a light, vain, crude and imperfect thing, settled
in the imagination; but never arriving at the understanding,
there to obtain the tincture of reason. Ben. Johnson.
The middle action, which produceth imperfect bodies,
is fitly called, by some of the ancients, inquination or incon­
coction, which is a kind of putrefaction. Bacon.
The ancients were imperfect in the doctrine of meteors, by
their ignorance of gunpowder and fireworks. Brown.
There are divers things we agree to be knowledge by the
bare light of nature, which yet are so uneasy to be satisfacto­
rily understood by our imperfect intellects, that let them be deli­
vered in the clearest expressions, the notions themselves will
yet appear obscure. Boyle.
A marcor is either imperfect, tending to a greater withering,
which is curable; or perfect, that is, an intire wasting of the
body, excluding all cure. Harvey on Consumptions.
The still-born sounds upon the palate hung,
And dy'd imperfect on the falt'ring tongue. Dryden.
As obscure and imperfect ideas often involve our reason, so
do dubious words puzzle men. Locke.
2. Frail; not completely good.

IMPERFE’CTION. n. s. [imperfection, Fr. from imperfect.]
Defect; failure; fault, whether physical or moral; whether
of persons or things.
Laws, as all other things human, are many times full of
imperfection; and that which is supposed behoveful unto men,
proveth oftentimes most pernicious. Hooker.
The duke had taken to wife Anne Stanhope, a woman for
many imperfections intolerable; but for pride monstrous. Hayw.
Imperfections would not be half so much taken notice of, if
vanity did not make proclamation of them. L'Estrange.
The world is more apt to censure than applaud, and him­
self fuller of imperfections than virtues. Addison's Spectator.
These are rather to be imputed to the simplicity of the age
than to any imperfection in that divine poet. Addison.

IMPE’RFECTLY. adv. [from imperfect.] Not completely; not
fully; not without failure.
Should sinking nations summon you away,
Maria's love might justify your stay;
Imperfectly the many vows are paid,
Which for your safety to the gods were made. Stepney.
Those would hardly understand language or reason to any
tolerable degree; but only a little and imperfectly about things
familiar. Locke.



IMPE’RFORABLE. adj. [in and perforo, Latin.] Not to be
bored through.

IMPE’RFORATE. adj. [in and perforatus, Latin.] Not pierced
through; without a hole.
Sometimes children are born imperforate; in which case a
small puncture, dressed with a tent, effects the cure. Sharp.

IMPE’RIAL. adj. [imperial, French; imperialis, Latin.]
1. Royal; possessing royalty.
Aim he took
At a fair vestal, throned in the West;
But I might see young Cupid's fiery shaft
Quench'd in the chaste beams of the wat'ry moon,
And the imperial vot'ress passed on
In maiden meditation, fancy free. Shakespeare.
2. Betokening royalty; marking sovereignty.
My due from thee is this imperial crown,
Which, as immediate from thy place and blood,
Derives itself to me. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. Belonging to an emperor or monarch; regal; royal; mo­
narchical.
The main body of the marching foe
Against th' imperial palace is design'd. Dryd. Ann. Mirab.
You that are a sov'reign prince, allay
Imperial pow'r with your paternal sway. Dryden.
To tame the proud, the fetter'd slave to free,
These are imperial arts, and worthy thee. Dryden's Æn.

IMPE’RIALIST. n. s. [from imperial.] One that belongs to an
emperour.
The imperialists imputed the cause of so shameful a flight
unto the Venetians. Knolles's History of the Turks.

IMPE’RIOUS. adj. [imperieux, French; imperiosus, Latin.]
1. Commanding; tyrannical; authoritative; haughty; arro­
gant; assuming command.
If it be your proud will
To shew the power of your imperious eyes. Spenser.
This imperious man will work us all
From princes into pages. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Not th' imperious show
Of the full-fortun'd Cæsar ever shall
Be brooch'd with me. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
He is an imperious dictator of the principles of vice, and
impatient of all contradiction. More's Divine Dialogues.
How much I suffer'd, and how long I strove
Against th' assaults of this imperious love! Dryden.
Recollect what disorder hasty or imperious words from pa­
rents or teachers have caused in his thoughts. Locke.
2. Powerful; ascendant; overbearing.
A man, by a vast and imperious mind, and a heart large as
the sand upon the sea-shore, could command all the knowledge
of nature and art. Tillotson's Sermons.

IMPE’RIOUSLY. adv. [from imperious.] With arrogance of
command; with insolence of authority.
Who's there, that knocketh so imperiously? Shak. H. VI.
Who can abide, that, against their own doctors, six whole
books should, by their fatherhoods of Trent, be under pain
of a curse, imperiously obtruded upon God and his
church. Hall.
It is not to insult and domineer, to look disdainfully, and
revile imperiously, that procures an esteem from any one. South.
The sage, transported at th' approaching hour,
Imperiously thrice thunder'd on the floor! Garth's Dispens.

IMPE’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from imperious.]
1. Authority; air of command.
So would he use his imperiousness, that we had a delightful
fear and awe, which made us loth to lose our hopes. Sidney.
2. Arrogance of command.
Imperiousness and severity is but an ill way of treating men,
who have reason of their own to guide them. Locke.

IMPE’RISHABLE. adj. [imperissable, French; in and perish.] Not
to be destroyed.
We find this our empyreal form
Incapable of mortal injury,
Imperishable; and though pierc'd with wound,
Soon closing, and by native vigour heal'd. Milt. Par. Lost.

IMPE’RSONAL. adj. [impersonel, French; impersonalis, Lat.]
Not varied according to the persons.

IMPE’RSONALLY. adv. [from impersonal.] According to the
manner of an impersonal verb.

IMPERSUA’SIBLE. adj. [in and persuasibilis, Latin.] Not to be
moved by persuasion.
Every pious person ought to be a Noah, a preacher of
righteousness; and if it be his fortune to have as impersuasible
an auditory, if he cannot avert the deluge, it will yet be the
delivering his own soul, if he cannot benefit other mens.
Decay of Piety.

IMPE’RTINENCE. n. s. [impertinence, French; from imper­
tinent.]

IMPE’RTINENCY. n. s. [impertinence, French; from imper­
tinent.]
1. That which is of no present weight; that which has no rela­
tion to the matter in hand.
Some tho' they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end
with themselves, and account future times impertinencies. Bac.
2. Folly; rambling thought.
O, matter and impertinency mixt,
Reason and madness! Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Troublesomeness; intrusion.
It will be said I handle an art no way suitable to my em­
ployments or fortune, and so stand charged with intrusion and
impertinency. Wotton's Architecture.
We should avoid the vexation and impertinence of pedants,
who affect to talk in a language not to be understood. Swift.
4. Trifle; thing of no value.
I envy your felicity, delivered from the gilded impertinencies
of life, to enjoy the moments of a solid contentment. Evelyn.
Nothing is more easy than to represent as impertinencies any
parts of learning, that have no immediate relation to the hap­
piness or convenience of mankind. Addison.
There are many subtle impertinencies learnt in the schools,
and many painful trifles, even among the mathematical theo­
rems and problems. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

IMPE’RTINENT. adj. [impertinent, Fr. in and pertinens, Latin.]
1. Of no relation to the matter in hand; of no weight.
The law of angels we cannot judge altogether impertinent
unto the affairs of the church of God. Hooker.
The contemplation of things that are impertinent to us, and
do not concern us, are but a more specious idleness. Tillotson.
2. Importunate; intrusive; meddling.
'Tis not a sign two lovers are together, when they can be
so impertinent as to enquire what the world does. Pope.
3. Foolish; trifling.

IMPE’RTINENT. n. s. A trifler; a meddler; an intruder.
Governours would have enough to do to trouble their heads
with the politicks of every meddling officious impertinent.
L'Estrange's Fables.

IMPE’RTINENTLY. adv. [from impertinent.]
1. Without relation to the present matter.
2. Troublesomely; officiously; intrusively.
I have had joy given me as preposterously, and as imperti­
nently, as they give it to men who marry where they do not
love. Suckling.
The blessedest of mortals, now the highest saint in the ce­
lestial hierarchy, began to be so impertinently importuned, that
great part of the liturgy was addressed solely to her. Howel.
Why will any man be so impertinently officious as to tell me
all this is only fancy? If it is a dream, let me enjoy it. Addis.

IMPE’RVIOUS. adj. [impervius, Latin.]
1. Unpassable; impenetrable.
We may thence discern of how close a texture glass is,
since so very thin a film proved so impervious to the air, that
it was forced to break the glass to free itself. Boyle.
Lest the difficulty of passing back
Stay his return, perhaps, over this gulf
Impassable, impervious; let us try
To found a path from hell to that new world. Milton.
The cause of reflexion is not the impinging of light on the
solid or impervious parts of bodies. Newton's Opt.
A great many vessels are, in this state, impervious by the
fluids. Arbuthnot.
From the damp earth impervious vapours rise,
Increase the darkness, and involve the skies. Pope.
2. Inaccessible. Perhaps improperly used.
A river's mouth impervious to the wind,
And clear of rocks. Pope's Odyssey.

IMPE’RVIOUSNESS. n. s. [from impervious.] The state of not
admitting any passage.

IMPERTRA’NSIBILITY. n. s. [in and pertranseo, Latin.] Im­
possibility to be passed through.
I willingly declined those many ingenious reasons given by
others; as of the impertransibility of eternity, and impossibility
therein to attain to the present limit of antecedent ages. Hale.

IMPETI’GINOUS. adj. [from impetigo, Latin.] Scurfy; co­
vered with small scabs.

I’MPETRABLE. adj. [impetrabilis, from impetro, Lat. impetrable,
French.] Possible to be obtained. Dict.

To I’MPETRATE. v. a. [impetrer, Fr. impetro, Latin.] To
obtain by intreaty. Dict.

I’MPETRATION. n. s. [impetration, Fr. impetratio, from impetro,
Latin.] The act of obtaining by prayer or intreaty.
The blessed sacrament is the mystery of the death of Christ,
and the application of his blood, which was shed for the re­
mission of sins, and is the great means of impetration, and the
meritorious cause of it. Taylor.
It is the greatest solemnity of prayer, the most powerful
liturgy, and means of impetration in this world. Taylor.

IMPETUO’SITY. n. s. [impetuosité, French, from impetuous.]
1. Violence; fury; vehemence; force.
I will set upon Aguecheek a notable report of valour, and
drive the gentleman into a most hideous opinion of his rage,
skill, fury, and impetuosity. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
The whole intrigue was contrived by the duke, and so
violently pursued by his spirit and impetuosity. Clarendon.


The mind gives not only licence, but incitation to the
other passions to take their freest range, and act with the ut­
most impetuosity. Decay of Piety.

IMPE’TUOUS. adj. [impetueux, Fr. from impetus, Latin.]
1. Violent; forcible; fierce.
Their virtue, like their Tyber's flood,
Rolling its course, design'd their country's good;
But oft the torrent's too impetuous speed,
From the low earth tore some polluted weed. Prior.
2. Vehement; passionate.
The king, 'tis true, is noble, but impetuous. Rowe.

IMPE’TUOUSLY. adv. [from impetuous.] Violently; vehe­
mently.
They view the windings of the hoary Nar;
Through rocks and woods impetuously he glides,
While froth and foam the fretting surface hides. Addison.

IMPE’TUOUSNESS. n. s. [from impetuous.] Violence; fury.
I wish all words of this sort might vanish in that breath that
utters them; that as they resemble the wind in fury and impe­
tuousness, so they might in transientness. Decay of Piety.

I’MPETUS. n. s. [Latin.] Violent tendency to any point;
violent effort.
Why did not they continue their descent 'till they were con­
tiguous to the sun, whither both mutual attraction and impetus
carried them. Bentley's Sermons.

IMPIE’RCEABLE. adj. [in and pierce.] Impenetrable; not to
be pierced.
Exceeding rage inflam'd the furious beast;
For never felt his impierceable breast
So wond'rous force from hand of living wight. Fa. Queen.

IMPI’ETY. n. s. [impieté, French; impietas, Latin.]
1. Irreverence to the Supreme Being; contempt of the duties of
religion.
To keep that oath were more impiety
Than Jeptha's, when he sacrific'd his daughter. Shak. H. VI.
2. An act of wickedness; expression of irreligion. In this sense
it has a plural.
If they die unprovided, no more is the king guilty of those
impieties for which they are now visited. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Can Juno such impieties approve? Denham.
We have a melancholy prospect of the state of our religion:
such amazing impieties can be equalled by nothing but by
those cities consumed of old by fire. Swift's Examiner.

To IMPI’GNORATE. v. a. [in and pignus, Latin.] To pawn;
to pledge.

IMPIGNORA’TION. n. s. [from impignorate.] The act of pawn­
ing or putting to pledge.

To IMPI’NGE. v. n. [impingo, Latin.] To fall against; to
strike against; to clash with.
Things are reserved in the memory by some corporeal exu­
viæ and material images, which, having impinged on the com­
mon sense, rebound thence into some vacant cells of the
brain. Glanville's Sceps.
The cause of reflexion is not the impinging of light on the
solid or impervious parts of bodies. Newton's Opt.

To IMPI’NGUATE. v. a. [in and pinguis, Lat.] To fatten; to
make fat.
Frictions also do more fill and impinguate the body than exer­
cise; for that in frictions the inward parts are at rest. Bacon.

I’MPIOUS. adj. [impius, Latin.] Irreligious; wicked; pro­
fane; without reverence of religion.
That Scripture standeth not the church of God in any
stead to direct, but may be let pass as needless to be con­
sulted with, we judge it profane, impious, and irreligious to
think. Hooker.
Cease then this impious rage. Milton.
Ye gods, destroy that impious sex. Waller.
Then lewd Auchemolus he laid in dust,
Who stain'd his stepdame's bed with impious lust. Dryden.
When no female arts his mind could move,
She turn'd to furious hate her impious love. Dryden.
And impious nations fear'd eternal night. Dryden.
Shame and reproach is generally the portion of the impious
and irreligious. South.
When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
The post of honour is a private station. Addison.
Since after thee may rise an impious line,
Coarse manglers of the human face divine:
Paint on, 'till fate dissolve thy mortal part,
And live and die the monarch of thy art. Tickel.
They, impious, dar'd to prey
On herds devoted to the god of day. Pope.
Grand mistakes in religion proceed from taking literally
what was meant figuratively, from which several impious
absurdities followed, terminating in absolute infidelity.
Forbes.

IMPIOUSLY. adv. [from impious.] Profanely; wickedly.
The Roman wit, who impiously divides
His hero and his gods to different sides,
I would condemn. Granville.

IMPLACABI’LITY. n. s. [from implacable.] Inexorableness;
irreconcilable enmity; determined malice.

IMPLA’CABLE. adj. [implacabilis, Lat. implacable, Fr.] Not
to be pacified; inexorable; malicious; constant in enmity.
His incensement is so implacable, that satisfaction can be
none but by pangs of death. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Darah bears a generous mind;
But to implacable revenge inclin'd;
A bounteous master, but a deadly foe. Dryden's Aurengz.
The French are the most implacable and the most danger­
ous enemies of the British nation. Addison.

IMPLA’CABLY. adv. [from implacable.]
1. With malice not to be pacified; inexorably.
An order was made for disarming all the papists; upon
which though nothing was after done, yet it kept up the ap­
prehensions in the people of dangers, and disinclined them
from the queen, whom they begun every day more implacably
to hate, and consequently to disoblige. Clarendon.
2. It is once used by Dryden in a kind of mixed sense of a ty­
rant's love.
I love,
And 'tis below my greatness to disown it:
Love thee implacably, yet hate thee too. Dryd. Don Sebast.

To IMPLA’NT. v. a. [in and planto, Latin.] To infix; to in­
sert; to place; to engraft; to settle; to set; to sow.
How can you him unworthy then decree,
In whose chief part your worths implanted be. Sidney.
See, Father! what first fruits on earth are sprung,
From thy implanted grace in man! Milton's Parad. Lost.
No need of publick sanctions this to bind,
Which nature has implanted in the mind. Dryden.
There grew to the outside of the arytenoides another carti­
lage, capable of motion, by the help of some muscles that
were implanted in it. Ray.
God, having endowed man with faculties of knowing, was
no more obliged to implant those innate notions in his mind,
than that, having given him reason, hands, and materials, he
should build him bridges. Locke.

IMPLANTA’TION. n. s. [implantation, Fr. from implant.] The
act of setting or planting.

IMPLA’USIBLE. adj. [in and plausible.] Not specious; not
likely to seduce or persuade.
Nothing can better improve political school-boys than the
art of making plausible or implausible harangues against the
very opinion for which they resolve to determine. Swift.

I’MPLEMENT. n. s. [implementum, from impleo, Latin.]
1. Something that fills up vacancy, or supplies wants.
Unto life many implements are necessary; more, if we seek
such a life as hath in it joy, comfort, delight, and plea­
sure. Hooker.
2. Tool; instrument of manufacture.
Wood hath coined seventeen thousand pounds, and hath
his tools and implements to coin six times as much. Swift.
It is the practice of the eastern regions for the artists in
metals to carry about with them the whole implements of trade,
to the house where they find employment. Broome.
3. Vessels of a kitchen.

IMPLE’TION. n. s. [impleo, Latin.] The act of filling; the
state of being full.
Theophrastus conceiveth, upon a plentiful impletion, there
may succeed a disruption of the matrix. Brown's Vulg. Err.

IMPLE’X. adj. [implexus, Latin.] Intricate; entangled; com­
plicated.
Every poem is either simple or implex: it is called simple
when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the
fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from
good to bad. Spectator.

To I’MPLICATE. v. a. [impliquer, Fr. implico, Latin.] To
entangle; to embarrass; to involve; to infold.
The ingredients of saltpetre do so mutually implicate and
hinder each other, that the concrete acts but very lan­
guidly. Boyle.

IMPLICA’TION. n. s. [implicatio, Lat. implication, French, from
implicate.]
1. Involution; entanglement.
Three principal causes of firmness are the grossness, the
quiet contact, and the implication of the component parts. Boyle.
2. Inference not expressed, but tacitly inculcated.
Though civil causes, according to some men, are of less
moment than criminal, yet the doctors are, by implication, of
a different opinion. Ayliffe's Parergon.

IMPLI’CIT. adj. [implicite, Fr. implicitus, Latin.]
1. Entangled; infolded; complicated.
In his woolly fleece
I cling implicit. Pope.
The humble shrub,
And bush with frizzl'd hair implicit. Thomson.
2. Inferred; tacitly comprised; not expressed.
In the first establishments of speech there was an implicit
compact, founded upon common consent, that such and such
words should be signs, whereby they would express their
thoughts one to another. South.
Our express requests are not granted, but the implicit desires
of our hearts are fulfilled. Smalridge's Sermons.


3. Resting upon another; connected with another over which
that which is connected to it has no power; trusting without
reserve or examination.
There be false peaces or unities, when the peace is grounded
but upon an implicit ignorance; for all colours will agree in
the dark. Bacon's Essays.
No longer by implicit faith we err,
Whilst every man's his own interpreter. Denham.

IMPLI’CITLY. adv. [from implicit.]
1. By inference comprised though not expressed.
The divine inspection into the affairs of the world doth
necessarily follow from the nature and being of God; and he
that denies this, doth implicitly deny his existence: he may ac­
knowledge what he will with his mouth, but in his heart he
hath said there is no God. Bentley.
2. By connexion with something else; dependently; with un­
reserved confidence or obedience.
My blushing muse with conscious fear retires,
And whom they like, implicitly admires. Roscommon.
Learn not to dispute the methods of his providence; but
humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adore them. Atterb.
We implicitly follow in the track in which they lead us, and
comfort ourselves with this poor reflection, that we shall fare
as well as those that go before us. Rogers's Sermons.

To IMPLO’RE. v. a. [implorer, French; imploro, Latin.]
1. To call upon in supplication; to solicit.
They ship their oars, and crown with wine
The holy goblet to the pow'rs divine,
Imploring all the gods that reign above. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To ask; to beg.
Do not say 'tis superstition, that
I kneel, and then implore her blessing. Shakes. Winter's Tale.

IMPLO’RE. n. s. [from the verb.] The act of begging; in­
treaty; solicitation. Not in use.
Urged sore
With piercing words and pitiful implore,
Him hasty to arise. Fairy Queen.

IMPLO’RER. n. s. [from implore.] Solicitor.
Meer implorers of unholy suits,
Breathing, like sanctified and pious,
The better to beguile. Shakes. Hamlet.

IMPLU’MED. adj. [implumis, Latin.] Without feathers. Dict.

To IMPLY’. v. a. [impliquer, French; implico, Latin.]
1. To infold; to cover; to intangle.
Whose courage stout,
Striving to loose the knot that fast him ties,
Himself in straighter bonds too rash implies. Fairy Queen.
And Phœbus flying so most shameful sight,
His blushing face in foggy cloud implies. Fairy Queen.
2. To involve or comprise as a consequence or concomitant.
That it was in use among the Greeks the word triclinium
implieth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
What follows next is no objection; for that implies a
fault. Dryden.
Bows the strength of brawny arms imply,
Emblems of valour, and of victory. Dryden.

To IMPO’ISON. v. a. [empoisoner, French. It might be writ­
ten empoison.]
1. To corrupt with poison.
One doth not know
How much an ill word doth impoison liking. Shakespeare.
2. To kill with poison. This is rare. See EMPOISON.
A man by his own alms impoison'd,
And with his charity slain. Shak. Coriolanus.

IMPO’LARILY. adv. [in and polar.] Not according to the di­
rection of the poles.
Being impolarily adjoined unto a more vigorous loadstone, it
will, in a short time, exchange its poles. Brown's Vulg. Err.

IMPOLI’TICAL. adj. [in and politick.] Imprudent; indiscreet;
void of art or forecast.

IMPO’LITICK. adj. [in and politick.] Imprudent; indiscreet;
void of art or forecast.
He that exhorteth to beware of an enemy's policy, doth not
give counsel to be impolitick; but rather to use all prudent
foresight and circumspection, lest our simplicity be over-reacht
by cunning slights. Hooker.

IMPOLI’TICALLY. adv. [in and political.] Without art or
forecast.

IMPO’LITICKLY. adv. [in and political.] Without art or
forecast.

IMPO’NDEROUS. adj. [in and ponderous.] Void of perceptible
weight.
It produces visible and real effects by imponderous and invi­
sible emissions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IMPORO’SITY. n. s. [in and porous.] Absence of interstices;
compactness; closeness.
The porosity or imporosity betwixt the tangible parts, and
the greatness or smalness of the pores. Bacon's Nat. History.

IMPO’ROUS. adj. [in and porous.] Free from pores; free from
vacuities or interstices; close of texture; completely solid.
It has its earthly and salinous parts so exactly resolved,
that its body is left imporous, and not discreted by atomical ter­
minations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If atoms should descend plumb down with equal velocity,
being all perfectly solid and imporous, they would never the
one overtake the other. Ray on the Creation.

To IMPO’RT. v. a. [importo, Latin.]
1. To carry into any country from abroad: opposed to export.
For Elis I would sail with utmost speed,
T' import twelve mares, which there luxurious feed. Pope.
2. To imply; to infer.
Himself not only comprehended all our necessities, but in
such sort also framed every petition as might most naturally
serve for many; and doth, though not always require, yet al­
ways import a multitude of speakers together. Hooker.
The name of discipline importeth not as they would fain
have it construed; but the self-same thing it signifieth, which
the name of doctrine doth. Hooker.
This question we now asked, imported, as that we thought
this land a land of magicians. Bacon.
3. To produce in consequence.
Something he left imperfect in the state,
Which since his coming forth is thought of, which
Imports the kingdom so much fear and danger,
That his return was most requir'd. Shakesp. K. Lear.
4. [Importer, importe, French. Impersonally.] To be of
moment: as, it imports, it is of weight or consequence.
Her length of sickness, with what else more serious
Importeth thee to know, this bears. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatr.
Let the heat be such as may keep the metal perpetually mol­
ten; for that above all importeth to the work. Bacon.
Number in armies importeth not much, where the people is
of weak courage. Bacon's Essays.
This to attain, whether heav'n move, or earth,
Imports not, if thou reckon right. Milton's Paradise Lost.
It may import us in this calm to hearken more than we have
done to the storms that are now raising abroad. Temple.
If I endure it, what imports it you? Dryd. Span. Fryar.

IMPO’RT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Importance; moment; consequence.
What occasion of import
Hath all so long detain'd you from your wife? Shakespeare.
Some business of import that triumph wears
You seem to go with. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
When there is any dispute, the judge ought to appoint the
sum according to the eloquence and ability of the advocate,
and in proportion to the import of the cause. Ayliffe.
2. Tendency.
Add to the former observations made about vegetables a
third of the same import made in mineral substances. Boyle.
3. Any thing imported from abroad.

IMPO’RTABLE. adj. [in and portable.] Unsupportable; not to
be endured. A word peculiar to Spenser, and accented by him
on the first syllable.
Both at once him charge on either side,
With hideous stroaks and importable power,
That forced him his ground to traverse wide,
And wisely watch to ward that deadly stour. Fairy Queen.

IMPO’RTANCE. n. s. [French.]
1. Thing imported or implied.
A notable passion of wonder appeared in them; but the
wisest beholder, that knew no more but seeing, could not say
if the importance were joy or sorrow. Shak. Winter's Tale.
2. Matter; subject.
It had been pity you should have been put together with so
mortal a purpose, as then each bore, upon importance of so
slight a nature. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
3. Consequence; moment.
We consider
Th' importance of Cyprus to the Turks. Shak. Othello.
Thy own importance know,
Nor bound thy narrow views to things below. Pope.
4. Importunity. An improper use peculiar to Shakespeare.
Maria writ
The letter at sir Toby's great importance;
In recompence whereof he hath married her. Shakespeare.

IMPO’RTANT. adj. [important, French.]
1. Momentous; weighty; of great consequence.
The most important and pressing care of a new and vigorous
king was his marriage, for mediate establishment of the royal
line. Wotton.
This superadds treachery to the crime: 'tis the falsifying
the most important trust. Decay of Piety.
O then, what interest shall I make
To save my last important stake,
When the most just have cause to quake. Roscommon.
The great important end that God designs it for, the govern­
ment of mankind, sufficiently shews the necessity of its being
rooted deep in the heart, and put beyond the danger of being
torn up by any ordinary violence. South.
Examine how the fashionable practice of the world can be
reconciled to the important doctrine of our religion. Rogers.
Important truths still let your fables hold,
And moral mysteries with art unfold. Granville.


Th' important hour had pass'd unheeded by. Irene.
2. Momentous; forcible; of great efficacy. This seems to be
the meaning here.
He fiercely at him flew,
And with important outrage him assail'd;
Who soon prepar'd to field, his sword forth drew,
And him with equal value countervail'd. Fairy Queen.
3. Importunate. A corrupt use of the word.
Great France
My mourning and important tears hath pitied. Shakespeare.

IMPORTA’TION. n. s. [from import.] The act or practice of
importing, or bringing into a country from abroad.
The king's reasonable profit should not be neglected upon
importation and exportation. Bacon.
These mines fill the country with greater numbers of peo­
ple than it would be able to bear, without the importation of
corn from foreign parts. Addison on Italy.
The emperor has forbidden the importation of their manu­
factures into any part of the empire. Addison on Italy.

IMPO’RTER. n. s. [from import.] One that brings in from
abroad.
It is impossible to limit the quantity that shall be brought in,
especially if the importers of it have so sure a market as the
Exchequer. Swift.

IMPO’RTLESS. adj. [from import.] Of no moment or conse­
quence. This is a word not in use, but not inelegant.
We less expect
That matter needless, of importless burthen,
Divide thy lips. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

IMPO’RTUNATE. adj. [importunus, Latin; importune, Fr.]
Unseasonable and incessant in solicitations; not to be repulsed.
I was in debt to my importunate business; but he would not
hear my excuse. Shakespeare's Timon.
They may not be able to bear the clamour of an importu­
nate suitor. Smalridge's Sermons.
A rule restrains the most importunate appetites of our
nature. Rogers's Sermoas.

IMPO’RTUNATELY. adv. [from importunate.] With incessant
solicitation; pertinaciously.
Their pertinacy is such, that when you drive them out of
one form, they assume another; and are so importunately trou­
blesome, as makes many think it impossible to be freed from
them. Duppa's Rules of Devotion.

IMPO’RTUNATENESS. n. s. [from importunate.] Incessant soli­
citation.
She with more and more importunateness craved, which, in
all good manners, was either of us to be desired, or not
granted. Sidney.

To IMPORTU’NE. v. a. [importuner, French; importunus,
Latin. Accented anciently on the second syllable.] To teize;
to harass with slight vexation perpetually recurring; to mo­
lest.
Against all sense you do importune her. Shakespeare.
If he espied any lewd gaiety in his fellow-servants, his mas­
ter should straightways know it, and not rest free from impor­
tuning, until the fellow had put away his fault. Carew.
The bloom of beauty other years demands,
Nor will be gather'd by such wither'd hands:
You importune it with a false desire. Dryd. Aurengzebe.
The highest saint in the celestial hierarchy began to be so
impertinently importuned, that a great part of the liturgy was
addressed solely to her. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Every one hath experimented this troublesome intrusion of
some frisking ideas, which thus importune the understanding,
and hinder it from being employed. Locke.
We have been obliged to hire troops from several princes of
the empire, whose ministers and residents here have perpetual­
ly importuned the court with unreasonable demands. Swift.

IMPORTU’NE. adj. [importunus, Latin. It was anciently pro­
nounced with the accent on the second syllable.]
1. Constantly recurring; troublesome by frequency.
All that charge did fervently apply,
With greedy malice and importune toil;
And planted there their huge artillery,
With which they daily made most dreadful battery. F. Qu.
Henry, calling himself king of England, needed not to
have bestowed such great sums of treasure, nor so to have bu­
sied himself with importune and incessant labour and industry,
to compass my death and ruin, if I had been such a feigned
person. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. Troublesome; vexatious.
And th' armies of their creatures all, and some
Do serve to them, and with importune might
War against us, the vassals of their will. Spenser.
If the upper soul can check what is consented to by the will,
in compliance with the flesh, and can then hope that after a
few years of sensuality, that importune rebellious servant shall
be eternally cast off, this would be some colour for that novel
persuasion. Hammond.
The same airs, which some entertain with most delightful
transports, to others are importune. Glanv. Scep.
3. Unseasonable; coming, asking, or happening at a wrong
time.
No fair to thine
Equivalent, or second! which compell'd
Me thus, though importune perhaps, to come
And gaze and worship thee. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.

IMPORTU’NELY. adv. [from importune.]
1. Troublesomely; incessantly.
The palmer bent his ear unto the noise,
To weet who called so importunely:
Again he heard a more efforced voice,
That bad him come in haste. Fairy Queen.
2. Unseasonably; improperly.
The constitutions that the apostles made concerning dea­
cons and widows, are, with much importunity, but very im­
portunely urged by the disciplinarians. Sanderson.

IMPORTU’NITY. n. s. [importunitas, Lat. importunité, French,
from importunate.] Incessant solicitation.
Overcome with the importunity of his wife, a woman of a
haughty spirit, he altered his former purpose. Knolles.
Thrice I deluded her, and turn'd to sport
Her importunity. Milton's Agonistes.

To IMPO’SE. v. a. [imposer, French; impositum, Latin.]
1. To lay on as a burthen or penalty.
If a son, sent by his father, do fall into a lewd action,
the imputation, by your rule, should be imposed upon his
father. Shakespeare.
It shall not be lawful to impose toll upon them. Ezra vii.
To tyrants others have their country sold,
Imposing foreign lords for foreign gold. Dryd. Æn.
On impious realms and barb'rous kings impose
Thy plagues, and curse them with such ills as those. Pope.
2. To enjoin as a duty or law.
What good or evil is there under the sun, what action cor­
respondent or repugnant unto the law which God hath imposed
upon his creatures, but in or upon it God doth work, accord­
ing to the law which himself hath eternally purposed to
keep? Hooker.
There was a thorough way made by the sword for the im­
posing of the laws upon them. Spenser on Ireland.
Thou on the deep imposest nobler laws,
And by that justice hast remov'd the cause. Waller.
Christianity hath hardly imposed any other laws upon us,
but what are enacted in our natures, or are agreeable to the
prime and fundamental laws of it. Tillotson.
Impose but your commands,
This hour shall bring you twenty thousand hands. Dryden.
It was neither imposed on me, nor so much as the subject
given me by any man. Dryden.
3. To fix on; to impute to.
This cannot be allowed, except we impute that unto the
first cause which we impose not on the second; or what we
deny unto nature, we impute unto nativity itself. Brown.
4. To obtrude fallaciously.
Our poet thinks not fit
T' impose upon you what he writes for wit. Dryden.
5. To IMPOSE on. To put a cheat on; to deceive.
Physicians and philosophers have suffered themselves to be so
far imposed upon as to publish chymical experiments, which
they never tried. Boyle.
He that thinks the name centaur stands for some real being,
imposes on himself, and mistakes words for things. Locke.
6. [Among printers.] To put the pages on the stone, and fit on
the chases, in order to carry the forms to press.

IMPO’SE. n. s. [from the verb.] Command; injunction. Not
in use.
According to your ladyship's impose,
I am thus early come. Shakespeare.

IMPO’SEABLE. adj. [from impose.] To be laid as obligatory on
any body.
They were not simply imposeable on any particular man, far­
ther than he was a member of some church. Hammond.

IMPO’SER. n. s. [from impose.] One who enjoins; one who
lays any thing on another as a hardship.
The universities sufferings might be manifested to all na­
tions, and the imposers of these oaths might repent. Walton.

IMPOSI’TION. n. s. [imposition, French; impositus, Latin.]
1. The act of laying any thing on another.
The second part of confirmation is the prayer and benedic­
tion of the bishop, made more solemn by the imposition of
hands. Hammond.
2. The act of giving a note of distinction.
The first imposition of names was grounded, among all na­
tions, upon future good hope conceived of children. Camden.
The imposition of the name is grounded only upon the
predominancy of that element, whose name is ascribed to
it. Boyle.
3. Injunction of any thing as a law or duty.
Their determination is to trouble you with no more suit;
unless you may be won by some other sort than your father's
imposition, depending on the caskets. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.


From imposition of strict laws, to free
Acceptance of large grace; from servile fear
To filial; works of law, to works of faith. Milt. P. Lost.
4. Constraint; oppression.
The constraint of receiving and holding opinions by autho­
rity was rightly called imposition. Locke.
A greater load has been laid on us than we have been able
to bear, and the grossest impositions have been submitted to, in
order to forward the dangerous designs of a faction. Swift.
Let it not be made, contrary to its own nature, the occa­
sion of strife, a narrow spirit, and unreasonable impositions on
the mind and practice. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
5. Cheat; fallacy; imposture.

IMPO’SSIBLE. adj. [impossibile, Fr. in and possible.] Not to be
done; not to be attained; impracticable.
Unlawful desires are punished after the effect of enjoying;
but impossible desires are punished in the desire itself. Sidney.
It was impossible that the state should continue quiet. 2 Mac.
With men this is impossible; but with God all things are
possible. Mat. xix. 26.
'Twere impossible for any enterprize to be lawful, if that
which should legitimate it is subsequent to it. Decay of Piety.
Difficult it is, but not impossible. Chillingworth.
It is impossible the mind should be stopped any where in
its progress in this space, how far foever it extends its
thoughts. Locke.
We cannot believe it impossible to God to make a creature
with more ways to convey into the understanding the notice
of corporeal things than five. Locke.
I my thoughts deceive
With hope of things impossible to find. Walsh.

IMPOSSIBI’LITY. n. s. [impossibilité, Fr. from impossible.]
1. Impracticability; the state of being not feasible.
Simple Philoclea, it is the impossibility that doth torment
me; for unlawful desires are punished after the effect of enjoy­
ing, but impossible desires in the desire itself. Sidney.
Admit all these impossibilities and great absurdities to be pos­
sible and convenient. Whitgifte.
Let the mutinous winds
Strike the proud cedars 'gainst the firy sun,
Murdering impossibility, to make
What cannot be, slight work. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
They confound difficulty with impossibility. South.
Those who assert the impossibility of space existing without
matter, must make body infinite. Locke.
When we see a man of like passions and weakness with our­
selves going before us in the paths of duty, it confutes all lazy
pretences of impossibility. Rogers.
2. That which cannot be done.
Though men do, without offence, wish daily that the af­
fairs, which with evil success are past, might have fallen out
much better; yet to pray that they may have been any other
than they are, this being a manifest impossibility in itself, the
rules of religion do not permit. Hooker.
Impossibilities! oh no, there's none,
Could I bring thy heart captive home. Cowley.

I’MPOST. n. s. [impost, impôt, French; impositum, Latin.] A
tax; a toll; custom paid.
Taxes and imposts upon merchants do seldom good to the
king's revenue; for that that he wins in the hundred, he loseth
in the shire. Bacon's Essays.

IMPO’STS. n. s. [imposte, Fr. incumba, Latin.] In architecture,
that part of a pillar, in vaults and arches, on which the weight
of the whole building lieth. Ainsworth.

To IMPO’STHUMATE. v. n. [from imposthume.] To form an
abscess; to gather; to form a cyst or bag containing matter.
The bruise imposthumated, and afterwards turned to a stink­
ing ulcer, which made every body shy to come near
her. Arbuthnot.

To IMPO’STHUMATE. v. a. To afflict with an imposthume.
They would not fly that surgeon, whose lancet threatens
none but the imposthumated parts. Decay of Piety.

IMPOSTHUMA’TION. n. s. [from imposthumate.] The act of
forming an imposthume; the state in which an imposthume is
formed.
He that maketh the wound bleed inwards, endangereth ma­
lign ulcers and pernicious imposthumations. Bacon's Essays.

IMPO’STHUME. n. s. [This seems to have been formed by
corruption from impostem, as South writes it; and impostem to
have been written erroneously for apostem, ἀϖόϛημα, an ab­
scess.] A collection of purulent matter in a bag or cyst.
Now the rotten diseases of the South, ruptures, catarrhs,
and bladders full of imposthumes, make preposterous discove­
ries. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
An error in the judgment is like an impostem in the head,
which is always noisome, and frequently mortal. South.
Fumes cannot transude through the bag of an imposthume.
Harvey on Consumptions.

IMPO’STOR. n. s. [imposteur, Fr. from impose; impositor, Latin.]
One who cheats by a fictitious character.
Shame and pain, poverty and sickness, yea death and hell
itself, are but the trophies of those fatal conquests got by that
grand impostor, the devil, over the deluded sons of men. South.

IMPO’STURE. n. s. [imposture, Fr. impostura, Latin.] Cheat;
fraud; supposititiousness; cheat committed by giving to per­
sons or things a false character.
That the soul and angels have nothing to do with grosser
locality is generally opinioned; but who is it that retains not
a great part of the imposture, by allowing them a definitive
ubi, which is still but imagination? Glanv. Sceps.
Open to them so many of the interior secrets of this mys­
terious art, without imposture or invidious reserve. Evelyn.
We know how successful the late usurper was, while his
army believed him real in his zeal against kingship; but when
they found out the imposture, upon his aspiring to the same
himself, he was presently deserted, and never able to crown his
usurped greatness with that title. South.
Form new legends,
And fill the world with follies and impostures. Irene.

I’MPOTENCE. n. s. [impotentia, Latin.]

I’MPOTENCY. n. s. [impotentia, Latin.]
1. Want of power; inability; imbecillity; weakness.
Some were poor by impotency of nature; as young fatherless
children, old decrepit persons, ideots, and cripples. Hayw.
Weakness, or the impotence of exercising animal motion,
attends fevers. Arbuthnot.
God is a friend and a father, whose care supplies our wants,
and defends our impotence, and from whose compassion in Christ
we hope for eternal glory hereafter. Rogers's Sermons.
This is not a restraint or impotency, but the royal preroga­
tive of the most absolute king of kings; that he wills to do
nothing but what he can; and that he can do nothing which
is repugnant to his divine goodness. Bentley.
2. Ungovernableness of passion. A Latin signification: animi
impotentia.
Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire,
Belike through impotence, or unaware,
To give his enemies their wish, and end
Them in his anger, whom his anger saves
To punish endless? Milton's Paradise Lost.
Yet all combin'd,
Your beauty and my impotence of mind. Dryden.
3. Incapacity of propagation.
Dulness with obscenity must prove
As hateful, sure, as impotence in love. Pope.

IMPO’TENT. adj. [impotent, Fr. impotens, Latin.]
1. Weak; feeble; wanting force; wanting power.
We that are strong must bear the imbecillity of the impotent,
and not please ourselves. Hooker.
Yet wealth is impotent
To gain dominion, or to keep it gain'd. Milton.
Although in dreadful whirls we hung,
High on the broken wave,
I knew thou wert not slow to hear,
Nor impotent to save. Addison's Spectator.
2. Disabled by nature or disease.
In those porches lay a great multitude of impotent folk, of
blind, halt, and withered. Jo. v. 3.
There sat a certain man, impotent in his feet, being a crip­
ple from his mother's womb, who never had walked. Acts xiv.
I have learn'd that fearful commenting
Is leaden servitor to dull delay;
Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary. Shakes. R. III.
3. Without power of restraint. [Animi impotens.]
With jealous eyes at distance she had seen,
Whisp'ring with Jove, the silver-footed queen;
Then, impotent of tongue, her silence broke,
Thus turbulent in rattling tone she spoke. Dryden.
4. Without power of propagation.
He told beau Prim, who is thought impotent, that his mis­
tress would not have him, because he is a sloven, and had com­
mitted a rape. Tatler.

I’MPOTENTLY. adv. [from impotent.] Without power.
Proud Cæsar, 'midst triumphal cars,
The spoils of nations, and the pomp of wars,
Ignobly vain, and impotently great,
Shew'd Rome her Cato's figure drawn in state. Pope.

To IMPO’UND. v. a. [in and pound. See POUND.]
1. To inclose as in a pound; to shut in; to confine.
The great care was rather how to impound the rebels, that
none of them might escape, than that any doubt was made to
vanquish them. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To shut up in a pinfold.
England
Hath taken and impounded as a stray
The king. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Seeing him wander about, I took him up for a stray, and
impounded him, with intention to restore him to the right
owner. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

To IMPO’WER. See EMPOWER.

IMPRA’CTICABLE. adj. [impracticable, Fr. in and practicable.]
1. Not to be performed; unfeasible; impossible.


Had there not been still remaining bodies, the legitimate
offsprings of the antediluvian earth, 'twould have been an ex­
travagant and impracticable undertaking to have gone about to
determine any thing concerning it. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
To preach up the necessity of that which our experience
tells us is utterly impracticable, were to affright mankind with
the terrible prospect of universal damnation. Rogers's Serm.
2. Untractable; unmanageable.
That fierce impracticable nature
Is govern'd by a dainty-finger'd girl. Rowe.

IMPRA’CTICABLENESS. n. s. [from impracticable.] Impossibility.
I do not know a greater mark of an able minister than that
of rightly adapting the several faculties of men, nor is any
thing more to be lamented than the impracticableness of doing
this. Swift.

To I’MPRECATE. v. a. [imprecor, Latin.] To call for evil
upon himself or others.

IMPRECA’TION. n. s. [imprecatio, Lat. imprecation, Fr. from
imprecate.] Curse; prayer by which any evil is wished.
My mother shall the horrid furies raise
With imprecations. Chapman's Odyssey.
Sir John Hotham, uncursed by any language or imprecation
of mine, not long after paid his own and his eldest son's
heads. King Charles.
With imprecations thus he fill'd the air,
And angry Neptune heard th' unrighteous pray'r. Pope.

I’MPRECATORY. adj. [from imprecate.] Containing wishes of
evil.

To IMPRE’GN. v. a. [in and prægno, Latin.] To fill with
young; to fill with any matter or quality.
In her ears the sound
Yet rung of his persuasive words, impregn'd
With reason, to her seeming. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Th' unfruitful rock itself, impregn'd by thee,
Forms lucid stones. Thomson's Summer.

IMPRE’GNABLE. adj. [imprenable, French.]
1. Not to be stormed; not to be taken.
Two giants kept themselves in a castle, seated upon the top
of a rock, impregnable, because there was no coming to it but
by one narrow path, where one man's force was able to keep
down an army. Sidney.
Let us be back'd with God, and with the seas,
Which he hath given for fence impregnable,
And with their helps alone defend ourselves. Shakes. H. VI.
Hast thou not him, and all
Which he calls his, inclosed with a wall
Of strength impregnable? Sandys.
There the capitol thou see'st,
Above the rest lifting his stately head
On the Tarpeian rock, her citadel
Impregnable. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iv.
2. Unshaken; unmoved; unaffected.
The man's affection remains wholly unconcerned and im­
pregnable; just like a rock, which, being plied continually by
the waves, still throws them back again, but is not at all
moved. South's Sermons.

IMPRE’GNABLY. adv. [from impregnable.] In such a manner
as to defy force or hostility.
A castle strongly seated on a high rock, joineth by an isthmus
to the land, and is impregnably fortified. Sandys.

To IMPRE’GNATE. v. a. [in and prægno, Latin.]
1. To fill with young; to make prolifick.
Hermaphrodites, although they include the parts of both
sexes, cannot impregnate themselves. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Impregnate, from their loins they shed
A slimy juice. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
With native earth their blood the monsters mix'd;
The blood, endu'd with animating heat,
Did in the impregnate earth new sons beget. Dryden.
2. [Impregner, French.] To fill; to saturate.
Christianity is of so prolifick a nature, so apt to impregnate
the hearts and lives of its proselytes, that it is hard to imagine
that any branch should want a due fertility. Decay of Piety.

IMPREGNA’TION. n. s. [from impregnate.]
1. The act of making prolifick; fecundation.
They ought to refer matters unto counsellors, which is the first
begetting or impregnation; but when they are elaborate in the
womb of their counsel, and grow ripe to be brought forth,
then they take the matter back into their own hands. Bacon.
2. That with which any thing is impregnated.
What could implant in the body such peculiar impregnations,
as should have such power? Derham's Physico-Theology.
3. [Impregnation, French.] Saturation. Ainsworth.

IMPREJU’DICATE. adj. [in, præ, and judico, Latin.] Unpre­
judiced; not prepossessed; impartial.
The solid reason of one man with imprejudicate apprehen­
sions, begets as firm a belief as the authority or aggregated
testimony of many hundreds. Brown.

IMPREPARA’TION. n. s. [in and preparation.] Unprepared­
ness; want of preparation.
Impreparation and unreadiness when they find in us, they
turn it to the soothing up of themselves. Hoker.

To IMPRE’SS. v. a. [impressum, Latin.]
1. To print by pressure; to stamp.
So foul and ugly, that exceeding fear
Their visages imprest, when they approached near. Fa. Qu.
When God from earth form'd Adam in the East,
He his own image on the clay imprest. Denham.
The conquering chief his foot imprest
On the strong neck of that destructive beast. Dryd. Ovid.
2. To fix deep.
We should dwell upon the arguments, and impress the mo­
tives of persuasion upon our own hearts, 'till we feel the force
of them. Watts.
3. To force into service. This is generally now spoken and
written press.
His age has charms in it, his title more,
To pluck the common bosoms on his side,
And turn our imprest launces in our eyes
Which do command them. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be, until
Great Birnam-wood to Dunsinane's high hill
Shall come against him.
——That will never be:
Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Ormond should contribute all he could for the making those
levies of men, and for impressing of ships. Clarendon.

IMPRE’SS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Mark made by pressure.
This weak impress of love is as a figure
Trench'd in ice, which with an hour's heat
Dissolves to water. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
They having taken the impresses of the insides of these shells
with that exquisite niceness, as to express even the finest linea­
ments of them. Woodward's Nat. History.
2. Effects upon another substance.
How objects are represented to myself I cannot be igno­
rant; but in what manner they are received, and what im­
presses they make upon the differing organs of another, he only
knows that feels them. Glanv. Sceps.
3. Mark of distinction; stamp.
God, surveying the works of the creation, leaves us this
general impress or character upon them, that they were ex­
ceeding good. South's Sermons.
4. Device; motto.
To describe emblazon'd shields,
Impresses quaint, caparisons, and steeds,
Bases, and tinsel trappings. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
5. Act of forcing any into service; compulsion; seizure. Now
commonly press.
Ajax was here the voluntary, and you as under an im­
press. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Why such impress of shipwrights, whose sore task
Does not divide the Sunday from the week. Shakes. Hamlet.
Your ships are not well mann'd;
Your mariners are muliteers, reapers, people
Ingrost by swift impress. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

IMPRE’SSION. n. s. [impressio, Latin; impression, Fr.]
1. The act of pressing one body upon another.
Sensation is such an impression or motion, made in some
part of the body, as produces some perception in the under­
standing. Locke.
2. Mark made by pressure; stamp.
Like to a chaos, or unlick'd bear-whelp,
That carries no impression like the dam. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Image fixed in the mind.
Were the offices of religion stript of all the external decen­
cies, they would not make a due impression on the mind. Atter.
The false representations of the kingdom's enemies had
made some impression in the mind of the successor. Swift.
4. Operation; influence.
The king had made him high sheriff of Sussex, that he
might the better make impression upon that county. Clarendon.
We lie open to the impressions of flattery, which we admit
without scruple, because we think we deserve it. Atterbury.
Universal gravitation is above all mechanism, and proceeds
from a divine energy and impression. Bentley's Sermons.
There is a real knowledge of material things, when the
thing itself, and the real action and impression thereof on our
senses, is perceived. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
5. Edition; number printed at once; one course of printing.
To be distracted with many opinions, makes men to be of
the last impression, and full of change. Bacon.
For ten impressions, which his works have had in so many
years, at present a hundred books are scarcely purchased once
a twelvemonth. Dryden.
6. Effect of an attack.
Such a defeat of near two hundred horse, seconded with two
thousand foot, may surely endure a comparison with any of
the bravest impressions in ancient times. Wotton.

IMPRE’SSIBLE. adj. [in and pressum, Lat.] What may be im­
pressed.


The differences of impressible and not impressible, figurable
and not figurable, are plebeian notions. Bacon's Natural Hist.

IMPRE’SSURE. n. s. [from impress.] The mark made by pres­
sure; the dent; the impression.
Lean but upon a rush,
The cicatrice and capable impressure
Thy palm some moments keeps. Shakesp. As you like it.

To IMPRI’NT. v. a. [imprimer, French.]
1. To mark upon any substance by pressure.
One and the same seal, imprinted upon pieces of wax of
different colours. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Having surveyed the image of God in the soul of man, we
are not to omit those characters of majesty that God imprinted
upon the body. South's Sermons.
She amid'st his spacious meadows flows;
Inclines her urn upon his fatten'd lands,
And sees his num'rous herds imprint her sands. Prior.
2. To stamp words upon paper by the use of types.
3. To fix on the mind or memory.
There is a kind of conveying of effectual and imprinting
passages, amongst compliments, which is of singular use. Bac.
When we set before our eyes a round globe, the idea im­
printed in our mind is of a flat circle, variously shadowed. Loc.
We have all those ideas in our understandings which we can
make the objects of our thoughts, without the help of those
sensible qualities which first imprinted them. Locke.
Retention is the power to revive again in our minds those
ideas, which, after imprinting, have disappeared. Locke.
By familiar acquaintance he has got the ideas of those two
different things distinctly imprinted on his mind. Locke.

To IMPRI’SON. v. a. [emprisonner, Fr. in and prison.] To shut
up; to confine; to keep from liberty.
He imprison'd was in chains remediless;
For that Hippolytus' rent corse he did redress. Fa. Queen.
Now we are in the street, he first of all,
Improvidently proud, creeps to the wall;
And so imprison'd and hemm'd in by me,
Sells for a little state his liberty. Donne.
Try to imprison the resistless wind;
So swift is guilt, so hard to be confin'd. Dryden.
If a man imprisons himself in his closet, and employs reason
to find out the nature of the corporeal world, without experi­
ments, he will frame a scheme of chimeras. Watts.
It is not improbable, that all the virtual heat in the juices
of vegetables, metals, and minerals may be owing to the action
of the imprisoned rays. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

IMPRI’SONMENT. n. s. [emprisonnement, Fr. from imprison.] Con­
finement; clausure; state of being shut in prison. It may be
written emprisonment.
His sinews waxen weak and raw,
Through long imprisonment and hard constraint. F. Queen.
Which shall I first bewail,
Thy bondage or lost sight,
Thou art become, O worst imprisonment!
The dungeon of thyself. Milton's Agonistes.
From retentive cage
When sullen Philomel escapes, her notes
She varies, and of past imprisonment
Sweetly complains. Phillips.
Count Serini, still close prisoner in this castle, lost his senses
by his long imprisonment and afflictions. Addison.
It is well if they don't fix the brand of heresy on the man
who is leading them out of their long imprisonment, and loose­
ing the fetters of their souls. Watts's Impr. of the Mind.

IMPROBABI’LITY. n. s. [from improbable.] Unlikelihood;
difficulty to be believed.
The difficulty being so great, and the improbability of at­
tempting this successfully, it was but reason that a solid foun­
dation should be laid. Hammond.
As to the improbabilities of a spirit appearing, I boldly an­
swer him, that a heroick poet is not tied to the bare represen­
tation of what is true, or exceeding probable. Dryden.

IMPRO’BABLE. adj. [improbable, Fr. improbabilis, Lat. in and
probable.] Unlikely; incredible.
This account of party-patches will appear improbable to
those who live at a distance from the fashionable world. Addis.

IMPRO’BABLY. adv. [from improbable.]
1. Without likelihood.
2. In a manner not to be approved. Obsolete.
Aristotle tells us, if a drop of wine be put into ten thou­
sand measures of water, the wine being overpowered, will be
turned into water: he speaks very improbably. Boyle.

To IMPRO’BATE. v. a. [in and probo, Latin.] Not to ap­
prove. Ainsworth.

IMPROBA’TION. n. s. [improbatio, Latin; improbation, French.]
Act of disallowing. Ainsworth.

IMPRO’BITY. n. s. [improbitas, improbus, Latin.] Want of
honesty; dishonesty; baseness.
He was perhaps excommunicable, yea, and cast out for no­
torious improbity. Hooker.
We balance the improbity of the one with the improbity of
the other. L'Estrange.

To IMPROLI’FICATE. v. a. [in and prolifick.] To impregnate;
to fecundate. A word not used.
A difficulty in the doctrine of eggs is how the sperm of the
cock improlificates, and makes the oval conception fruitful.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IMPRO’PER. adj. [impropre, Fr. improprius, Latin.]
1. Not well adapted; unqualified.
As every science requires a peculiar genius, so likewise
there is a genius peculiarly improper for every one. Burnet.
2. Unfit; not conducive to the right end.
The methods used in an original disease would be very im­
proper in a gouty case. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. Not just; not accurate.
He disappear'd, was rarify'd;
For 'tis improper speech to say he dy'd:
He was exhal'd. Dryden.

IMPRO’PERLY. adv. [from improper.]
1. Not fitly; incongruously.
2. Not justly; not accurately.
Improperly we measure life by breath;
Such do not truly live who merit death. Dryd. Juvenal.
They assuring me of their assistance in correcting my faults
where I spoke improperly, I was encouraged. Dryden.

To IMPRO’PRIATE. v. a. [in and proprius, Latin.]
1. To convert to private use; to seize to himself.
For the pardon of the rest, the king thought it not fit it
should pass by parliament; the better, being matter of grace,
to impropriate the thanks to himself. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To put the possessions of the church into the hands of
laicks.
Mrs. Gulston being possessed of the impropriate parsonage
of Bardwell in Suffolk, did procure from the king leave to
annex the same to the vicarage. Spelman.

IMPROPRIA’TION. n. s. [from impropriate.]
An impropriation is properly so called when the church land
is in the hands of a layman; and an appropriation is when it
is in the hands of a bishop, college, or religious house, though
sometimes these terms are confounded. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Having an impropriation in his estate, he took a course to
dispose of it for the augmentation of the vicarage. Spelman.

IMPROPRIA’TOR. n. s. [from impropriate.] A layman that has
the possession of the lands of the church.
Where the vicar leases his glebe, the tenant must pay the
great tythes to the rector or impropriator. Ayliffe's Parerg.

IMPROPRI’ETY. n. s. [improprieté, Fr. from improprius, Latin.]
Unfitness; unsuitableness; inaccuracy; want of justness.
These mighty ones, whose ambition could suffer them to be
called gods, would never be flattered into immortality; but
the proudest have been convinced of the impropriety of that
appellation. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Many gross improprieties, however authorized by practice,
ought to be discarded. Swift.

IMPRO’SPEROUS. adj. [in and prosperous.] Unhappy; unfor­
tunate; not successful.
This method is in the design probable, how improsperous so­
ever the wickedness of men hath rendered the success of
it. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Our pride seduces us at once into the guilt of bold, and
punishment of improsperous rebels. Decay of Piety.
Seven revolving years are wholly run,
Since the improsperous voyage we begun. Dryden's Æn.

IMPRO’SPEROUSLY. adv. [from improsperous.] Unhappily; un­
successfully; with ill fortune.
This experiment has been but very improsperously at­
tempted. Boyle.

IMPRO’VABLE. adj. [from improve.] Capable of being ad­
vanced from a good to a better state; capable of melioration.
Adventures in knowledge are laudable, and the essays of
weaker heads afford improvable hints unto better. Brown.
We have stock enough, and that too of so improvable a na­
ture, that is, capable of infinite advancement. Decay of Piety.
Man is accommodated with moral principles, improvable by
the exercise of his faculties. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Animals are not improvable beyond their proper genius: a dog
will never learn to mew, nor a cat to bark. Grew's Cosmol.
I have a fine spread of improvable lands, and am already
planting woods and draining marshes. Addison's Spectator.

IMPRO’VABLENESS. n. s. [from improvable.] Capableness of
being made better.

IMPRO’VABLY. adv. [from improvable.] In a manner that ad­
mits of melioration.

To IMPRO’VE. v. a. [in and probus. Quasi probum facere. Skin­
ner.]
1. To advance any thing nearer to perfection; to raise from
good to better. We amend a bad, but improve a good thing.
I love not to improve the honour of the living by impairing
that of the dead. Denham.
Heaven seems improv'd with a superior ray,
And the bright arch reflects a double day. Pope.
2. [In and prove; improuver, Fr. improbo, Lat.] To disprove.
Though the prophet Jeremy was unjustly accused, yet doth
not that improve any thing that I have said. Whitgifte.



To IMPRO’VE. v. n. To advance in goodness.
We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence; vir­
tues which become us, particularly in times of war. Atterb.

IMPRO’VEMENT. n. s. [from improve.]
1. Melioration; advancement of any thing from good to better.
Some virtues tend to the preservation of health, and others
to the improvement and security of estates. Tillotson.
2. Act of improving.
The parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some few others, are
improvements on the Greek poet. Addison's Spectator.
3. Progress from good to better.
There is a design of publishing the history of architecture,
with its several improvements and decays. Addison.
4. Instruction; edification.
I look upon your city as the best place of improvement: from
the school we go to the university, but from the universities to
London. South.
5. Effect of melioration.
Love is the greatest of human affections, and friendship the
noblest and most refined improvement of love. South.

IMPRO’VER. n. s. [from improve.]
1. One that makes himself or any thing else better.
They were the greatest improvers of those qualifications with
which courts used to be adorned. Clarendon.
The first started ideas have been examined, and many effec­
tually confuted by the late improvers of this way. Locke.
Homer is like a skilful improver, who places a beautiful
statue so as to answer several vistas. Pope.
2. Any thing that meliorates.
Chalk is a very great improver of most lands. Mortimer.

IMPROVI’DED. adj. [improvisus, Latin; imprevu, Fr.] Un­
foreseen; unexpected; unprovided against.
She suborned hath
This crafty messenger with letters vain,
To work new woe, and improvided scath,
By breaking off the band betwixt us twain. Fairy Queen.

IMPRO’VIDENCE. n. s. [from improvident.] Want of fore­
thought; want of caution.
Men would escape floods by running up to mountains; and
though some might perish through improvidence, or through the
sudden inundation of a deluge, many would escape. Hale.
The improvidence of my neighbour must not make me in­
human. L'Estrange.

IMPRO’VIDENT. adj. [improvidus, Latin.] Wanting fore­
cast; wanting care to provide.
Improvident soldiers, had your watch been good,
This sudden mischief never could have fall'n. Shak. H. VI.
When men well have fed, the blood being warm,
Then are they most improvident of harm. Daniel's Ci. War.
I shall conclude this digression, and return to the time when
that brisk and improvident resolution was taken. Clarendon.
This were an improvident revenge in the young ones,
whereby, in defect of provision, they must destroy themselves.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IMPRO’VIDENTLY. adv. [from improvident.] Without fore­
thought; without care.
Now we are in the street, he first of all,
Improvidently proud, creeps to the wall;
And so imprison'd, and hemm'd in by me,
Sells for a little state his liberty. Donne.

IMPROVI’SION. n. s. [in and provision.] Want of forethought.
Her improvision would be justly accusable. Brown.

IMPRU’DENCE. n. s. [imprudence, Fr. imprudentia, Lat.] Want
of prudence; indiscretion; negligence; inattention to interest.

IMPRU’DENT. adj. [imprudent, Fr. imprudens, Lat.] Wanting
prudence; injudicious; indiscreet; negligent.
There is no such imprudent person as he that neglects God
and his soul. Tillotson.

I’MPUDENCE. n. s. [impudence, Fr. impudentia, Lat.] Shame­
lessness; immodesty.

I’MPUDENCY. n. s. [impudence, Fr. impudentia, Lat.] Shame­
lessness; immodesty.
I ne'er heard yet
That any of these bolder vices wanted
Less impudence to gainsay what they did,
Than to perform it first. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Nor did Noah's open infirmity justify Cham's impudency, or
exempt him from that curse of being servant of servants.
King Charles.
Those clear truths, that either their own evidence forces us
us to admit, or common experience makes it impudence to
deny. Locke.

I’MPUDENT. adj. [impudent, Fr. impudens, Latin.] Shame­
less; wanting modesty.
It is not a confident brow, nor the throng of words that
come with such more than impudent sawciness from you, can
thrust me from a level consideration. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When we behold an angel, not to fear,
Is to be impudent. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.

I’MPUDENTLY. adv. [from impudent.] Shamelesly; without
modesty.
At once assail
With open mouths, and impudently rail. Sandys.
Why should soft Fabius impudently bear
Names gain'd by conquest in the Gallick war?
Why lays he claim to Hercules his strain,
Yet dares be base, effeminate, and vain? Dryden.

To IMPU’GN. v. a. [impugner, Fr. impugno, Lat.] To attack;
to assault.
Of a strange nature is the suit you follow;
Yet in such rule, that the Venetian law
Cannot impugn you. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
I cannot think myself engaged to discourse of lots, as to
their nature, use, and allowableness; and that not only in
matters of moment and business, but also of recreation, which
is indeed impugned by some, though better defended by others.
South's Sermons.
St. Hierom reporteth, that he saw one of these in his time;
but the truth hereof I will not rashly impugn, or over-boldly
affirm. Peacham on Drawing.

IMPU’GNER. n. s. [from impugn.] One that attacks or invades.

IMPUI’SSANCE. n. s. [French.] Impotence; inability; weak­
ness; feebleness.
As he would not trust Ferdinando and Maximilian for sup­
ports of war, so the impuissance of the one, and the double
proceeding of the other, lay fair for him for occasions to ac­
cept of peace. Bacon's Henry VII.

I’MPULSE. n. s. [impulsus, Latin.]
1. Communicated force; the effect of one body acting upon another.
If these little impulses set the great wheels of devotion on
work, the largeness and height of that shall not at all be pre­
judiced by the smalness of its occasion. South's Sermons.
Bodies produce ideas in us manifestly by impulse. Locke.
Bodies, from the impulse of a fluid, can only gravitate in
proportion to their surfaces, and not according to their quan­
tity of matter, which is contrary to experience. Cheyne.
2. Influence acting upon the mind; motive; idea.
Mean time, by Jove's impulse, Mezentius arm'd,
Succeeded Turnus. Dryden's Æn.
These were my natural impulses for the undertaking; but
there was an accidental motive, which was full as forcible. Dry.
Moses saw the bush burn without being consumed, and
heard a voice out of it: this was something, besides finding
an impulse upon his mind to go to Pharaoh, that he might bring
his brethren out of Egypt. Locke.
3. Hostile impression.
Like two great rocks against the raging tide,
Unmov'd the two united chiefs abide,
Sustain th' impulse, and receive the war. Prior.

IMPU’LSION. n. s. [impulsion, Fr. impulsus, Latin.]
1. The agency of body in motion upon body.
The motion in the minute parts of any solid body passeth
without sound; for that sound that is heard sometimes is pro­
duced only by the breaking of the air, and not by the impul­
sion of the air. Bacon's Natural History.
To the impulsion there is requisite the force of the body that
moveth, and the resistance of the body that is moved; and if
the body be too great, it yieldeth too little; and if it be too
small, it resisteth too little. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Influence operating upon the mind.
But thou didst plead
Divine impulsion, prompting how thou might'st
Find some occasion to infest our foes. Milton's Agonistes.

IMPU’LSIVE. adj. [impulsif, Fr. from impulse.] Having the
power of impulse; moving; impellent.
Nature and duty bind him to obedience;
But those being placed in a lower sphere,
His fierce ambition, like the highest mover,
Has hurried with a strong impulsive motion
Against their proper course. Denham's Sophy.
What is the fountain or impulsive cause of this prevention
of sin? It is perfectly free grace. South's Sermons.
Poor men! poor papers! we and they
Do some impulsive force obey,
And are but play'd with, do not play. Prior.

IMPU’NITY. n. s. [impunité, Fr. impunitas, Latin.] Freedom
from punishment; exemption from punishment.
In the condition of subjects they will gladly continue,
as long as they may be protected and justly governed, without
oppression on the one side, or impunity on the other. Davies.
A general impunity would confirm them; for the vulgar will
never be brought to believe, that there is a crime where they
see no penalty. Addison's Freeholder.
Men, potent in the commonwealth, will employ their ill­
gotten influence towards procuring impunity, or extorting un­
due favours for themselves or dependents. Atterbury's Sermons.

IMPU’RE. adj. [impur, Fr. impurus, Latin.]
1. Contrary to sanctity; unhallowed; unholy.
No more can impure man retain and move
In that pure region of a worthy love,
Than earthly substance can unforc'd aspire,
And leave his nature to converse with fire. Donne.
Hypocrites austerely talk,
Condemning as impure what God has made
Pure, and commands to some, leaves free to all. Milton.


2. Unchaste.
If black scandal, or foul-fac'd reproach,
Attend the sequel of your imposition,
Your meer enforcement shall acquittance me
From all the impure blots and stains thereof. Shakesp. R. III.
One could not devise a more proper hell for an impure spi­
rit, than that which Plato has touched upon. Addison.
3. Feculent; foul with extraneous mixtures; drossy.

IMPU’RELY. adv. [from impure.] With impurity.

IMPU’RENESS. n. s. [impureté, French; impuritas, Lat. from
impure.]

IMPU’RITY. n. s. [impureté, French; impuritas, Lat. from
impure.]
1. Want of sanctity; want of holiness.
2. Act of unchastity.
The foul impurities that reigned among the monkish clergy.
Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Feculent admixture.
Cleanse the alimentary duct by vomiting and clysters, the
impurities of which will be carried into the blood. Arbuthnot.

To IMPU’RPLE. v. a. [empourprer, Fr. from purple.] To make
red; to colour as with purple.
Now in loose garlands, thick thrown off the bright
Pavement, that like a sea of jasper shone,
Impurpled with celestial roses, smil'd. Milton.

IMPU’TABLE. adj. [from impute.]
1. Chargeable upon any one.
That first sort of foolishness is imputable to them. South.
2. Accusable; chargeable with a fault. Not proper.
If the wife departs from her husband, through any default of
his, as on the account of cruelty, then he shall be compelled
to allow her alimony; for the law deems her to be a dutiful
wife as long as the fault lies at his door, and she is in no wise
imputable. Ayliffe's Parergon.

IMPU’TABLENESS. n. s. [from imputable.] The quality of being
imputable.
'Tis necessary to the imputableness of an action, that it be
avoidable. Norris.

IMPUTA’TION. n. s. [imputation, Fr. from impute.]
1. Attribution of any thing: generally of ill.
Trust to me, Ulysses;
Our imputation shall be oddly pois'd
In this wild action. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
If a son that is sent by his father about merchandize, do fall
into some lewd action, the imputation of his wickedness, by
your rule, should be imposed upon his father. Shakespeare.
To use intellections and volitions in the infinite essence, as
hypotheses, is allowable; but a rigorous imputation is deroga­
tory to him, and arrogant in us. Glanv. Sceps.
I have formerly said that I could distinguish your writings
from those of any others: 'tis now time to clear myself from
any imputation of self-conceit on that subject. Dryden.
2. Sometimes of good.
If I had a suit to master Shallow, I would humour his men
with the imputation of being near their master. Shakespeare.
3. Censure; reproach.
Whatsoever happens they also the least feel that scourge of
vulgar imputation, which notwithstanding they deserve. Hooker.
Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these groundless
imputations of our enemies, and to rise above them. Addison.
Neither do I reflect upon the memory of his late majesty,
whom I entirely acquit of any imputation upon this mat­
ter. Swift.
4. Hint; reflection.
Anthonio is a good man.
—Have you heard any imputation to the contrary?
—No, no; my meaning is to have you understand me that he
is sufficient. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

IMPUTA’TIVE. adj. [from impute.] That which may im­
pute. Ainsworth.

To IMPU’TE. v. a. [imputer, Fr. imputo, Latin.]
1. To charge upon; to attribute: generally ill; sometimes
good.
It was imputed to him for righteousness. Ro. iv. 22.
Men in their innovations should follow the example of time,
which innovateth but quietly, and by degrees scarce to be per­
ceived; for otherwise whatsoever is new and unlooked for,
ever mends some, and pairs others; and he that is holpen
takes it for a fortune, and thanks the time; and he that is hurt
for a wrong, imputeth it to the author. Bacon's Essays.
I made it by your persuasion, to satisfy those who imputed
it to folly. Temple.
Impute your dangers to our ignorance. Dryden.
This obscurity cannot be imputed to want of language in
so great a master of stile. Locke.
I have read a book imputed to lord Bathurst, called a disserta­
tion on parties. Swift.
2. To reckon to one what does not properly belong to him.
Thy merit
Imputed shall absolve them who renounce
Their own both righteous and unrighteous deeds. Milton.

IMPU’TER. n. s. [from impute.] He that imputes.

IN

IN. prep. [in, Latin.]
1. Noting the place where any thing is present.
In school of love are all things taught we see;
There learn'd this maid of arms the ireful guise. Fairfax.
Is this place here not sufficient strong
To guard us in? Daniel's Civil War.
2. Noting the state present at any time.
The other is only by error and misconceit named the or­
dinance of Jesus Christ: no one proof is yet brought forth,
whereby it may clearly appear to be so in very deed. Hooker.
Like one of two contending in a prize,
That thinks he hath done well in people's eyes. Shakesp.
Sir Edmond Courtney, and the haughty prelate,
With many more confederates, are in arms. Shak. R. III.
Danger before, and in, and after the act,
You needs must grant is great. Daniel's Civil War.
However it be in knowledge, I may truly say it is of no use
at all in probabilities; for the assent there, being to be deter­
mined by the preponderancy, after a due weighing of all the
proofs on both sides, nothing is so unfit to assist the mind in
that as syllogism. Locke.
In all likelihood I brought all my limbs out of the bed,
which, 'tis probable, he has not done off the breach. Collier.
God hath made our eternal and temporal interests, in most
cases, very consistent. Smalridge's Sermons.
None was so little in their friendships, or so much in that of
those whom they had most abused. Letter to Publ. of Dunciad.
3. Noting the time.
When we would consider eternity a parte ante, what do we
but, beginning from ourselves and the present time we are in,
repeat in our minds the ideas of years or ages past, with a
prospect of proceeding in such addition with all the infinity of
numbers? Locke.
4. Noting power.
To feed mens souls, quoth he, is not in man. Hubb. Tale.
5. Noting proportion.
Let usury in general be reduced to five in the hundred, and
let that rate be proclaimed to be free and current. Bacon.
I cannot but lament the common course, which, at least,
nine in ten of those who enter into the ministry are obliged to
enter. Swift.
6. Concerning.
I only consider what he, who is allowed to have carried this
argument farthest, has said in it. Locke.
7. For the sake. A solemn phrase.
Now, in the names of all the gods at once,
Upon what meat does this our Cæsar feed,
That he is grown so great? Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
In the name of the people,
And in the power of us the tribunes, we
Banish him our city. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Now, in the name of honour, sir, I beg you
That I may see your father's death reveng'd. Dryden.
8. Noting cause.
King Henry, be thy title right or wrong,
Lord Clifford vows to fight in thy defence. Shakesp. H. VI.
9. IN that. Because.
Some things they do in that they are men; in that they are
wise men, and christian men, some things; some things in that
they are men misled, and blinded with error. Hooker.
He cannot brook such disgrace well, as he shall run into;
in that it is a thing of his own search, and against my will.
Shakespeare's As you like it.
10. IN as much. Since; seeing that.
Those things are done voluntarily by us, which other crea­
tures do naturally, in as much as we might stay our doing of
them if we would. Hooker.

IN. adv.
1. Within some place; not out.
How infamous is the false, fraudulent, and unconscionable
person; especially if he be arrived at that consummate and ro­
bust degree of falshood as to play in and out, and show tricks
with oaths, the sacredest bonds which the conscience of man
can be bound with. South's Sermons.
I fear me, you'll be in 'till then. Shakespeare.
2. Engaged to any affair.
We know the worst can come: 'tis thought upon:
We cannot shift being in, we must go on. Daniel.
These pragmatical flies value themselves for being in at every
thing, and are found at last to be just good for nothing. L'Est.
3. Placed in some state.
Poor rogues talk of court news,
Who loses and who wins; who's in, who's out. Shakesp.
Must never patriot then declaim at gin,
Unless, good man, he has been fairly in. Pope.
4. Noting entrance.
Go to thy fellows; bid them cover the table, serve in the
meat, and we will come in to dinner. Shakespeare.
He's too big to go in there: what shall I do?
——Let me see't; I'll in, I'll in: follow your friend's advice,
I'll in. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
In the said cavity lies loose the shell of some sort of bivalve
larger than could be introduced in at either of those holes.
Woodward on Fossils.


5. Into any place.
Is it not more elegible to come in with a smooth gale, than
to be tossed at sea with a storm. Collier.
Next fill the hole with its own earth again,
And trample with thy feet, and tread it in. Dryd. Georg.
6. Close; home.
The posture of left-handed fencers is so different from that
of the right-handed, that you run upon their swords if you push
forward; and they are in with you, if you offer to fall back
without keeping your guard. Tatler.

IN has commonly in composition a negative or privative sense,
as in the Latin: so, active denotes that which acts, inactive
that which does not act. In before r is changed into r; as
irregular: before l into l; as illative: and into m before some
other consonants; as improbable.

INA

INABI’LITY. n. s. [in and ability.] Impuissance; impotence;
want of power.
If no natural nor casual inability cross their desires, they al­
ways delighting to inure themselves with actions most benefi­
cial to others, cannot but gather great experience, and thro'
experience the more wisdom. Hooker.
Neither ignorance nor inability can be pretended; and what
plea can we offer to divine justice to prevent condemna­
tion? Rogers.

INA’BSTINENCE. n. s. [in and abstinence.] Intemperance;
want of power to abstain.
Diseases dire; of which a monstrous crew
Before thee shall appear, that thou may'st know
What misery the inabstinence of Eve
Shall bring on man. Milt. Par. Lost.

INACCE’SSIBLE. adj. [inaccessible, Fr. in and accessible.] Not to
be reached; not to be approached.
Whate'er you are,
That in this desart inaccessible,
Under the shade of melancholy boughs,
Lose and neglect the creeping hours of time. Shakespeare.
Many other hidden parts of nature, even of a far lower
form, are inaccessible to us. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
There shall we clearly see the ends and uses of these things,
which here were either too subtile for us to penetrate, or too
remote and inaccessible for us to come to any distinct view of.
Ray on the Creation.
This part, which is so noble, is not altogether inaccessible;
and that an easy way may be found to it, 'tis to consider nature
and to copy her. Dryden.

INA’CCURACY. n. s. [from inaccurate.] Want of exactness.

INA’CCURATE. adj. [in and accurate.] Not exact; not accu­
rate. It is used sometimes of persons, but more frequently of
performances.

INA’CTION. n. s. [inaction, Fr. in and action.] Cessation from
labour; forbearance of labour.
The times and amusements past are not more like a dream
to me, than those which are present: I lie in a refreshing kind
of inaction. Pope.

INA’CTIVE. adj. [in and active.] Not busy; not diligent;
idle; indolent; sluggish.

INA’CTIVELY. adv. [from inactive.] Idly; without labour;
without motion; sluggishly.
In seasons of perfect freedom, mark how your son spends
his time; whether he inactively loiters it away, when left to
his own inclination. Locke.

INACTI’VITY. n. s. [in and activity.] Idleness; rest; sluggish­
ness.
A doctrine which manifectly tends to discourage the endea­
vours of men, to introduce a lazy inactivity, and neglect of
the ordinary means of grace. Rogers's Sermons.
Virtue, conceal'd within our breast,
Is inactivity at best. Swift.

INA’DEQUATE. adj. [in and adæquatus, Latin.] Not equal to
the purpose; defective; falling below the due proportion.
Remorse for vice
Not paid, or paid inadequate in price,
What farther means can reason now direct? Dryden.
Inadequate ideas are such, which are but a partial or incom­
plete representation of those archetypes to which they are re­
ferred. Locke.

INA’DEQUATELY. adv. [from inadequate.] Defectively; not
completely.
These pores they may either exactly fill, or but inade­
quately. Boyle.

INADVE’RTENCE. n. s. [inadvertance, French; from inad­
vertent.]

INADVE’RTENCY. n. s. [inadvertance, French; from inad­
vertent.]
1. Carelessness; negligence; inattention.
There is a vast difference between them; indeed, as vast as
between inadvertency and deliberation, between surprize and
set purpose. South.
From an habitual heedless inadvertency, men are so intent
upon the present that they mind nothing else. L'Estrange.
2. Act or effect of negligence.
Many persons have lain under great and heavy scandals,
which have taken their first rise only from some inadvertence or
indiscretion. Government of the Tongue.
The productions of a great genius, with many lapses and
inadvertencies, are infinitely preferrable to the works of an in­
ferior kind of author, which are scrupulously exact. Addison.

INADVE’RTENT. adj. [in and advertens, Latin.] Negligent;
careless.

INADVE’RTENTLY. adv. [from inadvertent.] Carelesly; ne­
gligently.
Aristotle mentions Telegonus as the son of Circe and Ulysses,
who afterwards slew his father with the bone of a fish inadver­
tently. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
Worthy persons, if inadvertently drawn into a deviation,
will endeavour instantly to recover their lost ground. Clarissa.

INA’LIENABLE. adj. [in and alienable.] That cannot be alie­
nated.

INALIME’NTAL. adj. [in and alimental.] Affording no nou­
rishment.
Dulcoration importeth a degree to nourishment; and the
making of things inalimental to be become alimental, may be
an experiment of great profit for making new victual. Bacon.

INAMI’SSIBLE. adj. [inamissible, French; in and amissum, Lat.]
Not to be lost.
These advantages are inamissible. Hammond.

INA’NE. adj. [inanis, Latin.] Empty; void.
We sometimes speak of place in the great inane, beyond
the confines of the world. Locke.

To INA’NIMATE. v. a. [in and animo, Latin.] To animate;
to quicken. This word is not in use.
There's a kind of world remaining still,
Though she which did inanimate and fill
The world be gone; yet in this last long night
Her ghost doth walk, that is, a glimmering light. Donne.

INA’NIMATE. adj. [inanimatus, Latin; inanimé, French.]
Void of life; without animation.

INA’NIMATED. adj. [inanimatus, Latin; inanimé, French.]
Void of life; without animation.
The spirits of animate bodies are all in some degree kin­
dled; but inanimate bodies have their spirits no whit inflamed.
Bacon's Natural History.
The golden goddess, present at the pray'r,
Well knew he meant th' inanimated fair,
And gave the sign of granting. Dryden.
All the ideas of sensible qualities are not inherent in the
inanimate bodies; but are the effects of their motion upon our
nerves. Bentley.
They can neither subsist nor be produced by the powers of
mechanism; for both require the constant influence of a prin­
ciple different from that which governs the inanimated part of
the universe. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
From roofs when Verrio's colours fall,
And leave inanimate the naked wall,
Still in thy song should vanquish'd France appear. Pope.

INANI’TION. n. s. [inanition, Fr. inanis, Lat.] Emptiness of body;
want of fulness in the vessels of the animal.
Weakness which attends fevers proceeds from too great ful­
ness in the beginning, and too great inanition in the latter end
of the disease. Arbuthnot on Diet.

INA’NITY. n. s. [from inanis, Latin.] Emptiness; void space.
This opinion excludes all such inanity, and admits no va­
cuities but so little ones as no body whatever can come to, but
will be bigger than they, and must touch the corporal parts
which those vacuities divide. Digby on Bodies.

INA’PPETENCY. n. s. [in and appetentia, Latin.] Want of sto­
mach or appetite.

INA’PPLICABLE. adj. [in and applicable.] Not to be put to a
particular use.

INAPPLICA’TION. n. s. [inapplication, Fr. in and application.]
Indolence; negligence.

INA’RABLE. adj. [in and aro, Latin.] Not capable of til­
lage. Dict.

To INA’RCH. v. a. [in and arch.]
Inarching is a method of grafting, which is commonly
called grafting by approach. This method of grafting is used
when the stock and the tree may be joined: take the branch
you would inarch, and, having fitted it to that part of the stock
where you intend to join it, pare away the rind and wood on
one side about three inches in length: after the same manner
cut the stock or branch in the place where the graft is to be
united, so that they may join equally together that the sap may
meet: then cut a little tongue upwards in the graft, and make
a notch in the stock to admit it; so that when they are joined
the tongue will prevent their slipping, and the graft will more
closely unite with the stock. Having thus placed them exactly
together, tie them; then cover the place with grafting clay,
to prevent the air from entering to dry the wound, or the wet
from getting in to rot the stock: you should fix a stake into
the ground, to which that part of the stock, as also the graft,
should be fastened, to prevent the wind from breaking them
asunder. In this manner they are to remain about four
months, in which time they will be sufficiently united; and
the graft may then be cut from the mother-tree, observing to
slope it off close to the stock, and cover the joined parts with
fresh grafting clay. The operation is always performed in
April or May, and is commonly practised upon oranges, myr­
tles, jasmines, walnuts firrs, and pines, which will not suc­
ceed by common grafting or budding. Miller.



INARTI’CULATE. adj. [inarticulé, Fr. in and articulate.] Not
uttered with distinctness like that of the syllables of human
speech.
Observe what inarticulate sounds resemble any of the parti­
cular letters. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
By the harmony of words we elevate the mind to a sense of
devotion; as our solemn musick, which is inarticulate poesy,
does in churches. Dryden.

INARTI’CULATELY. adv. [from inarticulate.] Not distinctly.

INARTI’CULATENESS. n. s. [from inarticulate.] Confusion of
sounds; want of distinctness in pronouncing.

INARTIFI’CIAL. adj. [in and artificial.] Contrary to art.
I have ranked this among the effects; and it may be thought
inartificial to make it the cause also. Decay of Piety.

INARTIFI’CIALLY. adv. [from inartificial.] Without art; in
a manner contrary to the rules of art.
This lofty humour is clumsily and inartificially managed,
when its affected by those of a self-denying profession. Collier.

INATTE’NTION. n. s. [inattention, Fr. in and attention.] Dis­
regard; negligence; neglect.
Persons keep out of the reach of the reproofs of the mi­
nistry, or hear with such inattention or contempt as renders
them of little effect. Rogers's Sermons.
We see a strange inattention to this most important pro­
spect. Rogers's Sermons.
Novel lays attract our ravish'd ears;
But old, the mind with inattention hears. Pope.

INATTE’NTIVE. adj. [in and attentive.] Careless; negligent;
regardless.
If we indulge the frequent roving of passions, we shall pro­
cure an unsteady and inattentive habit. Watts.

INAU’DIBLE. adj. [in and audible.] Not to be heard; void of
sound.
Let's take the instant by the forward top;
For we are old, and on our quick'st decrees
Th' inaudible and noiseless foot of time
Steals, ere we can effect them. Shakespeare.

To INAU’GURATE. v. a. [inauguro, Latin.] To consecrate;
to invest with a new office by solemn rites; to begin with good
omens; to begin.
Those beginnings of years were propitious to him, as if
kings did chuse remarkable days to inaugurate their favours,
that they may appear acts as well of the time as of the
will. Wotton.

INAUGURA’TION. n. s. [inauguration, Fr. inauguro, Latin.]
Investiture by solemn rites.
The royal olive was solemnly sworn, at his inauguration, to
observe these things inviolable. Howel's Vocal Forrest.
At his regal inauguration his old father resigned the kingdom
to him. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INAURA’TION. n. s. [inauro, Latin.] The act of gilding or
covering with gold.
The Romans had the art of gilding after our manner; but
some sort of their inauration, or gilding, must have been much
dearer than ours. Arbuthnot on Coins.

INAUSPI’CIOUS. adj. [in and auspicious.] Ill-omened; un­
lucky; unfortunate.
Oh here
I will set up my everlasting rest;
And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars
From this world-wearied flesh. Shakes. Rom. and Juliet.
Though heaven's inauspicious eye
Lay black on love's nativity,
Her eye a strong appeal can give;
Beauty, smiles, and love shall live. Crashaw.
The stars feel not the diseases their inauspicious influence
produces. Boyle.
With inauspicious love a wretched swain
Pursu'd the fairest nymph of all the plain;
She plung'd him hopeless in a deep despair. Dryden.

INB

INBE’ING. n. s. [in and being.] Inherence; inseparableness.
When we say the bowl is round, the boy is witty, these are
proper or inherent modes; for they have a sort of inbeing in
the substance itself, and do not arise from the addition of any
other substance to it. Watts.

I’NBORN. adj. [in and born.] Innate; implanted by nature.
Led by sense of good,
Inborn to all, I sought my needful food. Dryden.
All passions being inborn with us, we are almost equally
judges of them. Dryden.
Some Carolina, to heaven's dictates true,
Thy inborn worth with conscious eyes shall see,
And slight th' imperial diadem for thee. Addison.

INBRE’ATHED. adj. [in and breath.] Inspired; infused by in­
spiration.
Blest pair of syrens, pledges of heav'n's joy,
Sphere-born harmonious sisters, voice and verse,
Wed your divine sounds, and mixt power employ,
Dead things with inbreath'd sense able to pierce. Milton.

I’NBRED. adj. [in and bred.] Produced within; hatched or
generated within.
My inbred enemy
Forth issu'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
A man thinks better of his children than they deserve; but
there is an impulse of tenderness, and there must be some
esteem for the setting of that inbred affection at work. L'Estr.
But he unmov'd contemns their idle threat;
And inbred worth doth boasting valour slight. Dryden.

INC

To INCA’GE. v. a. [in and cage.] To coop up; to shut up;
to confine in a cage, or any narrow space.
And yet incaged in so small a verge,
Thy waste is no whit lesser than thy lord's. Shakes. R. II.
It made my imprisonment a pleasure;
Ay, such a pleasure as incaged birds
Conceive. Shakespeare's Henry VI.

INCALE’SCENCE. n. s. [incalesco, Latin.] The state of grow­
ing warm; warmth; incipient heat.

INCALE’SCENCY. n. s. [incalesco, Latin.] The state of grow­
ing warm; warmth; incipient heat.
Averroes restrained his hilarity, making no more thereof
than Seneca commendeth, and was allowable in Cato; that is,
a sober incalescence, and regulated estuation from wine. Brown.
The oil preserves the ends of the bones from incalescency, which
they, being solid bodies, would necessarily contract from a swift
motion. Ray on the Creation.

INCANTA’TION. n. s. [incantation, Fr. incanto, Lat.] Charms
uttered by singing; enchantment.
My ancient incantations are too weak,
And hell too strong. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
By Adam's hearkening to his wife, mankind, by that her
incantation, became the subject of labour, sorrow, and death.
Raleigh's History of the World.
The great wonders of witches, their carrying in the air,
and transforming themselves into other bodies, are reported to
be wrought, not by incantations or ceremonies, but by anoint­
ing themselves all over, move a man to think that these fables
are the effects of imagination; for ointments, if laid on any
thing thick, by stopping of the pores, shut in the vapours, and
send them to the head extremely. Bacon's Natural History.
The name of a city being discovered unto their enemies,
their penates and patronal gods might be called forth by charms
and incantations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The nuptial rights his outrage strait attends;
The dow'r desir'd is his transfigur'd friends:
The incantation backward she repeats,
Inverts her rod, and what she did, defeats. Garth.
The commands which our religion hath imposed on its fol­
lowers are not like the absurd ceremonies of pagan idolatry, the
frivolous rites of their initiations and worship, that might look
like incantations and magick, but had no tendency to make man­
kind the happier. Bentley's Sermons.

INCA’NTATORY. adj. [from incanto, Latin.] Dealing by en­
chantment; magical.
Fortune-tellers, jugglers, geomancers, and the like incan­
tatory impostors, daily delude them. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

To INCA’NTON. v. a. [in and canton.] To unite to a canton
or separate community.
When the cantons of Bern and Zurich proposed the incor­
porating Geneva in the cantons, the Roman catholicks, fear­
ing the protestant interest, proposed the incantoning of Con­
stance as a counterpoise. Addison on Italy.

INCAPABI’LITY. n. s. [from incapable.] Inability natural;
disqualification legal.

INCA’PABLENESS. n. s. [from incapable.] Inability natural;
disqualification legal.
You have nothing to urge but a kind of incapability in
yourself to the service. Suckling.

INCA’PABLE. adj. [incapable, Fr. in and capable.]
1. Wanting power; wanting understanding; unable to compre­
hend, learn, or understand.
Incapable and shallow innocents!
You cannot guess who caus'd your father's death. Shakesp.
2. Not able to receive any thing.
Wilmot, when he saw Goring put in the command, thought
himself incapable of reparation. Clarendon.
3. Unable; not equal to any thing.
Is not your father grown incapable
Of reasonable affairs? Is he not stupid
With age? Shakes. Winter's Tale.
4. Disqualified by law.
Their lands are almost entirely taken from them, and they
are rendered incapable of purchasing any more. Swift.
5. In conversation it is usual to say a man is incapable of false­
hood, or incapable of generosity, or of any thing good or
bad.

INCAPA’CIOUS. adj. [in and capacious.] Narrow; of small
content.
Souls that are made little and incapacious cannot enlarge
their thoughts to take in any great compass of times or
things. Burnet.

INCAPA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from incapacious.] Narrowness;
want of containing space.

To INCAPA’CITATE. v. a. [in and capacitate.]
1. To disable; to weaken.
Nothing of consequence should be left to be done in the
last incapacitating hours of life. Clarissa.


2. To disqualify.
Monstrosity could not incapacitate from marriage. Arbuthn.

INCAPA’CITY. n. s. [incapacité, Fr. in and capacity.] Inability;
want of natural power; want of power of body; want of
comprehensiveness of mind.
It chiefly proceedeth from natural incapacity, and genial in­
disposition. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Admonition he imputes either to envy, or else ignorance
and incapacity of estimating his worth. Govern. of the Tongue.
The inactivity of the soul is its incapacity to be moved with
any thing common. Arbuthnot.

To INCA’RCERATE. v. a. [incarcero, Latin.] To imprison;
to confine. It is used in the Scots law to denote imprisoning
or confining in a gaol; otherwise it is seldom found.
The pestilent contagion may be propagated by those dense
bodies, that easily incarcerate the infected air; as woollen
cloaths. Harvey on Consumptions.

INCARCERA’TION. n. s. [from incarcerate.] Imprisonment;
confinement.

To INCA’RN. v. a. [incarno, Latin.] To cover with flesh.
The flesh will soon arise in that cut of the bone, and make
exfoliation of what is necessary, and incarn it. Wiseman.

To INCA’RN. v. n. To breed flesh.
The slough came off, and the ulcer happily incarned. Wisem.

To INCA’RNADINE. v. a. [incarnadine, Fr. incarnadino, pale red,
Italian.] To dye red. This word I find only once.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather
The multitudinous sea incarnardine,
Making the green one red. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To INCA’RNATE. v. a. [incarner, Fr. incarno, Latin.]
1. To cloath with flesh; to embody with flesh.
I, who erst contended
With gods to sit the highest, am now constrain'd
Into a beast, and mix with bestial slime,
This essence to incarnate and imbrute. Milton.

INCA’RNATE. participial adj. [incarnat, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Cloathed with flesh; embodied in flesh.
Undoubtedly even the nature of God itself, in the person of
the son, is incarnate, and hath taken to itself flesh. Hooker.
They say he cried out of women.
—Yes, that he did, and said they were devils incarnate. Shak.
A most wise sufficient means of redemption and salvation,
by the satisfactory death and obedience of the incarnate son of
God, Jesus Christ, God blessed for ever. Sanderson.
Here shalt thou sit incarnate, here shalt reign
Both God and man. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
2. It may be doubted whether Swift understood this word.
But he's possest,
Incarnate with a thousand imps. Swift.
3. In Scotland incarnate is applied to any thing tinged of a deep
red colour, from its resemblance to a flesh colour.

INCARNA’TION. n. s. [incarnation, Fr. from incarnate.]
1. The act of assuming body.
We must beware we exclude not the nature of God from
incarnation, and so make the son of God incarnate not to be
very God. Hooker.
Upon the annunciation, or our Lady-day, meditate on the
incarnation of our blessed Saviour. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
2. The state of breeding flesh.
The pulsation under the cicatrix proceeded from the too lax
incarnation of the wound. Wiseman's Surgery.

INCA’RNATIVE. n. s. [incarnatif, Fr. from incarn.] A medicine
that generates flesh.
I deterged the abscess, and incarned by the common incar­
native. Wiseman's Surgery.

To INCA’SE. v. a. [in and case.] To cover; to inclose; to
inwrap.
Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase,
The pillars silver. Pope's Odyssey.

INCAU’TIOUS. adj. [in and cautious.] Unwary; negligent;
heedless.
His rhetorical expressions may easily captivate any incautious
reader. Keil against Burnet.

INCAU’TIOUSLY. adv. [from incautious.] Unwarily; heed­
lesly; negligently.
A species of palsy invades such as incautiously expose them­
selves to the morning air. Arbuthnot on Air.

INCE’NDIARY. n. s. [incendiarius, from incendo, Latin; incen­
diaire, French.]
1. One who sets houses or towns on fire in malice or for rob­
bery.
2. One who inflames factions, or promotes quarrels.
Nor could any order be obtained impartially to examine im­
pudent incendiaries. King Charles.
Incendiaries of figure and distinction, who are the inventers
and publishers of gross falshoods, cannot be regarded but with
the utmost detestation. Addison.
Several cities of Greece drove them out as incendiaries, and
pests of commonweals. Bentley's Sermons.

I’NCENSE. n. s. [incensum, Latin, a thing burnt; encens, French.]
Perfumes exhaled by fire in honour of some god or goddess.
Upon such sacrifices, my Cordelia,
The gods themselves throw incense. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Numa the rites of strict religion knew;
On ev'ry altar laid the incense due. Prior.

To INCE’NSE. v. a. [incensus, Latin.] To enkindle to rage;
to inflame with anger; to enrage; to provoke; to irritate
to anger; to heat; to fire; to make furious; to exasperate.
The world, too saucy with the gods,
Incenses them to send destruction. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
If 'gainst yourself you be incens'd, we'll put you,
Like one that means his proper harm, in manacles. Shakes.
He is attended with a desp'rate train;
And what they may incense him to, being apt
To have his ear abus'd, wisdom bids fear. Shakes. K. Lear.
Tractable obedience is a slave
To each incensed will. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Foul idolatries and other faults,
Heap'd to the popular sum, will so incense
God as to leave them. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
How could my pious son thy pow'r incense?
Or what, alas! is vanquish'd Troy's offence? Dryden's Æn.

INCE’NSEMENT. n. s. [from incense.] Rage; heat; fury.
His incensement at this moment is so implacable, that satis­
faction can be none but by pangs of death. Shakespeare.

INCE’NSION. n. s. [incensio, Latin.] The act of kindling; the
state of being on fire.
Sena loseth its windiness by decocting; and subtile or windy
spirits are taken off by incension or evaporation. Bacon.

INCE’NSOR. n. s. [Latin.] A kindler of anger; an inflamer
of passions.
Many priests were impetuous and importunate incensors of
the rage. Hayward.

INCE’NSORY. n. s. [from incense.] The vessel in which incense
is burnt and offered. Ainsworth.

INCE’NTIVE. n. s. [incentivum, Latin.]
1. That which kindles.
Their unreasonable severity was not the least incentive, that
blew up into those flames the sparks of discontent. K. Charles.
2. That which provokes; that which encourages; incitement;
motive; encouragement; spur. It is used of that which in­
cites, whether to good or ill.
Congruity of opinions, to our natural constitution, is one
great incentive to their reception. Glanv. Sceps.
Even the wisdom of God hath not suggested more pressing
motives, more powerful incentives to charity, than these, that
we shall be judged by it at the last dreadful day. Atterbury.
It encourages speculative persons, with all the incentives of
place, profit, and preferment. Addison's Freeholder.

INCE’NTIVE. adj. Inciting; encouraging.
Competency is the most incentive to industry: too little
makes men desperate, and too much careless. Decay of Piety.

INCE’PTION. n. s. [inceptio, Latin.] Beginning.
The inception of putrefaction hath in it a maturation. Bac.

INCE’PTIVE. adj. [inceptivus, Latin.] Noting beginning.
An inceptive and desitive proposition, as, the fogs vanish as
the sun rises; but the fogs have not yet begun to vanish, there­
fore the sun is not yet risen. Locke.

INCE’PTOR. n. s. [Latin.] A beginner; one who is in his ru­
diments.

INCERA’TION. n. s. [incero, Latin.] The act of covering with
wax. Dict.

INCE’RTITUDE. n. s. [incertitude, Fr. incertitudo, Lat.] Un­
certainty; doubtfulness.

INCE’SSANT. adj. [in and cessans, Latin.] Unceasing; unin­
termitted; continual; uninterrupted.
Raging wind blows up incessant show'rs;
And when the rage allays, the rain begins. Shakes. H. VI.
The incessant weeping of my wife,
Forc'd me to seek delays. Shakespeare.
If, by pray'r
Incessant, I could hope to change the will
Of him who all things can, I would not cease
To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milt. Parad. Lost.
In form, a herald of the king she flies,
From peer to peer, and thus incessant cries. Pope's Odyss.

INCE’SSANTLY. adv. [from incessant.] Without intermission;
continually.
Both his hands most filthy feculent,
Above the water were on high extent,
And fain'd to wash themselves incessantly. Fairy Queen.
Who reads
Incessantly, and to his reading brings not
A spirit and judgment equal or superior. Milt. Par. Lost.
The Christians, who carried their religion through so many
persecutions, were incessantly comforting one another with the
example and history of our Saviour and his apostles. Addison.

INCEST. n. s. [inceste, French; incestum, Latin.] Unnatural
and criminal conjunction of persons within degrees prohi­
bited.
Is't not a kind of incest to take life
From thine own sister's shame? Shakes. Meas. for Measure.


He who entered in the first act, a young man like Pericles,
prince of Tyre, must not be in danger in the fifth act of com­
mitting incest with his daughter. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

INCE’STUOUS. adj. [incestueux, French.] Guilty of incest;
guilty of unnatural cohabitation.
Hide me, thou bloody hand,
Thou perjure, thou simular of virtue,
That art incestuous. Shakespeare's King Lear.
We may easily guess with what impatience the world would
have heard an incestuous Herod discoursing of chastity. South.
Ere you reach to this incestuous love,
You must divine and human rights remove. Dryden.

INCE’STUOUSLY. adv. [from incestuous.] With unnatural love.
Macareus and Canace, son and daughter to Æolus, god of
the winds, loved each other incestuously. Dryden.

INCH. n. s. [ince, Saxon; uncia, Latin.]
1. A measure of length supposed equal to three grains of barley
laid end to end; the twelfth part of a foot.
A foot is the sixth part of the stature of man, a span one
eighth of it, and a thumb's breadth or inch one seventy­
second. Holder on Time.
2. A proverbial name for a small quantity.
The plebeians have got your fellow tribune;
They'll give him death by inches. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
As in lasting, so in length is man,
Contracted to an inch, who was a span. Donne.
Is it so desirable a condition to consume by inches, and lose
one's blood by drops? Collier.
He should never miss, in all his race,
Of time one minute, or one inch of space. Blackmore.
The commons were growing by degrees into power and
property, gaining ground upon the patricians inch by inch. Sw.
3. A nice point of time.
Beldame, I think, we watch'd you at an inch. Shakesp.

To INCH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To drive by inches.
Valiant they say, but very popular;
He gets too far into the soldiers graces,
And inches out my master. Dryden's Cleomenes.
2. To deal out by inches; to give sparingly. Ainsw.

To INCH. v. n. To advance or retire a little at a time.

I’NCHED. adj. [with a word of number before it.] Containing
inches in length or breadth.
Poor Tom, proud of heart to ride on a bay trotting horse
over four inched bridges. Shakespeare's King Lear.

I’NCHIPIN. n. s. Some of the inside of a deer. Ainsworth.

I’NCHMEAL. n. s. [inch and meal.] A piece an inch long.
All th' infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prospero fall, and make him
By inchmeal a disease! Shakes. Tempest.

To I’NCHOATE. v. a. [inchoo, Latin.] To begin; to com­
mence.
It is neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate, or
in the way of perfection. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

INCHOA’TION. n. s. [inchoatus, Lat.] Inception; beginning.
It discerneth of four kinds of causes; forces, frauds, crimes
various of stellionate, and the inchoations or middle acts towards
crimes capital, not actually perpetrated. Bacon's Henry VII.
The setting on foot some of those arts in those parts would
be looked upon as the first inchoation of them, which yet would
be but their reviving. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

I’NCHOATIVE. adj. [inchoative, Fr. inchoativus, Latin.] In­
ceptive; noting inchoation or beginning.

To INCI’DE. v. a. [from incido, to cut, Latin.]
Medicines are said to incide which consist of pointed and
sharp particles; as acids, and most salts, by which the parti­
cles of other bodies are divided from one another: thus some
expectorating medicines are said to incide or cut the phlegm.
Quincy.
The menses are promoted by all saponaceous substances,
which incide the mucus in the first passages. Arbuthnot.

I’NCIDENCE. n. s. [incido, to fall, Latin; incidence, French.]

I’NCIDENCY. n. s. [incido, to fall, Latin; incidence, French.]
1. The direction with which one body strikes upon another,
and the angle made by that line, and the plane struck upon, is
called the angle of incidence. In the occursions of two moving
bodies, their incidence is said to be perpendicular or oblique, as
their directions or lines of motion make a straight line or an
oblique angle at the point of contact. Quincy.
In mirrours there is the like angle of incidence, from the ob­
ject to the glass, and from the glass to the eye. Bacon.
In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of re­
fractions, whether it be that some of the incident rays are re­
fracted more and others less constantly, or one and the same
ray is by refraction disturbed. Newton's Opt.
The permanent whiteness argues, that in like incidences of
the rays there is no such separation of the emerging rays. Newt.
He enjoys his happy state most when he communicates it,
and receives a more vigorous joy from the reflexion than from
the direct incidency of his happiness. Norris.
2. [Incidens, Latin.] Accident; hap; casualty.
What incidency thou do'st guess of harm declare,
Is creeping towards me. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

I’NCIDENT. adj. [incident, Fr. incidens, Latin.]
1. Casual; fortuitous; occasional; happening accidentally; fall­
ing in beside the main design; happening beside expectation.
As the ordinary course of common affairs is disposed of by
general laws, so likewise mens rarer incident necessities and
utilities should be with special equity considered. Hooker.
I would note in children not only their articulate answers,
but likewise smiles and frowns upon incident occasions. Wotton.
In a complex proposition the predicate or subject is some­
times made complex by the pronouns who, which, whose,
whom, &c. which make another proposition: as, every man,
who is pious, shall be saved: Julius, whose surname was Cæ­
sar, overcame Pompey: bodies, which are transparent, have
many pores. Here the whole proposition is called the primary
or chief, and the additional proposition is called an incident
proposition. Watts.
2. Happening; apt to happen.
Constancy is such a stability and firmness of friendship as
overlooks all those failures of kindness, that through passion,
incident to human nature, a man may be sometimes guilty
of. South's Sermons.

I’NCIDENT. n. s. [incident, Fr. from the adjective.] Something
happening beside the main design; casualty.
His wisdom will fall into it as an incident to the point of
lawfulness. Bacon's holy War.
No person, no incident in the play, but must be of use to
carry on the main design. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

INCIDE’NTAL. adj. Incident; casual; happening by chance;
not intended; not deliberate.
The satisfaction you received from those incidental discourses
which we have wandered into. Milton.
By some religious duties scarce appear to be regarded at all,
and by others only as an incidental business, to be done when
they have nothing else to do. Rogers's Sermons.

INCIDE’NTALLY. adv. [from incidental.] Beside the main de­
sign; occasionally.
These general rules are but occasionally and incidentally men­
tioned in Scripture, rather to manifest unto us a former than
to lay upon us a new obligation. Sanderson.
I treat either purposely or incidentally of colours. Boyle.

I’NCIDENTLY. adv. [from incident.] Occasionally; by the
bye; by the way.
It was incidently moved amongst the judges what should be
done for the king himself, who was attainted; but resolved
that the crown takes away defects. Bacon's Henry VII.

To INCI’NERATE. v. a. [in and cineres, Latin.] To burn to
ashes.
By baking, without melting, the heat indurateth, and then
maketh fragile; and lastly, it doth incinerate and calcinate.
Bacon's Natural History.
Fire burneth wood, making it first luminous, then black
and brittle, and lastly broken and incinerate. Bacon.
These dregs stick in the capillar insertions of the stomach,
and are soon incinerated and calcined into such salts which pro­
duce coughs. Harvey on Consumptions.

INCI’NERATION. n. s. [incineration, Fr. from incinerote.] The
act of burning any thing to ashes.
I observed in the fixt salt of urine, brought by depuration
to be very white, a taste not unlike common salt, and very
differing from the caustick lixiviate taste of other salts made by
incineration. Boyle.

INCIRCUMSPE’CTION. n. s. [in and circumspection.] Want of
caution; want of heed.
An unexpected way of delusion, whereby he more easily
led away the incircumspection of their belief. Brown's Vul. Err.

INCI’SED. adj. [inciser, Fr. incisus, Latin.] Cut; made by
cutting: as, an incised wound.
I brought the incised lips together. Wiseman's Surgery.

INCI’SION. n. s. [incision, Fr. incisio, Latin.]
1. A cut; a wound made with a sharp instrument. Generally
used for wounds made by a chirurgeon.
Let us make incision for your love,
To prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine. Shakespeare.
God help thee, shallow man: God make incision in thee,
thou art raw. Shakesp. As you like it.
The reception of one is as different from the admission of
the other, as when the earth falls open under the incisions of
the plough, and when it gapes to drink in the dew of heaven,
or the refreshments of a shower. South's Sermons.
A small incision knife is more handy than a larger for opening
the bag. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Division of viscosities by medicines.
Abstersion is a scouring off, or incision of the more viscous
humours, and making them more fluid, and cutting between
them and the part; as is found in nitrous water, which scour­
eth linen cloth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

INCI’SIVE. adj. [incisif, Fr. from incisus, Latin.] Having the
quality of cutting or dividing.
The colour of many corpuscles will cohere by being preci­
pitated together, and be destroyed by the effusion of very
piercing and incisive liquors. Boyle.



INCI’SOR. n. s. [incisor, Latin.] Cutter; tooth in the forepart
of the mouthi

INCI’SORY. adj. [incisoire, French.] Having the quality of
cutting.

INCI’SURE. n. s. [incisura, Latin.] A cut; an aperture.
In some creatures it is wide, in some narrow, in some with
a deep incisure up into the head, for the better catching and
holding of prey, and more easy comminuting of hard food.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

INCITA’TION. n. s. [incitatio, Latin.] Incitement; incentive;
motive; impulse.
Dr. Ridley, in his tract of magnetical bodies, defines mag­
netical attraction to be a natural incitation and disposition con­
forming unto contiguity, an union of one magnetical body
unto another. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The multitude of objects do proportionably multiply both
the possibilities and incitations. Governm. of the Tongue.
The mind gives not only licence, but incitation to the other
passions to act with the utmost impetuosity. Decay of Piety.

To INCI’TE. v. a. [incito, Lat. inciter, Fr.] To stir up; to push
forward in a purpose; to animate; to spur; to urge on.
How many now in health
Shall drop their blood, in approbation
Of what your reverence shall incite us to? Shakes. H. V.
No blown ambition doth our arms incite;
But love, dear love, and our ag'd father's right. Shakespeare.
Antiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war, set before
him the greatness of the Romans, comparing it to a fire, that
took and spread from kingdom to kingdom. Bacon.
The principles of nature and common reason, which in all
difficulties, where prudence or courage are required, do rather
incite us to fly for assistance to a single person than a multi­
tude. Swift.

INCI’TEMENT. n. s. [from incite.] Motive; incentive; im­
pulse; inciting power.
A marvel it were, if a man of great capacity, having such
incitements to make him desirous of all furtherances unto his
cause, could espy in the whole scripture of God nothing which
might breed at the least a probable opinion of likelihood, that
divine authority was the same way inclinable. Hooker.
A person sent hither by some good providence, to be the
occasion and incitement of great good to this island. Milton.
If thou must reform the stubborn times,
From the long records of distant age
Derive incitements to renew thy rage. Pope's Statius.

INCI’VIL. adj. [incivil, Fr.] Unpolished. See UNCIVIL.

INCIVI’LITY. n. s. [incivilité, Fr. in and civility.]
1. Want of courtesy; rudeness.
He does offend against that reverence which is due to the
common apprehensions of mankind, whether true or not,
which is the greatest incivility. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Act of rudeness.
Abstain from dissolute laughter, uncomely jests, loud talk­
ing and jeering, which, in civil account, are called indecen­
cies and incivilities. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

INCLE’MENCY. n. s. [inclemence, Fr. inclementia, Latin.] Un­
mercifulness; cruelty; severity; harshness; roughness.
And though by tempests of the prize bereft,
In heaven's inclemency some ease we find:
Our foes we vanquish'd by our valour left. Dryden.

INCLE’MENT. adj. [in and clemens, Latin.] Unmerciful; un­
pitying; void of tenderness; harsh.
Teach us further by what means to shun
Th' inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail and snow. Milton.
I stand
Naked, defenceless, on a foreign land:
Propitious to my wants, a vest supply,
To guard the wretched from th' inclement sky. Pope.

INCLI’NABLE. adj. [inclinabilis, Latin.]
1. Having a propension of will; favourably disposed; willing;
tending by disposition.
People are not always inclinable to the best. Spenser.
A marvel it were, if a man of capacity could espy in the
whole scripture nothing which might breed a probable opinion,
that divine authority was the same way inclinable. Hooker.
The gall and bitterness of certain mens writings, who spared
him little, made him, for their sakes, the less inclinable to that
truth which he himself should have honoured. Hooker.
Desire,
Inclinable now grown to touch or taste,
Solicited her longing eye. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Having a tendency.
If such a crust naturally fell, then it was more likely and
inclinable to fall this thousand years than the last; but if the
crust was always gradually nearer and nearer to falling, that
plainly evinces that it had not endured eternally. Bentley.

INCLINA’TION. n. s. [inclinaison, inclination, Fr. inclinatio, Lat.]
1. Tendency towards any point.
The two rays, being equally refracted, have the same incli­
nation to one another after refraction which they had before;
that is, the inclination of half a degree answering to the sun's
diameter. Newton's Opt.
2. Natural aptness.
Though most of the thick woods are grubbed up since the
promontory has been cultivated, there are still many spots of
it which shew the natural inclination of the soil leans that
way. Addison.
3. Propension of mind; favourable disposition; incipient desire.
The king was wonderfully disquieted, when he found that
the prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of or inclination
to the marriage. Clarendon.
A mere inclination to a thing is not properly a willing of
that thing; and yet, in matters of duty, men frequently
reckon it for such: for otherwise how should they so often
plead and rest in the honest and well-inclined disposition of
their minds, when they are justly charged with an actual non­
performance of the law. South's Sermons.
4. Love; affection.
We have had few knowing painters, because of the little
inclination which princes have for painting. Dryden.
5. Disposition of mind.
Bid him
Report the features of Octavia, her years,
Her inclination. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
6. The tendency of the magnetical needle to the East or West.
7. [In pharmacy.] The act by which a clear liquor is poured
off from some fæces or sediment by only stooping the vessel,
which is also called decantation. Quincy.

INCLI’NATORY. adj. [from incline.] Having a quality of in­
clining to one or other.
If that inclinatory virtue be destroyed by a touch from the
contrary pole, that end which before was elevated will then
decline. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCLI’NATORILY. adv. [from inclinatory.] Obliquely; with
inclination to one side or the other; with some deviation from
North and South.
Whether they be refrigerated inclinatorily, or somewhat
equinoxially, that is, toward the eastern or western points,
they discover some verticity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To INCLI’NE. v. n. [inclino, Latin; incliner, Fr.]
1. To bend; to lean; to tend towards any part.
Her house inclineth unto death, and her paths unto the
dead. Prov. ii. 18.
Still to this place
My heart inclines, still hither turn my eyes;
Hither my feet unbidden find their way. Rowe.
2. To be favourably disposed to; to feel desire beginning.
Doth his majesty
Incline to it, or no?
——He seems indifferent;
Or rather swaying more upon our part. Shak. H. V.

To INCLI’NE. v. a.
1. To give a tendency or direction to any place or state.
The timely dew of sleep,
Now falling with soft slumb'rous weight, inclines
Our eyelids. Milton.
Thus far both armies to Belinda yield;
Now to the baron fate inclines the field. Pope.
A tow'ring structure to the palace join'd;
To this his steps the thoughtful prince inclin'd. Pope.
2. To turn the desire towards any thing.
3. To bend; to incurvate.
With due respect my body I inclin'd,
As to some being of superior kind,
And made my court. Dryden's Flower and Leaf.

To INCLI’P. v. a. [in and clip.] To grasp; to inclose; to sur­
round.
Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips,
Is thine, if thou wilt ha't. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.

To INCLO’ISTER. v. a. [in and cloister.] To shut up in a cloister.

To INCLO’UD. v. a. [in and cloud.] To darken; to obscure.
In their thick breaths,
Rank of gross diet, shall we be inclouded,
And forc'd to drink their vapour. Shakespeare.

To INCLU’DE. v. a. [includo, Latin.]
1. To inclose; to shut in.
2. To comprise; to comprehend.
This desire being recommended to her majesty, it liked her
to include the same within one intire lease. Bacon.
The marvellous fable includes whatever is supernatural, and
especially the machines of the gods. Pope.
Instead of enquiring whether he be a man of virtue, the
question is only whether he be a whig or a tory; under which
terms all good and ill qualities are included. Swift.

INCLU’SIVE. adj. [inclusif, French.]
1. Inclosing; encircling.
O, would that the inclusive verge
Of golden metal, that must round my brow,
Were red-hot steel, to sear me to the brain. Shak. R. III.
2. Comprehended in the sum or number: as, from Wednesday
to Saturday inclusive; that is, both Wednesday and Saturday
taken into the number.
I'll search where ev'ry virtue dwells,
From courts inclusive down to cells. Swift.



INCLU’SIVELY. adv. [from inclusive.] The thing mentioned
reckoned into the account.
Thus much shall serve for the several periods or growth of
the common law, until the time of Edward I. inclusively. Hale.
All articulation is made within the mouth, from the throat
to the lips inclusively; and is differenced partly by the organs
used in it, and partly by the manner and degree of articu­
lating. Holder's Elements of Speech.

INCOA’GULABLE. adj. [in and coagulable.] Incapable of con­
cretion.

INCOEXI’STENCE. n. s. [in and coexistence.] The quality of not
existing together; non-association of existence.
Another more incurable part of ignorance, which sets us
more remote from a certain knowledge of the coexistence or
incoexistence of different ideas in the same subject, is, that there
is no discoverable connection between any secondary quality
and those primary qualities it depends on. Locke.

INCO’G. adv. [corrupted by mutilation from incognito, Latin.]
Unknown; in private.
But if you're rough, and use him like a dog,
Depend upon it, he'll remain incog. Addison.

INCO’GITANCY. n. s. [incogitantia, Latin.] Want of thought.
One man's fancies are laws to others, who convey them as
such to their succeeders, who afterwards misname all unobse­
quiousness to their incogitancy presumption. Boyle.
Next to the stupid and meerly vegetable state of incogitancy,
we may rank partial and piece-meal consideration. Dec. of Piety.

INCO’GITATIVE. adj. [in and cogitative.] Wanting the power
of thought.
Purely material beings, as clippings of our beards, and sen­
sible, thinking, perceiving beings, such as we find ourselves,
we will call cogitative and incogitative beings. Locke.

INCO’GNITO. adv. [incognitus, Latin.] In a state of conceal­
ment.
'Twas long ago
Since gods came down incognito. Prior.

INCOHE’RENCE. n. s. [in and coherence.]

INCOHE’RENCY. n. s. [in and coherence.]
1. Want of connection; incongruity; inconsequence; want of
dependance of one part upon another.
I find that laying the intermediate ideas naked in their due
order, shews the incoherence of the argumentations better than
syllogisms. Locke.
Incoherences in matter, and suppositions without proofs, put
handsomely together, are apt to pass for strong reason. Locke.
2. Want of cohesion; looseness of material parts.
If plaister be beaten into an impalpable powder, when poured
out it will emulate a liquor, by reason that the smalness and
incoherence of the parts do both make them easy to be put into
motion, and makes the pores they intercept so small, that they
interrupt not the unity or continuity of the mass. Boyle.

INCOHE’RENT. adj. [in and coherent.]
1. Inconsequential; inconsistent; having no dependence of one
part upon another.
We have instances of perception whilst we are asleep, and
retain the memory of them; but how extravagant and incohe­
rent are they, and how little conformable to the perfection of
a rational being! Locke.
2. Without cohesion; loose; not fixed to each other.
Had the strata of stone become solid, but the matter where­
of they consist continued lax and incoherent, they had conse­
quently been as pervious as those of marle or gravel. Woodw.

INCOHE’RENTLY. adv. [from incoherent.] Inconsistently; in­
consequentially.
The character of Eurylochus is the imitation of a person
confounded with fears, speaking irrationally and incoherently.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

INCOLU’MITY. n. s. [incolumitas, Latin.] Safety; security. A
word very little in use.
The parliament is necessary to assert and preserve the na­
tional rights of a people, with the incolumity and welfare of a
country. Howel.

INCOMBUSTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from incombustible.] The quality
of resisting fire so that it cannot consume.
The stone in the Appennines is remarkable for its shining
quality, and the amianthus for its incombustibility. Ray.

INCOMBU’STIBLE. adj. [incombustible, Fr. in and combustible.]
Not to be consumed by fire.
It agrees in this common quality ascribed unto both, of
being incombustibls, and not consumable by fire. Wilkins.

INCOMBU’STIBLENESS. n. s. [from incombustible.] The quality
of not being wasted by fire.

I’NCOME. n. s. [in and come.] Revenue; produce of any
thing.
Thou who repinest at the plenty of thy neighbour, and the
greatness of his incomes, consider what are frequently the dis­
mal consequences of all this. South's Sermons.
No fields afford
So large an income to the village lord. Dryden's Georg.
St. Gaul has scarce any lands belonging to it, and little or
no income but what arises from its trade: the great support of
this little state is its linen manufacture. Addison on Italy.
Notwithstanding the large incomes annexed to some few of
her preferments, this church hath in the whole little to subsist
on. Atterbury's Sermons.

INCOMMENSURABI’LITY. n. s. [from incommensurable.] The
state of one thing with respect to another, when they cannot
be compared by any common measure.

INCOMME’NSURABLE. adj. [French, from in, con, and mensu­
rabilis, Latin.] Not to be reduced to any measure common
to both; not to be measured together, such as that the propor­
tion of one to the other can be told.
Our disputations about vacuum or space, incommensurable
quantities, the infinite divisibility of matter, and eternal dura­
tion, will lead us to see the weakness of our nature. Watts.

INCOMME’NSURATE. adj. [in, con, and mensura, Latin.] Not
admitting one common measure.
The diagonal line and side of a quadrate, which, to our ap­
prehension, are incommensurate, are yet commensurable to the
infinite comprehension of the divine intellect. More.
As all other measures of time are reducible to these three;
so we labour to reduce these three, though strictly of themselves
incommensurate to one another, for civil use, measuring the
greater by the less. Holder on Time.
If the year comprehend days, it is but as any greater space
of time may be said to comprehend a less, though the less space
be incommensurate to the greater. Holder on Time.

To INCO’MMODATE. v. a. [incommodo, Lat. incommoder,
Fr.] To be inconvenient to; to
hinder or embarrass without very great injury.

To INCOMMO’DE. v. a. [incommodo, Lat. incommoder,
Fr.] To be inconvenient to; to
hinder or embarrass without very great injury.
A gnat, planted upon the horn of a bull, begged the bull's
pardon; but rather than incommode ye, says he, I'll re­
move. L'Estrange.
Although they sometimes molest and incommode the inhabi­
tants of some parts, yet the agent, whereby both the one and
the other is effected, is of that indispensable necessity to the
earth and to mankind, that they could not subsist without it.
Woodward's Natural History.

INCOMMO’DIOUS. adj. [incommodus, Latin.] Inconvenient;
vexatious without great mischief.
Things of general benefit, for in this world what is so per­
fect that no inconvenience doth ever follow it? may by some
accident be incommodious to a few. Hooker.
Mens intentions in speaking are to be understood, without
frequent explanations and incommodious interruptions. Locke.

INCOMMO’DIOUSLY. adv. [from incommodious.] Inconvenient­
ly; not at ease.

INCOMMO’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from incommodious.] Inconve­
nience.
Diseases, disorders, and the incommodiousness of external na­
ture, are inconsistent with happiness. Burnet.

INCOMMO’DITY. n. s. [incommodité, Fr. incommoditas, Latin.]
Inconvenience; trouble.
Declare your opinion, what incommodity you have conceived
to be in the common law, which I would have thought most
free from all such dislike. Spenser's State of Ireland.
If iron can be incorporated with flint or stone, without
over great charge, or other incommodity, the cheapness doth
make the compound stuff profitable. Bacon.
By considering the region and the winds, one might so cast
the rooms, which shall most need fire, that he should little
fear the incommodity of smoak. Wotton's Architrcture.

INCOMMUNICABI’LITY. n. s. [from incommunicable.] The qua­
lity of not being impartible.

INCOMMU’NICABLE. adj. [incommunicable, Fr. in and communicable.]
1. Not impartible; not to be made the common right, property,
or quality of more than one.
They cannot ask more than I can give, may I but reserve
to myself the incommunicable jewel of my conscience. K. Charles.
Only the God of nature perfectly knows her; and light
without darkness is the incommunicable claim of him that dwells
in light inaccessible. Glanv.
It was agreed on both sides, that there was one supreme
excellency, which was incommunicable to any creatures. Stilling.
2. Not to be expressed; not to be told.
Neither did he treat them with these peculiarities of favour
in the extraordinary discoveries of the gospel only, but also of
those incommunicable revelations of the divine love, in reference
to their own personal interest in it. South's Sermons.

INCOMMU’NICABLY. adv. [from incommunicable.] In a manner
not to be imparted or communicated.
To annihilate is both in reason, and by the consent of di­
vines, as incommunicably the effect of a power divine, and above
nature, as is creation itself. Hakewill on Providence.

INCOMMU’NICATING. adj. [in and communicating.] Having
no intercourse with each other.
The judgments and administrations of common justice
carry a consonancy one to another, whereby both are preserved
from that confusion that would ensue, if the administration
was by several incommunicating hands, or by provincial establish­
ments. Hale's Common Law.

INCOMPA’CT. adj. [in and compacted.] Not joined; not
cohering.

INCOMPA’CTED. adj. [in and compacted.] Not joined; not
cohering.
Salt, say they, is the basis of solidity and permanency in


compound bodies, without which the other four elements
might be variously blended, but would remain incom­
pacted. Boyle.

INCO’MPARABLE. adj. [incomparable, Fr. in and comparable.]
Excellent above compare; excellent beyond all competition.
My heart would not suffer me to omit any occasion, where­
by I might make the incomparable Pamela see how much ex­
traordinary devotion I bore to her service. Sidney.
A most incomparable man, breath'd as it were
To an untirable and continuate goodness. Shakesp. Timon.
Her words do shew her wit incomparable. Shakes. H. VI.
Now this mask
Was cried incomparable, and th' ensuing night
Made it a fool and beggar. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If I could leave this argument of your incomparable beauty,
I might turn to one which would equally oppress me with its
greatness. Dryden.

INCO’MPARABLY. adv. [from incomparable.]
1. Beyond comparison; without competition.
A founder it had, whom I think incomparably the wisest man
that ever the French church did enjoy, since the hour it en­
joyed him. Hooker.
Self-preservation will oblige a man voluntarily to undergo
any less evil, to secure himself but from the probability of an
evil incomparably greater. South's Sermons.
2. Excellently; to the highest degree. A low phrase.
There are the heads of Antoninus Pius, the Faustina's, and
Marcus Aurelius, all incomparably well cut. Addison on Italy.

INCOMPA’SSIONATE. adj. [in and compassionate.] Void of pity;
void of tenderness.

INCOMPATIBI’LITY. n. s. [properly incompetibility, in and com­
peto, Latin.] Inconsistency of one thing with another.
He overcame that natural incompatibility, which hath been
noted between the vulgar and the sovereign favour. Wotton.
The reason of the stress rests not upon the incompetibility of
excess of one infinitude above another, either in intension or
extension; but the incompetibility of any multitude to be in­
finite. Hale.

INCOMPA’TIBLE. [incompatible, French; rather incompetible, as it
is sometimes written; in and competo, Lat.] Inconsistent with
something else; such as cannot subsist or cannot be possessed
together with something else.
Fortune and love have ever been so incompatible, that it is
no wonder, madam, if, having had so much of the one for
you, I have ever found so little of the other for myself. Suckl.
May not the outward expressions of love in many good
Christians be greater to some other object than to God? Or is
this incompetible with the sincerity of the love of God? Hamm.
The repugnancy of infinitude is equally incompetible to con­
tinued or successive motion, and depends upon the incompos­
sibility of things successive with infinitude. Hale.
We know those colours which have a friendship with each
other, and those which are incompatible, by mixing together
those colours of which we would make trial. Dryden.
Sense I have proved to be incompatible with mere bodies,
even those of the most compound and elaborate textures. Bent.

INCO’MPATIBLY. adv. [for incompetibly, from incompatible.] In­
consistently.

INCO’MPETENCY. n. s. [incompetence, Fr. from incompetent.] In­
ability; want of adequate ability or qualification.
Our not being able to discern the motion of a shadow of a
dial-plate, or that of the index upon a clock, ought to make
us sensible of the incompetency of our eyes to discern some mo­
tions of natural bodies incomparably slower than these. Boyle.

INCO’MPETENT. adj. [in and competent.] Not suitable; not
adequate; not proportionate. In the civil law it denotes some
defect of right to do any thing.
Richard III. had a resolution, out of hatred to his brethren,
to disable their issues, upon false and incompetent pretexts, the
one of attainder, the other of illegitimation. Bacon's H. VII.
Every speck does not blind a man, nor does every infirmity
make one unable to discern, or incompetent to reprove the grosser
faults of others. Government of the Tongue.
I thank you for the commission you have given me: how I
have acquitted myself of it, must be left to the opinion of the
world, in spight of any protestation which I can enter against
the present age, as incompetent or corrupt judges. Dryden.
Laymen, with equal advantages of parts, are not the most
incompetent judges of sacred things. Dryden.
An equal attraction on all sides of all matter, is just equal
to no attraction at all; and by this means all the motion in the
universe must proceed from external impulse alone, which is
an incompetent cause for the formation of a world. Bentley.

INCO’MPETENTLY. adv. [from incompetent.] Unsuitably; un­
duly.

INCOMPLE’TE. adj. [in and complete.] Not perfect; not
finished.
It pleaseth him in mercy to account himself incomplete and
maimed without us. Hooker.
In incomplete ideas we are apt to impose on ourselves, and
wrangle with others, especially where they have particular and
familiar names. Locke.

INCOMPLE’TENESS. n. s. [from incomplete.] Imperfection; un­
finished state.
The incompleteness of our seraphick lover's happiness, in his
fruitions, proceeds not from their want of satisfactoriness,
but of an intire possession. Boyle.

INCOMPLI’ANCE. n. s. [in and compliance.]
1. Untractableness; impracticableness; contradictious temper.
Self-conceit produces peevishness and incompliance of humour
in things lawful and indifferent. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Refusal of compliance.
Consider the vast disproportion between the worst inconve­
niences that can attend our incompliance with men, and the
eternal displeasure of an offended God. Rogers.

INCOMPO’SED. adj. [in and composed.] Disturbed; discom­
posed; disordered.
Somewhat incomposed they are in their trimming, and ex­
traordinary tender of their young ones. Howel.

INCOMPOSSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from incompossible.] Quality of being
not possible but by the negation or destruction of something;
inconsistency with something.
The manifold incompossibilities and lubricities of matter can­
not have the same fitnesses in any modification. More.
Though the repugnancy of infinitude be equally incom­
petible to continued or successive motion, and depends upon
the incompossibility of the very nature of things successive or ex­
tensive with infinitude, yet that incompossibility is more conspi­
cuous in discrete quantity, that ariseth from individuals already
actually distinguished. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

INCOMPO’SSIBLE. adj. [in, con, and possible.] Not possible to­
gether; not possible but by the negation of something else.

INCOMPREHENSIBI’LITY. n. s. [incomprehensibilité, Fr. from in­
comprehensible.] Unconceivableness; superiority to human un­
derstanding.

INCOMPREHE’NSIBLE. adj. [incomprehensible, Fr. in and compre­
hensible.]
1. Not to be conceived; not to be fully understood.
His precepts tend to the improving and perfecting the most
valuable part of us, and annexing incomprehensible rewards as
an eternal weight of glory. Hammond.
One thing more is incomprehensible in this matter. Locke.
The laws of vegetation, life, sustenance, and propagation
are the arbitrary pleasure of God, and may vary in man­
ners incomprehensible to our imaginations. Bentley.
2. Not to be contained. Not now used.
Presence every where is the sequel of an infinite and incom­
prehensible substance; for what can be every where but that
which can no where be comprehended? Hooker.

INCOMPREHE’NSIBLENESS. n. s. [from incomprehensible.] Un­
conceivableness.
I might argue from God's incomprehensibleness: if we could
believe nothing but what we have ideas of, it would be impos­
sible for us to believe God is incomprehensible. Watts.

INCOMPREHE’NSIBLY. adv. [from incomprehensible.] In a man­
ner not to be conceived.
We cannot but be assured that the God, of whom and from
whom are all things, is incomprehensibly infinite. Locke.

INCOMPRE’SSIBLE. adj. [incompressible, Fr. in and compressible.]
Not capable of being compressed into less space.
Their hardness is the reason why water is incompressible,
when the air lodged in it is exhausted. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

IMCOMPRESSIBI’LITY. n. s. [from incompressible.] Incapacity
to be squeezed into less room.

INCONCU’RRING. adj. [in and concur.] Not concurring.
They derive effects not only from inconcurring causes, but
things devoid of all efficiency. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCONCE’ALABLE. adj. [in and conceal.] Not to be hid; not
to be kept secret.
The inconcealable imperfections of ourselves will hourly
prompt us our corruption, and loudly tell us we are sons of
earth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCONCE’IVABLE. adj. [inconceivable, Fr. in and conceivable.]
Incomprehensible; not to be conceived by the mind.
Such are Christ's promises, divine inconceivable promises; a
bliss to be enjoyed to all eternity, and that by way of return
for a weak obedience of some few years. Hammond.
It is inconceivable to me, that a spiritual substance should re­
present an extended figure. Locke.
How two ethers can be diffused through all space, one of
which acts upon the other, and by consequence is reacted upon,
without retarding, shattering, dispersing, and confounding one
another's motions, is inconceivable. Newton's Opt.

INCONCE’IVABLY. adv. [from inconceivable.] In a manner be­
yond comprehension; to a degree beyond human comprehension.
Does that man take a rational course to preserve himself,
who refuses the endurance of those lesser troubles, to secure
himself from a condition inconceivably more miserable? South.

INCONCE’PTIBLE. adj. [in and conceptible; conceptus, Latin.]
Not to be conceived; incomprehensible; inconceivable. A
word not used.
It is inconceptible how any such man, that hath stood the
shock of an eternal duration without corruption, should after
be corrupted. Hale's Origin of Mankind.



INCONCLU’DENT. adj. [in and concludens, Latin.] Inferring no
consequence.
The depositions of witnesses themselves, as being false, va­
rious, contrariant, single, inconcludent. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INCONCLU’SIVE. adj. [in and conclusive.] Not enforcing any
determination of the mind; not exhibiting cogent evidence.

INCONCLU’SIVELY. adv. [from inconclusive.] Without any
such evidence as determines the understanding.

INCONCLU’SIVENESS. n. s. [from inconclusive.] Want of rational
cogency.
A man, unskilful in syllogism, at first hearing, could per­
ceive the weakness and inconclusiveness of a long, artificial, and
plausible discourse, wherewith some others, better skilled in
syllogism, have been misled. Locke.

INCONCO’CT. adj. [in and concoct.] Unripened; immature;
not fully digested.

INCONCO’CTED. adj. [in and concoct.] Unripened; immature;
not fully digested.
While the body, to be converted and altered, is too strong
for the efficient that should convert it, it is all that while crude
and inconcoct; and the process is to be called crudity and in­
concoction. Bacon's Natural History.
I understand, remember, and reason better in my riper
years than when I was a child, and had my organical parts less
digested and inconcocted. Hale's Orgin of Mankind.

INCONCO’CTION. n. s. [from inconcoct.] The state of being
indigested; unripeness; immaturity.
The middle action, which produceth such imperfect bodies,
is fitly called inquination, or inconcoction, which is a kind of
putrefaction. Bacon's Natural History.
While the body, to be converted and altered, is too strong
for the efficient that should convert it, it is all that while crude
and inconcoct; and the process is to be called crudity and in­
concoction. Bacon's Natural History.

INCO’NDITE. adj. [inconditus, Lat.] Irregular; rude; unpolished.
Now sportive youth
Carol incondite rhymes with suiting notes,
And quaver inharmonious. Phillips.

INCONDI’TIONAL. adj. [in and conditional.] Without excep­
tion; without limitation; without stipulation.
From that which is but true in a qualified sense, an incondi­
tional and absolute verity is inferred. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCONDI’TIONATE. adj. [in and condition.] Not limited; not
restrained by any conditions; absolute.
They ascribe to God, in relation to every man, an eternal,
unchangeable, and inconditionate decree of election or repro­
bation. Boyle.

INCONFO’RMITY. n. s. [in and conformity.] Incompliance with
the practice of others.
We have thought their opinion to be, that utter inconfor­
mity with the church of Rome was not an extremity where­
unto we should be drawn for a time, but the very mediocrity
itself, wherein they meant we should ever continue. Hooker.

INCONFU’SION. n. s. [in and confusion.] Distinctness.
The cause of the confusion in sounds, and the inconfusion in
species visible, is, for that the sight worketh in right lines, and
so there can be no coincidence in the eye; but sounds that
move in oblique and arcuate lines, must needs encounter and
disturb the one the other. Bacon.

INCO’NGRUENCE. n. s. [in and congruence.] Unsuitableness;
want of adaptation.
Humidity is but relative, and depends upon the congruity
or incongruence of the component particles of the liquor to the
pores of the bodies it touches. Boyle.

INCONGRU’ITY. n. s. [incongruité, Fr. from incongruous.]
1. Unsuitableness of one thing to another.
The fathers make use of this acknowledgment of the incon­
gruity of images to the Deity, from thence to prove the incon­
gruity of the worship of them. Stillingfleet.
2. Inconsistency; inconsequence; absurdity; impropriety.
To avoid absurdities and incongruities, is the same law
established for both arts: the painter is not to paint a cloud at
the bottom of a picture, nor the poet to place what is proper
to the end in the beginning of a poem. Dryden.
3. Disagreement of parts; want of symmetry.
She, whom after what form soe'er we see,
Is discord and rude incongruity;
She, she is dead, she's dead. Donne.

INCO’NGRUOUS. adj. [incongru, Fr. in and congruous.]
1. Unsuitable; not fitting.
Wiser heathens condemned the worship of God as incon­
gruous to a divine nature, and a disparagement to the
deity. Stillingfleet.
2. Inconsistent; absurd.

INCO’NGRUOUSLY. adv. [from incongruous.] Improperly; un­
fitly.

INCONNE’XEDLY. adv. [in and connex.] Without any con­
nexion or dependance.
Others ascribed hereto, as a cause, what perhaps but casual­
ly or inconnexedly succeeds. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCO’NSCIONABLE. adj. [in and conscionable.] Void of the
sense of good and evil; without influence of conscience.
So inconscionable are these common people, and so little feel­
ing have they of God, or their own souls good. Spenser.

INCO’NSEQUENCE. n. s. [inconsequence, Fr. inconsequentia, Lat.]
Inconclusiveness; want of just inference.
This he bestows the name of many fallacies upon; and runs
on with shewing the inconsequence of it, as though he did in
earnest believe it were an impertinent answer. Stillingfleet.

INCO’NSEQUENT. adj. [in and consequens, Lat.] Without just
conclusion; without regular inference.
The ground he assumes is unsound, and his illation from
thence deduced inconsequent. Hakewill on Providence.
Men rest not in false apprehensions without absurd and in­
consequent deductions from fallacious foundations, and misap­
prehended mediums, erecting conclusions no way inferible from
their premises. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCONSI’DERABLE. adj. [in and considerable.] Unworthy of
notice; unimportant.
No, I am an inconsiderable fellow, and know nothing.
Denham's Sophy.
The most inconsiderable of creatures may at some time or
other come to revenge itself upon the greatest. L'Estrange.
Casting my eyes upon the ants, continually taken up with
a thousand cares, very inconsiderable with respect to us, but of
the greatest importance for them, they appeared to me worthy
of my curiosity. Addison.
May not planets and comets perform their motions more
freely, and with less resistance, in this ethereal medium than
in any fluid, which fills all space adequately without leaving
any pores, and by consequence is much denser than quicksilver
or gold? And may not its resistance be so small as to be incon­
siderable? Newton's Opt.
If we were under any real fear of the papists, it would be
hard to think us so stupid not to be equally apprehensive with
others, since we are likely to be the greatest sufferers; but we
look upon them to be altogether as inconsiderable as the women
and children. Swift.
Let no sin appear small or inconsiderable by which an almigh­
ty God is offended, and eternal salvation endangered. Rogers.

INCONSI’DERABLENESS. n. s. [from inconsiderable.] Small im­
portance.
To those who are thoroughly convinced of the inconside­
rableness of this short dying life, in comparison of that eternal
state which remains for us in another life, the consideration of
a future happiness is the most powerful motive. Tillotson.
From the consideration of our own smalness and inconside­
rableness, in respect of the greatness and splendor of those glo­
rious heavenly bodies, let us with the holy psalmist raise up
our hearts. Ray on the Creation.

INCONSI’DERATE. adj. [inconsidere, Fr. inconsideratus, Latin.]
1. Careless; thoughtless; negligent; inattentive; inadvertent.
When thy inconsiderate hand
Flings ope this casement, with my trembling name,
Then think this name alive, and that thou thus
In it offend'st my genius. Donne.
If you lament it,
That which now looks like justice, will be thought
An inconsiderate rashness. Denham's Sophy.
It is a very unhappy token of our corruption, that there
should be any so inconsiderate among us as to sacrifice morality
to politicks. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Wanting due regard.
He who laid down his life for the redemption of the trans­
gressions, which were under the first Testament, cannot be so
inconsiderate of our frailties. Decay of Piety.

INCONSI’DERATELY. adv. [from inconsiderate.] Negligently;
thoughtlesly; inattentively.
The king, transported with just wrath, inconsiderately fighting
and precipitating the charge, before his whole numbers came
up, was slain in the pursuit. Bacon.
Joseph was delighted with Mariamne's conversation, and
endeavoured with all his art to set out the excess of Herod's
passion for her; but when he still found her cold and incredu­
lous, he inconsiderately told her the private orders he left be­
hind. Addison's Spectator.

INCONSI’DERATENESS. n. s. [from inconsiderate.] Carelessness;
thoughtlessness; negligence; want of thought; inadvertence;
inattention.
If men do know and believe that there is such a being as
God, not to demean ourselves towards him, as becomes our
relation to him, is great stupidity and inconsiderateness. Tillots.

INCONSIDERA’TION. n. s. [inconsideration, Fr. in and consideration.]
Want of thought; inattention; inadvertence.
S. Gregory reckons uncleanness to be the parent of blind­
ness of mind, inconsideration, precipitancy or giddiness in ac­
tions, and self-love. Taylor.

INCONSI’STING. adj. [in and consist.] Not consistent; incom­
patible with.
The persons and actions of a farce are all unnatural, and
the manners false; that is, inconsisting with the characters of
mankind. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

INCONSI’STENCE. n. s. [from inconsistent.]

INCONSI’STENCY. n. s. [from inconsistent.]
1. Such opposition as that one proposition infers the negation of
the other; such contrariety that both cannot be together.


There is a perfect inconsistency between that which is of debt,
and that which is of free gift. South's Sermons.
2. Absurdity in argument or narration; argument or narrative
where one part destroys the other; self-contradiction.
3. Incongruity.
Mutability of temper, and inconsistency with ourselves, is the
greatest weakness of human nature. Addison.
If a man would register all his opinions upon love, politicks,
religion and learning, what a bundle of inconsistencies and con­
tradictions would appear at last? Swift.
4. Unsteadiness; changeableness.

INCONSI’STENT. adj. [in and consistent.]
1. Incompatible; not suitable; incongruous.
Finding no kind of compliance, but sharp protestations
against the demands, as inconsistent with conscience, justice, or
religion, the conference broke off. Clarendon.
Compositions of this nature, when thus restrained, shew
that wisdom and virtue are far from being inconsistent with po­
liteness and good humour. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Contrary, so as that one infers the negation or destruction of
the other.
The idea of an infinite space or duration is very obscure and
confused, because it is made up of two parts very different, if
not inconsistent. Locke.
3. Absurd; having parts of which one destroys the other.

INCONSI’STENTLY. adv. [from inconsistent.] Absurdly; incon­
gruously; with self-contradiction.

INCO’NSOLABLE. adj. [inconsolable, Fr. in and console.] Not to
be comforted; sorrowful beyond susceptibility of comfort.
Her women will represent to me that she is inconsolable, by
reason of my unkindness. Addison.
They take pleasure in an obstinate grief, in rendering them­
selves inconsolable. Fiddes's Sermons.

INCO’NSONANCY. n. s. [in and consonancy.] Disagreement with
itself.

INCONSPI’CUOUS. adj. [in and conspicuous.] Indiscernible; not
perceptible by the sight.
When an excellent experimenter had taken pains in accu­
curately filling up a tube of mercury, we found that yet there
remained store of inconspicuous bubbles. Boyle.

INCO’NSTANCY. n. s. [inconstantia, Lat. inconstance, Fr. from in­
constant.] Unsteadiness; want of steady adherence; mutability
of temper or affection.
I have suffered more for their sakes, more than the villanous
inconstancy of man is able to bear. Shak. Mer. Wives of Winds.
Be made the mark
For all the people's hate, the princess' curses,
And his son's rage, or the old king's inconstancy. Denham.
Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer to our choice,
and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest causes of all
our unhappiness. Addison's Spectator.
As much inconstancy and confusion is there in their mixtures
or combinations; for it is rare to find any of them pure and
unmixt. Woodward's Natural History.

INCO’NSTANT. adj. [inconstant, Fr. inconstans, Latin.]
1. Not firm in resolution; not steady in affection; various of
inclination; wanting perseverance.
He is so naturally inconstant, that I marvel his soul finds not
some way to kill his body. Sidney.
2. Changeable; mutable; variable.
O swear not by the moon, th' inconstant moon,
That monthly changes in her circled orb,
Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Shakespeare.

INCONSU’MABLE. adj. [in and consume.] Not to be wasted.
By arts were weaved napkins, shirts, and coats, inconsum­
able by fire, and wherein they burnt the bodies of kings. Brown.

INCONSU’MPTIBLE. adj. [in and consumptus, Lat.] Not to be
spent; not to be brought to an end; not to be destroyed by
fire. This seems a more elegant word than inconsumable.
Before I give any answer to this objection of pretended in­
consumptible lights, I would gladly see the effect undoubtedly
proved. Digby on Bodies.

INCONTE’STABLE. adj. [incontestable, Fr. in and contest.] Not
to be disputed; not admitting debate; uncontrovertible.
Our own being furnishes us with an evident and incontestable
proof of a Deity; and I believe no body can avoid the cogen­
cy of it, who will carefully attend to it. Locke.

INCONTE’STABLY. adv. [from incontestable.] Indisputably; un­
controvertibly.

INCONTI’GUOUS. adj. [in and contiguous.] Not touching each
other; not joined together.
They seemed part of small bracelets, consisting of equally
little incontiguous beads. Boyle.

INCO’NTINENCE. n. s. [incontinentia, Lat. in and continence.] In­
ability to restrain the appetites; unchastity.

INCO’NTINENCY. n. s. [incontinentia, Lat. in and continence.] In­
ability to restrain the appetites; unchastity.
The cognizance of her incontinency
Is this; she hath bought the name of whore thus dearly. Sh.
But beauty, like the fair Hesperian tree,
Laden with blooming gold, had need the guard
Of dragon-watch with uninchanted eye,
To save her blossoms, and defend her fruit
From the rash hand of bold incontinence. Milton.
This is my defence;
I pleas'd myself, I shunn'd incontinence,
And, urg'd by strong desires, indulg'd my sense. Dryden.
The words sine veste Dianam agree better with Livia, who
had the fame of chastity, than with either of the Julia's, who
were both noted of incontinency. Dryden.

INCO’NTINENT. adj. [incontinens, Lat. in and continent.]
1. Unchaste; indulging unlawful pleasure.
In these degrees have they made a pair of stairs to marriage,
which they will climb incontinent, or else be incontinent before
marriage. Shakes. As you like it.
Men shall be lovers of their own selves, false accusers, in­
continent, fierce. 2 Tim. iii. 3.
2. Shunning delay; immediate. This is a meaning now ob­
solete.
They ran towards the far rebounded noise,
To weet what wight so loudly did lament;
Unto the place they came incontinent. Fairy Queen.
Come, mourn with me for what I do lament,
And put on sullen black incontinent. Shakesp. Rich. II.
He says he will return incontinent. Shak. Othello.

INCO’NTINENTLY. adv. [from incontinent.]
1. Unchastely; without restraint of the appetites.
2. Immediately; at once. An obsolete sense. Spenser.
The cause of this war is no other than that we will not in­
continently submit ourselves to our neighbours. Hayward.
Incontinently I left Madrid, and have been dogged and way­
laid through several nations. Arbuthn. and Pope.

INCONTROVE’RTIBLE. adj. [in and controvertible.] Indisputable;
not to be disputed.

INCONTROVE’RTIBLY. adv. [from incontrovertible.] To a de­
gree beyond controversy or dispute.
The Hebrew is incontrovertibly the primitive and surest test to
rely upon; and to preserve the same uncorrupt, there hath been
used the highest caution humanity could invent. Brown.

INCONVE’NIENCE. n. s. [inconvenient, French.]

INCONVE’NIENCY. n. s. [inconvenient, French.]
1. Unfitness; inexpedience.
They plead against the inconvenience, not the unlawfulness
of popish apparel; and against the inconvenience, not the un­
lawfulness of ceremonies in burial. Hooker.
2. Disadvantage; cause of uneasiness; difficulty.
There is a place upon the top of mount Athos above all
clouds of rain, or other inconvenience. Raleigh's History.
Man is liable to a great many inconveniences every moment,
and is continually unsecure even of life itself. Tillotson.
The inconvenience of old age makes him incapable of cor­
poral pleasures. Dryden.
Would not quickness of sensation be an inconvenience to an
animal, that must lie still where chance has once placed
it? Locke.
Consider the disproportion between the worst inconveniences
that attends incompliance with men, and the eternal displea­
sure of God. Rogers.
We are freed from many inconveniences, and we enjoy seve­
ral advantages. Atterbury.
The things of another world, being distant, operate but
faintly upon us: to remedy this inconveniency, we must fre­
quently revolve their certainty and importance. Atterbury.

INCONVE’NIENT. adj. [inconvenient, Fr. in and conveniens, Lat.]
1. Incommodious; disadvantageous.
They delight rather to lean to their old customs, though
they be more unjust, and more inconvenient for the common
people. Spenser on Ireland.
We are not to look that the church should change her pub­
lick laws, although it chance that for some particular men the
same be found inconvenient, especially when there may be other
remedy against particular inconveniences. Hooker.
He knows that to be inconvenient, which we falsely think
convenient for us. Smalridge's Sermons.
2. Unfit; inexpedient.

INCONVE’NIENTLY. adv. [from inconvenient.]
1. Unfitly; incommodiously.
2. Unseasonably. Ainsworth.

INCONVE’RSABLE. adj. [in and conversable.] Incommunicative;
ill qualified by temper for conversation; unsocial.
He is a person very inconversable. More.

INCONVE’RTIBLE. adj. [in and convertible.] Not transmutable;
incapable of change.
It entereth not the veins, but taketh leave of the permeant
parts, and accompanyeth the inconvertible portion unto the
siege. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCONVI’NCIBLE. adj. [in and convincible.] Not to be con­
vinced; not capable of conviction.

INCONVI’NCIBLY. adv. [from inconvincible.] Without admit­
ting conviction.
It is injurious unto knowledge obstinately and inconvincibly
to side with any one. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INCO’NY. adj. [perhaps from in and conn, to know.]
1. Unlearned; artless.
2. In Scotland it denotes mischievously unlucky: as, he's an in­
cony fellow. This seems to be the meaning in Shakespeare.


O' my troth, most sweet jests, most incony vulgar wit,
When it comes so smoothly off. Shakespeare.

INCO’RPORAL. adj. [in and corporal.] Immaterial; distinct
from matter; distinct from body.
Why do'st thou bend thine eye on vacancy,
And with th' incorporal air do'st hold discourse? Shak. Haml.
Learned men have not resolved us whether light be corporal
or incorporal: corporal they say it cannot be, because then it
would neither pierce the air, nor solid diaphanous bodies, and
yet every day we see the air illightened: incorporal it cannot
be, because sometimes it affecteth the sight with offence. Ral.

INCORPORA’LITY. n. s. [incorporalité, Fr. from incorporal.] Im­
materialness; distinctness from body.

INCO’RPORALLY. adv. [from incorporal.] Without matter;
immaterially.

To INCO’RPORATE. v. a. [incorporer, French.]
1. To mingle different ingredients so as they shall make one
mass.
A fifteenth part of silver, incorporate with gold, will not be
recovered, except you put a greater quantity of silver to draw
to it the less. Bacon's Natural History.
Who the swelling clouds in bladders ties,
To mollify the stubborn clods with rain,
And scatter'd dust incorporate again? Sandys.
2. To conjoin inseparably.
Villainous thoughts, Roderigo, when
These mutualities so marshal the way,
Hard at hand comes the master and main exercise,
The incorporate conclusion. Shakespeare's Othello.
By your leaves, you shall not stay alone,
'Till holy church incorporate two in one. Shakes. R. and Ju.
Upon my knees
I charm you, by that great vow
Which did incorporate and make us one. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
3. To form into a corporation, or body politick. In this sense
they say in Scotland, the incorporate trades in any community.
The apostle affirmeth plainly of all men christian, that be
they Jews or Gentiles, bond or free, they are all incorporated
into one company, they all make but one body. Hooker.
The same is incorporated with a majoralty, and nameth bur­
gesses to parliament. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
4. To unite; to associate.
It is Casca, one incorporate
To our attempts. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Your most grave belly was deliberate,
Not rash, like his accusers, and thus answer'd;
True is it, my incorporate friends, quoth he,
That I receive the general food at first,
Which you do live upon. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
All this learning is ignoble and mechanical among them,
and the Confutian only essential and incorporate in their govern­
ment. Temple.
The Romans did not subdue a country to put the inhabi­
tants to fire and sword, but to incorporate them into their own
community. Addison's Freeholder.
5. To embody.
Courtesy, that seemed incorporated in his heart, would not
be persuaded by danger to offer any offence. Sidney.
The idolaters, who worshipped their images as gods, sup­
posed some spirit to be incorporated therein, and so to make to­
gether with it a person fit to receive worship. Stillingfleet.

To INCO’RPORATE. v. n. To unite into one mass.
Painters colours and ashes do better incorporate with oil.
Bacon's Natural History.
It is not universally true, that acid salts and oils will not in­
corporate or mingle. Boyle.
Thy soul
In real darkness of the body dwells,
Shut out from outward light,
T' incorporate with gloomy night. Milton's Agonistes.
It finds the mind unprepossessed with any former notions,
and so easily gains upon the assent, grows up with it, and in­
corporates into it. South's Sermons.

INCO’RPORATE. adj. [in and corporate.] Immaterial; un­
bodied.
Moses forbore to speak of angels, and things invisible and
incorporate. Raleigh.

INCORPORA’TION. n. s. [incorporation, Fr. from incorporate.]
1. Union of divers ingredients in one mass.
Make proof of the incorporation of iron with flint; for if it
can be incorporated without over great charge, the cheapness
of the flint doth make the compound stuff profitable. Bacon.
This, with some little additional, may further the intrinsick
incorporation. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Formation of a body politick.
3. Adoption; union; association.
In him we actually are, by our actual incorporation into that
society which hath him for their head. Hooker.

INCORPO’REAL. adj. [incorporalis, Lat. incorporel, Fr. in and
corporeal.] Immaterial; unbodied.
It is a virtue which may be called incorporeal and immate­
riate, whereof there be in nature but few. Bacon.
Sense and perception must necessarily proceed from some
incorporeal substance within us. Bentley's Sermons.

INCORPO’REALLY. adv. [from incorporeal.] Immaterially;
without body.
The sense of hearing striketh the spirits more immediately
than the other senses, and more incorporeally than the smelling.
Bacon's Natural History.

INCORPORE’ITY. n. s. [in and corporeity.] Immateriality;
distinctness from body.

To INCO’RPSE. v. a. [in and corpse.] To incorporate; to unite
into one body.
He grew unto his seat,
As he had been incorps'd and demy-natur'd
With the brave horse. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

INCORRE’CT. adj. [in and correct.] Not nicely finished; not
exact; inaccurate; full of faults.
The piece you think is incorrect: why take it;
I'm all submission; what you'd have it, make it. Pope.

INCORRE’CTLY. adv. [from incorrect.] Inaccurately; not ex­
actly.

INCORRE’CTNESS. n. s. [in and correctness.] Inaccuracy; want
of exactness.

INCO’RRIGIBLE. adj. [incorrigible, Fr. in and corrigible.] Bad
beyond correction; depraved beyond amendment by any
means; erroneous beyond hope of instruction.
The loss is many times irrecoverable, and the inconve­
nience incorrigible. More's Divine Dialogues.
What are their thoughts of things, but variety of incorri­
gible error? L'Estrange.
Provok'd by those incorrigible fools,
I left declaiming in pedantick schools. Dryden's Juven.
Whilst we are incorrigible, God may in vengeance continue
to chastise us with the judgment of war. Smalridge's Serm.
The most violent party-men are such as have discovered
least sense of religion or morality; and when such are laid
aside, as shall be found incorrigible, it will be no difficulty to
reconcile the rest. Swift.

INCORRI’GIBLENESS. n. s. [from incorrigible.] Hopeless depra­
vity; badness beyond all means of amendment.
What we call penitence becomes a sad attestation of our
incorrigibleness. Decay of Piety.
I would not have chiding used, much less blows, 'till obsti­
nacy and incorrigibleness make it absolutely necessary. Locke.

INCO’RRIGIBLY. adv. [from incorrigible.] To a degree of de­
pravity beyond all means of amendment.
Appear incorrigibly mad,
They cleanliness and company renounce. Roscommon.

INCORRU’PT. adj. [in and corruptus, Latin; incorrompu,
French.]

INCORRU’PTED. adj. [in and corruptus, Latin; incorrompu,
French.]
1. Free from foulness or depravation.
Sin, that first
Distemper'd all things, and, of incorrupt,
Corrupted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
2. Pure of manners; honest; good. It is particularly applied
to a mind above the power of bribes.

INCORRUPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [incorruptibilité, Fr. from incorrup­
tible.] Insusceptibility of corruption; incapacity of decay.
Philo, in his book of the world's incorruptibility, alledgeth
the verses of a Greek tragick poet. Hakewill.

INCORRU’PTIBLE. adj. [incorruptible, Fr. in and corruptible.]
Not capable of corruption; not admitting decay.
In such abundance lies our choice,
As leaves a great store of fruit untouch'd,
Still hanging incorruptible. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible and immortal
substances, our souls be entertained with the most ravishing
objects, and both continue happy throughout all eternity. Wake.

INCORRU’PTION. n. s. [incorruption, Fr. in and corruption.] In­
capacity of corruption.
So also is the resurrection of the dead: it is sown in corrup­
tion, it is raised in incorruption. 1 Cor. xv. 42.

INCORRU’PTNESS. n. s. [in and corrupt.]
1. Purity of manners; honesty; integrity.
Probity of mind, integrity, and incorruptness of manners,
is preferable to fine parts and subtile speculations. Woodward.
2. Freedom from decay or degeneration.

To INCRA’SSATE. v. a. [in and crassus, Lat.] To thicken;
the contrary to attenuate.
If the cork be too light to sink under the surface, the body
of water may be attenuated with spirits of wine; if too heavy,
it may be incrassated with salt. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Acids dissolve or attenuate, alcalies precipitate or incras­
sate. Newton's Opt.
Acids, such as are austere, as unripe fruits, produce too
great a stricture of the fibres, incrassate and coagulate the
fluids; from whence pains and rheumatism. Arbuthnot.

INCRASSA’TION. n. s. [from incrassate.]
1. The act of thickening.
2. The state of growing thick.
Nothing doth conglaciate but water; for the determination
of quicksilver is fixation, that of milk coagulation, and that
of oil incrassation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.



INCRA’SSATIVE. n. s. [from incrassate.] Having the quality of
thickening.
The two latter indicate restringents to stench, and
incrassatives to thicken the blood. Harvey on Consumpt.

To INCRE’ASE. v. n. [in and cresco, Lat.] To grow more in
number, or greater in bulk; to advance in quantity or value,
or in any quality capable of being more or less.
Hear and observe to do it, that it may be well with thee,
and that ye may increase mightily. Deutr. vi. 3.
Profane and vain babbling will increase unto ungodliness.
2 Tim. ii. 16.
From fifty to threescore he loses not much in fancy, and
judgment, the effect of observation, still increases. Dryden.
Henry, in knots, involving Emma's name
Upon this tree; and, as the tender mark,
Grew with the year, and widen'd with the bark:
Venus had heard the virgin's soft address,
That as the wound the passion might increase. Prior.

To INCRE’ASE. v. a. [See ENCREASE.] To make more or
greater.
He hath increased in Judah mourning and lamentation. Sam.
I will increase the famine, and break your staff of bread.
Ezek. v. 16.
I will increase them with men like a flock. Ezek. xxxvi.
Hye thee from this slaughter-house,
Lest thou increase the number of the dead. Shakesp. R. III.
Fishes are more numerous or increasing than beasts or birds,
as appears by their numerous spawn. Hale.
It serves to increase that treasure, or to preserve it. Temple.

INCRE’ASE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Augmentation; the state of growing more or greater.
For three years he liv'd with large increase
In arms of honour, and esteem in peace. Dryden.
Hail, bards triumphant! born in happier days,
Whose honours with increase of ages grow,
As streams roll down, enlarging as they flow. Pope.
2. Increment; that which is added to the original stock.
3. Produce.
As Hesiod sings, spread waters o'er thy field,
And a most just and glad increase 'twill yield. Denham.
Those grains which grew produced an increase beyond ex­
pectation. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Generation.
Into her womb convey sterility;
Dry up in her the organs of increase,
And from her derogate body never spring a babe. Shakesp.
5. Progeny.
Him young Thoasa bore, the bright increase
Of Phorcys. Pope's Odyssey.
6. The state of waxing, or growing full orbed. Used of the moon.
Seeds, hair, nails, hedges and herbs, will grow soonest, if
set or cut in the increase of the moon. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

INCRE’ASER. n. s. [from increase.] He who increases.

INCREA’TED. adj. Not created.
Since the desire is infinite, nothing but the absolute and in­
created Infinite can adequately fill it. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

INCREDIBI’LITY. n. s. [incredibilité, French.] The quality of
surpassing belief.
For objects of incredibility, none are so removed from all
appearance of truth as those of Corneille's Andromede. Dryd.

INCRE’DIBLE. adj. [incredibilis, Lat.] Surpassing belief; not
to be credited.
The ship Argo, that there might want no incredible thing
in this fable, spoke to them. Raleigh.
Presenting things impossible to view,
They wander through incredible to true. Granville.

INCRE’DIBLENESS. n. s. [from incredible.] Quality of being
not credible.

INCRE’DIBLY. adv. [from incredible.] In a manner not to be
believed.

INCREDU’LITY. n. s. [incredulité, French.] Quality of not
believing; hardness of belief.
He was more large in the description of Paradise, to take
away all scruple from the incredulity of future ages. Raleigh.

INCRE’DULOUS. adj. [incredule, Fr. incredulus, Latin.] Hard
of belief; refusing credit.
I am not altogether incredulous but there may be such can­
dles as are made of salamander's wool, being a kind of mine­
ral which whiteneth in the burning, and consumeth not. Bac.

INCRE’DULOUSNESS. n. s. [from incredulous.] Hardness of be­
lief; incredulity.

INCRE’MABLE. adj. [in and cremo, Latin.] Not consumable
by fire.
If from the skin of the salamander these incremable pieces
are composed. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

I’NCREMENT. n. s. [incrementum, Latin.]
1. Act of growing greater.
Divers conceptions are concerning its increment, or inunda­
tion. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Increase; cause of growing more.
This stratum is expanded at top, serving as the seminary
that furnisheth matter for the formation and increment of ani­
mal and vegetable bodies. Woodward.
3. Produce.
The orchard loves to wave
With Winter winds: the loosen'd roots then drink
Large increment, earnest of happy years. Phillips.

To I’NCREPATE. v. a. [increpo, Latin.] To chide; to re­
prehend.

INCREPA’TION. n. s. [increpatio, Latin.] Reprehension;
chiding.
The admonitions, fraternal or paternal, of his fellow Chris­
tians, or of the governours of the church, then more publick
reprehensions and increpations. Hammond.

To INCRU’ST. v. a. [incrusto, Latin; incruster, French.]
To cover with an additional coat adher­
ing to the internal matter.

To INCRU’STATE. v. a. [incrusto, Latin; incruster, French.]
To cover with an additional coat adher­
ing to the internal matter.
The finer part of the wood will be turned into air, and the
grosser stick baked and incrustate upon the sides of the vessel.
Bacon's Natural History.
Some rivers bring forth spars, and other mineral matter, so
as to cover and incrust the stones. Woodward.
Save but our army; and let Jove incrust
Swords, pikes, and guns with everlasting rust. Pope.
Any of these sun-like bodies in the centers of the several
vortices, are so incrustated and weakened as to be carried about
in the vortex of the true sun. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
The shield was purchased by Woodward, who incrusted it
with a new rust. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scribl.

INCRUSTA’TION. n. s. [incrustation, Fr. from incrusto, Latin.]
An adherent covering; something superinduced.
Having such a prodigious stock of marble, their chapels are
laid over with such a rich variety of incrustations as cannot be
found in any other part. Addison on Italy.

To I’NCUBATE. v. n. [incubo, Latin.] To sit upon eggs.

INCUBA’TION. n. s. [incubation, Fr. incubatio, Lat.] The act
of sitting upon eggs to hatch them.
Whether that vitality was by incubation, or how else, is
only known to God. Raleigh's History of the World.
Birds have eggs enough at first conceived in them to serve
them, allowing such a proportion for every year as will serve
for one or two incubations. Ray on the Creation.
When the whole tribe of birds by incubation produce their
young, it is a wonderful deviation, that some few families
should do it in a more novercal way. Derham.
As the white of an egg by incubation, so can the serum by
the action of the fibres be attenuated. Arbuthnot.

I’NCUBUS. n. s. [Latin; incube, Fr.] The night-mare.
The incubus is an inflation of the membranes of the stomach,
which hinders the motion of the diaphragma, lungs, pulse,
and motion, with a sense of a weight oppressing the breast.
Floyer on the Humours.

To INCU’LCATE. v. a. [inculco, Latin; inculquer, French.]
To impress by frequent admonitions; to enforce by constant
repetition.
Manifest truth may deserve sometimes to be inculcated, be­
cause we are too apt to forget it. Atterbury.
Homer continually inculcates morality, and piety to the
gods. Broome's Notes to Pope's Odyssey.

INCULCA’TION. n. s. [from inculcate.] The act of impressing
by frequent admonition; admonitory repetition.

INCU’LT. adj. [inculte, French; incultus, Lat.] Uncultivated;
untilled.
Her forests huge,
Incult, robust and tall, by nature's hand
Planted of old. Thomson's Autumn.

INCU’LPABLE. adv. [in and culpabilis, Lat.] Unblameable;
not reprehensible.
Ignorance, so far as it may be resolved into natural inabi­
lity, is, as to men, at least inculpable, and consequently not
the object of scorn, but pity. South.

INCU’LPABLY. adj. [in and culpabilis, Lat.] Unblameably;
without blame.
As to errours or infirmities, the frailty of man's condition
has invincibly, and therefore inculpably, exposed him. South.

INCU’MBENCY. n. s. [from incumbent.]
1. The act of lying upon another.
2. The state of keeping a benefice.
These fines are only to be paid to the bishop, during his in­
cumbency in the same see. Swift.

INCU’MBENT. adj. [incumbens, Latin.]
1. Resting upon; lying upon.
Then with expanded wings he steers his flight
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air,
That felt unusual weight. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. i.
The ascending parcels of air, having now little more than
the weight of the incumbent water to surmount, were able both
so to expand themselves as to fill up that part of the pipe
which they pervaded, and, by pressing every way against the
sides of it, to lift upwards with them what water they found
above them. Boyle.


With wings expanded wide ourselves we'll rear,
And fly incumbent on the dusky air. Dryden.
Here the rebel giants lye;
And, when to move th' incumbent load they try,
Ascending vapours on the day prevail. Addison.
Man is the destin'd prey of pestilence,
And o'er his guilty domes
She draws a close incumbent cloud of death. Thomson.
2. Imposed as a duty.
All men, truly zealous, will perform those good works that
are incumbent on all Christians. Sprat's Sermons.
There is a double duty incumbent upon us in the exercise of
our powers. L'Estrange.
Thus, if we think and act, we shall shew ourselves duly
mindful not only of the advantages we receive from thence,
but of the obligations also which are incumbent upon us. Atter.

INCU’MBENT. n. s. [incumbens, Latin.] He who is in present
possession of a benefice.
In many places the whole ecclesiastical dues are in lay hands,
and the incumbent lieth at the mercy of his patron. Swift.

To INCU’MBER. v. a. [encombrer, French.] To embarrass.
My cause is call'd, and that long look'd-for day
Is still incumber'd with some new delay. Dryden's Juven.

To INCU’R. v. a. [incurro, Latin.] To become liable to a
punishment or reprehension.
I have incurred displeasure from inferiours for giving way to
the faults of others. Hayward.
They, not obeying,
Incurr'd, what could they less? the penalty;
And manifold in sin, deserv'd to fall. Milton's Par. Lost.
So judge thou still, presumptuous! 'till the wrath,
Which thou incurr'st by flying, meet thy flight
Sev'nfold, and scourge that wisdom back to hell. Milton.
They had a full persuasive that not to do it were to desert
God, and consequently to incur damnation. South.
2. To occur; to press on the senses.
The motions of the minute parts of bodies are invisible,
and incur not to the eye; but yet they are to be deprehended
by experience. Bacon's Natural History.
The mind of man, even in spirituals, acts with corporeal
dependance; and so is he helped or hindered in its operations,
according to the different quality of external objects that incur
into the senses. South's Sermons.

INCURABI’LITY. n. s. [incurabilité, Fr. from incurable.] Im­
possibility of cure; utter insusceptibility of remedy.
We'll instantly open a door to the manner of a proper and
improper consumption, together with the reason of the in­
curability of the former, and facile cure of the other. Harvey.

INCU’RABLE. adj. [incurable, Fr. in and curable.] Not ad­
mitting remedy; not to be removed by medicine; irremediable;
hopeless.
Pause not; for the present time's so sick,
That present medicine must be ministred,
Or overthrow incurable ensues. Shakes. King John.
Stop the rage betime,
Before the wound do grow incurable;
For being green, there is great hope of help. Shakes. H. VI.
A schirrus is not absolutely incurable, because it has been
known that fresh pasture has cured it in cattle. Arbuthnot.
If idiots and lunaticks cannot be found, incurables may be
taken into the hospital. Swift.

INCU’RABLENESS. n. s. [from incurable.] State of not admitting
any cure.

INCU’RABLY. adv. [from incurable.] Without remedy.
We cannot know it is or is not, being incurably igno­
rant. Locke.

INCU’RIOUS. adj. [in and curious.] Negligent; inattentive.
The Creator did not bestow so much skill upon his creatures,
to be looked upon with a careless incurious eye. Derham.
He seldom at the park appear'd;
Yet, not incurious, was inclin'd
To know the converse of mankind. Swift.

INCU’RSION. n. s. [from incurro, Latin.]
1. Attack; mischievous occurrence.
Sins of daily incursion, and such as human frailty is un­
avoidably liable to. South's Sermons.
2. [Incursion, Fr.] Invasion without conquest; inroad; ravage.
Spain is very weak at home, or very slow to move, when
they suffered a small fleet of English to make an hostile inva­
sion, or incursion, upon their havens and roads. Bacon.
Now the Parthian king hath gather'd all his host
Against the Scythian, whose incursions wild
Have wasted Sogdiana. Milton's Parad. Regain'd.
The incursions of the Goths disordered the affairs of the
Roman empire. Arbuthnot on Coins.

INCURVA’TION. n. s. [from incurvo, Latin.]
1. The act of bending or making crooked.
One part moving while the other rests, one would think,
should cause an incurvation in the line. Glanv. Sceps.
2. Flexion of the body in token of reverence.
He made use of acts of worship which God hath appro­
priated; as incurvation, and sacrifice. Stillingfleet.

To INCU’RVATE. v. a. [incurvo, Latin.] To bend; to
crook.
Sir Isaac Newton has shewn, by several experiments of rays
passing by the edges of bodies, that they are incurvated by
the action of these bodies. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

INCU’RVITY. n. s. [from incurvus, Latin.] Crookedness; the
state of bending inward.
The incurvity of a dolphin must be taken not really, but
in appearance, when they leap above water, and suddenly shoot
down again: strait bodies, in a sudden motion, protruded
obliquely downward, appear crooked. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IND

To I’NDAGATE. v. a. [indago, Latin.] To search; to beat
out.

INDAGA’TION. n. s. [from indagate.] Search; enquiry; ex­
amination.
Paracelsus directs us, in the indagation of colours, to have
an eye principally upon salts. Boyle.
Part hath been discovered by himself, and some by human
indagation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INDAGA’TOR. n. s. [indagator, Latin.] A searcher; an en­
quirer; an examiner.
The number of the elements of bodies is an enquiry whose
truth requires to be searched into by such skilful indagators of
nature. Boyle.

To INDA’RT. v. a. [ir and dart.] To dart in; to strike in.
I'll look to like, if looking liking move;
But no more deep will I indart mine eye,
Than your consent gives strength to make it fly. Shakesp.

To INDE’BT. v. a.
1. To put into debt.
2. To oblige; to put under obligation.

INDE’BTED. participial adj. [in and debt.] Obliged by something
received; bound to restitution; having incurred a debt. It has
to before the person to whom the debt is due, and for before
the thing received.
If the course of politick affairs cannot in any good course
go forward without fit instruments, and that which fitteth
them be their virtues, let polity acknowledge itself indebted to
religion, godliness being the chiefest top and well-spring of all
true virtues, even as God is of all good things. Hooker.
Forgive us our sins; for we forgive every one that is in­
debted to us. Lu. xi. 4.
He for himself
Indebted and undone, has nought to bring. Milton.
This blest alliance may
Th' indebted nation bounteously repay. Granville.
Few consider how much we are indebted to government, be­
cause few can represent how wretched mankind would be
without it. Atterbury's Sermons.
Let us represent to our souls the love and beneficence for
which we daily stand indebted to God. Rogers's Sermons.
We are wholly indebted for them to our ancestors. Swift.

INDE’CENCY. n. s. [indecence, French.] Any thing unbe­
coming; any thing contrary to good manners; something
wrong, but scarce criminal.
He will in vain endeavour to reform indecency in his pupil,
which he allows in himself. Locke.

INDE’CENT. adj. [indecent, Fr. in and decent.] Unbecoming;
unfit for the eyes or ears.
'Till these men can prove these things, ordered by our
church, to be either intrinsically unlawful or indecent, the use
of them, as established amongst us, is necessary. South.
Characters, where obscene words were proper in their
mouths, but very indecent to be heard. Dryden.

INDE’CENTLY. adv. [from indecent.] Without decency; in a
manner contrary to decency.

INDECI’DUOUS. adj. [in and deciduous.] Not falling; not
shed.
We find the statue of the sun framed with rays about the
head, which were the indeciduous and unshaken locks of
Apollo. Brown's Vul. Err.

INDECLI’NABLE. adj. [indeclinable, Fr. indeclinabilis, Latin.]
Not varied by terminations.
Pondo is an indeclinable word, and when it is joined to num­
bers it signifies libra. Arbuthnot.

INDECO’ROUS. adj. [indecorus, Latin.] Indecent; unbe­
coming.
What can be more indecorous than for a creature to violate
the commands, and trample upon the authority of that awful
excellence to whom he owes his life? Norris.

INDECO’RUM. n. s. [Latin.] Indecency; something unbe­
coming.

INDE’ED. adv. [in and deed.]
1. In reality; in truth; in verity.
Yet loving indeed, and therefore constant. Sidney.
Though such assemblies be had indeed for religion's sake,
hurtful nevertheless they may prove, as well in regard of their
fitness to serve the turn of hereticks, and such as privily will
venture to instil their poison into new minds. Hooker.
Some, who have not deserved judgment of death, have been
for their goods sake caught up and carried streight to the bough:
a thing indeed very pitiful and horrible. Spenser.


2. Above common rate.
Then didst thou utter, I am yours for ever;
'Tis grace indeed. Shakespeare.
Borrows, in mean affairs, his subjects pains;
But things of weight and consequence indeed,
Himself doth in his chamber them debate. Davies.
Such sons of Abraham, how highly soever they may have
the luck to be thought of, are far from being Israelites in­
deed. South.
I were a beast, indeed, to do you wrong,
I who have lov'd and honour'd you so long. Dryden.
3. This is to be granted that. A particle of connection.
This limitation, indeed, of our author, will save those the
labour who would look for Adam's heir amongst the race of
brutes; but will very little contribute to the discovery of one
next heir amongst men. Locke.
There is nothing in the world more generally dreaded, and
yet less to be feared, than death: indeed, for those unhappy
men whose hopes terminate in this life, no wonder if the pro­
spect of another seems terrible and amazing. Wake.
4. It is used sometimes as a slight assertion or recapitulation in a
sense hardly perceptible or explicable.
This is indeed more criminal in thee. Shakespeare.
I said I thought it was confederacy between the juggler and
the two servants; tho' indeed I had no reason so to think. Bac.
Some sons indeed, some very few we see,
Who keep themselves from this infection free. Dryden.
There is indeed no greater pleasure in visiting these maga­
zines of war, after one has seen two or three of them. Addis.
5. It is used to note concession in comparisons.
Against these forces were prepared to the number of near
one hundred ships; not so great of bulk indeed, but of a more
nimble motion. Bacon's War with Spain.

INDEFA’TIGABLE. adj. [indefatigabilis, in and defatigo, Lat.]
Unwearied; not tired; not exhausted by labour.
Who shall spread his airy flight,
Upborne with indefatigable wings,
Over the vast abrupt. Milton.
The ambitious person must rise early and sit up late, and
pursue his design with a constant indefatigable attendance: he
must be infinitely patient and servile. South.

INDEFA’TIGABLY. adv. [from indefatigable.] Without wea­
riness.
A man indefatigably zealous in the service of the church and
state, and whose writings have highly deserved of both. Dryd.

INDEFECTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from indefectible.] The quality of
suffering no decay; of being subject to no defect.

INDEFE’CTIBLE. adj. [in and defectus, Lat.] Unfailing; not
liable to defect or decay.

INDEFE’ISIBLE. adj. [indefaisible, French.] Not to be cut off;
not to be vacated; irrevocable.
So indefeisible is our estate in those joys, that, if we do not
sell it in reversion, we shall, when once invested, be beyond
the possibility of ill husbandry. Decay of Piety.

INDEFE’NSIBLE. adj. [in and defensum, Lat.] What cannot
be defended or maintained.
As they extend the rule of consulting Scripture to all the
actions of common life, even so far as to the taking up of a
straw, so it is altogether false and indefensible. Sanderson.

INDE’FINITE. adj. [indefinitus, Latin; indefinit, Fr.]
1. Not determined; not limited; not settled.
Though a position should be wholly rejected, yet that negative
is more pregnant of direction than an indefinite; as ashes are
more generative than dust. Bacon's Essays.
Her advancement was left indefinite; but thus, that it should
be as great as ever any former queen of England had. Bacon.
Tragedy and picture are more narrowly circumscribed by
place and time than the epick poem: the time of this last is
left indefinite. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Large beyond the comprehension of man, though not abso­
lutely without limits.
Though it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; though it is
not boundless in itself, it may be so to human comprehen­
sion. Spectator.

INDE’FINITELY. adj. [from indefinite.]
1. Without any settled or determinate limitation.
We observe that custom, whereunto St. Paul alludeth, and
whereof the fathers of the church in their writings make often
mention, to shew indefinitely what was done; but not univer­
sally to bind for ever all prayers unto one only fashion of ut­
terance. Hooker.
We conceive no more than the letter beareth; that is, four
times, or indefinitely more than thrice. Brown's Vulg. Err.
A duty to which all are indefinitely obliged, upon some oc­
casions, by the express command of God. Smalridge.
2. To a degree indefinite.
If the world be indefinitely extended, that is, so far as no
human intellect can fancy any bounds of it, then what we see
must be the least part. Ray on the Creation.

INDEFI’NITUDE. n. s. [from indefinite.] Quantity not limited
by our understanding, though yet finite.
They arise to a strange and prodigious multitude, if not in­
definitude, by their various positions, combinations, and con­
junctions. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

INDELI’BERATE. adj. [indeliberé, Fr. in and deliberate.] Un­
premeditated; done without consideration.

INDELI’BERATED. adj. [indeliberé, Fr. in and deliberate.] Un­
premeditated; done without consideration.
Actions proceeding from blandishments, or sweet persua­
sions, if they be indeliberated, as in children, who want the
use of reason, are not presently free actions. Bramhall.
The love of God better can consist with the indeliberate
commissions of many sins, than with an allowed persistance in
any one. Government of the Tongue.

INDE’LIBLE. adj. [indeleble, Fr. indelebilis, Lat. in and delible.
It should be written indeleble.]
1. Not to be blotted out or effaced.
Wilful perpetrations of unworthy actions brands with inde­
lible characters the name and memory. King Charles.
Thy heedless sleeve will drink the colour'd oil,
And spot indelible thy pocket soil. Gay's Trivia.
2. Not to be annulled.
All endued with indelible power from above to feed, to go­
vern this houshold, and to consecrate pastors and stewards of
it to the world's end. Sprat's Sermons.

INDE’LICACY. n. s. [in and delicacy.] Want of delicacy; want
of elegant decency.
Your papers would be chargeable with worse than indelicacy,
they would be immoral, did you treat detestable uncleanness
as you rally an impertinent self-love. Addison.

INDE’LICATE. adj. [in and delicate.] Wanting decency; void
of a quick sense of decency.

INDEMNIFICA’TION. n. s. [from indemnify.]
1. Security against loss or penalty.
2. Reimbursement of loss or penalty.

To INDE’MNIFY. v. a. [in and damnify.]
1. To secure against loss or penalty.
2. To maintain unhurt.
Insolent signifies rude and haughty, indemnify to keep
safe. Watts.

INDE’MNITY. n. s. [indemnite, French.] Security from punish­
ment; exemption from punishment.
I will use all means, in the ways of amnesty and indemnity,
which may most fully remove all fears, and bury all jealousies
in forgetfulness. King Charles.

To INDE’NT. v. a. [in and dens, a tooth, Lat.] To mark any
thing with inequalities like a row of teeth; to cut in and
out; to make to wave or undulate.
About his neck
A green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself,
Who with her head, nimble in threats, approach'd
The opening of his mouth; but suddenly,
Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself,
And with indented glides did slip away
Into a bush. Shakespeare's As you like.
The serpent then, not with indented wave,
Prone on the ground, as since; but on his rear
Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd
Fold above fold, a surging maze! Milton's Paradise Lost.
Trent, who, like some earth-born giant, spreads
His thirty arms along the indented meads. Milton.
The margins on each side do not terminate in a streight
line, but are indented. Woodward.

To INDE’NT. v. n. [from the method of cutting counterparts
of a contract together, that, laid on each other, they may fit,
and any want of conformity may discover a fraud.] To con­
tract; to bargain; to make a compact.
Shall we buy treason, and indent with fears,
When they have lost and forfeited themselves? Shakes. H. IV.
He descends to the solemnity of a pact and covenant, and
has indented with us. Decay of Piety.

INDE’NT. n. s. [from the verb.] Inequality; incisure; inden­
tation.
Trent shall not wind with such a deep indent,
To rob me of so rich a bottom here. Shakesp. Hen. IV.

INDENTA’TION. n. s. [in and dens, Latin.] An indenture;
waving in any figure.
The margins on each side do not terminate in a streight
line, but are indented; each indentation being continued in a
small ridge across the line, to the indentation that answers it on
the opposite margin. Woodward on Fossils.

INDE’NTURE. n. s. [from indent.] A covenant, so named be­
cause the counterparts are indented or cut one by the other.
In Hall's chronicle much good matter is quite marred with
indenture English. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
The critick to his grief will find
How firmly these indentures bind. Swift.

INDEPE’NDENCE. n. s. [independance, Fr. in and dependence.]
Freedom; exemption from reliance or con­
trol; state over which none has power.

INDEPE’NDENCY. n. s. [independance, Fr. in and dependence.]
Freedom; exemption from reliance or con­
trol; state over which none has power.
Dreams may give us some idea of the great excellency of a
human soul, and some intimations of its independency on mat­
ter. Addison's Spectator.
Let fortune do her worst, whatever she makes us lose, as
long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our inde­
pendence. Pope.


Give me, I cry'd, enough for me,
My bread and independency:
So bought an annual rent or two,
And liv'd just as you see I do. Pope.

INDEPE’NDENT. adj. [independant, Fr. in and dependent.]
1. Not depending; not supported by any other; not relying on
another; not controlled. It is used with on, of, or from before
the object; of which on seems most proper, since we say to
depend on, and consequently dependent on.
Creation must needs infer providence, and God's making
the world irrefragably proves that he governs it too; or that a
being of dependent nature remains nevertheless independent
upon him in that respect. South's Sermons.
Since all princes of independent governments are in a state
of nature, the world never was without men in that state. Locke.
The town of St. Gaul is a protestant republick, independent
of the abbot, and under the protection of the cantons. Addis.
2. Not relating to any thing else, as to a superiour cause or
power.
The consideration of our understanding, which is an incor­
poreal substance independent from matter; and the contempla­
tion of our own bodies, which have all the stamps and cha­
racters of excellent contrivance; these alone do very easily
guide us to the wise Author of all things. Bentley's Sermons.

INDEPE’NDENT. n. s. One who in religious affairs holds that
every congregation is a complete church, subject to no supe­
riour authority.
We shall, in our sermons, take occasion to justify such
passages in our liturgy as have been unjustly quarrelled at by
presbyterians, independents, or other puritan sectaries. Sanders.
A very famous independent minister was head of a college
in those times. Addison's Spectator.

INDEPE’NDENTLY. adv. [from independent.] Without refe­
rence to other things.
Dispose lights and shadows, without finishing every thing,
independently the one of the other. Dryden.

INDESE’RT. n. s. [in and desert.] Want of merit.
Those who were once looked on as his equals, are apt to
think the fame of his merit a reflection on their own inde­
serts. Addison's Spectator.

INDE’SINENTLY. adv. [indesinenter, Fr. in and desinio, Latin.]
Without cessation.
They continue a month indefinently. Ray on the Creation.

INDESTRU’CTIBLE. adj. [in and destructible.] Not to be de­
stroyed.
Glass is so compact and firm a body, that it is inde­
structible by art or nature. Boyle.

INDETE’RMINABLE. adj. [in and determinable.] Not to be
fixed; not to be defined or settled.
There is not only obscurity in the end, but beginning of
the world; that as its period is inscrutable, so is its nativity
indeterminable. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INDETE’RMINATE. adj. [indeterminé, Fr. in and determinate.]
Unfixed; not defined; indefinite.
The rays of the same colour were by turns transmitted at
one thickness, and reflected at another thickness, for an inde­
terminate number of successions. Newton's Opt.

INDETE’RMINATELY. adv. [in and determinately.] Indefinite­
ly; not in any settled manner.
His perspicacity discerned the loadstone to respect the North,
when ours beheld it indeterminately. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The depth of the hold is indeterminately expressed in the
description. Arbuthnot on Coins.

INDETE’RMINED. adj. [in and determined.] Unsettled; un­
fixed.
We should not amuse ourselves with floating words of inde­
termined signification, which we can use in several senses to
serve a turn. Locke.

INDETERMINA’TION. n. s. [in and determination.] Want of
determination; want of fixed or stated direction.
By contingents I understand all things which may be done,
and may not be done, may happen, or may not happen, by
reason of the indetermination or accidental concurrence of the
causes. Bramhall against Hobbes.

INDEVO’TION. n. s. [indevotion, Fr. in and devotion.] Want of
devotion; irreligion.
Let us make the church the scene of our penitence, as of
our faults; deprecate our former indevotion, and, by an exem­
plary reverence, redress the scandal of our profaneness.
Decay of Piety.

INDEVOU’T. adj. [indevot, Fr. in and devout.] Not devout;
not religious; irreligious.
He prays much, yet curses more; whilst he is meek, but
indevout. Decay of Piety.

INDE’X. n. s. [Latin.]
1. The discoverer; the pointer out.
Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities of plants, as
well as of all sorts of aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
That which was once the index to point out all virtues,
does now mark out that part of the world where least of them
resides. Decay of Piety.
2. The hand that points to any thing, as to the hour or way.
They have no more inward self-consciousness of what they
do or suffer, than the index of a watch, of the hour it points
to. Bentley's Sermons.
3. The table of contents to a book.
In such indexes, although small
To their subsequent volumes, there is seen
The baby figure of the giant mass
Of things to come, at large. Shakespeare.
If a book has no index, or good table of contents, 'tis very
useful to make one as you are reading it; and in your index to
take notice only of parts new to you. Watts.

INDEXTE’RITY. n. s. [in and dexterity.] Want of dexterity;
want of readiness; want of handiness.
The indexterity of our consumption-curers demonstrates
their dimness in beholding its causes. Harvey on Consumptions.

I’NDIAN Arrow-root. n. s. [marcanta, Latin.] A root.
It has a flower consisting of one leaf, almost funnel-shaped,
opening in six parts, three of which are alternately larger than
the others: the lower part of the flower-cup afterwards be­
comes an oval-shaped fruit, having one cell, with one hard
rough seed. It was brought from the Spanish settlements of
America into the islands of Barbadoes and Jamaica, where it
is cultivated as a medicinal plant, it being a sovereign remedy
for curing the bite of wasps, and expelling the poison of the
manchineel tree. This root the Indians apply to extract the
venom of their arrows: after they have dug it up they clean
it, mash it, and lay it as a poultice to the wounded part, and
are generally successful in the cure. Miller.

I’NDIAN Cress. n. s. [acriviola, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves are round, umbillicated, and placed alternately;
the stalks trailing; the cup of the flower is quinquesid; the
flowers consist of five leaves in form of a violet; the seeds are
roundish and rough, three of them succeeding each flower.
The species are five. Miller.

I’NDIAN Fig. n. s. [opuntia, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: the flower consists of many leaves,
which expand in form of a rose, having a great number of
stamina in the centre, which grow upon the top of the ovary:
the ovary afterwards becomes a fleshy umbillicated fruit, with
a soft pulp, inclosing many seeds, which are for the most part
angular. Miller.

I’NDIAN Red. n. s. A kind of mineral earth.
Indian red, so called by the painters, is a species of ochre;
and is a very fine purple earth, of firm compact texture, and
great weight: while in the stratum it is of a pure blood colour,
and almost of a stony hardness: when dry it is of a fine glow­
ing red, of a rough dusty surface, and, when broken, full of
white particles, large, solid, bright, and glittering. It is also
called Persian earth, and is dug in the island of Ormuz in the
Persian gulph, and also at Bombay. Hill on Fossils.

I’NDICANT. adj. [indicans, Latin.] Showing; pointing out;
that which directs what is to be done in any disease.

To I’NDICATE. v. a. [indico, Latin.]
1. To show; to point out.
2. [In physick.] To point out a remedy.

INDICA’TION. n. s. [indication, Fr. indicatio, from indico, Lat.]
1. Mark; token; sign; note; symptom.
The frequent stops they make in the most convenient places,
are a plain indication of their weariness. Addison's Guardian.
We think that our successes are a plain indication of the
divine favour towards us. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. [In physick.] Indication is of four kinds: vital, preservative,
curative, and palliative, as it directs what is to be done to
continue life, cutting off the cause of an approaching distem­
per, curing it whilst it is actually present, or lessening its ef­
fects, or taking off some of its symptoms before it can be
wholly removed. Quincy.
These be the things that govern nature principally, and
without which you cannot make any true analysis, and indica­
tion of the proceedings of nature. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The depravation of the instruments of mastication is a na­
tural indication of a liquid diet. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Discovery made; intelligence given.
If a person, that had a fair estate in reversion, should be
assured by some skilful physician, that he would inevitably fall
into a disease that would totally deprive him of his understand­
ing and memory; if, I say, upon a certain belief of this indi­
cation, the man should appear overjoyed at the news, would
not all that saw him conclude that the distemper had seized
him? Bentley's Sermons.

INDI’CATIVE. adj. [indicativus, Lat.]
1. Showing; informing; pointing out.
2. [In grammar.] A certain modification of a verb, expressing
affirmation or indication.
The verb is formed in a certain manner to affirm, deny,
or interrogate; which formation, from the principal use of it,
is called the indicative mood. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

INDI’CATIVELY. adv. [from indicative.] In such a manner as
shows or betokens.
These images, formed in the brain, are indicatively of the
same species with those of sense. Grew's Cosmol.

To INDICT. See INDITE, and its derivatives.



INDI’CTION. n. s. [indiction, Fr. indico, Latin.]
1. Declaration; proclamation,
After a legation ad res repetendas, and a refusal, and a de­
nunciation and indiction of a war, the war is left at large. Bac.
2. [In chronology.] The indiction, instituted by Constantine the
great, is properly a cycle of tributes, orderly disposed, for fif­
teen years, and by it accounts of that kind were kept. After­
wards, in memory of the great victory obtained by Constan­
tine over Mezentius, 8 Cal. Oct. 312, by which an intire
freedom was given to Christianity, the council of Nice, for
the honour of Constantine, ordained that the accounts of years
should be no longer kept by the Olympiads, which 'till that
time had been done; but that, instead thereof, the indiction
should be made use of, by which to reckon and date their
years, which hath its epocha A. D. 313, Jan. 1.

INDI’FFERENCE. n. s. [indifference, French; indifferentia,
Latin.]

INDI’FFERENCY. n. s. [indifference, French; indifferentia,
Latin.]
1. Neutrality; suspension; equipoise or freedom from motives
on either side.
In choice of committees it is better to chuse indifferent per­
sons, than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are
strong on both sides. Bacon's Essays.
By an equal indifferency for all truth, I mean, not loving it
as such, before we know it to be true. Locke.
A perfect indifferency in the mind, not determinable by its
last judgment, would be as great an imperfection as the want
of indifferency to act, or not to act, 'till determined by the
will. Locke.
Those who would borrow light from expositors, either con­
sult only those who have the good luck to be thought sound
and orthodox, avoiding those of different sentiments; or else
with indifferency look into the notes of all commentators. Locke.
2. Impartiality.
Read the book with indifferency and judgment, and thou
can'st not but greatly commend it. Whitgifte.
3. Negligence; want of affection; unconcernedness.
Indifference cannot but be criminal, when it is conversant
about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent na­
ture, that they are of the highest importance. Addison.
A place which we must pass through, not only with the in­
difference of strangers, but with the vigilance of those who
travel through the country of an enemy. Rogers.
Indiff'rence, clad in wisdom's guise,
All fortitude of mind supplies;
For how can stony bowels melt,
In those who never pity felt? Swift.
He will let you know he has got a clap with as much indif­
ferency as he would a piece of publick news. Swift.
The people of England should be frighted with the French
king and the pretender once a year: the want of observing
this necessary precept, has produced great indifference in the
vulgar. Arbuthnot.
4. State in which no moral or physical reason preponderates; state
in which there is no difference.
The choice is left to our discretion, except a principal bond
of some higher duty remove the indifference that such things
have in themselves: their indifference is removed, if we take
away our own liberty. Hooker.

INDI’FFERENT. adj. [indifferent, Fr. indifferens, Latin.]
1. Neutral; not determined to either side.
Doth his majesty
Incline to it or no?
——He seems indifferent. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Being indifferent, we should receive and embrace opinions
according as evidence gives the attestation of truth. Locke.
Let guilt or fear
Disturb man's rest; Cato knows neither of them:
Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die. Addison's Cato.
2. Unconcerned; inattentive; regardless.
One thing was all to you, and your fondness made you in­
different to every thing else. Temple.
It was a remarkable law of Solon, that any person who, in
the civil commotions of the republick, remained neuter, or an
indifferent spectator of the contending parties, should be con­
demned to perpetual banishment. Addison's Freeholder.
But how indifferent soever man may be to eternal happiness,
yet surely to eternal misery none can be indifferent. Rogers.
3. Not to have such difference as that the one is for its own sake
preferable to the other.
The nature of things indifferent is neither to be commanded
nor forbidden, but left free and arbitrary. Hooker.
These two customs, which of themselves are indifferent in
other kingdoms, became exceeding evil in this realm, by rea­
son of the inconveniences which followed thereupon. Davies.
Though at first it was free, and in my choice whether or no
I should publish these discourses; yet, the publication being
once resolved, the dedication was not so indifferent. South.
This I mention only as my conjecture, it being indifferent to
the matter in hand which way the learned shall determine. Loc.
4. Impartial; disinterested.
Medcalfe was partial to none, but indifferent to all; a mas­
ter for the whole, and a father to every one. Ascham.
I am a most poor woman, and a stranger,
Born out of your dominions; having here
No judge indiff'rent, and no more assurance
Of equal friendship and proceeding. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
There can hardly be an indifferent trial had between the
king and the subject, or between party and party, by reason
of this general kindred and consanguinity. Davies.
5. Passable; having mediocrity; of a middling state; neither
good nor worst. This is an improper and colloquial use, espe­
cially when applied to persons.
Some things admit of mediocrity:
A counsellor, or pleader at the bar,
May want Messala's pow'rful eloquence,
Or be less read than deep Casselius;
Yet this indiff'rent lawyer is esteem'd. Roscommon.
Who would excel, when few can make a test
Betwixt indiff'rent writing and the best? Dryden.
This has obliged me to publish an indifferent collection of
poems, for fear of being thought the author of a worse. Prior.
There is not one of these subjects that would not sell a
very indifferent paper, could I think of gratifying the publick
by such mean and base methods. Addison.
6. In the same sense it has the force of an adverb.
I am myself indifferent honest; but yet I could accuse me
of such things, that it were better that my mother had not
borne me. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
This will raise a great scum on it, and leave your wine in­
different clear. Mortimer.

INDIFFERENTLY. adv. [indifferenter, Latin.]
1. Without distinction; without preference.
Whiteness is a mean between all colours, having itself in­
differently to them all, so as with equal facility to be tinged
with any of them. Newton's Opt.
Were pardon extended indifferently to all, which of them
would think himself under any particular obligation? Addison.
Though a church of England-man thinks every species of
government equally lawful, he does not think them equally ex­
pedient, or for every country indifferently. Swift.
2. In a neutral state; without wish or aversion.
Set honour in one eye, and death i' th' other,
And I will look on death indifferently. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
3. Not well; tolerably; passably; middlingly.
A moyle will draw indifferently well, and carry great bur­
thens. Carew.
I hope it may indifferently entertain your lordship at an un­
bending hour. Rowe.
An hundred and fifty of their beds, sown together, kept
me but very indifferently from the floor. Gulliver's Travels.

I’NDIGENCE. n. s. [indigence, Fr. indigentia, Lat.] Want;
penury; poverty.

I’NDIGENCY. n. s. [indigence, Fr. indigentia, Lat.] Want;
penury; poverty.
Where there is happiness, there must not be indigency, or
want of any due comforts of life. Burnet's Theo. of the Earth.
For ev'n that indigence, that brings me low,
Makes me myself, and him above to know. Dryden.
Athens worshipped God with temples and sacrifices, as if
he needed habitation and sustenance; and that the heathens had
such a mean apprehension about the indigency of their gods, ap­
pears from Aristophanes and Lucian. Bentley.

INDI’GENOUS. adj. [indigene, Fr. indigena, Latin.] Native to
a country; originally produced or born in a region.
Negroes were all transported from Africa, and are not indi­
genous or proper natives of America. Brown's Vulg. Err.
It is wonderful to observe one creature, that is, mankind,
indigenous to so many different climates. Arbuthnot.

I’NDIGENT. adj. [indigent, French; indigens, Latin.]
1. Poor; needy; necessitous.
Charity consists in relieving the indigent. Addison.
2. In want; wanting.
Rejoice, O Albion, sever'd from the world
By nature's wise indulgence; indigent
Of nothing from without. Phillips.
3. Void; empty.
Such bodies have the tangible parts indigent of moisture.
Bacon's Natural History.

INDIGE’ST. adj. [indigeste, Fr. indigestus, Latin.]

INDIGE’STED. adj. [indigeste, Fr. indigestus, Latin.]
1. Not separated into distinct orders; not regularly disposed.
This mass, or indigested matter, or chaos, created in the
beginning, was without the proper form, which it afterwards
acquired. Raleigh's History of the World.
Before the seas, and this terrestrial ball,
One was the face of nature, if a face;
Rather a rude and indigested mass. Dryden's Ovid.
2. Not formed, or shaped.
Set a form upon that indigest project,
So shapeless and so rude. Shakesp. King John.
Hence, heap of wrath, foul indigested lump;
As crooked in thy manners as thy shape. Shakes. H. VI.
3. Not well considered and methodised.
By irksome deformities, through endless and senseless effu­
sions of indigested prayers, they oftentimes disgrace the wor­
thiest part of Christian duty towards God. Hooker.


The political creed of the high-principled men sets the pro­
testant succession upon a firmer foundation than all the indigest­
ed schemes of those who profess revolution principles. Swift.
4. Not concocted in the stomach.
Dreams are bred
From rising fumes of indigested food. Dryden.
5. Not brought to suppuration.
His wound was indigested and inflamed. Wiseman.

INDIGE’STIBLE. adj. [from in and digestible.] Not conquer­
able in the stomach; not convertible to nutriment.
Eggs are the most nourishing and exalted of all animal food,
and most indigestible: no body can digest the same quantity of
them as of other food. Arbuthnot on Diet.

INDIGE’STION. n. s. [indigestion, Fr. from in and digestion.]
The state of meats unconcocted.
The fumes of indigestion may indispose men to thought, as
well as to diseases of danger and pain. Temple.

To INDI’GITATE. v. a. [indigito, Lat.] To point out; to
show.
Antiquity expressed numbers by the fingers: the depressing
this finger, which in the left hand implied but six, in the right
hand indigitated six hundred. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
As though there were a seminality of urine, we foolishly con­
ceive we behold therein the anatomy of every particle, and
can thereby indigitate their affections. Brown's Vulg. Err.
We are not to indigitate the parts transmittent. Harvey.

INDIGITA’TION. n. s. [from indigitate.] The act of pointing
out or showing.
Which things I conceive no obscure indigitation of provi­
dence. More against Atheism.

INDI’GN. adj. [indigne, Fr. indignus, Latin.]
1. Unworthy; undeserving.
Where there is a kingdom that is altogether unable or in­
dign to govern, is it just for another nation, that is civil or
policed, to subdue them? Bacon's Holy War.
2. Bringing indignity. This is a word not in use.
And all indign and base adversities
Make head against my estimation. Shakespeare's Othello.

INDI’GNANT. adj. [indignans, Latin.] Angry; raging; in­
flamed at once with anger and disdain.
He scourg'd with many a stroke th' indignant waves. Milt.
The lustful monster fled, pursued by the valorous and in­
dignant Martin. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
What rage that hour did Albion's soul possess,
Let chiefs imagine, and let lovers guess!
He strides indignant, and with haughty cries
To single fight the fairy prince defies. Tickel.

INDIGNA’TION. n. s. [indignation, Fr. indignatio, Latin.]
1. Anger mingled with contempt or disgust.
Suspend your indignation against my brother, 'till you derive
better testimony of his intent. Shak. King Lear.
From those officers, warm with indignation at the insolences
of that vile rabble, came words of great contempt. Clarend.
But keep this swelling indignation down,
And let your cooler reason now prevail. Rowe.
2. The anger of a superiour.
There was great indignation against Israel. 2 Kings iii. 27.
3. The effect of anger.
If heav'ns have any grievous plague in store,
Let them hurl down their indignation
On thee, thou troubler of the world. Shakes. Rich. III.

INDI’GNITY. n. s. [indignitas, from indignus, Latin; indignité,
Fr.] Contumely; contemptuous injury; violation of right
accompanied with insult.
Bishops and prelates could not but have bleeding hearts to
behold a person of so great place and worth constrained to en­
dure so foul indignities. Hooker.
No emotion of passion transported me, by the indignity of
his carriage, to say or do any thing unbeseeming myself.
King Charles.
Man he made, and for him built
Magnificent this world, and earth his seat,
Him lord pronounc'd; and, O indignity!
Subjected to his service angel-wings,
And flaming ministers, to watch and tend
Their earthly charge. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
He does not see how that mighty passion for the church can
well consist with those indignities and that contempt men bestow
on the clergy. Swift.
To more exalted glories born,
Thy mean indignities I scorn. Pattison.

I’NDIGO. n. s. [indicum, Latin.] A plant, by the Americans
called anil.
It hath pennated leaves, terminated by a single lobe: the
flowers, disposed in a spike, consist of five leaves, and are of
the papilionaceous kind; the uppermost petal being larger than
the others, rounder, and lightly furrowed on the side: the
lower leaves are short, terminating in a point: in the middle
of the flower is the style, which afterward becomes a jointed
pod, containing one cylindrical seed in one partition, from
which indigo is made, which is used in dying for a blue
colour. Miller.

INDIRE’CT. adj. [indirect, Fr. indirectus, Latin.]
1. Not strait; not rectilinear.
2. Not tending otherwise than collaterally or consequentially to
a point.
The tender prince
Would fain have come with me to meet your grace;
But by his mother was perforce with-held.
——Fy, what an indirect and peevish course
Is this of her's? Shakespeare's Richard III.
3. Not fair; not honest.
Think you, that any means under the sun
Can assecure so indirect a course? Daniel's Civil War.
Those things which they do know they may, upon sundry
indirect considerations, let pass; and although themselves do
not err, yet may they deceive others. Hooker.
O pity and shame! that they who to live well
Enter'd so fair, should turn aside, to tread
Paths indirect. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi.
Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other, and
then he loses his reputation. Tillotson.

INDIRE’CTION. n. s. [in and direction.]
1. Oblique means; tendency not in a straight line.
And thus do we, of wisdom and of reach,
With windlaces, and with essays of byas,
By indirections find directions out. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Dishonest practice.
I had rather coin my heart than wring
From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash,
By any indirection. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.

INDIRE’CTLY. adv. [from indirect.]
1. Not in a right line; obliquely.
2. Not in express terms.
Still she suppresses the name Ithaca, which continues his
doubts and hopes; and at last she indirectly mentions it.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
3. Unfairly; not rightly.
He bids you then resign
Your crown and kingdom, indirectly held
From him the true challenger. Shakesp. Henry V.
He that takes any thing from his neighbour, which was
justly forfeited, to satisfy his own revenge or avarice, is tied to
repentance, but not to restitution: because I took the forfei­
ture indirectly, I am answerable to God for my unhandsome,
unjust, or uncharitable circumstances. Taylor.

INDIRE’CTNESS. n. s. [in and directness.]
1. Obliquity.
2. Unfairness.

INDISCE’RNIBLE. adj. [in and discernible.] Not perceptible;
not discoverable.
Speculation, which, to my dark soul,
Depriv'd of reason, is as indiscernible
As colours to my body, wanting sight. Denham's Sophy.

INDISCE’RNIBLY. adv. [from indiscernible.] In a manner not
to be perceived.

INDISCE’RPTIBLE. adj. [in and discerptible.] Not to be sepa­
rated; incapable of being broken or destroyed by dissolution
of parts.

INDISCERPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from indiscerptible.] Incapability of
dissolution.

INDISCO’VERY. n. s. [in and discovery.] The state of being
hidden. An unusual word.
The ground of this assertion was the magnifying esteem of
the ancients, arising from the indiscovery of its head. Brown.

INDISCREE’T. adj. [indiscret, Fr. in and discreet.] Imprudent;
incautious; inconsiderate; injudicious.
Why then
Are mortal men so fond and indiscreet,
So evil gold to seek unto their aid;
And having not complain, and having it upbraid. Fa. Qu.
If thou be among the indiscreet, observe the time; but be
continually among men of understanding. Ecclus. xxvii. 12.

INDISCREE’TLY. adv. [from indiscreet.] Without prudence;
without consideration; without judgment.
Job on justice hath aspersions flung,
And spoken indiscreetly with his tongue. Sandys.
Let a great personage undertake an action passionately, let
him manage it indiscreetly, and he shall have enough to flatter
him. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

INDISCRE’TION. n. s. [indiscretion, Fr. in and discretion.] Im­
prudence; rashness; inconsideration.
Indiscretion sometimes serves us well,
When our deep plots do fail. Shakesp. Hamlet.
His offences did proceed rather from negligence, rashness, or
other indiscretion, than from any malicious thought. Hayward.
Loose papers have been obtained from us by the impor­
tunity and divulged by the indiscretion of friends, although re­
strained by promises. Swift.

INDISCRI’MINATE. adj. [indiscriminatus, Latin.] Undistin­
guishable; not marked with any note of distinction.

INDISCRI’MINATELY. adv. [from indiscriminate.] Without
distinction.
Others use defamatory discourse purely for love of talk,


whose speech, like a flowing current, bears away indiscrimi­
nately whatever lies in its way. Government of the Tongue.
Liquors, strong of acid salts, destroy the blueness of the
infusion of our wood; and liquors indiscriminately, that abound
with sulphureous salts, restore it. Boyle.

INDISPE’NSABLE. adj. [French.] Not to be remitted; not
to be spared; necessary.
Rocks, mountains, and caverns, against which these ex­
ceptions are made, are of indispensable use and necessity, as
well to the earth as to man. Woodward's Natural History.

INDISPE’NSABLENESS. n. s. [from indispensable.] State of not
being to be spared; necessity.

INDISPE’NSABLY. adv. [from indispensable.] Without dispen­
sation; without remission; necessarily.
Every one must look upon himself as indispensably obliged
to the practice of duty. Addison's Freeholder.

To INDISPO’SE. v. a. [indisposer, French.]
1. To make unfit. With for.
Nothing can be reckoned good or bad to us in this life, any
farther than it prepares or indisposes us for the enjoyments of
another. Atterbury.
2. To disincline; to make averse. With to.
It has a strange efficacy to indispose the heart to religion.
South's Sermons.
3. To disorder; to disqualify for its proper functions.
The soul is not now hindered in its actings by the distem­
perature of indisposed organs. Glanv. Sceps.
4. To disorder slightly with regard to health.
Though it weakened, yet it made him rather indisposed than
sick, and did no ways disable him from studying. Walton.
5. To make unfavourable. With towards.
The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons, or
the principles of Calvin's disciples. Clarendon.

INDISPO’SEDNESS. n. s. [from indisposed.] State of unfitness or
disinclination; depraved state.
It is not any innate harshness in piety that renders the first
essays of it unpleasant; that is owing only to the indisposed­
ness of our own hearts. Decay of Piety.

INDISPOSI’TION. n. s. [indisposition, Fr. from indispose.]
1. Disorder of health; tendency to sickness.
The king did complain of a continual infirmity of body,
yet rather as an indisposition in health than any set sick­
ness. Hayward.
I have known a great fleet lose great occasions, by an in­
disposition of the admiral, while he was neither well enough
to exercise, nor ill enough to leave the command. Temple.
Wisdom is still looking forward, from the first indispositions,
into the progress of the disease. L'Estrange.
His life seems to have been prolonged beyond its natural
term, under those indispositions which hung upon the latter
part of it. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Disinclination; dislike.
The indisposition of the church of Rome to reform herself,
must be no stay unto us from performing our duty to
God. Hooker.
The mind, by every degree of affected unbelief, contracts
more and more of a general indisposition towards believing. Att.

INDISPU’TABLE. adj. [in and disputable.] Uncontrovertible;
incontestable.
There is no maxim in politicks more indisputable, than that
a nation should have many honours to reserve for those who
do national services. Addison's Guardian.
The apostle asserts a clear indisputable conclusion, which
could admit of no question. Rogers's Sermons.

INDISPU’TABLENESS. n. s. [from indisputable.] The state of
being indisputable; certainty.

INDISPU’TABLY. adv. [from indisputable.]
1. Without controversy; certainly.
The thing itself is questionable, nor is it indisputably cer­
tain what death she died. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Without opposition.
They questioned a duty that had been indisputably granted to
so many preceding kings. Howel's Vocal Forest.

INDISSO’LVABLE. adj. [in and dissolvable.]
1. Indissoluble; not separable as to its parts.
Metals, corroded with a little acid, turn into rust, which is
an earth tasteless and indissolvable in water; and this earth, im­
bibed with more acid, becomes a metallick salt. Newt. Opt.
2. Not to be broken; binding for ever.
Deposition and degradation are without hope of any remis­
sion, and therefore the law stiles them an indissolvable bond;
but a censure, a dissolvable bond. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INDISSOLUBI’LITY. n. s. [indissolubilité, Fr. from indissoluble.]
Resistance of a dissolving power; firmness; stableness.
What hoops hold this mass of matter in so close a pressure
together, from whence steel has its firmness, and the parts of a
diamond their hardness and indissolubility. Locke.

INDI’SSOLUBLE. adj. [indissoluble, Fr. indissolubilis, Lat. in and
dissoluble.]
1. Resisting all separation of its parts; firm; stable.
When common gold and lead are mingled, the lead may
be severed almost unaltered; yet if, instead of the gold, a tan­
tillum of the red elixir be mingled with the saturn, their union
will be so indissoluble, that there is no possible way of separating
the diffused elixir from the fixed lead. Boyle.
Ere yet she grew
To this deep-laid indissoluble state. Thomson's Spring.
2. Binding for ever; subsisting for ever.
Far more comfort it were for us to be joined with you in
bands of indissoluble love and amity, to live as if our persons
being many, our souls were but one. Hooker.
There is the supreme and indissoluble consanguinity between
men, of which the heathen poet saith we are all his gene­
ration. Bacon's holy War.
They might justly wonder, that men so taught, so obliged
to be kind to all, should behave themselves so contrary to such
heavenly instructions, such indissoluble obligations. South.

INDI’SSOLUBLENESS. n. s. [from indissoluble.] Indissolubility;
resistance to separation of parts.
Adam, though consisting of a composition intrinsically dis­
solvable, might have held, by the Divine Will, a state of im­
mortality and indissolubleness of his composition. Hale.

INDI’SSOLUBLY. adv. [from indissoluble.]
1. In a manner resisting all separation.
On they move
Indissolubly firm; nor obvious hill,
Nor strait'ning vale, nor wood, nor stream divide
Their perfect ranks. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The remaining ashes, by a further degree of fire, may be
indissolubly united into glass. Boyle.
They willingly unite,
Indissolubly firm; from Dubris south
To northern Orcades. Phillips.
2. For ever obligatorily.

INDISTI’NCT. adj. [indistinct, Fr. in and distinctus, Latin.]
1. Not plainly marked; confused.
That which is now a horse, even with thought,
The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct
As water is in water. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
She warbled in her throat,
And tun'd her voice to many a merry note;
But indistinct, and neither sweet nor clear. Dryden.
When we speak of the infinite divisibility of matter, we
keep a very clear and distinct idea of division and divisibility;
but when we come to parts too small for our senses, our ideas
of these little bodies become obscure and indistinct. Watts.
2. Not exactly discerning.
We throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Ev'n 'till we make the main and th' aerial blue
An indistinct regard. Shakespeare's Othello.

INDISTI’NCTION. n. s. [from indistinct.]
1. Confusion; uncertainty.
The indistinction of many of the same name, or the misap­
plication of the act of one unto another, hath made some
doubt. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Omission of discrimination.
An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders, is
far from being agreeable to the will of God. Spratt.

INDISTI’NCTLY. adv. [from indistinct.]
1. Confusedly; uncertainly.
In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends con­
fusedly and indistinctly, the sight there vanishing by de­
grees. Newton's Opt.
2. Without being distinguished.
Making trial thereof, both the liquors soaked indistinctly
through the bowl. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

INDISTINCTNESS. n. s. [from indistinct.] Confusion; uncer­
tainty; obscurity.
There is unevenness or indistinctness in the style of these
places, concerning the origin and form of the earth. Burnet.
Old age makes the cornea and coat of the crystalline hu­
mour grow flatter than before; so that the light, for want of a
sufficient refraction, will not converge to the bottom of the
eye, but beyond it, and by consequence paint in the bottom
of the eye a confused picture; and according to the indistinct­
ness of this picture, the object will appear confused. Newton.

INDISTU’RBANCE. n. s. [in and disturb.] Calmness; freedom
from disturbance.
What is called by the stoicks apathy, and by the scepticks
indisturbance, seems all but to mean great tranquillity of
mind. Temple.

INDIVI’DUAL. adj. [individu, individuel, Fr. individuus, Lat.]
1. Separate from others of the same species; single; numeri­
cally one.
Neither is it enough to consult, secundum genera, what the
kind and character of the person should be; for the most judg­
ment is shown in the choice of individuals. Bacon.
They present us with images more perfect than the life in
any individual. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Must the whole man, amazing thought! return
To the cold marble, or contracted urn?
And never shall those particles agree,
That were in life this individual he? Prior.


Know all the good that individuals find,
Lie in three words, health, peace and competence. Pope.
We see each circumstance of art and individual of nature
summoned together by the extent and fecundity of his imagi­
nation. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
It would be wise in them, as individual and private mortals,
to look back a little upon the storms they have raised, as well
as those they have escaped. Swift.
The object of any particular idea is called an individual: so
Peter is an individual man, London an individual city. Watts.
2. Undivided; not to be parted or disjoined.
To give thee being, I lent
Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart,
Substantial life, to have thee by my side
Henceforth an individual solace dear. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Long eternity shall greet our bliss
With an individual kiss. Milton.
Under his great vicegerent reign abide
United, as one individual soul,
For ever happy. Milt. Parad. Lost, b. v.

INDIVIDUA’LITY. n. s. [from individual.] Separate or distinct
existence.
Crambe would tell his instructor, that all men were not sin­
gular; that individuality could hardly be predicated of any
man; for it was commonly said that a man is not the same he
was, and that mad men are beside themselves. Arbuthnot.

INDIVI’DUALLY. adv. [from individual.] With separate or
distinct existence; numerically.
How should that subsist solitarily by itself, which hath no
substance, but individually the very same whereby others sub­
sist with it. Hooker.
I dare not pronounce him omniscious, that being an attri­
bute individually proper to the godhead, and incommunicable
to any created substance. Hakewill on Providence.

To INDIVIDUATE. v. a. [from individuus, Latin.] To distin­
guish from others of the same species; to make single.
Life is individuated into infinite numbers, that have their
distinct sense and pleasure. More against Atheism.
No man is capable of translating poetry, who, besides a ge­
nius to that art, is not a master both of his author's language
and of his own; nor must we understand the language only of
the poet, but his particular turn of thoughts and expression,
which are the characters that distinguish and individuate him
from all other writers. Dryden.

INDIVIDUA’TION. n. s. [from individuate.] That which makes
an individual.
What is the principle of individuation? Or what is it that
makes any one thing the same as it was before? Watts.

INDIVIDU’ITY. n. s. [from individuus, Lat.] The state of being
an individual; separate existence.

INDIVI’NITY. n. s. [in and divinity.] Want of divine power.
Not in use.
How openly did the oracle betray his indivinity unto Crœ­
sus, who being ruined by his amphibology, and expostulating
with him, received no higher answer than the excuse of his
impotency. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INDIVISIBI’LITY. n. s. [from indivisible.] State in which no
more division can be made.

INDIVI’SIBLENESS. n. s. [from indivisible.] State in which no
more division can be made.
A pestle and mortar will as soon bring any particle of mat­
ter to indivisibility as the acutest thought of a mathemati­
cian. Locke.

INDIVI’SIBLE. adj. [indivisible, Fr. in and divisible.] What can­
not be broken into parts; so small as that it cannot be smaller;
having reached the last degree of divisibility.
By atom, no body will imagine we intend to express a per­
fect indivisible, but only the least sort of natural bodies. Digby.
Here is but one indivisible point of time observed, but one
action performed; yet the eye cannot comprehend at once the
whole object. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

INDIVI’SIBLY. adv. [from indivisible.] So as it cannot be di­
vided.

INDO’CIBLE. adj. [in and docible.] Unteachable; insusceptible
of instruction.

INDO’CIL. adj. [indocile, Fr. indocilis, Latin.] Unteachable;
incapable of being instructed.
These certainly are the fools in the text, indocil, intractable
fools, whose stolidity can baffle all arguments, and is proof
against demonstration itself. Bentley's Sermons.

INDOCI’LITY. n. s. [indocilité, Fr. in and docility.] Unteachable­
ness; refusal of instruction.

To INDO’CTRINATE. v. a. [endoctriner, old French.] To
instruct; to tincture with any science, or opinion.
Under a master that discoursed excellently, and took much
delight in indoctrinating his young unexperienced favourite,
Buckingham had obtained a quick conception of speaking very
gracefully and pertinently. Clarendon.
They that never peept beyond the common belief, in which
their easy understandings were at first indoctrinated, are strong­
ly assured of the truth and co-operative excellency of their
receptions. Glanv. Sceps.

INDOCTRINA’TION. n. s. [from indoctrinate.] Instruction; in­
formation.
Although postulates are very accommodable unto junior in­
doctrinations, yet are these authorities but temporary, and not
to be embraced beyond the minority of our intellectuals. Bro.

I’NDOLENCE. n. s. [in and doleo, Latin; indolence, French.]

I’NDOLENCY. n. s. [in and doleo, Latin; indolence, French.]
1. Freedom from pain.
As there must be indolency where there is happiness, so there
must not be indigency. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Laziness; inattention; listlessness.
Let Epicurus give indolency as an attribute to his gods, and
place in it the happiness of the blest: the divinity which we
worship has given us not only a precept against it, but his own
example to the contrary. Dryden.
The Spanish nation, roused from their ancient indolence and
ignorance, seem now to improve trade. Bolingbroke.

I’NDOLENT. adj. [French.]
1. Free from pain. Ainsworth.
2. Careless; lazy; inattentive; listless.
Ill fits a chief
To waste long nights in indolent repose. Pope's Iliad.

I’NDOLENTLY. adv. [from indolent.]
1. With freedom from pain.
2. Carelesly; lazily; inattentively; listlesly.
While lull'd by sound, and undisturb'd by wit,
Calm and serene you indolently sit. Addison.

To INDO’W. v. a. [indotare, Latin.] To portion; to enrich
with gifts, whether of fortune or nature. See ENDOW.

INDRA’UGHT. n. s. [in and draught.]
1. An opening in the land into which the sea flows.
Ebbs and floods there could be none, when there was no in­
draughts, bays, or gulphs to receive a flood. Raleigh.
2. Inlet; passage inwards.
Navigable rivers are so many indraughts to attain wealth.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

To INDRE’NCH. v. a. [from drench.] To soak; to drown.
My hopes lie drown'd; in many fathoms deep
They lie indrench'd. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.

INDU’BIOUS. adj. [in and dubious.] Not doubtful; not sus­
pecting; certain.
Hence appears the vulgar vanity of reposing an indubious
confidence in those antipestilential spirits. Harvey.

INDU’BITABLE. adj. [indubitabilis, Lat. indubitable, Fr. in and
dubitable.] Undoubted; unquestionable.
When general observations are drawn from so many parti­
culars as to become certain and indubitable, these are jewels of
knowledge. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

INDU’BITABLY. adv. [from indubitable.] Undoubtedly; un­
questionably.
If we transport these proportions from audible to visible ob­
jects, there will indubitably result from either a graceful and
harmonious contentment. Wotton's Architecture.
The patriarchs were indubitably invested with both these au­
thorities. Spratt's Sermons.
I appeal to all sober judges, whether our souls may be only
a mere echo from clashing atoms; or rather indubitably must
proceed from a spiritual substance. Bentley's Sermons.

INDU’BITATE. adj. [indubitatus, Latin.] Unquestioned; cer­
tain; apparent; evident.
If he stood upon his own title of the house of Lancaster, he
knew it was condemned by parliament, and tended directly
to the disinherison of the line of York, held then the in­
dubitate heirs of the crown. Bacon's Henry VII.
I have been tempted to wonder how, among the jealousies
of state and court, Edgar Atheling could subsist, being then the
apparent and indubitate heir of the Saxon line. Wotton.

To INDU’CE. v. a. [induire, Fr. induco, Latin.]
1. To persuade; to influence to any thing.
The self-same argument in this kind, which doth but induce
the vulgar sort to like, may constrain the wiser to yield. Hook.
This lady, albeit she was furnished with many excellent en­
dowments both of nature and education, yet would she never
be induced to entertain marriage with any. Hayward.
Desire with thee still longer to converse
Induc'd me. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Let not the covetous design of growing rich induce you to
ruin your reputation, but rather satisfy yourself with a mode­
rate fortune; and let your thoughts be wholly taken up with
acquiring to yourself a glorious name. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. To produce by persuasion or influence.
Let the vanity of the times be restrained, which the neigh­
bourhood of other nations have induced, and we strive apace
to exceed our pattern. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
As this belief is absolutely necessary to all mankind, the evi­
dence for inducing it must be of that nature as to accommo­
date itself to all species of men. Forbes.
3. To offer by way of induction, or consequential reasoning.
They play much upon the simile, or illustrative argumenta­
tion, to induce their enthymemes unto the people, and take up
popular conceits. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
4. To inculcate; to enforce.
This induces a general change of opinion, concerning the


person or party like to be obeyed by the greatest or strongest
part of the people. Temple.
5. To cause extrinsically; to produce.
Sour things induce a contraction in the nerves, placed in the
mouth of the stomach, which is a great cause of appetite. Bacon.
Acidity, as it is not the natural state of the animal fluids,
but induced by aliment, is to be cured by aliment with the
contrary qualities. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. To introduce; to bring into view.
To exprobrate their stupidity, he induceth the providence of
storks: now, if the bird had been unknown, the illustration
had been obscure, and the exprobration not so proper. Brown.
The poet may be seen inducing his personages in the first Iliad,
where he discovers their humours, interests, and designs. Pope.
7. To bring on; to superinduce.
Schism is marked out by the apostle as a kind of petrifying
crime, which induces that induration to which the fearful ex­
pectation of wrath is consequent. Decay of Piety.

INDU’CEMENT. n. s. [from induce.] Motive to any thing; that
which allures or persuades to any thing.
The former inducements do now much more prevail, when
the very thing hath ministered farther reason. Hooker.
Many inducements, besides Scripture, may lead me to that,
which if Scripture be against, they are of no value, yet other­
wise are strongly effectual to persuade. Hooker.
That mov'd me to't,
Then mark th' inducement. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He lives
Higher degree of life; inducement strong
For us. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ix.
My inducement hither,
Was not at present here to find my son. Milton's Agonist.
Instances occur of oppression, to which there appears no in­
ducement from the circumstances of the actors. Rogers.

INDU’CER. n. s. [from induce.] A persuader; one that influences.

To INDU’CT. v. a. [inductus, Latin.]
1. To introduce; to bring in.
The ceremonies in the gathering were first inducted by the
Venetians. Sandys's Travels.
2. To put into actual possession of a benefice.
If a person thus instituted, though not inducted, takes a se­
cond benefice, it shall make the first void. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INDU’CTION. n. s. [induction, Fr. inductio, Latin.]
1. Introduction; entrance.
These promises are fair, the parties sure,
And our induction full of prosp'rous hope. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
2. Induction is when, from several particular propositions, we infer
one general: as, the doctrine of the Socinians cannot be proved
from the gospels, it cannot be proved from the acts of the
apostles, it cannot be proved from the epistles, nor the book
of revelations; therefore it cannot be proved from the New
Testament. Watts's Logick.
The inquisition by induction is wonderful hard; for the things
reported are full of fables, and new experiments can hardly
be made but with extreme caution. Bacon's Natural History.
Mathematical things are only capable of clear demonstra­
tion: conclusions in natural philosophy are proved by induction
of experiments, things moral by moral arguments, and mat­
ters of fact by credible testimony. Tillotson.
Although the arguing from experiments and observations by
induction be no demonstration of general conclusions, yet it is
the best way of arguing which the nature of things admits of,
and may be looked upon as so much the stronger by how much
the induction is more general; and if no exception occur from
phænomena, the conclusion may be general. Newton's Opt.
He brought in a new way of arguing from induction, and
that grounded upon observation and experiments. Baker.
3. The act or state of taking possession of an ecclesiastical living.

INDU’CTIVE. adj. [from induct.]
1. Leading; persuasive. With to.
A brutish vice,
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. Capable to infer or produce.
Abatements may take away insallible concludency in these
evidences of fact, yet they may be probable and inductive of
credibility, though not of science. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To INDU’E. v. a. [induo, Latin.]
1. To invest.
One first matter all,
Indu'd with various forms. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. It seems sometimes to be, even by good writers, confounded
with endow or indow, to furnish or enrich with any quality or
excellence.
The angel, by whom God indued the waters of Bethesda
with supernatural virtue, was not seen; yet the angel's pre­
sence was known by the waters. Hooker.
His pow'rs, with dreadful strength indu'd,
She, with her fair hand, still'd into the nostrils of his
friend. Chapman's Iliads.

To INDU’LGE. v. a. [indulgeo, Latin.]
1. To fondle; to favour; to gratify with concession; to foster.
The lazy glutton safe at home will keep,
Indulge his sloth, and fatten with his sleep. Dryd. Pers.
A mother was wont to indulge her daughters with dogs,
squirrels, or birds; but then they must keep them well. Locke.
To live like those that have their hope in another life, im­
plies that we indulge ourselves in the gratifications of this life
very sparingly. Atterbury.
2. To grant not of right, but favour.
Ancient privileges, indulged by former kings to their people,
must not, without high reason, be revoked by their suc­
cessors. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The virgin ent'ring bright, indulg'd the day
To the brown cave, and brush'd the dreams away. Dryden.
This is what nature's want may well suffice;
But since among mankind so few there are,
Who will conform to philosophick fare,
This much I will indulge thee for thy ease,
And mingle something of our times to please. Dryd. Juv.
My friend, indulge one labour more,
And seek Atrides. Pope's Odyssey.
Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light
Indulge, dread chaos and eternal night! Dunciad.

To INDU’LGE. v. n. [A Latinism not in use.] To be favour­
able; to give indulgence. With to.
He must, by indulging to any one sort of reproveable dis­
course himself, defeat all his endeavours against the rest.
Government of the Tongue.

INDU’LGENCE. n. s. [indulgence, Fr. from indulge.]

INDU’LGENCY. n. s. [indulgence, Fr. from indulge.]
1. Fondness; fond kindness.
Restraint she will not brook;
And left to herself, if evil thence ensue,
She first his weak indulgence will accuse. Milt. Parad. Lost.
The glories of our isle,
Which yet like golden ore, unripe in beds,
Expect the warm indulgency of heaven. Dryd. K. Arthur.
2. Forbearance; tenderness; opposite to rigour.
They err, that through indulgence to others, or fondness to
any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance any thing less.
Hammond on Fundamentals.
In known images of life, I guess
The labour greater, as th' indulgence less. Pope.
3. Favour granted.
If all these gracious indulgences are without any effect on us,
we must perish in our own folly. Rogers.
4. Grant of the church of Rome, not defined by themselves.
Thou, that giv'st whores indulgences to sin,
I'll canvas thee. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls,
The sport of winds. Milton.
In purgatory, indulgences, and supererogation, the assertors
seem to be unanimous in nothing but in reference to profit.
Decay of Piety.
Leo X. is deservedly infamous for his base prostitution of
indulgences. Atterbury.

INDU’LGENT. adj. [indulgent, Fr. indulgens, Latin.]
1. Kind; gentle.
God has done all for us that the most indulgent Creator could
do for the work of his hands. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Mild; favourable.
Hereafter such in thy behalf shall be
Th' indulgent censure of posterity. Waller.
3. Gratifying; favouring; giving way to. With of.
The feeble old, indulgent of their ease. Dryden's Æn.

INDU’LGENTLY. adv. [from indulgent.] Without severity;
without censure; without self-reproach; with indulgence.
He that not only commits some act of sin, but lives indul­
gently in it, is never to be counted a regenerate man. Hamm.

INDU’LT. n. s. [Ital. and French.] Privilege or exemption.

INDU’LTO. n. s. [Ital. and French.] Privilege or exemption.

To I’NDURATE. v. n. [induro, Latin.] To grow hard; to
harden.
Stones within the earth at first are but rude earth or clay;
and so minerals come at first of juices concrete, which after­
wards indurate. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
That plants and ligneous bodies may indurate under water,
without approachment of air, we have experiments in coral­
line. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To I’NDURATE. v. a.
1. To make hard.
A contracted indurated bladder is a circumstance sometimes
attending on the stone, and indeed an extraordinary danger­
ous one. Sharp's Surgery.
2. To harden the mind; to sear the conscience.

INDURA’TION. n. s. [from indurate.]
1. The state of growing hard.
This is a notable instance of condensation and induration,
by burial under earth, in caves, for a long time. Bacon.
2. The act of hardening.
3. Obduracy; hardness of heart.
Schism is marked out by the apostle as a kind of petrifying
crime, which induces that induration to which the fearful ex­
pectation of wrath is consequent. Decay of Piety.

INDU’STRIOUS. adj. [industrieux, Fr. industrius, Lat.] Dili­
ligent; laborious; assiduous. Opposed to slothful.


He himself, being excellently learned, and industrious to
seek out the truth of all things concerning the original of his
own people, hath set down the testimony of the ancients
truly. Spenser on Ireland.
Let our just censures
Attend the true event, and put we on
Industrious soldiership. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
His thoughts were low:
To vice industrious; but to nobler deeds
Timorous and slothful. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Designed; done for the purpose.
The industrious perforation of the tendons of the second
joints of fingers and toes, draw the tendons of the third joints
through. More's Divine Dialogues.
Observe carefully all the events which happen either by an
occasional concurrence of various causes, or by the industrious
application of knowing men. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

INDU’STRIOUSLY. adv. [from industrious.]
1. Diligently; laboriously; assiduously.
If industriously
I play'd the fool, it was my negligence,
Not weighing well the end. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Some friends to vice industriously defend
These innocent diversions, and pretend
That I the tricks of youth too roughly blame. Dryd. Juv.
2. For the set purpose; with design.
Great Britain was never before united in itself under one
king, notwithstanding that the uniting had been industriously
attempted both by war and peace. Bacon.
I am not under the necessity of declaring myself, and I
industriously conceal my name, which wholly exempts me from
any hopes and fears. Swift.

I’NDUSTRY. n. s. [industrie, Fr. industria, Lat.] Diligence; assiduity.
The sweat of industry would dry and die,
But for the end it works to. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
See the laborious bee
For little drops of honey flee,
And there with humble sweets content her industry. Cowl.
Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful
knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our in­
dustry, that we might not live like idle loiterers. More's Antid.

INE

To INE’BRIATE. v. a. [inebrio, Latin.] To intoxicate; to
make drunk.
Wine sugared inebriateth less than wine pure: sops in wine,
quantity for quantity, inebriates more than wine of itself. Bac.
Fish, entering far in and meeting with the fresh water, as
if inebriated, turn up their bellies and are taken. Sandys.

To INE’BRIATE. v. n. To grow drunk; to be intoxicated.
At Constantinople fish, that come from the Euxine sea into
the fresh water, do inebriate and turn up their bellies, so as
you may take them with your hand. Bacon's Natural Hist.

INEBRIA’TION. n. s. [from inebriate.] Drunkenness; intoxi­
cation.
That cornelians and bloodstones may be of virtue to those
intentions they are applied, experience will make us grant;
but not that an amethyst prevents inebriation. Brown.

INEFFABI’LITY. n. s. [from ineffable.] Unspeakableness.

INE’FFABLE. adj. [ineffable, Fr. ineffabilis, Lat.] Unspeakable;
unutterable; not to be expressed. It is used almost always in
a good sense.
To whom the son, with calm aspect, and clear,
Light'ning divine, ineffable, serene!
Made answer. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Reflect upon a clear, unblotted, acquitted conscience, and
feed upon the ineffable comforts of the memorial of a con­
quered temptation. South.

INE’FFABLY. adv. [from ineffable.] In a manner not to be ex­
pressed.
He all his father full express'd,
Ineffably into his face receiv'd. Milton.

INEFFE’CTIVE. adj. [ineffectif, Fr. in and effective.] That which
can produce no effect.
As the body, without blood, is a dead and lifeless trunk;
so is the word of God, without the spirit, a dead and ineffec­
tive letter. Taylor.
He that assures himself he never errs, will always err; and
his presumptions will render all attempts to inform him inef­
fective. Glanv. Sceps.

INEFFE’CTUAL. adj. [in and effectual.] Unable to produce its
proper effect; weak; without power.
The publick reading of the Apocrypha they condemn as a
thing effectual unto evil: the bare reading even of Scriptures
themselves they mislike, as a thing ineffectual to do good. Hook.
The death of Patrocles, joined to the offer of Agamem­
non, which of itself had proved ineffectual. Pope.

INEFFE’CTUALLY. adv. [from ineffectual.] Without effect.

INEFFE’CTUALNESS. n. s. [from ineffectual.] Inefficacy; want
of power to perform the proper effect.
St. James speaks of the ineffectualness of some mens devo­
tion, Ye ask, and receive not, because ye ask amiss. Wake.

INEFFICA’CIOUS. adj. [inefficace, Fr. inefficax, Latin.] Unable
to produce effects; weak; feeble.
Is not that better than always to have the rod in hand, and,
by frequent use of it, misapply and render inefficacious this use­
ful remedy? Locke.

INE’FFICACY. n. s. [in and efficacia, Latin.] Want of power;
want of effect.

INE’LEGANCE. n. s. [from inelegant.] Absence of beauty;
want of elegance.

INE’LEGANCY. n. s. [from inelegant.] Absence of beauty;
want of elegance.

INE’LEGANT. adj. [inelegans, Lat.]
1. Not becoming; not beautiful: opposite to elegant.
What order, so contriv'd as not to mix
Tastes, not well join'd, inelegant, but bring
Taste after taste, upheld with kindliest change. Milton.
This very variety of sea and land, hill and dale, which is
here reputed so inelegant and unbecoming, is indeed extremely
charming and agreeable. Woodward.
2. Mean; despicable; contemptible.
Modern criticks, having never read Homer, but in low and
inelegant translations, impute the meanness of the translation
to the poet. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

INE’LOQUENT. adj. [in and eloquens, Latin.] Not persuasive;
not oratorical: opposite to eloquent.

INE’PT. adj. [ineptus, Lat.] Unfit; useless; trifling; foolish.
The works of nature, being neither useless nor inept, must
be guided by some principle of knowledge. More.
After their various unsuccessful ways,
Their fruitless labour, and inept essays,
No cause of these appearances they'll find,
But power exerted by th' Eternal Mind. Blackmore.
When the upper and vegetative stratum was once washed
off by rains, the hills would have become barren, the strata
below yielding only mere sterile matter, such as was wholly
inept and improper for the formation of vegetables. Woodward.

INE’PTLY. adv. [inepté, Latin.] Triflingly; foolishly; un­
fitly.
None of them are made foolishly or ineptly. More.
All things were at first disposed by an omniscient intellect,
that cannot contrive ineptly. Glanv. Sceps.

INE’PTITUDE. n. s. [from ineptus, Lat.] Unfitness.
The grating and rubbing of axes against the sockets, wherein
they are placed, will cause some ineptitude or resistency to rota­
tion of the cylinder. Wilkins.
An omnipotent agent works infallibly and irresistibly,
no ineptitude or stubbornness of the matter being ever able to
hinder him. Ray on the Creation.
There is an ineptitude to motion from too great laxity, and
an ineptitude to motion from too great tension. Arbuthnot.

INEQUA’LITY. n. s. [inegalité, Fr. from in æqualitas and in
æqualis, Latin.]
1. Difference of comparative quantity.
There is so great an inequality in the length of our legs and
arms, as makes it impossible for us to walk on all four. Ray.
2. Unevenness; interchange of higher and lower parts.
The country is cut into so many hills and inequalities as ren­
ders it defensible. Addison on Italy.
The glass seemed as well wrought as the object-glasses use
to be; yet when it was quicksilvered, the reflexion discovered
innumerable inequalities all over the glass. Newton's Opt.
If there were no inequalities in the surface of the earth, nor
in the seasons of the year, we should lose a considerable share
of the vegetable kingdom. Bentley.
3. Disproportion to any office or purpose; state of not being
adequate; inadequateness.
The great inequality of all things to the appetites of a ra­
tional soul appears from this, that in all worldly things a man
finds not half the pleasure in the actual possession that he pro­
posed in the expectation. South's Sermons.
4. Change of state; unlikeness of a thing to itself; difference of
temper or quality.
In some places, by the nature of the earth, and by the situa­
tion of woods and hills, the air is more unequal than in others;
and inequality of air is ever an enemy to health. Bacon.
5. Difference of rank or station.
If so small inequality between man and man make in them
modesty a commendable virtue, who respecting superiors as
superiors, can neither speak nor stand before them without
fear. Hooker.

INERRABI’LITY. n. s. [from inerrable.] Exemption from error;
infallibility.
I cannot allow their wisdom such a completeness and in­
errability as to exclude myself from judging. King Charles.

INE’RRABLE. adj. [in and err.] Exempt from errour.
We have conviction from reason, or decisions from the in­
errable and requisite conditions of sense. Brown's Vulgar Err.
Infallibility and inerrableness is assumed by the Romish
church, without any inerrable ground to build it on. Hamm.

INE’RRABLENESS. n. s. [from inerrable.] Exemption from
errour.
Infallibility and inerrableness is assumed and inclosed by the
Romish church, without any inerrable ground to build it
on. Hammond on Fundamentals.

INE’RRABLY. adv. [from inerrable.] With security from
errour; infallibly.



INE’RRINGLY. adv. [in and erring.] Without errour; with­
out mistake; without deviation.
That divers limners at a distance, without copy, should
draw the same picture, is more conceivable, than that matter
should frame itself so inerringly according to the idea of its
kind. Glanv. Sceps.

INE’RT. adj. [iners, Lat.] Dull; sluggish; motionless.
Body alone, inert and brute, you'll find;
The cause of all things is by you assign'd. Blackmore.
Informer of the planetary train!
Without whose quickening glance their cumb'rous orbs
Were brute unlively mass, inert and dead. Thomson.

INE’RTLY. adv. [from inert.] Sluggishly; dully.
Ye pow'rs,
Suspend a while your force inertly strong. Dunciad.

INESCA’TION. n. s. [in and esca, Lat.] The act of baiting. Dict.

INE’STIMABLE. adj. [inestimable, Fr. inestimabilis, Lat.] Too
valuable to be rated; transcending all price.
I thought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks,
A thousand men that fishes gnaw'd upon;
Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
Inestimable stones, unvalu'd jewels. Shakes. Rich. III.
The pope thereupon took advantage, abusing the simplicity
of the king to suck out inestimable sums of money, to the in­
tolerable grievance of both the clergy and temporality. Abbot.
There we shall see a sight worthy dying for, that blessed
Saviour, of whom the Scripture does so excellently entertain
us, and who does so highly deserve of us upon the score of
his infinite perfections, and his inestimable benefits. Boyle.
And shall this prize, th' inestimable prize,
On that rapacious hand for ever blaze! Pope.

INE’VIDENT. adj. [inevident, Fr. in and evident.] Not plain;
obscure. Not in use.
The habit of faith in divinity is an argument of things un­
seen, and a stable assent unto things inevident, upon authority
of the divine revealer. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INEVITABI’LITY. n. s. [from inevitable.] Impossibility to be
avoided; certainty.
By liberty, I do understand neither a liberty from sin, mi­
sery, servitude, nor violence, but from necessity, or rather
necessitation; that is, an universal immunity from all inevita­
bility and determination to one. Bramh. against Hobbs.

INE’VITABLE. adj. [inevitable, Fr. inevitabilis, Lat.] Un­
avoidable; not to be escaped.
I had a pass with him: he gives me the stuck in with such a
mortal motion, that it is inevitable. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Fate inevitable
Subdues us. Milton.
Since my inevitable death you know,
You safely unavailing pity show. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

INE’VITABLY. adv. [from inevitable.] Without possibility of
escape.
The day thou eat'st thereof, my sole command
Transgrest, inevitably thou shalt die. Milton's Par. Lost.
How inevitably does an immoderate laughter end in a sigh?
South's Sermons.
To look no further than the next line, it will inevitably fol­
low, that they can drive to no certain point. Dryden.
Inflammations of the bowels oft inevitably tend to the ruin
of the whole. Harvey on Consumptions.
If our sense of hearing were exalted, we should have no
quiet or sleep in the silentest nights, and we must inevitably be
stricken deaf or dead with a clap of thunder. Bentley.

INEXCU’SABLE. adj. [inexcusable, Fr. inexcusabilis, Lat. in and
excusable.] Not to be excused; not to be palliated by apology.
It is a temerity, and a folly inexcusable, to deliver up our­
selves needlesly into another's power. L'Estrange.
As we are an island with ports and navigable seas, we should
be inexcusable if we did not make these blessings turn to ac­
count. Addison's Freeholder.
Such a favour could only render them more obdurate, and
more inexcusable: it would inhance their guilt. Atterbury.
If learning be not encouraged under your administration,
you are the most inexcusable person alive. Swift.
A fallen woman is the more inexcusable, as, from the cradle,
the sex is warned against the delusions of men. Clarissa.

INEXCU’SABLENESS. n. s. [from inexcusable.] Enormity beyond
forgiveness or palliation.
Their inexcusableness is stated upon the supposition that they
knew God, but did not glorify him. South's Sermons.

INEXCU’SABLY. adv. [from inexcusable.] To a degree of guilt
or folly beyond excuse.
It will inexcusably condemn some men, who having received
excellent endowments, yet have frustrated the intention. Brown.

INEXHA’LABLE. adj. [in and exhale.] That which cannot eva­
porate.
A new laid egg will not so easily be boiled hard, because it
contains a great stock of humid parts, which must be evapo­
rated before the heat can bring the inexhalable parts into con­
sistence. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INEXHA’USTED. adj. [in and exhausted.] Unemptied; not
possible to be emptied.
So wert thou born into a tuneful strain,
An early, rich, and inexhausted vein. Dryden.

INEXHA’USTIBLE. adj. [in and exhaustible.] Not to be drawn
all away; not to be spent.
Reflect on the variety of combinations which may be made
with number, whose stock is inexhaustible, and truly infi­
nite. Locke.
The stock that the mind has in its power, by varying the
idea of space, is perfectly inexhaustible, and so it can multiply
figures in infinitum. Locke.

INEXI’STENT. adj. [in and existent.] Not having being; not
to be found in nature.
To express complexed significations they took a liberty to
compound and piece together creatures of allowable forms into
mixtures inexistent. Brown's Vulg. Err.
We doubt whether these heterogeneities be so much as in­
existent in the concrete, whence they are obtained. Boyle.

INEXI’STENCE. n. s. [in and existence.] Want of being; want
of existence.
He calls up the heroes of former ages from a state of in­
existence to adorn and diversify his poem. Broome on the Odyss.

INE’XORABLE. adj. [inexorable, Fr. inexorabilis, Latin.] Not
to be intreated; not to be moved by intreaty.
You are more inhuman, more inexorable,
Oh ten times more, than tygers of Hyrcania. Shakes. H. VI.
Inexorable dog. Shak. Merch of Venice.
The scourge
Inexorable calls to penance. Milton.
The guests invited came,
And with the rest th' inexorable dame. Dryden.
Th' inexorable gates were barr'd,
And nought was seen, and nought was heard,
But dreadful gleams, shrieks of woe. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
We can be deaf to the words of so sweet a charmer, and in­
exorable to all his invitations. Rogers.

INEXPE’DIENCE. n. s. [in and expediency.] Want of fitness;
want of propriety; unsuitableness to time
or place; inconvenience.

INEXPE’DIENCY. n. s. [in and expediency.] Want of fitness;
want of propriety; unsuitableness to time
or place; inconvenience.
It concerneth superiours to look well to the expediency and
inexpediency of what they enjoin in different things. Sanderson.

INEXPE’DIENT. adj. [in and expedient.] Inconvenient; unfit;
improper; unsuitable to time or place.
It is not inexpedient they should be known to come from a
person altogether a stranger to chymical affairs. Boyle.
We should be prepared not only with patience to bear, but
to receive with thankfulness a repulse, if God should see them
to be inexpedient. Smalridge's Sermons.

INEXPE’RIENCE. n. s. [inexperience, Fr. in and experience.] Want
of experimental knowledge; want of experience.
Thy words at random argue thine inexperience. Milton.
Prejudice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from inexpe­
rience of the world, and ignorance of mankind. Addison.

INEXPE’RIENCED. adj. [inexpertus, Lat.] Not experienced.

INEXPE’RT. adj. [inexpertus, Lat. in and expert.] Unskilful;
unskilled.
The race elect advance
Through the wild desert; not the readiest way,
Lest ent'ring on the Canaanite alarm'd,
War terrify them inexpert. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
In letters and in laws
Not inexpert. Prior.

INE’XPIABLE. adj. [inexpiable, French; inexpiabilis, Latin.]
1. Not to be atoned.
2. Not to be mollified by atonement.
Love seeks to have love:
My love how could'st thou hope, who took'st the way
To raise in me inexpiable hate? Milton's Agonistes.

INE’XPIABLY. adv. [from inexpiable.] To a degree beyond
atonement.
Excursions are inexpiably bad,
And 'tis much safer to leave out than add. Roscommon.

INE’XPLEABLY. adv. [in and expleo, Lat.] Insatiably. A word
not in use.
What were these harpies but flatterers, delators, and the
inexpleably covetous. Sandys's Travels.

INE’XPLICABLE. adj. [inexplicable, Fr. in and explico, Lat.] In­
capable of being explained; not to be made intelligible.
What could such apprehensions breed, but, as their nature
is, inexplicable passions of mind, desires abhorring what they
embrace, and embracing what they abhor? Hooker.
To me at least this seems inexplicable, if light be nothing
else than pression or motion propagated through ether. Newton.
None eludes sagacious reason more,
Than this obscure inexplicable pow'r. Blackmore.

INE’XPLICABLY. adv. [from inexplicable.] In a manner not to
be explained.

INEXPRE’SSIBLE. adj. [in and express.] Not to be told; not to
be uttered; unutterable.
Thus when in orbs
Of circuit inexpressible they stood,
Orb within orb. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.


Nothing can so peculiarly gratify the noble dispositions of
human nature, as for one man to see another so much himself
as to sigh his griefs, and groan his pains, to sing his joys, and
do and feel every thing by sympathy and secret inexpressible
communications. South's Sermons.
The true God had no certain name given to him; for Fa­
ther, and God, and Creator, are but titles arising from his
works; and God is not a name, but a notion ingrafted in
human nature of an inexpressible being. Stillingfleet.
There is an inimitable grace in Virgil's words; and in them
principally consists that beauty, which gives so inexpressible a
pleasure to him who best understands their force: this diction
of his is never to be copied. Dryden.

INEXPRE’SSIBLY. adv. [from inexpressible.] To a degree or in
a manner not to be uttered; unutterably.
God will protect and reward all his faithful servants in a
manner and measure inexpressibly abundant. Hammond.
He began to play upon it: the sound was exceeding sweet,
and wrought into a variety of tunes that were inexpressibly me­
lodious. Addison's Spectator.

INEXPU’GNABLE. adj. [inexpugnable, Fr. inexpugnabilis, Lat.]
Impregnable; not to be taken by assault; not to be subdued.
Why should there be implanted in each sex such a vehement
and inexpugnable appetite of copulation? Ray on the Creation.

INEXTI’NGUISHABLE. adj. [inextinguible, Fr. in and extinguo,
Latin.] Unquenchable.
Pillars, statues, and other memorials, are a sort of shadow
of an endless life, and show an inextinguishable desire which all
men have of it. Grew's Cosmol.

INE’XTRICABLE. adj. [inextricable, Fr. inextricabilis, Latin.]
Not to be disintangled; not to be cleared; not to be set free
from obscurity or perplexity.
He that should tye inextricable knots, only to baffle the in­
dustry of those that should attempt to unloose them, would be
thought not to have served his generation. Decay of Piety.
Stopt by awful heights, and gulphs immense
Of wisdom, and of vast omnipotence,
She trembling stands, and does in wonder gaze,
Lost in the wild inextricable maze. Blackmore.

INE’XTRICABLY. adv. [from inextricable.] To a degree of per­
plexity not to be disintangled.
The mechanical atheist, though you grant him his laws of
mechanism, is nevertheless inextricably puzzled and baffled
with the first formation of animals. Bentley's Sermons.
In vain they strive; th' intangling snares deny,
Inextricably firm, the power to fly. Pope's Odyssey.

To INE’YE. v. n. [in and eye.] To inoculate; to propagate
trees by the insition of a bud into a foreign stock.
Let sage experience teach thee all the arts
Of grafting and ineying. Phillips.

INF

INFALLIBI’LITY. n. s. [infallibilité, Fr. from infallible.] In­
errability; exemption from errour.

INFA’LLIBLENESS. n. s. [infallibilité, Fr. from infallible.] In­
errability; exemption from errour.
Infallibility is the highest perfection of the knowing faculty,
and consequently the firmest degree of assent. Tillotson.

INFA’LLIBLE. adj. [infallible, Fr. in and fallible.] Privileged
from errour; incapable of mistake; not to be misled or de­
ceived; certain.
Every cause admitteth not such infallible evidence of proof,
as leaveth no possibility of doubt or scruple behind it. Hooker.
Believe my words;
For they are certain and infallible. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The success is certain and infallible, and none ever yet mis­
carried in the attempt. South's Sermons.

INFA’LLIBLY. adv. [from infallible.]
1. Without danger of deceit; with security from errour.
We cannot be as God infallibly knowing good and evil.
Smalridge's Sermons.
2. Certainly.
Our blessed Lord has distinctly opened the scene of futurity
to us, and directed us to such a conduct as will infallibly render
us happy in it. Rogers's Sermons.

To INFA’ME. v. a. [infamer, Fr. infamo, Lat.] To represent
to disadvantage; to defame; to censure publickly; to make
infamous; to brand.
Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her husband. Bacon.
Hitherto obscur'd, infam'd,
And thy fair fruit let hang, as to no end
Created. Milton's Paradise Lost.

I’NFAMOUS. adj. [infamé, infamant, Fr. infamis, Lat.] Pub­
lickly branded with guilt; openly censured; of bad nature.
Those that be near, and those that be far from thee, shall
mock thee, which art infamous. Ezek. xxii. 5.
These are as some infamous bawd or whore
Should praise a matron; what could hurt her more. B. Johns.
After times will dispute it, whether Hotham were more in­
famous at Hull or at Tower-hill. King Charles.
Persons infamous, or branded with any note of infamy in
any publick court of judicature, are, ipso jure, forbidden to be
advocates. Aylife's Parergon.

I’NFAMOUSLY. adv. [from infamous.]
1. With open reproach; with publick notoriety of reproach.
2. Shamefully; scandalously.
That poem was infamously bad. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

I’NFAMOUSNESS. n. s. [infamie, Fr. infamia, Lat.] Publick
reproach; notoriety of bad character.

I’NFAMY. n. s. [infamie, Fr. infamia, Lat.] Publick
reproach; notoriety of bad character.
Ye are taken up in the lips of talkers, and are the infamy of
the people. Ezek. xxxvi. 3.
I throw my infamy at thee:
I will not ruinate my father's house,
Who gave his blood to lime the stones together,
And set up Lancaster. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
The noble isle doth want her proper limbs,
Her face desac'd with scars of infamy. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Wilful perpetrations of unworthy actions brand, with most
indelible characters of infamy, the name and memory to poste­
rity. King Charles.

I’NFANCY. n. s. [infantia, Latin.]
1. The first part of life. Usually extended by naturalists to
seven years.
Dare we affirm it was ever his meaning, that unto their sal­
vation, who even from their tender infancy never knew any
other faith or religion than only Christian, no kind of teaching
can be available, saving that which was so needful for the first
universal conversion of Gentiles, hating Christianity? Hooker.
Pirithous came t' attend
This worthy Theseus, his familiar friend:
Their love in early infancy began,
And rose as childhood ripen'd into man. Dryden.
The insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very
important and lasting consequences. Locke.
2. Civil infancy, extended by the English law to one and twenty
years.
3. First age of any thing; beginning; original; commence­
ment.
In Spain our springs, like old mens children, be
Decay'd and wither'd from their infancy. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
The difference between the riches of Roman citizens in the
infancy and in the grandeur of Rome, will appear by com­
paring the first valuation of estates with the estates afterwards
possessed. Arbuthnot on Coins.

INFA’NGTHEF, or hingfangtheft, or infangtheof, is compounded
of three Saxon words: the preposition, in, fang, or fong, to
take or catch, and thef. It signifies a privilege or liberty
granted unto lords of certain manors to judge any thief taken
within their fee. Cowel.

I’NFANT. n. s. [infant, French; infans, Latin.]
1. A child from the birth to the end of the seventh year.
It being a part of their virtuous education, serveth greatly
both to nourish in them the fear of God, and to put us in con­
tinual remembrance of that powerful grace, which openeth the
mouths of infants to sound his praise. Hooker.
Within the infant rind of this small flower
Poison hath residence, and medicine power. Shakespeare.
There shall be no more thence an infant of days, nor an old
man that hath not filled his days. Is. lxv. 20.
First the shrill sound of a small rural pipe,
Was entertainment for the infant stage. Roscommon.
Young mothers wildly stare, with fear possest,
And strain their helpless infants to their breast. Dryd. Æn.
In their tender nonage, while they spread
Their springing leaves and lift their infant head,
Indulge their childhood. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
2. [In law.] A young person to the age of one and twenty.

INFA’NTA. n. s. [Spanish.] A princess descended from the
royal blood of Spain.

INFA’NTICIDE. n. s. [infanticide, Fr. infanticidium, Lat.] The
slaughter of the infants by Herod.

I’NFANTILE. adj. [infantilis, Latin.] Pertaining to an infant.
The fly lies all the Winter in these balls in its infantile state,
and comes not to its maturity 'till the following Spring. Derh.

I’NFANTRY. n. s. [infanterie, French.] The foot soldiers of
an army.
The principal strength of an army consisteth in the infantry
or foot; and to make good infantry it requireth men bred in
some free and plentiful manner. Bacon's Henry VII.
That small infantry,
Warr'd on by cranes. Milton.

INFA’RCTION. n. s. [in and farcio, Latin.] Stuffing; consti­
pation.
An hypocondriack consumption is occasioned by an infarc­
tion and obstruction of the spleen. Harvey.

To I’NFATUATE. v. a. [infatuo, from in and fatuus, Latin;
infatuer, French.] To strike with folly; to deprive of un­
derstanding.
The judgment of God will be very visible in infatuating a
people, as ripe and prepared for destruction, into folly and
madness, making the weak to contribute to the designs of the
wicked; and suffering even those, out of a conscience of their
guilt, to grow more wicked. Clarendon.
It is the reforming of the vices and sottishness that had long
overspread the infatuated, gentile world; a prime branch of
that design of Christ's sending his disciples. Hammond.


The people are so universally infatuated with the notion,
that, if a cow falls sick, it is ten to one but an old woman is
clapt up in prison for it. Addison on Italy.
The carriage of our atheists or deists is amazing: no dotage
so infatuate, no phrensy so extravagant as theirs. Bentley.
May hypocrites,
That slily speak one thing, another think,
Drink on unwarn'd, 'till, by enchanting cups
Infatuate, they their wily thoughts disclose. Phillips.

INFATUA’TION. n. s. [from infatuate.] The act of striking
with folly; deprivation of reason.
Where men give themselves over to the defence of wicked
interests and false propositions, it is just with God to smite the
greatest abilities with the greatest infatuations. South's Serm.

INFA’USTING. n. s. [from infaustus, Lat.] The act of making
unlucky. An odd and inelegant word.
As the king did in some part remove the envy from himself,
so he did not observe that he did withal bring a kind of male­
diction and infausting upon the marriage, as an ill prog­
nostick. Bacon's Henry VII.

INFE’ASIBLE. adj. [in and feasible.] Impracticable.
This is so difficult and infeasible, that it may well drive
modesty to despair of science. Glanv. Sceps.

To INFE’CT. v. a. [infecter, French; infectus, Latin.]
1. To act upon by contagion; to affect with communicated
qualities; to hurt by contagion; to taint; to poison; to pol­
lute.
They put such words in the mouths of one of those fantas­
tical mind infected people, that children and musicians call
lovers. Sidney.
Thine eyes, sweet lady, have infected mine. Shak. R. III.
The nature of bad news infects the teller. Shakespeare.
Ev'ry day
It would infect his speech, that if the king
Should without issue die, he'd carry it so
To make the scepter his. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Infected minds
To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets. Shakesp.
She speaks poniards, and every word stabs: if her breath
were as terrible as her terminations, there were no living near
her; she would infect to the north-star. Shakespeare.
I am return'd your soldier;
No more infected with my country's love,
Than when I parted hence. Shakes. Coriolanus.
The love-tale
Infected Sion's daughters with like heat,
Whose wanton passions in the sacred porch
Ezekiel saw. Milton.
2. To fill with something hurtfully contagious.
Infected be the air whereon they ride,
And damn'd all those that trust them! Shakes. Macbeth.

INFE’CTION. n. s. [infection, Fr. infectio, Latin.] Contagion;
mischief by communication; taint; poison.
Infection is that manner of communicating a disease by some
effluvia, or particles which fly off from distempered bodies, and
mixing with the juices of others, occasion the same disorders as
in the bodies they came from. Quincy.
What a strange infection
Is fall'n into thy ear! Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The blessed gods
Purge all infections from our air, whilst you
Do climate here. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
Vouchsafe, diffus'd infection of a man,
For these known evils but to give me leave,
By circumstance, to curse thy cursed self. Shakesp. R. III.
Hence,
Lest that th' infection of his fortune take
Like hold on thee. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The transmission or emission of the thinner and more airy
parts of bodies, as in odours and infections, is, of all the rest,
the most corporeal; but withal there be a number of those
emissions, both wholesome and unwholesome, that give no
smell at all. Bacon's Natural History.

INFE’CTIOUS. adj. [from infect.] Contagious; influencing by
communicated qualities.
The most infectious pestilence upon thee! Shakespeare.
In a house,
Where the infectious pestilence did reign. Shakespeare.
Some known diseases are infectious, and others are not: those
that are infectious are such as are chiefly in the spirits, and not
so much in the humours, and therefore pass easily from body
to body; such as pestilences and lippitudes. Bacon.
Smells may have as much power to do good as to do harm,
and contribute to health as well as to diseases; which is too
much felt by experience in all that are infectious, and by the
operation of some poisons, that are received only by the
smell. Temple.

INFE’CTIOUSLY. adv. [from infectious.] Contagiously.
The will dotes, that is inclinable
To what infectiously itself affects. Shakes. Troil. and Cressida.

INFE’CTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from infectious.] The quality of being
infectious; contagiousness.

INFE’CTIVE. adj. [from infect.] Having the quality of con­
tagion.
True love, well considered, hath an infective power. Sidn.

INFECU’ND. n. s. [infæcundus, Latin.] Unfruitful; infertile.
How safe and agreeable a conservatory the earth is to ve­
getables, is manifest from their rotting, drying, or being ren­
dered infecund in the waters, or the air; but in the earth their
vigour is long preserved. Derham's Physico-Theology.

INFECU’NDITY. n. s. [infæcunditas, Lat.] Want of fertility;
barrenness.

INFELI’CITY. n. s. [infelicité, Fr. infelicitas, Latin.] Unhappi­
ness; misery; calamity.
Whatever is the ignorance and infelicity of the present state,
we were made wise and happy. Glanv. Sceps. c. 1.
Here is our great infelicity, that, when single words signify
complex ideas, one word can never distinctly manifest all the
parts of a complex idea. Watts.

To INFE’R. v. a. [inferer, French; infero, Latin.]
1. To bring on; to induce.
Vomits infer some small detriment to the lungs. Harvey.
2. To infer is nothing but, by virtue of one proposition laid down
as true, to draw in another as true, i. e. to see or suppose such
a connection of the two ideas of the inferred proposition. Locke.
Yet what thou can'st attain, which best may serve
To glorify the Maker, and infer
Thee also happier, shall not be with-held
Thy hearing. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
Great,
Or bright, infers not excellence: the earth,
Though in comparison of heav'n so small,
Nor glistering, may of solid good contain
More plenty than the sun, that barren shines. Milton.
One would wonder how, from so differing premisses, they
should all infer the same conclusion. Decay of Piety.
They have more opportunities than other men have of pur­
chasing publick esteem, by deserving well of mankind; and
such opportunities always infer obligations. Atterbury.
3. To offer; to produce.
Full well hath Clifford play'd the orator,
Inferring arguments of mighty force. Shakes. Hen. VI.

I’NFERENCE. n. s. [inference, French, from infer.] Conclusion
drawn from previous arguments.
Though it may chance to be right in the conclusion, it is
yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference. Glanv.
These inferences or conclusions are the effects of reasoning,
and the three propositions, taken all together, are called syllo­
gism or argument. Watts.

INFE’RIBLE. adj. [from infer.] Deducible from premised
grounds.
As simple mistakes commonly beget fallacies, so men from
fallacious foundations, and misapprehended mediums, erect
conclusions no way inferrible from their premisses. Brown.

INFE’RIORITY. n. s. [inferiorité, Fr. from inferiour.] Lower
state of dignity or value.
The language, though not of equal dignity, yet as near
approaching to it as our modern barbarism will allow; and
therefore we are to rest contented with that only inferiority
which is not possibly to be remedied. Dryden.

INFE’RIOUR. adj. [inferior, Lat. inferiour, French.]
1. Lower in place.
2. Lower in station or rank of life.
A great person gets more by obliging his inferiour than by
disdaining him. South.
3. Lower in value or excellency.
The love of liberty with life is giv'n,
And life itself th' inferiour gift of heav'n. Dryden.
I have added some original papers of my own, which, whe­
ther they are equal or inferiour to my other poems, an author
is the most improper judge of. Dryden.
4. Subordinate.
General and fundamental truths in philosophy, religion, and
human life, conduct our thoughts into a thousand inferiour
and particular propositions. Watts.

INFE’RIOUR. n. s. [from the adjective.] One in a lower rank
or station than another.

INFE’RNAL. adj. [infernal, French; infernus, Latin.] Hellish;
tartarean.
His gigantick limbs, with large embrace,
Infold nine acres of infernal space. Dryden's Æn.

INFE’RNAL Stone. n. s.
Infernal stone, or the lunar caustick, is prepared from an
evaporated solution of silver, or from crystals of silver. It is
a very powerful caustick, eating away the flesh and even the
bones to which it is applied. Hill's Mat. Med.

INFE’RTILE. adj. [infertile, Fr. in and fertile.] Unfruitful; not
productive; without fecundity; infecund.
Ignorance being of itself, like stiff clay, an infertile soil,
when pride comes to scorch and harden it, it grows perfectly
impenetrable. Government of the Tongue.

INFERTI’LITY. n. s. [infertilité, Fr. from infertile.] Unfruit­
fulness; want of fertility.


The same distemperature of the air that occasioned the
plague, occasioned also the infertility or noxiousness of the soil,
whereby the fruits of the earth became either very small, or
very unwholsome. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To INFE’ST. v. a. [infester, Fr. infesto, Latin.] To harrass;
to disturb; to plague.
They ceased not, in the mean while, to strengthen that
part which in heart they favoured, and to infest by all means,
under colour of other quarrels, their greatest adversaries in this
cause. Hooker.
Although they were a people infested, and mightily hated
of all others, yet was there nothing of force to work the ruin
of their state, 'till the time beforementioned was expired. Hook.
Unto my feeble breast
Come gently; but not with that mighty rage
Wherewith the martial troops thou do'st infest,
And hearts of greatest heroes do'st enrage. Spenser.
They were no mean, distressed, calamitous persons that fled
to him for refuge; but of so great quality, as it was apparent
that they came not thither to protect their own fortune, but
to infest and invade his. Bacon's Henry VII.
These, said the genius, are envy, avarice, superstition,
love, with the like cares and passions that infest human life.
Addison's Spectator.
No disease infests mankind more terrible in its symptoms and
effects. Arbuthnot on Diet.

INFESTI’VITY. n. s. [in and festivity.] Mournfulness; want of
cheerfulness.

INFE’STRED. adj. [in and fester.] Rankling; inveterate.
This cursed creature, mindful of that old
Infestred grudge, the which his mother felt,
So soon as Clarion he did behold,
His heart with vengeful malice inly swelt. Spenser.

INFEUDA’TION. n. s. [in and feudum, Lat.] The act of put­
ting one in possession of a fee or estate.
Another military provision was conventional and by tenure,
upon the infeudation of the tenant, and was usually called
knight's service. Hale's Common Law of England.

I’NFIDEL. n. s. [infidelle, Fr. infidelis, Latin.] An unbeliever;
a miscreant; a pagan; one who rejects Christianity.
Exhorting her, if she did marry, yet not to join herself to
an infidel, as in those times some widows christian had done,
for the advancement of their estate in this world. Hooker.

INFIDE’LITY. n. s. [infidelité, French; infidelitas, Lat.]
1. Want of faith.
The consideration of the divine omnipotence and infinite
wisdom, and our own ignorance, are great instruments of
silencing the murmurs of infidelity. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
2. Disbelief of Christianity.
One would fancy that infidels would be exempt from that
single fault, which seems to grow out of the imprudent fer­
vours of religion; but so it is, that infidelity is propagated with
as much fierceness and contention, as if the safety of mankind
depended upon it. Addison's Spectator.
3. Treachery; deceit.
The infidelities on the one part between the two sexes, and
the caprices on the other, the vanities and vexations attending
even the most refined delights that make up this business of
life, render it silly and uncomfortable. Spectator.

I’NFINITE. adj. [infini, French; infinitus, Latin.]
1. Unbounded; boundless; unlimited; immense; having no
boundaries or limits to its nature.
Impossible it is, that God should withdraw his presence
from any thing, because the very substance of God is infi­
nite. Hooker.
What's time, when on eternity we think?
A thousand ages in that sea must sink:
Time's nothing but a word; a million
Is full as far from infinite as one. Denham.
Thou sov'reign pow'r, whose secret will controuls
The inward bent and motion of our souls!
Why hast thou plac'd such infinite degrees
Between the cause and cure of my disease? Prior.
When we would think of infinite space or duration, we at
first make some very large idea; as perhaps of millions of ages
or miles, which possibly we multiply several times. Locke.
Even an angel's comprehensive thought
Cannot extend as far as thou hast wrought:
Our vast conceptions are by swelling brought,
Swallow'd and lost in infinite, to nought. Dennis.
2. It is hyperbolically used for large; great.

I’NFINITELY. adv. [from infinite.] Without limits; without
bounds; immensely.
Nothing may be infinitely desired, but that good which in­
deed is infinite. Hooker.
This is Antonio,
To whom I am so infinitely bound. Shakes. Merch. of Ven.
The king saw that contrariwise it would follow, that Eng­
land, though much less in territory, yet should have infinitely
more soldiers of their native forces than those other nations
have. Bacon's Henry VII.
Infinitely the greater part of mankind have professed to act
under a full persuation of this great article. Rogers.

I’NFINITENESS. n. s. [from infinite.] Immensity; boundless­
ness; infinity.
The cunning of his flattery, the readiness of his tears, the
infiniteness of his vows, were but among the weakest threads
of his net. Sidney.
Let us always bear about us such impressions of reverence,
and fear of God, that we may humble ourselves before his Al­
mightiness, and express that infinite distance between his infi­
niteness and our weaknesses. Taylor.

INFINITE’SIMAL. adj. [from infinite.] Infinitely divided.

INFI’NITIVE. adj. [infinitif, Fr. infinitivus, Latin.] In gram­
mar, the infinitive affirms, or intimates the intention of affirm­
ing, which is one use of the indicative; but then it does not
do it absolutely. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

INFI’NITUDE. n. s. [from infinite.]
1. Infinity; immensity.
Confusion heard his voice, and wild uproar
Stood rul'd, stood vast infinitude confin'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
Though the repugnancy of infinitude be equally incom­
petible to continued or successive motion, or continued quan­
tity, and depends upon the incompossibility of the very nature
of things successive or extensive with infinitude; yet that in­
compossibility is more conspicuous in discrete quantity, that
ariseth from parts actually distinguished. Hale.
2. Boundless number.
We see all the good sense of the age cut out, and minced
into almost an infinitude of distinctions. Addison's Spectator.

INFI’NITY. n. s. [infinité, French; infinitas, Latin.]
1. Immensity; boundlessness; unlimited qualities.
There cannot be more infinities than one; for one of them
would limit the other. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
The better, the more desirable; that therefore must be de­
sirable, wherein there is infinity of goodness; so that if any
thing desirable may be infinite, that must needs be the highest
of all things that are desired: no good is infinite but only
God, therefore he our felicity and bliss. Hooker.
2. Endless number. An hyperbolical use of the word.
Homer has concealed faults under an infinity of admirable
beauties. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
The liver, being swelled, compresseth the stomach, stops
the circulation of the juices, and produceth an infinity of bad
symptoms. Arbuthnot on Diet.

INFI’RM. adj. [infirme, French; infirmus, Latin.]
1. Weak; feeble; disabled of body.
Here stand I your brave;
A poor, infirm, weak, and despis'd old man. Shakesp.
That on my head all might be visited,
Thy frailty, and infirmer sex, forgiv'n;
To me committed, and by me expos'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. Weak of mind; irresolute.
I'll go no more;
I am afraid to think what I have done:
Look out again, I dare not.
——Infirm of purpose;
Give me the dagger. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Not stable; not solid.
He who fixes upon false principles, treads upon infirm
ground, and so sinks; and he, who fails in his deductions from
right principles, stumbles upon firm ground, and falls. South.

To INFI’RM. v. a. [infirmer, Fr. infirmo, Lat.] To weaken;
to shake; to enfeeble. Not in use.
Some contrary spirits will object this as a sufficient reason to
infirm all those points. Raleigh's Essays.
The spleen is unjustly introduced to invigorate the sinister
side, which, being dilated, would rather infirm and debilitate
it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INFI’RMARY. n. s. [infirmerie, French.] Lodgings for the
sick.
These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides, and
the end for privy galleries, whereof one should be for an in­
firmary, if any special person should be sick. Bacon.

INFI’RMITY. n. s. [infirmité, French.]
1. Weakness of sex, age, or temper.
Infirmity,
Which waits upon worn times, hath something seiz'd
His wish'd ability. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Discover thine infirmity,
That warranteth by law to be thy privilege:
I am with child, ye bloody homicides. Shakesp. Henry VI.
If he had done or said any thing amiss, he desired their
worships to think it was his infirmities. Shak. Julius Cæs.
Are the infirmities of the body, pains, and diseases his com­
plaints? His faith reminds him of the day when this corruptible
shall put on incorruption, and this mortal immortality. Rogers.
2. Failing; weakness; fault.
A friend should bear a friend's infirmities;
But Brutus makes mine greater than they are. Shakespeare.
Many infirmities made it appear more requisite, that a wiser
man should have the application of his interest. Clarendon.


How difficult is it to preserve a great name, when he that
has acquired it, is so obnoxious to such little weaknesses and in­
firmities, as are no small diminution to it, when discovered.
Addison's Spectator.
3. Disease; malady.
General laws are like general rules of physick, according
whereunto, as now, no wise man will desire himself to be cured,
if there be joined with his disease some special accident, in re­
gard that thereby others in the same infirmity, but without
the like accident, may. Hooker.

INFI’RMNESS. n. s. [from infirm.] Weakness; feebleness.
Some experiments may discover the infirmness and insuffi­
ciency of the peripatetick doctrine. Boyle.

To INFI’X. v. a. [infixus, Latin.] To drive in; to fasten.
And at the point two stings infixed are,
Both deadly sharp, that sharpest steel exceeden far. Fa. Qu.
I never lov'd myself,
'Till now, infixed, I behold myself,
Drawn in the flatt'ring table of her eye. Shakesp. K. John.
Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round. Milton.
That sting infix'd within her haughty mind,
And her proud heart with secret sorrow pin'd. Dryden.
Arcite on Emily had fix'd his look:
The fatal dart a ready passage found,
And deep within her heart infix'd the wound. Dryden.

To INFLA’ME. v. a. [inflammo, Latin.]
1. To kindle; to set on fire.
Love more clear than yourselves, dedicated to a love, I fear,
more cold than yourselves, with the clearness lays a night of
sorrow upon me, and with the coldness inflames a world of
fire within me. Sidney.
Its waves of torrent fire inflam'd with rage. Milton.
2. To kindle desire.
Their lust was inflamed towards her. Susan. viii.
More inflam'd with lust than rage. Milton.
3. To exaggerate; to aggravate.
A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his
crimes. Addison's Spectator.
4. To heat the body morbidly with obstructed matter.
5. To provoke; to irritate.
A little vain curiosity weighs so much with us, or the
church's peace so little, that we sacrifice the one to the whet­
ting and inflaming of the other. Decay of Piety.
6. To fire with passion.
Satan, with thoughts inflam'd of highest design,
Puts on swift wings. Milton.

To INFLA’ME. v. n. To grow hot, angry, and painful by ob­
structed matter.
If the vesiculæ are opprest, they inflame. Wiseman.

INFLA’MER. n. s. [from inflame.] The thing or person that
inflames.
Interest is a great inflamer, and sets a man on persecution
under the colour of zeal. Addison's Spectator.
Assemblies, who act upon publick principles, proceed upon
influence from particular leaders and inflamers. Swift.

INFLAMMABI’LITY. n. s. [from inflammable.] The quality of
catching fire.
This it will do, if the ambient air be impregnate with sub­
tile inflammabilities. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Choler is the lightest and most inflammable part of the
blood; whence, from its inflammability, it is called a sulphur.
Harvey on Consumptions.

INFLA’MMABLE. adj. [French.] Easy to be set on flame;
having the quality of flaming.
The juices of olives, almonds, nuts, and pine-apples, are
all inflammable. Bacon's Natural History.
Licetus thinks it possible to extract an inflammable oil from
the stone asbestus. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
Out of water grow all vegetable and animal substances,
which consist as well of sulphureous, fat, and inflammable parts
as of earthy and alcalizate ones. Newton's Opt.
Inflammable spirits are subtile volatile liquors, which come
over in distillation, miscible with water, and wholly combus­
tible. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INFLA’MMABLENESS. n. s. [from inflammable.] The quality of
easily catching fire.
We may treat of the inflammableness of bodies. Boyle.

INFLAMMA’TION. n. s. [inflammatio, Latin; inflammation,
French.]
1. The act of setting on flame.
2. The state of being in flame.
The flame extendeth not beyond the inflammable effluence,
but closely adheres unto the original of its inflammation. Bro.
Some urns have had inscriptions on them, expressing that
the lamps within them were burning when they were first
buried; whereas the inflammation of fat and viscous vapours
doth presently vanish. Wilkins's Dæd.
3. [In chirurgery.] Inflammation is when the blood is obstructed
so as to crowd in a greater quantity into any particular part,
and gives it a greater colour and heat than usual. Quincy.
If that bright spot stay in his place, it is an inflammation of
the burning. Lev. xiii. 28.
4. The act of exciting fervour of mind.
Prayer kindleth our desire to behold God by speculation;
and the mind, delighted with that contemplative sight of God,
taketh every where new inflammations to pray the riches of the
mysteries of heavenly wisdom, continually stirring up in us
correspondent desires towards them. Hooker.

INFLA’MMATORY. adj. [from inflame.] Having the power of
inflaming.
The extremity of pain often creates a coldness in the extre­
mities: such a sensation is very consistent with an inflam­
matory distemper. Arbuthnot on Diet.
An inflammatory fever hurried him out of this life in three
days. Pope to Swift.

To INFLA’TE. v. a. [inflatus, Latin.]
1. To swell with wind.
That the muscles are inflated in time of rest, appears to the
very eye in the faces of children. Ray.
Vapours are no other than inflated vesiculæ of water. Derh.
2. To fill with the breath.
With might and main they chas'd the murd'rous fox,
With brazen trumpets and inflated box,
To kindle Mars with military sounds,
Nor wanted horns t' inspire sagacious hounds. Dryden.

INFLA’TION. n. s. [inflatio, Lat. from inflate.] The state of
being swelled with wind; flatulence.
Wind coming upwards, inflations and tumours of the belly
are signs of a phlegmatick constitution. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To INFLE’CT. v. a. [inflecto, Latin.]
1. To bend; to turn.
What makes them this one way their race direct,
While they a thousand other ways reject?
Why do they never once their course inflect? Blackm.
Do not the rays of light which fall upon bodies, begin to
bend before they arrive at the bodies? And are they not re­
flected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same principle,
acting variously in various circumstances? Newton's Opt.
2. To change or vary.
3. To vary a noun or verb in its terminations.

INFLE’CTION. n. s. [inflectio, Latin.]
1. The act of bending or turning.
Neither the divine determinations, persuasions, or inflexions
of the understanding or will of rational creatures, doth de­
ceive the understanding, pervert the will, or necessitate either
to any moral evil. Hale.
2. Modulation of the voice.
His virtue, his gesture, his countenance, his zeal, the mo­
tion of his body, and the inflection of his voice, who first ut­
tereth them as his own, is that which giveth the very essence
of instruments available to eternal life. Hooker.
3. Variation of a noun or verb.
The same word in the original tongue, by divers inflections
and variations, makes divers dialects. Brerewood.

INFLE’CTIVE. adj. [from inflect.] Having the power of bend­
ing.
This inflective quality of the air is a great incumbrance and
confusion of astronomical observations. Derham.

INFLEXIBI’LITY. n. s. [inflexibilité, French, from inflexible.]

INFLE’XIBLENESS. n. s. [inflexibilité, French, from inflexible.]
1. Stiffness; quality of resisting flexure.
2. Obstinacy; temper not to be bent; inexorable pertinacy.

INFLE’XIBLE. adj. [French; inflexibilis, Latin.]
1. Not to be bent or incurvated.
Such errors as are but acorns in our younger brows, grow
oaks in our older heads, and become inflexible to the powerful
arm of reason. Brown's Preface to Vul. Err.
Too great rigidity and elasticity of the fibres makes them in­
flexible to the causes, to which they ought to yield. Arbuthnot.
2. Not to be prevailed on; immovable.
The man resolv'd and steady to his trust,
Inflexible to ill, and obstinately just. Addison.
A man of an upright and inflexible temper, in the execution
of his country's laws, can overcome all private fear. Addison.
3. Not to be changed or altered.
The nature of things are inflexible, and their natural rela­
tions unalterable: we must bring our understandings to things,
and not bend things to our fancies. Watts.

INFLE’XIBLY. adv. [from inflexible.] Inexorably; invariably;
without relaxation or remission.
It should be begun early, and inflexibly kept to, 'till there
appears not the least reluctancy. Locke.

To INFLI’CT. v. a. [infligo, inflictus, Latin; infliger, Fr.]
To put in act or impose as a punishment.
I know no pain, they can inflict upon him,
Will make him say I mov'd him to those arms. Shakesp.
Sufficient is this punishment which was inflicted. 2 Cor. ii.
What the potent victor in his rage
Can else inflict. Milton.
What heart could wish, what hand inflict this dire disgrace?
Dryden's Æn. b. vi.
By diseases we condemn ourselves to greater torments than
have been yet invented by anger or revenge, or inflicted by the
greatest tyrants upon the worst of men. Temple.



INFLI’CTER. n. s. [from inflict.] He who punishes.
Revenge is commonly not bounded, but extended to the
utmost power of the inflicter. Government of the Tongue.

INFLI’CTION. n. s. [from inflict.]
1. The act of using punishments.
So our decrees,
Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead;
And liberty plucks justice by the nose. Shakespeare.
Sin ends certainly in death; death not only as to merit, but
also as to actual infliction. South's Sermons.
2. The punishment imposed.
What, but thy malice, mov'd thee to misdeem
Of righteous Job, than cruelly to afflict him
With all inflictions? But his patience won. Paradise Reg.
How despicable are the threats of a creature as impotent as
ourselves, when compared with the wrath of an Almighty
Judge, whose power extends to eternal inflictions? Rogers.
His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice and
righteousness. Rogers's Sermons.

INFLI’CTIVE. adj. [inflictive, Fr. from inflict.] That which is
laid on as a punishment.

I’NFLUENCE. n. s. [influence, Fr. influo, Latin.]
1. Power of the celestial aspects operating upon terrestrial bodies
and affairs.
The sacred influence of light appears. Milton.
Comets no rule, no righteous order own;
Their influence dreaded, as their ways unknown. Prior.
2. Ascendant power; power of directing or modifying.
Incomparable lady, your commandment doth not only give
me the will, but the power to obey you; such influence hath
your excellency. Sidney.
God hath his influence into the very essence of all things,
without which influence of Deity supporting them, their utter
annihilation could not chuse but follow. Hooker.
A wise man shall over-rule his stars, and have a greater in­
fluence upon his own content than all the constellations and
planets of the firmament. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Foreknowledge had no influence on their fault. Milton.
Religion hath so great an influence upon the felicity of men,
that it ought to be upheld, not only out of a dread of the di­
vine vengeance in another world, but out of regard to the
temporal prosperity of men. Tillotson.
Our inconsistency in the pursuit of schemes throughly
digested, has a bad influence on our affairs. Addison.
So astonishing a scene would have present influence upon
them, but not produce a lasting effect. Atterbury.
Where it ought to have greatest influence, this obvious in­
disputable truth is little regarded. Rogers.

To I’NFLUENCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To act upon with
directive or impulsive power; to modify to any purpose; to
guide or lead to any end.
By thy kind pow'r and influencing care,
The various creatures move, and live, and are. Milton.
These experiments succeed after the same manner in vacuo
as in the open air, and therefore are not influenced by the
weight or pressure of the atmosphere. Newton's Opt.
This standing revelation was attested in the most solemn
and credible manner; and is sufficient to influence their faith
and practice, if they attend. Atterbury.
All the restraint men are under is, by the violation of one
law, broken through; and the principle which influenced their
obedience has lost its efficacy on them. Rogers's Sermons.

I’NFLUENT. adj. [influens, Latin.] Flowing in.
The chief intention of chirurgery, as well as medicine, is
keeping a just equilibrium between the influent fluids and vas­
cular solids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INFLUE’NTIAL. adj. [from influence.] Exerting influence or
power.
Our now over-shadowed souls may be emblemed by those
crusted globes, whose influential emissions are interrupted by
the interposal of the benighted element. Glanv. Sceps.
The inward springs and wheels of the corporal machine, on
the most sublimed intellectuals, is dangerously influential. Glan.

I’NFLUX. n. s. [influxus, Latin.]
1. Act of flowing into any thing.
If once contracted in a systole, by the influx of the spirits,
why, the spirits continually flowing in without let, doth it not
always remain so? Ray on the Creation.
An elastick fibre, like a bow, the more extended, it restores
itself with the greater force: if the spring be destroyed, it is
like a bag, only passive as to the influx of the liquid. Arbuthn.
2. Infusion.
There is another life after this; and the influx of the know­
ledge of God, in relation to this everlasting life, is infinitely of
moment. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. Influence; power. In this sense it is now not used.
We will enquire whether there be, in the footsteps of na­
ture, any such transmission and influx of immateriate virtues,
and what the force of imagination is, either upon the body
imaginant, or upon another body. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Adam, in innocence, might have held, by the continued in­
flux of the divine will and power, a state of immortality. Hale.
These two do not so much concern sea-fish, yet they have
a great influx upon rivers, ponds, and lakes. Hale.

INFLU’XIOUS. adj. [from influx.] Influential. Not used.
The moon hath an influxious power to make impressions
upon their humours. Howel's England's Tears.

To INFO’LD. v. a. [in and fold.] To involve; to inwrap; to
inclose with involutions.
For all the crest a dragon did infold
With greedy paws, and over all did spread
His golden wings. Fairy Queen.
Noble Banquo, let me infold thee,
And hold thee to my heart. Shakesp. Macbeth.
But does not nature for the child prepare
The parent's love, the tender nurse's care?
Who, for their own forgetful, seek his good,
Infold his limbs in bands, and fill his veins with food. Black.
Wings raise her arms, and wings her feet infold. Pope.

To INFO’LIATE. v. a. [in and folium, Lat.] To cover with
leaves.
Long may his fruitful vine infoliate and clasp about him
with embracements. Howel.

To INFO’RM. v. a. [informer, Fr. informo, Latin.]
1. To animate; to actuate by vital powers.
All alike inform'd
With radiant light, as glowing ir'n with fire. Milton.
Let others better mold the running mass
Of metals, and inform the breathing brass;
And soften into flesh a marble face. Dryden's Æn.
As from chaos, huddl'd and deform'd,
The god struck fire, and lighted up the lamps
That beautify the sky; so he inform'd
This ill-shap'd body with a daring soul. Dryd. and Lee's Oed.
Breath informs this fleeting frame. Prior.
This sovereign arbitrary soul
Informs, and moves, and animates the whole. Blackmore.
While life informs these limbs, the king reply'd,
Well to deserve be all my cares employ'd. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To instruct; to supply with new knowledge; to acquaint.
Before the thing communicated was anciently put with; now
generally of, sometimes in: I know not how proper.
The drift is to inform their minds with some method of re­
ducing the laws into their original causes. Hooker.
I have this present evening from my sister
Been well informed of them, and with cautions. Shakesp.
Our ruin, by thee inform'd, I learn. Milton.
The long speeches rather confounded than informed his un­
derstanding. Clarendon.
The difficulty arises not from what sense informs us of, but
from wrong applying our notions. Digby.
Though I may not be able to inform men more than they
know, yet I may give them the occasion to consider. Temple.
The ancients examined in what consists the beauty of good
postures, as their works sufficiently inform us. Dryden.
He may be ignorant of these truths, who will never take the
pains to employ his faculties to inform himself of them. Locke.
To understand his calling in the commonwealth, and of re­
ligion, is enough to take up his time: few inform themselves
in these to the bottom. Locke.
A more proper opportunity tends to make the narration
more informing or beautiful. Broome's Notes on the Iliad.
I think it necessary, for the interest of virtue and religion,
that the whole kingdom should be informed in some parts of
your character. Swift.
3. To offer an accusation to a magistrate.
Tertullus informed the governor against Paul. Acts xxvi. 1.

To INFO’RM. v. n.
1. To give intelligence.
It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to mine eyes. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

INFO’RMAL. adj. [from inform.] Offering an information;
accusing. A word not used.
These poor informal women are no more
But instruments of some more mightier member,
That sets them on. Shakes. Meas. for Measure.

INFO’RMANT. n. s. [French.]
1. One who gives information or instruction.
He believes the sentence is true, as it is made up of terms
which his informant understands, though the ideas be unknown
to him which his informant has under these words. Watts.
2. One who exhibits an accusation.

INFORMA’TION. n. s. [informatio, Lat. from inform.]
1. Intelligence given; instruction.
But reason with the fellow,
Lest you should chance to whip your information,
And beat the messenger who bids beware
Of what is to be dreaded. Shak. Coriolanus.
The active informations of the intellect filling the passive
reception of the will, like form closing with matter, grew ac­
tuate into a third and distinct perfection of practice. South.
They gave those complex ideas names, that the things they
were continually to give and receive information about, might
be the easier and quicker understood. Locke.


He should regard the propriety of his words, and get some
information in the subject he intends to handle. Swift.
These men have had longer opportunities of information,
and are equally concerned with ourselves. Rogers.
2. Charge or accusation exhibited.
3. The act of informing or actuating.

INFO’RMER. n. s. [from inform.]
1. One who gives intelligence.
This writer is either byassed by an inclination to believe the
worst, or a want of judgment to chuse his informers. Swift.
2. One who discovers offenders to the magistrate.
There were spies and informers set at work to watch the
company. L'Estrange.
Let no court sycophant pervert my sense,
Nor sly informer watch these words to draw
Within the reach of treason. Pope.
Informers are a detestable race of people, although some­
times necessary. Swift.

INFO’RMIDABLE. adj. [in and formidabilis, Lat.] Not to be
feared; not to be dreaded.
Of strength, of courage haughty, and of limb
Heroick built, though of terrestrial mold;
Foe not informidable, exempt from wound. Milton.

INFO’RMITY. n. s. [from informis, Lat.] Shapelessness.
From this narrow time of gestation may ensue a smalness
in the exclusion; but this infereth no informity. Brown.

INFO’RMOUS. adj. [informe, Fr. informis, Latin.] Shapeless;
of no regular figure.
That a bear brings forth her young informous and unshapen,
which she fashioneth after by licking them over, is an opinion
not only common with us at present, but hath been delivered
by ancient writers. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INFO’RTUNATE. adj. [infortuné, Fr. infortunatus, Latin.] Un­
happy. See UNFORTUNATE, which is commonly used.
Perkin, seeing himself prisoner, and destitute of all hopes,
having found all either false, faint, or infortunate, did gladly
accept of the condition. Bacon's Henry VII.

To INFRA’CT. v. a. [infractus, Latin.] To break.
Falling fast, from gradual slope to slope,
With wild infracted course and lessen'd roar,
It gains a safer bed. Thomson's Summer.

INFRA’CTION. n. s. [infraction, Fr. infractio, Lat.] The act
of breaking; breach; violation.
By the same gods, the justice of whose wrath
Punish'd the infraction of my former faith. Waller.
The wolves, pretending an infraction in the abuse of their
hostages, fell upon the sheep immediately without their dogs.
L'Estrange's Fables.

INFRA’NGIBLE. adj. [in and frangible.] Not to be broken.
These atoms are supposed infrangible, extremely compacted
and hard, which compactedness and hardness is a demonstra­
tion that nothing could be produced by them, since they could
never cohere. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

INFRE’QUENCY. n. s. [infrequentia, Latin.] Uncommonness;
rarity.
The absence of the gods, and the infrequency of objects,
made her yield. Broome's Notes on Pope's Odyssey.

INFRE’QUENT. adj. [infrequens, Lat.] Rare; uncommon.

To INFRI’GIDATE. v. a. [in and frigidus, Lat.] To chill; to
make cold.
The drops reached little further than the surface of the li­
quor, whose coldness did not infrigidate those upper parts
of the glass. Boyle.

To INFRI’NGE. v. a. [infringo, Latin.]
1. To violate; to break laws or contracts.
Those many had not dar'd to do that evil,
If the first man that did th' edict infringe,
Had answer'd for his deed. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
Having infring'd the law, I wave my right
As king, and thus submit myself to fight. Waller.
2. To destroy; to hinder.
Homilies, being plain and popular instructions, do not
infringe the efficacy, although but read. Hooker.
Bright as the deathless gods and happy, she
From all that may infringe delight is free. Waller.

INFRI’NGEMENT. n. s. [from infringe.] Breach; violation.
The punishing of this infringement is proper to that juris­
diction against which the contempt is. Clarendon.

INFRI’NGER. n. s. [from infringe.] A breaker; a violator.
A clergyman's habit ought to be without any lace, under a
severe penalty to be inflicted on the infringers of the provincial
constitution. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INFU’NDIBULIFORM. n. s. [infundibulum and forma, Lat.] Of
the shape of a funnel or tundish.

INFU’RIATE. adj. [in and furia, Lat.] Entaged; raging.
At th' other bore, with touch of fire
Dilated and infuriate. Milton.
Fir'd by the torch of noon to tenfold rage,
Th' infuriate hill forth shoots the pillar'd flame. Thomson.

INFUSCA’TION. n. s. [infuscatus, Latin.] The act of darkening
or blackening.

To INFU’SE. v. a. [infuser, Fr. infusus, Latin.]
1. To pour in; to instil.
Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith,
To hold opinion with Pythagoras,
That souls of animals infuse themselves
Into the trunks of men. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
My early mistress, now my ancient muse,
That strong Circean liquor cease t' infuse,
Wherewith thou didst intoxicate my youth. Denham.
Why should he desire to have qualities infused into his son,
which himself never possessed? Swift.
Meat must be with money bought;
She therefore, upon second thought,
Infus'd, yet as it were by stealth,
Some small regard for state and wealth. Swift.
2. To pour into the mind; to inspire into.
For when God's hand had written in the hearts
Of our first parents all the rules of good,
So that their skill infus'd surpass'd all arts
That ever were before, or since the flood. Davies.
Sublime ideas, and apt words infuse;
The muse instruct my voice, and thou inspire the muse. Rosc.
He infus'd
Bad influence into th' unwary breast. Milton.
Infuse into their young breasts such a noble ardour as will
make them renowned. Milton.
3. To steep in any liquor with a gentle heat; to macerate so as
to extract the virtues of any thing.
Take violets, and infuse a good pugil of them in a quart of
vinegar. Bacon's Natural History.
4. To make an infusion with any ingredient; to supply, to tinc­
ture, to saturate with any thing infused.
Drink, infused with flesh, will nourish faster and easier than
meat and drink together. Bacon's Natural History.
5. To inspire with.
Thou didst smile,
Infused with a fortitude from heav'n. Shakesp. Tempest.
Infuse his breast with magnanimity,
And make him, naked, foil a man at arms. Shakesp. H. VI.

INFU’SIBLE. adj. [from infuse.]
1. Possible to be infused.
From whom the doctrines being infusible into all, it will be
more necessary to forewarn all of the danger of them. Hamm.
2. Incapable of dissolution; not fusible.
Vitrification is the last work of fire, and a fusion of the
salt and earth, wherein the fusible salt draws the earth and in­
fusible part into one continuum. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INFU’SION. n. s. [infusion, Fr. infusio, Latin.]
1. The act of pouring in; instillation.
Our language has received innumerable elegancies and im­
provements from that infusion of Hebraisms, which are derived
to it out of the poetical passages in holy writ. Addison's Spect.
2. The act of pouring into the mind; inspiration.
We participate Christ partly by imputation, as when those
things which he did and suffered for us are imputed to us for
righteousness; partly by habitual and real infusion, as when
grace is inwardly bestowed on earth, and afterwards more ful­
ly both our souls and bodies in glory. Hooker.
They found it would be matter of great debate, and spend
much time; during which they did not desire their company,
nor to be troubled with their infusions. Clarendon.
Here his folly and his wisdom are of his own growth, not
the echo or infusion of other men. Swift.
3. The act of steeping any thing in moisture without boiling.
Repeat the infusion of the body oftener. Bacon.
4. The liquor made by infusion.
To have the infusion strong, in those bodies which have finer
spirits, repeat the infusion of the body oftener. Bacon.

INFU’SIVE. adj. [from infuse.] Having the power of infusion,
or being infused. A word not authorised.
Still let my song a nobler note assume,
And sing th' infusive force of Spring on man. Thomson.

ING

INGA’TE. n. s. [in and gate.] Entrance; passage in.
One noble person stoppeth the ingate of all that evil which
is looked for, and holdeth in all those which are at his back.
Spenser on Ireland.

INGANNA’TION. n. s. [ingannare, Italian.] Cheat; fraud; de­
ception; juggle; delusion; imposture; trick; slight. A word
neither used nor necessary.
Whoever shall resign their reasons, either from the root of
deceit in themselves, or inability to resist such trivial inganna­
tions from others, are within the line of vulgarity. Brown.

INGA’THERING. n. s. [in and gathering.] The act of getting
in the harvest.
Thou shalt keep the feast of ingathering, when thou hast
gathered in thy labours out of the field. Ex. xxiii. 16.

INGE, in the names of places, signifies a meadow, from the
Saxon ing, of the same import. Gibson's Camden.

To INGE’MINATE. v. a. [ingemino, Latin.] To double; to
repeat.
He would often ingeminate the word peace, peace. Clarendon.

INGEMINA’TION. n. s. [in and geminatio, Latin.] Repetition;
reduplication.



INGE’NDERER. n. s. [from ingender.] He that generates. See
ENGENDER.

INGE’NERABLE. adj. [in and generate.] Not to be produced
or brought into being.
Divers naturalists esteem the air, as well as other elements,
to be ingenerable and incorruptible. Boyle.

INGE’NERATE. adj. [ingeneratus, Latin.]

INGE’NERATED. adj. [ingeneratus, Latin.]
1. Inborn; innate; inbred.
Those virtues were rather seigned and affected things to
serve his ambition, than true qualities ingenerate in his judg­
ment or nature. Bacon's Henry VII.
In divers children their ingenerate and seminal powers lie
deep, and are of slow disclosure. Wotton.
Those noble habits are ingenerated in the soul, as religion,
gratitude, obedience, and tranquillity. Hale's Origin of Mank.
2. Unbegotten. Not commonly used.
Yet shall we demonstrate the same, from persons presumed
as far from us in condition as time; that is, our first and inge­
nerated forefathers. Brown's Vulg. Err.

INGE’NIOUS. adj. [ingenieux, Fr. ingeniosus, Latin.]
1. Witty; inventive; possessed of genius.
'Tis a per'lous boy,
Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable:
He's all the mother's from the top to toe. Shakesp. R. III.
Our ingenious friend Cowley not only has employed much
eloquence to persuade that truth in his preface, but has in one
of his poems given a noble example of it. Boyle.
2. Mental; intellectual. Not in use.
The king is mad: how stiff is my vile sense,
That I stand up, and have ingenious feeling
Of my huge sorrows; better I were distract. Shakespeare.

INGE’NIOUSLY. adv. [from ingenious.] Wittily; subtily.
I will not pretend to judge by common fears, or the schemes
of men too ingeniously politick. Temple.

INGE’NIOUSNESS. n. s. [from ingenious.]
1. Wittiness; subtilty; strength of genius.
The greater appearance of ingeniousness there is in the prac­
tice I am disapproving, the more dangerous it is. Boyle.

INGE’NITE. adj. [ingenitus, Latin.] Innate; inborn; native;
ingenerate.
Aristotle affirms the mind to be at first a mere rasa tabula;
and that notions are not ingenite, and imprinted by the
finger of nature, but by the latter and more languid impres­
sions of sense, being only the reports of observation, and the
result of so many repeated experiments. South.
We give them this ingenite, moving force,
That makes them always downward take their course. Black.

INGENU’ITY. n. s. [ingenuité, Fr. from ingenuous.]
1. Openness; fairness; candour; freedom from dissimulation.
Such of high quality, or other of particular note, as shall
fall under my pen, I shall not let pass without their due cha­
racter, being part of my professed ingenuity. Wotton.
My constancy I to the planets give;
My truth, to them who at the court do live;
Mine ingenuity and openness
To jesuits; to buffoons my pensiveness. Donne.
I know not whether it be more shame or wonder, that men
can so put off ingenuity, and the native greatness of their kind,
as to descend to so base, so ignoble a vice. Gov. of the Tongue.
If a child, when questioned for any thing, directly confess,
you must commend his ingenuity, and pardon the fault, be it
what it will. Locke.
2. [From ingenious.] Wit; invention; genius; subtilty; acuteness.
These are but the frigidities of wit, and become not the
genius of manly ingenuities. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
The ancient atomical hypothesis might have slept for ever,
had not the ingenuity of the present age recalled it from its urn
and silence. Glanv. Sceps.
Such sots have neither parts nor wit, ingenuity of discourse,
nor fineness of conversation, to entertain or delight any
one. South.
A pregnant instance how far virtue surpasses ingenuity, and
how much an honest simplicity is preferable to fine parts and
subtile speculations. Woodward.

INGE’NUOUS. adj. [ingenuus, Latin.]
1. Open; fair; candid; generous; noble.
Many speeches there are of Job's, whereby his wisdom and
other virtues may appear; but the glory of an ingenuous mind
he hath purchased by these words only, Behold I will lay mine
hand upon my mouth; I have spoken once, yet will I not there­
fore maintain argument: yea twice, howbeit for that cause
further I will not proceed. Hooker.
Infusing into their young breasts such an ingenuous and noble
ardour, as would not fail to make many of them renowned.
Milton on Education.
If an ingenuous detestation of this shameful vice be but
carefully and early instilled, that is the true and genuine me­
thod to obviate dishonesty. Locke.
2. Freeborn; not of servile extraction.
Subjection, as it preserves property, peace, and safety, so it
will never diminish rights nor ingenuous liberties. K. Charles.

INGE’NUOUSLY. adv. [from ingenuous.] Openly; fairly; can­
didly; generously.
Ingenuously I speak,
No blame belongs to thee. Shakesp. Timon.
It was a notable observation of a wise father, and no less in­
genuously confessed, that those which held and persuaded pres­
sure of consciences were commonly interested. Bacon.
I will ingenuously confess, that the helps were taken from
divines of the church of England. Dryden.

INGE’NUOUSNESS. n. s. [from ingenuous.] Openness; fairness;
candour.

I’NGENY. n. s. [ingenium, Lat.] Genius; wit. Not in use.
Whatever of the production of his ingeny comes into foreign
parts, is highly valued. Boyle.

To INGE’ST. v. a. [ingestus, Lat.] To throw into the stomach.
Nor will we affirm that iron, ingested, receiveth in the belly
of the osteridge no alteration. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Some the long funnel's curious mouth extend,
Through which ingested meats with ease descend. Blackm.

INGE’STION. n. s. [from ingest.] The act of throwing into the
stomach.
It has got room enough to grow into its full dimension,
which is performed by the daily ingestion of milk and other
food, that's in a short time after digested into blood. Harvey.

INGLO’RIOUS. adj. [inglorius, Latin.] Void of honour;
mean; without glory.
Lest fear return them back to Egypt, chusing
Inglorious life with servitude. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
It was never held inglorious or derogatory for a king to be
guided by his great council, nor dishonourable for subjects to
yield and bow to their king. Howel.
Yet though our army brought not conquest home,
I did not from the fight inglorious come. Dryd. Ind. Emp.

INGLO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from inglorious.] With ignominy;
with want of glory.
This ease the chief o'ercome,
Replenish'd not ingloriously at home. Pope.

I’NGOT. n. s. [lingot, French; or from ingegoten, melted, Dut.]
A mass of metal.
Some others were new driven, and distent
Into great ingots, and to wedges square. Fairy Queen.
If thou art rich, thou'rt poor;
For like an ass, whose back's with ingots bound,
Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey,
And death unloadeth thee. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
Within the circle arms and tripods lye,
Ingots of gold and silver heap'd on high. Dryden's Æn.
Every one of his pieces is an ingot of gold, intrinsically and
solidly valuable. Prior.

To INGRA’FF. v. a. [in and graff.]
1. To propagate trees by insition.
Nor are the ways alike in all
How to ingraff, how to inoculate. May's Virg. Georg.
2. To plant the sprig of one tree in the stock of another.
3. To plant any thing not native.
All his works on me,
Good or not good, ingraft, my merits those
Shall perfect, and for those alone. Milton.
As next of kin, Achilles' arms I claim;
This fellow would ingraft a foreign name
Upon our stock. Dryden.
4. To fix deep; to settle.
For a spur of diligence, we have a natural thirst after know­
ledge ingrafted in us. Hooker.
'Tis great pity that the noble Moor
Should hazard such a place as his own second,
With one of an ingraft infirmity. Shakesp. Othello.
Ingrafted love he bears to Cæsar. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.

INGRA’FTMENT. n. s. [from ingraft.]
1. The act of ingrafting.
2. The sprig ingrafted.

INGRA’TE. adj. [ingratus, Latin; ingrat, French.]

INGRA’TEFUL. adj. [ingratus, Latin; ingrat, French.]
1. Ungrateful; unthankful.
That we have been familiar,
Ingrate forgetfulness shall poison, rather
Than pity note how much. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
And you degen'rate, you ingrate revolts,
You bloody Neros. Shakesp.
So will fall
He and his faithless progeny: whose fault?
Whose but his own? Ingrate; he had of me
All he could have: I made him just and right,
Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall. Milt. Par. Lost.
Words! which no ear ever to hear in heav'n
Expected; least of all from thee, ingrate! Milt. Par. Lost.
Perfidious and ingrate!
His stores ye ravage, and usurp his state. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Unpleasing to the sense.
The causes of that which is pleasing or ingrate to the hear­
ing, may receive light by that which is pleasing and grateful to
the sight. Bacon's Natural History.
He gives no ingrateful food. Milton.

To INGRA’TIATE. v. a. [in and gratia, Lat.] To put in fa­
vour; to recommend to kindness.


Those have been far from receiving the rewards of such
ingratiatings with the people. King Charles.
Their managers turn water into blood for them, make
them see armies in the air, and give them their word, the
more to ingratiate themselves with them, that they signify
nothing less than future slaughter and desolation. Addison.
Politicians, who would rather ingratiate themselves with
their sovereign than promote his real service, accommodate
his counsels to his inclinations. Spectator, No. 479.

INGRA’TITUDE. n. s. [ingratitude, French; in and gratitude.]
Retribution of evil for good; unthankfulness.
Ingratitude! thou marble-hearted fiend,
More hideous, when thou shew'st thee in a child,
Than the sea monster. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man, and ven­
geance attends those that repay evil for good. L'Estrange.
Nor was it with ingratitude return'd,
In equal fires the blissful couple burn'd;
One joy possess'd 'em both, and in one grief they mourn'd.
Dryden.

INGRE’DIENT. n. s. [ingredient, French; ingrediens, Latin.]
Component part of a body, consisting of different materials.
It is commonly used of the simples of a medicine.
The ointment is made of divers ingredients, whereof the
hardest to come by is the moss upon the skull of a dead man
unburied. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 998.
So deep the pow'r of these ingredients pierc'd,
Ev'n to the inmost seat of mental sight,
That Adam, now enforc'd to shut his eyes,
Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranc'd. Milton.
By this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds
to ingredients, and from motions to the forces producing them;
and in general, from effects to their causes, and from parti­
cular causes to more general ones, till the argument end in
the more general. Newton's Opticks.
I have often wondered, that learning is not thought a pro­
per ingredient in the education of a woman of quality or for­
tune. Addison's Guard. No. 155.
Parts, knowledge, and experience, are excellent ingredients
in a publick character. Rogers's Sermons.
Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and
solids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

I’NGRESS. n. s. [ingres, French; ingressus, Latin.] Entrance;
power of entrance.
All putrefactions come from the ambient body; either by
ingress of the substance of the ambient body into the body
putrefied; or else by excitation of the body putrefied by the
body ambient. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 836.
Those air-bladders, by a sudden subsidence, meet again
by the ingress and egress of the air. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INGRE’SSION. n. s. [ingression, French; ingressio, Lat.] The
act of entering.
The fire would strain the pores of the glass too suddenly,
and break it all in pieces to get ingression. Digby on Bodies.

I’NGUINAL. adj. [inguinal, French; inguen, Lat.] Belonging
to the groin.
The plague seems to be a particular disease, characterised
with eruptions in buboes, by the inflammation and suppura­
tion of the axillary, inguinal, and other glands. Arbuthnot.

To INGU’LF. v. a. [in and gulf.]
1. To swallow up in a vast profundity.
A river large
Pass'd underneath ingulph'd. Milton.
The river flows redundant;
Then rowling back, in his capacious lap
Ingulfs their whole militia, quick immerst. Philips.
2. To cast into a gulf.
If we adjoin to the lords, whether they prevail or not, we
ingulf ourselves into assured danger. Hayward.
Cast out from God, falls
Into utter darkness deep ingulph'd. Milton.

To INGU’RGITATE. v. a. [ingurgito, Latin.] To swallow
down. Dict.

INGURGITA’TION. n. s. [from ingurgitate.] Voracity.

INGU’STABLE. adj. [in and gusto, Lat.] Not perceptible by the
taste.
As for their taste, if the cameleon's nutriment be air,
neither can the tongue be an instrument thereof; for the body
of the element is ingustable, void of all sapidity, and without
any action of the tongue, is, by the rough artery, or wizzen,
conducted into the lungs. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

INH

INHA’BILE. adj. [inhabile, French; inhabilis, Lat.] Unskilful;
unready; unfit; unqualified.

To INHA’BIT. v. a. [habito, Latin.] To dwell in; to hold as
a dweller.
Not all are partakers of that grace whereby Christ inha­
biteth whom he saveth. Hooker.
They shall build houses and inhabit them. Isa. lxv. 21.
She shall be inhabited of devils. Baruch iv. 35.

To INHA’BIT. v. n. To dwell; to live.
Learn what creatures there inhabit. Milton.
They say, wild beasts inhabit here;
But grief and wrong secure my fear. Waller.

INHA’BITABLE. adj. [from inhabit.]
1. Capable of affording habitation.
The fixed stars are all of them suns, with systems of in­
habitable planets moving about them. Locke.
2. [Inhabitable, French.] Incapable of inhabitants; not habi­
table; uninhabitable. Not in use.
The frozen ridges of the Alps,
Or any other ground inhabitable. Shakespeare's Richard II.

INHA’BITANCE. n. s. [from inhabit.] Residence of dwellers.
So the ruins yet resting in the wild moors, testify a former
inhabitance. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

INHA’BITANT. n. s. [from inhabit.] Dweller; one that lives
or resides in a place.
In this place they report that they saw inhabitants, which
were very fair and fat people. Abbot.
If the fervour of the sun were the sole cause of blackness
in any land of negroes, it were also reasonable that inhabi­
tants of the same latitude, subjected unto the same vicinity of
the sun, should also partake of the same hue. Brown.
For his supposed love a third
Lays greedy hold upon a bird,
And stands amaz'd to find his dear
A wild inhabitant of th' air. Waller.
What happier natures shrink at with affright,
The hard inhabitant contends is right. Pope.

INHABITA’TION. n. s. [from inhabit.]
1. Habitation; place of dwelling.
Universal groan,
As if the whole inhabitation perish'd. Milton's Agonist.
2. The act of inhabiting or planting with dwellings; state of
being inhabited.
By knowing this place we shall the better judge of the be­
ginning of nations, and of the world's inhabitation. Raleigh.
3. Quantity of inhabitants.
We shall rather admire how the earth contained its inhabi­
tation than doubt it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

INHA’BITER. n. s. [from inhabit.] One that inhabits; a dweller.
The same name is given unto the inlanders, or midland
inhabiters, of this island. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Wo to the inhabiters of the earth. Rev. viii. 13.
They ought to understand, that there is not only some in­
habiter in this divine house, but also some ruler. Derham.

To INHA’LE. v. a. [inhalo, Latin.] To draw in with air; to
inspire.
Martin was walking forth to inhale the fresh breeze of the
evening. Arbuthnot's and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
But from the breezy deep the blest inhale
The fragrant murmurs of the western gale. Pope's Odyssey.
There sits the shepherd on the grassy turf,
Inhaling healthful the descending sun. Thomson's Spring.

INHARMO’NIOUS. adj. [in and harmonious.] Unmusical; not
sweet of sound.
Catullus, though his lines be rough, and his numbers in­
harmonious, I could recommend for the softness and delicacy,
but must decline for the looseness, of his thoughts. Felton.
The identity of sound may appear a little inharmonious, and
shock the ear. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To INHE’RE. v. n. [inhæreo, Latin.] To exist in something
else.
For, nor in nothing, nor in things
Extreme and scattering bright, can love inhere. Donne.
They do but inhere in their subject which supports them;
their being is a dependence on a subject. Digby on Bodies.

INHE’RENT. adj. [inherent, French; inhærens, Lat.] Existing
in something else, so as to be inseparable from it; innate;
inborn.
I will not do't,
Lest I surcease to honour mine own truth;
And, my body's action, teach my mind
A most inherent baseness. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I mean not the authority which is annexed to your office:
I speak of that only which is inborn and inherent to your
person. Dryden's Juvenal.
The power of drawing iron is one of the ideas of a load­
stone; and a power to be so drawn is a part of the complex
one of iron; which powers pass for inherent qualities. Locke.
Animal oil is various according to principles inherent in it.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
They will be sure to decide in favour of themselves, and
talk much of their inherent right. Swift.
The ideas of such modes can no more be subsistent, than
the idea of redness was just now found to be inherent in the
blood, or that of whiteness in the brain. Bentley's Sermons.
The obligations we are under of distinguishing ourselves as
much by an inherent and habitual, as we are already distin­
guished by an external and relative holiness. Bentley's Serm.

To INHE’RIT. v. a. [enheriter, French.]
1. To receive or possess by inheritance.


Treason is not inherited, my lord. Shak. As you like it.
Why, all delights are vain; but that most vain,
Which with pain purchas'd doth inherit pain. Shakespeare.
Prince Harry is valiant; for the cold blood he did naturally
inherit of his father he hath, like lean, steril land, manured
with excellent good store of fertile sherris. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Mat.
The son can receive from him the portion of good things,
and advantages of education naturally due to him, without
pire, that was vested in him for the good of others; and
therefore the son cannot claim or inherit it by a title, which
is founded wholly on his own private good. Locke.
We must know how the first ruler, from whom any one
claims, came by his authority, before we can know who has
a right to succeed him in it, and inherit it from him. Locke.
Unwilling to sell an estate he had some prospect of inherit­
ing, he formed delays. Addison's Spect. No. 198.
2. To possess; to obtain possession of: in Shakespeare.
He, that had wit, would think that I had none,
To bury so much gold under a tree,
And never after to inherit it. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.

INHE’RITABLE. adj. [from inherit.] Transmissible by inheri­
tance; obtainable by succession.
A kind of inheritable estate accrued unto them. Carew.
By the ancient laws of the realm, they were not inherit­
able to him by descent. Hayward.
Was the power the same, and from the same original in
Moses as it was in David? And was it inheritable in one and
not in the other? Locke.

INHE’RITANCE. n. s. [from inherit.]
1. Patrimony; hereditary possession.
In the book of Numbers it is writ,
When the son dies let the inheritance
Descend unto the daughter. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Is there yet any portion or inheritance for us in our father's
house. Gen. xxxi. 14.
Claim our just inheritance of old. Milton.
Oh dear, unhappy babe! must I bequeath thee
Only a sad inheritance of woe?
Gods! cruel gods! can't all my pains atone,
Unless they reach my infant's guiltless head? Smith.
2. In Shakespeare, possession.
You will rather shew our general lowts
How you can frown, than spend a fawn upon them,
For the inheritance of their loves, and safeguard
Of what that want might ruin. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
3. The reception of possession by hereditary right.
Men are not proprietors of what they have merely for
themselves, their children have a title to part of it, which
comes to be wholly theirs, when death has put an end to their
parents use of it; and this we call inheritance. Locke.

INHE’RITOR. n. s. [from inherit.] An heir; one who receives
any thing by succession.
You, like a letcher, out of whorish loins,
Are pleas'd to breed out your inheritors. Shakespeare.
The sole inheritor
Of all perfections that a man may owe. Shakespears.
The very conveyances of his lands will hardly lie in this
box; and must the inheritor himself have no more? Shakesp.
Marriage without consent of parents they do not make
void, but they mulct it in the inheritors; for the children of
such marriages are not admitted to inherit above a third part
of their parents inheritance. Bacon's New Atlantis.

INHE’RITRESS. n. s. [from inheritor.] An heiress; a woman
that inherits.
Having given artificially some hopes to marry Anne, inhe­
ritress to the duchy of Bretagne. Bacon's Henry VII.

INHE’RITRIX. n. s. [from inheritor.] An heiress. This is now
more commonly used, though inheritress be a word more ana­
logically English.
Charles the great
Establish'd then this law, to wit, No feme
Should be inheritrix in Salike land. Shakesp. Henry V.

To INHE’RSE. v. a. [in and herse.] To inclose, in a funeral
monument.
See, where he lies, inhersed in the arms
Of the most bloody nurser of his harms. Shak. Henry VI.

INHE’SION. n. s. [inhæsia, Latin.] Inherence; the state of ex­
isting in something else.

To INHI’BIT. v. a. [inhibeo, Lat. inhiber, French.]
1. To restrain; to hinder; to repress; to check.
Holding of the breath doth help somewhat to cease the
hiccough; and vinegar put to the nostrils or gargerised doth
it also, for that it is astringent, and inhibiteth the motion of
the spirits. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 686.
The stars and planets being whirled about with great ve­
locity, would suddenly, did nothing inhibit it, be shattered in
pieces. Ray on the Creation.
Their motions also are excited and inhibited, are moderated
and managed, by the objects without them. Bentley's Serm.
2. To prohibit; to forbid.
All men were inhibited by proclamation, at the dissolution,
so much as to mention a parliament. Clarendon.
Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one. Affliffe.

INHIBI’TION. n. s. [inhibition, Fr. inhibitio, Latin.]
1. Prohibition; embargo.
He might be judged to have imposed an envious inhibition
on it, because himself has not stock enough to maintain the
trade. Government of the Tongue, s. 7.
2. [In law.]
Inhibition is a writ to inhibit or forbid a judge from farther
proceeding in the cause depending before him. Inhibition is
most commonly a writ issuing out of a higher court Christian
to a lower and inferior, upon an appeal; and prohibition out
of the king's court to a court Christian, or to an inferior
temporal court. Cowell.

To INHO’LD. v. a. [in and hold.] To have inherent; to con­
tain in itself.
It is disputed, whether this light first created be the same
which the sun inholdeth and casteth forth, or whether it had
continuance any longer than till the sun's creation. Raleigh.

INHO’SPITABLE. adj. [in and hospitable.] Affording no kindness
nor entertainment to strangers.
All places else
Inhospitable appear, and desolate;
Nor knowing us, nor known. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Since toss'd from shores to shores, from lands to lands,
Inhospitable rocks, and barren sands. Dryden's Virgil.

INHO’SPITABLY. adv. [from inhospitable.] Unkindly to strangers.
Of guests he makes them slaves
Inhospitably; and kills their infant males. Milton's Pa. Lost.

INHOSPI’TABLENESS. n. s. [in and hospitality; inhospitalité,
Fr.] Want of hospitality; want of
courtesy to strangers.

INHOSPITA’LITY. n. s. [in and hospitality; inhospitalité,
Fr.] Want of hospitality; want of
courtesy to strangers.

INHU’MAN. adj. [inhumain, Fr. inhumanus, Latin.] Barba­
rous; savage; cruel; uncompassionate.
A just war may be persecuted after a very unjust manner;
by perfidious breaches of our word, by inhuman cruelties,
and by assassinations. Atterbury's Sermons.
The more these praises were enlarged, the more inhuman
was the punishment, and the sufferer more innocent.
Gulliver's Travels.
Princes and peers attend! while we impart
To you the thoughts of no inhuman heart. Pope's Odyssey.

INHUMA’NITY. n. s. [inhumanité, French; from inhuman.]
Cruelty; savageness; barbarity.
Banished
Her mind, beams, state, far from thy weak twigs,
And love with lover hurts is inhumanity. Sidney, b. i.
The rudeness of those who must make up their want or
justice with inhumanity and impudence. King Charles.
Each social feeling fell,
And joyless inhumanity pervades,
And petrifies the heart. Thomson's Spring, l. 305.

INHU’MANLY. adv. [from inhuman.] Savagely; cruelly; bar­
barously.
O what are these
Death's ministers, not men: who thus deal death
Inhumanly to men; and multiply
Ten thousand fold the sin of him who slew
His brother. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
I, who have established the whole system of all true po­
liteness and refinement in conversation, think myself most in­
humanly treated by my countrymen. Swift.

To I’NHUMATE. v. a. [inhumer, French; humo, Lat.] To
bury; to inter.

To INHU’ME. v. a. [inhumer, French; humo, Lat.] To
bury; to inter.
Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain,
Inhume the natives in their native plain. Pope's Odyssey.

To INJE’CT. v. a. [injectus, Latin.]
1. To throw in; to dart in.
Angels inject thoughts into our minds, and know our co­
gitations. Glanville's Scep. c. 24.
2. To throw up; to cast up.
Though bold in open field, they yet surround
The town with walls, and mound inject on mound. Pope.

INJE’CTION. n. s. [injection, French; injectio, Latin.]
1. The act of casting in.
This salt powdered was, by the repeated injection of well­
kindled charcoal, made to flash like melted nitre. Boyle.
2. Any medicine made to be injected by a syringe, or any other
instrument, into any part of the body. Quincy.
3. The act of filling the vessels with wax, or any other proper
matter, to shew their shapes and ramifications, often done by
anatomists. Quincy.

INI

INIMITABI’LITY. n. s. [from inimitable.] Incapacity to be imi­
tated.
Truths must have an eternal existence in some understand­
ing; or rather they are the same with that understanding it­
self, considered as variously representative, according to the
various modes of inimitability or participation. Norris.

INI’MITABLE. adj. [inimitabilis, Latin; inimitable, French.]
Above imitation; not to be copied.
The portal shone, inimitable on earth
By model, or by shading pencil drawn. Milton.
What is most excellent is most inimitable. Denham.


And imitate the inimitable force. Dryden.
Virgil copied this circumstance from the ancient sculptors,
in that inimitable description of military fury in the temple of
Janus. Addison on ancient Medals.

INIMI’TABLY. adv. [from inimitable.] In a manner not to be
imitated; to a degree of excellence above imitation.
A man could not have been always blind who thus inimita­
bly copies nature. Pope's Essay on Homer.
Thus terribly adorn'd the figures shine,
Inimitably wrought with skill divine. Pope.
Charms such as thine, inimitably great. Broome.

INJ

To INJO’IN. v. a. [enjoindre, French; injungo, Latin.]
1. To command; to enforce by authority. See ENJOIN.
Laws do not only teach what is good, but they injoin it;
they have in them a certain constraining force. Hooker, b. i.
This garden tend, our pleasant task injoin'd. Milton.
2. In Shakespeare, to join.
The Ottomites
Steering with due course towards the isle of Rhodes,
Have there injoin'd them with a fleet. Shakespeare.

INI’QUITOUS. adj. [inique, Fr. from iniquity.] Unjust; wicked.

INI’QUITY. n. s. [iniquitas, Lat. iniquité, French.]
1. Injustice; unreasonableness.
There is greater or less probability of an happy issue to a
tedious war, according to the righteousness or iniquity of the
cause for which it was commenced. Smalridge's Sermons.
2. Wickedness; crime.
Want of the knowledge of God is the cause of all iniquity
amongst men. Hooker, b. v.
Till God at last,
Wearied with their iniquities, withdraw
His presence from among them. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.

INI’TIAL. adj. [initial, French; initialis, from initium, Lat.]
1. Placed at the beginning.
In the editions, which had no more than the initial letters,
he was made by Keys to hurt the inoffensive. Pope.
2. Incipient; not complete.
Moderate labour of the body conduces to the preservation
of health, and cures many initial diseases; but the toil of the
mind destroys health, and generates maladies. Harvey.
The schools have used a middle term to express this affec­
tion, and have called it the initial fear of God. Rogers.

To INI’TIATE. v. a. [initier, French; initio, Lat.] To en­
ter; to instruct in the rudiments of an art; to place in a new
state; to put into a new society.
Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful
knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our
industry. More's Antidote against Atheism.
To initiate his pupil in any part of learning, an ordinary
skill in the governour is enough. Locke on Education.
He was initiated into half a dozen clubs before he was one
and twenty. Spectator, No. 576.
No sooner was a convert initiated, but, by an easy figure,
he became a new man. Addison.

To INI’TIATE. v. n. To do the first part; to perform the
first rite.
The king himself initiates to the pow'r,
Scatters with quiv'ring hand the sacred flour,
And the stream sprinkles. Pope's Odyssey.

INI’TIATE. adj. [initié, Fr. initiatus, Lat.] Unpractised.
My strange and self-abuse
Is the initiate fear; that wants hard use:
We're yet but young. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

INITIA’TION. n. s. [initiatio, Lat. from initiate.] The act of
entering of a new comer into any art or state.
The ground of initiating or entering men into Christian
life, is more summarily comprised in the form of baptism,
the ceremony of this initiation instituted by Christ. Hammond.
Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initiation
into sacred mysteries. Broome's Notes to the Odyssey.

INJUCU’NDITY. n. s. [in and jucundity.] Unpleasantness.

INJU’DICABLE. adj. [in and judico, Lat.] Not cognizable by a
judge.

INJUDI’CIAL. adj. [in and judicial.] Not according to form of
law. Dict.

INJUDI’CIOUS. adj. [in and judicious.] Void of judgment; with­
out judgment.
A philosopher would either think me in jest, or very inju­
dicious, if I took the earth for a body regular in itself, if com­
pared with the rest of the universe. Burnet.
A sharp wit may find something in the wisest man, whereby
to expose him to the contempt of injudicious people. Tillotson.

INJUDI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from injudicious.] With ill judgment;
not wisely.
Scaliger injudiciously condemns this description. Broome.

INJU’NCTION. n. s. [from injoin; injunctus, injunctio, Latin.]
Command; order; precept.
The institution of God's law is described as being esta­
blished by solemn injunction. Hooker, b. i.
My duty cannot suffer
T' obey in all your daughter's hard commands;
Though the injunction be to bar my doors,
And let this tyrannous night take hold upon you. Shakesp.
For, still they knew; and ought t' have still remember'd
The high injunction, not to taste that fruit,
Whoever tempted. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
The ceremonies of the church are necessary as the injunc­
tions of lawful authority, the practice of the primitive church,
and the general rules of decency. South.
2. [In law.] Injunction is an interlocutory decree out of the
chancery, sometimes to give possession unto the plaintiff for
want of appearance in the defendants, sometimes to the king's
ordinary court, and sometimes to the court-christian, to stay
proceeding. Cowell.

To I’NJURE. v. a. [injurier, French; injuria, Lat.]
1. To hurt unjustly; to mischief undeservedly; to wrong.
They injure by chance in a crowd, and without a design;
then hate always whom they have once injured. Temple.
Forgiveness to the injur'd does belong;
But they ne'er pardon who commit the wrong. Dryden.
2. To annoy; to affect with any inconvenience.
Lest heat should injure us, his timely care
Hath unbesought provided. Milton.

I’NJURER. n. s. [from injure, Lat.] He that hurts another un­
justly; one who wrongs another.
Ill deeds are well turn'd back upon their authors;
And 'gainst an injurer, the revenge is just. Benj. Johnson.
The upright judge will countenance right, and discounte­
nance wrong, whoever be the injurer or the sufferer. Atterb.

INJU’RIOUS. adv. [from injury; injurius, Lat. injurieux, Fr.]
1. Unjust; invasive of another's rights.
Till the injurious Roman did extort
This tribute from us, we were free. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Injurious strength would rapine still excuse,
By off'ring terms the weaker must refuse. Dryden.
2. Guilty of wrong or injury.
Yet beauty, though injurious, hath strange power,
After offence returning, to regain
Love once possest. Milton's Agonist. l. 1003.
3. Mischievous; unjustly hurtful.
Our repentance is not real, because we have not done what
we can to undo our fault, or at least to hinder the injurious
consequences of it from proceeding. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. Detractory; contumelious; reproachful; wrongful.
A prison, indeed injurious, because a prison, but else well
testifying affection, because in all respects as commodious as
a prison can be. Sidney, b. ii.
It is natural for a man, by directing his prayers to an
image, to suppose the being he prays to represented by that
image: which how injurious, how contumelious must it be
to the glorious nature of God? South's Sermons.
If injurious appellations were of any advantage to a cause,
what appellations would those deserve who thus endeavour to
sow the seeds of sedition. Swift.

INJU’RIOUSLY. adv. [from injurious.] Wrongfully; hurtfully
with injustice.
Nor ought he to neglect the vindication of his character,
when it is injuriously attacked. Pope and Gay.

INJU’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from injurious.] Quality of being in­
jurious.
Some miscarriages might escape, rather through sudden ne­
cessities of state than any propensity either to injuriousness or
oppression. King Charles.

I’NJURY. n. s. [injuria, Lat. injure, Fr.]
1. Hurt without justice.
The town of Bouline, and other places, were acquired by
just title of victory; and therefore in keeping of them no in­
jury was offered. Hayward.
Riot ascends above their loftiest tow'rs,
And injury and outrage. Milton.
2. Mischief; detriment.
Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling upon tri­
fling arguments. Watts's Logick.
3. Annoyance.
Great injuries such vermin as mice and rats do in the fields.
Mortimer.
4. Contumelious language; reproachful appellation.
Casting off the respects fit to be continued between great
kings, he fell to bitter invectives against the French king; and,
by how much he was the less able to do, talking so much the
more, spake all the injuries he could devise of Charles. Bacon.

INJU’STICE. n. s. [injustice, French; injustitia, Lat.] Iniqui­
ty; wrong.
Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without
being discovered, or at least without being punished. Swift.

INK

INK. n. s. [encre, French; inchiostro, Italian.] The black
liquor with which men write.
Mourn boldly my ink; for while she looks upon you, your
blackness will shine. Sidney. b. ii.
O! she's fallen
Into a pit of ink, that the wide sea
Hath drops too few to wash her clean again. Shakespeare.
Write, my queen,
And with mine eyes I'll drink the works you send,
Though ink be made of gall. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Like madmen they hurl'd stones and ink. Benj. Johnson.


Intending to have try'd
The silver favour which you gave,
In ink the shining point I dy'd,
And drench'd it in the sable wave. Waller.
Vitriol is the active or chief ingredient in ink, and no other
salt will strike the colour with galls. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
I have found pens blacked almost all over when I had a
while carried them about me in a silver ink case. Boyle.
The secretary poured the ink box all over the writings, and
so defaced them. Howel's Vocal Forest.
He that would live clear of envy must lay his finger upon
his mouth, and keep his hand out of the ink pot. L'Estrange.
I could hardly restrain them from throwing the ink bottle
at one another's heads. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
2. Ink is used for any liquor with which they write: as, red
ink; green ink.

To INK. v. a. [from the noun.] To black or daub with ink:
as, his face is all over inked.

INKHO’RN. n. s. [ink and horn.] A portable case for the instru­
ments of writing, commonly made of horn.
Bid him bring his pen and inkhorn to the jail; we are now
to examine those men. Shakesp. Much ado about Nothing.
Ere that we will suffer such a prince
To be disgrac'd by an inkhorn mate,
We, and our wives and children, all will fight. Shakesp.
What is more frequent than to say, a silver inkhorn. Grew.

I’NKLE. n. s. A kind of narrow fillet; a tape.
Incles, caddisses, cambricks, lawns: why he songs them
over as they were gods and goddesses. Shakespeare.
I twitch'd his dangling garter from his knee:
He wist not when the hempen string I drew,
Now mine I quickly doff of inkle blue. Gay's Pastorals.

I’NKLING. n. s. [This word is derived by Skinner from inklinc­
ken, to sound within. This sense is still retained in Scotland:
as, I heard not an inkling.] Hint; whisper; intimation.
Our business is not unknown to the senate: they have had
inkling what we intend to do, which now we'll shew them in
deeds. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
We in Europe, notwithstanding all the remote discoveries
and navigations of this last age, never heard of any of the
least inkling or glimpse of this island. Bacon's New Atlantis.
They had some inkling of secret messages betwen the mar­
quis of Newcastle and young Hotham. Clarendon, b. viii.
Aboard a Corinthian vessel he got an inkling among the
ship's crew of a conspiracy. L'Estrange's Fables.

I’NKMAKER. n. s. [ink and maker.] He who makes ink.

I’NKY. adj. [from ink.]
1. Consisting of ink.
England bound in with the triumphant sea,
Whose rocky shore beats back the envious siege
Of wat'ry Neptune, is bound in with shame,
With inky blots and rotten parchment bonds. Shakespeare.
2. Resembling ink.
The darkness of the liquor presently began to be discussed,
and grow pretty clear and transparent, losing its inky black­
ness. Boyle on Colours.
3. Black as ink.
'Tis not alone my inky cloak good mother,
Nor customary suits of solemn black,
That can denote me truly. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

INL

I’NLAND. adj. [in and land.] Interior; lying remote from the sea.
In this wide inland sea, that hight by name,
The idle lake, my wand'ring ship I row. Fairy Queen.
Goodly laws, like little inland seas, will carry even ships
upon their waters. Spenser's State of Ireland.
An old religious uncle of mine was, in his youth, an in­
land man. Shakespeare's As you like it.
A substitute shines brightly as a king,
Until a king be by; and then his state
Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
This person did publish a pamphlet printed in England for
a general excise, or inland duty. Swift.

I’NLAND. n. s. Interior or midland parts.
Out of these small beginnings, gotten near to the moun­
tains, did they spread themselves into the Inland. Spenser.
They of those marches shall defend
Our inland from the pilferring borderers. Shakespeare.
The rest were all
Far to th' inland retir'd, about the walls
Of Pandæmonium. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

I’NLANDER. n. s. [from inland.] Dweller remote from the sea.
The same name is given unto the inlanders, or midland in­
habiters of this island. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

To INLA’PIDATE. v. a. [in and lapido, Lat.] To make stoney;
to turn to stone.
Some natural spring waters will in'apidate wood; so that
you shall see one piece of wood, whereof the part above the
water shall continue wood, and the part under the water
shall be turned into a kind of gravelly stone. Bacon.

To INLA’Y. v. a. [in and lay.]
1. To diversify with different bodies inserted into the ground or
substratum.
They are worthy
To inlay heav'n with stars. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Look, how the floor of heav'n
Is thick inlaid with patens of bright gold. Shakespeare.
A saphire throne, inlaid with pure
Amber, and colours of the show'ry arch. Milton.
The timber bears a great price with the cabinet makers,
when large, for inlaying. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Here clouded canes 'midst heaps of toys are found,
And inlaid tweezer cases strow the ground. Gay.
2. To make variety by being inserted into bodies; to varie­
gate.
Sea-girt isles,
That like to rich and various gems inlay
The unadorned bosom of the deep. Milton.

INLA’Y. n. s. [from the verb.] Matter inlaid; wood formed
to inlay.
Under foot the violet,
Crocus, and hyacinth, with rich inlay,
Broider'd the ground. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.

To INLA’W. v. a. [in and law.] To clear of outlawry or at­
tainder.
It should be a great incongruity to have them to make
laws, who themselves were not inlawed. Bacon's Henry VII.

I’NLET. n. s. [in and let.] Passage; place of ingress; entrance.
Doors and windows, inlets of men and of light, I couple
together, because I find their dimensions brought under one.
Wotton.
She through the porch and inlet of each sense
Dropt in ambrosial oils till she reviv'd. Milton.
I desire any one to assign any simple idea, which is not re­
ceived from one of these inlets. Locke.
A fine bargain indeed, to part with all our commodious
ports, which the greater the inlet is are so much the better,
for the imaginary pleasure of a streight shore. Bentley.
Inlets amongst broken lands and islands, rocks and shoals.
Ellis's Voyage.

I’NLY. adj. [from in.] Interior; internal; secret.
Didst thou but know the inly touch of love,
Thou would'st as soon go kindle fire with snow,
As seck to quench the fire of love with words. Shakesp.

I’NLY. adv. Internally; within; secretly; in the heart.
Her heart with joy unwonted inly swell'd,
As feeling wond'rous comfort in her weaker eld. Fa. Qu.
I've inly wept,
Or should have spoke ere this. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Whereat he inly rag'd, and as they talk'd,
Smote him into the midriff with a stone,
That beat out life. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
The stubborn only to destroy
These growing thoughts, my mother soon perceiving
By words at times cast forth, inly rejoic'd,
And said to me apart. Milton's Par. Reg. b. i.
The soldiers shout around with gen'rous rage;
He prais'd their ardor: inly pleas'd to see
His host. Dryden's Knight's Tale.

I’NMATE. n. s. [in and mate.]
Inmates are those that be admitted to dwell for their money
jointly with another man, though in several rooms of his
mansion-house, passing in and out by one door. Cowell.
So spake the enemy of mankind, inclos'd
In serpent, inmate bad! and toward Eve
Address'd his way. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
There he dies, and leaves his race
Growing into a nation; and now grown,
Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks
To stop their overgrowth, as inmate guests
Too numerous. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
Home is the sacred refuge of our life,
Secur'd from all approaches but a wife:
If thence we fly, the cause admits no doubt,
None but an inmate foe could force us out. Dryden's Aur.

I’NMOST. adj. [from in.] Deepest within; remotest from the
surface.
'Tis you must dig with mattock and with spade,
And pierce the inmost centre of the earth. Shakespeare.
Rising sighs and falling tears,
That show too well the warm desires,
The silent, slow, consuming fires,
Which on my inmost vitals prey,
And melt my very soul away. Addison on Italy.
Comparing the quantity of light reflected from the several
rings, I found that it was most copious from the first or in­
most, and in the exterior rings became less and less. Newton.
He sends a dreadful groan: the rocks around
Through all their inmost hollow caves resound. Pope.
I got into the inmost court, and I applied my face to the
windows. Gulliver's Travels.

INN

INN. n. s. [inn, Saxon, a chamber.] A house of entertain­
ment for travellers.
How all this is but a fair inn,
Of fairer guests which dwell within. Sidney, b. ii.


Palmer, quoth he, death is an equal doom
To good and bad, the common inn of rest;
But, after death, the trial is to come,
When best shall be to them that lived best. Fairy Queen.
Now day is spent,
Therefore with me ye may take up your inn. Fairy Queen.
The West, that glimmers with some streaks of day,
Now spurs the lated traveller apace
To gain the timely inn. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
That very hour, and in the self-same inn,
A poor mean woman was delivered. Shakespeare.
Like pilgrims to th' appointed place we tend;
The world's an inn, and death the journey's end. Dryden.
One may learn more here in one day, than in a year's ram­
bling from one inn to another. Locke.
2. A house where students were boarded and taught: whence we
still call the colleges of common law inns of court.
Go some and pull down the Savoy; others to the inns of
courts: down with them all. Shakesp. Henry VI.

To INN. v. n. [from the noun.] To take up temporary
lodging.
In thyself dwell;
Inn any where: continuance maketh hell. Donne.

To INN. v. a. To house; to put under cover.
He that ears my land, spares my team, and gives me leave
to inn the crop. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Howsoever the laws made in that parliament did bear good
fruit, yet the subsidy bare a fruit that proved harsh and bitter:
all was inned at last into the king's barn. Bacon's Henry VII.
Mow clover or rye-grass, and make it fit to inn. Mortimer.

INNA’TE. adj. [inné, Fr. innatus, Latin.] Inborn; in­
generate; natural; not superadded; not adsci­
titious. It is applied to things as well as persons; but more
properly to persons.

INNA’TED. adj. [inné, Fr. innatus, Latin.] Inborn; in­
generate; natural; not superadded; not adsci­
titious. It is applied to things as well as persons; but more
properly to persons.
The Druinian hath been cried up for an innated inte­
grity, and accounted the uprightest dealer on earth. Howel.
With eloquence innate his tongue was arm'd;
Though harsh the precept, yet the people charm'd. Dryden.
Mutual gravitation, or spontaneous attraction, cannot pos­
sibly be innate and essential to matter. Bentley's Serm.

INNA’TENESS. n. s. [from innate.] The quality of being in­
nate.

INNA’VIGABLE. adj. [innavigabilis, Latin.] Not to be passed
by sailing.
If you so hard a toil will undertake,
As twice to pass th' innavigable lake,
Receive my counsel. Dryden's Æn.

INNER. adj. [from in.] Interiour; not outward.
But th' elfin knight with wonder all the way
Did feed his eyes, and fill'd his inner thought. Fairy Queen.
This attracts the soul,
Governs the inner man, the nobler part;
That other o'er the body only reigns. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Many families are established in the West Indies, and some
discovered in the inner parts of America. Addison's Spectator.
The kidney is a conglomerated gland, which is to be under­
stood only of the outer part; for the inner part, whereof the
papillæ are composed, is muscular. Grew's Cosmol.
Thus, seiz'd with sacred fear, the monarch pray'd;
Then to his inner court the guests convey'd. Pope.

INNE’RMOST. adj. [from inner. It seems less proper than in­
most.] Remotest from the outward part.
The reflected beam of light would be so broad at the dis­
tance of six feet from the speculum, where the rings appeared,
as to obscure one or two of the innermost rings. Newton.

INNHO’LDER. n. s. [inn and hold.] A man who keeps an inn;
an innkeeper.

I’NNINGS. n. s. Lands recovered from the sea. Ainsworth.

INNKE’EPER. n. s. [inn and keeper.] One who keeps lodgings
and provisions for the entertainment of travellers.
Clergymen must not keep a tavern, nor a judge be an inn­
keeper. Taylor's Rule of holy living.
A factious innkeeper, in the reign of Henry VII. was hanged,
drawn, and quartered. Addison's Freeholder.
We were not so inquisitive about the inn as the innkeeper;
and provided our landlord's principles were sound, did not take
any notice of the staleness of his provisions. Addison.

I’NNOCENCE. n. s. [innocence, French; innocentia, Latin.]

I’NNOCENCY. n. s. [innocence, French; innocentia, Latin.]
1. Purity from injurious action; untainted integrity.
Simplicity and spotless innocence. Milton.
What comfort does overflow the devout soul, from a con­
science of its own innocence and integrity. Tillotson.
2. Freedom from guilt imputed.
It will help me nothing
To plead mine innocence; for that dye is on me
Which makes my whit'st part black. Shakes. Henry VIII.
If truth and upright innocency fail me,
I'll to the king my master. Shakes. H. IV.
3. Harmlessness; innoxiousness.
The air was calm and serene; none of those tumultuary
motions and conflicts of vapours, which the mountains and
the winds cause in ours: 'twas suited to a golden age, and to
the first innocency of nature. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. Simplicity of heart, perhaps with some degree of weakness.
I urge this childhood proof,
Because what follows is pure innocence. Shakespeare.

I’NNOCENT. adj. [innocent, French; innocens, Latin.]
1. Pure from mischief.
Something
You may deserve of him through me and wisdom,
To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb,
T' appease an angry god. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Wreck on innocent frail man his loss. Milton.
2. Free from any particular guilt.
Good madam, keep yourself within yourself;
The man is innocent. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The peasant, innocent of all these ills,
With crooked ploughs the fertile fallows tills,
And the round year with daily labour fills. Dryden.
3. Unhurtful; harmless in effects.
The spear
Sung innocent, and spent its force in air. Pope.

I’NNOCENT. n. s.
1. One free from guilt or harm.
So pure an innocent as that same lamb. Fairy Queen.
Thou hast kill'd the sweetest innocent,
That e'er did lift up eye. Shakesp. Othello.
If murth'ring innocents be executing,
Why, then thou art an executioner. Shakes. Henry VI.
2. A natural; an idiot.
Innocents are excluded by natural defects. Hooker.

I’NNOCENTLY. adv. [from innocent.]
1. Without guilt.
The humble and contented man pleases himself innocently
and easily, while the ambitious man attempts to please others
sinfully and difficultly. South's Sermons.
2. With simplicity; with silliness or imprudence.
3. Without hurt.
Balls at his feet fell innocently dead. Cowley.

INNO’CUOUS. adj. [innocuus, Latin.] Harmless in effects.
The most dangerous poisons, skilfully managed, may be
made not only innocuous, but of all other medicines the most
effectual. Grew's Cosmol.

INNO’CUOUSLY. adv. [from innocuous.] Without mischievous
effects.
Whether quails, from any peculiarity of constitution, do
innocuously feed upon hellebore, or rather sometimes but medi­
cally use the same. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

INNO’CUOUSNESS. n. s. [from innocuous.] Harmlessness.
The blow which shakes a wall, or beats it down, and kills
men, hath a greater effect than that which penetrates into a
mud wall, and doth little harm; for that innocuousness of the
effect makes, that, although in itself it be as great as the other,
yet 'tis little observed. Digby on Bodies.

To I’NNOVATE. v. a. [innover, French; innovo, Latin.]
1. To bring in something not known before.
Time indeed innovateth greatly, but quietly and by de­
grees. Bacon.
Men pursue some few principles which they have chanced
upon, and care not to innovate, which draws unknown incon­
veniences. Bacon.
Former things
Are set aside like abdicated kings;
And every moment alters what is done,
And innovates some act 'till then unknown. Dryden.
Every man cannot distinguish betwixt pedantry and poetry;
every man therefore is not fit to innovate. Dryden.
2. To change by introducing novelties.
From his attempts upon the civil power he proceeds to inno­
vate God's worship. South's Sermons.

INNOVA’TION. n. s. [innovation, French, from innovate.] Change
by the introduction of novelty.
The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness; but levity
and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations. Hooker.
It were good that men in innovations would follow the ex­
ample of time itself, which indeed innovateth greatly, but
quietly and by degrees. Bacon's Essays.
Great changes may be made in a government, yet the form
continue; but large intervals of time must pass between every
such innovation, enough to make it of a piece with the con­
stitution. Swift.

INNOVA’TOR. n. s. [innovateur, French, from innovate.]
1. An introductor of novelties.
I attach thee as a traiterous innovator,
A foe to th' publick weal. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Every medicine is an innovation; and he that will not ap­
ply new remedies, must expect new evils; for time is the
greatest innovator: and if time of course alter things to the
worse, and wisdom and counsel shall not alter them to the
better, what shall be the end? Bacon's Essays.
2. One that makes changes by introducing novelties.
He counsels him to detest and persecute all innovators of di­
vine worship. South's Sermons.



INNO’XIOUS. adj. [innoxius, Latin.]
1. Free from mischievous effects.
Innoxious flames are often seen on the hair of mens heads
and horses manes. Digby.
We may safely use purgatives, they being benign, and of
innoxious qualities. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Sent by the better genius of the night,
Innoxious gleaming on the horse's mane,
The meteor sits. Thomson's Autumn.
2. Pure from crimes.
Stranger to civil and religious rage,
The good man walk'd innoxious through his age. Pope.

INNO’XIOUSLY. adv. [from innoxious.] Harmlesly.
Animals, that can innoxiously digest these poisons, become
antidotal to the poison digested. Brown's Vulgar Err.

INNO’XIOUSNESS. n. s. [from innoxious.] Harmlessness.

INNUE’NDO. n. s. [innuendo, from innuo, Latin.] An oblique
hint.
As if the commandments, that require obedience and for­
bid murder, were to be indicted for a libellous innuendo upon
all the great men that come to be concerned. L'Estrange.
Mercury, though employed on a quite contrary errand,
owns it a marriage by an innuendo. Dryden.
Pursue your trade of scandal-picking,
Your hints that Stella is no chicken;
Your innuendo's, when you tell us,
That Stella loves to talk with fellows. Swift.

INNU’MERABLE. adj. [innumerable, Fr. innumerabilis, Lat.] Not
to be counted for multitude.
You have sent innumerable substance
To furnish Rome, and to prepare the ways
You have for dignities. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Cover me, ye pines,
Ye cedars! with innumerable boughs
Hide me where I may never see them more. Milton.
In lines, which appear of an equal length, one may be
longer than the other by innumerable parts. Locke.

INNU’MERABLY. adv. [from innumerable.] Without number.

INNU’MEROUS. adj. [innumerus, Latin.] Too many to be
counted.
'Twould be some solace yet, some little chearing,
In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs. Milton.
I take the wood,
And in thick shelter of innum'rous boughs,
Enjoy the comfort gentle sleep allows. Pope's Odyssey.

INO

To INO’CULATE. v. a. [inoculo, in and oculus, Latin.]
1. To propagate any plant by inserting its bud into another
stock; to practise inoculation. See INOCULATION.
Nor are the ways alike in all
How to ingraff, how to inoculate. May's Virg. Georg.
Now is the season for the budding of the orange-tree: in­
oculate therefore at the commencement of this month. Evelyn.
But various are the ways to change the state,
To plant, to bud, to graft, to inoculate. Dryden.
2. To yield a bud to another stock.
Virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock, but we shall relish
of it. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Thy stock is too much out of date,
For tender plants t' inoculate. Cleaveland.
Where lilies, in a lovely brown,
Inoculate carnation. Cleaveland.

INOCULA’TION. n. s. [inoculatio, Lat. from inoculate.]
1. Inoculation is practised upon all sorts of stone-fruit, and upon
oranges and jasmines. In order to perform it, be provided
with a sharp pen-knife, having a flat haft, and some sound
bass-mat. Having taken off the cuttings from the trees
you would propagate, chuse a smooth part of the stock; then
with your knife make an horizontal cut cross the rind of the
stock, and from the middle of that cut make a slit downwards
about two inches in length in the form of a T; but be care­
ful not to cut too deep, lest you wound the stock: then having
cut off the leaf from the bud, leaving the foot-stalk remain­
ing, make a cross cut about half an inch below the eye, and
with your knife slit off the bud, with part of the wood to it.
This done, with your knife pull off that part of the wood
which was taken with the bud, observing whether the eye of
the bud be left to it or not; for all these buds which lose their
eyes in stripping are good for nothing: then raising the bark of
the stock with the flat haft of your pen-knife clear-to the wood,
thrust the bud therein, placing it smooth between the rind and
the wood of the stock, cutting off any part of the rind belong­
ing to the bud which may be too long; and so having exactly
fitted the bud to the stock, tie them closely round with bass­
mat, beginning at the under part of the slit, and so proceed to
the top, taking care not to bind round the eye of the bud.
The March following cut off the stock three inches above the
bud, sloping it, that the wet may pass off: to this part of the
stock, above the bud, fasten the shoot which proceeds from
the bud, and which would be in danger of being blown out;
but this must continue no longer than one year, after which it
must be cut off close above the bud, that the stock may be co­
vered thereby. Miller.
In the stem of Elaiana they all met, and came to be in­
grafted all upon one stock, most of them by inoculation. Howel.
2. The practice of transplanting the small-pox, by infusion of
the matter from ripened pustules into the veins of the unin­
fected, in hopes of procuring a milder sort than what frequent­
ly comes by infection. Quincy.
It is evident, by inoculation, that the smallest quantity of the
matter, mixed with the blood, produceth the disease. Arbuthn.

INOCULA’TOR. n. s. [from inoculate.]
1. One that practises the inoculation of trees.
2. One who propagates the small-pox by inoculation.
Had John a Gaddesden been now living, he would have been
at the head of the inoculators. Friend's Hist. of Physick.

INO’DORATE. adj. [in and odoratus, Lat.] Having no scent.
Whites are more inodorate than flowers of the same kind
coloured. Bacon's Natural History.

INO’DOROUS. adj. [inodorus, Latin.] Wanting scent; not af­
fecting the nose.
The white of an egg is a viscuous, unactive, insipid, inodo­
rous liquor. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INOFFE’NSIVE. adj. [in and offensive.]
1. Giving no scandal; giving no provocation.
A stranger, inoffensive, unprovoking. Fleetwood.
However inoffensive we may be in other parts of our con­
duct, if we are found wanting in this trial of our love, we
shall be disowned by God as traitors. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Giving no pain; causing no terror.
Should infants have taken offence at any thing, diverting
their thoughts, or mixing pleasant and agreeable appearances
with it, must be used, 'till it be grown inoffensive to them. Loc.
3. Harmless; hurtless; innocent.
For drink the grape
She crushes, inoffensive most. Milton.
With whate'er gall thou set'st thyself to write,
Thy inoffensive satires never bite. Dryden.
Hark, how the cannon, inoffensive now,
Gives signs of gratulation. Phillips.
4. Unembarrassed; without stop or obstruction. A Latin mode
of speech.
From hence a passage broad,
Smooth, easy, inoffensive, down to hell. Milton's Parad. Lost.

INOFFE’NSIVELY. adv. [from inoffensive.] Without appearance
of harm; without harm.

INOFFE’NSIVENESS. n. s. [from inoffensive.] Harmlessness;
freedom from appearance of harm.

INOFFI’CIOUS. adj. [in and officious.] Not civil; not attentive
to the accommodation of others.

INO’PINATE. adj. [inopinatus, Lat. inopiné, Fr.] Not expected.

INOPPORTU’NE. adj. [inopportunus, Latin.] Unseasonable; in­
convenient.

INO’RDINACY. n. s. [from inordinate.] Irregularity; disorder.
It is safer to use inordination.
They become very sinful by the excess, which were not so
in their nature: that inordinacy sets them in opposition to God's
designation. Government of the Tongue.

INO’RDINATE. adj. [in and ordinatus, Latin.] Irregular; dis­
orderly; deviating from right.
These people at first were wisely brought to acknowledge
allegiance to the kings of England; but being straight left unto
their own inordinate life, they forgot what before they were
taught. Spenser on Ireland.
Thence raise
At last distemper'd, discontented thoughts;
Vain hopes, vain arms, inordinate desires,
Blown up with high conceits engend'ring pride. Milton.
From inordinate love and vain fear comes all unquietness of
spirit. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

INO’RDINATELY. adv. [from inordinate.] Irregularly; not
rightly.
As soon as a man desires any thing inordinately, he is pre­
sently disquieted in himself. Taylor.

INO’RDINATENESS. n. s. [from inordinate.] Want of regula­
rity; intemperance of any kind.

INORDINA’TION. n. s. [from inordinate.] Irregularity; devia­
tion from right.
Schoolmen and casuists, having too much philosophy to
clear a lye from that intrinsick inordination and deviation from
right reason, inherent in the nature of it, held that a lye was
absolutely and universally sinful. South's Sermons.

INORGA’NICAL. adj. [in and organical.] Void of organs or
instrumental parts.
We come to the lowest and the most inorganical parts of
matter. Locke.

To INO’SCULATE. v. n. [in and osculum, Lat.] To unite by
apposition or contact.
This fifth conjugation of nerves is branched to the ball of
the eye, and to the præcordia also in some measure, by inos­
culating with one of its nerves. Derham's Physico-Theology.

INOSCULA’TION. n. s. [from inosculate.] Union by conjunction
of the extremities.
The almost infinite ramifications and inosculations of all the
several sorts of vessels may easily be detected by glasses. Ray.



INQ

I’NQUEST. n. s. [enqueste, French; inquisitio, Latin.]
1. Judicial enquiry or examination.
What confusion of face shall we be under, when that grand
inquest begins; when an account of our opportunities of doing
good, and a particular of our use or misuse of them is given
in? Atterbury's Sermons.
2. [In law.] The inquest of jurors, or by jury, is the most usual
trial of all causes, both civil and criminal, in our realm; for
in civil causes, after proof is made on either side, so much as
each part thinks good for himself, if the doubt be in the fact,
it is referred to the discretion of twelve indifferent men, im­
panelled by the sheriff for the purpose, and as they bring in
their verdict so judgment passes: for the judge saith, the jury
finds the fact thus; then is the law thus, and so we judge. For
the inquest in criminal causes, see JURY. Cowel.
3. Enquiry; search; study.
This is the laborious and vexatious inquest that the soul must
make after science. South's Sermons.

INQUI’ETUDE. n. s. [inquietude, Fr. inquietudo, inquietus, Lat.]
Disturbed state; want of quiet; attack on the quiet.
Having had such experience of his fidelity and observance
abroad, he found himself engaged in honour to support him
at home from any farther inquietude. Wotton.
Iron, that has stood long in a window, being thence taken,
and by a cork balanced in water, where it may have a free mo­
bility, will bewray a kind of inquietude and discontentment
'till it attain the former position. Wotton.
The youthful hero, with returning light,
Rose anxious from th' inquietudes of night. Pope's Odyssey.

To I’NQUINATE. v. a. [inquino, Latin.] To pollute; to
corrupt.
An old opinion it was, that the ibis feeding upon serpents,
that venomous food so inquinated their oval conceptions, that
they sometimes came forth in serpentine shapes. Brown.

INQUINA’TION. n. s. [inquinatio, Lat. from inquinate.] Corrup­
tion; pollution.
Their causes and axioms are so full of imagination, and so
infected with the old received theories, as they are mere in­
quinations of experience, and concoct it not. Bacon.
The middle action, which produceth such imperfect bodies,
is fitly called by some of the ancients inquination, or incon­
coction, which is a kind of putrefaction. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

INQU’IRABLE. adj. [from inquire.] That of which inquisition
or inquest may be made.

To INQUI’RE. v. n. [enquirer, French; inquiro, Latin.]
1. To ask questions; to make search; to exert curiosity on any
occasion.
You have oft inquir'd
After the shepherd that complain'd of love. Shakespeare.
We will call the damsel, and inquire at her mouth. Gen.
They began to inquire among themselves, which of them it
was that should do this thing. Lu. xxii. 23.
Inquire for one Saul of Tarsus. Acts ix. 11.
You sent Hadoram to king David, to inquire of his wel­
fare. Chron. xviii. 10.
It is a subject of a very noble inquiry, to inquire of the
more subtile perceptions; for it is another key to open nature,
as well as the house. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It may deserve our best skill to inquire into those rules, by
which we may guide our judgment. South's Sermons.
The step-dame poison for the son prepares;
The son inquires into his father's years. Dryden.
Under their grateful shade Æneas sat;
His left young Pallas kept, fix'd to his side,
And oft of winds inquir'd, and of the tide. Dryd. Æn.
They are more in danger to go out of the way, who are
marching under a guide that will mislead them, than he that
is likelier to be prevailed on to inquire after the right way. Locke.
To those who inquired about me, my lover would answer,
that I was an old dependent upon his family. Swift.
2. To make examination.
Awful Rhadamanthus rules the state:
He hears and judges each committed crime,
Enquires into the manner, place, and time. Dryden's Æn.

To INQUI’RE. v. a.
1. To ask about; to seek out: as, he inquired the way.
2. To call; to name. Obsolete.
Canute had his portion from the rest,
The which he call'd Canutium, for his hire,
Now Cantium, which Kent we commonly inquire. F. Qu.

INQUI’RER. n. s. [from inquire.]
1. Searcher; examiner; one curious and inquisitive.
What satisfaction may be obtained from those violent dis­
puters, and eager inquirers in what day of the month the world
began? Brown's Vulgar Errours.
What's good doth open to th' inquirers stand,
And itself offers to th' accepting hand. Denham.
Superficial inquirers may satisfy themselves that the parts of
matter are united by muscles, nerves, and other like liga­
ments. Glanv. Sceps.
This is a question only of inquirers, not disputers, who
neither affirm nor deny, but examine. Locke.
Late inquirers by their glasses find,
That ev'ry insect of each different kind,
In its own egg, chear'd by the solar rays,
Organs involv'd and latent life displays. Blackmore.
2. One who interrogates; one who questions.

INQUI’RY. n. s. [from inquire.]
1. Interrogation; search by question.
The men which were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry
for Simon's house, and stood before the gate. Acts x. 17.
2. Examination; search.
This exactness is absolutely necessary in inquiries after philo­
sophical knowledge, and in controversies about truth. Locke.
As to the inquiry about liberty, I think the question is not
proper, whether the will be free, but whether a man be
free. Locke.
I have been engaged in physical inquiries. Locke.
It is a real inquiry, concerning the nature of a bird, or a bat,
to make their yet imperfect ideas of it more complete. Locke.
Judgment or opinion, in a remoter sense, may be called in­
vention: as when a judge or a physician makes an exact inquiry
into any cause. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.

INQUISI’TION. n. s. [inquisition, Fr. inquisitio, Latin.]
1. Judicial inquiry.
When he maketh inquisition for blood, he remembereth
them: he forgetteth not the cry of the humble. Ps. ix. 12.
We were willing to make a pattern or precedent of an exact
inquisition. Bacon's Natural History.
With much severity, and strict inquisition, were punished
the adherents and aiders of the late rebels. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Though it may be impossible to recollect every failing, yet
you are so far to exercise an inquisition upon yourself, as, by
observing lesser particulars, you may the better discover what
the corruption of your nature sways you to. Taylor.
By your good leave,
These men will be your judges: we must stand
The inquisition of their raillery
On our condition. Southern.
2. Examination; discussion.
When inquisition was made of the matter, it was found
out. 2 Esth. xxiii.
3. [In law.] A manner of proceeding in matters criminal, by
the office of the judge. Cowel.
4. The court established in some countries subject to the pope
for the detection of heresy.
One kiss of her's, and but eighteen words,
Put quite down the Spanish inquisition. Corbet.

INQUI’SITIVE. adj. [inquisitus, Latin.] Curious; busy in
search; active to pry into any thing. With about, after, into,
or of, and sometimes into.
My boy at eighteen years became inquisitive
After his brother. Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.
This idleness, together with fear of imminent mischiefs,
have been the cause that the Irish were ever the most inquisitive
people after news of any nation in the world. Davies.
He is not inquisitive into the reasonableness of indifferent
and innocent commands. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
It can be no duty to write his heart upon his forehead, and
to give all the inquisitive and malicious world a survey of those
thoughts, which is the prerogative of God only to know. South.
His old shaking sire,
Inquisitive of fights, still longs in vain
To find him in the number of the slain. Dryden's Juv.
Thou, what befits the new lord-mayor,
And what the Gallick arms will do,
Art anxiously inquisitive to know. Dryden.
A Dutch ambassador, entertaining the king of Siam with
the particularities of Holland, which he was inquisitive after,
told him that the water would, in cold weather, be so hard
that men walked upon it. Locke.
The whole neighbourhood grew inquisitive after my name
and character. Addison's Spectator.
A wise man is not inquisitive about things impertinent.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
They cannot bear with the impertinent questions of a young
inquisitive and sprightly genius. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

INQUI’SITIVELY. adv. [from inquisitive.] With curiosity; with
narrow scrutiny.

INQUI’SITIVENESS. n. s. [from inquisitive.] Curiosity; dili­
gence to pry into things hidden.
Though he thought inquisitiveness an uncomely guest, he
could not but ask who she was. Sidney.
Heights that scorn our prospect, and depths in which reason
will never touch the bottom, yet surely the pleasure arising
from thence is great and noble; for as much as they afford
perpetual matter to the inquisitiveness of human reason, and so
are large enough for it to take its full scopes and range in. South.
Providence, delivering great conclusions to us, designed to
excite our curiosity and inquisitiveness after the methods by
which things were brought to pass. Burnet.
Curiosity in children nature has provided, to remove that ig­
norance they were born with; which, without this busy in­
quisitiveness, will make them dull. Locke.



INQUI’SITOR. n. s. [inquisitor, Latin; inquisiteur, French.]
1. One who examines judicially.
In these particulars I have played myself the inquisitor, and
find nothing contrary to religion or manners, but rather me­
dicinable. Bacon's Essays.
Minos, the strict inquisitor, appears,
And lives and crimes with his assessors hears. Dryden.
2. An officer in the popish courts of inquisition.

To INRA’IL. v. a. [in and rail.] To inclose with rails.
In things indifferent, what the whole church doth think
convenient for the whole, the same if any part do wilfully vio­
late, it may be reformed and inrailed again, by that general
authority whereunto each particular is subject. Hooker.
Where fam'd St. Giles's ancient limits spread,
An inrail'd column rears its lofty head;
Here to sev'n streets sev'n dials count the day,
And from each other catch the circling ray. Gay.

I’NROAD. n. s. [in and road.] Incursion; sudden and desultory
invasion.
Many hot inroads
They make in Italy. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
From Scotland we have had in former times some alarms,
and inroads into the northern parts of this kingdom. Bacon.
By proof we feel
Our pow'r sufficient to disturb his heav'n,
And with perpetual inroads to alarm,
Though inaccessible his fatal throne. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The loss of Shrewsbury exposed all North Wales to the daily
inroads of the enemy. Clarendon.
The country open lay without defence;
For poets frequent inroads there had made. Dryden.

INS

INSA’NABLE. adj. [insanabilis, Latin.] Incurable; irreme­
diable.

INSA’NE. adj. [insanus, Latin.] Mad; making mad.
Were such things here as we do speak about?
Or have we eaten of the insane root,
That takes the reason prisoner? Shakes. Macbeth.

INSA’TIABLE. adj. [insatiabilis, Latin; insatiable, French.]
Greedy beyond measure; greedy so as not to be satisfied.

INSA’TIABLENESS. n. s. [from insatiable.] Greediness not to
be appeased.
Some mens hydropick insatiableness had learned to thirst
the more, by how much more they drank. King Charles.

INSA’TIABLY. adv. [from insatiable.] With greediness not to
be appeased.
They were extremely ambitious, and insatiably covetous;
and therefore no impression, from argument or miracles, could
reach them. South.

INSA’TIATE. adj. [insatiatus, Latin.] Greedy so as not to be
satisfied.
When my mother went with child
Of that insatiate Edward, noble York,
My princely father, then had wars in France. Shak. R. III.
Insatiate to pursue
Vain war with heav'n. Milton.
Too oft has pride,
And hellish discord, and insatiate thirst
Of others rights, our quiet discompos'd. Phillips.

INSATISFA’CTION. n. s. [in and satisfaction.] Want; unsatis­
fied state.
It is a profound contemplation in nature, to consider of the
emptiness or insatisfaction of several bodies, and of their ap­
petite to take in others. Bacon's Natural History.

INSA’TURABLE. adj. [insaturabilis, Lat.] Not to be glutted;
not to be filled.

To INSCRI’BE. v. a. [inscribo, Latin; inscrire, French.]
1. To write on any thing. It is generally applied to something
written on a monument, or on the outside of something.
In all you writ to Rome, or else
To foreign princes, ego & rex meus
Was still inscrib'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Connatural principles are in themselves highly reasonable,
and deducible by a strong process of ratiocination to be most
true; and consequently the high exercise of ratiocination might
evince their truth, though there were no such originally in­
scribed in the mind. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Ye weeping loves! the stream with myrtles hide,
And with your golden darts, now useless grown,
Inscribe a verse on this relenting stone. Pope.
2. To mark any thing with writing: as, I inscribed the stone
with my name.
3. To assign to a patron without a formal dedication.
One ode, which pleased me in the reading, I have attempted
to translate in Pindarick verse: 'tis that which is inscribed to
the present earl of Rochester. Dryden.
4. To draw a figure within another.
In the circle inscribe a square. Notes to Creech's Manilius.

INSCRI’PTION. n. s. [inscription, Fr. inscriptio, Latin.]
1. Something written or engraved.
This avarice of praise in time to come,
Those long inscriptions crowded on the tomb. Dryden.
2. Title.
Joubertus by the same title led our expectation, whereby
we reaped no advantage, it answering scarce at all the promise
of the inscription. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. [In law.] Is an obligation made in writing, whereby the
accuser binds himself to undergo the same punishment, if he
shall not prove the crime which he objects to the party accused
in his accusatory libel, as the defendant himself ought to suffer,
if the same be proved. Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. Consignment of a book to a patron without a formal dedi­
cation.

INSCRU’TABLE. adj. [inscrutabilis, Lat. inscrutable, Fr.] Un­
searchable; not to be traced out by inquiry or study.
A jest unseen, inscrutable, invisible,
As a weather-cock on a steeple. Shak. Two Gent. of Verona.
This king had a large heart, inscrutable for good, and was
wholly bent to make his kingdom and people happy. Bacon.
O how inscrutable! his equity
Twins with his power. Sandys.
Hereunto they have recourse as unto the oracle of life, the
great determinator of virginity, conception, fertility, and the
inscrutable infirmities of the whole body. Brown's Vulg. Erro.
We should contemplate reverently the works of nature and
grace, the inscrutable ways of providence, and all the wonder­
ful methods of God's dealing with men. Atterbury.

To INSCU’LP. v. a. [insculpo, Latin.] To engrave; to cut.
A coin that bears the figure of an angel
Stamp'd in gold, but that insculpt upon. Shakespeare.

INSCU’LPTURE. n. s. [from in and sculpture.] Any thing en­
graved.
Timon is dead,
Entomb'd upon the very hem o' th' sea;
And on the grave-stone this insculpture, which
With wax I brought away. Shakesp. Timon.
It was usual to wear rings on either hand; but when pre­
cious gems and rich insculptures were added, the custom of
wearing them was translated unto the left. Brown.

To INSE’AM. v. a. [in and seam.] To impress or mark by a
seam or cicatrix.
Deep o'er his knee inseam'd remain'd the scar. Pope.

INSECT. n. s. [insecta, Latin.]
1. Insects may be considered together as one great tribe of ani­
mals: they are called insects from a separation in the middle of
their bodies, whereby they are cut into two parts, which are
joined together by a small ligature, as we see in wasps and
common flies. Locke.
Beast, bird, insect, or worm, durst enter none. Milton.
2. Any thing small or contemptible.
In ancient times the sacred plough employ'd
The kings, and awful fathers of mankind;
And some with whom compar'd, your insect tribes
Are but the beings of a Summer's day,
Have held the scale of empire. Thomson's Spring.

INSECTA’TOR. n. s. [from insector, Latin.] One that perse­
cutes or harasses with pursuit. Dict.

INSE’CTILE. adj. [from insect.] Having the nature of insects.
Insectile animals, for want of blood, run all out into legs. Bac.

INSECTO’LOGER. n. s. [insect and λόγ.] One who studies or
describes insects.
The insect itself is, according to modern insectologers, of
the ichneumon-fly kind. Derham's Physico-Theology.

INSE’CURE. adj. [in and secure.]
1. Not secure; not confident of safety.
He is liable to a great many inconveniences every moment
of his life, and is continually insecure not only of the good
things of this life, but even of life itself. Tillotson's Serm.
2. Not safe.

INSECU’RITY. n. s. [in and security.]
1. Uncertainty; want of reasonable confidence.
It may be easily perceived with what insecurity of truth we
ascribe effects, depending upon the natural period of time,
unto arbitrary calculations, and such as vary at pleasure. Brown.
2. Want of safety; danger; hazard.
The unreasonableness and presumption, the danger and
desperate insecurity of those that have not so much as a thought,
all their lives long, to advance so far as attrition and contri­
tion, sorrow, and resolution of amendment. Hammond.

INSEMINA’TION. n. s. [insemination, Fr. insemino, Lat.] The
act of scattering seed on ground.

INSECU’TION. n. s. [insecution, Fr. insecutio, Lat.] Pursuit. Not
in use.
Not the king's own horse got more before the wheel
Of his rich chariot, that might still the insecution feel,
With the extreme hairs of his tail. Chapman's Iliads.

INSE’NSATE. adj. [insense, French; insensato, Italian.] Stupid;
wanting thought; wanting sensibility.
Ye be reprobates; obdurate insensate creatures. Hammond.
So fond are mortal men,
As their own ruin on themselves t' invite,
Insensate left, or to sense reprobate,
And with blindness internal struck. Milton's Agonistes.



INSENSIBI’LITY. n. s. [insensibilité, French, from insensible.]
1. Inability to perceive.
Insensibility of slow motions may be thus accounted for:
motion cannot be perceived without perception of the parts of
space which it left, and those which it next acquires. Glanv.
2. Stupidity; dulness of mental perception.
3. Torpor; dulness of corporal sense.

INSE’NSIBLE. adj. [insensible, French.]
1. Imperceptible; not discoverable by the senses.
What is honour? a word. What is that word honour?
air; a trim reckoning. Who hath it? he that died a Wed­
nesday. Doth he feel it? no. Doth he hear it? no. Is it
insensible then? yea, to the dead: but will it not live with the
living? no. Why? detraction will not suffer it. Shakesp.
Two small and almost insensible pricks were found upon
Cleopatra's arm. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The dense and bright light of the circle will obscure the
rare and weak light of these dark colours round about it, and
render them almost insensible. Newton's Opt.
2. Slowly gradual.
They fall away,
And languish with insensible decay. Dryden.
3. Void of feeling either mental or corporal.
I thought
I then was passing to my former state
Insensible, and forthwith to dissolve. Milton.
4. Void of emotion or affection.
You grow insensible to the conveniency of riches, the de­
lights of honour and praise. Temple.
You render mankind insensible to their beauties, and have
destroyed the empire of love. Dryden.

INSE’NSIBLENESS. n. s. [from insensible.] Absence of percep­
tion; inability to perceive.
The insensibleness of the pain proceeds rather from the re­
laxation of the nerves than their obstruction. Ray.

INSE’NSIBLY. adv. [from insensible.]
1. Imperceptibly; in such a manner as is not discovered by the
senses.
The planet earth, so stedfast though she seem,
Insensibly three different motions moves. Milt. Par. Lost.
The hills rise insensibly, and leave the eye a vast unin­
terrupted prospect. Addison on Italy.
2. By slow degrees.
Equal they were form'd,
Save what sin hath impair'd, which yet hath wrought
Insensibly. Milton.
Proposals agreeable to our passions will insensibly prevail upon
our weakness. Rogers's Sermons.
Cadenus
Insensibly came on her side. Swift.
3. Without mental or corporal sense.

INSEPARABI’LITY. n. s. [from inseparable.] The quality of
being such as cannot be severed or divided.

INSE’PARABLENESS. n. s. [from inseparable.] The quality of
being such as cannot be severed or divided.
The parts of pure space are immovable, which follows from
their inseparability, motion being nothing but change of dis­
tance between any two things; but this cannot be between
parts that are inseparable. Locke.

INSE’PARABLE. adj. [inseparable, French; inseparabilis, Latin.]
Not to be disjoined; united so as not to be parted.
Ancient times figure both the incorporation and inseparable
conjunction of counsel with kings, and the wise and politick
use of counsel by kings. Bacon.
Thou, my shade,
Inseparable, must with me along;
For death from sin no pow'r can separate. Milt. Par. Lost.
Care and toil came into the world with sin, and remain ever
since inseparable from it. South's Sermons.
No body feels pain, that he wishes not to be eased of,
with a desire equal to that pain, and inseparable from it. Locke.
The parts of pure space are inseparable one from the other,
so that the continuity cannot be separated, neither really nor
mentally. Locke.
Together out they fly,
Inseparable now the truth and lie;
And this or that unmixt no mortal ear shall find. Pope.

INSE’PARABLY. adv. [from inseparable.] With indissoluble
union.
Drowning of metals is, when the baser metal is so incorpo­
rate with the more rich as it cannot be separated; as if silver
should be inseparably incorporated with gold. Bacon.
Him thou shalt enjoy,
Inseparably thine. Milton.
Atheists must confess, that before that assigned period matter
had existed eternally, inseparably endued with this principle of
attraction; and yet had never attracted nor convened before,
during that infinite duration. Bentley's Sermons.

To INSE’RT. v. a. [inserer, Fr. insero, insertum, Latin.] To
place in or amongst other things.
Those words were very weakly inserted, where they are so
liable to misconstruction. Stillingfleet.
With the worthy gentleman's name I will insert it at length
in one of my papers. Addison.
It is the editor's interest to insert what the author's judg­
ment had rejected. Swift.
Poesy and oratory omit things essential, and insert little
beautiful digressions, in order to place every thing in the most
affecting light. Watts.

INSE’RTION. n. s. [insertion, Fr. insertio, Latin.]
1. The act of placing any thing in or among other matter.
The great disadvantage our historians labour under is too
tedious an interruption, by the insertion of records in their
narration. Felton on the Classicks.
An ileus, commonly called the twisting of the guts, is
either a circumvolution or insertion of one part of the gut within
the other. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. The thing inserted.
He softens the relation by such insertion, before he describes
the event. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To INSE’RVE. v. a. [inservio, Latin.] To be of use to an
end.

INSE’RVIENT. adj. [inserviens, Latin.] Conducive; of use to
an end.
The providence of God, which disposeth of no part
in vain, where there is no digestion to be made, makes
not any parts inservient to that intention. Brown.

To INSHE’LL. v. a. [in and shell.] To hide in a shell.
Aufidius, hearing of our Marcius' banishment,
Thrusts forth his horns again into the world,
Which were inshell'd when Marcius stood for Rome,
And durst not once peep out. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To INSHI’P. v. a. [in and ship.] To shut in a ship; to stow;
to embark.
See them safely brought to Dover; where, inshipp'd,
Commit them to the fortune of the sea. Shakes. Hen. VI.

To INSHRI’NE. v. a. [in and shrine.] To inclose in a shrine or
precious case.
Warlike and martial Talbot, Burgundy
Inshrines thee in his heart. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Not Babylon,
Equal'd in all its glories, to inshrine Belus. Milton.

I’NSIDE. n. s. [in and side.] Interiour part; part within. Op­
posed to the surface or outside.
Look'd he o' th' inside of the paper?
He did unseal them. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Shew the inside of your purse to the outside of his hand,
and no more ado. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Here are the outsides of the one, the insides of the other,
and there's the moiety I promised ye. L'Estrange.
As for the inside of their nest, none but themselves were
concerned in it. Addison's Guardian.

INSIDIA’TOR. n. s. [Lat.] One who lies in wait. Dict.

INSI’DIOUS. adj. [insidieux, French; insidiosus, Latin.] Sly;
circumventive; diligent to entrap; treacherous.
Since men mark all our steps, and watch our haltings, let a
sense of their insidious vigilance excite us so to behave ourselves,
that they may find a conviction of the mighty power of Chris­
tianity towards regulating the passions. Atterbury's Sermons.
They wing their course,
And dart on distant coasts, if some sharp rock,
Or shoal insidious, breaks not their career. Thomson.

INSIDIOUSLY. adv. [from insidious.] In a sly and treacherous
manner; with malicious artifice.
The castle of Cadmus was taken, and the city of Thebes
itself invested by Phebidas the Lacedemonian, insidiously and
in violation of league. Bacon's War with Spain.
Simeon and Levi spoke not only falsely but insidiously, nay
hypocritically, abusing their proselytes and their religion, for
the effecting their cruel designs. Government of the Tongue.

I’NSIGHT. n. s. [insicht, Dutch. This word had formerly the
accent on the first syllable.] Inspection; deep view; know­
ledge of the interiour parts; thorough skill in any thing.
Hardy shepherd, such as thy merits, such may be her insight
Justly to grant thee reward. Sidney.
Straightway sent with careful diligence
To fetch a leech, the which had great insight
In that disease of grieved conscience,
And well could cure the same; his name was patience. Spens.
Now will be the right season of forming them to be able
writers, when they shall be thus fraught with an universal in­
sight into things. Milton.
The use of a little insight in those parts of knowledge,
which are not a man's proper business, is to accustom our
minds to all sorts of ideas. Locke.
A garden gives us a great insight into the contrivance and
wisdom of providence, and suggests innumerable subjects of
meditation. Spectator.
Due consideration, and a deeper insight into things, would
soon have made them sensible of their error. Woodward.

INSIGNIFI’CANCE. n. s. [insignificance, French; from insigni­
ficant.]

INSIGNIFI’CANCY. n. s. [insignificance, French; from insigni­
ficant.]
1. Want of meaning; unmeaning terms.
To give an account of all the insignificancies and verbal no­
things of this philosophy, would be almost to transcribe it.
Glanv. Sceps. c. 18.


2. Unimportance.
As I was ruminating on that I had seen, I could not forbear
reflecting on the insignificancy of human art, when set in com­
parison with the designs of providence. Addison's Guardian.
My annals are in mouldy mildews wrought,
With easy insignificance of thought. Garth.

INSIGNI’FICANT. adj. [in and significant.]
1. Wanting meaning; void of signification.
'Till you can weight and gravity explain,
Those words are insignificant and vain. Blackmore.
2. Unimportant; wanting weight; ineffectual.
That I might not be vapoured down by insignificant testi­
monies, I presumed to use the great name of your society to
annihilate all such arguments. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
Calumny robs the publick of all that benefit that it may justly
claim from the worth and virtue of particular persons, by ren­
dering their virtue utterly insignificant. South's Sermons.
All the arguments to a good life will be very insignificant to
a man that hath a mind to be wicked, when remission of sins
may be had upon such cheap terms. Tillotson's Sermons.
Nothing can be more contemptible and insignificant than the
scum of a people, instigated against a king. Addison.
In a hemorrhage from the lungs, no remedy so proper as
bleeding, often repeated: stypticks are often insignificant. Arb.

INSIGNI’FICANTLY. adv. [from insignificant.]
1. Without meaning.
Birds are taught to use articulate words, yet they understand
not their import, but use them insignificantly, as the organ or
pipe renders the tune, which it understands not. Hale.
2. Without importance of effect.

INSINCE’RE. adj. [insineerus, Lat. in and sincere.]
1. Not what he appears; not hearty; dissembling; unfaithful.
2. Not sound; corrupted.
Ah why, Penelope, this causeless fear,
To render sleep's soft blessings insincere?
Alike devote to sorrow's dire extreme,
The day reflection, and the midnight dream. Pope.

INSINCE’RITY. n. s. [from insincere.] Dissimulation; want of
truth or fidelity.
If men should always act under a mask, and in disguise, that
indeed betrays design and insincerity. Broome's Notes on the Odyss.

To INSI’NEW. v. a. [in and sinew.] To strengthen; to con­
firm.
All members of our cause,
That are insinewed to this action. Shakesp. H. IV.

INSI’NUANT. adj. [French.] Having the power to gain favour.
Men not so quick perhaps of conceit as slow to passions, and
commonly less inventive than judicious, howsoever prove
very plausible, insinuant, and fortunate men. Wotton.

To INSI’NUATE. v. a. [insinuer, Fr. insinuo, Latin.]
1. To introduce any thing gently.
The water easily insinuates itself into and placidly distends
the vessels of vegetables. Woodward.
2. To push gently into favour or regard: commonly with the
reciprocal pronoun.
There is no particular evil which hath not some appearance
of goodness, whereby to insinuate itself. Hooker.
At the isle of Rhee he insinuated himself into the very good
grace of the duke of Buckingham. Clarendon.
3. To hint; to impart indirectly.
And all the fictions bards pursue
Do but insinuate what's true. Swift.
4. To instill; to infuse gently.
All the art of rhetorick, besides order and clearness, are for
nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas, move the passions,
and thereby mislead the judgment. Locke.

To INSI’NUATE. v. n.
1. To wheedle; to gain on the affections by gentle degrees.
I love no colours; and without all colour
Of base insinuating flattery,
I pluck this white rose with Plantagenet. Shakes. H. VI.
2. To steal into imperceptibly; to be conveyed insensibly.
Pestilential miasms insinuate into the humoral and consistent
parts of the body. Harvey.
3. I know not whether Milton does not use this word, according
to its etymology, for, to enfold; to wreath; to wind.
Close the serpent sly
Insinuating, of his fatal guile
Gave proof unheeded. Milton.

INSINUA’TION. n. s. [insinuatio, Lat. insinuation, Fr. from insi­
nuate.] The power of pleasing or stealing upon the affections.
When the industry of one man hath settled the work, a
new man, by insinuation or misinformation, may not supplant
him without a just cause. Bacon.
He had a natural insinuation and address, which made him
acceptable in the best company. Clarendon.

INSI’NUATIVE. adj. [from insinuate.] Stealing on the af­
fections.
It is a strange insinuative power which example and custom
have upon us. Government of the Tongue.

INSI’NUATOR. n. s. [insinuator, Lat.] He that insinuates. Ains.

INSI’PID. adj. [insipider, French; insipidus, Latin.]
1. Without taste; without power of affecting the organs of gust.
Some earths yield, by distillation, a liquor very far from
being inodorous or insipid. Boyle.
This chyle is the natural and alimentary pituita, which the
ancients described as insipid. Floyer on the Humours.
She lays some useful bile aside,
To tinge the chyle's insipid tide. Prior.
2. Without spirit; without pathos; flat; dull; heavy.
The gods have made your noble mind for me,
And her insipid soul for Ptolemy;
A heavy lump of earth without desire,
A heap of ashes that o'er-lays your fire. Dryd. Cleom.
Some short excursions of a broken vow
He made indeed, but flat insipid stuff. Dryd. Don Sebast.

INSIPI’DITY. n. s. [insipidité, Fr. from insipid.]

INSI’PIDNESS. n. s. [insipidité, Fr. from insipid.]
1. Want of taste.
2. Want of life or spirit.
Dryden's lines shine strongly through the insipidity of
Tate's. Pope.

INSI’PIDLY. adv. [from insipid.] Without taste; dully.
One great reason why many children abandon themselves
wholly to silly sports, and trifle away all their time insipidly,
is because they have found their curiosity baulked. Locke.

INSI’PIENCE. n. s. [insipientia, Latin.] Folly; want of un­
derstanding.

To INSI’ST. v. n. [insister, French; insisto, Latin.]
1. To stand or rest upon.
The combs being double, the cells on each side the parti­
tion are so ordered, that the angles on one side insist upon the
centers of the bottom of the cells on the other side. Ray.
2. Not to recede from terms or assertions; to persist in.
Upon such large terms, and so absolute,
As our conditions shall insist upon,
Our peace shall stand as firm as rocky mountains. Shakesp.
3. To dwell upon in discourse.
Were there no other act of hostility but that which we
have hitherto insisted on, the intercepting of her supplies were
irreparably injurious to her. Decay of Piety.

INSI’STENT. adj. [insistens, Latin.] Resting upon any thing.
The breadth of the substruction must be at least double to
the insistent wall. Wotton.

INSI’TIENCY. n. s. [in and sitio, Latin.] Exemption from
thirst.
What is more admirable than the fitness of every creature,
for the use we make of him? The docility of an elephant,
and the insitiency of a camel for travelling in desarts. Grew.

INSI’TION. n. s. [insitio, Latin.] The insertion or ingraffment
of one branch into another.
Without the use of these we could have nothing of culture
or civility: no tillage or agriculture, no pruning or lopping,
grafting or insition. Ray on the Creation.

INSI’STURE. n. s. [from insist.] This word seems in Shakespeare
to signify constancy or regularity.
The heav'ns themselves, the planets, and the centre,
Observe degree, priority, and place,
Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,
Office and custom, in all line of order. Shakespeare.

To INSNA’RE. v. a. [in and snare.]
1. To intrap; to catch in a trap, gin, or snare; to inveigle.
Why strewst thou sugar on that bottled spider,
Whose deadly web insnareth thee about. Shakesp. R. III.
She insnar'd
Mankind with her fair looks. Milton.
By long experience Durfey may no doubt
Insnare a gudgeon, or perhaps a trout;
Though Dryden once exclaim'd in partial spite;
He fish'd!—because the man attempts to write. Fenton.
2. To intangle in difficulties or perplexities.
That which in a great part, in the weightiest causes belong­
ing to this present controversy, hath insnared the judgments
both of sundry good and of some well learned men, is the
manifest truth of certain general principles, whereupon the
ordinances that serve for usual practice in the church of God
are grounded. Hooker.
That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be insnared.
Job xxxiv. 30.

INSNA’RER. n. s. [from insnare.] He that insnares.

INSO’CIABLE. adj. [insociable, French; insociabilis, Latin.]
1. Averse from conversation.
If this austere insociable life,
Change not your offer made in heat of blood. Shakesp.
2. Incapable of connexion or union.
The lowest ledge or row must be merely of stone, closely
laid, without mortar, which is a general caution for all parts
in building that are contiguous to board or timber, because
lime and wood are insociable. Wotton's Architecture.

INSOBRI’ETY. n. s. [in and sobriety.] Drunkenness; want of
sobriety.
He whose conscience upbraids him with profaneness towards
God, and insobriety towards himself, if he is just to his neigh­
bour, he thinks he has quit scores. Decay of Piety.



To I’NSOLATE. v. a. [insolo, Latin.] To dry in the sun;
to expose to the action of the sun.

INSOLA’TION. n. s. [insolation, French, from insolate.] Expo­
sition to the sun.
We use these towers for insolation, refrigeration, conser­
vation, and for the view of divers meteors. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
If it have not a sufficient insolation it looketh pale, and at­
tains not its laudable colour: if it be sunned too long, it suf­
fereth a torrefaction. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

I’NSOLENCE. n. s. [insolence, Fr. insolentia, Latin.] Pride ex­
erted in contemptuous and overbearing treat­
ment of others; petulant contempt.

I’NSOLENCY. n. s. [insolence, Fr. insolentia, Latin.] Pride ex­
erted in contemptuous and overbearing treat­
ment of others; petulant contempt.
They could not restrain the insolency of O'Neal, who, find­
ing none now to withstand him, made himself lord of those
few people that remained. Spenser on Ireland.
Such a nature,
Tickled with good success, disdains the shadow
Which he treads on at noon; but I do wonder
His insolence can brook to be commanded
Under Cominius. Shakespeare.
Flown with insolence and wine. Milton.
Publick judgments are the banks and shores upon which
God breaks the insolency of sinners, and stays their proud
waves. Tillotson.
The steady tyrant man,
Who with the thoughtless insolence of power,
For sport alone, pursues the cruel chace. Thomson.
The fear of any violence, either against her own person or
against her son, might deter Penelope from using any endea­
vours to remove men of such insolence and power. Broome.

To I’NSOLENCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To insult; to treat
with contempt. A very bad word.
The bishops, who were first faulty, insolenced and as­
saulted. King Charles.

I’NSOLENT. adj. [insolent, Fr. insolens, Latin.] Contemptuous
of others; haughty; overbearing.
We have not pillaged those rich provinces which we rescued:
victory itself hath not made us insolent masters. Atterbury.

I’NSOLENTLY. adv. [insolenter, Latin.] With contempt of
others; haughtily; rudely.
What I must disprove,
He insolently talk'd to me of love. Dryden.
Not faction, when it shook thy regal seat,
Not senates, insolently loud,
Those echoes of a thoughtless crowd,
Could warp thy soul to their unjust decree. Dryden.
Briant, being naturally of an haughty temper, treated him
very insolently, and more like a criminal than a prisoner of war.
Addison's Guardian.

INSO’LVABLE. adj. [insolvable, Fr. in and solve.]
1. Not to be solved; not to be cleared; inextricable; such as ad­
mits of no solution, or explication.
Spend a few thoughts on the puzzling inquiries concerning
vacuums, the doctrine of infinites, indivisibles and incom­
mensurables, wherein there appear some insolvable difficul­
ties. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. That cannot be paid.

INSO’LUBLE. adj. [insoluble, French; insolubilis, Latin.]
1. Not to be cleared; not to be resolved.
Admit this, and what shall the Scripture be but a snare and
a torment to weak consciences, filling them with infinite scru­
pulosities, doubts insoluble, and extreme despair. Hooker.
2. Not to be dissolved or separated.
Stony matter may grow in any part of a human body; for
when any thing insoluble sticks in any part of the body, it ga­
thers a crust about it. Arbuthnot on Diet.

INSO’LVENT. adj. [in and solvo, Latin.] Unable to pay.
By publick declaration he proclaimed himself insolvent of
those vast sums he had taken upon credit. Howel.
A farmer accused his guards for robbing him of oxen, and
the emperor shot the offenders; but demanding reparation of
the accuser for so many brave fellows, and finding him insolvent,
compounded the matter by taking his life. Addison.
An insolvent is a man that cannot pay his debts. Watts.
Insolvent tenant of incumber'd space. Smart.

INSO’LVENCY. n. s. [from insolvent.] Inability to pay debts.

INSOMU’CH. conj. [in so much.] So that; to such a degree that.
It hath ever been the use of the conqueror to despise the
language of the conquered, and to force him to learn his: so
did the Romans always use, insomuch that there is no nation
but is sprinkled with their language. Spenser.
To make ground fertile, ashes excel; insomuch as the coun­
tries about Ætna have amends made them, for the mischiefs
the eruptions do. Bacon's Natural History.
Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch that he made his
fortune by it. L'Estrange.
They made the ground uneven about their nest, insomuch
that the state did not lie flat upon it, but left a free passage un­
derneath. Addison's Guardian.

To INSPE’CT. v. a. [inspicio, inspectum, Latin.] To look into
by way of examination.

INSPE’CTION. n. s. [inspection, French; inspectio, Latin.]
1. Prying examination; narrow and close survey.
With narrow search, and with inspection deep,
Consider every creature. Milton.
Our religion is a religion that dares to be understood; that
offers itself to the search of the inquisitive, to the inspection of
the severest and the most awakened reason; for, being secure
of her substantial truth and purity, she knows that for her to
be seen and looked into, is to be embraced and admired, as
there needs no greater argument for men to love the light than
to see it. South's Sermons.
2. Superintendence; presiding care. In the first sense it should
have into before the object, and in the second sense may admit
over; but authors confound them.
We may safely conceal our good deeds from the publick
view, when they run no hazard of being diverted to improper
ends, for want of our own inspection. Atterbury.
We should apply ourselves to study the perfections of God,
and to procure lively and vigorous impressions of his perpetual
presence with us, and inspection over us. Atterbury.
The divine inspection into the affairs of the world, doth ne­
cessarily follow from the nature and being of God; and he
that denies this, doth implicitly deny his existence. Bentley.

INSPE’CTOR. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A prying examiner.
With their new light our bold inspectors press,
Like Cham, to shew their father's nakedness. Denham.
2. A superintendent.
They may travel under a wise inspector or tutor to different
parts, that they may bring home useful knowledge. Watts.

INSPE’RSION. n. s. [inspersio, Lat.] A sprinkling. Ainsw.

To INSPHE’RE. v. a. [in and sphere.] To place in an orb or
sphere.
Where those immortal shapes
Of bright aereal spirits live inspher'd,
In regions mild of calm and serene air. Milton.

INSPI’RABLE. adj. [from inspire.] Which may be drawn in
with the breath; which may be infused.
To these inspirable hurts, we may enumerate those they sus­
tain from their expiration of fuliginous steems. Harvey.

INSPIRA’TION. n. s. [from inspire.]
1. The act of drawing in the breath.
In any inflammation of the diaphragm, the symptoms are a
violent fever, and a most exquisite pain increased upon inspi­
ration, by which it is distinguished from a pleurisy, in which
the greatest pain is in expiration. Arbuthnot.
2. The act of breathing into any thing.
3. Infusion of ideas into the mind by a superiour power.
I never spoke with her in all my life.
—How can she then call us by our names,
Unless it be by inspiration? Shak. Comedy of Errours.
Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at their death
have good inspirations. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
We to his high inspiration owe,
That what was done before the flood we know. Denham.
What the tragedian wrote, the late success
Declares was inspiration, and not guess. Denham.
Inspiration is when an overpowering impression of any pro­
position is made upon the mind by God himself, that gives a con­
vincing and indubitable evidence of the truth and divinity of
it: so were the prophets and the apostles inspired. Watts.

To INSPI’RE. v. n. [inspiro, Latin; inspirer, Fr.] To draw
in the breath.
If the inspiring and expiring organ of any animal be stopt,
it suddenly yields to nature, and dies. Walton.

To INSPI’RE. v. a.
1. To breathe into; to infuse into the mind; to impress upon
the fancy.
I have been troubled in my sleep this night;
But dawning day new comfort hath inspir'd. Shakespeare.
He knew not his Maker, and he that inspired into him an
active soul, and breathed in a living spirit. Wisd. xv. 11.
Then to the heart inspir'd
Vernal delight. Milton.
2. To animate by supernatural infusion.
Nor th' inspir'd
Castalian spring. Milton.
Erato, thy poet's mind inspire,
And fill his soul with thy celestial fire. Dryd. Æn.
The letters are often read to the young religious, to inspire
with sentiments of virtue. Addison.
3. To draw in with the breath.
By means of sulphurous coal smoaks the lungs are stifled and
oppressed, whereby they are forced to inspire and expire the
air with difficulty, in comparison of the facility of inspiring
and expiring the air in the country. Harvey.
His baleful breath inspiring as he glides;
Now like a chain around her neck he rides. Dryden.

INSPI’RER. n. s. [from inspire.] He that inspires.
To the infinite God, the omnipotent creator and preserver
of the world, the most gracious redeemer, sanctifier, and in­
spirer of mankind, be all honour. Derham.

To INSPI’RIT. v. a. [in and spirit.] To animate; to actuate;
to fill with life and vigour; to enliven; to invigorate; to en­
courage.


It has pleased God to inspirit and actuate all his evangeli­
cal methods by a concurrence of supernatural strength, which
makes it not only eligible but possible; easy and pleasant for
us to do whatever he commands us. Decay of Piety.
A discreet use of becoming ceremonies renders the service
of the church solemn and affecting, inspirits the sluggish, and
inflames even the devout worshipper. Atterbury's Sermons.
The courage of Agamemnon is inspirited by love of em­
pire and ambition. Pope's Preface to the Iliads.
Let joy or ease, let affluence or content,
And the gay conscience of a life well spent,
Calm ev'ry thought, inspirit ev'ry grace,
Glow in thy heart, and smile upon thy face. Pope.

To INSPI’SSATE. v. a. [in and spissus, Lat.] To thicken; to
make thick.
Sugar doth inspissate the spirits of the wine, and maketh
them not so easy to resolve into vapour. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
This oil farther inspissated by evaporation, turns by degrees
into balm. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INSPISSA’TION. n. s. [from inspissate.] The act of making any
liquid thick.
The effect is wrought by the inspissation of the air. Bacon.
Recent urine will crystallize by inspissation, and afford a
salt neither acid nor alkaline. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INSTABI’LITY. n. s. [instabilitas, from instabilité, French; in­
stabilis, Lat.] Inconstancy; fickleness; mutability of opinion
or conduct.
Instability of temper ought to be checked, when it disposes
men to wander from one scheme of government to another;
since such a fickleness cannot but be fatal to our country.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 25.

INSTA’BLE. adj. [instabilis, Lat.] Inconstant; changing. See
UNSTABLE.

To INSTA’LL. v. a. [installer, French, in and stall.] To ad­
vance to any rank or office, by placing in the seat or stall
proper to that condition.
She reigns a goddess now among the saints,
That whilom was the saint of shepherds light,
And is installed now in heaven's hight. Spenser's Past.
Cranmer is return'd with welcome,
Install'd archbishop of Canterbury. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The king chose him master of the horse, after this he was
installed of the most noble order. Wotton.

INSTALLA’TION. n. s. [installation, French, from install.] The
act of giving visible possession of a rank or office, by placing
in the proper seat.
Upon the election the bishop gives a mandate for his in­
stallation. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INSTA’LMENT. n. s. [from install.]
1. The act of installing.
Is it not easy
To make lord William Hastings of our mind,
For the instalment of this noble duke
In the seat royal. Shakespeare's Richard III.
2. The seat in which one is installed.
Search Windsor-castle, elves,
The several chairs of order look you scour;
Each fair instalment, coat and several crest
With loyal blazon evermore be blest! Shakespeare.

I’NSTANCE. n. s. [instance, French.]

I’NSTANCY. n. s. [instance, French.]
1. Importunity; urgency; solicitation.
Christian men should much better frame themselves to
those heavenly precepts which our Lord and Saviour with so
great instancy gave us concerning peace and unity, if we did
concur to have the ancient councils renewed. Hooker, b. i.
2. Motive; influence; pressing argument. Not now in use.
She dwells so securely upon her honour, that folly dares
not present itself. Now, could I come to her with any di­
rection in my hand, my desires had instance and argument to
commend themselves. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The instances that second marriage move,
Are base respects of thrift, but none of love. Shakespeare.
3. Prosecution or process of a suit.
The instance of a cause is said to be that judicial process
which is made from the contestation of a suit, even to the
time of pronouncing sentence in the cause, or till the end of
three years. Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. Example; document.
Yet doth this accident
So far exceed all instance, all discourse,
That I am ready to distrust mine eyes. Shakespeare.
In furnaces of copper and brass, where vitriol is often cast
in, there riseth suddenly a fly, which sometimes moveth on
the walls of the furnace; sometimes in the fire below; and
dieth presently as soon as it is out of the furnace: which is
a noble instance, and worthy to be weighed. Bacon.
We find in history instances of persons, who, after their
prisons have been flung open, have chosen rather to languish
in their dungeons, than stake their miserable lives and for­
tunes upon the success of a revolution. Addison.
The greatest saints are sometimes made the most remark­
able instances of suffering. Atterbury's Sermons.
Suppose the earth should be removed nearer to the sun,
and revolve for instance in the orbit of Mercury, the whole
ocean would boil with heat. Bentley's Sermons.
The use of instances is to illustrate and explain a difficulty;
and this end is best answered by such instances as are familiar
and common. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
5. State of any thing.
These seem as if, in the time of Edward the first, they were
drawn up into the form of a law in the first instance. Hale.
6. Occasion; act.
The performances required on our part, are no other than
what natural reason has endeavoured to recommend, even in
the most severe and difficult instances of duty. Rogers.

To I’NSTANCE. v. n. [from the noun.] To give or offer an
example.
As to false citations, that the world may see how little he
is to be trusted, I shall instance in two or three about which
he makes the loudest clamor. Tillotson.
In tragedy and satire, this age and the last have excelled
the ancients; and I would instance in Shakespeare of the for­
mer, in Dorset of the latter sort. Dryden's Juvenal.

I’NSTANT. adj. [instant, Fr. instans, Latin.]
1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest.
And they were instant with loud voices, requiring that he
might be crucified. Luke xxiii. 23.
Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing in­
stant in prayer. Rom. xii. 12.
2. Immediate; without any time intervening; present.
Our good old friend bestow
Your needful counsel to our businesses,
Which crave the instant use. Shakesp. King Lear.
Th' instant stroke of death denounc'd to day,
Remov'd far off. Milton.
Nor native country thou, nor friend shalt see;
Nor war hast thou to wage, nor year to come;
Impending death is thine, and instant doom. Prior.
3. Quick; without delay.
Instant without disturb they took alarm. Milton.
Griev'd that a visitant so long should wait
Unmark'd, unhonour'd, at a monarch's gate;
Instant he flew with hospitable haste,
And the new friend with courteous air embrac'd. Pope.

I’NSTANT. n. s. [instant, French.]
1. Instant is such a part of duration wherein we perceive no
succession. Locke.
There is scarce an instant between their flourishing and
their not being. Hooker, b. v.
I can at any unseasonable instant of the night appoint her
to look out at her lady's chamber window. Shakespeare.
Her nimble body yet in time must move,
And not in instants through all places stride;
But she is nigh and far, beneath, above,
In point of time, which thought cannot divide. Davies.
At any instant of time the moving atom is but in one single
point of the line; therefore all but that one point is either
future or past, and no other parts are co-existent or contem­
porary with it. Bentley's Sermons.
2. It is used in low and commercial language for a day of the
present or current month.
On the twentieth instant it is my intention to erect a lion's
head. Addison's Guard. No. 98.

INSTANTA’NEOUS. adj. [instantaneus, Latin.] Done in an in­
stant; acting at once without any perceptible succession; act­
ing with the utmost speed; done with the utmost speed.
This manner of the beginning or ceasing of the deluge
doth not at all agree with the instantaneous actions of creation
and annihilation. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The rapid radiance instantaneous strikes
Th' illumin'd mountain. Thomson.

INSTANTA’NEOUSLY. adv. [from instantaneous.] In an indivi­
sible point of time.
What I had heard of the raining of frogs came to my
thoughts, there being reason to conclude that those came from
the clouds, or were instantaneously generated. Derham.

I’NSTANTLY. adv. [instanter, Latin.]
1. Immediately; without any perceptible intervention of time.
In a great whale, the sense and the affects of any one part
of the body instantly make a transcursion throughout the whole
body. Bacon's Nat. Hist. cent. x.
Sleep instantly fell on me. Milton.
As several winds arise,
Just so their natures alter instantly. May's Virgil.
2. With urgent importunity.

To INSTA’TE. v. a. [in and state.]
1. To place in a certain rank or condition.
This kind of conquest does only instate the victor in these
rights of government, which the conquered prince, or that
prince to whom the conqueror pretends a right of succession,
had. Hale's Common Law of England.


Had this glistering monster been born to thy poverty, he
could not have been so bad: nor, perhaps, had thy birth in­
stated thee in the same greatness, wouldst thou have been
better. South's Sermons.
The first of them being eminently holy and dear to God,
should derive a blessing to his posterity on that account, and
prevail at last to have them also accepted as holy, and instated
in the favour of God. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. To invest. Obsolete.
For his possessions,
Although by confiscation they are ours,
We do instate and widow you withal. Shakespeare.

INSTAURA’TION. n. s. [instauration, French; instauratio, Lat.]
Restoration; reparation; renewal.

INSTE’AD. of. prep. [A word formed by the coalition of in and
stead, place.]
1. In room of; in place of.
Vary the form of speech, and instead of the word church
make it a question in politicks, whether the monument be in
danger. Swift.
2. Equal to.
This very consideration to a wise man is instead of a thou­
sand arguments, to satisfy him, that, in those times, no
such thing was believed. Tillotson's Sermons.

To INSTE’EP. v. a. [in and steep.]
1. To soak; to macerate in moisture.
Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled over,
Comes to him where in gore he lay insteep'd. Shakespeare.
2. Lying under water.
The guttered rocks, and congregated sands,
Traitors insteep'd to clog the guiltless keel. Shak. Othello.

I’NSTEP. n. s. [in and step.] The upper part of the foot where
it joins to the leg.
The caliga was a military shoe with a very thick sole, tied
above the instep with leather thongs. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To I’NSTIGATE. v. a. [instigo, Lat. instiguer, French.] To
urge to ill; to provoke or incite to a crime.

INSTIGA’TION. n. s. [instigation, French; from instigate.] In­
citement to a crime; encouragement; impulse to ill.
Such instigations have been often dropt,
Where I have took them up. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Why, what need we
Commune with you of this? But rather follow
Our forceful instigation. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
It was partly by the instigation of some factious malecon­
tents that bare principal stroke amongst them. Bacon.
Shall any man, that wilfully procures the cutting of
whole armies to pieces, set up for an innocent? As if the
lives that were taken away by his instigation were not to be
charged upon his account. L'Estrange's Fables.
We have an abridgment of all the baseness and villainy
that both the corruption of nature and the instigation of the
devil could bring the sons of men to. South's Sermons.

INSTIGA’TOR. n. s. [instigateur, French; from instigate.] In­
citer to ill.
That sea of blood is enough to drown in eternal misery
the malicious author or instigator of its effusion. K. Charles.
Either the eagerness of acquiring, or the revenge of mis­
sing dignities, have been the great instigators of ecclesiastick
feuds. Decay of Piety.

To INSTI’LL. v. a. [instillo, Lat. instiller, French.]
1. To infuse by drops.
He from the well of life three drops instill'd. Milton.
2. To insinuate any thing imperceptibly into the mind; to
infuse.
Though such assemblies be had indeed for religion's sake,
hurtful nevertheless they may easily prove, as well in regard
of their fitness to serve the turn of hereticks, and such as
privily will soonest adventure to instil their poison into mens
minds. Hooker, b. v.
He had a farther design in all this compassion, to instil and
insinuate good instruction, by contributing to their happiness
in this present life. Calamy's Sermons.
Those heathens did in a particular manner instil the prin­
ciple into their children of loving their country, which is far
otherwise now-a-days. Swift's Miscel.

INSTILLA’TION. n. s. [instillatio, Lat. from instil.]
1. The act of pouring in by drops.
2. The act of infusing slowly into the mind.
3. The thing infused.
They imbitter the cup of life by insensible instillations.
Rambler.

INSTI’NCT. adj. [instinct, Fr. instinctus, Lat.] Moved; ani­
mated. A word not in use.
Forth rush'd with whirlwind sound
The chariot of paternal deity,
Flashing thick flames, wheel within wheel undrawn,
Itself instict with spirit, but convoy'd
By four cherubick shapes. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.

I’NSTINCT. n. s. [instinct, Fr. instinctus, Lat. This word had its accent formerly on the last syllable.] Desire or aver­
sion acting in the mind without the intervention of reason or
deliberation; the power determining the will of brutes.
In him they fear your highness' death;
And mere instinct of love and loyalty
Makes them thus forward in his banishment. Shakespeare.
Thou knowest I am as valiant as Hercules; but beware
instinct; the lion will not touch the true prince: instinct is a
great matter. I was a coward on instinct: I shall think the
better of myself and thee, during my life; I for a valiant
lion, and thee for a true prince. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
But providence or instinct of nature seems,
Or reason though disturb'd, and scarce consulted,
To have guided me aright. Milton's Agonist. l. 1545.
Nature first pointed out my Portius to me,
And easily taught me by her secret force
To love thy person, e'er I knew thy merit;
Till what was instinct grew up into friendship. Addison.
The philosopher avers,
That reason guides our deed, and instinct theirs.
Instinct and reason how shall we divide? Prior.
Reason serves when press'd;
But honest instinct comes a volunteer. Pope.

INSTI’NCTED. adj. [instinctus, Lat.] Impressed as an animating
power. This, neither musical nor proper, was perhaps in­
troduced by Bentley.
What native unextinguishable beauty must be impressed
and instincted through the whole, which the defedation of so
many parts by a bad printer and a worse editor could not hin­
der from shining forth. Bentley's Preface to Milton.

INSTI’NCTIVE. adj. [from instinct.] Acting without the appli­
cation of choice of reason; rising in the mind without appa­
rent cause.
Rais'd
By quick instinctive motion, up I sprung,
As thitherward endeavouring. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
It will be natural that Ulysses's mind should forbode; and
it appears that the instinctive presage was a favourite opinion
of Homer's. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

INSTI’NCTIVELY. adv. [from instinctive.] By instinct; by the
call of nature.
The very rats
Instinctively had quit it. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To I’NSTITUTE. v. n. [instituo, institutum, Lat. instituer, Fr.]
1. To fix; to establish; to appoint; to enact; to settle; to
prescribe.
God then instituted a law natural to be observed by crea­
tures; and therefore, according to the manner of laws, the
institution thereof is described as being established by solemn
injunction. Hooker, b. i.
Here let us breathe, and haply institute
A course of learning, and ingenuous studies. Shakespeare.
To the production of the effect they are determined by the
laws of their nature, instituted and imprinted on them by ini­
mitable wisdom. Hale's Original of Mankind.
To institute a court and country party without materials,
would be a very new system in politicks, and what, I be­
lieve, was never thought on before. Swift.
2. To educate; to instruct; to form by instruction.
If children were early instituted, knowledge would insen­
sibly insinuate itself. Decay of Piety.

I’NSTITUTE. n. s. [institut, Fr. institutum, Latin.]
1. Established law; settled order.
This law, though custom now directs the course,
As nature's institute, is yet in force
Uncancel'd, though disused. Dryden.
2. Precept; maxim; principle.
Thou art pale in mighty studies grown,
To make the Stoick institutes thy own. Dryden's Persius.

INSTITU’TION. n. s. [institution, Fr. institutio, Latin.]
1. Act of establishing.
2. Establishment; settlement.
The institution of God's law is described as being establish­
ed by solemn injunction. Hooker.
It became him by whom all things are, to be the way of
salvation to all, that the institution and restitution of the world
might be both wrought with one hand. Hooker, b. v.
This unlimited power placed fundamentally in the body of
a people, is what legislators have endeavoured, in their several
schemes or institutions of government, to deposit in such hands
as would preserve the people. Swift.
3. Positive law.
The holiness of the first fruits and the lump is an holiness,
merely of institution, outward and nominal; whereas the
holiness of the root is an holiness of nature, inherent and
real. Atterbury's Sermons.
The law and institution founded by Moses was to establish
religion, and to make mercy and peace known to the whole
earth. Forbes.
4. Education.
After baptism, when it is in infancy received, succeeds in­
struction and institution in the nature and several branches of


that vow, which was made at the font, in a short intelligible
manner. Hammond's Fundamentals.
It is a necessary piece of providence in the institution of our
children, to train them up to somewhat in their youth, that
may honestly entertain them in their age. L'Estrange.
His learning was not the effect of precept or institution.
Bentley.

INSTITU’TIONARY. adj. [from institution.] Elemental; con­
taining the first doctrines, or principles of doctrine.
That it was not out of fashion Aristotle declareth in his
politicks, among the institutionary rules of youth. Brown.
1. An establisher; one who settles.

I’NSTITUTOR. n. s. [instituteur, Fr. institutor, Latin.]
It might have succeeded a little better, if it had pleased
the institutors of the civil months of the sun to have ordered
them alternately odd and even. Holder on Time.
2. Instructor; educator.
The two great aims which every institutor of youth should
mainly and intentionally drive at. Walker.

I’NSTITUTIST. n. s. [from institute.] Writer of institutes, or
elemental instructions.
Green gall the institutists would persuade us to be an effect
of an over-hot stomach. Harvey on Consumptions.

To INSTO’P. v. a. [in and stop.] To close up; to stop.
With boiling pitch another near at hand
The seams instops. Dryden's Ann. Mirab.

To INSTRU’CT. v. a. [instruo, Latin; instruire, French.]
1. To teach; to form by precept; to inform authoritatively;
to educate; to institute; to direct.
Out of heaven he made thee to hear his voice, that he
might instruct thee. Deut. iv. 36.
His God doth instruct him to discretion, and doth teach
him. Isa. xxviii. 26.
They that were instructed in the songs of the Lord were
two hundred fourscore and eight. 1 Chron. xxv. 7.
These are the things wherein Solomon was instructed for
building of the house of God. 2 Chron. iii. 3.
Chenaniah, chief of the Levites, instructed about the song,
because he was skilful. 1 Chron. xv. 22.
She being before instructed of her mother. Matth. xiv. 8.
Thou approvest the things that are more excellent, being
instructed out of the law. Rom. ii. 18.
Instruct me, for thou knowest. Milton.
He ever by consulting at thy shrine
Return'd the wiser, or the more instruct
To fly or follow what concern'd him most. Milton.
2. To model; to form. Little in use.
They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor has
prepared and instructed the same for a hearing before the
judge. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INSTRU’CTER. n. s. [from instruct.] A teacher; an instituter;
one who delivers precepts or imparts knowledge.
You have ten thousand instructors in Christ. 1 Cor. iv. 15.
After the flood arts to Chaldea fell,
The father of the faithful there did dwell,
Who both their parent and instructor was. Denham.
O thou, who future things can'st represent
As present, heav'nly instructor! Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Poets, the first instructors of mankind,
Brought all things to their native proper use. Roscommon.
They see how they are beset on every side, not only with
temptations, but instructors to vice. Locke on Education.
We have precepts of duty given us by our instructors. Rog.
Several instructors were disposed among this little helpless
people. Addison's Guard. No. 105.

INSTRU’CTION. n. s. [instruction, French; from instruct.]
1. The act of teaching; information.
It lies on you to speak,
Not by your own instruction, nor by any matter
Which your heart prompts you to, but with such words
As are rooted in your tongue. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
We are beholden to judicious writers of all ages, for those
discoveries and discourses they have left behind them for our
instruction. Locke.
2. Precepts conveying knowledge.
Will ye not receive instruction to hearken to receive my
words? Jer. xxxv.
On ev'ry thorn delightful wisdom grows,
In ev'ry stream a sweet instruction flows;
But some untaught o'erhear the whisper'ring rill,
In spite of sacred leisure, blockheads still. Young.
3. Authoritative information; mandate.
See this dispatch'd with all the haste thou can'st;
Anon I'll give thee more instruction. Shakespeare.

INSTRU’CTIVE. adj. [from instruct; instructif, French.] Con­
veying knowledge.
With variety of instructive expressions by speech man
alone is endowed. Holder.
I would not laugh but in order to instruct; or if my mirth
ceases to be instructive, it shall never cease to be innocent.
Addison's Spect. No. 179.

I’NSTRUMENT. n. s. [instrument, Fr. instrumentum, Lat.]
1. A tool used for any work or purpose.
If he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die,
he is a murderer. Num. xxxv. 16.
What artificial frame, what instrument,
Did one superior genius e'er invent;
Which to the muscles is preferr'd. Blackmore on Creation.
Box is a wood useful for turners and instrument makers.
Mortimer.
2. A frame constructed so as to yield harmonious sounds.
He that striketh an instrument with skill, may cause not­
withstanding a very pleasant sound, if the string whereon he
striketh chance to be capable of harmony. Hooker, b. i.
She taketh most delight
In musick, instruments and poetry. Shakespeare.
In solitary groves he makes his moan,
Nor, mix'd in mirth, in youthful pleasure shares,
But sighs when songs and instruments he hears. Dryden.
3. A writing containing any contract or order.
He called Edna his wife, and took paper, and did write
an instrument of covenants, and sealed it. Tob. vii. 14.
4. The agent or mean of any thing. It is used of persons as
well as things, but of persons very often in an ill sense.
The gods would not have delivered a soul into the body
which hath arms and legs, only instruments of doing; but that
it were intended the mind should employ them. Sidney.
If, haply, you my father do suspect,
An instrument of this your calling back,
Lay not your blame on me. Shakesp. Othello.
All voluntary self-denials and austerities which Christianity
commends become necessary, not simply for themselves, but
as instruments towards a higher end. Decay of Piety.
Reputation is the smallest sacrifice those can make us, who
have been the instruments of our ruin. Swift's Miscel.
There is one thing to be considered concerning reason,
whether syllogism be the proper instrument of it, and the use­
fullest way of exercising this faculty. Locke.
5. One who acts only to serve the purposes of another.
He scarcely knew what was done in his own chamber, but
as it pleased her instruments to frame themselves. Sidney, b. ii.
All the instruments which aided to expose the child, were
even then lost when it was found. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
In benefits as well as injuries, it is the principal that we
are to consider, not the instrument; that which a man does
by another, is in truth his own act. L'Estrange.
The bold are but th' instruments of the wise,
They undertake the dangers they advise. Dryden.

INSTRUME’NTAL. adj. [instrumental, French; instrumentum,
Latin.]
1. Conducive as means to some end; organical.
All second and instrumental causes, without that operative
faculty which God gave them, would become altogether
silent, virtueless, and dead. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Prayer, which is instrumental to every thing, hath a parti­
cular promise in this thing. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
It is not an essential part of religion, but rather an auxi­
liary and instrumental duty. Smalridge's Sermons.
I discern some excellent final causes of conjunction of body
and soul; but the instrumental I know not, nor what invisi­
ble bands and fetters unite them together. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Acting to some end; contributing to some purpose; helpful:
used of persons and things.
The presbyterian merit is of little weight, when they
allege themselves instrumental towards the restoration. Swift.
3. Consisting not of voices but instruments.
They which, under pretence of the law ceremonial abro­
gated, require the abrogation of instrumental musick, ap­
proving nevertheless the use of vocal melody to remain, must
shew some reason, wherefore the one should be thought a
legal ceremony and not the other. Hooker, b. v.
4. Produced by instruments; not vocal.
Oft in bands,
While they keep watch, or nightly rounding walk,
With heav'nly touch of instrumental sounds
In full harmonious number join'd, their songs
Divide the night, and lift our thoughts to heav'n. Milton.
Sweet voices, mix'd with instrumental sounds,
Ascend the vaulted roof, the vaulted roof rebounds. Dryd.

INSTRUMENTA’LITY. n. s. [from instrumental.] Subordinate
agency; agency of any thing as means to an end.
Those natural and involuntary actings are not done by de­
liberation and formal command, yet they are done by the
virtue, energy, and influx of the soul, and the instrumenta­
lity of the spirits. Hale's Original of Mankind.

INSTRUME’NTALLY. adv. [from instrumental.] In the nature
of an instrument; as means to an end.
Mens well-being here in this life is but instrumentally good,
as being the means for him to be well in the next life. Digby.
Habitual preparation for the sacrament consists in a stand­
ing, permanent habit, or principle of holiness, wrought chiefly


by God's spirit, and instrumentally by his word, in the heart
or soul of man. South's Sermons.

INSTRUME’NTALNESS. n. s. [from instrumental.] Usefulness as
means to an end.
The instrumentalness of riches to works of charity, has
rendered it very political, in every Christian commonwealth,
by laws to settle and secure propriety. Hammond's Fund.

INSU’FFERABLE. adj. [in and sufferable.]
1. Intolerable; insupportable; intense beyond endurance.
The one is oppressed with constant heat, the other with
insufferable cold. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.
Though great light be insufferable to our eyes, yet the
highest degree of darkness does not at all disease them; be­
cause that causing no disorderly motion, leaves that curious
organ unharmed. Locke.
2. Detestable; contemptible.
A multitude of scribblers, who daily pester the world with
their insufferable stuff, should be discouraged from writing any
more. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

INSU’FFERABLY. adv. [from insufferable.] To a degree beyond
endurance.
Those heav'nly shapes
Will dazzle now this earthly, with their blaze
Insufferably bright. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
There is no person remarkably ungrateful, who was not
also insufferably proud. South's Sermons.

INSUFFI’CIENCE. n. s. [insufficience, Fr. in and sufficient.] In­
dequateness to any end or purpose;
want of requisite value or power: used of things and persons.

INSUFFI’CIENCY. n. s. [insufficience, Fr. in and sufficient.] In­
dequateness to any end or purpose;
want of requisite value or power: used of things and persons.
The minister's aptness or insufficiency, otherwise than by
reading to instruct the flock, standeth in this place as a
stranger, with whom our form of common prayer hath no­
thing to do. Hooker, b. v.
The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of
scripture, so fully supplied, that further light than this hath
added, there doth not need unto that end. Hooker, b. ii.
We will give you sleepy drinks, that your senses, unintel­
ligent of our insufficience, may, though they cannot praise us,
as little accuse us. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Till experience had discovered their defect and insufficiency,
I did certainly conclude them to be infallible. Wilkins.
Consider the pleas made use of to this purpose, and shew
the insufficiency and weakness of them. Atterbury.

INSUFFI’CIENT. adj. [insufficient, French; in and sufficient.]
Inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; wanting abilities;
incapable; unfit.
The bishop to whom they shall be presented, may justly
reject them as incapable and insufficient. Spenser on Ireland.
We are weak, dependant creatures, insufficient to our own
happiness, full of wants which of ourselves we cannot re­
lieve, exposed to a numerous train of evils which we know
not how to divert. Rogers's Sermons.
Fasting kills by the bad state, not by the insufficient quan­
tity of fluids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

INSUFFI’CIENTLY. adv. [from insufficient.] With want of pro­
per ability; not skilfully.

INSUFFLA’TION. [in and sufflo, Latin.] The act of breathing
upon.
Imposition of hands is a custom of parents in blessing their
children, but taken up by the apostles instead of that divine
insufflation which Christ used. Hammond's Fundamentals.

I’NSULAR. adj. [insulaire, French; insularis, Lat.] Belong­
ing to an island.

I’NSULARY. adj. [insulaire, French; insularis, Lat.] Belong­
ing to an island.
Druina, being surrounded with the sea, is hardly to be in­
vaded, having many other insulary advantages. Howel.

I’NSULATED. adj. [insula, Lat.] Not contiguous on any side.

INSU’LSE. adj. [insulsus, Lat.] Dull; insipid; heavy. Dict.

INSU’LT. n. s. [insultus, Lat. insulte, French.]
1. The act of leaping upon any thing. In this sense it has the
accent on the last syllable: the sense is rare.
The bull's insult at four she may sustain,
But after ten from nuptial rites refrain. Dryden's Virgil.
2. Act of insolence or contempt.
Take the sentence seriously, because railleries are an insult
on the unfortunate. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To INSU’LT. v. a. [insulter, Fr. insulto, Lat.]
1. To treat with insolence or contempt. It is used sometimes
with over, sometimes without a preposition.
The poet makes his hero, after he was glutted by the
death of Hector, and the honour he did his friend by insult­
ing over his murderer, to be moved by the tears of king
Priam. Pope.
2. To trample upon; to triumph over.
It pleas'd the king his master very lately
To strike at me upon his misconstruction;
When he conjunct, and flatt'ring his displeasure,
Tript me behind; being down, insulted, rail'd,
And put upon him such a deal of man,
That worthied him. Shakespeare's King Lear.
So 'scapes the insulting fire his narrow jail,
And makes small outlets into open air. Dryden.
Ev'n when they sing at ease in full content,
Insulting o'er the toil they underwent,
Yet still they find a future task remain,
To turn the soil. Dryden's Virgil.

INSU’LTER. n. s. [from insult.] One who treats another with
insolent triumph.
Ev'n man, the merciless insulter man,
Man, who rejoices in our sex's weakness,
Shall pity thee. Rowe's Jane Shore.

INSU’LTINGLY. adv. [from insulting.] With contemptuous
triumph.
Insultingly, he made your love his boast,
Gave me my life, and told me what it cost. Dryden.

INSUPERABI’LITY. n. s. [from insuperable.] The quality of be­
ing invincible.

INSU’PERABLE. adj. [insuperabilis, Latin.] Invincible; in­
surmountable; not to be conquered; not to be overcome.
This appears to be an insuperable objection, because of the
evidence that sense seems to give it. Digby on Bodies.
Much might be done would we but endeavour; nothing
is insuperable to pains and patience. Ray on the Creation.
And middle natures how they long to join,
Yet never pass th' insuperable line. Pope's Essay on Man.

INSU’PERABLENESS. n. s. [from insuperable.] Invincibleness;
impossibility to be surmounted.

INSU’PERABLY. adv. [from insuperable.] Invincibly; insur­
mountably.
Between the grain and the vein of a diamond there is this
difference, that the former furthers, the latter, being so in­
superably hard, hinders the splitting of it. Grew's Musæum.

INSUPPO’RTABLE. adj. [insupportable, French; in and support­
able.] Intolerable; insufferable; not to be endured.
A disgrace put upon a man in company is insupportable; it
is heightened according to the greatness, and multiplied ac­
cording to the number of the persons that hear. South.
The baser the enemies are, the more insupportable is the
insolence. L'Estrange's Fables.
The thought of being nothing after death is a burden in­
supportable to a virtuous man: we naturally aim at happiness,
and cannot bear to have it confined to our present being. Dryd.
To those that dwell under or near the Equator, this Spring
would be a most pestilent and insupportable Summer; and as
for those countries that are nearer the Poles, a perpetual Spring
will not do their business. Bentley's Sermons.

INSUPPO’RTABLENESS. n. s. [from insupportable.] Insufferable­
ness; the state of being beyond endurance.
Then fell she to so pitiful a declaration of the insupportable­
ness of her desires, that Dorus's ears procured his eyes with
tears to give testimony how much they suffered for her suf­
fering. Sidney.

INSUPPO’RTABLY. adv. [from insupportable.] Beyond en­
durance.
But safest he who stood aloof,
When insupportably his foot advanc'd,
In scorn of their proud arms and warlike tools,
Spurn'd them to death by troops. Milton's Agonistes.
The first day's audience sufficiently convinced me, that the
poem was insupportably too long. Dryden.

INSURMO’UNTABLE. adj. [insurmontable, Fr. in and surmountable.]
Insuperable; unconquerable.
This difficulty is insurmountable, 'till I can make simplicity
and variety the same. Locke.
Hope thinks nothing difficult; despair tells us, that difficul­
ty is insurmountable. Watts.

INSURMO’UNTABLY. adv. [from insurmountable.] Invincibly;
unconquerably.

INSURRE’CTION. n. s. [insurgo, Latin.] A seditious rising; a
rebellious commotion.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing,
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream:
The genius and the mortal instruments
Are then in council; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suffers then
The nature of an insurrection. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
This city of old time hath made insurrection against kings,
and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein. Ezra.
There shall be a great insurrection upon those that fear the
Lord. 2 Esd. xvi. 70.
Insurrections of base people are commonly more furious in
their beginnings. Bacon's Henry VII.
The trade of Rome had like to have suffered another great
stroke by an insurrection in Egypt, excited by Achilleus. Arbuth.

INSUSURRA’TION. n. s. [insusurro, Latin.] The act of whis­
pering.

INT

INTA’CTIBLE. adj. [in and tactum, Latin.] Not perceptible
to the touch. Dict.

INTA’GLIO. n. s. [Italian.] Any thing that has figures en­
graved on it.
We meet with the figures which Juvenal describes on an­
tique intaglios and medals. Addison on Italy.



INTA’STABLE. adj. [in and taste.] Not raising any sensations
in the organs of taste.
Something which is invisible, intastable, and intangible, as
existing only in the fancy, may produce a pleasure superior to
that of sense. Grew's Cosmol.

I’NTEGER. n. s. [Latin.] The whole of any thing.
As not only signified a piece of money, but any integer;
from whence is derived the word ace, or unit. Arbuthnot.

I’NTEGRAL. adj. [integral, French; integer, Latin.]
1. Whole: applied to a thing considered as comprising all its
constituent parts.
A local motion keepeth bodies integral, and their parts toge­
ther. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Uninjured; complete; not defective.
No wonder if one remain speechless, though of integral
principles, who, from an infant, should be bred up amongst
mutes, and have no teaching. Holder.
3. Not fractional; not broken into fractions.

I’NTEGRAL. n. s. The whole made up of parts.
Physicians, by the help of anatomical dissections, have
searched into those various meanders of the veins, arteries,
nerves, and integrals of the human body. Hale.
Consider the infinite complications and combinations of
several concurrences to the constitution and operation of al­
most every integral in nature. Hale.
A mathematical whole is better called integral, when the
several parts, which make up the whole, are distinct, and each
may subsist apart. Watts.

INTE’GRITY. n. s. [integrité, Fr. integritas, from integer, Lat.]
1. Honesty; uncorrupt mind; purity of manners; uncorrupt­
edness.
Your dishonour
Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state
Of that integrity which should become it. Shakesp. Coriol.
Macduff, this noble passion,
Child of integrity, hath from my soul
Wip'd the black scruples, reconcil'd my thoughts
To thy good truth and honour. Shakes. Macbeth.
Whoever has examined both parties cannot go far towards
the extremes of either, without violence to his integrity or
understanding. Swift.
The libertine, instead of attempting to corrupt our inte­
grity, will conceal and disguise his own vices. Rogers.
2. Purity; genuine unadulterate state.
Language continued long in its purity and integrity. Hale.
3. Intireness; unbroken whole.
Take away this transformation, and there is no chasm, nor
can it affect the integrity of the action. Broome.

INTE’GUMENT. n. s. [integumentum, intego, Lat.] Any thing
that covers or invelops another.
He could no more live without his frize-coat than without
his skin: it is not indeed so properly his coat, as what the
anatomists call one of the integuments of the body. Addison.

I’NTELLECT. n. s. [intellect, Fr. intellectus, Lat.] The in­
telligent mind; the power of understanding.
All heart they live, all head, all eye, all ear,
All intellect, all sense. Milton.
All those arts, rarities, and inventions, which vulgar minds
gaze at, and the ingenious pursue, are but the reliques of an
intellect defaced with sin and time. South's Sermons.

INTELLE’CTION. n. s. [intellection, Fr. intellectio, Latin.] The
act of understanding.
Simple apprehension denotes the soul's naked intellection of
an object, without either composition or deduction. Glanv.
A determinate intellection of the modes of being, never hinted
by the senses, can realize chimeras. Glanv. Sceps.
They will say 'tis not the bulk or substance of the animal
spirit, but its motion and agility, that produces intellection and
sense. Bentley's Sermons.

INTELLE’CTIVE. adj. [intellectif, Fr. from intellect.] Having
power to understand.
If a man as intellective be created, then either he means the
whole man, or only that by which he is intellective. Glanv.

INTELLE’CTUAL. adj. [intellectuel, French; intellectualis, low
Latin.]
1. Relating to the understanding; belonging to the mind;
transacted by the understanding.
Religion teaches us to present to God our bodies as well
as our souls: if the body serves the soul in actions natural and
civil, and intellectual, it must not be eased in the only offices
of religion. Taylor.
2. Mental; comprising the faculty of understanding; belonging
to the mind.
Logick is to teach us the right use of our reason, or intel­
lectual powers. Watts.
3. Ideal; perceived by the intellect, not the senses.
In a dark vision's intellectual scene,
Beneath a bow'r for sorrow made,
The melancholy Cowley lay. Cowley.
A train of phantoms in wild order rose,
And, join'd, this intellectual scene compose. Pope.
4. Having the power of understanding.
Anaxagoras and Plato term the maker of the world an in­
tellectual worker. Hooker.
Who would lose,
Though full of pain, this intellectual being,
Those thoughts that wander through eternity,
To perish rather, swallow'd up and lost,
In the wide womb of uncreated night,
Devoid of sense and motion? Milton's Parad. Lost.
5. Proposed as the object not of the senses but intellect: as,
Cudworth names his book the intellectual system of the uni­
verse.

INTELLE’CTUAL. n. s. Intellect; understanding; mental
powers or faculties. This is little in use.
Her husband not nigh,
Whose higher intellectual more I shun. Milton.
The fancies of most, like the index of a clock, are moved
but by the inward springs of the corporeal machine; which,
even on the most sublimed intellectual, is dangerously influen­
tial. Glanv. Sceps.
I have not consulted the repute of my intellectuals in bring­
ing their weaknesses into such discerning presences. Glanv.

INTE’LLIGENCE. n. s. [intelligence, French; intelligentia,
Latin.]

INTE’LLIGENCY. n. s. [intelligence, French; intelligentia,
Latin.]
1. Commerce of information; notice; mutual communication;
account of things distant or secret.
It was perceived there had not been in the catholicks, either
at Armenia or at Seleucia, so much foresight as to provide that
true intelligence might pass between them of what was done.
Hooker, b. v.
A mankind witch! hence with her, out of door!
A most intelligency bawd! Shakespeare.
He furnished his employed men liberally with money,
to draw on and reward intelligences; giving them also in charge
to advertise continually what they found. Bacon's H. VII.
The advertisements of neighbour princes are always to be
regarded, for that they receive intelligence from better authors
than persons of inferior note. Hayward.
Let all the passages
Be well secur'd, that no intelligence
May pass between the prince and them. Denham's Sophy.
Those tales had been sung to lull children asleep, before ever
Berosus set up his intelligence office at Coos. Bentley.
2. Commerce of acquaintance; terms on which men live one
with another.
Factious followers are worse to be liked, which follow not
upon affection to him with whom they range themselves;
whereupon commonly ensueth that ill intelligence that we see
between great personages. Bacon.
He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship with
the favourites. Clarendon.
3. Spirit; unbodied mind.
How fully hast thou satisfied me, pure
Intelligence of heav'n, angel! Milt. Parad. Lost.
There are divers ranks of created beings intermediate be­
tween the glorious God and man, as the glorious angels and
created intelligences. Hale.
They hoped to get the favour of the houses, and by the
favour of the houses they hoped for that of the intelligencies,
and by their favour for that of the supreme God. Stillingfleet.
The regularity of motion, visible in the great variety and
curiosity of bodies, is a demonstration that the whole mass of
matter is under the conduct of a mighty intelligence. Collier.
Satan, appearing like a cherub to Uriel, the intelligence of the
sun circumvented him even in his own province. Dryden.
4. Understanding; skill.
Heaps of huge words, up hoarded hideously,
They think to be chief praise of poetry;
And thereby wanting due intelligence,
Have marr'd the face of goodly poesie. Spenser.

INTELLIGE’NCER. n. s. [from intelligence.] One who sends or
conveys news; one who gives notice of private or distant
transactions; one who carries messages between parties.
His eyes, being his diligent intelligencers, could carry unto
him no other news but discomfortable. Sidney.
Who hath not heard it spoken
How deep you were within the books of heav'n?
To us, th' imagin'd voice of heav'n itself;
The very opener and intelligencer
Between the grace and sanctities of heav'n,
And our dull workings. Shakes. Henry IV.
If they had instructions to that purpose, they might be the
best intelligencers to the king of the true state of his whole
kingdom. Bacon.
They are the best sort of intelligencers; for they have a way
into the inmost closets of princes. Howel.
They have news-gatherers and intelligencers, who make
them acquainted with the conversation of the whole king­
dom. Spectator.

INTE’LLIGENT. adj. [intelligent, Fr. intelligens, Latin.]
1. Knowing; instructed; skilful.
It is not only in order of nature for him to govern that is
the more intelligent, as Aristotle would have it; but there is


no less required for government, courage to protect, and
above all honesty. Bacon.
Intelligent of seasons, they set forth
Their airy caravan. Milton.
He of times,
Intelligent, th' harsh hyperborean ice
Shuns for our equal Winters; when our suns
Cleave the chill'd soil, he backwards wings his way. Phillips.
Trace out the numerous footsteps of the presence and in­
terposition of a most wise and intelligent architect throughout
all this stupendous fabrick. Woodward.
2. Giving information.
Servants, who seem no less,
Which are to France the spies and speculations
Intelligent of our state. Shakes. King Lear.

INTELLIGE’NTIAL. adj. [from intelligence.]
1. Consisting of unbodied mind.
Food alike those pure
Intelligential substances require,
As doth your rational. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Intellectual; exercising understanding.
In at his mouth
The devil enter'd; and his brutal sense,
His heart or head possessing, soon inspir'd
With act intelligential. Milton's Paradise Lost.

INTELLIGIBI’LITY. n. s. [from intelligible.]
1. Possibility to be understood.
2. The power of understanding; intellection. Not proper.
The soul's nature consists in intelligibility. Glanv. Sceps.

INTE’LLIGIBLE. adj. [intelligible, Fr. intelligibilis, Latin.]
To be conceived by the understanding; possible to be under­
stood.
We shall give satisfaction to the mind, to shew it a fair and
intelligible account of the deluge. Burnet.
Something must be lost in all translations, but the sense will
remain, which would otherwise be lost, or at least be maimed,
when it is scarce intelligible. Dryden.
Many natural duties relating to God, ourselves, and our
neighbours, would be exceeding difficult for the bulk of man­
kind to find out by reason; therefore it has pleased God to ex­
press them in a plain manner, intelligible to souls of the lowest
capacity. Watts.

INTE’LLIGIBLENESS. n. s. [from intelligible.] Possibility to be
understood; perspicuity.
It is in our ideas that both the rightness of our knowledge,
and the propriety or intelligibleness of our speaking, con­
sists. Locke.

INTE’LLIGIBLY. adv. [from intelligible.] So as to be under­
stood; clearly; plainly.
The genuine sense, intelligibly told,
Shews a translator both discreet and bold. Roscommon.
To write of metals and minerals intelligibly, is a task more
difficult than to write of animals. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

INTE’MERATE. adj. [intemeratus, Latin.] Undefiled; unpol­
luted.

INTE’MPERAMENT. n. s. [in and temperament.] Bad consti­
tution.
Some depend upon the intemperament of the part ulcerated,
and others upon the continual afflux of lacerative humours.
Harvey on Consumptions.

INTE’MPERANCE. n. s. [intemperance, Fr. intemperantia, Lat.]
Want of temperance; want of modera­
tion; excess in meat or drink.

INTE’MPERANCY. n. s. [intemperance, Fr. intemperantia, Lat.]
Want of temperance; want of modera­
tion; excess in meat or drink.
Boundless intemperance
In nature is a tyranny; it hath been
The fall of many kings. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Another law of Lycurgus induced to intemperancy and all
kind of incontinency. Hakewill.
Some, as thou saw'st, by violent stroke shall die;
By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more
In meats and drinks, which on the earth shall bring
Diseases dire; of which a monstrous crew
Before thee shall appear; that thou may'st know
What misery th' inabstinence of Eve
Shall bring on men. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate
drunkenness and intemperance, by bringing a drunken man
into their company. Watts.

INTE’MPERATE. adj. [intemperant, Fr. intemperatus, Latin.]
1. Immoderate in appetite; excessive in meat or drink; drunken;
gluttonous.
More women should die than men, if the number of bu­
rials answered in proportion to that of sicknesses; but men,
being more intemperate than women, die as much by rea­
son of their vices, as women do by the infirmity of their
sex. Graunt.
Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and philosophy, and
those unanswerable doubts, which, over their cups or their
coffee, they pretend to have against Christianity; persuade but
the covetous man not to deify his money, the intemperate man
to abandon his revels, and I dare undertake that all their giant­
like objections shall vanish. South.
2. Passionate; ungovernable; without rule.
You are more intemperate in your blood
Than those pamper'd animals,
That rage in savage sensuality. Shakespeare.
Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing; for therein is
the word of sin. Ecclus. xxiii. 13.

INTE’MPERATELY. adv. [from intemperate.]
1. With breach of the laws of temperance.
How grosly do many of us contradict the plain precepts of
the Gospel, by living intemperately or unjustly? Tillotson.
2. Immoderately; excessively.
Do not too many believe no religion to be pure, but what is
intemperately rigid? Whereas no religion is true that is not
peaceable as well as pure. Spratt's Sermons.

INTE’MPERATENESS. n. s. [from intemperate.]
1. Want of moderation.
2. Unseasonableness of weather. Ainsworth.

INTE’MPERATURE. n. s. [from intemperate.] Excess of some
quality.

To INTE’ND. v. a. [intendo, Latin.]
1. To stretch out. Obsolete.
The same advancing high above his head,
With sharp intended sting so rude him smote,
That to the earth him drove, as stricken dead;
Ne living wight would have him life behot. Fairy Queen.
2. To enforce; to make intense.
What seems to be the ground of the assertion, is the
magnified quality of this star, conceived to cause or intend
the heat of this season, we find that wiser antiquity was not of
this opinion. Brown's Vulg. Err.
By this the lungs are intended or remitted. Hale.
This vis inertiæ is essential to matter, because it neither can
be deprived of it, nor intended or remitted in the same body;
but is always proportional to the quantity of matter. Cheyne.
Magnetism may be intended and remitted, and is found only
in the magnet and in iron. Newton's Opt.
3. To regard; to attend; to take care of.
This they should carefully intend, and not when the sacra­
ment is administred, imagine themselves called only to walk up
and down in a white and shining garment. Hooker.
2. To pay regard or attention to. This sense is now little used.
They could not intend to the recovery of that country of
the north. Spenser.
Having no children, she did with singular care and tender­
ness intend the education of Philip. Bacon's H. VII.
The king prayed them to have patience 'till a little smoak,
that was raised in his country, was over; slighting, as his
manner was, that openly, which nevertheless he intended seri­
ously. Bacon's H. VII.
Neither was there any queen-mother who might share any
way in the government, while the king intended his pleasure.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Go therefore, mighty pow'rs!
Terror of heav'n, though fallen! intend at home,
While here shall be our home, what best may ease
The present misery, and render hell
More tolerable. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Their beauty they, and we our loves suspend;
Nought can our wishes, save thy health, intend. Waller.
4. To mean; to design.
The opinion she had of his wisdom was such, as made her
esteem greatly of his words; but that the words themselves
sounded so, as she could not imagine what they intended. Sidn.
The gods would not have delivered a soul into the body,
which hath arms and legs, only instruments of doing, but
that it were intended the mind should employ them. Sidney.
Thou art sworn
As deeply to effect what we intend,
As closely to conceal what we impart? Shakes. R. III.
The earl was a very acute and sound speaker, when he
would intend it. Wotton.
According to this model Horace writ his odes and epods;
for his satires and epistles, being intended wholly for instruc­
tion, required another style. Dryden.

INTE’NDANT. n. s. [French.] An officer of the highest class,
who oversees any particular allotment of the publick business.
Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's fleet, and Onesi­
crates, his intendant general of marine, have both left relations
of the Indies. Arbuthnot.

INTE’NDIMENT. n. s. [entendement, French.] Attention; pa­
tient hearing; accurate examination. This word is only to be
found in Spenser.
Be nought hereat dismay'd,
'Till well ye wot, by grave intendiment,
What woman, and wherefore doth me upbraid. Fa. Queen.

INTE’NDMENT. n. s. [entendement, French.]
1. Intention; design.
Out of my love to you, I came hither to acquaint you
withal; that either you might stay him from his intendment, or
brook such disgrace well as he shall run into. Shakespeare.
All that worship for fear, profit, or some other by-end, fall
more or less within the intendment of this emblem. L'Estrange.



To INTE’NERATE. v. a. [in and tener, Latin.] To make ten­
der; to soften. Bp. Taylor.
Autumn vigour gives,
Equal, intenerating, milky grain. Phillips.

INTENERA’TION. n. s. [from intenerate.] The act of softening
or making tender.
In living creatures the noblest use of nourishment is for the
prolongation of life, restoration of some degree of youth, and
inteneration of the parts. Bacon.

INTE’NIBLE. adj. [in and tenible.] That cannot hold. It is
commonly written intenable.
I know I love in vain, strive against hope;
Yet in this captious and intenible sieve,
I still pour in the waters of my love. Shakespeare.

INTE’NSE. adj. [intensus, Latin.]
1. Raised to a high degree; strained; forced; not slight; not lax.
To observe the effects of a distillation, prosecuted with so
intense and unusual a degree of heat, we ventured to come
near. Boyle.
Sublime or low, unbended or intense,
The sound is still a comment to the sense. Roscommon.
2. Vehement; ardent.
Hebraisms warm and animate our language, and convey our
thoughts in more ardent and intense phrases. Addison.
3. Kept on the stretch; anxiously attentive.
But in disparity
The one intense; the other still remiss,
Cannot well suit with either, but soon prove
Tedious alike. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.

INTE’NSELY. adv. [from intense.] To a great degree.
If an Englishman considers our world, how intensely it is
heated, he cannot suppose that it will cool again. Addison.

INTE’NSENESS. n. s. [from intense.] The state of being affected
to a high degree; force; contrariety to laxity or remission.
The water of standing springs and rivers, that sustains a
diminution from the heat above, being evaporated more or
less, in proportion to the greater or lesser intenseness of heat.
Woodward's Natural History.

INTE’NSION. n. s. [intension, Fr. intensio, Latin.] The act of
forcing or straining any thing; contrariety to remission or
relaxation.
Sounds will be carried further with the wind than against
the wind; and likewise do rise and fall with the intension or
remission of the wind. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Faith differs from hope in the extension of its object, and
in the intension of degree. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

INTE’NSIVE. adj. [from intense.]
1. Stretched or increased with respect to itself.
As his perfection is infinitely greater than the perfection of
a man, so it is infinitely greater than the persection of an angel;
and were it not infinitely greater than the perfection of an
angel, it could not be infinitely greater than the perfection of
a man, because the intensive distance between the perfection of
an angel and of a man is but finite. Hale.
2. Intent; full of care.
Tired with that assiduous attendance and intensive circum­
spection, which a long fortune did require, he was not un­
willing to bestow upon another some part of the pains. Wott.

INTE’NSIVELY. adv. To a greater degree.
God and the good angels are more free than we are, that is,
intensively in the degree of freedom; but not extensively in the
latitude of the object, according to a liberty of exercise, but
not of specification. Bramh. against Hobbs.

INTE’NT. adj. [intentus, Latin.] Anxiously diligent; fixed
with close application.
Distractions in England made most men intent to their own
safety. King Charles.
When we use but those means which God hath laid before
us, it is a good sign that we are rather intent upon God's glory
than our own conveniency. Taylor.
The general himself had been more intent upon his com­
mand. Clarendon.
They on their mirth and dance
Intent. Milton.
Of action eager, and intent on thought,
The chiefs your honourable danger sought. Dryden.
Were men as intent upon this as on things of lower con­
cernment, there are none so enslaved to the necessities of life,
who might not find many vacancies that might be husbanded
to this advantage of their knowledge. Locke.
Whilst they are intent on one particular part of their theme,
they bend all their thoughts to prove or disprove some propo­
sition that relates to that part, without attention to the conse­
quences that may affect another. Watts.
Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the
speaker. Watts.

INTE’NT. n. s. [from intend.] A design; a purpose; a drift;
a view formed; meaning.
Although the Scripture of God be stored with infinite va­
riety of matter in all kinds, although it abound with all sorts
of laws, yet the principal intent of Scripture is to deliver the
laws of duties supernatural. Hooker.
Whereas commandment was given to destroy all places
where the Canaanites had served the gods, this precept had
reference unto a special intent and purpose, which was that
there should be but one place whereunto the people might
bring offerings. Hooker.
Those that accuse him in his intent towards our wives, are
a yoke of his discarded men. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I'll urge his hatred more to Clarence;
And, if I fail not in my deep intent,
Clarence hath not another day to live. Shakesp. R. III.
There is an incurable blindness caused by a resolution not
to see; and, to all intents and purposes, he who will not open
his eyes is for the present as blind as he that cannot. South.
He was a miserable creature to all intents and purposes.
L'Estrange's Fables.
This fury fit for her intent she chose;
One who delights in wars. Dryden's Æn.
The Athenians sent their fleet to Sicily, upon pretence only
to assist the Leontines against Syracuse; but with an intent to
make themselves masters of that island. Grew.
Of darkness visible so much be lent,
As half to shew, half veil the deep intent. Dunciad.

INTE’NTION. n. s. [intention, French; intentio, Latin.]
1. Eagerness of desire; closeness of attention; deep thought;
vehemence or ardour of mind.
Intention is when the mind with great earnestness, and of choice,
fixes its view on any idea, considers it on every side, and will
not be called off by the ordinary solicitation of other ideas. Locke.
Effectual prayer is joined with a vehement intention of the
inferior powers of the soul, which cannot therein long con­
tinue without pain: it hath been therefore thought good, by
turns, to interpose still somewhat for the higher part of the
mind and the understanding to work upon. Hooker.
She did course o'er my exteriors with such a greedy inten­
tion, that the appetite of her eye did seem to scorch me up
like a burning-glass. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
In persons possessed with other notions of religion, the un­
derstanding cannot quit these but by great examination; which
cannot be done without some labour and intention of the mind,
and the thoughts dwelling a considerable time upon the survey
and discussion of each particular. South's Sermons.
2. Design; purpose.
Most part of chronical distempers proceed from laxity of the
fibres; in which case the principal intention is to restore the
tone of the solid parts. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The state of being intense or strained. This for distinction
is more generally and more conveniently written intension.
The operations of agents admit of intention and remission;
but essences are not capable of such variation. Locke.

INTE’NTIONAL. adj. [intentionel, Fr. from intention.] Designed;
done by design.
The glory of God is the great end which every intelligent
being is bound to consult, by a direct and intentional service.
Rogers's Sermons.

INTE’NTIONALLY. adv. [from intentional.]
1. By design; with fixed choice.
I find in myself that this inward principle doth exert many
of its actions intentionally and purposely. Hale.
2. In will, if not in action.
Whenever I am wishing to write to you, I shall conclude
you are intentionally doing so to me. Atterbury to Pope.

INTE’NTIVE. adj. [from intent.] Diligently applied; busily
attentive.
Where the object is fine and accurate, it conduceth much to
have the sense intentive and erect. Bacon's Natural History.
The naked relation, at least the intentive consideration of
that, is able still, and at this disadvantage of time, to read the
hearts of pious contemplators. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

INT’ENIVELY. adv. [from intentive.] With application;
closely.

INTE’NTLY. adv. [from intent.] With close attention; with
close application; with eager desire.
If we insist passionately or so intently on the truth of our
beliefs, as not to proceed to as vigorous pursuit of all just, so­
ber, and godly living. Hammond on Fundamentals.
The odd paintings of an Indian screen, at first glance, may
surprise and please a little; but when you fix your eye intently
upon them, they appear so extravagantly disproportioned that
they give a judicious eye pain. Atterbury.
The Chian medal seats him with a volume open, and read­
ing intently. Pope.

INTE’NTNESS. n. s. [from intent.] The state of being intent;
anxious application.
He is grown more disengaged from his intentness on his own
affairs. Swift.

To INTE’R. v. a. [enterrer, French.] To cover under ground;
to bury.
Within their chiefest temple I'll erect
A tomb, wherein his corps shall be interr'd. Shakes. H. VI.
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.


His body shall be royally interr'd,
And the last funeral pomps adorn his herse. Dryden.
The ashes, in an old record of the convent, are said to have
been interred between the very wall and the altar where they
were taken up. Addison on Italy.
The best way is to inter them as you furrow pease. Mort.

INTE’RCALAR. adj. [intercalaire, Fr. intercalaris, Latin.]
Inserted out of the common order to pre­
serve the equation of time, as the twenty-ninth of February
in a leap-year is an intercalary day.

INTE’RCALARY. adj. [intercalaire, Fr. intercalaris, Latin.]
Inserted out of the common order to pre­
serve the equation of time, as the twenty-ninth of February
in a leap-year is an intercalary day.

To INTE’RCALATE. v. a. [intercaler, Fr. intercalo, Lat.] To
insert an extraordinary day.

INTERCALA’TION. n. s. [intercalation, Fr. intercalatio, Latin.]
Insertion of days out of the ordinary reckoning.
In sixty-three years there may be lost almost eighteen days,
omitting the intercalation of one day every fourth year, allowed
for this quadrant, or six supernumeraries. Brown's Vul. Err.

To INTERCE’DE. v. n. [interceder, Fr. intercedo, Latin.]
1. To pass between.
He supposeth that a vast period interceded between that ori­
gination and the age wherein he lived. Hale's Origin of Mank.
Those superflcies reflect the greatest quantity of light,
which have the greatest refracting power, and which intercede
mediums that differ most in their refractive densities. Newton.
2. To mediate; to act between two parties with a view of re­
conciling differences.
Them the glad son
Presenting, thus to intercede began. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Nor was our blessed Saviour only our propitiation to die for
us, and procure our atonement, but he is still our advocate,
continually interceding with his Father in behalf of all true
penitents. Calamy.
I may restore myself into the good graces of my fair cri­
ticks, and your lordship may intercede with them on my pro­
mise of amendment. Dryden.
Origen denies that any prayer is to be made to them, al­
though it be only to intercede with God for us, but only the
son of God. Stillingfleet.

INTERCE’DER. n. s. [from intercede.] One that intercedes; a
mediator.

To INTERCE’PT. v. a. [intercepter, Fr. interceptus, Latin.]
1. To stop and seize in the way.
The better course should be by planting of garrisons about
him, which, whensoever he shall look forth, or be drawn out,
shall be always ready to intercept his going or coming. Spenser.
Who intercepts me in my expedition?
——O, she that might have intercepted thee,
By strangling thee. Shakespeare's Richard III.
I then in London, keeper of the king,
Muster'd my soldiers, gather'd flocks of friends,
March'd towards St. Alban's t' intercept the queen. Shakesp.
Your intercepted packets
You writ to the pope. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If we hope for things which are at too great a distance from
us, it is possible that we may be intercepted by death in our
progress towards them. Addison's Spectator.
2. To obstruct; to cut off; to stop from being communicated.
Though they cannot answer my distress,
Yet in some sort they're better than the tribunes;
For that they will not intercept my tale. Shakes. Tit. Andr.
Since death's near, and runs with so much force,
We must meet first, and intercept his course. Dryden.
On barbed steeds they rode in proud array,
Thick as the college of the bees in May,
When swarming o'er the dusky fields they fly
New to the flow'rs, and intercept the sky. Dryden.
Behind the hole I fastened to the pasteboard, with pitch, the
blade of a sharp knife, to intercept some part of the light which
passed through the hole. Newton's Opt.
The direful woes,
Which voyaging from Troy the victors bore,
While storms vindictive intercept the shore. Pope.

INTERCE’PTION. n. s. [interception, Fr. interceptio, Lat. from
intercept.] Stoppage in course; hindrance; obstruction.
The pillars, standing at a competent distance from the out­
most wall, will, by interception of the sight, somewhat in ap­
pearance diminish the breadth. Wotton's Architecture.
The word in Mathew doth not only signify suspension, but
also suffocation, strangulation, or interception of breath. Brown.

INTERCE’SSION. n. s. [intercession, Fr. intercessio, Lat.] Me­
diation; interposition; agency between two parties; agency
in the cause of another, generally in his favour.
Yet loving, indeed, and therefore constant, he used still the
intercession of diligence and faith, ever hoping because he would
not put himself into that hell to be hopeless, until the time of
our being come and captived there brought forth this end. Sid.
Can you, when you push'd out of your gates the very de­
fender of them, think to front his revenges with the palsied in­
tercession of such a decay'd dotard as you seem to be? Shakep.
He maketh intercession to God against Israel. Ro. xi. 2.
He bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the
transgressors. Is. liii. 12.
Pray not thou for this people, neither make intercession to
me; for I will not hear thee. Jer. vii. 16.
To pray to the saints to obtain things by their merits and
intercessions, is allowed and contended for by the Roman
church. Stillingfleet.
Your intercession now is needless grown;
Retire, and let me speak with her alone. Dryd. Aurengz.

INTERCE’SSOUR. n. s. [intercesseur, Fr. intercessor, Lat.] Me­
diator; agent between two parties to procure reconciliation.
Behold the heav'ns! thither thine eyesight bend;
Thy looks, sighs, tears, for intercessours send. Fairfax.
On man's behalf,
Patron or intercessour, none appear'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
When we shall hear our eternal doom from our intercessour,
it will convince us, that a denial of Christ is more than transi­
tory words. South's Sermons.

To INTERCHA’IN. v. a. [inter and chain.] To chain; to link
together.
Two bosoms interchained with an oath;
So then two bosoms, and a single troth. Shakespeare.

To INTERCHA’NGE. v. a. [inter and change.]
1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mu­
tually; to exchange.
They had left but one piece of one ship, whereon they kept
themselves in all truth, having interchanged their cares, while
either cared for other, each comforting and counselling how
to labour for the better, and to abide the worse. Sidney.
I shall interchange
My wained state for Henry's regal crown. Shakespeare.
2. To succeed alternately.
His faithful friend and brother Euarchus came so mightily
to his succour, that, with some interchanging changes of for­
tune, they begat of a just war, the best child peace. Sidney.

INTERCHA’NGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Commerce; permutation of commodities.
Those people have an interchange or trade with Elana.
Howel.
2. Alternate succession.
With what delight could I have walk'd thee round?
If I could joy in ought! sweet interchange
Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains. Milton.
The original measures of time, by help of the lights in
the firmament, are perceptible to us by the interchanges of light
and darkness, and succession of seasons. Holder.
Removes and interchanges would often happen in the first
ages after the flood. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Mutual donation and reception.
Let Diomedes bear him,
And bring us Cressid hither. Good Diomede,
Furnish you fairly for this interchange. Shak. Troil. and Cress.
Farewel; the leisure, and the fearful time,
Cuts off the ceremonious vows of love,
And ample interchange of sweet discourse. Shakesp. R. III.
Since their more mature dignities and royal necessities made
separation of their society, their encounters, though not per­
sonal, have been royally attornied with interchange of gifts,
letters, loving embassies. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
After so vast an obligation, owned by so free an acknow­
ledgment, could any thing be expected but a continual inter­
change of kindnesses. South.

INTERCHA’NGEABLE. adj. [from interchange.]
1. Given and taken mutually.
So many testimonies, interchangeable warrants, and counter­
rolments, running through the hands and resting in the power
of so many several persons, is sufficient to argue and convince
all manner of falshood. Bacon's Off. of Alienation.
2. Following each other in alternate succession.
Just under the line they may seem to have two Winters and
two Summers; but there also they have four interchangeable
seasons, which is enough whereby to measure. Holder.
All along the history of the Old Testament we find the in­
terchangeable providences of God, towards the people of Israel,
always suited to their manners. Tillotson.

INTERCHA’NGEABLY. adv. [from interchangeable.] Alternate­
ly; in a manner whereby each gives and receives.
In these two things the East and West churches did inter­
changeably both confront the Jews and concur with them. Hook.
This in myself I boldly will defend,
And interchangeably hurl down my gage
Upon this overweening traitor's foot. Shakesp. R. II.
These articles were signed by our plenipotentiaries, and
those of Holland; but not by the French, although it ought to
have been done interchangeably; and the ministers here pre­
vailed on the queen to execute a ratification of articles, which
only one part had signed. Swift.

INTERCHA’NGEMENT. n. s. [inter and change.] Exchange;
mutual transference.
A contract of eternal bond of love,
Confirm'd by mutual joinder of your hands,
Attested by the holy close of lips,
Strengthen'd by interchangement of your rings. Shakespeare.



INTERCI’PIENT. n. s. [intercipiens, Latin.] An intercepting
power; something that causes a stoppage.
They commend repellents, but not with much astringency,
unless as intercipients upon the parts above, left the matter
should thereby be impacted in the part. Wiseman.

INTERCI’SION. n. s. [inter and cædo, Lat.] Interruption.
By cessation of oracles we may understand their intercision,
not abcission, or consummate desolation. Brown's Vulgar Err.

To INTERCLU’DE. v. n. [intercludo, Latin.] To shut from
a place or course by something intervening; to intercept.
The voice is sometimes intercluded by a hoarseness, or vis­
cuous phlegm cleaving to the aspera arteria. Holder.

INTERCLU’SION. n. s. [interclusus, Latin.] Obstruction; in­
terception.

INTERCOLUMNIA’TION. n. s. [inter and columna, Latin.] The
space between the pillars.
The distance or intercolumniation may be near four of his
own diameter, because the materials commonly laid over this
pillar were rather of wood than stone. Wotton.

To INTERCO’MMON. v. n. [inter and common.] To feed at the
same table.
Wine is to be forborn in consumptions, for that the spirits
of the wine do prey upon the roscid juice of the body, and in­
tercommon with the spirits of the body, and so rob them of their
nourishment. Bacon's Natural History.

INTERCOMMU’NITY. n. s. [inter and community.] A mutual
communication or community; a mutual freedom or exercise
of religion.

INTERCO’STAL. adj. [intercostal, Fr. inter and costa, Lat.] Placed
between the ribs.
The diaphragm seems the principal instrument of ordinary
respiration, although to restrained respiration the intercostal
muscles may concur. Boyle.
By the assistance of the inward intercostal muscles, in deep
suspirations, we take more large gulps of air to cool our
heart. More's Antidote against Atheism.

I’NTERCOURSE. n. s. [entrecours, French.]
1. Commerce; exchange.
This sweet intercourse
Of looks, and smiles; for smiles from reason flow,
To brute deny'd, and are of love the food. Milton.
2. Communication.
The choice of the place requireth many circumstances, as
the situation near the sea, for the commodiousness of an inter­
course with England. Bacon.
What an honour is it that God should admit us into such a
participation of himself? That he should give us minds capable
of such an intercourse with the Supreme Mind? Atterbury.

INTERCU’RRENCE. n. s. [from intercurro, Latin.] Passage be­
tween.
Consider what fluidity saltpetre is capable of, without the
intercurrence of a liquor. Boyle.

INTERCU’RRENT. adj. [intercurrens, Lat.] Running between.
If into a phial, filled with good spirit of nitre, you cast a
piece of iron, the liquor, whose parts moved placidly before,
meeting with particles in the iron, altering the motion of its
parts, and perhaps that of some very subtile intercurrent mat­
ter, those active parts presently begin to penetrate, and scatter
abroad particles of the iron. Boyle.

INTERDE’AL. n. s. [inter and deal.] Traffick; intercourse.
The Gaulish speech is the very British, which is yet retained
of the Welshmen and Britons of France; though the altera­
tion of the trading and interdeal with other nations has greatly
altered the dialect. Spenser.

To INTERDI’CT. v. a. [interdire, Fr. interdico, Latin.]
1. To forbid; to prohibit.
Alone I pass'd, through ways
That brought me on a sudden to the tree
Of interdicted knowledge. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
By magick fenc'd, by spells encompass'd round,
No mortal touch'd this interdicted ground. Fickel.
2. To prohibit from the enjoyment of communion with the
church.
An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict
his suffragans, but his vicar-general may do the same. Ayliffe.

INTERDI’CT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Prohibition; prohibiting decree.
Amongst his other fundamental laws, he did ordain the in­
terdicts and prohibitions touching entrance of strangers. Bacon.
Those are not fruits forbidden, no interdict
Defends the touching of these viands pure;
Their taste no knowledge works at least of evil. Milt. P. L.
Had he liv'd to see her happy change,
He would have cancell'd that harsh interdict,
And join'd our hands himself. Dryd. Don Sebastian.
2. A papal prohibition to the clergy to celebrate the holy offices.
Nani carried himself meritoriously against the pope, in the
time of the interdict, which held up his credit among the pa­
triots. Wotton.

INTERDI’CTION. n. s. [interdiction, Fr. interdictio, Lat. from
interdict.]
1. Prohibition; forbidding decree.
Sternly he pronounc'd
The rigid interdiction, which resounds
Yet dreadful in mine ear. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
2. Curse: from the papal interdict. An improper use of the
word.
The truest issue of thy throne,
By his own interdiction stands accurst. Shakesp. Macbeth.

INTERDI’CTORY. adj. [from interdict.] Belonging to an inter­
diction. Ainsworth.

To INTERE’SS. v. a. [interesser, French.] To concern; to
affect; to give share in.

To INTERE’ST. v. a. [interesser, French.] To concern; to
affect; to give share in.
The mystical communion of all faithful men is such as
maketh every one to be interessed in those precious blessings,
which any one of them receiveth at God's hands. Hooker.
Our joy,
Although our last not least; to whose young love,
The vines of France and milk of Burgundy,
Strive to be int'ress'd. Shakesp. King Lear.
To love our native country, and to study its benefit and its
glory, to be interessed in its concerns, is natural to all men.
Dryden's Æn. Dedicat.
Scipio, restoring the Spanish bride, gained a great nation
to interest themselves for Rome against Carthage. Dryden.
This was a goddess who used to interest herself in mar­
riages. Addison on Medals.
Ill successes did not discourage that ambitious and interested
people. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To INTERE’ST. v. n. To affect; to move; to touch with
passion; to gain the affections: as, this is an interesting story.

I’NTEREST. n. s. [interest, Latin; interet, French.]
1. Concern; advantage; good.
O give us a serious comprehension of that one great interest
of others, as well as ourselves. Hammond.
There is no man but God hath put many things into his
possession, to be used for the common good and interest. Calam.
2. Influence over others.
They, who had hitherto preserved them, had now lost their
interest. Clarendon.
Exert, great God, thy int'rest in the sky;
Gain each kind pow'r, each guardian deity,
That, conquer'd by the publick vow,
They bear the dismal mischief far away. Prior.
Endeavour to adjust the degrees of influence, that each
cause might have in producing the effect, and the proper agen­
cy and interest of each therein. Watts.
3. Share; part in any thing; participation: as, this is a matter
in which we have interest.
4. Regard to private profit.
Wherever interest or power thinks fit to interfere, it little
imports what principles the opposite parties think fit to charge
upon each other. Swift.
'Tis int'rest calls off all her sneaking train. Pope.
5. Money paid for use; usury.
Did he take interest?
——No, not take interest; not, as you would say,
Directly, int'rest; mark what Jacob did. Shakespeare.
It is a sad life we lead, my dear, to be so teazed; paying
interest for old debts, and still contracting new ones. Arbuthn.
6. Any surplus of advantage.
With all speed
You shall have your desires with interest. Shakespeare.

To INTERFE’RE. v. n. [inter and ferio, Latin.]
1. To interpose; to intermeddle.
So cautious were our ancestors in conversation, as never
to interfere with party disputes in the state. Swift.
2. To clash; to oppose each other.
If each acts by an independent power, their commands
may interfere. Smalridge's Serm.
3. A horse is said to interfere, when the side of one of his shoes
strikes against and hurts one of his fetlocks, or the hitting one
leg against another, and striking off the skin. Farrier's Dict.

INTE’RFLUENT. adj. [interfluens, Lat.] Flowing between.
Air may consist of any terrene or aqueous corpuscles, kept
swimming in the interfluent celestial matter. Boyle.

INTERFU’LGENT. adj. [inter and fulgens, Latin.] Shining
between.

INTERFU’SED. adj. [interfusus, Latin.] Poured or scattered
between.
The ambient air wide interfus'd,
Embracing round this florid earth. Milton.

INTERJA’CENCY. n. s. [from interjacens, Latin.]
1. The act of state of lying between.
England and Scotland is divided only by the interjacency of
the Tweed, and some desert ground. Hale.
2. The thing lying between.
Its fluctuations are but motions, which winds, storms,
shoars, and every interjacency irregulates. Brown's Vulg. Err.

INTERJA’CENT. adj. [interjacens, Latin.] Intervening; lying
between.
The sea itself must be very broad, and void of little islands
interjacent, else will it yield plentiful argument of quarrel to
the kingdoms which it serveth. Raleigh.


Through this hole objects that were beyond might be seen
distinctly, which would not at all be seen through other parts
of the glasses, where the air was interjacent. Newton's Opt.

INTERJE’CTION. n. s. [interjection, Fr. interjectio, Latin.]
1. A part of speech that discovers the mind to be seized or af­
fected with some passion: such as are in English, O! alas!
ah! Clarke's Lat. Gram.
Their wild natural notes, when they would express their
passions, are at the best but like natural interjections, to disco­
ver their passions or impressions. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Intervention; interposition; act of something coming between;
act of putting something between.
Laughing causeth a continued expulsion of the breath, with
the loud noise which maketh the interjection of laughing. Bacon.

I’NTERIM. n. s. [interim, Latin.] Mean time; intervening
time.
I a heavy interim shall support,
By his dear absence. Shakespeare's Othello.
One bird happened to be foraging for her young ones, and in
this interim comes a torrent that washes away nest, birds, and
all. L'Estrange.
In this interim my women asked what I thought. Tatler.

INTERJO’IN. adj. [inter and join.] To join mutually; to in­
termarry.
So fellest foes,
Whose passions and whose plots have broke their sleep,
To take the one the other, by some chance,
Some trick not worth an egg, shall grow dear friends,
And interjoin their issues. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

INTE’RIOUR. adj. [interior, Lat. interieur, Fr.] Internal; inner;
not outward; not superficial.
The fool-multitude, that chuse by show,
Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach,
Which pry not to th' interiour. Shakespeare.
The grosser parts, thus sunk down, would harden and con­
stitute the interiour parts of the earth. Burnet.

INTERKNO’WLEDGE. n. s. [inter and knowledge.] Mutual
knowledge.
All nations have interknowledge one of another, either by
voyage into foreign parts, or by strangers that come to
them. Bacon's New Atlantis.

To INTERLA’CE. v. a. [entrelasser, French.] To intermix; to
put one thing within another.
Some are to be interlaced between the divine readings of the
law and prophets. Hooker.
Touching reannexing of Bretagne to France, the ambassa­
dors declined any mention thereof; but contrariwise interlaced,
in their conference, the purpose of their master to match with
the daughter of Maximilian. Bacon's Henry VII.
They acknowledged what services he had done for the
commonwealth, yet interlacing some errors, wherewith
they seemed to reproach him. Hayward.
Your argument is as strong against the use of rhyme in
poems as in plays; for the epick way is every where interlaced
with dialogue. Dryden.

INTERLA’PSE. n. s. [inter and lapse.] The flow of time be­
tween any two events.
These dregs are calcined into such salts, which, after a short
interlapse of time, produce coughs. Harvey.

To INTERLA’RD. v. a. [entrelarder, French.]
1. To mix meat with bacon, or fat; to diversify lean with fat.
2. To interpose; to insert between.
Jests should be interlarded, after the Persian custom, by ages
young and old. Carew.
3. To diversify by mixture.
The laws of Normandy were the defloration of the English
laws, and a transcript of them, though mingled and interlarded
with many particular laws of their own, which altered the
features of the original. Hale's Laws of England.
4. Philips has used this word very harshly, and probably did not
understand it.
They interlard their native drinks with choice
Of strongest brandy. Philips.

To INTERLE’AVE. v. a. [inter and leave.] To chequer a book
by the insertion of blank leaves.

To INTERLI’NE. v. a. [inter and line.]
1. To write in alternate lines.
When, by interlining Latin and English one with another,
he has got a moderate knowledge of the Latin tongue, he
may then be advanced farther. Locke.
2. To correct by something written between the lines.
He cancell'd an old will, and forg'd a new;
Made wealthy at the small expence of signing,
With a wet seal, and a fresh interlining. Dryden's Juven.
Three things render a writing suspected: the person pro­
ducing a false instrument, the person that frames it, and the
interlining and rasing out of words contained in such instru­
ments. Ayliffe's Parergon.
The muse invok'd, sit down to write,
Blot out, correct, and interline. Swift.

INTERLINEA’TION. n. s. [inter and lineation.] Correction made
by writing between the lines.
Many clergymen write in so diminutive a manner, with
such frequent blots and interlineations, that they are hardly able
to go on without perpetual hesitations. Swift.

To INTERLI’NK. v. a. [inter and link.] To connect chains
one to another; to join one in another.
The fair mixture in pictures causes us to enter into the sub­
ject which it imitates, and imprints it the more deeply into
our imagination and our memory: these are two chains which
are interlinked, which contain, and are at the same time con­
tained. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

INTERLOCU’TION. n. s. [interlocution, Fr. interlocutio, Latin.]
1. Dialogue; interchange of speech.
The plainest and the most intelligible rehearsal of the psalms
they savour not, because it is done by interlocution, and with
a mutual return of sentences from side to side. Hooker.
2. Preparatory proceeding in law; an intermediate act before
final decision.
These things are called accidental, because some new inci­
dent in judicature may emerge upon them, on which the judge
ought to proceed by interlocution. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INTERLO’CUTOR. n. s. [inter and loquor, Latin.] Dialogist;
one that talks with another.
Some morose readers shall find fault with my having made
the interlocutors compliment with one another. Boyle.

INTERLO’CUTORY. adj. [interlocutoire, Fr. inter and loquor, Lat.]
1. Consisting of dialogue.
When the minister by exhortation raiseth them up, and the
people by protestation of their readiness declare he speaketh not
in vain unto them; these interlocutory forms of speech, what are
they else but most effectual, partly testifications, and partly
inflammations of all piety? Hooker.
There are several interlocutory discourses in the holy Scrip­
tures, though the persons speaking are not alternately men­
tioned or referred to. Fiddes's Sermons.
2. Preparatory to decision.

To INTERLO’PE. v. n. [inter and loopen, Dutch, to run.] To
run between parties and intercept the advantage that one
should gain from the other; to traffick without a proper
licence; to forestall; to anticipate irregularly.
The patron is desired to leave off this interloping trade, or
admit the knights of the industry to their share. Tatler.

INTERLO’PER. n. s. [from interlope.] One who runs into busi­
ness to which he has no right.
The swallow was a fly-catcher, and was no more an inter­
loper upon the spider's right, than the spider was upon the
swallow's. L'Estrange.

INTERLU’CENT. adj. [interlucens, Latin.] Shining be­
tween. Dict.

I’NTERLUDE. n. s. [inter and ludus, Latin.] Something plaid
at the intervals of festivity; a farce.
When there is a queen, and ladies of honour attending her,
there must sometimes be masques, and revels, and inter­
ludes. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The enemies of Socrates hired Aristophanes to personate
him on the stage, and, by the insinuations of those interludes,
conveyed a hatred of him into the people. Gov. of the Tongue.
Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes;
When monarch reason sleeps, this mimick wakes. Dryden.

INTERLU’ENCY. n. s. [interluo, Latin.] Water interposited;
interposition of a flood.
Those parts of Asia and America, which are now disjoined
by the interluency of the sea, might have been formerly conti­
guous. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

INTERLU’NAR. adj. [inter and luna, Lat.] Belonging to the
time when the moon, about to change, is
invisible.

INTERLU’NARY. adj. [inter and luna, Lat.] Belonging to the
time when the moon, about to change, is
invisible.
We add the two Egyptian days in every month, the inter­
lunary and prenilunary exemptions. Brown.
The sun to me is dark,
And silent as the moon,
When she deserts the night,
Hid in her vacant interlunar cave. Milton.

INTERMA’RRIAGE. n. s. [inter and marriage.] Marriage be­
tween two families, where each takes one and gives another.
Because the many alliances and intermarriages, as well as
the personal feuds that happen among so small a people, might
obstruct the course of justice, they have always a foreigner
for this employ. Addison on Italy.

To INTERMA’RRY. v. n. [inter and marry.] To marry some
of each family with the other.
About the middle of the fourth century, from the building
of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles and plebeians to
intermarry. Swift.

To INTERME’DDLE. v. n. [inter and meddle.] To interpose
officiously.
The practice of Spain hath been by war, and by conditions
of treaty, to intermeddle with foreign states, and declare them­
selves protectors general of Catholicks. Bacon.
Seeing the king was a sovereign prince, the emperor should
not intermeddle with ordering his subjects, or directing the
affairs of his realm. Hayward.


There were no ladies, who disposed themselves to inter­
meddle in business. Clarendon.

To INTERME’DDLE. v. a. [entremesler, French.] To inter­
mix; to mingle. This is perhaps misprinted for intermelled.
Many other adventures are intermeddled; as the love of Bri­
tomert, and the virtuousness of Belphæbe. Spenser.

INTERME’DDLER. n. s. [from intermeddle.] One that inter­
poses officiously; one that thrusts himself into business to
which he has no right.
There's hardly a greater pest to government and families,
than officious tale-bearers, and busy intermeddlers. L'Estrange.
Our two great allies abroad, and our stock-jobbers at home,
direct her majesty not to change her secretary or treasurer, who,
for the reasons that these officious intermeddlers demanded their
continuance, ought never to have been admitted into the least
trust. Swift.
Shall saucy intermeddlers say,
Thus far, and thus, are you allow'd to punish? A. Phillips.

INTERME’DIACY. n. s. [from intermediate.] Interposition; in­
tervention. An unauthorised word.
In birds the auditory nerve is affected by only the interme­
diacy of the columella. Derham.

INTERME’DIAL. adj. [inter and medius, Latin.] Intervening;
lying between; intervenient.
The love of God makes a man temperate in the midst of feasts,
and is active enough without any intermedial appetites. Taylor.
A gardener prepares the ground, and in all the intermedial
spaces he is careful to dress it. Evelyn's Kalendar.

INTERME’DIATE. adj. [intermediat, Fr. inter and medius, Lat.]
Intervening; interposed; holding the middle place or degree
between two extremes.
Do not the most refrangible rays excite the shortest vibra­
tions for making a sensation of a deep violet, the least refran­
gible the largest for making a sensation of deep red, and the
several intermediate sorts of rays, vibrations of several interme­
diate bignesses, to make sensations of the several intermediate
colours? Newton's Opt.
An animal consists of solid and fluid parts, unless one should
reckon some of an intermediate nature as fat and phlegm. Arb.
Those general natures, which stand between the nearest
and most remote, are called intermediate. Watts.

INTERME’DIATELY. adv. [from intermediate.] By way of in­
tervention.

To INTERME’LL. v. a. [entremesler, Fr.] To mix; to mingle.
By occasion hereof many other adventures are intermelled,
but rather as accidents than intendments. Spenser.

INTE’RMENT. n. s. [interment, French; from inter.] Burial;
sepulchre.

INTERMIGRA’TION. n. s. [intermigration, Fr. inter and migro,
Lat.] Act of removing from one place to another, so as that
of two parties removing each takes the place of the other.
Men have a strange variety in colour, stature, and humour;
and all arising from the climate, though the continent be but
one, as to point of access, mutual intercourse, and possibility
of intermigrations. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

INTE’RMINABLE. adj. [interminable, Fr. in and termino, Latin.]
Immense; admitting no boundary.
As if they would confine th' interminable,
And tie him to his own prescript. Milton's Agonistes.

INTE’RMINATE. adj. [interminate, Fr. interminatus, Latin.]
Unbounded; unlimited.
Within a thicket I repos'd; when round
I ruffled up fall'n leaves in heaps, and found,
Let fall from heaven, a sleep interminate. Chapm. Odyss.

INTERMINA’TION. n. s. [intermination, Fr. intermino, Latin.]
Menace; threat.
The threats and interminations of the Gospel, those terrors
of the Lord, as goads, may drive those brutish creatures who
will not be attracted. Decay of Piety.

To INTERMI’NGLE. v. a. [inter and mingle.] To mingle; to
mix; to put some things amongst others.
The church in her liturgies hath intermingled, with readings
out of the New Testament, lessons taken out of the law and
prophets. Hooker.
His church he compareth unto a field, where tares, mani­
festly known and seen by all men, do grow intermingled with
good corn. Hooker.
My lord shall never rest:
I'll intermingle every thing he does
With Cassio's suit. Shakespeare's Othello.
Here sailing ships delight the wand'ring eyes;
There trees and intermingled temples rise. Pope.

To INTERMI’NGLE. v. n. To be mixed or incorporated.

INTERMI’SSION. n. s. [intermission, Fr. intermissio, Lat.]
1. Cessation for a time; pause; intermediate stop.
Came a reeking post,
Deliver'd letters, spight of intermission,
Which presently they read. Shakesp. King Lear.
I count intermission almost the same thing as change; for
that that hath been intermitted, is after a sort new. Bacon.
The water ascends gently, and by intermissions; but it falls
continuately, and with force. Wilkins's Dæd.
The peasants work on, in the hottest part of the day, with­
out intermission. Locke.
2. Intervenient time.
But gentle heav'n
Cut short all intermission: front to front,
Bring thou this fiend of Scotland and myself. Shakesp.
3. State of being intermitted.
Words borrowed of antiquity, have the authority of years,
and out of their intermission do win to themselves a kind of
grace-like newness. Ben. Johnson.
4. The space between the paroxysms of a fever, or any fits
of pain; rest; pause of sorrow.
Rest or intermission none I find. Milton.

INTERMI’SSIVE. adj. [from intermit.] Coming by fits; not
continual.
Wounds I will lend the French, instead of eyes,
To weep their intermissive miseries. Shakesp. Henry VI.
I reduced Ireland, after so many intermissive wars, to a
perfect passive obedience. Howel's England's Tears.
As though there were any feriation in nature, or justitiums
imaginable in professions, whose subject is under no intermissive
but constant way of mutation, this season is commonly termed
the physicians vacation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To INTERMI’T. v. a. [intermitto, Latin.] To forbear any
thing for a time; to interrupt.
If nature should intermit her course, and leave altogether,
though it were but for a while, the observation of her own
laws. Hooker.
Run to your houses, fall upon your knees;
Pray to the gods, to intermit the plague
That needs must light on this ingratitude. Shakespeare.
His misled, lascivious son,
Edward the second, intermitted so
The course of glory. Daniel's Civ. War.
The setting on foot some of those arts that were once well
known, would be but the reviving of those arts which were
long before practised, though intermitted and interrupted by
war. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Certain Indians, when a horse is running in his full career,
leap down, gather any thing from the ground, and immediate­
ly leap up again, the horse not intermitting his course. Wilkins.
Speech intermitted, thus began. Milton.
We are furnished with an armour from heaven of firmness;
but if we are remiss, or suffer ourselves to be persuaded to lay
by our arms, and intermit our guard, we may be surprised.
Rogers's Sermons.

To INTERMI’T. v. n. To grow mild between the fits or pa­
roxysms. Used of fevers.

INTERMI’TTENT. adj. [intermittent, Fr. intermittens, Latin.]
Coming by fits.
Next to those durable pains, short intermittent or swift re­
current pains do precipitate patients into consumptions. Harv.

To INTERMI’X. v. a. [inter and mix.] To mingle; to join;
to put some things among others.
Her persuasions she intermixed with tears, affirming, that
she would depart from him. Hayward.
Reveal
To Adam what shall come in future days,
As I shall thee enlighten: intermix
My cov'nant in the woman's seed renew'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
In yonder spring of roses, intermix'd
With myrtle, find what to redress 'till noon. Milton.
I doubt not to perform the part of a just historian to my
royal master, without intermixing with it any thing of the
poet. Dryden.

To INTERMI’X. v. n. To be mingled together.

INTERMI’XTURE. n. s. [inter and mixtura, Latin.]
1. Mass formed by mingling bodies.
The analytical preparation of gold or mercury, leave per­
sons much unsatisfied whether the substances they produce be
truly the hypostatical principles, or only some intermixtures of
the divided bodies with those employed. Boyle.
2. Something additional mingled in a mass.
In this height of impiety there wanted not an intermixture
of levity and folly. Bacon's Henry VI.

INTERMU’NDANE. adj. [inter and mundus, Latin.] Subsisting
between worlds, or between orb and orb.
The vast distances between these great bodies are called in­
termundane spaces; in which though there may be some fluid,
yet it is so thin and subtile, that it is as much as nothing. Locke.

INTERMU’RAL. adj. [inter, muralis, murus, Lat.] Lying be­
tween walls. Ainsworth.

INTERMU’TUAL. adj. [inter and mutual.] Mutual; inter­
changed. Inter before mutual is improper.
A solemn oath religiously they take,
By intermutual vows protesting there,
This never to reveal, nor to forsake
So good a cause. Daniel's Civil War.

INTE’RN. adj. [interne, French; internus, Latin.] Inward;
intestine; not foreign.
The midland towns are most flourishing, which shews that
her riches are intern and domestick. Howel.



INTE’RNAL. adj. [internus, Latin.]
1. Inward; not external.
That ye shall be as gods, since I as man,
Internal man, is but proportion meet. Milt. Par. Lost.
Myself, my conscience, and internal peace. Milton.
Bad comes of setting our hearts upon the shape, colour,
and external beauty of things, without regard to the internal
excellence and virtue of them. L'Estrange.
If we think most mens actions to be the interpreters of
their thoughts, they have no such internal veneration for good
rules. Locke.
2. Intrinsick; not depending on external accidents; real.
We are to provide things honest; to consider not only the
internal rectitude of our actions in the sight of God, but whe­
ther they will be free from all mark or suspicion of evil. Rogers.

INTE’RNALLY. adv. [from internal.]
1. Inwardly.
2. Mentally; intellectually.
We are symbolically in the sacrament, and by faith and the
spirit of God internally united to Christ. Taylor.

INTERNE’CINE. adj. [internecinus, Latin.] Endeavouring mu­
tual destruction.
Th' Egyptians worship'd dogs, and for
Their faith made internecine war. Hudibras, p. i.

INTERNE’CION. n. s. [internecion, French; internecio, Latin.]
Massacre; slaughter.
That natural propension of self-love, and natural principle
of self-preservation, will necessarily break out into wars and
internecions. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

INTERNU’NCIO. n. s. [internuncius, Latin.] Messenger between
two parties.

INTERPELLA’TION. n. s. [interpellation, Fr. interpellatio, Lat.]
A summons; a call upon.
In all extrajudicial acts one citation, monition, or extraju­
dicial interpellation is sufficient. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To INTE’RPOLATE. v. a. [interpoler, Fr. interpolo, Latin.]
1. To foist any thing into a place to which it does not belong.
The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another
law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated
by him for that purpose. Pope.
2. To renew; to begin again; to carry on with intermissions.
This motion of the heavenly bodies themselves seems to be
partly continued and unintermitted, as that motion of the first
moveable, partly interpolated and interrupted. Hale.
That individual hath necessarily a concomitant succession of
interpolated motions; namely, the pulses of the heart, and the
successive motions of respiration. Hale.

INTERPOLA’TION. n. s. [interpolation, Fr. from interpolate.]
Something added or put into the original matter.
I have changed the situation of some of the Latin verses,
and made some interpolations. Cromwell to Pope.

INTERPOLA’TOR. n. s. [Latin; interpolateur, Fr.] One that
foists in counterfeit passages.
You or your interpolator ought to have considered. Swift.

INTERPO’SAL. n. s. [from interpose.]
1. Interposition; agency between two persons.
The interposal of my lord of Canterbury's command for the
publication of this mean discourse, may seem to take away my
choice. South's Sermons.
2. Intervention.
Our overshadowed souls may be emblemed by crusted globes,
whose influential emissions are intercepted by the interposal of
the benighting element. Glenv. Sceps.

To INTERPO’SE. v. a. [interpono, Latin; interposer, Fr.]
1. To thrust in as an obstruction, interruption, or inconve­
nience.
What watchful cares do interpose themselves
Betwixt your eyes and night. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Death ready stands to interpose his dart. Milton.
Human frailty will too often interpose itself among persons
of the holiest function. Swift.
2. To offer as a succour or relief.
The common father of mankind seasonably interposed his
hand, and rescued miserable man out of the gross stupidity and
sensuality whereinto he was plunged. Woodward.
3. To place between; to make intervenient.
Some weeks the king did honourably interpose, both
to give space to his brother's intercession, and to show that he
had a conflict with himself what he should do. Bacon.

To INTERPO’SE. v. n.
1. To mediate: to act between two parties.
2. To put in by way of interruption.
But, interposes Eleutherius, this objection may be made in­
deed almost against any hypothesis. Boyle.

INTERPO’SER. n. s. [from interpose.]
1. One that comes between others.
I will make haste; but 'till I come again,
No bed shall ere be guilty of my stay;
No rest be interposer 'twixt us twain. Shakespeare.
2. An intervenient agent; a mediator.

INTERPOSI’TION. n. s. [interposition, Fr. interpositio, Lat. from
interpose.]
1. Intervenient agency.
There never was a time when the interposition of the ma­
gistrate was more necessary to secure the honour of reli­
gion. Atterbury's Sermons.
Though warlike successes carry in them often the evidences
of a divine interposition, yet are they no sure marks of the
divine favour. Atterbury.
2. Mediation; agency between parties.
The town and abbey would have come to an open rupture,
had it not been timely prevented by the interposition of their
common protectors. Addison.
3. Intervention; state of being placed between two.
The nights are so cold, fresh, and equal, by reason of the
intire interposition of the earth, as I know of no other part of
the world of better or equal temper. Raleigh.
She sits on a globe that stands in water, to denote that she
is mistress of a new world, separate from that which the Ro­
mans had before conquered, by the interposition of the sea. Addis.
4. Any thing interposed.
A shelter, and a kind of shading cool
Interposition, as a Summer's cloud. Milt. Paradise Regain'd.

To INTE’RPRET. v. a. [interpreter, French; interpretor, Lat.]
To explain; to translate; to decipher; to give a solution; to
clear by exposition; to expound.
One, but painted thus,
Would be interpreted a thing perplex'd
Beyond self-explication. Shakes. Cymberline.
You should be women,
And yet your beards forbid me to interpret
That you are so. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He hanged the chief baker, as Joseph had interpreted to
them. Gen. xl. 22.
Pharaoh told them his dream; but there was none that
could interpret them unto him. Gen. xli. 8.
An excellent spirit, knowledge, and understanding, inter­
preting of dreams, and shewing of hard sentences, and dis­
solving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel. Dan. v. 12.
Hear his sighs, though mute!
Unskilful with what words to pray, let me
Interpret for him. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.

INTE’RPRETABLE. adj. [from interpret.] Capable of being ex­
pounded or deciphered.
No man's face is actionable: these singularities are inter­
pretable from more innocent causes. Collier.

INTERPRETA’TION. n. s. [interpretation, Fr. interpretatio, Lat.
from interpret.]
1. The act of interpreting; explanation.
This is a poor epitome of your's,
Which, by th' interpretation of full time,
May shew like all yourself. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Look how we can, or sad or merrily,
Interpretation will misquote our looks. Shakep. H. IV.
2. The sense given by an interpreter; exposition.
If it be obscure or uncertain what they meant, charity, I
hope, constraineth no man, which standeth doubtful of their
minds, to lean to the hardest and worst interpretation that
their words can carry. Hooker.
The primitive Christians knew how the Jews, who pre­
ceded our Saviour, interpreted these predictions, and the marks
by which the Messiah would be discovered; and how the Jew­
ish doctors, who succeeded him, deviated from the interpreta­
tions of their forefathers. Addison.
3. The power of explaining.
We beseech thee to prosper this great sign, and to give us
the interpretation and use of it in mercy. Bacon.

INTE’RPRETATIVE. adj. [from interpret.] Collected by inter­
pretation.
Though the creed apostolick were sufficient, yet when the
church hath erected that additional bulwork against hereticks,
the rejecting their additions may justly be deemed an interpre­
tative siding with heresies. Hammond.

INTE’RPRETATIVELY. adv. [from interpretative.] As may be
collected by interpretation.
By this provision the Almighty interpretatively speaks to him
in this manner: I have now placed thee in a well furnished
world. Ray on the Creation.

INTE’RPRETER. n. s. [interprete, Fr. interpres, Latin.]
1. An explainer; an expositor; an expounder.
What we oft do best,
By sick interpreters, or weak ones, is
Not ours, or not allow'd: what worst, as oft,
Hitting a grosser quality, is cry'd up
For our best act. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
In the beginning the earth was without form and void; a
fluid, dark, confused mass, and so it is understood by inter­
preters, both Hebrew and Christian. Burnet.
We think most mens actions to be the interpreters of their
thoughts. Locke.
2. A translator.
Nor word for word be careful to transfer,
With the same faith as an interpreter. Fanshaw.
How shall any man, who hath a genius for history, under­
take such a work with spirit, when he considers that in an age or
two he shall hardly be understood without an interpreter. Swift.



INTERPU’NCTION. n. s. [interpunctio, Fr. interpungo, Latin.]
Pointing between words or sentences.

INTERRE’GNUM. n. s. [Lat.] The time in which a throne
is vacant between the death of a prince and accession of an­
other.
Next ensu'd a vacancy,
Thousand worse passions than possess'd
The interregnum of my breast:
Bless me from such an anarchy! Cowley.
He would shew the queen my memorial with the first op­
portunity, in order to have it done in this interregnum or sus­
pension of title. Swift.

INTERRE’IGN. n. s. [interregne, Fr. interregnum, Latin.] Va­
cancy of the throne.
The king knew there could not be any interreign or sus­
pension of title. Bacon's Henry VII.

To INTE’RROGATE. v. a. [interrogo, Lat. interroger, Fr.] To
examine; to question.

To INTE’RROGATE. v. n. To ask; to put questions.
By his instructions touching the queen of Naples, it seem­
eth he could interrogate touching beauty. Bacon's Henry VII.
His proof will easily be retorted by interrogating, Shall the
adulterer and the drunkard inherit the kingdom of God.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

INTERROGA’TION. n. s. [interrogation, Fr. interrogatio, Lat.]
1. A question put; an enquiry.
How demurely soever such men may pretend to sanctity,
that interrogation of God presses hard upon them, shall I count
them pure with the wicked balances, and with the bag of
deceitful weights? Government of the Tongue.
This variety is obtained by interrogations to things inani­
mate; by beautiful digressions, but those short. Pope.
2. A note that marks a question: thus? as, Does Job serve
God for nought?

INTERRO’GATIVE. adj. [interrogatif, Fr. interrogativus, Lat.]
Denoting a question; expressed in a questionary form of words.

INTERRO’GATIVE. n. s. A pronoun used in asking questions:
as, who? what? which? whether?

INTERRO’GATIVELY. adv. [from interrogative.] In form of a
question.

INTERROGA’TOR. n. s. [from interrogate.] An asker of ques­
tions.

INTE’RROGATORY. n. s. [interrogatoire, French.] A question;
an enquiry.
He with no more civility, though with much more business
than those under-fellows had shewed, began in captious man­
ner to put interrogatories unto him. Sidney, b. ii.
Nor time, nor place,
Will serve long interrogatories. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
What earthly name to interrogatories
Can task the free breath of a sacred king. Shakespeare.
The examination was summed up with one question,
Whether he was prepared for death? The boy was frighted
out of his wits by the last dreadful interrogatory. Addison.

INTERRO’GATORY. adj. Containing a question; expressing a
question.

To INTERRU’PT. v. a. [interrompre, Fr. interruptus, Lat.]
1. To hinder the process of any thing by breaking in upon it.
Rage doth rend
Like interrupted waters, and o'erbear
What they are used to bear. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He might securely enough have engaged his body of horse
against their whole inconsiderable army, there being neither
tree nor bush to interrupt his charge. Clarendon, b. ii.
This motion of the heavenly bodies seems partly uninter­
rupted, as that of the first moveable interpolated and inter­
rupted. Hale.
2. To hinder one from proceeding by interposition.
Answer not before thou hast heard the cause; neither in­
terrupt men in the midst of their talk. Ecclus. xi. 8.
3. To divide; to separate.
Seest thou what rage
Transports our adversary, whom no bounds,
Nor yet the main abyss wide interrupt, can hold. Milton.

INTERRU’PTEDLY. adv. [from interrupted.] Not in continuity;
not without stoppages.
The incident light that meets with a grosser liquor, will
have its beams either refracted or imbibed, or else reflected
more or less interruptedly than they would be, if the body had
been unmoistened. Boyle on Colours.

INTERRU’PTER. n. s. [from interrupt.] He who interrupts.

INTERRU’PTION. n. s. [interruption, Fr. interruptio, Latin.]
1. Interposition; breach of continuity.
Places severed from the continent by the interruption of the
sea. Hale's Original of Mankind.
2. Intervention; interposition.
You are to touch the one as soon as you have given a
stroke of the pencil to the other, lest the interruption of time
cause you to lose the idea of one part. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. Hindrance; stop; let; obstruction.
Bloody England into England gone,
O'erbearing interruption, spite of France. Shakespeare.
This way of thinking on what we read, will be a rub only
in the beginning; when custom has made it familiar, it will
be dispatched without resting or interruption in the course of
our reading. Locke.
Amidst the interruptions of his sorrow, seeing his penitent
overwhelmed with grief, he was only able to bid her be com­
forted. Addison's Spect. No. 164.

INTERSCA’PULAR. adj. [inter and scapula, Latin.] Placed be­
tween the shoulders.

To INTERSCI’ND. v. a. [inter and scindo, Latin.] To cut off
by interruption. Dict.

To INTERSCRI’BE. v. a. [inter and scribo, Lat.] To write be­
tween. Dict.

INTERSE’CANT. adj. [intersecans, Latin.] Dividing any thing
into parts.

To INTERSE’CT. v. a. [interseco, Lat.] To cut; to divide
each other mutually.
Perfect and viviparous quadrupeds so stand in their po­
sition of proneness, that the opposite joints of neighbour legs
consist in the same plane; and a line descending from their
navel intersects at right angles the axis of the earth. Brown.
Excited by a vigorous loadstone, it will somewhat depress
its animated extreme, and intersect the horizontal circum­
ference. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

To INTERSE’CT. v. n. To meet and cross each other.
The sagittal suture usually begins at that point where these
lines intersect. Wiseman's Surgery.

INTERSE’CTION. n. s. [intersectio, Lat. from intersect.] Point
where lines cross each other.
They did spout over interchangeably from side to side in
forms of arches, without any intersection or meeting aloft,
because the pipes were not opposite. Wotton's Architecture.
The first star of Aries, in the time of Meton the Athe­
nian, was placed in the very intersection, which is now elon­
gated, and moved eastward twenty-eight degrees. Brown.
Ships would move in one and the same surface; and con­
sequently must needs encounter, when they either advance
towards one another in direct lines, or meet in the intersec­
tion of cross ones. Bentley's Sermons.

To INTERSE’RT. v. a. [intersero, Lat.] To put in between
other things.
If I may intersert a short philosophical speculation, the
depth of the sea is determined in Pliny to be fifteen furlongs.
Brerewood on Languages.

INTERSE’RTION. n. s. [from intersert.] An insertion, or thing
inserted between any thing.
These two intersertions were clear explications of the
apostle's old form, God the father, ruler of all, which con­
tained an acknowledgement of the unity. Hammond.

To INTERSPE’RSE. v. a. [interspersus, Lat.] To scatter here
and there among other things.
The possibility of a body's moving into a void space be­
yond the utmost bounds of body, as well as into a void space
interspersed amongst bodies, will always remain clear. Locke.
It is the editor's interest to insert what the author's judg­
ment had rejected; and care is taken to intersperse these
additions in such a manner, that scarce any book can be
bought without purchasing something unworthy of the author.
Swift.

INTERSPE’RSION. n. s. [from intersperse.] The act of scatter­
ing here and there.
For want of the interspersion of now and then an elegiack
or a lyrick ode. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

INTERSTE’LLAR. adj. [inter and stellar, Lat.] Intervening be­
tween the stars.
The interstellar sky hath so much affinity with the star, that
there is a rotation of that as well as of the star. Bacon.

I’NTERSTICE. n. s. [interstitium, Lat. interstice, Lat.]
1. Space between one thing and another.
The sun shining through a large prism upon a comb placed
immediately behind the prism, his light, which passed through
the interstices of the teeth fell upon a white paper: the breadths
of the teeth were equal to their interstices, and seven teeth
together with their interstices took up an inch in breadth.
Newton's Opticks.
The force of the fluid will separate the smallest particles
which compose the fibres, so as to leave vacant interstices in
those places where they cohered before. Arbuthnot.
2. Time between one act and another.
I will point out the interstices of time which ought to be
between one citation and another. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INTERSTI’TIAL. adj. [from interstice.] Containing interstices.
In oiled papers, the interstitial division being actuated by
the accession of oil, becometh more transparent. Brown.

INTERTE’XTURE. n. s. [intertexo, Latin.] Diversification of
things mingled or woven one among another.

To INTERTWI’NE. v. a. [inter and twine, or twist.] To unite
by twisting one in another.

To INTERTWI’ST. v. a. [inter and twine, or twist.] To unite
by twisting one in another.
Under some concourse of shades,
Whose branching arms thick intertwin'd might shield
From dews and damps of night his shelter'd head. Milton.



I’NTERVAL. n. s. [intervalle, Fr. intervallum, Latin.]
1. Space between places; interstice; vacuity; space unoccu­
pied; void place; vacancy; vacant space.
With any obstacle let all the light be now stopped which
passes through any one interval of the teeth, so that the range
of colours which comes from thence may be taken away,
and you will see the light of the rest of the ranges to be ex­
panded into the place of the range taken away, and there to
be coloured. Newton's Opticks.
2. Time passing between two assignable points.
The century and half following, to the end of the third
Punick war, was a very busy period at Rome; the intervals
between every war being so short. Swift.
3. Remission of a delirium or distemper.
Though he had a long illness, considering the great heat
with which it raged, yet his intervals of sense being few and
short, left but little room for the offices of devotion. Atterb.

To INTERVE’NE. v. n. [intervenio, Lat. intervenir, Fr.] To
come between things or persons; to be intercepted; to make
intervals.
While so near each other thus all day
Our task we chuse, what wonder, if so near,
Looks intervene, and smiles. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Esteem the danger of an action, and the possibilities of
miscarriage, and every cross accident that can intervene, to
be either a mercy on God's part, or a fault on ours. Taylor.

INTERVE’NE. n. s. [from the verb.] Opposition, or perhaps
interview. A word out of use.
They had some sharper and some milder differences, which
might easily happen in such an intervene of grandees, both
vehement on the parts which they swayed. Wotton.

INTERVE’NIENT. adj. [interveniens, Lat. intervenant, French.]
Intercedent; interposed; passing between.
There be intervenient in the rise of eight, in tones, two
be molls or half notes. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 104.
Many arts were used to discuss new affection: all which
notwithstanding, for I omit things intervenient, there is con­
veyed to Mr. Villiers an intimation of the king's pleasure to
be sworn his servant. Wotton.

INTERVE’NTION. n. s. [intervention, Fr. interventio, Latin.]
1. Agency between persons.
God will judge the world in righteousness by the interven­
tion of the man Christ Jesus, who is the Saviour as well as
the judge of the world. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Agency between antecedents and consecutives.
In the dispensation of God's mercies to the world, some
things he does by himself, others by the intervention of na­
tural means, and by the mediation of such instruments as he
has appointed. L'Estrange.
3. Interposition; the state of being interposed.
Sound is shut out by the intervention of that laxe mem­
brane, and not suffered to pass into the inward ear. Holder.

To INTERVE’RT. v. a. [interverto, Lat.] To turn to another
course.
The duke interverted the bargain, and gave the poor wi­
dow of Erpenius for the books five hundred pounds. Wotton.

INTERVI’EW. n. s. [entrevue, French.] Mutual sight; sight of
each other. It is commonly used for a formal and appointed
meeting or conference.
The day will come, when the passions of former enmity
being allayed, we shall with ten times redoubled tokens of
reconciled love shew ourselves each towards other the same,
which Joseph and the brethren of Joseph were at the time of
their interview in Egypt. Hooker.
His fears were, that the interview betwixt
England and France might, through their amity,
Breed him some prejudice. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Such happy interview, and fair event
Of love, and youth not lost, songs, garlands, flow'rs,
And charming symphonies, attach'd the heart
Of Adam. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

To INTERVO’LVE. v. a. [intervolvo, Latin.] To involve one
within another.
Mystical dance! which yonder starry sphere
Of planets, and of fix'd, in all her wheels
Resembles nearest; mazes intricate,
Eccentrick, intervolv'd, yet regular,
Then most, when most irregular, they seem. Milton.

To INTERWE’AVE. v. a. preter. interwove, part. pass. inter­
woven, interwove, or interweaved. [inter and weave.] To
mix one with another in a regular texture; to intermingle.
Then laid him down
Under the hospitable covert nigh
Of trees thick interwoven. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
At last
Words interwove with sighs found out their way. Milton.
I sat me down to watch upon a bank
With ivy canopied, and interwove
With flaunting honeysuckle. Milton.
None
Can say here nature ends, and art begins,
But mixt like th' elements, and born like twins,
So interweav'd, so like, so much the same:
None, this mere nature, that mere art can name. Denham.
The proud theatres disclose the scene,
Which interwoven Britons seem to raise,
And show the triumph which their shame displays. Dryden.
He so interweaves truth with probable fiction, that he puts
a pleasing falacy upon us. Dryden.
It appeared a vast ocean planted with islands, that were
covered with fruits and flowers, and interwoven with a thou­
sand little shining seas that ran among them. Addison's Spect.
It is a confusion of kitchen and parterre, orchard and
flower-garden, which lie so mixt and interwoven with one
another, as to look like a natural wilderness. Spectat.
The Supreme Infinite could not make intelligent creatures,
without implanting in their natures a most ardent desire, in­
terwoven in the substance of their spiritual natures, of being
reunited with himself. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
I do not altogether disapprove the interweaving texts of
scripture through the style of your sermon. Swift's Miscel.

To INTERWI’SH. v. a. [inter and wish.] To wish mutually to
each other.
The venom of all stepdames, gamester's gall,
What tyrants and their subjects interwish,
All ill fall on that man. Donne.

INTE’STABLE. adj. [intestabilis, Latin.] Disqualified to make
a will.
A person excommunicated is rendered infamous and in­
testable both actively and passively. Ayliffe's Parergon.

INTE’STATE. adj. [intestat, Fr. intestatus, Latin.] Wanting a
will; dying without will.
Why should calamity be full of words?
—Windy attorneys to their client woes,
Airy succeeders of intestate joys,
Poor breathing orators of miseries. Shakesp. Richard III.
Present punishment pursues his maw,
When surfeited and swell'd, the peacock raw,
He bears into the bath; whence want of breath,
Repletions, apoplex, intestate death. Dryden's Juvenal.

INTE’STINAL. adj. [intestinal, Fr. from intestine.] Belonging
to the guts.
The mouths of the lacteals are opened by the intestinal
tube, affecting a straight instead of a spiral cylinder. Arbuth.

INTE’STINE. adj. [intestin, Fr. intestinus, Latin.]
1. Internal; inward; not external.
Of these inward and intestine enemies to prayer, there are
our past sins to wound us, our present cares to distract us,
our distempered passions to disorder us, and a whole swarm
of loose and floating imaginations to molest us. Duppa.
Intestine war no more our passions wage,
Ev'n giddy factions hear away their rage. Pope.
2. Contained in the body.
Intestine stone, and ulcer, cholick pangs,
And moon-struck madness. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
A wooden jack, which had almost
Lost, by disuse, the art to roast,
A sudden alteration feels,
Increas'd by new intestine wheels. Swift's Miscel.
3. Domestick, not foreign. I know not whether the word be
properly used in the following example of Shakespeare: per­
haps for mortal and intestine should be read mortal interne­
cine.
Since the mortal and intestine jars
'Twixt thy seditious countrymen and us,
It hath in solemn synods been decreed,
T' admit no traffick to our adverse towns. Shakespeare.
But God, or Nature, while they thus contend,
To these intestine discords put an end. Dryden's Ovid.
She saw her sons with purple deaths expire,
A dreadful series of intestine wars,
Inglorious triumphs, and dishonest scars. Pope.

INTE’STINE. n. s. [intestinum, Lat. intestine, Fr.] The gut;
the bowel: most commonly without a singular.
The intestines or guts may be inflamed by an acrid sub­
stance taken inwardly. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To INTHRALL. v. a. [in and thrall.] To enslave; to shac­
kle; to reduce to servitude. A word now seldom used, at
least in prose.
What though I be inthrall'd, he seems a knight,
And will not any way dishonour me. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The Turk has sought to extinguish the ancient memory of
those people which he has subjected and inthrall'd. Raleigh.
Authors to themselves in all
Both what they judge, and what they choose; for so
I form'd them free, and free they must remain
Till they inthrall themselves. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind:
Why may not peace and love for once be join'd. Prior.

INTHRA’LMENT. n. s. [from inthrall.] Servitude; slavery.
Moses and Aaron, sent from God to claim
His people from inthralment, they return
With glory, and spoil, back to their promis'd land.
Milton's Par. Lost.



To INTHRO’NE. v. a. [in and throne.] To raise to royalty; to
seat on a throne.
One, chief, in gracious dignity inthron'd,
Shines o'er the rest. Thomson's Summer, l. 395.

I’NTIMACY. n. s. [from intimate.] Close familiarity.
It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies
to men of virtue. Rogers's Sermons.

I’NTIMATE. adj. [intimado, Spanish; intimus, Lat.]
1. Inmost; inward; intestine.
They knew not
That what I mention'd was of God, I knew
From intimate impulse, and therefore urged on
The marriage. Milton's Agonist. l. 221.
Fear being so intimate to our natures, it is the strongest
bond of laws. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Near; not kept at distance.
Moses was with him in the retirements of the mount, re­
ceived there his private instructions; and when the multitude
were thundered away from any approach, he was honoured
with an intimate and immediate admission. South's Sermons.
3. Familiar; closely acquainted.
United by this sympathetick bond,
You grow familiar, intimate, and fond. Roscommon.

I’NTIMATE. n. s. [intimado, Spanish; intime, French; inti­
mus, Latin.] A familiar friend; one who is trusted with our
thoughts.
The design was to entertain his reason with a more equal
converse, assign him an intimate whose intellect as much cor­
responded with his as did the outward form. Gov. Tongue.

To I’NTIMATE. v. a. [intimer, French; intimare, low Latin.]
To hint; to point out indirectly, or not very plainly.
Alexander Van Suchten tells us, that by a way he inti­
mates, may be made a mercury of copper, not of the silver
colour of other mercuries, but green. Boyle.
The names of simple ideas and substances, with the ab­
stract ideas in the mind, intimate some real existence, from
which was derived their original patern. Locke.
'Tis the divinity that stirs within us;
'Tis heav'n itself that points out an hereafter,
And intimates eternity to man. Addison's Cato.

I’NTIMATELY. adv. [from intimate.]
1. Closely; with intermixture of parts.
The same œconomy is observed in the circulation of the
chyle with the blood, by mixing it intimately with the parts
of the fluid to which it is to be assimilated. Arbuthnot.
2. Nearly; inseparably.
Quality, as it regards the mind, has its rise from know­
ledge and virtue, and is that which is more essential to us,
and more intimately united with us. Addison's Spect. No. 219.
3. Familiarly; with close friendship.

INTIMA’TION. n. s. [intimation, Fr. from intimate.] Hint; ob­
scure or indirect declaration or direction.
Let him strictly observe the first stirrings and intimations;
the first hints and whispers of good and evil that pass in his
heart. South's Sermons.
Of those that are only probable we have some reasonable
intimations, but not a demonstrative certainty. Woodward.
Besides the more solid parts of learning, there are several
little intimations to be met with on medals. Addison.

I’NTIME. adj. Inward; being within the mass; not being ex­
ternal, or on the surface; internal.
As to the composition or dissolution of mixed bodies, which
is the chief work of elements, and requires an intime appli­
cation of the agents, water hath the principality and excess
over earth. Digby on Bodies.

To INTI’MIDATE. v. a. [intimider, French; in and timidus,
Lat.] To make fearful; to dastardize; to make cowardly.
Now guilt once harbour'd in the conscious breast,
Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. Irene.

INTI’RE. n. s. [integer, Lat. entier, French; better written
entire, which see, and all its derivatives.] Whole; undimi­
nished; broken.
The lawful power of making laws, to command whole
politick societies of men, belongeth so properly unto the same
intire societies, that for any prince to exercise the same of
himself, and not either by express commission immediately
and personally received from God, or else by authority de­
rived at the first from their consent upon whose persons he
imposes laws, it is no better than mere tyranny. Hooker.

INTI’RENESS. n. s. [from intire; better entireness.] Wholeness;
integrity.
So shall all times find me the same:
You this intireness better may fulfil,
Who have the pattern with you still. Donne.

I’NTO. prep. [in and to.]
1. Noting entrance with regard to place.
If iron will acquire by mere continuance an habitual incli­
nation to the site it held, how much more may education,
being a constant plight and inurement, induce by custom
good habits into a reasonable creature. Wotton.
To give life to that which has yet no being, is to frame a
living creature, fashion the parts, and having fitted them to­
gether, to put into them a living soul. Locke.
Water introduces into vegetables the matter it bears along
with it. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
Acrid substances, which pass into the capillary tubes, must
irritate them into greater contraction. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Noting penetration beyond the outside, or some action which
reaches beyond the superficies or open part.
To look into letters already opened or dropt is held an un­
generous act. Pope.
2. Noting a new state to which any thing is brought by the
agency of a cause.
They have denominated some herbs solar and some lunar,
and such like toys put into great words. Bacon.
Compound bodies may be resolved into other substances
than such as they are divided into by the fire. Boyle.
A man must sin himself into a love of other mens sins; for
a bare notion of this black art will not carry him so far. South.
Sure thou art born to some peculiar fate,
When the mad people rise against the state,
To look them into duty; and command
An awful silence with thy lifted hand. Dryden's Persius.
It concerns every man that would not trifle away his soul,
and fool himself into irrecoverable misery, with the greatest
seriousness to enquire into these matters. Tillotson.
He is not a frail being, that he should be tired into com­
pliance by the force of assiduous application. Smalridge.
In hollow bottoms, if any fountains chance to rise, they
naturally spread themselves into lakes, before they can find any
issue. Addison on Italy.
It would have been all irretrievably lost, was it not by this
means collected and brought into one mass. Woodward.
Why are these positions charged upon me as their sole au­
thor; and the reader led into a belief, that they were never
before maintained by any person of virtue. Atterbury.
It is no ways congruous, that God should be always
frightening and astonishing men into an acknowledgement of
the truth, who were made to be wrought upon by calm evi­
dence. Atterbury's Sermons.
A man may whore and drink himself into atheism; but it
is impossible he should think himself into it. Bentley.

INTO’LERABLE. adj. [intolerabilis, Lat. intolerable, Fr.]
1. Insufferable; not to be endured; not to be born; having
any quality in a degree too powerful to be endured.
If we bring into one day's thoughts the evil of many, cer­
tain and uncertain, what will be and what will never be, our
load will be as intolerable as it is unreasonable. Taylor.
His awful presence did the croud surprize,
Nor durst the rash spectator meet his eyes;
Eyes that confess'd him born for kingly sway,
So fierce, they flash'd intolerable day. Dryden.
Some men are quickly weary of one thing: the same study
long continued in is as intolerable to them, as the appearing
long in the same clothes is to a court lady. Locke.
From Param's top th' Almighty rode,
Intolerable day proclaim'd the God. Broome.
2. Bad beyond sufferance.

INTO’LERABLENESS. n. s. [from intolerable.] Quality of a
thing not to be endured.

INTO’LERABLY. adv. [from intolerable.] To a degree beyond
endurance.

INTO’LERANT. adj. [intolerant, French.] Not enduring; not
able to endure.
Too great moisture affects human bodies with one class of
diseases, and too great dryness with another; the powers of
human bodies being limited and intolerant of excesses. Arbuth.

To INTOMB. v. a. [in and tomb.] To inclose in a funeral mo­
nument; to bury.
What commandment finally had they for the ceremony of
odours used about the bodies of the dead, after which custom
notwithstanding our Lord was contented that his own most
precious blood should be intombed. Hooker, b. i.
Is't night's predominance or the day's shame,
That darkness does the face of earth intomb. Shakespeare.
Mighty hero's more majestick shades,
And youths intomb'd before their father's eyes. Dryden.

To I’NTONATE. v. a. [intono, Lat.] To thunder. Dict.

INTONA’TION. n. s. [intonation, Fr. from intonate.] The act
of thundering. Dict.

To INTO’NE. v. n. [from intono, or rather from tone; intonner,
French.] To make a slow protracted noise.
So swells each wind-pipe; ass intones to ass
Harmonick twang. Pope's Dunciad, b. ii.

To INTO’RT. v. a. [intortuo, Lat.] To twist; to wreath; to
wring.
The brain is a congeries of glands, that separate the finer
parts of the blood, called animal spirits; and a gland is nothing
but a canal variously intorted and wound up together. Arbuth.
With rev'rent hand the king presents the gold,
Which round th' intorted horns the gilder roll'd. Pope.



To INTO’XICATE. v. a. [in and toxicum, Latin.] To in­
ebriate; to make drunk.
The more a man drinketh of the world, the more it in­
toxicateth; and age doth profit rather in the powers of under­
standing than in the virtues of the will and affections. Bacon.
As with new wine intoxicated both,
They swim in mirth, and fancy that they feel
Divinity within them breeding wings,
Wherewith to scorn the earth. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
My early mistress, now my ancient muse,
That strong Circean liquor cease t' infuse,
Wherewith thou didst intoxicate my youth. Denham.
What part of wild fury was there in the bacchanals which
we have not seen equall'd, if not exceeded by some intoxi­
cated zealots? Decay of Piety.
Others, after having done fine things, yet spoil them by en­
deavouring to make them better; and are so intoxicated with
an earnest desire of being above all others, that they suffer
themselves to be deceived. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Vegetables by fermentation are wrought up to spirituous
liquors, having quite different qualities from the plant itself;
for no fruit taken crude has the intoxicating quality of wine.
Arbuthnot.

INTOXICA’TION. n. s. [from intoxicate.] Inebriation; ebriety;
the act of making drunk; the state of being drunk.
That king, being in amity with him, did so burn in ha­
tred towards him, as to drink of the lees and dregs of Per­
kin's intoxication, who was every where else detected. Bacon.
Whence can this proceed, but from that besotting intoxi­
cation which verbal magick brings upon the mind. South.

INTRA’CTABLE. n. s. [intractabilis, Lat. intraitable, Fr.]
1. Ungovernable; violent; stubborn; obstinate.
To love them who loves us is so natural a passion, that
even the most intractable tempers obey its force. Rogers.
2. Unmanageable; furious.
By what means serpents, and other noxious and more in­
tractable kinds, as well as the more innocent and useful, got
together. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. iii.

INTRA’CTABLENESS. n. s. [from intractable.] Obstinacy; per­
verseness.

INTRA’CTABLY. adv. [from intractable.] Unmanageably; stub­
bornly.

INTRANQUI’LITY. n. s. [in and tranquility.] Unquietness;
want of rest.
Jactations were used for amusement, and allay in con­
stant pains, and to relieve that intranquility which makes men
impatient of lying in their beds. Temple.

INTRA’NSITIVE. v. a. [intransitivus, Latin.]
[In grammar.] A verb intransitive is that which signifies an
action, not conceived as having an effect upon any object;
as, curro, I run. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

INTRANSMU’TABLE. adj. [in and transmutable.] Unchangeable
to any other substance.
Some of the most experienced chemists do affirm quick­
silver to be intransmutable, and therefore call it liquor æter­
nus. Ray on the Creation.

To INTRE’ASURE. v. a. [in and treasure.] To lay up as in a
treasury.
There is a history in all mens lives,
Figuring the nature of the times deceas'd;
The which observ'd, a man may prophesy,
With a near aim, of the main chance of things
As yet not come to life, which in their seeds
And weak beginnings he intreasured. Shakesp. Henry IV.

To INTRE’NCH. v. n. [in and trancher, French.]
1. To invade; to encroach; to cut off part of what belongs
to another.
Little I desire my scepter should intrench on God's sovereign­
ty, which is the only king of men's consciences. K. Charles.
That crawling insect, who from mud began,
Warm'd by my beams, and kindled into man!
Durst he, who does but for my pleasure live,
Intrench on love, my great prerogative. Dryden's Aureng.
We are not to intrench upon truth in any conversation,
but least of all with children. Locke.
2. To break with hollows.
His face
Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd, and care
Sat on his faded cheek. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
3. To fortify with a trench: as, the allies were intrenched in
their camp.

INTRENCHANT. adj. [This word, which is, I believe, found
only in Shakespeare, is thus explained by one of his editors:
The intrenchant air means the air which suddenly encroaches
and closes upon the space left by any body which had passed
through it. Hanmer. I believe Shakespeare intended rather
to express the idea of indivisibility or invulnerableness, and
derived intrenchant, from in privative, and trencher, to cut;
intrenchant is indeed properly not cutting, rather than not to
be cut; but this is not the only instance in which Shakespeare
confounds words of active and passive signification.] Not to
be divided; not to be wounded; indivisible.
As easy may'st thou the intrenchant air
With thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed. Shakesp.

INTRE’NCHMENT. n. s. [from intrench.] Fortification with a
trench.

INTRE’PID. adj. [intrepide, Fr. intrepidus, Latin.] Fearless;
daring; bold; brave.
Argyle
Calm and intrepid in the very throat
Of sulphurous war, on Teniers dreadful field. Thomson.

INTREPI’DITY. n. s. [intrepidité, Fr.] Fearlessness; courage;
boldness.
I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of these
diminutive mortals, who durst venture to walk upon my
body, without trembling. Gulliver's Travels.

INTRE’PIDLY. adv. [from intrepid.] Fearlesly; boldly; dar­
ingly.
He takes the globe for the scene; he launches forward in­
trepidly, like one to whom no place is new. Pope.

I’NTRICACY. n. s. [from intricate.] State of being entangled;
perplexity; involution; complication of facts or notions.
The part of Ulysses in Homer's Odyssey is much admired
by Aristotle, as perplexing that fable with very agreeable
plots and intricacies, by the many adventures in his voyage,
and the subtilty of his behaviour. Addison.

I’NTRICATE. adj. [intricatus, Lat.] Entangled; perplexed;
involved; complicated; obscure.
Much of that we are to speak may seem to a number per­
haps tedious, perhaps obscure, dark, and intricate. Hooker.
His stile in writing was fit to convey the most intricate bu­
siness to the understanding with the utmost clearness.
Addison.

To I’NTRICATE. [from the adjective.] To perplex; to darken.
Not proper, nor in use.
Alterations of sirnames have so intricated, or rather ob­
scured, the truth of our pedigrees, that it will be no little
hard labour to deduce them. Camden.

I’NTRICATELY. adv. [from intricate.] With involution of one
in another; with perplexity.
That variety of factions, into which we are so intricately
engaged, gave occasion to this discourse. Swift.

I’NTRICATENESS. n. s. [from intricate.] Perplexity; involu­
tion; obscurity.
He found such intricateness, that he could see no way to
lead him out of the maze. Sidney.

INTRI’GUE. n. s. [intrigue, French.]
1. A plot; a private transaction in which many parties are en­
gaged: usually an affair of love.
These are the grand intrigues of man,
These his huge thoughts, and these his vast desires. Flatman.
A young fellow long made love, with much artifice and
intrigue, to a rich widow. Addison's Gurrd.
The hero of a comedy is represented victorious in all his
intrigues. Swift.
Now love is dwindled to intrigue,
And marriage grown a money league. Swift's Miscel.
2. Intricacy; complication. Little in use.
Though this vicinity of ourselves to ourselves cannot give
us the full prospect of all the intrigues of our nature, yet we
have much more advantage to know ourselves, than to know
other things without us. Hale's Originat. of Mankind.
3. The complication or perplexity of a fable or poem; artful
involution of feigned transaction.
As these causes are the beginning of the action, the oppo­
site designs against that of the hero are the middle of it, and
form that difficulty or intrigue which makes up the greatest
part of the poem. Pope.

To INTRI’GUE. v. n. [intriguer, Fr. from the noun.] To
form plots; to carry on private designs.

INTRI’GUER. n. s. [intrigueur, Fr. from intrigue.] One who
busies himself in private transactions; one who forms plots;
one who persues women.
I desire that intriguers will not make a pimp of my lion,
and convey their thoughts to one another. Addison.

INTRI’GUINGLY. adv. [from intrigue.] With intrigue; with
secret plotting.

INTRI’NSECAL. adj. [intrinsecus, Lat. intrinseque, French.
This word is now generally written intrinsical, contrarily to
etymology.]
1. Internal; solid; natural; not accidental; not merely appa­
rent.
These measure the laws of God not by the intrinsecal good­
ness and equity of them, but by reluctancy and opposition
which they find in their own hearts against them. Tillotson.
The near and intrinsecal, and convincing argument of the
being of God, is from human nature itself. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Intimate; closely familiar. Out of use.
He falls into intrinsecal society with Sir John Graham, who
dissuaded him from marriage, and gave him rather encourage­
ment to woo fortune in court. Wotton.
Sir Fulk Greville was a man in appearance intrinsecal with
him, or at least admitted to his melancholy hours. Wotton.



INTRI’NSECALLY. adv. [from intrinsecal.]
1. Internally; naturally; really.
A lye is a thing absolutely and intrinsecally evil. South.
Every one of his pieces is an ingot of gold, intrinsecally
and solidly valuable. Prior.
2. Within; at the inside.
In his countenance no open alteration; but the less he
shewed without, the more it wrought intrinsecally. Wotton.
If once bereaved of motion, it cannot of itself acquire it
again; nor till it be thrust by some other body from without,
or intrinsecally moved by an immaterial self-active substance
that can pervade it. Bentley's Sermons.

INTRI’NSICK. adj. [intrinsecus, Latin.]
1. Inward; internal; real; true.
Intrinsick goodness consists in accordance, and sin in con­
trariety to the secret will of God, as well as to his revealed.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. Not depending on accident; fixed in the nature of the thing.
The difference between worth and merit, strictly taken;
that is, a man's intrinsick; this, his current value. Grew.
His fame, like gold, the more 'tis try'd,
The more shall its intrinsick worth proclaim. Prior.
Beautiful as a jewel set in gold, which, though it adds
little to intrinsick value, yet improves the lustre, and attracts
the eyes of the beholder. Rogers's Sermons.

INTRI’NSECATE. adj. [This word seems to have been igno­
rantly formed between intricate and intrinsecal.] Perplexed;
entangled.
Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords in twain
Too intrinsecate t' unloose. Shakesp. King Lear.
Come, mortal wretch,
With thy sharp teeth this knot intrinsicate
Of life at once un, ie. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

To INTRODU’CE. v. a. [introduco, Lat. introduire, Fr.]
1. To conduct or usher into a place, or to a person.
Mathematicians of advanced speculations may have other
ways to introduce into their minds ideas of infinity. Locke.
2. To bring something into notice or practice.
This vulgar error whosoever is able to reclaim, he shall
introduce a new way of cure, preserving by theory as well as
practice. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
An author who should introduce a sport of words upon the
stage, would meet with small applause. Broome.
3. To produce; to give occasion.
Whatsoever introduces habits in children, deserves the care
and attention of their governors. Locke on Education.
4. To bring into writing or discourse by proper preparatives.

INTRODU’CER. n. s. [introducteur, Fr. from introduce.]
1. One who conducts another to a place or person.
2. Any one who brings any thing into practice or notice.
The beginning of the earl of Essex I must attribute to my
lord of Leicester; but yet as an introducer or supporter, not
as a teacher. Wotton.
It is commonly charged upon the army, that the beastly vice
of drinking to excess hath been lately, from their example,
restored among us; but whoever the introducers were, they
have succeeded to a miracle. Swift.

INTRODU’CTION. n. s. [introduction, Fr. introductio, Latin.]
1. The act of conducting or ushering to any place or person;
the state of being ushered or conducted.
2. The act of bringing any new thing into notice or practice.
The archbishop of Canterbury had pursued the introduction
of the liturgy and the canons into Scotland with great vehe­
mence. Clarendon.
3. The preface or part of a book containing previous matter.

INTRODU’CTIVE. adj. [introductis, French; from introduce.]
Serving as the means to something else.
The truths of Christ crucified, is the Christian's philoso­
phy, and a good life is the Christian's logick; that great in­
strumental introductive art, that must guide the mind into the
former. South's Sermons.

INTRODU’CTORY. adj. [from introductus, Latin.] Previous;
serving as a means to something further.
This introductory discourse itself is to be but an essay, not
a book. Boyle.

INTROGRE’SSION. n. s. [introgressio, Latin.] Entrance; the
act of entering.

INTRO’IT. n. s. [introit, French.] The beginning of the
mass; the beginning of publick devotions.

INTROMI’SSION. n. s. [intromissio, Latin.]
1. The act of sending in.
If sight be caused by intromission, or receiving in the form
of that which is seen, contrary species or forms should be re­
ceived confusedly together, which Aristotle shews to be ab­
surd. Peacham on Drawing.
All the reason that I could ever hear alleged by the chief
factors for a general intromission of all sects and persuasions into
our communion, is, that those who separate from us are stiff
and obstinate, and will not submit to the rules of our church,
and that therefore they should be taken away. South.
2. [In the Scottish law.] The act of intermeddling with another's
effects: as, he shall be brought to an account for his intromissions
with such an estate.

To I’NTROMIT. v. a. [intromitto, Latin.] To send in; to let
in; to admit; to allow to enter; to be the medium by which
any thing enters.
Glass in the window intromits light without cold to those in
the room. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Tinged bodies and liquors reflect some sorts of rays, and
intromit or transmit other sorts. Newton's Opt.

To INTROSPE’CT. v. a. [introspectus, Latin.] To take a view
of the inside.

INTROSPE’CTION. n. s. [from introspect.] A view of the in­
side.
The actings of the mind or imagination itself, by way of
reflection or introspection of themselves, are discernible by
man. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
I was forced to make an introspection into my own mind,
and into that idea of beauty which I have formed in my own
imagination. Dryden.

INTROVE’NIENT. adj. [intro. and venio, Latin.] Entering;
coming in.
Scarce any condition which is not exhausted and obscured,
from the commixture of introvenient nations, either by com­
merce or conquest. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To INTRU’DE. v. n. [intrudo, Latin.]
1. To come in unwelcome by a kind of violence; to enter
without invitation or permission.
Thy years want wit, thy wit wants edge
And manners, to intrude where I am grac'd. Shakesp.
The Jewish religion was yet in possession; and therefore that
this might so enter, as not to intrude, it was to bring its war­
rant from the same hand of omnipotence. South.
Forgive me, fair one, if officious friendship
Intrudes on your repose, and comes thus late
To greet you with the tidings of success. Rowe's Ja. Shore.
Some thoughts rise and intrude upon us, while we shun
them; others fly from us, when we would hold them. Watts.
2. To encroach; to force in uncalled or unpermitted.
Let no man beguile you of your reward, in a voluntary
humility, and worshipping of angels, intruding into those
things which he hath not seen by his fleshly mind. Col. ii. 18.

To INTRU’DE. v. a. To force without right or welcome.
Not to intrude one's self into the mysteries of government,
which the prince keeps secret, is represented by the winds shut
up in a bull hide, which the companions of Ulysses would
needs be so foolish as to pry into. Pope.

INTRU’DER. n. s. [from intrude.] One who forces himself
into company or affairs without right or welcome.
And the hounds
Should drive upon the new transformed limbs,
Unmannerly intruder as thou art! Shak. Titus Andronicus.
Go, base intruder! over-weening slave!
Bestow thy fawning smiles on equal mates. Shakespeare.
They were but intruders upon the possession, during
the minority of the heir: they knew those lands were the
rightful inheritance of that young lady. Davies on Ireland.
Will you, a bold intruder, never learn
To know your basket, and your bread discern? Dryden.
She had seen a great variety of faces: they were all strangers
and intruders, such as she had no acquaintance with. Locke.
The whole fraternity of writers rise up in arms against every
new intruder into the world of fame. Addison's Freeholder.

INTRU’SION. n. s. [intrusion, French; intrusio, Latin.]
1. The act of thrusting or forcing any thing or person into any
place or state.
It must raise more substantial superstructions, and fall upon
very many excellent strains, which have been justled off by
the intrusions of poetical fictions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The separation of the parts of one body, upon the intrusion
of another, and the change from rest to motion upon impulse,
and the like, seem to have some connection. Locke.
2. Encroachment upon any person or place; unwelcome en­
trance; entrance without invitation or permission.
I think myself in better plight for a lender than you are,
the which hath something emboldened me to this unseasoned
intrusion; for they say, if money go before, all ways do lie
open. Shakespeare.
Frogs, lice, and flies, must all his palace fill
With loath'd intrusion. Milton's Paradise Lost.
How's this, my son? Why this intrusion?
Were not my orders that I should be private? Addis. Cato.
I may close, after so long an intrusion upon your medita­
tions. Wake's Preparation for Death.
3. Voluntary and uncalled undertaking of any thing.
It will be said, I handle an art no way suitable either to my
employment or fortune, and so stand charged with intrusion
and impertinency. Wotton.

To INTRU’ST. v. a. [in and trust.] To treat with confidence;
to charge with any secret commission, or thing of value.


His majesty had a solicitous care for the payment of his debts;
though in such a manner, that none of the duke's officers were
intrusted with the knowledge of it. Clarendon.
Receive my counsel, and securely move;
Intrust thy fortune to the pow'rs above. Dryden's Juven.
Are not the lives of those, who draw the sword
In Rome's defence, intrusted to our care? Addis. Cato.
He composed his billet-doux, and at the time appointed
went to intrust it to the hands of his confidant. Arbuthnot.

INTUI’TION. n. s. [intuitus, intueor, Latin.]
1. Sight of any thing. Used commonly of mental view; im­
mediate knowledge.
At our rate of judging, St. Paul had surely passed for a most
malicious persecutor; whereas God saw he did it ignorantly in
unbelief, and upon that intuition had mercy on him.
Government of the Tongue.
The truth of these propositions we know by a bare simple
intuition of the ideas, and such propositions are called self­
evident. Locke.
2. Knowledge not obtained by deduction of reason, but in­
stantaneously accompanying the ideas which are its object.
All knowledge of causes is deductive; for we know none
by simple intuition, but through the mediation of their effects;
for the causality itself is insensible. Glanv. Sceps.
Discourse was then almost as quick as intuition. South.
He their single virtues did survey,
By intuition in his own large breast. Dryden.

INTU’ITIVE. adj. [intuitivus, low Latin; intuitif, French.]
1. Seen by the mind immediately without the intervention of
reason.
Immediate perception of the agreement or disagreement of
two ideas, is when, by comparing them together in our minds,
we see their agreement or disagreement; this therefore is called
intuitive knowledge. Locke.
Those lofty flights of thought, and almost intuitive perception
of abstruse notions, those exalted discoveries of mathematical
theorems, we sometimes see existent in one and the same
person. Bentley.
2. Seeing, not barely believing.
Faith, beginning here with a weak apprehension of things
not seen, endeth with the intuitive vision of God in the world
to come. Hooker.
3. Having the power of discovering truth immediately without
ratiocination.
The rule of ghostly or immaterial natures, as spirits and
angels, is their intuitive intellectual judgment, concerning the
amiable beauty and high goodness of that object, which, with
unspeakable joy and delight, doth set them on work. Hooker.
The soul receives
Discursive or intuitive. Milton.

INTUI’TIVELY. adv. [intuitivement, French.] Without deduc­
tion of reason; by immediate perception.
That our love is sound and sincere, that it cometh from a
pure heart, and a good conscience, and a faith unfeigned, who
can pronounce, saving only the searcher of all mens hearts,
who alone intuitively doth know in this kind who are his. Hook.
God Almighty, who sees all things intuitively, does not
want logical helps. Baker on Learning.

INTUME’SCENCE. n. s. [intumescence, French; intumesco, Lat.]
Swell; tumour; the act or state of swelling.

INTUME’SCENCY. n. s. [intumescence, French; intumesco, Lat.]
Swell; tumour; the act or state of swelling.
According to the temper of the terreous parts at the bot­
tom, as they are more hardly or easily moved, they variously
begin, continue, or end their intumescencies. Brown.
This subterranean heat causes a great rarefaction and intu­
mescence of the water of the abyss, putting it into very great
commotions, and at the same time making the like effort upon
the earth, occasions an earthquake. Woodward's Nat. History.

INTURGE’SCENCE. n. s. [in and turgesco, Latin.] Swelling;
the act or state of swelling.
Not by attenuation of the upper part of the sea, but intur­
gescencies caused first at the bottom, and carrying the upper
part of it before them. Brown's Vulgar Err.

INTU’SE. n. s. [intusus, Latin.] Bruise. Spenser.

To INTWI’NE. v. a. [in and twine.]
1. To twist, or wreath together.
This opinion, though false, yet intwined with a true, that
the souls of men do never perish, abated the fear of death in
them. Hooker.
2. To incompass by circling round it.
The vest and veil divine,
Which wand'ring foliage and rich flow'rs intwine. Dryden.

INV

To INVA’DE. v. a. [invado, Latin.]
1. To attack a country; to make an hostile entrance.
He will invade them with troops. Hab. iii. 16.
Should he invade any part of their country, he would soon
see that nation up in arms. Knolles.
With dang'rous expedition they invade
Heav'n, whose high walls fear no assault. Milton.
Thy race in times to come
Shall spread the conquests of imperial Rome;
Rome, whose ascending tow'rs shall heav'n invade,
Involving earth and ocean in her shade. Dryden's Æn.
Encouraged with success, he invades the province of phi­
losophy. Dryden.
In vain did nature's wise command
Divide the waters from the land,
If daring ships, and men prophane,
Invade th' inviolable main. Dryden.
2. To attack; to assail; to assault.
There shall be sedition among men, and invading one ano­
ther; they shall not regard their kings. 2 Esdr. xv. 16.
Thou think'st 'tis much, that this contentious storm
Invades us to the skin; so 'tis to thee:
But where the greater malady is fix'd,
The lesser is scarce felt. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To violate with the first act of hostility; to attack, not de­
fend.
Your foes are such, as they, not you, have made;
And virtue may repel, though not invade. Dryden.

INVA’DER. n. s. [from invado, Latin.]
1. One who enters with hostility into the possessions of another.
The breath of Scotland the Spaniards could not endure;
neither durst they, as invaders, land in Ireland. Bacon.
Their piety
In sharp contest of battle found no aid
Against invaders. Milton's Paradise Lost.
That knowledge, like the coal from the altar, serves only to
embroil and consume the sacrilegious invaders. Decay of Piety.
Were he lost, the naked empire
Would be a prey expos'd to all invaders. Denham's Sophy.
The country about Attica was the most barren of any in
Greece, through which means it happened that the natives
were never expelled by the fury of invaders. Swift.
Secure, by William's care, let Britain stand;
Nor dread the bold invader's hand. Prior.
Esteem and judgment with strong fancy join,
To call the fair invader in;
My darling favourite inclination, too,
All, all conspiring with the foe. Granville.
2. An assailant.
3. Encroacher; intruder.
The substance thereof was formerly comprised in that un­
compounded style, but afterwards prudently enlarged for the
repelling and preventing heretical invaders. Hammond.

INVALE’SCENCE. n. s. [invalesco, Latin.] Strength; health;
force. Dict.

INVA’LID. adj. [invalide, Fr. invalidus, Latin.] Weak; of
no weight or cogency.
But this I urge,
Admitting motion in the heav'ns, to shew
Invalid, that which thee to doubt it mov'd. Milton.

To INVA’LIDATE. v. a. [from invalid.] To weaken; to de­
prive of force or efficacy.
To invalidate such a consequence, some things might be
speciously enough alledged. Boyle.
Tell a man, passionately in love, that he is jilted, bring a
score of witnesses of the falshood of his mistress, and it is ten
to one but three kind words of her's shall invalidate all their
testimonies. Locke.

INVALI’D. n. s. [Fr.] One disabled by sickness or hurts.
What beggar in the invalides,
With lameness broke, with blindness smitten,
Wish'd ever decently to die? Prior.

INVALI’DITY. n. s. [in and validity; invalidité, French.]
1. Weakness; want of cogency.
2. Want of bodily strength. This is no English meaning.
He ordered, that none who could work should be idle; and
that none who could not work, by age, sickness, or invalidity,
should want. Temple.

INVA’LUABLE. adj. [in and valuable.] Precious above estima­
tion; inestimable.
The faith it produced would not be so free an act as it
ought, to which are annexed all the glorious and invaluable
privileges of believing. Atterbury.

INVA’RIABLE. adj. [in and variarus, Lat. invariabile, Fr.]
Unchangeable; constant.
Being not able to design times by days, months, or years,
they thought best to determine these alterations by some
known and invariable signs, and such did they conceive the
rising and setting of the fixed stars. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The rule of good and evil would not then appear uniform
and invariable, but would seem different, according to mens
different complexions and inclinations. Atterbury.

INVA’RIABLENESS. n. s. [from invariable.] Immutability;
constancy.

INVA’RIABLY. adv. [from invariable.] Unchangeably; con­
stantly.
He, who steers his course invariably by this rule, takes the
surest way to make all men praise him. Atterbury.

INVA’SION. n. s. [invasion, French; invasio, Latin.]
1. Hostile entrance upon the rights or possessions of another;
hostile encroachment.
We made an invasion upon the Cherethites. 1 Sa. xxx.


Reason finds a secret grief and remorse from every invasion
that sin makes upon innocence, and that must render the first
entrance and admission of sin uneasy. South's Sermons.
The nations of th' Ausonian shore
Shall hear the dreadful rumour, from afar,
Of arm'd invasion, and embrace the war. Dryd. Æn.
William the Conqueror invaded England about the year
1060, which means this; that taking the duration from our
Saviour's time 'till now, for one intire length of time, it
shews at what distance this invasion was from the two ex­
tremes. Locke.
2. Attack of an epidemical disease.
What demonstrates the plague to be endemial to Egypt, is
its invasion and going off at certain seasons. Arbuthnot.

INVA’SIVE. adj. [from invade.] Entering hostilely upon other
mens possessions; not defensive.
I must come closer to my purpose, and not make more in­
vasive wars abroad, when, like Hannibal, I am called back to
the defence of my country. Dryden.
Let other monarchs, with invasive bands,
Lessen their people, and extend their lands;
By gasping nations hated and obey'd,
Lords of the desarts that their swords had made. Arbuthnot.

INVE’CTIVE. n. s. [invective, Fr. invectiva, low Lat.] A cen­
sure in speech or writing; a reproachful accusation.
Plain men desiring to serve God as they ought, but being
not so skilful as to unwind themselves, where the snares
of glosing speech do lie to entangle them, are in mind not
a little troubled, when they hear so bitter invectives against
that which this church hath taught them to reverence as holy,
to approve as lawful, and to observe as behoveful for the exer­
cise of Christian duty. Hooker.
So desp'rate thieves, all hopeless of their lives,
Breathe out invectives 'gainst the officers. Shakesp. H. VI.
Casting off the respect fit to be continued between kings,
even when their blood is hottest, he fell to bitter invectives
against the French king. Bacon's H. VII.
Whilst we condemn others, we may indeed be in the
wrong; and then all the invectives we make at their supposed
errours, fall back with a rebounded force upon our own real
ones. Decay of Piety.
If we take satyr, in the general signification of the world,
for an invective, 'tis certain that 'tis almost as old as verse.
Dryd. Juv. Dedication.

INVE’CTIVE. adj. [from the noun.] Satirical; abusive.
Let him rail on; let his invective muse
Have four and twenty letters to abuse. Dryden.

INVE’CTIVELY. adv. Satirically; abusively.
Thus most invectively he pierceth through
The body of the country, city, court,
Yea and of this our life; swearing that we
Are meer usurpers, tyrants. Shakespeare.

To INVE’IGH. v. a. [inveho, Latin.] To utter censure or
reproach.
I cannot blame him for inveighing so sharply against the
vices of the clergy in his age. Dryden.
He inveighs severely against the folly of parties, in retaining
scoundrels to retail their lyes. Arbuthnot.

INVE’IGHER. n. s. [from inveigh.] Vehement railer.
One of these inveighers against mercury, in a course of
seven weeks, could not cure one small herpes in the face.
Wiseman's Surgery.

To INVE’IGLE. v. a. [invogliare, Ital. Minshew; aveugler,
or enaveugler, French, Skinner and Junius.] To persuade to
something bad or hurtful; to wheedle; to allure; to seduce.
Most false Duessa, royal richly dight,
That easy was to inveigle weaker sight,
Was, by her wicked arts and wily skill,
Too false and strong for earthly skill or might. Fa. Queen.
Achilles hath inveigled his fool from him. Shakespeare.
Yet have they many baits and guileful spells,
To inveigle and invite th' unwary sense
Of them that pass unweeting by the way. Milton.
Both right able
T' inveigle and draw in the rabble. Hudibras.
Those drops of prettiness, scatteringly sprinkled amongst
the creatures, were designed to exalt our conceptions, not in­
veigle or detain our passions. Boyle.
I leave the use of garlick to such as are inveigled into the
gout by the use of too much drinking. Temple.
The inveigling a woman, before she is come to years of dis­
cretion, should be as criminal as the seducing of her before
she is ten years old. Spectator.

INVE’IGLER. n. s. [from inveigle.] Seducer; deceiver; allurer
to ill.
Being presented to the emperor for his admirable beauty,
the prince clapt him up as his inveigler. Sandys.

To INVE’NT. v. a. [inventer, French; invenio, Latin.]
1. To discover; to find out; to excogitate; to produce some­
thing not made before.
The substance of the service of God, so far forth as it hath
in it any thing more than the law of reason doth teach, may
not be invented of men, but must be received from God
himself. Hooker.
By their count, which lovers books invent,
The sphere of Cupid forty years contains. Spenser.
Matter of mirth enough, though there were none
She could devise, and thousand ways invent
To feed her foolish humour and vain jolliment. Fa. Queen.
Woe to them that invent to themselves instruments of mu­
sick. Amos vi. 5.
We may invent
With what more forcible we may offend
Our enemies. Milton.
In the motion of the bones in their articulations, a twofold
liquor is prepared for the inunction of their heads; both
which make up the most apt mixture, for this use, that can be
invented or thought upon. Ray.
Ye skilful masters of Machaon's race,
Who nature's mazy intricacies trace,
By manag'd fire and late invented eyes. Blackmore.
But when long time the wretches thoughts refin'd,
When want had set an edge upon their mind,
Then various cares their working thoughts employ'd,
And that which each invented, all enjoy'd. Creech.
The ship by help of a screw, invented by Archimedes, was
launched into the water. Arbuthnot.
2. To forge; to contrive falsely; to fabricate.
I never did such things as those men have maliciously in­
vented against me. Susan. xliii.
Here is a strange figure invented, against the plain sense of
the words. Stillingfleet.
3. To feign; to make by the imagination.
I would invent as bitter searching terms,
With full as many signs of deadly hate,
As lean-fac'd envy in her lothsome cave. Shakespeare.
Hercules's meeting with pleasure and virtue, was invented by
Prodicus, who lived before Socrates, and in the first dawnings
of philosophy. Addison's Spectator.
4. To light on; to meet with.
Far off he wonders what them makes so glad:
Or Bacchus' merry fruit they did invent,
Or Cybel's frantick rites have made them mad. Spenser.

INVE’NTER. n. s. [from inventeur, French.]
1. One who produces something new; a deviser of something
not known before.
As a translator, he was just; as an inventer, he was
rich. Garth.
2. A forger.

INVE’NTION. n. s. [invention, French; inventio, Latin.]
1. Fiction.
O for a muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest heaven of invention! Shakes. H. V. Prol.
By improving what was writ before,
Invention labours less, but judgment more. Roscommon.
Invention is a kind of muse, which, being possessed of the
other advantages common to her sisters, and being warmed
by the fire of Apollo, is raised higher than the rest. Dryden.
The chief excellence of Virgil is judgment, of Homer is
invention. Pope.
2. Discovery.
Nature hath provided several glandules to separate this juice
from the blood, and no less than four pair of channels to con­
vey it into the mouth, which are of a late invention, and called
ductus salivales. Ray on the Creation.
3. Excogitation; act of producing something new.
Mine is th' invention of the charming lyre;
Sweet notes and heav'nly numbers I inspire. Dryden.
4. Forgery.
We hear our bloody cousins, not confessing
Their cruel parricide, filling their hearers
With strange invention. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If thou can'st accuse,
Do it without invention suddenly. Shakesp. Henry VI.
5. The thing invented.
The garden, a place not fairer in natural ornaments than
artificial inventions. Sidney.
Th' invention all admir'd; and each how he
To be th' inventor miss'd, so easy it seem'd
Once found, which yet unfound most would have thought
Impossible. Milton's Parad. Lost.

INVE’NTIVE. adj. [inventif, Fr. from invent.] Quick at con­
trivance; ready at expedients; having the power of fiction.
Those have the inventivest heads for all purposes, and round­
est tongues in all matters. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
As he had an inventive brain, so there never lived any man
that believed better thereof, and of himself. Raleigh.
Reason, remembrance, wit, inventive art,
No nature, but immortal, can impart. Denham.
That inventive head
Her fatal image from the temple drew,
The sleeping guardians of the castle flew. Dryden.
The inventive god, who never fails his part,
Inspires the wit, when once he warms the heart. Dryden.



INVE’NTOR. n. s. [inventor, Latin.]
1. A finder out of something new.
We have the statue of your Columbus, that discovered the
West Indies, also the inventor of ships: your Monk, that was
the inventor of ordnance, and of gunpowder. Bacon.
Studious they appear
Of arts that polish life; inventors rare,
Unmindful of their maker. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Th' invention all admir'd, and each how he
To be the inventor miss'd. Milton.
Why are these positions charged upon me as their sole au­
thor and inventor, and the reader led into a belief that they
were never before maintained by any person of virtue? Atterb.
2. A contriver; a framer. In an ill sense.
In this upshot, purposes mistook,
Fall'n on th' inventors heads. Shakes. Hamlet.

INVENTO’RIALLY. adv. [from inventory, whence perhaps inven­
torial.] In manner of an inventory.
To divide inventorially, would dizzy the arithmetick of
memory. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

INVE’NTORY. n. s. [inventaire, French; inventarium, Latin.]
An account or catalogue of moveables.
I found,
Forsooth, an inventory, thus importing,
The several parcels of his plate. Shakesp. H. VIII.
The leanness that afflicts us, the object of our misery, is
as an inventory to particularize their abundance: our sufferings
is a gain to them. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Whoe'er looks,
For themselves dare not go, o'er Cheapside books,
Shall find their wardrobe's inventory. Donne.
It were of much consequence to have such an inventory of
nature, wherein, as on the one hand, nothing should be
wanting, so nothing repeated on the other. Grew's Musæum.
In Persia the daughters of Eve are reckoned in the inventory
of their goods and chattels; and it is usual, when a man sells
a bale of silk, to toss half a dozen women into the bar­
gain. Spectator.
He gave me an inventory of her goods and estate. Spectator.

To I’NVENTORY. v. a. [inventorier, Fr.] To register; to place
in a catalogue.
I will give out divers schedules of my beauty: it shall be in­
ventoried, and every particle and utensil labell'd to my will.
Shakes. Twelfth Night.
A man looks on the love of his friend as one of the richest
possessions: the philosopher thought friends were to be inven­
toried as well as goods. Gov. of the Tongue.

INVE’NTRESS. n. s. [inventrice, Fr. from inventor.] A female
that invents.
The arts, with all their retinue of lesser trades, history and
tradition tell us when they had their beginning; and how many
of their inventors and inventresses were deified. Burnet.
Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame:
The sweet enthusiast, from her sacred store,
Enlarg'd the former narrow bounds. Dryden.

INVE’RSE. adj. [inverse, Fr. inversus, Latin.] Inverted; reci­
procal: opposed to direct. It is so called in proportion, when
the fourth term is so much greater than the third, as the second
is less than the first; or so much less than the third as the se­
cond is greater than the first.
Every part of matter tends to every part of matter with a
force, which is always in a direct proportion of the quantity
of matter, and an inverse duplicate proportion of the dis­
tance. Garth.

INVE’RSION. n. s. [inversion, Fr. inversio, Latin.]
1. Change of order or time, so as that the last is first, and first
last.
If he speaks truth, it is upon design, and a subtle inversion
of the precept of God, to do good that evil may come of it.
Brown's Vulg. Errours.
'Tis just the inversion of an act of parliament; your
lordship first signed it, and then it was passed amongst
the lords and commons. Dryden.
2. Change of place, so as that each takes the room of the other.

To INVE’RT. v. a. [inverto, Latin.]
1. To turn upside down; to place in contrary method or order
to that which was before.
With fate inverted, shall I humbly woo?
And some proud prince, in wild Numidia born,
Pray to accept me, and forget my scorn? Waller.
Ask not the cause why sullen Spring
So long delays her flow'rs to bear,
And Winter storms invert the year. Dryden.
Poesy and oratory omit things essential, and invert times and
actions, to place every thing in the most affecting light. Watts.
2. To place the last first.
Yes, every poet is a fool;
By demonstration Ned can show it:
Happy, could Ned's inverted rule
Prove every fool to be a poet. Prior.
3. To divert; to turn into another channel; to imbezzle. In­
stead of this convert or intervert is now commonly used.
Solyman charged him bitterly with inverting his treasures to
his own private use, and having secret intelligence with his
enemies. Knolles's History of the Turks.

INVE’RTEDLY. adv. [from inverted.] In contrary or reversed
order.
Placing the forepart of the eye to the hole of the window
of a darkened room, we have a pretty landskip of the objects
abroad, invertedly painted on the paper, on the back of the
eye. Denham's Physico-Theology.

To INVE’ST. v. a. [investir, Fr. investio, Latin.]
1. To dress; to clothe; to array. When it has two accusa­
tives it has in or with before the thing.
Their gesture sad,
Invest in lank lean cheeks and war-worn coats,
Presented them unto the gazing moon,
So many horrid ghosts. Shakesp. Henry V.
Thou with a mantle didst invest
The rising world of waters. Milton.
Let thy eyes shine forth in their full lustre;
Invest them with thy loveliest smiles, put on
Thy choicest looks. Denham's Sophy.
2. To place in possession of a rank or office.
When we sanctify or hallow churches, that which we do is
only to testify that we make places of publick resort, that we
invest God himself with them, and that we sever them from
common uses. Hooker.
After the death of the other archbishop he was invested in
that high dignity, and settled in his palace at Lambeth. Claren.
The practice of all ages, and all countries, hath been to do
honour to those who are invested with publick authority. Atter.
3. To adorn; to grace.
Honour must,
Not accompanied, invest him only;
But signs of nobleness, like stars, shall shine
On all deservers. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The foolish, over-careful fathers for this engross'd
The canker'd heaps of strong atchieved gold;
For this they have been thoughtful to invest
Their sons with arts and martial exercises. Shakespeare.
Some great potentate,
Or of the thrones above; such majesty
Invests him coming. Milt. Parad. Lost.
4. To confer; to give.
If there can be found such an inequality between man and
man, as there is between man and beast, or between soul and
body, it investeth a right of government. Bacon.
5. To inclose; to surround so as to intercept succours or provi­
sions: as, the enemy invested the town.

INVE’STIENT. adj. [investiens, Latin.] Covering; clothing.
The shells served as plasms or moulds to this sand, which,
when consolidated and freed from its investient shell, is of the
same shape as the cavity of the shell. Woodward.

INVE’STIGABLE. adj. [from investigate.] To be searched out;
discoverable by rational disquisition.
Finally, in such sort they are investigable, that the know­
ledge of them is general; the world hath always been ac­
quainted with them. Hooker.
In doing evil, we prefer a less good before a greater, the
greatness whereof is by reason investigable, and may be
known. Hooker.

To INVE’STIGATE. v. a. [investigo, Latin.] To search
out; to find out by rational disquisition.
Investigate the variety of motions and figures made by
the organs for articulation. Holder of Speech.
From the present appearances investigate the powers and
forces of nature, and from these account for future observa­
tions. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

INVESTIGA’TION. n. s. [investigation, Fr. investigatio, Latin.]
1. The act of the mind by which unknown truths are dis­
covered.
Not only the investigation of truth, but the communication
of it also, is often practised in such a method as neither agrees
precisely to synthetick or analytick. Watts.
Progressive truth, the patient force of thought
Investigation calm, whose silent powers
Command the world. Thomson's Summer.
2. Examination.
Your travels I hear much of: my own shall never more be
in a strange land, but a diligent investigation of my own terri­
tories: I mean no more translations, but something domestick,
fit for my own country. Pope to Swift.

INVE’STITURE. n. s. [French.]
1. The right of giving possession of any manor, office, or be­
nefice.
He had refused to yield up to the pope the investiture of
bishops, and collation of ecclesiastical dignities within his
dominions. Raleigh's Essays.
2. The act of giving possession.

INVE’STMENT. n. s. [in and vestment.] Dress; cloaths; gar­
ment; habit.
Ophelia, do not believe his vows; for they are brokers,
Not of that die which their investments shew. Shakes. Ham.


You, my lord archbishop,
Whose see is by a civil peace maintained,
Whose beard the silver hand of peace hath touch'd,
Whose learning and good letters peace hath tutor'd,
Whose white investments figure innocence,
The dove, and every blessed spirit of peace;
Wherefore do you so ill translate yourself,
Out of the speech of peace, that bears such grace,
Into the harsh and boist'rous tongue of war? Shak. H. IV.

INVE’TERACY. n. s. [inveteratio, Latin.]
1. Long continuance of any thing bad; obstinacy confirmed by
time.
The inveteracy of the people's prejudices compelled their
rulers to make use of all means for reducing them. Addison.
2. [In physick.] Long continuance of a disease.

INVE’TERATE. adj. [inveteratus, Latin.]
1. Old; long established.
The custom of Christians was then, and had been a long
time, not to wear garlands, and therefore that undoubtedly
they did offend who presumed to violate such a custom by not
observing that thing; the very inveterate observation whereof
was a law, sufficient to bind all men to observe it, unless they
could shew some higher law, some law of Scripture, to the
contrary. Hooker.
It is an inveterate and received opinion, that cantharides,
applied to any part of the body, touch the bladder and exul­
cerate it. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Obstinate by long continuance.
It is not every sinful violation of conscience that can quench
the spirit; but it must be a long inveterate course and custom
of sinning, that at length produces and ends in such a cursed
effect. South's Sermons.
He who writes satire honestly is no more an enemy to
the offender, than the physician to the patient when he pre­
scribes harsh remedies to an inveterate disease. Dryden.
In a well-instituted state the executive power will never let
abuses grow inveterate, or multiply so far that it will be hard to
find remedies. Swift.

To INVE’TERATE. v. a. [inveterer, Fr. invetero, Latin.] To
harden or make obstinate by long continuance.
The vulgar conceived, that now there was an end given,
and a consummation to superstitious prophecies, and to an
ancient tacit expectation, which had by tradition been infused
and inveterated into mens minds. Bacon.
Let not atheists lay the fault of their sins upon human na­
ture, which have their prevalence from long custom and inve­
terated habit. Bentley's Sermons.

INVE’TERATENESS. n. s. [from inveterate.] Long continuance
of any thing bad; obstinacy confirmed by time.
As time hath rendered him more perfect in the art, so hath
the inveterateness of his malice made him more ready in the
execution. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Neither the inveterateness of the mischief, nor the pre­
valency of the fashion, shall be any excuse for those who will
not take care about the meaning of their words. Locke.

INVETERA’TION. n. s. [inveteratio, Latin.] The act of har­
dening or confirming by long continuance.

INVI’DIOUS. adj. [invidiosus, Latin.]
1. Envious; malignant.
I shall open to them the interior secrets of this myste­
rious art, without imposture or invidious reserve. Evelyn.
2. Likely to incur or to bring hatred. This is the more usual
sense.
Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give the pre­
ference to any one of the Grecian heroes. Broome.
Not to be further tedious, or rather invidious, these are a
few causes which have contributed to the ruin of our mo­
rals. Swift.

INVI’DIOUSLY. adv. [from invidious.]
1. Malignantly; enviously.
The clergy murmur against the privileges of the laity; the
laity invidiously aggravate the immunities of the clergy. Sprat.
2. In a manner likely to provoke hatred.

INVI’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from invidious.] Quality of provoking
envy or hatred.

To INVI’GORATE. v. a. [in and vigour.] To endue with vi­
gour; to strengthen; to animate; to enforce.
The spleen is introduced to invigorate the sinister side,
which, dilated, would rather infirm and debilitate. Brown.
I have lived in a reign when the prince, instead of invigo­
rating the laws, or giving them their proper course, assumed
a power of dispensing with them. Addison.
No one can enjoy health, without he feel a lightsome and
invigorating principle, which spurs him to action. Spectator.
Christian graces and virtues they cannot be, unless fed, in­
vigorated, and animated by a principle of universal charity.
Atterbury's Sermons.
Gentle warmth
Discloses well the earth's all teeming womb,
Invigorating tender seeds. Phillips.

INVIGORA’TION. n. s. [from invigorate.]
1. The act of invigorating.
2. The state of being invigorated.
I find in myself an appetitive faculty, which is always in
actual exercise, in the very height of activity and invigora­
tion. Norris.

INVI’NCIBLE. adj. [invincible, French; invincibilis, Latin.]
Insuperable; unconquerable; not to be subdued.
I would have thought her spirits had been invincible against
all assaults of affection. Shakespeare.
Should he invade any part of their country, he would soon
see that invincible nation with their united forces up in arms.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
The spirit remains invincible. Milton.
That mistake, which is the consequence of invincible er­
rour, scarce deserves the name of wrong judgment. Locke.
If an atheist had had the making of himself, he would have
framed a constitution that could have kept pace with his insa­
tiable lust, been invincible by intemperance, and have held out
a thousand years in a perpetual debauch. Bentley's Sermons.

INVI’NCIBLENESS. n. s. [from invincible.] Unconquerable­
ness; insuperableness.

INVI’NCIBLY. adv. [from invincible.] Insuperably; uncon­
querably.
Ye have been fearless in his righteous cause;
And as ye have receiv'd, so have ye done
Invincibly. Milton.
Neither invitations nor threats avail with those who are in­
vincibly impeded, to apply them to their benefit. Dec. of Piety.

INVI’OLABLE. adj. [inviolable, French; inviolabilis, Latin.]
1. Not to be profaned; not to be injured.
Thou, be sure, shalt give account
To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep
This place inviolable, and these from harm. Milt. Par. Lost.
In vain did nature's wise command
Divide the waters from the land,
If daring ships, and men prophane,
Invade the inviolable main;
Th' eternal fences overleap,
And pass at will the boundless deep. Dryden.
Ye lamps of heav'n! he said, and lifted high
His hands, now free; thou venerable sky!
Inviolable pow'rs! ador'd with dread,
Be all of you adjur'd. Dryden's Æn.
This birthright, when our author pleases, must and must not
be sacred and inviolable. Locke.
2. Not to be broken.
The prophet David thinks, that the very meeting of men
together, and their accompanying one another to the house of
God, should make the bond of their love insoluble, and tie
them in a league of inviolable amity. Hooker.
See, see, they join, embrace, and seem to kiss,
As if they vow'd some league inviolable. Shakesp. H. VI.
3. Insusceptible of hurt or wound.
Th' inviolable saints
In cubick phalanx firm advanc'd intire. Milton.

INVI’OLABLY. adv. [from inviolable.] Without breach; with­
out failure.
The true profession of Christianity inviolably engages all its
followers to do good to all men. Spratt's Sermons.
Meer acquaintance you have none: you have drawn them
all into a nearer line; and they who have conversed with you,
are for ever after inviolably yours. Dryden.

INVI’OLATE. adj. [inviolate, Fr. inviolatus, Lat.] Unhurt; un­
injured; unprofaned; unpolluted; unbroken.
His fortune of arms was still inviolate. Bacon's H. VII.
But let inviolate truth be always dear
To thee; even before friendship, truth prefer. Denham.
If the past
Can hope a pardon, by those mutual bonds
Nature has seal'd between us, which though I
Have cancell'd, thou hast still preserv'd inviolate:
I beg thy pardon. Denham's Sophy.
My love your claim inviolate secures;
'Tis writ in fate, I can be only yours. Dryden's Aurengz.
In all the changes of his doubtful state,
His truth, like heav'n's, was kept inviolate. Dryden.

I’NVIOUS. adj. [invius, Latin.] Impassable; untrodden.
If nothing can oppugn his love,
And virtue invious ways can prove,
What may not he confide to do,
That brings both love and virtue too. Hudibras.

INVISIBI’LITY. n. s. [invisibilité, Fr. from invisible.] The state
of being invisible; imperceptibleness to sight.
They may be demonstrated to be innumerable, substituting
their smalness for the reason of their invisibility. Ray.

INVI’SIBLE. adj. [invisible, Fr. invisibilis, Latin.] Not per­
ceptible by the sight; not to be seen.
He was invisible that hurt me so;
And none invisible, but spirits, can go. Sidney.
The threaden sails,
Borne with th' invisible and creeping wind,
Drew the huge bottoms to the furrow'd sea. Shakesp. H. V.


'Tis wonderful,
That an invisible instinct should frame them
To loyalty unlearn'd, honour untaught,
Civility not seen from others. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
To us invisible, or dimly seen,
In these thy lowest works. Milton.
He that believes a God, believes such a being as hath all
perfections; among which this is one, that he is a spirit, and
consequently that he is invisible, and cannot be seen. Tillotson.
It seems easier to make one's self invisible to others, than
to make another's thoughts visible to me, which are not visible
to himself. Locke.

INVI’SIBLY. adv. [from invisible.] Imperceptibly to the
sight.
Age by degrees invisibly doth creep,
Nor do we seem to die, but fall asleep. Denham.

To INVI’SCATE. v. a. [in and viscus, Latin.] To lime; to
intangle in glutinous matter.
The cameleon's food being flies, it hath in the tongue a
mucous and slimy extremity, whereby, upon a sudden emis­
sion, it inviscates and intangleth those insects. Brown.

INVITA’TION. n. s. [invitation, Fr. invitatio, Lat.] The act
of inviting, bidding, or calling to any thing with ceremony
and civility.
That other answer'd with a lowly look,
And soon the gracious invitation took. Dryden.

INVI’TATORY. adj. [from invito, Latin.] Using invitation;
containing invitation.

To INVI’TE. v. a. [invito, Latin; inviter, French.]
1. To bid; to ask to any place, particularly to one's own house,
with intreaty and complaisance.
If thou be invited of a mighty man, withdraw thyself.
Ecclus. i. 39.
He comes invited by a younger son. Milton.
When much company is invited, then be as sparing as
possible of your coals. Swift.
2. To allure; to persuade.
A war upon the Turks is more worthy than upon any other
Gentiles, though facility and hope of success might invite
some other choice. Bacon.
Nor art thou such
Created, or such place hast here to dwell,
As may not oft invite, though spirits of heav'n,
To visit thee. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
The liberal contributions such teachers met with, served
still to invite more labourers into that work. Decay of Piety.
Shady groves, that easy sleep invite,
And after toilsome days a soft repose at night. Dryd. Virgil.

To INVI’TE. v. n. [invito, Latin.] To ask or call to any thing
pleasing.
All things invite
To peaceful counsels. Milton.

INVI’TER. n. s. [from invite.] He who invites.
They forcibly cut out abortive votes, such as their inviters
and encouragers most fancied. King Charles.
Honour was the aim of the guests, and interest was the
scope of the inviter. Smalridge's Sermons.
Wines and cates the table grace,
But most the kind inviter's chearful face. Pope's Odyss.

INVI’TINGLY. adv. [from inviting.] In such a manner as in­
vites or allures.
If he can but dress up a temptation to look invitingly, the
business is done. Decay of Piety.

INU

To INU’MBRATE. v. a. [inumbro, Latin.] To shade; to cover
with shades. Dict.

INU’NCTION. n. s. [inungo, inunctus, Latin.] The act of
smearing or anointing.
The wise Author of nature hath placed on the rump two
glandules, which the bird catches hold upon with her bill, and
squeezes out an oily liniment, fit for the inunction of the fea­
thers, and causing their filaments to cohere. Ray.

INUNDA’TION. n. s. [inundation, French; inundatio, Latin.]
1. The overflow of waters; flood; deluge. Inundation, says
Cowley, implies less than deluge.
Her father counts it dangerous,
That she should give her sorrow so much sway;
And in his wisdom hastes our marriage,
To stop the inundation of her tears. Shak. Rom. and Juliet.
The same inundation was not past forty foot in most places;
so that although it destroyed man and beast generally, yet some
few wild inhabitants of the woods escaped. Bacon.
All fountains of the deep,
Broke up, shall heave the ocean to usurp
Beyond all bounds, 'till inundation rise
Above the highest hills. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
This inundation unto the Egyptians happeneth when it is
Winter unto the Ethiopians. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Your care about your banks infers a fear
Of threatening floods, and inundations near. Dryden.
The hero next assail'd proud Doway's head,
And spite of confluent inundations spread
With unexampled valour did succeed. Blackmore.
No swelling inundation hides the grounds,
But crystal currents glide within their bounds. Gay.
2. A confluence of any kind.
Many good towns, through that inundation of the Irish,
were utterly wasted. Spenser.

INV

To I’NVOCATE. v. a. [invoco, Latin.] To invoke; to im­
plore; to call upon; to pray to.
Poor key-cold figure of a holy king!
Be't lawful, that I invocate thy ghost,
To hear the lamentations of poor Anne. Shakes. Rich. III.
If Dagon be thy god,
Go to his temple, invocate his aid
With solemnest devotion. Milton's Agonistes.
Here rather let me drudge, and earn my bread,
'Till vermin or the draff of servile food
Consume me, and oft invocated death
Hasten the welcome end of all my pains. Milton's Agonist.

INVOCA’TION. n. s. [invocation, French; invocatio, Latin.]
1. The act of calling upon in prayer.
Is not the name of prayer usual to signify even all the ser­
vice that ever we do unto God? And that for no other cause,
as I suppose, but to shew that there is in religion no acceptable
duty, which devout invocation of the name of God doth not
either presuppose or infer. Hooker.
2. The form of calling for the assistance or presence of any
being.
My invocation is
Honest and fair, and in his mistress' name. Shakes.
The proposition of Gratius is contained in a line, and that
of invocation in half a line. Wase.
I will strain myself to breath out this one invocation. Howel.
The whole poem is a prayer to fortune, and the invocation
is divided between the two deities. Addison on Italy.

I’NVOICE. n. s. [This word is perhaps corrupted from the French
word envoyez, send.] A catalogue of the freight of a ship,
or of the articles and price of goods sent by a factor.

To INVO’KE. v. a. [invoco, Latin; invoquer, French.] To call
upon; to implore; to pray to.
The power I will invoke dwells in her eyes. Sidney.
One peculiar nation to select
From all the rest, of whom to be invok'd. Milton's P. Lost.
The skilful bard,
Striking the Thracian harp, invokes Apollo,
To make his hero and himself immortal. Prior.

To INVO’LVE. v. a. [involvo, Latin.]
1. To inwrap; to cover with any thing circumfluent.
Leave a singed bottom all involv'd
With stench and smoke. Milton.
No man could miss his way to heaven for want of light;
and yet so vain are they as to think they oblige the world by
involving it in darkness. Decay of Piety.
In a cloud involv'd, he takes his flight,
Where Greeks and Trojans mix'd in mortal fight. Dryden.
2. To imply; to comprise.
We cannot demonstrate these things so as to shew that the
contrary necessarily involves a contradiction. Tillotson.
3. To entwist; to join.
He knows his end with mine involv'd. Milton.
4. To take in; to catch.
The gath'ring number, as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng. Pope.
Sin we should hate altogether; but our hatred of it may
involve the person which we should not hate at all. Sprat.
One death involves
Tyrants and slaves. Thomson's Summer.
5. To intangle.
This reference of the name to a thing whereof we have
no idea, is so far from helping at all, that it only serves the
more to involve us in difficulties. Locke.
As obscure and imperfect ideas often involve our reason, so
do dubious words puzzle mens reason. Locke.
6. To complicate; to make intricate.
Some involv'd their snaky folds. Milton.
Syllogism is of necessary use, even to the lovers of truth,
to shew them the fallacies that are often concealed in florid,
witty, or involved discourses. Locke.
7. To blend; to mingle together confusedly.
Earth with hell mingle and involve. Milton.

INVO’LUNTARILY. adv. [from involuntary.] Not by choice;
not spontaneously.

INVO’LUNTARY. adj. [in and voluntarius, Latin; involon­
taire, French.]
1. Not having the power of choice.
The gath'ring number, as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng,
Who gently drawn, and struggling less and less,
Roll in her vortex, and her pow'r confess. Dunciad, b. iv.
2. Not chosen; not done willingly.
The forbearance of that action, consequent to such com­
mand of the mind, is called voluntary; and whatsoever ac­
tion is performed without such a thought of the mind, is
called involuntary. Locke.


But why? ah tell me, ah too dear!
Steals down my cheek th' involuntary tear. Pope.

INVOLU’TION. n. s. [involutio, Latin.]
1. The act of involving or inwrapping.
2. The state of being entangled; complication.
All things are mixed, and causes blended by mutual invo­
lutions. Glanville's Sceps. c. 23.
3. That which is wrapped round any thing.
Great conceits are raised of the involution or membranous
covering called the silly-how, sometimes found about the
heads of children. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

To INU’RE. v. a. [in and ure.]
1. To habituate; to make ready or willing by practice and
custom; to accustom. It had anciently with before the thing
practised, now to.
Because they insist so much, and so proudly insult thereon,
we must a little inure their ears with hearing how others,
whom they more regard, are in this case accustomed to use
the self-same language with us. Hooker, b. v.
If there might be added the right helps of true art and
learning, there would be as much difference, in maturity of
judgment, between men therewith inured, and that which
now men are, as between men that are now and innocents.
Hooker, b. i. s. 6.
That it may no painful work endure,
It to strong labour can itself inure. Hubberd's Tale.
England was a peaceable kingdom, and but lately inured
to the mild and goodly government of the Confessor. Spenser.
The forward hand, inur'd to wounds, makes way
Upon the sharpest fronts of the most fierce. Daniel.
Then cruel, by their sports to blood enur'd
Of fighting beasts, and men to beasts expos'd. Milton.
To inure
Our prompt obedience. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
They, who had been most inured to business, had not in
their lives ever undergone so great fatigue for twenty days to­
gether. Clarendon, b. viii.
We may inure ourselves by custom to bear the extremities
of weather without injury. Addison's Guard. No. 102.
2. To bring into use; to practise again.
The wanton boy was shortly well recur'd
Of that his malady;
But he soon after fresh again inur'd
His former cruelty. Spenser.

INU’REMENT. n. s. [from inure.] Practice; habit; use; cus­
tom; frequency.
If iron will acquire by mere continuance a secret appetite,
and habitual inclination to the site it held, then how much
more may education, being nothing else but a constant plight
and inurement, induce by custom good habit, into a reason­
able creature. Wotton.

To INU’RN. v. a. [in and urn.] To intomb; to bury.
The sepulchre
Wherein we saw thee quietly inurn'd,
Hath op'd its ponderous and marble jaws
To cast thee up again. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Amidst the tears of Trojan dames inurn'd,
And by his loyal daughters truly mourn'd. Dryden.

INU’STION. n. s. [inustio, Lat.] The act of burning.

INU’TILE. adj. [inutile, Fr. inutilis, Lat.] Useless; unprofitable.
To refer to heat and cold is a compendious and inutile
speculation. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 839.

INUTI’LITY. n. s. [inutilité, Fr. inutilitas, Lat.] Uselessness;
unprofitableness.

INVU’LNERABLE. adj. [invulnerable, Fr. invulnerabilis, Lat.]
Not to be wounded; secure from wound.
Our cannon's malice vainly shall be spent
Against th' invulnerable clouds of heav'n. Shakespeare.
Nor vainly hope
To be invulnerable in those bright arms,
That mortal dint none can resist. Milton.
Vanessa, though by Pallas taught,
By love invulnerable thought,
Searching in books for wisdom's aid,
Was in the very search betray'd. Swift's Miscel.

INW

To INWA’LL. v. a. [in and wall.] To inclose with a wall.
Three such towns in those places with the garrisons, would
be so augmented as they would be able with little to inwall
themselves strongly. Spenser on Ireland.

I’NWARD. adv. [inweard, Saxon.]

I’NWARDS. adv. [inweard, Saxon.]
1. Towards the internal parts; within.
The parts of living creatures that be more inwards nourish
more than the outward flesh. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The medicines which go to these magical ointments are so
strong, that if they were used inwards they would kill; and
therefore they work potently, though outwards. Bacon.
Cœlestial light shine inward. Milton.
2. With inflexion or incurvity; concavely.
He stretches out his arm in sign of peace, with his breast
bending inward. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. Into the mind or thoughts.
Looking inward we are stricken dumb; looking upward
we speak and prevail. Hooker, b. v.

I’NWARD. adj.
1. Internal; placed not on the outside but within.
Though the lord of the liberty do pain himself all he may
to yield equal justice unto all, yet can there not but great
abuses lurk in so inward and absolute a privilege. Spenser.
He could not rest, but did his stout heart eat,
And waste his inward gall with deep despight. Fa. Qu.
To each inward part
It shoots invisible. Milton.
Sickness, contributing no less than old age to the shaking
down this scaffolding of the body, may discover the inward
structure more plainly. Pope.
2. Reflecting; deeply thinking.
With outward smiles their flatt'ry I receiv'd;
But bent and inward to myself again
Perplex'd, these matters I revolv'd, in vain. Prior.
3. Intimate; domestick.
All my inward friends abhorred me. Job xix. 19.
4. Seated in the mind.
Princes have but their titles for their glories,
An outward honour for an inward toil;
And for unfelt imaginations,
They often feel a world of restless cares. Shakespeare.

I’NWARD. n. s.
1. Any thing within, generally the bowels. Seldom has this
sense a singular.
Then sacrificing, laid
The inwards, and their fat, with incense strew'd
On the cleft wood, and all due rites perform'd. Milton.
They esteem them most profitable, because of the great
quantity of fat upon their inwards. Mortimer's Husb.
2. Intimate; near acquaintance.
Sir, I was an inward of his; a sly fellow was the duke;
and I know the cause of his withdrawing. Shakespeare.

I’NWARDLY. adv. [from inward.]
1. In the heart; privately.
That which inwardly each man should be, the church out­
wardly ought to testify. Hooker, b. v.
I bleed inwardly for my lord. Shakespeare.
Mean time the king, though inwardly he mourn'd,
In pomp triumphant to the town return'd,
Attended by the chiefs. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
2. In the parts within; internally.
Let Benedick, like covered fire,
Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly. Shakespeare.
Cantharides he prescribes both outwardly and inwardly.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. With inflexion or concavity.

I’NWARDNESS. n. s. [from inward.] Intimacy; familiarity.
You know, my inwardness and love
Is very much unto the prince and Claudio. Shakespeare.

To INWE’AVE. preter. inwove or inweaved, part. pass. inwove
or inwoven. [in and weave.]
1. To mix any thing in weaving so that it forms part of the
texture.
A fair border, wrought of sundry flowers,
Inwoven with an ivy winding trail. Spenser.
Down they cast
Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Milton.
And o'er soft palls of purple grain unfold
Rich tap'stry, stiffen'd with inwoven gold. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To intwine; to complicate.
The roof
Of thickest covert was inwoven shade. Milton's Par. Lost.

To INWO’OD. v. a. [in and wood.] To hide in woods.
He got out of the river, inwooded himself so as the ladies
lost the marking his sportfulness. Sidney, b. ii.

To INWRA’P. v. a. [in and wrap.]
1. To cover by involution; to involve.
And over them Arachne high did lift
Her cunning web, and spread her subtil net,
Inwrapped in soul smoak. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
This, as an amber drop, inwraps a bee,
Covering discovers your quick soul; that we
May in your through-shine front our hearts thoughts see.
Donne.
2. To perplex; to puzzle with difficulty or obscurity.
The case is no sooner made than resolv'd: if it be made
not inwraped, but plainly and perspicuously. Bacon.
3. It is doubtful whether the following examples should not be
enrap or inrap, from in and rap, rapio, Latin, to ravish or
transport.
This pearl she gave me I do feel't and see't;
And though 'tis wonder that enwraps me thus,
Yet 'tis not madness. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
For if such holy song
Enwrap our fancy long,
Time will run back, and fetch the age of gold. Milton.

INWRO’UGHT. adj. [in and wrought.] Adorned with work.


Camus, reverend sir, went footing slow,
His mantle hairy and his bonnet sedge,
Inwrought with figures dim, and on the edge
Like to that sanguine flower inscrib'd with woe. Milton.

To INWRE’ATHE. v. a. [in and wreath.] To surround as with
a wreath.
Bind their resplendent locks inwreath'd with beams.
Milton.
Nor less the palm of peace inwreathes thy brow.
Thomson.

JOB. n. s. [A low word now much in use, of which I cannot
tell the etymology.]
1. A low mean lucrative busy affair.
2. Petty, piddling work; a piece of chance work.
He was now with his old friends in the state of a poor
disbanded officer after peace, like an old favourite of a cun­
ning minister after the job is over. Arbuthnot.
No cheek is known to blush, no heart to throb,
Save when they lose a question, or a job. Pope.
Such patents as these never were granted with a view of
being a job, for the interest of a particular person to the da­
mage of the publick. Swift.
3. A sudden stab with a sharp instrument.

To JOB. v. a.
1. To strike suddenly with a sharp instrument.
As an ass with a galled back was feeding in a meadow, a
raven pitched upon him, and there sat jobbing of the sore.
L'Estrange.
2. To drive in a sharp instrument.
Let peacocke and turkey leave jobbing their bex. Tusser.
The work would, where a small irregularity of stuff should
happen, draw or job the edge into the stuff. Moxon.

To JOB. v. n. To play the stockjobber; to buy and sell as a
broker.
The judge shall job, the bishop bite the town,
And mighty dukes pack cards for half a crown. Pope.

JOB’s tears. n. s. An herb. Ains.

JO’BBER. n. s. [from job.]
1. A man who sells stock in the publick funds.
So cast it in the southern seas,
And view it through a jobber's bill;
Put on what spectacles you please,
Your guinea's but a guinea still. Swift's Miscel.
2. One who does chancework.

JOBBERNO’WL. n. s. [most probably from jobbe, Flemish, dull,
and nowl, Hnol, Saxon, a head.] Loggerhead; blockhead.
And like the world, men's jobbernowls
Turn round upon their ears, the poles. Hudibras, p. iii.

JOC

JO’CKEY. n. s. [from Jack, the diminutive of John, comes
Jackey, or, as the Scotch, jockey, used for any boy, and par­
ticularly for a boy that rides race-horses.
1. A fellow that rides horses in the race.
These were the wise ancients, who heaped up greater ho­
nours on Pindar's jockies than on the poet himself. Addison.
2. A man that deals in horses.
3. A cheat; a trickish fellow.

To JO’CKEY. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To justle by riding against one.
2. To cheat; to trick.

JOCO’SE. adj. [jocosus, Latin.] Merry; waggish; given to
jest.
If the subject be sacred, all ludicrous turns, and jocose or
comical airs, should be excluded, lest young minds learn to
trifle with the awful solemnities of religion. Watts.

JOCO’SELY. adv. [from jocose.] Waggishly; in jest; in game.
Spondanus imagines that Ulysses may possibly speak jocose­
ly, but in truth Ulysses never behaves with levity. Broome.

JOCO’SENESS. n. s. [from jocose.] Waggery; merriment.

JOCO’SITY. n. s. [from jocose.] Waggery; merriment.
A laugh there is of contempt or indignation, as well as of
mirth or jocosity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

JO’CULAR. adj. [jocularis, Latin.] Used in jest; merry;
jocose; waggish; not serious.
These jocular slanders are often as mischievous as those of
deepest design. Government of the Tongue, s. 5.
The satire is a dramatick poem; the stile is partly se­
rious, and partly jocular. Dryden.

JO’CULARITY. n. s. [from jocular.] Merriment; disposition to
jest.
The wits of those ages were short of these of ours; when
men could maintain immutable faces, and persist unalterably
at the efforts of jocularity. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

JOCU’ND. adj. [jocundus, Lat.] Merry; gay; airy; lively.
There's comfort yet; then be thou jocund. Shakespeare.
No jocund health, that Denmark drinks to day,
But the great cannon to the clouds shall tell. Shakespeare.
They on their mirth and dance
Intent, with jocund musick charm his ear;
At once with joy and fear his heart rebounds. Milton.
Alexis shun'd his fellow swains
Their rural sports, and jocund strains. Prior.

JOCU’NDLY. adv. [from jocund.] Merrily; gaily.
He has no power of himself to leave it; but he is ruined
jocundly and pleasantly, and damned according to his heart's
desire. South's Sermons.

To JOG. v. a. [schocken, Dutch.] To push; to shake by a
sudden impulse; to give notice by a sudden push.
Now leaps he upright, jogs me and cries, Do you see
Yonder well-favour'd youth? Donne.
This said, he jogg'd his good steed nigher,
And steer'd him gently toward the squire. Hudibras, p. i.
I was pretty well pleased while I expected, till fruition
jogged me out of my pleasing slumber, and I knew it was
but a dream. Norris's Miscel.
Sudden I jogg'd Ulysses, who was laid
Fast by my side. Pope's Odyssey.

To JOG. v. n. To move by succussation; to move with small
shocks like those of a low trot.
The door is open, Sir, there lies good way,
You may be jogging while your boots are green. Shakesp.
Jog on, jog on the foot-path way,
And merrily heat the stile-a,
A merry heart goes all the day,
Your sad tires in a mile-a. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Here lieth one, who did most truly prove
That he could never die while he could move;
So hung his destiny, never to rot
While he might still jog on and keep his trot. Milton.
Away they trotted together: but as they were jogging on,
the wolf spy'd a bare place about the dog's neck. L'Estrange.
Thus they jog on, still tricking, never thriving,
And murd'ring plays, which they miscal reviving. Dryden.

JOG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A push; a slight shake; a sudden interruption by a push or
shake; a hint given by a push.
As a leopard was valuing himself upon his party-coloured
skin, a fox gave him a jog, and whispered him, that the
beauty of the mind was above that of a painted outside.
L'Estrange.
Nick found the means to slip a note into Lewis's hands,
which Lewis as slily put into John's pocket, with a pinch or
a jog to warn him what he was about. Arbuthnot.
A letter when I am inditing,
Comes Cupid, and gives me a jog,
And I fill all the paper with writing
Of nothing but sweet Molly Mogg. Swift's Miscel.
2. A rub; a small stop; an irregularity of motion.
How that which penetrates all bodies without the least jog
or obstruction, should impress a motion on any, is incon­
ceivable. Glanville's Sceps.

JO’GGER. n. s. [from jog.] One who moves heavily and dully.
They, with their fellow joggers of the plough. Dryden.

To JO’GGLE. v. n. To shake.
In the head of man, the base of the brain is parallel to the
horizon; by which there is less danger of the two brains
joggling, or slipping out of their place. Derham.

JO’HNAPPLE. n. s.
A johnapple is a good relished sharp apple the Spring fol­
lowing, when most other fruit is spent: they are fit for the
cyder plantations. Mortimer's Husb.

JOI

To JOIN. v. a. [joindre, French.]
1. To add one to another in continuity.
Wo unto them that join house to house, that lay field to
field. Isa. lviii.
Join them one to another into one stick. Ezek. xxxvii. 17.
The wall was joined together unto the half. Neh. iv. 6.
2. To couple; to combine.
In this faculty of repeating and joining together its ideas,
the mind has great power. Locke.
3. To unite in league or marriage.
One only daughter heirs my crown and state,
Whom not our oracles, nor heav'n, nor fate,
Nor frequent prodigies permit to join
With any native of the Ausonian line. Dryden's Æn.
4. To dash together; to collide; to encounter.
When they joined battle, Israel was smitten. 1 Sam. iv. 2.
They should with resolute minds set down themselves to
endure, until they might join battle with their enemies.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
5. To associate.
Go near, and join thyself to this chariot. Acts vii. 29.
Thou shalt not be joined with them in burial. Isa. xiv. 20.
6. To unite in one act.
Our best notes are treason to his fame,
Join'd with the loud applause of publick voice. Dryden.
Thy tuneful voice with numbers join,
Thy words will more prevail than mine. Dryden.
7. To unite in concord.
Be perfectly joined together in the same mind. 1 Cor. i. 10.
8. To act in concert with.
Know your own int'rest, Sir, where'er you lead,
We jointly vow to join no other head. Dryden's Aureng.



To JOIN. v. n.
1. To grow to; to adhere; to be continuous.
Justus's house joined hard to the synagogue. Acts xviii. 7.
2. To close; to clash.
Look you, all you that kiss my lady peace at home, that
our armies join not in a hot day. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Here's the earl of Wiltshire's blood,
Whom I encounter'd, as the battles join'd. Shakespeare.
3. To unite with in marriage, or any other league.
Should we again break thy commandments, and join in
affinity with the people? Ezra ix. 14.
4. To become confederate.
When there falleth out any war, they join unto our ene­
mies, and fight against us. Exod. i. 10.
Let us make peace with him, before he join with Alexan­
der against us. 1 Mac. x. 4.
Ev'n you yourself
Join with the rest; you are arm'd against me. Dryden.
Any other may join with him that is injured, and assist him
in recovering satisfaction. Locke.

JO’INDER. n. s. [from join.] Conjunction; joining.
A contract of eternal bond of love,
Confirm'd by mutual joinder of your hands. Shakespeare.

JO’INER. n. s. [from join.] One whose trade is to make uten­
sils of wood joined.
The people wherewith you plant ought to be smiths, car­
penters, and joiners. Bacon's Essays.
It is counted good workmanship in a joiner to bear his hand
curiously even. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

JO’INERY. n. s. [from joiner.]
Joinery is an art whereby several pieces of wood are so fit­
ted and joined together by strait lines, squares, miters, or
any bevel, that they shall seem one entire piece. Moxon.

JOINT. n. s. [junctura, Lat. jointure, French.]
1. Articulation of limbs; juncture of moveable bones in ani­
mal bodies.
Dropsies and asthmas, and joint racking rheums. Milton.
I continued well, till I felt the same pain in the same joint.
Temple.
2. Hinge; junctures which admit motion of the parts.
The coach, the cover whereof was made with such joints
that as they might, to avoid the weather, pull it up close
when they lifted; so when they would, they might remain
as discovered and open-sighted as on horseback. Sidney.
3. [In Joinery; jointe, Fr.]
Strait lines, in joiners language, is called a joint; that is,
two pieces of wood are shot, that is, plained. Moxon.
4. A knot or commissure in a plant.
5. One of the limbs of an animal cut up by the butcher.
In bringing up a joint of meat, it falls out of your hand.
Swift.
6. Out of JOINT. Luxated; slipped from the socket, or cor­
respondent part where it naturally moves.
Jacob's thigh was out of joint. Gen. xxiii. 25.
My head and whole body was sore hurt, and also one of
my arms and legs put out of joint. Herbert.
7. Out of JOINT. Thrown into confusion and disorder; con­
fused; full of disturbance.
The time is out of joint, oh cursed spight!
That ever I was born to set it right. Shakespeare.

JOINT. adj.
1. Shared among many.
Entertain no more of it,
Than a joint burthen laid upon us all. Shakespeare.
Though it be common in respect of some men, it is
not so to all mankind; but is the joint property of this coun­
try, or this parish. Locke.
2. United in the same possession: as we say, jointheirs or coheirs,
jointheiresses or coheiresses.
The sun and man did strive,
Joint tenants of the world, who should survive. Donne.
Pride then was not; nor arts, that pride to aid;
Man walk'd with beast joint tenant of the shade. Pope.
3. Combined; acting together in consort.
On your joint vigour now,
My hold of this new kindom all depends. Milton.
In a war carried on by the joint force of so many nations,
France could send troops. Addison on the State of the War.

To JOINT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To join together in confederacy.
The times
Made friends of them, jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar. Shak.
2. To form many parts into one.
Against the steed he threw
His forceful spear, which hissing as it flew,
Pierc'd through the yielding planks of jointed wood. Dryd.
3. To form in articulations.
The fingers are jointed together for motion, and furnished
with several muscles. Ray on the Creation.
4. To divide a joint; to cut or quarter into joints.
He joints the neck; and with a stroke so strong
The helm flies off; and bears the head along. Dryden.

JO’INTED. adj. [from joint.] Full of joints, knots, or com­
missures.
Three cubits high
The jointed herbage shoots. Philips.

JO’INTER. [from joint.] A sort of plane.
The jointer is somewhat longer than the fore-plane, and
hath its sole perfectly strait: its office is to follow the fore­
plane, and shoot an edge perfectly strait, when a joint is to
be shot. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

JO’INTLY. adv. [from joint.]
1. Together; not separately.
I began a combat first with him particularly, and after his
death with the others jointly. Sidney, b. ii.
Because all that are of the church cannot jointly and equally
work; the first thing in polity required is a difference of per­
sons in the church. Hooker, b. iii.
The generous prince told him he could lay no claim to his
gratitude, but desired they might go to the altar together,
and jointly return their thanks to whom only it was due.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
2. In a state of union or co-operation.
His name a great example stands, to show
How strangely high endeavours may be blest,
Where piety and valour jointly go. Dryden.

JO’INTRESS. n. s. [from jointure.] One who holds any thing
in jointure.
Our queen,
Th' imperial jointress of this warlike state,
We've taken now to wife. Shakesp. Hamlet.

JOINTSTO’OL. n. s. [joint and stool.] A stool made not merely
by insertion of the feet, but by inserting one part in another.
He rides the wild mare with the boys, and jumps upon
jointstools, and wears his boot very smooth like unto the sign
of the leg. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Could that be eternal which they had seen a rude trunk,
and perhaps the other piece of it a jointstool. South's Sermons.
He used to lay chairs and jointstools in their way, that they
might break noses by falling. Arbuthnot.

JO’INTURE. n. s. [jointure, French.] Estate settled on a
wife to be enjoyed after her husband's decease.
The jointure that your king must make,
With her dow'ry shall be counterpois'd. Shakesp.
The old countess of Desmond, who lived in 1589, and
many years since, was married in Edward the fourth's time,
and held her jointure from all the earls of Desmond since
then. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
There's a civil question us'd of late,
Where lies my jointure, where your own estate? Dryden.
What's property? You see it alter,
Or, in a mortgage, prove a lawyer's share,
Or, in a jointure, vanish from the heir. Pope.

JOIST. n. s. [from joindre, French.] The secondary beam of
a floor.
Some wood is not good to use for beams or joists, be­
cause of the brittleness. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The kettle to the top was hoist,
And there stood fasten'd to a joist. Swift.

To JOIST. v. a. [from the noun.] To fit in the smaller beams
of a flooring.

JOKE. n. s. [jocus, Latin.] A jest; something not serious.
Link towns to towns with avenues of oak,
Inclose whole downs in walls, 'tis all a joke!
Inexorable death shall level all. Pope.
Why should publick mockery in print, or a merry joke upon
a stage, be a better test of truth than severe railing sarcasms
and publick persecutions? Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

To JOKE. v. n. [jocor, Latin.] To jest; to be merry in
words or actions.
Our neighbours tell me oft, in joking talk,
Of ashes, leather, oat-meal, bran, and chalk. Gay.

JO’KER. n. s. [from joke.] A jester; a merry fellow.
Thou mad'st thy first appearance in the world like a dry
joker, buffoon, or jack-pudding. Dennis.

JOL

JOLE. n. s. [gueule, French; crol, Saxon.]
1. The face or cheek. It is seldom used but in the phrase
cheek by jole.
Follow! nay, I'll go with thee cheek by jole. Shakesp.
And by him in another hole,
Afflicted Ralpho, cheek by jole. Hudibras.
A man, who has digested all the fathers, lets a pure Eng­
lish divine go cheek by jole with him. Collier on Pride.
Your wan complexion, and your thin joles, father. Dryden.
2. The head of a fish.
A salmon's belly, Helluo, was thy fate;
The doctor call'd, declares all help too late:
Mercy! cries Helluo, mercy on my soul!
Is there no hope? alas! then bring the jowl. Pope.
Red-speckled trouts, the salmon's silver jole,
The jointed lobster, and unscaly soale. Gay's Trivia.

To JOLL. v. a. [from joll, the head.] To beat the head
against any thing; to clash with violence.


Howsoe'er their hearts are sever'd in religion, their heads
are both one: they may joll horns together like any deer i' th'
herd. Shakespeare.
The tortoises envied the easiness of the frogs, 'till they saw
them jolled to pieces and devoured for want of a buckler. L'Est.

JO’LLILY. adv. [from jolly.] In a disposition to noisy mirth.
The goodly empress, jollily inclin'd,
Is to the welcome bearer wond'rous kind. Dryden's Pers.

JO’LLIMENT. n. s. [from jolly.] Mirth; merriment; gaiety.
Matter of mirth enough, though there were none,
She could devise, and thousand ways invent
To feed her foolish humour, and vain jolliment. Fa. Queen.

JO’LLINESS. n. s. [from jolly.]

JO’LLITY. n. s. [from jolly.]
1. Gaiety; elevation of spirit.
He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quar­
rel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it. Sidney.
2. Merriment; festivity.
With joyance bring her, and with jollity. Spenser.
There shall these pairs of faithful lovers be
Wedded, with Theseus, all in jollity. Shakespeare.
The brazen throat of war had ceas'd to roar;
All now was turn'd to jollity and game,
To luxury and riot, feast and dance. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Good men are never so surprised as in the midst of their
jollities, nor so fatally overtaken and caught as when the table
is made the snare. South's Sermons.
With branches we the fanes adorn, and waste
In jollity the day ordain'd to be the last. Dryden's Æn.
My heart was filled with melancholy to see several dropping
in the midst of mirth and jollity. Addison's Spectator.

JO’LLY. adj. [joli, French; jovialis, Latin.]
1. Gay; merry; airy; cheerful; lively; jovial.
Like a jolly troop of huntsmen, come
Our lusty English. Shakesp. King John.
O nightingale!
Thou with fresh hope the lover's heart do'st fill,
While the jolly hours lead on propitious May. Milton.
All my griefs to this are jolly;
Nought so sad as melancholy. Burton.
Ev'n ghosts had learn'd to groan;
But free from punishment, as free from sin,
The shades liv'd jolly, and without a king. Dryd. Juven.
This gentle knight, inspir'd by jolly May,
Forsook his easy couch at early day. Dryden.
A shepherd now along the plain he roves,
And with his jolly pipe delights the groves. Prior.
2. Plump; like one in high health.
He catches at an apple of Sodom, which though it may en­
tertain his eye with a florid, jolly white and red, yet, upon the
touch, it shall fill his hand only with stench and foulness. South.

To JOLT. v. n. [I know not whence derived.] To shake as a
carriage on rough ground.
In such a contrivance every little unevenness of the ground
will cause such a jolting of the chariot as to hinder the motion
of its sails. Wilkins.
Violent motion, as jolting in a coach, may be used in this
case. Arbuthnot on Diet.
A coach and six horses is the utmost exercise you can bear,
and how glad would you be, if it could waft you in the air
to avoid jolting. Swift to Gay.

To JOLT. v. a. To shake one as a carriage does.

JOLT. n. s. [from the verb.] Shock; violent agitation.
The symptoms are, bloody water upon a sudden jolt or
violent motion. Arbuthnot on Diet.
The first jolt had like to have shaken me out; but after­
wards the motion was easy. Gulliver's Travels.

JO’LTHEAD. n. s. [I know not whence derived.] A great
head; a dolt; a blockhead.
Fie on thee, jolthead, thou can'st not read. Shakespeare.
Had he been a dwarf, he had scarce been a reasonable crea­
ture; for he must then have either had a jolthead, and so there
would not have been body and blood enough to supply his
brain with spirits; or he must have had a small head, and so
there would not have been brain enough for his business. Grew.

JONQUI’LLE. n. s. [jonquille, French.] A species of daffodil.
The flowers of this plant, of which there are single and
double kinds, are greatly esteemed for their strong sweet scent,
though few ladies can bear the smell of them, it being so
powerful as to overcome their spirits. Miller.
Nor gradual bloom is wanting,
Nor hyacinths of purest virgin white,
Low bent and blushing inward; nor jonquilles
Of potent fragrance. Thomson's Spring.

JOR

JO’RDEN. n. s. [gor, stercus, and den, receptaculum.] A pot.
They will allow us ne'er a jorden, and then we leak in your
chimney; and your chamberlye breeds fleas like a loach. Shak.
This China jorden let the chief o'ercome
Replenish, not ingloriously at home. Pope's Dunciad.
The copper-pot can boil milk, heat porridge, hold small­
beer, or, in case of necessity, serve for a jorden. Swift.

JO’SEPH’s Flowers. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

To JO’STLE. v. a. [jouster, French.] To justle; to rush
against.

JOT. n. s. [ἰῶτα.] A point; a tittle; the least quantity as­
signable.
As superfluous flesh did rot,
Amendment ready still at hand did wait,
To pluck it out with pincers fiery hot,
That soon in him was left no one corrupt jot. Fa. Queen.
Go, Eros, send his treasure after, do it;
Detain no jot, I charge thee. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
Let me not stay a jot from dinner; go, get it ready. Shakes.
This nor hurts him nor profits you a jot;
Forbear it therefore; give your cause to heav'n. Shakesp.
This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood;
The words expresly are a pound of flesh. Shakespeare.
I argue not
Against heav'n's hand, or will; nor bate one jot
Of heart or hope; but still bear up and steer
Right onwards. Milton.
You might, with every jot as much justice, hang me up, be­
cause I'm old, as beat me because I'm impotent. L'Estrange.
A man may read the discourses of a very rational author,
and yet acquire not one jot of knowledge. Locke.
The final event will not be one jot less the consequence of
our own choice and actions, for God's having from all eternity
foreseen and determined what that event shall be. Rogers.

JO’VIAL. adj. [jovial, French; jovialis, Latin.]
1. Under the influence of Jupiter.
The fixed stars are astrologically differenced by the planets,
and are esteemed martial or jovial, according to the colours
whereby they answer these planets. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. Gay; airy; merry.
My lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks,
Be bright and jovial 'mong your guests. Shakesp. Macb.
Our jovial star reign'd at his birth. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Some men, of an ill and melancholy nature, incline the
company, into which they come, to be sad and ill-disposed;
and contrariwise, others of a jovial nature dispose the com­
pany to be merry and cheerful. Bacon's Natural History.
His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral, the
rest jovial or bacchanalian. Dryden.
Perhaps the jest that charm'd the sprightly crowd,
And made the jovial table laugh so loud,
To some false notion ow'd its poor pretence. Prior.

JO’VIALLY. adv. [from jovial.] Merrily; gaily.

JO’VIALNESS. n. s. [from jovial.] Gaiety; merriment.

JOU

JO’UISANCE. n. s. [rejouissance, French.] Jollity; merriment;
festivity.
Colin, my dear, when shall it please thee sing,
As thou wert wont, songs of some jouisance;
Thy muse too long slumbereth in sorrowing,
Lulled asleep through love's misgovernance. Spenser.

JO’URNAL. adj. [journale, French; giornale, Italian.] Daily;
quotidian. Out of use.
Now 'gan the golden Phœbus for to steep
His fiery face in billows of the West,
And his faint steeds water'd in ocean deep,
Whilst from their journal labours they did rest. Fa. Queen.
Ere twice the sun has made his journal greeting
To th' under generation, you shall find
Your safety manifested. Shakes. Meas. for Measure.
So sick I am not, yet I am not well;
But not so citizen a wanton, as
To seem to die ere sick; so, please you, leave me:
Stick to your journal course; the breach of custom
Is breach of all. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

JO’URNAL. n. s. [journal, French; giornale, Italian.]
1. A diary; an account kept of daily transactions.
Edward kept a most judicious journal of all the principal
passages of the affairs of his estate. Hayward on Edw. VI.
Time has destroyed two noble journals of the navigation of
Hanno and of Hamilcar. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Any paper published daily.

JO’URNALIST. n. s. [from journal.] A writer of journals.

JO’URNEY. n. s. [journée, French.]
1. The travel of a day.
When Duncan is asleep,
Whereto the rather shall this day's hard journey
Soundly invite him. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Scarce the sun
Hath finish'd half his journey. Milton.
2. Travel by land; a voyage or travel by sea.
So are the horses of the enemy,
In general journey bated and brought low. Shakes. H. IV.
Before the light of the gospel, mankind travelled like peo­
ple in the dark, without any certain prospect of the end of
their journey, or of the way that led to it. Rogers.
He for the promis'd journey bide prepare
The smooth hair'd horses and the rapid car. Pope's Odyss.
3. Passage from place to place.
Some, having a long journey from the upper regions, would
float up and down a good while. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.


Light of the world, the ruler of the year,
Still as thou do'st thy radiant journies run,
Through every distant climate own,
That in fair Albion thou hast seen
The greatest prince, the brightest queen. Prior.

To JO’URNEY. v. n. [from the noun.] To travel; to pass
from place to place.
Gentlemen of good esteem
Are journeying to salute the emperor. Shakespeare.
We are journeying unto the place, of which the Lord said,
I will give it you. Numb. x. 29.
Make the two trumpets, that thou mayest use them for the
journeying of the camps. Numb. x. 2.
Since such love's natural station is, may still
My love descend, and journey down the hill;
Not panting after growing beauties, so
I shall ebb on with them who homeward go. Donne.
I have journeyed this morning, and it is now the heat of the
day; therefore your lordship's discourses had need content my
ears very well, to make them intreat my eyes to keep open.
Bacon's Holy War.
Over the tent a cloud
Shall rest by day, a fiery gleam by night,
Save when they journey. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
Having heated his body by journeying, he took cold upon
the ground. Wiseman's Surgery.

JO’URNEYMAN. n. s. [journée, a day's work, Fr. and man.] A
hired workman.
They were called journeymen that wrought with others by
the day, though now by statute it be extended to those like­
wise that convenant to work in their occupation with another
by the year. Cowel.
Players have so strutted and bellowed, that I have thought
some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them
well. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
I intend to work for the court myself, and will have journey­
men under me to furnish the rest of the nation. Addison.
Says Frog to Bull, this old rogue will take the management
of the young lord's business into his hands: in that case what
must become of us and our families? We must starve or turn
journeymen to old Lewis Baboon. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

JO’URNEYWORK. n. s. [journee, French, and work.] Work
performed for hire.
See how your soldier wears his cage
Of iron, like the captive Turk,
And as the guerdon of his rage!
See how your glimmering peers do lurk,
Or at the best work journeywork. Cleaveland.
Did no committee sit, where he
Might cut out journeywork for thee?
And set thee a task with subornation,
To stitch up sale and sequestration. Hudibras.
Her family she was forced to hire out at journeywork to her
neighbours. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

JOUST. n. s. [joust, French.] Tilt; tournament; mock fight.
It is now written less properly just.
Bases, and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights
At joust and tournament. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. ix.

To JOUST. v. n. [jouster, French.] To run in the tilt.
All who since
Jousted in Aspramont or Montalban. Milton.

JO’WLER. n. s. [perhaps corrupted from howler, as making a
hideous noise after the game, whom the rest of the pack fol­
low as their leader.] A kind of hunting dog or beagle.
See him drag his feeble legs about,
Like hounds ill-coupled: jowler lugs him still
Through hedges, ditches, and through all this ill. Dryden.

JO’WTER. n. s. [perhaps corrupted from jolter.]
Plenty of fish is vented to the fish-drivers, whom we call
jowters. Carew.

JOY

JOY. n. s. [joye, French; gioia, Italian.]
1. The passion produced by any happy accident; gladness; exul­
tation.
Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the
present, or assured approaching possession of a good. Locke.
There appears much joy in him; even so much, that joy
could not shew itself modest enough without a badge of bit­
terness. Shakespeare.
There should not be such heaviness in their destruction, as
shall be joy over them that are persuaded to salvation. 2 Esdr.
The lightsome passion of joy was not that trivial, vanish­
ing, superficial thing, that only gilds the apprehension, and
plays upon the surface of the soul. South's Sermons.
2. Gaiety; merriment; festivity.
The roofs with joy resound;
And hymen, iö hymen, rung around. Dryden.
3. Happiness; felicity.
My lord Bassanio, and my gentle lady,
I wish you all the joy that you can wish. Shakespeare.
Come, love and health to all;
Then I'll sit down: give me some wine:
I drink to the general joy of the whole table. Shakesp.
Almeyda smiling came,
Attended with a train of all her race,
Whom in the rage of empire I had murder'd;
But now, no longer foes, they gave me joy
Of my new conquest. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
The bride,
Lovely herself, and lovely by her side,
A bevy of bright nymphs, with sober grace,
Came glitt'ring like a star, and took her place:
Her heav'nly form beheld, all wish'd her joy;
And little wanted, but in vain, their wishes all employ. Dry.
4. A term of fondness.
Now our joy,
Although our last, yet not our least young love,
What say you? Shakes. King Lear.

To JOY. v. n. [from the noun.] To rejoice; to be glad; to
exult.
Sometimes I joy, when glad occasion fits,
And mask in mirth like to a comedy;
Soon after, when my joy to sorrow flits,
I will make my woes a tragedy. Spenser.
I cannot joy, until I be resolv'd
Where our right valiant father is become. Shakes. H. VI.
He will joy over thee with singing. Zeph. iii. 17.
I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of my sal­
vation. Heb. iii. 18.
Exceedingly the more joyed we for the joy of Titus, because
his spirit was refreshed by you. 2 Cor. vii. 13.
They laugh, we weep; they joy while we lament. Fairf.
No man imparteth his joys to his friend, but he joyeth the
more; and no man imparteth his griefs, but he grieveth the
less. Bacon's Essays.
Well then, my soul, joy in the midst of pain;
Thy Christ, that conquer'd hell, shall from above
With greater triumph yet return again,
And conquer his own justice with his love. Wotton.
Joy thou,
In what he gives to thee this paradise,
And thy fair Eve. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Their chearful age with honour youth attends,
Joy'd that from pleasure's slav'ry they are free. Denham.

To JOY. v. a.
1. To congratulate; to entertain kindly.
Like us they love or hate; like us they know
To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe. Prior.
2. To gladden; to exhilarate.
She went to Pamela, meaning to delight her eyes and joy her
thoughts with the conversation of her beloved sister. Sidney.
My soul was joy'd in vain;
For angry Neptune rouz'd the raging main. Pope.
3. [Jouir de, French.] To enjoy; to have happy possession.
Let us hence,
And let her joy her raven-colour'd love. Shakesp. Tit. Andr.
I might have liv'd, and joy'd immortal bliss,
Yet willingly chose rather death with thee. Milton.
Th' usurper joy'd not long
His ill-got crown. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

JOYA’NCE. n. s. [joiant, old French.] Gaiety; festivity.
Bring home with you the glory of her gain;
With joyance bring her, and with jollity. Spenser.
There him rests in riotous suffisance,
Of all his gladfulness and kingly joyance. Spenser.

JO’YFUL. adj. [joy and full.]
1. Full of joy; glad; exulting.
They blessed the king, and went unto their tents joyful and
glad of heart. 1 Kings viii. 66.
My soul shall be joyful in my God. Is. lxi. 10.
2. Sometimes it has of before the cause of joy.
Six brave companions from each ship we lost:
With sails outspread we fly th' unequal strife,
Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. Pope's Odyssey.

JO’YFULLY. adj. [from joyful.] With joy; gladly.
If we no more meet 'till we meet in heav'n,
Then joyfully, my noble lord of Bedford,
And my kind kinsmen, warriours all, adieu. Shakesp. H. V.
Never did men more joyfully obey,
Or sooner understood the sign to flie:
With such alacrity they bore away,
As if to praise them all the states stood by. Dryden.
The good Christian considers pains only as necessary passages
to a glorious immortality; that, through this dark scene of
fancied horror, sees a crown and a throne, and everlasting
blessings prepared for him, joyfully receives his summons, as he
has long impatiently expected it. Wake.

JO’YFULNESS. n. s. [from joyful.] Gladness; joy.
Thou servedst not the Lord thy God with joyfulness, and
with gladness of heart, for the abundance of all things. Deutr.

JO’YLESS. adj. [from joy.]
1. Void of joy; feeling no pleasure.
A little joy enjoys the queen thereof;
For I am she, and altogether joyless. Shakesp. R. III.


With down-cast eyes the joyless victor sat,
Revolving in his alter'd soul
The various turns of chance below;
And now and then a sigh he stole,
And tears began to flow. Dryd. Alexander's Feast.
2. It has sometimes of before the object.
With two fair eyes his mistress burns his breast;
He looks and languishes, and leaves his rest:
Forsakes his food, and, pining for the lass,
Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass. Dryd.
3. Giving no pleasure.
A joyless, dismal, black, and sorrowful issue:
Here is the babe, as loathsome as a toad. Shakesp. Tit. And.
Here love his golden shafts employs; here lights
His constant lamp, and waves his purple wings;
Reigns here, and revels: not in the bought smiles
Of harlots, loveless, joyless, unendear'd,
Casual fruition. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The pure in heart shall see God; and if any others could so
invade this their inclosure, as to take heaven by violence, it
surely would be a very joyless possession. Decay of Piety.
He forgets his sleep, and loaths his food,
That youth, and health, and war are joyless to him. Addison.

JO’YOUS. adj. [joyeux, French.]
1. Glad; gay; merry.
Most joyous man, on whom the shining sun
Did shew his face, myself I did esteem,
And that my falser friend did no less joyous deem. Fa. Queen.
Joyous the birds; fresh gales and gentle airs
Whisper'd it. Milton.
Then joyous birds frequent the lonely grove,
And beasts, by nature stung, renew their love. Dryden.
Fast by her flow'ry bank the sons of Arcas,
Fav'rites of heav'n, with happy care protect
Their fleecy charge, and joyous drink her wave. Prior.
2. Giving joy.
They all as glad as birds of joyous prime,
Thence led her forth, about her dancing round. F. Queen.
3. It has of sometimes before the cause of joy.
Round our death-bed ev'ry friend should run,
And joyous of our conquest early won;
While the malicious world with envious tears
Should grudge our happy end, and wish it theirs. Dryden.

IPECACUA’NHA. n. s. [An Indian plant.]
Ipecacuanha is a small irregularly contorted root, rough,
dense, and firm. One sort is of a dusky greyish colour on the
surface, and of a paler grey when broken, which is brought
from Peru: the other sort is a smaller root, resembling the
former; but it is of a deep dusky brown, or blackish colour on
the outside, and white when broken, brought from the Brasils.
The grey ought to be preferred in medicinal use, because the
brown, being stronger, is apt to operate more roughly. Ipe­
cacuanha was in the middle of the last century first brought
into Europe, and became celebrated for the cure of dysente­
ries, a virtue discovered in it by the Indians; but after a few
years it sunk into oblivion, being given in two large doses.
Hill's Mat. Med.

IRA’SCIBLE. adj. [irascibilis, low Latin; irascible, French.]
Partaking of the nature of anger.
The irascible passions follow the temper of the heart, and
the concupiscible distractions the crasis of the liver. Brown.
I know more than one instance of irascible passions subdued
by a vegetable diet. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
We are here in the country surrounded with blessings and
pleasures, without any occasion of exercising our irascible fa­
culties. Digby to Pope.

IRE

IRE. n. s. [Fr. ira, Latin.] Anger; rage; passionate hatred.
She lik'd not his desire;
Fain would be free, but dreaded parents ire. Sidney.
If I digg'd up thy forefathers graves,
And hung their rotten coffins up in chains,
It could not slake mine ire, nor ease my heart. Shak. H. VI.
Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long
Perplex'd the Greek and Cytherea's son. Milton's Par. Lost.
The sentence, from thy head remov'd, may light
On me, sole cause to thee of all this woe;
Me! me! only just object of his ire. Milton's Parad. Lost.
For this th' avenging pow'r employs his darts,
And empties all his quiver in our hearts;
Thus will persist, relentless in his ire,
'Till the fair slave be render'd to her sire. Dryden.

I’REFUL. adj. [ire and full.] Angry; raging; furious.
The ireful bastard Orleans, that drew blood
From thee, my boy, I soon encounter'd. Shakes. H. VI.
By many hands your father was subdu'd;
But only slaughter'd by the ireful arm
Of unrelenting Clifford. Shakesp. Henry VI.
There learn'd this maid of arms the ireful guise. Fairfax.
In midst of all the dome misfortune sat,
And gloomy discontent and fell debate,
And madness laughing in his ireful mood. Dryden.

I’REFULLY. adv. [from ire.] With ire; in an angry manner.

I’RIS n. s. [Latin.]
1. The rainbow.
Beside the solary iris, which God shewed unto Noah, there
is another lunary, whose efficient is the moon. Brown.
2. Any appearance of light resembling the rainbow.
When both bows appeared more distinct, I measured the
breadth of the interior iris 2 gr. 10′; and the breadth of the
red, yellow, and green in the exterior iris, was to the breadth
of the same colours in the interior 3 to 2. Newton's Opt.
3. The circle round the pupil of the eye.
4. The flower-de-luce.
Iris all hues, roses and jessamine. Milton.

To IRK. v. a. [yrk, work, Islandick.] This word is used only
impersonally, it irks me; mihi pœnæ est, it gives me pain; or,
I am weary of it. Thus the authors of the Accidence say,
tædet, it irketh.
Come, shall we go and kill us venison?
And yet it irks me, the poor dappled fools
Should, in their own confines, with forked heads,
Have their round haunches gor'd. Shakespeare.
It irks his heart he cannot be reveng'd. Shakes. H. VI.

I’RKSOME. adj. [from irk.] Wearisome; tedious; trouble­
some; toilsome; tiresome; unpleasing.
I know she is an irksome brawling scold. Shakespeare.
Since that thou can'st talk of love so well,
Thy company, which erst was irksome to me,
I will endure. Shak. As you like it.
Where he may likeliest find
Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain
The irksome hours, 'till his great chief return. Milton.
For not to irksome toil, but to delight
He made us, and delight to reason join'd. Milton.
There is nothing so irksome as general discourses, especially
when they turn chiefly upon words. Addison's Spectator.
Frequent appeals from hence have been very irksome to that
illustrious body. Swift.

I’RKSOMELY. adv. [from irksome.] Wearisomely; tediously.

I’RKSOMENESS. n. s. [from irksome.] Tediousness; weari­
someness.

IRO

I’RON. n. s. [haiarn, Welsh; isern, iren, Saxon; iorn, Erse.]
1. A metal common to all parts of the world, plentiful in most,
and of a small price, though superior in real value to the dear­
est. Though the lightest of all metals, except tin, it is con­
siderably the hardest; and, when pure, naturally malleable,
but in a less degree than gold, silver, lead, or copper: when
wrought into steel, or when in the impure state from its first
fusion, in which it is called cast iron, it is scarce malleable;
and the most ductile iron, heated and suddenly quenched in
cold water, loses much of this quality. Iron is more capable
of rust than any other metal, is very sonorous, and requires
the strongest fire of all the metals to melt it, and is with dif­
ficulty amalgamated with mercury. Most of the other metals
are brittle, while they are hot; but this is most malleable as it
approaches nearest to fusion. It consists of a vitriolick salt, a
vitrifiable earth, and a peculiar bituminous matter. The spe­
cifick gravity of iron is to water as 7632 is to 1000. It is
the only known substance that is attracted by the loadstone.
Iron is not only soluble in all the stronger acids, but even in
common water. Pure iron has been found in some places but
very rarely. Iron has greater medicinal virtues than any of
the other metals. Hill.
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can be retentive to the strength of spirit. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
If he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die,
he is a murderer. Num. xxxv. 16.
The power of drawing iron is one of the ideas of a load­
stone, and a power to be so drawn is a part of that of iron.
Locke.
In a piece of iron ore, of a ferruginous colour, are several
thin plates, placed parallel to each other. Woodward.
There are incredible quantities of iron flag in various parts
of the forest of Dean. Woodward on Fossils.
Iron stone lies in strata. Woodward on Fossils.
I treated of making iron work, and steel work in general.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. Any instrument or utensil made of iron: as, a flat iron, box
iron, or smoothing iron.
Irons of a doit, doublets that hangmen would
Bury with those that wore them, these base slaves,
Ere yet the fight be done, pack up. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
O Thou! whose captain I account myself,
Look on my forces with a gracious eye:
Put in their hands thy bruising irons of wrath,
That they may crush down with a heavy fall
Th' usurping helmets of our adversaries. Shak. R. III.
His feet they hurt with fetters: he was laid in irons. Ps.
Can'st thou fill his skin with barbed irons, or his head with
fish-spears? Job xli. 7.
For this your locks in paper-durance bound?
For this with tort'ring irons wreath'd around? Pope.
3. Chain; shackle; manacle: as, he was put in irons.
The iron entered into his soul. Psalms. Common Prayer.



I’RON. adj.
1. Made of iron.
In iron walls they deem'd me not secure. Shakesp. H. VI.
Get me an iron crow, and bring it straight
Unto my cell. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Some are of an iron red, shining, and polite; others not
polite, but as if powdered with iron dust. Woodward.
Poll-cats and weesels do a great deal of injury to warrens:
the way of taking them is in hutches, and iron traps. Mortim.
2. Resembling iron in colour.
A piece of stone of a dark iron grey colour, but in some
parts of a ferruginous colour. Woodward on Fossils.
Some of them are of an iron red, and very bright. Woodw.
3. Harsh; severe; rigid; miserable; calamitous: as, the iron
age, for an age of hardship and wickedness. These ideas may
be found more or less in all the following examples.
Three vigorous virgins, waiting still behind,
Assist the throne of th' iron scepter'd king. Crashaw.
O sad virgin, that thy power
Might bid the soul of Orpheus sing
Such notes as warbled to the string,
Drew iron tears from Pluto's cheek,
And made hell grant what love did seek. Milton.
In all my iron years of wars and dangers,
From blooming youth down to decaying age,
My fame ne'er knew a stain of dishonour. Rowe.
Jove crush the nations with an iron rod,
And ev'ry monarch be the scourge of God. Pope's Odyssey.
4. Indissoluble; unbroken.
Rash Elpenor, in an evil hour,
Dry'd an immeasurable bowl, and thought
T' exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep,
Imprudent: him death's iron sleep opprest. Phillips.
5. Hard; impenetrable.
I will converse with iron witted fools,
And unrespective boys: none are for me,
That look into me with consid'rate eyes. Shakesp. R. III.

To I’RON. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To smooth with an iron.
2. To shackle with irons.

IRO’NICAL. adj. [ironique, Fr. from irony.] Expressing one thing
and meaning another; speaking by contraries.
In this fallacy may be comprised all ironical mistakes, or
expressions receiving inverted significations. Brown.
I take all your ironical civilities in a literal sense, and shall
expect them to be literally performed. Swift.

IRO’NICALLY. adv. [from ironical.] By the use of irony.
Socrates was pronounced by the oracle of Delphos to be the
wisest man of Greece, which he would turn from himself
ironically, saying, there could be nothing in him to verify the
oracle, except this, that he was not wise, and knew it; and
others were not wise, and knew it not. Bacon.
The dean, ironically grave,
Still shunn'd the fool, and lash'd the knave. Swift.

IRONMO’NGER. n. s. [iron and monger.] A dealer in iron.

I’RONWOOD. n. s. A kind of wood extremely hard, and so pon­
derous as to sink in water. It grows in America. Rob. Cruso.

I’RONWORT. n. s. [sideritis, Latin.] It is a plant with a labiated
flower, consisting of one leaf, whose upper lip or beard is
divided into three parts: out of the flower-cup rises the pointal,
attended, as it were, by four embryoes; which afterward turn
to so many oblong seeds, shut up in an husk, which before was
the flower-cup: to these marks must be added, the flowers
growing in whorles at the wings of the leaves, which are cut
like a crest, and differ from the other leaves of the plant. Mill.

I’RONY. adj. [from iron.] Made of iron; partaking of iron.
The force they are under is real, and that of their fate but
imaginary: it is not strange if the irony chains have more
solidity than the contemplative. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Some springs of Hungary, highly impregnated with vitrio­
lick salts, dissolve the body of one metal, suppose iron, put
into the spring; and deposite, in lieu of the irony particles car­
ried off, coppery particles. Woodward on Fossils.

I’RONY. n. s. [ironie, Fr. ἰεϱωνεία.] A mode of speech in
which the meaning is contrary to the words: as, Bolingbroke
was a holy man.
So grave a body, upon so solemn an occasion, should not
deal in irony, or explain their meaning by contraries. Swift.

IRR

IRRA’DIANCE. n. s. [irradiance, French; irradio, Latin.]

IRRA’DIANCY. n. s. [irradiance, French; irradio, Latin.]
1. Emission of rays or beams of light upon any object.
The principal affection is its translucency; the irradiancy
and sparkling, found in many gems, is not discoverable in
this. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Beams of light emitted.
Love not the heav'nly spirits? Or do they mix
Irradiance! virtual, or immediate touch? Milt. Par. Lost.

To IRRA’DIATE. v. a. [irradio, Latin.]
1. To adorn with light emitted upon it; to brighten.
When he thus perceives that these opacous bodies do not
hinder the eye from judging light to have an equal plenary
diffusion through the whole place it irradiates, he can have no
difficulty to allow air, that is diaphanous, to be every where
mingled with light. Dighy on Bodies.
It is not a converting but a crowning grace; such an one
as irradiates and puts a circle of glory about the head of him
upon whom it descends. South.
2. To enlighten intellectually; to illumine; to illuminate.
Celestial light
Shine inward, and the mind through all her pow'rs
Irradiate; there plant eyes: all mist from thence
Purge and disperse. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
3. To animate by heat or light.
Ethereal or solar heat must digest, influence, irradiate, and
put those more simple parts of matter into motion. Hale.
4. To decorate with shining ornaments.
No weeping orphan saw his father's store
Our shrines irradiate, or imblaze the floor. Pope.

IRRADIA’TION. n. s. [irradiation, Fr. from irradiate.]
1. The act of emitting beams of light.
If light were a body it should drive away the air, which is
likewise a body, wherever it is admitted; for within the whole
sphere of the irradiation of it, there is no point but light is
found. Dighy on Bodies.
The generation of bodies is not effected by irradiation, or
answerably unto the propagation of light; but herein a trans­
mission is made materially from some parts, and ideally from
every one. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Illumination; intellectual light.
The means of derivation and immediate union of these in­
telligible objects to the understanding, are sometimes divine
and supernatural, as by immediate irradiation or revelation.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

IRRA’TIONAL. adj. [irrationalis, Latin.]
1. Void of reason; void of understanding; without the dis­
coursive faculty.
Thus began
Outrage from lifeless things; but discord first,
Daughter of sin, among th' irrational
Death introduc'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He hath eat'n, and lives,
And knows, and speaks, and reasons and discerns;
Irrational 'till then. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. ix.
2. Absurd; contrary to reason.
Since the brain is only a part transmittent, and that humours
oft are precipitated to the lungs before they arrive to the brain,
no kind of benefit can be effected from so irrational an appli­
cation. Harvey on Consumptions.
I shall quietly submit, not wishing so irrational a thing as
that every body should be deceived. Pope.

IRRATIONA’LITY. n. s. [from irrational.] Want of reason.

IRRA’TIONALLY. adv. [from irrational.] Without reason;
absurdly.

IRRECLA’IMABLE. adj. [in and reclaimable.] Not to be re­
claimed; not to be changed to the better.
As for obstinate, irreclaimable, professed enemies, we must
expect their calumnies will continue. Addison's Freeholder.

IRRECONCI’LABLE. adj. [irreconciliable, Fr. in and reconcilable.]
1. Not to be reconciled; not to be appeased.
Wage eternal war,
Irreconcilable to our grand foe. Milton.
A weak unequal faction may animate a government; but
when it grows equal in strength, and irreconcilable by animo­
sity, it cannot end without some crisis. Temple.
There are no factions, though irreconcilable to one another,
that are not united in their affection to you. Dryden.
2. Not to be made consistent. It has with or to.
As she was strictly virtuous herself, so she always put the
best construction upon the words and actions of her neigh­
bours, except where they were irreconcilable to the rules of
honesty and decency. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.
Since the sense I oppose is attended with such gross irrecon­
cilable absurdities, I presume I need not offer any thing farther
in support of the one, or in disproof of the other. Rogers.
This essential power of gravitation or attraction is irrecon­
cilable with the atheist's own doctrine of a chaos. Bentley.
All that can be transmitted from the stars is wholly unac­
countable, and irreconcilable to any system of science. Bentley.

IRRECONCI’LABLENESS. n. s. [from irreconcilable.] Impossi­
bility to be reconciled.

IRRECONCI’LABLY. adv. [from irreconcilable.] In a manner
not admitting reconciliation.

IRRECONCI’LED. adj. [in and reconciled.] Not atoned.
A servant dies in many irreconciled iniquities. Shakes. H. V.

IRRECO’VERABLE. adj. [in and recoverable.]
1. Not to be regained; not to be restored or repaired.
Time, in a natural sense, is irrecoverable: the moment just
fled by us, it is impossible to recall. Rogers.
2. Not to be remedied.
The irrecoverable loss of so many livings of principal
value. Hocker.
It concerns every man, that would not trifle away his soul,
and fool himself into irrecoverable misery, with the greatest
seriousness to enquire. Tillotson's Sermons.



IRRECO’VERABLY. adv. [from irrecoverable.] Beyond reco­
very; past repair.
O dark, dark, dark amid' the blaze of noon;
Irrecov'rably dark, total eclipse,
Without all hope of day. Milton's Agonistes.
The credit of the Exchequer is irrecoverably lost by the last
breach with the bankers. Temple.

IRREDU’CIBLE. adj. [in and reducible.] Not to be brought or
reduced.
These observations seem to argue the corpuscles of air to
be irreducible into water. Boyle.

IRREFRAGABI’LITY. n. s. [from irrefragable.] Strength of
argument not to be refuted.

IRREFRA’GABLE. adj. [irrefragabilis, school Latin; irre­
fragable, Fr.] Not to be confuted; superior to argumental
opposition.
Strong and irrefragable the evidences of Christianity must
be: they who resisted them would resist every thing. Atterbury.
The danger of introducing unexperienced men was urged
as an irrefragable reason for working by slow degrees. Swift.

IRREFRA’GABLY. adv. [from irrefragable.] With force above
confutation.
That they denied a future state is evident from St. Paul's
reasonings, which are of no force but only on that supposition,
as Origen largely and irrefragably proves. Atterbury.

IRREFU’TABLE. adj. [irrefutabilis, Latin.] Not to be over­
thrown by argument.

IRRE’GULAR. adj. [irregulier, Fr. irregularis, Latin.]
1. Deviating from rule, custom, or nature.
The am'rous youth
Obtain'd of Venus his desire,
Howe'er irregular his fire. Prior.
2. Immethodical; not confined to any certain rule or order.
This motion seems excentrique and irregular, yet not well
to be resisted or quieted. King Charles.
Regular
Then most, when most irregular they seem. Milton.
The numbers of pindariques are wild and irregular, and
sometimes seem harsh and uncouth. Cowley.
3. Not being according to the laws of virtue. A soft word for
vitious.

IRREGULA’RITY. n. s. [irregularité, Fr. from irregular.]
1. Deviation from rule.
2. Neglect of method and order.
This irregularity of its unruly and tumultuous motion might
afford a beginning unto the common opinion. Brown.
As these vast heaps of mountains are thrown together with
so much irregularity and confusion, they form a great variety
of hollow bottoms. Addison on Italy.
3. Inordinate practice.
Religion is somewhat less in danger of corruption, while
the sinner acknowledges the obligations of his duty, and is
ashamed of his irregularities. Rogers's Sermons.

IRRE’GULARLY. adv. [from irregular.] Without observation
of rule or method.
Phaeton,
By the wild courses of his fancy drawn,
From East to West irregularly hurl'd,
First set on fire himself, and then the world. Dryden jun.
Your's is a soul irregularly great,
Which wanting temper, yet abounds with heat. Dryden.
It may give some light to those whose concern for their lit­
tle ones makes them so irregularly bold as to consult their own
reason, in the education of their children, rather than to rely
upon old custom. Locke.

To IRRE’GULATE. v. a. [from in and regula, Latin.] To
make irregular; to disorder.
Its fluctuations are but motions subservient, which winds,
shelves, and every interjacency irregulates. Brown's Vulg. Err.

IRRE’LATIVE. adj. [in and relativus, Latin.] Having no re­
ference to any thing; single; unconnected.
Separated by the voice of God, things in their species came
out in uncommunicated varieties, and irrelative seminalities.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

IRRELI’GION. n. s. [irreligion, Fr. in and religion.] Contempt
of religion; impiety.
The weapons with which I combat irreligion are already
consecrated. Dryden.
We behold every instance of prophaneness and irreligion,
not only committed, but defended and gloried in. Rogers.

IRRELI’GIOUS. adj. [irreligieux, Fr. in and religious.]
1. Contemning religion; impious.
The issue of an irreligious Moor. Shakesp. Tit. Andron.
Whoever sees these irreligious men,
With burthen of a sickness weak and faint,
But hears them talking of religion then,
And vowing of their souls to ev'ry saint. Davies.
Shame and reproach is generally the portion of the impious
and irreligious. South's Sermons.
2. Contrary to religion.
Wherein that Scripture standeth not the church of God in
any stead, or serveth nothing at all to direct, but may be let
pass as needless to be consulted with, we judge it profane, im­
pious, and irreligious to think. Hooker.
Might not the queen's domesticks be obliged to avoid swear­
ing, and irreligious profane discourse? Swift.

IRRELI’GIOUSLY. adv. [from irreligious.] With impiety;
with irreligion.

IRRE’MEABLE. adj. [irremeabilis, Latin.] Admitting no re­
turn.
The keeper charm'd, the chief without delay
Pass'd on, and took th' irremeable way. Dryden.

IRREME’DIABLE. adj. [irremediable, Fr. in and remediable.]
Admitting no cure; not to be remedied.
They content themselves with that which was the irremediable
error of former times, or the necessity of the present hath cast
upon them. Hooker.
A steddy hand, in governing of military affairs, is more
requisite than in times of peace, because an error committed
in war may prove irremediable. Bacon.
Whatever he consults you about, unless it lead to some fatal
and irremediable mischief, be sure you advise only as a
friend. Locke.

IRREME’DIABLY. adv. [from irremediable.] Without cure.
It happens to us irremediably and inevitably, that we may
perceive these accidents are not the fruits of our labour, but
gifts of God. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

IRREMI’SSIBLE. adj. [in and remitto, Lat. irremissible, French.]
Not to be pardoned.

IRREMI’SSIBLENESS. n. s. [from irremissible.] The quality of
being not to be pardoned.
Thence arises the aggravation and irremissibleness of the
sin. Hammond on Fundamentals.

IRREMO’VABLE. adj. [in and remove.] Not to be moved;
not to be changed.
He's irremovable,
Resolv'd for flight. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

IRRENO’WNED. adj. [in and renown.] Void of honour.
For all he did was to deceive good knights,
And draw them from pursuit of praise and fame
To sluggish sloth and sensual delights,
And end their days with irrenowned shame. Fairy Queen.

IRRE’PARABLE. adj. [irreparabilis, Lat. irreparable, Fr.] Not
to be recovered; not to be repaired.
Irreparable is the loss, and patience says it is not past her
cure. Shakesp. Tempest.
Toil'd with loss irreparable. Milton.
It is an irreparable injustice we are guilty of, when we are
prejudiced by the looks of those whom we do not know. Addis.
The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha teaches, that piety and
innocence cannot miss of the divine protection, and that the
only loss irreparable is that of our probity. Garth.

IRRE’PARABLY. adv. [from irreparable.] Without recovery;
without amends.
Such adventures befall artists irreparably. Boyle.
The cutting off that time industry and gifts, whereby she would
be nourished, were irreparably injurious to her. Dec. of Piety.

IRREPLE’VIABLE. adj. [in and replevy.] Not to be redeemed.
A law term.

IRREPREHE’NSIBLE. adj. [irreprehensible, Fr. irreprehensibilis,
Latin.] Exempt from blame.

IRREPREHE’NSIBLY. adv. [from irreprehensible.] Without blame.

IRREPRESE’NTABLE. adj. [in and represent.] Not to be figured
by any representation.
God's irrepresentable nature doth hold against making images
of God. Stillingfleet.

IRREPRO’ACHABLE. adj. [in and reproachable.] Free from
blame; free from reproach.
He was a serious sincere Christian, of an innocent, irre­
proachable, nay, exemplary life. Atterbury.
Their prayer may be, that they may raise up and breed as
irreproachable a young family as their parents have done. Pope.

IRREPRO’ACHABLY. adv. [from irreproachable.] Without
blame; without reproach.

IRREPRO’VEABLE. adj. [in and reproveable.] Not to be blamed;
irreproachable.

IRRESISTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from irresistible.] Power or force
above opposition.
The doctrine of irresistibility of grace, in working whatso­
ever it works, if it be acknowledged, there is nothing to be
affixt to gratitude. Hammond on Fundamentals.

IRRESI’STIBLE. adj. [irresistible, Fr. in and resistible.] Supe­
riour to opposition.
Fear doth grow from an apprehension of the Deity, indued
with irresistible power to hurt; and is of all affections, anger
excepted, the unaptest to admit conference with reason. Hook.
In mighty quadrate join'd
Of union irresistible. Milton.
Fear of God is inward acknowledgment of an holy just
Being, armed with almighty and irresistible power. Tillotson.
There can be no difference in the subjects, where the appli­
cation is almighty and irresistible, as in creation. Rogers.
Won by the charm
Of goodness irresistible, she blush'd consent. Thomson.



IRRESI’STIBLY. adv. [from irresistible.] In a manner not to
be opposed.
God irresistibly sways all manner of events on earth. Dryden.
Fond of pleasing and endearing ourselves to those we esteem,
we are irresistibly led into the same inclinations and aversions
with them. Rogers.

IRRESI’STLESS. adj. [A barbarous ungrammatical conjunction
of two negatives.] Irresistible; resistless.
Those radiant eyes, whose irresistless flame
Strikes envy dumb, and keeps sedition tame,
They can to gazing multitudes give law,
Convert the factious, and the rebel awe. Granville.

IRRE’SOLUBLE. adj. [in and resolubilis, Latin.] Not to be
broken; not to be dissolved.
In factitious sal armoniac the common and urinous salts are
so well mingled, that both in the open fire and in subliming
vessels they rise together as one salt, which seems in such ves­
sels irresoluble by fire alone. Boyle.

IRRE’SOLUBLENESS. n. s. [from irresoluble.] Resistance to se­
paration of the parts.
Quercetanus has this confession of the irresolubleness of dia­
monds. Boyle.

IRRESO’LVEDLY. adv. [in and resolved.] Without settled de­
termination.
Divers of my friends have thought it strange to hear me
speak so irresolvedly concerning those things, which some take
to be the elements, and others the principles of all mixed
bodies. Boyle.

IRRE’SOLUTE. adj. [irresolu, Fr. in and resolute.] Not constant
in purpose; not determined.
Were he evil us'd, he would outgo
His father, by as much as a performance
Does an irresolute purpose. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Him, after long debate, irresolute
Of thoughts revolv'd, his final sentence chose
Fit vessel, fittest imp of fraud, in whom
To enter. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
To make reflections upon what is past, is the part of inge­
nious but irresolute men. Temple.
So Myrrha's mind, impell'd on either side,
Takes ev'ry bent, but cannot long abide;
Irresolute on which she should rely,
At last unfix'd in all, is only fix'd to die. Dryden.

IRRE’SOLUTELY. adv. [from irresolute.] Without firmness of
mind; without determined purpose.

IRRESOLU’TION. n. s. [irresolution, Fr. in and resolution.] Want
of firmness of mind.
It hath most force upon things that have the lightest mo­
tion, and therefore upon the spirits of men, and in them
upon such affections as move lightest; as upon men in fear, or
men in irresolution. Bacon's Natural History.
Irresolution on the schemes of life, which offer themselves
to our choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the
greatest causes of all our unhappiness. Addison.

IRRESPE’CTIVE. adj. [in and respective.] Having no regard to
any circumstances.
Thus did the Jew, by persuading himself of his particular
irrespective election, think it safe to run into all foul sins.
Hammond on Fundamentals.
According to this doctrine, it must be resolved wholly into
the absolute irrespective will of God. Rogers's Sermons.

IRRESPE’CTIVELY. adv. [from irrespective.] Without regard
to circumstances.
He is convinced, that all the promises belong to him abso­
lutely and irrespectively. Hammond on Fundamentals.

IRRETRIE’VABLE. adj. [in and retrieve.] Not to be repaired;
irrecoverable; irreparable.

IRRETRIE’VABLY. adv. [from irretrievable.] Irreparably; ir­
recoverably.
It would not defray the charge of the extraction, and there­
fore must have been all irretrievably lost, and useless to man­
kind, was it not by this means collected. Woodward.

IRRE’VERENCE. n. s. [irreverentia, Lat. irreverence, Fr. in and
reverence.]
1. Want of reverence; want of veneration; want of respect.
Having seen our scandalous irreverence towards God's wor­
ship in general, 'tis easy to make application to the several parts
of it. Decay of Piety.
They were a sort of attributes, with which it was a matter
of religion to salute them on all occasions, and which it was
an irreverence to omit. Pope.
2. State of being disregarded.
The concurrence of the house of peers in that fury, can be
imputed to no one thing more than to the irreverence and scorn
the judges were justly in, who had been always looked upon
there as the oracles of the law. Clarendon.

IRRE’VERENT. adj. [irreverent, Fr. in and reverent.] Not pay­
ing due homage or reverence; not expressing or conceiving
due veneration or respect.
As our fear excludeth not that boldness which becometh
saints, so, if our familiarity with God do not savour of fear,
it draweth too near that irreverent confidence wherewith true
humility can never stand. Hooker.
Knowledge men sought for, and covered it from the vulgar
sort as jewels of inestimable price, fearing the irreverent con­
struction of the ignorant and irreligious. Raleigh.
Witness the irreverent son
Of him who built the ark; who, for the shame
Done to his father, heard his heavy curse,
Servant of servants, on his vitious race. Milt. Par. Lost.
Swearing, and the irreverent using the name of God in
common discourse, is another abuse of the tongue. Ray.
If an irreverent expression or thought too wanton are crept
into my verses, through my inadvertency, let their authors
be answerable for them. Dryden.

IRRE’VERENTLY. adv. [from irreverent.] Without due re­
spect or veneration.
'Tis but an ill essay of reverence and godly fear to use the
gospel irreverently. Government of the Tongue.

IRREVE’RSIBLE. adj. [in and reverse.] Not to be recalled; not
to be changed.
The sins of his chamber and his closet shall be produced
before men and angels, and an eternal irreversible sentence be
pronounced. Rogers's Sermons.

IRREVE’RSIBLY. adv. [from irreversible.] Without change.
The title of fundamentals, being ordinarily confined to the
doctrines of faith, hath occasioned that great scandal in the
church, at which so many myriads of solifidians have stum­
bled, and fallen irreversibly, by conceiving heaven a reward of
true opinions. Hammond on Fundamentals.

IRRE’VOCABLE. adj. [irrevocabilis, Latin; irrevocable, French.]
Not to be recalled; not to be brought back; not to be re­
versed.
Give thy hand to Warwick,
And, with thy hand, thy faith irrevocable,
That only Warwick's daughter shall be thine. Shakesp.
Firm and irrevocable is my doom,
Which I have past upon her. Shakes. As you like it.
That which is past is gone and irrevocable, therefore they
do but trifle that labour in past matters. Bacon's Essays.
The second, both for piety renown'd,
And puissant deeds, a promise shall receive
Irrevocable, that his regal throne
For ever shall endure. Milton's Paradise Lost.
By her irrevocable fate,
War shall the country waste and change the state. Dryden.
The other victor flame a moment stood,
Then fell, and lifeless left th' extinguish'd wood;
For ever lost, th' irrevocable light
Forsook the black'ning coals, and sunk to night. Dryden.
Each sacred accent bears eternal weight,
And each irrevocable word is fate. Pope.

IRRE’VOCABLY. adv. [from irrevocable.] Without recall.
If air were kept out four or five minutes, the fire would be
irrevocably extinguished. Boyle.

To I’RRIGATE. v. a. [irrigo, Latin.] To wet; to moisten;
to water.
The heart, which is one of the principal parts of the body,
doth continually irrigate, nourish, keep hot, and supple all the
members. Ray on the Creation.
A bulky charger near their lips,
With which, in often interrupted sleep,
Their frying blood compels to irrigate
Their dry furr'd tongues. A. Phillips.

IRRIGA’TION. n. s. [from irrigate.] The act of watering or
moistening.
Help of ground is by watering and irrigation. Bacon.

IRRI’GUOUS. adj. [from irrigate.]
1. Watery; watered.
The flow'ry lap
Of some irriguous valley spreads her store. Milton.
2. Dewy; moist. Phillips seems to have mistaken the Latin
phrase irriguus sopor.
Rash Elpenor
Dry'd an immeasurable bowl, and thought
T' exhale his surfeit by irriguous sleep:
Imprudent! him death's iron sleep opprest. Phillips.

IRRI’SION. n. s. [irrisio, Lat. irrision, French.] The act of
laughing at another.
This person, by his indiscreet and unnatural irrision, and
exposing of his father, incurs his indignation and curse.
Woodward's Natural History.

To I’RRITATE. v. a. [irrito, Latin; irriter, French.]
1. To provoke; to teaze; to exasperate.
The earl, speaking to the freeholders in imperious lan­
guage, did not irritate the people. Bacon's Henry VII.
His power at court could not qualify him to go through with
that difficult reformation, whilst he had a superior in the
church, who, having the reins in his hand, could slacken them
according to his own humour and indiscretion, and was
thought to be the more remiss to irritate his cholerick dispo­
sition. Clarendon.


2. To fret; to put into motion or disorder by any irregular or
unaccustomed contact; to stimulate; to vellicate.
Cold maketh the spirits vigorous, and irritateth them. Bacon.
3. To heighten; to agitate; to enforce.
Air, if very cold, irritateth the flame, and maketh it burn
more fiercely, as fire scorcheth in frosty weather. Bacon.
When they are collected, the heat becometh more violent
and irritate, and thereby expelleth sweat. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Rous'd
By dash of clouds, or irritating war
Of fighting winds, while all is calm below,
They furious spring. Thomson's Summer.

IRRITA’TION. n. s. [irritatio, Latin; irritation, French; from
irritate.]
1. Provocation; exasperation.
2. Stimulation; vellication.
Violent affections and irritations of the nerves, in any part
of the body, is caused by something acrimonious. Arbuthnot.

IRRU’PTION. n. s. [irruption, Fr. irruptio, Latin.]
1. The act of any thing forcing an entrance.
I refrain, too suddenly,
To utter what will come at last too soon;
Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption,
Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep. Milton.
There are frequent inundations made in maritime coun­
tries by the irruption of the sea. Burnet.
A full and sudden irruption of thick melancholick blood
into the heart puts a stop to its pulsation. Harvey.
2. Inroad; burst of invaders into any place.
Notwithstanding the irruptions of the barbarous nations,
one can scarce imagine how so plentiful a soil should be­
come so miserably unpeopled. Addison on Italy.

IS. [is, Saxon. See To BE.]
1. The third person singular of to be: I am, thou art, he is.
He that is of God, heareth God's words. Jo. viii. 47.
Be not afraid of them, for they cannot do evil; neither is
it in them to do good. Jer. x. 5.
My thought, whose murther yet is but fantastical,
Shakes so my single state of man, that function
Is smother'd in surmise; and nothing is,
But what is not. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. It is sometimes expressed by 's.
There's some among you have beheld me fighting. Shakesp.

ISABE’LLA Colour. n. s. A kind of colour. Ainsw.

ISCHIA’DICK. adj. [ἴσχιον, ἰσχιαδιϰὸς; ischiadique, Fr.] In
anatomy, an epithet given to the veins of the foot that termi­
nate in the crural. Harris.

I’SCHURY. n. s. [ἰσχϱία, ἴσχω and ϱον, urine; ischurie, Fr.
ischuria, Latin.] A stoppage of urine, whether by gravel
or other cause.

ISCHURE’TICK. n. s. [ischuretique, Fr. from ischury.] Such me­
dicines as force urine when suppressed.

ISH. [isc, Saxon.]
1. A termination added to an adjective to express diminution, a
small degree, or incipient state of any quality: as, bluish,
tending to blue; brightish, somewhat bright.
2. It is likewise sometimes the termination of a gentile or pos­
sessive adjective: as, Swedish, Danish; the Danish territories,
or territories of the Danes.
3. It likewise notes participation of the qualities of the substan­
tive to which it is added: as fool, foolish; man, mannish; rogue,
roguish.

ISI

I’SICLE. n. s. [More properly icicle, from ice; but ice should ra­
ther be written ise; iss, Saxon.] A pendent shoot of ice.
Do you know this lady?
——The moon of Rome; chaste as the isicle
That's curdled by the frost from purest snow
Hanging on Dian's temple. Shakespeare.
The frosts and snows her tender body spare;
Those are not limbs for isicles to tear. Dryden.

ISINGL’ASS. n. s. [from ice, or ise, and glass; that is, matter
congealed into glass; ichthyocolla, Latin.]
Isinglass is a tough, firm, and light substance, of a whitish
colour, and in some degree transparent, much resembling glue,
but cleanlier and sweeter. We usually receive it in twisted
pieces, of a roundish figure like a staple, which the druggists
divide into thin shreds like skins, that easily dissolve. The
fish from which isinglass is prepared is one of the cartilaginous
kind, and a species of sturgeon: it grows to eighteen and
twenty feet in length, and in its general figure greatly re­
sembles the sturgeon. It is frequent in the Danube, the Bo­
risthenes, the Volga, and many other of the larger rivers of
Europe. From the intestines of this fish the isinglass is pre­
pared by boiling. The greatest quantity of isinglass is made
in Russia. It is an excellent agglutinant and strengthener,
and often prescribed in gellies and broths. The wine-coopers
find it efficacious for clearing wines. Hill's Mat. Med.
The cure of putrefaction requires an incrassating diet, as
all viscid broths, hartshorn, ivory, and isinglass. Floyer.
Some make it clear by reiterated fermentations, and others
by additions, as isinglass. Mortimer's Husbandry.

I’SINGLASS Stone. n. s. This is a fossil which is one of the
purest and simplest of the natural bodies. It is found in
broad masses, composed of a multitude of extremely thin
plates or flakes. The masses are of a brownish or redish co­
lour; but when the plates are separated, they are perfectly
colourless, and more bright and pellucid than the finest glass.
It is found in Muscovy, Persia, the island of Cyprus, in the
Alps and Apennines, and the mountains of Germany. The
ancients made their windows of it, instead of glass. It is also
sometimes used for glass before pictures, and for horn in
lanthorns. Hill's Mat. Med.

I’SLAND. n. s. [insula, Latin; isola, Italian; ealand, Erse. It
is pronounced iland.] A tract of land surrounded by water.
He will carry this island home in his pocket, and give it his
son for an apple.——And sowing the kernels of it in the sea,
bring forth more islands. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Within a long recess there lies a bay,
An island shades it from the rolling sea,
And forms a port. Dryden.
Some safer world in depth of woods embrac'd,
Some happier island in the wat'ry waste. Johnson.
Island of bliss! amid' the subject seas. Thomson.

I’SLANDER. n. s. [from island. Pronounce ilander.] An inha­
bitant of a country surrounded by water.
We, as all islanders, are lunares, or the moon's men. Camd.
Your dinner, and the generous islanders
By you invited, do attend your presence. Shakesp. Othello.
There are many bitter sayings against islanders in general,
representing them as fierce, treacherous, and unhospitable:
those who live on the continent have such frequent intercourse
with men of different religions and languages, that they be­
come more kind than those who are the inhabitants of an
island. Addison's Freeholder.
A race of rugged mariners are these,
Unpolish'd men, and boist'rous as their seas;
The native islanders alone their care,
And hateful he that breathes a foreign air. Pope's Odyssey.

ISLE. n. s. [isle, French; insula, Latin. Pronounce ile.]
1. An island; a country surrounded by water.
Is it not an easy matter
To make lord William Hastings of our mind,
For the instalment of this noble duke
In the seat royal of this famous isle? Shakesp. R. III.
The dreadful sight
Betwixt a nation and two whales I write:
Seas stain'd with gore I sing, advent'rous toil,
And how these monsters did disarm an isle. Waller.
2. [Written, I think, corruptly for aile, from aile, French, from
ala, Latin, the aile being probably at first only a wing or side
walk. It may come likewise from allee, French, a walk.] A
long walk in a church, or publick building.
O'er the twilight groves and dusky caves,
Long founding isles and intermingled graves,
Black melancholy sits. Pope.

ISOPERIME’TRICAL. n. s. [ἴσ, πέϱι, and μέτϱον.] In geome­
try, are such figures as have equal perimeters or circumfe­
rences, of which the circle is the greatest. Harris.

ISO’SCELES. n. s. [isoscele, Fr. or equiangular triangle.] That
which hath only two sides equal. Harris.

ISS

I’SSUE. n. s. [issue, French.]
1. The act of passing out.
2. Exit; egress; or passage out.
Unto the Lord belong the issues from death. Ps. lxviii. 20.
Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the
issues of life. Prov. iv. 23.
Let us examine what bodies touch a moveable whilst in
motion, as the only means to find an issue out of this diffi­
culty. Digby on Bodies.
We might have easily prevented those great returns of mo­
ney to France; and if it be true the French are so impove­
rished, in what condition must they have been, if that issue of
wealth had been stopped? Swift.
3. Event; consequence.
Spirits are not finely touch'd,
But to fine issues. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
If I were ever fearful
To do a thing, where I the issue doubted,
Whereof the execution did cry out
Against the non-performance, 'twas a fear
Which oft infects the wisest. Shak. Winter's Tale.
But let the issue correspondent prove
To good beginnings of each enterprize. Fairfax.
If things were cast upon this issue, that God should never
prevent sin 'till man deserved it, the best would sin, and sin
for ever. South's Sermons.
The wittiest sayings and sentences will be found the issues of
chance, and nothing else but so many lucky hits of a roving
fancy. South's Sermons.
Our present condition is better for us in the issue, than that
uninterrupted health and security that the atheist desires. Bent.


4. Termination; conclusion.
He hath preserved Argalus alive, under pretence of having
him publickly executed after these wars, of which they hope
for a soon and prosperous issue. Sidney.
What issue of my love remains for me!
How wild a passion works within my breast!
With what prodigious flames am I possest! Dryden.
Homer, at a loss to bring difficult matters to an issue, lays
his hero asleep, and this solves the difficulty. Broome.
5. Sequel deduced from premises.
I am to pray you not to strain my speech
To grosser issues, nor to larger reach,
Than to suspicion. Shakespeare's Othello.
6. A fontanel; a vent made in a muscle for the discharge of
humours.
This tumour in his left arm was caused by strict binding of
his issue. Wiseman.
7. Evacuation.
A woman was diseased with an issue of blood. Mat. ix. 20.
8. Progeny; offspring.
O nation miserable!
When shalt thou see thy wholsome days again?
Since that the truest issue of thy throne,
By his own interdiction stands accurst. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Nor where Abassin kings their issue guard,
Mount Amara, though this by some suppos'd
True paradise, under the Æthiop line
By Nilus' head. Milton's Paradise Lost.
This old peaceful prince, as heav'n decreed,
Was bless'd with no male issue to succeed. Dryden's Æn.
The frequent productions of monsters, in all the species of
animals, and strange issues of human birth, carry with them
difficulties, not possible to consist with this hypothesis. Locke.
9. [In law.] Issue hath divers applications in the common law:
sometimes used for the children begotten between a man and
his wife; sometimes for profits growing from an amercement,
fine, or expences of suit; sometime for profits of lands or
tenements; sometime for that point of matter depending in
suit, whereupon the parties join and put their cause to the
trial of the jury. Issue is either general or special: general
issue seemeth to be that whereby it is referred to the jury to
bring in their verdict, whether the defendant have done any
such thing as the plaintiff layeth to his charge. The special
issue then must be that, where special matter being alleged by
the defendant for his defence, both the parties join thereupon,
and so grow rather to a demurrer, if it be quæstio juris, or to
trial by the jury, if it be quæstio facti. Cowel.

To I’SSUE. v. n. [from the noun; isser, Fr. uscire, Italian.]
1. To come out; to pass out of any place.
Waters issued out from under the threshold of the house.
Ezek. xlvii. 1.
From the utmost end of the head branches there issueth out
a gummy juice. Raleigh's History of the World.
Waters issu'd from a cave. Milton.
Ere Pallas issu'd from the thunderer's head,
Dulness o'er all possess'd her ancient right. Pope.
2. To make an eruption.
Three of master Ford's brothers watch the door with
pistols, that none should issue out, otherwise you might slip
away. Shakespeare.
See that none hence issue forth a spy. Milton.
Haste, arm your Ardeans, issue to the plain;
With faith to friend, assault the Trojan train. Dryden.
At length there issu'd, from the grove behind,
A fair assembly of the female kind. Dryden.
A buzzing noise of bees his ears alarms;
Straight issue through the sides assembling swarms. Dryden.
Full for the port the Ithacensians stand,
And furl their sails, and issue on the land. Pope's Odyssey.
3. To proceed as an offspring.
Of thy sons that shall issue from thee, which thou shalt
beget, shall they take away. 2 Kings xx. 18.
4. To be produced by any fund.
These altarages issued out of the offerings made to the altar,
and were payable to the priesthood. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. To run out in lines.
It would be tried in pipes, being made with a belly towards
the lower end, and then issuing into a straight concave again.
Bacon's Natural History.

To I’SSUE. v. a.
1. To send out; to send forth.
A weak degree of heat is not able either to digest the parts
or to issue the spirits. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. To send out judicially or authoritatively. This is the more
frequent sense.
If the council issued out any order against them, or if the
king sent a proclamation for their repair to their houses, some
nobleman published a protestation. Clarendon.
Deep in a rocky cave he makes abode,
A mansion proper for a mourning god:
Here he gives audience, issuing out decrees
To rivers, his dependent deities. Dryden.
In vain the master issues out commands,
In vain the trembling sailors ply their hands;
The tempest unforeseen prevents their care. Dryden.
They constantly wait in court to make a due return of what
they have done, and to receive such other commands as the
judge shall issue forth. Ayliffe's Parergon.

I’SSUELESS. adj. [from issue.] Without offspring; without
descendants.
Carew, by virtue of this entail, succeeded to Hugh's por­
tion, as dying issueless. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
I have done sin;
For which the heav'ns, taking angry note,
Have left me issueless. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

I’STHMUS. n. s. [isthmus, Latin.] A neck of land joining the
peninsula to the continent.
There is a castle strongly seated on a high rock, which
joineth by an isthmus to the land, and is impregnably forti­
fied. Sandys's Travels.
The north side of the Assyrian empire stretcheth northward
to that isthmus between the Euxine and the Caspian seas.
Brerewood on Languages.
O life, thou nothing's younger brother!
Thou weak built isthmus, that do'st proudly rise
Up betwixt two eternities,
Yet can'st not wave nor wind sustain;
But broken and o'erwhelm'd the ocean meets again. Cowley.
Our church of England stands as Corinth between two seas,
and there are some busy in cutting the isthmus, to let in both
at once upon it. Stillingfleet.
Cleomenes thinking it more adviseable to fortify, not the
isthmus, but the mountains, put his design in execution. Creech.
Plac'd on this isthmus of a middle state,
A being darkly wise, and rudely great. Pope.

IT

IT. pronoun. [Hit, Saxon.]
1. The neutral demonstrative. Used in speaking of things.
Nothing can give that to another which it hath not itself.
Bramh. against Hobbs.
Will our great anger learn to stoop so low?
I know it cannot. Cowley.
Tell me, O tell, what kind of thing is wit,
Thou who master art of it. Cowley.
His son, it may be, dreads no harm;
But kindly waits his father's coming home. Flatman.
The time will come, it will, when you shall know
The rage of love. Dryden.
How can I speak? or how, sir, can you hear?
Imagine that which you would most deplore,
And that which I would speak, is it or more. Dryden.
A mind so furnished, what reason has it to acquiesce in its
conclusions! Locke.
The glory which encompassed them covered the place, and
darted its rays with so much strength, that the whole fabrick
began to melt. Addison's Freeholder.
If we find a greater good in the present constitution, than
would have accrued either from the total privation of it, or
from other frames and structures, we may then reasonably con­
clude, that the present constitution proceeded from an intelli­
gent and good being, that formed it that particular way out of
choice. Bentley's Sermons.
2. It is used absolutely for the state of a person or affair.
How is it with our general?
——Even so
As with a man by his own alms impoison'd,
And with his charity slain. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. It is used for the thing; the matter; the affair.
It's come to pass,
That tractable obedience is a slave
To each incensed will. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. It is sometimes expressed by 't.
He rallied, and again fell to 't;
For catching foe by nearer foot,
He lifted with such might and strength,
As would have hurl'd him thrice his length. Hudibras.
The design, it seems, is to avoid the dreadful imputation of
pedantry. Swift.
5. It is used ludicrously after neutral verbs, to give an emphasis.
If Abraham brought all with him, it is not probable that he
meant to walk it back again for his pleasure. Raleigh.
The Lacedemonians, at the straights of Thermopylæ, when
their arms failed them, fought it out with their nails and
teeth. Dryden.
I have often seen people lavish it profusely in tricking up
their children, and yet starve their minds. Locke.
A mole courses it not on the ground, like the rat or mouse,
but lives under the earth. Addison's Spectator.
Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it,
If folly grows romantick, I must paint it. Pope.
6. Sometimes applied familiarly, ludicrously, or rudely to persons.
Let us after him,
Whose care is gone before to bid us welcome:
It is a peerless kinsman. Shakespeare's Macbeth.


Do, child, go to it grandam, child:
Give grandam kingdom, and its grandam will
Give it up him. Shakesp. King John.
7. It is sometimes used of the first or second person, sometimes
of more. This mode of speech, though used by good au­
thors, and supported by the il y a of the French, has yet an ap­
pearance of barbarism.
Who was't came by?
—'Tis two or three, my lord, that bring you word
Macduff is fled to England. Shakes. Macbeth.
City,
'Tis I, that made thy widows. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
'Tis these that early taint the female soul. Pope.

ITCH. n. s. gicha, Saxon.]
1. A cutaneous disease extremely contagious, which overspreads
the body with small pustules filled with a thin serum, and raised
as microscopes have discovered by a small animal. It is cured
by sulphur.
Lust and liberty
Creep in the minds and marrows of our youths,
That 'gainst the stream of virtue they may strive,
And drown themselves in riot, itches, blains. Shak. Timon.
The Lord will smite thee with the scab and with the itch,
whereof thou can'st not be healed. Deutr. xxviii. 27.
As if divinity had catch'd
The itch, on purpose, to be scratch'd. Hudibras.
2. The sensation of uneasiness in the skin, which is eased by
rubbing.
3. A constant teazing desire.
A certain itch of meddling with other people's matters, puts
us upon shifting. L'Estrange.
He had still pedigree in his head, and an itch of being
thought a divine king. Dryden.
From servants company a child is to be kept, not by pro­
hibitions, for that will but give him an itch after it, but by
other ways. Locke.
At half mankind when gen'rous Manly raves,
All know 'tis virtue; for he thinks them knaves:
When universal homage Umbra pays,
All see 'tis vice, and itch of vulgar praise. Pope.

To ITCH. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To feel that uneasiness in the skin which is removed by rubbing.
A troublesome itching of the part was occasioned by want of
transpiration. Wiseman's Surgery.
My right eye itches; some good luck is near;
Perhaps my Amaryllis may appear. Dryden.
2. To long; to have continual desire. This sense appears in the
following examples, though some of them are equivocal.
Master Shallow, you have yourself been a great fighter,
though now a man of peace.——Mr. Page, though now I
be old, and of peace, if I see a sword out, my finger itches
to make one. Shakespeare.
Cassius, you yourself
Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm,
To sell and mart your offices for gold. Shak. Julius Cæsar.
The itching ears, being an epidemick disease, give fair op­
portunity to every mountebank. Decay of Piety.
All such have still an itching to deride,
And fain would be upon the laughing side. Pope.

I’TCHY. adj. [from itch.] Infected with the itch.

ITE

I’TEM. adv. [Latin.] Also. A word used when any article
is added to the former.

I’TEM. n. s.
1. A new article.
I could have looked on him without the help of admiration,
though the catalogue of his endowments had been tabled by
his side, and I to peruse him by items. Shakespeare.
If this discourse have not concluded our weakness, I have
one item more of mine: if knowledge can be found, I must
lose that which I thought I had, that there is none. Glanv.
2. A hint; an innuendo.

To I’TERATE. v. a. [itero, Latin.]
1. To repeat; to utter again; to inculcate by frequent mention.
We covet to make the psalms especially familiar unto all:
this is the very cause why we iterate the psalms oftner than any
other part of Scripture besides; the cause wherefore we inure
the people together with their minister, and not the minister
alone to read them, as other parts of Scripture he doth. Hook.
If the one may monthly, the other may daily be ite­
rated. Hooker.
In the first ages God gave laws unto our fathers, and their
memories served instead of books; whereof the imperfections
being known to God, he relieved the same by often putting
them in mind: in which respect we see how many times one
thing hath been iterated into the best and wisest. Hooker.
The king, to keep a decency towards the French king, sent
new solemn ambassadors to intimate unto him the decree of
his estates, and to iterate his motion that the French would de­
sist from hostility. Bacon's Henry VII.
There be two kinds of reflections of sounds; the one at
distance, which is the echo, wherein the original is heard dis­
tinctly, and the reflection also distinctly: the other in con­
currence, when the sound reflecting, returneth immediately
upon the original, and so iterateth it not, but amplifieth it.
Bacon's Natural History.
2. To do over again.
Ashes thoroughly burnt, and well reverberated by fire, after
the salt thereof hath been drawn out by iterated decoctions.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Adam took no thought,
Eating his fill; nor Eve to iterate
Her former trespass fear'd, the more to sooth
Him with her lov'd society. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ix.

I’TERANT. adj. [iterans, Latin.] Repeating.
Waters being near, make a current echo; but being far­
ther off, they make an iterant echo. Bacon's Nat. History.

ITERA’TION. n. s. [iteration, French; iteratio, Latin.] Repeti­
tion; recital over again.
Truth tir'd with iteration
As true as steel, as plantage to the moon. Shakespeare.
My husband!
——Ay, 'twas he that told me first.
——My husband!
——What needs this iteration, woman?
I say, thy husband. Shakespeare's Othello.
Iterations are commonly loss of time; but there is no such
gain of time, as to iterate often the state of the question; for
it chaseth away many a frivolous speech. Bacon's Essays.
In all these respects it hath a peculiar property to engage the
receiver to persevere in all piety, and is farther improved by the
frequent iteration and repetition. Hammond.

ITI’NERANT. adj. [itinerant, French.] Wandering; not settled.
It should be my care to sweeten and mellow the voices of
itinerant tradesmen, as also to accommodate their cries to
their respective wares. Addison's Spectator.

ITI’NERARY. n. s. [itineraire, French; itinerarium, Latin.] A
book of travels.
The clergy are sufficiently reproached, in most itineraries,
for the universal poverty one meets with in this plentiful king­
dom. Addison on Italy.

ITI’NERARY. adj. [itineraire, Fr. itinerarius, Lat.] Travelling;
done on a journey; done during frequent change of place.
He did make a progress from Lincoln to the northern parts,
though it were rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a pro­
gress. Bacon's Henry VII.

ITSE’LF. pronoun. [it and self.] The neutral reciprocal pro­
noun applied to things.
Who then shall blame
His pester'd senses to recoil and start,
When all that is within him does condemn
Itself for being there? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Borrowing of foreigners, in itself, makes not the kingdom
rich or poor. Locke.

JU’BILANT. adj. [jubilans, Lat.] Uttering songs of triumph.
The planets list'ning stood,
While the bright pomp ascended jubilant. Milt. Par. Lost.

JUBILA’TION. n. s. [jubilation, Fr. jubilatio, Lat. The act of
declaring triumph.

JU’BILEE. n. s. [jubilé, Fr. jubilum, from jubilo, low Latin.] A
publick festivity; a time of rejoicing; a season of joy.
Angels utt'ring joy, heav'n rung
With jubilee, and loud hosanna's fill'd
Th' eternal regions. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Joy was then a masculine and a severe thing: the recreation
of the judgment, or rejoicing, the jubilee of reason. South.
The town was all a jubilee of feasts. Dryden.

JUCU’NDITY. n. s. [jucunditas, jucundus, Latin.] Pleasantness;
agreeableness.
The new or unexpected jucundities, which present them­
selves, will have activity enough to excite the earthiest soul,
and raise a smile from the most composed tempers. Brown.

JUD

JUDAS Tree. n. s. [siliquastrum, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, whose wings are placed
above the standard: the head is composed of two petals; the
pointal, which rises in the centre of the flower-cup, and is
encompassed with the stamina, afterward becomes a long flat
pod, containing several kidney shaped seeds: to which may be
added roundish leaves, growing alternately on the branches.
Judas tree yields a fine purplish, bright, red blossom in the
Spring, and is increased by layers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To JUDA’IZE. v. n. [judaiser, Fr. judaizo, low Latin.] To
conform to the manner of the Jews.
Paul judaiz'd with Jews, was all to all. Sandys.

JUDGE. n. s. [juge, French; judex, Latin.]
1. One who is invested with authority to determine any cause or
question, real or personal.
Shall not the judge of all the earth do right? Genesis.
A father of the fatherless, and a judge of the widows is God
in his holy habitation. Ps. lxviii. 5.
Thou art judge
Of all things made, and judgest only right. Milton.
It is not sufficient to imitate nature in every circumstance
dully: it becomes a painter to take what is most beautiful, as
being the sovereign judge of his own art. Dryden.


2. One who presides in a court of judicature.
My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
Unto the judge that begg'd it. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
A single voice; and that not past me, but
By learned approbation of the judges. Shakesp. H. VIII.
3. One who has skill sufficient to decide upon the merit of any
thing.
How dares your pride,
As in a listed field to fight your cause,
Unask'd the royal grant; nor marshal by,
As knightly rites require, nor judge to try. Dryden.
A perfect judge will read each piece of wit,
With the same spirit that its author writ. Pope.

To JUDGE. v. n. [juger, French; judico, Latin.]
1. To pass sentence.
My wrong be upon thee; the Lord judge between thee and
me. Genesis.
Ye judge not for man, but for the Lord, who is with you
in the judgment. 2 Chro. xix. 6.
2. To form or give an opinion.
Beshrew me, but I love her heartily;
For she is wise, if I can judge aright. Shakespeare.
Ye judge after the flesh; I judge no man. Jo. viii. 15.
Authors to themselves,
Both what they judge and what they chuse. Milton.
If I did not know the originals, I should never be able to
judge, by the copies, which was Virgil, and which Ovid. Dryd.
Whether it be a divine revelation or no, reason must judge,
which can never permit the mind to reject a greater evidence,
to embrace what is less evident. Locke.
He proceeds in his inquiry into sciences, resolved to judge
of them freely. Locke.
3. To discern; to distinguish.
How doth God know? Can he judge through the dark
cloud? Job xxii. 13.
Judge in yourselves: is it comely a woman pray unto God
uncovered? 1 Cor. xi. 13.
How properly the tories may be called the whole body of
the British nation, I leave to any one's judging. Addison.

To JUDGE. v. a.
1. To pass sentence upon; to examine authoritatively; to de­
termine finally.
Chaos shall judge the strife. Milton.
Then those, whom form of laws
Condemn'd to die, when traitors judg'd their cause. Dryden.
2. To pass severe censure; to doom severely.
He shall judge among the heathen; he shall fill the places
with the dead bodies. Ps. cx. 6.
Judge not, that ye be not judged. Matthew.
Let no man judge you in meat or drink. 2 Col. 16.

JU’DGER. n. s. [from judge.] One who forms judgment; or
passes sentence.
The vulgar threatened to be their oppressers, and judgers of
their judges. King Charles.
They who guide themselves meerly by what appears, are ill
judgers of what they have not well examined. Digby.

JU’DGMENT. n. s. [jugement, French.]
1. The power of discerning the relations between one term or
one proposition and another.
O judgment! thou art fled to brutish beasts,
And men have lost their reason. Shak. Julius Cæsar.
The faculty, which God has given man to supply the want
of certain knowledge, is judgment, whereby the mind takes
any proposition to be true or false, without perceiving a de­
monstrative evidence in the proofs. Locke.
Judgment is that whereby we join ideas together by affir­
mation or negation; so, this tree is high. Watts.
2. Doom; the right or power of passing judgment.
If my suspect be false, forgive me, God;
For judgment only doth belong to thee. Shakes. H. VI.
3. The act of exercising judicature.
They gave judgment upon him. 2 Kings xxv. 6.
When thou, O Lord, shalt stand disclos'd
In majesty severe,
And sit in judgment on my soul,
O how shall I appear. Addison's Spectator.
4. Determination; decision.
Where distinctions or identities are purely material, the
judgment is made by the imagination, otherwise by the under­
standing. Glanv. Sceps.
We shall make a certain judgment what kind of dissolution
that earth was capable of. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Reason ought to accompany the exercise of our senses,
whenever we would form a just judgment of things proposed
to our inquiry. Watts.
5. The quality of distinguishing propriety and impropriety;
criticism.
Judgment, a cool and slow faculty, attends not a man in
the rapture of poetical composition. Dennis.
'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none
Go just alike; yet each believes his own. Pope.
6. Opinion; notion.
I see mens judgments are
A parcel of their fortunes, and things outward
Draw the inward quality after them,
To suffer all alike. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
When she did think my master lov'd her well,
She, in my judgment, was as fair as you. Shakespeare.
7. Sentence against a criminal.
When he was brought again to th' bar, to hear
His knell rung out, his judgment, he was stirr'd
With agony. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The chief priests informed me, desiring to have judgment
against him. Acts xxv. 15.
On Adam last this judgment he pronounc'd. Milton.
8. Condemnation. This is a theological use.
The judgment was by one to condemnation; but the free
gift is of many offences unto justification. Rom. v. 16.
The precepts, promises, and threatenings of the Gospel
will rise up in judgment against us, and the articles of our
faith will be so many articles of accusation. Tillotson.
9. Punishment inflicted by providence, with reference to some
particular crime.
This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble,
Touches us not with pity. Shakes. King Lear.
We cannot be guilty of greater uncharitableness, than to in­
terpret afflictions as punishments and judgments: it aggravates
the evil to him who suffers, when he looks upon himself as
the mark of divine vengeance. Addison's Spectator.
10. Distribution of justice.
The Jews made insurrection against Paul, and brought him
to the judgment seat. Acts xviii. 12.
Your dishonour
Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state
Of that integrity which should become it. Shakes. Coriol.
In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the
poor man needs, but what is his own. Taylor.
A bold and wise petitioner goes strait to the throne and
judgment seat of the monarch. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
11. Judiciary laws; statutes.
If ye hearken to these judgments, and keep and do them,
the Lord thy God shall keep unto thee the covenant. Deutr.
12. The last doom.
The dreadful judgment day
So dreadful will not be as was his sight. Shakes. Hen. VI.

JU’DICATORY. n. s. [judico, Latin.]
1. Distribution of justice.
No such crime appeared as the lords, the supreme court of
judicatory, would judge worthy of death. Clarendon.
2. Court of justice.
Human judicatories give sentence on matters of right and
wrong, but inquire not into bounty and beneficence. Atterb.

JU’DICATURE. n. s. [judicature, Fr. judico, Latin.] Power of
distributing justice.
The honour of the judges in their judicature is the king's
honour. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
If he should bargain for a place of judicature, let him be
rejected with shame. Bacon.
In judicatures to take away the trumpet, the scarlet, the at­
tendance, makes justice naked as well as blind. South's Sermons.

JUDI’CIAL. adj. [judicium, Latin.]
1. Practised in the distribution of publick justice.
What government can be without judicial proceedings?
And what judicature without a religious oath? Bentley's Serm.
2. Inflicted on as a penalty.
The resistance of those will cause a judicial hardness. South.

JUDI’CIALLY. adv. [from judicial.] In the forms of legal
justice.
It will behove us to think that we see God still looking on,
and weighing all our thoughts, words, and actions in the
balance of infallible justice, and passing the same judgment
which he intends hereafter judicially to declare. Grew's Cosmol.

JUDI’CIARY. adj. [judiciaire, Fr. judiciarius, Latin.] Passing
judgment upon any thing.
Before weight be laid upon notions of judiciary astrologers,
the influence of constellations ought, by severe experiments,
to be made out. Boyle.

JUDI’CIOUS. adj. [judicieux, French.] Prudent; wise; skil­
ful in any matter or affair.
For your husband,
He's noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
The fits o' th' season. Shakes. Macbeth.
Love hath his seat
In reason, and is judicious. Milton.
To each savour meaning we apply,
And palate call judicious. Milton.
We are beholden to judicious writers of all ages for those
discoveries they have left behind them. Locke.

JUDI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from judicious.] Skilfully; wisely; with
just determination.
So bold, yet so judiciously you dare,
That your least praise is to be regular. Dryden.


Longinus has judiciously preferred the sublime genius that
sometimes errs to the middling or indifferent one, which
makes few faults, but seldom rises to excellence. Dryden.

JUG. n. s. [jugge, Danish.] A large drinking vessel with a gib­
bous or swelling belly.
You'd rail upon the hostess of the house,
Because she bought stone jugs and no seal'd quarts. Shak.
He fetch'd 'em drink,
Fill'd a large jug up to the brink. Swift's Miscel.

To JU’GGLE. v. n. [jougler or jongler, Fr. jocari, Lat.]
1. To play tricks by slight of hand; to show false appearances
of extraordinary performances.
The ancient miracle of Memnon's statue seems to be a
juggling of the Ethiopian priests. Digby on Bodies.
2. To practise artifice or imposture.
Be these juggling fiends no more believ'd,
That palter with us in a double sense. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Is't possible the spells of France should juggle
Men into such strange mockeries? Shakesp. Henry VIII.
They ne'er forswore themselves, nor lied,
Disdain'd to stay for friends consents;
Nor juggl'd about settlements. Hudibras, p. iii.

JU’GGLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A trick by legerdemain.
2. An imposture; a deception.
The notion was not the invention of politicians, and a
juggle of state to cozen the people into obedience. Tillotson.

JU’GGLER. n. s. [from juggle.]
1. One who practises slight of hand; one who deceives the
eye by nimble conveyance.
They say this town is full of cozenage,
As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye,
Drug-working sorcerers that change the mind,
Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks,
And many such like libertines of sin. Shakespeare.
I saw a juggler that had a pair of cards, and would tell a
man what card he thought. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Aristæus was a famous poet, that flourished in the days of
Crœsus, and a notable juggler. Sandys's Travels.
Fortune-tellers, jugglers, and imposters, do daily delude
them. Brown's Vulgar Errous, b. i.
The juggler which another's slight can show,
But teaches how the world his own may know. Garth.
One who is managed by a juggler fancies he has money in
hand; but let him grasp it never so carefully, upon a word
or two it increases or dwindles. Addison's Freeholder, No. 18.
What magick makes our money rise,
When dropt into the southern main;
Or do these jugglers cheat us? Swift's Miscel.
2. A cheat; a trickish fellow.
O me, you juggler; oh, you canker blossom,
You thief of love; what, have you come by night,
And stoll'n my love's heart from him? Shakespeare.
I sing no harm
To officer, juggler, or justice of peace. Donne.

JU’GGLINGLY. adv. [from juggle.] In a deceptive manner.

JU’GULAR. adj. [jugulum, Latin.] Belonging to the throat.
A gentleman was wounded into the internal jugular, through
his neck. Wiseman's Surgery.

JUICE. n. s. [jus, French; juys, Dutch.]
1. The liquor, sap, or water of plants and fruits.
If I define wine, I must say, wine is a juice not liquid, or
wine is a substance; for juice includes both substance and
liquid. Watts's Logick, p. i.
Unnumber'd fruits,
A friendly juice to cool thirst's rage contain. Thomson.
2. The fluid in animal bodies.
Juice in language is less than blood; for if the words be
but becoming and signifying, and the sense gentle, there is
juice: but where that wanteth, the language is thin, scarce
covering the bone. Benj. Johnson's Discovery.
An animal whose juices are unsound can never be nourish­
ed; unsound juices can never repair the fluids. Arbuthnot.

JUI’CELESS. adj. [from juice.] Dry; without moisture; with­
out juice.
Divine Providence has spread her table every-where; not
with a juiceless green carpet, but with succulent herbage and
nourishing grass. More's Antidote against Atheism.
When Boreas' spirit blusters sore,
Beware th' inclement heav'ns; now let thy hearth
Crackle with juiceless boughs. Philips.

JU’ICINESS. n. s. [from juice.] Plenty of juice; succulence.

JU’ICY. adj. [from juice.] Moist; full of juice.
Earth being taken out of watery woods, will put forth
herbs of a fat and juicy substance. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Each plant and juiciest gourd will pluck. Milton.
The musk's surpassing worth! that, in its youth,
Its tender nonage, loads the spreading boughs
With large and juicy offspring. Philips.

JUK

To JUKE. v. n. [jucher, French.]
1. To perch upon any thing: as, birds.
2. Juking, in Scotland, denotes still any complaisance by bend­
ing of the head.
Two asses travelled; the one laden with oats, the other
with money: the money-merchant was so proud of his trust,
that he went juking and tossing of his head. L'Estrange.

J’UJUB. n. s. [zizyphus, Lat.] A plant whose flower con­
sists of several leaves, which are placed circular­
ly, and expand in form of a rose; out of whose empalement
rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes an oblong fleshy
fruit, shaped like an olive, including an hard shell divided in­
to cells, each containing an oblong nut or kernel. The fruit
is like a small plum, but it has little flesh upon the stone. Mill.

JU’JUBES. n. s. [zizyphus, Lat.] A plant whose flower con­
sists of several leaves, which are placed circular­
ly, and expand in form of a rose; out of whose empalement
rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes an oblong fleshy
fruit, shaped like an olive, including an hard shell divided in­
to cells, each containing an oblong nut or kernel. The fruit
is like a small plum, but it has little flesh upon the stone. Mill.

JU’LAP. n. s. [A word of Arabick original; julapium, low
Lat. julep, Fr.]
Julap is an extemporaneous form of medicine, made of
simple and compound water sweetened, and serves for a vehi­
cle to other forms not so convenient to take alone. Quincy.
Behold this cordial julap here,
That flames and dances in his crystal bounds
With spirits of balm and fragrant syrups mixt. Milton.
If any part of the after-birth be left, endeavour the bring­
ing that away; and by good sudorificks and cordials expel
the venom, and contemperate the heat and acrimony by julaps
and emulsions. Wiseman's Surgery.

JU’LUS. n. s.
1. July flower. See CLOVE-GILLIFOWER and GILLIFLOWER.
2. Julus, among botanists, denotes those long worm-like
tufts or palms, as they are called in willows, which at the
beginning of the year grow out, and hang pendular down
from hazels, walnut-trees, &c. Miller.

JU’LY. n. s. [Julius, Lat. juillet, Fr.] The month anciently
called quintilis, or the fifth from March, named July in ho­
nour of Julius Cæsar; the seventh month from January.
July I would have drawn in a jacket of light yellow, eat­
ing cherries, with his face and bosom sun-burnt. Peacham.

JUM

JU’MART. n. s. [French.]
Mules and jumarts, the one from the mixture of an ass
and a mare, the other from the mixture of a bull and a mare,
are frequent. Locke.

To JU’MBLE. v. a. [in Chaucer, jombre, from combler, French,
Skinner.] To mix violently and confusedly together.
Persons and humours may be jumbled and disguised; but
nature, like quicksilver, will never be killed. L'Estrange.
A verbal concordance leads not always to texts of the same
meaning; and one may observe, how apt that is to jumble
together passages of scripture, and thereby disturb the true
meaning of holy scripture. Locke.
Writing is but just like dice,
And lucky mains make people wise;
And jumbled words, if fortune throw them,
Shall, well as Dryden, form a poem. Prior.
Is it not a firmer foundation for tranquillity, to believe that
all things were at first created, and are continually ordered
for the best, than that the whole universe is mere bungling
and blundering; all ill-favouredly cobled and jumbled toge­
ther by the unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter.
Bentley's Sermons.
How tragedy and comedy embrace,
How farce and epick get a jumbled race. Pope's Dunciad.
That the universe was formed by a fortuitous concourse of
atoms, I will no more believe, than that the accidental jum­
bling of the alphabet would fall into a most ingenious treatise
of philosophy. Swift.

To JU’MBLE. v. n. To be agitated together.
They will all meet and jumble together into a perfect har­
mony. Swift.

JU’MBLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Confused mixture; violent
and confused agitation.
Had the world been coagmented from that supposed fortui­
tous jumble, this hypothesis had been tolerable. Glanville.
What jumble here is made of ecclesiastical revenues, as if
they were all alienated with equal justice. Swift.

JU’MENT. n. s. [jument, Fr. jumentum, Lat.] Beast of burthen.
Juments, as horses, oxen, and asses, have no eructation,
or belching. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

To JUMP. v. n. [gumpen, Dutch.]
1. To leap; to skip; to move forward without step or sliding.
Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and an
half by the square. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Here, upon this bank and shelve of time,
We'd jump the life to come. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The herd come jumping by me,
And fearless, quench their thirst, while I look on,
And take me for their fellow-citizen. Dryden.
So have I seen from Severn's brink
A flock of geese jump down together,
Swim where the bird of Jove would sink,
And swimming never wet a feather. Swift.
Candidates petition the emperor to entertain the court with
a dance on the rope; and whoever jumps the highest succeeds
in the office. Gulliver's Travels.


2. To leap suddenly.
One Peregrinus jumped into a fiery furnace at the Olym­
pick games, only to shew the company how far his vanity
could carry him. Collier.
We see a little, presume a great deal, and so jump to the
conclusion. Spectator, No. 626.
3. To jolt.
The noise of the prancing horses, and of the jumping cha­
riots. Nah. iii. 2.
4. To agree; to tally; to join.
Do not embrace me till each circumstance
Of place, time, fortune, do cohere and jump
That I am Viola. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
In some sort it jumps with my humour. Shakespeare.
But though they jump not on a just account,
Yet do they all confirm a Turkish fleet. Shakesp. Othello.
Because I will not jump with common spirits,
And rank me with the barb'rous nations. Shakespeare.
Herein perchance he jumps not with Lipsius. Hakewill.
Never did trusty squire with knight,
Or knight with squire, e'er jump more right;
Their arms and equipage did fit,
As well as virtues, parts, and wit. Hudibras, p. i.
This shews how perfectly the rump
And commonwealth in nature jump:
For as a fly that goes to bed,
Rests with his tail above his head;
So in this mungrel state of ours,
The rabble are the supreme powers. Hudibras, p. iii.
Good wits jump, and mine the nimbler of the two. More.
Good now, how your devotions jump with mine. Dryd.
I am happier for finding our judgments jump in the notion.
Pope to Swift.

JUMP. adv. Exactly; nicely. Obsolete.
Otherwise one man could not excel another, but all should
be either absolutely good, as hitting jump that indivisible point
or center wherein goodness consisteth; or else missing it, they
should be excluded out of the number of well doers. Hooker.
But since so jump upon this bloody question,
You from the Polack wars, and you from England,
Are here arriv'd. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Myself the while to draw the Moor apart,
And bring him jump, when he may Cassio find
Soliciting his wife. Shakespeare's Othello.

JUMP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of jumping; a leap; a skip.
The surest way for a learner is, not to advance by jumps
and large strides; let that, which he sets himself to learn
next, be as nearly conjoined with what he knows already, as
is possible. Locke.
2. A lucky chance.
Do not exceed
The prescript of this scrowl: our fortune lies
Upon this jump. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
3. [Jupe, French.] A waistcoat; a kind of loose or limber
stays worn by sickly ladies.
The weeping cassock scar'd into a jump,
A sign the presbyter's worn to the stump. Cleaveland.

JUN

JU’NCATE. n. s. [juncade, French; gioncata, Italian.]
1. Cheesecake; a kind of sweetmeat of curds and sugar.
2. Any delicacy.
A goodly table of pure ivory,
All spread with juncates, fit to entertain
The greatest prince. Spenser, Sonnet 77.
With stories told of many a feat,
How fairy Mab the juncates eat. Milton.
3. A furtive or private entertainment. It is now improperly
written junket in this sense, which alone remains much in
use. See JU'NKET.

JU’NCOUS. adj. [junceus, Lat.] Full of bulrushes.

JU’NCTION. n. s. [jonction, French.] Union; coalition.
Upon the junction of the two corps, our spies discovered a
great cloud of dust. Addison.

JU’NCTURE. n. s. [junctura, Latin.]
1. The line at which two things are joined together.
Besides those grosser elements of bodies, salt, sulphur, and
mercury, there may be ingredients of a more subtile nature,
which being extremely little, may escape unheeded at the
junctures of the distillatory vessels, though never so carefully
luted. Boyle.
2. Joint; articulation.
She has made the back-bone of several vertebræ, as being
less in danger of breaking than if they were all one entire
bone without those gristly junctures. More.
All other animals have transverse bodies; and though some
do raise themselves upon their hinder legs to an upright pos­
ture, yet they cannot endure it long, neither are the figures
or junctures, or order of their bones, fitted to such a posture.
Hale's Originat. of Mankind.
3. Union; amity.
Nor are the soberest of them so apt for that devotional
compliance and juncture of hearts, which I desire to bear in
those holy offices to be performed with me. K. Charles.
4. A critical point or article of time.
By this profession in that juncture of time, they bid fare­
wel to all the pleasures of this life. Addison.
When any law does not conduce to the publick safety, but
in some extraordinary junctures, the very observation of it
would endanger the community, that law ought to be laid
asleep. Addison's Freeholder, No. 16.

JUNE. n. s. [Juin, Fr. Junius, Lat.] The sixth month from
January.
June is drawn in a mantle of dark green. Peacham.

JU’NIOR. adj. [junior, Lat.] One younger than another.
The fools my juniors by a year,
Are tortur'd with suspense and fear,
Who wisely thought my age a screen,
When death approach'd to stand between. Swift.
According to the nature of men of years, I was repining
at the rise of my juniors, and unequal distribution of wealth.
Tatler, No. 100.

JU’NIPER. n. s. [juniperus, Lat.] A plant.
The leaves of the juniper are long, narrow, and prickly;
the male flowers are, in some species, produced at remote
distances from the fruit on the same tree; but in other species
they are produced on different trees from the fruit: the first
is a soft pulpy berry, containing three seeds in each. Miller.
Some of our common juniper shrubs are males and some
females, of the same species. The male shrubs produce, in
April and May, a small kind of juli with apices on them,
very large, and full of farina; the females produce none of
these juli, but only the berries, which do not ripen till the
second year, and then do not immediately fall off; so that it
is no uncommon thing to see the berries of three different
years at once on the same tree. The shrub is very common
with us on heaths and barren hills, but the berries used me­
dicinally in our shops are brought from Germany, where it
is greatly more abundant. The berries are powerful atte­
nuants, diureticks, and carminative. Hill.
A clyster may be made of the common decoctions, or of
mallows, bay, and juniper berries, with oil of linseed. Wisem.

JUNK. n. s. [probably an Indian word.]
1. A small ship of China.
America, which have now but junks and canoes, abound­
ed then in tall ships. Bacon's New Atlantis.
2. Pieces of old cable. Ains.

JU’NKET. n. s. [properly juncate. See JUNCATE.]
1. A sweetmeat.
You know, there wants no junkets at the feast. Shakesp.
2. A stolen entertainment.

To JU’NKET. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To feast secretly; to make entertainments by stealth.
Whatever good bits you can pilfer in the day, save them
to junket with your fellow servants at night. Swift.
2. To feast.
Job's children junketed and feasted together often, but the
reckoning cost them dear at last. South's Sermons.
The apostle would have no revelling or junketing. South.

JU’NTO. n. s. [Italian.] A cabal; a kind of men combined
in any secret design.
Would men have spent toilsome days and watchful nights
in the laborious quest of knowledge preparative to this work,
at length come and dance attendance for approbation upon a
junto of petty tyrants, acted by party and prejudice, who de­
nied fitness from learning, and grace from morality. South.
From this time began an intrigue between his majesty and
a junto of ministers, which had like to have ended in my de­
struction. Gulliver's Travels.

IVO

I’VORY. n. s. [ivoire, French; ebur, Lat.]
Ivory is a hard, solid, and firm substance, of a fine white
colour, and capable of a very good polish: it is the dens ex­
ertus of the elephant, who carries on each side of his jaws a
tooth of six or seven feet in length, of the thickness of a
man's thigh at the base, and almost entirely solid; the two
sometimes weighing three hundreed and thirty pounds: these
ivory tusks are hollow from the base to a certain height, and
the cavity is filled with a compact medullary substance, seem­
ing to have a great number of glands in it. The finest ivory
is brought from the East-Indies, where great quantity of it is
not taken immediately from the head of the animal, but
found buried in the earth. The ivory of the islands of Ceylon
and of Achem do not become yellow in the wearing as all
other ivory does, and it therefore bears a greater price than
of the Guinea coast. The preparations of ivory have the
same restorative virtues with those of the hartshorn. Hill.
There is more difference between thy flesh and hers, than
between jet and ivory. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Draw Erato with a sweet and lovely countenance, bear­
ing a heart with an ivory key. Peacham.
From their ivory port the cherubim
Forth issu'd. Milton.
Two gates the silent house of sleep adorn,
Of polish'd iv'ry this, that of transparent horn:
True visions through transparent horn arise,
Through polish'd iv'ry pass deluding lies. Dryden's Æn.



JUPPO’N. n. s. [juppon, French.] A short close coat.
Some wore a breast-plate and a light juppon,
Their horses cloath'd with rich caparison. Dryden.

JUR

JU’RAT. n. s. [juratus, Lat. jura juré, Fr.] A magistrate in
some corporations.

JU’RATORY, adj. [juratoire, Fr. juro, Lat.] Giving an oath.
A contumacious person may be compelled to give juratory
caution de parendo juri. Ayliffe's Parergon.

JURI’DICAL. adj. [juridicus, Lat. juridique, Fr.]
1. Acting in the distribution of justice.
2. Used in courts of justice.
According to a juridical account and legal signification,
time within memory, by the statute of Westminster, was
settled in the beginning of the reign of king Richard the
first. Hale's Hist. of the Common Law of England.

JURI’DICALLY. adj. [from juridical.] With legal authority;
according to forms of justice.

JU’RISCONSULT. n. s. [juris consultus, Latin.] One who gives
his opinion in cases of law.
There is mention made, in a decision of the jurisconsult
Javolemus, of a Britannick fleet. Arbuthnot on Coins.

JURISDI’CTION. n. s. [jurisdictio, Lat., jurisdiction, Fr.]
1. Legal authority; extent of power.
Sometimes the practice of such jurisdiction may swerve
through error even in the very best, and for other respects,
where less integrity is. Hooker, b. v.
Without the king's assent or knowledge,
You wrought to be a legate; by which power
You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops. Shakespeare.
All persons exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction should have
the king's arms in their seals of office. Hayward.
This place exempt
From heav'n's high jurisdiction. Milton.
As Adam had no such power as gave him sovereign juris­
diction over mankind. Locke.
This custom in a popular state, of impeaching particular
men, may seem to be nothing else but the people's chusing
to exercise their own jurisdiction in person. Swift.
2. District to which any authority extends.

JURISPRU’DENCE. n. s. [jurisprudence, Fr. jurisprudentia, Lat.]
The science of law.

JU’RIST. n. s. [juriste, Fr. jura, Lat.] A civil lawyer; a man
who professes the science of the law; a civilian.
This is not to be measured by the principles of jurists. Bac.

JU’ROR. n. s. [juro, Lat.] One that serves on the jury.
Were the jurors picked out of choice men, this would be
as bad; for the evidence will be as deceitful as the verdict.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
I shall find your lordship judge and juror,
You are so merciful, I see your end,
'Tis my undoing. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I sing no harm, good sooth! to any wight,
Officer, jugler, or justice of peace,
Juror, or judge. Donne.
About noon the jurors went together, and because they
could not agree, they were shut in. Hayward.

JU’RY. n. s. [jurata, Lat. juré, Fr.]
Jury, a company of men, as twenty-four or twelve, sworn
to deliver a truth upon such evidence as shall be delivered
them touching the matter in question. There be three man­
ners of trials in England: one by parliament, another by
battle, and the third by assise or jury. The trial by assise,
be the action civil or criminal, publick or private, personal
or real, is referred for the fact to a jury, and as they find it,
so passeth the judgment. This jury is used not only in cir­
cuits of justices errant, but also in other courts, and matters
of office, as, if the escheatour make inquisition in any thing
touching his office, he doth it by a jury of inquest: if the
coroner inquire how a subject found dead came to his end,
he useth an inquest: the justices of peace in their quarter­
sessions, the sheriff in his county and turn, the bailiff of a
hundred, the steward of a court-leet or court-baron, if they
inquire of any offence, or decide any cause between party
and party, they do it by the same manner: so that where it
is said, that all things be triable by parliament, battle, or
assize; assize, in this place, is taken for a jury or inquest,
empanelled upon any cause in a court where this kind of trial
is used. This jury, though it appertain to most courts of the
common law, yet it is most notorious in the half year courts
of the justices errants, commonly called the great assizes,
and in the quarter-sessions, and in them it is most ordinarily
called a jury, and that in civil causes; whereas in other
courts it is often termed an inquest. In the general assize,
there are usually many juries, because there be store of causes,
both civil and criminal, commonly to be tried, whereof one
is called the grand jury, and the rest petit juries. The grand
jury consists ordinarily of twenty-four grave and substantial
gentlemen, or some of them yeomen, chosen indifferently
out of the whole shire by the sheriff, to consider of all bills
of indictment preferred to the court; which they do either
approve by writing upon them these words, billa vera, or dis­
allow by writing ignoramus. Such as they do approve, if
they touch life and death, are farther referred to another jury
to be considered of, because the case is of such importance;
but others of lighter moment are, upon their allowance,
without more work, fined by the bench, except the party
traverse the indictment, or challenge it for insufficiency, or
remove the cause to a higher court by certiorari; in which
two former cases it is referred to another jury, and in the lat­
ter transmitted to the higher. Those that pass upon civil
causes real, are all, or so many as can conveniently be had,
of the same hundred, where the land or tenement in question
doth lie, and four at the least; and they, upon due exami­
nation, bring in their verdict either for the demandant or te­
nant: according unto which, judgment passeth afterward in
the court where the cause first began; and the reason hereof
is, because these justices of assize are, in this case, for the
ease of the countries only to take the verdict of the jury by
the virtue of the writ called nisi prius, and so return it to the
court where the cause is depending. Cowell.
The jury, passing on the prisoner's life,
May in the sworn twelve have a thief or two
Guiltier than him they try. Shakesp. Meas. or Measure.
How innocent I was,
His noble jury and foul cause can witness. Shakesp. H. IV.
Clodius was acquitted by a corrupt jury, that had palpably
taken shares of money before they gave up their verdict. Bac.

JU’RYMAN. n. s. [jury and man.] One who is impannelled on
a jury.
The hungry judges soon the sentence sign,
And wretches hang that jurymen may dine. Pope.
No judge was known, upon or off the bench, to use the
least insinuation, that might affect the interests of any one
single juryman, much less of a whole jury. Swift's Miscel.

JU’RYMAST. n. s. So the seamen call whatever they set up in
the room of a mast lost in a fight, or by a storm; being
some great yard which they put down into the step of that
lost mast, fastening it into the partners, and fitting to it the
missen or some lesser yard with sails and ropes, and with it
make a hard shift to sail. Harris.

JUS

JUST. adj. [juste, Fr. justus, Latin.]
1. Upright; incorrupt; equitable in the distribution of justice.
Take it, while yet 'tis praise, before my rage
Unsafely just, break loose on this bad age. Dryden.
2. Honest; without crime in dealing with others.
Just balances, just weights, and a just ephaph. Lev. xix.
Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness, as to
praise it in others, even when they do not practise it them­
selves. Tillotson's Sermons.
Just of thy word, in ev'ry thought sincere,
Who knew no wish but what the world might hear. Pope.
3. Exact; proper; accurate.
Boileau's numbers are excellent, his expressions noble, his
thoughts just, his language pure, his satyr pointed, and his
sense close. Dryden's Juv.
These scenes were wrought,
Embellish'd with good morals and just thought. Granville.
Just precepts thus from great examples giv'n,
She drew from them what they deriv'd from heav'n. Pope.
Just to the tale, as present at the fray,
Or taught the labours of the dreadful way. Pope.
Once on a time La Mancha's knight, they say,
A certain bard encount'ring on the way,
Discours'd in terms as just, with looks as sage,
As ere could Dennis of the laws o' th' stage. Pope.
Though the syllogism be irregular, yet the inferences are
just and true. Watts's Logick.
4. Virtuous; innocent; pure.
Noah was a just man, and perfect. Gen. vi. 9.
How should man be just with God? Job ix. 2.
A just man falleth seven times and riseth. Prov. xxiv. 16.
He shall be recompensed at the resurrection of the just.
Mat. xiv. 14.
The just th' unjust to serve. Milton.
5. True; not forged; not falsely imputed; well grounded.
Crimes were laid to his charge too many, the least whereof
being just, had bereaved him of estimation and credit. Hooker.
Me though just right
Did first create your leader. Milton.
6. Equally retributed.
He received a just recompence of reward. Heb. ii. 2.
Whose damnation is just. Rom. iii. 8.
As Hesiod sings, spread water o'er thy fields,
And a most just and glad increase it yields. Denham.
7. Complete without superfluity or defect.
He was a comely personage, a little above just stature, well
and strait limbed, but slender. Bacon's Henry VII.
8. Regular; orderly.
When all
The war shall stand ranged in its just array,
And dreadful pomp; then will I think on thee. Addison.


9. Exactly proportioned.
The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship
To meet his grace, just distance 'tween our armies? Shak.
10. Full; of full dimensions.
His soldiers had divers skirmishes with the Numidians, so
that once the skirmish was like to have come to a just battle.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
There is not any one particular abovementioned, but would
take up the business of a just volume. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
There seldom appeared a just army in the civil wars.
Dutchess of Newcastle.
11. Exact in retribution.
See nations slowly wise, and meanly just,
To bury'd merit raise the tardy bust.
Vanity of Human Wishes.

JUST. adv.
1. Exactly; nicely; accurately.
The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the
beast. Sidney.
They go about to make us believe that they are just of the
same opinion, and that they only think such ceremonies are
not to be used when they are unprofitable, or when as good
or better may be established. Hooker.
There, ev'n just there he stood; and as she spoke,
Where last the spectre was, she cast her look. Dryden.
A few seem to understand him right; just as when our Sa­
viour said, in an allegorical sense, except ye eat the flesh of
the son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you.
Bentley's Sermons.
'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none
Go just alike; yet each believes his own. Pope.
2. Merely; barely.
It is the humour of weak and trifling men to value them­
selves upon just nothing at all. L'Estrange.
The nereids swam before
To smooth the seas; a soft etesian gale
But just inspir'd and gently swell'd the sail. Dryden.
Give me, ye gods, the product of one field,
That so I neither may be rich nor poor;
And having just enough, not covet more. Dryden.
3. Nearly.
Being spent with age, and just at the point of death, Demo­
critus called for loaves of new bread to be brought, and with
the steam of them under his nose prolonged his life. Temple.

JUST. n. s. [jouste, French.] Mock encounter on horseback;
tilt; tournament.
None was either more grateful to the beholders, or more
noble in itself, than justs, both with sword and launce. Sidney.
What news from Oxford? hold those justs and triumphs?
Shakespeare's Richard II.
Among themselves the tourney they divide,
In equal squadrons rang'd on either side;
Then turn'd their horses heads, and man to man,
And steed to steed oppos'd, the justs began. Dryden.

To JUST. v. n. [jouster, French.]
1. To engage in a mock fight; to tilt.
2. To push; to drive; to justle.

JU’STICE. n. s. [justice, French; justitia, Latin.]
1. The virtue by which we give to every man what is his due.
O that I were judge, I would do justice. 2 Sam. xv. 4.
The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
I have no relish of them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The nature and office of justice being to dispose the mind
to a constant and perpetual readiness to render to every man
his due, it is evident, that if gratitude be a part of justice, it
must be conversant about something that is due to another. Loc.
2. Vindicative retribution; punishment.
This shews you are above
Yon justices, that these our nether crimes
So speedily can venge. Shakesp. King Lear.
He executed the justice of the Lord. Deut. xxxiii. 21.
Lest justice overtake us. Is. lix. 9.
Examples of justice must be made, for terror to some; ex­
amples of mercy, for comfort to others: the one procures
fear, and the other love. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
3. Right; assertion of right.
Draw thy sword,
That if my speech offend a noble heart,
Thy arm may do thee justice. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. [Justiciarius, Lat.] One deputed by the king to do right by
way of judgment. Cowel.
And thou, Esdras, ordain judges and justices, that they may
judge in all Syria. Esdr. viii. 23.
5. JU'STICE of the King's Bench. [justiciarius de Banquo Regis.]
Is a lord by his office, and the chief of the rest; wherefore
he is also called capitalis justiciarius Angliæ. His office espe­
cially is to hear and determine all pleas of the crown; that is,
such as concern offences committed against the crown, dig­
nity, and peace of the king; as treasons, felonies, mayhems,
and such like: but it is come to pass, that he with his
assistants heareth all personal actions, and real also, if they
be incident to any personal action depending before
them. Cowel.
Give that whipster his errand,
He'll take my lord chief justice' warrant. Prior.
6. JU'STICE of the Common Pleas. [justiciarius Communium Pla­
citorum.] Is a lord by his office, and is called dominus justi­
ciarius communium placitorum. He with his assistants originally
did hear and determine all causes at the common law; that is,
all civil causes between common persons, as well personal as
real; for which cause it was called the court of common pleas,
in opposition to the pleas of the crown, or the king's pleas,
which are special, and appertaining to him only. Cowel.
7. JU'STICE of the Forest. [justiciarius Forestæ.] Is a lord by
his office, and hath the hearing and determining of all offences
within the king's forest, committed against venison or vert:
of these there be two, whereof the one hath jurisdiction over
all the forests on this side Trent, and the other of all be­
yond. Cowel.
8. JU'STICES of Assise. [justiciarii ad capiendas Assisas.] Are
such as were wont, by special commission, to be sent into this
or that country to take assises; the ground of which polity
was the ease of the subjects: for whereas these actions pass al­
ways by jury, so many men might not, without great hin­
derance, be brought to London; and therefore justices, for
this purpose, were by commission particularly authorised and
sent down to them. Cowel.
9. JU'STICES in Eyre. [justiciarii itinerantes.] Are so termed
of the French erre, iter. The use of these, in ancient time,
was to send them with commission into divers counties, to hear
such causes especially as were termed the pleas of the crown,
and therefore I must imagine they were sent abroad for the
ease of the subjects, who must else have been hurried to the
king's bench, if the cause were too high for the country
court. They differed from the justices of Oyer and Termi­
ner, because they were sent upon some one or few especial
cases, and to one place; whereas the justices in eyre were
sent through the provinces and countries of the land, with
more indefinite and general commission. Cowel.
10. JU'STICES of Gaol Delivery. [justiciarii ad Gaolas deliberan­
das.] Are such as are sent with commission to hear and deter­
mine all causes appertaining to such as for any offence are cast
into gaol, part of whose authority is to punish such as let to
mainprise those prisoners, that by law be not bailable. These
by likelihood, in ancient time, were sent to countries upon
several occasions; but afterward justices of assise were like­
wise authorised to this. Cowel.
11. JU'STICES of Nisi Prius are all one now-a-days with justices
of assise; for it is a common adjournment of a cause, in the
common pleas, to put it off to such a day: nisi prius justiciarii
venerint ad eas partes ad capiendas assisas; and upon this clause
of adjournment they are called justices of nisi prius, as well as
justices of assise, by reason of the writ or action that they
have to deal in. Cowel.
12. JU'STICES of Peace. [justiciarii ad Pacem.] Are they
that are appointed by the king's commission, with others, to
attend the peace of the country where they dwell; of whom
some, upon especial respect, are made of the quorum, be­
cause some business of importance may not be dealt in with­
out the presence of them, or one of them. Cowel.
The justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lin'd,
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances,
And so he plays his part. Shakes. As you like it.
Thou hast appointed justices of the peace to call poor men
before them, about matters they were not able to answer.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
The justices of peace are of great use: anciently they were
conservators of the peace; these are the same, saving that se­
veral acts of parliament have enlarged their jurisdiction.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
I sing no harm
To officer, juggler, or justice of peace. Donne.

To JU’STICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To administer justice to
any. A word not in use.
As for the title of proscription, wherein the emperor hath
been judge and party, and hath justiced himself, God forbid
but that it should endure an appeal to a war. Bacon.
Whereas one Styward, a Scot, was apprehended, for in­
tending to poison the young queen of Scots, the king deli­
vered him to the French king, to be justiced by him at his
pleasure. Hayward.

JU’STICEMENT. n. s. [from justice.] Procedure in courts.

JU’STICER. n. s. [from To justice.] Administrator of justice.
An old word.
He was a singular good justicer; and if he had not died in
the second year of his government, was the likeliest person to
have reformed the English colonies. Davies on Ireland.

JU’STICESHIP. n. s. [from justice.] Rank or office of jus­
tice. Swift.

JUSTI’CIABLE. adj. [from justice.] Proper to be examined in
courts of justice.



JU’STIFIABLE. adj. [from justify.] Defensible by law or
reason; conformable to justice.
Just are the ways of God,
And justifiable to men. Milton's Agonistes.
Although some animals in the water do carry a justifiable
resemblance to some at land, yet are the major part which
bear their names unlike. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

JU’STIFIABLENESS. n. s. [from justifiable.] Rectitude; possi­
bility of being fairly defended.
Men, jealous of the justifiableness of their doings before
God, never think they have human strength enough.
King Charles.

JU’STIFIABLY. adv. [from justifiable.] Rightly; so as to be
supported by right.
A man may more justifiably throw cross and pile for his opi­
nions, than take them up by such measures. Locke.

JUSTIFICA’TION. n. s. [justification, French; justificatio, low
Latin.]
1. Defence; maintenance; vindication; support; absolution
from guilt.
I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as
an essay of my virtue. Shakesp. King Lear.
Among theological arguments, in justification of absolute
obedience, was one of a singular nature. Swift.
2. Deliverance by pardon from sins past. Clarke.
In such righteousness
To them by faith imputed, they may find
Justification towards God, and peace
Of conscience. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. xii.
'Tis the consummation of that former act of faith by this
latter, or, in the words of St. Paul and St. James, the con­
summation of faith by charity and good works, that God ac­
cepteth in Christ to justification, and not the bare aptness of
faith to bring forth works, if those works, by the fault of a
rebellious insidel, will not be brought forth. Hammond.

JUSTIFICA’TOR. n. s. [from justify.] One who supports, de­
fends, vindicates, or justifies.

JU’STIFIER. n. s. [from justify.] One who justifies; one who
defends or absolves; one who frees from sin by pardon.
That he might be just, and the justifier of him which be­
lieveth in Jesus. Ro. iii. 26.

To JU’STIFY. v. a. [justifier, French; justifico, low Latin.]
1. To clear from imputed guilt; to absolve from an accusation.
The law hath judg'd thee, Eleanor;
I cannot justify, whom law condemns. Shakes. H. VI.
They say, behold a man gluttonous, a friend of publicans
and sinners; but wisdom is justified of her children. Mat. xi.
How can man be justified with God? Or how can he be
clean that is born of a woman? Job xxv. 4.
There is an exquisite subtilty, and the same is unjust; and
there is a wise man that justifieth in judgment. Ecclus. x. 25.
You're neither justify'd, nor yet accus'd. Dryden.
2. To maintain; to defend; to vindicate.
When we began in courteous manner to lay his unkind­
ness unto him, he seeing himself confronted by so many, like
a resolute orator, went not to denial, but to justify his cruel
falshood. Sidney.
What she did, whatever in itself,
Her doing seem'd to justify the deed. Milt. Par. Lost.
My unwilling flight the gods inforce,
And that must justify our sad divorce. Denham.
Yet still thy fools shall stand in thy defence,
And justify their author's want of sense. Dryden.
Let others justify their missions as they can, we are sure
we can justify that of our fathers by an uninterrupted suc­
cession. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To free from past sin by pardon.
By him all that believe are justified from all things, from
which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. Acts xiii.

To JU’STLE. v. n. [from just, jouster, French.] To encoun­
ter; to clash; to rush against each other.
While injury of chance
Puts back leave taking, justles roughly by
All time of pause, rudely beguiles our lips
Of all rejoindure. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle one
against another in the broad ways. Nah. ii. 4.
Argo pass'd
Through Bosphorus, betwixt the justling rocks. Milton.
Late the clouds
Justling, or push'd with winds, rude in their shock,
Tine the slant lightning. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Not one starry spark,
But gods meet gods, and justle in the dark. Lee.
Courtiers therefore justle for a grant;
And, when they break their friendship, plead their want.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Murmuring noises rise in every street;
The more remote run stumbling with their fear,
And, in the dark, men justle as they meet. Dryden.
When elephant 'gainst elephant did rear
His trunk, and castles justled in the air,
My sword thy way to victory had shown. Dryden.
Was there not one who had set bars and doors to it, and
said hitherto shall thou come, but no farther, and here shall
thy proud waves be staid; then might we well expect such
vicissitudes, such justlings and clashings in nature. Woodw.
I thought the dean had been too proud
To justle here among a crowd. Swift.

To JU’STLE. v. a. To push; to drive; to force by rushing
against it.
Private and single abilities should not justle out and deprive
the church of the joint abilities of many learned and godly
men. King Charles.
Many excellent strains have been justled off by their intru­
sions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The surly commons shall respect deny,
And justle peerage out with property. Dryden.
It is not to be imagined that the incongruous alphabets and
abuses of writing can ever be justled out of their possession
of all libraries. Holder.
Running in the dark, a man may justle a post.
Collier of the Eagerness of Desire.
Absent good, though thought on, not making any part of
unhappiness in its absence, is justled out to make way for the
removal of those uneasinesses we feel. Locke.
We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a
great while. Addison's Guardian.

JU’STLY. adv. [from just.]
1. Uprightly; honestly; in a just manner.
Nothing can justly be despised, that cannot justly be blamed:
where there is no choice, there can be no blame. South.
With ignominy scourg'd, in open sight:
Next view the Tarquin kings; th' avenging sword
Of Brutus justly drawn, and Rome restor'd. Dryden.
The goddess, studious of her Grecians fate,
Taught them in laws and letters to excel,
In acting justly, and in writing well. Prior.
2. Properly; exactly; accurately.
Their artful hands instruct the lute to sound,
Their feet assist their hands, and justly beat the ground.
Dryden.

JU’STNESS. n. s. [from just.]
1. Justice; reasonableness; equity. Justness is properly applied
to things, and justice to persons; though we now say the
justice of a cause, as well as of a judge.
It maketh unto the right of the war against him, whose
success useth commonly to be according to the justness of the
cause for which it is made. Spenser on Ireland.
We may not think the justness of each act
Such and no other than event doth form it. Shakespeare.
2. Accuracy; exactness; propriety.
I value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with
all the justness and gracefulness of action. Dryden.
I appeal to the people, was the usual saying of a very ex­
cellent dramatick poet, when he had any dispute with parti­
cular persons about the justness and regularity of his produc­
tions. Addison's Guardian.

To JUT. v. n. [This word is supposed to be corrupted from jet,
perhaps from shoot.] To push or shoot into prominences; to
come out beyond the main bulk.
Insulting tyranny begins to jut
Upon the innocent and awless throne. Shakesp. R. III.
All the projected or jutting parts should be very moderate,
especially the cornices of the lower orders. Wotton.
The land, if not restrain'd, had met your way,
Projected out a neck, and jutted to the sea. Dryden.
A port secure for ships to ride,
Broke by the jutting land on either side;
In double streams the briny waters glide. Dryden.
It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem, and be
independent of it. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To JU’TTY. v. a. [from jut.] To shoot out beyond.
Then lend the eye a terrible aspect;
Let it pry through the portage of the head
Like a brass cannon: let the brow o'erwhelm it
As fearfully, as doth a galled rock
O'erhang and jutty his confounded base,
Swill'd with the wild and wasteful ocean. Shakes. H. V.

JUV

JU’VENILE. adj. [juvenilis, Latin.] Young; youthful.
Learning hath its infancy when it is almost childish; then
its youth, when it is luxuriant and juvenile; then its strength
of years, when it is solid; and lastly, its old age, when it
waxeth dry and exhaust. Bacon's Essays.

JUVENI’LITY. n. s. [from juvenile.] Youthfulness.
The restauration of grey heirs to juvenility, and renewing
the exhausted marrow, may be effected without a miracle.
Glanv. Sceps. c. 21.
Customary strains and abstracted juvenilities have made it
difficult to commend and speak credibly in dedications.
Glanv. Sceps. Preface.



JU’XTAPOSITION. n. s. [juxtaposition, French; juxta and po­
sitio, Latin.] Apposition; the state of being placed by each
other.
Nor can it be a difference, that the parts of solid bodies are
held together by hooks, since the coherence of these will be of
difficult conception; and we must either suppose an infinite
number of them holding together, or at last come to parts that
are united by a meer juxtaposition. Glanv. Sceps.

IVY

I’VY. n. s. [ifig, Saxon; hedera, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it is a parasitick plant, sending forth
roots or fibres from its branches, by which it is fastened to
either trees, walls, or plants which are near it, and from
thence receives a great share of its nourishment: the leaves
are angular; the flowers, for the most part, consist of six
leaves, and are succeeded by round black berries, which grow
in round bunches, each of which, for the most part, contains
four seeds. Miller.
A gown made of the finest wool;
A belt of straw, and ivy buds,
With coral clasps and amber studs;
And if these pleasures may thee move,
Come live with me and be my love. Raleigh.
Direct
The clasping ivy where to climb. Milt. Parad. Lost.

JYM

JY’MOLD. adj. [See GIMAL.]
Their poor jades
Lob down their heads, dropping the hide and hips;
And in their pale dull mouths the jymold bit
Lies, foul with chew'd grass, still and motionless.
Shakespeare's Henry V.





K

K 
A letter borrowed by the English from the Greek
alphabet. It has before all the vowels one in­
variable sound: as, keen, ken, kill; but is not
much in use, except after c at the end of words:
as, knock, clock, crack, back, brick, stick, pluck,
check, which were written anciently with e final: as, clocke,
checke, tricke. It is also in use between a vowel and the silent
e final: as, cloke, broke, brake, pike, duke, eke. It likewise
ends a word after a diphthong: as, look, break, shock, beek.
The English never use c at the end of a word. K is silent in
the present pronunciation before n: as, knise, knee, knell.

KA’LENDAR. n. s.  [now written calendar.] An account of
time.
Let this pernicious hour
Stand as accursed in the kalendar. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

KA’LI. n. s.  [an Arabick word.] Sea-weed, of the ashes of
which glass was made, whence the word alkali.
The ashes of the weed kali is sold to the Venetians for
their glass works. Bacon.

KAM. adj. Crooked.
Kam, in Erse, is squint-eyed, and applied to any thing
awry: clean kam signifies crooked, athwart, awry, cross from
the purpose. A-schembo, Italian, hence our English a-kimbo.
Clean kam is, by vulgar pronunciation, brought to kim kam.
The blood he hath lost, he dropt it for his country:
And what is left, to lose it by his country,
Were to us all that do't and suffer it,
A brand to th' end o' th' world.
—This is clean kam.
—Meerly awry. Shakespeare.

To KAW. v. n.  [from the sound.] To cry as a raven, crow,
or rook. See CAW.
Jack-daws kawing and fluttering about the nests, set all
their young ones a gaping; but having nothing in their emp­
ty mouths but noise and air, leave them as hungry as before.
Locke.

KAW. n. s.  [from the verb.] The cry of a raven or crow.
The dastard crow that to the wood made wing,
With her loud kaws her craven-kind doth bring,
Who, safe in numbers, cuff the noble bird. Dryden.

KAYLE. n. s.  [quille, French.]
1. Ninepin; kettlepins, of which skittles seems a corruption.
And now at keels they try a harmless chance,
And now their cur they teach to fetch and dance. Sidney.
The residue of the time they wear out at coits, kayles, or
the like idle exercises. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
2. A kind of play still retained in Scotland, in which nine holes
ranged in three's are made in the ground, and an iron bullet
rolled in among them.

KEC

To KECK. v. n.  [kecken, Dutch.] To heave the stomach; to
reach at vomiting.
All those diets do dry up humours and rheums, which
they first attenuate, and while the humour is attenuated it
troubleth the body a great deal more; and therefore patients
must not keck at them at the first. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 68.
The faction, is it not notorious?
Keck at the memory of glorious. Swift's Miscel.

To KE’CKLE a cable. To defend a cable round with rope.
Ainsworth.

KE’CKSY. n. s.  [commonly kex, cigue, French; cicuta, Latin.
Skinner.] Skinner seems to think kecksy or kex the same as
hemlock. It is used in Staffordshire both for hemlock, and
any other hollow jointed plant.
Nothing teems
But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs,
Losing both beauty and utility. Shakesp. Henry V.

KE’CKY. adj.  [from kex.] Resembling a kex.
An Indian sceptre, made of a sort of cane, without any
joint, and perfectly round, consisteth of hard and blackish
cylinders, mixed with a soft kecky body; so as at the end
cut transversly, it looks as a bundle of wires. Grew.

To KEDGE. v. a.  [kaghe, a small vessel, Dutch.]
In bringing a ship up or down a narrow river, when the
wind is contrary to the tide, they set the fore-sail, or fore­
top-sail and mizzen, and so let her drive with the tide. The
sails are to flat her about, if she comes too near the shore.
They also carry out an anchor in the head of the boat, with
a hawser that comes from the ship; which anchor, if the
ship comes too near the shore, they let fall in the stream, and
so wind her head about it; then weigh the anchor again
when she is about, which is called kedging, and from this
use the anchor a kedger. Harris.

KE’DGER. n. s.  [from kedge.] A small anchor used in a river.
See KEDGE.

KEE

KEE, the provincial plural of cow, properly kine.
A lass that Cic'ly hight had won his heart,
Cic'ly the western lass that tends the kee. Gay's Past.

KE’DLACK. n. s. A weed that grows among corn; charnock.
Tusser.

KEEL. n. s.  [cœle, Saxon; kiel, Dutch; quille, Fr.] The
bottom of the ship.
Portunus
Heav'd up his lighten'd keel, and sunk the sand,
And steer'd the sacred vessel. Dryden.
Her sharp bill serves for a keel to cut the air before her;
her tail she useth as her rudder. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.
Your cables burst, and you must quickly feel
The waves impetuous ent'ring at your keel. Swift.

KEELS, the same with kayles, which see.

To KEEL. v. a.  [cælan, Saxon.] This word, which is pre­
served in Shakespeare, probably signifies to cool, though Han­
mer explains it otherwise.
To keel seems to mean to drink so deep as to turn up the
bottom of the pot, like turning up the keel of a ship. Hanmer.
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot. Shakespeare.

KE’ELFAT. n. s.  [cœlan, Saxon, to cool, and fat or vat, a ves­
sel.] Cooler; tub in which liquor is let to cool.

KE’ELSON. n. s. The next piece of timber in a ship to her
keel, lying right over it next above the floor timber. Harris.

To KE’ELHALE. v. a.  [keel and hale.] To punish in the sea­
mens way, by dragging the criminal under water on one side
of the ship and up again on the other.

KEEN. adj.  [cene, Saxon; kuhn, German; koen, Dutch.]
1. Sharp; well edged; not blunt.
Come thick night
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Shakesp.
Here is my keen-edged sword,
Deck'd with fine flower-de-luces on each side. Shakesp.
To me the cries of fighting fields are charms,
Keen be my sabre, and of proof my arms. Dryden.
A sword keen-edg'd within his right he held,
The warlike emblem of the conquer'd field. Dryden.
2. Severe; piercing.
The winds
Blow moist, and keen, shattering the graceful locks
Of these fair spreading trees; which bids us seek
Some better shroud. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
The cold was very supportable; but as it changed to the
north-west, or north, it became excessively keen. Ellis.
3. Eager; vehement.
Never did I know
A creature, that did bear the shape of man,
So keen and greedy to confound a man. Shakespeare.
Keen dispatch of real hunger. Milton.
The sheep were so keen upon the acrons, that they gobbled
up a piece of the coat. L'Estrange.
Those curs are so extremely hungry, that they are too keen
at the sport, and worry their game. Tatler, No. 62.
This was a prospect so very inviting, that it could not be
easily withstood by any who have so keen an appetite for
wealth. Swift's Miscel.


4. Acrimonious; bitter of mind.
Good father cardinal, cry thou, amen,
To my keen curses. Shakesp. King John.
I have known some of these absent officers as keen against
Ireland, as if they had never been indebted to her. Swift.

To KEEN. v. a.  [from the adjective.] To sharpen. An un­
authorised word.
Nor when cold Winter keens the brightening flood,
Wou'd I weak shivering linger on the brink. Thomson.

KE’ENLY. adj.  [from keen.] Sharply; vehemently; eagerly;
bitterly.

KE’ENNESS. n. s.  [from keen.]
1. Sharpness; edge.
No, not the hangman's ax bears half the keenness
Of thy sharp envy. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. Rigor of weather; piercing cold.
3. Asperity; bitterness of mind.
That they might keep up the keenness against the court, till
the coming together of both houses, his lordship furnished
them with informations, which might be wrested to the
king's disadvantage. Clarendon.
The sting of every reproachful speech is the truth of it;
and to be conscious is that which gives an edge, and keenness
to the invective. South's Sermons.
4. Eagerness; vehemence.

To KEEP. v. a.  [cepan, Saxon; kepen, old Dutch.]
1. To retain; not to lose.
I kept the field with the death of some, and flight of others.
Sidney, b. ii.
We have examples in the primitive church of such as by
fear being compelled to sacrifice to strange gods repented,
and kept still the office of preaching the gospel. Whitgift.
Keep in memory what I preached unto you. 1 Cor. xv. 2.
This charge I keep till my appointed day
Of rend'ring up. Milton.
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. Milton.
You have lost a child; but you have kept one child, and
are likely to do so long. Temple's Miscel.
If we would weigh, and keep in our minds, what we are
considering, that would instruct us when we should, or should
not, branch into distinctions. Locke.
2. To have in custody.
The crown of Stephanus, first king of Hungary, was al­
ways kept in the castle of Vicegrade. Knolles.
She kept the fatal key. Milton.
3. To preserve; not to let go.
These men of war that could keep rank, came with a per­
fect heart to Hebron. 1 Chron. xii. 38.
The Lord God merciful and gracious, keeping mercy for
thousands, forgiving iniquity. Exod. xxxiv. 7.
I spared it greatly, and have kept me a grape of the cluster,
and a plant of a great people. 2 Esdr. ix. 21.
4. To preserve in a state of security.
We passed by where the duke keeps his gallies. Addison.
5. To protect; to guard.
Behold I am with thee to keep thee. Gen. xxviii.
6. To guard from flight.
Paul dwelt with a soldier that kept him. Acts xxviii. 16.
7. To detain.
But what's the cause that keeps you here with me?
—That I may know what keeps me here with you.
Dryden.
8. To hold for another.
A man delivers money or stuff to keep. Exod. xxii. 7.
Reserv'd from night, and kept for thee in store. Milton.
9. To reserve; to conceal.
Some are so close and reserved, as they will not shew their
wares but by a dark light; and seem always to keep back
somewhat. Bacon's Essays, No. 27.
10. To tend.
God put him in the garden of Eden to keep it. Gen. ii. 15.
While in her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor, it
chanced that a merchant saw and liked her. Carew.
Count it thine
To till and keep, and of the fruit to eat. Milton.
11. To preserve in the same tenour or state.
To know the true state, I will keep this order. Bacon.
Take this at least, this last advice my son,
Keep a stiff rein, and move but gently on:
The coursers of themselves will run too fast,
Your art must be to moderate their haste. Addison's Ovid.
12. To regard; to attend.
While the stars and course of heav'n I keep,
My weary'd eyes were seiz'd with fatal sleep. Dryden.
If that idea be steadily kept to, the distinction will easily
be conceived. Locke.
13. To not suffer to fail.
My mercy will I keep for him for ever. Psal. lxxxix.
Shall truth fail to keep her word? Milton.
14. To hold in any state.
Ingenuous shame, and the apprehensions of displeasure,
are the only true restraints: these alone ought to hold the
reins, and keep the child in order. Locke on Education.
Men are guilty of many faults in the exercise of this fa­
culty of the mind, which keep them in ignorance. Locke.
Happy souls! who keep such a sacred dominion over their
inferior and animal powers, that the sensitive tumults never
rise to disturb the superior and better operations of the rea­
soning mind. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
15. To retain by some degree of force in any place or state.
Plexirtus, said he, this wickedness is found by thee; no
good deeds of mine have been able to keep it down in thee.
Sidney, b. ii.
It is hardly to be thought that any governor should so much
malign his successor, as to suffer an evil to grow up which he
might timely have kept under; or perhaps nourish it with
coloured countenance of such sinister means. Spenser.
What old acquaintance! could not all this flesh
Keep in a little life? Poor Jack, farewel. Shakespeare.
Venus took the guard of noble Hector's corse,
And kept the dogs off: night and day applying sovereign
force
Of rosy balms, that to the dogs were horrible in taste.
Chapman's Iliad.
The Chinese sail where they will; which sheweth that
their law of keeping out strangers is a law of pusillanimity and
fear. Bacon's New Atlantis.
And those that cannot live from him asunder,
Ungratefully shall strive to keep him under. Milton.
If any ask me what wou'd satisfy,
To make life easy, thus I would reply:
As much as keeps out hunger, thirst, and cold. Dryden.
Matters, recommended by our passions, take possession of
our minds, and will not be kept out. Locke.
Prohibited commodities should be kept out, and useless
ones impoverish us by being brought in. Locke.
An officer with one of these unbecoming qualities, is look­
ed upon as a proper person to keep off impertinence and soli­
citation from his superior. Addison's Spectator.
And if two boots keep out the weather,
What need you have two hides of leather. Prior.
We have it in our power to keep in our breaths, and to
suspend the efficacy of this natural function. Cheyne.
16. To continue any state or action.
The house of Ahaziah had no power to keep still the king­
dom. 2 Chron. xxii. 9.
Men gave ear, waited, and kept silence at my counsel.
Job. xxix. 21.
Auria made no stay, but still kept on his course, and with
a fair gale came directly towards Carone. Knolles.
It was then such a calm, that the ships were not able to
keep way with the gallies. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The moon that distance keeps till night. Milton.
An heap of ants on a hillock will more easily be kept to an
uniformity in motion than these. Glanville's Scep.
He dy'd in fight:
Fought next my person; as in consort fought:
Kept pace for pace, and blow for blow. Dryden.
He, being come to the estate, keeps on a very busy fami­
ly; the markets are weekly frequented, and the commodi­
ties of his farm carried out and sold. Locke.
Invading foes, without resistance,
With ease I make to keep their distance. Swift.
17. To preserve in any state.
My son, keep the flower of thine age sound. Ecclus. xxvi.
18. To practise; to use habitually.
I rule the family very ill, and keep bad hours. Pope.
19. To copy carefully.
Her servants eyes were fix'd upon her face,
And as she mov'd or turn'd, her motions view'd,
Her measures kept, and step by step pursu'd. Dryden.
20. To observe any time.
This shall be for a memorial; and you shall keep it
a feast to the Lord. Exod. xii. 14.
That day was not in silence holy kept. Milton.
21. To observe; not to violate.
It cannot be,
The king should keep his word in loving us;
He will suspect us still, and find a time
To punish this offence in other faults. Shakespeare.
Sworn for three years term to live with me,
My fellow scholars; and to keep those statutes
That are recorded in this schedule here. Shakespeare.
Lord God, there is none like thee: who keepest covenant
and mercy with thy servants. 1 Kings viii. 23.
Lord God of Israel, keep with thy servant that thou pro­
misedst him. 1 Kings viii. 25.
Obey and keep his great command. Milton.
His promise Palamon accepts; but pray'd
To keep it better than the first he made. Dryden.
My debtors do not keep their day,
Deny their hands and then refuse to pay. Dryden's Juv.


My wishes are,
That Ptolemy may keep his royal word. Dryden.
22. To maintain; to support with necessaries of life.
Much more affliction than already felt
They cannot well impose, nor I sustain,
If they intend advantage of my labours,
The work of many hands, which earns my keeping. Milt.
23. To have in the house.
Base tyke, call'st thou me host? I scorn the term; nor
shall my Nell keep lodgers. Shakespeare's Henry V.
24. Not to intermit.
Keep a sure watch over a shameless daughter, lest she make
thee a laughing-stock to thine enemies, and a bye-word in
the city. Ecclus. xli. 11.
Not keeping strictest watch as she was warn'd. Milton.
25. To maintain; to hold.
They were honourably brought to London, where every
one of them kept house by himself. Hayward.
Twelve Spartan virgins, noble, young, and fair,
To the pompous palace did resort,
Where Menelaus kept his royal court. Dryden.
26. To remain in; not to leave a place.
I pry'thee, tell me, doth he keep his bed. Shakespeare.
27. Not to reveal; not to betray.
A fool cannot keep counsel. Ecclus. viii. 17.
Great are thy virtues, though kept from man. Milton.
If he were wise, he would keep all this to himself. Tillots.
28. To restrain; to with-hold.
If any rebel or vain spirit of mine
Did, with the least affection of a welcome,
Give entertainment to the might of it;
Let heav'n for ever keep it from my head. Shakespeare.
Some obscure passages in the inspir'd volume keep from the
knowledge of divine mysteries. Boyle on Scripture.
If the God of this world did not blind their eyes, it would
be impossible, so long as men love themselves, to keep them
from being religious. Tillotson's Sermons.
There is no virtue children should be excited to, nor fault
they should be kept from, which they may not be convinced
of by reasons. Locke on Education.
If a child be constantly kept from drinking cold liquor whilst
he is hot, the custom of forbearing will preserve him. Locke.
By this they may keep them from little faults. Locke.
29. To debar from any place.
Ill fenc'd for heav'n to keep out such a foe. Milton.
30. To KEEP back. To reserve; to with-hold.
Whatsoever the Lord shall answer, I will declare: I will
keep nothing back from you. Jer. xlii. 4.
31. To KEEP back. To with-hold; to restrain.
Keek back thy servant from presumptuous sins. Psal. xix.
32. To KEEP company. To frequent any one; to accompany.
Heav'n doth know, so shall the world perceive,
That I have turn'd away my former self,
So will I those that kept me company. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Why should he call her whore? Who keeps her com­
pany?
What place? what time? Shakesp. Othello.
What mean'st thou, bride! this company to keep?
To sit up, till thou fain would sleep? Donne.
Neither will I wretched thee
In death forsake, but keep thee company. Dryden.
33. To KEEP company with. To have familiar intercourse.
A virtuous woman is obliged not only to avoid immodesty,
but the appearance of it; and she could not approve of a
young woman keeping company with men, without the permis­
sion of father or mother. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
34. To KEEP in. To conceal; not to tell.
I perceive in you so excellent a touch of modesty, that you
will not extort from me what I am willing to keep in. Shak.
Syphax, your zeal becomes importunate:
I've hitherto permitted it to rave,
And talk at large; but learn to keep it in,
Lest it should take more freedom than I'll give it. Addison.
35. To KEEP in. To restrain; to curb.
If thy daughter be shameless, keep her in straightly, lest
she abuse herself through over-much liberty. Ecclus. xxvi. 13.
It will teach them to keep in, and so master their inclina­
tions. Locke on Education.
36. To KEEP off. To bear to distance; not to admit.
37. To KEEP off. To hinder.
A superficial reading, accompanied with the common opi­
nion of his invincible obscurity, has kept off some from seek­
ing in him the coherence of his discourse. Locke.
38. To KEEP up. To maintain without abatement.
Land kept up its price, and sold for more years purchase
than corresponded to the interest of money. Locke.
This restraint of their tongues will keep up in them the re­
spect and reverence due to their parents. Locke.
Albano keeps up its credit still for wine. Addison.
This dangerous dissension among us we keep up and cherish
with much pains. Addison's Freeholder, No. 34.
The ancients were careful to coin money in due weight
and fineness, and keep it up to the standard. Arbuthnot.
39. To KEEP up. To continue; to hinder from ceasing.
You have enough to keep you alive, and to keep up and
improve your hopes of heaven. Taylor's holy living.
In joy, that which keeps up the action is the desire to con­
tinue it. Locke.
Young heirs, from their own reflecting upon the estates
they are born to, are of no use but to keep up their families,
and transmit their lands and houses in a line to posterity.
Addison's Spect. No. 123.
During his studies and travels he kept up a punctual corre­
spondence with Eudoxus. Addison.
40. To KEEP under. To oppress; to subdue.
O happy mixture! whereby things contrary do so qualify
and correct the one the danger of the other's excess, that
neither boldness can make us presume, as long as we are
kept under with the sense of our own wretchedness; nor,
while we trust in the mercy of God through Christ Jesus,
fear be able to tyrannize over us. Hooker, b. v.
Truth may be smothered a long time, and kept under by
violence; but it will break out at last. Stillingfleet.
To live like those that have their hope in another life, im­
plies, that we keep under our appetites, and do not let them
loose into the enjoyments of sense. Atterbury's Sermons.

To KEEP. v. n.
1. To remain by some labour or effort in a certain state.
With all our force we kept aloof to sea,
And gain'd the island where our vessels lay. Pope's Odys.
A man that cannot fence will keep out of bullies and game­
sters company. Locke on Education.
2. To continue in any place or state; to stay.
She would give her a lesson for walking so late, that should
make her keep within doors for one fortnight. Sidney.
What! keep a week away? seven days and nights?
Eightscore hours? and lovers absent hours.
Oh weary reckoning. Shakespeare's Othello.
I think, it is our way,
If we will keep in favour with the king,
To be her men, and wear her livery. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Thou shalt keep fast by my young men, until they have
ended. Ruth ii. 21.
The necessity of keeping well with the maritime powers,
will persuade them to follow our measures. Temple.
On my better hand Ascanius hung,
And with unequal paces tript along:
Creusa kept behind. Dryden's Æneis.
The goddess born in secret pin'd;
Nor visited the camp, nor in the council join'd;
But keeping close, his gnawing heart he fed
With hopes of vengeance. Dryden's Homer.
And while it keeps there, it keeps within our author's limi­
tation. Locke.
There are cases in which a man must guard, if he intends
to keep fair with the world, and turn the penny. Collier.
The endeavours Achilles used to meet with Hector, the
contrary endeavours of the Trojan to keep out of reach are
the intrigue. Pope's View of Epick Poetry.
3. To remain unhurt; to last.
Disdain me not, although I be not fair:
Doth beauty keep which never sun can burn,
Nor storms do turn? Sidney, b. i.
Grapes will keep in a vessel half full of wine, so that the
grapes touch not the wine. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will
not keep. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. To dwell; to live constantly.
A breath thou art,
Servile to all the skiey influences,
That do this habitation, where thou keepst,
Hourly afflict. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Knock at the study, where, they say, he keeps,
To ruminate strange plots of dire revenge. Shakespeare.
5. To adhere strictly.
Did they keep to one constant dress they would sometimes
be in fashion, which they never are. Addison's Spect.
It is so whilst we keep to our rule; but when we forsake
that, we go astray. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
6. To KEEP on. To go forward.
So chearfully he took the doom;
Nor shrunk, nor stept from death,
But, with unalter'd pace, kept on. Dryden.
7. To KEEP up. To continue undismayed.
He grew sick of a consumption; yet he still kept up, that
he might free his country. Dryden's Life of Cleomenes.
8. The general idea of this word is care, continuance, or du­
ration.

KEEP. n. s.  [from the verb.]
1. Custody; guard.
Pan, thou god of shepherds all,
Which of our lambkins takest keep;
And when our flocks into mischance doth fall,
Doest save from mischief the unwary sheep. Spenser.


The prison strong,
Within whose keep the captive knights were laid:
Was one partition of the palace-wall. Dryden.
2. Guardianship; restraint.
Youth is least looked into when they stand in most need
of good keep and regard. Ascham.

KE’EPER. n. s.  [from keep.]
1. One who holds any thing for the use of another.
The good old man having neither reason to dissuade, nor
hopes to persuade, received the things with the mind of a
keeper, not of an owner. Sidney.
2. One who has prisoners in custody.
The keeper of the prison, call to him. Shakespeare.
Io now
With horns exalted stands, and seems to lowe:
A noble charge; her keeper by her side
To watch her walks his hundred eyes apply'd. Dryden.
A pleasant beverage he prepar'd before,
Of wine and water mix'd, with added store
Of opium; to his keeper this he brought,
Who swallowed unaware the sleepy draught. Dryden.
3. One who has the care of parks, or beasts of chase.
There is an old tale goes, that Herne the hunter,
Sometime a keeper here in Windsor forest,
Doth all the Winter-time, at still of midnight,
Walk round about an oak with ragged horns. Shakesp.
The first fat buck of all the season's sent,
And keeper takes no fee in compliment. Dryden.
4. One that has the superintendence or care of any thing.
Hilkiah went unto Hildah, keeper of the wardrobe. 2 King.

KE’EPER of the great seal. [custos magni sigilli, Latin.] Is a lord
by his office, and called lord keeper of the great seal of Eng­
land, &c. and is of the king's privy-council, under whose
hands pass all charters, commissions, and grants of the king,
strengthened by the great or broad seal, without which seal
all such instruments by law are of no force; for the king is,
in interpretation and intendment of law, a corporation, and
therefore passeth nothing firmly, but under the great seal.
This lord keeper, by the statute of 5 Eliz. c. 18. hath the
like jurisdiction, and all other advantages, as hath the lord
chancellor of England. Cowell.

KE’EPERSHIP. n. s.  [from keeper.] Office of a keeper.
The common gaol of the shire is kept at Launceston:
this keepership is annexed to the constableship of the castle.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

KEG. n. s.  [caque, French.] A small barrel, commonly used
for a fish barrel.

KELL. n. s. A sort of pottage. Ains. It is so called in Scot­
land, being a soupe made with shreded greens.

KELL. n. s. The omentum; that which inwraps the guts.
The very weight of bowels and kell, in fat people, is the
occasion of a rupture. Wiseman's Surgery.

KELP. n. s. A salt produced from calcined sea-weed.
In making alum, the workmen use the ashes of a sea-weed
called kelp, and urine. Boyle on Colours.

KE’LSON. n. s.  [more properly keelson.] The wood next the
keel.
We have added close pillars in the royal ships, which be­
ing fastened from the kelson to the beams of the second deck,
keep them from settling, or giving way. Raleigh.

KE’LTER. n. s.  [He is not in kelter, that is, he is not ready;
from kilter, to gird, Danish. Skinner.]

To KEMB. v. a.  [cœmban, Saxon; kammen, German: now
written, perhaps less properly, to comb.] To separate or dis­
entangle by a denticulated instrument.
Yet are the men more loose than they,
More kemb'd and bath'd, and rubb'd and trim'd,
More sleek. Benj. Johnson.
Thy head and hair are sleek;
And then thou kemb'st the tuzzes on thy cheek. Dryden.

KEN

To KEN. v. a.  [cennan, Saxon; kennan, Dutch, to know.]
1. To see at a distance; to descry.
At once as far as angels ken, he views
The dismal situation, waste and wild. Milton's Par. Lost.
The next day about evening we saw, within a kenning, be­
fore us thick clouds, which did put us in some hope of land.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
If thou ken'st from far,
Among the Pleiads, a new-kindled star;
'Tis she that shines in that propitious light. Dryden.
We ken them from afar, the setting sun
Plays on their shining arms. Addison.
2. To know.
'Tis he, I ken the manner of his gate. Shakesp.
Now plain I ken whence love his rise begun:
Sure he was born some bloody butcher's son,
Bred up in shambles. Gay's Past.

KEN. n. s.  [from the verb.] View; reach of sight.
Lo! within a ken, our army lies. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When from the mountain top Pisanio shew'd thee,
Thou wast within a ken. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
It was a hill
Of paradise the highest; from whose top
The hemisphere of earth, in clearest ken,
Stretch'd out to th' amplest reach of prospect, lay. Milton.
He soon
Saw within ken a glorious angel stand. Milton.
Rude, as their ships, was navigation then;
No useful compass or meridian known:
Coasting they kept the land within their ken,
And knew the North but when the pole-star shone. Dryd.
When we consider the reasons we have to think, that what
lies within our ken is but a small part of the universe, we
shall discover an huge abyss of ignorance. Locke.

KE’NNEL. n. s.  [chenil, French.]
1. A cot for dogs.
A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to describe
his kennel. Sidney.
From forth the kennel of thy womb hath crept
A hell-hound, that doth hunt us all to death. Shakesp.
The seditious remain within their station, which, by rea­
son of the nastiness of the beastly multitude, might be more
fitly termed a kennel than a camp. Hayward.
2. A number of dogs kept in a kennel.
A little herd of England's tim'rous deer,
Maz'd with a yelping kennel of French curs. Shakespeare.
3. The hole of a fox, or other beast.
4. [Kennel, Dutch; chenal, Fr. canalis, Latin.] The water­
course of a street.
Bad humours gather to a a bile; or, as divers kennels flow
to one sink, so in short time their numbers increased. Hayw.
He always came in so dirty, as if he had been dragged
through the kennel at a boarding-school. Arbuthnot.

To KE’NNEL. v. n.  [from kennel.] To lie; to dwell: used of
beasts, and of man in contempt.
Yet, when they list, would creep,
If ought disturb'd their noise, into her womb,
And kennel there; yet there still bark'd and howl'd
Within, unseen. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
The dog kennelled in a hollow tree, and the cock roosted
upon the boughs. L'Estrange's Fables.

KEPT. pret. and part. pass. of keep.

KER

KERCHE’IF. n. s.  [covrechief, Chaucer; couvre, to cover, and
chef, the head; and hence a handkercheif to wipe the face
or hands.]
1. A head dress.
I see how thine eye would emulate the diamond; thou
hast the right arched bent of the brow, that becomes the
tire vailant.
—A plain kerchief, Sir John; my brows become nothing
else. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The proudest kerchief of the court shall rest
Well satisfy'd of what they love the best. Dryden.
2. Any cloath used in dress.
O! what a time have you chose out, brave Caius,
To wear a kerchief. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Every man had a large kercheif folded about the neck.
Hayward.

KERCHE’IFED. adj.  [from kercheif.] Dressed; hooded.

KERCHE’IFT. adj.  [from kercheif.] Dressed; hooded.
The evening comes
Kercheift in a comely cloud,
While racking winds are piping loud. Milton.

KERF. n. s.  [ceorfan, Saxon, to cut.]
The sawn-away slit between two pieces of stuff is called a
kerf. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

KE’RMES. n. s.
Kermes is a roundish body, of the bigness of a pea, and
of a brownish red colour, covered when most perfect with a
purplish grey dust. It contains a multitude of little distinct
granules, soft, and when crushed yield a scarlet juice. It is
found adhering to a kind of holm oak, and till lately was
generally understood to be a vegetable excrescence; but we
now know it to be the extended body of an animal parent,
filled with a numerous offspring, which are the little red
granules. Hill.

KERN. n. s.  [an Irish word.] Irish foot soldier; an Irish boor.
Out of the fry of these rake-hell horseboys, growing up
in knavery and villainy, are their kearn supplied. Spenser.
No sooner justice had with valour arm'd,
Compell'd these skipping kernes to trust their heels,
But the Norweyan lord, surveying advantage,
Began a fresh assault. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
If in good plight these Northern kerns arrive,
Then does fortune promise fair. Philips's Briton.

KERN. n. s. A hand-mill consisting of two pieces of stone, by
which corn is ground. It is still used in some parts of Scotland.

To KERN. v. n.  [probably from kernel, or, by change of a
vowel, corrupted from corn.]
1. To harden as ripened corn.
When the price of corn falleth, men break no more
ground than will supply their own turn, wherethrough it
falleth out that an ill kerned or saved harvest soon emptieth
their old store. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.


2. To take the form of grains; to granulate.
The principal knack is in making the juice, when suffi­
ciently boiled, to kern or granulate. Grew.

KE’RNEL. n. s.  [cyrnel, a gland, Saxon; karne, Dutch;
cerneau, French.]
The edible substance contained in a shell.
As brown in hue
As hazle nuts, and sweeter than the kernels. Shakespeare.
There can be no kernel in this light nut; the soul of this
man is his clothes. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
The kernel of the nut serves them for bread and meat, and
the shells for cups. More.
2. Any thing included in a husk or integument.
The kernel of a grape, the fig's small grain,
Can cloath a mountain, and o'ershade a plain. Denham.
Oats are ripe when the straw turns yellow and the kernel
hard. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. The seeds of pulpy fruits.
I think he will carry this island home in his pocket, and
give it his son for an apple.—And sowing the kernels of it in
the sea, bring forth more islands. Shakes. Tempest.
The apple inclosed in wax was as fresh as at the first putting
in, and the kernels continued white. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
4. The central part of any thing upon which the ambient strata
are concreted.
A solid body in the bladder makes the kernel of a stone. Arb.
5. Knobby concretions in childrens flesh.

To KE’RNEL. v. n,  [from the noun.] To ripen to kernels.
In Staffordshire, garden-rouncivals sown in the fields kernel
well, and yield a good increase. Mortimer's Husbandry.

KE’RNELLY. adj.  [from kernel.] Full of kernels; having the
quality or resemblance of kernels.

KE’RNELWORT. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

KE’RSEY. n. s.  [karsaye, Dutch; carisée, French.] Coarse
stuff.
Taffata phrases, silken terms precise,
I do forswear them; and I here protest,
Henceforth my wooing mind shall be exprest
In russet yeas, and honest kersey noes. Shakespeare.
His lackey with a linnen stock on one leg, and a kersey
boot-hose on the other. Shakes. Taming of the Shrew.
The same wool one man felts it into a hat, another weaves
it into cloth, and another into kersey or serge. Hale.
Thy kersey doublet spreading wide,
Drew Cic'ly's eye aside. Gay.

KEST. The preter tense of cast. It is still used in Scotland.
Only that noise heav'ns rolling circles kest. Fairfax.

KE’STREL. n. s. A little kind of bastard hawk. Hanmer.
In his kestrel kind,
A pleasing vein of glory, vain did find,
To which his flowing tongue, and troublous sprit,
Gave him great aid. Fairy Queen.
Kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks. Bacon.

KETCH. n. s.  [from caicchio, Italian, a barrel.] A heavy
ship.
I wonder
That such a ketch can with his very bulk
Take up the rays o' th' beneficial sun,
And keep it from the earth. Shak. Henry VIII.

KE’TTLE. n. s.  [cetl, Saxon; ketel, Dutch.] A vessel in
which liquor is boiled. In the kitchen the name of pot is
given to the boiler that grows narrower towards the top, and
of kettle to that which grows wider. In authors they are
confounded.
The fire thus form'd, she sets the kettle on;
Like burnish'd gold the little seether shone. Dryden.

KE’TTLEDRUM. n. s.  [kettle and drum.] A drum of which
the head is spread over a body of brass.
As he drains his draughts of Rhenish down,
The kettledrum and trumpet thus bray out
The triumph of his pledge. Shakesp. Hamlet.

KEY

KEY. n. s.  [cœg, Saxon.]
1. An instrument formed with cavities correspondent to the
wards of a lock, by which the bolt of a lock is pushed forward
or backward.
If a man were porter of hellgate, he should have old turn­
ing the key. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Fortune, that arrant whore,
Ne'er turns the key to th' poor. Shak. King Lear.
Poor key cold figure of a holy king!
Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster. Shakes. Rich. III.
The glorious standard last to heav'n they spread,
With Peter's keys ennobled and his crown. Fairfax.
Yet some there be, that by due steps aspire
To lay their just hands on that golden key,
That opes the palace of eternity. Milton.
Conscience is its own counsellor, the sole master of its own
secrets; and it is the privilege of our nature, that every man
should keep the key of his own breast. South's Sermons.
He came, and knocking thrice, without delay
The longing lady heard, and turn'd the key. Dryden.
I keep her in one room, I lock it;
The key, look here, is in this pocket. Prior.
2. An instrument by which something is screwed or turned.
Hide the key of the jack. Swift.
3. An explanation of any thing difficult.
An emblem without a key to't, is no more than a tale of a
tub. L'Estrange.
These notions, in the writings of the ancients darkly deli­
vered, receive a clearer light when compared with this theory,
which represents every thing plainly, and is a key to their
thoughts. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key
of books. Locke.
4. The parts of a musical instrument which are struck with the
fingers.
Pamela loves to handle the spinnet, and touch the keys. Pam.
5. [In musick.] Is a certain tone whereto every composition,
whether long or short, ought to be fitted; and this key is said
to be either flat or sharp, not in respect of its own nature,
but with relation to the flat or sharp third, which is joined
with it. Harris.
Hippolita, I woo'd thee with my sword,
And won thy love, doing thee injuries;
But I will wed thee in another key,
With pomp, with triumph, and with revelling. Shakesp.
But speak you with a sad brow? Or do you play the
flouting Jack? Come, in what key shall a man take you to
go in the song? Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
Not know my voice! Oh, time's extremity!
Hast thou so crack'd and splitted my poor tongue
In sev'n short years, that here my only son
Knows not my feeble key of untun'd cares? Shakespeare.
6. [Kaye, Dutch; quai, French.] A bank raised perpendicular
for the ease of lading and unlading ships.
A key of fire ran along the shore,
And lighten'd all the river with a blaze. Dryden.

KE’YAGE. n. s.  [from key.] Money paid for lying at the
key. Ainsworth.

KEYHO’LE. n. s.  [key and hole.] The perforation in the door
or lock through which the key is put.
Make doors fast upon a woman's wit, and it will out at the
casement; shut that, and 'twill out at the keyhole. Shakespeare.
I looked in at the keyhole, and saw a well-made man. Tatler.
I keep her in one room; I lock it;
The key, look here, is in this pocket;
The keyhole is that left? Most certain. Prior.

KEYSTO’NE. n. s.  [key and stone.] The middle stone of an
arch.
If you will add a keystone and chaptrels to the arch, let the
breadth of the upper part of the keystone be the height of the
arch. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

KIBE. n. s.  [from kerb, a cut, German, Skinner; from kibwe,
Welsh, Minshew.] An ulcerated chilblain; a chap in the
heel caused by the cold.
If 'twere a kibe, 'twould put me to my slipper. Shakesp.
The toe of the peasant comes so near the heel of our cour­
tier, that it galls his kibe. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
One boast of the cure, calling them a few kibes. Wiseman.

KI’BED. adj.  [from kibe.] Troubled with kibes: as kibed heels.

KIC

To KICK. v. a.  [kauchen, German; calco, Latin.] To strike
with the foot.
He must endure and digest all affronts, adore the foot that
kicks him, and kiss the hand that strikes him. South.
It anger'd Turenne once upon a day,
To see a footman kick'd that took his pay. Pope.
Another, whose son had employments at court, that valued
not, now and then, a kicking or a caning. Swift.

To KICK. v. n. To beat the foot in anger or contempt.
Wherefore kick ye at my sacrifice, which I have com­
manded? 1 Sa. ii. 29.
Jeshurun waxed fat and kicked. Deutr. xxxii. 15.
The doctrines of the holy Scriptures are terrible enemies to
wicked men, and this is that which makes them kick against
religion, and spurn at the doctrines of that holy book. Tillots.

KICK. n. s.  [from the verb.] A blow with the foot.
What, are you dumb? Quick, with your answer, quick,
Before my foot salutes you with a kick. Dryd. Juvenal.

KI’CKER. n. s.  [from kick.] One who strikes with his foot.

KI’CKSHAW. n. s.  [This word is supposed, I think with truth,
to be only a corruption of quelque chose, something; yet Milton
seems to have understood it otherwise; for he writes it kick­
shoe, and seems to think it used in contempt of dancing.]
1. Something uncommon; fantastical; something ridiculous.
Shall we need the monsieurs of Paris to take our hopeful
youth into their slight and prodigal custodies, and send them
over back again transformed into mimicks, apes, and kick­
shoes? Milton.
2. A dish so changed by the cookery that it can scarcely be
known.
Some pigeons, a couple of short-legged hens, a joint of
mutton, and any pretty little tiny kickshaws. Shakes. H. IV.
In wit, as well as war, they give us vigour;
Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup-meagre. Fenton.

KI’CKSY-WICKSEY. n. s.  [from kick and wince.] A made word
in ridicule and disdain of a wife. Hanmer.


He wears his honour in a box, unseen,
That hugs his kicksy-wicksey here at home,
Spending his manly marrow in her arms. Shakespeare.

KID. n. s.  [kid, Danish.]
1. The young of a goat.
Leaping like wanton kids in pleasant spring. Fa. Queen.
There was a herd of goats with their young ones, upon
which sight sir Richard Graham tells, he would snap one of
the kids, and carry him close to their lodging. Wotton.
Sporting the lion ramp'd, and in his paw
Dandled the kid. Milton.
So kids and whelps their sires and dams express;
And so the great I measur'd by the less. Dryden's Virgil.
2. [From cidwlen, Welsh, a faggot.] A bundle of heath or
furze.

To KID. v. a.  [from the noun.] To bring forth kids.

KI’DDER. n. s. An ingrosser of corn to enhance its price. Ains.

To KIDNA’P. v. a.  [from kind, Dutch, a child, and nap.] To
steal children; to steal human beings.

KIDNA’PPER. n. s.  [from kidnap.] One who steals human
beings.
The man compounded with the merchant, upon condition
that he might have his child again; for he had smelt it out,
that the merchant himself was the kidnapper. L'Estrange.
These people lye in wait for our children, and may be con­
sidered as a kind of kidnappers within the law. Spectator.

KI’DNEY. n. s.  [Etymology unknown.]
1. These are two in number, one on each side: they have the
same figure as kidneybeans: their length is four or five fingers,
their breadth three, and their thickness two: the right is un­
der the liver, and the left under the spleen. The use of the
kidneys is to separate the urine from the blood, which, by the
motion of the heart and arteries, is thrust into the emulgent
branches, which carry it to the little glands, by which the
ferosity being separated, is received by the orifice of the little
tubes, which go from the glands to the pelvis, and from thence
it runs by the ureters into the bladder. Quincy.
A youth laboured under a complication of diseases, from his
mesentery and kidneys. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Race; kind: in ludicrous language.
Think of that, a man of my kidney; think of that, that
am as subject to heat as butter; a man of continual dissolution
and thaw. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
There are millions in the world of this man's kidney, that
take up the same resolution without noise. L'Estrange.

KI’DNEYBEAN. n. s.  [so named from its shape.]
It hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose empalement
rises the pointal, which becomes a long pod, inclosing several
seeds, which are shaped almost like a kidney: it has pinnated
leaves, consisting of an unequal number of lobes. Miller.
Kidneybeans are a sort of cod ware, that are very pleasant
wholesome food. Mortimer's Husbandry.

KI’DNEYVETCH. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

KI’DNEYWORT. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

KIL

KI’LDERKIN. n. s.  [kindekin, a baby, Dutch.] A small barrel.
Make in the kilderkin a great bung-hole of purpose. Bacon.
A tun of man in thy large bulk is writ;
But sure thou'rt but a kilderkin of wit. Dryden.

To KILL. v. a.  [Anciently To quell; cwellan, Saxon; kelen,
Dutch.]
1. To deprive of life; to put to death as an agent.
Dar'st thou resolve to kill a friend of mine?
—Please you, I'd rather kill two enemies. Shakes. R. III.
Ye have brought us forth into this wilderness, to kill this
whole assembly with hunger. Ex. xvi. 3.
There was killing of young and old, making away of men,
women, and children. 2 Mac. v. 13.
2. To destroy animals for food.
We're mere usurpers, tyrants, and what's worse,
To fright the animals, and to kill them up
In their assign'd and native dwelling place. Shakespeare.
Thou shalt kill of thy herd, and of thy flock. Deutr. xii.
Shall I take my bread, and my flesh that I have killed for my
shearers? 1 Sa. xxv. 11.
3. To deprive of life as a cause or instrument.
The medicines which go to the magical ointments, if they
were used inwards, would kill those that use them; and there­
fore they work potently, though outwards. Bacon.
4. To deprive of vegetative or other motion, or active qualities.
Try with oil, or barm of drink, so they be such things as
kill not the bough. Bacon's Natural History.
Catharticks of mercurials mix with all animal acids, as ap­
pears by killing it with spittle. Floyer on the Humours.

KI’LLER. n. s.  [from kill.] One that deprives of life.
What sorrow, what amazement, what shame was in Am­
phialus, when he saw his dear foster-father find him the killer
of his only son! Sidney.
Wilt thou for the old lion hunt, or fill
His hungry whelps? and for the killer kill,
When couch'd in dreadful dens? Sandys.
So rude a time,
When love was held so capital a crime,
That a crown'd head could no compassion find,
But dy'd, because the killer had been kind. Waller.

KI’LLOW. n. s.  [This seems a corruption of coal and low, a
flame, as soot is thereby produced.]
An earth of a blackish or deep blue colour, and doubtless
had its name from kollow, by which name, in the North, the
smut or grime on the backs of chimneys is called. Woodward.

KILN. n. s.  [cyln, Saxon.] A stove; a fabrick formed for
admitting heat, in order to dry or burn things contained in
it.
What shall I do? I'll creep up into the chimney.——
There they always use to discharge their birding-pieces: creep
into the kiln hole. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
After the putting forth in sprouts, and the drying upon the
kiln, there will be gained a bushel in eight of malt. Bacon.
Physicians chuse lime which is newly drawn out of the
kiln, and not slacked. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To KI’LNDRY. v. a.  [kiln and dry.] To dry by means of a
kiln.
The best way is to kilndry them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

KILT for killed. Spenser.

KI’MBO. adj.  [a schembo, Italian.] Crooked; bent; arched.
The kimbo handles seem with bears-foot carv'd,
And never yet to table have been serv'd. Dryden's Virgil.
He observed them edging towards one another to whisper;
so that John was forced to sit with his arms a kimbo, to keep
them asunder. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

KIN

KIN. n. s.  [cynne, Saxon.]
1. Relation either of consanguinity or affinity.
You must use them with fit respects, according to the bonds
of nature; but you are of kin, and so a friend to their per­
sons, not to their errours. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Th' unhappy Palamon,
Whom Theseus holds in bonds, and will not free,
Without a crime, except his kin to me. Dryden.
2. Relatives; those who are of the same race.
Tumultuous wars
Shall kin with kin, and kind with kind confound. Shakesp.
The father, mother, and the kin beside,
Were overborn by fury of the tide. Dryden.
3. A relation; one related.
Then is the soul from God; so pagans say,
Which saw by nature's light her heavenly kind,
Naming her kin to God, and God's bright ray,
A citizen of heav'n, to earth confin'd. Davies.
4. The same generical class, though perhaps not the same spe­
cies; thing related.
The burst,
And the ear-deaf'ning voice of the oracle,
Kin to Jove's thunder, so surpriz'd my sense,
That I was nothing. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The odour of the fixed nitre is very languid; but that
which it discovers, being dissolved in a little hot water, is
altogether differing from the stink of the other, being of kin
to that of other alcalizate salts. Boyle.
5. A diminutive termination from kind, a child, Dutch: as, ma­
nikin, minikin.

KIND. adj.  [from cynne, relation, Saxon.]
1. Benevolent; filled with general good-will.
By the kind gods, 'tis most ignobly done
To pluck me by the beard. Shak. King Lear.
Some of the ancients, like kind hearted men, have talked
much of annual refrigeriums, or intervals of punishment to
the damned, as particularly on the great festivals of the resur­
rection and ascension. South's Sermons.
2. Favourable; beneficent.
He is kind to the unthankful and evil. Lu. vi. 35.

KIND. n. s.  [cynne, Saxon.]
1. Race; generical class. Kind in Teutonick English answers
to genus, and sort to species; though this distinction, in popular
language, is not always observed.
Thus far we have endeavoured in part to open of what na­
ture and force laws are, according to their kinds. Hooker.
As when the total kind
Of birds, in orderly array on wing,
Came summon'd over Eden, to receive
Their names of Thee. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. vi.
That both are animalia,
I grant; but not rationalia;
For though they do agree in kind,
Specifick difference we find. Hudibras, p. i.
God and nature do not principally concern themselves in
the preservation of particulars, but of kinds and companies.
South's Sermons.
He with his wife were only left behind
Of perish'd man; they two were human kind. Dryden.
I instance some acts of virtue common to Heathens and
Christians; but I suppose them to be performed by Christians,
after a more sublime manner than ever they were among the
Heathens; and even when they do not differ in kind from
moral virtues, yet differ in the degrees of perfection. Atterb.


He, with a hundred arts refin'd,
Shall stretch thy conquests over half the kind. Pope.
2. Particular nature.
No human laws are exempt from faults, since those that
have been looked upon as most perfect in their kind, have been
found, upon enquiry, to have so many. Baker.
3. Natural state.
He did, by edict, give the goods of all the prisoners unto
those that had taken them, either to take them in kind, or
compound for them. Bacon's Henry VII.
The tax upon tillage was often levied in kind upon corn,
and called decumæ, or tithes. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. Nature; natural determination.
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands,
And in the doing of the deed of kind,
He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes. Shakespeare.
Some of you, on pure instinct of nature,
Are led by kind t' admire your fellow-creature. Dryden.
5. Manner; way.
Send me your prisoners with the speediest means,
Or you shall hear in such a kind from me
As will displease you. Shakes. Henry IV.
This will encourage industrious improvements, because
many will rather venture in that kind than take five in the hun­
dred. Bacon's Essays.
6. Sort. It has a slight and unimportant sense.
Diogenes was asked, in a kind of scorn, what was the mat­
ter that philosophers haunted rich men, and not rich men phi­
losophers? He answered, because the one knew what they
wanted, the other did not. Bacon.

To KI’NDLE. v. a.
1. To set on fire; to light; to make to burn.
He will take thereof, and warm himself; yea, he kindleth it
and baketh bread. Is. xliv. 15.
I was not forgetful of those sparks, which some mens dis­
tempers formerly studied to kindle in parliaments. K. Charles.
If the fire burns vigorously, it is no matter by what means
it was at first kindled: there is the same force and the same re­
freshing virtue in it, kindled by a spark from a flint, as if it were
kindled from the sun. South's Sermons.
2. To inflame the passions; to exasperate; to animate; to heat;
to fire the mind.
I've been to you a true and humble wife;
At all times to your will conformable:
Ever in fear to kindle your dislike. Shakes. Henry VIII.
He hath kindled his wrath against me, and counteth me as
one of his enemies. Job xix. 11.
Thus one by one kindling each other's fire,
'Till all inflam'd, they all in one agree. Daniel's Civ. War.
Each was a cause alone, and all combin'd
To kindle vengeance in her haughty mind. Dryden.

To KI’NDLE. v. n.  [cinnu, Welsh; cyndelan, Saxon.]
1. To catch fire.
When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be
burnt, neither shall the flame kindle upon thee. Is. xliii. 2.
2. [From cennan, to bring forth, Saxon.]
Are you native of this place?
—As the coney that you see dwells where she is kindled. Shak.

KI’NDLER. n. s.  [from kindle.] One that lights; one who
inflames.
Now is the time that rakes their revels keep,
Kindlers of riot, enemies of sleep. Gay.

KI’NDLY. adv.  [from kind.]
1. Benevolently; favourably; with good will.
Sir Thurio borrows his wit from your ladyship's looks, and
spends what he borrows kindly in your company. Shakespeare.
I sometime lay here in Corioli,
At a poor man's house: he us'd me kindly. Shakesp. Coriol.
Be kindly affectioned one to another, with brotherly love,
in honour prefering one another. Ro. xii. 10.
His grief some pity, others blame;
The fatal cause all kindly seek. Prior.
Who, with less designing ends,
Kindlier entertain their friends;
With good words, and count'nance sprightly,
Strive to treat them all politely? Swift.

KI’NDLY. adj.  [from kind; probably from kind the substantive.]
1. Homogeneal; congeneal; kindred; of the same nature.
This competency I beseech God I may be able to digest
into kindly juice, that I may grow thereby. Hammond.
These soft fires
Not only enlighten, but with kindly heat,
Of various influence, foment and warm,
Temper or nourish. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. iv.
2. The foregoing sense seems to have been originally implied by
this word; but following writers, inattentive to its etymology,
confounded it with kind.
3. Bland; mild; softening.
Through all the living regions do'st thou move,
And scatter'st, where thou goest, the kindly seeds of love.
Dryden.
Ye heav'ns, from high the dewy nectar pour,
And in soft silence shed the kindly show'r! Pope.

KI’NDNESS. n. s.  [from kind.] Benevolence; beneficence;
good will; favour; love.
If there be kindness, meekness, or comfort in her tongue,
then is not her husband like other men. Ecclus. xxxvi. 23.
Old Lelius professes he had an extraordinary kindness for
several young people. Collier of Friendship.
Ever blest be Cytherea's shrine,
Since thy dear breast has felt an equal wound,
Since in thy kindness my desires are crown'd. Prior.
Love and inclination can be produced only by an expe­
rience or opinion of kindness to us. Rogers's Sermons.

KI’NDRED. n. s.  [from kin; cynrene, Saxon.]
1. Relation by birth or marriage; cognation; affinity.
Like her, of equal kindred to the throne,
You keep her conquests, and extend your own. Dryden.
2. Relation; sort.
His horse hipp'd with an old mothy saddle, and the stirrups
of no kindred. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
3. Relatives.
I think there is no man secure
But the queen's kindred. Shakesp. Richard III.
Nor needs thy juster title the foul guilt
Of Eastern kings, who, to secure their reign,
Must have their brothers, sons, and kindred slain. Denham.

KI’NDRED. adj. Congeneal; related; cognate.
From Tuscan Coritum he claim'd his birth;
But after, when exempt from mortal earth,
From thence ascended to his kindred skies
A god. Dryden.

KINE. n. s. plur. from cow.
To milk the kine,
E'er the milk-maid fine
Hath open'd her eyne. Ben. Johnson.
A field I went, amid' the morning dew,
To milk my kine. Gay.

KING. n. s.  [A contraction of the Teutonick word cuning, or
cyning, the name of sovereign dignity. In the primitive
tongue it signifies stout or valiant, the kings of most nations
being, in the beginning, chosen by the people on account of
their valour and strength. Verstegan.]
1. Monarch; supreme governour.
The great king of kings,
Hath in the table of his law commanded,
That thou shalt do no murder. Shakes. R. III.
A substitute shines brightly as a king,
Until a king be by; and then his state
Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
True hope is swift, and flies with swallows wings;
Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures kings. Shakesp.
The king becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
Bounty, persev'rance, mercy, lowliness,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude,
I have no relish of them. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Thus states were form'd; the name of king unknown,
'Till common int'rest plac'd the sway in one;
'Twas virtue only, or in arts or arms,
Diffusing blessings, or averting harms,
The same which in a sire the sons obey'd,
A prince the father of a people made. Pope.
2. It is taken by Bacon in the feminine: as prince also is.
Ferdinand and Isabella, kings of Spain, recovered the great
and rich kingdom of Granada from the Moors. Bacon.
3. A card with the picture of a king.
The king unseen
Lurk'd in her hand, and mourn'd his captive queen. Pope.
4. KING at Arms, or of heralds, a principal officer at arms,
that has the pre-eminence of the society; of whom there are
three in number, viz. Garter, Norroy, and Clarencieux.
Phillips.
A letter under his own hand was lately shewed me by sir
William Dugdale, king at arms. Walton.

To KING. v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To supply with a king.
England is so idly king'd,
Her sceptre so fantastically borne,
By a vain, giddy, shallow, humorous youth,
That fear attends her not. Shakespeare's Henry V.
2. To make royal; to raise to royalty.
Sometimes am I a king;
Then treason makes me wish myself a beggar,
And so I am: then crushing penury
Persuades me, I was better when a king;
Then am I king'd again. Shakespeare's Richard II.

KI’NGAPPLE. n. s. A kind of apple.
The kingapple is preferred before the jenneting. Mortimer.

KI’NGCRAFT. n. s.  [king and craft.] The act of governing.
A word commonly used by king James.



KI’NGCUP. n. s.  [king and cup.] A flower.
June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass green, and upon
his head a garland of bents, kingcups, and maidenhair. Peach.
Fair is the kingcup that in meadow blows,
Fair is the daisy that beside her grows. Gay.

KI’NGDOM. n. s.  [from king.]
1. The dominion of a king; the territories subject to a
monarch.
You're welcome,
Most learned, reverend sir, into our kingdom. Shakesp.
Moses gave unto them the kingdom of Sihon, king of the
Amorites, and the kingdom of Og, king of Bashan. Num. xxxii.
2. A different class or order of beings. A word chiefly used
among naturalists.
The animal and vegetable kingdoms are so nearly joined,
that if you take the lowest of one, and the highest of the
other, there will scarce be perceived any difference. Locke.
3. A region; a tract.
The wat'ry kingdom is no bar
To stop the foreign spirits; but they come,
As o'er a brook, to see fair Portia. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.

KI’NGFISHER. n. s. A species of bird.
When dew refreshing on the pasture fields
The moon bestows, kingfishers play on shore. May's Virgil.
Bitterns, herons, sea-gulls, kingfishers, and water-rats, are
great enemies to fish. Mortimer's Husbandry.

KI’NGLIKE. adj.  [from king.]

KI’NGLY. adj.  [from king.]
1. Royal; sovereign; monarchical.
There we'll sit,
Ruling in large and ample empery,
O'er France, and all her almost kingly dukedoms. Shakesp.
Yet this place
Had been thy kingly seat, and here thy race,
From all the ends of peopled earth, had come
To rev'rence thee. Dryden's State of Innocence.
In Sparta, a kingly government, though the people were
perfectly free, the administration was in the two kings and
the ephori. Swift.
The cities of Greece, when they drove out their tyranni­
cal kings, either chose others from a new family, or abolished
the kingly government, and became free states. Swift.
2. Belonging to a king.
Why liest thou with the vile
In loathsome beds, and leav'st the kingly couch
A watch-case to a common 'larum-bell? Shakesp. H. IV.
Then shalt thou give me with thy kingly hand,
What husband in thy power I will command. Shakespeare.
3. Noble; august.
He was not born to live a subject life, each action of his
bearing in it majesty, such a kingly entertainment, such a king­
ly magnificence, such a kingly heart for enterprizes. Sidney.
I am far better born than is the king;
More like a king, more kingly in my thoughts. Shakesp.

KI’NGLY. adv. With an air of royalty; with superiour dignity.
Adam bow'd low; he, kingly, from his state
Inclin'd not. Milt. Parad. Lost.
His hat, which never vail'd to human pride,
Walker with rev'rence took, and laid aside;
Low bow'd the rest, he, kingly, did but nod. Dunciad.

KINGSE’VIL. n. s.  [king and evil.] A scrofulous distemper, in
which the glands are ulcerated, commonly believed to be cured
by the touch of the king.
Sore eyes are frequently a species of the kingsevil, and take
their beginning from vicious humours inflaming the tunica
adnata. Wiseman's Surgery.

KI’NGSHIP. n. s.  [from king.] Royalty; monarchy.
They designed and proposed to me the new modelling of
sovereignty and kingship, without any reality of power, or
without any necessity of subjection and obedience. K. Charles.
We know how successful the late usurper was, while his
army believed him real in his zeal against kingship; but when
they found out the imposture, upon his aspiring to the same
himself, he was presently deserted and opposed by them, and
never able to crown his usurped greatness with the addition of
that title which he passionately thirsted after. South.

KI’NGSPEAR. n. s. A plant.
The stalk is round, smooth, strong, and branchy; the
leaves like those of a leek, but stronger and narrower: the
flowers are divided commonly as far as the basis, naked, stel­
lated, and embracing the ovary like a calyx: the apex of the
ovary puts forth six stamina, and a long tube from the centre,
which becomes a roundish fruit, carnous, triangular, divided
into three partitions inclosing triangular seeds. Miller.

KI’NGSTONE. n. s. A fish. Ainsworth.

KI’NSFOLK. n. s.  [kin and folk.] Relations; those who are of
the same family.
Those lords, since their first grants of those lands, have
bestowed them amongst their kinsfolks. Spenser.
My kinsfolk have failed, and my familiar friends forgotten
me. Job xix. 14.

KI’NSMAN. n. s.  [kin and man.] A man of the same race or
family.
The jury he made to be chosen out of their nearest kinsmen,
and their judges he made of their own fathers. Spenser.
Both fair, and both of royal blood they seem'd,
Whom kinsmen to the crown the heralds deem'd. Dryden.
Let me stand excluded from my right,
Robb'd of my kinsman's arms, who first appear'd in fight.
Dryden's Fables.
There is a branch of the Medicis in Naples: the head of it
has been owned as a kinsman by the great duke, and 'tis thought
will succeed to his dominions. Addison on Italy.

KI’NSWOMAN. n. s.  [kin and woman.] A female relation.
A young noble lady, near kinswoman to the fair Helen,
queen of Corinth, was come thither. Sidney.
The duke was as much in love with wit as he was with his
kinswoman. Dennis's Letters.

KIRK. n. s.  [cyrce, Saxon; ϰυϱιαϰϰὴ.] An old word for a
church, yet retained in Scotland.
Home they hasten the posts to dight,
And all the kirk pillars ere day-light,
With hawthorn buds, and sweet eglantine. Spenser.
Nor is it all the nation hath these spots,
There is a church as well as kirk of Scots. Cleaveland.
What one party thought to rivet by the Scots, that the other
contemns, despising the kirk government and discipline of the
Scots. King Charles.

KI’RTLE. n. s.  [cyrtel, Saxon.] An upper garment; a gown.
All in a kirtle of discoloured say
He clothed was. Fairy Queen.
What stuff wilt thou have a kirtle of? Thou shalt have a
cap to-morrow. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Thy gowns, thy shoes, thy beds of roses,
Thy cap, thy kirtle, and thy poesies,
Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten,
In folly ripe, in reason rotten. Raleigh.

To KISS. v. a.  [cusan, Welsh; ϰύω.]
1. To touch with the lips.
But who those ruddy lips can miss,
Which blessed still themselves do kiss. Sidney.
He took
The bride about the neck, and kist her lips
With such a clamorous smack, that at the parting
All the church echo'd. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
Their lips were four red roses on a stalk,
And in their summer beauty kiss'd each other. Shak. R. III.
2. To treat with fondness.
The hearts of princes kiss obedience,
So much they love it; but to stubborn spirits,
They swell and grow as terrible as storms. Shak. H. VIII.
3. To touch gently.
The moon shines bright: in such a night as this,
When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees,
And they did make no noise. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.

KISS. n. s.  [from the verb.] Salute given by joining lips.
What sense had I of her stol'n hours or lust?
I found not Cassio's kisses on her lips. Shakes. Othello.
Upon my livid lips bestow a kiss:
O envy not the dead, they feel not bliss! Dryden.

KI’SSER. n. s.  [from kiss.] One that kisses.

KI’SSINGCRUST. n. s.  [kissing and crust.] Crust formed where
one loaf in the oven touches another.
These bak'd him kissingcrusts, and those
Brought him small beer. King's Cookery.

KIT

KIT. n. s.  [kitte, Dutch.]
1. A large bottle. Skinner.
2. A small diminutive fiddle.
'Tis kept in a case fitted to it, almost like a dancing-master's
kit. Grew's Musæum.
3. A small wooden vessel, in which Newcastle salmon is sent up
to town.

KI’TCHEN. n. s.  [kegin, Welsh; keg, Flemish; cycene, Sax.
cuisine, French; cucina, Italian; kyshen, Erse.] The room in
a house where the provisions are cooked.
These being culpable of this crime, or favourers of their
friends, which are such by whom their kitchens are sometimes
amended, will not suffer any such statute to pass. Spenser.
Can we judge it a thing seemly for any man to go about the
building of an house to the God of heaven, with no other ap­
pearance than if his end were to rear up a kitchen or a parlour
for his own use? Hooker.
He was taken into service in his court to a base office in his
kitchen; so that he turned a broach that had worn a crown. Bac.
We see no new built palaces aspire,
No kitchens emulate the vestal fire. Pope.

KI’TCHENGARDEN. n. s.  [kitchen and garden.] Garden in
which esculent plants are produced.
Gardens, if planted with such things as are fit for food, are
called kitchengardens. Bacon.
A kitchengarden is a more pleasant sight than the finest
orangery. Spectator.

KI’TCHENMAID. n. s.  [kitchen and maid.] A cookmaid.

KI’TCHENSTUFF. n. s.  [kitchen and stuff.] The fat of meat
scummed off the pot, or gathered out of the dripping-pan.


As a thrifty wench scrapes kitchenstuff,
And barreling the droppings and the snuff
Of wasting candles, which in thirty year,
Reliquely kept, perchance buys wedding cheer. Donne.
Instead of kitchenstuff some cry
A gospel preaching ministry. Hudibras.

KI’TCHENWENCH. n. s.  [kitchen and wench.] Scullion; maid
employed to clean the instruments of cookery.
Laura to his lady was but a kitchenwench. Shakespeare.
Roasting and boiling leave to the kitchenwench. Swift.

KI’TCHENWORK. n. s.  [kitchen and work.] Cookery; work
done in the kitchen.

KITE. n. s.  [cyta, Saxon.]
1. A bird of prey that infests the farms, and steals the chickens.
Ravenous crows and kites
Fly o'er our heads. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
More pity that the eagle should be mew'd,
While kites and buzzards prey at liberty. Shakes. R. III.
The heron, when she soareth high, so as sometimes she is
seen to pass over a cloud, sheweth winds; but kites, flying
aloft, shew fair and dry weather. Bacon.
A leopard and a cat seem to differ just as a kite doth from
an eagle. Grew.
2. A name of reproach denoting rapacity.
Detested kite! thou liest. Shakes. King Lear.
3. A fictitious bird made of paper.
A man may have a great estate conveyed to him; but if he
will madly burn, or childishly make paper kites of his deeds,
he forfeits his title with his evidence. Gov. of the Tongue.

KI’TESFOOT. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

KI’TTEN. n. s.  [katteken, Dutch.] A young cat.
That a mare will sooner drown than an horse is not expe­
rienced, nor is the same observed in the drowning of whelps
and kittens. Brown's Vulg. Err.
It was scratched in playing with a kitten. Wiseman.
Helen was just slipt into bed;
Her eyebrows on the toilet lay,
Away the kitten with them fled,
As fees belonging to her prey. Prior.

To KI’TTEN. v. n.  [from the noun.] To bring forth young cats.
So it would have done
At the same season, if your mother's cat
Had kitten'd, though yourself had ne'er been born. Shakesp.
The eagle timbered upon the top of a high oak, and the
cat kittened in the hollow trunk of it. L'Estrange.

To KLICK. v. n.  [from clack.]
1. To make a small sharp noise.
2. In Scotland it denotes to pilfer or steal away suddenly with a
snatch.

KNA

To KNAB. v. a.  [knappen, Dutch; knaap, Erse.] To bite.
Perhaps properly to bite something brittle, that makes a noise
when it is broken; so as that knab and knap may be the same.
I had much rather lie knabbing crusts, without fear, in my
own hole, than be mistress of the world with cares. L'Estran.
An ass was wishing, in a hard Winter, for a little warm
weather, and a mouthful of fresh grass to knab upon. L'Estr.

KNACK. n. s.  [cnec, Welsh, sly knavery; cnaringe, skill, Sax.]
1. A little machine; a petty contrivance; a toy.
When I was young, I was wont
To load my she with knacks: I would have ransack'd
The pedlar's silken treasury, and have pour'd it
To her acceptance. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
For thee, fond boy,
If I may ever know thou do'st but sigh
That thou no more shalt see this knack, as never
I mean thou shalt, we'll bar thee from success. Shakesp.
This cap was moulded on a porringer,
A velvet dish; fie, fie, 'tis lewd and filthy:
Why 'tis a cockle, or a walnut shell,
A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby's cap. Shakespeare.
But is't not presumption to write verse to you,
Who make the better poems of the two?
For all these pretty knacks that you compose,
Alas, what are they but poems in prose! Denham.
He expounded both his pockets,
And found a watch, with rings and lockets;
A copper-plate, with almanacks
Engrav'd upon't, with other knacks. Hudibras.
2. A readiness; an habitual facility; a lucky dexterity.
I'll teach you the knacks
Of eating of flax,
And out of their noses
Draw ribbands and posies. Ben. Johnson's Gypsies.
The knack of fast and loose passes with foolish people for a
turn of wit; but they are not aware all this while of the de­
sperate consequences of an ill habit. L'Estrange.
There is a certain knack in the art of conversation that gives
a good grace to many things, by the manner and address of
handling them. L'Estrange.
Knaves, who in full assemblies have the knack
Of turning truth to lies, and white to black. Dryden.
My author has a great knack at remarks: in the end he makes
another, about our refining in controversy, and coming nearer
and nearer to the church of Rome. Atterbury.
The dean was famous in his time,
And had a kind of knack at rhime. Swift.
3. A nice trick.
For how should equal colours do the knack?
Cameleons who can paint in white and black? Pope.

To KNACK. v. n.  [from the noun.] To make a sharp quick
noise, as when a stick breaks.

KNA’CKER. n. s.  [from knack.]
1. A maker of small work.
One part for plow-wright, cartwright, knacker, and smith.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A ropemaker. [Restio, Latin.] Ainsworth.

KNAG. n. s.  [knag, a wart, Danish. It is retain'd in Scotland.]
A hard knot in wood.

KNA’GGY. adj.  [from knag.] Knotty; set with hard rough knots.

KNAP. n. s.  [cnap, Welsh, a protuberance, or a broken piece;
cnæp, Saxon, a protuberance.] A protuberance; a swelling
prominence.
You shall see many fine seats set upon a knap of ground, en­
vironed with higher hills round about it, whereby the heat of
the sun is pent in, and the wind gathereth as in troughs. Bacon.

To KNAP. v. a.  [knappen, Dutch.]
1. To bite; to break short.
He knappeth the spear in sunder. Common Prayer.
He will knap the spears a-pieces with his teeth. More.
2. [Knaap, Erse.] To strike so as to make a sharp noise like
that of breaking.
Knap a pair of tongs some depth in a vessel of water, and
you shall hear the sound of the tongs. Bacon's Natural Hist.

To KNAP. v. n. To make a short sharp noise.
I reduced shoulders so soon, that the standers-by heard them
knap in before they knew they were out. Wiseman's Surgery.

To KNA’PPLE. v. n.  [from knap.] To break off with a sharp
quick noise. Ainsworth.

KNA’PSACK. n. s.  [from knappen, to eat.] The bag which a
soldier carries on his back; a bag of provisions.
The constitutions of this church shall not be repealed, 'till
I see more religious motives than soldiers carry in their knap­
sacks. King Charles.
If you are for a merry jaunt, I'll try for once who can foot
it farthest: there are hedges in Summer, and barns in Winter
to be found: I with my knapsack, and you with your bottle at
your back: we'll leave honour to madmen, and riches to
knaves, and travel 'till we come to the ridge of the world.
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

KNA’PWEED. n. s.  [jacea, Latin.]
This is one of the headed plants destitute of spines: the
cup is squamose; the borders of the leaves are equal, being
neither serrated nor indented: the florets round the border of
the head are barren; but those placed in the center are suc­
ceeded each by one seed, having a down adhering to it. There
are fifty species of this plant, thirteen of which grow wild in
England, and the rest are exoticks. Miller.

KNARE. n. s.  [knor, German.] A hard knot.
A cake of scurf lies baking on the ground,
And prickly stubs instead of trees are found;
Or woods with knots and knares deform'd and old,
Headless the most, and hideous to behold. Dryden.

KNAVE. n. s.  [cnapa, Saxon.]
1. A boy; a male child.
2. A servant. Both these are obsolete.
For as the moon the eye doth please
With gentle beams not hurting sight,
Yet hath sir sun the greater praise,
Because from him doth come her light;
So if my man must praises have,
What then must I that keep the knave? Sidney.
He eats and drinks with his domestick slaves;
A verier hind than any of his knaves. Dryden.
3. A petty rascal; a scoundrel; a dishonest fellow.
Most men rather brook their being reputed knaves, than for
their honesty be accounted fools; knave, in the mean time,
passing for a name of credit. South's Sermons.
When both plaintiff and defendant happen to be crafty
knaves, there's equity against both. L'Estrange.
An honest man may take a knave's advice;
But idiots only may be cozen'd twice. Dryden.
See all our fools aspiring to be knaves. Pope.
4. A card with a soldier painted on it.
For 'twill return, and turn t' account,
If we are brought in play upon't,
Or but by casting knaves get in,
What pow'r can hinder us to win? Hudibras.

KNA’VERY. n. s.  [from knave.]
1. Dishonesty; tricks; petty villainy.
Here's no knavery! See, to beguile the old folks, how the
young folks lay their heads together. Shakespeare.
If I thought it were not a piece of honesty to acquaint the
king withal, I would do't; I hold it the more knavery to con­
ceal it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.


Here's the folly of the ass in trusting the fox, and here's
the knavery of the fox in betraying the ass. L'Estrange.
The cunning courtier should be slighted too,
Who with dull knavery makes so much ado;
'Till the shrewd fool, by thriving too too fast,
Like Æsop's fox, becomes a prey at last. Dryden.
2. Mischievous tricks or practices. In the following passage it
seems a general term for any thing put to an ill use, or perhaps
for trifling things of more cost than use.
We'll revel it as bravely as the best,
With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knav'ry. Shakesp.

KNA’VISH. adj.  [from knave.]
1. Dishonest; wicked; fraudulent.
'Tis foolish to conceal it at all, and knavish to do it from
friends. Pope's Letters.
2. Waggish; mischievous.
Here she comes curst and sad;
Cupid is a knavish lad,
Thus to make poor females mad. Shakesp.

KNA’VISHLY. adv.  [from knavish.]
1. Dishonestly; fraudulently.
2. Waggishly; mischievously.

To KNEAD. v. a.  [cnædan, Saxon; kneden, Dutch.] To beat
or mingle any stuff or substance. It is seldom applied in po­
pular language but to the act of making bread.
Here's yet in the word hereafter, the kneading, the making
of the cakes, and the heating of the oven. Shakespeare.
It is a lump, where all beasts kneaded be;
Wisdom makes him an ark where all agree. Donne.
Thus kneaded up with milk the new made man
His kingdom o'er his kindred world began;
'Till knowledge misapply'd, misunderstood,
And pride of empire, sour'd his balmy blood. Dryden.
One paste of flesh on all degrees bestow'd,
And kneaded up alike with moist'ning blood. Dryden.
Prometheus, in the kneading up of the heart, seasoned it
with some furious particles of the lion. Addison's Spectator.
No man ever reapt his corn,
Or from the oven drew his bread,
Ere hinds and bakers yet were born,
That taught them both to sow and knead. Prior.
The cake she kneaded was the sav'ry meat. Prior.

KNE

KNE’ADINGTROUGH. n. s.  [knead and trough.] A trough in
which the paste of bread is worked together.
Frogs shall come into thy kneading troughs. Ex. viii. 3.

KNEE. n. s.  [cneow, Saxon; knee, Dutch.]
1. The joint of the leg where the leg is joined to the thigh.
Thy royal father
Was a most sainted king: the queen that bore thee,
Oftner upon her knees than on her feet,
Died every day she liv'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I have reserved to myself seven thousand, who have not
bowed the knee to Baal. Ro. xi. 4.
Scotch skink is a kind of strong nourishment, made of the
knees and sinews of beef long boiled. Bacon.
I beg and clasp thy knees. Milton.
Weary'd with length of ways, worn out with toil,
Io lay down, and leaning on her knees,
Invok'd the cause of all her miseries;
And cast her languishing regards above,
For help from heav'n, and her ungrateful Jove. Dryden.
Disdainful of Campania's gentle plains,
When for them she must bend the servile knee. Thomson.
2. A knee is a piece of timber growing crooked, and so cut that
the trunk and branch make an angle. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
Such dispositions are the fittest timber to make great politicks
of: like to knee timber, that is good for ships that are to be
tossed; but not for building houses, that shall stand firm. Bacon.

To KNEE. v. a.  [from the noun.] To supplicate by kneeling.
Go you that banish'd him, a mile before his tent, fall down,
and knee the way into his mercy. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Return with her!
Why, the hot-blooded France, that dow'rless took
Our youngest born: I could as well be brought
To knee his throne, and squire-like pension beg. Shakes.

KNEED. adj.  [from knee.]
1. Having knees: as in-kneed, or out-kneed.
2. Having joints: as kneed grass.

KNE’EDEEP. adj.  [knee and deep.]
1. Rising to the knees.
2. Sunk to the knees.
The country peasant meditates no harm,
When clad with skins of beasts to keep him warm;
In winter weather unconcern'd he goes,
Almost kneedeep, through mire in clumsey shoes. Dryden.

KNE’EHOLM. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

KNE’EPAN. n. s.  [knee and pan.] A little round bone about
two inches broad, pretty thick, a little convex on both sides,
and covered with a smooth cartilage on its foreside. It is soft
in children, but very hard in those of riper years: it is called
patella or mola. Over it passes the tendon of the muscles which
extend the leg, to which it serves as a pully. Quincy.
The kneepan must be shewn, with the knitting thereof, by
a fine shadow underneath the joint. Peacham on Drawing.

To KNEEL. v. n.  [from knee.] To perform the act of genu­
flection; to bend the knee.
When thou do'st ask me blessing, I'll kneel down,
And ask of thee forgiveness. Shak. King Lear.
Ere I was risen from the place that shew'd
My duty kneeling, came a reeking post,
Stew'd in his haste, half breathing, panting forth
From Goneril, his mistress, salutation. Shak. King Lear.
A certain man kneeling down to him, said, Lord, have mer­
cy upon my son; for he is lunatick. Mat. xvii. 14.
As soon as you are dressed, kneel and say the Lord's prayer.
Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

KNE’ETRIBUTE. n. s.  [knee and tribute.] Genuflection; wor­
ship or obeisance shown by kneeling.
Receive from us
Kneetribute yet unpaid, prostration vile. Milton.

KNEL. n. s.  [cnil, Welsh, a funeral pile; cnyllan, to ring, Sax.]
The sound of a bell rung at a funeral.
I would not wish them to a fairer death,
And so his knell is knoll'd. Shakespeare.
Sea nymphs hourly ring his knell:
Hark, now I hear them. Shak. Tempest.
When he was brought again to th' bar, to hear
His knell rung out, his judgment, he was stirr'd
With such an agony, he sweat extremely. Shak. H. VIII.
All these motions, which we saw,
Are but as ice, which crackles at a thaw:
Or as a lute, which in moist weather rings
Her knell alone, by cracking of her strings. Donne.
Unhappy slave, and pupil to a bell,
Which his hours work, as well as hours do tell;
Unhappy 'till the last, the kind releasing knell. Cowley.
At dawn poor Stella danc'd and sung;
The am'rous youth around her bow'd:
At night her fatal knell was rung;
I saw, and kiss'd her in her shrowd. Prior.

KNEW. The preterite of know.

KNI

KNIFE. n. s. plur. knives. [cnif, Sax. kniff, Danish.] An in­
strument edged and pointed, wherewith meat is cut, and ani­
mals killed.
Come, thick night,
And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Shakesp.
Blest powers, forbid thy tender life
Should bleed upon a barbarous knife. Crashaw.
The sacred priests with ready knives bereave
The beast of life, and in full bowls receive
The streaming blood. Dryden's Æn.
Ev'n in his sleep he starts, and fears the knife,
And, trembling, in his arms takes his accomplice wise. Dryd.
Pain is not in the knife that cuts us; but we call it cutting
in the knife, and pain only in ourselves. Watts.

KNIGHT. n. s.  [cniht, Sax. knecht, Germ. a servant, or pupil.]
1. A man advanced to a certain degree of military rank. It was
anciently the custom to knight every man of rank or fortune,
that he might be qualified to give challenges, to fight in the
lists, and to perform feats of arms. In England knighthood
confers the title of sir: as, sir Thomas, sir Richard. When
the name was not known, it was usual to say sir knight.
That same knight's own sword this is of yore,
Which Merlin made. Spenser.
Sir knight, if knight thou be,
Abandon this forestalled place. Spenser.
When every case in law is right,
No squire in debt, and no poor knight. Shak. King Lear.
Pardon, goddess of the night,
Those that slew thy virgin knight;
For the which, with songs of woe,
Round about her tomb they go. Shakesp.
This knight; but yet why should I call him knight,
To give impiety to this rev'rent stile. Daniel's Civil War.
No squire with knight did better fit
In parts, in manners, and in wit. Hudibras.
2. Among us the order of gentlemen next to the nobility, except
the baronets.
The knight intends to make his appearance. Addison.
3. A champion.
He suddenly unties the poke,
Which out of it sent such a smoke,
As ready was them all to choke,
So grievous was the pother;
So that the knights each other lost,
And stood as still as any post. Drayton.
Did I for this my country bring
To help their knight against their king,
And raise the first sedition? Denham.

KNIGHT Errant. [chevalier errant.] A wandering knight;
one who went about in quest of adventures.
Like a bold knight errant did proclaim
Combat to all, and bore away the dame. Denham.


The ancient errant knights
Won all their mistresses in fights;
They cut whole giants into fritters,
To put them into am'rous twitters. Hudibras.

KNIGHT Errantry. [from knight errant.] The character or
manners of wandering knights.
That which with the vulgar passes for courage is a brutish
sort of knight errantry, seeking out needless encounters. Norris.

KNIGHT of the Post. A hireling evidence.
There are knights of the post, and holy cheats enough, to swear
the truth of the broadest contradictions, where pious frauds
shall give them an extraordinary call. South's Sermons.

KNIGHT of the Shire. One of the representatives of a
county in parliament: he formerly was a military knight, but
now any man having an estate in land of six hundred pounds
a year is qualified.

To KNIGHT. v. a.  [from the noun.] To create one a knight,
which is done by the king, who gives the person kneeling a
blow with a sword, and bids him rise up sir.
Favours came thick upon him: the next St. George's day
he was knighted. Wotton.
The lord protector knighted the king; and immediately the
king stood up, took the sword from the lord protector, and
dubbed the lord mayor of London knight. Hayward.
The hero William, and the martyr Charles,
One knighted Blackmore, and one pension'd Quarles. Pope.

KNI’GHTLY. adj.  [from knight.] Besitting a knight; beseem­
ing a knight.
Let us take care of your wound, upon condition that a more
knightly combat shall be performed between us. Sidney.
How dares your pride presume against my laws?
As in a listed field to fight your cause:
Unask'd the royal grant, no marshal by,
As knightly rites require, nor judge to try. Dryden.

KNI’GHTHOOD. n. s.  [from knight.] The character or dignity
of a knight.
For that same knight's own sword this is of yore,
Which Merlin made by his almighty art,
For that his noursling, when he knighthood swore,
Therewith to doen his foes eternal smart. Fairy Queen.
Speak truly on thy knighthood, and thine oath,
And so defend thee heaven and thy valour. Shak. R. II.
Is this the sir, who some waste wife to win,
A knighthood bought, to go a wooing in. Ben. Johnson.
If you needs must write, write Cæsar's praise,
You'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays. Pope.

KNI’GHTLESS. adj.  [from knight.] Unbecoming a knight. Obsolete.
Arise, thou cursed miscreant,
That hast with knightless guile, and treacherous train,
Fair knighthood foully shamed. Fairy Queen.

To KNIT. v. n. preter. knit or knitted. [cnittan, Saxon.]
1. To make or unite by texture without a loom.
Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care,
The birth of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
Balm of hurt minds. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
A thousand Cupids in those curls do sit;
Those curious nets thy slender fingers knit. Waller.
2. To tye.
Send for the county; go tell him of this;
I'll have this knot knit up to-morrow morning. Shakespeare.
3. To join; to unite.
His gall did grate for grief and high disdain,
And, knitting all his force, got one hand free. Fa. Queen.
These, mine enemies, are all knit up
In their distractions: they are in my power. Shakespeare.
O let the vile world end,
And the premised flames of the last day
Knit earth and heav'n together. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Lay your highness'
Command upon me; to the which my duties
Are with a most indissoluble tye
For ever knit. Shakesp. Macbeth.
This royal hand and mine are newly knit,
And the conjunction of our inward souls
Married in league, coupled and link'd together
With all religious strength of sacred vows.
Shakespeare's King John.
By the simplicity of Venus' doves,
By that which knitteth souls, and prospers loves. Shakesp.
If ye be come peaceably, mine heart shall be knit unto
you. 1 Chro. xii. 17.
That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together
in love. Col. ii. 2.
He doth fundamentally and mathematically demonstrate
the firmest knittings of the upper timbers, which make the
roof. Wotton's Architect.
Pride and impudence, in faction knit,
Usurp the chair of wit! Ben. Johnson's New Inn.
Ye knit my heart to you by asking this question. Bacon.
These two princes were agreeable to be joined in marriage,
and thereby knit both realms into one. Hayward.
Come, knit hands, and beat the ground
In a light fantastick round. Milton.
God gave several abilities to several persons, that each
might help to supply the publick needs, and, by joining to fill
up all wants, they be knit together by justice, as the parts of
the world are by nature. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Nature cannot knit the bones while the parts are under a
discharge. Wiseman's Surgery.
3. To contract.
What are the thoughts that knit thy brow in frowns,
And turn thy eyes so coldly on thy prince. Addison's Cato.
4. To tie up.
He saw heaven opened, as it had been a great sheet knit
at the four corners, and let down to the earth. Acts x. 11.

To KNIT. v. n.
1. To weave without a loom.
A young shepherdess knitting and singing: her voice com­
forted her hands to work, and her hands kept time to her
voice's musick. Sidney.
Make the world distinguish Julia's son
From the vile offspring of a trull, that sits
By the town-wall, and for her living knits. Dryden.
2. To join; to close; to unite.
Our sever'd navy too
Have knit again, and float, threat'ning most sea-like. Shak.

KNIT. n. s.  [from the verb.] Texture.
Let their heads be sleekly comb'd, their blue coats brush'd,
and their garters of an indifferent knit. Shakespeare.

KNI’TTER. n. s.  [from knit.] One who weaves or knits.
The spinsters and the knitters in the sun,
And the free maids that weave their thread with bones,
Do use to chant it. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

KNI’TTINGNEEDLE. n. s.  [knit and needle.] A wire which wo­
men use in knitting.
He gave her a cuff on the ear, she would prick him with
her knittingneedle. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

KNI’TTLE. n. s.  [from knit.] A string that gathers a purse
round. Ainsworth.

KNO

KNOB. n. s.  [cnæp, Saxon; knoop, Dutch.] A protube­
rance; any part bluntly rising above the rest.
Just before the entrance of the right auricle of the heart
is a remarkable knob or bunch, raised up from the subjacent
fat; by the interposition whereof the blood falling down by
the descending vein is diverted into the auricle. Ray.

KNO’BBED. adj.  [from knob.] Set with knobs; having protu­
berances.
The horns of a roe deer of Greenland are pointed at the
top, and knobbed or tuberous at the bottom. Grew.

KNO’BBINESS. n. s.  [from knobby.] The quality of having knobs.

KNO’BBY adj.  [from knob.]
1. Full of knobs.
2. Hard; stubborn.
The informers continued in a knobby kind of obstinacy, re­
solving still to conceal the names of the authors. Howel.

To KNOCK. v. n.  [cnucian, Saxon; cnoce, a blow, Welsh.]
1. To clash; to be driven suddenly together.
Any hard body thrust forwards by another body contiguous,
without knocking, giveth no noise. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
They may say, the atoms of the chaos being variously
moved according to this catholick law, must needs knock
and interfere. Bentley's Sermons.
2. To beat, as at a door for admittance.
Villain, I say knock me at this gate,
And rap me well; or I'll knock your knave's pate. Shak.
Whether to knock against the gates of Rome,
Or rudely visit them in parts remote,
To fright them, ere destroy. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I bid the rascal knock upon your gate,
And could not get get him for my heart to do it. Shakesp.
For harbour at a thousand doors they knock'd,
Not one of all the thousand but was lock'd. Dryden.
Knock at your own breast, and ask your soul,
If those fair fatal eyes edg'd not your sword. Dryden.
3. To KNOCK under. A common expression, that denotes when
a man yields or submits.

To KNOCK. v. a.
1. To affect or change in any respect by blows.
How do you mean removing him?
—Why, by making him incapable of Othello's place:
knocking out his brains. Shakespeare's Othello.
He that has his chains knocked off, and the prison doors
set open to him, is perfectly at liberty. Locke.
Time was, a sober Englishman would knock
His servants up, and rise by five o'clock;
Instruct his family in ev'ry rule
And send his wife to church, his son to school. Dryden.
2. To dash together; to strike; to collide with a sharp noise.
So when the cook saw my jaws thus knock it,
She would have made a pancake of my pocket. Cleaveland.
At him he lanch'd his spear, and pierc'd his breast;
On the hard earth the Lycian knock'd his head,
And lay supine; and forth the spirit fled. Dryden.


'Tis the sport of statesmen,
When heroes knock their knotty heads together,
And fall by one another. Rowe.
3. To KNOCK down. To fell by a blow.
He began to knock down his fellow citizens with a great
deal of zeal, and to fill all Arabia with an unnatural medley
of religion and bloodshed. Addison's Freeholder, No. 50.
A man who is gross in a woman's company, ought to be
knocked down with a club. Clarissa.
4. To KNOCK on the head. To kill by a blow; to destroy.
He betook himself to his orchard, and walking there was
knocked on the head by a tree. South's Sermons.
Excess, either with an apoplexy, knocks a man on the head;
or with a fever, like fire in a strong-water-shop, burns him
down to the ground. Grew's Cosmol.

KNOCK. n. s.  [from the verb.]
1. A sudden stroke; a blow.
Some men never conceive how the motion of the earth
should wave him from a knock perpendicularly directed from
a body in the air above. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. vii.
Ajax belabours there an harmless ox,
And thinks that Agamemnon feels the knocks. Dryden.
2. A loud stroke at a door for admission.
Guiscard, in his leathern frock,
Stood ready, with his thrice-repeated knock:
Thrice with a doleful sound the jarring grate
Rung deaf and hollow. Dryden's Boccace.

KNO’CKER. n. s.  [from knock.]
1. He that knocks.
2. The hammer which hangs at the door for strangers to strike.
Shut, shut the door, good John! fatigu'd, I said,
Tie up the knocker, say I'm sick, I'm dead. Pope.

To KNOLL. v. a.  [from knell.] To ring the bell, generally
for a funeral.
Had I as many sons as I have hairs,
I would not wish them to a fairer death,
And so his knell is knoll'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To KNOLL. v. n. To sound as a bell.
If ever you have look'd on better days,
If ever been where bells have knoll'd to church. Shakesp.

KNOLL. n. s. A little hill. Ains.

KNOP. n. s.  [A corruption of knap.] Any tufty top. Ains.

KNOT. n. s.  [cnotta, Saxon; knot, German; knutte, Dutch;
knotte, Erfe.]
1. A complication of a cord or string not easily to be disen­
tangled.
He found that reason's self now reasons found
To fasten knots, which fancy first had bound. Sidney.
As the fair vestal to the fountain came,
Let none be startled at a vestal's name,
Tir'd with the walk, she laid her down to rest;
And to the winds expos'd her glowing breast,
To take the freshness of the morning air,
And gather'd in a knot her flowing hair. Addison.
2. Any figure of which the lines frequently intersect each other.
Garden knots, the frets of houses, and all equal figures,
please; whereas unequal figures are but deformities. Bacon.
Our sea-wall'd garden, the whole land,
Is full of weeds, her fairest flowers choked up,
Her knots disorder'd. Shakesp. Rich. II.
It fed flow'rs worthy of paradise, which not nice art
In beds and curious knots, but nature boon,
Pour'd forth profuse on hill and dale, and plain. Milton.
Their quarters are contrived into elegant knots, adorned
with the most beautiful flowers. More.
Henry in knots involving Emma's name,
Had half-express'd, and half-conceal'd his flame
Upon this tree; and as the tender mark
Grew with the year, and widen'd with the bark,
Venus had heard the virgin's soft address,
That, as the wound, the passion might increase. Prior.
3. Any bond of association or union.
Confirm that amity
With nuptial knot, if thou vouchsafe to grant
That virtuous lady Bona. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Richmond aims
At young Elizabeth, my brother's daughter,
And by that knot looks proudly on the crown. Shakesp.
I would he had continued to his country
As he began, and not unknit himself
The noble knot he made. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Why left you wife and children,
Those precious motives, those strong knots of love. Shak.
Not all that Saul could threaten or persuade,
In this close knot, the smallest looseness made. Cowley.
4. A hard part in a piece of wood caused by the protuberance
of a bough, and consequently by a transverse direction of
the fibres. A joint in an herb.
Taking the very refuse among those which served to no use,
being a crooked piece of wood, and full of knots, he hath
carved it diligently, when he had nothing else to do. Wisd.
Such knots and crossness of grain is objected here, as will
hardly suffer that form, which they cry up here as the only just
reformation, to go on so smoothly here as it might do in
Scotland. King Charles.
5. A confederacy; an association; a small band.
Oh you panderly rascals! there's a knot, a gang, a conspi­
racy against me. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
What is there here in Rome that can delight thee?
Where not a soul, without thine own foul knot,
But fears and hates thee. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
A knot of good fellows borrowed a sum of money of a
gentleman upon the king's highway. L'Estrange.
I am now with a knot of his admirers, who make request
that you would give notice of the window where the knight
intends to appear. Addison's Spectator.
6. Difficulty; intricacy.
A man shall be perplexed with knots and problems of busi­
ness, and contrary affairs, where the determination is dubious,
and both parts of the contrariety seem equally weighty; so
that, which way soever the choice determines, a man is sure
to venture a great concern. South's Sermons.
7. Any intrigue, or difficult perplexity of affairs.
When the discovery was made that the king was living,
which was the knot of the play untied, the rest is shut up in
the compass of some few lines, because nothing then hindered
the happiness of Torismond and Leonora. Dryden's Dufresn.
8. A cluster; a collection.
The way of fortune is like the milky way in the sky,
which is a meeting or knot of a number of small stars, not
seen asunder, but giving light together. Bacon's Essays.
In a picture, besides the principal figures which compose it,
and are placed in the midst of it, there are less groups or
knots of figures disposed at proper distances, which are parts
of the piece, and seem to carry on the same design in a more
inferior manner. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To KNOT. v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To complicate in knots.
Happy we who from such queens are freed,
That were always telling beads:
But here's a queen when she rides abroad
Is always knotting threads. Sidley.
2. To intangle; to perplex.
3. To unite.
The party of the papists in England are become more
knotted, both in dependence towards Spain, and amongst them­
selves. Bacon's War with Spain.

To KNOT. v. n.
1. To form buds, knots, or joints in vegetation.
Cut hay when it begins to knot. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To knit knots for fringes.

KNO’TBERRYBUSH. n. s. A plant. Ains.

KNO’TGRASS. n. s.  [knot and grass.] A plant.

KNO’TTED. adj.  [from knot.] Full of knots.
The knotted oaks shall show'rs of honey weep. Dryden.

KNO’TTINESS. n. s.  [from knotty.] Fulness of knots; uneven­
ness; intricacy; difficulty.
Virtue was represented by Hercules naked, with his lion's
skin and knotted club: by his oaken club is signified reason
ruling the appetite; the knottiness thereof, the difficulty they
have that seek after virtue. Peacham on Drawing.

KNO’TTY. adj.  [from knot.]
1. Full of knots.
I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds
Have riv'd the knotty oaks. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The timber in some trees more clean, in some more knotty:
try it by speaking at one end, and laying the ear at the other;
for if it be knotty, the voice will not pass well. Bacon.
The knotty oaks their list'ning branches bow. Roscommon.
One with a brand yet burning from the flame,
Arm'd with a knotty club another came. Dryden's Æn.
Where the vales with violets once were crown'd,
Now knotty burrs and thorns disgrace the ground:
Come, shepherds, come, and strew with leaves the plain;
Such funeral rites your Daphnis did ordain. Dryden.
2. Hard; rugged.
Valiant fools
Were made by nature for the wise to work with:
They are their tools; and 'tis the sport of statesmen,
When heroes knock their knotty heads together,
And fall by one another. Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
3. Intricate; perplexed; difficult; embarassed.
King Henry, in the very entrance of his reign, when the
kingdom was cast in his arms, met with a point of great dif­
ficulty, and knotty to solve, able to trouble and confound the
wisest kings. Bacon's Henry VII.
Princes exercised skill in putting intricate questions; and
he that was the best at the untying of knotty difficulties, carried
the prize. L'Estrange.
Some on the bench the knotty laws untie. Dryden.
They compliment, they sit, they chat,
Fight o'er the wars, reform the state;
A thousand knotty points they clear,
'Till supper and my wife appear. Prior.



To KNOW. v. a. preter. I knew, I have known. [cnawan
Saxon.]
1. To perceive with certainty, whether intuitive or discur­
sive.
O, that a man might know
The end of this day's business ere it come! Shakespeare.
The memorial of virtue is immortal, because it is known
with God and with men. Wisd. iv. 1.
The gods all things know. Milton.
Not from experience, for the world was new,
He only from their cause their natures knew. Denham.
We doubt not, neither can we properly say we think we
admire and love you above all other men: there is a certainty
in the proposition, and we know it. Dryden.
When a man makes use of the name of any simple idea,
which he perceives is not understood, or is in danger to be
mistaken, he is obliged by the laws of ingenuity, and the end
of speech, to declare his meaning, and make known what idea
he makes it stand for. Locke.
2. To be informed of; to be taught.
Ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his
hand is not removed from you. 1 Sa. vi. 3.
Led on with a desire to know
What nearer might concern him. Milton.
One would have thought you had known better things than
to expect a kindness from a common enemy. L'Estrange.
3. To distinguish.
Numeration is but the adding of one unit more, and giving
to the whole a new name, whereby to know it from those be­
fore and after, and distinguish it from every smaller or greater
multitude of units. Locke.
4. To recognise.
What a monstrous fellow art thou, thus to rail on me, that
is neither known of thee, nor knows thee? Shakespeare.
They told what things were done in the way, and how he
was known of them in breaking of bread. Lu. xxiv. 35.
At nearer view he thought he knew the dead,
And call'd the wretched man to mind. Flatman.
Tell me how I may know him. Milton.
5. To be no stranger to.
What are you?
—A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows,
Who, by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. Shak. King Lear.
6. To converse with another sex.
And Adam knew Eve his wife. Gen. iv. 4.
7. To see with approbation.
They have reigned, but not by me; they have set a seig­
niory over themselves, but I knew nothing of it. Hosea.

To KNOW. v. n.
1. To have clear and certain perception; not to be doubtful.
I know of a surety that the Lord hath sent his angel, and
delivered me out of the hand of Herod. Acts xii. 11.
2. Not to be ignorant.
When they know within themselves they speak of that
they do not well know, they would nevertheless seem to others
to know of that which they may not well speak.
Bacon's Essays, No. 27.
Not to know of things remote, but know
That which before us lies in daily life,
Is the prime wisdom. Milton.
In the other world there is no consideration that will sting
our consciences more cruelly than this, that we did wickedly,
when we knew to have done better; and chose to make our­
selves miserable, when we understood the way to have been
happy. Tillotson's Sermons.
They might understand those excellencies which they
blindly valued, so as not to be farther imposed upon by bad
pieces, and to know when nature was well imitated by the
most able masters. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. To be informed.
The prince and Mr. Poins will put on two of our jerkins
and aprons, and sir John must not know of it.
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
There is but one mineral body, that we know of, heavier
than common quicksilver. Boyle.
4. To KNOW for. To have knowledge of. A colloquial ex­
pression.
He said the water itself was a good healthy water; but for
the party that own'd it, he might have more diseases than he
knew for. Shakesp. Henry IV.
5. To KNOW of. In Shakespeare, is to take cognisance of; to
examine.
Fair Hermia, question your desires;
Know of your youth, examine well your blood,
Whether, if you yield not to your father's choice,
You can endure the livery of a nun,
For ay to be in shady cloister mew'd. Shakespeare.

KNO’WABLE. adj.  [from know.] Cognoscible; possible to be
discovered or understood.
These are resolved into a confessed ignorance, and I shall
not pursue them to their old asylum; and yet it may be, there
is more knowable in these than in less acknowledged my­
steries. Glanv. Sceps.
'Tis plain, that under the law of works is comprehended
also the law of nature, knowable by reason, as well as the
law given by Moses. Locke.
These two arguments are the voices of nature, the unani­
mous suffrages of all real beings and substances created, that
are naturally knowable without revelation. Bentley.

KNO’WER. n. s.  [from know.] One who has skill or know­
ledge.
If we look on a vegetable as made of earth, we must
have the true theory of the nature of that element, or we
miserably fail of our scientifical aspirings; and while we can
only say 'tis cold and dry, we are pitiful knowers. Glanv.
I know the respect and reverence which in this address I
ought to appear in before you, who are a general knower of
mankind and poetry. Southern.

KNO’WING. adj.  [from know.]
1. Skilful; well instructed; remote from ignorance.
You have heard, and with a knowing ear,
That he, which hath our noble father slain,
Pursu'd my life. Shak. Hamlet.
The knowingest of these have of late reformed their hy­
pothesis. Boyle.
What makes the clergy glorious is to be knowing in their
profession, unspotted in their lives, active and laborious in
their charges. South.
The necessity of preparing for the offices of religion was a
lesson which the mere light and dictates of common reason,
without the help of revelation, taught all the knowing and in­
telligent part of the world. South's Sermons.
Gio Bellino, one of the first who was of any consideration
at Venice, painted very drily, according to the manner of his
time: he was very knowing both in architecture and per­
spective. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
All animals of the same kind, which form a society, are
more knowing than others. Addison's Guardian.
2. Conscious; intelligent.
Could any but a knowing prudent Cause
Begin such motions and assign such laws?
If the Great Mind had form'd a different frame,
Might not your wanton wit the system blame? Blackmore.

KNO’WING. n. s.  [from know.] Knowledge.
Let him be so entertain'd as suits gentlemen of your knowing
to a stranger of his quality. Shakespeare.

KNO’WINGLY. adv.  [from knowing.] With skill; with know­
ledge.
He knowingly and wittingly brought evil into the world.
More's Divine Dialogues.
They who before were rather fond of it than knowingly ad­
mired it, might defend their inclination by their reason.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
To the private duties of the closet he repaired, as often
as he entered upon any business of consequence: I speak
knowingly. Atterbury's Sermons.

KNO’WLEDGE. n. s.  [from know.]
1. Certain perception; indubitable apprehension.
Knowledge, which is the highest degree of the speculative
faculties, consists in the perception of the truth of affirmative
or negative propositions. Locke.
2. Learning; illumination of the mind.
Ignorance is the curse of God,
Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heav'n. Shakesp.
3. Skill in any thing.
Do but say to me what I should do,
That in your knowledge may by me be done,
And I am prest unto it. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
4. Acquaintance with any fact or person.
The dog straight fawned upon his master for old know­
ledge. Sidney.
That is not forgot,
Which ne'er I did remember; to my knowledge
I never in my life did look on him. Shakesp. Rich. II.
5. Cognisance; notice.
Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldst
take knowledge of me, seeing I am a stranger? Ruth ii. 10.
A state's anger should not take
Knowledge either of fools or women. Ben. Johnson's Catil.
6. Information; power of knowing.
I pulled off my headpiece, and humbly entreated her par­
don, or knowledge why she was cruel. Sidney.

To KNO’WLEDGE. v. a.  [not in use.] To acknowledge; to
avow.
The prophet Hosea tells us that God saith of the Jews,
they have reigned, but not by me; which proveth plainly,
that there are governments which God doth not avow: for
though they be ordained by his secret providence, yet they are
not knowledged by his revealed will. Bacon's holy War.

KNU

To KNU’BBLE. v. a.  [knipler, Danish.] To beat. Skinner.



KNU’CKLE. n. s.  [cnucle, Saxon; knockle, Dutch.]
1. The joints of the fingers protuberant when the fingers
close.
Thus often at the Temple-stairs we've seen
Two tritons, of a rough athletick mien,
Sourly dispute some quarrel of the flood,
With knuckles bruis'd, and face besmear'd in blood. Garth.
2. The knee joint of a calf.
We find also that Scotch skinck, which is a pottage of
strong nourishment, is made with the knees and sinews of
beef, but long boiled: jelly also, which they used for a resto­
rative, is chiefly made of knuckles of veal. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. The articulation or joint of a plant.
Divers herbs have joints or knuckles, as it were stops in
their germination; as gillyflowers, pinks, fennel, and corn.
Bacon's Natural History.

To KNU’CKLE. v. n.  [from the noun.] To submit: I suppose
from an odd custom of striking the under side of the table
with the knuckles, in confession of an argumental de­
feat.

KNU’CKLED. adj.  [from knuckle.] Jointed.
The reed or cane is a watry plant, and groweth not but in
the water: it hath these properties, that it is hollow, and it is
knuckled both stalk and root; that, being dry, it is more hard
and fragile than other wood; that it putteth forth no boughs,
though many stalks out of one root. Bacon's Nat. History.

KNUFF. n. s.  [perhaps corrupted from knave, or the same with
chuff.] A lout. An old word preserved in a rhyme of pre­
diction.
The country knuffs, Hob, Dick, and Hick,
With clubs and clouted shoon,
Shall fill up Dussendale
With slaughtered bodies soon. Hayward.

KNUR. n. s.  [knor, German.] A knot; a hard sub­
stance.

KNURLE. n. s.  [knor, German.] A knot; a hard sub­
stance.
The stony nodules found lodged in the strata, are called by
the workmen knurs and knots. Woodward's Met. Foss.

KONED for knew. Spenser.

KYD

To KYD. v. n.  [corrupted probably from cuth, Saxon.] To
know.
But ah, unjust and worthless Colin Clout,
That kydst the hidden kinds of many a weed;
Yet kydst not one to cure thy sore heart root,
Whose rankling wound as yet doth risely bleed. Spenser.





L

L A liquid consonant, which preserves always the
same sound in English. In the Saxon it was as­
pirated a hlaf, loaf; hlœfdig, lady.
At the end of a monosyllable it is always
doubled; as, shall; still; full, except after a diph­
thong; as, fail; feel; veal; cool. In a word of more syl­
lables it is written single; as, channel; canal; tendril. It is
sometimes put before e, and sounded feebly after it; as bible;
title.

LAB

LA. interject. [corrupted by an effeminate pronunciation from
lo.]See; look; behold.
La you! if you speak ill of the devil,
How he takes it at heart. Shakes. Twelfth Night.

LA’BDANUM. n. s. A resin of the softer kind, of a strong and
not unpleasant smell, and an aromatick, but not agreeable
taste. This juice exsudates from a low spreading shrub, of the
cistus kind, in Crete, and the neighbouring islands; and the
Grecian women make balls of it with a small admixture of
ambergrease, by way of a persume. It was formerly used
externally in medicine, but is now neglected. Hill.

To LA’BEFY. v. a. [labefacio, Latin.]To weaken; to im­
pair. Dict.

LA’BEL. n. s. [labellum, Latin.]
1. A small slip or scrip of writing.
When wak'd, I found
This label on my bosom; whose containing
Is so from sense in hardness, that I can
Make no collection of it. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. Any thing appendant to a larger writing.
On the label of lead, the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul
are impressed from the papal seal. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. [In law.] A narrow slip of paper or parchment affixed to
a deed or writing, in order to hold the appending seal. So
also any paper, annexed by way of addition or explication to
any will or testament, is called a label or codicil. Harris.
God join'd my heart to Romeo's; thou our hands;
And ere this hand by thee to Romeo seal'd,
Shall be the label to another deed,
Or my true heart with treacherous revolt
Turn to another, this shall slay them both. Shakespeare.

LA’BENT. adj. [labens, Lat.]Sliding; gliding; flipping. Dict.

LA’BIAL. adj. [labialis, Latin.]Uttered by the lips.
The Hebrews have assigned which letters are labial, which
dental, and which guttural. Bacon's Natural History.
Some particular affection of sound in its passage to the lips,
will seem to make some composition in any vowel which is
labial. Holder's Elements of Speech.

LA’BIATED. adj. [labium, Latin.]Formed with lips.

LA’BIODENTAL. adj. [labium and dentalis.]Formed or pro­
nounced by the co-operation of the lips and teeth.
The dental consonants are very easy; and first the labio­
dentals f, v, also the linguadentals th, dh. Hold. Elm. of Sp.

LABO’RANT. n. s. [laborans, Lat.]A chemist. Not in use.
I can shew you a sort of fixt sulphur, made by an indus­
trious laborant. Boyle.

LA’BORATORY. n. s. [laboratoire, French.]A chemist's work­
room.
It would contribute to the history of colours, if chemists
would in their laboratory take a heedful notice, and give us a
faithful account, of the colours observed in the steam of bo­
dies, either sublimed or distilled. Boyle on Colours.
The flames of love will perform those miracles they of the
furnace beast of, would they employ themselves in this labo­
ratory. Decay of Piety.

LABO’RIOUS. adj. [laborieux, French; laboriosus, Latin.]
1. Diligent in work; affiduous.
That which makes the clergy glorious, is to be knowing
in their professions, unspotted in their lives, active and labo­
rious in their charges, bold and resolute in opposing seducers,
and daring to look vice in the face; and lastly, to be gentle,
courteous, and compassionate to all. South's Serm.
To his laborious youth consum'd in war,
And lasting age, adorn'd and crown'd with peace. Prior.
2. Requiring labour; tiresome; not easy.
A spacious cave within its farmost part,
Was hew'd and fashion'd by laborious art,
Through the hill's hollow sides. Dryd. æn. 6.
Do'st thou love watchings, abstinence, and toil,
Laborious virtues all? learn them from Cato. Add. Cato.

LABO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from laborious.]With labour; with
toil.
The folly of him, who pumps very laboriously in a ship,
yet neglects to stop the leak. Decay of Piety.
I chuse laboriously to bear
A weight of woes, and breathe the vital air. Pope's Odys.

LABO’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from laborious.]
1. Toilsomeness; difficulty.
The parallel holds in the gainlessness as well as the labo­
riousness of the work; those wretched creatures, buried in
earth and darkness, were never the richer for all the ore they
digged; no more is the insatiate miser. Decay of Piety.
2. Diligence; affiduity.

LA’BOUR, n. s. [labeur, French; labor, Latin.]
1. The act of doing what requires a painful exertion of strength,
or wearisome perseverance; pains; toil; travail; work.
If I find her honest, I lose not my labour; if she be other­
wise, it is labour well bestowed. Shakes. M. W. of Windsor.
I sent to know your faith, left the tempter have tempted
you, and our labour be in vain. 1. Thes. iii. 5.
2. Work to be done.
Being a labour of so great difficulty, the exact performance
thereof we may rather wish than look for. Hooker.
You were wont to say,
If you had been the wife of Hercules
Six of his labours you'd have done, and sav'd
Your husband so much sweat. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. Exercise; motion with some degree of violence.
Moderate labour of the body conduces to the preservation
of health, and curing many initial diseases; but the toil of
the mind destroys health, and generates maladies. Harvey.
4. Childbirth; travail.
Sith of womens labours thou hast charge,
And generation goodly doest enlarge,
Incline thy will to effect our wishful vow. Spens. Epith.
Not knowing 'twas my labour, I complain
Of sudden shootings, and of grinding pain;
My throws come thicker, and my cries encreas'd,
Which with her hand the conscious nurse suppress'd. Dryd.
Not one woman of two hundred dies in labour. Graunt.
His heart is in continual labour; it even travails with the
obligation, and is in pangs 'till it be delivered. South's Serm.

To LABOUR. v. n. [laboro, Latin.]
1. To toil; to act with painful effort.
When shall I come to th' top of that same hill?
—You do climb up it now; look how we labour. Shakes.
For your highness' good I ever labour'd,
More than mine own Shakespear's Hen. VIII.
Who is with him?
—None but the fool, who labours to out-jest
His heart-struck injuries. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
Let more work be laid upon the men, that they may la­
bour therein. Exod. v. 9.
2. To do work; to take pains.
Epaphras saluteth you, always labouring servently for you
in prayers, that ye may stand perfect. Col. iv. 12.
A labouring man that is given to drunkenness shall not be
rich. Ecclus. xix. 1.
That in the night they may be a guard to us, and labour
on the day. Neh. iv. 22.
Yet is there no end of all his labours; neither saith he,
for whom do I labour. Eccl. v. 8.


As a man had a right to all he could employ his labour
upon, so he had no temptation to labour for more than he
could make use of. Locke.
3. To move with difficulty.
The stone that labours up the hill,
Mocking the labourer's toil, returning still,
Is love. Granville.
4. To be diseased with. [Morbo laborare, Latin.]
They abound with horse,
Of which one want our camp doth only labour,
And I have found 'em coming. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
I was called to another, who in childbed laboured of an
ulcer in her left hip. Wiseman.
5. To be in distress; to be pressed.
To this infernal lake the fury flies,
Here hides her hated head, and frees the lab'ring skies. Dryd.
Trumpets and drums shall fright her from the Throne,
As sounding cymbals aid the lab'ring moon. Dryd. Aur.
This exercise will call down the favour of heaven upon
you, to remove those afflictions you now labour under from
you. Wake's Preparation for Death.
6. To be in child-birth; to be in travail.
There lay a log unlighted on the earth,
When she was lab'ring in the throws of birth;
For th' unborn chief the fatal sisters came,
And rais'd it up, and toss'd it on the flame. Dryd. Ovid.
Here, like some furious prophet, Pindar rode,
And seem'd to labour with th' inspiring God. Pope.
He is so touch'd with the memory of her benevolence and
protection, that his soul labours for an expression enough to
represent it. Notes on the Odyssey.

To LA’BOUR. v. a.
1. To work at; to move with difficulty; to form with la­
bour; to prosecute with effect.
To use brevity, and avoid much labouring of the work, is
to be granted to him that will make an abridgment. 2 Mac.
The matter of the ceremonies had wrought, for the most
part, only upon light-headed, weak men, whose satisfaction
was not to be laboured for. Clarendon.
The pains of famish'd Tantalus shall feel,
And Sisyphus that labours up the hill,
The rowling rock in vain, and curst Ixion's wheel. Dryd.
Had you requir'd my helpful hand,
Th' artificer and art you might command,
To labour arms for Troy. Dryden's æneis.
An eager desire to know something concerning him, has
occasioned mankind to labour the point under these disadvan­
tages, and turn on all hands to see if there were any thing
left which might have the least appearance of informa­
tion. Pope's Essay on Homer.
2. To beat; to belabour.
Take, shepherd, take a plant of stubborn oak,
And labour him with many a sturdy stroak. Dryden's Virg.

LA’BOURER. n. s. [laboureur, French.]
1. One who is employed in coarse and toilsome work.
If a state run most to noblemen and gentlemen, and that
the husbandmen be but as their work-folks and labourers, you
may have a good cavalry, but never good stable foot. Bacon.
The sun but seem'd the lab'rer of the year,
Each waxing moon supply'd her wat'ry store,
To swell those tides, which from the line did bear
Their brimful vessels to the Belgian shore. Dryden.
Labourers and idle persons, children, and striplings, old men
and young men, must have divers diets. Arbuth. on Aliments.
Not balmy sleep to lab'rers faint with pain,
Not show'rs to larks, or sun-shine to the bee,
Are half so charming, as thy fight to me. Pope's Autumn.
Yet hence the poor are cloth'd, the hungry fed,
Health to himself, and to his infants bread,
The lab'rer bears. Pope, Ep. iv. l. 167.
The prince cannot say to the merchant, I have no need
of thee; nor the merchant to the labourer, I have no need
of thee. Swift's Miscel.
2. One who takes pains in any employment.
Sir, I am a true labourer; I earn that I eat; get that I
wear; owe no man hate; envy no man's happiness. Shakes.
The stone that labours up the hill,
Mocking the lab'rer's toil, returning still,
Is love. Granville.

LA’BOURSOME. adj. [from labour.]Made with great labour
and diligence.
Forget
Your laboursome and dainty trims, wherein
You made great Jove angry. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
He hath, my lord, by laboursome petition,
Wrung from me my slow leave. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

LA’BRA. n. s. [Spanish.]A lip. Hammer.
Word of denial in thy labras here;
Word of denial, sroth and scum thou liest. Shakespeare.

LA’BYRINTH. n. s. [labyrinthus, Latin.]A maze; a place
formed with inextricable windings.
Suffolk, stay;
Thou may'st not wander in that labyrinth;
There Minotaurs, and ugly treasons lurk. Shakespeare.
Words, which would tear
The tender labyrinth of a maid's soft ear. Donne.
My clamours tear
The ear's soft labyrinth, and cleft the air. Sandy's Paraph.
The earl of Essex had not proceeded with his accustomed
wariness and skill; but run into labyrinths, from whence he
could not disentangle himself. Clarendon, b. viii.
My soul is on her journey; do not now
Divert, or lead her back, to lose herself
I' th' maze and winding labyrinths o' th' world. Denham.

LAC

LAC. n. s.
Lac is usually distinguished by the name of a gum, but
improperly, because it is inflammable and not soluble in wa­
ter. We have three sorts of it, which are all the product of
the same tree. 1. The stick lac. 2. The seed lac. 3. The
shell lac. Authors leave us uncertain whether this drug be­
longs to the animal or the vegetable kingdom. Hill.

LACE. n. s. [lacet, French; laqueus, Latin.]
1. A string; a cord.
There the fond fly entangled, struggled long,
Himself to free thereout; but all in vain:
For striving more, the more in laces strong
Himself he tied, and wrapt his winges twain
In limy snares, the subtil loops among. Spenser.
2. A snare; a gin.
The king had snared been in love's strong lace. Fairfax.
3. A platted string, with which women fasten their clothes.
O! cut my lace, lest my heart cracking, it
Break too. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Doll ne'er was call'd to cut her lace,
Or throw cold water in her face. Swift.
4. Ornaments of fine thread curiously woven.
Our English dames are much given to the wearing of cost­
ly laces; and, if they be brought from Italy, they are in
great esteem. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
5. Textures of thread, with gold or silver.
He wears a stuff, whose thread is coarse and round,
But trimm'd with curious lace. Herbert.
6. Sugar. A cant word.
If haply he the sect pursues,
That read and comment upon news;
He takes up their mysterious face,
He drinks his coffee without lace. Prior.

To LACE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with a string run through eilet holes.
I caused a fomentation to be made, and put on a laced
sock, by which the weak parts were strengthened. Wiseman.
At this, for new replies he did not stay,
But lac'd his crested helm, and strode away. Dryden.
These glitt'ring spoils, now made the victor's gain,
He to his body suits; but suits in vain:
Messapus' helm he finds among the rest,
And laces on, and wears the waving crest Dryd. æneis.
Like Mrs. Primly's great belly; she may lace it down be­
fore, but it burnishes on her hips. Congr. Way of the World.
When Jenny's stays are newly lac'd,
Fair Alma plays about her waist. Prior.
2. To adorn with gold or silver textures sewed on.
It is but a night-gown in respect of yours; cloath of gold
and coats, and lac'd with silver. Shakes. Much ado about Not.
3. To embellish with variegations.
Look, love, what envious streaks
Do lace the severing clouds in yonder East;
Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountains tops. Shakespeare.
Then clap four slices of pilaster on't,
That, lac'd with bits of rustick, makes a front. Pope.
4. To beat; whether from the form which L'Estrange uses, or
by corruption of lash.
Go you, and find me out a man that has no curiosity at
all, or I'll lace your coat for ye. L'Estrange.

LACED Mutton. An old word for a whore.
Ay, Sir, I, a lost mutton, gave your letter to her a lac'd
mutton, and she gave me nothing for my labour. Shakes.

LA’CEMAN. n. s. [lace and man.]One who deals in lace.
I met with a nonjuror, engaged with a laceman, whether
the late French king was most like Augustus Cæsar, or
Nero. Addison's Spectator, No. 404.

LA’CERABLE. adj. [from lacerate.]Such as may be torn.
Since the lungs are obliged to a perpetual commerce with
the air, they must necessarily lie open to great damages,
because of their thin and lacerable composure. Harvey.

To LA’CERATE. v. a. [lacero, Latin.]To tear; to rend;
to separate by violence.
And my sons lacerate and rip up, viper like, the womb
that brought them forth. Howel's England's Tears.
The heat breaks through the water, so as to lacerate and
lift up great bubbles too heavy for the air to buoy up, and
causeth boiling. Derham's Physico-Theology.


Here lacerated friendship claims a tear. Va. of human Wishes.

LACERA’TION. n. s. [from lacerate.]The act of tearing or
rending; the breach made by tearing.
The effects are, extension of the great vessels, compres­
sion of the lesser, and lacerations upon small causes. Arbuth.

LA’CERATIVE. adj. [from lacerate.]Tearing; having the
power to tear.
Some depend upon the intemperament of the part ulce­
rated, others upon the continual afflux of lacerative hu­
mours. Harvey on Consumptions.

LA’CHRYMAL. adj. [lachrymal, French.]Generating tears.
It is of an exquisite sense, that, upon any touch, the tears
might be squeezed from the lachrymal glands, to wash and
clean it. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

LA’CHRYMARY. adj. [lachryma, Latin.]Containing tears.
How many dresses are there for each particular deity?
what a variety of shapes in the ancient urns, lamps, and la­
chrymary vessels. Addison's Travels through Italy.

LACHRYMA’TION. n. s. [from lachryma.]The act of weep­
ing, or shedding tears.

LA’CHRYMATORY. n. s. [lachrimatoire, French.]A vessel in
which tears are gathered to the honour of the dead.

LACI’NIATED. adj. [from lacinia, Lat.]Adorned with fringes
and borders.

To LACK. v. a. [laecken, to lessen, Dutch.]To want; to
need; to be without.
Every good and holy desire, though it lack the form, hath
notwithstanding in itself the substance, and with him the
force of prayer, who regardeth the very moanings, groans,
and sighs of the heart. Hooker, b. v. l. 348.
A land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness;
thou shalt not lack any thing in it. Deut. viii. 9.
One day we hope thou shalt bring back,
Dear Bolingbroke, the justice that we lack. Daniel.
Intreat they may; authority they lack. Daniel.

To LACK. v. n.
1. To be in want.
The lions do lack and suffer hunger. Common Prayer.
2. To be wanting.
Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty righteous;
wilt thou destroy all the city for lack of five? Gen. viii. 28.
There was nothing lacking to them: David recovered all.
1 Sam. xxx. 19.
That which was lacking on your part, they have sup­
plied. 1 Cor. xvi. 17.

LACK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Want; need; failure.
In the scripture there neither wanteth any thing, the lack
whereof might deprive us of life. Hooker, b. i. p. 41.
Many that are not mad
Have sure more lack of reason. Shakes. Meas. for Meas.
He was not able to keep that place three days, for lack
of victuals. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The trenchant blade, toledo trusty,
For want of fighting was grown rusty,
And eat into itself, for lack
Of somebody to hew and hack. Hudibras, p. i. c. 1.
2. Lack, whether noun or verb, is now almost obsolete.

LA’CKBRAIN. n. s. [lack and brain.]One that wants wit.
What a lackbrain is this? Our plot is as good a plot as
ever was laid. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.

LA’CKER. n. s. A kind of varnish, which, spread upon a
white substance, exhibits a gold colour.

To LA’CKER. v. a. [from the noun.]To do over with lacker.
What shook the stage, and made the people stare?
Cato's long wing, flower'd gown, and lacker'd chair. Pope.

LA’CKEY. n. s. [lacquais, French.]An attending servant; a
foot-boy.
They would shame to make me
Wait else at door: a fellow counsellor,
'Mong boys, and grooms, and lackeys! Shakes. Hen. VIII.
Though his youthful blood be fir'd with wine,
He's cautious to avoid the coach and six,
And on the lackeys will no quarrel fix. Dryden's Juvenal.
Lacqueys were never so saucy and pragmatical as they are
now-a-days. Addison's Spectator, No. 481.

To LA’CKEY. v. a. [from the noun.]To attend servilely.
I know not whether Milton has used this word very pro­
perly.
This common body,
Like to a vagabond flag upon the stream,
Goes to, and back, lacqueying the varying tide,
To rot itself with motion. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
So dear to heav'n is saintly chastity,
That when a soul is found sincerely so,
A thousand liveried angels lackey her,
Driving far off each thing of sin and guilt. Milton.

To LA’CKEY. v. n. To act as a foot-boy; to pay servile at­
tendance.
Oft have I servants seen on horses ride,
The free and noble lacquey by their side. Sandys's Par.
Our Italian translator of the æneis is a foot poet; he
lackeys by the side of Virgil, but never mounts behind
him. Dryd. Ded. æn.

LA’CKLINEN. adj. [lack and linen.]Wanting shirts.
I scorn you, scurvy companion; what? your poor, base,
rascally, cheating, lacklinen mate: away, you mouldy rogue,
away; I'm made for your master. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

LA’CKLUSTRE. adj. [lack and lustre.]Wanting brightness.
And then he drew a dial from his poke,
And looking on it with lacklustre eye,
Says very wisely, it is ten a clock. Shakespear.

LACO’NICK. adj. [laconicus, Lat. laconique, Fr.]Short; brief;
from Lacones, the Spartans, who used few words.
I grow laconick even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I
return only yes, or no, to questionary or petitionary epistles
of half a yard long. Pope to Swift.

LA’CONISM. n. s. [laconisme, French; laconismus, Latin.]A
concise stile: called by Pope laconicism. See LACONICK.
As the language of the face is universal, so it is very
comprehensive: no laconism can reach it. It is the short­
hand of the mind, and crowds a great deal in a little
room. Collier of the Aspect.

LA’CONICALLY. adv. [from laconick.]Briefly; concisely.
Alexander Nequam, a man of great learning, and de­
sirous to enter into religion there, writ to the abbot laco­
nically. Camden's Remains.

LA’CTARY. adj. [lactis, Lat.]Milky; full of juice like milk.
From lactary, or milky plants, which have a white and
lacteous juice dispersed through every part, there arise flowers
blue and yellow. Brown's Vulgar Errors, b. vi. c. 10.

LA’CTARY. n. s. [lactarium, Latin.]A dairy house.

LACTA’TION. n. s. [lacto, Latin.]The act or time of giving
suck.

LA’CTEAL. adj. [from lac, Latin.]Conveying chyle.
As the food passes, the chyle, which is the nutritive part,
is separated from the excrementitious by the lacteal veins;
and from thence conveyed into the blood. Locke.

LACTEAL. n. s. The vessel that conveys chyle.
The mouths of the lacteals may permit aliment, acrimo­
nious or not, sufficiently attenuated, to enter in people of
lax constitutions, whereas their sphincters will shut against
them in such as have strong fibres. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LACTE’OUS. adj. [lacteus, Latin.]
1. Milky.
Though we leave out the lacteous circle, yet are there more
by four than Philo mentions. Brown's Vulgar Errors.
2. Lacteal; conveying chyle.
The lungs are suitable for respiration, and the lacteous ves­
sels for the reception of the chyle. Bentley's Serm.

LACTES’CENCE. n. s. [lactesco, Latin.]Tendency to milk.
This lactescence does commonly ensue, when wine, being
impregnated with gums, or other vegetable concretions, that
abound with sulphureous corpuscles, fair water is suddenly
poured upon the solution. Boyle on Colours.

LACTES’CENT. adj. [lactescens, Latin.]Producing Milk.
Amongst the pot-herbs are some lactescent plants, as let­
tuce and endive, which contain a wholesome juice. Arbuth.

LACTI’FEROUS. adj. [lac and fero.]What conveys or brings
milk.
He makes the breasts to be nothing but glandules, made
up of an infinite number of little knots, each whereof hath
its excretory vessel, or lactiferous duct. Ray on the Creation.

LAD

LAD. n. s. [leode, Saxon, which commonly signifies people,
but sometimes, says Mr. Lye, a boy.]
1. A boy; a stripling, in familiar language.
We were
Two lads, that thought there was no more behind,
But such a day to-morrow as to-day,
And to be boy eternal. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The poor lad who wants knowledge, must set his inven­
tion on the rack, to say something where he knows no­
thing. Locke.
Too far from the ancient forms of teaching several good
grammarians have departed, to the great detriment of such
lads as have been removed to other schools. Watts.
2. A boy, in pastoral language.
For grief whereof the lad would after joy,
But pin'd away in anguish, and self-will'd annoy. Fa. Qu.
The shepherd lad,
Whose offspring on the throne of Judah sat
So many ages. Milton's Par. Reg. b. ii. l. 439.

LA’DDER. n. s. [hladre, Saxon.]
1. A frame made with steps placed between two upright
pieces.
Whose compost is rotten, and carried in time,
And spread as it should be, thrift's ladder may clime. Tuff.
Now streets grow throng'd, and busy as by day,
Some run for buckets to the hallow'd quire;
Some cut the pipes, and some the engines play,
And some more bold mount ladders to the fire. Dryden.
I saw a stage erected about a foot and a half from the
ground, capable of holding four of the inhabitants with two
or three ladders to mount it. Gulliver's Travels.


Easy in words thy stile, in sense sublime;
'Tis like the ladder in the patriarch's dream,
Its foot on earth, its height above the skies. Prior.
2. Any thing by which one climbs.
Then took she help to her of a servant near about her
husband, whom she knew to be of a hasty ambition; and
such a one, who wanting true sufficiency to raise him, would
make a ladder of any mischief. Sidney, b. ii.
I must climb her window,
The ladder made of cords. Shakes. Two Gent. of Verona.
Northumberland, thou ladder, by the which
My cousin Bolingbroke ascends my throne. Shakes.
Lowliness is young ambition's ladder,
Whereto the climber upward turns his face. Shakes.
3. A gradual rise.
Endow'd with all these accomplishments, we leave him
in the full career of success, mounting fast towards the top
of the ladder ecclesiastical, which he hath a fair probability
to reach. Swift.

LADE. n. s.
Lade is the mouth of a river, and is derived from the
Saxon lade, which signifies a purging or discharging; there
being a discharge of the waters into the sea, or into some
greater river. Gibson's Camden.

To LADE. v. a.   preter. and part. passive, laded or laden.[from
hladen, Saxon.] It is now commonly written load.
1. To load; to freight; to burthen.
And they laded their asses with corn, and departed thence.
Gen. xlii. 26.
The experiment which sheweth the weights of several bo­
dies in comparison with water, is of use in lading of ships,
and showing what burthen they will bear. Bacon's Ph. Rem.
The vessels, heavy laden, put to sea
With prosp'rous winds; a woman leads the way. Dryden.
Though the peripatetick doctrine does not satisfy, yet it is
as easy to account for the difficulties he charges on it, as for
those his own hypothesis is laden with. Locke.
2. [hladan, to draw, Saxon.] To heave out; to throw out.
He chides the sea that sunders him from them,
Saying, he'll lade it dry to have his way. Shakes.
They never let blood; but say, if the pot boils too fast
there is no need of lading out any of the water, but only of
taking away the fire; and so they allay all heats of the blood
by abstinence, and cooling herbs. Temple.
If there be springs in the slate marl, there must be help to
lade or pump it out. Mortimer's Husband.

LA’DING. n. s. [from lade.]Weight, burthen.
Some we made prize, while others burnt and rent
With their rich lading to the bottom went. Waller.
The storm grows higher and higher, and threatens the
utter loss of the ship: there is but one way to save it, which
is, by throwing its rich lading overboard. South's Serm.
It happened to be foul weather, so that the mariners cast
their whole lading overboard to save themselves. L'Estrange.
Why should he sink where nothing seem'd to press?
His lading little, and his ballast less. Swift.

LA’DLE. n. s. [hlædle, Saxon, from hladan; leaugh, Erse.]
1. A large spoon; a vessel with a long handle, used in throw­
ing out any liquid.
Some stirr'd the molten ore with ladles great. Fa. Qu.
When the materials of glass have been kept long in fusion,
the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen
take off with ladles. Boyle.
A laddle for our silver dish
Is what I want, is what I wish. Prior.
2. The receptacles of a mill wheel, into which the water falling
turns it.

LA’DLE-FUL. n. s. [ladle and full.]
If a footman be going up with a dish of soup, let the cook
with a ladle-ful dribble his livery all the way up stairs. Sw.

LA’DY. n. s. [hlæfdig, Saxon.]
1. A woman of high rank: the title of lady properly belongs
to the wives of knights, of all degrees above them, and to
the daughters of earls, and all of higher ranks.
I am much afraid, my lady, his mother, play'd false with
a smith. Shakespeare's Merch. of Verona.
I would thy husband were dead; I would make thee my
lady.
—I your lady, Sir John? alas, I should be a pitiful
lady. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I am sorry my relation to so deserving a lady, should be
any occasion of her danger and affliction. K. Charles.
2. An illustrious or eminent woman.
O foolish fairy's son, what fury mad
Hath thee incens'd to haste thy doleful fate?
Were it not better I that lady had,
Than that thou hadst repented it too late? Fairy Qu.
I love and hate her; for she's fair and royal,
And that she hath all courtly parts more exquisite
Than lady ladies; winning from each one
The best she hath, and she of all compounded
Out-sells them all. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Before Homer's time this great lady was scarce heard of. Ral.
May every lady an Evadne prove,
That shall divert me from Aspasia's love. Waller.
Shou'd I shun the dangers of the war,
With scorn the Trojans wou'd reward my pains,
And their proud ladies with their sweeping trains. Dryden.
We find on medals the representations of ladies, that have
given occasion to whole volumes on the account only of a
face. Addison on ancient Medals.
Of all these bounds, even from this line to this,
With shadowy forests, and with champaigns rich'd,
With plenteous rivers, and wide-skirted meads,
We make thee lady. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. A word of complaisance used of women.
Say, good Cæsar,
That I some lady trifles have reserv'd,
Immoment toys, things of such dignity
As we greet modern friends withal. Shakes. Ant. and Cl.
I hope I may speak of women without offence to the la­
dies. Guardian.

LA’DY-BEDSTRAW. n. s. [Gallium.]It is a plant of the stel­
late kind; the leaves are neither rough nor knappy, and pro­
duced at the joints of the stalks, five or six in number, in a
radiant form: the flower consists of one leaf, expanded to­
ward the upper part, and divided into several segments; each
of these flowers is succeeded by two dry seeds. Miller.

LA’DY-BIRD. n. s. A small red insect vaginopennous.
LA’DY-COW. n. s. A small red insect vaginopennous.
LA’DY-FLY. n. s. A small red insect vaginopennous.
Fly lady-bird, north, south, or east or west,
Fly where the man is found that I love best. Gay's Past.
This lady-fly I take from off the grass,
Whose spotted back might scarlet red surpass. Gay.

LA’DY-DAY. n. s. [lady and day.]The day on which the an­
nunciation of the blessed virgin is celebrated.

LA’DY-LIKE. adj. [lady and like.]Soft; delicate; elegant.
Her tender constitution did declare,
Too lady-like a long fatigue to bear. Dry. Hind and Panth.

LA’DY-MANTLE. n. s. [Alchimilla.]The leaves are serrated,
the cup of the flower is divided into eight segments, expand­
ed in form of a star; the flowers are collected into bunches
upon the tops of the stalks; each seed vessel generally con­
tains two seeds. Miller.

LA’DYSHIP. n. s. [from lady.]The title of a lady.
Madam, he sends your ladyship this ring. Shakespeare.
If they be nothing but mere statesmen,
Your ladyship shall observe their gravity,
And their reservedness, their many cautions,
Fitting their persons. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
I the wronged pen to please,
Make it my humble thanks express
Unto your ladyship in these. Waller.
'Tis Galla; let her ladyship but peep. Dryden's Juv.

LA’DY'S-SLIPPER. n. s. [Calccolus]It hath an anomalous
flower, consisting of six dissimilar leaves, four of which are
placed in form of a cross, the other two pass the middle, one
of which is bifid, and rests on the other, which is swelling,
and shaped like a shoe; the empalement becomes a fruit,
open on three sides, to which adhere the valves, pregnant
with very small seeds like dust. Miller.

LA’DY'S-SMOCK. n. s. [Cardamine.]The flower consists of
four leaves succeeded by narrow pods, which when ripe roll
up, and cast forth their seeds: the leaves for the most part
are winged. The first sort is sometimes used in medicine;
the third sort is a very beautiful plant, continuing a long
time in flower: they are preserved in botanick gardens, and
some of them merit a place in some shady part of every cu­
rious garden, for their odd manner of casting forth their
seeds on the slightest touch when the pods are ripe. Miller.
When dazies pied, and violets blue,
And lady's-smocks all silver white,
Do paint the meadows much bedight. Shakespeare.
See here a boy gathering lilies and lady-smocks, and there a
girl cropping culverkeys and cowslips, all to make gar­
lands. Walton's Angler.
Lady's-smocks have small stringy roots that run in the ground,
and comes up in divers places. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LAG

LAG. adj. [læng, Saxon, long; lagg, Swedish, the end.]
1. Coming behind; falling short.
I could be well content
To entertain the lag end of my life
With quiet hours. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
The slowest footed who come lag, supply the show of a
reer-ward. Carew's Survey.
I am some twelve or fourteen moonshines
Lag of a brother. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Sluggish; slow; tardy. It is retained in Scotland.
He, poor man, by your first order died,
And that a winged Mercury did bear;
Some tardy cripple had the countermand,
That came too lag to see him buried. Shakes. Rich. III.
We know your thoughts of us, that laymen are
Lag souls, and rubbish of remaining clay,


Which heav'n, grown weary of more perfect work,
Set upright with a little puff of breath,
And bid us pass for men. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
3. Last; long delayed.
Pack to their old play-fellows; there I take
They may, cum privilegio, wear away
The lag end of their lewdness, and be laugh'd at. Shak.

LAG. n. s.
1. The lowest class; the rump; the fag end.
The rest of your foes, O gods, the senators of Athens,
together with the common lag of people, what is amiss in
them, make suitable for destruction. Shakes. Tim. of Athens.
2. He that comes last, or hangs behind.
The last, the lag of all the race. Dryd. Virg. æneis.
What makes my ram the lag of all the flock. Pope.

To LAG. v. n.
1. To loiter; to move slowly.
She pass'd, with fear and fury wild;
The nurse went lagging after with the child. Dryden.
The remnant of his days he safely past,
Nor sound they lagg'd too slow, nor flow'd too fast. Prior.
2. To stay behind; not to come in.
Behind her far away a dwarf did lag. Fairy Queen.
I shall not lag behind, nor err
The way, thou leading. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
The knight himself did after ride,
Leading Crowdero by his side,
And tow'd him, if he lagg'd behind,
Like boat against the tide and wind. Hud. p. i. c. 3.
If he finds a fairy lag in light,
He drives the wretch before, and lashes into night. Dryd.
She hourly press'd for something new;
Ideas came into her mind
So fast, his lessons lagg'd behind. Swift.

LA’GGER. n. s. [from lag.]A loiterer; an idler; one that
loiters behind.

LA’ICAL. adj. [laïque, French; laicus, Latin; ??.]Belong­
ing to the laity, or people as distinct from the clergy.
In all ages the clerical will flatter as well as the laical.
Camden.

LAID. Preterite participle of lay.
Money laid up for the relief of widows and fatherless chil­
dren. 2 Mac. iii. 10.
A scheme which was writ some years since, and laid by
to be ready on a fit occasion. Swift.

LAIN. Preterite participle of lye.
Mary seeth two angels in white, sitting, the one at the
head, and the other at the feet, where the body of Jesus
had lain. John xx. 12.
The parcels had lain by, before they were opened, be­
tween four and five years. Boyle.

LAIR. n. s. [lai, in French, signifies a wild sow, or a forest:
the derivation is easy in either sense; or from leger, Dutch.]
The couch of a boar, or wild beast.
Out of the ground uprose,
As from his lair, the wild beast, where he wons
In forest wild, in thicket, brake or den. Milton's P. Lost.
But range the forest, by the silver side
Of some cool stream, where nature shall provide
Green grass and satt'ning clover for your sare,
And mossy caverns for your noon-tide lair. Dryd. Virg.

LAIRD. n. s. [hlaford, Saxon.]The lord of a manor in the
Scottish dialect.
Shrive but their title, and their moneys poize,
A laird and twenty pence pronounc'd with noise,
When constru'd but for a plain yeoman go,
And a good sober two pence, and well so. Cleaveland.

LA’ITY. n. s. [??.]
1. The people, as distinguished from the clergy.
An humble clergy is a very good one, and an humble
laity too, since humility is a virtue that equally adorns every
station of life. Swift's Scutiments of a Ch. of Engl. Man.
2. The state of a layman.
The more usual cause of this deprivation is a mere laity,
or want of holy orders. Ayliffe's Parergon.

LAKE. n. s. [lac, French; lacus, Latin.]
1. A large diffusion of inland water.
He adds the running springs and standing lakes,
And bounding banks for winding rivers makes. Dry. Ovid.
2. Small plash of water.
3. A middle colour, betwixt ultramarine and vermilion, yet
it is rather sweet than harsh. Dryden.

LAM

LAMB. n. s. [lamb, Gothick and Saxon.]
1. The young of a sheep.
I'm young; but something
You may deserve of him through me, and wisdom,
To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb,
T' appease an angry god. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The lamb, thy riot dooms to bleed to day,
Had he thy knowledge would he skip and play? Pope.
2. Typically, the Saviour of the world.
Thou Lamb of God that takest away the sins of the
world, have mercy upon us. Common Prayer.

LA’MBKIN. n. s. [from lamb.]A little lamb.
'Twixt them both they not a lambkin left,
And when lambs fail'd, the old sheeps lives they
rest. Hubberd's Tae.
Pan, thou god of shepherds all,
Which of our tender lambkins takest, keep. Spens. Past.
Clean as young lambkins, or the goose's down,
And like the goldfinch in her Sunday gown. Gay.

LAMBATIVE. adj. [from lambo, to lick.]Taken by licking.
In affections both of lungs and weazon, physicians make
use of syrups, and lambative medicines. Brown's Vul. Errors.

LAM’BATIVE. n. s. A medicine taken by licking with the
tongue.
I stitch'd up the wound, and applied astringents, with
compress and retentive bandage, then put him into bed, and
let him blood in the arm, advising a lambative, to be taken
as necessity should require. Wiseman's Surgery.

LAMBS-WOOL. n. s. [lamb and wool.]Ale mixed with the pulp
of roasted apples.
A cup of lambs-wool they drank to him there.
Song of the King and the Miller.

LA’MBENT. adj. [lambens, Lat.]Playing about; gliding over
without harm.
From young Iülus head
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows, and on his temples sed. Dryd. æneis.
His brows thick fogs, instead of glories, grace,
And lambent dulness played around his face. Dryden.

LAMDOI’DAL. n. s. [???da and ed.]Having the form of
the letter lamda or ?.
The course of the longitudinal sinus down through the
middle of it, makes it adviseable to trapan at the lower part
of the os parietale, or at least upon the lamdoidal fu­
ture. Sharp's Surgery.

LAME. adj. [laam, lama, Saxon; lam, Dutch.]
1. Crippled; disabled in the limbs.
Who reproves the lame, must go upright. Daniel.
A greyhound, of a mouse colour, lame of one leg, belongs
to a lady. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
2. Hobbling; not smooth: alluding to the feet of a verse.
Our authors write,
Whether in prose, or verse, 'tis all the same;
The prose is fustian, and the numbers lame. Dry. Pers.
3. Imperfect; unsatisfactory.
Shrubs are formed into sundry shapes, by moulding
them within, and cutting them without; but they are but
lame things, being too small to keep figure. Bacon.
Swift, who could neither fly nor hide,
Came sneaking to the chariot side;
And offer'd many a lame excuse,
He never meant the least abuse. Swift.

To LAME. v. a. [from the adjective.]To make lame; to
cripple.
I never heard of such another encounter, which lames re­
port to follow it, and undoes description to do it. Shakesp.
The son and heir
Affronted once a cock of noble kind,
And either lam'd his legs, or struck him blind. Dryd.
If you happen to let the child fall, and lame it, never
confess. Swift.

L’AMELLATED. adj. [lamella, Latin.]Covered with films or
plates.
The lamellated antennæ of some infects are surprisingly
beautiful, when viewed through a microscope. Derham.

LAME’LY. adj. [from lame.]
1. Like a cripple; without natural force or activity.
Those muscles become callous, and, having yielded to the
extension, the patient makes shift to go upon it, though
lamely. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Imperfectly; without a full or complete exhibition of all the
parts.
Look not ev'ry lineament to see,
Some will be cast in shades, and some will be
So lamely drawn, you scarcely know 'tis she. Dryden.

LA’MENESS. n. s. [from lame.]
1. The state of a cripple; loss or inability of limbs.
Let blindness, lameness come; are legs and eyes
Of equal value to so great a prize? Dryden's Juv.
Lameness kept me at home Digby to Pope.
2. Imperfection; weakness.
If the story move, or the actor help the lameness of it
with his performance, either of these are sufficient to effect
a present liking. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

To LAMENT. v. n. [lamentor, Latin; lamenter, French.]To
mourn; to wail; to grieve; to express sorrow.
The night has been unruly where we lay;
And chimneys were blown down: and, as they say,
Lamentings heard i' th' air, strange screams of death. Shak.
Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice. John.
Jeremiah lamented for Josiah, and all the singing-men and
women spake of Josiah in their lamentations. 2 Chron.


In their wailing they shall take up a lamentation for thee,
and lament over thee. Ezek. xxvii. 32.
Far less I now lament for one whole world
Of wicked sons destroy'd, than I rejoice
For one man found so perfect and so just,
That God vouchsafes to raise another world
From him. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 874.

To LA’MENT. v. a. To bewail; to mourn; to bemoan; to
sorrow for.
Come, now tow'rds Chertsey with your holy load,
And still, as you are weary of this weight,
Rest you, while I lament king Henry's corse. Shakespeare.
The pair of sages praise;
One pity'd, one contemn'd the woful times,
One laugh'd at follies, one lamented crimes. Dryden.

LA’MENT. n. s.   [lamentum, Latin, from the verb.]
1. Sorrow audibly expressed; lamentation; grief uttered in
complaints or cries.
Long ere our approaching heard within
Noise, other than the sound of dance, or song!
Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. Milton.
The loud laments arise,
Of one distress'd, and mastiffs mingled cries. Dryden.
2. Expression of sorrow.
To add to your laments,
Wherewith you now bedew king Henry's hearse,
I must inform you of a dismal fight. Shakes. Henry VI.

LA’MENTABLE. adj. [lamentabilis, Latin; lamentable, French,
from lament.]
1. To be lamented; causing sorrow.
The lamentable change is from the best;
The worst returns to laughter. Shakes. King Lear.
2. Mournful; sorrowful; expressing sorrow.
A lamentable tune is the sweetest musick to a woful
mind. Sidney.
The victors to their vessels bear the prize,
And hear behind loud groans, and lamentable cries. Dryd.
3. Miserable, in a ludicrous or low sense; pitiful; despicable.
This bishop, to make out the disparity between the hea­
thens and them, flies to this lamentable refuge. Stillingflect.

LA’MENTABLY. adv. [from lamentable.]
1. With expressions or tokens of sorrow; mournfully.
The matter in itself lamentable, lamentably expressed by
the old prince, greatly moved the two princes to compas­
sion. Sidney, b. ii.
2. So as to cause sorrow.
Our fortune on the sea is out of breath,
And sinks most lamentably. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. Pitifully; despicably.

LAMENTA’TION. n. s. [lamentatio, Latin.]Expression of sor­
row; audible grief.
Be't lawful that I invocate thy ghost,
To hear the lamentations of poor Anne. Shakes. R. III.
His sons buried him, and all Israel made great lamenta­
tion for him. 1 Mac. ii. 10.

LAMEN’TER. n. s. [from lament.]He who mourns or laments.
Such a complaint good company must pity, whether they
think the lamenter ill or not. Spectator, No. 429.

LA’MENTINE. n. s. A fish called a sea-cow or manatee, which
is near twenty feet long, the head resembling that of a cow,
and two short feet, with which it creeps on the shallows and
rocks to get food; but has no fins: the flesh is commonly
eaten. Bailey.

LA’MINA. n. s. [Lat.]Thin plate; one coat laid over another.

LA’MINATED. adj. [from lamina.]Plated: used of such bo­
dies whose contexture discovers such a disposition as that of
plates lying over one another.
From the apposition of different coloured gravel arises, for
the most part, the laminated appearance of a stone. Sharp.

To LAMM. v. a. To beat soundly with a cudgel. Dict.

LA’MMAS. n. s. [This word is said by Bailey, I know not on
what authority, to be derived from a custom, by which the
tenants of the archbishop of York were obliged, at the time
of mass, on the first of August, to bring a lamb to the al­
tar. In Scotland they are said to wean lambs on this day.
It may else be corrupted from lattermath.]The first of Au­
gust.
In 1578 was that famous lammas day, which buried the
reputation of Don John of Austria. Bacon.

LAMP. n. s. [lampe, French; lampas, Latin.]
1. A light made with oil and a wick.
O thievish night,
Why should'st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lanthorn thus close up the stars
That nature hung in heaven, and fill'd their lamps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller? Milton.
In lamp furnaces I used spirit of wine instead of oil, and
with the same flame has melted foliated gold. Boyle.
2. Any kind of light, in poetical language, real or metapho­
rical.
Thy gentle eyes send forth a quick'ning spirit,
And feed the dying lamp of life within me. Rowe.
Cynthia, fair regent of the night,
O may thy silver lamp from heaven's high bow'r,
Direct my footsteps in the midnight hour. Gay.

LA’MPASS. n. s. [lampas, French.]A lump of flesh, about the
bigness of a nut, in the roof of a horse's mouth, which rises
above the teeth. Farrier's Dict.
His horse possest with the glanders, troubled with the lam­
pass, infected with the fashions. Shakespeare.

LA’MPBLACK. n. s. [lamp and black.]It is made by holding
a torch under the bottom of a bason, and as it is furred strike
it with a feather into some shell, and grind it with gum
water. Peacham on Drawing.

LAM’PING. adj. [?a?pe???.]Shining; sparkling.
Happy lines, on which with starry light
Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look. Spenser.

LAMPO’ON. n. s. [Bailey derives it from lampons, a drunken
song. It imports, let us drink, from the old French lamper,
and was repeated at the end of each couplet at carousals.
Trev.]A personal satire; abuse; censure written not to re­
form but to vex.
They say my talent is satire; if so, it is a fruitful age:
they have sown the dragon's teeth themselves, and it is but
just they should reap each other in lampoons. Dryden.
Make satire a lampoon. Pope.

To LAMPO’ON. v. a. [from the noun.]To abuse with perso­
nal satire.

LAMPO’ONER. n. s. [from lampoon.]A scribbler of personal
satire.
We are naturally displeased with an unknown critick, as
the ladies are with a lampooner, because we are bitten in the
dark. Dryden's æn.
The squibs are those who are called libellers, lampooners,
and pamphleteers. Tatler, No. 88.

LA’MPREY. n. s. [lamproye, French; lampreye, Dutch.]
Many fish much like the eel frequent both the sea and fresh
rivers; as, the lamprel, lamprey, and lamperne. Walton.

LA’MPRON. n. s. A kind of sea fish.
These rocks are frequented by lamprons, and greater fishes,
that devour the bodies of the drowned. Notes on the Odyssey.

LAN

LANCE. n. s. [lance, French; lancea, Latin.]A long spear,
which, in the heroick ages, seems to have been generally
thrown from the hand, as by the Indians at this day. In
later times the combatants thrust them against each other on
horseback.
He carried his lances which were strong, to give a lancely
blow. Sidney.
Plate sin with gold,
And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks:
Arm it in rags, a pigmy's straw doth pierce it. Shakes.
They shall hold the bow and the lance. Jer. l. 42.

To LANCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To pierce; to cut.
In fell motion,
With his prepared sword he charges home
My unprovided body, lanc'd my arm. Shakespeare.
In their cruel worship they lance themselves with knives.
Glanville's Scep. c. 16.
Th' infernal minister advanc'd,
Seiz'd the due victim, and with fury lanc'd
Her back, and piercing through her inmost heart,
Drew backward. Dryden's Theod. and Honoria.
2. To open chirurgically; to cut in order to a cure.
We do lance
Diseases in our bodies. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Fell sorrow's tooth doth never rankle more
Than when it bites, but lanceth not the sore. Shakes.
That differs as far from our usual severities, as the lancings
of a physician do from the wounds of an adversary. D. of Pi.
Lance the sore,
And cut the head; for till the core is found
The secret vice is fed. Dryden's Georg. l. 691.
The shepherd stands,
And when the lancing knife requires his hands,
Vain help, with idle pray'rs, from heav'n demands. Dry.

LA’NCELY. adj. [from lance.]Suitable to a lance. Not in use.
He carried his lances, which were strong, to give a lancely
blow. Sidney, b. ii.

LANCEPE’SADE. n. s. [lance spezzate, French.]The officer
under the corporal: not now in use among us.
To th' Indies of her arm he flies,
Fraught both with east and western prize,
Which, when he had in vain essay'd,
Arm'd like a dapper lancepesade
With Spanish pike, he broach'd a pore. Cleaveland.

LA’NCET. n. s. [lancette, French.]A small pointed chirurgical
instrument.
I gave vent to it by an apertion with a lancet, and dis­
charged white matter. Wiseman's Surgery.
It differeth from a vein, which in an apparent blue run­
neth along the body, and if dexterously pricked with a lancet
emitteth a red drop. Brown's Vulgar Brrors. b. iii.
Hippocrates saith, blood-letting should be done with broad


lancets or swords, in order to make a large orifice: the man­
ner of opening a vein then was by stabbing or pertusion, as
in horses. Arbuthnot on ancient Coins.

To LANCH. v. a. [lancer, French. This word is too often
written launch: it is only a vocal corruption of lance.]To
dart; to cast as a lance; to throw; to let fly.
See whose arm can lanch the surer bolt,
And who's the better Jove. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
Me, only me, the hand of fortune bore,
Unblest to tread that interdicted shore:
When Jove tremendous in the sable deeps,
Launch'd his red light'ning at our scatter'd ships. Pope.

LANCINA’TION. n. s. [from lancino, Latin.]Tearing; la­
ceration.

To LA’NCINATE. v. a. [lancino, Latin.]To tear; to rend;
to lacerate.

LAND. n. s. [land, Gothick, Saxon, and so all the Teuto­
nick dialects.]
1. A country; a region; distinct from other countries.
All the nations of Scythia, like a mountain flood, did
overflow all Spain, and quite drowned and washed away
whatsoever reliques there were left of the land-bred people.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
Thy ambition,
Thou scarlet sin, robb'd this bewailing land
Of noble Buckingham. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
What had he done to make him fly the land? Shakes.
The chief men of the land had great authority; though
the government was monarchical, it was not despotick.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
2. Earth; distinct from water.
The princes delighting their conceits with confirming their
knowledge, seeing wherein the sea-discipline differed from
the land-service, they had pleasing entertainment. Sidney.
He to-night hath boarded a land-carrack;
If it prove lawful prize, he's made for ever. Shakespeare.
By land they found that huge and mighty country. Abbot.
With eleven thousand land-soldiers, and twenty-six ships of
war, we within two months have won one town. Bacon.
Necessity makes men ingenious and hardy; and if they
have but land-room or sea-room, they find supplies for their
hunger. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Yet, if thou go'st by land, tho' grief possess
My soul ev'n then, my fears would be the less:
But ah! be warn'd to shun the wat'ry way. Dryden.
They turn their heads to sea, their sterns to land,
And greet with greedy joy th' Italian strand. Dryden.
I writ not always in the proper terms of navigation, or
land-service. Dryden's æneis.
The French are to pay the same duties at the dry ports
through which they pass by land-carriage, as we pay upon
importation or exportation by sea. Add. Freeholder.
The Phœnicians carried on a land-trade to Syria and
Mesopotamia, and stopt not short, without pushing their
trade to the Indies. Arbuthnot on Coins.
The species brought by land-carriage were much better
than those which came to Egypt by sea. Arbuthnot.
3. Ground; surface of the place. Unusual.
Beneath his steely casque he felt the blow,
And roll'd, with limbs relax'd, along the land. Pope.
4. An estate real and immoveable.
To forfeit all your goods, lands, and tenements,
Castles, and goods whatsoever, and to be
Out of the king's protection. Shakes. Henry VIII.
He kept himself within the bounds of loyalty, and enjoy­
ed certain lands and towns in the borders of Polonia. Knolles.
This man is freed from servile hands,
Of hope to rise, or fear to fall:
Lord of himself, though not of lands,
And having nothing, yet hath all. Wotton.
5. Nation; people.
These answers in the silent night receiv'd,
The king himself divulg'd, the land believ'd. Dryden.
6. Urine. [hlond, Saxon.] As
Probably this was a coarse expression in the cant strain,
formerly in common use, but since laid aside and forgotten,
which meant the taking away a man's life. For land or lant
is an old word for urine, and to stop the common passages
and sunctions of nature is to kill. Hanmer.
You are abused, and by some putter on,
That will be damn'd for't; would I knew the villain,
I would land-damn him. Shakes. Winter Tale.

To LAND. v. a. [from the noun.]To set on shore.
You shall hear
The legions, now in Gallia, sooner landed
In our not fearing Britain. Shakes. Cymbeline.
I told him of the army that was landed;
He laughed at it. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He who rules the raging wind,
To thee, O sacred ship, be kind,
Thy committed pledge restore,
And land him safely on the shore. Dryden's Horace.
Another Typhis shall new seas explore,
Another Argo land the chiefs upon th' Iberian shore. Dry.

To LAND. v. n. To come to shore.
Let him land,
And solemnly see him set on to London. Shakes. Hen. V.
Land ye not, none of you, and provide to be gone from
this coast within sixteen days. Bacon's New Atlantis.
I land, with luckless omens; then adore
Their gods. Dryden's æneis.

LAND-FORCES. n. s. [land and force.]Warlike powers not
naval; soldiers that serve on land.
We behold in France the greatest land-forces that have ever
been known under any christian prince. Temple.

LAN’DED. adj. [from land.]Having a fortune, not in money
but in land.
A landless knight makes thee a landed squire. Shakes.
Men, whose living lieth together in one shire, are com­
monly counted greater landed than those whose livings are
dispersed. Bacon's Collection of Good and Evil.
Cromwell's officers, who were for levelling lands while
they had none, when they grew landed fell to crying up
magna charta. Temple.
A house of commons must consist, for the most part, of
landed men. Addison's Freeholder, No. 20.

LA’NDFALL. n. s. [land and fall.]A sudden translation of pro­
perty in land by the death of a rich man.

LAND’FLOOD. n. s. [land and flood.]Inundation.
Apprehensions of the affections of Kent, and all other
places, looked like a landflood, that might roll they knew
not how far. Clarendon.

LA’NDHOLDER. n. s. [land and holder.]One whose fortune is
in land.
Money, as necessary to trade, may be considered as in his
hands that pays the labourer and landholder; and if this man
want money, the manufacture is not made, and so the trade
is lost. Locke.

LA’NDJOBBER. n. s. [land and job.]One who buys and sells
lands for other men.
If your master be a minister of state, let him be at home
to none but his land-jobbers, or his inventor of new funds.
Swift's Directions to the Steward.

LA’NDGRAVE. n. s. [land and grave, a count, German.]A
German title of dominion.

LA’NDING. n. s. [from land.]The top of stairs.
LA’NDING-PLACE. n. s. [from land.]The top of stairs.
Let the stairs to the upper rooms be upon a fair, open
newel, and a fair landing-place at the top. Bacon.
The landing-place is the uppermost step of a pair of stairs,
viz. the floor of the room you ascend upon. Moxon.
There is a stair-case that strangers are generally carried
to see, where the easiness of the ascent, the disposition of
the lights, and the convenient landing, are admirably well
contrived. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
What the Romans called vestibulum was no part of the
house, but the court and landing-place between it and the
street. Arbuthnot on Coins.

LA’NDLADY. n. s. [land and lady.]
1. A woman who has tenants holding from her.
2. The mistress of an inn.
If a soldier drinks his pint, and offers payment in Wood's
halfpence, the landlady may be under some difficulty. Swift.

LA’NDLESS. [from land.]Without property; without fortune.
Young Fortinbras,
Of unimproved mettle, hot and full,
Hath in the skirts of Norway, here and there,
Shark'd up a list of landless resolutes. Shakes. Hamlet.
A landless knight hath made a landed squire. Shakes.

LA’NDLOCKED. adj. [land and lock.]Shut in, or inclosed with
land.
There are few natural parts better landlocked, and closed
on all sides, than this seems to have been. Addis. on Italy.

LA’NDLOPER. n. s. [land and loopen, Dutch.]A landman; a
term of reproach used by seamen of those who pass their
lives on shore.

LA’NDLORD. n. s. [land and lord]
1. One who owns land or houses, and has tenants under him.
This regard shall be had, that in no place, under any
landlord, there shall be many of them placed together,
but dispersed. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The universal landlord. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
It is a generous pleasure in a landlord, to love to see all his
tenants look fat, sleek, and contented. Clarissa.
2. The master of an inn.
Upon our arrival at the inn, my companion fetched out
the jolly landlord, who knew him by his whistle. Addison.

LA’NDMARK. n. s. [land and mark.]Any thing set up to pre­
serve the boundaries of lands.
I' th' midst, an altar, as the land-mark, stood,
Rustick, of grassy sod. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 432.
Then land-marks limited to each his Right;
For all before was common as the light. Dryden.
Though they are not self-evident principles, yet if they


have been made out from them by a wary and unquestion­
able deduction, they may serve as land-marks, to shew what
lies in the direct way of truth, or is quite besides it. Locke.

LA’NDSCAPE. n. s. [landschape, Dutch.]
1. A region; the prospect of a country.
Lovely seem'd
That landschape! and of pure, now purer air,
Meets his approach. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv. l. 153.
He scarce uprisen,
Shot parallel to th' earth his dewy ray,
Discov'ring in wide landscape all the east
Of paradise, and Eden's happy plains. Milton.
Straight mine eye hath caught new pleasures,
Whilst the landscape round it measures,
Russet lawns and fallows grey,
Where the nibbling flocks do stray. Milton.
We are like men entertained with the view of a spacious
landscape, where the eye passes over one pleasing prospect into
another. Addison.
2. A picture, representing an extent of space, with the various
objects in it.
As good a poet as you are, you cannot make finer land­
scapes than those about the king's house. Add. Guard.
Oft in her glass the musing shepherd spies
The wat'ry landscape of the pendant woods,
And absent trees, that tremble in the floods. Pope.

LAND-TAX. n. s. [land and tax.]Tax laid upon land and
houses.
If mortgages were registered, land-taxes might reach the
lender to pay his proportion. Locke.

LAND-WAITER. n. s. [land and waiter.]An officer of the
customs, who is to watch what goods are landed.
Give a guinea to a knavish land-waiter, and he shall con­
nive at the merchant for cheating the queen of an hun­
dred. Swift's Examiner, No. 27.

LA’NDWARD. adv. [from land.]Towards the land.
They are invincible by reason of the overpouring moun­
tains that back the one, and slender fortification of the other
to landward. Sandy's Journey.

LANE. n. s. [laen, Dutch; lana, Saxon.]
1. A narrow way between hedges.
All flying
Through a straight lane, the enemy full-hearted
Struck down some mortally. Shakes. Cymbeline.
I know each lane, and every alley green,
Dingle or bushy dell, of this wild wood,
And every bosky bourn. Milton.
Through a close lane as I pursu'd my journey. Otway.
A pack-horse is driven constantly in a narrow lane and dir­
ty road. Locke.
2. A narrow street; an alley.
There is no street, not many lanes, where there does not
live one that has relation to the church. Sprat's Sermons.
3. A passage between men standing on each side.
The earl's servants stood ranged on both sides, and made
the king a lane. Bacon's Henry VII.

LA’NERET. n. s. A little hawk.

LA’NGUAGE. n. s. [language, French; lingua, Latin.]
1. Human speech.
We may define language, if we consider it more materially,
to be letters, forming and producing words and sentences;
but if we consider it according to the design thereof, then
language is apt signs for communication of thoughts. Holder.
2. The tongue of one nation as distinct from others.
O! good my lord, no Latin;
I am not such a truant since my coming,
As not to know the language I have liv'd in. Shakes.
He not from Rome alone, but Greece,
Like Jason, brought the golden fleece;
To him that language, though to none
Of th' others, as his own was known. Denham.
3. Stile; manner of expression.
Though his language should not be refin'd,
It must not be obscure and impudent. Roseommon.
Others for language all their care express,
And value books, as women, men, for dress:
Their praise is still — the stile is excellent;
The sense, they humbly take upon content. Pope.

LA’NGUAGED. adj. [from the noun.]
Having various languages,
He wand'ring long a wider circle made,
And many languag'd nations has survey'd. Pope.

LA’NGUAGE-MASTER. n. s. [language and master.]One whose
profession is to teach languages.
The third is a sort of language-master, who is to instruct
them in the stile proper for a minister. Spectator, No. 305.

LA’NGUET. n. s. [languette, French.]Any thing cut in the
form of a tongue.

LA’NGUID. adj. [languidus, Latin.]
1. Faint; weak; feeble.
Whatever renders the motion of the blood languid, dis­
poseth to an acid acrimony; what accelerates the motion of
the blood, disposeth to an alkaline acrimony. Arbuthuot.
No space can be assigned so vast, but still a larger may be
imagined; no motion so swift or languid, but a greater ve­
locity or slowness may still be conceived. Bentley's Serm.
2. Dull; heartless.
I'll hasten to my troops,
And fire their languid souls with Cato's virtue. Addison.

LA’NGUIDLY. adv. [from languid.]Weekly; feebly.
The menstruum work'd as languidly upon the coral, as it
did before they were put into the receiver. Boyle.

LAN’GUIDNESS. n. s. [from languid.]Weakness; feebleness;
want of strength.

To LA’NGUISH. v. n. [languir, French; langueo, Latin.]
1. To grow seeble; to pine away; to lose strength.
Let her languish
A drop of blood a-day; and, being aged,
Die of this folly. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
We and our fathers do languish of such diseases. 2 Esdr.
What can we expect, but that her languishings should end
in death. Decay of Piety.
His sorrows bore him off; and softly laid
His languish'd limbs upon his homely bed. Dryden's æn.
2. To be no longer vigorous in motion; not to be vivid in ap­
pearance.
The troops with hate inspir'd,
Their darts with clamour at a distance drive,
And only keep the languish'd war alive. Dryden's æn.
3. To sink or pine under sorrow, or any slow passion.
What man who knows
What woman is, yea, what she cannot chuse
But must be, will his free hours languish out
For assur'd bondage. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The land shall mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein
languish. Hes. iv. 3.
I have been talking with a suitor here,
A man that languishes in your displeasure. Shakes. Othello.
I was about fifteen when I took the liberty to chuse for
myself, and have ever since languished under the displeasure
of an inexorable father. Addison's Spectator, No. 181.
Let Leonora consider, that, at the very time in which she
languishes for the loss of her deceased lover, there are persons
just perishing in a shipwreck. Addison's Spect. No. 163.
4. To look with softness or tenderness.
What poems think you soft, and to be read
With languishing regards, and bending head? Dryden.

LA’NGUISH. n. s. [from the verb.]Soft appearance.
And the blue languish of soft Allia's eye. Pope.
Then forth he walks,
Beneath the trembling languish of her beam,
With soften'd soul. Thomson's Spring, l. 1035.

LA’NGUISHINGLY. adv. [from languishing.]
1. Weakly; feebly; with feeble softness.
Leave such to tune their own dull rhimes, and know
What's roundly smooth, or languishingly slow. Pope.
2. Dully; tediously.
Alas! my Dorus, thou seest how long and languishingly the
weeks are past over since our last talking. Sidney.

LA’NGUISHMENT. n. s. [languissemment, French; from languish.]
1. State of pining.
By that count, which lovers books invent,
The sphere of Cupid forty years contains;
Which I have wasted in long languishment,
That seem'd the longer for my greater pains. Spenser.
2. Softness of mein.
Humility it expresses, by the stooping or bending of the
head; languishment, when we hang it on one side. Dryden.

LA’NGUOR. n. s. [languor, Latin; langueur, French.]Languor
and lassitude signifies a faintness, which may arise from want
or decay of spirits, through indigestion, or too much exer­
cise; or from an additional weight of fluids, from a diminu­
tion of secretion by the common discharges. Quincy.
Well hoped I, and fair beginnings had,
That he my captive languor should redeem. Spens. Fa. Q.
For these, these tribunes, in the dust I write
My heart's deep languor, and my soul's sad tears. Shakes.
Academical disputation gives vigour and briskness to the
mind thus exercised, and relieves the languor of private study
and meditation. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
To isles of fragrance, lily-silver'd vales
Diffusing languor in the panting gales. Dunciad.

LA’NGUOROUS. adj. [languoreux, Fr.]Tedious; melancholy.
Dear lady, how shall I declare thy case,
Whom late I left in languorous constraint. Spens. Fa. Qu.

To LA’NIATE. v. a. [lanio, Latin.]To tear in pieces; to
rend; to lacerate.

LA’NIFICE. n. s. [lanificium, Latin.]Woollen manufacture.
The moth breedeth upon cloth and other lanifices, espe­
cially if they be laid up dankish and wet. Bacon.

LA’NIGEROUS. adj. [laniger, Latin.]Bearing wool.



LANK. adj. [lancke, Dutch.]
1. Loose; not filled up; not stiffened out; not fat; not plump;
slender.
The commons hast thou rack'd; the clergy's bags
Are lank and lean with thy extortions. Shakespear.
Name not Winterface, whose skin's slack,
Lank, as an unthrift's purse. Donne.
We let down into the receiver a great bladder well tied
at the neck, but very lank, as not containing above a pint
of air, but capable of containing ten times as much. Boyle.
Moist earth produces corn and grass, but both
Too rank and too luxuriant in their growth.
Let not my land so large a promise boast,
Lest the lank ears in length of stem be lost. Dryden.
Now, now my bearded harvest gilds the plain.
Thus dreams the wretch, and vainly thus dreams on,
Till his lank purse declares his money gone. Dryden.
Meagre and lank with fasting grown,
And nothing left but skin and bone;
They just keep life and soul together. Swift.
2. Milton seems to use this word for faint; languid.
He, piteous of her woes, rear'd her lank head,
And gave her to his daughters to imbathe
In nectar'd lavers strew'd with asphodil. Milton.

LA’NKNESS. n. s. [from lank.]Want of plumpness.

LA’NNER. n. s. [lanier, Fr. lannarius, Lat.]A species of hawk.

LA’NSQUENET. n. s. [lance and knecht, Dutch.]
1. A common foot-soldier.
2. A game at cards.

LA’NTERN. n. s. [lanterne, French; laterna, Latin: it is by
mistake often written lanthorn.]A transparent case for a
candle.
God shall be my hope,
My stay, my guide, my lanthorn to my feet. Shakes.
Thou art our admiral; thou bearest the lanthorn in the
poop, but 'tis in the nose of thee; thou art the knight of
the burning lamp. Shakes. Henry IV. p. i.
A candle lasteth longer in a lanthorn than at large. Bacon.
Amongst the excellent acts of that king, one hath the pre­
eminence, the erection and institution of a society, which we
call Solomon's house; the noblest foundation that ever was,
and the lanthorn of this kingdom. Bacon's Atlantis.
O thievish night,
Why shouldst thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lanthorn thus close up the stars,
That nature hung in heav'n, and fill'd their lamps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller. Milton.
Vice is like a dark lanthorn, which turns its bright side
only to him that bears it, but looks black and dismal in an­
other's hand. Govern. Tong.
Judge what a ridiculous thing it were, that the continued
shadow of the earth should be broken by sudden miraculous
eruptions of light, to prevent the art of the lantern-maker.
More's Divine Dialogues.
There are at Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, Rome, great hospi­
tals, in the walls of which are placed machines in the shape
of large lanthorns, with a little door in the side of them. Addis.
Our ideas succeed one another in our minds, not much
unlike the images in the inside of a lanthorn, turned round
by the heat of a candle. Locke.
2. A lighthouse; a light hung out to guide ships.
Caprea, where the lanthorn fix'd on high
Shines like a moon through the benighted Sky,
While by its beams the wary sailor steers. Addison.

LA’NTERN jaws. A term used of a thin visage, such as if a
candle were burning in the mouth might transmit the light.
Being very lucky in a pair of long lanthorn-jaws, he wrung
his face into a hideous grimace. Addison's Spect. No. 173.

LA’NUGINOUS. adj. [lanuginosus, Latin.]Downy; covered
with soft hair.

LAP

LAP. n. s. [læppe, Saxon; lappe, German.]
1. The loose part of a garment, which may be doubled at
pleasure.
If a joint of meat falls on the ground, take it up gently,
wipe it with the lap of your coat, and then put it into the
dish. Swift's Directions to a Footman.
2. The part of the cloaths that is spread horizontally over the
knees as one sits down, so as any thing may lie in it.
It feeds each living plant with liquid sap,
And fills with flowers fair Flora's painted lap. Spenser.
Upon a day, as love lay sweetly slumb'ring
All in his mothers lap,
A gentle bee, with his loud trumpet murm'ring,
About him flew by hap. Spenser.
I'll make my haven in a lady's lap,
And 'witch sweet ladies with my words and looks. Shakes.
She bids you
All on the wanton rushes lay you down,
And rest your gentle head upon her lap,
And she will sing the song that pleaseth you. Shakes.
Let us rear
The higher our opinion, that our stirring
Can from the lap of Egypt's widow pluck
The ne'er-lust-wearied Antony. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Heav'n's almighty fire
Melts on the bosom of his love, and pours
Himself into her lap in fruitful show'rs. Crashaw.
Men expect that religion should cost them no pains, and
that happiness should drop into their laps. Tillotson.
He struggles into breath, and cries for aid;
Then, helpless, in his mother's lap is laid.
He creeps, he walks, and issuing into man,
Grudges their life from whence his own began:
Retchless of laws, affects to rule alone,
Anxious to reign, and restless on the throne. Dryden.

To LAP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To wrap or twist round any thing.
He hath a long tail, which, as he descends from a tree,
he laps round about the boughs, to keep himself from fall­
ing. Grew's Museum,
About the paper, whose two halves were painted with red
and blue, and which was stiff like thin pasteboard, I lapped
several times a slender thread of very black silk. Newton.
2. To involve in any thing.
As through the flow'ring forest rash she fled,
In her rude hairs sweet flowers themselves did lap,
And flourishing fresh leaves and blossoms did enwrap. Spens.
The thane of Cawder'gan a dismal conflict,
Till that Bellona's bridegroom, lapt in proof,
Confronted him. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When we both lay in the field,
Frozen almost to death, how he did lap me,
Ev'n in his garments, and did give himself,
All thin and naked, to the numb cold night. Shakespeare.
Ever against eating cares,
Lap me in soft Lydian airs. Milton.
Indulgent fortune does her care employ,
And smiling, broods upon the naked boy;
Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds,
And covers with her wings from nightly colds. Dryden.
Here was the repository of all the wise contentions for
power between the nobles and commons, lapt up safely in
the bosom of a Nero and a Caligula. Swift.

To LAP. v. n. To be spread or twisted over any thing.
The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where
they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a fly. Grew.

To LAP. v. n. [lappian, Saxon; lappen, Dutch.]To feed by
quick reciprocations of the tongue.
The dogs by the river Nilus' side being thirsty, lap hastily
as they run along the shore. Digby on bodies.
They had soups served up in broad dishes, and so the fox
fell to lapping himself, and bade his guest heartily wel­
come. L'Estrange, Fab. 31.
The tongue serves not only for tasting, but for mastica­
tion and deglutition, in man, by licking; in the dog and cat
kind, by lapping. Ray on Creation.

To LAP. v. a. To lick up.
For all the rest
They'll take suggestion, as a cat laps milk. Shakespeare.
Upon a bull
Two horrid lyons rampt, and seis'd, and tugg'd off, bel­
lowing still,
Both men and dogs came; yet they tore the hide, and
lapt their fill. Chapman's Iliad, b. xviii.

LA’PDOG. n. s. [lap and dog.]A little dog, fondled by ladies
in the lap.
One of them made his court to the lap-dog, to improve
his interest with the lady. Collier.
These if the laws did that exchange afford,
Would save their lap-dog sooner than their lord. Dryden.
Lap-dogs give themselves the rowsing shake,
And sleepless lovers just at twelve awake. Pope.

LA’PFUL. n. s. [lap and full.]As much as can be contained
in the lap.
One found a wild vine, and gathered thereof wild goards
his lapful, and shred them into the pot of pottage. 2 Kings.
Will four per cent. increase the number of lenders? if it
will not, then all the plenty of money these conjurers bestow
upon us, is but like the gold and silver which old women be­
lieve other conjurers bestow by whole lapfulls on poor cre­
dulous girls. Locke.

LA’PICIDE. n. s. [lapicida, Latin.]A stonecutter. Dict.

LA’PIDARY. n. s. [lapidaire, Fr.]One who deals in stones or
gems.
As a cock was turning up a dunghil, he espied a diamond:
well (says he) this sparkling foolery now to a lapidary would
have been the making of him; but, as to any use of mine,
a barley-corn had been worth forty on't. L'Estrang.
Of all the many sorts of the gem kind reckoned up by the
lapidaries, there are not above three or four that are ori­
ginal. Woodward's Nat. Hist.



To LA’PIDATE. v. a. [lapido, Latin.]To stone; to kill by
stoning. Dict.

LAPIDA’TION. n. s. [lapidatio, Lat. lapidation, Fr.]A stoning.

LAPI’DEOUS. adj. [lapideus, Latin.]Stony; of the nature of
stone.
There might fall down into the lapideous matter, before it
was concreted into a stone, some small toad, which might
remain there imprisoned, till the matter about it were con­
densed. Ray on Creation.

LAPIDE’SCENCE. n. s. [lapidesco, Latin.]Stony concretion.
Of lapis ceratites, or cornu fossile, in subterraneous cavi­
ties, there are many to be found in Germany, which are
but the lapidescencies, and putrefactive mutations, of hard
bodies. Brown's Vulgar Errors, b. iii. c. 22.

LAPIDE’SCENT. adj. [lapidescens, Latin.]Growing or turning
to stone.

LAPIDIFICA’TION. [lapidification, French.]The act of form­
ing stones.
Induration or lapidification of substances more soft, is an­
other degree of condensation. Bacon's Natural History.

LAPIDI’FICK. adj. [lapidifique, French.]Forming stones.
The atoms of the lapidifick, as well as saline principle, be­
ing regular, do concur in producing regular stones. Grew.

LA’PIDIST. n. s. [from lapides, Latin.]A dealer in stones or
gems.
Hardness, wherein some stones exceed all other bodies,
being exalted to that degree, that art in vain endeavours to
counterfeit it, the factitious stores of chemists in imitation
being easily detected by an ordinary lapidist. Ray on Creation.

LA’PIS. n. s. [Latin.]A stone.

LA’PIS Lazuli.
The lapis lazuli, or azure stone, is a copper ore, very
compact and hard, so as to take a high polish, and is work­
ed into a great variety of toys. It is found in detached
lumps, usually of the size of a man's fist, of an elegant blue
colour, beautifully variegated with clouds of white, and veins
of a shining gold colour: that of Asia and Africa is much
superior to the Bohemian or German kind: it has been used
in medicine, but the present practice takes no notice of it:
to it the painters are indebted for their beautiful ultra-marine
colour, which is only a calcination of lapis lazuli. Hill.

LA’PPER. n. s. [from lap.]
1. One who wraps up.
They may be lappers of linen, and bailiffs of the ma­
nor. Swift's Consideration on Two Bills.
2. One who laps or licks.

LA’PPET. n. s. [diminutive of lap.]The parts of a head dress
that hang loose.
How naturally do you apply your hands to each other's
lappets, and ruffles, and mantuas. Swift.

LAPSE. n. s. [lapsus, Latin.]
1. Flow; fall; glide.
Round I saw
Hill, dale, and shady woods, and sunny plains,
And liquid lapse of murm'ring streams. Milton.
Notions of the mind are preserved in the memory, not­
withstanding lapse of time. Hale's Original of Mankind.
2. Petty error; small mistake.
These are petty errors and minor lapses, not considerably
injurious unto truth. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi. c. 13.
The weakness of human understanding all will confess;
yet the confidence of most practically disowns it; and it is
easier to persuade them of it from others lapses than their
own. Glanville's Scep. c. 9.
This scripture may be usefully applied as a caution to
guard against those lapses and failings, to which our infirmities
daily expose us. Rogers's Sermon.
It hath been my constant business to examine whether I
could find the smallest lapse in stile or propriety through my
whole collection, that I might send it abroad as the most
finished piece. Swift.
3. Translation of right from one to another.
In a presentation to a vacant church, a layman ought to
present within four months, and a clergyman within six,
otherwise a devolution, or lapse of right, happens. Ayliffe.

To LAPSE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To glide slowly; to fall by degrees.
This disposition to shorten our words, by retrenching the
vowels, is nothing else but a tendency to lapse into the bar­
barity of those northern nations from whom we are de­
scended, and whose languages labour all under the same de­
fect. Swift's Letter to the Lord Treasurer.
2. To fail in any thing; to slip.
I have ever narrified my friends,
Of whom he's chief, with all the size that verity
Would without lapsing suffer. Shakes. Coriolanus.
To lapse in fulness
Is sorer than to lie for need; and falshood
Is worse in kings than beggars. Shakes. Cymbeline.
3. To slip by inadvertency or mistake.
Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersites, has
lapsed into the burlesque character, and departed from that
serious air essential to an epick poem. Add. Spectator.
Let there be no wilful perversion of another's meaning;
no sudden seizure of a lapsed syllable to play upon it. Watts.
3. To lose the proper time.
Myself stood out;
For which if I be lapsed in this place,
I shall pay dear. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
As an appeal may be deserted by the appellant's lapsing
the term of law, so it may also be deserted by a lapse of the
term of a judge. Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. To fall by the negligence of one proprietor to another.
If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months en­
suing, it lapses to the king. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. To fall from perfection, truth or faith.
Once more I will renew
His lapsed pow'rs, though forfeit, and inthrall'd
By sin to soul exorbitant desires. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Indeed the charge seems designed as an artifice of diver­
sion, a sprout of that fig-tree which was to hide the naked­
ness of lapsed Adam. Decay of Piety.
All publick forms suppose it the most principal, universal,
and daily requisite to the lapsing state of human corrup­
tion. Decay of Piety.
These were looked on as lapsed persons, and great severi­
ties of penance were prescribed them, as appears by the ca­
nons of Ancyra. Stillingfleet's Disc. on Romish Idolatry,

LA’PWING. n. s. [lap and wing.]A clamorous bird with long
wings.
Ah! but I think him better than I say,
And yet would herein others eyes were worse:
Far from her nest the lapwing cries away;
My heart prays for him, though my tongue do curse. Shak.
And how in fields the lapwing Tereus reigns,
The warbling nightingale in woods complains. Dryden.

LA’PWORK. n. s. [lap and work.]Work in which one part is
interchangeably wrapped over the other.
A basket made of porcupine quills: the ground is a pack­
thread caul woven, into which, by the Indian women, are
wrought, by a kind of lap-work, the quills of porcupines,
not split, but of the young ones intire; mixed with white
and black in even and indented waves. Grew's Musæum.

LAR

LA’RBOARD. n. s.
The left-hand side of a ship, when you stand with your
face to the head. Harris.
Or when Ulysses on the larboard shunn'd
Charybdis, and by the other whirlpool steer'd. Milton.
Tack to the larboard, and stand off to sea,
Veer starboard sea and land. Dryden.

LA’RCENY. n. s. [larcin, Fr. latrocinium, Lat.]Petty theft.
Those laws would be very unjust, that should chastize
murder and petty larceny with the same punishment. Spectat.

LARCH. n. s. [Larix.]
The leaves, which are long and narrow, are produced
out of little tubercles, in form of a painter's pencil, as in
the cedar of Libanus, but fall off in winter; the cones are
small and oblong, and, for the most part, have a small
branch growing out of the top; these are produced at re­
mote distances from the male flowers, on the same tree:
the male flowers are, for the most part, produced on the un­
der side of the branches, and, at their first appearance, are
very like small cones. Miler.
Some botanical criticks tell us, the poets have not rightly
followed the traditions of antiquity, in metamorphosing the
sisters of Phaeton into poplars, who ought to have been
turned into larch trees; for that it is this kind of tree which
sheds a gum, and is commonly found on the banks of the
Po. Addison on Italy.

LARD. n. s. [lardum, Latin; lard, French.]
1. The grease of swine.
So may thy pastures with their flow'ry feasts,
As suddenly as lard, fat thy lean beasts. Donne.
2. Bacon; the flesh of swine.
By this the boiling kettle had prepar'd,
And to the table sent the smoaking lard;
On which with eager appetite they dine,
A sav'ry bit, that serv'd to relish wine. Dryden's Ovid.
The sacrifice they sped:
Chopp'd off their nervous thighs, and next prepar'd
T'involve the lean in cauls, and mend with lard. Dryden.

To LARD. v. a. [larder, French; from the noun.]
1. To stuff with bacon.
The larded thighs on loaded altars laid. Dryd. Homer.
No man lards salt pork with orange peel,
Or garnishes his lamb with spitch-cockt eel. King.
2. To fatten.
Now Falstaff sweats to death,
And lords the lean earth as he walks along. Shakesp.
Brave soldier, doth he lie
Larding the plain. Shakespeare's Henry V.
3. To mix with something else by way of improvement.
I found, Horatio,
A royal knavery; an exact command,
Larded with many several sorts of reasons. Shakes. Hamlet.


Let no alien interpose
To lard with wit thy hungry Epsom prose. Dryden.
He lards with flourishes his long harangue,
'Tis fine, sayst thou. Dryd.
Swearing by heaven; the poets think this nothing, their
plays are so much larded with it. Collier's View of the Stage.

LA’RDER. n. s. [lardier, old French; from lard.]The room
where meat is kept or salted.
This similitude is not borrowed of the larder house, but
out of the school house. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Flesh is ill kept in a room that is not cool; whereas in
a cool and wet larder it will keep longer. Bacon.
So have I seen in larder dark,
Of veal a lucid loin. Dorset.
Old age,
Morose, perverse in humour, diffident
The more he still abounds, the less content:
His larder and his kitchen too observes,
And now, lest he should want hereafter, starves. King.

LA’RDERER. [larder.]One who has the charge of the larder.

LA’RDON. n. s. [French.]A bit of bacon.

LARGE. adj. [large, French; largus, Latin.]
1. Big; bulky.
Charles II. asked me, What could be the reason, that in
mountainous countries the men were commonly larger, and
yet the cattle of all sorts smaller. Temple.
Great Theron fell,
Great Theron, large of limbs, of giant height. Dryden.
Warwick, Leicester, and Buckingham, bear a large boned
sheep of the best shape and deepest staple. Mortimer's Husb.
2. Wide; extensive.
Their former large peopling was an effect of the countries
impoverishing. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Let them dwell in the land, and trade therein; for it is
large enough for them. Gen. xxxiv. 21.
There he conquered a thousand miles wide and large.
Abbot's Description of the World.
3. Liberal; abundant; plentiful.
Thou shalt drink of thy sister's cup deep and large. Ezek.
Vernal suns and showers
Diffuse their warmest, largest influence. Thomson's Autumn.
4. Copious; diffuse.
Skippon gave a large testimony under his hand, that they
had carried themselves with great civility. Clarendon, b. viii.
I might be very large upon the importance and advan­
tages of education, and say a great many things which have
been said before. Felton on the Classicks.
5. At LARGE. Without restraint.
If you divide a cane into two, and one speak at the one
end, and you lay your ear at the other, it will carry the voice
farther than in the air at large. Bacon's Nat. History.
Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms
Reduc'd their shapes immense; and were at large,
Though without number still. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The children are bred up in their father's way; or so
plentifully provided for, that they are left at large. Sprat.
Your zeal becomes importunate;
I've hitherto permitted it to rave
And talk at large; but learn to keep it in,
Lest it should take more freedom than I'll give it. Addis.
6. At LARGE. Diffusely.
Discover more at large what cause that was,
For I am ignorant, and cannot guess. Shakesp. Henry VI.
It does not belong to this place to have that point debated
at large. Watts.

LA’RGELY. adv. [from large.]
1. Widely; extensively.
2. Copiously; diffusely.
Where the author treats more largely, it will explain the
shorter hints and brief intimations. Watts's Imp. on the Mind.
3. Liberally; bounteously.
How he lives and eats:
How largely gives; how splendidly he treats. Dryden.
Those, who in warmer climes complain,
From Phœbus' rays they suffer pain,
Must own, that pain is largely paid
By gen'rous wines beneath the shade. Swift.
4. Abundantly.
They their fill of love, and love's disport
Took largely; of their mutual guilt the seal. Milton.

LA’RGENESS. n. s. [from large.]
1. Bigness; bulk.
London excels any other city in the whole world, either
in largeness, or number of inhabitants. Sprat's Sermons.
Nor must Bumastus, his old honours lose,
In length and largeness like the dugs of cows. Dryden.
2. Greatness; elevation.
There will be occasion for largeness of mind and agreeable­
ness of temper. Collier of Friendship.
3. Extension; amplitude.
They which would file away most from the largeness of
that offer, do in more sparing terms acknowledge little
less. Hooker, b. v. s. 27.
The ample proposition that hope makes
In all designs begun on earth below,
Falls in the promised largeness. Shakesp. Troil. and Cres.
Knowing best the largeness of my own heart toward my
people's good and just contentment. King Charles.
Shall grief contract the largeness of that heart,
In which nor fear nor anger has a part? Waller.
Man as far transcends the beasts in largeness of desire, as
dignity of nature and employment. Ganville's Apology.
If the largeness of a man's heart carry him beyond pru­
dence, we may reckon it illustrious weakness. L'Estrange.
4. Wideness.
Supposing that the multitude and largeness of rivers ought
to continue as great as now; we can easily prove, that the
extent of the ocean could be no less. Bentley's Sermons.

LA’RGESS. n. s. [largesse, Fr.]A present; a gift; a bounty.
Our coffers with too great a court,
And liberal largess, are grown somewhat light. Shakesp.
He left me; having assigned a value of about two thou­
sand ducats, for a bounty to me and my fellows: for they
give great largesses where they come. Bacon's New Atlantis.
A pardon to the captain, and a largess
Among the soldiers, had appeas'd their fury. Denham.
The paltry largess too severely watch'd,
That no intruding guests usurp a share. Dryden's Juv.
I am enamoured of Irus, whose condition will not ad­
mit of such largesses. Addison's Spectator.

LA’RGITION. n. s. [largitio, Lat.]The act of giving. Dict.

LARK. n. s. [lapence, Saxon; lerk, Danish; lavrack, Scot­
tish.]A small singing bird.
It was the lark, the herald of the morn. Shakespeare.
Look up a height, the shrill-gorg'd lark so far
Cannot be seen or heard. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Th' example of the heav'nly lark,
Thy fellow poet, Cowley, mark. Cowley.
Mark how the lark and linnet sing;
With rival notes
They strain their warbling throats,
To welcome in the spring. Dryden.

LA’RKER. n. s. [from lark.]A catcher of larks. Dict.

LA’RKSPUR. n. s.
Its flower consists of many dissimilar petals, with the up­
permost contracted, which ends in a tail, and receives an­
other bisid petal, which also ends in a tail; in the middle
rises a pointal, which becomes a fruit of many pods collected
into a head, and filled with seeds generally angular. Miller.

LA’RVATED. adj. [larvatus, Latin.]Masked. Dict.

LA’RUM. n. s. [from alarum or alarm.]
1. Alarm; noise noting danger.
Utterers of secrets he from thence debarr'd,
His larum bell might loud and wide be heard,
When cause requir'd, but never out of time,
Early and late it rung, at evening and at prime. Fa. Qu.
The peaking cornute her husband dwelling in a continual
larum of jealousy, comes to me in the instant of our en­
counter. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windjor.
How far off lie these armies?
—Within a mile and half.
—Then shall we hear their larum, and they ours. Shakes.
She is become formidable to all her neighbours, as she
puts every one to stand upon his guard, and have a continual
larum bell in his ears. Howell's Vocal Forest.
2. An instrument that makes a noise at a certain hour.
Of this nature was that larum, which, though it were
but three inches big, yet would both wake a man, and of
itself light a candle for him at any set hour. Wilkins.
I see men as lusty and strong that eat but two meals a
day, as others that have set their stomachs, like larums, to
call on them for four or five. Locke on Education.
The young æneas all at once let down,
Stunn'd with his giddy larum half the town. Dunciad.

LARY’NGOTOMY. n. s. [?????? and t????; laryngotomie, Fr.]
An operation where the fore-part of the larynx is divided
to assist respiration, during large tumours upon the upper
parts; as in a quinsey. Quincy.

LA’RYNX. n. s. [??????.]The upper part of the trachea, which
lies below the root of the tongue, before the pharynx. Quincy.
There are thirteen muscles for the motion of the five car­
tilages of the larynx. Derham Physico-Theology.

LAS

LASCI’VIENT. adj. [lasciviens, Lat.]Frolicksome; wantoning.

LASCI’VIOUS. adj. [lascivus, Latin.]Leud; lustful.
In what habit will you go along?
—Not like a woman; for I would prevent
The loose encounters of lascivious men. Shakespeare.
He on Eve
Began to cast lascivious eyes; she him
As wantonly repaid; in lust they burn. Milton's Par. Lost.
Notwithstanding all their talk of reason and philosophy,
and those unanswerable difficulties which, over their cups,
they pretend to have against christianity; persuade but the
covetous man not to deify his money, the lascivious man to
throw off his leud amours, and all their giant-like objections
against christianity shall presently vanish. South's Sermons.


2. Wanton; soft; luxurious.
Grim visaged war hath sooth'd his wrinkl'd front;
And now, instead of mounting barbed steeds,
To fright the souls of fearful adversaries,
He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber,
To the lascivious pleasing of a lute. Shakesp. Rich. III.

LASCI’VIOUSNESS. n. s. [from lascivious.]Wantonness; loose­
ness.
The reason pretended by Augustus was the lasciviousness of
his elegies, and his art of love. Dryd. Preface to Ovid.

LASCI’VIOUSLY. adv. [from lascivious.]Leudly; wantonly;
loosely.

LASH. n. s. [The most probable etymology of this word seems
to be that of Skinner, from Schlagen, Dutch, to strike;
whence slash and lash.]
1. A stroke with any thing pliant and tough.
From hence are heard the groans of ghosts, the pains
Of sounding lashes, and of dragging chains. Dryden's æn.
Rous'd by the lash of his own stubborn tail,
Our lion now will foreign foes assail. Dryden.
2. The thong or point of the whip which gives the cut or
blow.
Her whip of cricket's bone, her lash of film,
Her waggoner a small grey-coated gnat. Shakespeare.
I observed that your whip wanted a lash to it. Addis. Spect.
3. A leash, or string in which an animal is held; a snare: out
of use.
The farmer they leave in the lash,
With losses on every side. Tusser's Husbandry.
4. A stroke of satire; a sarcasm.
The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to
ourselves which succeeds well. L'Estrange.

To LASH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To strike with any thing pliant; to scourge.
Lucagus to lash his horses bends,
Prone to the wheels. Dryden.
Lets whip these stragglers o'er the seas again,
Lash hence these over-weening rags of France. Shakesp.
Let men out of their way lash on ever so fast, they are
not at all the nearer their journey's end. South's Serm.
He charg'd the flames, and those that disobey'd
He lash'd to duty with his sword of light. Dryden.
And limping death, lash'd on by fate,
Comes up to shorten half our date. Dryden's Horace.
Stern as tutors, and as uncles hard,
We lash the pupil, and defraud the ward. Dryden's Pers.
Leaning on his lance he mounts his car,
His fiery coursers lashing through the air. Garth's Ovid.
2. To move with a sudden spring or jirk.
The club hung round his ears, and batter'd brows;
He falls; and lashing up his heels, his rider throws. Dryd.
3. To beat; to strike with a sharp sound.
The winds grow high,
Impending tempests charge the sky;
The lightning flies, the thunder roars,
And big waves lash the frighted shoars. Prior.
4. To scourge with satire.
Could pension'd Boileau lash in honest strain,
Flatt'rers and bigots ev'n in Louis' reign. Pope's Horace.
5. To tie any thing down to the side or mast of a ship.

To LASH. v. n. To ply the whip.
They lash aloud, each other they provoke,
And lend their little souls at every stroke. Dryden's æn.
Gentle or sharp, according to thy choice,
To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice. Dryden's Persius.
Wheels clash with wheels, and bar the narrow street;
The lashing whip resounds. Gay's Trivia.

LASHER. n. s. [from lash.]One that whips or lashes.

LASS. n. s. [from lad is formed laddess, by contraction lass.
Hickes.]A girl; a maid; a young woman: used now only
of mean girls.
Now was the time for vig'rous lads to show
What love or honour could invite them to;
A goodly theatre, where rocks are round
With reverend age, and lovely lasses crown'd. Waller.
A girl was worth forty of our widows; and an honest,
downright, plain-dealing lass it was. L'Estrange.
They sometimes an hasty kiss
Steal from unwary lasses; they with scorn,
And neck reclin'd, resent. Philips.

LA’SSITUDE. n. s. [lassitudo, Latin; lassitude, French.]Weari­
ness; fatigue.
Lassitude is remedied by bathing, or anointing with oil and
warm water; for all lassitude is a kind of confusion and com­
pression of the parts; and bathing and anointing give a re­
laxation or emollition. Bacon's Natural History.
Assiduity in cogitation is more than our embodied souls can
bear without lassitude or distemper. Glanville, Scep. 14.
She lives and breeds in the air; for the largeness and
lightness of her wings and tail sustain her without lassitude.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
Do not over-fatigue the spirits, lest the mind be seized
with a lassitude, and thereby be tempted to nauseate, and
grow tired. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
From mouth and nose the briny torrent ran,
And lost in lassitude lay all the man. Pope's Odyssey.
Lassitude generally expresses that weariness which proceeds
from a distempered state, and not from exercise, which
wants no remedy but rest : it proceeds from an increase of
bulk, from a diminution of proper evacuation, or from too
great a consumption of the fluid necessary to maintain the
spring of the solids, as in fevers; or from a vitiated secretion
of that juice, whereby the fibres are not supplied. Quincy.

LA’SSLORN. n. s. [lass and lorn.]Forsaken by his mistress.
Brown groves,
Whose shadow the dismissed batchelor loves,
Being lasslorn. Shapespeare's Tempest.

LAST. n. s. [latest, Saxon; laetste, Dutch.]
1. Latest; that which follows all the rest in time.
I feel my end approach, and thus embrac'd,
Am pleas'd to die; but hear me speak my last. Dryden.
Here, last of Britons, let your names be read;
Are none, none living? let me praise the dead. Pope.
Wit not alone has shone on ages past,
But lights the present, and shall warm the last. Pope.
2. Hindmost; which follows in order of place.
3. Beyond which there is no more.
Unhappy slave, and pupil to a bell,
Unhappy to the last the kind releasing knell. Cowley.
The swans, that on Cayster often try'd
Their tuneful songs, now sung their last, and dy'd. Addis.
O! may fam'd Brunswick be the last,
The last, the happiest British king,
Whom thou shalt paint, or I shall sing. Addison.
But, while I take my last adieu,
Heave thou no sigh, nor shed a tear. Prior.
4. Next before the present, as last week.
5. Utmost.
Fools ambitiously contend
For wit and pow'r; their last endeavours bend
T' outshine each other. Dryden's Lucretius.
6. At LAST. In conclusion; at the end.
Gad, a troop shall overcome him: but he shall overcome
at the last. Gen. xlix. 19.
Thus weather-cocks, that for a while
Have turn'd about with ev'ry blast,
Grown old, and destitute of oil,
Rust to a point, and fix at last. Freind.
7. The LAST; the end.
All politicians chew on wisdom past,
And blunder on in business to the last. Pope.

LAST. adv.
1. The last time; the time next before the present.
How long is't now sincelast yourself and I
Were in a mask. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
When last I dy'd, and, dear! I die
As often as from thee I go,
I can remember yet that I
Something did say, and something did bestow. Donne.
2. In conclusion.
Pleas'd with his idol, he commends, admires,
Adores; and last, the thing ador'd desires. Dryden.

To LAST. v. n. [læstan, Saxon.]To endure; to continue;
to persevere.
All more lasting than beautiful. Sidney.
I thought it agreeable to my affection to your grace, to
prefix your name before the essays: for the Latin volume of
them, being in the universal language, may last as long as
books last. Bacon's Essays.
With several degrees of lasting, ideas are imprinted on the
memory. Locke.
These are standing marks of facts delivered by those who
were eye-witnesses to them, and which were contrived with
great wisdom to last till time should be no more. Addison.

LAST. n. s. [læst, Saxon.]
1. The mould on which shoes are formed.
The cobler is not to go beyond his last. L'Estrange's Fab.
A cobler produced several new grins, having been used to
cut faces over his last. Addison's Spectator, No. 174.
Should the big last extend the shoe too wide,
Each stone would wrench th' unwary step aside. Gay.
2. [LAST, German.] A load; a certain weight or measure.

LA’STERY. n. s. A red colour.
The bashful blood her snowy cheeks did spread,
That her became as polish'd ivory,
Which cunning craftsman's hand hath overlaid,
With fair vermilion, or pure lastery. Spens. Fairy Queen.

LASTA’GE. n. s. [lestage, French; lastagie, Dutch; hlæst,
Saxon, a load.]
1. Custom paid for freightage.
2. The ballast of a ship.

LA’STING. participial adj. [from last.]
1. Continuing; durable.


Every violence offered weakens and impairs, and renders
the body less durable and lasting. Ray on Creation.
2. Of long continuance; perpetual.
White parents may have black children, as negroes some­
times have lasting white ones. Boyle on Colours.
The grateful work is done,
The seeds of discord sow'd, the war begun;
Frauds, fears and fury, have possess'd the state,
And fix'd the causes of a lasting hate. Dryden's æn.
A sinew cracked seldom recovers its former strength, and
the memory of it leaves a lasting caution in the man, not to
put the part quickly again to any robust employment. Locke.

LA’STINGLY. adv. [from lasting.]Perpetually.

LA’STINGNESS. n. s. [from lasting.]Durableness; continuance.
All more lasting than beautiful, but that the consideration
of the exceeding lastingness made the eye believe it was ex­
ceeding beautiful. Sidney.
Consider the lastingness of the motions excited in the bot­
tom of the eye by light. Newton's Opticks.

LA’STLY. adv. [from last.]
1. In the last place.
I will justify the quarrel; secondly, balance the forces;
and, lastly, propound variety of designs for choice, but not
advise the choice. Bacon's War with Spain.
2. In the conclusion; at last.

LAT

LATCH. n. s. [letse, Dutch; laccio, Italian.]A catch of a
door moved by a string, or a handle.
The latch mov'd up. Gay's Pastorals.
Then comes rosy health from her cottage of thatch,
Where never physician had lifted the latch. Smart.

To LATCH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with a latch.
He had strength to reach his father's house: the door was
only latched; and, when he had the latch in his hand, he
turned about his head to see his pursuer. Locke.
2. To fasten; to close, perhaps in this place: unless it rather
signifies to wash from lather.
But hast thou yet latch'd the Athenian's eyes
With the love juice, as I did bid thee do? Shakesp.

LA’TCHES. n. s.
Latches or laskets, in a ship, are small lines like loops, fasten­
ed by sewing into the bonnets and drablers of a ship, in or­
der to lace the bonnets to the courses, or the drablers to
the bonnets. Harris.

LA’TCHET. n. s. [lacet, Fr.]The string that fastens the shoe.
There cometh one mightier than I, the latchet of whose
shoes I am not worthy to unloose. Mark i. 7.

LATE. adj. [læt, Saxon; lact, Dutch.]
1. Contrary to early; slow; tardy; long delayed.
My hasting days flie on with full career,
But my late spring no bud nor blossom sheweth. Milton.
Just was the vengeance, and to latest days
Shall long posterity resound thy praise. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Last in any place, office, or character.
All the difference between the late servants, and those who
staid in the family, was, that those latter were finer gentle­
men. Addison's Spectator, No. 107.
3. The deceased; as the works of the late Mr. Pope.
4. Far in the day or night.

LATE. adv.
1. After long delays; after a long time.
O boy! thy father gave thee life too soon,
And hath berest thee of thy life too late. Shakesp. H. VI.
Second Silvius after these appears,
Silvius æneas, for thy name he bears;
For arms and justice equally renown'd,
Who late restor'd in Alba shall be crown'd. Dryd. æn.
He laughs at all the giddy turns of state,
When mortals search too soon, and fear too late. Dryden.
The later it is before any one comes to have these ideas, the
later also will it be before he comes to those maxims. Locke.
I might have spar'd his life,
But now it is too late. Philips's Distrest Mother.
2. In a latter season.
To make roses, or other flowers, come late, is an experi­
ment of pleasure; for the antients esteemed much of the
rosa sera. Bacon's Natural History.
There be some flowers which come more early, and others
which come more late, in the year. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. Lately; not long ago.
They arrived in that pleasant isle,
Where sleeping late, she left her other knight. Fairy Qu.
Men have of late made use of a pendulum, as a more
steady regulator. Locke.
The goddess with indulgent cares,
And social joys, the late transform'd repairs. Pope's Odys.
From fresh pastures, and the dewy field,
The lowing herds return, and round them throng
With leaps and bounds the late imprison'd young. Pope.
4. Far in the day or night.
Was it so late, friend, ere you went to bed,
That you do lie so late?
—Sir, we were carousing till the second cock. Shakesp.
Late the nocturnal sacrifice begun,
Nor ended, till the next returning sun. Dryden's æn.

LA’TED. adj. [from late.]Belated; surprised by the night.
I am so lated in the world, that I
Have lost my way for ever. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra:
The west glimmers with some streaks of day:
Now spurs the lated traveller apace
To gain the timely inn. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

LA’TELY. adv. [from late.]Not long ago.
Paul found a certain Jew named Aquila, lately come from
Italy. Acts xviii. 1.

LA’TENESS. n. s. [from late.]Time far advanced.
Lateness in life might be improper to begin the world with.
Swift to Gay.

LA’TENT. adj. [latens, Latin.]Hidden; concealed; secret.
If we look into its retired movements, and more secret
latent springs, we may there trace out a steady hand pro­
ducing good out of evil. Woodward's Natural History.
Who drinks, alas! but to forget; nor sees,
That melancholy sloth, severe disease,
Mem'ry confus'd, and interrupted thought,
Death's harbingers lie latent in the draught. Prior.
What were Wood's visible costs I know not, and what
were his latent is variously conjectured. Swift.

LA’TERAL. adj. [lateral, French; latera, Latin.]
1. Growing out on the side; belonging to the side.
Why may they not spread their lateral branches till their
distance from the centre of gravity depress them. Ray.
The smallest vessels, which carry the blood by lateral
branches, separate the next thinner fluid or serum, the dia­
meters of which lateral branches are less than the diameters
of the blood-vessels. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Placed, or acting in a direction perpendicular to a horizontal
line.
Forth rush the levant, and the ponent winds
Eurus and Zephyr, with their lateral noise,
Sirocco and Libecchio. Milton's Paradise Lost, b.x.

LATERA’LITY. n. s. [from lateral.]The quality of having
distinct sides.
We may reasonably conclude a right and left laterality in
the ark, or naval edifice or Noah. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

LA’TERALLY. n. s. [from lateral.]By the side; side-wise.
The days are set laterally against the columns of the golden
number. Holder on Time.

LA’TEWARD. adv. [late and weard, Saxon.]Somewhat late.

LATH. n. s. [latta, Saxon; late, latte, French.]A small long
piece of wood used to support the tiles of houses.
With dagger of lath. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Penny-royal and orpin they use in the country to trim their
houses; binding it with a lath or stick, and setting it against
a wall. Bacon's Natural History, N. 29.
Laths are made of heart of oak, for outside work, as tiling
and plaistering; and of fir for inside plaistering, and pantile
lathing. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
The god who frights away,
With his lath sword, the thieves and birds of prey. Dryd.

To LATH. v. a. [latter, Fr. from the noun.]To fit up with laths.
A small kiln consists of an oaken frame, lathed on every
side. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The plaisterers work is commonly done by the yard square
for lathing. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LATH. n. s. [læth, Saxon. It is explained by Du Cange, I
suppose from Spelman, Portio comitatus major tres vel plures
hundredas continens: this is apparently contrary to Spenser, in
the following example.]A part of a county.
If all that tything failed, then all that lath was charged
for that tything; and if the lath failed, then all that hun­
dred was demanded for them; and if the hundred, then the
shire, who would not rest till they had found that undutiful
fellow, which was not amesnable to law. Spenser's Ireland.
The see-farms reserved upon charters granted to cities and
towns corporate, and the blanch rents and lath silver answer­
ed by the sheriffs. Bacon's Office of Alienation.

LATHE. n. s. The tool of a turner, by which he turns about
his matter so as to shape it by the chizel.
Those black circular lines we see on turned vessels of
wood, are the effects of ignition, caused by the pressure of an
edged stick upon the vessel turned nimbly in the lathe. Ray.

To LA’THER. v. n. [lethran, Saxon.]To form a foam.
Chuse water pure;
Such as will lather cold with soap. Baynard.

To LA’THER. v. a. To cover with foam of water and soap.

LA’THER. n. s. [from the verb.]A foam or srothe made com­
monly by beating soap with water.

LA’TIN. adj. [Latinus.]Written or spoken in the language
of the old Romans.
Augustus himself could not make a new Latin word. Locke.

LA’TIN. n. s. An exercise practised by school-boys, who turn
English into Latin.
In learning farther his syntaxis, he shall not use the com­
mon order in schools for making of Latins. Ascham.



LA’TINISM. [Latinisme, French; latinismus, low Latin.]A
Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to the Latin.
Milton has made use of frequent transpositions, Latinisms,
antiquated words and phrases, that he might the better de­
viate from vulgar and ordinary expressions. Addison's Rem.

LA’TINIST. n. s. [from Latin.]One skilled in Latin.

LATI’NITY. n. s. [Latinité, French; latinitas, Latin.]Purity
of Latin stile; the Latin tongue.
If Shakespeare was able to read Plautus with ease, nothing
in Latinity could be hard to him. Dennis's Letters.

To LA’TINIZE. [Latiniser, French; from Latin.]To use
words or phrases borrowed from the Latin.
I am liable to be charged that I latinize too much. Drydi
He uses coarse and vulgar words, or terms and phrases that
are latinized, scholastick, and hard to be understood. Watts.

LATISH. adj. [from late.]Somewhat late.

LATIRO’STROUS. adj. [latus and rostrum, Lat.]Broad-beaked.
In quadrupeds, in regard of the figure of their heads the
eyes are placed at some distance; in latirostrous and flat-billed
birds they are more laterally seated. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

LA’TITANCY. n. s. [from latitans, Latin.]Delitescence; the
state of lying hid.
In vipers she has abridged their malignity by their secession
or latitancy. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii. c. 16.

LA’TITANT. adj. [latitans, Latin.]Delitescent; concealed;
lying hid.
This is evident in snakes and lizzards, latitant many
months in the year, which containing a weak heat in a co­
pious humidity, do long subsist without nutrition. Brown.
Force the small latitant bubbles of air to disclose them­
selves and break. Boyle.
It must be some other substance latitant in the fluid mat­
ter, and really distinguishable from it. More.

LATITA’TION. n. s. [from latito, Latin.]The state of lying
concealed.

LA’TITUDE. n. s. [latitude, French; latitudo, Latin.]
1. Breadth; width; in bodies of unequal dimensions the shorter
axis, in equal bodies the line drawn from right to left.
Whether the exact quadrat, or the long square, be the
better, I find not well determined; though I must prefer the
latter, provided the length do not exceed the latitude above
one third part. Wotton's Architecture.
2. Room; space; extent.
There is a difference of degrees in men's understandings, to
so great a latitude, that one may affirm, that there is a greater
difference between some men and others, than between some
men and beasts. Locke.
3. The extent of the earth or heavens, reckoned from the
equator to either pole.
4. A particular degree, reckoned from the equator.
Another effect the Alps have on Geneva is, that the sun
here rises later and sets sooner than it does to other places of
the same latitude. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
5. Unrestrained acceptation; licentious or lax interpretation.
In such latitudes of sense, many that love me and the
church well, may have taken the covenant. King Charles.
Then, in comes the benign latitude of the doctrine of good­
will, and cuts asunder all those hard, pinching cords. South.
6. Freedom from settled rules; laxity.
In human actions there are no degrees, and precise na­
tural limits described, but a latitude is indulged. Taylor.
I took this kind of verse, which allows more latitude than
any other. Dryden.
7. Extent; diffusion.
Albertus, bishop of Ratisbon, for his great learning, and
latitude of knowledge, sirnamed Magnus; besides divinity,
hath written many tracts in philosophy. Brown.
Mathematicks, in its latitude, is usually divided into pure
and mixed. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
I pretend not to treat of them in their full latitude; it suf­
fices to shew how the mind receives them, from sensation
and reflection. Locke.

LA’TITUDINARIAN. adj. [latitudinaire, French; latitudinarius, 
low Latin.]Not restrained; not confined; thinking or
acting at large.
Latitudinarian love will be expensive, and therefore I would
be informed what is to be gotten by it. Collier on Kindness.

LA’TITUDINARIAN. n. s. One who departs from orthodoxy.

LA’TRANT. adj. [latrans, Latin.]Barking.
Thy care be first the various gifts to trace,
The minds and genius of the latrant race. Tickell.

LATRI’A. [?at?e?a; latrie, Fr.]The highest kind of worship.
distinguished by the papists from dulia, or inferior worship.
The practice of the catholick church makes genuflections,
prostrations, supplications, and other acts of latria to the
cross. Stillingflect on Romish Idolatry.

LA’TTEN. n. s. [leton, French; latoen, Dutch; lattwn, Welsh.]
Brass; a mixture of copper and calaminaris stone.
To make lamp-black, take a torch or link, and hold it
under the bottom of a latten bason, and, as it groweth black
within, strike it with a feather into some shell. Peacham.

LA’TTER. adj. [This is the comparative of late, though universally
written with tt, contrary to analogy, and to our own
practice in the superlative latest. When the thing of which
the comparison is made is mentioned, we use later; as, this
fruit is later than the rest; but latter when no comparison is
expressed; as, those are latter fruits.
— — Volet usus
Quem penes arbitrium est, & vis, & norma loquendi.]
1. Happening after something else.
2. Modern; lately done or past.
Hath not navigation discovered, in these latter ages, whole
nations at the bay of Soldania. Locke.
3. Mentioned last of two.
The difference between reason and revelation, and in what
sense the latter is superior. Watts.

LA’TTERLY. adv. [from latter.]Of late; in the last part of
life: a low word lately hatched.

LA’TTICE. n. s. [lattis, French; by Junius written lettice,
and derived from lett iren, a hindring iron, stop; by
Skinner imagined to be derived from latte, Dutch, a lath, or
to be corrupted from nettice or network: I have sometimes
derived it from let and eye; leteyes, that which lets the eye.
It may be deduced from laterculus.]A reticulated window;
a window made with sticks or irons crossing each other at
small distances.
My good window of lattice fare thee well; thy casement
I need not open, I look through thee. Shakespeare.
The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried
through the lattess. Judg. v. 28.
Up into the watch-tower get,
And see all things despoil'd of fallacies:
Thou shalt not peep through lattices of eyes,
Nor hear through labyrinths of ears, nor learn
By circuit or collections to discern. Donne.
The trembling leaves through which he play'd,
Dappling the walk with light and shade,
Like lattice windows, give the spy
Room but to peep with half an eye. Cleaveland.

To LA’TTICE. v. a. [from the noun.]To decussate; to mark
with cross parts like a lattice.

LAV

LAVA’TION. n. s. [lavatio, Latin.]The act of washing.
Such filthy stuff was by loose lewd varlets sung before the
chariot on the solemn day of her lavation. Hakewill.

LA’VATORY. n. s. [from lavo, Latin.]A wash; something in
which parts diseased are washed.
Lavatories, to wash the temples, hands, wrists, and jugu­
lars, do potently profligate, and keep off the venom. Harvey.

LAUD. n. s. [laus, Latin.]
1. Praise; honour paid; celebration.
Doubtless, O guest, great laud and praise were mine,
Reply'd the swain, for spotless faith divine:
If, after social rites and gifts bestow'd,
I stain'd my hospitable hearth with blood. Pope's Odyssey.
2. That part of divine worship which consists in praise.
We have certain hymns and services, which we say daily,
of laud and thanks to God for his marvellous works. Bacon.
In the book of Psalms, the lauds make up a very great
part of it. Government of the Tongue.

To LAUD. v. a. [laudo, Latin.]To praise; to celebrate.
O thou almighty and eternal Creator, having considered
the heavens the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars
which thou hast ordained, with all the company of heaven,
we laud and magnify thy glorious name. Bentley's Sermons.

LA’UDABLE. adj. [laudabilis, Latin.]
1. Praise-worthy; commendable.
I'm in this earthly world, where to do harm
Is often laudable; but to do good, sometime
Accounted dang'rous folly. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Affectation endeavours to correct natural defects, and has
always the laudable aim of pleasing, though it always misses
it. Locke.
2. Healthy; salubrious.
Good blood, and a due projectile motion or circulation,
are necessary to convert the aliment into laudable animal
juices. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LAUDABLENESS. n. s. [laudable.]Praise-worthiness.

LA’UDABLY. adv. [from laudable.]In a manner deserving
praise.
Obsolete words may be laudably revived, when either they
are sounding or significant. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

LA’UDANUM. n. s. [A cant word, from laudo, Latin.]A soporisick
tincture.

To LAVE. v. a. [lavo, Latin.]
1. To wash; to bathe.
Unsafe, that we must lave our honours
In these so flatt'ring streams. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
But as I rose out of the laving stream,
Heav'n open'd her eternal doors, from whence
The spirit descended on me like a dove. Paradise Reg.
With roomy decks, her guns of mighty strength,
Whose low-laid mouths each mounting billow laves,
Deep in her draught, and warlike in her length,
She seems a sea-wasp flying on the waves. Dryden.
2. [Lever, French.] To throw up; to lade; to draw out.


Though hills were set on hills,
And seas met seas to guard thee, I would through:
I'd plough up rocks, steep as the Alps, in dust,
And lave the Tyrrhene waters into clouds,
But I would reach thy head. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
Some stow their oars, or stop the leaky sides,
Another bolder yet the yard bestrides,
And folds the sails; a fourth with labour laves
Th' intruding seas, and waves ejects on waves. Dryden.

To LAVE. v. n. To wash himself; to bathe.
In her chaste current oft the goddess laves,
And with celestial tears augments the waves. Pope.

To LAVE’ER. v. n. To change the direction often in a course.
How easy 'tis when destiny proves kind,
With full-spread sails to run before the wind:
But those that 'gainst stiff gales laveering go,
Must be at once resolv'd, and skilful too. Dryden.

LA’VENDER. n. s.
It is one of the verticillate plants, whose flower consists of
one leaf, divided into two lips; the upper lip, standing up­
right, is roundish, and, for the most part, bifid; but the un­
der lip is cut into three segments, which are almost equal:
these flowers are disposed in whorles, and are collected into
a slender spike upon the top of the stalks. Miller.
The whole lavender plant has a highly aromatick smell
and taste, and is famous as a cephalick, nervous, and ute­
rine medicine. Hill's Materia Medica.
And then again he turneth to his play,
To spoil the pleasures of that paradise:
The wholesome sage, and lavender still grey,
Rank smelling rue, and cummin good for eyes. Spenser.

LA’VER. n. s. [lavoir, French; from lave.]A washing vessel.
Let us go find the body where it lies
Soak'd in his enemies blood, and from the stream
With lavers pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off
The clodded gore. Milton's Agonistes, l. 1727.
He, piteous of her woes, rear'd her lank head,
And gave her to his daughters, to imbathe
In nectar'd lavers strew'd with asphodil. Milton.
Young Aretus from forth his bridal bow'r
Brought the full laver o'er their hands to pour,
And canisters of consecrated flour. Pope's Odyssey.

LAU

To LAUGH. v. n. [hlahan, Saxon; lachen, German and
Dutch; lach, Scottish.]
1. To make that noise which sudden merriment excites.
You saw my master wink and laugh upon you. Shakesp.
There's one did laugh in's sleep, and one cried, Mur­
ther!
They wak'd each other. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
At this fusty stuff
The large Achilles, on his prest-bed lolling,
From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause. Shakesp.
Laughing causeth a continued expulsion of the breath with
the loud noise, which maketh the interjection of laughing,
shaking of the breast and sides, running of the eyes with
water, if it be violent. Bacon's Natural History.
2. [In poetry.] To appear gay, favourable, pleasant, or fertile.
Entreat her not the worse, in that I pray
You use her well; the world may laugh again,
And I may live to do you kindness, if
You do it her. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. i.
Then laughs the childish year with flowrets crown'd. Dry.
The plenteous board, high-heap'd with cates divine,
And o'er the foaming bowl the laughing wine. Pope.
3. To LAUGH at. To treat with contempt; to ridicule.
Presently prepare thy grave;
Lie where the light foam of the sea may beat
Thy grave-stone daily; make thine epitaph,
That death in me at others lives may laugh. Shakesp.
'Twere better for you, if 'twere not known in council;
you'll be laugh'd at. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The dissolute and abandoned, before they are aware of
it, are often betrayed to laugh at themselves, and upon re­
flection find, that they are merry at their own expence.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 45.
No wit to flatter lest of all his store;
No fool to laugh at, which he valued more. Pope.

To LAUGH. v. a. To deride; to scorn.
Be bloody, bold and resolute; laugh to scorn
The pow'r of man. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
A wicked soul shall make him to be laughed to scorn of his
enemies. Ecclus. vi. 4.

LAUGH. n. s. [from the verb.]The convulsion caused by mer­
riment; an inarticulate expression of sudden merriment.
Me gentle Delia beckons from the plain,
Then hid in shades, eludes her eager swain;
But feigns a laugh, to see me search around,
And by that laugh the willing fair is found. Pope's Spring.

LA’UGHABLE. adj. [from laugh.]Such as may properly excite
laughter.
Nature hath fram'd strange fellows in her time:
Some that will evermore peep through their eye
And laugh like parrots at a bagpiper;
And others of such vinegar aspect,
That they'll not show their teeth in way of smile,
Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable. Shakespeare.
Casaubon confesses his author Persius was not good at
turning things into a pleasant ridicule; or, in other words,
that he was not a laughable writer. Dryden's Juvenal.

LA’UGHER. n. s. [from laugh.]A man fond of merriment.
I am a common laugher. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Some sober men cannot be of the general opinion, but the
laughers are much the majority. Pope.

LA’UGHINGLY. adv. [from laughing.]In a merry way; mer­
rily.

LA’UGHINGSTOCK. n. s. [laugh and stock.]A butt; an object
of ridicule.
The forlorn maiden, whom your eyes have seen
The laughingstock of fortune's mockerie. Spens. Fa. Qu.
Pray you let us not be laughingstocks to other mens hu­
mours. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Supine credulous frailty exposes a man to be both a prey
and laughingstock at once. L'Estrange's Fables.

LA’UGHTER. n. s. [from laugh.]Convulsive merriment; an
inarticulate expression of sudden merriment.
To be worst,
The lowest, most dejected thing of fortune,
Stands still in esperance; lives not in fear.
The lamentable change is from the best,
The worst returns to laughter. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the
muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal
organs, is not merely voluntary, or totally within the juris­
diction of ourselves. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
We find not that the laughter loving dame
Mourn'd for Anchises. Waller.
Pain or pleasure, grief or laughter. Prior.

LA’VISH. adj. [Of this word I have been able to find no sa­
tisfactory etymology.]
1. Prodigal; wasteful; indiscreetly liberal.
His jolly brother, opposite in sense,
Laughs at his thrift; and lavish of expence,
Quaffs, crams, and guttles, in his own defence. Dryd.
The dame has been too lavish of her feast,
And fed him till he loaths. Rowe's Jane Shore.
2. Scattered in waste; profuse.
3. Wild; unrestrained.
Bellona's bridegroom, lapt in proof,
Confronted him,
Curbing his lavish spirit. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To LAVISH. v. a. [from the adjective.]To scatter with pro­
fusion.
Should we thus lead them to a field of slaughter,
Might not th' impartial world with reason say,
We lavish'd at our deaths the blood of thousands. Addis.

LA’VISHER. n. s. [from lavish.]A prodigal; a profuse man.

LA’VISHLY. adv. [from lavish.]Profusely; prodigally.
My father's purposes have been mistook;
And some about him have too lavishly
Wrested his meaning and authority. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Then laughs the childish year with flowrets crown'd,
And lavishly perfumes the fields around. Dryden.
Praise to a wit is like rain to a tender flower; if it be mo­
derately bestowed, it chears and revives; but if too lavishly,
overcharges and depresses him. Pope.

LA’VISHMENT. n. s. [from lavish.]Prodigality; profusion.
LA’VISHNESS. n. s. [from lavish.]Prodigality; profusion.
First got with guile, and then preserv'd with dread,
And after spent with pride and lavishness. Fairy Queen.

To LAUNCH. v. n. [It is derived by Skinner from lance, be­
cause a ship is pushed into water with great force.]
1. To force into the sea.
Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a
draught. Luke v. 4.
So short a stay prevails;
He soons equips the ship, supplies the sails,
And gives the word to launch. Dryden.
For general history, Raleigh and Howel are to be had.
He who would launch farther into the ocean, may consult
Whear. Locke.
2. To rove at large; to expatiate.
From hence that gen'ral care and study springs,
That launching and progression of the mind. Davies.
Whoever pursues his own thoughts, will find them launch
out beyond the extent of body into the infinity of space. Locke.
In our language Spenser has not contented himself with
this submissive manner of imitation: he launches out into very
flow'ry paths, which still conduct him into one great road.
Prior's Preface to Solomon.
He had not acted in the character of a suppliant, if he
had launched out into a long oration. Broome's Odyssey.
I have launched out of my subject on this article. Arbuth.



To LANCH. v. a.
1. To psh to sea.
All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery,
in England. King Charles.
With stays and cordage last he rigg'd the ship,
And roll'd on leavers, launch'd her in the deep. Pope.
2. To dart from the hand. This perhaps, for distinction sake,
might better be written lanch.
The King of Heav'n, obscure on high,
Bar'd his red arm, and launching from the sky
His writhen bolt, not shaking empty smoke,
Down to the deep abyss the flaming fellow strook. Dryd.

LAUND. n. s. [lande, French; lawn, Welsh.]Lawn a plain
extended between woods. Hanmer.
Under this thick-grown brake we'll shroud ourselves,
For through this laund anon the deer will come;
And in this covert will we make our stand,
Culling the principal of all the deer. Shakes. Henry VI.

LA’UNDRESS. n. s.  [lavandiere, French: Skinner imagines that
lavanderesse may have been the old word.]A woman whose
employment is to wash cloaths.
The countess of Richmond would often say, On condition
the princes of Christendom would march against the Turks, she
would willingly attend them, and be their laundress. Camden.
Take up these cloaths here quickly; carry them to the
laundress in Datchet mead. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The laundress must be sure to tear her smocks in the wash­
ing, and yet wash them but half. Swift.

LA’UNDRY. n. s. [as if lavanderie.]
1. The room in which clothes are washed.
The affairs of the family ought to be consulted, whether
they concern the stable, dairy, the pantry, or laundry. Swif.t
2. The act or state of washing.
Chalky water is too fretting, as appeareth in laundry of
cloaths, which wear out apace. Bacon's Natural History.

LAVO’LTA. n. s. [la volte, French.]An old dance, in which
was much turning and much capering. Hanmer.
I cannot sing,
Nor heel the high lavolt; nor sweeten talk;
Nor play at subtle games. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.

LA’UREATE. adj. [laureatus, Lat.]Decked or invested with a
laurel.
Bid Amaranthus all his beauty shed,
And daffodillies fill their cups with tears,
To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies, Milton.
Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines. Dunciad.

LAUREA’TION. n. s. [from laureate.]It denotes, in the Scot­
tish universities, the act or state of having degrees conferred,
as they have in some of them a flowery crown, in imita­
tion of laurel among the antients.

LA’UREL. n. s. [laurus, Lat. laurier, French.]A tree, called
also the cherry bay.
It hath broad thick shining ever-green leaves, somewhat
like those of the bay tree; the cup of the flower is hollow,
and funnel-shaped, spreading open at the top, and is divided
into five parts: the flower consists of five leaves, which ex­
pand in form of a rose, having many stamina in the centre;
the fruit, which is like that of the cherry tree, is produced
in bunches, and the stone is longer and narrower than that
of the cherry. Miller.
The laurus or laurel of the antients is affirmed by natura­
lists to be what we call the bay tree. Ainsworth.
The laurel, meed of mighty conquerors,
And poets sage. Spenser's Fairy Queen.
The laurel or cherry-bay, by cutting away the side branches,
will rise to a large tree. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LA’URELED. adj. [from laurel.]Crowned or decorated with laurel.
Hear'st thou the news? my friend! th' express is come
With laurell'd letters from the camp to Rome. Dryden.
Then future ages with delight shall see
How Plato's, Bacon's, Newton's, looks agree;
Or in fair series laurell'd bards be shown
A Virgil there, and here an Addison. Pope.

LAW

LAW. n. s. [laga, Saxon; loi, French; lawgh, Erse.]
1. A rule of action.
Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
Of nature, pleading in his children's cause. Dryden.
2. A decree, edict, statute, or custom, publickly established as
a rule of justice.
He hath resisted law,
And therefore law shall scorn him further trial
Than the severity of publick power. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Thou art a robber,
A law-breaker, a villain; yield thee, thief. Shakespeare.
Our nation would not give laws to the Irish, therefore
now the Irish gave laws to them. Davies on Ireland.
One law is split into two. Baker Reflect. on Learning.
3. Judicial process.
When every case in law is right. Shakes. King Lear.
Who has a breast so pure,
But some uncleanly apprehensions
Keep leets and law days, and in sessions sit,
With meditations lawful. Shakespeare's Othello.
Tom Touchy is a fellow famous for taking the law of
every body: there is not one in the town where he lives that
he has not sued at a quarter-sessions. Addison's Spectator.
4. Conformity to law; any thing lawful.
In a rebellion,
When what's not meet, but what must be, was law,
Then were they chosen. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
5. An established and constant mode or process; a fixed cor­
respondence of cause and effect.
I dy'd, whilst in the womb he stay'd,
Attending Nature's law. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

LA’WFUL. adj. [law and full.]Agreeable to law; conform­
able to law; allowed legal by law; legitimate.
It is not lawful for thee to have her. Mat. xiv. 4.
Gloster's bastard son was kinder to his father, than my
daughters, got 'tween the lawful sheets. Shakes. King Lear.

LA’WFULLY. adv. [from lawful.]Legally; agreeably to law.
This bond is forfeit;
And lawfully by this the Jew may claim
A pound of flesh. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Though it be not against strict justice for a man to do
those things which he might otherwise lawfully do, albeit his
neighbour doth take occasion from thence to conceive in his
mind a false belief, yet Christian charity will, in many cases,
restrain a man. South's Sermons.
I may be allowed to tell your lordship, the king of poets,
what an extent of power you have, and how lawfully you
may exercise it. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

LA’WFULNESS. n. s. [from lawful.]Legality; allowance of
law.
I think it were an error to speak further, till I may see
some sound foundation laid of the lawfulness of the action.
Bacon's Holy War.

LA’WGIVER. n. s. [law and giver.]Legislator; one that makes
laws.
Solomon we esteem as the lawgiver of our nation. Bacon.
A law may be very reasonable in itself, although one does
not know the reason of the lawgivers. Swift.

L’AWGIVING. adj. [law and giving.]Legislative.
Lawgiving heroes, fam'd for taming brutes,
And raising cities with their charming lutes. Waller.

LA’WLESS. adj. [from law.]
1. Unrestrained by any law; not subject to law.
The necessity of war, which among human actions is the
most lawless, hath some kind of affinity with the necessity of
law. Raleigh's Essays.
The lawless tyrant, who denies
To know their God, or message to regard,
Must be compell'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Orpheus did not, as poets feign, tame savage beasts,
But men as lawless, and as wild as they. Roscommon.
Not the gods, nor angry Jove will bear
Thy lawless wand'ring walks in open air. Dryd. æn.
Blind as the Cyclops, and as blind as he,
They own'd a lawless savage liberty,
Like that our painted ancestors so priz'd, 
Ere empire's arts their breasts had civiliz'd. Dryden.
He Meteor-like, flames lawless through the void,
Destroying others, by himself destroy'd. Pope.
2. Contrary to law; illegal.
Take not the quarrel from his powerful arms,
He needs no indirect nor lawless course
To cut off those that have offended him. Shakes. R. III.
We cite our faults,
That they may hold excus'd our lawless lives. Shakesp.
Thou the first, lay down thy lawless claim;
Thou of my blood who bear'st the Julian name. Dryden.

LA’WLESLY. adv. [from lawless.]In a manner contrary to
law.
Fear not, he bears an honourable mind,
And will not use a woman lawlesly. Shakespeare.

LA’WMAKER. n. s. [law and maker.]Legislator; one who
makes laws; a lawgiver.
Their judgment is, that the church of Christ should ad­
mit no lawmakers but the evangelists. Hooker, b. iii.

LAWN. n. s. [land, Danish; lawn, Welsh; lande, French.]
1. An open space between woods,
Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flocks,
Grazing the tender herb, were interpos'd. Milt. Pa. Lost.
His mountains were in a few years shaded with young
trees, that gradually shot up into groves, woods, and fo­
rests, intermixed with walks, and lawns, and gardens.
Addison's Spectator, No. 58.
Stern beasts in trains that by his truncheon fell,
Now grisly forms shoot o'er the lawns of hell. Pope.
Interspers'd in lawns and opening glades,
Thin trees arise that shun each other's shades. Pope.
2. [Linon, French.] Fine linen, remarkable for being used in
the sleeves of bishops.
Should'st thou bleed,
To stop the wounds my finest lawn I'd tear,
Wash them with tears, and wipe them with my hair. Prior.


From high life high characters are drawn,
A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn. Pope.
What awe did the slow solemn knell inspire:
The duties by the lawn rob'd prelate pay'd,
And the last words, that dust to dust convey'd! Tickell.

LA’WSUIT. n. s. [law and suit.]A process in law; a litiga­
tion.
The giving the priest a right to the tithe would produce
lawsuits and wrangles; his necessary attendance on the courts
of justice would leave his people without a spiritual guide.
Swift's Proposal.

LAW’YER. n. s. [from law.]Professor of law; advocate;
pleader.
It is like the breath of an unfeed lawyer, you gave me no­
thing for it. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Is the law evil, because some lawyers in their office swerve
from it? Whitgift.
I have entered into a work touching laws, in a middle
term, between the speculative and reverend discourses of phi­
losophers, and the writings of lawyers. Bacon's Holy War.
The nymphs with scorn beheld their foes,
When the defendant's council rose;
And, what no lawyer ever lack'd,
With impudence own'd all the fact. Swift.

LAX. adj. [laxus, Latin.]
1. Loose; not confined; not closely joined.
Inhabit lax, ye pow'rs of heav'n! Milton's Par. Lost.
In mines, those parts of the earth which abound with
strata of stone, suffer much more than those which consist of
gravel, and the like laxer matter, which more easily give
way. Woodward.
2. Vague; not rigidly exact.
Dialogues were only lax and moral discourses. Baker.
3. Loose in body, so as to go frequently to stool; laxative
medicines are such as promote that disposition. Quincy.
4. Slack; not tense.
By a branch of the auditory nerve that goes between the
ear and the palate, they can hear themselves, though their
outward ear be stopt by the lax membrane to all sounds that
come that way. Holder's Elements of Speech.

LAX. n. s. A looseness; a diarrhœa. Dict.

LAXA’TION. n. s. [laxatio, Latin.]
1. The act of loosening or slackening.
2. The state of being loosened or slackened.

LA’XATIVE. adj. [laxatif, French; laxo, Latin.]Having the
power to ease costiveness.
Omitting honey, which is of a laxative power itself; the
powder of some loadstones in this doth rather constipate and
bind, than purge and loosen the belly. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The oil in wax is emollient, laxative, and anodyne.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LA’XATIVE. n. s. A medicine slightly purgative; a medicine
that relaxes the bowels without stimulation.
Nought profits him to save abandon'd life,
Nor vomits upward aid, nor downward laxative. Dryd.

LA’XATIVENESS. n. s. [laxative.]Power of easing costiveness.

LA’XITY. n. s. [laxitas, Latin.]
1. Not compression; not close cohesion.
The former causes could never beget whirlpools in a chaos
of so great a laxity and thinness. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Contrariety to rigorous precision.
3. Looseness; not costiveness.
If sometimes it cause any laxity, it is in the same way with
iron unprepared, which will disturb some bodies, and work
by purge and vomit. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
4. Slackness; contrariety to tension.
Laxity of a fibre, is that degree of cohesion in its parts
which a small force can alter, so as to increase its length be­
yond what is natural. Quincy.
In consideration of the laxity of their eyes, they are sub­
ject to relapse. Wiseman's Surgery.
5. Openness; not closeness.
Hold a piece of paper close by the flame of a candle, and
by little and little remove it further off, and there is upon
the paper some part of that which I see in the candle, and it
grows still less and less as I remove; so that if I would
trust my sense, I should believe it as very a body upon the
paper as in the candle, though infeebled by the laxity of
the channel in which it flows. Digby on Bodies.

LA’XNESS. n. s. Laxity; not tension; not precision; not co­
stiveness.
For the free passage of the sound into the ear, it is requi­
site that the tympanum be tense, and hard stretched; other­
wise the laxness of that membrane will certainly dead and
damp the sound. Holder's Elements of Speech.

LAY

LAY. Preterite of lye.
O! would the quarrel lay upon our heads,
And that no man might draw short breath to day,
But I and Harry Monmouth. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He was familiarly acquainted with him at such time as he
lay embassador at Constantinople. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
When Ahab had heard those words he fasted, and lay in
sackcloth. 1 Kings xxi. 27.
I try'd whatever in the Godhead lay. Dryden.
He rode to rouze the prey,
That shaded by the sern in harbour lay,
And thence dislodged. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Leaving Rome, in my way to Sienna, I lay the first night
at a village in the territories of the antient Veii. Addison.
How could he have the retiredness of the cloister, to
perform all those acts of devotion in, when the burthen of
the reformation lay upon his shoulders? Francis Atterbury.
The presbyterians argued, that if the pretender should in­
vade those parts where the numbers and estates of the dissen­
ters chiefly lay, they would six still. Swist.

To LAY. v. a. [lecgan, Saxon; leggen, Dutch.]
1. To place along.
Seek not to be judge, being not able to take away iniqui­
ty, lest at any time thou fear the person of the mighty, and
lay a stumbling-block in the way of thy uprightness. Ecclus.
2. To beat down corn or grass.
Another ill accident is laying of corn with great rains in
harvest. Bacon's Natural History.
Let no sheep there play,
Nor frisking kids the flowery meadows lay. May's Virgil.
3. To keep from rising; to settle; to still.
I'll use th' advantage of my power,
And lay the summer's dust with showers of blood. Shakes.
It was a sandy soil, and the way had been full of dust;
but an hour or two before a refreshing fragrant shower of
rain had laid the dust. Ray on Creation.
4. To fix deep.
Schismaticks, outlaws, or criminal persons, are not fit to
lay the foundation of a new colony. Bacon's Adv. to Villiers.
I lay the deep foundations of a wall,
And Enos, nam'd from me, the city call. Dryden.
Men will be apt to call it pulling up the old foundations
of knowledge; I persuade myself, that the way I have pur­
sued lays those foundations surer. Locke.
5. To put; to place.
Then he offered it to him again; then he put it by again;
but, to my thinking, he was very loth to lay his fingers
on it. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
They shall lay hands on the sick, and recover. Mark.
They, who so state a question, do no more but separate
and disentangle the parts of it, one from another, and lay
them, when so disentangled, in their due order. Locke.
We to thy name our annual rites will pay,
And on thy altars sacrifices lay. Pope's Statius.
6. To bury; to interr.
David fell on sleep, and was laid unto his fathers, and
saw corruption. Acts xiii. 36.
7. To station or place privily.
Lay thee an ambush for the city behind thee. Jos. viii. 2.
The wicked have laid a snare for me. Psal.
Lay not wait, O! wicked man, against the dwelling of
the righteous. Prov. xxiv. 15.
8. To spread on a surface.
The colouring upon those maps should be laid on so thin,
as not to obscure or conceal any part of the lines. Watts.
9. To paint; to enamel.
The pictures drawn in our minds are laid in fading co­
lours; and, if not sometimes refreshed, vanish and disap­
pear. Locke.
10. To put into any state of quiet.
They bragged, that they doubted not but to abuse, and
lay asleep, the queen and council of England. Bacon.
11. To calm; to still; to quiet; to allay.
Friends, loud tumults are not laid
With half the easiness that they are rais'd. B. Johnson.
Thus pass'd the night so soul, till morning fair
Came forth with pilgrim steps in amice grey,
Who with her radiant finger still'd the roar
Of thunder, chas'd the clouds and laid the winds. Milton.
After a tempest, when the winds are laid,
The calm sea wonders at the wrecks it made. Waller.
I fear'd I should have found
A tempest in your soul, and came to lay it. Denham.
At once the wind was laid, the whisp'ring sound
Was dumb, a rising earthquake rock'd the ground. Dryd.
12. To prohibit a spirit to walk.
The husband found no charm to lay the devil in a petti­
coat, but the rattling of a bladder with beans in it. L'Estr.
13. To set on the table.
I laid meat unto them. Hos. xi. 4.
14. To propagate plants by fixing their twigs in the ground.
The chief time of laying gillyflowers is in July, when the
flowers are gone. Mortimer's Husbandry.
15. To wager.
But since you will be mad, and since you may
Suspect my courage, if I should not lay;
The pawn I prosfer shall be full as good. Dryden's Virg.


16. To reposit any thing.
The sparrow hath found an house, and the swallow a nest,
for herself, where she may lay her young. Psal. lxxxiv. 3.
17. To exclude eggs.
After the egg lay'd, there is no further growth or nourish­
ment from the female. Bacon's Natural History.
A hen mistakes a piece of chalk for an egg, and sits upon
it; she is insensible of an increase or diminution in the num­
ber of those she lays. Addison's Spectator, No. 120.
18. To apply with violence.
Lay siege against it, and build a fort against it, and cast
a mount against it. Ezek. iv. 2.
Never more shall my torn mind be heal'd,
Nor taste the gentle comforts of repose!
A dreadful band of gloomy cares surround me,
And lay strong siege to my distracted soul. Phillips.
19. To apply nearly.
She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold
the distaff. Prov. xxxi. 19.
It is better to go to the house of mourning than to go to
the house of feasting; for that is the end of all men, and
the living will lay it to his heart. Eccl. vii. 2.
The peacock laid it extremely to heart, that, being Juno's
darling bird, he had not the nightingale's voice. L'Estrange.
He that really lays these two things to heart, the extreme
necessity that he is in, and the small possibility of help, will
never come coldly to a work of that concernment. Duppa.
20. To add; to conjoin.
Wo unto them that lay field to field. Isa. v. 8.
21. To put in any state.
Till us death lay
To ripe and mellow; we're but stubborn clay. Donne.
If the sinus lie distant, lay it open first, and cure that
apertion before you divide that in ano. Wiseman's Surgery.
The wars for some years have laid whole countries waste.
Addison's Spectator, No. 198.
22. To scheme; to contrive.
Every breast she did with spirit inflame,
Yet still fresh projects lay'd the grey-ey'd dame. Chapman.
Homer is like his Jupiter, has his terrors, shaking Olym­
pus; Virgil, like the same power in his benevolence, coun­
selling with the gods, laying plans for empires. Pope.
Don Diego and we have laid it so, that before the rope is
well about thy neck, he will break in and cut thee down. Arbuth.
23. To charge as a payment.
A tax laid upon land seems hard to the landholder, be­
cause it is so much money going out of his pocket. Locke.
24. To impute; to charge.
Preoccupied with what
You rather must do, that what you should do,
Made you against the grain to voice him consul,
Lay the fault on us. Shakespeare.
How shall this bloody deed be answered?
It will be laid to us, whose providence
Should have kept short, restrain'd, and out of haunt,
This mad young man. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
We need not lay new matter to his charge. Shakes.
Men groan from out of the city, yet God layeth not folly
to them. Job xxiv. 12.
Let us be glad of this, and all our fears
Lay on his providence. Paradise Regain'd, b. i.
The writers of those times lay the disgraces and ruins of
their country upon the numbers and fierceness of those savage
nations that invaded them. Temple.
They lay want of invention to his charge; a capital
crime. Dryden's æneis.
You represented it to the queen as wholly innocent of
those crimes which were laid unjustly to its charge. Dryden.
They lay the blame on the poor little ones. Locke.
There was eagerness on both sides; but this is far from
laying a blot upon Luther. Atterbury.
25. To impose; to enjoin.
The weariest and most loathed life
That age, ach, penury, imprisonment,
Can lay on nature, is a paradise
To what we fear of death. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
Thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou
lay upon him usury. Exod. xx. 25.
The Lord shall lay the fear of you, and the dread of you,
upon all the land. Deut. xi. 25.
It seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us, to lay upon
you no greater burden. Acts xv. 28.
Whilst you lay on your friend the favour, acquit him of
the debt. Wycherley.
A prince who never disobey'd,
Not when the most severe commands were laid,
Nor want, nor exile, with his duty weigh'd. Dryden.
You see what obligation the profession of Christianity lays
upon us to holiness of life. Tillotson's Sermons.
These words were not spoken to Adam; neither, indeed,
was there any grant in them made to Adam, but a punish­
ment laid upon Eve. Locke.
Neglect the rules each verbal critick lays,
For not to know some trifles is a praise. Pope.
26. To exhibit; to offer.
It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man
to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers
face to face, and have licence to answer for himself concern­
int the crime laid against him. Acts xxv. 16.
Till he lays his indictment in some certain country, we do
not think ourselves bound to answer an indefinite charge.
Francis Atterbury.
27. To throw by violence.
He bringeth down them that dwell on high; the lofty city
he layeth it low, even to the ground. Isa. xxvi. 5.
Brave Cæneus laid Ortygius on the plain,
The victor Cæneus was by Turnus slain. Dryden's æn.
He took the quiver, and the trusty bow
Achates us'd to bear; the leaders first
He laid along, and then the vulgar pierc'd. Dryden.
28. To place in comparison.
Lay down by those pleasures the fearful and dangerous
thunders and lightnings, and then there will be found no
comparison. Raleigh.
29. To LAY apart. To reject; to put away.
Lay apart all filthiness. James i. 21.
30. To LAY aside. To put away; not to retain.
Let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so
easily beset us. Heb. xii. 1.
Amaze us not with that majestick frown,
But lay aside the greatness of your crown. Waller.
Roscommon first, then Mulgrave rose, like light;
The Stagyrite, and Horace, laid aside,
Inform'd by them, we need no foreign guide. Granville.
Retention is the power to revive again in our minds those
ideas which, after imprinting, have disappeared, or have been
laid aside out of sight. Locke.
When by just vengeance guilty mortals perish,
The gods behold their punishment with pleasure,
And lay the uplifted thunder-bolt aside. Addison's Cato.
31. To LAY away. To put from one; not to keep.
Queen Esther laid away her glorious apparel, and put on
the garments of anguish. Esther xiv. 2.
32. To LAY before. To expose to view; to shew; to display.
I cannot better satisfy your piety, than by laying before
you a prospect of your labours. Wake's Prepar. for Death.
That treaty hath been laid before the house of commons.
Swift's Preface to Remarks on the Barrier Treaty.
Their office it is to lay the business of the nation before
him. Addison's Freeholder, No. 46.
33. To LAY by. To reserve for some future time.
Let every one lay by him in store, as God hath prospered
him. 1 Cor. xvi. 2.
34. To LAY by. To put from one; to dismiss.
Let brave spirits that have sitted themselves for command,
either by sea or land, not be laid by as persons unnecessary
for the time. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
She went away, and laid by her veil. Gen. xxxviii. 19.
Did they not swear to live and die
With Essex, and straight laid him by. Hudibras.
For that look, which does your people awe,
When in your throne and robes you give 'em law,
Lay it by here, and give a gentler smile. Waller.
Darkness, which fairest nymphs disarms,
Defends us ill from Mira's charms;
Mira can lay her beauty by,
Take no advantage of the eye,
Quit all that Lely's art can take,
And yet a thousand captives make. Waller.
Then he lays by the publick care,
Thinks of providing for an heir;
Learns how to get, and how to spare. Denham.
The Tuscan king,
Laid by the lance, and took him to the sling. Dryden.
Where Dædalus his borrow'd wings laid by,
To that obscure retreat I chuse to fly. Dryden's Juvenal.
My zeal for you must lay the father by,
And plead my country's cause against my son. Dryden.
Fortune, conscious of your destiny,
E'en then took care to lay you softly by;
And wrapp'd your fate among her precious things,
Kept fresh to be unfolded with your king's. Dryden.
Dismiss your rage, and lay your weapons by,
Know I protect them, and they shall not die. Dryden.
When their displeasure is once declared, they ought not
presently to lay by the severity of their brows, but restore
their children to their former grace with some difficulty. Locke.
35. To LAY down. To deposit as a pledge, equivalent, or sa­
tisfaction.
I lay down my life for the sheep. John x. 15.
For her, my Lord,
I dare my life lay down, and will do't, Sir,
Please you t' accept it, that the queen is spotless
I' th' eyes of heaven. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.


36. To LAY down. To quit; to resign.
The soldier being once brought in for the service, I will
not have him to lay down his arms any more. Spens. Ireland.
Ambitious conquerors, in their mad career,
Check'd by thy voice, lay down the sword and spear.
Blackmore's Creation, b. ii.
The story of the tragedy is purely fiction; for I take it up
where the history has laid it down. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
37. To LAY down. To commit to repose.
I will lay me down in peace and sleep. Psal. xlviii.
And they lay themselves down upon cloaths laid to pledge,
by every altar. Amos ii. 8.
We lay us down, to sleep away our cares; night shuts up
the senses. Glanville's Scep.
Some god conduct me to the sacred shades,
Or lift me high to Hæmus' hilly crown,
Or in the plains of Tempe lay me down. Dryden's Virg.
38. To LAY down. To advance as a proposition.
I have laid down, in some measure, the description of the
old known world. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
Kircher lays it down as a certain principle, that there
never was any people so rude, which did not acknowledge
and worship one supreme deity. Stillingfleet on Rom. Idolatry.
I must lay down this for your encouragement, that we are
no longer now under the heavy yoke of a perfect unsinning
obedience. Wake's Preparation for Death.
Plato lays it down as a principle, that whatever is permit­
ted to befal a just man, whether poverty or sickness, shall,
either in life or death, conduce to his good. Addison's Spect.
From the maxims laid down many may conclude, that I
had a mind the world should think there had been occasion
given by some late abuses among men of that calling. Swift.
39. To LAY for. To attempt by ambush, or insidious prac­
tices.
He embarked himself at Marseilles, after a long and dan­
gerous journey, being not without the knowledge of Solyman
hardly laid for at sea by Cortug-ogli, a famous pirate. Knolles.
40. To LAY forth. To diffuse; to expatiate.
O bird! the delight of gods and of men! and so he lays
himself forth upon the gracefulness of the raven. L'Estrange.
41. To LAY forth. To place when dead in a decent posture.
Embalm me,
Then lay me forth; although unqueen'd, yet like
A queen, and daughter to a king, interr me. Shakespeare.
42. To LAY hold of. To seize; to catch.
Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and
bring him out. Deut. xxi. 19.
Favourable seasons of aptitude and inclination, be heed­
fully laid hold of. Locke.
43. To LAY in. To store; to treasure.
Let the main part of the ground employed to gardens or
corn be to a common stock; and laid in, and stored up, and
then delivered out in proportion. Bacon's Essays.
An equal stock of wit and valour
He had laid in, by birth a taylor. Hudibras, p. i.
They saw the happiness of a private life, but they thought
they had not yet enough to make them happy, they would
have more, and laid in to make their solitude luxurious. Dryd.
Readers, who are in the flower of their youth, should la­
bour at those accomplishments which may set off their per­
sons when their bloom is gone, and to lay in timely provisions
for manhood and old age. Addison's Guardian.
44. To lay on. To apply with violence.
We make no excuses for the obstinate: blows are the pro­
per remedies; but blows laid on in a way different from the
ordinary. Locke on Education.
45. To LAY open. To shew; to expose.
Teach me, dear creature, how to think and speak,
Lay open to my earthy gross conceit,
Smother'd in errours, seeble, shallow, weak,
The solded meaning of your word's deceit. Shakespeare.
A fool layeth open his folly. Prov. xiii. 16.
46. To LAY over. To incrust; to cover; to decorate super­
ficially.
Wo unto him that faith to the wood, awake; to the dumb
stone, arise, it shall teach: behold, it is laid over with gold
and silver, and there is no breath at all in the midst of it.
Hab. ii. 19.
47. To LAY out. To expend.
Fathers are wont to lay up for their sons,
Thou for thy son art bent to lay out all. Milton.
Tycho Brahe laid out, besides his time and industry, much
greater sums of money on instruments than any man we ever
heard of. Boyle.
The blood and treasure that's laid out,
Is thrown away, and goes for nought. Hudibras.
If you can get a good tutor, you will never repent the
charge; but will always have the satisfaction to think it the
money, of all other, the best laid out. Locke.
I, in this venture, double gains pursue,
And laid out all my stock to purchase you. Dryden.
My father never at a time like this
Would lay out his great soul in words, and waste
Such precious moments. Addison's Cato.
A melancholy thing to see the disorders of a houshold that
is under the conduct of an angry stateswoman, who lays out
all her thoughts upon the publick, and is only attentive to
find out miscarriages in the ministry. Addison's Freeholder.
When a man spends his whole life among the stars and
planets, or lays out a twelve-month on the spots in the sun,
however noble his speculations may be, they are very apt
to fall into burlesque. Addisen on ancient Medals.
Nature has laid out all her art in beautifying the face; she
has touched it with vermilion, planted in it a double row of
ivory, and made it the seat of smiles and blushes. Addison.
48. To LAY out. To display; to discover.
He was dangerous, and takes occasion to lay out bigotry,
and false confidence, in all its colours. Atterbury.
49. To LAY out. To dispose; to plan.
The garden is laid out into a grove for fruits, a vineyard,
and an allotment for olives and herbs. Notes on the Odyssey.
50. To LAY out. With the reciprocal pronoun, to exert; to
put forth.
No selfish man will be concerned to lay out himself for
the good of his country. Smalridge.
51. To LAY to. To charge upon.
When we began, in courteous manner, to lay his unkind­
ness unto him, he, seeing himself confronted by so many,
like a resolute orator, went not to denial, but to justify his
cruel falshood. Sidney.
52. To LAY to. To apply with vigour.
We should now lay to our hands to root them up, and can­
not tell for what. Oxford Reasons against the Covenant.
Let children be hired to lay to their bones,
From fallow as needeth, to gather up stones. Tusser.
53. To LAY to. To harrass; to attack.
The great master having a careful eye over every part of
the city, went himself unto the English station, which was
then hardly laid to by the Bassa Mustapha. Knolles.
Whilst he this, and that, and each man's blow
Doth eye, defend, and shift, being laid to sore;
Backwards he bears. Daniel's Civil War.
54. To LAY together. To collect; to bring into one view.
If we lay all these things together, and consider the parts,
rise, and degrees of his sin, we shall find that it was not
for nothing. South's Sermons.
Many people apprehend danger for want of taking the true
measure of things, and laying matters rightly together. L'Estr.
My readers will be very well pleased, to see so many use­
ful hints upon this subject laid together in so clear and con­
cise a manner. Addison's Guardian, No. 96.
One series of consequences will not serve the turn, but
many different and opposite deductions must be examined,
and laid together, before a man can come to make a right
judgment of the point in question. Locke.
55. To LAY under. To subject to.
A Roman soul is bent on higher views,
To civilize the rude unpolish'd world,
And lay it under the restraint of laws. Addison's Cato.
56. To LAY up. To confine.
In the East-Indies, the general remedy of all subject to
the gout, is rubbing with hands till the motion raise a vio­
lent heat about the joints: where it was chiefly used, no one
was ever troubled much, or laid up by that disease. Temple.
57. To LAY up. To store; to treasure.
St. Paul did will them of the church of Corinth, every
man to lay up somewhat by him upon the Sunday, and to
reserve it in store, till himself did come thither, to send it
to the church of Jerusalem for relief of the poor there.
Hooker, b. iv. sect. 13.
Those things which at the first are obscure and hard, when
memory hath laid them up for a time, judgment afterwards
growing explaineth them. Hooker, b. v. sect. 22.
That which remaineth over, lay up to be kept until the
morning. Exod. xvi. 23.
The king must preserve the revenues of his crown with­
out diminution, and lay up treasure in store against a time
of extremity. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Fathers are wont to lay up for their sons,
Thou for thy son art bent to lay out all. Milton.
The whole was tilled, and the harvest laid up in several
granaries. Temple.
I will lay up your words for you till time shall serve. Dryd.
This faculty of laying up, and retaining ideas, several other
animals have to a great degree, as well as man. Locke.
What right, what true, what fit, we justly call,
Let this be all my care; for this is all:
To lay this harvest up, and hoard with haste
What every day will want, and most, the last. Pope.
58. To LAY upon. To importune; to request with earnestness
and incessantly. Obsolete.
All the people laid so earnestly upon him to take that war


in hand, that they said they would never bear arms more
against the Turks, if he omitted that occasion. Knolles.

To LAY. v. n.
1. To bring eggs.
Hens will greedily eat the herb which will make them
lay the better. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To contrive.
Which mov'd the king,
By all the aptest means could be procur'd,
To lay to draw him in by any train. Daniel's Civil War.
3. To LAY about. To strike on all sides; to act with great
diligence and vigour.
At once he wards and strikes, he takes and pays,
Now forc'd to yield, now forcing to invade,
Before, behind, and round about him lays. Fa. Queen.
And laid about in fight more busily,
Than th' Amazonian dame Penthesile. Hudibras.
In the late successful rebellion, how studiously did they lay
about them, to cast a slur upon the king. South's Sermons.
He provides elbow-room enough for his conscience to lay
about, and have its full play in. South's Sermons.
4. To LAY at. To strike; to endeavour to strike.
Fiercely the good man did at him lay,
The blade oft groaned under the blow. Spenser's Pastoral.
The sword of him that layeth at him cannot hold. Job.
5. To LAY in sor. To make overtures of oblique invitation.
I have laid in for these, by rebating the satire, where jus­
tice would allow it, from carrying too sharp an edge. Dryd.
6. To LAY on. To strike; to beat.
His heart laid on as if it try'd,
To force a passage through his side. Hudibras.
Answer, or answer not, 'tis all the same,
He lays me on, and makes me bear the blame. Dryden.
7. To LAY on. To act with vehemence.
My father has made her mistress
Of the feast, and she lays it on. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
8. To LAY out. To take measures.
Those ants knew some days after they had nothing to fear,
and began to lay out their corn in the sun. Addis. Guard.
I made strict enquiry wherever I came, and laid out for in­
telligence of all places, where the intrails of the earth were
laid open. Woodward.

LAY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A row; a stratum.
A viol should have a lay of wire-strings below, as close to
the belly as the lute, and then the strings of guts mounted
upon a bridge as in ordinary viols, that the upper strings
strucken might make the lower resound. Bacon.
Upon this they lay a layer of stone, and upon that a lay
of wood. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A wager.
It is esteemed an even lay, whether any man lives ten
years longer: I suppose it is the same, that one of any ten
might die within one year. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

LAY. n. s. [ley, leag, Saxon; ley, Scottish.]Grassy ground; 
meadow; ground unplowed, and kept for cattle: more fre­
quently, and more properly, written lea.
A tuft of daisies on a flow'ry lay
They saw. Dryden's Flower and Leaf.
The plowing of layes is the first plowing up of grass ground
for corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LAY. n. s. [lay, French. It is said originally to signify sor­
row or complaint, and then to have been transferred to poems
written to express sorrow. It is derived by the French from
lessus, Latin, a funeral song; but it is found likewise in the
Teutonick dialect: ley, leoth, Saxon; leey, Danish.]A song;
a poem.
To the maiden's sounding timbrels sung,
In well attuned notes, a joyous lay. Spens. Fairy Queen.
Soon he slumber'd, fearing not be harm'd,
The whiles with a loud lay, she thus him sweetly charm'd.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii.
This is a most majestick vision, and
Harmonious charming lays. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Nor then the solemn nightingale
Ceas'd warbling, but all night tun'd her soft lays. Milton.
If Jove's will
Have link'd that amorous power to thy soft lay,
Now timely sing. Milton.
He reach'd the nymph with his harmonious lay,
Whom all his charms could not incline to stay. Waller.
On Ceres let him call, and Ceres praise,
With uncouth dances, and with country lays. Dryd. Virg.
Ev'n gods incline their ravish'd ears,
And tune their own harmonious spheres
To his immortal lays. Dennis.

LAY. adj. [laicus, Latin; ??.]Not clerical; regarding or
belonging to the people as distinct from the clergy.
All this they had by law, and none repin'd,
The pref'rence was but due to Levi's kind:
But when some lay preferment fell by chance,
The Gourmands made it their inheritance. Dryden.
Lay persons, married or unmarried, being doctors of the
civil law, may be chancellors, officials, &c. Ayliffe's Parerg.
It might well startle
Our lay unlearned faith. Rowe's Ambitious Step Mother.

LA’YER. n. s. [from lay.]
1. A stratum, or row; a bed; one body spread over another.
A layer of rich mould beneath, and about this natural
earth to nourish the fibres. Evelyn's Kalendar.
The terrestrial matter is disposed into strata or layers,
placed one upon another, in like manner as any earthy se­
diment, settling down from a flood in great quantity, will
naturally be. Woodward's Natural History.
2. A sprig of a plant.
Many trees may be propagated by layers: this is to be
performed by slitting the branches a little way, and laying
them under the mould about half a foot; the ground should
be first made very light, and, after they are laid, they should
have a little water given them: if they do not comply well
in the laying of them down, they must be pegged down
with a hook or two; and if they have taken sufficient root
by the next winter, they must be cut off from the main
plants, and planted in the nursery: some twist the branch,
or bare the rind; and if it be out of the reach of the ground,
they fasten a tub or basket near the branch, which they fill
with good mould, and lay the branch in it. Miller.
Transplant also carnation seedlings, give your layers fresh
earth, and set them in the shade for a week. Evelyn's Kal.
3. A hen that lays eggs.
The oldest are always reckoned the best sitters, and the
youngest the best layers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LA’YMAN. n. s. [lay and man.]
1. One of the people distinct from the clergy.
Laymen will neither admonish one another themselves, nor
suffer ministers to do it. Government of the Tongue.
Since a trust must be, she thought it best
To put it out of laymens pow'r at least,
And for their solemn vows prepar'd a priest. Dryden.
Where can be the grievance, that an ecclesiastical land­
lord should expect a third part value for his lands, his title
as antient, and as legal, as that of a layman, who is seldom
guilty of giving such beneficial bargains. Swift.
2. An image.
You are to have a layman almost as big as the life for
every figure in particular, besides the natural figure before
you. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

LA’YSTALL. n. s. An heap of dung.
Scarce could he footing find in that foul way,
For many corses, like a great lay-stall
Of murdered men, which therein strewed lay. Fa. Qu.

LAZ

LA’ZAR. n. s. [from Lazarus in the gospel.]One deformed
and nauseous with filthy and pestilential diseases.
They ever after in most wretched case,
Like loathsome lazars, by the hedges lay. Fairy Queen.
I'll be sworn and sworn upon't, she never shrowded any
but lazars. Shakespeare's Troil. and Cressida.
I am weary with drawing the deformities of life, and la­
zars of the people, where every figure of imperfection more
resembles me. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Life he labours to refine
Daily, nor of his little stock denies
Fit alms, to lazars, merciful, and meek. Philips.

LAZAR-HOUSE. n. s. [lazaret, French; lazzeretto, Italian;
from lazar.]A house for the reception of
the diseased; an hospital.
LAZARE’TTO. n. s. [lazaret, French; lazzeretto, Italian;
from lazar.]A house for the reception of
the diseased; an hospital.
A place
Before his eyes appear'd, sad, noisome, dark,
A lazar-house it seem'd, where were laid
Numbers of all diseas'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.

LA’ZARWORT. n. s. A plant.

LA’ZILY. adv. [from lazy.]Idly; sluggishly; heavily.
Watch him at play, when following his own inclinations;
and see whether he be stirring and active, or whether he la­
zily and listlesly dreams away his time. Locke.
The eastern nations view the rising fires,
Whilst night shades us, and lazily retires. Creech.

LA’ZINESS. n. s. [from lazy.]Idleness; sluggishness; heavi­
ness to action.
That instance of fraud and laziness, the unjust steward,
who pleaded that he could neither dig nor beg, would quick­
ly have been brought both to dig and to beg too, rather than
starve. South's Sermons.
My fortune you have rescued, not only from the power of
others, but from my own modesty and laziness. Dryden.

LA’ZING. adj. [from lazy.]Sluggish; idle.
The hands and the feet mutinied against the belly: they
knew no reason, why the one should be lazing, and pam­
pering itself with the fruit of the other's labour. L'Estrange.
The sot cried, Utinam hoc esset laborare, while he lay
lazing and lolling upon his couch. South's Sermons.

LA’ZULI. n. s.
The ground of this stene is blue, veined and spotted with


white, and a glistering or metallick yellow: it appears to be
composed of, first, a white sparry, or crystalline matter;
secondly, flakes of the golden or yellow talc; thirdly; a
shining yellow substance; this fumes off in the calcination of
the stone, and casts a sulphureous smell; fourthly, a bright
blue substance, of great use among the painters, under the
name of ultramarine; and when rich, is found, upon trial,
to yield about one-sixth of copper, with a very little silver.
Woodward's Metallick Fossils.

LA’ZY. adj. [This word is derived by a correspondent, with
great probability, from a l'aise, French; but it is how­
ever Teutonick: lijser in Danish, and losigh in Dutch,
have the same meaning; and Spelman gives this account of
the word: Dividebantur antiqui Saxones, ut testatur Nithar­
dus, in tres ordines; Edhilingos, Frilingos & Lazzos; hoc
est nobiles, ingenuos & serviles: quam & nos distinctionem
diu retinuimus. Sed Ricardo autem secundo pars servorum
maxima se in libertatem vindicavit; sic ut hodie apud Anglos
rarior inveniatur servus, qui mancipium dicitur. Restat ni­
hilominus antiquæ appellationis commemoratio. Ignavos
enim hodie lazie dicimus.]
1. Idle; sluggish; unwilling to work.
Our soldiers, like the night-owl's lazy flight,
Or like a lazy thrasher with a flail,
Fall gently down, as if they struck their friends. Shakesp.
Wicked condemned men will ever live like rogues, and
not fall to work, but be lazy, and spend victuals. Bacon.
Whose lazy waters without motion lay. Roscommon.
The lazy glutton safe at home will keep,
Indulge his sloth, and batten with his sleep. Dryden.
Like Eastern kings a lazy state they keep,
And close confin'd in their own palace sleep. Pope.
What amazing stupidity is it, for men to be negligent of
salvation themselves? to sit down lazy and unactive. Rogers.
2. Slow; tedious.
The ordinary method for recruiting their armies, was now
too dull and lazy an expedient to resist this torrent. Clarendon.

LD. is a contraction of lord.

LEA

LEA. n. s. [ley, Saxon, a fallow; leag, Saxon, a pasture.]
Ground inclosed, not open.
Greatly agast with this pittious plea;
Him rested the good man on the lea. Spens. Pastorals.
Ceres, most bounteous lady, thy rich leas
Of wheat, rye, barley, fetches, oats and peas. Shakes.
Her fallow leas
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory
Doth root upon. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Dry up thy harrow'd veins, and plough-torn leas,
Whereof ingrateful man with liqu'rish draughts,
And morsels unctuous, greases his pure mind. Shakesp.
Such court guise,
As Mercury did first devise,
With the mincing Dryades,
On the lawns, and on the leas. Milton.

LEAD. n. s. [læd, Saxon.]
1. Lead is the heaviest metal except gold; for, though it is
considerably lighter than quicksilver, as this wants mallea­
bility, it ought not to be reckoned in the class of metals.
Lead is the softest of all the metals, and very ductile, though
less so than gold: it is very little subject to rust, and the least
sonorous of all the metals except gold. The specifick gra­
vity of lead is to that of water as 11322 to 1000. Lead,
when kept in fusion over a common fire, throws up all other
bodies, except gold, that are mixed, all others being lighter,
except Mercury, which will not bear that degree of heat:
it afterwards vitrifies with the baser metals, and carries them
off, in form of scoriæ, to the sides of the vessel. The
weakest acids are the best solvents for lead: it dissolves very
readily in aqua fortis diluted with water, as also in vinegar.
Gold, or silver, or copper, become brittle on being mixed
with lead in fusion; and, if lead and tin be melted together,
the tin is thrown up to the surface in little dusty globes.
Lead is found in various countries, but abounds particularly
in England, in several kinds of soils and stones. The smoke
of the lead works at Mendip in Somersetshire is a prodi­
gious annoyance, and subjects both the workmen, and the
cattle that graze about them, to a mortal disease; trees that
grow near them have their tops burnt, and their leaves and
outsides discoloured and scorched. Hill.
Thou art a soul in bliss, but I am bound
Upon a wheel of fire; that mine own tears
Do scald like molten lead. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Of lead, some I can shew you so like steel, and so unlike
common lead ore, that the workmen call it steel ore. Boyle.
Lead is employed for the refining of gold and silver by the
cupel; hereof is made common ceruss with vinegar; of ce­
russ, red lead; of plumbum ustum, the best yellow ochre;
of lead, and half as much tin, solder for lead. Grew.
2. [In the plural.] Flat roof to walk on.
Stalls, bulks, windows,
Are smother'd up, leads fill'd, and ridges hors'd
With variable complexions; all agreeing
In earnestness to see him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
I would have the tower two stories, and goodly leads upon
the top, raised with statues interposed. Bacon.

To LEAD. v. a. [from the noun.]To fit with lead in any
manner.
He fashioneth the clay with his arm, he applieth himself
to lead it over; and he is diligent to make clean the fur­
nace. Ecclus. xxxvili. 30.
There is a traverse placed in a loft, at the right hand of
the chair, with a privy door, and a carved window of glass
leaded with gold and blue, where the mother sitteth. Bacon.

To LEAD. v. a. preter. I led. [lædan, Saxon; leiden, Dutch.]
1. To guide by the hand.
There is a cliff, whose high and bending head
Looks fearfully on the confined deep:
Bring me but to the very brim of it;
And I'll repair the misery, thou dost bear,
With something rich about me: from that place
I shall no leading need. Shakesp. King Lear.
Doth not each on the sabbath loose his ox or his ass from
the stall, and lead him away to watering? Luke xiii. 15.
They thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the
brow of the hill. Luke iv. 29.
2. To conduct to any place.
Save to every man his wife and children, that they may
lead them away, and depart. 1 Sam. xxx. 22.
Then brought he me out of the way, and led me about
the way without unto the utter gate. Ezek. xlvii. 2.
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth
me beside the still waters. Psal. xxiii. 2.
3. To conduct as head or commander.
Would you lead forth your army against the enemy, and
seek him where he is to fight? Spenser on Ireland.
He turns head against the lion's armed jaws;
And being no more in debt to years than thou,
Leads antient lords, and rev'rend bishops, on
To bloody battles. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. i.
I wonder much,
Being men of such great leading as you are,
That you foresee not what impediments
Drag back our expedition. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
If thou wilt have
The leading of thy own revenges, take
One half of my commission, and set down
As best thou art experienc'd. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He led me on to mightiest deeds,
Above the nerve of mortal arm,
Against the uncircumcis'd, our enemies:
But now hath cast me off. Milton's Agonistes.
Christ took not upon him flesh and blood, that he might
conquer and rule nations, lead armies, or possess places. South.
He might muster his family up, and lead them out against
the Indians, to seek reparation upon any injury. Locke.
4. To introduce by going first.
Which may go out before them, and which may go in be­
fore them, and which may lead them out, and which may
bring them in. Numb. xxvii. 17.
His guide, as faithful form that day,
As Hesperus that leads the sun his way. Fairfax, b. i.
5. To guide; to show the method of attaining.
Human testimony is not so proper to lead us into the
knowledge of the essence of things, as to acquaint us with
the existence of things. Watts's Logick.
6. To draw; to entice; to allure.
Appoint him a meeting, give him a shew of comfort, and
lead him on with a fine baited delay. Shakespeare.
The lord Cottington, being a master of temper, knew
how to lead him into a mistake, and then drive him into
choler, and then expose him. Carendon.
7. To induce; to prevail on by pleasing motives.
What I did, I did in honour,
Led by th' impartial conduct of my soul. Shakes. Hen. IV.
He was driven by the necessities of the times, more than
led by his own disposition, to any rigour of actions. K. Charles.
What I way will have little influence of those whose ends
led by his own disposition, to any rigour of actions. Swift.
8. To pass; to spend in any certain manner.
The sweet woman leads an ill life with him. Shakesp.
So shalt thou lead
Safest thy life, and best prepar'd endure
Thy mortal passage when it comes. Milton's Par. Lost.
Him, fair Lavinia, thy surviving wife
Shall breed in groves, to lead a solitary life. Dryden.
Luther's life was led up to the doctrines he preached, and
his death was the death of the righteous. Fr. Atterbury.
Celibacy, as then practised in the church of Rome, was
commonly forced, taken up under a bold vow, and led in all
uncleanness. Francis Atterbury.
This distemper is most incident to such as lead a sedentary
life. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To LEAD. v. n.
1. To go first, and show the way.
I will lead on softly, according as the cattle that goeth
before me, and the children be able to endure. Gen. xxxiii.


2. To conduct as a commander.
Cyrus was beaten and slain under the leading of a woman,
whose wit and conduct made a great figure in antient story.
Temple.
3. To shew the way, by going first.
He left his mother a countess by patent, which was a new
leading example, grown before somewhat rare, since the days
of queen Mary. Wotton.
The way of maturing of tobacco must be from the heat
of the earth or sun; we see some leading of this in musk­
melons sown upon a hot-bed dunged below. Bacon.
The vessels heavy-laden put to sea
With prosp'rous gales, and woman leads the way. Dryden.

LEAD. n. s. [from the verb.]Guidance; first place: a low
despicable word.
Yorkshire takes the lead of the other countries. Herring.

LEADEN. adj. [leaden, Saxon.]
1. Made of lead.
This tiger-footed rage, when it shall find
The harm of unskann'd swiftness, will, too late,
Tye leaden pounds to 's heels. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
O murth'rous slumber!
Lay'st thou the leaden mace upon my boy,
That plays thee musick. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
A leaden bullet shot from one of these guns against a stone
wall, the space of twenty-four paces from it, will be beaten
into a thin plate. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
2. Heavy; unwilling; motionless.
If thou do'st find him tractable to us,
Encourage him, and tell him all our reasons:
If he be leaden, icy, cold, unwilling,
Be thou so too. Shakespeare's Rich. III.
3. Heavy; dull.
I'll strive with troubled thoughts to take a nap;
Lest leaden slumber poize me down to-morrow,
When I should mount with wings of victory. Shakesp.

LEADER. n. s. [from lead.]
1. One that leads, or conducts.
2. Captain; commander.
In my tent
I'll draw the form and model of our battle,
Limit each leader to his several charge,
And part in just proportion our small strength. Shakesp.
I have given him for a leader and commander to the
people. Isa. lv. 4.
Those who escaped by flight excused their dishonour, not
without a sharp jest against some of their leaders, affirming,
that, as they had followed them into the field, so it was good
reason they should follow them out. Hayward.
When our Lycians see
Our brave examples, they admiring say,
Behold our gallant leaders. Denham.
The brave leader of the Lycian crew. Dryden.
One who goes first.
Nay keep your way, little gallant; you were wont to be a
follower now you are a leader. Shakespeare.
4. One at the head of any party or faction: as the detestable
Wharton was the leader of the whigs.
The understandings of a senate are enslaved by three or four
leaders, set to get or to keep employments. Swift.

LE’ADING. participial adj. Principal.
In organized bodies, which are propagated by seed, the
shape is the leading quality, and most characteristical part,
that determines the species. Locke.
Mistakes arise from the influence of private persons upon
great numbers stiled leading men and parties. Swift.

LEADING-STRINGS. n. s. [lead and string.]Strings by which
children, when they learn to walk, are held from falling.
Sound may serve such, ere they to sense are grown,
Like leading-strings, 'till they can walk alone. Dryden.
Was he ever able to walk without leading-strings, or swim
without bladders, without being discovered by his hobbling
and his sinking? Swift.

LE’ADMAN. n. s. [lead and man.]One who begins or leads a
dance.
Such a light and mettl'd dance
Saw you never,
And by leadmen for the nonce,
That turn round like grindle stones. Benj. Johnson.

LE’ADWORT. n. s. [lead and wort.]
This flower consists of one leaf, which is shaped like a
funnel, and cut into several segments at the top, out of
whose fistulous flower-cup rises the pointal, which afterward
becomes one oblong seed, for the most part sharp-pointed,
which ripens in the flower-cup. Miller.

LEAF.n. s. leaves, plural. [leaf, Saxon; leaf, Dutch.]
1. The green deciduous parts of plants and flowers.
This is the state of man; to-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hopes, to-morrow blossoms. Shakes.
A man shall seldom fail of having cherries borne by his
graft the same year in which his incision is made, if his
graft have blossom buds; whereas if it were only leaf buds,
it will not bear fruit till the second season. Boyle.
Those things which are removed to a distant view, ought
to make but one mass; as the leaves on the trees, and the
billows in the sea. Dryden's Dusresnoy.
2. A part of a book, containing two pages.
Happy ye leaves, when as those lilly hands
Shall handle you. Spenser.
Peruse my leaves through ev'ry part,
And think thou seest my owner's heart
Scrawl'd o'er with trifles. Swift.
3. One side of a double door.
The two leaves of the one door were folding. 1 Kings.
4. Any thing foliated, or thinly beaten.
Eleven ounces two pence sterling ought to be of so pure
silver, as is called leaf silver, and then the melter must add
of other weight seventeen pence halfpenny farthing. Camden.
Leaf gold, that flies in the air as light as down, is as
truly gold as that in an ingot. Digby on Bodies.

To LEAF. v. n. [from the noun.]To bring leaves; to bear
leaves.
Most trees sprout, and fall off the leaves at autumn; and
if not kept back by cold, would leaf about the solstice.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

LEAFLESS. adj. [from leaf.]Naked of leaves.
Bare honesty without some other adornment, being looked
on as a leafless tree, nobody will take himself to its shelter.
Government of the Tongue.
Where doves in flocks the leafless trees o'er shade,
And lonely woodcocks haunt the wat'ry glade. Pope.

LE’AFY. adj. [from leaf.]Full of leaves.
The frauds of men were ever so,
Since summer was first leafy. Shakespeare.
What chance, good lady, hath bereft you thus?
—Dim darkness, and this leafy labyrinth. Milton.
O'er barren mountains, o'er the flow'ry plain,
The leafy forest, and the liquid main,
Extends thy uncontroul'd and boundless reign. Dryd.
Her leafy arms with such extent were spread,
That hosts of birds, that wing the liquid air,
Perch'd in the boughs. Dryden's Flower and Leaf.
So when some swelt'ring travellers retire
To leafy shades, near the cool sunless verge
Of Paraba, Brasilian stream; her tail
A grisly hydra suddenly shoots forth. Philips.

LEAGUE. n. s. [ligue, French; ligo, Latin.]
1. A confederacy; a combination.
You peers, continue this united league:
I every day expect an embassage
From my Redeemer, to redeem me hence.
And now in peace my soul shall part to heav'n,
Since I have made my friends at peace on earth. Shakesp.
We come to be informed by yourselves,
What the conditions of that league must be. Shakesp.
Thou shalt be in league with the stones of the field; and
the beasts of the field shall be at peace with thee. Job v. 23.
Go break thy league with Baasha, that he may depart from
me. 2 Chron. xvi. 3.
It is a great error, and a narrowness of mind, to think,
that nations have nothing to do one with another, except
there be either an union in sovereignty, or a conjunction in
pacts or leagues: there are other bands of society and implicit
confederations. Bacon's Holy War.
I, a private person, whom my country
As a league breaker gave up bound, persum'd
Single rebellion, and did hostile acts. Milton's Agonistes.
Oh Tyrians, with immortal hate
Pursue this race: let there be
'Twixt us and them no league nor amity. Denham.

To LEAGUE. v. n. To unite; to confederate.
Where fraud and falshood invade society, the band pre­
sently breaks, and men are put to a loss where to league and
to fasten their dependances. South's Sermons.

LEAGUE. n. s. [lieuë, French.]
1. A league; leuca, Latin; from lech, Welsh; a stone that
was used to be erected at the end of every league. Camden.
2. A measure of length, containing three miles.
Ere the ships could meet by twice five leagues,
We were encount'red by a mighty rock. Shakespeare.
Ev'n Italy, though many a league remote,
In distant echo's answer'd. Addison.

LE’AGUED. adj. [from league.]Confederated.
And now thus leagu'd by an eternal bond,
What shall retard the Britons bold designs. Philips.

LE’AGUER. n. s. [beleggeren, Dutch.]Siege; investment of a
town.
We will bind and hoodwink him so, that he shall suppose
no other but that he is carried into the leaguer of the adver­
saries, when we bring him to our own tents. Shakespeare.

LEAK. n. s. [leck, leke, Dutch.]A breach or hole which lets
in water.
There will be always evils, which no art of man can
cure; breaches and leaks more than man's wit hath hands
to stop. Hooker.


The water rushes in, as it doth usually in the leak of a
ship. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Whether she sprung a leak I cannot find,
Or whether she was over set with wind,
Or that some rock below her bottom rent,
But down at once with all her crew she went. Dryden.

To LEAK. v. n.
1. To let water in or out.
They will allow us ne'er a jordan, and then we leak in your
chimney. Shakespeare.
The water, which will perhaps by degrees leak into several
parts, may be emptied out again. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
His feet should be washed every day in cold water; and
have his shoes so thin, that they might leak, and let in
water. Locke.
2. To drop through a breach.
Golden stars hung o'er their heads,
And seemed so crowded, that they burst upon 'em,
And dart at once their baleful influence
In leaking fire. Dryden's and Lee's Oedipus.

LE’AKAGE. n. s. [from leak.]Allowance made for accidental
loss in liquid measures.

LE’AKY. adj. [from leak.]
1. Battered or pierced, so as to let water in or out.
Thou'rt so leaky,
That we must leave thee to thy sinking; for
Thy dearest quit thee. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
If you have not enjoy'd what youth could give,
But life sunk through you like a leaky sieve,
Accuse yourself, you liv'd not while you might. Dryden.
2. Loquacious; not close.
Women are so leaky, that I have hardly met with one
that could not hold her breath longer than she could keep a
secret. L'Estrange.

To LEAN. v. n. peter. leaned or leant. [hlinan, Saxon; lenen,
Dutch.]
1. To incline against; to rest against.
Lean thine aged back against mine arm,
And in that case I'll tell thee my disease. Shakespeare.
Security is expressed among the medals of Gordianus, by a
lady leaning against a pillar, a scepter in her hand, before
an altar. Peacham on Drawing.
The columns may be allowed somewhat above their ordi­
nary length, because they lean unto so good supporters. Wott.
Upon his iv'ry sceptre first he leant,
Then shook his head, that shook the firmament. Dryden.
Oppress'd with anguish, panting and o'erspent,
His fainting limbs against an oak he leant. Dryden's æn.
If he be angry, all our other dependencies will profit us no­
thing; every other support will fail under us when we come
to lean upon it, and deceive us in the day when we want it
most. Rogers's Sermons.
Then leaning o'er the rails he musing stood. Gay.
Mid the central depth of black'ning woods,
High rais'd in solemn theatre around
Leans the huge elephant. Thomson's Summer.
2. To propend; to tend towards.
They delight rather to lean to their old customs, though
they be more unjust, and more inconvenient. Spenser.
Trust in the Lord with all thine heart; and lean not unto
thine own understanding. Prov. iii. 5.
A desire leaning to either side, biasses the judgment strange­
ly. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. To be in a bending posture.
She leans me out at her mistress's chamber window, bids
me a thousand times good night. Shakespeare.
Wearied with length of ways, and worn with toil,
She laid her down; and leaning on her knees,
Invok'd the cause of all her miseries. Dryden.
The gods came downward to behold the wars,
Sharp'ning their sights, and leaning from their stars. Dryd.

LEAN. adj. [hlæne, Saxon.]
1. Not fat; meagre; wanting flesh; bare-boned.
You tempt the fury of my three attendants,
Lean famine, quartering steel, and climbing fire. Shakesp.
Lean raw-bon'd rascals! who would e'er suppose,
They had such courage and audacity! Shakespeare.
Lean look'd prophets whisper fearful change. Shakes.
I would invent as bitter searching terms,
With full as many signs of deadly hate,
As lean-fac'd envy in her loathsome cave. Shakespeare.
Seven other kine came up out of the river, ill-favoured
and lean-fleshed. Gen. xli. 3.
Let a physician beware how he purge after hard frosty wea­
ther, and in a lean body, without preparation. Bacon.
And fetch their precepts from the cynic tub,
Praising the lean, and sallow, abstinence. Milton.
Swear that Adrastus, and the lean-look'd prophet,
Are joint conspirators. Dryd. and Lee's Ocdipus.
Lean people often suffer for want of fat, as fat people may
by obstruction of the vessels. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
No laughing graces wanton in my eyes;
But hagger'd grief, lean looking sallow care,
Dwell on my brow. Rowe's Jane Shore.
2. Not unctuous; thin; hungry.
There are two chief kinds of terrestrial liquors, those that
are fat and light, and those that are lean and more earthy,
like common water. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Low; poor; in opposition to great or rich.
That which combin'd us was most great, and let not
A leaner action rend us. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.

LEAN. n. s. That part of flesh which consists of the muscle
without the fat.
With razors keen we cut our passage clean
Through rills of fat, and deluges of lean. Farquhar.

LE’ANLY. adv. [from lean.]Meagerly; without plumpness.

LE’ANNESS. n. s. [from lean.]
1. Extenuation of body; want of flesh; meagreness.
If thy leanness loves such food,
There are those, that, for thy sake,
Do enough. Benj. Johnson's Forest.
The symptoms of too great fluidity are excess of universal
secretions, as of perspiration, sweat, urine, liquid dejectures,
leanness, and weakness. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Want of bulk.
The poor king Reignier, whose large style
Agrees not with the leanness of his purse. Shakespeare.

To LEAP. v. n. [hleapan, Saxon; loup, Scottish.]
1. To jump; to move upward or progressively without change
of the feet.
If I could win a lady at leap-frog, or by vaulting into my
saddle with my armour on, I should quickly leap into a
wife. Shakespeare's Henry V.
A man leapeth better with weights in his hands than with­
out; for that the weight, if it be proportionable, strength­
eneth the sinews by contracting them. In leaping with
weights the arms are first cast backwards and then forwards
with so much the greater sorce; for the hands go backward
before they take their rise. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
In a narrow pit
He saw a lion, and leap'd down to it. Cowley's Davideis.
Thrice from the ground she leap'd, was seen to wield
Her brandish'd lance. Dryden's æn.
2. To rush with vehemence.
God changed the spirit of the king into mildness, who in
a fear leaped from his throne, and took her in his arms, till
she came to herself again. Esth. xv. 8.
After he went into the tent, and found her not, he leaped
out to the people. Judith xiv. 17.
He ruin upon ruin heaps,
And on me, like a furious giant, leaps. Sandys.
Strait leaping from his horse he rais'd me up. Rowe.
3. To bound; to spring.
Rejoice ye in that day, and leap for joy. Luke vi. 23.
I am warm'd, my heart
Leaps at the trumpet's voice, and burns for glory. Addison.
4. To fly; to start.
He parted frowning from me, as if ruin
Leap'd from his eyes: so looks the chafed lion
Upon the daring huntsman that has gall'd him;
Then makes him nothing. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Out of his mouth go burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap
out. Job xli. 19.

To LEAP. v. a.
1. To pass over, or into, by leaping.
Every man is not of a constitution to leap a gulf for the
saving of his country. L'Estrange.
As one condemn'd to leap a precipice,
Who sees before his eyes the depth below,
Stops short. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
She dares pursue, if they dare lead:
As their example still prevails,
She tempts the stream, or leaps the pales. Prior.
2. To compress; as beasts.
Too soon they must not feel the sting of love:
Let him not leap the cow. Dryden's Georg.

LEAP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Bound; jump; act of leaping.
2. Space passed by leaping.
After they have carried their riders safe over all leaps, and
through all dangers, what comes of them in the end but to
be broken-winded. L'Estrange.
3. Sudden transition.
Wickedness comes on by degrees, as well as virtue; and
sudden leaps from one extreme to another are unnatural.
L'Estrange's Fables.
The commons wrested even the power of chusing a king
intirely out of the hands of the nobles; which was so great
a leap, and caused such a convulsion in the state, that the
constitution could not bear. Swift.
4. An assault of an animal of prey.
The cat made a leap at the mouse. L'Estrange.
5. Embrace of animals.
How she cheats her bellowing lovers eye;
The rushing leap, the doubtful progeny. Dryden's æn.


6. Hazard, or effect of leaping.
Methinks, it were an easy leap
To pluck bright honour from the pale-fac'd moon. Shak.
You take a precipice for no leap of danger,
And woo your own destruction. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Behold that dreadful downfal of a rock,
Where yon old fisher views the waves from high!
'Tis the convenient leap I mean to try. Dryd. Theocritus.

LEAP-FROG. n. s. [leap and frog.]A play of children, in
which they imitate the jump of frogs.
If I could win a lady at leap-frog, I should quickly leap
into a wife. Shakespeare's Henry V.

LEAP-YEAR. n. s.
Leap-year or bissextile is every fourth year, and so called from
its leaping a day more that year than in a common year:
so that the common year hath 365 days, but the leap-year
366; and then February hath 29 days, which in common
years hath but 28. To find the leap-year you have this
rule:
Divide by 4; what's left shall be
For leap-year O; for past 1, 2, 3. Harris.
That the sun consisteth of 365 days and almost six hours,
wanting eleven minutes; which six hours omitted will, in
process of time, largely deprave the compute; and this is
the occasion of the bissextile or leap-year. Brown's Vulg. Err.

To LEARN. v. a. [leornian, Saxon.]
1. To gain the knowledge or skill of.
Learn a parable of the fig-tree. Mat. xxiv. 32.
He, in a shorter time than was thought possible, learned
both to speak and write the Arabian tongue. Knolles.
Learn, wretches! learn the motions of the mind,
And the great moral end of humankind. Dryd. Persius.
You may rely upon my tender care,
To keep him far from perils of ambition:
All he can learn of me, will be to weep! A. Philips.
2. To teach. [It is observable, that in many of the European
languages the same word signifies to learn and to teach; to
gain or impart knowledge.]
He would learn
The lion stoop to him in lowly-wise,
A lesson hard. Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i.
You taught me language, and my profit on't
Is, I know not how to curse: the red plague rid you,
For learning me your language. Shakesp. Tempest.
A thousand more mischances than this one,
Have learn'd me how to brook this patiently. Shakes.
Hast thou not learn'd me how
To make perfumes? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which
is written. 1 Cor. iv. 6.

To LEARN. v. n. To take pattern.
Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek
and lowly. Mat. xi. 29.
In imitation of sounds, that man should be the teacher is
no part of the matter; for birds will learn one of another.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 237.

LEARNED. adj. [from learn.]
1. Versed in science and literature.
It is indifferent to the matter in hand, which way the
learned shall determine of it. Locke.
Some by old words to fame have made pretence:
Such labour'd nothings, in so strange a style,
Amaze th' unlearn'd, and make the learned smile. Pope.
The learned met with free approach,
Although they came not in a coach. Swift.
The best account is given of them by their own authors:
but I trust more to the table of the learned bishop of Bath.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Skilled; skilful; knowing.
Though train'd in arms, and learn'd in martial arts,
Thou chusest not to conquer men but hearts. Granville.
3. Skilled in scholastick knowledge.
Till a man can judge whether they be truths or no, his
understanding is but little improved: and thus men of much
reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing. Locke.

LEARNEDLY. adv. [from learned.]With knowledge; with
skill.
Much
He spoke, and learnedly, for life; but all
Was either pitied in him, or forgotten. Shakes. H. VIII.
The apostle seemed in his eyes but learnedly mad. Hooker.
Ev'ry coxcomb swears as learnedly as they. Swift.

LEARNING. n. s. [from learn.]
1. Literature; skill in languages or sciences; generally scho­
lastick knowledge.
Learning hath its infancy, when it is almost childish;
then its youth, when luxuriant and juvenile; then its strength
of years, when solid; and, lastly, its old age, when dry and
exhaust. Bacon's Essays.
To tongue or pudding thou hast no pretence,
Learning thy talent is, but mine is sense. Prior.
As Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians,
so it is manifest from this chapter, that St. Paul was a great
master in all the learning of the Greeks. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Skill in any thing good or bad.
An art of contradiction by way of scorn, a learning where­
with we were long sithence forewarned, that the miserable
times whereunto we are fallen should abound. Hooker.

LE’ARNER. n. s. [from learn.]One who is yet in his rudi­
ments; one who is acquiring some new art or knowledge.
The late learners cannot so well take the ply, except it be
in some minds that have not suffered themselves to fix. Bacon.
Nor can a learner work so cheap as a skilful practised artist
can. Graunt's Bills of Mortaity.

LEASE. n. s. [laisser, French. Spelman.]
1. A contract by which, in consideration of some payment, a
temporary possession is granted of houses or lands.
Why, cousin, wer't thou regent of the world,
It were a shame to let this land by lease. Shakespeare.
Lords of the world have but for life their lease,
And that too, if the lessor please, must cease. Denham.
I have heard a man talk with contempt of bishops leases,
as on a worse foot than the rest of his estate. Swift.
2. Any tenure.
Our high-plac'd Macbeth
Shall live the lease of nature. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Thou to give the world increase,
Short'ned hast thy own life's lease. Milton.

To LEASE. v. a. [from the noun.]To let by lease.
Where the vicar leases his glebe, the tenant must pay the
great tithes to the rector or impropriator, and the small tithes
to the vicar. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To LEASE. v. n. [lesen, Dutch.]To glean; to gather what
the harvest men leave.
She in harvest us'd to lease;
But harvest done, to chare-work did aspire,
Meat, drink, and two-pence, was her daily hire. Dryden.

LE’ASER. n. s. [from lease.]Gleaner; gatherer after the reaper.
There was no office which a man from England might
not have; and I looked upon all who were born here as
only in the condition of leasers and gleaners. Swift.

LEASH. n. s. [lésse, French; letse, Dutch; laccio, Italian.]A
leather thong, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a
courser leads his greyhound. Hanmer.
Holding Corioli in the name of Rome,
Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash,
To let him slip at will. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
What I was, I am;
More straining on, for plucking back; not following
My leash unwillingly. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The ravished soul being shewn such game, would break
those leashes that tie her to the body. Boyle.
2. A tierce; three.
I am sworn brother to a leash of drawers, and can call
them all by their Christian names. Shakes. Henry IV.
Some thought when he did gabble
Th'ad heard three labourers of Babel,
Or Cerberus himself pronounce
A leash of languages at once. Hudibras, p. i.
3. A band wherewith to tie any thing in general.
Thou art a living comedy; they are a leash of dull de­
vils. Dennis's Letters.

To LEASH. v. a. [from the noun.]To bind; to hold in a
string.
Then should the warlike Harry, like himself,
Assume the port of Mars; and, at his heels,
Leasht in like hounds, should famine, sword, and fire,
Crouch for employment. Shakes. Henry V.

LE’ASING. n. s. [lease, Saxon.]Lies; falshood.
O ye sons of men, how long will ye have such pleasure in
vanity, and seek after leasing? Psal. iv. 2.
He 'mongst ladies would their fortunes read
Out of their hands, and merry leasings tell. Hub. Tale.
He hates foul leasings and vile flattery,
Two filthy blots in noble gentery. Hubbard's Tale.
That false pilgrim which that leasing told,
Was indeed old Archimago. Spens. Fairy Queen.
I have ever narrified my friends
With all the size that verity
Would without lapsing suffer: nay, sometimes,
Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground
I've tumbl'd past the throw; and in his praise
Have almost stampt the leasing. Shakes. Coriolanus.
As folks, quoth Richard, prone to leasing,
Say things at first, because they're pleasing;
Then prove what they have once asserted,
Nor care to have their lie deserted:
Till their own dreams at length deceive them,
And oft repeating they believe them. Prior.
Trading free shall thrive again,
Nor leasings leud affright the swain. Gay's Pastorals.

LEAST. adj. the superlative of little. [læst, Saxon. This word
Wallis would persuade us to write lest, that it may be


analogous to liss; but surely the profit is not worth the
change.]Little beyond others; smallest.
I am not worthy of the least of all the mercies shewed to
thy servant. Gen. xxxii. 10.
A man can no more have a positive idea of the greatest
than he has of the least space. Locke.

LEAST. adv. In the lowest degree; in a degree below others;
less than any other way.
He resolv'd to wave his suit,
Or for a while play least in sight. Hudibras, p. i.
Ev'n that avert; I chuse it not;
But taste it as the least unhappy lot. Dryd. Knight's Tale.
No man more truly knows to place a right value on your
friendship, than he who least deserves it on all other accounts
than his due sense of it. Pope's Letters.

At LEAST. To say no more; not to demand or affirm
more than is barely sufficient at the lowest
degree.
At LEASTWISE. To say no more; not to demand or affirm
more than is barely sufficient at the lowest
degree.
Upon the mast they saw a young man, at least if he were
a man, who sate as on horseback. Sidney.
Every effect doth after a sort contain, at leastwise resemble,
the cause from which it proceedeth. Hooker, b. i.
The remedies, if any, are to be proposed from a constant
course of the milken diet, continued at least a year. Temple.
A fiend may deceive a creature of more excellency than
himself, at least by the tacit permission of the omniscient
Being. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
Let useful observations be at least some part of the subject
of your conversation. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

LE’ASY. adj. [This word seems formed from the same root
with loisir, French, or loose.]Flimsy; of weak texture.
He never leaveth, while the sense itself be left loose and
leasy. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

LE’ATHER. n. s. [lether, Saxon; leaâr, Erse.]
8. Dressed hides of animals.
He was a hairy man, and girt with a girdle of leather about
his loins. 2 Kings i. 8.
The shepherd's homely curds,
His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle;
Is far beyond a prince's delicates. Shakes. Henry VI.
And if two boots keep out the weather,
What need you have two hides of leather. Prior.
2. Skin; ironically.
Returning sound in limb and wind,
Except some leather lost behind. Swift.

LE’ATHERCOAT. n. s. [leather and coat.]An apple with a
tough rind.
There is a dish of leathercoats for you. Shakes. H. IV.

LE’ATHERDRESSER. n. s. [leather and dresser.]He who dresses
leather.
He removed to Cumæ; and by the way was entertained
at the house of one Tychius, a leather-dresser. Pope.

LEATHER-MOUTHED. adj. [leather and mouth.]
By a leather-mouthed fish, I mean such as have their teeth
in their throat; as, the chub or cheven. Walton's Angler.

LE’ATHERY. adj. [from leather.]Resembling leather.
Wormius calls this crust a leathery skin. Grew's Musæum.

LE’ATHERN. adj. [from leather.]Made of leather.
I saw her hand; she has a leathern hand,
A free-stone colour'd hand: I verily did think
That her old gloves were on. Shakesp. As you like it.
The wretched animal heav'd forth such groans,
That their discharge did stretch his leathern coat
Almost to bursting. Shakes. As you like it.
In silken or in leathern purse retain
A splendid shilling. Philips.

LE’ATHERSELLER. n. s. [leather and seller.]He who deals in
leather, and vends it.

LEAVE. n. s. [leafe, Saxon; from lyfan, to grant.]
1. Grant of liberty; permission; allowance.
By your leave, Ireneus, notwithstanding all this your care­
ful foresight, methinks I see an evil lurk unespied. Spenser.
When him his dearest Una did behold,
Disdaining life, desiring leave to dye. Spenser.
I make bold to press upon you.
—You're welcome; give us leave, drawer. Shakespeare.
The days
Of Sylla's sway, when the free sword took leave
To act all that it would. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
Thrice happy snake! that in her sleeve
May boldly creep, we dare not give
Our thoughts so unconfin'd a leave. Waller.
No friend has leave to bear away the dead. Dryden.
Offended that we fought without his leave,
He takes this time his secret hate to shew. Dryden.
One thing more I crave leave to offer about syllogism, be­
fore I leave it. Locke.
I must have leave to be grateful to any who serves me, let
him be never so obnoxious to any party: nor did the tory
party put me to the hardship of asking this leave. Pope.
3. Farewel; adieu.
Take leave and part, for you must part forthwith. Shak.
Evils that take leave,
On their departure, most of all shew evil. Shakesp.
There is further compliment of leave taking between France
and him. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Here my father comes;
A double blessing is a double grace;
Occasion smiles upon a second leave. Shakesp. Hamlet.
But my dear nothings, take your leave,
No longer must you me deceive. Suckling.
Many stars may be visible in our hemisphere, that are
not so at present; and many which are at present shall take
leave of our horizon, and appear unto southern habitations.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv. c. 13.

To LEAVE. v. a. pret. I left; I have left.  [Of the derivation
of this word the etymologists give no satisfactory account]
1. To quit; to forsake.
A man shall leave his father and his mother, and cleave to
his wife. Gen. ii. 24.
When they were departed from him, they left him in great
diseases. 2 Chron. xxiv. 25.
If they love lees, and leave the lusty wine,
Envy them not their palates with the swine. B. Johnson.
2. To desert; to abandon.
He that is of an unthankful mind, will leave him in danger
that delivered him. Ecclus. xxix. 17.
3. To have remaining at death.
There be of them that have left a name behind them.
Ecclus. xliv. 8.
4. Not to deprive of.
They still have left me the providence of God, and all the
promises of the gospel, and my charity to them too. Taylor.
5. To suffer to remain.
If it be done without order, the mind comprehendeth less
that which is set down; and besides, it leaveth a suspicion,
as if more might be said than is expressed. Bacon.
These things must be left uncertain to farther discoveries
in future ages. Abbot's Description of the World.
Who those are, to whom this right by descent belongs,
he leaves out of the reach of any one to discover from his
writings. Locke.
6. Not to carry away.
They encamped against them, and destroyed the increase
of the earth, and left no sustenance for Israel. Judg. vi. 4.
He shall eat the fruit of thy cattle; which also shall not
leave thee either corn, wine, or oil. Deut. xxviii. 48.
Vastius gave strict commandment, that they should leave
behind them unnecessary baggage. Knolles's History.
7. To fix as a token or remembrance.
This I leave with my reader, as an occasion for him to
consider, how much he may be beholden to experience. Locke.
8. To bequeath; to give as inheritance.
That peace thou leav'st to thy imperial line,
That peace, Oh happy shade, be ever thine. Dryden.
9. To give up; to resign.
Thou shalt not glean thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them
for the poor and stranger. Lev. xix. 10.
If a wise man were left to himself, and his own choice,
to wish the greatest good to himself he could devise; the sum
of all his wishes would be this, That there were just such a
being as God is. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
10. To permit without interposition.
Whether Esau were a vassal, I leave the reader to judge.
Locke.
11. To cease to do; to desist from.
Let us return, lest my father leave caring for the asses, and
take thought for us. 1 Sam. ix. 5.
12. To LEAVE off. To desist from; to forbear.
If, upon any occasion, you bid him leave off the doing of
any Thing, you must be sure to carry the point. Locke.
In proportion as old age came on, he left off fox-hunting.
Addison's Spectator, No. 115.
13. To LEAVE off. To forsake.
He began to leave off some of his old acquaintance, his
roaring and bullying about the streets: he put on a serious
air. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
14. To LEAVE out. To omit; to neglect.
My good Camillo;
I am so sraught with curious business, that
I leave out ceremony. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Shun they to treat with me too?
No good lady,
You may partake: I have told'em who you are.
I should be loth to be left out, and here too. Ben. Johnson.
What is set down by order and division doth demonstrate,
that nothing is left out or omitted, but all is there. Bacon.
Befriend till utmost end
Of all thy dues be done, and none left out,
Ere nice morn on the Indian steep
From her cabin'd loop-hole peep. Milton.
We ask, if those subvert
Reason's establish'd maxims, who assert
That we the world's existence may conceive,
Though we one atom out of matter leave. Blackmore.


I always thought this passage left out with a great deal of
judgment, by Tucca and Varius, as it seems to contradict a
part in the sixth æneid. Addison on Italy.

To LEAVE. v. n.
1. To cease; to desist.
She is my essence, and I leave to be,
If I be not by her fair influence
Foster'd, illumin'd, cherish'd, kept alive. Shakespeare.
And since this business so far fair is done,
Let us not leave till all our own be won. Shakes. H. IV.
He began at the eldest, and left at the youngest. Genes.
2. To LEAVE off. To desist.
Grittus, hoping that they in the castle would not hold out,
left off to batter or undermine it, wherewith he perceived he
little prevailed. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
But when you find that vigorous heat abate,
Leave off, and for another summons wait. Roscommon.
3. To LEAVE off. To stop.
Wrongs do not leave off there where they begin,
But still beget new mischiefs in their course. Daniel.

To LEAVE. v. a. [from levy; lever, French.]To levy; to
raise: a corrupt word, made, I believe, by Spenser, for a
rhyme.
An army strong she leav'd,
To war on those which him had of his realm bereav'd.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii.

LE’AVED. adj. [from leaves, of leaf.]
1. Furnished with foliage.
2. Made with leaves or folds.
I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the
two leaved gates. Isa. xlv. 1.

LE’AVEN. n. s. [levain, French; levare, Latin.]
1. Ferment mixed with any body to make it light; particularly
used of sour dough mixed in a mass of bread.
It shall not be baken with leaven. Lev. vi. 17.
All fermented meats and drinks are easiliest digested; and
those unfermented, by barm or leaven, are hardly digested. Floyer.
2. Any mixture which makes a general change in the mass.
Many of their propositions favour very strong of the old
leaven of innovations. King Charles.

To LE’AVEN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To ferment by something mixed.
You must tarry the leav'ning. Shakes. Troil. and Cressida.
Whosoever eateth leavened bread, that soul shall be cut
off. Exod. xii. 17.
Breads we have of several grains, with divers kinds of
leavenings, and seasonings; so that some do extremely move
appetites. Bacon's Atlantis.
2. To taint; to imbue.
That cruel something unpossest,
Corrodes and leavens all the rest. Prior.

LE’AVER. n. s. [leave.]One who deserts or forsakes.
Let the world rank me in register
A master-leaver, and a fugitive. Shakespeare.

LEAVES. n. s. The plural of leaf.
Parts fit for the nourishment of man in plants are, seeds,
roots, and fruits; for leaves they give no nourishment at all.
Bacon's Natural History.

LE’AVINGS. n. s. [from leave.]Remnant; relicks; offal: it
has no singular.
My father has this morning call'd together,
To this poor hall, his little Roman senate,
The leavings of Pharsalia. Addison's Cato.
Then who can think we'll quit the place,
Or stop and light at Cloe's head,
With scraps and leavings to be fed. Swift.

LE’AVY. adj. [from leaf.]Full of leaves; covered with leaves.
Strephon, with leavy twigs of laurel tree,
A garland made on temples for to wear,
For he then chosen was the dignity
Of village lord that Whitsontide to bear. Sidney.
Now, near enough: your leavy screens throw down,
And show like those you are. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

LEC

To LECH. v. a. [lecher, French.]To lick over. Hanmer.
Hast thou yet leched the Athenian's eyes
With the love juice. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.

LE’CHER. n. s. [Derived by Skinner from luxure, old French:
luxuria is used in the middle ages in the same sense.]A whore­
master.
I will now take the leacher; he's at my house; he cannot
'scape me. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
You, like a letcher, out of whorish loins
Are pleas'd to breed out your inheritors. Shakespeare.
The lecher soon transforms his mistress; now
In Io's place appears a lovely cow. Dryden.
The sleepy leacher shuts his little eyes,
About his churning chaps the frothy bubbles rise. Dryden.
She yields her charms
To that fair letcher, the strong god of arms. Pope's Odys.

To LE’CHER. v. n. [from the noun.]To whore.
Die for adultery? no. The wren goes to't, and the small
gilded sly does letcher in my sight. Shakesp. King Lear.
Gut eats all day, and letchers all the night. B. Johnson.

LEC’HEROUS. adj. [from lecher.]Leud; lustful.
The sapphire should grow foul, and lose its beauty, when
worn by one that is lecherous; the emerald should fly to
pieces, if it touch the skin of any unchaste person. Derham.

LE’CHEROUSLY. adv. [from lecherous.]Leudly; lustfully.

LE’CHEROUSNESS. n. s. [from lecherous.]Leudness.

LE’CHERY. n. s. [from lecher.]Leudness; lust.
The rest welter with as little shame in open lechery, as
swine do in the common mire. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Against such leudsters, and their lechery,
Those that betray them do no treachery. Shakespeare.

LE’CTION. n. s. [lectio, Lat.]A reading; a variety in copies.
Every critick has his own hypothesis: if the common text
be not favourable to his opinion, a various lection shall be
made authentick. Watts's Logick.

LE’CTURE. n. s. [lecture, French.]
1. A discourse pronounced upon any subject.
Mark him, while Dametas reads his rustick lecture unto
him, how to feed his beasts before noon, and where to shade
them in the extreme heat. Sidney, b. ii.
Wrangling pedant,
When in musick we have spent an hour,
Your lecture shall have leisure for as much. Shakesp.
When letters from Cesar were given to Rusticus, he re­
fused to open them till the philosopher had done his lec­
tures. Taylor's Holy Living.
Virtue is the solid good, which tutors should not only read
lectures and talk of, but the labour and art of education
should furnish the mind with, and fasten there. Locke.
Numidia will be blest by Cato's lectures. Addison's Cato.
2. The act or practice of reading; perusal.
In the lecture of holy scripture, their apprehensions are
commonly confined unto the literal sense of the text. Browne.
3. A magisterial reprimand.

To LE’CTURE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To instruct formally.
2. To instruct insolently and dogmatically.

LE’CTURER. n. s. [from lecture.]An instructor; a teacher by
way of lecture; a preacher in a church hired by the parish
to assist the rector or vicar.
If any minister refused to admit into his church a lecturer
recommended by them, and there was not one orthodox or
learned man recommended, he was presently required to at­
tend upon the committee. Clarendon.

LE’CTURESHIP. n. s. [from lecture.]The office of a lecturer.
He got a lectureship in town of sixty pounds a year, where
he preached constantly in person. Swift.

LED. part. pret. of lead.
Then shall they know that I am the Lord your God,
which caused them to be led into captivity among the hea­
then. Ezek. xxxix. 28.
The leaders of this people caused them to err, and they
that are led of them are destroyed. Isa. ix. 16.
As in vegetables and animals, so in most other bodies, not
propagated by seed, it is the colour we most fix on, and are
most led by. Locke.

LEDGE. n. s. [leggen, Dutch, to lie.]
1. A row; layer; stratum.
The lowest ledge or row should be merely of stone, closely
laid, without mortar: a general caution for all parts in build­
ing contiguous to board. Wotton's Architecture.
2. A ridge rising above the rest.
The four parallel sticks rising above five inches higher than
the handkerchief, served as ledges on each side. Gulliver.
3. Any prominence, or rising part.
Beneath a ledge of rocks his fleet he hides,
The bending brow above, a safe retreat provides, Dryden.

LEDHORSE. n. s. [led and horse.]A sumpter horse.

LEE

LEE. n. s. [lie, French.]
1. Dregs; sediment; refuse.
My cloaths, my sex, exchang'd for thee,
I'll mingle with the people's wretched lee. Prior.
2. [Sea term; supposed by Skinner from l'eau, French.] It is
generally that side which is opposite to the wind, as the lee
shore is that the wind blows on. To be under the lee of the
shore, is to be close under the weather shore. A leeward
ship is one that is not fast by a wind, to make her way so
good as she might. To lay a ship by the lee, is to bring her
so that all her sails may lie against the masts and shrowds flat,
and the wind to come right on her broadside, so that she will
make little or no way. Dict.
If we, being storm-beaten in the bay of Biscay, had had
a port under our lee, that we might have kept our transport­
ing ships with our men of war, we had taken the Indian
fleet, and the Azores. Raleigh's Apology.
The Hollanders were wont to ride before Dunkirk with
the wind at north west, making a lee shore in all weathers.
Raleigh's Essays.
Unprovided of tackling and victualling, they are forced to
sea by a storm; ye better do so than venture splitting and
sinking on a lee shore. King Charles.


Him, haply slumb'ring on the Norway foam;
The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff,
Deeming some island, oft, as seamen tell,
With fixed anchor in his scaly rind,
Moors by his side under the lee, while night
Invests the sea. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Batter'd by his lee they lay,
The passing winds through their torn canvass play. Dryden.

LEECH. n. s. [læc, Saxon.]
1. A physician; a professor of the art of healing: whence we
still use cowleech.
A leech, the which had great insight
In that disease of grieved conscience,
And well could cure the same; his name was patience.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i.
Her words prevail'd, and then the learned leach
His cunning hand 'gan to his wounds to lay,
And all things else the which his art did teach. Fa. Qu.
Physick is their bane.
The learned leaches in despair depart,
And shake their heads, desponding of their art. Dryden.
Wise leeches will not vain receipts obtrude:
Deaf to complaints they wait upon the ill,
Till some safe crisis. Dryden.
The hoary wrinkled leech has watch'd and toil'd,
Tried every health restoring herb and gum,
And wearied out his painful skill in vain. Rowe's J. Shore.
A skilful leach,
They say, had wrought this blessed deed;
This leach Arbuthnot was yclept. Gay's Pastorals.
2. A kind of small water serpent, which fastens on animals,
and sucks the blood: it is used to draw blood where the lan­
cet is less safe, whence perhaps the name.
I drew blood by leeches behind his ear. Wiseman's Surg.
Sticking like leeches, till they burst with blood,
Without remorse insatiably. Roscommon.

To LEECH. v. a. [from the noun.]To treat with medica­
ments.

LE’ECHCRAFT. n. s. [leech and craft.]The art of healing.
We study speech, but others we persuade:
We leechcraft learn, but others cure with it. Davies.

LEEF. adj. [lieve, leve, Dutch.]Kind; fond.
Whilome all these were low and leefe,
And lov'd their flocks to feed;
They never strove to be the chief,
And simple was their weed. Spenser's Pastorals.

LEEK. n. s. [leac, Saxon; loock, Dutch; leechk, Erse.]
Its flower consists of six pedals, and is shaped, as it were,
like a bell; in the center arises the pointal, which after­
ward becomes a roundish fruit, divided into three cells, which
contain roundish seeds: to these notes may be added, the sta­
mina are generally broad and flat, ending in three capilla­
ments, of which the middle one is furnished with a chive;
the flowers are also gathered into almost globular bunches:
the roots are long, cylindrical, and coated, the coats ending
in plain leaves. Miller.
Know'st thou Fluellen? — Yes.
—Tell him I'll knock his leek about his pate,
Upon St. David's day. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter's dear. Gay.
We use acrid plants inwardly and outwardly in gangreens;
in the scurvy, water-cresses, horse-radish, garlick, or leek
pottage. Floyer on Humours.

LEER. n. s. [hleare, facies, Saxon.]
1. An oblique view.
I spy entertainment in her; she gives the leer of invitation.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Aside the devil turn'd
For envy, yet with jealous leer malign
Ey'd them askance. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
2. A laboured cast of countenance.
Damn with faint praise, concede with civil leer. Pope.
I place a statesman full before my sight;
A bloated monster in all his geer,
With shameless visage, and perfidious leer. Swift.

To LEER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To look obliquely; to look archly.
I will leer upon him as he comes by; and do but mark
the countenance that he will give me. Shakesp. Henry IV.
I wonder whether you taste the pleasure of independency,
or whether you do not sometimes leer upon the court. Swift.
2. To look with a forced countenance.
Bertran has been taught the arts of courts,
To gild a face with smiles, and leer a man to ruin. Dryd.

LEES. n. s. [lie, French.]Dregs; sediment: it has seldom a
singular.
This proceeded by reason of the old humour of those coun­
trics, where the memory of King Richard was so strong,
that it lay like lees in the bottom of mens hearts; and if the
vessel was but stirred, it would come up. Bacon's Henry VII.
If they love lees, and leave the lusty wine,
Envy them not their palates with the swine. B. Johnson.
Those lees that trouble it refine
The agitated soul of generous wine. Dryden.

To LEESE. v. a. [lesen, Dutch.]To lose: an old word.
Then sell to thy profit both butter and cheese,
Who buieth it sooner the more he shall leese. Tusser.
No cause, nor client fat, will Chev'ril leese,
But as they come on both sides he takes fees;
And pleaseth both: for while he melts his grease
For this, that wins for whom he holds his peace. B. Johns.
How in the port our fleet dear time did leese,
Withering like prisoners, which lie but for fees. Donne.

LEET. n. s.
Leete, or leta, is otherwise called a law-day. The word
seemeth to have grown from the Saxon lethe, which was a 
court of jurisdiction above the wapentake or hundred, com­
prehending three or four of them, otherwise called thirsh­
ing, and contained the third part of a province or shire:
these jurisdictions, one and other, be now abolished, and swal­
lowed up in the county court. Cowell.
Who has a breast so pure,
But some uncleanly apprehensions
Keep leets and law-days, and in sessions sit
With meditations lawful. Shakespeare's Othello.
You would present her at the leet,
Because she bought stone jugs, and no seal'd quarts. Shak.

LE’EWARD. adj. [lee and weard, Saxon.]
1. Towards the wind. See LEE.
The classicæ were called long ships, the onerariæ round,
because of their figure approaching towards circular: this
figure, though proper for the stowage of goods, was not the 
fittest for failing, because of the great quantity of leeward
way, except when they sailed full before the wind. Arbuth.
Let no statesman dare,
A kingdom to a ship compare; 
Lest he should call our commonweal
A vessel with a double keel;
Which just like ours, new rigg'd and man'd,
And got about a league from land,
By change of wind to leeward side,
The pilot knew not how to guide. Swift.

LEFT. participle preter. of leave.
Alas, poor lady! desolate and left;
I weep myself to think upon thy words. Shakespeare.
Had such a river as this been left to itself, to have found
its way out from among the Alps, whatever windings it had
made, it must have formed several little seas. Addison.
Were I left to myself, I would rather aim at instructing
than diverting; but if we will be useful to the world, we
must take it as we find it. Addison's Spectator, No. 179.

LEFT. adj. [lufte, Dutch; lævus, Latin.]Sinistrous; not
right.
That there is also in men a natural prepotency in the right,
we cannot with constancy affirm, if we make observation
in children, who permitted the freedom of both hands, do oft­
times confine it unto the left, and are not without great diffi­
culty restrained from it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
The right to Pluto's golden palace guides,
The left to that unhappy region tends,
Which to the depth of Tartarus descends. Dryden's æn.
The gods of greater nations dwell around,
And, on the right and left, the palace bound;
The commons where they can. Dryden.
A raven from a wither'd oak,
Left of their lodging was oblig'd to croak:
That omen lik'd him not. Dryden.
The left foot naked when they march to fight,
But in a bull's raw hide they sheathe the right. Dryden.
The man who struggles in the fight,
Fatigues left arm as well as right. Prior.

LEFT-HANDED. adj. [left and hand.]Using the left-hand ra­
ther than right.
The limbs are used most on the right-side, whereby custom
helpeth; for we see, that some are left-handed, which are
such as have used the left-hand most. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
For the seat of the heart and liver on one side, whereby
men become left-handed, it happeneth too rarely to counte­
nance an effect so common: for the seat of the liver on the
left-side is very monstrous. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

LEFT-HANDEDNESS. n. s. [from left-handed.]Habitual use of
the left-hand.
Although a squint left-handedness
B' ungracious; yet we cannot want that hand. Donne.

LEG

LEG. n. s. [leg, Danish; leggur, Islandick.]
1. The limb by which we walk; particularly that part between
the knee and the foot.
They haste; and what their tardy feet deny'd,
The trusty staff, their better leg, supply'd. Dryden.
Purging comfits, and ants eggs,
Had almost brought him off his legs. Hudibras.
Such intrigues people cannot meet with, who have no­
thing but legs to carry them. Addison's Guardian.


2. An act of obeisance.
At court, he that cannot make a leg, put off his cap; kiss
his hand, and say nothing, has neither leg, hands, lip, nor
cap. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Their horses never give a blow,
But when they make a leg, and bow. Hudibras, p. iii.
If the boy should not put off his hat, nor make legs very
gracefully, a dancing-master will cure that defect. Locke.
He made his leg, and went away. Swift.
3. To stand on his own legs; to support himself.
Persons of their fortune and quality could well have stood
upon their own legs, and needed not to lay in for counte­
nance and support. Collier of Friendship.
4. That by which any thing is supported on the ground: as,
the leg of a table.

LE’GACY. n. s. [legatum, Latin.]
Legacy is a particular thing given by last will and testa­
ment. Cowell.
If there be no such thing apparent upon record, they do
as if one should demand a legacy by force and virtue of some
written testament, wherein there being no such thing speci­
fied, he pleadeth that there it must needs be, and bringeth
arguments from the love or good-will which always the te­
stator bore him; imagining, that these, or the like proofs,
will convict a testament to have that in it, which other men
can no-where by reading find. Hooker, b. iii.
Go you to Cæsar's house;
Fetch the will hither, and we shall determine
How to cut off some charge in legacies. Shakes. J. Cæsar.
Good counsel is the best legacy a father can leave a child.
L'Estrange's Fables.
When he thought you gone
T' augment the number of the bless'd above,
He deem'd 'em legacies of royal love;
Nor arm'd, his brothers portions to invade,
But to defend the present you had made. Dryden.
When the heir of this vast treasure knew,
How large a legacy was left to you,
He wisely ty'd it to the crown again. Dryden.
Leave to thy children tumult, strife, and war,
Portions of toil, and legacies of care. Prior.

LE’GAL. adj. [legal, French; leges, Latin.]
1. Done or conceived according to law.
Whatsoever was before, was before time of memory; and
what is since is, in a legal sense, within the time of me­
mory. Hale's Hist. of the Common Law of England.
2. Lawful; not contrary to law.
His merits
To save them, not their own, though legal, works. Milt.

LEGA’LITY. n. s. [legalité, French.]Lawfulness.

To LE’GALIZE. v. a. [legaliser, French; from legal.]To au­
thorize; to make lawful.
If any thing can legalize revenge, it should be injury from
an extremely obliged person: but revenge is so absolutely the
peculiar of heaven, that no consideration can impower, even
the best men, to assume the execution of it. South's Sermons.

LE’GALLY. adv. [from legal.]Lawfully; according to law.
A prince may not, much less may inferior judges, deny
justice, when it is legally and competently demanded. Taylor.

LE’GATARY. n. s. [legataire, French; from legatum, Latin.]
One who has a legacy left.
An executor shall exhibit a true inventory of goods, taken
in the presence of fit persons, as creditors and legataries are,
unto the ordinary.

LEGATINE. adj. [from legate.]Made by a legate.
When any one is absolved from excommunication, it is
provided by a legatine constitution, that some one shall pub­
lish such absolution. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Belonging to a legate of the Roman see.
All those you have done of late,
By your power legatine within this kingdom,
Fall in the compass of a præmunire. Shakespeare.

LE’GATE. n. s. [legatus, Latin; legat, French; legato, Italian.]
1. A deputy; an ambassador.
The legates from th' ætolian prince return:
Sad news they bring, that after all the cost, 
And care employ'd, their embassy is lost. Dryden. æneis.
2. A kind of spiritual embassador from the pope; a commis­
sioner deputed by the pope for ecclesiastical affairs.
Look where the holy legate comes apace,
To give us warrant from the hand of heav'n. Shakesp.
Upon the legate's summons, he submitted himself to an ex­
amination, and appeared before him. Atterbury.

LEGATE’E. n. s. [from legatum, Lat.]One who has a legacy
left him.
If he chance to 'scape this dismal bout,
The former legatees are blotted out. Dryden's Juvenal.
My will is, that if any of the above-named legatees should
die before me, that then the respective legacies shall revert
to myself. Swift.

LEGA’TION. n. s. [legatio, Latin.]Deputation; commission;
embassy.
It will be found, that after a legation ad res repetendas, and
a refusal, and a denunciation or indiction of a war, the war
is no more confined to the place of the quarrel, but is left
at large. Bacon's War with Spain.
In the attiring and ornament of their bodies the duke had
a fine and unaffected politeness, and upon occasion costly, as
in his legations. Wotton.

LEGA’TOR. n. s. [from lego, Latin.]One who makes a will,
and leaves legacies.
Suppose debate
Betwixt pretenders to a fair estate,
Bequeath'd by some legator's last intent. Dryden.

LE’GEND. n. s. [legenda, Latin.]
1. A chronicle or register of the lives of faints.
Legends being grown in a manner to be nothing else but
heaps of frivolous and scandalous vanities, they have been
even with disdain thrown out, the very nests which bred them
abhorring them. Hooker, b. v.
There are in Rome two sets of antiquities, the christian
and the heathen; the former, though of a fresher date, are
so embroiled with fable and legend, that one receives but little
satisfaction. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. Any memorial or relation.
And in this legend all that glorious deed
Read, whilst you arm you; arm you whilst you read.
Fairfax, b. i.
3. An incredible unauthentick narrative.
Who can show the legends, that record
More idle tales, or fables so absurd. Blackmore.
It is the way and means of attaining to heaven, that makes
profane scorners so willingly let go the expectation of it. It
is not the articles of the creed, but the duty to God and their
neighbour, that is such an inconsistent incredible legend.
Bentley's Sermons.
4. Any inscription; particularly on medals or coins.
Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on
ancient coins. Addison on Medals.

LE’GER. n. s. [from legger, Dutch. To lie or remain in a
place.]Any thing that lies in a place; as, a leger ambassa­
dor; a resident; one that continues at the court to which he 
is sent; a leger-book, a book that lies in the compting­
house.
Lord Angelo, having affairs to heav'n,
Intends you for his swift ambassador,
Where you shall be an everlasting leiger. Shakespeare.
I've giv'n him that,
Which, if he take, shall quite unpeople her
Of leidgers for her sweet. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
If legier ambassadors or agents were sent to remain near the
courts of princes, to observe their motions, and to hold cor­
respondence with them, such were made choice of as were
vigilant. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Who can endear
Thy praise too much? thou art heav'ns leiger here,
Working against the states of death and hell. Herbert.
He withdrew not his confidence from any of those who
attended his person, who, in truth, lay leiger for the cove­
nant, and kept up the spirits of their countrymen by their
intelligence. Clarendon, b. ii.
I call that a ledger bait, which is fixed, or made to rest, in
one certain place, when you shall be absent; and I call that
a walking bait which you have ever in motion. Walton.

LE’GERDEMAIN. n. s. [contracted perhaps from legereté de main,
French.]Slight of hand; juggle; power of deceiving the
eye by nimble motion; trick; deception; knack.
He so light was at legerdemain,
That what he touch'd came not to light again. Hubberd.
Of all the tricks and legerdemain by which men impose
upon their own souls, there is none so common as the plea
of a good intention. South's Sermons.

LEG’ERITY. n. s. [legereté, French.]Lightness; nimbleness;
quickness. A word not in use.
When the mind is quicken'd,
The organs though defunct and dead before,
Break up their drowsy grave, and newly move
With casted slough and fresh legerity. Shakespeare.

LE’GGED. adj. [from leg.]Having legs; furnished with legs.

LE’GIBLE. n. s. [legibilis, Latin.]
1. Such as may be read.
You observe some clergymen with their heads held down
within an inch of the cushion, to read what is hardly
legible. Swift.
2. Apparent; discoverable.
People's opinions of themselves are legible in their counte­
nances. Thus a kind imagination makes a bold man have
vigour and enterprize in his air and motion; it stamps value
and significancy upon his face. Collier.

LE’GIBLY. adv. [from legible.]In such a manner as may be
read.

LE’GION. [legio, Latin.]


1. A body of Roman soldiers, consisting of about five thou­
sand.
The most remarkable piece in Antoninus's pillar is, the
figure of Jupiter Pluvius sending rain on the fainting army of
Marcus Aurelius, and thunderbolts on his enemies, which
is the greatest confirmation possible of the story of the Chris­
tian legion. Addison.
2. A military force.
She to foreign realms
Sends sorth her dreadful legions. Philips.
3. Any great number.
Not in the legions
Of horrid hell, can come a devil more damn'd. Shakesp.
The partition between good and evil is broken down; and
where one sin has entered, legions will force their way through
the same breach. Rogers's Sermons.

LE’GIONARY. adj. [from legion.]
1. Relating to a legion.
2. Containing a legion.
3. Containing a great indefinite number.
Too many applying themselves betwixt jest and earnest,
make up the legionary body of error. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

LEGISLA’TION. n. s. [from legislator, Lat.]The act of giving
laws.
Pythagoras joined legislation to his philosophy, and, like
others, pretended to miracles and revelations from God, to
give a more venerable sanction to the laws he prescribed.
Littleton on the Conversion of St. Paul.

LEGISLA’TIVE. adj. [from legislator.]Giving laws; law­
giving.
Their legislative frenzy they repent,
Enacting it should make no precedent. Denham.
The poet is a kind of lawgiver, and those qualities are
proper to the legislative style. Dryden.

LEGISLA’TOR. n. s. [legislator, Latin; legislatour, French.]
A lawgiver; one who makes laws for any community.
It spoke like a legislator: the thing spoke was a law. South.
Heroes in animated marble srown,
And legislators seem to think in stone. Pope.

LEGISLA’TURE. n. s. [from legislator, Latin.]The power that
makes laws.
Without the concurrent consent of all three parts of the
legislature, no law is or can be made. Hale's Com. Law.
In the notion of a legislature is implied a power to change,
repeal, and suspend laws in being, as well as to make new
laws. Addison's Freeholder, No. 16.
By the supreme magistrate is properly understood the legis­
lative power; but the word magistrate seeming to denote a
single person, and to express the executive power, it came to
pass that the obedience due to the legislature was, for want of
considering this easy distinction, misapplied to the admini­
stration. Sivift's Sentiments of a Ch. of England Man.

LEGI’TIMACY. n. s. [from legitimate.]
1. Lawfulness of birth.
In respect of his legitimacy, it will be good. Aylisse.
2. Genuineness; not spuriousness.
The legitimacy or reality of these marine bodies vindicated,
I now inquire by what means they were hurried out of the
ocean. Woodward's Natural History.

LEGI’TIMATE. adj. [from legitimus, Lat. legitime, French.]
Born in marriage; lawfully begotten.
Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land;
Our father's love is to the bastard Edmund. Shakespeare.
An adulterous person is tied to make provision for the
children begotten in unlawful embraces, that they may do
no injury to the legitimate, by receiving a common portion.
Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.

To LEGI’TIMATE. v. a. [legitimer, Fr. from the adjective.]
1. To procure to any the rights of legitimate birth.
Legitimate him that was a bastard. Aylisse's Parergon.
2. To make lawful.
It would be impossible for any enterprize to be lawful, if
that which should legitimate it is subsequent to it, and can have
no influence to make it good or bad. Decay of Piety.

LEGI’TIMATELY. adv. [from legitimate.]Lawfully; genuinely.
By degrees he rose to Jove's imperial seat,
Thus difficulties prove a soul legitimately great. Dryden.

LEGITIMA’TION. n. s. [legitimation, French; from legitimate.]
1. Lawful birth.
I have disclaim'd my land;
Legitimation, name, and all is gone:
Then, good my mother, let me know my father. Shakesp.
From whence will arise many questions of legitimation, and
what in nature is the difference betwixt a wife and a con­
cubine. Locke.
2. The act of investing with the privileges of lawful birth.

LEGUME. n. s. [legúme, French; legumen, Lat.]Seeds
not reaped, but gathered by the hand; as,
beans: in general, all larger seeds; pulse.

LEGU’MEN. n. s. [legúme, French; legumen, Lat.]Seeds
not reaped, but gathered by the hand; as,
beans: in general, all larger seeds; pulse.
Some legumens, as peas or beans, if newly gathered and
distilled in a retort, will afford an acid spirit. Boyle.
In the spring fell great rains, upon which ensued a most
destructive mildew upon the corn and legumes. Arbuthnot.

LEGU’MINOUS. adj. [legumineux, French; from legumen.]Be­
longing to pulse; consisting of pulse.
The properest food of the vegetable kingdom is taken from
the farinaceous seeds: as oats, barley, and wheat; or of some
of the siliquose or leguminous; as, peas or beans. Arbuthnot.

LE’ISURABLY. adv. [from leisurable.]At leisure; without tu­
mult or hurry.
Let us beg of God, that when the hour of our rest is
come, the patterns of our dissolution may be Jacob, Moses,
Joshua, and David, who leisurably ending their lives in peace,
prayed for the mercies of God to come upon their posterity.
Hooker, b. v.

LE’ISURABLE. adj. [from leisure.]Done at leisure; not hur­
ried; enjoying leisure.
A relation inexcuseable in his works of leisurable hours, the
examination being as ready as the relation. Brown.

LE’ISURE. n. s. [loisir, French.]
1. Freedom from business or hurry; vacancy of mind; power
to spend time according to choice.
A gentleman fell very sick, and a friend said to him, Send
for a physician; but the sick man answered, It is no matter;
for if I die, I will die at leisure. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Where ambition and avarice have made no entrance, the
desire of leisure is much more natural than of business and
care. Temple.
O happy youth!
For whom thy fates reserve so fair a bride:
He sigh'd, and had no leisure more to say,
His honour call'd his eyes another way. Dryden's Ovid.
You enjoy your quiet in a garden, where you have not
only the leisure of thinking, but the pleasure to think of no­
thing which can discompose your mind. Dryden.
2. Convenience of time.
We'll make our leisures to attend on yours. Shakes.
They summon'd up their meiny, strait took horse;
Commanded me to follow, and attend
The leisure of their answer. Shakesp. King Lear.
I shall leave with him that very rational and emphatical
rebuke of Tully, To be considered at his leisure. Locke.
3. Want of leisure. Not used.
More than I have said, loving countrymen;
The leisure and enforcement of the time
Forbids to dwell on. Shakespeare's Richard III.

LE’ISURELY. adj. [from leisure.]Not hasty; deliberate; done
without hurry.
He was the wretchedst thing when he was young,
So long a growing, and so leisurely,
That, if the rule were true, he should be gracious.
Shakespeare.
The earl of Warwick, with a handful of men, fired Leith
and Edinburgh, and returned by a leisurely march. Hayward.
The bridge is human life: upon a more leisurely survey of
it, I found that it consisted of threescore and ten intire arches.
Addison's Spectator, No. 159.

LE’ISURELY. adv. [from leisure.]Not in a hurry; slowly.
The Belgians hop'd, that with disorder'd haste,
Our deep-cut keels upon the sands might run;
Or if with caution leisurely we past,
Their numerous gross might charge us one by one. Dryd.
We descended very leisurely, my friend being careful to
count the steps. Addison's Freeholder, N. 47.

LEM

LE’MAN. n. s. [Generally supposed to be laimant, the lover,
French; but imagined by Junius, with almost equal proba­
bility, to be derived from leef, Dutch, or leof, Saxon, be­
loved and man. This etymology is strongly supported by the
antient orthography, according to which it was written leve­
man.]A sweetheart; a gallant; or a mistress. Hanmer.
Hold for my sake, and do him not to dye;
But vanquish'd, thine eternal bondslave make,
And me thy worthy meed unto thy leman take. Fa. Qu.
A cup of wine,
That's brisk and fine,
And drink unto the leman mine. Shakes. Henry IV.

LE’MMA. n. s. [???a; lemme, French.]A proposition pre­
viously assumed.

LE’MON. n. s. [limon, French; limonium, low Latin.]
1. The fruit of the lemon-tree.
The juice of lemons is more cooling and astringent than
that of oranges. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The dyers use it for dying of bright yellows and lemon co­
lours. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Bear me, Pomona!
To where the lemon and the piercing lime,
With the deep orange, glowing through the green,
Their lighter glories blend. Thomson's Sermons.
2. The tree that bears lemons.
The lemon tree hath large stiff leaves; the flower consists
of many leaves, which expand in form of a rose: the fruit
is almost of an oval figure, and divided into several cells, in


which are lodged hard seeds, surrounded by a thick fleshy
substance, which, for the most part, is full of an acid juice.
There are many varieties of this tree, and the fruit is yearly
imported from Lisbon in great plenty. Miller.

LEMONA’DE. n. s. [from lemon.]Liquor made of water, su­
gar, and the juice of lemons.
Thou, and thy wife, and children, should walk in my
gardens, buy toys, and drink lemonade. Arbuth. J. Bull.

LEN

To LEND. v. a. [lænan, Saxon; leenen, Dutch.]
1. To afford, on condition of repayment.
Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend
him thy victuals for increase. Lev. xxv. 37.
They dare not give, and e'en refuse to lend,
To their poor kindred, or a wanting friend. Dryden.
2. To suffer to be used on condition that it be restored.
In common worldly things 'tis call'd ungrateful
With dull unwillingness to pay a debt,
Which, with a bounteous hand, was kindly lent;
Much more to be thus opposite with heav'n. Shakesp.
I'll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power to give
it from me. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
The fair blessing we vouchsafe to send;
Nor can we spare you long, though often we may lend.
Dryden to the Dutchess of Ormond.
3. To afford; to grant in general.
Covetousness, like the sea, receives the tribute of all ri­
vers, though far unlike it in lending any back again.
Decay of Piety.
Painting and poesy are two sisters so like, that they lend to
each other their name and office: one is called a dumb poesy,
and the other a speaking picture. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
From thy new hope, and from thy growing store,
Now lend assistance, and relieve the poor. Dryden's Pers.
Cato, lend me for a while thy patience,
And condescend to hear a young man speak. Addison.
Cephisa, thou
Wilt lend a hand to close thy mistress' eyes. A. Philips.

LE’NDER. n. s. [from lend.]
1. One who lends any thing.
2. One who makes a trade of putting money to interest.
Let the state be answered some small matter, and the rest
left to the lender; if the abatement be but small, it will not
discourage the lender: he that took before ten in the hun­
dred, will sooner descend to eight than give over this trade.
Bacon's Essays.
Whole droves of lenders croud the bankers doors
To call in money. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Interest would certainly encourage the lender to venture in
such a time of danger. Addison's Freeholder, No. 20.

LENGTH. n. s. [from leng, Saxon.]
1. The extent of any thing material from end to end; the
longest line that can be drawn through a body.
There is in Ticinum a church that is in length one hun­
dred feet, in breadth twenty, and in heighth near fifty: it
reporteth the voice twelve or thirteen times. Bacon.
2. Horizontal extension.
Mezentius rushes on his foes,
And first unhappy Acron overthrows;
Stretch'd at his length he spurns the swarthy ground. Dryd.
3. A certain portion of space or time.
Large lengths of seas and shores
Between my father and my mother lay. Shakesp. K. John.
To get from th' enemy, and Ralph, free;
Left danger, fears, and soes, behind,
And beat, at least three lengths, the wind. Hudibras.
Time glides along with undiscover'd haste,
The future but a length beyond the past. Dryden's Ovid.
What length of lands, what oceans have you pass'd,
What storms sustain'd, and on what shores been cast? Dryd.
4. Extent of duration.
Having thus got the idea of duration, the next thing is to
get some measure of this common duration, whereby to judge
of its different lengths. Locke.
5. Long duration or protraction.
May heav'n, great monarch, still augment your bliss
With length of days, and every day like this. Dryden.
Such toil requir'd the Roman name,
Such length of labour for so vast a frame. Dryden's æn.
In length of time it will cover the whole plain, and make
one mountain with that on which it now stands. Addison.
6. Reach or expansion of any thing.
I do not recommend to all a pursuit of sciences, to those
extensive lengths to which the moderns have advanced them.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
7. Full extent; uncontracted state.
If Lætitia, who sent me this account, will acquaint me
with the worthy gentleman's name; I will insert it at length
in one of my papers. Addison's Spectator, No. 40.
8. Distance.
He had marched to the length of Exeter, which he had
some thought of besieging. Clarendon, b. viii.
9. End; latter part of any assignable time.
Churches purged of things burdensome, all was brought
at the length unto that wherein now we stand. Hooker, b. iv.
A crooked stick is not straitened unless it be bent as far
on the clear contrary side, that so it may settle itself at the
length in a middle state of evenness between them both. Hooker.
10. At LENGTH. [It was formerly written at the length.] At
last; in conclusion.
At length, at length, I have thee in my arms,
Though our malevolent stars have struggled hard,
And held us long asunder. Dryden's King Arthur.

To LE’NGTHEN. v. a. [from length.]
1. To draw out; to make longer; to elongate.
Relaxing the fibres, is making them flexible, or easy to be
lengthened without rupture. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Falling dews with spangles deck'd the glade,
And the low fun had lengthen'd ev'ry shade. Pope.
2. To protract; to continue.
Break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by
shewing mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of
thy tranquillity. Dan. iv. 27.
Frame your mind to mirth and merriment,
Which bars a thousand harms, and lengthens life. Shakes.
It is in our power to secure to ourselves an interest in the
divine mercies that are yet to come, and to lengthen the
course of our present prosperity. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To protract pronunciation.
The learned languages were less constrained in the quan­
tity of every syllable, besides helps of grammatical figures
for the lengthening or abbreviation of them. Dryden.
4. To LE’NGTHEN out. [The particle out is only emphatical.]
To protract; to extend.
What if I please to lengthen out his date
A day, and take a pride to cozen fate. Dryden's Aur.
I'd hoard up every moment of my life,
To lengthen out the payment of my tears. Dryden.
It lengthens out every act of worship, and produces more
lasting and permanent impressions in the mind, than those
which accompany any transient form of words. Addison.

To LE’NGTHEN. v. n. To grow longer; to increase in length.
One may as well make a yard, whose parts lengthen and
shrink, as a measure of trade in materials, that have not
always a settled value. Locke.
Still 'tis farther from its end;
Still finds its error lengthen with its way. Prior.

LE’NGTHWISE. adv. [length and wise.]According to the length.

LE’NIENT. adj. [leniens, Latin.]
1. Assuasive; softening; mitigating.
Consolatories writ
With study'd argument, and much persuasion sought,
Lenient of grief and anxious thought. Milton's Agonistes.
In this one passion man can strength enjoy;
Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand,
Yet tames not this; it sticks to our last sand. Pope.
2. Laxative; emollient.
Oils relax the fibres, are lenient, balsamick, and abate
acrimony in the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LE’NIENT. n. s. An emollient, or assuasive application.
I dressed it with lenients. Wiseman's Surgery.

To LE’NIFY. v. a. [lenifier, old French; lenio, Latin.]To
assuage; to mitigate.
It is used for squinancies and inflammations in the throat,
whereby it seemeth to have a mollifying and lenifying virtue.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 554.
All soft'ning simples, known of sov'reign use,
He presses out, and pours their noble juice;
These first infus'd, to lenisy the pain,
He tugs with pincers, but he tugs in vain. Dryden.

LE’NITIVE. adj. [lenitif, Fr. lenio, Lat.]Assuasive; emollient.
Some plants have a milk in them; the cause may be an
inception of putrefaction: for those milks have all an acri­
mony, though one would think they should be lenitive. Bacon.
There is aliment lenitive expelling the fœces without sti­
mulating the bowels; such are animal oils. Arbuthnot.

LE’NITIVE n. s.
1. Any thing applied to ease pain.
2. A palliative.
There are lenitives that friendship will apply, before it
would be brought to decretory rigours. South's Sermons.

LE’NITY. n. s. [lenitas, Lat.]Mildness; mercy; tenderness;
softness of temper.
Henry gives consent,
Of meer compassion, and of lenity,
To ease your country. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Lenity must gain
The mighty men, and please the discontent. Daniel.
Albeit so ample a pardon was proclaimed touching trea­
son, yet could not the boldness be beaten down either with
severity, or with lenity be abared. Hayward.
These jealousies
Have but one root, the old imprison'd king,


Whose lenity first pleas'd the gaping crowd:
But when long try'd, and found supinely good,
Like æsop's log, they leapt upon his back. Dryden.

LENS. n. s.
A glass spherically convex on both sides, is usually called a
lens; such as is a burning-glass, or spectacle-glass, or an ob­
ject glass of a telescope. Newton's Opticks.
According to the difference of the lenses, I used various
distances. Newton's Opticks.

LENT. part. pass. from lend.
By Jove the stranger and the poor are sent,
And what to those we give, to Jove is lent. Pope's Odys.

LENT. n. s. [lenten, the spring, Saxon.]The quadragesimal
fast; a time of abstinence.
Lent is from springing, because it falleth in the spring; for
which our progenitors, the Germans, use glent. Camden.

LE’NTEN. adj. [from lent.]Such as is used in lent; sparing.
My lord, if you delight not in man, what lenten entertain­
ment the players shall receive from you. Shakesp. Hamlet.
She quench'd her fury at the flood,
And with a lenten sallad cool'd her blood.
Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant.
Dryden's Hind and Panther.

LE’NTICULAR. adj. [lenticulaire, French.]Doubly convex; of
the form of a lens.
The crystalline humour is of a lenticular figure, convex on
both sides. Ray on Creation.

LENTIFORM. adj. [lens and forma, Latin.]Having the form
of a lens.

LE’NTIGINOUS. adj. [from lentigo.]Scurfy; furfuraceous.

LE’NTIGO. n. s. [Latin.]A freckly or scurfy eruption upon
the skin; such especially as is common to women in child­
bearing. Quincy.

LE’NTIL. n. s. [lens, Latin; lentille, French.]
It hath a papilionaceous flower, the pointal of which be­
comes a short pod, containing orbicular seeds, for the most
part convex; the leaves are conjugated, growing to one mid­
rib, and are terminated by tendrils. Miller.
The Philistines were gathered together, where was a piece
of ground full of lentiles. 2 Sam. xxiii. 11.

LE’NTISCK. n. s. [lentiscus, Latin; lentisque, French.]
Lentisck wood is of a pale brown colour, almost whitish,
resinous, of a fragrant smell and acrid taste: it is the wood
of the tree which produces the mastich, and is esteemed
astringent and balsamick in medicine. Hill's Mat. Medica.
Lentisck is a beautiful evergreen, the mastich or gum of
which is of use for the teeth or gums. Mortimer's Husb.

LE’NTITUDE. n. s. [from lentus, Latin.]Sluggishness; slow­
ness. Dict.

LE’NTNER. n. s. A kind of hawk.
I should enlarge my discourse to the observation of the
haggard, and the two sorts of lentners. Walton's Angler.

LE’NTOR. n. s. [lentor, Latin; lenteur, French.]
1. Tenacity; viscosity.
Some bodies have a kind of lentor, and more depectible
nature than others. Bacon.
2. Slowness; delay.
The lentor of eruptions, not inflammatory, points to an
acid cause. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. [In physick.] It expresses that sizy, viscid, coagulated part
of the blood, which, in malignant fevers, obstructs the ca­
pillary vessels. Quincy.

LE’NTOUS. adj. [lentus, Latin.]Viscous; tenacious; capable
to be drawn out.
In this spawn of a lentous and transparent body, are to be
discerned many specks which become black, a substance more
compacted and terrestrious than the other; for it riseth not
in distillation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

LEO

LE’OD. n. s.
Leod signifies the people; or, rather, a nation, country,
&c. Thus, leodgar is one of great interest with the people
or nation. Gibson's Camden.

LE’OF. n. s.
Leof denotes love; so leofwin is a winner of love; leofstan,
best beloved: like these Agapetus, Erasmus, Philo, Aman­
dus, &c. Gibson's Camden.

LE’ONINE. adj. [leoninus, Latin.]
1. Belonging to a lion; having the nature of a lion.
2. Leonine verses are those of which the end rhymes to the
middle, so named from Leo the inventor: as,
Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum.

LE’OPARD. n. s. [leo and pardus, Latin.]A spotted beast of
prey.
Sheep run not half so tim'rous from the wolf,
Or horse or oxen from the leopard,
As you fly from your oft-subdued slaves. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
A leopard is every way, in shape and actions, like a cat:
his head, teeth, tongue, feet, claws, tail, all like a cat's:
he boxes with his fore-feet, as a cat doth her kittens; leaps
at the prey, as a cat at a mouse; and will also spit much
after the same manner: so that they seem to differ, just as a
kite doth from an eagle. Grew's Musæum.
Before the king tame leopards led the way,
And troops of lions innocently play. Dryden.

LE’PER. n. s. [lepra, leprosus, Latin.]One infected with a
leprosy.
I am no loathsome leper; look on me. Shakespeare.
The leper in whom the plague is, his cloaths shall be rent.
Lev. xiii. 45.
The number of their lepers was very great. Hakewill.

LE’PEROUS. adj. [Formed from leprous, to make out a verse.]
Causing leprosy; infected with leprosy; leprous.
Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole,
With juice of cursed hebenon in a viol,
And in the porches of mine ears did pour
The leperous distilment. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

LE’PORINE. adj. [leporinus, Lat.]Belonging to a hare; having
the nature of a hare.

LEPRO’SITY. n. s. [from leprous.]Squamous disease.
If the crudities, impurities, and leprosities of metals were
cured, they would become gold. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

LE’PROSY. n. s. [lepra, Latin; lepre, French.]A loathsome
distemper, which covers the body with a kind of white scales.
Itches, blains,
Sow all the Athenian bosoms, and their crop
Be general leprosy. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
It is a plague of leprosy. Lev. xiii. 3.
Between the malice of my enemies and other mens mis­
takes, I put as great a difference as between the itch of no­
velty and the leprosy of disloyalty. King Charles.
Authors, upon the first entrance of the pox, looked upon
it so highly infectious, that they ran away from it as much
as the Jews did from the leprosy. Wiseman's Surgery.

LE’PROUS. adj. [lepra, Latin; lepreux, French.]Infected with
a leprosy.
The silly amorous sucks his death,
By drawing in a leprous harlot's breath. Donne.

LERE. n. s. [lære, Saxon; leere, Dutch.]A lesson; lore;
doctrine. This sense is still retained in Scotland.
The kid pitying his heaviness,
Asked the cause of his great distress;
And also who, and whence, that he were,
Though he that had well ycond his lere,
Thus melled his talk with many a teare. Spenser.

LE’RRY. [from lere.]A rating; a lecture. rustick word.

LES

LESS. A negative or privative termination. [leas, Saxon; loos,
Dutch.]Joined to a substantive, it implies the absence or
privation of the thing expressed by that substantive: as, a
witless man, a man without wit; childless, without children;
fatherless, deprived of a father; pennyless, wanting money.

LESS. adj. [leas, Saxon.]The comparative of little: opposed
to greater.
Mary, the mother of James the less. Mar. xv. 40.
Yet could he not his closing eyes withdraw,
Though less and less of Emily he saw. Dryden.
He that thinks he has a positive idea of infinite space
will find, that he can no more have a positive idea of the
greatest than he has of the least space; for in this latter we
are capable only of a comparative idea of smallness, which
will always be less than any one whereof we have the positive
idea. Locke.
All the ideas that are considered as having parts, and are
capable of increase by the addition of any equal or less parts,
affords us, by their repetition, the idea of infinity. Locke.
'Tis less to conquer, than to make wars cease,
And, without fighting, awe the world to peace. Hallifax.

LESS. n. s. Not so much; opposed to more.
They gathered some more, some less. Exod. xvi. 17.
Thy servant knew nothing of this, less or more. 1 Sam.

LESS. adv. In a smaller degree; in a lower degree.
This opinion presents a less merry, but not less dangerous,
temptation to those in adversity. Decay of Piety.
The less space there is betwixt us and the object, and the
more pure the air is, by so much the more the species are
preserved and distinguished; and, on the contrary, the more
space of air there is, and the less it is pure, so much the
more the object is confused and embroiled. Dryden.
Their learning lay chiefly in flourish; they were not much
wiser than the less pretending multitude. Collier on Pride.
The less they themselves want to receive from others, they
will be less careful to supply the necessities of the indigent.
Smalridge's Sermons.
Happy, and happy still, she might have prov'd,
Were she less beautiful, or less belov'd. Pope's Statius.

LE’SSEE. n. s. The person to whom a lease is given.

To LESSEN. v. a. [from less.]
1. To diminish in bulk.
2. To diminish in degree of any quality.
Kings may give
To beggars, and not lessen their own greatness. Denham.


Though charity alone will not make one happy in the
other world, yet it shall lessen his punishment. Calamy's Serm.
Collect into one sum as great a number as you please, this
multitude, how great soever, lessens not one jot the power
of adding to it, of brings him any nearer the end of the in­
exhaustible stock of number. Locke.
This thirst after fame betrays him into such indecencies
as are a lessening to his reputation, and is looked upon as a
weakness in the greatest characters. Addison's Spectator.
Nor are the pleasures which the brutal part of the creation
enjoy, subject to be lessened by the uneasiness which arises
from fancy. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To degrade; to deprive of power or dignity.
Who seeks
To lessen thee, against his purpose serves
To manifest the more thy might. Milton's Par. Lest.
St. Paul chose to magnify his office, when ill men conspired
to lessen is. Atterbury Sermons.

To LE’SSEN. v. n. To grow less; to shrink; to be dimi­
nished.
All government may be esteemed to grow strong or weak,
as the general opinion in those that govern is seen to lessen or
increase. Temple.
The objection lessens very much, and comes to no more
than this, there was one witness of no good reputation.
Atterbury's Sermons.

LE’SSER. adj. A barbarous corruption of less, formed by the
vulgar from the habit of terminating comparatives in er;
afterwards adopted by poets, and then by writers of prose.
What great despite doth fortune to thee bear,
Thus lowly to abase thy beauty bright,
That it should not deface all other lesser light. Fa. Qu.
It is the lesser blot, modesty finds,
Women to change their shapes than men their minds.
Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona.
The mountains, and higher parts of the earth, grow lesser
and lesser from age to age: sometimes the roots of them are
weakened by subterraneous fires, and sometimes tumbled
by earthquakes into those caverns that are under them.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Cain, after the murder of his brother, cries out, Every
man that findeth me shall slay me. By the same reason may
a man, in the state of nature, punish the lesser breaches of
that law. Locke.
Any heat whatsoever promotes the ascent of mineral mat­
ter, but more especially of that which is subtile, and is con­
sequently moveable more easily, and with a lesser power.
Woodward's Natural History.
The larger here, and there the lesser lambs,
The new-fall'n young herd bleating for their dams. Pope.

LE’SSER. adv. [formed by corruption from less.]
Some say he's mad; others, that lesser hate him,
Do call it valiant sury. Shakespeare's Macheth.

LE’SSES. n. s. [laissees, French.]The dung of beasts lest on the
ground.

LE’SSON. n. s. [leon, French; lectio, Latin.]
1. Any thing read or repeated to a teacher, in order to im­
provement.
I but repeat that lesson
Which I have learn'd from thee. Denham's Sophy.
2. Precept; notion inculcated.
This days ensample hath this lesson dear
Deep written in my heart with iron pen,
That bliss may not abide in state of mortal men. Fa. Qu.
Be not jealous over the wife of thy bosom, and teach her
not an evil lesson against thyself. Ecclus. ix. 1.
3. Portions of scripture read in divine service.
Notwithstanding so eminent properties, whereof lessons are
happily destitute; yet lessons being free from some inconve­
niences whereunto sermons are more subject, they may, in
this respect, no less take, than in other they must give the
hand which betokeneth pre-eminence. Hooker, b. v.
4. Tune pricked for an instrument.
Those good laws were like good lessons set for a slute out of
tune; of which lessons little use can be made, till the flute be
made fit to be played on. Davies on Ireland.
5. A rating lecture.
She would give her a lesson for walking so late, that should
make her keep within doors for one fortnight. Sidney.

To LE’SSON. v. a. [from the noun.]To teach; to instruct.
Even in kind love, I do conjure thee,
To lesson me. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Well hast thou lesson'd us, this shall we do. Shakesp.
Children snould be seasoned betimes, and lessoned into a
contempt and detestation of this vice. L'Estrange's Fables.

LE’SSOR. n. s. One who lets any thing to farm, or otherwise,
by lease.
Lords of the world have but for life their lease,
And that too, if the lessor please, must cease. Denham.
If he demises the glebe to a layman, the tenant must pay
the small tithes to the vicar, and the great tithes to the
lessor. Ayliffe's Parergon.

LEST. conj. [from the adjective least.]That not.
Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed; lest if he
should exceed, then thy brother should seem vile. Deut. xxv.
King Luitprand brought hither the corps, lest it might be
abused by the barbarous nations. Addison on Italy.

LE’STERCOCK. n. s.
Upon the north coast, for want of good harbours they
have a device of two sticks filled with corks, and crossed flat­
long, out of whose midst there riseth a thread, and at the
same hangeth a sail; to this engine, termed a lestercock, they
tie one end of their boulter, so as the wind coming from the
shore filleth the sail, and the sail carrieth the boulter into the
sea, which, after the respite of some hours, is drawn in again
by a cord fastened at the nearer end. Carew on Cornwall.

LET

To LET. v. a. [lætan, Saxon.]
1. To allow; to suffer; to permit.
Nay, nay, quoth he, let be your strife and doubt. Fairf.
Where there is a certainty and an uncertainty, let the un­
certainty go, and hold to that which is certain. Bp. Sanderson.
On the croud he cast a furious look,
And wither'd all their strength before he spoke;
Back on your lives, let be, said he, my prey,
And let my vengeance take the destin'd way. Dryden.
Remember me; speak, Raymond, will you let him?
Shall he remember Leonora. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
We must not let go manifest truths, because we cannot
answer all questions about them. Collier.
One who fixes his thoughts intently on one thing, so as to
take but little notice of the succession of ideas in his mind,
lets slip out of his account a good part of that duration. Locke.
A solution of mercury in aqua fortis being poured upon
iron, copper, tin, or lead, dissolves the metal, and lets go
the mercury. Newton's Opticks.
2. A sign of the optative mood used before the first and impe­
rative before the third person. Before the first person singular
it signifies resolution; fixed purpose, or ardent wish.
Let me die with the Philistines. Judges.
Here is her picture: let me see; I think,
If I had such a tire, this face of mine
Were full as lovely as in this of her's. Shakespeare.
3. Before the first person plural, let implies exhortation.
Rise; let us go. Mark.
4. Before the third person, singular or plural, let implies per­
mission or precept.
Let the soldiers seize him for one of the assassinates. Dryd.
5. Before a thing in the passive voice, let implies command.
Let not the objects which ought to be contiguous be sepa­
rated, and let those which ought to be separated be appa­
rently so to us; but let this be done by a small and pleasing
difference. Dryden's Dusresnoy.
6. Let has an infinitive mood after it without the particle to.
But one submissive word which you let fall,
Will make him in good humour with us all. Dryden.
The seventh year thou shalt let it rest, and lie still. Exod.
7. To leave.
They did me too much injury,
That ever said I hearken'd for your death.
If it were so, I might have let alone
Th' insulting hand of Douglas over you. Shakespeare.
The publick outrages of a destroying tyranny are but
childish appetites, let alone till they are grown ungovern­
able. L'Estrange's Fables.
Let me alone to accuse him afterwards. Dryd. Sp. Friar.
This is of no use, and had been better let alone: he is
fain to resolve all into present possession. Locke.
Nestor, do not let us alone till you have shortened our
necks, and reduced them to their antient standard. Addison.
This notion might be let alone and despised as a piece of
harmless unintelligible enthusiasm. Roger's Sermons.
8. To more than permit.
There's a letter for you, Sir, if your name be Horatio, as
I am let to know it is. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
9. To put to hire; to grant to a tenant.
Solomon had a vineyard at Baal Hamon; he let the vine­
yard unto keepers. Cant. viii. 11.
Nothing deadens so much the composition of a picture, as
figures which appertain not to the subject: we may call them
figures to be let. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
She let her second floor to a very genteel youngish man.
Tatler, No. 88.
A law was enacted, prohibiting all bishops, and other ec­
clesiassical corporations, from letting their lands for above the
term of twenty years. Swift.
10. To suffer any thing to take a course which requires no im­
pulsive violence.
She let them down by a cord through the window. Josh.
Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a
draught. Luke v. 4.


Let down thy pitcher, I pray thee, that I may drink.
Gen. xxiv. 14.
My heart sinks in me while I hear him speak,
And every slacken'd fibre drops its hold;
Like nature letting down the springs of life:
So much the name of father awes me still. Dryden.
From this point of the story, the poet is let down to his
traditional poverty. Pope's Essay on Homer.
You must let it down, that is, make it softer by temper­
ing it. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
11. To permit to take any state or course.
Finding an ease in not understanding, he let loose his
thoughts wholly to pleasure. Sidney, b. ii.
Let reason teach impossibility in any thing, and the will of
man doth let it go. Hooker, b. i.
The beginning of strife is as when one letteth out water.
Prov. xvii. 14.
As terebration doth meliorate fruit, so doth pricking vines
or trees after they be of some growth, and thereby letting
forth gum or tears. Bacon's Natural History.
And if I knew which way to do't,
Your honour safe, I'd let you out. Hudibras.
The letting out our love to mutable objects doth but en­
large our hearts, and make them the wider marks for for­
tune to be wounded. Boyle.
He was let loose among the woods as soon as he was able
to ride on horseback, or carry a gun. Addison's Spectator.
12. To LET blood, is elliptical for to let out blood. To free it
from confinement; to suffer it to stream out of the vein.
Be rul'd by me;
Let's purge this choler without letting blood. Shakespeare.
Hippocrates let great quantities of blood, and opened several
veins at a time. Arbuthnot on Coins.
13. To LET blood, is used with a dative of the person whose
blood is let.
Tell him, Catesby,
His antient knot of dangerous adversaries
To-morrow are let blood at Pomfret castle. Shakespeare.
As terebration doth meliorate fruit, so doth letting plants
blood, as pricking vines, thereby letting forth tears. Bacon.
14. To LET in. To admit.
Let in your king, whose labour'd spirits,
Sore wearied in this action of swift speed,
Crave harbourage within your city walls. Shakespeare.
Roscetes presented his army before the gates of the city,
in hopes that the citizens would raise some tumult, and let
him in. Knolles's History of the Turks.
What boots it at one gate to make defence,
And at another to let in the foe,
Effeminately vanquish'd. Milton's Agonistes.
The more tender our spirits are made by religion, the
more easy we are to let in grief, if the cause be innocent.
Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
They but preserve the ashes, thou the flame,
True to his sense, but truer to his fame,
Fording his current, where thou find'st it low,
Let'st in thine own to make it rise and flow. Denham.
To give a period to my life, and to his fears, you're
welcome; here's a throat, a heart, or any other part, ready
to let in death, and receive his commands. Denham.
It is the key that lets them into their very heart, and en­
ables them to command all that is there. South's Sermons.
There are pictures of such as have been distinguished by
their birth or miracles, with inscriptions, that let you into the
name and history of the person represented. Addison.
Most historians have spoken of ill success, and terrible
events, as if they had been let into the secrets of providence,
and made acquainted with that private conduct by which the
world is governed. Addison's Spectator, No. 483.
These are not mysteries for ordinary readers to be let
into. Addison's Spectator, No. 221.
As soon as they have hewn down any quantity of the
rocks, they let in their springs and reservoirs among their
works. Addison on Italy.
As we rode through the town, I was let into the characters
of all the inhabitants; one was a dog, another a whelp, and
another a cur. Addison's Freeholder.
15. To LET in. To procure admission.
They should speak properly and correctly, whereby they
may let their thoughts into other mens minds the more
easily. Locke.
16. To LET off. To discharge. Originally used of an arrow
dismissed from the gripe, and therefore suffered to fly off the
string; now applied to guns.
Charging my pistol only with powder, I first cautioned
the emperor not to be afraid, and then let it off in the air.
Swift.
17. To LET out. To lease out; to give to hire or farm.
18. To LET. [lettan, Saxon.] To hinder; to obstruct; to
oppose.
Their senses are not letted from enjoying their objects: we
have the impediments of honour, and the torments of con­
science. Sidney.
To glorify him in all things, is to do nothing whereby the
name of God may be blasphemed; nothing whereby the sal­
vation of Jew or Grecian, or any in the church of Christ,
may be let or hindered. Hooker, b. i.
Leave, ah leave off, whatever wight thou be,
To let a weary wretch from her due rest,
And trouble dying soul's tranquillity. Fairy Queen.
Wherefore do ye let the people from their works; go you
unto your burdens. Exod. v. 4.
The mystery of iniquity doth already work; only he who
now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way. 2 Thes.
I will work, and who will let it. Isa. xliii. 11.
And now no longer letted of his prey,
He leaps up at it with enrag'd desire,
O'erlooks the neighbours with a wide survey,
And nods at every house his threatening fire. Dryden.
19. To LET, when it signifies to permit or leave, has let in the
preterite and part passive; but when it signifies to hinder, it
has letted; as, multa me impedierunt, many things have letted
me. Introduction to Grammar.

To LET. v. n. To forbear; to withold himself.
After king Ferdinando had taken upon him the person of
a fraternal ally to the king, he would not let to counsel the
king. Bacon's Henry VII.

LET. n. s. [from the verb.]Hindrance; obstacle; obstruc­
tion; impediment.
The secret lets and difficulties in public proceedings are
innumerable and inevitable. Hooker, b. i.
Solyman without let presented his army before the city of
Belgrade. Knolles's History of the Turks.
It had been done e'er this, had I been consul;
We had had no stop, no let. Benj. Johnson's Cetiline.
Just judge, two lets remove; that free from dread,
I may before thy high tribunal plead. Sandys on Job.
To these internal dispositions to sin add the external op­
portunities and occasions concurring with them, and re­
moving all lets and rubs out of the way, and making the
path of destruction plain before the sinner's face; so that he
may run his course freely. South.

LET, the termination of diminutive words, from lte, Saxon,
little, small.

LETHA’RGICK. adj. [lethargique, Fr. from lethargy.]Sleepy,
beyond the natural power of sleep.
Vengeance is as if minutely proclaimed in thunder from
heaven, to give men no rest in their sins, till they awake from
the lethargick sleep, and arise from so dead, so mortiferous a
state. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Let me but try if I can wake his pity
From his lethargick sleep. Denham's Sophy.
A lethargy demands the same cure and diet as an apo­
plexy from a phlegmatick case, such being the constitution of
the lethargick. Arbuthnot on Diet.

LETHA’RGICKNESS. n. s. [from lethargick.]Sleepiness; drow­
siness.
A grain of glory mixt with humbleness,
Cures both a sever, and lethargickness. Herbert.

LE’THARGY. n. s. [??????a; lethargie, Fr.]A morbid
drowsiness; a sleep from which one cannot be kept awake.
The lethargy must have his quiet course;
If not, he foams at mouth, and by and by
Breaks out to savage madness. Shakespeare's Othello.
Though his eye is open, as the morning's,
Towards lusts and pleasures; yet so fast a lethargy
Has seiz'd his powers towards publick cares and dangers,
He sleeps like death. Denham's Sophy.
Europe lay then under a deep lethargy; and was no other­
wise to be rescued from it, but by one that would cry
mightily. Atterbury.
A lethargy is a lighter sort of apoplexy, and demands the
same cure and diet. Arbuthnot on Diet.

LE’THARGIED. adj. [from the noun.]Laid asleep; entranced,
His motion weakens, or his discernings
Are lethargied. Shakespeare's King Lear.

LE’THE. n. s. [???.]Oblivion; a draught of oblivion.
The conquering wine hath steept our sense
In soft and delicate lethe. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls
Her wat'ry labyrinth, which who so drinks
Forgets both joy and grief. Milton.

LE’TTER. n. s. [from let.]
1. One who lets or permits.
2. One who hinders.
3. One who gives vent to any thing; as a blood letter.

LE’TTER. n. s. [lettre, French; litera, Latin.]
1. One of the elements of syllables.
A superscription was written over him in letters of Greek,
Latin, and Hebrew. Luke xxiii. 38.
Thou whoreson Zed! thou unnecessary letter! Shakes.


2. A written message; an epistle.
They use to write it on the top of letters. Shakespeare.
I have a letter from her
Of such contents as you will wonder at. Shakespeare.
When a Spaniard would write a letter by him, the Indian
would marvel how it should be possible, that he, to whom
he came, should be able to know all things. Abbot.
The asses will do very well for trumpeters, and the hares
will make excellent letter carriers. L'Estrange's Fables.
The stile of letters ought to be free, easy, and natural;
as near approaching to familiar conversation as possible: the
two best qualities in conversation are, good humour and good
breeding; those letters are therefore certainly the best that
shew the most of these two qualities. Walsh.
Mrs. P. B. has writ to me, and is one of the best letter
writers I know; very good sense, civility, and friendship,
without any stiffness or constraint. Swift.
3. The literal or expressed meaning.
Touching translations of holy scripture, we may not dis­
allow of their painful travels herein, who strictly have tied
themselves to the very original letter. Hooker, b. v.
In obedience to human laws, we must observe the letter of
the law, without doing violence to the reason of the law,
and the intention of the lawgiver. Taylor's holy living.
Those words of his must be understood not according to
the bare rigour of the letter, but according to the allowances
of expression. South's Sermons.
What! since the pretor did my fetters loose,
And left me freely at my own dispose,
May I not live without controul and awe,
Excepting still the letter of the law? Dryden's Persius.
4. Letters without the singular: learning.
The Jews marvelled, saying, How knoweth this man let­
ters, having never learned? John vii. 15.
5. Any thing to be read.
Good laws are at best but a dead letter. Addis. Freeholder.
6. Type with which books are printed.
The iron ladles that letter founders use to the casting of
printing letters, are kept constantly in melting metal. Moxon.

To LE’TTER. v. a. [from letter.]To stamp with letters.
I observed one weight lettered on both sides; and I found
on one side, written in the dialect of men, and underneath
it, calamities; on the other side was written, in the lan­
guage of the gods, and underneath, blessings. Addison.

LE’TTERED. adj. [from letter.]Literate; educated to learn­
ing.
A martial man, not sweetened by a lettered education, is
apt to have a tincture of sourness. Collier on Pride.

LE’TTUCE. n. s. lactuca, Latin.]
The lettuce hath a fibrous root, which is, for the most
part, annual; the leaves are smooth, and grow alternately
upon the branches; the stalks are, for the most part, tender,
slender, and stiff, and commonly terminate in a sort of um­
bel; the cup of the flower is oblong, slender, and scaly; the
seeds are oblong, depressed, and generally terminate in a
point: the species are, common or garden lettuce; cabbage
lettuce; Silesia lettuce; white and black cos; white cos; red
capuchin lettuce. Miller.
Fat colworts, and comforting purseline,
Cold lettice, and refreshing rosemarine. Spenser.
Lettuce is thought to be poisonous, when it is so old as to
have milk. Bacon's Natural History.
The medicaments proper to diminish milk, are lettice,
purslane, endive. Wiseman's Surgery.

LEV

LE’VANT. adj. [levant, French.]Eastern.
Thwart of those, as fierce
Forth rush the levant, and the ponont winds,
Eurus and Zephyr. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.

LEVA’NT. n. s. The cast, particularly those coasts of the Me­
diterranean east of Italy.

LEVA’TOR. n. s. [Lat.]A chirurgical instrument, whereby
depressed parts of the skull are lifted up.
Some surgeons bring out the bone in the bore; but it will
be safer to raise it up with your levator, when it is but lightly
retained in some part. Wiseman's Surgery.

LEUCOPHLE’GMACY. n. s. [from leucophlegmatick.]Paleness,
with viscid juices and cold sweatings.
Spirits produce debility, flatulency, fevers, leucophlegmacy,
and dropsies. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LEUCOPHLEGMA’TICK. adj. [?e???; and ?????a.]Having
such a constitution of body where the blood is of a pale co­
lour, viscid, and cold, whereby it stuffs and bloats the ha­
bit, or raises white tumours in the feet, legs, or any other
parts; and such are commonly asthmatick and dropsical.
Quincy.
Asthmatic persons have voracious appetites, and for want
of a right sanguification are leucophlegmatick. Arbuthnot.

LE’VEE. n. s. [French.]
1. The time of rising.
2. The concourse of those who croud round a man of power
in a morning.
The servile rout their careful Cæsar praise;
Him they extol, they worship him alone,
They croud his levees, and support his throne. Dryden.
Woud'st thou be first minister of state?
To have thy levees crouded with resort,
Of a depending, gaping, servile court. Dryden's Juvenal.
None of her Sylvan subjects made their court,
Levees and couchees pass'd without resort. Dryden.

LE’VEL. adj. [laefel, Saxon.]
1. Even; not having one part higher than another.
The garden, seated on the level floor,
She left behind, and locking ev'ry door,
Thought all secure. Dryden's Boccace.
Be level in preserments, and you will soon be as level in
your learning. Bentley.
2. Even with any thing else; in the same line with any thing.
Our navy is addressed, our pow'r collected,
Our substitutes in absence well invested,
And ev'ry thing lies level to our wish. Shakesp. Henry IV.
There is a knowledge which is very proper to man, and
lies level to human understanding; and that is, the know­
ledge of our Creator, and of the duty we owe to him.
Tillotson's Sermons.

To LE’VEL. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make even; to free from inequalities.
2. To reduce to the same height with something else.
Reason can never assent to the admission of those brutish
appetites which would over-run the soul, and level its supe­
rior with its inferior faculties. Decay of Piety.
Behold the law
And rule of beings in your maker's mind:
And thence, like limbecks, rich ideas draw,
To fit the levell'd use of humankind. Dryden.
3. To lay flat.
We know by experience, that all downright rains do ever­
more dissever the violence of outrageous winds, and beat
down and level the swelling and mountainous billows of the
sea. Raleigh.
He will thy foes with silent shame confound,
And their proud structures level with the ground. Sandys.
With unresisted might the monarch reigns,
He levels mountains, and he raises plains;
And not regarding diff'rence of degree,
Abas'd your daughter, and exalted me. Dryden.
4. To bring to equality of condition.
5. To point in taking aim; to aim.
One to the gunners on St. Jago's tow'r,
Bid 'em for shame,
Level their canon lower. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
6. To direct to any end.
The whole body of puritans was drawn to be abettors of
all villainy by a few men, whose designs from the first were
levelled to destroy both religion and government. Swift.

To LE’VEL. v. n.
1. To aim at; to bring the gun or arrow to the same direc­
tion with the mark.
The glory of God, and the good of his church, was the
thing which the apostles aimed at, and therefore ought to be
the mark whereat we also level. Hooker, b. iv.
2. To conjecture; to attempt to guess.
I pray thee overname them; and as thou namest them I
will describe them; and, according to my description, level
at my affection. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
3. To be in the same direction with a mark.
He to his engine flew,
Plac'd near at hand in open view,
And rais'd it till it levell'd right,
Against the glow-worm tail of kite. Hudibras, p. ii.
4. To make attempts; to aim.
Ambitious York did level at thy crown. Shakespeare.

LE’VEL. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A plane; a surface without protuberances or inequalities,
After draining of the level in Northamptonshire, innume­
rable mice did upon a sudden arise. Hale's Original of Mank.
Those bred in a mountainous country oversize those that
dwell on low leve's. Sandy's Travels.
2. Rate; standard.
Love of her made us raise up our thoughts above the or­
dinary level of the world, so as great clerks do not disdain
our conference. Sidney.
It might perhaps advance their minds so far
Above the level of subjection, as
T' assume to them the glory of that war. Daniel.
The praises of military men inspired me with thoughts
above my ordinary level. Dryden.
3. A state of equality.
The time is not far off when we shall be upon the level;
I am resolved to anticipate the time, and be upon the level
with them now: for he is so that neither seeks nor wants
them. Atterbury to Pope.


Providence, for the most part, set us upon a level, and observes
a kind of proportion in its dispensations towards us. Addison.
I suppose, by the stile of old friend, and the like, it must
be somebody there of his own level; among whom his party
have, indeed, more friends than I could wish. Swift.
4. An instrument whereby masons adjust their work.
The level is from two to ten feet long, that it may reach
over a considerable length of the work: if the plumb-line
hang just upon the perpendicular, when the level is set flat
down upon the work, the work is level; but if it hangs on
either side the perpendicular, the floor or work must be raised
on that side, till the plumb-line hang exactly on the perpen­
dicular. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
5. Rule: borrowed from the mechanick level.
Be the fair level of thy actions laid,
As temp'rance wills, and prudence may persuade,
And try if life be worth the liver's care. Prior.
6. The line of direction in which any missive weapon is aimed.
I stood-i' th' level
Of a full charg'd consederacy, and gave thanks
To you that chok'd it. Shakespeare.
As if that name,
Shot from the deadly level of a gun,
Did murther her. Shakespeare.
Thrice happy is that humble pair,
Beneath the level of all care,
Over whose heads those arrows fly,
Of sad distrust and jealousy. Waller.
7. The line in which the sight passes.
Fir'd at first sight with what the muse imparts,
In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts;
While from the bounded level of our mind
Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind. Pope.

LE’VELLER. n. s. [from level.]
1. One who makes any thing even.
2. One who destroys superiority; one who endeavours to bring
all to the same state of equality.
You are an everlasting leveller; you won't allow encourage­
ment to extraordinary merit. Collier.

LE’VELNESS. n. s. [from level.]
1. Evenness; equality of surface.
2. Equality with something else.
The river Tiber is expressed lying along, for so you must
remember to draw rivers, to express their levelness with the
earth. Peacham.

LE’VEN. n. s. [levain, French.]
1. Ferment; that which being mixed in bread makes it rise
and ferment.
2. Any thing capable of changing the nature of a greater mass;
any thing that tinctures the whole.
The matter fermenteth upon the old leven, and becometh
more acrid. Wiseman's Surgery.
As to the pestilential levains conveyed in goods, it is a safe
opinion. Arbuthnot on Air.

LE’VER. n. s. [levier, French.]
The second mechanical power, is a balance supported by
a hypomochlion; only the centre is not in the middle, as in
the common balance, but near one end; for which reason it
is used to clevate or raise a great weight; whence comes the
name lever. Harris.
Have you any leavers to list me up again, being down.
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Some draw with cords, and some the monster drive
With rolls and levers. Denham.
In a leaver, the motion can be continued only for so short
a space, as may be answerable to that little distance betwixt
the sulciment and the weight; which is always by so much
lesser, as the disproportion betwixt the weight and the power
is greater, and the motion itself more easy. Wilkins.
Some hoisting leavers, some the wheels prepare. Dryden.
You may have a wooden lever, sorked at the ends. Mort.

LE’VERET. n. s. [leivre, French.]A young hare.
Their travels o'er that silver field does show,
Like track of leverets In morning snow. Waller.

LEVE’T. n. s. [from lever, French.]A blast on the trumpet
probably that by which the soldiers are called in the morning.
He that led the cavaleade,
Wore a sowgelder's flagellet,
On which he blew us strong a levet;
As well-fee'd lawyer on his breviate. Hudibras.

LE’VEROOK. n. s. [lafere, Saxon.]This word is retained in
Scotland, and denotes the lark.
The smaller birds have their particular seasons; as, the
leverook. Walton's Angler.
If the lusst sa' 'twill smoore aw the leverooks. Scotch Prov.

LE’VIABLE. adj. [from levy.]That may be levied.
The sums which any agreed to pay, and were not brought
in, were to be leviable by course of law. Bacon.

LEVI’ATHAN. n. s. [.]A water animal mentioned in
the book of Job. By some imagined the crocodile, but in
poetry generally taken for the whale.
We may as bootless, spend our vain command
Upon th' enraged soldiers in their spoil,
As send our precepts to th' leviathan,
To come ashore. Shakespeare.
Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook? Job.
More to embroil the deep; leviathan,
And his unwieldly train, in dreadful sport
Tempest the loosen'd brine. Thomson.

To LE’VIGATE. v. a. [lævigo, Latin.]
1. To rub or grind to an impalpable powder.
2. To mix till the liquor becomes smooth and uniform.
The chyle is white, as consisting of salt, oil, and water,
much levigated or smooth. Arbuthnot.

LEVIGA’TION. n. s. [from levigate.]
Levigation is the reducing of hard bodies, as coral, tutty,
and precious stones, into a subtile powder, by grinding upon
marble with a muller; but unless the instruments are ex­
tremely hard, they will so wear as to double the weight of
the medicine. Quincy.

LE’VITE. n. s. [levita, Latin, from Levi.]
1. One of the tribe of Levi; one born to the office of priesthood
among the Jews.
In the Christian church, the office of deacons succeeded in
the place of the levites among the Jews, who were as mini­
sters and servants to the priests. Ayliffe.
2. A priest: used in contempt.

LEVI’TICAL. adj. [from levite.]Belonging to the levites;
making part of the religion of the Jews.
By the levitical law, both the man and the woman were
stoned to death; so heinous a crime was the sin of adultery.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

LE’VITY. n. s. [levitas, Latin.]
1. Lightness; not heaviness; the quality by which any body
has less weight than another.
He gave the form of levity to that which ascended; to that
which descended, the form of gravity. Raleigh.
This bubble, by reason of its comparative levity to the
fluidity that encloses it, would necessarily ascend to the top.
Bentley's Sermons.
2. Inconstancy; changeableness.
They every day broached some new thing; which restless
levity they did interpret to be their growing in spiritual per­
fection. Hooker.
Where wigs with wigs, with sword-knots sword-knots
strive,
Beaus banish beaus, and coaches coaches drive,
This erring mortals levity may call. Pope.
3. Unsteadiness; laxity of mind.
I unbosom'd all my secrets to thee;
Not out of levity, but over-power'd
By thy request. Milton.
4. Idle pleasure; vanity.
He never employed his omnipotence out of levity or osten­
tation, but as the necessities of men required. Calamy.
5. Trifling gaiety; want of seriousness.
Our graver business frowns at this levity. Shakesp.
Hopton abhorred the licence, and the levities, with which
he saw too many corrupted. Clarendon.
That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished, and a spirit
of levity and libertinism, infidelity and prophaneness, started
up in the room of it. Atterbury.

To LE’VY. v. a. [lever; French.]
1. To raise; to bring together men.
He resolved to finish the conquest of Ireland, and to that
end levied a mighty army. Davies.
2. To raise money.
Levy a tribute unto the Lord of the men of war. Numb.
Instead of a ship, he should levy upon his county such a
sum of money. Carendon.
3. To make war. This sense, though Milton's, seems im­
proper.
They live in hatred, enmity, and strife,
Among themselves, and levy cruel wars. Milton.

LE’VY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of raising money or men.
They have already contributed all their supersluous hands,
and every new levy they make must be at the expence of their
farms and commerce. Addison.
2. War raised.
Treason has done his worst: nor steel, nor poison,
Malice domestick, foreign levy, nothing
Can touch him further! Shakespeare.

LEW

LEWD. adj. [lærede, Saxon.]
1. Lay; not clerical. Obsolete.
For lewyd men this book I writ. Bishop Grosthead.
So these great clerks their little wisdom shew
To mock the lewd, as learn'd in this as they. Davies.
2. Wicked; bad; naughty.
If some be admitted into the ministry, either void of
learning, or lewd in life, are all the rest to be con­
demned? Whitgift.


Before they did oppress the people, only by colour of a
lewd custom, they did afterwards use the same oppressions by
warrant. Davies on Ireland.
3. Lustful; libidinous.
He is not lolling on a lewd love bed,
But on his knees at meditation. Shakespeare's Rich. III.
Then lewd Anchemolus he laid in dust,
Who stain'd his stepdam's bed with impious lust. Dryden.

LE’WDLY. adj. [from lewd.]
1. Wickedly; naughtily.
A sort of naughty persons, lewdly bent,
Have practis'd dangerously against your state. Shakesp.
2. Libidinously; lustfully.
He lov'd fair lady Eltred, lewdly lov'd,
Whose wanton pleasures him too much did please,
That quite his heart from Guendeline remov'd. Spenser.
So lewdly dull his idle works appear,
The wretched texts deserve no comments here. Dryden.

LE’WDNESS. n. s. [from lewd.]Lustful licentiousness.
Suffer no lewdness, nor indecent speech,
Th' apartment of the tender youth to reach. Dyyd. Juv.
Damianus's letter to Nicholas is an authentick record of
the lewdnesses committed under the reign of celibacy. Atterbury.

LE’WDSTER. n. s. [from lewd.]A lecher; one given to cri­
minal pleasures.
Against such lewdsters, and their lechery,
Those that hetray them do no treachery. Shakespeare.

LE’WIS D’OR. n. s. [French.]A golden French coin, in
value twelve livres, now settled at seventeen shillings. Dict.

LEXICO’GRAPHER. n. s. [?e???? and ?????; lexicographe, French.]A writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge, that
busies himself in tracing the original, and detailing the signi­
fication of words.
Commentators and lexicographers acquainted with the Sy­
riac language, have given these hints in their writings on
scripture. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

LEXICO’GRAPHY. n. s. [?e???? and ?????.]The art or prac­
tice of writing dictionaries.

LE’XICON. n. s. [?e????.]A dictionary; a book teaching
the signification of words.
Though a linguist should pride himself to have all the
tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet if he had not
studied the solid things in them as well as the words and lexì­
cons, yet he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned
man as any yeoman competently wise in his mother dialect
only. Milton.

LEY. n. s.
Ley, lee, lay, are all from the Saxon leag, a field or pas­
ture, by the usual melting of the letter g or g. Gibson's Cam.

LI’ABLE. n. s. [liable, from lier, old French.]Obnoxious;
not exempt; subject.
But what is strength without a double share
Of wisdom? vast, unwieldy, burthensome,
Proudly secure, yet liable to fall
By weakest subtletics. Milton's Agonistes.
The English boast of Spenser and Milton, who neither of
them wanted genius or learning; and yet both of them are
liable to many censures. Dryden's Juvenal.
This, or any other scheme, coming from a private hand,
might be liable to many defects. Swift.

LIAR. n. s. [from lie. This word would analogically be lier;
but this orthography has prevailed, and the convenience of
distinction from lier, he who lies down, is sufficient to con­
firm it.]One who tells falshood; one who wants veracity.
She's like a liar, gone to burning hell!
'Twas I that kill'd her. Shakespeare's Othello.
He approves the common liar, same,
Who speaks him thus at Rome. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
I do not reject his observation as untrue, much less con­
demn the person himself as a liar, whensoever it seems to
be contradicted. Boyle.
Thy better soul abhors a liar's part,
Wise is thy voice, and noble is thy heart. Pope's Odyssey.

LI’ARD. adj.
1. Mingled roan. Markham.
2. Liard in Scotland denotes gray-haired: as, he's a liard old
man.

LIB

LIBA’TION. n. s. [libatio, Latin.]
1. The act of pouring wine on the ground in honour of some
deity.
In digging new earth pour in some wine, that the vapour
of the earth and wine may comfort the spirits, provided it
be not taken for a heathen sacrifice, or libation to the earth.
Bacon's Natural History.
2. The wine so poured.
They had no other crime to object against the Christians,
but that they did not offer up libations, and the smoke of
sacrifices, to dead men. Stilling fleet on Rom. Idolatry.
The goblet then she took, with nectar crown'd,
Sprinkling the first libations on the ground. Dryden's æn.

LI’BBARD. n. s. [liebard, German; leopardus, Lat.]A leopard.
Make the libbard stern,
Leave roaring, when in rage he for revenge did yearn.
Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. i.
The libbard, and the tiger, as the mole
Rising, the crumbled earth above them threw. Milton.
The torrid parts of Asrick are by Piso resembled to a
libbard's skin, the distance of whose spots represent the dis­
persness of habitations, or towns of Africk. Brerewood.

LI’BEL. n. s. [libellus, Latin; libelle, French.]
1. A satire; defamatory writing; a lampoon.
Are we reproached for the name of Christ? that ignominy
serves but to advance our future glory; every such libel here
becomes panegyrick there. Decay of Piety.
Good heav'n! that sots and knaves should be so vain,
To wish their vile resemblance may remain!
And stand recorded, at their own request,
To future days, a libe! or a jest. Dryden.
2. [In the civil law.] A declaration or charge in writing against
a person in court.

To LI’BEL. v. n. [from the noun.]To spread defamation;
generally written or printed.
Sweet scrauls to fly about the streets of Rome:
What's this but libelling against the senate? Shakespeare.
He, like a privileg'd spy, whom nothing can
Discredit, libels now 'gainst each great man. Donne.

To LI’BEL. v. a. To satirise; to lampoon;
Is then the peerage of England any thing dishonoured
when a peer suffers for his treason? if he be libelled, or any
way defamed, he has his scandalum magnatum to punish the
offender. Dryden.
But what so pure which envious tongues will spare?
Some wicked wits have libelled all the fair. Pope.

LI’BELLER. n. s. [from libel.]A defamer by writing; a lam­
pooner.
Our common libellers are as free from the imputation of
wit, as of morality. Dryden's Juvenal.
The squibs are those who, in the common phrase, are
called libellers and lampooners. Tatler.
The common libellers, in their invectives, tax the church
with an insatiable desire of power and wealth, equally com­
mon to all bodies of men. Swift.

LI’BELLOUS. n. s. [from libel.]Defamatory.
It was the most malicious surmise that had ever been brew­
ed, howsoever countenanced by a libellous pamphlet. Wotton.

LI’BERAL. adj. [liberalis, Latin; liberal. French.]
1. Not mean; not low in birth; not low in mind.
2. Becoming a gentleman.
3. Munificent; generous; bountiful; not parcimonious.
Her name was Mercy, well known over all
To be both gracious and eke liberal. Spens. Fa. Queen.
Sparing would shew a worse sin than ill doctrine.
Men of his way should be most liberal,
They're set here for examples. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Needs must the pow'r
That made us, and for us this ample world,
Be infinitely good, and of his good
As liberal and free, as infinite. Milton.
There is no art better than to be liberal of praise and
commendation to others, in that wherein a man's self hath
any perfection. Bacon's Essays.
The liberal are secure alone;
For what we frankly give, for ever is our own. Granville.
Several clergymen, otherwise little sond of obscure terms,
are, in their sermons, very liberal of all those which they
find in ecclesiastical writers, as if it were our duty to under­
stand them. Swift.

LIBERA’LITY. n. s. [liberalitas, Latin; liberalité, Fr.]Mu­
nificence; bounty; generosity; generous prosusion.
Why should he despair, that knows to court
With words, fair looks, and liberality? Shakespeare.
Such moderation with thy bounty join,
That thou may'st nothing give that is not thine;
That liberality is but cast away,
Which makes us borrow what we cannot pay. Denham.

LIBERA’LLY. adv. [from liberal.]Bounteously; bountifully;
largely.
If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that
giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not. James i. 5.

LI’BERTINE. n. s. [libertin, French.]
1. One unconfined; one at liberty.
When he speaks,
The air, a charter'd libertine, is still;
And the mute wonder lurketh in men's ears,
To steal his sweet and honied sentences. Shakesp. Hen. V.
2. One who lives without restraint or law.
Man, the lawless libertine, may rove
Free and unquestion'd. Rowe's Jane Shore.
Want of power is the only bound that a libertine puts to
his views upon any of the sex. Clarissa.


2. One who pays no regard to the precepts of religion.
They say this town is full of couzenage,
As nimble jugglers, that deceive the eye;
Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks,
And many such like libertines of sin. Shakespeare.
That word may be applied to some few libertines in the
audience. Collier's View of the Stage.
3. [In law; libertinus, Lat.] A freedman; or rather, the son
of a freedman.
Some persons are forbidden to be accusers on the score of
their sex, as women; others on the score of their age, as
pupils and infants; others on the score of their conditions, as
libertines against their patrons. Ayliffe's Parergon.

LI’BERTINE. adj. [libertin, French.]Licentious; irreligious.
There are men that marry not, but chuse rather a libertine
and impure single life, than to be yoked in marriage. Bacon.
Might not the queen make diligent enquiry, if any person
about her should happen to be of libertine principles or mo­
rals. Swift's Project for Advancement of Religion.

LI’BERTINISM. n. s. [from libertine.]Irreligion; licentiousness
of opinions and practice.
That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once,
and a spirit of liberty and libertinism, of infidelity and pro­
faneness, started up in the room of it. Atterbury's Sermons.

LI’BERTY. n. s. [liberté, French; libertas, Latin.]
1. Freedom, as opposed to slavery.
My master knows of your being here, and hath threatened
to put me into everlasting liberty, if I tell you of it; for he
swears, he'll turn me away. Shakespeare.
O liberty! thou goddess, heav'nly bright!
Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight,
Eternal pleasures in thy presence reign. Addison.
2. Freedom, as opposed to necessity.
Liberty is the power in any agent to do, or forbear, any
particular action, according to the determination, or thought
of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the
other. Locke.
As it is in the motions of the body, so it is in the thoughts
of our minds: where any one is such, that we have power
to take it up, or lay it by, according to the preference of the
mind, there we are at liberty. Locke.
2. Privilege; exemption; immunity.
His majesty gave not an intire country to any, much less
did he grant jura regalia, or any extraordinary liberties. Davies.
4. Relaxation of restraint.
5. Leave; permission.
I shall take the liberty to consider a third ground, which,
with some men, has the same authority. Locke.

LIBI’DINOUS. n. s. [libidinosus, Latin.]Lewd; lustful.
None revolt from the faith; because they must not look upon
a woman to lust after her, but because they are much more
restrained from the perpetration of their lusts. If wanton
glances and libidinous thoughts had been permitted by the gos­
pel, they would have apostatized nevertheless. Bentley.

LIBI’DINOUSLY. adv. [from libidinous.]Lewdly; lustfully.

LI’BRAL. adj. [libralis, Latin.]Of a pound weight. Dict.

LIBRA’RIAN. n. s. [librarius, Latin.]
1. One who has the care of a library.
2. One who transcribes or copies books.
Charybdis thrice swallows, and thrice refunds, the waves:
this must be understood of regular tides. There are indeed
but two tides in a day, but this is the error of the libra­
rians. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

LI’BRARY. n. s. [librarie, Fr.]A large collection of books,
publick or private.
Then as they 'gan his library to view,
And antique registers for to avise,
There chanced to the prince's hand to ríse
An ancient book, hight Briton's monuments. Fa. Qu.
Make choice of all my library,
And so beguile thy sorrow. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
I have given you the library of a painter, and a catalogue
of such books as he ought to read. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To LI’BRATE. v. a. [libro, Latin.]To poise; to balance;
to hold in equipoise.

LIBRA’TION. n. s. [libratio, Latin; libration, French.]
1. The state of being balanced.
This is what may be said of the balance, and the libra­
tion, of the body. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Their pinions still
In loose librations stretch'd, to trust the void
Trembling refuse. Thomson's Spring.
2. [In astronomy.]
Libration is the balancing motion or trepidation in the fir­
mament, whereby the declination of the fun, and the lati­
tude of the stars, change from time to time. Astronomers
likewise ascribe to the moon a libratory motion, or motion of
trepidation, which they pretend is from east to west, and
from north to south, because that, at full moon, they some­
times discover parts of her disk which are not discovered at
other times. These kinds are called, the one a libration
in longitude, and the other a libration in latitude. Besides
this, there is a third kind, which they call an apparent libra­
tion, and which consists in this, that when the moon is at
her greatest elongation from the south, her axis being then
almost perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptick, the sun
must enlighten towards the north pole of the moon some
parts which he did not before, and that, on the contrary,
some parts of those which he enlightened towards the oppo­
site pole are obscured; and this produces the same effect which
the libration in latitude does. Dict. Trev.
Those planets which move upon their axis, do not all
make intire revolutions; for the moon maketh only a kind
of libration, or a reciprocated motion on her own axis. Grew.

LI’BRATORY. adj. [from libro, Lat.]Balancing; playing like
a balance.

LIC

LICE, the plural of louse.
Red blisters rising on their paps appear,
And flaming carbuncles, and noisome sweat,
And clammy dews, that loathsome lice beget;
Till the slow creeping evil eats his way. Dryden's Virg.

LI’CEBANE. n. s. [lice and bane.]A plant.

LI’CENSE. n. s. [licentia, Latin; licence, French.]
1. Exorbitant liberty; contempt of legal and necessary restraint.
Some of the wiser seeing that a popular licence is indeed the
many-headed tyranny, prevailed with the rest to make Mu­
sidorus their chief. Sidney.
Taunt my faults
With such full licence, as both truth and malice
Have power to utter. Shakesp. Ant. and Clespatra.
They baul for freedom in their senseless moods,
And still revolt when truth would set them free;
Licence they mean, when they cry liberty. Milton.
The privilege that ancient poets claim,
Now turn'd to license by too just a name. Roscommon.
Though this be a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of
licence; though man, in that state, have an uncontroulable
liberty to dispose of his person or possessions, yet he has not
liberty to destroy himself. Locke.
2. A grant of permission.
They sent some to bring them a licence from the senate.
Judith xi. 14.
Those few abstract names that the schools forged, and put
into the mouths of their scholars, could never yet get admit­
tance into common use, or obtain the licence of publick ap­
probation. Locke.
We procured a licence of the duke of Parma to enter the
theatre and gallery. Addison on Italy.
3. Liberty; permission.
It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man
to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers
face to face, and have licence to answer for himself. Acts.

To LI’CENSE. v. a. [licencier, French.]
1. To set at liberty.
He would play well, and willingly, at some games of
greatest attention, which shewed, that when he listed he
could license his thoughts. Wotton.
2. To permit by a legal grant.
Wit's titans brav'd the skies,
And the press groan'd with licens'd blasphemies. Pope.

LI’CENSER. n. s. [from license.]A granter of permission; com­
monly a tool of power.

LICE’NTIATE. n. s. [licentiatus, low Latin.]
1. A man who uses license.
The licentiates somewhat licentiously, least they should
prejudice poetical liberty, will pardon themselves for doubling
or rejecting a letter, if the sense fall aptly. Camden.
2. A degree in Spanish universities.
A man might, after that time, fue for the degree of a li­
contiate or master in this faculty. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To LICE’NTIATE. v. a. [licentier, French.]To permit; to
encourage by license.
We may not hazard either the stifling of generous inclina­
tions, or the licentiating of any thing that is coarse. L'Estrange.

LICE’NTIOUS. n. s. [licencieux, French; licentiosus, Latin.]
1. Unrestrained by law or morality.
Later ages pride, like corn-fed steed,
Abus'd her plenty, and fat swoln encrease,
To all licentious lust, and gan exceed
The measure of her mean, and natural first need. Fa. Qu.
How would it touch thee to the quick,
Should'st thou but hear I were licentious?
And that this body, consecrate to thee,
With ruffian lust should be contaminate. Shakespeare.
2. Presumptuous; unconfined.
The Tyber, whose licentious waves,
So often overflow'd the neighbouring fields,
Now runs a smooth and inoffensive course. Roscommon.

LICE’NTIOUSLY. adv. [from licentious.]With too much liber­
ty; without just restraint.


The licentiates somewhat licentiously, least they should pre­
judice poetical liberty, will pardon themselves for doubling
or rejecting a letter. Camden's Remains.

LICE’NTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from [licentious.]Boundless liberty;
contempt of just restraint.
One error is so fruitful, as it begetteth a thousand chil­
dren, if the licentiousness thereof be not timely restrained. Ral.
This custom has been always looked upon, by the wisest
men, as an effect of licentiousness, and not of liberty. Swift.
During the greatest licentiousness of the press, the character
of the queen was insulted. Swift.

LICH. n. s. [lice, Saxon.]A dead carcase; whence lichwake,
the time or act of watching by the dead; lichgate, the gate
through which the dead are carried to the grave; Lichfield,
the field of the dead, a city in Staffordshire, so named from
martyred christians. Salve magna parens. Lichwake is still
retained in Scotland in the same sense.

LI’CHOWL. n. s. [lich and owl.]A sort of owl, by the vulgar
supposed to fortetel death.

To LICK. v. a. [licean, Saxon; lecken, Dutch.]
1. To pass over with the tongue.
æsculapius went about with a dog and a she-goat, both
which he used much in his cures; the first for licking all ul­
cered wounds, and the goat's milk for the diseases of the
stomach and lungs. Temple.
A bear's a savage beast;
Whelp'd without form, until the dam
Has lick'd it into shape and frame. Hudibras, p. i.
He with h s tepid rays the rose renews,
And licks the drooping leaves, and dries the dews. Dryden.
I have seen an antiquary lick an old coin, among other
trials, to distinguish the age of it by its taste. Addison.
2. To lap; to take in by the tongue.
At once pluck out
The multitudinous tongue; let them not lick
The sweet which is their poison. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. To LICK up. To devour.
Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us,
as the ox licketh up the grass. Numb. xxii. 4.
When luxury has lick'd up all thy pelf,
Curs'd by thy neighbours, thy trustees, thyself:
Think how posterity will treat thy name. Pope's Horace.

LICK. n. s. [from the verb.]A blow; rough usage: a low
word.
He turned upon me as round as a chafed boar, and gave
me a lick across the face. Dryden.

LI’CKERISH. adj. [liccera, a glutton, Saxon.]

LI’CKEROUS. adj. [liccera, a glutton, Saxon.]
1. Nice in the choice of food; squeamish.
Voluptuous men sacrifice all substantial satisfactions to a
liquorish palate. L'Estrange.
2. Eager; greedy.
Then is never tongue-tied, where fit commendation,
whereof womankind is so lickerish, is offered unto it. Sidney.
Strephon, fond boy, delighted, did not know
That it was love that shin'd in shining maid;
But lick'rous, poison'd, fain to her would go. Sidney.
Certain rare manuscripts, sought in the most remote parts
by Erpenius, the most excellent linguist, had been left to his
widow, and were upon sale to the jesuits, liquorish chapmen
of all such ware. Wotton.
In vain he profer'd all his goods to save
His body, destin'd to that living grave;
The liquorish hag rejects the pelf with scorn,
And nothing but the man would serve her turn. Dryden.
In some provinces they were so liquorish after man's flesh,
that they would suck the blood as it run from the dying
man. Locke.
3. Nice; delicate; tempting the appetite.
Wouldst thou seek again to trap me here
With lickerish baits, fit to ensnare a brute? Milton.

LICKERI’SHNESS. n. s. [from lickerish.]Niceness of palate.

LICORICE. n. s. [??????a; liquoricia, Italian; glycyrrhzza,
Latin.]A root of sweet taste.
Liquorice hath a papilionaceous flower; the pointal which
arises from the empalement becomes a short pod, containing
several kidney-shaped seeds; the leaves are placed by parts
joined to the mid-rib, and are terminated by an odd
lobe. Miller.
Liquorice root is long and slender, externally of a dusky
reddish brown, but within of a fine yellow, full of juice,
void of smell, and of a taste sweeter than sugar, it grows
wild in many parts of France, Italy, Spain, and Germany.
This root is excellent in coughs, and all disorders of the
lungs. The inspissated juice of this root is brought to us
from Spain and Holland; from the first of which places it
obtained the name of Spanish juice. Hill's Materia Medica.

LI’CTOR. n. s. [Latin.]A beadle that attended the consuls
to apprehend or punish criminals.
Saucy lictors
Will catch at us like strumpets. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Proconsuls to their provinces
Hasting, or on return, in robes of state,
Lictors and rods the ensigns of their power. Milton.
Democritus could feed his spleen, and shake
His sides and shoulders till he felt 'em ake;
Though in his country-town no lictors were,
Nor rods, nor ax, nor tribune. Dryden's Juvenal.

LID. [hlid, Saxon; lied, German.]
1. A cover; any thing that shuts down over a vessel; a lid,
cover, or stopple that enters the mouth.
Hope, instead of flying off with the rest, stuck so close to
the lid of the cup, that it was shut down upon her. Addison.
2. The membrane that, when we sleep or wink, is drawn over
the eye.
Do not for ever with thy veiled lids,
Seek for thy noble father in the dust. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Our eyes have lids, our ears still ope we keep. Davies.
The fields fair eyes saw her, and saw no more,
But shut their flow'ry lids for ever night,
And winter strew'd her way. Crashaw.
That eye dropp'd sense distinct and clear,
As any muse's tongue could speak;
When from its lid a pearly tear
Ran trickling down her beauteous cheek. Prior.
The rod of Hermes
To sleep could mortal eye-lids fix,
And drive departed souls to Styx:
That rod was just a type of Sid's,
Which o'er a British senate's lids
Could scatter opium full as well,
And drive as many souls to hell. Swift.

LIE

LIE. n. s. [lie, French.]Any thing impregnated with some
other body; as, soap or salt.
Chamber-lie breads fleas like a loach. Shakespeare.
All liquid things concocted by heat become yellow; as,
lye, wort, &c. Peacham on Drawing.

LIE. n. s. [lige, Saxon.]
1. A criminal falshood.
My name's Macbeth.
—The devil himself could not pronounce a title
More hateful to mine ear.
—No; nor more fearful.
—Thou liest, abhorred tyrant; with my sword
I'll prove the lie thou speak'st. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
A lye is properly an outward signification of something con­
trary to, or at least beside, the inward sense of the mind; so
that when one thing is signified or expressed, and the same
thing not meant, or intended, that is properly a lye. South.
Truth is the object of our understanding, as good is of
our will; and the understanding can no more be delighted
with a lye, than the will can chuse an apparent evil. Dryden.
When I hear my neighbour speak that which is not true,
and I say to him, this is not true, or this is false, I only
convey to him the naked idea of his error; this is the pri­
mary idea: but if I say it is a lie, the word lie carries also a
secondary idea; for it implies both the falshood of the speech,
and my reproach and censure of the speaker. Watts's Logick.
2. A charge of falshood.
That lie shall lye so heavy on my sword,
That it shall render vengeance and revenge;
Till thou the lie giver, and that lie, rest
In earth as quiet as thy father's skull. Shakes. Rich. II.
It is a contradiction to suppose, that whole nations of men
should unanimously give the lie to what, by the most invin­
cible evidence, every one of them knew to be true. Locke.
Men will give their own experience the lye, rather than
admit of any thing disagreeing with these tenets. Locke.
3. A fiction.
The cock and fox, the fool and knave imply;
The truth is moral, though the tale a lie. Dryden.

To LIE. v. n. [leogan, Saxon; liegen, Dutch.]
1. To utter criminal falshood.
I know not where he lodges; and for me to devise a lodg­
ing, and say, he lies here, or he lies there, were to lie in
mine own throat. Shakespeare's Othello.
If a soul lye unto his neighbour in that which was deliver­
ed him to keep, he shall restore that which was delivered.
Levit. vi. 1.
Should I lye against my right? Job xxxiv. 6.
Inform us, will the emp'ror treat?
Or do the prints and papers lye? Pope.

To LIE. v. n. pret. I lay; I have lain or lien. [liegan, Saxon;
liggen, Dutch.]
1. To rest horizontally, or with very great inclination against
something else.
2. To rest; to lean upon.
Death lies on her like an untimely flow'r;
Upon the sweetest flow'r of all the field. Shakespeare.
Lie heavy on him, earth, for he
Laid many a heavy load on thee. Epitaph on Vanbrugh.


3. To be reposited in the grave.
All the kings of the nations lie in glory, every one in his
own house. Isa. xiv. 18.
I will lie with my fathers, and thou shalt carry me out of
Egypt, and bury me in your burying place. Gen. xlvii. 30.
4. To be in a state of decumbiture.
How many good young princes would do so; their fathers
lying so sick as yours at this time is. Shakes. Henry IV.
My little daughter lieth at the point of death; I pray thee
come and lay thy hands on her, that she may be healed.
Mark v. 23.
5. To pass the time of sleep.
The watchful traveller,
That by the moon's mistaken light did rise,
Lay down again, and clos'd his weary eyes. Dryden.
Forlorn he must, and persecuted flie;
Climb the steep mountain, in the cavern lie. Prior.
6. To be laid up or reposited.
I have seen where copperas is made great variety of
them, divers of which I have yet lying by me. Boyle.
7. To remain fixed.
The Spaniards have but one temptation to quarrel with us,
the recovering of Jamaica, for that has ever lien at their
hearts. Temple.
8. To reside.
If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted? and if thou
doest not well, sin lieth at the door. Gen. iv. 7.
9. To be placed or situated.
We have gone through deserts, where there lay no way.
Wisd. v. 7.
I fly
To those happy climes that lie,
Where day never shuts his eye,
Up in the broad fields of the sky. Milton.
There lies our way, and that our passage home. Dryd.
Envy lies between beings equal in nature, though unequal
in circumstances. Collier of Envy.
The business of a tutor, rightly employed, lies out of the
road. Locke on Education.
What lies beyond our positive idea towards infinity, lies in
obscurity, and has the undeterminate confusion of a negative
idea. Locke.
10. To press upon.
Thy wrath lieth hard upon me, and thou hast afflicted me
with all thy waves. Psal. lxxxviii. 7.
He that commits a sin shall find
The pressing guilt lie heavy on his mind,
Though bribes or favour shall assert his cause. Creech.
Shew the power of religion, in abating that particular
anguish which seems to lie so heavy on Leonora. Addison.
11. To be troublesome or tedious.
Suppose kings, besides the entertainment of luxury, should
have spent their time, at least what lay upon their hands, in
chemistry, it cannot be denied but princes may pass their
time advantageously that way. Temple.
I would recommend the studies of knowledge to the fe­
male world, that they may not be at a loss how to employ
those hours that lie upon their hands. Addison's Guardian.
12. To be judicially fixed.
If he should intend his voyage towards my wife, I would
turn her loose to him; and what he gets more of her than
sharp words, let it lie on my head. Shakespeare.
13. To be in any particular state.
If money go before, all ways do lie open. Shakespeare.
The highways lie waste, the wayfaring man ceaseth. Isa.
The seventh year thou shalt let it rest and lie still. Exod.
Do not think that the knowledge of any particular subject
cannot be improved, merely because it has lain without im­
provement. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
14. To be in a state of concealment.
Many things in them lie concealed to us, which they who
were concerned understood at first sight. Locke.
15. To be in prison.
Your imprisonment shall not be long;
I will deliver you, or else lye for you. Shakesp. Rich. III.
16. To be in a bad state.
Why will you lie pining and pinching yourself in such a
lonesome, starving course of life. L'Estrange's Fables.
The generality of mankind lie pecking at one another, till
one by one they are all torn to pieces. L'Estrange's Fab.
Are the gods to do your drudgery, and you lie bellowing
with your finger in your mouth? L'Estrange's Fables.
17. To be in a helpless or exposed state.
To see a hated person superior, and to lie under the an­
guish of a disadvantage, is far enough from diversion. Collier.
It is but a very small comfort, that a plain man, lying
under a sharp fit of the stone for a week, receives from this
fine sentence. Tillotson's Sermons.
As a man should always be upon his guard against the
vices to which he is most exposed, so we should take a
more than ordinary care not to lie at the mercy of the wea­
ther in our moral conduct. Addison's Freeholder.
The maintenance of the clergy is precarious, and collect­
ed from a most miserable race of farmers, at whose mercy
every minister lies to be defrauded. Swift.
18. To consist.
The image of it gives me content already; and I trust is
will grow to a most prosperous perfection.
—It lies much in your holding up; haste you speedily to
Angelo. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
He that thinks that diversion may not lie in hard labour,
forgets the early rising, and hard riding of huntsmen. Locke.
19. To be in the power; to belong to.
He shews himself very malicious if he knows I deserve
credit, and yet goes about to blast it, as much as in him
lies. Stillingfleet on Idolatry.
Do'st thou endeavour, as much as in thee lies, to preserve
the lives of all men. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
Mars is the warrior's god; in him it lies
On whom he favours to confer the prize. Dryden.
20. To be charged in any thing; as, an action lieth against
one.
21. To cost; as, it lies me in more money.
22. To LIE at. To importune; to teaze.
23. To LIE by. To rest; to remain still.
Ev'ry thing that heard him play,
Ev'n the billows of the sea,
Hung their heads, and then lay by;
In sweet musick is such art,
Killing care, and grief of heart,
Fall asleep, or hearing die. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
24. To LIE down. To rest; to go into a state of repose.
The leopard shall lie down with the kid. Isa. xi. 6.
The needy shall lie down in safety. Isa. xiv. 30.
25. To LIE down. To sink into the grave.
His bones are full of the sin of his youth, which shall lie
down with him in the dust. Job xx. 11.
26. To LIE in. To be in childbed.
As for all other good women that love to do but little
work, how handsome it is to lie in and sleep, or to louse
themselves in the sun-shine, they that have been but a while
in Ireland can well witness. Spenser on Ireland.
You confine yourself most unreasonably. Come; you
must go visit the lady that lies in. Shakes. Coriolanus.
She had lain in, and her right breast had been aposte­
mated. Wiseman's Surgery.
The doctor has practised both by sea and land, and there­
fore cures the green sickness and lyings in. Spectator.
When Florimel design'd to lie privately in;
She chose with such prudence her pangs to conceal,
That her nurse, nay her midwise, scarce heard her once
squeal. Prior.
Hysterical affections are contracted by accidents in lying
in. Arbuthnot on Diet.
27. To LIE under. To be subject to.
A generous person will lie under a great disadvantage.
Smalridge's Sermons.
This mistake never ought to be imputed as a fault to
Dryden, but to those who suffered so noble a genius to lie
under the necessity of it. Pope's Notes on the Iliad.
Europe lay then under a deep lethargy, and was no other­
wise to be rescued but by one that would cry mightily. Atterb.
28. To LIE upon. To become an obligation or duty.
These are not places merely of favour, the charge of souls
lies upon them; the greatest account whereof will be required
at their hands. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
It should lie upon him to make out how matter, by undi­
rected motion, could at first necessarily fall, without ever
erring or miscarrying, into such a curious formation of hu­
man bodies. Bentley's Sermons.
29. To LIE with. To converse in bed.
Pardon me, Bassanio,
For by this ring she lay with me. Shakespeare.

LIEF. adj. [leof, Saxon; lief, Dutch.]Dear; beloved.
My liefest lord, she thus beguiled had,
For he was flesh; all flesh doth frailty breed. Fa. Qu.
You, with the rest,
Causeless have laid disgraces on my head;
And with your best endeavour have stirr'd up
My liefest liege to be mine enemy. Shakesp. Henry VI.

LIEF. adv. Willingly.
If I could speak so wisely under an arrest, I would send
for certain of my creditors; and yet to say the truth, I had
as lief have the foppery of freedom, as the morality of im­
prisonment. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

LIEGE. adj. [lige, French; ligio, Italian; ligius, low Latin.]
1. Bound by some feudal tenure; subject: whence liegeman for
subject.
2. Sovereign. [This signification seems to have accidentally
risen from the former, the lord of liege men, being by mistake
called liege lord.]
Did not the whole realm acknowledge Henry VIII, of fa­
mous memory, for their king and liege lord. Spenser.


My lady liege, said he,
What all your sex desire is sovereignty. Dryden.
So much of it as is founded on the law of nature, may be
stiled natural religion; that is to say; a devotedness unto
God our liege lord, so as to act in all things according to his
will. Grew's Cosmology.

LIEGE. n. s. Sovereign; superior lord.
O pardon me, my liege! but for my tears
I had forestall'd this dear and deep rebuke. Shakespeare,
The other part reserv'd I by consent,
For that my sovereign liege was in my debt. Shakespeare.
You with your best endeavour have stirred up
My liefest liege to be mine enemy. Shakespeare.
The natives, dubious whom
They must obey, in consternation wait
Till rigid conquest will pronounce their liege. Philips.

LI’EGEMAN. n. s. [from liege and man.]A subject.
This liegeman 'gan to wax more bold,
And when he felt the folly of his lord,
In his own kind, he 'gan himself unfold. Fairy Queen.
Sith then the ancestors of those that now live, yielded them­
selves then subjects and liegemen, shall it not tye their chil­
dren to the same subjection? Spenser on Ireland.
Stand, ho! who is there?
—Friends to this ground, and liegemen to the Dane. Shak.

LI’EGER. n. s. [from liege.]A resident ambassador.
His passions and his fears
Lie liegers for you in his breast, and there
Negotiate your affairs. Denham's Sophy.

LI’EN, the participle of lie.
One of the people might lightly have lien with thy wife.
Gen. xxvi. 10.

LIENTE’RICK. adj. [from lientery.]Pertaining to a lientery.
There are many medicinal preparations of iron, but none
equal to the tincture made without acids; especially in ob­
structions, and to strengthen the tone of the parts; as in lien­
terick and other like cases. Grew's Musæum.

LI’ENTERY. n. s. [from ?e??, læve, smooth, and ?e???, in­
testinum, gut; lienterie, French.]A particular looseness, or
diarrhœa, wherein the food passes so suddenly through the
stomach and guts, as to be thrown out by stool with little or
no alteration. Quincy.

LI’ER. n. s. [from to lie.]One that rests or lies down; or re­
mains concealed.
There were liers in ambush against him behind the city.
Jos. viii. 14.

LIEU. n. s. [French.]Place; room; it is only used with in:
in lieu, instead.
God, of his great liberality, had determined, in lieu of
man's endeavours, to bestow the same by the rule of that
justice which best beseemeth him. Hooker, b. i.
In lieu of such an increase of dominion, it is our business
to extend our trade. Addison's Freeholder.

LIEVE. adv. [See LIEF.] Willingly.
Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you,
trippingly on the tongue: but if you mouth it, as many of
our players do, I had as lieve the town crier had spoke my
lines. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Action is death to some sort of people, and they would as
lieve hang as work. L'Estrange.

LIEUTE’NANCY. n. s. [lieutenance, French; from lieutenant.]
1. The office of a lieutenant.
If such tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenency, it
had been better you had not kissed your three fingers so
oft. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. The body of lieutenants.
The list of undisputed masters, is hardly so long as the
list of the lieutenancy of our metropolis. Felton on the Classicks.

LIEUTE’NANT. n. s. [lieutenant, French.]
1. A deputy; one who acts by vicarious authority.
Whither away so fast?
—No farther than the tower,
To gratulate the gentle princes there.
—We'll enter all together,
And in good time here the lieutenant comes. Shakespeare.
I must put you in mind of the lords lieutenants, and de­
puty lieutenants, of the counties: their proper use is for or­
dering the military affairs, in order to oppose an invasion
from abroad, or a rebellion or sedition at home. Bacon.
Killing, as it is considered in itself without all undue cir­
cumstances, was never prohibited to the lawful magistrate,
who is the vicegerent or lieutenant of God, from whom he
derives his power of life and death. Bramhall against Hobbes.
Sent by our new lieutenant, who in Rome,
And since from me, has heard of your renown:
I come to offer peace. Philips's Briton.
2. In war, one who holds the next rank to a superior of any
denomination; as, a general has his lieutenant generals, a
colonel his lieutenant colonel, and a captain simply his
lieutenant.
It were meet that such captains only were employed as
have formerly served in that country, and been at least lieu­
tenants there. Spenser on Ireland.
According to military custom the place was good, and the
lieutenant of the colonel's company might well pretend to the
next vacant captainship. Wotton.
The earl of Essex was made lieutenant general of the ar­
my; the most popular man of the kingdom, and the darling
of the sword men. Clarendon.
His lieutenant, engaging against his positive orders, being
beaten by Lysander, Alcibiades was again banished. Swift.
Canst thou so many gallant soldiers see,
And captains and lieutenants slight for me. Gay.

LIEUTE’NANTSHIP. n. s. [from lieutenant.]The rank or office
of lieutenant.

LIF

LIFE. n. s. plural lives. [lifian, to live, Saxon.] 
1. Union and co-operation of soul with body.
On thy life no more.
—My life I never held but as a pawn
To wage against thy foes; nor fear to lose it,
Thy safety being the motive. Shakespeare's King Lear.
She shews a body rather than a life,
A statue than a breather. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature
that hath life. Gen. i. 20.
The identity of the same man consists in nothing but a
participation of the same continued life, by constantly fleeting
particles of matter, in succession vitally united to the same
organized body. Locke.
So peaceful shalt thou end thy blissful days,
And steal thyself from life by slow decays. Pope.
2. Present state.
O life, thou nothing's younger brother!
So like, that we may take the one for t'other!
Dream of a shadow! a reflection made
From the false glories of the gay reflected bow,
Is more a solid thing than thou!
Thou weak built isthmus, that do'st proudly rise
Up betwixt two eternities;
Yet canst not wave nor wind sustain,
But, broken and o'erwhelm'd, the ocean meets again.
Cowley.
When I consider life 'tis all a cheat,
Yet fool'd by hope men favour the deceit,
Live on, and think to-morrow will repay;
To-morrow's falser than the former day;
Lies more; and when it says we shall be blest
With some new joy, takes off what we possest.
Strange cozenage! none would live past years again,
Yet all hope pleasure in what yet remain;
And from the dregs of life think to receive
What the first sprightly running could not give:
I'm tir'd of waiting for this chemick gold,
Which fools us young, and beggars us when old. Dryden.
Howe'er 'tis well that while mankind
Through life's perverse meanders errs,
He can imagin'd pleasures find,
To combat against real cares. Prior.
3. Enjoyment, or possession of terrestrial existence.
Then avarice 'gan through his veins to inspire
His greedy flames, and kindle life devouring fire. Fa. Qu.
Their complot is to have my life:
And, if my death might make this island happy,
And prove the period of their tyranny,
I would expend it with all willingness. Shakespeare.
Nor love thy life, nor hate; but what thou liv'st
Live well, how long or short permit to heav'n. Milton.
Untam'd and fierce the tyger still remains,
And tires his life with biting on his chains. Prior.
He entreated me not to take his life, but exact a sum of
money. Notes on the Odyssey.
4. Blood, the supposed vehicle of life.
His gushing entrails smoak'd upon the ground,
And the warm life came issuing through the wound. Pope.
5. Conduct; manner of living with respect to virtue or vice.
Henry and Edward, brightest sons of fame,
And virtuous Alfred, a more sacred name;
After a life of glorious toils endur'd,
Clos'd their long glories with a sigh. Pope.
I'll teach my family to lead good lives. Mrs. Barker.
6. Condition; manner of living with respect to happiness and
misery.
Such was the life the frugal Sabines led;
So Remus and his brother god were bred. Dryden's Virg.
7. Continuance of our present state.
And some have not any clear ideas of the greatest part of
them all their lives. Locke.
The administration of this bank is for life, and partly in
the hands of the chief citizens. Addison on Italy.
8. The living form; resemblance exactly copied.
Galen hath explained this point unto the life. Brown.


That is the best part of beauty which a picture cannot ex­
press, no, nor the first sight of the life. Bacon's Essays.
Let him visit eminent persons of great name abroad, that
he may tell how the life agreeth with the fame. Bacon.
He that would be a master, must draw by the life as well
as copy from originals, and join theory and experience toge­
ther. Collier of the Entertainment of Books.
9. Exact resemblance.
I believe no character of any person was ever better drawn
to the life than this. Denham.
Rich carvings, portraiture, and imag'ry,
Where ev'ry figure to the life express'd
The Godhead's pow'r. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
He saw in order painted on the wall
The wars that fame around the world had blown,
All to the life, and ev'ry leader known. Dryden's æn.
10. General state of man.
Studious they appear
Of arts that polish life; inventors rare!
Unmindful of their Maker. Milton's Par. Lost.
All that cheers or softens life,
The tender sister, daughter, friend, and wife. Pope.
11. Common occurrences; human affairs; the course of things.
This I know, not only by reading of books in my study,
but also by experience of life abroad in the world. Ascham.
Not to know at large of things remote
From use, obscure and subtile; but to know
That which before us lies in daily life,
Is the prime wisdom. Milton's Paradise Lost.
12. Living person.
Why should I play the Roman fool, and die
On my own sword? whilst I see lives the gashes
Do better upon them. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
13. Narrative of a life past.
Plutarch, that writes his life,
Tells us, that Cato dearly lov'd his wife. Pope.
14. Spirit; briskness; vivacity; resolution.
The Helots bent thitherward with a new life of resolution,
as if their captain had been a root out of which their courage
had sprung. Sidney.
They have no notion of life and fire in fancy and in words;
and any thing that is just in grammar and in measure is as
good oratory and poetry to them as the best. Felton.
Not with half the fire and life,
With which he kiss'd Amphytrion's wife. Prior.
15. Animated existence; animal being.
Full nature swarms with life. Thomson.

LI’FEBLOOD. n. s. [life and blood.]The blood necessary to life;
the vital blood.
This sickness doth infect
The very lifeblood of our enterprise. Shakes. Henry IV.
How could'st thou drain the lifeblood of the child. Shak.
They loved with that calm and noble value which dwells
in the heart, with a warmth like that of lifeblood. Spectator.
Money, the lifeblood of the nation,
Corrupts and stagnates in the veins,
Unless a proper circulation
Its motion and its heat maintains. Swift.
His forehead struck the ground,
Lifeblood and life rush'd mingled through the wound. Dryd.

LIFEEVERLASTING. An herb. Ainsworth.

LI’FEGIVING. n. s. [life and giving.]Having the power to
give life.
His own heat,
Kindled at first from heaven's lifegiving fire. Spenser.
He sat devising death
To them who liv'd; nor on the virtue thought
Of that lifegiving plant. Milton's Paradise Lost.

LIFEGUA’RD. n. s. [life and guard.]The guard of a king's
person.

LI’FELESS. adj. [from life.]
1. Dead; deprived of life.
The other victor-flame a moment stood,
Then fell, and lifeless left th' extinguish'd wood. Dryden.
I who make the triumph of to-day,
May of to-morrow's pomp one part appear,
Ghastly with wounds, and lifeless on the bier. Prior.
2. Unanimated; void of life.
Was I to have never parted from thy side?
As good have grown there still a lifeless rib! Milt. P. L.
Thus began
Outrage from lifeless things. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The power which produces their motions, springs from
something without themselves: if this power were suspended,
they would become a lifeless, unactive heap of matter. Cheyne.
And empty words she gave, and sounding strain,
But senseless, lifeless! idol void and vain. Pope's Dunciad.
3. Without power, force, or spirit.
Hopeless and helpless doth ægeon wend,
But to procrastinate his lifeless end. Shakespeare.
Unknowing to command, proud to obey
A lifeless king, a royal shade I lay. Prior.

LI’FELESLY. adv. [from lifeless.]Without vigour; frigidly;
jejunely.

LI’FELIKE. n. s. [life and like.]Like a living person.
Minerva, lifelike, on embodied air
Impress'd the form of Ipthema the fair. Pope's Odyssey.

LI’FESTRING. n. s. [life and string.]Nerve; strings imagined
to convey life.
These lines are the veins, the arteries,
The undecaying lifestrings of those hearts
That still shall pant, and still shall exercise
The motion spirit and nature both impart. Daniel's Mus.

LI’FETIME. n. s. [life and time.]Continuance or duration of life.
Jordain talked prose all his life-time, without knowing
what it was. Addison on ancient Medals.

LIFEWE’ARY. adj. [life and weary.]Wretched; tired of living.
Let me have
A dram of poison, such soon speeding geer
As will disperse itself through all the veins,
That the lifeweary taker may fall dead. Shakespeare

To LIFT. v. a. [lyffta, Swedish; loffter, Danish.]
1. To raise from the ground; to heave; to elevate; to hold on
high.
Filial ingratitude!
Is it not as this mouth should tear this hand
For lifting food to't. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Your guests are coming;
Lift up your countenance, as 'twere the day
Of celebration of that nuptial. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
Propp'd by the spring, it lifts aloft the head,
But of a sickly beauty soon to shed,
In summer living, and in winter dead. Dryden.
2. To bear; to support. Not in use.
So down he fell, that th' earth him underneath
Did groan, as feeble so great load to lift. Fairy Queen.
3. To rob; to plunder.
So weary bees in little cells repose,
But if night robbers lift the well-stor'd hive,
An humming through their waxen city grows. Dryden.
4. To exalt; to elevate mentally.
My heart was lift up in the ways of the Lord. 2 Chron.
Of Orpheus now no more let poets tell,
To bright C?cilia greater pow'r is given,
His numbers rais'd a shade from hell,
Hers lift the soul to heav'n. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
5. To raise in fortune.
The eye of the Lord lifted up his head from misery. Ecclus.
6. To raise in estimation.
Neither can it be thought, because some lessons are chosen
out of the Apocrypha, that we do offer disgrace to the word
of God, or lift up the writings of men above it. Hooker.
7. To exalt in dignity.
See to what a godlike height
The Roman virtues lift up mortal man. Addison's Cato.
8. To elevate; to swell with pride.
Lifted up with pride. Tim. iii. 6.
Our successes have been great, and our hearts have been
too much lifted up by them, so that we have reason to
humble ourselves. Atterbury's Sermons.
9. Up is sometimes emphatically added to lift.
He lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew
at one time. 2 Sam. xxiii. 8.
Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand. Genesis.

To LIFT. v. n. To strive to raise by strength.
Pinch cattle of pasture while summer doth last,
And lift at their tailes 'yer a winter be past. Tusser's Husb.
The mind, by being engaged in a task beyond its strength,
like the body strained by lifting at a weight too heavy, has
often its force broken. Locke.

LIFT. n. s. [from the verb.]The act of lifting; the manner
of lifting.
In the lift of the feet, when a man goeth up the hill, the
weight of the body beareth most upon the knees. Bacon.
In races, it is not the large stride, or high lift, that makes
the speed. Bacon's Essays.
The goat gives the fox a lift, and out he springs. L'Estr.
2. [In Scottish.] The sky: for in a starry night they say, How
clear the lift is!
3. Effect; struggle. Dead lift is an effort to raise what with
the whole force cannot be moved; and figuratively any state
of impotence and inability.
Myself and Trulla made a shift
To help him out at a dead lift. Hudibras, p. i.
Mr. Doctor had puzzled his brains
In making a ballad, but was at a stand.
For you freely must own, you were at a dead lift. Swift.
4. Lift, in Scotland, denotes a load or surcharge of any thing;
as also, if one be disguised much with liquor, they say, He
has got a great lift.
5. Lifts of a fail are ropes to raise or lower them at pleasure.

LI’FTER. n. s. [from lift.]One that lifts.
Thou, O Lord, art my glory, and the lifter up of mine
head. Psal. iii. 3.



LIG

To LIG. v. n. [leggen, Dutch.]To lie.
Thou kenst the great care
I have of thy health and thy welfare,
Which many wild beasts liggen in wait,
For to entrap in thy tender state. Spenser's Pastorals.

LI’GAMENT. n. s. [ligamentum, from ligo, Latin; ligament,
French.]
Ligament is a white and solid body, softer than a cartilage,
but harder than a membrane; they have no conspicuous ca­
vities, neither have they any sense, lest they should suffer
upon the motion of the joint: their chief use is to fasten the
bones, which are articulated together for motion, lest they
should be dislocated with exercise. Quincy.
Be all their ligaments at once unbound,
And their disjointed bones to powder ground. Sandys.
The incus situate between the two former is one way join­
ed to the malleus, the other end being a process is fixed with
a ligament to the stapes. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. [In popular or poetical language.] Any thing which connects
the parts of the body.
Though our ligaments betimes grow weak,
We must not force them till themselves they break. Denh.
3. Bond; chain; entanglement.
Men sometimes, upon the hour of departure, do speak and
reason above themselves; for then the soul, beginning to be
freed from the ligaments of the body, reasons like herself, and
discourses in a strain above mortality. Addison's Spectator.

LIGAME’NTAL. n. s. [from ligament.]Composing a liga­
ment.

LIGAME’NTOUS. n. s. [from ligament.]Composing a liga­
ment.
The urachos or ligamental passage is derived from the bot­
tom of the bladder, whereby it dischargeth the watery and
urinary part of its aliment. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The clavicle is inserted into the first bone of the sternon,
and bound in by a strong ligamentous membrane. Wiseman.

LIGA’TION. n. s. [ligatio, Latin.]
1. The act of binding.
2. The state of being bound.
The slumber of the body seems to be but the waking of
the soul: it is the ligation of sense, but the liberty of reason.
Addison's Spectator, No. 487.

LI’GATURE. n. s. [ligature, French; ligatura, Latin.]
1. Any thing bound on; bandage.
He deludeth us also by philters, ligatures, charms, and
many superstitious ways in the cure of diseases. Brown.
If you slit the artery, and thrust into it a pipe, and cast a
strait ligature upon that part of the artery; notwithstanding
the blood hath free passage through the pipe, yet will not the
artery beat below the ligature; but do but take off the liga­
ture it will beat immediately. Ray on Creation.
The many ligatures of our English dress check the circu­
lation of the blood. Spectator, No. 576.
I found my arms and legs very strongly fastened on each side
to the ground; I likewise felt several slender ligatures across
my body, from my arm-pits to my thighs. Gulliver's Trav.
2. The act of binding.
The fatal noose performed its office, and with most strict
ligature squeezed the blood into his face. Arbuth. J. Bull.
Any stoppage of the circulation will produce a dropsy, as
by strong ligature, or compression. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. The state of being bound.
Sand and gravel grounds easily admit of heat and moisture,
for which they are not much the better, because they let it
pass too soon, and contract no ligature. Mortimer's Husb.

LIGHT. n. s. [leoht, Saxon.]
1. That quality or action of the medium of sight by which we
see.
Light is propagated from luminous bodies in time, and
spends about seven or eight minutes of an hour in passing
from the sun to the earth. Newton's Opticks.
2. Illumination of mind; instruction; knowledge.
Of those things which are for direction of all the parts of
our life needful, and not impossible to be discerned by the
light of nature itself, are there not many which few mens na­
tural capacity hath been able to find out. Hooker, b. i.
Light may be taken from the experiment of the horse­
tooth ring, how that those things which assuage the strife of
the spirits, do help diseases contrary to the intention desired.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 968.
I will place within them as a guide
My umpire conscience, whom if they will hear
Light after light well us'd they shall attain,
And to the end persisting safe arrive. Milton's Par. Lost.
I opened Ariosto in Italian, and the very first two lines
gave me light to all I could desire. Dryden.
If this internal light, or any proposition which we take for
inspired, be conformable to the principles of reason, or to
the word of God, which is attested revelation, reason war­
rants it. Locke.
The ordinary words of language, and our common use of
them, would have given us light into the nature of our ideas,
if considered with attention. Locke.
The books of Varro concerning navigation are lost, which
no doubt would have given us great light in those mat­
ters. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. The part of a picture which is drawn with bright colours,
or in which the light is supposed to fall.
Never admit two equal lights in the same picture; but the
greater light must strike forcibly on those places of the pic­
ture where the principal figures are; diminishing as it comes
nearer the borders. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. Reach of knowledge; mental view.
Light, and understanding, and wisdom, like the wisdom
of the gods, was found in him. Dan. v. 11.
We saw as it were thick clouds, which did put us in some
hope of land, knowing how that part of the South sea was
utterly unknown, and might have islands or continents that
hitherto were not come to light. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
They have brought to light not a few profitable experi­
ments. Bacon's Natural History.
5. Point of view; situation; direction in which the light falls.
Frequent consideration of a thing wears off the strangeness
of it; and shews it in its several lights, and various ways of
appearance, to the view of the mind. South.
It is impossible for a man of the greatest parts to consider
any thing in its whole extent, and in all its variety of lights.
Addison's Spectator, No. 409.
An author who has not learned the art of ranging his
thoughts, and setting them in proper lights, will lose himself
in confusion. Addison's Spectator, No. 291.
6. Explanation.
I have endeavoured, throughout this discourse, that every
former part might give strength unto all that follow, and
every latter bring some light unto all before. Hooker, b. i.
We should compare places of scripture treating of the same
point: thus one part of the sacred text could not fail to give
light unto another. Locke's Essay on St. Paul's Epistles.
7. Any thing that gives light; a pharos; a taper.
That light we see is burning in my hall;
How far that little candle throws his beams,
So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shakespeare.
Then he called for a light, and sprang in, and fell down
before Paul. Acts xvi. 29.
I have set thee to be a light of the Gentiles, for salva­
tion unto the ends of the earth. Acts xiii. 47.
Let them be for signs,
For seasons, and for days, and circling years;
And let them be for lights, as I ordain
Their office in the firmament of heav'n,
To give light on the earth. Milton's Par. Lost.
I put as great difference between our new lights and an­
cient truths, as between the sun and an evanid meteor.
Glanville's Scep.
Several lights will not be seen,
If there be nothing else between;
Men doubt because they stand so thick i' th' sky,
If those be stars that paint the galaxy. Cowley.
I will make some offers at their safety, by fixing some
marks like lights upon a coast, by which their ships may
avoid at least known rocks. Temple.
He still must mourn
The sun, and moon, and ev'ry starry light,
Eclips'd to him, and lost in everlasting night. Prior.

LIGHT. adj. [leoht, Saxon.]
1. Not tending to the center with great force; not heavy.
Hot and cold were in one body fixt,
And soft with hard, and light with heavy mixt. Dryden.
These weights did not exert their natural gravity till they
were laid in the golden balance, insomuch that I could not
guess which was light or heavy whilst I held them in my
hand. Addison's Spectator, No. 463.
2. Not burdensome; easy to be worn, or carried, or lifted;
not onerous.
Horse, oxen, plough, tumbrel, cart, waggon, and wain,
The lighter and stronger the greater thy gaine. Tusser.
It will be light, that you may bear it
Under a cloke that is of any length. Shakespeare.
A king that would not feel his crown too heavy, must
wear it every day; but if he think it too light, he knoweth
not of what metal it is made. Bacon's Essays.
3. Not afflictive; easy to be endured.
Every light and common thing incident into any part of
man's life. Hooker, b. ii.
Light suff'rings give us leisure to complain,
We groan, but cannot speak, in greater pain. Dryden.
4. Easy to be performed; not difficult; not valuable.
Forgive
If fictions light I mix with truth divine,
And fill these lines with other praise than thine. Fairfax.
Well pleas'd were all his friends, the task was light,
The father, mother, daughter, they invite. Dryden.
5. Easy to be acted on by any power.
Apples of a ripe flavour, fresh and fair,
Mellow'd by winter from their cruder juice,
Light of digestion now, and sit for use. Dryden's Juvenal.


6. Not heavily armed.
Paulus Bachitius, with a company of light horsemen, lay
close in ambush, in a convenient place for that purpose. Knol.
7. Active; nimble.
He so light was at legerdemain,
That what he touch'd came not to light again. Spenser.
Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe. 2 Sam. ii. 18.
There Stamford came, for his honour was lame
Of the gout three months together;
But it prov'd, when they fought, but a running gout,
For heels were lighter than ever. Denham.
Youths, a blooming band;
Light bounding from the earth at once they rise,
Their seet half viewless quiver in the skies. Pope's Odys.
8. Unencumbered; unembarrassed; clear of impediments.
Unmarried men are best masters, but not best subjects;
for they are light to run away. Bacon.
9. Slight; not great.
A light error in the manner of making the following trials
was enough to render some of them unsuccessful. Boyle.
10. Not crass; not gross.
In the wilderness there is no bread, nor water, and our
soul loatheth this light bread. Num. xxi. 5.
Light fumes are merry, grosser fumes are sad,
Both are the reasonable soul run mad. Dryd. Nun's Tale.
11. Easy to admit any influence; unsteady; unsettled; loose.
False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand. Shakespeare.
These light vain persons still are drunk and mad
With surfeitings, and pleasures of their youth. Davies.
They are light of belief, and great listeners after news.
Howell.
There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate
person, than prophanely to scoff at religion. Tillotson's Serm.
12. Gay; airy; without dignity or solidity; trifling.
Seneca cannot be too heavy, nor Plautus too light. Shakes.
13. Not chaste; not regular in conduct.
Let me not be light,
For a light wife doth make a heavy husband. Shakespeare.
14. [From light, n. s.] Bright; clear.
As soon as the morning was light, the men were sent
away. Gen. xliv. 3.
The horses ran up and down with their tails and mains on
a light fire. Knolles.
15. Not dark; tending to whiteness.
In painting, the light and a white colour are but one and
the same thing: no colour more resembles the air than white,
and by consequence no colour which is lighter. Dryden.
Two cylindric bodies with annular sulci, found with sharks
teeth, and other shells, in a light coloured clay. Woodward.

LIGHT. adv. [for lightly, by colloquial corruption.]Lightly;
cheaply.
Shall we set light by that custom of reading, from whence
so precious a benefit hath grown. Hooker, b. v.

To LIGHT. v. a. [from light, n. s.]
1. To kindle; to inflame; to set on fire.
Swinging coals about in the wire, throughly lighted them.
Boyle.
This truth shines so clear, that to go about to prove it,
were to light a candle to seek the sun. Glanville's Seep.
The maids, who waited her commands,
Ran in with lighted tapers in their hands. Dryden.
Be witness gods, and strike Jocasta dead,
If an immodest thought, or low desire,
Inflam'd my breast since first our loves were lighted.
Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
Absence might cure it, or a second mistress
Light up another flame, and put out this. Addison's Cato.
2. To give light to; to guide by light.
A beam that falls,
Fresh from the pure glance of thine eye,
Lighting to eternity. Crashaw.
Ah hopeless, lasting flames! like those that burn
To light the dead, and warm th' unfruitful urn. Pope.
3. To illuminate.
The sun was set, and vesper to supply
His absent beams, had lighted up the sky. Dryden.
4. Up is emphatically joined to light.
No sun was lighted up the world to view. Dryd. Ovid.
5. [From the adjective.] To lighten; to ease of a burthen.
Land some of our passengers,
And light this weary vessel of her load. Fairy Queen.

To LIGHT. v. n. [lickt, by chance, Dutch.]
1. To happen; to fall upon by chance.
No more settled in valour than disposed to justice, if either
they had lighted on a better friend, or could have learned to
make friendship a child, and nothe the father of virtue. Sidney.
The prince, by chance, did on a lady light,
That was right fair, and fresh as morning rose. Fa. Qu.
Haply, your eye shall light upon some toy
You have desire to purchase. Shakespeare.
As in the tides of people once up, there want not stirring
winds to make them more rough; so this people did light
upon two ringleaders. Bacon's Henry VIIth.
Of late years, the royal oak did light upon count Rho­
dophil. Howel's Vocal Forest.
The way of producing such a change on colours may be
easily enough lighted on, by those conversant in the solutions
of mercury. Boyle on Colours.
He sought by arguments to sooth her pain;
Nor those avail'd: at length he lights on one,
Before two moons their orb with light adorn,
If heav'n allow me life, I will return. Dryden.
Truth, light upon this way, is of no more avail to us than
error; for what is so taken up by us, may be false as well as
true; and he has not done his duty, who has thus stumbled
upon truth in his way to preferment. Locke.
Whosoever first lit on a parcel of that substance we call
gold, could not rationally take the bulk and figure to de­
pend on its real essence. Locke.
As wily reynard walk'd the streets at night,
On a tragedian's mask he chanc'd to light,
Turning it o'er, he mutter'd with disdain,
How vast a head is here without a brain. Addison.
A weaker man may sometimes light on notions which
have escaped a wiser. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. [Alightan, Saxon.] To descend from a horse or carriage.
When Naaman saw him running after him, he lighted
down from the chariot to meet him. 2 Kings v. 21.
I saw 'em salute on horseback,
Beheld them when they lighted, how they clung
In their embracement. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Rebekah lifted up her eyes, and when she saw Isaac, she
lighted off the camel. Gen. xxiv. 64.
The god laid down his feeble rays,
Then lighted from his glittering coach. Swift.
3. To fall in any particular direction.
The wounded steed curvets; and, rais'd upright,
Lights on his feet before: his hoofs behind
Spring up in air aloft, and lash the wind. Dryden's æn.
4. To fall; to strike on.
He at his foe with furious rigour smites,
That strongest oak might seem to overthrow;
The stroke upon his shield so heavy lights,
That to the ground it doubleth him full low. Fairy Qu.
At an uncertain lot none can find themselves grieved on
whomsoever it lighteth. Hooker, b. i.
They shall hunger no more; neither shall the sun light on
them, nor any heat. Rev. vii. 16.
On me, me only, as the source and spring
Of all corruption, all the blame lights due. Milt. Pa. L.
A curse lights upon him presently after: his great army is
utterly ruined, he himself slain in it, and his head and right
hand cut off, and hung up before Jerusalem. South's Serm.
5. To settle; to rest.
I plac'd a quire of such enticing birds,
That she will light to listen to their lays. Shakespeare.
Then as a bee which among weeds doth fall,
Which seem sweet flow'rs, with lustre fresh and gay,
She lights on that, and this, and tasteth all,
But pleas'd with none, doth rise and soar away. Davis.
Plant trees and shrubs near home, for them to pitch on at
their swarming, that they may not be in danger of being
lost for want of a lighting place. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To LI’GHTEN. v. n. [hit, ligt, Saxon.]
1. To flash, with thunder.
This dreadful night,
That thunders, lightens, opens grayes, and roars
As doth the lion. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Although I joy in thee,
I have no joy of this contract to night;
It is too rash, too unadvis'd, too sudden,
Too like the light'ning, which doth cease to be
Ere one can say it lightens. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
The lightning that lighteneth out of the one part under hea­
ven, sheweth unto the other part. Luke xvii. 24.
2. To shine like lightning.
Yet looks he like a king: behold his eye,
As bright as is the eagle's, lightens forth
Controlling majesty. Shakesp. Richard II.
3. To fall or light. [from light.]
O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us, as our trust is in
thee. Common Prayer.

To LI’GHTEN. v. a. [from light.]
1. To illuminate; to enlighten.
Upon his bloody finger he doth wear
A precious ring, that ligtens all the hole. Shakespeare.
O light, which mak'st the light which makes the day,
Which sett'st the eye without, and mind within;
Lighten my spirit with one clear heav'nly ray,
Which now to view itself doth first begin. Davies.
A key of fire ran all along the shore,
And lighten'd all the river with a blaze. Dryden.


Nature from the storm
Shines out afresh; and through the lighten'd air
A higher lustre, and a clearer calm,
Diffusive tremble. Thomson's Summer.
2. To exonerate; to unload.
The mariners were afraid, and cast forth the wares that
were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. Jon. i. 7.
3. To make less heavy.
Long since with woe
Nearer acquainted, now I feel by proof,
That fellowship in pain divides not smart,
Nor lightens aught each man's peculiar load. Parad. Reg.
Strive
In offices of love how we may lighten
Each other's burden. Milt. Pa. Lost.
4. To exhilarate; to cheer.
A trusty villain, very oft,
When I am dull with care and melancholy,
Lightens my humour with his merry jests. Shakespeare.
The audience are grown weary of continued melancholy
scenes; and few tragedies shall succeed in this age, if they
are not lightened with a course of mirth. Dryd. Span. Friar.

LI’GHTER. n. s. [from light, to make light.]A heavy boat into
which ships are lightened or unloaded.
They have cock boats for passengers, and lighters for bur­
then. Carow's Survey of Cornwall.
He climb'd a stranded lighter's height,
Shot to the black abyss, and plung'd downright. Pope.

LI’GHTERMAN. n. s. [lighter and man.]One who manages a
lighter.
Where much shipping is employed, whatever becomes of
the poor merchant, multitudes of people will be certain
gainers; as shipwrights, butchers, carmen, and lightermen.
Child's Discourse on Trade.

LIGHTFI’NGERED. adj. [light and finger.]Nimble at con­
veyance; thievish.

LI’GHTFOOT. adj. [light and foot.]Nimble in running or
dancing; active.
And eke the lightfoot maids that keep the deer. Spenser.
Him so far had born his lightfoot steed,
Pricked with wrath and fiery fierce disdain,
That him to follow was but fruitless pain. Fairy Queen.
And all the troop of lightfoot Naïades
Flock all about to see her lovely face. Spenser's Fa. Qu.

LIGHTFO’OT. n. s. Venison. A cant word.

LIGHTHE’ADED. ad. [light and head.]
1. Unsteady; loose; thoughtless; weak.
The English liturgy, how piously and wisely soever framed,
had found great opposition; the ceremonies had wrought only
upon lightheaded, weak men, yet learned men excepted
against some particulars. Clarendon.
2. Delirious; disordered in the mind by disease.

LIGHTHE’ADEDNESS. n. s. Deliriousness; disorder of the
mind.

LIGHTHE’ARTED. adj. [light and heart.]Gay; merry; airy;
cheerful.

LIGHTHO’USE. n. s. [light and house.]An high building, at
the top of which lights are hung to guide ships at sea.
He charged himself with the risque of such vessels as car­
ried corn in winter; and built a pharos or lighthouse. Arbuth.
Build two poles to the meridian, with immense lighthouses
on the top of them. Arbuthnot and Pope.

LIGHTLE’GGED. adj. [light and leg.]Nimble; swift.
Lightlegged Pas has got the middle space. Sidney.

LI’GHTLESS. adj. [from light.]Wanting light; dark.

LI’GHTLY. adv. [from light.]
1. Without weight.
This grave partakes the fleshly birth,
Which cover lightly, gentle earth. Benj. Johnson.
2. Without deep impression.
The soft ideas of the cheerful note,
Lightly receiv'd, were easily forgot. Prior.
3. Easily; readily; without difficulty; of course.
If they write or speak publickly but five words, one of
them is lightly about the dangerous estate of the church of
England in respect of abused ceremonies. Hooker, b. iv.
Believ't not lightly that your son
Will not exceed the common, or be caught
With cautelous baits and practice. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Short Summer lightly has a forward spring. Shakesp.
The traitor in faction lightly goeth away with it. Bacon.
4. Without reason.
Flatter not the rich; neither do thou willingly or lightly
appear before great personages. Taylor's Guide.
Let every man that hath a calling be diligent in pursu­
ance of its employment, so as not lightly, or without reason­
able occasion, to neglect it. Taylor's Holy Living.
5. Without affliction; cheerfully.
Bid that welcome
Which comes to punish us, and we punish it,
Seeming to bear it lightly. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
6. Not chastly.
If I were lightly disposed, I could still perhaps have offers,
that some, who hold their heads higher, would be glad to
accept. Swift's Story of an injured Lady.
7. Nimbly; with agility; not heavily or tardily.
Methought I stood on a wide river's bank;
When on a sudden, Torismond appear'd,
Gave me his hand, and led me lightly o'er;
Leaping and bounding on the billows heads,
Till safely we had reach'd the farther shore. Dryden.
8. Gaily; airily; with levity; without heed or care.

LIGHTMI’NDED. adj. [light and mind.]Unsettled; unsteady.
He that is hasty to give credit is lightminded. Eccl. xix. 4.

LI’GHTNESS. n. s. [from light.]
1. Levity; want of weight; absence of weight.
Some are for masts of ships, as fir and pine, because of
their length, straightness, and lightness. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Suppose many degrees of littleness and lightness in particles,
so as many might float in the air a good while before they
fell. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Inconstancy; unsteadiness.
For, unto knight there is no greater shame,
Than lightness and inconstancy in love. Fairy Queen.
Of two things they must chuse one; namely, whether
they would, to their endless disgrace, with ridiculous lightness,
dismiss him, whose restitution they had in so importunate
manner desired, or else condescend unto that demand. Hooker.
As I blow this feather from my face,
Obeying with my wind when I do blow,
And yielding to another when it blows,
Commanded always by the greatest gust;
Such is the lightness of you common men. Shakespeare.
3. Unchastity; want of conduct in women.
Is it the disdain of my estate, or the opinion of my light­
ness, that have emboldened such base fancies towards me?
Sidney, b. ii.
Can it be,
That modesty may more betray our sense,
Than woman's lightness. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
4. Agility; nimbleness.

LI’GHTNING. n. s. [from lighten, lightening, lightning.]
1. The flash that attends thunder.
Lightning is a great flame, very bright, extending every
way to a great distance, suddenly darting upwards, and there
ending, so that it is only momentaneous. Muschenbroek.
Sense thinks the lightning born before the thunder;
What tells us then they both together are? Davies.
Salmoneus, suff'ring cruel pains I found
For emulating Jove; the rattling sound
Of mimick thunder, and the glitt'ring blaze
Of pointed lightnings, and their forky rays. Dryd. æn.
No warning of the approach of flame,
Swiftly, like sudden death, it came;
Like travellers by lightning kill'd,
I burnt the moment I beheld. Granville.
2. Mitigation; abatement.
How oft when men are at the point of death,
Have they been merry? which their keepers call
A lightning before death. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
We were once in hopes of his recovery, upon a kind mes­
sage from the widow; but this only proved a lightning before
death. Addison's Spectator, No. 517.

LIGHTS. n. s. [supposed to be called so from their lightness in
proportion to their bulk.]The lungs; the organs of breath­
ing.
The complaint was chiefly from the lights, a part as of no
quick sense, so no seat for any sharp disease. Hayward.

LI’GHTSOME. adj. [from light.]
1. Luminous; not dark; not obscure; not opake.
Neither the sun, nor any thing sensible is that light itself,
which is the cause that things are lightsome, though it make
itself, and all things else, visible; but a body most enlighten­
ed, by whom the neighbouring region, which the Greeks
call æther, the place of the supposed element of fire, is effect­
ed and qualified. Raleigh.
White walls make rooms more lightsome than black. Bac.
Equal posture, and quick spirits, are required to make co­
lours lightsome. Bacon's Nat. History.
The Sun
His course exalted through the Ram had run
Through Taurus, and the lightsome realms of love. Dryd.
2. Gay; airy; having the power to exhilarate.
It suiteth so fitly with that lightsome affection of joy,
wherein God delighteth when his saints praise him. Hooker.
The lightsome passion of joy was not that which now often
usurps the name; that trivial, vanishing, superficial thing,
that only gilds the apprehension, and plays upon the surface
of the soul. South's Sermons.

LI’GHTSOMENESS. n. s. [from lightsome.]
1. Luminousness; not opacity; not obscurity; not darksome­
ness.


It is to our atmosphere that the variety of colours, which
are painted on the skies, the lightsomeness of our air, and the
twilight, are owing. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
2. Cheerfulness; merriment; levity.

LIGNA’LOES. n. s. [lignum aloes, Latin.]Aloes wood.
The vallies spread forth as gardens by the river's side, as
the trees of lignaloes which the Lord hath planted, and as
cedar trees beside the water. Num. xxiv. 6.

LI’GNEOUS. adj. [ligneus, Latin; ligneux, French.]Made of
wood; wooden; resembling wood.
It should be tried with shoots of vines, and roots of red
roses; for it may be they, being of a more ligneous nature,
will incorporate with the tree itself. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Ten thousand seeds of the plant harts-tongue, hardly
make the bulk of a pepper-corn: now the covers, and the
true body of each seed, the parenchymous and ligneous part
of both, and the fibres of those parts, multiplied one by an­
other, afford a hundred thousand millions of formed atoms,
but how many more we cannot define. Grew's Cosinol.

LIGNUMVITæ. n. s. [Lat.]Guiacum; a very hard wood.
It hath pinnated leaves; the flower consists of several pe­
tals, which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of
a rose; the pointal of the flower, which arises from the cen­
ter of the calyx, becomes a fleshy, roundish, stony fruit, or
the stony seeds are surrounded with a thin pulp. Miller.

LI’GURE. n. s. A precious stone.
The third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst. Exod.

LIK

LIKE. adj. [lic, Saxon; liik, Dutch.]
1. Resembling; having resemblance.
Whom art thou like in thy greatness. Ezek. xxxi. 2.
His son, or one of his illustrious name,
How like the former, and almost the same. Dryd. æn.
As the earth was designed for the being of men, why
might not all other planets be created for the like uses, each
for their own inhabitants. Bentley's Sermons.
This plan, as laid down by him, looks liker an universal
art than a distinct logick. Baker's Reflect. on Learning.
2. Equal; of the same quantity.
More clergymen were impoverished by the late war, than
ever in the like space before. Sprat's Sermons.
3. [For likely.] Probable; credible.
The trials were made, and it is like that the experiment
would have been effectual. Bacon's Natural History.
4. Likely; in a state that gives probable expectations. This
is, I think, an improper, though frequent, use.
If the duke continues these favours towards you, you are
like to be much advanced. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
He is like to die for hunger, for there is no more bread.
Jer. xxxviii. 9.
The yearly value thereof is already increased double of that
it was within these few years, and is like daily to rise higher,
till it amount to the price of our land in England. Davies.
Hopton resolved to visit Waller's quarters, that he might
judge whether he were like to pursue his purpose. Clarendon.
Many were not easy to be governed, nor like to conform
themselves to strict rules. Clarendon, b. viii.
If his rules of reason be not better suited to the Mind than
his rules for health are fitted to our bodies, he is not like to
be much followed. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

LIKE. n. s. [This substantive is seldom more than the adjec­
tive used elliptically; the like for the like thing, or like
person.]
1. Some person or thing resembling another.
He was a man, take him for all in all,
I shall not look upon his like again. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Every like is not the same, O Cæsar. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
Though there have been greater fleets for number, yet for
the bulk of the ships never the like. Bacon's War with Spain.
Albeit an eagle did bear away a lamb in her talons, yet a
raven endeavouring to do the like was held entangled. Hayw.
One offers, and in offering makes a stay;
Another forward sets, and doth no more;
A third the like. Daniel's Civil War.
His desire
By conversation with his like to help,
Or solace his defects. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Two likes may be mistaken. L'Estrange's Fab.
She'd study to reform the men,
Or add some grains of folly more,
To women than they had before;
This might their mutual fancy strike,
Since ev'ry being loves its like. Swift.
2. Near approach; a state like to another state. A sense com­
mon, but not just.
Report being carried secretly from one to another in my
ship, had like to have been my utter overthrow. Raleigh.

LIKE. adv.
1. In the same manner; in the same manner as.
The joyous nymphs, and lightfoot fairies,
Which thither came to hear their musick sweet;
Now hearing them so heavily lament,
Like heavily lamenting from them went. Spenser.
Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth
them that fear him. Psal. ciii. 13.
Are we proud and passionate, malicious and revengeful?
Is this to be like-minded with Christ, who was meek and
lowly? Tillotson's Sermons.
What will be my confusion, when he sees me
Neglected, and forsaken like himself. Philips's Dist. Mother.
They roar'd like lions caught in toils, and rag'd:
The man knew what they were, who heretofore
Had seen the like lie murther'd on the shore. Waller.
2. In such a manner as befits.
Be strong, and quit yourselves like men. 1 Sam. iv. 9.
3. Likely; probably. A popular use not analogical.
I like the work well, ere it be demanded,
As like enough it will, I'd have it copied. Shakespeare.

To LIKE. v. a. [lican, Saxon; liiken, Dutch.]
1. To chuse with some degree of preference.
As nothing can be so reasonably spoken as to content all
men, so this speech was not of them all liked. Knolles.
He gave such an account as made it appear that he liked
the design. Clarendon, b. viii.
We like our present circumstances well, and dream of no
change. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. To approve; to view with approbation, not fondness.
He stayed behind to bring the shepherds with whom he
meant to confer to breed the better Zelmane's liking, which
he only regarded. Sidney, b. i.
Though they did not like the evil he did, yet they liked
him that did the evil. Sidney, b. ii.
He grew content to mark their speeches, then to marvel at
such wit in shepherds, after to like their company. Sidney.
He proceeded from looking to liking, and from liking to
loving. Sidney.
For several virtues
I have lik'd several women; never any
With so full soul. Shakespeare's Tempest.
I look'd upon her with a soldier's eye;
That liked, but had a rougher task in hand
Than to drive liking to the name of love. Shakespeare.
Scarce any man passes to a liking of sin in others, but by
first practising it himself. South's Sermons,
Beasts can like, but not distinguish too,
Nor their own liking by reflection know. Dryden.
3. To please; to be agreeable to. Now disused.
Well hoped he, ere long that hardy guest,
If ever covetous hand, or iustful eye,
Or lips he laid on thing that lik'd him best,
Should be his prey. Spenser's Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Say, my fair brother now, if this device
Do like you, or may you to like entice. Hubberd's Tale.
This desire being recommended to her majesty, it liked
her to include the same within one entire lease. Bacon.
He shall dwell where it liketh him best. Deut. xxiii. 16.
There let them learn, as likes them, to despise
God and Messiah. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

To LIKE. v. n.
1. To be pleased with, with of before the thing approved.
Obsolete.
Of any thing more than of God they could not by any
means like, as long as whatsoever they knew besides God,
they apprehended it not in itself without dependancy upon
God. Hooker, b. i.
The young soldiers did with such cheerfulness like of this
resolution, that they thought two days a long delay. Knolles.
It is true, there are limits to be set betwixt the boldness
and rashness of a poet; but he must understand those limits
who pretends to judge, as well as he who undertakes to
write: and he who has no liking to the whole, ought in rea­
son to be excluded from censuring of the parts. Dryden.
2. To chuse; to list; to be pleased.
The man likes not to take his brother's wife. Deut. xxv. 7.
He that has the prison doors set open is perfectly at liber­
ty, because he may either go or stay, as he best likes. Locke.

LI’KELIHOOD. n. s. [from likely.]

LI’KELINESS. n. s. [from likely.]
1. Appearance; shew. Obsolete.
What of his heart perceive you in his face,
By any likelihood he show'd to-day?
—That with no man here he is offended. Shakespeare.
2. Resemblance; likeness. Obsolete.
The mayor and all his brethren in best sort,
Like to the senators of antique Rome,
Go forth and fetch their conqu'ring Cæsar in.
As by a low, but loving likelihood,
Were now the general of our gracious empress,
As in good time he may, from Ireland coming,
How many would the peaceful city quit,
To welcome him. Shakespeare's Henry V.
There is no likelihood between pure light and black dark­
ness, or between righteousness and reprobation. Raleigh.
3. Probability; verisimilitude; appearance of truth.
As it noteth one such to have been in that age, so had


there been moe, it would by likelihood as well have noted
many. Hooker, b. ii.
Many of likelihood informed me of this before, which hung
so tottering in the balance, that I could neither believe nor
misdoubt. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
It never yet did hurt,
To lay down likelihood, and forms of hope. Shakespeare.
As there is no likelihood that the place could be so altered,
so is there no probability that these rivers were turned out of
their courses. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Where things are least to be put to the venture, as the
eternal interests of the other world ought to be; there every,
even the least, probability, or likelihood of danger, should be
provided against. South's Sermons.
There are predictions of our Saviour recorded by the Evan­
gelists, which were not completed till after their deaths, and
had no likelihood of being so when they were pronounced by
our blessed Saviour. Addison on the Christian Religion.
Thus, in all likelihood, would it be with a libertine, who
should have a visit from the other world: the first horror it
raised would go off, as new diversions come on. Atterbury.

LI’KELY. adj. [from like.]
1. Such as may be liked; such as may please. Obsolete.
These young companions make themselves believe they
love at the first looking of a likely beauty. Sidney.
Sir John, they are your likeliest men; I would have you
served with the best. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
2. Probable; such as may in reason be thought or believed;
such as may be thought more reasonably than the contrary.

LI’KELY. adv. Probably; as may reasonably be thought.
While man was innocent, he was likely ignorant of no­
thing that imported him to know. Glanville's Scep.

To LI’KEN. v. a. [from like.]To represent as having resem­
blance; to compare.
The prince broke your head for likening him to a singing
man of Windsor. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
For who, though with the tongue
Of angels, can relate? or to what things
Liken on earth conspicuous, that may lift
Human imagination to such heighth
Of God-like power? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

LI’KENESS. n. s. [from like.]
1. Resemblance; similitude.
They all do live, and moved are
To multiply the likeness of their kind. Spenser.
A translator is to make his author appear as charming as
he can, provided he maintains his character, and makes him
not unlike himself. Translation is a kind of drawing after
the life, where there is a double sort of likeness, a good one
and a bad one. Dryden.
In such cases there will be found a better likeness, and a
worse; and the better is constantly to be chosen. Dryden.
2. Form; appearance.
Never came trouble to my house in the likeness of your
grace; for trouble being gone, comfort should remain. Shak.
It is safer to stand upon our guard against an enemy in the
likeness of a friend, than to embrace any man for a friend in
the likeness of an enemy. L'Estrange.
3. One who resembles another.
Poor Cupid, sobbing, scarce could speak,
Indeed mamma, I did not know ye:
Alas! how easy my mistake?
I took you for your likeness Cloe. Prior.

LI’KEWISE. adv. [like and wise.]In like manner; also; more­
over; too.
Jesus said unto them, I also will ask you one thing, which
if ye tell me, I likewise will tell you by what authority I
do these things. Mat. xxi. 24.
So was it in the decay of the Roman empire, and likewise
in the empire of Almaigne, after Charles the Great, every
bird taking a feather. Bacon's Essays.
Spirit of vitriol poured to pure unmixed serum, coagulates
it as if it had been boiled. Spirit of sea-salt makes a perfect
coagulation of the serum likewise, but with some different
phænomena. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LI’KING. adj. [Perhaps because plumpness is agreeable to the
sight.]Plump; in a state of plumpness.
I fear my lord the king, who hath appointed your meat
and your drink; for why should he see your faces worse
liking, than the children which are of your sort. Dan. i. 10.

LI’KING. n. s. [from like.]
1. Good state of body; plumpness.
I'll repent, and that suddenly, while I am in some liking;
I shall be out of heart shortly, and then I shall have no
strength to repent. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Their young ones are in good liking; they grow up with
corn. Job xxxix. 4.
Cappadocian slaves were famous for their lustiness; and,
being in good liking, were set on a stall when exposed to sale,
to shew the good habit of their body. Dryden's Notes to Pers.
2. State of trial.
The royal soul, that, like the lab'ring moon,
By charms of art was hurried down;
Forc'd with regret to leave her native sphere,
Came but awhile on liking here. Dryden.
3. Inclination.
Why do you longer feed on loathed light,
Or liking find to gaze on earthly mold. Fairy Queen.

LI’LACH. n. s. [lilac, lilâs, French.]A tree.
The white thorn is in leaf, and the lilach tree. Bacon.

LI’LIED. adj. [from lily.]Embellished with lilies.
Nymphs and shepherds dance no more
By sandy Ladon's lillied banks. Milton.

LI’LY. n. s. [lilium, Latin.]
The lily hath a bulbous root, consisting of several fleshy
scales adhering to an axis; the stalk is greatly furnished with
leaves; the flower is composed of six leaves, and is shaped
somewhat like a bell: in some species the petals are greatly
reflexed, but in others but little; from the centre of the
flower rises the pointal, which becomes an oblong fruit, com­
monly triangular, divided into three cells, and full of com­
pressed seeds, which are bordered, lying upon each other in
a double row. There are thirty-two species of this plant,
including white lilies, orange lilies, red lilies, and martagons
of various sorts. Miller.
Oh! had the monster seen those lily hands
Tremble, like aspen leaves, upon a lute,
And make the silken strings delight to kiss them;
He would not then have touch'd them for his life. Shakesp.
Shipwreck'd upon a kingdom where no pity!
No friends! no hope! no kindred weep for me!
Almost no grave allow'd me! like the lily,
That once was mistress of the field, and flourish'd,
I'll hang my head, and perish. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Arnus, a river of Italy, is drawn like an old man,
by his right side a lion, holding forth in his right paw a red
lily, or flower-de-luce. Peacham on Drawing.
Take but the humblest lily of the field;
And if our pride will to our reason yield;
It must by sure comparison be shown,
That on the regal seat great David's son,
Array'd in all his robes, and types of pow'r,
Shines with less glory than that simple flow'r. Prior.
Go, gentle gales, and bear my sighs along:
For her the feather'd quires forget their song,
For her the lilies hang their heads, and die. Pope.

LILY-DAFFODIL. n. s. [lilio-narcissus.]A foreign flower.

LILY-HYACINTH. n. s. [lilio-hyacinthus.]
It hath a lily flower, composed of six leaves, shaped like the
flower of hyacinth, whose pointal becomes a globular pointed
fruit, three-cornered, and divided into three cells, in which
are contained many seeds, almost round: the roots are scaly,
and shaped like those of the lily. There are three species of
this plant; one with a blue flower, another white, and a
third red. Miller.

LILY of the Valley, or May lily. n. s. [lilium convallium.]
The flower consists of one leaf, is shaped like a bell, and
divided at the top into six segments; the ovary becomes a
soft globular fruit, containing several round seeds. It is very
common in shady woods. Miller.
Lily of the valley has a strong root that runs into the
ground. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LILYLI’VERED. adj. [lily and liver.]Whitelivered; cowardly.
A knave, a rascal, an eater of broken meats; a base,
proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred pound, fil­
thy worsted-stocking knave; a lilylivered, action-taking
knave. Shakespeare's King Lear.

LIM

LI’MATURE. n. s. [limatura, Lat.]Filings of any metal; the
particles rubbed off by a file.

LIMB. n. s. [lim, Saxon and Scottish; lem, Danish.]
1. A member; a jointed or articulated part of animals.
A second Hector, for his grim aspect,
And large proportion of his strong knit limbs. Shakesp.
O! that I had her here, to tear her limb meal. Shakesp.
Now am I come each limb to survey,
If thy appearance answer loud report. Milton's Agonistes.
2. [Limbe, French; limbus, Latin.] An edge; a border. A
philosophical word.
By farther moving the prisms about, the colours again
emerged out of the whiteness, the violet and the blue at its
inward limb, and at its outward limb the red and yellow.
Newton's Opticks.

To LIMB. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To supply with limbs.
As they please,
They limb themselves, and colour, shape, and size
Assume, as likes them best, condense, or rare. Milton.
2. To tear asunder; to dismember.

LI’MBECK. n. s. [corrupted by popular pronunciation from
alembick.]A still.
Her cheeks, on which this streaming nectar fell,
Still'd through the limbeck of her diamond eyes. Fairfax.


All others from all things draw all that's good,
Life, soul, form, spirit, where they being have;
I, by love's limbeck. Donne.
Fires of Spain, and the line,
Whose countries limbecks to our bodies be,
Canst thou for gain bear? Donne.
Call up, unbound,
In various shapes, old Proteus from the sea,
Drain'd through a limbeck to his naked form. Milton.
The earth, by secret conveyances, lets in the sea, and
sends it back fresh, her bowels serving for a limbeck. Howell.
He first survey'd the charge with careful eyes,
Yet judg'd, like vapours that from limbecks rise,
It would in richer showers descend again. Dryden.
The warm limbeck draws
Salubrious waters from the nocent brood. Philips.

LI’MBED. adj. [from limb.]Formed with regard to limbs.
A steer of five years age, large limb'd, and fed,
To Jove's high altars Agamemnon led. Pope's Iliad.

LI’MBER. adj. Flexible; easily bent; pliant; lithe.
You put me off with limber vows. Shakespeare.
I wonder how, among these jealousies of court and state,
Edward Atheling could subsist, being then the apparent and
indubitate heir of the Saxon line: but he had tried, and found
him a prince of limber virtues; so as though he might have
some place in his caution, yet he reckoned him beneath his
fear. Wotton.
At once came forth whatever creeps the ground,
Insect, or worm: those wav'd their limber fans
For wings; and smallest lineaments exact
In all the liveries deck'd of Summer's pride. Milton.
She durst never stand at the bay, having nothing but her
long soft limber ears to defend her. More on Atheism.
The muscles were strong on both sides of the aspera arte­
ria, but on the under side, opposite to that of the œsopha­
gus, very limber. Ray on Creation.
At last the ulcer is covered over with a limber callus. Harv.

LI’MBERNESS. n. s. [from limber.]Flexibility; pliancy.

LI’MBO. n. s. [Eo quod sit limbus inferorum. Du Cange.]
1. A region bordering upon hell, in which there is neither plea­
sure nor pain. Popularly hell.
No, he is in tartar limbo, worse than hell,
A devil in an everlasting garment hath him,
One whose hard heart is button'd up with steel. Shakesp.
Oh what a sympathy of woe is this!
As far from help as limbo is from bliss. Shakesp.
All these up-whirl'd aloft
Fly o'er the backside of the world far off,
Into a limbo large, and broad, since call'd
The paradise of fools. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
2. Any place of misery and restraint.
For he no sooner was at large,
But Trulla straight brought on the charge;
And in the self-same limbo put
The knight and squire, where he was shut. Hudibras.
Friar, thou art come off thyself, but poor I am left in
limbo. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

LIME. n. s. [lim, jelman, Saxon, to glue.]
1. A viscous substance drawn over twigs, which catches and
entangles the wings of birds that light upon it.
Poor bird! thoud'st never fear the net or lime,
The pitfall, nor the gin. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
You must lay lime, to tangle her desires,
By wailful sonnets, whose composed rhimes
Should be full fraught with serviceable vows. Shakesp.
Monster, come put some time upon your singers, and
away with the rest. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Jollier of this state
Than are new-benefic'd ministers, he throws,
Like nets or lime twigs, whereso'er he goes,
His title of barrister on every wench. Donne.
A poor thrush was taken with a bush of lime twigs.
L'Estrange's Fables.
Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds were found,
And deep-mouth'd dogs did forest walks surround. Dryden.
Or court a wife, spread out his wily parts
Like nets, or lime twigs, for rich widows hearts. Pope.
2. Matter of which mortar is made: so called because used in
cement.
There are so many species of lime stone, that we are to
understand by it in general any stone that, upon a proper de­
gree of heat, becomes a white calx, which will make a
great ebullition and noise on being thrown into water, falling
into a loose white powder at the bottom. The lime we have
in London is usually made of chalk, which is weaker than
that made of stone. Hill's Materia Medica.
They were now, like sand without lime, ill bound toge­
ther, especially as many as were English, who were at a
gaze, looking strange one upon another, not knowing who
was faithful to their side. Bacon's Henry VII.
As when a lofty pile is rais'd,
We never hear the workmen prais'd,
Who bring the lime, or place the stones,
But all admire Inigo Jones. Swift.
Lime is commonly made of chalk, or of any sort of stone
that is not sandy, or very cold; as freestone, &c. Mortimer.

LIME tree, or LINDEN. n. s. 
[Lind, Saxon.]The linden tree.
The flower consists of several leaves, placed orbicularly,
in the form of a rose, having a long narrow leaf growing to
the footstalk of each cluster of flowers, from whose cup rises
the pointal, which becomes testiculated, of one capsule,
containing an oblong seed. The timber is used by carvers
and turners. These trees continue sound many years, and
grow to a considerable bulk. Sir Thomas Brown mentions
one, in Norfolk, sixteen yards in circuit. Millar.
Go, gentle gales! and bear my sighs along.
For her the limes their pleasing shades deny,
For her the lilies hang their heads, and die. Pope.
4. A species of lemon. [lime, French.]
Bear me, Pomona! to thy citron groves;
To where the lemon and the piercing lime,
With the deep orange glowing through the green,
Their lighter glories blend. Thomson's Summer.

To LIME. v. a. [from lime.]
1. To entangle; to ensnare.
Oh bosom, black as death!
Oh limed soul, that, struggling to be free,
Art more engaged. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Example, that so terrible shows in the wreck of maiden­
hood, cannot, for all that, dissuade succession, but that they
are limed with the twigs that threaten them. Shakespeare.
The bird that hath been limed in a bush,
With trembling wings misdoubeth ev'ry bush;
And I, the hapless male to one sweet bird,
Have now the fatal object in my eye,
Where my poor young was lim'd, was caught, and kill'd.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
2. To smear with lime.
Myself have lim'd a bush for her,
And place a quire of such enticing birds,
That she will light to listen to their lays. Shakespeare.
Those twigs in time will come to be limed, and then you
are all lost if you do but touch them. L'Estrange.
3. To cement.
I will not ruinate my father's house,
Who gave his blood to lime the stones together,
And set up Lancaster. Shakesp. Henry VI.
4. To manure ground with lime.
The reason why they did so was, because of the encourage­
ment which that abatement of interest gave to landlords and
tenants, to improve by draining, marling, and liming. Child.
All sorts of pease love limed or marled land. Mortimer.

LI’MEKILN. n. s. [lime and kiln.]Kiln where stones are burnt
to lime.
The counter gate is as hateful to me, as the reek of a
lime kiln. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
They were found in a lime kiln, and having passed the
fire, each is a little vitrified. Woodward.

LIMESTONE. n. s. [lime and stone.]The stone of which lime
is made.
Fire stone and lime stone, if broke small, and laid on cold
lands, must be of advantage. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LIME-WATER. n. s.
Lime water, made by pouring water upon quick lime, with
some other ingredients to take off its ill flavour, is of great
service internally in all cutaneous eruptions, and diseases of
the lungs. Hill's Materia Medica.
He tried an experiment on wheat insused in lime water
alone, and some in brandy and lime water mixed, and had
from each grain a great increase. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LI’MIT. n. s. [limite, French; limitor, Latin.]Bound; bor­
der; utmost reach.
The whole limit of the mountain round about shall be
most holy. Exod. xliii. 12.

To LI’MIT. v. a. [limiter, French, from the noun.]To con­
fine with certain bounds; to restrain; to circumscribe; not
to leave at large.
They tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel.
Psal. lxxviii. 41.
Thanks I must you con,
That you are thieves profest;
For there is boundless thest
In limited professions. Shakesp. Timon of Athons.
If a king come in by conquest, he is no longer a limited
monarch. Swift.
2. To restrain from a lax or general signification; as, the uni­
verse is here limited to this earth.

LIMITA’NEOUS. adj. [from limit.]Belonging to the bounds.
Dictionary.



LI’MITARY. adj. [from limit.]Placed at the boundaries as a
guard or superintendant.
Then, when I am thy captive, talk of chains,
Proud limitary cherub! Milton's Paradise Lost.

LIMITA’TION. n. s. [limitation, French; limitatie, Latin.]
1. Restriction; circumscription.
Limitation of each creature, is both the perfection and the
preservation thereof. Hooker, b. v.
Am I yourself,
But, as it were, in sort of limitation. Shakesp. Jul. Cœsar.
I despair, how this limitation of Adam's empire to his line
and posterity, will help us to one heir. This limitation, in­
deed, of our author, will save those the labour, who would
look for him amongst the race of brutes; but will very little
contribute to the discovery amongst men. Locke.
If a king come in by conquest, he is no longer a limited
monarch; if he afterwards consent to limitations, he becomes
immediately king de jure. Swift.
2. Confinement from a lax or undeterminate import.
The cause of error is ignorance; what restraints and limi­
tations all principles have in regard of the matter whereunto
they are applicable. Hooker, b. v.

LI’MNER. n. s. A mongrel. Ains.

To LIMN. v. a. [enluminer, French, to adorn books with pic­
tures.]To draw; to paint any thing.
Mine eye doth his effigies witness,
Most truly limn'd, and living in your face. Shakespeare.
Emblems limned in lively colours. Peacham.
How are the glories of the field spun, and by what pencil
are they limned in their unaffected bravery? Glanville.

LI’MNER. n. s. [corrupted from enlumineur, a decorator of
books with initial pictures.]A painter; a picture-maker.
That divers limners at a distance, without either copy or
design, should draw the same picture to an undistinguishable
exactness, is more conceivable than that matter, which is
so diversified, should frame itself so inerringly, according to
the idea of its kind. Glanville's Scept.
Poets are limners of another kind,
To copy out ideas in the mind;
Words are the paint by which their thoughts are shown,
And nature is their object to be drawn. Granville.

LI’MOUS. adj. [limosus, Latin.]Muddy; slimy.
That country became a gained ground by the muddy and
limous matter brought down by the Nilus, which settled by
degrees unto a firm land. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
They esteemed this natural melancholick acidity to be the
limous or slimy fœculent part of the blood. Floyer.

LIMP. adj. [limpio, Italian.]
1. Vapid; weak.
The chub eats waterish, and the flesh of him is not firm,
limp and tasteless. Walton's Angler.
2. It is used in some provinces, and in Scotland, for limber,
flexile.

To LIMP. v. n. [limpen, Saxon.]To halt; to walk lamely.
An old poor man,
Who after me hath many a weary step
Limp'd in pure love. Shakesp. As you like it.
Son of sixteen,
Pluck the lin'd crutch from thy old limping sire. Shakesp.
How far
The substance of my praise doth wrong this shadow
In underprising it; so far this shadow
Doth limp behind the substance. Shakespeare.
When Plutus, which is riches, is sent from Jupiter, he
limps and goes slowly; but when he is sent by Pluto, he
runs, and is swift of foot. Bacon.
Limping death, lash'd on by fate,
Comes up to shorten half our date. Dryden's Horace.
The limping smith observ'd the sadden'd feast,
And hopping here and there put in his word. Dryden.
Can syllogism set things right?
No: majors soon with minors fight:
Or both in friendly consort join'd,
The consequence limps false behind. Prior.

LI’MPET. n. s. A kind of shell fish. Ainsworth.

LI’MPID. adj. [limpide, French; limpidus, Lat.]Clear; pure;
transparent.
The springs which were clear, fresh, and limpid, become
thick and turbid, and impregnated with sulphur as long as
the earthquake lasts. Woodward's Natural History.
The brook that purls along
The vocal grove, now fretting o'er a rock,
Gently diffus'd into a limpid plain. Thomson's Summer.

LI’MPIDNESS. n. s. [from limpid.]Clearness; purity.

LI’MPINGLY. adv. [from limp.]In a lame halting manner.

LI’MY. adj. [from lime.]
1. Viscous; glutinous.
Striving more, the more in laces strong
Himself he tied, and wrapt his winges twain
In limy snares the subtil loops among. Spenser.
2. Containing lime.
A human skull covered with the skin, having been bu­
ried in some limy soil, was tanned, or turned into a kind of
leather. Grew's Musœum.

LIN

To LIN. v. n. [ablinnan, Saxon.]To stop; to give over.
Unto his foe he came,
Resolv'd in mind all suddenly to win,
Or soon to lose before he once would lin. Fairy Queen.

LI’NCHPIN. n. s. [linch and pin.]An iron pin, that keeps the
wheel on the axle-tree. Dict.

LI’NCTUS. n. s. [from lingo, Latin.]Medicine licked up by
the tongue.

LINDEN. n. s. [lind, Saxon.]The lime tree. See LIME.
Hard box, and linden of a softer grain. Dryden.
Two neighb'ring trees, with walls encompass'd round,
One a hard oak, a softer linden one. Dryden.

LINE. n. s. [linea, Latin.]
1. Longitudinal extension.
Even the planets, upon this principle, must gravitate no
more towards the Sun; so that they would not revolve in
curve lines, but fly away in direct tangents, till they struck
against other planets. Bentley's Sermons.
2. A slender string.
Well sung the Roman bard; all human things,
Of dearest value, hang on slender strings;
O see the then sole hope, and in design
Of heav'n our joy, supported by a line. Waller.
A line seldom holds to strein, or draws streight in length,
above fifty or sixty feet. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
3. A thread extended to direct any operations.
We as by line upon the ocean go,
Whose paths shall be familiar as the land. Dryden.
4. The string that sustains the angler's hook.
Victorious with their lines and eyes,
They make the fishes and the men their prize. Waller.
5. Lineaments, or marks in the hand or face.
Long is it since I saw him,
But time hath nothing blurr'd those lines of favour
Which then he wore. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
I shall have good fortune; go to, here's a simple line of
life; here's a small trifle of wives. Shakespeare.
Here, while his canting drone-pipe scan'd
The mystic figures of her hand,
He tipples palmestry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines. Cleveland.
6. Delineation; sketch.
You have generous thoughts turned to such speculations:
but this is not enough towards the raising such buildings as
I have drawn you here the lines of, unless the direction of
all affairs here were wholly in your hands. Temple.
The inventors meant to turn such qualifications into per­
sons as were agreeable to his character, for whom the line
was drawn. Pope's Essay on Homer.
7. Contour; outline.
Oh lasting as those colours may they shine,
Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line! Pope.
8. As much as is written from one margin to the other: a
verse.
In the preceding line, Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa, yet im­
mediately changes the words into the masculine gender.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
In many lines these few epistles tell
What fate attends. Garth.
9. Rank.
10. Work thrown up; trench.
Now snatch an hour that favours thy designs,
Unite thy forces, and attack their lines. Dryden's æn.
11. Method; disposition.
The heavens themselves, the planets, and this center,
Observe degree, priority, and place,
Insisture, course, proportion, season, form,
Office and custom, in all line of order. Shakespeare.
12. Extension; limit.
Eden stretch'd her line
From Auran eastward to the royal tow'rs
Of great Seleucia. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
13. Equator; equinoctial circle.
When the sun below the line descends,
Then one long night continued darkness joins. Creech.
14. Progeny; family, ascending or descending.
He child the sisters
When first they put the name of king upon me,
And bade them speak to him; then prophet like,
They hail'd him father to a line of kings. Shakespeare.
He sends you this most memorable line,
In ev'ry branch truly demonstrative,
Willing you overlook this pedigree. Shakesp. Henry V.
Some lines were noted for a stern, rigid virtue, savage,
haughty, parsimonious and unpopular; others were sweet
and affable. Dryden.
His empire, courage, and his boasted line,
Were all prov'd mortal. Roscommon.


A golden bowl
The queen commanded to be crown'd with wine,
The bowl that Belus us'd, and all the Tyrian line. Dryd.
The years
Ran smoothly on, productive of a line
Of wise heroick kings. Philips.
15. A line is one tenth of an inch. Locke.
16. [In the plural.] A letter; as, I read your lines.
17. Lint or flax.

To LINE. v. a. [supposed by Junius from linum, linings being
made of linen.]
1. To cover on the inside.
A box lined with paper to receive the mercury that might
be spilt. Boyle.
2. To put any thing in the inside.
The charge amounteth very high for any one man's purse,
except lined beyond ordinary, to reach unto. Carew.
Her women are about her: what if I do line one of their
hands. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He, by a gentle bow, divin'd
How well a cully's purse was lin'd. Swift.
3. To guard within.
Notwithstanding they had lined some hedges with musque­
teers, they were totally dispersed. Clarendon, b. viii.
4. To strengthen by inner works.
Line and new repair our towns of war
With men of courage, and with means defendant. Shakes.
5. To cover.
Son of sixteen,
Pluck the lin'd crutch from thy old limping sire. Shakesp.
6. To double; to strengthen.
Who lin'd himself with hope,
Eating the air, on promise of supply. Shakespeare.
My brother Mortimer doth stir
About his title, and hath sent for you
To line his enterprise. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
The two armies were assigned to the leading of two ge­
nerals, both of them rather courtiers, and assured to the
state, than martial men; yet lined and assisted with subordi­
nate commanders of great experience and valour. Bacon.
7. To impregnate, applied to animals generating.
Thus from the Tyrian pastures lin'd with Jove
He bore Europa, and still keeps his love. Creech.

LINEAGE. n. s. [linage, French.]Race; progeny; family,
ascending or descending.
Both the lineage and the certain sire
From which I sprung, from me are hidden yet. Fa. Qu.
Joseph was of the house and lineage of David. Luke ii. 4.
The Tirsan cometh forth with all his generation or lineage,
the males before him, and the females following him; and
if there be a mother from whose body the whole lineage is
descended, there is a traverse where she sitteth. Bacon.
Men of mighty fame,
And from th' immortal gods their lineage came. Dryden.
No longer shall the widow'd land bemoan
A broken lineage, and a doubtful throne,
But boast her royal progeny's increase,
And count the pledges of her future peace. Addison.
This care was infused into them by God himself, in or­
der to ascertain the descent of the Messiah, and to prove that
he was, as the prophets had foretold, of the tribe of Ju­
dah, and of the lineage of David. Atterbury's Sermons.

LI’NEAL. adj. [linealis, from linea, Latin.]
1. Composed of lines; delineated.
When any thing is mathematically demonstrated weak,
it is much more mechanically weak; errors ever occurring
more easily in the management of gross materials than lineal
designs. Wotton's Architecture.
2. Descending in a direct genealogy.
To re-establish, de facto, the right of lineal succession to
paternal government, is to put a man in possession of that
government which his fathers did enjoy, and he by lineal suc­
cession had a right to. Locke.
3. Claimed by descent.
Peace be to France, if France in peace permit
Our just and lineal ent'rance to our own. Shakes. K. John.
4. Allied by direct descent.
Queen Isabel, his grandmother,
Was lineal of the lady Ermengere. Shakespeare's Henry V.
O that your brows my laurel had sustain'd!
Well had I been depos'd if you had reign'd:
The father had descended for the son;
For only you are lineal to the throne. Dryden.

LI’NEALLY. adv. [from lineal.]In a direct line.
If he had been the person upon whom the crown had
lineally and rightfully descended, it was good law. Clarendon.

LI’NEAMENT. n. s. [lineament, French; lineamentum, Latin.]
Feature; discriminating mark in the form.
When that my mother went with child
Of that insatiate Edward, noble York
Found that the issue was not his begot:
Which well appeared in his lineaments,
Being nothing like the noble duke, my father. Shakesp.
In companions
There must needs be a like proportion
Of lineaments, of manners, and of spirit. Shakespeare.
Six wings he wore, to shade
His lineaments divine. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Man he seems
In all his lineaments, though in his face
The glimpses of his father's glory shine. Paradise Reg.
There are not more differences in mens faces, and the
outward lineaments of their bodies, than there are in the
makes and tempers of their minds; only there is this dif­
ference, that the distinguishing characters of the face, and
the lineaments of the body, grow more plain with time, but
the peculiar physiognomy of the mind is most discernible in
children. Locke.
Advance religion and morals, by tracing some few linea­
ments in the character of a lady, who hath spent all her life
in the practice of both. Swift.
The utmost force of boiling water is not able to destroy
the structure of the tenderest plant: the lineaments of a white
lily will remain after the strongest decoction. Arbuthnot.

LI’NEAR. adj. [linearis, Latin.]Composed of lines; having
the form of lines.
Where-ever it is freed from the sand stone, it is covered
with linear striæ, tending towards several centers, so as to
compose flat stellar figures. Woodward on Fossils.

LINEA’TION. n. s. [lineatio, from linea.]Draught of a line or
lines.
There are in the horney ground two white lineations, with
two of a pale red. Woodward.

LI’NEN. n. s. [linum, Latin.]Cloth made of hemp or flax.
Here is a basket, he may creep in; throw foul linen upon
him, as if going to bucking. Shakesp. M. Wives of Windsor.
Unseen, unfelt, the fiery serpent skims
Between her linen and her naked limbs. Dryden's æn.

LI’NEN. adj. [lineus, Latin.]
1. Made of linen.
A linen stock on one leg, and a kersey boot hose on the
other, gartered with a red and blue list. Shakespeare.
2. Resembling linen.
Death of thy soul! those linen cheeks of thine
Are counsellors to fear. What soldiers, whey-face? Shak.

LINENDR’APER. n. s. [linen and draper.]He who deals in linen.

LING. n. s. [ling, Islandick.]
1. Heath. This sense is retained in the northern counties; yet
Bacon seems to distinguish them.
Heath, and ling, and sedges. Bacon's Natural History.
2. [Linghe, Dutch.] A kind of sea fish.
When harvest is ended take shipping, or ride,
Ling, salt fish, and herring, for lent to provide. Tusser.
Our English bring from thence good store of fish, but
especially our deepest and thickest ling, which are therefore
called island lings. Abbot's Descript. of the World.

LING. The termination notes commonly diminution; as,
kitling, and is derived from klein, German, little; some­
times a quality; as, firstling, in which sense Skinner deduces
it from langen, old Teutonick, to belong.

To LI’NGER. v. n. [from leng, Saxon, long.]
1. To remain long in languor and pain.
Like wretches, that have linger'd long,
We'll snatch the strongest cordial of our love. Dryden.
Better to rush at once to shades below,
Than linger life away, and nourish woe. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To hesitate; to be in suspense.
Perhaps thou ling'rest, in deep thoughts detain'd
Of th' enterprize so hazardous and high. Paradise Reg.
3. To remain long. In an ill sense.
Let order die,
And let this world no longer be a stage
To feed contention in a ling'ring act. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Ye breth'ren of the lyre, and tuneful voice,
Lament his lot; but at your own rejoice.
Now live secure, and linger out your days;
The gods are pleas'd alone with Purcel's lays. Dryden.
Your very fear of death shall make ye try
To catch the shade of immortality;
Wishing on earth to linger, and to save
Part of its prey from the devouring grave. Prior.
4. To remain long without any action or determination.
We have lingered about a match between Anne Page
and my cousin Slender, and this day we shall have our an­
swer. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
5. To wait long in expectation or uncertainty.
I must sollicit
All his concerns as mine:
And if my eyes have pow'r, he should not sue
In vain, nor linger with a long delay. Dryden's Cleomenes.
6. To be long in producing effect.
She doth think, she has strange ling'ring poisons. Shakesp.



To LI’NGER. v. a. To protract; to draw out to length. Out
of use.
I can get no remedy against this consumption of the purse.
Borrowing only lingers and lingers it out, but the disease is
incurable. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
She lingers my desires. Shakespeare.
Let your brief plagues be mercy,
And linger not our sure destructions on. Shakespeare.

LI’NGERER. n. s. [from linger.]One who lingers.

LI’NGERINGLY. adj. [from lingering.]With delay; tediously.
Of poisons, some kill more gently and lingeringly, others
more violently and speedily, yet both kill. Hale.

LI’NGET. n. s. [from languet; lingot, French.]A small mass
of metal.
Other matter hath been used for money, as among the
Lacedemonians, iron lingets quenched with vinegar, that they
may serve to no other use. Camden.

LI’NGO. n. s. [Portuguese.]Language; tongue; speech. A
low cant word.
I have thoughts to learn somewhat of your lingo, before I
cross the seas. Congreve's Way of the World.

LINGUA’CIOUS. ad. [linguax, Latin.]Full of tongue; loqua­
cious; talkative.

LINGUADE’NTAL. adj. [lingua and dens, Latin.]Uttered by
the joint action of the tongue and teeth.
The linguadentals f, v, as also the linguadentals th, dh, he
will soon learn. Holder's Elements of Speech.

LI’NGUIST. n. s. [from lingua.]A man skilful in languages.
Though a linguist should pride himself to have all the
tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he had not
studied the solid things in them, as well as the words and
lexicons, he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned
man, as any yeoman or tradesman competently wise in his
mother dialect only. Milton on Education.
Our linguist received extraordinary rudiments towards a
good education. Addison's Spectator.

LI’NGWORT. n. s. An herb.

LI’NIMENT. n. s. [liniment, French; linimentum, Lat.]Oint­
ment; balsam; unguent.
The nostrils, and the jugular arteries, ought to be anoint­
ed every morning with this liniment or balsam. Harvey.
The wise author of nature hath provided on the rump two
glandules, which the bird catches hold upon with her bill,
and squeezes out an oily pap or liniment, fit for the inunction
of the feathers. Ray on Creation.

LI’NING. n. s. [from line.]
1. The inner covering of any thing; the inner double of a
garment.
Was I deceived, or did a sable cloud
Turn forth her silver lining on the night. Milton.
The folds in the gristle of the nose is covered with a lining,
which differs from the facing of the tongue. Grew's Cosmol.
The gown with stiff embroid'ry shining,
Looks charming with a slighter lining. Prior.
2. That which is within.
The lining of his coffers shall make coats
To deck our soldiers for these Irish wars. Shakespeare.

LINK. n. s. [gelencke, German.]
1. A single ring of a chain.
The Roman state, whose course will yet go on
The way it takes, cracking ten thousand curbs
Of more strong links asunder, than can ever
Appear in your impediment. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The moral of that poetical fiction, that the uppermost link
of all the series of subordinate causes, is fastened to Jupiter's
chair, signifies an useful truth. Hale.
Truths hang together in a chain of mutual dependance;
you cannot draw one link without attracting others. Glanville.
While she does her upward flight sustain,
Touching each link of the continued chain,
At length she is oblig'd and forc'd to see
A first, a source, a life, a deity. Prior.
2. Any thing doubled and closed together.
Make a link of horse hair very strong, and fasten it to the
end of the stick that springs. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. A chain; any thing connecting.
Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron,
Can be retentive to the strength of spirit. Shakespeare.
I feel
The link of nature draw me; flesh of flesh,
Bone of my bone thou art. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Fire, flood and earth, and air, by this were bound,
And love, the common link, the new creation crown'd.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.
4. Any single part of a series or chain of consequences; a gra­
dation in ratiocination; a proposition joined to a foregoing
and following proposition.
The thread and train of consequences in intellective ra­
tiocination is often long, and chained together by divers
links, which cannot be done in imaginative ratiocination by
some attributed to brutes. Judge Hale.
5. A series: this sense is improper. Addison has used link for
chain.
Though I have here only chosen this single link of martyrs,
I might find out others among those names which are still
extant, that delivered down this account of our Saviour in a
successive tradition. Addison on the Christian Religion.
6. [From ????.] A torch made of pitch and hards.
O, thou art an everlasting bonefire light; thou hast saved
me a thousand marks in links and torches, walking with thee
in the night betwixt tavern and tavern. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Whereas history should be the torch of truth, he makes
her in divers places a fulginous link of lies. Howel.
Round as a globe, and liquor'd every chink,
Goodly and great he sails behind his link. Dryden.
One that bore a link
On a sudden clapp'd his flaming cudgel,
Like Linstock, to the horse's touch-hole. Hudibras, p. ii.
7. Perhaps in the following passage it may mean lamp-black.
There was no link to colour Peter's hat;
And Walter's dagger was not come from sheathing. Shak.

To LINK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To complicate; as, the links of a chain.
Descending tread us down
Thus drooping; or with linked thunderbolts
Transfix us to the bottom of this gulph. Milt. Par. Lost.
Against eating cares,
Lap me in soft Lydian airs;
Married to immortal verse,
Such as the meeting soul may pierce
In notes, with many a winding bought
Of linked sweetness long drawn out. Milton.
2. To unite; to conjoin in concord.
They're so link'd in friendship,
That young prince Edward marries Warwick's daughter.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
3. To join.
Link towns to towns with avenues of oak,
Inclose whole downs in walls, 'tis all a joke. Pope's Hor.
So from the first eternal order ran,
And creature link'd to creature, man to man. Pope.
4. To join by confederacy or contract.
They make an offer of themselves into the service of that
enemy, with whose servants they link themselves in so near a
bond. Hooker, b. ii.
Be advised for the best,
Ere thou thy daughter link in holy band
Of wedlock, to that new unknown guest. Fairy Queen.
Blood in princes link'd not in such sort,
As that it is of any pow'r to tye. Daniel's Civil War.
5. To connect.
New hope to spring
Out of despair; joy, but with fear yet link'd. Milton.
God has linkt our hopes and our duty together. Dec. of Pi.
So gracious hath God been to us, as to link together our
duty and our interest, and to make those very things the in­
stances of our obedience, which are the natural means and causes of our happiness. Tillotson's Sermons.
6. To unite or concatenate in a regular series of consequences.
These things are linked, and, as it were, chained one to
another: we labour to eat, and we eat to live, and we live
to do good; and the good which we do is as seed sown, with
reference unto a future harvest. Hooker, b. i.
Tell me, which part it does necessitate?
Ill chuse the other; there I'll link th' effect;
A chain, which fools to catch themselves project! Dryd.
By which chain of ideas thus visibly linked together in
train, i. e. each intermediate idea agreeing on each side with
those two, it is immediately placed between, the ideas of
men and self-determination appear to be connected. Locke.

LI’NKBOY. n. s. [link and boy.]A boy that carries a torch to
accommodate passengers with light.
What a ridiculous thing it was, that the continued sha­
dow of the earth should be broken by sudden miraculous dis­
clusions of light, to prevent the officiousness of the linkboy.
More's Divine Dialogues.
Though thou art tempted by the linkman's call,
Yet trust him not along the lonely wall. Gay.
In the black form of cinder wench she came.
O may no linkboy interrupt their love. Gay's Trivia.

LI’NNET. n. s. [linot, French.]A small singing bird.
The swallows make use of celandine, the linnet of euphra­
gia, for the repairing of their sight. More's Antidote.
Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat? Pope.

LINSE’ED. n. s. [semen lini, Latin.]The seed of flax, which is
much used in medicine.
The joints may be closed with a cement of lime, linseed
oil, and cotton. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LI’NSEYWOOLSEY. adj. [linen and wool.]Made of linen and
wool mixed. Vile; mean; of different and unsuitable parts.
A lawless linseywoolsie brother,
Half of one order, half another. Hudibras, p. i.
Peel'd, patch'd and pyebald, linseywoolsey brothers,
Grave mummers! sleeveless some, and shirtless others.
Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.



LI’NSTOCK. n. s. [lunte or lente, Teutonick, lint and stock.]A
staff of wood with a match at the end of it, used by gunners
in firing cannon. Hanmer.
The nimble gunner
With lynstock now the devilish cannon touches,
And down goes all before him. Shakesp. Henry V.
The distance judg'd for shot of ev'ry size,
The linstocks touch, the pond'rous ball expires. Dryden.

LINT. n. s. [linteum, Latin; llin, Welsh and Erse.]
1. The soft substance commonly called flax.
2. Linen scraped into soft woolly substance to lay on sores.
I dressed them up with unguentum basilici cum vitello ovi,
upon pledgits of lint. Wiseman's Surgery.

LI’NTEL. n. s. [linteaux, from linteal; French.]That part of
the door frame that lies cross the door posts over head.
Take a bunch of hysop, and dip it in the blood that is in
the bason, and strike the lintel and the two side posts. Exod.
When you lay any timber on brick work, as lintels over
windows, lay them in loam, which is a great preserver of
timber. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
Silver the lintals deep projecting o'er,
And gold the ringlets that command the door. Pope's Odys.

LI’ON. n. s. [lion, French; leo, Latin.]The fiercest and most
magnanimous of fourfooted beasts.
King Richard's sirname was Cor-de-Lion, for his lion-like
courage. Camden's Remains.
Dismay'd not this
Our captains Macbeth and Banquo?—Yes,
As sparrows, eagles, or the hare, the lion. Shakespeare.
Be lion mettled; proud, and take no care
Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are;
Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be. Shakes. Macbeth.
The sphinx, a famous monster in Egypt, had the face of
a virgin, and the body of a lion. Peacham on Drawing.
They rejoice
Each with their kind, lion with lioness;
So fitly them in pairs thou hast combin'd. Milt. Pa. Lost.
The lion for the honours of his skin,
The squeezing crab, and stinging scorpion shine
For aiding heaven, when giants dar'd to brave
The threat'ned stars. Crecch's Manilius.
See lion hearted Richard,
Piously valiant, like a torrent swell'd
With wintry tempests, that disdains all mounds,
Breaking away impetuous, and involves
Within its sweep trees, houses, men, he press'd,
Amidst the thickest battle. Philips.

LI’ONESS. n. s. [seminine of lion.]A she lion.
Under which bush's shade, a lioness
Lay couching head on ground, with catlike watch
When that the sleeping man should stir. Shakespeare.
The furious lioness,
Forgetting young ones, through the fields doth roar. May.
The greedy lioness the wolf pursues,
The wolf the kid, the wanton kid the browze. Dryden.
If we may believe Pliny, lions do, in a very severe man­
ner, punish the adulteries of the lioness. Ayliffe's Parergon.

LI’ONLEAF. n. s. [leontopetalon, Latin.]
It hath a thick tuberose perennial root; the flower is
naked, and consists of five or six petals, which expand in
form of a rose, garnished with five stamina; in the middle
of the flower arises the pointal, which afterward becomes a
bladder, containing many spherical seeds. Miller.

LI’ON'S-MOUTH. n. s. [from lion.]The name of an herb.

LI’ON'S-PAW. n. s. [from lion.]The name of an herb.

LI’ON'S-TAIL. n. s. [from lion.]The name of an herb.

LI’ON'S-TOOTH. n. s. [from lion.]The name of an herb.

LIP

LIP. n. s. [lippe, Saxon.]
1. The outer part of the mouth, the muscles that shoot beyond
the teeth, which are of so much use in speaking, that they
are used for all the organs of speech.
Those happiest smiles
That play'd on her ripe lip, seem'd not to know
What guests were in her eyes. Shakesp. King Lear.
No falshood shall defile my lips with lies,
Or with a vail of truth disguise. Sandys's Paraph. on Job.
Her lips blush deeper sweets. Thompson's Spring.
2. The edge of any thing.
In many places is a ridge of mountains some distance from
the sea, and a plain from their roots to the shore; which
plain was formerly covered by the sea, which bounded against
those hills as its first ramparts, or as the ledges or lips of its
vessel. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
In wounds, the lips sink and are flaccid; a gleet followeth,
and the flesh within withers. Wiseman's Surgery.
3. To make a lip; to hang the lip in fullenness and contempt.
A letter for me! It gives me an estate of seven years
health; in which time I will make a lip at the physician.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To LIP. v. a. [from the noun.]To kiss. Obsolete.
A hand, that kings
Have lipt, and trembled kissing. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Oh! 'tis the fiend's arch mock,
To lip a wanton, and suppose her chaste. Shakespeare.

LIPLA’BOUR. n. s. [lip and labour.]Action of the lips without
concurrence of the mind; words without sentiments.
Fasting, when prayer is not directed to its own purposes,
is but liplabour. Taylor's Rule of holy living.

LIPO’THYMOUS. adj. [?e?p? and ???.]Swooning; fainting.
If the patient be surprised with a lipothymous anguor, and
great oppression about the stomach and hypochonders, expect
no relief from cordials. Harvey on the Plague.

LIPO’THYMY. n. s. [?e?p?????a.]Swoon; fainting fit.
The senators falling into a lipothymy, or deep swooning,
made up this pageantry of death with a representing of it
unto life. Taylor's worthy Communicant.
In lipothymys or swoonings, he used the frication of this fin­
ger with saffron and gold. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

LI’PPED. adj. [from lip.]Having lips.

LI’PPITUDE. n. s. [lippitude, Fr. lippitude, Latin.]Bleared­
ness of eyes.
Diseases that are infectious are, such as are in the spirits
and not so much in the humours, and therefore pass easily
from body to body; such are pestilences and lippitudes. Bac.

LI’PWISDOM. n. s. [lip and wisdom.]Wisdom in talk without
practice.
I find that all is but lipwisdom, which wants experienco; I
now, woe is me, do try what love can do. Sidney, b. i.

LIQ

LI’QUABLE. adj. [from liquo, Latin.]Such as may be melted.

LI’QUATION. n. s. [from liquo, Latin.]
1. The art of melting.
2. Capacity to be melted.
The common opinion hath been, that crystal is nothing
but ice and snow concreted, and by duration of time, con­
gealed beyond liquation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

To LI’QUATE. v. n. [liquo, Latin.]To melt; to liquefy.
If the salts be not drawn forth before the clay is baked,
they are apt to liquate. Woodward on Fossils.

LIQUEFA’CTION. n. s. [liquesactio, Lat. liquesaction, French.]
The act of melting; the state of being melted.
Heat dissolveth and melteth bodies that keep in their spirits,
as in divers liquefactions; and so doth time in honey, which
by age waxeth more liquid. Bacon's Natural History.
The burning of the earth will be a true liquefaction or dis­
solution of it, as to the exterior region. Burnet.

LI’QUEFIABLE. adj. [from liquefy.]Such as may be melted.
There are three causes of fixation, the even spreading of
the spirits and tangible parts, the closeness of the tangible
parts, and the jejuneness or extreme comminution of spirits;
the two first may be joined with a nature liquefiable, the last
not. Bacon's Natural History, N. 799.

To LI’QUEFY. v. a. [liquefier, French; liquefacio, Latin.]
To melt; to dissolve.
That degree of heat which is in lime and ashes, being a
smothering heat, is the most proper, for it doth neither liquesy
nor rarefy; and that is true maturation. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To LIQUEFY. v. n. To grow limpid.
The blood of St. Januarius liquefied at the approach of the
saint's head. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

LIQUE’SCENCY. n. s. [liquescentia, Latin.]Aptness to melt.

LIQUE’SCENT. n. s. [liquescens, Latin.]Melting.

LI’QUID. adj. [liquide, French; liquidus, Latin.]
1. Not solid; not forming one continuous substance; fluid.
Gently rolls the liquid glass. Daniel.
2. Soft; clear.
Her breast, the sug'red nest
Of her delicious soul, that there does lie,
Bathing in streams of liquid melody. Crashaw.
3. Pronounced without any jar or harshness.
The many liquid consonants give a pleasing sound to the
words, though they are all of one syllable. Dryden's æn.
Let Carolina smooth the tuneful lay,
Lull with Amelia's liquid name the nine,
And sweetly flow through all the royal line. Pope's Horace.
4. Dissolved, so as not to be obtainable by law.
If a creditor should appeal to hinder the burial of his
debtor's corpse, his appeal ought not to be received, since the
business of burial requires a quick dispatch, though the debt
be entirely liquid. Ayliffe's Parergon.

LI’QUID. n. s. Liquid substance; liquor.
Be it thy choice, when Summer heats annoy,
To sit beneath her leafy canopy,
Quaffing rich liquids. Philips.

To LI’QUIDATE. v. a. [from liquid.]To clear away; to les­
sen debts.

LIQUI’DITY. n. s. [from liquid.]Subtilty.
The spirits, for their liquidity, are more incapable than the
fluid medium, which is the conveyer of sounds, to persevere
in the continued repetition of vocal airs. Glanville's Scep.

LI’QUIDNESS. n. s. [from liquid.]Quality of being liquid;
fluency.
Oil of anniseeds, in a cool place, thickened into the con­
sistence of white butter, which, with the least heat, resumed
its former liquidness. Boyle.



LI’QUOR. n. s. [liquor, Latin; liqueur, French.]
1. Any thing liquid: it is commonly used of fluids inebriating,
or impregnated with something, or made by decoction.
Nor envy'd them the grape
Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes. Milton.
Sin taken into the soul, is like a liquor poured into a ves­
sel; so much of it as it fills, it also seasons. South's Sermons.
2. Strong drink; in familiar language.

To LIQUOR. v. a. [from the noun.]To drench or moisten.
Cart wheels squeak not when they are liquored. Bacon.

LIRICO’NFANCY. n. s. A flower.

LIS

LISNE. n. s. A cavity; a hollow.
In the lisne of a rock at Kingscote in Gloucestershire, I
found a bushel of petrified cockles, each near as big as my
fist. Judge Hale's Originat. of Mankind.

To LISP. v. n. [thlisp, Saxon.]To speak with too frequent
appulses of the tongue to the teeth or palate, like children.
Come, I cannot cog, and say, thou art this and that, like
a many of these lisping hawthorn buds, that come like wo­
men in mens apparel, and smell like Bucklersbury in simpling
time. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Scarce had she learnt to lisp a name
Of martyr, yet she thinks it shame
Life should so long play with that breath,
Which spent can buy so brave a death. Crashaw.
They ramble not to learn the mode,
How to be drest, or how to lisp abroad. Cleaveland.
Appulse partial, giving some passage to breath, is made to
the upper teeth, and causes a lisping sound, the breath being
strained through the teeth. Holder's Elements of Speech.
As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame,
I lisp'd in numbers, for the numbers came. Pope.

LISP. n. s. [from the verb.]The act of lisping.
I overheard her answer, with a very pretty lisp, O! Stre­
phon, you are a dangerous creature. Tatler, No. 60.

LI’SPER. n. s. [from lisp.]One who lisps.

LIST. n. s. [liste, French.]
1. A roll; a catalogue.
He was the ablest emperor of all the list. Bacon.
Some say the loadstone is poison, and therefore in the lists
of poisons we find it in many authors. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Bring next the royal list of Stuarts forth,
Undaunted minds, that rul'd the rugged north. Prior.
2. [Lice, French.] Inclosed ground in which tilts are run, and
combats fought.
The ocean, overpeering of his list,
Eats not the flats with more impetuous haste
Than young Laertes in a riotous head
O'er-bears your officers. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
She within lists my ranging mind hath brought,
That now beyond myself I will not go. Davies.
Till now alone the mighty nations strove,
The rest, at gaze, without the lists did stand;
And threat'ning France, plac'd like a painted Jove,
Kept idle thunder in his lifted hand. Dryden.
Paris thy son, and Sparta's king advance,
In measur'd lists to toss the weighty lance;
And who his rival shall in arms subdue,
His be the dame, and his the treasure too. Pope's Iliad.
3. [Lystan, Saxon.] Desire; willingness; choice.
Alas, she has no speech!
—Too much;
I find it still when I have list to sleep. Shakesp. Othello.
Nothing of passion or peevishness, or list to contradict,
shall have any bias on my judgment. King Charles.
He saw false reynard where he lay full low;
I need not swear he had no list to crow. Dryden.
4. [Licium, Latin; lisse, French.] A strip of cloth.
A linen stock on one leg, and a kersey boot hose on the
other, gartered with a red and blue list. Shakespeare.
Instead of a list of cotton, or the like filtre, we made use
of a siphon of glass. Boyle.
A list the cobler's temples ties,
To keep the hair out of his eyes. Swift.
5. A border.
They thought it better to let them stand as a list, or mar­
ginal border, unto the Old Testament. Hooker, b. v.

To LIST. v. n. [lystan, Saxon.]To chuse; to desire; to be
disposed; to incline.
Let other men think of your devices as they list, in my
judgment they be mere fansies. Whitgift.
Unto them that add to the word of God what them listeth,
and make God's will submit unto their will, and break God's
commandments for their own tradition's sake, unto them it
seemeth not good. Hooker, b. ii.
They imagine, that laws which permit them not to do as
they would, will endure them to speak as they list. Hooker.
To fight in field, or to defend this wall,
Point what you list, I nought refuse at all. Fairy Queen.
Now by my mother's son, and that's myself,
It shall be moon, or star, or what I list. Shakespeare.
Kings, lords of times, and of occasions, may
Take their advantage when, and how, they list. Daniel.
When they list, into the womb
That bred them they return; and howl, and gnaw
My bowels, their repast. Milton's Paradise Lost.

To LIST. v. a. [from list, a roll.]
1. To enlist; to enrol or register.
For a man to give his name to Christianity in those days,
was to list himself a martyr, and to bid farewel not only to
the pleasures, but also to the hopes of this life. South.
They list with women each degen'rate name,
Who dares not hazard life for future fame. Dryden's æn.
2. To retain and enrol soldiers.
The lords would, by listing their own servants, persuade
the gentlemen in the town to do the like. Clarendon, b. viii.
The king who raised this wall appointed a million of sol­
diers, who were listed and paid for the defence of it against
the Tartars. Temple.
Two hundred horse he shall command;
Though few, a warlike and well-chosen band,
These in my name are listed. Dryden.
3. [From list; enclosed ground.] To enclose for combats.
How dares your pride presume against my laws,
As in a listed field to fight your cause?
Unask'd the royal grant. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
4. [From list, a shred or border.] To sew together, in such
a sort as to make a particoloured shew.
Some may wonder at such an accumulation of benefits,
like a kind of embroidering or listing of one favour upon
another. Wotton's Life of Buckingham.
5. [Contracted from listen.] To hearken to; to listen; to at­
tend.
Then weigh, what loss your honour may sustain,
If with too credent ear you list his songs;
Or lose your heart, or your chaste treasure open
To his unmaster'd importunity. Shakesp. Hamlet.
I, this sound I better know:
List! I would I could hear mo. Benj. Johnson.

LI’STED. adj. Striped; particoloured in long streaks.
Over his head beholds
A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow
Conspicuous, with three listed colours gay,
Betok'ning peace from God, and cov'nant new. Milton.
As the show'ry arch
With listed colours gay, or, azure, gules,
Delights, and puzzles the beholder's eyes. Philips.

To LISTEN. v. a. To hear; to attend. Obsolete.
Lady, vouchsafe to listen what I say. Shakespeare.
One cried, God bless us! and, amen! the other;
As they had seen me with these hangman's hands,
Listening their fear I could not say, amen. Shakespeare.
He, that no more must say, is listened more
Than they whom youth and ease have taught to glose.
Shakespeare's Richard II.
The wonted roar was up amidst the woods,
And filled the air with barbarous dissonance,
At which I ceas'd and listen'd them a while. Milton.

To LI’STEN. v. n. To hearken; to give attention.
Listen to me, and if you speak me fair,
I'll tell you news. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Antigonus used often to go disguised, and listen at the tents
of his soldiers; and at a time heard some that spoke very ill
of him: whereupon he said, If you speak ill of me, you
should go a little farther off. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Listen, O isles, unto me, and hearken, ye people. Isa. xlix.
When we have occasion to listen, and give a more parti­
cular attention to some sound, the tympanum is drawn to a
more than ordinary tension. Holder's Elements of Speech.
On the green bank I sat, and listen'd long;
Nor till her lay was ended could I move,
But wish'd to dwell for ever in the grove. Dryden.
He shall be receiv'd with more regard,
And listen'd to, than modest truth is heard. Dryden.
To this humour most of our late comedies owe their suc­
cess: the audience listens after nothing else. Addison.

LI’STNER. n. s. [from listen.]One that hearkens: a hearkener.
They are light of belief, and great listners after news.
Howell.
Listeners never hear well of themselves. L'Estrange.
If she constantly attends the tea, and be a good listener,
she may make a tolerable figure, which will serve to draw
in the young chaplain. Swift.
The hush word, when spoke by any brother in a lodge,
was a warning to the rest to have a care of listeners. Swift.

LI’STLESS. adj. [from list.]
1. Without inclination; without any determination to one
thing more than another.
Intemperance and sensuality clog mens spirits, make them
gross, listless, and unactive. Tillotson's Sermons.
If your care to wheat alone extend,
Let Maja with her sisters first descend,


Before you trust in earth your future hope,
Or else expect a listless, lazy, crop. Dryden's Virg.
Lazy lolling sort
Of ever listless loit'rers, that attend
No cause, no trust. Pope.
I was listless and desponding. Gulliver.
2. Careless; heedless.
The sick for air before the portal gasp,
Or idle in their empty hives remain,
Benum'd with cold, and listless of their gain. Dryden.

LI’STLESLY. adv. [from listless.]Without thought; without
attention.
To know this perfectly, watch him at play, and see whe­
ther he be stirring and active, or whether he lazily and list­
lesly dreams away his time. Locke on Education.

LI’STLESNESS. n. s. [from listless.]Inattention; want of de­
sire.
It may be the palate of the soul is indisposed by listlesness
or sorrow. Taylor.

LIT

LIT, the preterite of light; whether to light signifies to happen,
or to set on fire, or guide with light.
Believe thyself, thy eyes,
That first inflam'd, and lit me to thy love,
Those stars, that still must guide me to my joy. Southern.
I lit my pipe with the paper. Addison's Spectator.

LI’TANY. n. s. [????e?a; litanie, French.]A form of suppli­
catory prayer.
Supplications, with solemnity for the appeasing of God's
wrath, were, of the Greek church, termed litanies and ro­
gations of the latin. Hooker, b. v.
Recollect your sins that you have done that week, and all
your life-time; and recite humbly and devoutly some peni­
tential litanies. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.

LI’TERAL. adj. [literal, French; litera, Latin.]
1. According to the primitive meaning, not figurative.
Through all the writings of the antient fathers, we see
that the words, which were, do continue; the only dif­
ference is, that whereas before they had a literal, they now
have a metaphorical use, and are as so many notes of re­
membrance unto us, that what they did signify in the letter,
is accomplished in the truth. Hooker, b. iv.
A foundation, being primarily of use in architecture, hath
no other literal notation but what belongs to it in relation
to an house, or other building, nor figurative, but what is
founded in that, and deduced from thence. Hammond.
2. Following the letter, or exact words.
The fittest for publick audience are such as, following a
middle course between the rigour of literal translations and the
liberty of paraphrasts, do with greater shortness and plainness
deliver the meaning. Hooker, b. v.
3. Consisting of letters; as, the literal notation of numbers
was known to Europeans before the cyphers.

LI’TERAL. n. s. Primitive or literal meaning.
How dangerous it is in sensible things to use metaphorical
expressions unto the people, and what absurd conceits they
will swallow in their literals, an example we have in our
profession. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

LI’TERALLY. adv. [from literal.]
1. According to the primitive import of words; not figura­
tively.
That a man and his wife are one flesh, I can comprehend
the meaning of; yet literally taken, it is a thing impossible. Swift.
2. With close adherence to words.
Endeavouring to turn his Nisus and Euryalus as close as I
was able, I have performed that episode too literally; that
giving more scope to Mezentius and Lausus, that version,
which has more of the majesty of Virgil, has less of his con­
ciseness. Dryden.
So wild and ungovernable a poet cannot be translated lite­
rally; his genius is too strong to bear a chain. Dryden.

LITERA’LITY. n. s. [from literal.]Original meaning.
Not attaining the true deuteroscopy and second inten­
tion of the words, they are fain to omit their supercon­
sequences, coherences, figures, or tropologies, and are not
sometimes persuaded by fire beyond their literalities. Brown.

LITERA’TI. n. s. [Italian.]The learned.
I shall consult some literati on the project sent me for the
discovery of the longitude. Spectator, No. 581.

LI’TERATURE. n. s. [literatura, Latin.]Learning; skill in
letters.
This kingdom hath been famous for good literature; and
if preferment attend deservers, there will not want supplies.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
When men of learning are acted by a knowledge of the
world, they give a reputation to literature, and convince the
world of its usefulness. Addison's Freeholder, No. 377.

LI’THARGE. n. s. [litharge, French; lithargyrum, Latin.]
Litharge is properly lead vitrified, either alone or with a
mixture of copper. This recrement is of two kinds, litharge
of gold, and litharge of silver. It is collected from the fur­
naces where silver is separated from lead, or from those where
gold and silver are purified by means of that metal. The li­
tharge sold in the shops is produced in the copper works,
where lead has been used to purify that metal, or to separate
silver from it. It is used in ointments and plaisters, and is
drying, abtergent, and slightly astrictive. Hill's Mat. Med.
I have seen some parcels of glass adhering to the test or
cupel as well as the gold or litharge. Boyle.
If the lead be blown off from the silver by the bellows, it
will, in great part, be collected in the form of a darkish
powder; which, because it is blown off from silver, they
call litharge of silver. Boyle.

LITHE. adj. [lithe, Saxon.]Limber; flexible; pliant; easily
bent.
Th' unwieldly elephant,
To make them mirth, us'd all his might, and wreath'd
His lithe proboscis. Milton's Paradise Lost.

LI’THENESS. n. s. [from lithe.]Limberness; flexibility.

LI’THER. adj. [from lithe.]Soft; pliant.
Thou antick, death,
Two Talbots winged through the lither sky,
In thy despight shall 'scape mortality. Shakespeare.
[Lther, Saxon.]Bad; sorry; corrupt. It is in the work of
Robert of Gloucester written luther.

LITHO’GRAPHY. n. s. [???? and ??a??.]The art or prac­
tice of engraving upon stones.

LI’THOMANCY. n. s. [???? and ????a.]Prediction by stones.
As strange must be the lithomancy, or divination, from this
stone, whereby Helenus the prophet foretold the destruction
of Troy. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

LITHONTRI’PTICK. adj. [???? and t???; lithontriptique,
French.]Any medicine proper to dissolve the stone in the
kidneys or bladder.

LITHO’TOMIST. n. s. [???? and t????.]A chirurgeon who
extracts the stone by opening the bladder.

LITHO’TOMY. n. s. [???? and t????.]The art or practice of
cutting for the stone.

LI’TIGANT. n. s. [litigans, Latin; litigant, French.]One en­
gaged in a suit of law.
The cast litigant sits not down with one cross verdict, but
recommences his suit. Decay of Piety.
The litigants tear one another to pieces for the benefit of
some third interest. L'Estrange's Fables.

LI’TIGANT. adj. Engaged in a juridical contest.
Judicial acts are those writings and matters which relate to
judicial proceedings, and are sped in open court at the in­
stance of one or both of the parties litigant. Ayliffe's Parerg.

To LIT’IGATE. v. a. [litigo, Latin.]To contest in law; to
debate by judicial process.

To LI’TIGATE. v. n. To manage a suit; to carry on a cause.
The appellant, after the interposition of an appeal, still
litigates in the same cause. Ayliffe's Parergon.

LITIGA’TION. n. s. [litigatio, Latin; from litigate.]Judicial
contest; suit of law.
Never one clergyman had experience of both litigations,
that hath not confessed, he had rather have three suits in
Westminster-hall, than one in the arches. Clarendon.

LITI’GIOUS. adj. [litigieux, French.]
1. Inclinable to law-suits; quarrelsome; wrangling.
Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still
Litigious men, who quarrels move. Donne.
His great application to the law, had not infected his tem­
per with any thing positive or litigious. Addison.
2. Disputable; controvertible.
In litigious and controversed causes, the will of God is to
have them to do whatsoever the sentence of judicial and 
final decision shall determine. Hooker.
No fences parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds,
Distinguish'd acres of litigious grounds. Dryden's Georg.

LITI’GIOUSLY. adv. [from litigious.]Wranglingly.

LITI’GIOUSNESS. n. s. [from litigious.]A wrangling disposi­
tion.

LI’TTER. n. s. [litiere, French.]
1. A kind of vehiculary bed; a carriage capable of containing
a bed hung between two horses.
To my litter strait;
Weakness possesseth me. Shakesp. King John.
He was carried in a rich chariot litterwise, with two horses
at each end. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The drowsy frighted steeds,
That draw the litter of close curtain'd sleep. Milton.
Here modest matrons in soft litters driv'n,
In solemn pomp appear. Dryden's æn.
Litters thick besiege the donor's gate,
And begging lords and teeming ladies wait
The promis'de dole. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. The straw laid under animals, or on plants.
To crouch in litter of your stable planks. Shakespeare.
Take off the litter from your kernel beds. Evelyn.
Their litter is not toss'd by sows unclean. Dryd. Virg.
3. A brood of young.


I do here walk before thee like a sow that hath over­
whelmed all her litter but one. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Reflect upon that numerous litter of strange, senseless opi­
nions, that crawl about the world. South's Serm.
A wolf came to a sow, and very kindly offered to take
care of her litter. L'Estrange's Fables.
Full many a year his hateful head had been
For tribute paid, nor since in Cambria seen:
The last of all the litter 'scap'd by chance,
And from Geneva first infested France. Dryden.
4. Any number of things thrown sluttishly about.
Strephon, who found the room was void,
Stole in, and took a strict survey
Of all the litter as it lay. Swift.
5. A birth of animals.
Fruitful as the sow that carry'd
The thirty pigs at one large litter farrow'd. Dryd. Juv.

To LI’TTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bring forth: used of beasts, or of human beings in ab­
horrence or contempt.
Then was this iland,
Save for the son that she did litter here,
A freckled whelp, hag-born, not honour'd with
A human shape. Shakespeare's Tempest.
My father named me Auctolicus, being littered under Mer­
cury, who, as I am, was likewise a snapper up of uncon­
sidered trifles. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
The whelps of bears are, at first littering, without all
form or fashion. Hakewill on Providence.
We might conceive that dogs were created blind, because
we observe they were littered so with us. Brown.
2. To cover with things negligently, or sluttishly scattered
about.
They found
The room with volumes litter'd round. Swift.
3. To cover with straw.
He found a stall where oxen stood,
But for his ease well litter'd was the floor. Dryden.
4. To supply cattle with bedding.

LI’TTLE. adj. [comp. less, superlat. least; leitels, Gothick;
ltel, Saxon.]
1. Small in quantity.
The coast of Dan went out too little for them. Josh. xix.
2. Not great; small; diminutive; of small bulk.
He sought to see Jesus, but could not for the press, be­
cause he was little of stature. Luke xix. 3.
His son, being then very little, I considered only as wax,
to be moulded as one pleases. Locke.
3. Of small dignity, power, or importance.
When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not
made the head of the tribes. 1 Sam. xv. 17.
All that is past ought to seem little to thee, because it is
so in itself. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
4. Not much; not many.
5. Some; not none.
I leave him to reconcile these contradictions, which may
plentifully be found in him, by any one who will but read
with a little attention. Locke.

LITTLE. n. s.
1. A small space.
Much was in little writ; and all convey'd
With cautious care, for fear to be betray'd. Dryden.
2. A small part; a small proportion.
He that despiseth little things, shall perish by little and
little. Ecclus.
The poor remnant of human seed which remained in their
mountains, peopled their country again slowly, by little and
little. Bacon's New Atlantis.
By freeing the precipitated matter from the rest by filtra­
tion, and diligently grinding the white precipitate with wa­
ter, the mercury will little by little be gathered into drops. Boyle.
I gave thee thy master's house, and the house of Israel
and Judah; and if that had been too little, I would have
given such and such things. 2 Sam. xii. 8.
They have much of the poetry of Mecænas, but little of
his liberality. Dryden's Preface to All for Love.
Nor grudge I thee the much that Grecians give,
Nor murm'ring take the little I receive. Dryden's Homer.
There are many expressions, which carrying with them
no clear ideas, are like to remove but little of my igno­
rance. Locke.
3. A slight affair.
As if 'twere little from their town to chase,
I through the seas pursued their exil'd race. Dryden's æn.
I view with anger and disdain,
How little gives thee joy or pain:
A print, a bronze, a flow'r, a root. Prior.
4. Not much.
These they are fitted for, and little else. Cheyne.

LI’TTLE. adv.
1. In a small degree.
The received definition of names should be changed as
little as possible. Watts's Logick.
2. In a small quantity.
3. In some degree, but not great.
Where there is too great a thinness in the fluids, sub­
acid substances are proper, though they are a little astrin­
gent. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. Not much.
The tongue of the just is as choice silver; the heart of
the wicked is little worth. Prov. x. 20.
Finding him little studious, she chose rather to endue him
with conversative qualities of youth; as, dancing and fen­
cing. Wotton.
That poem was infamously bad; this parallel is little bet­
ter. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Several clergymen, otherwise little fond of obscure terms,
yet in their sermons were very liberal of all those which they
find in ecclesiastical writers. Swift.

LI’TTLENESS. n. s. [from little.]
1. Smalness of bulk.
All trying, by a love of littleness,
To make abridgments, and to draw to less;
Even that nothing which at first we were. Donne.
We may suppose a great many degrees of littleness and
lightness in these earthy particles, so as many of them might
float in the air. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Meanness; want of grandeur.
The English and French, in verse, are forced to raise their
language with metaphors, by the pompousness of the whole
phrase, to wear off any littleness that appears in the parti­
cular parts. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
3. Want of dignity.
The angelick grandeur, by being concealed, does not
awaken our poverty, nor mortify our littleness so much, as if
it was always displayed. Collier of Envy.

LI’TTORAL. v. a. [littoris, Latin.]Belonging to the shore.

LI’TURGY. n. s. [?????a; liturgie, Fr.]Form of prayers;
formulary of publick devotions.
We dare not admit any such form of liturgy, as either ap­
pointeth no scripture at all, or very little to be read in the
church. Hooker, b. v.
The blessedest of mortal wights began to be importuned,
so that a great part of divine liturgy was addressed solely to
her. Howell.
It is the greatest solemnity of prayer, the most powerful
liturgy and means of impetration in this world. Taylor.

LIV

To LIVE. v. n. [lfian, lfigan, Saxon.]
1. To be in a state of animation; to be not dead.
She shall be
A pattern to all princes living with her,
And all that shall succeed. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Is't night's predominance, or the day's shame,
That darkness does the face of earth intomb,
When living day should kiss it? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
To save the living, and revenge the dead,
Against one warrior's arms all Troy they led. Dryden.
2. To pass life in any certain manner with regard to habits;
good or ill, happiness or misery.
O death, how bitter is the remembrance of thee to a
man that liveth at rest. Ecclus. xli. 1.
Dr. Parker, in his sermon before them, touched them so
near for their living, that they went near to touch him for
his life. Hayward.
The condition required of us is a conjuncture of all
gospel graces rooted in the heart, though mixed with much
weakness, and perhaps with many sins, so they be not wil­
fully lived and died in. Hammond.
A late prelate, of a remarkable zeal for the church, were
religions to be tried by lives, would have lived down the
pope, and the whole consistory. Atterbury.
If we act by several broken views, we shall live and die
in misery. Addison's Spectator, No. 162.
If we are firmly resolved to live up to the dictates of rea­
son, without any regard to wealth and reputation, we may
go through life with steadiness and pleasure. Addison.
3. To continue in life.
Our high-plac'd Macbeth
Shall live the lease of nature, and pay his breath
To time and mortal custom. Shakespeare.
See the minutes how they run;
How many makes the hour full complete,
How many hours bring about the day,
How many days will finish up the year,
How many years a mortal man may live. Shakespeare.
The way to live long must be, to use our bodies so as is
most agreeable to the rules of temperance. Ray on Creation.
4. To live emphatically; to be in a state of happiness.
What greater curse could envious fortune give,
Than just to die when I began to live. Dryden.


5. To be exempt from death, temporal or spiritual.
My statutes and judgments, if a man do, he shall live in
them. Lev. xviii. 5.
He died for us, that whether we wake or sleep, we should
live together with him. 1 Thes. v. 10.
6. To remain undestroyed.
It was a miraculous providence that could make a vessel,
so ill manned, live upon sea; that kept it from being dashed
against the hills, or overwhelmed in the deeps. Burnet.
Mark how the shifting winds from west arise,
And what collected night involves the skies!
Nor can our shaken vessels live at sea,
Much less against the tempest force their way. Dryden.
7. To continue; not to be lost.
Mens evil manners live in brass, their virtues
We write in water. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Sounds which address the ear are lost and die
In one short hour; but that which strikes the eye
Lives long upon the mind; the faithful sight
Engraves the knowledge with a beam of light. Watts.
The tomb with manly arms and trophies grace.
There high in air memorial of my name
Fix the smooth oar, and bid me live to fame. Pope.
8. To converse; to cohabit.
The shepherd swains shall dance and sing,
For thy delight each May morning.
If these delights thy mind may move,
Then live with me, and be my love. Shakespeare.
9. To feed.
Those animals that live upon other animals have their flesh
more alkalescent than those that live upon vegetables. Arbut.
10. To maintain one's self.
A most notorious thief; lived all his life-time of spoils and
robberies. Spenser.
They which minister about holy things, live of the things
of the temple. 1 Cor. ix. 13.
His treasure and goods were all seized upon, and a small
portion thereof appointed for his poor wife to live upon.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The number of soldiers can never be great in proportion
to that of people, no more than the number of those that
are idle in a country, to that of those who live by labour.
Temple.
He had been most of his time in good service, and had
something to live on now he was old. Temple.
11. To be in a state of motion or vegetation.
In a spacious cave of living stone,
The tyrant æolus, from his airy throne,
With pow'r imperial curbs the struggling winds. Dryden.
Cool groves and living lakes
Give after toilsome days a soft repose at night. Dryden.
12. To be unextinguished.
Pure oil and incense on the fire they throw:
These gifts the greedy flames to dust devour,
Then on the living coals red wine they pour. Dryden.

LIVE. adj. [from alive.]
1. Quick; not dead.
If one man's ox hurt another that he die, they shall sell
the live ox, and divide the money. Exod. xxi. 35.
2. Active; not extinguished.
A louder sound was produced by the impetuous eruptions
of the halituous flames of the faltpetre upon casting of a
live coal upon it. Boyle.

LI’VELESS. adv. [from live.]Wanting life; rather lifeless.
Description cannot suit itself in words,
To demonstrate the life of such a battle,
In life so liveless as it shews itself. Shakes. Henry V.

LI’VELIHOOD. n. s. [It appears to me corrupted from livelode.]
Support of life; maintenance; means of living.
Ah! luckless babe! born under cruel star,
And in dead parents baleful ashes bred;
Full little weenest thou what sorrows are,
Left thee for portion of thy livelihood. Fairy Queen.
That rebellion drove the lady from thence, to find a live­
lihood out of her own estate. Clarendon, b. viii.
He brings disgrace upon his character, to submit to the
picking up of a livelihood in that strolling way of canting and
begging. L'Estrange.
It is their profession and livelihood to get their living by
those practices, for which they deserve to forfeit their lives.
South's Sermons.
They have been as often banished out of most other places;
which must very much disperse a people, and oblige them to
seek a livelihood where they can find it. Addison's Spect.
Trade employs multitudes of hands, and furnishes the
poorest of our fellow subjects with the opportunities of gain­
ing an honest livelihood: the skilful or industrious find their
account in it. Addison's Freeholder, No. 42.

LI’VELINESS. n. s. [from lively.]
1. Appearance of life.
That liveliness which the freedom of the pencil makes ap­
pear, may seem the living hand of nature. Dryden's Dufres.
2. Vivacity; sprightliness.
Extravagant young fellows, that have liveliness and spirit,
come sometimes to be set right, and so make able and great
men; but tame and low spirits very seldom attain to any
thing. Locke on Education.

LI’VELODE. n. s. [live and lode, from lead; the means of lead­
ing life.]Maintenance; support; livelihood.
She gave like blessing to each creature,
As well of worldly livelode as of life,
That there might be no difference nor strife. Hubberd.

LI’VELONG. adj. [live and long.]Tedious; long in passing.
Many a time, and oft,
Have you climb'd up to walls and battlements,
Your infants in your arms; and there have sate
The livelong day, with patient expectation
To see great Pompey pass. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The obscur'd bird clamour'd the livelong night. Shakes.
Young and old come forth to play,
On a sun-shine holiday,
Till the livelong day-light fail. Milton.
Seek for pleasure to destroy
The sorrows of this livelong night. Prior.
How could she sit the livelong day,
Yet never ask us once to play? Swift.
2. Lasting; durable.
Thou, in our wonder and astonishment,
Hast built thyself a livelong monument. Milton.

LI’VELY. adj. [live and like.]
1. Brisk; vigorous; vivacious.
But wherefore comes old Manoa in such haste,
With youthful steps? much livelier than ere while
He seems; supposing here to find his son,
Or of him bringing to us some glad news? Milton's Ag.
2. Gay; airy.
Form'd by thy converse, happily to steer
From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope.
3. Representing life.
Since a true knowledge of nature gives us pleasure, a
lively imitation of it in poetry or painting must produce a
much greater. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. Strong; energetick.
His faith must be not only living, but lively too; it must
be brightened and stirred up by a particular exercise of those
virtues specifically requisite to a due performance of this
duty. South's Sermons.
The colours of the prism are manifestly more full, intense
and lively, than those of natural bodies. Newton's Opticks.
Imprint upon their minds, by proper arguments and re­
flections, a lively persuasion of the certainty of a future
state. Atterbury's Sermons.

LI’VELILY. adv.
1. Briskly; vigorously.
They brought their men to the slough, who discharging
lively almost close to the face of the enemy, did much amaze
them. Hayward.
2. With strong resemblance of life.
That part of poetry must needs be best, which describes
most lively our actions and passions, our virtues and our
vices. Dryden's Pref. to his State of Innocence.

LI’VELY. adv.
1. Briskly; vigorously.
They brought their men to the slough, who discharging
lively almost close to the face of the enemy, did much amaze
them. Hayward.
2. With strong resemblance of life.
That part of poetry must needs be best, which describes
most lively our actions and passions, our virtues and our
vices. Dryden's Pref. to his State of Innocence.

LI’VER. n. s. [from live.]
1. One who lives.
Be thy affections undisturb'd and clear,
Guided to what may great or good appear,
And try if life be worth the liver's care. Prior.
2. One who lives in any particular manner with respect to vir­
tue or vice, happiness or misery.
The end of his descent was to gather a church of holy
christian livers over the whole world. Hammond's Fund.
If any loose liver have any goods of his own, the sheriff
is to seize thereupon. Spenser on Ireland.
Here are the wants of children, of distracted persons, of
sturdy wandering beggars and loose disorderly livers, at one
view represented. Atterbury.
3. [From lifere, Saxon.] One of the entrails.
With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come:
And let my liver rather heat with wine,
Than my heart cool with mortifying groans. Shakespeare.
Reason and respect
Make livers pale, and lustihood dejected. Shakespeare.

LI’VERCOLOUR. adj. [liver and colour.]Dark red.
The uppermost stratum is of gravel; then clay of various
colours, purple, blue, red, livercolour. Woodward.

LI’VERGROWN. adj. [liver and grown.]Having a great liver.
I inquired what other casualties was most like the rickets,
and found that livergrown was nearest. Graunt.

LI’VERWORT. n. s. [liver and wort.]A plant.
That sort of liverwort which is used to cure the bite of
mad dogs, grows on commons, and open heaths, where the
grass is shot, on declivities, and on the sides of pits. This


spreads on the surface of the ground, and, when in perfec­
tion, is of an ash colour; but, as it grows old, it alters,
and becomes of a dark colour. Miller.

LI’VERY. n. s. [from livrer, French.]
1. The act of giving or taking possession.
You do wrongfully seize Hereford's right,
Call in his letters patents that he hath
By his attorneys general to sue
His livery, and deny his offered homage. Shakesp.
2. Release from wardship.
Had the two houses first sued out their livery, and once
effectually redeemed themselves from the wardship of the tu­
mults, I should then suspect my own judgment. K. Charles.
2. The writ by which possession is obtained.
3. The state of being kept at a certain rate.
What livery is, we by common use in England know well
enough, namely, that it is an allowance of horse meat; as
they commonly use the word stabling, as to keep horses at
livery; the which word, I guess, is derived of livering or
delivering forth their nightly food; so in great houses, the
livery is said to be served up for all night, that is, their even­
ing allowance for drink: and livery is also called the upper
weed which a serving man wears; so called, I suppose, for
that it was delivered and taken from him at pleasure: so it
is apparent, that, by the word livery, is there meant horse
meat, like as by the coigny is understood man's meat. Some
say it is derived of coin, for that they used in their coignies
not only to take meat but money; but I rather think it is
derived of the Irish, the which is a common use amongst
landlords of the Irish to have a common spending upon their
tenants, who being commonly but tenants at will, they used
to take of them what victuals they list; for of victuals they
were wont to make a small reckoning. Spenser on Ireland.
4. The cloaths given to servants.
My mind for weeds your virtue's livery wears. Sidney.
Perhaps they are by so much the more loth to forsake this
argument, for that it hath, though nothing else, yet the
name of scripture, to give it some kind of countenance more
than the pretext of livery coats affordeth. Hooker.
I think, it is our way,
If we will keep in favour with the king,
To be her men, and wear her livery. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Yet do our hearts wear Timon's livery,
That see I by our faces. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Ev'ry lady cloath'd in white,
And crown'd with oak and laurel ev'ry knight,
Are servants to the leaf, by liveries known
Of innocence. Dryden's Flower and Leaf.
On others int'rest her gay liv'ry flings,
Int'rest that waves on party-colour'd wings;
Turn'd to the sun she casts a thousand dyes,
And as she turns the colours fall or rise. Dunciad.
If your dinner miscarries, you were teized by the footmen
coming into the kitchen; and to prove it true, throw a ladle­
ful of broth on one or two of their liveries. Swift.
5. A particular dress; a garb worn as a token or consequence
of any thing.
Of fair Urania, fairer than a green,
Proudly bedeck'd in April's livery. Sidney.
Mistake me not for my complexion
The shadow'd livery of the burning sun,
To whom I am a neighbour, and near bred. Shakesp.
At once came forth whatever creeps the ground,
Insect, or worm: those wav'd their limber fans,
For wings, and smallest lineaments exact,
In all the liveries deck'd of summer's pride,
With spots of gold and purple, azure, green. Milton.
Now came still evening on, and twilight grey
Had in her sober livery all things clad. Milt. Pa. Lost.

LI’VERYMAN. n. s. [livery and man.]
1. One who wears a livery; a servant of an inferior kind.
The witnesses made oath, that they had heard some of the
liverymen frequently railing at their mistress. Arbuthnot.
2. [In London.] A freeman of some standing in a company.

LIVES. n. s. [the plural of life.]
So short is life, that every peasant strives,
In a farm house, or field, to have three lives. Donne.

LI’VID. adj. [lividus, Latin; lividé, French.]Discoloured,
as with a blow; black and blue.
It was a pestilent fever, not seated in the veins or hu­
mours, for that there followed no carbuncles, no purple or
livid spots, the mass of the blood not being tainted. Bacon.
Upon my livid lips bestow a kiss:
O envy not the dead, they feel not bliss! Dryden.
They beat their breasts with many a bruising blow,
Till they turn'd livid, and corrupt the snow. Dryden.

LIVI’DITY. n. s. [lividilé, French; from livid.]Discoloura­
tion, as by a blow.
The signs of a tendency to such a state, are darkness or
lividity of the countenance. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LI’VING. n. s. [from live.]
1. Support; maintenance; fortune on which one lives.
The Arcadians fought as in unknown place, having no
succour but in their hands; the Helots, as in their own place,
fighting for their livings, wives, and children. Sidney.
All they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her
want did cast in all that she had, even all her living. Mark.
2. Power of continuing life.
There is no living without trusting some body or other, in
some cases. L'Estrange's Fables.
2. Livelihood.
For ourselves we may a living make. Hubberd's Tale.
Then may I set the world on wheels, when she can spin
for her living. Shakespeare.
Isaac and his wife, now dig for your life,
Or shortly you'll dig for your living. Denham.
Actors must represent such things as they are capable to
perform, and by which both they and the scribbler may get
their living. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. Benefice of a clergyman.
Some of our ministers having the livings of the country
offered unto them, without pains, will, neither for any love
of God, nor for all the good they may do, by winning souls 
to God, be drawn forth from their warm nests. Spenser.
The parson of the parish preaching against adultery, Mrs.
Bull told her husband, that they would join to have him
turned out of his living for using personal reflections. Arbuth.

LI’VINGLY. adv. [from living.]In the living state.
In vain do they scruple to approach the dead, who livingly
are cadaverous, or fear any outward pollution, whose tem­
per pollutes themselves. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

LI’VRE. n. s. [French.]The sum by which the French rec­
kon their money, equal nearly to our shilling.

LIXI’VIAL. adj. [from lixivium, Latin.]
1. Impregnated with salts like a lixivium.
The symptoms of the excretion of the bile vitiated, were
a yellowish colour of the skin, and a lixivial urine. Arbuth.
2. Obtained by lixivium.
Helmont conjectured, that lixivial salts do not pre-exist in
their alcalizate form. Boyle.

LI’XIVIATE. adj. [lixivieux, French; from lixivium.]Making
a lixivium.
In these the salt and lixiviated serosity, with some portion
of choler, is divided between the guts and the bladder.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
Lixiviate salts, to which pot ashes belong, by piercing the
bodies of vegetables, dispose them to part readily with their
tincture. Boyle.

LI’XIVIUM. n. s. [Lat.]Lye; water impregnated with salt
of whatsoever kind; a liquor which has the power of ex­
traction.
I made a lixivium of fair water and salt of wormwood,
and having frozen it with snow and salt, I could not discern
any thing more like to wormwood than to several other
plants. Boyle.

LI’ZARD. n. s. [lisarde, French; lacertus, Latin.]An animal
resembling a serpent, with legs added to it.
There are several sorts of lizards; some in Arabia of a
cubit long. In America they eat lizards; it is very probable
likewise that they were eaten sometimes in Arabia and Ju­
dæa, since Moses ranks them among the unclean creatures.
Calmet.
Thou'rt like a foul mis-shapen stigmatick,
Mark'd by the destinies to be avoided,
As venomous toads, or lizards dreadful stings. Shakesp.
Adder's fork, and blind worm's sting,
Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

LIZA’RDITAL. n. s. A plant.

LIZA’RDSTONE. n. s. [lizard and stone.]A kind of stone.

L.L.D. n. s. [legum doctor.]A doctor of the canon and civil laws.

LOA

LO. interject. [la, Saxon.]Look; see; behold. It is a word
used to recall the attention generally to some object of sight;
sometimes to something heard, but not properly; often to
something to be understood.
Lo! within a ken our army lies. Shakespeare.
Now must the world point at poor Catharine,
And say, lo! there is mad Petruchio's wife. Shakespeare.
Lo! I have a weapon,
A better never did itself sustain
Upon a soldier's thigh. Shakespeare's Othello.
Thou did'st utter,
I am yours for ever.
—Why lo you now, I've spoke to the purpose twice. Shak.
For lo! he sung the world's stupenduous birth. Roscom.
Lo! heav'n and earth combine
To blast our bold design. Dryden's Albion.

LOACH. n. s. [loche, French.]
The loach is a most dainty fish; he breeds and feeds in
little and clear swift brooks or rills, and lives there upon the
gravel, and in the sharpest streams: he grows not to be above
a finger long, and no thicker than is suitable to that length:
he is of the shape of an eel, and has a beard of wattels like
a barbel: he has two fins at his sides, four at his belly, and
one at his tail, dappled with many black or brown spots:


his mouth, barbel-like, under his nose. This fish is usually
full of eggs or spawn, and is by Gesner, and other learned
physicians, commended for great nourishment, and to be
very grateful both to the palate and stomach of sick persons,
and is to be fished for with a very small worm, at the bot­
tom, for he very seldom or never rises above the gravel.
Walton's Angler.

LOAD. n. s. [hlade, Saxon.]
1. A burthen; a freight; lading.
Then on his back he laid the precious load,
And sought his wonted shelter. Dryden's Nun's Tale.
2. Any thing that depresses.
How a man can have a quiet and cheerful mind under a
great burden and load of guilt, I know not, unless he be
very ignorant. Ray on Creation.
3. As much drink as one can bear.
There are those that can never sleep without their load,
nor enjoy one easy thought, till they have laid all their cares
to rest with a bottle. L'Estrange.

To LOAD. v. a. [hladan, Saxon.]
1. To burden; to freight.
At last, laden with honour's spoils,
Returns the good Andronicus to Rome. Shakespeare.
Your carriages were heavy loaden; they are a burden to
the beast. Isa. xlvi. 1.
2. To encumber; to embarrass.
He that makes no reflexions on what he reads, only loads
his mind with a rhapsody of tales, fit in winter nights for
the entertainment of others. Locke.
3. To charge a gun.
A mariner having discharged his gun, and loading it sud­
denly again, the powder took fire. Wiseman.
4. To make heavy by something appended or annexed.
Thy dreadful vow, loaden with death, still sounds
In my stunn'd ears. Addison's Cato.

LOAD. n. s. [more properly lode, as it was anciently written
from lædan, Saxon, to lead.]The leading vein in a mine.
The tin lay couched at first in certain strakes amongst the
rocks, like the veins in a man's body, from the depth whereof
the main load spreadeth out his branches, until they approach
the open air. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Their manner of working in the load mines, is to follow
the load as it lieth. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

LO’ADER. n. s. [from load.]He who loads.

LO’ADSMAN. n. s. [lode and man.]He who leads the way; a
pilot.

LO’ADSTAR. n. s. [more properly as it is in Maundeville, lode­
star, from lædan, to lead.]The polestar; the cynosure;
the leading or guiding star.
She was the loadstar of my life; she the blessing of mine
eyes; she the overthrow of my desires, and yet the recom­
pence of my overthrow. Sidney.
My Helice, the loadstar of my life. Spenser.
O happy fair!
Your eyes are loadstars, and your tongue sweet air;
More tuneable than lark to shepherd's ear
When wheat is green, when hawthorn buds appear. Shak.
That clear majesty
Which standeth fix'd, yet spreads her heavenly worth,
Lodestone to hearts, and lodestar to all eyes. Davies.

LO’ADSTONE. n. s. [properly lodestone or lædingstone. See
LOADSTAR.]The magnet; the stone on which the mari­
ners compass needle is touched to give it a direction north
and south.
The loadstone is a peculiar and rich ore of iron, found in
large masses, of a deep iron-grey where fresh broken, and
often tinged with a brownish or reddish colour: it is very
heavy, and considerably hard, and its great character is that
of affecting iron. This ore of iron is found in England,
and in most other places where there are mines of that metal.
Hill's Materia Medica.
The use of the loadstone was kept as secret as any of the
other mysteries of the art. Swift.

LOAF. n. s. [from hlaf or laf, Saxon.]
1. A mass of bread as it is formed by the baker: a loaf is
thicker than a cake.
Easy it is
Of a cut loaf to steal a shive, we know. Shakespeare.
The bread and bread corn in the town sufficed not for six
days: hereupon the soldiers entered into proportion; and,
to give example, the lord Clinton limited himself to a loaf a
day. Hayward.
With equal force you may break a loaf of bread into more
and less parts than a lump of lead of the same bigness. Digby.
2. Any mass into which a body is wrought.
Your wine becomes so limpid, that you may bottle it with 
a piece of loaf sugar in each bottle. Mort.

LOAM. n. s. [lim, laam, Saxon; limus, Latin; from ?????,
a fen, Junius.]Fat, unctuous, tenacious, earth; marl.
The purest treasure
Is spotless reputation; that away,
Men are but gilded loam or painted clay. Shakespeare.
Alexander returneth to dust; the dust is earth; of earth
we make loam; and why of that loam might they not stop a
beer barrel? Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To LOAM. v. a. [from the noun.]To smear with loam,
marl, or clay; to clay.
The joist ends, and girders which be in the walls, must
be loamed all over, to preserve them from the corroding of the
mortar. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

LO’AMY. adj. [from loam.]Marly.
The mellow earth is the best, between the two extremes
of clay and sand, especially if it be not loamy and binding.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 665.
Auricula seedlings best like a loamy sand, or light moist
earth; yet rich and shaded. Evelyn's Kalendar.

LOAN. n. s. [hlæn, Saxon.]Any thing lent; any thing given
to another, on condition of return or repayment.
The better such ancient revenues shall be answered and
paid, the less need her majesty ask subsidies, fifteens, and
loans. Bacon.
You're on the fret,
Because, in so debauch'd and vile an age,
Thy friend and old acquaintance dares disown
The gold you lent him, and forswear the loan. Dryden.

LOATH. adj. [lath, Saxon.]Unwilling; disliking; not ready;
not inclined.
These fresh and delightful brooks, how slowly they slide
away, as loth to leave the company of so many things united
in perfection. Sidney.
With lofty eyes, half loth to look so low,
She thanked them in her disdainful wise,
Ne other grace vouchsafed them to show
Of princess worthy. Fairy Queen, b. i.
When he heard her answers loth, he knew
Some secret sorrow did her heart distrain. Fairy Queen.
To speak so indirectly, I am loth;
I'd say the truth; but to accuse him so,
That is your part. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Long doth she stay, as loth to leave the land,
From whose soft side she first did issue make,
She tastes all places, turns to ev'ry hand,
Her flow'ry banks unwilling to forsake. Davies.
Then wilt thou not be loth
To leave this paradise, but shalt possess
A paradise within thee, happier far! Milton's Par. Lost.
To pardon willing, and to punish loth;
You strike with one hand, but you heal with both:
Lifting up all that prostrate lie, you grieve
You cannot make the dead again to live. Waller.
When æneas is forced to kill Lausus, the poet shews him
compassionate, and is loth to destroy such a master-piece of
nature. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
As some faint pilgrim standing on the shore,
First views the torrent he would venture o'er;
And then his inn upon the farther ground,
Loth to wade through, and lother to go round:
Then dipping in his staff does trial make
How deep it is; and, sighing, pulls it back. Dryden.
I know you shy to be oblig'd;
And still more loath to be oblig'd by me. Southern.

To LOATHE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To hate; to look on with abhorrence.
Parthenia had learned both liking and misliking, loving
and loathing. Sidney.
They with their filthiness
Polluted this same gentle soil long time,
That their own mother loath'd their beastliness. Fa. Qu.
The fish in the river shall die, and the river stink; and
the Egyptians shall loath to drink of the water. Exod. vii. 18.
How am I caught with an unwary oath,
Not to reveal the secret which I loath! Waller.
For thee the lion loaths the taste of blood,
And roaring hunts his female through the wood. Dryden.
Why do I stay within this hated place,
Where every object shocks my loathing eyes. Rowe.
Now his exalted spirit loaths
Incumbrances of food and cloaths. Swift.
2. To consider with the disgust of satiety.
Loathing the honey'd cakes, I long for bread. Cowley.
Our appetite is extinguished with the satisfaction, and is
succeeded by loathing and satiety. Roger's Sermons.
3. To see food with dislike.
Loathing is a symptom well known to attend disorders of
the stomach; and the cure must have regard to the cause.
Quincy.

To LOATHE. v. n. To create disgust; to cause abhorrence.
Where I was wont to seek the honey bee,
The grisly toadstool grown there might I see,
And loathing paddocks lording on the same. Spenser.



LO’ATHER. n. s. [from loath.]One that loaths.

LO’ATHFUL. adj. [loath and full.]
1. Abhorring; hating.
Which he did with loathful eyes behold.
He would no more endure. Hubberd's Tale.
2. Abhorred; hated.
Above the reach of loathful sinful lust,
Whose base effect, through cowardly distrust
Of his weak wings, dare not to heaven flie. Spenser.

LO’ATHINGLY. adv. [from loathe.]In a fastidious manner.

LO’ATHLY. adj. [from loath.]Hateful; abhorred; exciting
hatred.
An huge great dragon, horrible in sight,
Bred in the loathly lakes of Tartary,
With murd'rous ravin. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The people fear me; for they do observe
Unfather'd heirs, and loathly births of nature. Shakesp.
Sour-ey'd disdain, and discord shall bestow
The union of your bed with weeds so loathly,
That you shall hate it. Shakespeare's Tempest.

LO’ATHLY. adv. [from loath.]Unwillingly; without liking or
inclination.
The upper streams make such haste to have their part of
embracing, that the nether, though lothly, must needs give
place unto them. Sidney.
Lothly opposite I stood
To his unnat'ral purpose. Shakespeare's King Lear.
This shews that you from nature lothly stray,
That suffer not an artificial day. Donne.

LO’ATHNESS. n. s. [from loath.]Unwillingness.
The fair soul herself
Weigh'd between lothness and obedience,
Which end the beam should bow. Shakesp. Tempest.
Pray you, look not sad,
Nor make replies of lothness. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Should we be taking leave,
As long a term as yet we have to live,
The lothness to depart would grow. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
After they had sat about the fire, there grew a general
silence and lothness to speak amongst them; and immediately
one of the weakest fell down in a swoon. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

LO’ATHSOME. adj. [from loath.]
1. Abhorred; detestable.
The fresh young fly
Did much disdain to subject his desire
To loathsome sloth, or hours in ease to waste. Spenser.
While they pervert pure nature's healthful rules
To loathsome sickness. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
If we consider man in such a loathsome and provoking con­
dition, was it not love enough that he was permitted to en­
joy a being. South's Sermons.
2. Causing satiety or fastidiousness.
The sweetest honey
Is loathsome in its own deliciousness,
And in the taste confounds the appetite. Shakespeare.

LO’ATHSOMENESS. n. s. [from loathsome.]Quality of raising
hatred.
The catacombs must have been full of stench and loathsome­
ness, if the dead bodies that lay in them were left to rot in
open nitches. Addison.

LOAVES, plural of loaf.
Democritus, when he lay a dying, caused loaves of new
bread to be opened, and he poured a little wine into them;
and so kept himself alive with the odour till a feast was past.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 934.

LOB

LOB. n. s.
1. Any one heavy, clumsy, or sluggish.
Farewel, thou lob of spirits, I'll be gone,
Our queen and all her elves come here anon. Shakesp.
2. Lob's pound; a prison. Probably a prison for idlers, or
sturdy beggars.
Crowdero, whom in irons bound,
Thou basely threw'st into lob's pound. Hudibras.
3. A big worm.
For the trout the dew worm, which some also call the lob
worm, and the branding are the chief. Walton's Angler.

To LOB. v. a. To let fall in a slovenly or lazy manner.
The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks,
And their poor jades
Lob down their heads, dropping the hide and hips. Shakes.

LO’BBY. n. s. [laube, German.]An opening before a room.
His lobbies fill with 'tendance,
Rain sacrificial whisp'rings in his ear,
Make sacred even his stirrop. Shakesp. Tim. of Athens.
Before the duke's rising from the table, he stood expecting
till he should pass through a kind of lobby between that room
and the next, where were divers attending him. Wotton.
Try your back stairs, and let the lobby wait,
A stratagem in war is no deceit. King's Horace.

LOBE. n. s. [lobe, French; ???.]A division; a distinct part:
used commonly for a part of the lungs.
Nor could the lobes of his rank liver swell
To that prodigious mass, for their eternal meal. Dryden.
Air bladders form lobuli, which hang upon the bronchia
like bunches of grapes; these lobuli constitute the lobes, and
the lobes the lungs. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LO’BSTER. n. s. [lobster, Saxon.]A crustaceous fish.
Those that cast their shell, are the lobster, the crab, and
craw-fish. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 732.
It happeneth often that a lobster hath the great claw of one
side longer than the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

LOC

LO’CAL. adj. [local, French; locus, Latin.]
1. Having the properties of place.
By ascending, after that the sharpness of death was over­
come, he took the very local possession of glory, and that to
the use of all that are his, even as himself before had wit­
nessed, I go to prepare a place for you. Hooker, b. v.
A higher flight the vent'rous goddess tries,
Leaving material worlds, and local skies. Prior.
2. Relating to place.
The circumstance of local nearness in them unto us, might
haply enforce in us a duty of greater separation from them
than from those other. Hooker, b. iv.
Where there is only a local circumstance of worship, the
same thing would be worshipped, supposing that circumstance
changed. Stillingfleet.
3. Being in a particular place.
Dream not of their fight,
As of a duel, or the local wounds
Of head, or heel. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xiii.
How is the change of being sometimes here, sometimes
there, made by local motion in vacuum, without a change in
the body moved? Digby on Bodies.

LOCA’LITY. n. s. [from local.]Existence in place; relation of
place, or distance.
That the soul and angels are devoid of quantity and di­
mension, and that they have nothing to do with grosser loca­
lity, is generally opinioned. Glanville's Scep.

LOCA’LLY, adj. [from local.]With respect to place.
Whether things, in their natures so divers as body and
spirit, which almost in nothing communicate, are not essen­
tially divided, though not locally distant, I leave to the rea­
ders. Glanville's Scep.

LOCA’TION. n. s. [locatio, Latin.]Situation with respect to
place; act of placing; state of being placed.
To say that the world is somewhere, means no more than
that it does exist; this, though a phrase borrowed from place,
signifying only its existence, not location. Locke.

LOCH. n. s. A lake. Scottish.
A lake or loch, that has no fresh water running into it,
will turn into a stinking puddle. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.

LOCK. n. s. [loc, Saxon, in both senses.]
1. An instrument composed of springs and bolts, used to fasten
doors or chests.
No gate so strong, no lock so firm and fast,
But with that piercing noise flew open quit or brast. F. Qu.
We have locks to safeguard necessaries,
And pretty traps to catch the petty thieves. Shakespeare.
As there are locks for several purposes, so are there several
inventions in locks, in contriving their wards or guards. Moxon.
2. The part of the gun by which fire is struck.
A gun carries powder and bullets for seven charges and
discharges: under the breech of the barrel is one box for the
powder; a little before the lock, another for the bullets; be­
hind the cock a charger, which carries the powder to the
further end of the lock. Grew's Musæum.
3. A hug; a grapple.
They must be practised in all the locks and gripes of wrest­
ling, as need may often be in fight to tugg or grapple, and
to close. Milton on Education.
4. Any inclosure.
Sergesthus, eager with his beak to press
Betwixt the rival gally and the rock,
Shuts up th' unwieldy centaur in the lock. Dryden's æn.
5. A quantity of hair or wool hanging together.
Well might he perceive the hanging of her hair in locks,
some curled, and some forgotten. Sidney.
A goodly cypress, who bowing her fair head over the wa­
ter, it seemed she looked into it, and dressed her green locks
by that running river. Sidney.
His grizly locks, long growen and unbound,
Disordered hung about his shoulders round. Fairy Qu.
The bottom was set against a lock of wool, and the sound
was quite deaded. Bacon.
They nourish only a lock of hair on the crown of their
heads. Sandys's Travels.
A lock of hair will draw more than a cable rope. Grew.
Behold the locks that are grown white
Beneath a helmet in your father's battels. Addison's Cato.
Two locks graceful hung behind
In equal curls, and well-conspir'd, to deck
With shining ringlets her smooth iv'ry neck. Pope.


6. A tuft.
I suppose this letter will find thee picking of daisies, or
smelling to a lock of hay. Addison's Spectator.

To LOCK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut or fasten with locks.
The garden, seated on the level floor,
She left behind, and locking ev'ry door,
Thought all secure. Dryden.
2. To shut up or confine, as with locks.
I am lockt in one of them;
If you do love me, you will find me out. Shakespeare.
We do lock
Our former sample in our strong-barr'd gates. Shakesp.
Then seek to know those things which make us blest,
And having found them, lock them in thy breast. Denham.
The frighted dame
The log in secret lock'd. Dryden's Ovid.
If the door to a council be kept by armed men, and all
such whose opinions are not liked kept out, the freedom of
those within are infringed, and all their acts as void as if they
were locked in. Dryden's æn.
One conduces to the poets completing of his work; the
other slackens his pace, and locks him up like a knight-errant
in an enchanted castle. Dryden's Dedicat. to the æn.
The father of the gods
Confin'd their fury to those dark abodes,
And lock'd 'em safe within, oppress'd with mountain loads.
Dryden's æn.
If one third of the money in trade were locked up, must
not the landholders receive one third less. Locke.
Always lock up a cat in a closet where you keep your china
plates, for fear the mice may steal in and break them. Swift.
Your wine lock'd up,
Plain milk will do the feat. Pope's Horace.
3. To close fast.
Death blasts his bloom, and locks his frozen eyes. Gay.

To LOCK. v. n.
1. To become fast by a lock.
For not of wood, nor of enduring brass,
Doubly disparted it did lock and close,
That when it locked, none might through it pass. Fa. Qu.
2. To unite by mutual insertion.
Either they lock into each other, or slip one upon another's
surface; as much of their surfaces touches as makes them
cohere. Boyle.

LO’CKER. n. s. [from lock.]Any thing that is closed with a
lock; a drawer.
I made lockers or drawers at the end of the boat. R. Crusoe.

LO’CKET. n. s. [loquet, French.]A small lock; any catch or
spring to fasten a necklace, or other ornament.
Where knights are kept in narrow lists,
With wooden lockets 'bout their wrists. Hudibras, p. ii.

LO’CKRAM. n. s. A sort of coarse linen.
Hanmer.
The kitchen malkin pins
Her richest lockram 'bout her reeky neck,
Clamb'ring the walls to eye him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

LO’CKRON. n. s. A kind of ranunculus.

LOCOMO’TION. n. s. [locus and motus, Lat.]Power of change­
ing place.
All progression, or animal locomotion, is performed by draw­
ing on, or impelling forward, some part which was before at
quiet. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

LOCOMO’TIVE. adj. [locus and movco, Lat.]Changing place;
having the power of removing or changing place.
I shall consider the motion, or locomotive faculty of ani­
mals. Derham's Physico-Theol.
In the night too oft he kicks,
Or shows his locomotive tricks. Prior.
An animal cannot well be defined from any particular, or­
ganical part, nor from its locomotive faculty, for some adhere
to rocks. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LO’CUST. n. s. [locusta, Latin.]
The Hebrews had several sorts of locusts, which are
not known among us: the old historians and modern tra­
vellers remark, that locusts are very numerous in Africk, and
many places of Asia; that sometimes they fell like a cloud
upon the country, and eat up every thing they meet with.
Moses describes four sorts of locusts. Since there was a pro­
hibition against using locusts, it is not to be questioned but
that these creatures were commonly eaten in Palestine, and
the neighbouring countries. Calmet.
To-morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast. Exod.
Air replete with the steams of animals, rotting, has pro­
duced pestilential fevers; such have likewise been raised by
great quantities of dead locusts. Arbuthnot on Air.

LOCUST-TREE. n. s.
The locust-tree hath a papilionaceous flower, from whose
calyx arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes an uni­
capsular hard pod, including roundish hard seeds, which are
surrounded with a fungous stringy substance. Miller.

LOD

LODESTAR. See LOADSTAR.

Lodestone. See LOADSTONE.

To LODGE. v. a. [logian, Saxon; loger, French.]
1. To place in a temporary habitation.
When he was come to the court of France, the king
stiled him by the name of the duke of York; lodged him,
and accommodated him, in great state. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To afford a temporary dwelling; to supply with harbour for 
a night.
Ev'ry house was proud to lodge a knight. Dryden.
3. To place; to plant.
When on the brink the foaming boar I met,
And in his side thought to have lodg'd my spear,
The desp'rate savage rush'd within my force,
And bore me headlong with him down the rock. Otway.
He lodg'd an arrow in a tender breast,
That had so often to his own been prest. Addison's Ovid.
In viewing again the ideas that are lodged in the memory;
the mind is more than passive. Locke.
4. To fix; to settle.
By whose fell working I was first advanc'd;
And by whose pow'r I well might lodge a fear
To be again displac'd. Shakespeare.
I can give no reason,
More than a lodg'd hate, and a certain loathing
I bear Antonio. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
5. To place in the memory.
This cunning the king would not understand, though he
lodged it, and noted it, in some particulars. Bacon's H. VII.
6. To harbour or cover.
The deer is lodg'd, I've track'd her to her covert;
Rush in at once. Addison's Cato.
7. To afford place to.
The memory can lodge a greater store of images, than all
the senses can present at one time. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
8. To lay flat.
Though bladed corn be lodg'd, and trees blown down,
Though castles topple on their warders heads. Shakesp.
We'll make soul weather with despised tears;
Our sighs, and they, shall lodge the Summer corn,
And make a dearth in this revolting land. Shakespeare.

To LODGE. v. n.
1. To reside; to keep residence.
Care keeps his watch in ev'ry old man's eye,
And where care lodgeth, sleep will never lie. Shakesp.
Something holy lodges in that breast,
And with these raptures moves the vocal air
To testify his hidden residence. Milton.
And dwells such rage in softest bosom then?
And lodge such daring souls in little men? Pope.
2. To take a temporary habitation.
Why commands the king,
That his chief followers lodge in towns about him,
While he himself keepeth in the cold field? Shakesp.
I know not where he lodges; and for me to devise a lodg­
ing, and say, he lies here, or he lies there, were to lie in
mine own throat. Shakespeare's Othelle.
Thy father is a man of war, and will not lodge with the
people. 2. Sam. xvii. 8.
3. To take up residence at night.
My lords
And soldiers, stay and lodge by me this night. Shakesp.
Oh, that I had in the wilderness a lodging place of way­
faring men, that I might leave my people. Jer. ix. 4.
Here thou art but a stranger travelling to thy country; it
is therefore a huge folly to be afflicted, because thou hast a
less convenient inn to lodge in by the way. Taylor.
4. To lie flat.
Long cone wheat they reckon in Oxfordshire best for rank
clays; and its straw makes it not subject to lodge, or to be
mildewed. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LODGE. n. s. [logis, French.]
1. A small house in a park or forest.
He brake up his court, and retired himself, his wife and
children, into a certain forest thereby, which he calleth his
desart, wherein he hath built two fine lodges. Sidney.
I found him as melancholy as a lodge in a warren. Shak.
He and his lady both are at the lodge,
Upon the north side of this pleasant chace. Shakespeare.
Thus at their shady lodge arriv'd, both stood,
Both turn'd, and under open sky ador'd
The God that made both sky, air, earth. Milton.
Whenever I am turned out, my lodge descends upon a
low-spirited family. Swift.
2. Any small house; as, the porter's lodge.

LO’DGEMENT. n. s. [from lodge; logement, French.]
1. Accumulation, or collocation in a certain place.
The curious lodgement and inosculation of the auditory
nerves. Derham.
An oppressed diaphragm from a mere lodgement of extra­
vasated matter. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Possession of the enemy's work.
The military pedant is making lodgements, and fighting
battels, from one end of the year to the other. Addison.



LO’DGER. n. s. [from lodge.]
1. One who lives in rooms hired in the house of another.
Base tyke, call'st thou me host? now, I scorn the term;
nor shall my Nell keep lodgers. Shakespeare's Henry V.
There were in a family, the man and his wife, three chil­
dren, and three servants or lodgers. Graunt's Bills.
Those houses are soonest infected that are crowded with
multiplicity of lodgers, and nasty families. Harvey.
The gentlewoman begged me to step; for that a lodger
she had taken in was run mad. Tatler, No. 88.
Sylla was reproached by his fellow lodger, that whilst the
fellow lodger paid eight pounds one shilling and fivepence
halfpeny for the uppermost story, he paid for the rest twenty­
four pounds four shillings and fourpence halfpeny. Arbuthnot.
2. One that resides in any place.
Look in that breast, most dirty dear;
Say, can you find but one such lodger there? Pope.

LO’DGING. n. s. [from lodge.]
1. Temporary habitation; rooms hired in the house of another.
I will in Cassio's lodging lose this napkin,
And let him find it. Shakespeare's Othello.
Let him change his lodging from one end of the town to
another, which is a great adamant of acquaintance. Bacon.
At night he came
To his known lodgings, and his country dame. Dryden.
He desired his sister to bring her away to the lodgings of
his friend. Addison's Guardian, No. 155.
Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow. Pope.
2. Place of residence.
Fair bosom fraught with virtue's richest treasure,
The nest of love, the lodging of delight,
The bower of bliss, the paradise of pleasure,
The sacred harbour of that heavenly spright. Spenser.
3. Harbour; covert.
The hounds were uncoupled; and the stag thought it bet­
ter to trust to the nimbleness of his feet, than to the slender
fortification of his lodging. Sidney.
4. Convenience to sleep on.
Their feathers serve to stuff our beds and pillows, yielding
us soft and warm lodging. Ray on Creation.

LOFT. n. s. [lloft, Welsh; or from lift.]
1. A floor.
There is a traverse placed in a loft above. Bacon.
2. The highest floor.
To lull him in his slumber soft,
A trickling stream from high rock tumbling down,
And ever drizzling rain upon the loft,
Mixt with a murmuring wind. Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. Rooms on high.
Passing through the spheres of watchful fire,
And hills of snow, and lofts of piled thunder. Milton.
A weasel once made shift to slink
In at a corn loft, through a chink. Pope.

LO’FTILY. adv. [from lofty.]
1. On high; in an elevated place.
2. Proudly; haughtily.
They speak wickedly concerning oppression; they speak
loftily. Psal. lxxiii. 8.
3. With elevation of language or sentiment; sublimely.
My lowly verse may loftily arise,
And lift itself unto the highest skies. Fairy Queen.

LO’FTINESS. n. s. [from lofty.]
1. Height; local elevation.
2. Sublimity; elevation of sentiment.
Three poets in three distant ages born;
The first in loftiness of thought surpass'd,
The next in majesty; in both the last. Dryden.
3. Pride; haughtiness.
Augustus and Tiberius had loftiness enough in their tem­
per, and affected to make a sovereign figure. Collier.

LO’FTY. adj. [from loft, or lift.]
1. High; hovering; elevated in place.
See lofty Lebanon his head advance,
See nodding forests on the mountains dance. Pope's Messiah.
2. Sublime; elevated in sentiment.
He knew
Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme. Milton.
3. Proud; haughty.
Man, the tyrant of our sex, I hate,
A lowly servant, but a lofty mate. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Lofty and sour to them that lov'd him not;
But to those men that sought him, sweet as Summer. Shak.

LOG

LOG. n. s. [The original of this word is not known. Skinner
derives it from liggan, Saxon, to lie; Junius from logge,
Dutch, sluggish; perhaps the Latin lignum, is the true ori­
ginal.]A shapeless bulky piece of wood.
Would the light'ning had
Burnt up those logs that thou'rt injoin'd to pile. Shakesp.
The worms with many feet are bred under logs of timber,
and many times in gardens, where no logs are. Bacon.
Some log, perhaps, upon the waters swam,
An useless drift, which rudely cut within,
And hollow'd first a floating trough became,
And cross some riv'let passage did begin. Dryden.
The frighted dame
The log in secret lock'd. Dryden's Ovid.
2. An Hebrew measure, which held a quarter of a cab, and
consequently five-sixths of a pint. According to Dr. Ar­
buthnot it was a liquid measure, the seventy-second part of
the bath or ephah, and twelfth part of the hin. Calmet.
A meat offering, mingled with oil, and one log of oil.
Lev. xiv. 10.

LO’GARITHMS. n. s. [logarithme, Fr. ????? and ?????.]
Logarithms, which are the indexes of the ratio's of num­
bers one to another, were first invented by Napier lord Mer­
chison, a Scottish baron, and afterwards completed by Mr.
Briggs, Savilian professor at Oxford. They are a series of
artificial numbers, contrived for the expedition of calculation,
and proceeding in an arithmetical proportion, as the numbers
they answer to do in a geometrical one: for instance,
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
Where the numbers above, beginning with (o), and arith­
metically proportional, are called logarithms. The addition
and subtraction of logarithms answers to the multiplication and
division of the numbers they correspond with; and this saves
an infinite deal of trouble. In like manner will the extrac­
tion of roots be performed, by dissecting the logarithms of
any numbers for the square root, and trisecting them for the
cube, and so on. Harris.

LO’GGATS. n. s.
Loggats is the ancient name of a play or game, which is
one of the unlawful games enumerated in the thirty-third sta­
tute of Henry VIII. It is the same which is now called kit­
tlepins, in which boys often make use of bones instead of
wooden pins, throwing at them with another bone instead of
bowling. Hanmer.
Did these bones cost no more the breeding, but to play at
loggats with them. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

LO’GGERHEAD. n. s. [logge, Dutch, stupid and head, or rather
from log, a heavy motionless mass, as blockhead.]A dolt; a
blockhead; a thickscul.
Where hast been, Hal?
With three or four loggerheads, amongst three or fourscore
hogsheads. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Says this loggerhead, what have we to do to quench other
peoples fires. L'Estrange.

To fall to LOGGERHEADS. To scuffle; to fight without wea­
pons.

To go to LOGGERHEADS. To scuffle; to fight without wea­
pons.
A couple of travellers that took up an ass, fell to logger­
heads which should be his master. L'Estrange.

LO’GGERHEADED. adj. [from loggerhead.]Dull; stupid;
doltish.
You loggerheaded and unpolish'd groom, what! no at­
tendance? Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

LO'GICK. n. s. [logique, French; logica, Latin, from ?????.]
The art of reasoning.
Logick is the art of using reason well in our inquiries after
truth, and the communication of it to others. Watt's Logick.
Talk logick with acquaintance,
And practise rhetorick in your common talk. Shakespeare.
By a logick that left no man any thing which he might call
his own, they no more looked upon it as the case of one
man, but the case of the kingdom. Clarendon.
Here foam'd rebellious logick, gagg'd and bound,
There stript fair rhetorick languish'd on the ground. Pope.

LO’GICAL. adj. [from logick.]
1. Pertaining to logick; taught in logick.
The heretick complained greatly of St. Augustine, as be­
ing too full of logical subtilties. Hooker, b. iii.
Those who in a logical dispute keep in general terms, would
hide a fallacy. Dryden's Pref. to Ann. Mirab.
We ought not to value ourselves upon our ability, in
giving subtile rules, and finding out logical arguments, since
it would be more perfection not to want them. Baker.
2. Skilled in logick; furnished with logick.
A man who sets up for a judge in criticism, should have a
clear and logical head. Addison's Spect. No. 291.

LO’GICALLY. adv. [from logical.]According to the laws of
logick.
How can her old good man
With honour take her back again?
From hence I logically gather,
The woman cannot live with either. Prior.

LOGI’CIAN. n. s. [logicion, French; logicus, Latin.]A teacher
or professor of logick; a man versed in logick.
If a man can play the true logician, and have as well judg­
ment as invention, he may do great matters. Bacon.
If we may believe our logicians, man is distinguished from
all other creatures by the faculty of laughter. Addison.
Each staunch polemick stubborn as a rock,
Each fierce logician still expelling Locke,
Came whip and spur. Duneiad, b. iv.


A logician might put a case that would serve for an excep­
tion. Swift.
The Arabian physicians were subtile men, and most of
them logicians; accordingly they have given method, and
shed subtilty upon their author. Baker.

LO’GMAN. n. s. [log and man.]One whose business is to carry
logs.
For your sake
Am I this patient logman. Shakespeare's Tempest.

LO’GOMACHY. n. s. [?????a?a.]A contention in words; a
contention about words.
Forced terms of art did much puzzle sacred theology with
distinctions, cavils, quiddities; and so transformed her to a
meer kind of sophistry and logomachy. Howel.

LO’GWOOD. n. s.
Logwood is of a very dense and firm texture; it is brought
to us in very large and thick blocks or logs, and is the heart
only of the tree which produces it. It is very heavy, and
remarkably hard, and of a deep, strong, red colour. It
grows both in the East and West Indies, but no where so
plentifully as on the coast of the bay of Campeachy. It has
been long known by the dyers, and was but lately intro­
duced in medicine, and is found to be an excellent astrin­
gent. Hill's Mat. Med.
To make a light purple, mingle ceruse with logwood wa­
ter. Peacham on Drawing.

LO’HOCK. n. s.
Lohock is an Arabian name for those forms of medicines
which are now commonly called Eclegma's, lambatives, or
linctus's. Quincy.
Lohocks and pectorals were prescribed, and venesection re­
peated. Wiseman's Surgery.

LOIN. n. s. [llwyn, Welsh.]
1. The back of an animal carved out by the butcher.
2. Loins; the reins.
My face I'll grime with filth,
Blanket my loins. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Thou slander of thy heavy mother's womb!
Thou loathed issue of thy father's loins. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Virgin mother, hail!
High in the love of heav'n! yet from my loins
Thou shalt proceed, and from thy womb the son
Of God most high. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
A multitude! like which the populous north
Pour'd never from her frozen loins, to pass
Rhene, or the Danaw, when her barbarous sons
Came like a deluge on the south. Milton.

To LO’ITER. v. n. [loteren, Dutch.]To linger; to spend
time carelessly; to idle.
Sir John, you loiter here too long, being you are to take
soldiers up in the countries. Shakespeare.
Whence this long delay?
You loiter, while the spoils are thrown away. Dryden.
Mark how he spends his time, whether he unactively loiters
it away. Locke.
If we have gone wrong, let us redeem the mistake; if we
have loitered, let us quicken our pace, and make the most of
the present opportunity. Rogers's Sermons.

LO’ITERER. n. s. [from loiter.]A lingerer; an idler; a lazy
wretch; one who lives without business; one who is sluggish
and dilatory.
Give gloves to thy reapers a largess to cry,
And daily to loiterers have a good eye. Tusser's Husb.
The poor, by idleness or unthriftiness, are riotous spenders,
vagabonds, and loiterers. Hayward.
Where hast thou been, thou loiterer?
Though my eyes clos'd, my arms have still been open'd,
To search if thou wert come. Otway.
Providence would only enter mankind into the useful
knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our
industry, that we live not like idle loiterers and truants. More.
Ever listless loit'rers, that attend
No cause, no trust, no duty, and no friend. Pope.

LOL

To LOLL. v. n. [Of this word the etymology is not known.
Perhaps it might be contemptuously derived from lollard, a
name of great reproach before the reformation; of whom
one tenet was, that all trades not necessary to life are un­
lawful.]
1. To lean idly; to rest lazily against any thing.
So hangs, and lolls, and weeps upon me; so shakes and
pulls me. Shakespeare's Othello.
He is not lolling on a lewd love bed,
But on his knees at meditation. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Close by a softly murm'ring stream,
Where lovers us'd to loll and dream. Hudibras, p. i.
To loll on couches, rich with cytron steds,
And lay your guilty limbs in Tyrian beds. Dryden.
Void of care he lolls supine in state,
And leaves his business to be done by fate. Dryd. Pers.
But wanton now, and lolling at our ease,
We suffer all the invet'rate ills of peace. Dryden.
A lazy, lolling sort
Of ever listless loit'rers. Dunciad, b. iv.
2. To hang out. Used of the tongue hanging out in weariness
or play.
The triple porter of the Stygian seat,
With lolling tongue lay fawning at thy feet. Dryden.
With harmless play amidst the bowls he pass'd,
And with his lolling tongue assay'd the taste. Dryden.

To LOLL. v. a. To put out: used of the tongue exerted.
All authors to their own defects are blind;
Hadst thou but, Janus-like, a face behind,
To see the people, when splay mouths they make,
To mark their fingers pointed at thy back,
Their tongues loll'd out a foot. Dryden's Persius.
By Strymon's freezing streams he sat alone,
Trees bent their heads to hear him sing his wrongs,
Fierce tygers couch'd around, and loll'd their fawning tongues.
Dryden's Virgil.
By the wolf were laid the martial twins;
Intrepid on her swelling dugs they hung,
The faster-dam loll'd out her fawning tongue. Dryden.

LOMP. n. s. A kind of roundish fish.

LON

LONE. adj. [contracted from alone.]
1. Solitary.
Here the lone hour a blank of life displays. Savage.
Thus vanish sceptres, coronets and balls,
And leave you in lone woods, or empty walls. Pope.
2. Single; without company.
No lone house in Wales, with a mountain and a rookery,
is more contemplative than this court. Pope.

LO’NELINESS. n. s. [from lonely.]Solitude; want of compa­
ny; disposition to avoid company.
The huge and sportful assembly grew to him a tedious
loneliness, esteeming nobody sound since Daiphantus was lost.
Sidney.
I see
The mystery of your loneliness, and find
Your salt tears head. Shakespeare.

LONELY. adj. [from lone.]Solitary; addicted to solitude.
I go alone,
Like to a lonely dragon; that his fen
Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen. Shakesp.
Why thus close up the stars
That nature hung in heav'n, and fill'd their lamps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller. Milton.
Time has made you dote, and vainly tell
Of arms imagin'd, in your lonely cell. Dryden's æn.
When, fairest princess,
You lonely thus from the full court retire,
Love and the graces follow to your solitude. Rowe.

LO’NENESS. n. s. [from lone.]Solitude; dislike of company.
If of court life you knew the good,
You would leave loneness. Donne.
I can love
Her who loves loneness best. Donne.

LO’NESOME. adj. [from lone.]Solitary; dismal.
You either must the earth from rest disturb,
Or roll around the heavens the solar orb;
Else what a dreadful face will nature wear?
How horrid will these lonesome seats appear? Blackmore.

LONG. adj. [long, French; longus, Latin.]
1. Not short.
He talked a long while, even till break of day. Acts xx.
He was desirous to see him of a long season. Luke xxiii.
2. Having one of its geometrical dimensions in a greater de­
gree than either of the other.
His branches became long because of the waters. Ezek.
We made the trial in a long necked phial left open at the
top. Boyle.
3. Of any certain measure in length.
Women eat their children of a span long. Lam. ii. 20.
4. Not soon ceasing, or at an end.
Man goeth to his long home. Eccl. xii. 5.
Honour thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be
long upon the land. Exod. xx. 12.
The physician cutteth off a long disease. Ecclus. x. 10.
5. Dilatory.
Death will not be long in coming, and the covenant of
the grave is not shewed unto thee. Ecclus. xiv. 12.
6. [From the verb, to long.] Longing; desirous; or perhaps,
long continued, from the disposition to continue looking at
any thing desired.
Praying for him, and casting a long look that way, he saw
the galley leave the pursuit. Sidney.
By ev'ry circumstance I know he loves;
Yet he but doubts, and parlies, and casts out
Many a long look-for succour. Dryden.


7. Reaching to a great distance.
If the way be too long for thee. Deut. xiv. 24.
They are old by reason of the very long journey. Jos. ix.
8. In musick and pronunciation.] Protracted; as, a long note;
a long syllable.

LONG. adv.
1. To a great length.
The marble brought, erects the spacious dome,
Or forms the pillars long-extended rows
On which the planted grove and pensile garden grows.
Prior.
2. Not for a short time.
With mighty barres of long-enduring brass. Fairfax.
When the trumpet soundeth long, they shall come up to the
mount. Exod. xix. 13.
The martial Ancus
Furbish'd the rusty sword again,
Resum'd the long-forgotten shield. Dryden.
One of these advantages, that which Corncille has laid
down, is the making choice of some signal and long-ex­
pected day, whereon the action of the play is to depend.
Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.
So stood the pious prince unmov'd, and long
Sustain'd the madness of the noisy throng. Dryden's æn.
The muse resumes her long-forgotten lays,
And love, restor'd, his ancient realm surveys. Dryden.
No man has complained that you have discoursed too long
on any subject, for you leave us in an eagerness of learning
more. Dryden.
Persia left for you
The realm of Candahar for dow'r I brought,
That long-contended prize for which you fought. Dryden.
It may help to put an end to that long-agitated and unrea­
sonable question, whether man's will be free or no? Locke.
Heav'n restores
To thy fond wish the long-expected shores. Pope's Odyssey.
3. In the comparative, it signifies for more time; and in the
superlative, for most time.
When she could not longer hide him, she took for him an
ark of bullrushes. Exod. ii. 3.
Eldest parents signifies either the eldest men and women
that have had children, or those who have longest had
issue. Locke.
4. Not soon.
Not long after there arose against it a tempestuous wind.
Acts xxvii. 14.
5. At a point of duration far distant.
If the world had been eternal, those would have been
found in it, and generally spread long ago, and beyond the
memory of all ages. Tillotson's Sermons.
Say, that you once were virtuous long ago?
A frugal, hardy people. Philips's Briton.
6. [For along; au long, Fr.] All along; throughout.
Them among
There fat a man of ripe and perfect age,
Who did them meditate all his life long. Fairy Queen.
Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comes,
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
The bird of dawning singeth all night long,
And then they say no spirit walks abroad.
The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike,
No fairy takes, no witch hath power to charm,
So hallow'd and so gracious is the time. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He fed me all my life long to this day. Gen. xlviii. 15.
Forty years long was I grieved with this generation. Psal.

LONG. v. n. [gelang, a fault, Saxon.]By the fault; by the
failure. A word now out of use, but truly English.
Respective and wary men had rather seek quietly their
own, and wish that the world may go well, so it be not long
of them, than with pains and hazard make themselves ad­
visers for the common good. Hooker, b. v.
Maine, Bloys, Poictiers, and Tours are won away,
Long all of Somerset, and his delay. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Mistress, all this coyl is long of you. Shakespeare.
If we owe it to him that we know so much, it is perhaps
long of his fond adorers that we know so little more. Glanv.

To LONG. v. n. [gelangen, German, to ask. Skinner.]To
desire earnestly; to wish with eagerness continued, with for
or after before the thing desired.
Fresh expectation troubled not the land
With any long'd for change, or better state. Shakespeare.
And thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them.
Deut. xxviii. 32.
If earst he wished, now he longed sore. Fairfax, b. i.
The great master perceived, that Rhodes was the place the
Turkish tyrant longed after. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
If the report be good, it causeth love,
And longing hope, and well assured joy. Davies.
His sons, who seek the tyrant to sustain,
And long for arbitrary lords again,
He dooms to death deserv'd. Dryden's æn.
Glad of the gift, the new made warrior goes,
And arms among the Greeks, and longs for equal foes. Dryd.
Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire,
This longing after immortality? Addison's Cato.
There's the tie that binds you;
You long to call him father: Marcia's charms
Work in your heart unseen, and plead for Cato. Addison.
Nicomedes longing for herrings, was supplied with fresh
ones by his cook, though at a great distance from the sea.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
Through stormy seas
I courted dangers, and I long'd for death. A. Philips.

LONGANIMITY. n. s. [longanimitas, Latin; longanimité, Fr.]
Forbearance; patience of offences.
It had overcome the patience of Job, as it did the meek­
ness of Moses, and surely had mastered any but the longa­
nimity and lasting sufferance of God. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
That innocent and holy matron had rather go clad in the
snowy white robes of meekness and longanimity, than in the
purple mantle of blood. Howell's England's Tears.

LO’NGBOAT. n. s. The largest boat belonging to a ship.
At the first descent on shoar, he did countenance the land­
ing in his longboat. Wotton.
They first betray their masters, and then, when they find
the vessel sinking, save themselves in the longboat. L'Estrange.

LONGE’VITY. n. s. [longævus, Latin.]Length of life.
That those are countries suitable to the nature of man,
and convenient to live in, appears from the longevity of the
natives. Ray on Creation.
The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abste­
mious. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LONGI’MANOUS. adj. [longuemain, French; longimanus, Lat.].
Long-handed; having long hands.
The villainy of this Christian exceeded the persecution of
heathens, whose malice was never so longimanous as to reach
the soul of their enemies, or to extend unto the exile of their
elysiums. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

LONGI’METRY. n. s. [longus and ?et???; longimetrie, French.]
The art or practice of measuring distances.
Our two eyes are like two different stations in longimetry,
by the assistance of which the distance between two objects is
measured. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.

LO’NGING. n. s. [from long.]Earnest desire; continual wish.
When within short time I came to the degree of uncer­
tain wishes, and that those wishes grew to unquiet longings,
when I would fix my thoughts upon nothing, but that within
little varying they should end with Philoclea. Sidney.
I have a woman's longing,
An appetite that I am sick withal,
To see great Hector in the weeds of peace. Shakespeare.
The will is left to the pursuit of nearer satisfactions, and
to the removal of those uneasinesses which it then feels in its
want of, and longings after, them. Locke.

LO’NGINGLY. adv. [from longing.]With incessant wishes.
To his first bias longingly he leans,
And rather would be great by wicked means. Dryden.

LO’NGISH. adj. [from long.]Somewhat long.

LO’NGITUDE. n. s. [longitude, French; longitudo, Latin.]
1. Length; the greatest dimension.
The ancients did determine the longitude of all rooms,
which were longer than broad, by the double of their lati­
tude. Wotton's Architect.
The variety of the alphabet was in mere longitude only;
but the thousand parts of our bodies may be diversified by
situation in all the dimensions of solid bodies; which mul­
tiplies all over and over again, and overwhelms the fancy in
a new abyss of unfathomable number. Bentley's Sermons.
This universal gravitation is an incessant and uniform ac­
tion by certain and established laws, according to quantity of
matter and longitude of distance, that it cannot be destroyed
nor impaired. Bentley's Sermons.
2. The circumference of the earth measured from any meri­
dian.
Some of Megellanus's company were the first that did
compass the world through all the degrees of longitude. Abbot.
3. The distance of any part of the earth to the east or west of
any place.
To conclude;
Of longitudes, what other way have we,
But to mark when and where the dark eclipses be? Donne.
His was the method of discovering the longitude by bomb
vessels. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
4. The position of any thing to cast or west.
The longitude of a star is its distance from the first point
of numeration toward the east, which first point, unto the
ancients, was the vernal equinox. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

LONGITU’DINAL. adj. [from longitude; longitudinal, French.]
Measured by the length; running in the longest direction.
Longitudinal is opposed to transverse: these vesiculæ are
distended, and their longitudinal diameters straitened, and so
the length of the whole muscle shortened. Cheyne.



LO’NGLY. adv. [from long.]Longingly; with great liking.
Master, you look'd so longly on the maid,
Perhaps, you mark not what's the pith of all. Shakesp.

LO’NGSOME. adj. [from long.]Tedious; wearisome by its
length.
They found the war so churlish and longsome, as they grew
then to a resolution, that, as long as England stood in state
to succour those countries, they should but consume them­
selves in an endless war. Bacon's War with Spain.
When chill'd by adverse snows, and beating rain,
We tread with weary steps the longsome plain. Prior.

LO’NGSUFFERING. adj. [long and suffering.]Patient; not easily
provoked.
The Lord God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and
abundant in goodness. Exod. xxxiv. 6.

LO’NGSUFFERING. n. s. Patience of offence; clemency.
We infer from the mercy and longsuffering of God, that
they were themselves sufficiently secure of his favour. Rogers.

LO’NGTAIL. n. s. [long and tail.]Cut and long tail: a cant­
ing term for, one or another.
He will maintain you like a gentlewoman.
—Aye, that I will come cut and longtail under the degree
of a squire. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

LO’NGWAYS. adv. [This and many other words so terminated
are corrupted from wise.]In the longitudinal direction.
This island stands as a vast mole, which lies longways, al­
most in a parallel line to Naples. Addison on Italy.

LO’NGWINDED. adj. [long and wind.]Long-breathed; tedious.
My simile you minded,
Which, I confess, is too longwinded. Swift.

LO’NGWISE. adv. [long and wise.]In the longitudinal direc­
tion.
They make a little cross of a quill, longwise of that part of
the quill which hath the pith, and crosswise of that piece
of the quill without pith. Bacon.
He was laid upon two beds, the one joined longwise unto
the other, both which he filled with his length. Hakewill.

LOO

LOO. n. s. A game at cards.
A secret indignation, that all those affections of the mind
should be thus vilely thrown away upon a hand at loo. Addis.
In the fights of loo. Pope.

LO’OBILY. adj. [looby and like.]Aukward; clumsy.
The plot of the farce was a grammar school, the master
setting his boys their lessons, and a loobily country fellow put­
ting in for a part among the scholars. L'Estrange.

LOOF. n. s. It is that part aloft of the ship which lies just be­
fore the chess-trees, as far as the bulk head of the castle.
Sea Dictionary.

To LOOF. v. a. To bring the ship close to a wind.

LO’OBY. n. s. [Of this word the derivation is unsettled. Skin­
ner mentions lapp, German, foolish; and Junius, llabe, a
clown, Welsh, which seems to be the true original.]A lub­
ber; a clumsy clown.
The vices trace
From the father's scoundrel race.
nWho could give the looby such airs?
Were they masons, were they butchers? Swift.

LO’OFED. adj. [from aloof.]Gone to a distance.
She once being looft, Antony
Claps on his sea-wing, like a doating mallard,
Leaving the fight. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

To LOOK. v. n. [locan, Saxon.]
1. To direct the eye to or from any object.
Your queen died, she was more worth such gazes
Than what you look on now. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The gods look down, and the unnat'ral scene
They laugh at. Shakespeare' Coriolanus.
Abimelech looked out at a window, and saw Isaac. Gen.
Mine iniquities have taken hold upon me, so that I am
not able to look up. Psal. xl. 12.
He was ruddy, and of a beautiful countenance, and goodly
to look to. 1 Sam. xvi. 12.
The fathers shall not look back to their children. Jer.
He had looked round about on them with anger. Mark iii.
The slate would cast the eye, and look about to see, whe­
ther there were any head under whom it might unite. Bacon.
Fine devices of arching water without spilling, be pretty
things to look on, but nothing to health. Bacon's Essays.
Froth appears white, whether the sun be in the meridian,
or anywhere between it and the horizon, and from what
place soever the beholders look upon it. Boyle on Colours.
They'll rather wait the running of the river dry, than take
pains to look about for a bridge. L'Estrange.
Thus pond'ring, he look'd under with his eyes,
And saw the woman's tears. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Bertran; if thou dar'st, look out
Upon you slaughter'd host. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
I cannot, without some indignation, look on an ill copy of
an excellent original; much less can I behold with patience
Virgil and Homer abused to their faces, by a botching in­
terpreter. Dryden.
Intellectual being, in their constant endeavours after true
felicity, can suspend this prosecution in particular cases, till
they have looked before them, and informed themselves, whe­
ther that particular thing lie in their way to their main
end. Locke.
There may be in his reach a book, containing pictures
and discourses capable to delight and instruct him, which yet
he may never take the pains to look into. Locke.
Towards those who communicate their thoughts in print,
I cannot but look with a friendly regard, provided there is no
tendency in their writings to vice. Addison's Freeholder.
A solid and substantial greatness of soul looks down with a
generous neglect on the censures and applauses of the multi­
tude. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.
I have nothing left but to gather up the reliques of a
wreck, and look about me to see how few friends I have
left. Pope to Swift.
The optick nerves of such animals as look the same way
with both eyes, as of men, meet before they come into the
brain; but the optick nerves of such animals as do not look
the same way with both eyes, as of fishes, do not meet.
Newton's Opticks.
2. To have power of seeing.
Fate sees thy life lodg'd in a brittle glass,
And looks it through, but to it cannot pass. Dryden.
3. To direct the intellectual eye.
In regard of our deliverance past, and our danger present
and to come, let us look up to God, and every man reform
his own ways. Bacon's New Atlantis.
We are not only to look at the bare action, but at the rea­
son of it. Stillingfleet.
The man only saved the pigeon from the hawk, that he
might eat it himself; and if we look well about us, we shall
find this to be the case of most mediations. L'Estrange.
They will not look beyond the received notions of the place
and age, nor have so presumptuous a thought as to be wiser
than their neighbours. Locke.
Every one, if he would look into himself, would find some
defect of his particular genius. Locke.
Change a man's view of things; let him look into the fu­
ture state of bliss or misery, and see there God, the righteous
Judge, ready to render every man according to his deeds.
Locke.
4. To expect.
Being once chaft, he speaks
What's in his heart; and that is there, which looks
With us to break his neck. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If he long deferred the march, he must look to fight an­
other battle before he could reach Oxford. Clarendon.
5. To take care; to watch.
I look that ye bind them fast. Shakespeare.
He that gathered a hundred bushels of apples, had thereby
a property in them: he was only to look that he used them
before they spoiled, else he robbed others. Locke.
6. To be directed with regard to any object.
Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look
straight before thee. Prov. iv. 25.
7. To have any particular appearance.
I took the way,
Which through a path, but scarcely printed, lay;
And look'd as lightly press'd by fairy feet. Dryden.
That spotless modesty of private and publick life, that ge­
nerous spirit, which all other Christians ought to labour after,
should look in us as if they were natural. Spratt's Serm.
Piety, as it is thought a way to the favour of God; and
fortune, as it looks like the effect either of that, or at least of
prudence and courage, beget authority. Temple.
Cowards are offensive to my sight;
Nor shall they see me do an act that looks
Below the courage of a Spartan king. Dryd. Cleomenes.
Should I publish any favours done me by your lordship, I
am afraid it would look more like vanity than gratitude. Addis.
Something very noble may be discerned, but it looketh
cumbersome. Felton on the Classicks.
Late, a sad spectacle of woe, he trod
The desart sands, and now he looks a god. Pope's Odys.
From the vices and follies of others, observe how such a
practice looks in another person, and remember that it looks
as ill, or worse, in yourself. Watts.
8. To seem.
To complain of want, and yet refuse all offers of a sup­
ply, looks very fullen. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
This makes it look the more like truth, nature being fru­
gal in her principles, but various in the effects thence ari­
sing. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
9. To have any air, mien, or manner.
Nay look not big, nor stamp, nor stare, nor fret,
I will be master of what is mine own. Shakespeare.
What haste looks through his eyes?
So should he look that seems to speak things strange. Shak.
Give me your hand, and trust me you look well, and bear
your years very well. Shakespeare's Henry IV.


Can these, or such, be any aids to us?
Look they as they were built to shake the world,
Or be a moment to our enterprize? Benj. Johnson.
Though I cannot tell what a man says; if he will be sin­
cere, I may easily know what he looks. Collier.
It will be his lot to look singular in loose and licentious
times, and to become a by-word. Atterbury's Sermons.
10. To form the air in any particular manner, in regarding or
beholding.
I welcome the condition of the time,
Which cannot look more hideously on me,
Than I have drawn it in my fantasy. Shakesp. Henry IV.
That which was the worst now least afflicts me:
Blindness, for had I sight, confus'd with shame,
How could I once look up, or heave the head. Milton.
These look up to you with reverence, and would be ani­
mated by the sight of him at whose soul they have taken
fire in his writings. Swift to Pope.
11. To LOOK about one. To be alarmed; to be vigilant.
It will import those men who dwell careless to look about
them; to enter into serious consultation, how they may avert
that ruin. Decay of Piety.
If you find a wasting of your flesh, then look about you,
especially if troubled with a cough. Harvey on Consumptions.
John's cause was a good milch cow, and many a man sub­
sisted his family out of it: however, John began to think it
high time to look about him. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
12. To LOOK after. To attend; to take care of; to observe
with care, anxiety, or tenderness.
Mens hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after
those things which are coming on the earth. Luke xxi. 26.
Politeness of manners, and knowledge of the world, should
principally be looked after in a tutor. Locke on Education.
A mother was wont to indulge her daughters, when any
of them desired dogs, squirrels, or birds; but then they must
be sure to look diligently after them, that they were not ill
used. Locke on Education.
My subject does not oblige me to look after the water, or
point forth the place whereunto it is now retreated. Woodw.
13. To LOOK for. To expect.
Phalantus's disgrace was engrieved, in lieu of comfort, of
Artesia, who telling him she never looked for other, bad him
seek some other mistress. Sidney.
Being a labour of so great difficulty, the exact performance
thereof we may rather wish than look for. Hooker, b. v.
Thou
Shalt feel our justice, in whose easiest passage
Look for no less than death. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
If we sin wilfully after that we have received the know­
ledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for
sins, but a certain fearful looking for of judgment. Heb. x.
In dealing with cunning persons, it is good to say little to
them, and that which they least look for. Bacon's Essays.
This mistake was not such as they looked for; and, though
the error in form seemed to be consented to, yet the sub­
stance of the accusation might be still insisted on. Clarendon.
Inordinate anxiety, and unnecessary scruples in confession,
instead of setting you free, which is the benefit to be looked
for by confession, perplex you the more. Taylor.
Look now for no enchanting voice, nor fear
The bait of honied words. Milton.
Drown'd in deep despair,
He dares not offer one repenting prayer:
Amaz'd he lies, and sadly looks for death. Dryden's Juv.
I must with patience all the terms attend,
Till mine is call'd; and that long look'd for day
Is still encumber'd with some new delay. Dryden's Juv.
This limitation of Adam's empire to his line, will save
those the labour who would look for one heir amongst the race
of brutes, but will very little contribute to the discovery of
one amongst men. Locke.
14. To LOOK into. To examine; to sift; to inspect closely;
to observe narrowly.
His nephew's levies to him appear'd
To be a preparation 'gainst the Polack;
But better look'd into, he truly found
It was against your highness. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The more frequently and narrowly we look into the works
of nature, the more occasion we shall have to admire their
beauty. Atterbury's Sermons.
It is very well worth a traveller's while to look into all that
lies in his way. Addison on Italy.
15. To LOOK on. To respect; to regard; to esteem; to con­
sider; to view; to think on.
Ambitious men, if they be checked in their desires, be­
come secretly discontent, and look upon men and matters with
an evil eye. Bacon's Essays.
I looked on Virgil as a succinct, majestick writer; one who
weighed not only every thought, but every word and sylla­
ble. Dryden.
If a harmless maid
Should ere a wise become a nurse,
Her friends would look on her the worse. Prior.
16. To LOOK on. To consider.
He looked upon it as morally impossible, for persons infi­
nitely proud to frame their minds to an impartial considera­
tion of a religion that taught nothing but self-denial and the
cross. South's Sermons.
Do we not all profess to be of this excellent religion? but
who will believe that we do so, that shall look upon the ac­
tions, and consider the lives of the greatest part of Chris­
tians. Tillotson's Sermons.
In the want and ignorance of almost all things, they look­
ed upon themselves as the happiest and wisest people of the
universe. Locke on human Unsterstanding.
Those prayers you make for your recovery are to be looked
upon as best heard by God, if they move him to a longer
continuance of your sickness. Wake's Prepar. for Death.
17. To LOOK on. To be a mere idle spectator.
I'll be a candle-holder, and look on. Shakespeare.
Some come to meet their friends, and to make merry;
others come only to look on. Bacon's Apophth.
18. To LOOK over. To examine; to try one by one.
Look o'er the present and the former time,
If no example of so vile a crime
Appears, then mourn. Dryden's Juvenal.
A young child, distracted with the number and variety of
his play-games, tired his maid ever day to look them over.
Locke on Education.
19. To LOOK out. To search; to seek.
When the thriving tradesman has got more than he can
well employ in trade, his next thoughts are to look out for a
purchase. Locke.
Where the body is affected with pain or sickness, we are
forward enough to look out for remedies, to listen greedily to
every one that suggests them and immediately to apply them.
Atterbury's Sermons.
Where a foreign tongue is elegant, expressive, and com­
pact, we must look out for words as beautiful and comprehen­
sive as can be found. Felton on the Classicks.
The curious are looking out, some for flattery, some for
ironies, in that poem; the sour folks think they have found
out some. Swift to Pope.
20. To LOOK out. To be on the watch.
Is a man bound to look out sharp to plague himself? Collier.
21. To LOOK to. To watch; to take care of.
There is not a more fearful wild fowl than your lion
living; and we ought to look to it. Shakespeare.
Who knocks so loud at door?
Look to the door there, Francis. Shakes. Henry IV.
Let this fellow be looked to: let some of my people have a
special care of him. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Uncleanly scruples fear not you; look to't. Shakesp.
Know the state of thy flocks, and look well to thy herds.
Prov. xxvii. 33.
When it came once among our people, that the state of­
fered conditions to strangers that would stay, we had work
enough to get any of our men to look to our ship. Bacon.
If any took sanctuary for case of treason, the king might
appoint him keepers to look to him in sanctuary. Bacon.
The dog's running away with the flesh, bids the cook look
better to it another time. L'Estrange.
For the truth of the theory I am in nowise concerned; the
composer of it must look to that. Woodward.
22. To LOOK to. To behold.

To LOOK. v. a.
1. To seek; to search for.
Looking my love, I go from place to place,
Like a young fawn that late hath lost the hind,
And seek each where. Spenser.
My father is here look'd for every day,
To pass assurance of a dower. Shakespeare.
2. To turn the eye upon.
Let us look one another in the face. 2 Kings xiv. 8.
3. To influence by looks.
Such a spirit must be left behind!
A spirit fit to start into an empire,
And look the world to law. Dryden's Cleomenes.
4. To LOOK out. To discover by searching.
Casting my eye upon so many of the general bills as next
came to hand, I found encouragement from them to look out
all the bills I could. Graunt's Bills of Mertality.
Whoever has such treatment when he is a man, will look
out other company, with whom he can be at ease. Locke.

LOOK. interj. [properly the imperative mood of the verb: it is
sometimes look ye.]See! lo! behold! observe.
Look, where he comes, and my good man too; he's as
far from jealousy as I am from giving him cause. Shakesp.
Look you, he must seem thus to the world: fear not your
advancement. Shakespeare.
Look, when the world hath fewest barbarous people, but
such as will not marry, except they know means to live, as
it is almost everywhere at this day, except Tartary, there is
no danger of inundations of people. Bacon's Essays.


Look you! we that pretend to be subject to a constitution,
must not carve out our own quality; for at this rate a cobler
may make himself a lord. Collier on Pride.

LOOK. n. s.
1. Air of the face; mien; cast of the countenance.
Thou cream-fac'd lown,
Where got'st thou that goose look? Shakespeare.
Thou wilt save the afflicted people, but wilt bring down
high looks. Psal. xviii. 27.
Them gracious heav'n for nobler ends design'd,
Their looks erected, and their clay refin'd. J. Dryden, jun.
And though death be the king of terrors, yet pain, dis­
grace, and poverty, have frightful looks, able to discompose
most men. Locke.
2. The act of looking or seeing.
Then on the croud he cast a furious look,
And wither'd all their strength. Dryden.
When they met they made a surly stand,
And glar'd, like angry lions, as they pass'd,
And wish'd that ev'ry look might be their last. Dryden.

LO’OKER. n. s. [from look.]
1. One that looks.
2. LO’OKER on. Spectator, not agent.
Shepherds poor pipe, when his harsh sound testifies anguish,
into the fair looker on, pastime not passion enters. Sidney.
Such labour is then more necessary than pleasant, both to
them which undertake it, and for the lookers on. Hooker.
My business in this state
Made me a looker on here in Vienna;
Where I have seen corruption boil and bubble
Till it o'er-run the stew. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Did not this fatal war affront thy coast,
Yet sattest thou an idle looker on. Fairfax, b. i.
The Spaniard's valour lieth in the eye of the looker on;
but the English valour lieth about the soldier's heart: a valour
of glory and a valour of natural courage are two things. Bac.
The people love him;
The lookers on, and the enquiring vulgar,
Will talk themselves to action. Denham's Sophy.
He wish'd he had indeed been gone,
And only to have stood a looker on. Addison's Ovid.

LOOKING-GLASS. n. s. [look and glass.]Mirror; a glass which
shews forms reflected.
Command a mirror hither straight,
That it may shew me what a face I have.
—Go some of you and fetch a looking-glass. Shakespeare.
There is none so homely but loves a looking-glass. South.
We should make no other use of our neighbours faults,
than we do of a looking-glass to mend our own manners by.
L'Estrange.
The surface of the lake of Nemi is never ruffled with the
least breath of wind, which perhaps, together with the clear­
ness of its waters, gave it formerly the name of Diana's look­
ing-glass. Addison on Italy.

LOOM. n. s. [from glomus, a bottom of thread, Minshow. Lome
is a general name for a tool or instrument, Junius.]The
frame in which the weavers work their cloath.
He must leave no uneven thread in his loom, or by indulg­
ing to any one sort of reproveable discourse himself, defeat
all his endeavours against the rest. Governm. of the Tongue.
Minerva, studious to compose
Her twisted threads, the web she strung,
And o'er a loom of marble hung. Addison.
A thousand maidens ply the purple loom,
To weave the bed, and deck the regal room. Prior.

To LOOM. v. n. [leoman, Saxon.]To appear at sea. Skinner.

LOOM. n. s. A bird.
A loom is as big as a goose; of a dark colour, dappled
with white spots on the neck, back, and wings; each fea­
ther marked near the point with two spots: they breed in
Farr Island. Grew's Musæum.

LOON. n. s. [This word, which is now used only in Scotland,
is the English word lown.]A sorry fellow; a scoundrel; a
rascal.
Thou cream-fac'd loon!
Where got'st thou that goose look? Shakesp. Macbeth.
The false loon, who could not work his will
By open force, employ'd his flatt'ring skill:
I hope, my lord, said he, I not offend;
Are you afraid of me that are your friend? Dryden.
This young lord had an old cunning rogue, or, as the
Scots call it, a false loon of a grandfather, that one might
call a Jack of all trades. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

LOOP. n. s. [from loopen, Dutch, to run.]A double through
which a string or lace is drawn; an ornamental double or
fringe.
Nor any skill'd in loops of fing'ring fine,
Might in their diverse cunning ever dare
With this, so curious network, to compare. Spenser,
Make me to see't, or at least so prove it,
That the probation bear no hinge, nor loop,
To hang a doubt on. Shakespeare's Othello.
Bind our crooked legs in hoops
Made of shells, with silver loops. Benj. Johnson.
An old fellow shall wear this or that sort of cut in his
cloaths with great integrity, while all the rest of the world
are degenerated into buttons, pockets, and loops. Addison.

LO’OPED. adj. [from loop.]Full of holes.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That 'bide the pelting of this pitiless storm!
How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,
Your loop'd and window'd raggedness, defend you
From seasons such as these. Shakesp. King Lear.

LO’OPHOLE. n. s. [loop and hole.]
1. Aperture; hole to give a passage.
The Indian herdsman shunning heat,
Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds;
At loopholes cut through thickest shade. Milton's Par. Lost.
Ere the blabbing Eastern scout
The nice morn on the Indian steep,
From her cabin'd loophole peep. Milton.
Walk not near yon corner house by night; for there are
blunderbusses planted in every loophole, that go off at the
squeaking of a fiddle. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
2. A shift; an evasion.
Needless, or needful, I not now contend,
For still you have a loophole for a friend. Dryden.

LO’OPHOLED. adj. [from loophole.]Full of holes; full of open­
ings, or void spaces.
This uneasy loophol'd gaol,
In which y' are hamper'd by the fetlock,
Cannot but put y' in mind of wedlock. Hudibras, p. ii.

LOORD. n. s. [loerd, Dutch; from lourdant, French; lurdan,
Erse; a heavy, stupid, or witless fellow. D. Trevoux derives
lourdant from lorde or lourde, a village in Gascoigny, the in­
habitants of which were formerly noted robbers, say they.
But dexterity in robbing implies some degree of subtilty, from
which the Gascoigns are so far removed, that, at this day,
they are aukward and heavy to a proverb. The Erse im­
ports some degree of knavery, but then it is used in a ludi­
crous sense, as in English, you pretty rogue; though in ge­
neral it denotes reproachful heaviness, or stupid laziness.
Spenser's Scholiast says, loord was wont, among the old Bri­
tons, to signify a lord; and therefore the Danes, that usurp­
ed their tyranny here in Britain, were called, for more dread
than dignity, lurdans, i. e. lord Danes, whose insolence and
pride was so outrageous in this realm, that if it fortuned a
Briton to be going over a bridge, and saw the Dane set foot
upon the same, he must return back till the Dane was clean
over, else he must abide no less than present death: but be­
ing afterward expelled, the name of lurdane became so odious
unto the people whom they had long oppressed, that, even
at this day, they use for more reproach to call the quartan
ague the fever lurdane. So far the Scholiast, but erroneously.
From Spenser's own words, it signifies something of stupid
dulness rather than magisterial arrogance. Macbean.]A
drone.
Siker, thou's but a lazy loord,
And rekes much of thy swinke,
That with fond terms and witless words
To bleer mine eyes do'st think. Spenser's Pastorals.

To LOOSE. v. a. [lesan, Saxon.]
1. To unbind; to untie any thing fastened.
The shoes of his feet I am not worthy to loose. Acts.
Canst thou loose the bands of Orion. Job xxxviii. 31.
Who is worthy to loose the seals thereof. Rev. v. 2.
This is to cut the knot when we cannot loose it. Burnet.
2. To relax.
The joints of his loins were loosed. Dan. v. 6.
3. To unbind any one bound.
Loose and bring him to me. Luke xix. 30.
He loosed, and set at liberty, four or five kings of the peo­
ple of that country, that Berok kept in chains. Abbot.
4. To free from imprisonment.
Loose those appointed to death. Psal. cii. 20.
The captive hasteneth that he may be loosed. Isaiah.
5. To free from any obligation.
Art thou loosed from a wife, seek not a wife. 1 Cor. vii.
6. To free from any thing that shackles the mind.
Ay; there's the man, who, loos'd from lust and pelf,
Less to the pretor owes than to himself. Dryden's Persius.
7. To free from any thing painful.
Woman, thou art loosed from thy infirmity. Luke xiii. 12.
8. To disengage.
When heav'n was nam'd, they loos'd their hold again,
Then sprung she forth, they follow'd her amain. Dryden.

To LOOSE. v. n. To set sail; to depart by loosing the an­
chor.
Ye should have hearkened, and not have loosed from Crete.
Acts xxvii. 21.


The emperor loosing from Barcelona, came to the port of
Mago, in the island of Minorca. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Loosing thence by night, they were driven by contrary
winds back into his port. Raleigh.

LOOSE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Unbound; untied.
If he should intend his voyage towards my wife, I would
turn her loose to him; and what he gets more of her than
sharp words, let it lie on my head. Shakespeare.
Lo! I see four men loose walking. Dan. iii. 25.
2. Not fast; not fixed.
Those few that clashed might rebound after the collision;
or if they cohered, yet by the next conflict might be sepa­
rated again, and so on in an eternal vicissitude of fast and
loose, though without ever consociating into the bodies of
planets. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Not tight: as, a loose robe.
4. Not crouded; not close.
With extended wings a host might pass,
With horse and chariots, rank'd in loose array. Milton.
5. Wanton; not chaste.
Fair Venus seem'd unto his bed to bring
Her, whom he waking evermore did ween
To be the chastest flower that ay did spring
On earthly branch, the daughter of a king,
Now a loose leman to vile service bound. Fairy Queen.
When loose epistles violate chaste eyes,
She half consents who silently denies. Dryden's Ovid.
6. Not close; not concise; lax.
If an author be loose and diffuse in his stile, the translator
needs only regard the propriety of the language. Felton.
7. Vague; indeterminate.
It is but a loose thing to speak of possibilities, without the
particular designs; so is it to speak of lawfulness without the
particular cases. Bacon's holy War.
It seems unaccountable to be so exact in the quantity of
liquor where a small error was of little concern, and to be so
loose in the doses of powerful medicines. Arbuthnot.
8. Not strict; not rigid.
Because conscience, and the fear of swerving from that
which is right, maketh them diligent observers of circum­
stances, the loose regard whereof is the nurse of vulgar folly.
Hooker, b. v.
9. Unconnected; rambling.
I dare venture nothing without a strict examination; and
am as much ashamed to put a loose indigested play upon the
publick, as I should be to offer brass money in a payment.
Dryden's Dedication to his Spanish Friar.
Vario spends whole mornings in running over loose and un­
connected pages, and with fresh curiosity is ever glancing
over new words and ideas, and yet treasures up but little
knowledge. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
10. Lax of body; not costive.
What hath a great influence upon the health, is going to
stool regularly: people that are very loose have seldom strong
thoughts, or strong bodies. Locke on Education.
11. Disengaged; not enslaved.
Their prevailing principle is, to sit as loose from those plea­
sures, and be as moderate in the use of them, as they can.
Atterbury's Sermons.
12. Disengaged from obligation.
Now I stand
Loose of my vow; but who knows Cato's thoughts. Addis.
13. Free from confinement.
They did not let prisoners loose homeward. Isa. xiv. 17.
Wish the wildest tempests loose;
That thrown again upon the coast,
I may once more repeat my pain. Prior.
14. Remiss; not attentive.
15. To break LOOSE. To gain liberty.
If to break loose from the conduct of reason, and to want
that restraint of examination which keeps us from chusing
the worse, be liberty, madmen and fools are only the free­
men. Locke.
Like two black storms on either hand,
Our Spanish army and the Indians stand;
This only space betwixt the clouds is clear,
Where you, like day, broke loose from both appear. Dryd.
16. To let LOOSE. To set at liberty; to set at large; to free
from any restraint.
And let the living bird loose into the open field. Lev. xiv. 7.
We ourselves make our fortunes good or bad; and when
God lets loose a tyrant upon us, or a sickness, if we fear to
die, or know not to be patient, the calamity sits heavy upon
us. Taylor's holy Living.
In addition and division, either of space or duration, it is
the number of its repeated additions or divisions that alone
remains distinct, as will appear to any one who will let his
thoughts loose in the vast expansion of space, or divisibility of
matter. Locke.
If one way of improvement cannot be made a recreation,
they must be let loose to the childish play they fancy; which
they should be weaned from, by being made surfeit of it.
Locke on Education.

LOOSE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Liberty; freedom from restraint.
Come, and forsake thy cloying store,
And all the busy pageantry
That wise men scorn, and fools adore:
Come, give thy soul a loose, and taste the pleasures of the
poor. Dryden's Horace.
Lucia, might my big swoln heart
Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow,
Marcia could answer thee in sighs. Addison's Cato.
The fiery Pegasus disdains
To mind the rider's voice, or hear the reins;
When glorious fields and opening camps he views,
he runs with an unbounded loose. Prior.
Poets should not, under a pretence of imitating the an­
tients, give themselves such a loose in lyricks, as if there were
no connection in the world. Felton on the Classicks.
2. Dismission from any restraining force.
Air at large maketh no noise, except it be sharply percus­
sed; as in the sound of a string, where air is percussed by a
hard and stiff body, and with a sharp loose. Bacon.

LO’OSELY. adv. [from loose.]
1. Not fast; not firmly.
I thought your love eternal: was it ty'd
So loosely, that a quarrel could divide? Dryden's Aureng.
2. Without bandage.
Her golden locks for haste were loosely shed
About her ears. Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. Without union or connection.
He has eminently, and within himself, all degrees of per­
fection that exist loosely and separately in all second beings.
Norris's Misceilany.
4. Irregularly.
In this age, a bishop, living loosely, was charged that
his conversation was not according to the apostles lives.
Camden's Remains.
5. Negligently; carelessly.
We have not loosely through silence permitted things to pass
away as in a dream. Hooker.
The chiming of some particular words in the memory,
and making a noise in the head, seldom happens but when
the mind is lazy, or very loosely and negligently employ­
ed. Locke.
6. Unsolidly; meanly; without dignity.
A prince should not be so loosely studied, as to remember
so weak a composition. Shakes. Henry IV. p. ii.
7. Unchastly.
The stage how loosely does Astræa tread,
Who fairly puts all characters to bed. Pope.

To LO’OSEN. v. n. [from loose.]To part.
When the polypus appears in the throat, extract it that
way; it being more ready to loosen when pulled in that di­
rection than by the nose. Sharp's Surgery.

To LO’OSEN. v. a. [from loose.]
1. To relax any thing tied.
2. To make less coherent.
After a year's rooting, then shaking doth the tree good,
by loosening of the earth. Bacon's Natural History.
3. To separate a compages.
She breaks her back, the loosen'd sides give way,
And plunge the Tuscan soldiers in the sea. Dryden's æn.
4. To free from restraint.
It resolves those difficulties which the rules beget; it loosens
his hands, and assists his understanding. Dryden's Dufrefnoy.
5. To make not costive.
Fear looseneth the belly; because the heat retiring towards
the heart, the guts are relaxed in the same manner as fear
also causeth trembling. Bacon's Nat. History, No. 41.

LO’OSENESS. n. s. [from loose.]
1. State contrary to that of being fast or fixed.
The cause of the casting of skin and shell should seem to
be the looseness of the skin or shell, that sticketh not close to
the flesh. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Latitude; criminal levity.
A general looseness of principles and manners hath seized
on us like a pestilence, that walketh not in darkness, but
wasteth at noon-day. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Irregularity; neglect of laws.
He endeavoured to win the common people, both by strain­
ed curtesy and by looseness of life. Hayward.
4. Lewdness; unchastity.
Courtly court he made still to his dame,
Pour'd out in looseness on the grassy ground,
Both careless of his health and of his fame, Fairy Qu.
5. Diarrhœa; flux of the belly.


Taking cold moveth looseness by contraction of the skin
and outward parts. Bacon's Natural History.
In postilent diseases, if they cannot be expelled by sweat,
they fall likewise into looseness. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Fat meats, in phlegmatick stomachs, procure looseness and
hinder retention. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LOOSESTRIFE. n. s. [lysimachia, Lat.]An herb.
The leaves are entire, oblong, and produced sometimes
by pairs, or three or four at each joint of the stalk: the
flower consists of one leaf, which expands in a circular or­
der, and is cut into several segments at the top; the fruit is
globular, and open at the top, inclosing many seeds fixed to
the placenta: it produces large spikes of fine yellow flowers
in July, and is prescribed in medicine. Miller.

To LOP. v. a. [It is derived by Skinner from laube, German,
a leaf.]
1. To cut the branches of trees.
Gentle niece, what stern ungentle hands
Have lopp'd, and hew'd, and made thy body bare
Of her two branches, those sweet ornaments. Shakesp.
Like to pillars,
Or hollow'd bodies, made of oak or fir,
With branches lopp'd in wood, or mountain fell'd. Milt.
The plants, whose luxury was lopp'd,
Or age with crutches underprop'd. Cleaveland.
The oak, growing from a plant to a great tree, and then
lopped, is still the same oak. Locke.
The hook she bore, instead of Cynthia's spear,
To lop the growth of the luxuriant year. Pope.
2. To cut any thing.
The gardener may lop religion as he please. Howel.
So long as there's a head,
Hither will all the mountain spirits fly;
Lop that but off. Dryden's Sp. Friar.
All that denominated it paradise was lopped off by the de­
luge, and that only left which it enjoyed in common with
its neighbour countries. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
I'm sure in needless bonds it poets ties,
Procrustus like, the ax or wheel applies,
To lop the mangled sense, or stretch it into size. Smith.

LOP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. That which is cut from trees.
Or siker thy head very tottie is,
So on thy corbe shoulder it leans amiss;
Now thyself hath lost both lop and top,
As my budding branch thou would'st crop. Spenser.
Nor should the boughs grow too big, because they give
opportunity to the rain to soak into the tree, which will
quickly cause it to decay, so that you must cut it down, or
else both body and lop will be of little value. Mortimer.
2. [Loppa, Swedish.] A flea.

LOPE. pret. of leap. Obsolete. This is retained in Scotland.
With that sprang forth a naked swain,
With spotted wings like peacock's train,
And laughing lope to a tree. Spenser's Pastorals.

LO’PPER. n. s. [from lop.]One that cuts trees.

LO’PPERED. adj. Coagulated; as, loppered milk. Ainswerth.
And thus it is still called in Scotland.

LOQUA’CIOUS. adj. [loquax, Latin.]
1. Full of talk; full of tongue.
To whom sad Eve,
Confessing soon; yet not before her judge
Bold, or loquacious, thus abash'd reply'd. Milt. Pa. Lost.
In council she gives licence to her tongue,
Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. Dryden.
2. Speaking.
Blind British bards, with volant touch
Traverse loquacious strings, whose solemn notes
Provoke to harmless revels. Philips.
3. Blabbing; not secret.

LOQUA’CITY. n. s. [loquacitus, Latin.]Too much talk.
Why loquacity is to be avoided, the wise man gives suffi­
cient reason for, In the multitude of words there wanteth not
sin. Ray on Creation.
Too great loquacity, and too great taciturnity by fits. Arb;

LOR

LORD. n. s. [hlaford, Saxon.]
1. Monarch; ruler; governour.
Man over man
He made not lord. Milton.
Of Athens he was lord. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
We have our author's only arguments to prove, that heirs
are lords over their brethren. Locke.
They call'd their lord Actæon to the game,
He shook his head in answer to the name. Addison.
O'er love, o'er fear, extends his wide domain,
Unconquer'd lord of pleasure and of pain. Va. of hu. Wishes.
2. Master; supreme person.
But now I was the lord
Of this fair mansion, master of my servants,
Queen o'er myself; and even now, but now,
This house, these servants, and this same myself
Are yours, my lord. Shakesp. Merchant of Venies.
3. A tyrant; an oppressive ruler.
Now being assembled into one company, rather without a
lord than at liberty to accomplish their misery, they fall to
division. Hayward.
'Tis death to fight, but kingly to controul
Lord-like at ease, with arbitrary pow'r,
To peel the chiefs, the people to devour. Dryden.
4. A husband.
I oft in bitterness of soul deplor'd
My absent daughter, and my dearer lord. Pope's Odyssey.
5. One who is at the head of any business; an overseer.
Grant harvest lord more by a peny or two,
To call on his fellows the better to doo. Tusser's Hush.
6. A nobleman.
Thou art a lord, and nothing but a lord. Shakespeare.
7. A general name for a peer of England.
Nor were the crimes objected against him so clear, as to
give convincing satisfaction to the major part of both houses,
especially that of the lords. King Charles.
8. A baron.
9. An honorary title applied to offices; as, lord chief justice,
lord mayor, and lord chief baron.

To LORD. v. n. To domineer; to rule despotically.
Unrighteous lord of love! what law is this,
That me thou makest thus tormented be?
The whiles she ordeth in licentious bliss
Of her free will, scorning both thee and me. Spenser.
I see them lording it in London streets. Shakespeare.
Those huge tracts of ground they orded over begat wealth,
wealth ushered in pride. Howel's Vocal Forest.
They had by this possess'd the tow'rs of Gath,
And lorded over them whom now they serve. Milton's Ag.
I should choose rather to be tumbled into the dust in blood,
bearing witness to any known truth of our lord, than by a
denial of truths, through blood and perjury, wade to a seep­
tre, and lord it in a throne. South's Sermons.
But if thy passions lord it in thy breast,
Art thou not still a slave? Dryden's Persius.
The valour of one man th' afflicted throne
Imperial, that once lorded o'er the world,
Sustain'd. Philips.
The civilizers! the disturbers say,
The robbers, the corrupters of mankind!
Proud vagabonds! who make the world your home,
And lord it where you have no right. Philips's Briton.

LO’RDING. n. s. [from lord.]Lord in contempt or ridicule.
I'll question you
Of my lord's tricks, and yours, when you were boys.
You were pretty lordings then? Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
To lordings proud I tune my lay,
Who feast in bower or hall;
Though dukes they be, to dukes I say,
That pride will have a fall. Swift.

LO’RDLING. n. s. A diminutive lord.
Traulus, of amphibious breed,
By the dam from lordings sprung,
By the sire exhal'd from dung. Swift.

LO’RDLINESS. n. s. [from lordly.]
1. Dignity; high station.
Thou vouchsafest here to visit me,
Doing the honour of thy lordliness
To one so weak. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
2. Pride; haughtiness.

LO’RDLY. adj. [from lord.]
1. Besiting a lord.
Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them. South.
2. Proud; haughty; imperious; insolent.
So bad a peer—
—As who, my lord?
—Why, as yourself, my lord?
An't like your lordly, lord protectorship? Shakespeare.
Of me as of a common enemy,
So dreaded once, may now exasperate them,
I know not: lords are lord iest in their wine. Milt. Agon.
Expect another message more imperious,
More lordly thund'ring than thou well wilt bear. Milton.
Ev'ry rich and lordly swain,
With pride wou'd drag abou her chain. Swift.

LO’RDLY. adv. Imperiously; despotically; proudly.
So when a tyger sucks the bullock's blood,
A famish'd lion, issuing from the wood,
Roars lordly fierce, and challenges the food. Dryden.

LO’RDSHIP. n. s. [from lord.]
1. Dominion; power.
Let me never know that any base affection should get any
lordship in your thoughts. Sidney.
It being set upon such an insensible rising of the ground,
it gives the eye lordship over a good large circuit. Sidney.
They which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles, ex­
ercise lordship over them, and their great ones exercise autho­
rity upon them. Mark x. 42.


There is lordship of the fee, wherein the master doth much
joy, when he walketh about the line of his own possessions.
Wotton's Architecture.
Needs must the lordship there from virtue slide. Fairfax.
2. Seigniory; domain.
How can those grants of the kings be avoided, without
wronging of those lords which had those lands and lordships
given them? Spenser on Ireland.
What lands and lordships for their owner know
My quondam barber, but his worship now. Dryden.
3. Title of honour used to a nobleman not a duke.
I assure your lordship,
The extreme horrour of it almost turn'd me
To air, when first I heard it. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
I could not answer it to the world, if I gave not your lord­
ship my testimony of being the best husband now living. Dry.
4. Titulary compellation of judges, and some other persons in
authority and office.

LORE. n. s. [from læran, to learn.]Lesson; doctrine; in­
struction.
And, for the modest lore of maidenhood
Bids me not sojourn with these armed men.
Oh whither shall I fly? Fairfax.
The law of nations, or the lore of war. Fairfax.
Calm region once,
And full of peace; now tost, and turbulent!
For understanding rul'd not; and the will
Heard not her lore! but in subjection now
To sensual appetite. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
The subtile fiend his lore
Soon learn'd, now milder, and thus answer'd smooth. Milt.
Lo! Rome herself, proud mistress now no more
Of arts, but thund'ring against heathen lore. Pope.

LORE. [leoran, Saxon.]Lost; destroyed.

LO’REL. n. s. [from leoran, Saxon.]An abandoned scoundrel.
Obsolete.
Siker thou speak'st like a lewd lorell
Of heaven to deemen so:
How be I am but rude and borrell,
Yet nearer ways I know. Spenser's Pastorals.

To LO’RICATE. v. a. To plate over.
Nature hath loricated, or plaistered over, the sides of the
tympanum in animals with ear-wax, to stop and entangle
any insects that should attempt to creep in there. Ray.

LO’RIMER. n. s. [lormier, French.]Bridlecutter.

LO’RINER. n. s. [lormier, French.]Bridlecutter.

LO’RIOT. n. s. A kind of bird.

LORN. pret. pass. of lorian, Saxon.]Forsaken; lost.
Who after that he had fair Una lorn,
Through light misdeeming of her loyalty. Fairy Queen.

LOS

To LOSE. v. a. [leosan, Saxon.]
1. To forfeit by unlucky contest; the contrary to win.
The lighten'd coursers ran;
They rush'd, and won by turns, and lost the day. Dryden.
2. To be deprived of.
He lost his right hand with a shot, and, instead thereof,
ever after used a hand of iron. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Who conquer'd him, and in what fatal strife
The youth, without a wound, could lose his life. Dryden.
3. To suffer deprivation of.
The fear of the Lord goeth before obtaining of authority;
but roughness and pride is the losing thereof. Ecclus. x. 21.
If salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted?
Matt. v. 13.
4. To possess no longer; contrary to keep.
They have lost their trade of woollen drapery. Graunt.
No youth shall equal hopes of glory give,
The Trojan honour and the Roman boast,
Admir'd when living, and ador'd when lost. Dryden.
We should never quite lose sight of the country, though
we are sometimes entertained with a distant prospect of it.
Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
5. To have any thing gone so as that it cannot be found, or
had again.
But if to honour lost 'tis still decreed
For you my bowl shall flow, my flocks shall bleed;
Judge and assert my right, impartial Jove. Pope's Odyssey.
When men are openly abandoned, and lost to all shame,
they have no reason to think it hard, if their memory be re­
proached. Swift.
6. To bewilder.
I will go lose myself,
And wander up and down to view the city. Shakespeare.
Nor are constant sorms of prayer more likely to flat and
hinder the spirit of prayer and devotion, than unpremeditated
and consused variety to distract and lose it. King Charles.
When the mind pursues the idea of infinity, it uses the
ideas and repetitions of numbers, which are so many distinct
ideas, kept best by number from running into a consused heap,
wherein the mind loses itself. Locke.
7. To deprive of.
How should you go about to lose him a wife he loves with
so much passion. Temple.
8. To kill; to destroy.
9. To throw away; to employ ineffectually.
He has merit, good nature, and integrity, that are too
often lost upon great men, or at least are not all three a match
for flattery. Pope's Letters.
10. To miss; to part with, so as not to recover.
These sharp encounters, where always many more men
are lost than are killed or taken prisoners, put such a stop to
Middleton's march, that he was glad to retire. Clarendon.

To LOSE. v. n.
1. Not to win.
We'll hear poor rogues
Talk of court news, and we'll talk with them too,
Who loses, and who wins; who's in, who's out. Shakesp.
2. To decline; to fail.
Wisdom in discourse with her
Loses discount'nanc'd, and like folly shews. Milton:

LO’SEABLE. adj. [from lose.]Subject to privation.
Consider whether motion, or a propensity to it, be an in­
herent quality belonging to atoms in general, and not loseable
by them. Boyle.

LO’SEL. n. s. [from losian, to perish.]A scoundrel; a sorry
worthless fellow. A word now obsolete.
Such losels and scatterlings cannot easily, by any sheriff, be
gotten, when they are challenged for any such fact. Spenser.
A losel wand'ring by the way,
One that to bounty never cast his mind,
Ne thought of honour ever did assay
His baser breast. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
And losels lifted high, where I did look,
I mean to turn the next leaf of the book. Hubberd's Tale
Be not with work of losels wit defamed,
Ne let such verses poetry be named. Hubberd's Tale.
By Cambridge a towne I do know,
Whose losses by lossels doth shew
More heere then is needsul to tell. Tusser's Husbandry.
A gross hag!
And, losel, thou art worthy to be hang'd,
That wilt not stay her tongue. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

LO’SER. n. s. [from lose.]One that is deprived of any thing;
one that forfeits any thing; one that is impaired in his pos­
fession or hope; the contrary to winner or gainer.
With the losers let it sympathize,
For nothing can seem foul to those that win. Shaksesp.
No man can be provident of his time that is not prudent
in the choice of his company; and if one of the speakers be
vain, tedious, and trisling, he that hears, and he that an­
swers, are equal losers of their time. Taylor's holy Living.
Losers and malecontents, whose portion and inheritance is
a freedom to speak. South's Sermons.
It cannot last, because that act seems to have been car­
ried on rather by the interest of particular countries, than by
that of the whole, which must be a loser by it. Temple.
A bull with gilded horns,
Shall be the portion of the conquering chief,
A sword and helm shall chear the loser's grief. Dryden.

LOSS. n. s. [from lose.]
1. Forfeiture; the contrary to gain.
The only gain he purchased was to be capable of loss and
detriment for the good of others. Hooker, b. v.
An evil natured son is the dishonour of his father that be­
gat him; and a foolish daughter is born to his loss. Ecclus.
The abatement of price of any of the landholder's com­
modities, lessens his income, and is a clear loss. Locke.
2. Miss.
If he were dead, what would betide of me?
—No other harm but loss of such a lord.
—The loss of such a lord includes all harms. Shakesp.
3. Deprivation.
4. Destruction.
Her fellow ships from far her loss descry'd;
But only she was sunk, and all were safe beside. Dryden.
There succeeded an absolute victory for the English, with
the slaughter of above two thousand of the enemy, with the
loss but of one man, though not a few hurt. Bacon.
5. Fault; puzzle.
Not the least transaction of sense and motion in man, but
philosophers are at a loss to comprehend. South's Serm.
Reason is always striving, and always at a loss, while it is
exercised about that which is not its proper object. Dryden.
A man may sometimes be at a loss which side to close
with. Baker's Rest. on Learning.
6. Useless application.
It would be loss of time to explain any farther our superiori­
ty to the enemy in numbers of men and horse. Addison.

LOST. participial adj. [from lose.]No longer perceptible.
In seventeen days appear'd your pleasing coast,
And woody mountains, half in vapours lost. Pope's Odys.

LOT

LOT. n. s. [hlaut, Gothick; hlot, Saxon; lot, Dutch.]
1. Fortune; state assigned.
Kala at length concluded my ling'ring lot:
Disdain me not, although I be not fair,


Who is an heir of many hundred sheep,
Doth beauty keep which never sun can burn,
Nor storms do turn. Sidney, b. i.
Our own lot is best; and by aiming at what we have not,
we lose what we have already. L'Estrange's Fables.
Prepar'd I stand; he was but born to try
The lot of man, to suffer and to die. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A die, or any thing used in determining chances.
Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the
Lord, and the other lot for the scape-goat. Lev. xvi. 8.
Their tasks in equal portions she divides,
And where unequal, there by lots decides. Dryden's Virg.
Ulysses bids his friends to cast lots, to shew, that he would
not voluntarily expose them to so imminent danger.
Notes on the Odyssey.
3. It seems in Shakespeare to signify a lucky or wished chance.
If you have heard your general talk of Rome,
And of his friends there, it is lots to blanks
My name hath touch'd your ears; it is Menenius. Shakes.
4. A portion; a parcel of goods as being drawn by lot: as,
what lot of silks had you at the sale?
5. Proportion of taxes: as, to pay scot and lot.

LOTE tree or nettle tree. n. s. [Celtis.] See LOTOS.
The leaves of the lote tree are like those of the nettle; the
flowers consist of five leaves, expanded in form of a rose,
containing many short stamina in the bosom: the fruit, which
is a roundish berry, grows single in the bosom of its leaves.
The fruit of this tree is not so tempting to us, as it was
to the companions of Ulysses: the wood is durable, and used
to make pipes for wind instruments: the root is proper for
hafts of knives, and was highly esteemed by the Romans for
its beauty and use. Miller.

LO’TOS. n. s. [Latin.] See LOTE.
The trees around them all their food produce,
Lotos, the name divine, nectareous juice. Pope's Odyssey.

LO’TION. n. s. [lotio, Latin; lotion, French.]
A lotion is a form of medicine compounded of aqueous li­
quids, used to wash any part with; from lavo, to wash.
Quincy.
In lotions in women's cases, he orders two potions of helle­
bore macerated in two cotylæ of water. Arbuthnot on Coins.

LO’TTERY. n. s. [lotterie, Fr. from lot.]A game of chance;
a sortilege; distribution of prizes by chance; a play in which
lots are drawn for prizes.
Let high-sighted tyranny range on,
Till each man drop by lottery. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The lottery that he hath devised in these three chests of gold,
silver, and lead, will never be chosen by any but whom you
shall rightly love. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
Every warriour may be said to be a soldier of fortune, and
the best commanders to have a kind of lottery for their work.
South's Sermons.
Fortune, that with malicious joy
Does man, her slave, oppress,
Still various and unconstant still,
Promotes, degrades, delights in strife,
And makes a lottery of life. Dryden's Horace.

LOV

LO’VAGE. n. s. [levisticum, Latin.]
The lobes of the lovage leaves are cut about their borders
like those of parsley; the flower consists, for the most part,
of five leaves, which expand in form of a rose; each of
these flowers are succeeded by two oblong, gibbose, furrowed
seeds, which on one side have a leafy border. This plant is
often used in medicine. Miller.

LOUD. adj.
1. Noisy; striking the ear with great force.
Contending on the Lesbian shore,
His prowess Philomelides confess'd,
And loud acclaiming Greeks the victor bless'd. Pope.
The numbers soft and clear,
Gently steal upon the ear;
Now louder, and yet louder rise,
And fill with spreading sounds the skies. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
2. Clamorous; turbulent.
She is loud and stubborn; her feet abide not in her house.
Prov. vii. 11.

LO’UDLY. adv. [from loud.]
1. Noisily; so as to be heard far.
The soldier that philosopher well blam'd,
Who long and loudly in the schools declaim'd. Denham.
2. Clamourously.
I read above fifty pamphlets, written by as many presby­
terian divines, loudly disclaiming toleration. Swift.

LO’UDNESS. n. s.Noise; force of sound; turbulence; vehe­
mence or furiousness of clamour.
Had any disaster made room for grief, it would have moved
according to prudence, and the proportions of the provoca­
tion: it would not have sallied out into complaint or loud­
ness. South's Sermons.

To LOVE. v. a. [lufian, Saxon.]
1. To regard with passionate affection, as that of one sex to
the other.
Good shepherd, tell this youth what 'tis to love.
—It is to be made all of sighs and tears;
It is to be made all of saith and service;
It is to be all made of fantasy,
All made of passion, and all made of wishes;
All adoration, duty, and obedience;
All humbleness, all patience, all impatience,
All purity, all trial, all observance. Shakesp. As you like it.
I could not love I'm sure
One who in love were wise. Cowley.
The jealous man wishes himself a kind of deity to the per­
son he loves; he would be the only employment of her
thoughts. Addison's Spectator, N. 170.
2. To regard with the affection of a friend.
None but his brethren he, and sisters, knew,
Whom the kind youth prefer'd to me,
And much above myself I lov'd them too. Cowley.
3. To regard with parental tenderness.
He that loveth me shall be loved of my father, and I will
love him, and will manifest myself to him. John xiv. 21.
4. To be pleased with.
Fish used to salt water delight more in fresh: we see that
salmons and smelts love to get into rivers, though against the
stream. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 703.
Wit, eloquence, and poetry,
Arts which I lov'd. Cowley.
He lov'd my worthless rhimes. Cowley.
5. To regard with reverent unwillingness to offend.
Love the Lord thy God with all thine heart. Deut. vi. 5.

LOVE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The passion between the sexes.
Hearken to the birds love-learned song,
The dewie leaves among! Spenser's Epithalam.
While idly I stood looking on,
I found th' effect of love in idleness. Shakespeare.
My tales of love were wont to weary you;
I know you joy not in a love discourse. Shakespeare.
What! have I 'scaped love letters in the holiday-time of
my beauty, and am I now a subject for them? Shakespeare.
I look'd upon her with a soldier's eye,
That lik'd, but had a rougher task in hand
Than to drive liking to the name of love. Shakespeare.
What need a vermil-tinctur'd lip for that,
Love-darting eyes, or tresses like the morn. Milton.
Love quarrels oft in pleasing concord end,
Not wedlock treachery, endang'ring life. Milton's Agon.
A love potion works more by the strength of charm than
nature. Collier on Popularity.
You know y' are in my pow'r by making love. Dryden.
Let mutual joys our mutual trust combine,
And love, and love-born confidence be thine. Pope.
Cold is that breast which warm'd the world before,
And these love-darting eyes must roll no more. Pope.
2. Kindness; good-will; friendship.
Death grin on me, and I will think thou smil'st,
And kiss me as thy wife; misery's love,
O come to me! Shakespeare's King John.
What love, think'st thou, I sue so much to get?
My love till death, my humble thanks, my prayers;
That love which virtue begs, and virtue grants. Shakesp.
God brought Daniel into favour and tender love with the
prince. Dan. i. 9.
The one preach Christ of contention, but the other of
love. Phil. i. 17.
By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye
have love one to another. Rom. xiii. 35.
Unwearied have we spent the nights,
Till the Ledean stars, so fam'd for love,
Wonder'd at us from above. Cowley.
3. Courtship.
Demetrius
Made love to Nedar's daughter Helena,
And won her soul. Shakes. Midsummer Night's Dream.
If you will marry make your loves to me,
My lady is bespoke. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I to your assistance do make love,
Masking the business from the common eye. Shakespeare.
The enquiry of truth, which is the love-making or wooing
of it; the knowledge of truth, the preference of it; and the
belief of truth, the enjoying of it, is the sovereign good of
human nature. Bacon's Essays.
4. Tenderness; parental care.
No religion that ever, was so fully represents the goodness
of God, and his tender love to mankind, which is the most
powerful argument to the love of God. Tillotson's Sermons.
5. Liking; inclination to: as, the love of one's country.
6. Object beloved.
Open the temple gates unto my love. Spenser.
If that the world and love were young,
And truth in every shepherd's tongue;
These pretty pleasures might me move,
To live with thee, and be thy love. Shakespeare.


The banish'd never hopes his love to see. Dryden.
The lover and the love of human kind. Pope.
7. Lewdness.
He is not lolling on a lewd love bed,
But on his knees at meditation. Shakesp. Rich. III.
8. Unreasonable liking.
The love to sin makes a man sin against his own reason.
Taylor's holy living.
Men in love with their opinions may not only suppose
what is in question, but allege wrong matter of fact. Locke.
9. Fondness; concord.
Come love and health to all!
Then I'll sit down: give me some wine; fill full. Shak.
Shall I come unto you with a rod, or in love, and in the
spirit of meekness? 1 Cor. iv. 21.
10. Principle of union.
Love is the great instrument of nature, the bond and ce­
ment of society, the spirit and spring of the universe: love is
such an affection as cannot so properly be said to be in the
soul, as the soul to be in that: it is the whole man wrapt
up into one desire. South's Sermons.
11. Picturesque representation of love.
The lovely babe was born with ev'ry grace:
Such was his form as painters, when they show
Their utmost art, on naked loves bestow. Dryden's Ovid.
12. A word of endearment.
'Tis no dishonour, trust me, love, 'tis none;
I would die for thee. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
13. Due reverence to God.
I know that you have not the love of God in you. John.
Love is of two sorts, of friendship and of desire; the one
betwixt friends, the other betwixt lovers; the one a rational,
the other a sensitive love: so our love of God consists of two
parts, as esteeming of God, and desiring of him. Hammond.
The love of God makes a man chaste without the labo­
rious arts of fasting, and exterior disciplines; he reaches at
glory without any other arms but those of love. Taylor.
14. A kind of thin silk stuff. Ains.
This leaf held near the eye, and obverted to the light,
appeared so full of pores, with such a transparency as that of
a sieve, a piece of cypress, or lovehood. Boyle on Colours.

LO’VEAPPLE. n. s. 
The loveapple has a flower consisting of one leaf, which
expands in a circular order; the style afterwards becomes a
roundish, soft, fleshy fruit, divided into several cells, which
contain many flat seeds. Millar.

LO’VEKNOT. n. s. [love and knot.]A complicated figure, by
which affection interchanged is figured.

LO’VELETTER. n. s. [love and letter.]Letter of courtship.
The children are educated in the different notions of their
parents: the sons follow the father, while the daughters read
loveletters and romances to their mother. Addison's Spect.

LO’VELILY. adv. [from lovely.]Amiably; in such a manner
as to excite love.
Thou look'st
Lovelily dreadful. Otway's Venice Preserv'd.

LO’VELINESS. n. s. [from lovely.]Amiableness; qualities of
mind or body that excite love.
Carrying thus in one person the only two bands of good­
will, loveliness and lovingness. Sidney.
When I approach
Her loveliness, so absolute she seems,
That what she wills to do, or say,
Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best. Milt. Pa. Lost.
If there is such a native loveliness in the sex, as to make
them victorious when they are in the wrong, how resistless
is their power when they are on the side of truth? Addison.

LO’VELORN. adj. [love and lorn.]Forsaken of one's love.
The love-lorn nightingale,
Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well. Milton.

LO’VELY. adj. [from love.]Amiable; exciting love.
The breast of Hecuba,
When she did suckle Hector, look'd not lovelier
Than Hector's forehead. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant in their lives,
and in their death they were not divided. 2 Sam. i. 23.
The flowers which it had press'd
Appeared to my view,
More fresh and lovely than the rest,
That in the meadows grew. Denham.
The Christian religion gives us a more lovely character of
God than any religion ever did. Tillotson's Sermons.
The fair
With cleanly powder dry their hair;
And round their lovely breast and head
Fresh flow'rs their mingl'd odours shed. Prior.

LO’VEMONGER. n. s. [love and monger.]One who deals in af­
fairs of love.
Thou art an old lovemonger, and speakest skilfully. Shak.

LO’VER. n. s. [from love.]
1. One who is in love.
Love is blind, and lovers cannot see
The pretty follies that themselves commit. Shakespeare.
Let it be never said, that he whose breast
Is fill'd with love, should break a lover's rest. Dryden.
2. A friend; one who regards with kindness.
Your brother and his lover have embrac'd. Shakesp.
I tell thee, fellow,
Thy general is my lover: I have been
The book of his good act, whence men have read
His fame unparallel'd haply amplified. Shakespeare.
3. One who likes any thing.
To be good and gracious, and a lover of knowledge, are
amiable things. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

LO’OVER. n. s. [from l'ouvert, French, an opening.]An open­
ing for the smoke to go out at in the roof of a cottage. Spens.

LO’VESECRET. n. s. [love and secret.]Secret between lovers.
What danger, Arimant, is this you fear?
Or what lovesecret which I must not hear. Dryden's Aur.

LO’VESICK. adj. [love and sick.]Disordered with love; lan­
guishing with amorous desire.
See, on the shoar inhabits purple spring,
Where nightingales their lovesick ditty sing. Dryden.
To the dear mistress of my lovesick mind,
Her swain a pretty present has design'd. Dryden's Virg.
Of the reliefs to ease a lovesick mind,
Flavia prescribes despair. Granville.

LO’VESOME. adj. [from love.]Lovely. A word not used.
Nothing new can spring
Without thy warmth, without thy influence bear,
Or beautiful or lovesome can appear. Dryden's Lucretius.

LO’VESONG. n. s. [love and song.]Song expressing love.
Poor Romeo is already dead!
Stabb'd with a white wench's black eye,
Run through the ear with a lovesong. Shakespeare.
Lovesong weeds and satyrick thorns are grown,
Where seeds of better arts were early sown. Donne.

LO’VESUIT. n. s. [love and suit.]Courtship.
His lovesuit hath been to me
As fearful as a siege. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

LO’VETALE. n. s. [love and tale.]Narrative of love.
The lovetale
Infected Sion's daughters with like heat;
Whose wanton passions in the sacred porch
Ezekiel saw. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Cato's a proper person to entrust
A lovetale with. Addison's Cato.

LO’VETHOUGHT. n. s. [love and thought.]Amorous fancy.
Away to sweet beds of flowers,
Lovethoughts lie rich when canopied with bowers. Shakesp.

LO’VETOY. n. s. [love and toy.]Small presents given by lovers.
Has this amorous gentleman presented himself with any
lovetoys, such as gold snuff-boxes. Arbuth. and Pope's Ma. Sc.

LO’VETRICK. n. s. [love and trick.]Art of expressing love.
Other disports than dancing jollities;
Other lovetricks than glancing with the eyes. Donne.

LOUGH. n. s. [loch, Irish, a lake.]A lake; a large inland
standing water.
A people near the northern pole that won,
Whom Ireland sent from loughes and forests hore,
Divided far by sea from Europe's shore. Fairfax.
Lough Ness never freezes. Phil. Trans.

LO’VING. participial adj. [from love.]
1. Kind; affectionate.
So loving to my mother,
That he permitted not the winds of heav'n
To visit her face too roughly. Shakesp. Hamlet.
This earl was of great courage, and for this cause much
loved of his soldiers, to whom he was no less loving again.
Hayward.
2. Expressing kindness.
The king took her in his arms till she came to herself,
and comforted her with loving words. Esth. xv. 8.

LO’VINGKINDNESS. Tenderness; favour; mercy. A scrip­
tural word.
Remember, O Lord, thy tender mercies, and thy loving­
kindnesses. Psal. xxv. 6.
He has adapted the arguments of obedience to the imper­
fection of our understanding, requiring us to consider him
only under the amiable attributes of goodness and loving­
kindness, and to adore him as our friend and patron. Rogers.

LO’VINGLY. adv. [from loving.]Affectionately; with kind­
ness.
The new king, having no less lovingly performed all du­
ties to him dead than alive, pursued on the siege of his un­
natural brother, as much for the revenge of his father, as
for the establishing of his own quiet. Sidney, b. ii.
It is no great matter to live lovingly with good-natured and
meek persons; but he that can do so with the froward and
perverse, he only hath true charity. Taylor.

LO’VINGNESS. n. s. [from loving.]Kindness; affection.


Carrying thus in one person the only two bands of good­
will, loveliness and lovingness. Sidney, b. i.

LOUIS D’OR. n. s. [French.]A golden coin of France, va­
lued at about seventeen shillings.
If he is desired to change a louis d'or, he must consider of
it. Spectator, No. 305.

To LOUNGE. v. n. [lunderen, Dutch.]To idle; to live lazily.

LO’UNGER. n. s. [from lounge.]An idler.

LOURGE. n. s. [longurio, Latin.]A tall gangrel. Ains.

LOUSE. n. s. plural lice. [lus, Saxon; luys, Dutch.]A small
animal, of which different species live on the bodies of men,
beasts, and perhaps of all living creatures.
There were lice upon man and beast. Exod. viii. 18.
Frogs, lice, and flies, must all his palace fill
With loath'd intrusion. Milton.
It is beyond even an atheist's credulity and impudence to
affirm, that the first men might proceed out of the tumours
of leaves of trees, as maggots and flies are supposed to do
now, or might grow upon trees; or perhaps might be the
lice of some prodigious animals, whose species is now extinct.
Bentley's Sermons.
Not that I value the money the fourth part of the skip of
a louse. Swift.

To LOUSE. v. a. [from the noun.]To clean from lice.
As for all other good women, that love to do but little
work, how handsome it is to louse themselves in the sun­
shine, they that have been but a while in Ireland can well
witness. Spenser on Ireland.
You sat and lous'd him all the sun-shine day. Swift.

LOUSEWORT. n. s. The name of a plant; called also rattle
and cock's-comb.
There are four different kinds of this plant, which grow
wild, and in some low meadows are very troublesome; espe­
cially one sort with yellow flowers, which rises to be a foot
high or more, and is often in such plenty as to be the most
predominant plant; but it is very bad food for cattle. Miller.

LO’USILY. adv. [from louse.]In a paltry, mean, and scurvy way.

LO’USINESS. n. s. [from lousy.]The state of abounding with
lice.

LO’USY. adj. [from louse.]
1. Swarming with lice; over-run with lice.
Let him be daub'd with lace, live high and whore,
Sometimes be lousy, but be never poor. Dryden's Juv.
Sweetbriar and gooseberry are only lousy in dry times, or
very hot places. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Mean; low born; bred on the dunghil.
I pray you now remembrance on the lousy knave mine host.
A lousy knave, to have his gibes and his mockeries. Shakesp.

LOUT. n. s. [loete, old Dutch. Mr. Lye.]A mean aukward
fellow; a bumpkin; a clown.
Pamela, whose noble heart doth disdain, that the trust of
her virtue is reposed in such a lout's hands, had yet, to shew
an obedience, taken on shepherdish apparel. Sidney.
This lowt, as he exceeds our lords, the odds
Is, that we scarce are men, and you are gods. Shakesp.
I have need of such a youth,
That can with some discretion do my business;
For 'tis no trusting to yon foolish lout. Shakespeare.
Thus wail'd the louts in melancholy strain. Gay's Past.

To LOUT. v. n. [hlutan, to bend, Saxon.]To pay obeisance;
to bend; to bow; to stoop. Obsolete. It was used in a
good sense. In Scotland they say, a fellow with lowtan or
luttan shoulders; that is, one who bends forwards; his
shoulders or back.
He fair the knight saluted, louting low,
Who fair him quitted, as that courteous was. Fa. Qu.
Under the sand-bag he was seen,
Louting low, like a for'ster green. Ben. Johnson's Underw.
The palmer, grey with age, with count'nance lowting low,
His head ev'n to the earth before the king did bow. Drayton.

To LOWT. v. a. This word seems in Shakespeare to signify,
to overpower.
I am lowted by a traitor villain,
And cannot help the noble chevalier. Shakesp. Henry VI.

LO’UTISH. adj. [from lout.]Clownish; bumpkinly.
This loutish clown is such, that you never saw so ill-fa­
voured a visar; his behaviour such, that he is beyond the de­
gree of ridiculous. Sidney.

LO’URISHLY. adv. [from lout.]With the air of a clown;
with the gait of a bumpkin.

LOW

LOW. adj.
1. Not high.
2. Not rising far upwards.
It became a spreading vine of low stature. Ezek. xvii. 6.
3. Not elevated in situation.
O mighty Cæsar! do'st thou lye so low?
Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils,
Shrunk to this little measure? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Whatsoever is washed away from them is carried down
into the lower grounds, and into the sea, and nothing is
brought back. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. Descending far downwards; deep.
5. Not deep; not swelling high; shallow: used of water.
As two men were walking by the sea-side at low water,
they saw an oyster, and they both pointed at it together.
L'Estrange.
It is low ebb sure with his accuser, when such peccadillo's
are put in to swell she charge. Atterbury.
6. Not of high price: as, corn is low.
7. Not loud; not noisy.
As when in open air we blow,
The breath, though strain'd, sounds fiat and low:
But if a trumpet take the blast,
It lifts it high, and makes it last. Waller.
The theatre is so well contrived, that, from the very deep
of the stage, the lowest sound may be heard distinctly to the
farthest part of the audience; and yet, if you raise your voice
as high as you please, there is nothing like an echo to cause
confusion. Addison on Italy.
8. In latitudes near to the line.
They take their course either high to the north, or low to
the south. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
9. Not rising to so great a sum as some other accumulation of
particulars.
Who can imagine, that in sixteen or seventeen hundred
years time, taking the lower chronology, that the earth had
then stood, mankind should be propagated no farther than
Judæa. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
10. Late in time: as, the lower empire.
11. Dejected; depressed.
To be worst,
The lowest, most dejected, thing of fortune,
Stands still in esperance. Shakespeare.
His spirits are so low his voice is drown'd,
He hears as from afar, or in a swoon,
Like the deaf murmur of a distant sound. Dryden.
Though he before had gall and rage,
Which death or conquest must asswage;
He grows dispirited and low,
He hates the fight, and shuns the foe. Prior.
12. Impotent; subdued.
To keep them all quiet, he must keep them in greater
awe and less splendor; which power he will use to keep them
as low as he pleases, and at no more cost than makes for his
own pleasure. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
13. Not elevated in rank or station; abject.
He wooes both high and low, both rich and poor. Shakesp.
Try in men of low and mean education, who have never
elevated their thoughts above the spade. Locke.
14. Dishonourable; betokening meanness of mind: as, low
tricks.
15. Not sublime; not exalted in thought or diction.
He has not so many thoughts that are low and vulgar, but,
at the same time, has not so many thoughts that are sublime
and noble. Addison's Spectator, No. 279.
In comparison of these divine writers, the noblest wits of
the heathen world are low and dull. Felton on the Classicks.
16. Reduced; in poor circumstances; as, I am low in the world.

LOW. adv.
1. Not alost; not at a high price; meanly: it is chiefly used
in composition.
Proud of their numbers and secure in soul,
The confident and over-lusty French:
Do the low-rated English play at dice? Shakesp. Hen. V.
This is the prettiest low-born lass, that ever
Ran the greenford; nothing she does or seems,
But smacks of something greater than herself,
Too noble for this place. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
There under Ebon shades and low-brow'd rocks,
As ragged as thy locks,
In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell. Milton.
My eyes no object met
But low-hung clouds, that dipt themselves in rain,
To shake their fleeces on the earth again. Dryden.
No luxury found room
In low-rooft houses, and bare walls of lome. Dryden.
Vast yellow offsprings are the German's pride;
But hotter climates narrower frames obtain,
And low-built bodies are the growth of Spain. Creech.
Whenever I am turned out, my lodge descends upon a
low-spirited creeping family. Swift.
We wand'ring go through dreary wastes,
Where round some mould'ring tow'r pale ivy creeps,
And low-brow'd rocks hang nodding o'er the deeps. Pope.
Corruption, like a general flood,
Shall deluge all; and av'rice creeping on,
Spread like a low-born mist, and blot the sun. Pope.
2. In times near our own.
In that part of the world which was first inhabited, even
as low down as Abraham's time, they wandered with their
slocks and herds. Locke.
3. With a depression of the voice.
Lucia, speak low, he is retir'd to rest. Addison's Cato.


4. In a state of subjection.
How comes it that, having been once so low brought, and
thoroughly subjected, they afterwards lifted up themselves so
strongly again. Spenser on Ireland.

To LOW. v. a. [from the adjective.]To sink; to make low.
Probably misprinted for lower.
The value of guineas was lowed from one-and-twenty shil­
lings and sixpence to one-and-twenty shillings. Swift.

To LOW. v. n. [hloran, Saxon. The adjective low, not high,
is pronounced lo; the verb low, to bellow, lou.]To bellow
as a cow.
Doth the wild ass bray when he has grass? or loweth the
ox over his fodder? Job vi. 5.
The maids of Argos, who, with frantick cries,
And imitated lowings, fill'd the skies. Roscommon.
Fair Io grac'd his shield, but Io now,
With horns exalted stands, and seems to low. Dryden.
Had he been born some simple shepherd's heir,
The lowing herd, or fleecy sheep his care. Prior.

LO’WBELL. n. s. [laeye, Dutch; leg, Saxon; or log, Islandick,
a flame, and bell.]A kind of sowling in the night, in which
the birds are wakened by a bell, and lured by a flame into
a net. Lowe denotes a flame in Scotland; and to lowe, to
flame.

LOWE. n. s.
Lowe, loe, comes from the Saxon hleaw, a hill, heap, or
barrow; and so the Gothick blaiw is a monument or bar­
row. Gibson's Camden.

To LO’WER. v. a. [from low.]
1. To bring low; to bring down by way of submission.
As our high vessels pass their wat'ry way,
Let all the naval world due homage pay;
With hasty reverence their top-honours lower,
Confessing the asserted power. Prior.
The suppliant nations
Bow to its ensigns, and with lower'd sails
Confess the ocean's queen. Smith's Phædrus and Hippolytus.
2. To suffer to sink down.
When the water of rivers issues out of the apertures with
more than ordinary rapidity, it bears along with it such par­
ticles of loose matter as it met with in its passage through the
stone, and it sustains those particles till its motion begins to
remit, when by degrees it lowers them, and lets them fall.
Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3. To lessen; to make less in price or value.
The kingdom will lose by this lowering of interest, if it
makes foreigners withdraw any of their money. Locke.
Some people know it is for their advantage to lower their
interest. Child on Trade.

To LOWER. v. n. To grow less; to fall; to sink.
The present pleasure,
By revolution low'ring, does become
The opposite of itself. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

To LO’WER. v. n. [It is doubtful what was the primitive
meaning of this word: if it was originally applied to the ap­
pearance of the sky, it is no more than to grow low, as the
sky seems to do in dark weather: if it was first used of the
countenance, it may be derived from the Dutch loeren, to
look askance.]
1. To appear dark, stormy, and gloomy; to be clouded.
Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious Summer by this son of York;
And all the clouds that lower'd upon our house,
In the deep bosom of the ocean buried. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The low'ring spring, with lavish rain,
Beats down the slender stem and bearded grain. Dryden.
When the heavens are filled with clouds, and all nature
wears a lowering countenance, I withdraw myself from these
uncomfortable scenes. Addison's Spectator, No. 83.
The dawn is overcast, the morning low'rs,
And heavily in clouds brings on the day. Addison's Cato.
If on Swithin's feast the welkin lours,
And ev'ry penthouse streams with hasty show'rs,
Twice twenty days shall clouds their fleeces drain. Gay.
2. To frown; to pout; to look sullen.
There was Diana when Actæon saw her, and one of her
foolish nymphs, who weeping, and withal lowering, one might
see the workman meant to set forth tears of anger. Sidney.
He mounts the throne, and Juno took her place,
But sullen discontent sat low'ring on her face;
Then, impotent of tongue, her silence broke,
Thus turbulent in rattling tone she spoke. Dryden.

LO’WER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Cloudiness; gloominess.
2. Cloudiness of look.
Philoclea was jealous for Zelmane, not without so mighty
a lower as that face could yield. Sidney, b. ii.

LO’WERINGLY. adv. [from lower.]With cloudiness; gloomily.

LO’WERMOST. adj. [from low, lower, and most.]Lowest.
Plants have their seminal parts uppermost, living creatures
have them lowermost. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It will also happen, that the same part of the pipe which
was now lowermost, will presently become higher, so that
the water does ascend by descending; ascending in compa­
rison to the whole instrument, and descending in respect of
its several parts. Wilkins's Dædalus.

LO’WLAND. n. s. [low and land.]The country that is low in
respect of neighbouring hills; the marsh.
What a devil's he?
His errand was to draw the lowland damps,
And noisome vapours, from the foggy fens,
Then breathe the baleful stench with all his force. Dryd.
No nat'ral cause she found from brooks or bogs,
Or marshy lowlands, to produce the fogs. Dryden.

LO’WLILY. adv. [from lowly.]
1. Humbly; without pride.
2. Meanly; without dignity.

LO’WLINESS. n. s. [from lowly.]
1. Humility; freedom from pride.
Lowliness is young ambition's ladder,
Whereto the climber upward turns his face. Shakespeare.
The king-becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
Bounty, persev'rance, mercy, lowliness,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude;
I have no relish of them. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Eve,
With lowliness majestick, from her seat,
And grace, that won who saw to wish her stay,
Rose. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
If with a true Christian lowliness of heart, and a devout
fervency of soul, we perform them, we shall find, that they
will turn to a greater account to us, than all the warlike pre­
parations in which we trust. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Meanness; want of dignity; abject depression.
They continued in that lowliness until the time that the di­
vision between the two houses of Lancaster and York arose.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
The lowliness of my fortune has not yet brought me to
flatter vice; and it is my duty to give testimony to virtue.
Dryden's Preface to Aurengzebe.

LO’WLY. adj. [from low.]
1. Humble; meek; mild.
Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am
meek and lowly in heart. Matt. xi. 29.
He did bend to us a little, and put his arms abroad: we
of our parts saluted him in a very lowly and submissive man­
ner, as looking that from him we should receive sentence of
life or death. Bacon's New Atlantis.
With cries they fill'd the holy fane;
Then thus with lowly voice Ilioneus began. Dryden.
The heavens are not pure in his sight, and he charges even
his angels with folly; with how lowly a reverence must we
bow down our souls before so excellent a being, and adore a
nature so much superior to our own. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Mean; wanting dignity; not great.
For from the natal hour distinctive names,
One common right the great and lowly claims. Pope.
3. Not lofty; not sublime.
For all who read, and reading not disdain,
These rural poems, and their lowly strain,
The name of Varus oft inscrib'd shall see. Dryd. Silenus.

LO’WLY. adv. [from low.]
1. Not highly; meanly; without grandeur; without dignity.
I will shew myself highly fed, and lowly taught; I know
my business is but to the court. Shakespeare.
'Tis better to be lowly born,
And range with humble livers in content,
Than to be perk'd up in a glist'ring grief,
And wear a golden sorrow. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. Humbly; meekly; modestly.
Heav'n is for thee too high
To know what passes there; be lowly wise:
Think only what concerns thee, and thy being. Milton.
Another crowd
Preferr'd the same request, and lowly bow'd. Pope.

LOWN. n. s. [liun, Irish; loen, Dutch, a stupid drone.]A
scoundrel; a rascal.
King Stephen was a worthy peer,
His breeches cost him but a crown,
He thought them sixpence all too dear,
And therefore call'd the taylor lown. Shakespeare.

LO’WNESS. n. s. [from low.
1. Absence of height; small distance from the ground.
They know
By th' height, the lowness, or the mean, if dearth,
Or foizon follow. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The lowness of the bough where the fruit cometh, maketh
the fruit greater, and to ripen better; for you shall even see,
in apricots upon a wall, the greatest fruits towards the bot­
tom. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 432.
In our Gothick cathedrals, the narrowness of the arch
makes it rise in height, the lowness often opens it in breadth.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. Meanness of condition, whether mental or external.
Nothing could have subdu'd nature
To such a lowness, but his unkind daughter. Shakespeare.


Now I must
To the young man send humble treaties,
And palter in the shift of lowness. Shakespeare.
3. Want of rank; want of dignity.
The name of servants has of old been reckoned to imply
a certain meanness of mind, as well as lowness of condition.
South's Sermons.
4. Want of sublimity; contrary to loftiness.
A transcendent height, as lowness me,
Makes her not see, or not show. Donne.
His style is accommodated to his subject, either high or
low; if his fault be too much lowness, that of Persius is the
hardness of his metaphors. Dryden.
5. Submissiveness.
The people were in such lowness of obedience as subjects
were like to yield, who had lived almost four-and-twenty
years under so politick a king as his father. Bacon.
6. Depression; dejection.
Hence proceeded that poverty and lowness of spirit to which
a kingdom may be subject, as well as a particular person.
Swift.

LOWTHO’UGHTED. adj. [low and thought.]Having the thoughts
with-held from sublime or heavenly meditations; mean of
sentiment; narrow mindedness.
Above the smoak and stir of this dim spot,
Which men call earth, and with lowthoughted care,
Strive to keep up a frail and feverish being Milton.
O grace serene! Oh virtue heav'nly fair!
Divine oblation of lowthoughted care!
Fresh blooming hope, gay daughter of the sky,
And faith our early immortality! Pope.

LOWSPIRITED. adj. [low and spirit.]Dejected; depressed; not
lively; not vivacious; not spritely.
Severity carried to the highest pitch breaks the mind; and
then, in the place of a disorderly young fellow, you have a
lowspirited moped creature. Locke.

LOXODROMICK. n. s. [???? and d?????; loxodromus, Lat.]
Loxodromick is the art of oblique sailing by the rhomb,
which always makes an equal angle with every meridian;
that is, when you sail neither directly under the equator, nor
under one and the same meridian, but across them: hence
the table of rhumbs, or the transverse tables of miles, with
the table of longitudes and latitudes, by which the sailor may
practically find his course, distance, latitude, or longitude,
is called loxodromick. Harris.

LO’YAL. adj. [loyal, Fr.]
1. Obedient; true to the prince.
Of Gloster's treachery,
And of the loyal service of his son,
When I inform'd him, then he call'd me sot. Shakesp.
The regard of duty in that most loyal nation overcame all
other difficulties. Knolles.
Loyal subjects often seize their prince,
Yet mean his sacred person not the least offence. Dryden.
2. Faithful in love; true to a lady, or lover.
Hail wedded love! by thee
Founded in reason loyal, just, and pure. Milton.
There Laodamia with Evadne moves,
Unhappy both! but loyal in their loves. Dryden's æn.

LO’YALIST. n. s. [from loyal.]One who professes uncommon
adherence to his king.
The cedar, by the instigation of the loyalists, fell out with
the homebians. Howel's Vocal Forest.

LO’YALLY. adv. [from loyal.]With fidelity; with true adhe­
rence to a king.
The circling year I wait, with ampler stores,
And fitter pomp, to hail my native shores;
Then by my realms due homage would be paid,
For wealthy kings are loyally obey'd. Pope's Odyssey.

LO’YALTY. n. s. [loiaulte, French.]
1. Firm and faithful adherence to a prince.
Though loyalty, well held, to fools does make
Our faith meer folly; yet he that can endure
To follow with allegiance a fall'n lord,
Does conquer him that did his master conquer. Shakesp.
To day shalt thou behold a subject die
For truth, for duty, and for loyalty. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Commissions slaw'd the heart
Of all their loyalties. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
He had never had any veneration for the court, but only
such loyalty to the king as the law required. Clarendon.
Abdiel faithful found
Unshaken, unseduc'd, unterrify'd,
His loyalty he kept. Milton.
2. Fidelity to a lady, or lover.

LOZ

LO’ZENGE. n. s. [losenge, French.] Of unknown etymology.
1. A rhomb.
The best builders resolve upon rectangular squares, as a
mean between too few and too many angles; and through
the equal inclination of the sides, they are stronger than the
rhomb or losenge. Wotton's Architecture.
2. Losenge is a form of a medicine made into small pieces,
to be held or chewed in the mouth till melted or wasted.
3. A cake of preserved fruit: both these are so denominated
from the original form, which was rhomboidal.

LP. a contraction for lordship.

LUB

LU’BBARD. n. s. [from lubber.]A lazy sturdy sellow.
Yet their wine and their victuals those curmudgeon lub­
bards
Lock up from my sight, in cellars and cupboards. Swift.

LU’BBER. n. s. [of this word the best derivation seems to be
from lubbed, said by Junius to signify in Danish fat.]A stur­
dy drone; an idle, fat, bulky losel; a booby.
For tempest and showers deceiveth a many,
And ling'ring lubbers loose many a penie. Tusser's Husb.
These chase the smaller shoals of fish from the main sea
into the havens, leaping up and down, puffing like a fat
lubber out of breath. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
They clap the lubber Ajax on the shoulder,
As if his feet were on brave Hector's breast,
And great Troy shrinking. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
A notable lubber thou reportest him to be. Shakesp.
Tell how the drudging goblin sweat;
His shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn,
That ten day labourers could not end;
Then lies him down the lubber fend. Milton.
Venetians do not more uncouthly ride,
Than did your lubber state mankind bestride. Dryden.
How can you name that superannuated lubber? Congreve.

LU’BBERLY. adj. [from lubber.]Lazy and bulky.
I came at Eaton to marry Mrs. Anne Page; and she's a
great lubberly boy. Shakespeare.

LU’BBERLY. adv. Aukwardly; clumsily.
Merry andrew on the low rope copies lubberly the same
tricks which his master is so dexterously performing on the
high. Dryden's Dedication.

LU. n. s. A game at cards.
Ev'n mighty pam who kings and queens o'erthrew,
And mow'd down armies in the fights of lu. Pope.

To LU’BRICATE. v. a. [from lubricus, Lat.]To make smooth
or slippery; to smoothe.
There are aliments which, besides this lubricating quality,
stimulate in a small degree. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The patient is relieved by the mucilaginous and the sapo­
naceous remedies, some of which lubricate, and others both
lubricate and stimulate. Sharp's Surgery.

To LU’BRICITATE. v. n. [from lubricus, Latin.]To smooth;
to make slippery.

LUBRI’CITY. n. s. [lubricus, Latin; lubricité, French.]
1. Slipperiness; smoothness of surface.
2. Aptness to glide over any part, or to facilitate motion.
Both the ingredients are of a lubricating nature; the mu­
cilage adds to the lubricity of the oil, and the oil preserves
the mucilage from inspissation. Ray on Creation.
3. Uncertainty; slipperiness; instability.
The manifold impossibilities and lubricities of matter can­
not have the same conveniences in any modification. More.
He that enjoyed crowns, and knew their worth, excepted
them not out of the charge of universal vanity; and yet the
politician is not discouraged at the inconstancy of human af­
fairs, and the lubricity of his subject. Glanville's Apology.
A state of tranquillity is never to be attained, but by keep­
ing perpetually in our thoughts the certainty of death, and
the lubricity of fortune. L'Estrange's Fables.
4. Wantonness; lewdness.
From the letchery of these fauns, he thinks that satyr is
derived from them, as if wantonness and lubricity were effen­
tial to that poem which ought in all to be avoided. Dryden.

LU’BRICK. adj. [lubricus, Latin.]
1. Slippery; smooth on the surface.
A throng
Of short thick sobs, whose thund'ring volleys float
And roul themselves over her lubrick throat,
In panting murmurs. Crashaw.
2. Uncertain; unsteady.
I will deduce him from his cradle through the deep and
lubrick waves of state, till he is swallowed in the gulph of fa­
tality. Wotton.
2. Wanton; lewd. [lubrique, French.]
Why were we hurry'd down
This lubrick and adult'rate age;
Nay, added fat pollutions of our own,
T' encrease the steaming ordures of the stage. Dryden.

LU’BRICOUS. adj. [lubricus, Latin.]
1. Slippery; smooth.
The parts of water being voluble and lubricous as well as
fine, it easily insinuates itself into the tubes of vegetables,
and by that means introduces into them the matter it bears
along with it. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Uncertain.
The judgment being the leading power, if it be stored
with lubricous opinions instead of clearly conceived truths, and
peremptorily resolved in them, the practice will be as irre­
gular as the conceptions. Glanville's Seep.



LUBRIFICA’TION. n. s. [lubricus and fio, Latin.]The act of
smoothing.
A twosold liquor is prepared for the inunction and lubrifi­
cation of the heads of the bones; an oily one, furnished by
the marrow; a mucilaginous, supplied by certain glandules
seated in the articulations. Ray on Creation.

LUBRIFA’CTION. n. s. [lubricus and facio, Latin.]The act of
lubricating or smoothing.
The cause is lubrifaction and relaxation, as in medicines
emollient; such as milk, honey, and mallows. Bacon.

LUC

LUCE. n. s. [perhaps from lupus, Latin.]A pike full grown.
They give the dozen white luces in their coat. Shakesp.

LU’CENT. adj. [lucens, Latin.]Shining; bright; splendid.
I meant the day-star should not brighter rise,
Nor lend like influence from his lucent seat. Benj. Johnson.
A spot like which perhaps
Astronomer in the sun's lucent orb,
Through his glaz'd optick tube yet never saw. Milton.

LU’CID. n. s. [lucidus, Latin; lucide, French.]
1. Shining; bright; glittering.
Over his lucid arms
A military vest of purple flow'd;
Livelier than Melibœan. Milton.
It contracts it, preserving the eye from being injured by
too vehement and lucid an object, and again dilates it for the
apprehending objects more remote in a fainter light. Ray.
If at the same time a piece of white paper, or a white
cloth, or the end of one's finger, be held at the distance of
about a quarter of an inch, or half an inch, from that part
of the glass where it is most in motion, the electrick vapour
which is excited by the friction of the glass against the hand
will, by dashing against the white paper, cloth, or finger,
be put into such an agitation as to emit light, and make the
white paper, cloth, or finger, appear lucid like a glow-worm.
Newton's Opticks.
The pearly shell its lucid globe unfold,
And Phœbus warm the rip'ning ore to gold. Pope.
2. Pellucid; transparent.
On the fertile banks
Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams. Milt. Par. Lost.
On the transparent side of a globe, half silver and half of
a transparent metal, we saw certain strange figures circularly
drawn, and thought we could touch them, till we found our
fingers stopped by that lucid substance. Gulliver's Trav.
3. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not darkened with
madness.
The long dissentions of the two houses, which, although
they had had lucid intervals and happy pauses, yet they did
ever hang over the kingdom, ready to break forth. Bacon.
Some beams of wit on other souls may fall,
Strike through and make a lucid interval;
But Shadwell's genuine night admits no ray,
His rising fogs prevail upon the day. Dryden.
I believed him in a lucid interval, and desired he would
please to let me see his book. Tatler.
A few sensual and voluptuous persons may, for a season,
eclipse this native light of the soul; but can never so wholly
smother and extinguish it, but that, at some lucid intervals,
it will recover itself again, and shine forth to the conviction
of their conscience. Bentley's Sermons.

LUCI’DITY. n. s. [from lucid.]Splendor; brightness. Dict.

LUCI’FEROUS. adj. [lucifer, Latin.]Giving light; affording
means of discovery.
The experiment is in itself not ignoble, and luciferous
enough, as shewing a new way to produce a volatile salt.
Boyle.

LUCI’FICK. adj. [lux and facio, Latin.]Making light; pro­
ducing light.
When made to converge, and so mixed together; though
their lucifick motion be continued, yet by interfering, that
equal motion, which is the colorifick, is interrupted. Grew.

LUCK. n. s. [geluck, Dutch.]
1. Chance; accident; fortune; hap; casual event.
He forc'd his neck into a nooze,
To shew his play at fast and loose;
And when he chanc'd t' escape, mistook
For art and fubtlety, his luck. Hudibras.
Some such method may be found by human industry or
luck, by which compound bodies may be resolved into other
substances than they are divided into by the fire. Boyle.
2. Fortune, good or bad.
Glad of such luck the luckless lucky maid,
A long time with that savage people staid,
To gather breath in many miseries. Spenser.
Farewel, good Salisbury, and good luck go with thee.
Shakespeare's Henry V.
I did demand what news from Shrewsbury.
He told me, that rebellion had ill luck,
And that young Harry Percy's spur was cold. Shakespeare.
That part of mankind who have had the justice, or the
luck, to pass, in common opinion, for the wisest, have fol­
lowed a very different scent. Temple.
Such, how highly soever they may have the luck to be
thought of, are far from being Israelites indeed. South.
The guests are found too num'rous for the treat,
But all, it seems, who had the luck to eat,
Swear they ne'er tasted more delicious meat. Tate's Juv.

LU’CKILY. adv. [from lucky.]Fortunately; by good hap.
It is the pencil thrown luckily full upon the horse's mouth,
to express the foam, which the painter with all his skill could
not form. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
It happens luckily for the establishment of a new race of
kings upon the British throne, that the first of this royal line
has all high qualifications. Addison.

LU’CKINESS. n. s. [from lucky.]Good fortune; good hap; ca­
sual happiness.
He who sometimes lights on truth, is in the right but by
chance; and I know not whether the luckiness of the acci­
dent will excuse the irregularity of his proceeding. Locke.

LU’CKLESS. adj. [from luck.]Unfortunate; unhappy.
Glad of such luck, the luckless lucky maid,
A long time with that savage people staid,
To gather breath in many miseries. Fairy Queen.
Never shall my thoughts be base,
Though luckless, yet without disgrace. Suckling.
What else but his immoderate lust of pow'r,
Pray'rs made and granted in a luckless hour? Dryden.

LU’CKY n. s. [from luck; geluckig, Dutch.]Fortunate; happy
by chance.
But I more fearful, or more lucky wight,
Dismay'd with that deformed, dismal sight,
Fled fast away. Fairy Queen, b. x.
Perhaps some arm more lucky than the rest,
May reach his heart, and free the world from bondage.
Addison's Cato.

LU’CRATIVE. adj. [lucratif, French; lucrativus, Lat.]Gain­
ful; profitable; bringing money.
The trade of merchandize being the most lucrative, may
bear usury at a good rate; other contracts not so. Bacon.
The disposition of Ulysses inclined him to pursue the more
dangerous way of living by war, than the more lucrative me­
thod of life by agriculture. Notes on the Odyssey.

LU’CRE. n. s. [lucrum, Latin.]Gain; profit; pecuniary ad­
vantage. In an ill sense.
Malice and lucre in them
Have laid this woe here. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
They all the sacred mysteries of heav'n
To their own vile advantages shall turn,
Of lucre, and ambition. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
A soul supreme in each hard instance try'd,
Above all pain, all anger, and all pride,
The rage of pow'r, the blast of publick breath,
The lust of lucre, and the dread of death. Pope.
What can be thought of the procuring letters by fraud,
and the printing them merely for lucre? Pope.

LUCRI’FEROUS. adj. [lucrum and fero, Latin.]Gainful; pro­
fitable.
Silver was afterwards separated from the gold, but in so small
a quantity, that the experiment, the cost and pains consider­
ed, was not lucriferous. Boyle.

LUCRI’FICK. adj. [lucrum and facio, Latin.]Producing gain.
Dict.

LU’CTATION. n. s. [luctor, Latin.]Struggle; effort; contest.

To LU’CUBRATE. n. s. [lucubror, Lat.]To watch; to study
by night.

LUCUBRA’TION. n. s. [lucubratio, Latin.]Study by candle­
light; nocturnal study; any thing composed by night.
Thy lucubrations have been perused by several of our
friends. Tatler, No. 78.

LUCUBRA’TORY. adj. [lucubratorius, from lucubror, Latin.]
Composed by candle-light.
You must have a sober dish of coffee, and a solitary candle
at your side, to write an epistle lucubratory to your friend.
Pope.

LU’CULENT. adj. [luculentus, Latin]
1. Clear; transparent; lucid. This word is perhaps not used
in this sense by any other writer.
And luculent along
The purer rivers flow. Thomson's Winter, l. 715.
2. Certain; evident.
They are against the obstinate incredulity of the Jews, the
most luculent testimonies that Christian religion hath. Hooker.

LUD

L’UDICROUS. adj. [ludicer, Lat.]Burlesque; merry; spor­
tive; exciting laughter.
Plutarch quotes this as an instance of Homer's judgment,
in closing a ludicrous scene with decency and instruction.
Notes on the Odyssey.

LU’DICROUSLY. adv. [from ludicrous.]Sportively; in bur­
lesque; in a manner that may excite laughter.

LU’DICROUSNESS. n. s. [from ludicrous.]Burlesque; sportive­
ness; merry cast or manner; ridiculousness.

LUDIFICA’TION. n. s. [ludificor, Latin.]The act of mocking,
or making sport with another. Dict.



LUFF. n. s. [in Scotland.]The palm of the hand; as, clap
me arles in my luff.

To LUFF. v. n. [or loof.]To keep close to the wind. Sea term.
Contract your swelling sails, and luff to wind. Dryden.

To LUG. v. a. [aluccan, Saxon, to pull; loga, Swedish, the
hollow of the hand.]
1. To hall or drag; to pull with rugged violence.
You gods! why this
Will lug your priests and servants from your sides. Shakesp.
Thy bear is safe, and out of peril,
Though lugg'd indeed, and wounded very ill. Hudibras.
When savage bears agree with bears,
Shall secret ones lug saints by th' ears. Hudibras, p. iii.
See him drag his feeble legs about
Like hounds ill coupled: Jowler lugs him still
Through hedges. Dryden.
Whose pleasure is to see a strumpet tear
A cynick's beard, and lug him by the hair. Dryden.
Either every single animal spirit must convey a whole re­
presentation, or else they must divide the image amongst
them, and so lug off every one his share. Collier.
2. To LUG out. To draw a sword, in burlesque language.
But buff and beltmen never know these cares,
No time, nor trick of law, their action bars;
They will be heard, or they lug out and cut. Dryden.

To LUG. v. n. To drag; to come heavily: perhaps only mis­
printed for lags.
My flagging soul flies under her own pitch,
Like fowl in air, too damp, and lugs along,
As if she were a body in a body. Dryden.

LUG. n. s.
1. A kind of small fish.
They seed on salt unmerchantable pilchards, tag worms,
lugs, and little crabs. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
2. [In Scotland.] An ear.
3. Lug, a land measure; a pole or perch.
That ample pit, yet far renown'd
For the large leap which Debon did compel
Ceaulin to make, being eight lugs of ground. Fa. Qu.

LU’GGAGE. n. s. [from lug.]Any thing cumbrous and un­
weildy that is to be carried away; any thing of more weight
than value.
Come bring your luggage nobly on your back. Shakesp.
What do you mean
To dont thus on such luggage? Shakespeare's Tempest.
Think not thou to find me slack, or need
Thy politick maxims, or that cumbersome
Luggage of war there shown me. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
How durst thou with that sullen luggage
O' th' self, old ir'n, and other baggage,
T' oppose thy lumber against us? Hudibras, p. i.
The mind of man is too light to bear much certainty
among the ruffling winds of passion and opinion; and if the
luggage be prized equally with the jewels, none will be cast
out till all be shipwrecked. Glanv.
A lively faith will bear aloft the mind,
And leave the luggage of good works behind. Dryden.
I am gathering up my luggage, and preparing for my jour­
ney. Swift to Pope.

LUGU’BRIOUS. adj. [lugubre, French; lugubris, Lat.]Mourn­
ful; sorrowful.
A demure, or rather a lugubrious look, a sad or whining
tone, makes up the sum of many mens humiliations.
Decay of Piety.

LUK

LU’KEWARM. adj. [The original of this word is doubted.
Warmth, in Saxon, is heloth; in old Frisick hlij; in Dutch
liewte; whence probably our luke, to which warm may be
added, to determine, by the first word, the force of the se­
cond; as we say, boiling hot.]
1. Moderately or mildly warm; so warm as to give only a
pleasing sensation.
A dreary corse, whose life away did pass,
All wallow'd in his own, yet lukewarm blood,
That from his wound yet welled fresh alas! Fairy Queen.
May you a better feast never behold,
You knot of mouth friends; smoke and lukewarm water
Is your perfection. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Bathing the body in lukewarm water is of great advantage
to contemperate hot and sharp humours. Wiseman's Surgery.
Whence is it but from this attractive power that water,
which alone distils with a gentle lukewarm heat, will not distil
from salt of tartar without a great heat? Newton's Opticks.
2. Indifferent; not ardent; not zealous.
If some few continue stedfast, it is an obedience so luke­
warm and languishing, that it merits not the name of pas­
sion. Dryden.
This sober conduct is a mighty virtue
In lukewarm patriots. Addison's Cato.

LU’KEWARMLY. adv. [from the adjective.]
1. With moderate Warmth.
2. With indifference.

LU’KEWARMNESS. n. s. [from lukewarm.]
1. Moderate or pleasing heat.
2. Indifference; want of ardour.
Some kind of zeal counts all merciful moderation luke­
warmness. King Charles.
The defect of zeal is lukewarmness, or coldness in religion;
the excess is inordinate heat and spiritual fury. Sprat.
Go dry your chaff and stubble, give fire to the zeal of
your faction, and reproach them with lukewarmness. Swift.

To LULL. v. a. [lulu, Danish; lallo, Latin.]
1. To compose to sleep by a pleasing sound.
There trickled softly down
A gentle stream, whose murmuring wave did play
Emongst the pumy stones, and made a sound
To lull him soft a sleep, that by it lay. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Such sweet compulsion doth in musick lie,
To lull the daughters of necessity. Milton.
These lull'd by nightingales embracing slept. Milton.
2. To compose; to quiet; to put to rest.
To find a foe it shall not be his hap,
And peace shall lull him in her flow'ry lap. Milton.
No more these scenes my meditations aid,
Or lull to rest the visionary maid. Pope.
By the vocal woods and waters lull'd,
And lost in lonely musing in a dream. Thomson's Spring.

LU’LLABY. n. s. [lallus, Latin. Quem nutricum fuisse deum
contendit Turnebus, from lull: it is observable that the
nurses call sleep by, by; lullaby is therefore lull to sleep.]A
song to still babes.
Only that noise heav'ns rolling circles kest,
Sung lullaby, to bring the world to rest. Fairfax.
Philomel, with melody,
Sing in your sweet lullaby;
Lulla, lulla, lullaby; lulla, lulla, lullaby. Shakespeare.
If you will let your lady know I am here to speak with
her, and bring her along with you, it may make my bounty
further.
—Marry, Sir, lullaby to your bounty till I come again. Shak.
Drinking is the lullaby used by nurses to still crying chil­
dren. Locke on Education.

LUM

LUMBA’GO. n. s. [lumbi, Lat. the loins.]
Lumbago's are pains very troublesome about the loins, and
small of the back, such as precede ague fits and fevers: they
are most commonly from fullness and acrimony, in common
with a disposition to yawnings, shudderings, and erratick
pains in other parts, and go off with evacuation, generally
by sweat, and other critical discharges of fevers. Quincy.

LU’MBER. n. s. [loma, geloma, Saxon, housholdstuft; lom­
mering, the dirt of an house, Dutch.]Any thing useless or
cumbersome; any thing of more bulk than value.
The very bed was violated
By the coarse hands of filthy dungeon villains,
And thrown amongst the common lumber. Otway.
One son at home
Concerns thee more than many guests to come.
If to some useful art he be not bred,
He grows mere lumber, and is worse than dead. Dryden.
Thy neighbour has remov'd his wretched store,
Few hands will rid the lumber of the poor. Dryden's Jav.
If God intended not the precise use of every single atom,
that atom had been no better than a piece of lumber. Grew.
The poring scholiasts mark;
Wits, who, like owls, see only in the dark;
A lumber-house of books in ev'ry head. Pope's Dunciad.

To LU’MBER. v. a. [from the noun.]To heap like useless
goods irregularly.
In Rollo we must have so much stuff lumbered together,
that not the least beauty of tragedy can appear. Rymer.

To LU’MBER. v. n. To move heavily, as burthened with his
own bulk.
First let them run at large,
Nor lumber o'er the meads, nor cross the wood. Dryden.

LU’MINARY. n. s. [luminare, Latin; luminaire, French.]
1. Any body which gives light.
The great luminary
Dispenses light from far. Milton.
2. Any thing which gives intelligence.
Sir John Graham, I know not upon what luminaries he
espied in his face, dissuaded him from marriage. Wotton.
3. Any one that instructs mankind.
The circulation of the blood, and the weight and spring
of the air, had been reserved for a late happy discovery by
two great luminaries of this island. Bentley's Sermons.

LUMINA’TION. n. s. [from lumen.]Emission of light. Dict.

LU’MINOUS. n. s. [lumineux, French.]
1. Shining; emitting light.
Fire burneth wood, making it first luminous, then black
and brittle, and lastly, broken and incinerate. Bacon.
Its first convex divides
The luminous inferior orbs inclos'd,
From chaos. Milton.
How came the sun to be luminous? Not from the neces­
sity of natural causes. Bentley's Sermons.


2. Enlightened.
Earth may, industrious of herself, fetch day,
Travelling east; and with her part averse
From the sun's beam, meet night; her other part
Still luminous by his ray. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
3. Shining; bright.
The most luminous of the prismatick colours are the yel­
low and orange: these affect the senses more strongly than
all the rest together. Newton's Opticks.

LUMP. n. s. [lompe, Dutch.]
1. A small mass of any matter.
The weed kal is by the Egyptians used first for fuel, and
then they crush the ashes into lumps like a stone, and so sell
them to the Venetians. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Without this various agitation of the water, how could
lumps of sugar or salt cast into it be so perfectly dissolved in
it, that the lumps themselves totally disappear? Boyle.
An Ombite wretch is pris'ner made;
Whose flesh torn off by lumps, the rav'nous foe
In morsels cut. Tate.
Ev'ry fragrant flow'r, and od'rous green,
Were sorted well, with lumps of amber laid between. Dry.
To conceive thus of the soul's intimate union with an in­
finite being, and by that union receiving of ideas, leads one
into as gross thoughts, as a country-maid would have of an
infinite butter-print, the several parts whereof being applied
to her lump of butter, left on it the figure or idea there was
present need of. Locke.
2. A shapeless mass.
Hence, heap of wrath, foul indigested lump;
As crooked in thy manners as thy shape. Shak. Henry VI.
Blush, blush, thou lump of foul desormity. Shakespeare.
Why might not there have been, in this great mass, huge
lumps of solid matter, which, without any form or order,
might be jumbled together. Keii against Burnet.
3. Mass undistinguished.
All mens honours
Lie like one lump before him, to be fashion'd
Into what pinch he please. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
It is rare to find any of these metals pure; but copper,
iron, gold, silver, lead, and tin, all promiscuously in one
lump. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
4. The whole together; the gross.
If my readers will not go to the price of buying my pa­
pers by retail, they may buy them in the lump. Addison.
Other epidemical vices are rife and predominant only for
a season, and must not be ascribed to human nature in the
lump. Bentley's Sermons.
The principal gentlemen of several counties are stigmatized
in a lump, under the notion of being papists. Swift.

To LUMP. v. a. To take in the gross, without attention to
particulars.
The expences ought to be lumped together. Ayliffe's Par.
Boccalini, in his political balance, after laying France in
one scale, throws Spain into the other, which wanted but
very little of being a counterpoise: the Spaniards upon this
reckoned, that if Spain of itself weighed so well, they could
not fail of success when the several parts of the monarchy
were lumped in the same scale. Addison.

LU’MPFISH. [lump and fish; , Lat.]A sort of fish.

LU’MPING. adj. [from lump.]Large; heavy; great. A low
word.
Nick, thou shalt have a lumping pennyworth. Arbuthnot.

LU’MPISH. adj. [from lump.]Heavy; gross; dull; unactive;
bulky.
Out of the earth was formed the flesh of man, and there­
fore heavy and lumpish. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Sylvia is lumpish, heavy, melancholy. Shakespeare.
Love is all spirit: fairies sooner may
Be taken tardy, when they night tricks play,
Than we; we are too dull and lumpish. Suckling.
Little terrestrial particles swimming in it after the grossest
were sunk down, which, by their heaviness and lumpish
figure, made their way more speedily. Burnet.
How dull and how insensible a beast
Is man, who yet wou'd lord it o'er the rest?
Philosophers and poets vainly strove
In every age the lumpish mass to move. Dryden.

LU’MPISHLY. adv. [from lumpish.]With heaviness; with stu­
pidity.

LU’MPISHNESS. n. s. [from the adjective.]Stupid heaviness.

LU’MPY. adj. [from lump.]Full of lumps; full of compact
masses.
One of the best spades to dig hard lumpy clays, but too
small for light garden mould. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LUN

LU’NACY. n. s. [from luna, the moon.]A kind of madness
influenced by the moon; madness in general.
Love is merely madness, and deserves as well a dark house
and a whip as madmen do; and the reason why they are not
so punished and cured is, that the lunacy is so ordinary, that
the whippers are in love too. Shakesp. As you like it.
Your kindred shun your house,
As beaten hence by your strange lunacy. Shakespeare.
There is difference of lunacy: I had rather be mad with
him, that, when he had nothing, thought all the ships that
came into the haven his, than with you, who, when you
have so much coming in, think you have nothing. Suckling.

LU’NAR. adj. [lunaire, Fr. lunaris, Latir.]Relating to the 
moon; under the dominion of the moon.

LU’NARY. adj. [lunaire, Fr. lunaris, Latir.]Relating to the 
moon; under the dominion of the moon.
They that have resolved that these years were but lunary
years, viz. of a month, or Egyptian years, are easily con­
futed. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
They have denominated some herbs solar and some lunar,
and such like toys put into great words. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The figure of its seed much resembles a horshoe, which
Baptista Porta hath thought too low a signification, and raised
the same unto a lunary representation. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
We upon our globe's last verge shall go,
And view the ocean leaning on the sky;
From thence our rolling neighbours we shall know,
And on the lunar world securely pry. Dryden.

LU’NARY. n. s. [lunaria, Latin; lunaire, Fr]Moonwort.
Then sprinkles she the juice of rue
With nine drops of the midnight dew,
From lunary distilling. Drayton's Nymphid.

LU’NATED. adj. [from luna.]Formed like a half moon.

L’UNATICK. adj. [lunaticus, Latin.]Mad; having the ima­
gination influenced by the moon.
Bedlam beggars, from low farms,
Sometimes with lunatick bans, sometimes with prayers,
Enforce their charity. Shakespeare.

LU’NATICK. n. s. A madman.
The lunatick, the lover, and the poet,
Are of imagination all compact:
One sees more devils than vast hell can hold;
The madman. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
I dare ensure any man well in his wits, for one in the
thousand that he shall not die a lunatick in Bedlam within
these seven years; because not above one in about one thou­
sand sive hundred have done so. Graunt's Bills.
See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing,
The sot a hero, lunatick a king. Pope.
The residue of the yearly profits shall be laid out in pur­
chasing a piece of land, and in building thereon an hospital
for the reception of idiots and lunaticks. Swift.

LUNA’TION. n. s. [lunaison, French; luna, Latin.]The re­
volution of the moon.
If the lunations be observed for a cycle of nineteen years,
which is the cycle of the moon, the same observations will
be verified for succeeding cycles for ever. Holder on Time.

LUNCH. n. s. [Minshaw derives it from louja, Spanish; 
Skinner from kleinken, a small piece, Teu­
tonick. It probably comes from clutch or clunch.]As much
food as one's hand can hold.

LU’NCHEON. n. s. [Minshaw derives it from louja, Spanish;
Skinner from kleinken, a small piece, Teu­
tonick. It probably comes from clutch or clunch.]As much
food as one's hand can hold.
When hungry thou stood'st staring, like an oaf,
I slic'd the luncheon from the barley loaf;
With crumbled bread I thicken'd well the mess. Gay.

LUNE. n. s. [luma, Latin.]
1. Any thing in the shape of an half moon.
2. Fits of lunacy or frenzy, mad sreaks. The French say of
a man who is but fantastical or whimsical, Il a des lunes.
Hanmer.
Bestrew them
These dangerous, unsafe lunes i' th' king;
He must be told on't, and he shall: the office
Becomes a woman best. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. A laish: as, the lune of a hawk.

LUNE’TTE. n. s. [French.]A small half moon.
Lunette is a covered place made before the courtine, which
consists of two faces that form an angle inwards, and is com­
monly raised in fosses full of water, to serve instead of a
fausse braye, and to dispute the enemy's passage: it is six
toises in extent, of which the parapet is four. Trevoux.

LUNGS. n. s. [lungen, Saxon; long, Dutch.]The lights; the
part by which breath is inspired and expired.
More would I, but my lungs are wasted so,
That strength of speech is utterly denied me. Shakespeare.
The bellows of his lungs begin to swell,
Nor can the good receive, nor bad expel. Dryden.
Had I a hundred mouths, a hundred tongues,
And throats of brass inspir'd with iron lungs;
I could not half those horrid crimes repeat,
Nor half the punishments those crimes have met. Dryden.

LUNGED. adj. [from lungs.]Having lungs; having the nature
of lungs; drawing in and emitting air: as, the lungs in an
animal body.
The smith prepares his hammer for the stroke,
While the lung'd bellows hiffing fire provoke. Dryden.

LUNG-GROWN. adj. [lung and grown.]
The lungs sometimes grow fast to the skin that lines the
breast within; whence such as are detained with that acci­
dent are lung-grown. Harvey on Consumptions.



LU’NGWORT. n. s. [pulmonaria, Lat.]
The flower consists of one leaf, which is shaped like a
funnel, whose upper part is cut into several segments; from
its sistulous flower-cup, which is for the most part pentago­
nal, rises the pointal encompassed by four embrios, which
afterwards become so many seeds inclosed in the flower­
cup. Miller.

LUNISO’LAR. adj. [lunisolaire, French; luna and solaris, Lat.]
Compounded of the revolution of sun and moon.

LUNT. n. s. [lonte, Dutch.]The matchcord with which guns
are fired.

LU’PINE. n. s. [lupin, French; lupinus, Latin.]A kind of
pulse.
It has a papilionaceous flower, out of whose empalement
rises the pale, which afterward turns into a pod filled with
either plain or spherical seeds: the leaves grow like fingers
upon the foot stalks. Miller.
When Protogenes would undertake any excellent piece, he
used to diet himself with peas and lupines, that his invention
might be quick and refined. Peacham on Drawing.
Where stalks of lupines grew,
Th' ensuing season, in return, may bear
The bearded product of the golden year. Dryden's Georg.
Protogenes, drawing the picture of Jalysus, took no other
nourishment than lupines mixed with water, for fear of clogg­
ing his imagination by the luxury of his food. Dryden.

LUR

LURCH. n. s. [This word is derived by Skinner from l'ourche,
a game of draughts, much used, as he says, among the
Dutch; ourche he derives from area; so that, I suppose,
those that are lost are left in lorche, in the lurch or box;
whence the use of the word.]
To leave in the LURCH. To leave in a forlorn or deserted con­
dition; to leave without help.
Will you now to peace incline,
And languish in the main design,
And leave us in the lurch. Denham.
But though th' art of a different church,
I will not leave thee in the lurch. Hudibras, p. i.
Have a care how you keep company with those that, when
they find themselves upon a pinch, will leave their friends in
the lurch. L'Estrange's Fables.
Can you break your word with three of the honestest best­
meaning persons in the world? It is base to take advantage
of their simplicity and credulity, and leave them in the lurch
at last. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
Flirts about town had a design to cast us out of the fashion­
able world, and leave us in the lurch, by some of their late
refinements. Addison's Guardian.

To LURCH. v. n. [, Dutch; or rather from the noun.]
1. To shift; to play tricks.
I myself, sometimes leaving the fear of heav'n on my left­
hand, and hiding mine honour in my necessity, am fain to
shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch. Shakespeare.
2. To lie in wait: we now rather use lurk.
While the one was upon wing, the other stood lurching
upon the ground, and flew away with the fish. L'Estrange.

To LURCH. v. a. [lurcor, Latin.]
1. To devour; to swallow greedily.
Too far off from great cities may hinder business; or too
near lurcheth all provisions, and maketh every thing dear.
Bacon's Essays.
2. To defeat; to disappoint. A word now used only in bur­
lesque. [from the game lurch.]
He waxed like a sea;
And, in the brunt of seventeen battles since,
He lurcht all swords o' th' garland. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
God never designed the use of them to be continual; by
putting such an emptiness in them, as should so quickly fail
and lurch the expectation. South's Sermons.
This is a sure rule, that will never deceive or lurch the sin­
cere communicant. South's Sermons.
3. To steal privily; to filch; to pilfer.

LU’RCHER. n. s. [from lurch.]
1. One that watches to steal, or to betray or entrap.
I cannot represent those worthies more naturally than un­
der the shadow of a pack of dogs, made up of finders,
lurchers, and setters. Tatler, No. 59.
His thefts some tradesman spies,
Swift from his play the scudding lurcher flies;
Whilst ev'ry honest tongue stop thief resounds. Gay.
2. [Lurco, Latin.] A glutton; a gormandizer. Not used.

LURE. n. s. [leurre, French; lore, Dutch.]
1. Something held out to call a hawk.
My faulcon now is sharp and passing empty,
And, till she stoop, she must not be full-gorg'd,
For then she never looks upon her lure. Shakespeare.
This lure she cast abroad, thinking that this fame and be­
lief would draw, at one time or other, some birds to strike
upon it. Bacon's Henry VII.
A great estate to an heir, is as a lure to all the birds of
prey round about to seize on him. Bacon.
A falc'ner Henry is, when Emma hawks;
With her of tarsels, and of lures he talks. Prior.
2. Any enticement; any thing that promises advantage.
How many have with a smile made small account
Of beauty, and her lures, easily scorn'd
All her assaults, on worthier things intent. Milt. Par. Reg.
This stiffneck'd pride, nor art nor force can bend,
Nor high-flown hopes to reason's lure descend. Denham.

To LURE. v. n. [from the noun.]To call hawks.
Standing near one that lured loud and shrill, I had sudden­
ly an offence, as if somewhat had broken, or been dislocated
in my ear, and immediately after a loud ringing. Bacon.

To LURE. v. a. To attract; to entice; to draw.
As when a flock
Of ravenous fowl, though many a league remote,
Against the day of battle, to a field
Where armies lie encamp'd, come flying, lur'd
With scent of living carcases. Milton's Par. Lost.
A man spent one day in labour, that he might pass the
other at ease; and lured on by the pleasure of this bait, when
he was in vigour he would provide for as many days as he
could. Temple.
Should you lure
From this dark haunt, beneath the tangled roots
Of pendant trees, the monarch of the brook,
Behoves you then to ply your finest art. Thomson's Spring.
Volumes on shelter'd stalls expanded lie,
And various science lures the learned eye. Gay's Trivia.

LU’RID. adj. [luridus, Latin.]Gloomy; dismal.
Slow settling o'er the lurid grove,
Unusual darkness broods. Thomson's Summer.

To LURK. v. n. [probably lurch and lurk are the same word.
See LURCH.]To lie in wait; to lie hidden; to lie close.
Far in land a savage nation dwelt,
That never tasted grace, nor goodness felt;
But like wild beasts, lurking in loathsome den,
And flying fast as rocbuck through the fen,
All naked. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Milbrook lurketh between two hills, a village of some
eighty houses, and borrowing his name from a mill and little
brook running there through. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
They lay not to live by their worke,
But theevishly loiter and lurke. Tusser's Husbandry.
If sinners entice, consent not; if they say, let us lay wait
for blood, let us lurk privily for the innocent. Prov. i. 11.
The wife, when danger or dishonour lurks,
Safest, and seemliest by her husband stays. Milton.
See
The lurking gold upon the fatal tree:
Then rend it off. Dryden's æn.
The king unseen
Lurk'd in her hand, and mourn'd his captive queen;
He springs to vengeance. Pope.
I do not lurk in the dark: I am not wholly unknown to
the world: I have set my name at length. Swift.

LU’RKER. n. s. [from lurk.]A thief that lies in wait.

LU’RKINGPLACE. n. s. [lurk and place.]Hiding place; secret
place.
Take knowledge of all the lurkingplaces where he hideth
himself. 1 Sam. xxiii. 23.

LUS

LU’SCIOUS. adj. [from delicious, say some; but Skinner more
probably derives it from luxurious, corruptly pronounced.]
1. Sweet, so as to nauseate.
2. Sweet in a great degree.
The food that to him now is as luscious as loches, shall
shortly be as bitter as coloquintida. Shakesp. Othell.
With brandish'd blade rush on him, break his glass,
And shed the luscious liquor on the ground. Milton.
Blown roses hold their sweetness to the last,
And raisins keep their luscious native taste. Dryden.
3. Pleasing; delightful.
He will bait him in with the luscious proposal of some
gainful purchase. South's Sermons.

LU’SCIOUSLY. adv. [from luscious.]Sweet to a great degree.

LU’SCIOUSNESS. n. s. [from luscious.]Immoderate sweetness.
Can there be greater indulgence in God, than to embitter
sensualities whose lusciousness intoxicates us, and to clip wings
which carry us from him. Decay of Piety.
Peas breed worms by reason of the lusciousness and sweet­
ness of the grain. Mortimer's Husbandry.

LU’SERN. n. s. , Latin.]A lynx.

LUSH. adj. Of a dark, deep, full colour, opposite to pale and
faint; from lousche. Hanmer.
How lush and lusty the grass looks? how green? Shak.

LUSK. adj. [lusche, French.]Idle; lazy; worthless. Dict.

LU’SKISH. adj. [from lusk.]Somewhat inclinable to laziness
or indolence.

LU’SKISHLY. adv. [from luskish.]Lazily; indolently.

LU’SKISHNESS. adv. [from luskish.] A disposition to laziness.
Spenser.

LUSO’RIOUS. adj. [lusorius, Latin.]Used in play; sportive.


Things more open to exception, yet unjustly condemned
as unlawful; such as the lusorious lots, dancing and stage­
plays. Bishop Sanderson.

LU’SORY. adj. [lusorius, Latin.]Used in play.
There might be many entertaining contrivances for the in­
struction of children in geometry and geography, in such al­
luring and lusory methods, which would make a most agree­
able and lasting impression. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

LUST. n. s. [lust, Saxon; lust, Dutch.]
1. Carnal desire.
This our court, infected with their manners,
Shews like a riotous inn, Epicurism and lust
Make it more like a tavern or a brothel,
Than a grac'd palace. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Lust, and rank thoughts. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
They are immoderately given to the lust of the flesh,
making no conscience to get bastards. Abbot.
When a temptation of lust assaults thee, do not resist it by
disputing with it, but flie from it, that is, think not at all of
it. Taylor's holy Living.
2. Any violent or irregular desire.
I will divide the spoil; my lust shall be satified upon them.
Exod. xv. 9.
The ungodly, for his own lust, doth persecute the poor:
let them be taken in the crafty wiliness they imagined. Psal.
Virtue was represented by Hercules: he is drawn offering
to strike a dragon; by the dragon are meant all manner of
lusts. Peacham on Drawing.
All weigh our acts, and whate'er seems unjust,
Impute not to necessity, but lust. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
The lust of lucre. Pope.
3. Vigour; active power. Not used.
Trees will grow greater, and bear better fruit, if you put
salt, or lees of wine, or blood, to the root: the cause may
be, the increasing the lust or spirit of the root. Bacon.

To LUST. v. n.
1. To desire carnally.
Inconstant man, that loveth all he saw,
And lusted after all that he did love. Roscommon.
2. To desire vehemently.
Giving sometimes prodigally; not because he loved them
to whom he gave, but because he lusted to give. Sidney.
The Christian captives in chains could no way move them­
selves, if they should unadvisedly lust after liberty. Knolles.
3. To list; to like. Out of use.
Their eyes swell with fatness; and they do even what they
lust. Psal. lxxiii. 7.
4. To have irregular dispositions.
The mixed multitude fell a lusting; and the children of
Israel also wept, and said, Who shall give us flesh to eat?
Num. xi. 4.
The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy. Jam. iv. 5.

LU’STFUL. adj. [lust and full.]
1. Libidinous; having irregular desires.
Turning wrathful fire to lustful heat,
With beastly sin thought her to have defil'd. Fairy Qu.
There is no man that is intemperate or lustful, but be­
sides the guilt likewise stains and obscures his soul. Tillotson.
2. Provoking to sensuality; inciting to lust.
Thence his lustful orgies he enlarg'd. Milton.

LU’STFULLY. adv. [from lustful.]With sensual concupiscence.

LU’STFULNESS. n. s. [from lustful.]Libidinousness.

LU’STIHED. n. s. [from lusty.]Vigour; sprightliness; cor­
poral ability. Not now in use.

LU’STIHOOD. n. s. [from lusty.]Vigour; sprightliness; cor­
poral ability. Not now in use.
A goodly personage,
Now in his freshest flower of lustyhed,
Fit to inflame fair lady with love's rage. Fa. Qu.
Reason and respect
Make livers pale, and lustihood dejected. Shakespeare.
I'll prove it on his body;
Despight his nice fence, and his active practice,
His May of youth and bloom of lustyhood. Shakespeare.

LU’STILY. adv. [from lusty.]Stoutly; with vigour; with
mettle.
I determine to fight lustily for him. Shakesp. Henry V.
Now, gentlemen,
Let's tune, and to it lustily a while. Shakespeare.
Barbarossa took upon him that painful journey, which the
old king lustily performed. Knolles.
He has fought lustily for her, and deserves her. Southern.

LU’STINESS. n. s. [from lusty.]Stoutness; sturdiness; strength;
vigour of body.
Fresh Clarion being ready dight,
He with good speed began to take his flight,
Over the fields in his frank lustiness. Spenser's Muiopotmos.
Where there is so great a prevention of the ordinary time,
it is the lustiness of the child; but when it is less, it is some
indisposition of the mother. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 353.
Cappadocian slaves were famous for their lustiness, and be­
ing in good liking, were set on a stall to shew the good habit
of their body, and made to play tricks before the buyers, to
shew their activity and strength. Dryden's Persius.

LU’STLESS. adj. [from lust.]Not vigorous; weak. Spenser.

LU’STRAL. adj. [lustrale, French; lustralis, Latin.]Used in
purification.
His better parts by lustral waves refin'd,
More pure, and nearer to æthereal mind. Garth.

LUSTRA’TION. n. s. [lustration, French; lustratio, Lat.]Pu­
rification by water.
Job's religious care,
His sons assembles, whose united prayer,
Like sweet perfumes, from golden consors rise;
He with divine lustrations sanctifies. Sandys's Paraphrase.
That spirits are corporeal seems a conceit derogative unto
himself, and such as he should rather labour to overthrow;
yet thereby he establisheth the doctrine of lustrations, amu­
lets, and charms. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
What were all their lustrations but so many solemn puri­
fyings, to render both themselves and their sacrifices accept­
able to their gods. South's Sermons.
Should Io's priest command
A pilgrimage to Meroe's burning sand;
Through desarts they wou'd seek the secret spring,
And holy water for lustration bring. Dryden's Juvenal.
By ardent pray'r, and clear lustration,
Purge the contagious spots of human weakness;
Impure no mortal can behold Apollo. Prior.

LU’STRE. n. s. [lustre, French.]
1. Brightness; splendour; glitter.
You have one eye left to see some mischief on him.
—Lest it see more prevent it; out, vile gelly; where is
thy lustre now? Shakespeare's King Lear.
To the soul time doth perfection give,
And adds fresh lustre to her beauty still. Davies.
The scorching sun was mounted high,
In all its lustre, to the noonday sky. Addison's Ovid.
Pass but some fleeting years, and these poor eyes,
Where now without a boast some lustre lies;
No longer shall their little honours keep,
But only be of use to read or weep. Prior.
All nature laughs, the groves are fresh and fair,
The sun's mild lustre warms the vital air. Pope.
2. A sconce with lights.
Ridotta sips, and dances till she see
The doubling lustres dance as quick as she. Pope's Horace.
3. Eminence; renown.
His ancestors continued about four hundred years, rather
without obscurity than with any great lustre. Wotton.
I used to wonder how a man of birth and spirit could en­
dure to be wholly insignificant and obscure in a foreign coun­
try, when he might live with lustre in his own. Swift.
4. [From lustre, Fr. lustrum, Latin.] The space of five years.
Both of us have closed the tenth lustre, and it is high time
to determine how we shall play the last act of the farce.
Bolingbroke to Swift.

LU’STRING. n. s. [from lustre.]A shining silk; commonly
pronounced lutestring.

LU’STROUS. adj. [from lustre.]Bright; shining; luminous.
Noble heroes, my sword and yours are kin, good sparks 
and lustrous. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
The more lustrous the imagination is, it filleth and fixeth
the better. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 956.

LU’STWORT. n. s. [lust and wort.]An herb.

LU’STY. adj. [lustig, Dutch.]Stout; vigorous; healthy; able
of body.
This lusty lady came from Persia late,
She with the Christians had encounter'd oft. Fairy Qu.
If lusty love should go in quest of beauty,
Where should he find it fairer than in Blanch? Shakesp.
We yet may see the old man in a morning,
Lusty as health, come ruddy to the field,
And there pursue the chase. Otway.

LUT

LU’TANIST. n. s. [from lute.]One who plays upon the
lute.

LUTA’RIOUS. adj. [lutarius, Latin.]Living in mud; of the
colour of mud.
A scaly tortoise-shell, of the lutarious kind. Grew.

LUTE. n. s. [luth, lut, French.]
1. A stringed instrument of musick.
Orpheus with his lute made trees,
And the mountain tops that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
May must be drawn with a sweet and amiable counte­
nance, upon his head a garland of roses, in one hand a lute.
Peacham on Drawing.
In a sadly pleasing strain
Let the warbling lute complain. Pope's St. Cæcilia.
A lute string will bear a hundred weight without rupture,
but at the same time cannot exert its elasticity. Arbuthnot.
Lands of singing, or of dancing slaves,
Love-whisp'ring woods, and lute resounding waves. Dunc.
2. [From lut, French; lutum, Lat.] A composition like clay,
with which chemists close up their vessels.


Some temper lute, some spacious vessels move,
These furnaces erect, and those approve. Garth.

To LUTE. v. a. [from the noun.]To close with lute, or che­
mists clay.
Take a vessel of iron, and let it have a cover of iron well
luted, after the manner of the chemists. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Iron may be so heated, that, being closely luted in a glass,
it shall constantly retain the fire. Wilkins's Math. Magick.

LU’TULENT. adj. [lutulentus, Latin.]Muddy; turbid.

LUX

To LUX. v. a. [luxer, French; luxo, Latin.]To put
out of joint; to disjoint.

To LU’XATE. v. a. [luxer, French; luxo, Latin.]To put
out of joint; to disjoint.
He complained of extremity of pain, and suspected his
hip luxated. Wiseman's Surgery.
Consider well the luxated joint, and which way it slipped
out; for it requireth to be returned in the same manner.
Wiseman's Surgery.
Descending careless from his couch, the fall
Lux'd his joint neck, and spinal marrow bruis'd. Philips.

LUXA’TION. n. s. [from luxo, Latin.]
1. The act of disjointing.
2. Any thing disjointed.
The undue situation, or connexion of parts, in fractures
and luxations, are to be rectified by chirurgical means. Floyer.

LUXE. n. s. [French, luxius, Lat.]Luxury; voluptuousness.
The pow'r of wealth I try'd,
And all the various luxe of costly pride. Prior.

LUXU’RIANCE. n. s. [from luxurians, Latin.]Exuberance;
abundant or wanton plenty or growth.

LUXU’RIANCY. n. s. [from luxurians, Latin.]Exuberance;
abundant or wanton plenty or growth.
A fungus prevents healing only by its luxuriancy. Wiseman.
Flowers grow up in the garden in the greatest luxuriancy
and profusion. Spectator, No. 47.
While through the parting robe th' alternate breast
In full luxuriance rose. Thomson's Summer.

LUXU’RIANT. adj. [luxurians, Lat.]Exuberant; superfluously
plenteous.
A fluent and luxuriant speech becomes youth well, but not
age. Bacon's Essays.
The mantling vine gently creeps luxuriant. Milton.
If the fancy of Ovid be luxuriant, it is his character to be
so. Dryden's Pref. to Ovid's Epistles.
Prune the luxuriant, th' uncouth refine,
But show no mercy to an empty line. Pope.

To LUXU’RIATE. v. n. [luxurior, Latin.]To grow exube­
rantly; to shoot with superfluous plenty.

LUXU’RIOUS. adj. [luxurieux, Fr. luxuriosus, Latin.]
1. Delighting in the pleasures of the table.
2. Administring to luxury.
The luxurious board. Anon.
3. Lustful; libidinous.
She knows the heat of a luxurious bed:
Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty. Shakespeare.
I grant him bloody,
Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful. Shakespeare.
4. Voluptuous; enslaved to pleasure.
Those whom last thou saw'st
In triumph, and luxurious wealth, are they
First seen in acts of prowess eminent,
And great exploits; but of true virtue void. Milton.
Luxurious cities, where the noise
Of riot ascends above their loftiest tow'rs. Milton.
5. Softening by pleasure.
Repel the Tuscan foes, their city seize,
Protect the Latians in luxurious ease. Dryden.
6. Luxuriant; exuberant.
Till more hands
Aid us, the work under our labour grows
Luxurious by restraint. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.

LUXU’RIOUSLY. adv. [from luxurious.]Deliciously; volup­
tuously.
Hotter hours you have
Luxuriously pick'd out. Shakespeare.
Where mice and rats devour'd poetick bread,
And with heroick verse luxuriously were fed. Dryden.
He never supt in solemn state;
Nor day to night luxuriously did join. Dryden.

LU’XURY. n. s. [luxuré, old French; luxuria, Latin.]
1. Voluptuousness; addictedness to pleasure.
Egypt with Assyria strove
In wealth and luxury. Milton.
Riches expose a man to pride and luxury, and a foolish
elation of heart. Addison's Spectator, No. 464.
2. Lust; lewdness.
Urge his hateful luxury,
His bestial appetite in change of lust,
Which stretch'd unto their servants, daughters, wives.
Shakespeare's Richard III.
3. Luxuriance; exuberance.
Young trees of several kinds set contiguous in a fruitful
ground, with the very luxury of the trees will incorporate.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 479.
4. Delicious fare.
He cut the side of the rock for a garden, and by laying on
it earth, furnished out a kind of luxury for a hermit. Addison.

LY. v. n. [A very frequent termination both of names of
places and of adjectives and adverbs: when ly terminates the
name of a place, it is derived from leag, Saxon, a field;
when it ends an adjective or adverb, it is contracted form lich,
like; as, beastly, beastlike; plainly, plainlike.]

LYCA’NTHROPY. n. s. [lycantropie, French; ??a? and ????­
p??.]A kind of madness, in which men have the qualities of
wild beasts.
He sees like a man in his sleep, and grows as much the
wiser as the man that dreamt of a lycanthropy, and was for
ever after wary not to come near a river. Taylor.

LYEKE. adj. for like. Spenser.

LY’ING, the participle of lie, whether it signifies to be recum­
bent, or to speak falsely, or otherwise.
They will have me whipt for speaking true, thou wilt have
me whipt for lying, and sometimes I am whipt for holding
my peace. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Many tears and temptations befal me by the lying in wait
of the Jews. Acts xx. 19.

LYMPH. n. s. [lymphe, French; lympha, Lat.]Water; tran­
sparent colourless liquor.
When the chyle passeth through the mesentery, it is mix­
ed with the lymph, the most spirituous and elaborated part of
the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

LY’MPHATED. adj. [lymphatus, Latin.]Mad. Dict.

LY’MPHATICK. n. s. [lymphatique, Fr. from lympha, Latin.]
The lymphaticks are slender pellucid tubes, whose cavities
are contracted at small and unequal distances: they are car­
ried into the glands of the mesentery, receiving first a fine
thin lymph from the lymphatick ducts, which dilutes the chy­
lous fluid. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
Upon the death of an animal, the spirits may sink into the
veins, or lymphaticks and glandules. Floyer.

LY’MPHEDUCT. n. s. [lympha and ductus, Latin.]A vessel
which conveys the lymph.
The glands,
All artful knots, of various hollow threads,
Which lympheducts, an art'ry, nerve, and vein,
Involv'd and close together wound, contain. Blackmore.

LYNX. n. s. [Latin.]A spotted beast, remarkable for speed
and sharp sight.
He that has an idea of a beast with spots, has but a con­
fused idea of a leopard, it not being thereby sufficiently di­
stinguished from a lynx. Locke.
What modes of sight betwixt each wide extreme,
The mole's dim curtain, and the linx's beam. Pope.

LYR

LYRE. n. s. [lyre, French; lyra, Latin.]A harp; a musical
instrument to which poetry is, by poetical writers, supposed
to be sung.
With other notes then to th' Orphean lyre. Milton.
My softest verse, my darling lyre,
Upon Euphelia's toilet lay. Prior.
He never touched his lyre in such a truly chromatick man­
ner as upon that occasion. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

LYR’ICAL. adj. [lyricus, Latin; lyrique, French.]Pertaining
to an harp, or to odes or poetry sung to an
harp; singing to an harp.

LY’RICK. adj. [lyricus, Latin; lyrique, French.]Pertaining
to an harp, or to odes or poetry sung to an
harp; singing to an harp.
All his trophies hung and acts enroll'd
In copious legend, or sweet lyrick song. Milton's Agonist.
Somewhat of the purity of English, somewhat of more
equal thoughts, somewhat of sweetness in the numbers; in
one word, somewhat of a finer turn, and more lyrical verse,
is yet wanting. Dryden.
The lute neglected, and the lyrick muse,
Love taught my tears in sadder notes to flow,
And tun'd my heart to elegies of woe. Pope.

LY’RICK. n. s. A poet who writes songs to the harp.
The greatest conqueror in this nation, after the manner of
the old Grecian lyricks, did not only compose the words of
his divine odes, but set them to musick himself. Addison.

LY’RIST. [lyristes, Latin.]A musician who plays upon the
harp.
His tender theme the charming lyrist chose
Minerva's anger, and the direful woes
Which voyaging from Troy the victors bore. Pope.





M

M Has, in English, one unvaried sound, by com­
pression of the lips; as, mine, tame, camp: it
is never mute.

MAC

MACARO’ON. n. s. [macarone, Italian.]
1. A coarse, rude, low fellow; whence macaro­
nick poetry, in which the language is purposely corrupted.
Like a big wife, at sight of lothed meat,
Ready to travail; so I sigh and sweat,
To hear this macaroon talk on in vain. Donne.
2. [Macaron, French, from ??a?.] A kind of sweet biscuit,
made of flower, almonds, eggs, and sugar.

MACAW-TREE. n. s.
The macaw-tree is a species of the palm-tree, and is very
common in the Caribbee islands, where the negroes pierce
the tender fruit, whence issues a pleasant liquor, which they
are very fond of; and the body of the tree affords a solid
timber, with which they make javelins, arrows, &c. and is
supposed by some to be a sort of ebony. Miller.

MACA’W. n. s. A bird in the West-Indies.

MACE. n. s. [magga, Saxon; maça, Spanish.]
1. An ensign of authority worn before magistrates.
He mightily upheld that royal mace
Which now thou bear'st. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Death with his mace petrifick smote. Milton.
2. [Massue, French; massa, Latin.] A heavy blunt weapon;
a club of metal.
O murth'rous slumber!
Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy
That plays thee musick? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The Turkish troops breaking in with their scymitars and
heavy iron maces, made a most bloody execution. Knolles.
With his mace their monarch struck the ground;
With inward trembling earth receiv'd the wound,
And rising streams a ready passage found. Dryden.
The mighty maces with such haste descend,
They break the bones, and make the solid armour bend.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.
3. [Macis, Latin.] A kind of spice.
The nutmeg is inclosed in a threefold covering, of which
the second is mace: it is a thin and flat membranaceous sub­
stance, of an oleaginous, and a yellowish colour: it has an
extremely fragrant, aromatick, and agreeable smell, and a
pleasant, but acrid and oleaginous taste. Mace is carmina­
tive, stomachick, and astringent. Hill's Mat. Med.
Water, vinegar, and honey, is a most excellent sudorifick:
it is more effectual with a little mace added to it. Arbuthnot.

MACEA’LE. n. s. [mace and ale.] Ale spiced with mace.
I prescribed him a draught of maceale, with hopes to dis­
pose him to rest. Wiseman's Surgery.

MA’CEBEARER. n. s. [mace and bear.] One who carries the
mace before persons in authority.
I was placed at a quadrangular table, opposite to the mace­
bearer. Spectator, No. 617.

To MA’CERATE. v. a. [macero, Latin; macerer, French.]
1. To make lean; to wear away.
Recurrent pains of the stomach, megrims, and other re­
current head-aches, macerate the parts, and render the looks
of patients consumptive and pining. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. To mortify; to harrass with corporal hardships.
Covetous men are all fools: for what greater folly can
there be, or madness, than for such a man to macerate him­
self when he need not? Burton on Melancholy.
Out of an excess of zeal they practise mortifications;
whereby they macerate their bodies, and impair their health.
Fiddes's Sermons.
3. To steep almost to solution, either with or without heat.
In lotions in womens cases, he orders two portions of hel­
lebore macerated in two cotylæ of water. Arbuthnot.

MACERA’TION. n. s. [maceration, French; from macerate.]
1. The act of wasting, or making lean.
2. Mortification; corporal hardship.
3. Maceration is an infusion either with or without heat,
wherein the ingredients are intended to be almost wholly dis­
solved. Quincy.
The saliva serves for a maceration and dissolution of the
meat into a chyle. Ray on Creation.

MA’CHINAL. adj. [from machina, Latin.] Relating to ma­
chines. Dict.

To MA’CHINATE. v. a. [machinor, Latin; machiner, Fr.]
To plan; to contrive.

MACHINA’TION. n. s. [machinatio, Lat. machination, French;
from machinate.] Artifice; contrivance; malicious scheme.
If you miscarry,
Your business of the world hath so an end,
And machination ceases. Shakespeare's King Lear.
O from their machinations free,
That would my guiltless soul betray;
From those who in my wrongs agree,
And for my life their engines lay. Sandys's Paraphrase.
Some one intent on mischief, or inspir'd
With dev'lish machination, might devise
Like instrument, to plague the sons of men
For sin; on war, and mutual slaughter bent. Milton.
Be frustrate all ye stratagems of hell,
And devilish machinations come to nought. Milt. Par. Reg.
How were they zealous in respect to their temporal gover­
nors? Not by open rebellion, not by private machinations;
but in blessing and submitting to their emperors, and obeying
them in all things but their idolatry. Sprait's Sermons.

MACHI’NE. n. s. [machina, Latin; machine, French. This
word is pronounced masheen.]
1. Any complicated piece of workmanship.
We are led to conceive this great machine of the world to
have been once in a state of greater simplicity, as to conceive
a watch to have been once in its first materials. Burnet.
In a watch's fine machine,
The added movements which declare
How full the moon, how old the year,
Derive their secundary pow'r
From that which simply points the hour. Prior.
2. An engine.
In the hollow side,
Selected numbers of their soldiers hide;
With inward arms the dire machine they load,
And iron bowels stuff the dark abode. Dryden.
3. Supernatural agency in poems.
The marvellous fable includes whatever is supernatural,
and especially the machines of the gods. Pope.

MACHI’NERY. n. s. [from machine.]
1. Enginery; complicated workmanship; self-moved engines.
2. The machinery signifies that part which the deities, angels,
or demons, act in a poem. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

MA’CHINIST. n. s. [machineste, French; from machina, Latin.]
A constructor of engines or machines.

MA’CILENCY. n. s. [from macilent.] Leanness. Dict.

MA’CILENT. adj. [macilentus, Latin.] Lean.

MA’CKEREL. n. s. [mackercel, Dutch; maquereau, French.] A
sea-fish.
Some fish are gutted, split, and kept in pickle; as whiting
and mackerel. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Law ordered that the Sunday should have rest;
And that no nymph her noisy food should sell,
Except it were new milk or mackarel. King's Art of Cookery.
Sooner shall cats disport in water clear,
And speckled mackrels graze the meadows fair,
Than I forget my shepherds wonted love. Gay's Pastorals.

MACKEREL-GALE seems to be, in Dryden's cant, a strong
breeze, such, I suppose, as is desired to bring mackerel fresh
to market.
They put up every sail,
The wind was fair, but blew a mackrel-gale. Dryden.

MA’CROCOSM. n. s. [macrocosme, French; ?a?? and ?s???.]
The whole world, or visible system, in opposition to the mi­
crocosm, or world of man.



MACTA’TION. n. s. [mactatus, Latin.] The act of killing for
sacrifice.

MACULA. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A spot.
And lastly, the body of the sun may contract some spots
or maculæ greater than usual, and by that means be darken­
ed. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. [In physick.] Any spots upon the skin, whether those in
severs or scorbutick habits.

To MA’CULATE. v. a. [maculo, Lat.] To stain; to spot.

MACULA’TION. n. s. [from maculate.] Stain; spot; taint.
I will throw my glove to death himself,
That there's no maculation in thy heart. Shakespeare.

MA’CULE. n. s. [macula, Latin.] A spot; a stain.


MAD

MAD. adj. [gemaad, Saxon; matto, Italian.]
1. Disordered in the mind; broken in the understanding; dis­
tracted.
Alack, Sir, he is mad.
—'Tis the time's plague when madmen lead the blind.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
The poets sung,
Thy mother from the sea was sprung;
But they were mad to make thee young. Denham.
We must bind our passions in chains, lest like mad-folks
they break their locks and bolts, and do all the mischief they
can. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
A bear, enrag'd at the stinging of a bee, ran like mad into
the bee-garden, and over-turn'd all the hives. L'Estrange.
Madmen ought not to be mad;
But who can help his frenzy? Dryden's Span. Fryar.
2. Over-run with any violent or unreasonable desire; with on,
after, of, perhaps better for, before the object of desire.
It is the land of graven images, and they are mad upon
their idols. Jer. l. 38.
The world is running mad after farce, the extremity of
bad poetry, or rather the judgment that is fallen upon dra­
matick writing. Dryden's Pref. to Cleomenes.
The people are not so very mad of acorns, but that they
could be content to eat the bread of civil persons. Rymer.
3. Enraged; furious.
Holy writ represents St. Paul as making havock of the
church, and persecuting that way unto the death, and being
exceedingly mad against them. Decay of Piety.

To MAD. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make mad; to make
furious; to enrage.
O villain! cried out Zelmane, madded with finding an
unlooked-for rival. Sidney, b. ii.
Had I but seen thy picture in this plight,
It would have madded me. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
This will witness outwardly,
As strongly as the conscience do's within,
To th' madding of her lord. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
This musick mads me, let it sound no more;
For though it have help'd madmen to their wits,
In me, it seems, it will make wisemen mad. Shakespeare.
This mads me, that perhaps ignoble hands
Have overlaid him, for they cou'd not conquer. Dryden.

To MAD. v. n. To be mad; to be furious.
The madding wheels
Of brazen chariots rag'd: dire was the noise
Of conflict! Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
She, mixing with a throng
Of madding matrons, bears the bride along. Dryden.

MAD. n. s. [mathu, Saxon.] An earth worm. Ains.

MA’DAM. n. s. [ma dame, French, my dame.] The term of
compliment used in address to ladies of every degree.
Certes, madam, ye have great cause of plaint. Spenser.
Madam, once more you look and move a queen!
Philips's Distrest Mother.

MA’DBRAIN. adj. [mad and brain.] Disordered in the
mind; hotheaded.

MA’DBRAINED. adj. [mad and brain.] Disordered in the
mind; hotheaded.
I give my hand oppos'd against my heart,
Unto a madbrain Rudesby, full of spleen. Shakespeare.
He let fall his book,
And as he stoop'd again to take it up,
This madbrain'd bridegroom took him such a cuff,
That down fell priest and book. Shakespeare.
This fell tempest shall not cease to rage,
Until the golden circuit on my head,
Like to the glorious sun's transparent beams,
Do calm the fury of this madbrain'd flaw. Shakespeare.

MA’DCAP. n. s. [mad and cap; either taking the cap for the
head, or alluding to the caps put upon distracted persons by
way of distinction.] A madman; a wild hotbrained sellow.
That last is Biron, the merry madcap lord;
Not a word with him but a jest. Shakespeare.
Where is his son,
The nimble-footed madcap prince of Wales,
And his comrades, that daft the world aside,
And bid it pass. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

To MA’DDEN. v. n. [from mad.] To become mad; to act as
mad.
The dog-star rages, nay 'tis past a doubt,
All Bedlam or Parnassus is let out;
Fire in each eye, and papers in each hand,
They rave, recite, and madden round the land. Pope.

To MA’DDEN. v. a. To make mad.
Such mad'ning draughts of beauty,
As for a while overwhelm'd his raptur'd thought. Thomson.

MA’DDER. n. s. [madere, Saxon.]
The flower of the madder consists of one single leaf, which
is cut into four or five segments, and expanded at the top;
the flower-cup afterwards becomes a fruit, composed of two
juicy berries closely joined together, containing seed for the
most part, hollowed like a navel; the leaves are rough, and
surround the stalks in whorles. Miller.
Madder is cultivated in vast quantities in Holland: what
the Dutch send over for medicinal use is the root, which is
only dried; but the greatest quantity is used by the dyers,
who have it sent in coarse powder. Hill.

MADE, participle preterite of make.
Neither hath this man sinned, nor his parents; but that
the works of God should be made manifest. John ix. 3.

MADEFA’CTION. n. s. [madefacio, Latin.] The act of making
wet.
To all madefoction there is required an imbibition. Bacon.

To MA’DEFY. v. a. [madefio, Latin.] To moisten; to make
wet.

MADGEHOWLET. n. s. An owl. Ains.

MA’DHOUSE. n. s. [mad and house.] A house where madmen
are cured or confined.
A fellow in a madhouse being asked how he came there?
why, says he, the mad-folks abroad are too many for us, and
so they have mastered all the sober people, and cooped them
up here. L'Estrange.

MA’DLY. adv. [from mad.] Without understanding; furiously.
He wav'd a torch aloft, and madly vain,
Sought godlike worship from a servile train. Dryden.

MA’DMAN. n. s. [mad and man.] A man deprived of his un­
derstanding.
They shall be like madmen, sparing none, but still sport­
ing. 2 Esd. xvi. 71.
He that eagerly pursues any thing, is no better than a mad­
man. L'Estrange.
He who ties a madman's hands, or takes away his sword,
loves his person while he disarms his frenzy. South's Sermons.

MA’DNESS. n. s. [from mad.]
1. Distraction; loss of understanding; perturbation of the fa­
culties.
Why, woman, your husband is in his old tunes again: he
so rails against all married mankind, so curses all Eve's daugh­
ters, and so buffets himself on the forehead, that any mad­
ness I ever yet beheld seemed but tameness and civility to this
distemper. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
There are degrees of madness as of folly, the disorderly jum­
bling ideas together, in some more, some less. Locke.
2. Fury; wildness; rage.
The power of God sets bounds to the raging of the sea,
and restrains the madness of the people. King Charles.
He rav'd with all the madness of despair,
He roar'd, he beat his breast, and tore his hair. Dryden.

MADRI’ER. n. s.
Madrier, in war, a thick plank armed with iron plates,
having a cavity sufficient to receive the mouth of the petard
when charged, with which it is applied against a gate, or
other thing intended to be broken down. Bailey.

MA’DRIGAL., n. s. [madrigal, Spanish and French, from man­
dra, Latin; whence it was written anciently mandriale,
Italian.] A pastoral song.
A madrigal is a little amorous piece, which contains a cer­
tain number of unequal verses, not tied to the scrupulous re­
gularity of a sonnet, or subtilty of an epigram: it consists
of one single rank of verses, and in that differs from a can­
zonet, which consists of several strophes, which return in the
same order and number. Bailey.
Waters, by whose falls
Birds sing melodious madrigails. Shakespeare.
His artful strains have oft delay'd
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal. Milton.
Their tongue is light and trifling in comparison of the
English; more proper for sonnets, madrigals, and elegies,
than heroick poetry. Dryden.

MA’DWORT. n. s. [mad and wort.] An herb.

MæRE. adv. It is derived from the Saxon mer, famous, great,
noted: so ælmere is all famous; ætheimere, famous for no­
bility. Gibson's Camden.

To MA’FFLE. v. n. To stammer. Ains.

MAFFLER. n. s. [from the verb.] A stammerer. Ains.

MAG

MAGAZI’NE. n. s. [magazine, French, from the Arabick mach­
san, a treasure.]


1. A storehouse, commonly an arsenal or armoury, or reposi­
tory of provisions.
If it should appear fit to bestow shipping in those harbours,
it shall be very needful that there be a magazine of all neces­
sary provisions and munitions. Raleigh's Essays.
Plain heroick magnitude of mind;
Their armories and magazines contemns. Milton's Agonist.
Some o'er the publick magazines preside,
And some are sent new forage to provide. Dryden's Virg.
Useful arms in magazines we place,
All rang'd in order, and disposed with grace. Pope.
His head was so well stored a magazine, that nothing could
be proposed which he was not master of. Locke.
2. Of late this word has signified a miscellaneous pamphlet,
from a periodical miscellany named the Gentleman's Maga­
zine, by Edward Cave.

MAGE. n. s. [magus, Latin.] A magician. Spenser.

MA’GGOT. n. s. [magrod, Welsh; millepeda, Latin; mathu,
Saxon.]
1. A small grub, which turns into a fly.
Out of the sides and back of the common caterpillar we
have seen creep out small maggots. Ray on Creation.
From the fore although the insect flies,
It leaves a brood of maggots in disguise. Garth's Dispens.
2. Whimsy; caprice; odd fansy.
Taffata phrases, silken terms precise,
Three-pil'd hyperboles, spruce affectation,
Figures pedantical, these summer flies,
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation:
I do forswear them.
Henceforth my wooing mind shall be exprest
In russet yeas, and honest kersy noes. Shakespeare.
To reconcile our late dissenters,
Our breth'ren though by other venters,
Unite them and their diff'rent maggots,
As long and short sticks are in faggots. Hudibras, p. iii.
She pricked his maggot, and touched him in the tender
point; then he broke out into a violent passion. Arbuthnot.

MA’GGOTTINESS. n. s. [from maggotty.] The state of abound­
ing with maggots.

MA’GGOTTY. adv. [from maggot.]
1. Full of maggots.
2. Capricious; whimsical.
To pretend to work out a neat scheme of thoughts with a
maggotty unsettled head, is as ridiculous as to think to
write strait in a jumbling coach. Norris's Miscel.

MA’GICAL. n. s. [from magick.] Acting, or performed by se­
cret and invisible powers, either of nature, or the agency of
spirits.
I'll humbly signify what, in his name,
That magical word of war, we have effected. Shakesp.
They beheld unveiled the magical shield of your Ariosto,
which dazzled the beholders with too much brightness; they
can no longer hold up their arms. Dryden.
By the use of a looking-glass, and certain attire made of
cambrick, upon her head, she attained to an evil art and ma­
gical force in the motion of her eyes. Tatler, No. 110.

MA’GICALLY. adv. [from magical.] According to the rites of
magick.
In the time of Valens, divers curious men, by the falling
of a ring magically prepared, judged that one Theodorus
should succeed in the empire. Camden.

MA’GICK. n. s. [magia, Latin.]
1. The art of putting in action the power of spirits: it was
supposed that both good and bad spirits were subject to ma­
gick; yet magick was in general held unlawful; sorcery;
enchantment.
She once being looft,
The noble ruin of her magick, Antony,
Claps on his sea-wing. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
What charm, what magick, can over-rule the force of all
these motives. Rogers.
2. The secret operations of natural powers.
The writers of natural magick do attribute much to the
virtues that come from the parts of living creatures, as if
they did infuse some immaterial virtue into the part severed.
Bacon's Nat. Hist.

MA’GICK. adj. Acting or doing by powers superior to the
known power of nature; incantating; necromantick.
Upon the corner of the moon
There hangs a vap'rous drop, profound;
I'll catch it ere it come to ground:
And that distill'd by magick slights
Shall raise such artificial sprights,
As by the strength of their illusion,
Shall draw him on to his confusion. Shakesp. Macbeth.
And the brute earth would lend her nerves, and shake
Till all thy magick structures rear'd so high,
Were shatter'd into heaps. Milton.
Like castles built by magick art in air,
That vanish at approach, such thoughts appear. Granville.

MAGI’CIAN. n. s. [magicus, Latin.] One skilled in magick;
an enchanter; a necromancer.
What black magician conjures up this fiend,
To stop devoted charitable deeds. Shakesp. Rich. III.
An old magician, that did keep
Th' Hesperian fruit, and made the dragon sleep;
Her potent charms do troubled souls relieve,
And, where she lists, makes calmest souls to grieve. Waller.
There are millions of truths that a man is not concerned
to know; as, whether Roger Bacon was a mathematician,
or a magician. Locke.

MAGISTE’RIAL. adj. [from magister, Latin.]
1. Such as suits a master.
Such a frame of government is paternal, not magisterial.
King Charles.
He bids him attend as if he had the rod over him; and
uses a magisterial authority while he instructs him. Dryden.
2. Losty; arrogant; proud; insolent; despotick.
We are not magisterial in opinions, nor, dictator like. ob­
trude our notions on any man. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Pretences go a great way with men that take fair words,
and magisterial looks, for current payment. L'Estrange.
Those men are but trapanned who are called to govern,
being invested with authority, but bereaved of power; which
is nothing else but to mock and betray them into a splendid
and magisterial way of being ridiculous. South's Serm.
3. Chemically prepared, after the manner of a magistery.
Of corals are chiefly prepared the powder ground upon a
marble, and the magisterial salt, to good purpose in some fe­
vers: the tincture is no more than a solution of the magi­
sterial salt. Grew's Musæum.

MAGISTE’RIALLY. n. s. [from magisterial.] Arrogantly; with
an air of authority.
A downright advice may be mistaken, as if it were spoken
magisterially. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Over their pots and pipes, claiming and engrossing all
these wholly to themselves; magisterially censuring the wis­
dom of all antiquity, scoffing at all piety, and new modelling
the world. South's Sermons.

MAGISTE’RIALNESS. n. s. [from magisterial.] Haughtiness;
airs of a master.
Peremptoriness is of two sorts; the one a magisterialness in
matters of opinion, the other a positiveness in relating mat­
ters of fact: in the one we impose upon mens understand­
ings, in the other on their faith. Government of the Tongue.

MA’GISTERY. n. s. [magisterium, Latin.]
Magistery is a term made use of by chemists to signify
sometimes a very fine powder, made by solution and precipi­
tation; as of bismuth, lead, & c. and sometimes resins and
resinous substances; as those of jalap, scamony, & c. but the
most genuine acceptation is to express that preparation of any
body, wherein the whole, or most part, is, by the addition
of somewhat, changed into a body of quite another kind; as
when iron or copper is turned into crystals of Mars or Ve­
nus. Quincy.
Paracelsus extracteth the magistery of wine, exposing it
unto the extremity of cold; whereby the aqueous parts will
freeze, but the spirit be uncongealed in the centre. Brown.
The magistery of vegetables consists but of the more solu­
ble and coloured parts of the plants that afford it. Boyle.

MA’GISTRACY. n. s. [magistratus, Latin.] Office or dignity
of a magistrate.
You share the world, her magistracies, priesthoods,
Wealth, and felicity, amongst you, friends. B. Johnson.
He had no other intention but to disswade men from ma­
gistracy, or undertaking the publick offices of state. Browne.
Some have disputed even against magistracy itself. Atterbury.
Duelling is not only an usurpation of the divine preroga­
tive, but it is an insult upon magistracy and good govern­
ment. Clarissa.

MA’GISTRALLY. adv. [magistralis, low Latin.] Despotically;
authoritatively; magisterially.
What a presumption is this for one, who will not allow
liberty to others, to assume to himself such a license to con­
troul so magistrally. Bishop Bramhall against Hobbes.

MA’GISTRATE. n. s. [magistratus, Latin.] A man pub­
lickly invested with authority; a governour; an executor of
the laws.
They chuse their magistrate!
And such a one as he, who puts his shall,
His popular shall, against a graver bench
Than ever frown'd in Greece. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I treat here of those legal punishments which magistrates in­
flict upon their disobedient subjects. Decay of Piety.

MAGNA’LITY. n. s. [magnalia, Latin.] A great thing; some­
thing above the common rate. Not used.
Too greedy of magnalities, we make but favourable expe­
riments concerning welcome truths. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

MAGNANI’MITY. n. s. [magnanimité, French; magnanimus,
Latin.] Greatness of mind; bravery; elevation of soul.
With deadly hue, an armed corse did lye,
In whose dead face he read great magnanimity. Fa. Qu.


Let but the acts of the ancient Jews be but indifferently
weighed, from whose magnanimity, in causes of most extreme
hazard, those strange and unwonted resolutions have grown,
which, for all circumstances, no people under the roof of
heaven did ever hitherto match. Hooker, b. v.
They had enough reveng'd, having reduc'd
Their foe to misery beneath their fears,
The rest was magnanimity to remit,
If some convenient ransom was propos'd. Milton's Agonist.
Exploding many things under the name of trifles, is a very
false proof either of wisdom or magnanimity, and a great
check to virtuous actions with regard to fame. Swift.

MAGNA’NIMOUS. adj. [magnanimus, Latin.] Great of mind;
elevated in sentiment; brave.
To give a kingdom hath been thought
Greater and nobler done, and to lay down
Far more magnanimous, than to assume. Milton's Par. Reg.
In strength
All mortals I excell'd, and great in hopes,
With youthful courage and magnanimous thoughts
Of birth from heaven foretold, and high exploits. Milton.
Magnanimous industry is a resolved assiduity and care,
answerable to any weighty work. Grew's Cosmol.

MAGNA’NIMOUSLY. adv. [from magnanimous.] Bravely; with
greatness of mind.
A complete and generous education fits a man to perform
justly, skilfully, and magnanimously, all the offices of peace
and war. Milton on Education.

MA’GNET. n. s. [magnes, Latin.] The lodestone; the stone
that attracts iron.
Two magnets, heav'n and earth, allure to bliss,
The larger loadstone that, the nearer this. Dryden.
It may be reasonable to ask, whether obeying the magnet
be essential to iron? Locke.

MAGNE’TICAL. adj. [from magnet.]

MAGNE’TICK. adj. [from magnet.]
1. Relating to the magnet.
Review this whole magnetick scheme. Blackmore.
Water is nineteen times lighter, and by consequence nine­
teen times rarer, than gold; and gold is so rare as very rea­
dily, and without the least opposition, to transmit the mag­
netick effluvia, and easily to admit quicksilver into its pores,
and to let water pass through it. Newton's Opticks.
2. Having powers correspondent to those of the magnet.
The magnet acts upon iron through all dense bodies not
magnetick, nor red hot, without any diminution of its virtue;
as through gold, silver, lead, glass, water. Newton's Opt.
3. Attractive; having the power to draw things distant.
The moon is magnetical of heat, as the sun is of cold and
moisture. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
She should all parts to reunion bow;
She, that had all magnetick force alone,
To draw and fasten hundred parts in one. Donne.
They, as they move tow'rds his all-chearing lamp,
Turn swift their various motions, or are turn'd
By his magnetick beam. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
4. Magnetick is once used by Milton for magnet.
Draw out with credulous desire, and lead
At will the manliest, resolutest breast,
As the magnetick hardest iron draws. Milton's Par. Reg.

MA’GNETISM. n. s. [from magnet.] Power of the loadstone;
power of attraction.
Many other magnetisms, and the like attractions through
all the creatures of nature. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
By the magnetism of interest our affections are irresistably
attracted. Glanville's Seep.

MAGNIFI’ABLE. adj. [from magnify.] To be extolled or praised.
Unusual.
Number, though wonderful in itself, and sufficiently mag­
nifiable from its demonstrable affection, hath yet received
adjections from the multiplying conceits of men. Brown.

MAGNI’FICAL. adj. [magnificus, Latin.] Illustrious; grand; great; noble.

MAGNI’FICK. adj. [magnificus, Latin.] Illustrious; grand; great; noble.
The house that is to be builded for the Lord must be ex­
ceeding magnifical of fame and glory throughout all countries.
1 Chron. xxii. 5.
Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, pow'rs!
If these magnifick titles yet remain,
Not merely titular. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
O parent! these are thy magnifick deeds;
Thy trophies! Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

MAGNI’FICENCE. n. s. [magnificentia, Lat.] Grandeur of ap­
pearance; splendour.
This desert soil
Wants not her hidden lustre, gems, and gold,
Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise
Magnificence. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
Not Babylon,
Nor great Alcairo, such magnificence
Equall'd in all their glories to inshrine
Belus or Serapis, their gods; or seat
Their kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove
In wealth and luxury. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
One may observe more splendour and magnificence in parti­
cular persons houses in Genoa, than in those that belong to
the publick. Addison on Italy.

MAGNI’FICENT. adj. [magnificus, Latin.]
1. Grand in appearance; splendid; pom ous.
Man he made, and for him built
Magnificent this world. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
It is suitable to the magnificent harmony of the universe,
that the species of creatures should, by gentle degrees, ascend
upward from us toward his perfection, as we see they gra­
dually descend from us downwards. Locke.
Immortal glories in my mind revive,
When Rome's exalted beauties I descry,
Magnificent in piles of ruin lie. Addison.
2. Fond of splendour; setting greatness to shew.
If he were magnificent, he spent much with an aspiring in­
tent: if he spared, he heaped much with an aspiring intent.
Sidney, b. ii.

MAGNI’FICENTLY. adv. [from magnificent.] Pompously; splen­
didly.
Beauty a monarch is,
Which kingly power magnificently proves,
By crouds of slaves and peopled empire's loves. Dryden.
We can never conceive too highly of God; so neither too
magnificently of nature, his handy-work. Grew's Cosmol.

MA’GNIFICO. n. s. [Italian.] A grandee of Venice.
The duke himself, and the magnificoes
Of greatest port, have all proceeded with him. Shakesp.

MA’GNIFIER. n. s. [from magnify.]
1. One that praises; an encomiast; an extoller.
The primitive magnifiers of this star were the Egyptians,
who notwithstanding chiefly regarded it in relation to their
river Nilus. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
2. A glass that encreases the bulk of any object.

To MA’GNIFY. v. a. [magnifico, Latin.]
1. To make great; to exaggerate; to amplify; to extol.
The ambassador, making his oration, did so magnify the
king and queen, as was enough to glut the hearers. Bacon.
2. To exalt; to elevate; to raise in estimation.
Greater now in thy return,
Than from the giant-angels: thee that day
Thy thunders magnify'd, but to create
Is greater than created to destroy. Milt. Par. Lost, b. vii.
3. To raise in pride or pretension.
He shall exalt and magnify himself above every god. Dan.
If ye will magnify yourselves against me, know now that
God hath overthrown me. Job xix. 5.
He shall magnify himself in his heart. Dan. viii. 25.
4. To encrease the bulk of any object to the eye.
How these red globules would appear, if glasses could be
found that could magnify them a thousand times more, is un­
certain. Locke.
By true reflection I would see my face?
Why brings the fool a magnifying glass? Granville.
The greatest magnifying glasses in the world are a man's
eyes, when they look upon his own person. Pope.
As things seem large which we through mists descry,
Dulness is ever apt to magnify. Pope's Essay on Criticism.
5. A cant word for to have effect.
My governess assured my father I had wanted for nothing;
that I was almost eaten up with the green-sickness: but this
magnified but little with my father. Spectator, No. 432.

MA’GNITUDE. n. s. [magnitudo, Latin.]
1. Greatness; grandeur.
With plain heroick magnitude of mind,
And celestial vigour arm'd,
Their armories and magazines contemns. Milt. Agonist.
2. Comparative bulk.
This tree hath no extraordinary magnitude, touching the
trunk or stem; it is hard to find any one bigger than the
rest. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Never repose so much upon any man's single counsel, fide­
lity, and discretion, in managing affairs of the first magnitude,
that is, matters of religion and justice, as to create in your­
self, or others, a diffidence of your own judgment. K. Charles.
When I behold this goodly frame, this world,
Of heav'n and earth consisting; and compute
Their magnitudes; this earth a spot; a grain,
An atom, with the firmament compar'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
Convince the world that you're devout and true;
Whatever be your birth, you're sure to be
A peer of the first magnitude to me. Dryden's Juv.
Conceive these particles of bodies to be so disposed amongst
themselves, that the intervals of empty spaces between them
may be equal in magnitude to them all; and that these parti­
cles may be composed of other particles much smaller, which
have as much empty space between them as equals all the
magnitudes of these smaller particles. Newton's Opticks.



MA’GPIE. n. s. [from pie, pica, Latin, and mag, contracted
from Margaret, as phil is used to a sparrow, and poll to a
parrot.] A bird sometimes taught to talk.
Augurs, that understood relations, have
By magpies and by choughs, and rooks brought forth
The secret'st man of blood. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Dissimulation is expressed by a lady wearing a vizard of
two faces, in her right-hand a magpie, which Spenser de­
scribed looking through a lattice. Peacham on Drawing.
So have I seen in black and white,
A prating thing, a magpie height,
Majestically stalk;
A stately, worthless animal,
That plies the tongue, and wags the tail,
All flutter, pride, and talk. Swift.

MA’GYDARE. n. s. [magudaris, Lat.] An herb. Ains.

MAI

MAID. n. s. [mæden, mægden, Saxon, maegd, Dutch.]

MAI’DEN. n. s. [mæden, mægden, Saxon, maegd, Dutch.]
1. An unmarried woman; a virgin.
Your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons, and your maids, could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This is a man old, wrinkl'd, faded, wither'd,
And not a maiden, as thou say'st he is. Shakespeare.
I am not solely led
By nice direction of a maiden's eyes. Shakespeare.
She employed the residue of her life to repairing of high­
ways, building of bridges, and endowing of maidens. Carew.
Your deluded wife had been a maid;
Down on the bridal bed a maid she lay,
A maid she rose at the approaching day. Dryden's Juv.
Let me die, she said,
Rather than lose the spotless name of maid. Dryden.
2. A woman servant.
My maid Nerissa and myself, mean time,
Will live as maids and widows. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Old Tancred visited his daughter's bow'r;
Her cheek, for such his custom was, he kiss'd,
Then bless'd her kneeling, and her maids dismiss'd. Dryd.
Her closet and the gods share all her time,
Except when, only by some maids attended,
She seeks some shady solitary grove. Rowe.
A thousand maidens ply the purple loom,
To weave the bed, and deck the regal room. Prior.
3. Female.
If she bear a maid child. Lev. xii. 5.

MAID. n. s. A species of skate fish.

MA’IDEN. adj.
1. Consisting of virgins.
Nor was there one of all the nymphs that rov'd
O'er Mænalus, amid the maiden throng
More favour'd once. Addison's Ovid's Metamorph.
2. Fresh; new; unused; unpoiluted.
He fleshed his maiden sword. Shakespeare.
When I am dead, strew me o'er
With maiden flowers, that all the world may know
I was a chaste wife to my grave. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
By this maiden blossom in my hand
I scorn thee and thy fashion. Shakesp. Henry VI.

MA’IDENHAIR. n. s. [maiden and hair.] This plant is a native
of the southern parts of France and in the Mediterranean,
where it grows on rocks, and old ruins, from whence it is
brought for medicinal use.
June is drawn in a mantle of dark grass green, upon his
head a garland of bents, king's-cup, and maidenhair. Peach.

MA’IDENHEAD. n. s. [from maiden.]

MA’IDENHODE. n. s. [from maiden.]

MA’IDENHOOD. n. s. [from maiden.]
1. Virginity; virgin purity; freedom from contamination.
And, for the modest lore of maidenhood,
Bids me not sojourn with these armed men.
Oh whither shall I fly? what secret wood
Shall hide me from the tyrant? or what den. Fairfax.
She hated chambers, closets, secret mewes,
And in broad fields preserv'd her maidenhead. Fairfax.
Example, that so terrible shews in the wreck of maiden­
hood, cannot for all that dissuade succession, but that they are
limed with the twigs that threaten them. Shakespeare.
Maidenhood she loves, and will be swift
To aid a virgin. Milton.
2. Newness; freshness; uncontaminated state. This is now
become a low word.
The devil and mischance look big
Upon the maidenhead of our affairs. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Some who attended with much expectation, at their first
appearing have stained the maidenhead of their credit with
some negligent performance. Wotton.
Hope's chaste kiss wrongs no joys maidenhead,
Then spousal rites prejudge the marriage-bed. Crashaw.

MA’IDENLIP. n. s. An herb. Ains.

MA’IDENLY. adj. [maiden and like.] Like a maid; gentle, mo­
dest, timorous, decent.
'Tis not maidenly;
Our sex as well as I may chide you for it. Shakespeare.
Come, you virtuous ass, and bashful fool; must you be
blushing? what a maidenly man at arms are you become?
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

MA’IDHOOD. n. s. [from maid.] Virginity.
Cesario,
By maidhood, honour, and every thing,
I love thee. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

MA’IDMARIAN. n. s. [puer ludius, Latin.] A kind of dance,
so called from a buffoon dressed like a man, who plays tricks
to the populace.
A set of morrice-dancers danced a maidmarian with a tabor
and pipe. Temple.

MA’IDPALE. adj. [maid and pale.] Pale like a sick virgin.
Change the complection of her maidpale peace
To scarlet indignation. Shakesp.

MAIDSE’RVANT. n. s. A female servant.
It is perfectly right what you say of the indifference in
common friends, whether we are sick or well; the very
maidservants in a family have the same notion. Swift.

MAJE’STICAL. adj. [from majesty.]

MAJE’STICK. adj. [from majesty.]
1. August; having dignity; grand; imperial; regal; great of
appearance.
They made a doubt
Prefence majestical would put him out:
For, quoth the king, an angel shalt thou see,
Yet fear not thou, but speak audaciously. Shakespeare.
Get the start of the majestick world,
And bear the palm alone. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
We do it wrong, being so majestical,
To offer it the shew of violence. Shakesp. Hamlet.
In his face
State meekness, heighten'd with majestick grace. Denham.
A royal robe he wore with graceful pride,
Embroider'd sandals glitter'd as he trod,
And forth he mov'd, majestick as a god. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Stately; pompous; splendid.
It was no mean thing which he purposed; to perform a
work so majestical and stately was no small charge. Hooker.
3. Sublime; elevated; lofty.
Which passage doth not only argue an infinite abundance,
both of artizans and materials, but likewise of magnificent
and majestical desires in every common person. Wotton.
The least portions must be of the epick kind; all must be
grave, majestical, and sublime. Dryden.

MAJE’STICALLY. adv. [from majestical.] With dignity; with
grandeur.
From Italy a wand'ring ray
Of moving light illuminates the day;
Northward she bends, majestically bright,
And here she fixes her imperial light. Granville.
So have I seen in black and white
A prattling thing, a magpie height,
Majestically stalk;
A stately, worthless animal,
That plies the tongue, and wags the tail,
All flutter, pride, and talk. Swift.

M’AJESTY. n. s. [majestas, Latin.]
1. Dignity; grandeur; greatness of appearance; an appearance
awful and solemn.
The voice of the Lord is full of majesty. Psal. xxix. 4.
The Lord reigneth; he is clothed with majesty. Psal. xciii.
Amidst
Thick clouds and dark, doth heav'n's all-ruling sire
Chuse to reside, his glory unobscur'd,
And with the majesty of darkness round
Covers his throne. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
Great, without pride, in sober majesty. Pope.
2. Power; sovereignty.
Thine, O Lord, is the power and majesty. 1 Chron. xxix.
To the only wise God be glory and majesty. Jude v. 25.
He gave Nebuchadnezzar thy father majesty. Dan. v. 18.
3. Dignity; elevation.
The first in loftiness of thought surpass'd,
The next in majesty. Dryden.
4. The title of kings and queens.
Most royal majesty,
I crave no more than what your highness offer'd,
Nor will you tender less. Shakesp. King Lear.
I have a garden opens to the sea,
From whence I can your majesty convey
To some nigh friend. Waller.
He, who had been always believed a creature of the queen,
visited her majesty but once in six weeks. Clarendon.
I walk in awful state above
The majesty of heaven. Dryden.

MAIL. n. s. [maille, Fr. maglia, Italian, from maille, the mesh
of a net. Skinner.] A quo fonte derivantur multa virorum
nomina pr. ut mailhir, long or meiler, breich-vail clypeatus,
vulgo broch-weel. Hy-vad, Howel boldly armed. Rowland.
1. A coat of steel network worn for defence.


Some shirts of mail, some coats of plate put on,
Some dond a curace, some a corslet bright. Fairfax, b. i.
Being advised to wear a privy coat, the duke gave this an­
swer, That against any popular fury, a shirt of mail would
be but a silly defence. Wotton.
Some wore coat-armour, imitating scale,
And next their skin were stubborn shirts of mail;
Some wore a breast-plate. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
2. Any armour.
We stript the lobster of his scarlet mail. Gay.
3. A postman's bundle; a bag. [male, malette, French.]

To MAIL. v. a. [from the noun.] To arm defensively; to
cover, as with armour.
The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit
Up to the ears in blood. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
I am thy married wife,
And thou a prince, protector of this land;
Methinks I should not thus be led along,
Mail'd up in shame, with papers on my back. Shakesp.

To MAIM. v. a. [maitan, Gothick, to cut off; mehaigner, to
maim, old French; mehaina, Armorick; mancus, Lat.] To
deprive of any necessary part; to cripple by loss of a limb.
You wrought to be a legate; by which power
You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops. Shakespeare.
The multitude wondered when they saw the dumb to speak,
the maimed to be whole, and the lame to walk; and they
glorified God. Matth. xv. 31.

MAIM. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Privation of some essential part; lameness, produced by a
wound or amputation.
Surely there is more cause to fear, least the want thereof
be a maim, than the use a blemish. Hooker, b. v.
Humphry, duke of Glo'ster, scarce himself,
That bears so shrewd a maim; two pulls at once;
A lady banish'd, and a limb lopt off? Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. Injury; mischief.
Not so deep a maim,
As to be cast forth in the common air,
Have I deserved. Shakesp. Rich. II.
3. Essential defect.
A noble author esteems it to be a maim in history, that
the acts of parliament should not be recited. Hayward.

MAIN. adj. [magne, old French; magnus, Latin.]
1. Principal; chief; leading.
In every grand or main publick duty which God requireth
at the hands of his church, there is, besides that matter and
form wherein the essence thereof consisteth, a certain out­
ward fashion, whereby the same is in decent manner admini­
stered. Hooker, b. iv.
There is a history in all mens lives,
Figuring the nature of the times deceased;
The which observ'd a man may prophesy,
With a near aim, of the main chance of things
As yet not come to life. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He is superstitious grown of late,
Quite from the main opinion he had once
Of fantasy, of dreams, and ceremonies. Shakespeare.
There arose three notorious and main rebellions, which
drew several armies out of England. Davies on Ireland.
The nether flood,
Which now divided into four main streams,
Runs diverse. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
I should be much for open war, O peers,
If what was urg'd
Main reason to persuade immediate war,
Did not dissuade me most. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
All creatures look to the main chance, that is, food and
propagation. L'Estrange's Fables.
Our main interest is to be as happy as we can, and as long
as possible. Tillotson's Sermons.
Nor tell me in a dying father's tone,
Be careful still of the main chance, my son;
Put out the principal in trusty hands;
Live on the use, and never dip thy lands. Dryden's Pers.
Whilst they have busied themselves in various learning,
they have been wanting in the one main thing. Baker.
Nor is it only in the main design, but they have followed
him in every episode. Pope's Pref. to the Iliad.
2. Violent; strong; overpowering; vast.
Think, you question with a Jew.
You may as well go stand upon the beach,
And bid the main flood bate his usual height. Shakesp.
Seest thou what rage
Transports our adversary, whom no bounds,
Nor yet the main abyss,
Wide interrupt, can hold? Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
3. Gross; containing the chief part.
We ourself will follow
In the main battle, which on either side
Shall be well winged with our chiefest horse. Shakespeare.
All abreast
Charg'd our main battle's front. Shakesp. Henry VI.
4. Important; forcible.
This young prince, with a train of young noblemen and
gentlemen, but not with any main army, came over to take
possession of his new patrimony. Davies on Ireland.
That, which thou aright
Believ'st so main to our success, I bring. Milt. Par. Lost.

MAIN. n. s.
1. The gross; the bulk; the greater part.
The main of them may be reduced to language, and an
improvement in wisdom, by seeing men. Locke.
2. The sum; the whole; the general.
They allowed the liturgy and government of the church
of England as to the main. King Charles.
These notions concerning coinage have, for the main, been
put into writing above twelve months. Locke.
3. The ocean.
A substitute shines brightly as a king,
Until a king be by; and then his state
Empties itself, as doth an inland brook
Into the main of waters. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Where's the king?
Bids the wind blow the earth into the sea;
Or swell the curled waters 'bove the main,
That things might change. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He fell, and struggling in the main,
Cry'd out for helping hands, but cry'd in vain. Dryden.
Say, why should the collected main
Itself within itself contain?
Why to its caverns should it sometimes creep,
And with delighted silence sleep
On the lov'd bosom of its parent deep? Prior.
4. Violence; force.
He 'gan advance
With huge force, and insupportable main,
And towards him with dreadful fury prance. Fa. Qu.
With might and main
He hasted to get up again. Hudibras, p. i.
With might and main they chac'd the murd'rous fox,
With brazen trumpets, and inflated box. Dryden.
5. [From manus, Latin.] A hand at dice.
Were it good,
To set the exact wealth of all our states
All at one cast; to set so rich a main
In the nice hazard of one doubtful hour. Shakespeare.
To pass our tedious hours away,
We throw a merry main. Earl Dorset's Song.
Writing is but just like dice,
And lucky mains make people wise:
That jumbled words, if fortune throw them,
Shall, well as Dryden, form a poem. Prior.
6. The continent.
In 1589 we turned challengers, and invaded the main of
Spain. Bacon's War with Spain.
7. A hamper. Ains.

MA’INLAND. n. s. [main and land.] Continent.
Ne was it island then, ne was it pays'd
Amid the ocean waves,
But was all desolate, and of some thought,
By sea to have been from the Celtick mainland brought.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Those whom Tyber's holy forests hide,
Or Circe's hills from the mainland divide. Dryden's æn.

MA’INLY. adv. [from main.]
1. Chiefly; principally.
A brutish vice,
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. Milton's Par. Lost.
They are mainly reducible to three. More.
The metallick matter now found in the perpendicular in­
tervals of the strata, was originally lodged in the bodies of
those strata, being interspersed amongst the matter, whereof
the said strata mainly consist. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Greatly; powerfully.
It was observed by one, that himself came hardly to a lit­
tle riches, and very easily to great riches: for when a man's
stock is come to that, that he can expect the prime of mar­
kets, and overcome those bargains, which, for their great­
ness, are few mens money, and be partner in the industries
of younger men, he cannot but increase mainly. Bacon.

MA’INMAST. n. s. [main and mast.] The chief or middle
mast.
One dire shot,
Close by the board the prince's mainmast bore. Dryden.
A Dutchman, upon breaking his leg by a fall from a main­
mast, told the standers by, it was a mercy it was not his
neck. Spectator, No. 574.

MA’INPERNABLE. adj. Bailable; that may be admitted to give
surety.



MA’INPERNOR. n. s. Surety; bail.
He enforced the earl himself to fly, till twenty-six noble­
men became mainpernors for his appearance at a certain day;
but he making default, the uttermost advantage was taken
against his sureties. Davies on Ireland.

MA’INPRISE. n. s. [main and pris, French.] Delivery into the
custody of a friend, upon security given for appearance;
bail.
Sir William Bremingham was executed for treason, though
the earl of Desmond was left to mainprize. Davies.
Give its poor entertainer quarter;
And, by discharge or mainprise, grant
Deliv'ry from this base restraint. Hudibras, p. ii.

To MA’INPRISE. v. a. To bail.

MA’INSAIL. n. s. [main and sail.] The sail of the main­
mast.
They committed themselves unto the sea, and hoisted up
the mainsail to the wind, and made toward shore. Acts xxvii.

MA’INSHEET. n. s. [main and sheet.] The sheet or sail of the
mainmast.
Strike, strike the top-sail; let the mainsheet fly,
And furl your sails. Dryden.

MA’INYARD. n. s. [main and yard.] The yard of the main­
mast.
With sharp hooks they took hold of the tackling which
held the mainyard to the mast, then rowing they cut the
tackling, and brought the mainyard by the board. Arbuthnot.

To MAINTA’IN. v. a. [maintenir, French.]
1. To preserve; to keep.
The ingredients being prescribed in their substance, main­
tain the blood in a gentle fermentation, reclude oppilations,
and mundify it. Harvey.
This place, these pledges of your love, maintain. Dryd.
2. To defend; to hold out; to make good.
God values no man more or less, in placing him high or
low, but every one as he maintains his post. Grew's Cosmol.
3. To vindicate; to justify.
If any man of quality will maintain upon Edward earl of
Glo'ster, that he is a manifold traitor, let him appear. Shak.
These possessions being unlawfully gotten, could not be
maintained by the just and honourable law of England. Davies.
Maintain
My right, nor think the name of mother vain. Dryden.
Lord Roberts was full of contradiction in his temper, and of
parts so much superior to any in the company, that he could
too well maintain and justify those contradictions. Clarendon.
It is hard to maintain the truth. South.
4. To continue; to keep up.
Maintain talk with the duke, that my charity be not of
him perceived. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Some did the song, and some the choir maintain,
Beneath a laurel shade. Dryden.
5. To keep up; to support the expence of.
I seek not to wax great by others waining;
Sufficeth, that I have maintains my state,
And sends the poor well pleased from my gate. Shakesp.
What concerns it you if I wear pearl and gold? I thank
my good father I am able to maintain it. Shakespeare.
6. To support with the conveniences of life.
It was St. Paul's choice to maintain himself by his own la­
bour. Hooker.
If a woman maintain her husband, she is full of anger and
much reproach. Ecclus. xxv. 22.
It is hard to maintain the truth, but much harder to be
maintained by it. Could it ever yet feed, cloath, or defend
its assertors? South.
7. To preserve from failure.
Here ten thousand images remain
Without confusion, and their rank maintain. Blackmore.

To MAINTA’IN. v. n. To support by argument; to assert as
a tenet.
In tragedy and satire I maintain against some of our mo­
dern criticks, that this age and the last have excelled the an­
cients. Dryden's Juvenal.

MAINTA’INABLE. adj. [from maintain.] Defensible; justifiable.
Being made lord lieutenant of Bulloine, the walls sore
beaten and shaken, and scarce maintainable, he defended the
place against the dauphin. Hayward.

MAINTA’INER. n. s. [from maintain.] Supporter; cherisher.
He dedicated the work to Sir Philip Sidney, a special
maintainer of all learning. Spenser's Pastorals.
The maintainers and cherishers of a regular devotion, a
true and decent piety. South's Sermons.

MA’INTENANCE. n. s. [maintenant, French.]
1. Supply of the necessaries of life; sustenance; sustentation.
It was St. Paul's own choice to maintain himself by his la­
bour, whereas in living by the churches maintenance, as others
did, there had been no offence committed. Hooker, b. i.
God assigned Adam maintenance of life, and then appoint­
ed him a law to observe. Hooker, b. i.
Those of better fortune not making learning their mainte­
nance, take degrees with little improvement. Swift.
2. Support; protection; defence.
They knew that no man might in reason take upon him
to determine his own right, and according to his own deter­
mination proceed in maintenance thereof. Hooker, b. i.
The beginning and cause of this ordinance amongst the
Irish was for the defence and maintenance of their lands in
their posterity. Spenser on Ireland.
3. Continuance; security from failure.
Whatsoever is granted to the church for God's honour,
and the maintenance of his service, is granted for and to God.
South's Sermons.

MA’INTOP. n. s. [main and top.] The top of the mainmast.
From their maintop joyful news they hear
Of ships, which by their mould bring new supplies. Dryd.
Dictys could the maintop-mast bestride,
And down the ropes with active vigour slide. Addison.

MA’JOR. adj. [major, Latin.]
1. Greater in number, quantity, or extent.
They bind none, no not though they be many, saving
only when they are the major part of a general assembly, and
then their voices being more in number, must oversway their
judgments who are fewer. Hooker, b. iv.
The true meridian is a major circle passing through the
poles of the world and the zenith of any place, exactly di­
viding the east from the west. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
In common discourse we denominate persons and things
according to the major part of their character: he is to be
called a wise man who has but few follies. Watts's Logick.
2. Greater in dignity.
Fall Greek, fall fame, honour, or go, or stay,
My major vow lies here. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.

MA’JOR. n. s.
1. The officer above the captain; the lowest field officer.
2. A mayor or head officer of a town. Obsolete.
3. The first proposition of a syllogism, containing some gene­
rality.
The major of our author's argument is to be understood of
the material ingredients of bodies. Boyle.
4. MAJOR-general. The general officer of the second rank.
Major-general Ravignan returned with the French king's
answer. Tatler, No. 53.
5. MAJOR-domo. n. s. [majeur-dome, French.] One who holds
occasionally the place of master of the house.

MAJORA’TION. n. s. [from major.] Encrease; enlargement.
There be five ways of majoration of sounds: enclosure sim­
ple; enclosure with dilatation; communication; reflection
concurrent; and approach to the sensory. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

MAJO’RITY. n. s. [from major.]
1. The state of being greater.
It is not plurality of parts without majority of parts that
maketh the total greater. Grew's Cosmol.
2. The greater number. [majorité, French.]
It was highly probable the majority would be so wise as to
espouse that cause which was most agreeable to the publick
weal, and by that means hinder a sedition. Addison.
As in senates so in schools,
Majority of voices rules. Prior.
Decent executions keep the world in awe; for that reason
the majority of mankind ought to be hanged every year.
Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
3. [From majores, Latin.] Ancestry.
Of evil parents an evil generation, a posterity not unlike
their majority; of mischievous progenitors, a venemous and
destructive progeny. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
4. Full age; end of minority.
During the infancy of Henry the IIId, the barons were
troubled in expelling the French: but this prince was no
sooner come to his majority, but the barons raised a cruel war
against him. Davies on Ireland.
5. First rank. Obsolete.
Douglas, whose high deeds,
Whose hot incursions, and great name in arms,
Holds from all soldiers chief majority,
And military title capital. Shakesp. Henry IV.
6. The office of a major.

MAIZE, or Indian Wheat. n. s.
The whole maize plant has the appearance of a reed; the
male flowers are produced at remote distances from the fruit
on the same plant, growing generally in a spike upon the top
of the stalk; the female flowers are produced from the wings
of the leaves, and are surrounded by three or four leaves,
which closely adhere to the fruit until it is ripe: this plant is
propagated in England only as a curiosity, but in America it
is the principal support of the inhabitants, and consequently
propagated with great care. Miller.
Maize affords a very strong nourishment, but more viscous
than wheat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.



MAK

To MAKE. v. a. [macan, Saxon; machen, German; maken,
Dutch.]
1. To create.
Let us make man in our image. Gen. i. 26.
The Lord hath made all things for himself. Prov. xvi. 4.
Remember'st thou
Thy making, while the maker gave thee being. Milton.
2. To form of materials.
He fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a
molten calf. Exod. xxxii. 4.
God hath made of one blood all nations of men. Acts.
We have no other measure, save one of the moon, but
are artificially made out of these by compounding or dividing
them. Holder on Time.
3. To compose: as, materials or ingredients.
One of my fellows had the speed of him;
Who, almost dead for breath, had scarcely more
Than would make up his message. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The heav'n, the air, the earth, and boundless sea,
Make but one temple for the deity. Waller.
A pint of salt of tartar, exposed unto a moist air, will
make far more liquor than the former measure will contain.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
4. To form by art what is not natural.
There lavish nature, in her best attire,
Pours forth sweet odours, and alluring sights;
And art with her contending, doth aspire
T' excel the natural with made delights. Spenser.
5. To produce as the agent.
She may give so much credit to her own laws, as to make
their sentence weighter than any bare and naked conceit to
the contrary. Hooker, b. v.
If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at me;
then let me be your jest. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Thine enemies make a tumult. Psal. lxxxiii. 2.
When their hearts were merry they said, Call for Samp­
son, that he may make us sport. Judg. xvi. 25.
Give unto Solomon a perfect heart to build the palace for
the which I have made provision. 1 Chron. xxix. 19.
Why make ye this ado, and weep? the damsel is not dead.
Mark v. 39.
He maketh intercession to God against Israel. Rom. xi. 2.
Thou hast set signs and wonders in the land of Egypt,
and hast made thee a name. Jer. xxxii. 20.
Should we then make mirth? Ezek. xxi. 10.
Joshua made peace, and made a league with them to let
them live. Josh. ix. 15.
Both combine
To make their greatness by the fall of man. Dryden.
Egypt, mad with superstition grown,
Makes gods of monsters. Tate's Juvenal.
6. To produce as a cause.
Wealth maketh many friends; but the poor is separated
from his neighbour. Prov. xix. 4.
A man's gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him be­
fore great men. Prov. xviii. 16.
The child who is taught to believe any occurrence to be a
good or evil omen, or any day of the week lucky, hath a
wide inroad made upon the soundness of his understanding.
Watts.
7. To do; to perform; to practise; to use.
Though she appear honest to me, yet in other places she
enlargeth her mirth so far, that there is shrewd construction
made of her. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
She made haste, and let down her pitcher. Gen. xxiv. 46.
Thou hast made an atonement for it. Exod. xxix. 36.
I will judge his house for ever, because his sons made them­
selves vile, and he restrained them not. 1 Sam. iii. 13.
We made prayer unto our God. Neh. iv. 9.
He shall make a speedy riddance of all in the land. Zeph.
They all began to make excuse. Luke xiv. 18.
It hath pleased them of Macedonia and Achaia to make a
certain contribution for the poor. Rom. xv. 26.
Make sull proof of thy ministry. 2 Tim. iv. 5.
The Venetians, provoked by the Turks with divers inju­
ries, both by sea and land, resolved, without delay, to make
war likewise upon him. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Such musick as before was never made,
But when of old the sons of morning sung. Milton.
All the actions of his life were ripped up and surveyed,
and all malicious glosses made upon all he had said, and all
he had done. Clarendon.
Says Carneades, since neither you nor I love repeti­
tions, I shall not now make any of what else was urged against
Themistius. Boyle.
The Phœnicians made claim to this man as theirs, and
attributed to him the invention of letters. Hale.
What hope, O Pantheus! whether can we run?
Where make a stand? and what may yet be done? Dryd.
While merchants make long voyages by sea
To get estates, he cuts a shorter way. Dryden's Juv.
To what end did Ulysses make that journey? æneas un­
dertook it by the express commandment of his father's ghost.
Dryden's Dedication to the æneis.
He that will make a good use of any part of his life, must
allow a large portion of it to recreation. Locke.
Make some request, and I,
Whate'er it be, with that request comply. Addison.
Were it permitted, he should make the tour of the whole
system of the sun. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
8. To cause to have any quality.
I will make your cities waste. Lev. xxvi. 31.
Her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he
heard them. Num. xxx. 12.
When he had made a convenient room, he set it in a wall,
and made it fast with iron. Wisd. xiii. 15.
Jesus came into Cana, where he made the water wine.
John iv. 46.
He was the more inflamed with the desire of battle with
Waller, to make even all accounts. Clarendon, b. viii.
I bred you up to arms, rais'd you to power,
Permitted you to fight for this usurper;
All to make sure the vengeance of this day,
Which even this day has ruin'd. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
In respect of actions within the reach of such a power in
him, a man seems as free as it is possible for freedom to make
him. Locke.
9. To bring into any state or condition.
I have made thee a god to Pharaoh. Exod. vii. 1.
Joseph made ready his chariot, and went up to meet Israel.
Gen. xlvi. 29.
Who made thee a prince and a judge over us? Exod. ii.
Ye have troubled me to make me to stink among the inha­
bitants. Gen. xxxiv. 30.
He made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the
form of a servant. Phil. ii. 7.
He should be made manifest to Israel. John i. 31.
Though I be free from all men, yet have I made myself
servant unto all, that I might gain the more. 1 Cor. ix. 19.
He hath made me a by-word of the people, and aforetime
I was as a tabret. Job xvii. 6.
Make ye him drunken; for he magnified himself against
the Lord. Jer. xlviii. 26.
Joseph was not willing to make her a publick example.
Matt. i. 19.
By the assistance of this faculty we have all those ideas in
our understandings, which, though we do not actually con­
template, yet we can bring in sight, and make appear again,
and be the objects of our thoughts. Locke.
The Lacedemonians trained up their children to hate
drunkenness by bringing a drunken man into their company,
and shewing them what a beast he made of himself. Watts.
10. To form; to settle.
Those who are wise in courts
Make friendships with the ministers of state,
Nor seek the ruins of a wretched exile. Rowe.
11. To hold; to keep.
Deep in a cave the sybil makes abode. Dryden.
12. To secure from distress; to establish in riches or happiness.
He hath given her his monumental ring, and thinks him­
self made in the unchaste composition. Shakespeare.
This is the night,
That either makes me, or foredoes me quite. Shakesp.
Each element his dread command obeys,
Who makes or ruins with a smile or frown,
Who as by one he did our nation raise,
So now he with another pulls us down. Dryden.
13. To suffer; to incur.
The loss was private that I made;
'Twas but myself I lost; I lost no legions. Dryden.
He accuseth Neptune unjustly, who makes shipwreck a se­
cond time. Bacon.
14. To commit.
She was in his company at Page's house, and what they
made there I know not. Shakespeare.
I will neither plead my age nor sickness in excuse of the
faults which I have made. Dryden.
15. To compel; to force; to constrain.
That the soul in a sleeping man should be this moment
busy a thinking, and the next moment in a waking man not
remember those thoughts, would need some better proof than
bare assertion to make it be believed. Locke.
They should be made to rise at their early hour; but great
care should be taken in waking them, that it be not done
hastily. Locke.
16. To intend; to purpose to do.
He may ask this civil question, friend!
What dost thou make a shipboard? to what end? Dryden.
Gomez; what mak'st thou here with a whole brotherhood
of city-bailiffs? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
17. To raise as profit from any thing.
He's in for a commodity of brown pepper; of which he
made five marks ready money. Shakespeare.


Did I make a gain of you by any of them I sent. 2 Cor.
If Auletes, who was a negligent prince, made so much,
what must now the Romans make, who govern it so wisely.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
If it is meant of the value of the purchase, it was very
high; it being hardly possible to make so much of land, un­
less it was reckoned at a very low price. Arbuthnot.
18. To reach; to tend to; to arrive at.
Acosta recordeth, they that sail in the middle can make no
land of either side. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.
I've made the port already,
And laugh securely at the lazy storm. Dryden.
They ply their shatter'd oars
To nearest land, and make the Libyan shoars. Dryden.
Did I but purpose to embark with thee,
While gentle zephyrs play in prosp'rous gales;
But would forsake the ship, and make the shoar,
When the winds whistle, and the tempests roar? Prior.
19. To gain.
The wind came about, and settled in the west for many
days, so as we could make little or no way. Bacon.
I have made way
To some Philistian lords, with whom to treat. Milton.
Now mark a little why Virgil is so much concerned to
make this marriage, it was to make way for the divorce which
he intended afterwards. Dryden's æn.
20. To force; to gain by force.
Rugged rocks are interpos'd in vain;
He makes his way o'er mountains, and contemns
Unruly torrents, and unforded streams. Dryden's Virg.
The stone wall which divides China from Tartary, is
reckoned nine hundred miles long, running over rocks, and
making way for rivers through mighty arches. Temple.
21. To exhibit.
When thou makest a dinner, call not thy friends but the
poor. Luke xiv. 12.
22. To pay; to give.
He shall make amends for the harm that he hath done. Lev.
23. To put; to place.
You must make a great difference between Hercules's la­
bours by land, and Jason's voyage by sea for the golden
fleece. Bacon's War with Spain.
24. To turn to some use.
Whate'er they catch,
Their fury makes an instrument of war. Dryden's æn.
25. To incline; to dispose.
It is not requisite they should destroy our reason, that is,
to make us rely on the strength of nature, when she is least
able to relieve us. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
26. To prove as an argument.
Seeing they judge this to make nothing in the world for
them. Hooker, b. ii.
You conceive you have no more to do than, having found
the principal word in a concordance, introduce as much of
the verse as will serve your turn, though in reality it makes
nothing for you. Swift.
27. To represent; to show.
He is not that goose and ass that Valla would make him.
Baker's Reflections on Learning.
28. To constitute.
Our desires carry the mind out to absent good, according
to the necessity which we think there is of it, to the making
or encrease of our happiness. Locke.
29. To amount to.
Whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to me: God
accepteth no man's person. Gal. ii. 16.
30. To mould; to form.
Lye not erect but hollow, which is in the making of the
bed; or with the legs gathered up, which is the more whole­
some. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Some undeserved fault
I'll find about the making of the bed. Shakespeare.
They mow fern green, and burning of them to ashes,
make the ashes up into balls with a little water. Mortimer.
31. To MAKE away. To kill; to destroy.
He will not let slip any advantage to make away him whose
just title, enobled by courage and goodness, may one day
shake the seat of a never-secure tyranny. Sidney, b. ii.
The duke of Clarence, lieutenant of Ireland, was, by
practice of evil persons about the king his brother, called
thence away, and soon after, by sinister means, was clean
made away. Spenser on Ireland.
He may have a likely guess,
How these were they that made away his brother. Shakesp.
Trajan would say of the vain jealousy of princes that seek
to make away those that aspire to their succession, that there
was never king that did put to death his successor. Bacon.
My mother I slew at my very birth, and since have made
away two of her brothers, and happily to make way for the
purposes of others against myself. Hayward.
Give poets leave to make themselves away. Roscommon.
What multitude of infants have been made away by those
who brought them into the world. Addison.
32. To MAKE away. To transfer.
Debtors,
When they never mean to pay,
To some friend make all away. Waller.
33. To MAKE account. To reckon; to believe.
They made no account but that the navy should be abso­
lutely master of the seas. Bacon's War with Spain.
34. To MAKE account of. To esteem; to regard.
35. To MAKE free with. To treat without ceremony.
The same who have made free with the greatest names in
church and state, and exposed to the world the private mis­
fortunes of families. Dunciad.
36. To MAKE good. To maintain; to defend; to justify.
The grand master, guarded with a company of most va­
liant knights, drove them out again by force, and made good
the place. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
When he comes to make good his confident undertaking,
he is fain to say things that agree very little with one an­
other. Boyle.
I'll either die, or I'll make good the place. Dryden.
As for this other argument, that by pursuing one single
theme they gain an advantage to express, and work up, the
passions, I wish any example he could bring from them could
make it good. Dryden on dramatick Poesy.
I will add what the same author subjoins to make good his
foregoing remark. Locke on Education.
37. To MAKE good. To fulfil; to accomplish.
This letter doth make good the friar's words. Shakesp.
38. To MAKE light of. To consider as of no consequence.
They made light of it, and went their ways. Matt. xxii. 5.
39. To MAKE love. To court; to play the gallant.
How happy each of the sexes would be, if there was a
window in the breast of every one that makes or receives love.
Addison's Guardian, No. 106.
40. To MAKE merry. To feast; to partake of an entertain­
ment.
A hundred pound or two, to make merry withal? Shakesp.
The king, to make demonstration to the world, that the
proceedings against Sir William Stanley, imposed upon him
by necessity of state, had not diminished the affection he bare
to his brother, went to Latham, to make merry with his mo­
ther and the earl. Bacon's Henry VIIth.
A gentleman and his wife will ride to make merry with his
neighbour, and after a day those two go to a third; in which
progress they encrease like snowballs, till through their bur­
thensome weight they break. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
41. To MAKE much of. To cherish; to foster.
The king hearing of their adventure, suddenly falls to take
pride in making much of them, extolling them with infinite
praises. Sidney, b. ii.
The bird is dead
That we have made so much on! Shakesp. Cymbeline.
It is good discretion not to make too much of any man at
the first. Bacon's Essays.
The easy and the lazy make much of the gout; and yet
making much of themselves too, they take care to carry it pre­
sently to bed, and keep it warm. Temple.
42. To MAKE of. What to make of, is, how to understand.
That they should have knowledge of the languages and
affairs of those that lie at such a distance from them, was a
thing we could not tell what to make of. Bacon.
I past the summer here at Nimmeguen, without the least
remembrance of what had happened to me in the spring, till
about the end of September, and then I began to feel a pain
I knew not what to make of, in the same joint of my other
foot. Temple.
There is another statue in brass of Apollo, with a modern
inscription on the pedestal, which I know not what to make
of. Addison on Italy.
I desired he would let me see his book: he did so, smil­
ing: I could not make any thing of it. Tatler.
Upon one side of the pillar were huge pieces of iron stick­
ing out, cut into strange figures, which we knew not what
to make of. Gulliver's Travels.
43. To MAKE of. To produce from; to effect.
I am astonished, that those who have appeared against this
paper have made so very little of it. Addison.
44. To MAKE of. To consider; to account; to esteem.
Makes she no more of me than of a slave? Dryden.
45. To MAKE of. To cherish; to foster.
Xaycus was wonderfully beloved, and made of, by the
Turkish merchants, whose language he had learned. Knolles.
46. To MAKE over. To settle in the hands of trustees.
Widows, who have tried one lover,
Trust none again till th' have made over. Hudibras, p. iii.


The wise betimes make over their estates.
Make o'er thy honour by a deed of trust,
And give me seizure of the mighty wealth. Dryden.
47. To MAKE over. To transfer.
The second mercy made over to us by the second covenant,
is the promise of pardon. Hammond.
Age and youth cannot be made over: nothing but time can
take away years, or give them. Collier.
My waist is reduced to the depth of four inches by what
I have already made over to my neck. Addison's Guard.
Moor, to whom that patent was made over, was forced to
leave off coining. Swift.
48. To MAKE out. To clear; to explain; to clear to one's
self.
Make out the rest,—I am disorder'd so,
I know not farther what to say or do. Dryd. Indian Emp.
Antiquaries make out the most ancient medals from a letter
with great difficulty to be discerned upon the face and reverse.
Felton on the Classicks.
It may seem somewhat difficult to make out the bills of fare
for some suppers. Arbuthnot on Coins.
49. To MAKE out. To prove; to evince.
There is no truth which a man may more evidently make
out to himself, than the existence of a God. Locke.
Though they are not self-evident principles, yet what
may be made out from them by a wary deduction, may be
depended on as certain and infallible truths. Locke.
Men of wit and parts, but of short thoughts and little me­
ditation, are apt to distrust every thing for fiction that is not
the dictate of sense, or made out immediately to their senses.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
We are to vindicate the just providence of God in the
government of the world, and to endeavour, as well as we
can, upon an imperfect view of things, to make out the
beauty and harmony of all the seeming discords and irregu­
larities of the divine administration. Tillotson's Sermons.
Scaliger hath made out, that the history of Troy was no
more the invention of Homer than of Virgil. Dryden.
In the passages from our own divines, most of the reason­
ings which make out both my propositions are already suggest­
ed. Atterbury's Sermons.
I dare engage to make it out, that, instead of contributing
equal to the landed men, they will have their full principal
and interest at six per Cent. Swift's Miscel.
50. To MAKE sure of. To consider as certain.
They made as sure of health and life, as if both of them
were at their dispose. Dryden.
51. To MAKE sure of. To secure to one's possession.
But whether marriage bring joy or sorrow,
Make sure of this day, and hang to-morrow. Dryden.
52. To MAKE up. To get together.
How will the farmer be able to make up his rent at quar­
ter-day? Locke.
53. To MAKE up. To reconcile; to repair.
This kind of comprehension in scripture being therefore
received, still there is no doubt how far we are to proceed
by collection before the full and complete measure of things
necessary be made up. Hooker, b. i.
I knew when seven justices could not make up a quarrel.
Shakespeare's As you like it.
54. To MAKE up. To repair.
I sought for a man among them that should make up the
hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land. Ezek.
55. To compose, as of ingredients.
These are the lineaments of this vice of flattery, which
sure do together make up a face of most extreme deformity.
Government of the Tongue.
He is to encounter an enemy made up of wiles and strata­
gems; an old serpent, and a long experienced deceiver.
South's Sermons.
Zeal should be made up of the largest measures of spiritual
love, desire, hope, hatred, grief, indignation. Sprat.
Oh he was all made up of love and charms;
Whatever maid could wish, or man admire. Addison.
Harlequin's part is made up of blunders and absurdities.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Vines, figs, oranges, almonds, olives, myrtles, and fields
of corn, make up the most delightful little landskip imagina­
ble. Addison on Italy.
Old mould'ring urns, racks, daggers, and distress,
Make up the frightful horror of the place. Garth.
The parties among us are made up on one side of moderate
whigs, and on the other of presbyterians. Swift.
56. To MAKE up. To shape.
A catapotium is a medicine swallowed solid, and most
commonly made up in pills. Arbuthnot on Coins.
57. To MAKE up. To supply; to repair.
Whatsoever, to make up the doctrine of man's salvation,
is added as in supply of the scripture's insufficiency, we reject
it. Hooker, b. ii.
I borrowed that celebrated name for an evidence to my
subject, that so what was wanting in my proof might be
made up in the example. Glanville's Scep.
Thus think the crowd, who, eager to engage,
Take quickly fire, and kindle into rage;
Who ne'er consider, but without a pause
Make up in passion what they want in cause. Dryden.
If they retrench any the smaller particulars in their ordi­
nary expence, it will easily make up the halfpenny a-day which
we have now under consideration. Addison's Spect.
This wisely she makes up her time,
Mis-spent when youth was in its prime. Granville.
There must needs be another state to make up the inequa­
lities of this, and to salve all irregular appearances. Atterbury.
If his romantick disposition transport him so far as to ex­
pect little or nothing from this, he might however hope, that
the principals would make it up in dignity and respect. Swift.
58. To MAKE up. To clear.
The reasons you allege, do more conduce
To the hot passion of distemper'd blood,
Than to make up a free determination
'Twixt right and wrong. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
Though all at once cannot
See what I do deliver out to each,
Yet I can make my audit up, that all
From me do back receive the flow'r of all,
And leave me but the bran. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He was to make up his accounts with his lord, and by an
easy undiscoverable cheat he could provide against the im­
pending distress. Rogers's Sermons.
59. To MAKE up. To accomplish; to conclude; to com­
plete.
Is not the lady Constance in this troop?
—I know she is not; for this match made up,
Her presence would have interrupted much. Shakespeare.
On Wednesday the general account is made up and print­
ed, and on Thursday published. Graunt's Bill of Mortality.
This life is a scene of vanity, that soon passes away, and
affords no solid satisfaction but in the consciousness of doing
well, and in the hopes of another life: this is what I can say
upon experience, and what you will find to be true when
you come to make up the account. Locke.

To MAKE. v. n.
1. To tend; to travel; to go any way; to rush.
Oh me, lieutenant! what villains have done this?
—I think, that one of them is hereabouts,
And cannot make away. Shakespeare's Othello.
I do beseech your majesty make up,
Lest your retirement do amaze your friends. Shakespeare.
The earl of Lincoln resolved to make on where the king
was, to give him battle, and marched towards Newark.
Bacon's Henry VII.
There made forth to us a small boat, with about eight per­
sons in it. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Warily provide, that while we make forth to that which is
better, we meet not with that which is worse. Bacon's Essays.
A wonderful erroneous observation that maketh about, is
commonly received contrary to experience. Bacon.
Make on, upon the heads
Of men, struck down like piles, to reach the lives
Of those remain and stand. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
The Moors, terrified with the hideous cry of the soldiers
making toward land, were easily beaten from the shore. Knolles.
When they set out from mount Sinai they made northward
unto Rishmah. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.
Some speedy way for passage must be found;
Make to the city by the postern gate. Dryden.
The bull
His easier conquest proudly did forego;
And making at him with a furious bound,
From his bent forehead aim'd a double wound. Dryden.
Too late young Turnus the delusion found
Far on the sea, still making from the ground. Dryden.
A man of a disturbed brain seeing in the street one of
those lads that used to vex him, stepped into a cutler's shop,
and seizing on a naked sword made after the boy. Locke.
Seeing a country gentleman trotting before me with a spa­
niel by his horse's side, I made up to him. Addison's Freehoid.
The French king makes at us directly, and keeps a king
by him to set over us. Addison.
A monstrous boar rusht forth; his baleful eyes
Shot glaring fire, and his stiff-pointed bristles
Rose high upon his back; at me he made,
Whetting his tusks. Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.
2. To contribute.
Whatsoever makes nothing to your subject, and is impro­
per to it, admit not unto your work. Dryden.
Blinded he is by the love of himself to believe that the
right is wrong, and wrong is right, when it makes for his
own advantage. Swift's Miscel.
2. To operate; to act as a proof or argument, or cause.


Where neither the evidence of any law divine, nor the
strength of any invincible argument, otherwise found out by
the light of reason, nor any notable publick inconvenience
doth make against that which our own laws ecclesiastical have
instituted for the ordering of these affairs; the very authority
of the church itself sufficeth. Hooker.
That which should make for them must prove, that men
ought not to make laws for church regiment, but only keep
those laws which in scripture they find made. Hooker.
It is very needful to be known, and maketh unto the right
of the war against him. Spenser.
Let us follow after the things which make for peace. Rom.
Perkin Warbeck finding that time and temporizing, which,
whilst his practices were covert, made for him, did now,
when they were discovered, rather make against him, resolved
to try some exploit upon England. Bacon's Henry VII.
I observed a thing that may make to my present purpose.
Boyle.
It makes to this purpose, that the light conserving stones in
Italy must be set in the sun for some while before they retain
light. Digby on Bodies.
What avails it me to acknowledge, that I have not been
able to do him right in any line; for even my own confes­
sion makes against me. Dryden's Ded. to the æn.
3. To concur.
Antiquity, custom, and consent, in the church of God,
making with that which law doth establish, are themselves
most sufficient reasons to uphold the same, unless some nota­
ble publick inconvenience enforce the contrary. Hooker.
4. To shew; to appear; to carry appearance.
Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before
them, and fled. Josh. viii. 15.
It is the unanimous opinion of your friends, that you make
as if you hanged yourself, and they will give it out that you
are quite dead. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
5. To MAKE away with. To destroy; to kill; to make away.
This phrase is improper.
The women of Greece were seized with an unaccountable
melancholy, which disposed several of them to make away
with themselves. Addison's Spect. No. 231.
6. To MAKE for. To advantage; to favour.
Compare with indifferency these disparities of times, and
we shall plainly perceive, that they make for the advantage
of England at this present time. Bacon's War with Spain.
None deny there is a God, but those for whom it maketh
that there were no God. Bacon's Essays.
I was assur'd, that nothing was design'd
Against thee but safe custody and hold;
That made for me, I knew that liberty
Would draw thee forth to perilous enterprizes. Milton.
7. To MAKE up. To compensate; to be instead.
Have you got a supply of friends to make up for those who
are gone? Swift to Pope.

MAKE. n. s. [from the verb.] Form; structure; nature.
Those mercurial spirits, which were only lent the earth to
shew men their folly in admiring it, possess delights of a no­
bler make and nature, which antedate immortality. Glanville.
Upon the decease of a lion the beasts met to chuse a king:
several put up, but one was not of make for a king; another
wanted brains or strength. L'Estrange.
Is our perfection of so frail a make,
As ev'ry plot can undermine and shake. Dryden.
Several lies are produced in the loyal ward of Portsoken of
so feeble a make, as not to bear carriage to the Royal Ex­
change. Addison's Freeholder, No. 7.
It may be with superior souls as with gigantick, which ex­
ceed the due proportion of parts, and, like the old heroes of
that make, commit something near extravagance. Pope.

MAKE. n. s. [maca, gemaca, Saxon.] Companion; favourite
friend.
The elf therewith astonied,
Upstarted lightly from his looser make,
And his unsteady weapons 'gan in hand to take. Fa. Qu.
Bid her therefore herself soon ready make,
To wait on love amongst his lovely crew;
Where every one that misseth then her make,
Shall be by him amearst with penance due. Spenser.
For since the wise town,
Has let the sports down,
Of May games and morris,
The maids and their makes,
At dancing and wakes,
Had their napkins and posies,
And the wipers for their noses. Benj. Johnson's Owls.

MA’KEBATE. n. s. [make and debate.] Breeder of quarrels.
Love in her passions, like a right makebate, whispered to
both sides arguments of quarrel. Sidney.
Outrageous party-writers are like a couple of makebates,
who inflame small quarrels by a thousand stories. Swift.

MA’KER. n. s. [from make.]
1. The Creator.
Both in him, in all things, as is meet,
The universal Maker we may praise. Milton's Par. Lost
This the divine Cecilia found,
And to her Maker's praise confin'd the sound. Pope.
Such plain roofs as piety could raise,
And only vocal with the Maker's praise. Pope.
The power of reasoning was given us by our Maker to
pursue truths. Watts's Logick.
2. One who makes any thing.
Every man in Turky is of some trade; Sultan Achmet
was a maker of ivory rings. Notes on the Odyssey.
I dare promise her boldly what few of her makers of visits
and compliments dare to do. Pope's Letters.
3. One who sets any thing in its proper state.
You be indeed makers or marrers of all mens manners
within the realm. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

MA’KEPEACE. n. s. [make and peace.] Peacemaker; recon­
ciler.
To be a makepeace shall become my age. Shakesp.

MA’KEWEIGHT. n. s. [make and weight.] Any small thing
thrown in to make up weight.
Me lonely sitting, nor the glimmering light
Of makeweight candle, nor the joyous task
Of loving friend delights. Philips.

MAL

MALACHI’TE. n. s.
This stone is sometimes intirely green, but lighter than
that of the nephritick stone, so as in colour to resemble the
leaf of the mallow, ?a???, from which it has its name;
though sometimes it is veined with white, or spotted with
blue or black. Woodward's Meth. Fossils.

MA’LADY. n. s. [maladie, French.] A disease; a distemper;
a disorder of body; sickness.
Better it is to be private
In sorrow's torments, than ty'd to the pomp of a palace,
Nurse inward maladies, which have not scope to be breath'd
out. Sidney, b. i.
Wise physicians first require, that the malady be known
thoroughly, afterwards teach how to cure and redress it.
Spenser's State of Ireland.
Say, can you fast? your stomachs are too young:
And abstinence engenders maladies. Shakespeare.
An usual draught, or accidental violence of motion, has
removed that malady that has baffled the skill of physicians.
South's Sermons.
Love's a malady without a cure;
Fierce love has pierc'd me with his fiery dart,
He fires within, and hisses at my heart. Dryden.

MALA’NDERS. n. s. [from mal andare, Italian, to go ill.] A
dry scab on the pastern of horses.

MA’LAPERT. adj. [mal and pert.] Saucy; quick with impu­
dence; sprightly without respect or decency.
Peace, master marquis, you are malapert;
Your fire-new stamp of honour is scarce current. Shakesp.
If thou dar'st tempt me further, draw thy sword.
—What, what? nay, then, I must have an ounce or two
of this malapert blood from you. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Are you growing malapert? Will you force me make use
of my authority? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

MA’LAPERTNESS. n. s. [from malapert.] Liveliness of reply
without decency; quick impudence; sauciness.

MA’LAPERTLY. adv. [from malapert.] Impudently; saucily.

To MALA’XATE. v. a. [?a??t?.] To soften, or knead to
softness, any body.

MALAXA’TION. n. s. [from malaxate.] The act of softening.

MALE. adj. [male, French; masculus, Lat.] Of the sex that
begets young; not female.
Which shall be heir of the two male twins, who, by the
dissection of the mother, were laid open to the world? Locke.
You are the richest person in the commonwealth; you
have no male child; your daughters are all married to weal­
thy patricians. Swift's Examiner, No. 27.

MALE. n. s. The he of any species.
In most the male is the greater, and in some few the fe­
male. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 852.
There be more males than females, but in different pro­
portions. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

MALE, in composition, signifies ill, from male, Latin; male,
old French.

MALEADMINITRA’TION. n. s. Bad management of affairs.
From the practice of the wisest nations, when a prince
was laid aside for maleadministration, the nobles and people
did resume the administration of the supreme power. Swift.
A general canonical denunciation, is that which is made
touching such a matter as properly belongs to the ecclesiasti­
cal court, for that a subject denounces his superior, or some
criminal prelate, for maleadministration, or a wicked life.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

MALECONTE’NT. adj. [male and content.] Discontented;
dissatisfied.

MALECONTE’NTED. adj. [male and content.] Discontented;
dissatisfied.
Brother Clarence, how like you our choice,
That you stand pensive, as half malecontent. Shakespeare.


Poor Clarence! Is it for a wife
That thou art malecontent? I will provide thee. Shakesp.
The king, for the better securing his state against muti­
nous and malecontented subjects, who might have their refuge
in Scotland, sent a solemn ambassage unto James III. to con­
clude a peace. Bacon's Henry VII.
They cannot signalize themselves as malecontents, without
breaking through all the softer virtues. Addison's Freeholder.
The usual way in despotick governments is to confine the
malecontent to some castle. Addison's Freeholder.

MALECONTE’NTEDNESS. n. s. [from malecontent.] With discon­
tent.

MALECONTE’NTEDNESS. n. s. [from malecontent.] Discontent­
edness; want of affection to government.
They would ascribe the laying down my paper to a spirit
of malecontentedness. Spectator, No. 445.

MALEDI’CTED. adj. [maledictus, Latin.] Accursed. Dict.

MALEDI’CTION. n. s. [malediction, French; maledictio, Lat.]
Curse; execration; denunciation of evil.
Then let my life long time on earth maintained be,
To wretched me, the last, worst malediction. Sidney.
The true original cause thereof, divine malediction, laid by
the sin of man upon these creatures which God hath made
for the use of man, was above the reach of their natural ca­
pacity. Hooker, b. i.
In Spain they stayed near eight months, during all which
time Buckingham lay under millions of maledictions; which
yet, upon the prince's safe arrival in the west, did vanish into
praises. Wotton.

MALEFA’CTION. n. s. [male and facio, Latin.] A crime; an
offence.
Guilty creatures at a play
Have, by the very cunning of the scene,
Been struck so to the soul, that presently
They have proclaim'd their malefactions. Shakesp. Hamlet.

MALEFA’CTOR. n. s. [male and facio, Latin.] An offender
against law; a criminal; a guilty person.
A jaylor to bring forth
Some monstrous malefactor. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Fear his word,
As much as malefactors do your sword. Roscommon.
It is a sad thing when men shall repair to the ministry, not
for preferment but refuge; like malefactors flying to the altar,
only to save their lives. South's Sermons.
If their barking dog disturb her ease,
Th' unmanner'd malefactor is arraign'd. Dryden's Juv.
The malefactor goat was laid
On Bacchus' altar, and his forfeit paid. Dryden.

MALE’FICK. adj. [maleficus, Latin.] Mischievous; hurtful.
Dict.

MALE’FIQUE. adj. [maleficus, Latin.] Mischievous; hurtful.
Dict.

MALEPRA’CTICE. n. s. [male and practice.] Practice contrary
to rules.

MALE’VOLENCE. n. s. [malevolentia, Latin.] Ill will; inclina­
tion to hurt others; malignity.
The son of Duncan
Lives in the English court; and is receiv'd
Of the most pious Edward with such grace,
That the malevolence of fortune nothing
Takes from his high respect. Shakesp. Macbeth.

MALE’VOLENT. adj. [malevolus, Latin.] Ill-disposed towards
others; unfavourable; malignant.
I have thee in my arms,
Though our malevolent stars have struggled hard,
And held us long asunder. Dryden's King Arthur.

MALE’VOLENTLY. adv. [from malevolence.] Malignly; ma­
lignantly.
The oak did not only resent his fall, but vindicate him
from those aspersions that were malevolently cast upon him.
Howel's Vocal Forest.

MA’LICE. n. s. [malice, French; malitia, Latin.]
1. Badness of design; deliberate mischief.
God hath forgiven me many sins of malice, and therefore
surely he will pity my infirmities. Taylor's holy living.
2. Ill intention to any one; desire of hurting.
Duncan is in his grave;
Malice domestick, foreign levy, nothing
Can touch him further! Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To MA’LICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To regard with ill will.
Obsolete.
The cause why he this fly so maliced,
Was that his mother which him bore and bred,
The most fine-fingered workman on the ground,
Arachne, by his means, was vanquished. Spenser.

MALI’CIOUS. adj. [malicieux, French; malitiosus, Latin.] Ill­
disposed to any one; intending ill; malignant.
We must not stint
Our necessary actions in the fear
To cope malicious censurers; which ever,
As rav'nous fishes do a vessel follow
That is new trimm'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
I grant him bloody,
Sudden, malicious, smacking of ev'ry sin
That has a name. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Stand up, O Lord, and be not merciful unto them that
offend of malicious wickedness. Psal. lix. 5.
Thou know'st what malicious foe,
Envying our happiness, and of his own
Despairing, seeks to work us woe and shame. Milton.
The air appearing so malicious in this morbifick conspiracy,
exacts a more particular regard. Harvey on Consumptions.

MALI’CIOUSNESS. adv. [from malicious.] With malignity; with
intention of mischief.
An intrigue between his majesty and a junto of ministers
maliciously bent against me, broke out, and had like to have
ended in my utter destruction. Gulliver's Travels.

MALI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from malicious.] Malice; intention of
mischief to another.
Not out of envy or maliciousness,
Do I forbear to crave your special aid. Herbert.

MALI’GN. adj. [maligne, French; malignus, Latin: the g is
mute or liquescent.]
1. Unfavourable; ill-disposed to any one; malicious.
Witchcraft may be by a tacit operation of malign spirits.
Bacon's Nat. Hist.
If in the constellations war were sprung,
Two planets, rushing from aspect malign
Of fiercest opposition, in mid sky,
Should combat, and their jarring spheres confound. Milt.
Of contempt, and the malign hostile influence it has upon
government, every man's experience will inform him. South.
2. Infectious; fatal to the body; pestilential.
He that turneth the humours back, and maketh the wound
bleed inwards, endangereth malign ulcers and pernicious im­
postumations. Bacon's Essays.

To MALI’GN. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To regard with envy or malice.
The people practise what mischiefs and villanies they will
against private men, whom they malign, by stealing their
goods, or murdering them. Spenser on Ireland.
It is hardly to be thought that any governor should so ma­
lign his successor, as to suffer an evil to grow up which he
might timely have kept under. Spenser on Ireland.
Strangers conspired together against him, and maligned him
in the wilderness. Ecclus. xlv. 18.
If it is a pleasure to be envied and shot at, to be maligned
standing, and to be depised falling; then is it a pleasure to
be great, and to be able to dispose of mens fortunes. South.
2. To mischief; to hurt; to harm.

MALI’GNANCY. n. s. [from malignant.]
1. Malevolence; malice; unfavourableness.
My stars shine darkly over me; the malignancy of my fate
might, perhaps, distemper yours; therefore I crave your
leave, that I may bear my evils alone. Shakespeare.
2. Destructive tendency.
The infection doth produce a bubo, which, according to
the degree of its malignancy, either proves easily curable, or
else it proceeds in its venom. Wiseman's Surgery.

MALI’GNANT. adj. [malignant, French.]
1. Malign; envious; unpropitious; malicious; mischievous;
intending or effecting ill.
O malignant and ill-boading stars!
Now art thou come unto a feast of death. Shakespeare.
Not friended by his wish to your high person,
His will is most malignant, and it stretches
Beyond you to your friends. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
To good malignant, to bad men benign. Milton.
They have seen all other notions besides their own repre­
sented in a false and malignant light; whereupon they judge
and condemn at once. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Hostile to life: as, malignant fevers.
They hold, that the cause of the gout, is a malignant va­
pour that falls upon the joint; that the swelling is a kindness
in nature, that calls down humours to damp the malignity of
the vapours, and thereby assuage the sharpness of the pain.
Temple's Miscel.
Let the learn'd begin
Th'enquiry, where disease could enter in;
How those malignant atoms forc'd their way,
What in the faultless frame they found to make their prey?
Dryden to the duchess of Ormond.

MALI’GNANT. n. s.
1. A man of ill intention; malevolently disposed.
Occasion was taken, by certain malignants, secretly to un­
dermine his great authority in the church of Christ. Hooker.
2. It was a word used of the defenders of the church and mo­
narchy by the rebel sectaries in the civil wars.

MALI’GNANTLY. adv. [from malignant.] With all intention;
maliciously; mischievously.
Now arriving
At place of potency, and sway o'th' state,
If he should still malignantly remain


Fast foe to the Plebeians, your voices might
Be curses to yourselves. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

MALI’GNER. n. s. [from malign.] One who regards another
with ill will.
Such as these are philosophy's maligners, who pronounce
the most generous contemplations, needless unprofitable sub­
tleties. Glanville's Apology.
I thought it necessary to justify my character in point of
cleanliness, which some of my maligners call in question.
Gulliver's Travels.
2. Sarcastical censurer.

MALI’GNITY. n. s. [malignité, French.]
1. Malice; maliciousness.
Deeds are done which man might charge aright
On stubborn fate, or undiscerning might,
Had not their guilt the lawless soldiers known,
And made the whole malignity their own. Tickell.
2. Contrariety to life; destructive tendency.
Whether any tokens of poison did appear, reports are va­
rious; his physicians discerned an invincible malignity in his
disease. Hayward.
No redress could be obtained with any vigour proportion­
able to the malignity of that far-spread disease. K. Charles.
3. Evilness of nature.
This shows the high malignity of fraud, that in the natural
course of it tends to the destruction of common life, by de­
stroying trust and mutual confidence. South's Sermons.

MALI’GNLY. adv. [from malign.] Enviously; with ill will;
mischievously.
Lest you think I railly more than teach,
Or praise malignly arts I cannot reach;
Let me for once presume t' instruct the times. Pope.

MA’LKIN. n. s. [from mal, of Mary, and kin, the diminutive
termination.] A kind of mop made of clouts for sweeping
ovens; thence a frightful figure of clouts dressed up; thence
a dirty wench. Hanmer.
The kitchen malkin pins
Her richest lockram 'bout her reechy neck,
Clamb'ring the walls to eye him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

MALL. n. s. [malleus, Lat. a hammer.]
1. A stroke; a blow.
With mighty mall,
The monster merciless him made to fall. Fairy Queen.
Give that rev'rend head a mall
Or two, or three, against a wall. Hudibras, p. ii.
2. A kind of beater or hammer. [mail, French.]
He took a mall, and after having hollowed the handle, and
that part which strikes the ball, he enclosed in them several
drugs. Addison's Spect. No. 195.
3. A walk where they formerly played with malls and balls.
Moll is, in Islandick, an area or walk spread with shells.
This the beau monde shall from the mall survey,
And hail with musick its propitious ray. Pope.

To MALL. v. a. [from the noun.] To beat or strike with a
mall.

MA’LLARD. n. s. [malart, French.] The drake of the wild
duck.
Antony
Claps on his sea-wing, like a doating mallard,
Leaving the fight in height. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The birds that are most easy to be drawn are mallard,
shoveler, and goose. Peacham on Drawing.
Arm your hook with the line, and cut so much of a brown
mallard's feather as will make the wings. Walton's Angler.

MALLEABI’LITY. n. s. [from malleable.] Quality of enduring
the hammer; quality of spreading under the hammer.
Supposing the nominal essence of gold to be a body of
such a peculiar colour and weight, with the malleability and
fusibility, the real essence is that constitution on which these
qualities and their union depend. Locke.

MA’LLEADLE. adj. [malleable, French; from malleus, Latin,
a hammer.] Capable of being spread by beating: this is a
quality possessed in the most eminent degree by gold, it be­
ing more ductile than any other metal; and is opposite to
friability or brittleness. Quincy.
Make it more strong for falls, though it come not to the
degree to be malleable. Bacon.
The beaten soldier proves most manful,
That like his sword endures the anvil;
And justly's held more formidable,
The more his valour's malleable. Hudibras, p. ii.
If the body is compact, and bends or yields inward to
pression without any sliding of its parts, it is hard and elas­
tick, returning to its figure with a force rising from the mu­
tual attraction of its parts: if the parts slide upon one an­
other, the body is malleable or soft. Newton's Opticks.

MA’LLEABLENESS. n. s. [from malleable.] Quality of enduring
the hammer; malleability; ductility.
The bodies of most use that are sought for out of the
earth are the metals, which are distinguished from other bo­
dies by their weight, fusibility, and malleableness. Locke.

To MA’LLEATE. v. a. [from malleus, Latin.] To hammer;
to forge or shape by the hammer.
He first found out the art of melting and malleating me­
tals, and making them useful for tools. Derham.

MALLET. n. s. [malleus, Latin.] A wooden hammer.
The vessel soddered up was warily struck with a wooden
mallet, and thereby compressed. Boyle.
Their left-hand does the calking iron guide,
The rattling mallet with the right they lift. Dryden.

MA’LLOWS. n. s. [malva, Latin; mælepe, Saxon.]
The mallow has a fibrous root; the leaves are round or
angular: the flower consists of one leaf, is of the expanded
bell-shaped kind, and cut into five segments almost to the
bottom: from the centre rises a pyramidal tube, for the most
part loaded with many small threads or filaments: from the
centre of the flower-cup rises the pointal in the tube, which
becomes the fruit, and this is flat, round, and sometimes
pointed, wrapt, for the most part, within the flower-cup,
and divided into several cells so disposed round the axle, that
each little lodge appears most artificially jointed within the
corresponding striæ or channels: the seed is often shaped like
a kidney: the species are six, of which the first is found
wild, and used in medicine. Miller.
Shards or mallows for the pot,
That keep the loosen'd body sound. Dryden.

MA’LMSEY. n. s.
1. A sort of grape. See VINE.
2. A kind of wine.
White-handed mistress, one sweet word with thee.
—Honey, and milk, and sugar, there is three.
—Nay then two treys; and if you grow so nice,
Metheglin, wort, and malmsey. Shakespeare.

MALT. n. s. [mealt, Saxon; mout, Dutch.] Grain steeped
in water and fermented, then dried on a kiln.
Beer hath malt first infused in the liquor, and is afterwards
boiled with the hop. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 308.

MA’LTDUST. n. s. [malt and dust.]
Malt-dust is an enricher of barren land, and a great im­
prover of barley. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MALTFLOOR. n. s. [malt and floor.] A floor to dry malt.
Empty the corn from the cistern into the malt-floor. Mort.

To MALT. v. n.
1. To make malt.
2. To be made malt.
To house it green it will mow-burn, which will make it
malt worse. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MA’LTDRINK. n. s. [malt and drink.]
All maltdrinks may be boiled into the consistence of a slimy
syrup. Floyer on the Humours.

MA’LTHORSE. n. s. [malt and horse.] It seems to have been,
in Shakespeare's time, a term of reproach for a dull dolt.
You peasant swain, you whoreson, you malthorse drudge.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
Mome, malthorse, capon, coxcomb, idiot, patch. Shak.

MA’LTMAN. n. s. [from tmalt.] One who makes malt.

MALTSTER. n. s. [from tmalt.] One who makes malt.
Sir Arthur the maltster! how fine it will sound! Swift.
Tom came home in the chariot by his lady's side; but
he unfortunately taught her to drink brandy, of which she
died; and Tom is now a journeyman maltster. Swift.

MALVA’CEOUS. adj. [malva, Latin.] Relating to mallows.

MALVERSA’TION. n. s. [French.] Bad shifts; mean artifices;
wicked and fraudulent tricks.

MAM

MAM. n. s. [mamma, Latin: this word is said to be
found for the compellation of mother in all lan­
guages; and is therefore supposed to be the first syllables that
a child pronounces.] The fond word for mother.

MAMMA’. n. s. [mamma, Latin: this word is said to be
found for the compellation of mother in all lan­
guages; and is therefore supposed to be the first syllables that
a child pronounces.] The fond word for mother.
Poor Cupid sobbing scarce could speak;
Indeed, mamma, I did not know ye:
Alas! how easy my mistake?
I took you for your likeness Cloe. Prior.
Little masters and misses are great impediments to servants;
the remedy is to bribe them, that they may not tell tales to
papa and mamma. Swift's Rules to Servants.

MAMME’E tree. n. s.
The mammee tree hath a rosaceous flower, which consists
of several leaves placed in a circular order, from whose cup
arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes an almost sphe­
rical fleshy fruit, containing two or three seeds inclosed in
hard rough shells. Miller.

MA’MMET. n. s. [from mam or mamma.] A puppet, a figure
dressed up. Hanmer.
Kate; this is no world
To play with mammets, and to tilt with lips. Shakesp.

MA’MMIFORM. adj. [mammiforme, French; mamma and forma,
Latin.] Having the shape of paps or dugs.

MAMMI’LLARY. adj. [mammillaire, Fr. mammillaris, Latin.] 
Belonging to the paps or dugs.

MA’MMOCK. n. s. A large shapeless piece.
The ice was broken into large mammocks. James's Voyage.

To MA’MMOCK. v. a. [from the noun.] To tear; to break;
to pull to pieces.
I saw him run after a gilded butterfly; and he did so set
his teeth, and did tear it! Oh, I warrant, how he mam­
mockt it! Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

MA’MMON. n. s. [Syriack.] Riches.



MAN

MAN. n. s. [man, mon, Saxon.]
1. Human being.
The king is but a man as I am; the violet smells to him
as it doth to me; the element shews to him as it doth to
me, all his senses have but human conditions. Shakesp.
All the west bank of Nilus is possessed by an idolatrous,
man-eating nation. Brerewood on Languages.
A creature of a more exalted kind
Was wanted yet, and then was man design'd,
Conscious of thought. Dryden's Ovid.
Nature in man capacious souls hath wrought,
And given them voice expressive of their thought;
In man the God descends, and joys to find
The narrow image of his greater mind. Creech's Manilius.
A combination of the ideas of a certain figure, with the
powers of motion, and reasoning joined to substance, make
the ordinary idea of a man. Locke.
On human actions reason though you can,
It may be reason, but it is not man. Pope's Epistles.
2. Not a woman.
Bring forth men children only!
For thy undaunted metal should compose
Nothing but males. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I had not so much of man in me,
But all my mother came into mine eyes,
And gave me up to tears. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Every man child shall be circumcised. Gen. xvii. 10.
Ceneus, a woman once, and once a man,
But ending in the sex she first began. Dryden's æn.
A long time since the custom began, among people of qua­
lity, to keep men cooks of the French nation. Swift.
3. Not a boy.
The nurse's legends are for truths receiv'd,
And the man dreams but what the boy believ'd. Dryden.
4. A servant; an attendant; a dependant.
Now thanked be the great god Pan,
Which thus preserves my loved life,
Thanked be I that keep a man,
Who ended hath this bloody strife:
For if my man must praises have,
What then must I that keep the knave? Sidney, b. i.
My brother's servants
Were then my fellows, now they are my men. Shakesp.
Such gentlemen as are his majesty's own sworn servants
should be preferred to the charge of his majesty's ships;
choice being made of men of valour and capacity rather than
to employ other mens men. Raleigh's Essays.
I and my man will presently go ride
Far as the Cornish mount. Cowley.
5. A word of familiarity bordering on contempt.
You may partake of any thing we say:
We speak no treason, man. Shakesp. Richard III.
6. It is used in a loose signification like the French on, one, any
one.
This same young sober-blooded boy doth not love me, nor
a man cannot make him laugh. Shakesp. Henry IV.
A man in an instant may discover the assertion to be im­
possible. More's Divine Dialogues.
He is a good-natured man, and will give as much as a man
would desire. Stillingfleet.
By ten thousand of them a man shall not be able to ad­
vance one step in knowledge. Tillotson's Sermons.
Our thoughts will not be directed what objects to pursue,
nor be taken off from those they have once fixed on; but
run away with a man, in pursuit of those ideas they have in
view. Locke.
A man would expect to find some antiquities; but all they
have to show of this nature is an old rostrum of a Roman
ship. Addison.
A man might make a pretty landscape of his own planta­
tion. Addison.
7. One of uncommon qualifications.
Manners maketh man. William of Wickham.
I dare do all that may become a man;
Who dares do more is none.
—What beast was't then
That made you break this enterprise to me?
When you durst do it, then you were a man;
And, to be more than what you were, you would
Be so much more the man. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He tript me behind, being down, insulted, rail'd,
And put upon him such a deal of man,
That worthied him. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Will reckons he should not have been the man he is, had
not he broke windows, and knocked down constables, when
he was a young fellow. Addison's Spect. No. 105.
8. A human being qualified in any particular manner.
Thou art but a youth, and he a man of war from his
youth. 1 Sam. xvii. 33.
9. Individual.
In matters of equity between man and man, our Saviour
has taught us to put my neighbour in the place of myself,
and myself in the place of my neighbour. Watts's Logick.
10. Not a beast.
Thy face, bright Centaur, autumn's heats retain,
The softer season suiting to the man. Creech's Manilivs.
11. Wealthy or independant person: to this sense some refer
the following passage of Shakespeare, others to the sense next
foregoing.
There would this monster make a man; any strange beast
there makes a man. Shakespeare's Tempest.
What poor man would not carry a great burthen of gold
to be made a man for ever. Tillotson's Sermons.
12. When a person is not in his senses, we say, he is not his
own man. Ains.
13. A moveable piece at chess or draughts.
14. MAN of war. A ship of war.
A Flemish man of war lighted upon them, and overmas­
tered them. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

To MAN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with men.
Your ships are not well mann'd;
Your mariners are muliteers, or reapers. Shakespeare.
A navy, to secure the seas, is mann'd;
And forces sent. Daniel's Civil War.
It hath been agreed, that either of them should send certain
ships to sea well manned, and apparelled to fight. Hayward.
Their ships go as long voyages as any, and are for their
burdens as well manned. Raleigh's Essays.
He had manned it with a great number of tall soldiers,
more than for the proportion of the castle. Bacon.
They man their boats, and all their young men arm.
Waller.
The Venetians could set out thirty men of war, a hundred
gallies, and ten galeases; though I cannot conceive how they
could man a fleet of half the number. Addison on Italy.
Timoleon forced the Carthaginians out, though they had
manned out a fleet of two hundred men of war. Arbuthnot.
2. To guard with men.
See, how the surly Warwick mans the wall. Shakesp.
There stands the castle by yond tuft of trees,
Mann'd with three hundred men. Shakesp. Richard II.
The summons take of the same trumpet's call,
To sally from one port, or man one publick wall. Tate.
3. To fortify; to strengthen.
Advise how war may be best upheld,
Mann'd by her two main nerves, iron and gold,
In all her equipage. Milton.
Theodosius having mann'd his soul with proper reflexions,
exerted himself in the best manner he could, to animate
his penitent. Addison's Spect. No. 164.
4. To tame a hawk.
Another way I have to man my haggard,
To make her come, and know her keeper's call;
That is, to watch her. Shakespeare.
5. To attend; to serve; to wait on.
Thou whoreson mandrake, thou art fitter to be worn in
my cap than to wait at my heels: I was never manned with
agate till now. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
They distill their husbands land
In decoctions, and are mann'd
With ten empyricks in their chamber,
Lying for the spirit of amber. Benj. Johnson's Forest.
6. To direct in hostility; to point; to aim. An obsolete word.
Man but a rush against Othello's breast,
And he retires. Shakespeare's Othello.

MA’NACLES. n. s. [manicles, French, manicœ from manus,
Latin.] Chain for the hands; shackles.
For my sake wear this glove;
It is a manacle of love. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Thou
Must, as a foreign recreant, be led
With manacles along our street. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Such a person
Could fetch your brother from the manacles
Of the all-holding law. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Doctrine unto fools is as fetters on the feet, and like mana­
cles on the right-hand. Ecclus. xxi. 19.
The bounds of the law good men count their ornament
and protection; others, their manacles and oppression.
King Charles.

To MA’NACLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To chain the hands;
to shackle.
We'll bait thy bears to death,
And manacle the bearward in their chains. Shakespeare.
I'll manacle thy neck and feet together. Shakespeare.
Is it thus you use this monarch, to manacle and shackle
him hand and foot. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

To MA’NAGE. v. a. [menager, French.]
1. To conduct; to carry on.
The fathers had managed the charge of idolatry against the
heathens. Stillingfleet.


Let her at least the vocal brass inspire,
And tell the nations in no vulgar strain,
What wars I manage, and what wreaths I gain. Prior.
2. To train a horse to graceful action.
He rode up and down gallantly mounted, managing his
horse, and charging and discharging his lance. Knolles.
They vault from hunters to the manag'd steed. Young.
3. To govern; to make tractable.
Let us stick to our point, and we will manage Bull I'll
warrant you. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
4. To wield; to move or use easily.
Long tubes are cumbersome, and scarce to be easily ma­
naged. Newton.
5. To husband; to make the object of caution.
There is no more to manage! If I fall,
It shall be like myself; a setting sun
Should leave a track of glory in the skies. Dryden.
The less he had to lose, the less he car'd,
To manage loathsome life, when love was the reward. Dryd.
6. To treat with caution or decency: this is a phrase merely
Gallick; not to be imitated.
Notwithstanding it was so much his interest to manage his
protestant subjects in the country, he made over his princi­
pality to France. Addison on Italy.

To MA’NAGE. v. n. To superintend affairs; to transact.
Leave them to manage for thee, and to grant
What their unerring wisdom sees thee want. Dryden.

MANA’GE. v. a. [mesnage, menage, French.]
1. Conduct; administration.
To him put
The manage of my state. Shakespeare's Tempest.
This might have been prevented,
With very easy arguments of love,
Which now the manage of two kingdoms must
With fearful, bloody issue arbitrate. Shakesp. K. John.
For the rebels which stand out in Ireland,
Expedient manage must be made, my liege,
Ere further leisure yield them further means. Shakespeare.
Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, em­
brace more than they can hold, and stir more than they can
quiet. Bacon's Essays.
The plea of a good intention will serve to sanctify the
worst actions; the proof of which is but too manifest from
that scandalous doctrine of the jesuits concerning the direc­
tion of the intention, and likewise from the whole manage of
the late rebellion. South's Sermons.
Whenever we take a strong biass, it is not out of a moral
incapacity to do better, but for want of a careful manage and
discipline to set us right at first. L'Estrange's Fables.
2. Use; instrumentality.
To think to make gold of quicksilver is not to be hoped;
for quicksilver will not endure the manage of the fire. Bacon.
3. Government of a horse.
In thy slumbers
I heard thee murmur tales of iron wars,
Speak terms of manage to the bounding steed. Shakesp.
The horse you must draw in his career with his manage
and turn, doing the curvetto. Peacham.

MA’NAGEABLE. adj. [from manage.]
1. Easy in the use; not difficult to be wielded or moved.
The conditions of weapons and their improvement are,
that they may serve in all weathers; and that the carriage
may be light and manageable. Bacon's Essays.
Very long tubes are, by reason of their length, apt to
bend, and shake by bending so as to cause a continual trem­
bling in the objects, whereas by contrivance the glasses are
readily manageable. Newton's Opticks.
2. Governable; tractable.

MA’NAGEABLENESS. n. s. [from manageable.]
1. Accommodation to easy use.
This disagreement may be imputed to the greater or less ex­
actness or manageableness of the instruments employed. Boyle.
2. Tractableness; easiness to be governed.

MA’NAGEMENT. n. s. [menagement, French.]
1. Conduct; administration.
Mark with what management their tribes divide;
Some stick to you, and some to t'other side. Dryden.
An ill argument introduced with deference, will procure
more credit than the profoundest science with a rough, inso­
lent, and noisy management. Locke on Education.
The wrong management of the earl of Godolphin was the
only cause of the union. Swift's Miscel.
2. Practice; transaction; dealing.
He had great managements with ecclesiasticks in the view of
being advanced to the pontificate. Addison on Italy.

MA’NAGER. n. s. [from manage.]
1. One who has the conduct or direction of any thing.
A skilful manager of the rabble, so long as they have but
ears to hear, needs never enquire whether they have any un­
derstanding. South's Sermons.
The manager opens his sluice every night, and distributes
the water into the town. Addison.
An artful manager, that crept between
His friend and shame, and was a kind of screen. Pope.
2. A man of frugality; a good husband.
A prince of great aspiring thoughts: in the main, a ma­
nager of his treasure, and yet bountiful, from his own mo­
tion, wherever he discerns merit. Temple's Miscel.
The most severe censor cannot but be pleased with the
prodigality of Ovid's wit; though he could have wished, that
the master of it had been a better manager. Dryden.

MA’NAGERY. n. s. [menagerie, French.]
1. Conduct; direction; administration.
They who most exactly describe that battle, give so ill an
account of any conduct or discretion in the managery of that
affair, that posterity would receive little benefit in the most
particular relation of it. Clarendon, b. viii.
2. Husbandry; frugality.
The court of Rome has, in other instances, so well at­
tested its good managery, that it is not credible crowns are
conferred gratis. Decay of Picty.
3. Manner of using.
No expert general will bring a company of raw, untrained
men into the field, but will, by little bloodless skirmishes,
instruct them in the manner of the fight, and teach them the
ready managery of their weapons. Decay of Piety.

MANA’TION. n. s. [manatio, Latin.] The act of issuing from
something else.

MA’NCHE. n. s. [French.] A sleeve.

MA’NCHET. n. s. [michet, French. Skinner.] A small loaf of
fine bread.
Take a small toast of manchet, dipped in oil of sweet al­
monds. Bacon.
I love to entertain my friends with a frugal collation; a
cup of wine, a dish of fruit, and a manchet. More's Dial.

MANCHINE’EL tree. n. s. [mancanilla, Latin.]
The manchineel tree has male flowers, or katkins, which
are produced at remote distances from embrios, which be­
come round fleshy fruit, in which is contained a rough woody
nut, inclosing four or five flat seeds: it is a native of the
West Indies, and grows equal to the size of an oak: its
wood, which is sawn out into planks, and brought to Eng­
land, is of a beautiful grain, will polish well and last long,
and is therefore much esteemed in cabinet-makers work: in
cutting down those trees, the juice of the bark, which is of
a milky colour, must be burnt out before the work is begun;
for its nature is so corrosive, that it will raise blisters on the
skin, and burn holes in linen; and if it should happen to flie
into the eyes of the labourers, they are in danger of losing
their sight: the fruit is of the colour and size of the golden
pippen, by which many Europeans have been deceived; some
of whom have greatly suffered, and others lost their lives by
eating it, which will corrode the mouth and throat: the
leaves of these trees also abound with a milky juice of the
same nature, so that the cattle never shelter themselves under
them, and scarcely will any vegetable grow under their shade;
yet the goats eat this fruit without any injury. Miller.

To MA’NCIPATE. v. a. [mancipo, Latin.] To enslave; to
bind; to tie.
Although the regular part of nature is seldom varied, yet
the meteors, which are in themselves more unstable, and less
mancipated to stated motions, are oftentimes employed to va­
rious ends. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

MANCIPA’TION. n. s. [from mancipate.] Slavery; involuntary
obligation.

MA’NCIPLE. n. s. [manceps, Latin.] The steward of a com­
munity; the purveyor: it is particularly used of the purveyor
of a college.
Their manciple fell dangerously ill,
Bread must be had, their grist went to the mill:
This simkin moderately stole before,
Their steward sick, he robb'd them ten times more.
Betterton's Miller of Trompington.

MANDA’MUS. n. s. [Latin.] A writ granted by the king,
so called from the initial word.

MANDARI’N. n. s. A Chinese nobleman or magistrate.

MA’NDATARY. n. s. [mandataire, Fr. from mando, Latin.]
He to whom the pope has, by virtue of his prerogative,
and his own proper right, given a mandate for his benefice.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

MA’NDATE. n. s. [mandatum, Latin.]
1. Command.
Her force is not any where so apparent as in express man­
dates or prohibitions, especially upon advice and consultation
going before. Hooker, b. i.
The necessity of the times cast the power of the three
estates upon himself, that his mandates should pass for laws,
whereby he laid what taxes he pleased. Howell's Vocal Forest.
2. Precept; charge; commission, sent or transmitted.


Who knows,
If the scarce bearded Cæsar have not sent
His powerful mandate to you. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
This Moor,
Your special mandate, for the state affairs,
Hath hither brought. Shakespeare's Othello.
He thought the mandate forg'd, your death conceal'd. Dryd.
This dream all powerful Juno sends, I bear
Her mighty mandates, and her words you hear:
Haste, arm your Ardeans. Dryden's æn.

MANDA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] Director.
A person is said to be a client to his advocate, but a mas­
ter and mandator to his proctor. Ayliffe's Parergon.

MA’NDATORY. adj. [mandare, Latin.] Preceptive; directory.

MA’NDIBLE. n. s. [mandibula, Latin.] The jaw; the instru­
ment of manducation.
He saith, only the crocodile moveth the upper jaw, as if
the upper mandible did make an articulation with the cra­
nium. Grew's Musæum.

MANDI’BULAR. n. s. [from mandibula, Latin.] Belonging to
the jaw.

MANDI’LION. n. s. [mandiglione, Italian.] A soldier's coat.
Skinner. A loose garment; a sleeveless jacket. Ains.

MA’NDREL. n. s. [mandrin, French.]
Mandrels are made with a long wooden shank, to fit stiff
into a round hole that is made in the work, that is to be
turned; this mandrel is called a shank, or pin-mandrel: and
if the hole the shank is to fit into be very small, and the
work to be fastened on it pretty heavy, then turners fasten a
round iron shank or pin, and fasten their work upon it.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

MA’NDRAKE. n. s. [mandragoras, Lat. mandragôre, Fr.]
The flower of the mandrake consists of one leaf in the
shape of a bell, and is divided at the top into several parts;
the pointal afterwards becomes a globular soft fruit, in which
are contained many kidney-shaped seeds: the roots of this
plant is said to bear a resemblace to the human form. The
reports of tying a dog to this plant, in order to root it up,
and prevent the certain death of the person who dares to at­
tempt such a deed, and of the groans emitted by it when the
violence is offered, are equally fabulous. Miller.
Among other virtues, mandrakes has been falsely celebra­
ted for rendering barren women fruitful: it has a soporisick
quality, and the ancients used it when they wanted a nar­
cotick of the most powerful kind. Hill's Mat. Med.
Would curses kill, as doth the mandrake's groan,
I would invent as bitter searching terms,
As curst, as harsh, and horrible to hear. Shakespeare.
Not poppy, nor mandragora,
Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world,
Shall ever med'cine thee to that sweet sleep. Shakespeare.
And shrieks like mandrakes, torn out of the earth,
That living mortals, hearing them, run mad. Shakesp.
Give me of thy sons mandrakes. Gen. xxx. 14.
Go, and catch a falling star,
Get with child a mandrake root. Donne.

To MA’NDUCATE. v. a. [manduco, Lat.] To chew; to eat.

MANDUCA’TION. n. s. [manducatio, Latin.] Eating.
Manducation is the action of the lower jaw in chewing the
food, and preparing it in the mouth before it is received into
the stomach. Quincy.
As he who is not a holy person does not seed upon Christ,
it is apparent that our manducation must be spiritual, and
therefore so must the food, and consequently it cannot be na­
tural flesh. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

MANE. n. s. [maene, Dutch.] The hair which hangs down on
the neck of horses, or other animals.
Dametas was tossed from the saddle to the mane of the
horse, and thence to the ground. Sidney, b. ii.
A currie comb, maine comb, and whip for a jade. Tusser.
The weak wanton Cupid
Shall from your neck unloose his am'rous fold;
And, like a dew-drop from the lion's mane,
Be shook to air. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
The horses breaking loose, ran up and down with their
tails and manes on a light-fire. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
A lion shakes his dreadful mane,
And angry grows. Waller.
For quitting both their swords and reins,
They grasp'd with all their strength the manes. Hudibras.

MA’NEATER. n. s. [man and eat.] A cannibal; an anthropo­
phagite; one that feeds upon human flesh.

MA’NED. adj. [from the noun.] Having a mane.

MA’NES. n. s. [Latin.] Ghost; shade; that which remains
of man after death.
Hail, O ye holy manes! hail again
Paternal ashes. Dryden's Virg.

MA’NFUL. adj. [man and full.] Bold; stout; daring.
A handful
It had devour'd 'twas so manful. Hudibras.

MA’NFULLY. adv. [from manful.] Boldly; stoutly.
Artimesia behaved herself manfully in a great fight at sea,
when Xerxes stood by as a coward. Abbot.
I slew him manfully in fight,
Without false 'vantage, or base treachery. Shakespeare.
He that with this Christian armour manfully fights against,
and repels, the temptations and assaults of his spiritual ene­
mies; he that keeps his conscience void of offence, shall en­
joy peace here, and for ever. Ray on Creation.

MA’NFULNESS. n. s. [from manful.] Stoutness; boldness.

MANGCO’RN. n. s. [mengen, Dutch, to mingle.] Corn of se­
veral kinds mixed: as, wheat and rye.

MA’NGANESE. n. s. [mangunesia, low Latin.]
Manganese is extremely well known by name, though the
glassmen use it for many different substances, that have the
same effect in clearing the foul colour of their glass: it is
properly an iron ore of a poorer sort; the most perfect sort
is of a dark iron grey, very heavy but brittle. Hill.
Manganese is rarely found but in an iron vein. Woodward.

MANGE. n. s. [de mangeaison, French.] The itch or scab in
cattle.
The sheep died of the rot, and the swine of the mange.
Benj. Johnson.
Tell what crisis does divine
The rot in sheep, or mange in swine. Hudibras, p. i.

MA’NGER. n. s. [mangeoire, French.] The place or vessel in
which animals are fed with corn.
She brought forth her first-born son, and laid him in a
manger. Luke ii. 7.
A churlish cur got into a manger, and there lay growling
to keep the horses from their provender. L'Estrange's Fab.

MA’NGINESS. n. s. [from mangy.] Scabbiness; infection with
the mange.

To MA’NGLE. v. a. [mangelen, Dutch, to be wanting; man­
cus, Latin.] To lacerate; to cut or tear piece-meal; to
butcher.
Cassio, may you suspect
Who they should be, that thus have mangled you? Shak.
Your dishonour
Mangles true judgment, and bereaves the state
Of that integrity which should become it. Shakespear.
Thoughts my tormentors arm'd with deadly stings,
Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts,
Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise
Dire inflammation, which no cooling herb,
Or medicinal liquor can assuage. Milton's Agonistes.
The triple porter of the Stygian seat,
With lolling tongue, lay fawning at thy feet,
And, seiz'd with fear, forgot his mangled meat. Dryden.
What could swords or poison, racks or flame,
But mangle and disjoint this brittle frame!
More fatal Henry's words; they murder Emma's fame.
Prior.
It is hard, that not one gentleman's daughter should read
or understand her own natural tongue; as any one may find,
who can hear them when they are disposed to mangle a play
or a novel, where the least word out of the common road
disconcerts them. Swift to a young Lady.
They have joined the most obdurate consonants without
one intervening vowel; only to shorten a syllable; so that
most of the books we see now-a-days, are full of those
manglings and abbreviations. Swift's Let. to the Ld. Treasurer.
Inextricable difficulties occur by mangling the sense, and
curtailing authors. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

MA’NGLER. n. s. [from mangle.] A hacker; one that destroys
bunglingly.
Since after thee may rise an impious line,
Coarse manglers of the human face divine;
Paint on, till fate dissolve thy mortal part,
And live and die the monarch of thy art. Tickell.

MA’NGO. n. s. [mangostan, Fr.] A fruit of the isle of Java,
brought to Europe pickled.
The fruit with the husk, when very young, makes a good
preserve, and is used to pickle like mangoes. Mortimer.
What lord of old wou'd bid his cook prepare
Mangoes, potargo, champignons, cavare. King.

MA’NGY. adj. [from mange.] Infected with the mange; scabby.
Away, thou issue of a mangy dog!
I swoon to see thee. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

MANHA’TER. n. s. [man and hater.] Misanthrope; one that
hates mankind.

MA’NHOOD. n. s. [from man.]
1. Human nature.
In Seth was the church of God established; from whom
Christ descended, as touching his manhood. Raleigh.
Not therefore joins the son
Manhood to Godhead, with more strength to foil
Thy enemy. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
2. Virility; not womanhood.
'Tis in my pow'r to be a sovereign now,
And, knowling more, to make his manhood bow. Dryden.
3. Virility; not childhood.


Tetchy and wayward was thy infancy;
Thy school-days frightful, desp'rate, wild and furious;
Thy prime of manhood daring, bold and venturous. Shak.
By fraud or force the suitor train destroy,
And starting into manhood, scorn the boy. Pope's Odyssey.
4. Courage; bravery; resolution; fortitude.
Nothing so hard but his valour overcame; which he so
guided with virtue, that although no man was spoken of but
he for manhood, he was called the courteous Amphialus.
Sidney.

MANI’AC. adj. [maniacus, Lat.] Raging with madness;
mad to rage.

MANI’ACAL. adj. [maniacus, Lat.] Raging with madness;
mad to rage.
Epilepsies and maniacal lunacies usually conform to the age
of the moon. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii.

MA’NIFEST. adj. [manifestus, Latin.]
1. Plain; open; not concealed; not doubuful; apparent.
They all concur as principles, they all have their forcible
operations therein, although not all in like apparent and ma­
nifest manner. Hooker, b. i.
That which may be known of God is manifest in them;
for God hath shewed it unto them. Rom. i. 19.
He was fore-ordained before the foundation of the world,
but was manifest in these last times for you. 1 Pet. i. 20.
He full
Resplendent all his father manifest
Express'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Thus manifest to sight the God appear'd. Dryden's æn.
I saw, I saw him manifest in view,
His voice, his figure, and his gesture knew. Dryden.
2. Detected, with of.
Calistho there stood manifest of shame,
And turn'd a bear, the northern star became. Dryden.

MANIFE’ST. n. s. [manifeste, Fr. manifesto, Italian.] Declara­
tion; publick protestation.
You authentick witnesses I bring,
Of this my manifest: that never more
This hand shall combat on the crooked shore. Dryden.

To MANIFE’ST. v. a. [manifester, Fr. manifesto, Lat.] To
make appear; to make publick; to shew plainly; to discover.
Thy life did manifest, thou lov'dst me not;
And thou wilt have me die assured of it. Shakespeare.
He that loveth me I will love him, and manifest myself to
him. John xiv. 21.
He was pleased himself to assume, and manifest his will in,
our flesh, and so not only as God from heaven, but God vi­
sible on earth, to preach resormation among us. Hammond.
This perverse commotion
Must manifest thee worthiest to be heir
Of all things. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
Were he not by law withstood,
He'd manifest his own inhuman blood. Dryden's Juv.
It may be part of our employment in eternity, to contem­
plate the works of God, and give him the glory of his wis­
dom manifested in the creation. Ray on Creation.

MANIFESTA’TION. n. s. [manifestation, Fr. from manifest.]
Discovery; publication; clear evidence.
Though there be a kind of natural right in the noble, wise
and virtuous, to govern them which are of servile disposition;
nevertheless, for manifestation of this their right, the assent of
them who are to be governed seemeth necessary. Hooker.
As the nature of God is excellent, so likewise is it to know
him in those glorious manifestations of himself in the works
of creation and providence. Tillotson's Sermons.
The secret manner in which acts of mercy ought to be
performed, requires this publick manifestation of them at the
great day. Atterbury's Sermons.

MANIFE’STIBLE. adj. [properly manifestable.] Easy to be made
evident.
This is manifestible in long and thin plates of steel perfo­
rated in the middle, and equilibrated. Brown's Vulg. Err.

MA’NIFESTLY. adv. [from manifest.] Clearly; evidently;
plainly.
We see manifestly, that sounds are carried with wind. Bac.
Sects, in a state, seem to be tolerated because they are
already spread, while they do not manifestly endanger the con­
stitution. Swift.

MA’NIFESTNESS. n. s. [from manifest.] Perspicuity; clear evi­
dence.

MANIFE’STO. n. s. [Italian.] Publick protestation; decla­
ration.
It was proposed to draw up a manifesto, setting forth the
grounds and motives of our taking arms. Addison.

MA’NIFOLD. adj. [many and fold.] Of different kinds; many
in number; multiplied; complicated.
When his eyes did her behold,
Her heart did seem to melt in pleasures manifold. Fa. Qu.
Terror of the torments manifold,
In which the damned souls he did behold. Spenser.
If that the king
Have any way your good deserts forgot,
Which he consesseth to be manifold,
He bids you name your griefs. Shakesp. Henry IV.
If any man of quality will maintain upon Edward earl of
Glo'ster, that he is a manifold traitor, let him appear. Shak.
They receive manifold more in this present time, and in the
world to come life everlasting. Luke xviii. 30.
To represent to the life the manifold use of friendship, see
how many things a man cannot do himself. Bacon's Essays.
They not obeying,
Incurr'd, what cou'd they less? the penalty;
And manifold in sin deserv'd to fall. Milton's Par. Lost.
My scope in this experiment is manifold. Boyle on Colours.
We are not got further than the borders of the mineral
kingdom, so very ample is it, so various and manifold its
productions. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

MANIFO’LDED. adj. [many and fold.] Having many complica­
tions or doubles.
His puissant arms about his noble breast,
And manifolded shield, he bound about his wrist. Fa. Qu.

MA’NIFOLDLY. adv. [from manifold.] In a manifold manner.
They were manifoldly acknowledged the savers of that
country. Sidney, b. ii.

MANI’GLIONS. n. s. [in gunnery.] Two handles on the back
of a piece of ordnance, cast after the German form. Bailey.

MA’NIKIN. n. s. [manniken, Dutch.] A little man.
This is a dear manikin to you, Sir Toby.
—I have been dear to him, lad, some two thousand strong.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

MA’NIPLE. n. s. [manipulus, Latin.]
1. A handful.
2. A small band of soldiers.

MANKI’LLER. n. s. [man and killer.] Murderer.
To kill mankillers man has lawful pow'r,
But not th' extended licence to devour. Dryden's Fables.

MANKI’ND. n. s. [man and kind.]
1. The race or species of human beings.
Plato witnesseth, that soon after mankind began to increase,
they built many cities. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
All mankind alike require their grace,
All born to want; a miserable race. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Resembling man not woman in form or nature.
A mankind witch! hence with her, out o'door:
A most intelligency bawd! Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

MA’NLIKE. adj. [man and like.] Having the completion of
man.
Such a right manlike man, as nature often erring, yet
shews she would fain make. Sidney, b. ii.

MA’NLESS. adj. [man and less.] Without men; not manned.
Sir Walter Raleigh was wont to say, the Spaniards were
suddenly driven away with squibs; for it was no more but a
stratagem of fire-boats manless, and sent upon the armada at
Calais by the favour of the wind in the night, that put them
in such terror, as they cut their cables. Bacon.

MA’NLINESS. n. s. [from manly.] Dignity; bravery; stout­
ness.
Young master, willing to shew himself a man, lets him­
self loose to all irregularities; and thus courts credit and
manliness in the casting off the modesty he has till then been
kept in. Locke.

MA’NLY. adj. [from man.] Manlike; becoming a man; firm;
brave; stout; undaunted; undismayed.
As did æneas old Anchises bear,
So I bear thee upon my manly shoulders. Shakespeare.
Let's briefly put on manly readiness,
And meet i' th' hall together. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I'll speak between the change of man and boy
With a reed voice; and turn two mincing steps
Into a manly stride. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Serene and manly, harden'd to sustain
The load of life, and exercis'd in pain. Dryden's Juv.
See great Marcellus! how inur'd in toils,
He moves with manly grace. Dryden's æn.

MA’NLY. adv. [from man.] With courage like a man.

MA’NNA. n. s.
Manna is properly a gum, and is honey-like juice con­
creted into a solid form, seldom so dry but it adheres more or
less to the fingers in handling: its colour is whitish, yel­
lowish, or brownish, and it has in taste the sweetness of su­
gar, and with it a sharpness that renders it very agreeable:
we are supplied with manna from Calabria and Sicily, which
is the product of two different trees, but which are of the
same genus, being both varieties of the ash: when the heats
of summer are free from rain, the leaves, the trunks, and
branches of both these trees, exsudate a white honey juice,
which concretes into what we call manna, forming itself as
it runs, and according to its different quantity, into small
roundish drops, or long flakes: what flows out of the leaves
of these trees is all natural, but the Italians procure a forced
kind by wounding the trunks and branches: the finest manna
of all is that which oozes naturally out of the leaves in Au­
gust, after the season of collecting the common manna is
over: the French have another sort of manna, produced from


the larch tree, of a very different genus of the ash, and the
very tree which produces oil of turpentine; this is called
Briançon manna, from the country where it is produced: our
black thorn, or sloe tree, sometimes yield a true manna from
the ribs of the leaves in Autumn, but it is in a very small
quantity: there is another sort called the manna Persia, pro­
duced from a small prickly shrub about four or five feet high,
growing in Egypt, Armenia, Georgia, and Persia. The
Hebrews, who had been acquainted with the last mentioned
sort of manna, when they found a miraculous food in the de­
sert resembling it, did not scruple to call it manna: this was
a conjecture the more natural to them, as they saw plainly
that this descended from the heavens in form of a dew, and
concreted into the globules in which they found it; and the
received opinion at that time was, that the Oriental manna
was formed in the same manner; that it was a dew from the
clouds concreted on the plant, none supposing, in those
early times, that it was the natural juice of the shrub upon
which it was found: it is however evident, that this was not
of the nature of manna, because it melted away as the sun
grew hot, whereas manna hardens in that heat. It is but
lately that the world were convinced of the mistake of manna
being an aërial produce, by an experiment being made by 
covering a tree with sheets in the manna season, and the find­
ing as much manna on it afterwards as on those which were
open to the air and dew. Manna is celebrated, both by the
ancients and moderns, as a gentle and mild cathartick. Hill.
It would be well inquired, whether manna doth fall but
upon certain herbs, or leaves only. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The manna in heaven will suit every man's palate. Locke.

MA’NNER. n. s. [maniere, French.]
1. Form; method.
In my divine Emilia make me blest.
Find thou the manner, and the means prepare,
Possession, more than conquest, is my care. Dryden.
2. Custom; habit; fashion.
As the manner of some is. New Testament.
3. Certain degree.
It is in a manner done already;
For many carriages he hath dispatch'd
To the sea-side. Shakes. King John.
The bread is in a manner common. 1 Sam. xxi. 5.
If the envy be general in a manner upon all the ministers
of an estate, it is truly upon the state itself. Bacon's Essays.
This universe we have possest, and rul'd
In a manner at our will, th' affairs of earth. Paradise Reg.
Antony Augustinus does in a manner confess the charge.
Baker's Reflections on Learning.
4. Sort; kind.
All manner of men assembled here in arms against God's
peace and the king's: we charge you to repair to your dwel­
ling-places. Shakespeare Henry VI. p. i.
A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable,
Beyond all manner of so much I love you. Shakespeare.
What manner of men were they whom ye slew? Judges.
The city may flourish in trade, and all manner of outward
advantages. Atterbury.
5. Mien; cast of the look.
Air and manner are often more expressive than words.
Clarissa.
Some men have a native dignity in their manner, which
will procure them more regard by a look, than others can
obtain by the most imperious commands. Clarissa.
6. Peculiar way.
If I melt into melancholy while I write, I shall be taken
in the manner; and I sit by one too tender to these impres­
sions. Donne's Letters.
It can hardly be imagined how great a difference was in
the humour, disposition, and manner, of the army under Es­
sex, and the other under Waller. Clarendon, b. viii.
Some few touches of your lordship, which I have endea­
voured to express after your manner, have made whole poems
of mine to pass with approbation. Dryden's Juv.
As man is known by his company, so a man's company
may be known by his manner of expressing himself. Swift.
7. Way; sort.
The temptations of prosperity insinuate themselves after a
gentle, but very powerful, manner. Atterbury.
8. Character of the mind.
His princes are as much distinguished by their manners as
by their dominions; and even those among them, whose
characters seem wholly made up of courage, differ from one
another as to the particular kinds. Addison.
9. Manners in the plural. General way of life; morals; ha­
bits.
The kinds of musick have most operation upon manners:
as, to make them warlike; to make them soft and effemi­
nate. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 114.
Every fool carries more or less in his face the signature of
his manners, though more legible in some than others.
L'Estrange's Fables.
We bring our manners to the blest abodes,
And think what pleases us must please the gods. Dryden.
10. [In the plural.] Ceremonious behaviour; studied civi­
lity.
The time will not allow the compliment,
Which very manners urge. Shakesp. King Lear.
These bloody accidents must excuse my manners,
That so neglected you. Shakespeare's Othello.
Our griefs and not our manners reason now. Shakespeare.
Ungracious wretch,
Fit for the mountains and the barbarous caves,
Where manners ne'er were preach'd. Shakespeare.
Dear Kate, you and I cannot be confined within the weak
list of a country's fashion: we are the makers of manners,
Kate. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Good manners bound her to invite
The stranger dame to be her guest that night. Dryden.
None but the careless and the confident would rush rudely
into the presence of a great man: and shall we, in our ap­
plications to the great God, take that to be religion, which
the common reason of mankind will not allow to be man­
ners? South's Sermons.
Your passion bends
Its force against your nearest friends;
Which manners, decency, and pride,
Have taught you from the world to hide. Swift.

MA’NNERLINESS. n. s. [from mannerly.] Civility; ceremonious
complaisance.
Others out of mannerliness and respect to God, though
they deny this universal soul of the universe, yet have devised
several systems of the universe. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

MA’NNERLY. adj. [from manner.] Civil; ceremonious; com­
plaisant.
Tut, tut; here is a mannerly forbearance. Shakespeare.
Let me have
What thou think'st meet, and is most mannerly. Shakesp.
Fools make a mock at sin, affront the God whom we
serve, and vilify religion; not to oppose them, by whatever
mannerly names we may palliate the offence, is not modesty
but cowardice, and a traiterous desertion of our allegiance
to Christ. Rogers's Sermons.

MA’NNERLY. adv. Civilly; without rudeness.
When we've supp'd,
We'll mannerly demand thee of thy story. Shakespeare.

MA’NNIKIN. n. s. [man and klein, German.] A little man; a
dwarf.

MA’NNISH. adj. [from man.] Having the appearance of a
man; bold; masculine; impudent.
Nature had proportioned her without any fault, yet alto­
gether seemed not to make up that harmony that Cupid de­
lights in; the reason whereof might seem a mannish counte­
nance, which overthrew that lovely sweetness, the noblest
power of womankind, far fitter to prevail by parley than by
battle. Sidney.
A woman, impudent and mannish grown,
Is not more loath'd than an effeminate man. Shakespeare.
When mannish Mevia, that two-handed whore,
Astride on horseback hunts the Tuscan boar. Dryden.

MANOR. n. s. [manoir, old French; mancrium, low Latin;
maner, Armorick.]
Manor signifies, in common law, a rule or government
which a man hath over such as hold land within his fee. Touch­
ing the original of these manors, it seems, that, in the begin­
ning, there was a certain compass or circuit of ground grant­
ed by the king to some men of worth, for him and his heirs
to dwell upon, and to exercise some jurisdiction, more or
less, within that compass, as he thought good to grant; per­
forming him such services, and paying such yearly rent for
the same, as he by his grant required: and that afterward
this great man parcelled his land to other meaner men, in­
joining them again such services and rents as he thought
good; and by that means, as he became tenant to the king,
so the inferiors became tenants to him: but those great men,
or their posterity, have alienated these mansions and lands so
given them by their prince, and many for capital offences
have forfeited them to the king; and thereby they still re­
main in the crown, or are bestowed again upon others. But
whosoever possesses these manors, the liberty belonging to
them is real and predial, and therefore remains, though the
owners be changed. In these days, a manor rather signifies
the jurisdiction and royalty incorporeal, than the land or site:
for a man may have a manor in gross, as the law terms it,
that is, the right and interest of a court-baron, with the per­
quisites thereto belonging. Cowel.
My parks, my walks, my manors that I had,
Ev'n now forsake me; and of all my lands
Is nothing left me. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Kinsmen of mine,
By this so sicken'd their estates, that never
They shall abound as formerly. O many


Have broke their backs with laying manors on them
For this great journey. Shakespeare's Rich. II.

MANQUE’LLER. n. s. [man and crellan, Saxon.] A murderer;
a mankiller; a manslayer.
This was not Kayne the manqueller, but one of a gentler
spirit and milder sex, to wit, a woman. Carew.

MANSE. n. s. [mansio, Latin.]
1. Place of residence; abode; house.
All these are but ornaments of that divine spark within
you, which being descended from heaven, could not else­
where pick out so sweet a mansion. Sidney.
A fault no less grievous, if so be it were true, than if some
king should build his mansion-house by the model of Solo­
mon's palace. Hooker, b. v.
To leave his wife, to leave his babes,
His mansion, and his titles in a place,
From whence himself does fly? he loves us not. Shakesp.
Thy mansion wants thee, Adam, rise
First man, of men innumberable ordain'd;
First father! call'd by thee, I come thy guide
To the garden of bliss, thy seat prepar'd. Milton.
A mansion is provided thee; more fair
Than this, and worthy heav'n's peculiar care,
Not fram'd of common earth. Dryden.
2. Residence; abode.
These poets near our princes sleep,
And in one grave their mansions keep. Denham.

MANSLA’UGHTER. n. s. [man and slaughter.]
1. Murder; destruction of the human species.
The whole pleasure of that book standeth in open man­
slaughter and bold bawdry. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
To overcome in battle, and subdue
Nations, and bring home spoils, with infinite
Manslaughter, shall be held the highest pitch
Of human glory. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
2. [In law.] The act of killing a man not wholly without
fault, though without malice.

MANSLA’YER. n. s. [man and slay.] Murderer; one that has
killed another.
Cities for refuge for the manslayer. Num. xxxv. 6.

MANSU’ETE. adj. [mansuetus, Lat.] Tame; gentle; not fe­
rocious; not wild.
This holds not only in domestick and mansuete birds; for
then it might be thought the effect of cicuration or institu­
tion, but also in the wild. Ray on Creation.

MA’NSUETUDE. n. s. [mansuetude, French; mansuetudo, Lat.]
Tameness; gentleness.
The angry lion did present his paw,
Which by consent was given to mansuetude;
The fearful hare her ears, which by their law
Humility did reach to fortitude. Herbert.

MA’NTEL. n. s. [mantel, old Fr.] Work raised before a chim­
ney to conceal it, whence the name, which originally signi­
fies a cloak.
From the Italians we may learn how to raise fair mantels
within the rooms, and how to disguise the shafts of chim­
nies. Wotton's Architecture.
If you break any china on the mantletree or cabinet, gather
up the fragments. Swift.

MANTELE’T. n. s. [mantelet, French.]
1. A small cloak worn by women.
2. [In fortification.] A kind of moveable penthouse, made of
pieces of timber sawed into planks, which being about three
inches thick, are nailed one over another to the height of
almost six feet: they are generally cased with tin, and set
upon little wheels; so that in a siege they may be driven be­
fore the pioneers, and serve as blinds to shelter them from
the enemy's small-shot: there are other mantelets covered on
the top, whereof the miners make use to approach the walls
of a town or castle. Harris.

MANTI’GER. n. s. [man and tiger.] A large monkey or ba­
boon.
Near these was placed, by the black prince of Monomo­
tapas's side, the glaring cat-a-mountain, and the man-mi­
micking mantiger. Arbuth. and Pope.

MA’NTLE. n. s. [mantell, Welsh.] A kind of cloak or gar­
ment thrown over the rest of the dress.
We, well-cover'd with the night's black mantle,
At unawares may beat down Edward's guard,
And seize himself. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Poor Tom drinks the green mantle of the standing pool.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
The day begins to break, and night is fled,
Whose pitchy mantle over-veil'd the earth. Shakespeare.
Their actions were covered and disguised with mantles,
very usual in times of disorder, of religion and justice.
Hayward's Edward VI.
The herald and children are cloathed with mantles of
water green sattin; but the herald's mantle is streamed with
gold. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Before the sun,
Before the heav'ns thou wert, and at the voice
Of God, as with a mantle, didst invest
The rising world of waters dark and deep,
Won from the void and formless infinite. Milton.
By which the beauty of the earth appears,
The divers-colour'd mantle which she wears. Saudys.
Upon loosening of his mantle the eggs fell from him at un­
awares, and the eagle was a third time defeated. L'Estrange.
Dan Pope for thy misfortune griev'd,
With kind concern and skill has weav'd
A silken web; and ne'er shall fade
Its colours: gently has he laid
The mantle o'er thy sad distress,
And Venus shall the texture bless. Prior.
A spacious veil from his broad shoulders flew,
That set the unhappy Phaeton to view;
The flaming chariot and the steeds it shew'd,
And the whole fable in the mantle glow'd. Addison.

To MA’NTLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cloke; to cover;
to disguise.
As the morning steals upon the night,
Melting the darkness; so their rising senses
Begin to chace the ign'rant fumes, that mantle
Their clearer reason. Shakespeare's Tempest.
I left them
I' th' filthy mantled pool beyond your cell,
There dancing up to th' chins. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To MA’NTLE. v. n. [The original of the signification of this
word is not plain. Skinner considers it as relative to the ex­
pansion of a mantle: as, the hawk mantleth; she spreads her
wings like a mantle.]
1. To spread the wings as a hawk in pleasure.
The swan with arched neck,
Between her white wings mantling, rows
Her state with oary feet. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
2. To joy; to revel.
My frail fancy fed with full delight
Doth bathe in bliss, and mantleth most at ease;
Ne thinks of other heaven, but how it might
Her heart's desire with most contentment please. Spenser.
3. To be expanded; to spread luxuriantly.
The pair that clad
Each shoulder broad, came mantling o'er his breast
With regal ornament. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
The mantling vine
Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps
Luxuriant. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
I saw them under a green mantling vine,
That crawls along the side of yon small hill,
Plucking ripe clusters. Milton.
You'll sometimes meet a fop, of nicest tread,
Whose mantling peruke veils his empty head. Gay.
He with the Nais went to dwell,
Leaving the nectar'd feasts of Jove;
And where his mazy waters flow,
He gave the mantling vine, to grow
A trophy to his love. Fenton's Ode to Lord Gower.
4. To gather any thing on the surface; to froth.
There are a sort of men, whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pond;
And do a wilful stillness entertain,
With purpose to be drest in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit. Shakespeare.
It drinketh fresh, flowereth, and mantleth exceedingly.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 46.
From plate to plate your eye-balls roll,
And the brain dances to the mantling bowl. Pope's Horace.
5. To ferment; to be in sprightly agitation.
When mantling blood
Flow'd in his lovely cheeks; when his bright eyes
Sparkl'd with youthful fires; when ev'ry grace
Shone in the father, which now crowns the son. Smith.

MA’NTUA. n. s. [this is perhaps corrupted from manteau, Fr.]
A lady's gown.
Not Cynthia, when her mantua's pinn'd awry,
E'er felt such rage, resentment, and despair,
As thou, sad virgin! for thy ravish'd hair. Pope.
How naturally do you apply your hands to each other's
lappets, ruffles, and mantua s. Swift.

MA’NTUAMAKER. n. s. [mantua and maker.] One who makes
gowns for women.
By profession a mantuamaker: I am employed by the most
fashionable ladies. Addison's Guardian.

MA’NUAL. adj. [manualis, Latin; manuel, French.]
1. Performed by the hand.
The speculative part of painting, without the assistance of
manual operation, can never attain to that perfection which
is its object. Dryden's Dufresnoy.


2. Used by the hand.
The treasurer obliged himself to expiate the injury, to
procure some declaration under his majesty's sign manual.
Clarendon.

MA’NUAL. n. s. A small book, such as may be carried in the
hand.
This mannual of laws, stiled the confessor's laws, contains
but few heads. Hale's Common Law of England.
In those prayers which are recommended to the use of the
devout persons of your church, in the manuals and offices
allowed them in our own language, they would be careful to
have nothing they thought scandalous. Stillingfleet.

MANU’BIAL. adj. [manubiæ, Lat.] Belonging to spoil; taken
in war. Dict.

MANU’BRIUM. n. s. [Latin.] A handle.
Though the sucker move easily enough up and down in
the cylinder by the help of the manubrium, yet if the manu­
brium be taken off, it will require a considerable strength to
move it. Boyle.

MANUDU’CTION. n. s. [manuductio, Latin.] Guidance by the
hand.
We find no open tract, or constant manuduction, in this
labyrinth. Preface to Brown's Vulgar Errours.
That they are carried by the manuduction of a rule, is evi­
dent from the constant steadiness and regularity of their mo­
tion. Glanville.
This is a direct manuduction to all kind of sin, by abusing
the conscience with undervaluing persuasions concerning the
malignity and guilt even of the foulest. South's Sermons.

MANUFA’CTURE. n. s. [manus and facio, Latin; manufacture,
French.]
1. The practice of making any piece of workmanship.
2. Any thing made by art.
Heav'n's pow'r is infinite: earth, air, and sea,
The manufacture mass the making pow'r obey. Dryden.
The peasants are clothed in a coarse kind of canvas, the
manufacture of the country. Addison on Italy.

To MANUFA’CTURE. v. a. [manufacturer, French.] To make
by art and labour; to form by workmanship.

MANUFA’CTURER. n. s. [manufacturier, French; manufacturus,
Lat.] A workman; an artificer.
In the practices of artificers and the manufacturers of va­
rious kinds, the end being proposed, we find out ways of
composing things for the several uses of human life. Watts.

To MANUMI’SE. v. a. [manumitto, Latin.] To set free; to
dismiss from slavery.
A constant report of a danger so eminent run through the
whole castle, even into the deep dungeons, by the compas­
sion of certain manumised slaves. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
He presents
To thee renown'd for piety and force,
Poor captives manumis'd, and matchless horse. Waller.

MANUMI’SSION. n. s. [manumission, Fr. manumissio, Lat.] The
act of giving liberty to slaves.
Slaves wore iron rings until their manumission or prefer­
ment. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
The pileus was somewhat like a night-cap, as the symbol
of liberty, and therefore given to slaves at their manumission.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

To MANUMI’T. v. a. [manumitto, Latin.] To release from
slavery.
Help to manumit and release him from those servile drudge­
ries to vice, under which those remain who live without
God. Government of the Tongue.
Thou wilt beneath the burthen bow,
And glad receive the manumitting blow
On thy shav'd slavish head. Dryden's Juvenal.

MANU’RABLE. adj. [from manure.] Capable of cultivation.
This book gives an account of the manurable lands in every
manor. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

MANU’RANCE. n. s. [from manure.] Agriculture; cultivation.
An obsolete word, worthy of revival.
Although there should none of them fall by the sword, yet
they being kept from manurance, and their cattle from run­
ning abroad, by this hard restraint they would quickly de­
vour one another. Spenser on Ireland.

To MANU’RE. v. a. [manouvrer, French.]
1. To cultivate by manual labour.
They mock our scant manuring, and require
More hands than ours to lop their wanton growth. Milt.
2. To dung; to fatten with composts.
Fragments of shells, reduced by the agitation of the sea
to powder, are used for the manuring of land. Woodward.
Revenge her slaughter'd citizens,
Or share their fate: the corps of half her senate
Manure the fields of Thessaly, while we
Sit here, deliberating in cold debates. Addison's Cato.

MANU’RE. n. s. [from the verb.] Soil to be laid on lands;
dung or compost to fatten land.
When the Nile from Pharian fields is fled,
The fat manure with heav'nly fire is warm'd. Dryden.
Mud makes an extraordinary manure for land that is sandy.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

MANU’REMENT. n. s. [from manure.] Cultivation; improve­
ment.
The manurement of wits is like that of soils, where before
the pains of tilling or sowing, men consider what the mould
will bear. Wotton on Education.

MANU’RER. n. s. [from the verb.] He who manures land; a
husbandman.

MA’NUSCRIPT. n. s. [manuscrit, Fr. manuscriptum, Latin.] A
book written, not printed.
A collection of rare manuscripts, exquisitely written in Ara­
bick, and sought in the most remote parts by the diligence of
Erpenius, the most excellent linguist, were upon sale to the
jesuits. Wotton.
Her majesty has perused the manuscript of this opera, and
given it her approbation. Dryden's Dedication to K. Arthur.

MA’NY. adj. comp. more, superl. most. [mænig, Saxon.]
1. Consisting of a great number; numerous; more than few.
Our enemy, and the destroyers of our country, slew many
of us. Judg. xvi. 24.
When many atoms descend in the air, the same cause which
makes them be many, makes them be light in proportion to
their multitude. Digby on the Soul.
The apostles never give the least directions to Christians
to appeal to the bishop of Rome for a determination of the
many differences which, in those times, happened among
them. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Marking number indefinite.
Both men and women, as many as were willing-hearted,
brought bracelets. Exod. xxxv. 22.
3. Powerful; with too, and in low language.
They come to vie power and expence with those that are
too high, and too many, for them. L'Estrange's Fables.

MA’NY. n. s. [This word is remarkable in the Saxon for its
frequent use, being written with twenty variations: mæne­
geo, mænego, mænigeo, mænigo, mænigu, mænio, mæ­
niu, mængeo, manegeo, manigu, manige, manigo, me­
negeo, menego, menegu, menigeo, menigo, menigu, me­
nio, meniu.]
1. A multitude; a company; a great number; people.
After him the rascal many ran,
Heaped together in rude rabblement. Fairy Queen.
O thou fond many! with what loud applause
Did'st thou beat heav'n with blessing Bolingbroke. Shakesp.
I had a purpose now
To lead our many to the holy land;
Lest rest and lying still might make them look
Too near into my state. Shakesp. Henry IV.
A care-craz'd mother of a many children. Shakespeare.
The vulgar and the many are fit only to be led or driven,
but by no means fit to guide themselves. South's Sermons.
There parting from the king the chiefs divide,
And wheeling East and West, before their many ride. Dryd.
He is liable to a great many inconveniences every moment
of his life. Tillotson's Sermons.
Seeing a great many in rich gowns, he was amazed to find
that persons of quality were up so early. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Many, when it is used before a singular noun, seems to be a
substantive.
Thou art a collop of my flesh,
And for thy sake have I shed many a tear. Shakespeare.
He is beset with enemies, the meanest of which is not
without many and many a way to the wreaking of a malice.
L'Estrange's Fables.
Broad were their collars too, and every one
Was set about with many a costly stone. Dryden.
Many a child can have the distinct clear ideas of two and
three long before he has any idea of infinite. Locke.
3. Many is used much in composition.

MANYCO’LOURED. adj. [many and colour.] Having many co­
lours.
Hail manycoloured messenger, that ne'er
Do'st disobey the voice of Jupiter. Shakesp. Tempest.
He hears not me, but on the other side
A manycolour'd peacock having spy'd,
Leaves him and me. Donne.
The hoary majesty of spades appears;
Puts forth one manly leg, to sight reveal'd,
The rest his manycoloured robe conceal'd. Pope.

MANYCO’RNERED. adj. [many and corner.] Polygonal; having
many corners.
Search those manycorner'd minds,
Where woman's crooked fancy turns and winds. Dryden.

MANYHE’ADED. adj. [many and head.] Having many heads.
Some of the wiser seeing that a popular licence is indeed
the manyheaded tyranny, prevailed with the rest to make Musi­
dorus their chief. Sidney, b. iii;
The proud Duessa came
High mounted on her manyheaded beast. Fairy Queen.


The manyheaded beast hath broke,
Or shaken from his head, the royal yoke. Denham.
Those were the preludes of his sate,
That form'd his manhood to subdue
The hydra of the manyheaded hissing crew. Dryden.

MANYLA’NGUAGED. adj. [many and language.] Having many
languages.
Seek Atrides on the Spartan shore;
He, wand'ring long, a wider circle made,
And manylanguag'd nations has survey'd. Pope's Odyssey.

MANYPE’OPLED. adj. [many and people.] Numerously popu­
lous.
He from the manypeopl'd city flies;
Contemns their labours, and the drivers cries. Sandys.

MANYTI’MES, an adverbial phrase. Often; frequently.
They are Roman catholick in the device and legend, which
are both of them manytimes taken out of the scriptures.
Addison on ancient Medals.

MAP. n. s. [mappa, low Latin.] A geographical picture on
which lands and seas are delineated according to the longi­
tude and latitude.
Zelmane earnestly entreated Dorus, that he would bestow
a map of his little world upon her, that she might see whe­
ther it were troubled with such unhabitable climes of cold
despairs, and hot rages, as her's was. Sidney.
I will take the map of Ireland, and lay it before me, and
make mine eyes my schoolmasters, to give my understanding
to judge of your plot. Spenser on Ireland.
Old coins are like so many maps for explaining the ancient
geography. Addison on ancient Coins.
O'er the map my finger taught to stray,
Cross many a region marks the winding way;
From sea to sea, from realm to realm I rove,
And grow a mere geographer by love. Tickell.

To MAP. v. a. [from the noun.] To delineate; to set down.
I am near to the place where they should meet, if Pisanio
have mapp'd it right. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

MAPLE tree. n. s.
The maple tree hath jagged or angular leaves; the seeds
grow two together in hard-winged vessels: there are several
species, of which the greater maple is falsly called the syca­
more tree: the common maple is a tree frequent in hedge­
rows. Miller.
The platane round,
The carver holme, the mapple seldom inward sound. Spens.
Of the rottenest maple wood burnt to ashes they make a
strong lye. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MA’PPERY. n. s. [from map.] The art of planning and de­
signing. Hanmer.
The still and mental parts,
That do contrive how many hands shall strike
When sitness calls them on;
They call this bedwork, mapp'ry, closet war. Shakespeare.

MAR

To MAR. v. a. [amrran, Saxon.] To injure; to spoil; to
hurt; to mischief; to damage. Obsolete.
Loss is no shame, nor to be less than foe,
But to be lesser than himself, doth mar
Both looser's lot, and victor's praise also. Fairy Queen.
The master may here only stumble, and perchance fall in
teaching, to the marring and maiming of the scholar in learn­
ing. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
When priests are more in words than matter,
When brewers marr their malt with water. Shakespeare.
I pray you mar no more trees with writing songs in their
barks.
—I pray you mar no more of my verses with reading them
ill-favouredly. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Beware thine honour, be not then disgrac'd,
Take care thou mar not when thou think'st to mend. Fairf.
Aumarle became the man that all did mar,
Whether through indiscretion, chance, or worse. Daniel.
The ambition to prevail in great things is less harmful
than that other, to appear in every thing; for that breeds
confusion, and marrs business, when great in dependencies.
Bacon's Essays.
O! could we see how cause from cause doth spring!
How mutually they link'd and folded are:
And hear how oft one disagreeing string
The harmony doth rather make than marr! Davies.
Ire, envy, and despair,
Marr'd all his borrow'd visage, and betray'd
Him counterfeit. Milton's Par. Lost.
Had she been there, untimely joy through all
Mens hearts diffus'd, had marr'd the funeral. Waller.
Mother!
'Tis much unsafe my fire to disobey:
Not only you provoke him to your cost,
But mirth is marr'd, and the good cheer is lost. Dryden.

MARANATHA. n. s. [Syriack.] It signifies, the Lord comes,
or, the Lord is come: it was a form of the denouncing or
anathematizing among the Jews. St. Paul pronounces, If
my love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be anathema ma-
ranatha, which is as much as to say, May'st thou be devoted
to the greatest of evils, and to the utmost severity of God's
judgments; may the Lord come quickly to take vengeance
of thy crimes. Calmet.

MARA’SMUS. n. s. [?a?as??, from ?a?a???.] A consumption,
in which persons waste much of their substance. Quincy.
Pining atrophy,
Marasmus, and wide-wasting pestilence. Milt. Par. Lost.
A marasmus imports a consumption following a sever; a
consumption or withering of the body, by reason of a na­
tural extinction of the native heat, and an extenuation of the
body, caused through an immoderate heat. Harvey.

MA’RBLE. n. s. [marbre, French; marmor, Latin.]
1. Stone used in statues and elegant buildings, capable of a
bright polish, and in a strong heat calcining into lime.
He plies her hard, and much rain wears the marble.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Whole as the marble, founded as the rock. Shakesp.
Thou marble hew'st, ere long to part with breath,
And houses rear'st, unmindful of thy death. Sandys.
Some dry their corn infected with the brine,
Then grind with marbles, and prepare to dine. Dryden.
The two flat sides of two pieces of marble will more easily
approach each other, between which there is nothing but
water or air, than if there be a diamond between them; not
that the parts of the diamond are more solid, but because the
parts of water being more easily separable, give way to the
approach of the two pieces of marble. Locke.
2. Little balls of marble with which children play.
Marbles taught him percussion, and the laws of motion;
nut-crackers the use of the leaver. Arbuthnot and Pope.
3. A stone remarkable for the sculpture or inscription; as, the
Oxford marbles.

MA’RBLE. adj.
1. Made of marble.
Pygmalion's fate reverst is mine,
His marble love took flesh and blood,
All that I worshipp'd as divine,
That beauty, now 'tis understood,
Appears to have no more of life,
Than that whereof he fram'd his wife. Waller.
2. Variegated, or red like marble.
Shall I see far-fetched inventions? shall I labour to lay
marble colours over my ruinous thoughts? or rather, though
the pureness of my virgin-mind be stained, let me keep the
true simplicity of my word. Sidney, b. ii.
The appendix shall be printed by itself, stitched, and with
a marble cover. Swift.

To MA’RBLE. v. a. [marbrer, French, from the noun.] To
variegate, or vein like marble.
A sheet of very well sleeked marbled paper did not cast any
of its distinct colours upon the wall with an equal diffusion.
Boyle on Colours.
Marian
Marbled with sage the hard'ning cheese she press'd,
And yellow butter Marian's skill profess'd. Gay's Pastorals.

MARBLEHE’ARTED. adj. [marble and heart.] Cruel; insensi­
ble; hard-hearted.
Ingratitude! thou marblehearted fiend,
More hideous, when thou shew'st thee in a child,
Than the sea monster. Shakespeare's King Lear.

MA’RCASITE. n. s.
The term marcasite has been very improperly used by some
for bismuth, and by others for zink: the more accurate
writers however always express a substance different from
either of these by it, sulphureous and metallick. The mar­
casite is a solid hard fossil, of an obscurely and irregularly fo­
liaceous structure, of a bright glittering appearance, and na­
turally found in continued beds among the veins of ores, or
in the fissures of stone: the variety of forms this mineral puts
on is almost endless: as it is generally found among the ores
of metals, it is frequently impregnated with particles of them,
and of other fossile bodies, and thence assumes various colours
and degrees of hardness. There are however only three di­
stinct species of it; one of a bright gold colour, another of
a bright silver, and a third of a dead white: the silvery one
seems to be peculiarly meant by the writers on the Materia
Medica. Marcasite is very frequent in the mines of Corn­
wall, where the workmen call it mundick, but more so in
Germany, where they extract vitriol and sulphur from it, be­
sides which it contains a quantity of arsenick. Hill.
The writers of minerals give the name pyrites and marca­
sites indifferently to the same sort of body: I restrain the name
of pyrites wholly to the nodules, or those that are found
lodged in strata that are separate: the marcasite is part of the
matter that either constitutes the stratum, or is lodged in the
perpendicular fissures. Woodward Met. Fossils.
The acid salt dissolved in water is the same with oil of sul­
phur per campanam, and abounding much in the bowels of
the earth, and particularly in marcasites, unites itself to the
other ingredients of the marcasite, which are bitumen, iron,


copper, and earth, and with them compounds alum, vitriol;
and sulphur: with the earth alone it compounds alum; with
the metal alone, or metal and earth together, it compounds
vitriol; and with the bitumen and earth it compounds sul­
phur: whence it comes to pass, that marcasites abound with
those three minerals. Newton's Opticks.
Here marcasites in various figures wait,
To ripen to a true metallick state. Garth's Dispensatory.

MARCH. n. s. [from Mars.] The third month of the year.
March is drawn in tawny, with a fierce aspect, a helmet
upon his head, to shew this month was dedicated to Mars.
Peacham on Drawing.

To MARCH. v. n. [marcher, French, for varicare, Menage,
from Mars, Junius.]
1. To move in military form.
Well march we on,
To give obedience where 'tis truly ow'd. Shakespeare.
He marched in battle array with his power against Ar­
phaxad. Jud. i. 13.
Maccabeus marched forth, and flew five-and-twenty thou­
sand persons. 2 Mac. xii. 26.
My father, when some days before his death
He ordered me to march for Utica,
Wept o'er me. Addison's Cato.
2. To walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately manner.
Plexirtus finding that if nothing else, famine would at last
bring him to destruction, thought better by humbleness to
creep where by pride he could not march. Sidney, b. ii.
Doth York intend no harm to us,
That thus he marcheth with thee arm in arm. Shakesp.
Our bodies, ev'ry footstep that they make;
March towards death, until at last they die. Davies.
Like thee appear,
Like thee, great son of Jove, like thee,
When clad in rising majesty,
Thou marchest down o'er Delos' hills. Prior.
The power of wisdom march'd before. Pope's Odyssey.

To MARCH. v. n.
1. To put in military movement.
Cyrus marching his army for divers days over mountains of
snow, the dazzling splendor of its whiteness prejudiced the
sight of very many of his soldiers. Boyle on Colours.
2. To bring in regular procession.
March them again in fair array,
And bid them form the happy day;
The happy day design'd to wait
On William's fame, and Europe's fate. Prior.

MARCH. n. s. [marcher, French.]
1. Movement; journey of soldiers.
These troops came to the army harrassed with a long and
wearisome march, and cast away their arms and garments,
and fought in their shirts. Bacon's War with Spain.
Who should command, by his Almighty nod,
These chosen troops, unconscious of the road,
And unacquainted with th' appointed end,
Their marches to begin, and thither tend. Blackmore.
Their march begins in military state. Van. of hu. Wishes.
2. Grave and solemn walk.
Waller was smooth, but Dryden taught to join
The varying verse, the full resounding line,
The long majestick march, and energy divine. Pope.
3. Deliberate or laborious walk.
We came to the roots of the mountain, and had a very
troublesome march to gain the top of it. Addison on Italy.
4. Signals to move.
The drums presently striking up a march, they make no
longer stay, but forward they go directly towards Neostat.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
5. Marches, without singular. [marcu, Gothick; mearc, Saxon;
marche, French.] Borders; limits; confines.
They of those marches
Shall be a wall sufficient to defend
Our inland from the pilferring borderers. Shakespeare.
The English colonies were enforced to keep continual
guards upon the borders and marches round them. Davies.
It is not fit that a king of an island should have any marches
or borders but the four seas. Davies on Ireland.

MA’RCHER. n. s. [from marcheur, French.] President of the
marches or borders.
Many of our English lords made war upon the Welshmen
at their own charge; the lands which they gained they held
to their own use; they were called lords marchers, and had
royal liberties. Davies on Ireland.

MA’RCHIONESS. n. s. [feminine, formed by adding the English
female termination to the Latin marchio.] The wife of a
marquis.
The king's majesty
Does purpose honour to you, no less flowing
Than marchioness of Pembroke. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
From a private gentlewoman he made me a marchioness,
and from a marchioness a queen, and now he intends to crown
my innocency with the glory of martyrdom. Bacon's Apophth.
The lady marchioness, his wife, sollicited very diligently the
timely preservation of her husband. Clarendon, b. viii.

MA’RCHPANE. n. s. [massepane, French.] A kind of sweet
bread, or biscuit.
Along whose ridge such bones are met,
Like comfits round in marchpane set. Sidney, b. ii.

MA’RCID. adj. [marcidus, Latin.] Lean; pining; withered.
A burning colliquative fever, the softer parts being melted
away, the heat continuing its adustion upon the drier and
fleshy parts, changes into a marcid fever. Harvey on Cons.
He on his own fish pours the noblest oil;
That to your marcid dying herbs assign'd,
By the rank smell and taste betrays its kind. Dryden.

MA’RCOUR. n. s. [marcor, Latin.] Leanness; the state of wi­
thering; waste of flesh.
Considering the exolution and languor ensuing the action
of venery in some, the extenuation and marcour in others,
it much abridgeth our days. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
A marcour is either imperfect, tending to a lesser wither­
ing, which is curable; or perfect, that is, an entire-wasting
of the body, excluding all means of cure. Harvey on Cons.

MARE. n. s. [mare, Saxon.]
1. The female of a horse.
A pair of coursers born of heav'nly breed,
Whom Circe stole from her celestial sire,
By substituting mares, produc'd on earth,
Whose wombs conceiv'd a more than mortal birth. Dryd.
2. [From mara, the name of a spirit imagined by the nations
of the north to torment sleepers.] A kind of torpor or stag­
nation, which seems to press the stomach with a weight; the
night hag.
Mab, his merry queen by night,
Bestrides young folks that lie upright,
In elder times the mare that hight,
Which plagues them out of measure. Drayton's Nymphid.
Mushrooms cause the incubus, or the mare in the stomach.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 546.

MA’RESCHAL. n. s. [mareschal, French, derived by Junius from
mare, the female of an horse.] A chief commander of an
army.
O William, may thy arms advance,
That he may lose Dinant next year,
And so be mareschal of France. Prior.

MA’RGARITE. n. s. [margarita, Latin; marguerite, French.]
A pearl.
Silver is the second metal, and signifies purity; among the
planets it holdeth with luna, among precious stones with the
margarite or pearl. Peacham on Blazoning.

MA’RGARITES. n. s. An herb. Ains.

MARGE. n. s. [margo, Latin; marge, French.]

MA’RGENT. n. s. [margo, Latin; marge, French.]

MA’RGIN. n. s. [margo, Latin; marge, French.]
1. The border; the brink; the edge; the verge.
He drew his flaming sword, and struck
At him so fiercely, that the upper marge
Of his sevensold shield away it took. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Never since
Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead,
Or on the beached margent of the sea. Shakespeare.
An airy crowd came rushing where he stood,
Which fill'd the margin of the fatal flood. Dryden's æn.
2. The edge of a page left blank, or fill'd with a short note.
As much love in rhime,
As would be cramm'd up in a sheet of paper
Writ on both sides the leaf, margent and all. Shakespeare.
Reconcile those two places, which both you and the mar­
gins of our bibles acknowledge to be parallel. Hammond.
He knows in law, nor text, nor margent. Swift.
3. The edge of a wound or sore.
All the advantage to be gathered from it is only from the
evenness of its margin, the purpose will be as fully answered
by keeping that under only. Sharp's Surgery.

MA’RGINAL. n. s. [marginal, French, from margin.] Placed,
or written on the margin.
We cannot better interpret the meaning of these words
than pope Leo himself expoundeth them, whose speech con­
cerning our Lord's ascension may serve instead of a marginal
gloss. Hooker, b. v.
What remarks you find worthy of your riper observation
note with a marginal star, as being worthy of your second
year's review. Watts's Logick.

MA’RGINATED. adj.  [marginatus, Lat. from margin.] Having
a margin.

MA’RGRAVE. n. s. [marck and graff, German.] A title of so­
vereignty in Germany; in its original import, keeper of the
marches or borders.

MA’RIETS. n. s. A kind of violet. Dict.

MA’RIGOLD. n. s. [Mary and gold.] A yellow flower, devoted,
I suppose, to the virgin.


The marigold hath a radiated discous flower; the petals of
them are, for the most part, crenated, the seeds crooked and
rough; those which are uppermost long, and those within
short: the leaves are long, intire, and, for the most part,
succulent. Miller.
Your circle will teach you to draw truly all spherical bo­
dies. The most of flowers; as, the rose and marigold. Peach.
The marigold, whose courtier's face
Echoes the sun, and doth unlace
Her at his rise. Cleveland.
Fair is the gilliflower, of gardens sweet,
Fair is the marigold, for pottage meet. Gay's Pastorals.

To MA’RINATE. v. a. [mariner, French.] To salt fish, and
then preserve them in oil or vinegar.
Why am I styl'd a cook, if I'm so loath
To marinate my fish, or season broth. King's Cookery.

MARI’NE. adj. [marinus, Latin.] Belonging to the sea.
The king was desirous that the ordinances of England and
France, touching marine affairs, might be reduced into one
form. Hayward.
Vast multitudes of shells, and other marine bodies, are
found lodged in all sorts of stone. Woodward.
No longer Circe could her flame disguise,
But to the suppliant God marine replies. Garth's Ovid.

MARI’NE. n. s. [la marine, French.]
1. Sea-affairs.
Nearchus, who commanded Alexander's fleet, and One­
sicrates his intendant-general of marine, have both left rela­
tions of the state of the Indies at that time. Arbuthnot.
2. A soldier taken on shipboard to be employed in descents upon
the land.

MA’RINER. n. s. [from mare, Latin; marinier, French.] A
seaman; a sailor.
The merry mariner unto his word
Soon hearkened, and her painted boat straightway
Turn'd to the shore. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Your ships are not well mann'd,
Your mariners are muliteers, or reapers. Shakespeare.
We oft deceive ourselves, as did that mariner who, mis­
taking them for precious stones, brought home his ship
fraught with common pebbles from the remotest Indies.
Glanville's Scep.
His busy mariners he hastes,
His shatter'd sails with rigging to restore. Dryden.
What mariner is not afraid,
To venture in a ship decay'd. Swift's Miscel.

MA’RJORAM. n. s. [marjorana, Lat. marjolaine, Fr.] A fragrant
plant of many kinds; the bastard kind only grows here.
The nymphs of the mountains would be drawn upon their
heads garlands of honeysuckles, woodbine, and sweet marjo­
ram. Peacham on Drawing.

MA’RISH. n. s. [marais, French; mersc, Saxon; maersche,
Dutch.] A bog; a fen; a swamp; watry ground; a marsh;
a morass; a more.
The flight was made towards Dalkeith; which way, by
reason of the marish, the English horse were least able to
pursue. Hayward.
When they had avenged the blood of their brother, they
turned again to the marish of Jordan. 1 Mac. ix. 42.
Lodronius, carried away with the breaking in of the
horsemen, was driven into a marish; where, after being sore
wounded, and fast in the mud, he had done the uttermost.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
His limbs he coucheth in the cooler shades;
Oft, when heaven's burning eye the fields invades,
To marishes resorts. Sandys's Paraphrase.
From the other hill
To their fix'd station, all in bright array,
The cherubim descended; on the ground
Gliding meteorous, as ev'ning mist
Ris'n from a river, o'er the marish glides,
And gathers ground fast at the labourer's heel. Milton.

MA’RISH. adj. Morish; fenny; boggy; swampy.
It hath been a great endangering to the health of some
plantations, that they have built along the sea and rivers, in
marish and unwholesome grounds. Bacon's Essays.
The fen and quamire so marish by kind,
Are to be drained. Tusser's Husbandry.

MA’RITAL. n. s. [maritus, Latin; marital, French.] Pertain­
ing to a husband; incident to a husband.
If any one retains a wife that has been taken in the act of
adultery, he hereby incurs the guilt of the crime of bawdry.
But because repentance does, for the most part, consist in the
mind, and since Christian charity, as well as marital affec­
tion, easily induces a belief thereof, this law is not observed.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
It has been determined by some unpolite professors of the
law, that a husband may exercise his marital authority so far,
as to give his wife moderate correction. Art of Tormenting.

MA’RITATED. adj. [from maritus, Latin.] Having a hus­
band. Dict.

MARI’TIMAL. adj. [maritimus, Latin; maritime, Fr.]

MA’RITIME. adj. [maritimus, Latin; maritime, Fr.]
1. Performed on the sea; marine.
I discoursed of a maritimal voyage, and the passages and
incidents therein. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Relating to the sea; naval.
At the parliament at Oxford, his youth, and want of ex­
perience in maritime service, had somewhat been shrewdly
touched. Wotton's Buckingham.
3. Bordering on the sea.
The friend, the shores maritimal
Sought for his bed, and found a place upon which play'd
The murmurring billows. Chapman's Iliads.
Ercoco, and the less maritime kings
Monbaza and Quiloa. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Neptune upbraided them with their stupidity and igno­
rance, that a maritime town should neglect the patronage of
him who was the god of the seas. Addison's Freeholder.

MARK. n. s. [marc, Welsh; mearc, Saxon; mercke, Dutch;
marque, French.]
1. A token by which any thing is known.
Once was proclaimed throughout all Ireland, that all men
should mark their cattle with an open several mark upon their
flanks or buttocks, so as if they happened to be stolen they
might appear whose they were. Spenser on Ireland.
In the present form of the earth there are certain marks
and indications of its first state; with which, if we compare
those things that are recorded in sacred history, we may dis­
cover what the earth was in its first original. Burnet.
The urine is a lixivium of the salts in a human body, and
the proper mark of the state and quantity of such salts; and
therefore very certain indications for the choice of diet may
be taken from the state of urine. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A token; an impression.
But cruel fate, and my more cruel wife,
To Grecian swords betray'd my sleeping life:
These are the monuments of Helen's love,
The shame I bear below, the marks I bore above. Dryden.
'Twas then old soldiers cover'd o'er with scars,
The marks of Pyrrhus, or the Punick wars,
Thought all past services rewarded well,
If to their share at least two acres fell. Dryden's Juvenal.
At present there are scarce any marks left of a subterra­
neous fire; for the earth is cold, and over-run with grass and
shrubs. Addison on Italy.
3. A proof; an evidence.
As the confusion of tongues was a mark of separation, so
the being of one language is a mark of union. Bacon.
The Argonauts sailed up the Danube, and from thence
passed into the Adriatick, carrying their ship Argo upon their
shoulders; a mark of great ignorance in geography among
the writers of that time. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. Notice taken.
5. Conveniency of notice.
Upon the north sea bordereth Stow, so called, per emi­
nentiam, as a place of great and good mark and scope.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
6. Any thing at which a missile weapon is directed.
France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland, and
could better reward the conqueror. Davies on Ireland.
Be made the mark
For all the people's hate, the prince's curses.
Denham.
7. The evidence of a horse's age.
At four years old cometh the mark of tooth in horses,
which hath a hole as big as you may lay a pea within it;
and weareth shorter and shorter every year, till at eight years
old the tooth is smooth. Bacon's Nat. Hist. N. 754.
8. [Marque, French.] Licence of reprisals.
9. [Marc, French.] A sum of thirteen shillings and four­
pence.
We give thee for reward a thousand marks. Shakespeare.
Thirty of these pence make a mancus, which some think
to be all one with a mark, for that manca and mancusa is
translated, in ancient books, by marca. Camden's Remains.
Upon every writ for debt or damage, amounting to forty
pounds or more, a noble is paid to fine; and so for every
hundred marks more a noble. Bacon.
10. A character made by those who cannot write their names.
Here are marriage vows for signing;
Set your marks that cannot write. Dryden's King Arthur.

To MARK. v. a. [merken, Dutch; mearcan, Saxon; marquer,
French.]
1. To impress with a token, or evidence.
Will it not be received,
When we have mark'd with blood those sleepy two
Of his own chamber, and us'd their very daggers,
That they have don't. Shakesp. Macheth.
For our quiet possession of things useful, they are naturally
marked where there is need. Crew's Cosmol.
2. To distinguish as by a mark.


That which was once the index to point out all virtues,
does now mark out that part of the world where least of them
resides. Decay of Piety.
3. To note; to take notice of.
Alas, poor country!
Where sighs, and groans, and shrieks, that rend the air,
Are made, not mark'd! Shakesp. Macbeth.
Mark them which cause divisions contrary to the doctrine
which ye have learned, and avoid them. Rom. xvi. 17.
Now swear, and call to witness
Heav'n, hell, and earth, I mark it not from one
That breaths beneath such complicated guilt. Smith.

To MARK. v. n. To note; to take notice.
Men mark when they hit, and never mark when they miss,
as they do also of dreams. Bacon's Essays.
Mark a little why Virgil is so much concerned to make
this marriage; it is to make way for the divorce which he
intended afterwards. Dryden's æn.

MAR’KER. n. s. [marqueur, French, from mark.]
1. 4One that puts a mark on any thing.
2. One that notes, or takes notice.

MA’RKET. n. s. [anciently written mercat, of mercatus, Lat.]
1. A publick time of buying and selling.
It were good that the privilege of a market were given, the
rather to enable them to their defence; for there is nothing
doth sooner cause civility than many market towns, by reason
the people repairing often thither will learn civil manners.
Spenser on Ireland.
Mistress, know yourself, down on your knees,
And thank heav'n, fasting, for a good man's love:
For I must tell you friendly in your ear,
Sell when you can, you are not for all markets. Shakesp.
They counted our life a pastime, and our time here a
market for gain. Wisd. xv. 12.
If one bushel of wheat and two bushels of barley will, in
the market, be taken one for another, they are of equal worth.
Locke.
2. Purchace and sale.
With another year's continuance of the war, there will
hardly be money left in this kingdom to turn the common
markets, or pay rents. Temple.
The precious weight
Of pepper and Sabæan incense take,
And with post-haste thy running market make,
Be sure to turn the penny. Dryden's Persius.
3. Rate; price. [marché, French.]
'Twas then old soldiers, cover'd o'er with scars,
Thought all past services rewarded well,
If, to their share, at least two acres fell,
Their country's frugal bounty; so of old
Was blood and life at a low market sold. Dryden's Juv.

To MA’RKET. v. n. To deal at a market; to buy or sell;
to make bargains.

MA’RKET-BELL. n. s. [market and bell.] The bell to give no­
tice that trade may begin in the market.
Enter, go in, the marketbell is rung. Shakesp. Henry VI.

MA’RKET-CROSS. n. s. [market and cross.] A cross set up where
the market is held.
These things you have articulated,
Proclaim'd at marketcrosses, read in churches,
To face the garment of rebellion
With some fine colour. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

MA’RKET-DAY. n. s. [market and day.] The day on which
things are publickly bought and sold.
Fool that I was, I thought imperial Rome,
Like Mantua, where on marketdays we come,
And thither drive our lambs. Dryden's Virgil.
He ordered all the Lucquese to be seized that were found
on a marketday in one of his frontier towns. Addison on Italy.

MA’RKET-FOLKS. n. s. [market and folks.] People that come to
the market.
Poor marketfolks, that come to sell their corn. Shakesp.

MA’RKET-MAN. n. s. [market and man.] One who goes to the
market to sell or buy.
Be wary how you place your words,
Talk like the vulgar sort of marketmen,
That come to gather money for their corn. Shakespeare.
The marketman should act as if his master's whole estate
ought to be applied to that servant's business. Swift.

MA’RKET-MAID. n. s. [market and maid.] A woman that goes
to buy or sell.
You are come
A marketmaid to Rome, and have prevented
The ostentation of our love. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

MA’RKET-PLACE. n. s. [market and place.] Place where the
market is held.
The king, thinking he had put up his sword, because of
the noise, never took leisure to hear his answer, but made
him prisoner, meaning the next morning to put him to death
in the marketplace. Sidney, b. ii.
The gates he order'd all to be unbarr'd,
And from the marketplace to draw the guard. Dryden.
Behold the marketplace with poor o'erspread,
The man of Ross divides the weekly bread. Pope.

MA’RKET-PRICE. n. s. [market and price or rate.] The price
at which any thing is currently sold.

MA’RKET-RATE. n. s. [market and price or rate.] The price
at which any thing is currently sold.
Money governs the world, and the marketprice is the mea­
sure of the worth of men as well as of fishes. L'Estrange.
He that wants a vessel, rather than lose his market will not
stick to have it at the marketrate. Locke.

MA’RKET-TOWN. n. s. A town that has the privilege of a
stated market; not a village.
Nothing doth sooner cause civility in any country than
markettowns, by reason that people repairing often thither
will learn civil manners of the better sort. Spenser.
No, no, the pope's mitre my master Sir Roger seized,
when they would have burnt him at our markettown. Gay.

MA’RKETABLE. adj. [from market.]
1. Such as may be sold; such for which a buyer may be found.
A plain fish, and no doubt marketable.Shakespeare.
2. Current in the market.
The pretorian soldiers arrived to that impudence, that
after the death of Pertinax they made open port sale of the
empire, as if it had been of common marketable wares.
Decay of Piety.
The marketable value of any quantities of two commodities
are equal, when they will exchange one for another. Locke.

MA’RKMAN. n. s. [mark and man.] A man skilful to hit a
mark.

MA’RKSMAN. n. s. [mark and man.] A man skilful to hit a
mark.
In sadness, cousin, I do love a woman.
—I aim'd so near when I suppos'd you lov'd.
—A right good marksman. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Whom nothing can procure,
When the wide world runs bias from his will,
To writhe his limbs, and share, not mend the ill.
This is the marksman, safe and sure,
Who still is right, and prays to be so still. Herbert.
An ordinary marksman may know certainly when he shoots
less wide at what he aims. Dryden's Ded. to the Sp. Fryar.

MARL. n. s. [marl, Welsh; mergel, Dutch; marga, Latin;
marle, marne, Fr. in Saxon, merg is marrow, with an allu­
sive signification, marl being the fatness of the earth.]
Marl is a kind of clay, which is become fatter, and of a
more enriching quality, by a better fermentation, and by its
having lain so deep in the earth as not to have spent or
weakened its fertilizing quality by any product. Marl is
supposed to be much of the nature of chalk, and is believed
to be fertile from its salt and oily quality. Quincy.
We understand by the term marls simple native earths,
less heavy than the boles or clays, not soft and unctuous to
the touch, nor ductile while moist, dry and crumbly between
the fingers, and readily diffusible in water. Hill.
Marl is the best compost, as having most fatness, and not
heating the ground too much. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 596.
Uneasy steps
Over the burning marl, not like those steps
On heaven's azure. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.

To MARL. v. a. [from the noun.] To manure with marl.
Those improvements by marling, liming, and draining,
have been been made since money was at five and six per
cent. Child's Discourse of Trade.
Sandy land marled will bear good white or blue pease.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

To MARL. v. a. [from marline.] To fasten the sails with mar­
line. Ains.

MA’RLINE. n. s. [mearn, Skinner.] Long wreaths of untwist­
ed hemp dipped in pitch, with which the ends of cables are
guarded against friction.
Some the gall'd ropes with dawby marline bind,
Or searcloth masts with strong tarpawling coats. Dryden.

MA’RLINESPIKE. n. s. A small piece of iron for fastening
ropes together, or to open the bolt rope when the sail is to
be sewed in it. Bailey.

MA’RLPIT. n. s. [marl and pit.] Pit out of which marl is dug.
Several others, of different figures, were found; part of
them in a rivulet, the rest in a marlpit in a field. Woodward.

MA’RLY. adj. [from marl.] Abounding with marl.
The oak thrives best on the richest clay, and will penetrate
strangely to come at a marly bottom. Mortimer.

MA’RMALADE. n. s. [marmelade, Fr. marmelo, Portuguese,
a quince.]

MA’RMALET. n. s. [marmelade, Fr. marmelo, Portuguese,
a quince.]
Marmalade is the pulp of quinces boiled into a consistence
with sugar: it is subastringent, and grateful to the stomach.
Quincy.

MARMORA’TION. n. s. [marmor, Latin.] Incrustation with
marble. Dict.

MARMO’REAN. adj. [marmorcus, Lat.] Made of marble. Dict.

MA’RMOSET. n. s. [marmouset, French.] A small monkey.
I will instruct thee how
To snare the nimble marmozet. Sakespeare's Tempest.



MARMOT. n. s. [Italian.]

MARMO’TTO. n. s. [Italian.]
The marmotto, or mus alpinus, as big or bigger than a
rabbit, which absonds all winter, doth live upon its own
fat. Ray on Creation.

MA’RQUETRY. n. s. [marqueterie, French.] Checquered work;
work inlaid with variegation.

MA’RQUIS. n. s. [marquis, French; marchio, Lat. margrave,
German.]
1. In England one of the second order of nobility, next in rank
to a duke.
Peace, master marquis, you are malapert;
Your fire-new stamp of honour is scarce current. Shakesp.
None may wear ermine but princes, and there is a certain
number of ranks allowed to dukes, marquisses, and earls,
which they must not exceed. Peacham on Drawing.
2. Marquis is used by Shakespeare for marchioness. [marquise, Fr.]
You shall have
Two noble partners with you: the old duchess
Of Norfolk, and the lady marquess Dorset. Shakespeare.

MA’RQUISATE. n. s. [marquisat, French.] The feigniory of a
marquis.

MA’RRER. n. s. [from mar.] One who spoils or hurts any
thing.
You be indeed makers, or marrers, of all mens manners
within the realm. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

MA’RRIAGE. n. s. [mariage, French; maritagium, low Latin,
from maritus.] The act of uniting a man and woman for
life.
The marriage with his brother's wife
Has crept too near his conscience. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If that thy bent of love be honourable,
Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow. Shakesp.
The French king would have the disposing of the marriage
of Bretagne, with an exception, that he should not marry her
himself. Bacon.
Some married persons, even in their marriage, do better
please God than some virgins in their state of virginity: they,
by giving great example of conjugal affection, by preserving
their faith unbroken, and by educating children in the fear
of God, please God in a higher degree than those virgins
whose piety is not answerable to their opportunities. Taylor.
I propose that Palamon shall be
In marriage join'd with beauteous Emily. Dryden.

MA’RRIAGE is often used in composition.
Neither her worthiness, which in truth was great, nor his
own suffering for her, which is wont to endear affection,
could fetter his fickleness; but, before the marriage-day ap­
pointed, he had taken to wife Baccha, of whom she com­
plained. Sidney, b. ii.
I by the honour of my marriage-bed,
After young Arthur, claim this land for mine. Shakesp.
Thou shalt come into the marriage chamber. Tob. vi. 16.
There on his arms and once lov'd portrait lay,
Thither our fatal marriage-bed convey. Denham.
To these whom death again did wed,
This grave's the second marriage-bed:
For though the hand of fate could force
'Twixt soul and body a divorce,
It could not sever man and wife,
Because they both liv'd but one life. Crashaw.
Give me, to live and die,
A spotless maid, without the marriage-tie. Dryden.
In a late draught of marriage-articles, a lady stipulated
with her husband, that she shall be at liberty to patch on
which side she pleases. Addison's Spect. No. 81.
Virgin awake! the marriage-hour is nigh. Pope.

MA’RRIAGEABLE. adj. [from marriage.]
1. Fit for wedlock; of age to be married.
Every wedding, one with another, produces four children, 
and consequently that is the proportion of children which
any marriageable man or woman may be presumed shall have.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
I am the father of a young heiress, whom I begin to look
upon as marriageable. Spect. No. 237.
When the girls are twelve years old, which is the mar­
riageable age, their parents take them home. Swift.
2. Capable of union.
They led the vine
To wed her elm; she spous'd about him twines
Her marriageable arms, and with her brings
Her dow'r, th' adopted clusters to adorn
His barren leaves. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

MA’RRIED. adj. [from marry.] Conjugal; connubial.
Thus have you shun'd the marry'd state. Dryden.

MA’RROW. n. s. [merg, Saxon; smerr, Erse; smergh, Scot­
tish.]
All the bones of the body which have any considerable
thickness have either a large cavity, or they are spongious,
and full of little cells: in both the one and the other there is
an oleagenous substance, called marrow, contained in proper
vesicles or membranes, like the fat: in the larger bones this
fine oil, by the gentle heat of the body, is exhaled through
the pores of its small bladders, and enters some narrow pas­
sages, which lead to some fine canals excavated in the sub­
stance of the bone, that the marrow may supple the fibres of
the bones, and render them less apt to break. Quincy.
Would he were wasted, marrow, bones, and all,
That from his loins no hopeful branch may spring. Shak.
The skull hath brains as a kind of marrow within it: the
back-bone hath one kind of marrow, and other bones of the
body hath another: the jaw-bones have no marrow severed,
but a little pulp of marrow diffused. Bacon.
Pamper'd and edify'd their zeal
With marrow puddings many a meal. Hudibras, p. ii.
He bit the dart, and wrench'd the wood away,
The point still buried in the marrow lay. Addison's Ovid.

MA’RROW, in the Scottish dialect, to this day, denotes a fel­
low, companion, or associate; as also equal match, he met
with his marrow.
Though buying and selling doth wonderful wel,
Yet chopping and changing I cannot commend
With theef of his marrow for fear of il end. Tusser.

MARR’OWBONE. n. s. [bone and marrow.]
1. Bone boiled for the marrow.
2. In burlesque language, the knees.
Upon this he fell down upon his marrowbones, and begged
of Jupiter to give him a pair of horns. L'Estrange's Fables.
Down on your marrowbones, upon your allegiance; and
make an acknowledgement of your offences; for I will have
ample satisfaction. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

MARR’OWFAT. n. s. A kind of pea.

MARRO’WLESS. adj. [from marrow.] Void of marrow.
Avaunt!
Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold;
Thou hast no speculation in those eyes,
Which thou dost glare with. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To MARRY. v. a. [marier, French; maritor, Latin.]
1. To join a man and woman.
What! shall the curate controul me? Tell him, that he
shall marry the couple himself. Gay's What d ye call it.
2. To dispose of in marriage.
When Augustus consulted with Mecænas about the mar­
riage of his daughter Julia, Mecænas took the liberty to tell
him, that he must either marry his daughter to Agrippa, or
take away his life; there was no third way, he had made
him so great. Bacon's Essays, No. 28.
3. To take for husband or wife.
You'd think it strange if I should marry her. Shakesp.
Go in to thy brother's wife, and marry her. Gen. xxxviii.
As a mother shall she meet him, and receive him as a
wife married of a virgin. Ecclus. xv. 2.

To MA’RRY. v. n. To enter into the conjugal state.
He hath my good will,
And none but he, to marry with Nan Page. Shakespeare.
Let them marry to whom they think best. Num. xxxvi. 6.
Virgil concludes with the death of Turnus; for after that
difficulty was removed, æneas might marry, and establish
the Trojans. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

MARSH, are derived from the Saxon mersc, a fen, or fenny
place. Gibson's Camden.

MARS, are derived from the Saxon mersc, a fen, or fenny
place. Gibson's Camden.

MAS, are derived from the Saxon mersc, a fen, or fenny
place. Gibson's Camden.

MARSH. n. s. [mersc, Saxon. See MARISH.] A fen; a
bog; a swamp; a watry tract of land.
In their courses make that round,
In meadows, and in marshes found,
Of them so call'd the fayry ground,
Of which they have the keeping. Drayton's Nymphid.
Worms, for colour and shape, alter even as the ground
out of which they are got; as the marsh worm and the stag
worm. Walton's Angler.
We may see in more conterminous climates great variety
in the people thereof; the up-lands in England yield strong,
sinewy, hardy men; the marsh-lands, men of large and high
stature. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Your low meadows and marsh-lands you need not lay up
till April, except the Spring be very wet, and your marshes
very poachy. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MARSH-MALLOW. n. s. [althæa, Lat.] It is in all respects like
the mallow, but its leaves are generally more foft and woolly.
Miller.

MARSH-MARIGOLD. n. s. [populago, Lat.] This flower con­
sists of several leaves, which are placed circularly, and ex­
pand in form of a rose, in the middle of which rises the
pointal, which afterward becomes a membranaceous fruit, in
which there are several cells, which are, for the most part,
bent downwards, collected into little heads, and are full of
seeds. Miller.
And set foft hyacinths with iron-blue,
To shade marsh-marigolds of shining hue. Dryden.



MA’RSHAL. n. s. [mareschal, Fr. mareschallus, low Lat. from
marscale, old French; a word compounded of mare, which,
in old French, signified a horse, and scale, a sort of servant;
one that has the charge of horses.]
1. The chief officer of arms.
The duke of Suffolk claims
To be high steward; next the duke of Norfolk
To be carl marshal. Shakespeare.
2. An officer who regulates combats in the lists.
Dares their pride presume against my laws,
As in a listed field to fight their cause?
Unask'd the royal grant; no marshal by,
As kingly rites require, nor judge to try. Dryden.
3. Any one who regulates rank or order at a feast, or any other
assembly.
Through the hall there walked to and fro
A jolly yeoman, marshal of the same,
Whose name was Appetite; he did bestow
Both guests and meats, whenever in they came,
And knew them how to order without blame. Fa. Queen.
4. An harbinger; a pursuivant; one who goes before a prince
to declare his coming, and provide entertainment.
Her face, when it was fairest, had been but as a marshal
to lodge the love of her in his mind, which now was so well
placed as it needed no further help of outward harbinger.
Sidney.

To MA’RSHAL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To arrange; to rank in order.
Multitude of jealousies, and lack of some predominant
desire, that should marshal and put in order all the rest,
maketh any man's heart hard to find or sound. Bacon.
It is as unconceivable how it should be the directrix of such
intricate motions, as that a blind man should marshal an ar­
my. Glanville's Scep.
Anchises look'd not with so pleas'd a face,
In numb'ring o'er his future Roman race,
And marshalling the heroes of his name,
As, in their order, next to light they came. Dryden.
2. To lead as an harbinger.
Art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation.
Thou marshal'st me the way that I was going. Shakesp.

MA’RSHALLER. n. s. [from marshal.] One that arranges; one
that ranks in order.
Dryden was the great refiner of English poetry, and the
best marshaller of words. Trapp's Pref. to the æneis.

MA’RSHALSEA. n. s. [from marshal.] The prison in Southwark
belonging to the marshal of the king's houshold.

MA’RSHALSHIP. n. s. [from marshal.] The office of a mar­
shal.

MARSHE’LDER. n. s. A gelderrose, of which it is a species.

MARSHRO’CKET. n. s. A species of watercresses.

MARSHY. adj. [from marsh.]
1. Boggy; wet; fenny; swampy.
Though here the marshy grounds approach your fields,
And there the soil a stony harvest yields. Dryden's Virg.
It is a distemper of such as inhabit marshy, fat, low, moist
soils, near stagnating water. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. Produced in marshes.
Feed
With delicates of leaves and marshy weed. Dryden.

MART. n. s. [contracted from market.]
1. A place of publick traffick.
Christ could not suffer that the temple should serve for a
place of mart, nor the apostle of Christ that the church should
be made an inn. Hooker, b. v.
If any born at Ephesus
Be seen at Syracusan marts and fairs,
He dies. Shakespeare.
Ezechiel, in the description of Tyre, and the exceeding
trade that it had with all the East as the only mart town, re­
citeth both the people with whom they commerce, and also
what commodities every country yielded. Raleigh.
Many may come to a great mart of the best horses.
Temple's Miscel.
The French, since the accession of the Spanish monarchy,
supply with cloth the best mart we had in Europe. Addison.
2. Bargain; purchase and sale.
I play a merchant's part,
And venture madly on a desperate mart. Shakesp.
3. Letters of mart. See MARK.

To MART. v. a. [from the noun.] To traffick; to buy or
sell.
Sooth when I was young I wou'd have ransack'd
The pedlar's silken treasury, you've let him go,
And nothing marted with him. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Cassius, you yourself,
Do sell and mart your offices for gold
To undeservers. Shakesp. Julius Cœsar.
If he shall think it fit,
A saucy stranger in his court to mart,
As in a stew. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

MA’RTEN. n. s. [marte, martre, Fr. martes, Lat.]

MA’RTERN. n. s. [marte, martre, Fr. martes, Lat.]
1. A large kind of weesel whose fur is much valued.
2. [Martelet, Fr.] A kind of swallow that builds in houses;
a martlet.
A churchwarden, to express St. Martin's in the Fields,
caused to be engraved, on the communion cup, a martin,
a bird like a swallow, sitting upon a mole-hill between two
trees. Peacham on Blazoning.

MA’RTIAL. adj. [martial, Fr. martialis, Latin.]
1. Warlike; fighting; given to war; brave.
Into my feeble breast
Come gently, but not with that mighty rage
Wherewith the martial troopes thou dost infest,
And hearts of great heroes dost enrage. Fairy Queen.
The queen of martials,
And Mars himself conducted them. Chapman's Iliad.
It hath seldom been seen, that the far southern people have
invaded the northern, but contrariwise; whereby it is mani­
fest, that the northern tract of the world is the more martial
region. Bacon's Essays.
His subjects call'd aloud for war;
But peaceful kings o'er martial people set,
Each other's poize and counterbalance are. Dryden.
2. Having a warlike show; suiting war.
See
His thousands, in what martial equipage
They issue forth! Steel bows and shafts their arms,
Of equal dread in flight or in pursuit. Milton's Par. Reg.
When our country's cause provokes to arms,
How martial musick ev'ry bosom warms. Pope.
3. Belonging to war; not civil; not according to the rules or
practice of peaceable government.
Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law in
the world. Shakespeare's Henry V.
They proceeded in a kind of martial justice with their ene­
mies, offering them their law before they drew their sword.
Bacon's holy War.
4. Borrowing qualities from the planet Mars.
The natures of the fixed stars are astrologically differenced
by the planets, and esteemed martial or jovial according to
the colours whereby they answer these planets. Brown.
5. Having parts or properties of iron, which is called Mars by
the chemists.

MA’RTIALIST. n. s. [from martial.] A warrior; a fighter.
Many brave adventrous spirits fell for love of her; amongst
others the high-hearted martialist, who first lost his hands,
then one of his chiefest limbs, and lastly his life. Howell.

MA’RTINGAL. n. s. [martingale, French.] It is a broad strap
made fast to the girths under the belly of a horse, and runs
between the two legs to fasten the other end, under the nose­
band of the bridle. Harris.

MARTI’NMAS. n. s. [martin and mass.] The feast of St. Mar­
tin; the eleventh of November, commonly corrupted to mar­
tilmass or martlemass.
Martilmas beefe doth bear good tacke,
When countrey-folke do dainties lacke. Tusser's Husb.

MA’RTINET. n. s. [martinet, French.] A kind of swallow.

MA’RTLET. n. s. [martinet, French.] A kind of swallow.
This guest of Summer,
The temple-haunting martlet does approve
By his lov'd mansionry, that heaven's breath
Smells wooingly here. No jutting frieze,
Buttrice, nor coigne of vantage, but this bird
Hath made his pendant bed, and procreant cradle.
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observ'd
The air is delicate. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
As in a drought the thirsty creatures cry,
And gape upon the gather'd clouds for rain;
Then first the martlet meets it in the sky,
And with wet wings joys all the feather'd train. Dryden.

MA’RTNETS. n. s. They are small lines fastened to the leetch
of the sail, to bring that part of the leetch which is next to
the yard-arm close up to the yard, when the sail is to be
surled. Bailey.

MA’RTYR. n. s. [?????; martyr, French.] One who by
his death bears witness to the truth.
Prayers and tears may serve a good man's turn; if not to
conquer as a soldier, yet to suffer as a martyr. King Charles.
Thus could not the mouths of worthy martyrs be silenced.
Brown.
Nearer heav'n his virtues shone more bright,
Like rising flames expanding in their height,
The martyr's glory crown'd the soldier's fight. Dryden.
To be a martyr signifies only to witness the truth of Christ;
but the witnessing of the truth was then so generally attended
with persecution, that martyrdom now signifies not only to
witness, but to witness by death. South's Sermons.
The first martyr for Christianity was encouraged, in his
last moments, by a vision of that divine person for whom he
suffered. Addison on the Christian Religion.


Socrates,
Truth's early champion, martyr for his God. Thomson.

To MA’RTYR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put to death for virtue.
2. To murder; to destroy.
You could not beg for grace.
Hark wretches, how I mean to martyr you:
This one hand yet is lest to cut your throats. Shakespeare.
If to every common funeral,
By your eyes martyr'd, such grace were allow'd,
Your face would wear not patches, but a cloud. Suckling.

MA’RTYRDOM. n. s. [from martyr.] The death of a martyr;
the honour of a martyr.
If an insidel should pursue to death an heretick professing
Christianity only for Christian profession sake, could we deny
unto him the honour of martyrdom? Hooker, b. v.
Now that he hath left no higher degree of earthly honour,
he intends to crown their innocency with the glory of mar­
tyrdom. Bacon.
Herod, whose unblest
Hand, O! what dares not jealous greatness? tore
A thousand sweet babes from their mother's breast,
The blooms of martyrdom. Crashaw.
What mists of providence are these,
So saints, by supernatural pow'r set free,
Are left at last in martyrdom to die. Dryden.

MARTYRO’LOGY. n. s. [martyrologe, Fr. martyrologium, Lat.]
A register of martyrs.
In the Roman martyrology we find at one time many thou­
sand martyrs destroyed by Dioclesian, being met together in a
church, rather than escape by offering a little incense at their
coming out. Stillingfleet.

MARTYRO’LOGIST. n. s. [martyrologiste, French.] A writer of
martyrology.

MA’RVEL. n. s. [merveille, French.] A wonder; any thing
astonishing. Little in use.
A marvel it were, if a man could espy, in the whole scrip­
ture, nothing which might breed a probable opinion, that
divine authority was the same way inclinable. Hooker.
I am scarce in breath, my lord.
—No marvel, you have so bestir'd your valour; you
cowardly rascal! Shakespeare's King Lear.
No marvel
My lord protector's hawks do towre so well. Shakespeare.

MARVEL of Peru. A flower. Ains.

To MA’RVEL. v. n. [merveille, French.] To wonder; to be
astonished. Disused.
You make me marvel. Shakespeare.
Harry, I do not only marvel where thou spendest thy time,
but also how thou art accompanied. Shakespeare.
—The army marvelled at it. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The countries marvelled at thee for thy songs, proverbs,
and parables. Ecclus. xlvii. 17.

MA’RVELLOUS. adj. [merveilleux, French.]
1. Wonderful; strange; astonishing.
She has a marvellous white hand, I must confess. Shakesp.
This is the Lord's doing; it is marvellous in our eyes.
Psal. cxviii. 23.
2. Surpassing credit.
The marvellous sable includes whatever is supernatural, and
especially the machines of the gods. Pope's Pref. to the Iliad.
3. The marvellous is used, in works of criticism, to express any
thing exceeding natural power, opposed to the probable.

MA’RVELLOUSLY. adv. [from marvellous.] Wonderfully;
strangely;
You look not well, seignior Antonio;
You have too much respect upon the world;
They lose it that do buy it with much care.
Believe me, you are marvellously chang'd. Shakespeare.
The encouragement of his two late successes, with which
he was marvellously elated. Clarendon, b. viii.

MA’RVELLOUSNESS. n. s. [from marvellous.] Wonderfulness;
strangeness; astonishingness.

MAS

MA’SCULINE. adj. [masculin, Fr. masculinus, Latin.]
1. Male; not female.
Pray God, she prove not masculine ere long! Shakesp.
His long beard noteth the air and fire, the two masculine
elements exercising their operation upon nature being the fe­
minine. Peacham on Drawing.
O! why did God,
Creator wife! that peopl'd highest heav'n
With spirits masculine, create at last
This novelty on earth, this fair defect
Of nature? Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
2. Resembling man; virile; not soft; not effeminate.
You find something bold and masculine in the air and pos­
ture of the first figure, which is that of virtue. Addison.
3. [In grammar.] It denotes the gender appropriated to the
male kind in any word, though not always expressing sex.

MA’SCULINELY. adv. [from masculine.] Like a man.
Aurelia tells me, you have done most masculinely,
And play the orator. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.

MA’SCULINENESS. n. s. [from masculine.] Mannishness; male
figure or behaviour.

MASH. n. s. [masche, Dutch.]
1. The space between the threads of a net, commonly written
mesh.
To defend one's self against the stings of bees, have a net
knit with so small mashes, that a bee cannot get through.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Any thing mingled or beaten together into an undistinguish­
ed or confused body. [from mischen, Dutch, to mix, or mas­
cher, French.]
3. A mixture for a horse.
Put half a peck of ground malt into a pale, then put to it
as much scalding water as will wet it well; stir it about for
half an hour till the water is very sweet, and give it the horse
lukewarm: this mash is to be given to a horse after he has
taken a purge, to make it work the better; or in the time
of great sickness, or after hard labour. Farrier's Dict.
When mares soal, they feed them with mashes, and other
moist food. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To MASH. v. a. [mascher, French.]
1. To beat into a confused mass.
The pressure would be intolerable, and they would even
mash themselves and all things else apieces. More.
To break the claw of a lobster, clap it between the sides
of the dining-room door: thus you can do it without mash­
ing the meat. Swift's Directions to the Footman.
2. To mix malt and water together in brewing.
What was put in the first mashing-tub draw off, as also
that liquor in the second mashing-tub. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MASK. n. s. [masque, French.]
1. A cover to disguise the face; a visor.
Now love pulled off his mask, and shewed his face unto
her, and told her plainly that she was his prisoner. Sidney.
Since she did neglect her looking-glass,
And throw her sun-expelling mask away;
The air hath starv'd the roses in her cheeks,
And pitch'd the lily tincture of her face. Shakespeare.
Could we suppose that a mask represented never so natu­
rally the general humour of a character, it can never suit
with the variety of passions that are incident to every single
person in the whole course of a play. Addison on Italy.
2. Any pretence or subtersuge.
Too plain thy nakedness of soul espy'd,
Why dost thou strive the conscious shame to hide,
By masks of eloquence, and veils of pride? Prior.
3. A festive entertainment, in which the company is masked.
Will you prepare for this masque to-night. Shakespeare.
4. A revel; a piece of mummery; a wild bustle.
They in the end agreed,
That at a masque and common revelling,
Which was ordain'd, they should perform the deed. Daniel.
This thought might lead me through this world's vain
mask,
Content, though blind, had I no other guide. Milton.
5. A dramatick performance, written in a tragick stile without
attention to rules or probability.
Thus I have broken the ice to invention, for the lively re­
presentation of floods and rivers necessary for our painters and
poets in their picturs, poems, comedies, and masks. Peacham.

To MASK. v. a. [masquer, French.]
1. To disguise with a mask or visor.
What will grow out of such errors as go masked under the
cloke of divine authority, impossible it is that ever the wit of
man should imagine, till time have brought forth the fruits of
them. Hooker.
'Tis not my blood
Wherein thou fee'st me masked. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Him he knew well, and guess'd that it was she;
But being mask'd he was not sure. Shakespeare.
The old Vatican Terence has, at the head of every scene, the
figures of all the persons, with their particular disguises; and
I saw in the Villa di Mattheio an antique statue masked, which
was perhaps designed for Gnatho in the eunuch, for it agrees
exactly with the figure he makes in the manuscript. Addison.
2. To cover; to hide.
I to your assistance do make love,
Masking the business from the common eye,
For sundry weighty reasons. Shakesp. Macbeth.
As when a piece of wanton lawn,
A thin aerial vail is drawn
O'er beauty's face, seeming to hide,
More sweedy shows the blushing bride:
A soul whose intellectual beams
No mists do mask, no lazy steams. Crashaw.

To MASK. v. n.
1. To revel; to play the mummer.
Thy gown? Why, ay; come, taylor, let us see't;
What masking stuff's here! Shakespeare.
Masking habits, and a borrow'd name,
Contrive to hide my plenitude of shame. Prior.
2. To be disguised any way.



MA’SKER. n. s. [from mask.] One who revels in a mask; a
mummer.
Tell false Edward,
That Lewis of France is sending over maskers,
To revel it with him and his new bride. Shakespeare.
Let the scenes abound with light, and let the maskers that
are to come down from the scene have some motions upon
the scene before their coming down. Bacon.
The maskers come late, and I think will stay,
Like fairies, till the cock crow them away. Donne.

MA’SON. n. s. [maçon, French; machio, low Latin.] A builder
with stone.
Many find a reason very wittily before the thing be true;
that the materials being left rough, are more manageable in
the mason's hand than if they had been smooth. Wotton.
A mason that makes a wall meets with a stone that wants
no cutting, and places it in his work. More.

MA’SONRY. n. s. [maçonerie, Fr.] The craft or performance of
a mason.

MASQUERA’DE. n. s. [from masque.]
1. A diversion in which the company is masked.
What guards the purity of melting maids,
In courtly balls, and midnight masquerades,
Safe from the treach'rous friend, and daring spark,
The glance by day, the whisper in the dark. Pope.
2. Disguise.
I was upon the frolick this evening, and came to visit thee
in masquerade. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Truth, of all things the plainest and sincerest, is forced to
gain admittance to us in disguise, and court us in masquerade.
Felton on the Classicks.

To MASQUERA’DE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To go in disguise.
A freak took an ass in the head, and away he goes into
the woods, masquerading up and down in a lion's skin.
L'Estrange's Fables.
2. To assemble in masks.
I find that our art hath not gained much by the happy re­
vival of masquerading among us. Swift.

MASQUERA’DER. n. s. [from masquerade.] A person in a mask.
The most dangerous sort of cheats are but masqueraders un­
der the vizor of friends. L'Estrange.

MASS. n. s. [masse, Fr. massa, Latin.]
1. A body; a lump; a continuous quantity.
If it were not for these principles the bodies, of the earth,
planets, comets, sun, and all things in them, would grow
cold and freeze, and become inactive masses. Newton's Opt.
Some passing into their pores, others adhering in lumps or
masses to their outsides, so as wholly to cover and involve it
in the mass they together constituted. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. A large quantity.
Thy sumptuous buildings, and thy wife's attire,
Have cost a mass of publick treasury. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He had spent a huge mass of treasure in transporting his
army. Davies on Ireland.
3. Bulk; vast body.
The Creator of the world would not have framed so huge
a mass of earth but for some reasonable creatures to have their
habitation. Abbot's Description of the World.
This army of such mass and charge,
Led by a delicate and tender prince. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He discovered to me the richest mines which the Spaniards
have, and from whence all the mass of gold that comes into
Spain is drawn. Raleigh's Essays.
4. Congeries; assemblage indistinct.
The whole knowlege of groupes, of the lights and sha­
dows, and of those masses which Titian calls a bunch of
grapes, is, in the prints of Rubens, exposed clearly to the
sight. Dryden.
At distance, through an artful glass,
To the mind's eye things well appear;
They lose their forms, and make a mass
Confus'd and black, if brought too near. Prior.
Where flowers grow, the ground at a distance seems cover­
ed with them, and we must walk into it before we can di­
stinguish the several weeds that spring up in such a beautiful
mass of colours. Addison's Freeholder.
5. Gross body; the general.
Comets have power over the gross and mass of things; but
they are rather gazed upon than wisely observed in their ef­
fects. Bacon's Essays.
Where'er thou art, he is; th' eternal mind
Acts through all places; is to none confin'd:
Fills ocean, earth, and air, and all above,
And through the universal mass does move. Dryden.
The mass of the people have opened their eyes, and will
not be governed by Clodius and Curio at the head of their
myrmidons. Swift.
If there is not a sufficient quantity of blood and strength
of circulation, it may infect the whole mass of the fluids.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. [Missa, Latin.] The service of the Romish church.
Burnished gold is that manner of gilding which we see in
old parchment and mass books, done by monks and priests.
who were very expert herein. Peacham on Drawing.
He infers, that then Luther must have been unpardonably
wicked in using masses for fifteen years. Atterbury.

To MASS. v. n. [from the noun.] To celebrate mass.
All their massing furniture almost they took from the law,
least having an altar and a priest they should want vestments.
Hooker, b. iv.

To MASS. v. a. [from the noun.] It seems once to have signi­
fied to thicken; to strengthen.
They feared the French might, with filling or massing the
house, or else by fortifying, make such a piece as might an­
noy the haven. Hayward.

MA’SSACRE. n. s. [massacre, French, from mazzare, Italian.]
1. Carnage; slaughter; butchery; indiscriminate destruction.
Of whom such massacre
Make they, but of their brethren, men of men. Milton.
Slaughter grows murder, when it goes too far,
And makes a massacre what was a war. Dryd. Ind. Emp.
2. Murder.
The tyrannous and bloody act is done;
The most arch deed of piteous massacre,
That ever yet this land was guilty of. Shakesp. Rich. III.

To MA’SSACRE. v. a. [massacrer, French, from the noun]
To butcher; to slaughter indiscriminately.
I'll find a day to massacre them all,
And raze their faction, and their family. Shakespeare.
Christian religion, now crumbled into fractions, may, like
dust, be irrecoverably dissipated, if God do not countermine
us, or we recover so much sobriety as to forbear to massacre
what we pretend to love. Decay of Piety.
After the miserable slaughter of the Jews, at the destruction
of Jerusalem, they were scattered into all corners, oppressed
and detested, and sometimes massacred and extirpated. Atterb.

MASSICOT. n. s. [French.]
Massicot is ceruss calcined by a moderate degree of fire; of
this there are three sorts, the white, the yellow, and that of
a golden colour, their difference arising from the different de­
grees of fire applied in the operation. White massicot is of a
yellowish white, and is that which has received the least cal­
cination; yellow massicot has received more, and gold-colour­
ed massicot still more; all of them should be an impalpable
powder, weighty and high-coloured: they are used in paint­
ing. Trevoux.

MA’SSINESS. n. s. [from massy, massive.] Weight; bulk;
ponderousness.

MA’SSIVENESS. n. s. [from massy, massive.] Weight; bulk;
ponderousness.
It was more notorious for the daintiness of the provision
which he served in it, than for the massiness of the dish.
Hakewill on Providence.

MA’SSIVE. adj. [massif, French.] Heavy; weighty; pon­
derous; bulky; continuous.

MA’SSY. adj. [massif, French.] Heavy; weighty; pon­
derous; bulky; continuous.
If you would hurt,
Your swords are now too massy for your strength,
And will not be uplifted. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Perhaps these few stones and sling, used with invocation of
the Lord of Hosts, may countervail the massive armour of
the uncircumcised Philistine. Government of the Tongue.
No sideboards then with gilded plate were press'd,
No sweating slaves with massive dishes dress'd. Dryden.
The more gross and massive parts of the terrestrial globe,
the strata of stone, owe their present order to the deluge.
Woodward's Nat. Hist.
If these liquors or glasses were so thick and massy that no
light could get through them, I question not but that they
would, like all other opaque bodies, appear of one and the
fame colour in all positions of the eye. Newton's Opticks.
Th' intrepid Theban hears the bursting sky,
Sees yawning rocks in massy fragments fly,
And views astonish'd from the hills afar,
The floods descending, and the wat'ry war. Pope's Statius.
Swist the signal giv'n,
They start away, and sweep the massy mound
That runs around the hill. Thomson's Spring.

MAST. n. s. [mast, mát, French; mæst, Saxon.]
1. The beam or post raised above the vessel, to which the sail
is fixed.
Ten masts attach'd make not the altitude
That thou hast perpendicularly fallen. Shakesp. King Lear.
He dropp'd his anchors, and his oars he ply'd;
Furl'd every fail, and drawing down the mast,
His vessel moor'd. Dryden's Homer.
2. The fruit of the oak and beech.
The oaks bear masts, the briars scarlet hips:
The bounteous housewife, nature, on each bush
Lays her full mess before you. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Trees that bear mast, and nuts, are more lasting than those
that bear fruits; as oaks and beeches last longer than apples
and pears. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 583.
When sheep fed like men upon acorns, a shepherd drove
his flock into a little oak wood, and up he went to shake
them down some masts. L'Estrange's Falles.


The breaking down an old frame of government, and
erecting a new, seems like the cutting down an old oak and
planting a young one: it is true, the grandson may enjoy the
shade and the mast, but the planter, besides the pleasure of
imagination, has no other benefit. Temple's Miscel.
As a savage boar,
With forest mast and fat'ning marshes fed,
When once he sees himself in toils inclos'd,
Whets his tusks. Dryden's æn.
Wond'ring dolphins o'er the palace glide;
On leaves and mast of mighty oaks they brouze,
And their broad fins entangle in the boughs. Dryden.

MA’STED. adj. [from mast.] Furnished with masts.

MA’STER. n. s. [meester, Dutch; maistre, French; magister,
Latin.]
1. One who has servants; opposed to man or servant.
But now I was the lord
Of this fair mansion, master of my servnats,
Queen o'er myself; and even now, but now,
This house, these servants, and this same myself
Are yours my lord. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Take up thy master. Shakespeare's King Lear.
My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
Unto the judge that begg'd it;
The boy, his clerk, begg'd mine;
And neither man nor master would take aught
But the two rings. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
2. A director; a governor.
If thou be made the master of a feast, be among them as
one of the rest. Ecclus. xxxii. 1.
My friend, my genius, come along,
Thou master of the poet, and the song. Pope.
3. Owner; proprietor.
An orator, who had undertaken to make a panegyrick on
Alexander the Great, and who had employed the strongest
figures of his rhetorick in the praise of Bucephalus, would
do quite the contrary to that which was expected from him;
because it would be believed, that he rather took the horse
for his subject than the master. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
4. A lord; a ruler.
Wisdom and virtue are the proper qualifications in the
master of a house. Guardian, No. 165.
There Cæsar, grac'd with both Minerva's, shone,
Cæsar, the world's great master, and his own. Pope.
Excuse
The pride of royal blood, that checks my soul:
You know, alas! I was not born to kneel,
To sue for pity, and to own a master. Philips.
5. Chief; head.
Chief master-gunner am I of this town,
Something I must do to procure me grace. Shakespeare.
As a wise master-builder I have laid the foundation, and
another buildeth thereon. 1 Cor. iii. 10.
The best sets are the heads got from the very tops of the
root; the next are the runners, which spread from the master
roots. Mortimer's Husbandry.
6. Possessor.
When I have thus made myself master of a hundred thou­
sand drachms, I shall naturally set myself on the foot of a
prince, and will demand the grand vizier's daughter in
marriage. Addison's Spectator, No. 547.
The duke of Savoy may make himself master of the French
dominions on the other side of the Rhone. Addison.
7. Commander of a trading ship.
An unhappy master is he that is made cunning by many
shipwrecks; a miserable merchant, that is neither rich nor
wise, but after some bankrouts. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
A sailor's wise had chesnuts in her lap;
Her husband's to Aleppo gone, master o'th' Tyger. Shakes.
8. One uncontrouled.
Let ev'ry man be master of his time
Till seven at night. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Great, and increasing; but by sea
He is an absolute master. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
9. A compellation of respect.
Master doctor, you have brought those drugs. Shakesp.
Stand by, my masters, bring him near the king. Shakes.
Masters play here, I will content your pains,
Something that's brief; and bid, good morrow, general.
Shakespeare's Othello.
10. A young gentleman.
If gaming does an aged fire entice,
Then my young master swiftly learns the vice. Dryden.
Master lay with his bedchamber towards the south sun;
miss lodged in a garret, exposed to the north wind. Arbuth.
Where there are little masters and misses in a house, they
are great impediments to the diversions of the servants; the
only remedy is to bride them, that they may not tell tales.
Swift's Rules to Servants.
11. Ore who teaches; a teacher.
Very few men are wise by their own counsel, or learned
by their own teaching; for he that was only taught by him­
self had a fool to his master. Benj. Johnson's Discovery.
To the Jews join the Egyptians, the first masters of learn­
ing. South's Sermons.
Masters and teachers should not raise difficulties to theirscho­
lars; but smooth their way, and help them forwards. Locke.
12. A man eminently skilful in practice or science.
The great mocking master mock'd not then,
When he said, Truth was buried here below. Davies.
Spenser and Fairfax, great masters of our language, saw
much farther into the beauties of our numbers than those who
followed. Dryden.
A man must not only be able to judge of words and style,
but he must be a master of them too; he must perfectly un­
derstand his author's tongue, and absolutely command his
own. Dryden.
He that does not pretend to painting, is not touched at
the commendation of a master in that profession. Collier.
No care is taken to improve young men in their own lan­
guage, that they may thoroughly understand, and be masters
of it. Locke on Education.
13. A title of dignity in the universities; as, master of arts.

To MA’STER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To be a master to; to rule; to govern.
Ay, good faith,
And rather father thee, than master thee. Shakespeare.
2. To conquer; to overpower; to subdue.
Thrice blessed they that master so their blood,
To undergo such maiden pilgrimage. Shakespeare.
The princes of Germany did not think him sent to com­
mand the empire, who was neither able to rule his insolent
subjects in England, nor master his rebellious people of Ire­
land. Davies on Ireland.
Then comes some third party, that masters both plaintiff
and defendant, and carries away the booty. L'Estrange.
Honour burns in me, not so fiercely bright,
But pale as fires when master'd by the light. Dryden.
Obstinacy and wilful neglects must be mastered, even
though it cost blows. Locke on Education.
A man can no more justly make use of another's necessity,
than he that has more strength can seize upon a weaker,
master him to his obedience, and, with a dagger at his throat,
offer him death or slavery. Locke.
The reformation of an habitual sinner is a work of time
and patience; evil customs must be mastered and subdued by
degrees. Calamy's Sermons.
3. To execute with skill.
I do not take myself to be so perfect in the transactions
and privileges of Bohemia, as to be fit to handle that part:
and I will not offer at that I cannot master. Bacon.

MA’STERDOM. n. s. [from master.] Dominion; rule. Not in
use.
You shall put
This night's great business into my dispatch,
Which shall to all our nights and days to come
Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. Shakesp. Macb.

MASTER-HAND. n. s. The hand of a man eminently skilful.
Musick resembles poetry, in each
Are nameless graces which no methods teach,
And which a master-hand alone can reach. Pope.

MASTER-JEST. n. s. Principal jest.
Who shall break the master-jest,
And what, and how, upon the rest. Hudibras, p. iii.

MASTER-KEY. n. s. The key which opens many locks, of
which the subordinate keys open each only one.
This master-key
Frees every lock, and leads us to his person. Dryden.

MASTER-LEAVER. n. s. One that leaves or deserts his master.
Oh Antony,
Nobler than my revolt is infamous,
Forgive me in thine own particular;
But let the world rank me in register
A master-leaver, and a fugitive. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.

MASTER-SINEW. n. s.
The master-sinew is a large sinew that surrounds the hough,
and divides it from the bone by a hollow place, where the
wind-galls are usually seated, which is the largest and most
visible sinew in a horse's body; this oftentimes is relaxed or
restrained. Farrier's Dict.

MASTER-STRING. n. s. Principal string.
He touch'd me
Ev'n on the tend'rest point; the master-string
That makes most harmony or discord to me.
I own the glorious subject fires my breast. Rowe.

MASTER-STROKE. n. s. Capital performance.
Ye skilful masters of Machaon's race,
Who nature's mazy intricacies trace;
Tell how your search has here eluded been,
How oft amaz'd, and ravish'd you have seen,
The conduct, prudence, and stupendous art,
And master-strokes in each mechanick part. Blackmore.



MA’STERLESS. adj. [from master.]
1. Wanting a master or owner.
When all was past took up his forlorn weed,
His silver shield now idle masterless. Fairy Queen.
The foul opinion
You had of her pure honour, gains, or loses,
Your sword or mine; or masterless leaves both
To who shall find them. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
2. Ungoverned; unsubdued.

MA’STERLINESS. n. s. [from masterly.] Eminent skill.

MA’STERLY. adv. With the skill of a master.
Thou dost speak masterly
Young though thou art. Shakespeare.
I read a book; I think it very masterly written. Swift.

MA’STERLY. adj. [from master.]
1. Suitable to a master; artful; skilful.
As for the warmth of fansy, the masterly figures, and the
copiousness of imagination, he has exceeded all others. Dryd.
That clearer strokes of masterly design,
Of wise contrivance, and of judgment shine,
In all the parts of nature we assert,
Than in the brightest works of human art. Blackmore.
A man either discovers new beauties, or receives stronger
impressions from the masterly strokes of a great author every
time he peruses him. Addison's Spect. No. 409.
2. Imperious; with the sway of a master.

MA’STERPIECE. n. s. [master and piece.]
1. Capital performance; any thing done or made with extra­
ordinary skill.
This is the masterpiece, and most excellent part, of the
work of reformation, and is worthy of his majesty's pains.
Davies on Ireland.
'Tis done; and 'twas my masterpiece, to work
My safety, 'twixt two dangerous extremes:
Scylla and Charybdis. Denham's Sophy.
Let those consider this who look upon it as a piece of art,
and the masterpiece of conversation, to deceive, and make a
prey of a credulous and well-meaning honesty. South.
This wond'rous masterpiece I fain would see;
This fatal Helen, who can wars inspire. Dryden's Aureng.
The fifteenth is the masterpiece of the whole metamor­
phoses. Dryden.
In the first ages, when the great souls, and masterpieces of
human nature, were produced, men shined by a noble sim­
plicity of behaviour. Addison.
2. Chief excellence.
Beating up of quarters was his masterpiece. Clarendon.
Dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much
excelled, that men were not ashamed with being deceived
but twice by him. Clarendon, b. viii.

MA’STERSHIP. n. s. [from master.]
1. Dominion; rule; power.
2. Superiority; pre-eminence.
For Python slain he Pythian games decreed,
Where noble youths for mastership should strive,
To quoit, to run, and steeds and chariots drive. Dryden.
3. Chief work.
Two youths of royal blood, renown'd in fight,
The mastership of heav'n in face and mind. Dryden.
4. Skill; knowledge.
You wer used
To say extremity was the trier of spirits;
That when the sea was calm all boats alike
Shew'd mastership in floating. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. A title of ironical respect.
How now, Signior Launce? what news with your master­
ship? Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

MASTER-TEETH. n. s. [master and teeth.] The principal teeth.
Some living creatures have their master-teeth indented one
within another like saws; as lions and dogs. Bacon.

MA’STERWORT. n. s. [master, and wirt, Saxon.]
The masterwort is a plant with a rose and umbellated
flower, consisting of several petals, which are sometimes
heart-shaped, and sometimes intire, ranged in a circle, and
resting on the empalement; which afterward becomes a fruit,
composed of two seeds, which are plain, almost oval, gently
streaked and bordered, and generally casting their cover; to
these marks must be added, that their leaves are winged, and
pretty large: the root is used in medicine. Miller.
Masterwort is raised of seeds, or runners from the roots.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

MASTERY. n. s. [maistrise, French, from master.]
1. Dominion; rule.
If divided by mountains, they will fight for the mastery of
the passages of the tops, and for the towns that stand upon
the roots. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Superiority; pre-eminence.
If a man strive for masteries, yet is he not crowned except
he strive lawfully. 2 Tim. ii. 5.
This is the case of those that will try masteries with their
superiors, and bite that which is too hard. L'Estrange.
Good men I suppose to live in a state of mortification,
under a perpetual conflict with their bodily appetites, and
struggling to get the mastery over them. Atterbury.
3. Skill.
Chief mast'ry to dissect,
With long and tedious havock, fabled knights,
In battles feign'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
He could attain to a mastery in all languages, and sound
the depths of all arts and sciences. Tillotson's Serm.
To give sufficient sweetness, a mastery in the language is
required: the poet must have a magazine of words, and have
the art to manage his few vowels to the best advantage. Dry.
4. Attainment of skill or power.
The learning and mastery of a tongue being unpleasant in
itself, should not be cumbered with any other difficulties.
Locke on Education.

MA’STFUL. adj. [from mast.] Abounding in mast, or fruit of
oak, beech or chesnut.
Some from seeds inclos'd on earth arise,
For thus the mastful chesnut mates the skies. Dryden.

MASTICA’TION. n. s. [masticatio, Lat.] The act of chewing.
In birds there is no mastication, or comminution of the
meat in the mouth; but in such as are not carnivorous it is
immediately swallowed into the crop or craw, and thence
transferred into the gizzard. Ray on the Creation.
Mastication is a necessary preparation of solid aliment, with­
out which there can be no good digestion. Arbuthnot.

MA’STICATORY. n. s. [masticatoire, French.] A medicine to
be chewed only, not swallowed.
Remember masticatories for the mouth. Bacon.
Salivation and masticatories evacuate considerably; saliva­
tion many pints of phlegm in a day, and very much by chew­
ing tobacco. Floyer on Humours.

MA’STICH. n. s. [mastic, French.]
1. A kind of gum gathered from trees of the same name in
Scio.
We may apply intercipients upon the temples of mastich;
frontals may also be applied. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. A kind of mortar or cement.
As for the small particles of brick and stone, the least
moistness would join them together, and turn them into a
kind of mastich, which those insects could not divide. Addison.

MA’STICOT. n. s. [marum, Latin.] See MASSICOT.
Grind your masticot with a small quantity of saffron in gum
water. Peacham on Drawing.
Masticot is very light, because it is a very clear yellow,
and very near to white. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

MA’STIFF. n. s. mastives, plural. [mastin, French; mastino,
Italian.] A dog of the largest size; a bandog; dogs kept
to watch the house.
As savage bull, whom two fierce mastives bait,
When rancour doth with rage him once engore,
Forgets with wary ward them to await,
But with his dreadful horns them drives afore. Fairy Qu.
When rank Thersites opes his mastiff jaws,
We shall hear musick, wit, and oracle. Shakespeare.
When we knock at a farmer's door, the first answer shall
be his vigilant mastiff. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Soon as Ulysses near th' enclosure drew,
With open mouths the furious mastives flew. Pope's Odys.
Let the mastiffs amuse themselves about a sheep's skin stuff­
ed with hay, provided it will keep them from worrying the
flock. Swift.

MA’STLESS. adj. [from mast.] Bearing no mast.
Her shining hair, uncomb'd, was loosely spread,
A crown of mastless oak adorn'd her head. Dryden.

MA’STLIN. n. s. [from mesler, French, to mingle, or rather
corrupted from miscellane.] Mixed corn; as, wheat and rye.
The tother for one lofe hath twaine
Of mastlin, of rie and of wheat. Tusser's Husb.

MAT

MAT. n. s. [meatte, Saxon; matte, German; matta, Lat.]
A texture of sedge, flags, or rushes.
The women and children in the west of Cornwall make
mats of a small and fine kind of bents there growing, which
serve to cover floors and walls. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
In the worst inn's worst room, with mat half hung,
The floors of plaister, and the walls of dung. Pope.

To MAT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with mats.
Keep the doors and windows of your conservatories well
matted, and guarded from the piercing air. Evelyn's Kalendar.
2. To twist together; to join like a mat.
I on a fountain light,
Whose brim with pinks was platted;
The banks with daffadillies dight,
With grass like sleave was matted. Drayt. Qu. of Cynthia.
Sometimes beneath an ancient oak,
Or on the matted grass he lies;
No god of sleep he did invoke,
The stream that o'er the pebbles flies,
With gentle slumber crowns his eyes. Dryden.


He look'd a lion with a gloomy stare,
And o'er his eye-brows hung his matted hair. Dryden.
The spleen consisteth of muscular fibres, all matted, as in
the skin, but in more open work. Grew's Cosmol.

MA’TADORE. n. s. [matador, a murderer, Spanish.] A hand
of cards so called from its efficacy against the adverse player.
Now move to war her sable matadores,
In show like leaders of the swarthy Moors. Pope.

MA’TACHIN. n. s. [French.] An old dance.
Who ever saw a matachin dance to imitate fighting: this
was a fight that did imitate the matachin; for they being but
three that fought, every one had two adversaries striking him
who struck the third. Sidney.

MATCH. n. s. [meche, French; miccia, Italian; probably
from mico, to shine, Latin: surely not, as Skinner conjectures,
from the Saxon maca, a companion, because a match is
companion to a gun.] Any thing that catches fire; generally
a card, rope, or small chip of wood dipped in melted sul­
phur.
Try them in several bottles matches, and see which of them
last longest without stench. Bacon.
He made use of her trees as of matches to set Druina a fire.
Howel's Vocal Forest.
Being willing to try something that would not cherish much
fire at once, and would keep fire much longer than a coal,
we took a piece of match, such as soldiers use. Boyle.
2. [From ???, a fight, or from maca, Saxon, one equal to
another.] A contest; a game; any thing in which there is
contest or opposition.
Shall we play the wantons with our woes,
And make some pretty match with shedding tears? Shakesp.
The goat was mine, by singing fairly won.
A solemn match was made; he lost the prize. Dryden.
3. [From maca, Saxon.] One equal to another; one able to
contest with another.
Government mitigates the inequality of power among par­
ticular persons, and makes an innocent man, though of the
owest rank, a match for the mightiest of his fellow-subjects.
Addison's Freeholder.
The old man has met with his match. Spectator.
The natural shame that attends vice, makes them zealous
to encourage themselves by numbers, and form a party against
religion: it is with pride they survey their increasing strength,
and begin to think themselves a match for virtue. Rogers.
4. One that suits or tallies with another.
5. A marriage.
The match
Were rich and honourable; besides, the gentleman
Is full of virtue, bounty, worth, and qualities,
Beseeming such a wife as your fair daughter. Shakespeare.
Love doth seldom suffer itself to be confined by other matches
than those of its own making. Boyle.
With him she strove to join Lavinia's hand,
But dire portents the purpos'd match withstand. Dryden.
6. One to be married.
She inherited a fair fortune of her own, and was very rich
in a personal estate, and was looked upon as the richest match
of the West. Clarendon, b. viii.

To MATCH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To be equal to.
No settled senses of the world can match
The pleasure of that madness. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
O thou good Kent, how shall I live and work
To match thy goodness? life will be too short,
And every measure fail me. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. To shew an equal.
No history or antiquity can match his policies and his con­
duct. South's Sermons.
3. To equal; to oppose.
Eternal might
To match with their inventions they presum'd
So easy, and of his thunder made a scorn. Milton.
What though his heart be great, his actions gallant,
He wants a crown to poise against a crown,
Birth to match birth, and power to balance power. Dryden.
The shepherd's kalendar of Spenser is not to be matched in
any modern language. Dryden.
4. To suit; to proportion.
Let poets match their subject to their strength,
And often try what weight they can support. Roscommon.
Mine have been still
Match'd with my birth; a younger brother's hopes. Rowe.
Employ their wit and humour in chusing and matching of
patterns and colours. Swift's Miscel.
5. To marry; to give in marriage.
Great king,
I would not from your love make such a stray,
To match you where I hate. Shakesp. King Lear.
Thou dost protest thy love, and would'st it show
By matching her, as she would match her soe. Donne.
Them willingly they would have still retain'd,
And match'd unto the prince. Daniel's Civil War.
When a man thinks himself matched to one who should be
a comfort to him, instead thereof he finds in his bosom a
beast. South's Sermons.
A senator of Rome, while Rome surviv'd,
Would not have match'd his daughter with a king. Addison.

To MATCH. v. n. 
1. To be married.
A thing that may luckily fall out to him that hath the bles­
sing to match with some heroical-minded lady. Sidney, b. ii.
I hold it a sin to match in my kindred. Shakespear.
Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep,
And every creature couple with his foe. Dryd. Sp. Fryar.
All creatures else are much unworthy thee,
They match'd, and thou alone art left for me. Dryden.
2. To suit; to be proportionate; to tally.

MA’TCHABLE. adj. [from match.]
1. Suitable; equal; fit to be joined.
Ye, whose high worths surpassing Paragon,
Could not on earth have found one fit for mate,
Ne but in heaven matchable to none,
Why did ye stoop unto so lowly state? Spenser, Sonnet 66.
2. Correspondent.
Those at land that are not matchable with any upon our
shores, are of those very kinds which are found no where but
in the deepest parts of the sea. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

MA’TCHLESS. adj. [from match.] Without an equal.
This happy day two lights are seen,
A glorious saint, a matchless queen. Waller.
Much less, in arms, oppose thy matchless force,
When thy sharp spurs shall urge thy foaming horse. Dryd.

MA’TCHLESSLY. n. s. In a manner not to be equalled.

MA’TCHLESSNESS. n. s. [from matchless.] State of being with­
out an equal.

MA’TCHMAKER. n. s. [match and make.]
1. One who contrives marriages.
You came to him to know
If you should carry me, or no;
And would have hir'd him and his imps,
To be your matchmakers and pimps. Hudibras, p. iii.
2. One who makes matches to burn.

MATE. n. s. [maca, Saxon; maet, Dutch.]
1. A husband or wife.
I that am frail flesh and earthly wight,
Unworthy match for such immortal mate,
Myself well wote, and mine unequal fate. Fairy Queen.
2. A companion, male or female.
Go, base intruder! over-weening slave!
Bestow thy fawning smiles on equal mates. Shakespeare.
My competitor
In top of all design, my mate in empire,
Friend and companion in the front of war. Shakespeare.
You knew me once no mate
For you; there sitting where you durst not soar. Milton.
Damon, behold you breaking purple cloud;
Hear'st thou not hymns and songs divinely loud:
There mounts Amyntas, the young cherubs play
About their godlike mate, and sing him on his way. Dryd.
Leave thy bride alone:
Go, leave her with her maiden mates to play
At sports more harmless, till the break of day. Dryden.
3. The male or female of animals.
Part single, or with mate;
Graze the sea-weed their pasture, and through groves
Of coral stray. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
Pliny tells us, that elephants know no copulation with any
other than their own proper mate. Ayliffe's Parergon.
4. One that sails in the same ship.
What vengeance on the passing fleet she pour'd,
The master frighted, and the mates devour'd. Roscommon.
5. One that eats at the same table.
6. The second in subordination; as, the master's mate; the
chirurgeon's mate.

To MATE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To match; to marry.
Ensample make of him your hapless joy,
And of myself now mated as you see,
Whose prouder vaunt, that proud avenging boy,
Did soon pluck down, and curb'd my liberty. Fairy Qu.
The hind, that would be mated by the lion,
Must die for love. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
2. To be equal to.
Some from seeds inclos'd on earth arise,
For thus the mastful chesnut mates the skies. Dryden.
Parnassus is its name; whose forky rise
Mounts through the clouds, and mates the lofty skies:
High on the summit of this dubious cliff,
Deucalion wafting moor'd his little skiff. Dryden.


3. To oppose; to equal.
I i' th' way of loyalty and truth,
Dare mate a sounder man than Surrey can be,
And all that love his follies. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
4. [Matter, French; matar, Spanish.] To subdue; to con­
found; to crush.
That is good deceit
Which mates him first, that first intends deceit. Shakesp.
The great effects that may come of industry and perse­
verance who knoweth not? For audacity doth almost bind
and mate the weaker sort of minds. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
My sense she 'as mated, and amaz'd my sight. Shakesp.
Why this is strange; go call the abbess hither;
I think you are all mated, or stark mad. Shakespeare.

MATE’RIAL. adj.  [materiel, French; materialis, Latin.]
1. Consisting of matter; corporeal; not spiritual.
When we judge, our minds we mirrors make,
And as those glasses which material be,
Forms of material things do only take,
For thoughts or minds in them we cannot see. Davies.
That these trees of life and knowlege were material trees,
though figures of the law and the gospel, it is not doubted
by the most religious and learned writers. Raleigh.
2. Important; momentous; essential.
We must propose unto all men certain petitions incident,
and very material in causes of this nature. Hooker, b. v.
Hold them for catholicks or hereticks, it is not a thing
either one way or another, in this present question, material.
Hooker, b. iv.
What part of the world soever we fall into, the ordinary
use of this very prayer hath, with equal continuance, ac­
companied the same, as one of the principal and most mate­
rial duties of honour done to Christ. Hooker, b. v.
It may discover some secret meaning and intent therein,
very material to the state of that government. Spenser.
The question is not, whether you allow or disallow that
book, neither is it material. Whitgift.
He would not stay at your petitions made;
His business more material. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Neither is this a question of words, but infinitely material
in nature. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 98.
I pass the rest, whose ev'ry race and name,
And kinds are less material to my theme. Dryden's Virg.
As for the more material faults of writing, though I see
many of them, I want leisure to amend them. Dryden.
I shall, in the account of simple ideas, set down only such
as are most material to our present purpose. Locke.
In this material point, the constitution of the English go­
vernment far exceeds all others. Swift.

MATE’RIALS. n. s. [this word is scarcely used in the singular;
materiaux, French.] The substance of which any thing is
made.
The West-Indians, and many nations of the Africans,
finding means and materials, have been taught, by their own
necessities, to pass rivers in a boat of one tree. Raleigh.
Intending an accurate enumeration of medical materials,
the omission hereof affords some probability it was not used
by the ancients. Brown's Vulg. Errours, b. i.
David, who made such rich provision of materials for the
building of the temple, because he had dipt his hands in blood,
was not permitted to lay a stone in that sacred pile. South.
That lamp in one of the heathen temples the art of man
might make of some such material as the stone asbestus, which
being once enkindled will burn without being consumed. Wilk.
The materials of that building very fortunately ranged
themselves into that delicate order, that it must be a very
great chance that parts them. Tillotson.
Simple ideas, the materials of all our knowlege, are sug­
gested to the mind only by sensation and reflection. Locke.
Such a fool was never found,
Who pull'd a palace to the ground,
Only to have the ruins made
Materials for an house decay'd. Swift's Miscel.

MATE’RIALIST. n. s. [from material.] One who denies spi­
ritual substances.
He was bent upon making Memmius a materialist. Dryd.

MATE’RIALITY. n. s. [materialité, Fr. from material.] Cor­
poreity; material existence; not spirituality.
Considering that corporeity could not agree with this uni­
versal subsistent nature, abstracting from all materiality in his
ideas, and giving them an actual subsistence in nature, he
made them like angels, whose essences were to be the essence,
and to give existence to corporeal individuals; and so each
idea was embodied in every individual of its species. Digby.

MATE’RIALLY. adv. [from material.]
1. In the state of matter.
I do not mean, that any thing is separable from a body by
fire that was not materially pre-existent in it. Boyle.
2. Not formally.
Though an ill intention is certainly sufficient to spoil and
corrupt an act in itself materially good, yet no good intention
whatsoever can rectify or infuse a moral goodness into an act
otherwise evil. South's Sermons.
3. Importantly; essentially.
All this concerneth the customs of the Irish very materially;
as well to reform those which are evil, as to confirm and con­
tinue those which are good. Spenser on Ireland.

MATE’RIALNESS. n. s. [from material.] State of being mate­
rial; importance.

MATE’RIATE. adj. [materiatus, Latin.] Consisting of mat­
ter.

MATE’RIATED. adj.  [materiatus, Latin.] Consisting of mat­
ter.
After long enquiry of things immerse in matter, interpose
some subject which is immateriate or less materiate, such as
this of sounds, to the end that the intellect may be rectified,
and become not partial. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 114.

MATERIA’TION. n. s.  [from materia, Lat.] The act of form­
ing matter.
Creation is the production of all things out of nothing; a
formation not only of matter but of form, and a materiation
even of matter itself. Brown.

MATE’RNAL. adj. [materne, Fr. maternus, Lat.] Motherly;
befitting or pertaining to a mother.
The babe had all that infant care beguiles,
And early knew his mother in her smiles:
At his first aptness the maternal love
Those rudiments of reason did improve. Dryden.

MATE’RNITY. n. s. [maternité, French, from maternus, Lat.]
The character or relation of a mother.

MAT-FELON. n. s. [matter, to kill, and felon, a thief.] A
species of knap-weed growing wild.

MATHEMA’TICAL adj. [mathematicus, Lat.] Considered
according to the doctrine of the 
mathematicians.

MATHEMA’TICK. adj. [mathematicus, Lat.] Considered
according to the doctrine of the
mathematicians.
The East and West,
Upon the globe, a mathematick point
Only divides: thus happiness and misery,
And all extremes, are still contiguous. Denham's Sophy.
It is as impossible for an aggregate of finites to comprehend
or exhaust one infinite, as it is for the greatest number of ma­
thematick points to amount to, or constitute a body. Boyle.
I suppose all the particles of matter to be situated in an
exact and mathematical evenness. Bentley's Serm.

MATHEMA’TICALLY. adv. [from mathematick.] According to
the laws of the mathematical sciences.
We may be mathematically certain, that the heat of the
sun is according to the density of the sun-beams, and is reci­
procally proportional to the square of the distance from the
body of the sun. Bentley's Sermons.

MATHEMATI’CIAN. n. s. [mathematicus, Lat. mathematicien,
French.] A man versed in the mathematicks.
One of the most eminent mathematicians of the age assured
me, that the greatest pleasure he took in reading Virgil was
in examining æneas's voyage by the map. Addison's Spect.

MATHEMA’TICKS. n. s. [?a???a??.] That science which
contemplates whatever is capable of being numbered or mea­
sured; and it is either pure or mixt: pure considers abstract­
ed quantity, without any relation to matter; mixt is inter­
woven with physical considerations. Harris.
The mathematicks and the metaphysicks
Fall to them, as you find your stomach serves you. Shak.
See mystery to mathematicks fly. Pope.

MA’THES. n. s. An herb. Ains.

MATHE’SIS. n. s. [???s??.] The doctrine of mathematicks.
Mad Mathests alone was unconfin'd. Pope.

MA’TIN. adj.  [matine, French; matutinus, Latin.] Morning;
used in the morning.
Up rose the victor angels, and to arms
The matin trumpet sung. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
I waste the matin lamp in sighs for thee;
Thy image steals between my god and me. Pope.

MA’TIN. n. s. Morning.
The glow-worm shews the mattin to be near,
And gins to pale his uneffectual fire. Shakespeare.

MA’TINS. n. s. [matines, French.] Morting worship.
The winged choristers began
To chirp their mattins. Cleaveland.
By the pontifical, no altar is consecrated without reliques:
the vigils are celebrated before them, and the nocturn and
mattins, for the saints whose the reliques are. Stillingfleet;
That he should raise his mitred crest on high,
And clap his wings, and call his family
To sacred rites; and vex th' ethcrial powers
With midnight mattins, at uncivil hours. Dryden.

MA’TRASS. n. s. [matras, French.]
Matrass is the name of a chemical glass vessel made for
digestion or distillation; being sometimes bellied, and some­
times rising gradually taper into a conical figure. Quiney.
Protect from violent storms, and the too parching darts of
the sun, your pennached tulips and ranuaculus's, covering
them with matrasses. Evelyn's Kalendar.



MA’TRICE. n. s.  [matrix, Latin.]
1. The womb; the cavity where the sœtus is formed.
If the time required in vivification be of any length, the
spirit will exhale before the creature be mature, except it be
enclosed in a place where it may have continuance of the
heat, and closeness that may keep it from exhaling; and such
places are the wombs and matrices of the females. Bacon.
2. A mould; that which gives form to something inclosed.
Stones that carry a resemblance of cockles, were formed
in the cavities of shells; and these shells have served as ma­
trices or moulds to them. Woodward.

MA’TRICIDE. n. s. [matricidium, Latin.]
1. Slaughter of a mother.
Nature compensates the death of the father by the matri­
cide and murther of the mother. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
2. [Matricida, Latin; matricide, Fr.] A mother killer. Ains.

To MATRI’CULATE. v. a. [from matricula: a matrix, quod ea
velut matrice contineantur militum nomina. Ains.] To enter
or admit to a membership of the universities of England; to
enlist; to enter into any society by setting down the name.
He, after some trial of his manners and learning, thought
fit to enter himself of that college, and after to matriculate
him in the university. Walton's Life of Sanderson.

MATRI’CULATE. n. s. [from the verb.] A man matriculated.
Suffer me, in the name of the matriculates of that famous
university, to ask them some plain questions. Arbuthnot.

MATRI’CULATION. n. s. [from matriculate.] The act of ma­
triculating.
A scholar absent from the university for five years, is struck
out of the matriculation book; and, upon his coming de novo
to the university, ought to be again matriculated. Ayliffe.

MATRIMO’NIAL. adj. [matrimonial, Fr. from matrimonium,
Latin.] Suitable to marriage; pertaining to marriage; con­
nubial; nuptial; hymeneal.
If he relied upon that title, he could be but a king at cur­
tesy, and have rather a matrimonial than a regal power, the
right remaining in his queen. Bacon's Henry VII.
So spake domestick Adam in his care,
And matrimonial love. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Since I am turn'd the husband, you the wife;
The matrimonial victory is mine,
Which, having fairly gain'd, I will resign. Dryden.

MATRIMO’NIALLY. adv. [from matrimonial.] According to the
manner or laws of marriage.
He is so matrimonially wedded unto his church, that he
cannot quit the same, even on the score of going unto a re­
ligious house. Ayliffe's Parergon.

MA’TRIMONY. n. s. [matrimonium, Lat.] Marriage; the
nuptial state; the contract of man and wife; nuptials.
If any know cause why this couple should not be joined in
holy matrimony, they are to declare it. Common Prayer.

MA’TRIX. n. s. [Lat. matrice, Fr.] Womb; a place where
any thing is generated or formed.
If they be not lodged in a convenient matrix, they are
not excited by the efficacy of the sun. Brown's Vulgar Err.

MA’TRON. n. s. [matrone, French; matrona, Latin.]
1. An elderly lady.
Come, civil night,
Thou sober-suited matron, all in black. Shakespeare.
Your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons and your maids, could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
She was in her early bloom, with a discretion very little
inferior to the most experienced matrons. Tatler, No. 53.
2. An old woman.
A matron sage
Supports with homely food his drooping age. Pope's Odys.

MA’TRONAL. adj. [matronalis, Latin.] Suitable to a matron;
constituting a matron.
He had heard of the beauty and virtuous behaviour of the
queen of Naples, the widow of Ferdinando the younger, be­
ing then of matronal years of seven and twenty. Bacon.

MA’TRONLY. adj. matron and like.] Elderly; ancient.
The matronly wife plucked out all the brown hairs, and
the younger the white. L'Estrange's Fables.

MATROSS. n. s.
Matrosses, in the train of artillery, are a sort of soldiers
next in degree under the gunners, who assist about the guns
in traversing, spunging, firing, and loading them: they carry
firelocks, and march along with the store-waggons as a guard,
and as assistants, in case a waggon should break. Bailey.

MA’TTER. n. s. [matiere, French; materia, Latin.]
1. Body; substance extended.
If then the soul another soul do make,
Because her pow'r is kept within a bound,
She must some former stuff or matter take,
But in the soul there is no matter found. Davies.
It seems probable to me, that God in the beginning form­
ed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, moveable par­
ticles, of such sizes and figures, and with such other proper­
ties, and in such proportion to space, as most conduced to
the end for which he formed them; and that those primitive
particles being solids are incomparably harder than any porous
bodies compounded of them, even so very hard as never to
wear or break in pieces, no ordinary power being able to di­
vide what God himself made one in the first creation. Newt.
Some have dimensions of length, breadth, and depth, and
have also a power of resistance, or exclude every thing of the
same kind from being in the same place: this is the proper
character of matter or body. Watts's Logick.
2. Materials; that of which any thing is composed.
The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the
matter of tempests before the air here below. Bacon.
3. Subject; thing treated.
The subject or matter of laws in general is thus far forth
constant, which matter is that for the ordering whereof laws
were instituted. Hooker, b. i.
I have words to speak in thy ear will make thee dumb;
yet are they much too light for the matter. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Son of God, Saviour of men! Thy name
Shall be the copious matter of my song. Milt. Par. Lost.
It is matter of the greatest astonishment to observe the
common boldness of men. Decay of Piety.
I shall turn
Full fraught with joyful tiding of these works,
New matter of his praise, and of our songs. Dryden.
He grants the deluge to have come so very near the mat­
ter, that but very few escaped. Tillotson.
This is so certain in true philosophy, that it is matter of
astonishment to me how it came to be doubted. Cheyne.
Be thou the copious matter of my song. Phillips.
4. The whole; the very thing supposed.
5. Affair; business: in a familiar sense.
To help the matter, the alchemists call in many vanities
out of astrology. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Matters succeeded so well with him, that every-body was
in admiration to see how mighty rich he was grown. L'Estr.
Never was any thing gotten by sensuality and sloth in mat­
ter of profit or reputation. L'Estrange's Fables.
A fawn was reasoning the matter with a stag, why he
should run away from the dogs. L'Estrange's Fables.
Some young female seems to have carried matters so far,
that she is ripe for asking advice. Spectator.
If chance herself should vary,
Observe how matters would miscarry. Prior.
6. Cause of disturbance.
Where art thou? What's the matter with thee? Shak.
What's the matter, you dissentious rogues,
That rubbing the poor itch of your opinion,
Make yourselves scabs. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
7. Subject of suit or complaint.
Slender, I broke your head; what matter have you against
me?
—Marry, Sir, I have matter in my head against you. Shak.
If the craftsmen have a matter against any man, the law is
open; let them implead one another. Acts xix. 38.
In armies, if the matter should be tried by duel between
two champions, the victory should go on the one side; and
yet if tried by the gross, it would go on the other. Bacon.
8. Import; consequence; importance; moment.
If I had had time to have made new liveries, I would have
bestowed the thousand I borrowed of you: but it is no mat­
ter, this poor shew doth better. Shakesp. Henry IV.
And please yourselves this day;
No matter from what hands you have the play. Dryden.
A prophet some, and some a poet cry,
No matter which, so neither of them lye,
From steepy Othrys' top to Pilus drove
His herd. Dryden.
Pleas'd or displeas'd, no matter now 'tis past;
The first who dares be angry breaths his last. Granville.
9. Thing; object; that which has some particular relation, or
is subject to particular consideration.
The king of Armenia had in his company three of the
most famous men for matters of arms. Sidney, b. ii.
Plato reprehended a young man for entering into a dissolute
house; the young man said, Why for so small a matter?
Plato replied, But custom is no small matter. Bacon.
Many times the things deduced to judgment may be meum
and tuum, when the reason and consequence thereof may
trench to point of estate. I call matter of estate not only the
parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever introduceth any great
alteration, or dangerous precedent. Bacon's Essays.
It is a maxim in state, that all countries of new acquest,
till they be settled, are rather matters of burden than of
strength. Bacon's War with Spain.
10. Question considered.
Upon the whole matter, it is absurd to think that conscience
can be kept in order without frequent examination. South.


11. Space or quantity nearly computed.
Away he goes to the market-town, a matter of seven miles
off, to enquire if any had seen his ass. L'Estrange.
I have thoughts to tarry a small matter in town, to learn
somewhat of your lingo. Congreve's Way of the World.
12. Purulent running; that which is formed by suppuration.
In an inflamed tubercle in the great angle of the left eye,
the matter being suppurated [opened it. Wiseman's Surgery.
13. Upon the MATTER. A low phrase now out of use, import­
ing, considering the whole; with respect to the main; nearly.
In their superiors it quencheth jealousy, and layeth their
competitors asleep; so that upon the matter, in a great wit
deformity is an advantage to rising. Bacon's Essays.
Upon the matter, in these prayers I do the same thing I did
before, save only that what before I spake without book I
now read. Bishop Sanderson.
The elder, having consumed his whole fortune, when forced
to leave his title to his younger brother, left upon the matter
nothing to support it. Clarendon.
Waller, with Sir William Balsour, exceeded in horse, but
were, upon the matter, equal in foot. Clarendon, b. viii.
If on one side there are fair proofs, and no pretence of
proof on the other, and that the difficulties are most pressing
on that side which is destitute of proof, I desire to know,
whether this be not upon the matter as satisfactory to a wise
man as a demonstration. Tillotson's Sermons.

To MA’TTER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be of importance; to import.
It matters not, so they deny it all;
And can but carry the lye constantly. Benj. Johnson's Catal.
It matters not how they were called, so we know who they
are. Locke.
If Petrarch's muse did Laura's wit rehearse;
And Cowley flatter'd dear Orinda's verse;
She hopes from you—Pox take her hopes and fears,
I plead her sex's claim: what matters hers? Prior.
2. To generate matter by suppuration.
Deadly wounds inward bleed, each slight sore mattereth. Sidney, b. i.
The herpes beneath mattered, and were dried up with com­
mon epuloticks. Wiseman's Surgery.

To MA’TTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To regard; not to
neglect: as, I matter not that calumny.

MATTERY. adj. [from matter.] Purulent; generating matter.
The putrid vapours colliquate the phlegmatick humours of
the body, which transcending to the lungs, causes their mat­
tery cough. Harvey on Consumptions.

MA’TTOCK. n. s. [mattuc, Saxon.]
1. A kind of toothed instrument to pull up wood.
Give me that mattock, and the wrenching iron. Shakesp.
2. A pickax.
You must dig with mattock and with spade,
And pierce the inmost centre of the earth. Shakespeare.
The Turks laboured with mattocks and pick-axes to dig up
the foundation of the wall. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
To destroy mountains was more to be expected from
earthquakes than corrosive waters, and condemneth the judg­
ment of Xerxes, that wrought through mount Athos with
mattocks. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

MA’TTRESS. n. s. [matras, French; attras, Welsh.] A kind
of quilt made to lie upon.
Their mattresses were made of seathers and straw, and
sometimes of furs from Gaul. Arbuthnot.
Nor will the raging fever's fire abate,
With golden canopies and beds of state;
But the poor patient will as soon be found
On the hard mattress, or the mother ground. Dryden.

MATURA’TION. n. s. [from maturo, Latin.]
1. The act of ripening; the state of growing ripe.
One of the causes why grains and fruits are more nourish­
ing than leaves is, the length of time in which they grow to
maturation. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 466.
There is the maturation of fruits, the maturation of drinks,
and the maturation of impostumes; as also other maturations
of metals. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 312.
We have no heat to spare in Summer; it is very well if it
be sufficient for the maturation of fruits. Bentley's Serm.
2. [In physick.] Maturation, by some physical writers, is ap­
plied to the suppuration of excrementitious or extravasated
juices into matter, and differs from concoction or digestion,
which is the raising to a greater perfection the alimentary and
natural juices in their proper canals. Quincy.

MA’TURATIVE. adj. [from maturo, Latin.]
1. Ripening; conducive to ripeness.
Between the tropicks and the equator their second Summer
is hotter, and more maturative of fruits than the former.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
2. Conducive to the suppuration of a sore.
Butter is maturative, and is profitably mixed with anodynes
and suppuratives. Wiseman's Surgery.

MATU’RE. adj. [maturus, Latin.]
1. Ripe; perfected by time.
When once he was mature for man:
In Britain where was he,
That could stand up his parallel,
Or rival object be? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Their prince is a man of learning and virtue, mature in
years and experience, who has seldom any vanity to gratisy.
Addison on Italy.
Mature the virgin was of Egypt's race,
Grace shap'd her limbs, and beauty deck'd her face. Prior.
How shall I meet, or how accost the sage,
Unskill'd in speech, nor yet mature of age. Pope's Odys.
2. Brought near to completion.
This lies glowing, and is mature for the violent breaking
out. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Here i'th' sands
Thee I'll rake up; and in the mature time,
With this ungracious paper strike the sight
Of the death-practis'd duke. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Well-disposed; sit for execution; well-digested.

To MATU’RE. v. a. [maturo, Latin.] To ripen; to advance
to ripeness.
Pick an apple with a pin full of holes, not deep, and
smear it a little with sack, to see if the virtual heat of the
wine will not mature it. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Love indulg'd my labours past,
Matures my present, and shall bound my last. Pope.

MATU’RELY. adv. [from mature.]
1. Ripely; completely.
2. With counsel well-digested.
A prince ought maturely to consider, when he enters on a
war, whether his coffers be full, and his revenues clear of
debts. Swift.
3. Early; soon.
We are so far from repining at God, that he hath not ex­
tended the period of our lives to the longevity of the ante­
diluvians; that we give him thanks for contracting the days
of our trial, and receiving us more maturely into those ever­
lasting habitations above. Bentley's Sermons.

MATU’RITY. n. s. [maturité, French; maturitas, Lat.] Ripe­
ness; completion.
It may not be unfit to call some of young years to train up
for those weighty affairs, against the time of greater matu­
rity. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Impatient nature had taught motion
To start from time, and cheerfully to fly
Before, and seize upon maturity. Crashaw.
Various mortifications must be undergone, many difficul­
ties and obstructions conquered, before we can arrive at a
just maturity in religion. Rogers's Sermons.

MAU

MA’UDLIN. adj. [Maudlin is the corrupt appellation of Mag­
delen, who being drawn by painters with swoln eyes, and dis­
ordered look, a drunken countenance, seems to have been so
named from a ludicrous resemblance to the picture of Mag­
delen.] Drunk; suddled.
And the kind maudling crowd melts in her praise.
Southern's Spartan Dame.
And largely, what she wants in words, supplies
With maudlin eloquence of trickling eyes. Roscommon.

MA’UDLIN. n. s. [ageratum, Latin.] A plant.
The flowers of the maudlin are digested into loose umbels,
but in other respects it is very like the costmary. The spe­
cies are three. Miller.

MA’UGRE. adj.  [malgré, French.] In spite of; notwithstand­
ing. It is now out of use.
Maugre all the world, will I keep safe;
Or some of you shall smoke for it in Rome. Shakespeare.
Maugre thy strength, place, youth, and eminence;
Thy valour, and thy heart; thou art a traitor. Shakesp.
I through the ample air in triumph high
Shall lead hell captive; maugre hell! and show
The pow'rs of darkness bound. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Maugre all which, 'twas to stand fast,
As long as monarchy should last. Hudibras, p. i.
He prophesied of the success of his gospel; which, after
his death, immediately took root, and spread itself every­
where, maugre all opposition or persecution. Burnet.

MA’VIS. n. s. [mauvis, French.] A thrush. An old word.
The world that cannot deem of worthy things,
When I do praise her, say I do but flatter;
So doth the cuckow, when the mavis sings,
Begins his witless note apace to clear. Spenser's Sonnet.
In birds, kites have a resemblance with hawks, and black­
birds with thrushes and mavises. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To MAUL. v. a. [from malleus, Latin.] To beat; to bruise;
to hurt in coarse or butcherly manner.
Will he who saw the soldier's mutton fist,
And saw thee maul'd, appear within the list,
To witness truth? Dryden's Juvenal.
Once ev'ry week poor Hannibal is maul'd,
The theme is given, and strait the council's call'd,
Whether he should to Rome directly go. Dryden's Juv.


I had some repute for prose;
And, till they drove me out of date,
Could maul a minister of state. Swift's Miscel.
But fate with butchers plac'd thy priestly stall,
Meek modern faith to murder, hack and maul. Pope.

MAUL. n. s. [malleus, Latin.] A heavy hammer.
A man that beareth false witness is a maul, a sword, and
sharp arrow. Prov. xxv. 18.

MAUND. n. s. [mand, Saxon; mande, Fr.] A hand-basket.

To MA’UNDER. v. n. [maudire, French.] To grumble; to
murmur.
He made me many visits, maundring as if I had done him
a discourtesy in leaving such an opening. Wiseman's Surgery.

MA’UNDERER. n. s. [from maunder.] A murmurer; a grum­
bler.

MAUNDY-THURSDAY. n. s. [derived by Spelman from mande,
a hand-basket, in which the king was accustomed to give
alms to the poor.] The Thursday before Good-friday.

MAUSO’LEUM. n. s. [Latin; mausolée, French. A name
which was first given to a stately monument erected by his
queen Artimesia to her husband Mausolus, king of Caria.]
A pompous funeral monument.

MAW. n. s. [maga, Saxon; maeghe, Dutch.]
1. The stomach of animals, and of human beings, in con­
tempt.
So ost in feasts with costly changes clad,
To crammed maws a sprat new stomach brings. Sidney.
We have heats of dungs, and of bellies and maws of living
creatures, and of their bloods. Bacon.
Though plenteous, all too little seems,
To stuff this maw, this vast unhidebound corps. Milton.
The serpent, who his maw obscene had fill'd,
The branches in his curl'd embraces held. Dryden.
2. The craw of birds.
Granivorous birds have the mechanism of a mill; their
maw is the hopper which holds and softens the grain, letting
it down by degrees into the stomach, where it is ground by
two strong muscles; in which action they are assisted by small
stones, which they swallow for the purpose. Arbuthnot.

MA’WKISH. adj. [perhaps from maw.] Apt to give satiety;
apt to cause loathing.
Flow, Welsted! flow, like thine inspirer beer,
So sweetly mawkish, and so smoothly dull. Pope.

MA’WKISHNESS. n. s. [from mawkish.] Aptness to cause loath­
ing.

MA’WMET. n. s. [or mammet, from mam or mother.] A pup­
pet, anciently an idol.

MA’WMISH. adj. [from mawm or mawmet.] Foolish; idle;
nauseous.
It is one of the most nauseous, mawmish mortifications,
for a man of sense to have to do with a punctual, finical fop.
L'Estrange.

MAW-WORM. n. s. [maw and worm.]
Ordinary gut-worms loosen, and slide off from, the intern
tunick of the guts, and frequently creep into the stomach for
nutriment, being attracted thither by the sweet chyle; whence
they are called stomach or maw-worms. Harvey on Cons.

MA’XILLAR. adj. [maxillaris, Latin.] Belonging to the
jaw-bone.

MA’XILLARY. adj. [maxillaris, Latin.] Belonging to the
jaw-bone.
The greatest quantity of hard substance continued is to­
wards the head; there is the skull, the teeth, and the maxil­
lary bones. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 74.

MA’XIM. n. s. [maxime, French; maximum, Lat.] An axiom;
a general principle; a leading truth.
This maxim out of love I teach. Shakespeare.
It is a maxim in state, that all countries of new acquest,
till settled, are rather matters of burden than of strength.
Bacon's War with Spain.
Yet, as in duty bound, they serve him on;
Nor ease, nor wealth, nor life itself regard,
For 'tis their maxim, love is love's reward. Dryden.
That the temper, the sentiments, the morality of men,
is influenced by the example and disposition of those they con­
verse with, is a reflexion which has long since passed into
proverbs, and been ranked among the standing maxims of hu­
man wisdom. Roger's Sermons.

MAY

MAY, auxiliary verb, preterite might. [magan, Saxon; moghen,
Dutch.]
1. To be at liberty; to be permitted; to be allowed; as, you
may do for me [per me licet] all you can.
He that is sent out to travel with the thoughts of a man,
designing to improve himself, may get into the conversation
of persons of condition. Locke on Education.
2. To be possible; with the words may be.
Be the workmen what they may be, let us speak of the
work. Bacon's Essays.
3. To be by chance.
It may be, I shall otherwise bethink me. Shakesp.
How old may Phillis be, you ask,
Whose beauty thus all hearts engages?
To answer is no easy task,
For she has really two ages. Prior.
4. To have power.
This also tendeth to no more but what the king may do:
for what he may do is of two kinds; what he may do as just,
and what he may do as possible. Bacon.
Make the most of life you may. Bourne.
5. A word expressing desire.
May you live happily and long for the service of your coun­
try. Dryden's Dedicat. to the æneis.

MAY-be. Perhaps.
May-be, that better reason will asswage
The rash revenger's heart, words well dispos'd
Have secret pow'r t' appease inflamed rage. Fairy Queen.
May-be, the am'rous count solicits her
In the unlawful purpose. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
'Tis nothing yet, yet all thou hast to give;
Then add those may-be years thou hast to live. Dryden.
What they offer is bare may-be and shift, and scarce ever
amounts to a tolerable reason. Creech.

MAY. n. s. [Maius, Latin.] The fifth month of the year; the
confine of Spring and Summer; the early or gay part of life.
On a day, alack the day!
Love, whose month is ever May,
'Spied a blossom passing fair,
Playing in the wanton air. Shakesp. Love's Labour lost.
Maids are May when they are maids,
But the sky changes when they are wives. Shakesp.
My liege
Is in the very May-morn of his youth,
Ripe for exploits. Shakespeare's Henry V.
I'll prove it on his body, if he dare;
Despight his nice fence, and his active practice,
His May of youth, and bloom of lustihood. Shakesp.
May must be drawn with a sweet and amiable counte­
nance, clad in a robe of white and green, embroidered with
daffidils, hawthorns, and blue-bottles. Peacham.
Hail! bounteous May, that do'st inspire
Mirth and youth, and warm desire;
Woods and groves are of thy dressing,
Hill and dale doth boast thy blessing. Milton.

To MAY. v. n. [from the noun.] To gather flowers on May
morning.
When merry May first early calls the morn,
With merry maids a maying they do go. Sidney.
Cupid with Aurora playing,
As he met her once a maying. Milton.

MAY-BUG. n. s. [May and bug.] A chaffer. Ains.

MAY-DAY. n. s. [May and day.] The first of May.
'Tis as much impossible,
Unless we swept them from the door with cannons,
To scatter 'em, as 'tis to make 'em sleep
On May-day morning. Shakespeare.

MAY-FLOWER. n. s. [May and flower.] A plant.
The plague, they report, hath a scent of the May-flower.
Bacon's Nat. Hist.

MAY-FLY. n. s. [May and fly.] An insect.
He loves the May-fly, which is bred of the cod-worm or
caddis. Walton's Angler.

MAY-GAME. n. s. [May and game.] Diversion; sport; such
as are used on the first of May.
The king this while, though he seemed to account of the
designs of Perkin but as a May-game, yet had given order
for the watching of beacons upon the coasts. Bacon.
Like early lovers, whose unpractis'd hearts
Were long the May-game of malicious arts.
When once they find their jealousies were vain,
With double heat renew their fires again. Dryden.

MAY-LILY. n. s. The same with lily of the valley.

MAY-POLE. n. s. [May and pole.] Pole to be danced round in
May.
Amid the area wide she took her stand,
Where the tall May-pole once o'er-look'd the strand. Pope.

MAY-WEED. n. s. [May and weed.] A species of chamomile,
called also stinking chamomile, which grows wild. Miller.
The Maie-weed doth burne, and the thistle doth freat,
The fitches pul downward both rie and the wheat. Tusser.

MA’YOR. n. s. [major, Lat.] The chief magistrate of a cor­
poration, who, in London and York, is called Lord Mayor.
My Lord, the mayor of London comes to greet you.
Shakespeare's Rich. III.
When the king once heard it; out of anger,
He sent command to the lord mayor strait
To stop the rumour. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
The mayor of this town locked up the gates of the city.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Wou'd'st thou not rather chuse a small renown,
To be the mayor of some poor, paltry town. Dryden.

MA’YORALTY. n. s. [from mayor.] The office of a mayor.
It is incorporated with a mayoralty, and nameth burgesses
to the parliament. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
There was a sharp prosecution against Sir William Capel,
for misgovernment in his mayoralty. Bacon's Henry VII.

MA’YORESS. n. s. [from mayor.] The wife of the mayor.



MA’ZARD. n. s. [maschaire, French.] A jaw. Hammer.
Now my lady Worm's chapless, and knockt about the
mazard with a sexton's spade. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Where thou might'st stickle without hazard
Of outrage to thy hide and mazard. Hudibras, p. i.

MAZE. n. s. [missen, Dutch, to mistake; mase, a whirlpool,
Skinner.]
1. A labyrinth; a place of perplexity and winding passages.
He, like a copious river, pour'd his song
O'er all the mazes of enchanted ground. Thomson.
2. Confusion of thought; uncertainty; perplexity.
He left in himself nothing but a maze of longing, and a
dungeon of sorrow. Sidney, b. ii.
While they study how to bring to pass that religion may
seem but a matter made, they lose themselves in the very
maze of their own discourses, as if reason did even purposely
forsake them, who of purpose forsake God, the author
thereof. Hooker, b. v.
I have thrust myself into this maze,
Haply to wive and thrive as best I may. Shakespeare.

To MAZE. v. a. [from the noun.] To bewilder; to confuse.
Much was I maz'd to see this monster kind,
In hundred forms to change his fearful hue. Spenser.

MA’ZY. adj. [from maze.] Perplexed; confused.
The Lapithæ to chariots add the state
Of bits and bridles, taught the steed to bound,
To run the ring, and trace the mazy round. Dryden.

MA’ZER. n. s. [macser, Dutch, a knot of maple.] A maple
cup.
Then, lo! Perigot, the pledge which I plight,
A mazer ywrought of the maple ware,
Wherein is enchased many a fair sight
Of bears and tygers that make fierce war. Spenser's Past.
Virgil observes, like Theocritus, a just decorum, both of
the subject and the persons, as particularly in the third pasto­
ral, where one of his shepherds describes a bowl, or mazer,
curiously carved. Dryden's Virgil.

M. D. Medicinæ doctor, doctor of physick.

ME,
1. The oblique case of I.
Me, only me, the hand of fortune bore,
Unblest to tread an interdicted shore. Pope's Odyssey.
For me the fates severely kind, ordain
A cool suspense. Pope.
2. Me is sometimes a kind of ludicrous expletive.
He thrusts me himself into the company of three or four
gentlemanlike dogs, under the duke's table. Shakespeare.
He presently, as greatness knows itself,
Steps me a little higher than his vow
Made to my father, while his blood was poor. Shakesp.
I, having been acquainted with the smell before, knew it
was Crab, and goes me to the fellow that whips the dogs.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
I followed me close, came in foot and hand, and, with a
thought, seven of the eleven I paid. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. It is sometimes used ungrammatically for I; as, methinks.
Me rather had, my heart might feel your love,
Than my unpleas'd eye see your courtesy. Shakespeare.

MEA

ME’ACOCK. n. s. [mes coq. Skinner.] An uxorious or effemi­
nate man.

ME’ACOCK. adj. Tame; timorous; cowardly.
'Tis a world to see,
How tame, when men and women are alone,
A meacock wretch can make the curstest shrew. Shakesp.

MEAD. n. s. [mædo, Saxon; meethe, Dutch; meth, German;
hydromeli, Lat.] A kind of drink made of water and honey.
Though not so solutive a drink as mead, yet it will be more
grateful to the stomach. Bacon.
He sheers his over-burden'd sheep;
Or mead for cooling drink prepares,
Of virgin honey in the jars. Dryden.

MEAD. n. s. [mæde, Sax.] Ground somewhat watery, not
plowed, but covered with grass and flowers.

ME’ADOW. n. s. [mæde, Sax.] Ground somewhat watery, not
plowed, but covered with grass and flowers.
Where al thing in common do rest,
Corne feeld with the pasture and mead,
Yet what doth it stand you in stead? Tusser's Husb.
A band select from forage drives
A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine,
From a fat meadow ground. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Paints her, 'tis true, with the same hand which spreads,
Like glorious colours, through the flow'ry meads,
When lavish nature with her best attire
Cloaths the gay spring, the season of desire. Waller.
Yet ere to-morrow's sun shall shew his head,
The dewy paths of meadows we will tread,
For crowns and chaplets to adorn thy bed. Dryden.

MEADOW-SAFFRON. n. s. [colchicum, Lat.] A plant.
The meadow-saffron hath a flower consisting of one leaf,
shaped like a lily, rising in form of a small tube, and is gra­
dually widened into six segments: it has likewise a solid, bul­
bous root, covered with a membranous skin. Miller.

MEADOW-SWEET. n. s. [ulmaria, Lat.] A plant.
The meadow-sweet hath a flower composed of several leaves
placed in a circular order, and expanding in form of a rose,
out of whose empalement rises the pointal, which becomes a
fruit composed of many little membranous crooked husks ga­
therd into an head, each of which generally contains one
seed. Miller.

ME’AGER. adj. [maigre, French; macer; Latin.]
1. Lean; wanting flesh; starven.
Thou art so lean and meagre waxen late,
That scarce thy legs uphold thy feeble gate. Hubberd.
Now will the canker sorrow eat my bud,
And chase the native beauty from his cheek,
And he will look as hollow as a ghost,
As dim and meagre as an ague's fit. Shakesp. King John.
Meager were his looks,
Sharp misery had worn him to the bones. Shakespeare.
Whatsoever their neighbour gets, they lose, and the
very bread that one eats makes t'other meager. L'Estrange.
The reeking entrails
He to his meagre mastiffs made a prey. Dryden.
Fierce famine with her meagre face,
And fevers of the fiery race,
In swarms th' offending wretch surround,
All brooding on the blasted ground:
And limping death, lash'd on by fate,
Comes up to shorten half our date. Dryden.
2. Poor; hungry.
Canaan's happy land, when worn with toil,
Requir'd a Sabbath year to mend the meagre soil. Dryden.

To ME’AGER. v. a. [from the noun.] To make lean.
It cannot be, that I should be so shamefully betrayed, and
as a man meagered with long watching and painful labour,
laid himself down to sleep. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

ME’AGERNESS. n. s. [from meager.]
1. Leanness; want of flesh.
2. Scantness; bareness.
Poynings, the better to make compensation of the meager­
ness of his service in the wars by acts of peace, called a par­
liament. Bacon's Henry VII.

MEAK. n. s. A hook with a long handle.
A meake for the pease, and to swing up the brake. Tuss.

MEAL. n. s. [male, Saxon, repast or portion.]
1. The act of eating at a certain time.
Boaz said unto her at meal time, Come eat, and dip thy
morsel. Ruth ii. 14.
The quantity of aliment necessary to keep the animal in a
due state of vigour, ought to be divided into meals at proper
intervals. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A repast.
What strange fish
Hath made his meal on thee? Shakesp. Tempest.
Give them great meals of beef, and iron and steel, they
will eat like wolves, and fight like devils. Shakesp. Henry V.
They made m' a miser's feast of happiness,
And cou'd not furnish out another meal. Dryden.
3. A part; a fragment.
That yearly rent is still paid into the hanaper, even as the
former casualty itself was wont to be, in parcel meal, brought
in, and answered there. Bacon.
4. [Mælewe, Saxon; meel, Dutch; mahlen, to grind, Ger­
man.] The flower or edible part of corn.
In the bolting and sifting of near fourteen years of such
power and favour, all that came out could not be expected
to be pure and fine meal, but must have a mixture of padar
and bran in this lower age of human fragility. Wotton.
An old weazel conveys himself into a meal-tub for the
mice to come to her, since she could not go to them.
L'Estrange's Fables.

To MEAL. v. a. [meler, French.] To sprinkle; to mingle.
Were he meal'd
With that which he corrects, then were he tyrannous.
Shakespeare's Meas. for Measure.

ME’ALMAN. n. s. [meal and man.] One that deals in meal.

ME’ALY. adj. [from meal.]
1. Having the taste or soft insipidity of meal; having the qua­
lities of meal.
The mealy parts of plants dissolved in water make too vis­
cid an aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Besprinkled, as with meal.
With four wings, as all farinaceous and mealy-winged ani­
mals, as butterflies and moths. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Like a gay insect, in his summer shine,
The fop light fluttering spreads his mealy wings. Thomson.

MEALY-MOUTHED. adj. [imagined by Skinner to be corrupt­
ed from mild-mouthed or mellow-mouthed: but perhaps from the
fore mouths of animals, that, when they are unable to com­
minute their grain, must be fed with meal.] Soft mouthed;
unable to speak freely.
She was a fool to be mealy-mouthed where nature speaks so
plain. L'Estrange.

MEALYMO’UTHEDNESS. n. s. [from the adjective.] Bashful­
ness; restraint of speech.



MEAN. adj. [mœne, Saxon.]
1. Wanting dignity; of low rank or birth.
She was stricken with most obstinate love to a young man
but of mean parentage, in her father's court, named Anti­
philus; so mean, as that he was but the son of her nurse,
and by that means, without other desert, became known of
her. Sidney, b. ii.
This fairest maid of fairer mind;
By fortune mean, in nature born a queen. Sidney.
Let pale-fac'd fear keep with the mean-born man,
And find no harbour in a royal heart. Shakesp. Henry VI.
True hope is swift, and flies with swallow wings;
Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures, kings. Shak.
2. Low-minded; base; ungenerous; spiritless.
The shepherd knows not thunder from a tabor,
More than I know the sound of Marcius' tongue
From every meaner man. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Can you imagine I so mean could prove,
To save my life by changing of my love? Dryden.
We fast not to please men, nor to promote any mean,
worldly interest. Smalridge's Sermons.
3. Contemptible; despicable.
The Roman legions, and great Cæsar found
Our fathers no mean foes. Philips.
I have sacrificed much of my own self-love, in preventing
not only many mean things from seeing the light, but many
which I thought tolerable. Pope.
4. Low in the degree of any property; low in worth; low in
power.
Some things are good, yet in so mean a degree of good­
ness, that many are only not disproved nor disallowed of God
for them. Hooker, b. ii.
The lands be not holden of her majesty in chief, but by a
mean tenure in soccage, or by knight's service at the most.
Bacon's Office of Alienation.
By this extortion he suddenly grew from a mean to a mighty
estate, insomuch that his ancient inheritance being not one
thousand marks yearly, he became able to dispend ten thou­
sand pounds. Davies on Ireland.
To peaceful Rome new laws ordain;
Call'd from his mean abode a sceptre to sustain. Dryden.
5. [Moyen, French.] Middle; moderate; without excess.
He saw this gentleman, one of the properest and best­
graced men that ever I saw, being of middle age and a mean
stature. Sidney, b. ii.
Now read with them those organick arts which enable
men to discourse and write, and according to the fittest style
of lofty, mean, or lowly. Milton on Education.
6. Intervening; intermediate.
In the mean while the heaven was black with clouds and
wind, and there was a great rain. 1 Kings xviii. 45.
There is French wheat, which is bearded, and requireth
the best soil, recompensing the same with a profitable plenty;
and not wheat, so termed because it is unbearded, is content­
ed with a meaner earth, and contenting with a suitable gain.
Carew on Cornwall.

MEAN. n. s. [moyen, French.]
1. Mediocrity; middle rate; medium.
Oft 'tis seen,
Our mean securities, and our mere defects
Prove our commodities. Shakesp. King Lear.
Temperance with golden square,
Betwixt them both can measure out a mean. Shakesp.
There is a mean in all things, and a certain measure
wherein the good and the beautiful consist, and out of which
they never can depart. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
But no authority of gods or men
Allow of any mean in poesie. Roscommon.
Against her then her forces prudence joins,
And to the golden mean herself confines. Denham.
2. Measure; regulation.
The rolling sea resounding soft,
In his big base them fitly answered,
And on the rock the waves breaking aloft,
A solemn mean unto them measured. Fairy Queen.
3. Interval; interim; mean time.
But sith this wretched woman overcome,
Of anguish rather than of crime hath been,
Reserve her cause to her eternal doom,
And in the mean vouchsafe her honourable tomb.
Fairy Queen.
4. Instrument; measure; that which is used in order to any
end.
Pamela's noble heart would needs gratefully make known
the valiant mean of her safety. Sidney, b. i.
As long as that which Christians did was good, and no
way subject to just reproof, their virtuous conversation was a
mean to work the Heathens conversion unto Christ. Hooker.
It is no excuse unto him who, being drunk, committeth
incest, and alledgeth that his wits were not his own; in as
much as himself might have chosen whether his wits should
by that mean have been taken from him. Hooker, b. i.
He tempering goodly well
Their contrary dislikes with loved means,
Did place them all in order, and compell
To keep themselves within their sundry reigns,
Together link'd with adamantine chains. Spenser.
I'll devise a mean to draw the Moor
Out of the way, that your converse and business
May be more free. Shakespeare's Othello.
No place will please me so, no mean of death,
As here by Cæsar and by you cut off. Shakespeare.
Nature is made better by no mean,
But nature makes that mean; so over that art
Which, you say, adds to nature, is an art
That nature makes. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Your doctrine leads them to look on this end as essential,
and on the means as indifferent. Lord Bolingbrooke to Swift.
5. It is often used in the plural, and by some not very gram­
matically with an adjective singular.
The more base art thou,
To make such means for her as thou hast done,
And leave her on such slight conditions. Shakespeare.
By this means he had them the more at vantage, being
tired and harrassed with a long march. Bacon's Henry III.
Because he wanted means to perform any great action, he
made means to return the sooner. Davies on Ireland.
Strong was their plot,
Their parties great, means good, the season fit,
Their practice close, their faith suspected not. Daniel.
By this means not only many helpless persons will be pro­
vided for, but a generation will be bred up not perverted by
any other hopes. Sprat's Sermons.
Who is there that hath the leisure and means to collect all
the proofs concerning most of the opinions he has, so as
safely to conclude that he hath a clear and full view. Locke.
A good character, when established, should not be rested in
as an end, but only employed as a means of doing still farther
good. Atterbury's Sermons.
It renders us careless of approving ourselves to God by re­
ligious duties, and, by that means, securing the continuance
of his goodness. Atterbury's Sermons.
6. By all MEANS. Without doubt; without hesitation; with­
out fail.
7. By no MEANS. Not in any degree; not at all.
The wine on this side of the lake is by no means so good as
that on the other. Addison on Italy.
8. Means are likewise used for revenue; fortune; probably from
desmenes.
Your means are very slender, and your waste is great.
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Rust sword; cool blushes; and, parolles, live
Safest in shame! being fool'd, by fool'ry thrive;
There's place and means for every man alive. Shakesp.
For competence of life I will allow you,
That lack of means enforce you not to evil;
And, as we hear you do reform yourselves,
Give you advancement. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Essex did not build or adorn any house; the queen per­
chance spending his time, and himself his means. Wotton.
9. MEAN-TIME. In the intervening time: sometimes an
adverbial mode of speech.
MEAN-WHILE. In the intervening time: sometimes an
adverbial mode of speech.
Mean-while
The world shall burn, and from her ashes spring
New heav'n and earth. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
Mean-time the rapid heav'ns rowl'd down the light,
And on the shaded ocean rush'd the night. Dryden.
Mean-time her warlike brother on the seas,
His waving streamers to the winds displays. Dryden.
Mean time, in shades of night æneas lies;
Care seiz'd his soul, and sleep forsook his eyes. Dryden.
Mean-while I'll draw up my Numidian troops,
And, as I see occasion, favour thee. Addison's Cato.
The Roman legions were all recalled to help their country
against the Goths; mean-time the Britons, left to shift for
themselves, and daily harrassed by cruel inroads from the
Picts, were forced to call in the Saxons for their defence.
Swift.

To MEAN. v. n. [meenen, Dutch.] To have in the mind; to
intend; to purpose.
When your children shall say, What mean you by this ser­
vice? ye shall say, It is the passover. Exod. xii. 26.
These delights if thou canst give,
Mirth, with thee I mean to live. Milton.

To MEAN. v. a.
1. To purpose; to intend; to design.
Ye thought evil against me; but God meant it unto good,
to save much people alive. Gen. l. 20.
And life more perfect have attain'd than fate
Meant me, by venturing higher than my lot. Milton.
I practis'd it to make you taste your cheer
With double pleasure, first prepar'd by fear:
So loyal subjects often seize their prince,
Yet mean his sacred person not the least offence. Dryden.


2. To intend; to hint covertly; to understand.
I more easily forsake an argument on which I could delight
to dwell; I mean your judgment in your choice of friends.
Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Whatever was meant by them, it could not be that Cain,
as elder, had a natural dominion over Abel. Locke.

MEA’NDER. n. s. [Meander is a river in Phrygia remarkable
for its winding course.] Maze; labyrinth; flexuous passage;
serpentine winding; winding course.
Physicians, by the help of anatomical dissections, have
searched into those various meanders of the veins, arteries,
and integrals of the body. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
'Tis well, that while mankind
Through fate's perverse meander errs,
He can imagin'd pleasures find,
To combat against real cares. Prior.
While ling'ring rivers in meanders glide,
They scatter verdant life on either side;
The vallies smile, and with their flow'ry face,
And wealthy births confess the floods embrace. Blackmore.
Law is a bottomless pit: John Bull was flattered by the
lawyers, that his suit would not last above a year; yet ten
long years did Hocus steer his cause through all the meanders
of the law, and all the courts. Arbuthnot.

MEA’NDROUS. adj. [from meander.] Winding; flexuous.

ME’ANING. n. s. [from mean.]
1. Purpose; intention.
I am no honest man, if there be any good meaning toward
you. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. Habitual intention.
Some whose meaning hath at first been fair,
Grow knaves by use, and rebels by despair. Roscommon.
3. The sense; the thing understood.
The meaning, not the name, I call: for thou,
Not of the Muses nine. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
These lost the sense their learning to display,
And those explain'd the meaning quite away. Pope.
No word more frequently in the mouths of men than con­
science; and the meaning of it is, in some measure, under­
stood: however, it is a word extremely abused by many, who
apply other meanings to it which God Almighty never in­
tended. Swift's Miscel.

ME’ANLY. adv. [from mean.]
1. Moderately; not in a great degree.
Dr. Metcalfe, master of St. John's College, a man meanly
learned himself, but not meanly affectioned to set forward
learning in others. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
In the reign of Domitian, poetry was but meanly cultiva­
ted, but painting eminently flourished. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Without dignity; poorly.
It was the winter wild,
While the heav'n-born child,
All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies. Milton.
The Persian state will not endure a king
So meanly born. Denham's Sophy.
3. Without greatness of mind; ungenerously.
Would you meanly thus rely
On power, you know I must obey. Prior.
4. Without respect.
Our kindred, and our very names, seem to have some­
thing desireable in them: we cannot bear to have others think
meanly of them. Watts's Logick.

ME’ANNESS. n. s. [from mean.]
1. Want of excellence.
The minister's greatness or meanness of knowledge to do
other things, standeth in this place as a stranger, with whom
our form of common prayer hath nothing to do. Hooker.
This figure is of a later date by the meanness of the work­
manship. Addison on Italy.
2. Want of dignity; low rank; poverty.
No other nymphs have title to mens hearts,
But as their meanness larger hopes imparts. Waller.
Poverty, and meanness of condition, expose the wisest to
scorn, it being natural for men to place their esteem rather
upon things great than good. South's Sermons.
3. Lowness of mind.
The name of servants has of old been reckoned to imply
a certain meanness of mind, as well as lowness of condition.
South's Sermons.
4. Sordidness; niggardliness.

MEANT, perf. and part. pass. of to mean.
By Silvia if thy charming self be meant;
If friendship be thy virgin vows extent:
O! let me in Aminta's praises join;
Her's my esteem shall be, my passion thine. Prior.

MEASE. n. s. [probably a corruption of measure: as, a mease
of herrings is five hundred. Ains.

ME’ASLES. n. s. [morbilli, Latin.]
Measles are a critical eruption in a fever, well known in
the common practice, and bear this name, which is a dimi­
nutive of morbus, because it hath been accounted a species
of such malignant and pestilential fevers, to which compara­
tively this is so in a much inferior degree. Quincy.
My lungs
Coin words till their decay, against those measles,
Which we disdain should tetter us, yet seek
The very way to catch them. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Before the plague of London, inflammations of the lungs
were rife and mortal, as likewise the measles. Arbuthnot.
2. A disease of swine.
One, when he had an unlucky old grange, would needs
sell it, and proclaimed the virtues of it; nothing ever thrived
on it, no owner of it ever died in his bed; the swine died of
the measles, and the sheep of the rot. B. Johnson's Discovery.
3. A disease of trees.
Fruit-bearers are often infected with the measles, by being
scorched with the sun. Mortimer's Husbandry.

ME’ASLED. adj. [from measles.] Infected with the measles.
Thou vermin wretched,
As e'er in measled pork was hatched;
Thou tail of worship, that dost grow
On rump of justice as of cow. Hudibras, p. i.

ME’ASLY. adj. [from measles.] Scabbed with the measles.
Last trotted forth the gentle swine,
To ease her against the stump,
And dismally was heard to whine,
All as she scrubb'd her measly rump. Swift.

ME’ASURABLE. adj.
1. Such as may be measured; such as may admit of computa­
tion.
God's eternal duration is permanent and indivisible, not
measurable by time and motion, nor to be computed by num­
ber of successive moments. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Moderate; in small quantity.

ME’ASURABLENESS. n. s. [from measurable.] Quality of ad­
mitting to be measured.

ME’ASURABLY. adv. [from measurable.] Moderately.
Wine measurably drunk, and in season, bringeth gladness
of the heart. Ecclus. xxxi. 28.

ME’ASURE. n. s. [mesure, French; mensura, Latin.]
1. That by which any thing is measured.
A taylor's news,
Who stood with shears and measure in his hand,
Standing on slippers, which his nimble haste
Had falsely thrust upon contrary feet,
Told of many a thousand. Shakesp. King John.
A concave measure, of known and denominated capacity,
serves to measure the capaciousness of any other vessel. Holder.
All magnitudes are capable of being measured; but it is
the application of one to another which makes actual mea­
sures. Holder on Time.
When Moses speaks of measures, for example, of an ephah,
he presumes they knew what measure he meant: that he him­
self was skilled in weights and measures, arithmetick and geo­
metry, there is no reason to doubt. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. The rule by which any thing is adjusted or proportioned.
God's goodness is the measure of his providence. More.
I expect, from those that judge by first sight and rash mea­
sures, to be thought fond or insolent. Glanville's Scep.
3. Proportion; quantity settled.
Measure is that which perfecteth all things, because every
thing is for some end; neither can that thing be available to
any end, which is not proportionable thereunto; and to pro­
portion as well excesses as defects are opposite. Hooker.
I enter not into the particulars of the law of nature, or its
measures of punishment; yet it is certain there is such a law.
Locke.
4. A stated quantity: as, a measure of wine,
Be large in mirth, anon we'll drink a measure
The table round. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
5. Sufficient quantity.
I'll never pause again,
Till either death hath clos'd these eyes of mine,
Or fortune given me measure of revenge. Shakespeare.
6. Allotment; portion allotted.
Good Kent, how shall I live and work
To match thy goodness? life will be too short,
And ev'ry measure fail me. Shakesp. King Lear.
We will not boast of things without our measure, but ac­
cording to the measure of the rule which God hath distribu­
ted to us, a measure to reach even unto you. 2. Cor. x. 13.
If else thou seek'st
Ought, not surpassing human measure, say. Milton.
Our religion sets before us not the example of a stupid
stoick, who had, by obstinate principles, hardened himself
against all pain beyond the common measures of humanity,
but an example of a man like ourselves. Tillotson's Sermons.
7. Degree.
I have laid down, in some measure, the description of the
old world. Abbot's Description of the World.
There is a great measure of discretion to be used in the per­
formance of confession, so that you neither omit it when your


own heart may tell you that there is something amiss, nor
over-scrupulously pursue it when you are not conscious to
yourself of notable failings. Taylor's Guide to a Penitent.
The rains were but preparatory in some measure, and the
violence and consummation of the deluge depended upon the
disruption of the great abyss. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
8. Proportionate time; musical time.
Amaryllis breathes thy secret pains,
And thy fond heart beats measure to thy strains. Prior.
9. Motion harmonically regulated.
My legs can keep no measure in delight,
When my poor heart no measure keeps in grief:
Therefore no dancing, girl, some other sport. Shakesp.
As when the stars in their æthereal race,
At length have roll'd around the liquid space,
From the same point of heav'n their course advance,
And move in measures of their former dance. Dryden.
10. A stately dance. This sense is, I believe, obsolete.
Wooing, wedding, and repenting, is as a Scotch jig, a
measure and a cinque pace; the first suit is hot and hasty, like
a Scotch jig, and full as fantastical; the wedding mannerly,
modest as a measure, full of state and anchentry. Shakespeare.
Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths,
Our stern alarms chang'd to merry meetings,
Our dreadful marches to delightful measures. Shakespeare.
11. Moderation; not excess.
O love, be moderate, allay thy ecstasy;
In measure rein thy joy, scant this excess;
I feel too much thy blessing, make it less,
For fear I surfeit. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without
measure. Isa. vi. 14.
12. Limit; boundary. In the same sense is
M?t???
T?e? ?t??? de??d?? t???d?a? d?, ??t??? ??a?
'H?????? B??? ????e? a???????.
'A???a? tt??s??.
Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of
my days what it is, that I may know how frail I am. Psal.
13. Any thing adjusted.
He only lived according to nature, the other by ill cus­
toms, and measures taken by other mens eyes and tongues.
Taylor's holy living.
Christ reveals to us the measures according to which God
will proceed in dispensing his rewards. Smalridge's Sermons.
14. Syllables metrically numbered; metre.
I addressed them to a lady, and affected the softness of ex­
pression, and the smoothness of measure, rather than the
height of thought. Dryden.
The numbers themselves, though of the heroick measure,
should be the smoothest imaginable. Pope.
15. Tune; proportionate notes.
The joyous nymphs and light-foot fairies,
Which thither came to hear their musick sweet,
And to the measures of their melodies
Did learn to move their nimble-shifting feet. Spenser.
16. Mean of action; mean to an end.
His majesty found what wrong measures he had taken in
the conferring that trust, and lamented his error. Clarendon.
17. To have hard measure; to be hardly dealt by.

To ME’ASURE. v. a. [mesurer, French; mensuro, Latin.]
1. To compute the quantity of any thing by some settled rule.
Archidamus having received from Philip, after the victory
of Cheronea, proud letters, writ back, that if he measured
his own shadow he would find it no longer than it was before
his victory. Bacon's Apophth.
2. To pass through; to judge of extent by marching over.
A true devoted pilgrim is not weary
To measure kingdoms with his feeble steps. Shakespeare.
I'll tell thee all my whole device
At the park-gate; and therefore haste away,
For we must measure twenty miles to-day. Shakespeare.
The vessel ploughs the sea,
And measures back with speed her former way. Dryden.
3. To judge of quantity or extent, or greatness.
Great are thy works, Jehovah; infinite
Thy pow'r! What thought can measure thee, or tongue
Relate thee? Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
4. To adjust; to proportion.
To secure a contented spirit, measure your desires by your
fortunes, not your fortunes by your desires. Taylor.
Silver is the instrument as well as measure of commerce;
and 'tis by the quantity of silver he gets for any commodity in
exchange that he measures the value of the commodity he 
sells. Locke.
5. To mark out in stated quantities.
What thou seest is that portion of eternity which is called
time, measured out by the sun, and reaching from the begin­
ning of the world to its consummation. Addison's Spectator.
6. To allot or distribute by measure.
With what measure you mete, it shall be measured to you
again. Matth. vii. 2.

ME’ASURELESS. adj. [from measure.] Immense; immeasure­
able.
He shut up the measureless content. Shakespeare.

ME’ASUREMENT. n. s. [from measure.] Mensuration; act of
measuring.

ME’ASURER. n. s. [from measure.] One that measures.

ME’ASURING. adj. [from measure.] It is applied to a cast not
to be distinguished in its length from another but by mea­
suring.
When lusty shepherds throw
The bar by turns, and none the rest out-go
So far, but that the best are meas'ring casts,
Their emulation and their pastime lasts. Waller.

MEAT. n. s. [met, French.]
1. Flesh to be eaten.
To his father he sent ten she asses laden with corn, and
bread, and meat, for his father by the way. Gen. xlv. 23.
Carnivoræ, and birds of prey, are no good meat; but the
reason is, rather the cholerick nature of those birds than their
feeding upon flesh; for pewets and ducks feed upon flesh, and
yet are good meat. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 859.
There was a multitude of excises; as, the vectigal macelli,
a tax upon meat. Arbuthnot.
2. Food in general.
Never words were musick to thine ear,
And never meat sweet-savour'd in thy taste,
Unless I spake or carv'd. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
Meats for the belly, and the belly for meats; but God shall
destroy both. 1. Cor. vi. 13.

ME’ATED. adj. [from meat.] Fed; foddered.
Strong oxen and horses, wel shod and wel clad,
Wel meated and used. Tusser's Husb.

MEATHE. n. s. [medd, Welsh, unde mede, meddwi erbius
sum.] Drink.
For drink the grape
She crushes, inoffensive must, and meathes
From many a berry. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

ME’AZLING. part. generally called mizzling. See MIZZLE.
The air feels more moist when the water is in small than
in great drops; in meazling and soaking rain, than in great
showers. Arbuthnot on Air.

MEC

MECHA’NICAL. adj. [mechanicus, Lat. mechanique, French;
from ??a?.]

MECHA’NICK. adj. [mechanicus, Lat. mechanique, French;
from ??a?.]
1. Mean; servile; of mean occupation.
Know you not, being mechanical, you ought not walk upon
a labouring day, without the sign of your profession? Shak.
Hang him, mechanical salt-butter rogue; I will stare him
out of his wits; I will hew him with my cudgel. Shakesp.
Mechanick slaves,
With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers, shall
Uplift us to the view. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
To make a god, a hero, or a king,
Descend to a mechanick dialect. Roscommon.
2. Constructed by the laws of mechanicks.
Many a fair precept in poetry is, like a seeming demon­
stration in mathematicks, very specious in the diagram, but
failing in the mechanick operation. Dryden.
The main business of natural philosophy, is to argue from
phenomena without feigning hypotheses, and to deduce causes
from effects till we come to the very first cause, which cer­
tainly is not mechanical; and not only to unfold the mecha­
nism of the world, but chiefly to resolve these, and such like
questions. Newton's Opticks.
3. Skilled in mechanicks.

MECHA’NICK. n. s. A manufacturer; a low workman.
Do not bid me
Dismiss my soldiers, or capitulate
Again with Rome's mechanicks. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A third proves a very heavy philosopher, who possibly would
have made a good mechanick, and have done well enough at
the useful philosophy of the spade or the anvil. South.

MECHA’NICKS. n. s. [mechanica, Latin.]
Dr. Wallis defines mechanicks to be the geometry of mo­
tion, a mathematical science, which shews the effects of
powers, or moving forces, so far as they are applied to en­
gines, and demonstrates the laws of motion. Harris.
The rudiments of geography, with something of mecha­
nicks, may be easily conveyed into the minds of acute young
persons. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Salmoneus was a great proficient in mechanicks, and inven­
tor of a vessel which imitated thunder. Broome.

MECHA’NICALLY. adv. [from mechanick.] According to the

laws of mechanism.
They suppose even the common animals that are in being,
to have been formed mechanically among the rest. Ray.
Later philosophers feign hypotheses for explaining all things
mechanically, and refer other causes to metaphysicks. Newton.



MECHA’NICALNESS. n. s. [from mechanick.]
1. Agreeableness to the laws of mechanism.
2. Meanness.

MECHANI’CIAN. n. s. [mechanicien, French.] A man profes­
sing or studying the construction of machines.
Some were figured like male, others like female screws,
as mechanicians speak. Boyle.

MECHA’NISM. n. s. mechanisme, French.]
1. Action according to mechanick laws.
After the chyle has passed through the lungs, nature con­
tinues her usual mechanism, to convert it into animal sub­
stances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
He acknowledges nothing besides matter and motion; so
that all must be performed either by mechanism or accident,
either of which is wholly unaccountable. Bentley.
2. Construction of parts depending on each other in any com­
plicated fabrick.

MECHO’ACAN. n. s.
Mechoacan is a large root, twelve or fourteen inches long,
and of the thickness of a man's wrist, usually divided into
two branches at the bottom: what we see of it is commonly
cut transversely into slices for the conveniency of drying it:
its first introduction into Europe was about two hundred and
twenty years ago: it is brought from the province of Me­
choacan in South America, from whence it has its name: the
plant which affords it is a species of bindweed, and its stalks,
which are angular, and full of a resinous milky juice, climb
upon every thing which stands near them: the root in pow­
der is a gentle and mild purgative. Hill's Mat. Med.

MECO’NIUM. n. s. [????????.]
1. Expressed juice of poppy.
2. The first excrement of children.
Infants new-born have a meconium, or sort of dark-colour­
ed excrement in the bowels. Arbuthnot on Diet.

MED

ME’DAL. n. s. [medaille, Fr. probably from metallum, Lat.]
1. An ancient coin.
The Roman medals were their current money: when an
action deserved to be recorded on a coin, it was stampt, and
issued out of the mint. Addison's Guard. No. 96.
2. A piece stamped in honour of some remarkable performance.

MEDA’LLICK. n. s. [from medal.] Pertaining to medals.
You will never, with all your medallick eloquence, persuade
Eugenius, that it is better to have a pocketful of Otho's than
of Jacobus's. Addison on ancient Medals.

MEDA’LLION. n. s. [medaillon, Fr.] A large antique stamp or
medal.
Medalions, in respect of the other coins, were the same as
modern medals in respect of modern money. Addison.

MEDA’LLIST. n. s. [medailliste, Fr.] A man skilled or curious
in medals.
In the language of a medallist, you are not to look upon a
cabinet of medals as a treasure of money, but of knowledge.
Addison on ancient Medals.

To ME’DDLE. v. n. [middelen, Dutch.]
1. To have to do: in this sense it is always followed by with.
It is reported that cassia, when gathered, is put into the
skins of beasts newly flayed, which breeding worms, they
devour the pith and marrow, and so make it hollow; but
meddle not with the back, because it is bitter. Bacon.
With the power of it upon the spirits of men we will only
meddle. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 945.
I have thus far been an upright judge, not meddling with
the design nor disposition. Dryden.
2. To interpose; to act in any thing.
For my part, I'll not meddle nor make any farther. Shak.
In every turn of state, without meddling on either side, he
has always been favourable to merit. Dryden.
The civil lawyers have pretended to determine concerning
the succession of princes; but, by our author's principles,
have meddled in a matter that belongs not to them. Locke.
What hast thou to do to meddle with the affairs of my fa­
mily? to dispose of my estate, old boy? Arbuthnot.
3. To interpose or intervene importunely or officiously.
Why should'st thou meddle to thy hurt. 2 Kings xiv. 10.
It is an honour for a man to cease from strife: but every
fool will be meddling. Prov. xx. 3.
This meddling priest longs to be found a fool. Rowe.
Let me shake off th' intrusive cares of day,
And lay the meddling senses all aside. Thomson's Winter.

To MEDDLE. v. a. [from mesler, Fr.] To mix; to mingle.
Obsolete.
A meddled state of the orders of the gospel, and the cere­
monies of popery, is not the best way to banish popery.
Hooker, b. iv.
He that had well ycon'd his lere,
Thus medled his talk with many a teare. Spenser.

ME’DDLER. n. s. [from meddle.] One who busies himself with
things in which he has no concern.
Do not drive away such as bring thee information, as med­
dlers, but accept of them in good part. Bacon.
This may be applied to those that assume to themselves
the merits of other mens services, meddlers, boasters, and
impertinents. L'Estrange.

ME’DDLESOME. adj. Intermeddling: as, a meddlesome, busy
body. Ains.

MEDIA’STINE. n. s. [French; mediastinum, Latin.] The
fimbriated body about which the guts are convolved.
None of the membranes which invest the inside of the
breast but may be the seat of this disease, the mediastine as
well as the pleura. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To ME’DIATE. v. n. [from medius, Latin.]
1. To interpose as an equal friend to both parties; to act in­
differently between contending parties; to intercede.
The corruption of manners in the world, we shall find
owing to some mediating schemes that offer to comprehend the
different interests of sin and religion. Rogers.
2. To be between two.
By being crowded, they exclude all other bodies that be­
fore mediated between the parts of their body. Digby.

To MEDI’ATE. v. a.
1. To form by mediation.
The earl made many professions of his desire to interpose,
and mediate a good peace between the nations. Clarendon.
I possess chemists and corpuscularians of advantages by the
confederacy I am mediating between them. Boyle.
2. To limit by something in the middle.
They styled a double step, that is, the space from the
elevation of one foot to the same foot set down again, me­
diated by a step of the other foot a pace equal to five feet.
Holder on Time.

ME’DIATE. adj. [mediat, French; medius, Latin.]
1. Interposed; intervening.
Soon the mediate clouds shall be dispell'd;
The sun shall soon be face to face beheld. Prior.
2. Middle; between two extremes.
Anxious we hover in a mediate state,
Betwixt infinity and nothing. Prior.
2. Acting as a means. Unusual.
The most important care of a new and vigorous king, was
his marriage for mediate establishment of the royal line.
Wotton's Life of Buckingham.

ME’DIATELY. adv. [from mediate.] By a secondary cause; in
such a manner that something acts between the first cause and
the last effect.
God worketh all things amongst us mediately by secondary
means; the which means of our safety being shipping and
sea-forces, are to be esteemed as his gifts, and then only
available and beneficial when he vouchsafeth his grace to use
them aright. Raleigh's Essays.
Pestilent contagion is propagated immediately by conversing
with infected persons, and mediately by pestilent seminaries
propagated through the air. Harvey on Consumptions.

MEDIA’TION. n. s. [mediation, French, from medius, Lat.]
1. Interposition; intervention; agency between two parties,
practised by a common friend.
Some nobler token I have kept apart
For Livia and Octavia, to induce
Their mediation. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Noble offices thou may'st effect
Of mediation, after I am dead,
Between his greatness and thy other brethren. Shakespeare.
The king sought unto them to compose those troubles be­
tween him and his subjects; they accordingly interposed their
mediation in a round and princely manner. Bacon.
2. Agency; an intervenient power.
The passions have their residence in the sensitive appetite:
for inasmuch as man is a compound of flesh as well as spirit,
the soul, during its abode in the body, does all things by the
mediation of these passions. South's Serm.
It is utterly unconceivable, that inanimate brute matter,
without the mediation of some immaterial being, should ope­
rate upon other matter without mutual contact. Bentley.
3. Intercession; entreaty for another.

MEDIA’TOR. n. s. [mediateur, French.]
1. One that intervenes between two parties.
You had found by experience the trouble of all mens con­
fluence, and for all matters to yourself, as a mediator between
them and their sovereign. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
2. An intercessor; an entreater for another; one who uses his
influence in favour of another.
It is against the sense of the law, to make saints or angels
to be mediators between God and them. Stillingfleet.
3. One of the characters of our blessed Saviour.
Man's friend, his mediator, his design'd,
Both ransom and redeemer voluntary. Milton.

MEDIATO’RIAL. adj. [from mediator.] Belonging to a me­
diator.

ME’DIATORY. adj. [from mediator.] Belonging to a me­
diator.
All other effects of Christ's mediatorial office are accounted
for from the truth of his resurrection. Fiddes's Sermons.

MEDIA’TORSHIP. n. s. [from mediator.] The office of a me­
diator.

MEDIA’TRIX. n. s. [medius, Lat.] A female mediator. Ains.



ME’DIC. n. s. [medica, Latin.] A plant.
The medic hath a papilionaccous or butterfly flower, out
of which empalement rises the pointal, which afterward be­
comes an intorted pod, sometimes like a ram's horn, in which
are lodged kidney-shaped seeds. Miller.

ME’DICAL. adj. [medicus, Lat.] Physical; relating to the art
of healing; medicinal.
In this work attempts will exceed performances, it being
composed by snatches of time, as medical vacation would per­
mit. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ME’DICALLY. adv. [from medical.] Physically; medicinally.
That which promoted this consideration, and medically ad­
vanced the same, was the doctrine of Hippocrates. Browne.

ME’DICAMENT. n. s. [medicament, Fr. medicamentum, Latin.]
Any thing used in healing; generally topical applications.
Admonitions, fraternal or paternal, then more publick re­
prehensions; and, upon the unsuccessfulness of these milder
medicaments, the use of that stronger physick, the censures.
Hammond's Fundamentals.
A cruel wound was cured by scalding medicaments, after it
was putrified; and the violent swelling and bruise of another
was taken away by scalding it with milk. Temple's Miscel.

MEDICAME’NTAL. adj. [medicamenteux, Fr. from medicament.]
Relating to medicine, internal or topical.

MEDICAME’NTALLY. n. s. [from medicamental.] After the man­
ner of medicine; with the power of medicine.
The substance of gold is invincible by the powerfullest ac­
tion of natural heat; and that not only alimentally in a sub­
stantial mutation, but also medicamentally in any corporeal
conversion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

To ME’DICATE. v. a. [medico, Lat.] To tincture or impreg­
nate with any thing medicinal.
The fumes, steams, and stenches of London, do so medi­
cate and impregnate the air about it, that it becomes capable
of little more. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
To this may be ascribed the great effects of medicated wa­
ters. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
She secured the whiteness of my hand by medicated gloves.
Rambler.

MEDICA’TION. n. s. [from medicate.]
1. The act of tincturing or impregnating with medicinal ingre­
dients.
The watering of the plant with an infusion of the medi­
cine may have more force than the rest, because the medica­
tion is oft renewed. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. The use of physick.
He adviseth to observe the times of the equinoxes and sol­
stices, and to declare medication ten days before and after.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

MEDI’CINABLE. adj. [medicinalis, Lat.] Having the power of
physick.
Old oil is more clear and hot in medicinable use. Bacon.
Accept a bottle made of a serpentine stone, which gives
any wine infused therein for four and twenty hours the taste
and operation of the Spaw water, and is very medicinable for
the cure of the spleen. Wotton.
The jaw-bones, hearts, and galls of pikes are medicinable.
Walton's Angler.

MEDICI’NAL. adj. [medicinalis, Latin: this word is now com­
monly pronounced medícinal, with the accent on the second
syllable; but more properly, and more agreeably to the best
authorities, medicínal.]
1. Having the power of healing; having physical virtue.
Come with words as medicinal as true,
Honest as either; to purge him of that humour
That presses him from sleep. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Thoughts my tormentors arm'd with deadly stings,
Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts;
Exasperate, exulcerate and raise
Dire inflammation, which no cooling herb
Nor medicinal liquor can assuage. Milton's Agonistes.
The second causes took the swift command,
The medicinal head, the ready hand;
All but eternal doom was conquer'd by their art. Dryden.
2. Belonging to physick.
Learn'd he was in med'cinal lore,
For by his side a pouch he wore,
Replete with strange hermetick powder,
That wounds nine miles point-blank with solder. Butler.
Such are called medicinal-days by some writers, wherein no
crisis or change is expected, so as to forbid the use of medi­
cines: but it is most properly used for those days wherein
purging, or any other evacuation, is more conveniently com­
plied with. Quincy.
Medicinal-hours are those wherein it is supposed that medi­
cines may be taken, commonly reckoned in the morning fast­
ing, about an hour before dinner, about four hours after din­
ner, and going to bed; but times are to be governed by the
symptoms and aggravation of the distemper. Quincy.

MEDICI’NALLY. adv. [from medicinal.] Physically.
The witnesses that leech-like liv'd on blood,
Sucking for them were med'cinally good. Dryden.

ME’DICINE. n. s. [medicine, Fr. medicina, Latin. It is gene­
rally pronounced as if only of two syllables, med'cine.] Phy­
sick; any remedy administered by a physician.
O, my dear father! restauration, hang
Thy medicine on my lips; and let this kiss
Repair those violent harms. Shakesp. King Lear.
Let's make us medicines of our great revenge,
To cure this deadly grief. Sakespeare's Macbeth.
A merry heart doth good like a medicine; but a broken
spirit drieth the bones. Prov. xvii. 22.
I wish to die, yet dare not death endure;
Detest the med'cine, yet desire the cure. Dryden.

To ME’DICINE. v. a. [from the noun.] To operate as physick.
Not used.
Not all the drowsy syrups of the world,
Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep
Which thou owedst yesterday. Shakespeare.

MEDI’ETY. n. s. [medieté, Fr. medietas, Lat.] Middle state;
participation of two extremes; half.
They contained no fishy composure, but were made up of
man and bird; the human mediety variously placed not only
above but below. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

MEDIO’CRITY. n. s. [mediocrité, French; mediocritas, Lat.]
1. Small degree; middle rate; middle state.
Men of age seldom drive business home to the sull period,
but content themselves with a mediocrity of success. Bacon.
There appeared a sudden and marvellous conversion in the
duke's case, from the most exalted to the most depressed, as
if his expedition had been capable of no mediocrities. Wotton.
He likens the mediocrity of wit to one of a mean fortune,
who manages his store with great parsimony; but who, with
fear of running into profuseness, never arrives to the magnifi­
cence of living. Dryden's State of Innocence.
Getting and improving our knowledge in substances only
by experience and history, is all that the weakness of our
faculties in this state of mediocrity, while we are in this world,
can attain to. Locke.
2. Moderation; temperance. Obsolete.
Lest appetite, in the use of food, should lead us beyond
that which is meet, we owe, in this case, obedience to that
law of reason which teacheth mediocrity in meats and drinks.
Hooker, b. i.
When they urge us to extreme opposition against the
church of Rome, do they mean we should be drawn unto it
only for a time, and afterwards return to a mediocrity. Hooker.

To ME’DITATE. v. a. [mediter, French; meditor, Lat.] To
plan; to scheme; to contrive.
Blessed is the man that doth meditate good things in wis­
dom, and that reasoneth of holy things by his understanding.
Ecclus. xiv. 20.
Some affirmed that I meditated a war; God knows, I did
not then think of war. King Charles.
Like a lion that unheeded lay,
Dissembling sleep, and watchful to betray,
With inward rage he meditates his prey. Dryden.
Before the memory of the flood was lost, men meditated
the setting up a false religion at Babel. Forbes.
2. To think on; to revolve in the mind.
Them among
There set a man of ripe and perfect age,
Who did them meditate all his life long. Fairy Queen.

To ME’DITATE. v. n. To think; to muse; to contemplate;
to dwell on with intense thought. It is commonly used of
pious contemplation.
His delight is in the law of the Lord, and in his law doth
he meditate night and day. Psal. i. 2.
I will meditate also of all thy work, and talk of all thy
doings. Psal. lxxvii. 12.
Meditate till you make some act of piety upon the occasion
of what you meditate; either get some new arguments against
a sin, or some new encouragements to virtue. Taylor.
To worship God, to study his will, to meditate upon him,
and to love him; all these being great pleasure and peace.
Tillotson's Sermons.

MEDITA’TION. n. s. [meditation, Fr. meditatio, Latin.]
1. Deep thought; close attention; contrivance; contemplation.
I left the meditations wherein I was, and spake to her in
anger. 2 Esd. x. 5.
Some thought and meditation are necessary; and a man
may possibly be so stupid as not to have God in all his
thoughts, or to say in his heart, there is none. Bentley.
2. Thought employed upon sacred objects.
His name was heavenly contemplation;
Of God and goodness was his meditation. Fairy Qu. b. i.
'Tis most true,
That musing meditation most affects
The pensive secresy of desert cell. Milton.
Thy thoughts to nobler meditations give,
And study how to die, not how to live. Granville.
3. A series of thoughts, occasioned by any object or occurrence.

ME’DITATIVE. adj. [from meditate.]
1. Addicted to meditation. Ains.
2. Expressing intention or design.



MEDITERRA’NE. adj. [medius and terra; mediterranée, Fr.]

MEDITERRA’NEAN. adj. [medius and terra; mediterranée, Fr.]

MEDITERRA’NEOUS. adj. [medius and terra; mediterranée, Fr.]
1. Encircled with land.
In all that part that lieth on the north side of the mediter­
rane sea, it is thought not to be the vulgar tongue. Brerewood.
2. Inland; remote from the sea.
It is found in mountains and mediterraneous parts; and so
it is a fat and unctuous sublimation of the earth. Brown.
We have taken a less height of the mountains than is re­
quisite, if we respect the mediterraneous mountains, or those
that are at a great distance from the sea. Burnet.

ME’DIUM. n. s. [medium, Latin.]
1. Any thing intervening.
Whether any other liquors, being made mediums, cause a
diversity of sound from water, it may be tried. Bacon.
I must bring together
All these extremes; and must remove all mediums,
That each may be the other's object. Denham.
Seeing requires light and a free medium, and a right line to
the objects; we can hear in the dark, immured, and by curve
lines. Holder.
He, who looks upon the soul through its outward actions,
often sees it through a deceitful medium, which is apt to dis­
colour the object. Addison's Spect. No. 257.
The parts of bodies on which their colours depend, are
denser than the medium which pervades their interstices. Newt.
Against filling the heavens with fluid mediums, unless they
be exceeding rare, a great objection arises from the regular
and very lasting motions of the planets and comets in all
manner of courses through the heavens. Newton's Opticks.
2. Any thing used in ratiocination, in order to a conclusion;
the middle term in an argument, by which propositions are
connected.
This cannot be answered by those mediums which have
been used. Dryden's Juvenal.
We, whose understandings are short, are forced to collect
one thing from another, and in that process we seek out pro­
per mediums. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
3. The middle place or degree; the just temperature between
extremes.
The just medium of this case lies betwixt the pride and the
abjection, the two extremes. L'Estrange.

ME’DLAR. n. s. [mespilus, Latin.]
1. A tree.
The leaves of the medlar are either whole, and shaped like
those of the laurel, as in the manured sorts; or laciniated,
as in the wild sorts: the flower consists of five leaves, which
expand in form of a rose: the fruits are umbilicated, and are
not eatable till they decay; and have, for the most part, five
hard seeds in each. Miller.
2. The fruit of that tree.
You'll be rotten ere you be half ripe,
And that's the right virtue of the medlar. Shakespeare.
Now will he sit under a medlar tree,
And wish his mistress were that kind of fruit,
Which maids call medlars. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
I was fain to forswear it; they would else have married me
to the rotten medlar. Shakespeare.
October is drawn in a garment of yellow and carnation;
with a basket of services, medlars, and chesnuts. Peacham.
No rotten medlars, whilst there be
Whole orchards in virginity. Cleaveland.
Men have gather'd from the hawthorn's branch
Large medlars, imitating regal crowns. Philips.

To MEDLE. v. a. To mingle. Spenser.

To MEDLY. v. a. To mingle. Spenser.

ME’DLY. n. s. [from meddle for mingle.] A mixture; a miscel­
lany; a mingled mass. It is commonly used with some de­
gree of contempt.
Some imagined that the powder in the armory had taken
fire; others, that troops of horsemen approached: in which
medly of conceits they bare down one upon another, and
jostled many into the tower ditch. Hayward.
Love is a medley of endearments, jars,
Suspicions, quarrels, reconcilements, wars;
Then peace again. Walsh.
They count their toilsome marches, long fatigues,
Unusual fastings, and will bear no more
This medley of philosophy and war. Addison's Cato.
Mahomet began to knock down his fellow citizens, and
to fill all Arabia with an unnatural medley of religion and
bloodshed. Freeholder, No. 50.
There are that a compounded fluid drain
From different mixtures: the blended streams,
Each mutually correcting each, create
A pleasurable medley. Philips.

ME’DLEY. adj. Mingled; confused.
I'm strangely discompos'd;
Qualms at my heart, convulsions in my nerves,
Within my little world make medley war. Dryden.

MEDU’LLAR. adj. [medullaire, Fr. from medulla, Latin.] Pertaining to the marrow.

MEDU’LLARY. adj. [medullaire, Fr. from medulla, Latin.] Pertaining to the marrow.
These little emissaries, united together at the cortical part
of the brain, make the medullar part, being a bundle of very
small, thread-like chanels or fibres. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
The back, for the security of that medullary substance that
runs down its cavity, is bent after the manner of the catena­
rian curve. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.

MEE

MEED. n. s. [med, Saxon; miete, Teutonick.] Reward; re­
compence. Now rarely used.
He knows his meed, if he be spide,
To be a thousand deaths, and shame beside. Hubberd.
Whether in beauties glory did exceed,
A rosy garland was the victor's meede. Fairy Queen.
Thanks to men
Of noble minds is honourable meed. Shakespeare.
He must not float upon his wat'ry bier
Unwept, and welter to the parching wind,
Without the meed of some melodious tear. Milton.
If so a cloak and vesture be my meed
Till his return, no title shall I plead. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Present; gift.
Plutus, the god of gold,
Is but his steward: no meed but he repays
Seven-fold above itself. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

MEEK. adj. [minkr, Islandick.] Mild of temper; not proud; 
not rough; not easily provoked; soft; gentle.
Moses was very meek above all men. Numb. xii. 3.
But he her fears to cease,
Sent down the meek-ey'd peace. Milton.
We ought to be very cautious and meek-spirited, till we
are assured of the honesty of our ancestors. Collier.

To ME’EKEN. v. a. [from meek.] To make meek; to soften.
This word I have found no where else.
The glaring lion saw, his horrid heart
Was meeken'd, and he join'd his sullen joy. Thomson.

ME’EKLY. adv. [from meek.] Mildly; gently; not ruggedly;
not proudly.
Be therefore, O my dear lords, pacify'd,
And this mis-seeming discord meekly lay aside. Fairy Qu.
No pride does with your rising honours grow,
You meekly look on suppliant crowds below. Stepney.

ME’EKNESS. n. s. [from meek.] Gentleness; mildness; softness
of temper.
That pride and meekness mixt by equal part,
Do both appear t' adorn her beauty's grace. Hubberd.
You sign your place and calling, in full seeming,
With meekness and humility; but your heart
Is cramm'd with arrogancy, spleen and pride. Shakesp.
When his late distemper attack'd him, he submitted to it
with great meekness and resignation, as became a Christian.
Atterbury's Sermons.

MEER. adj. See MERE. Simple; unmixed.

MEER. n. s. [See MERE.] A lake; a boundary.

ME’ERED. adj. Relating to a boundary; meer being a boun­
dary, or mark of division. Hanmer.
What, although you fled! why should he follow you?
The itch of his affection should not then
Have nickt his captainship; at such a point,
When half to half the world oppos'd, he being
The meered question. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

MEET. adj. [of obscure etymology.] Fit; proper; qualified.
Now rarely used.
Ah! my dear love, why do you sleep thus long,
When meeter were that you should now awake? Spenser.
If the election of the minister should be committed to
every parish, would they chuse the meetest. Whitgift.
I am a tainted wether of the flock,
Meetest for death. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
To be known shortens my laid intent,
My boon I make it, that you know me not,
Till time and I think meet. Shakesp. King Lear.
What, at any time have you heard her say?
—That, Sir, which I will not report after her.
—You may to me, and 'tis most meet you should. Shak.
York is meetest man
To be your regent in the realm of France. Shakespeare.
I am in your hand; do with me as seemeth good and meet
unto you. Jer. xxvi. 14.
The eye is very proper and meet for seeing. Bentley.
2. MEET with. Even with. [from meet, the verb.] A low
expression.
Niece, you tax Signior Benedick too much; but he'll be
meet with you. Shakespeare.

To MEET. v. a. pret. I met; I have met; particip. met. [me­
tan, Saxon, to find; moeten, Dutch.]
1. To come face to face; to encounter.
Met'st thou my posts? Shakespeare.
His daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and
dances. Judges xi. 34.
Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David. 1 Sam. xxi.
2. To join another in the same place.
When shall we three meet again,
In thunder, light'ning, or in rain? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Well, send him word to meet us in the field. Shakesp.


I knew not, till I met
My friends, at Ceres' now deserted seat. Dryden.
Not look back to see,
When what we love we never must meet again. Dryden.
3. To close one with another.
The nearer you come to the end of the lake, the moun­
tains on each side grow higher, till at last they meet. Addison.
4. To find; to be treated with; to light on.
Had I a hundred mouths, a hundred tongues,
I could not half those horrid crimes repeat,
Nor half the punishments those crimes have met. Dryden.
Of vice or virtue, whether blest or curst,
Which meets contempt, or which compassion first. Pope.
To me no greater joy,
Than that your labours meet a prosp'rous end. Granville.
5. To assemble from different parts.
Their choice nobility and flower
Met from all parts to solemnize this feast. Milton.

To MEET. v. n.
1. To encounter; to close face to face.
2. To encounter in hostility.
3. To assemble; to come together.
They appointed a day to meet in together. 2 Mac. xiv. 21.
The materials of that building happily met together, and
very fortunately ranged themselves into that delicate order,
that it must be a very great chance that parts them. Tillotson.
4. To MEET with. To light on; to find.
When he cometh to experience of service abroad, he maketh
as worthy a soldier as any nation he meeteth with. Spenser.
We met with many things worthy of observation. Bacon.
A little sum you mourn, while most have met
With twice the loss, and by as vile a cheat. Creech.
Hercules' meeting with pleasure and virtue, was invented by
Prodicus, who lived before Socrates. Addison.
What a majesty and force does one meet with in these short
inscriptions: are not you amazed to see so much history ga­
thered into so small a compass? Addison on ancient Medals.
5. To MEET with. To join.
Falstaff at that oak shall meet with us. Shakespeare.
6. To MEET with. To encounter; to engage.
He, that hath suffered this disordered spring,
Hath now himself met with the fall of leaf. Shakespeare.
Royal mistress,
Prepare to meet with more than brutal fury
From the fierce prince. Rowe's Ambitious Step-mother.
7. A latinism. To obviate; occurrere objecto.
Before I proceed farther, it is good to meet with an objec­
tion, which if not removed, the conclusion of experience
from the time past to the present will not be sound. Bacon.
8. To advance half way.
He yields himself to the man of business with reluctancy,
but offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility, and
all the meeting readiness of desire. South.
Our meeting hearts
Consented soon, and marriage made us one. Rowe.
9. To unite; to join: as, these rivers meet at such a place and
join.

ME’ETERS. n. s. [from meet.] One that accosts another.
There are beside
Lascivious meeters, to whose venom'd sound
The open ear of youth doth always listen. Shakespeare.

ME’ETING. n. s. [from meet.]
1. An assembly; a convention.
If the fathers and husbands of those, whose relief this
your meeting intends, were of the houshold of faith, then
their relicts and children ought not to be strangers to the
good that is done in it, if they want it. Sprat's Sermons.
Since the ladies have been left out of all meetings except
parties at play, our conversation hath degenerated. Swift.
2. A congress.
Let's be revenged on him; let's appoint him a meeting,
and lead him on with a fine baited delay. Shakespeare.
3. A conventicle; an assembly of Dissenters.
4. A conflux: as, the meeting of two rivers.

MEETING-HOUSE. n. s. [meeting and house.] Place where Dis­
senters assemble to worship.
His heart misgave him that the churches were so many
meeting-houses; but I soon made him easy. Addison.

ME’ETLY. [from the adjective.] Fitly; properly.

ME’ETNESS. n. s. [from meet.] Fitness; propriety.

ME’GRIM. n. s. [from Hemicrany, migrain, megrim, ?????a­
??a.] Disorder of the head.
In every megrim or vertigo there is an obtenebration joined
with a semblance of turning round. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
There screen'd in shades from day's detested glare,
Spleen sighs for ever on her pensive bed,
Pain at her side, and megrim at her head. Pope.

To MEINE. v. a. To mingle. Ains.

ME’INY. n. s. [menigu, Saxon. See MANY. Mesnie, Fr.]
A retinue; domestick servants.
They summon'd up their meiny; strait took horse;
Commanded me to follow, and attend. Shakespeare.

MEL

MELANAGO’GUES. n. s. [from ???a??? and ??.] Such medi­
cines as are supposed particularly to purge off black choler.

MELANCHO’LICK. adj. [from melancholy.] Disordered with
melancholy; fanciful; hypochondriacal; gloomy.
The king found himself in the head of his army, after so
many accidents and melancholick perplexities. Clarendon.
If he be mad, or angry, or melancholick, or sprightly, he
will paint whatsoever is proportionable to any one. Dryden.
The commentators on old Ari­
Stotle, 'tis urg'd, in judgment vary:
They to their own conceits have brought
The image of his general thought:
Just as the melancholick eye
Sees fleets and armies in the sky. Prior.

MELANCHO’LY. n. s. [melancolie, Fr. from ???a?? and ???.]
1. A disease, supposed to proceed from a redundance of black
bile; but it is better known to arise from too heavy and too
viscid blood: its cure is in evacuation, nervous medicines,
and powerful stimuli. Quincy.
2. A kindness of madness, in which the mind is always fixed
on one object.
I have neither the scholar's melancholy, which is emulation;
nor the musician's, which is fantastical; nor the courtier's,
which is proud; nor the soldier's, which is ambitious; nor
the lawyer's, which is politick; nor the lady's, which is
nice; nor the lover's, which is all these; but it is a melan­
choly of mine own, compounded of many simples, extracted
from many objects, and, indeed, the sundry contemplation
of my travels, in which my often rumination wraps me in a
most humorous sadness. Shakesp. As you like it.
3. A gloomy, pensive, discontented temper.
He protested unto them, that he had only been to seek so­
litary places by an extreme melancholy that had possessed him.
Sidney, b. ii.
All these gifts come from him; and if we murmur here,
we may at the next melancholy be troubled that God did not
make us angels. Taylor's holy Living.
This melancholy flatters, but unmans you;
What is it else but penury of soul,
A lazy frost, a numbness of the mind? Dryden.

MELANCHO’LY. adj. [melancolique, French.]
1. Gloomy; dismal.
Think of all our miseries
But as some melancholy dream, which has awak'd us
To the renewing of our joys. Denham's Sophy.
If in the melancholy shades below,
The flames of friends and lovers cease to glow;
Yet mine shall sacred last, mine undecay'd,
Burn on through death, and animate my shade. Pope.
2. Diseased with melancholy; fanciful; habitually dejected.
How now, sweet Frank; art thou melancholy. Shakesp.
He observes Lamech more melancholy than usual, and ima­
gines it to be from a suspicion he has of his wife Adah,
whom he loved. Locke.

MELICE’RIS. n. s. [?e??????.]
Meliceris is a tumour inclosed in a cystis, and consisting of
matter like honey: it gathers without pain, and gives way
to pressure, but returns again. If the matter forming it
resembles milk curds, the tumour is called atheroma; if like
honey, meliceris; and if composed of fat, or a suety sub­
stance, steatomata. Sharp's Surgery.

ME’LILOT. n. s. [melilot, Fr. melilotus, Latin.] A plant.
The melilot hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose
empalement arises the pointal, which afterward becomes a
naked capsule, that is, not hid in the empalement, as in tre­
foil, pregnant with one or two roundish seeds: the leaves
grow by threes on the foot-stalks, and the flowers are pro­
duced in a spike. Miller.

To MELI’ORATE. v. a. [meliorer, Fr. from melior.] To bet­
ter; to improve.
Grafting meliorates the fruit; for that the nourishment is
better prepared in the stock than in the crude earth. Bacon.
But when we graft, or buds inoculate,
Nature by art we nobly meliorate. Denham.
A man ought by no means to think, that he should be able
so much as to alter or meliorate the humour of an ungrateful
person by any acts of kindness. South's Sermons.
Castration serves to meliorate the flesh of those beasts that
suffer it. Graunt.
Much labour is requir'd in trees.
Well must the ground be digg'd, and better dress'd,
New soil to make, and meliorate the rest. Dryden's Virg.

MELIORA’TION. n. s. [melioration, Fr. from meliorate.] Im­
provement; act of bettering.
For the melioration of musick there is yet much left, in
this point of exquisite consorts, to try. Bacon.

MELIO’RITY. n. s. [from melior.] State of being better.
Men incline unto them which are softest, and least in their
way, in despight of them that hold them hardest to it; so that
this colour of meliority and pre-eminence is a sign of weak­
ness. Bacon's Collection of Good and Evil.


The order and beauty of the inanimate parts of the world,
the discernable ends of them, the meliority above what was
necessary to be, do evince, by a reflex argument, that it is
the workmanship not of blind mechanism, but of an intelli­
gent and benign agent. Bentley.

To MELL. v. n. [meler, se meler, Fr.] To mix; to meddle.
Obsolete.
With fathers fits not with such things to mell. Spenser.
Here is a great deal of good matter
Lost for lack of telling.
Now I see thou dost but clatter,
Harm may come of melling. Spenser's Pastorals.

MELLI’FEROUS. adj. Productive of honey. Dict.

MELLIFICA’TION. n. s. [mellifico, Latin.] The art or practice
of making honey; production of honey.
In judging of the constitution of the air, many things be­
sides the weather ought to be observed: in some countries,
the silence of grashoppers, and want of mellification in bees.
Arbuthnot on Air.

MELLI’FLUENCE. n. s. [mel and fluo, Latin.] A honied flow;
a flow of sweetness.

MELLI’FLUENT. adj. [mel and fluo, Latin.] Flowing with
honey; flowing with sweetness.

MELLI’FLUOUS. adj. [mel and fluo, Latin.] Flowing with
honey; flowing with sweetness.
A mellifluous voice, as I am a true knight. Shakespeare.
As all those things which are most mellifluous are soonest
changed into choler and bitterness, so are our vanities and
pleasures converted into the bitterest sorrows and repentances.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Innumerous songsters, in the freshening shade
Of new-sprung leaves, their modulations mix
Mellifiuous. Thomson's Spring, l. 605.

ME’LLOW. adj. [mearwa, soft, Saxon, Skinner: more nearly
from mollis, molle, mollow, mellow; though r is indeed easily
changed into l in common speech.]
1. Soft with ripeness; full ripe.
A storm, or robbery, call it what you will,
Shook down my mellow hangings, nay, my leaves. Shak.
An apple in my hand works different effects upon my
senses: my eye tells me it is green; my nose, that it hath a
mellow scent; and my taste, that it is sweet. Digby.
A little longer,
And nature drops him down without your sin,
Like mellow fruit, without a winter storm. Dryden.
2. Soft in sound.
Of seven smooth joints a mellow pipe I have,
Which with his dying breath Damætas gave. Dryden.
3. Soft; unctuous.
Camomile sheweth mellow grounds fit for wheat. Bacon.
4. Drunk; melted down with drink.
Greedy of physicians frequent fees,
From female mellow praise he takes degrees. Roscommon.
In all thy humours, whether grave or mellow,
Thou'rt such a testy, touchy, pleasant fellow;
Hast so much wit, and mirth, and spleen about thee,
There is no living with thee, nor without thee. Addison.

To ME’LLOW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To ripen; to mature; to soften by ripeness; to ripen by age.
Lord Aubrey Vere
Was done to death, and more than so, my father;
Even in the downfal of his mellow'd years. Shakespeare.
The royal tree hath left us royal fruit,
Which mellow'd by the stealing hours of time,
Will well become the seat of majesty. Shakesp. Rich. III.
On foreign mountains may the sun refine
The grape's soft juice, and mellow it to wine. Addison.
2. To soften.
They plow in the wheat stubble in December; and if the
weather prove frosty to mellow it, they do not plow it again
till April. Mortimer's Husb.
3. To mature to perfection.
This episode is not only now the most pleasing entertain­
ment of the æneis, but was so accounted in his own age, 
and before it was mellowed into that reputation which time
has given it. Dryden.

To ME’LLOW. v. n. To be matured; to ripen.
Though no stone tell thee what I was, yet thou
In my grave's inside see'st, what thou art now;
Yet thou'rt not yet so good, till us death lay
To ripe and mellow there, we're stubborn clay. Donne.

ME’LLOWNESS. n. s. [from mellow.]
1. Maturity of fruits; ripeness; softness by maturity.
My reason can consider greenness, mellowness, sweetness,
or coldness, singly, and without relation to any other quality
that is painted in me by the same apple. Digby of Bodies.
The Spring, like youth, fresh blossoms doth produce,
But Autumn makes them ripe, and fit for use:
So age a mature mellowness doth set
On the green promises of youthful heat. Denham.
2. Maturity; full age.

MELOCO’TON. n. s. [melocotone, Spanish; malum cotoneum,
Latin.] A quince. Obsolete.
In apricots, peaches, or melocotones upon a wall, the greatest
fruits are towards the bottom. Bacon.

MELO’DIOUS. adj. [from melody.] Musical; harmonious.
Fountains! and ye that warble, as ye flow,
Melodious murmurs! warbling tune his praise. Milton.
And oft with holy hymns he charm'd their ears;
A musick more melodious than the spheres. Dryden.

MELO’DIOUSLY. adv. [from melodious.] Musically; harmo­
niously.

MELO’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from melodious.] Harmoniousness;
musicalness.

ME’LODY. n. s. [?e??d?a.] Musick; harmony of sound.
The prophet David having singular knowledge not in poe­
try alone but in musick also, judged them both to be things
most necessary for the house of God, left behind him for that
purpose a number of divinely indited poems, and was farther
the author of adding unto poetry melody in publick prayer,
melody both vocal and instrumental, for the raising up of
mens hearts, and the sweetening of their affections towards
God. Hooker, b. v.
Singing and making melody in your hearts to the Lord.
Eph. v. 19.
Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs,
And husht with buzzing night flies to thy slumber;
Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great,
And lull'd with sounds of sweetest melody. Shakespeare.
Lend me your songs, ye nightingales: Oh pour
The mazy-running soul of melody
Into my varied verse. Thomson's Spring, l. 570.

ME’LON. n. s. [melon, Fr. melo, Latin.]
1. A plant.
The flower of the melon consists of one leaf, which is of
the expanded bell shape, cut into several segments, and ex­
actly like those of the cucumber: some of these flowers are
barren, not adhering to the embrio; others are fruitful, grow­
ing upon the embrio, which is afterwards changed into a
fruit, for the most part of an oval shape, smooth or wrinkled,
and divided into three seminal apartments, which seem to be
cut into two parts, and contain many oblong seeds. Miller.
2. The fruit.
We remember the fish which we did eat in Egypt freely;
the cucumbers and the melons. Num. xi. 5.

MELON-THI’STLE. n. s. [melococtus, Latin.]
The whole plant of the melon-thistle hath a singular ap­
pearance, is very succulent, and hath many angles, which are
beset with sharp thorns. Miller.

To MELT. v. a. [mltan, Saxon.]
1. To dissolve; to make liquid; commonly by heat.
How they would melt me out of my fat drop by drop, and
liquor fishermens boots with me! Shakespeare.
When the melting fire burneth, the fire causeth the waters
to boil. Isa. lxiv. 2.
This price, which is given above the value of the silver in
our coin, is given only to preserve our coin from being melt­
ed down. Locke.
Will a goldsmith give one ounce and a quarter of coined
silver for one ounce of bullion, when, by putting it into his
melting pot, he can make it bullion? Locke.
The rock's high summit in the temple's shade,
Nor heat could melt, nor beating storm invade. Pope.
If your butter when melted tastes of brass, it is your mas­
ter's fault, who will not allow you a silver saucepan. Swift.
2. To dissolve; to break in pieces.
To take in pieces this frame of nature, and melt it down
into its first pfinciples; and then to observe how the divine
wisdom wrought all these things into that beautiful composi­
tion; is a kind of joy, which pierceth the mind. Burnet.
3. To soften to love or tenderness.
The mighty master smil'd to see
That love was in the next degree:
'Twas but a kindred sound to move,
For pity melts the mind to love. Dryd. Alexander's Feast.
Alas! thy story melts away my soul. Addison's Cato.
4. To waste away.
Thou would'st have plung'd thyself
In general riot, melted down thy youth
In different beds of lust. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

To MELT. v. n.
1. To become liquid; to dissolve; to be made fluid.
Let them melt away as waters which run continually. Psal.
The rose is fragrant, but it fades in time;
The violet sweet, but quickly past the prime;
While lilies hang their heads and soon decay,
And whiter snow in minutes melts away. Dryden.
2. To be softened to pity, or any gentle passion; to grow ten­
der, mild, or gentle.
I melt, and am not
Of stronger earth than others. Shakespeare's Cariolanus.
Dighton and Forrest;
Albeit, they were flesht villains, bloody dogs,
Melting with tenderness and mild compassion,
Wept like two children in their death's sad story. Shakesp.
This said; the mov'd assistants melt in tears. Dryden.


Melting into tears, the pious man
Deplor'd so sad a sight. Dryden.
3. To be dissolved; to lose substance.
Whether are they vanish'd?
Into the air: and what seem'd corporal
Melted as breath into the wind. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Beauty is a witch,
Against whose charms faith melteth into blood. Shakesp.
4. To be subdued by affliction.
My soul melteth for heaviness: strengthen thou me. Psal.

ME’LTER. n. s. [from melt.] One that melts metals.
Miso and Mopsa, like a couple of foreswat melters, were
getting the pure silver of their bodies out of the ore of their
garments. Sidney, b. ii.
This the author attributes to the remissness of the former
melters, in not exhausting the ore. Derham's Physico-Theol.

ME’LTINGLY. adv. [from melting.] Like something melting.
Zelmane lay upon a bank, with her face so bent over La­
don, that her tears falling into the water, one might have
thought she began meltingly to be metamorphosed to the run­
ning river. Sidney, b. ii.

ME’LWEL. n. s. A kind of fish. Ains.

MEM

ME’MBER. n. s. [membre, French; membrum, Latin.]
1. A limb; a part appendant to the body.
The tongue is a little member, and boasteth great things.
Jam. iii. 5.
2. A part of a discourse or period; a head; a clause.
Where the respondent limits or distinguishes any propo­
sition, the opponent must prove his own proposition accord­
ing to that member of the distinction in which the respondent
denied it. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Any part of an integral.
In poetry as in architecture, not only the whole but the
principal members, and every part of them, should be great.
Addison's Spect. No. 267.
4. One of a community.
My going to demand justice upon the five members, my
enemies loaded with obloquies. King Charles.
Mean as I am, yet have the Muses made
Me free, a member of the tuneful trade. Dryden.
Sienna is adorned with many towers of brick, which, in
the time of the commonwealth, were erected to such of the
members as had done any considerable service to their country.
Addison on Italy.

ME’MBRANE. n. s. [membrane, Fr. membrana, Latin.]
A membrane is a web of several sorts of fibres, interwoven
together for the covering and wrapping up some parts: the
fibres of the membranes give them an elasticity, whereby they
can contract, and closely grasp, the parts they contain, and
their nervous fibres give them an exquisite sense, which is
the cause of their contraction; they can, therefore, scarcely
suffer the sharpness of medicines, and are difficultly united
when wounded. Quincy.
The chorion, a thick membrane obscuring the formation, 
the dam doth after tear asunder. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
They obstacle find none
Of membrane, joint, or limb, exclusive bars:
Easier than air with air, if spirits embrace,
Total they mix. Milton.
The inner membrane that involved the several liquors of
the egg remained unbroken. Boyle.

MEMBRANA’CEOUS. adj. [membraneux, Fr. from membrana,
Lat.] Consisting of membranes.

MEMBRA’NEOUS. adj. [membraneux, Fr. from membrana,
Lat.] Consisting of membranes.

ME’MBRANOUS. adj. [membraneux, Fr. from membrana,
Lat.] Consisting of membranes.
Lute-strings, which are made of the membraneous parts of
the guts strongly wreathed, swell so much as to break in wet
weather. Boyle.
Great conceits are raised of the involution or membranous
covering called the silly-how. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Such birds as are carnivorous have no gizzard, or muscu­
lous, but a membranous stomach; that kind of food being torn
into small flakes by the beak, may be easily concocted by a
membranous stomach. Ray on Creation.
Anodyne substances, which take off contractions of the
membranous parts, are diuretick. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Birds of prey have membranaceous, not muscular stomachs.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

MEME’NTO. n. s. [Latin.] A memorial notice; a hint to
awaken the memory.
Our gracious master, for his learning and piety, is not
only a precedent to his own subjects, but to foreign princes;
yet he is still but a man, and seasonable memento's may be
useful. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Is not the frequent spectacle of other peoples deaths a me­
mento sufficient to make you think of your own? L'Estrange.

MEMO’IR. n. s. [memoire, French.]
1. An account of transactions samiliarly written.
Be our great master's future charge
To write his own memoirs, and leave his heirs
High schemes of government and plans of wars. Prior.
2. Hint; notice; account of any thing.
There is not in any author a computation of the revenues
of the Roman empire, and hardly any memoirs from whence
it might be collected. Arbuthnot on Coins.

ME’MORABLE. adj. [memorable, Fr. memorabilis, Lat.] Wor­
thy of memory; not to be forgotten.
Nothing I so much delight to recount, as the memorable
friendship that grew betwixt the two princes. Sidney.
From this desire, that main desire proceeds,
Which all men have surviving fame to gain,
By tombs, by books, by memorable deeds,
For she that this desires doth still remain. Davies.
Dares Ulysses for the prize contend,
In sight of what he durst not once defend;
But basely fled that memorable day,
When I from Hector's hands redeem'd the flaming prey.
Dryden's Ovid.

ME’MORABLY. adv. [from memorable.] In a manner worthy of
memory.

MEMORA’NDUM. n. s. [Latin.] A note to help the me­
mory.
I resolved to new pave every street within the liberties, and
entered a memorandum in my pocket-book accordingly.
Guardian, No. 166.
Nature's fair table-book, our tender souls,
We scrawl all o'er with old and empty rules,
Stale memorandums of the schools. Swift's Miscel.

MEMO’RIAL. adj. [memorial, Fr. memorialis, Latin.]
1. Preservative of memory.
Thy master now lies thinking in his bed
Of thee and me, and sighs, and takes my glove,
And gives memorial dainty kisses to it. Shakespeare.
May I, at the conclusion of a work, which is a kind of
monument of Pope's partiality to me, place the following
lines as an inscription memorial of it. Broome.
The tomb with manly arms and trophies raise;
There high in air memorial of my name
Fix the smooth oar, and bid me live to fame. Pope.
2. Contained in memory.
The case is the same with the memorial possessions of the
greatest part of mankind: a few useful things mixed with
many trifles fill up their memories. Watts.

MEMO’RIAL. n. s.
1. A monument; something to preserve memory.
All churches have had their names; some as memorials of
peace, some of wisdom, some in memory of the trinity itself,
some of Christ under sundry titles; of the blessed Virgin not
a few; many of one apostle, saint, or martyr; many of all.
Hooker.
A memorial unto Israel, that no stranger offer incense be­
fore the Lord. Num. xvi. 43.
All the laws of this kingdom have some monuments or
memorials thereof in writing, yet all of them have not their
original in writing; for some of those laws have obtained
their force by immemorial usage. Hale.
In other parts like deeds deserv'd
Memorial, where the might of Gabriel fought. Milton.
Reflect upon a clear, unblotted, acquitting conscience, and
feed upon the ineffable comforts of the memorial of a con­
quered temptation. South's Sermons.
Medals are so many monuments consigned over to eterni­
ty, that may last when all other memorials of the same age
are worn out or lost. Addison on ancient Medals.
2. Hint to assist the memory.
He was a prince sad, serious, and full of thoughts and se­
cret observations, and full of notes and memorials of his own
hand touching persons. Bacon's Henry VII.
Memorials written with king Edward's hand shall be the
ground of this history. Hayward.

MEMO’RIALIST. n. s. [from memorial.] One who writes me­
morials.
I must not omit a memorial setting forth, that the memo­
rialist had, with great dispatch, carried a letter from a cer­
tain lord to a certain lord. Spectator, No. 629.

MEMORI’ZE. v. a. [from memory.] To record; to commit to
memory by writing.
They neglect to memorize their conquest of the Indians,
especially in those times in which the same was supposed.
Spenser on Ireland.
Let their names that were bravely lost be rather memo­
rized in the full table of time; for my part, I love no ambi­
tious pains in an eloquent description of miseries. Wotton.

ME’MORY. n. s. [memoire, Fr. memoria, Latin..]
1. The power of retaining or recollecting things past; reten­
tion; reminiscence; recollection.
Memory is the power to revive again in our minds those
ideas which after imprinting have disappeared, or have been
laid aside out of sight. Locke.
The memory is perpetually looking back, when we have no­
thing present to entertain us: it is like those repositories in
animals that are filled with stores of food, on which they may
ruminate, when their present pasture fails. Addison's Spectator.


2. Exemption from oblivion.
That ever-living man of memory,
Henry the Fifth! Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Time of knowledge.
Thy request think now fulfill'd, that ask'd
How first this world, and face of things, began,
And what, before thy memory, was done. Milton.
4. Memorial; monumental record.
Be better suited;
These weeds are memories of those worser hours:
I pr'ythee put them off. Shakesp. King Lear.
A swan in memory of Cycnus shines;
The mourning sisters weep in wat'ry signs. Addison.
5. Reflection; attention. Not in use.
When Duncan is asleep, his two chamberlains
Will I with wine and wassel so convince,
That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

MEN

MEN, the plural of man.
Wits live obscurely men know not how; or die obscurely
men mark not when. Ascham.
For men, there are to be considered the valour and num­
ber: the old observation is not untrue, that the Spaniards va­
lour lieth in the eye of the looker-on; but the English va­
lour lieth about the soldiers heart. Bacon's War with Spain.
He thought fit that the king's affairs should entirely be con­
ducted by the soldiers and men of war. Clarendon, b. viii.

MEN-PLE’ASER. n. s. [men and pleaser.] One too careful to
please others.
Servants be obedient to them that are your masters: not
with eye-service, as men-pleasers; but as the servants of Christ,
doing the will of God from the heart. Eph. vi. 6.

To ME’NACE. v. a. [menacer, Fr.] To threaten; to threat.
Who ever knew the heavens menace so? Shakespeare.
Your eyes do menace me: why look you pale?
Who sent you hither? Shakespeare's Richard III.
My master knows not but I am gone hence,
And fearfully did menace me with death,
If I did stay to look on his intents. Shakespeare.
From this league
Peep'd harms that menac'd him. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
What shou'd he do? 'Twas death to go away,
And the god menac'd if he dar'd to stay. Dryden's Fables.

ME’NACE. n. s. [menace, Fr. from the verb.] Threat.
He that would not believe the menace of God at first, it
may be doubted whether, before an ocular example, he be­
lieved the curse at last. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
The Trojans view the dusty cloud from far,
And the dark menace of the distant war. Dryden's æncis.

ME’NACER. n. s. [menaceur, Fr. from menace.] A threatener;
one that threats.
Hence menacer! nor tempt me into rage:
This roof protects thy rashness. But begone! Philips.

MENA’GE. n. s. [French.] A collection of animals.
I saw here the largest menage that I met with any-where.
Addison on Italy.

ME’NAGOGUE. n. s. [??e? and ??.] A medicine that pro­
motes the flux of the menses.

To MEND. v. a. [emendo, Latin.]
1. To repair from breach or decay.
They gave the money to the workmen to repair and mend
the house. 2 Chron. xxxiv. 10.
2. To correct; to alter for the better.
The best service they could do to the state, was to mend
the lives and manners of the persons who composed it.
Temple's Miseel.
You need not despair, by the assistance of his growing
reason, to master his timorousness, and mend the weakness of
his constitution. Locke on Education.
Though in some lands the grass is but short, yet it mends
garden herbs and fruit. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Their opinion of Wood, and his project, is not mended.
Swift.
3. To help; to advance.
Whatever is new is unlooked for; and ever it mends some,
and impairs others: and he that is holpen takes it for a for­
tune, and he that is hurt for a wrong. Bacon.
If, to avoid succession in eternal existence, they recur to
the punctum stans of the schools, they will thereby very little
mend the matter, or help us to a more positive idea of infinite
duration. Locke.
4. To improve; to increase.
Death comes not at call; justice divine
Mends not her slowest pace, for pray'r, or cries. Milton.
When upon the sands the traveller,
Sees the high sea come rolling from afar,
The land grow short, he mends his weary pace,
While death behind him covers all the place. Dryden.
He saw the monster mend his pace; he springs,
As terror had increas'd his feet with wings. Dryden.

To MEND. v. n. To grow better; to advance in any good;
to be changed for the better.
Name a new play and he's the poet's friend;
Nay, show'd his faults—but when wou'd poets mend?
Pope's Essay on Criticism.

ME’NDABLE. adj. [from mend.] Capable of being mended. A
low word.

MENDA’CITY. n. s. [from mendax, Latin.] Falsehood.
In this delivery there were additional mendacities; for
the commandment forbid not to touch the fruit, and po­
sitively said, Ye shall surely die; but she, extenuating, re­
plied, Lest ye die. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

ME’NDER. n. s. [from mend.] One who makes any change for
the better.
What trade art thou? A trade that I may use with a safe
conscience; a mender of bad soals. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

ME’NDICANT. adj. [mendicans, Latin.] Begging; poor to a
state of beggary.
Be not righteous over-much, is applicable to those who,
out of an excess of zeal, practise mortifications, whereby
they macerate their bodies; or to those who voluntarily re­
duce themselves to a poor, and perhaps mendicant, state.
Fiddes's Sermons.

ME’NDICANT. n. s. [mendicant, Fr.] A beggar; one of some
begging fraternity in the Romish church.

To ME’NDICATE. v. a. [mendico, Lat. mendier, Fr] To beg;
to ask alms.

MENDI’CITY. n. s. [mendicitas, Lat. mendicité, Fr.] The life
of a beggar.

MENDS for amends.
Let her be as she is: If she be fair, 'tis the better for her;
and if she be not, she has the mends in her own hands. Shak.

ME’NIAL. adj. [from meiny or many; meni, Saxon, or mesnie,
old French.]
1. Belonging to the retinue, or train of servants.
Two menial dogs before their master press'd;
Thus clad, and guarded thus, he seeks his kingly guest.
Dryden's æneis.
2. Swift seems not to have known the meaning of this word.
The women attendants perform only the most menial of­
fices. Gulliver's Travels.

ME’NIAL. n. s. One of the train of servants.

MENI’NGES. n. s. [?e???.] The meninges are the two mem­
branes that envelope the brain, which are called the pia ma­
ter and dura mater; the latter being the exterior involucrum,
is, from its thickness, so denominated. Dict.
The brain being exposed to the air groweth fluid, and is
thrust forth by the contraction of the meninges. Wiseman.

MENO’LOGY. n. s. [??????????; menologe, French.] A register
of months.
In the Roman martyrology we find, at one time, many
thousand martyrs destroyed by Dioclesian: the menology saith
they were twenty thousand. Stillingfleet.

ME’NOW. n. s. commonly minnow. A fish. Ains.

ME’NSAL. adj. [mensalis, Lat.] Belonging to the table; trans­
acted at table. A word yet scarcely naturalised.
Conversation either mental or mensal. Clarissa.

ME’NSTRUAL. adj. [menstrual, Fr. menstruus, Latin.]
1. Monthly; happening once a month; lasting a month.
She turns all her globe to the sun, by moving in her men­
strual orb, and enjoys night and day alternately, one day of
her's being equal to about fourteen days and nights of ours.
Bentley's Sermons.
2. Pertaining to a menstruum. [menstrueux, Fr.]
The dissents of the menstrual or strong waters hinder the
incorporation, as well as those of the metal. Bacon.

ME’NSTRUOUS. adj. [menstruus, Lat.] Having the catamenia.
O thou of late belov'd,
Now like a menstruous woman art remov'd. Sandys's Par.
Many, from being women, have proved men at the first
point of their menstruous eruptions. Brown.

ME’NSTRUUM. n. s. [This name probably was derived from
some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the
moon in the preparation of dissolvents.]
All liquors are called menstruums which are used as dissol­
vents, or to extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion, de­
coction. Quincy.
Inquire what is the proper menstruum to dissolve metal, what
will touch upon the one and not upon the other, and what
several menstrua will dissolve any metal. Bacon's Physical Rem.
White metalline bodies must be excepted, which, by rea­
son of their excessive density, seem to reflect almost all the
light incident on their first superficies, unless by solution in
menstruums they be reduced into very small particles, and then
they become transparent. Newton's Opticks.

MENSURABI’LITY. n. s. [mensurabilité, French.] Capacity of
being measured.

ME’NSURABLE. adj. [mensura, Latin.] Measurable; that may
be measured.
We measure our time by law and not by nature. The so­
lar month is no periodical motion, and not easily mensurable,
and the months unequal among themselves, and not to be
measured by even weeks or days. Holder.



ME’NSURAL. adj. [from mensura, Latin.] Relating to mea­
sure.

To ME’NSURATE. v. a. [from mensura, Latin.] To measure;
to take the dimension of any thing.

MENSURA’TION. n. s. [from mensura, Lat.] The act or prac­
tice of measuring; result of measuring.
After giving the mensuration and argumentation of Dr. Cum­
berland, it would not have been fair to have suppressed those
of another prelate. Arbuthnot on Coins.

ME’NTAL. adj. [mentale, French; mentis, Lat.] Intellectual;
existing in the mind.
What a mental power
This eye shoots forth? How big imagination
Moves in this lip? To the dumbness of the gesture
One might interpret. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
So deep the pow'r of these ingredients pierc'd,
Ev'n to the inmost seat of mental sight,
That Adam now enforc'd to close his eyes,
Sunk down, and all his spirits became entranc'd. Milton.
The metaphor of taste would not have been so gene­
ral, had there not been a very great conformity between the
mental taste and that sensitive taste that affects the palate.
Addison's Spect. No. 409.
If the ideas be not innate, there was a time when the
mind was without those principles; for where the ideas are
not, there can be no knowledge, no assent, no mental or ver­
bal propositions about them. Locke.
She kindly talk'd, at least three hours,
Of plastick forms, and mental pow'rs. Prior.
Those inward representations of spirit, thought, love, and
hatred, are pure and mental ideas, belonging especially to
the mind, and carry nothing of shape or sense in them.
Watts's Logick.

ME’NTALLY. adv. [from mental.] Intellectually; in the mind;
not practically, but in thought or meditation.
If we consider the heart the first principle of life, and
mentally divide it into its constituent parts, we find nothing
but what is in any muscle of the body. Bentley.

ME’NTION. n. s. [mention, Fr. mentio, Latin.] Oral or writ­
ten expression, or recital of any thing.
Think on me when it shall be well with thee; and make
mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house.
Gen. xl. 14.
The Almighty introduces the proposal of his laws rather
with the mention of some particular acts of kindness, than by
reminding mankind of his severity. Rogers's Sermons.

To ME’NTION. v. a. [mentionner, Fr. from the noun.] To
write or express in words or writing.
I will mention the loving-kindnesses of the Lord, and the
praises of the Lord. Isa. lxiii. 7.
These mentioned by their names were princes in their fami­
lies. 1 Chron. iv. 38.
The rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat are written in the book
of Jehu, who is mentioned in the book of Kings. 2 Chron.
All his transgressions shall not be mentioned. Ezek. xviii.

MEPHI’TICAL. adj. [mephitis, Lat.] Ill favoured; stinking.
Mephitical exhalations are poisonous or noxious steams
issuing out of the earth, from what cause soever. Quincy.

MER

MERA’CIOUS. adj. [meracus, Latin.] Strong; racy.

ME’RCABLE. adj. [mercor, Lat.] To be sold or bought. Dict.

ME’RCANTANT. n. s. [mercatante, Ital.] This word in Shake­
speare seems to signify a foreigner, or foreign trader.
What is he?
—A mercantant, or else a pedant.
I know not what but formal in apparel. Shakespeare.

ME’RCANTILE. adj. Trading; commercial.
The expedition of the Argonauts was partly mercantile,
partly military. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Let him travel and fulfil the duties of the military or mer­
cantile life; let prosperous or adverse fortune call him to the
most distant parts of the globe, still let him carry on his
knowledge, and the improvement of his soul. Watts.

ME’RCAT. n. s. [mercatus, Latin.] Market; trade.
With irresistible majesty and authority our Saviour removed
the exchange, and drove the mercat out of the temple. Sprat.

ME’RCATURE. n. s. [mercatura, Latin.] The practice of buy­
ing and selling.

ME’RCENARINESS. n. s. [from mercenary.] Venality; respect
to hire or reward.
To forego the pleasures of sense, and undergo the hard­
ships that attend a holy life, is such a kind of mercenariness,
as none but a resigned, believing soul is likely to be guilty of;
if fear itself, and even the fear of hell, may be one justifiable
motive of mens actions. Boyle.

ME’RCENARY. adj. [mercenaire, Fr. mercenarius, Lat.] Ve­
nal; hired; sold for money; acting only for hire.
Many of our princes, woe the while!
Lie drown'd, and soked in mercenary blood. Shakespeare.
Divers Almains, who served in the garisons, being merely
mercenary, did easily incline to the strongest. Haywood.
The appellation of servant imports a mercenary temper, and
denotes such an one as makes his reward both the sole motive
and measure of his obedience. South's Sermons.
'Twas not for nothing I the crown resign'd;
I still must own a mercenary mind. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

ME’RCENARY. n. s. [mercenaire, Fr.] A hireling; one retain­
ed or serving for pay.
He a poor mercenary serves for bread;
For all his travel, only cloth'd and fed. Sandys's Paraph.

ME’RCER. n. s. [mercier, French.] One who sells silks.
The draper and mercer may measure religion as they please,
and the weaver may cast her upon what loom he please.
Howel's England's Tears.

ME’RCERY. n. s. [mercerie, Fr. from mercer.] Trade of mer­
cers; dealing in silks.
The mercery is gone from out of Lombard-street and
Cheapside into Paternoster-row and Fleet-street. Graunt.

To ME’RCHAND. v. n. [marchander, French.] To transact by
traffick.
Ferdinando merchanded with France for the restoring Rous­
siglion and Perpignan, oppignorated to them. Bacon.

ME’RCHANDISE. n. s. [marchandise, French.]
1. Traffick; commerce; trade.
If a son, that is sent by his father about merchandise, fall
into some leud action, his wickedness, by your rule, should
be imposed upon his father. Shakesp. Henry V.
If he pay thee to the utmost farthing, thou hast forgiven
nothing: it is merchandise, and not forgiveness, to restore him
that does as much as you can require. Taylor.
2. Wares; any thing to be bought or sold.
Fair when her breast, like a rich laden bark
With precious merchandise, she forth doth lay. Spenser.
Thou shalt not fell her at all for money; thou shalt not
make merchandise of her. Deut. xxi. 14.
As for any merchandise you have brought, ye shall have
your return in merchandise or in gold. Bacon.
So active a people will always have money, whilst they can
send what merchandises they please to Mexico. Addison.

To ME’RCHANDISE. v. n. To trade; to traffick; to exercise
commerce.
The Phœnicians, of whose exceeding merchandising we
read so much in ancient histories, were Canaanites, whose
very name signifies merchants. Brerewood on Languages.

ME’RCHANT. n. s. [marchand, French.] One who trafficks to
remote countries.
France hath flaw'd the league, and hath attach'd
Our merchants goods at Bourdeaux. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The Lord hath given a commandment against the merchant
city to destroy the strong holds thereof. Isa. xxiii. 11.
The most celebrated merchants in the world were situated
in the island of Tyre. Addison's Freeholder, No. 42.

ME’RCHANTLY. adj. [from merchant.] Like a merchant.

ME’RCHANTLIKE. adj. [from merchant.] Like a merchant.
Ains.

ME’RCHANT-MAN. n. s. [merchant and man.] A ship of trade.
Pirates have fair winds and a calm sea, when the just and
peaceful merchant-man hath them. Taylor.
In the time of Augustus and Tiberius, the southern coasts
of Spain sent great fleets of merchant-men to Italy. Arbuthnot.

ME’RCHANTABLE. adj. [mercabilis, Lat. from merchant.] Fit
to be bought or sold.
Why they placed this invention in the beaver, beside the
medical and merchantable commodity of castor, or parts con­
ceived to be bitten away, might be the sagacity of that ani­
mal. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

ME’RCIABLE. adj. [from mercy.] This word in Spenser signifies
merciful.
Nought but well mought him betight:
He is so meek, wise, merciable,
And with his word his work is convenable. Spenser's Past.

ME’RCIFUL. adj. [mercy and full.] Compassionate; tender;
kind; unwilling to punish; willing to pity and spare.
Be merciful, O Lord, unto thy people thou hast redeemed.
Deut. xxi. 8.

ME’RCIFULLY. adv. [from merciful.] Tenderly; mildly; with
pity; with compassion.
Make the true use of those afflictions which his hand, mer­
cifully severe, hath been pleased to lay upon thee. Atterbury.

ME’RCIFULNESS. n. s. [from merciful.] Tenderness; willing­
ness to spare.
The band that ought to knit all these excellencies together
is a kind mercifulness to such a one, as is in his soul devoted
to such perfections. Sidney.
Use the means ordinary and lawful, among which merci­
fulness and liberality is one, to which the promise of secular
wealth is most frequently made. Hammond.

ME’RCILESS. adj. [from mercy.] Void of mercy; pitiless; hard
hearted; cruel; severe.
His mother merciless,
Most merciless of women Wyden hight,
Her other son fast sleeping did oppress,
And with most cruel hand him murdered pitiless. Fa. Qu.
The foe is merciless, and will not pity. Shakespeare.


Think not their rage so desperate t'essay
An element more merciless than they. Denham.
What God so mean,
So merciless a tyrant to obey! Dryden's Juvenal.
Whatever ravages a merciless distemper may commit, she
shall have one man as much her admirer as ever. Pope.
The torrent merciless imbibes
Commissions, perquisites, and bribes. Swift.

MERCI’LESSLY. adv. [from merciless.] In a manner void of
pity.

ME’RCILESSNESS. n. s. [from merciless.] Want of pity.

ME’RCURIAL. adj. [mercurialis, Lat.]
1. Formed under the influence of mercury; active; sprightly.
I know the shape of's leg: This is his hand,
His foot mercurial, his martial thigh,
The brawns of Hercules. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
This youth was such a mercurial, as could make his own
part, if at any time he chanced to be out. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Tully considered the dispositions of a sincere, more igno­
rant, and less mercurial nation, by dwelling on the pathetick
part. Swift's Miscel.
2. Consisting of quicksilver.

MERCURIFICA’TION. adj. [from mercury.] The act of mixing
any thing with quicksilver.
I add the ways of mercurification. Boyle.

ME’RCURY. n. s. [mercurius, Latin.]
1. The chemist's name for quicksilver is mercury. Hill.
The gall of animals and mercury kill worms; and the
water in which mercury is boiled has this effect. Arbuthnot.
2. Sprightly qualities.
Thus the mercury of man is fix'd,
Strong grows the virtue with his nature mix'd;
The dross cements what else were too refin'd,
And in one int'rest body acts with mind. Pope.
3. A news-paper. Ains.
4. It is now applied, in cant phrase, to the carriers of news
and pamphlets.

ME’RCURY. n. s. [mercurialis, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves of the mercury are crenated, and grow by pairs
opposite: the cup of the flower consists of one leaf, which
expands and is cut into three segments; these are male and
female in different places: the flowers of the male grow in
long spikes, and consist of many stamina and apices, which
are loaded with farina: the ovary of the female plant be­
comes a testiculated fruit, having a single round seed in each
cell. Miller.
Herb mercury is of an emollient nature, and is eaten in
the manner of spinach, which, when cultivated in a garden,
it greatly excels. Hill's Mat. Med.

ME’RCY. n. s. [merci, French, contracted from misericordia, 
Latin.]
1. Tenderness; goodness; pity; willingness to save; clemency;
mildness; unwillingness to punish.
Oh heav'n have mercy on me!
—I say, amen.
And have you mercy too? Shakespeare.
Mercy is not strain'd;
It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heav'n,
Upon the place beneath. It is twice bless'd;
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. Shakesp.
Arise, and have mercy upon Zion. Psal. cii. 13.
Thou, O God, art gracious, long-suffering, and in mercy
ordering all. Wisd. xv. 1.
Examples of justice must be made for terror to some; ex­
amples of mercy for comfort to others: the one procures fear,
and the other love. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Good heav'n, whose darling attribute we find
Is boundless grace, and mercy to mankind,
Abhors the cruel. Dryden.
We adore his undeserved mercy towards us, that he made
us the chief of the visible creation. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Pardon.
'Twere a paper lost,
As offer'd mercy is. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Cry mercy lords,
That you have ta'en a tardy sluggard here. Shakespeare.
I cry thee mercy with all my heart, for suspecting a friar
of the least good-nature. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
3. Discretion; power of acting at pleasure.
Condition!
What good condition can a treaty find
I'th' part that is at mercy? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The most authentick record of so ancient a family should
lie at the mercy of every insant who slings a stone. Pope.
A lover is ever complaining of cruelty while any thing is
denied him; and when the lady ceases to be cruel, she is,
from the next moment, at his mercy. Swift.

MERCY-SEAT. n. s. [mercy and seat.]
The mercy-seat was the covering of the ark of the cove­
nant, in which the tables of the law were deposited: it was
of gold, and at its two ends were fixed the two cherubims,
of the same metal, which with their wings extended for­
wards, seemed to form a throne for the majesty of God, who
in scripture is represented as sitting between the cherubims,
and the ark was his footstool: it was from hence that God
gave his oracles to Moses, or to the high-priest that consult­
ed him. Calmet.
Make a mercy-seat of pure gold, Exod. xxv. 17.

MERE. adj. [merus, Latin.] That or this only; such and no­
thing else; this only.
This avarice
Strikes deeper, grows with more pernicious root
Than Summer-teeming lust; and it hath been
The sword of our slain kings: yet do not fear,
Scotland hath foisons to fill up your will
Of your mere own. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I have engag'd myself to a dear friend,
Engag'd my friend to his mere enemy,
To feed my means. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The mere Irish were not admitted to the benefit of the
laws of England, until they had purchased charters of deni­
zation. Davies on Ireland.
From mere success nothing can be concluded in favour of
any nation upon whom it is bestowed. Atterbury.
What if the head, the eye, or ear repin'd,
To serve mere engines to the ruling mind. Pope.
Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heav'n
Seclude their bosom slaves, meanly possess'd
Of a mere, lifeless, violated form. Thomson's Spring.

MERE or mer, whether in the beginning, middle, or end, al­
ways signify the same with the Saxon mere, a pool or lake.
Gibson's Camden.

MERE. n. s. [mere, Saxon.]
1. A pool; commonly a large pool or lake: as, Winander
mere.
I may say nothing of meres stored both with fish and fowl.
Camden's Remains.
2. A boundary.
The mislayer of a mere-stone is to blame: but it is the
unjust judge that is the capital remover of land-marks, who
defineth amiss of lands. Bacon.

ME’RELY. adv. [from mere.] Simply; only; thus and no other
way; for this and for no other end or purpose.
Which thing we ourselves would grant, if the use thereof
had been merely and only mystical. Hooker, b. v.
These external manners of laments
Are merely shadows to the unseen grief,
That swells with silence in the tortur'd soul. Shakesp.
It is below reasonable creatures to be conversant in such
diversions as are merely innocent, and have nothing else to
recommend them. Addison's Spect. No.93.
Above a thousand bought his almanack merely to find what
he said against me. Swift.
Prize not your life for other ends
Than merely to oblige your friends. Swift.

MERETRI’CIOUS. adj. [meretricius, meretrix, Latin.]
Whorish; such as is practised by prostitutes; alluring by false
show.
Our degenerate understandings having suffered a sad divorce
from their dearest object, defile themselves with every mere­
tricious semblance, that the variety of opinion presents them
with. Glanville's Scep.
Not by affected, meretricious arts,
But strict harmonious symmetry of parts. Roscommon.

MERETRI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from meretricious.] Whorishly;
after the manner of whores.

MERETRI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from meretricious.] False allure­
ment like those of strumpets.

MERI’DIAN. n. s. [meridien, French; meridies, Lat.]
1. Noon; mid-day.
He promis'd in his East a glorious race,
Now sunk from his meridian, sets apace. Dryden.
2. The line drawn from North to South, which the Sun crosses
at noon.
The true meridian is a circle passing through the poles of
the world, and the zenith or vertex of any place, exactly di­
viding the East from the West. Brown's Vulg. Errours, b. ii.
The Sun or Moon, rising or setting, our idea represents
bigger than when on the meridian. Watts's Logick.
3. The particular place or state of any thing.
All other knowledge merely serves the concerns of this
life, and is fitted to the meridian thereof: they are such as
will be of little use to a separate soul. Hale.
4. The highest point of glory or power.
I've touch'd the highest point of all my greatness,
And from that full meridian of my glory
I haste now to my setting. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Your full majesty at once breaks forth
In the meridian of your reign. Waller.

MERI’DIAN. adj.
1. At the point of noon.
Sometimes tow'rds Eden, which now in his view
Lay pleasant, his griev'd look he fixes sad;


Sometimes tow'rds heav'n, and the full blazing Sun,
Which now sat high in his meridian tow'r. Milton.
2. Extended from North to South.
Compare the meridian line afforded by magnetical needles
with one mathematically drawn, and observe the variation of
the needle, or its declination from the true meridian line.
Boyle.
3. Raised to the highest point.

MERI’DIONAL. adj. [meridional, French.]
1. Southern.
In the southern coast of America or Africa, the southern
point varieth toward the land, as being disposed that way by
the meridional or proper hemisphere. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Southerly; having a southern aspect.
All offices that require heat, as kitchens, stillatories, and
stoves, would be meridional. Wotton's Architect.

MERIDIONA’LITY. n. s. [from meridional.] Position in the
South; aspect towards the South.

MERI’DIONALLY. adv. [from meridional.] With a southern
aspect.
The Jews, not willing to lie as their temple stood, do
place their bed from North to South, and delight to sleep
meridionally. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

ME’RIT. n. s. [meritum, Latin; merite, French.]
1. Desert; excellence deserving honour or reward.
You have the captives; use them
As we shall find their merits and our safety
May equally determine. Shakesp. King Lear.
She deem'd I well deserv'd to die,
And made a merit of her cruelty. Dryden.
Roscommon, not more learn'd than good,
With manners gen'rous as his noble blood;
To him the wit of Greece and Rome was known,
And ev'ry author's merit but his own. Pope.
She valu'd nothing less
Than titles, figure, shape, and dress;
That merit should be chiefly plac'd
In judgment, knowledge, wit, and taste. Swift.
2. Reward deserved.
Those laurel groves, the merits of thy youth,
Which thou from Mahomet didst greatly gain,
While bold assertor of resistless truth,
Thy sword did godlike liberty maintain. Prior.
3. Claim; right.
As I am studious to promote the honour of my native
country, I put Chaucer's merits to the trial, by turning some
of the Canterbury tales into our language. Dryden.
When a point hath been well examined, and our own
judgment settled, after a large survey of the merits of the
cause, it would be a weakness to continue fluttering. Watts.

To ME’RIT. v. a. [meriter, French.]
1. To deserve; to have a right to claim any thing as deserved.
Amply have merited of me, of all
Th' infernal empire. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
A man at best is uncapable of meriting any thing from
God. South's Sermons.
2. To deserve; to earn: it is used generally of good, but some­
times of ill.
Whatsoever jewels I have merited, I am sure I have re­
ceived none, unless experience be a jewel; that I have pur­
chased at an infinite rate. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
If such rewards to vanquish'd men are due,
What prize may Nisus from your bounty claim,
Who merited the first rewards, and fame? Dryden.

MERITO’RIOUS. adj. [meritoire, Fr. from merit.] Deserving of
reward; high in desert.
Instead of so great and meritorious a service, in bringing all
the Irish to acknowledge the king for their liege, they did
great hurt. Spenser on Ireland.
The war that hath such a foundation will not only be re­
puted just, but holy and meritorious. Raleigh's Essays.
A most sufficient means of redemption and salvation, by
the satisfactory and meritorious death and obedience of the
incarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ, God blessed for ever.
Bishop Sanderson.
This is not only the most prudent, but the most meritorious
charity, which we can practice. Addison's Spect.

MERITO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from meritorious.] In such a manner
as to deserve reward.
He carried himself meritoriously in foreign employments
in time of the interdict, which held up his credit among the
patriots. Wotton.

MERITO’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from meritorious.] The act or state
of deserving well.
There was a full persuasion of the high meritoriousness of
what they did; but still there was no law of God to ground
it upon, and consequently it was not conscience. South.

ME’RITOT. n. s. [oscillum, Lat.] A kind of play. Ains.

ME’RLIN. n. s. A kind of hawk.
Not yielding over to old age his country delights, he was
at that time following a merlin. Sidney.

ME’RMAID. n. s. [mer, the sea, and maid.] A sea woman; an
animal with a woman's head and fish's tail.
I'll drown more sailors than the mermaid shall. Shakesp.
Thou remembrest,
Since once I sat upon a promontory,
And heard a mermaid on a dolphin's back
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath,
That the rude sea grew civil at her song. Shakespeare.
Did sense persuade Ulysses not to hear
The mermaids songs, which so his men did please,
That they were all persuaded, through the ear,
To quit the ship and leap into the seas? Davies.
Few eyes have escaped the picture of a mermaid: Horace
his monster, with woman's head above and fishy extremity
below, answers the shape of the ancient syrens that attempt­
ed upon Ulysses. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

MERMAID'S TRUMPET. n. s. A kind of fish. Ains.

ME’RRILY. adv. [from merry.]
1. Gaily; civily; cheerfully; with mirth; with gaiety; with
laughter.
Merrily, merrily, shall we live now,
Under the blossom that hangs on the bough. Shakesp.
When men come to borrow of your masters, they ap­
proach sadly, and go away merrily. Shakesp Timon of Athens.
You have ended my business, and I will merrily accompany
you home. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
A paisan of France thinks of no more than his coarse
bread and his onions, his canvass clothes and wooden shoes,
labours contentedly on working days, and dances or plays
merrily on holidays. Temple's Miseel.
Merrily sing, and sport, and play,
For 'tis Oriana's nuptial day. Granville.

ME’RRIMAKE. n. s. [merry and make.] A festival; a meeting
for mirth.
Thenot now nis the time of merrymake,
Nor Pan to herie, nor with love to play,
Sike mirth in May is meetest for to make,
Or Summer shade, under the cocked hay. Spenser's Past.
The knight did not forbear,
Her honest mirth and pleasure to partake,
But when he saw her gibe, and toy, and geare,
And pass the bounds of modest merrimake,
Her dalliance he despised. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To ME’RRIMAKE. v. a. To feast; to be jovial.
With thee 'twas Marian's dear delight
To moil all day, and merrimake at night. Gay's Pastorals.

ME’RRIMENT. n. s. [from merry.] Mirth; gaiety; cheerful­
ness; laughter.
Who when they heard that piteous strained voice,
In haste forsook their rural merriment. Fairy Queen, b. i.
A number of merriments and jests, wherewith they have
pleasantly moved much laughter at our manner of serving
God. Hooker, b. v.
Methought it was the sound
Of riot and ill-managed merriment. Milton.

ME’RRINESS. n. s. [from merry.] Mirth; merry disposition.
The stile shall give us cause to climb in the merriness. Shak.

ME’RRY. adj.
1. Laughing; loudly cheerful; gay of heart.
They drank and were merry with him. Gen. xliii. 34.
The vine languisheth, all the merry-hearted sigh. Isa. xxiv.
Some that are of an ill and melancholy nature, incline the
company into which they come to be sad and ill-disposed;
and others that are of a jovial nature, do dispose the com­
pany to be merry and cheerful. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Man is the merriest species of the creation; all above and
below him are serious. Addison.
2. Causing laughter.
You kill'd her husband, and for that vile sault
Two of her brothers were condemn'd to death;
My hand cut off, and made a merry jest. Shakespeare.
3. Prosperous.
In my small pinnace I can sail,
Contemning all the blust'ring roar;
And running with a merry gale,
With friendly stars my safety seek,
Within some little winding creek,
And see the storm ashore. Dryden.

To make MERRY. To junket; to be jovial.
They trod the grapes and made merry, and went into the
house of their God. Judg. ix. 27.
A fox 'spy'd a bevy of jolly, gossiping wenches making
merry over a dish of pullets. L'Estrange.

MERRY-A’NDREW. n. s. A buffoon; a zany; a jack-pudding.
He would be a statesman because he is a buffoon; as if
there went no more to the making of a counsellor than the
faculties of a merry-andrew or tumbler. L'Estrange.
The first who made the experiment was a merry-an­
drew. Spectator, No. 599.



ME’RRYTHOUGHT. n. s. [merry and thought.] A forked bone
on the body of fowls; so called because boys and girls pull
in play at the two sides, the longest part broken off betoken­
ing priority of marriage.
Let him not be breaking merrythoughts under the table with
my cousin. Eachard's Contempt of the Clergy.

MES

MESERA’ICK. n. s. [?es??a???: mesaraique, Fr. analogy re­
quires it mesaraick.] Belonging to the mysentery.
It taketh leave of the permeant parts at the mouths of the
meseraicks, and accompanieth the inconvertible portion into
the siege. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The most subtile part of the chyle passeth immediately into
the blood by the absorbent vessels of the guts, which discharge
themselves into the meseraick veins. Arbuthnot.

ME’RSION. n. s. [mersio, Lat.] The act of sinking, or thrust­
ing over head. Ains.

MESE’EMS, impersonal verb. [me and seems, or it seems to me:
for this word it is now too common to use methinks or me­
thought, an ungrammatical word.] I think; it appears to me;
methinks.
Alas, of ghosts I hear the gastly cries;
Yet there, meseems, I hear her singing loud. Sidney.
Meseemed by my side a royal maid,
Her dainty limbs full softly down did lay. Fairy Queen.
To that general subjection of the land meseems that the
custom or tenure can be no bar nor impeachment. Spenser.

ME’SENTERY. n. s. [?ese??????; mesentere, Fr.] That round
which the guts are convolved.
When the chyle passeth through the mesentery, it is mixed
with the lymph. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

MESENTE’RICK. adj. [mesenterique, French, from mesentery.]
Relating to the mesentery.
They are carried into the glands of the mesentery, receiving
a fine lymph from the lymphatick ducts, which dilutes this
chylous fluid, and scours its containing vessels, which, from
the mesenterick glands, unite in large channels, and pass di­
rectly into the common receptacle of the chyle. Cheyne.

MESH. n. s. [maesche, Dutch; mache, old French: it were
therefore better written, as it is commonly pronounced, mash.]
The interstice of a net; the space between the threads of a
net.
The drovers hang square nets athwart the tide, thorough
which the shoal of pilchard passing, leave many behind en­
tangled in the meashes. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Such a hare is madness the youth, to skip o'er the meshes of
good counsel the cripple. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
He spreads his subtle nets from sight,
With twinkling glasses to betray
The larks that in the meshes light. Dryden.
With all their mouths the nerves the spirits drink,
Which through the cells of the fine strainers sink:
These all the channel'd fibres ev'ry way,
For motion and sensation, still convey:
The greatest portion of th' arterial blood,
By the close structure of the parts withstood,
Whose narrow meshes stop the grosser flood. Blackmore.

To MESH. v. a. [from the noun.] To catch in a net; to en­
snare.
The flies by chance mesht in her hair,
By the bright radiance thrown
From her clear eyes, rich jewels were,
They so like diamonds shone. Drayton.

ME’SHY. adj. [from mesh.] Reticulated; of net-work.
Some build his house, but thence his issue barre,
Some make his meashy bed, but reave his rest. Carew.
Caught in the meshy snare, in vain they beat
Their idle wings. Thomson.

ME’SLIN. n. s. [from mesler, French, to mix; or rather cor­
ruptly pronounced for miscellane. See MASLIN.] Mixed corn:
as, wheat and rie.
What reason is there which should but induce, and there­
fore much less enforce, us to think, that care of old dissimi­
litude between the people of God and the heathen nations
about them, was any more the cause of forbidding them to
put on garments of sundry stuff, than of charging them withal
not to sow their fields with meslin. Hooker, b. iv.
If worke for the thresher ye mind for to have,
Of wheat and of mestlin unthreshed go save. Tusser.

MESOLEU’CYS. n. s. [?es??e??.] A precious stone, black,
with a streak of white in the middle. Dict.

MESO’LOGARITHMS. n. s. [??s, ???, and a???.]
The logarithms of the cosines and tangents, so denominated
by Kepler. Harris.

MESO’MELAS. n. s. [?es????a?.] A precious stone with a black
vein parting every colour in the midst. Bailey.

ME’SPISE. n. s. [probably misprinted for mesprise; mespris, Fr.]
Contempt; scorn.
Mammon was much displeas'd, yet note he chose
But bear the rigour of his bold mespise,
And thence him forward led, him further to entice.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.

MESS. n. s. [mes, old French; messo, Italian; missus, Latin;
mes, Gothick; mese, Saxon, a dish.] A dish; a quantity
of food sent to table together.
The bounteous huswife, nature, on each bush
Lays her full mess before you. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Now your traveller,
He and his toothpick at my worship's mess. Shakespeare.
I had as lief you should tell me of a mess of porridge.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Herbs, and other country messes,
Which the neat-handed Phillis dresses. Milton.
Had either of the crimes been cooked to their palates,
they might have changed messes. Decay of Piety.
From him he next receives it thick or thin,
As pure a mess almost as it came in. Pope.

To MESS. v. n. To eat; to feed.

ME’SSAGE. n. s. [message, Fr.] An errand; any thing commit­
ted to another to be told to a third.
She doth display
The gate with pearls and rubies richly dight,
Through which her words so wise do make their way,
To bear the message of her spright. Spenser, Sonnet 81.
May one, that is a herald and a prince,
Do a fair message to his kingly ears! Shakespeare.
She is fair, and, fairer than that word,
Of wond'rous virtues; sometimes from her eyes
I did receive fair speechless messages. Shakespeare.
Gently hast thou told
Thy message, which might else in telling wound,
And in performing end us. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Let the minister be low, his interest inconsiderable, the
word will suffer for his sake; the message will still find recep­
tion according to the dignity of the messenger. South.
The welcome message made, was soon receiv'd;
'Twas to be wish'd and hop'd, but scarce believ'd. Dryden.

ME’SSENGER. n. s. [messager, French.] One who carries an
errand; one who comes from another to a third; one who
brings an account or foretoken of any thing; an harbinger;
a forerunner.
Came running in, much like a man dismaid,
A messenger with letters, which his message said. Fa. Qu.
Yon grey lines,
That fret the clouds, are messengers of day. Shakespeare.
Run after that same peevish messenger,
The duke's man. Shakespeare.
The earl dispatched messengers one after another to the king,
with an account of what he heard and believed he saw, and
yet thought not fit to stay for an answer. Clarendon.
Joy touch'd the messenger of heav'n; he stay'd
Entranc'd, and all the blissful haunt survey'd. Pope.

MESSI’AH. n. s. [from the Hebrew.] The Anointed; the
Christ; the Saviour of the world; the Prince of peace.
Great and publick opposition the magistrates made against
Jesus the man of Nazareth, when he appeared as the Mes­
siah. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

MESSI’EURS. n. s. [Fr. plural of monsieur.] Sirs; gentle­
men.

ME’SSMATE. n. s. [mess and mate.] One who eats at the same
table.

ME’SSUAGE. n. s. [messuagium, law Latin; formed perhaps
mesnage by mistake of the n in court-hand for u, they being
written alike, mesnage from maison, French.] The house and
ground set apart for houshold uses.

MET

MET, the preterite and part. of meet.
A set of very well-meaning gentlemen in England, not to
be met with in other countries, take it for granted they can
never be in the wrong so long as they can oppose ministers of
state. Addison's Freeholder, No. 48.

METAGRA’MMATISM. n. s. [?e and ?????a.]
Anagrammatism, or metagrammatism, is a dissolution of a
name truly written into its letters, as its elements, and a new
connexion of it by artificial transposition, without addition,
substraction, or change of any letter into different words,
making some perfect sense applicable to the person named.
Camden's Remains.

META’BASIS. n. s. [Greek.] In rhetorick, a figure by which
the orator passes from one thing to another. Dict.

META’BOLA. n. s. [?ea??.] In medicine, a change of time,
air, or disease.

METACA’RPUS. n. s. [?ea??p???.] In anatomy, a bone of
the arm made up of four bones, which are joined to the fin­
gers. Dict.
The conjunction is called synarthrosis; as in the joining of
the carpus to the metacarpus. Wiseman's Surgery.

METACA’RPAL. adj. [from metacarpus.] Belonging to the me­
tacarpus. Dict.
It will facilitate the separation in the joint, when you cut
the finger from the metacarpal bone. Sharp's Surgery.

ME’TAL. n. s. [metal, French; metallum, Latin.]
We understand by the term metal a firm, heavy, and hard
substance, opake, fusible by fire, and concreting again when


cold into a solid body such as it was before, which is malleable
under the hammer, and is of a bright, glossy, and glittering
substance where newly cut or broken. The metals are six in
number: 1. gold; 2. silver; 3. copper; 4. tin; 5. iron;
and, 6. lead; of which gold is the heaviest, lead the second
in weight, then silver, then copper, and iron is the lightest
except tin: some have added mercury or quicksilver to the
number of metals; but as it wants malleability, the criterion
of metals, it is more properly ranked among the semi me­
tals. Hill's Mat. Med.
Metallists use a kind of terrace in their vessels for fining
metals, that the melted metal run not out. Moxon.
2. Courage; spirit. In this sense it is more frequently written
mettle. See METTLE.
Being glad to find their companions had so much metal,
after a long debate the major part carried it. Clarendon.
3. Upon this signification the following ambiguity is founded.
Both kinds of metal he prepar'd,
Either to give blows or to ward;
Courage and steel both of great force,
Prepar'd for better or for worse. Hudibras, p. i.

METALE’PSIS. n. s. [?e??????.] A continuation of a trope in
one word through a succession of significations. Bailey.

META’LLICAL. adj. [from metallum, Lat. metallique, French.]
Partaking of metal; containing metal;
consisting of metal.

META’LLICK. adj. [from metallum, Lat. metallique, French.]
Partaking of metal; containing metal;
consisting of metal.
The antients observing in that material a kind of metallical
nature, or fusibility, seem to have resolved it to nobler use;
an art now utterly lost. Wotton's Architecture.
The lofty lines abound with endless store
Of min'ral treasure, and metallick oar. Blackmore.

METALLIFEROUS. adj. [metallum and fero, Latin.] Producing
metals. Dict.

META’LLINE. adj. [from metal.]
1. Impregnated with metal.
Metalline waters have virtual cold in them; put therefore
wood or clay into smith's water, and try whether it will not
harden. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 84.
2. Consisting of metal.
Though the quicksilver were brought to a very close and
lovely metalline cylinder, not interrupted by interspersed bub­
bles, yet having caused the air to be again drawn out of the
receiver, several little bubbles disclosed themselves. Boyle.

ME’TALLIST. n. s. [from metal; metalliste, Fr.] A worker in
metals; or skilled in metals.
Metallists use a kind of terrace in their vessels for fining
metals, that the melted metal run not out; it is made of
quick lime and ox blood. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.

ME’TALLOGRAPHY. n. s. [metallum and ?????.] An account
or description of metals. Dict.

META’LLURGIST. n. s. [metallum and ????.] A worker in me­
tals.

META’LLURGY. n. s. [metallum and ????.] The art of work­
ing metals, or separating them from their ore.

To METAMO’RPHOSE. v. a. [metamorphoser, Fr. ?ea??????.]
To change the form or shape of any thing.
Thou, Julia, thou hast metamorphos'd me;
Made me neglect my studies, lose my time. Shakespeare.
They became degenerate and metamorphosed like Nebu­
chadnezzar, who, though he had the face of a man, had the
heart of a beast. Davies on Ireland.
The impossibility to conceive so great a prince and favou­
rite so suddenly metamorphosed into travellers, with no greater
train, was enough to make any man unbelieve his five senses.
Wotton's Buckingham.
From such rude principles our form began;
And earth was metamorphos'd into man. Dryden's Ovid.

METAMO’RPHOSIS. n. s. [metamorphose, Fr. ?ea?????s??.]
1. Transformation; change of shape.
His whole oration stood upon a short narration, what was
the causer of this metamorphosis. Sidney.
Obscene talk is grown so common, that one would think
we were fallen into an age of metamorphosis, and that the
brutes did not only poetically but really speak. Gov. Tongue.
The fifteenth book is the master-piece of the whole meta­
morphoses. Dryden.
What! my noble colonel in metamorphosis! On what oc­
casion are you transformed? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
There are probable machines in epick poems, where the
gods are no less actors than the men; but the less credible
sort, such as metamorphoses, are far more rare. Pope's Odyssey.
2. It is applied, by Harvey, to the changes an animal under­
goes, both in its formation and growth; and by several to the
various shapes some insects in particular pass through, as the
silk-worm, and the like. Quincy.

ME’TAPHOR. n. s. [metaphore, Fr. ?e????a.] The appli­
cation of a word to an use to which, in its original import,
it cannot be put: as, he bridles his anger; he deadens the
sound; the spring awakes the flowers. A metaphor is a
simile comprized in a word; the spring putting in action the
powers of vegetation, which were torpid in the winter, as
the powers of a sleeping animal are excited by awaking him.
The work of tragedy is on the passions, and in a dialogue;
both of them abhor strong metaphors, in which the epopœa
delights. Dryden's Ded. to Virgil's æneis.

METAPHO’RICAL. adj. [metaphorique, Fr. from metaphor.]
Not literal; not according to the pri­
mitive meaning of the word; figurative.

METAPHO’RICK. adj. [metaphorique, Fr. from metaphor.]
Not literal; not according to the pri­
mitive meaning of the word; figurative.
The words which were do continue; the only difference
is, that whereas before they had a literal, they now have a
metaphorical use. Hooker.

METAPHRA’SE. n. s. [?e???as??.] A mere verbal translation
from one language into another.
This translation is not so loose as paraphrase, nor so close
as metaphrase. Dryden.

METAPHRA’ST. n. s. [metaphraste, Fr. ?e???a???.] A literal
translator; one who translates word for word from one lan­
guage into another.

METAPHY’SICAL. adj.
METAPHY’SICK. adj.
1. Versed in metaphysicks; relating to metaphysicks.
2. In Shakespeare it means supernatural or preternatural.
Hie thee hither,
To chastise with the valour of my tongue
All that impedes thee from the golden round,
Which fate, and metaphysical aid, doth seem
To have crown'd thee withal. Shakesp. Macbeth.

METAPHY’SICK. n. s. [metaphysique, Fr. ?ea??s?.] On­
tology; the doctrine of the general af­
fections of substances existing.

METAPHY’SICKS. n. s. [metaphysique, Fr. ?ea??s?.] On­
tology; the doctrine of the general af­
fections of substances existing.
The mathematicks and the metaphysicks,
Fall to them as you find your stomach serves you. Shakesp.
Call her the metaphysicks of her sex,
And say she tortures wits, as quartans vex
Physicians. Cleveland.
If sight be caused by intromission, or receiving in, the form
of contrary species should be received confusedly together,
which how absurd it is, Aristotle shews in his metaphysicks.
Peacham on Drawing.
See physick beg the Stagyrite's defence!
See metaphysick call for aid on sense! Pope's Dunciad.
The topicks of ontology or metaphysick, are cause, effect,
action, passion, identity, opposition, subject, adjunct, and
sign. Watts's Logick.

META’PHYSIS. n. s. [?ea?s??.] Transformation; metamor­
phosis. Dict.

ME’TAPLASM. n. s. [?eap?as??.] A figure in rhetorick,
wherein words or letters are transposed contrary to their na­
tural order. Dict.

META’STASIS. n. s. [?ea??s??.] Translation or removal.
His disease was a dangerous asthma; the cause a metastasis,
or translation of tartarous humours from his joints to his
lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.

METATA’RSAL. adj. [from metatarsus.] Belonging to the me­
tatarsus.
The bones of the toes, and part only of the metatarsal
bones, may be carious; in which case cut off only so much
of the foot as is disordered. Sharp's Surgery.

METATA’RSUS. n. s. [??ta and ta?s?.] The middle of the
foot, which is composed of five small bones connected to
those of the first part of the foot. Dict.
The conjunction is called synarthrosis, as in the joining
the tarsus to the metatarsus. Wiseman's Surgery.

META’THESIS. n. s. [?e?es??.] A transposition.

To METE. v. a. [metior, Latin.] To measure; to reduce to
measure.
I will divide Shechem, and mete the valley of Succoth. Psal.
To measure any distance by a line, apply some known
measure wherewith to mete it. Holder.
Though you many ways pursue
To find their length, you'll never mete the true,
But thus; take all that space the sun
Metes out, when every daily round is run. Creech.

METEWAND. n. s. [mete and yard, or wand.] A staff of a cer­
tain length wherewith measures are taken.

METEYARD. n. s. [mete and yard, or wand.] A staff of a cer­
tain length wherewith measures are taken.
A true touchstone, a sure metewand lieth before their eyes.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Ye shall do no unrighteousness in meteyard, weight, or
measure. Lev. xix. 35.

To METEMPSYCHO’SE. v. a. [from metempsychosis.] To tran­
slate from body to body. A word not received.
The souls of usurers after their death, Lucian affirms to
be metempsychosed, or translated into the bodies of asses, and
there remain certain years, for poor men to take their penny­
worth out of their bones. Peacham on Blazoning.

METEMPSYCHO’SIS. n. s. [?ee???s??.] The transmigration
of souls from body to body.
From the opinion of metempsychosis, or transmigration of
the souls of men into the bodies of beasts, most suitable unto
their human condition, after his death Orpheus the musician
became a swan. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

ME’TEOR. n. s. [meteore, Fr. ?e???a.] Any bodies in the air
or sky that are of a flux and transitory nature.


Look'd he or red, or pale, or sad, or merrily?
What observation mad'st thou in this case,
Of his heart's meteors tilting in his face? Shakespeare.
She began to cast with herself from what coast this blazing
star must rise upon the horizon of Ireland; for there had the
like meteor strong influence before. Bacon's Henry VII.
These burning fits but meteors be,
Whose matter in thee soon is spent:
Thy beauty, and all parts which are in thee,
Are an unchangeable firmament. Donne.
Then flaming meteors, hung in air, were seen,
And thunders rattled through a sky serene. Dryden's æn.
Why was I rais'd the meteor of the world,
Hung in the skies, and blazing as I travell'd,
Till all my fires were spent; and then cast downward
To be trod out by Cæsar? Dryden's All for Love.
O poet, thou hadst been discreteer,
Hanging the monarch's hat so high,
If thou hadst dubb'd thy star a meteor,
Which did but blaze, and rove, and die. Prior.

METEOROLO’GICAL. adj. [from meteorology.] Relating to the
doctrine of meteors.
Many others are considerable in meteorological divinity.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
Make disquisition whether these unusual lights be new­
come guests, or old inhabitants in heaven, or meteorological
impressions not transcending the upper region, or whether to
be ranked among celestial bodies. Howel's Vocal Forest.

METEORO’LOGIST. n. s. [from meteorology.] A man skilled in
meteors, or studious of them.
The meteorologists observe, that amongst the four elements
which are the ingredients of all sublunary creatures, there is
a notable correspondency. Howel's Vocal Forest.

METEORO’LOGY. n. s. [?ee??a and ????.] The doctrine of
meteors.
In animals we deny not a natural meteorology, or innate
presentation of wind and weather Brown's Vulgar Errours.

METE’OROUS. adj. [from meteor.] Having the nature of a me­
teor.
From the o'er hill
To their fixt station, all in bright array,
The cherubim descended, on the ground
Gliding meteorous, as ev'ning mist,
Ris'n from a river. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.

ME’TER. n. s. [from mete.] A measurer: as, a coal-meter, a
land-meter.

METHE’GLIN. n. s. [meddyglyn, Welsh, from medd and glyn,
glutinare ait Minshew, vel a medclyg medicus & llyn potus
quia potus medicinalis.] Drink made of honey boiled with
water and fermented.
White handed mistress, one sweet word with thee.
—Honey, and milk, and sugar, there is three.
—Nay then two treys; and if you grow so nice,
Metheglin, wort, and malmsey. Shakespeare.
T'allay the strength and hardness of the wine,
And with old Bacchus new metheglin join. Dryden.

ME’THINKS, verb impersonal. [me and thinks. This is ima­
gined to be a Norman corruption, the French being apt to
confound me and I.] I think; it seems to me; meseems.
See MESEEMS, which is more strictly grammatical, though
less in use. Methinks was used even by those who used like­
wise meseems.
In all ages poets have been had in special reputation, and,
methinks, not without great cause; for, besides their sweet
inventions, and most witty lays, they have always used to set
forth the praises of the good and virtuous. Spenser on Ireland.
If he choose out some expression which does not vitiate the
sense, I suppose he may stretch his chain to such a latitude;
but by innovation of thoughts, methinks, he breaks it. Dryd.
There is another circumstance, which, methinks, gives us
a very high idea of the nature of the soul, in regard to what
passes in dreams, that innumerable multitude and variety of
ideas which then arise in her. Addison's Spect. No. 487.
Methinks already I your tears survey. Pope.

ME’THOD. n. s. [methode, Fr. ???d.]
Method, taken in the largest sense, implies the placing of
several things, or performing several operations in such an
order as is most convenient to attain some end. Watts.
To see wherein the harm which they feel consisteth, the
seeds from which it sprang, and the method of curing it, be­
longeth to a skill the study whereof is full of toil, and the
practice beset with difficulties. Hooker, b. v.
If you will jest with me know my aspect,
And fashion your demeanour to my looks,
Or I will beat this method in your sconce. Shakespeare.
It will be in vain to talk to you concerning the method I
think best to be observed in schools. Locke on Education.
Notwithstanding a faculty be born with us, there are
several methods for cultivating and improving it, and without
which it will be very uncertain. Addison's Spect. No. 409.

METHO’DICAL. adj. [methodique, Fr. from method.] Ranged
or proceeding in due or just order.
The observations follow one another without that methodi­
cal regularity requisite in a prose author. Addison's Spect.
He can take a body to pieces, and dispose of them where
he pleases; to us, perhaps, not without the appearance of
irretrievable confusion; but, with respect to his own know­
lege, into the most regular and methodical repositories. Rogers.
Let me appear, great Sir, I pray,
Methodical in what I say. Addison's Rosamon.

METHO’DICALLY. adv. [from methodical.] According to me­
thod and order.
All the rules of painting are methodically, concisely, and
clearly delivered in this treatise. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
To begin methodically, I should enjoin you travel; for ab­
sence doth remove the cause, removing the object. Suckling.

To ME’THODISE. v. a. [from method.] To regulate; to dis­
pose in order.
Resolv'd his unripe vengeance to defer,
The royal spy retir'd unseen,
To brood in secret on his gather'd spleen,
And methodize revenge. Dryden's Boccace.
The man who does not know how to methodise his thoughts,
has always a barren superfluity of words; the fruit is lost
amidst the exuberance of leaves. Spectator, No. 476.
One who brings with him any observations which he has
made in his reading of the poets, will find his own reflec­
tions methodized and explained, in the works of a good
critick. Addison's Spect. No. 291.
Those rules of old discover'd, not devis'd,
Are nature still, but nature methodis'd. Pope.

ME’THODIST. n. s. [from method.]
1. A physician who practises by theory.
Our wariest physicians, not only chemists but methodists,
give it inwardly in several constitutions and distempers. Boyle.
2. One of a new kind of puritans lately arisen, so called from
their profession to live by rules and in constant method.

METHO’UGHT, the preterite of methinks. See METHINKS and
MESEEMS. I thought; it appeared to me. I know not
that any author has meseemed, though it is more grammati­
cal, and deduced analogically from meseems.
Methought, a serpent eat my heart away,
And you sat similing at his cruel prey. Shakespeare.
Since I sought
By pray'r th'offended deity t' appease;
Kneel'd, and before him humbl'd all my heart.
Methought, I saw him placable, and mild,
Bending his ear: persuasion in me grew
That I was heard with favour; peace return'd
Home to my breast; and to my memory
His promise, "That thy seed shall bruise our foe." Milt.
In these
I found not what, methought, I wanted still. Milton.
Methought I stood on a wide river's bank,
Which I must needs o'erpass, but knew not how. Dryden.

METONY’MICAL. adj. [from metonymy.] Put by metonymy for
something else.

METONY’MICALLY. adv. [from metonymical.] By metonymy;
not literally.
The disposition of the coloured body, as that modifies the
light, may be called by the name of a colour metonymically, or
efficiently; that is, in regard of its turning the light that re­
bounds from it, or passes through it, into this or that parti­
cular colour. Boyle on Colours.

METO’NYMY. n. s. [metonymie, Fr. ?e?????a.] A rhetori­
cal figure, by which one word is put for another, as the mat­
ter for the materiate; he died by steel, that is, by a sword.
They differ only as cause and effect, which by a metonymy
usual in all sorts of authors, are frequently put one for an­
other. Tillotson.

METOPO’SCOPY. n. s. [metoposcopie, Fr. ??t?p?? and s?p?.]
The study of physiognomy; the art of knowing the charac­
ters of men by the countenance.

ME’TRE. n. s. [metrum, Latin; ??t???.] Speech consined to
a certain number and harmonick disposition of syllables;
verse; measure; numbers.
For the metre sake, some words be driven awry which re­
quire a straighter placing in plain prose. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
He taught his Romans in much better metre,
To laugh at fools. Pope.

ME’TRICAL. adj. [metricus, Latin; metrique, Fr.] Pertaining
to metre or numbers.

METRO’POLIS. n. s. [metropolis, Latin; metropole, French;
??t?? and ????.] The mother city; the chief city of any
country or district.
His eye discovers unaware
The goodly prospect of some foreign land,
First seen: or some renown'd metropolis,
With glistering spites and pinnacles adorn'd. Milton.
Reduc'd in careful watch
Round their metropolis. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
We stopped at Pavia, that was once the metropolis of a
kingdom, but at present a poor town. Addison on Italy.



METROPO’LITAN. n. s. [metropolitanus, Latin.] A bishop of
the mother church; an archbishop.
He was promoted to Canterbury upon the death of Dr.
Bancroft, that metropolitan, who understood the church ex­
cellently, and countenanced men of the greatest parts in
learning. Clarendon.

METROPO’LITAN. adj. Belonging to a metropolis.
Their patriarch, of a covetous desire to enrich himself,
had forborn to institute metropolitan bishops. Raleigh.

METROPOLI’TICAL. adj. [from metropolis.] Chief or principal
of cities.
He fearing the power of the Christians was gone as far
as Gratia, the metropolitical city of Stiria. Knolles.

ME’TTLE. n. s. [corrupted from metal, but commonly writ­
ten so when the metaphorical sense is used.]
1. Spirit; spriteliness; courage.
What a blunt fellow is this grown to be?
He was quick mettle when he went to school. Shakespeare.
I had rather go with sir priest than sir knight: I care not
who knows so much of my mettle. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Upon this heaviness of the king's sorces, interpreted to
be fear and want of mettle, divers resorted to the seditious.
Hayward's Edw. VI.
He had given so frequent testimony of signal courage in
several actions, that his mettle was never suspected. Clarendon.
'Tis more to guide than spur the muse's steed,
Restrain his fury, than provoke his speed;
The winged courser, like a gen'rous horse,
Shows most true mettle when you check his course. Pope.
2. Substance: this at least should be metal.
Oh thou! whose self-same mettle,
Whereof thy proud child, arrogant man, is puft,
Engenders the black toad, and adder blue. Shakespeare.

ME’TTLED. adj. [from mettle.] Spritely; courageous; full of
ardour; full of fire.
Such a light and metall'd dance
Saw you never. Benj. Johnson.
Nor would you find it easy to compose
The mettled streeds, when from their nostrils flows
The scorching fire that in their entrails glows. Addison.

ME’TTLESOME. adj. [from mettle.] Spritely; lively; gay;
brisk; airy; fiery; courageous.
Their force differs from true spirit, as much as a vicious
from a mettlesome horse. Tatler, No. 61.

ME’TTLESOMELY. adv. [from mettlesome.] With spirteliness.

MEW

MEW. n. s. [mue, French.]
1. A cage; an inclosure; a place where any thing is confined.
Forth-coming from her darksom mew,
Where she all day did hide her hated hew. Fairy Queen.
There then she does transform to monstruous hues,
And horribly mis-shapes with ugly sights,
Captiv'd eternally in iron mews,
And darksom dens, where Titan his face never shews.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Her losty hand would of itself refuse
To touch the dainty needle or nice thread;
She hated chambers, closets, secret mews,
And in broad fields preserv'd her maidenhead. Fairfax.
2. [Mæw, Saxon.] A sea-fowl.
Among the first sort we reckon coots, sanderlings, and
meawes. Carew.
The vessel sticks, and shews her open'd side,
And on her shatter'd mast the mews in triumph ride. Dryd.

To MEW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shut up; to confine; to imprison; to inclose.
He in dark corners mew'd,
Mutter'd of matters as their books them shew'd. Hubberd.
Unto the bush her eye did sudden glance,
In which vain Braggadocio was mewed,
And saw it stir. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Why should your fears, which, as they say, attend
The steps of wrong, then move you to mew up
Your tender kinsman. Shakesp. King John.
Fair Hermia, question your desires;
Know of your youth, examine well your blood,
Whether if you yield not to your father's choice,
You can endure the livery of a nun;
For aye to be in shady cloister mew'd,
To live a barren sister all your life,
Chanting faint hymns to the cold, fruitless moon. Shakesp.
More pity that the eagle should be mew'd,
While kites and buzzards prey at liberty. Shakespeare.
Feign them sick,
Close mew'd in their sedans, for fear of air. Dryden's Juv.
It is not possible to keep a young gentleman from vice by a
total ignorance of it, unless you will all his life mew him up
in a closet, and never let him go into company. Locke.
2. To shed the feathers. It is, I believe, used in this sense,
because birds are, by close confinement, brought to shed their
feathers.
I should discourse of hawks, and then treat of their ayries,
mewings, custing, and renovation of their feathers. Walton.
The sun hath mew'd his beams from off his lamp,
And majesty defac'd the royal stamp. Cleaveland.
Nine times the moon had mew'd her horns, at length
With travel weary, unsupply'd with strength,
And with the burden of her womb opprest,
Sabean fields afford her needful rest. Dryden.
3. [Miauler, French.] To cry as a cat.
Let Hercules himself do what he may,
The cat will mew, the dog will have his day. Shakesp.
They are not improveable beyond their own genius: a
dog will never learn to mew, nor a cat to bark. Grew's Cos.

To MEWL. v. n. [miauler, French.] To squall as a child.
The infant
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. Shakespeare.

MEZE’REON. n. s. A species of spurge lawrel.
Mezereon is common in our gardens, and on the Alps and
Pyrenean mountains: every part of this shrub is acrid and
pungent, and inflames the mouth and throat. Hill.

ME’ZZOTINTO. n. s. [Italian.] A kind of graving, so named
as nearly resembling paint, the word importing half-painted:
it is done by beating the whole into a asperity with a hammer,
and then rubbing it down with a stone to the resemblance in­
tended.

MEYNT. adv. Mingled. Obsolete.
The salt Medway, that trickling streams
Adown the dales of Kent,
Till with the elder brother Thames
His brackish waves be meynt. Spenser's Pastorals.

MI’ASM. n. s. [from ??a???, inquino, to infect.] Such parti­
cles or atoms as are supposed to arise from distempered, pu­
trefying, or poisonous bodies, and to affect people at a dis­
tance.
The plague is a malignant fever, caused through pestilen­
tial miasms insinuating into the humoral and consistent parts
of the body. Harvey on Consumptions.

MIC

MICE, the plural of mouse.
Mice that mar the land. 1 Sam. vi. 5.

MICHA’ELMASS. n. s. [Michael and mass.] The feast of the
archangel Michael, celebrated on the twenty-ninth of Sep­
tember.
They compounded to furnish ten oxen after Michaelmass
for thirty pounds price. Carew.

To MICHE. v. n. To be secret or covered; to lie hid.
Hanmer.
Marry this is miching malken; it means mischief. Shak.

MI’CHER. n. s. [from miche.] A lazy loiterer, who skulks
about in corners and by-places, and keeps out of sight; a
hedge-creeper. Hanmer.
Mich or Mick is still retained in the cant language for an
indolent, lazy fellow.
How tenderly her tender hands between
In ivory cage she did the micher bind. Sidney.
Shall the blessed sun of heav'n prove a micher, and eat
blackberries? a question not to be asked. Shall the son of
England prove a thief, and take purses? a question to be ask­
ed. Shakespeare's Henry IV, p. i.

MI’CKLE. adj. [micel, Saxon.] Much; great. Obsolete. In
Scotland it is pronounced muckle.
This reade is rife that oftentime
Great cumbers fall unsoft:
In humble dales is footing fast,
The trode is not so tickle,
And though one fall through heedless haste,
Yet is his miss not mickle. Spenser's Pastorals.
Many a little makes a mickle. Camden's Remains.
If I to-day die with Frenchmens rage,
To-morrow I shall die with mickle age Shakesp. Henry VI.
O, mickle is the pow'rful grace, that lies
In plants, herbs, stones, and their true qualities. Shakesp.
All this tract that fronts the falling sun,
A noble peer, of mickle trust and power,
Has in his charge. Milton.

MICROCO’SM. n. s. [???? and ?s?.] The little world.
Man is so called as being imagined, by some fanciful philo­
sophers, to have in him something analogous to the four ele­
ments.
You see this in the map of my microcosm. Shak. Coriolanus.
She to whom this world must itself refer,
As suburbs, or the microcosm of her;
She, she is dead; she's dead, when thou know'st this,
Thou know'st how lame a creeple this world is. Donne.
As in this our microcosm, the heart
Heat, spirit, motions gives to every part:
So Rome's victorious through the universe. Denham.
Philosophers say, that man is a microcosm, or little world,
resembling in miniature every part of the great; and the
body natural may be compared to the body politick. Swift.

MI’CROGRAPHY. n. s. [????? and ????.] The description
of the parts of such very small objects as are discernable only
with a microscope.


The honey-bag is the stomach, which they always fill to
satisfy and to spare, vomiting up the greater part of the honey
to be kept against winter: a curious description and figure of
the sting see in Mr. Hook's micrography. Grew's Musæum.

MI’CROSCOPE. n. s. [???? and s??p??; microscope, Fr.]
An optick instrument, contrived various ways to give to the
eye a large appearance of many objects which could not
otherwise be seen.
If the eye were so acute as to rival the finest microscopes,
and to discern the smallest hair upon the leg of a gnat, it
would be a curse, and not a blessing, to us; it would make
all things appear rugged and deformed; the most finely po­
lished crystal would be uneven and rough; the sight of our
own selves would affright us; the smoothest skin would be
beset all over with ragged scales and bristly hairs. Bentley.
The critick eye, that microscope of wit,
Sees hairs and pores, examines bit by bit. Dunciad, b. iv.

MICRO’METER. n. s. [???? and ??t???; micrometre, French.]
An instrument contrived to measure small spaces.

MICROSCO’PICAL. n. s. [from microscope.]

MICROSCO’PICK. n. s. [from microscope.]
1. Made by a microscope.
Make microscopical observations of the figure and bulk of
the constituent parts of all fluids. Arbuthnot and Pope.
2. Assisted by a microscope.
Evading even the microscopic eye!
Full nature swarms with life. Thomson's Summer.
3. Resembling a miscroscope.
Why has not man a microscopick eye?
For this plain reason, Man is not a fly.
Say what the use, were finer opticks given,
T' inspect a mite, not comprehend the heav'n? Pope.

MID

MID. adj. [contracted from middle, or derived from mid,
Dutch.]
1. Middle; equally between two extremes.
No more the mounting larks, while Daphne sings,
Shall, lifting in mid air, suspend their wings. Pope.
Ere the mid hour of night, from tent to tent,
Unweary'd, through th'num'rous host he past. Rowe.
2. It is much used in composition.

MID-COURSE. n. s. [mid and course.] Middle of the way.
Why in the East
Darkness ere day's mid-course? and morning light,
More orient in yon western cloud, that draws
O'er the blue firmament a radiant white. Milton.

MID-DAY. n. s. [mid and day.] Noon; meridian.
Who shoots at the mid-day sun, though he be sure he shall
never hit the mark, yet as sure he is he shall shoot higher
than he who aims but at a bush. Sidney, b. ii.
His sparkling eyes, replete with awful fire,
More dazzled and drove back his enemies,
Than mid-day sun fierce bent against their faces. Shakesp.
Who have before, or shall write after thee,
Their works, though toughly laboured, will be
Like infancy or age to man's firm stay,
Or early or late twilights to mid-day. Donne.
Did he not lead you through the mid-day sun,
And clouds of dust? Did not his temples glow
In the same sultry winds and scorching heats? Addison.

MI’DDEST, superl. of mid, middest, midst.]
Yet the stout fairy 'mongst the middest crowd,
Thought all their glory vain in knightly view. Fa. Qu.

MI’DDLE. adj. [middle, Saxon.]
1. Equally distant from the two extremes.
The lowest virtues draw praise from the common people;
the middle virtues work in them astonishment; but of the
highest virtues they have no sense. Bacon's Essays.
A middle station of life, within reach of those convenien­
cies which the lower orders of mankind must necessarily
want, and yet without embarrassment of greatness. Rogers.
To deliver all his fleet to the Romans, except ten middle­
sized brigantines. Arbuthnot on Coins.
I like people of middle understanding and middle rank. Sw.
2. Intermediate; intervening.
Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends. Davies.
3. Middle finger; the long finger.
You first introduce the middle finger of the left-hand. Sharp.

MI’DDLE. n. s.
1. Part equally distant from two extremities; the part remote
from the verge.
There come people down by the middle of the land. Judg.
With roof so low that under it
They never stand, but lie or fit;
And yet so soul, that whoso is in,
Is to the middle leg in prison. Hudibras, p. i.
2. The time that passes, or events that happen, between the
beginning and end.
The causes and designs of an action are the beginning;
the effects of these causes, and the difficulties that are met
with in the execution of these designs, are the middle; and
the unravelling and resolution of these difficulties are the end.
Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.

MIDDLE-AGED. adj. [middle and age.] Placed about the mid­
dle of life.
A middle-aged man, that was half grey, half brown, took
a fancy to marry two wives. L'Estrange's Fables.
The middle-aged support fasting the best, because of the
oily parts abounding in the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
I found you a very young man, and left you a middle-aged
one: you knew me a middle-aged man, and now I am an
old one. Swift to Pope.

MI’DDLEMOST. adj. [from middle.] Being in the middle.
Why have not some beasts more than four feet, suppose
six, and the middlemost shorter than the rest. More.
The outmost fringe vanished first, and the middlemost next,
and the innermost last. Newton's Opticks.
The outward stars, with their systems of planets, must ne­
cessarily have descended toward the middlemost system of the
universe, whither all would be most strongly attracted from
all parts of a finite space. Bentley's Sermons.

MI’DDLING. adj. [from middle.]
1. Of middle rank.
A middling sort of a man, left well enough to pass by his
father, could never think he had enough so long as any man
had more. L'Estrange's Fables.
2. Of moderate size; having moderate qualities of any kind.
The bigness of a church ought to be no greater than that
unto which the voice of a preacher of middling lungs will
easily extend. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
Longinus preferred the sublime genius that sometimes errs,
to the middling or indifferent one, which makes few faults,
but seldom rises to any excellence. Dryden.
Middling his head, and prone to earth his view. Tickell.

MI’DLAND. adj. [mid and land.]
1. That which is remote from the coast.
The same name is given to the inlanders, or midland in­
habitants of this island, by Cæsar. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The midland towns abounding in wealth, shews that her
riches are intern and domestick. Howel's Vocal Forest.
The various dialects of the English in the North and
West, render their expressions many times unintelligible to
the other, and both scarce intelligible to the midland. Hale.
2. In the midst of the land; mediterranean.
There was the Plymouth squadron now come in,
Which twice on Biscay's working bay had been,
And on the midland sea the French had aw'd. Dryden.

MIDGE. n. s. [miege, Saxon.] A gnat.

MID-HEAVEN. n. s. [mid and heaven.] The middle of the sky.
But the hot hell that always in him burns,
Though in mid-heaven, soon ended his delight. Milton.

MI’DLEG. n. s. [mid and leg.] Middle of the leg.
He had fifty attendants, young men all, in white satten,
loose coats to the midleg, and stockings of white silk. Bacon.

MI’DMOST. adj. [from mid, or contracted from middlemost:
this is one of the words which have not a comparative,
though they seem to have a superlative degree.] The mid­
dle.
Now van to van the foremost squadrons meet,
The midmost battles hasting up behind. Dryden.
Hear himself repine
At fate's unequal laws; and at the clue,
Which, merciless in length, the midmost sister drew. Dry.
What dulness dropt among her sons imprest,
Like motion, from one circle to the rest:
So from the midmost the nutation spreads
Round, and more round o'er all the sea of heads. Pope.

MI’DNIGHT. n. s. [mid and night. Milton seems to have ac­
cented this last syllable.] The noon of night; the depth of
night; twelve at night.
To be up after midnight, and to go to bed then, is early;
so that to go to bed after midnight, is to go to bed betimes.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
How now, you secret, black and midnight hags?
What is't you do? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I hope my midnight studies, to make our countries flourish
in mysterious and beneficent arts, have not ungratefully af­
fected your intellects. Bacon.
By night he fled, and at midnight returned
From compassing the earth; cautious of day. Milton.
After this time came on the midnight of the church, wherein
the very names of the councils were forgotten, and men did
only dream of what had past. Stillingfleet.
Some solitary cloister will I chuse,
Coarse my attire, and short shall be my sleep,
Broke by the melancholy midnight bell. Dryden's Sp. Fryar.
In all that dark midnight of popery there were still some
gleams of light, some witnesses that arose to give testimony
to the truth. Atterbury.
They can tell precisely what altitude the dog-star had at
midnight or midnoon in Rome when Julius Cæsar was slain.
Watts's Logick.

MI’DRIFF. n. s. [midhrife, Saxon.] The diaphragm.
The midriff divides the trunk of the body into two cavi­
ties, the thorax and abdomen: it is composed of two muscles;


the first and superior of these arises from the sternum, and
the ends of the last ribs on each side: its fibres, from this
semicircular origination, tend towards their centre, and ter­
minate in a tendon or aponeurosis, which hath always been
taken for the nervous part of the midriff. The second and
inferior muscle comes from the vertebræ of the loins by two
productions, of which that on the right side comes from the
first, second, and third vertebræ of the loins; that on the
left side is somewhat shorter; and both these productions join
and make the lower part of the midriff, which joins its ten­
dons with the tendon of the other, so as that they make but
one membrane, or rather partition. Quincy.
Whereat he inly rag'd, and as they talk'd,
Smote him into the midriff with a stone
That beat out life. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
In the gullet, where it perforateth the midriff, the carneous
fibres of that muscular part are inflected. Ray.

MID-SEA. n. s. [mid and sea.] The Mediterranean sea.
Our Tyrrhene Pharos, that the mid-sea meets
With its embrace, and leaves the land behind. Dryden.

MI’DSHIPMAN. n. s. [from mid, ship, and man.]
Midshipmen are officers aboard a ship, whose station, when
they are on duty, is some on the quarter-deck, others on the
poop, &c. Their business is to mind the braces, to look
out, and to give about the word of command from the cap­
tain and other superior officers: they also assist on all occa­
sions, both in sailing the ship, and in storing and rummaging
the hold. They are usually young gentlemen, who having
served their time as volunteers, are now upon their prefer­
ment. Harris.

MIDST. n. s. Middle.
All is well when nothing pleases but God, being thankful
in the midst of his afflictions. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Arise, ye subtle spirits, that can spy
When love is enter'd in a female's eye;
You that can read it in the midst of doubt,
And in the midst of frowns can find it out. Dryden.

MIDST. adj. [contracted from middest, the superlative of mid.]
Midmost; being in the middle.
On earth join all ye creatures to extol
Him first, Him last, Him midst, and without end. Milton.
In the Slighted Maid, there is nothing in the first act but
what might have been said or done in the fifth; nor any
thing in the midst which might not have been placed in the
beginning. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

MIDSTRE’AM. n. s. [mid and stream.] Middle of the stream.
The midstream's his; I creeping by the side,
And shoulder'd off by his impetuous tide. Dryden.

MI’DSUMMER. n. s. [mid and summer.] The summer solstice,
popularly reckoned to sall on June the twenty-fourth.
However orthodox my sentiments relating to publick affairs
may be while I am now writing, they may become criminal
enough to bring me into trouble before Midsummer. Swift.
At eve last Midsummer no sleep I sought. Gay's Past.

MI’DWAY. n. s. [mid and way.] The part of the way equally
distant from the beginning and end.
No midway 'twixt these extremes at all. Shakespeare.
He were an excellent man that were made in the midway
between him and Benedick; the one is too like an image,
and says nothing; and the other too like my lady's eldest son,
evermore tattling. Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.
Pity and shame! that they, who to live well
Stood so fair, should turn aside to tread
Paths indirect, or in the midway faint! Milton's Par. Lost.
The hare laid himself down about midway, and took a
nap; for I can fetch up the tortoise when I please.
L'Estrange's Fables.
How didst thou arrive at this place of darkness, when
so many rivers of the ocean lie in the midway.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

MI’DWAY. adj. Middle between two places.
How fearful
And dizzy 'tis, to cast one's eyes so low!
The crows and choughs that wing the midway air,
Shew scarce so gross as beetles. Shakespeare.

MI’DWAY. adv. In the middle of the passage.
With dry eyes, and with an open look,
She met his glance midway. Dryden's Boccace.

MI’DWIFE. n. s. [This is derived, both by Skinner and Ju­
nius, from mid or meed, a reward, and wif, Saxon.] A wo­
man who assists women in childbirth.
When man doth die, our body, as the womb,
And as a midwife, death directs it home. Donne.
Without a midwife these their throws sustain,
And bowing, bring their issue forth with pain. Sandys.
There saw I how the secret felon wrought,
And treason lab'ring in the traitor's thought,
And midwife time the ripen'd plot to murder brought.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.
I had as clear a notion of the relation of brothers between
them, as if I had all the skill of a midwife. Locke.
But no man, sure! e'er left his house
And saddl'd ball with thoughts so wild,
To bring a midwife to his spouse,
Before he knew she was with child. Prior.

MI’DWIFERY. n. s. [from midwife.]
1. Assistance given at childbirth.
2. Act of production; help to production; co-operation in
production.
So hasty fruits, and too ambitious flow'rs,
Scorning the midwifry of rip'ning show'rs,
In spight of frosts, spring from th' unwilling earth. Stepney.
There was never any thing propounded for publick good,
that did not meet with opposition; arising from the humour of
such as would have nothing brought into the world but by their
own midwifry. Child's Discourse on Trade.
3. Trade of a midwife.

MI’DWINTER. n. s. [mid and winter.] The winter solstice.
Begin when the slow waggoner descends,
Nor cease your sowing till Midwinter ends. Dryden.

MIEN. n. s. [mine, French.] Air; look; manner.
In her alone that owns this book is seen
Clorinda's spirit, and her lofty mien. Waller.
What can have more the figure and mien of a ruin than
craggs, rocks, and cliffs. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
One, in whom an outward mien appear'd,
And turn superior to the vulgar herd. Prior.
What winning graces, what majestick mien,
She moves a goddess, and she looks a queen. Pope.

MIG

MIGHT,  the preterite of may.
Matters of such consequence should be in plain words, as
little liable as might be to doubt. Locke.

MIGHT. n. s. [might, Saxon.] Power; strength; force.
What so strong,
But wanting rest, will also want of might. Spenser.
Quoth she, great grief will not be told,
And can more easily be thought than said;
Right so, quoth he, but he that never would,
Could never; will to might gives greatest aid. Fa. Qu.
An oath of mickle might. Shakesp. Henry V.
Wheresore should not strength and might
There fail, where virtue fails. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
With might and main they chac'd the murd'rous sox,
With brazen trumpets and inslated box. Dryden.
This privilege the clergy in England formerly contended
for with all might and main. Aylisfe's Parergon.

MI’GHTILY. adv. [from mighty.]
1. With great power; powerfully; efficaciously; forcibly.
With whom ordinary means will prevail, surely the power
of the word of God, even without the help of interpreters,
in God's church worketh mightily, not unto their confirma­
tion alone which are converted, but also to their conversion
which are not. Hooker, b. v.
2. Vehemently; vigorously; violently.
Do as adversaries do in law, strive mightily, but eat and
drink as friends. Shakespeare.
3. In a great degree; very much. This is a sense scarcely to
be admitted but in low language.
Therein thou wrong'st thy children mightily. Shakesp.
There's ne'er a one of you but trusts a knave,
That mightily deceives you. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
An ass and an ape conferring grievances: the ass complain­
ed mightily for want of horns, and the ape for want of a tail.
L'Estrange's Fables.
These happening nearer home made so lasting impressions
upon their minds, that the tradition of the old deluge was
mightily obscured, and the circumstances of it interwoven
and confounded with those of these later deluges. Woodward.
I was mightily pleased with a story applicable to this piece
of philosophy. Spectator, No. 578.

MI’GHTINESS. n. s. [from mighty.] Power; greatness; height
of dignity.
Think you see them great,
And follow'd with gen'ral throng and sweat
Of thousand friends; then in a moment see,
How soon this mightiness meets misery! Shak. Henry VIII.
Will't please your mightiness to wash your hands? Shak.

MI’GHTY. adj. [from might.]
1. Powerful; strong.
Nimrod began to be a mighty one in the earth. Gen. x. 8.
Great is truth, and mighty above all things. 1 Esd. iv. 41.
He is wise in heart and mighty in strength. Job ii. 1.
2. Excellent, or powerful in any act.
The mighty master smil'd. Dryden.

MI’GHTY. adv. In a great degree. Not to be used but in
very low language.
Lord of his new hypothesis he reigns:
He reigns; How long? Till some usurper rise,
And he too mighty thoughtful, mighty wise:
Studies new lines. Prior.

MIGRA’TION. n. s. [migratio, migre, Lat.] Act of changing
place.


Aristotle distinguisheth their times of generation, latitancy,
and migration, sanity, and venation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Although such alterations, transitions, migrations of the
centre of gravity, and elevations of new islands, had actually
happened, yet these shells could never have been reposed
thereby in the manner we find them. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

MIL

MILCH. adj. [from milk.] Giving milk.
Herne doth, at still of midnight,
Walk round about an oak, with ragged horns;
And then he blasts the tree, and takes the cattle,
And makes milch kine yield blood. Shakespeare.
When she saw Pyrrhus make malicious sport,
In mincing with his sword her husband's limbs,
The instant burst of clamour that she made,
Would have made milch the burning eyes of heav'n. Shak.
The best mixtures of water in ponds for cattle, to make
them more milch, fatten, or keep them from murrain, may
be chalk and nitre. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 778.
Not above fifty-one have been starved, excepting infants
at nurse, caused rather by carelessness and infirmity of the
milch women. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
With the turneps they feed sheep, milch-cows, or fatting
cattle. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MILD. adj. [mild, Saxon.]
1. Kind; tender; good; indulgent; merciful; compassionate;
clement; soft; not severe; not cruel.
The execution of justice is committed to his judges, which
is the severer part; but the milder part, which is mercy, is
wholly left in the king. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
If that mild and gentle god thou be,
Who dost mankind below with pity see. Dryden.
It teaches us to adore him as a mild and merciful being, of
infinite love to his creatures. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Soft; gentle; not violent.
The rosy morn resigns her light,
And milder glory to the noon. Waller.
Nothing reserv'd or fullen was to see,
But sweet regards, and pleasing sanctity;
Mild was his accent, and his action free. Dryden.
Sylvia's like autumn ripe, yet mild as May,
More bright than noon, yet fresh as early day. Pope.
The folding gates diffus'd a silver light,
And with a milder gleam refresh'd the sight. Addison.
3. Not acrid; not corrosive; not acrimonious; demulcent;
assuasive; mollifying; lenitive.
Their qualities are changed by rendering them acrimonious
or mild. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. Not sharp; mellow; sweet; having no mixture of acidity.
The Irish were transplanted from the woods and mountains
into the plains, that, like fruit trees, they might grow the
milder, and bear the better and sweeter fruit. Davies.
Suppose your eyes sent equal rays
Upon two distant pots of ale,
Not knowing which was mild or stale. Prior.

MI’LDERNAX. n. s. Cannabum nauticum. Ains.

MI’LDEW. n. s. [mildeawe, Saxon.]
Mildew is a disease that happens in plants, and is caused
by a dewy moisture which falls on them, and continuing, for
want of the sun's heat, to draw it up, by its acrimony cor­
rodes, gnaws, and spoils, the inmost substance of the plant,
and hinders the circulation of the nutritive sap; upon which
the leaves begin to fade, and the blossoms and fruit are much
prejudiced: or, mildew is rather a concrete substance, which
exsudes through the pores of the leaves. What the garden­
ers commonly call mildew is an infect, which is frequently
found in great plenty, preying upon this exsudation. Others
say, that mildew is a thick, clammy vapour, exhaled in the
Spring and Summer from the plants, blossoms, and even the
earth itself, in close, still weather, where there is neither sun
enough to draw it upwards to any considerable height, nor wind
of force strong enough to disperse it: it condenses and falls on
plants, and with its thick, clammy substance stops the pores, and
by that meansprevents perspiration. Miller thinks the true cause
of the mildew appearing most upon plants which are exposed
to the East, is a dry temperature in the air when the wind
blows from that point, which stops the pores of the plants, and
prevents their perspiration; whereby the juices of the plants
are concreted upon the surface of their leaves, which being
of a sweetish nature, insects are inticed thereto, where find­
ing proper nutriment they deposite their eggs, and multiply
so fast as to cover the whole surfaces of the plants, and, by
corroding the vessels, prevent the motion of the sap. It is
observable, that whenever a tree has been greatly affected by
this mildew, it seldom recovers it in two or three years, and
many times never is intirely clear from it after. Hill.
Down fell the mildew of his sugred words. Fairfax.
The mildew cometh by closeness of air; and therefore in
hills, or champain grounds, it seldom cometh. Bacon.
Soon blasting mildews black'ned all the grain. Dryden.

To MI’LDEW. v. a. To taint with mildew.
Here is your husband, like a mildew'd ear,
Blasting his wholesome brother. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He mildews the white wheat, and hurts the poor creatures
of the earth. Shakesp. King Lear.
Morals snatch from Plutarch's tatter'd page,
A mildew'd Bacon, or Stagyra's sage. Gay's Trivia.

MI’LDLY. adv. [from mild.]
1. Tenderly; not severely.
Prince, too mildly reigning,
Cease thy sorrow and complaining. Dryden.
2. Gently; not violently.
The air once heated maketh the flame burn more mildly,
and so helpeth the continuance. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 375.

MI’LDNESS. n. s. [from mild.]
1. Gentleness; tenderness; mercy; clemency.
This milky gentleness and course of yours;
You are much more at task for want of wisdom,
Than prais'd for harmful mildness. Shakesp. King Lear.
The same majestick mildness held its place;
Nor lost the monarch in his dying face. Dryden.
His probity and mildness shows
His care of friends and scorn of foes. Addison.
I saw with what a brow you brav'd your fate;
Yet with what mildness bore your father's hate. Dryden.
2. Contrariety to acrimony.

MILE. n. s. [mille passus, Latin.] The usual measure of roads
in England, one thousand seven hundred and sixty yards, or,
five thousand two hundred and eighty feet.
We must measure twenty miles to-day. Shakespeare.
Within this three mile may you see it coming,
A moving grove. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When the enemy appeared, the foot and artillery was four
miles behind. Clarendon, b. ii.
Millions of miles, so rapid is their race,
To cheer the earth they in few moments pass. Blackmore.

MI’LESTONE. n. s. [mile and stone.] Stone set to mark the
miles.

MI’LFOIL. n. s. [millefolium, Latin.] A plant, the same with
yarrow.
Milfoil and honey-suckles pound,
With these alluring savours strew the ground. Dryden.

MI’LIARY. adj. [milium millet, Latin; miliaire, Fr.] Small;
resembling a millet seed.
The scarf-skin is composed of small scales, between which
the excretory ducts of the miliary glands open. Cheyne.

MI’LIARY fever. A fever that produces small eruptions.

MI’LICE. n. s. [French.] Standing force. A word innovated
by Temple, but unworthy of reception.
The two-and-twentieth of the prince's age is the time as­
signed by their constitutions for his entering upon the publick
charges of their milice. Temple's Miscel.

MI’LITANT. adj. [militans, Latin; militante, Fr.]
1. Fighting; prosecuting the business of a soldier.
Against foul fiends they aid us militant;
They for us fight; they watch and duly ward,
And their bright squadrons round about us plant. Fa. Q.
2. Engaged in warfare with hell and the world. A term ap­
plied to the church of Christ on earth, as opposed to the
church triumphant.
Then are the publick duties of religion best ordered, when
the militant church doth resemble, by sensible means, that
hidden dignity and glory wherewith the church triumphant
in heaven is beautified. Hooker, b. v.
The state of a Christian in this world is frequently com­
pared to a warfare: and this allusion has appeared so just,
that the character of militant has obtained as the common di­
stinction of that part of Christ's church sojourning here in
this world from that part of the family at rest. Rogers.

MI’LITAR. adj. [militaris, Latin; militaire, Fr. Militar
is now wholly out of use.]

MI’LITARY. adj. [militaris, Latin; militaire, Fr. Militar
is now wholly out of use.]
1. Engaged in the life of a soldier; soldierly.
In the time of Severus and Antoninus, many, being sol­
diers, had been converted unto Christ, and notwithstanding
continued still in that military course of life. Hooker, b. ii.
He will maintain his argument as well as any military man
in the world. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. Suiting a soldier; pertaining to a soldier; warlike.
Although he were a prince in militar virtue approved, yet
his cruelties weighed down his virtues. Bacon's Henry VII.
Numbers numberless
The city gates out-pour'd, light-armed troops
In coats of mail and military pride. Milton's Par. Reg.
The wreaths his grandsire knew to reap
By active toil, and military sweat,
Piming incline their sickly leaves. Prior.
3. Effected by soldiers.
He was with general applause, and great cries of joy, in a
kind of militar election or recognition, faulted king. Bacon.



MILI’TIA. n. s. [Latin.] The trainbands; the standing force
of a nation.
Let any prince think soberly of his forces, except his mi­
litia be good and valiant soldiers. Bacon's Essays, No. 30.
The militia was so settled by law, that a sudden army
could be drawn together. Clarendon.
Unnumbered spirits round thee fly,
The light militia of the lower sky. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

MILK. n. s. [meelc, Saxon; melck, Dutch.]
1. The liquor with which animals feed their young from the
breast.
Come to my woman's breasts,
And take my milk for gall, you murthering ministers!
Where-ever in your sightless substances
You wait on nature's mischief. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I fear thy nature,
It is too full o'th' milk of human kindness
To catch the nearest way. Shakesp. King Lear.
Milk is the occasion of many tumours of divers kinds.
Wiseman's Surgery.
When milk is dry'd with heat,
In vain the milkmaid tugs an empty teat. Dryden.
I concluded, if the gout continued, to confine myself
wholly to the milk diet. Temple's Miscel.
Broths and milk-meats are windy to stomachs troubled with
acid ferments. Floyer on the Humours.
2. Emulsion made by contusion of seeds.
Pistachoes, so they be good and not musty, joined with
almonds in almond milk, or made into a milk of themselves,
like unto almond milk, are an excellent nourisher. Bacon.

To MILK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To draw milk from the breast by the hand.
Capacious chargers all around were laid
Full pails, and vessels of the milking trade. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To suck.
I have given suck, and know
How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me. Shakesp.

MI’LKEN. adj. [from milk.] Consisting of milk.
The remedies are to be proposed from a constant course of
the milken diet, continued at least a year. Temple.

MI’LKER. n. s. [from milk.] One that milks animals.
His kine with swelling udders ready stand,
And lowing for the pail invite the milker's hand. Dryden.

MI’LKINESS. n. s. [from milky.] Softness like that of milk;
approach to the nature of milk.
Would I could share thy balmy, even temper,
And milkiness of blood. Dryden's Clcomenes.
The saltness and oyliness of the blood absorbing the acid
of the chyle, it loses its milkiness. Floyer on the Humours.

MI’LKLIVERED. adj. [milk and liver.] Cowardly; timorous;
faint-hearted.
Milklivered man!
That bear'st a cheek for blows, a head for wrongs. Shak.

MI’LKMAID. n. s. [milk and maid.] Woman employed in the
dairy.
When milk is dry with heat,
In vain the milkmaid tugs an empty teat. Dryden's Virg.
A lovely milkmaid he began to regard with an eye of
mercy. Addison's Freeholder, No. 44.

MI’LKMAN. n. s. [milk and man.] A man who sells milk.

MI’LKPAIL. n. s. [milk and pail.] Vessel into which cows are
milked.
That very substance which last week was grazing in the
field, waving in the milkpail, or growing in the garden, is
now become part of the man. Watts's Impr. of the Mind.

MI’LKPAN. n. s. [milk and pan.] Vessel in which milk is kept
in the dairy.
Sir Fulke Grevil had much and private access to Queen
Elizabeth, and did many men good; yet he would say mer­
rily of himself, that he was like Robin Goodfellow; for
when the maids spilt the milkpans, or kept any racket, they
would lay it upon Robin: so what tales the ladies about the
queen told her, or other bad offices that they did, they would
put it upon him. Bacon's Apophth.

MILKPO’TTAGE. n. s. [milk and pottage.] Food made by boil­
ing milk with water and oatmeal.
For breakfast and supper, milk and milkpottage are very fit
for children. Locke.

MI’LKSCORE. n. s. [milk and score.] Account of milk owed
for, scored on a board.
He ordered the lord high treasurer to pay off the debts of
the crown, particularly a milkscore of three years standing.
Addison's Freehoder, N. 36.
He is better acquainted with the milkscore than his steward's
accounts. Addison's Spect. No. 482.

MI’LKSOP. n. s. [milk and sop.] A soft, mild, effeninate, see­
ble-minded man.
Of a most notorious thief, which lived all his life-time of
spoils, one of their bards in his praise will say, that he was
none of the idle milksops that was brought up by the fire-side,
but that most of his days he spent in arms, and that he did
never eat his meat before he had won it with his sword.
Spenser on Ireland.
A milksop, one that never in his life
Felt so much cold as over shoes in snow. Shak. Rich. III.
We have as good passions as yourself; and a woman was
never designed to be a milksop. Addison's Spect.
But give him port and potent sack;
From milksop he starts up mohack. Prior.

MI’LKTOOTH. n. s. [milk and tooth.]
Milkteeth are those small teeth which come forth before
when a foal is about three months old, and which he begins
to cast about two years and a half after, in the same order as
they grew. Farrier's Dict.

MI’LKTHISTLE. n. s. [milk and thistle: plants that have a white
juice are named milky.] An herb.

MI’LKTREFOIL. n. s. An herb.

MI’LKVETCH. n. s. [astragalus, Latin.]
The milkvetch hath a papilionaceous flower, consisting of
the standard, the keel, and the wings; out of the flower-cup
arises the pointal covered with a sheath, which becomes a bi­
capsular pod filled with kidney-shaped seeds: the leaves grow
by pairs along the middle rib, with an odd one at the end.
Miller.

MI’LKWEED. n. s. [milk and wood.] A plant.

MI’LKWHITE. adj. [milk and white.] White as milk.
She a black silk cap on him begun
To set, for foil of his milkwhite to serve. Sidney.
Then will I raise aloft the milkwhite rose,
With whose sweet smell the air shall be persum'd. Shakesp.
Where the bull and cow are both milkwhite,
They never do beget a cole-black calf. Shakespeare.
The bolt of Cupid fell,
It fell upon a little western flower;
Before milkwhite, now purple with love's wound;
And maidens call it love in idleness. Shakespeare.
A milkwhite goat for you I did provide;
Two milkwhite kids run frisking by her side. Dryden.

MI’LKWORT. n. s. [milk and wort.]
Milkwort is a bell-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf,
whose brims are expanded, and cut into several segments;
from the centre arises the pointal, which afterward becomes
a round fruit or husk, opening from the top downwards, and
filled with small seeds. Miller.

MI’LKWOMAN. n. s. [milk and woman.] A woman whose bu­
siness is to serve families with milk.
Even your milkwoman and your nursery-maid have a fel­
low-feeling. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

MI’LKY. adj. [from milk.]
1. Made of milk.
2. Resembling milk.
Not tasteful herbs that in these gardens rise,
Which the kind soil with milky sap supplies,
Can move the god. Pope.
Some plants upon breaking their vessels yield a milky juice.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Yielding milk.
Perhaps my passion he disdains,
And courts the milky mothers of the plains. Roscommon.
4. Soft; gentle; tender; timorous.
Has friendship such a saint and milky heart,
It turns in less than two nights. Shakespeare.
This milky gentleness and course of yours,
You are much more at task for want of wisdom,
Than prais'd for harmful mildness. Shakesp. King Lear.

MILKY-WAY. n. s. [milky and way.] The galaxy.
The milky-way, or via lactea, is a broad white path or track,
encompassing the whole heavens, and extending itself in some
places with a double path, but for the most part with a single
one. Some of the ancients, as Aristotle, imagined that this
path consisted only of a certain exhalation hanging in the air;
but, by the telescopical observations of this age, it hath been
discovered to consist of an innumerable quantity of fixed stars,
different in situation and magnitude, from the confused mix­
ture of whose light its whole colour is supposed to be occa­
sioned. It passes through the constellations of Cassiopeia,
Cygnus, Aquila, Perseus, Andromeda, part of Ophiucus and
Gemini, in the northern hemisphere; and in the southern it
takes in part of Scorpio, Sagittarius, Centaurus, the Argo
Navis and the Ara. The galaxy hath usually been the re­
gion in which new stars have appeared; as that in Cassiopeia,
which was seen in A. D. 1572; that in the breast of the
Swan, and another in the knee of Serpentarius; which have
appeared for a while, and then become invisible again. Harris.
Nor need we with a prying eye survey
The distant skies to find the milky-way:
It forcibly intrudes upon our sight. Creech's Manilius.
How many stars there must be, a naked eye may give us
some faint glimpse, but much more a good telescope, directed
towards that region of the sky called the milky-way. Cheyne.



MILL. n. s. [???; mola, Lat. melin, Welsh; mln, Saxon;
moulin, Fr. molen, Dutch.] An engine or fabrick in which
corn is ground to meal, or any other body is comminuted.
The table, and we about it, did all turn round by water
which ran under, and carried it about as a mill. Sidney.
More water glideth by the mill
Than wots the miller of. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
Olives ground in mills their fatness boast. Dryden.
A miller had his arm and scapula torn from his body by a
rope twisted round his wrist, and suddenly drawn up by the
mill. Sharp's Surgery.

To MILL. v. a. [from the noun; ???e?; mila, Islandick.]
1. To grind; to comminute.
2. To beat up chocolate.
3. To stamp coin in the mints.
It would be better for your milled medals, if they carried
the whole legend on their edges; but at the same time that
they are lettered on the edges, they have other inscriptions on
the face and the reverse. Addison.
Wood's halfpence are not milled, and therefore more easily
counterfeited. Swift.

MI’LL-COG. n. s. [mill and cog.] The denticulations on the
circumference of wheels, by which they lock into other
wheels.
The timber is useful for mill-cogs. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MI’LL-DAM. n. s. [mill and dam.] The mound, by which the
water is kept up to raise it for the mill.
A layer of lime and of earth is a great advantage in the
making heads of ponds and mill-dams. Mortimer.

MI’LL-HORSE. n. s. Horse that turns a mill.
His impressa was a mill-horse, still bound to go in one circle.
Sidney, b. ii.

MILLMO’UNTAINS. n. s. An herb. Ains.

MI’LL-TEETH. n. s. [mill and teeth.] The grinders; dentes
molares, double teeth.
The best instruments for cracking bones and nuts are
grinders or mill-teeth. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

MILLENA’RIAN. n. s. [from millenarius, Lat. millenaire, Fr.]
One who expects the millennium.

MI’LLENARY. adj. [millenaire, Fr. millenarius, Latin.] Con­
sisting of a thousand.
The millenary sestertium, in good manuscripts, is marked
with a line cross the top thus HS. Arbuthnot on Coins.

MI’LLENIST. n. s. [from mille, Lat.] One that holds the mil­
lennium.

MILLE’NNIUM. n. s. [Latin.] A thousand years; generally
taken for the thousand years, during which, according to an
ancient tradition in the church, grounded on a doubtful text
in the Apocalypse, our blessed Saviour shall reign with the
faithful upon earth after the resurrection, before the final com­
pletion of beatitude.
We must give a full account of that state called the millen­
nium. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

MILLE’NNIAL. adj. [from millennium, Lat.] Pertaining to the
millennium.
To be kings and priests unto God, is the characteristick
of those that are to enjoy the millennial happiness. Burnet.

MI’LLEPEDES. n. s. [millepieds, French; mille and pes, Latin.]
Wood-lice, so called from their numerous feet.
If pheasants and partridge are sick give them millepedes
and carwigs, which will cure them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MI’LLER. n. s. [from mill.] One who attends a mill.
More water glideth by the mill
Than wots the miller of. Shakespeare.
Gillius, who made enquiry of millers who dwelt upon its
shore, received answer, that the Euripus ebbed and flowed
four times a day. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

MI’LLER. n. s. A fly. Ains.

MILLER'S-THUMB. n. s. [miller and thumb.] A small fish found
in brooks, called likewise a bulhead.

MILLE’SIMAL. adj. [millesimus, Latin.] Thousandth; consist­
ing of thousandth parts.
To give the square root of the number two, he laboured
long in millesimal fractions, till he confessed there was no end.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

MI’LLET. n. s. [milium, Lat. mil and millet, Fr.]
1. A plant.
The millet hath a loose divided panicle, and each single
flower hath a calyx, consisting of two leaves, which are in­
stead of petals, to protect the stamina and pistillum of the
flower, which afterwards becomes an oval, shining seed.
This plant was originally brought from the eastern countries,
where it is still greatly cultivated, from whence we are an­
nually furnished with this grain, which is by many persons
much esteemed for puddings. Miller.
In two ranks of cavities is placed a roundish studd, about
the bigness of a grain of millet. Woodward on Fossils.
Millet is diarrhetick, cleansing, and useful, in diseases of
the kidneys. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A kind of fish.
Some fish are gutted, split, and kept in pickle; as whit­
ing, mackerel, millet. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

MI’LLINER. n. s. [I believe from Milaner, an inhabitant of
Milan, as a Lombard is a banker.] One who sells ribands
and dresses for women.
He was perfumed like a milliner;
And, 'twixt his finger and his thumb, he held
A pouncet box, which ever and anon
He gave his nose. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
The mercers and milliners complain of her want of pub­
lick spirit. Tatler, No. 52.

MI’LLION. n. s. [million, Fr. milliogne, Italian.]
1. The number of an hundred myriads, or ten hundred thousand.
Within thine eyes sat twenty thousand deaths,
In thy hands clutch'd as many millions, in
Thy lying tongue both numbers. Shakespeare.
2. A proverbial name for any very great number.
That the three angles of a triangle are equal to two right
ones, is a truth more evident than many of those propositions
that go for principles; and yet there are millions who know
not this at all. Locke.
There are millions of truths that a man is not concerned to
know. Locke.
She found the polish'd glass, whose small convex
Enlarges to ten millions of degrees
The mite, invisible else. Philips.
Midst thy own flock, great shepherd, be receiv'd;
And glad all heav'n with millions thou hast sav'd. Prior.

MI’LLIONTH. adj. [from million.] The ten hundred thousandth.
The first embrion of an ant is supposed to be as big as that
of an elephant; which nevertheless can never arrive to the
millionth part of the other's bulk. Bentley's Sermons.

MI’LLSTONE. n. s. [mill and stone.] The stone by which corn
is comminuted.
No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to
pledge. Deut. xxiv. 6.
æsop's beasts saw farther into a millstone than our mobile.
L'Estrange's Fables.

MILT. n. s. [mildt, Dutch.]
1. The sperm of the male fish.
You shall scarce take a carp without a melt, or a female
without a roe or spawn. Walton's Angler.
2. [Milt, Saxon.] The spleen.

To MILT. v. a. [from the noun.] To impregnate the roe or
spawn of the female fish.

MILTER. n. s. [from milt.] The he of any fish, the she being
called spawner.
The spawner and milter labour to cover their spawn with
sand. Walton's Angler.

MI’LTWORT. n. s. An herb. Ains.

MIM

MIME. n. s. [mime, Fr. ??; mimus, Latin.] A buffoon
who practises gesticulations, either representative of some
action, or merely contrived to raise mirth.
Think'st thou, mime, this is great? Benj. Johnson.

To MIME. v. n. To play the mime.
Think'st thou, mime, this is great? or that they strive
Whose noise shall keep thy miming most alive,
Whilst thou dost raise some player from the grave,
Out-dance the babion, or out-boast the brave. B. Johnson.

MI’MER. n. s. [from mime.] A mimick; a buffoon.
Jugglers and dancers, anticks, mummers, mimers.
Milton's Samson Agonistes.

MI’MICAL. adj. [mimicus, Latin.] Imitative; befitting a mi­
mick; acting the mimick.
Man is of all creatures the most mimical in gestures, styles,
speech, fashion, or accents. Wotton on Education.
A mimical daw would needs try the same experiment; but
his claws were shackled. L'Estrange's Fables.
Singers and dancers entertained the people with light songs
and mimical gestures, that they might not go away melancholy
from serious pieces of the theatre. Dryden's Juvenal.

MI’MICALLY. adv. [from mimical.] In imitation; in a mimi­
cal manner.

MI’MICK. n. s. [mimicus, Latin.]
1. A ludicrous imitator; a buffoon who copies another's act or
manner so as to excite laughter.
Like poor Andrew I advance,
False mimick of my master's dance:
Around the cord a while I sprawl,
And thence, though slow, in earnest fall. Prior.
2. A mean or servile imitator.
Of France the mimick, and of Spain the prey. Anon.

MI’MICK. adj. [mimicus, Latin.] Imitative.
The busy head with mimick art runs o'er
The scenes and actions of the day before. Swift's Miscel.

To MI’MICK. v. a. [from the noun.] To imitate as a buffoon;
to ridicule by a burlesque imitation.
Morpheus express'd
The shape of man, and imitated best;
The walk, the words, the gesture, could supply,
The habit mimick, and the mien belye. Dryden.
Who wou'd with care some happy fiction frame;
So mimicks truth, it looks the very same. Granville.



MI’MICKRY. n. s. [from mimick.] Burlesque imitation.
By an excellent faculty in mimickry, my correspondent tells
me he can assume my air, and give my taciturnity a slyness
which diverts more than any thing I could say. Spectator.

MIMO’GRAPHER. n. s. [mimus and ?????.] A writer of farces.
Dict.

MIN

MINA’CIOUS. adj. [minax, Lat.] Full of threats.

MINA’CITY. n. s. [from minax, Latin.] Disposition to use
threats.

MI’NATORY. adj. [minor, Latin.] Threatening.
The king made a statute monitory and minatory, towards
justices of peace, that they should duly execute their office,
inviting complaints against them. Bacon's Henry VII.

To MINCE. v. a. [contracted, as it seems, from minish, or
from mincer; mince, French, small.]
1. To cut into very small parts.
She saw Pyrrhus make malicious sport,
In mincing with his sword her husband's limbs. Shakesp.
With a good chopping-knife mince the two capons as small
as ordinary minced meat. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
What means the service of the church so imperfectly, and
by halves, read over? What makes them mince and mangle
that in their practice, which they could swallow whole in their
subscriptions? South's Sermons.
Revive the wits;
But murder first, and mince them all to bits. Dunciad.
2. To mention any thing scrupulously, by a little at a time; to
palliate; to extenuate.
I know no ways to mince it in love, but directly to say I
love you. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Think it a bastard, whom the oracle
Hath doubtfully pronounc'd thy throat shall cut,
And mince it. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Behold yon simpering dame, whose face between her forks
presages snow; that minces virtue, and does shake the head
to hear of pleasure's name. Shakesp. King Lear.
Iago,
Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter,
Making it light to Cassio. Shakespeare's Othello.
These gifts,
Saving your mincing, the capacity
Of your soft cheveril conscience would receive,
If you might please to stretch it. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I'll try to force you to your duty:
For so it is, howe'er you mince it,
Ere we part, I shall evince it. Hudibras, p. ii.
Siren; now mince the sin,
And mollisy damnation with a phrase.
Say you consented not to Sancho's death,
But barely not forbade it. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
If, to mince his meaning, I had either omitted some part
of what he said, or taken from the strength of his expression,
I certainly had wronged him. Dryden.
These, seeing no where water enough to effect a general
deluge, were forced to mince the matter, and make only a
partial one of it, restraining it to Asia. Woodward.

To MINCE. v. n.
1. To walk nicely by short steps; to act with appearance of
scrupulousness and delicacy; to affect nicety.
By her side did sit the bold Sansloy,
Fit mate for such a mincing minion,
Who in her looseness took exceeding joy. Fairy Queen.
I'll turn two mincing steps
Into a manly stride. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
A harlot form soft sliding by,
With mincing step, small voice, and languid eye. Dunciad.
2. To speak small and imperfectly.
The reeve, miller, and cook, are as much distinguished
from each other, as the mincing lady prioress and the broad­
speaking wife of Bath. Dryden's Fables.

MI’NCINGLY. adv. [from mince.] In small parts; not fully.
Justice requireth nothing mincingly, but all with pressed,
and heaped, and even over-enlarged measure. Hooker, b. i.

MIND. n. s. [gemind, Saxon.]
1. The intelligent power.
I am a very foolish, fond old man;
I fear I am not in my perfect mind. Shakesp. King Lear.
This word being often used for the soul giving life, is at­
tributed abusively to madmen, when we say that they are of
a distracted mind, instead of a broken understanding: which
word, mind, we use also for opinion; as, I am of this or
that mind: and sometimes for mens conditions or virtues;
as, he is of an honest mind, or a man of a just mind: some­
times for affection; as, I do this for my mind's sake: some­
times for the knowledge of principles, which we have with­
out discourse: oftentimes for spirits, angels, and intelligences:
but as it is used in the proper signification, including both the
understanding agent and passible, it is described to be a pure,
simple, substantial act, not depending upon matter, but having
relation to that which is intelligible, as to his first object: or
more at large thus; a part or particle of the soul, whereby it
doth understand, not depending upon matter, nor needing
any organ, free from passion coming from without, and apt
to be dissevered as eternal from that which is mortal. Raleigh.
2. Liking; choice; inclination; propension; affection.
Our question is, whether all be sin which is done without
direction by scripture, and not whether the Israelices did
at any time amiss, by following their own minds without ask­
ing counsel of God. Hooker, b. ii.
We will consider of your suit:
And come some other time to know our mind. Shakespeare.
Being so hard to me that brought your mind,
I fear she'll prove as hard to you in telling her mind.
Shakespeare.
I will have nothing else but only this;
And now methinks I have a mind to it. Shakespeare.
Be of the same mind one towards another. Rom. xii. 16.
Hast thou a wife after thy mind? forsake her not. Ecclus.
They had a mind to French Britain; but they have let fall
their bit. Bacon's War with Spain.
Sudden mind arose
In Adam, not to let th' occasion pass,
Given him by this great conference, to know
Of things above this world. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
Waller coasted on the other side of the river, but at such
a distance that he had no mind to be engaged. Clarendon.
He had a great mind to do it. Clarendon.
All the arguments to a good life will be very insignificant
to a man that hath a mind to be wicked, when remission of
sins may be had upon such cheap terms. Tillotson's Sermons.
Suppose that after eight years peace he hath a mind to in­
fringe any of his treaties, or invade a neighbouring state,
what opposition can we make? Addison.
3. Thoughts; sentiments.
Th' ambiguous god,
In these mysterious words, his mind exprest,
Some truths reveal'd, in terms involv'd the rest. Dryden.
4. Opinion.
The earth was not of my mind,
If you suppose as fearing you, it shook. Shakespeare.
These men are of the mind, that they have clearer ideas
of infinite duration than of infinite space, because God has
existed from all eternity; but there is no real matter coex­
tended with infinite space. Locke.
The gods permitting traitors to succeed,
Become not parties in an impious deed;
And, by the tyrant's murder, we may find,
That Cato and the gods were of a mind. Granville.
5. Memory; remembrancy.
The king knows their disposition; a small touch will put
him in mind of them. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
When he brings
Over the earth a cloud, will therein set
His triple-coloured bow, whereon to look,
And call to mind his covenant. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
These, and more than I to mind can bring,
Menalcas has not yet forgot to sing. Dryden.
The cavern's mouth alone was hard to sind,
Because the path disus'd was out of mind. Dryden.
They will put him in mind of his own waking thoughts,
ere these dreams had as yet made their impressions on his
fancy. Atterbury's Sermons.
A wholesome law time out of mind;
Had been confirm'd by fate's decree. Swift's Miscel.

To MIND. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mark; to attend.
His mournful plight is swallowed up unwares,
Forgetful of his own that minds another's cares. Fa. Qu.
Not then mistrust, but tender love injoins,
That I should mind thee oft; and mind thou me! Milton.
If, in the raving of a frantick muse,
And minding more his verses than his way,
Any of these should drop into a well. Roscommon.
Cease to request me; let us mind our way;
Another song requires another day. Dryden.
He is daily called upon by the word, the ministers, and
inward suggestions of the holy spirit, to attend to those pro­
spects, and mind the things that belong to his peace. Rogers.
2. To put in mind; to remind.
Let me be punished, that have minded you
Of what you should forget. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I desire to mind those persons of what Saint Austin hath
said. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
This minds me of a cobbling colonel of famous memory.
L'Estrange.
I shall only mind him, that the contrary supposition, if it
could be proved, is of little use. Locke.

To MIND. v. n. To incline; to be disposed.
When one of them mindeth to go into rebellion, he will
convey away all his lordships to seofsees in trust. Spenser.



MI’NDED. adj. [from mind.] Disposed; inclined; affected.
We come to know
How you stand minded in the weighty diff'rence
Between the king and you. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Whose fellowship therefore unmeet for thee,
Good reason was thou freely should'st dislike,
And be so minded still. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
If men were minded to live virtuously, to believe a God
would be no hindrance to any such design, but very much for
its advancement. Tillotson's Sermons.
Pyrrhus is nobly minded; and I fain
Would live to thank him. Philips.

MI’NDFUL. adj. [mind and full.] Attentive; having memory.
I acknowledge the usefulness of your directions, and I
promise you to be mindful of your admonitions. Hammond.

MI’NDFULLY. adv. [from mindful.] Attentively.

MI’NDFULNESS. n. s. [from mindful.] Attention; regard.

MI’NDLESS. adj. [from mind.]
1. Inattentive; regardless.
Cursed Athens, mindless of thy worth,
Forget now thy great deeds, when neighbour states,
But for thy sword and sortune, trod upon them. Shakesp.
As the strong eagle in the silent wood,
Mindless of warlike rage, and hostile care,
Plays round the rocky cliff, or crystal flood. Prior.
2. Not endued with a mind; having no intellectual powers.
Pronounce thee a gross lowt, a mindless slave,
Or else a hovering temporizer. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
God first made angels bodiless, pure, minds;
Then other things, which mindless bodies be:
Last, he made man. Davies.

MIND-STRICKEN. adj. [mind and stricken.] Moved; affected
in his mind.
He had been so mind-stricken by the beauty of virtue in that
noble king, though not born his subject, he ever professed
himself his servant. Sidney, b. ii.

MINE, pronoun possessive. [myn, Saxon; mein, German;
mien, French; meus, Latin. It was anciently the practice
to use my before a consonant and mine before a vowel, which
euphony still requires to be observed. Mine is always used
when the substantive precedes: as, this is my cat; this cat is
mine.] Belonging to me.
The devil himself could not pronounce a title
More hateful to mine ear. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Thou art a soul in bliss, but I am bound
Upon a wheel of sire; that mine own tears
Do scald like molten lead. Shakesp. King Lear.
When a wise man gives thee better counsel, give me mine
again. Shakespeare's King Lear.
If thou be'st slain, and with no stroke of mine,
My wife and children's ghosts will haunt me still.
Shakespeare.
A friend of mine is come to me, and I have nothing to
set before him. Luke xi. 6.
That palm is mine. Dryden.

MINE. n. s. [mine, French; mwyn or mwn, Welsh, from maen
lapis, in the plural meini.]
1. A place or cavern in the earth which contains metals or mi­
nerals.
Though streighter bounds your fortune did consine,
In your large heart was sound a wealthy mine. Waller.
A workman, to avoid idleness, worked in a groove or mine­
pit thereabouts, which was little esteemed. Boyle.
A mine-digger may meet with a gem, which he knows not
what to make of. Boyle.
The heedless mine-man aims only at the obtaining a quan­
tity of such a metal as may be vendible. Boyle.
2. A cavern dug under any sortification that it may sink for
want of support, or, in modern war, that powder may be
lodged in it, which being fired at a proper time, whatever is
over it may be blown up and destroyed.
By what eclipse shall that sun be defac'd?
What mine hath erst thrown down so fair a tower?
What sacrilege hath such a saint disgrac'd? Sidney, b. ii.
Build up the walls of Jerusalem, which you have broken
down, and fill up the mines that you have digged. Whitgift.
Others to a city strong
Lay siege, encamp'd; by batt'ry, scale and mine,
Assaulting. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

To MINE. v. n. [from the noun.] To dig mines or burrows;
to form any hollows underground.
The ranging stork in stately beeches dwells;
The climbing goats on hills securely feed;
The mining coneys shroud in rocky cells. Wotton.
Of this various matter the terrestrial globe consists, from
its surface down to the greatest depth we ever dig or mine.
Woodward's Nat. Hist.

To MINE. v. a. To sap; to ruin by mines; to destroy by
slow degrees, or secret means.
It will but skin and film the ulcerous place,
While rank corruption mining all within,
Insects unseen. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
They mined the walls, laid the powder, and rammed the
mouth; but the citizens made a countermine. Hayward.
The slow fever mines the constitution Bolingbroke.

MI’NER. n. s. [mineur, Fr. from mine.]
1. One that digs for metals.
By me kings palaces are push'd to ground,
And miners crush'd beneath their mines are found. Dryden.
2. One who makes military mines.
As the bombardeer levels his mischeif at cities, the miner
busies himself in ruining private houses. Tatler.

MI’NERAL. n. s. [minerale, Lat.] Fossile body; matter dug
out of mines. All metals are minerals, but all minerals are
not metals.
She did confess, she had
For you a mortal mineral; which, being took,
Should by the minute feed on life, and ling'ring
By inches waste you. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The minerals of the kingdom, of lead, iron, copper, and
tin, are of great value. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Part hidden veins digg'd up, nor hath this earth
Entrails unlike, of mineral and stone. Milton's Par. Lost.
Minerals; nitre with vitriol; common salt with alum; and
sulphur with vitriol. Woodward.

MI’NERAL. adj. Consisting of fossile bodies.
By experience upon bodies in any mine, a man may
conjecture at the metallick or mineral ingredients of any mass
found there. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

MI’NERALIST. adj. [from mineral.] One skilled or employed
in minerals.
A mine-digger may meet with a gem or a mineral, which
he knows not what to make of till he shews it a jeweller or
a mineralist. Boyle.
The metals and minerals which are lodged in the perpen­
dicular intervals do still grow, to speak in the mineralist's
phrase, or receive additional increase. Woodward.

MINERA’LOGIST. n. s. [mineralogie, French; from mineral and
???.] One who discourses on minerals.
Many authors deny it, and the exactest mineralogists have
rejected it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

MINER’ALOGY. n. s. [from mineral and ???.] The doctrine
of minerals.

MINE’VER. n. s. A skin with specks of white. Ains.

To MI’NGLE. v. a. To mix; to join; to compound; to
unite with something so as to make one mass.
Wo unto them that are mighty to drink wine, and men
of strength to mingle strong drink. Isa. v. 22.
Lament with me! with me your sorrows join,
And min le your united tears with mine! Walsh.
The best of us appear contented with a mingled, imperfect
virtue. Rogers's Sermons.
Our sex, our kindred, our houses, and our very names,
we are ready to mingle with ourselves, and cannot bear to
have others think meanly of them. Watts's Logick.
He wooes the bird of Jove
To mingle woes with his. Thomson's Spring, l. 1035.

To MI’NGLE. v. n. To be mixed; to be united with.
Ourself will mingle with society,
And play the humble host. Shakespeare's Macbeath.
Alcimus had desiled himself wilfully in the times of their
mingling with the Gentiles. 2 Mac. xiv. 13.
Nor priests, nor statesmen,
Could have completed such an ill as that,
If women had not mingled in the mischief. Rowe.
She, when she saw her sister nymphs, suppress'd
Her rising fears, and mingled with the rest. Addison.

MI’NGLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Mixture; medley; confused
mass.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear,
Make mingle with our rattling tabourines. Shakespeare.
Neither can I desend my Spanish Fryar; though the comi­
cal parts are diverting, and the serious moving, yet they are
of an unnatural mingle. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

MI’NGLER. n. s. [from the verb.] He who mingles.

MI’NIATURE. n. s. [miniature, French.]
1. Representation in a small compass; representation less than
the reality.
The water, with twenty bubbles, not content to have the
picture of their face in large, would in each of these bubbles
set forth the miniature of them. Sidney, b. ii.
If the ladies should once take a liking to such a diminutive
race, we should see mankind epitomized, and the whole spe­
cies in miniature: in order to keep our posterity from dwin­
dling, we have instituted a tall club. Addison's Guard.
The hidden ways
Of nature would'st thou know? how first she frames
All things in miniature? thy specular orb
Apply to well dissected kernels: lo!
Strange forms arise, in each a little plant
Unfolds its boughs: observe the slender threads
Of first beginning trees, their roots, their leaves,
In narrow seeds describ'd. Philips.


2. Gay has improperly made it a substantive.
Here shall the pencil bid its colours flow,
And make a miniature creation grow. Gay.

MI’NIKIN. adj. 1. Small; diminutive. Used in slight con­
tempt.
Sleepest, or wakest thou, jolly shepherd,
Thy sheep be in the corn;
And for one blast of thy minikin mouth,
Thy sheep shall take no harm. Shakesp. King Lear.

MI’NIKIN. n. s. A small sort of pins.

MI’NIM. n. s. [from minimus, Lat.]
1. A small being; a dwarf.
Not all
Minims of nature; some of serpent-kind,
Wond'rous in length, and corpulence, involv'd
Their snaky folds, and added wings. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. This word is applied, in the northern counties, to a small
sort of fish, which they pronounce mennim. See MINNOW.

MI’NIMUS. n. s. [Latin.] A being of the least size.
Get you gone, you dwarf,
You minimus of hind'ring knot grass made;
You bead, you acorn. Shakespeare.

MI’NION. n. s. [mignon, French.] A favourite; a darling; a
low dependant; one who pleases rather than benefits. A
word of contempt, or of slight and familiar kindness.
Minion, said she; indeed I was a pretty one in those days;
I see a number of lads that love you. Sidney, b. ii.
They were made great courtiers, and in the way of mi­
nions, when advancement, the most mortal offence to envy,
stirred up their former friend to overthrow them. Sidney.
One, who had been a special minion of Andromanas, hated
us for having dispossessed him of her heart Sidney, b. ii.
Go rate thy minions;
Becomes it thee to be thus bold in terms
Before thy sovereign. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Duncan's horses,
Beauteous and swift, the minions of the race,
Turn'd wild in nature. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
His company must do his minions grace,
Whilst I at home starve for a merry look. Shakespeare.
Edward sent one army into Ireland; not for conquest, but
to guard the person of his minion Piers Gaveston. Davies.
If a man should launch into the history of human nature,
we should find the very minions of princes linked in conspira­
cies against their master. L'Estrange's Fables.
The drowsy tyrant by his minions led,
To regal rage devotes some patriot's head. Swift.

MI’NIOUS. adj. [from minium, Latin.] Of the colour of red
lead or vermilion.
Some conceive, that the Red Sea receiveth a red and mi­
nious tincture from springs that fall into it. Brown.

To MI’NISH. v. a. [from diminish; minus, Latin.] To lessen;
to lop; to impair.
Ye shall not minish ought from your bricks of your daily
task. Exod. v. 19.
They are minished and brought low through oppression.
 Psal. cvii. 39.
Another law was to bring in the silver of the realm to the
mint, in making all clipt, minished, or impaired coins of sil­
ver, not to be current in payments. Bacon's Henry VII.

MI’NISTER. n. s. [minister, Latin; ministre, Fr.]
1. An agent; one who is employed to any end; one who acts
not by any inherent authority, but under another.
You, whom virtue hath made the princess of felicity, be
not the minister of ruin. Sidney, b. ii.
Rumble thy belly full; spit fire, spout rain,
Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters;
I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness:
But yet I call you servile ministers,
That have with two pernicious daughters join'd
Your high-engender'd battles, 'gainst a head
So old and white as this. Shakesp. King Lear.
Th'infernal minister advanc'd,
Seiz'd the due victim. Dryden's Theodore and Honoria.
Other spirits govern'd by the will,
Shoot through their tracks, and distant muscles fill;
This sovereign, by his arbitrary nod,
Restrains or sends his ministers abroad. Blackmore.
2. One who is employed in the administration of govern­
ment.
Kings must be answerable to God, but the ministers to
kings, whose eyes, ears, and hands they are, must be an­
swerable to God and man. Bacon.
3. One who serves at the altar; one who performs sacerdotal
functions.
Epaphras, a faithful minister of Christ. 1 Col. i. 7.
The ministers are always preaching, and the governours
putting forth edicts against dancing and gaming. Addison.
The ministers of the gospel are especially required to shine
as lights in the world, because the distinction of their station
renders their conduct more observable; and the presumption
of their knowledge, and the dignity of their office, gives a
peculiar force and authority to their example. Rogers.
4. A delegate; an official.
If wrongfully
Let God revenge; for I may never lift
An angry arm against his minister. Shakesp. Rich. II.
5. An agent from a foreign power, without the dignity of an
ambassador.

To MI’NISTER. v. a. [ministro, Latin.] To give; to supply;
to afford.
All the customs of the Irish would minister occasion of a
most ample discourse of the original and antiquity of that
people. Spenser on Ireland.
Now he that ministereth seed to the sower, both minister
bread for your food and multiply your seed sown. 2 Cor. ix.
The wounded patient bears
The artist's hand that ministers the cure. Otway's Orphan.

To MI’NISTER. v. n.
1. To attend; to serve in any office.
Certain of them had the charge of the ministering vessels,
to bring them in and out by tale. 1 Chron. ix. 28.
They which minister about holy things, live of the things
of the temple. 1 Cor. ix. 13.
At table Eve
Minister'd naked, and their flowing cups
With pleasant liquors crown'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
2. To give medicines.
Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseas'd,
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,
Raze out the written troubles of the brain? Shak. Macb.
3. To give supplies of things needful; to give assistance; to
contribute; to conduce.
Others ministered unto him of their substance. Luke viii. 3.
He who has a soul wholly void of gratitude, should set his
soul to learn of his body; for all the parts of that minister to
one another. South's Sermons.
There is no truth which a man may more evidently make
out than the existence of a God; yet he that shall con­
tent himself with things as they minister to us pleasures and
passions, and not make enquiry a little farther into their
causes and ends, may live long without any notion of such a
being. Locke.
Those good men, who take such pleasure in relieving the
miserable for Christ's sake, would not have been less forward
to minister unto Christ himself. Atterbury.
Fasting is not absolutely good, but relatively, and as it
ministers to other virtues. Smalridge's Sermons.
4. To attend on the service of God.
Whether prophesy, let us prophesy according to the pro­
portion of faith; or ministry, let us wait on our ministring.
Rom. xii. 7.

MINISTE’RIAL. adj. [from minister.]
1. Attendant; acting at command.
Understanding is required in a man; courage and vivacity
in the lion; service, and ministerial officiousness, in the ox.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
From essences unseen, celestial names,
Enlight'ning spirits, and ministerial flames,
Lift we our reason to that sovereign cause,
Who bless'd the whole with life. Prior.
2. Acting under superior authority.
For the ministerial officers in court there must be an eye
unto them. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Abstinence, the apostle determines, is of no other real
value in religion, than as a ministerial cause of moral effects;
as it recalls us from the world, and gives a serious turn to
our thoughts. Rogers's Sermons.
3. Sacerdotal; belonging to the ecclesiasticks or their office.
These speeches of Jerom and Chrysostom plainly allude
unto such ministerial garments as were then in use. Hooker.
4. Pertaining to ministers of state, or persons in subordinate au­
thority.

MI’NISTERY. n. s. [ministerium, Lat.] Office; service. This
word is now contracted to ministry, but used by Milton as
four syllables.
They that will have their chamber filled with a good scent,
make some odoriferous water be blown about it by their ser­
vants mouths that are dextrous in that ministery. Digby.
This temple to frequent
With ministeries due, and solemn rites. Milton, b. xii.

MI’NISTRAL. adj. [from minister.] Pertaining to a minister.

MI’NISTRANTS. adj. [from minister.] Attendant; acting at
command.
Him thrones, and pow'rs,
Princedoms, and dominations ministrant,
Accompany'd to heav'n-gate. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Ministrant to their queen with busy care,
Four faithful handmaids the soft rites prepare. Pope.



MINISTRA’TION. n. s. [from ministro, Latin.]
1. Agency; intervention; office of an agent delegated or com­
missioned by another.
God made him the instrument of his providence to me, as he hath made his own land to him, with this difference, that
God; by his ministration to me, intends to do him a favour.
Taylor's living holy.
Though sometimes effected by the immediate fiat of the
divine will, yet I think they are most ordinarily done by the
ministration of angels. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Service; office; ecclesiastical function.
If the present ministration be more glorious than the for­
mer, the minister is more holy. Atterbury's Sermons.

MI’NIUM. n. s. [Latin.]
Melt lead in a broad earthen vessel unglazed, and stir it
continually till it be calcined into a grey powder; this is
called the calx of lead; continue the fire, stirring it in the
same manner, and it becomes yellow; in this state it is used
in painting, and is called masticot or massicot; after this put
it into a reverberatory furnace, and it will calcine further,
and become of a fine red, which is the common minium or
red lead: among the ancients minium was the name for cin­
nabar: the modern minium is used externally, and is excel­
lent in cleansing and healing old ulcers. Hill's Mat. Med.

MI’NISTRY. n. s. [contracted from ministery; ministerium, Lat.]
1. Office; service.
So far is an indistinction of all persons, and, by conse­
quence, an anarchy of all things, so far from being agree­
able to the will of God, declared in his great houshold, the
world, and especially in all the ministries of his proper house­
hold the church, that there was never yet any time, I be­
lieve, since it was a number, when some of its members
were not more sacred than others. Sprat's Sermons.
2. Office of one set apart to preach; ecclesiastical function.
Their ministry perform'd, and race well run,
Their doctrine and their story written left,
They die. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
Saint Paul was miraculously called to the ministry of the
gospel, and had the whole doctrine of the gospel from God
by immediate revelation; and was appointed the apostle of
the Gentiles for propagating it in the heathen world. Locke.
3. Agency; interposition.
The natural world he made after a miraculous manner;
but directs the affairs of it ever since by standing rules, and
the ordinary ministry of second causes. Atterbury.
The poets introduced the ministry of the gods, and taught
the separate existence of human souls. Bentley's Sermons.
4. Business.
He safe from loud alarms,
Abhorr'd the wicked ministry of arms. Dryden's æn.
5. Persons employed in the publick affairs of a state.
I converse in full freedom with many considerable men of
both parties; and if not in equal number, it is purely acci­
dental, as happening to have made acquaintance at court
more under one ministry than another. Swift.

MI’NNOCK. n. s. Of this word I know not the precise mean­
ing. It is not unlikely that minnock and minx are originally
the fame word.
An ass's nole I fixed on his head;
Anon his Thisbe must be answered,
And forth my minnock comes. Shakespeare.

MI’NNOW. n. s. [menue, French.] A very small fish; a pink:
a corruption of minim, which see.
Hear you this triton of the minnows? Shakespeare.
The minnow, when he is in perfect season, and not sick,
which is only presently after spawning, hath a kind of dappled
or waved colour, like a panther, on his sides, inclining to a
greenish and sky-colour, his belly being milk-white, and his
back almost black or blackish: he is a sharp biter at a small
worm in hot weather, and in the Spring they make excellent
minnow tansies; for being washed well in salt, and their heads
and tails cut off, and their guts taken out, being fried with
yolks of eggs, primroses and tansy. Walton's Angler.
The nimble turning of the minnow is the perfection of min­
now fishing. Walton's Angler.

MI’NOR. adj. [Latin.]
1. Petty; inconsiderable.
If there are petty errours and minor lapses, not consider­
ably injurious unto faith, yet is it not safe to contemn infe­
riour fulfities. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
2. Less; smaller.
They altered this custom from cases of high concernment
to the most trivial debates, the minor part ordinarily entering
their protest. Clarendon.
The difference of a third part in so large and collective an
account is not strange, if we consider how differently they
are set forth in minor and less mistakeable numbers.
Browne's Vulgar Errours.

MI’NOR. n. s.
1. One under age; one whose youth cannot yet allow him to
manage his own affairs.
King Richard the Second, the first ten years of his reign,
was a minor. Davies on Ireland.
He and his muse might be minors, but the libertines are
full grown. Collier's View of the Stage.
Long as the year's dull circle seems to run,
When the brisk minor pants for twenty-one. Pope.
The noblest blood of England having been shed in the
grand rebellion, many great families became extinct, or sup­
ported only by minors. Swift.
A minor or insant cannot be said to be contumacious, be­
cause he cannot appear as a defendant in court, but by his
guardian. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The second or particular proposition in the syllogism.
The second or minor proposition was, that this kingdom
hath cause of just fear of overthrow from Spain. Bacon.
He supposed that a philosopher's brain was like a forest,
where ideas are ranged like animals of several kinds; that
the major is the male, the minor the female, which copulate
by the middle term, and engender the conclusion. Arbuthnot.

To MI’NORATE. v. a. [from minor, Lat.] To lessen; to di­
minish. A word not yet admitted into the language.
This it doth not only by the advantageous assistance of a
tube, but by shewing in what degrees distance minorates the
object. Glanville's Sceps.

MINORA’TION. n. s. [from minorate.] The act of lessening;
diminution; decrease. A word not admitted.
Bodies emit virtue without abatement of weight, as is most
evident in the loadstone, whose efficiences are communicable
without a minoration of gravity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
We hope the mercies of God will consider our degenerated
integrity unto some minoration of our offences. Brown.

MINO’RITY. n. s. [minorité, Fr. from minor, Latin.]
1. The state of being under age.
I mov'd the king, my master, to speak in the behalf of
my daughter, in the minority of them both. Shakespeare.
He is young, and his minority
Is put into the trust of Richard Gloster. Shakespeare.
These changes in religion should be staid, until the king
were of years to govern by himself: this the people appre­
hending worse than it was, a question was raised, whether,
during the king's minority, such alterations might be made or
no. Hayward's Edw. VI.
Henry the Eighth, doubting he might die in the minority of
his son, procured an act to pass, that no statute made during
the minority of the king should bind him or his successors, ex­
cept it were confirmed by the king at his full age. But the
first act that passed in king Edward the Sixth's time, was a
repeal of that former act; at which time nevertheless the
king was minor. Bacon's Henry VII.
If there be evidence, that it is not many ages since nature
was in her minority, this may be taken for a good proof that
she is not eternal. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Their counsels are warlike and ambitious, though some­
thing tempered by the minority of their king. Temple.
2. The state of being less.
From this narrow time of gestation may ensue a minority,
or smallness in the exclusion. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
3. The smaller number: as, the minority held for that question
in opposition to the majority.

MI’NOTAUR. n. s. [minotaure, French; minos and taurus.] A
monster invented by the poets, half man and half bull, kept
in Dædalus's labyrinth.
Thou may'st not wander in that labyrinth,
There minotaurs, and ugly treasons lurk. Shakespeare.

MI’NSTER. n. s. [minstere, Saxon.] A monastery; an eccle­
siastical fraternity; a cathedral church. The word is yet re­
tained at York and Lichfield.

MI’NSTREL. n. s. [menestril, Spanish; menestrallus, low Latin.]
A musician; one who plays upon instruments.
Hark how the minstrels 'gin to shrill aloud
Their merry musick that resounds from far,
The pipe, the tabor, and the trembling croud,
That well agree withouten breach or jar. Spenser's Epithal.
I will give you the minstrel.
—Then I will give you the serving creature. Shakespeare.
I to the vulgar am become a jest;
Esteemed as a minstrel at a feast. Sandys's Paraphrase.
These fellows
Were once the minstrels of a country show;
Follow'd the prizes through each paltry town,
By trumpet-cheeks and bloated faces known. Dryden.
Often our seers and poets have confess'd,
That musick's force can tame the furious beast;
Can make the wolf, or foaming boar restrain
His rage; the lion drop his crested mane,
Attentive to the song; the lynx forget
His wrath to man, and lick the minstrel's feet. Prior.

MI’NSTRELSEY. n. s. [from minstrel.]
1. Musick; instrumental harmony.
Apollo's self will envy at his play,
And all the world applaud his minstrelsey. Davies.


That loving wretch that swears,
'Tis not the bodies marry, but the minds,
Which he in her angelick finds,
Would swear as justly, that he hears,
In that day's rude hoarse minstrelsey, the spheres. Donne.
I began,
Wrapt in a pleasing fit of melancholy,
To meditate my rural minstrelsy,
Till fancy had her fill. Milton.
2. A number of musicians.
Ministring spirits train'd up in feast, and song!
Such hast thou arm'd the minstrelsey of heav'n. Milton.

MINT. n. s. [minte, Saxon; menthe, Fr. mentha, Latin.] A
plant.
The mint is a verticillate plant with labiated flowers, con­
sisting of one leaf, whose upper-lip is arched, and the under­
lip divided into three parts; but both of them are so cut,
that the flower seems to be divided into four parts, the two
lips scarcely appearing: these flowers are collected into thick
whorles in some species, but in others they grow in a spike;
each flower having four seeds succeeding it, which are in­
closed in the flower-cup: it hath a creeping root, and the
whole plant has a strong aromatick scent. Miller.
Then rubb'd it o'er with newly-gather'd mint,
A wholesome herb, that breath'd a grateful scent. Dryden.

MINT. n. s. [munte, Dutch; mnetian, to coin, Saxon.]
1. The place where money is coined.
What is a person's name or face, that receives all his re­
putation from the mint, and would never have been known
had there not been medals. Addison on ancient Medals.
2. Any place of invention.
A man in all the world's new fashion planted,
That hath a mint of phrases in his brain. Shakespeare.
As the mints of calumny are at work, a great number of
curious inventions are issued out, which grow current among
the party. Addison's Freeholder, No. 7.

To MINT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To coin; to stamp money.
Another law was, to bring in the silver of the realm to
the mint, in making all clipped coins of silver not to be cur­
rent in payments, without giving any remedy of weight;
and so to set the mint on work, and to give way to new coins
of silver which should be then minted. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To invent; to forge.
Look into the titles whereby they hold these new portions
of the crown, and you will find them of such natures as may
be easily minted. Bacon's War with Spain.

MI’NTAGE. n. s. [from mint.]
1. That which is coined or stamped.
Its pleasing poison
The visage quite transforms of him that drinks,
And the inglorious likeness of a beast
Fixes instead, unmoulding reasons mintage
Character'd in the face. Milton.
2. The duty paid for coining. Ains.

MI’NTER. n. s. [from mint.] Coiner.
Sterling ought to be of so pure silver as is called leaf silver,
and the minter must add other weight, if the silver be not
pure. Camden's Remains.

MI’NTMAN. n. s. [mint and man.] One skilled in coinage.
He that thinketh Spain to be some great over-match for
this estate, is no good mintman; but takes greatness of king­
doms according to their bulk and currency, and not after
their intrinsick value. Bacon's War with Spain.

MI’NTMASTER. n. s. [mint and master.]
1. One who presides in coinage.
That which is coined, as mintmasters confessed, is allayed
with about a twelfth part of copper. Boyle.
2. One who invents.
The great mintmasters of these terms, the schoolmen and
metaphysicians, have wherewithal to content him. Locke.

MI’NUET. n. s. [menuet, French.] A stately regular dance.
The tender creature could not see his fate,
With whom she'd danc'd a minuet so late. Stepney.
John Trot has the assurance to set up for a minuet dancer.
Spectator, No. 308.

MI’NUM. n. s. 
1. [With printers.] A small sort of printing letter.
2. [With musicians.] A note of slow time, two of which
make a semibrief, as two crotchets make a minum; two
quavers a crotchet, and two semiquavers a quaver. Bailey.
Oh, he's the courageous captain of compliments; he fights
as you sing pricksongs, keeps time, distance, and proportion;
rests his minum, one, two, and the third in your bosom.
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

MINU’TE. adj. [minutus, Lat.] Small; little; slender; small
in bulk; small in consequence.
Some minute philosophers pretend,
That with our days our pains and pleasures end. Denham.
Such an universal superintendency has the eye and hand of
providence over all, even the most minute and inconsiderable
things. South's Sermons.
Into small parts the wond'rous stone divide,
Ten thousand of minutest size express
The same propension which the large possess. Blackmore.
The serum is attenuated by circulation, so as to pass into
the minutest channels, and become fit nutriment for the
body. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
In all divisions we should consider the larger and more im­
mediate parts of the subject, and not divide it at once into
the more minute and remote parts. Watts's Logick.

MI’NUTE. n. s. [minutum, Latin.]
1. The sixtieth part of an hour.
This man so complete,
Who was enroll'd 'mongst wonders, and when we,
Almost with list'ning ravish'd, could not find
His hour of speech a minute. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. Any small space of time.
They walk'd about me ev'ry minute while;
And if I did but stir out of my bed,
Ready they were to shoot me to the heart. Shakespeare.
The speed of gods
Time counts not, though with swiftest minutes wing'd.
Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Gods! that the world should turn
On minutes and on moments. Denham's Sophy.
Experience does every minute prove the sad truth of this
assertion. South's Sermons.
Tell her, that I some certainty may bring;
I go this minute to attend the king. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
3. The first draught of any agreement in writing; this is com­
mon in the Scottish law: as, have you made a minute of that
contract?

To MI’NUTE. v. a. [minuter, French.] To set down in short
hints.
I no sooner heard this critick talk of my works, but I mi­
nuted what he had said, and resolved to enlarge the plan of
my speculations. Spectator, No. 4-8.

MI’NUTE-BOOK. n. s. [minute and book.] Book of short hints.

MI’NUTE-GLASS. n. s. [minute and glass.] Glass of which the
sand measures a minute.

MINU’TELY. adv. [from minúte.] To a small point; exactly;
to the least part; nicely.
In this posture of mind it was impossible for him to keep
that slow pace, and observe minutely that order of ranging all
he said, from which results an obvious perspicuity. Locke.
Change of night and day,
And of the seasons ever stealing round,
Minutely faithful. Thomson's Summer, l. 40.

MI’NUTELY. adv. [from mínute, the substantive.]
1. Every minute; with very little time intervening.
What is it but a continued perpetuated voice from heaven,
resounding for ever in our ears? As if it were minutely pro­
claimed in thunder from heaven, to give men no rest in their
sins, no quiet from Christ's importunity till they arise from
so mortiferous a state. Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. In the following passage it seems rather to be an adjective,
as hourly is both the adverb and adjective.
Now minutely revolts upbraid his faith-breach,
Those he commands, move only in command,
Nothing in love. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

MINU’TENESS. n. s. [from minúte.] Smallness; exility; in­
considerableness.
The animal spirit and insensible particles never fall under
our senses by reason of their minuteness. Bentley's Sermons.

MI’NUTE-WATCH. n. s. [mínute and watch.] A watch in which
minutes are more distinctly marked than in common watches
which reckon by the hour.
Casting our eyes upon a minute-watch, we found that from
the beginning of the pumping, about two minutes after the
coals had been put in glowing, to the total disappearing of
the fire, there had passed but three minutes. Boyle.

MINX. n. s. [contracted, I suppose, from minnock.] A young,
pert, wanton girl.
Lewd minx!
Come, go with me apart. Shakespeare.
Some torches bore, some links,
Before the proud virago minx. Hudibras, p. ii.
She, when but yet a tender minx, began
To hold the door, but now sets up for man. Dryden.

MIR

MI’RACLE. n. s. [miracle, Fr. miraculum, Latin.]
1. A wonder; something above human power.
Nothing almost sees miracles
But misery. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Virtuous and holy, chosen from above,
To work exceeding miracles on earth. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Be not offended, nature's miracle,
Thou art allotted to be ta'en by me. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. [In theology.] An effect above human or natural power,
performed in attestation of some truth.
The miracles of our Lord are peculiarly eminent above the
lying wonders of demons, in that they were not made out of
vain ostentation of power, and to raise unprofitable amaze­
ment; but for the real benefit and advantage of men, by


feeding the hungry, healing all sorts of diseases, ejecting of
devils, and reviving the dead. Bentley's Sermons.

MIRA’CULOUS. adj. [miraculeux, Fr. from miracle.] Done by
miracle; produced by miracle; effected by power more than
natural.
Arithmetical progression might easily demonstrate how fast
mankind would increase, overpassing as miraculous, though
indeed natural, that example of the Israelites, who were mul­
tiplied in two hundred and fifteen years from seventy unto
six hundred thousand able men. Raleigh's Essays.
Restore this day, for thy great name,
Unto his ancient and miraculous right. Herbert.
Why this strength
Mirac'lous yet remaining in those locks?
His might continues in thee not for naught. Milton's Ag.
At the first planting of the Christian religion in the world,
God was pleased to accompany it with a miraculous power.
Tillotson.

MIRA’CULOUSLY. adv. [from miraculous.] By miracle; by
power above that of nature.
It was a singular providence of God, to draw those nor­
thern heathen nations down into those Christian parts, where
they might receive Christianity, and to mingle nations so re­
mote miraculously, to make one blood and kindred of all peo­
ple, and each to have knowledge of him. Spenser on Ireland.
Turnus was to be slain that very day; and æneas, wound­
ed as he was, could not have engaged him in single combat,
unless his hurt had been miraculously healed. Dryden.

MIRA’CULOUSNESS. n. s. [from miraculous.] The state of be­
ing effected by miracle; superiority to natural power.

MIRADO’R. n. s. [Spanish, from mirar, to look.] A balco­
ny; a gallery whence ladies see shews.
Mean time your valiant son, who had before
Gain'd fame, rode round, to ev'ry mirador;
Beneath each lady's stand a stop he made,
And bowing, took th' applauses which they paid. Dryden.

MIRE. n. s. [moer, Dutch.] Mud; dirt at the bottom of
water.
He his rider from her lofty steed
Would have cast down, and trod in dirty mire. Fa. Qu.
Here's that, which is too weak to be a sinner, honest wa­
ter, which ne'er left man i' th' mire. Shak. Timon of Athens.
I'm Ralph himself, your trusty squire,
Wh' has dragg'd your donship out o' th' mire. Hudibras.
I appeal to any man's reason, whether it be not better that
there should be a distinction of land and sea, than that all
should be mire and water. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Now plung'd in mire, now by sharp brambles torn.
Roscommon.

To MIRE. v. a. [from the noun.] To whelm in the mud; to
soil with mud.
Why had I not, with charitable hand,
Took up a beggar's issue at my gates?
Who smeered thus, and mir'd with infamy,
I might have said no part of it is mine. Shakespeare.

MIRE. n. s. [myr, Welsh; mra, Saxon; mier, Dutch.] An
ant; a pismire.

MI’RINESS. n. s. [from miry.] Dirtiness; fullness of mire.

MI’RKSOME. n. s. [morck, dark, Danish. In the derivatives
of this set, no regular orthography is observed: it is common
to write murky, to which the rest ought to conform.] Dark;
obscure.
Through mirksome air her ready way she makes. F. Qu.

MI’RROR. n. s. [miroir, French; mirar, Spanish, to look.]
1. A looking-glass; any thing which exhibits representations of
objects by reflection.
And in his waters which your mirror make,
Behold your faces as the crystal bright. Spenser's Epith.
That pow'r which gave me eyes the world to view,
To view myself infus'd an inward light,
Whereby my soul, as by a mirror true,
Of her own form may take a perfect sight. Davies.
Less bright the moon,
But opposite in levell'd West was set
His mirror, with full face borrowing her light
From him. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
Mirroir of poets, mirroir of our age,
Which her whole face beholding on thy stage,
Pleas'd and displeas'd with her own faults, endures
A remedy like those whom musick cures. Waller.
By chance he spy'd a mirroir while he spoke,
And gazing there beheld his alter'd look;
Wond'ring, he saw his features and his hue,
So much were chang'd, that scarce himself he knew.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Late as I rang'd the crystal wilds of air,
In the clear mirroir of thy ruling star,
I saw, alas! some dread event impend. Pope.
2. It is used for pattern; for that on which the eye ought to be
fixed; an exemplar; an archetype.
The works of nature are no less exact, than if she did
both behold and study how to express some absolute shape or
mirror always present before her. Hooker, b. i.
O goddess, heavenly bright,
Mirrour of grace and majesty divine. Fairy Queen, b. i.
How far'st thou, mirror of all martial men? Shakesp.
Mirroir of ancient faith in early youth. Dryden.

MIRROR-STONE. n. s. [selenites, Lat.] A kind of transparent
stone. Ains.

MIRTH. n. s. [mrhde, Saxon.] Merriment; jollity; gaiety;
laughter.
To give a kingdom for a mirth, to sit,
And keep the turn of tippling with a slave. Shakespeare.
Be large in mirth, anon we'll drink a measure
The table round. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
His eye begets occasion for his wit;
For every object that the one doth catch,
The other turns to a mirth-moving jest. Shakespeare.
Most of the appearing mirth in the world is not mirth but
art: the wounded spirit is not seen, but walks under a dis­
guise. South's Sermons.
With genial joy to warm the soul,
Bright Helen mix'd a mirth-inspiring bowl. Pope's Odyssey.

MI’RTHFUL. adj. [mirth and full.] Merry; gay; cheerful.
No simple word,
That shall be utter'd at our mirthful board,
Shall make us sad next morning. B. Johnson, Epigr. 101.
The feast was serv'd; the bowl was crown'd;
To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior.

MI’RTHLESS. adj. [from mirth.] Joyless; cheerless.

MI’RY. adj. [from mire.]
1. Deep in mud; muddy.
Thou should'st have heard how her horse fell, and she un­
der her horse: thou should'st have heard in how miry a place,
how she was bemoiled. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
All men who lived lazy lives, and died natural deaths, by
sickness or by age, went into vast caves under-ground, all
dark and miry, full of noisome creatures, and there grovel'ed
in endless stench and misery. Temple.
Deep, through a miry lane she pick'd her way,
Above her ancle rose the chalky clay. Gay's Trivia.
So have I seen ill-coupled hounds
Drag diff'rent ways in miry grounds. Swift.
2. Consisting of mire.
Shall thou and I sit round about some fountain,
Looking all downwards to behold our cheeks,
How they are stain'd like meadows, yet not dry,
With miry slime left on them by a flood? Shakespeare.

MIS

MIS, an inseparable particle used in composition to mark an ill
sense, or depravation of the meaning: as, chance, luck;
mischance, ill luck; computation, reckoning; miscomputation,
false reckoning; to like, to be pleased; to mislike, to be of­
fended; from mes in Teutonick and French, used in the same
sense. Of this it is difficult to give all the examples; but
those that follow will sufficiently explain it.

MISACCEPTA’TION. n. s. [mis and acceptation.] The act of
taking in a wrong sense.

MISADVE’NTURE. n. s. [mesaventure, Fr. mis and adventure.]
1. Mischance; misfortune; ill luck; bad fortune.
Your looks are pale and wild, and do import
Some misadventure. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
When a commander, either upon necessity or misadventure,
falleth into danger, it much advanceth both his reputation
and enterprize, if bravely he behaveth himself. Hayward.
The body consisted, after all the losses and misadventures,
of no less than six thousand foot. Clarendon, b. viii.
Distinguish betwixt actions of misadventure and of design.
L'Estrange's Fables.
The trouble of a misadventure now and then, that reaches
not his innocence or reputation, may not be an ill way to
teach him more caution. Locke on Education.
2. [In law.] Manslaughter. Ains.

MISADVE’NTURED. adj. [from misadventure.] Unfortunate.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes,
A pair of starcrost lovers take their life;
Whose misadventur'd piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents strife. Shakesp.

MISADVI’SED. adj. [mis and advised.] Ill directed.

MISA’IMED. adj. [mis and aim.] Not aimed rightly.
The idle stroke enforcing furious way,
Missing the mark of his misaimed sight,
Did fall to ground. Fairy Queen, b. i.

MI’SANTHROPE. n. s. [misanthrope, French; ?s????p.]
A hater of mankind.

MISA’NTHROPOS. n. s. [misanthrope, French; ?s????p.]
A hater of mankind.
I am misanthropos, and hate mankind. Shakespeare.
Alas, poor dean! his only scope
Was to be held a misanthrope;
This into gen'ral odium drew him. Swift's Miscel.

MISA’NTHROPY. n. s. [misanthropie, Fr. from misanthrope.]
Hatred of mankind.

MISAPPLICA’TION. n. s. [mis and application.] Application to
a wrong purpose.
The indistinction of many in the community of name, or
the misapplication of the act of one unto another, hath made
some doubt thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.


The vigilance of those who preside over these charities is
so exemplary, that persons disposed to do good can entertain
no suspicions of the misapplication of their bounty. Atterbury.
It is our duty to be provident for the future, and wisely to
guard against whatever may lead us into misapplications of it.
Roger's Sermons.

To MISAPPLY'. v. a. [mis and apply.] To apply to wrong
purposes.
Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied,
And vice sometime by action's dignified. Shakespeare.
The holy treasure was to be reserved, and issued for holy
uses, and not misapplied to any other ends. Howel.
He that knows, that whiteness is the name of that colour
he has observed in snow, will not misapply that word as long
as he retains that idea. Locke.

To MISAPPRE’HEND. v. a. [mis and apprehend,] Not to un­
derstand rightly.
That your reasonings may lose none of their force by my
misapprehending or misrepresenting them, I shall give the reader
your arguments. Locke.

MISAPPREHE’NSION. n. s. [mis and apprehension.] Mistake;
not right apprehension.
It is a good degree of knowledge to be acquainted with
the causes of our ignorance: and what we have to say under
this head, will equally concern our misapprehensions and errors.
Glanville's Seep.

To MISASCRI’BE. v. a. [mis and ascribe.] To ascribe falsly.
That may be misascribed to art which is the bare produc­
tion of nature. Boyle.

To MISASSI’GN. v. a. [mis and assign] To assign erroneously.
We have not misassigned the cause of this phenomenon.
Boyle.

To MISBECO’ME. v. a. [mis and become.] Not to become; to
be unseemly; not to suit.
Either she has a possibility in that which I think impossible,
or else impossible loves need not misbecome me. Sidney.
What to the dauphin from England?
—Scorn and defiance, slight regard, contempt,
And any thing that may not misbecome
The mighty sender. Shak. Henry V.
That boldness which lads get amongst their play-fellows,
has such a mixture of rudeness and an ill-turn'd confidence,
that those misbecoming and disingenuous ways of shifting in the
world must be unlearned to make way for better principles.
Locke.
Portius, thou may'st rely upon my conduct;
Thy father will not act what misbecomes him. Addison.

MISBEGO’T. adj. [begot or begotten with mis.] Unlawfully
or irregularly begotten.

MISBEGO’TEN. adj. [begot or begotten with mis.] Unlawfully
or irregularly begotten.
Contaminated, base,
And misbegotten blood, I spill of thine. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Your words have taken such pains, as if they labour'd
To bring man-slaughter into form, set quarrelling
Upon the head of valour; which, indeed,
Is valour misbegot, and came into the world
When sects and factions were but newly born. Shakesp.
The misbegotten infant grows,
And, ripe for birth, distends with deadly throes
The swelling rind, with unavailing strife,
To leave the wooden womb, and pushes into life. Dryden.

To MISBEHA’VE. v. n. [mis and behave.] To act ill or im­
properly.

MISBEHA’VED. adj. [mis and behaved.] Untaught; ill-bred;
uncivil.
Happiness courts thee in her best array;
But, like a misbehav'd and suilen wench,
Thou pout'st upon thy fortune and thy love. Shakespeare.

MISBEHA’VIOUR. n. s. [mis and behaviour.] Ill conduct; bad
practice.
The misbehaviour of particular persons does not at all affect
their cause, since a man may act laudably in some respects,
who does not so in others. Addison's Freeholder.

MISBELI’EF. n. s. [mis and belief.] False religion; a wrong
belief.

MISBELI’EVER. n. s. [mis and believer.] One that holds a false
religion, or believes wrongly.
Yes, if I drew it with a curst intent
To take a misbeliever to my bed,
It must be so. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

To MISCA’LCULATE. v. a. [mis and calculate.] To reckon
wrong.
After all the care I have taken, there may be, in such a
multitude of passages, several misquoted, misinterpreted, and
miscalculated. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To MISCA’L. v. a. [mis and call.] To name improperly.
My heart will sigh when I miscal it so. Shak. Rich. II.
The third act, which connects propositions and deduceth
conclusions from them, the schools call discourse; and we
shall not miscal it if we name it reason. Glanville's Scep.
What you miscal their folly is their care. Dryden.

MISCA’RRIAGE. n. s. [mis and carriage.]
1. Unhappy event of our undertaking; failure; ill conduct.
Resolutions of future reforming do not always satisfy
justice, nor prevent vengeance for former miscarriages
King Charles.
When a counsellor, to save himself,
Would lay miscarriages upon his prince,
Exposing him to publick rage and hate,
O, 'tis an act as infamously base,
As, should a common soldier sculk behind,
And thrust his general in the sront of war. Dryd. Sp. Fr.
If the neglect or abuse of the liberty he had, to examine
what would really make for his happiness, misleads him, the
miscarriages that follow on it must be imputed to his own
election. Locke.
A great part of that time which the inhabitants of the for­
mer earth had to spare, and whereof they made so ill use,
was now employed in digging and plowing; and the excess
of fertility which contributed so much to their miscarriages,
was retracted and cut off. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. ii.
Your cures aloud you tell,
But wisely your miscarriages conceal. Garth's Dispensatory.
How, alas! will he appear in that awful day, when even
the failings and miscarriages of the righteous shall not be con­
cealed, though the mercy of God be magnified in their par­
don. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Abortion; act of bringing forth before the time.
There must be flying and death, as well as miscarriages
and abortions; for there died many women with child.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

To MISCA’RRY. v. n. [mis and carry.]
1. To fail; not to have the intended event; not to succeed; to
be lost in an enterprise; not to reach the effect intended.
Have you not heard of Frederick, the great soldier, who
miscarried at sea? Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
Our sister's man is certainly miscarried. Shakespeare.
Is it concluded he shall be protector?
—It is determin'd, not concluded yet:
But so it must be if the king miscarry. Shakesp. Rich. III.
If you miscarry,
Your business of the world hath so an end,
And machination ceases. Shakesp. King Lear.
Sweet Bassanio, my ships have all miscarried, my creditors
grow cruel, my estate is very low. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
I could mention some projects which I have brought to
maturity, and others which have miscarried. Addison's Guard.
No wonder that this expedient should so often miscarry,
which requires so much art and genius to arrive at any per­
fection in it. Swift's Miscel.
2. To have an abortion.
Give them a miscarrying womb and dry breasts. Hos. ix. 14.
So many politick conceptions so elaborately formed and
wrought, and grown at length ripe for a delivery, do yet, in
the issue, miscarry and prove abortive. South's Sermons.
His wife miscarried; but the abortion proved a female fœ­
tus. Pope and Arbuthnot's Mart. Scrib.
You have proved yourself more tender of another's em­
brios, than the fondest mothers are of their own; for you
have preserved every thing that I miscarried of. Pope.

MISCELLA’NE. n. s. [miscellaneus, Lat. This is corrupted into
mastlin or mestlin.] Mixed corn: as, wheat and rye.
It is thought to be of use to make some miscellane in corn;
as if you sow a few beans with wheat, your wheat will be
the better. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 670.

MISCELLA’NEOUS. adj. [miscellaneus, Latin.] Mingled; com­
posed of various kinds.
Being miscellaneous in many things, he is to be received
with suspicion; for such as amass all relations must err in
some, and without offence be unbelieved in many. Browne.
And what the people but a herd confus'd,
A miscellaneous rabble, who extol
Things vulgar, and well weigh'd scarce worth the praise.
Milton's Par. Reg. b. ii.

MISCELLA’NEOUSNESS. n. s. [from miscellaneous.] Composition
of various kinds.

MI’SCELLANY. adj. [miscellaneus, Latin.] Mixed of various
kinds.
The power of Spain consisteth in a veteran army, com­
pounded of miscellany forces of all nations. Bacon.

MI’SCELLANY. n. s. A mass formed out of various kinds.
I must acquit myself of the presumption of having lent my
name to recommend any miscellanies or works of other men.
Pope.
When they have join'd their pericranies,
Out skips a book of miscellanies. Swift.

To MISCA’ST. v. a. [mis and cast.] To take a wrong account
of.
Men miscast their days; for in their age they deduce the
account not from the day of their birth, but the year of our
Lord wherein they were born. Brown's Vulgar Errours.



MISCHA’NCE. n. s. [mis and chance.] Ill luck; ill fortune;
misfortune; mishap.
The lady Cecropia sent him to excuse the mischance of her
beasts ranging in that dangerous sort. Sidney, b. i.
Extreme dealing had driven her to put herself with a great
lady, by which occasion she had stumbled upon such mischances
as were little for the honour of her family. Sidney, b. ii.
View these letters, full of bad mischance.
France is revolted. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Sleep rock thy brain,
And never come mischance between us twain. Shakespeare.
Nothing can be a reasonable ground of despising a man but
some fault chargeable upon him; and nothing can be a fault
that is not naturally in a man's power to prevent; otherwise,
it is a man's unhappiness, his mischance or calamity, but not
his fault. South's Sermons.

MI’SCHIEF. n. s. [meschef, old French.]
1. Harm; hurt; whatever is ill and injuriously done.
The law in that case punisheth the thought; for better is
a mischief than an inconvenience. Spenser on Ireland.
Come you murth'ring ministers!
Wherever in your sightless substances
You wait on nature's mischief. Shakespeare's Macheth.
Thy tongue deviseth mischiefs. Psal. lii. 2.
Was I the cause of mischief, or the man,
Whose lawless lust the fatal war began? Dryden's æn.
Come not thou with mischief-making beauty,
To interpose between us, look not on him. Rowe.
2. Ill consequence; vexatious affair.
States call in foreigners to assist them against a common
enemy; but the mischief was, these allies would never allow
that the common enemy was subdued. Swift.

To MI’SCHIEF. v. a. [from the noun.] To hurt; to harm;
to injure.
If the greatest inward heat be not sweetened by meekness,
or not governed by prudence, can it bring to our souls any
benefit? rather it mischiefs them. Sprat's Sermons.

MI’SCHIEFMAKER. n. s. [from mischief and make.] One who
causes mischief.

MI’SCHIEVOUS. adj. [from mischief.]
1. Harmful; hurtful; destructive; noxious; pernicious; inju­
rious; wicked.
This false, wily, doubling disposition is intolerably mis­
chievous to society. South's Sermons.
I'm but a half-strain'd villain yet;
But mongrel mischievous. Dryden.
He had corrupted or deluded most of his servants, telling
them that their master was run mad; that he had disinheret­
ed his heir, and was going to settle his estate upon a parish­
boy; that if he did not look after their master he would do
some very mischievous thing. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
2. Spiteful; malicious. Ainsworth.

MI’SCHIEVOUSLY. adv. [from mischief.] Noxiously; hurtfully;
wickedly.
Nor was the cruel destiny content
To sweep at once her life and beauty too;
But like a harden'd felon took a pride
To work more mischievously slow,
And plundered first, and then destroy'd. Dryden.

MI’SCHIEVOUSNESS. n. s. [from mischievous.] Hurtfulness; per­
niciousness; wickedness.
Compare the harmlessness, the tenderness, the modesty,
and the ingenuous pliableness, which is in youth, with the
mischievousness, the slyness, the craft, the impudence, the
falshood, and the confirmed obstinacy found in an aged, long­
practised sinner. South's Sermons.

MI’SCIBLE. adj. [from misceo, Latin.] Possible to be mingled.
Acid spirits are subtile liquors which come over in distilla­
tions, not inflammable, miscible with water. Arbuthnot.

MISCITA’TION. n. s. [mis and citation.] Unfair or false quo­
tation.
Being charged with miscitation and unfair dealing, it was
requisite to say something; for honesty is a tender point.
Collier's View of the Stage.

To MISCI’TE. v. a. [mis and cite.] To quote wrong.

MISCLA’IM. n. s. [mis and claim.] Mistaken claim.
Error, misclaim and forgetfulness, become suitors for some
remission of extreme rigour. Bacon.

MISCOMPUTA’TION. n. s. [mis and computation.] False reckoning.
It was a general misfortune and miscomputation of that time,
that the party had so good an opinion of their own reputa­
tion and interest. Clarendon.

To MISCONCE’IVE. v. a. [mis and conceive.] To mis-judge;
to have a false notion of.
Ne let false whispers, breeding hidden fears,
Break gentle sleep with misconceived doubt. Spenser.
Our endeavour is not so much to overthrow them with
whom we contend, as to yield them just and reasonable causes
of those things, which, for want of due consideration here­
tofore, they misconceived. Hooker, b. v.
Misconceived Joan of Arc hath been
A virgin from her tender infancy. Shakesp. Henry VI.

MISCONCE’IT. n. s. [mis and conceit, and conception.] False
opinion; wrong notion.

MISCONCE’PTION. n. s. [mis and conceit, and conception.] False
opinion; wrong notion.
The other which instead of it we are required to accept,
is only by error and misconceit named the ordinance of Jesus
Christ; no one proof as yet brought forth, whereby it may
clearly appear to be so in very deed. Hooker.
It cannot be that our knowledge should be other than an
heap of misconception and error. Glanville's Scep.
Great errors and dangers result out of a misconception of the
names of things. Harvey on Consumptions.
It will be a great satisfaction to see those pieces of most
ancient history, which have been chiefly preserved in scrip­
ture, confirmed anew, and freed from those misconceptions or
misrepresentations which made them sit uneasy upon the
spirits even of the best men. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

MISCO’NDUCT. n. s. [mis and conduct.] Ill behaviour; ill ma­
nagement.
They are industriously proclaimed and aggravated by such
as are guilty or innocent of the same slips or misconducts in
their own behaviour. Addison's Spect. No. 256.
It highly concerned them to reflect, how great obligations
both the memory of their past misconduct, and their present
advantages, laid on them, to walk with care and circum­
spection. Rogers's Sermons.

To MISCONDU’CT. v. a. [mis and conduct.] To manage amiss;
to carry on wrong.

MISCONJE’CTURE. n. s. [mis and conjecture.] A wrong
guess.
I hope they will plausibly receive our attempts, or candidly
correct our misconjectures. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To MISCONJE’CTURE. v. a. [mis and conjecture.] To guess
wrong.

MISCONSTRU’CTION. n. s. [mis and construction.] Wrong in­
terpretation of words or things.
It pleas'd the king his master very lately
To strike at me upon his misconstruction,
When he conjunct, and flatt'ring his displeasure,
Tript me behind. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Others conceive the literal acceptation to be a miscon­
struction of the symbolical expression. Brown's Vulgar Err.
Those words were very weakly inserted where they are so
liable to misconstruction. Stillingfleet.

To MISCO’NSTRUE. v. a. [mis and construc.] To interpret
wrong.
That which by right exposition buildeth up Christian faith,
being misconstrued breedeth error; between true and false con­
struction the difference reason must shew. Hooker, b. iii.
We would have had you heard
The manner and the purpose of his treasons;
That you might well have signified the same
Unto the citizens, who, haply, may
Misconstrue us in him. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Many of the unbelieving Israelites would have misconstrued
this story of mankind. Raleigh.
Do not, great Sir, misconstrue his intent,
Nor call rebellion what was prudent care,
To guard himself by necessary war. Dryden's Aurengzche.
A virtuous emperor was much afflicted to find his actions
misconstrued and defamed by a party. Addison.

MISCONTI’NUANCE. n. s. [mis and continuance.] Cessation;
intermission.

To MISCO’UNSEL. v. a. [mis and counsel.] To advise wrong.
Every thing that is begun with reason
Will come by ready means unto his end,
But things miscounseled must needs miswend. Spenser.

To MISCO’UNT. v. a. [mescounter, French, mis and count.] To
reckon wrong.

MI’SCREANCE. n. s. [from mescreance or moseroiance, suspicion,
French.] Unbelief; false faith; adherence
to a false religion.

MI’SCREANCY. n. s. [from mescreance or moseroiance, suspicion,
French.] Unbelief; false faith; adherence
to a false religion.
If thou wilt renounce thy miscreance,
And my true liegeman yield thyself for ay,
Life will I grant thee for thy valiance. Spenser.
The more usual causes of deprivation are murther, man­
slaughter, heresy, miscreancy, atheism, simony. Aylisse.

MI’SCREANT. n. s. [mescreant, French.]
1. One that holds a false faith; one who believes in false gods.
Their prophets justly condemned them as an adulterous
seed, and a wicked generation of miscreants, which had for­
saken the living God. Hooker, b. v.
2. A vile wretch.
Now by Apollo, king,
Thou swear'st thy gods in vain.
—O vassal! miscreant! Shakespeare's King Lear.
If extraordinary lenity proves ineffectual, those miscreants
ought to be made sensible that our constitution is armed with
force. Addison's Freeholder, No. 50.



MISCREA’TE. adj. [mis and created.] Formed unnaturally or
illegitimately; made as by a blunder of
nature.

MISCRE’ATED. adj. [mis and created.] Formed unnaturally or
illegitimately; made as by a blunder of
nature.
Then made he head against his enemies,
And Ymner flew or Logris miscreate. Fa. Qu. b. ii.
Estsoons he took that miscreated fair,
And that false other sprite, on whom he spread
A seeming body of the subtile air. Spenser.
God forbid, my lord,
That you should fashion, wrest, or bow your reading;
With opening titles miscreate, whose right
Suits not in native colours with the truth. Shakespeare.

MISDE’ED. n. s. [mis and deed.] Evil action.
O God,
If thou wilt be aveng'd on my misdeeds,
Yet execute thy wrath on me alone. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Evils, which our own misdeeds have wrought. Milton.
Chas'd from a throne, abandon'd, and exil'd
For foul misdeeds, were punishments too mild. Dryden.

To MISDE’EM. v. a. [mis and deem.] To judge ill of; to mis­
take.
All unweeting an enchanter bad
His sense abus'd, and made him to misdeem
My loyalty, not such as it did seem. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Besides, were we unchangeable in will,
And of a wit that nothing could misdeem;
Equal to God, whose wisdom shineth still
And never errs, we might ourselves esteem. Davies.

To MISDEME’AN. v. a. [mis and demean.] To behave ill.
From frailty
And want of wisdom, you, that best should teach us,
Have misdemean'd yourself. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

MISDEME’ANOR. n. s. [mis and demean.] Offence; ill beha­
viour; something less than an atrocious crime.
The house of commons have only power to censure the
members of their own house, in point of election or misde­
meanors, in or towards that house. Bacon.
It is no real disgrace to the church merely to lose her pri­
vileges, but to forfeit them by her fault or misdemeanor. South.
These could never have touched the head, or stopped the
source of these unhappy misdemeanors, for which the punish­
ment was sent. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. ii.

MISDEVO’TION. n. s. [mis and devotion.] Mistaken piety.
A place, where misdevotion frames
A thousand prayers to saints, whose very names
The church knew not, heav'n knows not yet. Donne.

MISDI’ET. n. s. [mis and diet.] Improper food.
A dropsy through his flesh did flow,
Which by misdiet daily greater grew. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To MISDISTI’NGUISH. v. a. [mis and distinguish.] To make
wrong distinctions.
If we imagine a difference where there is none, because
we distinguish where we should not, it may not be denied
that we misdistinguish. Hooker, b. iii.

To MISDO’. v. a. [mis and do.] To do wrong; to commit a
crime; to offend.
Afford me place to shew what recompence
T'wards thee I intend for what I have misdone. Milton.

To MISDO’. v. n. To commit faults.
Try the erring soul
Not wilfully misdoing, but unaware
Misled. Paradise Regain'd, b. i.
The worst is, to think ourselves safe so long as we keep
our injuries from the knowledge of men, and out of our own
view, without any awe of that all-seeing eye that observes all
our misdoings. L'Estrange.
I have misdone, and I endure the smart,
Loth to acknowledge, but more loth to part. Dryden.

MISDO’ER. n. s. [from misdo.] An offender; a criminal; a
malefactor.
Were they not contained in duty with a fear of law, which
inflicteth sharp punishments to misdoers, no man should enjoy
any thing. Spenser on Ireland.

To MISDO’UBT. v. a. [mis and doubt.] To suspect of deceit
or danger.
If she only misdoubted me, I were in heaven; for quickly I
would bring sufficient assurance. Sidney, b. ii.
I do not misdoubt my wife, but I would be loth to turn
them both together; a man may be too confident. Shakesp.
The bird that hath been limed in a bush,
With trembling wings misdoubteth ev'ry bush;
And I, the hapless male to one sweet bird,
Have now the fatal object in my eye,
Where my poor young was lim'd, was caught, and kill'd.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. iii.
If you misdoubt me that I am not she,
I know not how I shall assure you farther. Shakespeare.
To believe his wiles my truth can move,
Is to misdoubt my reason or my love. Dryden.

MISDO’UBT. n. s. [mis and doubt.]
1. Suspicion of crime or danger.
He cannot so precisely weed this land,
As his misdoubts present occasion;
His foes are so enrooted with his friends,
That, plucking to unfix an enemy,
He doth unfasten so and shake a friend. Shakesp. Henry IV.
2. Irresolution; hesitation.
York, steel thy fearful thoughts,
And change misdoubt to resolution. Shakesp. Henry VI.

MISE. n. s. [French.] Issue. Law term.

To MISEMPLO’Y. v. a. [mis and employ.] To use to wrong
purposes.
Their frugal fathers gains they misemploy;
And turn to point and pearl, and ev'ry female toy. Dryd.
Some taking things upon trust, misemploy their power by
lazily enslaving their minds to the dictates of others. Locke.
That vain and foolish hope, which is misemployed on tem­
poral objects, produces many sorrows. Addison's Spect.
They grew dissolute and prophane; and by misemploying the
advantages which God had thrown into their lap, provoked
him to withdraw them. Atterbury.

MISEMPLO’YMENT. n. s. [mis and employment.] Improper ap­
plication.
An improvident expence, and misemployment of their time
and faculties. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

MI’SER. n. s. [miser, Latin.]
1. A wretched person; one overwhelmed with calamity.
Do not disdain to carry with you the woful words of a
miser now despairing; neither be afraid to appear before her,
bearing the base title of the sender. Sidney, b. ii.
I wish that it may not prove some ominous foretoken of
misfortune to have met with such a miser as I am. Sidney.
Fair son of Mars, that seek with warlike spoil
And great atchievements, great yourself to make,
Vouchsafe to stay your steed for humble miser's sake.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.
2. A wretch; a mean fellow.
Decrepit miser! base ignoble wretch!
I am descended of a gentler blood. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. A wretch covetous to extremity; one who in wealth makes
himself miserable by the fear of poverty.
Though she be dearer to my soul than rest
To weary pilgrims, or to misers gold,
Rather than wrong Castalio I'd forget her. Otway's Orphan.
No silver saints by dying misers giv'n,
Here brib'd the rage of ill-requited heav'n;
But such plain roofs as piety could raise,
And only vocal with the Maker's praise. Pope.

MI’SERABLE. adj. [miserable, French; miser, Latin.]
1. Unhappy; calamitous; wretched.
O nation miserable,
With an untitled tyrant, bloody scepter'd!
When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again? Shakesp.
Most miserable is the desire that's glorious. Shakespeare.
What's more miserable than discontent? Shakespeare.
It is probable that there will be a future state, and then
how miserable is the voluptuous unbeliever left in the lurch.
South's Sermons.
What hopes delude thee, miserable man? Dryden's æn.
2. Wretched; worthless.
Miserable comforters are ye all. Job xvi. 2.
3. Culpably parsimonious; stingy.

MI’SERABLENESS. n. s. [from miserable.] State of misery.

MI’SERABLY. adv. [from miserable.]
1. Unhappily; calamitously.
Of the five employed by him, two of them quarrelled, one
of which was slain, and the other hanged for it; the third
drowned himself; the fourth, though rich, came to beg his
bread; and the fifth was miserably stabbed to death. South.
2. Wretchedly; meanly.
As the love I bear you makes me thus invite you, so the
same love makes me ashamed to bring you to a place, where
you shall be so, not spoken by ceremony but by truth, miser­
ably entertained. Sidney. b. ii.
3. Covetously. Ainsworth.

MI’SERY. n. s. [miseria, Latin; misere, French.]
1. Wretchedness; unhappiness.
My heart is drown'd with grief,
My body round engirt with misery. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Happiness, in its full extent, is the utmost pleasure we are
capable of, and misery the utmost pain. Locke.
2. Calamity; misfortune; cause of misery.
When we our betters see bearing our woes,
We scarcely think our miseries our foes. Shakespeare.
The gods from heav'n survey the fatal strife,
And mourn the miseries of human life. Dryden's æn.
3. [From miser.] Covetousness; avarice. Not in use.
He look'd upon things precious, as they were
The common much o' th' world: he covets less
Than misery itself would give. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
In a fabrick of forty thousand pounds charge, I wish thirty
pounds laid out before in an exact model; for a little misery
may easily breed some absurdity of greater charge. Wotton.



MISESTE’EM. n. s. [nis and esteem.] Disregard; slight.

To MISFA’SHION. v. a. [mis and fashion.] To form wrong.
A thing in reason impossible, thorough their misfashioned
preconceit, appeared unto them no less certain, than if nature
had written it in the very foreheads of all the creatures of
God. Hakewill on Providence.

To MISFO’RM. v. a. [mis and form.] To put in an ill form.
His monstrous scalp down to his teeth it tore,
And that misformed shape misshaped more. Spenser.

MISFO’RTUNE. n. s. [mis and fortune.] Calamity; ill luck;
want of good fortune.
Fortune thus 'gan say, misery and misfortune is all one,
And of misfortune, fortune hath only the gift. Sidney.
What world's delight, or joy of living speech,
Can heart so plung'd in sea of sorrows deep,
And heaped with so huge misfortunes reach? Fa. Qu.
Consider why the change was wrought,
You'll find it his misfortune, not his fault. Addison.

To MISGI’VE. v. a. [mis and give.] To fill with doubt; to
deprive of confidence. It is used always with the reciprocal
pronoun.
As Henry's late presaging prophesy
Did glad my heart with hope of this young Richmond;
So doth my heart misgive me in these conflicts
What may befal him, to his harm or ours. Shakespeare.
This is strange! Who hath got the right Anne?
My heart misgives me. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Yet oft his heart divine of something ill,
Misgave him. Milton.
If a conscience thus qualified and informed, be not the
measure by which a man may take a true estimate of his ab­
solution, the sinner is left in the plunge of infinite doubts,
suspicions, and misgivings, both as to the measures of his
present duty, and the final issues of his future reward. South.
His heart misgave him, that these were so many meeting­
houses; but, upon communicating his suspicions, I soon made
him easy. Addison's Freeholder, No. 47.

To MISGO’VERN. v. a. [mis and govern.] To govern ill; to
administer unfaithfully.
Solyman charged him bitterly, that he had misgoverned the
state, and inverted his treasures to his own private use.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

MISGO’VERNED. adj. [from misgovern.] Rude; uncivilised.
Rude, misgovern'd hands, from window tops,
Threw dust and rubbish on king Richard's head. Shakesp.

MISGO’VERNANCE. n. s. [mis and governance.] Irregularity.
Thy muse too long slumbereth in sorrowing,
Lulled asleep through love's misgovernance. Spenser's Past.

MISGO’VERNMENT. n. s. [mis and government.]
1. Ill administration of publick affairs.
Men lay the blame of those evils whereof they know not
the ground, upon publick misgovernment. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Ill management.
Men are miserable, if their education hath been so undis­
ciplined, as to leave them unfurnished of skill to spend their
time; but most miserable, if such misgovernment and unskil­
fulness make them fall into vicious company. Taylor.
3. Irregularity; inordinate behaviour.
There is not chastity enough in language
Without offence to utter them: thus, pretty lady,
I am sorry for thy much misgovernment. Shakespeare.

MISGU’IDANCE. n. s. [mis and guidance.] False direction.
The Nicene council fixed the equinox the twenty-first of
March for the finding out of Easter; which has caused the
misguidance from the sun which we lie under in respect of
Easter, and the moveable feasts. Holder on Time.
Whosoever deceives a man, makes him ruin himself; and
by causing an error in the great guide of his actions, his judg­
ment, he causes an error in his choice, the misguidance of
which must naturally engage him to his destruction. South.

To MISGUI’DE. v. a. [mis and guide.] To direct ill; to lead
the wrong way.
Hunting after arguments to make good one side of a
question, and wholly to neglect those which savour the other, 
is wilfully to misguide the understanding; and is so far from
giving truth its due value, that it wholly debases it. Locke.
Misguided prince! no longer urge thy sate,
Nor tempt the hero to unequal war. Prior.
Of all the causes which conspire to blind
Man's erring judgment, and misguide the mind,
What the weak head with strongest biass rules,
Is pride, the never-failing vice of fools. Pope.

MISHA’P. n. s. [mis and hap.] Ill chance; ill luck; cala­
mity.
To tell you what miserable mishaps fell to the young prince
of Macedon his cousin, I should too much fill your ears with
strange horrours. Sidney, b. ii.
Since we are thus far entered into the consideration of her
mishaps, tell me, have there been any more such tempests
wherein she hath thus wretchedly been wrecked. Spenser.
Sir knight, take to you wonted strength,
And master these mishaps with patient might. Fa. Queen.
Rome's readiest champions, repose you here,
Secure from worldly chances and mishaps. Shakespeare.
It cannot be
But that success attends him: if mishap;
Ere this he had return'd, with fury driv'n
By his avengers; since no place like this
Can fit his punishment, or your revenge. Milton's P. Lost.
If the worst of all mishaps hath fallen;
Speak; for he could not die unlike himself. Denham.

MI’SHMASH. n. s. Ains. A low word. A mingle or hotch­
potch.

To MISINFE’R. v. a. [mis and infer.] To infer wrong.
Nestorius teaching rightly, that God and man are distinct
natures, did thereupon misinfer, that in Christ those natures
can by no conjunction make one person. Hooker, b. v.

To MISINFO’RM. v. a. [mis and inform.] To deceive by false
accounts.
Some belonged to a man of great dignity, and not as that
wicked Simon had misinformed. 2 Mac. iii. 11.
By no means trust to your servants, who mislead you, or
misinform you; the reproach will lie upon yourself. Bacon.
Bid her well beware,
Lest by some fair-appearing good surpriz'd,
She dictate false; and misinform the will
To do what God expressly hath forbid. Milton's Par. Lost.

MISINFORMA’TION. n. s. [from misinform.] False intelligence;
false accounts.
Let not such be discouraged as deserve well, by misinfor­
mation of others, perhaps out of envy or treachery. Bacon.
The vengeance of God, and the indignation of men, will
join forces against an insulting baseness, when backed with
greatness, and set on by misinformation. South's Sermons.

To MISINTE’RPRET. v. a. [mis and interpret.] To explain to
a wrong sense.
The gentle reader rests happy to hear the worthiest works
misinterpreted, the clearest actions obscured, and the inno­
centest life traduced. Benj. Johnson.
After all the care I have taken, there may be several pas­
sages misquoted and misinterpreted. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To MISJO’IN. v. a. [mis and join.] To join unfitly or impro­
perly.
In reason's absence mimick fancy wakes
To imitate her; but misjoining shapes,
Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams;
Ill-matching words, and deeds, long past, or late. Milton.
Luther, more mistaking what he read,
Misjoins the sacred body with the bread. Dryden.

To MISJU’DGE. v. a. [mis and judge.] To form false opinions;
to judge ill.
Where we misjudge the matter, a miscarriage draws pity
after it; but when we are transported by pride, our ruin lies
at our own door. L'Estrange.
You misjudge;
You see through love, and that deludes your sight;
As, what is straight, seems crooked through the water.
Dryden's All for Love.
By allowing himself in what is innocent, he breeds offence
to his weak and misjudging neighbour. Atterbury's Sermons.
Insensate!
Too long misjudging have I thought thee wise,
But sure relentless folly steels thy breast. Pope.

To MISLA’Y. v. a. [mis and lay.] To lay in a wrong place.
Mean time my worthy wife, our arms mislay'd,
And from beneath my head my sword convey'd. Dryden.
The fault is generally mislaid upon nature; and there is
often a complaint of want of parts, when the fault lies in
want of a due improvement. Locke.
If the butler be the tell-tale, mislay a spoon, so as he may
never find it. Swift's Rules to Servants.

MISLA’YER. n. s. [from mislay.] One that puts in the wrong
place.
The mislayer of a mere-stone is to blame: but the unjust
judge is the capital remover of land-marks, when he defineth
amiss of lands. Bacon's Essays.

To MISLE’AD. v. a. [mis and lead.] To guide a wrong way;
to betray to mischief or mistake.
Take, oh take those lips away,
That so sweetly were forsworn;
And those eyes, the break of day,
Lights that do mislead the morn. Shakespeare.
Those we love,
That are mislead upon your cousin's part. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Poor misled men: your states are yet worthy pity.
If you would hear, and change your savage minds,
Leave to be mad. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
Trust not to your servants who mislead or misinform you.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.


O thievish night,
Why should'st thou but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lanthorn thus close up the stars,
That nature hung in heav'n, and fill'd their lamps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller? Milton.
What can they teach and not mislead:
Ignorant of themselves, of God much more? Milton.
Thou who hast taught me to forgive the ill,
And recompense, as friends, the good misled;
If mercy be a precept of thy will,
Return that mercy on thy servant's head. Dryden.
The imagination, which is of simple perception, doth
never of itself, and directly, mislead us; yet it is the almost
fatal means of our deception. Glanville's Scep.
Whatever necessity determines to the pursuit of real bliss,
the same necessity establishes suspence, and scrutiny of each
successive desire, whether the satisfaction of it does not inter­
fere with our true happiness, and mislead us from it. Locke.
'Tis hard to say, if greater want of skill
Appear in writing or in judging ill:
But of the two less dang'rous is th' offence
To tire our patience, than mislead our sense. Pope.

MISLE’ADER. n. s. [from mislead.] One that leads to ill.
When thou dost hear I am as I have been,
Approach me, and thou shalt be as thou wast,
The tutor and the feeder of my riots;
Till then I banish thee on pain of death,
As I have done the rest of my misleaders. Shakespeare.
They have disclaimed and abandoned those heretical phan­
tasies touching our Saviour, wherein by their misleaders they
had been anciently plunged. Brerewood on Languages.

To MISLI’KE. v. a. [mis and like.] To disapprove; to be not
pleased with; to dislike.
It was hard to say, whether he more liked his doings, or
misliked the effect of his doings. Sidney.
Tertullian was not deceived in the nature of the place;
but Aquinas, who misliked this opinion, followed a worse.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Judge not the preacher, for he is thy judge:
If thou mislike him, thou conceiv'st him not. Herbert.

MISLI’KE. n. s. [from the verb.] Disapprobation; distaste.
Setting your scorns and your mislike aside,
Tell me some reason, why the lady Gray
Should not become my wife. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Their angry gestures with mislike disclose,
How much his speech offends their noble ears. Fairfax.

MISLI’KER. n. s. [from mislike.] One that disapproves.
Open flatterers of great men, privy mislikers of good men,
fair speakers with smiling countenances. Ascham.

MI’SLEN. n. s. [corrupted from miscellane.] Mixed corn: as,
wheat and rie.
They commonly sow those lands with wheat, mislen, and
barley. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To MI’SLE. v. n. [from mist.] To rain in imperceptible drops,
like a thick mist: properly mistle.
Ynough, thou mourned hast,
Now ginnes to mizzle, hie we homeward fast. Spenser.
The very small drops of a misling rain descending through
a freezing air, do each of them shoot into one of those
figured icicles. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.
This cold precipitates the vapours either in dews, or, if
the vapours more copiously ascend, they are condensed into
misling, or into showers of small rain, falling in numerous,
thick, small drops. Derham's Physico-Theol.
In misling days when I my thresher heard,
With nappy beer I to the barn repair'd. Gay's Pastorals.

To MISLI’VE. v. n. [mis and live.] To live ill.
Should not thilke God, that gave him that good,
Eke cherish his child if in his ways he stood,
For if he mislive in leudness and lust,
Little boots all the wealth and the trust. Spenser's Past.

To MI’SMANAGE. v. a. [mis and manage.] To manage ill.
The debates of most princes councils would be in danger
to be mismanaged, since those who have a great stroke in them
are not always perfectly knowing in the forms of syllogism.
Locke.

MI’SMANAGEMENT. n. s. [mis and management.] Ill manage­
ment; ill conduct.
It is mismanagement more than want of abilities, that men
have reason to complain of in those that differ from them.
Locke.
The falls of fav'rites, projects of the great,
Of old mismanagements, taxations new,
All neither wholly false, nor wholly true. Pope.

To MISMA’RK. v. a. [mis and mark.] To mark with the wrong
token.
Things are mismarked in contemplation and life for want
of application or integrity. Collier on human Reason.

To MISMA’TCH. v. a. [mis and match.] To match unsuit­
ably.
What at my years forsaken! had I
Ugly, or old, mismatcht to my desires,
My natural defects had taught me
To set me down contented. Southern's Spartan Dame.

To MISNA’ME. v. a. [mis and name.] To call by the wrong
name.
They make one man's fancies, or perhaps failings, confining
laws to others, and convey them as such to their succeeders,
who are bold to misname all unobsequiousness to their incogi­
tancy, presumption. Boyle on Colours.

MISNO’MER. n. s. [French.] In law, an indictment, or any
other act vacated by a wrong name.

To MISOBSE’RVE. v. a. [mis and observe.] Not to observe ac­
curately.
They understand it as early as they do language; and, if
I misobserve not, they love to be treated as rational creatures
sooner than is imagined. Locke on Education.

MISO’GAMIST. n. s. [??s and ???.] A marriage hater.

MISO’GYNY. n. s. [??s and ??.] Hatred of women.

To MISO’RDER. v. a. [mis and order.] To conduct ill; to ma­
nage irregularly.
If the child miss either in forgetting a word, or misorder­
ing the sentence, I would not have the master frown. Ascham.
Yet few of them come to any great age, by reason of their
misordered life when they were young. Ascham.
The time misorder'd doth in common sense
Crowd us, and crush us to this monstrous form,
To hold our safety up. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

MISO’RDER. n. s. [from the verb.] Irregularity; disorderly pro­
ceedings.
When news was brought to Richard the second, that his
uncles, who sought to reform the misorders of his counsel­
lors, were assembled in a wood near unto the court, merrily
demanded of one Sir Hugh a Linne, who had been a good
military man, but was then somewhat distraught of his wits,
what he would advise him to do? Issue out, quoth Sir Hugh,
and slay them every mother's son; and when thou hast so
done, thou hast killed all the faithful friends thou hast in
England. Camden's Remains.

MISO’RDERLY. adj. [from misorder.] Irregular.
His over-much fearing of you drives him to seek some mis­
orderly shift, to be helped by some other book, or to be
prompted by some other scholar. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

To MISPE’L. v. a. [mis and spell.] To spell wrong.
She became a profest enemy to the arts and sciences, and
scarce ever wrote a letter to him without wilfully mispelling
his name. Spectator, No. 635.

To MISPEND. v. a. preterite and part. passive mispent. [mis
and spend.]
1. To spend ill; to waste; to consume to no purpose; to throw
away.
What a deal of cold business doth a man mispend the bet­
ter part of life in? In scattering compliments, tendering visits,
gathering and venting news. Benj. Johnson's Discovery.
First guilty conscience does the mirrour bring,
Then sharp remorse shoots out her angry sting;
And anxious thoughts, within themselves at strife,
Upbraid the long mispent, luxurious life. Dryden.
I this writer's want of sense arraign,
Treat all his empty pages with disdain,
And think a grave reply mispent and vain. Blackmore.
He who has lived with the greatest care will find, upon a
review of his time, that he has something to redeem; but he
who has mispent much has still a greater concern. Rogers.
Wise men retrieve, as far as they are able, every mispent
or unprofitable hour which has slipped from them. Rogers.
2. To waste, with the reciprocal pronoun.
Now let the arched knife their thirsty limbs
Dissever, for the genial moisture due
To apples, otherwise mispends itself
In barren twigs. Philips.

MISPE’NDER. n. s. [from mispend.] One who spends ill or
prodigally.
I very much suspect the excellency of those mens parts
who are dissolute, and careless mispenders of their time.
Norris's Miscel.

MISPERSUA’SION. n. s. [mis and persuasion.] Wrong notion;
false opinion.
Some mispersuasions concerning the Divine Attributes tend
to the corrupting mens manners. Decay of Piety.

To MISPLA’CE. v. a. [mis and place.] To put in a wrong place.
I'll have this crown of mine cut from my shoulders,
Before I'll see the crown so foul misplac'd. Shakespeare.
What little arts govern the world! we need not
An armed enemy or corrupted friend,
When service but misplac'd, or love mistaken,
Performs the work. Denham's Sophy.
Is a man betrayed by such agents as he employs? He mis­
placed his confidence, took hypocrisy for fidelity, and so re­
lied upon the services of a pack of villains. South's Sermons.


Shall we repine at a little misplaced charity; we, who could
no way foresee the effect? Atterbury's Sermons.

To MISPO’INT. v. a. [mis and point.] To confuse sentences
by wrong punctuation.

To MISPRI’SE. v. a. Sometimes it signifies mistaken, from
the French verb mesprendre; sometimes undervalued or dis­
dained, from the French verb mepriser. Hanmer. It is in
both senses wholly obsolete.
1. To mistake.
You spend your passion on a mispris'd mood;
I am not guilty of Lysander's blood. Shakespeare.
2. To slight; to scorn; to despise.
He's so much in the heart of the world, and especially of
my own people who best know him, that I am altogether
misprised. Shakesp. As you like it.
Pluck indignation on thy head;
By the misprising of a maid, too virtuous
For the contempt of empire. Shakespeare.

MISPRI’SION. n. s. [from misprise.]
1. Scorn; contempt.
Here take her hand,
Proud scornful boy, unworthy this good gift!
That doth in vile misprision shackle up
My love, and her desert. Shakespeare.
2. Mistake; misconception.
Thou hast mistaken quite,
And laid thy love juice on some true love's sight;
Of thy misprision must perforce ensue
Some true love turn'd, and not a false turn'd true. Shakesp.
We feel such or such a sentiment within us, and herein is
no cheat or misprision; it is truly so, and our sense concludes
nothing of its rise. Glanville's Scep.
3. [In common law.] It signifies neglect, negligence, or over­
sight. Misprision of treason is the concealment, or not dis­
closing, of known treason; for the which the offenders are
to suffer imprisonment during the king's pleasure, lose their
goods and the profits of their lands during their lives. Mis­
prision of felony, is the letting any person, committed for
treason or felony, or suspicion of either, to go before he be
indicted. Cowel.

To MISPROPO’RTION. v. a. [mis and proportion.] To join
without due proportion.

MISPRO’UD. adj. [mis and proud.] Vitiously proud. Obsolete.
Now I fall, thy tough commixtures melt,
Impairing Henry, strength'ning misproud York. Shakesp.

To MISQUO’TE. v. a. [mis and quote.] To quote falsly.
Look how we can, or sad, or merrily,
Interpretation will misquote our looks. Shakesp. Henry IV.
After all the care I have taken, there may be several pas­
sages misquoted. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To MISRECI’TE. v. a. [mis and recite.] To recite not accord­
ing to the truth.
He misrecites the argument, and denies the consequence,
which is clear. Bishop Bramhall against Hobbes.

To MISRE’CKON. v. a. [mis and reckon.] To reckon wrong;
to compute wrong.
Whoever finds a mistake in the sum total, must allow him­
self out, though after repeated trials he may not see in which
article he has misreckoned. Swift.

To MISRELA’TE. v. a. [mis and relate.] To relate inaccurately
or falsly.
To satisfy me that he misrelated not the experiment, he
brought two or three small pipes of glass, which gave me the
opportunity of trying it. Boyle.

MISRELA’TION. n. s. [from misrelate.] False or inaccurate nar­
rative.
Mine aim was only to press home those things in writing,
which had been agitated between us by word of mouth; a
course much to be preferred before verbal conferences, as be­
ing less subject to mistakes and misrelations, and wherein pa­
ralogisms are more quickly detected. Bishop Bramhall.

To MISREME’MBER. v. a. [mis and remember.] To mistake by
trusting to memory.
If I much misremember not, I had such a spirit from peas
kept long enough to lose their verdure. Boyle.

To MISREPO’RT. v. a. [mis and report.] To give a false ac­
count of; to give an account disadvantageous and false.
His doctrine was misreported, as though he had every­
where preached this, not only concerning the Gentiles, but
also touching the Jews. Hooker, b. iv.
A man that never yet
Did, as he vouches, misreport your grace. Shakespeare.
The wrong judgment that misleads us, and makes the will
often fasten on the worse side, lies in misreporting upon the
various comparisons of these. Locke.

MISREPO’RT. n. s. [from the verb.] False account; false and
malicious representation.
We defend him not,
Only desire to know his crime: 'tis possible
It may be some mistake or misreport,
Some false suggestion, or malicious scandal. Denham.
As by flattery a man is usually brought to open his bosom
to his mortal enemy, so by detraction, and a slanderous mis­
report of persons, he is often brought to shut the same even
to his best and truest friends. South's Sermons.

To MISREPRESE’NT. v. a. [mis and represent.] To represent
not as it is; to falsisy to disadvantage: mis often signifies
not only error, but malice or mischief.
Two qualities necessary to a reader before his judgment
should be allowed are, common honesty and common sense;
and that no man could have misrepresented that paragraph,
unless he were utterly destitute of one or both. Swift.
While it is so difficult to learn the springs of some facts,
and so easy to forget the circumstances of others, it is no
wonder they should be so grosly misrepresented to the publick
by curious and inquisitive heads, who proceed altogether upon
conjectures. Swift.

MISREPRESENTA’TION. n. s. [from misrepresent.]
1. The act of misrepresenting.
They have prevailed by misrepresentations, and other arti­
fices, to make the successor look upon them as the only per­
sons he can trust. Swift.
2. Account maliciously false.
Since I have shewn him his foul mistakes and injurious
misrepresentations, it will become him publickly to own and
retract them. Atterbury.

MISRU’LE. n. s. [mis and rule.] Tumult; confusion; revel;
unjust domination.
In the portal plac'd, the heav'n-born maid,
Enormous riot, and misrule survey'd. Pope.
And through his airy hall the loud misrule
Of driving tempest, is for ever heard. Thomson.

MISS. n. s. [contracted from mistress. Bailey.]
1. The term of honour to a young girl.
Where there are little masters and misses in a house, they
are great impediments to the diversions of the servants. Sw.
2. A strumpet; a concubine; a whore; a prostitute.
All women would be of one piece,
The virtuous matron and the miss. Hudibras, p. iii.
This gentle cock, for solace of his life,
Six misses had besides his lawful wife. Dryden.

To MISS. v. a. [missen, Dutch and German.] Missed preter.
mist part.
1. Not to hit by the mind; to mistake.
Nor can I miss the way, so strongly drawn
By this new-felt attraction, and instinct. Milton.
2. Not to hit by manual aim.
The life you boasted to your jav'lin giv'n,
Prince, you have miss'd. Pope.
3. To fail of obtaining.
If she desired above all things to have Orgalus, Orgaius
feared nothing but to miss Parthenia. Sidney.
So may I, blind fortune leading me,
Miss that, which one unworthier may attain;
And die with grieving. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Where shall a maid's distracted heart find rest,
If she can miss it in her lover's breast? Dryden.
When a man misses his great end, happiness, he will ac­
knowledge he judged not right. Locke.
4. To discover something to be unexpectedly wanting.
Without him I found a weakness, and a mistrustfulness of
myself, as one strayed from his best strength, when at any
time I missed him. Sidney.
In vain have I kept all that this fellow hath in the wilder­
ness, so that nothing was missed. 1 Sam. xxv. 21.
5. To be without.
We cannot miss him; he does make our fire,
Fetch in our wood. Shakespeare's Tempest.
6. To omit.
She would never miss one day,
A walk so fine, a sight so gay. Prior.
7. To perceive want of.
My redoubl'd love and care,
May ever tend about thee to old age
With all things grateful chear'd, and so supply'd,
That what by me thou hast lost thou least shalt miss. Milt.
He who has a firm, sincere friend, may want all the rest
without missing them. South's Sermons.

To MISS. v. n.
1. To fly wide; not to hit.
Flying bullets now
To execute his rage, appear too slow,
They miss or sweep but common souls away. Waller.
2. Not to succeed.
The general root of superstition is, that men observe when
things hit, and not when they miss; and commit to memory
the one, and forget and pass over the other. Bacon.
3. To fail; to mistake.
4. To be lost; to be wanting.
My lord,
Upon my lady's missing, came to me
With his sword drawn. Shakesp. Cymbeline.


Thy shepherds we hurt not, neither was there ought mis­
sing unto them. 1 Sam. xxv. 7.
For a time caught up to God, as once
Moses was in the mount, and missing long,
And the great Thisbite, who on fiery wheels
Rode up to heaven, yet once again to come. Milt. Par. R.
5. To miscarry; to fail.
Th' invention all admir'd, and each, how he
To be th' inventor miss'd, so easy it seem'd,
Once found, which yet unfound most would have thought
Impossible. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
6. To fail to obtain, learn, or find: sometimes with of before
the object.
Grittus missing of the Moldavian fell upon Maylat. Knolles.
The moral and relative perfections of the Deity are easy
to be understood by us; upon the least reflection we cannot
miss of them. Atterbury's Sermons.

MISS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Loss; want.
In humble dales is footing fast,
The trode is not so tickle,
And though one fall through heedless haste,
Yet is his misse not mickle. Spenser's Pastorals.
I could have better spar'd a better man.
Oh, I should have a heavy miss of thee,
If I were much in love with vanity. Shakesp. Henry IV.
If these papers have that evidence in them, there will be
no great miss of those which are lost, and my reader may be
satisfied without them. Locke.
2. Mistake; errour.
He did without any great miss in the hardest points of
grammar. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

MI’SSAL. n. s. [missale, Lat. missel, Fr.] The mass book.
By the rubrick of the missal, in every solemn mass, the
priest is to go up to the middle of the altar. Stilling fleet.

To MISSA’Y. v. n. [mis and say.] To say ill or wrong.
Their ill haviour garres men missay,
Both of their doctrine and their fay. Spenser's Past.
Diggon Davie, I bid her godday,
Or Diggon her is, or I missay. Spenser's Past.
We are not dwarfs, but of equal stature, if Vives missay
not. Hakewill on Providence.

To MISSE’EM. v. n. [mis and seem.]
1. To make false appearance.
Foul Duessa meet,
Who with her witchcraft and misseeming sweet
Inveigled her to follow her desires unmeet. Fairy Queen.
2. To misbecome. Obsolete both.
Never knight I saw in such misseeming plight. Fa. Qu.

To MISSE’RVE. v. a. [mis and serve.] To serve unfaithfully.
Great men, who misserved their country, were fined very
highly. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To MISSHA’PE. v. a. part. mishaped and mishapen. [mis and
shape.] To shape ill; to form ill; to deform.
A rude mishapen, monstruous rabblement. Fa. Qu.
His monstruous scalp down to his teeth it tore,
And that misformed shape, mishaped more. Fairy Queen.
Him then she does transform to monstruous hues,
And horribly misshapes with ugly sights,
Captiv'd eternally in iron mews. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
This misshaped knave,
His mother was a witch. Shakespeare's Tempest.
And will she yet debase her eyes on me,
On me that halt and am misshapen thus. Shak. Rich. III.
Let the misshaped trunk that bears this head
Be round impaled with a glorious crown. Shakespeare.
Pride will have a fall: the beautiful trees go all to the
wreck here, and only the misshapen and despicable dwarf is
left standing. L'Estrange.
Pluto hates his own misshapen race,
Her sister furies fly her hideous face. Dryden's æn.
They make bold to destroy ill-formed and misshaped pro­
ductions. Locke.
The Alps broken into so many steps and precipices, form
one of the most irregular, mishapen seenes in the world. Addis.
We ought not to believe that the banks of the ocean are
really desormed, because they have not the form of a regular
bulwark; nor that the mountains are misshapen, because they
are not exact pyramids or cones. Bentley's Sermons.
Some figures monstrous and misshap'd appear
Consider'd singly, or beheld too near,
Which but proportion'd to their site or place,
Due distance reconciles to form and grace. Pope.
2. In Shakespeare, perhaps, it once signifies ill directed: as, to
shape a course.
Thy wit, that ornament to shape and love,
Misshapen in the conduct of them both,
Like powder in a skill-less soldiers flask,
I set on fire. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

MI’SSILE. adj. [missilis, Lat..] Thrown by the hand; striking
at distance.
We bend the bow, or wing the missile dart. Pope.

MI’SSION. n. s. [missio, Latin.]
1. Commission; the state of being sent by supreme authority.
Her son tracing the desart wild,
All his great work to come before him set,
How to begin, how to accomplish best,
His end of being on earth, and mission high. Milt. Pa. Reg.
The divine authority of our mission, and the powers vested
in us by the high-priest of our profession, Christ Jesus, are
publickly disputed and denied. Atterbury.
2. Persons sent on any account, usually to propagate religion.
In these ships there should be a mission of three of the bre­
thren of Solomon's house, to give us knowledge of the
sciences, manufactures, and inventions of all the world, and
bring us books and paterns; and that the brethren should
stay abroad till the new mission. Bacon's New Atlantis.
3. Dismission; discharge.  Not in use.
In Cesar's army, somewhat the soldiers would have had,
yet only demanded a mission or discharge, though with no in­
tention it should be granted, but thought to wrench him to
their other desires; whereupon with one cry they asked mis­
sion. Bacon's Apophth.
4. Faction; party. Not in use.
Glorious deeds, in these fields of late,
Made emulous missions 'mongst the gods themselves,
And drove great Mars to faction. Shakespeare.

MI’SSIONARY. n. s. [missionaire, French.] One sent to propa­
gate religion.

MI’SSIONER. n. s. [missionaire, French.] One sent to propa­
gate religion.
You mention the presbyterian missionary, who hath been
persecuted for his religion. Swift.
Like mighty missioner you come,
Ad partes infidelium. Dryden.

MI’SSIVE. adj. [missive, French.]
1. Such as may be sent.
The king grants a licence under the great seal, called a
congé d'eslire, to elect the person he has nominated by his
letters missive. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Used at distance.
In vain with darts a distant war they try,
Short, and more short, the missive weapons fly. Dryden.

MI’SSIVE. n. s. [French.]
1. A letter sent: it is retained in Scotland in that sense.
Great aids came in to him; partly upon missives, and
partly voluntaries from many parts. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. A messenger.
Rioting in Alexandria, you
Did pocket up my letters; and with taunts
Did gibe my missive out of audience. Shakespeare.
While wrapt in the wonder of it came missives from the
king, who all hail'd me thane of Cawder. Shakesp. Macbeth.

MISSPE’AK. v. a. [mis and speak.] To speak wrong.
It is not so; thou hast mispoke, misheard;
Tell o'er thy tale again. Shakesp. King Lear.
A mother delights to hear
Her early child misspeak half-utter'd words. Donne.

MIST. n. s. [mist, Saxon.]
1. A low thin cloud; a small thin rain not perceived in single
drops.
Old Chaucer, like the morning star,
To us discovers day from far;
His light those mists and clouds dissolv'd
Which our dark nation long involv'd. Denham.
And mists condens'd to clouds obscure the sky,
And clouds dissolv'd, the thirsty ground supply. Roscommon.
As a mist is a multitude of small but solid globules, which
therefore descend; so a vapour, and therefore a watry cloud,
is nothing else but a congeries of very small and concave glo­
bules, which therefore ascend to that height, in which they
are of equal weight with the air, where they remain suspend­
ed, till by some motion in the air, being broken, they de­
scend in solid drops; either small, as in a mist, or bigger,
when many of them run together, as in rain. Grew.
But hov'ring mists around his brows are spread,
And night with sable shades involves his head. Dryden.
A cloud is nothing but a mist flying high in the air, as a
mist is nothing but a cloud here below. Locke.
2. Any thing that dims or darkens.
My peoples eyes were once blinded with such mists of sus­
picion, they are soon misled into the most desperate actions.
King Charles.
His passion cast a mist before his sense,
And either made or magnify'd th' offence. Dryden.

To MIST. v. a. [from the noun.] To cloud; to cover with a
vapour or steam.
Lend me a looking-glass;
If that her breath will mist or stain the stone,
Why then she lives. Shakesp. King Lear.

MISTA’KABLE. adj. [from mistake.] Liable to be conceived
wrong.
It is not strange to see the difference of a third part in so
large an account, if we consider how differently they are set
forth in minor and less mistakable numbers. Brown.



To MISTA’KE. v. a. [mis and take.] To conceive wrong; to
take something for that which it is not.
The towns, neither of the one side nor the other, willingly
opening their gates to strangers, nor strangers willingly en­
tering for fear of being mistaken. Sidney.
These did truly apprehend a great assinity between their
practice of invocation of saints and the heathen idolatry, or
else there was no danger one should be mistaken for the other.
Stillingfleet.
This if neglected will make the reader very much mistake,
and misunderstand his meaning, and render the sense very
perplexed. Locke.
Fancy passes for knowlege, and what is prettily said is mis­
taken for solid. Locke.
Fools into the notion fall,
That vice or virtue there is none at all:
Ask your own heart, and nothing is so plain,
'Tis to mistake them costs the time and pain. Pope.

To MISTA’KE. v. n. To err; not to judge right.
Seeing God found folly in his angels; mens judgments,
which inhabit these houses of clay, cannot be without their
mistakings. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Seldom any one mistakes in his names of simple ideas, or
applies the name red to the idea green. Locke.
Servants mistake, and sometimes occasion misunderstand­
ing, among friends. Swift.

MISTA’EN. pret. and part. pass. of mistake for mistaken, and so
retained in Scotland.
This dagger hath mista'en; for lo! the sheath
Lies empty on the back of Mountague,
The point misheathed in my daughter's bosom. Shakesp.

To be MISTA’KEN. To err.
England is so idly king'd.
—You are too much mistaken in this king:
Question, your grace, the late embassadors,
How modest in exception, and withal
How terrible in constant resolution. Shakesp. Henry V.
Mistaken Brutus thought to break their yoke,
But cut the bond of union with that stroke. Waller.

MISTA’KE. n. s. [from the verb.] Misconception; error.
He never shall find out fit mate; but such
As some misfortune brings him, or mistake. Milton.
Infallibility is an absolute security of the understanding from
all possibility of mistake in what it believes. Tillotson.
Those terrors are not to be charged upon religion, which
proceed either from the want of religion, or superstitious mis­
takes about it. Bentley's Sermons.

MISTA’KINGLY. adv. [from mistaking.] Erroneously; falsly.
The error is not in the eye, but in the estimative faculty,
which mistakingly concludes that colour to belong to the wall
which does indeed belong to the object. Boyle on Colours.

To MISTA’TE. v. a. [mis and state.] To state wrong.
They mistate the question, when they talk of pressing cere­
monies. Bishop Sanderson.

To MISTE’ACH. v. a. [mis and teach.] To teach wrong.
Such guides shall be set over the several congregations as
will be sure to misteach them. Bishop Sanderson.
The extravagances of the lewdest life are the more con­
summate disorders of a mistaught or neglected youth.
L'Estrange's Fables.

To MISTE’L. v. a. [mis and tell.] To tell unfaithfully or in­
accurately.

To MISTE’MPER. v. a. [mis and temper.] To temper ill; to
disorder.
This inundation of mistemper'd humour
Rests by you only to be qualified. Shakesp. King John.

MI’STER. adj. [from mestier, trade, French.] What mister,
what kind of.
The redcross knight toward him crossed fast,
To weet what mister wight was so dismay'd,
There him he finds all senseless and aghast. Spenser.

To MISTE’RM. v. a. [mis and term.] To term erroneously.
Hence banished, is banish'd from the world;
And world exil'd is death. That banished
Is death misterm'd. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

To MISTHI’NK. v. a. [mis and think.] To think ill; to think
wrong.
How will the country, for these woful chances,
Misthink the king, and not be satisfy'd. Shakespeare.
We, the greatest, are misthought
For things that others do. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Thoughts! which how found they harbour in thy breast,
Adam! Misthought of her to thee so dear? Milton.

To MISTI’ME. v. a. [mis and time.] Not to time right; not
to adapt properly with regard to time.

MI’STINESS. n. s. [from misty.] Cloudiness; state of being
overcast.
The speedy depredation of air upon watry moisture, and
version of the same into air, appeareth in the sudden vanish­
ing of vapours from glass, or the blade of a sword, such as
doth not at all detain or imbibe the moisture, for the mistiness
scattereth immediately. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 91.

MI’STION. n. s. [from mistus, Latin.] The state of being
mingled.
In animals many actions are mixt, and depend upon their
living form as well as that of mistion, and though they wholly
seem to retain unto the body, depart upon disunion. Browne.
Both bodies do, by the new texture resulting from their
mistion, produce colour. Boyle on Colours

MISTLETO’E. n. s. [msteltan, Saxon; mistel, Danish, bird­
lime, and tan, a twig.] A plant.
The flower of the mistletoe consists of one leaf, which is
shaped like a bason, divided into four parts, and beset with
warts; the ovary which is produced in the female flowers is
placed in a remote part of the plant from the male flowers,
and consists of four shorter leaves; this becomes a round berry
full of a glutinous substance, inclosing a plain heart-shaped
seed: this plant is always produced from seed, and is not to
be cultivated in the earth, as most other plants, but will
always grow upon trees; from whence the ancients account­
ed it a super-plant, who thought it to be an excrescence on
the tree without the seed being previously lodged there, which
opinion is now generally confuted. The manner of its pro­
pagation is as follows, viz. the misletoe thrush, which feeds
upon the berries of this plant in winter when it is ripe, doth
open the seed from tree to tree; for the viscous part of the
berry, which immediately surrounds the seed, doth sometimes
fasten it to the outward part of the bird's beak, which, to
get disengaged of, he strikes his beak at the branches of a
neighbouring tree, and so leaves the seed sticking by this vis­
cous matter to the bark, which, if it lights upon a smooth
part of the tree, will fasten itself, and the following winter
put out and grow: the trees which this plant doth most rea­
dily take upon are the apple, the ash, and some other smooth
rind trees: it is observable, that whenever a branch of an
oak tree hath any of these plants growing upon it, it is cut
off, and preserved by the curious in their collections of na­
tural curiosities. Miller.
If snowe do continue, sheepe hardly that fare
Crave mistle and ivie for them for to spare. Tusser's Husb.
A barren and detested vale, you see it is:
The trees, though Summer, yet forlorn and lean,
O'ercome with moss, and baleful misselto. Shakespeare.
Misseltoe groweth chiefly upon crab trees, apple trees, some­
times upon hazles, and rarely upon oaks; the misseltoe whereof
is counted very medicinal: it is ever green Winter and Sum­
mer, and beareth a white glistering berry; and it is a plant
utterly differing from the plant upon which it groweth. Bacon.
All your temples strow
With laurel green, and sacred misletoe. Gay's Trivia.

MI’STLIKE. adj. [mist and like.] Resembling a mist.
Good Romeo, hide thyself.
—Not I, unless the breath of heart-sick groans,
Misilike infold me from the search of eyes. Shakespeare.

MISTO’LD, particip. pass. of mistell. 

MISTO’OK, particip. pass. of mistake.
Look nymphs, and shepherds look,
What sudden blaze of majesty,
Too divine to be mistook. Milton.

MI’STRESS. n. s. [maistresse, maîtresse, French.]
1. A woman who governs: correlative to subject or to ser­
vant.
Here stood he in the dark, his sharp sword out,
Mumbling of wicked charms, conj'ring the moon
To stand's auspicious mistress. Shakesp. King Lear.
Let us prepare
Some welcome for the mistress of the house. Shakespeare.
Like the lily,
That once was mistress of the field and flourish'd,
I'll hang my head and perish. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He'll make your Paris louvre shake for it,
Were it the mistress court of mighty Europe. Shakespeare.
I will not charm my tongue; I'm bound to speak;
My mistress here lies murther'd in her bed. Shakesp. Othello.
The late queen's gentlewoman! a knight's daughter!
To be her mistress' mistress! the queen's queen. Shakesp.
Rome now is mistress of the whole world, sea and land,
to either pole. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
Wonder not, sov'reign mistress! if perhaps
Thou can'st, who art sole wonder; much less arm
Thy looks, the heav'n of mildness, with disdain. Milton.
Those who assert the lunar orb presides
O'er humid bodies, and the ocean guides;
Whose waves obsequious ebb, or swelling run
With the declining or encreasing moon;
With reason seem her empire to maintain
As mistress of the rivers and the main. Blackmore.
What a miserable spectacle, for a nation that had been
mistress at sea so long! Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. A woman who possesses faculties uninjured.
There had she enjoyed herself while she was mistress of
herself, and had no other thoughts but such as might arise
out of quiet senses. Sidney, b. ii.


Ages to come, that shall your bounty hear,
Will think you mistress of the Indies were;
Though streighter bounds your fortune did confine,
In your large heart was found a wealthy mine. Waller.
3. A woman skilled in any thing.
A letter desires all young wives to make themselves mis­
tresses of Wingate's Arithmetick. Addison's Spect. No. 92.
4. A woman teacher.
Erect publick schools, provided with the best and ablest
masters and mistresses. Swift.
5. A woman beloved and courted.
They would not suffer the prince to confer with, or very
rarely to see, his mistress, whom they pretended he should
forthwith marry. Clarendon.
Nice honour still engages to requite
False mistresses and proud with slight for slight. Granville.
6. A term of contemptuous address.
Look you, pale mistress,
Do you perceive the ghastness of her cye? Shakespeare.
7. A whore; a concubine.

MISTRU’ST. n. s. [mis and trust.] Diffidence; suspicion; want
of confidence.
He needs not our mistrust, since he delivers
Our offices, and what we have to do,
To the direction just. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Not then mistrust, but tender love, injoins
That I should mind thee oft; and mind thou me! Milton.

To MISTRU’ST. v. a. [mis and trust.] To suspect; to doubt;
to regard with diffidence.
Will any man alledge those mentioned human infirmities,
as reasons why these things should be mistrusted or doubted
of. Hooker, b. ii.
By a divine instinct, mens minds mistrust
Ensuing danger; as by proof we see,
The waters swell before a boisterous storm. Shakespeare.
Fate her own book mistrusted at the sight,
On that side war, on this a single fight. Cowley.
The relation of a Spartan youth, that suffered a fox con­
cealed under his robe to tear out his bowels, is mistrusted by
men of business. Brown.
The gen'rous train complies,
Nor fraud mistrusts in virtue's fair disguise. Pope's Odyssey.

MISTRU’STFUL. adj. [mistrust and full.] Diffident; doubting.
I hold it cowardice
To rest mistrustful, where a noble heart
Hath pawn'd an open hand in sign of love. Shakespeare.
Here the mistrustful fowl no harm suspects,
So safe are all things which our king protects. Waller.

MISTRU’STFULNESS. n. s. [from mistrustful.] Diffidence;
doubt.
Without him I found a weakness, and a mistrustfulness of
myself, as one strayed from his best strength, when at any
time I mist him. Sidney, b. ii.

MISTRU’STFULLY. adv. [from mistrustful.] With suspicion;
with mistrust.

MISTRU’STLESS. adj. [from mistrust.] Confident; unsuspect­
ing.
Where he doth in stream mistrustless play,
Veil'd with night's robe, they stalk the shore abroad.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

MI’STY. adj. [from mist.]
1. Clouded; overspread with mists.
The morrow fair with purple beams
Dispers'd the shadows of the misty night. Fairy Queen.
Loud howling wolves arouse the jades,
That drag the tragick melancholy night;
Who with their drowsy, flow, and flagging wings
Clip dead mens graves; and from their misty jaws
Breathe foul contagious darkness in the air. Shakespeare.
Parents overprize their children, while they behold them
through the vapours of affection which alter the appearance,
as things seem bigger in misty mornings. Wotton.
Now smoaks with show'rs the misty mountain ground,
And floated fields lie undistinguish'd round. Pope.
2. Obscure; dark; not plain.

To MISUNDERSTA’ND. v. a. [mis and understand.] To mis­
conceive; to mistake.
The words of Tertullian, as they are by them alledged,
are misunderstood. Hooker, b. ii.
He failed in distinguishing these two regions, both called
Eden, and he altogether misunderstood two of the four rivers.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
In vain do men take sanctuary in such misunderstood expres­
sions as these; and from a false persuasion that they cannot
reform their lives never go about it. South.
This if it be neglected, will make the reader very much
mistake and misunderstand his meaning. Locke.
Were they only designed to instruct the three succeeding
generations, they are in no danger of being misunderstood.
Addison on ancient Medals.
The example of a good man is the best direction we can
follow in the performance of our duty; the most exact rules
and precepts are subject to be misunderstood; some at least
will mistake their meaning. Rogers's Sermons.

MISUNDERSTA’NDING. n. s. [from misunderstand.]
1. Difference; disagreement.
There is a great misunderstanding betwixt the corpuscular
philosophers and the chemists. Boyle.
Servants mistake, and sometimes occasion misunderstandings
among friends. Swift's Miscel.
2. Error; misconception.
Sever the construction of the injury from the point of con­
tempt, imputing it to misunderstanding or fear. Bacon.

MISU’SAGE. n. s. [from misuse.]
1. Abuse; ill use.
2. Bad treatment.

To MISU’SE. v. a. [mesuser, Fr. mis and use.] To treat or use
improperly; to abuse.
You misuse the rev'rence of your place,
As a false favourite doth his prince's name
In deeds dishon'rable. Shakesp. Henry IV.
It hath been their custom shamefully to misuse the fervent
zeal of men to religious arms, by converting the monies that
have been levied for such wars to their own services. Raleigh.
Bacchus, that first from out the purple grape
Crush'd the sweet poison of misused wine. Milton.
Machiavel makes it appear, that the weakness of Italy,
which was once so strong, was caused by the corrupt prac­
tices of the papacy, in depraving and misusing religion.
South's Sermons.

MISU’SE. n. s. [from the verb.] Bad use; bad treatment.
Upon whose dead corpse there was such misuse,
Such beastly, shameless transformation,
By those Welshwomen done, as may not be
Without much shame retold. Shakesp. Henry IV.
How much names taken for things mislead the understand­
ing, the attentive reading of philosophical writers would dis­
cover, and that in words little suspected of any such misuse.
Locke.
We have reason to humble ourselves before God by fasting
and prayer, lest he should punish the misuse of our mercies,
by stopping the course of them. Atterbury's Sermons.

To MISWE’EN. v. n. [mis and ween.] To misjudge; to distrust.
Latter times things more unknown shall show,
Why then should witless man so much misween. Fa. Qu.

To MISWE’ND. v. n. [mis and wendan, Saxon.] To go wrong.
Every thing begun with reason,
Will come by ready means unto his end:
But things miscounselled must needs miswend. Hubberd.
In this maze still wand'red and miswent,
For heaven decreed to conceal the same,
To make the miscreant more to feel his shame. Fairfax.

MI’SY. n. s. A kind of mineral.
Misy contains no cupreous vitriol but only that of iron: it
is a very beautiful mineral, of a fine bright yellow colour,
and of a loose and friable structure, and much resembles the
golden mareasites. Hill's Mat. Med.

MIT

MITE. n. s. [mite, French; mijt, Dutch; midas, Lat.]
1. A small insect found in cheese or corn; a weevil.
Virginity breeds mites, much like a cheese, consumes itself
to the very paring, and so dies with feeding its own stomach.
Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
The polish'd glass, whose small convex
Enlarges to ten millions of degrees,
The mite invisible else, of nature's hand
Least animal. Philips.
The idea of two is as distinct from the idea of three, as
the magnitude of the whole earth is from that of a mite.
Locke.
2. The twentieth part of a grain.
The Seville piece of eight contains thirteen pennyweight
twenty-one grains and fifteen mites, of which there are twenty
in the grain, of sterling silver, and is in value forty-three
English pence and eleven hundredths of a penny. Arbuthnot.
3. Any thing proverbially small; the third part of farthing.
Though any man's corn they do bite,
They will not allow him a mite. Tusser's Husb.
Are you defrauded, when he feeds the poor,
Our mite decreases nothing of your store. Dryden.
Did I e'er my mite with-hold
From the impotent and old. Swift's Miscel.
4. A small particle.
Put blue-bottles into an ant-hill they will be stained with
red, because the ants thrust in their stings, and instil into
them a small mite of their stinging liquor, which hath the
same effect as oil of vitriol. Ray on Creation.

MITE’LLA. n. s. A plant.
The mitella hath a perennial root; the cup of the flower
consists of one leaf, and is divided into five parts; the flower
consists of five leaves, which expand in form of a rose; the


ovary becomes a roundish fruit, which terminates in a point,
gaping at the top, in form of a bishop's mitre, and full of
roundish seeds. Miller.

MI’THRIDATE. n. s. [mithridate, Fr.]
Mithridate is one of the capital medicines of the shops,
consisting of a great number of ingredients, and has its name
from its inventor Mithridates, king of Pontus. Quincy.
But you of learning and religion,
And virtue, and such ingredients, have made
A mithridate, whose operation
Keeps off, or cures, what can be done or said. Donne.

MI’THRIDATE mustard. n. s. [thlaspi, Latin.]
The flower of the mithridate consists of four leaves placed
in form of a cross, out of whose cup rises the pointal, which
afterward becomes a smooth roundish fruit, having common­
ly a leasy border, and slit on the upper side, divided into two
cells by an intermediate partition placed obliquely with re­
spect to the valves, and furnished with smooth roundish seeds;
to which may be added the undivided leaves, which distin­
guish it from cresses. Miller.

MI’TIGANT. adj. [mitigans, Lat.] Lenient; lenitive.

To MI’TIGATE. v. a. [mitigo, Lat. mitiger, Fr.]
1. To soften; to make less rigorous.
We could greatly wish, that the rigour of their opinion
were allayed and mitigated. Hooker, b. v.
2. To alleviate; to make mild; to assuage.
Mishaps are master'd by advice discreet,
And counsel mitigates the greatest smart. Fairy Queen.
All it can do is, to devise how that which must be endured
may be mitigated, and the inconveniences thereof counter­
vailed as near as may be, that, when the best things are not
possible, the best may be made of those that are. Hooker.
3. To mollisy; to make less severe.
I undertook
Before thee: and, not repenting, this obtain
Of right, that I may mitigate their doom,
On me deriv'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
4. To cool; to moderate.
A man has frequent opportunity of mitigating the fierce­
ness of a party, of softening the envious, quieting the angry,
and rectifying the prejudiced. Addison's Spectator.

MITIGA’TION. n. s. [mitigatio, Lat. mitigation, Fr. from miti­
gate.] Abatement of any thing penal, harsh, or painful.
The king would not have one penny abated of that grant­
ed to him by parliament, because it might encourage other
countries to pray the like release or mitigation. Bacon.
They caused divers subjects to be indicted of sundry crimes;
and when the bills were found they committed them, and
suffered them to languish long in prison, to extort from them
great fines and ransoms, which they termed compositions and
mitigations. Bacon's Henry VII.

MI’TRE. n. s. [mitre, Fr. mitra, Latin.]
1. An ornament for the head.
Nor Pantheus, thee, thy mitre nor the bands
Of awful Phœbus, sav'd from impious hands. Dryden.
2. A kind of episcopal crown.
Bishopricks or burning, mitres or faggots, have been the
rewards of different persons, according as they pronounced
these consecrated syllables, or not. Watts.

MI’TRE. n. s. [Among workmen.] A kind of joining two
boards together. Miller.

MI’TER. n. s. [Among workmen.] A kind of joining two
boards together. Miller.

MI’TRED. adj. [mitre, Fr. from mitre.] Adorned with a mitre.
Shall the loud herald our success relate,
Or mitred priest appoint the solemn day? Prior.
Mitred abbots, among us, were those that were exempt
from the diocesan's jurisdiction, as having within their own
precincts episcopal authority, and being lords in parliament
were called abbots sovereign. Ayliffe's Parergon.

MI’TTENT. adj. [mittens, Lat.] Sending forth; emitting.
The fluxion proceedeth from humours peccant in quantity
or quality, thrust forth by the part mittent upon the inferior
weak parts. Wiseman's Surgery.

MI’TTENS. n. s. [mitaines, French.]
1. Coarse gloves for the Winter.
December must be expressed with a horrid aspect, as also
January clad in Irish rug, holding in furred mittens the sign of
Capricorn. Peacham on Drawing.
2. Gloves that cover the arm without covering the singers.
3. To handle one without mittens. To use one roughly. A
low phrase. Ains.

MI’TTIMUS. [Latin.] A warrant by which a justice commits
an offender to prison.

MIX

To MIX. v. a. [misschen, Dutch; miscio, Latin.]
1. To unite different bodies into one mass; to put various in­
gredients together.
Ephraim hath mixed himself among the people. Hos. vii. 8.
A mixed multitude went up with them, and flocks and
herbs. Exod. xii. 38.
He sent out of his mouth a blast of fire, and out of his
lips a slaming breath, and out of his tongue he cast out
sparks and tempests; and they were all mixt together. 2 Esdr.
2. To form of different faiths.
I have chosen an argument, mixt of religious and civil
considerations; and likewise mixt between contemplative and
active. Bacon's holy War.
3. To join; to mingle.
Brothers, you mix your sadness with some fear;
This is the English not the Turkish court. Shakespeare.

MI’XEN. n. s. [mixen, Saxon.] A dunghil; a laystal.

MI’XTION. n. s. [mixtion, Fr. from mix.] Mixture; confusion
of one body with another.
Others perceiving this rule to fall short, have pieced it out
by the mixtion of vacuity among bodies, believing it is that
which makes one rarer than another. Digby on Bodies.
Though we want a proper name, yet are they not to be
lightly past over as clementary or subterrancous mixtions.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

MI’XTLY. adv. [from mix.] With coalition of different parts
into one.

MI’XTURE. n. s. [mixtura, Latin.]
1. The act of mixing; the state of being mixed.
O happy mixture, wherein things contrary do so qualify
and correct the one the danger of the other's excess, that
neither boldness can make us presume, as well as we are kept
under with the sense of our own wretchedness; nor, while
we trust in the mercy of God through Christ Jesus, fear be
able to tyrannize over us! Hooker, b. v.
Those liquors are expelled out of the body which, by their
mixture, convert the aliment into an animal liquid. Arbuth.
I, by baleful furies led,
With monstrous mixture stain'd my mother's bed. Pope.
2. A mass formed by mingled ingredients.
Come vial—What if this mixture do not work at all?
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
3. That which is added and mixed.
Neither can God himself be otherwise understood, than as
a mind free and disentangled from all corporeal mixtures, per­
ceiving and moving all things. Stillingfleet.
Cicero doubts whether it were possible for a community to
exist, that had not a prevailing mixture of piety in its con­
stitution. Addison's Frecholder, No. 29.
While we live in this world, where good and bad men are
blended together, and where there is also a mixture of good
and evil wisely distributed by God, to serve the ends of his
providence. Atterbury's Sermons.

MI’ZMAZE. n. s. [A cant word, formed from maze by redu
plication.] A maze; a labyrinth.
Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key
of books, and the clue to lead them through the mizmaze of
variety of opinions and authors to truth. Locke.

MI’ZZEN. n. s. [mezaen, Dutch.]
The mizzen is a mast in the stern or back back of a ship:
in some large ships there are two such masts, that standing
next the main mast is called the main mizzen, and the other
near the poop the bonaventure mizzen: the length of a miz­
zen mast is half that of the main mast, or the height of it is
the same with that of the maintop mast from the quarter­
deck, and the length of the mizzen topmast is half that. Bail.
A commander at sea had his leg fractured by the fall of
his mizzen topmast. Wiseman's Surgery.

MI’ZZY. n. s. A bog; a quagmire. Ains.

MNEMO’NICKS. n. s. [???????.] The act of memory.

MOB

MO. adj. [ma, Saxon; mae, Scottish.] Making greater num­
ber; more.
Calliope and muses mo,
Soon as your oaken pipe begins to sound
Their ivory lutes lay by. Spenser.
With oxbows and oxyokes, with other things mo,
For oxteem and horseteem in plough for to go. Tusser.

MO. adv. Further; longer.
Sing no more ditties, sing no mo
Of dumps so dull and heavy;
The frauds of men were ever so,
Since Summer was first leasy. Shakespeare.

To MOAN. v. a. [from mænan, Saxon, to grieve.] To la­
ment; to deplore.

To MOAN. v. n. To grieve; to make lamentation.
The gen'rous band redressive search'd
Into the horrors of the gloomy jail,
Unpity'd and unhear'd, where misery moans. Thomson.

MOAN. n. s. [from the verb.] Lamentation; audible sorrow;
grief expressed in words or cries.
I have disabled mine estate,
By shewing something a more swelling port,
Than my faint means would grant continuance;
Nor do I now make moan to be abridg'd
From such a noble rate. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
The fresh stream ran by her, and murmur'd her moans;
The salt tears fell from her, and foft'ned the stones. Shak.
Sullen moans,
Hollow groans,
And cries of tortur'd ghosts. Pope's St. Cæcilia.

MOAT. n. s. [motte, French, a mound; mota, low Latin.] A
canal of water round a house or castle for defence.


The castle I found of good strength, having a great moat
round about it, the work of a noble gentleman, of whose
unthrifty son he had bought it. Sidney, b. ii.
The fortress thrice himself in person storm'd;
Your valour bravely did th' assault sustain,
And fill'd the moats and ditches with the slain. Dryden.
No walls were yet, nor fence, nor mote, nor mound,
Nor drum was heard. Dryden's Ovid.

To MOAT. v. a. [motter, French, from the noun.] To sur­
round with canals by way of defence.
I will presently to St. Luke's; there at the moated Grange
resides this dejected Mariana. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
An arm of Lethe, with a gentle flow,
The palace moats, and o'er the pebbles creeps,
And with soft murmurs calls the coming sleeps. Dryden.
He sees he can hardly approach greatness, but, as a moated
castle, he must first pass the mud and filth with which it is
encompassed. Dryden's Pref. to Aurengzebe.

MOB. n. s. [contracted from mobile, Latin.] The croud; a tu­
multuous rout.
Parts of different species jumbled together, according to
the mad imagination of the dawber; a very monster in a
Bartholomew-fair, for the mob to gape at. Dryden.
Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes,
When monarch reason sleeps, this mimick wakes;
Compounds a medley of disjointed things,
A court of coblers, and a mob of kings. Dryden.
A cluster of mob were making themselves merry with their
betters. Addison's Freeholder, No. 44.

MOB. n. s. A kind of female head-dress.

To MOB. v. a. [from the noun.] To harrass, or overbear by
tumult.

MO’BBISH. adj. [from mob.] Mean; done after the manner of
the mob.

To MOBLE. v. a. [sometimes written mable, perhaps by a lu­
dicrous allusion to the French je m' habille.] To dress grossly
or inelegantly.
But who, oh! hath seen the mobled queen,
Run barefoot up and down. Shakesp. Hamlet.

MO’BBY. n. s. An American drink made of potatoes.

MO’BILE. n. s. [mobile, French.] The populace; the rout;
the mob.
Long experience has found it true of the unthinking mo­
bile, that the closer they shut their eyes the wider they open
their hands. South's Sermons.
The mobile are uneasy without a ruler, they are restless
with one. L'Estrange's Fables.

MOBI’LITY. n. s. [mobilité, Fr. mobilitas, Latin.]
1. Nimbleness; activity.
Mobility is the power of being moved. Locke.
Iron, having stood long in a window, being thence taken,
and by a cork balanced in water, where it may have a free
mobility, will bewray a kind of inquietude. Wotton.
The present age hath attempted perpetual motions, whose
revolutions might out-last the exemplary mobility, and out­
measure time itself. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
The Romans had the advantage by the bulk of their ships,
and the fleet of Antiochus in the swiftness and mobility of
theirs, which served them in great stead in the flight. Arbuth.
You tell, it is ingenite, active force,
Mobility, or native power to move
Words, which mean nothing. Blackmore.
2. [In cant language.] The populace.
She singled you out with her eye as commander in chief of
the mobility. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
3. Fickleness; inconstancy. Ains.

MOC

MO’CHO-STONE. n. s. [from Mocha, therefore more properly
Mocha-stone.]
Mocho-stones are nearly related to the agat kind, of a clear
horny grey, with declinations representing mosses, shrubs,
and branches, in black, brown, or red, in the substance of
the stone. Woodward.

To MOCK. v. a. [mocquer, French; moccio, Welsh.]
1. To deride; to laugh at; to ridicule.
All the regions
Do seemingly revolt; and who resist
Are mock'd for valiant ignorance,
And perish constant fools. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Many thousand widows,
Shall this his mock, mock out of their dear husbands;
Mock mothers from their sons, mock castles down. Shakesp.
We'll dishorn the spirit,
And mock him home to Windsor. Shakespeare.
Others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings. Heb. xi.
I am as one mocked of his neighbour; the just, upright
man is mocked to scorn. Job xii. 4.
2. To deride by imitation; to mimick in contempt.
I long, till Edward fall by war's mischance,
For mocking marriage with a dame of France. Shakespeare.
3. To defeat; to elude.
My father is gone into his grave,
And with his spirit sadly I survive,
To mock the expectations of the world;
To frustrate prophecies, and to raze out
Rotten opinion. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
4. To fool; to tantalize; to play on contemptuously.
He will not
Mock us with his blest sight, then snatch him hence,
Soon we shall see our hope return. Milton's Par. Reg.
Why do I overlive?
Why am I mock'd with death, and lengthen'd out
To deathless pain? Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Heav'n's fuller influence mocks our dazzl'd sight,
Too great its brightness, and too strong its light. Prior.

To MOCK. v. n. To make contemptuous sport.
Pluck down my officers, break my decrees;
For now a time is come to mock at form. Shakespeare.
A stallion horse is as a mocking friend; he neigheth under
every one. Ecclus. xxiii. 6.
A reproach unto the heathen, and a mocking to all coun­
tries. Ezek. xxii. 4.
After I have spoken, mock on. Job xxi. 3.
When thou mockest, shall no man make thee ashamed?
Job xi. 3.

MOCK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Ridicule; act of contempt; fleer; sneer; gibe; flirt.
Tell the pleasant prince this mock of his
Hath turn'd his balls to gun-stones. Shakesp. Henry V.
Oh, 'tis the spight of hell, the fiend's arch mock,
To lip a wanton, and suppose her chaste. Shakespeare.
Fools make a mock at sin. Prov. xiv. 9.
What shall be the portion of those who have affronted
God, derided his word, and made a mock of every thing that
is sacred? Tillotson's Sermons.
Colin makes mock at all her piteous smart,
A lass that Cic'ly hight, had won his heart. Gay.
2. Imitation; mimickry.
Now reach a strain, my lute,
Above her mock, or be for ever mute. Crashaw.

MOCK. adj. False; counterfeit; not real.
The mock astrologer, El astrologo fingido. Dryden.
That superior greatness and mock majesty, which is ascribed
to the prince of fallen angels, is admirably preserved. Spect.

MO’CKABLE. adj. [from mock.] Exposed to derision.
Those that are good manners at the court, are as ridicu­
lous in the country, as the behaviour of the country is most
mockable at court. Shakesp. As you like it.

MOCK-PRI’VET. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

MOCK-WI’LLOW. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

MO’CKEL. adj. [the same with mickle. See MICKLE. This
word is variously written mickle, mickel, mochil, mochel, muc­
kle.] Much; many.
The body bigg, and mightily pight,
Thoroughly rooted, and wond'rous height,
Whilom had been the king of the field,
And mockell mast to the husband did yield. Spenser.

MO’CKER. n. s. [from mock.]
1. One who mocks; a scorner; a scoffer; a derider.
Our very priests must become mockers, if they shall en­
counter such ridiculous subjects as you are. Shakespeare.
Let them have a care how they intrude upon so great and
holy an ordinance, in which God is so seldom mocked but it
is to the mocker's confusion. South's Sermons.
2. A deceiver; an elusory impostor.

MO’CKERY. n. s. [mocquerie, Latin.]
1. Derision; scorn; sportive insult.
The forlorn maiden, whom your eyes have seen
The laughing-stock of fortune's mockeries,
Am the only daughter of a king and queen. Fa. Qu.
Why should publick mockery in print be a better test of
truth than severe railing sarcasms. Watts.
2. Ridicule; contemptuous merriment.
A new method they have of turning things that are serious
into mockery; an art of contradiction by way of scorn, where­
with we were long sithence forewarned. Hooker, b. v.
3. Sport; subject of laughter.
What cannot be preserv'd when fortune takes,
Patience her injury a mockery makes. Shakesp. Othello.
Of the holy place they made a mockery. 2 Mac. viii. 17.
4. Vanity of attempt; delusory labour; vain effort.
It is as the air, invulnerable;
And our vain blows malicious mockery. Shakesp. Hamlet.
5. Imitation; counterfeit appearance; vain show.
To have done, is to hang quite out of fashion,
Like rusty mail in monumental mockery. Shakespeare.
What though no friends in sable weeds appear,
Grieve for an hour, perhaps, then mourn a year,
And bear about the mockery of woe
To midnight dances. Pope's Miscel.

MO’CKING-BIRD. n. s. [mocking and bird.] An American bird,
which imitates the note of other birds.

MO’CKINGLY. adv. [from mockery.] In contempt; petulantly;
with insult.



MO’CKING-STOCK. n. s. [mocking and stock.] A but for merri­
ment.

MOD

MO’DAL. adj. [modale, Fr. modalis, Latin.] Relating to the
form or mode, not the essence.
When we speak of faculties of the soul, we assert not with
the schools their real distinction from it, but only a modal di­
versity.  Glanville's Sceps.

MODA’LITY. n. s. [from modal.] Accidental difference; mo­
dal accident.
The motions of the mouth by which the voice is discrimi­
nated, are the natural elements of speech; and the applica­
tion of them in their several compositions, or words made of
them, to signify things, or the modalities of things, and so
to serve for communication of notions, is artificial.  Holder.

MODE. n. s. [mode, Fr. modus, Latin.]
1. Form; external variety; accidental discrimination; acci­
dent.
A mode is that which cannot subsist in and of itself, but is
always esteemed as belonging to, and subsisting by, the help
of some substance, which, for that reason, is called its sub­
ject.  Watts's Logick, p. i.
Few allow mode to be called a being in the same perfect
sense as a substance is, and some modes have evidently more
of real entity than others.  Watts's Logick.
2. Gradation; degree.
What modes of sight betwixt each wide extreme,
The mole's dim curtain, and the linx's beam;
Of smell, the headlong lioness between,
And hound sagacious on the tainted green.  Pope.
3. Manner; method; form; fashion.
Our Saviour beheld
A table richly spread, in regal mode,
With dishes pil'd.  Milton's Par. Reg. b. ii.
The duty itself being resolved upon, the mode of doing
it may easily be found.  Taylor's Guide to a Penitent.
4. State; appearance.
My death
Changes the mode; for what in me was purchas'd,
Falls upon thee in a much fairer sort,
For thou the garland wear'st successively.  Shakespeare.
5. [Mode, French.] Fashion; custom.
There are certain garbs and modes of speaking, which vary
with the times; the fashion of our clothes being not more
subject to alteration than that of our speech.  Denham.
We are to prefer the blessings of Providence before the
splendid curiosities of mode and imagination.  L'Estrange.
They were invited from all parts; and the favour of learn­
ing was the humour and mode of the age.  Temple.
As we see on coins the different faces of persons, we see
too their different habits and dresses, according to the mode
that prevailed.  Addison on ancient Medals.
If faith itself has diff'rent dresses worn,
What wonder modes in wit should take their turn?  Pope.

MO’DEL. n. s. [modele, French; modulus, Latin.]
1. A representation in miniature of something made or done.
I'll draw the form and model of our battle;
Limit each leader to his several charge,
And part in just proportion our small strength.  Shakesp.
You have the models of several ancient temples, though
the temples and the gods are perished.  Addison.
2. A copy to be imitated.
A fault it would be if some king should build his mansion­
house by the model of Solomon's palace.  Hooker, b. v.
They cannot see sin in those means they use, with intent
to reform to their models what they call religion.  K. Charles.
3. A mould; any thing which shows or gives the shape of that
which it incloses.
Nothing can we call our own but death;
And that small model of the barren earth,
Which serves as paste and cover to our bones.  Shakesp.
4. Standard; that by which any thing is measured.
As he who presumes steps into the throne of God, so he
that despairs measures providence by his own little contracted
model.  South's Sermons.
5. In Shakespeare it seems to have two unexampled senses.
Something formed or produced.
I have commended to his goodness
The model of our chaste loves, his young daughter.  Shak.
6. Something small and diminutive; which, perhaps, is like­
wise the meaning of the example affixed to the third sense.
England! model to thy inward greatness,
Like little body with a mighty heart.  Shakespeare.

To MO’DEL. v. a. [modeler, French.] To plan; to shape; to
mould; to form; to delineate.
When they come to model heav'n,
And calculate the stars, how they will wield
The mighty frame.  Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
The government is modelled after the same manner with
that of the Cantons, as much as so small a community can
imitate those of so large an extent.  Addison on Italy.

MODE’LLER. n. s. [from model.] Planner; schemer; con­
triver.
Our great modellers of gardens have their magazines of
plants to dispose of. Spectat. No. 414.

MO’DERATE. adj. [moderatus, Lat. moderé, Fr.]
1. Temperate; not excessive.
Sound sleep cometh of moderate eating, but pangs of the
belly are with an insatiable man. Ecclus. xxxi. 20.
2. Not hot of temper.
A number of moderate members managed with so much art
as to obtain a majority, in a thin house, for passing a vote,
that the king's concessions were a ground for a future settle­
ment. Swift.
3. Not luxurious; not expensive.
There's not so much lest as to furnish out
A moderate table. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
4. Not extreme in opinion; not sanguine in a tenet.
These are tenets which the moderatest of the Romanists
will not venture to affirm. Smalridge.
Fix'd to one part, but mod'rate to the rest. Pope.
5. Placed between extremes; holding the mean.
Quietly consider the trial that hath been thus long had of
both kinds of reformation; as well this moderate kind, which
the church of England hath taken, as that other more ex­
treme and rigorous, which certain churches elsewhere have
better liked. Hooker, b. iv.
6. Of the middle rate.
More moderate gifts might have prolong'd his date,
Too early fitted for a better state. Dryden.

To MO’DERATE. v. a. [moderor, Latin; moderer, Fr.]
1. To regulate; to restrain; to still; to pacify; to quiet; to
repress.
With equal measure she did moderate
The strong extremities of their rage. Spenser.
By its astringent quality it moderates the relaxing quality of
warm water. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To make temperate.
Ye swarthy nations of the torrid zone,
How well to you is this great bounty known?
For frequent gales from the wide ocean rise
To fan your air, and moderate your skies. Blackmore.

MO’DERATELY. adv. [from moderate.]
1. Temperately; mildly.
2. In a middle degree.
Each nymph but moderately fair,
Commands with no less rigor here. Waller.
Blood in a healthy state, when let out, its red part should
congeal strongly and soon, in a mass moderately tough, and
swim in the serum. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

MO’DERATENESS. n. s. [from moderate.] State of being mo­
derate; temperateness.

MODERA’TION. n. s. [moderatio, Latin.]
1. Forbearance of extremity; the contrary temper to party vio­
lence; state of keeping a due mean betwixt extremes.
Was it the purpose of these churches, which abolished all
popish ceremonies, to come back again to the middle point
of evenness and moderation? Hooker, b. iv.
A zeal in things pertaining to God, according to know­
ledge, and yet duly tempered with candor and prudence, is
the true notion of that much talked of, much misunderstood
virtue, moderation. Atterbury's Sermons.
In moderation placing all my glory,
While tories call me whig, and whigs a tory. Pope.
2. Calmness of mind; equanimity. [moderation, Fr.]
Equally inur'd
By moderation either state to bear,
Prosperous, or adverse. Mill. Par. Lost, b. xi.
3. Frugality in expence. Ainsworth.

MODERA’TOR. n. s. [moderator, Lat. moderateur, Fr.]
1. The person or thing that calms or restrains.
Angling was, after tedious study, a calmer of unquiet
thoughts, a moderator of passions, and a procurer of content­
edness. Walton's Angler.
2. One who presides in a disputation, to restrain the contend­
ing parties from indecency, and confine them to the question.
Sometimes the moderator is more troublesome than the ac­
tor. Bacon's Essays.
How does Philopolis seasonably commit the opponent with
the respondent, like a long-practised moderator? More.
The first person who speaks when the court is set, opens
the case to the judge, chairman, or moderator of the assem­
bly, and gives his own reasons for his opinion. Watts.

MO’DERN. n. s. [moderne, Fr. from modernus, low Latin,
supposed a casual corruption of hodiernus. Vel potius ab ad­
verbio modò, modernus, ut a die diurnus. Ains.]
1. Late; recent; not ancient; not antique.
Some of the ancient, and likewise divers of the modern
writers, that have laboured in natural magick, have noted a
sympathy between the sun and certain herbs. Bacon.
The glorious parallels then downward bring
To modern wonders, and to Britain's king. Prior.


2. In Shakespeare, vulgar; mean; common.
Trifles, such as we present modern friends withal. Shakesp.
The justice
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances. Shakespeare.
We have our philosophical persons to make modern and fa­
miliar things supernatural and causeless. Shakespeare.

MO’DERNS. n. s. Those who have lived lately, opposed to
the ancients.
There are moderns who, with a slight variation, adopt the
opinion of Plato. Boyle on Colours.
Some by old words to fame have made pretence;
Ancients in phrase, mere moderns in their sense! Pope.

MO’DERNISM. n. s. [from modern.] Deviation from the an­
cient and classical manner. A word invented by Swift.
Scribblers send us over their trash in prose and verse, with
abominable curtailings and quaint modernisms. Swift.

To MO’DERNISE. v. a. [from modern.] To adapt ancient com­
positions to modern persons or things; to change ancient to
modern language.

MO’DEST. adj. [modeste, Fr. modestus, Latin.]

MO’DERNNESS. n. s. [from modern.] Novelty.
1. Not arrogant; not presumptuous; not boastful; bashful.
Of boasting more than of a tomb afraid;
A soldier should be modest as a maid. Young.
2. Not impudent; not forward.
Resolve me with all modest haste, which way
Thou might'st deserve, or they impose this usage. Shakesp.
Her face, as in a nymph, display'd
A fair fierce boy, or in a boy betray'd
The blushing beauties of a modest maid. Dryden's Ovid.
3. Not loose; not unchaste.
Mrs. Ford, the honest woman, the modest wise, the vir­
tuous creature, that hath the jealous fool to her husband.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. Not excessive; not extreme; moderate; within a mean.
There appears much joy in him, even so much that joy
could not shew itself modest enough without a badge of bit­
terness. Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.
During the last four years, by a modest computation, there
have been brought into Brest above six millions sterling in
bullion. Addison's State of the War.

MO’DESTLY. adv. [from modest.]
1. Not arrogantly; not presumptuously.
Though learn'd, well bred; and though well bred, sin­
cere,
Modestly bold, and humanly severe. Pope.
I may modestly conclude, that whatever errors there may
be in this play, there are not those which have been objected
to it. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
First he modestly conjectures,
His pupil might be tir'd with lectures:
Which help'd to mortify his pride,
Yet gave him not the heart to chide. Swift's Miscel.
2. Not impudently; not forwardly; with modesty.
I, your glass,
Will modestly discover to yourself
That of yourself, which yet you know not of. Shakesp.
3. Not loosely; not lewdly.
4. Not excessively; with moderation.

MO’DESTY. n. s. [modestie, Fr. modestas, Latin.]
1. Not arrogance; not presumptuousness.
They cannot, with modesty, think to have found out abso­
lutely the best which the wit of men may devise. Hooker.
2. Not impudence; not forwardness.
3. Moderation; decency.
A lord will hear you play;
But I am doubtful of your modesties,
Lest over eying of his odd behaviour,
You break into some merry passion. Shakespeare.
4. Chastity; purity of manners.
Would you not swear,
All you that see her, that she were a maid,
By these exterior shews? But she is more,
Her blush is guiltiness, not modesty. Shakespeare.
Of the general character of women, which is modesty, he
has taken a most becoming care; for his amorous expressions
go no farther than virtue may allow. Dryden.
Talk not to a lady in a way that modesty will not permit
her to answer. Clarissa.

MODESTY-PIECE. n. s.
A narrow lace which runs along the upper part of the
stays before, being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty­
piece. Addison's Guard. No. 118.

MO’DICUM. n. s. [Latin.] Small portion; pittance.
What modicums of wit he utters: his evasions have ears
thus long. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
Though hard their fate,
A cruise of water, and an ear of corn,
Yet still they grudg'd that modicum. Dryden.

MODIFI’ABLE. adj. [from modify.] That may be diversified by
accidental differences.
It appears to be more difficult to conceive a distinct, visible
image in the uniform, invariable, essence of God, than in
variously modifiable matter; but the manner how I see either
still escapes my comprehension. Locke.

MO’DIFICABLE. adj. [from modify.] Diversifiable by various
modes.

MODIFICA’TION. n. s. [modification, French.] The act of mo­
difying any thing, or giving it new accidental differences of
form or mode.
The chief of all signs is human voice, and the several mo­
difications thereof by the organs of speech, viz. the letters of
the alphabet, formed by the several motions of the mouth.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
The phænomena of colours in refracted or reflected light,
are not caused by new modifications of the light variously im­
pressed, according to the various terminations of the light
and shadow. Newton's Opticks.
If these powers of cogitation, volition and sensation, are
neither inherent in matter as such, nor acquirable to matter
by any motion and modification of it, it necessarily follows
that they proceed from some cogitative substance, some in­
corporeal inhabitant within us, which we call spirit. Bentley.

To MO’DIFY. v. a. [modifier, French.]
1. To change the form or accidents of any thing; to shape.
Yet there is that property in all letters, of aptness to be
conjoined in syllables and words through the voluble motions
of the organs, that they modify and discriminate the voice
without appearing to discontinue it. Holder
The middle parts of the broad beam of white light which
fell upon the paper, did, without any confine of shadow to
modify it, become coloured all over with one uniform colour,
the colour being always the same in the middle of the paper
as at the edges. Newton's Opticks.
2. To soften; to moderate.
After all this discanting and modifying upon the matter,
there is hazard on the yielding side. L'Estrange.
Of his grace
He modifies his first severe decree,
The keener edge of battle to rebate. Dryden.

MODI’LLON. n. s. [French; modiolus, Lat.]
Modillons, in architecture, are little brackets which are
often set under the corinthian and composite orders, and serve
to support the projecture of the larmier or drip: this part
must be distinguished from the great model, which is the dia­
meter of the pillar; for, as the proportion of an edifice in
general depends on the diameter of the pillar, so the size and
number of the modillons, as also the interval between them,
ought to have due relation to the whole fabrick. Harris.
The modillons or dentelli make a noble show by their grace­
ful projections. Spectator, No. 415.

MO’DISH. adj. [from mode.] Fashionable; formed according
to the reigning custom.
But you, perhaps, expect a modish feast,
With am'rous songs, and wanton dances grac'd. Dryd.
Hypocrisy, at the fashionable end of the town, is very dif­
ferent from hypocrisy in the city; the modish hypocrite endea­
vours to appear more vitious than he really is, the other kind
of hypocrite more virtuous. Addison's Spect. No. 399.

MO’DISHLY. adv. [from modish.] Fashionably.
Young children should not be much perplexed about put­
ting off their hats, and making legs modishly. Locke.

MO’DISHNESS. n. s. [from modish.] Affectation of the fashion.

To MO’DULATE. v. a. [modulor, Latin.] To form sound to a
certain key, or to certain notes.
The nose, lips, teeth, palate, jaw, tongue, weasan, lungs,
muscles of the chest, diaphragm, and muscles of the belly,
all serve to make or modulate the sound. Grew's Cosmol.
Could any person so modulate her voice as to deceive so
many. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
Echo propagates around
Each charm of modulated sound. Anon.

MODULA’TION. n. s. [from modulate; modulation, Fr.]
1. The act of forming any thing to certain proportion.
The number of the simple original minerals have not been
rightly fixt: the matter of two or more kinds being mixed
together, and by the different proportion and modulation of
that matter variously diversified, have been reputed all dif­
ferent kinds. Woodward.
The speech, as it is a sound resulting from the modulation
of the air, has most affinity to the spirit, but, as it is uttered
by the tongue, has immediate cognation with the body, and
so is the fittest instrument to manage a commerce between
the invisible powers of human souls cloathed in flesh.
Government of the Tongue.
2. Sound modullated; agreeable harmony.
Innumerous songsters, in the freshening shade,
Their modulations mix, mellifluous. Thomson's Spring.



MO’DULATOR. n. s. [from modulate.] He who forms sounds to
a certain key; a tuner; that which modulates.
The tongue is the grand instrument of taste, the faithful
judge of all our nourishment, the artful modulator of our
voice, and the necessary servant of mastication. Derham.

MO’DULE. n. s. [modulus, Latin.] An empty representation; a
model.
My heart hath one poor string to stay it by,
Which holds but till thy news be uttered;
And then, all this thou seest, is but a clod
And module of confounded royalty. Shakesp. King John.

MO’DUS. n. s. [Latin.] Something paid as a compensation for
tithes on the supposition of being a moderate equivalent.
One terrible circumstance of this bill, is turning the tithe
of flax and hemp into what the lawyers call a modus, or a
certain sum in lieu of a tenth part of the product. Swift.

MO’DWALL. n. s. A bird. Ains.

MOE. adj. [ma, Saxon. See Mo.] More; a greater number.
The chronicles of England mention no moe than only six
king, bearing the name of Edward since the conquest, there­
fore it cannot be there should be more. Hooker, b. ii.

MOH

MO’HAIR. n. s. [mohere, moire, Fr.] Thread or stuff made
of camels or other hair.
She, while her lover pants upon her breast,
Can mark the figures on an Indian chest,
And when she sees her friend in deep despair,
Observes how much a chintz exceeds mohair. Pope.

MO’HOCK. n. s. The name of a cruel nation of America given
to russians who infested, or rather were imagined to infest,
the streets of London.
From milk-sop he starts up mohock. Prior.
Who has not trembled at the mohock's name? Gay.
Thou hast fallen upon me with the rage of a mad dog, or
a mohock. Dennis.

MOI

MOI’DERED. adj. Crazed. Ains.

MO’IDORE. n. s. [moede, Fr.] A Portugal coin, rated at one
pound seven shillings.

MO’IETY. n. s. [moitié, French, from moien, the middle.]
Half; one of two equal parts.
This company being divided into two equal moieties, the
one before, the other since the coming of Christ; that part
which, since the coming of Christ, partly hath embraced,
and partly shall embrace, the Christian religion, we term as
by a more proper name, the church of Christ. Hooker, b. iii.
The death of Antony
Is not a single doom, in that name lay
A moiety of the world. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Say, that she were gone,
Given to the fire, a moiety of my rest
Might come to me. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Touch'd with human gentleness and love,
Forgive a moiety of the principal. Shakespeare.
The militia was settled, a moiety of which should be nomi­
nated by the king, and the other moiety by the parliament. Cl.
As this is likely to produce a cessation of arms among one
half of our island, it is reasonable that the more beautiful
moiety of his majesty's subjects should establish a truce. Addis.

To MOIL. v. a. [mouiller, French.]
1. To dawb with dirt.
All they which were left were moiled with dirt and mire
by reason of the deepness of the rotten way. Knolles.
2. To weary.
No more tug one another thus, nor moil yourselves, re­
ceive
Prize equal. Chapman's Iliad.

To MOIL. v. n. [mouiller, French.]
1. To labour in the mire.
Moil not too much under-ground, for the hope of mines
is very uncertain. Bacon's Essays.
2. To toil; to drudge.
They toil and moil for the interest of their masters, that
in requital break their hearts; and the freer they are of their
flesh, the more scandalous is the bondage. L'Estrange.
Oh the endless misery of the life I lead! cries the moiling
husband; to spend all my days in ploughing. L'Estrange.
Now he must moil, and drudge, for one he loaths. Dry.
With thee 'twas Marian's dear delight
To moil all day, and merry-make at night. Gay's Past.

MOIST. adj. [moiste, moite, French.]
1. Wet, not dry; wet, not liquid; wet in a small degree.
Why were the moist in number so outdone,
That to a thousand dry they are but one. Blackmore.
Many who live well in a dry air, fall into all the diseases
that depend upon a relaxation in a moist one. Arbuthnot.
Nor yet, when moist Arcturus clouds the sky,
The woods and fields their pleasing toils deny. Pope.
2. Juicy; succulent. Ains.

To MOIST. v. a. [from moist.] To make damp; to make
wet to a small degree; to damp.

To MOISTEN. v. a. [from moist.] To make damp; to make
wet to a small degree; to damp.
Write till your ink be dry; and with your tears
Moist it again; and frame some feeling line. Shakespeare.
His breasts are full of milk, and his bones are moistened
with marrow. Job xxi. 24.
A pipe a little moistened on the inside, so as there be no
drops left, maketh a more solemn sound than if the pipe
were dry. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 230.
When torrents from the mountains fall no more, the swel­
ling river is reduced into his shallow bed, with scarce water
to moisten his own pebbles. Dryden's æn.

MO’ISTENER. n. s. [from moisten.] The person or thing that
moistens.

MO’ISTNESS. n. s. [from moist.] Dampness; wetness in a small
degree.
Pleasure both kinds take in the moistness and density of the
air. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 823.
The small particles of brick or stone the least moistiness
would join together. Addison's Guard.

MO’ISTURE. n. s. [moiteur, Fr. from moist.] Small quantity of
water or liquid.
Sometimes angling to a little river near hand, which, for
the moisture it bestowed upon roots of some flourishing trees,
was rewarded with their shadow. Sidney.
All my body's moisture
Scarce serves to quench my furnace-burning heat. Shak.
Set such plants as require much moisture upon sandy, dry
grounds. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 526.
While dryness moisture, coldness heat resists,
All that we have, and that we are, subsists. Denham.
If some penurious source by chance appear'd
Scanty of waters, when you scoop'd it dry,
And offer'd the full helmet up to Cato,
Did he not dash th' uncasted moisture from him. Addison.

MOKES of a net. The meshes. Ains.

MO’KY. adj. Dark: as, moky weather. Ains. It seems a
corruption of murky: and in some places they call it muggy,
dusky.

MOL

MOLE. n. s. [mœl, Saxon; mole, Fr. mola, Lat.]
1. A mole is a formless concretion of extravasated blood, which
grows unto a kind of flesh in the uterus, and is called a false
conception. Quincy.
2. A natural spot or discolouration of the body.
To nourish hair upon the moles of the face, is the perpe­
tuation of a very antient custom. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Such in painting are the warts and moles, which adding a
likeness to the face, are not therefore to be omitted. Dryden.
That Timothy Trim and Jack were the same person, was
proved, particularly by a mole under the left pap. Arbuthnot.
The peculiarities in Homer are marks and moles, by which
every common eye distinguishes him. Pope.
3. [From moles, Lat. mole, Fr.] A mound; a dyke.
Sion is streightened on the north side by the sea-ruined
wall of the mole. Sandys.
With asphaltick slime the gather'd beach
They fasten'd; and the mole immense wrought on
Over the foaming deep high-arch'd; a bridge
Of length prodigious. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
The great quantities of stones dug out of the rock could
not easily conceal themselves, had they not been consumed in
the moles and buildings of Naples. Addison on Italy.
Bid the broad arch the dang'rous flood contain,
The mole projected break the roaring main. Pope.
4. A little beast that works under-ground.
Tread softly, that the blind mole may not
Hear a foot fall; we now are near his cell. Shakespeare.
What is more obvious than a mole, and yet what more
palpable argument of Providence? More.
Moles have perfect eyes, and holes for them through the
skin, not much bigger than a pin's head. Ray on the Creation.
Thy arts of building from the bee receive;
Learn of the mole to plow, the worm to weave. Pope.

MO’LEBAT. n. s. A fish. Ains.

MO’LECAST. n. s. [mole and cast.] Hillock cast up by a mole.
In Spring let the molecasts be spread, because they hinder
the mowers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

MO’LECATCHER. n. s. [mole and catcher.] One whose employ­
ment is to catch moles.
Get moulecatcher cunningly moule for to kill,
And harrow and cast abroad every hill. Tusser's Husb.

MO’LEHILL. n. s. [mole and hill.] Hillock thrown up by the
mole working underground.
You feed your solitariness with the conceits of the poets,
whose liberal pens can as easily travel over mountains as mole­
hills. Sidney.
The rocks, on which the salt-sea billows beat,
And Atlas' tops, the clouds in height that pass,
Compar'd to his huge person molehills be. Fairfax.
A churchwarden, to express Saint Martin's in the Fields,
caused to be engraved a martin sitting upon a molehill between
two trees. Peacham on Blazoning.
Our politician having baffied conscience, must not be non­
plused with inferior obligations; and, having leapt over such
mountains, lie down before a molehill. South's Sermons.


Mountains, which to your Maker's view
Seem less than molehills do to you. Roscommon.
Strange ignorance! that the same man who knows
How far yond' mount above this molehill shows,
Should not perceive a difference as great
Between small incomes and a vast estate! Dryden's Juv.

To MOLE’ST. v. a. [molester, Fr. molestus, Lat.] To disturb;
to trouble; to vex.
If they will firmly persist concerning points which hitherto
have been disputed of, they must agree that they have molest­
ed the church with needless opposition. Hooker, b. iii.
No man shall meddle with them, or molest them in any
matter. 1 Mac. x. 35.
Pleasure and pain signify whatsoever delights or molests us.
Locke.
Both are doom'd to death;
And the dead wake not to molest the living. Rowe.

MOLESTA’TION. n. s. [molestia, Latin, from molest.] Distur­
bance; uneasiness caused by vexation.
Though useless unto us, and rather of molestation, we re­
frain from killing swallows. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
An internal satisfaction and acquiescience, or dissatisfaction
and molestation of spirit, attend the practice of virtue and vice
respectively. Norris's Miscel.

MOLE’STER. n. s. [from molest.] One who disturbs.

MO’LETRACK. n. s. [mole and track.] Course of the mole un­
der-ground.
The pot-trap is a deep earthen vessel set in the ground,
with the brim even with the bottom of the moletracks. Mort.

MO’LEWARP. n. s. [mole and weorpan, Saxon.] A mole.
The molewarp's brains mixt therewith all,
And with the same the pismire's gall. Drayton's Nymphid.

MO’LLIENT. adj. [molliens, Latin.] Softening.

MO’LLIFIABLE. adj. [from mollify.] That may be softened.

MOLLIFICA’TION. n. s. [from mollify.]
1. The act of mollifying or softening.
For induration or mollification, it is to be inquired what
will make metals harder and harder, and what will make
them softer and softer. Bacon.
2. Pacification; mitigation.
Some mollification, sweet lady. Shakespeare.

MO’LLIFIER. n. s. [from mollify.]
1. That which softens; that which appeases.
The root hath a tender, dainty heat; when, when it
cometh above ground to the sun and air, vanisheth; for it is
a great mollifier. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 863.
2. He that pacifies or mitigates.

To MO’LLIFY. v. a. [mollio, Latin; mollir, Fr.]
1. To soften; to make soft.
2. To asswage.
Neither herb, nor mollifying plaister, restored them to
health. Wisd. xvi. 12.
Sores have not been closed, neither bound up, neither mol­
lified with ointment. Isa. i. 6.
3. To appease; to pacify; to quiet.
Thinking her silent imaginations began to work upon some­
what, to mollify them, as the nature of musick is to do,
I took up my harp. Sidney, b. ii.
He brought them to these savage parts,
And with sweet science mollify'd their stubborn hearts.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The crone, on the wedding-night, finding the knight's
aversion, speaks a good word for herself, in hope to mollify
the sullen bridegroom. Dryden.
4. To qualify; to lessen any thing harsh or burdensome.
They would, by yielding to some things, when they re­
fused others, sooner prevail with the houses to mollify their
demands, than at first to reform them. Clarendon, b. viii.
Cowley thus paints Goliah:
The valley, now, this monster seem'd to fill,
And we, methought, look'd up to him from our hill;
where the two words, seem'd and methought, have mollified
the figure. Dryden's Pref. to his State of Innocence.

MO’LTEN.  part. pass. from melt.
Brass is molten out of the stone. Job xxviii. 2.
In a small furnace made of a temperate heat; let the heat
be such as may keep the metal molten, and no more. Bacon.
Love's mystick form the artizans of Greece
In wounded stone, or molten gold express. Prior.

MO’LY. n. s. [moly, Latin; moly, French.]
The molly hath pinnated leaves, like those of the lentiscus,
but are terminated by an odd lobe: the flower expands in the
form of a rose, and the fruit resembles a grain of pepper.
Miller.
Moly, or wild garlick, is of several sorts; as the great
moly of Homer, the Indian moly, the moly of Hungary, ser­
pent's moly, the yellow moly, Spanish purple moly, Spanish
silver-capped moly, Dioscorides's moly, the sweet moly of Mont­
pelier; the roots are tender, and must be carefully defended
from frosts: as for the time of their flowering, the moly of
Homer flowers in May, and continues till July, and so do
all the rest except the last, which is late in September: they
are hardy, and will thrive in any soil. Mortimer's Husb.
The sovereign plant he drew,
And shew'd its nature, and its wond'rous pow'r,
Black was the root, but milky white the flow'r;
Molly the name. Pope's Odyssey.

MOLO’SSES. n. s. [mellazzo, Italian.] Treacle; the spume or
scum of the juice of the sugar-cane.

MOLA’SSES. n. s. [mellazzo, Italian.] Treacle; the spume or
scum of the juice of the sugar-cane.

MOM

MOME. n. s. A dull, stupid blockhead, a stock, a post: this
owes its original to the French word momon, which signifies
the gaming at dice in masquerade, the custom and rule of
which is, that a strict silence is to be observed; whatsoever
sum one stakes another covers, but not a word is to be
spoken; from hence also comes our word mum for silence.
Hanmer.
Momé, malthorse, capon, coxcomb, idiot, patch!
Either get thee from the door, or sit down at the hatch.
Shakespeare's Comedy of Errours.

MO’MENT. n. s. [moment, Fr. momentum, Latin.]
1. Consequence; importance; weight; value.
We do not find that our Saviour reproved them of error,
for thinking the judgment of the scribes to be worth the ob­
jecting, for esteeming it to be of any moment or value in mat­
ters concerning God. Hooker, b. ii.
I have seen her die twenty times upon far poorer moment.
Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
What towns of any moment but we have? Shakesp.
It is an abstruse speculation, but also of far less moment and
consequence to us than the others; seeing that without this
we can evince the existence of God. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Force; impulsive weight; actuating power.
The place of publick prayer is a circumstance in the out­
ward form, which hath moment to help devotion. Hooker.
Can these or such be any aid to us?
Look they as they were built to shake the world?
Or be a moment to our enterprize? Benj. Johnson.
Touch with lightest moment of impulse
His free-will, to her own inclining left
In even scale. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
He is a capable judge; can hear both sides with an indif­
ferent ear; is determined only by the moments of truth, and
so retracts his past errors. Norris's Miscel.
3. An indivisible particle of time.
If I would go to hell for an eternal moment, or so, I could
be knighted. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The flighty purpose never is o'ertook,
Unless the deed go with it: from this moment
The very firstlings of my heart shall be
The firstlings of my hand. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The imaginary reasoning of brutes is not a distinct reason­
ing, but performed in a physical moment. Hale.
Yet thus receiving and returning bliss
In this great moment, in this golden now,
When ev'ry trace of what, or when, or how,
Shou'd from my soul by raging love be torn. Prior.

MOME’NTALLY. adv. [from momentum, Latin.] For a mo­
ment.
Air but momentally remaining in our bodies, hath no pro­
portionable space for its conversion, only of length enough to
refrigerate the heart. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

MOMENTA’NEOUS. adj. [momentanée, Fr. momentaneus, Lat.]
Lasting but a moment.

MO’MENTANY. adj. [momentanée, Fr. momentaneus, Lat.]
Lasting but a moment.
Small difficulties, when exceeding great good is sure to en­
sue; and, on the other side, momentary benefits, when the
hurt which they draw after them is unspeakable, are not at
all to be respected. Hooker, b. i.
Flame above is durable and consistent; but with us it is a
stranger and momentany. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 31.

MO’MENTARY. adj. [from moment.] Lasting for a moment;
done in a moment.
Momentary as a sound,
Swift as a shadow, short as any dream. Shakespeare.
Scarce could the shady king
The horrid sum of his intentions tell,
But she, swift as the momentany wing
Of light'ning, or the words he spoke, left hell. Crashaw.
Swift as thought the flitting shade
Through air his momentary journey made. Dryden.
Onions, garlick, pepper, salt and vinegar, taken in great
quantities, excite a momentary heat and fever. Arbuthnot.

MOME’NTOUS. adj. [from momentum, Latin.] Important;
weighty; of consequence.
Great Anne, weighing th'events of war
Momentous, in her prudent heart thee chose. Philips.
If any false step be made in the more momentous concerns
of life, the whole scheme of ambitious designs is broken. Add.



MO’MMERY. n. s. [or mummery, from mummer, momerie, Fr.]
An entertainment in which maskers play frolicks. See MOME.
All was jollity,
Feasting and mirth, light wantonness and laughter,
Piping and playing, minstrelsy and masking,
Till life fled from us like an idle dream,
A shew of mommery without a meaning.  Rowe.

MON

MO’NACHAL. adj. [monacal, Fr. monachalis, Lat. ???a???.]
Monastick; relating to monks; or conventual orders.

MO’NACHISM. n. s. [monachisme, Fr.] The state of monks;
the monastick life.

MO’NAD. n. s. [????.] An indivisible thing.]

MO’NADE. n. s. [????.] An indivisible thing.]
Disunity is the natural property of matter, which of itself
is nothing else but an infinite congeries of physical monads.
More's Divine Dialogues.

MO’NARCH. n. s. [monarch, Fr. ???a????.]
1. A governor invested with absolute authority; a king.
I was
A morsel for a monarch.  Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Your brother kings and monarchs of the earth
Do all expect that you should rouse yourself.  Shakespeare.
The father of a family or nation, that uses his servants like
children, and advises with them in what concerns the com­
monweal, and thereby is willingly obeyed by them, is what
the schools mean by a monarch.  Temple's Miscel.
2. One superior to the rest of the same kind.
The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees,
Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state, and in three more decays.  Dryden.
With ease distinguish'd is the regal race,
One monarch wears an open, honest face;
Shap'd to his size, and godlike to behold,
His royal body shines with specks of gold.  Dryden's Virg.
Return'd with dire remorseless sway,
The monarch savage rends the trembling prey.  Pope's Odys.
3. President.
Come, thou monarch of the vine,
Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne,
In thy vats our cares be drown'd.  Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

MONA’RCHAL. adj. [from monarch.] Suiting a monarch; re­
gal; princely; imperial.
Satan, whom now transcendent glory rais'd
Above his fellows, with monarchal pride,
Conscious of highest worth, unmov'd thus spake.  Milton.

MONA’RCHICAL. adj. [monarchique, Fr. ???a????, from mo­
narch.] Vested in a single ruler.
That storks will only live in free states, is a pretty con­
ceit to advance the opinion of popular policies, and from an­
tipathies in nature to disparage monarchical government.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
The decretals resolve all into a monarchical power at Rome.
Baker's Reflections on Learning.

To MO’NARCHISE. v. n. [from monarch.] To play the king.
Allowing him a breath, a little scene
To monarchize, be fear'd, and kill with looks.  Shakesp.

MO’NARCHY. n. s. [monarchie, Fr. ???a???a.]
1. The government of a single person.
While the monarchy flourished, these wanted not a protec­
tor.  Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Kingdom; empire.
I past
Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.
The first that there did greet my stranger soul,
Was my great father-in-law, renowned Warwick,
Who cried aloud, What scourge for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence.  Shakespeare.
This small inheritance
Contenteth me, and 's worth a monarchy.  Shakespeare.

MO’NASTERY. n. s. [monastere, Fr. monasterium, Lat.] House
of religious retirement; convent. It is usually pronounced,
and often written, monastry.
Then courts of kings were held in high renown;
There, virgins honourable vows receiv'd,
But chaste as maids in monasteries liv'd.  Dryden.
In a monastery your devotions cannot carry you so far toward
the next world, as to make this lose the sight of you.  Pope.

MONA’STICK. adj. [monastique, Fr. monasticus, Latin.] Re­
ligiously recluse; pertaining to a monk.

MONA’STICAL. adj. [monastique, Fr. monasticus, Latin.] Re­
ligiously recluse; pertaining to a monk.
I drave my suitor to forswear the full stream of the world,
and to live in a nook merely monastick.  Shak. As you like it.
The silicious and hairy vests of the strictest orders of friers
derive the institution of their monastick life from the example
of John and Elias.  Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
When young, you led a life monastick,
And wore a vast ecclesiastick;
Now in your age you grow fantastick.  Denham.

MONA’STICALLY. adv. [from monastick.] Reclusely; in the
manner of a monk.
I have a dozen years more to answer for, all monastically
passed in this country of liberty and delight.  Swift.

MO’NDAY. n. s. [from moon and day.] The second day of the
week.

MO’NEY. n. s. [monnoye, French; moneta, Latin. It has pro­
perly no plural except when money is taken for a single piece;
but monies was formerly used for sums.] Metal coined for
the purposes of commerce.
Importune him for monies; be not ceast
With slight denial. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
The jealous wittolly knave hath masses of money. Shakesp.
You need my help, and you say,
Shylock, we would have monies. Shakespeare.
I will give thee the worth of it in money. 1 Kings xxi. 2.
Wives the readiest helps
To betray heady husbands, rob the easy,
And lend the monies on return of lust. Benj. Johnson.
Money differs from uncoined silver, in that the quantity of
silver in each piece of money is ascertained by the stamp it
bears, which is a publick voucher. Locke.
My discourse to the hen-peck'd has produced many corre­
spondents; such a discourse is of general use, and every mar­
ried man's money. Addison's Spect. No 482.
People are not obliged to receive any monies, except of
their own coinage by a publick mint. Swift.
Those hucksterers or money jobbers will be found necessary,
if this brass money is made current in the exchequer. Swift.

MO’NEYBAG. n. s. [money and bag.] A large purse.
Look to my house; I am right loth to go;
There is some ill a brewing towards my rest,
For I did dream of moneybags to-night. Shakespeare.
My place was taken up by an ill-bred puppy, with a mo­
neybag under each arm. Addison's Guard. No. 106.

MO’NEYBOX. n. s. [money and box.] A till.

MO’NEYCHANGER. n. s. [money and change.] A broker in
money.
The userers or moneychangers being a scandalous employment
at Rome, is a reason for the high rate of interest. Arbuthnot.

MO’NEYED. adj. [from money.] Rich in money: often used in
opposition to those who are possessed of lands.
Invite moneyed men to lend to the merchants, for the con­
tinuing and quickening of trade. Bacon's Essays.
If exportation will not balance importation, away must
your silver go again, whether moneyed or not moneyed; for
where goods do not, silver must pay for the commodities you
spend. Locke.
Several turned their money into those funds, merchants as
well as other moneyed men. Swift.
With these measures fell in all monied men; such as had
raised vast sums by trading with stocks and funds, and lend­
ing upon great interest. Swift.

MO’NEYER. n. s. [monnoyer-cur, Fr. from money.]
1. One that deals in money; a banker.
2. A coiner of money.

MO’NEYLESS. adj. [from money.] Wanting money; penniless.
The strong expectation of a good certain salary will out­
weigh the loss by bad rents received out of lands in moneyless
time. Swift.

MO’NEYMATTER. n. s. [money and matter.] Account of debtor
and creditor.
What if you and I Nick should enquire how moneymatters
stand between us? Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bill.

MO’NEYSCRIVENER. n. s. [money and scrivener.] One who raises
money for others.
Suppose a young unexperienced man in the hands of money­
seriveners; such fellows are like your wire-drawing mills, if
they get hold of a man's finger, they will pull in his whole
body at last. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

MO’NEYWORT. n. s. A plant.

MO’NEYSWORTH. n. s. [money and worth.] Something value­
able; something that will bring money.
There is either money or moneysworth in all the controver­
sies of life; for we live in a mercenary world, and it is the
price of all things in it. L'Estrange

MO’NGCORN. n. s. [mang, Saxon, and corn.] Mixed corn:
as, wheat and rie.

MO’NGER. n. s. [mangere, Saxon, a trader; from mangian,
Saxon, to trade.] A dealer; a seller. It is used after the
name of any commodity to express a seller of that commo­
dity: as, a fishmonger; and sometimes a medler in any thing:
as, a whoremonger; a newsmonger.
Th' impatient states monger
Could now contain himself no longer. Hudibras, p. iii.

MO’NGREL. adj. [as mongcorn, from mang, Saxon, or mengen,
to mix, Dutch.] Of a mixed breed.
This zealot
Is of a mongrel, divers kind,
Clerick before, and lay behind. Hudibras, p. i.
Ye mongrel work of heav'n, with human shapes,
That have but just enough of sense to know
The master's voice. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
I'm but a half-strain'd villain yet,
But mongrel mischievous. Dryden.


Base, groveling, worthless wretches;
Mongrels in faction; poor faint-hearted traitors. Addison.
His friendship still to few confin'd,
Were always of the middling kind;
No fools of rank, or mongrel breed,
Who fain wou'd pass for lords indeed. Swift's Miscel.

MO’NIMENT. n. s. [from moneo, Lat.] It seems here to signify
inscription.
Some others were driven and distent
Into great ingots and to wedges square,
Some in round plates withouten moniment. Fairy Queen.

To MO’NISH. v. a. [moneo, Lat.] To admonish, of which it
is a contraction.
Monish him gently, which shall make him both willing to
amend, and glad to go forward in love. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

MO’NISHER. n. s. [from monish.] An admonisher; a monitor.

MONI’TION. n. s. [monitio, Latin; monition, Fr.]
1. Information; hint.
We have no visible monition of the returns of any other
periods, such as we have of the day, by successive light and
darkness. Holder on Time.
2. Instruction; document.
Unruly ambition is deaf, not only to the advice of friends,
but to the counsels and monitions of reason itself. L'Estrange.
After sage monitions from his friends,
His talents to employ for nobler ends,
He turns to politicks his dang'rous wit. Swist.

MO’NITOR. n. s. [Latin.] One who warns of faults, or in­
forms of duty; one who gives useful hints. It is used of an
upper scholar in a school commissioned by the master to look
to the boys in his absence.
You need not be a monitor to the king; his learning is
eminent: be but his scholar, and you are safe. Bacon.
It was the privilege of Adam innocent to have these notions
also firm and untainted, to carry his monitor in his bosom, his
law in his heart, and to have such a conscience as might be
its own casuist. South's Sermons.
We can but divine who it is that speaks; whether Persius
himself, or his friend and monitor, or a third person. Dryden.
The pains that come from the necessities of nature, are
monitors to us to beware of greater mischiefs. Locke.

MO’NITORY. adj. [monitoire, Fr. monitorius, Lat.] Conveying
useful instruction; giving admonition.
Losses, miscarriages, and disappointments, are monitory
and instructive. L'Estrange's Fables.
He is so taken up still, in spite of the monitory hint in my
essay, with particular men, that he neglects mankind. Pope.

MO’NITORY. n. s. Admonition; warning.
A king of Hungary took a bishop in battle, and kept him
prisoner; whereupon the pope writ a monitory to him, for
that he had broken the privilege of holy church. Bacon.

MONK. n. s. [monec, Saxon; monachus, Latin; ???a??.]
One of a religious community bound by vows to certain ob­
servances.
'Twould prove the verity of certain words,
Spoke by a holy monk. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Abdemeleck, as one weary of the world, gave over all,
and betook himself to a solitary life, and became a melan­
choly Mahometan monk. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The dronish monks, the scorn and shame of manhood,
Rouse and prepare once more to take possession,
And nestle in their ancient hives again. Rowe.
Monks, in some respects, agree with regulars, as in the
substantial vows of religion; but in other respects, monks and
regulars differ; for that regulars, vows excepted, are not tied
up to so strict a rule of life as monks are. Ayliffe's Parergon.

MO’NKEY. n. s. [monikin, a little man.]
1. An ape; a baboon; a jackanapes. An animal bearing some
resemblance of man.
One of them shewed me a ring that he had of your daugh­
ter for a monkey: Tubal, it was my turquoise; I would not
have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. Shakespeare.
More new-fangled than an ape; more giddy in my desires
than a monkey. Shakesp. As you like it.
Other creatures, as well as monkeys, destroy their young
ones by senseless fondness. Locke on Education.
With glittering gold and sparkling gems they shine,
But apes and monkeys are the gods within. Granville.
2. A word of contempt, or slight kindness.
This is the monkey's own giving out; she is persuaded I
will marry her. Shakespeare's Othello.
Poor monkey! how wilt thou do for a father? Shakesp.

MO’NKERY. n. s. [from monk.] The monastick life.
Neither do I meddle with their evangelical perfection of
vows, nor the dangerous servitude of their rash and impotent
votaries, nor the inconveniences of their monkery. Hall.

MO’NKHOOD. n. s. [monk and hood.] The character of a monk.
He had left off his monkhood too, and was no longer obliged
to them. Atterbury.

MO’NKISH. adj. [from monk.] Monastick; pertaining to monks;
taught by monks.
Those publick charities are a greater ornament to this city
than all its wealth, and do more real honour to the reformed
religion, than redounds to the church of Rome from all those
monkish and superstitious foundations of which she vainly
boasts. Atterbury's Sermons.
Rise, rise, Roscommon, see the Blenheim muse,
The dull constraint of monkish rhyme refuse. Smith.

MONK’S-HOOD. n. s. A plant. Ains.

MONK’S-RHUBARB. n. s. A species of dock: its roots are
used in medicine.

MO’NOCHORD. n. s. [??? and ???d.]
1. An instrument of one string: as, the trumpet marine. Har.
2. A kind of instrument anciently of singular use for the regu­
lating of sounds: the ancients made use of it to determine
the proportion of sounds to one another: when the chord was
divided into two equal parts, so that the terms were as one
to one, they called them unisons; but if they were as two
to one, they called them octaves or diapasons; when they
were as three to two, they called them fifths or diapentes;
if they were as four to three, they called them fourths or dia­
tesserons; if the terms were as five to four, they called it
diton, or a tierce major; but if the terms were as six to five,
then they called it a demi-diton, or a tierce minor; and,
lastly, if the terms were as twenty-four to twenty-five, they
called it a demiton or dieze: the monochord being thus divid­
ed, was properly that which they called a system, of which
there were many kinds, according to the different divisions of
the monochord. Harris.

MON’OCULAR. adj. [??? and oculus.] One-eyed; having
only one eye.

MONO’CULOUS. adj. [??? and oculus.] One-eyed; having
only one eye.
He was well served who, going to cut down an antient
white hawthorn tree, which, because she budded before
others, might be an occasion of superstition, had some of the
prickles flew into his eyes, and made him monocular. Howel.
Those of China repute all the rest of the world monoculous.
Glanville's Scep.

MO’NODY. n. s. [????d?a; monodie, Fr.] A poem sung by one
person not in dialogue.

MONO’GAMIST. n. s. [??? and ?a?; monogame, Fr.] One
who disallows second marriages.

MONO’GAMY. n. s. [monogamie, Fr. ????? and ?a???.] Mar­
riage of one wife.

MO’NOGRAM. n. s. ??? and ?????a; monogramme, Fr.] A
cypher; a character compounded of several letters.

MO’NOLOGUE. n. s. [??? and ???; monologue, Fr.] A
scene in which a person of the drama speaks by himself; a
soliloquy.
He gives you an account of himself, and of his returning
from the country, in monologue; to which unnatural way of
narration Terence is subject in all his plays. Dryden.

MO’NOMACHY. n. s. [?????a??a; ??? and ????.] A duel;
a single combat.

MO’NOME. n. s. [monome, Fr.] In algebra, a quantity that has
but one denomination or name; as, ab, aab, aaab. Harris.

MONOPE’TALOUS. adv. [monopetale, Fr. ??? and ?ta???.]
It is used for such flowers as are formed out of one leaf, how­
soever they may be seemingly cut into many small ones, and
those fall off together. Quincy.

MONO’POLIST. n. s. [monopoleur, French.] One who by en­
grossing or patent obtains the sole power or privilege of vend­
ing any commodity.

To MONO’POLIZE. v. a. [??? and ????; monopoler, Fr.]
To have the sole power or privilege of vending any commo­
dity.
He has such a prodigious trade, that if there is not some
stop put, he will monopolize; nobody will sell a yard of dra­
pery, or mercery ware, but himself. Arbuthnot.

MONO’POLY. n. s. [????p???a; monopole, Fr. ??? and ?­
???.] The exclusive privilege of selling any thing.
Dost thou call me fool, boy?
—All thy other titles hast thou given away; that thou
wast born with.
—Lords and great men will not let me; if I had a mono­
poly on't they would have part on't. Shakesp. King Lear.
One of the most oppressive monopolies imaginable; all
others can concern only something without us, but this fas­
tens upon our nature, yea upon our reason. Go. of the Tongue.
Shakespeare rather writ happily than knowingly and justly;
and Johnson, who by studying Horace, had been acquainted
with the rules, yet seemed to envy to posterity that know­
ledge, and to make a monopoly of his learning. Dryden's Juv.

MONO’PTOTE. n. s. [??? and s??.] Is a noun used only
in some one oblique case. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

MONO’STICH. n. s. [?????????.] A composition of one verse.

MONOSYLLA’BICAL. adj. [from monosyllable.] Consisting of
words of one syllable.

MONOSY’LLABLE. n. s. [monosyllabe, Fr. ??? and s??­
?a.] A word of only one syllable.
My name of Ptolemy!
It is so long it asks an hour to write it:
I'll change it into Jove or Mars!
Or any other civil monosyllable,
That will not tire my hand. Dryden's Cleomenes.


These, although not insensible how much our language
was already over-stocked with monosyllables, yet, to save time
and pains, introduced that barbarous custom of abbreviating
words, to fit them to the measure of their verses. Swift.
Monosyllable lines, unless artfully managed, are stiff or lan­
guishing; but may be beautiful to express melancholy.
Pope.

MONOSY’LLABLED. adj. [monosyllabe, Fr. from monosyllable.]
Consisting of one syllable.
Nine taylors, if rightly spell'd,
Into one man are monosyllabled. Cleveland.

MONO’TONY. n. s. [???????a; ?????; and t????; monotonie, Fr.]
Uniformity of sound; want of variety in cadence.
I could object to the repetition of the same rhimes within
four lines of each other as tiresome to the ear through their
monotony. Pope's Letters.

MO’NSIEUR. n. s. [French.] A term of reproach for a
Frenchman.
A Frenchman his companion;
An eminent monsieur, that, it seems, much loves
A Gallian girl. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

MONSO’ON. n. s. [monson, monçon, Fr.]
Monsoons are shifting trade winds in the East Indian ocean,
which blow periodically; some for half a year one way,
others but for three months, and then shift and blow for six
or three months directly contrary. Harris.
The monsoons and trade winds are constant and periodical
even to the thirtieth degree of latitude all around the globe,
and seldom transgress or fall short of those bounds. Ray.

MO’NSTER. n. s. [monstre, Fr. monstrum, Latin.]
1. Something out of the common order of nature.
It ought to be determined whether monsters be really a di­
stinct species; we find, that some of these monstrous pro­
ductions have none of those qualities that accompany the
essence of that species from whence they derive. Locke.
2. Something horrible for deformity, wickedness, or mischief.
If she live long,
And, in the end, meet the old course of death,
Women will all turn monsters. Shakesp. King Lear.
All human virtue
Finds envy never conquer'd but by death:
The great Alcides ev'ry labour past,
Had still this monster to subdue at last. Pope.

To MO’NSTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To put out of the
common order of things. Not in use.
Her offence
Must be of such unnatural degreee
That monsters it. Shakesp. King Lear.
I had rather have one scratch my head i' th' sun,
When the alarum were struck, than idly sit
To hear my nothings monster'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

MONSTRO’SITY. n. s. [from monstrous.] The state of being
monstrous, or out of the common order
of the universe. Monstrosity is more analogous.

MONSTRU’OSITY. n. s. [from monstrous.] The state of being
monstrous, or out of the common order
of the universe. Monstrosity is more analogous.
This is the monstruosity in love, that the will is infinite,
and the execution confin'd. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
Such a tacit league is against such routs and shoals of peo­
ple, as have utterly degenerated from nature, as have in their
very body and frame of estate a monstrosity. Bacon.
We read of monstrous births, but we often see a greater
monstrosity in educations: thus, when a father has begot a
man, he trains him up into a beast. South's Sermons.
By the same law monstrosity could not incapacitate from mar­
riage, witness the case of hermaphrodites. Arbuthnot and Pope.

MO’NSTROUS. adj. [monstrueux, Fr. monstrosus, Latin.]
1. Deviating from the stated order of nature.
Every thing that exists has its particular constitution; and
yet some monstrous productions have few of those qualities
which accompany the essence of that species from whence
they derive their originals. Locke.
2. Strange; wonderful. Generally with some degree of dis­
like.
Is it not monstrous that this player here
But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,
Could force his soul so to his conceit,
That, from her working, all his visage wan'd. Shakesp.
O monstrous! but one halfpenny worth of bread to this
intolerable deal of sack. Shakespeare.
3. Irregular; enormous.
No monstrous height, or breadth, or length appear,
The whole at once is bold and regular. Pope.
4. Shocking; hateful.
This was an invention given out by the Spaniards, to save
the monstrous scorn their nation received. Bacon.

MONSTROUS. adv. Exceedingly; very much. A cant term.
Oil of vitriol and petroleum, a dram of each, turn into a
mouldy substance, there residing a fair cloud in the bottom,
and a monstrous thick oil on the top. Bacon.
She was easily put off the hooks, and monstrous hard to be
pleased again. L'Estrange.
Add, that the rich have still a gibe in store,
And will be monstrous witty on the poor. Dryden's Juv.

MO’NSTROUSLY. adv. [from monstrous.]
1. In a manner out of the common order of nature; shock­
ingly; terribly; horribly.
He walks;
And that self chain about his neck,
Which he forswore most monstrously to have. Shakespeare.
Tiberius was bad enough in his youth, but superlatively
and monstrously so in his old age. South's Sermons.
2. To a great or enormous degree.
These truths with his example you disprove,
Who with his wife is monstrously in love. Dryden's Juv.

MO’NSTROUSNESS. n. s. [from monstrous.] Enormity; irregu­
lar nature or behaviour.
See the monstrousness of man,
When he looks out in an ungrateful shape! Shakespeare.

MO’NTANT. n. s. [French.] A term in fencing.
Vat be all you, one, two, tree, four, come for?
—To see thee fight, to see thee pass thy puncto, thy
stock, thy traverse, thy distance, thy montant. Shakesp.

MONTE’RO. n. s. [Spanish.] A horseman's cap.
His hat was like a helmet, or Spanish montero. Bacon.

MONTE’TH. n. s. [from the name of the inventor.] A vessel
in which glasses are washed.
New things produce new words, and thus Montoth
Has by one vessel sav'd his name from death. King.

MONTH. n. s. [monath, Saxon.] A space of time either mea­
sured by the sun or moon: the lunar month is the time be­
tween the change and change, or the time in which the moon
comes to the same point: the solar month is the time in
which the sun passes through a sign of the zodiack: the
calendar months, by which we reckon time, are unequally
of thirty or one-and-thirty days, except February, which is
of twenty-eight; and in leap year of twenty-nine.
Till the expiration of your month,
Sojourn with my sister. Shakesp. King Lear.
From a month old even unto five years old. Lev. xxvii. 6.
Months are not only lunary, and measured by the moon,
but also solary, and determined by the motion of the sun, in
thirty degrees of the ecliptick. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
As many months as I sustain'd her hate,
So many years is she condemn'd by fate
To daily death. Dryden's Theo. and Honoria.

MONTH's mind. n. s. Longing desire.
You have a month's mind to them. Shakespeare.
For if a trumpet sound, or drum beat,
Who has not a month's mind to combat? Hudibras, p. i.

MO’NTHLY. adj. [from month.]
1. Continuing a month; performed in a month.
I would ask concerning the monthly revolutions of the moon
about the earth, or the diurnal ones of the earth upon its
own axis, whether these have been finite or infinite. Bentley.
2. Happening every month.
The youth of heav'nly birth I view'd,
For whom our monthly victims are renew'd. Dryden.

MO’NTHLY. adv. Once in a month.
If the one may very well monthly, the other may as well
even daily, be iterated. Hooker, b. v.
O swear not by the moon, th'inconstant moon,
That changes monthly in her circled orb;
Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Shakespeare.

MONTO’IR. n. s. [French.] In horsemanship, a stone as high
as the stirrups, which Italian riding-masters mount their
horses from, without putting their foot in the stirrup. Dict.

MO’NUMENT. n. s. An under gunner, or assistant to a gunner,
engineer, or fire-master. Dict.

MO’NUMENT. n. s. [monument, Fr. monumentum, Latin.]
1. Any thing by which the memory of persons or things is pre­
served; a memorial.
In his time there remained the monument of his tomb in
the mountain Jasius. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
He is become a notable monument of unprosperous dis­
loyalty. King Charles.
So many grateful altars I would rear
Of grassy turf; and pile up every stone
Of lustre from the brook; in memory,
Or monument to ages: and thereon
Offer sweet-smelling gums. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Of ancient British art
A pleasing monument, not less admir'd
Than what from Attick or Etruscan hands
Arose. Philips.
Collect the best monuments of our friends, their own images
in their writings. Pope to Swift.
2. A tomb; a cenotaph; something erected in memory of the
dead.
On your family's old monument
Hang mournful epitaphs, and do all rites
That appertain unto a burial. Shakespeare.
The flowers which in the circling valley grow,
Shall on his monument their odours throw. Sandys's Paraph.
In a heap of slain,
Two youthful knights they found beneath a load opprest


Of slaughter'd foes, whom first to death they sent,
The trophies of their strength, a bloody monument. Dryd.
With thee on Raphael's monument I mourn,
Or wait inspiring dreams at Maro's urn. Pope's Miscel.

MONUME’NTAL. adj. [from monument.] Memorial; preserving
memory.
When the sun begins to fling
His flaring beams, me, goddess, bring
To arched walks of twilight groves,
And shadows brown that Sylvan loves,
Of pine or monumental oak. Milton.
The destruction of the earth was the most monumental
proof that could have been given to all the succeeding ages
of mankind. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. ii.
The polish'd pillar different sculptures grace,
A work outlasting monumental brass. Pope.
2. Raised in honour of the dead; belonging to a tomb.
Perseverance keeps honour bright:
To have done, is to hang quite out of fashion,
Like rusty mail in monumental mockery. Shakespeare.
I'll not scar that whiter skin of her than snow,
And smooth as monumental alabaster. Shakesp. Othello.
Therefore if he needs must go,
And the fates will have it so,
Softly may he be possest
Of his monumental rest. Crashaw.

MOO

MOOD. n. s. [mode, Fr. modus, Latin.]
1. The form of an argument.
Mood is the regular determination of propositions accord­
ing to their quantity and quality, i. e. their universal or par­
ticular affirmation or negation. Watts's Logick.
Aristotle reduced our loose reasonings to certain rules, and
made them conclude in mode and figure. Baker on Learning.
2. Stile of musick.
They move
In perfect phalanx, to the Dorian mood
Of flutes, and soft recorders. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
Their sound seems a tune
Harsh, and of dissonant mood from his complaint. Milton.
3. The change the verb undergoes in some languages, as the
Greek, Latin, and French, to signify various intentions of
the mind, is called mood. Clarke's Lat. Grammar.
4. [From mod, Gothick; mod, Saxon; moed, Dutch; and
generally in all Teutonick dialects.] Temper of mind; state
of mind as affected by any passion; disposition,
The trembling ghosts, with sad amazed mood,
Chattering their iron teeth, and staring wide
With stony eyes. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The kingly beast upon her gazing stood,
With pity calm'd, down fell his angry mood. Fairy Qu.
Eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum. Shakesp. Othello.
Clorinda changed to ruth her warlike mood,
Few silver drops her vermil cheeks depaint. Fairfax.
Solyman, in a melancholy mood, walked up and down in
his tent a great part of the night. Knolles.
She was in fittest mood
For cutting corns, or letting blood. Hudibras, p. ii.
These two kids t' appease his angry mood
I bear, of which the furies give him good. Dryden.
He now profuse of tears,
In suppliant mood fell prostrate at our feet. Addison.
5. Anger; rage; heat of mind. Mod, in Gothick, signifies
habitual temper.
That which we move for our better instruction's sake, turn­
eth into anger and choler in them; yet in their mood they cast
forth somewhat wherewith, under pain of greater displeasure,
we must rest contented. Hooker, b. v.

MO’ODY. adj. [from mood.]
1. Angry; out of humour.
How now, moody?
What is't thou canst demand? Shakesp. Tempest.
Chide him rev'rently,
When you perceive his blood inclin'd to mirth;
But being moody, give him line and scope,
Till that his passions, like a whale on ground,
Confound themselves with working. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Every peevish, moody malecontent
Shall set the senseless rabble in an uproar? Rowe.
2. Mental; intellectual: mod in Saxon signifies the mind.
Give me some musick; musick, moody food
Of us that trade in love. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

MOON. n. s. [????; mena, Gothick; mena, Saxon; mona,
Islandick; maane, Danish; mane, German; maen, Dutch.]
1. The changing luminary of the night, called by poets Cyn­
thia or Phœbe.
The moon shines bright: 'twas such a night as this,
When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees,
And they did make no noise. Shakespeare.
O swear not by the moon, th' inconstant moon,
That monthly changes in her circled orb,
Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Shakespeare.
Diana hath her name from moisten, which is the property
of the moon, being by nature cold and moist, and is seigned
to be a goddess huntress. Peacham.
Ye moon and stars bear witness to the truth! Dryden.
2. A month. Ains.
3. [In fortification.] It is used in composition to denote a figure
resembling a crescent: as, a half moon.

MOON-BEAM. n. s. [moon and beam.] Rays of lunar light.
The division and quavering, which please so much in mu­
sick, have an agreement with the glittering of light, as the
moon-beams playing upon a wave. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
On the water the moon-beams played, and made it appear
like floating quicksilver. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.

MOON-CALF. n. s. [moon and calf.]
1. A monster; a false conception: supposed perhaps anciently
to be produced by the influence of the moon.
How cam'st thou to be the siege of this moon-calf. Shak.
2. A dolt; a stupid fellow.
The potion works not on the part design'd,
But turns his brain, and stupifies his mind;
The sotted moon-calf gapes. Dryden's Juvenal.

MOON-EYED. adj. [moon and eye.]
1. Having eyes affected by the revolutions of the moon.
2. Dim eyed; purblind. Ains.

MOONFE’RN.] n. s. A plant. Ains.

MOON-FISH. n. s.
Moon-fish is so called, because the tail fin is shaped like a
half moon, by which, and his odd trussed shape, he is suf­
ficiently distinguished. Grew's Musæum.

MO’ONLESS. adj. [from moon.] Not enlightened by the moon.
Assisted by a friend, one moonless night,
This Palamon from prison took his flight. Dryden.

MO’ONLIGHT. n. s. [moon and light.] The light afforded by
the moon.
Their bishop and his clergy, being departed from them by
moonlight, to choose in his room any other bishop, had been
altogether impossible. Hooker.
Thou nast by moonlight at her window sung,
With feigning voice, verses of feigning love. Shakespeare.

MO’ONLIGHT. adj. Illuminated by the moon.
If you will patiently dance in our round,
And see our moonlight revels, go with us. Shakespeare.
What beck'ning ghost along the moonlight shade
Invites my steps, and points to yonder glade? Pope.

MOON-SEED. n. s. [menispermum, Latin.]
The moon-seed hath a rosaceous flower, consisting of several
small leaves, which are placed round the cmbrio in a circular
order: the pointal, which is divided into three parts at the
top, afterward becomes the fruit or berry, in which is in­
cluded one flat seed, which is, when ripe, hollowed like the
appearance of the moon. Milier.

MO’ONSHINE. n. s. [moon and shine.]
1. The lustre of the moon.
Pinch him, and burn him, and turn him about,
Till candles, and starlight, and moonshine be out. Shakesp.
I, by the moonshine, to the windows went:
And, ere I was aware, sigh'd to myself. Dryd. Span. Fr.
2. [In burlesque.] A month.
I am some twelve or fourteen moonshines
Lag of a brother. Shakespeare's King Lear.

MO’ONSHINE. adj. [moon and shine.] Illuminated by the moon:
both seem a popular corruption of moon­
shining.

MO’ONSHINY. adj. [moon and shine.] Illuminated by the moon:
both seem a popular corruption of moon­
shining.
Fairies, black, grey, green, and white,
You moonshine revellers, and shades of night. Shakespeare.
Althought it was a fair moonshine night, the enemy thought
not fit to assault them. Clarendon, b. viii.
I went to see them in a moonshiny night. Addison.

MO’ONSTONE. n. s. A kind of stone. Ains.

MO’ONSTRUCK. adj. [moon and struck.] Lunatick; affected by
the moon.
Demoniack phrensy, moaping melancholy,
And moonstruck madness. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

MOON-TREFOIL. n. s. [medicago, Latin.] A plant.
The moon-trefoil hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose
empalement arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a
plain orbiculated fruit, shaped like an half moon. Miller.

MO’ONWORT. n. s. [moon and wort.] Stationflower; honesty.
The flower of the moonwort consists of four leaves in form
of a cross; the ovary which ariss in the centre of the flower
becomes a compressed perfectly-smooth fruit, divided into two
cells, and filled with seeds. Miller.

MO’ONY. adj. [from moon.] Lunated; having a crescent for
the standard resembling the moo.
Encount'ring fierce
The Solymean sultan, he o'erthrew
His moony troops, returning bravely smear'd
With Panim blood. Philips.
The Soldan galls th' Illyrian coast;
But soon the miscreat moony host
Before the victor-cross shall fly. Fenton.

MOOR. n. s. [moer, Dutch; modder, Teutonick, clay.]
1. A marsh; a sen; a bog; a tract of low and watry grounds.


While in her girlish age she kept sheep on the moor, it
chanced that a London merchant passing by saw her, and
liked her, begged her'of her poor parents, and carried her to
his home. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
In the great level near Thorny, several trees of oak and
sir stand in firm earth below the moor. Hale.
Let the marsh of Elsham Bruges tell,
What colour were their waters that same day,
And all the moor 'twixt Elversham and Dell. Fairy Qu.
2. [Maurus, Latin.] A negro; a black-a-moor.
I shall answer that better than you can the getting up of
the negro's belly; the moor is with child by you. Shakesp.

To MOOR. v. a. [morer, French.] To fasten by anchors or
otherwise.
Three more fierce Eurus in his angry mood
Dash'd on the shallows of the moving sand,
And in mid ocean left them moor'd at hand. Dryden.

To MOOR. v. n. To be fixed; to be stationed.
æneas gain'd Cajeta's bay:
At length on oozy ground his gallies moor,
Their heads are turn'd to sea, their sterns to shore. Dryd.
My vessel, driv'n by a strong gust of wind,
Moor'd in a Chian creek. Addison's Ovid.
He visited the top of Taurus and the famous Ararat, where
Noah's ark first moor'd. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
To blow a MOOR. [at the fall of a deer, corrupted from a mort,
French.] To sound the horn in triumph, and call in the
whole company of hunters. Ains.

MO’ORCOCK. n. s. [moor and cock.] The male of the moorhen.

MO’ORHEN. n. s. [moor and hen.] A fowl that feeds in the fens,
without web feet.
Water fowls, as sea-gulls and moorhens, when they flock
and fly together from the sea towards the shores, foreshew
rain and wind. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 823.

MO’ORISH. n. s. [from moor.] Fenny; marshy; watry.
In the great level near Thorny, several oaks and firs have
lain there till covered by the inundation of the fresh and salt
waters, and moorish earth exaggerated upon them. Hale.
Along the moorish fens
Sighs the sad genius of the coming storm. Thomson.

MO’ORLAND. n. s. [moor and land.] Marsh; fen; watry
ground.
In the south part of Staffordshire they go to the north for
seed corn, and they of the north to the south, except in the
moorlands. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Or like a bridge that joins a marish
To moorlands of a different parish. Swift.

MO’ORSTONE. n. s. A species of granite.
The third stratum is of great rocks of moorstone and sandy
earth. Woodward on Fossils.

MO’ORY. adj. [from moor.] Marshy; senny; watry.
The dust the fields and pastures covers,
As when thick mists arise from moory vales. Fairsax.
In Essex, moory-land is thought the most proper. Mortimer.

MOOSE. n. s. The large American deer; the biggest of the
species of deer.

To MOOT. v. a. [from motian, mot, gemot, meeting together,
Saxon, or perhaps, as it is a law term, from mot, French.]
To plead a mock cause; to state a point of law by way of
exercise, as was commonly done in the inns of court at ap­
pointed times.

MOOT case or point. A point or case unsettled and disputable,
such as may properly afford a topick of disputation.
In this moot case your judgment to refuse,
Is present death. Dryden's Juvenal.
Would you not think him crack'd, who would require
another to make an argument on a moot point, who under­
stands nothing of our laws? Locke on Education.
Let us drop both our pretences; for I believe it is a moot
point, whether I am more likely to make a master Bull, or
you a master Strut. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

MO’OTED. adj. Plucked up by the root. Ains.

MO’OTER. n. s. [from moot.] A disputer of moot points.

MOP

MOP. n. s. moppa, Welsh; mappa, Latin.]
1. Pieces of cloth, or locks of wool, fixed to a long handle,
with which maids clean the floors.
Such is that sprinkling which some careless quean
Flirts on you from her mop, but not so clean.
You fly, invoke the gods; then turning, stop
To rail; she singing still whirls on her mop. Swift.
2. [Perhaps corrupted from mock.] A wry mouth made in con­
tempt.
Each one, tripping on his toe,
Will be here with mop and mow. Shakesp. Tempest.

To MOP. v. a. [from the noun.] To rub with a mop.

To MOP. v. n. [from mock.] To make wry mouths in con­
tempt.
Five fiends have been in poor Tom at once; of lust, as
Obidicut; Hobbididen, prince of dumbness; Mahu, of steal­
ing; Mohu, of murder; and Flibbertigibbet, of mopping
and mowing, who since possesses chamber-maids. Shakesp.
An ass fell a mopping and braying at a lion. L'Estrange.

To MOPE. v. n. [Of this word I cannot find a probable ety­
mology.] To be stupid; to drowse; to be in a constant day­
dream; to be spiritless, unactive and inattentive; to be stu­
pid and delirious.
What a wretched and peevish fellow is this king of Eng­
land, to mope with his fat-brain'd followers. Shakespeare.
Eyes without feeling, feeling without sight,
Ears without hands or eyes, smelling sans all,
Or but a sickly part of one true sense
Could not so mope. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Ev'n in a dream, were we divided from them,
And were brought moping hither. Shakesp. Tempest.
Intestine stone, and ulcer, cholick pangs,
Demoniack phrensy, moping melancholy,
And moon-struck madness. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
The busy craftsman and o'erlabour'd hind,
Forget the travel of the day in sleep;
Care only wakes, and moping pensiveness;
With meagre discontented looks they sit,
And watch the wasting of the midnight taper. Rowe.

To MOPE. v. a. To make spiritless; to deprive of natural
powers.
They say there are charms in herbs, said he, and so threw
a handful of grass; which was so ridiculous, that the young
thief took the old man to be moped. L'Estrange.
Severity breaks the mind; and then in the place of a dis­
orderly young sellow, you have a low-spirited moped crea­
ture. Locke on Education.

MO’PE-EYED. adj. Blind of one eye. Ains.

MO’PPET. n. s. [perhaps from mop.] A puppet made of rags,
as a mop is made; a fondling name for a girl.

MO’PSEY. n. s. [perhaps from mop.] A puppet made of rags,
as a mop is made; a fondling name for a girl.
Our sovereign lady: made for a queen?
With a globe in one hand, and a sceptre in t'other?
A very pretty moppet! Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

MO’PUS. n. s. [A cant word from mope.] A drone; a dreamer.
I'm grown a mere mopus; no company comes
But a rabble of tenants. Swift's Miscel.

MOR

MO’RAL. adj. [moral, Fr. moralis, Latin.]
1. Relating to the practice of men towards each other, as it
may be virtuous or criminal; good or bad.
Keep at the least within the compass of moral actions,
which have in them vice or virtue. Hooker, b. ii.
Laws and ordinances positive he distinguisheth from the laws
of the two tables, which were moral. Hooker, b. iii.
In moral actions divine law helpeth exceedingly the law of
reason to guide man's life, but in supernatural it alone guideth.
Hooker, b. i.
Now, brandish'd weapons glitt'ring in their hands,
Mankind is broken loose from moral bands;
No rights of hospitality remain,
The guest, by him who harbour'd him, is slain. Dryden.
2. Reasoning or instructing with regard to vice and virtue.
France spreads his banners in our noiseless land,
With plumed helm thy slay'r begins his threats,
Whilst thou, a moral fool, sit'st still and criest. Shakesp.
2. Popular; such as is known or admitted in the general busi­
ness of life.
We have found it, with a moral certainty, the seat of the
Mosaical abyss. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Mathematical things are capable of the strictest demon­
stration; conclusions in natural philosophy are capable of
proof by an induction of experiments; things of a moral na­
ture by moral arguments, and matters of fact by credible testi­
mony. Tillotson's Sermons.
A moral universality, is when the predicate agrees to the
greatest part of the particulars which are contained under
the universal subject. Watts's Logick.

MO’RAL. n. s.
1. Morality; practice or doctrine of the duties of life: this is
rather a French than English sense.
Their moral and œconomy,
Most perfectly they made agree. Prior.
2. The doctrine inculcated by a fiction; the accommodation of
a fable to sorm the morals.
Get you some distill'd carduus benedictus, and lay it to
your heart; it is the only thing for a qualm.
—Benedictus? why benedictus? you have some moral in
this benedictus.
—Moral! No, by my troth I have no moral meaning; I
meant plain holy thistle. Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.
Left behind to expound the meaning or moral of his signs
and tokens. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The moral is the first business of the poet, as being the
ground-work of his instruction; this being formed, he con­
trives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the
moral. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable, but
could do nothing that pleased me. Swift to Gay.

To MO’RAL. v. n. [from the adjective.] To moralise; to make
moral reflections.
When I did hear
The motley fool thus moral on the time,
My lungs began to crow like chanticleer,
That fools should be so deep contemplative. Shakespeare.



MO’RALIST. n. s. [moraliste, French.] One who teaches the
duties of life.
The advice given by a great moralist to his friend was, that
he should compose his passions; and let that be the work of
reason, which would certainly be the work of time. Addison.

MORA’LITY. n. s. [moralité, Fr. from moral.]
1. The doctrine of the duties of life; ethicks.
The system of morality, to be gathered out of the writings
of ancient sages, falls very short of that delivered in the gos­
pel. Swift's Miscel.
A necessity of sinning is as impossible in morality, as any
the greatest difficulty can be in nature. Baker on Learning.
2. The form of an action which makes it the subject of re­
ward, or punishment.
The morality of an action is founded in the freedom of that
principle, by virtue of which it is in the agent's power,
having all things ready and requisite to the performance of an
action, either to perform or not perform it. South's Sermons.

To MO’RALIZE. v. a. [moraliser, French.]
1. To apply to moral purposes; to explain in a moral sense.
He 'as left me here behind to expound the meaning or
moral of his signs and tokens.
—I pray thee moralize them. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
Did he not moralize this spectacle?
—O yes, into a thousand similies. Shakespeare.
This fable is moralized in a common proverb. L'Estrange.
2. In Spenser it seems to mean, to furnish with manners or ex­
amples.
Fierce warres and faithful loves shall moralize my song.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. In Prior, who imitates the foregoing line, it has a sense not
easily discovered, if indeed it has any sense.
High as their trumpets tune his lyre he strung,
And with his prince's arms he moraliz'd his song. Prior.

To MO’RALIZE. v. n. To speak or write on moral subjects.

MORALI’ZER. n. s. [from moralize.] He who moralizes.

MO’RALLY. adv. [from moral.]
1. In the ethical sense.
By good, good morally so called, bonum honestum, ought
chiefly to be understood; and that the good of profit or plea­
sure, the bonum utile or jucundum, hardly come into any
account here. South's Sermons.
Because this, of the two brothers killing each other, is an
action morally unnatural; therefore, by way of preparation,
the tragedy would have begun with heaven and earth in dis­
order, something physically unnatural. Rymer.
2. According to the rules of virtue.
To take away rewards and punishments, is only pleasing
to a man who resolves not to live morally. Dryden.
3. Popularly; according to the common occurrences of life;
according to the common judgment made of things.
It is morally impossible for an hypocrite to keep himself long
upon his guard. L'Estrange.
The concurring accounts of many such witnesses render it
morally, or, as we might speak, absolutely impossible that
these things should be false. Atterbury's Sermons.

MO’RALS. n. s. [without a singular.] The practice of the du­
ties of life; behaviour with respect to others.
Some, as corrupt in their morals as vice could make them,
have yet been solicitous to have their children soberly, vir­
tuously, and piously brought up. South's Sermons.
Learn then what morals criticks ought to show:
'Tis not enough wit, art, and learning join;
In all you speak, let truth and candor shine. Pope.

MORA’SS. n. s. [marais, French.] Fen; bog; moor.
Landschapes point out the fairest and most fruitful spots, as
well as the rocks, and wildernesses, and morasses of the coun­
try. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Nor the deep morass
Refuse, but through the shaking wilderness
Pick your nice way. Thomson's Autumn, l. 480.

MO’RBID. n. s. [morbidus, Latin.] Diseased; in a state con­
trary to health.
Though every human constitution is morbid, yet are there
diseases consistent with the common functions of life. Arbuth.

MO’RBIDNESS. n. s. [from morbid.] State of being diseased.

MORBI’FICAL. n. s. [morbus and sacio, Lat. morbifique, Fr.]
Causing diseases.

MORBI’FICK. n. s. [morbus and sacio, Lat. morbifique, Fr.]
Causing diseases.
The air appearing so malicious in this morbisick conspiracy,
exacts a more particular regard; wherefore initiate consump­
tives must change their air. Harvey on Consumptions.
This disease is cured by the critical resolution, concoction,
and evacuation of the morbisick matter. Arbuthnot.

MORBO’SE. n. s. [morbosus, Latin.] Proceeding from disease;
not healthy.
Malphighi, under galls, comprehends all preternatural and
morbose tumours and excrescencies of plants. Ray on Creation.

MORBO’SITY. n. s. [from morbosus, Lat.] Diseased state. A
word not in use.
The inference is sair, from the organ to the action, that
they have eyes, therefore some fight was designed, if we ex­
cept the casual impediments or morbosities in individuals. Brown.

MORDA’CIOUS. adj. mordax, Latin.] Biting; apt to bite.

MORDA’CITY. n. s. [mordacitas, mordacité, Fr. from mordax,
Latin.] Biting quality.
It is to be inquired, whether there be any menstruum to
dissolve any metal that is not fretting or corroding, and open­
eth the body by sympathy, and not by mordacity, or violent
penetration. Bacon's Physical Remains.

MO’RDICANT. n. s. [mordeo, Lat. mordicant, Fr.] Biting; acrid.
He presumes, that the mordicant quality of bodies must
proceed from a fiery ingredient; whereas the light and in­
flammable parts must be driven away by that time the fire
has reduced the body to ashes. Boyle.

MORDICA’TION. n. s. [from mordicant.] The act of corroding
or biting.
Another cause is mordication of the orifices, especially of
the mesentery veins; as any thing that is sharp and biting
doth provoke the part to expel, and mustard provoketh sneez­
ing. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 37.

MORE. adj. [mare, Saxon, the comparative of some or great.]
1. In greater number; in greater quantity; in greater degree.
Wrong not that wrong with more contempt. Shakesp.
Their riches were more than that they might dwell toge­
ther. Gen. xxxvi. 7.
Let more work be laid upon the men, that they may la­
bour. Exod. v. 9.
2. Greater. Now out of use.
The more part advised to depart. Acts xxvi. 12.

MORE. adv.
1. To a greater degree.
He loved Rachel more than Leah. Gen. xxix. 30.
The spirits of animate bodies are all, in some degree,
more or less kindled. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 601.
Some were of opinion, that feeling more and more in him­
self the weight of time, he was not unwilling to bestow upon
another some part of the pains. Wotton.
The more the kindled combat rises higher,
The more with fury burns the blazing fire. Dryden's æn.
As the blood passeth through narrower channels, the red­
ness disappears more and more. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The more God has blessed any man with estate or quality,
just so much less in proportion is the care he takes in the edu­
cation of his children. Swift's Miscel.
2. The particle that forms the comparative degree.
I am fall'n out with my more headier will,
To take the indispos'd and sickly fit
For the sound man. Shakespeare's King Lear.
May you long live a happy instrument for your king and
country: happy here, and more happy hereafter. Bacon.
The advantages of learning are more lasting than those of
arms. Collier on Pride.
3. Again; a second time.
Little did I think I should ever have business of this kind
on my hands more. Tatler, No. 83.
4. Longer; yet continuing; with the negative particle.
Cassius is no more! Oh, setting sun!
As in thy red rays thou dost sink to-night,
So in his red blood Cassius' day is set. Shakespeare.

MORE. n. s. [A kind of comparative from some or much.]
1. A greater quantity; a greater degree. Perhaps some of these
examples which are adduced under the adverb, with the be­
fore more, should be placed here.
These kind of knaves in this plainness
Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends
Than twenty silky ducking observants. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands;
And my more having would be as a sauce
To make me hunger more. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
An heroick poem requires some great action of war; and
as much or more of the active virtue than the suffering. Dryd.
The Lord do so, and much more, to Jonathan. 1 Sam.
From hence the greatest part of ills descend,
When lust of getting more will have no end. Dryden.
They that would have more and more can never have
enough; no, not if a miracle should interpose to gratify their
avarice. L'Estrange's Fables.
A mariner having let down a large portion of his sounding
line, he reaches no bottom, whereby he knows the depth to
be so many fathoms and more; but how much that more is,
he hath no distinct notion. Locke.
2. Greater thing; other thing.
They, who so state a question, do no more but separate
the parts of it one from another, and lay them so in their
due order. Locke.
3. Second time; longer time.
4. It is doubtful whether the word, in some cases, be a noun
or adverb.
The dove returned not again unto him any more. Gen. viii.
Pr'ythee be satisfy'd; he shall be aided,
Or I'll no more be king. Dryden's Cleomenes.
Delia, the queen of love, let all deplore!
Delia, the queen of beauty, is now no more. Walsh.



MORE’L. n. s. [solanum, Latin.]
1. The morel is a plant, of which there are several species:
one sort has a black fruit, the root of which is a foot long,
waving, of a darkish white colour and stringy; its stalk,
which is full of pith, rises to the height of a foot and an
half, of a greenish cast and angular form, divided into seve­
ral branches, with alternate leaves, oblong, pointed, undu­
lated, of a darkish green and shining colour: the flowers
proceed from the branches, a little below the leaves: they
grow from five to about eight in a bunch, of an inch and an
half: each flower is white, of a single leaf, cut in form of a
basin, divided into five parts as far as the middle, being long,
pointed, and arranged like a star: when the flower sheds
there succeeds a spherical fruit, pretty hard, at first green like
an olive, then black, full of a limpid juice and a great num­
ber of seeds. There is a sort of morel that has a red fruit;
and likewise another that has a yellow fruit. Trevoux.
Spungy morels in strong ragousts are found,
And in the soup the slimy snail is drown'd. Gay's Trivia.
2. A kind of cherry.
Morel is a black cherry, fit for the conservatory before it
be thorough ripe, but it is bitter eaten raw. Mortimer.

MO’RELAND. n. s. [morland, Saxon; mor, a mountain, and
land.] A mountainous or hilly country: a tract of Stafford­
shire is called the Morlands.

MOREO’VER. n. s. [more and over.] Beyond what has been
mentioned; besides; likewise; also; over and above.
Moreover, he hath left you all his walks. Shakesp.
He did hold me dear
Above this world; adding thereto, moreover,
That he would wed me, or else die my lover. Shakesp.
Moreover by them is thy servant warned. Psal. xix. 11.

MORGLA’Y. n. s. A deadly weapon. Ains. Glaive and morte,
French, and glay môhr, Erse, a two-handed broad-sword,
which some centuries ago was the highlander's weapon.

MORI’GEROUS. adj. [morigerus, Lat.] Obedient; obsequious.

MO’RION. n. s. [Fr.] A helmet; armour for the head; a casque.
For all his majesty's ships a proportion of swords, targets,
morions, and cuiras of proof should be allowed. Raleigh.
Polish'd steel that cast the view aside,
And crested morions with their plumy pride. Dryden.

MORI’SCO. n. s. [morisco, Spanish.] A dancer of the morris or
moorish dance.
I have seen
Him caper upright like a wild morisco,
Shaking the bloody darts, as he his bells. Shak. Henry VI.

MO’RKIN. n. s. [Among hunters.] A wild beast, dead through
sickness or mischance. Bailey.

MO’RLING. n. s. [mort, French.] Wool plucked from a
dead sheep. Ains.

MO’RTLING. n. s. [mort, French.] Wool plucked from a
dead sheep. Ains.

MO’RMO. n. s. [ ????.] Bugbear; false terrour.

MORN. n. s. [marne, Saxon.] The first part of the day; the
morning. Morn is not used but by the poets.
The cock, that is the trumpet to the morn,
Doth with his lofty and shrill-sounding throat,
Awake the god of day. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
I was of late as petty to his ends,
As is the morn dew on the myrtle leaf
To his grand sea. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Can you forget your golden beds,
Where you might sleep beyond the morn. Lee.
Friendship shall still thy evening feasts adorn,
And blooming peace shall ever bless thy morn. Prior.

MO’RNING. n. s. [morgen, Teutonick; but our morning seems
rather to come from morn.] The first part of the day, from
the first appearance of light to the end of the first fourth part
of the sun's daily course.
One master Brook hath sent your worship a morning's
draught of sack. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
By the second hour in the morning
Desire the earl to see me. Shakesp. Richard III.
She looks as clear
As morning roses newly wash'd with dew. Shakespeare.
Your goodness is as a morning cloud, and as the early dew
it goeth away. Hos. vi. 5.
Let us go down after the Philistines by night, and spoil
them until the morning light. 1 Sam. xiv. 36.
Morning by morning shall it pass over. Isa. xxviii. 19.
What shall become of us before night, who are weary so
early in the morning? Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
The morning is the proper part of the day for study. Dryd.
The twining jessamine and blushing rose,
With lavish grace their morning scents disclose. Prior.
All the night they stem the liquid way,
And end their voyage with the morning ray. Pope's Odyssey.

MO’RNING-GOWN. n. s. A loose gown worn before one is
formally dressed.
Seeing a great many in rich morning-gowns, he was amazed
to find that persons of quality were up so early. Addison.

MORNING-STAR. n. s. The planet Venus when she shines
in the morning.
Bright as doth the morning-star appear
Out of the East, with flaming locks bedight,
To tell the dawning day is drawing near. Fairy Qu.

MORO’SE. adj. [morosus, Latin.] Sour of temper; peevish;
fullen.
Without these precautions, the man degenerates into a cy­
nick, the woman into a coquette; the man grows fullen and
morose, the woman impertinent. Addison's Spectator.
Some have deserved censure for a morose and affected ta­
citurnity, and others have made speeches, though they had
nothing to say. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

MORO’SELY. adv. [from morose.] Sourly; peevishly.
Too many are as morosely positive in their age, as they
were childishly so in their youth. Gov. of the Tongue.

MORO’SENESS. n. s. [from morose.] Sourness; peevishness.
Learn good humour, never to oppose without just reason;
abate some degrees of pride and moroseness. Watt

MORO’SITY. n. s. [morositas, Lat. from morose.] Moroseness
sourness; peevishness
Why then be sad,
But entertain no morosity, brothers, other
Than a joint burthen laid upon us. Shakespeare.
Some morosities
We must expect, since jealousy belongs
To age, of scorn, and tender sense of wrongs. Denham.
The pride of this man, and the popularity of that; the
levity of one, and the morosity of another. Clarendon.

MO’RRIS. n. s. [that is moorish or morisco-dance.]

MO’RRIS-DANCE. n. s. [that is moorish or morisco-dance.]
1. A dance in which bells are gingled, or staves or swords clash­
ed, which was learned by the Moors, and was probably a
kind of Pyrrhick or military dance.
The queen stood in some doubt of a Spanish invasion,
though it proved but a morris-dance upon our waves. Wotton.
One in his catalogue of a feigned library, sets down this
title of a book, The morris-dance of hereticks. Bacon.
The sounds and seas, with all their finny drove,
Now to the moon in wavering morrice move. Milton.
I took delight in pieces that shewed a country village, mor­
rice-dancing, and peasants together by the ears. Peacham.
Four reapers danced a morrice to oaten pipes. Spectator.
2. Nine mens MORRIS. A kind of play with nine holes in the
ground.
The folds stand empty in the drowned field,
And crows are fatted with the murrain flock;
The nine mens morris is filled up with mud. Shakespeare.

MO’RRIS-DANCER. n. s. [morris and dance.] One who dances
a la moresco, the moorish dance.
There went about the country a set of morrice-dancers,
composed of ten men, who danced a maid marian and a ta­
bor and pipe. Temple.

MO’RPHEW. n. s. [morphee, French; morphæa, low Latin;
morfea, Italian.] A scurf on the face.

MO’RROW. n. s. [morgen, Saxon; morghen, Dutch. The ori­
ginal meaning of morrow seems to have been morning, which
being often referred to on the preceding day, was understood
in time to signify the whole day next following.]
1. The day after the present day.
I would not buy
Their mercy at the price of one fair word;
To have 't with saying, good morrow. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thou
Canst pluck night from me, but not lend a morrow. Shak.
The Lord did that thing on the morrow. Exod. ix. 6.
Peace, good reader, do not weep,
Peace, the lovers are asleep;
They, sweet turtles, folded lie,
In the last knot that love could tie:
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
Till this stormy night be gone,
And the eternal morrow dawn,
Then the curtains will be drawn,
And they waken with the light,
Whose day shall never sleep in night. Crashaw.
Beyond the Indies does this morrow lie. Cowley.
2. To MO’RROW. [This is an idiom of the same kind, sup­
posing morrow to mean originally morning: as, to night; to
day.] On the day after this current day.
To morrow comes; 'tis noon; 'tis night;
This day like all the former flies;
Yet on he runs to seek delight
To morrow, till to night he dies. Prior.
3. To morrow is sometimes, I think improperly, used as a noun.
We by to morrow draw out all our store,
Till the exhausted well can yield no more. Cowley.
To morrow is the time when all is to be rectified. Spectat.

MORSE. n. s. A sea-horse.
That which is commonly called a sea-horse is properly
called a morse, and makes not out that shape. Brown.
It seems to have been a tusk of the morse or waltron, called
by some the sea-horse. Woodward on Fossils.



MO’RSEL. n. s. [morsellus, low Latin, from morsus.]
1. A piece fit for the mouth; a mouthful.
Yet cam'st thou to a morsel of this feast,
Having fully din'd before. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I was
A morsel for a monarch. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
And me his parent would full soon devour
For want of other prey, but knows that I
Should prove a bitter morsel, and his bane. Milton.
Every morsel to a satisfied hunger, is only a new labour to
a tired digestion. South's Sermons.
He boils the flesh,
And lays the mangled morsels in a dish. Dryden.
A wretch is pris'ner made,
Whose flesh torn off by lumps, the rav'nous foe
In morsels cut, to make it farther go. Tate's Juvenal.
A letter to the keeper of the lion requested that it may be
the first morsel put into his mouth. Addison.
2. A piece; a meal.
On these herbs, and fruits and flow'rs,
Feed first; on each beast next, and fish and fowl,
No homely morsels! Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
A dog crossing a river with a morsel of flesh in his mouth,
saw, as he thought, another dog under the water, upon the
very same adventure. L'Estrange's Fables.
3. A small quantity. Not proper.
Of the morsels of native and pure gold, he had seen some
weighed many pounds. Boyle.

MO’RSURE. n. s. [morsure, Fr. morsura, Latin.] The act of
biting.

MORT. n. s. [morte, French.]
1. A tune sounded at the death of the game.
To be making practis'd smiles,
As in a looking-glass, and to sigh as 'twere
The mort o' th' deer; oh that is entertainment
My bosom likes not. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. [Morgt, Islandick.] A great quantity. Not in elegant use.

MO’RTAL. adj. [mortalis, Lat. mortel, Fr.]
1. Subject to death; doomed sometime to die.
Nature does require
Her times of preservation, which, perforce,
I her frail son amongst my breth'ren mortal
Must give my attendance to. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
This corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal
must put on immortality. 1 Cor. xv. 53.
Heav'nly powers, where shall we find such love!
Which of ye will be mortal to redeem
Man's mortal crime; and just, th' unjust to save. Milton.
Know,
The day thou eat'st thereof, my sole command
Transgrest, inevitably thou shalt die;
From that day mortal: and this happy state
Shalt lose. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
2. Deadly; destructive; procuring death.
Come all you spirits
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,
And fill me from the crown to th' toe, top full
Of cruelty. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The mortalest poisons practised by the West Indians, have
some mixture of the blood, fat, or flesh of man. Bacon.
The fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe. Milton.
Some circumstances have been great discouragers of trade,
and others are absolutely mortal to it. Temple.
Hope not, base man! unquestion'd hence to go,
For I am Palamon, thy mortal foe. Dryden.
3. Bringing death.
Safe in the hand of one disposing pow'r,
Or in the natal, or the mortal hour. Pope's Essay on Man.
4. Human; belonging to man.
They met me in the day of success; and I have learned
by the perfected report, they have more in them than mortal
knowledge. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Macbeth
Shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath
To time and mortal custom. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The voice of God
To mortal ear is dreadful; They beseech,
That Moses might report to them his will,
And terror cease. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
Success, the mark no mortal wit,
Or surest hand can always hit. Butler.
No one enjoyment but is liable to be lost by ten thousand
accidents, out of all mortal power to prevent. South's Serm.
5. Extreme; violent. A low word.
The birds were in a mortal apprehension of the beetles, till
the sparrow reasoned them into understanding. L'Estrange.
The nymph grew pale and in a mortal fright,
Spent with the labour of so long a flight;
And now despairing, cast a mournful look
Upon the streams. Dryden.

MO’RTAL. n. s.
1. Man; human being.
Warn poor mortals left behind. Tickel.
2. This is often used in ludicrous language.
I can behold no mortal now;
For what's an eye without a brow? Prior.

MORTA’LITY. n. s. [from mortal.]
1. Subjection to death; state of a being subject to death.
I point out mistakes in life and religion, that we might
guard against the springs of error, guilt, and sorrow, which
surround us in every state of mortality. Watts's Logick.
2. Death.
I beg mortality,
Rather than life preserv'd with infamy. Shakespeare.
Gladly would I meet
Mortality my sentence. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
3. Power of destruction.
Mortality and mercy in Vienna
Live in thy tongue and heart. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
4. Frequency of death.
The rise of keeping those accounts first began in the year
1592, being a time of great mortality. Graunt.
5. Human nature.
A single vision so transports them, that it makes up the
happiness of their lives; mortality cannot bear it often. Dryd.
Take these tears, mortality's relief,
And till we share your joys, forgive our grief. Pope.

MO’RTALLY. adv. [from mortal.]
1. Irrecoverably; to death.
In the battle of Landen you were not only dangerously,
but, in all appearance, mortally wounded. Dryden.
2. Extremely; to extremity.
Adrian mortally envied poets, painters, and artificers, in
works wherein he had a vein to excel. Bacon's Essays.
Know all, who wou'd pretend to my good grace,
I mortally dislike a damning face. Granville.

MO’RTAR. n. s. [mortarium, Lat. mortier, Fr.]
1. A strong vessel in which materials are broken by being pound­
ed with a pestle.
Except you could bray Christendom in a mortar, and mould
it into a new paste, there is no possibility of an holy war.
Bacon's holy War.
The action of the diaphragm and muscles serves for the
comminution of the meat in the stomach by their constant
agitation upwards and downwards, resembling the pounding
of materials in a mortar. Ray on Creation.
2. A short wide cannon out of which bombs are thrown.
Those arms which for nine centuries had brav'd
The wrath of time on antique stone engrav'd,
Now torn by mortars stand yet undefac'd
On nobler trophies by thy valour rais'd. Granville.

MO’RTAR. n. s. [morter, Dutch; mortier, French.] Cement
made of lime and sand with water, and used to join stones
or bricks.
Mortar, in architecture, is a preparation of lime and sand
mixed up with water, serving as a cement, and used by ma­
sons and bricklayers in building of walls of stone and brick.
Wolsius observes, that the sand should be dry and sharp, so
as to prick the hands when rubbed, yet not earthy, so as to
foul the water it is washed in: he also finds fault with ma­
sons and bricklayers as committing a great error, in letting
their lime slacken and cool before they make up their mortar,
and also in letting their mortar cool and die before they use
it; therefore he advises, that if you expect your work to be
well done, and to continue long, to work up the lime quick,
and but a little at a time, that the mortar may not lie long
before it be used.
I will tread this unbolted villain into mortar, and daub the
wall of a jakes with him. Shakesp. King Lear.
They had brick for stone, and slime for mortar. Gen. xi. 3.
Lime hot out of the kiln mixed soft with water, putting
sand to it, will make better mortar than other. Mortimer.

MO’RTGAGE. n. s. [mort and gage, French.]
1. A dead pledge; a thing put into the hands of a creditor.
Th' estate runs out, and mortgages are made,
Their fortune ruin'd, and their fame betray'd. Dryden.
The Romans do not seem to have known the secret of pa­
per credit, and securities upon mortgages. Arbuthnot.
The broker,
Bent on some mortgage, to avoid reproach,
He seeks bye-streets, and saves th' expensive coach. Gay.
2. The state of being pledged.
The land is given in mortgage only, with full intention to
be redeemed within one year. Bacon's Office of Alienation.

To MO’RTGAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To pledge; to put
to pledge; to make over to a creditor as a security.
Let men contrive how they disentangle their mortgaged
souls. Decay of Piety.
They make the widows mortgag'd ox their prey. Sandys.
Their not abating of their expensive way of living, has
forced them to mortgage their best manors. Arbuthnot.



MORTGAGE’E. n. s. [from mortgage.] He that takes or receives
a mortgage.
An act may pass for publick registries of land, by which
all purchasers or mortgagees may be secured of all monies they
lay out. Temple's Miscel.

MO’RTGAGER. n. s. [from mortgage.] He that gives a mort­
gage.

MORTI’FEROUS. adj. [mortifer, Latin.] Fatal; deadly; de­
structive.
What is it but a continued perpetuated voice from heaven,
to give men no rest in their sins, no quiet from Christ's im­
portunity, till they awake from the lethargick sleep, and arise
from so dead, so mortiserous a state, and permit him to give
them life. Hammond's Fundamentals.
These murmurings, like a mortiferous herb, are poisonous
even in their first spring. Government of the Tongue, s. 10.

MORTIFICA’TION. n. s. [mortification, Fr. from mortify.]
1. The state of corrupting, or losing the vital qualities; gan­
grene.
It appeareth in the gangrene, or mortification of flesh, either
by opiates, or intense colds. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 333.
My griefs ferment and rage,
Nor less than wounds immedicable,
Rankle and fester, and gangrene,
To black mortification. Milton's Agonist. l. 617.
2. Destruction of active qualities.
Inquire what gives impediment to union or restitution,
which is called mortification; as when quicksilver is mortified
with turpentine. Bacon's Physical Remains.
3. The act of subduing the body by hardships and macerations.
A diet of some fish is more rich and alkalescent than that
of flesh, and therefore very improper for such as practise mor­
tification. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. Humiliation; subjection of the passions.
The mortification of our lusts has something in it that is
troublesome, yet nothing that is unreasonable. Tillotson.
5. Vexation; trouble.
It is one of the most vexatious mortifications of a studious
man, to have his thoughts disordered by a tedious visit.
L'Estrange.
We had the mortification to lose the sight of Munich, Augs­
burg, and Ratisbon. Addison on Italy.

To MO’RTIFY. v. a. [mortifier, French.]
1. To destroy vital qualities.
2. To destroy active powers, or essential qualities.
What gives impediment to union or restitution is called
mortification, as when quicksilver is mortified with turpentine
or spittle. Bacon.
He mortified pearls in vinegar, and drunk them up. Hakew.
Oil of tartar per deliquium has a great faculty to find out
and mortify acid spirits. Boyle.
3. To subdue inordinate passions.
The breath no sooner left his father's body,
But that his wildness mortified in him,
Seem'd to die too. Shakesp. Henry V.
Their dear causes
Would to the bleeding and the grim alarm
Excite the mortified man. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Suppress thy knowing pride,
Mortify thy learned lust,
Vain are thy thoughts, while thou thyself art dust. Prior.
He modestly conjectures,
His pupil might be tir'd with lectures,
Which help'd to mortify his pride. Swift.
4. To macerate or harrass the body to compliance with the
mind.
We mortify ourselves with fish, and think we fare coarsely
if we abstain from flesh. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Mortify'd he was to that degree,
A poorer than himself he would not see. Dryden.
5. To humble; to depress; to vex.
Let my liver rather heat with wine,
Than my heart cool with mortifying groans. Shakespeare.
He is controuled by a nod, mortified by a frown, and tran­
sported by a smile. Addison's Guard. No. 113.
How often is the ambitious man mortified with the very
praises he receives, if they do not rise so high as he thinks
they ought. Addison's Spect. No. 256.

To MO’RTIFY. v. n.
1. To gangrene; to corrupt.
Try it with capon laid abroad, to see whether it will mor­
tify and become tender sooner; or with dead flies with water
cast upon them, to see whether it will putrefy. Bacon.
2. To be subdued; to die away.

MO’RTISE. n. s. [mortaise, mortoise, Fr.] A hole cut into
wood that another piece may be put into it and form a
joint.
A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements;
If it hath ruffian'd so upon the sea,
What ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them,
Can hold the mortise. Shakesp. Othello.
Under one skin are parts variously mingled, some with ca­
vities, as mortesses to receive, others with tenons to fit cavi­
ties. Ray.

To MO’RTISE. v. a.
1. To cut with a mortise; to join with a mortise.
'Tis a massy wheel,
To whose huge spoke ten thousand lesser things
Are mortis'd and adjoin'd. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The walls of spiders legs are made,
Well mortised and finely laid. Drayton's Nymphid.
2. It seems in the following passage improperly used.
The one half of the ship being finished, and by help of a
screw launched into the water, the other half was joined by
great brass nails mortised with lead. Arbuthnot on Coins.

MO’RTMAIN. n. s. [morte and main, Fr.] Such a state of pos­
session as makes it unalienable; whence it is said to be in a
dead hand, in a hand that cannot shift away the property.
It were meet that some small portion of lands were allot­
ted, since no more mortmains are to be looked for. Spenser.

MO’RTPAY. n. s. [mort and pay.] Dead pay; payment not
made.
This parliament was merely a parliament of war, with
some statutes conducing thereunto; as the severe punishing of
mortpayes, and keeping back of soldiers wages. Bacon.

MO’RTRESS. n. s. [from mortier de sagesse. Skinner.] A dish
of meat of various kinds beaten together.
A mortress made with the brawn of capons, stamped,
strained, and mingled with like quantity of almond butter,
is excellent to nourish the weak. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

MO’RTUARY. n. s. [mortuaire, Fr. mortuarium, Latin.] A
gift left by a man at his death to his parish church, for the
recompence of Hist personal tythes and offerings not duly paid
in his life-time. Harris.

MOS

MOSA’ICK. adj. [mosaique, French, supposed corrupted from
musæus, Latin.]
Mosaick is a kind of painting in small pebbles, cockles,
and shells of sundry colours; and of late days likewise with
pieces of glass figured at pleasure; an ornament in truth, of
much beauty, and long life, but of most use in pavements and
floorings. Wotton's Architecture.
Each beauteous flow'r,
Iris all hues, roses, and jessamin,
Rear'd high their flourish'd heads between, and wrought
Mosaick. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
The most remarkable remnant of it is a very beautiful mo­
saick pavement, the finest I have ever seen in marble; the
parts are so well joined together, that the whole piece looks
like a continued picture. Addison on Italy.

MO’SCHATEL. n. s. [moschatellina, Lat.] A plant.
The moschatel hath a flower consisting of one leaf, which
is divided at the brim into many parts, from whose cup arises
the pointal, fixed like a nail in the middle of the flower,
which becomes a soft succulent berry, in which are contain­
ed many flat seeds. Miller.

MOSQUE. n. s. [mosquée, French; moschit, Turkish.] A Ma­
hometan temple.

MOSS. n. s. [muscus, Lat. meos, Saxon.] A plant.
Though moss was formerly supposed to be only an excres­
cence produced from the earth and trees, yet it is no less a
perfect plant than those of greater magnitude, having roots,
flowers, and seeds, yet cannot be propagated from seeds by
any art: the botanists distinguish it into many species: it
chiefly flourishes in cold countries, and in the winter season,
and is many times very injurious to fruit trees: the only re­
medy in such cases, is to cut down part of the trees, and
plough up the ground between those left remaining; and in
the Spring, in moist weather, you should with an iron instru­
ment scrape off the moss. Miller.
Moss is a kind of mould of the earth and trees; but it
may be better sorted as a rudiment of germination. Bacon.
Houses then were caves, or homely sheds,
With twining oziers fenc'd, and moss their beds. Dryden.
Such mosses as grow upon walls, roofs of houses, and other
high places, have seeds that, when shaken out of their ves­
sels, appear like vapour or smoke. Ray on Creation.
The cleft tree
Offers its kind concealment to a few,
Their food its insects, and its moss their nests. Thomson.

To MOSS. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with moss.
An oak whose boughs were moss'd with age,
And high top bald with dry antiquity. Shakespeare.
Will these moss'd trees,
That have out-liv'd the eagle page thy heels,
And skip when thou point'st out. Shakespeare.

MO’SSINESS. n. s. [from mossy.] The state of being covered or
overgrown with moss.
The herbs withered at the top, sheweth the earth to be
very cold, and so doth the mossiness of trees. Bacon.

MO’SSY. adj. [from moss.] Overgrown with moss; covered
with moss.


Old trees are more mossy far than young; for that the sap
is not so frank as to rise all to the boughs, but tireth by the
way, and putteth out moss.  Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The mossy fountains and the Sylvan shades
Delight no more.  Pope's Messiah.

MOST. adj. the superlative of more. [mæst, Saxon; meest,
Dutch.] Consisting of the greatest number; consisting of the
greatest quantity.
Garden fruits which have any acrimony in them, and most
sorts of berries, will produce diarrhœas.  Arbuthnot.
He thinks most sorts of learning flourished among them,
and I, that only some sort of learning was kept alive by
them.  Pope.

MOST. adv. [maists, Gothick; mæst, Saxon; meest, Dutch;
mest, Danish.]
1. The particle noting the superlative degree.
Competency of all other proportions is the most incentive
to industry; too little makes men desperate, and too much
careless.  Decay of Piety.
The faculties of the supreme spirit most certainly may be
enlarged without bounds.  Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
2. In the greatest degree.
Coward dogs
Most spend their mouths, when what they seem to threaten
Runs far before them.  Shakespeare.
He for whose only sake,
Or most for his, such toils I undertake.  Dryden's æn.
Whilst comprehended under that consciousness, the little
finger is as much a part of itself as what is most so.  Locke.
That which will most influence their carriage will be the
company they converse with, and the fashion of those about
them.  Locke on Education.

MOST. [this is a kind of substantive, being, according to its sig­
nification, singular or plural.]
1. The greatest number: in this sense it is plural.
Many of the apostles immediate disciples sent or carried
the books of the four evangelists to most of the churches they
had planted.  Addison on the Christian Religion.
Gravitation not being essential to matter, ought not to be
reckoned among those laws which arise from the disposition of
bodies, such as most of the laws of motion are.  Cheyne.
2. The greatest value: in this sense singular.
The report of this repulse flying to London, the most was
made of that which was true, and many falsities added.  Hayw.
A covetous man makes the most of what he has, and of
what he can get, without regard to Providence or Nature.
L'Estrange's Fables.
3. The greatest degree; the greatest quantity.
A Spaniard will live in Irish ground a quarter of a year,
or some months at the most.  Bacon.

MO’STICK. n. s. A painter's staff on which he leans his hand
when he paints.  Ains.

MO’STLY. adv. [from most.] For the greatest part.
This image of God, namely, natural reason, if totally or
mostly defaced, the right of government doth cease.  Bacon.

MO’STWHAT. n. s. [most and what.] For the most part. Ob­
solete.
God's promises being the ground of hope, and those pro­
mises being but seldom absolute, mostwhat conditionate, the
Christian grace of hope must be proportioned and attempe­
rate to the promise; if it exceed that temper and proportion,
it becomes a tympany of hope.  Hammond.

MOT

MOTA’TION. n. s. Act of moving.  Dict.

MOTE. n. s. [mot, Saxon; atomus, Lat.] A small particle of
matter; any thing proverbially little.
You found his mote, the king your mote did see;
But I a beam do find in each of three.  Shakespeare.
The little motes in the sun do ever stir, though there be no
wind.  Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 879.

MOTE for might. Obsolete.
Most ugly shapes,
Such as dame Nature self mote fear to see,
Or shame, that ever should so foul defects
From her most cunning hand escaped be.  Fairy Queen.

MOTH. n. s. [moth, Saxon.] A small winged infect that eats
cloths and hangings.
All the yarn Penelope spun in Ulyfles's absence, did but
fill Ithaca full of moths.  Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Every soldier in the wars should do as every sick man in
his bed, wash every moth out of his conscience.  Shakesp.
He as a rotten thing consumeth, as a garment that is moth
eaten.  Job xiii. 28.
Let moths through pages eat their way,
Your wars, your loves, your praises be forgot,
And make of all an universal blot.  Dryden's Juv.

MO’THER. n. s. [mothor, Saxon; moder, Danish; moeder,
Dutch.]
1. A woman that has born a child; correlative to son or
daughter.
Let thy mother rather feel thy pride, than fear
Thy dangerous stoutness.  Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Come sit down every mother's son,
And rehearse your parts. Shakespeare.
I had not so much of man in me,
But all my mother came into mine eyes,
And gave me up to tears. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. That which has produced any thing.
Alas, poor country! It cannot
Be call'd our mother, but our grave. Shakespeare.
The resemblance of the constitution and diet of the inha­
bitants to those of their mother country, occasion a great af­
finity in the popular diseases. Arbuthnot on Air.
The strongest branch leave for a standard, cutting off the
rest close to the body of the mother plant. Mortimer's Husb.
3. That which has preceded in time: as, a mother church to
chapels.
4. That which requires reverence and obedience.
The good of mother church, as well as that of civil so­
ciety, renders a judicial practice necessary. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. Hysterical passion; so called, as being imagined peculiar to
women.
This stopping of the stomach might be the mother; foras­
much as many were troubled with mother fits, although few
returned to have died of them. Graunt's Bills.
6. A familiar term of address to an old woman; or to a wo­
man dedicated to religious austerities.
7. MOTHER in law. A husband's or wife's mother. Ains.
I am come to set at variance the daughter in law against
the mother in law. Matth. x. 35.
8. [Moeder, Dutch, from modder, mud.] A thick substance
concreting in liquors; the lees or scum concreted.
If the body be liquid, and not apt to putrefy totally, it
will cast up a mother, as the mothers of distilled waters. Bacon.
Potted fowl, and fish come in so fast,
That ere the first is out the second stinks,
And mouldy mother gathers on the brinks. Dryden.
9. [More properly modder; modde, Dutch.] A young girl.
Now totally obsolete.
A sling for a mother, a bow for a boy,
A whip for a carter. Tusser's Husbandry.

MO’THER. adj. Had at the birth; native.
For whatsoever mother wit or art
Could work, he put in proof. Hubberd's Tale.
Where did you study all this goodly speech?
—It is extempore, from my mother wit. Shakespeare.
Boccace, living in the same age with Chaucer, had the
same genius, and followed the same studies: both writ no­
vels, and each of them cultivated his mother tongue. Dryden.
Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame,
Enlarg'd the former narrow bounds,
And added length to solemn sounds,
With nature's mother wit, and arts unknown before. Dryd.

To MO’THER. v. n. To gather concretion.
They oint their naked limbs with mother'd oil. Dryden.

MO’THER of pearl. A kind of coarse pearl; the shell in which
pearls are generated.
His mortal blade
In ivory sheath, yearv'd with curious slights,
Whose hilt was burnish'd gold, and handle strong
Of mother-pearl. Fairy Qu. b. i.
They were made of onyx, sometimes of mother of pearl.
Hakewill on Providence.

MO’THERHOOD. n. s. [from mother.] The office or character
of a mother.
Thou shalt see the blessed mother-maid
Exalted more for being good,
Than for her interest of motherhood. Donne.

MO’THERLESS. adj. [from mother.] Destitute of a mother;
orphan of a mother.
I might shew you my children, whom the rigour of your
justice would make complete orphans, being already mother­
less. Waller's Speech to the House of Commons.
My concern for the three poor motherless children obliges
me to give you this advice. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

MO’THERLY. adj. [from mother and like.] Belonging to a mo­
ther; suitable to a mother.
They can owe no less than child-like obedience to her that
hath more than motherly power. Hooker, b. v.
They termed her the great mother, for her motherly care
in cherishing her brethren whilst young. Raleigh.
Within her breast though calm, her breast though pure,
Motherly cares and fears got head, and rais'd
Some troubled thoughts. Milton's Par. Reg. b. ii.
When I see the motherly airs of my little daughters when
playing with their puppets, I cannot but flatter myself that
their husbands and children will be happy in the possession of
such wives and mothers. Addison's Spect. No. 500.
Though she was a truly good woman, and had a sincere
motherly love for her son John, yet there wanted not those who
endeavoured to create a misunderstanding between them. Arb.



MO’THERLY. adv. [from mother.] In manner of  mother.
Th' air doth not motherly sit on the earth,
To hatch her seasons, and give all things birth Donne.

MOTHER of thyme. n. s. [serpyllum, Latin.] It hath trailing
branches, which are not so woody and hard as those of thyme,
but in every other respect is the same. Miller.

MO’THERWORT. n. s. [cardiaca, Latin.] A plant.
The flower of the motherwort consists of one leaf, and is
of the lip kind, whose upper lip is imbricated and much lon­
ger than the under one, which is cut into three parts; from
the flower-cup arises the pointal, fixed like a nail in the hin­
der part of the flower, attended by four embrios which be­
come angular seeds, occupying the flower-cup. Miller.

MO’THERY. adj. [from mother.] Concreted; full of concre­
tions; dreggy; feculent: used of liquors.

MOTHMU’LLEIN. n. s. [blattaria, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves of the mothmullein are placed alternately upon
the branches; the cup of the flower consists of one leaf,
which is divided into five segments; the flower consists of one
leaf, which spreads open, and is divided also into five seg­
ments: they are produced in long spikes, and are succeeded
by round vessels, which are divided into cells, and contain
many small seeds in each. Miller.

MO’THWORT. n. s. [moth and wort.] An herb.

MO’THY. adj. [from moth.] Full of moths.
His horse hipp'd with an old mothy saddle, the stirrups of
no kindred. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

MO’TION. n. s. [motion, French; motio, Latin.]
1. The act of changing place.
2. Manner of moving the body; port; gait.
Virtue too, as well as vice, is clad
In flesh and blood so well, that Plato had
Beheld, what his high fancy once embrac'd,
Virtue with colours, speech and motion grac'd. Waller.
3. Change of posture; action.
Encourag'd thus she brought her younglings nigh,
Watching the motions of her patron's eye. Dryden.
4. Tendency of the mind; thought.
Let a good man obey every good motion rising in his heart,
knowing that every such motion proceeds from God. South.
5. Proposal made.
He compassed a motion of the prodigal son, and married a
tinker's wife within a mile where my land lies. Shakesp.
What would you with me?
—Your father and my uncle have made motions; if it be
my luck, so; if not, happy man be his dole. Shakespeare.
If our queen and this young prince agree,
I'll join my younger daughter, and my joy,
To him forthwith, in holy wedlock bands.
—Yes, I agree, and thank you for your motion. Shakesp.
6. Impulse communicated.
Whether that motion, vitality and operation, were by incu­
bation, or how else, the manner is only known to God. Ral.
Carnality within raises all the combustion without: this is
the great wheel to which the clock owes it motion. Dec. of Pi.
Love awakes the sleepy vigour of the soul,
And brushing o'er adds motion to the pool. Dryden.

To MO’TION. v. a. [from the noun.] To propose.

MO’TIONLESS. adj. [from motion.] Wanting motion; being
without motion.
We cannot free the lady that sits here,
In stony fetters fixt, and motionless. Milton.
Ha! Do I dream? Is this my hop'd success?
I grow a statue, stiff and motionless. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Should our globe have had a greater share
Of this strong force, by which the parts cohere;
Things had been bound by such a pow'rful chain,
That all would fix'd and motionless remain. Blackmore.

MO’TIVE. adj. [motivus, Latin.]
1. Causing motion; having moment.
Shall every motive argument used in such kind of confe­
rences be made a rule for others still to conclude the like by,
concerning all things of like nature, when as probable in­
ducements may lead them to the contrary? Hooker, b. iv.
2. Having the power to move; having power to change place;
having power to pass foremost to motion.
The nerves serve for the conveyance of the motive faculty
from the brain; the ligatures for the strengthening of them,
that they may not flag in motion. Wilkins.
We ask you whence does motive vigour flow? Blackmore.
That fancy is easily disproved from the motive power of souls
embodied, and the gradual increase of men and animals. Bentl.

MO’TIVE. n. s. [motis, French.]
1. That which determines the choice; that which incites the
action.
Hereof we have no commandment, either in nature or
scripture, which doth exact them at our hands; yet those
motives there are in both, which draw most effectually our
minds unto them. Hooker, b. ii.
Why in that rawness left you wife and children,
Those precious motives, those strong knots of love,
Without leave-taking? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
What can be a stronger motive to a firm trust on our
Maker, than the giving us his son to suffer for us. Addison.
The motive for continuing in the same state is only the pre­
sent satisfaction in it; the motive to change is always some
uneasiness. Locke.
2. Mover,
Heaven brought me up to be my daughter's dower;
As it hath fated her to be my motive
And helper to a husband. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Her wanton spirits look out
At every joint, and motive of her body. Shakespeare.

MO’TLEY. adj. [supposed to be corrupted from medley, perhaps
from mothlike coloured, spotted or variegated like a garden
moth.] Mingled of various colours.
The motley fool thus moral'd on the time,
My lungs began to crow like chanticleer,
That fools should be so deep contemplative. Shakespeare.
They that come to see a fellow
In a long motley coat, guarded with yellow,
Will be deceiv'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Expence and after-thought, and idle care,
And doubts of motley hue, and dark despair. Dryden.
Enquire from whence this motley style
Did first our Roman purity defile. Dryden's Persius.
Traulus, of amphibious breed,
Motley fruit of mungril seed;
By the dam from lordlings sprung,
By the fire exhal'd from dung. Swift.

MO’TOR. n. s. [moteur, Fr. from moveo, Latin.] A mover.
Those bodies being of a congenerous nature do readily re­
ceive the impressions of their motor, and, if not fettered by
their gravity, conform themselves to situations, wherein they
best unite unto their animator. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.

MO’TORY. adj. [motorius, Latin.] Giving motion.
The bones, were they dry, could not, without great dif­
ficulty, yield to the plucks and attractions of the motory mus­
cles. Roy on Creation.

MO’TTO. n. s. [motto, Italian.] A sentence added to a device,
or prefixed to any thing written.
It may be said to be the motto of human nature, rather to
suffer than to die. L'Estrange's Fables.
We ought to be meek-spirited, till we are assured of the
honesty of our ancestors; for covetousness and circumvention
make no good motto for a coat. Collier.
It was the motto of a bishop eminent for his piety and good
works in king Charles the second's reign, Inservi Deo & læ­
tore, Serve God and be chearful. Addison's Freeholder.

MOV

To MOVE. v. a. [moveo, Latin.]
1. To put out of one place into another; to put in motion.
Sinai itself was moved at the presence of God. Psal. lxviii.
At this my heart trembleth, and is moved out of his place.
Job xxvii. 1.
2. To give an impulse to.
The pretext of piety is but like the hand of a clock, set
indeed more conspicuously, but directed wholly by the secret
movings of carnality within. Decay of Piety.
3. To propose; to recommend.
If the first consultation be not sufficient, the will may move
a review, and require the understanding to inform itself bet­
ter. Bishop Bramhall against Hobbes.
They are to be blamed alike, who move and who decline
war upon particular respects. Hayward's Edw. VI.
They find a great inconvenience in moving their suits by an
interpreter. Davies on Ireland.
To Indamora you my suit must move. Dryden.
The will being the power of directing our operative facul­
ties to some action, for some end, cannot at any time be
moved towards what is judged at that time inattainable.
Locke.
4. To persuade; to prevail on the mind.
A thousand knees,
Ten thousand years together, naked, fasting,
Upon a barren mountain, and still Winter
In storm perpetual, could not move the gods
To look that way thou wert. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Grittus offered the Transylvanians money; but minds de­
sirous of revenge were not moved with gold. Knolles.
Sometimes the possibility of preferment prevailing with the
credulous, expectation of less expence with the covetous,
opinion of ease with the fond, and assurance of remoteness
with the unkind parents, have moved them without discretion,
to engage their children in adventures of learning, by whose
return they have received but small contentment. Wotton.
Could any power of sense the Roman move
To burn his own right hand? Davies.
That which moves a man to do any thing, must be the ap­
prehension and expectation of some good from the thing
which he is about to do. South's Sermons.
When she saw her reasons idly spent,
And could not move him from his fix'd intent,
She flew to rage. Dryden's æn.


But when no female arts his mind could move,
She turn'd to furious hate her impious love. Dryden's æn.
What can thy mind to this long journey move,
Or need'st thou absence to renew thy love? Dryden.
4. To affect; to touch pathetically; to stir passion.
If he see aught in you that makes him like,
That any thing he sees, which moves his liking,
I can with ease translate it to my will. Shakesp. K. John.
It was great ign'rance, Gloster's eyes being out,
To let him live; where he arrives he moves
All hearts against us. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Should a shipwreck'd sailor sing his woe,
Wou'd'st thou be mov'd to pity, or bestow
An alms? Dryden's Persius.
Images are very sparingly to be introduced; their proper
place is in poems and orations, and their use is to move pity
or terror, compassion and resentment. Felton on the Classicks.
O let thy sister, daughter, handmaid, move
Or all those tender names. Pope.
5. To make angry.
From those bloody hands
Throw your distemper'd weapons to the ground,
And hear the sentence of your moved prince. Shakespeare.
They have moved me to jealousy. Dent. xxxii. 21.
6. To put into commotion.
When they were come to Bethlehem, all the city was
moved about them. Ruth i. 19.
7. To conduct regularly in motion.
They, as they move
Their starry dance in numbers that compute
Days, months, and years, tow'rds his all cheering lamp,
Turn swift their various motions. Milton.

To MOVE. v. n.
1. To go from one place to another.
I look'd toward Birnam, and anon, methought,
The wood began to move.
Within this three mile may you see it coming;
I say a moving grove. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In him we live, move, and have our being. Acts xvii. 28.
Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you. Gen.
On the green bank I sat and listen'd long,
Nor till her lay was ended could I move,
But wish'd to dwell for ever in the grove. Dryden.
The senses represent the earth as immoveable; for though
it do move in itself, it rests to us who are carriedwith it. Glan.
This saying, that God is the place of spirits, being lite­
ral, makes us conceive that spirits move up and down, and
have their distances and intervals in God, as bodies have in
space. Locke.
When we are come to the utmost extremity of body,
what is there that can put a stop, and satisfy the mind, that
it is at the end of space, when it is satisfied that body itself
can move into it? Locke.
Any thing that moves round about in a circle in less time
than our ideas are wont to succeed one another in our minds,
is not perceived to move, but seems to be a perfect entire
circle of that matter. Locke.
The goddess moves
To visit Paphos, and her blooming groves. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To walk; to bear the body.
See great Marcellus! how inur'd in toils
He moves with manly grace, how rich with regal spoils.
Dryden's æn.
3. To go forward.
Through various hazards and events we move
To Latium. Dryden's æn.
4. To change the posture of the body in ceremony.
When Haman saw Mordecai that he stood not up, nor
moved for him, he was full of indignation. Esth. v. 9.

MO’VEABLE. adj. [from move.]
1. Capable of being moved; not fixed; portable; such as may
be carried from place to place.
In the vast wilderness, when the people of God had no
settled habitation, yet a moveable tabernacle they were com­
manded of God to make. Hooker, b. v.
When he made his prayer, he found the boat he was in
moveable and unbound, the rest remained still fast. Bacon.
Any heat whatsoever promotes the ascent of mineral mat­
ter, which is subtile, and is consequently moveable more
easily. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. iv.
Any who sees the Teverone must conclude it to be one of
the most moveable rivers in the world, that is so often shifted
out of one channel into another. Addison on Italy.
2. Changing the time of the year.
The lunar month is natural and periodical, by which the
moveable festivals of the Christian church are regulated. Holder.

MO’VEABLES. n. s. [moubles, Fr.] Goods; furniture; distin­
guished from real or immoveable possessions: as, lands or
house.
We seize
The plate, coin, revenues, and moveables,
Whereof our uncle Gaunt did stand possess'd. Shakesp.
Let him that moved you hither,
Remove you hence; I knew you at the first
You were a moveable.
—Why, what's a moveable?
—A join'd stool. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Surveys rich moveables with curious eye,
Beats down the price, and threatens still to buy. Dryden.

MO’VEABLENESS. n. s. [from moveable.] Mobility; possibility
to be moved.

MO’VEABLY. adv. [from moveable.] So as it may be moved.
His back-piece is composed of eighteen plates, moveably
joined together by as many intermediate skins. Grew.

MO’VELESS. adj. Unmov'd; not to be put out of the place.
The lungs, though untouched, will remain moveless as to
any expansion or contraction of their substance. Boyle.
The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tow'r,
On all sides batter'd, yet resists his power. Pope's Iliad.

MO’VEMENT. n. s. [mouvement, French.]
1. Manner of moving.
What farther relieves descriptions of battles, is the art of
introducing pathetick circumstances about the heroes, which
raise a different movement in the mind, compassion and pity.
Pope's Essay on Homer.
Under workmen are expert enough at making a single
wheel in a clock, but are utterly ignorant how to adjust the
several parts, or regulate the movement. Swift.
2. Motion.

MO’VENT. adj. [movens, Latin.] Moving.
If it be in some part movent, and in some part quiescent,
it must needs be a curve line, and so no radius. Grew's Cos.

MO’VENT. n. s. [movens, Lat.] That which moves another.
That there is a motion which makes the vicissitudes of day
and night, sense may assure us; but whether the sun or earth
be the common movent, cannot be determined but by a
further appeal. Glanville's Scep.

MO’VER. n. s. [from move.]
1. The person or thing that gives motion.
O thou eternal mover of the heav'ns,
Look with a gentle eye upon this wretch. Shakespeare.
The strength of a spring were better assisted by the labour
of some intelligent mover, as the heavenly orbs are supposed
to be turned. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
2. Something that moves, or stands not still.
You as the soul, as the first mover, you
Vigour and life on ev'ry part bestow. Waller.
So orbs from the first mover motion take,
Yet each their proper revolutions make. Dryden.
3. A proposer.
See here these movers, that do prize their honours
At a crack'd drachm; cushions, leaden spoons,
Ere yet the fight be done, pack up. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
If any question be moved concerning the doctrine of the
church of England expressed in the thirty-nine articles, give
not the least ear to the movers thereof. Bacon.

MO’VING. participial adj. [from move.] Pathetick; touching;
adapted to affect the passions.
Great Jupiter,
The moving pray'r of æacus did grant,
And into men and women turn'd the ant. Blackmore.

MO’VINGLY. adj. [from moving.] Pathetically; in such a man­
ner as to seize the passions.
The choice and flower of all things profitable in other
books, the Psalms do both more briefly and more movingly
express, by reason of that poetical form wherewith they are
written. Hooker, b. v.
I would have had them writ more movingly. Shakesp.
His air, his voice, his looks, and honest soul,
Speak all so movingly in his behalf,
I dare not trust myself to hear him talk. Addison's Cato.

MOU

MOUCHT. for might. Obsolete.

MOULD. n. s. [moegel, Swedish.]
1. A kind of concretion on the top or outside of things kept,
motionless and damp; now discovered by microscopes to be
perfect plants.
All moulds are inceptions of putrefaction, as the moulds of
pies and flesh, which moulds turn into worms. Bacon.
Moss is a kind of mould of the earth and trees, but may
be better sorted as a rudiment of germination. Bacon.
Another special affinity is between plants and mould, or pu­
trefaction; for all putrefaction, if it dissolve not in arefaction,
will, in the end, issue into plants. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The malt made in Summer is apt to contract mould. Mort.
A hermit, who has been shut up in his cell in a college,
has contracted a sort of mould and rust upon his soul, and all
his airs have aukwardness in them. Watts.
2. [Mold, Saxon.] Earth; soil; ground in which any thing
grows.
Those moulds that are of a bright chesnut or hazelly colour
are accounted the best; next to that, the dark grey and russet
moulds are accounted best; the light and dark ash-colour are
reckoned the worst, such as are usually found on common or


heathy ground: the clear tawny is by no means to be ap­
proved, but that of a yellowish colour is reckoned the worst
of all; this is commonly found in wild and waste parts of
the country, and for the most part produces nothing but goss,
furz, and fern. All good lands after rain, or breaking up
by the spade, will emit a good smell; that being always the
best that is neither too unctuous or too lean, but such as
will easily dissolve; of a just consistence between sand and
clay. Miller.
Though worms devour me, though I turn to mould,
Yet in my flesh I shall his face behold. Sandys's Paraph.
The black earth, every-where obvious on the surface of
the ground, we call mould. Woodward.
3. Matter of which any thing is made.
When the world began,
One common mass compos'd the mould of man. Dryden.
Nature form'd me of her softest mould,
Enseebled all my soul with tender passions,
And sunk me even below my weak sex. Addison's Cato.
4. [Molde, Spanish; moule, French.] The matrix in which
any thing is cast; in which any thing receives its form.
If the liturgies of all the ancient churches be compared,
it may be easily perceived they had all one original mould.
Hooker, b. v.
A dangerous president were left for the casting of prayers
into certain poetical moulds. Hooker, b. v.
French churches all cast according unto that mould which
Calvin had made. Hooker.
My wise comes foremost; then the honour'd mould
Wherein this trunk was fram'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments cleave not to their mould,
But with the end of use. Shakesp. Macbeth.
You may have fruit in more accurate figures, according as
you make the moulds. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 502.
The liquid ore he drain'd
Into fit moulds prepar'd; from which he form'd
First his own tools: then what might else be wrought
Fusile, or grav'n in metal. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
We may hope for new heavens and a new earth, more
pure and perfect than the former; as if this was a refiner's
fire, to purge out the dross and coarse parts, and then cast
the mass again into a new and better mould. Burnet.
Sure our fouls were near allied, and thine
Cast in the same poetick mould with mine. Dryden.
Here in fit moulds to Indian nations known,
Are cast the several kinds of precious stone. Blackmore.
4. Cast; form.
No mates for you,
Unless you were of gentler, milder mould. Shakespeare.
William earl of Pembroke was a man of another mould,
and making, and of another fame, being the most universally
beloved of any man of that age; and, having a great office
in the court, he made the court itself better esteemed, and
more reverenced in the country. Clarendon.
Learn
What creatures there inhabit, of what mould,
Or substance, how endu'd, and what their pow'r,
And where their weakness. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
So must the writer, whose productions should
Take with the vulgar, be of vulgar mould. Waller.
From their main-top joyful news they hear
Of ships, which by their mould bring new supplies. Dryd.
Hans Carvel, impotent and old,
Married a lass of London mould. Prior.
5. The future or contexture of the skull. Ains.

To MOULD. v. a. [from the noun.] To contract concreted
matter; to gather mould.
In woods, in waves, in wars she wants to dwell,
And will be found with peril and with pain;
Ne can the man that moulds in idle cell
Unto her happy mansion attain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
There be some houses wherein sweet meats will relent,
and baked meats will mould, more than in others. Bacon.

To MOULD. v. a. To cover with mould; to corrupt by
mould.
Very coarse, hoary, moulded bread the soldiers thrust upon
their spears, railing against Ferdinand, who made no better
provision. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

To MOULD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To form; to shape; to model.
I feel
Of what coarse metal ye are moulded. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Here is the cap your worship did bespeak;
Why this was moulded on a poringer,
A velvet dish; fie, fie, 'tis lewd. Shakespeare.
The king had taken such liking of his person, that he re­
solved to make him a master-piece, and to mould him plato­
nically to his own idea. Wotton's Buckingham.
Did I request thee, Maker! from my clay
To mould me man? Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
He forgeth and mouldeth metals, and builds houses. Hale.
By the force of education we may mould the minds and
manners of youth into what shape we please, and give them
the impressions of such habits as shall ever afterwards remain.
Atterbury's Sermons.
Then rose the seed of chaos, and of night,
Of dull and venal a new world to mould,
And bring Saturnian days of lead and gold.  Dunciad, b. iv.
A faction in England, under the name of puritan, moulded
up their new schemes of religion with republican principles
in government.  Swift.
For you alone he stole
The fire that forms a manly soul;
Then, to compleat it ev'ry way,
He moulded it with female clay.  Swift's Miscel.
Fabellus would never learn any moral lessons till they were
moulded into the form of some fiction or fable like those of
æsop.  Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
2. To knead: as, to mould bread.  Ains.

MO’ULDABLE. adj. [from mould.] What may be moulded.
The differences of figurable and not figurable, mouldable
and not mouldable, are plebeian notions.  Bacon's Nat. Hist.

MO’ULDER. n. s. [from mould.] He who moulds.

To MO’ULDER. v. n. [from mould.] To be turned to dust; to
perish in dust; to be diminished.
If he had sat still, the enemies army would have mouldered
to nothing, and been exposed to any advantage he would
take.  Clarendon, b. viii.
Whatsoever moulders, or is washed away, is carried down
into the lower grounds, and nothing ever brought back again.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Those formed stones despoiled of their shells, and exposed
upon the surface of the ground, in time decay, wear, and
moulder away, and are frequently found defaced, and broken
to pieces.  Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. v.
To them by smiling Jove 'twas giv'n,
Great William's glories to recall,
When statues moulder, and when arches fall.  Prior.
Finding his congregation moulder every Sunday, and hear­
ing what was the occasion of it, he resolved to give his parish
a little Latin in his turn.  Addison's Spect. No. 221.

To MO’ULDER. v. a. [from mould.] To turn to dust; to
crumble.
The natural histories of Switzerland talk of the fall of
those rocks when their foundations have been mouldered with
age, or rent by an earthquake.  Addison on Italy.
With nodding arches, broken temples spread,
The very tombs now vanish'd like their dead;
Some felt the silent stroke of mould'ring age,
Some, hostile fury.  Pope.

MO’ULDINESS. n. s. [from mouldy.] The state of being mouldy.
Flesh, fish, and plants, after a mouldiness, rottenness, or
corrupting, will fall to breed worms.  Bacon's Nat. Hist.

MO’ULDING. n. s. [from mould.] Ornamental cavities in wood
or stone.
Hollow mouldings are required in the work.  Maxon.

MO’ULDWARP. n. s. [mold and weorpan, Saxon.] A mole;
a small animal that throws up the earth.
Above the reach of loathful sinful lust,
Whose base effect through cowardly distrust
Of his own wings, dare not to heaven flie,
But like a mouldwarp in the earth doth lie.  Spenser.
While they play the mouldwarps, unsavory damps distem­
per their heads with annoyance only for the present.  Carew.
With gins we betray the vermin of the earth, namely, the
fichat and the mouldwarp.  Walton's Angler.

MO’ULDY. adj. [from mould.] Overgrown with concretions.
Is thy name mouldy?
—Yea.
—'Tis the more time thou wert us'd.
—Ha, ha, ha; most excellent: things that are mouldy
lack use. Well said, Sir John.  Shakesp. Henry IV.
The marble looks white and fresh, as being exposed to the
winds and salt sea-vapours, that by continually fretting it
preserves itself from that mouldy colour which others contract.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

To MOULT. v. n. [muyten, Dutch.] To shed or change the
feathers; to lose feathers.
Some birds upon moulting turn colour, as Robin-red-breasts,
after their moulting, grow to be red again by degrees.  Bacon.
Time shall moult away his wings,
E'er he shall discover
In the wide whole world again
Such a constant lover.  Suckling.
The widow'd turtle hangs her moulting wings,
And to the woods in mournful murmur sings.  Garth.

To MOUNCH. v. a. [mouch, to eat much. Ains. This word
is retained in Scotland, and denotes the ob­
tunded action of toothless gums on a hard crust, or any thing
eatable: it seems to be a corruption of the French word
manger. Macbean.]

To MAUNCH. v. a. [mouch, to eat much. Ains. This word
is retained in Scotland, and denotes the ob­
tunded action of toothless gums on a hard crust, or any thing
eatable: it seems to be a corruption of the French word
manger. Macbean.]
A sailor's wife had chesnuts in her lap,
And mouncht, and mouncht, and mouncht.  Shakesp. Macbeth.



MOUND. n. s. [mundian, Saxon, to defend.] Any thing raised
to fortify or defend: usually a bank of earth and stone.
His broad branches laden with rich fee,
Did stretch themselves without the utmost bound
Of this great garden, compass'd with a mound. Fairy Qu.
The sea's a thief, whose liquid surge resolves
The mounds into salt tears. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
God had thrown
That mountain as his garden mound, high rais'd. Milton.
Such as broke through all mounds of law, such as laughed
at the sword of vengeance which divine justice brandished in
their faces. South's Sermons.
Nor cold shall hinder me with horns and hounds
To third the thickets, or to leap the mounds. Dryden.
The state of Milan is like a vast garden sorrounded by a
noble mound-work of rocks and mountains. Addison.

To MOUND. v. a. [from the noun.] To sortify with a mound.

MOUNT. n. s. [mont, French; mons, Latin.]
1. A mountain; a hill.
Jacob offered sacrifice upon the mount. Gen. xxxi. 54.
Behold yon mountain's hoary height,
Made higher with new mounts of snow. Dryden.
2. An artificial hill raised in a garden, or other place.
He might see what mounts they had in short time cast, and
what a number there was of brave and warlike soldiers.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
3. A publick treasure; a bank. Now obsolete.
These examples confirmed me in a resolution to spend my
time wholly in writing; and to put forth that poor talent
God hath given me, not to particular exchanges, but to
banks or mounts of perpetuity, which will not break. Bacon.

To MOUNT. v. n. [monter, French.]
1. To rise on high.
Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her
nest on high? Job iii. 27.
I'll strive, with troubl'd thoughts, to take a nap;
Left leaden slumber poize me down to-morrow,
When I should mount with wings of victory. Shakespeare.
A base ignoble mind,
That mounts no higher than a bird can soar. Shakespeare.
The fire of trees and houses mounts on high,
And meets half-way new fires that show'r from sky. Cowley.
If the liturgy should be offered to them, it would kindle
jealousy, and as the first range of that ladder which should
serve to mount over all their customs. Clarendon.
Ambitious meteors set themselves upon the wing, taking
every occasion of drawing upward to the sun; not consider­
ing, that they have no more time allowed them in their
mounting than the single revolution of a day; and that when
the light goes from them, they are of necessity to fall. Dryd.
2. To tower; to be built up to great elevation.
Though his excellency mount up to the heavens, and his
head reach unto the clouds, yet he shall perish. Job xx. 6.
3. To get on horseback.
He
Like a full acorn'd boar, a churning on,
Cry'd, oh! and mounted. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
4. [For amount.] To rise in value.
Bring then these blessings to a strict account,
Make fair deductions, see to what they mount. Pope.

To MOUNT. v. a.
1. To raise aloft; to lift on high.
The fire that mounts the liquor till 't runs o'er,
Seeming to augment, wastes it. Shakespeare.
What power is it which mounts my love so high,
That makes me see, and cannot feed mine eye? Shakesp.
The air is so thin, that a bird has therein no feeling of
her wings, or any resistance of air to mount herself by. Ral.
2. To ascend; to climb.
Shall we mount again the rural throne,
And rule the country kingdoms, once our own? Dryden.
3. To place on horseback.
Three hundred horses, in high stables fed,
Of these he chose the fairest and the best,
To mount the Trojan troop. Dryden's æn.
Clear reason, acting in conjunction with a well-disciplined,
but strong and vigorous fancy, seldom fail to attain their end:
fancy without reason, is like a horse without a rider; and
reason without fancy is not well mounted. Grew's Cos. b. ii.
4. To embellish with ornaments.
5. To MOUNT guard. To do duty and watch at any particu­
lar post.
6. To MOUNT a cannon. To set a piece on its wooden frame
for the more easy carriage and management in firing it.

MO’UNTAIN. n. s. [montaigne, French.] A large hill; a vast
protuberance of the earth.
I had been drowned; a death that I abhor; for the water
swells a man, and what a thing should I have been when I
had been swelled? I should have been a mountain of mummy.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
She did corrupt frail nature with some bribe,
To make an envious mountain on my back,
Where sits deformity to mock my body. Shakespeare.
From Acmon's hands a rolling-stone there came,
So large, it half deserv'd a mountain's name! Dryden.

MO’UNTAIN. adj. [montanus, Latin.] Found on the moun­
tains; pertaining to the mountains; growing on the moun­
tains.
Now for our mountain sport, up to yond hill,
Your legs are young. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
You may as well forbid the mountain pines
To wag their high tops, and to make a noise,
When they are fretted with the gusts of heav'n. Shakesp.

MOUNTAINE’ER. n. s. [from mountain.]
1. An inhabitant of the mountains.
A few mountaincers may escape, enough to continue human
race; and yet illiterate rusticks, as mountaineers always are.
Bentley's Sermons.
Amiternian troops, of mighty fame,
And mountaineers, that from Severus came. Dryden's æn.
2. A savage; a free booter; a rustick.
Yield, rustick mountaineer. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
No savage, fierce banditti, or mountaineer,
Will dare to soil her virgin purity. Milton.

MO’UNTAINET. n. s. [from mountain.] A hillock; a small
mount. Elegant, but not in use.
Her breasts sweetly rose up like two fair mountainets in the
pleasant vale of Tempe. Sidney.

MO’UNTAINOUS. adj. [from mountain.]
1. Hilly; full of mountains.
The ascent of the land from the sea to the foot of the
mountains, and the height of the mountains from the bottom
to the top, are to be computed, when you measure the height
of a mountain, or of a mountainous land, in respect of the
sea. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Large as mountains; huge; bulky.
What custom wills in all things, shou'd we do't,
Mountainous error wou'd be too highly heapt
For truth to o'erpeer. Shakespeare.
On earth, in air, amidst the seas and skies,
Mountainous heaps of wonders rise;
Whose tow'ring strength will ne'er submit
To reason's batteries, or the mines of wit. Prior.
3. Inhabiting mountains.
In destructions by deluge and earthquake, the remnant
which hap to be reserved are ignorant and mountainous people,
that can give no account of the time past. Bacon's Essays.

MO’UNTAINOUSNESS. n. s. [from mountainous.] State of being
full of mountains.
Armenia is so called from the mountainousness of it.
Brerewood on Learning.

MO’UNTAIN-PARSLEY. n. s. [oreosolinum, Lat.] A plant.
The mountain-parsley hath a rose-shaped umbellated flower,
consisting of several leaves, placed in a circular order, resting
on the empalement, which afterwards becomes a fruit com­
posed of two seeds, which are oval, plain, large, streaked and
bordered, and sometimes cast off their cover; the leaves are
like parsley. Miller.

MO’UNTAIN-ROSE. n. s. [chamærhododendron, Lat.] A plant.
The mountain-rose hath a tubulous flower, consisting of one
leaf, shaped somewhat like a funnel; from whose cup arises
the pointal, fixed like a nail in the hinder part of the flower,
which afterwards becomes an oblong fruit, divided into five
cells, in which are contained many very small seeds. Miller.

MO’UNTANT. adj. [montans, Lat.] Rising on high.
Hold up, you sluts,
Your aprons mountant; you're not oathable,
Although, I know, you'll swear. Shak. Timon of Athens.

MO’UNTEBANK. n. s. [montare in banco, Italian.]
1. A doctor that mounts a bench in the market, and boasts his
infallible remedies and cures.
I bought an unction of a mountebank
So mortal, that but dip a knife in it,
Where it draws blood, no cataplasm so rare,
Can save the thing from death. Shakesp. Hamlet.
She, like a mountebank, did wound
And stab herself with doubts profound,
Only to shew with how small pain
The sores of faith are cur'd again. Hudibras, p. i.
But æschylus, says Horace in some page,
Was the first mountebank that trod the stage. Dryden.
It looks so like a mountebank to boast of infallible cures.
Baker's Reflections on Learning.
2. Any boastful and false pretender.
As nimble jugglers, that deceive the eye,
Disguised cheaters, prating mountebanks,
And many such like libertines of sin. Shakespeare.
There are mountebanks, and smatterers in state. L'Estrange.
Nothing so impossible in nature but mountebanks will under­
take. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

To MO’UNTEBANK. v. a. [from the noun.] To cheat by false
boasts or pretences.
I'll mountebank their loves,
Cog their hearts from them. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

MO’UNTENANCE. n. s. Amount of a thing. Spenser.



MO’UNTER. n. s. [from mount.] One that mounts.
Though they to the earth were thrown,
Yet quickly they regain'd their own,
Such nimbleness was never shown;
They were two gallant mounters. Drayton's Nymphid.
Few bankers will to heav'n be mounters. Swift.

MO’UNTY. n. s. [montée, French.] The rise of a hawk.
The sport which Basilius would shew to Zemane, was the
mounty at a heron, which getting up on his waggling wings
with pain, as though the air next to the earth were not fit
to fly through, now diminished the sight of himself. Sidney.

To MOURN. v. n. [murnan, Saxon.]
1. To grieve; to be sorrowful.
Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep. Genes.
I mourn in my complaint. Psal. lv. 2.
This day is holy; mourn not, nor weep. Neh. viii. 9.
The people shall mourn over it. Hos. x. 5.
My vineyard being desolate, mourneth unto me. Jer. xii.
They made an appointment to mourn with him, and to
comfort him. Job ii. 11.
They rejoice at the presence of the sun, and mourn at the
absence thereof. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 493.
2. To wear the habit of sorrow.
We mourn in black; why mourn we not in blood? Shak.
Friends in sable weeds appear,
Grieve for an hour, perhaps they mourn a year;
They bear about the mockery of woe
To midnight dances, and the puppet-show. Pope.
3. To preserve appearance of grief.
The days of mourning for my father are at hand, then will
I slay Jacob. Gen. xxvii. 41.
Feign thyself to be a mourner, and put on mourning ap­
parel. 2 Sam. xiv. 2.
Publish it that she is dead;
Maintain a mourning ostentation,
Hang mournful epitaphs. Shakesp. Much about nothing.

To MOURN. v. a.
1. To grieve for; to lament.
The muse that mourns him now his happy triumph sung.
Dryden.
Portius himself oft falls in tears before me,
As if he mourn'd his rival's ill success. Addison's Cato.
2. To utter in a sorrowful manner.
The love-lorn nightingale
Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well. Milton.

MOURNE. n. s. [morne, French.] The round end of a staff;
the part of a lance to which the steel part is fixed, or where
it is taken off.
He carried his lances, which though strong to give a lancely
blow indeed, yet so were they coloured with hooks near the
mourne, that they prettily represented sheep hooks. Sidney.

MO’URNER. n. s. [from mourn.]
1. One that mourns; one that grieves.
The kindred of the queen must die at Pomfret.
—Indeed I am no mourner for that news,
Because they have been still my adversaries. Shakespeare.
To cure thy woe, she shews thy fame;
Lest the great mourner should forget
That all the race whence Orange came,
Made virtue triumph over fate. Prior.
2. One who follows a funeral in black.
A woman that had two daughters buried one, and mourners
were provided to attend the funeral. L'Estrange's Fables.
He lives to be chief mourner for his son;
Before his face his wife and brother burns. Dryden.
3. Something used at funerals.
The mourner eugh and builder oak were there. Dryden.

MO’URNFUL. adj. [mourn and full.]
1. Having the appearance of sorrow.
No funeral rites, nor man in mournful weeds,
Nor mournful bell shall ring her burial. Shakespeare.
The winds within the quiv'ring branches play'd,
And dancing trees a mournful musick made. Dryden.
2. Causing sorrow.
Upon his tomb
Shall be engrav'd the sack of Orleans;
The treach'rous manner of his mournful death. Shakesp.
3. Sorrowful; feeling sorrow.
The mournful fair,
Oft as the rolling years return,
With fragrant wreaths and flowing hair,
Shall visit her distinguish'd urn. Prior.
4. Betokening sorrow; expressive of grief.
No mourful bell shall ring her burial. Shakespeare.
On your family's old monument
Hang mournful epitaphs. Shakespeare.

MO’URNFULLY. adv. [from mournful.] Sorrowfully; with sor­
row.
Beat the drum, that it speak mournfully. Shakespeare.

MO’URNFULNESS. n. s. [from mournful.]
1. Sorrow; grief.
2. Show of grief; appearance of sorrow.

MO’URNING. n. s. [from mourn.]
1. Lamentation; sorrow.
Wo is me, who will deliver me in those days? the be­
ginning of sorrows and great mournings. 2 Esdr. xvi. 18.
2. The dress of sorrow.
They through the master-street the corps convey'd,
The houses to their tops with black were spread,
And ev'n the pavements were with mourning hid. Dryden.

MO’URNINGLY. adv. [from mourning.] With the appearance
of sorrowing.
The king spoke of him admiringly and mourningly. Shak.

MOUSE. plural mice. n. s. [mus, Saxon; mus, Latin.] The
smallest of all beasts; a little animal haunting houses and
corn fields, destroyed by cats.
The eagle England being in prey,
To her unguarded nest the weazel Scot
Comes sneaking, and so sucks her princely eggs;
Playing the mouse in absence of the cat. Shakespeare.
These shall be unclean; the weasle, the mouse, and the
tortoise. Lev. xi. 29.
Where mice and rats devour'd poetick bread,
And with heroick verse luxuriously were fed. Dryden.
This structure of hair I have observed in the hair of cats,
rats, and mice. Derham's Physico-Theol.

To MOUSE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To catch mice.
An eagle tow'ring, in his pride of place
Was by a mousing owl hawk'd and kill'd. Shakespeare.
2. I suppose it means, in the following passage, fly; insidious;
or predatory, rapacious; interested.
A whole assembly of mousing saints, under the mask of zeal
and good nature, lay many kingdoms in blood. L'Estrange.

MO’USE-EAR. n. s. [myosotis, Lat.]
The mouse-ear hath the whole appearance of chick-weed;
but the flower is larger, and the fruit shaped like an ox's
horn, gaping at the top, and full of small round seeds. Miller.

MO’USEHUNT. n. s. [mouse and hunt.] Mouser; one that hunts
mice.
You have been a mouse-hunt in your time,
But I will watch you. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

MO’USE-HOLE. n. s. [mouse and hole.] Small hole; hole at
which a mouse only may run in.
He puts the prophets in a mouse hole: the last man ever
speaks the best reason. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
He can creep in at a mouse-hole, but he soon grows too big
ever to get out again. Stillingfleet.

MO’USER. n. s. [from mouse.] One that catches mice.
Puss, a madam, will be a mouser still. L'Estrange.
When you have fowl in the larder, leave the door open,
in pity to the eat, if she be a good mouser. Swift.

MO’USETAIL. n. s. An herb.

MO’USE-TRAP. n. s. [mouse and trap.] A snare or gin in which
mice are taken.
Many analogal motions in animals, I have reason to con­
clude, in their principle are not simply mechanical, although
a mouse-trap, or Architas dove, moved mechanically. Hale.
Madam,
With her own hand the mouse-trap baited. Prior.

MOUTH. n. s. [muth, Saxon.]
1. The aperture in the head of any animal at which the food
is received.
The dove came in; and lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf.
Gen. viii. 11.
There can be no reason given, why a visage somewhat
longer, or a wider mouth, could not have consisted with a
soul. Locke.
2. The opening; that at which any thing enters; the entrance;
the part of a vessel by which it is filled and emptied.
He came and lay at the mouth of the haven, daring them
to fight. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Set a candle lighted in the bottom of a bason of water,
and turn the mouth of a glass over the candle, and it will make
the water rise. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 889.
The mouth is low and narrow; but, after having entered
pretty far in, the grotto opens itself in an oval figure. Addison.
The navigation of the Arabick gulf being more dangerous
toward the bottom than the mouth, Ptolemy built Berenice at
the entry of the gulf. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. The instrument of speaking.
Riotous madness,
To be entangled with these mouth-made vows,
Which break themselves in swearing. Shakespeare.
Either our history shall with full mouth
Speak freely of our acts; or else our grave,
Like Turkish mute, shall have a tongueless mouth,
Not worshipp'd with a waxen epitaph. Shakesp. Henry V.
We will call the damsel, and inquire at her mouth.
Gen. xxiv. 57.
Every body's mouth will be full on it for the first four days,
and in four more the story will talk itself asleep. L'Estrange.
In the innocent age of the world, it was in every body's
mouth that the son was about to marry. L'Estrange.


Having frequently in our mouths the name eternity, we
think we have a positive idea of it. Locke.
There is a certain sentence got into every man's mouth, that
God accepts the will for the deed. South's Sermons.
4. A speaker; a rhetorician; the principal orator. In burlesque
language.
Every coffee-house has some particular statesman belong­
ing to it, who is the mouth of the street where he lives. Add.
5. Cry; voice.
Coward dogs
Most spend their mouths, when what they seem to threaten
Runs far before them. Shakespeare's Henry V.
The boar
Deals glancing wounds; the fearful dogs divide,
All spend their mouth aloft, but none abide. Dryden.
You don't now thunder in the capitol,
With all the mouths of Rome to second thee. Addison.
6. Distortion of the mouth; wry face, in this sense, is said to
make mouths.
Persevere, counterfeit sad looks,
Make mouths upon me when I turn my back. Shakespeare.
Against whom make ye a wide mouth, and draw out the
tongue? Isa. lvii. 4.
Why they should keep running asses at Coleshill, or how
making mouths turns to account in Warwickshire more than
any other parts of England, I cannot comprehend. Addison.
7. Down in the MOUTH. Dejected; clouded in the counte­
nance.
But, upon bringing the net ashore, it proved to be only
one great stone, and a few little fishes: upon this disappoint­
ment they were down in the mouth. L'Estrange.

To MOUTH. v. n. [from the noun.] To speak big; to speak
in a strong and loud voice; to vociferate.
Nay, an thou'lt mouth
I'll rant as well as thou. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
When Progne's or Thyestes' feast they write,
And for the mouthing actor verse indite;
Thou neither like a bellows swell'st thy face,
Nor canst thou strain thy throat. Dryden's Persius.
I'll bellow out for Rome, and for my country,
And mouth at Cæsar till I shake the senate. Addison.

To MOUTH. v. a.
1. To utter with a voice affectedly big; to roll in the mouth
with tumult.
Speak the speech as I pronounced it, trippingly on the
tongue: but if you mouth it, I had as lieve the town-crier
had spoke my lines. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Twitch'd by the sleeve he mouths it more and more,
Till with white froth his gown is slaver'd o'er. Dryden.
2. To chew; to eat; to grind in the mouth.
Corne carried let such as be poore go and glean,
And after thy cattel to mouth it up clean. Tusser's Husb.
Death lines his dead chaps with steel,
The swords of soldiers are his teeth, his phangs;
And now he feasts mouthing the flesh of men. Shakesp.
3. To seize in the mouth.
He keeps them, like an apple, in the corner of his jaw;
first mouth'd to be last swallow'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Lucilius never fear'd the times;
Mutius and Lupus both by name he brought,
He mouth'd them, and betwixt his grinders caught. Dryden.
4. To form by the mouth.
In regard the cub comes forth involved in the chorion, a
thick membrane obscuring the formation, and which the dam
doth after tear asunder; the beholder at first sight imputes the
ensuing form to the mouthing of the dam. Br. Vulgar Err.

MO’UTHED. adj. [from mouth.]
1. Furnished with a mouth.
One tragick sentence if I dare deride,
Which Betterton's grave action dignify'd,
Or well mouth'd Booth with emphasis proclaims. Pope.
2. In composition, foul mouthed or contumelous; mealy mouthed
or bashful; and a hard mouthed horse, or a horse not obedient
to the bit.

MO’UTH-FRIEND. n. s. [mouth and friend.] One who professes
friendship without intending it.
May you a better feast never behold,
You knot of mouth-friends: smoke and lukewarm water
Is your perfection. Shakespeare.

MO’UTHFUL. n. s. [mouth and full.]
1. What the mouth contains at once.
2. Any proverbially small quantity.
A goat going out for a mouthful of fresh grass, charged her
kid not to open the door till she came back. L'Estrange.
You to your own Aquinum shall repair,
To take a mouthful of sweet country air. Dryden's Juv.

MO’UTH-HONOUR. n. s. [mouth and honour.] Civility outwardly
expressed without sincerity.
Honour, love, obedience, troops of friends,
I must not look to have; but in their stead,
Curses not loud but deep, mouth-honour, breath. Shakesp.

MO’UTHLESS. adj. [from mouth.] Without a mouth.

MOW

MOW. n. s. [mowe, Saxon, a heap.] A loft or chamber where
hay or corn is laid up: hay in mow, is hay laid up in a
house; hay in rick, is hay heaped together in a field.
Learne skilfullie how
Each grain for to laie by itself on a mow. Tusser's Husb.
Where'er I gad, I Blouzelind shall view,
Woods, dairy, barn, and mows our passion knew. Gay.
Beans when moist give in the mow. Mortimer's Husb.

To MOW. v. a. preter. mowed, part. mown. [mawan, Saxon.
Mow the noun is pronounced as now; mow verb as mo.]
1. To cut with a scythe.
Of all the seed that in my youth was sowne,
Was nought but brakes and brambles to be mown. Spenser.
The care you have
To mow down thorns that would annoy our foot,
Is worthy praise. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Forth he goes,
Like to a harvest man, that's task'd to mow
Or all, or lose his hire. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
It was the latter growth after the king's mowings. Amos vii.
Whatever
The scythe of time mows down, devour unspar'd. Milton.
Beat, roll and mow carpet-walks and cammomile. Evelyn.
2. To cut down with speed and violence.
He will mow down all before him, and leave his passage
poll'd. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
What valiant foemen, like to autumn's corn,
Have we mow'd down. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Thou and I, marching before our troops,
May taste fate to 'em; mow 'em out a passage,
Begin the noble harvest of the field. Dryden's All for Love.
Stands o'er the prostrate wretch, and as he lay,
Vain tales inventing, and prepar'd to pray,
Mows off his head. Dryden's æn.

To MOW. v. a. [from the noun.] To put in a mow.

To MOW. v. n. To gather the harvest.
Gold, though the heaviest metal, hither swims:
Ours is the harvest where the Indians mow,
We plough the deep, and reap what others sow. Waller.

MOW. n. s. [probably corrupted from mouth; mouë, French.]
Wry mouth; distorted face. This word is now out of use,
but retained in Scotland.
The very abjects came together against me unawares,
making mows at me. Psal. xxxv. 15. Common Prayer.
Apes and monkeys,
'Twixt two such she's, would chatter this way, and
Contemn with mows the other. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Those that would make mowes at him while my father lived,
give twenty ducats apiece for his picture in little. Shakesp.

To MOW. v. n. [from the noun.] To make mouths; to di­
stort the face.
Some Smithfield ruffian takes up some new mowing with
the mouth, some wrenching with the shoulder, some fresh,
new oath, that is not stale, but will run round in the mouth.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Mohu, of murder; and Flibbertigibbet, of mopping and
mowing. Shakespeare's King Lear.
For every trifle are they set upon me;
Sometimes like apes that mow and chatter at me,
And after bite me. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To MO’WBURN. v. n. [mow and burn.] To ferment and heat
in the mow for want of being dry.
House it not green, lest it mowburn. Mortimer's Husb.

MO’WER. n. s. [from mow.] One who cuts with a scythe.
Set mowers a mowing, where medow is grown. Tusser.
The strawy Greeks, ripe for his edge,
Fall down before him like the mower's swath. Shakesp.
All else cut off,
As Tarquin did the poppy-heads, or mowers
A field of thistles. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
Mowers and reapers, who spend the most part of the hot
Summer days exposed to the sun, have the skin of their hands
of a darker colour than before. Boyle.

MO’XA. n. s. An Indian moss, used in the cure of the gout
by burning it on the part aggrieved. Temple.

MO’YLE. n. s. A mule; an animal generated between the
horse and the ass.
Ordinary husbandmen should quit breeding of horses, and
betake themselves to moyles; a beast which will fare hardly,
live very long, draw indifferently well, carry great burthens,
and hath also a pace swift and easy enough. Carew.
'Twould tempt a moyle to fury. May.

MUC

MUCH. adj. [mycker, Swedish; mucho, Spanish.] Large in
quantity; long in time; many in number.
Let us know
If 'twill tie up thy discontented sword,
And carry back to Sicily much tall youth,
That else must perish here. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Thou shalt carry much seed out, and shalt gather but little
in; for the locust shall consume it. Deut. xxiv. 38.
I am well served, to take so much pains for one resolved to
make away with himself. L'Estrange.


You were pressed for the sea-service, and got off with
much ado. Swift's Rules to Servants.

MUCH. adv.
1. In a great degree; by far.
Isaac, thou art much mightier than we. Gen. xxvi. 16.
Excellent speech becometh not a fool, much less do lying
lips a prince. Prov. xvii. 17.
We have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us, and
we gave them reverence; shall we not much rather be in sub­
jection unto the Father of spirits, and live? Heb. xii. 9.
If they escaped not who refused him that spoke on earth,
much more shall not we escape, if we turn away from him
that speaketh from heaven. Heb. xii. 25.
Somewhat aw'd, I shook with holy fear,
Yet not so much but that I noted well
Who did the most in song and dance excel. Dryden.
2. To a certain degree.
He charged them that they should tell no man: but the
more he charged them, so much the more a great deal they
published it. Mark vii. 36.
3. To a great degree.
So spake, so wish'd much humbled Eve, but fate
Subscrib'd not. Milt.
To thee thy much-afflicted mother flies,
And on thy succour and thy faith relies. Dryden.
Your much-lov'd fleet shall soon
Besiege the petty monarchs of the land. Dryden.
If his rules of reason be not better than his rules for health,
he is not like to be much followed. Baker's Ref. on Learning.
Oh much experienc'd man! Pope's Odyssey.
Sad from my natal hour my days have ran,
A much afflicted, much enduring man. Pope's Odyssey.
3. Often, or long.
You pine, you languish, love to be alone,
Think much, speak little, and in speaking, sigh. Dryden.
Homer shall last, like Alexander, long,
As much recorded, and as often sung. Granville.
4. Nearly.
All left the world much as they found it, ever unquiet, sub­
ject to changes and revolutions. Temple.

MUCH. n. s.
1. A great deal; multitude in number; abundance in quan­
tity.
They gathered against Moses and Aaron, and said, Ye
take too much upon you. Num. xvi. 3.
Nor grudge I thee the much the Grecians give,
Nor murm'ring take the little I receive. Dryden's Iliad.
They have much of the poetry of Mecænas, but little of
his liberality. Dryden's Pref. to All for Love.
The fate of love is such,
That still it sees too little or too much. Dryden.
Much suff'ring heroes next their honours claim;
Those of less noisy and less guilty fame,
Fair virtue's silent train. Pope's Temple of Fame.
2. More than enough; a heavy service or burthen.
Thou think'st it much to tread the ooze
Of the salt deep. Shakespeare's Tempest.
He thought not much to clothe his enemies. Milton.
This gracious act the ladies all approve,
Who thought it much a man should die for love,
And with their mistress join'd in close debate. Dryden.
3. Any assignable quantity or degree.
The waters covered the chariots and horsemen; there re­
mained not so much as one. Exod. xiv. 28.
We will cut wood out of Lebanon as much as thou shalt
need. 2 Chron. ii. 16.
The matter of the universe was created before the flood;
and if any more was created, then there must be as much an­
nihilated to make room for it. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Who is there of whom we can with any rational assurance,
or perhaps so much as likelihood, affirm, here is a man whose
nature is renewed, whose heart is changed. South's Sermons.
4. An uncommon thing; something strange.
It was much that one that was so great a lover of peace
should be happy in war. Bacon's Henry VII.
It is much, if men were from eternity, that they should not
find out the way of writing all that long duration which had
past before that time. Tillotson's Sermons.
5. To make MUCH of. To treat with regard; to fondle; to
pamper.
Though he knew his discourse was to entertain him from
a more streight parley, yet he durst not but kiss his rod, and
gladly make much of that entertainment which she allotted
unto him. Sidney, b. ii.
The king understanding of their adventure, suddenly falls
to take a pride in making much of them, extolling them with
infinite praises. Sidney, b. ii.
When thou camest first,
Thou stroak'd'st, and mad'st much of me; and would'st
give me
Water with berries in't. Shakespeare's Tempest.

MUCH at one. Of equal value; of equal influence.
Then prayers are vain as curses, much at one
In a slave's mouth, against a monarch's pow'r. Dryden.

MU’CHWHAT. adv. [much and what.] Nearly.
The motion being conveyed from the brain of man to the
fancy of another, it is there received; and the same kind of
strings being moved, and muchwhat after the same manner as
in the first imaginant. Glanville's Scep. c. 24.
The bigness of her body and bill, as likewise the form of
them, is muchwhat as swallows. More's Antidote ag. Atheism.
If we will disbelieve every thing, because we cannot cer­
tainly know all things, we shall do muchwhat as wisely as he
who would not use his legs because he had no wings to fly.
Locke.
Unless he can prove cælibatum a man or a woman, this
Latin will be muchwhat the same with a solecism. Atterbury.

MU’CHEL. adj. for muckle or mickle. [mcel, Saxon.] Much.
He had in arms abroad won muchel fame,
And fill'd far lands with glory of his might. Fairy Queen.

MU’CID. n. s. [mucidus, Lat. mucre, Fr.] Slimy; musty.

MU’CIDNESS. n. s. [from mucid.] Sliminess; mustiness. Ains.

MU’CILAGE. n. s. [mucilage, French.] A slimy or viscous
body; a body with moisture sufficient to hold it together.
Dissolution of gum tragacanth, and oil of sweet almonds,
do commingle, the oil remaining on the top till they be
stirred, and make the mucilage somewhat more liquid. Bacon.
Your alaternus seed move with a broom, that the seeds clog
not together, unless you will separate it from the mucilage,
for then you must a little bruise it wet. Evelyn.
Both the ingredients improve one another; for the mucilage
adds to the lubricity of the oil, and the oil preserves the mu­
cilage from inspissation. Ray on the Creation.

MUCILA’GINOUS. adj. [mucilagineux, French, from mucilage.]
Slimy; viscous; soft with some degree of tenacity.
There is a twofold liquor prepared for the inunction and
lubrification of the heads or ends of the bones: an oily one,
furnished by the marrow; and a mucilaginous, supplied by
certain glandules seated in the articulations. Ray on Creation.
There is a sort of magnetism in all, not mucilaginous but
resinous gums, even in common rosin. Grew's Cosmol.

MUCILA’GINOUS glands.
Mucilaginous glands are of two sorts; some are small, and
in a manner milliary glands, because glandules are placed all
upon the same surface of the membranes which lie over the
articulations; the other sort are conglomerated, or many
glandules collected and planted one upon another, so as to
make a bulk appear conspicuously. Quincy.

MUCILA’GINOUSNESS. n. s. [from mucilaginous.] Sliminess,
viscosity.

MUCK. n. s. [meox, Saxon; myer, Islandick.]
1. Dung for manure of grounds.
Hale out thy mucke, and plow out thy ground. Tusser.
It is usual to help the ground with muck, and likewise to
recomfort with muck put to the roots; but to water it with
muck water, which is like to be more forcible, is not prac­
tised. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 403.
The swine may see the pearl, which yet he values but
with the ordinary muck. Glanville's Apology.
There are, who
Rich foreign mold, on their ill-natur'd land
Induce laborious, and with fat'ning muck
Besmear the roots. Philips.
Morning insects that in muck begun,
Shine, buzz and fly-blow in the setting sun. Pope.
2. Any thing low, mean, and filthy.
Reward of worldly muck doth foully blend,
And low abase the high heroick spirit
That joys for crowns. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
3. To run a MUCK, signifies, I know not from what deriva­
tion, to run madly and attack all that we meet.
Frontless and satire-proof he scow'rs the streets,
And runs an Indian muck at all he meets. Dryden.
Satire's my weapon, but I am too discreet
To run a muck, and tilt at all I meet. Pope's Horace.

To MUCK. v. a. [from the noun.] To manure with muck;
to dung.
Thy garden plot lately wel trenched and muckt
Would now be twifallowed. Tusser.

MU’CKENDER. n. s. [mouchoir, French; mocadero, Spanish;
muccinium, low Latin.] A handkerchief.
For thy dull fancy a muckender is fit,
To wipe the slabberings of thy snotty wit. Dorset.

To MU’CKER. v. n. [from muck.] To scramble for money; to
hoard up; to get or save meanly: a word used by Chaucer,
and still retained in conversation.

MU’CKERER. n. s. [from mucker.] One that muckers.

MU’CKHILL. n. s. [muck and hill.] A dunghil.
Old Euclio in Plautus, as he went from home, seeing a
crowscrat upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking
it for an ill sign his money was digged up. Burton.



MU’CKINESS. n. s. [from mucky.] Nastiness; filth.

MU’CKLE. adj. [mcel, Saxon.] Much.

MU’CKSWEAT. n. s. [muck and sweat: in this low word, muck
signifies wet, moist.] Profuse sweat.

MU’CKWORM. n. s. [muck and worm.]
1. A worm that lives in dung.
2. A miser; a curmudgeon.
Worms suit all conditions;
Misers are muckworms, silkworms beaus,
And death-watches physicians. Swift's Miscel.

MU’CKY. adj. [from muck.] Nasty; filthy.
Mucky filth his branching arms annoys,
And with uncomely weeds the gentle wave accloys.
Fairy Queen.

MU’COUS. adj. [mucosus, Latin.] Slimy; viscous.
The salamander being cold in the fourth, and moist in the
third degree, and having also a mucous humidity above and
under the skin, may a while endure the flame. Brown.
About these the nerves and other vessels make a fine web,
covered over with a mucous substance, to moisten these pa­
pillæ pyramidales. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

MU’COUSNESS. n. s. [from mucous.] Slime; viscosity.

MU’CRO. n. s. [Latin.] A point.
The mucro or point of the heart inclineth unto the left,
by this position it giving way unto the ascension of the mid­
riff. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

MU’CRONATED. n. s. [mucro, Latin.] Narrowed to a sharp
point.
Gems are here shot into cubes consisting of six sides, and
mucronated or terminating in a point. Woodward.

MU’CULENT. adj. [from mucus, Lat.] Viscous; slimy. Dict.

MU’CUS. n. s. [Latin.] Is most properly used for that which
flows from the papillary processes through the os cribriforme
into the nostrils; but it is also used for any slimy liquor or
moisture, as that which daubs over and guards the bowels
and all the chief passages in the body; and it is separated by
the mucilaginous glands. Quincy.
In the action of chewing, the mucus mixeth with the ali­
ment: the mucus is an humour different from the spittle, and
the great quantity of air which it contains helps to dissolve
the aliment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

MUD

MUD. n. s. [modder, Dutch.] The slime and uliginous matter
at the bottom of still water.
The purest spring is not so free from mud,
As I am clear from treason. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Water in mud doth putrefy, as not able to preserve itself.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 696.
The channel was dried up, and the fish left dead and stick­
ing in the mud. L'Estrange.
The force of the fluid will separate the smallest particles,
so as to leave vacant interstices, which will be again filled up
by particles carried on by the succeeding fluid, as a bank by
the mud of the current, which must be reduced to that figure
which gives least resistance to the current. Arbuthnot.
A fountain in a darksome wood,
Nor stain'd with falling leaves nor rising mud. Addison.

To MUD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bury in the slime or mud.
I wish
Myself were mudded in that oozy bed,
Where my son lies. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. To make turbid; to pollute with dirt; to dash with dirt;
to fowl by stirring up the sediment.
I shall not stir in the waters which have been already mud­
ded by so many contentious enquiries. Glanville's Scep.

MU’DDILY. adv. [from muddy.] Turbidly; with foul mix­
ture.
Lucilius writ not only loosely and muddily, with little art,
and much less care, but also in a time which was not yet
sufficiently purged from barbarism. Dryden.

MU’DDINESS. n. s. [from muddy.] Turbidness; foulness caused
by mud, dregs, or sediment.
Our next stage brought us to the mouth of the Tiber: the
season of the year, the muddiness of the stream, with the
many green trees hanging over it, put me in mind of the de­
lightful image that Virgil has given when æneas took the
first view of it. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Turn the bottle upside down; by this means you will not
lose one drop, and the froth will conceal the muddiness. Sw.

To MU’DDLE. v. a. [from mud.]
1. To make turbid; to foul; to make muddy.
The neighbourhood told him, he did ill to muddle the wa­
ter and spoil the drink. L'Estrange's Fables.
Yet let the goddess smile or frown,
Bread we shall eat, or white or brown;
And in a cottage, or a court,
Drink fine champagne, or muddl'd port. Prior.
2. To make half drunk; to cloud or stupify.
I was for five years often drunk, always muddled; they
carried me from tavern to tavern. Arbuth. Hist. of J. Bull.
Epicurus seems to have had his brains so muddled and con­
founded, that he scarce ever kept in the right way, though
the main maxim of his philosophy was to trust to his senses,
and follow his nose. Bentley's Sermons.

MU’DDY. adj. [from mud.]
1. Turbid; foul with mud.
A woman mov'd is like a fountain troubled,
Muddy, ill-seeming, thick, bereft of beauty. Shakespeare.
Her garments, heavy with their drink,
Pull'd the poor wretch from her melodious lay
To muddy death. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Carry it among the whitsters in Datchet mead, and there
empty it in the muddy ditch close by the Thames. Shakesp.
Who can a pure and crystal current bring
From such a muddy and polluted spring? Sandys's Paraph.
I strove in vain th' infected blood to cure,
Streams will run muddy where the spring's impure. Roscom.
Till by the fury of the storm full blown,
The muddy bottom o'er the clouds is thrown. Dryden.
Out of the true fountains of science painters and statuaries
are bound to draw, without amusing themselves with dipping
in streams which are often muddy, at least troubled; I mean
the manner of their masters after whom they creep. Dryden.
2. Impure; dark; gross.
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young ey'd cherubims;
Such harmony is in immortal sounds;
But whilst this muddy vesture of decay
Doth grosly close us in, we cannot hear it. Shakespeare.
If you chuse, for the composition of such ointment, such
ingredients as do make the spirits a little more gross or muddy,
thereby the imagination will fix the better. Bacon.
2. A bird so called. Ains.
3. Soiled with mud.
His passengers
Expos'd in muddy weeds, upon the miry shore. Dryden.
4. Dark; not bright.
The black
A more inferior station seeks,
Leaving the fiery red behind,
And mingles in her muddy cheeks. Swift's Miscel.
5. Cloudy; dull.
Do'st think I am so muddy, so unsettl'd,
To appoint myself in this vexation. Shak. Winter's Tale.
Yet I,
A dull and muddy mettled rascal, peak,
Like John-a-dreams, unpregnant of my cause,
And can say nothing. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To MU’DDY. v. a. [from mud.] To make muddy; to cloud;
to disturb.
The people muddied
Thick and unwholesome in their thoughts and whispers.
Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Excess, either with an apoplexy, knocks a man on the
head; or with a fever, like fire in a strong-water-shop, burns
him down to the ground; or if it flames not out, charks him
to a coal; muddies the best wit, and makes it only to flutter
and froth high. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii.

MU’DSUCKER. n. s. [mud and suck.] A sea fowl.
In all water-fowl, their legs and feet correspond to that
way of life; and in mudsuckers, two of the toes are some­
what joined, that they may not easily sink. Derham.

MUDWA’LL. n. s. [mud and wall.]
1. A wall built without mortar, by throwing up mud and suf­
fering it to dry.
If conscience contract rust or soil, a man may as well ex­
pect to see his face in a mudwall, as that such a conscience
should give him a true report of his condition. South's Serm.
2. A bird so called. Ains.

MUDWA’LLED. adj. [mud and wall.] Having a mudwall.
As folks from mudwall'd tenement
Bring landlords pepper-corn for rent;
Present a turkey, or a hen,
To those might better spare them ten. Prior.

To MUE. v. a. [muer, Fr.] To moult; to change feathers.

MUF

MUFF. n. s. [muff, Swedish.] A soft cover for the hands in
Winter.
Feel but the difference soft and rough,
This a gantlet, that a muff. Cleaveland.
What! no more favours, not a ribbon more,
Not fan, not muff. Suckling.
The lady of the spotted muff began. Dryden.
A child that stands in the dark upon his mother's muff, says
he stands upon something, he knows not what. Locke.

To MU’FFLE. v. a. [from moufle, French, a winter glove.]
1. To cover from the weather.
His muffled feature speaks him a recluse,
His ruins prove him a religious house. Cleaveland.
You must be muffled up like ladies. Dryden.
The face lies muffled up within the garment. Addison.
2. To blindfold.
Alas that love, whose view is muffled still,
Should without eyes see pathways to his ill. Shakespeare.


We've caught the woodcock, and will keep him muf­
fled. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Our understandings lie grovelling in this lower region, muf­
fled up in mists and darkness. Glanville's Scep.
Loss of sight is the misery of life, and usually the forerun­
ner of death: when the malefactor comes once to be muffled,
and the fatal cloth drawn over his eyes, we know that he is
not far from his execution. South's Sermons.
Bright Lucifer
That night his heav'nly form obscur'd with tears;
And since he was forbid to leave the skies,
He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes. Dryden.
One muffled up in the infallibility of his sect, will not en­
ter into debate with a person that will question any of those
things which to him are sacred. Locke.
3. To conceal; to involve.
This is one of the strongest examples of a personation that
ever was: although the king's manner of shewing things by
pieces, and by dark lights, hath so muffled it, that it hath left
it almost as a mystery. Bacon's Henry VII.
No muffling clouds, nor shades infernal, can
From his inquiry hide offending man. Sandys's Paraph.
The thoughts of kings are like religious groves,
The walks of muffled gods. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
They were in former ages muffled up in darkness and super­
stition. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

To MU’FFLE. v. n. [maffelen, moffelen, Dutch.] To speak
inwardly; to speak without clear and distinct articulation.
The freedom or apertness and vigour of pronouncing, as
in the Bocca Romana, and giving somewhat more of aspi­
ration; and the closeness and muffling, and laziness of speak­
ing, render the sound of speech different. Holder.

MU’FFLER. n. s. [from muffle.]
1. A cover for the face.
Fortune is painted with a muffler before her eyes, to sig­
nify to you that fortune is blind. Shakesp. Henry V.
Mr. Hales has found out the best expedients for preventing
immediate suffocation from tainted air, by breathing through
mufflers which imbibe these vapours. Arbuthnot on Air.
2. A part of a woman's dress by which the face was co­
vered.
There is no woman's gown big enough for him; other­
wise he might put on a hat, a muffler, and a handkerchief,
and so escape. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The Lord will take away your tinkling ornaments, chains,
bracelets, and mufflers. Isa. iii. 19.

MUFTI. n. s. [a Turkish word.] The high priest of the Ma­
hometans.

MUG. n. s. [Skinner derives it from mwgl, Welsh, warm.]
A cup to drink in.
Ah Bowzybee, why didst thou stay so long?
The mugs were large, the drink was wond'rous strong.
Gay.

MU’GGY. adj. [A cant word.] Moist; damp; mouldy.

MU’GGISH. adj. [A cant word.] Moist; damp; mouldy.
Cover with stones, or muggy straw, to keep it moist.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

MU’GHOUSE. n. s. [mug and house.] An alehouse; a low house
of entertainment.
Our sex has dar'd the mughouse chiefs to meet,
And purchas'd fame in many a well fought street. Tickell.

MU’GIENT. adj. [mugiens, Latin.] Bellowing.
That a bittern maketh that mugient noise or bumping, by
putting its bill into a reed, or by putting the same in water
or mud, and after a while retaining the air, but suddenly ex­
cluding it again, is not easily made out. Brown.

MU’GWORT. n. s. [mugwrt, Saxon; artemisia, Lat.]
The flowers and fruit of the mugwort are very like those
of the wormwood, but grow erect upon the branches: the
flowers are of a purplish colour, and the leaves terminate in
sharp points cut into many segments; they are of a dark green
on the upper side, and hoary on the under side. Miller.
Some of the most common simples with us in England are
comfry, bugle, Paul's-betony, and mugwort. Wiseman.

MUL

MULA’TTO. n. s. [Spanish; mulat, French, from mulus, Lat.]
One begot between a white and a black, as a mule between
different species of animals.

MU’LBERRY. n. s. [morberig, Saxon; morus, Lat.]

MU’LBERRY tree. n. s. [morberig, Saxon; morus, Lat.]
The mulberry tree hath large, rough, roundish leaves; the
male flowers, or katkins, which have a calyx consisting of
four leaves, are sometimes produced upon separate trees, at
other times at remote distances from the fruit on the same
tree: the fruit is composed of several protuberances, to each
of which adhere four small leaves; the seeds are roundish,
growing singly in each protuberance; it is planted for the de­
licacy of the fruit. The white mulberry is commonly culti­
vated for its leaves to feed silkworms, in France and Italy,
though the Persians always make use of the common black
mulberry for that purpose. Miller.
Morton, archbishop of Canterbury, was content to use
mor upon a tun; and sometimes a mulberry tree, called morus
in Latin, out of a tun. Camden's Remains.
The ripest mulberry,
That will not hold the handling. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A body black, round, with small grain like tubercles on
the surface; not very unlike a mulberry. Woodward's Fossils.

MULCT. n. s. [mulcta, Latin.] A fine; a penalty: used com­
monly of pecuniary penalty.
Because this is a great part, and Eusebius hath yet said
nothing, we will, by way of mulct or pain, lay it upon him.
Bacon's holy War.
Look humble upward, see his will disclose
The forfeit first, and then the fine impose;
A mulct thy poverty could never pay,
Had not eternal wisdom found the way. Dryden.

To MULCT. v. a. [mulcto, Lat. mulcter, Fr.] To punish with
fine or forfeiture.
Marriage without consent of parents they do not make
void, but they mulct it in the inheritors; for the children of
such marriages are not admitted to inherit above a third part
of their parents inheritance. Bacon's New Atlantis.

MULE. n. s. [mule, mulet, Fr. mula, Latin.] An animal gene­
rated between a he ass and a mare, or sometimes between a
horse and a she ass.
You have among you many a purchas'd slave,
Which, like your asses, and your dogs, and mules,
You use in abject and in slavish part. Shakespeare.
Five hundred asses yearly took the horse,
Producing mules of greater speed and force. Sandys.
Those effluvia in the male seed have the greatest stroke in
generation, as is demonstrable in a mule, which doth more
resemble the parent, that is, the ass, than the female. Ray.
Twelve young mules, a strong laborious race. Pope.

MULETE’ER. n. s. [muletier, Fr. mulio, Lat.] Mule-driver;
horse-boy.
Base muleteers,
Like peasant foot-boys, do they keep the walls,
And dare not take up arms like gentlemen. Shakespeare.
Your ships are not well mann'd,
Your mariners are muleteers, reapers. Shakespeare.

MULIE’BRITY. n. s. [muliebris, Lat.] Womanhood; the con­
trary to virility; the manners and character of woman.

To MULL. v. a. [mollitus, Latin.]
1. To soften and dispirit, as wine is when burnt and sweeten­
ed. Hanmer.
Peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy
Mull'd, deaf, sleepy, insensible. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To heat any liquor, and sweeten and spice it.
Drink new cyder mull'd, with ginger warm. Gay.

MU’LLAR. n. s. [mouleur, French.] A stone held in the hand
with which any powder is ground upon a horizotal stone. It
is now often called improperly mullet.
The best grinder is the prophyry, white or green marble,
with a mullar or upper stone of the same, cut very even
without flaws or holes; you may make a mullar also of a flat
pebble, by grinding it smooth at a grind-stone. Peacham.

MULLE’IN. n. s. [verbascum, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of the mullein consists of one leaf, which ex­
pands in a circular form, and is cut into several segments; out
of the centre arises the pointal, which afterward becomes an
oval-pointed fruit, divided into two cells by a middle parti­
tion filled with small angular seeds. Miller.

MU’LLET. n. s. [mullus, Lat. mulet, Fr.] A sea fish.
Of carps and mullets why prefer the great?
Yet for small turbots such esteem profess. Pope's Horace.

MULL’GRUBS. n. s. Twisting of the guts. Ains.

MU’LLOCK. n. s. Rubbish. Ains.

MULSE. n. s. Wine boiled and mingled with honey. Dict.

MULTA’NGULAR. [multus and angulus, Lat.] Many corner­
ed; having many corners; polygonal.

MULTA’NGULARLY. adv. [from multangular.] Polygonally;
with many corners.
Granates are multangularly round. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.

MULTA’NGULARNESS. [from multangular.] The state of being
polygonal, or having many corners.

MULTICA’PSULAR. adj. [multus and capsula, Latin.] Divided
into many partitions or cells. Dict.

MULTICA’VOUS. adj. [multus and cavus, Lat.] Full of holes.
Dict.

MULTIFA’RIOUS. adj. [multifarius, Lat.] Having great mul­
tiplicity; having different respects; having great diversity in
itself.
There is a multifarious artifice in the structure of the
meanest animal. More's Divine Dialogues.
When we consider this so multifarious congruity of things
in reference to ourselves, how can we with-hold from infer­
ring, that that which made both dogs and ducks made them
with a reference to us? More's Antidotes against Atheism.
His science is not moved by the gusts of fancy and hu­
mour, which blow up and down the multifarious opinionists.
Glanville to Albius.


We could not think of a more comprehensive expedient,
whereby to assist the frail and torpent memory through so
multifarious and numerous an employment. Evelyn's Kalend.

MULTIFA’RIOUSLY. adv. [from multifarious.] With multi­
plicity.
If only twenty-four parts may be so multifariously placed,
as to make many millions of millions of differing rows: in
the supposition of a thousand parts, how immense must that
capacity of variation be? Bentley's Sermons.

MULTIFA’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from multifarious.] Multiplied
diversity.
According to the multifariousness of this imitability, so are
the possibilities of being. Norris's Miscel.

MULTI’FIDOUS. adj. [multifidus, Latin.] Having many parti­
tions; cleft into many branches.
These animals are only excluded without sight which are
multiparous and multifidous, which have many at a litter,
and have feet divided into many portions. Brown.

MU’LTIFORM. adj. [multiformis, Lat.] Having various shapes
or appearances.
Ye that in quaterion run
Perpetual circle, multiform. Milton.
The best way to convince is proving, by ocular demon­
stration, the multiform and amazing operations of the air­
pump and the load-stone. Watts.

MULTIFO’RMITY. n. s. [multiformis, Lat.] Diversity of shapes
or appearances subsisting in the same thing.

MULTILA’TERAL. adj. [multus and lateralis, Latin.] Having
many sides. Dict.

MULTI’LOQUOUS. adj. [multiloquus, Latin.] Very talkative.
Dict.

MULTINO’MINAL. adj. [multus and nomen, Lat.] Having many
names. Dict.

MULTI’PAROUS. n. s. [multiparus, Lat.] Bringing many at a
birth.
Double formations do often happen to multiparous genera­
tions, more especially that of serpents, whose conceptions be­
ing numerous, and their eggs in chains, they may unite into
various shapes, and come out in mixed formations. Brown.
Animals feeble and timorous are generally multiparous;
or if they bring forth but few at once, as pigeons, they com­
pensate that by their often breeding. Ray on the Creation.

MULTIPE’DE. n. s. [multipeda, Latin.] An insect with many
feet; a sow or wood-louse. Bailey.

MU’LTIPLE. adj. [multiplex, Latin.] A term in arithmetick,
when one number contains another several times: as, nine
is the multiple of three, containing it three times. Manifold.

MU’LTIPLIABLE. adj. [multipliable, Fr. from multiply.] Ca­
pable to be multiplied.

MULTIPLI’ABLENESS. n. s. [from multipliable.] Capacity of
being multiplied.

MULTIPLICA’BLE. adj. [from multiplico, Latin.] Capable of
being arithmetically multiplied.

MULTIPLICA’ND. n. s. [multiplicandus, Latin.] The number
to be multiplied in arithmetick.
Multiplication hath the multiplicand, or number to be mul­
plied; the multiplier, or number given, by which the multi­
plicand is to be multiplied, and the product, or number pro­
duced by the other two. Cocker's Arithmetick.

MULTIPLICA’TE. n. s. [from multiplico, Latin.] Consisting of
more than one.
In this multiplicate number of the eye, the object seen is
not multiplied, and appears but one, though seen with two
or more eyes. Derham's Physico-Theol.

MULTIPLICA’TION. n. s. [multiplication, Fr. multiplicatio, Lat.]
1. The act of multiplying or increasing any number by addi­
tion or production of more of the same kind.
Although they had divers stiles for God, yet under many
appellations they acknowledged one divinity; rather conceiving
thereby the evidence or acts of his power in several ways
than a multiplication of essence, or real distractions of unity
in any one. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
2. [In arithmetick.]
Multiplication is the increasing of any one number by an­
other, so often as there are units in that number, by which
the one is increased. Cocker's Arithmetick.
A man had need be a good arithmetician to understand
this author's works: his description runs on like a multiplica­
tion table. Addison on ancient Medals.

MULTIPLICA’TOR. n. s. [multiplicateur, Fr. from multiplico,
Lat.] The number by which another number is multiplied.

MULTILPI’CITY. n. s. [multiplicité, French.]
1. More than one of the same kind.
Had they discoursed rightly but upon this one principle,
that God was a being infinitely perfect, they could never
have asserted a multiplicity of gods: for, can one God include
in him all perfection, and another God include in him all
perfections too? Can there be any more than all? And if this
all be in one, can it be also in another? South's Sermons.
Company, he thinks, lessens the shame of vice, by sharing
it; and abates the torrent of a common odium, by deriving
it into many channels; and therefore if he cannot wholly
avoid the eye of the observer, he hopes to distract it at least
by a multiplicity of the object. South's Sermons.
2. State of being many.
You equal Donne in the variety, multiplicity, and choice
of thoughts. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

MULTIPLI’CIOUS. n. s. [multiplex, Latin.] Manifold. Not
used.
Amphisbæna is not an animal of one denomination; for
properly that animal is not one, but multiplicious or many,
which hath a duplicity or gemination of principal parts.
Brown.

MULTIPLI’ER. n. s. [from multiply.]
1. One who multiplies or increases the number of any thing.
Broils and quarrels are alone the great accumulators and
multipliers of injuries. Decay of Piety.
2. The multiplicator in arithmetick.
Multiplication hath the multiplicand, the multiplier, or
number given, by which the multiplicand is to be multi­
plied. Cocker's Arithmetick.

To MU’LTIPLY. v. a. [multiplier, Fr. multiplico, Lat.]
1. To increase in number; to make more by generation, ac­
cumulation, or addition.
He clappeth his hands amongst us, and multiplieth his words
against God. Job xxxiv. 37.
He shall not multiply horses. Deut. xvii. 16.
His birth to our just fear gave no small cause,
But his growth now to youth's full flower displaying
All virtue, grace, and wisdom, to atchieve
Things highest, greatest, multiplies my fears. Milton.
2. To perform the process of arithmetical multiplication.
From one stock of seven hundred years, multiplying still by
twenty, we shall find the product to be one thousand three
hundred forty-seven millions three hundred sixty-eight thou­
sand four hundred and twenty. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. vi.

To MU’LTIPLY. v. n.
1. To grow in number.
The multiplying brood of the ungodly shall not thrive.
Wisd. iv. 3.
2. To increase themselves.
The multiplying villanies of nature
Do swarm upon him. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
We see the infinitely fruitful and productive power of this
way of sinning; how it can increase and multiply beyond all
bounds and measures of actual commission. South's Sermons.

MULTI’POTENT. adj. [multus and potens, Lat.] Having mani­
fold power; having power to do many different things.
By Jove multipotent,
Thou should'st not bear from me a Greekish member.
Shakespeare's Troil. and Cressida.

MULTIPRE’SENCE. n. s. [multus and præsentia, Latin.] The
power or act of being present in more places than one at the
same time.
This sleeveless tale of transubstantiation was surely brought
into the world, and upon the stage, by that other fable of the
multipresence of Christ's body. Hall.

MULTI’SCIOUS. adj. [multiscius, Latin.] Having variety of
knowledge.

MULTISILI’QUOUS. adj. [multus and siliqua, Lat.] The same
with corniculate: used of plants, whose seed is contained in
many distinct seed-vessels. Baily.

MULTI’SONOUS. adj. [multisonus, Lat.] Having many sounds.
Dict.

MU’LTITUDE. n. s. [multitude, Fr. multitudo, Lat.]
1. The state of being many; the state of being more than one.
2. Number; many; more than one.
It is impossible that any multitude can be actually infinite,
or so great that there cannot be a greater. Hale.
3. A great number; loosely and indefinitely.
It is a fault in a multitude of preachers, that they utterly
neglect method in their harangues. Watts.
4. A crowd or throng; the vulgar.
He the vast hissing multitude admires. Addison.

MULTITU’DINOUS. adj. [from multitude.]
1. Having the appearance of a multitude.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather
Thy multitudinous sea incarnardine,
Making the green one red. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Manifold.
At once pluck out
The multitudinous tongue, let them not lick
The sweet that is their poison. Shakespeare.

MULTI’VAGANT. adj. [multivagus, Latin.] That wanders or
strays much abroad. Dict.

MULTI’VAGOUS. adj. [multivagus, Latin.] That wanders or
strays much abroad. Dict.

MULTI’VIOUS. adj. [multus and via, Lat.] Having many ways;
manifold. Dict.

MULTO’CULAR. adj. [multus and oculus, Latin.] Having more
eyes than two.
Flies are multocular, having as many eyes as there are per­
forations in their corneæ. Derham's Physico-Theology.



MUM

MUM. interject. [Of this word I know not the original: it
may be observed, that when it is pronounced it leaves the
lips closed.] A word denoting prohibition to speak, or reso­
lution not to speak; silence; hush.
Mum then, and no more proceed. Shakesp. Tempest.
Well said, master; mum! and gaze your sill. Shakesp.
The citizens are mum, say not a word. Shak. Rich. III.
Intrust it under solemn vows
Of mum, and silence, and the rose. Hudibras, p. iii.

MUM. n. s. [mumme, German.] Ale brewed with wheat.
In Shenibank, upon the river Elbe, is a storehouse for the
wheat of which mum is made at Brunswick. Mortimer.
Sedulous and stout
With bowls of fat'ning mum. Philips.
The clam'rous crowd is hush'd with mugs of mum,
Till all tun'd equal send a general hum. Pope.

To MU’MBLE. v. n. [mempelen, Dutch; mutio, Lat.]
1. To speak inwardly; to grumble; to mutter; to speak with
imperfect sound or articulation.
As one then in a dream, whose drier brain
Is tost with troubled sights, and fancies weake
He mumbled soft, but would not all his silence break.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
Peace, you mumbling fool;
Utter your gravity o'er a gossip's bowl. Shakespeare.
A wrinkled hag, with age grown double,
Picking dry sticks, and mumbling to herself. Otway.
2. To chew; to bite softly; to eat with the lips close.
The man, who laugh'd but once to see an ass
Mumbling to make the gross-grain'd thistles pass,
Might laugh again to see a jury chaw
The prickles of unpalateable law. Dryden.

To MU’MBLE. v. a.
1. To utter with a low inarticulate voice.
Some carrytale, some pleaseman, some slight zany,
Some mumble-news; told our intents before. Shakespeare.
Here stood he in the dark,
Mumbling of wicked charms, conj'ring the moon
To stand's auspicious mistress. Shakesp. King. Lear.
He
With mumbl'd pray'rs attones the deity. Dryden's Juv.
2. To mouth gently.
Spaniels civilly delight
In mumbling of the game they dare not bite. Pope.
3. To slubber over; to suppress; to utter imperfectly.
The raising of my rabble is an exploit of consequence;
and not to be mumbled up in silence for all her pertness. Dry.

MU’MBLER. n. s. [from mumble.] One that speaks inarticu­
lately; a mutterer.

MU’MBLINGLY. adv. [from mumbling.] With inarticulate ut­
terance.

To MUMM. v. a. [mumme, Danish.] To mask; to frolick in
disguise.
The thristless games
With mumming and with masking all around. Hubberd.

MU’MMER. n. s. [mumme, Danish.] A masker; one who per­
forms frolicks in a personated dress.
If you chance to be pinch'd with the colick, you make
faces like mummers. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Jugglers and dancers, anticks, mummers. Milton.
I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers. Add.
Peel'd, patch'd and pyebald, linsey-woolsey brothers;
Grave mummers! Pope's Dunciad, b. iii.

MU’MMERY. n. s. [momerie, French.] Masking; frolick in
masks; foolery.
Here mirth's but mummery,
And sorrows only real be. Wotton.
This open day-light doth not shew the masques and mum­
meries, and triumphs of the world, half so stately as candle­
light. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 1.
Your fathers
Disdain'd the mummery of foreign strollers. Fenton.

MU’MMY. n. s. [mumie, Fr. mumia, Lat. derived by Salmasius
from amomum, by Bochart from the Arabick.]
1. A dead body preserved by the Egyptian art of embalming.
We have two different substances preserved for medicinal
use under the name of mummy: one is the dried flesh of hu­
man bodies embalmed with myrrh and spice; the other is
the liquor running from such mummies when newly prepared,
or when affected by great heat, or by damps: this is some­
times of a liquid, sometimes of a solid form, as it is pre­
served in vials well stopped, or suffered to dry and harden in
the air: the first kind is brought to us in large pieces, of a
lax and friable texture, light and spungy, of a blackish brown
colour, and often black and clammy on the surface; it is of
a strong but not agreeable smell: the second sort, in its
liquid state, is a thick, opake, and viscous fluid, of a blackish
and a strong, but not disagreeable smell: in its indurated
state it is a dry, solid substance, of a fine shining black co­
lour and close texture, easily broken, and of a good smell:
this sort is extremely dear, and the first sort so cheap, that as
all kinds of mummy are brought from Egypt we are not to
imagine it to be the ancient Egyptian mummy. What our
druggists are supplied with is the flesh of executed criminals,
or of any other bodies the Jews can get, who fill them with
the common bitumen so plentiful in that part of the world,
and adding aloes, and some other cheap ingredients, send
them to be baked in an oven till the juices are exhaled, and
the embalming matter has penetrated so thoroughly that the
flesh will keep. Mummy has been esteemed resolvent and
balsamick; and besides it, the skull, and even the moss grow­
ing on the skulls of human skeletons, have been celebrated
for antiepileptick virtues; the fat also of the human body has
been recommended in rheumatisms, and every other part or
humour have been in repute for the cure of some disease: at
present we are wise enough to know, that the virtues ascribed
to the parts of the human body are all either imaginary, or
such as may be found in other animal substances: the mummy
and the skull alone of all these horrid medicines retain their
places in the shops. Hill's Mat. Med.
The silk
Was dy'd in mummy, which the skilful
Conserv'd of maidens hearts. Shakesp. Othello.
It is strange how long carcases have continued uncorrupt,
as appeareth in the mummies of Egypt, having lasted some of
them three thousand years. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 771.
Sav'd by spice, like mummies, many a year,
Old bodies of philosophy appear. Dunciad, b. i.
2. Mummy is used among gardeners for a sort of wax used in 
the planting and grafting of trees. Chambers.
3. To beat to a MUMMY. To beat soundly. Ains.

To MUMP. v. a. [mompelin, Dutch.]
1. To nibble; to bite quick; to chew with a continued mo­
tion.
Let him not pry nor listen,
Nor frisk about the house
Like a tame mumping squirrel with a bell on. Otway.
2. To talk low and quick.
3. [In cant language.] To go a begging. Ains.

MU’MPER. n. s. [In cant language.] A beggar.

MUMPS. n. s. [mompelen, Dutch.] Sullenness; silent anger.
Skinner.

MUMPS. n. s. The squinancy. Ains.

MUN

To MUNCH. v. a. [manger, French.] To chew by great mouth­
fuls.
Say, sweet love, what thou desir'st to eat?
—Truly, a peck of provender; I could munch you good
dry oats. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.

To MUNCH. v. n. To chew eagerly by great mouthfuls.
It is the son of a mare that's broken loose, and munching
upon the melons. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

MU’NCHER. n. s. [from munch.] One that munches.

MUND. n. s.
Mund is peace, from which our lawyers call a breach of
the peace, mundbrech: so Eadmund is happy peace; æthel­
mund, noble peace; ælmund, all peace; with which these
are much of the same import: Irenæus, Hesychius, Lenis,
Pacatus, Sedatus, Tranquillus, &c. Gibson's Camden.

MUNDA’NE. adj. [mundanus, Lat.] Belonging to the world.
The platonical hypothesis of a mundane soul will relieve
us. Glanville's Scep.
The atoms which now constitute heaven and earth, being
once separate in the mundane space, could never without God,
by their mechanical affections, have convened into this pre­
sent frame of things. Bentley's Sermons.

MUNDA’TION. n. s. [mundus, Lat.] The act of cleansing.

MUNDA’TORY. adj. [from mundus, Lat.] Having the power
to cleanse.

MU’NDICK. n. s. A kind of marcasite or semimetal found in
tin mines.
When any metals were in considerable quantity, these bo­
dies lose the name of marcasites, and are called ores: in
Cornwal and the West they call them mundick. Woodward.
Besides stones, all the sorts of mundick are naturally figur­
ed. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.

MUNDIFICA’TION. n. s. [mundus and facio, Latin.] Cleansing
any body, as from dross, or matter of inferior account to
what is to be cleansed. Quincy.

MUNDI’FICATIVE. adj. [mundus and facio, Lat.] Cleansing;
having the power to cleanse.
Gall is very mundificative, and was a proper medicine to
clear the eyes of Tobit. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
We incarned with an addition to the fore-mentioned mun­
dicative. Wiseman's Surgery.

To MU’NDIFY. v. a. [mundus and facio, Lat.] To cleanse;
to make clean.
Simple wounds, such as are mundified and kept clean, do
not need any other hand but that of nature. Brown.
The ingredients actuate the spirits, absorb the intestinal
superfluities, reclude oppilation, and mundify the blood.
Harvey on the Plague.



MUNDI’VAGANT. adj. [mundivagus, Lat.] Wandering through
the world. Dict.

MUNDU’NGUS. n. s. Stinking tobacco. Bailey.

MU’NERARY. adj. [from munus, Lat.] Having the nature of a
gift.

MU’NGREL. n. s. [frequently written mongrel. See MONGREL.]
Any thing generated between different kinds; any thing par­
taking of the qualities of different causes or parents.
Mastiff, greyhound, mungrel grim,
Hound or spaniel, brache or hym,
Or bobtail tike, or trundle tail. Shakesp.

MU’NGREL. adj. Generated between different natures; base­
born; degenerate.
Thou art nothing but the composition of a knave, beggar,
coward, pander, and the son and heir of a mungrel bitch.
Shakesp. King Lear.
My people are grown half wild, they would not precipitate
themselves else into such a mixt mungrel war. Howel.
Mungrel curs bawl, snarle and snap, where the fox flies
before them, and clap their tails between the legs when an
adversary makes head against them. L'Estrange.
A foreign son is sought and a mix'd mungrel brood. Dry.

MUNI’CIPAL. adj. [municipal, Fr. municipalis, municipium, Lat.]
Belonging to a corporation.
A counsellor, bred up in the knowledge of the municipal
and statute laws, may honestly inform a just prince how far
his prerogative extends. Dryden.

MUNI’FICENCE. n. s. [munificence, Fr. munificentia, Lat.] Li­
berality; the act of giving.
A state of poverty obscures all the virtues of liberality and
munificence. Addison's Spectator, No 257.
2. In Spenser it is used, as it seems, for fortification or strength,
from munitiones facere.
Their importune sway
This land invaded with like violence,
Until that Locrine for his realms defence,
Did head against them make, and strong munificence.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.

MUNIFICENT. adj. [munificus, Lat.] Liberal; gene­
rous.
Is he not our most munificeut benefactor, our wisest coun­
sellor and most potent protector. Atterbury.

MU’NIFICENTLY. adv. [from munificent.] Liberally; gene­
rously.

MU’NIMENT. n. s. [munimentum, Lat.]
1. Fortification; strong hold.
2. Support; defence.
The arm our soldier,
Or steed the leg, the tongue our trumpeter;
With other muniments and petty helps
In this our fabrick. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To MUNI’TE. v. a. [munio, Lat.] To fortify; to strengthen.
A word not in use.
Heat doth attenuate, and the more gross and tangible parts
contract, both to avoid vacuum, and to munite themselves
against the force of the fire. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Men, in the procuring or muniting of religious unity, must
not dissolve the laws of charity and human society. Bacon.

MUNI’TION. n. s. [munition, Fr. munitio, Lat.]
1. Fortification; strong hold.
Victors under-pin their acquests jure belli, that they might
not be lost by the continuation of external forces of standing
armies, castles, garrisons, munitions. Hale.
2. Ammunition; materials for war.
What penny hath Rome borne,
What men provided, what munition sent,
To underprop this action? Shakesp. King John.
The king of Tripolie in every hold
Shut up his men, munition and his treasure. Fairfax.
It is a little city, strong and well stored with munition.
Sandys's Journey.

MU’NNION. n. s.
The upright posts, that divide the several lights in a win­
dow frame, are called munnions. Moxon.

MUR

MU’RAGE. n. s. [from murus, Lat.] Money paid to keep
walls in repair.

MU’RAL. adj. [muralis, urus, Lat.] Pertaining to a wall.
And repair'd
Her mural breach, returning whence it rowl'd. Milton.
In the nectarine and the like delicate mural fruit, the later
your pruning, the better. Evelyn's Kalendar.
A soldier would venture his life for a mural crown. Addis.

MU’RDER. n. s. [morthor, morder, Sax. murdrum, law Lat.
the etymology requires that it should be written, as it an­
ciently often was, murther; but of late the word itself has
commonly, and its derivatives universally, been written with
d.] The act of killing a man unlawfully; the act of killing
criminally.
Kill men i' th' dark! where be these bloody thieves?
Ho murder! murder! Shakesp. Othello.
Now witchcraft celebrates
Pale Hecate's offerings; and wither'd murder,
With Tarquin's ravishing strides, towards his design
Moves like a ghost. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Blood hath been shed ere now, i' th' olden time,
Ere human statute purg'd the general weal;
Ay, and since too, murders have been perform'd
Too terrible for th' ear. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Slaughter grows murder when it goes too far,
And makes a massacre what was a war. Dryden.
The killing of their children had, in the account of God,
the guilt of murder, as the offering them to idols had the guilt
of idolatry. Locke.

To MU’RDER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To kill a man unlawfully.
If he dies, I murder him, not they. Dryden.
2. To destroy; to put an end to.
Can'st thou quake and change thy colour,
Murder thy breath in middle of a word,
And then again begin, and stop again. Shakesp.
Let the mutinous winds
Strike the proud cedars to the fiery sun;
Murd'ring impossibility, to make
What cannot be, slight work. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

MU’RDERER. n. s. [from murder.] One who has shed human
blood unlawfully; one who has killed a man criminally.
Thou dost kill me with thy unkind falsehood, and it grieves
me not to die; but it grieves me that thou art the murderer.
Sidney, b. ii.
I am his host,
Who should against his murd'rer shut the door,
Not bear the knife myself. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Thou tell'st me there is murder in mine eyes;
'Tis pretty sure,
That eyes, that are the frail'st and softest things,
Who shut their coward gates on atomies,
Should be call'd tyrants, butchers, murderers. Shak.
The very horrour of the fact had stupified all curiosity, and
so dispersed the multitude, that even the murderer himself
might have escaped. Wotton.
Like some rich or mighty murderer,
Too great for prison, which he breaks with gold,
Who fresher for new mischiefs does appear,
And dares the world to tax him with the old. Dryden.
This stranger having had a brother killed by the conspi­
rator, and having till now sought in vain for an opportunity
of revenge, chanced to meet the murderer in the temple.
Addison's Guardian, No 177.
With equal terrors, not with equal guilt,
The murderer dreams of all the blood he spilt. Swift.

MU’RDERESS. n. s. [from murderer.] A woman that commits
murder.
When by thy scorn, O murd'ress! I am dead,
Then shall my ghost come to thy bed,
And thee feign'd vestal in worse arms shall see. Donne.
Diana's vengeance on the victor shown,
The murd'ress mother, and consuming son. Dryden.
Art thou the murd'ress then of wretched Laius. Dryden.

MU’RDERMENT. n. s. [from murder.] The act of killing un­
lawfully.
To her came message of the murderment. Fairfax.

MU’RDEROUS. adj. [from murder.] Bloody; guilty of mur­
der; addicted to blood.
Upon thy eye-balls murd'rous tyranny
Sits in grim majesty to fright the world. Shakesp.
Oh murd'rous coxcomb! what should such a fool
Do with so good a wife? Shakespeare's Othello.
Enforc'd to fly
Thence into Egypt, till the murd'rous king
Were dead, who sought his life; and missing, fill'd
With infant blood the streets of Bethlehem. Milton.
If she has deform'd this earthly life
With murd'rous rapine and seditious strife;
In everlasting darkness must she lie. Prior.

MURE. n. s. [mur, Fr. murus, Lat.] A wall. Not in use.
The incessant care and labour of his mind
Hath wrought the mure, that should confine it in,
So thin, that life looks through and will break out. Shak.

To MURE. v. a. [murer, Fr. from murus, Lat.] To inclose
in walls.
All the gates of the city were mured up, except such as
were reserved to sally out at. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

MU’RENGER. n. s. [murus, Latin.] An overseer of a wall.
Ains.

MURIA’TICK. adj. Partaking of the taste or nature of brine,
ar any such like pickles, from muria, brine or pickle. Quincy.
If the scurvy be entirely muriatick, proceeding from a diet
of salt flesh or fish, antiscorbutick vegetables may be given
with success, but tempered with acids. Arbuthnot.

MURK. n. s. [morck, Danish, dark.] Darkness: want of
light.
Ere twice in murk and occidental damp,
Moist Hesperus hath quench'd his sleepy lamp. Shakesp.

MU’RK. n. s. Husks of fruit. Ains.



MU’RKY. adj. [morck, Danish.] Dark; cloudy; wanting
light.
The murkiest den,
The most opportune place, the strong'st suggestion
Shall never melt mine honour into lust. Shakesp. Tempest.
So scented the grim feature, and up-turn'd
His nostrils wide into the murky air,
Sagacious of his quarry. Milton's Par. Lost.
A murky storm deep low'ring o'er our heads
Hung imminent, that with impervious gloom
Oppos'd itself to Cynthia's silver ray. Addison.

MU’RMUR. n. s. murmur, Lat. murmure, Fr.]
1. A low shrill noise.
Flame as it moveth within itself, or is blown by a bellows,
giveth a murmur or interiour sound. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
When the wing'd colonies first tempt the sky,
Or setting, seize the sweets the blossoms yield,
Then a low murmur runs along the field. Pope.
2. A complaint half suppressed; a complaint not openly ut­
tered.
Some discontents there are; some idle murmurs;
How idle murmurs!
The doors are all shut up; the wealthier sort,
With arms across, and hats upon their eyes,
Walk to and fro before their silent shops. Dryden.

To MU’RMUR. v. n. [murmuro, Lat. murmurer, Fr.]
1. To give a low shrill sound.
The murmuring surge,
That on th' unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes,
Can scarce be heard so high. Shakesp. King Lear.
Amid an isle around whose rocky shore
The forests murmur, and the surges roar,
A goddess guards in her enchanted dome. Pope.
The busy bees with a soft murmuring strain,
Invite to gentle sleep the lab'ring swain. Dryden.
2. To grumble; to utter secret and sullen discontent. With at
before things, and against before persons.
The good we have enjoy'd from heav'n's free will;
And shall we murmur to endure the ill? Dryden.
Murmur not at your sickness, for thereby you will sin
against God's providence. Wake's Prep. for Death.
The good consequences of this scheme, which will exe­
cute itself without murmuring against the government, are
very visible. Swift.

MU’RMURER. n. s. [from murmur.] One who repines; one
who complains sullenly; a grumbler; a repiner; a com­
plainer.
Heav'n's peace be with him!
That's christian care enough; for living murmurers
There's places of rebuke. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The murmurer is turned off to the company of those dole­
ful creatures, which were to inhabit the ruins of Babylon.
Government of the Tongue.
Still might the discontented murmurer cry,
Ah hapless fate of man! ah wretch doom'd once to die.
Blackmore on the Creation.

MU’RNIVAL. n. s. [mornesle, Fr. from morner, to stun.] Four
cards of a sort. Skinner and Ainsworth.

MU’RRAIN. n. s. [The etymology of this word is not clear;
mur is an old world for a catarrh, which might well answer
to the glanders; muriana, low Latin. Skinner derives it from
mori, to die.] The plague in cattle.
Away ragg'd rams, care I what murrain kill. Sidney.
Some trials would be made of mixtures of water in ponds
for cattle, to make them more milch, to fatten, or to keep
them from murrain. Bacon.
A hallowed band
Cou'd tell what murrains, in what months begun. Garth.

MURRE. n. s. A kind of bird.
Among the first sort we reckon coots, meawes, murres,
creysers and curlews. Carew.

MU’RREY. adj. [morée, Fr. morello, Italian; from moro, a
moor.] Darkly red.
The leaves of some trees turn a little murrey or reddish.
Bacon's Natural History.
They employ it in certain proportions, to tinge their glass
both with red colour, or with a purplish or murrey. Boyle.
Painted glass of a sanguine red, will not ascend in powder
above a murrey. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Cornelius jumps out, a stocking upon his head, and a
waistcoat of murrey-coloured sattin upon his body. Arbuth.

MU’RRION. n. s. [often written morion. See MORION. Junius
derives it from murus, a wall.] A helmet; a casque; ar­
mour for the head.
Their beef they often in their murrions stew'd,
And in their basket-hilts their bev'rage brew'd. King.

MURTH of Corn. n. s. Plenty of grain. Ains.

MUS

MU’SCADEL. adj. [muscat, muscadel, Fr. moscatello, Italian;
either from the fragance resembling the nut­
meg, nux moscata, or from musca, a fly; flies being eager of
those grapes.] A kind of sweet grape, sweet wine and sweet
pear.

MU’SCADINE. adj. [muscat, muscadel, Fr. moscatello, Italian;
either from the fragance resembling the nut­
meg, nux moscata, or from musca, a fly; flies being eager of
those grapes.] A kind of sweet grape, sweet wine and sweet
pear.
He quafft off the muscadel,
And threw the sops all in the sexton's face. Shakesp.

MU’SCLE. n. s. [muscle, Fr. musculus, Lat. murcula, Sax.]
Muscle is a bundle of thin and parallel plates of fleshy
threads or fibres, inclosed by one common membrane: all the
fibres of the same plate are parallel to one another, and tied
together at extremely little distances by short and transverse
fibres: the fleshy fibres are composed of other smaller fibres,
inclosed likewise by a common membrane: each lesser fibre
consists of very small vesicles or bladders, into which we sup­
pose the veins, arteries and nerves to open, for every muscle
receives branches of all those vessels, which must be distri­
buted to every fibre: the two ends of each muscle or the ex­
tremities of the fibres are, in the limbs of animals, fastened
to two bones, the one moveable, the other fixed; and there­
fore, when the muscles contract, they draw the moveable
bone according to the direction of their fibres. Quincy.
The instruments of motion are the muscles, the fibres
whereof, contracting themselves, move the several parts of
the body. Locke.
2. A bivalve shell-fish.
Of shell-fish, there are wrinkles, limpers, cockles and
muscles. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
It is the observation of Aristotle, that oysters and muscles
grow fuller in the waxing of the moon. Hakewill.
Two pair of small muscle shells was found in a limestone
quarry. Woodward on Fossils.

MUSCO’SITY. n. s. [muscosus, Lat.] Mossiness.

MU’SCULAR. adj. [from musculus, Latin.] Performed by
muscles.
By the muscular motion and perpetual flux of the liquids,
a great part of the liquids are thrown out of the body. Arb.

MUSCULA’RITY. n. s. [from muscular.] The state of having
muscles.
The guts of a sturgeon, taken out and cut to pieces, will
still move, which may depend upon their great thickness and
muscularity. Grew's Musœum.

MUsculous. adj. [musculeux, Fr. musculosus, Latin.]
1. Full of muscles; brawny.
2. Pertaining to a muscle.
The uvea has a musculous power, and can dilate and con­
tract that round hole, called the pupil of the eye, for the
better moderating the transmission of light. More.

MUSE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Deep thought; close attention; absence of mind; brown
study.
The tidings strange did him abashed make,
That still he sat long time astonished
As in great muse, ne word to creature spake. Fa. Queen.
He was fill'd
With admiration and deep muse, to hear
Of things so high and strange. Milton.
2. The power of poetry.
Begin my muse. Cowley.
The muse-inspired train
Triumph, and raise their drooping heads again. Waller.
Lodona's fate, in long oblivion cast,
The muse shall sing. Pope.

To MUSE. v. n. [muser, Fr. muysen, Dutch; musso, Latin.]
1. To ponder; to think close; to study in silence.
If he spake courteously, he angled the people's hearts; if
he were silent, he mused upon some dangerous plot. Sidney.
St. Augustine, speaking of devout men, noteth, how they
daily frequented the church, how attentive ear they give unto
the chapters read, how careful they were to remember the
same, and to muse thereupon by themselves. Hooker.
Cæsar's father oft,
When he hath mus'd of taking kingdoms in,
Bestow'd his lips on that unworthy place,
As it rain'd kisses. Shakesp.
My mouth shall speak of wisdom; and my heart muse of
understanding. Psalm xlix. v. 3.
Her face upon a sudden glittered, so that I was afraid of
her, and mused what it might be. 2 Esdras x. 25.
All men mused in their hearts of John, whether he were the
Christ or not. Luke iii. 15.
On these he mus'd within his thoughtful mind. Dryden.
We muse so much on the one, that we are apt to overlook
and forget the other. Atterbury's Sermons.
Man superiour walks
Amid the glad creation, musing praise,
And looking lively gratitude. Thomson's Spring.
2. To be absent of mind; to be attentive to something not
present; to be in a brown study.
Why hast thou lost the fresh blood in thy cheeks?
And given my treasures and my rights of thee,
To thick-ey'd musing and curs'd melancholy. Shakespeare.
You suddenly arose and walk'd about,
Musing and sighing with yours arms across. Shakespeare.
The sad king
Feels sudden terror and cold shivering,
Lists not to eat, still muses, sleeps unsound. Daniel.


3. To wonder; to be amazed.
Muse not that I thus suddenly proceed;
For what I will, I will. Shakesp.
Do not muse at me,
I have a strange infirmity. Shakesp. Macbeth.

MU’SEFUL. adj. [from muse.] Deep thinking; silently thought­
ful.
Full of museful mopings, which presage
The loss of reason, and conclude in rage. Dryden.

MU’SER. n. s. [from muse.] One who muses; one apt to be
absent of mind.

MUset. n. s. [in hunting.] The place through which the
hare goes to relief. Bailey.

MU’SEUM. n. s. [?se??.] A repository of learned curiosities.

MU’SHROOM. n. s. mouscheron, French.]
1. Mushrooms are by curious naturalists esteemed perfect plants,
though their flowers and seeds have not as yet been discovered:
the true champignon or mushroom appears at first of a roundish
form like a button, the upper part of which, as also the stalk,
is very white, but being opened, the under part is of a livid
flesh colour, but the fleshy part, when broken, is very white;
when they are suffered to remain undisturbed, they will grow
to a large size, and explicate themselves almost to a flatness,
and the red part underneath will change to a dark colour:
in order to cultivate them, open the ground about the roots
of the mushrooms, where you will find the earth very often full
of small white knobs, which are the off-sets or young mushrooms;
these should be carefully gathered, preserving them in lumps
with the earth about them, and planted in hot beds. Miller.
2. An upstart; a wretch risen from the dunghill; a director of
a company.
Mushrooms come up in a night, and yet they are unsown;
and therefore such as are upstarts in state, they call in reproach
mushrooms. Bacon's Natural History.
Tully, the humble mushroom scarcely known,
The lowly native of a country town. Dryden.

MU’SHROOMSTONE. n. s. [mushroom and stone.] A kind of
fossil.
Fifteen mushroomstones of the same shape. Woodward.

MU’SICK. n. s. [?s?; musique, Fr.]
1. The science of harmonical sounds.
The man that hath no musick in himself,
Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Now look into the musick-master's gains,
Where noble youth at vast expence is taught,
But eloquence not valu'd at a groat. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. Instrumental or vocal harmony.
When she spake,
Sweet words, like droping honey, she did shed;
And 'twixt the pearls and rubies softly brake
A silver sound, that heavenly musick seem'd to make. F. Qu.
Such musick
Before was never made,
But when of old the sons of morning sung. Milton.
By musick minds an equal temper know,
Nor swell too high, nor sink too low;
Warriours she fires with animated sounds,
Pours balm into the bleeding lover's wounds. Pope.
We have dancing-masters and musick-masters. Arb. and Pope.

MU’SICAL. adj. [musical, Fr. from musick.]
1. Harmonious; melodious; sweet sounding.
The merry birds
Chanted above their chearful harmony,
And made emongst themselves a sweet consort,
That quicken'd the dull sp'rit with musical comfort F. Qu.
Sweet bird that shunn'st the noise of folly,
Most musical, most melancholly;
Thee chauntress oft the wood among,
I woo to hear thy even-song. Milton.
Neither is it enough to give his author's sense, in poetical
expressions and in musical numbers. Dryden.
2. Belonging to musick.
Several musical instruments are to be seen in the hands of
Apollo's muses, which might give great light to the dispute
between the ancient and modern music. Addison.

MU’SICALLY. adv. [from musical.] Harmoniously; with sweet
sound.
Valentine, musically coy,
Shun'd Phædra's arms. Addison.

MU’SICALLNESS. n. s. [from musical.] Harmony.

MU’SICIAN. n. s. [musicus, Lat. musicien, Fr.] One skilled in
harmony; one who performs upon instruments of musick.
Though the musicians that shall play to you,
Hand in the air a thousand leagues from hence;
Yet strait they shall be here. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The nightingale, if she should sing by day,
When every goose is cackling, would be thought
No better a musician than the wren. Shakesp.
A painter may make a better face than ever was; but he
must do it by a kind of felicity, as a musician that maketh an
excellent air in musick, and not by rule. Bacon's Essays.
The praise of Bacchus then the sweet musician sung;
Of Bacchus ever fair and ever young. Dryden.

MUSK. n. s. [muschio, Italian; musc, Fr.]
Musk is a dry, light and friable substance of a dark blackish
colour, with some tinge of a purplish or blood colour in it,
feeling somewhat smooth or unctuous: its smell is highly per­
fumed, and too strong to be agreeable in any large quantity:
its taste is bitterish: it is brought from the East Indies, mostly
from the kingdom of Bantam, some from Tonquin and Co­
chin China: the animal which produces it is of a very sin­
gular kind, not agreeing with any established genus: it is of
the size of a common goat but taller; its head resembles that
of the greyhound, and its ears stand erect like those of the
rabbit: its tail is also erect and short, its legs moderately
long, and its hoofs deeply cloven: its hair is a dusky brown,
variegated with a faint cast of red and white, every hair being
partycoloured: the bag which contains the musk, is three
inches long and two wide, and situated in the lower part of
the creature's belly; it consists of a thin membrane covered
thinly with hair, resembling a small purse, and when genuine,
the scent is so strong as to offend the head greatly: toward
the orifice of the bag there are several glands, which serve
for the secretion of this precious perfume, for the sake of
which the Indians kill the animal. Hill.
Some putrefactions and excrements yield excellent odours;
as civet and musk. Bacon's Natural History.

MUSK. n. s. [musca, Lat.] Grape hyacinth or grape flower.
Musk hath a bulbous shoot; the leaves are long and nar­
row; the flower is hermaphroditical, consisting of one leaf,
and shaped like a pitcher, and cut at the top into six segment,
which are reflexed; the ovary becomes a triangular fruit, di­
vided into three cells, which are full of round seeds. Miller.

MU’SKAPPLE. n. s. A kind of apple, Ains.

MU’SKCAT. n. s. [musk and cat.] The animal from which
musk is got.

MU’SKCHERRY. n. s. A sort of cherry. Ains.

MUSKET. n. s. [mousquet, Fr. mosquetto, Italian, a small hawk.
Many of the fire-arms are named from animals.]
1. A soldier's handgun.
Thou
Wast shot at with fair eyes, to be the mark
Of smoky muskets. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Practise to make swifter motions than any you have out of
your muskets. Bacon.
They charge their muskets, and with hot desire
Of full revenge, renew the fight with fire. Waller.
He perceived a body of their horse within musket-shot of
him, and advancing upon him. Clarendon.
One was brought to us, shot with a musket-ball on the right
side of his head. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. A male hawk of a small kind, the female of which is the
sparrow hawk; so that eyas musket is a young unfledged male
hawk of that kind. Hanmer.
Here comes little Robin.—
—How now my eyas musket, what news with you. Shak.
The musket and the coystrel were too weak,
Too fierce the falcon; but above the rest,
The noble buzzard ever pleas'd me best. Dryden.

MUSKETEE’R. n. s. [from musket.] A soldier whose weapon
is his musket.
Notwithstanding they had lined some hedges with musketeers,
they pursued them till they were dispersed. Clarendon.

MUSKETOO’N. n. s. [mousqueton, Fr.] A blunderbuss; a short
gun of a large bore. Dict.

MU’SKINESS. n. s. [from musk.] The scent of musk.

MUSKME’LON. n. s. [musk and melon.] A fragrant melon.
The way of maturation of tobacco must be from the heat
of the earth or sun; we see some leading of this in muskmelons,
which are sown upon a hot bed dunged below, upon a bank
turned upon the South sun. Bacon.

MU’SKPEAR. n. s. [musk and pear.] A fragrant pear.

MU’SKROSE. n. s. [musk and rose.] A rose so called, I suppose,
from its fragrance.
In May and June come roses of all kinds, except the
musk, which comes later. Bacon's Essays.
Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delay'd
The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,
And sweeten'd every muskrose of the dale. Milton.
The muskrose will, if a lusty plant, bear flowers in Autumn
without cutting. Boyle.

MU’SKY. adj. [from musk.] Fragrant; sweet of scent.
There eternal summer dwells,
And West winds, with musky wing,
About the cedar'n allies fling
Nard and Cassia's balmy smells. Milton.

MU’SLIN. n. s. A fine stuff made of cotton.
By the use of certain attire made of cambrick or muslin
upon her head, she attained to such an evil art in the motion
of her eyes. Tatler, No 110.
In half-whipt muslin needles useless lie,
And shuttle-cocks across the counter fly. Gay.



MU’SROL: n. s. [muserole, French.] The noseband of a horse's
bridle. Bailey.

MUSS. n. s. A scramble.
When I cry'd hoa!
Like boys unto a muss, kings would start forth,
And cry, your will? Shakesp. Ant and Cleopatra.

MUSSITA’TION. n. s. [mussito, Lat.] Murmur; grumble.

MU’SSULMAN. n. s. A Mahometan believer.

MUST. verb imperfect. [mussen, Dutch.] To be obliged. It
is only used before a verb. Must is of all persons and tenses,
and used of persons and things.
Do you confess the bond?
—I do.
—Then must the Jew be merciful.
—On what compulsion must I? tell me that. Shakespeare.
Must I needs bring thy son unto the land from whence thou
camest? Gen. xxiv. 5.
Fade, flowers, fade, nature will have it so;
'Tis but what we must in our Autumn do. Waller.
Because the same self-existent being necessarily is what he
is, 'tis evident that what he may be, or hath the power of
being, he must be. Grew.
Every father and brother of the convent has a voice in the
election, which must be confirmed by the pope. Addson.

MUST. n. s. [mustum, Latin.] New wine; new wort.
If in the must of wine, or wort of beer, before it be tunned,
the burrage stay a small time, and be often changed, it makes
a sovereign drink for melancholy. Bacon's Natural History.
As a swarm of flies in vintage time,
About the wine-press where sweet must is pour'd,
Beat off, returns as oft with humming sound. Milton.
The wime itself was suiting to the rest,
Still working in the must, and lately press'd. Dryden.
A frugal man that with sufficient must
His casks replenish'd yearly; he no more
Desir'd, nor wanted. Phillips.
Liquors, in the act of fermentation, as must and new ale,
produce spasms in the stomach. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To MUST. v. a. [mws, Welsh, stinking; mos, Dutch, mouldi­
ness; or perhaps from moist.] To mould; to make mouldy.
Others are made of stone and lime; but they are subject to
give and be moist, which will must corn. Mortimer.

To MUST. v. n. To grow mouldy.

MUSTA’CHES. n. s. [mustaches, French.] Whiskers; hair on
the upper lip.
This was the manner of the Spaniards, to cut off their
beards, save only their mustaches, which they wear long. Spens.

MU’STARD. n. s. [mwstard, Welsh; moustard, Fr.] A plant.
The flower consists of four leaves, which are placed in form
of a crest, out of whose flower-cup rises the pointal, which
afterward becomes a fruit or pod, divided into two cells by an
intermediate partition, to which the valves adhere on both
sides, and are filled with roundish seeds: these pods generally
end in a fungous horn, containing the like seeds. To these
marks must be added, an acrid burning taste, peculiar to
mustard. Miller.
The pancakes were naught, and the mustard was good. Shak.
Sauce like himself, offensive to its foes,
The roguish mustard, dang'rous to the nose. King.
Mustard, taken in great quantities, would quickly bring
the blood into an alkaline state, and destroy the animal.
Arbuthnot.
'Tis your's to shake the soul,
With thunder rumbling from the mustard bowl. Pope.
Stick your candle in a bottle, a coffee cup, or a mustard
pot. Swift.
Common mustard seed is attenuant and resolvent: it warms
the stomach, and excites appetite; but its principal medicinal
use is external in sinapisms. Hill's Mat. Med.

To MU’STER. v. n. To assemble in order to form an army.
Why does my blood thus muster to my heart,
So dispossessing all my other parts
Of necessary fitness? Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
They reach the destin'd place,
And muster there, and round the centre swarm,
And draw together. Blackmore's Creation.

To MU’STER. v. a. [mousteren, Dutch.]
1. To review forces.
The captain, half of whose soldiers are dead, and the other
quarter never mustered nor seen, demands payment of his
whole account. Spenser on Ireland.
The principal scribe of the host mustered the people: 2 Kings.
Old Anchises
Review'd his muster'd race, and took the tale. Dryden.
A man might have three hundred and eighteen men in his
family, without being heir to Adam, and might muster them
up, and lead them out against the Indians. Locke.
2. To bring together.
Had we no quarrel to Rome, but that
Thou art thence banish'd, we would muster all
From twelve to seventy. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I'll muster up my friends, and meet your grace. Shakesp.
I could muster up, as well as you,
My giants and my witches too. Donne.
A daw tricked himself up with all the gay feathers he could
muster. L'Estrange.
All the wise sayings and advices which philosophers could
muster up to this purpose, have proved ineffectual to the com­
mon people. Tillotson.
Having mustered up all the forces he could think of, the
clouds above, and the deeps below: these, says he, are all
the stores we have for water; and Moses directs us to no other
for the causes of the deluge. Woodward's Natural History.

MU’STER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A review of a body of forces.
All the names
Of thy confederates too, be no less great
In hell than here: that when we would repeat
Our strengths in muster, we may name you all. Ben. Johns.
2. A register of forces mustered.
Ye publish the musters of your own bands, and proclaim
them to amount to thousands. Hooker.
Deception takes wrong measures, and makes false musters,
which sounds a retreat instead of a charge, and a charge instead
of a retreat. South's Sermons.
3. A collection: as, a muster of peacocks. Ainsworth.
4. To pass MUSTER. To be allowed.
Such excuses will not pass muster with God, who will allow
no man's idleness to be the measure of possible or impossible.
South's Sermons.
Double dealers may pass muster for a while; but all parties
wash their hands of them in the conclusion. L'Estrange.

MU’STERBOOK. n. s. [muster and book.] A book in which the
forces are registered.
Shadow will serve for Summer: prick him; for we have a
number of shadows to fill up the musterbook. Shakesp. H. IV.

MU’STERMASTER. n. s. [muster and master.] One who super­
intends the muster to prevent frauds.
A noble gentleman, then mustermaster, was appointed em­
bassador unto the Turkish emperor. Knolles's History.
Mustermasters carry the best and ablest men in their pockets.
Raleigh's Essays.

MU’STER-ROLL. n. s. [muster and roll.] A register of forces.
How many insignificant combatants are there in the Chris­
tian camp, that only lend their names to fill up the muster­
roll, but never dream of going upon service? Decay of Piety.
One tragick sentence, if I dare deride,
Which Betterton's grave action dignify'd;
Or well-mouth'd Booth with emphasis proclaims,
Though but perhaps a muster-roll of names. Pope.

MU’STILY. adv. [from musty.] Mouldily.

MU’STINESS. n. s. [from musty.] Mould; damp foulness.
Keep them dry and free from mustiness. Evelyn's Kalendar.

MU’STY. adj. [from must.]
1. Mouldy; spoiled with damp; moist and fetid.
Was't thou fain, poor father,
To hovel thee with swine and rogues forlorn,
In short and musty straw. Shakesp. King Lear.
Pistachoes, so they be good and not musty, made into a
milk, are an excellent nourisher. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Stale; spoiled with age.
While the grass grows—the proverb is somewhat musty. Sh.
Let those that go by water to Gravesend prefer lying upon
the boards, than on musty infectious straw. Harvey.
3. Vapid with fetidness.
Let not, like Nævius, every error pass;
The musty wine, foul cloth, or greasy glass. Pope.
4. Dull; heavy; wanting activity; wanting practice in the oc­
currences of life.
Xantippe, being married to a bookish man who has no
knowledge of the world, is forced to take his affairs into her
own hands, and to spirit him up now and then, that he may
not grow musty and unfit for conversation. Addis. Spectator.

MUT

MUTABI’LITY. n. s. [mutabilite, Fr. mutabilis, Latin.]
1. Changeableness; not continuance in the same state.
The mutability of that end, for which they are made,
maketh them also changeable. Hooker.
My fancy was the air, most free,
And full of mutability,
Big with chimeras. Suckling.
Plato confesses that the heavens and the frame of the world
are corporeal, and therefore subject to mutability. Stillingfleet.
2. Inconstancy; change of mind.
Ambitions, covetings, change of prides, disdain,
Nice longings, slanders, mutability. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

MU’TABLE. adj. [mutabilis, Latin.]
1. Subject to change; alterable.
Of things of the most accidental and mutable nature, acci­
dental in their production, and mutable in their continuance,
yet God's prescience is as certain in him as the memory is or
can be in us. South's Sermons.
2. Inconstant; unsettled.
For the mutable rank-scented many,
Let them regard me, as I do not flatter. Shakesp. Coriolanus.


I saw thee mutable
Of fancy, fear'd lest one day thou would'st leave me. Milt.

MU’TABLENESS. n. s. [from mutable.] Changeableness; un­
certainty; instability.

MUTA’TION. n. s. [mutation, French; mutatio, Lat.] Change;
alteration.
His honour
Was nothing but mutation, ay, and that
From one bad thing to worse. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The vicissitude or mutations in the superior globe are no fit
matter for this present argument. Bacon's Essays.
To make plants grow out of the sun or open air is a great
mutation in nature, and may induce a change in the seed. Bacon.

MUTE. adj. [muet, French; mutus, Latin.]
1. Silent; not vocal; not having the use of voice.
Why did he reason in my soul implant,
And speech, th' effect of reason? To the mute
My speech is lost; my reason to the brute. Dryden.
Mute solemn sorrow, free from female noise,
Such as the majesty of grief destroys. Dryden.
2. Having nothing to say.
Say she be mute, and will not speak a word,
Then I'll commend her volubility. Shakespeare.
All sat mute,
Pondering the danger with deep thoughts. Milton.
All the heav'nly choir stood mute,
And silence was in heav'n. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. iii.
The whole perplex'd ignoble crowd,
Mute to my questions, in my praises loud,
Echo'd the word. Prior.

MUTE. n. s.
1. One that has no power of speech.
Either our history shall with full mouth
Speak freely of our acts; or else our grave,
Like Turkish mute, shall have a tongueless mouth. Shakes.
Your mute I'll be;
When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see. Shakes.
He that never hears a word spoken, no wonder if he remain
speechless; as one must do, who from an infant should be
bred up amongst mute, and have no teaching. Holder.
Let the figures, to which art cannot give a voice, imitate
the mutes in their actions. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. A letter which without a vowel can make no sound.
Grammarians note the easy pronunciation of a mute before
a liquid, which doth not therefore necessarily make the preced­
ing vowel long. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To MUTE. v. n. [mutir, French.] To dung as birds.
Mine eyes being open, the sparrows muted warm dung into
mine eyes. Tob. ii. 10.
I could not fright the crows,
Or the least bird from muting on my head. Ben. Johnson.
The bird not able to digest the fruit, from her inconverted
muting ariseth this plant. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

MU’TELY. adv. [from mute] Silently; not vocally.
Driving dumb silence from the portal door,
Where he had mutely sat two hours before. Milton.

To MU’TILATE. v. a. [mutiler, Fr. mutilo, Latin.] To de­
prive of some essential part.
Such fearing to concede a monstrosity, or mutilate the inte­
grity of Adam, preventively conceive the creation of thirteen
ribs. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Sylburgius justly complains that the place is mutilated. Still.
Among the mutilated poets of antiquity there is none whose
fragments are so beautiful as those of Sappho. Addison.
Aristotle's works were corrupted, from Strabo's account of
their having been mutilated and consumed with moisture. Baker.

MUTILA’TION. n. s. [mutilation, Fr. mutilatio, from mutilo, Lat.]
Deprivation of a limb, or any essential part.
The subject had been oppressed by fines, imprisonments,
mutilations, pillories, and banishments. Clarendon.
Mutilations are not transmitted from father to son, the blind
begetting such as can see: cripples, mutilate in their own
persons, do come out perfect in their generations. Brown.

MU’TINE. n. s. [mutin, French.] A mutineer; a mover of in­
surrection. Not in use.
In my heart there was a kind of fighting,
That would not let me sleep; methought I lay
Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Like the mutines of Jerusalem,
Be friends a while. Shakespeare's King John.

MUTINE’ER. n. s. [from mutin, French.] A mover of sedi­
tion; an opposer of lawful authority.
The war of the duke of Urbin, head of the Spanish muti­
neers, was unjust. Bacon's War with Spain.
Set wide the mufti's garden-gate;
For there our mutineers appoint to meet. Dryden.
They have cashiered several of their followers as mutineers,
who have contradicted them in political conversations. Addis.

MU’TINOUS. adj. [mutiné, French.] Seditious; busy in
insurrection; turbulent.
It tauntingly replied
To th' discontented members, th' mutinous parts,
That envied his receipt. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The laws of England should be administered, and the mu­
tinous severely suppressed. Hayward.
Lend me your guards, that if persuasion fail,
Force may against the mutinous prevail. Waller.
My ears are deaf with this impatient crowd;
Their wants are now grown mutinous and loud. Dryden.

MU’TINOUSLY. adv. [from mutinous.] Seditiously; turbu­
lently.
A woman, a young woman, a fair woman, was to govern
a people in nature mutinously proud, and always before used to
hard governours. Sidney.
Men imprudently often, seditiously and mutinously some­
times, employ their zeal for persons. Spratt's Sermons.

MU’TINOUSNESS. n. s. [from mutinous.] Seditiousness; tur­
bulence.

To MU’TINY. v. n. [mutiner, French.] To rise against autho­
rity; to make insurrection; to move sedition.
The spirit of my father begins to mutiny against this ser­
vitude. Shakespeare's As you like it.
The people mutiny, the fort is mine,
And all the soldiers to my will incline. Waller.
When Cæsar's army mutinied, and grew troublesome, no
argument could appease them. South's Sermons.

MU’TINY. n. s. [from the verb.] Insurrection; sedition.
The king fled to a strong castle, where he was gathering
forces to suppress this mutiny. Sidney.
I' th' war,
Their mutinies and revolts, wherein they shew'd
Most valour, spoke not for them. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
In most strange postures
We've seen him set himself.
—There is a mutiny in's mind. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Less than if this frame
Of heav'n were falling, and these elements
In mutiny had from her axle torn
The stedfast earth. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. ii.
Soldiers grow pernicious to their master who becomes their
servant, and is in danger of their mutinies, as much as any
government of seditious. Temple.

To MU’TTER. v. n. [mutire, mussare, Latin.] To grumble;
to murmur.
What would you ask me, that I would deny,
Or stand so mutt'ring on? Shakespeare's Othello.
How! what does his cashier'd worship mutter? Shakes.
Sky lowr'd, and mutt'ring thunder some sad drops
Wept, at completing of the mortal sin
Original! Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
They may freely trespass, and do as they please; no man
dare accuse them, no, not so much as mutter against them.
Burton on Melancholy.
Bold Britons, at a brave bear-garden fray,
Are rous'd; and clatt'ring sticks cry, play, play, play:
Mean time your filthy foreigner will stare,
And mutter to himself, ha, gens barbare!
And it is well he mutters, well for him;
Our butchers else would tear him limb from limb. Dryden.
When the tongue of a beautiful female was cut out, it could
not forbear muttering. Addison's Spectator.

To MU’TTER. v. a. To utter with imperfect articulation; to
grumble forth.
Amongst the soldiers this is muttered,
That here you maintain sev'ral factions. Shakes. Hen. VI.
A kind of men, so loose of soul,
That in their sleep will mutter their affairs. Shakes. Othello.
Your lips have spoken lies, your tongue hath muttered per­
verseness. Is. lix. 2.
A hateful prattling tongue,
That blows up jealousies, and heightens fears,
By muttering pois'nous whispers in mens ears. Creech.

MU’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.] Murmur; obscure ut­
terance.
Without his rod revers'd,
And backward mutters of dissevering power,
We cannot free the lady. Milton.

MU’TTERER. n. s. [from mutter.] Grumbler; murmurer.

MU’TTERINGLY. adv. [from muttering.] With a low voice;
without distinct articulation.

MU’TTON. n. s. [mouton, French.]
1. The flesh of sheep dressed for food.
The fat of roasted mutton or beef, falling on the birds, will
baste them. Swift's Directions to the Cook.
2. A sheep: now only in ludicrous language.
Here's too small a pasture for such store of muttons. Shak.
The flesh of muttons is better tasted where the sheep feed
upon wild thyme and wholesome herbs. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Within a few days were brought out of the country two
thousand muttons. Hayward's Edw. VI.



MUTTONFI’ST. n. s. [mutton and fist.] A hand large and
red.
Will he who saw the soldiers muttonfist,
And saw thee maul'd appear within the list
To witness truth. Dryden's Juvenal, sat. 16.

MU’TUAL. adj. [mutuel, French; mutuus, Lat.] Recipro­
cal; each acting in return or correspondence to the other.
Note a wild and wanton herd,
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud,
If they perchance but hear a trumpet sound,
You shall perceive them make a mutual stand,
By the sweet power of musick. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
What should most excite a mutual flame,
Your rural cares and pleasures are the same. Pope.

MU’TUALLY. adv. [from mutual.] Reciprocally; in return.
He never bore
Like labour with the rest; where th' other instruments
Did see, and hear, devise, instruct, walk, feel,
And mutually participate. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Dear love I bear to fair Anne Page,
Who mutually hath answer'd my affection. Shakespeare.
The tongue and pen mutually assist one another, writing
what we speak, and speaking what we write. Holder.
Pellucid substances act upon the rays of light at a distance,
in refracting, reflecting and inflecting them, and the rays mu­
tually agitate the parts of those substances at a distance for
heating them. Newton's Opticks.
They mutually teach, and are taught, that lesson of vain
confidence and security. Atterbury's Sermons.
May I the sacred pleasures know
Of strictest amity, nor ever want
A friend with whom I mutually may share
Gladness and anguish. Philips.

MUTUA’LITY. n. s. [from mutual.] Reciprocation.
Villanous thoughts, Roderigo! when these mutualities so
marshal the way, hard at hand comes the incorporate con­
clusion. Shakespeare's Othello.

MU’ZZLE. n. s. [museau, French.]
1. The mouth of any thing; the mouth of a man in contempt.
But ever and anon turning her muzzle toward me, she
threw such a prospect upon me, as might well have given a
surfeit to any weak lover's stomach. Sidney, b. ii.
Huygens has proved, that a bullet continuing in the velocity
with which it leaves the muzzle of the cannon, would re­
quire twenty-five years to pass from us to the sun. Cheyne.
If the poker be out of the way, or broken, stir the fire
with the tongs; if the tongs be not at hand, use the muzzle
of the bellows. Swift's Rules to Servants.
2. A fastening for the mouth, which hinders to bite.
The fifth Harry from curbed licence plucks
The muzzle of restraint; and the wild dog
Shall flesh his tooth on ev'ry innocent. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Greyhounds, snowy fair,
And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around his chair;
With golden muzzles all their mouths were bound. Dryden.

To MU’ZZLE. v. n. To bring the mouth near.
The bear muzzles, and smells to him, puts his nose to his
mouth and to his ears, and at last leaves him. L'Estrange.

To MU’ZZLE. v. a.
1. To bind the mouth.
This butcher's cur is venom mouth'd, and I
Have not the pow'r to muzzle him; therefore best
Not wake him in his slumber. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
My dagger muzzled,
Lest it should bite its master, and so prove,
As ornaments oft do, too dangerous. Shak. Winter's Tale
The bear, the boar, and every savage name,
Wild in effect, though in appearance tame,
Lay waste thy woods, destroy thy blissful bow'r,
And muzzled though they seem, the mutes devour. Dryden.
Through the town with slow and solemn air,
Led by the nostril, walks the muzzled bear. Gay's Past.
2. To fondle with the mouth close. A low word.
The nurse was then muzzling and coaxing of the child.
L'Estrange's Fables.

MY. pronoun possessive. [See MINE.] Belonging to me. My
is used before a substantive, and mine anciently and properly
before a vowel. My is now commonly used indifferently be­
fore both. My is used when the substantive follows, and
mine when it goes before: as, this is my book; this book is
mine.
Her feet she in my neck doth place. Spenser.
I conclude my reply with the words of a Christian poet.
Bramhall.
If my soul had free election
To dispose of her affection. Waller.
I shall present my reader with a journal. Addison.

MY’NCHEN. n. s. [mynchen, Saxon.] A nun. Dict.

MYO

MY’OGRAPHY. n. s. [?????a???.] A description of the mus­
cles.

MY’OLOGY. n. s. [myologie, French.] The description and doc­
trine of the muscles.
To instance in all the particulars, were to write a whole
system of myology. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.

MY’OPY. n. s. Shortness of fight.

MY’RIAD. n. s. [???a?.]
1. The number of ten thousand.
2. Proverbially any great number.
Assemble thou,
Of all those myriads, which we lead, the chief. Milton.
Are there legions of devils who are continually designing
and working our ruin? there are also myriads of good angels
who are more cheerful and officious to do us good. Tillotson.
Safe sits the goddess in her dark retreat;
Around her, myriads of ideas wait,
And endless shapes. Prior.

MY’RMIDON. n. s. [?????d?.] Any rude ruffian; so named
from the soldiers of Achilles.
The mass of the people will not endure to be governed by
Clodius and Curio, at the head of their myrmidons, though
these be ever so numerous, and composed of their own repre­
sentatives. Swift.

MYRO’BALAN. n. s. [myrobalanus, Latin.] A fruit.
The myrobalans are a dried fruit, of which we have five
kinds: they are fleshy, generally with a stone and kernel,
having the pulpy part more or less of an austere acrid taste:
they are the production of five different trees growing in the
East Indies, where they are eaten preserved: they serve also
for making and for dressing leather: they have been long in
great esteem for their quality of opening the bowels in a
gentle manner, and afterwards strengthening them by their
astringency; but the present practice rejects them all. Hill.
The myrobalan hath parts of contrary natures; for it is
sweet, and yet astringent. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 644.

MYRO’POLIST. n. s. [???? and ????.] One who sells un­
guents.

MYRRH. n. s. [myrrha, Latin; myrrhe, Fr.] A gum.
Myrrh is a vegetable product of the gum resin kind, sent
to us in loose granules from the size of a pepper corn to that
of a walnut, of a reddish brown colour, with more or less
of an admixture of yellow: its taste is bitter and acrid, with
a peculiar aromatick flavour, but very nauseous: its smell is
strong, but not disagreeable: it is brought from Ethiopia,
but the tree which produces it is wholly unknown. Our
myrrh is the very drug known by the ancients under the same
name: internally applied it is a powerful resolvent, and ex­
ternally applied it is discutient and vulnerary. Hill's M. Med.
The myrrhe sweet bleeding in the bitter wound. Spenser.
I dropt in a little honey of roses, with a few drops of tinc­
ture of myrrh. Wiseman's Surgery.

MY’RRHINE. adj. [myrrhynus, Latin.] Made of the myrrhine
stone.
How they quaff in gold,
Crystal and myrrhine cups imboss'd with gems
And studs of pearl. Milton's Par. Reg. b. iv.

MY’RTIFORM. n. s. [myrtus and form.] Having the shape of
myrtle.

MY’RTLE. n. s. [myrtus, Latin; myrte, Fr.] A fragrant tree
sacred to Venus.
The flower of the myrtle consists of several leaves disposed
in a circular order, which expand in form of a rose; upon
the top of the foot-stalk is the ovary, which has a short star­
like cup, divided at the top into five parts, and expanded;
the ovary becomes an oblong umbilicated fruit, divided into
three cells, which are full of kidney-shaped seeds. Miller.
There will I make thee beds of roses,
With a thousand fragrant posies;
A cap of flowers, and a girdle
Imbroider'd all with leaves of myrtle. Shakespeare.
I was of late as petty to his ends,
As is the morn dew on the myrtle leaf
To his grand sea. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Democritus would have Concord like a fair virgin, hold­
ing in one hand a pomegranate, in the other a bundle of
myrtle; for such is the nature of these trees, that if they be
planted though a good space one from the other, they will
meet, and with twining one embrace the other. Peacham.
Nor can the muse the gallant Sidney pass
The plume of war! with early lawrels crown'd,
The lover's myrtle and the poet's bay. Thomson's Summer.

MYS

MYSE’LF. n. s. [my and self.]
1. An emphatical word added to I: as, I myself do it; that is,
not I by proxy; not another.
As his host,
I should against his murth'rer shut the door,
Not bear the knife myself. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. The reciprocal of I. in the oblique case.
They have missed another pain, against which I should
have been at a loss to defend myself. Swift's Examiner.

MYSTAGO’GUF. n. s. [???a????; mystagogus, Latin.] One
who interprets divine mysteries; also one who keeps church
relicks, and shews them to strangers. Bailey.

MYSTE’RIARCH. n. s. [???????? and ???.] One presiding
over mysteries.



MYSTE’RIOUS. adj. [mysterieux, French, from mystery.]
1. Inaccessible to the understanding; awfully obscure.
God at last
To Satan, first in sin, his doom apply'd,
Though in mysterious terms. Milton's Par. Lost. b. x.
Then the true Son of knowledge first appear'd,
And the old dark mysterious clouds were clear'd. Denham.
2. Artfully perplexed.
Those princes who were most distinguished for their myste­
rious skill in government, found, by the event, that they had
ill consulted their own quiet, or the happiness of their people.
Swift's Thoughts on the State of Affairs.

MYSTE’RIOUSLY. adv. [from mysterious.]
1. In a manner above understanding.
2. Obscurely; enigmatically.
Our duty of preparation contained in this one word, try
or examine, being after the manner of mysteries, mysteriously
and secretly described, there is reason to believe that there is
in it very much duty. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
Each stair mysteriously was meant. Milton.

MYSTE’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from mysterious.]
1. Holy obscurity.
My purpose is, to gather together into an union all those
several portions of truth, and differing apprehensions of my­
steriousness. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
2. Artful difficulty or perplexity.

To MY’STERIZE. v. a. [from mystery.] To explain as enigmas.
Mysterizing their ensigns, they make the particular ones of
the twelve tribes accommodable unto the twelve signs of the
zodiack. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

MY’STERY. n. s. [????????; mystere, Fr.]
1. Something above human intelligence; something awfully
obscure.
They can judge as fitly of his worth,
As I can of those mysteries which heav'n
Will not have earth to know. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Upon holy days, let the matter of your meditations be ac­
cording to the mystery of the day; and to your ordinary de­
votions of every day, add the prayer which is fitted to the
mystery. Taylor.
If God should please to reveal unto us this great mystery of
the trinity, or some other mysteries in our holy religion, we
should not be ableto understand them, unless he would be­
stow on us some new faculties of the mind. Swift's Serm.
2. An enigma; any thing artfully made difficult.
To thy great comfort in this mystery of ill opinions, here's
the twin brother of thy letter. Shak. Mer. Wives of Windsor.
Important truths still let your fables hold,
And moral mysteries with art unfold. Granville.
3. A trade; a calling: in this sense it should, according to
Warburton, be written mistery, from mestiero, French, a trade.
And that which is the noblest mysterie,
Brings to reproach and common infamy. Hubberd's Tale.
Instruction, manners, mysteries and trades,
Degrees, observances, customs and laws,
Decline to your confounding contraries. Shakespeare.

MY’STICAL. adj. [mysticus, Latin.]

MY’STICK. adj. [mysticus, Latin.]
1. Sacredly obscure.
Let God himself that made me, let not man that knows
not himself, be my instructor concerning the mystical way to
heaven. Hooker, b. i.
From salvation all flesh being excluded this way, God hath
revealed a way mystical and supernatural. Hooker, b. i.
2. Involving some secret meaning; emblematical.
Ye five other wand'ring fires! that move
In mystick dance not without song, resound
His praise, who out of darkness call'd up light. Milton.
It is Christ's body in the sacrament and out of it; but in
the sacrament not the natural truth, but the spiritual and my­
stical. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
It is plain from the Apocalypse, that mystical Babylon is to
be consumed by fire. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Obscure; secret.
Lest new fears disturb the happy state,
Know, I have search'd the mystick rolls of fate. Dryden.

MY’STICALLY. adv. [from mystical.] In a manner, or by an
act, implying some secret meaning.
These two in thy sacred bosom hold,
Till mystically join'd but one they be. Donne.

MY’STICALNESS. n. s. [from mystical.] Involution of some se­
cret meaning.

MYT

MYTHOLO’GICAL. adj. [from mythology.] Relating to the ex­
plication of fabulous history.
The original of the conceit was probably hicroglyphical,
which after became mythological, and by tradition stole into a
total verity, which was but partially true in its covert sense
and morality. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

MYTHOLO’GICALLY. adv. [from mythological.] In a manner
suitable to the system of fables.

MYTHO’LOGIST. n. s. [from mythology.] A relator or expositor
of the ancient fables of the heathens.
The grammarians and mythologists seem to be altogether
unacquainted with his writings. Creech.
It was a celebrated problem among ancient mythologists,
What was the strongest thing, what the wisest, and what the
greatest? Norris's Miscel.

To MYTHO’LOGIZE. v. n. [from mythology.] To relate or ex­
plain the fabulous history of the heathens.

MYTHO’LOGY. n. s. [? and ???; mythologie, French.]
System of fables; explication of the fabulous history of the
gods of the heathen world.
The modesty of mythology deserves to be commended: the
scenes there are laid at a distance; it is once upon a time, in
the days of yore, and in the land of Utopia. Bentley.





N

N A semivowel, has in English an invariable sound;
as, no, name, net; it is sometimes after m al­
most lost; as, condemn, contemn.

To NAB. v. a. [nappa, Swedish.]
To catch unexpectedly; to seize without
warning. A word seldom used but in low language.

NADIR. n. s. [Arabick.] The point under foot directly op­
posite to the zenith.
As far as four bright signs comprize,
The distant zenith from the nadir lies. Creech.

NAFF. n. s. A kind of tusted sea-bird.

NAG. n. s. [nagge, Dutch.]
1. A small horse. A horse in familiar language.
A hungry lion would fain have been dealing with good
horse-flesh; but the nag would be too fleet. L'Estrange.
Thy nags, the leanest things alive,
So very hard thou lov'st to drive. Prior.
2. A paramour; in contempt.
Your ribauld nag of Egypt
Hoists sails, and flies. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.

NAIL. n. s. [nœgl, Saxon; nagel, German.]
1. The hard crust or horny substance at the ends of the fingers
and toes.
My nails can reach unto thine eyes. Shakespeare.
The meanest sculptor in th' æmilian square,
Can imitate in brass, the nails and hair;
Expert in trifles. Dryden.
The nails of our fingers give strength to those parts in the
various functions they are put to; and defend the numerous
nerves and tendons that are under them. Ray.
2. The talons of birds and beasts.
3. A spike of metal by which things are fastened together.
As one nail by strength drives out another;
So the remembrance of my former love
Is by a newer object soon forgotten. Shakespeare.
For the body of the ships, no nation doth equal England,
nor for the oaken timber to build them; and we need not
borrow iron for spikes or nails, to fasten them together.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The load-stone mines in the shore of India, are so placed
in abundance and vigor, that it proves an adventure of ha­
zard to pass those coasts in a ship with iron nails.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii. c. 3.
A beechen pail
Hung by the handle, on a driven nail. Dryden.
An equivocal word used for the nail of the hand or foot,
and for an iron nail to fasten any thing. Watts.
4. A Stud; a boss.
5. A kind of measure; two inches and a quarter.
6. On the nail. Readily; immediately; without delay. I
suppose from a counter studded with nails.
We want our money on the nail,
The banker's ruin'd if he pays. Swift's Poems.

To NAIL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with nails.
To the cross he nails thy enemies,
The law that is against thee, and the sins
Of all mankind, with him are crucify'd. Milton's P. Lost.
He clasp'd his hand upon the wounded part.
The second shaft came swift and unespy'd,
And pierc'd his hand, and nail'd it to his side. Dryden.
2. To stud with nails.
In golden armour glorious to behold,
The rivets of your arms were nail'd with gold. Dryden.

NAILER. n. s. [from nail.] One whose trade is to forge nails;
a nail-maker.

NAK

NA’KED. adj. [nacod, Saxon.]
1. Wanting cloaths; uncovered; bare.
A philosopher being asked in what a wise man differed from
a fool? answered, send them both naked to those who know
them not, and you shall perceive. Bacon, Apophth. 242.
He pitying how they stood
Before him naked to the air, that now
Must suffer change;
As father of his family, he clad
Their nakedness with skins of beasts. Milton, P. Lost.
Ungrateful men,
Behold my bosom naked to your swords,
And let the man that's injur'd strike the blow. Addison.
2. Unarmed; defenceless; unprovided.
Had I but serv'd my God with half the zeal
I serv'd my king, he would not in mine age
Have left we naked to mine enemies. Shakes. Henry VIII.
3. Plain; evident; not hidden.
The truth appears so naked on my side,
That any purblind eye may find it out. Shakes. Hen. VI.
4. Mere; bare; wanting the necessary additions; simple; ab­
stracted.
Not that God doth require nothing unto happiness at the
hands of men, saving only a naked belief, for hope and cha­
rity we may not exclude; but that without belief all other
things are as nothing, and it is the ground of those other di­
vine virtues. Hooker, b. i. p. 37.

NA’KEDLY. adv.
1. Without covering.
2. Simply; merely; barely; in the abstract.
Though several single letters nakedly considered, are found
to be articulations only of spirit or breath, and not of breath
vocalized; yet there is that property in all letters of aptness,
to be conjoined in syllables. Holder.
3. Discoverably; evidently.
So blinds the sharpest counsels of the wise
This overshadowing Providence on high,
And dazzleth all their clearest sighted eyes,
That they see not how nakedly they he. Daniel Civil War.

NA’KEDNESS. n. s. [from naked.]
1. Nudity; want of covering.
My face I'll grime with silth;
And with presented nakedness out-face
The winds and persecutions of the sky. Sha. K. Lear.
Nor he their outward only, with the skins
Of beasts; but inward nakedness, much more
Opprobrious! with his robe of righteousness
Arraying, cover'd from his father's sight. Milton.
I entreat my gentle readers to sow on their tuckers again,
and not to imitate the nakedness, but the innocence of their
mother Eve. Addison's Guard. No. 100.
Thou to be strong must put off every dress,
Thy only armour is thy nakedness. Prior.
2. Want of provision for defence.
Spies, to see the nakedness of the land are come. Gen. xlii. 9.
3. Plainness; evidence; want of concealment.
Why seek'st thou to cover with excuse
That which appears in proper nakedness? Shakes.

NALL. n. s. An awl, such as collar makers use. Tusser.
Whole bridle and saddle, whitleather and nall,
With collars and harness. Tusser's Husb.

NAM

NAME. n. s. [nama; Saxon; neem, Dutch; anam, Erse.]
1. The discriminative appellation of an individual.
What is thy name?
Thou'lt be afraid to hear it.
No: though thou call'st thyself a hotter name
Than any is in hell.
My name's Macbeth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He called their names after the names his father had called
them. Gen. xxvi. 18.
I know thee by name. Ex. xxxiii. 17.
2. The term by which any kind or species is distinguished.
What's in a name? That which we call a rose,
By any other name would smell as sweet. Shakes.
If every particular idea that we take in, should have a
distinct name, names must be endless. Locke.
3. Person.
They list with women each degen'rate name,
Who dares not hazard life for future fame. Dryden.
4. Reputation; character.


The king's army was the last enemy the west had been
acquainted with, and had left no good name behind.
Clarendon, b. viii.
5. Renown; fame; celebrity; eminence; praise; remembrance;
memory; distinction; honour.
What men of name resort to him?
Sir Walter Herbert, a renowned soldier;
And Rice ap Thomas with a valiant crew,
And many others of great name and worth. Shakes.
Visit eminent persons of great name abroad; to tell how
the life agreeth with the fame. Bacon's Essays, No. 19.
Here rest thy bones in rich Hesperia's plains,
Thy name, 'tis all a ghost can have, remains. Dryden.
A hundred knights
Approv'd in fight, and men of mighty name. Dryden.
These shall be towns of mighty fame,
Tho' now they lie obscure, and lands without a name.
Dryden, æn. vi.
Bartolus is of great name; whose authority is as much
valued amongst the modern lawyers, as Papinian's was
among the ancients. Baker's Reflect. on Learning.
6. Power delegated; imputed character.
In the name of the people,
And in the power of us the tribunes, we
Banish him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
7. Fictitious imputation.
When Ulysses with fallacious arts,
Had forg'd a treason in my patron's name,
My kinsman fell. Dryden, æn.
8. Appearance; not reality; assumed character.
I'll to him again, in the name of Brook;
He'll tell me all his purpose. Sha. Mer. W. of Windsor.
There is a friend which is only a friend in name.
Ecclus. xxxvii.
9. An opprobrious appellation.
Bids her confess; calls her ten thousand names;
In vain she kneels. Granvil's Poems.
Like the watermen of Thames
I row by, and call them names. Swift's Miscel.

To NAME. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To discriminate by a particular appellation.
I mention here a son of the king's whom Florizel
I now name to you; and with speed so pace
To speak of Perdita. Shakespeare's Win. Tale.
Thou hast had seven husbands, neither wast thou named
after any of them. Tob. iii. 8.
His name was called Jesus, which was so named of the
angel before he was conceived. Luke ii. 21.
2. To mention by name.
Accustom not thy mouth to swearing: neither use thyself
to the naming of the Holy One. Ecclus. xxiii. 9.
3. To specify; to nominate.
Did my father's godson seek your life?
He whom my father nam'd? your Edgar. Shakespeare.
Bring me him up whom I shall name. 1 Sam. xxviii. 8.
Let any one name that proposition, whose terms or ideas
were either of them innate. Locke.
4. To utter; to mention.
Let my name be named on them. Gen. xlviii. 16.

NA’MELESS. adj. [from name.]
1. Not distinguished by any discriminative appellation.
On the cold earth lies th' unregarded king,
A headless carcass, and a nameless thing. Denham.
The milky way,
Fram'd of many nameless stars. Waller.
Thy reliques, Rowe, to this fair shrine we trust,
And sacred, place by Dryden's awful dust;
Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies,
To which thy tomb shall guide enquiring eyes. Pope.
2. One of which the name is not known or mentioned.
Little credit is due to accusations of this kind, when they
come from suspected, that is, from nameless pens.
Atterbury's Sermons.

NA’MELY. adv. [from name.] Particularly; specially; to men­
tion by name.
It can be to nature no injury, that of her we say the
same which diligent beholders of her works have observed;
namely, that she provideth for all living creatures nourish­
ment which may suffice. Hooker, b. iii. s. 4.
Which of these sorrows is he subject to?
To none of these, except it be the last;
Namely, some love that drew him oft from home. Sha.
The council making remonstrances unto queen Elizabeth,
of the continual conspiracies against her life; and namely,
that a man was lately taken, who stood ready in a very
dangerous and suspicious manner to do the deed; advised her
to go less abroad weakly attended. But the queen an­
swered, that she had rather be dead, than put in custody.
Bacon, Apophth. 14.
For the excellency of the soul, namely, its power of di­
vining in dreams; that several such divinations have been
made, none can question. Addison's Spectator.
Solomon's choice does not only instruct us in that point
of history, but furnishes out a very fine moral to us; namely,
that he who applies his heart to wisdom, does at the same
time take the most proper method for gaining long life,
riches, and reputation. Addison's Guardian.

NA’MER. n. s. [name.] One who calls or knows any by name.

NA’MESAKE. n. s. One that has the same name with another.
Nor does the dog fish at sea, much more make out the
dog of land, than that his cognominal, or namesake in the
heavens. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
One author is a mole to another: it is impossible for 
them to discover beauties; they have eyes only for blemishes:
they can indeed see the light, as is said of their namesakes;
but immediately shut their eyes. Addison's Spectator.

NAP

NAP. n. s. [hnœppan, Saxon, to sleep.]
1. Slumber; a short sleep.
Mopsa sat swallowing of sleep with open mouth making
such a noise, as no body could lay the stealing of a nap to
her charge. Sidney, b. ii.
Let your bounty
Take a nap, and I will awake it anon. Shakespeare.
The sun had long since in the lap
Of Thetis, taken out his nap. Hudibras, p. ii.
So long as I'm at the forge you are still taking your nap.
L'Estrange, Fab.
2. [hnoppa, Saxon.] Down; villous substance.
Amongst those leaves she made a butterfly
With excellent device and wondrous flight;
The velvet nap, which on his wings doth lie,
The silken down, with which his back is dight. Spenser.
Jack Cade the clothier, means to dress the Common­
wealth, and set a new nap upon it. Shakes.
Plants, though they have no prickles, have a kind of
downy or velvet rind upon their leaves; which down or nap
cometh of a subtil spirit, in a soft or fat substance. Bacon.
Ah! where must needy poet seek for aid
When dust and rain at once his coat invade;
His only coat! where dust confus'd with rain
Roughens the nap, and leaves a mingled stain. Swift.

To NAPP. v. a. [hnœppan, Saxon.] To sleep; to be drowsy
or secure.
They took him napping in his bed. Hudibras, p. i.
A wolf took a dog napping at his master's door. L'Estran.
What is seriously related by Helmont, that foul linen,
stopt in a vessel that hath wheat in it, will in twenty-one
days time turn the wheat into mice; without conjuring,
one may guess to have been the philosophy and information
of some housewife, who had not so carefully covered her
wheat, but that the mice could come at it, and were there
taken napping, just when they had made an end of their
good chear. Bentley's Sermons.

NA’PTAKING. n. s. [nap and take.] Surprize; seizure on a
sudden; unexpected onset, like that made on men asleep.
Naptakings, assaults, spoilings, and firings, have in our fore­
father's days, between us and France, been very common.
Carew.

NAPE. n. s. [Of uncertain etymology. Skinner imagines it
to come from nap, the hair that grows on it; Junius, with
his usual Greek sagacity, from ???, a hill; perhaps from
the same root with knob.] The joint of the neck behind.
Turn your eyes towards the napes of your necks, and
make but an interiour survey of your good selves. Shakes.
Domitian dreamed, the night before he was slain, that a
golden head was growing out of the nape of his neck. Bacon.

NA’PERY. n. s. [naperia, Italian.] Table-linen. Dict.

NA’PHEW. n. s. [napus, Lat.] An herb.

NA’PHTHA. n. s. [naphtha, Latin.]
Naphtha is a very pure, clear, and thin mineral fluid, of
a very pale yellow, with a cast of brown in it. It is soft
and oily to the touch, of a sharp and unpleasing taste, and
of a brisk and penetrating smell; of the bituminous kind. It
is extremely ready to take fire, and in places where it is
frequent, it exhales a vapour that takes fire at the approach
of any flame, and burns to a great distance, sometimes spread­
ing in an instant over half a mile or more of ground, and
continuing alight a great while. It is found floating on the
waters of springs. It is principally used externally in para­
lytick cases, and in pains of the limbs. Hill's Mat. Med.
Strabo represents it as a liquation of bitumen. It swims
on the top of the water of wells and springs. That found
about Babylon is in some springs whitish, tho' it be gene­
rally black, and differs little from Petroleum. Woodward.

NA’PPINESS. n. s. [nappy.] The quality of having a nap.

NA’PKIN. n. s. [from nap; which etymology is oddly favoured
by Virgil, Tonsisque serunt mantilia villis; naperia, Italian.]
1. Cloaths used at table to wipe the hands.
By art were weaved napkins, shirts, and coats, inconsump­
tible by fire. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The same matter was woven into a napkin at Louvain,
which was cleansed by being burnt in the fire. Wilkins.
Napkins, Heliogabalus had of cloth of gold, but they
were most commonly of linnen, or soft wool. Arbuthnot.


2. A hankerchief. Obsolete. This sense is retained in Scot­
land.
I am glad I have found this napkin;
This was her first remembrance from the moor. Shakes.

NA’PLESS. adj. [from nap.] Wanting nap; threadbare.
Were he to stand for consul, ne'er would he
Appear in th' market place, nor on him put
The napless vesture of humility. Shakes. Coriolanus.

NA’PPY. adj. [from nap. Mr. Lye derives it from nappe, Saxon,
a cup.] Frothy; spumy; from nap; whence apples and
ale are called lamb's wooll.
When I my thresher heard,
With nappy beer I to the barn repair'd. Gay's Past.

NAR

NARCI’SSUS. n. s. [Latin; narcisse, Fr.] A daffodil.
Nor Narcissus fair
As o'er the fabled mountain hanging still. Thomson.

NARCO’TICK. adj. [?a??; narcotique, Fr.] Producing tor­
por, or stupefaction.
Narcotick includes all that part of the materia medica, which
any way produces sleep, whether called by this name, or
hypnoticks, or opiates. Quincy.
The ancients esteemed it narcotick or stupefactive, and it is
to be found in the list of poisons by Dioscorides.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

NARD. n. s. [nardus, Lat. ???d, Gr.]
1. Spikenard; a kind of ointment.
2. An odorous shrub.
Smelt o'the bud o'the briar,
Or the nard in the fire. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
He now is come
Into the blissful field, thro' groves of myrrh,
And flow'ring odours, cassia, nard and balm. Milton.

NARE. n. s. [naris, Latin.] A nostril not used, except as in
the following passage, in affectation.
There is a Machiavelian plot,
Though every nare olfact it not. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 1.

NA’RWHALE. n. s. A species of whale.
Those long horns preserved as precious beauties, are but
the teeth of narwhales. Brown's Vulg. Err. b. iii.

NA’RRABLE. adj. [from narro.] Capable to be told or re­
lated.

NA’RRATE. v. a. [narro, Latin.] To relate; to tell; a
word only used in Scotland.

NARRA’TION. n. s. [narratio, Latin; narration, Fr.] Ac­
count; relation; history.
He did doubt of the truth of that narration. Abbot.
They that desire to look into the narrations of the story,
for the variety of the matter we have been careful might
have profit. 2 Mac. ii. 24.
Homer introduces the best instructions, in the midst of the
plainest narrations. Notes on the Odyssy.

NA’RRATIVE. adj. [narratif-ve, Fr. from narro, Lat.]
1. Relating; giving an account.
The words of all judicial acts are written narratively, un­
less it be in sentences dispositive and enacting; therefore cre­
dit ought to be given to these acts, though the words be
narrative. Aylisfe's Parergon.
2. Storytelling; apt to relate things past.
Age, as Davenant says, is always narrative. Dryden.
The poor, the rich, the valiant and the sage,
And boasting youth, and narrative old age. Pope.

NA’RRATIVE. n. s. A relation; an account; a story.
In the instructions I here give to others, concerning what
they should do, take a narrative of what you have done.
South's Sermons.
Cynthio was much taken with my narrative. Tatler, No. 58.

NA’RRATIVELY. adv. [from narrative.] By way of relation.
The words of all judicial acts are written narratively, un­
less it be in sentences wherein dispositive and enacting terms
are made use of. Ayliffe's Parergon.

NARRA’TOR. n. s. [narrateur, French; from narro, Latin.] A
teller; a relater.
Consider whether the narrator be honest and faithful, as
well as skilful; whether he hath no peculiar gain or profit
by believing or reporting it. Watts's Logick.

To NA’RRIFY. v. a. [from narro, Latin.] To relate; to give
account of; not in use.
I ever narrify'd my friends,
Of whom he is chief, with all the size that verity
Would without lapsing suffer. Shakespeare.

NA’RROW. adj. [nearu, Saxon, from nr, near.]
1. Not broad or wide, having but a small distance from side to
side.
Edward from Belgia,
Hath pass'd in safety thro' the narrow seas. Shakespeare.
The Angel stood in a narrow place, where was no way
to turn either to the right hand or to the left. Numb. ii. 26.
In a narrow-bottom'd ditch cattle cannot turn themselves.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Small; of no great extent.
From this narrow time of gestation may ensue a smallness
in the exclusion; but this inserreth no informity. Brown.
3. Covetous; avaritious.
To narrow breasts he comes all wrapt in gain,
To swelling hearts he shines in honour's fire. Sidney.
4. Contracted; of consined sentiments; ungenerous.
Nothing more shakes any society than mean divisions be­
tween the several orders of its members, and their narrow­
hearted repining at each other's gain. Sprat's Serm.
The greatest understanding is narrow. How much of
God and nature is there, whereof we never had any idea?
Grew, Cosmol. b. ii. c. 8.
The hopes of receiving good from those whom we gra­
tify, would produce but a very narrow and stinted charity.
Smallridge's Sermons.
A salamander grows familiar with a stranger at first sight,
and is not so narrow-spirited as to observe, whether the per­
son she talks to, be in breeches or in petticoats. Addison.
It is with narrow-soul'd people as with narrow-neck'd
bottles; the less they have in them the more noise they make
in pouring it out. Swift's Miscellanies.
5. Near; within a small distance.
Then Mnestheus to the head his arrow drove,
But made a glancing shot, and miss'd the dove;
Yet miss'd so narrow, that he cut the cord
Which fasten'd by the foot the slitting bird. Dryden.
6. Close; vigilant; attentive.
The orb he roam'd
With narrow search; and with inspection deep
Consider'd ev'ry creature, which of all
Most opportune might serve his wiles. Milt. Par. Lost.
Many malicious spies are searching into the actions of a
great man, who is not always the best prepared for so nar­
row an inspection. Addison's Spectator, No. 265.

To NA’RROW. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To diminish with respect to breadth or wideness.
In the wall he made narrowed rests, that the beams should
not be fastened in the walls of the house. 1 Kings vi. 6.
By reason of the great Continent of Brasilia, the needle
deflecteth toward the land twelve degrees; but at the Straits
of Magellan, where the land is narrowed, and the sea on
the other side, it varieth about five or six. Brown's V. Err.
A government, which by alienating the affections, losing
the opinions, and crossing the interests of the people, leaves
out of its compass the greatest part of their consent, may
justly be said, in the same degrees it loses ground, to narrow
its bottom. Temple's Miscel.
2. To contract; to impair in dignity of extent or influence.
One science is incomparably above all the rest, where it
is not by corruption narrowed into a trade, for mean or ill
ends, and secular interests; I mean, theology, which con­
tains the knowledge of God and his creatures. Locke's Works.
3. To contract in sentiment or capacity of knowledge.
Desuetude does contract and narrow our faculties, so that
we can apprehend only those things in which we are con­
versant. Government of the Tongue.
How hard it is to get the mind, narrowed by a scanty
collection of common ideas, to enlarge itself to a more co­
pious stock. Locke's Works.
Lo! ev'ry finish'd son returns to thee!
Bounded by nature, narrow'd still by art,
A trifling head, and a contracted heart. Pope's Dunc. b. iv.
4. To confine; to limit.
By admitting too many things at once into one question,
the mind is dazzled and bewildered; whereas by limiting
and narrowing the question, you take a fuller survey of the
whole. Watts's Logick.
Our knowledge is much more narrow'd, if we confine
ourselves to our own solitary reasonings, without much read­
ing. Watts.
5. [In farriery.] A horse is said to narrow, when he does not
take ground enough, and does not bear far enough out to
the one hand or to the other. Farr. Dict.

NA’RROWLY. adv. [from narrow.]
1. With little breadth or wideness; with small distance between
the sides.
2. Contractedly; without extent.
The church of England is not so narrowly calculated, that
it cannot fall in with any regular species of government.
Swift's Sentim. of the Church of England.
3. Closely; vigilantly; attentively.
My fellow schoolmaster
Doth watch Bianca's steps so narrowly. Shakespeare.
If it be narrowly considered, this colour will be repre­
hended or encountered, by imputing to all excellencies in
compositions a kind of poverty. Bacon.
For a considerable treasure hid in my vineyard, search
narrowly when I am gone. L'Estrange.
A man's reputation draws eyes upon him that will narrowly
inspect every part of him. Addison.
4. Nearly; within a little.
Some private vessels took one of the Aquapulca ships, and
very narrowly missed of the other. Swift.
5. Avaritiously; sparingly.



NA’RROWNESS. n. s. [from narrow.]
1. Want of breadth or wideness.
In our Gothic cathedrals, the narrowness of the arch makes
it rise in height, or run out in length. Addison on Italy.
2. Want of extent; want of comprehension.
That prince, who should be so wise and godlike, as by
established laws of liberty to secure protection and encourage­
ment to the honest industry of mankind, against the oppres­
sion of power, and narrowness of party, will quickly be too
hard for his neighbours. Locke's Works.
3. Confined state; contractedness.
The most learned and ingenious society in Europe, con­
fess the narrowness of human attainments. Glanv. Scept.
Cheap vulgar arts, whose narrowness affords
No flight for thoughts, but poorly sticks at words. Denham.
The latin, a most severe and compendious language, of­
ten expresses that in one word, which either the barbarity
or the narrowness of modern tongues cannot supply in more.
Dryden.
4. Meanness; poverty.
If God will fit thee for this passage, by taking off thy load,
and emptying thy bags, and so suit the narrowness of thy for­
tune to the narrowness of the way thou art to pass, is there
any thing but mercy in all this? South's Sermons.
5. Want of capacity.
Another disposition in men, which makes them improper
for philosophical contemplations, is not so much from the
narrowness of their spirit and understanding, as becausethey
will not take time to extend them. Burn. Theo. of the Earth.

NAS. [from ne has, or has not.]
For pity'd is mishap that nas remedy,
But scorn'd been deeds of fond foolery. Spenser.

NA’SAL. adj. [nasus, Latin.] Belonging to the nose.
To pronounce the nasals, and some of the vowels spiri­
tally, the throat is brought to labour, and it makes a gut­
tural pronunciation. Holder's Elements of Speech.
When the discharge lessens, pass a small probe through
the nasal duct into the nose every time it is drest, in order
to dilate it a little. Sharp's Surgery.

NA’SICORNOUS. adj. [nasus and cornu.] Having the horn on
the nose.
Some unicorns are among insects; as those four kinds of
nasicornous beetles described by Muffetus. Brown's V. Err.

NA’STY. adj. [nast, nat, German, wet.]
1. Dirty; filthy; sordid; nauseous; polluted.
Sir Thomas More, in his answer to Luther, has thrown
out the greatest heap of nasty language that perhaps ever was
put together. Atterbury.
A nice man, is a man of nasty ideas. Swift.
2. Obscene; leud.

NA’STILY. adv. [from nasty.]
1. Dirtily; filthily; nauseously.
The most pernicious infection next the plague, is the smell
of the jail, when prisoners have been long and close and
nastily kept. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Obscenely; grossly.

NA’STINESS. n. s. [from nasty.]
1. Dirt; filth.
This caused the seditious to remain within their station,
which by reason of the nastiness of the beastly multitude,
might more fitly be termed a kennel than a camp. Hayward.
Haughty and huge, as high Dutch bride,
Such nastiness and so much pride
Are oddly join'd by fate, Swift.
2. Obscenity; grossness of ideas.
Their nastiness, their dull obscene talk and ribauldry,
cannot but be very nauseous and offensive to any who does
not baulk his own reason, out of love to their vice. South.
A divine might have employed his pains to better pur­
pose, than in the nastiness of Plautus and Aristophanes. Dry.

NAT

NA’TAL. adj. [natal, Fr. natalis, Latin.] Native; relating to
nativity.
Since the time of Henry III. princes children took names
from their natal places, as Edward of Carnarvon, Thomas
of Brotherton. Camden.
Propitious star! whose sacred pow'r
Presided o'er the monarch's natal hour,
Thy radiant voyages for ever run. Prior.

NATA’TION. n. s. [natatio, Latin.] The act of swimming.
In progressive motion, the arms and legs move successively,
but in natation both together. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

NA’THLESS. ad. [na, that is, not the less, Saxon.] Never­
theless; sormed thus, natheless, nath'less. Obsolete.
Nath'less, my brother since we passed are
Unto this point, we will appease our jar. Spenser.
The torrid clime
Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire.
Nathless he so endur'd, 'till on the beach
Of that inflmed sea he stood, and call'd
His legions. Milton's Paradise Lost.

NA’THMORE. adv. [na the more.] Never the more.
Yet nathmore by his bold hearty speech,
Could his blood-frozen heart embolden'd be. Spenser.

NA’TION. n. s. [nation, Fr. natio, Latin.] A people distin­
guished from another people; generally by their language,
original, or government.
If Edward III. had prospered in his French wars, and
peopled with English the towns which he won, as he began at
Calais driving out the French, his successors holding the same
course, would have silled all France with our nation. Ral.
A nation properly signifies a great number of families de­
rived from the same blood, born in the same country, and
living under the same government. Temple.

NA’TIONAL. adj. [national, Fr. from nation.]
1. Publick; general; not private; not particular.
They in their earthly Canaan plac'd,
Long time shall dwell and prosper: but when sins
National interrupt their public peace. Milton's P. Lost.
Such a national devotion inspires men with sentiments of
religious gratitude, and swells their hearts with joy and ex­
ultation. Addison's Freeholder, No. 49.
The astonishing victories our armies have been crowned
with, were in some measure the blessings returned upon that
national charity which has been so conspicuous. Addison.
God, in the execution of his judgments, never visits a people
with public and general calamities, but where their sins are
public and national too. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Bigotted to one's own country.

NA’TIONALLY. adv. [from national.] With regard to the
nation.
The term adulterous chiefly relates to the Jews, who
being nationally espoused to God by covenant, every sin of
theirs was in a peculiar manner spiritual adultery. South.

NA’TIONALNESS. n. s. [from national.] Reference to the
people in general.

NA’TIVE. adj. [nativus, Latin; natif-ve, Fr.] Produced by
nature; natural, not artificial.
She more sweet than any bird on bough,
Would oftentimes amongst them bear a part,
And strive to pass, as she could well enough,
Their native musick by her skilful art. Fairy Q. b. ii.
This doctrine doth not enter by the ear,
But of itself is native in the breast. Davies.
2. Natural; such as is according to nature.
The members retired to their homes, reassume the native
sedateness of their temper. Swift.
3. Conferred by birth.
But ours is a privilege ancient and native,
Hangs not on an ordinance, or power legislative;
And first, 'tis to speak whatever we please. Denham.
4. Relating to the birth; pertaining to the time or place of birth.
If these men have defeated the law, and outrun native
punishment; though they can outstrip men they have no
wings to fly from God. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Many of our bodies shall, no doubt,
Find native graves. Shakes. Hen. V.
5. Original; natural.
Have I now seen death? is this the way
I must return to native dust? O sight
Of terror, foul, and ugly to behold. Milt. Par. Lost.

'TIVE. n. s.
1. One born in any place; original inhabitant.
Th' accusation,
All cause unborn, could never be the native
Of our so frank donation. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Make no extirpation of the natives, under pretence of
planting religion, God surely will no way be pleased with
such sacrifices. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Tully, the humble mushroom scarcely known,
The lowly native of a country town. Dryden's Juv.
There stood a monument to Tacitus the historian, to the
emperors Tacitus and Florianus, all natives of the place.
Addison on Italy.
2. Offspring.

NA’TIVENESS. n. s. [from native.] State of being produced
by nature.

NA’TIVITY. n. s. [nativité, French.]
1. Birth; issue into life.
Concluding ever with a thanksgiving for the nativity of
our Saviour, in whose birth the births of all are only blessed.
Bacon.
2. Time, place, or manner of birth.
My husband, and my children both,
And you the calenders of their nativity,
Go to a gossip's feast. Shakes. Com. of Errors.
They say there is divinity in odd numbers, either in na­
tivity, chance, or death. Shakes. Merr. W. of Win.
When I vow, I weep; and vows so born,
In their nativity all truth appears. Shakes. Mid. N. Dream.
Thy birth and thy nativity is of Canaan. Ezek. xvi. 3.
3. State or place of being produced.
These, in their dark nativity, the deep
Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame. Milton.

NA’TURAL. adj. [naturel, French, from nature.]


1. Produced or effected by nature.
There is no natural motion of any particular heavy body,
which is perpetual, yet it is possible from them to contrive
such an artificial revolution as shall constantly be the cause
of itself. Wilkins's Dedalus.
2. Illegitimate.
This would turn the vein of that we call natural, to that
of legal propagation; which has ever been encouraged as
the other has been disfavoured by all institutions. Temple.
3. Bestowed by nature.
If there be any difference in natural parts, it should seem
that the advantage lies on the side of children born from
noble and wealthy parents. Swift.
4. Not forced; not farfetched; dictated by nature.
I will now deliver a few of the properest and naturallest
considerations that belong to this piece. Wotton's Arch.
5. Consonant to natural notions.
Such unnatural connections become, by custom, as na­
tural to the mind as sun and light: fire and warmth go to­
gether, and so seem to carry with them as natural an evi­
dence as self-evident truths themselves. Locke.
6. Tender; affectionate by nature.
To leave his wife, to leave his babes,
He wants the nat'ral touch. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
7. Unaffected; according to truth and reality.
What can be more natural than the circumstances in the
behaviour of those women who had lost their husbands on
his fatal day. Addison.
8. Opposed to violent; as, a natural death.

NA’TURAL. n. s. [from nature.]
1. An idiot; one whom nature debars from understanding; a
fool.
That a monster should be such a natural. Shakespeare.
Take the thoughts of one out of that narrow compass he
has been all his life confined to, you will find him no more
capable of reasoning than a perfect natural. Locke.
2. Native; original inhabitant.
The inhabitants and naturals of the place, should be in a
state of freemen. Abbot's Description of the World.
Oppression, in many places, wears the robes of justice,
which domineering over the naturals may not spare strangers,
and strangers will not endure it. Raleigh's Essays.
3. Gift of nature; nature; quality.
The wretcheder are the contemners of all helps; such as
presuming on their own naturals, deride diligence, and mock
at terms when they understand not things. Ben. Johnson.
To consider them in their pure naturals, the carl's intel­
lectual faculties were his stronger part, and the duke, his prac­
tical. Wotton.

NA’TURALIST. n. s. [from natural.] A student in physicks,
or natural philosophy.
Admirable artifice! wherewith Galen, tho' a mere na­
turalist, was so taken, that he could not but adjudge the
honour of a hymn to the wise creator. More.
It is not credible, that the naturalist could be deceived in
his account of a place that lay in the neighbourhood of
Rome. Addison on Italy.

NATURALIZA’TION. n. s. [from naturalize.] The act of
investing aliens with the privileges of native subjects.
The Spartans were nice in point of naturalization; where­
by, while they kept their compass, they stood firm; but
when they did spread, they became a windfal. Bacon's Ess.
Encouragement may be given to any merchants that shall
come over and turn a certain stock of their own, as natura­
lization, and freedom from customs the two first years. Temple.
Enemies, by taking advantage of the general naturalization
act, invited over foreigners of all religions. Swift.

To NA’TURALIZE. v. a. [from natural.]
1. To adopt into a community; to invest with the privileges of
native subjects.
The great lords informed the king, that the Irish might
not be naturalized without damage to themselves or the crown.
Davies on Ireland.
2. To make natural; to make easy like things natural.
He rises fresh to his hammer and anvil; custom has na­
turalized his labour to him. South's Sermons.

NA’TURALLY. adv. [from natural.]
1. According to the power or impulses of unassisted nature.
Our sovereign good is desired naturally; God, the author
of that natural desire, hath appointed natural means whereby
to fulfil it; but man having utterly disabled his nature unto
these means, hath had other revealed, and hath received
from heaven a law to teach him, how that which is desired
naturally, must now supernaturally be attained. Hooker.
If sense be not certain in the reports it makes of things to
the mind, there can be naturally no such thing as certainty
or knowledge. South's Sermons.
2. According to nature; without affectation.
That part
Was aptly fitted, and naturally perform'd. Shakespeare.
This answers fitly and naturally to the place of the abyss
before the deluge, inclos'd within the vault of the earth.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The thoughts are to be measured only by their propriety;
that is, as they flow more or less naturally from the persons
and occasions. Dryden.
3. Spontaneously.

NA’TURALNESS. n. s. [from natural.]
1. The state of being given or produced by nature.
The naturalness of a desire, is the cause that the satisfac­
tion of it is pleasure, and pleasure importunes the will; and
that which importunes the will, puts a difficulty on the will
refusing or forbearing it. South's Sermons.
2. Conformity to truth and reality; not affectation.
He must understand what is contained in the temperament
of the eyes, in the naturalness of the eyebrows. Dryden.
Horace speaks of these parts in an ode that may be reckoned
among the finest for the naturalness of the thought, and the
beauty of the expression. Addison.

NA’TURE. n. s. [natura, Latin; nature, French.]
1. An imaginary being supposed to preside over the material and
animal world.
Thou, nature, art my goddess; to thy law
My services are bound. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
When it was said to Anaxagoras, the Athenians have
condemned you to die; he said again, and nature them.
Bacon.
Let the postilion nature mount, and let
The coachman art be set. Cowley.
Heav'n bestows
At home all riches that wise nature needs. Cowley.
Simple nature to his hope has giv'n,
Beyond the cloud-topt hill an humbler heav'n. Pope.
2. The native state or properties of any thing, by which it is
discriminated from others.
Between the animal and rational province, some animals
have a dark resemblance of the influxes of reason: so be­
tween the corporeal and intellectual world, there is man
participating much of both natures. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.
3. The constitution of an animated body.
Nature, as it grows again tow'rd earth,
Is fashion'd for the journey, dull and heavy. Shakes.
We're not ourselves,
When nature, being opprest, commands the mind
To suffer with the body. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. Disposition of mind; temper.
Nothing could have subdu'd nature
To such a lowness but his unkind daughters. Shakes.
A credulous father, and a brother noble,
Whose nature is so far from doing harms,
That he suspects none; on whose foolish honesty
My practices ride easy. Shakespeare's King Lear.
5. The regular course of things.
My end
Was wrought by nature, not by vile offence. Shakes.
6. The compass of natural existence.
If their dam may be judge, the young apes are the most
beautiful things in nature. Glanv.
7. Natural affection, or reverence; native sensations.
Have we not seen
The murd'ring son ascend his parent's bed,
Thro' violated nature force his way,
And stain the sacred womb where once he lay? Pope.
8. The state or operation of the material world.
He binding nature fast in fate,
Left conscience free and will. Pope.
9. Sort; species.
A dispute of this nature caused mischief in abundance be­
twixt a king and an archbishop. Dryden.
10. Sentiments or images adapted to nature, or conformable
to truth and reality.
Only nature can please those tastes which are unprejudiced
and refined. Addison.
Nature and Homer were he found the same. Pope.
11. Physics; the science which teaches the qualities of things.
Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night,
God said, let Newton be, and all was light. Pope.

NATU’RITY. n. s. [from nature.] The state of being pro­
duced by nature. A word not used.
This cannot be allowed, except we impute that unto the
first cause which we impose not on the second; or what we
deny unto nature we impute unto naturity. Browne's V. Err.

NAV

NA’VAL. adj. [naval, Fr. navalis, Latin.]
1. Consisting of ships.
Encamping on the main,
Our naval army had besieged Spain;
They that the whole world's monarchy design'd,
Are to their ports by our bold fleet confin'd. Waller.
As our high vessels pass their watry way,
Let all the naval world due homage pay. Prior.
2. Belonging to ships.
Masters of such numbers of strong and valiant men, as


well as of all the naval stores that furnish the world. Temple.

NAVE. n. s. [naf, Saxon.]
1. The middle part of the wheel in which the axle moves.
Out, out, thou strumpet fortune! all you gods
In general synod take away her pow'r;
Break all the spokes and fellies from her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heav'n,
As low as to the fiends. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
In the wheels of waggons the hollows of the naves, by
their swift rotations on the ends of the axle-trees, produce
a heat sometimes so intense as to set them on fire. Ray.
2. [From navis, nave, old Fr.] The middle part of the church
distinct from the aisles or wings.
It comprehends the nave or body of the church, together
with the chancel. Ayliffe's Par.

NA’VEL. n. s. [nafela, navela, Saxon.]
1. The point in the middle of the belly, by which embryos
communicate with the parent.
The use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the
mother, and by the vessels thereof to convey its aliments.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
As children, while within the womb they live,
Feed by the navel: here they feed not so. Davies.
There is a superintending Providence, that some animals
will hunt for the teat before they are quite gotten out of the
secundines and parted from the navelstring. Derham.
2. The middle; the interiour part.
Being prest to the war,
Even when the navel of the state was touch'd,
They would not thread the gates. Shakes. Cor.
Within the navel of this hideous wood,
Immur'd in cypress shades, a sorcerer dwells. Milton.

NA’VELGALL. n. s.
Navelgall is a bruise on the top of the chine of the back,
behind the saddle, right against the navel, occasioned either
by the saddle being split behind, or the stuffing being want­
ing, or by the crupper buckle sitting down in that place, or
some hard weight or knobs lying directly behind the saddle.

NA’VELWORT. n. s.
It hath the appearance of housebeck; from which it differs
only in having an oblong tubulous flower of one leaf, di­
vided at the top into five parts. This plant is used in me­
dicine, and grows wild upon old walls. Miller.

NA’VEW. n. s. [napus, Lat. navet, naveau, Fr.]
It agrees in most respects with the turnep; but has a
lesser root, and somewhat warmer in taste. The species are
three. In the isle of Ely the third species, which is wild,
is very much cultivated, it being the cole seed from which
they draw the oil. Miller.

NAUGHT. adj. [naht, nawhiht, Saxon; that is, ne aught,
not any thing.] Bad; corrupt; worthless.
With them that are able to put a difference between things
naught and things indifferent in the church of Rome, we
are yet at controversy about the manner of removing that
which is naught. Hooker, b. iv.
Thy sister's naught: Oh Regan! she hath tied
Sharp-tooth'd unkindness like a vulture here. Shakes.

NAUGHT. n. s. Nothing. This is commonly, though impro­
perly, written nought. See AUGHT and OUGHT.
Be you contented
To have a son set your decrees at naught,
To pluck down justice from your awful bench. Shak.

NA’UGHTILY. adv. [from naughty.] Wickedly; corruptly.

NA’UGHTINESS. n. s. [from naughty.] Wickedness; badness.
Slight wickedness or parvescuity, as of children.
No remembrance of naughtiness delights but mine own;
and methinks the accusing his traps might in some manner
excuse my fault, which certainly I loth to do. Sidney, b. ii.

NA’UGHTY. adj. [See NAUGHT.]
1. Bad; wicked; corrupt.
A prince of great courage and beauty, but fostered up in
blood by his naughty father. Sidney, b. ii.
These naughty times
Put bars between the owners and their rights. Shakes.
How far that little candle throws his beams!
So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Shakes.
2. It is now seldom used but in ludicrous censure.
If gentle slumbers on thy temples creep,
But naughty man, thou dost not mean to sleep,
Betake thee to thy bed. Dryden.

NAVI’CULAR. adj. [navicularis, Lat. naviculaire, Fr.] In ana­
tomy, the third bone in each foot that lies between the
astragalus and ossa cuneiformia. Dict.

NA’VIGABLE. adj. [navigable, Fr. navigabilis, Latin.] Ca­
pable of being passed by ships or boats.
The first-peopled cities were all founded upon these na­
vigable rivers, or their branches, by which the one might
give succour to the other. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Almighty Jove surveys
Earth, air, and shores, and navigable seas. Dryden.

NA’VIGABLENESS. n. s. [from navigable.] Capacity to be
passed in vessels.

To NA’VIGATE. v. n. [navigo; Lat. naviger, Fr.] To sail;
to pass by water.
The phœnicians navigated to the extremities of the wes­
tern ocean. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To NA’VIGATE. v. a. To pass by ships or boats.
Drusus, the father of the emperor Claudius, was the first
who navigated the northern ocean. Arbuthnot on Coins.

NAVIGA’TION. n. s. [navigation, Fr. from navigate.]
1. The act or practice of passing by water.
Our shipping for number, strength, mariners, pilots, and
all things that appertain to navigation, is as great as ever.
Bacon.
The loadstone is that great help to navigation. More.
Rude as their ships, was navigation then,
No useful compass or meridian known;
Coasting, they kept the land within their ken,
And knew no north but when the polestar shone. Dryden.
When Pliny names the Pœni as inventors of navigation,
it must be understood of the Phœnicians, from whom the
Carthaginians are descended. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Vessels of navigation.
Tho' you untie the winds, and let them sight
Against the churches, tho' the yesty waves
Confound and swallow navigation up. Shakes. Mac.

NAVIGA’TOR. n. s. [navigateur, Fr. from navigate.] Sailor;
seaman; traveller by water.
By the sounding of navigators, that sea is not three hun­
dred and sixty foot deep. Brerew.
The rules of navigators must often fail. Brown's V. Err.
The contrivance may seem difficult, because these subma­
rine navigators will want winds, tides, and the sight of the
heavens. Wilkin's Math. Magic.
This terrestrial globe, which before was only a globe in
speculation, has since been surrounded by the boldness of many
navigators. Temple.

NAU

NAU’LAGE. n. s. [naulum, Lat.] The freight of passengers in
a ship.

NAU’MACHY. n. s. [naumachie, Fr. naumachia, Latin.] A mock
sea fight.

To NAU’SEATE. v. n. [from nausen, Latin.] To grow
squeamish; to turn away with disgust.
Don't over-satigue the spirits, lest the mind be seized with
a lassitude, and nauseate, and grow tired of a particular sub­
ject before you have finished it. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

To NAU’SEATE. v. a.
1. To loath; to reject with disgust.
While we single out several dishes, and reject others, the
selection seems arbitrary; for many are cryed up in one age,
which are decryed and nauseated in another. Brown's V. Err.
Old age, with silent pace, comes creeping on,
Nauseates the praise, which in her youth she won,
And hates the muse by which she was undone. Dryden.
Those heads, as stomachs, are not sure the best,
Which nauseate all, and nothing can digest. Pope.
2. To strike with disgust.
He let go his hold and turned from her, as if he were
nauseated, then gave her a lash with his tail. Swift.

NAU’SEOUS. adj. [from nausea, Latin; nauseé, Fr.] Loath­
some; disgustful; regarded with abhorrence.
Those trifles wherein children take delight,
Grow nauscous to the young man's appetite.
And from those gaieties our youth requires
To exercise their minds, our age retires. Denham.
Food of a wholesom juice is pleasant to the taste and
agreeable to the stomach, 'till hunger and thirst be well ap­
peased, and then it begins to be less pleasant, and at last
even nauseous and loathsome. Ray.
Old thread-bare phrases will often make you go out of
your way to find and apply them, and are nauseous to ra­
tional hearers. Swift.

NAU’SEOUSLY. adv. [from nauseous.] Loathsomely; disgustfully.
This, though cunningly concealed, as well knowing how nau­
seously that drug would go down in a lawful monarchy, which
was prescribed for a rebellious commonwealth, yet they al­
ways kept in reserve. Dryden.
Their satire's praise;
So nauseously and so unlike they paint. Garth's Disp.

NAU’SEOUSNESS. n. s. [from nauseous.] Loathsomeness; qua­
lity of raising disgust.
The nauseousness of such company disgusts a reasonable
man, when he sees he can hardly approach greatness but as
a moated castle; he must first pass through the mud and filth
with which it is encompassed. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

NAU’TICAL. adj. [nauticus, Latin.] Pertaining to sailors.

NAU’TICK. adj. [nauticus, Latin.] Pertaining to sailors.
He elegantly shewed by whom he was drawn, which de­
painted the nautical compass with aut magnes, aut magna. Cam.

NAU’TILUS. n. s. [Latin; nautile, Fr.] A shell fish furnished
with something analogous to oars and a sail.


Learn of the little nautilus to sail,
Spread the thin oar and catch the driving gale. Pope.

NA’VY. n. s. [from navis, Lat.] An assembly of ships, com­
monly ships of war; a fleet.
On the western coast rideth a puissant navy. Sha. Rich. III.
Levy money, and return the same to the treasurer of the
navy for his majesty's use. Clarendon.
The narrow seas can scarce their navy bear,
Or crowded vessels can their soldiers hold. Dryden.

NAY. adv. [na, Saxon, or ne aye.]
1. No; an adverb of negation.
Disputes in wrangling spend the day,
Whilst one says only yea, and t'other nay. Denham.
2. Not only so but more. A word of amplification.
A good man always profits by his endeavour, yea, when
he is absent; nay, when dead, by his example and memory;
so good authors in their stile. Ben. Johnson's Discov.
This is then the allay of Ovid's writings, which is suf­
ficiently recompensed by his other excellencies; nay, this very
fault is not without its beauties; for the most severe censor
cannot but be pleased. Dryden.
If a son should strike his father, not only the criminal but
his whole family would be rooted out, nay, the inhabitants
of the place where he lived, would be put to the sword,
nay, the place itself would be razed. Addis. Spect. No. 189.
3. Word of refusal.
They have beaten us openly uncondemned, being Ro­
mans, and have cast us into prison; and now do they thrust
us out privily? nay verily; but let them come themselves
and fetch us out. Acts xvi. 37.
The fox made several excuses, but the stork would not
be said nay; so that at last he promised him to come.
L'Estrange, Fable 31.
He that will not when he may,
When he would he shall have nay. Prov.

NA’YWORD. n. s. [nay and word.]
1. The side of denial; the saying nay.
You would believe my saying,
Howe'er you lean to th' nayword. Shak. Win. Tale.
2. A proverbial reproach; a bye word.
If I do not gull him into a nayword, and make him a
common recreation, do not think I have wit enough to lie
straight in my bed. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
3. A watchword. Not in use.
I have spoke with her; and we have a nayword how to
know one another. I come to her in white, and cry mum;
she cries budget; and by that we know one another. Sha.

NE. adv. [Saxon. This particle was formerly of very frequent
use, both singly and by contraction in compound words; as,
nill for ne will or will not; nas for ne has or has not; nis
for ne is or is not.] Neither; and not.
His warlike shield all cover'd closely was,
Ne might of mortal eye be ever seen,
Not made of steel, nor of enduring brass. Fairy Qu.

NEA

NEAF. n. s. [nefi, Islandick.] A fist. It is retained in Scot­
land; and in the plural neaves.
Give me thy neaf, Monsieur Mustardseed. Shakespeare.

To NEAL. v. a. [onœlan, Saxon; to kindle.] To temper
by a gradual and regulated heat.
The workmen let it cool by degrees in such relentings of
fire, as they call their nealing heats; lest it should shiver in
pieces by a violent succeeding of air in the room of fire.
Digby on Bodies.
This did happen for want of the glasses being gradually
cooled or nealed. Boyle.
If you file, engrave, or punch upon your steel, neal it
first, because it will make it softer, and consequently work
easier. The common way is to give it a blood-red heat in
the fire, then let it cool of itself. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To NEAL. v. n. To be tempered in fire.
Reduction is chiefly effected by fire, wherein if they stand
and neal, the imperfect metals vapour away. Bacon.

NEAP. adj. [nepflod, Saxon; næftig, poor.] Low; decre­
scent. Used only of the tide, and therefore sometimes used
substantively.
The mother of waters, the great deep, hath lost nothing
of her ancient bounds. Her motion of ebbing and flowing,
of high springs and dead neaps, are as constant as the changes
of the moon. Hakewill on Providence.
How doth the sea constantly observe its ebbs and flows,
its springs and neap-tides, and still retain its saltness, so con­
venient for the maintenance of its inhabitants. Ray.

NEAR. prep. [ner, Saxon; naer, Dutch and Scottish.] At no
great distance from; close to; nigh.
I have heard thee say,
No grief did ever come so near thy heart,
As when thy lady and thy true love died. Shakespeare.
Thou thought'st to help me, and such thanks I give,
As one near death to those that wish him live. Shakes.
With blood the dear alliance shall be bought,
And both the people near destruction brought. Dryden.
To the warlike steed thy studies bend,
Near Pisa's flood the rapid wheels to guide. Dryden's Virg.
This child was very near being excluded out of the species
of man, barely by his shape. Locke.

NEAR. adv.
1. Almost.
2. At hand; not far off. Unless it be rather in this sense an ad­
jective.
Thou art near in their mouth, and far from their reins.
Jer. xii. 2.
He serv'd great Hector, and was ever near,
Not with his trumpet only, but his spear. Dryden's æn.
3. Within a little.
Self-pleasing and humourous minds are so sensible of every
restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and
garters to be bonds and shackles. Bacon's Essays, No. 8.
This eagle shall go near, one time or other, to take you
for a hare. L'Estrange, Fable 107.
He that paid a bushel of wheat per acre, would pay now
about twenty-five pounds per annum; which would be near
about the yearly value of the land. Locke.
The Castilian would rather have died in slavery himself,
than paid such a sum as he found would go near to ruin him.
Addison's Spectator.

NEAR. adj.
1. Not distant. [Sometimes it is doubtful whether near be an
adjective or adverb.]
This city is near to slee unto. Gen. xix. 20.
The will, free from the determination of such desires, is
left to the pursuit of nearer satisfactions. Locke.
After he has continued his doubling in his thoughts, and
enlarged his idea as much as he pleases, he is not one jot
nearer the end of such addition than at first setting out. Locke.
2. Advanced towards the end of an enterprise or disquisition.
Unless they add somewhat else to define more certainly
what ceremonies shall stand for best, in such sort that all
churches in the world shall know them to be the best, and
so know them that there may not remain any question about
this point; we are not a whit the nearer for that they have
hitherto said. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
3. Close; not rambling; observant of stile or manner of the
thing copied.
Hannibal Caro's, in the Italian, is the nearest, the most
poetical, and the most sonorous of any translation of the
æneid. Yet though he takes the advantage of blank verse,
he commonly allows two lines for one in Virgil, and does
not always hit his sense. Dryden.
4. Closely related.
If one shall approach to any that is near of kin to him.
Lev. xviii. 6.
5. Intimate; familiar; admitted to confidence.
If I had a suit to master Shallow, I would humour his
men with the imputation of being near their master. Shak.
6. Touching; pressing; affecting; dear.
Ev'ry minute of his being thrusts
Against my near'st of life. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He could never judge that it was better to be deceived than
not, in a matter of so great and near concernment. Locke.
7. Parsimonious, inclining to covetousness; as, a near man.

NEAR hand. Closely; without acting or waiting at a distance.
The entring near hand into the manner of performance
of that which is under deliberation, hath overturned the
opinion of the possibility or impossibility. Bacon's Holy War.

NEA’RLY. adv. [from near.]
1. At no great distance; not remotely.
Many are the enemies of the priesthood: they are diligent
to observe whatever may nearly or remotely blemish it.
Atterbury.
2. Closely; pressingly.
Nearly it now concerns us, to be sure
Of our omnipotence. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
It concerneth them nearly, to preserve that government
which they had trusted with their money. Swift's Miscol.
3. In a niggardly manner.

NEA’RNESS. n. s. [from near.]
1. Closeness; not remoteness; approach.
God, by reason of nearness, forbad them to be like the
Canaanites or Egyptian. Hooker, b. iv. s. 6.
Fine and delicate sculptures be helped with nearness, and
gross with distance; which was well seen in the controversy
between Phidias and Alemenes about the statue of Venus.
Wotton's Architecture.
Those blessed spirits that are in such a nearness to God,
may well be all fire and love, but you at such a distance
cannot find the effects of it. Duppa.
The best rule is to be guided by the nearness, or distance
at which the repetitions are placed in the original. Pope.
2. Alliance of blood or affection.
Whether there be any secret passages of sympathy be­
tween persons of near blood; as, parents, children, brothers
and sisters. There be many reports in history, that upon


the death of persons of such nearness, men have had an in­
ward feeling of it. Bacon's Natural History.
3. Tendency to avarice; caution of expence.
It shews in the king a nearness, but yet with a kind of
justness. So these little grains of gold and silver, helped
not a little to make up the great heap. Bacon's Hen. VII.

NEAT. n. s. [neat nten, Saxon; naut, Islandick and Scot.]
1. Black cattle; oxen. It is commonly used collectively.
The steer, the heifer, and the calf,
Are all call'd neat. Shakespeare's Win. Tale.
A present for any emperor that ever trod on neats leather.
Shakespeare's Tempest.
Smoak preserveth flesh; as we see in bacon, neats tongues,
and martlemas beef. Bacon's Natural History.
His droves of asses, camels, herds of neat,
And flocks of sheep, grew shortly twice as great. Sandy.
What care of neat, or sheep is to be had,
I sing, Mecænas. May's Virgil's Georgics.
Some kick'd until they can feel, whether
A shoe be Spanish or neats leather. Hudidras, p. i.
As great a drover, and as great
A critick too, in hog or neat. Hud. p. i. cant. 2.
Set it in rich mould, with neats dung and lime mingled.
Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.
2. A cow or ox.
Who both by his calf and his lamb will be known,
May well kill a neat and a sheep of his own. Tuss. Husb.
Go and get me some repast.—
What say you to a neat's foot?
'Tis passing good; I prythee, let me have it. Shakes.

NEAT. adj. [net, French; nitidus, Latin.]
1. Elegant, but without dignity.
The thoughts are plain, yet admit a little quickness and
passion; the expression humble, yet as pure as the language
will afford; neat, but not florid; easy, and yet lively. Pope.
2. Cleanly.
Herbs and other country messes,
Which the neat-handed Phyllis dresses. Milt. Poems.
3. Pure; unadulterated; unmingled; in the cant of trade.
Tuns of sweet old wines, along the wall;
Neat and divine drink, kept to chear withal
Ulysses' old heart. Chapman's Odyssey, b. ii.

NE’ATHERD. n. s. [neathrd, Saxon.] A cowkeeper; one
who has the care of black cattle. B?????, bubulcus.
There netherd with cur and his horn,
Be a fence to the meadow and corn. Tuss. Husb.
The swains and tardy neatherds came, and last
Menalcas, wet with beating winter mast. Dryden.

NEA’TLY. adj. [from neat.]
1. Elegantly, but without dignity; sprucely.
I will never trust a man again for keeping his sword clean;
nor believe he can have every thing in him, by wearing his
apparel neatly. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
To love an altar built,
Of twelve vast French romances neatly gilt. Pope.
2. Cleanlily.

NEA’TNESS. n. s. [from neat.]
1. Spruceness; elegance without dignity.
Pelagius carped at the curious neatness of men's apparel.
Hooker, b. v. s. 29.
2. Cleanliness.

NEB. n. s. [nebbe, Saxon.]
1. Nose; beak; mouth. Retained in the north.
How she holds up the neb! the bill to him,
And arms her with the boldness of a wife. Shakes.
Take a glass with a belly and a long neb. Bacon.
2. [In Scotland.] The bill of a bird. See NIB.

NE’BULA. n. s. [Lat.] It is applied to appearances, like a
cloud in the human body; as also to films upon the eyes.

NE’BULOUS. adj. [nebulosus, Latin.] Misly; cloudy.

NEC

NE’CESSARIES. n. s. [from necessary.] Things not only con­
venient but needful; things not to be left out of daily use.
Quibus dolcat natura negatis.
The supernatural necessaries are, the preventing, assisting,
and renewing grace of God, which we suppose God ready
to annex to the revelation of his will, in the hearts of all
that with obedient humble spirits receive and sincerely em­
brace it. Hammond's Fundamentals.
The right a son has, to be maintained and provided with
the necessaries and conveniencies of life, out of his father's
stock, gives him a right to succeed to his father's property
for his own good. Locke.

NE’CESSARILY. adv. [from necessary.]
1. Indispensably.
I would know by some special instance, what one article
of Christian faith, or what duty required necessarily unto all
mens salvation there is, which the very reading of the word
of God is not apt to notify. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
2. By inevitable consequence.
They who recall the church unto that which was at the
first, must necessarily set bounds and limits unto their speeches.
Hocker, b. iv. s. 2.
They subjected God to the fatal chain of causes, whereas
they should have resolved the necessity of all inferiour events
into the free determination of God himself; who executes
necessarily, that which he first proposed freely. South's Serm.

NE’CESSARINESS. n. s. [from necessary.] The state of being
necessary.

NE’CESSARY. adj. [necessarius, Latin.]
1. Needful; indispensably requisite.
All greatness is in virtue understood;
'Tis only necessary to be good. Dryden's Aureng.
A certain kind of temper is necessary to the pleasure and
quiet of our minds, consequently to our happiness; and that
is holiness and goodness. Tillotson.
The Dutch would go on to challenge the military go­
vernment and the revenues, and reckon them among what
shall be thought necessary for their barrier. Swift's Miscel.
2. Not free; fatal; impelled by fate.
3. Conclusive; decisive by inevitable consequence.
No man can shew by any necessary argument, that it is
naturally impossible that all the relations concerning America
should be false. Tiliotson's Preface.

To NECE’SSITATE. v. a. [from necessitas, Latin.] To make
necessary; not to leave free; to exempt from choice.
Hast thou proudly ascribed the good thou hast done to thy
own strength, or imputed thy sins and follies to the necessitating
and inevitable decrees of God. Duppa's Rules for Devo.
The marquis of Newcastle being pressed on both sides,
was necessitated to draw all his army into York. Clarend.
Man seduc'd,
And flatter'd out of all, believing lies
Against his maker: no decree of mine
Concurring to necessitate his fall. Milton's Par. Lost.
Our voluntary service he requires,
Not our necessitated. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
Neither the Divine Providence, or his determinations,
persuasions, or inflexions of the understanding or will of
rational creatures doth deceive the understanding, or pervert
the will, or necessitate or incline either to any moral evil.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The politician never thought that he might fall danger­
ously sick, and that sickness necessitate his removal from the
court. South's Serm.
Th' eternal, when he did the world create
And other agents did necessitate;
So what he order'd they by nature do;
Thus light things mount, and heavy downward go,
Man only boasts an arbitrary state. Dryden.
The perfections of any person may create our veneration;
his power, our fear; and his authority arising thence, a ser­
vile and necessitated obedience; but love can be produced
only by kindness. Rogers.

NECESSITA’TION. n. s. [from necessitate.] The act of making
necessary; fatal compulsion.
This necessity, grounded upon the necessitation of a man's
will without his will, is so far from lessening those difficulties
which flow from the fatal destiny of the Stoicks, that it in­
creaseth them. Bramhall against Hobbs.
Where the law makes a certain heir, there is a necessitation
to one; where the law doth not name a certain heir, there
is no necessitation to one, and there they have power or liberty
to choose. Bramhall against Hobbs.

NECE’SSITIED. adj. [from necessity.] In a state of want. Not
used.
This ring was mine, and when I gave it Helen,
I bad her, if her fortunes ever stood
Necessitied to help, that by this token
I would relieve her. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

NECE’SSITOUS. adj. [from necessity.] Pressed with poverty.
They who were envied, found no satisfaction in what
they were envied for, being poor and necessitous. Clarend.
There are multitudes of necessitous heirs and penurious pa­
rents, parsons in pinching circumstances, with numerous fa­
milies of children. Arbuthnot.

NECE’SSITOUSNESS. n. s. [from necessitous.] Poverty; want;
need.
Universal peace is demonstration of universal plenty, for
where there is want and necessitousness, there will be quar­
relling. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

NECE’SSITUDE. n. s. [necessitudo, Latin.]
1. Want; need.
The mutual necessitudes of human nature necessarily main­
tain mutual offices between them. Hale's Orig. of Man.
2. Friendship.

NECE’SSITY. n. s. [necessitas, Latin.]
1. Cogency; compulsion; fatality.
Necessity and chance
Approach not me; and what I will is fate. Milton.
2. State of being necessary; indispensableness.
Urge the necessity, and state of times. Shakes. Rich. III.


Racine used the chorus in his Esther, but not that he
sound any necessity of it: it was only to give the ladies an
occasion of entertaining the king with vocal musick.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
We see the necessity of an augmentation, to bring the
enemy to reason. Addison.
3. Want; need; poverty.
The art of our necessities is strange,
That can make vile things precious. Shakes. K. Lear.
The cause of all the distractions in his court or army,
proceeded from the extreme poverty, and necessity his ma­
jesty was in. Clarendon, b. viii.
We are first to consult our own necessities, but then the
necessities of our neighbours have a christian right to a part
of what we have to spare. L'Estrange, Fable 217.
4. Things necessary for human life.
These should be hours for necessities,
Not for delights; times to repair our nature
With comforting repose, and not for us
To waste these times. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
5. Cogency of argument; inevitable consequence.
There never was a man of solid understanding, whose
apprehensions are sober, and by a pensive inspection advised,
but that he hath found by an irresistible necessity, one true
God and everlasting being. Raleigh's History.
Good nature or beneficence and candour, is the product
of right reason, which of necessity will give allowance to the
failings of others. Dryden.

NECK. n. s. [hneca, Saxon; neck, Dutch.]
1. The part between the head and body.
He'll beat Busidius' head below his knee,
And tread upon his neck. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The length of the face twice exceedeth that of the neck.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
She clapp'd her leathern wing against your towr's,
And thrust out her long neck, ev'n to your doors. Dryd.
I look on the tucker to be the ornament and defence of
the female neck. Addison's Guardian, No. 109.
2. A long narrow part.
The access of the town was only by a neck of land, be­
tween the sea on the one part, and the harbour water on the
other. Bacon.
Thou walk'st as on a narrow mountain's neck,
A dreadful height, with scanty room to tread. Dryden.
3. On the neck; immediately after; from one following an­
other closely.
He depos'd the king,
And, on the neck of that, task'd the whole state. Shakes.
Instantly on the neck of this came news, that Ferdinando
and Isabella, had concluded a peace. Bacon.
4. To break the neck of an affair; to hinder any thing being
done; or, to do more than half.

NE’CKBEEF. n. s. [neck and beef.] The coarse flesh of the
neck of cattle, sold to the poor at a very cheap rate.
They'll sell (as cheap as neckbeef) for counters at cards.
Swift.

NE’CKCLOATH. n. s. [neck and cloath.] That which men wear
on their neck.
Will she with huswife's hand provide thy meat,
And ev'ry sunday morn thy neckcloath plait? Gay.

NE’CERCHIEF. n. s. A gorget; handkerchief for a woman's
neck.

NE’CKATEE. n. s. A gorget; handkerchief for a woman's
neck.

NE’CKLACE. n. s. [neck and lace.] An ornamental string of
beads or precious stones, worn by women on their neck.
Ladies, as well then as now, wore estates in their ears.
Both men and women wore torques, chains, or necklaces of
silver and gold set with precious stones. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Or lose her heart, or necklace, at a ball. Pope.

NE’CKWEED. n. s. [neck and weed.] Hemp.

NE’CROMANCFR. n. s. [?e?? and ?????.] One who by
charms can converse with the ghosts of the dead; a con­
jurer; an inchanter.
I am employed like the general who was forced to kill
his enemies twice over, whom a necromancer had raised to
life. Swift's Miscellanies.

NE’CROMANCY. n. s. [?e?? and ?????; necromance, Fr.]
1. The art of revealing future events, by communication with
the dead.
The resurrection of Samuel is nothing but delusion in the
practice of necromancy and popular conception of ghosts.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
2. Enchantment; conjuration.
He did it partly by necromancy, wherein he was much
skilled. Abbot's Description of the World.
This palace standeth in the air,
By necromancy placed there,
That it no tempests needs to fear. Drayt. Nym.

NE’CTARED. adj. [from nectar.] Tinged with nectar; ming­
led with nectar; abounding with nectar.
He gave her to his daughters to imbathe
In nectar'd lavers strew'd with asphodil. Milton.
How charming is divine philosophy
Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose,
But musical as is Apollo's lute,
And a perpetual feast of nectar'd sweets,
Where no crude surfeit reigns. Milton's Poems.
He with the Nais wont to dwell,
Leaving the nectar'd seasts of Jove. Fenton.

NECTA’REOUS. adj. [nectareus, Latin.] Resembling nectar;
sweet as nectar.
Annual for me, the grape, the rose renew,
The juice nectareous and the balmy dew. Pope.

NE’CTARINE. adj. [from nectar.] Sweet as nectar.
To their supper-fruits they fell;
Nectarine fruits. Milt. Par. Lost.

NE’CTARINE. n. s. [nectarine, French.] A fruit of the plum
kind.
This fruit differs from a peach in having a smooth rind
and the flesh firmer. Miller.
The only nectarines are the murry and the French; of
the last there are two sorts, one, which is the best, very
round, and the other something long; of the murry there
are several sorts. Temple.

NEE

NEED. n. s. [neod, Saxon; nood, Dutch.]
1. Exigency; pressing difficulty; necessity.
The very stream of his life, and the business he hath
helmed, must, upon a warranted need, give him a better
proclamation. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
That spirit that first rush'd on thee,
In the camp of Dan,
Be efficacious in thee now at need. Milton's Agonistes.
In thy native innocence proceed,
And summon all thy reason at thy need. Dryden.
2. Want; distressful poverty.
Famine is in thy cheeks;
Need and oppression stare within thine eyes,
Contempt and beggary hang upon thy back. Shakes.
Defer not to give to him that is in need. Ecclus. iv. 3.
The distant heard, by fame, her pious deeds;
And laid her up for their extreamest needs;
A future cordial for a fainting mind. Dryden.
God sometimes calls upon thee to relieve the needs of thy
brother, sometimes the necessities of thy country, and some­
times the urgent wants of thy prince. South's Sermons.
3. Want; lack of any thing for use.
God grant we never may have need of you. Shakes.
God who sees all things intuitively, neither stands in need
of logic, nor uses it. Baker.

To NEED. v. a. [from the noun.] To want; to lack; to
be in want of; to require.
Basest beggars
Are in the poorest thing superfluous;
Allow not nature more than nature needs.
Man's life is cheap as beasts. Shakespeare's K. Lear
The whole need not a physician, but the sick. Matt ix. 12.
Thou thy regal sceptre shalt lay by,
For regal sceptre then no more shall need. Milt. P. Lost.
To ask whether the will has freedom? is to ask, whether
one power has another? A question too absurd to need an
answer. Locke.

To NEED. v. n.
1. To be wanted; to be necessary.
More ample spirit than hitherto was wont,
Here needs me rie whiles the famous ancestors
Of my most dreadful sovereign I recount. Spenser.
When we have done it, we have done all that is in our
power, and all that needs. Locke.
2. To have necessity of any thing; to be in want of any thing.
We have instances of perception whilst we are asleep:
but how incoherent and how little conformable to the per­
fection of a rational being, those who are acquainted with
dreams need not be told. Locke.
He that would discourse of things, as they agreed in the
complex idea of extension and solidity, needed but use the
word body. Locke.

NEEDER. n. s. [from need.] One that wants any thing.
If the time thrust forth
A cause for thy repeal, we shall not send
O'er the vast world, to seek a single man;
And lose advantage, which doth ever cool
In th' absence of the needer. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

NEEDFUL. adj. [need and full.] Necessary; indispensably
requisite.
Give us all things that be needful, both for our souls and
bodies. Common Prayer.
Do you consent we shall acquaint him with it,
As needful in our loves, fitting our duty? Sha. Ham.
All things needful for defence abound,
Mnestheus, and brave Seresthus walk the round. Dryden.
To my present purpose it is not needful to use arguments,
to evince the world to be finite. Locke.
A lonely desart and an empty land,


Shall scarce afford, for needful hours of rest,
A single house to their benighted guest. Addison on Italy.

NEE’DFULLY. adv. [from needful.] Necessarily.
They who
Dare for these poems, yet both ask and read,
And like them too; must needfully, tho' few,
Be of the best. Ben. Johnson.

NEE’DFULNESS. n. s. [from needful.] Necessity.

NEE’DILY. adv. [from needy.] In poverty; poorly.

NEEDINESS. n. s. [from needy.] Want; poverty.
Whereas men have many reasons to persuade; to use them
all at once, weakneth them. For it argueth a neediness in
every of the reasons, as if one did not trust to any of them,
but sled from one to another. Bacon.

NEE’DLE. n. s. [nædl, Saxon.]
1. A small instrument pointed at one end to pierce cloath, and
perforated at the other to receive the thread, used in sewing.
For him you waste in tears your widow'd hours,
For him your curious needle paints the flowers. Dryden.
2. The small steel bar which in the mariners compass stands
regularly north and south.
The use of the leadstone, and the mariners needle was not
then known. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

NEE’DLE-FISH. n. s. [needle and fish.] A kind of sea-fish.
One rhomboidal bony scale of the needle-fish. Woodward.

NEE’DLEFUL. n. s. [needle and full.] As much thread as is
generally put at one time in the needle.

NEE’DLER. n. s. [from needle.] He who makes
needles.

NEE’DLEMAKER. n. s. [from needle.] He who makes
needles.

NEE’DLEWORK. n. s. [needle and work.]
1. The business of a sempstress.
2. Embroidery by the needle.
In needleworks and embroideries, it is more pleasing to
have a lively work upon a lightsome ground, than a dark
and melancholy work upon a lightsome ground. Bacon.
In a curious brede of needlework, one colour falls away
by such just degrees, and another rises so insensibly, that we
see the variety without being able to distinguish the total va­
nishing of the one from the first appearance of the other.
Addison's Ess. on the Georgicks.

NEE’DLESLY. adv. [from needless.] Unnecessarily; without
need.
We render languages more difficult to be learnt, and need­
lesly advance orthography into a troublesome art. Holder.

NEE’DLESSNESS. n. s. [from needless.] Unnecessariness.
To explain any of St. Paul's Epistles, after so great a
train of expositors, might seem censurable for its needlessness,
did not the daily examples of pious and learned men justify
it. Locke's Ess. on St. Paul's Epistles.

NEE’DLESS. adj. [from need.]
1. Unnecessary; not requisite.
Their exception against easiness, as if that did nourish
ignorance, proceedeth altogether of a needless jealousy. Hook.
This sudden stab of rancour I misdoubt;
Pray God, I say, I prove a needless coward. Sha. R. III.
Would not these be great and needless abatements of their
happiness, if it were confined within the compass of this
life only? Atterbury.
2. Not wanting; out of use.
For his weeping in the needless stream,
Poor dear, quoth he, thou mak'st a testament,
As worldings do, giving thy sum of more
To that which had too much. Sha. As you Like it.

NEE’DMENT. n. s. [from need.] Something necessary.
Behind
His scrip did hang, in which his needments he did bind.
Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 6.

NEEDS. adv. [nedes, Saxon, unwilling.] Necessarily; by
compulsion; indispensably.
The general and perpetual voice of men is as the sentence
of God himself; for that which all men have at all times
learned, nature herself must needs have taught. Hooker.
God must needs have done the thing which they imagine
was to be done. Hooker, b. iii.
I must needs after him, madam, with my letter. Sha.
Another being elected and his ambassadors returned, he
would needs know the cause of his repulse in that competition.
Davies on Ireland.
I perceive
Thy mortal sight to sail: objects divine
Must needs impair, and weary human sense. Milt. P. Lost.
To say the principles of nature must needs be such as our
philosophy makes them, is to set hounds to omnipotence.
Glanville, Scepts. c. 25.
I have affairs below,
Which I must needs dispatch before I go. Dryden.

NEEDY. adj. [from need.] Poor; neceslitous; distressed by
poverty.
Their gates to all were open evermore,
And one sat waiting ever them before,
To call in comers by, that needy were and poor. Fa. Q.
— In his needy shop a tortoise hung,
An alligator stuff'd, and other skins
Of ill-shap'd fishes. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
The poor and needy praise thy name. Ps. lxxiv. 21.
We bring into the world a poor needy uncertain life, short
at the longest, and unquiet at the best. Temple.
Nuptials of form, of int'rest, or of state,
Those seeds of pride are fruitful in debate:
Let happy men for gen'rous love declare,
And chuse the needy virgin, chaste and fair. Granv.
To relieve the needy, and comfort the afflicted, are duties
that fall in our way every day. Addison's Spect. No. 93.

NE’ER. [for never.]
It appears I am no horse,
That I can argue and discourse;
Have but two legs, and ne'er a tail. Hudibras.

To NEESE. v. n. [nyse, Danish; niesen, Dutch.] To sneese;
to discharge flatulencies by the nose. Retained in Scotland.
He went up and stretched himself upon him; and the
child neesed seven times, and opened his eyes. 2 Kings iv. 35.
By his neesings a light doth shine, and his eyes are like the
eye-lids of the morning. Job xli. 18.

NEF. n. s. [old French, from nave.] The body of a church.
The church of St. Justina, designed by Palladio, is the
most handsome, luminous, disencumbered building in Italy.
The long nes consists of a row of five cupola's, the cross
one has on each side a single cupola deeper than the others.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

NEFA’RIOUS. adj. [nefarius, Latin.] Wicked; abominable.
The most nefarious bastards, are they whom the law stiles
incestuous bastards, which are begotten between ascendants
and descendants, and between collateral, as far as the di­
vine prohibition extends. Ayliffe's Parergon.

NEG

NEGA’TION. n. s. [negatio, Lat. negation, Fr.]
1. Denial; the contrary to affirmation.
Chance properly signifies, that all events called casual,
among inanimate bodies, are mechanically and naturally pro­
duced according to the determinate figures, textures, and
motions of those bodies, with this only negation, that those
inanimate bodies are not conscious of their own operations.
Bentley.
Our assertions and negations should be yea and nay, for
whatsoever is more than these is sin. Rogers, Serm. 9.
2. Description by negative.
Negation is the absence of that which does not naturally be­
long to the thing we are speaking of, or which has no right, ob­
ligation, or necessity to be present with it; as when we say
a stone is inanimate, or blind, or deaf. Watts's Logick.

NE’GATIVE. adj. [negatif, Fr. negativus, Latin.]
1. Denying; contrary to affirmative.
2. Implying only the absence of something.
There is another way of denying Christ with our mouths,
which is negative, when we do not acknowledge and con­
fess him. South's Sermons.
Consider the necessary connection that is between the ne­
gative and positive part of our duty. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
3. Having the power to withhold, though not to compel.
Denying me any power of a negative voice as king, they
are not ashamed to seek to deprive me of the liberty of using
my reason with a good conscience. King Charles.

NE’GATIVE. n. s.
1. A proposition by which something is denied.
Of negatives we have far the least certainty; and they
are usually hardest, and many times impossible to be proved.
Tillotson, Serm. 1.
2. A particle of denial; as, not.
A purer substance is defin'd,
But by an heap of negatives combin'd;
Ask what a spirit is, you'll hear them cry,
It hath no matter, no mortality. Cleaveland's Poems.

NE’GATIVELY. adv. [from negative.]
1. With denial; in the form of denial; not affirmatively.
When I asked him whether he had not drunk at all? he
answered negatively. Boyle.
2. In form of speech implying the absence of something.
The fathers draw arguments from the Scripture negatively
in reproof of that which is evil; Scriptures teach it not,
avoid it therefore. Hooker, b. ii.
I shall shew what this image of God in man is, negatively,
by shewing wherein it does not consist; and positively, by
shewing wherein it does. South's Serm.

To NE’GLECT. v. a. [neglectus, Latin.]
1. To omit by carelessness.
If he neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church.
Mat. xviii. 17.
2. To treat with scornful heedlessness.
3. To postpone.
I have been long a sleeper; but I trust
My absence doth neglect no great design,
Which by my presence might have been concluded. Sha.

NE’GLECT. n. s. [neglectus, Latin.]
1. Instance of inattention.
2. Careless treatment; scornful inattention.


I have perceived a most faint neglect of late, which I have
rather blamed as my own jealous curiosity, than as a very
pretence or purpose of unkindness. Shakes. King Lear.
3. Negligence; frequency of neglect.
Age breeds neglect in all, and actions
Remote in time, like objects
Remote in place, are not beheld at half their greatness.
Denham.
4. State of being unregarded.
Rescue my poor remains from vile neglect,
With virgin honours let my herse be deck't,
And decent emblem. Prior.

NEGLE’CTER. n. s. [from neglect.] One who neglects.

NEGLE’CTFUL. adj. [neglect and full.]
Heedless; careless; inattentive.
Moral ideas not offering themselves to the senses, but be­
ing to be framed to the understanding, people are neglectful
of a faculty they are apt to think wants nothing. Locke.
Though the Romans had no great genius for trade, yet
they were not entirely neglectful of it. Arbuth. on Coins.
2. Treating with indifference.
If the father caress them when they do well, shew a cold
and neglectful countenance to them upon doing ill, it will
make them sensible of the difference. Locke on Education.

NEGLE’CTION. n. s. [from neglect.] The state of being neg­
ligent.

NEGLE’CTFULLY. adv. [from neglectful.] With heedless in­
attention; careless indifference.
Sleeping neglection doth betray to loss
The conquests of our scarce cold conqueror. Shakes.

NEGLE’CTIVE. adj. [from neglect.] Inattentive to, or regardless of.
I wanted not probabilities sufficient to raise jealousies in
any king's heart, not wholly stupid, and neglective of the
publick peace. King Charles.

NE’GLIGENCE. n. s. [negligence, Fr. negligentia, Latin.]
1. Habit of omitting by heedlessness, or of acting carelesly.
2. Instance of neglect.
She let it drop by negligence,
And, to th'advantage, I being here, took't up. Shakes.

NE’GLIGENT. adj. [negligent, Fr. negligens, Latin.]
1. Careless; heedless; habitually inattentive.
My sons, be not now negligent; for the Lord hath chosen
you to stand before him. 2 Chron. xxix. 11.
2. Careless of any particular.
We have been negligent in not hearing his voice. Bar. i. 19.
3. Scornfully regardless.
Let stubborn pride possess thee long,
And be thou negligent of fame;
With ev'ry muse to grace thy song,
May'st thou despise a poet's name. Swift's Miscel.

NE’GLIGENTLY. adv. [from negligent.]
1. Carelessly; heedlessly; without exactness.
Insects have voluntary motion, and therefore imagination;
and whereas some of the ancients have said that their mo­
tion is indeterminate, and their imagination indefinite, it is
negligently observed; for ants go right forwards to their hills,
and bees know the way to their hives. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Of all our elder plays,
This and Philaster have the loudest fame;
Great are their faults, and glorious is their flame.
In both our English genius is exprest,
Lofty and bold, but negligently drest. Waller.
In comely figure rang'd my jewels shone,
Or negligently plac'd for thee alone. Prior.
2. With scornful inattention.

To NEGO’TIATE. v. n. [negocier, French; from negotium, La­
tin.] To have intercourse of business; to traffick; to treat.
Have you any commission from your lord to negotiate with
my face? Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
She was a busy negotiating woman, and in her withdraw­
ing chamber had the fortunate conspiracy for the king against
king Richard been hatched. Bacon's Hen. VII.
It is a common error in negotiating; whereas men have
many reasons to persuade, they strive to use them all at once,
which weakeneth them. Bacon.
A steward to embezzle those goods he undertakes to ma­
nage; an embassador to betray his prince for whom he should
negotiate; are crimes that double their malignity from the
quality of the actors. Decay of Piety.
I can discover none of these frequent intercourses and ne­
gotiations, unless that Luther negotiated with a black boar.
Atterbury.

NEGOTIA’TION. n. s. [negociation, Fr. from negotiate.] Treaty
of business.
Oil is slow, smooth, and solid; so are Spaniards observed to
be in their motion: Though it be a question yet unresolved,
whether their affected gravity and slowness in their negotia­
tions have tended more to their prejudice or advantage. How.

NEGOTIA’TOR. n. s. [negociateur, Fr. from negotiate.] One em­
ployed to treat with others.
Those who have defended the proceedings of our nego­
tiators at Gertruydenburg, dwell much upon their zeal in
endeavouring to work the French up to their demands; but
say nothing to justify those demands. Swift.

NEGO’TIATING. adj. [from negotiate.] Employed in negotia­
tion.

NE’GRO. n. s. [Spanish; negre, Fr.] A blackmoore.
Negroes transplanted into cold and flegmatic habitations,
continue their hue in themselves and their generations. Brown.

NEI

NEIF. n. s. [néfi, Islandick; neef, Scottish.] Fist.
Sweet knight, I kiss thy neif. Shakes. Hen. IV. p. ii.

To NEIGH. v. n. [hnægan, Saxon; negen, Dutch.] To utter
the voice of a horse or mare.
Note a wild and wanton herd,
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud. Sha.
They were as fed horses, every one neighed. Jer. v. 8.
Run up the ridges of the rocks amain;
And with shrill neighings fill the neighbouring plain. Dry.
The gen'rous horse, that nobly wild,
Neighs on the hills, and dares the angry lion. Smith.

NEIGH. n. s. [from the verb.] The voice of an horse.
It is the prince of palfreys; his neigh is like the bidding
of a monarch, and his countenance enforces homage. Sha.

NEI’GHBOUR. n. s. [nehgebur, Saxon.]
1. One who lives near to another.
He sent such an addition of foot, as he could draw out
of Oxford and the neighbour garrisons. Clarendon.
2. One who lives in familiarity with another; a word of ci­
vility.
Masters, my good friends, mine honest neighbours,
Will you undo yourselves? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. Any thing next or near.
This man shall set me packing;
I'll lug the guts into the neighbour room. Shakespeare.
4. Intimate; confidant.
The deep revolving witty Buckingham
No more shall be the neighbour to my counsels. Shakes.
5. [In divinity.] One partaking of the same nature, and there­
fore entitled to good offices.
The Gospel allows no such term as a stranger; makes
every man my neighbour. Sprat's Sermons.

To NEI’GHBOUR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To adjoin to; to confine on.
The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholsome berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality. Shakes. Hen. V.
Give me thy hand,
Be pilot to me, and thy places shall
Still neighbour mine. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
These grow on the leisurely ascending hills that neighbour
the shore. Sandy's Journey.
Things nigh equivalent and neighbouring value,
By lot are parted. Anon.
2. To acquaint with; to make near to.
That being of so young days brought up with him,
And since so neighbour'd to his youth and 'haviour. Sha.

NEI’GHBOURHOOD. n. s. [from neighbour.]
1. Place adjoining.
I could not bear
To leave thee in the neighbourhood of death,
But flew in all the haste of love to find thee. Add. Cato.
2. State of being near each other.
Consider several states in a neighbourhood; in order to pre­
serve peace between these states, it is necessary they should
be formed into a balance. Swift.
3. Those that live within reach of communication.

NEI’GHBOURLY. adj. [from neighbour.] Becoming a neigh­
bour; kind; civil.
The Scottish lord, hath a neighbourly charity in him; for
he borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and swore
he would pay when he was able. Shakes. Merch. of Ven.
He steals away my customers; twelve he has under bonds
never to return; judge you if this be neighbourly dealing.
Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

NEI’GHBOURLY. adv. [from neighbour.] With social civility.

NEI’THER. conjunct. [nawther, Saxon, ne either.]
1. Not either. A particle used in the first branch of a ne­
gative sentence, and answered by nor.
Fight neither with small nor great, save only with the
king. 1 Kings xxii. 31.
2. It is sometimes the second branch of a negative or prohibi­
tion to any sentence.
Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it. Gen. iii. 3.
3. Sometimes at the end of a sentence it follows as a negative;
and often, though not very grammatically, yet emphatically,
after another negative.
If it be thought that it is the greatness of distance, where­
by the sound cannot be heard; we see that lightnings and
coruscations, near at hand, yield no sound neither. Bacon.
Men come not to the knowledge of which are thought
innate, 'till they come to the use of reason, nor then neither.
Locke.



NEI’THER. pronoun. Not either; nor one nor other.
He neither loves,
Nor either cares for him. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleo.
Which of them shall I take?
Both, one, or neither? neither can be enjoy'd
If both remain alive. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
Suffice it that he's dead; all wrongs die with him:
Thus I absolve myself, and excuse him,
Who sav'd my life and honour, but praise neither. Dryd.
Experience makes us sensible of both, though our narrow
understandings can comprehend neither. Locke.
They lived with the friendship and equality of brethren,
neither lord, neither slave to his brother; but independent of
each other. Locke.

NEO’PHYTE. n. s. [neophyte, Fr. ??e? and ???.] One regene­
rated; a convert.

NLOTE’RICK. adj. [neotericus, Latin.] Modern; novel; late.
We are not to be guided either by the misreports of some
ancients, or the capricio's of one or two neotericks. Grew.

NEP. n. s. [nepeta, Lat.] An herb.

NE’PENTHE. n. s. [?? and p??.] A drug that drives away
all pains.
There where no passion, pride, or shame transport,
Lull'd with the sweet nepenthe of a court;
There where no fathers, brothers, friends disgrace,
Once break their rest nor stir them from their place. Pope.

NE’PHEW. n. s. [nepos, Latin; neveu, French.]
1. The son of a brother or sister.
Immortal offspring of my brother Jove;
My brightest nephew and whom best I love. Dryden.
I ask, whether in the inheriting of this paternal power,
the grandson by a daughter, hath a right before a nephew by
a brother? Locke.
2. The grandson. Out of use.
With what intent they were first published, those words
of the nephew of Jesus do plainly enough signify, after that
my grand-father Jesus had given himself to the reading of
the law and the prophets, and other books of our fathers,
and had gotten therein sufficient judgment, he proposed al­
so to write something pertaining to learning and wisdom.
Hooker, b. v. s. 21.
Her fire at length is kind,
Prepares his empire for his daughter's ease,
And for his hatching nephews smooths the seas. Dryden.
3. Descendant, however distant. Out of use.
All the sons of these five brethren reign'd
By due success, and all their nephews late,
Even thrice eleven descents the crown retain'd. Fairy Q.

NEPHRI’TICK. adj. [?e????; nephretique, Fr.]
1. Belonging to the organs of urine.
2. Troubled with the stone.
The diet of nephritic persons ought to be such as is op­
posite to the alkalescent nature of the salts in their blood.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Good against the stone.
The nephritic stone is commonly of an uniform dusky green;
but some samples I have seen of it that are variegated with
white, black, and sometimes yellow. Woodw. Mett. Foss.

NE’POTISM. n. s. [nepotisme, French; nepos, Latin.] Fond­
ness for nephews.
To this humour of nepotism Rome owes its present splendor;
for it would have been impossible to have furnished out so
many glorious palaces with such a profusion of pictures and
statues, had not the riches of the people fallen into different
families. Addison on Italy.

NER

NERVE. n. s. [nervus, Latin; nerf, Fr.] The organs of sen­
sation passing from the brain to all parts of the body.
The nerves do ordinarily accompany the arteries through
all the body; they have also blood-vessels, as the other parts
of the body. Wherever any nerve sends out a branch, or
receives one from another, or where two nerves join toge­
ther, there is generally a ganglio or plexus. Quincy.
What man dare, I dare:
Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear;
Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves
Shall never tremble. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. It is used by the poets for sinew or tendon.
Strong Tharysmed discharged a speeding blow
Full on his neck, and cut the nerves in two. Pope's Odyss.

NE’RVELESS. adj. [from nerve.] Without strength.
There sunk Thalia, nerveless, faint and dead,
Had not her sister Satire held her head. Dunciad, b. iv.

NE’RVOUS. adj. [nervosus, Latin.] Well strung; strong; vi­
gorous.
What nervous arms he boasts, how firm his tread,
His limbs how turn'd. Pope's Odyssey, b. viii.
2. Relating to the nerves; having the seat in the nerves.
3. [In medical cant.] Having weak or diseased nerves.
Poor, weak, nervous creatures. Cheney.

NE’RVY. adj. [from nerve.] Strong; vigorous. Not in use.
Death, that dark spirit, in his nervy arm doth lie,
Which being advanc'd, declines, and then men die. Sha.

NESCIENCE. n. s. [from nescio, Latin.] Ignorance; the state
of not knowing.
Many of the most accomplished wits of all ages, have
resolved their knowledge into Socrates his sum total, and
after all their pains in quest of science, have sat down in a
professed nescience. Glanv. Sceps. c. ii.

NESH. adj. [nesc, Saxon.] Soft; tender; easily hurt. Skin.

NESS.
1. A termination added to an adjective to change it into a sub­
stantive, denoting state or quality; as, poisonous, poisonousness;
turbid, turbidness; lovely, loveliness; from nisse, Saxon.
2. The termination of many names of places where there is
a headland or promontory; from nese, Saxon; a nose of
land, or headland; as INVERNESS.

NEST. n. s. [nest, Saxon.]
1. The bed formed by the bird for incubation and feeding her
young.
If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way, thou
shalt not take the dam with the young. Deut. xxii. 6.
2. Any place where animals are produced.
Redi found that all kinds of putrefaction did only afford a
nest and aliment for the eggs and young of those insects he
admitted. Bentley.
3. An abode; place of residence; a receptacle. Generally in a
bad sense: as, a nest of rogues and thieves.
Come from that nest
Of death, contagion, and unnatural sleep. Shakes.
4. A warm close habitation, generally in contempt.
Some of our ministers having livings offered unto them,
will neither, for zeal of religion, nor winning souls to God,
be drawn forth from their warm nests. Spenser.
5. Boxes or drawers; little pockets or conveniences.

To NEST. v. n. [from the noun.] To build nests.
The cedar stretched his branches as far as the moun­
tains of the moon, and the king of birds nested within his
leaves. Howel's Vocal Forest.

NE’STEGG. n. s. [nest and egg.] An egg left in the nest to
keep the hen from forsaking it.
Books and money laid for shew,
Like nesteggs, to make clients lay. Hudibras.

To NE’STLE. v. n. [from nest.] To settle; to harbour; to
lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest.
Their purpose was, to fortify in some strong place of the
wild country, and there nestle 'till greater succours came.
Bacon's War with Spain.
A cock got into a stable was nestling in the straw among the
horses. L'Estrange.
The king's fisher wonts commonly by the waterside, and
nestles in hollow banks. L'Estrange.
Flutt'ring there they nestle near the throne,
And lodge in habitations not their own. Dryden.
The floor is strowed with several plants, amongst which
the snails nestle all the winter. Addison on Italy.
Mark where the shy directors creep,
Nor to the shore approach too nigh;
The monsters nestle in the deep,
To seize you in your passing by. Swift's Miscel.

To NESTLE. v. a.
1. To house, as in a nest.
Poor heart!
That labour'st yet to nestle thee,
Thou think'st by hov'ring here to get a part,
In a forbidden or forbidding tree. Donne.
Cupid found a downy bed,
And nestl'd in his little head. Prior.
2. To cherish, as a bird her young.
This Ithacus, so highly is endear'd
To this Minerva, that her hand is ever in his deeds:
She, like his mother, nestles him. Chapman's Iliads.

NE’STLING. n. s. [from nestle.] A bird just taken out of the
nest.

NET

NET. n. s. [nati, Gothick; net, Saxon.] A texture woven
with large interstices or meshes, used commonly as a snare
for animals.
Poor bird! thoud'st never fear the net, nor lime,
The pitfall nor the gin. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He made nets of chequer-work for the chapiters, upon the
top of the pillars. 1 Kings vii. 17.
Impatience intangles us like the fluttering of a bird in a
net, but cannot at all ease our trouble. Taylor's Holy Living.
The vegetative tribes,
Wrapt in a filmy net, and clad with leaves. Thomson.

NETHER. adj. [neother, Saxon; neder, Dutch. It has the
form of a comparative, but is never used in expressed, but
only in implied comparison; for we see the nether part, but
never say this part is nether than that, nor is any positive in
use, though it seems comprised in the word beneath. Nether
is not now much in use.]
1. Lower; not upper.


No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to
pledge; for he taketh a man's life to pledge. Deut. xxiv. 6.
In his picture are two principal errors, the one in the com­
plexion and hair, the other in the mouth, which commonly
they draw with a full and nether great lip. Peacham.
This odious offspring,
Thine own begotten, breaking violent way
Tore through my entrails; that with fear and pain
Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew
Transform'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
The upper part thereof was whey,
The nether, orange mix'd with grey. Hudibras, p. i.
A beauteous maid above, but magic arts,
With barking dogs deform'd her nether parts. Roscommon.
As if great Atlas from his height
Shou'd sink beneath his heav'nly weight,
And with a mighty flaw, the flaming wall
Shou'd gape immense, and rushing down o'erwhelm this
nether ball. Dryden.
Two poles turn round the globe;
The first sublime in heaven, the last is whirl'd
Below the regions of the nether world. Dryden.
2. Being in a lower place.
This shews you are above,
You justices, that these our nether crimes,
So speedily can venge. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Numberless were those bad angels, seen
Hov'ring on wing under the cope of hell,
'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires. Milton.
3. Infernal; belonging to the regions below.
No less desire
To found this nether empire, which might rise,
In emulation, opposite to heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
The gods with hate beheld the nether sky,
The ghosts repine. Dryden's æn.

NE’THERMOST. n. s. [super. of nether.] Lowest.
Great is thy mercy toward me, and thou hast delivered
my soul from the nethermost hell. Psalm lxxxvi. 13.
Undaunted to meet there whatever pow'r,
Or spirit, of the nethermost abyss
Might in that noise reside. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
All that can be said of a liar lodged in the very nethermost
hell, is this, that if the vengeance of God could prepare
any place worse than hell for sinners, hell itself would be
too good for him. South's Sermons.
Heraclitus tells us, that the eclipse of the sun was after
the manner of a boat, when the concave, as to our sight,
appears uppermost, and the convex nethermost. Keilaga. Bur.

NE’TTING. n. s. A reticulated piece of work.

NE’TTLE. n. s. [netel, Saxon.] A stinging herb well known.
It hath an apetalous flower, consisting of many stamina
included in an empalement; but these are barren; for the
embryos are produced either on different plants, or on dif­
ferent parts of the same plant, without any visible flower,
which becomes a bivalve seed-vessel, sometimes gathered in­
to round heads, and at other times small and hairy, inclosing
several seeds. Miller.
The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholsom berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality. Shakes. Hen. V.
Some so like to thorns and nettles live,
That none for them can, when they perish, grieve. Waller.

To NE’TTLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To sting; to irritate;
to provoke.
The princes were so nettled at the scandal of this affront,
that every man took it to himself. L'Estrange.
Although at every part of the Apostles discourse some of
them might be uneasy and nettled, yet a moderate silence and
attention was still observed. Bentley.

NE’TWORK. n. s. [net and work.] Any thing reticulated or
decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the in­
tersections.
Nor any skill'd in workmanship emboss'd;
Nor any skill'd in loops of fing'ring fine;
Might in their diverse cunning ever dare,
With this so curious network to compare. Spenser.
A large cavity in the sinciput was filled with ribbons, lace,
and embroidery, wrought together in a curious piece of net­
work. Addison's Spectator.

NEV

NE’VER. adv. [ne ever, næfre, Saxon; ne æfre, not ever.]
1. At no time.
2. It is used in a form of speech handed down by the best
writers, but lately accused, I think, with justice, of sole­
cism; as, he is mistaken though never so wise. It is now main­
tained, that propriety requires it to be expressed thus, he is
mistaken though ever so wise; that is, he is mistaken how wise
soever he be. The common mode can only be defended by
supplying a very harsh and unprecedented ellipsis; he is mis­
taken though so wise, as never was any: such however is use
common use of the word among the best authors.
By its own force destroy'd, fruition ceas'd,
And always weary'd, I was never pleas'd. Prior.
Never any thing was so unbred as that odious man.
Congreve's Way of the World.
Be it never so true which we teach the world to believe,
yet if once their affections begin to be alienated, a small
thing persuadeth them to change their opinions. Hooker.
Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give
according as ye shall say. Gen. xxxiv. 12.
In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and
the affects of any one part of the body, instantly make a
transcursion throughout the whole body. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
They destroyed all, were it never so pleasant, within a
mile of the town. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
He that shuts his eyes against a small light, would not be
brought to see that which he had no mind to see, let it be
placed in never so clear a light, and never so near him.
Atterbury's Sermons.
That prince whom you espouse, although never so vigor­
ously, is the principal in war, you but a second. Swift.
3. In no degree.
Whosoever has a faithful friend to guide him, may carry
his eyes in another man's head, and yet see never the worse.
South's Sermons.
4. It seems in some phrases to have the sense of an adjective.
Not any.
He answered him to never a word, insomuch that the go­
vernour marvelled. Matt. xxvii. 14.
5. It is much used in composition; as, never-ending, having
no end; of which some examples are subjoined.
Nature assureth us by never-failing experience, and reason
by infallible demonstration, that our times upon the earth
have neither certainty nor durability. Raleigh.
Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sear,
I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Milton.
Your never-failing sword made war to cease,
And now you heal us with the acts of peace. Waller.
So corn in fields, and in the garden flow'rs,
Revive and raise themselves with mod'rate show'rs;
But over-charg'd with never-ceasing rain,
Become too moist. Waller.
Our heroes of the former days,
Deserv'd and gain'd their never-fading bays. Roscommon.
Not Thracian Orpheus should transcend my lays,
Nor Linus crown'd with never-fading bays. Dryden.
Leucippus, with his never-erring dart. Dryd. Ovid.
Farewel, ye never-opening gates. Dryden.
He to quench his drought so much inclin'd,
May snowy fields and nitrous pastures find;
Meet stores of cold so greedily pursu'd,
And be refresh'd with never-wasting food. Blackmore.
Norton hung down his never-blushing head,
And all was hush'd, as folly's self lay dead. Pope's Dunc.
What the weak head with strongest biass rules,
Is pride, the never-failing vice of fools. Pope.
Thy busy never-meaning face,
Thy screw'd up front, thy state grimace. Swift.

NE’VERTHELESS. adv. [never the less.] Notwithstanding that.
They plead that even such ceremonies of the church of
Rome as contain in them nothing which is not of itself
agreeable to the word of God, ought nevertheless to be
abolished. Hooker, b. iv.
Many of our men were gone to land, and our ships ready
to depart; nevertheless the admiral, with such ships only
as could suddenly be put in readiness, made forth towards
them. Bacon.
Creation must needs infer providence; and God's making
the world, irrefragably proves that he governs it too; or
that a being of a dependent nature remains nevertheless in­
dependent upon him in that respect. South's Sermons.

NEU

NEU’ROLOGY. n. s. [?e??? and ?????.] A description of the
nerves.

NEU’ROTOMY. n. s. [?e??? and t????.] The anatomy of the
nerves.

NEU’TER. adj. [neuter, Latin; neutre, Fr.]
1. Indifferent; not engaged on either side.
The general division of the British nation is into whigs
and tories; there being very few, if any, who stand neuter
in the dispute, without ranging themselves under one of these
denominations. Addison's Freeholder, No. 54.
2. [In grammar.] A noun that implies no sex.
The adjectives are neuter, and animal must be understood
to make it grammar. Dryden.
A verb neuter is that which signifies neither action nor
passion, but some state or condition of being; as, sedeo, I
sit. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

NEU’TER. n. s. One indifferent and unengaged.
The learned heathens may be looked upon as neuters in
the matter, when all these prophecies were new to them,
and their education had left the interpretation of them in­
different. Addison on the Christian Religion.



NEU’TRAL. adj. [neutral, French.]
1. Indifferent; not acting; not engaged on either side.
Who can be wise, amaz'd, temp'rate and furious,
Loyal and neutral, in a moment? No man. Shakespeare.
He no sooner heard that king Henry was settled by his
victory, but forthwith he sent ambassadors unto him, to pray
that he would stand neutral. Bacon's Hen. VII.
The allies may be supplied for money, from Denmark and
other neutral states. Addison on the War.
2. Indifferent; neither good nor bad.
Some things good, and some things ill do seem,
And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. Davies.
3. Neither acid nor alkaline.
Salts which are neither acid nor alkaline, are called neu­
tral. Arbuthnot.

NEU’TRAL. n. s. One who does not act nor engage on either
side.
The treacherous who have misled others, and the neutrals
and the false-hearted friends and followers, who have started
aside like a broken bow, are to be noted. Bacon.

NEUTRA’LITY. n. s. [neutralité, French.]
1. A state of indifference; of neither friendship nor hostility.
Men who possess a state of neutrality in times of publick
danger, desert the common interest of their fellow-subjects.
Addison.
The king, late griefs revolving in his mind,
These reasons for neutrality assign'd. Garth's Ovid.
All pretences to neutrality are justly exploded, only in­
tending the safety and ease of a few individuals, while the
publick is embroiled. This was the opinion and practice of
the latter Cato. Swift.
2. A state between good and evil.
There is no health: physicians say, that we
At best enjoy but a neutrality. Donne.

NEU’TRALLY. adv. [from neutral.] Indifferently; on neither
part.

NEW

NEW. adj. [newyd, Welsh; neow, Saxon; neuf, Fr.]
1. Not old; fresh; lately produced, made or had; novel. It
is used of things: as, young of persons.
What's the newest grief?—
—That of an hour's age doth hiss the speaker;
Each minute teems a new one. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Do not all men complain how little we know, and how
much is still unknown? And can we ever know more, un­
less something new be discovered? Burnet.
2. Modern; of the present time.
Whoever converses much among old books, will be some­
thing hard to please among new. Temple's Miscellanies.
3. Not antiquated; having the effect of novelty.
There names inscrib'd unnumber'd ages past,
From time's first birth, with time itself shall last;
These ever new, nor subject to decays,
Spread and grow brighter with the length of days. Pope.
4. Not habituated; not familiar.
Such assemblies, though had for religion's sake, may serve
the turn of heretics, and such as privily will instil their poi­
son into new minds. Hooker, b. v.
Seiz'd with wonder and delight,
Gaz'd all around me, new to the transporting sight. Dryd.
Twelve mules, a strong laborious race,
New to the plough, unpractis'd in the trace. Pope.
5. Renovated; repaired, so as to recover the first state.
Men after long emaciating diets, wax plump, fat, and almost
new. Bacon's Natural History.
6. Fresh after any thing.
Nor dare we trust so soft a messenger,
New from her sickness to that northern air. Dryden.
7. Not of ancient extraction.
A superior capacity for business, and a more extensive
knowledge, are steps by which a new man often mounts to
favour, and outshines the rest of his contemporaries. Addis.

NEW. adv. This is, I think, only used in composition for
newly, which the following examples may explain.
As soon as she had written them, a new swarm of thoughts
stinging her mind, she was ready with her foot to give the
new-born letters both to death and burial. Sidney, b. ii.
God hath not then left this to chuse that, neither would
reject that to chuse this, were it not for some new-grown
occasion, making that which hath been better worse. Hooker.
So dreadfully he towards him did pass,
Forelifting up aloft his speckled breast,
And often bounding on the bruised grass,
As for great joyance of his new-come guest. Fairy Q.
Who are the violets now
That strow the green lap of the new-come spring. Shakes.
Your master's lines
Are full of new-found oaths; which he will break
As easily as I do tear this paper. Shakespeare.
Will you with those infirmities she owes,
Unfriended, new-adopted to our hate,
Dower'd with our curse, and stranger'd with our oath,
Take her or leave her? Shakespeare's King Lear.
Lest by a multitude
The new-heal'd wound of malice should break out. Shak.
Bow, stubborn knees; and heart with strings of steel
Be soft as sinews of the new-born babe. Shakes. Ham.
Now hath my soul brought forth her prodigy,
And I a gasping, new-deliver'd mother,
Have woe to woe, sorrow to sorrow join'd. Sha. R. II.
I am in parliament pledge for his truth,
And lasting fealty to the new-made king. Sha. R. II.
He saw heav'n blossom with a new-born light,
On which, as on a glorious stranger gaz'd
The golden eyes of night; whose beams made bright
The way to Beth'lem, and as boldly blaz'd;
Nor ask'd leave of the sun, by day as night. Crashaw.
I've seen the morning's lovely ray
Hover o'er the new-born day;
With rosy wings so richly bright,
As if he scorn'd to think of night,
When a ruddy storm, whose scoul
Made heaven's radiant face look foul,
Call'd for an untimely night
To blot the newly blossom'd light. Crashaw.
Some tree, whose broad smooth leaves together sow'd,
And girded on our loins, may cover round
Those middle parts; that this new-comer shame,
There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. Milt. P. Lost.
Their father's state,
And new-entrusted sceptre. Milton's Poems.
The new-created world, which fame in heav'n
Long had foretold. Milton's Paradise Lost.
His evil
Thou usest, and from thence createst more good,
Witness this new-made world, another heav'n. Milton.
All clad in liveliest colours, fresh and fair
As the bright flowers that crown'd their brighter hair;
All in that new-blown age which does inspire
Warmth in themselves, in their beholders fire. Cowley.
While from above adorn'd with radiant light,
A new-born sun surpris'd the dazzled sight. Roscommon.
If it could, yet that it should always run them into such
a machine as is already extant, and not often into some new­
fashioned one, such as was never seen before, no reason can
be assigned or imagined. Ray on the Creation.
This English edition is not so properly a translation, as a
new composition, there being several additional chapters in
it, and several new-moulded. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
New-found lands accrue to the prince whose subject makes
the first discovery. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Let this be nature's frailty, or her fate,
Or Isgrim's counsel, her new-chosen mate. Dryden.
When the flood in its own depths was drown'd,
It left behind it false and slipp'ry ground;
And the more solemn pomp was still deferr'd,
'Till new-born nature in fresh looks appear'd. Dryden.
Shewn all at once you dazzled so our eyes,
As new-born Pallas did the Gods surprise;
When springing forth from Jove's new-closing wound,
She struck the warlike spear into the ground. Dryden.
A bird new-made, about the banks she plies,
Not far from shore, and short excursions tries. Dryden.
Our house has sent to-day
T' insure our new-built vessel, call'd a play. Dryden.
'Twas easy now to guess from whence arose,
Her new-made union with her ancient foes. Dryden.
Then curds and cream,
And new-laid eggs, which Baucis' busy care
Turn'd by a gentle fire, and roasted rare. Dryd. Boccace.
When pleading Matho, born abroad for air,
With his fat paunch fills his new-fashioned chair. Dryd.
A new-form'd faction does your power oppose,
The fight's confus'd, and all who met were foes. Dryden.
If thou ken'st from far
Among the Pleiads a new-kindled star;
If any sparkles than the rest more bright,
'Tis she that shines in that propitious light. Dryden.
If we consider new-born children, we shall have little rea­
son to think that they bring many ideas into the world with
them. Locke.
Drummers with vellom-thunder shake the pile,
To greet the new-made bride. Gay's Trivia.
Ah Blouzelind! I love thee more by half,
Than does their fawns, or cows the new-fall'n calf.
Gay's Pastorals.
The proctor exhibits his proxy from the dean and chapter,
and presents the new-elected bishop to the vicar-general.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
The new-fallen young here bleating for their dams,
The larger here, and there the lesser lambs. Pope.
A new-married man and an ass, are bride-led; an old­
married man and a pack-horse, sadd-led. Arbuth. and Pope.


Learn all the new-fashion words and oaths. Swift.

NEWFA’NGLED. adj. [new and fangle.] Formed with vain
or foolish love of novelty.
At Christmas I no more desire a rose,
Than wish a snow in May's newsangled shows;
But like of each thing, that in season grows. Shakes.
Those charities are not newfangled devices of yesterday,
but are most of them as old as the reformation. Atterbury.

NEWFA’NGLEDNESS. n. s. [from newfangled.] Vain and
foolish love of novelty.

NEWFAN’GLENESS. n. s. [from newfangled.] Vain and
foolish love of novelty.
So to newfangleness both of manner, apparel, and each
thing else, by the custom of self-guilty evil, glad to change
though often or a worse. Sidney, b. ii.
Yet he them in newfangleness did pass. Hubberd's Tale.
The women would be loth to come behind the fashion in
newfangledness of the manner, if not in costliness of the
matter. Carew.

NE’WEL. n. s.
1. The compass round which the staircase is carried.
Let the stairs to the upper rooms be upon a fair open
newel, and finely railed in. Bacon, Essay 46.
2. Newel; novelty. Spenser.

NE’WING. n. s. [from new.] Yest or barm. Ains.

NE’WLY. adv. [from new.] Freshly; lately.
Such is the power of that sweet passion,
That it all fordid baseness doth repel,
And the refined mind doth newly fashion
Into a fairer form. Spenser's Hymn on Love.
Her breath indeed those hands have newly stopp'd. Sha.
They newly learned by the king's example, that attainders
do not interrupt the conveying of title to the crown. Bacon.
Her lips were red, and one was thin,
Compar'd to that was next her chin;
Some bee had stung it newly. Suckling.
Then rubb'd it o'er with newly gather'd mint. Dryd.

NE’WNESS. n. s. [from new.] Freshness; lateness; novelty;
recentness; state of being new.
His device was to come without any device, all in white
like a new knight, but so new as his newness shamed most
of the others long exercise. Sidney, b. ii.
Away, my friends, new flight;
And happy newness that intends old right. Shakespeare.
Words borrowed of antiquity do lend majesty to stile, they
have the authority of years, and out of their intermission do
win to themselves a kind of grace-like newness. B. John.
Their stories, if they had been preserved, and what else
was then performed in that newness of the world, there
could nothing of more delight have been left to posterity.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
In these disturbances,
And newness of a wav'ring government,
T' avenge them of their former grievances. Dan. C. War.
Newness in great matters, was a worthy entertainment for
a searching mind; it was an high taste, fit for the relish.
South's Sermons.
There are some newnesses of English, translated from the
beauties of modern tongues, as well as from the elegances
of the latin; and here and there some old words are sprinkled,
which for their significance and sound, deserved not to be an­
tiquated. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
When Horace writ his satyrs, the monarchy of his Cæsar
was in its newness, and the government but just made easy
to his conquered people. Dryden's Juvenal.

NEWS. n. s. without the singular, [from new, nouvelles, Fr.]
1. Fresh account of any thing; something not heard before.
As he was ready to be greatly advanced for some noble
pieces of service which he did, he heard news of me. Sidney.
When Rhea heard these news, she fled from her husband
to her brother Saturn. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Evil news rides fast, while good news baits. Milt. Agonist.
With such amazement as weak mothers use,
And frantick gesture, he receives the news. Waller.
Now the books, and now the bells,
And now our act the preacher tells,
To edify the people;
All our divinity is news,
And we have made of equal use
The pulpit and the steeple. Denham.
The amazing news of Charles at once was spread,
At once the general voice declared
Our gracious prince was dead. Dryden.
It is no news for the weak and poor to be a prey to the
strong and rich. L'Estrange.
They have news-gatherers and intelligencers distributed
into their several walks, who bring in their respective quotas,
and make them acquainted with the discourse of the whole
kingdom. Spectator, No. 439.
2. Papers which give an account of the transactions of the
present times.
Their papers, filled with a different party spirit, divide the
people into different sentiments, who generally consider ra­
ther the principles than the truth of the news-writer. Addis.
Advertise both in every news-paper; and let it not be
your fault or mine, if our country-men will not take warn­
ing. Swift's Dratiers Letters.
Wood is generally his own news-writer. I cannot but
observe from that paragraph, that this public enemy treats
this kingdom with contempt. Swift's Drapiers Letters.
Pamphlets and news-papers have been full of me. Pope.

NE’WS-MONGER. n. s. [news and monger.] One that deals in
news; one whose employment it is to hear and to tell news.
Many tales devis'd,
Which oft the ear of greatness needs must hear,
By smiling pick-thanks and base news-mongers. Shakes.
This was come as a judgment upon him for laying aside
his father's will, and turning stock jobber, news-monger, and
busy body, meddling with other peoples affairs. Arbuthnot.

NEWT. n. s. [efete, Saxon. Newt is supposed by Skinner to
be contracted from an evet.] Eft; small lizard: they are
supposed to be appropriated some to the land, and some to
the water.
Oh thou! whose self-same mettle,
Whereof thy proud child, arrogant man, is puft,
Engenders the black toad, and adder blue,
The gilded newt, and eyeless venom'd worm. Shakes.
Newts and blind worms do no wrong;
Come not near our fairy queen. Sha. M. Night's Dream.
Such humidity is observed in newts and water-lizards, espe­
cially if their skins be perforated or pricked. Brown's V. Err.

NEW-YEAR'S-GIFT. n. s. [new, year, and gift.] Present made
on the first day of the year.
If I be served such a trick, I'll have my brains taken out
and buttered, and give them to a dog for a new-year's-gift.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
When he sat on the throne distributing new-year's-gifts,
he had his altar of incense by him, that before they received
gifts they might cast a little incense into the fire; which all
good christians refused to do. Stilling fleet.

NEXT. adj. [next, Saxon, by a colloquial change from
nehst or nhst, the superlative of neh or nh; neest, Scottish.]
1. Nearest in place; immediately succeeding in order.
Want supplieth itself of what is next, and many times the
next way. Bacon, Essay 14.
The queen already sat
High on a golden bed; her princely guest
Was next her side, in order sat the rest. Dryd. Virg. æn.
The next in place and punishment were they,
Who prodigally throw their souls away. Dryden, æn. vi.
2. Nearest in any gradation.
If the king himself had stayed at London, or, which had
been the next best, kept his court at York, and sent the
army on their proper errand, his enemies had been speedily
subdued. Clarendon.
O fortunate young man! at least your lays
Are next to his, and claim the second praise. Dryden.
Finite and infinite, being by the mind looked on as mo­
difications of expansion and duration, the next thing to be
considered, is, how the mind comes by them. Locke.
That's a difficulty next to impossible. Rowe.

NEXT. adv. At the time or turn immediately succeeding.
Th' unwary nymph
Desir'd of Jove, when next he sought her bed,
To grant a certain gift. Addison's Ovid Metam. b. iii.

NI’AS. n. s. [niais, French.] Simple, silly, and foolish.
A nias hawk is one taken newly from the nest, and not
able to help itself; and hence nisey, a silly person. Bailey.

NIB

NIB. n. s. [neb, Saxon, the face; nebbe, Dutch, the bill.]
1. The bill or beck of a bird. See NEB.
2. The point of any thing, generally of a pen.
A tree called the bejuco, which twines about other trees,
with its end hanging downwards, travellers cut the nib off
it, and presently a spout of water runs out from it as clear
as crystal. Derham.

NI’BBED. adj. [from nib.] Having a nib.

To NIBBLE. v. a. [from nib, the beak or mouth.]
1. To bite by little at a time; to eat slowly.
Thy turfy mountains, where live nibbling sheep,
And flat meads thatch'd with stover them to keep. Sha.
It is the rose that bleeds, when he
Nibbles his nice phlebotomy. Cleaveland's Poems.
Had not he better have born wats nibbling of his plants and
roots now, than the huntsman's eating of him out of house
and home. L'Estrange, Fable 387.
Many there are who nibble without leave;
But none, who are not born to taste, survive. Granvil.
2. To bite as a fish does the bait.
The roving trout
Greedily sucks in the twining bait,
And tugs and nibbles at the fallacious meat. Gay.

To NI’BBLE. v. n.
1. To bite at.
As pidgeons bill, so wedlock would be nibbling. Shakes.


They gape at rich revenues which you hold,
And fain would nibble at your grandame gold. Dryden.
But if you would be nibbling, here is a hand to stay your
stomach. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Plunging himself n mud, and then listing up his head a
little, he casts out the said string; which the little fishes
taking for a worm, and nibbling at it, he immediately plucks
them both in together. Grew's Musæum.
2. To carp at; to find fault with.
Instead of returning a full answer to my book, he mani­
festly falls a nibbling at one single passage in it. Tillot. Pref.

NIBBLER. n. s. [from nibble.] One that bites by little at a time.

NIC

NICE. adj. [nese, Saxon, soft.]
1. Accurate in judgment to minute exactness; superfluously
exact. It is often used to express a culpable delicacy.
Such a man was Argalus, as hardly the nicest eye can find
a spot in. Sidney.
He that stands upon a slipp'ry place,
Makes nice of no vile hold to stay him up. Sha. K. John.
Nor be so nice in taste myself to know,
If what I swallow be a thrush or no. Dryd. Persius.
Thus critics, of less judgment than caprice,
Curious, not knowing, not exact, but nice,
Form short ideas, and offend in arts,
As most in manners, by a love to parts. Pope on Crit.
Our author, happy in a judge so nice,
Produc'd his play, and begg'd the knight's advice. Pope.
2. Delicate; scrupulously and minutely cautious.
The letter was not nice, but full of charge
Of dear import. Shakes. Romeo and Juliet.
Dear love! continue nice and chaste;
For if you yield, you do me wrong;
Let duller wits to love's end haste,
I have enough to woo thee long. Donne.
Of honour men at first like women nice,
Raise maiden scruples at unpractis'd vice. E. Hallifax.
Having been compiled by Gratian, in an ignorant age, we
ought not to be too nice in examining it. Baker
3. Fastidious; squemish.
God hath here
Varied his bounty so with new delights,
As may compare with heaven; and to taste,
Think not I shall be nice. Milt. Par. Lost.
4. Easily injured; delicate.
With how much ease is a young muse betray'd?
How nice the reputation of the maid? Roscommon.
5. Formed with minute exactness.
Indulge me but in love, my other passions
Shall rise and fall by virtue's nicest rules. Addison's Cato.
6. Requiring scrupulous exactness.
Supposing an injury done, it is a nice point to proportion
the reparation to the degree of the indignity. L'Estrange.
My progress in making this nice and troublesome experi­
ment, I have set down more at large. Newton's Opt.
7. Refined.
A nice and subtile happiness I see
Thou to thyself proposest, in the choice
Of thy associates, Adam; and wilt taste
No pleasure, tho' in pleasure solitary. Milt. P. Lost.
8. Having lucky hits. This signification is not in use.
When my hours
Were nice and lucky, men did ransom lives
Of me for jests. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.

NI’CELY. adv. [from nice.]
1. Accurately; minutely; scrupulously.
These kind of knaves in this plainness
Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends,
Than twenty silky ducking observants
That stretch their duties nicely. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
What mean those ladies which, as tho'
They were to take a clock to pieces, go
So nicely about the bride? Donne.
He ought to study the grammar of his own tongue, that
he may understand his own country-speech nicely, and speak
it properly. Locke.
The next thing of which the doses ought to be nicely de­
termined, are opiates. Arbuthnot on Coins.
At nicely carving shew thy wit;
But ne'er presume to eat a bit. Swift's Miscell.
2. Delicately.
The inconveniences attending the best of governments,
we quickly feel, and are nicely sensible of the share that we
bear in them. Atterbury.

NI’CENESS. n. s. [from nice.]
1. Accuracy; minute exactness.
Where's now that labour'd niceness in thy dress,
And all those arts that did the spark express. Dryden.
2. Superfluous delicacy or exactness.
A strange niceness were it in me to refrain that from the
ears of a person representing so much worthiness, which I
am glad even to rocks and woods to utter. Sidney.
Unlike the niceness of our modern dames,
Affected nymphs, with new affected names. Dryden.
Nor place them where
Roast crabs offend the niceness of their nose. Dryden.

NI’CETY. n. s. [from nice.]
1. Minute accuracy of thought.
Nor was this nicety of his judgment confined only to litera­
ture, but was the same in all other parts of art. Prior.
2. Accurate performance.
As for the workmanship of the old Roman pillars, the
ancients have not kept to the nicety of proportion and the
rules of art so much as the moderns. Addison on Italy.
3. Fastidious delicacy; squeamishness.
He them with speeches meet
Does fair intreat; no courting nicety,
But simple true, and eke unfeigned sweet. Fairy Q.
So love doth loath disdainful nicety. Spenser.
4. Minute observation; punctilious discrimination; subtilty.
If reputation attend these conquests, which depend on the
fineness and niceties of words, it is no wonder if the wit of
men so employed, should perplex and sublitize the significa­
tion of sounds. Locke.
His conclusions are not built upon any niceties, or solitary
and uncommon appearances, but on the most simple and
obvious circumstances of these terrestrial bodies. Woodw.
5. Delicate management; cautious treatment.
Love such nicety requires,
One blast will put out all his fires. Swift's Poems.
6. Effeminate softness.
7. Niceties, in the plural, is generally applied to dainties or
delicacies in eating.

NICHAR. n. s.
The characters are: it hath a polypetalous or a monope­
talous flower, cut very deeply into several segments, but is
almost of an anomalous figure; from whose calyx arises the
pointal, which afterwards becomes a pod, beset all over with
prickles, in which are contained one or two round hard seeds.
Miller.

NICHE. n. s. [French.] A hollow in which a statue may
be placed.
Niches, containing figures of white stone or marble, should
not be coloured in their concavity too black. Wotton.
They not from temples, nor from gods refrain,
But the poor lares from the niches seize,
If they be little images that please. Dryden.
On the south a long majestic race
Of ægypt's priests, the gilded niches grace. Pope.
The heirs to titles and large estates are well enough qua­
lified to read pamphlets against religion and high-flying;
whereby they fill their niches, and carry themselves through
the world with that dignity which best becomes a senator
and a squire. Swift's Miscellanies.

NICK. n. s. [nicke, Teutonick, the twinkling of an eye.]
1. Exact point of time at which there is necessity or convenience.
That great instrument of state had foreknowledge of it,
but suffered the fatal thread to be spun out to that length
for some politick respects, and then to cut it off in the very
nick. Howel's Vocal Forest.
What in our watches that in us is found,
So to the height and nick we up be wound,
No matter by what hand or trick. Suckling.
That trick,
Had it come in the nick,
Had touch'd us to the quick. Denham.
Though dame fortune seem to smile,
And leer upon him for a while;
She'll after shew him in the nick
Of all his glories a dog trick. Hudibras, p. i. cant. 3.
And some with symbols, signs, and tricks,
Engraved in planetary nicks,
With their own influences will fetch them
Down from their orbs, arrest and catch them. Hud.
This nick of time is the critical occasion for the gaining
of a point. L'Estrange.
2. A notch cut in any thing. [Corrupted from nock or notch.]
3. A score; a reckoning.
Launce his man told me, he lov'd her art of all nick. Shak.
4. A winning throw. [niche, Fr. a ludicrous trick.]
Come, seven's the main,
Cries Ganymede; the usual trick
Seven, slur a six, eleven a nick. Prior.

To NICK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To hit; to touch luckily; to perform by some slight artifice
used at the lucky moment.
Is not the winding up of witness
A nicking more than half the bus'ness? Hudibras, p. ii.
The just season of doing things must be nick'd, and all ac­
cidents improved. L'Estrange, Fable 38.
Take away passion while it is predominant and afloat, and
just in the critical height of it, nick it with some lucky or unlucky
word, and you may certainly over-rule it. South.
2. To cut in nicks or notches.


His beard they have sing'd off with brands of fire;
And ever as it blaz'd they threw on him
Great pails of puddled mire to quench the hair.
My master preaches patience, and the while
His man with seissars nicks him like a fool. Shakespeare.
Breaks watchmen's heads, and chairmen's glasses,
And thence proceeds to nicking sashes. Prior.
3. To suit, as tallies cut in nicks.
Words nicking and resembling one another, are applicable
to different significations. Camden's Remains.
4. To defeat or cozen, as at dice; to disappoint by some trick
or unexpected turn.
Why should he follow you?
The itch of his affection should not then
Have nick'd his captainship, at such a point. Shakespeare.

NICKNA’ME. n. s. [nom de nique, French.] A name given in
scoff or contempt; a term of derision; an opprobious or con­
temptuous appellation.
The time was when men were had in price for learning;
now letters only make men vile. He is upbraidingly called
a poet, as if it were a contemptible nickname. Ben. Johnson.
My mortal enemy hath not only falsely surmised me to be
a feigned person, giving me nicknames, but also hath offered
large sums of money to corrupt the princes with whom I
have been retained. Bacon's Hen. VII.
So long as her tongue was at liberty, there was not a
word to be got from her, but the same nickname in derision.
L'Estrange.

To NICKNA’ME. v. a. To call by an opprobrious appellation.
You nickname virtue vice;
For virtue's office never breaks men's troth. Shakes.
Less seem these facts which treasons nickname force,
Than such a fear'd ability for more. Denham.

To NI’CTATE. v. a. [nicto, Latin.] To wink.
There are several parts peculiar to brutes, which are want­
ing in man; as the seventh or suspensory muscle of the eye,
the nictating membrane, and the strong aponeuroses on the
sides of the neck. Ray.

NIDE. n. s. [nidus, Lat.] A brood: as, a nide of pheasants.

NIDGET. n. s. [corrupted from nithing or niding. The op­
probrious term with which the man was anciently branded
who refused to come to the royal standard in times of exi­
gency.] A coward; a dastard.
There was one true English word of greater force than
them all, now out of all use; it signifieth no more than ab­
ject, baseminded, false-hearted, coward, or nidget. Camden.

NIDIFICA’TION. n. s. [nidificatio, Latin.] The act of build­
ing nests.
That place, and that method of nidification, doth abun­
dantly answer the creature's occasions. Derham.

NI’DING. adj. [from nith, Saxon, vileness.]
Niding, an old English word signifying abject, base-minded,
false-hearted, coward, or nidget. Carew.

NIDO’ROUS. adj. [nidoreux, from nidor.] Resembling the smell
or taste of roasted fat.
Incense and nidorous smells, such as of sacrifices, were
thought to intoxicate the brain, and to dispose men to de­
votion; which they may do by a kind of contristation of
the spirits, and partly also by heating and exalting them. Bac.
The signs of the functions of the stomach being depraved,
are eructatious either with the taste of the aliment, acid,
nidorose, or fœtid, resembling the taste of rotten eggs.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

NI’DOROSITY. n. s. [from nidorous.] Eructation with the
taste of undigested roast-meat.
The cure of this nidorosity is, by vomiting and purging.
Floyer on the Humours.

NIDULA’TION. n. s. [nidulor, Latin.] The time of remain­
ing in the nest.
The ground of this popular practice might be the com­
mon opinion concerning the virtue prognostic of these birds,
the natural regard they have unto the winds, and they unto
them again, more especially remarkable in the time of their
nidulation, and bringing forth their young. Brown's V. Err.

NIECE. n. s. [niece, niepee, French; neptis, Latin.] The
daughter of a brother or sister.
My niece Plantagenet,
Led in the hand of her kind aunt of Gloster. Sha. R. III.
While he thus his niece bestows,
About our isle he builds a wall. Waller.

NIG

NI’GGARD. n. s. [ninggr, Islandick.] A miser; a curmud­
geon; a sordid, avaricious, parcimonious fellow.
If thou do, then let thy bed be turned from fine gravel to
weeds or mud. If thou do, let some unjust niggards make
weres to spoil thy beauty. Sidney, b. ii.
Be not a niggard of your speech. Shakes. Macbeth.
Serve him as a grudging master,
As a penurious niggard of his wealth. Milton's Poems.
Be niggards of advice on no pretence;
For the worst avarice is that of sense. Pope on Crit.

NI’GGARD. adj.
1. Sordid; avaricious; parcimonious.
One she found
With all the gifts of bounteous nature crown'd,
Of gentle blood; but one whose niggard fate
Had set him far below her high estate. Dryden.
2. Sparing; wary.
Most free of question, but to our demands
Niggard in his reply. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To NI’GGARD. v. a. [from the noun.] To stint.
The deep of night is crept upon our talk,
And nature must obey necessity;
Which we will niggard with a little rest. Shakespeare.

NI’GGARDISH. adj. [from niggard.] Having some disposition
to avarice.

NI’GGARDLINESS. n. s. [from niggardly.] Avarice; sordid
parcimony.
Niggardliness is not good husbandry, nor generosity, pro­
fusion. Addison's Spectator, No. 443.

NI’GGARDLY. adj. [from niggard.]
1. Avaricious; sordidly parcimonious.
Where the owner of the house will be bountiful, it is not
for the steward to be niggardly. Hall.
Love is like a penurious god, very niggardly of his oppor­
tunities: he must be watched like a hard-hearted treasurer.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Why are we so niggardly to stop at one fifth? Why do we
not raise it one full moiety, and thereby double our money?
Locke.
Providence not niggardly but wise,
Here lavishly bestows, and there denies,
That by each other's virtues we may rise. Granvil.
Tiberius was noted for his niggardly temper; he used only
to give to his attendants their diet. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Sparing; wary.
I know your mind, and I will satisfy it; neither will I do
it like a niggardly answerer, going no farther than the bounds
of the question. Sidney.

NI’GGARDLY. adv. Sparingly; parcimoniously.
I have long loved her, followed her, ingross'd opportu­
nities to meet her; feed every slight occasion that could but
niggardly give me sight of her. Shakes. M. W. of Windsor.

NI’GGARDNESS. n. s. [from niggard.] Avarice; sordid par­
cimony.
All preparations, both for food and lodging, such as would
make one detest niggardness, it is so sluttish a vice. Sidney.

NIGH. prep. [nh, Saxon.] At no great distance from.
They shone
Stars distant, but nigh hand seem'd other worlds. Milton.
Nigh this recess, with terror they survey,
Where death maintains his dread tyrannic sway. Garth.

NIGH. adv.
1. Not at a great distance.
The day of the Lord cometh, for it is nigh at hand. Jo. ii. 1.
He was sick nigh unto death. Phil. ii. 27.
2. To a place near.
He drew nigh, and to me held,
Ev'n to my mouth, of that same fruit held part
Which he had pluck'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
I will defer that anxious thought,
And death, by fear, shall not be nigher brought. Dryd.

NIGH. adj.
1. Near; not distant; not remote.
The loud tumult shews the battle nigh. Prior.
2. Allied closely by blood.
He committed the protection of his son Asanes to two of
his nigh kinsmen and assured friends. Knolles.
His uncle or uncle's son, or any that is nigh of kin unto
him of his family, may redeem him. Lev. xxv. 49.
His sister a virgin, that is nigh unto him. Lev. xxi. 3.

To NIGH. v. n. [from the particle.] To approach; to ad­
vance; to draw near.
Now day is done, and night is nighing fast. Hubberd.

NI’GHLY. adv. [from nigh the adjective.] Nearly; within a
little.
A man born blind, now adult, was taught by his touch
to distinguish between a cube and a sphere of the same me­
tal, and nighly of the same bigness. Locke.

NI’GHNESS. n. s. [from nigh.] Nearness; proximity.

NIGHT. n. s. [nauts, Gothick; niht, Saxon; nuit, Fr.]
1. The time of darkness; the time from sun-set to sun-rise
The duke of Cornwall, and Regan his dutchess, will be
here this night. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
In the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night di­
vide the spoil. Gen. xlix. 27.
Pharaoh rose up in the night. Exodus xii. 30.
They did eat and drink, and tarried all night. Gen. xxiv. 54.
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
'Till this stormy night be gone,
And th' eternal morrow dawn,
Then the curtains will be drawn;
And they waken with that light,
Whose day shall never sleep in night. Crashaw.


Dire Tifiphone there keeps the ward,
Girt in her sanguine gown by night and day,
Observant of the souls that pass the downward way. Dryd.
2. It is much used in composition.

TO-NIGHT. adverbially. In this night; at this night.
There came men in hither to-night of the children of Is­
rael, to search out the country. Jos. ii. 2.

NIGHTBRA’WLER. n. s. [night and brawler.] One who raises
disturbances in the night.
You unlace your reputation,
And spend your rich opinion for the name
Of a night-brawler. Shakes. Othello.

NIGHTCAP. n. s. [night and cap.] A cap worn in bed, or
in undress.
The rabblement houted, and clapt their chopt hands, and
threw up their sweaty night-caps. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
Great mountains have a perception of the disposition of
the air to tempests sooner than the vallies below; and there­
fore they say in Wales, when certain hills have their night­
caps on, they mean mischief. Bacon's Nat. History.
How did the humbled swain detest
His prickly beard, and hairy breast!
His night-cap border'd round with lace,
Could give no softness to his face. Swift's Poems.

NIGHTCROW. n. s. [night and crow.] A bird that cries in
the night.
The owl shriek'd at thy birth, an evil sign;
The night-crow cry'd, a boding luckless time. Shakes.

NI’GHTDEW. n. s. [night and dew.] Dew that wets the ground
in the night.
All things are hush'd, as nature's self lay dead,
The mountains seem to nod their drowsy head;
The little birds in dreams their songs repeat,
And sleeping flowers beneath the night-dew sweat;
E'en lust and envy sleep. Dryden's Ind. Emperor.

NI’GHTDOG. n. s. [night and dog.] A dog that hunts in the
night. Used by deer-stealers.
When night-dogs run, all sorts of deer are chased. Sha.

NI’GHTDRESS. n. s. [night and dress.] The dress worn at
night.
The fair ones feel such maladies as these,
When each new night-dress gives a new disease. Pope.

NI’GHTED. adj. [from night.] Darkened; clouded; black.
It was great ign'rance, Gloster's eyes being out,
To let him live: Edmund, I think, is gone;
In pity of his misery to dispatch
His nighted life. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off,
And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Sha.

NI’GHTFARING. n. s. [night and fare.] Travelling in the
night.
Will-a-Wisp misleads night-faring clowns,
O'er hills, and sinking bogs, and pathless downs. Gay.

NI’GHTFIRE. n. s. [night and fire.] Ignis futuus; Will-a­
Wisp.
Foolish night-fires, womens and childrens wishes,
Chases in arras, gilded emptiness:
These are the pleasures here. Herbert.

NI’GHTFLY. n. s. [night and fly.] Moth that flies in the
night.
Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoaky cribs,
And hush't with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber;
Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great,
And lull'd with sounds of sweetest melody? Shakespeare.

NI’GHTFOUNDERED. n. s. [from night and founder.] Lost
or distressed in the night.
Either some one like us night-foundered here,
Or else some neighbour woodman, or at worst,
Some roving robber calling to his fellows. Milton.

NI’GHTGOWN. n. s. [night and gown.] A loose gown used
for an undress.
Since his majesty went into the field,
I have seen her rise from her bed, throw
Her night-gown upon her. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
They have put me in a silk night-gown, and a gaudy fool's
cap. Addison's Guardian, No. 113.
No meagre muse-rid mope, adust and thin,
In a dun night-gown of his own loose skin. Pope's Dunc.

NI’GHTHAG. n. s. [night and hag.] Witch supposed to wan­
der in the night.
Nor uglier follows the night-hag, when called
In secret, riding through the air she comes
Lur'd with the smell of infant-blood, to dance
With Lapland witches. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

NI’GHTINGALE. n. s. [from night and galan, Saxon, to sing;
galm, Teutonick, is a sound or echo.]
1. A small bird that sings in the night with remarkable me­
lody; Philomel.
I think,
The nightingale, if she should sing by day,
When every goose is cackling, would be thought
No better a musician than the wren. Shakespeare.
Although the wezon, throtle, and tongue, be the instru­
ments of voice, and by their agitations concur in those de­
lightful modulations, yet cannot we assign the cause unto
any particular formation; and I perceive the nightingale hath
some disadvantage in the tongue. Brown's V. Err.
Thus the wise nightingale that leaves her home,
Pursuing constantly the chearful spring,
To foreign groves does her old musick bring. Waller.
2. A word of endearment.
My nightingale!
We'll beat them to their beds. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.

N’IGHTLY. adv. [from night.]
1. By night.
Thee, Sion! and the flow'ry brooks beneath,
That wash thy hallow'd feet, and warbling flow,
Nightly I visit. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Soon as the evening shades prevail,
The moon takes up the wondrous tale,
And nightly to the listning earth
Repeats the story of her birth. Addison's Spectator.
2. Every night.
Let all things suffer,
Ere we will eat our meal in fear, and sleep
In the affliction of those terrible dreams
That shake us nightly. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

NI’GHTLY. adj. [from night.] Done by night; acting by
night; happening by night.
May the stars and shining moon attend
Your nightly sports, as you vouchsafe to tell
What nymphs they were who mortal forms excel. Dryd.
Soon as the flocks shook off the nightly dews,
Two swains, whom love kept wakeful and the muse,
Pour'd o'er the whit'ning vale their fleecy care. Pope.

NI’GHTMAN. n. s. [night and man.] One who carries away
ordure in the night.

NI’GHTMARE. n. s. [night, and according to Temple, mara, a
spirit that, in the heathen mythology, was related to torment
or suffocate sleepers.] A morbid oppression in the night,
resembling the pressure of weight upon the breast.
Saint Withold footed thrice the would,
He met the nightmare, and her name he told;
Bid her alight, and her troth plight. Shakes. K. Lear.
The forerunners of an apoplexy are, dulness, drowsiness,
vertigoes, tremblings, oppressions in sleep, and night-mares.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

NI’GHTPIECE. n. s. [night and piece.] A picture so coloured
as to be supposed seen by candle light; not by the light of the
day.
He hung a great part of the wall with night-pieces, that
seemed to show themselves by the candles which were lighted
up; and were so inflamed by the sun-shine which fell upon
them, that I could scarce forbear crying out fire. Addison.

NI’GHTRAIL. n. s. [night and regl, Saxon, a gown or robe.] 
A loose cover thrown over the dress at night.
An antiquary will scorn to mention a pinner or night-rail;
but will talk as gravely as a father of the church on the
vitta and peplus. Addison on ancient Medals.

NI’GHTRAVEN. n. s. [night and raven.] A bird supposed of
ill omen, that cries loud in the night.
The ill-fac't owl, death's dreadful messenger,
The hoarse night-raven, trump of doleful drere. Spenser.
I pray his bad voice bode no mischief:
I had as lief have heard the night-raven,
Come what plague would have come after it. Shakes.

NIGHTROBBER. n. s. [night and robber.] One who steals
in the dark.
Highways should be fenced on both sides, whereby thieves
and night-robbers might be more easily pursued and encoun­
tered. Spenser's Ireland.

NI’GHTRULE. n. s. [night and rule.] A tumult in the night.
How now, mad sprite,
What night-rule now about this haunted grove? Shakes.

NI’GHTSHADE. n. s. [niht scada, Saxon.]
1. A plant of two kinds, common and deadly night-shade.
The flower consists of one leaf, which is divided into five
parts, and expands in form of a star: from the flower-cup
rises the pointal, which afterward becomes a round, oval,
soft, succulent fruit, containing many flat seeds in each. The
species are nine. This the physicians have directed to be
used in medicine, under the title of solanum hortense. Miller.
2. Deadly.
Deadly night-shade (belladona) a plant. The flower is
bell-shaped, of one leaf, divided into five acute segments
at the top, and succeeded by a globular soft fruit, divided
into two cells which contain the seeds. It is a very strong
poison. Miller.

NI’GHTSHINING. n. s. [night and shine.] Shewing brightness
in the night.


None of these noctiluca; or night-shining bodies, have been
observed in any of the antient sepulchres. Wilkin's Dædalus.

NI’GHTSHRIEK. n. s. [night and shriek.] A cry in the night.
I have almost forgot the taste of fears:
The time has been, my senses would have cool'd
To hear a night-shriek; and my fell of hair
Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir,
As life were in't. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

NI’GHTTRIPPING. n. s. [night and trip.] Going lightly in
the night.
Could it be prov'd,
That some night-tripping fairy had exchang'd
In cradle cloaths, our children where they lay,
Then would I have his Harry, and he mine. Shakes.

NI’GHTWALK. n. s. [night and walk.] Walk in the night.
If in his night-walk he met with irregular scholars, he took
their names, and a promise to appear, unsent for, next morn­
ing. Walton's Life of Sanderson.

NI’GHTWALKER. n. s. [night and walk.] One who roves in
the night upon ill designs.
Men that hunt so, be either privy stealers, or night-walkers.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.

NI’GHTWARBLING. [night and warble.] Singing in the night.
Now is the pleasant time,
The cool, the silent, save where silence yields
To the night-warbling bird. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

NI’GHTWARD. adj. [night and ward.] Approaching towards
night.
Their night-ward studies, wherewith they close the day's
work. Milton on Education.

NI’GHTWATCH. n. s. [night and watch.] A period of the
night as distinguished by change of the watch.
I remember thee upon my bed, and meditate on thee in
the night-watches. Psalms lxiii. 6.

NIGRE’SCENT. adj. [nigrescens, Latin.] Growing black; ap­
proaching to blackness.

NIGRIFICA’TION. n. s. [niger and facio.] The act of making
black.

NIHI’LITY. n. s. [nihilité, Fr. nihilum, Latin.] Nothingness;
the state of being nothing.
Not being is considered as excluding all substance, and
then all modes are also necessarily excluded; and this we call
pure nihility, or mere nothing. Watts's Logick.

To NILL. v. a. [from ne will, nillan, Saxon.] Not to will;
to refuse; to reject.
Certes, said he, I nill thine offer'd grace,
Ne to be made so happy do intend,
Another bliss before mine eyes I place,
Another happiness, another end. Spenser's Fairy Q.
In all affections she concurreth still;
If now, with man and wife to will and nill
The self-same things, a note of concord be,
I know no couple better can agree. Ben. Johnson.

NILL. n. s. The shining sparks of brass in trying and melting
the ore.

NIM

To NIM. v. a. [nemen, Dutch, to take.] To take. In cant,
to steal.
They'll question Mars, and by his look
Detect who 'twas that nimm'd a cloak. Hudibras, p. i.
They could not keep themselves honest of their fingers,
but would be nimming something or other for the love of
thieving. L'Estrange, Fable 241.

NI’MBLE. adj. [from nim, or numan, Saxon, tractable.] Quick;
active; ready; speedy; lively; expeditious.
They being nimbler-jointed than the rest,
And more industrious, gathered more store. Spenser.
You nimble lightnings, dart your blinding flames
Into her scornful eyes. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
You have dancing shoes
With nimble soles. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
His off'ring soon propitious fire from heaven,
Consum'd with nimble glance and grateful steam;
The others not, for his was not sincere. Milt. P. Lost.
Thro' the mid seas the nimble pinnace sails,
Aloof from Crete before the northern gales. Pope.

NI’MBLENESS. n. s. [from nimble.] Quickness; activity; speed;
agility; readiness; dexterity; celerity; expedition; swift­
ness.
The hounds were straight uncoupled, and ere long the
stag thought it better to trust to the nimbleness of his feet,
than to the slender fortification of his lodging. Sidney.
Himself shewing at one instant both steadiness and nimble­
ness. Sidney, b. ii.
All things are therefore partakers of God; they are his
offspring, his influence is in them, and the personal wisdom
of God is for that very cause said to excel in nimbleness or
agility, to pierce into all intellectual, pure and subtile spirits,
to go through all, and to reach unto every thing which is.
Hooker, b. v. s. 5.
We, lying still,
Are full of rest, defence and nimbleness. Shakes.
Ovid ranged over all Parnassus with great nimbleness and
agility; but as he did not much care for the toil requisite to
climb the upper part of the hill, he was generally roving
about the bottom. Addison's Guardian, No. 115.

NI’MBLEWITTED. adj. [nimble and wit.] Quick; eager to
speak.
Sir Nicholas Bacon, when a certain nimble-witted coun­
sellor at the bar, who was forward to speak, did interrupt
him often, said unto him, There is a great difference be­
twixt you and me; a pain to me to speak, and a pain to
you to hold your peace. Bacon, Apophih. 124.

NI’MBLY. adv. [from nimble.] Quickly; speedily; actively.
He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber,
To the lascivious playing of a lute. Sha. Rich. III.
The air
Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself. Shakesp.
Most legs can nimbly run, tho' some be lame. Davies.
The liquor we poured from the crystals, and set it in a
digesting furnace to evaporate more nimbly. Boyle.

NI’MBLESS. n. s. Nimbleness. Spenser.

NI’MIETY. n. s. [nimietas, school Latin.] The state of being
too much.

NI’MMER. n. s. [from nim.] A thief; a pilferer.

NI’NCOMPOOP. n. s. [A corruption of the Latin non compos.]
A fool; a trifler.
An old ninnyhammer, a dotard, a nincompoop, is the best
language she can afford me. Addison.

NINE. n. s. [niun, Gothick; nigon, Saxon.] One more than
eight; one less than ten.
The weyward sisters,
Thus do go about, about,
Thrice to thine and thrice to mine,
And thrice again, to make up nine. Shakes. Macbeth.
A thousand scruples may startle at first, and yet in conclu­
sion prove but a nine-days wonder. L'Estrange.
The faults are nine in ten owing to affectation, and not to
the want of understanding. Swift's Miscell.

NI’NEFOLD. n. s. [nine and fold.] Nine times; any thing nine
times repeated.
This huge convex of fire,
Outrageous to devour, immures us round ninefold. Milt.

NI’NEPENCE. n. s. [nine and pence.] A silver coin valued at
nine-pence.
Three silver pennies, and a nine-pence bent. Gay's Past.

NI’NEPINS. n. s. [nine and pin.] A play where nine pieces of
wood are set up on the ground to be thrown down by a bowl.
A painter made blossoms upon the trees in December,
and school-boys playing at nine-pins upon the ice in July.
Peacham on Drawing.
For as when merchants break, o'erthrown
Like nine-pins, they strike others down. Hud. p. ii.

NI’NESCORE. adj. [nine and score.] Nine times twenty.
Eugenius has two hundred pounds a year; but never va­
lues himself above nine-score, as not thinking he has a right
to the tenth part, which he always appropriates to charitable
uses. Addison's Spectator, No. 177.

NI’NETEEN. adj. [nigontne, Saxon.] Nine and ten; one
less than twenty.
Nineteen in twenty of perplexing words might be changed
into easy ones, such as occur to ordinary men. Swift.

NI’NETEENTH. adj. [nigonteotha, Saxon.] The ordinal of
nineteen; the ninth after the tenth.
In the nineteenth year of king Nebuchadnezzer king of
Babylon, came Nebuzaradan. 2 Kings xxv. 8.

NI’NETY. adj. [hundnigontig, Saxon.] Nine times ten.
Enos lived ninety years and begat Cainan. Gen. v. 9.

NINTH. adj. [negotha, Saxon.] That which precedes the
tenth; the first after the eighth; the ordinal of nine.
Upon a strict observation of many, I have not found any
that see the ninth day. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

NI’NTIETH. adj. [hundnigonteogotha, Saxon.] The ordinal
of ninety; the tenth nine times told.

NI’NNY. n. s. [ninno, a child, Spanish.] A fool; a simpleton.
What a pied ninny's this? Shakespeare's Tempest.
The dean was so shabby, and look'd like a ninny,
That the captain suppos'd he was curate. Swift.

NI’NNYHAMMER. n. s. [from ninny.] A simpleton.
Another vents her passion in scurrilous terms; an old nin­
ny-hammer, a dotard, a nincompoop, is the best language she
can afford me. Addison's Guardian, No. 109.
Have you no more manners than to rail at Hocus, that
has saved that clod-pated, numskull'd, ninny-hammer of yours
from ruin, and all his family. Arbuth. John Bull.

NIP

To NIP. v. a. [nijpen, Dutch.]
1. To pinch off with the nails; to bite with the teeth.
In oranges and lemons, the nipping of their rind giveth
out their smell more. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 388.
2. To cut off by any slight means.
The small shoots that extract the sap of the most leading
branches, must be nipt off. Mortimer's Husb.
3. To blast; to destroy before full growth.
This is the state of man; to-day he puts forth


The tender leaves of hopes, to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him;
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost;
And when he thinks, good easy man, full surely
His greatness is a ripening, nips his root;
And then he falls as I do. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
A flower doth spread and dye,
Thou would'st extend me to some good,
Before I were by frost's extremity nipt in the bud. Herb.
His delivery now proves
Abortive, as the first-born bloom of spring,
Nipt with the lagging rear of winter's frost. Milton.
Had he not been nipped in the bud, he might have made a
formidable figure in his own works among posterity. Add.
From such encouragement it is easy to guess to what per­
fection I might have brought this great work, had it not been
nipt in the bud. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
4. To pinch as frost.
The air bites shrewdly, it is very cold.—
—It is a nipping and an eager air. Shakes. Hamlet.
When incles hang by the wall,
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail;
When blood is nipt, and ways be soul,
Then nighty sings the staring owl. Sha. Love's L. Lost.
5. To vex; to bite.
And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip,
That drops of blood thence like a well did play. Fairy Q.
6. To satirise; to ridicule; to taunt sarcastically.
But the right gentle mind would bite his lip
To hear the javel so good men to nip. Hubberd's Tale.
Quick wits commonly be in desire new-fangled; in pur­
pose unconstant; bold with any person; busy in every mat­
ter; soothing such as be present, nipping any that is absent.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.

NIP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A pinch with the nails or teeth.
I am sharply taunted, yea, sometimes with pinches, nips,
and bobs. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
2. A small cut.
What this a sleeve? 'tis like a demicannon;
What up and down carv'd like an apple-tart?
Here's snip, and nip, and cut, and slish, and slash,
Like to a censer in a barber's shop. Shakespeare.
3. A blast.
So hasty fruits and too ambitious flow'rs,
Scorning the midwifry of rip'ning show'rs,
In spight of frosts, spring from th' unwilling earth,
But find ænip untimely as their birth. Stepney.
4. A taunt; a sarcasm.

NI’PPER. n. s. [from nip.] A satirist. Out of use.
Ready backbiters, sore nippers, and spiteful reporters privily
of good men. Ascham.

NI’PPERS. n. s. [from nip.] Small pincers.

NI’PPINGLY. adv. [from nip.] With bitter sarcasm.

NI’PPLE. n. s. [npele, Saxon.]
1. The teat; the dug; that which the sucking young take in­
to their mouths.
Tho' tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me.—
I would, while it was smiling in my face,
Have pluckt my nipple from his boneless gums. Shakesp.
In creatures that nourish their young with milk, are adapt­
ed the nipples of the breast to the mouth and organs of suc­
tion. Ray on the Creation.
2. The orifice at which any animal liquor is separated.
In most other birds there is only one gland, in which are
divers little cells ending in two or three larger cells, lying
under the nipple of the oil bag. Derham's Physico Theol.

NI’PPLEWORT. n. s. [Lampsana.] A very common weed.

NISI PRIUS. n. s. 
[In law.] A judicial writ, which lieth in case where the
inquest is panelled, and returned before the justices of the
bank; the one party or the other making petition to have
this writ for the ease of the country. It is directed to the
sheriff, commanding that he cause the men impanelled to
come before the justices in the same county, for the deter­
mining of the cause there, except it be so difficult that it
need great deliberation: in which case, it is sent again to
the bank. It is so called from the first words of the writ
nisi apud talem locum prius venerint; whereby it appeareth,
that justices of assizes and justices of nisi prius, differ. So
that justices of nisi prius, must be one of them before whom
the cause is depending in the bench, with some other good
men of the county associated to him. Cowel.

NIT

NIT. n. s. [hnitu, Saxon.] The egg of a louse, or small
animal.
The whame, or burrel-fly, is vexatious to horses in sum­
mer, not by stinging them, but only by their bombylious
noise, or tickling them in sticking their nits, or eggs, on the
hair. Derham's Physico Theol.

NI’TENCY. n. s. [nitentia, Latin.]
1. Lustre; clear brightness.
2. [From the Latin, nitor.] Endeavour; spring to expand it­
self.
The atoms of fire accelerate the motion of these particles;
from which acceleration their spring, or endeavour outward
will be augmented; that is, those zones will have a strong
nitency to fly wider open. Boyle.

NI’THING. n. s. A coward, dastard, poltroon.

NI’TID. adj. [nitidus, Latin.] Bright; shining; lustrous.
We restore old pieces of dirty gold to a clean and nitid yel­
low, by putting them into fire and aqua fortis, which take
off the adventitious silth. Boyle on Colours.

NI’TRE. n. s. [nitre, Fr. nitrum, Latin.]
The salt which we know at this time, under the name of
nitre or salt-petre, is a crystalline pellucid, but somewhat
whitish substance, of an acrid and bitterish taste, impressing
a peculiar sense of coldness upon the tongue. This salt,
though it affords, by means of fire, an acid spirit capable of
dissolving almost every thing, yet manifests no sign of its
containing any acid at all in its crude state. Nitre is of the
number of those salts which are naturally blended in imper­
ceptible particles in earths, stones, and other fossile sub­
stances, as the particles of metals are in their ores: it is
sometimes however found pure, in form of an efflorescence,
either on its ores or on the surface of old walls; these ef­
florescences dissolved in proper water, shooting into regular
and proper crystals of nitre. That this salt should be found
on the surface of walls is not wonderful, since it is found
only on or near the surface of the earth where it is produced.
The earth from which nitre is made, both in Persia and the
East-Indies, is a kind of yellowish marl found in the bare
cliffs of the sides of hills exposed to the northern and eastern
winds, and never in any other situation. From this marl
the salt is separated by water; but the crystals into which it
shoots, as we receive them from the East-Indies, are small,
imperfect, and impure. Earths of whatever kind, moistened
by the dung and excrement of animals, frequently afford ni­
tre in large quantities. The earths at the bottom of pigeon­
houses, and those of stables and cow-houses, all afford nitre,
on being thrown into water and boiled. In France, where
very little nitre is imported, they make it from the rubbish
of old mortar and plaister of buildings; and the mortar of
old walls with us, if moistened with urine and exposed to
the air in a proper situation that is open to the north east,
and covered over to defend it from wet, never fails to afford
nitre in a few weeks, and that in proportion of one tenth of
the weight of the ingredients. There is no question but a
manufactory of nitre might be established in England to as
much advantage as that of France. The place where the
materials are exposed, is to be carefully examined. It must
be moderate as to the great points of moisture and dryness;
if there be too much moisture the nitre which is already
formed will be washed away, and without some moisture
the salts will hardly be ever formed. Heat and coldness,
unless excessive, can be of no consequence. It is on account
of the requisiteness of so certain a degree of moisture to the
materials from which nitre is obtained, that the north east
winds are of so much use in the production of it. In spring
and autumn, which are the seasons when this salt is prin­
cipally made, these two winds are neither too moist nor too
dry, especially in the night; the south and west winds are
destructive, because they bring storms and showers. In me­
dicine, nitre is cooling and diuretick, and good in burning fe­
vers. The natrum or nitre of the ancients, is a genuine, na­
tive, and pure salt, extremely different from our nitre, and from
all other native salts; being a fixed alkali plainly of the na­
ture of those made by fire from vegetables, yet being ca­
pable of a regular crystallization, which those salts are not.
It is found on or very near the surface of the earth, in thin
flat cakes, spungy, light, and friable; and when pure, of
a pale brownish white colour. It is of an acrid taste, like
pot-ashes. About Smyrna and Ephesus, and through a great
part of Asia Minor, this salt is extremely frequent on the
surface of the earth, and also in Sindy, a province of the
inner Asia, where they sweep it up and call it soap-earth,
using a solution or lye of it in washing. The natrum or ni­
tre of the ancients, has been by some supposed to be a lost
substance, and by others to be the same with our nitre or
salt-petre; but both these opinions are erroneous, this salt
being the true natrum of the ancients, answering perfectly
to its description, and having all its uses and virtues. In
scripture we find that the salt called nitre would ferment with
vinegar, and had an abstersive quality, properties which per­
fectly agree with this salt but not with salt-petre, as do many
different qualities ascribed to it by the ancients. Hill on Foss.
Some tumultuous cloud,
Instinct with fire and nitre, hurried him. Milton.
Some steep their seed, and some in cauldrons boil,
With vigorous nitre and with iees of oil. Dryden.

NI’TROUS. adj. [nitreux, Fr. from nitre.] Impregnated with
nitre; consisting of nitre.


Earth and water, mingled by the heat of the sun, gather
a nitrous fatness more than either of them have severally.
Bacon's Natural History.
The northern air being more fully charged with those
particles supposed nitrous, which are the aliment of fire, is
fittest to maintain the vital heat in that activity which is suf­
ficient to move such an unweildy bulk with due celerity. Ray.
He to quench his drought so much inclin'd,
May snowy fields and nitrous pastures find,
Meet stores of cold so greedily pursu'd,
And be refresh'd with never-wasting food. Blackmore.

NI’TRY. adj. [from nitre.] Nitrous.
Winter my theme confines; whose nitry wind
Shall crust the slabby mire, and kennels bind. Gay.

NI’TTILY. adv. [from nitty.] Lousily.
One Bell was put to death at Tyburn for moving a new
rebellion; he was a man nittily needy, and therefore ad­
ventrous. Hayward.

NI’TTY. adj. [from nit.] Abounding with the eggs of lice.

N’VAL. adj. [nivalis, Latin.] Abounding with snow. Dict.

NI’VEOUS. adj. [niveus, Latin.] Snowy; resembling snow.
Cinabar becomes red by the acid exhalation of sulphur,
which otherways presents a pure and niveous white. Brown.

NI’ZY. n. s. A dunce; a simpleton. A low word.

NOB

NO. adv. [na, Saxon.]
1. The word of refusal.
Our courteous Antony,
Whom ne'er the word of no, woman heard speak,
Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast. Shakes.
Henceforth my wooing mind shall be exprest,
In russet yeas and honest kersy noes. Sha. L. Labours Lost.
If you will not consider these things now, the time will
shortly come when you shall consider them whether you will
or no. Calamy's Serm.
2. The word of denial opposite to concession or affirmation.
I think it would not sort amiss, to handle the question,
whether a war for the propagation of the Christian faith,
without another cause of hostility, be lawful or no, and in
what cases? Bacon.
3. It sometimes confirms a foregoing negative.
My name's Macbeth:—
—The Devil himself could not pronounce a title
More hateful to mine ear.—
—No, nor more fearful. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Never more
This hand shall combat on the crooked shore:
No; let the Grecian pow'rs opprest in fight,
Unpity'd perish in their tyrant's sight. Dryd. Homer.
4. It sometimes strengthens a following negative; no not, not even.
No not the bow which so adorns the skies,
So glorious is, or boasts so many dies. Waller.

No. adj.
1. Not any; none.
Let their be no strife between me and thee. Gen. xiii. 8.
Woman and fool are two hard things to hit,
For true no meaning puzzles more than wit. Pope.
2. It seems an adjective in these phrases, no longer, no more,
no where.
When we saw that they were no where, we came to Sa­
muel. 1 Sam. x. 14.
In vain I reach my feeble hands to join
In sweet embraces; ah! no longer thine. Dryden.
3. No one; none; not any one.
No one who doeth good to those only from whom he ex­
pects to receive good, can ever be fully satisfied of his own
sincerity. Smalridge's Serm.

To NOBI’LITATE. v. a. [nobilito, Latin.] To ennoble; to
make noble.

NOBI’LITY. n. s. [nobilitas, Latin.]
1. Antiquity of family joined with splendour.
When I took up Boccace unawares, I fell on the same
argument of preferring virtue to nobility of blood, and titles,
in the story of Sigismunda. Dryden, Fab. Pref.
Long galleries of ancestors,
Challenge, nor wonder, or esteem from me,
"Virtue alone is true nobility." Dryden.
2. Rank or dignity of several degrees, conferred by sovereigns.
Nobility in England is extended to five ranks; duke, mar­
quis, earl, viscount, baron.
3. The persons of high rank; the persons who are exalted
above the commons.
It is a purpos'd thing,
To curb the will of the nobility. Shakes. Coriolanus.
4. Dignity; grandeur; greatness.
Though the hated Ampialus, yet the nobility of her cou­
rage prevailed over it; and she desired he might be pardoned
that youthful errour; considering the reputation he had to be
the best knight in the world; so as hereafter he governed
himself, as one remembering his fault. Sidney, b. ii.
But ah, my muse, I would thou hadst facility
To work my goddess so by thy invention,
On me to cast those eyes where shine nobility. Sidney.
Base men, being in love, have then a nobility in their na­
tures more than is native to them. Shakespeare's Othello.
They thought it great their sov'reign to controul,
And nam'd their pride, nobility of soul. Dryden.

NO’BLE. adj. [noble, Fr. nobilis, Latin.]
1. Of an ancient and splendid family.
2. Exalted to a rank above commonalty.
From virtue first began,
The diff'rence that distinguish'd man from man:
He claim'd no title from descent of blood,
But that which made him noble, made him good. Dryd.
3. Great; worthy; illustrious.
Thus this man died, leaving his death for an example of
a noble courage, and a memorial of virtue. 2 Mac. vi. 31.
To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds
Tim'rous. Milton.
A noble stroke he lifted high,
Which hung not, but with tempest fell. Milt.
Those two great things that so engross the desires and de­
signs of both the nobler and ignobler sort of mankind, are
to be found in religion; namely, wisdom and pleasure. South.
4. Exalted; elevated; sublime.
My share in pale Pyrene I resign,
And claim no part in all the mighty nine:
Statues, with winding ivy crown'd belong
To nobler poets, for a nobler song. Dryd.
5. Magnificent; stately: as, a noble parade.
6. Free; generous; liberal.
7. Principal; capital: as, the heart is one of the noble parts of
the body.

NO’BLE. n. s.
1. One of high rank.
Upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his
hand. Ex. xxiv. 11.
How many nobles then should hold their places,
That must strike sail to spirits of vile sort! Shakesp.
What the nobles once said in parliament, Nolumus leges An­
gliæ mutari, is imprinted in the hearts of all the people. Bacon.
The nobles amongst the Romans took special care in their
last wills, that they might have a lamp in their monuments.
Wilkin's Math. Magic.
See all our nobles begging to be slaves,
See all our fools aspiring to be knaves. Pope, Dial. i.
It may be the disposition of young nobles, that they ex­
pect the accomplishments of a good education without the
least expence of time or study. Swift's Modern Education.
The second natural division of power, is of such men
who have acquired large possessions, and consequently de­
pendencies; or descend from ancestors who have left them
great inheritances, together with an hereditary authority:
these easily unite in thoughts and opinions. Thus com­
mences a great council or senate of nobles, for the weighty
affairs of the nation. Swift.
2. A coin rated at six shillings and eight-pence; the sum of
six and eight-pence.
Shortly after he coined nobles, of noble, fair, and fine gold.
Camden's Remains.
Many fair promotions
Are daily given, to enoble those
That scarce, some two days since, were worth a noble. Sha.
Upon every writ procured for debt or damage, amounting
to forty pounds or more, a noble, that is six shillings and
eight-pence, is, and usually hath been paid to fine. Bacon.

NO’BLE liverwort. [Hepatica.] A plant.
The characters are: the root is fibrose and perennial:
the leaf consists of three lobes on a pedicle, which arises
from the root; as does the pedicle of the flower, which is
naked and single: the cup of the flower is, for the most
part, composed of one leaf sometimes cut into three or
four deep divisions: the flower consists of many leaves, which
expand in form of a rose: the fruit is globular, consisting of
one single cell curvated. Miller.

NO’BLEMAN. n. s. [noble and man.] One who is ennobled.
If I blush,
It is to see a nobleman want manners. Shakes. Hen. VIII.
The nobleman is he, whose noble mind
Is fill'd with inborn worth. Dryden's Wife of Bath.

NO’BLENESS. n. s. [from noble.]
1. Greatness; worth; dignity; magnanimity.
The nobleness of life
Is to do this; when such a mutual pair,
And such a twain can do't. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Any thing
That my ability may undergo,
And nobleness impose. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
True nobleness would
Learn him forbearance from so foul a wrong. Shakesp.
He that does as well in private between God and his own
soul, as in public, hath given himself a good testimony that
his purposes are full of honesty, nobleness, and integrity.
Taylor's Holy Living.


Greatness of mind, and nobleness, their seat
Build in her loveliest. Milton's Par. Lost.
There is not only a congruity herein between the noble­
ness of the faculty and the object, but also the faculty is en­
riched and advanced by the worth of the object. Hale.
You have not only been careful of my fortune, which
was the effect of your nobleness, but you have been solicitous
of my reputation, which is that of your kindness. Dryden.
2. Splendour of descent; lustre of pedigree.

NO’BLESS. n. s. [noblesse, French.]
1. Nobility. This word is not now used in any sense.
Fair branch of nobless, flower of chivalry,
That with your worth the world amazed make. Fairy Q.
2. Dignity; greatness.
Thou whose nobless keeps one stature still,
And one true posture, tho' besieg'd with ill. Ben. Johnson.
3. Noblemen collectively.
Let us haste to hear it,
And call the nobless to the audience. Shakesp. Ham.
I know no reason we should give that advantage to the
commonalty of England to be foremost in brave actions,
which the nobless of France would never suffer in their pea­
sants. Dryden's Pref. to Ann. Mirab.

NO’BLY. adv. [from noble.]
1. Of ancient and splendid extraction.
Only a second laurel did adorn
His Collegue Catulus, tho' nobly born;
He shar'd the pride of the triumphal bay,
But Marius won the glory of the day. Dryden.
2. Greatly; illustriously; magnanimously.
Did he not straight the two delinquents tear,
That were the slaves of drink and thralls of sleep?
Was not that nobly done? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This fate he could have 'scap'd, but would not lose
Honour for life; but rather nobly chose
Death from their fears, than safety from his own. Denham.
3. Grandly; splendidly.
There could not have been a more magnificent design than
that of Trajan's pillar. Where could an emperor's ashes
have been so nobly lodged, as in the midst of his metropolis,
and on the top of so exalted a monument. Addison on Italy.

NO’BODY. n. s. [no and body.] No one; not any one.
This is the tune of our catch plaid by the picture of no­
body. Shakespeare's Tempest.
It fell to secretary Coke's turn, for whom nobody cared,
to be made the sacrifice; and he was put out of his office.
Clarendon, b. ii.
If in company you offer something for a jest, and nobody
seconds you on your own laughter, you may condemn their
taste, and appeal to better judgments; but in the mean time
you make a very indifferent figure. Swift's Miscel.

NOC

NO’CENT. adj. [nocens, Latin.]
1. Guilty; criminal.
The earl of Devonshire being interested in the blood of
York, that was rather feared than nocent; yet as one, that
might be the object of others plots, remained prisoner in the
Tower during the king's life. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. Hurtful; mischievous.
His head, well-stor'd with subtile wiles:
Not yet in horrid shade, or dismal den,
Nor nocent yet; but on the grassy herb,
Fearless unfear'd he slept. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
The warm limbec draws
Salubrious waters from the nocent brood. Philips.
They meditate whether the virtues of the one will exalt
or diminish the force of the other, or correct any of its no­
cent qualities. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

NOCK. n. s. [nocchia, Italian.]
1. A slit; a nick; a notch.
2. The fundament. Les fesses.
When the date of nock was out,
Off dropt the sympathetick snout. Hudibras.

NOCTA’MBULO. n. s. [nox and ambulo, Latin.] One who
walks in his sleep.
Respiration being carried on in sleep, is no argument
against its being voluntary. What shall we say of noctam­
bulo's? There are voluntary motions carried on without
thought, to avoid pain. Arbuthnot on Air.

NOCTI’DIAL. adj. [noctis and dies.] Comprising a night and a day.
The noctidial day, the lunar periodic month, and the so­
lar year, are natural and universal; but incommensurate each
to another, and difficult to be reconciled. Holder.

NOCTI’FEROUS. adj. [nox and fero.] Bringing night. Dict.

NOCTI’VAGANT. adj. [noctivagus, Latin.] Wandering in the
night. Dict.

NO’CTUARY. n. s. [from noctis, Latin.] An account of what
passes by night.
I have got a parcel of visions and other miscellanies in
my noctuary, which I shall send you to enrich your paper.
Addison's Spectator, No. 586.

NO’CTURN. n. s. [nocturne, Fr. nocturnus, Latin.] An office of
devotion performed in the night.
The reliques being conveniently placed before the church­
door, the vigils are to be celebrated that night before them,
and the nocturn and the mattins for the honour of the saints
whose the reliques are. Stillingfleet.

NOCTU’RNAL. adj. [nocturnus, Latin.] Nightly.
From gilded roofs depending lamps display
Nocturnal beams, that emulate the day. Dryden.
I beg leave to make you a present of a dream, which may
serve to lull your readers 'till such time as you yourself shall
gratify the public with any of your nocturnal discoveries. Add.

NOCTU’RNAL. n. s. An instrument by which observations are
made in the night.
That projection of the stars which includes all the stars
in our horizon, and therefore reaches to the thirty-eight de­
gree and a half of southern latitude, though its centre is the
north pole, gives us a better view of the heavenly bodies as
they appear every night to us; and it may serve for a noc­
turnal, and shew the true hour of the night. Watts.

NOD

To NOD. v. n. [Of uncertain derivation: ?e?, Gr. nuto, Lat.
amneidio, Welsh.]
1. To decline the head with a quick motion.
Let every feeble rumour shake your hearts;
Your enemies with nodding of their plumes,
Fan you into despair. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Cleopatra hath nodded him to her. Shakes. A. and Cleop.
On the faith of Jove rely,
When nodding to thy suit he bows the sky. Dryden.
2. To pay a slight bow.
Cassius must bend his body,
If Cæsar carelesly but nod on him. Shakes. Jul. Cæsar.
3. To bend downwards with quick motion.
When a pine is hewn on the plains,
And the last mortal stroke alone remains,
Lab'ring in pangs of death, and threatning all,
This way and that she nods, considering where to fall.
Dryden's Ovid, b. x.
He climbs the mountain rocks,
Fir'd by the nodding verdure of its brow. Thoms. Spring.
4. To be drowsy.
Your two predecessors were famous for their dreams and
visions, and contrary to all other authors, never pleased their
readers more than when they were nodding. Add. Guard.

NOD. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A quick declination of the head.
Children being to be restrained by the parents only in vi­
cious things; a look or nod only ought to correct them when
they do amiss. Locke on Education.
A mighty king I am, an earthly God;
Nations obey my word, and wait my nod:
And life or death depend on my decree. Prior.
2. A quick declination.
Like a drunken sailor on a mast,
Ready with every nod to tumble down
Into the fatal bowels of the deep. Shakesp. R. III.
3. The motion of the head in drowsiness.
Every drowsy nod shakes their doctrine who teach, that
the soul is always thinking. Locke.
4. A slight obeisance.
Will he give you the nod? Sha. Troil. and Cressida.
Since the wisdom of their choice is rather to have my cap
than my heart, I will practise the insinuating nod, and be
off to them most counterfeitly. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

NODA’TION. n. s. [from nodo.] The state of being knotted,
or act of making knots.

NO’DDER. n. s. [from nod.] One who makes nods.
A set of nodders, winkers, and whisperers, whose business
is to strangle all other offspring of wit in their birth. Pope.

NO’DDLE. n. s. [hnol, Saxon.] A head; in contempt.
Her care shall be
To comb your noddle with a three-legg'd stool. Shakes.
Let our wines without mixture, or stain, be all fine,
Or call up the master and break his dull noddle. B. John.
My head's not made of brass,
As friar Bacon's noddle was. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 1.
He would not have it said before the people, that images
are to be worshipped with Latria, but rather the contrary,
because the distinctions necessary to defend it are too subtile
for their noddles. Stillingfleet.
Come, master, I have a project in my noddle, that shall
bring my mistress to you back again, with as good will as
ever she went from you. L'Estrange.
Why shouldst thou try to hide thyself in youth?
Impartial Proserpine beholds the truth;
And laughing at so fond and vain a task,
Will strip thy hoary noddle of its mask. Addison.
Thou that art ever half the city's grace,
And add'st to solemn noddles, solemn pace. Fenton.

NO’DDY. n. s. [from naudin, French.] A simpleton; an idiot.


The whole race of bawling, fluttering noddies, by what
title soever dignified, are a-kin to the ass in this fable.
L'Estrange, Fable 150.

NODE. n. s. [nodus, Latin.]
1. A knot; a knob.
2. A swelling on the bone.
If nodes be the cause of the pain, foment with spirit of
wine wherein opium and saffron have been dissolved.
Wiseman's Surgery.
3. Intersection.
All these variations are finished in nineteen years, nearly
agreeing with the course of the nodes; i. e. the points in the
ecliptic where the moon crosseth that circle as she passeth to
her northern or southern latitude; which nodes are called the
head and tail of the dragon. Holder.

NODO’SITY. n. s. [from nodosus, Latin.] Complication; knot.
These the midwise cutteth off, contriving them into a
knot close unto the body of the infant; from whence en­
sueth that tortuosity, or complicated nodosity we call the na­
vel. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.

NO’DOUS. adj. [nodosus, Latin.] Knotty; full of knots.
This is seldom affected with the gout, and when that be­
cometh nodous, men continue not long after. Brown's V. Err.

NO’DULE. n. s. [nodulus, Latin.] A small lump.
Those minerals in the strata, are either found in grains,
or else they are amassed into balls, lumps, or nodules: which
nodules are either of an irregular figure, or of a figure some­
what more regular. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

NO’GCEN. adj. Hard; rough; harsh.
He put on a hard, coarse, noggen shirt of pendrel.
Escape of King Charles.

NO’GGIN. n. s. [nossel, German.] A small mug.
All this while Frog laughed in his sleeve, gave the esquire
the other noggin of brandy, and clapped him on the back.
Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

NOI

NOI’ANCE. n. s. [See ANNOIANCE.] Mischief; inconvenience.
To borrow to-day, and to-morrow to mis,
For lender and borrower noiance it is. Tuss. Husb.
The single and peculiar life is bound,
With all the strength and armour of the mind,
To keep itself from noiance. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

To NOIE. v. a. To annoy. An old word disused.
Let servant be ready with mattock in hand,
To stub out the bushes that noieth the land. Tuss. Husb.

NOI’ER. n. s. [from noie.] One who annoys. An old word
in disuse.
The north is a noier to grass of all suits,
The east a destroyer to herbs and all fruits. Tuss. Husb.

NOI’OUS. adj. [noioso, Italian.] Hurtful; mischievous; trouble­
some; inconvenient. Obsolete.
Being bred in a hot country, they found much hair on
their faces to be noious unto them. Spenser.
The false Duessa leaving noious night,
Return'd to stately palace of dame Pride. Fairy Q.
But neither darkness foul, nor filthy bands,
Nor noious smell his purpose could withhold. Fairy Q.

NOISE. n. s. [noise, French.]
1. Any kind of sound.
Noises, as of waters falling down, sounded about them,
and sad visions appeared unto them. Wisd. xvii. 4.
Whether it were a whistling sound, or a melodious noise
of birds among the spreading branches, these things made
them swoon. Wisd. xvii. 18.
Great motions in nature pass without sound or noise. The
heavens turn about in a most rapid motion, without noise to
us perceived; though in some dreams they have been said
to make an excellent musick. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Fear
Shakes your hearts, while thro' the isle they hear
A lasting noise, as horrid and as loud
As thunder makes, before it breaks the cloud. Waller.
2. Outery; clamour; boasting or importunate talk.
What noise have we had about transplantation of diseases,
and transfusion of blood. Baker on Learning.
3. Occasion of talk.
Socrates lived in Athens during the great plague, which
has made so much noise through all ages, and never caught
the least infection. Addison's Spectator, No. 195.

To NOISE. v. n. [from the noun.] To sound loud.
Harm
Those terrors, which thou speak'st of, did me none;
Tho' noising loud and threatning nigh. Milt. P. Reg.

To NOISE. v. a. To spread by rumour, or report.
All these sayings were noised abroad throughout all the
hill country. Luke i. 65.
I shall not need to relate the affluence of young nobles
from hence into Spain, after the voice of our prince's being
there had been quickly noised. Wotton.
They might buz and whisper it one to another; and ta­
citly withdrawing from the presence of the apostle, they then
lift up their voices and noised it about the city. Bentley.

NOI’SEFUL. adj. [noise and full.] Loud; clamourous.
That eunuch, guardian of rich Holland's trade,
Whose noiseful valour does no foe invade,
And weak assistance will his friends destroy. Dryden.

NOI’SELESS. adj. [from noise.] Silent; without sound.
On our quick'st decrees,
Th' inaudible and noiseless foot of time
Steals, ere we can effect them. Shakespeare.
So noiseless would I live, such death to find,
Like timely fruit, not shaken by the wind,
But ripely dropping from the sapless bough. Dryden.

NOI’SINESS. n. s. [from noisy.] Loudness of sound; impor­
tunity of clamour.

NOI’SEMAKER. n. s. [noise and maker.] Clamourer.
The issue of all this noise is, the making of the noise­
makers still more ridiculous. L'Estrange.

NOI’SOME. adj. [noiso, Italian.]
1. Noxous; mischievous; unwholesome.
In case it may be proved, that among the number of rites
and orders common unto both, there are particulars, the use
whereof is utterly unlawful in regard of some special bad
and noisome quality; there is no doubt but we ought to re­
linquish such rites and orders, what freedom soever we have
to retain the other still. Hooker, b. iv.
All my plants I save from nightly ill
Of noisome winds, and blasting vapours chill. Milton.
Gravisca noisome from the neighb'ring fen,
And his own Cære sent three hundred men. Dryden.
The noisome pest'lence, that in open war
Terrible, marches thro' the mid-day air,
And scatters death. Prior.
2. Offensive; disgusting.
The seeing these effects, will be
Both noisome and infectious. Shakes. Cymbeline.
The brake and the cockle are noisome too much. Tuss.
Foul words are but foul wind, and foul wind is but foul
breath, and foul breath is noisome. Shakespeare's M. Ad. Ab.
The filthiness of his smell was noisome to all his army.
2 Mac. ix. 9.
An error in the judgment, is like an impostem in the head,
which is always noisome, and frequently mortal. South.

NOI’SOMELY. adv. [from noisome.] With a fœtid stench; with
an infectious steam.

NOI’SOMENESS. n. s. [from noisome.] Aptness to disgust; of­
fensiveness.
If he must needs be seen, with all his filth and noisonness
about him, he promises himself however, that it will be
some allay to his reproach, to be but one of many to march
in a troop. South's Serm.

NOI’SY. adj. [from noise.]
1. Sounding loud.
2. Clamorous; turbulent.
O leave the noisy town, O come and see
Our country cotts, and live content with me! Dryden.
To noisy fools a grave attention lend. Smith.
Although he employs his talents wholly in his closet, he
is sure to raise the hatred of the noisy crowd. Swift.

NOLL. n. s. [hnol, Saxon.] A head; a noddle.
An ass's noll I fixed on his head. Shakespeare.

NO’LI me tangere. [Latin.]
1. Kind of cancerous swelling, exasperated by applications.
2. A plant.
Noli me tangere may be planted among your flowers, for
the rarity of it. Mortimer's Hush.

NOLI’TION. n. s. [nolitio, Latin.] Unwillingness; opposed
to volition.
The proper acts of the will are, volition, nolition, choice,
resolution, and command, in relation to subordinate faculties.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.

NOM

NO’MANCY. n. s. [nomance, nomancie, Fr. nomen, Latin; and
?a?e?a, Greek.] The art of divining the fates of persons by
the letters that form their names. Dict.

NO’MBLES. n. s. The entrails of a deer.

NOMENCLA’TOR. n. s. [Lat. nomenclateur, Fr.] One who
calls things or persons by their proper names.
There were a set of men in old Rome called nomencla­
tors; that is, men who could call every man by his name.
Addison's Guardian, No. 107.
Are envy, pride, avarice, and ambition, such ill nomenclators
that they cannot furnish appellations for their owners? Swift.

NOMENCLA’TURE. n. s. [nomenclature, Fr. nomenclatura, Lat.]
1. The act of naming.
To say where notions cannot fitly be reconciled, that there
wanteth a term or nomenclature for it, is but a shift of igno­
rance. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. A vocabulary; a dictionary.
The watry plantations fall not under that nomenclature of
Adam, which unto terrestrious animals assigned a name ap­
propriate unto their natures. Brown's V. Err.

NO’MINAL. adj. [nominalis, Latin.] Refering to names ra­
ther than to things; not real; titular.


Profound in all the nominal,
And real ways beyond them all. Hudibras, p. i.
The nominal essence of gold is that complex idea the word
gold stands for; as a body yellow, of a certain weight,
malleable, fusible and fixed. But the real essence is the con­
stitution of the insensible parts of that body on which those
qualities depend. Locke.
Were these people as anxious for the doctrines essential to
the church of England, as they are for the nominal distinc­
tion of adhering to its interests. Addison.

NO’MINALLY. adv. [from nominal.] By name; with regard
to a name; titularly.

To NO’MINATE. v. a. [nomino, Latin.]
1. To name; to mention by name.
Suddenly to nominate them all,
It is impossible. Shakes. Henry VI. p. iii.
One lady, I may civilly spare to nominate, for her sex's
sake, whom he termed the spider of the court. Wotton.
2. To entitle.
Aread, old father, why of late
Didst thou behight me born of English blood,
Whom all a fairy's son doen nominate. Fairy Q.
3. To set down; to appoint by name.
If you repay me not on such a day, let the forfeit
Be nominated for an equal pound
Of your fair flesh to be cut off. Shakespeare.
Never having intended, never designed any heir in that
sense, we cannot expect he should nominate or appoint any
person to it. Locke.

NOMINA’TION. n. s. [nomination, Fr. from nominate.]
1. The act mentioning by name.
The forty-one immediate electors of the duke, must be
all of several families, and of them twenty-five at least con­
cur to this nomination. Wotton's D. of Venice.
2. The power of appointing.
The nomination of persons to places, being so principal
and inseparable a flower of his crown, he would reserve to
himself. Clarendon.
In England the king has the nomination of an archbishop;
and after such nomination; he sends a congé d'elire to the
dean and chapter, to elect the person thus elected by him.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

NO’MINATIVE. [in grammar, nominatif, Fr.] The case that
primarily designates the name of any thing, and is called
right, in opposition to the other cases called oblique.

NON

NON. v. a. [Latin.] Not. It is never used separately, but
sometimes prefixed to words with a negative power.
Since you to non-regardance cast my faith,
And I partly know the instrument
That screws me from my true place in your favour;
Live you the marble-breasted tyrant still. Shakes.
A mere inclination to matters of duty, men reckon a will­
ing of that thing; when they are justly charged with an ac­
tual non-performance of what the law requires? South.
For an account at large of bishop Sanderson's last judg­
ment concerning God's concurrence, or non-concurrence with
the actions of men, and the positive entity of sins of com­
mission, I refer you to his letters. Pierce.
The third sort of agreement or disagreement in our ideas,
which the perception of the mind is employed about, is co­
existence, or non-existence in the same subject. Locke.
It is not a non-act, which introduces a custom, a custom
being a common usage. Ayliffe's Parergon.
In the imperial chamber this answer is not admitted, viz.
I do not believe it as the matter is alledged. And the rea­
son of this non-admission is, because of its great uncertainty.
Ayliffe's Parergon.
An apparitor came to the church, and informed the par­
son, that he must pay the tenths to such a man; and the
bishop certified the ecclesiastical court under his seal on the
non-payment of them, that he refused to pay them. Ayliffe.
The non-appearance of persons to support the united sense
of both houses of parliament, can never be construed as a
general diffidence of being able to support the charge against
the patent and patentee. Swift.
This may be accounted for by the turbulence of passions
upon the various and surprising turns of good and evil for­
tune, in a long evening at play; the mind being wholly
taken up, and the consequence of non-attention so fatal. Swift.

NO’NAGE. n. s. [non and age.] Minority; time of life before
legal maturity.
In him there is a hope of government;
Which in his nonage, counsel under him,
And in his full and ripen'd years, himself
Shall govern well. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Be love but there, let poor six years
Be pos'd with the maturest fears
Man trembles at, we straight shall find
Love knows no nonage nor the mind. Grashaw.
We have a mistaken apprehension of antiquity, calling
that so which in truth is the world's nonage. Glanville.
Those charters were not avoidable for the king's nonage;
and if there could have been any such pretence, that alone
would not avoid them. Hale.
After Chaucer there was a Spenser, a Harrington, a Fair­
fax, before Waller and Denham were in being; and our
numbers were in their nonage 'till these last appeared. Dryd.
In their tender nonage, while they spread
Their springing leaves, and lift their infant head,
Indulge their childhood, and the nursling spare. Dryden.

NONCE. n. s. [The original of this word is uncertain; Skinner
imagines it to come from own or once; or from nutz, German,
need or use: Junius derives it less probably from noiance, to
do for the nonce; being, according to him, to do it merely
for mischief.] Purpose; intent; design. Not now in use.
I saw a wolf
Nursing two whelps; I saw her little ones
In wanton dalliance the teat to crave,
While she her neck wreath'd from them for the nonce. Spen.
They used at first to fume the fish in a house built for the
nonce. Carew.
When in your motion you are hot,
And that he calls for drink, I'll have prepar'd him
A chalice for the nonce. Shakes. Hamlet.
Such a light and metall'd dance,
Saw you never;
And they lead men for the nonce,
That turn round like grindle-stones. Ben. Johnson.
A voider for the nonce,
I wrong the devil should I pick their bones. Cleaveland.
Coming ten times for the nonce,
I never yet could see it flow but once. Cotton.

NONCONFO’RMITY. n. s. [non and conformity.]
1. Refusal of compliance.
The will of our maker, whether discovered by reason or
revelation, carries the highest authority with it; a confor­
mity or nonconformity to it, determines their actions to be
morally good or evil. Watts's Logick.
2. Refusal to join in the established religion.
Since the liturgy, rites, and ceremonies of our church, are
so much struck at, and all upon a plea of conscience, it will
concern us to examine the force of this plea, which our ad­
versaries are still setting up as the grand pillar and butteress
of nonconformity. South's Sermons.
The lady will plead the toleration which allows her non­
conformity in this particular. Addison's Spectator.

NONCONFO’RMIST. n. s. [non and conformist.] One who re­
fuses to join in the established worship.
On his death-bed he declared himself a non-conformist, and
had a fanatic preacher to be his spiritual guide. Swift.

NONE. adj. [ne one, nan, ne ane, Saxon.]
1. Not one.
Ye shall flee when none pursueth you. Lev. xxvi. 17.
That fowl which is none of the lightest, can easily move
itself up and down in the air without stirring its wings. Wilk.
Another, which is none of the least advantages of hope
is, its great efficacy in preserving us from setting too high a
value on present enjoyments. Addison's Spectator.
2. Not any.
Six days shall ye gather it, but on the sabbath there shall
be none. Exodus xvi. 26.
Thy life shall hang in doubt, and shalt have none assurance
of this life. Deutr. xxii. 66.
Before the deluge, the air was calm; none of those tu­
multuary motions of vapours, which the mountains and
winds cause in ours. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The most glaring and notorious passages, are none of the
finest. Fenton on the Classicks.
3. Not other.
This is none other but the house of God, and the gate of
heaven. Gen. xxviii. 17.
4. None of sometimes signifies only emphatically not.
My people would not hearken to my voice: and Israel
would none of me. Ps. lxxxi. 11.

NONE’NTITY. n. s. [non and entity.]
1. Nonexistence.
When they say nothing from nothing, they must under­
stand it as excluding all causes. In which sense it is most
evidently true; being equivalent to this proposition, that no­
thing can make itself, or, nothing cannot bring its no-self
out of nonentity into something. Bentley's Serm.
2. A thing not existing.
There was no such thing as rendering evil for evil, when
evil was truly a nonentity, and no where to be found. South.
We have heard, and think it pity that your inquisitive genius
should not be better employed, than in looking after that
theological nonentity. Arbut. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

NONEXI’STENCE. n. s. [non and existence.] Inexistence;
state of not existing.
A method of many writers, which depreciates the esteem
of miracles is, to salve not only real verities, but also non­
existences. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.



NONJU’RING. adj. [non and juro, Latin.] Belonging to those
who will not swear allegiance to the Hanoverian family.
This objection was offered me by a very pious, learned,
and worthy gentleman of the nonjuring party. Swift.

NONJU’ROR. n. s. [from non and juror.] One who conceiving
James II. unjustly deposed, refuses to swear allegiance to
those who have succeeded him.

NONNA’TURALS. n. s. [non naturalia.]
Physicians reckon these to be six, viz. air, meat and
drink, sleep and watching, motion and rest, retention and
excretion, and the passions of the mind.
The six nonnaturals are such as neither naturally consti­
tutive, nor merely destructive, do preserve or destroy accord­
ing unto circumstance. Brown's V. Err.

NONPARE’IL. n. s. [non and parcil, French.]
1. Excellence unequalled.
My lord and master loves you: O such love
Could be but recompens'd tho' you were crown'd
The nonparcil of beauty. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
2. A kind of apple.
3. Printers letter of a small size, on which small Bibles and
Common Prayers are printed.

NO’NPLUS. n. s. [non and plus, Latin.] Puzzle; inability
to say or do more. A low word.
Let it seem never so strange and impossible, the nonplus of
my reason will yield a fairer opportunity to my faith. South.
One or two rules, on which their conclusions depend, in
most men have governed all their thoughts: take these from
them and they are at a loss, and their understanding is per­
fectly at a nonplus. Locke.
Such an artist did not begin the matter at a venture,
and when put to a nonplus, pause and hesitate which way he
should proceed; but he had first in his comprehensive in­
tellect a compleat idea of the whole organical body. Bentley.

To NO’NPLUS. v. a. [from the noun.] To confound; to
puzzle; to put to a stand; to stop.
Nor is the composition of our own bodies the only won­
der; we are as much nonplust by the most contemptible worm
and plant. Glanv. Scept. c. vii.
His parts were so accomplisht,
That right or wrong he ne'er was nonplust. Hudibras.
That sin that is a pitch beyond all those, must needs be such an
one as must nonplus the devil himself to proceed farther. South.
What, you are confounded, and stand mute?
Somewhat nonplust to hear you deny your name. Dryden.
Tom has been eloquent for half an hour together, when
he has been nonplused by Mr. Dry's desiring him to tell
what it was that he endeavoured to prove. Spect. 471.

NONRE’SIDENCE. n. s. [non and residence.] Failure of residence.
If the character of persons chosen into the church had
been regarded, there would be fewer complaints of non­
residence. Swift.

NONRE’SIDENT. n. s. [non and resident.] One who neglects
to live at the proper place.
As to nonresidence, there are not ten clergymen in the
kingdom who can be termed nonresidents. Swift.

NONRESI’STANCE. n. s. [non and resistance.] The principle of
not opposing the king; ready obedience to a superior.

NO’NSENSE. n. s. [non and sense.]
1. Unmeaning or ungrammatical language.
'Till understood, all tales,
Like nonsense, are not true nor false. Hud. p. iii.
Many copies dispersed gathering new faults, I saw more
nonsense than I could have crammed into it. Dryden.
This nonsense got into all the following editions by a mis­
take of the stage editors. Pope's Notes on Shakesp.
2. Trifles; things of no importance.
What's the world to him,
'Tis nonsense all. Thomson.

NONSE’NSICAL. adj. [from nonsense.] Unmeaning; foolish.
They had produced many other inept combinations, or
aggregate forms of particular things, and nonsensical systems
of the whole. Ray on the Creation.

NONSE’NSICALNESS. n. s. [from nonsensical.] Ungrammatical
jargon; foolish absurdity.

NONSO’LVENT. n. s. [non and solvent.] One who cannot pay
his debts.

NONSOLU’TION. n. s. [non and solution.] Failure of solution.
Athenæus instances ænigmatical propositions, and the for­
feitures and rewards upon their solution and nonsolution. Broome.

NONSPA’RING. adj. [non and sparing.] Merciless; all-destroying.
Is't I expose
Those tender limbs of thine to the event
Of the nonsparing war. Shakes. All's well that Ends well.

To NONSUI’T. v. a. [non and suit.] To deprive of the be­
nefit of a legal process for some failure in the management.
The addresses of both houses of parliament, the council,
and the declarations of most counties and corporations, are
laid aside as of no weight, and the whole kingdom of Ireland
nonsuited, in default of appearance. Swift.

NOO

NOO’DLE. n. s. [from noddle or noddy.] A fool; a simpleton.

NOOK. n. s. [from een hoeck, German.] A corner; a covert
made by an angle or intersection.
Safely in harbour
Is the king's ship, in the deep nook, where once
Thou call'dst me up. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Buy a foggy and a dirty farm
In that nook shotten isle of Albion. Shakes. Hen. V.
The savages were driven out of the great Ards, into a
little nook of land near the river of Strangford; where they
now possess a little territory. Davies.
Unsphere
The spirit of Plato to unfold,
What worlds or what vast regions hold
Th' immortal mind that hath forsook
Her mansion in this fleshly nook. Milton's Poems.
Ithuriel and Zephon,
Search thro' this garden, leave unsearch'd no nook. Milt.
A third form'd within the ground
A various mold; and from the boiling cells,
By strange conveyance, fill'd each hollow nook. Milton.

NOON. n. s. [non, Saxon; nawn, Welsh; none, Erse; sup­
posed to be derived from nona, Latin, the ninth hour, at which
their cœna or chief meal was eaten; whence the other nations
called the time of their dinner or chief meal, though earlier
in the day, by the same name.]
1. The middle hour of the day; twelve; the time when the
sun is in the meridian.
Fetch forth the stocks, there shall he sit 'till noon.—
'Till noon! 'till night, my lord, Shakes. K. Lear.
The day already half his race had run,
And summon'd him to due repast at noon. Dryden.
If I turn my eyes at noon towards the sun, I cannot avoid
the ideas which the light or sun produces in me. Locke.
2. It is taken for midnight.
Full before him at the noon of night,
He saw a quire of ladies. Dryden.

NOO’NDAY. n. s. [noon and day.] Midday.
The bird of night did fit,
Ev'n at noonday, upon the market-place,
Houting and shrieking. Shak. Jul. Cæsar.
The dimness of our intellectual eyes, Aristotle fitly com­
pares to those of an owl at noonday. Boyle.

NOO’NDAY. adj. Meridional.
The scorching sun was mounted high,
In all its lustre to the noonday sky. Addison's Ovid.

NOO’NING. n. s. [from noon.] Repose at noon.

NOO’NTIDE. n. s. [noon and tide.] Midday; time of noon.
Sorrow breaks seasons and reposing hours,
Makes the night morning, and the noontide night. Sha.

NOO’NTIDE. adj. Meridional.
Phaeton hath tumbled from his car,
And made an evening at the noontide prick. Shakespeare.
All things in best order to invite
Noontide repast, or afternoon's repose. Milt. Par. Lost.
We expect the morning red in vain;
'Tis hid in vapours, or obscur'd in rain.
The noontide yellow we in vain require;
'Tis black in storm, or red in light'ning fire. Prior.

NOOSE. n. s. [nosada, entangled; a word found in the glosses
of Lipsius. Mr. Lye.] A running knot which the more it
is drawn binds the closer.
Can'st thou with a weak angle strike the whale?
Catch with a hook, or with a noose inthral? Sandys.
Where the hangman does dispose,
To special friend the knot of noose. Hud. p. i.
They run their necks into a noose,
They'd break 'em after, to break loose. Hud. p. iii.
Falsely he falls into some dangerous noose,
And then as meanly labours to get loose. Dryden.
A rope and a noose are no jesting matters. J. Bull.

To NOOSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To tie in a noose; to
catch; to entrap.
The sin is woven with threads of different sizes, the least
of them strong enough to noose and entrap us. Gov. Tongue.

NOPE. n. s. A kind of bird called a bullfinch or redtail.

NOR

NOR. conjunct. [no or.]
1. A particle marking the second or subsequent branch of a
negative proposition; correlative to neither or not.
I neither love, nor fear thee. Shakespeare.
Neither love will twine, nor hay. Marvel.
2. Two negatives are sometimes joined, but ill.
Mine eyes,
Which I have darted at thee, hurt thee not;
Nor, I am sure there is no force in eyes
That can do hurt. Shakespeare's As you like it.
3. Neither is sometimes included in nor, but not elegantly.
Pow'r, disgrace, nor death could ought divert
Thy glorious tongue thus to reveal thy heart. Daniel.
Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there;
A new Achilles shall in arms appear. Dryden.
4. Nor is sometimes used in the first branch for neither.
Idle nymph, I pray thee, be
Modest, and not follow me,
I nor love myself, nor thee. Ben. Johnson.


Nor did they not perceive their evil plight,
Or the fierce pains not feel Milton.
But how perplext, alas! is human fate?
I whom nor avarice, nor pleasures move;
Yet must myself be made a slave to love. Walsh.

NORTH. n. s. [north, Saxon.] The point opposite to the
sun in the meridian.
More unconstant than the wind; who wooes
Ev'n now the frozen bosom of the north;
And being anger'd puffs away from thence,
Turning his face to the dew dropping south. Shakes.
The tyrannous breathing of the north,
Shakes all our buds from blowing. Shakes. Cymb.
Fierce Boreas issues forth
T' invade th' frozen waggon of the north. Dryd.

NORTH. adj. Northern; being in the north.
This shall be your north border from the great sea to mount
Hor. Num. xxxiv. 7.

NORTHEA’ST. n. s. [noordeast, Dutch.] The point between
the north and east.
The inferiour sea towards the southeast, the Ionian to­
wards the south, and the Adriatick on the northeast side,
were commanded by three different nations. Arbuthnot.

NO’RTHERLY. adj. [from north.] Being towards the north.
The northerly and southerly winds, commonly esteemed
the causes of cold and warm weather, are really the effects
of the cold or warmth of the atmosphere. Derham.

NO’RTHERN. adj. [from north.] Being in the north.
Proud northern lord, Clifford of Cumberland. Shakes.
If we erect a red-hot wire until it cool, and then hang it
up with wax and untwisted silk, where the lower end which
cooled next the earth doth rest, that is the northern point.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

NORTHSTA’R. n. s. [north and star.] The polestar; the lode­
star.
If her breath were as terrible as her terminations, there
were no living near her, she would infect to the northstar.
Shakespeare's M. Ad. Ab.

NO’RTHWARD. adj. [north and weard, Saxon.] Being to­
wards the north.

NO’RTHWARD. adv. [north and weard, Saxon.] Towards
the north.

NO’RTHWARDS. adv. [north and weard, Saxon.] Towards
the north.
Mislike me not for my complexion,
The shadow'd livery of the burnish'd sun.
Bring me the fairest creature northward born,
Where Phœbus' fire scarce thaws the icicles,
And prove whose blood is reddest. Shakespeare.
Going northward aloof, as long as they had any doubt of
being pursued, at last they crossed the ocean to Spain. Bacon.
Northward beyond the mountains we will go,
Where rocks lie cover'd with eternal snow. Dryden.
A close prisoner in a room, twenty foot square, being at
the north side of his chamber, is at liberty to walk twenty
foot southward, not walk twenty foot northward. Locke.

NORTHWE’ST. n. s. [north and west.] The point between the
north and west.
The bathing places that they may remain under the sun
until evening, he exposeth unto the summer setting, that is
northwest. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

NORTHWI’ND. n. s. [north and wind.] The wind that blows
from the north.
The clouds were fled,
Driven by a keen northwind. Milton.
When the fierce northwind, with his airy forces
Rears up the Baltick to a foaming fury. Watts.

NOS

NOSE. n. s. [nœse, nosa, Saxon.]
1. The prominence on the face, which is the organ of scent
and the emunctory of the brain.
Down with the nose,
Take the bridge quite away
Of him that, his particular to foresend,
Smells from the gen'ral weal. Shakes. Timon of Athens.
Nose of Turks and Tartars lips. Shakes. Macbeth.
Our decrees,
Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead;
And liberty plucks justice by the nose. Sha. M. of Ven.
There can be no reason given why a visage somewhat
longer, or a nose flatter, could not have consisted with such
a soul. Locke.
Poetry takes me up so entirely, that I scarce see what
passes under my nose. Pope's Letters.
2. The end of any thing.
The lungs are as bellows, the aspera arteria is the nose of
the bellows, or as a channel in the sound board of an organ.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
3. Scent; sagacity.
We are not offended with a dog for a better nose than his
master. Collier on Envy.
4. To lead by the NOSE. To drag by force: as, a bear by his
ring. To lead blindly.
Tho' authority be a stubborn bear,
Yet he is oft led by the nose with gold. Sha. W. Tale.
In suits which a man doth not understand, it is good to
refer them to some friend, but let him chuse well his refe­
rendaries, else he may be led by the nose. Bacon.
That some occult design doth lie
In bloody cynarctomachy,
Is plain enough to him that knows,
How saints lead brothers by the nose. Hudibras, p. i.
This is the method of all popular shams, when the mul­
titude are to be led by the noses into a fool's paradise. L'Est.
5. To thrust one's NOSE into the affairs of others. To be med­
dling with other people's matters; to be a busy body.
6. To put one's NOSE out of joint. To put one out in the affec­
tions of another.

To NOSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To scent; to smell.
Nose him as you go up the stairs. Shakes. Hamlet.
2. To face; to oppose.

To NOSE. v. n. To look big; to bluster.
Adult'rous Anthony
Gives his potent regiment to a trull
That noses it against us. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.

NOSE’BLEED. n. s. [nose and bleed.] A kind of herb.

NO’SEGAY. n. s. [nose and gay.] A posie; a bunch of flowers.
She hath made me four and twenty nosegays for the shearers.
Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Ariel sought
The close recesses of the virgin's thought;
As on the nosegay in her breast reclin'd,
He watch'd th' ideas rising in her mind. Pope.
Get you gone in the country to dress up nosegays for a holy­
day. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

NO’SELESS. adj. [from nose.] Wanting a nose; deprived of
the nose.
Mangled Myrmidons,
Noseless, and handless, hackt and chipt, come to him. Sha.

NOSE’SMART. n. s. [nose and smart.] The herb cresses.

NO’SLE. n. s. [from nose.] The extremity of a thing: as, the
nosle of a pair of bellows.

NO’SOLOGY. n. s. [??s?? and ?????.] Doctrine of diseases.

NOSOPOE’TICK. adj. [??s?? and p????.] Producing diseases.
The qualities of the air are nosopoetick; that is, have a
pow'r of producing diseases. Arbuthnot on Air.

NO’STRIL. n. s. [nose and thrl, a hole, Saxon.] The ca­
vity in the nose.
Turn then my freshest reputation to
A savour that may strike the dullest nostril. Shakesp.
Stinks which the nostrils straight abhor, are not the most
pernicious. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
He form'd thee, Adam, and in thy nostrils breath'd
The breath of life. Milton's P. Lost, b. vii.
The secondary action subsisteth not alone, but in conco­
mitancy with the other; so the nostrils are useful both
for respiration and smelling, but the principal use is smelling.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
These ripe fruits recreate the nostrils with their aromatick
scent. More's Divine Dialogues.

NO’STRUM. n. s. [Latin.] A medicine not yet made pub­
lick, but remaining in some single hand.
Very extraordinary, and one of his nostrums, let it be writ
upon his monument, Hic jacet auctor hujus argumenti; for no
body ever used it before. Stillingfleet.
What drop or nostrum can this plague remove? Pope.

NOT

NOT. adv. [ne auht, Saxon; niet, Dutch.]
1. The particle of negation, or refusal.
If thou be the world's great parent,
How falls it then that with thy furious fervour
Thou dost afflict as well the not deserver,
As him that doth thy lovely hests despise? Spenser.
His countenance likes me not. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The man held his peace, to wit whether the Lord had
made his journey prosperous or not. Gen. xxiv. 21.
Let each man do as to his fancy seems;
I wait, not I, 'till you have better dreams. Dryden.
This objection hinders not but that the heroic action en­
terprised for the Christian cause, and executed happily, may
be as well executed now as it was of old. Dryden.
Grammar being to teach men not to speak, but to speak
correctly: where rhetoric is not necessary, grammar may be
spared. Locke on Education.
This day, be bread and peace my lot;
All else beneath the sun
Thou know'st if best bestow'd or not,
And let thy will be done. Pope's Universal Prayer.
2. It denotes cessation or extinction. No more.
Thine eyes are upon me, and I am not. Job vii. 8.

NO’TABLE. adj. [notable, Fr. notabils, Latin.] Remarkable;
memorable; observable.
The success of those wars was too notable to be unknown
to your ears; which, it seems, all worthy same hath glory to
come unto. Sidney, b. ii.


The same is notified in the notable places of the diocess.
Whitgifte.
In the parliament at Kilkenny, many notable laws were
enacted, which shew, for the law doth best discover enor­
mities, how much the English colonies were corrupted.
Davics on Ireland.
Two young men appeared notable in strength, excellent in
beauty, and comely in apparel. 2 Mac. iii. 26.
They bore two or three charges from the horse with not­
able courage, and without being broken Clarendon.
Both armies lay still without any notable action, for the
space of ten days. Clarendon, b. viii.
Varro's aviary is still so famous, that it is reckoned for
one of those notables which men of foreign nations record.
Addison.
Cæsar, whose great sagacity and conduct put his success
as much out of the power of chance as human reason could
well do, yet upon occasion of a notable experiment, that
had like to have lost him his whole army at Dyrrachium,
tells us the power of it in his commentaries. South's Serm.
It is impossible but a man must have first passed this notable
stage, and got his conscience thoroughly debauched and
hardened, before he can arrive to the height of sin. South.
2. Careful; bustling, in contempt and irony.
This absolute monarch was as notable a guardian of the
fortunes, as of the lives of his subjects. When any man
grew rich, to keep him from being dangerous to the state, he
sent for all his goods. Addison's Freeholder, No. 10.

NO’TABLENESS. n. s. [from notable.] Appearance of business;
importance. In contempt.

NO’TABLY. adv. [from notable.]
1. Memorably; remarkably.
This we see notably proved, in that the oft polling of
hedges conduces much to their lasting. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. With consequence; with shew of importance; ironically.
Mention the king of Spain or Poland, and he talks very
notably; but if you go out of the gazette, you drop him.
Addison's Spectator, No. 105.

NO’TARIAL. adj. [from notary.] Taken by a notary.
It may be called an authentick writing, though not a pub­
lick instrument, through want of a notarial evidence. Alyliffe.

NO’TARY. n. s. [notaire, Fr. from notarius, Latin.] An officer
whose business it is to take notes of any thing which may
concern the publick.
There is a declaration made to have that very book, and
no other set abroad, wherein their present authorised notaries
do write those things fully and only, which being written and
there read, are by their own open testimony acknowledged
to be their own. Hooker.
Go with me to a notary, seal me there
Your bond. Shakes. M. of Venice.
One of those with him, being a notary, made an entry of
this act. Bacon's New Atlantis.
So I but your recorder am in this,
Or mouth and speaker of the universe,
A ministerial notary; for 'tis
Not I, but you and fame that make this verse. Donne.
They have in each province, intendants and notaries. Temp.

NOTA’TION. n. s. [notatio, Latin.]
1. The act or practice of recording any thing by marks: as,
by figures or letters.
Notation teaches how to describe any number by certain
notes and characters, and to declare the value thereof being
so described, and that is by degrees and periods. Cocker.
2. Meaning; signification.
A foundation being primarily of use in architecture, hath
no other literal notation but what belongs to it in relation to
a building. Hammond.
Conscience, according to the very notation of the word,
imports a double knowledge; one of a divine law, and the
other of a man's own action; and so is properly the applica­
tion of a general law, to a particular instance of practice.
South's Sermons.

NOTCH. n. s. [nocchia, Italian.] A nick; a hollow cut in
any thing.
The convex work is composed of black and citrin pieces
in the margin, of a pyramidal figure appositely set, and with
transverse notches. Grew's Muscum.
From his rug the skew'r he takes,
And on the stick ten equal notches makes:
There take my tally of ten thousand pound. Swift.
He shew'd a comma ne'er could claim
A place in any British name;
Yet making here a perfect botch,
Thrusts your poor vowel from his notch. Swift.

TO NOTCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut in small hol­
lows.
He was too hard for him directly: before Corioli, he
scotcht him and notcht him like a carbonado. Shakesp.
The convex work is composed of black and citrin pieces,
cancellated and transversely notched. Grew's Musœum.
From him whose quills stand quiver'd at his ear,
To him who notches sticks at Westminster. Pope.

NOTCHWEE’D. n. s. [notch and weed.] An herb called orach.

NOTE. [for ne note.] May not.
Ne let him then admire,
But yield his sense to be too blunt and base,
That note without an hound fine footing trace. Fairy Q.

NOTE. n. s. [nota, Lat. notte, Fr.]
1. Mark; token.
Whosoever appertain to the visible body of the church,
they have also the notes of external profession whereby the
world knoweth what they are. Hooker, b. iii.
2. Notice; heed.
Give order to my servants that they take
No note at all of our being absent hence. Shakesp.
I will bestow some precepts on this virgin,
Worthy the note. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
3. Reputation; consequence.
Divers men of note have been brought over into England. Abbot's Description of the World.
Andronicus and Junia are of note among the apostles. Rom. xvi. 7.
As for metals, authors of good note assure us, that even
they have been observed to grow. Boyle.
4. Reproach; stigma.
The more to aggravate the note,
With a soul traytor's name stuff I thy throat. Shakesp.
5. Account; information; intelligence.
She that from Naples
Can have no note; unless the sun were post,
The man i'th' moon's too slow. Shakesp. Tempest.
In suits of favour, the first coming ought to take little
place; so far forth consideration may be had of his trust,
that if intelligence of the matter could not otherwise have
been had but by him, advantage be not taken of the note,
but the party left to his other means, and in some sort re­
compensed for his discovery. Bacon, Essay 49.
6. Tune; voice.
These are the notes wherewith are drawn from the hearts
of the multitude so many sighs; with these tunes their minds
are exasperated against the lawful guides and governors of
their souls. Hooker, b. iv.
The wakeful bird tunes her nocturnal note. Milton.
I now must change those notes to tragick. Milton.
You that can tune your sounding strings so well,
Of ladies beauties and of love to tell;
Once change your note, and let your lute report
The justest grief that ever touch'd the court. Waller.
One common note on either lyre did strike,
And knaves and fools we both abhorr'd alike. Dryden.
7. Single sound in musick.
From harmony, from heavenly harmony!
This universal frame began:
From harmony to harmony,
Thro' all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in man. Dryden.
8. State of being observed.
Small matters come with great commendation, because
they are continually in use and in note; whereas the occasion
of any great virtue cometh but on festivals. Bacon.
9. Short hint; small paper.
He will'd me
In heedfull'st reservation to bestow them,
As notes whose faculties inclusive were,
More than they were in note. Shakespeare.
In the body's prison so she lies,
As through the body's windows she must look,
Her divers pow'rs of sense to exercise,
By gath'ring notes out of the world's great book. Davies.
10. Abbreviation; symbol.
Contract it into a narrow compass by short notes and ab­
breviations. Baker on Learning.
11. A small letter.
A hollow cane within her hand she brought,
But in the concave had inclos'd a note. Dryden.
12. Written paper.
I cannot get over the prejudice of taking some little of­
fence at the clergy, for perpetually reading their sermons;
perhaps my frequent hearing of foreigners, who never make
use of notes, may have added to my disgust. Swift.
13. A paper given in confession of a debt.
His note will go farther than my bond. John Bull.
14. Explanatory annotation.
The best writers have been perplexed with notes, and ob­
scured with illustrations. Felton on the Classicks.

NO’TEBOOK. n. s. [note and book.] A book in which notes
and memorandums are set down.
Calsius all his faults observ'd;
Set in a notebook, learn'd, and conn'd by note,
To cast into my teeth. Shakesp. J. Cæsar.

To NOTE. v. a. [note, Latin; noter, French.]


1. To observe; to remark; to heed; to attend; to take no­
tice of.
The fool hath much pined away.
No more of that, I have noted it well. Shakes. K. Lear.
If much you note him,
You shall offend him. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I began to note
The stormy Hyadcs, the rainy goat. Addis. Ovid.
Wandring from clime to clime, observant stray'd,
Their manners noted, and their states survey'd. Pope.
2. To deliver; to set down.
Saint Augustin speaking of devout men, noteth how they
daily frequented the church, how attentive ear they gave
unto the lessons and chapters read. Hooker, b. v.
Note it in a book, that it may be for ever and ever. Is. xxx. 8.
3. To charge with a crime.
Sine veste Dianam, agrees better with Livia, who had the
fame of chastity, than with either of the Julia's, who were
both noted of incontinency. Dryden.
4. [In musick.] To set down the notes of a tune.

NO’TED. part. adj. [from note.] Remarkable; eminent; ce­
lebrated.
A noted chymist procured a privilege, that none but he
should vend a spirit. Boyle.
Justinian's laws, if we may believe a noted author, have
not the force of laws in France or Holland. Baker.

NO’TER. n. s. [from note.] He who takes notice.

NO’THING. n. s. [no and thing; nothing, Scottish.]
1. Negation of being; nonentity; universal negation; opposed
to something.
It is most certain, that there never could be nothing. For,
if there could have been an instant, wherein there was no­
thing, then either nothing made something, or something
made itself; and so was, and acted, before it was. But if
there never could be nothing; then there is, and was, a be­
ing of necessity, without any beginning. Grew's Cos.
We do not create the world from nothing and by nothing;
we assert an eternal God to have been the efficient cause of
it. Bentley's Serm.
This nothing is taken either in a vulgar or philosophical
sense; so we say there is nothing in the cup in a vulgar sense,
when we mean there is no liquor in it; but we cannot say
there is nothing in the cup, in a strict philosophical sense,
while there is air in it. Watts's Logick.
2. Nonexistence.
Mighty states characterless are grated
To dusty nothing. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
3. Not any thing; no particular thing.
There shall nothing die. Ex. ix. 4.
Yet had his aspect nothing of severe,
But such a face as promis'd him sincere. Dryden.
Philosophy wholly speculative, is barren and produces no­
thing but vain ideas. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Nothing at all was done, while any thing remained un­
done. Addison on the War.
4. No other thing.
Nothing but a steady resolution brought to practice; God's
grace used, his commandments obeyed, and his pardon
begged; nothing but this will intitle you to God's acceptance.
Wakes's Prep. for Death.
Words are made to declare something; where they are,
by those who pretend to instruct, otherwise used, they con­
ceal indecd something; but that which they conceal, is no­
thing but the ignorance, error, or sophistry of the talker,
for there is, in truth, nothing else under them. Locke.
5. No quantity or degree.
The report which the troops of horse make, would add
nothing of courage to their fellows. Clarendon.
6. No importance; no use; no value.
The outward shew of churches, draws the rude people to
the reverencing and frequenting thereof, whatever some of
our late too nice scols say, there is nothing in the seemly form
of the church. Spenser's Ireland.
Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of naught.
Isaiah xli. 24.
7. No possession or fortune.
A most homely shepherd; a man that from very nothing
is grown into an unspeakable estate. Shak. W. Tale.
8. No difficulty; no trouble.
We are industrious to preserve our bodies from slavery,
but we make nothing of suffering our souls to be slaves to our
lusts. Ray on the Creation.
9. A thing of no proportion.
The charge of making the ground, and otherwise is great,
but nothing to the profit. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
10. Trifle; something of no consideration or importance.
I had rather have one scratch my head i'th' sun,
When the alarum were struck, than idly sit
To hear my nothings monster'd. Shakespeare's Cor.
My dear nothings, take your leave,
No longer must you me deceive,
'Tis nothing, says the fool; but says the friend,
This nothing, Sir, will bring you to your end.
Do I not see your dropsy-belly swell? Dryden.
That period includes more than a hundred sentences that
might be writ to express multiplication of nothings, and all
the fatiguing perpetual business of having no business to do.
Pope’s Letters.
11. Nothing has a kind of adverbial signification. In no de­
gree; not at all.
Who will make me a liar, and make my speech nothing
worth? Job xxiv. 25.
Auria nothing dismayed with the greatness of the Turks'
fleet, still kept on his course. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
But Adam with such counsel nothing sway'd. Milton.

NO’THINGNESS. n. s. [from nothing.]
1. Nihility; nonexistence.
His art did express
A quintessence even from nothingness,
From dull privations, and lean emptiness. Donne.
2. Nothing; thing of no value.
I a nothingness in deed and name,
Did scorn to hurt his forfeit carcase. Hudibras, p. i.

NO’TICE. n. s. [notice, French; notitia, Latin.]
1. Remark; heed; observation; regard.
The thing to be regarded in taking notice of a child's mis­
carriage is, what root it springs from. Locke.
This is done with little notice: very quick the actions of
the mind are performed. Locke.
How ready is envy to mingle with the notices which we
take of other persons! Watts.
2. Information; intelligence given or received.
I have given him notice, that the duke of Cornwal and his
dutchess will be here. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

NOTIFICA’TIONS. n. s. [notification, F. from notify.] Act of
making known; representation by marks or symbols.
Four or five torches elevated or depressed out of their or­
der, either in breadth or longways, may, by agreement, give
great variety of notifications. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To NO’TIFY. v. a. [notifier, Fr. notifico, Latin.] To declare;
to make known; to publish.
There are other kind of laws, which notify the will of
God. Hooker, b. ii. s. 2.
The same is notified in the notablest places of the whole
diocess. Whitgifte.
Good and evil operate upon the mind of man, by those
respective appellations by which they are notified and conveyed
to the mind. South's Serm.
This solar month is by civil sanction notified in authentic
calendars the chief measure of the year: a kind of standard
by which we measure time. Holder.

NO’TION. n. s. [notion, Fr. notio, Latin.]
1. Thought; representation of any thing formed by the mind;
idea; image; conception.
Many actions are punished by law, that are acts of in­
gratitude; but this is merely accidental to them, as they are
such acts; for if they were punished properly under that no­
tion, and upon that account, the punishment would equally
reach all actions of the same kind. South's Serm.
The fiction of some beings which are not in nature; se­
cond notions, as the logicians call them, has been founded
on the conjunction of two natures, which have a real sepa­
rate being. Dryden's State of Innocence.
What hath been generally agreed on, I content myself to
assume under the notion of principles, in order to what I have
farther to write. Newt. Opt.
There is nothing made a more common subject of discourse
than nature and it's laws; and yet few agree in their notions
about these words. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
That notion of hunger, cold, sound, colour, thought,
wish, or fear, which is in the mind, is called the idea of
hunger, cold, sound, wish, &c. Watts's Logick.
2. Sentiment; opinion.
God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares,
And not molest us; unless we ourselves
Seek them with wand'ring thoughts and notions vain. Milt.
It would be incredible to a man who has never been in
France, should one relate the extravagant notion they enter­
tain of themselves, and the mean opinion they have of their
neighbours. Addison's Freeholder, No. 30.
Sensual wits they were, who, it is probable, took pleasure
in ridiculing the notion of a life to come. Atterbury.
3. Sense; understanding; intellectual power. This sense is
frequent in Shakespeare, but not in use.
His notion weakens, his discernings
Are lethargy'd Shakespeare's K. Lear.
So told, as earthly notion can receive. Milt. P. Lost.

NO’TIONAL. adj. [from notion.]
1. Imaginary; ideal; intellectual; subsisting only in idea;
visionary; fantastical.
The general and indefinite contemplations and notions,
of the elements and their conjugations, of the influences of


heaven, are to be set aside, being but notional and ill-limited;
and definite axioms are to be drawn out of measured instances.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 835.
Happiness, object of that waking dream
Which we call life, mistaking; fugitive theme
Of my pursuing verse, ideal shade,
Notional good, by fancy only made. Prior.
We must be wary, lest we ascribe any real subsistence or
personality to this nature or chance; for it is merely a no­
tional and imaginary thing; an abstract universal, which is
properly nothing; a conception of our own making, occa­
sioned by our reflecting upon the settled course of things;
denoting only thus much, that all those bodies move and act
according to their essential properties, without any consci­
ousness or intention of so doing. Bentley's Serm.
2. Dealing in ideas, not realities.
The most forward notional dictators sit down in a content­
ed ignorance. Glanv. Sceps. c. xx.

NOTIONA’LITY. n. s. [from notional.] Empty, ungrounded
opinion. A word not in use.
I aimed at the advance of science, by discrediting empty
and talkative notionality. Glanv. to Albius.

NO’TIONALLY. adv. [from notional.] In idea; mentally; in
our conception, though not in reality.
The whole rational nature of man consists of two facul­
ties, understanding and will, whether really or notionally dis­
tinct, I shall not dispute. Norris's Miscel.

NOTORI’ETY. n. s. [notorieté, Fr. from notorious.] Publick know­
ledge; publick exposure.
We see what a multitude of pagan testimonies may be
produced for all those remarkable passages: and indeed of
several, that more than answer your expectation, as they
were not subjects in their own nature so exposed to publick
notoriety. Addison on Christ. Relig.

NOTO’RIOUS. adj. [notorius, Lat. notoire, Fr.] Publickly known;
evident to the world; apparent; not hidden. It is commonly
used of things known to their disadvantage; whence by those
who do not know the true signification of the word, an atro­
cious crime is called a notorious crime, whether publick or
secret.
What need you make such ado in cloaking a matter too
notorious. Whitgifte.
The goodness of your intercepted packets
You writ to the pope against the king; your goodness,
Since you provoke me, shall be most notorious. Shakes.
I shall have law in Ephesus,
To your notorious shame. Shakes. Com. Err.
In the time of king Edward III. the impediments of the
conquest of Ireland are notorious. Davies.
What notorious vice is there that doth not blemish a man's
reputation? Tillotson.
The inhabitants of Naples have been always very noto­
rious for leading a life of laziness and pleasure, which arises
partly out of the plenty of their country, and partly out
of the temper of their climate. Addison on Italy.
The bishops have procured some small advancement of
rents; although it be notorious that they do not receive the
third penny of the real value. Swift's Miscell.

NOTO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from notorious.] Publickly; evidently;
openly.
The exposing himself notoriously, did sometimes change
the fortune of the day. Clarendon, b. viii.
This is notoriously discoverable in some differences of brake
or fern. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
Ovid tells us, that the cause was notoriously known at Rome,
though it be left so obscure to after ages. Dryden.
Should the genius of a nation be more fixed in govern­
ment, than in morals, learning, and complexion; which do
all notoriously vary in every age. Swift.

NOTO’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from notorious.] Publick fame; no­
toriety.

To NOTT. v. a. To shear. Ains.

NO’TWHEAT. n. s. [not and wheat.]
Of wheat there are two sorts; French, which is bearded,
and requireth the best soil, and notwheat, so termed because
it is unbearded, being contented with a meaner earth. Carew.

NOTWITHSTA’NDING. conj. [This word, though in confor­
mity to other writers called here a conjunction, is properly
a participal adjective, as it is compounded of not and with­
standing, and answers exactly to the Latin non obstante; it
is most properly and analogically used in the ablative case
absolute with a noun; as, he is rich notwithstanding his
loss; it is not so proper to say, he is rich notwithstanding
he has lost much; yet this mode of writing is too frequent,
Addison has used it: but when a sentence follows, it is more
grammatical to insert that; as, he is rich notwithstanding that
he has lost much. When notwithstanding is used absolutely,
the expression is elliptical, this or that being understood, as
in the following passages of Hooker.]
1. Without hindrance or obstruction from.
Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures, were
so transported that their gratitude made them, notwithstand­
ing his prohibition, proclaim the wonders he had done for
them. Decay of Piety.
2. Although. This use is not proper.
A person languishing under an ill habit of body, may lose
several ounces of blood, notwithstanding it will weaken him
for a time, in order to put a new ferment into the remain­
ing mass, and draw into it fresh supplies. Addison.
3. Nevertheless; however.
They which honour the law as an image of the wisdom of
God himself, are notwithstanding to know that the same had an
end in Christ. Hooker, b. iv.
The knowledge is small, which we have on earth con­
cerning things that are done in heaven: notwithstanding this
much we know even of saints in heaven, that they pray.
Hooker, b. v. s. 23.
He hath a tear for pity, and a hand
Open as day, for melting charity:
Yet notwithstanding, being incens'd, he's flint;
As humourous as winter. Shakes. Henry IV.

NO’TUS. n. s. [Latin.] The southwind.
With adverse blast upturns them from the south,
Notus and Afer black, with thund'rous clouds
From Sierra Liona. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

NOVA’TION. n. s. [novatio, Latin.] The introduction of some­
thing new.

NOVATOR. n. s. [Latin.] The introducer of something new.

NO’VEL. adj. [novellus, Latin; nouvelle, French.]
1. New; not ancient; not used of old; unusual.
The Presbyterians are exacters of submission to their no­
vel injunctions, before they are stamped with the authority
of laws. King Charles.
It is no novel usurpation, but though void of other title,
has the prescription of many ages. Decay of Piety.
2. [In the civil law.] Appendant to the code, and of later enac­
tion.
By the novel constitutions, burial may not be denied to
any one. Ayliffe's Parergon.

NO’VEL. n. s. [nouvelle, French.]
1. A small tale, generally of love.
Nothing of a foreign nature; like the trifling novels which
Ariosto inserted in his poems. Dryden.
Her mangl'd same in barb'rous pastime lost,
The coxcomb's novel and the drunkard's toast. Prior.
2. A law annexed to the code.
By the civil law, no one was to be ordained a presbyter
till he was thirty-five years of age: though by a later novel
it was sufficient, if he was above thirty. Ayliffe's Par.

NO’VELIST. n. s. [from novel.]
1. Innovator; assertor of novelty.
Telesius, who hath renewed the philosophy of Parmenides,
is the best of novelists. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 69.
Aristotle rose,
Who nature's secrets to the world did teach,
Yet that great soul our novelists impeach. Denham.
The fooleries of some affected novelist have discredited new
discoveries. Glanv. Sceps.
2. A writer of novels.

NO’VELTY. n. s. [nouveauté, French.] Newness; state of be­
ing unknown to former times.
They which do nothing but that which men of account
did before them, are, although they do amiss, yet the less
faulty, because they are not the authors of harm: and do­
ing well, their actions are freed from prejudice or novelty.
Hooker, b. v. s. 7.
Novelty is only in request; and it is dangerous to be
aged in any kind of course. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
As religion entertains our speculations with great objects,
so it entertains them with new; and novelty is the great pa­
rent of pleasure; upon which account it is that men are so
much pleased with variety. South's Sermons.

NOVE’MBER. n. s. [Latin.] The eleventh month of the
year, or the ninth reckoned from March, which was, when
the Romans named the months, accounted the first.
November is drawn in a garment of changeable green, and
black upon his head. Peacham on Drawing.

NO’VENARY. n. s. [novenarius, Latin.] Number of nine;
nine collectively.
Ptolomy by parts and numbers implieth climacterical
years; that is, septenaries and novenaries. Brown's V. Err.
Looking upon them as in their original differences and
combinations, and as selected out of a natural stock of nine
quaternions, or four novenaries, their nature and differences
lie most obvious to be understood. Holder.

NOVERCAL. adj. [nivercalis, from noverca, Latin.] Having
the manner of a stepmother; beseeming a stepmother.
When the whole tribe of birds by incubation, produce
their young, it is a wonderful deviation, that some few fa­
milies should do it in a more novercal way. Derham.

NOU

NOUGHT. n. s. [ne auht, not any thing, Saxon; as therefore
we write aught not ought for any thing, we should, according to


to analogy, write naught not naught, for nothing; but a cus­
tom has irreversibly prevailed of using naught for bad, and
nought for nothing.]
1. Not any thing; nothing.
In young Rinaldo fierce desires he spy'd,
And noble heart, of rest impatient,
To wealth or sovereign power he nought apply'd. Fairfax.
Who cannot see this palpable device?
Yet who so bold, but says he sees it not?
Bad is the world, and it will come to nought,
When such ill dealings must be seen in thought. Shakes.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth ev'ry passion;
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With ev'ry gale and vary of their masters,
As knowing nought, like dogs, but following. Shakes.
Ye are of nothing, and your work of nought. Is. xli. 24.
Be frustrate all ye stratagems of hell,
And devilish machinations come to nought. Par. Reg.
2. To set at nought; not to value; to flight; to scorn; to dis­
regard.
Ye have set at nought all my counsel, and would none of
my reproof. Prov. i. 25.

NO’VICE. n. s. [novice, French; novitius, Latin.]
1. One not acquainted with any thing; a fresh-man; one in
the rudiments of any knowledge.
Triple-twin'd whore! 'tis thou
Hast sold me to this novice. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
Brave plantagenet,
That princely novice was struck dead by thee. Shakesp.
Bring me to the sight of Isabella,
A novice of this place. Shakes. Measure for Meas.
You are novices; 'tis a world to see
How tame, when men and women are alone,
A meacock wretch can make the curstest shrew. Shakes.
We have novices and apprentices, that the succession of
the former employed men do not fail. Bacon.
If any unexperienced young novice happens into the fatal
neighbourhood of such pests, presently they are plying his
full purse and his empty pate. South's Sermons.
I am young, a novice in the trade,
The fool of love, unpractis'd to persuade;
And want the soothing arts that catch the fair,
But caught myself lie struggling in the snare.
And she I love, or laughs at all my pain,
Or knows her worth too well, and pays me with disdain. Dry.
In these experiments I have set down such circumstances
by which either the phenomenon might be rendered more
conspicuous, or a novice might more easily try them, or by
which I did try them only. Newt. Opt.
2. One who has entered a religious house, but not yet taken
the vow.

NO’VITIATE. n. s. [noviciat, French.]
1. The state of a novice; the time in which the rudiments are
learned.
This is so great a masterpiece in sin, that he must have
passed his tyrocinium or novitiate in sinning, before he come
to this, be he never so quick a proficient. South's Sermons.
2. The time spent in a religious house, by way of trial, before
the vow is taken.

NO’VITY. n. s. [novitas, Latin.] Newness; novelty.
Some conceive she might not yet be certain, that only
man was privileged with speech, and being in the novity of
the creation and unexperience of all things, might not be
affrighted to hear a serpent speak. Brown's V. Err.

NOUL. The crown of the head. See NOLL. Spenser.

NOULD. Ne would; would not. Spenser.

NOUN. n. s. [nom, French; nomen, Latin.] The name of
any thing in grammar.
A noun is the name of a thing, whether substance, mode
or relation, which in speech is used to signify the same when
there is occasion to affirm or deny any thing about it, or to
express any relation it has in discourse to any other thing.
Clarke's Lat. Grammar.
Thou hast men about thee, that usually talk of a noun
and a verb, and such abominable words as no christian ear
can endure to hear. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
The boy, who scarce has paid his entrance down,
To his proud pedant, or declin'd a noun. Dryden.

To NOU’RISH. v. a. [nourrir, French; nutrio, Latin.]
1. To encrease or support by food, or aliment of any kind.
He planteth an ash, and the rain doth nourish it. Is. xliv. 14.
Thro' her nourish'd powers enlarg'd by thee,
She springs aloft. Thomson's Summer.
2. To support; to maintain.
Whilst I in Ireland nourish a mighty band,
I will stir up in England some black storm. Shakespeare.
Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her
own son. Acts vii. 21.
3. To encourage; to foment.
What madness was it with such proofs to nourish their con­
tentions, when there were such effectual means to end all
controversy? Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion. Shakes.
Gorgias hired soldiers, and nourished war continually with
the Jews. 2 Mac. x. 14.
4. To train, or educate.
Thou shalt be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished
up in the words of faith. 1 Tim. iv. 6.
I travel not, neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring
up virgins. Is. xxiii. 4.
5. To promote growth or strength, as food.
In vegetables there is one part more nourishing than
another; as grains and roots nourish more than their leaves.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 45.

To NOU’RISH. v. n. To gain nourishment. Unusual.
Fruit trees grow full of moss, which is caused partly by
the coldness of the ground, whereby the parts nourish less.
Bacon's Natural History, No. 544.

NOU’RISHABLE. adj. [from nourish.] Susceptive of nourish­
ment.
The chyle is mixed herewith, partly for its better con­
version into blood, and partly for its more ready adhesion to
all the nourishable parts. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 5.

NOU’RISHER. n. s. [from nourish.] The person or thing that
nourishes.
Sleep, chief nourisher in life's feast. Shakespeare.
A restorer of thy life, and a nourisher of thine old age.
Ruth iv. 15.
Milk warm from the cow is a great nourisher, and a good
remedy in consumptions. Bacon's Nat. History.
Bran and swine's dung laid up together to rot, is a very
great nourisher and comforter to a fruit tree. Bacon.
Please to taste
These bounties, which our nourisher hath caus'd
The earth to yield. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.

NOU’RISHMENT. n. s. [nourissement, French.]
1. That which is given or received, in order to the support or
encrease of growth or strength; food; sustenance; nutri­
ment.
When the nourishment grows unfit to be assimilated, or the
central heat grows too feeble to assimilate it, the motion ends
in confusion, putrefaction, and death. Newt. Opt.
2. Nutrition; support of strength.
By temperance taught,
In what thou eat'st and drink'st; seeking from thence
Due nourishment, no gluttonous delight. Milt. Par. Lost.
3. Sustentation; supply of things needful.
He instructeth them, that as in the one place they use to
refresh their bodies, so they may in the other learn to seek
the nourishment of their souls. Hooker, b. v.

NO’URSLING. n. s. The nurse; the nursling. Spenser.

NOU’RITURE. n. s. [nourriture, French: this was afterwards
contracted to nurture.] Education; institution.
Thither the great magician Merlin came,
As was his use, oftimes to visit me;
For he had charge my discipline to frame,
And tutors nouriture to oversee. Fairy Queen, b. i.

To NOU’SEL. v. a. [The same I believe with nuzzel, and
both, in their original import, corrupted from nursle.] To
nurse up.
Bald friars and knavish shavelings sought to nousel the com­
mon people in ignorance, lest being once acquainted with
the truth of things, they would in time smell out the un­
truth of their packed pelf and masspenny religion. Spens.

To NOU’SEL. v. a. [nuzzle, noozle, noose.] To entrap; en­
snare; as in a noose or trap. They nuzzle hogs to prevent
their digging.

NOW

NOW. adv. [nu, Sax. nun, Germ.]
1. At this time; at the time present.
Thy servants trade hath been about cattle, from our youth
even until now. Gen. xlvi. 34.
The Lord shall raise him up a king over Israel that day:
but what? evennow. 1 Kings xiv. 14.
Refer all the actions of this short and dying life to that
state which will shortly begin, but never have an end; and
this will approve itself to be wisdom at last, whatever the
world judge of it now. Tillotson.
Now that languages abound with words standing for such
combinations, an usual way of getting these complex ideas,
is by the explication of those terms that stand for them. Locke.
2. A little while ago.
Now the blood of twenty thousand men
Did triumph in my face, and they are fled. Shakes.
How frail our passions!
They that but now for honour and for plate,
Made the sea blush, with blood resign their hate. Waller.
3. At one time or respect; at another time.
Now high, now low, now master up, now miss. Pope.
4. It is sometimes a particle of connection, like the French or,
and Latin autem; as, if this be true, he is guilty; now this
is true, therefore he is guilty.
Now whatsoever he did or suffered, the end thereof was


to open the doors of the kingdom of heaven, which our ini­
quities had shut up. Hooker, b. v. s. 44.
He seeks their hate with greater devotion than they can
render it him. Now to affect the malice of the people, is
as bad as that which he dislikes, to flatter them. Shakes.
Then cried they all again, saying, not this man but Ba­
rabbas; now Barabbas was a robber. St. John.
Now by these numbers he implieth climacterical years. Bro.
Pheasants which are granivorous birds, the young live
mostly upon ants eggs. Now birds, being of a hot nature,
are very voracious, therefore there had need be an infinite
number of insects produced for their sustenance. Ray.
The other great and undoing mischief which befals men,
is by their being misrepresented. Now by calling evil good,
a man is misrepresented to others in the way of slander and
detraction. South's Sermons.
Helim bethought himself, that the first day of the full
moon of the month Tizpa, was near at hand. Now it is a
received tradition among the Persians, that the souls of the
royal family, who are in a state of bliss, do, on the first full
moon after their decease, pass through the eastern gate of
the black palace. Addison's Guardian.
The praise of doing well
Is to the ear, as ointment to the smell.
Now if some flies, perchance, however small
Into the alabaster urn should fall,
The odours die. Prior.
The only motives that can be imagined of obedience to
laws, are either the value and certainty of rewards, or an
apprehension of justice and severity. Now neither of these,
exclusive of the other, is the true principle of our obedience
to God. Rogers, Serm. 1.
A human body a forming in such a fluid in any imaginable
posture, will never be reconcilable to this hydrostatical law.
There will be always something lighter beneath, and some­
thing heavier above. Now what can make the heavier particles
of bone ascend above the lighter ones of flesh, or depress
these below those, against the tendency of their own nature.
Bentley's Sermons.
5. After this; since things are so, in familiar speech.
How shall any man distinguish now betwixt a parasite and
a man of honour, where hypocrisy and interest look so like
duty and affection? L'Estrange.
6. Now and then; at one time and another uncertainly. This
word means, with regard to time, what is meant by here
and there, with respect to place.
Now and then they ground themselves on human authority,
even when they most pretend divine. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
Now and then something of extraordinary, that is any
thing of your production, is requisite to refresh your cha­
racter. Dryden.
A most effectual argument against spontaneous generation
is, that there are no new species produced, which would now
and then happen, were there any such thing. Ray.
He who resolves to walk by the gospel rule of forbearing
all revenge, will have opportunities every now and then to
exercise his forgiving temper. Atterbury.
They now and then appear in the offices of religion, and
avoid some scandalous enormities. Rogers, Serm. 13.

NOW. n. s. Present moment.
Nothing is there to come, and nothing past,
But an eternal now does ever last. Cowley.
She vanish'd, we can scarcely say she dy'd,
For but a now did heav'n and earth divide:
This moment perfect health, the next was death. Dryden.
Not less ev'n in this despicable now,
Than when my name fill'd Asrick with affrights. Dryden.

NOWADAYS. adv. [This word, though common and used by
the best writers, is perhaps barbarous.] In the present age.
Not so great as it was wont of yore,
It's nowadays, ne half so straight and sore. Hubberd.
Reason and love keep little company together nowadays.
Shakespeare's Midsummer's N. Dream.
It was a vestal and a virgin fire, and differed as much from
that which pastes by this name nowadays, as the vital heat
from the burning of a fever. South's Sermons.
Such are those principles, which by reason of the bold
cavils of perverse and unreasonable men, we are nowadays
put to defend. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
What men of spirit nowadays,
Come to give sober judgment of new plays. Garrick's Ep.

NO’WED. adj. [neué, French.] Knotted; inwreathed.
Reuben is conceived to bear three barres waved, Judah a
lion rampant, Dan a serpent nowed. Brown's V. Err.

NOWES. n. s. [from nou, old French.] The marriage knot.
Out of use.
Thou shalt look round about and see
Thousands of crown'd souls throng to be
Themselves thy crown, sons of thy nowes;
The virgin births with which thy spouse
Made fruitful thy fair soul. Crashaw.

NO’WHERE. adv. [no and where.] Not in any place.
Some men, of whom we think very reverendly, have in
their books and writings nowhere mentioned or taught that
such things should be in the church. Hooker, b. ii.
True pleasure and perfect freedom are nowhere to be found
but in the practice of virtue. Tillotson, Serm. 28.

NO’WISE. n. s. [no and wise: this is commonly spoken and
written by ignorant barbarians, noways.] Not in any man­
ner or degree.
A power of natural gravitation, without contact or im­
pulse, can in nowise be attributed to mere matter. Bentley.

NO’XIOUS. adj. [noxius, Latin.]
1. Hurtful; harmful; baneful; mischievous; destructive; per­
nicioas; unwholsome.
Preparation and correction, is not only by addition of
other bodies, but separation of noxious parts from their own.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
Kill noxious creatures, where 'tis sin to save,
This only just prerogative we have. Dryden.
See pale Orion sheds unwholsome dews,
Arise, the pines a noxious shade diffuse;
Sharp Boreas blows, and nature feels decay,
Time conquers all, and we must time obey. Pope.
Too frequent an appearance in places of much resort,
is noxious to spiritual promotions. Swift's Miscell.
2. Guilty; criminal.
Those who are noxious in the eye of the law, are justly
punished by them to whom the execution of the law is com­
mitted. Bramhall against Hubbs.

NO’XIOUSNESS. n. s. [from noxious.] Hurtfulness; insalubrity.
The writers of politicks have warned us of the noxiousness
of this doctrine to all civil governments, which the christian
religion is very far from disturbing. Hammend.

NO’XIOUSLY. adv. [from noxious.] Hurtfully; perniciously.

NO’ZLE. n. s. [from nose.] The nose; the snout; the end.
It is nothing but a paultry old sconce, with the nozle broke
off. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

To NU’BBLE. v. a. To bruise with handy cuffs. Ains.

NU’BIFEROUS. adj. [nubifer, Latin.] Bringing clouds. Dict.

To NU’BILATE. v. a. [nubilo, Latin.] To cloud. Dict.

NU’BILE. adj. [nubile, Fr. nubilis, Latin.] Marriageable; fit
for marriage.
The cowslip smiles, in brighter yellow drest,
Than that which veils the nubile virgin's breast. Prior.

NU’CIFEROUS. adj. [nuces and fero, Latin.] Nutbearing. Dict.

NU’CLEUS. n. s. [Latin.] A kernel; any thing about which
matter is gathered or conglobated.
The crusts are each in all parts nearly of the same thick­
ness, their figure suited to the nucleus, and the outer surface
of the stone exactly of the same form with that of the nu­
cleus. Woodward on Fossils.

NU’DATION. n. s. [nudation nudo, Latin.] The act of making
bare or naked.

NU’DITY. n. s. [nudité, Fr. nudus, Latin.] Naked parts.
There are no such licences permitted in poetry any more
than in painting, to design and colour obscence nudities. Dryd.

NU’EL. See NEWEL.

NUGA’CITY. n. s. [nugacis, Latin.] Futility; trifling talk or
behaviour.

NUGA’TION. n. s. [nugor, Latin.] The act or practice of
trifling.
The received opinion, that putrefaction is caused either by
cold, or peregrine and preternatural heat, is but nugation.
Bacon's Natural History.

NU’GATORY. adj. [nugatorius, Latin.] Trifling; futile; in­
significant.
Some great men of the last age, before the mechanical
philosophy was revived, were too much addicted to the nu­
gatory art: when occult quality, and sympathy and antipathy
were admitted for satisfactory explications of things. Bentley.

NUI’SANCE. n. s. [nuisance, French.]
1. Something noxious or offensive.
This is the liar's lot, he is accounted a pest and a nuisance;
a person marked out for infamy and scorn. South's Serm.
A wise man who does not assist with his counsels, a rich
man with his charity, and a poor man with his labour, are
perfect nuisances in a commonwealth. Swift's Miscell.
2. [In law.] Something that incommedes the neighbourhood.

NUL

To NULL. v. a. [nullus, Latin.] To annul; to annihilate;
to deprive of efficacy or existence.
Thy fair enchanted cup, and warbling charms,
No more on me have power, their force is null'd. Milt.
Reason hath the power of nulling or governing all other
operations of bodies. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii.

NULL. adj. [nullus, Latin.] Void; of no force; ineffectual.
With what impatience must the muse behold
The wife, by her procuring husband sold?
For tho' the law makes null th' adulterer's deed
Of lands to her, the cuckold may succeed. Dryden.
The pope's confirmation of the church lands to those who
hold them by king Henry's donation, was null and fraudulent.
Swift's Miscell.



NULL. n. s. Something of no power, or no meaning. Marks
in ciphered writing which stand for nothing, and are inserted
only to puzzle, are called nulls.
If part of the people be somewhat in the election, you
cannot make them nulls or ciphers in the privation or tran­
slation. Bacon's War with Spain.

NULLIBI’ETY. n. s. [from nullibi, Latin.] The state of being
nowhere.

To NU’LLIFY. v. a. [from nullus, Latin.] To annul; to
make void.

NU’LLITY. n. s. [nullité, French.]
1. Want of force or efficacy.
It can be no part of my business to overthrow this distinc­
tion, and to shew the nullity of it; which has been solidly
done by most of our polemick writers. South's Sermons.
The jurisdiction is opened by the party, in default of jus­
tice from the ordinary, as by appeals or nullities. Ayliffe.
2. Want of existence.
A hard body struck against another hard body, will yield
an exteriour sound, in so much as if the percussion be over
soft, it may induce a nullity of sound; but never an interiour
sound. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

NUM

NUMB. adj. [benumen, benumbed, Saxon.]
1. Torpid; deprived in a great measure of the power of mo­
tion and sensation; chill; motionless.
Like a stony statue, cold and numb. Shakespeare.
Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb and asleep;
for that the compression of the part suffereth not the spirits
to have free access; and therefore when we come out of it,
we feel a stinging or pricking, which is the re-entrance of
the spirits. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Producing chillness; benumbing,
When we both lay in the field,
Frozen almost to death, how he did lap me
Ev'n in his garments, and did give himself
All thin and naked to the numb cold night. Shakes.

To NUMB. v. a. To make torpid; to make dull of motion
or sensation; to deaden; to stupify.
Bedlam beggars, with roaring voices
Strike in their numb'd and mortify'd bare arms,
Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary;
And with this horrible object, from low farms,
Inforce their charity. Shakes. K. Lear.
She can unlock
The clasping charm, and thaw the numbing spell. Milt.
Plough naked, swain, and naked sow the land,
For lazy winter numbs the lab'ring hand. Dryden.
Nought shall avail
The pleasing song, or well repeated tale,
When the quick spirits their warm march forbear,
And numbing coldness has unbrac'd the ear. Prior.
The fool numbs me like the torpor. Bolingb. to Swift.

NU’MBEDNESS. n. s. [from numbed.] Torpor; interruption of
sensation.
If the nerve be quite divided, the pain is little, only a
kind of stupor or numbedness. Wiseman's Surgery.

To NU’MBER. v. a. [nombrer, French; numero, Latin.]
1. To count; to tell; to reckon how many.
If a man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy
seed also be numbered. Gen. xiii. 16.
Number them by their armies. Numbers i. 3.
I will number you to the sword. Is. lxv. 12.
The gold, the vest, the tripods number'd o'er,
All these he found. Pope's Odyssey, b. 13.
2. To reckon as one of the same kind.
He was numbered with the transfressors, and bare the sin
of many. Is. liii. 12.

NU’MBER. n. s. [nombre, French; numerus, Latin.]
1. The species of quantity by which it is computed how many.
Hye thee, from this slaughter-house,
Lest thou increase the number of the dead. Sha. Rich. III.
The silver, the gold, and the vessels, were weighed by
number and by weight. Ezra viii. 34.
Thou shalt take a few in number, and bind them in thy
skirts. Ezek. v. 3.
There is but one gate for strangers to enter at, that it may
be known what numbers of them are in the town. Addison.
2. Any particular aggregate of units, as even or odd.
This is the third time; I hope good luck lies in odd num­
bers: they say there is divinity in odd numbers, either in na­
tivity, chance, or death. Shakesp. M. W. of Wind.
3. Many; more than one.
Much of that we are to speak may seem to a number per­
haps tedious, perhaps obscure, dark, and intricate. Hooker.
Water lilly hath a root in the ground; and so have a num­
ber of other herbs that grow in ponds. Bacon.
Ladies are always of great use to the party they espouse,
and never fall to win over numbers. Addison.
4. Multitude that may be counted.
Of him came nations and tribes out of number. 2 Esd. iii. 7.
Loud as from numbers without number. Milton.
5. Comparative multitude.
Number itself importeth not much in armies, where the
people are of weak courage: for, as Virgil says, it never
troubles a wolf how many the sheep be. Bacon.
6. Aggregated multitude.
If you will, some few of you shall see the place; and then
you may send for your sick, and the rest of your number,
which ye will bring on land. Bacon's N. Atlantis.
7. Harmony; proportions calculated by number.
They, as they move
Their starry dance in numbers that compute
Days, months, and years, tow'rds his all-chearing lamp,
Turn swift. Milton.
8. Verses; poetry.
Should the muses bid my numbers roll
Strong as their charms. Pope.
9. [In grammar.]
In the noun is the variation or change of termination to
signify a number more than one. When men first invented
names, their application was to single things; but soon find­
ing it necessary to speak of several things of the same kind
together, they found it likewise necessary to vary or alter the
noun. Clark's Lat. Grammar.
How many numbers is in nouns?—
—Two. Shakesp. Merry W. of Windsor.

NU’MBERER. n. s. [from number.] He who numbers.

NU’MBERLESS. adj. [from number.] Innumerable; more than
can be reckoned.
I forgive all;
There cannot be those numberless offences
'Gainst me. Shakespeare.
About his chariot numberless were pour'd
Cherub and seraph. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Deserts so great,
Though numberless, I never shall forget. Denham.
The soul converses with numberless beings of her own crea­
tion. Addison's Spectator, No. 488.
Travels he then a hundred leagues,
And suffers numberless satigues. Swift's Miscell.

NU’MBLES. n. s. [nombles, Fr.] The entrails of a deer. Bailey.

NU’MBNESS. n. s. [from numb.] Torpor; interruption of ac­
tion or sensation; deadness; stupefaction.
Stir, nay, come away;
Bequeath to death your numbness; for from him
Dear life redeems you. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
'Till length of years
And sedentary numbness craze my limbs
To a contemptible old age obscure. Milt. Agon.
Cold numbness strait bereaves
Her corps of sense, and th' air her soul receives. Denham.
Silence is worse than the fiercest and loudest accusations;
since it may proceed from a kind of numbness or stupidity of
conscience, and an absolute dominion obtained by sin over
the soul, so that it shall not so much as dare to complain, or
make a stir. South's Sermons.

NU’MERABLE. adj. [numerabilis, Latin.] Capable to be num­
bered.

NU’MERAL. adj. [numeral, Fr. from numerus, Latin.] Relating
to number; consisting of number.
Some who cannot retain the several combinations of num­
bers in their distinct orders, and the dependence of so long
a train of numeral progresiions, are not able all their life time
regularly to go over any moderate series of numbers. Locke.

NU’MERALLY. adv. [from numeral.] According to number.
The blasts and undulary breaths thereof, maintain no cer­
tainty in their course; nor are they numerally fear'd by na­
vigators. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

NU’MERARY. adj. [numerus, Lat.] Any thing belonging to a
certain number.
A supernumerary canon, when he obtains a prebend, be­
comes a numerary canon. Ayliffe's Parergon.

NUMERA’TION. n. s. [numeration, Fr. numeratio, Latin.]
1. The art of numbering.
Numeration is but still the adding of one unite more, and
giving to the whole a new name or sign, whereby to know
it from those before and after. Locke.
2. Number contained.
In the legs or organs of progression in animals, we may ob­
serve an equality of length, and parity of numeration. Brown.
3. The rule of arithmetick which teaches the notation of num­
bers, and method of reading numbers regularly noted.

NUMERATOR. n. s. [Latin.]
1. He that numbers.
2. [Numerateur, Fr.] That number which serves as the common
measure to others.

NUME’RICAL. adj. [from numerus, Latin.]
1. Numeral; denoting number; pertaining to numbers.
The numerical characters are helps to the memory, to re­
cord and retain the several ideas about which the demonstra­
tion is made. Locke.
2. The same not only in kind or species, but number.
Contemplate upon his astonishing works, particularly in
the resurrection and reparation of the same numerical body,
by a re-union of all the scattered parts. South.



NUME’RICALLY, adv. [from numerical.] Respecting same­
ness in number.
I must think it improbable, that the sulphur of antimony
would be but numerically different from the distilled butter or
oil of roses. Boyle.

NU’MERIST. n. s. [from numerus, Latin.] One that deals in
numbers.
We cannot assign a respective fatality unto each which is
concordant unto the doctrine of the numerists. Brown.

NUMERO’SITY. n. s. [from numerosus, Latin.]
1. Number; the state of being numerous.
Of assertion if numerosity of asserters were a sufficient de­
monstration, we might sit down herein as an unquestion­
able truth. Brown's V. Errours.
2. Harmony; numerous flow.

N’UMEROUS. adj. [numerosus, Latin.]
1. Containing many; consisting of many; not few; many.
Queen Elizabeth was not so much observed for having a
numerous, as a wise council. Bacon.
We reach our foes,
Who now appear so numerous and bold. Waller.
2. Harmonious; consisting of parts rightly numbered; melo­
dious; musical.
Thy heart, no ruder than the rugged stone,
I might, like Orpheus, with my num'rous moan
Melt to compassion. Waller.
His verses are so numerous, so various, and so harmonious,
that only Virgil; whom he professedly imitated, has surpassed
him. Dryden.

NU’MEROUSNESS. n. s. [from numerous.]
1. The quality of being numerous.
2. Harmony; musicalness.
That which will distinguish his style is, the numerousness
of his verse. There is nothing so delicately turned in all the
Roman language. Dryden.

NU’MMARY. adj. [from nummus, Latin.] Relating to money.
The money drachma in process of time decreased; but all
the while the ponderal drachma continued the same, just as
our ponderal libra remains as it was, though the nummary
hath much decreased. Arbuthnot on Coins.

NU’MMULAR. adj. [nummularius, Latin.] Relating to money.
Dict.

NU’MSXULL. n. s. [Probably from numb, dull, torpid, insen­
sible, and skull.]
1. A dullard; a dunce; a dolt; a blockhead.
Or toes and fingers, in this case,
Of Numskulls self should take the place. Prior.
2. The head. In burlesque.
They have talked like numskulls. Arb. and Pope.

NU’MSKULLED. adj. [from numskull.] Dull; stupid; doltish.
Hocus has saved that clod-pated, numskulled, ninnyham­
mer of yours from ruin, and all his family. J. Bull.

NUN. n. s. A woman dedicated to the severer duties of re­
ligion, secluded in a cloister from the world, and debarred
by a vow from the converse of men.
My daughters
Shall be praying nuns, not weeping queens. Shakesp.
The most blooming toast in the island might have been a
nun. Addison's Freeholder, No. 4.
Ev'ry shepherd was undone,
To see her cloister'd like a nun. Swift's Miscell.

NUN. n. s. A kind of bird. Ainsworth.

NU’NCIATURE. n. s. [from nuncio, Latin.] The office of a
nuncio.

NU’NCIO. n. s. [Italian, from nuncio, Latin.]
1. A messenger; one that brings tidings.
She will attend it better in thy youth
Than in a nuncio of more grave aspect. Shakespeare.
They honoured the nuncios of the spring; and we find the
Rhodians had a solemn song to welcome in the swallow. Bro.
2. A kind of spiritual envoy from the pope.
This man was honoured with the character of nuncio
to the Venetions. Atterbury.

NU’NCHION. n. s. A piece of victuals eaten between meals.
Laying by their swords and trunchions,
They took their breakfasts or their nunchions. Hud.

NUNCUPA’TIVE. adj. [nuncupatus, Lat. nuncupatif, Fr.]
Publickly or solemnly declaratory; ver­
bally pronounced.

NUNCUPA’TORY. adj. [nuncupatus, Lat. nuncupatif, Fr.]
Publickly or solemnly declaratory; ver­
bally pronounced.

NU’NDINAL. adj. [nundinal, Fr. from nundinœ, Lat.] Be­
longing to fairs. Dict.

NU’NDINARY. adj. [nundinal, Fr. from nundinœ, Lat.] Be­
longing to fairs. Dict.

NU’NNERY. n. s. [from nun.] A house of nuns; of women
under a vow of chastity, dedicated to the severer duties of
religion.
I put your sister into a nunnery, with a strict command not
to see you, for fear you should have wrought upon her to
have taken the habit. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

NUP

NU’PTIAL. adj. [nuptial, French; nuptialis, Latin.] Per­
taining to marriage; constituting marriage; used or done in
marriage.
Confirm that amity
With nuptial knot, if thou vouchsafe to grant
Bona to England's king. Shakesp.
Because propagation of families proceedeth from the nup­
tial copulation, I desired to know of him what laws and cus­
toms they had concerning marriage. Bacon.
Then all in heat
They light the nuptial torch. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Whoever will partake of God's secrets, must first pare off
whatsoever is amiss, and not eat of this sacrifice with a de­
filed head, nor come to this feast without a nuptial garment.
Taylor.
Fir'd with her love, and with ambition led,
The neighb'ring princes court her nuptial bed. Dryden.
Let our eternal peace be seal'd by this,
With the first ardour of a nuptial kiss. Dryd. Aurengzebe.

NU’PTIALS. n. s. like the Latin without singular. [nuptiæ, Lat.]
Marriage.
This is the triumph of the nuptial day,
My better nuptials, which in spite of fate,
For ever join me to my dear Morat. Dryd. Aurengz.
2. It is in Shakespeare singular, but contrarily to use.
Lift up your countenance, as 'twere the day
Of celebration of that nuptial, which
We two have sworn shall come. Shakes. W. Tale.

NUR

NURSE. n. s. [nourrice, French.]
1. A woman that has the care of another's child.
Unnatural curiosity has taught all women, but the beggar,
to find out nurses, which necessity only ought to commend.
Raleigh's History of the World.
2. A woman that has care of a sick person.
Never master had,
A page so kind, so duteous, diligent,
So seat, so nurse-like. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
One Mrs. Quickly, which is in the manner of his nurse,
or his dry nurse or his cook. Shakes. M. W. of Wind.
3. One who breeds, educates, or protects.
Rome, the nurse of judgment,
Invited by your noble self, hath sent
One general tongue unto us. Shakes. Henry VIII.
We must lose
The country, our dear nurse, or else thy person,
Our comfort in the country. Shakesp. Corlolanus.
4. An old woman in contempt.
Can tales more senseless, ludicrous, and vain,
By winter-fires old nurses entertain? Blackmore.
5. The state of being nursed.
Can wedlock know so great a curse,
As putting husbands out to nurse? Cleaveland.
6. In composition, any thing that supplies food.
Put into your breeding pond three melters for one spawner;
but if into a nurse pond or feeding pond, then no care is to
be taken. Walton's Angler.

To NURSE. v. a. [from the noun, or by contraction from
nourish; nourrir, Fr.]
1. To bring up a child not one's own.
Shall I call a nurse of the Hebrew women, that she may
nurse the child? Ex. ii. 7.
2. To bring up any thing young.
I was nursed in swaddling cloaths with cares. Wisd. vii. 7.
Him in Egerian groves Aricia boer,
And nurs'd his youth along the marshy shore. Dryden.
3. To feed; to keep; to maintain.
Thy daughters shall be nursed at thy side. Is. lx. 4.
The Niseans in their dark abode,
Nurs'd secretly with milk the thriving God. Addison.
4. To tend the sick.
5. To pamper; to foment; to encourage; to soften; to cherish.
And what is strength, but an effect of youth, which if
time nurse, how can it ever cease? Davies.
By what sate has vice so thriven amongst us, and by what
hands been nurs'd up into so uncontrouled a dominion?
Locke on Education.
Our monarchs were acknowledged here,
That they their churches nursing fathers were. Denham.

NU’RSER. n. s. [from nurse.]
1. One that nurses.
See where he lies, inhersed in the arms
Of the most bloody nurser of his harms. Shakesp.
2. A promoter; a fomenter.

NU’RSERY. n. s. [from nurse.]
1. The act or office of nursing.
I lov'd her most, and thought to set my rest
On her kind nursery. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
2. That which is the object of a nurse's care.
She went forth among her fruits and flow'rs,
To visit how they prosper'd, bud and bloom
Her nursery: they at her coming sprung,
And touch'd by her fair tendance gladlier grew. Milton.
3. A plantation of young trees to be transplanted to other ground.
Your nursery of stocks ought to be in a more barren ground
than the ground is whereunto you remove them. Bacon.


My paper is a kind of nursery for authors, and some who
have made a good figure here, will hereafter flourish under
their own names. Addison's Guard.
4. Place where young children are nursed and brought up.
I' th' swathing cloaths, the other from their nursery
Were stol'n. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
You see before you the spectacle of a Plantagenet, who
hath been carried from the nursery to the sanctuary, from the
sanctuary to the direful prison, from the prison to the hand
of the cruel tormentor, and from that hand to the wide wil­
derness; for so the world hath been to me. Bacon.
Forthwith the devil did appear,
Not in the shape in which he plies
At miss's elbow when she lies;
Or stands before the nurs'ry doors,
To take the naughty boy that roars. Prior.
They have public nurseries, where all parents are obliged
to send their infants to be educated. Gull. Trav.
5. The place or state where any thing is fostered or brought up,
from a nursery of children, or whence any thing is to be re­
moved from a nursery of trees.
This keeping of cows is of itself a very idle life, and a
sit nursery for a thief. Spenser on Ireland.
To see fair Padua, nursery of arts,
I am arriv'd from fruitful Lombardy. Shakespeare.
A luxurious court is the nursery of diseases; it breeds them,
it encourages, nourishes, and entertains them. L'Estrange.
A nursery erects its head,
Where queens are form'd and future heroes bred;
Where unfledg'd actors learn to laugh and cry. Dryden.

NU’RSLING. n. s. [from nurse.] One nursed up; a fondling.
Then was she held in sovereign dignity,
And made the nursling of nobility. Spenser.
I was his nursling once, and choice delight,
His destin'd from the womb. Milt. Agonistes.
In their tender nonage, while they spread
Their springing leaves and lift their infant head,
Indulge their childhood, and the nursling spare. Dryden.

NU’RTURE. n. s. [contracted from nourriture, [French.]
1. Food: diet.
For this did th' angel twice descend?
Ordain'd thy nurture holy, as of a plant
Select and sacred. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Education; institution. Little used.
She should take order for bringing up of wards in good
nurture, not suffer them to come into bad hands. Spenser.
The thorny point
Of bare distress, hath ta'en from me the shew
Of smooth civility; yet am I inland bred,
And know some nurture. Shakes. As you like it.

To NU’RTURE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To educate; to train; to bring up.
Thou broughtest it up with thy righteousness, and nur­
turedst it in thy law, and reformedst it with thy judgment.
2 Esdr. viii. 12.
He was nurtured where he had been born in his first ru­
diments, till the years of ten. Wotton.
When an insolent despiser of discipline, nurtured into im­
pudence, shall appear before a church governour, severity and
resolution are that governour's virtues. South.
2. To nurture up; to bring by care and food to maturity.
They suppose mother earth to be a great animal, and
to have nurtured up her young offspring with a conscious
tenderness. Bentley's Serm.

To NU’STLE. v. a. To fondle; to cherish. Corrupted from 
nursle. Ains.

NUT

NUT. n. s. [hnut, Saxon; noot, Dutch; noix, Fr.]
1. The fruit of certain trees; it consists of a kernel covered by
a hard shell. If the shell and kernel are in the center of a
pulpy fruit, they then make not a nut but a stone.
One chanc'd to find a nut
In the end of which a hole was cut,
Which lay upon a hazel-root,
There scatter'd by a squirrel;
Which out the kernel gotten had;
When quoth this Fay, dear queen be glad,
Let Oberon be ne'er so mad,
I'll set you safe from peril. Drayt. Nymphid.
Nuts are hard of digestion, yet possess some good medici­
nal qualities. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A small body with teeth, which correspond with the teeth
of wheels.
The force of this faculty may be more conveniently used
by the multiplication of several wheels, together with nuts
belonging unto each, that are used for the roasting of meat.
Wilkin's Mathem. Magick.
Clocks and jacks, though the screws and teeth of the
wheels and nuts be never so smooth, yet if they be not oiled,
will hardly move. Ray on the Creation.

NU’TBROWN. adj. [nut and brown.] Brown like a nutkept long.
Young and old come forth to play,
Till the live-long daylight fail,
Then to the spicy nutbrown ale. Milton's Poems.
When this nutbrown sword was out,
With stomach huge he laid about. Hudibras, p. i.
Two milk-white kids run frisking by her side,
For which the nutbrown lass, Erithacis,
Full often offer'd many a savoury kiss. Dryden.
King Hardicnute, midst Danes and Saxons stout,
Carous'd in nutbrown ale, and din'd on grout. King.

NU’TCRACKERS. n. s. [nut and crack.] An instrument used
to enclose nuts and break them by pressure.
He cast every human feature out of his countenance, and
became a pair of nutcrackers. Addison's Spectator.

NU’TGALL. n. s. [nut and gall.] Excrescence of an oak.
In vegetable excretions, maggots terminate in flies of con­
stant shapes, as in the nutgalls of the outlandish oak. Brown.

NU’THATCH. n. s. A bird. Ains.

NU’TJOBBER. n. s. A bird. Ains.

NU’TPECKER. n. s. A bird. Ains.

NU’THOOK. n. s. [nut and hook.] A stick with a hook at the
end to pull down boughts that the nuts may be gathered.
Nuthook, Nuthook, you lie. Shakesp. Henry IV.

NU’TMEG. n. s. [nut and muguèt, French.]
The nutmeg is a kernel of a large fruit not unlike the peach,
and separated from that and from its investient coat, the mace
before it is sent over to us; except that the whole fruit is
sometimes sent over in preserve, by way of sweet-meat or
as a curiosity. The nutmeg is of a roundish or oval figure,
of a compact or firm texture, and its surface furrowed: it
is of an extremely agreeable smell and an aromatick taste.
There are two kinds of nutmeg; the male which is long and
cylindrical, but it has less of the fine aromatick flavour than
the female, which is of the shape of an olive. The Dutch
import the nutmegs and mace from the East-Indies, and sup­
ply all Europe with them. The tree which produces them
is not unlike our pear-tree in its manner of growth: its leaves,
whether green or dried, have, when bruised, a very fragrant
smell; and the trunk or branches, cut or broken off, yield
a red liquor like blood. This tree is carefully cultivated.
But that which produces the male nutmeg grows wild in the
mountainous parts of the Moluccas. Nutmeg is much used
in our foods, and is of excellent virtues as a medicine. Hill.
The second a dry and flosculous coat, commonly called
mace; the fourth a kernel included in the shell, which lieth
under the mace, is the same we call nutmeg. Brown's V. Err.
I to my pleasant gardens went,
Where nutmegs breathe a fragrant scent. Sandys.

NU’TSHELL. n. s. [nut and shell.] The hard substance that in­
closes the kernel of the nut.
I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king
of infinite space. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
A fox had me by the back, and a thousand pound to a
nutshell, I had never got off again. L'Estrange.
It seems as easy to me, to have the idea of space empty of
body, as to think of the hollow of a nutshell without a ker­
nel. Locke.

NU’TTREE. n. s. [nut and tree.] A tree that bears nuts; ahazle.
Of trees you shall have the nuttree and the oak. Peacham.
Like beating nuttrees, makes a larger crop. Dryden.

NUTRICA’TION. n. s. [nutricatio, Lat.] Manner of feeding or
being fed.
Besides the teeth, the tongue of this animal is a second
argument to overthrow this airy nutrication. Brown.

NU’TRIMENT. n. s. [nutrimentum, Latin.] That which
feeds or nourishes; food; aliment.
This slave
Has my lord's meat in him,
Why should it thrive and turn to nutriment? Shakesp.
The stomach returns what it has received, in strength and
nutriment, diffused into all the parts of the body. South.
Does not the body thrive and grow,
By food of twenty years ago?
And is not virtue in mankind,
The nutriment that feeds the mind? Swift's Miscell.

NUTRIME’NTAL. adj. [from nutriment.] Having the qualities
of food; alimental.
By virtue of this oil vegetables are nutrimental, for this
oil is extracted by animal digestion as an emulsion. Arb.

NUTRI’TION. n. s. [from nutritio, nutrio, Lat. nutrition, Fr.]
The act or quality of nourishing, supporting strength, or en­
creasing growth.
New parts are added to our substance to supply our con­
tinual decayings; nor can we give a certain account how
the aliment is so prepared for nutrition, or by what mecha­
nism it is so regularly distributed. Glanv. Sceps. c. iii.
The obstruction of the glands of the mesentery is a great
impediment to nutrition; for the lymph in those glands is a
necessary constituent of the aliment before it mixeth with
the blood. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Fix'd like a plant on his peculiar spot,
To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. Pope.



NUTRI’TIOUS. adj. [from natrio, Latin.] Having the quality
of nourishing.
O may'st thou often see
Thy furrows whiten'd by the woolly rain
Nutritious! secret nitre lurks within. Philips.
The heat equal to incubation is only nutritious; and the
nutritious juice itself resembles the white of an egg in all its
qualities. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

NU’TRITIVE. adj. [from nutrio, Latin.] Nourishing; nutri­
mental; alimental.

NU’TRITURE. n. s. [from nutrio, Latin.] The power of
nourishing.
Never make a meal of flesh alone, have some other meat
with it of less nutriture. Harvey on Consump.

NUZ

To NU’ZZLE. v. a. [This word, in its original signification,
seems corrupted from nursle; but when its original meaning
was forgotten, writers supposed it to come from nozzle or nose,
and in that sense used it.]
1. To nurse; to foster.
Old men long nuzzled in corruption, scorning them that
would seek reformation. Sidney.
2. To go with the nose down like a hog.
He charged through an army of lawyers, sometimes with
sword in hand, at other times nuzzling like an cel in the
mud. Arbuthnot's John Bull.
Sir Roger shook his ears, and nuzzled along, well satisfied
that he was doing a charitable work. Arb. J. Bull.
The blessed benefit, not there confin'd,
Drops to the third, who nuzzles close behind. Pope.

NYMPH. n. s. [????; nympha, Lat.]
1. A goddess of the woods, meadows, or waters.
And as the moisture which the thirsty earth
Sucks from the sea, to fill her empty veins,
From out her womb at last doth take a birth,
And runs a nymph along the grassy plains. Davies.
2. A lady. In poetry.
This resolve no mortal dame,
None but those eyes cou'd have o'erthrown;
The nymph I dare not, need not name. Waller.

NYS

NYS. [A corruption of ne is.] None is; not is. Obsolete.
Thou findest fault, where nys to be found,
And buildest strong work upon a weak ground. Spenser.





O

O Has in English a long sound; as, drone, groan, stone,
alone, cloke, broke, coal, droll; or short, got, knot,
shot, prong, long. It is usually denoted long by
a servile a subjoined; as, moan, or by c at the
end of the syllable; as, bone: when these vowels
are not appended, it is generally short, except before ll; as,
droll, scroll, and even then sometimes short; as, loll.
1. O is used as an interjection of wishing or exclamation.
O that we, who have resisted all the designs of his love,
would now try to defeat that of his anger! Decay of Piety.
O! were he present, that his eyes and hands
Might see, and urge, the death which he commands. Dryd.
2. O is used with no great elegance by Shakespeare for a circle
or oval.
Can this cockpit hold
The vasty field of France? or may we cram
Within this wooden O, the very casks
That did affright the air at Agincourt? Shakesp.

OAF. n. s. [This word is variously written; auff, ofe, and
oph; it seems a corruption of ouph, a demon or fairy, in
German alf, from which elf: and means properly the same
with changeling; a foolish child left by malevolent ouphs or
fairies, in the place of one more witty, which they steal
away.]
1. A changeling; a foolish child left by the fairies.
These, when a child haps to be got,
Which after proves an idiot,
When folk perceives it thriveth not,
The fault therein to smother:
Some silly doating brainless calf,
That understands things by the half,
Says that the fairy left this oaf,
And took away the other. Drayt. Nymphid.
2. A dolt; a blockhead; an idiot.

OA’FISH. adj. [from oaf.] Stupid; dull; doltish.

OA’FISHNESS. n. s. [from oafish.] Stupidity; dullness.

OAK

OAK. n. s. [ac, æc, Saxon; which, says Skinner, to shew
how easy it is to play the fool, under a shew of literature
and deep researches, I will, for the diversion of my reader,
derive from ???, a house; the oak being the best timber
for building. Skinner seems to have had Junius in his thoughts,
who on this very word has shewn his usual fondness for Greek
etymology, by a derivation more ridiculous than that by which
Skinner has ridiculed him. Ac or oak, says the grave critick,
signified among the Saxons, like robur among the Latins, not
only an oak but strength, and may be well enough derived,
non incommode deduci potest, from ??, strength; by taking
the three first letters and then sinking the ?, as is not un­
common.]
The oak-tree hath male flowers, or katkins, which consist of
a great number of small slender threads. The embryos, which
produced at remote distances from these on the same tree, do
afterwards become acorns, which are produced in hard scaly
cups: the leaves are sinuated. The species are five. Miller.
He return'd with his brows bound with oak. Shakesp.
He lay along
Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out
Upon the brook that brawls along this wood. Shakesp.
No tree beareth so many bastard fruits as the oak: for be­
sides the acorns, it beareth galls, oak apples, oak nuts, which
are inflammable, and oak berries, sticking close to the body
of the tree without stalk. Bacon's Nat. History.
The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees,
Shoots rising up and spreads by slow degrees:
Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state; and in three more decays. Dry.
An oak growing from a plant to a great tree, and then
lopped, is still the same oak. Locke.
A light earthy, stony, and sparry matter, incrusted and
affixed to oak leaves. Woodward on Foss.
In the days of Homer every grove, river, fountain, and
oak tree, were thought to have their peculiar deities. Odyss.
Let India boast her plants, nor envy we
The weeping amber and the balmy tree,
While by our oaks the precious loads are born,
And realms commanded which those trees adorn. Pope.

OAK. [Evergreen.]
The leaves are, for the most part, indented, or sinuated,
and in some the edges of the leaves are prickly, and are ever­
green: it hath amentaceous flowers, which are produced at
remote distances from the fruit on the same tree: the fruit is
an acorn like the common oak. The wood of this tree is
accounted very good for many sorts of tools and utensils;
and affords the most durable charcoal in the world. Miller.

OAKA’PPLE. n. s. [oak and apple.] A kind of spongy excre­
scence on the oak.
Another kind of excrescence is an exudation of plants
joined with putresaction, as in oakapples, which are found
chiefly upon the leaves of oaks. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

OA’KEN. adj. [from oak.] Made of oak; gathered from oak.
No nation doth equal England for oaken timber wherewith
to build ships. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
By lot from Jove I am the pow'r
Of this fair wood, and live in oaken bow'r. Milton.
Clad in white velvet all their troop they led,
With each an oaken chaplet on his head. Dryden.
An oaken garland to be worn on festivals, was the recom­
pense of one who had covered a citizen in battle. Addison.
He snatched a good tough oaken cudgel, and began to
brandish it. Arbuthnot's J. Bull.

OA’KENPIN. n. s. An apple.
Oakenpin, so called from its hardness, is a lasting fruit,
yields excellent liquor, and is near the nature of the West­
bury apple, though not in form. Mortimer.

OA’KUM. n. s. [A word probably formed by some corruption.]
Cords untwisted and reduced to hemp, with which, mingled
with pitch, leaks are stopped.
They make their oakum, wherewith they chalk the seams
of the ships, of old seer and weather beaten ropes, when they
are over spent and grown so rotten as they serve for no other
use but to make rotten oakum, which moulders and washes
away with every sea as the ships labour and are tossed. Ral.
Some drive old oakum thro' each seam and rift;
Their left hand does the calking-iron guide;
The rattling mallet with the right they lift. Dryden.


OAR

OAR. n. s. [are, Saxon; perhaps by allusion to the common
expression of plowing the water, from the same root with ear,
to plow, aro, Lat.] A long pole with a broad end, by which
vessels are driven in the water, the resistance made by water
to the oar pushing on the vessel.
Th' oars were silver,
Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made
The water which they beat, to follow faster,
As amorous of their strokes. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
So tow'rds a ship the oar-sinn'd gallies ply,
Which wanting sea to ride, or wind to fly,
Stands but to fall reveng'd. Denham's Poems.
In shipping such as this, the Irish kern
And untaught Indian, on the stream did glide,
E'er sharp-keel'd boats to stem the flood did learn,
Or fin-like oars did spread from either side. Dryden.
Its progressive motion may be effected by the help of se­
veral oars, which in the outward ends of them shall be like
the fins of a fish to contract and dilate. Wilkins.

To OAR. v. n. [from the noun.] To row.
He more undaunted on the ruin rode,
And oar'd with labouring arms along the flood. Pope.

To OAR. v. a. To impel by rowing.
His bold head
'Bove the contentious waves he kept, and oar'd
Himself with his good arms in lusty strokes
To th' shore. Shakespeare's Tempest.



OA’RY. adj. [from oar.] Having the form or use of oars.
His hair transforms to down, his fingers meet,
In skinny films, and shape his oary feet. Addison.
The swan with arched neck,
Between her white wings mantling, proudly rows
Her state with oary feet. Milton.

OAST. n. s. A kiln. Not in use.
Empty the binn into a hog-bag, and carry them imme­
diately to the oast or kiln, to be dried. Mortimer.

OATCA’KE. n. s. [oat and cake.] Cake made of the meal of
oats.
Take a blue stone they make haver or oatcakes upon, and
lay it upon the cross bars of iron. Peacham.

OA’TEN. adj. [from oat.] Made of oats; bearing oats.
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws,
And merry larks are ploughmens clocks. Shakesp.

OATH. n. s. [aith, Gothick; ath, Saxon. The distance be­
tween the noun oath, and the verb swear, is very observable,
as it may shew that our oldest dialect is formed from different
languages.] An affirmation, negation, or promise, corrobo­
rated by the attestation of the Divine Being.
Read over Julia's heart, thy first best love,
For whose dear sake thou then did'st rend thy faith
Into a thousand oaths; and all those oaths
Descended into perjury to love me. Shakespeare.
He that strikes the first stroke, I'll run him up to the
hilts as I am a soldier.
—An oath of mickle might; and fury shall abate. Sha.
We have consultations, which inventions shall be published,
which not: and take an oath of secrecy for the concealing of
those which we think fit to keep secret. Bacon.
Those called to any office of trust, are bound by an oath
to the faithful discharge of it: but an oath is an appeal to
God, and therefore can have no influence, except upon those
who believe that he is. Swift.

OA’THABLE. adj. [from oath. A word not used.] Capable
of having an oath administered.
You're not oathable,
Altho' I know you'll swear
Into strong shudders th' immortal gods. Shakespeare.

OATHBREA’KING. n. s. [oath and break.] Perjury; the vio­
lation of an oath.
His oathbreaking he mended thus,
By now forswearing that he is forsworn. Shak. Hen. IV.

OA’TMALT. n. s. [oat and malt.] Malt made of oats.
In Kent they brew with one half oatmalt, and the other
half barleymalt. Mortimer's Husb.

OA’TMEAL. n. s. [oat and meal.] Flower made by grinding
oats.
Oatmeal and butter, outwardly applied, dry the scab on the
head. Arbuthnot on Aliment.
Our neighbours tell me ost, in joking talk,
Of ashes, leather, oatmeal, bran, and chalk. Gay.

OA’TMEAL. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

OATS. n. s. [aten, Saxon.] A grain, which in England is
generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people.
It is of the grass leaved tribe; the flowers have no petals,
and are disposed in a loose panicle: the grain is eatable.
The meal makes tolerable good bread. Miller.
The oats have eaten the horses. Shakespeare.
It is bare mechanism, no otherwise produced than the
turning of a wild oatbeard, by the insinuation of the particles
of moisture. Locke.
For your lean cattle, fodder them with barley straw first,
and the oat straw last. Mortimer's Husbandry.
His horse's allowance of oats and beans, was greater than
the journey required. Swift.

OA’TTHISTLE. n. s. [oat and thistle.] An herb. Ains.

OBAMBULA’TION. n. s. [obambulatio, from obambulo, Latin.]
The act of walking about. Dict.


OBD

To OBDU’CE. v. a. [obduco, Latin.] To draw over as a co­
vering.
No animal exhibits its face in the native colour of its skin
but man; all others are covered with feathers, hair, or a
cortex that is obduced over the cutis. Hale.

OBDUC’TION. n. s. [from obductio, obduco, Latin.] The act
of covering, or laying a cover.

OBDU’RACY. n. s. [from obdurate.] Inflexible wickedness;
impenitence; hardness of heart.
Thou think'st me as far in the Devil's book, as thou and
Falstaff, for obduracy and persistency. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
God may, by a mighty grace, hinder the absolute com­
pletion of sin in final obduracy. South's Serm.

OBDU’RATE. adj. [obduratus, Latin.]
1. Hard of heart; inflexibly obstinate in ill; hardned; impe­
nitent.
Oh! let me teach thee for thy father's sake,
That gave thee life, when well he might have slain thee;
Be not obdurate, open thy deaf ears. Shakespeare.
If when you make your pray'rs,
God should be so obdurate as yourselves,
How would it fare with your departed souls? Shakesp.
Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible;
Thou stern, obdurate, flinty, rough, remorseless. Shakesp.
To convince the proud what signs avail,
Or wonders move th' obdurate to relent;
They harden'd more, by what might more reclaim. Milt.
Obdurate as you are, oh! hear at least
My dying prayers, and grant my last request. Dryden.
2. Hardned; firm; stubborn.
Sometimes the very custom of evil makes the heart obdu­
rate against whatsoever instructions to the contrary. Hooker.
A pleasing sorcery could charm
Pain for a while, or anguish, and excite
Fallacious hope, or arm th' obdurate breast
With stubborn patience, as with triple steel. Milton.
No such thought ever strikes his marble, obdurate heart,
but it presently flies off and rebounds from it. It is impossible
for a man to be thorough-paced in ingratitude, till he has
shook off all fetters of pity and compassion. South.
3. Harsh; rugged.
They joined the most obdurate consonants without one in­
tervening vowel. Swift.

OBDU’RATELY. adv. [from obdurate.] Stubbornly; inflexibly;
impenitently.

OBDU’RATENESS. n. s. [from obdurate.] Stubbornness; in­
flexibility; impenitence.

OBDURA’TION. n. s. [from obdurate.] Hardness of heart;
stubbornness.
What occasion it had given them to think, to their greater
obduration in evil, that through a froward and wanton desire
of innovation, we did constrainedly those things, for which
conscience was pretended? Hooker, b. iv.

OBDU’RED. adj. [obduratus, Latin.] Hardned; inflexible;
impenitent.
This saw his hapless foes, but stood obdur'd,
And to rebellious fight rallied their pow'rs
Insensate. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.


OBE

OBE’DIENCE. n. s. [obedience, Fr. obedientia, Latin.] Obse­
quiousness; submission to authority; compliance with com­
mand or prohibition.
If you violently proceed against him, it would shake in
pieces the heart of his obedience. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
Thy husband
Craves no other tribute at thy hands,
But love, fair looks, and true obedience. Shakesp.
His servants ye are, to whom ye obey, whether of sin
unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness. Rom. vi. 16.
It was both a strange commission, and a strange obedience
to a commission, for men so furiously assailed, to hold their
hands. Bacon's War with Spain.
Nor can this be,
But by fulfilling that which thou didst want,
Obedience to the law of God, impos'd
On penalty of death. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

OBE’DIENT. adj. [obediens, Latin.] Submissive to authority;
compliant with command or prohibition; obsequious.
To this end did I write, that I might know the proof of
you, whether ye be obedient in all things. 2 Cor. ii. 9.
To this her mother's plot
She, seemingly obedient, likewise hath
Made promise. Shakesp. M. W. of Wind.
He humbled himself, and became obedient unto death.
Phil. ii. 8.
Religion hath a good influence upon the people, to make
them obedient to government, and peaceable one towards
another. Tillotson, Serm. 3.
The chief his orders gives; th' obedient band,
With due observance, wait the chief's command. Pope.

OBE’DIENTIAL. adj. [obedientiel, Fr. from obedient.] Accord­
ing to the rule of obedience.
Faith is such as God will accept of, when it affords fidu­
cial reliance on the promises, and obediential submission to the
command. Hammond.
Faith is then perfect, when it produces in us a fiduciary
assent to whatever the gospel has revealed, and an obediential
submission to the commands. Wake's Prep. for Death.

OBE’DIENTLY. adv. [from obedient] With obedience.
We should behave ourselves reverently and obediently to­
wards the Divine Majesty, and justly and charitably towards
men. Tillotson.

OBE’ISANCE. n. s. [obeïsance, Fr. This word is formed by cor­
ruption from abaisance, an act of reverence.] A bow; a cour­
tesy; an act of reverence made by inclination of the body or
knee.
Bartholomew my page,
See drest in all suits like a lady;
Then call him Madam, do him all obeisance. Shakespeare.
Bathsheba bowed and did obeisance unto the king. 1 K. i. 16.


The lords and ladies paid
Their homage, with a low obeisance made;
And seem'd to venerate the sacred shade. Dryden.

O’BELISK. n. s. [obeliscus, Latin.]
1. A magnificent high piece of solid marble, or other fine stone,
having usually four faces, and lessening upwards by degrees,
till it ends in a point like a pyramid. Harris.
Between the statues obelisks were plac'd,
And the learn'd walls with hieroglyphicks grac'd. Pope.
2. A mark of censure in the margin of a book, in the form of
a dagger [&271D;].
He published the translation of the Septuagint, having
compared it with the Hebrew, and noted by afterisks what
was defective, and by obelisks what redundant. Grew.

OBEQUITA’TION. n. s. [from obequito, Latin.] The act of
riding about.

OBERRA’TION. n. s. [from oberro, Latin.] The act of wan­
dering about.

OBESE. adj. [obesus, Latin.] Fat; loaden with flesh.

OBE’SENESS. n. s. [from obese.] Morbid fatness; incum­
brance of flesh.

OBE’SITY. n. s. [from obese.] Morbid fatness; incum­
brance of flesh.
On these many diseases depend; as on the straitness of the
chest, a phthisis; on the largeness of the veins, an atrophy;
on their smallness, obesity. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii.

To OBE’Y. v. a. [obeïr, French; obedio, Latin.]
1. To pay submission to; to comply with, from reverence to
authority.
The will of heav'n
Be done in this and all things! I obey. Shakes. Hen. VIII.
I am asham'd, that women are so simple
To seek for rule, supremacy, and sway,
When they are bound to serve, love, and obey. Shakesp.
Let not sin reign in your mortal body, that ye should obey
it in the lusts thereof. Rom. vi. 12.
Was she thy God, that her thou didst obey,
Before his voice? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Africk and India shall his pow'r obey,
He shall extend his propagated sway
Beyond the solar year, without the starry way. Dryden.
2. It had formerly sometimes to before the person obeyed, which
Addison has mentioned as one of Milton's latinisms; but it is
frequent in old writers; when we borrowed the French word
we borrowed the syntax, obeir au roi.
He commanded the trumpets to sound; to which the two
brave knights obeying, they performed their courses, breaking
their staves. Sidney.
The flit bark, obeying to her mind,
Forth launched quickly, as she did desire. Fairy Q.
His servants ye are, to whom ye obey. Rom. vi. 16.
Nor did they not perceive the evil plight
In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel,
Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd. Milton.


OBJ

O’BJECT. n. s. [objet, Fr. objectum, Latin.]
1. That about which any power or faculty is employed.
Pardon
The flat unrais'd spirit, that hath dar'd,
On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
So great an object. Shakespeare's Henry V.
They are her farthest reaching instrument,
Yet they no beams unto their objects send;
But all the rays are from their objects sent,
And in the eyes with pointed angles end. Davies.
The object of true faith is, either God himself, or the
word of God: God who is believed in, and the word of
God as the rule of faith, or matter to be believed. Hamm.
Those things in ourselves, are the only proper objects of
our zeal, which, in others, are the unquestionable subjects
of our praises. Sprat's Serm.
Truth is the object of our understanding, as good is of the
will. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Something presented to the senses to raise any affection or
emotion in the mind.
Dishonour not your eye
By throwing it on any other object. Shakesp.
Why else this double object in our sight,
Of flight pursu'd in the air, and o'er the ground. Milton.
This passenger felt some degree of concern, at the sight
of so moving an object, and therefore withdrew. Atterbury.
3. [In grammar.] Any thing influenced by somewhat else.
The accusative after a verb transitive, or a sentence in
room thereof, is called, by grammarians, the object of the
verb. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

OBJE’CTGLASS. n. s. Glass remotest from the eye.
An objectglass of a telescope I once mended, by grinding
it on pitch with putty, and leaning easily on it in the grind­
ing, lest the putty should scratch it. Newt. Opt.

To O’BJECT. v. a. [objecter, Fr. objicio, objectum, Latin.]
1. To oppose; to present in opposition.
Flowers growing scattered in divers beds, will shew more
so as that they be object to view at once. Bacon.
Pallas to their eyes
The mist objected, and condens'd the skies. Pope.
2. To propose as a charge criminal; or a reason adverse: with
to or against.
Were it not some kind of blemish to be like unto Infidels
and Heathens, it would not so usually be objected; men would
not think it any advantage in the cause of religion to be able
therewith justly to charge their adversaries. Hooker.
The book requireth due examination, and giveth liberty
to object any crime against any such as are to be ordered.
Whitgifte.
Men in all deliberations find ease to be of the nega­
tive side, and affect a credit to object and foretel difficulties:
for when propositions are denied, there is an end of them;
but if they be allowed, it requireth a new work; which
false point of wisdom is the bane of business. Bacon.
This the adversaries of faith have too much reason to ob­
ject against too many of its professors; but against the faith
itself nothing at all. Sprat's Serm.
It was objected against a late painter, that he drew many
graceful pictures, but few of them were like. Dryden.
Others object the poverty of the nation, and difficulties in
furnishing greater supplies. Addison's State of the War.
There was but this single fault that Erasmus, though an
enemy, could object to him. Atterbury.

OBJE’CTION. n. s. [objection, Fr. objectio, Latin.]
1. The act of presenting any thing in opposition.
2. Criminal charge.
Speak on, Sir,
I dare your worst objections. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. Adverse argument.
There is ever between all estates a secret war. I know
well this speech is the objection and not the decision; and that
it is after refuted. Bacon's War with Spain.
Whosoever makes such objections against an hypothesis,
hath a right to be heard, let his temper and genius be what
it will. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. Fault found.
I have shewn your verses to some, who have made that ob­
jection to them. Walsh's Letter.

O’BJECTIVE. adj. [objectif, Fr. objectus, Latin.]
1. Belonging to the object; contained in the object.
Certainty, according to the schools, is distinguished into
objective and subjective. Objective certainty is when the pro­
position is certainly true in itself; and subjective, when we
are certain of the truth of it. The one is in things, the
other in our minds. Watts's Logick.
2. Made an object; proposed as an object.
If this one small piece of nature still affords new mat­
ter for our discovery, when should we be able to search out
the vast treasuries of objective knowledge that lies within
the compass of the universe? Hale's Origin of Man.

O’BJECTIVELY. adv. [from objective.]
1. In manner of an object.
This may fitly be called a determinate idea, when, such
as it is at any time objectively in the mind, it is annexed, and
without variation determined to an articulate sound, which is
to be steadily the sign of that very same object of the mind.
Locke's Epistle to the Reader.
2. In a state of opposition.
The basilisk should be destroyed, in regard he first re­
ceiveth the rays of his antipathy and venomous emission,
which objectively move his sense. Brown's V. Err.

O’BJECTIVENESS. n. s. [from objective.] The state of being
an object.
Is there such a motion or objectiveness of external bodies,
which produceth light? The faculty of light is fitted to re­
ceive that impression or objectiveness, and that objectiveness
fitted to that faculty. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

OBJE’CTOR. n. s. [from object.] One who offers objections;
one who raises difficulties.
But these objectors must the cause upbraid,
That has not mortal man, immortal made. Blackm.
Let the objectors consider, that these irregularities must have
come from the laws of mechanism. Bentley's Serm.

OBIT. [a corruption of obiit, or obivit.] Funeral obsequies. Ains.

To OBJU’RGATE. v. a. [objurgo, Latin.] To chide; to
reprove.

OBJURCA’TION. n. s. [objurgatio, Lat.] Reproof; reprehen­
sion.
If there be no true liberty, but all things come to pass by
inevitable necessity, then what are all interrogations and objur­
gations, and reprehensions and expostulations? Bramh.

OBJU’RGATORY. adj. [objurgatorius, Latin.] Reprehensory;
culpatory; chiding.


OBL

OBLA’TE. adj. [oblatus, Latin.] Flatted at the poles. Used
of a spheroid.
By gravitation bodies on this globe will press towards its
center, though not exactly thither, by reason of the oblate


spheroidical figure of the earth, arising from its diurnal rota­
tion about its axis. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

OBLA’TION. n. s. [oblation, Fr. oblatus, Latin.] An offering; a
sacrifice; any thing offered as an act of worship or reverence.
With that she looked upon the picture before her, and
straight sighed, and straight tears followed, as if the idol of
duty ought to be honoured with such oblations. Sidney.
Many conceive in this oblation, not a natural but a civil
kind of death, and a separation from the world. Brown.
The will gives worth to the oblation, as to God's accept­
ance, sets the poorest giver upon the same level with the
richest. South's Sermons.
I wish
The kind oblation of a falling tear. Dryden.
Behold the coward, and the brave,
All make oblations at this shrine. Swift's Poems.

OBLECTA’TION. n. s. [oblectatio, Lat.] Delight; pleasure.

To O’BLIGATE. v. a. [obligo, Latin.] To bind by con­
tract or duty.

OBLIGA’TION. n. s. [obligatio, from obligo, Lat. obligation, Fr.]
1. The binding power of any oath, vow, duty; contract.
Your father lost a father;
That father his; and the survivor bound
In filial obligation, for some term,
To do obsequious sorrow. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
There was no means for him as a christian, to satisfy all
obligations both to God and man, but to offer himself for a
mediator of an accord and peace. Bacon's Henry VII.
The better to satisfy this double obligation, you have early
cultivated the genius you have to arms. Dryden.
No ties can bind, that from constraint arise,
Where either's forc'd, all obligation dies. Granvile.
2. An act which binds any man to some performance.
The heir of an obliged person is not bound to make re­
stitution, if the obligation passed only by a personal act; but
if it passed from his person to his estate, then the estate passes
with all its burthen. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
3. Favour by which one is bound to gratitude.
Where is the obligation of any man's making me a present
of what he does not care for himself? L'Estrange.
So quick a sense did the Israelites entertain of the merits
of Gideon, and the obligation he had laid upon them, that
they tender him the regal and hereditary government of that
people. South's Sermons.

O’BLIGATORY. adj. [obligatione, Fr. from obligate.] Imposing
an obligation; binding; coercive; with to or on.
And concerning the lawfulness, not only permissively, but
whether it be not obligatory to Christian princes and states. Bac.
As long as the law is obligatory, so long our obedience is
due. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
A people long used to hardships, look upon themselves as
creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by
a stronger hand, are legal and obligatory: Swift.
If this patent is obligatory on them, it is contrary to acts of
parhament, and therefore void. Swift.

To OBLI’GE. v. a. [obliger, Fr. obligo, Latin.]
1. To bind; to impose obligation; to compel to something.
Religion obliges men to the practice of those virtues which
conduce to the preservation of our health. Tillotson.
The law must oblige in all precepts, or in none. If it
oblige in all, all are to be obeyed; if it oblige in none, it has
no longer the authority of a law. Rogers, Serm. 15.
2. To indebt; to lay obligations of gratitude.
He that depends upon another, must
Oblige his honour with a boundless trust. Waller.
Since love obliges not, I from this hour
Assume the right of man's despotic power. Dryden.
Vain wretched creature, how art thou misled,
To think thy wit these godlike notions bred!
These truths are not the product of thy mind,
But dropt from heav'n, and of a nobler kind:
Reveal'd religion first inform'd thy sight,
And reason saw not, till faith sprung the light.
Thus man by his own strength to heaven wou'd soar,
And wou'd not be oblig'd to God for more. Dryden.
When int'rest calls off all her sneaking train,
When all th' oblig'd desert, and all the vain,
She waits or to the seasfold or the cell. Pope.
To those hills we are obliged for all our metals, and with
them for all the conveniencies and comforts of life. Bentley.
3. To please; to gratify.
A great man gets more by obliging his inseriour, than by
disdaining him; as a man has a greater advantage by sowing
and dressing his ground, than he can have by trampling upon
it. South's Sermons.
Some natures are so sour and so ungrateful, that they are
never to be obliged. L'Estrange.
Happy the people, who preserve their honour
By the same duties that oblige their prince! Add. Cato.

OBLI’GEE. n. s. [from oblige.] The person bound by a legal
or written contract.

OBLI’GEMENT. n. s. [obligement, French.] Obligation.
I will not resist, whatever it is, either of divine or human
obligement, that you lay upon me. Milton's Education.
Let this fair princess but one minute stay,
A look from her will your obligements pay. Dryden.

OBLI’GER. n. s. He who binds by contract.

OBLI’GING. part. adj. [obligeant, Fr. from oblige.] Civil; com­
plaisant; respectful; engaging.
Nothing could be more obliging and respectful than the
lion's letter was, in appearance; but there was death in the
true intent. L'Estrange, Fab. 54.
Monseigneur Strozzi has many curiosities, and is very
obliging to a stranger who desires the sight of them. Addison.
Obliging creatures! make me see
All that disgrac'd my betters, met in me. Pope.
So obliging that he ne'er oblig'd. Pope.

OBLI’GINGLY. adv. [from obliging.] Civilly; complaisantly.
Eugenius informs me very obligingly, that he never thought
he should have disliked any passage in my paper. Addison.
I see her taste each nauseous draught,
And so obligingly am caught;
I bless the hand from whence they came,
Nor dare distort my face for shame. Swift's Miscell.

OBLI’GINGNESS. n. s. [from obliging.]
1. Obligation; force.
They look into them not to weigh the obligingness, but to
quarrel the difficulty of the injunctions: not to direct prac­
tice, but excuse prevarications. Decay of Piety.
2. Civility; complaisance.

OBLIQUA’TION. n. s. [obliquatio, from obliquo, Latin.] Decli­
nation from perpendicularity; obliquity.
The change made by the obliquation of the eyes, is least
in colours of the denfest than in thin substances. Newt. Opt.

OBLI’QUE. adj. [oblique, Fr. obliquus, Latin.]
1. Not direct; not perpendicular; not parallel.
One by his view
Mought deem him born with ill-dispos'd skies,
When oblique Saturn sat in the house of th' agonies. Fairy Q.
If sound be stopped and repercussed, it cometh about on
the other side in an oblique line. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
May they not pity us, condemn'd to bear
The various heav'n of an obliquer sphere;
While by fix'd laws, and with a just return,
They feel twelve hours that shade, for twelve that burn.
Prior.
Bavaria's stars must be accus'd which shone
That fatal day the mighty work was done,
With rays oblique upon the gallic sun. Prior.
It has a direction oblique to that of the former motion.
Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
Criticks form a general character from the observation of
particular errors, taken in their own oblique or imperfect
views; which is as unjust, as to make a judgment of the
beauty of a man's body, from the shade it casts in such and
such a position. Notes on the Odyssey.
2. Not direct. Used of sense.
Has he given the lie
In circle, or oblique, or semicircle,
Or direct parallel; you must challenge him. Shakesp.
3. [In grammar.] Any case in nouns except the nominative.

OBLI’QUELY. adv. [from oblique.]
1. Not directly; not perpendicularly.
Of meridian altitude, it hath but twenty-three degrees,
so that it plays but obliquely upon us, and as the sun doth
about the twenty-third of January. Brown's Vulgar Err.
Declining from the noon of day,
The sun obliquely shoots his burning ray. Po. Ra. Locke.
2. Not in the immediate or direct meaning.
His discourse tends obliquely to the detracting from others,
or the extolling of himself. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.

OBLI’QUENESS. n. s. [olbiquité, Fr. from oblique.]

OBLI’QUITY. n. s. [olbiquité, Fr. from oblique.]
1. Deviation from physical rectitude; deviation from paral­
lelism or perpendicularity.
Which else to several spheres thou must ascribe,
Mov'd contrary with thwart obliquities. Milt. P. Lost.
2. Deviation from moral rectitude.
There is in rectitude, beauty; as contrariwise in obliquity,
deformity. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
Count Rhodophill cut out for government and high affairs,
and balancing all matters in the scales of his high under­
standing, hath rectified all obliquities. Howel's Vocal For.
For a rational creature to conform himself to the will of
God in all things, carries in it a rational rectitude or good­
ness; and to disobey or oppose his will in any thing, imports
a moral obliquity. South's Sermons.

To OBLI’TERATE. v. a. [oblitero, ob and litera, Latin.]
1. To efface any thing written.
2. To wear out; to destroy; to efface.
Wars and desolations obliterate many ancient monuments.
Hae's Origin of Mankind.
Let men consider themselves as ensnared in that unhappy


contract, which has rendered them part of the Devil's pos­
session, and contrive how they may obliterate that reproach,
and disentangle their mortgaged souls. Decay of Piety.
These simple ideas, the understanding can no more refuse
to have, or alter, or blot them out, than a mirrour can re­
fuse, alter, or obliterate the images, which the objects set
before it produce. Locke.

OBLITERA’TION. n. s. [obliteratio, Latin.] Effacement; ex­
tinction.
Considering the casualties of wars, transmigrations, espe­
cially that of the general flood, there might probably be an
obliteration of all those monuments of antiquity that ages pre­
cedent at some time have yielded. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

OBLI’VION. n. s. [obtivio, Latin.]
1. Forgetfulness; cessation of remembrance.
Water-drops have worn the stones of Troy,
And blind oblivion swallow'd cities up,
And mighty states characterless are grated
To dusty nothing. Shakes. Troil. and Cressida.
Thou shouldst have heard many things of worthy memory,
which now shall die in oblivion, and thou return unexperienced
to thy grave. Shakes. Taming of the Shrew.
Knowledge is made by oblivion, and to purchase a clear
and warrantable body of truth, we must forget and part with
much we know. Brown's Vulgar Err. Pref.
Can they imagine, that God has therefore forgot their
sins, because they are not willing to remember them? Or
will they measure his pardon by their own oblivion. South.
Among our crimes oblivion may be set;
But 'tis our king's perfection to forget. Dryden.
2. Amnesty; general pardon of crimes in a state.
By the act of oblivion, all offences against the crown, and
all particular trespasses between subject and subject, were par­
doned, remitted, and utterly extinguished. Davies.

OBLI’VIOUS. adj. [obliviosus, Latin.] Causing forgetfulness.
Raze out the written troubles of the brain,
And with some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The British souls
Exult to see the crouding ghosts descend
Unnumber'd; well aveng'd, they quit the cares
Of mortal life, and drink th' oblivious lake. Philips.
Oh born to see what none can see awake!
Behold the wonders of th' oblivious lake. Pope's Dunc.

OBLO’NG. adj. [oblong, Fr. oblongus, Latin.] Longer than
broad; the same with a rectangle parallelogram, whose sides
are unequal. Harr.
The best figure of a garden I esteem an oblong upon a de­
scent. Temple's Miscell.
Every particle, supposing them globular or not very oblong,
would be above nine million times their own length from any
other particle. Bentley's Sermons.

OBLO’NGLY. adv. [from oblong.] In an oblong direction.
The surface of the temperate climates is larger than it
would have been, had the globe of our earth or of the pla­
nets, been either spherical, or oblongly spheroidical. Cheyne.

OBLO’NGNESS. n. s. [from oblong.] The state of being oblong.

O’BLOQUY. n. s. [obloquor, Lat.]
1. Censorious speech; blame; slander; reproach.
Reasonable moderation hath freed us from being deservedly
subject unto that bitter kind of obloquy, whereby as the church
of Rome doth, under the colour of love towards those things
which be harmless, maintain extremely most hurtful corrup­
tions; so we peradventure might be upbraided, that under
colour of hatred towards those things that are corrupt, we
are on the other side as extreme, even against most harm­
less ordinances. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
Here new aspersions, with new obliquies,
Are laid on old deserts. Daniel's Civil War.
Canst thou with impious obloquy condemn
The just decree of God, pronounc'd and sworn? Milton.
Shall names that made your city the glory of the earth, be
mentioned with obloquy and detraction? Addison.
Every age might perhaps produce one or two true genius,
if they were not sunk under the censure and obloquy of plod­
ding, servile, imitating pedants. Swift.
2. Cause of reproach; disgrace. Not proper.
My chastity's the jewel of our house,
Bequeathed down from many ancestors;
Which were the greatest obloquy i'th' world
In me to lose. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.

OBMUTE’SCENCE. n. s. [from obmutesco, Latin.] Loss of speech.
A vehement fear often produceth obmutescence. Brown.


OBN

OBNO’XIOUS. n. s. [obnoxius, Latin.]
1. Subject.
I propound a character of justice in a middle form, be­
tween the speculative discourses of philosophers, and the
writings of lawyers, which are tied and obnoxious to their
particular laws. Bacon's Holy War.
2. Liable to punishment.
All are obnoxious, and this faulty land,
Like fainting Hester, does before you stand,
Watching your sceptre. Waller.
We know ourselves obnoxious to God's severe justice, and that
he is a God of mercy and hateth sin; and therefore that we
might not have the least suspicion of his unwillingness to for­
give, he hath sent his only begotten son into the world, by
his dismal sufferings and cursed death, to expiate our offences.
Calamy's Sermons.
Thy name, O Varus, if the kinder pow'rs
Preserve our plains, and shield the Mantuan tow'rs,
Obnoxious by Cremona's neighb'ring crime,
The wings of swans, and stronger pinion'd rhyme
Shall raise aloft. Dryd.
3. Liable; exposed.
Long hostility had made their friendship weak in itself,
and more obnoxious to jealousies and distrusts. Hayward.
But what will not ambition and revenge
Descend to? who aspires, must down as low
As high he soar'd; obnoxious first or last,
To basest things. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Beasts lie down,
To dews obnoxious on the grassy floor. Dryden.

OBNO’XIOUSLY. n. s. [from obnoxious.] Subjection; liable­
ness to punishment.

OBNO’XIOUSLY. adv. [from obnoxious.] In a state of subjec­
tion; in the state of one liable to punishment.

To O’BNUBILATE. v. a. [obnubilo, Latin.] To cloud; to
obscure.

O’BOLE. n. s. [obolus, Lat.] In pharmacy, twelve grains. Ains.

OBRE’PTION. n. s. [obreptio, Latin.] The act of creeping on.

To OBRO’GATE. v. a. [obrogo, Lat.] To proclaim a con­
trary law for the dissolution of the former. Dict.


OBS

OBSCE’NE. adj. [obscene, Fr. obscœnus, Latin.]
1. Immodest; not agreeable to chastity of mind; causing lewd
ideas.
Chemos th' obscene dread of Moab's sons. Milton.
Words that were once chaste, by frequent use grow obscene
and uncleanly. Watts's Logick.
2. Offensive; disgusting.
A girdle soul with grease binds his obscene attire. Dryden.
Home as they went, the sad discourse renew'd, 
Of the relentless dame to death pursu'd,
And of the sight obscene so lately view'd. Dryden.
3. Inauspicious; ill omined.
Care shuns thy walks, as at the chearful light
The groaning ghosts, and birds obscene take flight. Dryd.
It is the sun's fate like your's, to be displeasing to owls
and obscene animals, who cannot bear his lustre. Pope's Lett.

OBSCE’NELY. adj. [from obscene.] In an impure and unchaste
manner.

OBSCE’NENESS. n. s. [obscenité, Fr. from obscene.] Impurity of
thought or language; unchastity; lewdness.

OBSCE’NITY. n. s. [obscenité, Fr. from obscene.] Impurity of
thought or language; unchastity; lewdness.
Mr. Cowley asserts plainly, that obscenity has no place in
wit. Dryden.
Those fables were tempered with the Italian severity, and
free from any note of infamy or obsceneness. Dryden.
Thou art wickedly devout,
In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day,
To wash th' obscenities of night away. Dryden.
No pardon vile obscenity should find,
Tho' wit and art conspire to move your mind. Pope.

OBSCURA’TION. n. s. [obscuratio, Lat.]
1. The act of darkening.
As to the sun and moon, their obscuration or change of
colour happens commonly before the cruption of a fiery moun­
tain. Burnet.
2. A state of being darkened.

OBSCU’RE. adj. [obscur, Fr. obscurus, Latin.]
1. Dark; unenlightened; gloomy, hindring sight.
Whoso curseth his father or mother, his lamp shall be put
out in obscure darkness. Prov. xx. 20.
Who shall tempt with wand'ring feet
The dark unbottom'd infinite abyss,
And thro' the palpable obscure find out
His uncouth way? Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Living in the dark.
The obscure bird clamour'd the live-long night. Shakesp.
3. Not easily intelligible; abstruse; difficult.
I explain some of the most obscure passages, and those
which are most necessary to be understood, and this accord­
ing to the manner wherein he used to express himself. Dryd.
4. Not noted; not observable.
He says, that he is an obscure person; one, I suppose, that
is in the dark. Atterbury.

To OBSCU’RE. v. a. [obscuro, Latin.]
1. To darken; to make dark.
Sudden the thunder blackens all the skies,
And the winds whistle, and the surges roll
Mountains on mountains, and obscure the pole. Pope.


2. To make less visible.
They are all counched in a pit hard by Herne's oak, with
obscured lights; which at the very instant of Falstaff's and
our meeting, they will at once display to the night. Shakes.
What must I hold a candle to my shames?
They in themselves, good sooth, are too, too light.
Why, 'tis an office of discovery, love,
And I should be obscur'd. Shakes. M. of Venice.
Thinking by this retirements to obscure himself from God,
he infringed the omnisciency and essential ubiquity of his
maker. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. To make less intelligible.
By private consent it hath been used in dangerous times
to obscure writing, and make it hard to be read by others not
acquainted with the intrigue. Holder.
There is scarce any duty which has been so obscured by the
writings of learned men, as this. Wake.
4. To make less glorious, beautiful, or illustrious.
Think'st thou, vain spirit, thy glories are the same,
And seest not sin obscures thy godlike frame?
I know thee now by thy ungrateful pride,
That shows me what thy faded looks did hide. Dryden.

OBSCU’RELY. adv. [from obscure.]
1. Not brightly; not luminously.
2. Out of sight; privately; without notice; not conspicuously.
Such was the rise of this prodigious fire,
Which in mean buildings first obscurely bred,
From thence did soon to open streets aspire. Dryden.
There live retir'd,
Content thyself to be obscurely good. Addison's Cato.
Let him go, pursued by silent wrath,
Meet unexpected daggers in his way,
And in some distant land obscurely die. Irene.
3. Not clearly; not plainly.

OBSCU’RENESS. n. s. [obscuritas, Lat. obscurité, Fr.]

OBSCU’RITY. n. s. [obscuritas, Lat. obscurité, Fr.]
1. Darkness; want of light.
Lo! a day of darkness and obscurity, tribulation and an­
guish, upon the earth. Esther xi. 8.
Should Cynthia quit thee, Venus, and each star,
It would not form one thought dark as mine are:
I could lend them obscureness now, and say,
Out of myself there should be no more day. Denne.
2. Unnoticed state; privacy.
You are not for obscurity design'd,
But, like the sun, must cheer all human kind. Dryd.
3. Darkness of meaning.
Not to mention that obscureness that attends prophetic rap­
tures, there are divers things knowable by the bare light of
nature, which yet are so uneasy to be satisfactorily understood
by our imperfect intellects, that let them be delivered in the
clearest expressions, the notions themselves will yet appear
obscure. Boyle on Colours.
That this part of sacred scripture had difficulties in it:
many causes of obscurity did readily occur to me. Locke.
What lies beyond our positive idea towards infinity, lies
in obscurity, and has the undeterminate confusion of a nega­
tive idea, wherein I know I do not comprehend all I would,
it being too large for a finite capacity. Locke.

OBSECRA’TION. n. s. [obsecratio, from obsecro, Lat.] Intreaty;
supplication.
That these were comprehended under the sacra, is mani­
fest from the old form of obsecration. Stilling fleet.

OBSE’QUIES. n. s. [obseques, French. I know not whether
this word be not anciently mistaken for exequies, exequiæ,
Latin: this word, however, is apparently derived from ob­
sequium.]
1. Funeral rites; funeral solemnities.
There was Dorilaus valiantly requiting his friends help, in
a great battle deprived of life, his obsequies being not more
solemnized by the tears of his partakers, than the blood of
his enemies. Sidney, b. ii.
Fair Juliet, that with angels dost remain,
Accept this latest favour at my hand;
That living honour'd thee, and being dead,
With fun'ral obsequies adorn thy tomb. Shakesp.
These tears are my sweet Rutland's obsequies. Shakesp.
I spare the widows tears, their woful cries,
And howling at their husbands obsequies;
How Theseus at these fun'rals did assist,
And with what gifts the mourning dames dismist. Dryden.
His body shall be royally interr'd,
I will, myself,
Be the chief mourner at his obsequies. Dryden.
Alas! poor Poll, my Indian talker dies,
Go birds and celebrate his obsequies. Creech.
2. It is sound in the singular, perhaps more properly.
Or tune a song of victory to me,
Or to thyself, sing thine own obsequy. Crashaw.
Him I'll solemnly attend,
With silent obsequy and funeral train,
Home to his father's house. Milton's Agonisles.

OBSE’QUIOUS. adj. [from obsequium, Latin.]
1. Obedient; complaint; not resisting.
Adore not so the rising son, that you forget the father, who
raised you to this height; not be you so obsequious to the fa­
ther, that you give just cause to the son to suspect that you
neglect him. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
At his command th' up-rooted hills retir'd
Each to his place; they heard his voice, and went
Obsequious. Milton's Paradise Lost.
I follow'd her; she what was honour knew,
And with obsequious majesty, approv'd
My pleaded reason. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
A genial cherishing heat acts so upon the fit and obsequi­
ous matter, as to organize and fashion it according to the
exigencies of its own nature. Boyle.
His servants weeping,
Obsequious to his orders, bear him hither. Add. Cato.
The vote of an assembly, which we cannot reconcile to
public good, has been conceived in a private brain, afterwards
supported by an obsequious party. Swift.
2. In Shakespeare it seems to signify, funereal; such as the rites
of funerals require.
Your father lost a father;
That father his; and the surviver bound
In filial obligation, for some term,
To do obsequious sorrow. Shakesp. Hamlet.

OBSE’QUIOUSLY. adv. [from obsequious.]
1. Obediently; with compliance.
They rise, and with respectful awe,
At the word giv'n, obsequiously withdraw. Dryden.
We cannot reasonably expect, that any one should readily
and obsequiously quit his own opinion, and embrace ours with
a blind resignation. Locke.
2. In Shakespeare it signifies, with funeral rites; with reverence
for the dead.
I a while obsequiously lament
The untimely fall of virtuous Lancaster. Shakesp. R. III.

OBSE’QUIOUSNESS. n. s. [from obsequious.] Obedience; com­
pliance.
They apply themselves both to his interest and humour,
with all the arts of flattery and obsequiousness, the surest and
the readiest ways to advance a man. South's Sermons.

OBSE’RVABLE. adj. [from observo, Lat.] Remarkable; emi­
nent; such as may deserve notice.
They do bury their dead with observable ceremonies. Abbot.
These proprieties affixed unto bodies from considerations
deduced from east, west, or those observable points of the
sphere, will not be justified from such foundations. Brown
I took a just account of every observable circumstance of
the earth, stone, metal, or other matter, from the surface
quite down to the bottom of the pit, and entered it carefully
into a journal. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The great and more observable occasions of exercising our
courage, occur but seldom. Rogers.

OBSE’RVABLY. adv. [from observable.] In a manner worthy
of note.
It is prodigious to have thunder in a clear sky, as is ob­
servably recorded in some histories. Brown's Vulgar Err.

OBSE’RVANCE. n. s. [observance, Fr. observo, Latin.]
1. Respect; ceremonial reverence.
In the wood, a league without the town,
Where I did meet thee once with Helena,
To do observance on the morn of May. Shakespeare.
Arcite left his bed, resolv'd to pay
Observance to the mouth of merry May. Dryden.
2. Religious rite.
Some represent to themselves the whole of religion as con­
sisting in a few easy observances, and never lay the least re­
straint on the business or diversions of this life. Rogers.
3. Attentive practice.
Use all th' observance of civility,
Like one well studied in a sad ostent
To please his grandam. Shakesp. M. of Venice.
If the divine laws were proposed to our observance, with
no other motive than the advantages attending it, they would
be little more than an advice. Rogers, Sermon 1.
4. Rule of practice.
There are other strict observances;
As, not to see a woman. Shakesp. L. Labours Lost.
5. Careful obedience.
We must attend our creator in all those ordinances which
he has prescribed to the observance of his church. Rogers.
6. Observation; attention.
There can be no observation or experience of greater cer­
tainty, as to the increase of mankind, than the strict and
vigilant observance of the calculations and registers of the bills
of births and deaths. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
7. Obedient regard.
Having had such experience of his sidelity and observance
abroad, he sound himself engaged in honour to support him.
Warten.


Love rigid honesty
And strict observance of impartial laws. Roscommon.

OBSE’RVANT. adj. [observans, Latin.]
1. Attentive; diligent; watchful.
These writers, which gave themselves to follow and imi­
tate others, were observant sectators of those masters they ad­
mired. Raleigh's History of the World.
Wandring from clime to clime observant stray'd,
Their manners noted, and their states survey'd. Pope.
2. Obedient; respectful.
We are told how observant Alexander was of his master
Aristotle. Digby on the Soul, Dedicat.
3. Respectfully attentive.
She now observant of the parting ray,
Eyes the calm sun-set of thy various day. Pope.
4. Meanly dutiful; submissive.
How could the most base men attain to honour but by
such an observant slavish course Raleigh.

OBSE’RVANT. n. s. [This word has the accent on the first
syllable in Shakespeare.] A slavish attendant. Not in use.
These kind of knaves in this plainness,
Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends,
Than twenty silky ducking observants
That stretch their duties nicely. Shakesp. K. Lear.

OBSERVA’TION. n. s. [observatio, from observo, Lat. observa­
tion, Fr.]
1. The act of observing, noting, or remarking.
These cannot be infused by observation, because they are
the rules by which men take their first apprehensions and
observations of things; as the being of the rule must be be­
fore its application to the thing directed by it. South's Serm.
The rules of our practice are taken from the conduct of
such persons as fall within our observation. Rogers.
2. Notion gained by observing; note; remark; animadversion.
In matters of human prudence, we shall find the greatest
advantage by making wise observations on our conduct, and
of the events attending it. Watts's Logick.

OBSERVA’TOR. n. s. [observateur, Fr. from observo, Lat.] One
that observes; a remarker.
The observator of the bills of mortality, hath given us
the best account of the number that late plagues have swept
away. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
She may be handsome, yet be chaste, you say,—
Good observator, not so fast away. Dryden.

OBSE’RVATORY. n. s. [observatoire, French.] A place built
for astronomical observations.
Another was found near the observatory in Greenwich Park.
Woodward on Fossils.

To OBSE’RVE. v. a. [observer, Fr. observo, Latin.]
1. To watch; to regard attentively.
Remember, that as thine eye observes others, so art thou
observed by angels and by men. Taylor.
2. To find by attention; to note.
If our idea of infinity be got from the power we observe
in ourselves, of repeating without end our own ideas, it may
be demanded why we do not attribute infinity to other ideas,
as well as these of space and duration. Locke.
One may observe them discourse and reason pretty well,
of several other things, before they can tell twenty. Locke.
3. To regard or keep religiously.
A night to be much observed unto the Lord, for bringing
them out of Egypt. Ex. xii. 42.
4. To obey; to follow.

To OBSE’RVE. v. n.
1. To be attentive.
Observing men may form many judgments by the rules of
similitude and proportion, where causes and effects are not
entirely the same. Watts's Logick.
2. To make a remark.
Wherever I have found her notes to be wholly another's,
which is the case in some hundreds, I have barely quoted the
true proprietor, without observing upon it. Pope's Lett.

O’BSERVER. n. s. [from observe.]
1. One who looks vigilantly on persons and things; close remaker.
He reads much;
He is a great observer; and he looks
Quite thro' the deeds of men. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
Angelo,
There is a kind of character in thy life,
That to th' observer doth thy history
Fully unfold. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
Careful observers may foretel the hour,
By sure prognostics when to dread a show'r. Swift.
2. One who looks on; the beholder.
If a slow pac'd star had stol'n away,
From the observer's marking, he might stay
Three hundred years to see't again Donne.
Company, he thinks, lessens the shame of vice, by sharing
it; and therefore, if he cannot wholly avoid the eye of the
observer, he hopes to distract it at least by a multiplicity of
objects. South's Sermons.
3. One who keeps any law or custom or practice.
Many nations are superstitious, and diligent observers of
old customs, which they receive by continual tradition from
their parents, by recording of their bards and chronicles.
Spenser on Ireland.
The king after the victory, as one that had been bred un­
der a devout mother, and was in his nature a great observer
of religious forms, caused Te Deum to be solemnly sung in
the presence of the whole army upon the place. Bacon.
He was so strict an observer of his word, that no conside­
ration whatever could make him break it. Prior.
Himself often read useful discourses to his servants on the
Lord's day, of which he was always a very strict and solemn
observer. Atterbury's Serm.

OBSE’RVINGLY. adv. [from observing.] Attentively; carefully.
There is some soul of goodness in things evil,
Would men observingly distil it out. Shakesp. Henry V.

OBSE’SSION. n. s. [obsessio, Latin.]
1. The act of besiging.
2. The first attack of Satan, antecedent to possession.

OBSI’DIONAL. adj. [obsidionalis, Lat.] Belonging to a siege. Dict.

OBSOLE’TE. adj. [obsoletus, Lat.] Worn out of use; dis­
used; unfashionable.
Obsolete words may be laudably revived, when either they
are more sounding, or more significant than those in practice.
Dryden's Juvenal Ded.
What if there be an old dormant statute or two against
him, are they not now obsolete? Swift.

OBSOLE’TENESS. n. s. [from obsolete.] State of being worn
out of use; unfashionableness.

OBSTA’CLE. n. s. [obstacle, Fr. obstaculum, Lat.] Something
opposed; hindrance; obstruction.
Conscience is a blushing shame-fac'd spirit,
That mutinies in a man's bosom: it fills
One full of obstacles. Shakespeare's Rich. III.
If all obstacles were cut away,
And that my path were even to the crown,
As the ripe reverence and due of birth. Shakes. R. III.
Disparity in age seems a greater obstacle to an intimate
friendship than inequality of fortune: For the humours, bu­
siness, and diversions, of young and old, are generally very
different. Collier on Friendship.
Some conjectures about the formation of sand-stone, the
origin of mountains and islands, I am obliged to look into
that they may not remain as obstacles to the less skilful.
Woodw. Nat. Hist.
What more natural and usual obstacle to those who take
voyages, than winds and storms. Pope.

OBSTETRICA’TION. n. s. [from obstetricor, Lat.] The office
of a midwife.

OBSTE’TRICK. adj. [from obstetrix, Lat.] Midwifish; befit­
ting a midwife; doing the midwife's office.
There all the learn'd shall at the labour stand,
And Douglas lend his soft obstetrick hand. Dunciad, b. iv.

O’BSTINACY. n. s. [obstination, Fr. obstinatio, Lat. from obstinate.]
Stubbornness; contumacy; pertinacy; persistency.
Chusing rather to use all extremities, which might drive
men to desperate obstinacy, than to apply moderate remedies.
King Charles.
Most writers use their words loosely and uncertainly, and
do not make plain and clear deductions of words one from
another, which were not difficult to do, did they not find it
convenient to shelter their ignorance, or obstinacy, under the
obscurity of their terms. Locke.
What crops of wit and honesty appear,
From spleen, from obstinacy, hate or fear. Pope's Ess.

O’BSTINATE. adj. [obstinatus, Lat.] Stubborn; contuma­
cious; fixed in resolution. Absolutely used, it has an ill sense;
but relatively, it is neutral.
The queen is obstinate,
Stubborn to justice, apt t' accuse it, and
Disdainful to be try'd by't. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Yield,
Except you mean with obstinate repulse,
To slay your sov'reign. Shakesp.
I have known great cures done by obstinate resolutions of
drinking no wine. Temple.
Her father did not fail to find
In all she spoke, the greatness of her mind;
Yet thought she was not obstinate to die,
Nor deem'd the death she promis'd was so nigh. Dryden.
Look on Simo's mate;
No ass so meek, no ass so obstinate. Pope's Ep. ii.

O’BSTINATELY. adv. [from obstinate.] Stubbornly; inflexibly;
with unshaken determination.
Pembroke abhorred the war as obstinately, as he loved
hunting and hawking. Clarendon, b. ii.
A Greek made himself their prey,
T'impose on their belief, and Troy betray;
Fix'd on his aim, and obstinately bent
To die undaunted, or to circumvent. Dryden.


Inflexible to ill, and obstinately just. Addison.
My spouse maintains her royal trust,
Tho' tempted chaste, and obstinately just. Pope.

O’BSTINATENESS. n. s. [from obstinate.] Stubbornness.

OBSTIPA’TION. n. s. [from obstipo, Lat.] The act of stop­
ping up any passage.

OBSTRE’PEROUS. adj. [obstreperus, Lat.] Loud; clamorous;
noisy; turbulent; vociferous.
These obstreperous scepticks are the bane of divinity, who
are so full of the spirit of contradiction, that they raise daily
new disputes. Howel's Vocal Forest.
These obstreperous villains shout, and know not for what they
make a noise. Dryden.
The players do not only connive at his obstreperous appro­
bation, but repair at their own cost whatever damages he
makes. Addison's Spectator, No. 235.

OBSTRE’PEROUSLY. adv. [from obstreperous.] Loudly; cla­
morously; noisily.

OBSTRE’PEROUSNESS. n. s. [from obstreperous.] Loudness;
clamour; noise; turbulence.

OBSTRI’CTION. n. s. [from obstrictus, Latin.] Obligation;
bond.
He hath full right t' exempt
Whom so it pleases him by choice,
From national obstriction. Milton's Agonistes.

To OBSTRU’CT. v. a. [obstruo, Lat.]
1. To hinder; to be in the way of; to block up; to bar.
He them beholding, soon
Comes down to see their city, ere the tow'r
Obstruct Heav'n-tow'rs. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Fat people are most subject to weakness in fevers, because
the fat, melted by the feverish heat, obstructs the small canals.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To oppose; to retard.

OBSTRU’CTER. n. s. [from obstruct.] One that hinders or
opposes.

OBSTRU’CTION. n. s. [obstructio, Lat. obstruction, Fr. from ob­
struct.]
1. Hindrance; difficulty.
Sure God by these discoveries did design,
That his clear light thro' all the world should shine;
But the obstruction from that discord springs,
The prince of darkness makes 'twixt Christian kings. Denh.
2. Obstacle; impediment; that which hinders.
All obstructions in parliament, that is, all freedom in differ­
ing in votes, and debating matters with reason and candour,
must be taken away. King Charles.
In his winter quarters the king expected to meet with all
the obstructions and difficulties his enraged enemies could lay
in his way. Clarendon, b. viii.
Whenever a popular assembly free from obstructions, and
already possessed of more power than an equal balance will
allow, shall continue to think that they have not enough, I
cannot see how the same causes can produce different effects
among us, from what they did in Greece and Rome. Swift.
3. [In physick.]
The blocking up of any canal in the human body, so as to
prevent the flowing of any fluid through it, on account of the
increased bulk of that fluid, in proportion to the diameter of
the vessel. Quiney.
4. In Shakespeare it once signifies something heaped together.
Aye but to die, and go we know not where;
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot;
This sensible warm motion to become
A kneaded clod. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.

OBSTRU’CTIVE. adj. [obstructif, Fr. from obstruct.] Hindering;
causing impediment.
Having thus separated this doctrine of God's predetermin­
ing all events from three other things confounded with it, it
will now be discernible how noxious and obstructive this doc­
trine is to the superstructing all good life. Hammond.

OBSTRU’CTIVE. n. s. Impediment; obstacle.
The second obstructive is that of the fiduciary, that faith
is the only instrument of his justification, and excludes good
works from contributing any thing toward it. Hammond.

O’BSTRUENT. adj. [obstruens, Lat.] Hindering; blocking up.

OBSTUPEFA’CTION. n. s. [obstupefacio, Latin.] The act of
inducing stupidity, or interruption of the mental powers.

OBSTUPEFA’CTIVE. adj. [from obstupefacio, Lat.] Obstruct­
ing the mental powers; stupifying.
The force of it is obstupefactive, and no other. Abbot.


OBT

To OBTA’IN. v. a. [obtenir, Fr. obtineo, Latin.]
1. To gain; to acquire; to procure.
May be that I may obtain children by her. Gen. xvi. 2.
We have obtained an inheritance. Eph. i. 11.
Whatever once is denied them, they are certainly not to
obtain by crying. Locke's Education.
The juices of the leaves are obtained by expression, which
is the nutritious juice rendered somewhat more oleaginous.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To impetrate; to gain by the concession or excited kindness
of another.
In such our prayers cannot serve us as means to obtain the
thing we desire. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
By his own blood he entered in once into the holy place,
having obtained eternal redemption for us. Heb. ix. 12.
If they could not be obtained of the proud and crafty ty­
rant, then to conclude peace with him upon any conditions.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
Some pray for riches, riches they obtain;
But watch'd by robbers for their wealth are slain. Dryden.
The conclusion of the story I forbore, because I could not
obtain from myself to shew Absalom unfortunate. Dryden.

To OBTAI’N. v. n.
1. To continue in use.
The Theodosian Code, several hundred years after Jus­
tinian's time, did obtain in the western parts of Europe. Bak.
2. To be established.
Our impious use no longer shall obtain,
Brothers no more, by brothers, shall be slain. Dryden.
The situation of the sun and earth, which the theorist sup­
poses, is so far from being preferable to this which at present
obtains, that this hath infinitely the advantage of it. Woodw.
The general laws of fluidity, elasticity, and gravity, obtain
in animal and inanimate tubes. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
3. To prevail; to succeed.
There is due from the judge to the advocate, some com­
mendation where causes are fair pleaded; especially towards
the side which obtaineth not. Bacon.

OBTA’INABLE. adj. [from obtain.] To be procured.
Spirits which come over in distillations, miscible with wa­
ter, and wholly combustible, are obtainable from plants by
previous fermentation. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

OBTA’INER. n. s. [from obtain.] He who obtains.

To OBTE’MPERATE. v. a. [obtemperer, Fr. obtempero, Lat.] To
obey. Dict.

To OBTE’ND. v. a. [obtendo, Lat.]
1. To oppose; to hold out in opposition.
2. To pretend; to offer as the reason of any thing.
Thou dost with lies the throne invade,
Obtending Heav'n for whate'er ills befal. Dryden.

OBTENEBRA’TION. n. s. [ob and tenebræ, Latin.] Darkness;
the state of being darkened; the act of darkening; cloudiness.
In every megrim or vertigo, there is an obtenebration joined
with a semblance of turning round. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

OBTE’NSION. n. s. [from obtend.] The act of obtending.

To OBTE’ST. v. a. [obtestor, Latin.] To beseech; to sup­
plicate.
Suppliants demand
A truce, with olive branches in their hand;
Obtest his clemency, and from the plain
Beg leave to draw the bodies of their slain. Dryden.

OBTESTA’TION. n. s. [obtestatio, Lat. from obtest.] Supplica­
tion; entreaty.

OBTRECTA’TION. n. s. [obtrecto, Lat.] Slander; detraction;
calumny.

To OBTRU’DE. v. a. [obtrudo, Latin.] To thrust into any
place or state by force or imposture; to offer with unreason­
able importunity.
It is their torment, that the thing they shun doth follow
them, truth, as it were, even obtruding itself into their know­
ledge, and not permitting them to be so ignorant as they
would be. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
There may be as great a vanity in retiring and withdraw­
ing men's conceits from the world, as in obtruding them. Bac.
Some things are easily granted; the rest ought not to be
obtruded upon me with the point of the sword. King Charles.
Who can abide, that against their own doctors six whole
books should, by their fatherhoods of Trent, be under pain
of a curse, imperiously obtruded upon God and his church?
Hall.
Why shouldst thou then obtrude this diligence
In vain, where no acceptance it can find? Milton.
Whatever was not by them thought necessary, must not
by us be obtruded on, or forced into that catalogue. Hamm.
A cause of common error is the credulity of men; that
is, an easy assent to what is obtruded, or believing at first ear
what is delivered by others. Brown's V. Err.
The objects of our senses obtrude their particular ideas upon
our minds, whether we will or no; and the operations of
our minds will not let us be without some obscure notions of
them. Locke.
Whether thy great forefathers came
From realms that bear Vesputio's name;
For so conjectures would obtrude,
And from thy painted skin conclude. Swift.

OBTRU’DER. n. s. [from obtrude.] One that obtrudes.
They will do justice to the inventors or publishers of the
true experiments, as well as upon the obtruders of false ones.
Boyle.



OBTRU’SION. n. s. [from obtrusus, Latin.] The act of ob­
truding.
No man can think it other than the badge and method of
slavery, by savage rudeness and importunate obtrusions of vio­
lence, to have the mist of his errour and passion dispelled.
King Charles.

OBTRU’SIVE. adj. [from obtrude.] Inclined to force one's self
or any thing else, upon others.
Not obvious, not obstrusive, but retir'd
The more desirable. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.

To OBTU’ND. v. a. [obtundo, Latin.] To blunt; to dull; to
quell; to deaden.
Avicen countermands letting blood in cholerick bodies, be­
cause he esteems the blood a bridle of gall, obtunding its
acrimony and fierceness. Harvey on Conump.

OBTURA’TION. n. s. [from obturatus, Lat.] The act of stop­
ping up any thing with something smeared over it.

OBTU’SANGULAR. adj. [from obtuse and angle.] Having angles
larger than right angles.

OBTU’SE. adj. [obtusus, Latin.]
1. Not pointed; not acute.
2. Not quick; dull; stupid.
Thy senses then
Obtuse, all taste of pleasures must forego. Milt. P. Lost.
3. Not shrill; obscure: as, an obtuse sound.

OBTU’SELY. adv. [from obtuse.]
1. Without a point.
2. Dully; stupidly.

OBTU’SENESS. n. s. [from obtuse.] Bluntness; dulness.

OBTU’SION. n. s. [from obtuse.]
1. The act of dulling.
2. The state of being dulled.
Obtusion of the senses, internal and external. Harvey.

OBVE’NTION. n. s. [obvenio, Latin.] Something happening
not constantly and regularly, but uncertainly; incidental ad­
vantage.
When the country grows more rich and better inhabited,
the tythes and other obventions, will also be more augmented
and better valued. Spenser on Ireland.

To OBVE’RT. v. a. [obverto, Lat.] To turn towards.
The laborant with an iron rod stirred the kindled part of
the nitre, that the fire might be more diffused, and more
parts might be obverted to the air. Boyle.
A man can from no place behold, but there will be amongst
innumerable superficieculæ, that look some one way, and some
another, enough of them obverted to his eye to afford a con­
fused idea of light. Boyle on Colours.
An erect cone placed in an horizontal plane, at a great
distance from the eye, we judge to be nothing but a flat circle,
if its base be obverted towards us. Watts's Logick.

To O’BVIATE. v. a. [from obvius, Lat. obvier, Fr.] To meet
in the way; to prevent.
To lay down every thing in its sull light, so as to obviate
all exceptions, and remove every difficulty, would carry me
out too far. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

O’BVIOUS. adj. [obvius, Latin.]
1. Meeting any thing; opposed in front to any thing.
To the evil turn
My obvious breast; arming to overcome
By suffering, and earn rest from labour won. Milton.
2. Open; exposed.
Whether such room in nature unpossest
Only to shine, yet scarce to contribute
Each orb a glimpse of light, convey'd so far
Down to this habitable, which returns
Light back to them, is obvious to dispute. Milton.
3. Easily discovered; plain; evident; easily sound.
Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as th' eye consin'd,
So obvious and so easy to be quench'd? Milton.
Entertain'd with solitude,
Where obvious duty ere while appear'd unsought. Milt.
They are such lights as are only obvious to every man of
sense, who loves poetry and understands it. Dryden.
I am apt to think many words difficult or obscure, which
are obvious to scholars. Swift.
These sentiments, whether they be impressed on the soul,
or arise as obvious reflections of our reason, I call natural, be­
cause they have been found in all ages. Rogers.
All the great lines of our duty are clear and obvious; the
extent of it understood, the obligation acknowledged, and
the wisdom of complying with it freely confessed. Rogers.

O’BVIOUSLY. adv. [from obvious.] Evidently; apparently.
All purely identical propositions obviously and at first blush,
contain no instruction. Locke.

O’BVIOUSNESS. n. s. [from obvious.] State of being evident
or apparent.
Slight experiments are more easily and cheaply tried; I
thought their easiness or obviousness fitter to recommend than
depreciate them. Boyle.


OBU

To OBU’MBRATE. v. a. [obumbro, Lat.] To shade: to cloud
The rays of royal majesty reverberated so strongly upon
Villerio, dispelled all those clouds which did hang over and
obumbrate him. Howel's Vocal Forest.

OBUMBRA’TION. n. s. [from obumbro, Latin.] The act of
darkening or clouding.


OCC

OCCA’SION. n. s. [occasion, Fr. occasio, Lat.]
1. Occurrence; casualty; incident.
The laws of Christ we find rather mentioned by occasion
in the writings of the Apostles, than any solemn thing di­
rectly written to comprehend them in legal sort. Hooker.
2. Opportunity; convenience.
Unweeting, and unware of such mishap,
She brought to mischief through occasion,
Where this same wicked villain did me light upon. Fa. Q.
That woman that cannot make her fault her husband's oc­
casion, let her never nurse her child herself, for she will breed
it like a fool. Shakesp. As you like it.
Because of the money returned in our sacks are we brought
in, that he may seek occasion, fall upon us, and take us for
bondmen. Gen. xliii. 18.
Use not liberty for an occasion. Gal. v. 13.
Let me not let pass
Occasion which now smiles. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ix.
I'll take th' occasion which he gives to bring
Him to his death. Waller.
With a mind as great as theirs he came
To find at home occasion for his fame,
Where dark confusions did the nations hide. Waller.
From this admonition they took only occasion to redouble
their fault, and to sleep again. South.
This one has occasion of observing more than once in se­
veral fragments of antiquity, that are still to be seen in Rome.
Addison on Italy.
3. Accidental cause.
Have you ever heard what was the occasion and first be­
ginning of this custom? Spenser on Ireland.
The fair for whom they strove,
Nor thought, when she beheld the fight from far,
Her beauty was th' occasion of the war. Dryden.
4. Reason not cogent, but opportune.
Your own business calls on you,
And you embrace th' occasion to depart. Shakespeare.
Concerning ideas lodged in the memory, and upon occasion
revived by the mind, it takes notice of them as of a former
impression. Locke.
5. Incidental need; casual exigence.
Never master had
A page so kind, so duteous, diligent,
So tender over his occasions. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Antony will use his affection where it is:
He married but his occasion here. Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.
My occasions have found time to use them toward a supply
of money. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
They who are desirous of a name in painting, should read
with diligence, and make their observations of such things
as they find for their purpose, and of which they may have
occasion. Dryden's Dusresnoy.
Syllogism is made use of on occasion to discover a fallacy
hid in a rhetorical flourish. Locke.
The ancient canons were very well fitted for the occasions
of the church in its purer ages. Baker on Learning.
God hath put us into an imperfect state, where we have
perpetual occasion of each other's assistance. Swift.
A prudent chief not always must display
His pow'rs in equal ranks, and fair array,
But with th' occasion and the place comply,
Conceal his force, nay, seem sometimes to fly. Pope.

To OCCA’SION. v. a. [occasionner, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To cause casually.
Who can find it reasonable that the soul should, in its re­
tirement, during sleep, never light on any of those ideas it
borrowed not from sensation, preserve the memory of no
ideas but such, which being occasioned from the body, must
needs be less natural to a spirit? Locke.
The good Psalmist condemns the foolish thoughts, which
a reflection on the prosperous state of his affairs had some­
times occasioned in him. Atterbury.
2. To cause; to produce.
I doubt not, whether the great encrease of that disease may
not have been occasioned by the custom of much wine in­
troduced into our common tables. Temple.
By its styptic quality it affects the nerves, very often occa­
sioning tremors. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. To influence.
If we enquire what it is that occasions men to make several
combinations of simple ideas into distinct modes, and neg­
lect others which have as much an aptness to be combined,
we shall find the reason to be the end of language. Locke.

OCCA’SIONAL. adj. [occasionel, Fr. from occasion.]
1. Incidental; casual.
Thus much is sufficient out of scripture, to verify our ex­


plication of the deluge, according to the Mosaical history of
the flood, and according to many occasional reflections dispersed
in other places of scripture concerning it. Burnet.
2. Producing by accident.
The ground or occasional original hereof, was the amaze­
ment and sudden silence the unexpected appearance of wolves
does often put upon travellers. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. Produced by occasion or incidental exigence.
Those letters were not writ to all;
Nor first intended but occasional,
Their absent sermons. Dryd. Hind. and Panth.

OCCA’SIONALLY. adv. [from occasional.] According to inci­
dental exigence; incidentally.
Authority and reason on her wait,
As one intended first, not after made
Occasionally. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
I have endeavoured to interweave with the assertions some
of the proofs whereon they depend, and occasionally scatter
several of the more important observations throughout the
work. Woodw. Nat. Hist.

OCCA’SIONER. n. s. [from occasion.] One that causes, or pro­
motes by design or accident.
She with true lamentations made known to the world,
that her new greatness did no way comfort her in respect of
her brother's loss, whom she studied all means possible to
revenge upon every one of the occasioners. Sidney, b. ii.
Some men will load me as if I were a wilful and resolved
occasioner of my own and my subjects miseries. K. Charles.
In case a man dig a pit and leave it open, whereby it
happeneth his neighbour's beast to fall thereinto and perish,
the owner of the pit is to make it good, in as much as he
was the occasioner of that loss to his neighbour. Sanderson.

OCCECA’TION. n. s. [occæcatio, from occæco, Latin.] The act
of blinding or making blind.
Those places speak of obduration and occecation, so as
if the blindness that is in the minds, and hardness that is
in the hearts of wicked men, were from God. Sanderson.

O’CCIDENT. n. s. [from occidens, Latin.] The west.
The envious clouds are bent
To dim his glory, and to stain the tract
Of his bright passage to the occident. Shakes. R. II.

OCCIDE’NTAL. adj. [occidentalis, Latin.] Western.
Ere twice in murk and occidental damp,
Moist Hesperus hath quench'd his sleepy lamp. Shakesp.
If she had not been drained, she might have tiled her pa­
laces with occidental gold and silver. Howel.
East and west have been the obvious conceptions of phi­
losophers, magnifying the condition of India above the set­
ting and occidental climates. Brown's Vulgar Err.

OCCI’DUOUS. adj. [occidens, Latin.] Western.

OCCI’PITAL. adj. [occipitalis, Latin.] Placed in the hinder
part of the head.

O’CCIPUT. n. s. [Latin.] The hinder part of the head.
His broad-brim'd hat
Hangs o'er his occiput most quaintly,
To make the knave appear more saintly. Butler.

OCCI’SION. n. s. [from occisio, Latin.] The act of killing.

To OCCLU’DE. v. a. [occludo, Latin.] To shut up.
They take it up, and roll it upon the earths, whereby
occluding the pores they conserve the natural humidity, and
so prevent corruption. Brown.

OCCLU’SE. adj. [occlusus, Latin.] Shut up; closed.
The appulse is either plenary and occluse, so as to preclude
all passages of breath or voice through the mouth; or else
partial and pervious, so as to give them some passages out
of the mouth. Holder's Elements of Speech.

OCCLU’SION. n. s. [from occlusio, Latin.] The act of shutting
up.

OCCU’LT. adj. [occulte, Fr. occultus, Lat.] Secret; hidden;
unknown; undiscoverable.
If his occult guilt
Do not itself unkennel in one speech,
It is a damned ghost that we have seen. Shakesp. Ham.
An artist will play a lesson on an instrument without mind­
ing a stroke; and our tongues will run divisions in a tune
not missing a note, even when our thoughts are totally en­
gaged elsewhere: which effects are to be attributed to some
secret act of the soul, which to us is utterly occult, and with­
out the ken of our intellects. Glanv. Sceps. c. iv.
These instincts we call occult qualities; which is all one
with saying that we do not understand how they work. L'Est.
These are manifest qualities, and their causes only are oc­
cult. And the Aristotelians gave the name of occult qualities
not to manifest qualities, but to such qualities only as they
supposed to lie hid in bodies, and to be the unknown causes
of manifest effects. Newt. Opt.

OCCULTA’TION. n. s. [occultatio, Latin.]
In astronomy, is the time that a star or planet is hid from
our sight, when eclipsed by interposition of the body of the
moon, or some other planet between it and us. Harris.

OCCU’LTNESS. n. s. [from occult.] Secretness; state of being hid.

O’CCUPANCY. n. s. [from occupans, Latin.] The act of tak­
ing possession.
Of moveables, some are things natural; others, things ar­
tificial. Property in the first is gained by occupancy, in the
latter by improvement. Warburton on Literary Property.

O’CCUPANT. n. s. [occupans, Latin.] He that takes possession
of any thing.
Of beasts and birds the property passeth with the possession,
and goeth to the occupant; but of civil people not so. Bacon.

To O’CCUPATE. v. a. [occupo, Latin.] To possess; to hold;
to take up.
Drunken men are taken with a plain destitution in volun­
tary motion; for that the spirits of the wine oppress the spi­
rits animal, and occupate part of the place where they are,
and so make them weak to move. Bacon's Nat. History.

OCCUPA’TION. n. s. [from occupation, Fr. occupatio, Lat.]
1. The act of taking possession.
Spain hath enlarged the bounds of its crown within this last
sixscore years, much more than the Ottomans: I speak not of
matches or unions, but of arms, occupations, invasions. Bacon.
2. Employment; business.
Such were the distresses of the then infant world; so in­
cessant their occupations about provision for food, that there
was little leisure to commit any thing to writing. Woodw.
In your most busy occupations, when you are never so much
taken up with other affairs, yet now and then send up an
ejaculation to the God of your salvation. Wake.
3. Trade; calling; vocation.
The red pestilence strike all trades in Rome,
And occupations perish. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He was of the same craft with them, and wrought, for by
their occupation they were tent-makers. Acts xviii. 3.

O’CCUPIER. n. s. [from occupy.]
1. A possessor; one who takes into his possession.
If the title of occupiers be good in a land unpeopled, why
should it be bad accounted in a country peopled over thinly?
Raleigh's Essays.
2. One who follows any employment.
Thy merchandise and the occupiers of thy merchandise,
shall fall into the midst of the seas. Ezek. xxvii. 27.

To O’CCUPY. v. a. [occuper, Fr. occupo, Latin.]
1. To possess; to keep; to take up.
How shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say
amen at thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not
what thou sayest? 1 Cor. xiv. 16.
Powder being suddenly fired altogether, upon this high ra­
refaction, requireth a greater space than before its body oc­
cupied. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. ii.
He must assert, that there were infinite generations before
that first deluge; and then the earth could not receive them,
but the infinite bodies of men must occupy an infinite space.
Bentley's Sermons.
2. To busy; to employ.
They occupied themselves about the sabbath, yielding ex­
ceeding praise to the Lord. 2 Mac. viii. 27.
How can he get wisdom that driveth oxen and is occupied
in their labours, and whose talk is of bullocks? Ecc. xxxviii. 25.
He that giveth his mind to the law of the most high, and
is occupied in the meditation thereof, will seek out the wis­
dom of all the ancient, and be occupied in prophesies.
Ecclus xxxix. 1.
3. To follow as business.
They occupy their business in deep waters. Comm. Prayer.
Mariners were in thee to occupy thy merchandise. Ez. xxvii. 9.
4. To use; to expend.
All the gold occupied for the work, was twenty and nine
talents. Exodus xxxviii. 24.

To OCCU’PY. v. n. To follow business.
He called his ten servants, and delivered them ten pounds,
and said unto them, occupy till I come. Luke xix. 13.

To OCCU’R. v. n. [occurro, Latin.]
1. To be presented to the memory or attention.
There doth not occur to me any use of this experiment for
profit. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The mind should be always ready to turn itself to the va­
riety of objects that occur, and allow them as much conside­
ration as shall be thought fit. Locke.
The far greater part of the examples that occur to us, are
so many encouragements to vice and disobedience. Rogers.
2. To appear here and there.
In scripture, though the word heir occur, yet there is no
such thing as heir in our author's sense. Locke.
3. To clash; to strike against; to meet.
All bodies have a determinate motion according to the de­
grees of their external impulse, their inward principle of gra­
vitation, and the resistance of the bodies they occur with.
Bentley's Sermons.
4. To obviate; to make opposition to. A latinism.
Before I begin that I must occur to one specious objection
against this proposition. Bentley's Serm.



OCCU’RRENCE. n. s. [occurrence, Fr. from occur: this was perhaps
originally occurrentus.]
1. Incident; accidental event.
In education most time is to be bestowed on that which is
of the greatest consequence in the ordinary course and occur­
rences of that life the young man is designed for. Locke.
2. Occasional presentation.
Voyages detain the mind by the perpetual occurrence and
expectation of something new. Watts.

OCCU’RRFNT. n. s. [occurrent, Fr. occurrens, Lat.] Incident;
any thing that happens.
Contentions were as yet never able to prevent two evils,
the one a mutual exchange of unseemly and unjust disgraces,
the other a common hazard of both, to be made a prey by
such as study how to work upon all occurrents, with most ad­
vantage in private. Hooker's Dedicat.
He did himself certify all the news and occurrents in
every particular, from Calice, to the mayor and aldermen of
London. Bacon's Henry VII.

OCCU’RSION. n. s. [occursum, Latin.] Clash; mutual blow.
In the resolution of bodies by fire, some of the dissipated
parts may, by their various occursion occasioned by the heat,
stick closely. Boyle.
Now should those active particles, ever and anon justled
by the occursion of other bodies, so orderly keep their cells
without alteration of site. Glanv. Sceps.

O’CEAN. n. s. [ocean, Fr. oceanus, Latin.]
1. The main; the great sea.
The golden sun salutes the morn,
And, having gilt the ocean with his beams,
Gallops the zodiack. Shakesp. Tit. and Andronicus.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Any immense expanse.
Time, in general, is to duration, as place to expansion.
They are so much of those boundless oceans of eternity and
immensity, as is set out and distinguished from the rest, to
denote the position of finite real beings, in those uniform,
infinite oceans of duration and space. Locke.

O’CEAN. adj. [This is not usual, though conformable to the
original import of the word.] Pertaining to the main or great
sea.
In bulk as huge as that sea-beast
Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest that swim th' ocean stream. Milt. P. Lost.
Bounds were set
To darkness, such as bound the ocean wave. Milton.

OCEA’NICK. n. s. [from ocean.] Pertaining to the ocean. Dict.

OCE’LLATED. adj. [ocellatus, Latin.] Resembling the eye.
The white butterfly lays its offspring on cabbage leaves; a
very beautiful reddish ocellated one. Derham's Physico Theol.

O’CHRE. n. s. [ochre, ocre, Fr. pa.]
The earths distinguished by the name of ochres are those
which have rough or naturally dusty surfaces, are but slightly
coherent in their texture, and are composed of fine and soft
argillaceons particles, and are readily diffusible in water.
They are of various colours; such as red, yellow, blue, green,
black. The yellow sort are called ochres of iron, and the
blue ochres of copper. Hill's Mat. Med.

O’CHREOUS. adj. [from ochre.] Consisting of ochre.
In the interstices of the flakes is a grey, chalky, or ochre­
ous matter. Woodward on Fossils.

O’CHREY. adj. [from ochre.] Partaking of ochre.
This is conveyed about by the water; as we find in earthy,
ochrey, and other loose matter. Woodw. on Foss.

O’CHIMY. n. s. [formed by corruption from alchimy.] A mixed
base metal.


OCT

O’CTAGON. n. s. [?? and ????a.] In geometry, a figure
consisting of eight sides and angles; and this, when all the
sides and angles are equal, is called a regular octagon, which
may be inscribed in a circle. Harris.

OCTA’GONAL. adj. [from octagon.] Having eight angles and
sides.

OCTA’NGULAR. adj. [octo and angulus, Lat.] Having eight
angles. Dict.

OCTA’NGULARNESS. n. s. [from octangular.] The quality of
having eight angles. Dict.

OCTA’NT. adj. In astrology, is, when a planet is in such
an aspect or position with respect to another, that
their places are only distant an eighth part of a circle or
forty-five degrees. Dict.

OCTI’LE. adj. In astrology, is, when a planet is in such
an aspect or position with respect to another, that
their places are only distant an eighth part of a circle or
forty-five degrees. Dict.

OCTA’VE. n. s. [octavus, Fr. octavus, Lat.]
1. The eighth day after some peculiar festival.
2. [In musick.] An eighth or an interval of eight sounds.
3. Eight days together after a festival. Ains.

OCTA’VO. [Lat.] A book is said to be in octavo when a
sheet is folded into eight leaves. Dict.
They now accompany the second edition of the original
experiments, which were printed first in English in octavo.
Boyle.

OCTE’NNIAL. adj. [from octennium, Lat.]
1. Happening every eighth year.
2. Lasting eight years.

OCTO’BER. n. s. [October, Lat. octobre, Fr.] The tenth month
of the year, or the eighth numbered from March.
October is drawn in a garment of yellow and carnation;
upon his head a garland of oak leaves, in his right hand the
sign scorpio, in his left a basket of servises. Peacham.

OCTOE’DRICAL. adj. Having eight sides. Dict.

OCTO’GENARY. adj. [octogeni, Lat] Of eighty years of age.
Dict.

O’CTONARY. adj. [octonarius, Lat.] Belonging to the num­
ber eight. Dict.

OCTONO’CULAR. adj. [octo and occulus.] Having eight eyes.
Most animals are binocular; spiders for the most part octo­
nocular, and some senocular. Derham's Physico-Theol.

OCTOPE’TALOUS. adj. [? and pea??, Gr.] Having eight
flower leaves. Dict.

O’CTOSTYLE. n. s. [?? and ??, Gr.] In the ancient ar­
chitecture, is the face of a building or ordonnance containing
eight columns. Harris.

OCTUPLE. adj. [octuplus, Lat.] Eight fold. Dict.

O’CULAR. adj. [oculaire, Fr. from oculus, Lat.] Depending
on the eye; known by the eye.
Prove my love a whore,
Be sure of it: give me the ocular proof,
Or thou hadst better have been born a dog. Shakespeare.
He that would not believe the menace of God at first, it
may be doubted whether before an ocular example he be­
lieved the curse at first. Brown's V. Err.

O’CULARLY. adv. [from ocular.] To the observation of the eye.
The same is ocularly confirmed by Vives upon Austin. Bro.

O’CULATE. adj. [oculatus, Latin.] Having eyes; knowing by
the eye.

O’CULIST. n. s. [from oculus, Latin.] One who professes to
cure distempers of the eyes.
If there be a speck in the eye, we take them off; but he
were a strange oculist who would pull out the eye. Bacon.
I am no oculist, and if I should go to help one eye and put
out the other, we should have but an untoward business of it.
L'Estrange.

O’CULUS beli. [Latin.]
The oculus beli of the modern jewellers, and probably of
Pliny, is only an accidental variety of the agat kind; having
a grey horny ground, with circular delineations, and a spot
in the middle of them something resembling the sight of the
eye; whence the stone had its name. Woodw.


ODD

ODD. adj. [udda, Swedish.]
1. Not even; not divisible into equal numbers.
This is the third time; I hope
Good luck lies in odd numbers. Shakespeare.
What verity there is in that numeral conceit, in the lateral
division of man by even and odd; ascribing the odd unto the
right side, and the even unto the left; and so by parity, or
imparity of letters in mens names, to determine misfortunes.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
2. More than a round number; indefinitely exceeding any
number specified.
The account of the profits of Ulster, from the fifth year
of Edward IIId. until the eighth, do amount but to nine
hundred and odd pounds. Davies on Ireland.
Sixteen hundred and odd years after the earth was made,
it was destroyed in a deluge of water. Burnet's Theory.
The year, without regard to days, ends with an odd day
and odd hours, odd minutes and odd seconds of minutes; so
that it cannot be measured by any even number of days,
hours, or minutes. Holder on Time.
3. Particular; uncouth; extraordinary; not like others; not
to be numbered among any class. In a sense of contempt or
dislike.
Her madness hath the oddest frame of sense,
Such a dependency of thing on thing,
As e'er I heard in madness. Shakes. Measure for Meas.
Of thee, kind boy, I ask no red and white,
To make up my delight,
No odd becoming graces,
Black eyes, or little know not what's in faces. Suckling.
This blue colour being made by nothing else than by re­
flexion of a specular superficies, seems so odd a phenomenon
and so difficult to be explained by the vulgar hypothesis of
philosophers, that I could not but think it deserved to be
taken notice of. Newt. Opt.
When I broke loose from writers who have employed their
wit and parts in propagating of vice, I did not question but
I should be treated as an odd kind of a fellow. Spectator.
No fool Pythagoras was thought;
He made his list'ning scholars stand,
Their mouth still cover'd with their hand:
Else, may be, some odd thinking youth,
Might have refus'd to let his ears
Attend the music of the spheres. Prior.


So proud I am no slave,
So impudent I own myself no knave,
So odd, my country's ruin makes me grave: Pope.
4. Not noted; not taken into the common account; unheeded:
I left him cooling of the air with sighs,
In an odd angle of the isle. Shakesp. Tempest.
There are yet missing some few odd lads that you remem­
ber not. Shakespeare's Tempest.
5. Strange; unaccountable; fantastical.
How strange or odd soe'er I bear myself,
As I, perchance, hereafter shall think meet,
To put an antick disposition on. Shakes. Hamlet.
It is an odd way of uniting parties to deprive a majority of
part of their ancient right, by conferring it on a faction, who
had never any right at all. Swift.
Patients have sometimes coveted odd things which have re­
lieved them; as salt and vinegar. Arbuthn. on Aliments.
6. Uncommon; particular.
The odd man to perform all three perfectly is, Joannes
Sturmius. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
7. Unlucky.
The trust Othello puts him in,
On some odd time of his infirmity,
Will shake this island. Shakesp. Othello.
8. Unlikely; in appearance improper.
Mr. Locke's Essay would be a very odd book for a man to
make himself master of, who would get a reputation by cri­
tical writings. Addison's Spectator, No. 291.

O’DDLY. adv. [from odd. This word and oddness, should, I
think, be written with one d; but the writers almost all com­
bine against it.]
1. Not evenly.
2. Strangely; particularly; unaccountably; uncouthly.
How oddly will it sound, that I,
Must ask my child forgiveness. Shakes. Tempest.
One man is pressed with poverty, and looks somewhat
oddly upon it. Collier on the Spleen.
The dreams of sleeping men are made up of the waking
man's ideas, though for the most part oddly put together. Locke.
This child was near being excluded out of the species of
man barely by his shape. It is certain a figure a little more
oddly turned had cast him, and he had been executed. Locke.
The real essence of substances we know not; and there­
fore are so undetermined in our nominal essences, which we
make ourselves, that if several men were to be asked con­
cerning some oddly-shaped fotus, whether it were a man or
no? it is past doubt, one should meet with different answers.
Locke.
Her aukward love indeed was oddly fated;
She and her Polly were too near related. Prior.
As masters in the clare obscure,
With various light your eyes allure:
A flaming yellow here they spread;
Draw off in blue, or charge in red;
Yet from these colours oddly mix'd,
Your sight upon the whole is six'd. Prior.
They had seen a great black substance lying on the ground
very oddly-shaped. Gulliv. Trav.
Fossils are very oddly and elegantly shaped, according to
the modification of their constituent salts, or the cavities they
are formed in. Bentley's Serm.

O’DDNESS. n. s. [from odd.]
1. The state of being not even.
2. Strangeness; particularity; uncouthness.
Coveting to recommend himself to posterity, Cicero begged
it as an alms of the historians, to remember his consulship: and
observe the oddness of the event; all their histories are lost,
and the vanity of his request stands recorded in his own writ­
ings. Dryden's Aurengzebe, Pref.
A knave is apprehensive of being discovered; and this ha­
bitual concern puts an oddness into his looks. Collier.
My wise sell into a violent disorder, and I was a little dis­
composed at the oddness of the accident. Swift.

ODDS. n. s. [from odd]
1. Inequality; excess of either compared with the other.
Between these two cases there are great odds. Hooker.
The case is yet not like, but there appeareth great odds
between them. Spenser on Ireland.
I will lay the odds that ere this year expire,
We bear our civil swords and native fire,
As far as France. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Cromwel, with odds of number and of fate,
Remov'd this bulwark of the church and state. Waller.
I chiefly who enjoy
So far the happier lot, enjoying thee
Pre-eminent by so much odde. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Shall I give him to partake
Full happines with me? or rather not;
But keep the odds of knowledge in my pow'r
Without co-partner? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
All these, thus unequally furnished with truth, and ad­
vanced in knowledge, I suppose of equal natural parts; all the
odds between them has been the different scope that has
been given to their understandings to range in. Locke.
Judging is balancing an account, and determining on which
side the odds lie. Locke.
2. More than an even wager.
Since every man by nature is very prone to think the best
of himself, and of his own condition; it is odds but he will
find a shrewd temptation. South's Serm.
The presbyterian party endeavoured one day to introduce
a debate about repealing the test clause, when there appeared
at least four to one odds against them. Swift.
Some bishop bestows upon them some inconsiderable be­
nefice, when 'tis odds they are already encumbered with a
numerous family. Swift's Miscell.
3. Advantage; superiority.
And tho' the sword, some understood,
In force had much the odds of wood,
'Twas nothing so; both sides were balanc'd
So equal, none knew which was valiant'st. Hudibras.
4. Quarrel; debate; dispute.
I can't speak
Any beginning to this peevish odds. Shakes. Othello.
What is the night?
Almost at odds with the morning, which is which. Shak.
He flashes into one gross crime or other,
That sets us all at odds. Shakesp. King Lear.
The fox, the ape, and the humble-bee,
Were still at odds, being but three;
Until the goose came out of door,
And staid the odds by adding four. Sha. L. Lab. Lost.
Gods of whatsoe'er degree,
Resume not what themselves have given,
Or any brother God in heav'n;
Which keeps the peace among the Gods,
Or they must always be at odds. Swift's Miscell.

ODE. n. s. [?d.] A poem written to be sung to musick; a
lyrick poem; the ode is either of the greater or less kind.
The less is characterised by sweetness and ease; the greater
by sublimity, rapture, and quickness of transition.
A man haunts the forest that abuses our young plants with
carving Rosalind on their barks; hangs odes upon hawthorns,
and elegies on brambles, all forsooth deifying the name of
Rosalind. Shakesp. As you like it.
O run, prevent them with thy humble ode,
And lay it lowly at his blessed feet. Milt. Poems.
What work among you scholar Gods!
Phœbus must write him am'rous odes;
And thou, poor cousin, must compose
His letters in submissive prose. Prior.


ODI

O’DIBLE. adj. [from odi.] Hateful. Dict.

O’DIOUS. adj. [odieux, Fr. odiosus, Latin.]
1. Hateful; detestable; abominable.
For ever all goodness will be most charming; for ever all
wickedness will be most odious. Sprat's Serm.
Hatred is the passion of defence, and there is a kind of
hostility included in its very essence. But then, if there
could have been hatred in the world, when there was scarce
any thing odious, it would have acted within the compass of
its proper object. South's Sermons.
Let not the Trojans, with a feign'd pretence
Of proffer'd peace, delude the Latian prince:
Expel from Italy that odious name. Dryden.
She breathes the odious fume
Of nauseous steams, and poisons all the room. Granv.
2. Exposed to hate.
Another means for raising money, was, by inquiring after
offences of officers in great place, who as by unjust dealing
they became most odious, so by justice in their punishments
the prince acquired both love and applause. Hayward.
He had rendered himself odious to the parliament. Clarend.
3. Causing hate; incidious.
The seventh from thee,
The only righteous in a world perverse,
And therefore hated, therefore so beset
With foes, for daring single to be just,
And utter odious truth, that God would come
To judge them with his saints. Milton's Par. Lost.

O’DIOUSLY. adv. [from odious.]
1. Hatefully; abominably.
Had thy love, still odiously pretended,
Been as it ought, sincere, it would have taught thee
Far other reas'nings. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Invidiously; so as to cause hate.
Arbitrary power no sober man can fear, either from the
king's disposition or his practice; or even where you would
odiously lay it, from his ministers. Dryden.

O’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from odious.]
1. Hatefulness.
Have a true sense of his sin, of its odiousness, and of its
danger. Wake's Prep. for Death.


2. The state of being hated.
There was left of the blood royal, an aged gentleman of
approved goodness, who had gotten nothing by his cousin's
power but danger from him, and odiousness for him. Sidney.

O’DIUM. n. s. [Latin.] Invidiousness; quality of provoking hate.
The odium and offences which some men's rigour or re­
misness had contracted upon my government, I was resolved
to have expiated. King Charles.
She threw the odium of the fact on me,
And publickly avowed her love to you. Dryden.

ODONTA’LGICK. adj. [?? and ????.] Pertaining to the
tooth-ach.

O’DORATE. adj. [odoratus, Latin.] Scented; having a strong
scent, whether fœtid or fragrant.
Smelling is with a communication of the breath, or va­
pour of the object odorate. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

ODORI’FEROUS. adj. [odorifer, Lat.] Giving scent; usually,
sweet of scent; fragrant; perfumed.
A bottle of vinegar so buried, came forth more lively and
odoriferous, smelling almost like a violet. Bacon.
Gentle gales
Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense
Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole
These balmy spoils. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
Smelling bodies send forth effluvias of steams, without sen­
sibly wasting. Thus a grain of musk will send forth odori­
ferous particles for scores of years, without its being spent.
Locke.

ODORI’FEROUSNESS. n. s. [from odoriferous.] Sweetness of
scent; fragrance.

O’DOROUS. adj. [odorus, Lat.] Fragrant; perfumed; sweet
of scent.
Such fragrant flowers do give most odorous smell,
But her sweet odour did them all excel. Spenser.
Their private roofs on od'rous timber borne,
Such as might palaces for kings adorn. Waller.
We smell, because parts of the odorous body touch the
nerves of our nostrils. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

O’DOUR. n. s. [odor, Lat. odeur, Fr.]
1. Scent, whether good or bad.
Democritus, when he lay a dying, sent for loaves of new
bread, which having opened and poured a little wine into
them, he kept himself alive with the odour till a certain feast
was past. Bacon.
Infusions in air, for so we may call odours, have the same
diversities with infusions in water; in that the several odours
which are in one flower or other body, issue at several times,
some earlier, some later. Bacon.
They refer sapor unto salt, and odour unto sulphur; they
vary much concerning colour. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Fragrance; perfume; sweet scent.
Me seem'd I smelt a garden of sweet flow'rs,
That dainty odours from them threw around,
For damsels fit to deck their lover's bow'rs. Spenser.
By her intercession with the king she would lay a most sea­
sonable and popular obligation upon the whole nation, and
leave a pleasant odour of her grace and favour to the people
behind her. Clarend.
The Levites burned the holy incense in such quantities
as refreshed the whole multitude with its odours, and filled
all the region about them with perfume. Addison's Freehold.

OE. This combination of vowels does not properly belong to
our language, nor is ever found but in words derived from
the Greek, and not yet wholly conformed to our manner of
writing: oe has in such words the sound of E.

OECONO’MICKS. n. s. [?????????, œconomique, Fr. from oeco­
nomy. Both it and its derivatives are under economy.] Manage­
ment of household affairs.
A prince's leaving his business wholly to his ministers, is
as dangerous an errour in politicks, as a master's committing
all to his servant, is in oeconomicks. L'Estrange.

OECU’MENICAL. adj. [???e???, from ???e??.] General;
respecting the whole habitable world.
This Nicene council was not received as an oecumenical
council in any of the eastern patriarchates, excepting only
that of Constantinople. Stilling fleet.

OEDE’MA. n. s. [?d??a, from ??dé?, to swell.] A tumour. It
is now and commonly by surgeons confined to a white, soft, in­
sensible tumour, proceeding from cold and aqueous humours,
such as happen to hydropick constitutions. Quincy.

OEDEMA’TICK. adj. [from oedema.] Pertaining to an oedema.

OEDE’MATOUS. adj. [from oedema.] Pertaining to an oedema.
It is primarily generated out of the effusion of melancho­
lick blood, or secondarily out of the dregs and remainder of
a phlegmonous or oedematick tumour. Harvey on Consump.
The great discharge of matter, and the extremity of pain
wasted her, oedematous swellings arose in her legs, and she
languished and died. Wiseman's Surgery.


OEI

OE’ILIAD. n. s. [from oeil, French.] Glance; wink; token
of the eye.
She gave oeiliads and most speaking looks
To noble Edmund. Shakesp. King Lear.

O’ER. contracted from over. See OVER.
His tears defac'd the surface of the well,
With circle after circle as they fell,
And now the lovely face but half appears,
O'er run with wrinkles and defac'd with tears. Addison.

OE’SOPHAGUS. n. s. [from ??s??, wicker, from some simi­
litude in the structure of this part to the contexture of
that; and f??? to eat.] The gullet; a long, large, and
round canal, that descends from the mouth, lying all along
between the windpipe and the joints of the neck and back,
to the fifth joint of the back, where it turns a little to the
right, and gives way to the descending artery; and both run
by one another, till at the ninth the ocsophagus turns again to
the left, pierces the midriff, and is continued to the left orifice
of the stomach. Quincy.
Wounds penetrating the oesophagus and aspera arteria, re­
quire to be stitched close, especially those of the oesophagus,
where the sustenance and saliva so continually presseth into it.
Wiseman's Surgery.


OF

OF. prep. [of, Saxon.]
1. It is put before the substantive that follows another in con­
struction; as, of these part were slain; that is, part of these.
I cannot instantly raise up the gross
Of full three thousand ducats. Shakespeare.
He to his natural endowments of a large invention, a ripe
judgment, and a strong memory, has joined the knowledge
of the liberal arts. Dryden.
All men naturally fly to God in extremity, and the most
atheistical person in the world, when forsaken of all hopes
of any other relief, is forced to acknowledge him. Tillotson.
They will receive it at last with an ample accumulation of
interest. Smallridge's Serm.
Since the rousing of the mind with some degrees of vigour,
does set it free from those idle companions. Locke.
The value of land is raised only by a greater plenty of
money. Locke.
2. It is put after comparative and superlative adjectives.
The most renowned of all are those to whom the name is
given Philippinæ. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
We profess to be animated with the best hopes of any men
in the world. Tillotson's Serm.
At midnight, the most dismal and unseasonable time of all
other, then all those virgins arose and trimmed their lamps.
Tillotson, Serm. 31.
We are not to describe our shepherds as shepherds at this
day really are, but as they may be conceived then to have
been, when the best of men followed the employment. Pope.
Peace, of all worldly blessings, is the most valuable. Small.
3. From.
The captain of the Helots, with a blow whose violence
grew of fury, not of strength, or of strength proceeding of
fury, struck Palladius upon the side of the head. Sidney.
One that I brought up of a puppey, one that
I sav'd from drowning. Shak. Two Gent. of Verona.
He borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and
swore he would pay him again when he was able. Shakes.
It was called Corcyra of Corcyra, the daughter of æsopus.
Sandy's Travels.
4. Concerning; relating to.
The quarrel is not now of fame and tribute,
Or of wrongs done unto confederates,
But for your own republick. Ben. Johnson's Cat.
This cannot be understood of the first disposition of the
waters, as they were before the flood. Burnet.
All have this sense of war. Smallridge's Serm.
5. Out of.
Yet of this little he had some to spare,
To feed the famish'd and to clothe the bare. Dryden.
Look once again, and for thy husband lost, 
Lo all that's left of him, thy husband's ghost. Dryden.
6. Among.
He is the only person of all others for an epic poem. Dryd.
Of all our heroes thou canst boast alone,
That Jove, whene'er he thunders, calls thee son. Dryd.
Neither can I call to mind any clergyman of my own ac­
quaintance who is wholly exempt from this error. Swift.
7. By. This sense was once very frequent, but is not now in
use.
She dying
Shall be lamented, pitied, and excus'd
Of every bearer. Shakespeare.
Like heav'n in all, like earth in this alone,
That tho' great states by her support do stand,
Yet she herself supported is of none,
But by the finger of the Almighty's hand. Davies.
I was friendly entertained of the English consul. Sandys.
Lest a more honourable man than those be bidden of him.
N. Fest.


8. According to.
The senate
And people of Rome, of their accustom'd greatness,
Will sharply and severely vindicate
Not only any fact, but any practice
'Gainst the state. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
They do of right belong to you, being most of them first
preached amongst you. Tillotson's Ded.
Tancred, whose delight
Was plac'd in his fair daughter's daily sight,
Of custom, when his state affairs were done,
Would pass his pleasing hours with her alone. Dryden.
9. Noting power, ability, choice, or spontaneity. With the re­
ciprocal pronoun.
Some soils put forth odorate herbs of themselves; as wild
thyme. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Of himself man is confessedly unequal to his duty. Steph.
The Venice glasses would crack of themselves. Boyle.
Of himself is none,
But that eternal infinite and one,
Who never did begin, who ne'er can end;
On him all beings, as their source, depend. Dryden.
The thirsty cattel, of themselves obtain'd
From water, and their grassy fare disdain'd. Dryden.
To assert mankind to have been of himself, and without
a cause, hath this invincible objection against it, that we
plainly see every man to be from another. Tillotson.
No particle of matter, nor any combination of particles;
that is, no bodies can either move of themselves, or of them­
selves alter the direction of their motion. Cheyne.
A free people met together, as soon as they fall into any
acts of civil society, do of themselves divide into three powers.
Swift.
It was civil in angel or elf,
For he ne'er could have filled it so well of himself. Swift.
10. Noting properties or qualities.
He was a man of a decayed fortune, and of no good educa­
tion. Clarend.
The colour of a body may be changed by a liquor which
of itself is of no colour, provided it be saline. Boyle.
The fresh eglantine exhal'd a breath,
Whose odours were of pow'r to raise from death. Dryd.
A man may suspend the act of his choice from being de­
termined for or against the thing proposed, till he has exa­
mined whether it be really of a nature, in itself and con­
sequences, to make him happy or no. Locke.
The value of land is raised, when remaining of the same
fertility it comes to yield more rent. Locke.
11. Noting extraction.
Lunsford was a man of an ancient family in Sussex. Clar.
Mr. Rowe was born of an ancient family in Devonshire,
that for many ages had made a handsome figure in their
country. Rowe's Life.
12. Noting adherence, or belonging.
Tubal, a wealthy Hebrew of my tribe,
Will furnish me. Shakes. Merch. of Venice.
Pray that in towns and temples of our own,
The name of great Anchises may be known. Dryden
13. Noting the matter of any thing.
The chariot was all of cedar, gilt and adorned with crys­
tal, save that the fore end had pannels of saphires set in bor­
ders of gold, and the hinder end the like of emeralds of the
Peru colour. Bacon's New Atlantis.
The common materials which the ancients made their
ships of, were the wild ash, the evergreen oak, the beech,
and the alder. Arbuthnot on Coins:
14. Noting the motive.
It was not of my own choice that I undertook this work.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Our sov'reign Lord has ponder'd in his mind
The means to spare the blood of gentle kind;
And of his grace and inborn clemency,
He modifies his severe decree. Dryden.
15. Noting form or manner of existence.
As if our Lord, even of purpose to prevent this fancy of
extemporal and voluntary prayers, had not left of his own
sraming, one which might both remain as a part of the
church liturgy, and serve as a pattern whereby to frame all
other prayers with efficacy, yet without superfluity of words.
Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
16. Noting something that has some particular quality.
Mother, says the thrush, never had any such a friend as
I have of this swallow. No, says she, nor ever mother such
a fool as I have of this same thrush. L'Estrauge.
17. Noting faculties of power granted.
If any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which
God giveth. 1 Peter iv. 11.
18. Noting preference, or postponence.
Your highness shall repose you at the Tower.
—I do not like the Tower of any place. Shakesp.
19. Noting change of one state to another.
O miserable of happy! is this the end
Of this new glorious world, and me so late
The glory of that glory, who now become
Accurs'd, of blessed? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
20. Noting causality.
Good nature, by which I mean beneficence and candour,
is the product of right reason; which of necessity will give
allowance to the failures of others, by considering that there
is nothing perfect in mankind. Dryden.
21. Noting proportion.
How many are there of an hundred, even amongst scho­
lars themselves. Locke.
22. Noting kind or species.
To cultivate the advantages of success, is an affair of the
cabinet; and the neglect of this success may be of the most
fatal consequence to a nation. Swift.
23. It is put before an indefinite expression of time: as, of late,
in late times.
Of late, divers learned men have adopted the three hypo­
statical principles. Boyle on Colours.


OFF

OFF. adv. [af, Dutch.]
1. Of this adverb the chief use is to conjoin it with verbs: as,
to come off; to fly off; to take off; which are found under the
verbs.
2. It is generally opposed to on: as, to lay on; to take off. In
this case it signifies, disunion; separation; breach of conti­
nuity.
Since the wisdom of their choice is rather to have my cap
than my heart, I will practice the insinuating nod, and be off
to them most counterfitly. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Where are you, Sir John? come, off with your boots. Sha.
See
The lurking gold upon the fatal tree;
Then rend it off. Dryden, æn. vi.
A piece of silver coined for a shilling, that has half the
silver clipped off, is no more a shilling than a piece of wood,
which was once a sealed yard, is still a yard, when one half
of it is broke off. Locke.
3. It signifies distance.
West of this forest, scarcely off a mile,
In goodly form comes on the enemy. Shakespeare.
About thirty paces off were placed harquebusiers. Knolles.
4. In painting or statuary it signifies projection or relief.
'Tis a good piece;
This comes off well and excellent. Shakespeare.
5. It signifies evanescence; absence or departure.
Competitions intermit, and go off and on as it happens,
upon this or that occasion. L'Estrange.
6. It signifies any kind of disappointment; defeat; interruption;
adverse division: as, the affair is off; the match is off.
7. In favour.
The questions no way touch upon puritanism, either off
or on. Sanderson.
8. From; not toward.
Philoclea, whose delight of hearing and seeing was before
a stay from interrupting her, gave herself to be seen unto her
with such a lightening of beauty upon Zelmane, that neither
she could look on, nor would look off. Sidney, b. ii.
9. Off hand; not studied.
Several starts of fancy off hand look well enough. L'Est.

OFF. interject. An expression of abhorrence, or command to
depart.
Off, or I fly for ever from thy sight. Smith's Phædr.

OFF. prep.
1. Not on.
I continued feeling again the same pain; and finding it
grow violent I burnt it, and selt no more after the third time;
was never off my legs, nor kept my chamber a day. Temple.
2. Distant from.
Cicero's Tusculum was at a place called Grotto Ferrate,
about two miles off this town, though most of the modern
writers have fixed it to Frescati. Addison on Italy.

OFFAL. n. s. [off fall, says Skinner, that which falls from the
table: perhaps from offa, Latin.]
1. Waste meat; that which is not eaten at the table.
He let out the offals of his meat to interest, and kept a
register of such debtors in his pocket-book. Arbuthnot.
2. Carrion; coarse flesh.
I should have fatted all the region kites
With this slave's offal. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Cram'd, and gorg'd, nigh burst,
With suck'd and glutted offal. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Refuse; that which is thrown away as of no value.
To have right to deal in things sacred, was accounted an
argument of a noble and illustrious descent; God would
not accept the offals of other professions. South.
If a man bemoan his lot,
That after death his mouldring limbs shall rot,
A secret sting remains within his mind;
The fool is to his own cast offals kind. Dryden.
They commonly fat hogs with offal corns. Mort.
4. Any thing of no esteem.
What trash is Rome? what rubbish and what offal? Sha.



O’FFENCE. n. s. [offense, Fr. offensa, from offendo, Lat.]
1. Crime; act of wickedness.
Thither with speed their hasty course they ply'd,
Where Christ the Lord for our offences dy'd. Fairfax.
Thou hast stol'n that, which after some few hours
Were thine without offence. Shakesp. Henry IV.
2. A transgression.
If, by the law of nature, every man hath not a power to
punish offences against it, I see not how the magistrates of any
community can punish an alien of another country. Locke.
3. Injury.
I have given my opinion against the authority of two great
men, but I hope without offence to their memories; for I
loved them living, and reverence them dead. Dryden.
4. Displeasure given; cause of disgust; scandal.
Giving no offence in any thing, that the ministry be not
blamed. 2 Cor. vi. 3.
He remembered the injury of the children of Bean, who
had been a snare and an offence unto the people. 1 Mac. iv.
The pleasures of the touch are greater than those of the
other senses; as in warming upon cold, or refrigeration upon
heat: for as the pains of the touch are greater than the of­
fences of other senses, so likewise are the pleasures. Bacon.
5. Anger; displeasure conceived.
Earnest in every present humour, and making himself brave
in his liking, he was content to give them just cause of of­
fence when they had power to make just revenge. Sidney.
6. Attack; act of the assailant.
Courtesy that seemed incorporated in his heart, would not
be persuaded to offer any offence, but only to stand upon the
best defensive guard. Sidney.

OFFE’NCEFUL. adj. [offence and full.] Injurious; giving dis­
pleasure.
It seems your most offenceful act
Was mutually committed. Shakesp. Measure for Meas.

OFFE’NCELESS. adj. [from offence.] Unoffending; innocent.
You are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in
policy than in malice; even so as one would beat his offence­
less dog to affright an imperious lion. Shakesp. Othello.

To OFFE’ND. v. a. [offendo, Latin.]
1. To make angry.
If much you note him
You shall offend him, and extend his passion,
Feed and regard him not. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Three sorts of men my soul hateth, and I am greatly of­
fended at their life. Ecclus xxv. 2.
The emperor himself came running to the place in his ar­
mour, severely reproving them of cowardice who had for­
saken the place, and grievously offended with them who had
kept such negligent watch. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
2. To assail; to attack.
He was sain to defend himself, and withal so to offend him,
that by an unlucky blow the poor Philoxenus fell dead at his
feet. Sidney.
3. To trangress; to violate.
4. To injure.
Cheaply you sin, and punish crimes with ease,
Not as th' offended, but th' offenders please. Dryden.

To OFFE’ND. v. n.
1. To be criminal; to trangress the law.
This man that of earthly matter maketh graven images,
knoweth himself to offend above all others. Wisd. xiv. 13.
Whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in
one point, he is guilty of all. James ii. 10.
2. To cause anger.
I shall offend, either to detain or give it. Shakesp. Lear.
3. To commit transgression.
Our language is extremely imperfect, and in many in­
stances it offends against every part of grammar. Swift.

OFFE’NDER. n. s. [from offend.]
1. A criminal; one who has committed a crime; a transgressor;
a guilty person.
All that watch for iniquity are cut off, that make a man
an offender for a word. Is. xxix. 21.
So like a fly the poor offender dies;
But like the wasp, the rich escapes and flies. Denham.
How shall I lose the sin, yet keep the sense,
And love th' offender, yet detest th' offence? Pope.
The conscience of the offender shall be sharper than an
avenger's sword. Clarissa.
2. One who has done an injury.
All vengeance comes too short,
Which can pursue th' offender. Shakesp. King Lear.

OEFE’NDRESS. n. s. [from offender.] A woman that offends.
Virginity murthers itself, and should be buried in highways
cut of all sanctified limit, as a desperate offendress against na­
ture. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

OFFE’NSIVE. adj. [offensif, Fr. from offensus, Lat.]
1. Causing anger; displeasing; disgusting.
Since no man can do ill with a good conscience, the con­
solation which we herein seem to find is but a meer deceitful
pleasing of ourselves in error, which at the length must needs
turn to our greater grief, if that which we do to please God
most, be for the manifold defects thereof offensive unto him.
Hooker, b. v. s. 4.
It shall suffice, to touch such customs of the Irish as seem
offensive and repugnant to the good government of the realm.
Spenser on Ireland.
2. Causing pain; injurious.
It is an excellent opener for the liver, but offensive to the
stomach. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Some particular acrimony in the stomach sometimes makes
it offensive, and which custom at last will overcome. Arbuth.
3. Assailant; not defensive.
He recounted the benefits and favours that he had done
him, in provoking a mighty and opulent king by an offensive
war in his quarrel. Bacon.
We enquire concerning the advantages and disadvantages
betwixt those military offensive engines used among the an­
cients, and those of these latter ages. Wilkins.

OFFE’NSIVELY. adv. [from offensive.]
1. Mischievously; injuriously.
In the least thing done offensively against the good of men,
whose benefit we ought to seek for as our own, we plainly
shew that we do not acknowledge God to be such as indeed
he is. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
2. So as to cause uneasiness or displeasure.
A lady had her sight disordered, so that the images in her
hangings did appear to her, if the room were not extraordi­
narily darkened, embellished with several offensively vivid co­
lours. Boyle on Colours.
3. By way of attack; not defensively.

OFFE’NSIVENESS. n. s. [from offensive.]
1. Injuriousness; mischief.
2. Cause of disgust.
The muscles of the body, being preserved sound and lim­
ber upon the bones, all the motions of the parts might be
explicated with the greatest ease and without any offensiveness.
Grew's Musœum.

To O’FFER. v. a. [offero, Lat. offrir, Fr.]
1. To present to any one; to exhibit any thing so as that it may
be taken or received.
The heathen women under the Mogul, offer themselves
to the flames at the death of their husbands. Collier.
Some ideas forwardly offer themselves to all mens under­
standings; some sort of truths result from any idea, as soon
as the mind puts them into propositions. Locke.
Servants placing happiness in strong drink, make court to
my young master, by offering him that which they love. Locke.
2. To sacrifice; to immolate; to present as an act of worship.
They offered unto the Lord of the spoil which they had
brought, seven hundred oxen. 2 Chron. xv. 11.
He shall offer of it all the fat thereof. Lev. vii. 3.
An holy priesthood to offer up spiritual sacrifices. 1 Pet. ii. 5.
Whole herds of offer'd bulls about the fire,
And bristled boars and woolly sheep expire. Dryden.
When a man is called upon to offer up himself to his con­
science, and to resign to justice and truth, he should be so
far from avoiding the lists, that he should rather enter with
inclination, and thank God for the honour. Collier.
3. To bid, as a price or reward.
Nor shouldst thou offer all thy little store,
Will rich Iolas yield, but offer more. Dryden.
4. To attempt; to commence.
Lysimachus armed about three thousand men, and began
first to offer violence. 2 Mac. iv. 40.
5. To propose.
In all that great extent wherein the mind wanders in re­
mote speculations, it stirs not one jot beyond those ideas
which sense or reflection have offered for its contemplation.
Locke.
Our author offers no reason. Locke.

To O’FFER. v. n.
1. To be present; to be at hand; to present itself.
No thought can imagine a greater heart to see and con­
temn danger, where danger would offer to make any wrong­
ful threatning upon him. Sidney, b. ii.
Th' occasion offers, and the youth complies. Dryden.
2. To make an attempt.
We came close to the shore, and offered to land. Bacon.
One offers, and in off'ring makes a stay;
Another forward sets, and doth no more. Dan. Civ. War.
I would treat the pope and his cardinals roughly, if they
offered to see my wife without my leave. Dryden.
3. With at.
I will not offer at that I cannot master. Bacon.
I hope they will take it well that I should offer at a new
thing, and could forbear presuming to meddle where any of
the learned pens have ever touched before. Graunt.
Write down and make signs to him to pronounce them,
and guide him by shewing him by the motion of your own


lips to offer at one of those letters; which being the easiest,
he will stumble upon one of them. Holder.
The masquerade succeeded so well with him, that he would
be offering at the shepherd's voice and call too. L'Estrange.
It contains the grounds of his doctrine, and offers at some­
what towards the disproof of mine. Atterbury.
Without offering at any other remedy, we hastily engaged
in a war, which hath cost us sixty millions. Swift.

O’FFER. n. s. [offre, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Proposal of advantage to another.
Some nymphs there are, too conscious of their face;
These swell their prospects, and exalt their pride,
When offers are disdain'd, and love deny'd. Pope.
2. First advance.
Force compels this offer,
And it proceeds from policy, not love.—
—Mowbray, you overween to take it so:
This offer comes from mercy, not from fear. Shakesp.
What wouldst beg, Laertes,
That shall not be my offer, not thy asking? Shakesp.
3. Proposal made.
Th' offers he doth make,
Were not for him to give, nor them to take. Daniel.
I enjoined all the ladies to tell the company, in case they
had been in the siege and had the same offer made them as
the good women of that place, what every one of them
would have brought off with her, and have thought most
worth the saving. Addison's Spectator.
It carries too great an imputation of ignorance, or folly,
to quit and renounce former tenets upon the offer of an ar­
gument which cannot immediately be answered. Locke.
4. Price bid; act of bidding a price.
When stock is high, they come between,
Making by second hand their offers;
Then cunningly retire unseen,
With each a million in his coffers. Swift.
5. Attempt; endeavour.
Many motions, though they be unprofitable to expel that
which hurteth, yet they are offers of nature, and cause mo­
tions by consent; as in groaning, or crying upon pain. Bacon.
It is in the power of every one to make some essay, some
offer and attempt, so as to shew that the heart is not idle or
insensible, but that it is full and big, and knows itself to be
so, though it wants strength to bring forth. South's Serm.
One sees in it a kind of offer at modern architecture, but
at the same time that the architect has shown his dislike of
the gothic manner, one may see that they were not arrived
at the knowledge of the true way. Addison on Italy.
6. Something given by way of acknowledgment.
Fair streams that do vouchsafe in your clearness to repre­
sent unto me my blubbered face, let the tribute offer of my
tears procure your stay a while with me, that I may begin
yet at last to find something that pities me. Sidney, b. ii.

O’FFERER. n. s. [from offer.]
1. One who makes an offer.
2. One who sacrifices, or dedicates in worship.
If the mind of the offerer be good, this is the only thing
God respecteth. Hooker, b. v. s. 34.
When he commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, the place
of the offering was not left undetermined, and to the offerer's
discretion. South's Sermons.

O’FFERING. n. s. [from offer.] A sacrifice; any thing immo­
lated, or offered in worship.
Plucking the entrails of an offering forth,
They could not find a heart within the beast. Shakesp.
They are polluted offerings, more abhorr'd
Than spotted livers in the sacrifice. Shakespeare.
When thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall
see his seed. Is. liii. 10.
The gloomy god
Stood mute with awe, to see the golden rod;
Admir'd the destin'd off'ring to his queen,
A venerable gift so rarely seen. Dryden.
What nations now to Juno's pow'r will pray,
Or off'rings on my slighted altars lay? Dryd. Virg.
I'll favour her,
That my awaken'd soul may take her flight,
Renew'd in all her strength, and fresh with life,
An offering fit for heaven. Addison's Cato.

OFFE’RTORY. n. s. [offertoire, Fr.] The thing offered; the
act of offering.
He went into St. Paul's church, where he made offertory
of his standards, and had orizons and Te Deum sung. Bacon.

OFFE’RTURE. n. s. [from offer.] Offer; proposal of kindness.
A word not in use.
Thou hast prevented us with offertures of thy love, even
when we were thine enemies. King Charles.

O’FFICE. n. s. [office, Fr. officium, Latin.]
1. A publick charge or employment.
You have contriv'd to take
From Rome all season'd office, and to wind
Yourself into a power tyrannical. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Methought this staff, mine office-badge in court,
Was broke in twain. Shakesp. Henry. VI. p. ii.
The insolence of office. Shakespeare.
2. Agency; peculiar use.
All things that you should use to do me wrong,
Deny their office. Shakesp. King Lear;
In this experiment the several intervals of the teeth of the
comb do the office of so many prisms, every interval producing
the phenomenon of one prism. Newt. Opt.
3. Business; particular employment.
The sun was sunk, and after him the star
Of Hesperus, whose office is to bring
Twilight upon the earth. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ix.
4. Act of good or ill voluntarily tendered.
Wolves and bears
Casting their savageness aside, have done
Like offices of pity. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Mrs. Ford, I see you are obsequious in your love, and I
profess requital to a hair's breadth; not only in the simple
office of love, but in all the accoustrement, complement, and
ceremony of it. Shakesp. Merry W. of Windsor.
I would I could do a good office between you. Shakesp.
The wolf took this occasion to do the fox a good office.
L'Estrange.
You who your pious offices employ
To save the reliques of abandon'd Troy. Dryd. Virg.
5. Act of worship.
This gate
Instructs you how t' adore the heavens, and bows you
To morning's holy office. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
6. Formulary of devotions.
Whosoever hath children or servants, let him take care
that they say their prayers before they begin their work: the
Lord's prayer, the ten commandments, and the creed, is a
very good office for them, if they are not fitted for more regu­
lar offices. Taylor's Devotion.
7. Rooms in a house appropriated to particular business.
What do we but draw anew the model
In fewer offices? at least desist
To build at all. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Let offices stand at distance, with some low galleries to pass
from them to the palace itself. Bacon.
8. Place where business is transacted. [Officina, Lat.]
What shall good old York see there,
But empty lodgings and unfurnish'd walls,
Unpeopled offices, untroden stones? Sha. Rich. II.
Empson and Dudley, though they could not but hear of these
scruples in the king's conscience, yet as if the king's soul
and his money were in several offices, that the one was not
to intermeddle with the other, went on with as great rage as
ever. Bacon's Henry VII.

To O’FFICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To perform; to dis­
charge; to do.
I will be gone, altho'
The air of Paradise did san the house;
And angels offic'd all. Sha. All's well that ends well.

O’FFICER. n. s. [officier, French.]
1. A man employed by the publick.
'Tis an office of great worth,
And you an officer fit for the place. Shakespeare.
Submit you to the people's voices,
Allow their officers, and be content
To suffer lawful censure. Shakesp. Corinlonus.
The next morning there came to us the same officer that
came to us at first to conduct us to the stranger's house. Bac.
If it should fall into the French hands, all the princes
would return to be the several officers of his court. Temple
As a magistrate or great officer he locks himself up from
all approaches. South's Sermons.
Birds of prey are an emblem of rapacious officers. A su­
perior power takes away by violence from them, that which
by violence they took away from others. L'Estrange,
2. A commander in the army.
If he did not nimbly ply the spade,
His surly officer ne'er fail'd to crack
His knotty cudgel on his tougher back. Dryden.
I summon'd all my officers in haste,
All came resolv'd to die in my defence. Dryden.
The bad disposition he made in landing his men, shews
him not only to be much inferiour to Pompey as a sea officer,
but to have had little or no skill in that element. Arb.
3. One who has the power of apprehending criminals.
The thieves are possest with fear
So strongly, that they dare not meet each other;
Each takes his fellow for an officer. Shakesp. Henry IV.
We charge you
To go with us unto the officers. Shakesp. Henry VI.

O’FFICERED. adj. [from officer.] Commanded; supplied with
commanders.
What could we expect from an army officered by Irish pa­
pists and outlaws. Addison's Freeholder.



OFFI’CIAL. adj. [official, Fr. from office.]
1. Conducive; appropriate with regard to their use.
In this animal are the guts, the stomach, and other parts
official unto nutrition, which, were its aliment the empty re­
ception of air, their provisions had been superfluous. Brown.
2. Pertaining to a publick charge.
The tribunes
Endue you with the people's voice. Remains
That in th' official marks invested, you
Anon do meet the senate. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

OFFI’CIAL. n. s.
Official is that person to whom the cognizance of causes
is committed by such as have ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Ayl.
A poor man found a priest over familiar with his wife, and
because he spake it abroad and could not prove it, the priest
sued him before the bishop's official for defamation. Camden.

OFFI’CIALTY. n. s. [officialité, Fr. from official.] The charge
or post of an official.
The office of an officialty to an archdeacon. Ayliffe.

To OFFI’CIATE. v. a. [from office.] To give, in consequence
of office.
All her number'd stars that seem to rowl
Spaces incomprehensible, for such
Their distance argues, and their swift return
Diurnal, merely to officiate light
Round this opacous earth, this punctual spot. Milton.

To OFFI’CIATE. v. n.
1. To discharge an office, commonly in worship.
No minister officiating in the church, can with a good con­
science omit any part of that which is commanded by the
aforesaid law. Sanderson.
Who of the bishops or priests that officiates at the altar,
in the places of their sepulchres, ever said we offer to thee
Peter or Paul? Stilling fleet.
To prove curates no servants, is to rescue them from that
contempt which they will certainly fall into under this no­
tion; which considering the number of persons officiating this
way, must be very prejudicial to religion. Collier.
2. To perform an office for another.

OFFICI’NAL. adj. [from officina, a shop.] Used in a shop, or
belonging to it: thus officinal plants and drugs are those used
in the shops.

OFFI’CIOUS. adj. [officieux, Fr. officiosus, Lat.]
1. Kind; doing good offices.
Yet, not to earth are those bright luminaries
Officious; but to thee, earth's habitant. Milt. P. Lost.
2. Importunely forward.
You are too officious
In her behalf that scorns your services. Shakesp.
At Taunton they killed in sury an officious and eager com­
missioner for the subsidy. Bacon's Henry VII.
Cato, perhaps
I'm too officious, but my forward cares
Would fain preserve a life of so much value. Addison.

OFFI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from officious.]
1. Importunately forward.
The most corrupt are most obsequious grown,
And those they scorn'd, officiously they own. Dryden.
Flatt'ring crouds officiously appear,
To give themselves, not you, an happy year. Dryd.
2. Kindly; with unasked kindness.
Let thy goats officiously be nurst,
And led to living streams to quench their thirst. Dryd.

OFFI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from officious.]
1. Forwardness of civility, or respect, or endeavour. Com­
monly in an ill sense.
I shew my officiousness by an offering, though I betray my
poverty by the measure. South's Serm.
2. Service.
In whom is required understanding as in a man, courage
and vivacity as in a lion, service and ministerial officiousness as
in the ox, and expedition as in the eagle. Brown's V. Err.

O’FFING. n. s. [from off.] The act of steering to a distance
from the land.

O’FFSET. n. s. [off and set.] Sprout; shoot of a plant.
They are multiplied not only by the seed, but many also
by the root, producing offsets or creeping under ground. Ray.
Some plants are raised from any part of the root, others
by offsets, and in others the branches set in the ground will
take root. Locke.

OFFSCOU’RING. n. s. [off and scour.] Recrement; part rubbed
away in cleaning any thing.
Thou hast made us as the offscouring and refuse in the midst
of the people. Lam. iii. 45.

O’FFSPRING. n. s. [off and spring.]
1. Propagation; generation.
All things coveting to be like unto God in being ever, that
which cannot hereunto attain personally, doth seem to con­
tinue itself by offspring and propagation. Hooker.
2. The thing propagated or generated; children; descend­
ents.
When the fountain of mankind
Did draw corruption, and God's curse, by sin;
This was a charge, that all his heirs did bind,
And all his offspring grew corrupt therein. Davies.
To the Gods alone
Our future offspring, and our wives are known. Dryd.
His principal actor is the son of a goddess, not to men­
tion the offspring of other deities. Addison's Spectator.
3. Production of any kind.
Tho' both fell before their hour,
Time on their offspring hath no pow'r;
Nor fire nor fate their bays shall blast,
Nor death's dark vail their days o'ercast. Denham.

To OFFU’SCATE. v. a. [offusco, Lat. offusquer, Fr.] To
dim; to cloud; to darken.

OFFUSCA’TION. n. s. [from offuscate.] The act of darkening.

OFT. adv. [oft, Saxon.] Often; frequently; not rarely;
not seldom.
In labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in
prisons more frequent, in deaths oft. 2 Cor. ii. 23.
It may be a true faith, for so much as it is; it is one part
of true faith, which is oft mistaken for the whole. Hamm.
Favours to none, to all she smiles extends,
Oft she rejects, but never once offends. Po. Ra. Locke.

O’FTEN. adv. [from oft, Saxon; in the comparative, oftner;
superlative, oftnest.] Oft; frequently; many times; not
seldom.
The queen that bore thee,
Oftner upon her knees than on her feet,
Died ev'ry day she liv'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Use a little wine for thy stomach's sake, and thine often
infirmities. 1 Tim. v. 23.
In journeying often, in perils in the wilderness. 2 Cor. ii. 26.
Who does not more admire Cicero as an author, than as
a consul of Rome, and does not oftner talk of the celebrated
writers of our own country in former ages, than of any
among their contemporaries? Addison's Freeholder.

OFTENTI’MES. adv. [often and times. From the composition
of this word it is reasonable to believe, that oft was once an
adjective, of which often was the plural; which seems re­
tained in the phrase thine often infirmities. See OFTEN.]
Frequently; many times; often.
Is our faith in the blessed trinity a matter needless, to be so
oftentimes mentioned and opened in the principal part of that
duty which we owe to God, our public prayer? Hooker.
The difficulty was by what means they could ever arrive
to places oftentimes so remote from the ocean. Woodw.
It is equally necessary that there should be a future state,
to vindicate the justice of God, and solve the present irre­
gularities of providence, whether the best men be often­
times only, or always the most miserable. Atterbury.

OFTTI’MES. adv. [oft and times.] Frequently; often.
Ofttimes nothing profits more
Than self-esteem, grounded on just and right,
Well manag'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Ofttimes before I hither did resort,
Charm'd with the conversation of a man
Who led a rural life. Dryden and Lee.

OGE’E. n. s. Is a sort of moulding in architecture, consist­
ing of a round and a hollow: it is almost in the
form of an S, and is the fame with what Vitruvius calls
cima. Cima reversa, is an ogee with the hollow downwards.
Harris.

OGIVE. n. s. Is a sort of moulding in architecture, consist­
ing of a round and a hollow: it is almost in the
form of an S, and is the fame with what Vitruvius calls
cima. Cima reversa, is an ogee with the hollow downwards.
Harris.


OGL

To O’GLE. v. a. [oogh, an eye, Dutch.] To view with side
glances, as in fondness; or with a design not to be heeded.
From their high scaffold with a trumpet cheek,
And ogling all their audience, then they speak. Dryden.
If the female tongue will be in motion, why should it not
be set to go right? Could they talk of the different aspects
and conjunctions of the planets, they need not be at the
pains to comment upon oglings and clandestine marriages.
Addison's Guardian, No. 155.
Whom is he ogling yonder? himself in his looking-glass.
Martinus Scriblerius.

O’GLER. n. s. [oogheler, Dutch.] A fly gazer; one who views
by side glances.
Upon the disuse of the neck-piece, the whole tribe of
oglers stared the fair sex in the neck rather than in the face.
Addison's Guardian, No. 100.
Jack was a prodigious ogler; he would ogle you the out­
side of his eye inward, and the white upward. J. Bull.

O’GLIO. n. s. [from olla, Spanish.] A dish made by mingling
different kinds of meat; a medley; a hotchpotch.
These general motives of the common good, I will not
so much as once offer up to your lordship, though they have
still the upper end; yet, like great oglio's, they rather make
a shew than provoke appetite. Suckling.
Where is there such an oglio or medley of various opinions
in the world again, as those men entertain in their service,
without any scruple as to the diversity of their sects and opini­
ons? King Charles.


He that keeps an open house, should consider that there
are oglio's of guests, as well as of dishes, and that the liberty
of a common table is as good as a tacit invitation to all sorts
of intruders. L'Estrange.

OH. interject. An exclamation denoting pain, sorrow, or sur­
prise.
He,
Like a full acorn'd boar, a churning on,
Cry'd, oh! and mounted. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Oh me! all the horse have got over the river, what shall
we do? Walton's Angler.
My eyes confess it,
My every action speaks my heart aloud;
But oh, the madness of my high attempt
Speaks louder yet! Dryden's Spanish Friar.


OIL

OIL. n. s. [oœl, Saxon; oleum, Latin.]
1. The juice of olives expressed.
Bring pure oil olive beaten for the light. Ex. xxvii. 20.
2. Any fat, greasy, unctuous, thin matter.
In most birds there is only one gland; in which are di­
vers cells, ending in two or three larger cells, lying under
the nipple of the oil bag. Derham's Physico-Theol.
3. The juices of certain vegetables, expressed or drawn by the
still without fermentation, or after the spirit.
Oil with chemists called sulphur, is the second of their hy­
postatical, and of the true five chymical principles. It is an
inflammable, unctuous, subtile substance, which usually rises
after the spirit. The chemists attribute to this principle all
the diversity of colours, and all the beauty and deformity.
It sweetens the acrimony of salts, and by stopping or filling
up the pores of a mixt body, keeps it longer from corrup­
tion, where it abounds. There are two sorts of oil which
seem to be mixt with spirit; for it can never be drawn pure,
and which will swim upon water, such as oil of aniseed and
lavender, which the chemists call essential, and is commonly
drawn in a limbeck with store of water: and another kind
which probably is mixt with salts; and these will sink in
water, such as the oil of guiacum and cloves. Harris.
After this expressed oil, we made trial of a distilled one; and
for that purpose made choice of the common oil or spirit. Boyle.

To OIL. v. a. [from the noun.] To smear or lubricate with
oil.
The men fell a rubbing of armour, which a great while
had lain oiled. Wotton.
Amber will attract straws thus oiled, it will convert the
needles of dials, made either of brass or iron, although they
be much oiled, for in those needles consisting free upon their
center there can be no adhesion. Brown's V. Err.
Swift oils many a spring which Harley moves. Swift.

OI’LCOLOUR. n. s. [oil and colour.] Colour made by grinding
coloured substances in oil.
Oilcolours, after they are brought to their due temper, may
be preserved long in some degree of softness, kept all the
while under water. Boyle.

OI’LINESS. n. s. [from oily.] Unctuousness; greasiness; qua­
lity approaching to that of oil.
Basil hath fat and succulent leaves; which oiliness, if drawn
forth by the sun, will make a very great change. Bacon.
Wine is inflammable, so as it hath a kind of oiliness. Bac.
Smoke from unctuous bodies and such whose oiliness is evi­
dent, he nameth nidor. Brown's Vulgar Err.
Chyle has the same principles as milk, viscidity from the
caseous parts, an oiliness from the butyraceous parts, and an
acidity from the tartareous. Flyer.
The flesh of animals which live upon other animals, is
most antiacid; though offensive to the stomach sometimes
by reason of their oiliness. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

OI’LMAN. n. s. [oil and man.] One who trades in oils and
pickles.

OI’LSHOP. n. s. [oil and shop.] A shop where oils and pickles
are sold.

OI’LY. adj. [from oil.]
1. Consisting of oil; containing oil; having the qualities of oil.
The like cloud, if it were oily or fatty, will not discharge;
not because it sticketh faster, but because air preyeth upon
water and flame, and fire upon oil. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Flame is grosser than gross fire, by reason of the mixture
with it of that viscous oily matter, which, being drawn out of
the wood and candle, serves for fewel. Digby.
Watry substances are more apt to putrify than oily. Bacon.
2. Fat; greasy.
This oily rascal is known as well as Paul's;
Go call him forth. Shakesp. Henry IV.

OI’LYGRAIN. n. s. A plant.
The flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves with­
out any footstalk; the flower cup consists of one leaf, divided
into five long slender segments; the flower is of one leaf,
in shape like those of the fox-glove; the pointal, which
rises in the middle of the flower, afterward becomes an ob­
long four cornered pod, divided into four distinct cells, which
are replete with esculent seeds. Miller.

OI’LYPALM. n. s.
It grows in great plenty on the coast of Guiney, as also in
Cape Verd island, where it grows as high as the main mast
of a ship. But these trees have been transplanted to Jamaica
and Barbados; in both which places they thrive very well.
The inhabitants make an oil from the pulp of the fruit, and
draw a wine from the body of the trees, which inebriates;
and with the rind of these trees they make mats to lie on.
Miller.

To OINT. v. a. [oint, French.] To anoint; to smear with
something unctuous.
They oint their naked limbs with mother'd oil,
Or from the founts where living sulphurs boil,
They mix a med'cine to soment their limbs. Dryden.
Ismarus was not wanting to the war,
Directing ointed arrows from afar;
And death with poison arm'd. Dryden's æneis.

OI’NTMENT. n. s. [from oint.] Unguent; unctuous matter to
smear any thing.
Life and long health that gracious ointment gave,
And deadly wounds could heal, and rear again
The senseless corpse appointed for the grave. Fairy Q.

O’KER. n. s. [See OCHRE.] A colour.
And Klaius taking for his younglings cark,
Lest greedy eyes to them might challenge lay,
Busy with oker did their shoulders mark. Sidney.
Red oker is one of the most heavy colours; yellow oker is
not so, because it is clearer. Dryden's Dufresnoy,


OLD

OLD. adj. [eald, Saxon; alt, German.]
1. Past the middle part of life; not young.
To old age since you your self aspire,
Let not old age disgrace my high desire. Sidney.
He wooes high and low, rich and poor, young and old.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Wind.
2. Of long continuance; begun long ago.
When Gardiner was sent over as embassador into France,
with great pomp, he said unto an old acquaintance of his that
came to take his leave of him, Now I am in my gloria patri.
Yea, said his friend, and I hope, et nune et semper. Or,
replied the bishop, if it please the king my master, sicat
erat in principio, a poor scholar of Cambridge again.
Camden's Remains.
3. Not new.
The vine beareth more grapes when it is young; but grapes
that make better wine when it is old; for that the juice is
better concocted. Bacon's Nat. History.
4. Ancient; not modern.
The Genoese are cunning, industrious, and inured to hard­
ship; which was likewise the character of the old Ligurians.
Addison on Italy.
5. Of any specified duration.
How old art thou? Not so young, Sir, to love a woman
for singing; nor so old to doat on her for any thing. I have
years on my back forty-eight. Shakesp. King Lear.
Plead you to me, fair dame, I know you not.
In Ephesus I am but two hours old,
As strange unto your town as to your talk. Shakesp.
Any man that shall live to see thirty persons descended of
his body alive together, and all above three years old, makes
this feast, which is done at the cost of the state. Bacon.
6. Subsisting before something else.
The Latian king, unless he shall submit,
Own his old promise, and his new forget,
Let him in arms the pow'r of Turnus prove. Dryd.
He must live in danger of his house falling about his ears,
and will find it cheaper to build it again from the ground in
a new form; which may not be so convenient as the old.
Swift's Proj. for the Advan. of Relig.
7. Long practised.
Then said I unto her that was old in adulteries, will they
now commit whoredoms with her? Ezek. xxiii. 43.
8. A word to signify in burlesque language, more than enough.
Here will be old Utis; it will be an excellent stratagem.
Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
Here's a knocking indeed; if a man were porter of hell
gate, he should have old turning the key. Shakesp.
9. Of old; long ago; from ancient times.
These things they cancel, as having been instituted in re­
gard of occasions peculiar to the times of old, and as being
now superfluous. Hooker, b. v. s. 35.
Whether such virtue spent of old now fail'd
More angels to create. Milt. P. Lost, b. ix.
A land there is, Hesperia nam'd of old,
The soil is fruitful, and the men are bold;
Now call'd Italia, from the leader's name. Dryden.
In days of old there liv'd of mighty fame,
A valiant prince, and Theseus was his name. Dryd.

OLDFA’SHIONED. adj. [old and fashion.] Formed according to
obsolete custom.
Some are offended that I turned these tales into modern


English; because they look on Chaucer as a dry, oldfashioned
wit, not worth reviving. Dryden.
He is one of those oldfashioned men of wit and pleasure,
that shews his parts by raillery on marriage. Addison.

O’LDEN. adj. [from old; perhaps the Saxon plural.] Ancient.
This word is not now in use.
Blood hath been shed ere now, i'th' olden time,
Ere human statute purg'd the gen'ral weal. Shakesp.

O’LDNESS. n. s. [from old.] Old age; antiquity; not new­
ness; quality of being old.
This policy and reverence of ages, makes the world bitter
to the best of our times; keeps our fortunes from us till our
oldness cannot relish them. Shakesp. King Lear.

OLEA’GINOUS. adj. [oleaginus, Lat. from oleum, oleagineux, Fr.]
Oily; unctuous.
The sap when it first enters the root, is earthy, watery,
poor, and scarce oleaginous. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

OLEA’GINOUSNESS. n. s. [from oleaginous.] Oiliness.
In speaking of the oleaginousness of urinous spirits, I employ
the word most rather than all. Boyle.

OLE’ANDER. n. s. [oleandre, Fr.] The plant rosebay.

OLE’ASTER. n. s. [Latin.] Wild olive; a species of
olive. It is a native of Italy, but hardy, and will endure
the cold of our climate, and grow to the height of sixteen
or eighteen feet. It blooms in June, and perfumes the cir­
cumambient air to a great distance. Its leaves are silver­
coloured. Miller.

OLE’OSE. adj. [olcosus, Lat.] Oily.
Rain water may be endued with some vegetating or pro­
lifick virtue, derived from some saline or oleose particles it
contains. Ray on the Creation.
In falcons is a small quantity of gall, the oleous parts of the
chyle being spent most on the fat. Ployer on the Humours.

To OLFA’CT. v. a. [olfactus, Lat.] To smell. A burlesque
word.
There is a machiavilian plot,
Tho' every nare olfact it not. Hudibras, p. i.

OLFA’CTORY. adj. [olfactoire, Fr. from olfacio, Lat.] Having
the sense of smelling.
Effluvias, or invisible particles that come from bodies at
a distance, immediately affect the olfactory nerves. Locke.


OLI

O’LID. adj. [olidus, Lat.] Stinking; fœtid.

O’LIDOUS. adj. [olidus, Lat.] Stinking; fœtid.
The fixt salt would have been not unlike that of men's
urine; of which olid and despicable liquor I chose to make
an instance, because chemists are not wont to care sor ex­
tracting the fixt salt of it. Boyle.
In a civet cat a different and offensive odour proceeds partly
from its food, that being especially fish, whereof this humour
may be a garous excretion and olidous separation. Brown.

OLIGA’RCHY. n. s. [????a?a.] A form of government which
places the supreme power in a small number; aristocracy.
The worst kind of oligarchy, is, when men are govern­
ed indeed by a few, and yet are not taught to know what
those few be, to whom they should obey. Sidney, b. ii.
We have no aristocracies but in contemplation, all oligar­
chies, wherein a few men domineer, do what they list. Burt.
After the expedition into Sicily, the Athenians chose four
hundred men for administration of affairs, who became a
body of tyrants, and were called an oligarchy, or tyranny of the
few; under which hateful denomination they were soon after
deposed. Swift.

O’LIO. n. s. [olla, Span.] A mixture; a medly. See OGLIO.
Ben Johnson, in his Sejanus and Cataline, has given us
this clio of a play, this unnatural mixture of comedy and
tragedy. Dryd. on Dram. Poetry.
I am in a very chaos to think I should so forget myself.
But I have such an olio of affairs, I know not what to do.
Congreve's Way of the World.

O’LITORY. n. s. [olitor, Latin.] Belonging to the kitchen
gaden.
Gather your olitory seeds. Evelyn's Kalendar.

OLIVA’STER. adj. [olivastre, Fr.] Darkly brown; tawny.
The countries of the Abysenes, Barbary, and Peru, where
they are tawny, olivaster and pale, are generally more sandy.
Bacon's Nat. History, No. 399.

O’LIVE. n. s. [olive, Fr. olea, Lat.] A plant producing oil; the
emblem of peace.
The leaves are for the most part oblong and ever-green;
the flower consists of one leaf, the lower part of which is
hollowed, but the upper part is divided into four parts; the
ovary, which is fixed in the center of the flower cup, be­
comes an oval, soft, pulpy fruit, abounding with a fat liquor
inclosing an hard rough stone. Miller.
To thee, heav'ns, in thy nativity,
Adjudg'd an olive branch and laurel crown,
As likely to be blest in peace and war. Sha. Hen. VI.
In the purlews of this forest, stands
A sheepcote fenc'd about with olive trees. Shakespeare.
The seventh year thou shalt let it rest. In like manner
thou shalt deal with thy vineyard and olive yard. Ex. xxiii. 11.
He led
Mutuseans from their olive bearing town,
And all th' Eretian pow'rs. Dryden's æn. viii.
It is laid out into a grove, a vineyard, and an allotment
for olives and herbs. Notes on the Odyssey.

O’MBRE. n. s. [hombre, Spanish.] A game of cards played by
three.
He would willingly carry her to the play; but she had ra­
ther go to lady Centaure's and play at ombre. Tatler.

O’MEGA. n. s. [????a.] The last letter of the alphabet, there­
fore taken in the Holy Scripture for the last.
I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the ending.
Rev. i. 8.

O’MELET. n. s. [omelette, Fr.] A kind of pancake made with
eggs.

O’MENED. adj. [from omen.] Containing prognosticks.
Fame may prove,
Or omen'd voice, the messenger of Jove,
Propitious to the search. Pope's Odyssey, b. i.

O’MEN. n. s. [omen, Latin.] A sign good or bad; a prog­
nostick.
When young kings begin with scorn of justice,
They make an omen to their after reign. Dryden.
The speech had omen that the Trojan race
Should find repose, and this the time and place. Dryden.
Choose out other smiling hours,
Such as have lucky omens shed
O'er forming laws and empires rising. Prior.

OME’NTUM. n. s. [Latin.]
The cawl, called also reticulum, from its structure, re­
sembling that of a net. When the peritonæum is cut, as
usual, and the cavity of the abdomen laid open, the omentum
or cawl presents itself first to view. This membrane, which
is like a wide and empty bag, covers the greatest part of the
guts. Quincy.

O’MER. n. s. A Hebrew measure about three pints and a half
English. Bailey.


OMI

To O’MINATE. v. a. [ominor, Lat.] To foretoken; to shew
prognosticks.
This ominates sadly, as to our divisions with the Romanists.
Decay of Piety.

OMINA’TION. n. s. [from ominor, Lat.] Prognostick.
The falling of salt is an authentick presagement of ill luck,
yet the same was not a general prognostick of future evil
among the ancients; but a particular omination concerning
the breach of friendship. Brown's V. Err. b. v.

O’MINOUS. adj. [from omen.]
1. Exhibiting bad tokens of futurity; foreshewing ill; inau­
spicious.
Let me be duke of Clarence;
For Glo'ster's dukedom is ominous. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Pomfret, thou bloody prison,
Fatal and ominous to noble peers. Shakesp. Rich. III.
These accidents the more rarely they happen, the more
ominous are they esteemed, because they are never observed
but when sad events do ensue. Hayward.
Roving the Celtic and Iberian fields,
He last betakes him to this ominous wood. Mil. Poems.
As in the heathen worship of God, a sacrifice without an
heart was accounted ominous; so in the christian worship of
him, an heart without a sacrifice is worthless. South's Serm.
Pardon a father's tears,
And give them to Charinus' memory;
May they not prove as ominous to thee. Dryden.
2. Exhibiting tokens good or ill.
Though he had a good ominous name to have made a peace,
nothing followed. Bacon's Henry VII.

O’MINOUSLY. adv. [from ominous.] With good or bad omen.

OMI’NOUSNESS. n. s. [from ominous.] The quality of being
ominous,

OMI’SSION. n. s. [omissus, Lat.]
1. Neglect to do something; forbearance of something to be
done.
Would it not impose a total omission of physie. Brown.
If he has made no provision for this great change, the
omission can never be repaired, the time never redeemed.
Roger's Serm. 12.
2. Neglect of duty, opposed to commission or perpetration of crimes.
Omission to do what is necessary,
Seals a commission to a blank of danger. Shakespeare.
The most natural division of all offences, is into those of
omission and those of commission. Addison's Freeholder.

To O’MIT. v. a. [omitto, Lat.]
1. To leave out; not to mention.
These personal comparisons I omit, because I would say
nothing that may savour of a spirit of flattery. Bacon.
Great Cato there, for gravity renown'd,
Who can omit the Gracchi, who declare
The Scipio's worth? Dryden, æn. vi.
2. To neglect to practise.
Her father omitted nothing in her education, that might


make her the most accomplished woman of her age. Addis.

OMI’TTANCE. n. s. [from omit.] Forbearance.
He said, mine eyes were black, and my hair black;
And now I am remember'd, scorn'd at me!
I marvel why I answer'd not again;
But that's all one, omittance is no quittance. Shakesp.


OMN

OMNIFA’RIOUS. adj. [omnifariam, Lat.] Of all varieties or
kinds.
These particles could never of themselves, by omnifarious
kinds of motion, whether fortuitous or mechanical, have
fallen into this visible system. Bentley's Serm.
But if thou omnifarious drinks wou'dst brew;
Besides the orchard, ev'ry hedge and bush
Affords assistance. Philips.

OMNI’FEROUS. adj. [omnis and fero, Lat.] All-bearing. Dict.

OMNI’FICK. adj. [omnis and facio, Lat.] All-creating.
Silence, ye troubled waves, and thou deep, peace!
Said then th' omnific word, your discord end. Milton.

OMNI’FORM. adj. [omnis and forma, Lat.] Having every shape.
Dict.

OMNI’GENOUS. adj. [omnigenus, Lat.] Consisting of all kinds.
Dict.

OMNI’POTENCE. n. s. [omnipotentia, Lat.] Almighty power;
unlimited power.

OMNI’POTENCY. n. s. [omnipotentia, Lat.] Almighty power;
unlimited power.
Whatever fortune
Can give or take, love wants not, or despises;
Or by his own omnipotence supplies. Denham.
As the soul bears the image of the divine wisdom, so this
part of the body represents the omnipotency of God, whilst it
is able to perform such wonderful effects. Wilkins.
The greatest danger is from the greatest power, and that
is omnipotency. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
Will omnipotence neglect to save,
The suffering virtue of the wise and brave. Pope.

OMNI’POTENT. adj. [omnipotens, Lat.] Almighty; powerful
without limit.
You were also Jupiter, a swan, for the love of Leda:
oh omnipotent love! how near the god drew to the complexion
of a goose?. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Wind.
The perfect being must needs be omnipotent; both as
self-existent and as immense: for he that is self-existent, hav­
ing the power of being, hath the power of allbeing; equal
to the cause of all being, which is to be omnipotent.
Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 1.

OMNIPRE’SENCE. n. s. [omnis and prœsens, Lat.] Ubiquity;
unbounded presence.
He also went
Invisible, yet staid, such privilege
Hath omnipresence. Milton's Par Lost, b. vii.
Adam, thou know'st his omnipresence fills
Land, sea, and air. Milton's Par. Lost. b. ix.
The soul is evolved and present to every part: and if my
soul can have its effectual energy upon my body with ease,
with how much more facility can a being of immense exis­
tence and omnipresence, of infinite wisdom and power, govern
a great but finite universe? Hale.

OMNIPRE’SENT. adj. [omnis and prœsens, Latin.] Ubiquitary;
present in every place.
Omniscient master, omnipresent king,
To thee, to thee, my last distress I bring. Prior.

OMNI’SCIENCE. n. s. [omnis and scientia, Lat.] Boundless
knowledge; infinite wisdom.

OMNI’SCIENCY. n. s. [omnis and scientia, Lat.] Boundless
knowledge; infinite wisdom.
In all this misconstruction of my actions, as I have no judge
but God above me, so I can have comfort to appeal to his
omniscience. King Charles.
Thinking by this retirement to obscure himself from God,
he infringed the omnisciency and essential ubiquity of his maker,
who as he created all things, so is he beyond and in them all.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
An immense being does strangely fill the soul; and om­
nipotency, omnisciency, and infinite goodness, enlarge the
spirit while it fixtly looks upon them. Burnet.
Since thou boast'st th' omniscience of a God,
Say in what cranny of Sebastian's soul,
Unknown to me, so loath'd a crime is lodg'd? Dryden.

OMNI’SCIENT. adj. [omnis and scio, Lat.] Infinitely wise;
knowing without bounds; knowing every thing.
By no means trust to your own judgment alone; for no
man is omniscient. Bacon's Adv. to Villiers.
What can 'scape the eye
Of God all-seeing, or deceive his heart
Omniscient? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Whatsoever is known, is some way present; and that
which is present, cannot but be known by him who is om­
niscient. South's Sermons.
Omniscient master, omnipresent king,
To thee, to thee, my last distress I bring. Prior.

OMNI’SCIOUS. adj. [omnis and scio, Lat.] All-knowing.
I dare not pronounce him omniscious, that being an attri­
bute individually proper to the Godhead, and incommunicable
to any created substance. Hakewill on Providence

OMNI’VOROUS. adj. [omnis and voro, Lat.] All-devouring. Dict.

OMO’PLATE. n. s. [?? and p?a?.] The shoulder blade.
Dict.

OMPHALO’PTICK. n. s. [??fa?? and ?p??.] An optic
glass that is convex on both sides, commonly called a convex
lens. Dict.


ON

ON. prep. [aen, Dutch; an, German.]
1. It is put before the word, which signifies that which is un­
der, that by which any thing is supported, which any thing
covers, or where any thing is fixed.
He is not lolling on a lewd love bed,
But on his knees at meditation. Shakesp. Rich. III.
What news?—
—Richmond is on the seas.—
—There let him sink and be the seas on him. Shakesp.
Distracted terror knew not what was best;
On what determination to abide. Daniel's Civ. War.
How soon hath time, the suttle thief of youth,
Stol'n on his wing my three and twentieth year,
My hasting days fly on with full career. Milton.
As some to witness truth heav'n's call obey,
So some on earth must, to confirm it, stay. Dryden.
They stooping low,
Perch'd on the double tree. Dryden's æn. vi.
2. It is put before any thing that is the subject of action.
Th' unhappy husband, husband now no more,
Did on his tuneful harp his loss deplore. Dryden.
3. Noting addition or accumulation.
Mischiefs on mischiefs, greater still and more,
The neighb'ring plain with arms is cover'd o'er. Dryden.
4. Noting a state of progression.
Ho Mæris! whither on thy way so fast?
This leads to town. Dryden.
5. It sometimes notes elevation.
Chuse next a province for thy vineyard's reign,
On hills above, or in the lowly plain. Dryden.
6. Noting approach or invasion.
Their navy ploughs the wat'ry main,
Yet soon expect it on your shores again. Dryden.
On me, on me let all thy fury fall,
Nor err from me, since I deserve it all. Pope.
7. Noting dependance or reliance.
On God's providence and on your bounty, all their present
support and future hopes depend. Smallridge.
8. At, noting place.
On each side her;
Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling
Cupids. Sha. Ant. and Cleo.
9. It denotes the motive or occasion of any thing.
The same prevalence of genius, the world cannot pardon
your concealing, on the same consideration; because we
neither have a living Varus nor a Horace. Dryden.
The joy of a monarch for the news of a victory, must not
be expressed like the ecstasy of a harlequin on the receipt of
a letter from his mistress. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The best way to be used by a father on any occasion, to
reform any thing he wishes mended in his son. Locke.
We abstain on such solemn occasions from things lawful,
out of indignation that we have often gratified ourselves in
things unlawful. Smallridge's Sermons.
10. It denotes the time at which any thing happens: as, this
happened on the first day. On is used, I think, only before
day or hour.
11. It is put before the object of some passion.
Compassion on the king commands me stoop, Shakesp.
Cou'd tears recal him into wretched life,
Their sorrow hurts themselves; on him is lost. Dryden.
12. In forms of denunciation it is put before the thing threatned.
Hence on thy life; the captive maid is mine,
Whom not for price or pray'rs I will resign. Dryden.
13. Noting imprecation.
Sorrow on thee, and all the pack of you,
That triumph thus upon my misery! Shakespeare.
14. Noting invocation.
On thee, dear wife, in deserts all alone
He call'd. Dryden's Virg. Georg. iv.
15. Noting the state of any thing.
—The earth shook to see the heav'ns on fire,
And not in fear of your nativity. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The horses burnt as they stood fast tied in the stables, or
by chance breaking loose ran up and down with their tails
and mains on a light fire. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
His fancy grows in the progress, and becomes on fire like
a chariot wheel by its own rapidity. Pop. Pref. to Iliad.
16. Noting stipulation or condition.
I can be satisfied on more easy terms. Dryden.
17. Noting distinction or opposition.
The Rhodians, on the other side, mindful of their former
honour, valiantly repulsed the enemy. Knolles.


18. Before it, by corruption, it stands for of.
This tempest,
Dashing the garment of this peace, aboded
The sudden breach on't. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
A thriving gamester has but a poor trade on't, who fills his
pockets at the price of his reputation. Locke's Educat.
19. Noting the manner of an event.
Note,
How much her grace is alter'd on the sudden? Shakesp.
20. On, the same with upon. See UPON.

ON. adv.
1. Forward; in succession.
As he forbore one act, so he might have foreborn another,
and after that another, and so on, till he had by degrees
weakened, and at length mortified and extinguished the habit
itself. South's Sermons.
If the tenant fail the landlord, he must fail his creditor,
and he his, and so on. Locke.
These smaller particles are again composed of others much
smaller, all which together are equal to all the pores or
empty spaces between them; and so on perpetually till you
come to solid particles, such as have no pores. Newt.
2. Forward; in progression.
On indeed they went; but oh! not far;
A fatal stop travers'd their head-long course. Daniel.
So saying, on he led his radiant files. Milton.
Hopping and flying, thus they led him on
To the slow lake. Dryden.
What kindled in the dark the vital flame,
And ere the heart was form'd, push'd on the red'ning stream.
Blackmore on Creation.
Go to, I did not mean to chide you;
On with your tale. Rowe's J. Shore.
3. In continuance; without ceasing.
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
Till this stormy night be gone,
And th' eternal morrow dawn. Crashaw.
Sing on, sing on, for I can ne'er be cloy'd. Dryden.
You roam about, and never are at rest;
By new desires, that is, new torments still possest:
As in a fev'rish dream you still drink on,
And wonder why your thirst is never gone. Dryden.
The peasants defy the sun; they work on in the hottest
part of the day without intermission. Locke's Educat.
4. Not off.
5. Upon the body, as part of dress.
A long cloak he had on. Sidney.
Stiff in brocade, and pinch'd in stays,
Her patches, paint, and jewels on;
All day let envy view her face,
And Phyllis is but twenty-one. Prior.
6. It notes resolution to advance.
Since 'tis decreed, and to this period lead
A thousand ways, the noblest path we'll tread;
And bravely on, till they or we, or all,
A common sacrifice to honour fall. Denham.

ON. interject. A word of incitement or encouragement to at­
tack; elliptically for go on.
Therefore on, or strip your sword stark-naked; for meddle
you must. Shakespeare's Twefth Night.
Cheerly on, couragious friends,
To reap the harvest of perpetual peace,
By this one bloody trial of sharp war. Shakesp. R. III.


ONC

ONCE. adv. [from one.]
1. One time.
Trees that bear mast, are fruitful but once in two years;
the cause is, the expence of sap. Bacon.
Forthwith from out the ark a raven flies,
And after him the surer messenger,
A dove, sent forth once and again to spy
Green trees or ground. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
You came out like some great monarch, to take a town
but once a year, as it were for your diversion, though you
had no need to extend your territories. Dryden.
O virgin! daughter of eternal night,
Give me this once thy labour, to sustain
My right, and execute my just disdain. Dryden.
In your tuneful lays,
Once more resound the great Apollo's praise. Pope.
2. A single time.
Who this heir is, he does not once tell us. Locke.
3. The same time.
At once with him they rose:
Their rising all at once was as the sound
Of thunder heard remote. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
Fir'd with this thought, at once he strain'd the breast,
And on the lips a burning kiss impress'd. Dryden.
Now that the fixed stars, by reason of their immense dis­
tance, appear like points, unless so far as their light is di­
lated by refraction may appear from hence, that when the
moon passes over them and eclipses them, their light vanishes,
not gradually like that of the planets, but all at once. Newt.
4. At a point of time indivisible.
Night came on, not by degrees prepared,
But all at once; at once the winds arise,
The thunders roll. Dryden's Cimon and Iphig.
5. One time, though no more.
Fuscinus, those ill deeds that fully fame,
In blood once tainted, like a current run
From the lewd father to the lewder son. Dryden.
6. At the time immediate.
This hath all its force at once, upon the first impression,
and is ever afterwards in a declining state. Atterbury.
7. Formerly; at a former time.
Thereon his arms and once-lov'd portrait lay,
Thither our fatal marriage-bed convey. Denham.
My soul had once some foolish fondness for thee,
But hence 'tis gone. Addison.
8. Once seems to be rather a noun than an adverb, when it has
at before it, and when it is joined with an adjective: as, this
once, that once.


ONE

ONE. adj. [an, œne, Saxon; een, Dutch; ein, German; ?,
Greek.]
1. Less than two; single; denoted by an unite.
The man he knew was one that willingly,
For one good look would hazard all. Daniel.
Pindarus the poet, and one of the wisest, acknowledged
also one God the most high, to be the father and creator of
all things. Raleigh.
If one must be rejected, one succeed,
Make him my Lord, within whose faithful breast
Is fix'd my image, and who loves me best. Dryden.
Love him by parts in all your num'rous race,
And from those parts form one collected grace;
Then when you have refin'd to that degree,
Imagine all in one, and think that one is he. Dryden.
2. Indefinitely; any.
We shall
Present our services to a fine new prince,
One of these days. Shakespeare.
I took pains to make thee speak, taught thee each hour
One thing or other. Shakespeare's Tempest.
When any one heareth the word of the kingdom, and un­
derstandeth it not, then cometh the wicked one and catcheth
away that which was sown in his heart. Matt. xiii. 19.
If any one prince made a felicity in this life, and left fair
fame after death, without the love of his subjects, there were
some colour to despise it. Suckling.
3. Different; diverse; opposed to another.
What a precious comfort to have so many, like brothers,
commanding one another's fortunes. Shakespeare.
It is one thing to draw outlines true, the features like, the
proportions exact, the colouring tolerable, and another thing
to make all these graceful. Dryden.
Suppose the common depth of the sea, taking one place
with another, to be about a quarter of a mile. Burnet.
It is one thing to think right, and another thing to know
the right way to lay our thoughts before others with advan­
tage and clearness. Locke.
My legs were closed together by so many wrappers one
over another, that I looked like an Egyptian mummy. Add.
Two bones rubbed hard against one another, or with a file,
produce a fetid smell. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
At one time they keep their patients so warm, as almost to
stifle them, and all of a sudden the cold regimen is in vogue.
Baker on Learning.
4. One of two opposed to the other.
Ask from the one side of heaven unto the other, whether
there hath been any such thing as this. Deutr. iv. 32.
Both the matter of the stone and marchasite, had been at
once fluid bodies, till one of them, probably the marchasite,
first growing hard, the other, as being yet of a more yield­
ing consistence, accommodated itself to the harder's figure.
Boyle.
There can be no reason why we should prefer any one ac­
tion to another, but because we have greater hopes of ad­
vantage from the one than from the other. Smallridge.
5. Particularly one.
One day when Phæbe fair,
With all her band was following th' chase,
This nymph quite tir'd with heat of scorching air,
Sat down to rest. Fairy Queen, b. i.
6. Some future.
Heav'n waxeth old, and all the spheres above
Shall one day faint, and their swift motion stay;
And time itself, in time shall cease to move,
But the soul survives and lives for aye. Davies.

ONE. n. s. [There are many uses of the word one, which serve
to denominate it a substantive, though some of them may
seem rather to make it a pronoun relative, and some may


perhaps be considered as consistent with the nature of an ad­
jective.]
1. A single person.
If one by one you wedded all the world,
She you kill'd would be unparallel'd. Shakespeare.
Although the beauties, riches, honours, sciences, virtues,
and perfections of all men were in the present possession of
one, yet somewhat beyond and above all this there would still
be sought and earnestly thirsted for. Hooker, b. i.
From his lofty steed he flew,
And raising one by one the suppliant crew,
To comfort each. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
When join'd in one, the good, the fair, the great,
Descends to view the muse's humble seat. Granvile.
2. A single mass or aggregate.
It is one thing only as a heap is one. Blackmore.
3. The first hour.
Till 'tis one o'clock, our dance of custom
Let us not forget. Shakesp. M. Wives of Wind.
4. The same thing.
I marvel, why I answer'd not again;
But that's all one, omittance is no quittance. Shakesp.
To be in the understanding, and not to be understood, is
all one as to say any thing is, and is not in the understand­
ing. Locke.
5. A person.
A good acquaintance with method will greatly assist every
one in ranging human affairs. Watts's Logick.
6. A person by way of eminence.
Ferdinand
My father, king of Spain, was reckon'd one,
The wisest prince that there had reign'd. Shakesp.
7. A distinct or particular person.
That man should be the teacher is no part of the matter;
for birds will learn one of another. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
No nations are wholly aliens and strangers the one to the
other. Bacon's Holy War.
One or other sees a little box which was carried away with
her, and so discovers her to her friends. Dryden.
8. Persons united.
As I have made ye one, lords, one remain:
So I grow stronger, you more honour gain. Shakes.
9. Concord; agreement; one mind.
The king was well in structed how to carry himself be­
tween Ferdinando and Philip, resolving to keep themat one
within themselves. Bacon's Henry VII.
He is not at one with himself what account to give of it.
Tillotson.
10. [On, l'on, French. It is used sometimes a general or in­
definite nominative for any man, any person. For one the
English formerly used men; as, they live obscurely men know
not how, or die obscurely, men mark not when. Ascham. For
which it would now be said, one knows not how, one knows
not when; or, it is not known how.] Any person; any man
indefinitely.
It is not so worthy to be brought to heroical effects by for­
tune or necessity, like Ulysses and æneas, as by one's own
choice and working. Sidney, b. ii.
One may be little the wiser for reading this dialogue, since
it neither sets forth what Erona is, not what the cause should
be which threatens her with death. Sidney, b. ii.
One would imagine these to be the expressions of a man
blessed with ease, affluence and power; not of one who had
been just stripped of all those advantages. Atterbury.
For provoking of urine, one should begin with the gentlest
first. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
For some time one was not thought to understand Aristotle,
unless he had read him with Averrore's comment. Baker.
11. A person of particular character.
Then must you speak
Of one that lov'd not wisely, but too well;
Of one not easily jealous; but being wrought
Perplex'd in the extreme. Shakesp. Othello.
With lives and fortunes trusting one
Who so discreetly us'd his own. Waller.
Edward I. was one that very well knew how to use a vic­
tory, as well as obtain it. Hale.
One who contemned divine and human laws. Dryden.
12. One has sometimes a plural, either when it stands for
persons indefinitely; as, the great ones of the world: or when
it relates to some thing going before, and is only the repre­
sentative of the antecedent noun. This relative mode of
speech, whether singular or plural, is in my ear not very
elegant, yet is used by good authors.
Be not sound here; hence with your little ones. Shakesp.
These successes are more glorious which bring benefit to
the world, than such ruinous ones as are dyed in human blood.
Glanvile's Sceps. Pref.
He that will overlook the true reason of a thing which
is but one, may easily find many false ones, error being in­
finite. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
The following plain rules and directions, are not the less
useful because they are plain ones. Atterbury.
There are many whose waking thoughts are wholly em­
ployed on their sleeping ones. Addison's Spectator.
Arbitrary power tends to make a man a bad sovereign, who
might possibly have been a good one, had he been invested
with an authority limited by law. Addison's Freeholder.
This evil fortune which attends extraordinary men, hath
been imputed to divers causes that need not be set down,
when so obvious an one occurs, that when a great genius ap­
pears the dunces are all in conspiracy against him. Swift.

ONE’EYED. adj. [one and eye.] Having only one eye.
A sign-post dauber wou'd disdain to paint
The oneey'd heroe on his elephant. Dryden.
The mighty family
Of oneey'd brothers hasten to the shore. Addison.

ONEIROCRI’TICAL. adj. [?e???????, Gr. onirocritique, Fr. it
should therefore according to analogy be written onirocritical
and onirocritick.] Interpretative of dreams.
If a man has no mind to pass by abruptly from his imagined
to his real circumstances, he may employ himself in that
new kind of observation which my oneirocritical correspondent
has directed him to make. Addison's Spectator.

ONEIROCRI’TICK. n. s. [?e??????, Gr.] An interpreter of
dreams.
Having surveyed all ranks and professions, I do not find
in any quarter of the town an oneirocritick, or an interpreter
of dreams. Addison's Spectator, No. 505.

ONE’NESS. n. s. [from one.] Unity; the quality of being one.
Our God is one, or rather very oneness and mere unity,
having nothing but itself in itself, and not consisting, as all
things do besides God, of many things. Hooker.
The oneness of our Lord Jesus Christ, referring to the se­
veral hypostases, is the one eternal indivisible divine nature,
and the eternity of the son's generation, and his co-eternity,
and his consubstantiality with the father when he came down
from Heaven and was incarnate. Hammond.

O’NERARY. adj. [onerarius, Lat. oneraise, Fr.] Fitted for car­
riage or burthens.

To O’NERATE. v. a. [onero, Lat.] To load; to burthen.

ONERA’TION. n. s. [from onerate.] The act of loading. Dict.

O’NEROUS. adj. [onereux, Fr. onerosus, Lat.] Burthensome;
oppressive.
A banished person, that is absent out of necessity, retains
all things onerous to himself, as a punishment for his crime.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

ONION. n. s. [oignon, French.]
It hath an orbicular, coated, bulbous root; the leaves are
hollow or pip; the stalk also hollow and swells out in the
middle; the flowers consisting of six leaves are collected in­
to a spherical head; the style of the flower becomes a roundish
fruit divided into three cells, containing roundish seeds. Mill.
If the boy have not a woman's gift
To rain a shower of commanded tears,
An onion will do well. Sha. Taming of the Shrew.
I an ass, am onion-ey'd. Sha. Ant. and Cleopatra.
This is ev'ry cook's opinion,
No sav'ry dish without an onion:
But lest your kissing should be spoil'd,
Your onions must be throughly boil'd. Swift.

O’NLY. adj. [from one, onely, or onelike.]
1. Single; one and no more.
Of all whom fortune to my sword did bring,
This only man was worth the conquering. Dryden.
2. This and no other.
The logick now in use has long possessed the chair, as the
only art taught in the schools for the direction of the mind
in the study of the sciences. Locke.
3. This above all other: as, he is the only man for musick.

O’NLY. adv.
1. Simply; singly; merely; barely.
I propose my thoughts only as conjectures. Burnet.
The posterity of the wicked inherit the fruit of their fa­
ther's vices; and that not only by a just judgment, but from
the natural course of things. Tillotson, Serm. 4.
All who deserve his love, he makes his own;
And to be lov'd himself, needs only to be known. Dryd.
Nor must this contrition be exercised by us, only for grosser
evils; but when we live the best. Wake.
2. So and no otherwise.
Every imagination of the thoughts of his heart, was only
evil continually. Gen. vi. 5.
3. Singly without more; as, only begotten.


ONO

O’NOMANCY. n. s. [???a and ?a?e?a.] Divination by a name.
Destinies were superstitiously, by onomancy, deciphered out
of names, as though the names and natures of men were
suitable, and fatal necessities concurred herein with voluntary
motion. Camden.

ONOMA’NTICAL. adj. [???a and ?????.] Predicting by names.
Theodatus, when curious to know the success of his wars
against the Romans, an onomantical or name-wisard Jew,


willed him to shut up a number of swine and give some of
them Roman names, others Gothish names with several marks,
and there to leave them. Camden.

O’NSET. n. s. [on and set.]
1. Attack; storm; assault; first brunt.
As well the soldier dieth, which standeth still, as he that
gives the bravest onset. Sidney, b. ii.
All breathless, weary, faint,
Him spying, with fresh onset he assail'd,
And kindling new his courage, seeming queint,
Struck him so hugely, that through great constraint
He made him stoop. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The shout
Of battle now began, and rushing sound
Of onset. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Sometimes it gains a point; and presently it finds itself
baffled and beaten off; yet still it renews the onset, attacks
the difficulty afresh; plants this reasoning and that argument,
like so many intellectual batteries, till at length it forces a
way into the obstinate enclosed truth. South.
Without men and provisions it is impossible to secure con­
quests that are made in the first onsets of an invasion. Addis.
Observe
The first impetuous onsets of his grief;
Use every artifice to keep him stedfast. Philips.
2. Something added by way of ornamental appendage. This
sense, says Nicholson, is still retained in Northumberland,
where onset means a tuft.
I will with deeds requite thy gentleness;
And for an onset, Titus, to advance
Thy name and honourable family,
Lavinia will I make my empress. Shakesp. Tit. And.

To O’NSET. v. a. [from the noun.] To set upon; to begin.
This for a while was hotly onsetted and a reasonable price
offered, but soon cooled again. Carew.

O’NSLAUGHT. n. s. [on and slay. See SLAUGHTER.] At­
tack; storm; onset.
They made a halt
To view the ground, and where t' assault,
Then call'd a council, which was best,
By siege or onslaught to invest
The enemy; and 'twas agreed
By storm and onslaught to proceed. Hudibras, p. i.

ONTO’LOGIST. n. s. [from ontology.] One who considers the
affections of being in general; a metaphysician.

ONTO’LOGY. n. s. [?ta and ?????.] The science of the af­
fections of being in general; metaphysicks.
The modes, accidents and relations that belong to various
beings, are copiously treated of in metaphysicks, or more
properly ontology. Watts's Logick.

O’NWARD. adv. [ondweard, Saxon.]
1. Forward; progressively.
My lord,
When you went onward on this ended action,
I look'd upon her with a soldier's eye. Shakespeare.
Satan was now at hand, and from his seat
The monster moving onward came as fast,
With horrid strides. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ii.
Him thro' the spicy forest onward come
Adam discern'd, as in the door he sat
Of his cool bow'r. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. v.
Not one looks backward, onward still he goes,
Yet ne'er looks forward farther than his nose. Pope.
2. In a state of advanced progression.
Philoxenus came to see how onward the fruits were of his
friends labour. Sidney.
You are already so far onward of your way, that you have
forsaken the imitation of ordinary converse. Dryden.
3. Somewhat farther.
A little onward lend thy guiding hand
To these dark steps, a little farther on. Milton.


ONY

O’NYCHA. n. s. It is found in two different senses in scrip­
ture. — The odoriferous snail or shell, and the stone named
onyx. The greatest part of commentators explain it by
the onyx or odoriferous shell, like that of the shell-fish
called purpura. The onyx is fished for in watry places of
the Indies, where grows the spicanardi, which is the food of
this fish and what makes its shell so aromatick. Calmet.
Take sweet spices, onycha, and galbanum. Ex. xxx. 34.

O’NYX. n. s. [???.] The onyx is a semipellucid gem, of
which there are several species, but the blueish white kind,
with brown and white zones, is the true onyx legitima of the
ancients. It is a very elegant and beautiful gem, and the
regular arrangement and disposition of its colours make amends
for their want of show. Hill's Mat. Med.
Nor are her rare endowments to be sold,
For glittering sand by Ophir shown,
The blue-ey'd saphir, or rich onyx stone. Sandys.
The onyx is an accidental variety of the agat kind: it is
of a dark horny colour, in which is a plate of a bluish white,
and sometimes of red: when on one or both sides the white,
there happens to lie also a plate of a reddish or fresh colour,
the jewellers call the stone a sardonyx. Woodward on Foss.

OOZE. n. s. [either from eaux, waters, French; or wæs,
wetness, Saxon.]
1. Soft mud; mire at the bottom of water; slime.
My son i' th' ooze is bedded. Shakesp. Tempest.
Some carried up into their grounds the ooze or salt water
mud, and found good profit thereby. Carew.
Old father Thames rais'd up his rev'rend head,
Deep in his ooze he sought his sedgy bed,
And shrunk his waters back into his urn. Dryden.
2. Soft flow; spring. This seems to be the meaning in Prior.
From his first fountain and beginning ooze,
Down to the sea each brook and torrent flows. Prior.
3. The liquor of a tanner's vat.

To OOZE. v. n. [from the noun.] To flow by stealth; to
run gently; to drain away.
When the contracted limbs were cramp'd, even then
A wat'rish humour swell'd and ooz'd agen. Dryden.
Where creeping waters ooze,
Where marshes stagnate, and where rivers wind,
Cluster the rolling fogs. Thoms. Autumn.
The lilly drinks
The latent rill, scarce oozing thro' the grass. Thomson.

O’OZY. adj. [from ooze.] Miry; muddy; slimy.
From his oozy bed,
Old father Thames advanc'd his rev'rend head. Pope.

To OPA’CATE. v. a. [opaco, Lat.] To shade; to cloud; to
darken; to obscure.
The same corpuscles upon the unstopping of the glass, did
opacate that part of the air they moved in. Boyle.

OPA’CITY. n. s. [opacité, Fr. opacitas, Lat.] Cloudiness; want
of transparency.
Can any thing escape the perspicacity of those eyes in whose
opticks there is no opacity? Brown.
Had there not been any night, shadow or opacity, we should
never have had any determinate conceit of darkness. Glanv.
How much any body hath of colour, so much hath it of
opacity, and by so much the more unfit is it to transmit the
species. Ray on the Creation.
The least parts of almost all natural bodies, are in some
measure transparent; and the opacity of those bodies ariseth
from the multitude of reflexions caused in their internal parts.
Newt. Opt.

OPA’COUS. adj. [opacus, Latin.] Dark; obscure; not tran­
sparent.
When he perceives that these opacous bodies do not hinder
the eye from judging light to have an equal diffusion through
the whole place that it irradiates, he can have no difficulty to
allow air, that is diaphanous, and more subtile far than they,
and consequently, divisible into lesser atoms; and having
lesser pores, gives less scope to our eyes to miss light. Digby.
Upon the firm opacous globe
Of this round world, whose first convex divides
The luminous inferior orbs, inclos'd
From chaos, and th' inroad of darkness old,
Satan alighted. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.

O’PAL. n. s. The opal is a very elegant and a very singular
kind of stone, it hardly comes within the rank of the pellucid
gems, being much more opake, and less hard. It is found
always in the pebble shape of various sizes, from the head
of a pin to the bigness of a walnut. It is naturally bright,
smooth and glossy, and shows all its beauty without the help
of the lapidary: in colour it much resembles the finest mo­
ther of pearl; its basis seeming a bluish or greyish white,
but with a property of reflecting all the colours of the rain­
bow, as turned differently to the light, among which the
green and the blue are particularly beautiful, but the fiery
red is the finest of all. This stone is found in the East-Indies,
in Egypt, Persia and Tartary, and in some parts of Europe,
particularly in Bohemia; but the oriental is much the finest.
Hill's Mat. Med.
Thy mind is a very opal. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Th' empyreal heav'n, extended wide
In circuit, undetermin'd square or round;
With opal tow'rs, and battlements adorn'd
Of living saphir. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
We have this stone from Germany, and is the same with
the opal of the ancients. Woodw. on Foss.

OPA’QUE. adj. [opacus, Lat.]
They
Shot upward still direct, whence no way round
Shadow from body opaque can fall. Milt. Par. Lost.
These disappearing fixt stars were actually extinguished
and turned into more opaque and gross planet-like bodies.
Cheyne's Phil. Prin.


OPE

To OPE. v. a. [open, Saxon; op, Islandick, a hole. Ope.
is used only in poetry, when one syllable is more
convenient than two.]

To O’PEN. v. a. [open, Saxon; op, Islandick, a hole. Ope
is used only in poetry, when one syllable is more
convenient than two.]
1. To unclose; to unlock; to put into such a state as that the
inner parts may be seen or entered. The contrary to shut.


The world's mine oyster,
Which I with sword will open. Shakesp. M. W. of Wind.
Before you fight, ope this letter. Shakesp. K. Lear.
They consent to work us harm and woe,
To ope the gates, and so let in our soe. Fairfax.
If a man open a pit and not cover it, and an ox fall there­
in, the owner of the pit shall make it good. Ex. xxi. 23.
Let us pass through your land, and none shall do you any
hurt; howbeit they would not open unto him. 1 Mac. v. 48.
Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as
are appointed to destruction. Prov. xxxi. 8.
Open to me the gates of righteousness. Ps. cxviii. 19.
Adam, now ope thine eyes; and first behold
Th' effects which thy original crime hath wrought
In some to spring from thee. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi.
Our fleet Apollo sends,
Where Tuscan Tyber rolls with rapid force,
And where Numicus opes his holy source. Dryden.
When first you ope your doors, and passing by
The sad ill-omen'd object meets your eye. Dryden.
When the matter is made, the side must be opened to let
it out. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To show; to discover.
The English did adventure far for to open the north parts
of America. Abbot's Description of the World.
3. To divide; to break.
The wall of the cathedral church was opened by an earth­
quake, and shut again by a second. Addison on Italy.
4. To explain; to disclose.
Some things wisdom openeth by the sacred books of scrip­
ture, some things by the glorious works of nature. Hooker.
Paul reasoned with them out of the scriptures, opening and
alleging, that Christ must needs have suffered and risen again
from the dead. Acts xvii. 3.
After the earl of Lincoln was stain, the king opened him­
self to some of his council, that he was sorry for the earl's
death, because by him he might have known the bottom of
his danger. Bacon's Henry VII.
Gramont governour of Bayonne, took an exquisite notice
of their persons and behaviour, and opened himself to some
of his train, that he thought them to be gentlemen of much
more worth than their habits bewrayed. Wotton.
A friend who relates his success, talks himself into a new
pleasure; and by opening his misfortunes, leaves part of them
behind him. Collier on Friendship.
5. To begin.
You retained him only for the opening of your cause, and
your main lawyer is yet behind. Dryd. Ep. to the Whigs.
Homer opens his poem with the utmost simplicity and mo­
desty, he continually grows upon the reader. Notes on Odyss.

To OPE. v. n.
1. To unclose itself; not to remain shut; not to continue closed.
The hundred doors
Ope of themselves; a rushing whirlwind roars
Within the cave. Dryden, æn. vi.
My old wounds are open'd at this view,
And in my murd'rer's presence bleed anew. Dryden.
Unnumber'd treasures ope at once,
From each she nicely culls with curious toil,
And decks the goddess. Pope's Rape of the Lock.
2. To bark. A term of hunting.
If I cry out thus upon no trail, never trust me when I open
again. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The night restores our actions done by day;
As hounds in sleep will open for their prey. Dryden.
Cytheron loudly calls me to my way;
Thy hounds, Taygetus, open and pursue their prey. Dryd.
Hark! the dog opens, take thy certain aim;
The woodcock flutters. Gay's Rural Sports.

To O’PEN. v. n.
1. To unclose itself; not to remain shut; not to continue closed.
The hundred doors
Ope of themselves; a rushing whirlwind roars
Within the cave. Dryden, æn. vi.
My old wounds are open'd at this view,
And in my murd'rer's presence bleed anew. Dryden.
Unnumber'd treasures ope at once,
From each she nicely culls with curious toil,
And decks the goddess. Pope's Rape of the Lock.
2. To bark. A term of hunting.
If I cry out thus upon no trail, never trust me when I open
again. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The night restores our actions done by day;
As hounds in sleep will open for their prey. Dryden.
Cytheron loudly calls me to my way;
Thy hounds, Taygetus, open and pursue their prey. Dryd.
Hark! the dog opens, take thy certain aim;
The woodcock flutters. Gay's Rural Sports.

OPE. adj. [Ope is scarcely used but by old authors, and by
them in the primitive not figurative sense.]

O’PEN. adj. [Ope is scarcely used but by old authors, and by
them in the primitive not figurative sense.]
1. Unclosed; not shut.
The gates are ope; now prove good seconds;
'Tis for the followers fortune widens them;
Not for the fliers. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Most sacrilegious murther hath broke ope
The lord's anointed temple, and stole thence
The life o' th' building. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Then sent Sanballat his servant, with an open letter in his
hand. Neh. vi. 5.
With the same key set ope the door
Wherewith you lock'd it fast before. Cleaveland.
Thro' the gate,
Wide open and unguarded, Satan pass'd. Milt. P. Lost.
They meet the chiefs returning from the fight,
And each with open arms embrac'd her chosen knight. Dry.
He, when æneas on the plain appears,
Meets him with open arms and falling tears. Dryden.
The bounce broke ope the door. Dryden.
The door was ope, they blindly grope the way. Dryden.
2. Plain; apparent; evident.
They crucify to themselves the son of God afresh, and put
him to an open shame. Hebr. vi. 6.
Th' under-work, transparent, shews too plain:
Where open acts accuse, th' excuse is vain. Daniel.
3. Not wearing disguise; clear; artless; sincere.
He was so secret therein, as not daring to be open, that to
no creature he ever spake of it. Sidney.
Lord Cordes, the hotter he was against the English in
time of war, had the more credit in a negotiation of peace;
and besides was held a man open and of good faith. Bacon.
The French are always open, familiar, and talkative; the
Italians stiff, ceremonious, and reserved. Addison.
This reserved mysterious way of acting towards persons,
who in right of their posts expected a more open treatment,
was imputed to some hidden design. Swift.
His generous, open, undesigning heart,
Has begg'd his rival to sollicit for him. Addison's Cato.
4. Not clouded; clear.
With dry eyes, and with an open look,
She met his glance midway. Dryden's Boccace.
Then shall thy Craggs
On the cast ore another Pollio shine;
With aspect open shall erect his head. Pope.
5. Not hidden; exposed to view.
In that little spot of ground that lies between those two
great oceans of eternity, we are to exercise our thoughts,
and lay open the treasures of the divine wisdom and goodness
hid in this part of nature and providence. Burnet.
These innate notions should lie open fairly to every one's
view. Locke.
Moral principles require reasoning and discourse to discover
the certainty of their truths: they lie not open as natural
characters engraven on the mind. Locke.
6. Not restrained; not denied.
If Demetrius and the craftsmen have a matter against any
man, the law is open and there are deputies; let them im­
plead one another. Acts xix. 38.
7. Not cloudy; not gloomy.
An open and warm winter portendeth a hot and dry sum­
mer. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
8. Uncovered.
Here is better than the open air. Shakesp. K. Lear.
And when at last in pity, you will die,
I'll watch your birth of immortality;
Then, turtle-like, I'll to my mate repair,
And teach you your first flight in open air. Dryden.
9. Exposed; without defence.
The service that I truly did his life,
Hath left me open to all injuries. Shakesp. Henry IV.
10. Attentive.
Thine eyes are open upon all the sons of men, to give every
one according to his ways. Jer. xxxii. 19.
The eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous, and his ears
are open unto their cry. Ps. xxxiv. 15.

O’PENER. n. s. [from open.]
1. One that opens; one that unlocks; one that uncloses.
True opener of mine eyes,
Much better seems this vision, and more hope
Of peaceful days portends, than those two past. Milt,
2. Explainer; interpreter.
To us, th' imagin'd voice of heav'n itself;
The very opener and intelligencer
Between the grace, the sanctities of heav'n,
And our dull workings. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. That which separates; disuniter.
There may be such openers of compound bodies, because
there wanted not some experiments in which it appeared.
Boyle.

OPENEY’ED. adj. [open and eye.] Vigilant; watchful.
While you here do snoring lie,
Openeyed conspiracy
His time doth take. Shakespeare's Tempest.

OPENHA’NDED. adj. [open and hand.] Generous; liberal;
munificent.
Good heav'n who renders mercy back for mercy,
With openhanded bounty shall repay you. Rowe.

OPENHEA’RTED. adj. [open and heart.] Generous; candid;
not meanly subtle.
I know him well; he's free and openhearted. Dryden.
Of an openhearted generous minister you are not to say that
he was in an intrigue to betray his country; but in an in­
trigue with a lady. Arbuthnot's J. Bull.

OPENHEA’RTEDNESS. n. s. [open and heart.] Liberality; mu­
nificence; generosity.

O’PENING. n. s. [from open.]
1. Aperture; breach.
The fire thus up, makes its way through the cracks and
openings of the earth. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
2. Discovery at a distance; faint knowledge; dawn.
God has been pleased to dissipate this confusion and chaos,


and to give us some openings, some dawnings of liberty and
settlement. South's Sermons.
The opening of your glory was like that of light; you
shone to us from afar and disclosed your first beams on dis­
tant nations. Dryden.

O’PENLY. adv. [from open.]
1. Publickly; not secretly; in sight; not obscurely.
Their actions always spoken of with great honour, are
now called openly into question. Hooker, b. v.
Prayers are faulty, not whensoever they be openly made,
but when hypocrisy is the cause of open praying. Hooker.
Why should you have put me to deny
This claim which now you wear so openly. Shakesp.
I knew the time,
Now full, that I no more should live obscure,
But openly begin, as best becomes
The authority which I deriv'd from heav'n. Par. Reg.
How grosly and openly do many of us contradict the plain
precepts of the gospel, by our ungodliness and worldly lusts.
Tillotson, Serm. 5.
We express-our thanks by openly owning our parentage,
and paying our common devotions to God on this day's so­
lemnity. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Plainly; apparently; evidently; without disguise.
Darah
Too openly does love and hatred show:
A bounteous master, but a deadly foe. Dryden.

OPENMOU’THED. adj. [open and mouth.] Greedy; ravenous;
clamorous; vociferous.
Up comes a lion openmouthed toward the ass. L'Estrange.

O’PENNESS. n. s. [from open.]
1. Plainness; clearness; freedom from obscurity or ambiguity.
Deliver with more openness your answers
To my demands. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. Plainness; freedom from disguise.
The noble openness and freedom of his reflexions, are ex­
pressed in lively colours. Felton on the Classicks.
These, letters all written in the openness of friendship, will
prove what were my real sentiments. Pope's Letters.

O’PERA. n. s. [Italian.]
An opera is a poetical tale or fiction, represented by vocal
and instrumental musick, adorned with scenes, machines,
and dancing. Dryden's Pref. to Albion.

O’PERABLE. adj. [from operor, Latin.] To be done; prac­
ticable.
Being uncapable of operable circumstances, or rightly to
judge the prudentiality of affairs, they only gaze upon the vi­
sible success, and thereafter condemn or cry up the whole
progression. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

O’PERANT. adj. [operant, French.] Active; having power
to produce any effect. A word not in use.
Earth, yield me roots!
Who seeks far better of thee, sauce his palate
With thy most operant poison! Shakesp. Tim. of Athens.
I must leave thee, love, and shortly too;
My operant powers their functions leave to do. Shakesp.

To O’PERATE. v. n. [operor, Latin; operer, French.] To
act; to have agency; to produce effects.
The virtues of private persons operate but on a few; their
sphere of action is narrow, and their influence is confined to
it. Atterbury's Sermons.
Bodies produce ideas in us, manifestly by impulse, the
only way which we can conceive bodies operate in. Locke.
It can operate on the guts and stomach, and thereby pro­
duce distinct ideas. Locke.
A plain convincing reason operates on the mind, both of
a learned and ignorant hearer as long as they live. Swift.
Where causes operate freely, with a liberty of indifference
to this or the contrary, the effect will be contingent, and
the certain knowledge of it belongs only to God. Watts.

OPERA’TION. n. s. [operatio, Lat. operation, French.]
1. Agency; production of effects; influence.
There are in men operations, some natural, some rational,
some supernatural, some politick, some finally ecclesiastical.
Hooker.
By all the operations of the orbs,
From whom we do exist and cease to be,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care. Shakesp. Lear.
All operations by transmission of spirits and imagination,
work at distance and not at touch. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Waller's presence had an extraordinary operation to procure
any thing desired. Clarendon, b. viii.
The tree whose operation brings
Knowledge of good and ill, shun to taste. Milt. P. Lost.
If the operation of these salts be in convenient glasses pro­
moted by warmth, the ascending steams may easily be caught
and reduced into a penetrant spirit. Boyle.
The pain and sickness caused by manna, are the effects of
its operation on the stomach and guts by the seize, motion and
figure of its insensible parts. Locke.
2. Action; effect.
Repentance and renovation consist not in the strife, wish,
or purpose, but in the actual operations of good life. Hamm.
That false fruit
Far other operation first display'd,
Carnal desire inflaming. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Speculative painting, without the assistance of manual ope­
ration, can never attain to perfection, but slothfully languishes;
for it was not with his tongue that Apelles performed his
noble works. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
In this understanding piece of clock-work, his body as
well as other senseless matter has colour, warmth and soft­
ness. But these qualities are not subsistent in those bodies,
but are operations of fancy begotten in something else. Bentley.
3. [In chirurgery.] The part of the art of healing which de­
pends on the use of instruments.
4. The motions or employments of an army.

O’PERATIVE. adj. [from operate.] Having the power of act­
ing; having forcible agency.
To be over curious in searching how God's all-piercing
and operative spirit distinguishing gave form to the matter of
the universal, is a search like unto his, who not contented
with a known ford, will presume to pass over the greatest
rivers in all parts where he is ignorant of their depths. Ral.
Many of the nobility endeavoured to make themselves po­
pular, by speaking in parliament against those things which
were most grateful to his majesty; and he thought a little
discountenance upon those persons would suppress that spirit
within themselves, or make the poison of it less operative upon
others. Clarendon.
In actions of religion we should be zealous, active and
operative, so far as prudence will permit. Taylor.
This circumstance of the promise must give life to all the
rest, and make them operative toward the producing of good
life. Decay of Piety.
It holds in all operative principles, especially in morality;
in which, not to proceed, is certainly to go backward. South.
The will is the conclusion of an operative syllogism. Norr.

OPERA’TOR. n. s. [operateur, Fr. from operate.] One that per­
forms any act of the hand; one who produces any effect.
An imaginary operator opening the first with a great deal
of nicety, upon a cursory view appeared like the head of
another. Addison's Spectator, No. 275.
To administer this dose, there cannot be fewer than fifty
thousand operators, allowing one operator to every thirty. Swift.

OPERO’SE. adj. [operosus, Latin.] Laborious; full of trouble
and tediousness.
Such an explication is purely imaginary, and also very
operose, and would affect a great part of the universe; they
would be as hard put to it to get rid of this water, when
the deluge was to cease, as they were at first to procure it.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Written language, as it is more operous, so it is more di­
gested, and is permanent. Holder.

OPHIO’PHAGOUS. adj. [f?? and f??.] Serpenteating.
Not used.
All snakes are not of such poisonous qualities as common
opinion presumeth; as is confirmable from ophiophagous na­
tions, and such as feed upon serpents. Brown's V. Err.

OPHI’TES. n. s. A stone.
Ophites has a dusky greenish ground, with spots of a lighter
green, oblong, and usually near square. Woodw. on Foss.

OPHTHA’LMICK. adj. [ophthalmique, Fr. from fa????, Gr.]
Relating to the eye.

O’PHTHALMY. n. s. [ophthalmie, Fr. from fa????, Gr.] A
disease of the eyes, being an inflammation in the coats, pro­
ceeding from arterious blood gotten out of the vessels and col­
lected into those parts. Dict.
The use of cool applications, externally, is most easy to
the eye; but after all, there will sometimes ensue a trouble­
some ophthalmy. Sharp's Surgery.


OPI

O’PIATE. n. s. A medicine that causes sleep.
They chose atheism as an opiate, to still those frightning
apprehensions of hell, by inducing a dulness and lethargy of
mind, rather than to make use of that native and salutary
medicine, a hearty repentance. Bentley's Serm.

O’PIATE. adj. Soporiferous; somniferous; narcotick; causing
sleep.
The particular ingredients of those magical ointments,
are opiate and soporiferous. For anointing of the forehead
and back bone, is used for procuring dead sleeps. Bacon.
All their shape
Spangled with eyes, more num'rous than those
Of Argus, and more wakeful than to drouze,
Charm'd with Arcadian pipe, the past'ral reed
Of Hermes, or his opiate rod. Milton's Par. Lost.
Lettuce, which has a milky juice with an anodyne or
opiate quality resolvent of the bile, is proper for melancholy.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

O’PIFICE. n. s. [opificium, Lat.] Workmanship; handiwork.
Dict.

O’PIFICER. n. s. [opifex, Lat.] One that performs any work;
artist. A word not received.


There is an infinite distance betwixt the poor mortal artist,
and the almighty opisicer. Bentley's Serm.

O’PINABLE. adj. [opinor, Lat.] Which may be thought. Dict.

OPINA’TION. n. s. [opinor, Lat.] Opinion; notion. Dict.

OPINA’TOR. n. s. [opinor, Lat.] One who holds an opinion.
Consider against what kind of opinators the reason above
given is levelled. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To OPI’NE. v. n. [opinor, Latin.] To thin; to judge; to
be of opinion.
Fear is an ague, that forsakes
And haunts by fits those whom it takes;
And they'll opine they feel the pain
And blows they selt to-day, again. Hudibras, p. i.
In matters of mere speculation, it is not much material to
the welfare of government, or of themselves, whether they
opine right or wrong, and whether they be philosophers or no.
South's Serm.
But I, who think more highly of our kind,
Opine, that nature, as in duty bound,
Deep hid the shining mischief under ground. Pope.

OPI’NIATIVE. adj. [from opinion.]
1. Stiff in a preconceived notion.
2. Imagined; not proved.
It is the more difficult to find out truth, because it is in
such inconsiderable proportions scattered in a mass of opinia­
tive uncertainties; like the silver in Hiero's crown of gold.
Glanv. Sceps. c. 9.

OPINIA’TOR. n. s. [opiniatre, French.] One fond of his own
notion; inflexible; adherent to his own opinion.
What will not opiniators and self-believing men dispute of
and make doubt of? Raleigh.
Essex left lord Roberts governour; a man of a sour and
surly nature, a great opiniator, and one who must be over­
come before he would believe that he could be so. Clarend.
For all his exact plot, down was he cast from all his great­
ness, and forced to end his days in a mean condition; as it
is pity but all such politick opiniators should. South's Serm.

OPINIA’TRE. adj. [French.] Obstinate; stubborn.
Instead of an able man, you desire to have him an in­
significant wrangler, opiniatre in discourse, and priding him­
self in contradicting others. Locke.

OPINIA’TRETY. n. s. [opiniatretè, French.] Obstinacy; in­
flexibility; determination of mind; stub­
bornness. This word, though it has been tried in different
forms, is not yet received, nor is it wanted.

OPI’NIATRY. n. s. [opiniatretè, French.] Obstinacy; in­
flexibility; determination of mind; stub­
bornness. This word, though it has been tried in different
forms, is not yet received, nor is it wanted.
Lest popular opiniatry should arise, we will deliver the chief
opinions. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.
The one sets the thoughts upon wit and false colours, and
not upon truth; the other teaches fallacy, wrangling and
opiniatry. Locke's Education.
So much as we ourselves consider and comprehend of truth
and reason, so much we possess of real and true knowledge.
The floating of other men's opinions in our brains, make us
not one jot the more knowing, though they happen to be
true: what in them was science, is in us but opiniatrety.
Locke.
I can pass by opiniatry and the busy meddling of those who
thrust themselves into every thing. Woodw. Letters.
I was extremely concerned at his opiniatrety in leaving me;
but he shall not get rid so. Pope.

OPI’NION. n. s. [opinion, Fr. opinio, Lat.]
1. Perswasion of the mind, without proof or certain knowledge.
Opinion is a light, vain, crude and imperfect thing, settled
in the imagination, but never arriving at the understanding,
there to obtain the tincture of reason. Ben. Johnson.
Opinion is, when the assent of the understanding is so far
gained by evidence of probability, that it rather inclines to
one perswasion than to another, yet not altogether without
a mixture of incertainty or doubting. Hale.
Stiff in opinion, ever in the wrong. Dryden.
Blest be the princes who have fought
For pompous names, or wide dominion,
Since by their error we are taught,
That happiness is but opinion. Prior.
2. Sentiments; judgment; notion.
Can they make it out against the common sense and opinion
of all mankind, that there is no such thing as a future state
of misery for such as have lived ill here. South.
Charity itself commands us, where we know no ill, to
think well of all; but friendship, that always goes a pitch
higher, gives a man a peculiar right and claim to the good
opinion of his friend. South's Sermons.
We may allow this to be his opinion concerning heirs, that
where there are divers children the eldest son has the right to
be heir. Locke.
Philosophers are of opinion, that infinite space is possessed
by God's infinite omnipresence. Locke.
I shall conclude my paper with a story out of Boccalini,
which sufficiently shews us the opinion that judicious author
entertained of the sort of critics I have been here mentioning.
Addison's Spectator, No. 291.
3. Favourable judgment.
In actions of arms small matters are of great moment,
especially when they serve to raise an opinion of commanders.
Hayward.
Howsoever I have no opinion of those things; yet so much
I conceive to be true, that strong imagination hath more
force upon things living, than things merely inanimate. Bacon.

To OPI’NION. v. a. [from the noun.] To opine; to think;
A word out of use, and unworthy of revival.
The stoicks opinioned the souls of wise men dwell about the
moon, and those fools wandered about the earth: whereas
the Epicureans held that death was nothing, nor after death.
Brown's V. Err.
That the soul and the angels are devoid of quantity and
dimension, is generally opinioned. Glanv. Sceps. c. xiii.
It is opinioned, that the earth rests as the world's centre,
while the heavens are the subject of the universal motions.
Glanv. Seeps. c. xi.

OPI’NIONATIVE. adj. [from opinion.] Fond of preconceived
notions; stubborn.
Striking at the root of pedantry and opinionative assurance;
would be no hindrance to the world's improvement. Glanv.
One would rather chuse a reader without art, than one
ill instructed with learning, but opinionative and without judg­
ment. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

OPI’NIONATIVELY. adv. [from opinionative.] Stubbornly.

OPI’NIONATIVENESS. n. s. [from opinionative.] Obstinacy.

OPI’NIONIST. n. s. [opinioniste, Fr. from opinion.] One fond of
his own notions.
Every conceited opinionist sets up an infallible chair in his
own brain. Glanv. to Albius.

OPI’PAROUS. adj. [opiparus, Lat.] Sumptuous. Dict.

OPITULA’TION. n. s. [opitulatio, Lat.] An aiding; a help­
ing. Dict.

O’PIUM. n. s. A juice, partly of the resinous, partly of the
gummy kind. It is brought to us in flat cakes or masses,
usually of a roundish figure, very heavy and of a dense tex­
ture, not perfectly dry: its colour is a dark brownish yellow;
its smell is very unpleasant, of a dead faint kind; and its
taste very bitter and very acrid. It is brought from Natolia,
from Egypt, and from the East-Indies, where it is produced
from the white garden poppy; a plant of which every part
is full of a milky juice, and with which the fields of Asi­
Minor are in many places sown as ours are with corn. When
the heads grow to maturity, but are yet soft, green and full
of juice, incisions are made in them, and from every one of
these a few drops flow of a milky juice, which soon hardens
into a solid consistence. These drops are gathered with great
care, and the finest opium proceeds from the first incisions.
In the countries where opium is produced, multitudes are em­
ployed in preparing it with water, honey and spices, and
working it up into cakes; but what we generally have is the
mere crude juice, or at most worked up with water, or a
small quantity of honey sufficient to bring it into form. The
ancients were greatly divided about the virtues and use of
opium; some calling it a poison, and others the greatest of
all medicines. At present it is in high esteem, and exter­
nally applied it is emollient, relaxing and discutient, and
greatly promotes suppuration. A moderate dose of opium
taken internally, is generally under a grain, yet custom will
make people bear a dram as a moderate dose; but in that
case nature is vitiated. Its first effect is the making the pa­
tient cheerful, as if he had drank moderately of wine; it
removes melancholy, excites boldness, and dissipates the
dread of danger; and for this reason the Turks always take
it when they are going to battle in a larger dose than ordi­
nary: it afterward quiets the spirits, eases pain, and disposes
to sleep. After the effect of a dose of opium is over, the
pain generally returns in a more violent manner; the spirits;
which had been elevated by it, become lower than before,
and the pulse languid. An immoderate dose of opium brings
on a sort of drunkenness, cheerfulness and loud laughter, at
first, and, after many terrible symptoms, death itself. Those
who have accustomed themselves to an immoderate use of
opium, are subject to relaxations and weakness of all the
parts of the body; they are apt to be faint, idle and thought­
less, and are generally in a stupid and uncomfortable state,
except just after they have taken a fresh dose: they lose their
appetite, and in fine grow old before their time. Hill.
Sleep hath forsook and giv'n me o'er
To death's benumbing opium as my only cure. Milton.
The colour and taste of opium are, as well as its soporific
or anodyne virtues, more powers depending on its primary
qualities, whereby it is fitted to produce different operations
on different parts of our bodies. Locke

O’PLE-TREE. n. s. [ople and tree.] A sort of tree. Ains.


OPO

OPOBA’LSAMUM. n. s. [Latin.] Balm of Gilead.

OPO’PONAX. n. s. [Latin.] A gum resin of a tolerably firm
texture, in small loose granules, and sometimes in large masses,
which are impure. It is of a strong disagreeable smell, and
an acrid and extremely bitter taste. It is brought to us from 


the East, and was well known to the Greeks; but we are
entirely ignorant of the plant which produces this drug. It
is attenuating and discutient, and gently purgative. Hill.


OPP

O’PPIDAN. n. s. [oppidanus, Lat.] A townsman; an inhabi­
tant of a town.

To OPPI’GNERATE. v. a. [oppignero, Lat.] To pledge; to
pawn.
The duke of Guife Henry was the greatest usurer in France,
for that he had turned all his estate into obligations; meaning
that he had sold and oppignorated all his patrimony, to give
large donatives to other men. Bacon.
Ferdinando merchanded at this time with France, for the
restoring Roussillion and Perpignan, oppignorated to them.
Bacon's Henry VII.

To O’PPILATE. v. a. [oppilo, Lat. oppiler, Fr.] To heap
up obstruction.

OPPILA’TION. n. s. [oppilation, Fr. from oppilate.] Ob­
struction; matter heaped together.
The ingredients prescribed in their substance actuate the
spirits, reclude oppilations, and mundify the blood. Harvey.

O’PPILATIVE. adj. [oppilative, Fr.] Obstructive.

OPPLE’TED. adj. [oppletus, Lat.] Filled; crouded.

OPPO’NENT. adj. [opponens, Lat.] Opposite; adverse.
Ere the foundations of this earth were laid,
It was opponent to our search ordain'd,
That joy, still sought, should never be attain'd. Prior.

OPPO’NENT. n. s. [opponens, Lat.]
1. Antagonist; adversary.
2. One who begins the dispute by raising objections to a tenet.
Inasmuch as ye go about to destroy a thing which is in
force, and to draw in that which hath not as yet been re­
ceived, to impose on us that which we think not ourselves
bound unto; that therefore ye are not to claim in any con­
ference other than the plaintiffs or opponents part. Hooker.
How becomingly does Philopolis exercise his office, and
seasonably commit the opponent with the respondent, like a
long practised moderator. More.

OPPORTU’NE. adj. [opportune, Fr. opportunus, Latin.] Sea­
sonable; convenient; fit; timely; well-timed; proper.
There was nothing to be added to this great king's fe­
licity, being at the top of all worldly bliss, and the perpetual
constancy of his prosperous successes, but an opportune death
to withdraw him from any future blow of fortune. Bacon.
Will lift us up in spite of fate,
Nearer our ancient seat; perhaps in view
Of those bright confines, whence with neighb'ring arms
And opportune excursion, we may chance
Re-enter heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Consider'd every creature, which of all
Most opportune might serve his wiles; and found
The serpent subtlest beast of all the field. Milton.

OPPORTU’NELY. adv. [from opportune.] Seasonably; conve­
niently; with opportunity either of time or place.
He was resolved to chuse a war rather than to have Bre­
tagne carried by France, being situate so opportunely to annoy
England either for coast or trade. Bacon's Henry VII.
Against these there is a proper objection, that they offend
uniformity; whereof I am therefore opportunely induced to
say somewhat. Wotton's Architecture.
This experiment does opportunely supply the deficiency. Boyle.

OPPORTU’NITY. n. s. [opportunite, Fr. opportunitas, Lat.] Fit
fit place; time; convenience; suitableness of circumstances to
any end.
A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.
Mens behaviour should be like their apparel, not too straight
but free for exercise. Bacon, Essay 53.
Opportunity, like a sudden gust,
Hath swell'd my calmer thoughts into a tempest.
Accursed opportunity!
That work'st our thoughts into desires, desires
To resolutions; those being ripe and quicken'd,
Thou giv'st them birth, and bring'st them forth to action.
Denham.
Tho' their advice be good, their counsel wise,
Yet length still loses opportunities. Denham.
Neglect no opportunity of doing good, nor check thy de­
sire of doing it, by a vain fear of what may happen. Atterb.
All poets have taken an opportunity to give long descrip­
tions of the night. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To OPPO’SE. v. a. [opposer, French; oppono, Latin.]
1. To act against; to be adverse; to hinder; to resist.
There's no bottom, none
In my voluptuousness: and my desire
All continent impediments would o'erbear,
That did oppose my will. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. To put in opposition; to offer as an antagonist or rival.
If all men are not naturally equal, I am sure all slaves are;
and then I may, without presumption, oppose my single opini­
on to his. Locke.
3. To place as an obstacle.
Since he stands obdurate,
And that no lawful means can carry me
Out of his envy's reach, I do oppose
My patience to his sury. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
I thro' the seas pursu'd their exil'd race,
Engag'd the heav'ns, oppos'd the stormy main;
But billows roar'd and tempests rag'd in vain. Dryden.
4. To place in front.
Her grace sat down
In a rich chair of state; opposing freely
The beauty of her person to the people. Shakespeare.

To OPPO’SE. v. n.
1. To act adversely.
A servant, thrill'd with remorse,
Oppos'd against the act, bending his sword
To his great master. Shakesp. King Lear.
He practised to dispatch such of the nobility as were like
to oppose against his mischievous drift, and in such sort to en­
cumber and weaken the rest, that they should be no impedi­
ments to him. Hayward.
2. To object in a disputation; to have the part of raising dis­
ficulties against a tenet supposed to be right.

OPPO’SELESS. adj. [from oppose.] Irresistible; not to be opposed.
I could bear it longer, and not fall
To quarrel with your great opposeless wills. Shakespeare.

OPPO’SER. n. s. [from oppose.] One that opposes; antagonist;
enemy; rival.
Now the fair goddess fortune
Fall deep in love with thee, and her great charms
Misguide thy opposers swords: bold gentleman!
Prosperity be thy page. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Brave wits that have made essays worthy of immortality;
yet by reason of envious and more popular opposers, have sub­
mitted to fate, and are almost lost in oblivion. Glanv.
I do not see how the ministers could have continued in
their stations, if their opposers had agreed about the methods
by which they should be ruined. Swif.
A hardy modern chief,
A bold opposer of divine belief. Blackmore.

O’PPOSITE. adj. [opposite, Fr. oppositus, Lat.]
1. Placed in front; facing each other.
To th' other five,
Their planetary motions and aspects,
In sextile, square, trine and opposite,
Of noxious efficacy. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. Adverse; repugnant.
Nothing of a foreign nature, like the trifling novels, by
which the reader is misled into another sort of pleasure,
opposite to that which is designed in an epick poem. Dryd.
This is a prospect very uneasy to the lusts and passions,
and opposite to the strongest desires of flesh and blood. Roger.
3. Contrary.
In this fallen state of man religion begins with repentance
and conversion, the two opposite terms of which are God and
sin. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
Particles of speech have divers, and sometimes almost op­
posite significations. Locke.

O’PPOSITE. n. s. Adversary; opponent; antagonist; enemy.
To the best and wisest, while they live, the world is con­
tinually a froward opposite, a curious observer of their de­
fects and imperfections; their virtues it afterwards as much
admireth. Hooker, b. v. s. 7.
He is the most skilful, bloody, and fatal opposite that you
could have found in Illyria. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
The knight whom fate or happy chance
Shall grace his arms so far in equal fight,
From out the bars to force his opposite,
The prize of valour and of love shall gain. Dryden.

O’PPOSITELY. adv. [from opposite.]
1. In such a situation as to face each other.
The lesser pair are joined edge to edge, but not oppositely
with their points downward, but upward. Grew's Mus.
2. Adversely.
I oft have seen, when corn was rine to mow,
And now in dry, and brittle straw did grow,
Winds from all quarters oppositely blow. May's Virgil.

O’PPOSITENESS. n. s. [from opposite.] The state of being op­
posite.

OPPOSI’TION. n. s. [opposition, Fr. oppositio, Lat.]
1. Situation so as to front something opposed.
2. Hostile resistance.
He
Cry'd oh! and mounted; found no opposition
From what he look'd for should oppose. Shakespeare.
Virtue which breaks thro' all opposition,
And all temptation can remove,
Most shines, and most is acceptable above. Milton.
He considers Lausus rescuing his father at the hazard of
his own life, as an image of himself when he took Anchises
on his shoulders, and bore him safe thro' the rage of the fire
and the opposition of his enemies. Dryden's Dusresnoy.
3. Contrariety of affection.
They who never tried the experiment of a holy life, mea­


sure the laws of God not by their intrinsical goodness, but
by the reluctancy and opposition which they find in their own
hearts. Tillotson, Serm. 6.
4. Contrariety of interest; contrariety of measures.
5. Contrariety of meaning; diversity of meaning.
The parts of every true opposition do alway both concern
the same subject, and have reference to the same thing, sith
otherwise they are but in shew opposite, and not in truth.
Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
Reason can never permit the mind to reject a greater evi­
dence, to embrace what is less evident, nor allow it to enter­
tain probability in opposition to knowledge and certainty. Locke.

To O’PPRESS. v. a. [oppressus, Lat.]
1. To crush by hardship or unreasonable severity.
Israel and Judah were oppressed together, and all that took
them captives held them fast, they refused to let them go.
Jer. l. 33.
Alas! a mortal most opprest of those
Whom fate has loaded with a weight of woes. Pope.
2. To overpower; to subdue.
We're not ourselves,
When nature, being opprest, commands the mind
To suffer with the body. Shakesp. King Lear.
In blazing height of noon,
The sun oppress'd, is plung'd in thickest gloom. Thoms.

OPPRE’SSION. n. s. [oppression, Fr. from oppress.]
1. The act of oppressing; cruelty; severity.
2. The state of being oppressed; misery.
Famine is in thy cheeks;
Need and oppression stare within thine eyes,
Contempt and beggary hang upon thy back. Shakesp.
Cæsar himself has work, and our oppression
Exceeds what we expected. Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.
3. Hardship; calamity.
We are all subject to the same accidents; and when we
see any under particular oppression, we should look upon it as
the common lot of human nature. Addis. Spectator.
4. Dullness of spirits; lassitude of body.
Drousiness, oppression, heaviness, and lassitude, are signs
of a too plentiful meal. Arbuthnot on Aliment.

OPPRE’SSIVE. adj. [from oppress.]
1. Cruel; inhuman; unjustly exactious or severe.
2. Heavy; overwhelming.
Alicia, reach thy friendly arm,
And help me to support that feeble frame,
That nodding totters with oppressive woe,
And sinks beneath its load. Rowe's Jane Shore.

OPPRE’SSOR. n. s. [oppresseur, Fr. from oppress.] One who
harrasses others with unreasonable or unjust severity.
I from oppressors did the poor defend,
The fatherless, and such as had no friend. Sandys.
The cries of orphans, and th' oppressor's rage,
Had reach'd the stars. Dryden.
Power when employed to relieve the oppressed, and to
punish the oppressor, becomes a great blessing. Swift.

OPPRO’BRIOUS. adj. [from opprobrium, Lat.] Reproach­
ful; disgraceful; causing infamy; scurrilous.
Himself pronounceth them blessed, that should for his
name sake be subject to all kinds of ignominy and opprobrious
malediction. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
I will not here defile
My unstain'd verse with his opprobrions name. Daniel.
Solomon he led by fraud to build
His temple right against the temple of God,
On the opprobrious hill. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
They see themselves unjustly aspersed, and vindicate them­
selves in terms no less opprobrious than those by which they
are attacked. Addison's Freeholder, No. 137.

OPPRO’BRIOUSLY. ad. [from opprobrious.] Reproachfully;
scurrilously.
Think you, this little prating York
Was not incensed by his subtle mother,
To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously. Shakesp. R. III.

OPPRO’BRIOUSNESS. n. s. [from opprobrious.] Reproachfulness;
scurrility.

To OPPUGN. v. a. [oppugno, Lat.] To oppose; to attack;
to resist.
For the ecclesiastical laws of this land we are led by a
great reason to observe, and ye be by no necessity bound to
oppugn them. Hooker's Pref.
They said the manner of their impeachment they could
not but conceive did oppugn the rights of parliament. Clar.
If nothing can oppugn his love,
And virtue invious ways can prove,
What cannot he confide to do
That brings both love and virtue too? Hud. p. i.
The ingredients reclude oppilations, mundlfy the blood,
and oppugn putrefaction. Harvey.

OPPU’GNANCY. n. s. [from oppugn.] Opposition.
Take but degree away, untune that string,
And hark what discord follows, each thing meets
In meer oppugnancy. Shakespeare's. Troil. and Cress.

OPPU’GNER. n. s. [from oppugn.] One who opposes or attacks
The modern and degenerate Jews be, upon the score of
being the great patrons of man's free will, not causelesly
esteemed the great oppugners of God's free grace. Boyle.

OPSI’MATHY. n. s. [??????a.] Late education; late eru­
dition.

OPSONA’TION. n. s. [opsonatio, Latin.] Catering; a buying
provisions. Dict.

O’PTABLE. adj. [optabilis, Lat.] Desirable; to be wished.

O’PTATIVE. adj. [optativus, Lat.] Expressive of desire. [In
grammar.]
The verb undergoes in Greek a different formation to sig­
nify wishing, which is called the optative mood. Clarke.

O’PTICAL. n. s. [???.] Relating to the science of optics.
It seems not agreeable to what anatomists and optical wri­
ters deliver, touching the relation of the two eyes to each
other. Boyle.

O’PTICIAN. n. s. [from optick.] One skilled in opticks.

O’PTICK. adj. [p???; optique, Fr.]
1. Visual; producing vision; subservient to vision.
May not the harmony and discord of colours arise from
the proportions of the vibrations propagated through the fibres
of the optic nerves into the brain, as the harmony and dis­
cord of sounds arise from the proportions of the vibrations
of the air? Newt. Opt.
2. Relating to the science of vision.
Where our master handleth the contractions of pillars,
we have an optic rule, that the higher they are the less should
be always their diminution aloft, because the eye itself doth
naturally contract all objects, according to the distance.
Wotton's Architecture.

O’PTICK. n. s. An instrument of sight; an organ of sight.
Can any thing escape the perspicacity of those eyes which
were before light, and in whose opticks there is no opacity.
Brown.
Our corporeal eyes we find
Dazzle the opticks of our mind. Denham.
You may neglect, or quench, or hate the flame,
Whose smoke too long obscur'd your rising name,
And quickly cold indiff'rence will ensue,
When you love's joys thro' honour's optick view. Prior.
Why has not man a microscopick eye?
For this plain reason, man is not a fly.
Say what the use, were finer opticks giv'n,
T'inspect a mite, not comprehend the heav'n. Pope.

O’PTICK. n. s. [p?.] The science of the nature and laws
of vision.
No spherical body of what bigness soever illuminates the
whole sphere of another, although it illuminate something
more than half of a lesser, according unto the doctrine of
opticks. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. vi.
Those who desire satisfaction in the appearance, must go
to the admirable treatise of opticks by Sir Isaac Newton.
Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

O’PTIMACY. n. s. [optimates, Lat.] Nobility; body of nobles.
In this high court of parliament there is a rare co-ordina­
tion of power, a wholesome mixture betwixt monarchy,
optimacy, and democracy. Howel.

OPTI’MITY. n. s. [from optimus.] The state of being best.

O’PTION. n. s. [optio, Lat.] Choice; election.
Transplantation must proceed from the option of the people,
else it sounds like an exile; so the colonies must be raised by
the leave of the king and not by his command. Bacon.
Which of these two rewards we will receive, he hath left
to our option. Smallridge's Serm.

O’PULENCE. n. s. [opulence, Fr. opulentia, Latin.] Wealth;
riches; affluence.

O’PULENCY. n. s. [opulence, Fr. opulentia, Latin.] Wealth;
riches; affluence.
It must be a discovery of the infinite flatteries that follow
youth and opulency. Shakesp. Tim. of Athens.
After eight years spent in outward opulency and inward mur­
mur, that it was not greater; after vast sums of money and
great wealth gotten, he died unlamented. Clarendon.
He had been a person not only of great opulence, but au­
thority. Atterbury.
There in full opulence a banker dwelt,
Who all the joys and pangs of riches felt;
His side board glitter'd with imagin'd plate,
And his proud fancy held a vast estate. Swift.

O’PULENT. adj. [opulent, Fr. opulentus, Lat.] Rich; wealthy;
affluent.
He made him his ally, and provoked a mighty and opulent
king by an offensive war in his quarrel. Bacon.
To begin with the supposed policy of gratifying only the
rich and opulent. Does our wise man think that the grandee
whom he courts does not see through all the little plots of
his courtship. South's Sermons.

O’PULENTLY. adv. [from opulent.] Richly; with splendor.


OR

OR. conjunct. [other, Saxon.]
1. A disjunctive particle, marking distribution, and sometimes
opposition.
Inquire what the antients thought concerning this world,
whether it was to perish or no; whether to be de­


stroyed or to stand eternally? Burnet.
He my muse's homage shou'd receive,
If I cou'd write or Holles cou'd forgive. Garth.
Every thing that can be divided by the mind into two or
more ideas, is called complex. Watts's Logick.
2. It corresponds to either; he must either fall or fly.
3. Or is sometimes redundant, but is then more properly omitted.
How great soever the sins of any unreformed person are,
Christ died for him because he died for all; only he must re­
form and forsake his sins, or else he shall never receive bene­
fit of his death. Hammond's Fund.
4. [or, or ære, Saxon.] Before; or ever, is before ever.
Or we go to the declaration of this psalm, it shall be con­
venient to shew who did write this psalm. Fisher.
The dead man's knell
Is there scarce ask'd for whom, and good men's lives
Expire before the flowers in their caps,
Dying or ere they sicken. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Learn before thou speak, and use physick or ever thou be
sick. Ecclus xviii. 19.


ORA

OR. n. s. [French.] Gold.
The show'ry arch
With listed colours gay, or, azure, gules,
Delights and puzzles the beholders eyes. Philips.

O’RACH. n. s. The flower is without leaves, but consists of
many stamina arising from a five leav'd empalement; the
pointal becomes a flat orbicular seed, enclosed in the em­
palement, which becomes a foliaceous capsule, including two
sorts of seeds. There are thirteen species; of which the
first called garden orach, was cultivated as a culinary herb,
and used as spinach, though it is not generally liked by the
English, but still esteemed by the French. It was formerly
used in medicine. Miller.

O’RACLE. n. s. [oracle, Fr. oraculum, Lat.]
1. Something delivered by supernatural wisdom.
The main principle whereupon our belief of all things
therein contained dependeth, is, that the scriptures are the
oracles of God himself. Hooker, b. iii. s. 8.
2. The place where, or person of whom the determinations
of heaven are enquired.
Why, by the verities on thee made good,
May they not be my oracles as well,
And set me up in hope? Shakesp. Macbeth.
God hath now sent his living oracle
Into the world to teach his final will,
And sends his spirit of truth henceforth to dwell
In pious hearts, an inward oracle,
To all truth requisite for men to know. Par. Reg.
3. Any person or place where certain decisions are obtained.
There mighty nations shall enquire their doom,
The world's great oracle in times to come. Pope.
4. One famed for wisdom; one whose determinations are not
to be disputed.

To O’RACLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To utter oracles. A
word not received.
No more shalt thou by oracling abuse
The gentiles. Paradise Regained, b. i.

ORA’CULAR. adj. [from oracle.] Uttering oracles; resem­
bling oracles.

ORA’CULOUS. adj. [from oracle.] Uttering oracles; resem­
bling oracles.
Thy counsel would be as the oracle of
Urim and thummim, those oraculous gems
On Aaron's breast, or tongue of seers old
Infallible. Milton's Paradise Reg. b. iii.
Here Charles contrives the ord'ring of his states,
Here he resolves his neighb'ring princes fates;
What nation shall have peace, where war be made,
Determin'd is in this orac'lous shade. Waller.
Though their general acknowledgments of the weakness
of human understanding look like cold and sceptical discourage­
ments; yet the particular expressions of their sentiments are
as oraculous as if they were omniscient. Glanv Sceps.
They have something venerable and oracular, in that un­
adorned gravity and shortness in the expression. Pop. Pref.
Th' orac'lous seer frequents the Pharian coast,
Proteus a name tremendous o'er the main. Pope.

ORA’CULOUSLY. adv. [from oraculous.] In manner of an
oracle.
The testimony of antiquity, and such as pass oraculously
amongst us, were not always so exact as to examine the
doctrine they delivered. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. i.
Hence rise the branching beech and vocal oak,
Where Jove of old oraculously spoke. Dryden.

ORA’CULOUSNESS. n. s. [from oracular.] The state of being
oracular.

O’RAISON. n. s. [oraison, Fr. oratio, Lat.] Prayer; verbal
supplication; or oral worship: more frequently written orison.
Stay, let's hear the oraisons he makes. Shakespeare.
Business might shorten, not disturb her pray'r;
Heav'n had the best, if not the greater share:
An active life, long oraisons forbids,
Yet still she pray'd, for still she pray'd by deeds. Dryden.

O’RAL. adj. [oral, Fr. os, orris, Latin.] Delivered by mouth;
not written.
Oral discourse, whose transient faults dying with the sound
that gives them life, and so not subject to a strict review,
more easily escapes observation. Locke's Educat.
St. John was appealed to as the living oracle of the church;
and as his oral testimony lasted the first century, many have
observed, that by a particular providence several of our Sa­
viour's disciples, and of the early converts, lived to a very
great age, that they might personally convey the truth of the
gospel to those times which were very remote. Addison.

O’RALLY. adv. [from oral.] By mouth; without writing.
Oral tradition were incompetent without written monu­
ments to derive to us the original laws of a kingdom, be­
cause they are complex, not orally traducible to so great a
distance of ages. Hale's Comm. Laws of Eng.

O’RANGE. n. s. [orange, Fr. aurentia, Latin.] The leaves
have two lobes or appendages at their base like ears, and cut
in form of a heart; the fruit is round and depressed, and of
a yellow colour when ripe, in which it differs from the ci­
tron and lemon. The species are eight. Miller.
I will discharge it in your straw-colour'd beard, your orange
tawny beard. Shakesp. Mids. Night's Dream.
The notary came aboard, holding in his hand a fruit like
an orange, but of colour between orange tawny and scarlet,
which cast a most excellent odour, and is used for a preserva­
tive against infection. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Fine oranges, sauce for your veal,
Are charming when squeez'd in a pot of brown ale. Swift.
The ideas of orange colour and azure, produced in the
mind by the same infusion of lignum nephriticum, are no
less distinct ideas than those of the same colours taken from
two different bodies. Locke.

O’RANGERY. n. s. [orangerie, Fr.] Plantation of oranges.
A kitchen garden is a more pleasant sight than the finest
orangery, or artificial green house. Spectator, No. 477.

O’RANGEMUSK. n. s. See PEAR, of which it is a species.

O’RANGEWIFE. n. s. [orange and wife.] A woman who sells
oranges.
You wear out a good wholesome forenoon in hearing a
cause between an orangewife and a fosset selier. Shakes.

ORA’TION. n. s. [oration, Fr. oratio, Lat.] A speech made ac­
cording to the laws of rhetorick; a harangue; a declamation.
There shall I try,
In my oration, how the people take
The cruel issue of these bloody men. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
This gives life and spirit to every thing that is spoken,
awakens the dullest spirits, and adds a singular grace and
excellency both to the person and his oration. Watts.

ORATO’RICAL. adj. [from oratour.] Rhetorical; befitting an
oratour.
Where he speaks in an oratorical, affecting, or persuasive
way, let this be explained by other places where he treats of
the same theme in a doctrinal way. Watts.

O’RATOUR. n. s. [orateur, Fr. orator, Lat.]
1. A publick speaker; a man of eloquence.
Poor queen and son! your labour is but lost;
For Warwick is a subtle orator. Shakesp. Henry VI.
As when of old some orator renown'd,
In Athens or free Rome, where eloquence
Flourish'd, since mute! to some great cause address'd,
Stood in himself collected; while each part,
Motion, each act, won audience. Milton's Par. Lost.
The constant design of both these orators in all their
speeches, was to drive some one particular point. Swift.
I have listened to an orator of this species, without being
able to understand one single sentence. Swift.
Both orators so much renown'd,
In their own depths of eloquence were drown'd. Dryden.
2. A petitioner. This sense is used in addresses to chancery.

O’RATORY. n. s. [oratoria, ars, Lat.]
1. Eloquence; rhetorical skill.
Each pasture stored with sheep feeding with sober security,
while the pretty lambs with bleating oratory craved the dams
comfort. Sidney.
When a world of men
Could not prevail with all their oratory,
Yet hath a woman's kindness over-rul'd. Shakespeare.
When my oratory grew tow'rd end,
I bid them that did love their country's good,
Cry, God save Richard. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Sighs now breath'd
Unutterable, which the spirit of pray'r
Inspir'd, and wing'd for heav'n with speedier flight
Than loudest oratory. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
By this kind of oratory and professing to decline their own
inclinations and wishes, purely for peace and unity, they
prevailed over those who were still surprised. Clarend.
The former who had to deal with a people of much more
politeness, learning, and wit, laid the greatest weight of his
oratory upon the strength of his arguments. Swift.


Come harmless characters, that no one hit,
Come Henley's oratory, Osborn's wit. Pope.
2. Exercise of eloquence.
The Romans had seised upon the fleet of the Antiates,
among which there were six armed with rostra, with which the
consul Menenius adorned the publick place of oratory. Arb.
3. [Oratoire, French.]
Oratory signifies a private place, which is deputed and al­
lotted for prayer alone, and not for the general celebration of
divine service. Ayliffe's Parergon.
They began to erect to themselves oratories not in any
sumptuous or stately manner, which neither was possible by
reason of the poor estate of the church, and had been peril­
ous in regard of the world's envy towards them. Hooker.
Do not omit thy prayers for want of a good oratory or
place to pray in; nor thy duty for want of temporal en­
couragements. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.


ORB

ORB. n. s. [orbe, Fr. orbis, Latin.]
1. Sphere; orbicular body; circular body.
A mighty collection of water inclosed in the bowels of the
earth, constitutes an huge orb in the interior or central parts;
upon the surface of which orb of water the terrestrial strata
are expanded. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
The with a storm of darts to distance drive
The Trojan chief; who held at bay from far,
On his Vulcanian orb sustain'd the war. Dryden.
2. Mundane sphere; celestial body; light of heaven.
nI the floor of heav'n
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubims. Shakesp.
3. Wheel; any rolling body.
The orbs
Of his fierce chariot roll'd as with the sound
Of torrent floods. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
4. Circle; line drawn round.
5. Circle described by any of the mundane spheres.
Astronomers, to solve the phenomena, framed to their
conceit eccentricks and epicycles, and a wonderful engine of
orbs, though no such things were. Bacon.
With smiling aspect you serenely move,
In your fifth orb, and rule the realm of love. Dryden.
6. Period; revolution of time.
Self-begot, self-rais'd,
By our own quick'ning pow'r, when fatal course
Had circled his full orb, the birth mature
Of this our native heav'n. Milt. Par. Lost, b. v.
7. Sphere of action.
Will you again unknit
This churlish knot of all abhorred war,
And move in that obedient orb again,
Where you did give a fair and nat'ral light. Shakesp.
8. It is applied by Milton to the eye, as being luminous and
spherical.
A drop serene hath quench'd their orbs,
Or dim suffusion veil'd. Milton.

ORBA’TION. n. s. [orbatus, Lat.] Privation of parents or chil­
dren.

O’RBED. adj. [from orb.]
1. Round; circular; orbicular.
All those sayings will I overswear,
And all those swearings keep as true in soul,
As doth that orbed continent the fire,
That severs day from night. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
2. Formed into a circle.
Truth and justice then
Will down return to men,
Orb'd in a rainbow, and like glories wearing. Milton.
3. Rounded.
A golden axle did the work uphold,
Gold was the beam, the wheels were orb'd with gold. Addis.

ORBI’CULAR. adj. [orbiculaire, Fr. orbiculatus, Lat.]
1. Spherical.
He shall monarchy with thee divide
Of all things, parted by th' empyreal bounds,
His quadrature from thy orbicular world. Milton.
2. Circular.
The form of their bottom is not the same; for whereas
before it was of an orbicular make, they now look as if they
were pressed. Addison's Guardian, No. 114.
By a circle I understand not here a perfect geometrical
circle, but an orbicular figure, whose length is equal to its
breadth, and which as to sense may seem circular. Newt.

ORBI’CULARLY. adj. [from orbicular.] Spherically; circularly.

ORFI’CULARNESS. n. s. [from orbicular.] The state of being
orbicular.

ORBI’CULATED. adj. [orbiculatus, Latin.] Moulded into an orb.

O’RBIT. n. s. [orbite, Fr. orbita, Latin.] The line described
by the revolution of a planet.
Suppose more suns in proper orbits roll'd,
Dissolv'd the snows and chac'd the polar cold. Blackm.
Suppose the earth placed nearer to the sun, and revolve for
instance in the orbit of Mercury; there the whole ocean
would even boil with extremity of heat, and be all exhaled
into vapours; all plants and animals would be scorched. Bent.

ORBITY. n. s. [orbus, Latin.] Loss, or want of parents or
children.

ORC. n. s. [orca, Lat. ??a.] A sort of sea-fish. Ains.
An island salt and bare,
The haunt of seals and orcs, and sea-maws clang. Milt.

O’RCHAL. n. s. A stone from which a blue colour is made. Ains.

O’RCHANET. n. s. An herb. Ains.

O’RCHARD. n. s. [either hortyard or wortyard, says Skinner;
ortgeard, Saxon. Junius.] A garden of fruit-trees.
Planting of orchards is very profitable, as well as pleasur­
able. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
They overcome their riches, not by making
Baths, orchards, fish pools. Ben. Johnson.
Her private orchards wall'd on ev'ry side,
To lawless Sylvans all access deny'd. Pope.

O’RCHESTRE. n. s. [French. ??a.] The place where
the musicians are set at a publick show.


ORD

ORD. n. s. An edge or sharpness; as in ordhelm, ordbright, &c.
and in the Islandish tongue, ord signifies a spear or dart. Gib.
Ord, in old English, signified beginning; whence probably
the proverbial phrase odds [ords] and ends, for scraps or rem­
nants.

To O’RDAIN. v. a. [ordino, Lat. ordonner, Fr.]
1. To appoint; to decree.
Know the cause why musick was ordain'd;
Was it not to refresh the mind of man
After his studies, or his usual pain? Shakespeare.
Jeroboam ordained a feast. 1 Kings xii. 32.
He hath also prepared for him the instruments of death;
he ordaineth his arrows against the persecutors. Ps. vii. 13.
As many as were ordained to eternal life, believed.
Acts xiii. 48.
He commanded us to testify that it is he which was or­
dained of God to be the judge of quick and dead. Acts x. 42.
The fatal tent,
The scene of death, and place ordain'd for punishment. Dryd.
To souls oppress'd and dumb with grief,
The Gods ordain this kind relief,
That musick should in sounds convey
What dying lovers dare not say. Waller.
My reason bends to what thy eyes ordain;
For I was born to love, and thou to reign. Prior.
2. To establish; to settle; to institute.
Mulmutius
Ordain'd our laws, whose use the sword of Cæsar.
Hath too much mangled. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I will ordain a place for Israel. 1 Chron. xvii. 9.
God from Sinai descending, will himself
In thunder, lightning, and loud trumpets sound,
Ordain them laws. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
For thee I have ordain'd it, and
Have suffer'd, that the glory may be thine
Of ending this great war; since none but thou
Can end it. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
Some laws ordain, and some attend the choice
Of holy senates, and elect by voice. Dryden.
3. To set in an office.
All signified unto you by a man, who is ordained over the
affairs, shall be utterly destroyed. Esther, xiii. 6.
4. To invest with ministerial function, or sacerdotal power.
Meletius was ordained by Arian bishops, and yet his ordi­
nation was never questioned. Stilling fleet.

O’RDAINER. n. s. [from ordain.] He who ordains.

O’RDEAL. n. s. [ordal, Sax. ordalium, low Lat. ordalie, Fr.]
A trial by fire or water, by which the person accused appealed
to heaven, by walking blindfold over hot bars of iron; or
being thrown, I suppose, into the water; whence the vulgar
trial of witches.
Their ordeal laws they used in doubtful cases, when clear
proofs wanted. Hakewill on Providence.
In the time of king John, the purgation per ignem et
aquam, or the trial by ordeal continued; but it ended with
this king. Hale.

O’RDER. n. s. [ordo, Lat. ordre, Fr.]
1. Method; regular disposition.
To know the true state of Solomon's house, I will keep
this order; I will set forth the end of our foundation, the
instruments for our works, the several employments assigned,
and the ordinances we observe. Bacon's New Atlantis.
As St. Paul was full of the doctrine of the gospel; so it lay
all clear and in order, open to his view. Locke:
2. Established process.
The moderator, when either of the disputants breaks the
rules, may interpose to keep them to order. Watts.
3. Proper state.
Any of the faculties wanting, or out of order, produce
suitable defects in mens understandings. Locke.
4. Regularity; settled mode.
This order with her sorrow she accords,
Which orderless all form of order brake. Daniel.


5. Mandate; precept; command.
Give order to my servants, that they take
No note of our being absent. Shakesp. Mer. of Ven.
If the lords of the council issued out any order against
them, or if the king sent a proclamation for their repair to
their houses, presently some nobleman deputed by the tables
published a protestation against those orders and proclamations.
Clarendon.
Upon this new fright, an order was made by both houses
for disarming all the papists in England; upon which, and
the like orders, though seldom any thing was after done, yet
it served to keep up the apprehensions in the people, of dan­
gers and designs, and to disincline them from any reverence
or affection to the queen. Clarendon.
I have received an order under your hand for a thousand
pounds in words at length. Tatler, No. 60.
6. Rule; regulation.
The church hath authority to establish that for an order
at one time, which at another time it may abolish, and in
both do well. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
7. Regular government.
The night, their number, and the sudden act
Would dash all order, and protect their fact. Daniel.
8. A society of dignisied persons distinguished by marks of ho­
nour.
Elves,
The several chairs of order look you scour,
With juice of balm and ev'ry precious flow'r. Shakesp.
Princes many times make themselves desires, and set their
hearts upon toys; sometimes upon a building; sometimes
upon erecting of an order. Bacon.
She left immortal trophies of her fame,
And to the noblest order gave the name. Dryden.
By shining marks, distinguish'd they appear,
And various ordens various ensigns bear. Granville.
9. A rank, or class.
The king commanded the high priest and the priests of
the second order, to bring forth out of the temple all the
vessels. 2 Kings xxiii. 4.
Th' Almighty seeing,
From his transcendent seat the saints among,
To those bright orders utter'd thus his voice. Milton.
10. A religious fraternity.
Find a bare foot brother out,
One of our order to associate me,
Here visiting the sick. Shakesp. Rom. and Juliet.
11. [In the plural.] Hierarchical state.
If the faults of men in orders are only to be judged among
themselves, they are all in some sort parties. Dryden.
Having in his youth made a good progress in learning,
that he might dedicate himself more intirely to religion he
entered into holy orders, and in a few years became renown­
ed for his sanctity of life. Addison's Spectator, No. 164.
12. Means to an end.
Virgins must remember, that the virginity of the body is
only excellent in order to the purity of the soul; for in the
same degree that virgins live more spiritually than other per­
sons, in the same degree is their virginity a more excellent
state. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
We should behave reverently towards the Divine Majesty,
and justly towards men; and in order to the better discharge
of these duties, we should govern ourselves in the use of sen­
sual delights, with temperance. Tillotson, Serm. 6.
The best knowledge is that which is of greatest use in or­
der to our eternal happiness. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
What we see is in order only to what we do not see; and
both these states must be joined together. Atterbury.
One man pursues power in order to wealth, and another
wealth in order to power, which last is the safer way, and
generally followed. Swift's Exam. No. 27.
13. Measures; care.
It were meet you should take some order for the soldiers,
which are now first to be discharged and disposed of some way;
which may otherwise grow to as great inconvenience as all
this that you have quit us from. Spenser on Ireland.
Provide me soldiers,
Whilst I take order for mine own affairs. Shakesp.
The money promised unto the king, he took no order for,
albeit Sostratus required it. 2 Mac. iv. 27.
If any of the family be distressed, order is taken for their
relief and competent means to live. Bacon.
14. [In architecture.] A system of the several members, or­
naments, and proportions of columns and pilasters; or it is
a regular arrangement of the projecting parts of a building,
especially those of a column; so as to form one beautiful
whole: or order is a certain rule for the proportions of co­
lumns, and for the figures which some of the parts ought to
have, on the account of the proportions that are given them.
There are five orders of columns; three of which are Greek,
viz. the doric, ionic, and corinthian; and two Italian, viz.
the tuscan and composite. The whole is composed of two
parts at least, the column and the entablature, and of four
parts at the most; where there is a pedestal under the co­
lumns, and one acroter or little pedestal on the top of the
entablature. The column has three parts; the base, the
shaft, and the capital; which parts are all different in the
several orders.
In the tuscan order, any height being given, divide it into
ten parts and three quarters, called diameters, by diameters
is meant the thickness of the shaft at the bottom, the pe­
destal having two; the column with base and capital, seven;
and the entablature one and three quarters.
In the doric order, the whole height being given, is divided
into twelve diameters or parts, and one third; the pedestal
having two and one third, the column eight, and the enta­
blature two.
In the ionic order, the whole height is dividedinto thirteen
diametes and a half, the pedestal having two and two thirds,
the column nine, and the entablature one and four fifths.
In the corinthian order, the whole height is divided into
fourteen diameters and a half, the pedestal having three, the
column nine and a half, and the entablature two.
In the composite order, the whole height is divided into fif­
teen diameters and one third; the pedestal having three and
one third, the column ten, and the entablature two.
In a colonnade or range of pillars, the intercolumination or
space between columns in the tuscan order, is four diameters.
In the doric order, two and three quarters; in the ionic or­
der, two and a quarter; in the corinthian order, two; and
in the composite order, one and a half. Builder's Dict.

To O’RDER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To regulate; to adjust; to manage; to conduct.
To him that ordereth his conversation aright, will I shew
the salvation of God. Ps. l. 23.
As the sun when it ariseth in the heaven, so is the beauty
of a good wife in the ordering of her house. Ecclus xxvi. 16.
Thou hast ordered all in measure, number, and weight.
Wisd. xi. 20.
Bias being asked how a man should order his life? an­
swered, as if a man should live long, or die quickly. Bacon.
2. To manage; to procure.
The kitchin clerk that hight digestion,
Did order all the cates in seemly wise. Fairy Queen.
3. To methodise; to dispose fitly.
These were the orderings of them in their service, to come
into the house of the Lord. 1 Chron. xxiv. 19.
4. To direct; to command.
5. To ordain to sacerdotal function.
The book requireth due examination, and giveth liberty to
object any crime against such as are to be ordered. Whitgift.

O’RDERER. n. s. [from order.] One that orders, methodises,
or regulates.
That there should be a great disposer and orderer of all
things, a wise rewarder and punisher of good and evil, hath
appeared so equitable to men, that they have concluded it
necessary. Suckling.

O’RDERLESS. adj. [from order.] Disorderly; out of rule.
All form is formless, order orderless,
Save what is opposite to England's love. Shakespeare.

O’RDERLINESS. n. s. [from orderly.] Regularity; methodi­
calness.

O’RDERLY. adj. [from order.]
1. Methodical; regular.
The book requireth but orderly reading. Hooker.
2. Not tumultuous; well regulated.
Balfour, by an orderly and well-governed march, passed
in the king's quarters without any considerable loss, to a place
of safety. Clarendon, b. viii.
3. According with established method.
As for the orders established, sith the law of nature, of
God and man, do all favourthat which is in being, till or­
derly judgment of decision be given against it, it is but justice
to exact obedience of you. Hooker's Pref.
A clergy reformed from popery in such a manner, as hap­
pily to preserve the mean between the two extremes, in
doctrine, worship, and government, perfected this reforma­
tion by quiet and orderly methods, free from those confusions
and tumults that elsewhere attended it. Atterbury.

O’RDERLY. adv. [from order.] Methodically; according to
order; regularly; according to rule.
All parts of knowledge have been thought by wise men
to be then most orderly delivered and proceeded in, when they
are drawn to their first original. Hooker, b. i.
Ask him his name, and orderly proceed
To swear him. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Make it orderly and well,
According to the fashion of the time. Shakespeare.
It is walled with brick and stone, intermixed orderly. Sandys.
How should those active particles, ever and anon justled
by the occursion of other bodies, whereof there is an infinite
store, so orderly keep their cells without any alteration of
site. Glanville.
In the body, when the principal parts, the heart and li­
ver, do their offices, and all the inferior smaller vessels act


orderly and duly, there arises a sweet enjoyment upon the
whole, which we call health. South's Serm.

O’RDINABLE. adj. [ordino, Lat.] Such as may be appointed.
All the ways of œconomy God hath used toward a ra­
tional creature, to reduce mankind to that course of living
which is most perfectly agreeable to our nature, and by the
mercy of God ordinable to eternal bliss. Hamm.

O’RDINAL. adj. [ordinal, Fr. ordinalis, Lat.] Noting order:
as, second, third.
The moon's age is thus found, add to the epact the day
of the month and the ordinal number of that month from
March inclusive, because the epact begins at March, and
the sum of those, casting away thirty or twenty-nine, as
often as it ariseth, is the age of the moon. Holder.

O’RDINAL. n. s. [ordinal, Fr. ordinale, Latin.] A ritual; a
book containing orders. Ains.

O’RDINANCE. n. s. [ordonnance, French.]
1. Law; rule; prescript.
It seemeth hard to plant any sound ordinance, or reduce
them to a civil government; since all their ill customs are
permitted unto them. Spenser on Ireland.
Let Richard and Elizabeth,
The true succeeders of each royal house,
By God's fair ordinance conjoin together! Shakesp.
2. Observance commanded.
One ordinance ought not to exclude the other, much less
to disparage the other, and least of all to undervalue that
which is the most eminent. Taylor.
3. Appointment.
Things created to shew bare heads,
When one but of my ordinance stood up,
To speak of peace or war. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. A cannon. It is now generally written for distinction ord­
nance; its derivation is not certain.
Caves and womby vaultages of France,
Shall chide your trespass and return your mock,
In second accent to his ordinance. Shakesp. Hen. V.

O’RDINARILY. adv. [from ordinary.]
1. According to established rules; according to settled method.
We are not to look that the church should change her
publick laws and ordinances, made according to that which
is judged ordinarily, and commonly fittest for the whole, al­
though it chance that for some particular men the same be
found inconvenient. Hooker, b. iv. s. 12.
Springs and rivers do not derive the water which they or­
dinarily refund, from rain. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Commonly; usually.
The instances of human ignorance were not only clear
ones, but such as are not so ordinarily suspected. Glanv.
Prayer ought to be more than ordinarily fervent and vi­
gorous before the sacrament. South's Sermons.

O’RDINARY. adj. [ordinarius, Latin.]
1. Established; methodical; regular.
Though in arbitrary governments there may be a body of
laws observed in the ordinary forms of justice, they are not
sufficient to secure any rights to the people; because they
may be dispensed with. Addison's Freeholder.
The standing ordinary means of conviction failing to in­
fluence them, it is not to be expected that any extraordinary
means should be able to do it. Atterbury.
2. Common; usual.
Yet did she only utter her doubt to her daughters, think­
ing, since the worst was past, she would attend a further
occasion, least over much haste might seem to proceed of
the ordinary mislike between sisters in law. Sidney.
It is sufficient that Moses have the ordinary credit of an
historian given him. Tillotson, Serm. 1.
This designation of the person our author is more than
ordinary obliged to take care of, because he hath made the
conveyance, as well as the power itself, sacred. Locke.
There is nothing more ordinary than children's receiving
into their minds propositions from their parents; which be­
ing fastened by degrees, are at last, whether true or false,
riveted there. Locke.
Method is not less requisite in ordinary conversation, than
in writing. Addison's Spectator, No. 476.
3. Mean; of low rank.
These are the paths wherein ye have walked, that are of
the ordinary sort of men; these are the very steps ye have
trodden, and the manifest degrees whereby ye are of your
guides and directors trained up in that school. Hooker.
Men of common capacity, and but ordinary judgment,
are not able to discern what things are fittest for each kind
and state of regiment. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
Every ordinary reader, upon the publishing of a new poem,
has will and ill-nature enough to turn several passages of it
into ridicule, and very often in the right place. Addison.
My speculations, when sold single, are delights for the
rich and wealthy; after some time they come to the market
in great quantities, and are every ordinary man's money.
Addison's Spectator, No. 488.
You will wonder how such an ordinary fellow as Wood,
could get his majesty's broad seal. Swift.
4. Ugly; not handsome: as she is an ordinary woman.

O’RDINARY. n. s.
1. Established judge of ecclesiastical causes.
The evil will
Of all their parishioners they had constrain'd,
Who to the ordinary of them complain'd. Hubberd.
If fault be in these things any where justly found, law hath
refered the whole disposition and redress thereof to the or­
dinary of the place. Hooker, b. v. s. 12.
2. Settled establishment.
Spain had no other wars save those which were grown in­
to an ordinary; now they have coupled therewith the extra­
ordinary of the Valtoline and Palatinate. Bacon.
3. Actual and constant office.
Villiers had an intimation of the king's pleasure to be
his cup-bearer at large; and the summer following he was
admitted in ordinary. Wott.
4. Regular price of a meal.
Our courteous Antony,
Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast;
And for his ordinary pays his heart
For what his eyes eat only. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
5. A place of eating established at a certain price.
They reckon all their errors for accomplishments; and all
the odd words they have picked up in a coffee-house, or a
gaming ordinary, are produced as flowers of style. Swift.

To O’RDINATE. v. a. [ordinatus, Latin.]
1. To appoint.
Finding how the certain right did stand,
With full consent this man did ordinate
The heir apparent to the crown and land. Daniel.

O’RDINATE. adj. [ordinatus, Lat.] Regular; methodical.
Ordinate figures are such as have all their sides, and all their
angles equal. Ray on the Creation.

ORDINA’TION. n. s. [ordinatio, Lat. from ordinate.]
1. Established order or tendency.
Virtue and vice have a natural ordination to the happiness
and misery of life respectively. Norris.
2. The act of investing any man with sacerdotal power.
Though ordained by Arian bishops, his ordination was ne­
ver questioned. Stilling fleet.
St. Paul looks upon Titus as advanced to the dignity of
a prime ruler of the church, and entrusted with a large diocese
under the immediate government of their respective elders;
and those deriving authority from his ordination. South.

O’RDNANCE. n. s. [This was anciently written more frequently
ordinance; but ordnance is used for distinction.] Cannon;
great guns.
Have I not heard great ordnance in the field?
And heav'n's artillery thunder in the skies? Shakesp.
When a ship seels or rolls in foul weather, the breaking
loose of ordnance is a thing very dangerous. Raleigh.
There are examples now of wounded persons that have
roared for anguish and torment at the discharge of ordnance,
though at a very great distance. Bentley's Serm.

ORDO’NNANCE. n. s. [French.] Disposition of figures in
a picture.

O’RDURE. n. s. [ordure, French; from sordes, Lat. Skinner.] 
Dung; filth.
Gard'ners with ordure hide those roots
That shall first spring and be most delicate. Shakesp.
Working upon human ordure, and by long preparation
rendering it odoriferous, he terms it zibetta occidentalis. Brown.
We added fat pollutions of our own,
T' encrease the steaming ordures of the stage. Dryden.
Renew'd by ordure's sympathetick force,
As oil'd with magic juices for the course, Pope.
Vig'rous he rises.


ORE

ORE. n. s. [ore, or ora, Saxon; oor, Dutch, a mine.]
1. Metal unrefined; metal yet in its mineral state.
Round about him lay on every side,
Great heaps of gold that never would be spent;
Of which some were rude ore not purify'd
Of Mulciber's devouring element. Fairy Queen.
They would have brought them the gold ore aboard their
ships. Raleigh's Apology.
A hill not far,
Shone with a glossy scurf, undoubted sign
That in his womb was hid metallic ore,
The work of sulphur. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
Who have labour'd more
To search the treasures of the Roman store,
Or dig in Grecian mines for purer ore? Roscommon.
We walk in dreams on fairy land,
Where golden ore lies mixt with common sand. Dryden.
Those who unripe veins in mines explore,
On the rich bed again the warm turf lay,
'Till time digests the yet imperfect ore,
And know it will be gold another day. Dryden.


Those profounder regions they explore,
Where metals ripen in vast cakes of ore. Garth.
2. Metal.
The liquid ore he drain'd
First his own tools; then what might else be wrought,
Fusile, or grav'n in metal. Milt. Par. Lost, b. xi.

O’REWEED. n. s. A weed either growing upon the rocks un­
der high water mark, or broken from the bot­
tom of the sea by rough weather, and cast upon the next
by the wind and flood. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

O’REWOOD. n. s. A weed either growing upon the rocks un­
der high water mark, or broken from the bot­
tom of the sea by rough weather, and cast upon the next
by the wind and flood. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.


ORG

O’RGAL. n. s. Lees of wine. Ains.

O’RGAN. n. s. [organe, Fr. ??a???.]
1. Natural instrument; as the tongue is the organ of speech,
the lungs of respiration.
When he shall hear she died upon his words,
The ever lovely organ of her life
Shall come apparell'd in more precious habit,
Than when she liv'd indeed. Shakespeare.
For a mean and organ, by which this operative virtue
might be continued, God appointed the light to be united,
and gave it also motion and heat. Raleigh.
The aptness of birds is not so much in the conformity of
the organs of speech, as in their attention. Bacon.
Wit and will
Can judge and chuse, without the body's aid;
Tho' on such objects they are working still,
As thro' the body's organs are convey'd. Davies.
2. An instrument of musick consisting of pipes filled with wind
and of stops, touched by the hand. [Orgue, Fr.]
A hand of a vast extension, and a prodigious number of
fingers playing upon all the organ pipes in the world, and
making every one sound a particular note. Keil.
While in more lengthen'd notes and flow,
The deep, majestick, solemn organs blow. Pope.

ORGA’NICAL. adj. [organique, Fr. organicus, Lat.]

ORGA’NICK. adj. [organique, Fr. organicus, Lat.]
1. Consisting of various parts co-operating with each other.
He rounds the air, and breaks the hymnick notes
In birds, heav'n's choristers, organick throats;
Which, if they did not die, might seem to be
A tenth rank in the heavenly hierarchy. Donne.
He with serpent tongue
Organick, or impulse of vocal air,
His fraudulent temptation thus began. Milt. P. Lost.
The organical structure of human bodies, whereby they
live and move and are vitally informed by the soul, is the
workmanship of a most wise, powerful, and beneficent be­
ing. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Instrumental; acting as instruments of nature or art, to a
certain end.
Read with them those organick arts which enable men to
discourse and write perspicuously, elegantly, and according
to the fittest style of lofty, mean, or lowly. Milton.
3. Respecting organs.
She could not produce a monster of any thing that hath
more vital and organical parts than a rock of marble. Ray.
They who want the sense of discipline, or hearing, are
also by consequence deprived of speech, not by any imme­
diate, organical indisposition, but for want of discipline.
Holder's Elements of Speech.

ORGA’NICALLY. adv. [from organical.] By means of organs
or instruments; by organical disposition of parts.
All stones, metals, and minerals, are real vegetables; that
is, grow organically from proper seeds, as well as plants.
Locke on Nat. Philosophy.

ORGA’NICALNESS. n. s. [from organical.] State of being or­
ganical.

O’RGANISM. n. s. [from organ.] Organical structure.
How admirable is the natural structure or organism of bo­
dies. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 4.

O’RGANIST. n. s. [organiste, Fr. from organ.] One who plays
on the organ.
He is an organist, and serves that office in a publick choir.
Boyle on Colours.

ORGANIZA’TION. n. s. [from organize.] Construction in which
the parts are so disposed as to be subservient to each other.
Every man's senses differ as much from others in their figure,
colour, site, and infinite other peculiarities in the organiza­
tion, as any one man's can from itself, through divers acci­
dental variations. Glanv. Sceps. c. xxvi.
That being then one plant, which has such an organiza­
tion of parts in one coherent body, partaking of one com­
mon life, it continues to be the same plant, though that life
be communicated to new particles of matter, in a like con­
tinued organization. Locke.

To O’RGANIZE. v. a. [organiser, Fr. from organ.] To con­
struct so as that one part co-operates with another; to form
organically.
As the soul doth organize the body, and give unto every
member thereof that substance, quantity, and shape, which
nature seeth most expedient, so the inward grace of sacra­
ments may teach what serveth best for their outward form.
Hooker, b. v. s. 58.
A genial and cherishing heat so acts upon the sit and
obsequious matter, wherein it was harboured, as to organize
and fashion that disposed matter according to the exigencies
of its own nature. Boyle.
Those nobler faculties in the mind, matter organized could
never produce. Ray on the Creation.
The identity of the same man consists in a participation
of the same continued life, by constantly fleeting particles in
succession vitally united to the same organized body. Locke.

O’RGANLOFT. n. s. [organ and loft.] The loft where the or­
gans stand.
Five young ladies of no small fame for their great seve­
rity of manners, would go no where with their lovers but to
an organloft in a church, where they had a cold treat and
some few opera songs. Tatler, No. 61.

O’RGANPIPE. n. s. [organ and pipe.] The pipe of a musical
organ.
The thunder,
That deep and dreadful organpipe pronounc'd
The name of Prosper. Shakespeare's Tempest.

O’RGANY. n. s. [origanum, Lat.] An herb. Ains.

ORGA’SM. n. s. [orgasme, Fr. ??as???.] Sudden vehemence.
By means of the curious lodgment and inosculation of the
auditory nerves, the orgasms of the spirits should be allayed,
and perturbations of the mind quieted. Derham's Physico-Theol.

O’RGEIS. n. s. A sea-fish, called likewise organling. Both seem
a corruption of the orkenyling, as being taken on the Or­
keny coast. Ains.

ORGI’LLOUS. adj. [orgueilleux, French.] Proud; haughty.
From isles of Greece
The princes orgillous, their high blood chafed,
Have to the port of Athens sent their ships. Shakesp.

O’RGIES. n. s. [orgies, Fr. orgia, Lat.] Mad rites of Bacchus;
frantick revels.
These are nights
Solemn to the shining rites,
Of the fairy prince and knights,
While the moon their orgies lights. Ben. Johnson.
She feign'd nocturnal orgies; left my bed,
And, mix'd with Trojan dames, the dances led. Dryd.


ORI

O’RICHALCH. n. s. [orichalcum, Lat.] Brass.
Not Bilbo steel, nor brass from Corinth fet,
Nor costly orichalch from strange Phœnice,
But such as could both Phœbus' arrows ward,
And th' hailing darts of heav'n beating hard. Spenser.

O’RIENT. adj. [oriens, Latin.]
1. Rising as the sun.
Moon that now meet'st the orient sun, now fly'st
With the fix'd stars. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
When fair morn orient in heav'n appear'd. Milton.
2. Eastern; oriental.
3. Bright; shining; glittering; gaudy; sparkling.
The liquid drops of tears that you have shed,
Shall come again transform'd to orient pearl;
Advantaging their loan with interest,
Oftentimes double gain of happiness. Shakesp.
There do breed yearly an innumerable company of gnats,
whose property is to fly unto the eye of the lion, as being a
bright and orient thing. Abbot on the World.
We have spoken of the cause of orient colours in birds;
which is by the fineness of the strainer. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Morning light
More orient in yon western cloud, that draws
O'er the blue firmament a radiant white. Milton.
In thick shelter of black shades imbowr'd,
He offers to each weary traveller
His orient liquor in a crystal glass,
To quench the drouth of Phœbus. Milton.
The chiefs about their necks the scutcheons wore,
With orient pearls and jewels powder'd o'er. Dryden.

O’RIENT. n. s. [orient, Fr.] The east; the part where the sun
first appears.

ORIE’NTAL. adj. [oriental, French.] Eastern; placed in
the east; proceeding from the east.
Your ships went as well to the pillars of Hercules, as to
Pequin upon the oriental seas, as far as to the borders of the
east Tartary. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Some ascribing hereto the generation of gold, conceive
the bodies of this situation to receive some appropriate in­
fluence from the sun's ascendent, and oriental radiations.
Brown's Vulgar Err. b. vi.

ORIE’NTAL. n. s. An inhabitant of the eastern parts of the
world.
They have been of that great use to following ages, as to
be imitated by the Arabians and other orientals. Grew.

ORIE’NTALISM. n. s. [from oriental.] An idiom of the ea­
stern languages; an eastern mode of speech.



ORIE’NTALITY. n. s. [from oriental.] State of being oriental.
His revolution being regular, it hath no power nor effiacy
peculiar from its orientality, but equally disperseth his beams.
 Brown's V. Err. b. vi.

O’RIFICE. n. s. [orifice, Fr. orificium, Lat.] Any opening or
perforation.
The prince of Orange, in his first hurt by the Spanish
boy, could find no means to stanch the blood, but was fain
to have the orifice of the wound stopped by men's thumbs,
succeeding one another for the space of two days. Bacon.
Their mouths
With hideous orifice gap'd on us wide,
Portending hollow truce. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
ætna was bored through the top with a monstruous ori­
fice. Addison's Guardian, No. 103.
Blood-letting, Hippocrates saith, should be done with
broad lancets or swords, in order to make a large orifice by
stabbing or pertusion. Arbuthnot on Coins.

O’RIFLAMB. n. s. [probably a corruption of auriflamma, Lat.
or flamme d'or, Fr. in like manner as orpiment is corrupted.]
A golden standard. Ains.

O’RIGAN. n. s. [origan, Fr. origanum, Lat.] Wild marjorum.
I saw her in her proper hue,
Bathing herself in origan and thyme. Fairy Queen.

O’RIGIN. n. s. [origine, Fr. origo, Lat.]

ORI’GINAL. n. s. [origine, Fr. origo, Lat.]
1. Beginning; first existence.
The sacred historian only treats of the origins of terrestrial
animals. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Fountain; source; that which gives beginning or existence.
Nature which contemns its origin,
Cannot be border'd certain in itself. Shakesp. King Lear.
If any station upon earth be honourable, theirs was; and
their posterity therefore have no reason to blush at the me­
mory of such an original. Atterbury.
Original of beings! pow'r divine!
Since that I live and that I think, is thine. Prior.
These great orbs,
Primitive sounts, and origins of light. Prior.
3. First copy; archetype; that from which any thing is tran­
scribed or translated. In this sense origin is not used.
Compare this translation with the original, and the three
first stanzas are rendered almost word for word, and not only
with the same elegance, but with the same turn of expression.
Addison's Spectator, No. 229.
External material things, as the objects of sensation; and
the operations of our minds within, as the objects of re­
flection; are the only originals from whence all our ideas take
their beginnings. Locke.
4. Derivation; descent.
They, like the seed from which they sprung, accurst
Against the gods immortal hatred nurst;
An impious, arrogant, and cruel brood,
Expressing their original from blood. Dryden.

ORI’GINAL. adj. [originel, Fr. originalis, Latin.] Primitive;
pristine; first.
The original question was, whether God by this law hath
forbidden the giving any worship to himself by an image?
Stilling fleet on Idolatry.
Had Adam obeyed God, his original perfection, the know­
ledge and ability God at first gave him, would still have
continued. Wake's Prep. for Death.
You still, sair mother, in your offspring trace
The stock of beauty destin'd for the race;
Kind nature, forming them the pattern took,
From heav'n's first work, and Eve's original look. Prior.

ORI’GINALLY. adv. [from original.]
1. Primarily; with regard to the first cause.
A very great difference between a king that holdeth his
crown by a willing act of estates, and one that holdeth it
originally by the law of nature and descent of blood. Bacon.
A present blessing upon our fasts, is neither originally due
from God's justice, nor becomes due to us from his vera­
city. Smallridge's Sermons.
2. At first.
The metallic and mineral matter, found in the perpendi­
cular intervals of the strata, was originally, and at the time
of the deluge, lodged in the bodies of those strata. Woodw.
3. As the first author.
For what originally others writ,
May be so well disguis'd and so improv'd,
That with some justice it may pass for yours. Roscomm.

ORI’GINALNESS. n. s. [from original.] The quality or state
of being original.

ORI’GINARY. adj. [originaire, Fr. from origin.]
1. Productive; causing existence.
The production of animals in the originary way, requires
a certain degree of warmth, which proceeds from the sun's
influence. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
2. Primitive; that which was the first state.
Remember I am built of clay, and must
Resolve to my originary dust. Sandy's Par. on Job.

To ORI’GINATE. v. a. [from origin.] To bring into exis­
tence.

ORIGINA’TION. n. s. [originatio, Lat. from originate.] The act
of bringing into existence; first production.
The tradition of the origination of mankind seems to be
universal; but the particular methods of that origination ex­
cogitated by the heathen, were particular. Hale.
This eruca is propagated by animal parents, to wit, but­
terflies, after the common origination of all caterpillars. Ray.
Descartes first introduced the fancy of making a world,
and deducing the origination of the universe from mechanical
principles. Keil.

O’RISONS. n. s. [oraison, French: this word is variously ac­
cented; Shakespeare has the accent both on the first and se­
cond syllables; Milton and Crashaw on the first, others on
the second.] A prayer; a supplication.
Nymph, in thy orisons
Be all thy sins remember'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Alas! your too much love and care of me,
Are heavy orisons 'gainst this poor wretch. Shakesp.
He went into St. Paul's church, where he had orisons and
Te Deum sung. Bacon's Henry VII.
My wakeful lay shall knock
At th' oriental gates, and duly mock
The early larks shrill orisons, to be
An anthem at the day's nativity. Crashaw.
His daily orisons attract our ears. Sandys on Job.
Lowly they bow'd, adoring, and began
Their orisons, each morning duly paid. Milton.
So went he on with his orisons,
Which, if you mark them well, were wise ones. Cotton.
Here at dead of night
The hermit oft, mid his orisons, hears
Aghast the voice of time disparting tow'rs. Dyer.

O’RLOP. n. s. [overloop, Dutch.] The middle deck. Skinn.
A small ship of the king's called the Pensie, was assailed by
the Lyon, a principal ship of Scotland; wherein the Pensie
so applyed her shot, that the Lyon's oreloop was broken, her
sails and tackling torn; and lastly, she was boarded and
taken. Hayward.

O’RNAMENT. n. s. [ornamentum, Lat. ornement, Fr.]
1. Embellishment; decoration.
So may the outward shows be least themselves;
The world is still deceiv'd with ornament. Shakesp.
The Tuscan chief, to me has sent
Their crown, and ev'ry regal ornament. Dryden.
No circumstances of life can place a man so far below the
notice of the world, but that his virtues or vices will render
him, in some degree, an ornament or disgrace to his pro­
fession. Rogers, Serm. 9.
2. Honour; that which confers dignity.
The persons of different qualities in both sexes, are in­
deed allowed their different ornaments; but these are by no
means costly, being rather designed as marks of distinction
than to make a figure. Addison on Italy.

ORNAME’NTAL. adj. [from ornament.] Serving to decoration;
giving embellishment.
Some think it most ornamental to wear their bracelets on
their wrists, others about their ancles. Brown.
If the kind be capable of more perfection, though rather
in the ornamental parts of it, than the essential, what rules
of morality or respect have I broken, in naming the defects
that they may hereafter be amended? Dryden.
Even the Heathens have esteemed this variety not only
ornamental to the earth, but a proof of the wisdom of the
creator. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
If no advancement of knowledge can be had from univer­
sities, the time there spent is lost; every ornamental part of
education is better taught elsewhere. Swift on Religion.

ORNAME’NTALLY. adv. [from ornamental.] In such a man­
ner as may confer embellishment.

ORNA’MENTED. adj. [from ornament.] Embellished; be­
decked.

O’RNATE. adj. [ornatus, Lat.] Bedecked; decorated; fine.
What thing of sea or land,
Female of sex it seems,
That so bedeck'd, ornate and gay,
Comes this way sailing. Milton's Agonistes.

O’RNATENESS. n. s. [from ornate.] Finery; state of being
embellished.

ORNA’TURE. n. s. [ornatus, Lat.] Decoration. Ains.

ORNI’SCOPIST. n. s. [??? and s?pa.] One who examines
the flight of birds in order to foretel futurity.

ORNI’THOLOGY. n. s. [??? and ?????.] A discourse on birds.


ORP

O’RPHAN. n. s. [?fa???; orphelin, Fr.] A child who has
lost father or mother, or both.
Poor orphan in the wide world scattered,
As budding branch rent from the native tree,
And thrown forth until it be withered:
Such is the state of man. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Who can be bound by any solemn vow
To reave the orphan of his patrimony,


To wring the widow from her custom'd right,
And have no other reason for his wrong,
But that he was bound by a solemn oath? Shakesp.
Sad widows, by thee rifled, weep in vain,
And ruin'd orphans of thy rapes complain. Sandys.
The sea with spoils his angry bullets strow,
Widows and orphans making as they go. Waller.
Pity, with a parent's mind,
This helpless orphan whom thou leav'st behind. Dryden.

O’RPHAN. adj. [orphelin, Fr.] Bereft of parents.
This king left orphan both of father and mother, found
his estate, when he came to age, so disjointed even in the
noblest and strongest limbs of government, that the name
of a king was grown odious. Sidney, b. ii.

O’RPHANAGE. n. s. [orphelinage, Fr. from orphan.] State
of an orphan.

O’RPHANISM. n. s. [orphelinage, Fr. from orphan.] State
of an orphan.

ORPI’MENT. n. s. [auripigmentum, Lat. orpiment, orpin, Fr.]
True and genuine orpiment is a foliaceous fossil, sometimes
found in masses of two or three inches diameter, and one
inch in thickness; but it is oftener met with in smaller con­
geries of flakes from an eighth of an inch to a third in dia­
meter, lodged in zarnich. See ZARNICH. It is of a fine
and pure texture, remarkably heavy, and its colour is a
bright and beautiful yellow, like that of gold. It is not
hard but very tough, easily bending without breaking: some
have declared orpiment to be only muscovy talk, stained by acci­
dent. But talk is always elastick, but orpiment not so; talk
also remains unaltered in the strongest fire, whereas orpiment
melts readily, and as readily burns away. Orpiment has
been supposed to contain gold, and is found in mines of
gold, silver, and copper, and sometimes in the strata of marl.
It is frequent in the East-Indies and the Turkish dominions,
the finest coming from Smyrna. We have it also in Ger­
many and Saxony. The ancients were well acquainted with
this drug, which they called arsenicon; and though they
were utterly unacquainted with the poisonous substance called
arsenick, yet orpiment has been by some very unjustly deemed
a poison; but it appears to be an innocent medicine which
the ancients prescribed internally. The painters are very
fond of it as a gold colour. Hill's Mat. Med.
For the golden colour, it may be made by some small mixture
of orpiment, such as they use to brass in the yellow alchymy; it
will easily recover that which the iron loseth. Bacon.

ORPHANOTROPHY. n. s. [fa?? and ?f.] An hospital
for orphans.

O’RPINE. n. s. [orpin, Fr.] Liverer or rose root, anacampseros,
Telephum, or Rhodia radis. A plant. It hath a rose shaped
flower, consisting of several leaves placed orbicularly; out of
whose many-leaved empalement rises the pointal, which after­
ward becomes a three-cornered fruit, consisting of one cell,
which is filled with roundish seeds: the leaves are placed alter­
nately on the branches. It is a low plant, whose branches trail
on the ground; the leaves are small and roundish, of a glau­
cous colour, and of a pretty thick consistence. The flowers
are small, and of a whitish green colour. Miller.
Cool violets and orpine growing still,
Embathed balm and cheerful galingale. Spenser.

O’RRERY. n. s. An instrument which by many complicated
movements represents the revolutions of the heavenly bodies.
It was first made by Mr. Rowley, a mathematician born at
Litchfield, and so named from his patron the earl of Orrery:
by one or other of this family almost every art has been en­
couraged or improved.

O’RRIS. n. s. [oris, Latin.] A plant and flower.
It hath no leaves to the flower, but consists of many sta­
mina arising from a five-leaved empalement. The pointal
becomes the seed, which is flat and orbicular, and inclosed
in the empalement, which becomes a foliaceous capsule, in
which are included two sorts of seeds. Miller.
The nature of the orris root is almost singular; for roots
that are in any degree sweet, it is but the same sweetness
with the wood or leaf; but the orris is not sweet in the leaf;
neither is the flower any thing so sweet as the root. Bacon.

O’RRIS. n. s. [old Fr.] A sort of gold or silver lace.


ORT

ORTS. n. s. seldom with a singular. [This word is derived
by Skinner from ort, German, the fourth part of any thing;
by Mr. Lye more reasonably from orda, Irish, a fragment.
In Anglo Saxon, ord signifies the beginning; whence in some
provinces odds and ends; for ord and ends signify remnants,
scattered pieces, refuse; from ord thus used probably came
ort.] Refuse; things left or thrown away.
He must be taught, and train'd, and bid go forth;
A barren-spirited fellow, one that feeds
On abject orts and imitations. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
The fractions of her faith, orts of her love,
The fragments, scraps, the bits, and greasy reliques
Of her o'er eaten saith, are bound to Diomede. Shakesp.
Much good do't you then;
Brave plush and velvet men,
Can feed on orts and safe in your stage-cloths,
Dare quit, upon your oaths,
The stagers, and the stage-wrights too. Ben. Johnson.

O’RTHODOX. adj. [?? and d???; orthodox, Fr.] Sound
in opinion and doctrine; not heretical.
Be you persuaded and settled in the true protestant religion
professed by the church of England; which is as sound and
orthodox in the doctrine thereof, as any Christian church in
the world.  Bacon.
Eternal bliss is not immediately superstructed on the most
orthodox beliefs; but as our Saviour saith, if ye know these
things, happy are ye if ye do them; the doing must be first
superstructed on the knowing or believing, before any hap­
piness can be built on it. Hammond.

O’RTHODOXLY. adv. [from orthodox.] With soundness of
opinion.
The doctrine of the church of England, expressed in the
thirty-nine articles, is so soundly and so orthodoxly settled, as
cannot be questioned without extreme danger to the honour
of our religion. Bacon.

O’RTHODOXY. n. s. [?d???a; orthodoxie, Fr. from orthodox.]
Soundness in opinion and doctrine.
I do not attempt explaining the mysteries of the christian
religion, since Providence intended there should be mysteries,
it cannot be agreeable to piety, orthodoxy, or good sense, to
go about it. Swift.

O’RTHODROMICKS. n. s. [from  and d??.] The art
of failing in the ark of some great circle, which is the shortest
or straightest distance between any two points on the sur­
face of the globe. Harris.

O’RTHODROMY. n. s. [ and d??; orthodromie, Fr.]
Sailing in a straight course.

O’RTHOGON. n. s. [??? and ????a.] A rectangled figure.
The square will make you ready for all manner of com­
partments; your cylinder for vaulted turrets and round build­
ings; your orthogon and pyramid, for sharp steeples. Peach.

O’RTHOGONAL. adj. [orthogonel, Fr. from orthogon.] Rectan­
gular.

O’RTHOGRAPHER. n. s. [?? and ??f?.] One who spells
according to the rules of grammar.
He was wont to speak plain, like an honest man and a
soldier; and now he is turn'd orthographer, his words are just
so many strange dishes. Shakespeare.

ORTHOGRA’PHICAL. n. s. [from orthography.]
1. Rightly spelled.
2. Relating to the spelling.
I received from him the following letter, which, after
having rectified some little orthographical mistakes, I shall
make a present of to the public. Addison's Spectator.
3. Delineated according to the elevation, not the ground plot.
In the orthographical schemes there should be a true de­
lineation and the just dimensions of each face, and of what
belongs to it. Mortimer's Husb.

ORTHOGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from orthographical.]
1. According to the rules of spelling.
2. According to the elevation.

ORTHO’GRAPHY. n. s. [?? and ??f?; orthographie, Fr.]
1. The part of grammar which teaches how words should be
spelled.
This would render languages much more easy to be learned,
as to reading and pronouncing, and especially as to the writ­
ing them, which now as they stand we find to be trouble­
some, and it is no small part of grammar which treats of
orthography and right pronunciation. Holder.
2. The art or practice of spelling.
In London they clip their words after one manner about
the court, another in the city, and a third in the suburbs;
all which reduced to writing, would entirely confound ortho­
graphy. Swift.
3. The elevation of a building delineated.
You have the orthography or upright of this ground-plat,
and the explanation thereof with a scale of feet and inches.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.

ORTHO’PNOEA. n. s. [???p???a; orthopnée, Fr.] A disorder
of the lungs, in which respiration can be performed only in
an upright posture.
His disease was an asthma oft turning to an orthopnœa; the
cause a translation of tartarous humours from his joints to
his lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.

O’RTIVE. adj. [ortive, Fr. ortivus, Lat.] Relating to the rising
of any planet or star.

O’RTOLAN. n. s. [French.] A small bird accounted very de­
licious.
Nor ortolans nor godwits. Cowley.

O’RVAL. n. s. [orvale, Fr. orvala, Lat.] The herb clary. Dict.

ORVIE’TAN. n. s. [orvietano, Italian; so called from a moun­
tebank at Orvieto in Italy.] An antidote or counter poison;
a medicinal composition or electuary, good against poison.
Bailey.


OSC

OSCHEO’CELE. n. s. [s?e?? and ??.] A kind of hernia when
the intestines break into the scrotum. Dict.

OSCILLA’TION. n. s. [oscillum, Latin.] The act of moving
backward and forward like a pendulum.

OSCI’LLATORY. adj. [oscillum, Lat.] Moving backwards and
forwards like a pendulum.


The actions upon the solids are stimulating or increasing
their vibrations, or oscillatory motions. Arbuthnot.

OSCI’TANCY. n. s. [oscitantia, Lat.]
1. The act of yawning.
2. Unusual sleepiness; carelessness.
If persons of so circumspect a piety, have been thus over­
taken, what security can there be for our wreckless oscitancy?
Government of the Tongue.
It might proceed from the oscitancy of transcribers, who,
to dispatch their work the sooner, used to write all numbers
in cyphers. Addison's Spectator, No. 470.

OSCI’TANT. adj. [oscitans, Latin.]
1. Yawning; unusually sleepy.
2. Sleepy; sluggish.
Our oscitant lazy piety gave vacancy for them, and they
will now lend none back again for more active duty.
Decay of Piety.

OSCITA’TION. n. s. [oscito, Lat.] The act of yawning.
I shall defer considering this subject till I come to my trea­
tise of oscitation, laughter, and ridicule. Tatler, No. 63.

O’SIER. n. s. [osier, French.] A tree of the willow kind, grow­
ing by the water, of which the twigs are used for basket­
work.
The rank of osiers, by the murmuring stream,
Left on your right hand, brings you to the place. Shak.
Ere the sun advance his burning eye,
I must fill up this osier cage of ours
With baleful weeds and precious juiced flowers. Shakesp.
Bring them for food sweet boughs and osiers cut,
Nor all the winter long thy hay rick shut. May's Virg.
Like her no nymph can willing osiers bend,
In basket-works, which painted streaks commend. Dryd.
Along the marshes spread,
We made the osier fringed bank our bed. Po. Odyss.

O’SMUND. n. s. A plant. It is sometimes used in medicine.
It grows upon bogs in divers parts of England. Miller.

O’SPRAY. n. s. [corrupted from ossifraga, Latin.] The sea­
eagle, of which it is reported, that when he hovers in the
air, all the fish in the water turn up their bellies, and lie
still for him to seize which he pleases. Hanmer.
I think he'll be to Rome
As is the ospray to the fish who takes it,
By sovereignty of nature. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Among the fowls shall not be eaten, the eagle, the ossifrage,
and the ospray. Numbers xi. 13.

O’SSELET. n. s. [French.] A little hard substance arising
on the inside of a horse's knee, among the small bones; it
grows out of a gummy substance which fastens those bones
together. Farrier's Dict.

O’SSICLE. n. s. [ossiculum, Latin.] A small bone.
There are three very little bones in the ear, upon whose
right constitution depends the due tension of the tympanum;
and if the action of one little muscle, which serves to draw
one of these ossicles, fixt to the tympanum, be lost or abated,
the tension of that membrane ceasing, sound is hindred from
coming into the ear. Holder on Speech.

O’SSIFICK. adj. [ossa and facio, Lat.] Having the power of
making bones, or changing carneous or membranous to
bony substance.
If the caries be superficial, and the bone firm, you may
by medicaments consume the moisture in the caries, dry the
bone, and dispose it, by virtue of its ossifick faculty, to thrust
out a callus, and make separation of its caries. Wiseman.

OSSIFICA’TION. n. s. [from ossify.] Change of carneous,
membranous, or cartilaginous, into bony substance.
Ossifications or indurations of the artery, appear so con­
stantly in the beginnings of aneurisms, that it is not easy to
judge whether they are the cause or the effect of them. Sharp.

OSSI’FRAGE. n. s. [ossifraga, Lat. ossifrague, Fr.] A kind of eagle,
whose flesh is forbid under the name of gryphon. The ossi­
fraga or ospray, is thus called, because it breaks the bones
of animals in order to come at the marrow. It is said to
dig up bodies in church-yards, and eat what it finds in the
bones, which has been the occasion that the Latins called
it avis bustaria. Calmet.
Among the fowls shall not be eaten the eagle and the
ossifrage, and the ospray. Numb. xi. 13.

To O’SSIFY. v. a. [ossa and facio.] To change to bone.
The dilated aorta every where in the neighbourhood of
the cyst is generally ossifyed. Sharp's Surgery.

OSSI’VOROUS. adj. [ossa and voro.] Devouring bones.
The bore of the gullet is not in all creatures alike an­
swerable to the body or stomach: as in the fox, which feeds
on bones, and swallows whole, or with little chewing;
and next in a dog and other ossivorous quadrupeds, it is very
large. Denham's Physico-Theol.

O’SSUARY. n. s. [ossuarium, Lat.] A charnel house; a place
where the bones of dead people are kept. Dict.


OST

OST. n. s. A vessel upon which hops or malt are dried. Dict.

OUST. n. s. A vessel upon which hops or malt are dried. Dict.

OSTE’NSIVE. adj. [ostentif, Fr. ostendo, Lat.] Showing; be­
tokening.

O’STENT. n. s. [oslentum, Latin.]
1. Appearance; air; manner; mien.
Use all th' observance of civility,
Like one well studied in a sad ostent,
To please his grandam. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
2. Show; token. These senses are peculiar to Shakespeare.
Be merry, and employ your chiefest thoughts
To courtship, and such fair ostents of love
As shall conveniently become you there. Shakesp.
3. A portent; a prodigy; any thing ominous.
Latinus, frighted with this dire ostent,
For counsel to his father Faunus went;
And sought the shades renown'd for prophecy,
Which near Albunia's sulph'rous fountain lie. Dryden.

OSTENTA’TION. n. s. [ostentation, Fr. ostentatio, Lat.]
1. Outward show; appearance.
If these shows be not outward, which of you
But is four Volscians? —
—March on my fellows;
Make good this ostentation, and you shall
Divide in all with us. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
You are come
A market-maid to Rome, and have prevented
The ostentation of our love. Shakespeare.
2. Ambitious display; boast; vain show. This is the usual
sense.
If all these secret springs of detraction fail, yet a vain
ostentation of wit sets a man on attacking an established
name, and sacrificing it to the mirth and laughter of those
about him. Addison's Spectator, No. 256.
He knew that good and bountiful minds were sometimes
inclined to ostentation, and ready to cover it with pretence
of inciting others by their example, and therefore checks
this vanity: Take heed, says he, that you do not your alms
before men, to be seen. Atterbury.
3. A show; a spectacle. Not in use.
The king would have me present the princess with some
delightful ostentation, show, pageant, antick, or firework.
Shakespeare's Love's Lab. Lost.

OSTENTA’TIOUS. adj. [ostento, Latin.] Beastful; vain;
fond of show; fond to expose to view.
Your modesty is so far from being ostentatious of the good
you do, that it blushes even to have it known; and therefore
I must leave you to the satisfaction of your own conscience,
which, though a silent panegyrick, is yet the best. Dryden.
They let Ulysses into his disposition, and he seems to be
ignorant, credulous, and ostentatious. Broome on the Odyss.

OSTENTA’TIOUSLY. adv. [from ostentatious.] Vainly; boast­
fully.

OSTENTA’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from ostentatious.] Vanity; boast­
fulness.

OSTENTA’TOUR. n. s. [ostentateur, Fr. ostento, Lat.] A boaster;
a vain setter to show.

OSTEO’COLLA. n. s. [?e?? and ?????; osteocolle, Fr.] Osteocolla
is frequent in Germany, and has long been famous for bring­
ing on a callus in fractured bones; but the present practice
with us takes no notice of it. Hill's Mat. Med.
Osteocolla is a spar, generally coarse, concreted with earthy
or stony matter, precipitated by water, and incrusted upon
sticks, stones, and other like bodies. Woodward.

OSTEO’COPE. n. s. [?e?? and ?p?; osteocope, Fr.] Pains in
the bones, or rather in the nerves and membranes that en­
compass them. Dict.

OSTE’OLOGY. n. s. [???? and ????; osteologie, Fr.] A descrip­
tion of the bones.
Richard Farloe, well known for his acuteness in dissection
of dead bodies, and his great skill in osteology, has now laid
by that practice. Tatler, No. 62.

OSTI’ARY. n. s. [ostium, Lat.] The opening at which a ri­
ever disembogues itself.
It is generally received, that the Nilus hath seven ostiaries,
that is, by seven channels disburtheneth itself unto the sea.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

O’STLER. n. s. [hostelier, French.] The man who takes care
of horses at an inn.
The smith, the ostler, and the boot-catcher, ought to par­
take. Swift's Direct. to the Groom.

O’STLERY. n. s. [hostelerie, French.] The place belonging to
the ostler.

O’STRACISM. n. s. [??a?s??; ostracisme, Fr.] A manner of
passing sentence, in which the note of acquital or condem­
nation was marked upon a shell which the voter threw
into a vessel. Banishment; publick censure.
Virtue in courtiers hearts
Suffers an ostracism, and departs;
Profit, ease, fitness, plenty, bid it go,
But whither, only knowing you, I know. Donne.
Publick envy is as an ostracism, that eclipseth men when
they grow too great; and therefore it is a bridle to keep
them within bounds. Bacon's Essays, No. 9.
Hyperbolus by suffering did traduce
The ostracism, and sham'd it out of use. Cleaveland.


This man, upon a slight and false accusation of favouring
arbitrary power, was banished by ostracism; which in English
would signify, that they voted he should be removed from
their presence and council for ever. Swift.

OSTRA’CITES. n. s. Ostracites expresses the common oyster in
its fossil state, under whatever circumstances it has been pe­
trified. Hill's Mat. Med.

O’STRICH. n. s. [autruche, Fr. struthio, Lat.] Ostrich is
ranged among birds. It is very large, its wings very short,
and the neck about four or five spans. The feathers of its
wings are in great esteem, and are used as an ornament for
hats, beds, canopies: they are stained of several colours,
and made into pretty tufts. They are hunted by way of
course, for they never fly; but use their wings to assist them
in running more swiftly. The ostrich swallows bits of iron
or brass, in the same manner as other birds will swallow
small stones or gravel, to assist in digesting or comminuting
their food. It lays its eggs upon the ground, hides them
under the sand, and the sun hatches them. Calmet.
I'll make thee eat iron like an ostrich, and swallow my
sword like a great pin, ere thou and I part. Shakesp.
Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacock? or wings
and feathers unto the ostrich. Job xxxix. 13.
The Scots errant fight, and fight to eat,
Their ostrich stomachs make their swords their meat. Cleav.
Modern ostriches are dwindled to meer larks, in compa­
sison with those of the ancients. Arbuthnot.

OTACOU’STICK. n. s. [ta and ?; otacoustique, Fr.] An
instrument to facilitate hearing.
In a hare, which is very quick of hearing, it is supplied
with a bony tube; which, as a natural otacoustick, is so di­
rected backward, as to receive the smallest and most distant
sound that comes behind her. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.


OTH

O’THER. pron. [other, Sax. autre, Fr.]
1. Not the same; not this; different.
Of good actions some are better than other some. Hooker.
Will it not be received
That they have don't,
Who dares receive it other? Shakesp. K. Lear.
He that will not give just occasion to think, that all go­
vernment in the world is the product only of force and vio­
lence, and that men live together by no other rules but that
of beasts, where the strongest carries; and so lay a founda­
tion for perpetual disorder and mischief, tumult, sedition and
rebellion; things that the followers of that hypothesis so
loudly cry out against, must of necessity find out another
state of government. Locke.
No leases shall ever be made other than leases for years
not exceeding thirty-one, in possession, and not in reversion
or remainder. Swift.
2. Not I, or he, but some one else.
Were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands;
Desire his jewels and this other's house. Shakesp.
Physicians are some of them so conformable to the hu­
mour of the patient, as they press not the true cure of the
disease; and some other are so regular in proceeding accord­
ing to art, as they respect not the condition of the patient.
Bacon, Essay 31.
The dismayed matrons and maidens, some in their houses,
other some in the churches with floods of tears and lament­
able cries, poured forth their prayers to the Almighty, craving
his help in that their hard distress. Knolles.
The king had all he crav'd, or could compel,
And all was done—let others judge how well. Daniel.
3. Not the one, not this, but the contrary.
There is that controling worth in goodness, that the will
cannot but like and desire it; and on the other side, that
odious deformity in vice, that it never offers itself to the af­
fections of mankind, but under the disguise of the other. South.
4. Correlative to each.
In lowliness of mind let each esteem other better than them­
selves. Phil. ii. 3.
Scotland and thou did each in other live,
Nor would'st thou her, nor could she thee survive. Dryd.
5. Something besides.
The learning of Latin being nothing but the learning of
words, join as much other real knowledge with it as you can.
Locke on Education, s. 169.
6. The next.
Thy air,
Thou other gold bound brow, is like the first;
A third is like the former. Shakesp. Macbeth.
7. The third past.
Bind my hair up: as 'twas yesterday:
No, nor the t' other day. Ben. Johnson.
8. It is sometimes put elliptically for other thing; something
different.
I can expect no other from those that judge by single sights
and rash measures, than to be thought fond or insolent. Glanv.

O’THERGATES. adv. [other and gate, for way.] In another
manner.
If sir Toby had not been in drink, he would have tickled
you othergates than he did. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

O’THERGUISE. adj. [other and guise. This is often mistaken,
and sometimes written otherguess.] Of another kind.

O’THERWHERE. adv. [other and where.] In other places.
As Jews they had access to the temple and synagogues,
but as Christians they were of necessity forced otherwhere to
assemble themselves. Hooker, b. v. s. 11.
His godlike acts, and his temptations fierce,
And former sufferings, otherwhre are found. Milton.

O’THERWHILE. adv. [other and while.] At other times.

O’THERWISE. adv. [other and wise.]
1. In an indifferent manner.
They only plead, that whatsoever God revealeth, as ne­
cessary for all Christian men to do and believe, the same we
ought to embrace, whether we have received it by writing
or otherwise, which no man denieth. Hooker, b. i.
The whole church hath not tied the parts unto one and
the same thing, they being therein left each to their own
choice, may either do as others do, or else otherwise, with­
out any breach of duty at all. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
In these good things, what all others should practise, we
should scarce know to practise otherwise. Sprat.
Thy father was a worthy prince,
And merited, alas! a better fate;
But heaven thought otherwise. Addison's Cato.
2. By other causes.
Sir John Norris failed in the attempts of Lisborn, and re­
turned with the loss, by sickness and otherwise, of eight thou­
sand men. Raleigh.
3. In other respects.
It is said truly, that the best men otherwise, are not always
the best in regard of society. Hooker, b. i.
Men seldom consider God any otherwise than in relation
to themselves, and therefore want some extraordinary bene­
fits to excite their attention and engage their love. Roger.

O’TTER. n. s. [oter, Saxon.] An amphibious animal that
preys upon fish.
The toes of the otter's hinder feet, for the better swim­
ming, are joined together with a membrane, as in the bevir;
from which he differs principally in his teeth, which are ca­
nin; and in his tail, which is felin, or a long taper: so that
he may not be unfitly called putoreus aquaticus, or the water
pole-cat. He makes himself burrows on the water side, as
a bevir; is sometimes tamed and taught, by nimbly sur­
rounding the fishes to drive them into the net. Grew.
At the lower end of the hall is a large otter's skin stuffed
with hay. Addison's Spectator, No. 115.
Would you preserve a num'rous finny race?
Let your fierce dogs the rav'nous otter chase;
Th' amphibious monster ranges all the shores,
Darts thro' the waves, and ev'ry haunt explores. Gay.

O’VAL. adj. [ovale, Fr. ovum, an egg.] Oblong; resembling
the longitudinal section of an egg.
The mouth is low and narrow, but, after having entered
pretty far in the grotto, opens itself on both sides in an oval
figure of an hundred yards. Addison on Italy.
Mercurius, nearest to the central sun,
Does in an oval orbit, circling run;
But rarely is the object of our sight,
In solar glory sunk. Blackmore on Creat. b. ii.

O’VAL. n. s.
A synonimous word, or a mere negation of the contrary;
a translation of the word into another tongue, or a gramma­
tical explication of it, is sometimes sufficient; as a triangle
is that which has three angles, or an oval is that which has
the shape of an egg. Watts's Logick.

OVA’RIOUS. adj. [from ovum.] Consisting of eggs.
He to the rocks
Dire clinging gathers his ovarious food. Thomson.

O’VARY. n. s. [ovaire, Fr. ovarium, Latin.] The part of the
body in which impregnation is performed.
The ovary or part where the white involveth it, is in the
second region of the matrix, which is somewhat long and
inverted. Brown's V. Err. b. iii.

OVA’TION. n. s. [ovation, Fr. ovatio, Lat.] A lesser triumph
among the Romans allowed to those commanders who had
won a victory without much blood shed, or defeated some
less formidable enemy. Dict.

O’UBAT. n. s. A sort of caterpillar; an insect. Dict.

OU’BUST. n. s. A sort of caterpillar; an insect. Dict.

OUCH. n. s. An ornament of gold or jewels.
Ouches or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are
of most glory. Bacon, Essay 38.

OUCH of a boar. The blow given by a boar's tusk. Ains.


OVE

O’VEN. n. s. [ofen, Saxon.] An arched cavity heated with
fire to bake bread.
He loudly bray'd, that like was never heard,
And from his wide devouring oven sent
A flake of fire, that flashing in his beard,
Him all amaz'd. Fairy Queen.
Here's yet in the word hereafter, the kneading, the making


of the cake, the heat of the oven, and the baking. Shakesp.
Bats have been found in ovens and other hollow close
places, matted one upon another; and therefore it is likely
that they sleep in the winter, and eat nothing. Bacon.

O’VER hath a double signification in the names of places, ac­
cording to the different situations of them. If the place be
upon or near a river, it comes from the Saxon ofre, a brink
or bank: but if there is in the neighbourhood another of the
same name, distinguished by the addition of nether, then over
is from the Gothick ufar, above. Gibson's Camden.

O’VER. prep. [ufar, Gothick; ofre, Saxon.]
1. Above; with respect to excellence or dignity.
How happy some, o'er other some can be!
Thro' Athens I am thought as fair as she. Shakesp.
Young Pallas shone conspicuous o'er the rest;
Gilded his arms, embroider'd was his vest. Dryden.
High, over all, was your great conduct shown,
You sought our safety, but forgot your own. Dryden.
The commentary which attends this poem, will have one
advantage over most commentaries, that it is not made upon
conjectures. Advert. to Pope's Dunciad.
And it will afford field enough for a divine to enlarge on,
by shewing the advantages which the Christian world has
over the Heathen. Swift.
2. Above, with regard to rule or authority.
The church has over her bishops, able to silence the fac­
tious, no less by their preaching than by their authority. South.
Captain, yourself are the fittest to live and reign not over,
but next and immediately under the people. Dryden.
3. Above in place.
He was more than over shoes in love. Shakesp.
The street should see as she walkt over head. Shakesp.
Thrice happy is that humble pair,
Beneath the level of all care;
Over whose heads those arrows fly,
Of sad distrust and jealousy. Waller.
4. Across: as, he leaped over the brook.
Certain lakes and pits, such as that of Avennes poison
birds which fly over them. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The geese fly o'er the barn, the bees in arms
Drive headlong from their waxen cells swarms. Dryd.
5. Through.
All the world over, those that received not the commands
of Christ and his doctrines of purity and perseverance, were
signally destroyed. Hammond.
6. Upon.
Wise governours have as great a watch over fames, as
they have of the actions and designs. Bacon.
Angelic quires
Sung heav'nly anthems of his victory
O'er temptation and the tempter proud. Milton.
7. Before. This is only used in over night.
On their intended journey to proceed,
And o'er night whatso thereto did need. Hubberd.

O’VER. adv.
1. Above the top.
Give, and it shall be given unto you; good measure, pressed
down and shaken together and running over, shall men give.
Luke vi. 38.
2. More than a quantity assigned.
Even here likewise the laws of nature and reason be of
necessary use; yet somewhat over and besides them is ne­
cessary, namely human and positive law. Hooker, b. i.
And when they had mete it, he that gathered much had
nothing over, and he that gathered little had no lack.
Ex. xvi. 18.
The ordinary soldiers having all their pay, and a month's
pay over, were sent into their countries. Hayward.
The eastern people determined their digit by the breadth
of barley corns, six making a digit, and twenty-four a
hand's breadth: a small matter over or under. Arbuthnot.
3. From side to side.
The fan of an Indian king, made of the feathers of a pea­
cock's tail, composed into a round form, bound altogether
with a circular rim, above a foot over. Grew.
4. From one to another.
This golden cluster the herald delivereth to the Tirsan, who
delivereth it over to that son that he had formerly chosen.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
5. From a country beyond the sea.
It hath a white berry, but is not brought over with the
coral. Bacon's Nat. History.
They brought new customs and new vices o'er;
Taught us more arts than honest men require. Philips.
6. On the surface.
The first came out red all over, like an hairy garment.
Gen. xxv. 25.
7. Past. This is rather the sense of an adjective.
Soliman pausing a little upon the matter, the heat of his
fury being something over, suffered himself to be intreated.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Meditate upon the effects of anger; and the best time to
do this, is to look back upon anger when the fit is over. Bacon.
What the garden choicest bears
To sit and taste, till this meridian heat
Be over, and the sun more cool decline. Milton.
The act of stealing was soon over, and cannot be undone,
and for it the sinner is only answerable to God or his vice­
gerent. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
He will, as soon as his first surprize is over, justly begin
to wonder how such a favour came to be bestowed on him.
Atterbury's Sermons.
There youths and nymphs in consort gay,
Shall hail the rising, close the parting day;
With me, alas! with me those joys are o'er,
For me the vernal garlands bloom no more. Pope.
8. Throughout; completely.
Well,
Have you read o'er the letters I sent you? Shakesp.
Let them argue over all the topicks of divine goodness
and human weakness, yet how trifling must be their plea!
South's Sermons.
9. With repetition; another time.
He o'er and o'er divides him,
'Twixt his unkindness and his kindness. Shakespeare.
Sitting or standing still confin'd to roar,
In the same verse, the same rules o'er and o'er. Dryden.
Longing they look, and gaping at the sight,
Devour her o'er and o'er with vast delight. Dryden.
Thou, my Hector, art thyself alone,
My parents, brothers, and my lord in one:
O kill not all my kindred o'er again,
Nor tempt the dangers of the dusty plain;
But in this tow'r, for our defence, remain. Dryden.
Whenever children forget, or do an action aukwardly,
make them do it over and over again, till they are perfect.
Locke on Education.
If this miracle of Christ's rising from the dead, be not
sufficient to convince a resolved libertine, neither would
the rising of one now from the dead be sufficient for that
purpose; since it would only be the doing that over again
which hath been done already. Atterbury.
The most learned will never find occasion to act over again
what is fabled of Alexander the Great, that when he had
conquered the eastern world, he wept for want of more
worlds to conquer. Watts.
10. Extraordinary; in a great degree.
The word symbol should not seem to be over difficult. Baker.
11. OVER and above. Besides; beyond what was first sup­
posed or immediately intended.
Moses took the redemption money of them that were over
and above. Numb. iii. 49.
He gathered a great mass of treasure, and gained over and
above the good will and esteem of all people wherever he
came. L'Estrange.
12. OVER against. Opposite; regarding in front.
In Ticinum is a church with windows only from above.
It reporteth the voice thirteen times, if you stand by the close
end of the wall, over against the door. Bacon.
I visit his picture, and place myself over against it whole
hours together. Addison's Spectator, No. 241.
Over against this church stands a large hospital, erected
by a shoemaker. Addison on Italy.
13. In composition it has a great variety of significations; it is
arbitrarily prefixed to nouns, adjectives, or other parts of
speech in a sense equivalent to more than enough; too much.
Devilish Macbeth,
By many of these trains hath sought to win me
Into his pow'r: and modest wisdom plucks me
From over-credulous haste. Shakesp. Macbeth.
St. Hierom reporteth, that he saw a satyr; but the truth
hereof I will not rashly impugn, or over-boldly affirm. Peach.
These over-busy spirits, whose labour is their only reward,
hunt a shadow and chase the wind. Decay of Piety.
If the ferment of the breast be vigorous, an over-fermenta­
tion in the part, produceth a phlegmon. Wiseman.
A gangrene doth arise in phlegmons, through the unsea­
sonable application of over-cold medicaments. Wiseman.
Poets, like lovers, should be bold and dare,
They spoil their business with an over-care:
And he who servilely creeps after sense,
Is safe, but ne'er will reach an excellence. Dryden.
Wretched man! o'erfeeds
His cramm'd desires, with more than nature needs. Dryd.
Bending o'er the cup, the tears she shed,
Seem'd by the posture to discharge her head,
O'er-fill'd before. Dryden's Boccace.
Crude humour or phlegm, are produced by over-digestion.
Floyer.
As they are likely to over-flourish their own case, so their
flattery is hardest to be discovered: for who would imagine


that himself was guilty of putting tricks upon himself?
Collier.
He has afforded us only the twilight of probability; suit­
able to that state of mediocrity he has placed us in here;
wherein to check our over-confidence and presumption, we
might, by every day's experience, be made sensible of our
shortsightedness. Locke.
This part of grammar has been much neglected, as some
others over-diligently cultivated. It is easy for men to write
one after another, of cases and genders. Locke.
It is an ill way of establishing this truth, and silencing
atheists, to take some men's having that idea of God in their
minds, for the only proof of a deity; and out of an over­
fondness of that darling invention, cashier all other arguments.
Locke.
A grown person surfeiting with honey, no sooner hears
the name of it, but his fancy immediately carries sickness
and qualms to his stomach: had this happened to him by
an over-dose of honey, when a child, all the same effects
would have followed, but the cause would have been mis­
taken, and the antipathy counted natural. Locke.
He over-acted his part; his passions, when once let loose,
were too impetuous to be managed. Atterbury.
Take care you over-burn not the turf; it is only to be
burnt so as may make it break. Mortimer.
Don't over-fatigue the spirits, lest the mind be seized with
a lassitude, and thereby nauseate and grow tir'd of a parti­
cular subject. Watts.
The memory of the learner should not be too much crowded
with a tumultuous heap of ideas, one idea effaces another.
An over-greedy grasp does not retain the largest handful. Watts.

To O’VER-ABOUND. v. n. [over and abound.] To abound
more than enough.
Both imbibe
Fitting congenial juice, so rich the soil,
So much does fructuous moisture o'er-abound. Philips.
The learned, never over-abounding in transitory coin, should
not be discontented. Pope's Letters.

To O’VER-ACT. v. a. [over and act.] To act more than enough.
You over-act, when you should underdo:
A little call yourself again, and think. Ben. Johnson.
Princes courts may over-act their reverence, and make
themselves laughed at for their foolishness and extravagant
relative worship. Stilling fleet.
Good men often blemish the reputation of their piety, by
over-acting some things in religion; by an indiscreet zeal
about things wherein religion is not concerned. Tillotson.

To O’VER-ARCH. v. a. [over and reach.] To cover as with
an arch.
Where high Ithaca o'erlooks the floods,
Brown with o'er-arching shades and pendent woods. Pope.

To O’VER-AWE. v. a. [over and awe.] To keep in awe by
superiour influence.
The king was present in person to overlook the magistrates,
and to over-awe these subjects with the terror of his sword.
Spenser on Ireland.
Her graceful innocence, her every air
Of gesture, or least action, over-aw'd
His malice. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
I could be content to be your chief tormentor, ever pay­
ing you mock reverence, and sounding in your ears, the
empty title which inspired you with presumption, and over­
awed my daughter to comply. Addison's Guardian.
A thousand fears
Still over-awe when she appears. Granvile's Poems.

To O’VER-BALANCE. v. a. To weigh down; to preponderate.
Not doubting but by the weight of reason I should con­
terpoise the over-balancings of any factions. King Charles.
The hundred thousand pounds per annum, wherein we
over-balance them in trade, must be paid us in money. Locke.
When these important considerations are set before a ra­
tional being, acknowledging the truth of every article, should
a bare single possibility be of weight enough to over-balance
them. Rogers, Serm. xii.

O’VER-BALANCE. n. s. [over and balance.] Something more
than equivalent.
Our exported commodities would, by the return, encrease
the treasure of this kingdom above what it can ever be by
other means, than a mighty over-balance of our exported to
our imported commodities. Temple.
The mind should be kept in a perfect indifference, not
inclining to either side, any further than the over-balance of
probability gives it the turn of assent and belief. Locke.

O’VER-BATTLE. adj. [Of this word I know not the deriva­
tion; batten is to grow sat, and to battle, is at Oxford to feed
on trust.] Too fruitful; exuberant.
In the church of God sometimes it cometh to pass, as in
over-battle grounds; the fertile disposition whereof is good,
yet because it exceedeth due proportion, it bringeth abun­
dantly through too much rankness, things less profitable,
whereby that which principally it should yield, being either
prevented in place or defrauded of nourishment, faileth.
Hooker.

To O’VER-BEAR. v. a. [over and bear.] To repress; to
subdue; to whelm; to bear down.
What more savage than man, if he see himself able by
fraud to over-reach, or by power to over-bear the laws. Hook.
My desire
All continent impediment would over-bear,
That did oppose my will. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The ocean o'er-peering of his list,
Eats not the flats with more impetuous haste
Than young Laertes, in a riotous head
O'er-bears your officers. Shakespeare.
Our counsel, it pleas'd your highness
To over-bear. Shakesp. King John.
Glo'ster, thou shalt well perceive,
That nor in birth or for authority,
The bishop will be over-borne by thee. Shakesp.
The Turkish commanders, with all their forces, assailed
the city, thrusting their men into the breaches by heaps, as
if they would, with very multitude, have discouraged or
over-born the Christians. Knolles.
The point of reputation, when news first came of the
battle lost, did over-bear the reason of war. Bacon.
Yet fortune, valour, all is over-born,
By numbers; as the long resisting bank
By the impetuous torrent. Denham.
A body may as well be over-born by the violence of a
shallow, rapid stream, as swallowed up in the gulph of
smooth water. L'Estrange.
Crowding on the last the first impel;
Till over-born with weight the Cyprians fell. Dryden.
The judgment, if swayed by the over-bearing of passion,
and stored with lubricous opinions instead of clearly con­
ceived truths, will be erroneous. Glanv. Sceps. c. 27.
Take care that the memory of the learner be not too much
crowded with a tumultuous heap, or over-bearing multitude
of documents at one time. Watts.
The horror or loathsomness of an object may over-bear
the pleasure which results from its greatness, novelty, or
beauty. Addison's Spectator.

To O’VER-BID. v. a. [over and bid.] To offer more than
equivalent.
You have o'er-bid all my past sufferings,
And all my future too. Dryd. Span. Friar.

To O’VER-BLOW. v. n. [over and blow.] To be past its vio­
lence.

To O’VER-BLOW. v. a. [over and blow.] To drive away as
clouds before the wind.
Led with delight, they thus beguile the way,
Until the blustring storm is over-blown. Fairy Queen.
All those tempests being over-blown, there long after arose
a new storm which over-run all Spain. Spenser.
This ague fit of fear is over-blown,
An easy task it is to win our own. Shakesp. Rich. II.
Some angel that beholds her there,
Instruct us to record what she was here;
And when this cloud of sorrow's o'er-blown,
Thro' the wide world we'll make her graces known. Waller.
Seiz'd with secret joy,
When storms are over-blown. Dryden's Virg.

O’VER-BOARD. adv. [over and board. See BOARD.] Off
the ship; out of the ship.
The great assembly met again; and now he that was the
cause of the tempest being thrown over-board, there were
hopes a calm should ensue. Howel.
A merchant having a vessel richly fraught at sea in a storm,
there is but one certain way to save it, which is, by throw­
ing its rich lading over-board. South's Serm.
The trembling dotard, to the deck he drew,
And hoisted up and over-board he threw;
This done, he seised the helm. Dryden.
He obtained liberty to give them only one song before he
leaped over-board, which he did, and then plunged into the
sea. L'Estrange.
Though great ships were commonly bad sea-boats, they
had a superiour force in a sea engagement: the shock of them
being sometimes so violent, that it would throw the crew on
the upper deck of lesser ships over-board. Arbuthnot.

To O’VER-BULK. v. a. [over and bulk.] To oppress by bulk.
The feeding pride,
In rank Achilles, must or now be cropt,
Or shedding, breed a nursery of like evils,
To over-bulk us all. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.

To O’VER-BURDEN. v. a. [over and burthen.] To load with
too great weight.
If she were not cloyed with his company, and that she
thought not the earth over-burthened with him, she would
cool his fiery grief. Sidney, b. ii.



To O’VER-BUY. v. a. [over and buy.] To buy too dear.
He, when want requires, is only wise,
Who slights not foreign aids, nor over-buys;
But on our native strength, in time of need, relies. Dryd.

To O’VER-CARRY. v. a. [over and carry.] To hurry too far;
to be urged to any thing violent or dangerous.
He was the king's uncle, but yet of no capacity to suc­
ceed; by reason whereof his natural affection and duty was
less easy to be over-carried by ambition. Hayward.

To O’VER-CAST. v. a. part. over-cast. [over and cast.]
1. To cloud; to darken; to cover with gloom.
As they past,
The day with clouds was sudden over-cast. Fairy Queen.
Hie, Robin, over-cast the night;
The starry welkin cover thou anon,
With drooping fogs, as black as Acheron. Shakesp.
Our days of age are sad and over-cast, in which we find that
of all our vain passions and affections past, the sorrow only
abideth. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
I of fumes and humid vapours made,
No cloud in so serene a mansion find,
To over-cast her ever-shining mind. Waller.
Those clouds that over-cast our morn shall fly,
Dispell'd to farthest corners of the sky. Dryden.
The dawn is over-cast, the morning lours,
And heavily in clouds brings on the day. Addison.
2. To cover. This sense is hardly retained but by needle-wo­
men, who call that which is incircled with a thread, over­
cast.
When malice would work that which is evil, and in work­
ing avoid the suspicion of an evil intent, the colour where­
with it over-casteth itself is always a fair and plausible pre­
tence of seeking to further that which is good. Hooker.
Their arms abroad with gray moss over-cast,
And their green leaves trembling with every blast. Spenser.
3. To rate too high in computation.
The king in his accompt of peace and calms, did much
over-cast his fortunes, which proved full of broken seas,
tides, and tempests. Bacon's Henry VII.

To O’VER-CHARGE. v. a. [over and charge.]
1. To oppress; to cloy; to surcharge.
On air we feed in every instant, and on meats but at times;
and yet the heavy load of abundance, wherewith we oppress
and over-charge nature, maketh her to sink unawares in the
mid-way. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
A man may as well expect to grow stronger by always
eating, as wiser by always reading. Too much over-charges
nature, and turns more into disease than nourishment. Collier.
2. To load; to crowd too much.
Our language is over-charged with consonants. Pope.
3. To burthen.
He whispers to his pillow,
The secrets of his over-charged soul. Shakesp.
4. To rate too high.
Here's Glo'ster, a foe to citizens,
O'er-charging your free purses with large fines. Shakesp.
5. To fill too full.
Her heart is but o'er-charg'd; she will recover. Shakesp.
The fumes of passion do as really intoxicate, and con­
found the judging and discerning faculty, as the sumes of
drink discompose and stupify the brain of a man over-charged
with it. South's Sermons.
If they would make distinct abstract ideas of all the va­
rieties in human actions, the number must be infinite, and
the memory over-charged to little purpose. Locke.
The action of the Iliad and æneid in themselves exceeding
short, are so beautifully extended by the invention of episodes,
that they make up an agreeable story sufficient to employ the
memory without over-charging it. Addison's Spectator.
6. To load with too great a charge.
They were
As canons over-charg'd with double cracks. Shakesp.
Who in deep mines, for hidden knowledge toils,
Like guns o'er-charg'd, breaks, misses, or recoils. Denham.

To O’VER-CLOUD. v. a. [over and cloud.] To cover with
clouds.
The silver empress of the night
O'er-clouded, glimmers in a fainter light. Tickel.

To O’VER-CLOY. v. a. [over and cloy.] To fill beyond fatiety.
A scum of Britons and base lackey peasants,
Whom their o'er-cloyed country vomits forth
To desperate adventures and destruction. Shakesp.

To O’VERCOME. v. a. pret. I overcame; part. pass. overcome;
anciently overcomen, as in Spenser. [overcomen, Dutch.]
1. To subdue; to conquer; to vanquish.
They overcommen, were deprived
Of their proud beauty, and the one moiety
Transformed to fish, for their bold surquedry. Spenser.
This wretched woman, overcome
Of anguish rather than of crime hath been. Spenser.
Of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought
in bondage. 2 Pet. ii. 19.
Fire by thicker air o'ercome,
And downward forc'd in earth's capacious womb,
Alters its particles; is fire no more. Prior.
2. To over-flow; to surcharge.
Th' unfallow'd glebe
Yearly o'ercomes the granaries with stores. Philips.
3. To come over or upon; to invade suddenly. Not in use.
Can't such things be,
And overcome us like a summer's cloud,
Without our special wonder? Shakesp. Macbeth.

To O’VERCOME. v. n. To gain the superiority.
That thou mightest be justified in thy sayings, and mightest
overcome when thou art judged. Rom. iii. 4.

O’VERCOMER. n. s. [from the verb.] He who overcomes.

To O’VER-COUNT. v. a. [over and count.] To rate above
the true value.
Thou know'st how much
We do o'er-count thee. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

To O’VER-COVER. v. a. [over and cover.] To cover compleatly.
Shut me nightly in a charnel house,
O'er-cover'd quite with dead mens rattling bones,
With reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls. Shakesp.

To O’VER-CROW. v. a. [over and crow.] To crow as in tri­
umph.
A base varlet, that being but of late grown out of the
dunghil, beginneth now to over-crow so high mountains, and
make himself the great protector of all out-laws. Spenser.

To O’VERDO. v. a. [over and do.] To do more than enough.
Any thing so over-done is from the purpose of playing;
whose end is to hold the mirrour up to nature. Shakesp.
Nature so intent upon finishing her work, much oftner
over-does than under-does. You shall hear of twenty ani­
mals with two heads, for one that hath none. Grew.
When the meat is over-done, lay the fault upon your lady
who hurried you. Swift.

To O’VER-DRESS. v. a. [over and dress.] To adorn lavishly.
In all, let nature never be forgot;
But treat the goddess like a modest fair,
Nor over-dress, nor leave her wholly bare. Pope.

To O’VER-DRIVE. v. a. [over and drive.] To drive too hard,
or beyond strength.
The flocks and herds with young, if men should over-drive
one day, all will die. Gen. xxxiii. 13.

To O’VER-EYE. v. a. [over and eye.]
1. To superintend.
2. To observe; to remark.
I am doubtful of your modesties,
Lest over-eying of his odd behaviour,
You break into some merry passion. Shakesp.

To OVER-EMPTY. v. a. [over and empty.] To make too
empty.
The women would be loth to come behind the fashion
in new-fangledness of the manner, if not in costliness of the
matter, which might over-empty their husbands purses. Carew.

OVERFAL. n. s. [over and fall.] Cataract.
Tostatus addeth, that those which dwell near those falls of
water, are deaf from their infancy, like those that dwell near
the overfals of Nilus. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

To OVER-FLOAT. v. n. [over and float.] To swim; to float.
The town is fill'd with slaughter, and o'er-floats
With a red deluge, their increasing moats. Dryden.

To OVER-FLOW. v. n. [over and flow.]
1. To be fuller than the brim can hold.
While our strong walls secure us from the foe,
E'er yet with blood our ditches over-flow. Dryden.
Had I the same consciousness that I saw Noah's flood, as
that I saw the over-flowing of the Thames last winter, I
could not doubt, that I who saw the Thames over-flowed, and
viewed the flood at the general deluge, was the same self. Locke.
2. To exuberate.
A very ungrateful return to the author of all we enjoy,
but such as an over-flowing plenty too much inclines men to
make. Rogers, Sermon 2.

To O’VER-FLOW. v. a.
1. To fill beyond the brim.
Suppose thyself in as great a sadness as ever did load thy
spirit, wouldst thou not bear it chearfully if thou wert sure
that some excellent fortune would relieve and recompense
thee so as to over-flow all thy hopes. Taylor.
New milk that all the winter never fails,
And all the summer over-flows the pails. Dryden.
2. To deluge; to drown; to over-run; to over-power.
The Scythians, at such time as the northern nations over­
flowed all Christendom, came down to the sea-coast. Spenser.
Clanius over-flow'd th' unhappy coast. Dryden.
Do not the Nile and the Niger make yearly inundations
in our days, as they have formerly done? and are not the


countries so over-flown, still situate between the tropicks?
Bentley's Sermons
Sixteen hundred and odd years after the earth was made,
it was over flowed and destroyed in a deluge of water, that
overspread the face of the whole earth, from pole to pole,
and from east to west. Burnet.
Thus oft by mariners are shewn,
Earl Godwin's casiles over-flown. Swift.

O’VER-FLOW. n. s. [over and flow.] Inundation; more than
sulness; such a quantity as runs over; exuberance.
Did he break out into tears?—
In great measure—
—A kind over-flow of kindness. Shakespeare.
Where there are great over-flows in fens, the drowning of
them in winter maketh the summer following more fruitful;
for that it keepeth the ground warm. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It requires pains to find the coherence of abstruse writ­
ings: so that it is not to be wondered, that St. Paul's
epistles have, with many, passed rather for disjointed pious
discourses, full of warmth and zeal and over-flows of light,
rather than for clam, strong, coherent reasonings all through.
Locke's Ess. on St. Paul's Epist.
After every over-flow of the Nile, there was not always a
mensuration. Arbuthnot on Coins.
If this softens not the expression, it may be ascribed to
an over-flow of gratitude in the general disposition of Ulysses.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

O’VER-FLOWING. n. s. [from over-flow.] Exuberance; co­
piousness.
When men are young, they might vent the over-flowings
of their sancy that way. Denham's Dedicat.
When the over-flowings of ungodliness make us afraid,
the ministers of religion cannot better discharge their duty
of opposing it. Rogers, Serm. 17.

O’VER-FLOWINGLY. adv. [from over-flowing.] Exuberantly;
in great abundance. A word not elegant nor in use.
Nor was it his indigence that forced him to make the
world; but his goodness pressed him to impart the goods
which he so over-flowingly abounds with. Boyle.

To O’VER-FLY. v. a. [over and fly.] To cross by flight.
A sailing kite
Can scarce o'er-fly them in a day and night. Dryden.

O’VER-FORWARDNESS. n. s. [over and forwardness.] Too
great quickness; too great readiness.
By an over-forwardness in courts to give countenance to fri­
volous exceptions, though they make nothing to the true
merit of the cause, it often happens that causes are not de­
termined according to their merits. Hale.

To O’VER-FREIGHT. v. a. pret. over-freighted; part. over­
fraught. [over and freight.] To load too heavily; to fill with
too great quantity.
A boat over-freighted with people, in rowing down the
river, was, by the extreme weather, sunk. Carew.
Grief, that does not speak,
Whispers the o'er-fraught heart and bids it break. Shakesp.
Sorrow has so o'er-fraught
This sinking barque, I shall not live to shew
How I abhor my first rash crime. Denham.

To O’VER-GET. v. a. [over and get.] To reach; to come
up with.
With six hours hard riding, through so wild places, as it
was rather the cunning of my horse sometimes, than of my­
self, so rightly to hit the way, I over-got them a little before
night. Sidney, b. ii.

To O’VER-GLANCE. v. a. [over and glance.] To look hastily
over.
I have, but with a cursory eye,
O'er-glanc'd the articles. Shakesp. Hen. V.

O’VER-GO. v. a. [over and go.] To surpass; to excel.
Thinking it beyond the degree of humanity to have a wit
so far over-going his age, and such dreadful terror proceed
from so excellent beauty. Sidney.
Great nature hath laid down at last,
That mighty birth wherewith so long she went,
And over-went the times of ages past,
Here to lye in upon our soft content. Daniel.

To O’VER-GORGE. v. a. [over and gorge.] To gorge too
much.
Art thou grown great,
And, like ambitious Sylla, over-gorg'd. Shakesp.

O’VER-GREAT. adj. [over and great.] Too great.
Though putting the mind unprepared upon an unsual
stress ought to be avoided; yet this must not run it, by an
over-great shyness of difficulties, into a lazy sauntring about
obvious things. Locke.

To O’VERGROW. v. a. [over and grow.]
1. To cover with growth.
Roof and floor, and walls were all of gold,
But over-grown with dust and old decay,
And hid in darkness that none could behold
The hue thereof. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The woods and desart caves,
With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'er-grown,
And all their echo's mourn. Milton.
2. To rise above.
If the binds be very strong and much over-grown the poles,
some advise to strike off their heads with a long switch. Mort.

To O’VER-GROW. v. n. To grow beyond the fit or natural
size.
One part of his army, with incredible labour, cut a way
thorough the thick and over-grown woods, and so came to
Solyman. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
A huge over-grown ox was grazing in a meadow. L'Est.
Him for a happy man I own,
Whose fortune is not over-grown. Swift.

O’VER-GROWTH. n. s. [over and growth.] Exuberant growth.
The over-growth of some complexion,
Oft breaking down the pales and forts of reason. Shakesp.
The fortune in being the first in an invention, doth cause
sometimes a wonderful over-growth in riches. Bacon.
Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks
To stop their over-growth, as in-mate guests
Too numerous. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.

To O’VER-HALE. v. a. [over and hale.]
1. To spread over.
The welked Phœbus gan availe
His weary wain, and now the frosty night
Her mantle black thro' heaven gan over-hale. Spens.
2. To examine over again: as, he over-haled my account.

To O’VER-HANG. v. a. [over and hang.] To jut over; to
impend over.
Lend the eye a terrible aspect,
Let the brow overwhelm it,
As fearfully as doth a galled rock
O'er-hang and jutty his confounded base. Shakesp.
Hide me ye forests, in your closest bow'rs,
Where slows the murm'ring brook, inviting dreams,
Where bord'ring hazle over-hangs the streams. Gay.
If you drink tea upon a promontory that over-hangs the
sea, it is preferable to an assembly. Pope.

To O’VER-HANG. v. n. To jut over.
The rest was craggy cliff, that over-hung
Still as it rose, impossible to climb. Milt. P. Lost.

To O’VER-HARDEN. v. a. [over and harden.] To make too
hard.
By laying it in the air, it has acquired such a hardness,
that it was brittle like over-hardened steel. Boyle.

O’VER-HEAD. adv. [over and head.] Aloft; in the zenith;
above; in the cieling.
Over-head the moon
Sits arbitress, and nearer to the earth
Wheels her pale course. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
The four stars over-head, represent the four children. Addis.

To O’VER-HEAR. v. a. [over and hear.] To hear those who
do not mean to be heard.
I am invisible,
And I will over-hear their conference. Shakespeare.
They had a full sight of the Infanta at a mask dancing,
having over-heard two gentlemen who were tending towards
that sight, after whom they pressed. Wotton.
That such an enemy we have who seeks
Our ruin, both by thee inform'd I learn,
And from the parting angel over-heard. Milton.
They were so loud in their discourse, that a black-berry
from the next hedge over-heard them. L'Estrange.
The nurse,
Though not the words, the murmurs over-heard. Dryden.
The witness over-hearing the word pillory repeated, slunk
away privately. Addison.

To O’VER-HEAT. v. a. [over and heat.] To heat too much.
Pleas'd with the form and coolness of the place,
And over-heated by the morning chace. Addison.
It must be done upon the receipt of the wound, before
the patient's spirits be over-heated with pain or fever. Wiseman.

To O’VER-HEND. v. a. [over and hend.] To overtake; to
reach.
Als his fair Leman flying through a brook,
He over-hent nought moved with her piteous look. Spens.

To O’VER-JOY. v. a. [over and joy.] To transport; to ravish.
He that puts his confidence in God only, is neither over­
joyed in any great good things of this life, nor sorrowful for
a little thing. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
The bishop, partly astonished and partly over-joyed with
these speeches, was struck into a sad silence for a time. Hayw.
This love-sick virgin, over-joy'd to find
The boy alone; still follow'd him behind. Addison.

O’VER-JOY. n. s. Transport; ecstasy.
The mutual conf'rence that my mind hath had,
Makes me the bolder to salute my king
With ruder terms; such as my wit affords,
And over-joy of heart doth minister. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

To O’VER-RIPEN. v. a. [over and ripen.] To make too ripe.


Why droops my lord, like over-ripen'd corn,
Hanging the head with Cores' plenteous load? Shakesp.

To OVERLA’BOUR. v. a. [over and labour.] To take too
much pains on any thing; to harrass with toil.
She without noise will over-see
His children and his family;
And order all thing till he come,
Sweaty and over-labour'd home. Dryden.

To OVERLA’DE. v. a. [over and lade.] To over-burthen.
Thus to throng and over-lade a soul
With love, and then to have a room for fear,
That shall all that controul,
What is it but to rear
Our passions and our hopes on high,
That thence they may descry
The noblest way how to despair and die? Suckling.

OVERLARGE. adj. [over and large.] Larger than enough.
Our attainments cannot be over-large, and yet we ma­
nage a narrow fortune very unthriftily. Collier.

OVERLA’SHINGLY. n. s. [over and lash.] With exaggeration.
A mean word, now obsolete.
Although I be far from their opinion who write too over­
lashingly, that the Arabian tongue is in use in two third parts
of the inhabited world, yet I find that it extendeth where the
religion of Mahomet is professed. Brerewood.

To OVERLAY. v. a. [over and lay.]
1. To oppress by too much weight or power.
Some commons are barren, the nature is such,
And some over-layeth the commons too much. Tuss.
Not only that mercy which keepeth from being over-laid
and opprest, but mercy which saveth from being touched
with grievous miseries. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
When any country is over-laid by the multitude which
live upon it, there is a natural necessity compelling it to dis­
burthen itself and lay the load upon others. Raleigh.
We praise the things we hear with much more willingness
than those we see; because we envy the present, and reve­
rence the past; thinking ourselves instructed by the one, and
over-laid by the other. Ben. Johnson.
Good laws had been antiquated by the course of time, or
over-laid by the corruption of manners. King Charles.
Our sins have over-laid our hopes. King Charles.
The strong Emetrius came in Arcite's aid,
And Palamon with odds was over-laid. Dryden.
2. To smother with too much or too close covering.
Nor then destroys it with too fond a stay,
Like mothers, which their infants over-lay. Milton.
3. To smother; to crush; to overwhelm.
Ships burnt in sight, or forc'd on rocky shores,
The new-born babes by nurses over-laid. Dryden.
They quickly stifled and over-laid those infant principles,
of piety and virtue, sown by God in their hearts; so that
they brought a voluntary darkness and stupidity upon their
minds. South's Sermons.
The gods have made your noble mind for me,
And her insipid soul for Ptolemy:
A heavy lump of earth without desire,
A heap of ashes that o'er-lays your fire. Dryden.
The stars, no longer over-laid with weight,
Exert their heads from underneath the mass,
And upward shoot. Dryden.
Season the passions of a child with devotion, which seldom
dies; though it may seem extinguished for a while, it breaks
out as soon as misfortunes have brought the man to himself.
The fire may be covered and over-laid, but cannot be entirely
quenched and smothered. Addison's Spectator, No. 201.
In preaching, no men succeed better than those who trust
to the fund of their own reason, advanced but not over-laid
by commerce with books. Swift.
4. To cloud; to over-cast.
Phœbus' golden face it did attaint,
As when a cloud his beams doth over-lay. Fairy Queen.
5. To cover superficially.
The over-laying of their chapiters was of silver, and all
the pillars were filleted with silver. Ex. xxxviii. 17.
By his prescript a sanctuary is fram'd
Of cedar, over-laid with gold. Milt. Par. Lost.
6. To join by something laid over.
Thou us impower'd
To fortify thus far, and over-lay,
With this portentous bridge, the dark abyss. Milton.

To OVERLE’AP. v. a. [over and leap.] To pass by a 
jump.
A step
On which I must fall down or else o'er-leap,
For in my way it lies. Shakesp. Macbeth.
In vain did nature's wife command
Divide the waters from the land;
If daring ships and men prophane,
Th' eternal fences over-leap,
And pass at will the boundless deep. Dryden.

OVERLEATHER. n. s. [over and leather.] The part of the
shoe that covers the foot.
I have sometimes more feet than shoes; or such shoes
as my toes look through the over-leather. Shakesp.

OVERLI’GHT. n. s. [over and light.] Too strong light.
An over-light maketh the eyes dark, insomuch as perpe­
tual looking against the sun would cause blindness. Bacon.

To OVERLI’VE. v. a. [over and live.] To live longer than
another; to survive; to out-live.
Musidorus, who shewed a mind not to over-live Pyrocles,
prevailed. Sidney, b. ii.
He concludes in hearty prayers,
That your attempts may over-live the hazard
And fearful meeting of their opposite. Shakesp.
They over-lived that envy, and had their pardons after­
wards. Hayward.

To OVERLI’VE. v. n. To live too long.
Why do I over-live?
Why am I mock'd with death, and lengthen'd out
To deathless pain? Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

OVERLI’VER. n. s. [from over-live.] Survivor; that which
lives longest.
A peace was concluded, to continue for both the kings lives,
and the over-liver of them. Bacon's Hen. VII.

To OVERLO’AD. v. a. [over and load.] To burthen with too
much.
The memory of youth is charged and over-loaded, and all
they learn is meer jargon. Felton.

O’VERLONG. adj. [over and long.] Too long.
I have transgressed the laws of oratory, in making my
periods and parentheses over-long. Boyle.

To OVERLO’OK. v. a. [over and look.]
1. To view from a higher place.
The pile o'er-look'd the town, and drew the sight,
Surpris'd at once with rev'rence and delight. Dryden.
I will do it with the same respect to him, as if he were
alive, and over-looking my paper while I write. Dryden.
2. To view fully; to peruse.
Wou'd I had o'er-look'd the letter. Shakespeare.
3. To superintend; to over-see.
He was present in person to over-look the magistrates, and
to over-awe those subjects with the terror of his sword. Spens.
In the greater out parishes many of the poor parishioners
through neglect do perish, for want of some heedful eye to
over-look them. Graunt.
4. To review.
The time and care that are required,
To over-look and file, and polish well,
Fright poets from that necessary toil. Roscommon.
5. To pass by indulgently.
This part of good-nature which consists in the pardoning
and over-looking of faults, is to be exercised only in doing
ourselves justice in the ordinary commerce of life. Addison.
In vain do we hope that God will over-look such high con­
tradiction of sinners, and pardon offences committed against
the plain convictions of conscience. Rogers.
6. To neglect; to slight.
Of the two relations, Christ over-looked the meaner, and en­
titled and denominated them solely from the more honourable.
South's Sermons.
To over-look the entertainment before him, and languish
for that which lies out of the way, is sickly and servile. Collier.
The suffrage of our poet laureat should not be over-looked.
Addison's Spectator, No. 488.
Religious fear, when produced by just apprehensions of
a divine power, naturally over-looks all human greatness
that stands in competition with it, and extinguishes every
other terror. Addison's Guardian, No. 117.
The happiest of mankind, over-looking those solid blessings
which they already have, set their hearts upon somewhat they
want. Atterbury's Sermons.
They over-look truth in the judgments they pass on ad­
versity and prosperity. The temptations that attend the
former they can easily see, and dread at a distance; but
they have no apprehensions of the dangerous consequences
of the latter. Atterbury's Sermons.

O’VERLOOKER. n. s. [over and look.]
The original word signifies an over-looker, or one who
stands higher than his fellows and over-looks them. Watts.

O’VERLOOP. n. s. The same with orlop.
In extremity we carry our ordnance better than we were
wont, because our nether over-loops are raised commonly from
the water; to wit, between the lower part of the port and
the sea. Raleigh.

OVERMA’STED. adj. [over and mast.] Having too much mast.
Cloanthus better mann'd, pursu'd him fast,
But his o'er-masted gally check'd his haste. Dryden.

To OVERMA’STER. v. a. [over and master.] To subdue;
to govern.
For your desire to know what is between us,
O'er-master it as you may. Shakespeare's Hamlet.


So sleeps a pilot, whose poor bark is prest
With many a merciless o'er-mast'ring wave. Crashaw.
Over-mastered with a score of drunkards, the only soldiery
left about them, or else to comply with all rapines and vio­
lences. Milton on Education.

To OVERMA’TCH. v. a. [over and match.] To be too power­
ful; to conquer; to oppress by superior force.
I have seen a swan
With bootless labour swim against the tide,
And spend her strength with over-matching waves. Shakesp.
Sir William Lucy, with me
Set from our o'er-match'd forces forth for aid. Shakesp.
Assist, lest I who erst
Thought none my equal, now be over-match'd. Par. Reg.
How great soever our curiosity be, our excess is greater,
and does not only over-match, but supplant it. Dec. of Piety.
He from that length of time dire omens drew,
Of English over-match'd, and Dutch too strong,
Who never fought three days but to pursue. Dryden.
It moves our wonder, that a foreign guest
Should over-match the most, and match the best. Dryden.

OVERMA’TCH. n. s. [over and match.] One of superior powers;
one not to be overcome.
Spain is no over-match for England, by that which leadeth
all men; that is, experience and reason. Bacon.
Eve was his over-match, who self-deceiv'd
And rash, before-hand had no better weigh'd
The strength he was to cope with or his own. Milton.
In a little time there will scarce be a woman of quality in
Great-Britain, who would not be an over-match for an Irish
priest. Addison's Freeholder, No. 89.

OVER-ME’ASURE. n. s. [over and measure.] Something given
over the due measure.

To OVER-MI’X. v. a. [over and mix.] To mix with too
much.
Those things those parts o'er-rule, no joys shall know,
Or little pleasure over-mixt with woe. Creech.

OVERMO’ST. adj. [over and most.] Highest; over the rest in
authority. Ains.

OVERMU’CH. adj. [over and much.] Too much; more than
enough.
It was the custom of those former ages, in their over-much
gratitude, to advance the first authors of any useful discovery
among the number of their gods. Wilkins.
An over-much use of salt, besides that it occasions thirst
and over-much drinking, has other ill effects. Locke.

OVERMU’CH. adv. In too great a degree.
The fault which we find in them is, that they over-much
abridge the church of her power in these things. Where­
upon they re-charge us, as if in these things we gave the
church a liberty which hath no limits or bounds. Hooker.
Perhaps
I also erred, in over-much admiring
What seem'd in thee so perfect, that I thought
No evil durst attempt thee. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Deject not then so over-much thyself,
Who hast of sorrow thy full load besides. Milton.

OVERMU’CH. n. s. More than enough.
By attributing over-much to things
Less excellent, as thou thyself perceiv'st. Milton.
With respect to the blessings the world enjoys, even good
men may ascribe over-much to themselves. Grew.

OVERMU’CHNESS. n. s. [from over-much.] Exuberance; su­
perabundance.
There are words that do as much raise a stile, as others
can depress it; superlation and over-muchness amplifies. It
may be above faith, but not above a mean. Ben. Johnson.

OVERNI’GHT. n. s. [over and night. This seems to be used
by Shakespeare as a noun, but by Addison more properly, as
I have before placed it, as a noun with a preposition.] Night
before bed-time.
If I had given you this at over-night,
She might have been o'erta'en. Shakespeare.
Will confesses, that for half his life his head ached every
morning with reading men over-night. Addison.

To OVERNA’ME. v. a. [over and name.] To name in a series.
Over-name them; and as thou namest them I will describe
them. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

To OVERO’FFICE. v. a. [over and office.] To lord by virtue
of an office.
This might be the fate of a politician which this ass over­
offices. Shakesp. Hamlet.

OVEROFFI’CIOUS. adj. [over and officious.] Too busy; too
importunate.
This is an over-officious truth, and is always at a man's
heels; so that if he looks about-him, he must take notice of
it. Callier on Human Reason.

To OVERPA’SS. v. a. [over and pass.]
1. To cross.
I stood on a wide river's bank,
Which I must needs o'er-pass,
When on a sudden Torrismond appear'd,
Gave me his hand, and led me lightly o'er. Dryden.
What have my Scyllas and my Syrtes done,
When these they o'er-pass, and those they shun? Dryden.
2. To over-look; to pass with disregard.
The complaint about psalms and hymns might as well be
over-past without any answer, as it is without any cause
brought forth. Hooker, b. v. s. 37.
Remember that Pellean conqueror,
A youth, how all the beauties of the east
He slightly view'd, and slightly over-pass'd. Milton.
3. To omit in a reckoning.
Arithmetical progression demonstrates how fast mankind
would increase, over-passing as miraculous, though indeed na­
tural, that example of the Israelites who were multiplied in
two hundred and fifteen years, from seventy to sixty thousand
able men. Raleigh.
4. To omit; not to receive.
If the grace of him which saveth over-pass some, so that
the prayer of the church for them be not received, this we
may leave to the hidden judgments of righteousness. Hooker.

OVERPA’ST. part. adj. [from over-pass.] Gone; past.
What canst thou swear by now?—
—By time to come,—
That thou hast wronged in the time o'er-past. Shakesp.

To OVERPA’Y. v. a. [over and pay.] To reward beyond the price.
Take this purse of gold,
And let me buy your friendly help thus far,
Which I will over-pay, and pay again,
When I have found it. Shakespeare.
You have yourself, your kindness over-paid,
He ceases to oblige who can upbraid. Dryden.
Wilt thou with pleasure hear thy lover's strains,
And with one heav'nly smile o'er-pay his pains. Prior.

To OVERPE’RCH. n. s. [over and perch.] To fly over.
With love's light wings did I o'er-perch these walls,
For stony limits cannot hold love out. Shakesp.

To OVERPE’ER. v. a. [over and peer.] To over-look; to
hover above. It is now out of use.
The ocean over-peering of his list,
Eats not the flats with more impetuous haste,
Than young Laertes, in a riotous head,
O'er-bears your officers. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Your Argosies with portly sail,
Do over-peer the petty traffickers,
That curt'sy to them, do them reverence. Shakesp.
Mountainous error wou'd be too highly heapt,
For truth to o'er-peer. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thus yields the cedar to the ax's edge,
Whose top branch o'er-peer'd Jove's spreading tree,
And kept low shrubs from winter's pow'rful wind. Shakesp.
They are invincible by reason of the over-peering moun­
tains that back the one, and slender fortifications of the other
to land-ward. Sandys's Journey.

O’VERPLUS. n. s. [over and plus.] Surplus; what remains
more than sufficient.
Some other sinners there are, from which that overplus of
strength in persuasion doth arise. Hooker's Pref.
A great deal too much of it was made, and the overplus
remained still in the mortar. L'Estrange.
It would look like a fable to report, that this gentleman
gives away all which is the overplus of a great fortune. Addis.

To O’VERPLY. v. a. [over and ply.] To employ too laboriously.
What supports me, dost thou ask?
The conscience, friend, t' have lost them over-ply'd,
In liberty's defence. Milton's Poems.

To OVERPO’ISE. v. a. [over and poise.] To outweigh.
Whether cripples who have lost their thighs will float;
their lungs being able to waft up their bodies, which are in
others over-poised by the hinder legs; we have not made ex­
periment. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. iv.
The scale
O'er-pois'd by darkness, lets the night prevail;
And day, that lengthen'd in the summer's height,
Shortens till winter, and is lost in night. Creech.

OVERPO’ISE. n. s. [from the verb.] Preponderant weight.
Horace, in his first and second book of odes, was still ri­
sing, but came not to his meridian till the third. After
which his judgment was an over-poise to his imagination.
He grew too cautious to be bold enough, for he descended
in his fourth by slow degrees. Dryden.
Some over-poise of sway, by turns they share,
In peace the people, and the prince in war. Dryden.

To OVERPO’WER. v. a. [over and power.] To be predo­
minant over; to oppress by superiority.
Now in danger try'd, now known in arms
Not to be over-power'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
As much light over-powers the eye, so they who have weak
eyes, when the ground is covered with snow, are wont to
complain of too much light. Boyle.
Reason allows none to be consident, but him only who


governs the world, who knows all things, and can do all
things; and therefore can neither be surprised nor over-powered.
South's Sermons.
After the death of Crassus, Pompey sound himself out­
witted by Cæsar; he broke with him, over-powered him in
the senate, and caused many unjust decrees to pass against
him. Dryden's Dedicat. to æneid.
Inspiration is, when such an over-powering impression of
any proposition is made upon the mind by God himself, that
gives a convincing and indubitable evidence of the truth and
divinity of it. Watts's Logick.
The historian makes these mountains the standards of the
rise of the water; which they could never have been, had
they not been standing, when it did so rise and over-power
the earth. Woodw. Nat. Hist.

To OVERPRE’SS. v. a. [over and press.] To bear upon with
irresistible force; to overwhelm; to crush.
Having an excellent horse under him, when he was over­
pressed by some, he avoided them. Sidney.
Michael's arm main promontories flung,
And over-press'd whole legions weak with sin. Roscomm.
When a prince enters on a war, he ought maturely to
consider whether his coffers be full, his people rich by a
long peace and free trade, not over-pressed with many bur­
thensome taxes. Swift.

To OVERPRI’ZE. v. a. [over and prize.] To value at too
high price.
Parents over-prize their children, while they behold them
through the vapours of affection. Wotton.

OVERRA’NK. n. s. [over and rank.] Too rank.
It produces over-rank binds. Mortimer's Husbandry.

OVERRA’TE. v. a. [over and rate.] To rate at too much.
While vain shows and scenes you over-rate,
'Tis to be fear'd,—
That as a fire the sormer house o'erthrew,
Machines and tempests will destroy the new. Dryden.
To avoid the temptations of poverty, it concerns us not
to over-rate the conveniencies of our station, and in estimat­
ing the proportion fit us, to fix it rather too low than too
high; for our desires will be proportioned to our wants,
real or imaginary, and our temptations to our desires.
Rogers.

To OVERRE’ACH. v. a. [over and reach.]
1. To rise above.
The mountains of Olympus, Atho and Atlas, over-reach
and surmount all winds and clouds. Raleigh.
Sixteen hundred years after the earth was made, it was
overflowed in a deluge of water in such excess, that the floods
over-reached the tops of the highest mountains. Burnet.
2. To deceive; to go beyond; to circumvent. A sagacious
man is said to have a long reach.
What more cruel than man, if he see himself able by
fraud to over-reach, or by power to over-bear the laws where­
unto he should be subject. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
I have laid my brain in the sun and dried it, that it wants
matter to prevent so gross over-reaching. Shakesp.
Shame to be overcome, or over-reach'd,
Would utmost vigour raise, and rais'd unite. Milton.
A man who had been matchless held
In cunning, over-reach'd where least he thought,
To save his credit, and for very spight
Still will be tempting him who foils him still. Milton.
There is no pleasanter encounter than a trial of skill be­
twixt sharpers to over-reach one another. L'Estrange.
Forbidding oppression, defrauding and over-reaching one
another, perfidiousness and treachery. Tillotson.
Such a principle is ambition, or a desire of same, by which
many vicious men are over-reached, and engaged contrary to
their natural inclinations in a glorious and laudable course of
action. Addison's Spectator, No. 255.
John had got an impression that Lewis was so deadly cun­
ning a man, that he was afraid to venture himself alone with
him; at last he took heart of grace; let him come up, quoth
he, it is but sticking to my point, and he can never over­
reach me. History of J. Bull.

To OVERRE’ACH. v. n. A horse is said to over-reach, when
he brings his hinder feet too far forwards, and strikes his
toes against his fore shoes. Farr. Dict.

OVERRE’ACHER. n. s. [from over-reach.] A cheat; a de­
ceiver.

To OVERRE’AD. v. a. [over and read.] To peruse.
The contents of this is the return of the duke; you shall
anon over-read it at your pleasure. Shakespeare.

To O’VER-RED. v. a. [over and red.] To smear with red.
Prick thy face and over-red thy fear,
Thou lilly liver'd boy. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To O’VERROAST. v. a. [over and roast.] To roast too much.
'Twas burnt and dried away,
And better 'twere, that both of us did fast,
Since of ourselves, ourselves are cholerick,
Than feed it with such over-roasted flesh. Shakesp.

To OVERRU’LE. v. a. [over and rule.]
1. To influence with predominant power; to be superior in
authority.
Which humour perceiving to over-rule me, I strave against
it. Sidney.
That which the church by her ecclesiastical authority shall
probably think and desire to be true or good, must in con­
gruity of reason over-rule all other inferior arguments what­
soever. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
Except our own private, and but probable resolutions, be
by the law of publick determinations over-ruled, we take
away all possibility of sociable life in the world. Hooker.
What if they be such as will be over-ruled with some one,
whom they dare not displease. Whitgifte.
So much his passion and animosity over-ruled his conscience.
Clarendon, b. viii.
A wise man shall over-rule his stars, and have a greater
influence upon his own content, than all the constellations
and planets of the firmament. Taylor.
He is acted by a passion which absolutely over-rules him;
and so can no more recover himself, than a bowl rolling down
an hill stop itself in the midst of its career. South.
'Tis temerity for men to venture their lives upon unequal
encounters; unless where they are obliged by an over-ruling
impulse of conscience and duty. L'Estrange.
A man may, by the influence of an over-ruling planet, be
inclined to lust, and yet by the force of reason overcome that
bad influence. Swift.
2. To govern with high authority; to superintend.
Wherefore does he not now come forth and openly over­
rule, as in other matters he is accustomed? Hayward.
3. To supersede: as in law to over-rule a plea is to reject it as
incompetent.
Thirty acres make a farthing land, nine farthings a Cor­
nish acre, and four Cornish acres a knights fee. But this rule
is over-ruled to a greater or lesser quantity, according to the
fruitfulness or barrenness of the soil. Carew.

To OVERRU’N. v. a. [over and run.]
1. To harrass by incursions; to ravage; to rove over in a ho­
stile manner.
Those barbarous nations that over-ran the world, possessed
those dominions, whereof they are now so called. Spenser.
Till the tears she shed,
Like envious floods o'er-ran her lovely face,
She was the fairest creature in the world. Shakesp.
They err, who count it glorious to subdue
By conquest far and wide, to over-run
Large countries, and in field great bettles win,
Great cities by assault. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The nine
Their fainting foes to shameful flight compell'd,
And with resistless force o'er-run the field. Dryden.
Gustavus Adolphus could not enter this part of the em­
pire after having over-run most of the rest. Addison.
A commonwealth may be over-run by a powerful neigh­
bour, which may produce bad consequences upon your trade
and liberty. Swift's Miseed.
2. To out-run.
Pyrocles being come to sixteen, over-run his age in growth,
strength, and all things following it, that not Musidorus could
perform any action on horse or foot more strongly, or deliver
that strength more nimbly, or become the delivery more
gracefully, or employ all more virtuously. Sidney, b. ii.
We may out-run
By violent swiftness, that which we run at,
And lose by over-running. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Ahimaz ran by the way of the plain, and over-ran Cushi.
2 Sam. xviii. 23.
Galilæus noteth, that if an open trough, wherein water
is, be driven faster than the water can follow, the water ga­
thereth upon an heap towards the hinder end, where the
motion began; which he supposeth, holding confidently the
motion of the earth to be the cause of the ebbing and slow­
ing of the ocean; because the earth over-runneth the water.
Bacon's Nat. History.
3. To overspread; to cover all over.
With an over-running flood he will make an utter end of
the place. Nah. i. 8.
This disposition of the elements and the parts of the
earth, shews us the footsteps of some kind of ruin which
happened in such a way, that at the same time a general
flood of waters would necessarily over-run the whole earth.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. To mischief by great numbers; to pester.
To flatter foolish men into a hope of life where there is
none, is much the same with betraying people into an opinion,
that they are in a virtuous and happy state, when they are
over-run with passion and drowned in their lusts. L'Estrange.
Were it not for the incessant labours of this industrious
animal, Egypt would be over-run with crocodiles. Addison.
Such provision made, that a country should not want springs


as were convenient for it; nor be over-run with them, and
afford little or nothing else; but a supply every where suit­
able to the necessities of each climate and region of the
globe. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
5. To injure by treading down.
His tears defac'd the surface of the well,
And now the lovely face but half appears,
O'er-run with wrinkles and deform'd with tears. Addison.
6. Among printers, to be obliged to change the disposition of
the lines and words in correcting, by reason of the insertions.

To OVERRU’N. v. n. To overflow; to be more than full.
Though you have left me,
Yet still my soul o'er-runs with fondness towards you. Smith.
Cattle in inclosures shall always have fresh pasture, that
now is all trampled and over-run. Spenser.

To OVERSE’E. v. a. [over and see.]
1. To superintend; to overlook.
He had charge my discipline to frame,
And tutors nouriture to oversee. Fairy Queen.
She without noise will oversee
His children and his family. Dryden.
2. To overlook; to pass by unheeded; to omit.
I who resolve to oversee
No lucky opportunity,
Will go to council to advise
Which way t' encounter, or surprise. Hud. p. iii.

OVERSE’EN. part. [from oversee.] Mistaken; deceived.
A common received error is never utterly overthrown,
till such times as we go from signs unto causes, and shew
some manifest root or fountain thereof common unto all,
whereby it may clearly appear how it hath come to pass that
so many have been overseen. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
They rather observed what he had done, and suffered for
the king and for his country, without farther enquiring what
he had omitted to do, or been overseen in doing. Clarend.

OVERSE’ER. n. s. [from oversee.]
1. One who overlooks; a superintendent.
There are in the world certain voluntary overseers of all
books, whose censure, in this respect, would fall sharp on us.
Hooker, b. v. s. 31.
Jehiel and Azariah were overseers under Cononiah.
2 Chron. xxxi. 13.
To entertain a guest, with what a care
Wou'd he his houshold ornaments prepare;
Harrass his servants, and as o'erseer stand,
To keep them working with a threat'ning wand.
Clean all my plate, he cries. Dryden.
2. An officer who has the care of the parochial provision for
the poor.
The church-wardens and overseers of the poor might find
it possible to discharge their duties, whereas now in the
greater out-parishes many of the poorer parishioners, through
neglect, do perish for want of some heedful eye to overlook
them. Graunt's Bills of Mort.

To OVERSE’T. v. a. [over and set.]
1. To turn the bottom upwards; to throw off the basis.
The tempests met,
The sailors master'd, and the ship o'er-set. Dryden.
It is forced through the hiatus's at the bottom of the sea
with such vehemence, that it puts the sea into the most hor­
rible perturbation, even when there is not the least breath
of wind; over-setting ships in the harbours, and sinking them.
Woodw. Nat. Hist.
Would the confederacy exert itself, as much to annoy the
enemy, as they do for their defence, we might bear them
down with the weight of our armies, and over-set the whole
power of France. Addison on the War.
2. To throw out of regularity.
His action against Catiline ruined the consul, when it
saved the city; for it so swelled his soul, that ever after­
wards it was apt to be over-set with vanity. Dryden.

To OVERSE’T. v. n. To fall off the basis.
Part of the weight will be under the axle-tree, which
will so far counterpoise what is above it, that it will very
much prevent the over-setting. Mortimer's Husb.

To OVERSHA’DE. v. a. [over and shade.] To cover with
any thing that causes darkness.
Black night o'er-shade thy day, and death thy life. Shakesp.
Dark cloudy death o'er-shades his beams of life,
And he nor sees, nor hears us. Shakesp.
No great and mighty subject might eclipse or over-shade
the imperial power. Bacon.
If a wood of leaves o'er-shade the tree,
In vain the hind shall vex the threshing floor,
For empty chaff and straw will be thy store. Dryden.
Should we mix our friendly talk,
O'er-shaded in that fav'rite walk;
Both pleas'd with all we thought we wanted. Prior.

To OVERSHA’DOW. v. a. [over and shadow.]
1. To throw a shadow over any thing.
Weeds choak and over-shadow the corn, and bear it down,
or starve and deprive it of nourishment. Bacon.
Death,
Let the damps of thy dull breath
Over-shadow even the shade,
And make darkness self afraid. Crashaw.
Darkness must over-shadow all his bounds,
Palpable darkness, and blot out three days. Milton.
2. To shelter; to protect; to cover with superiour influence.
My over-shadowing spirit and might, with thee
I send along: ride forth and bid the deep
Within appointed bounds. Milton's Par. Lost.
On her should come
The holy ghost, and the power of the highest
O'er shadow her. Paradise Regain'd, b. i.

To OVERSHO’OT. v. n. [over and shoot.] To fly beyond the
mark.
Often it drops, or over-shoots by the disproportions of dis­
tance or application. Collier on Human Reason.

To OVERSHOO’T. v. a.
1. To shoot beyond the mark.
Every inordinate appetite defeats its own satisfaction, by
over-shooting the mark it aims at. Tillotson.
2. [With the reciprocal pronoun.] To venture too far; to as­
sert too much.
Leave it to themselves to consider, whether they have in
this point or not over-shot themselves; which God doth
know is quickly done, even when our meaning is most sincere.
Hooker, b. ii. s. 8.
In finding fault with the laws I doubt me, you shall much
over-shoot yourself, and make me the more dislike your other
dislikes of that government. Spenser on Ireland.
For any thing that I can learn of them, you have over-shot
yourself in reckoning. Whitgifte.

O’VERSIGHT. n. s. [from over and sight.]
1. Superintendence.
They gave the money, being told unto them that had the
over-sight of the house. 2 Kings xii. 11.
Feed the flock of God, taking the over-sight thereof, not
by constraint, but willingly. 1 Pet. v. 2.
2. Mistake; error.
Amongst so many huge volumes, as the infinite pains of
St. Augustine have brought forth, what one hath gotten
greater love, commendation, and honour, than the book
wherein he carefully owns his over-sights and sincerely con­
demneth them. Hooker's Pref.
His son mark'd this over-sight,
And then mistook reverse of wrong for right. Pope.

To OVERSI’ZE. v. a. [over and size.]
1. To surpass in bulk.
Those bred in a mountainous country, over-size those that
dwell on low levels. Sandys Journey.
2. [over and size, a compost with which masons cover walls.]
To plaster over.
He thus o'er-siz'd with coagulate gore,
Old grandfire Priam seeks. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To OVERSKI’P. v. a. [over and skip.]
1. To pass by leaping.
Presume not ye that are sheep, to make yourselves guides
of them that should guide you; neither seek ye to over-skip
the sold, which they about you have pitched. Hooker.
2. To pass over.
Mark if to get them she o'er-skip the rest,
Mark if she read them twice, or kiss the name. Donne.
3. To escape.
When that hour o'er-skips me in the day,
Wherein I sigh not, Julia, for thy sake;
The next ensuing hour some foul mischance
Torment me. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
Who alone suffers, suffers most i' th' mind;
But then the mind much suff'rance does o'er-skip,
When grief hath mates and bearing fellowship. Shakesp.

To OVERSLE’EP. v. a. [over and sleep.] To sleep too long.

To OVERSLI’P. v. a. [over and slip.] To pass undone, un­
noticed, or unused; to neglect.
The carelessness of the justices in imposing this rate, or the
negligence of the constables in collecting it, or the back­
wardness of the inhabitants in paying the same, over-slipped
the time. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
It were injurious to over-slip a noble act in the duke during
this employment, which I must celebrate above all his ex­
pences. Wotton.

To OVERSNO’W. v. a. [over and snow.] To cover with snow.
These I wielded while my bloom was warm,
Ere age unstrung my nerves, or time o'er-snow'd my head.
Dryden's æneis.

OVERSO’LD. part. [from oversel.] Sold at too high a price.
Life with ease I can disclaim,
And think it over-sold to purchase fame. Dryden.

OVERSO’ON. adv. [over and soon.] Too soon.
The lad may prove well enough, if he over-soon think not
too well of himself, and will bear away that he heareth of
his elders. Sidney, b. ii.



OVERSPE’NT. part. [over and spend.] Wearied; harrassed;
forespent. The verb overspend is not used.
Thestylis, wild thyme, and garlick beats,
For harvest-hinds, o'erspent with toil and heats. Dryden.

To OVERSPREA’D. v. a. [over and spread.] To cover over;
to fill; to scatter over.
Whether they were Spaniards, Gauls, Africans, Gothes,
or some other which did overspread all christendom, it is im­
possible to affirm. Spenser.
Of the three sons of Noah was the whole earth overspread.
Gen. ix. 19.
Darkness Europe's face did overspread,
From lazy cells, where superstition bred. Denham.
Not a deluge that only over-run some particular region;
but that overspread the face of the whole earth from pole to
pole, and from east to west. Burnet.

To OVERSTA’ND. v. a. [over and stand.] To stand too
much upon conditions.
Her's they shall be, since you refuse the price;
What madman would o'erstand his market twice. Dryd.

To OVERSTA’RE. v. a. [over and stare.] To stare wildly.
Some warlike sign must be used; either a slovenly buskin,
or an overstaring frounced head. Ascham.

To OVERSTO’CK. v. a. [over and stock.] To fill too full; to
croud.
If raillery had entered the old Roman coins, we should
have been overstocked with medals of this nature. Addison.
Some bishop, not overstocked with relations, or attached to fa­
vourites, bestows some inconsiderable benefice. Swift.
Since we are so bent upon enlarging our flocks, it may be
worth enquiring what we shall do with our wool, in case
Barnstaple should be ever overstocked. Swift.

To OVERSTO’RE. v. a. [over and store.] To store with too much.
Fishes are more numerous than beasts or birds, as appears
by their numerous spawn; and if all these should come to
maturity, even the ocean itself would have been long since
overstored with fish. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To OVERSTRAI’N. v. n. [over and strain.] To make too
violent efforts.
Crassus lost himself, his equipage, and his army, by over­
straining for the Parthian gold. Collier.
He wished all painters would imprint this lesson deeply in
their memory, that with overstraining and earnestness of
finishing their pieces, they often did them more harm than
good. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To OVERSTRAI’N. v. a. To stretch too far.
Confessors were apt to overstrain their privileges, in which
St. Cyprian made a notable stand against them. Ayliffe.

To OVERSWA’Y. v. a. [over and sway.] To over-rule; to
bear down.
When they are the major part of a general assembly, then
their voices being more in number, must oversway their
judgments who are fewer. Hooker.
Great command o'ersways our order. Shakesp.

To OVERSWE’LL. v. a. [over and swell.] To rise above.
Fill, Lucius, 'till the wine o'erswell the cup;
I cannot drink too much of Brutus' love. Shakesp.
When his banks the prince of rivers, Po,
Doth overswell, he breaks with hideous fall. Fairfax.

O’VERT. adj. [ouvert, Fr.] Open; publick; apparent.
To vouch this, is no proof,
Without more certain and more overt test,
Than these thin habits and poor likelihoods. Shakesp.
Overt and apparent virtues bring forth praise; but there
be secret and hidden virtues that bring forth fortune; certain
deliveries of a man's self. Bacon.
My repulse at Hull, was the first overt essay to be made
how patiently I could bear the loss of my kingdoms. K. Charles.
The design of their destruction may have been projected 
in the dark; but when all was ripe, their enemies proceeded
to so many overt acts in the face of the nation, that it was
obvious to the meanest. Swift.
Whereas human laws can reach no farther than to restrain
the overt action, religion extends to the secret motions of the
soul. Rogers, Serm. 17.

O’VERTLY. adv. [from the adjective.] Openly.

To OVERTA’KE. v. a. [over and take.]
1. To catch any thingby pursuit; to come up to something go­
ing before.
We durst not continue longer so near her confines, lest
her plagues might suddenly overtake us before we did cease
to be partakers with her sins. Hooker.
If I had given you this at over-night,
She might have been o'ertaken; and yet she writes
Pursuit would be but vain. Shakespeare.
I shall see
The winged vengeance overtake such children. Shakesp.
The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will di­
vide the spoil. Ex. xv. 9.
My soul, more earnestly releas'd,
Will out-strip hers, as bullets flown before
A later bullet may o'ertake, the powder being more. Donne.
To thy wishes move a speedy pace,
Or death will soon o'ertake thee in the chace. Dryden.
How must he tremble for fear vengeance should overtake
him, before he has made his peace with God? Rogers.
2. To take by surprize.
If a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are spiritual
restore such an one in the spirit of meekness. Gal. vi. 1.

To OVERTA’SK. v. a. [over and task.] To burthen with too
heavy duties or injunctions.
That office is performed by the parts with difficulty, because
they were overtasked. Harvey on Consumptions.

To OVERTA’X. v. a. [over and tax.] To tax too heavily.

To OVERTHRO’W. v. a. [over and throw; preter. over­
threw; part. overthrown.]
1. To turn upside down.
Pittacus was a wise and valiant man, but his wife over­
threw the table when he had invited his friends. Taylor.
2. To throw down; to ruin; to demolish.
When the walls of Thebes he overthrew,
His fatal hand my royal father slew. Dryden.
3. To defeat; to conquer; to vanquish.
Our endeavour is not so much to overthrow them with
whom we contend, as to yield them just and reasonable causes.
Hooker, b. v. s. 1.
To Sujah next, your conquering army drew,
Him they surpris'd, and easily o'erthrew. Dryden.
4. To destroy; to mischief; to bring to nothing.
She found means to have us accused to the king, as though
we went about some practise to overthrow him in his own
estate. Sidney, b. ii.
Here's Glo'ster
O'er-charging your free purses with large fines,
That seeks to overthrow religion. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Thou walkest in peril of thy overthrowing. Ecc. xiii. 13.
God overthroweth the wicked for their wickedness.
Prov. xxi. 12.

OVERTHRO’W. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The state of being turned upside down.
2. Ruin; destruction.
Of those christian oratories, the overthrow and ruin is de­
sired, not by infidels, pagans, or Turks, but by a special re­
fined sect of christian believers. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
They return again into Florida, to the murther and over­
throw of their own countrymen. Abbot.
I serve my mortal soe,
The man who caus'd my country's overthrow. Dryden.
3. Defeat; discomfiture.
From without came to mine eyes the blow,
Whereto mine inward thoughts did faintly yield;
Both these conspir'd poor reason's overthrow;
False in myself, thus have I lost the field. Sidney.
Quiet soul, depart;
For I have seen our enemies overthrow. Shakesp.
From these divers Scots feared more harm by victory than
they found among their enemies by their overthrow. Hayw.
Poor Hannibal is maul'd,
The theme is giv'n, and strait the council's call'd,
Whether he should to Rome directly go,
To reap the fruit of the dire overthrow. Dryden.
4. Degradation.
His overthrow heap'd happiness upon him;
For then, and not 'till then he felt himself,
And found the blessedness of being little. Shakesp.

OVERTHRO’WER. n. s. [from overthrow.] He who overthrows.

OVERTHWA’RT. adj. [over and thwart.]
1. Opposite; being over against.
We whisper, for fear our overthwart neighbours
Should hear us, and betray us to the government. Dryd.
2. Crossing any thing perpendicularly.
3. Perverse; adverse; contradictious.
Two or three acts disposed them to cross and oppose any
proposition; and that overthwart humour was discovered to
rule in the breasts of many. Clarendon.

OVERTHWA’RTLY. adv. [from overthwart.]
1. Across; transversely.
The brawn of the thigh shall appear, by drawing small
hair strokes from the hip to the knee, shadowed again over­
thwartly. Peacham on Drawing.
2. Pervicaciously; perversely.

OVERTHWA’RTNESS. n. s. [from overthwart.] Pervicacity;
perverseness.

OVERTOO’K. pret. and part. pass. of overtake.

To OVERTO’P. v. a. [over and top.]
1. To rise above; to raise the head above.
Pile your dust upon the quick and dead,
T' o'ertop old Pelion or the skyish head
Of blue Olympus. Shakesp. Hamlet.
In the dance the graceful goddess leads
The quire of nymphs, and overtops their heads. Dryd.
2. To excel; to surpass.
Who ever yet
Have stood to charity, and display'd th' effects


Of disposition gentle and of wisdom,
O'ertopping woman's power. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
As far as the soul o'ertops the body, so far its pains, or
rather mournful sensations, exceed those of the carcase. Harv.
3. To obscure; to make of less importance by superiour ex­
cellence.
Whereas he had been heretofore an arbiter of Europe, he
should now grow less, and be over-topped by so great a con­
junction. Bacon's Henry VII.
One whom you love,
Had champion kill'd, or trophy won,
Rather than thus be overtopt,
Wou'd you not wish his laurels cropt? Swift.

To OVERTRI’P. v. a. [over and trip.] To trip over; to
walk lightly over.
In such a night,
Did Thisbe fearfully o'ertrip the dew,
And saw the lion's shadow ere himself,
And ran dismay'd away. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

O’VERTURE. n. s. [ouverture, French.]
1. Opening; disclosure; discovery.
I wish
You had only in your silent judgment try'd it,
Without more overture. Shakesp. Win. Tale.
2. Proposal; something offered to consideration.
Mac Murugh moved Henry to invade Ireland, and made
an overture unto him for obtaining of the fovereign lordship
thereof. Davies on Ireland.
All these fair overtures, made by men well esteemed for
honest dealing, could not take place. Hayward.
We with open breast
Stand ready to receive them, if they like
Our overture, and turn not back perverse. Milton.
The earl of Pembroke, who abhorred the war, promoted
all overtures towards accommodation with great impor­
tunity. Clarendon.
If a convenient supply offers itself to be seised by force or
gained by fraud, human nature persuades us to hearken to the
inviting overture. Rogers, Serm. 2.
Suppose five hundred men proposing, debating, and voting,
according to their own little or much reason, abundance of
indigested and abortive, many pernicious and foolish overtures
would arise. Swift.

To OVERTU’RN. v. a. [over and turn.]
1. To throw down; to topple down; to subvert; to ruin.
He is wise in heart and mighty in strength—which removeth
the mountains, and overturneth them in his anger. Job ix. 5.
These will sometimes overturn, and sometimes swallow
up towns, and make a general confusion in nature. Burnet.
This he obviates, by saying we see all the ideas in God;
which is an answer to this objection, but such an one as
overturns his whole hypothesis, and renders it useless and
as unintelligible, as any of those he has laid aside. Locke.
If we will not encourage publick works of beneficence,
till we are secure that no storm shall overturn what we help
to build; there is no room left for charity. Atterbury.
A monument of deathless fame,
A woman's hand o'erturns. Rowe.
2. To over-power; to conquer.
Pain excessive overturns all patience. Milton.

OVERTU’RNER. n. s. [from overturn.] Subverter.
I have brought before you a robber of the publick treasure,
an overturner of law and justice, and the destruction of the
Sicilian province. Swift.

To OVERVA’LUE. v. a. [over and value.] To rate at too
high a price.
We have just cause to stand in some fear, least by thus
overvaluing their sermons they make the price and estima­
tion of scripture, otherwise notified, to fall. Hooker.

To OVERVEI’L. v. a. [over and veil.] To cover.
The day begins to break, and night is fled;
Whose pitchy mantle overveil'd the earth. Shakesp.

To OVERVO’TE. v. a. [over and vote.] To conquer by plu­
rality of votes.
The lords and commons might be content to be overvoted
by the major part of both houses, when they had used each
their own freedom. King Charles.

To OVERWA’TCH. v. n. [over and watch.] To subdue with
long want of rest.
Morpheus is dispatch'd;
Which done, the lazy monarch overwatch'd,
Down from his propping elbow drops his head,
Dissolv'd in sleep, and shrinks within his bed. Dryden.

OVERWA’TCHED. adj. Tired with too much watching.
While the dog hunted in the river, he had withdrawn him­
self to pacify with sleep his over-watched eyes. Sidney.

OVERWEA’K. adj. [over and weak.] Too weak; too feeble.
Paternal persuasions, after mankind began to forget the
original giver of life, became in all overweak to resist the
first inclination of evil; or after, when it became habitual,
to constrain it. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

To OVERWEA’RY. adj. [over and weary.] To subdue with
fatigue.
Might not Palinurus fall asleep and drop into the sea,
having been over-wearied with watching. Dryden.

To OVERWEA’THER. v. a. [over and weather.] To batter
by violence of weather.
How like a younker or a prodigal,
The skarfed bark puts from her native bay,
Hugg'd and embraced by the strumpet wind!
How like the prodigal doth she return,
With over-weather'd ribs and ragged sails,
Lean, rent, and beggar'd by the strumpet wind. Shakesp.

To OVERWEE’N. v. n. [over and ween.] To think too highly;
to think with arrogance.
To reach beyond the truth of any thing in thought;
especially in the opinion of a man's self. Hanmer.
Oft have I seen a hot o'erweening cur,
Run back and bite, because he was with-held. Shakesp.
My master hath sent for me, to whose feeling sorrows I
might be some allay, or I o'erween to think so. Shakesp.
Lash hence these overweening rags of France,
These famish'd beggars, weary of their lives. Shakesp.
My eye's too quick, my heart o'erweens too much,
Unless my hand and strength could equal them. Shakesp.
Take heed of overweening, and compare
Thy peacock's feet with thy gay peacock's train;
Study the best and highest things that are,
But of thyself an humble thought retain. Davies.
They that overween,
And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen,
No anger find in thee. Milton.
He might have learnt
Less overweening, since he fail'd in Job,
Whose constant perseverance overcame
Whate'er his cruel malice could invent. Par. Reg.
No man is so bold, rash, and overweening of his own
works, as an ill painter and a bad poet. Dryden.
Enthusiasm, though founded neither on reason nor reve­
lation, but rising from the conceits of a warmed or over­
weening brain, works more powerfully on the persuasions
and actions of men, than either or both together. Locke.
Men of fair minds and not given up to the overweening of
self-flattery, are frequently guilty of it: and, in many cases,
one with amazement hears the arguings, and is astonished
at the obstinacy of a worthy man who yields not to the evi­
dence of reason. Locke.
Now enters overweening pride,
And scandal ever gaping wide. Swift.

OVERWEE’NINGLY. adv. [from overween.] With too much
arrogance; with too high an opinion.

To OVERWEI’GH. v. a. [over and weigh.] To preponderate.
Sharp and subtile discourses of wit, procure many times
very great applause, but being laid in the balance with that
which the habit of sound experience delivereth, they are over­
weighed. Hooker, b. v. s. 7.
My unsoil'd name, the austereness of my life,
Will so your accusation overweigh,
That you shall stifle in your own report. Shakesp.

OVERWEI’GHT. n. s. [over and weight.] Preponderance.
Sinking into water is but an overweight of the body, in
respect of the water. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To OVERWHE’LM. v. a. [over and whelm.]
1. To crush underneath something violent and weighty.
What age is this, where honest men,
Plac'd at the helm,
A sea of some foul mouth or pen,
Shall overwhelm? Ben. Johnson.
Back do I toss these treasons to thy head,
With the hell hated lie o'erwhelm thy heart. Shakesp.
How trifling an apprehension is the shame of being laughed
at by fools, when compared with that everlasting shame and
astonishment which shall overwhelm the sinner, when he shall
appear before the tribunal of Christ. Rogers.
Blind they rejoice, though now even now they fall;
Death hastes amain; one hour o'erwhelms them all. Pope.
2. To overlook gloomily.
Let the brow o'erwhelm it,
As fearfully as doth a galled rock
O'erhang and jutty his confounded base. Shakespeare.
An apothecary late I noted,
In tatter'd weeds with overwhelming brows,
Culling of simples. Shakesp. Rom. and Juliet.

OVERWHE’LMINGLY. adv. [from overwhelming.] In such a
manner as to overwhelm.
Men should not tolerate themselves one minute in any
known sin, nor impertinently betray their souls to ruin for
that which they call light and trivial; which is so indeed in


respect of the acquest, but overwhelmingly ponderous in re­
gard of the pernicious consequents. Decay of Piety.

OVERWI’SE. v. a. [over and wise.] Wise to affectation.
Make not thyself overwise. Eccl. vii. 16.

OVERWROU’GHT. part. [over and wrought.]
1. Laboured too much.
Apelles said of Protogenes, that he knew not when to
give over. A work may be overwrought, as well as under­
wrought: too much labour often takes away the spirit, by
adding to the polishing; so that there remains nothing but
a dull correctness, a piece without any considerable faults,
but with few beauties. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Worked all over.
Of Gothic structure was the northern side,
o'erwrought with ornaments of barbarous pride. Pope.
3. It has in Shakespeare a sense which I know not well how to
reconcile to the original meaning of the word, and therefore
conclude it misprinted for overraught; that is, overreached or
cheated.
By some device or other,
The villain is o'erwrought of all my money:
They say this town is full of cozenage. Shakesp.

OVERWO’RN. part. [over and worn.]
1. Worn out; subdued by toil.
With watching overworn, with cares opprest,
Unhappy I had laid me down to rest. Dryden.
2. Spoiled by time.
The jealous o'erworn widow and herself,
Are mighty gossips in this monarchy. Shakesp.

OVERYEA’RED. adj. [over and year.] Too old.
Among them dwelt
A maid, whose fruit was ripe, not overyeared. Fairfax.

OVERZEA’LOUS. adj. [over and zealous.] Too zealous.
It is not of such weighty necessity to determine one way
or the other, as some overzealous for or against the imma­
teriality of the soul, have been forward to make the world
believe. Locke.

OUGHT. n. s. [awhit, that is, a whit, Saxon. This word is
therefore more properly written aught. See AUGHT.] Any
thing; not nothing.
For ought that I can understand, there is no part but the
bare English pale, in which the Irish have not the greatest
sooting. Spenser on Ireland.
He asked him if he saw ought. Mark viii. 23.
To do ought good never will be our task;
But ever to do ill our sole delight. Milton's Par. Lost.
Universal Lord! be bounteous still
To give us only good; and if the night
Have gather'd ought of evil, or conceal'd,
Disperse it, as now light dispels the dark. Milton.

OUGHT. verb imperfect. [This word the etymologists make
the preterite of owe, but it has often a present signification.]
1. [Preterite of owe.] Owed; was bound to pay; have been
indebted.
Apprehending the occasion, I will add a continuance to
that happy motion, and besides give you some tribute of the
love and duty I long have ought you. Spelman.
This blood which men by treason sought,
That followed, sir, which to myself I ought. Dryden.
2. To be obliged by duty.
Judges ought to remember, that their office is to interpret
law, and not to make or give law. Bacon.
Morals criticks ought to show. Pope.
She acts just as she ought,
But never, never reach'd one generous thought. Pope.
3. To be fit; to be necessary.
If grammar ought to be taught, it must be to one that can
speak the language already. Locke.

OVIFO’RM. adj. [ovum and forma, Lat.] Having the shape
of an egg.
This notion of the mundane egg, or that the world was ovi­
form, hath been the sense and language of all antiquity. Burn.

O’VIPAROUS. adj. [ovum and pario, Latin.] Bringing forth
eggs; not viviparous.
That fishes and birds should be oviparous, is a plain sign
of providence. More's Ant. against Atheism.
Birds and oviparous creatures have eggs enough at first
conceived in them to serve them for many years laying. Ray.


OUN

OUNCE. n. s. [once, Fr. uncia, Latin.] A name of weight of
different value in different denominations of weight. In troy
weight, an ounce is twenty penny-weight; a penny-weight,
twenty-four grains.
The blood he hath lost,
Which I dare vouch is more than that he hath
By many an ounce, he dropt it for his country. Shakesp.
A sponge dry weigheth one ounce twenty-six grains; the
same sponge being wet, weigheth fourteen ounces six drams
and three quarters. Bacon.

OUNCE. n. s. [once, French; onza, Spanish.] A lynx; a
panther.
The ounce,
The libbard, and the tiger, as the mole
Rising, the crumbled earth above them threw
In hillocks. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.

OUPHE. n. s. [auff, Teutonick.] A fairy; a goblin.
Nan Page and my little son, we'll dress
Like urchins, ouphes, and fairies, green and white. Shak.

OU’PHEN. n. s. [from ouph.] Elfish.
Fairies, black gray, green, and white,
Ye moon shine revellers and shades of night,
You ouphen heirs of fixed destiny,
Attend your office. Shakespeare.

OUR. pron. poss. [ure, Saxon.]
1. Pertaining to us; belonging to us.
You shall
Lead our first battle, brave Macduff, and we
Shall take upon us what else remains. Shakespeare.
Our wit is given almighty God to know,
Our will is given to love him being known;
But God could not be known to us below,
But by his works which through the sense are shown.
So in our little world this soul of ours
Being only one, and to one body ty'd,
Doth use on divers objects divers powers,
And so are her effects diversify'd. Davies.
2. When the substantive goes before, it is written ours.
Edmund, whose virtue in this instance,
So much commands itself, you shall be ours. Shakesp.
Thou that hast fashion'd twice this soul of ours,
So that she is by double title thine, Davies.
Be ours, who e'er thou art,
Forget the Greeks. Denham.
Taxallan, shook by Montezuma's powers,
Has, to resist his forces, call'd in ours. Dryden.
Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of know­
ledge, it is thinking makes what we read ours: it is not
enough to cram ourselves with a great load of collections,
unless we chew them over again, they will not give us
strength. Locke.
Their organs are better disposed than ours, for receiving
grateful impressions from sensible objects. Atterbury.

OURSE’LVES. reciprocal pronoun. [the plural of myself.]
1. We; not others.
We ourselves might distinctly number in words a great
deal farther than we usually do, would we find out but some
fit denominations to signify them by. Locke.
2. Us; not others, in the oblique cases.
Safe in ourselves, while on ourselves we stand,
The sea is ours, and that defends the land. Dryden.

OURSELF is used in the regal stile.
To make society
The sweeter welcome, we will keep ourself
Till supper-time alone. Shakesp. Macbeth.
We ourself will follow
In the main battle. Shakespeare.
Not so much as a treaty can be obtained, unless we would
denude ourself of all force to defend us. Clarendon.

OUSE. n. s. Tanners bark. Ainsworth.

OU’SEL. n. s. [osle, Saxon.] A blackbird.
The merry lark her mattins sings aloft,
The thrush replies, the mavis descant plays,
The ousel shrills, the ruddock warbles soft;
So goodly all agree, with sweet consent,
To this day's merriment. Spenser.
The ousel cock so black of hue,
With orange tawney bill. Shakespeare.
Thrushes and ousels, or blackbirds, were commonly sold
for three pence a-piece. Hakewill on Providence.

To OUST. v. a. [ouster, ôter, French.] To vacate; to take
away.
Multiplication of actions upon the case were rare formerly,
and thereby wager of law ousted, which discouraged many
suits. Hale.


OUT

OUT. adv. [ut, Saxon; uyt, Dutch.]
1. Not within.
The gown with stiff embroid'ry shining,
Looks charming with a slighter lining;
The out, if Indian figures stain,
The inside must be rich and plain. Prior.
2. It is generally opposed to in.
That blind rascally boy, that abuses every one's eyes be­
cause his own are out, let him be judge how deep I am in
love. Shakesp.
3. In a state of disclosure.
Fruits and grains are half a year in concocting; whereas
leaves are out and perfect in a month. Bacon.
4. Not in confinement or concealment.
Nature her custom holds,
Let shame say what it will; when these are gone,
The woman will be out. Shakespeare.


5. From the place or house.
Out with the dog, says one; what cur is that? says an­
other: whip him out, says the third. Shakesp.
6. From the inner part.
This is the place where the priests shall boil the trespass
offering; that they bear it not out into the utter court, to
sanctify the people. Ezek. xlvi. 20.
7. Not at home.
8. In a state of extinction.
It was great ign'rance, Gloster's eyes being out,
To let him live; where he arrives he moves
All hearts. Shakesp. King Lear.
This candle burns not clear; 'tis I must snuff it,
Then out it goes. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Bid thy ceremony give thee cure!
Thinkst thou the firy fever will go out
With titles blown from adulation. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Her candle goeth not out by night. Prov. xxxi. 18.
9. In a state of being exhausted.
When the butt is out we will drink water, not a drop be­
fore; bear up and board them. Shakesp. Tempest.
Large coals are properest for dressing meat; and when they
are out, if you happen to miscarry in any dish, lay the fault
upon want of coals. Swift.
10. Not in an affair.
So we'll live and hear poor rogues
Talk of court news, and we'll talk with them too,
Who loses, and who wins; who's in, who's out. Shak.
The knave will stick by thee: he will not out, he is true
bred. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
I am not so as I should be;
But I'll ne'er out. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
11. To the end.
Hear me out;
He reap'd no fruit of conquest, but these blessings. Dryd.
You have still your happiness in doubt,
Or else 'tis past, and you have dream'd it out. Dryden.
The tale is long, nor have I heard it out;
Thy father knows it all. Addison's Cato.
12. Loudly; without restraint.
At all I laugh, he laughs no doubt;
The only difference is, I dare laugh out. Pope.
13. Not in the hands of the owner.
If the laying of taxes upon commodities does affect the
land that is out at rack rent, it is plain it does equally affect
all the other land in England too. Locke.
Those lands were out upon leases of four years, after the
expiration of which term the tenants were obliged to renew.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
14. In an errour.
You are mightily out to take this for a token of esteem,
which is no other than a note of infamy. L'Estrange.
As he that hath been often told his fault,
And still persists, is as impertinent,
As a musician that will always play,
And yet is always out at the same note. Roscommon.
According to Hobbes's comparison of reasoning with cast­
ing up accounts, whoever finds a mistake in the sum total,
must allow himself out, though after repeated trials he may
not see in which article he has misreckoned. Swift.
15. At a loss; in a puzzle.
Like a dull actor now:
I have forgot my part, and I am out,
Even to a full disgrace. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
This youth was such a mercurial, as the like hath seldom
been known; and could make his own part, if at any time
he chanced to be out. Bacon's Hen. VII.
16. With torn cloaths.
Evidences swore;
Who hither coming out at heels and knees,
For this had titles. Dryden.
17. Away; at a loss.
I never was out at a mad frolick, though this is the maddest
I ever undertook. Dryden.
Let all persons avoid niceness in their clothing or diet,
because they dress and comb out all their opportunities of
morning devotion, and sleep out the care for their souls. Taylor.
18. It is used emphatically before alas.
Out, alas! no sea, I find,
Is troubled like a lover's mind. Suckling.
19. It is added emphatically to verbs of discovery.
If ye will not do so, be sure your sin will find you out.
Num. xxxii. 23.

OUT. interject. An expression of abhorrence or expulsion.
Out upon this half-fac'd fellowship. Shakesp.
Out on thee, rude man! thou dost shame thy mother. Sha.
Out Varlet from my sight. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Out, you mad headed ape! a weazel hath not such a deal
of spleen. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Out of my door, you witch! you hag!
Out, out, out. Shakesp. M. W. of Wind.
Out, out, hyena; these are thy wonted arts,
To break all faith. Milton's Agonistes.
Out upon it, I have lov'd
Three whole days together;
And am like to love three more,
If it prove fair weather. Suckling.

OUT of. prep. [Of seems to be the preposition, and out only
to modify the sense of of.]
1. From; noting produce.
So many Neroes and Caligulas,
Out of these crooked shores must daily raise. Spens.
Those bards coming many hundred years after, could not
know what was done in former ages, nor deliver certainty
of any thing, but what they feigned out of their own un­
learned heads. Spenser on Ireland.
Alders and ashes have been seen to grow out of steeples;
but they manifestly grow out of clefts. Bacon.
He is softer than Ovid; he touches the passions more de­
licately, and performs all this out of his own fund, without
diving into the sciences for a supply. Dryden.
2. Not in; noting exclusion or dismission.
The sacred nymph
Was out of Dian's favour, as it then befel. Fa. Queen.
Guiltiness
Will speak, though tongues were out of use. Shakesp.
The cavern's mouth alone was hard to find,
Because the path disus'd was out of mind. Dryden.
My retreat the best companions grace,
Chiefs out of war, statesmen out of place. Pope.
Does he fancy we can sit,
To hear his out of fashion wit?
But he takes up with younger folks,
Who, for his wine, will bear his jokes. Swift.
They are out of their element, and logic is none of their
talent. Baker on Learning.
3. No longer in.
Enjoy the present smiling hour;
And put it out of fortune's pow'r. Dryden.
4. Not in; noting unfitness.
He is witty out of season; leaving the imitation of nature,
and the cooler dictates of his judgment. Dryden.
Thou'lt say my passion's out of season,
That Cato's great example and misfortunes
Should both conspire to drive it from my thoughts. Addis.
5. Not within; relating to a house.
Court holy water in a dry house, is better than the rain
waters out of door. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. From; noting extraction.
Juices of fruits are watry and oily: among the watry are
all the fruits out of which drink is expressed; as the grape,
the apple, the pear, and cherry. Bacon.
7. From; noting copy.
St. Paul quotes one of their poets for this saying, not­
withstanding T. G's censure of them out of Horace. Stiling.
8. From; noting rescue.
Christianity recovered the law of nature out of all those
errors with which it was overgrown in the times of pa­
ganism. Addison's Freeholder.
9. Not in; noting exorbitance or irregularity.
Why publish it at this juncture; and so, out of all me­
thod, apart and before the work. Swift.
Using old thread-bare phrases, will often make you go
out of your way to find and apply them. Swift.
10. From one thing to something different.
He that looks on the eternal things that are not seen, will,
through those opticks, exactly discern the vanity of all that
is visible; will be neither frighted nor flattered out of his
duty. Decay of Piety.
Words are able to persuade men out of what they find
and feel, and to reverse the very impressions of sense. South.
11. To a different state from; in a different state, noting disorder.
That noble and most sovereign reason,
Like sweet bells jangl'd out of tune and harsh;
That unmatch'd form and feature of blown youth,
Blasted with extasy. Shakesp. Hamlet.
When the mouth is out of taste, it maketh things taste
sometimes salt, chiefly bitter, and sometimes loathsome, but
never sweet. Bacon.
By the same fatal blow, the earth fell out of that regular
form wherein it was produced at first, into all these irregula­
rities in its present form. Burnet on the Earth.
They all at once employ their thronging darts,
But out of order thrown, in air they join,
And multitude makes srustrate the design. Dryden.
12. Not according to.
That there be an equality, so that no man acts or speaks
out of character. Pope's View of Ep. Poem.
13. To a different state from; noting separation.
Whosoever doth measure by number, must needs be greatly
out of love with a thing that hath so many saults; whosoever


by weight cannot chuse but esteem very highly of that where­
in the wit of so scrupulous adversaries hath not hitherto ob­
served any defect, which themselves can seriously think to
be of moment. Hooker, b. v. s. 27.
If ridicule were employed to laugh men out of vice and
solly, it might be of some use; but it is made use of to laugh
men out of virtue and good sense, by attacking every thing
solemn and serious. Addison's Spectator.
14. Beyond.
Amongst those things which have been received with great
reason, ought that to be reckoned which the antient practise
of the church hath continued out of mind. Hooker, b. v. s. 9.
What, out of hearing gone? no sound, no word?
Alack, where are you? Shakespeare.
I have been an unlawful bawd, time out of mind. Shak.
Few had the least suspicion of their intentions, till they
were both out of distance to have their conversion attempted.
Clarendon, b. viii.
With a longer peace, the power of France with so great
revenues, and such application, will not encrease every year
out of proportion to what ours will do. Temple.
He shall only be prisoner at the soldiers quarters; and
when I am out of reach, he shall be released. Dryden.
We see people lulled asleep with solid and elaborate dis­
courses of piety, who would be transported out of themselves
by the bellowings of enthusiasm. Addison.
Milton's story was transacted in regions that lie out of
the reach of the sun and the sphere of the day. Addison.
Women weep and tremble at the sight of a moving preacher,
though he is placed quite out of their hearing. Addison.
15. Deviating from: Noting irregularity.
Heaven defend but still I should stand so,
So long as out of limit, and true rule,
You stand against anointed majesty! Shakesp.
The supream being has made the best arguments for his
own existence, in the formation of the heavens and the earth,
and which a man of sense cannot forbear attending to, who
is out of the noise of human affairs. Addison.
16. Past; without; noting something worn out or exhausted.
I am out of breath:
—How art thou out of breath, when thou hast breath?
To say to me that thou art out of breath? Shakesp.
Out of hope to do any good, he directed his course to
Corone. Knolles.
He found himself left far behind,
Both out of heart and out of wind. Hudibras.
I published some fables, which are out of print. Arbuth.
17. By means of.
Out of that will I cause those of Cyprus to mutiny. Shak.
18. In consequence of; noting the motive or reason.
She is persuaded I will marry her, out of her own love and
flattery, not out of my promise. Shakesp. Othello.
The pope, out of the care of an universal father, had in
the conclave divers consultations about an holy war against
the Turk. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Not out of cunning, but a train
Of atoms justling in his brain,
As learn'd philosophers give out. Hudibras, p. ii.
Cromwell accused the earl of Manchester, of having be­
trayed the parliament out of cowardice. Clarendon.
Those that have recourse to a new creation of waters, are
such as do it out of laziness and ignorance, or such as do it
out of necessity. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Distinguish betwixt those that take state upon them, purely
out of pride and humour, and those that do the same in com­
pliance with the necessity of their affairs. L'Estrange.
Make them conformable to laws, not only for wrath
and out of fear of the magistrate's power, which is but a
weak principle of obedience; but out of conscience, which
is a firm and lasting principle. Tillotson.
What they do not grant out of the generosity of their na­
ture, they may grant out of mere impatience. Smallridge.
Our successes have been the consequences of a necessary
war; in which we engaged, not out of ambition, but for the
defence of all that was dear to us. Atterbury.
19. Out of hand; immediately; as that is easily used which
is ready in the hand.
He bade to open wide his brazen gate,
Which long time had been shut, and out of hand,
Proclaimed joy and peace through all his state. Fa. Queen.
No more ado,
But gather we our forces out of hand,
And set upon our boasting enemy. Shakesp.

To OUT. v. a. To expel; to deprive.
The members of both houses who withdrew, were counted
deserters, and outed of their places in parliament. K. Charles.
So many of their orders, as were outed from their fat pos­
sessions, would endeavour a re-entrance against those whom
they account hereticks. Dryden.

OUT, in composition, generally signifies something beyond or
more than another.
Out-fawn as much, and out-comply,
And seem as scrupulously just,
To bait the hooks for greater trust. Hud. p. ii. can. 3.

To OUTA’CT. v. a. [out and act.] To do beyond.
He has made me heir to treasures,
Would make me out-act a real widow's whining. Otway.

To OUTBA’LANCE. v. a. [out and balance.] To over-weigh;
to preponderate.
Let dull Ajax bear away my right,
When all his days outbalance this one night. Dryden.

To OUTBA’R. v. a. [out and bar.] To shut out by fortification.
These to outbar with painful pionings,
From sea to sea he heap'd a mighty mound. Fa. Queen.

To OUTBI’D. v. a. [out and bid.] To over-power by bidding
a higher price.
If in thy heart
New love created be by other men,
Which have their stocks entire, and can in tears,
In sighs, in oaths, in letters outbid me,
This new love may beget new fears. Donne.
For Indian spices, for Peruvian gold,
Prevent the greedy, and outbid the bold. Pope.

OUTBI’DDER. n. s. [out and bid.] One that out-bids.

OUTBLO’WED. adj. [out and blow.] Inflated; swollen with wind.
At their roots grew floating palaces,
Whose outblow'd bellies cut the yielding seas. Dryden.

OU’TBORN. adj. [out and born.] Foreign; not native.

OU’TBOUND. adj. [out and bound.] Destinated to a distant
voyage.
Triumphant flames upon the water float,
And outbound ships at home their voyage end. Dryden.

To OUTBRA’VE. v. a. [out and brave.] To bear down and
disgrace by more daring, insolent, or splendid appearance.
We see the danger, and by fits take up some faint resolu­
tion to outbrave and break through it. L'Estrange.
I would out-stare the sternest eyes that look,
Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth,
To win thee, lady. Shakespeare.
Here Sodom's tow'rs raise their proud tops on high,
The tow'rs, as well as men, out-brave the sky. Cowley.

To OUTBRA’ZEN. v. a. [out and brazen.] To bear down
with impudence.

OU’TBREAK. n. s. [out and break.] That which breaks forth;
eruption.
Breathe his saults so quaintly,
That they may seem the taints of liberty,
The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. Shakesp.

To OUTREA’THE. v. a. [out and breath.]
1. To weary by having better breath.
Mine eyes saw him
Rendering faint quittance, wearied and outbreath'd,
To Henry Monmouth. Shakespeare.
2. To expire.
That sign of last outbreathed life did seem. Spenser.

OUTCA’ST. part. [out and cast. It may be observed, that both
the participle and the noun are indifferently accented on either
syllable. It seems most analogous to accent the participle on
the last, and the noun on the first.]
1. Thrown into the air as refuse, as unworthy of notice.
Abandon soon, I read, the caitive spoil
Of that same outcast carcass. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 8.
2. Banished; expelled.
Behold, instead
Of us outcast exil'd, his new delight
Mankind created. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.

OUTCA’ST. n. s. Exile; one rejected; one expelled.
Let's be no stoicks, nor no stocks,
Or so devote to Aristotle,
As Ovid, be an outcast quite abjur'd. Shakesp.
O blood-bespotted Neapolitan,
Outcast of Naples, England's bloody scourge! Shakesp.
For me, outcast of human race,
Love's anger only waits, and dire disgrace. Prior.
He dies sad outcast of each church and state! Pope.

To OUTCRA’FT. v. a. [out and craft.] To excel in cunning.
Italy hath outcrafted him,
And he's at some hard point. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

O’UTCRY. n. s. [out and cry.]
1. Cry of vehemence; cry of distress; clamour.
These outcries the magistrates there shun, since they are
readily hearkened unto here. Spenser on Ireland.
So strange thy outery, and thy words so strange
Thou interposest, that my sudden hand
Prevented, spares. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ii.
I make my way
Where noises, tumults, outcries, and alarms
I heard. Denham.
2. Clamour of detestation.
There is not any one vice, incident to the mind of man,
against which the world has raised such a loud and universal
outery, as against ingratitude. South's Serm.


3. A publick sale; an auction. Ains.

OUTDA’RE. v. a. [out and dare.] To venture beyond.
Myself, my brother, and his son,
That brought you home, and boldly did outdare
The dangers of the time. Shakespeare.

To OUTDA’TE. v. a. [out and date.] To antiquate.
Works and deeds of the law, in those places, signify le­
gal obedience, or circumcision, and the like judaical outdated
ceremonies; saith, the evangelical grace of giving up the whole
heart to Christ, without any such judaical observances. Hamm.

To OUTDO’. v. a. [out and do.] To excel; to surpass; to
perform beyond another.
He hath in this action outdone his former deeds doubly. Shak.
What brave commander is not proud to see
Thy brave Melantius in his gallantry?
Our greatest ladies love to see their scorn
Outdone by thine, in what themselves have worn. Waller.
Heav'nly love shall outdo hellish hate,
Giving to death, and dying to redeem,
So dearly to redeem what hellish hate
So easily destroy'd. Milton.
Here let these who boast in mortal things,
Learn how their greatest monuments of fame,
And strength, and art, are easily outdone
By spirits reprobate. Milton.
An impostor outdoes the original. L'Estrange.
Now all the gods reward and bless my son;
Thou hast this day thy father's youth outdone. Dryden.
I must confess the encounter of that day
Warm'd me indeed, but quite another way;
Not with the fire of youth, but generous rage,
To see the glories of my youthful age
So far outdone. Dryden.
The boy's mother despised for not having read a system
of logick, outdoes him in it. Locke.
I grieve to be outdone by Gay,
In my own humourous biting way. Swift.

To OUTDWEL. v. a. [out and dwell.] To stay beyond.
He outdwels his hour,
For lovers ever run before the clock. Shakesp.

OU’TER. adj. [from out.] That which is without; opposed
to inner.
The kidney is a conglomerated gland only in the outer
part: for the inner part, whereof the papillæ are composed,
is muscular. Grew's Cosmol. b. i. c. 5.

OU’TERLY. adv. [from outer.] Towards the outside.
In the lower jaw, two tusks like those of a boar, standing
outerly, an inch behind the cutters. Grew's Musæum.

OU’TERMOST. adj. [superlative, from outer.] Remotest from
the midst.
Try if three bells were made one within another, and air
betwixt each; and the outermost bell were chimed with a
hammer, how the sound would differ from a single bell. Bacon.
The outermost corpuscles of a white body, have their va­
rious little surfaces of a specular nature. Boyle.

To OUTFA’CE. v. a. [out and face.]
1. To brave; to bear down by shew of magnanimity; to bear
down with impudence.
We shall have old swearing
That they did give the rings away to men;
But we'll outface them and out-swear them too. Shakesp.
Dost thou come hither
To outface me with leaping in her grave?
Be buried quick with her, and so will I. Shakesp.
Be fire with fire;
Threaten the threatner; and outface the brow
Of bragging horror. Shakesp. King John.
They bewrayed some knowledge of their persons, but
were outfaced. Wotton.
2. To stare down.
We behold the sun and enjoy his light, as long as we look
towards it circumspectly: we warm ourselves safely while we
stand near the fire; but if we seek to outface the one, to en­
ter into the other, we forthwith become blind or burnt. Ral.

To OUTFA’WN. v. a. [out and sawn.] To excel in fawning.
In affairs of less import,
That neither do us good nor hurt,
And they receive as little by,
Outsawn as much and out-comply. Hudibras.

To OUTFLY’. v. a. [out and fly.] To leave behind in slight.
His evasion wing'd thus swift with scorn,
Cannot outfly our apprehensions. Shakespeare.
Horoscop's great soul,
Rais'd on the pinions of the bounding wind,
Outflew the rack, and left the hours behind. Garth.

OUTFO’RM. n. s. [out and form.] External appearance.
Cupid, who took vain delight
In meer outforms, until he lost his sight,
Hath chang'd his soul, and made his object you. B. Johns.

To OUTFRO’WN. v. a. [out and frown.] To frown down;
to over-bear by frowns.
For thee, oppressed king, am I cast down,
Myself could else outfrown false fortune's frown. Shakes.

OU’TGATE. n. s. [out and gate.] Outlet; passage outwards.
Those places are so fit for trade, having most convenient
out-gates by divers ways to the sea, and in-gates to the richest
parts of the land, that they would soon be enriched. Spens.

To OUTGI’VE. v. a. [out and give.] To surpass in giving.
The bounteous play'r outgave the pinching lord. Dryden.

To OUTGO. v. a. pret. outwent; part. outgone. [out and go.]
1. To surpass; to excel.
For frank, well ordered and continual hospitality, he out­
went all shew of competence. Carew.
While you practised the rudiments of war, you out-went
all other captains; and have since found none but yourself
alone to surpass. Dryden.
Where they apply themselves, none of their neighbours
out-go them. Locke on Education.
2. To go beyond; to leave behind in going.
Many ran afoot thither out of all cities, and out-went them,
and came unto him. Mark vi. 33.
3. To circumvent; to overreach.
Mollesson
Thought us to have out-gone
With a quaint invention. Denham.

To OUTGRO’W. v. a. [out and grow.] To surpass in growth;
to grow too great or too old for any thing.
Much their work outgrew,
The hands dispatch of two, gard'ning so wide. Milton.
When some virtue much outgrows the rest,
It shoots too fast and high. Dryden.
This essay wears a dress that possibly is not so suitable to
the graver geniuses, who have outgrown all gaieties of stile
and youthful relishes. Glanv. Sceps. Pref.
The lawyer, the tradesman, the mechanic, have found so
many arts to deceive, that they far outgrow the common
prudence of mankind. Swift.

OU’TGUARD n. s. [out and guard.] One posted at a distance
from the main body, as a defence.
As soon as any foreign object presses upon the sense, those
spirits which are posted upon the out-guards, immediately
scowre off to the brain. South.
You beat the outguards of my master's host. Dryden.
These out-guards of the mind are sent abroad,
And still patrolling beat the neighb'ring road,
Or to the parts remote obedient fly
Keep posts advanc'd, and on the frontier lye. Blackmore.

OUTJE’ST. v. a. [out and jest.] To over-power by jesting.
The fool labours to outjest
His heart struck injuries. Shakesp. K. Lear.

To OUTKNA’VE. v. a. [out and knave.] To surpass in knavery.
The world calls it out-witting a man, when he's only
outknaved. L'Estrange.

OUTLA’NDISH. adj. [out and land.] Not native; foreign.
Yourself transplant
A while from hence: perchance outlandish ground
Bears no more wit than ours; but yet more scant
Are those diversions there which here abound. Donne.
Tedious waste of time to sit and hear
So many hollow compliments and lies,
Outlandish flatteries. Milt. Par. Reg. b. iv.
Upon the approach of the king's troops under General
Wills, who was used to the outlandish way of making war,
we put in practice passive obedience. Addison.

To OUTLA’ST. v. a. [out and last.] To surpass in duration.
Good housewives, to make their candles burn the longer,
lay them in bran, which makes them harder; insomuch as
they will out-last other candles of the same stuff, half in half.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 371.
Summer's chief honour, if thou hadst outlasted,
Bleak winter's force that made thy blossoms dry. Milt.
The present age hath attempted perpetual motions, whose
revolutions might outlast the exemplary mobility, and out­
measure time itself. Brown's V. Err.
What may be hop'd,
When not from Helicon's imagin'd spring,
But sacred writ, we borrow what we sing?
This with the fabrick of the world begun,
Elder than light, and shall outlast the sun. Waller.

OUTLAW. n. s. [utlaga, Saxon.] One excluded from the
benefit of the law. A blunderer; a robber; a bandit.
An outlaw in a castle keeps. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Gathering unto him all the scatterlings and outlaws out of
the woods and mountains, he marched forth into the English
pale. Spenser on Ireland.
As long as they were out of the protection of the law; so
as every Englishman might kill them, how should they be
other than outlaws and enemies to the crown of England?
Davies on Ireland.
You may as well spread out the unsun'd heaps
Of misers treasure by an outlaw's den,


And tell me it is safe, as bid me hope
Danger will let a helpless maiden pass. Milton.
A drunkard is outlawed from all worthy and creditable
converse: men abhor, loath, and despise him. South.

To OU’TLAW. v. a. To deprive of the benefits and protec­
tion of the law.
I had a son
Now outlaw'd from my blood; he sought my life. Shak.
He that is drunken,
Is outlaw'd by himself: all kind of ill
Did with his liquor slide into his veins. Herbert.
Like as there are particular persons outlawed and pro­
scribed by civil laws, so are there nations that are outlawed
and proscribed by the law of nature and nations. Bacon.
All those spiritual aids are withdrawn, which should assist
him to good, or fortify him against ill; and like an out-lawed
person he is exposed to all that will assault him.
Decay of Piety.

OU’TLAWRY. [from outlaw.] A decree by which any man
is cut off from the community, and deprived of the protec­
tion of the law.
By proscription and bills of outlawry,
Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus,
Have put to death an hundred senators. Shakesp.
Divers were returned knights and burgesses for the par­
liament; many of which had been by Richard III. at­
tainted by outlawries. Bacon's Henry VII.

To OUTLEA’P. v. a. [out and leap.] To pass by leaping;
to start beyond.

OUTLEA’P. n. s. [from the verb.] Sally; flight; escape.
Since youth must have some liberty, some outleaps, they
might be under the eye of a father, and then no very great
harm can come of it. Locke on Education.

OU’TLET. n. s. [out and let.] Passage outwards; discharge out­
wards; egress; passage of egress.
Colonies and foreign plantations, are very necessary, as
outlets to a populous nation. Bacon.
The enemy was deprived of that useful out-let. Clarend.
So 'scapes th' insulting fire his narrow jail,
And makes small outlets into open air. Dryden.
Have a care that these members be neither the inlets nor
outlets of any vices; that they neither give admission to the
temptation, nor be expressive of the conception of them. Ray.

OU’TLINE. n. s. [out and line.] Contour; line by which any
figure is defined; extremity.
Painters, by their outlines, colours, lights, and shadows,
represent the same in their pictures. Dryden.

To OUTLI’VE. v. a. [out and live.] To live beyond; to
survive.
Will these mossed trees,
That have outliv'd the eagle, page thy keels,
And skip when thou point'st out. Shakesp.
Die two months ago, and not forgotten,
Yet then there is hopes a great man's memory
May outlive his life half a year. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He that outlives this day, and comes safe home,
Will stand a tiptoe when this day is nam'd. Shakesp.
His courage was so signal that day, that too much could
not be expected from it, if he had outlived it. Clarend.
Thou must outlive
Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty, which will change
To wither'd, weak, and gray. Milt. Par. Lost.
Time, which made them their same outlive,
To Cowley scarce did ripeness give. Denham.
The soldier grows less apprehensive, by computing upon
the disproportion of those that outlive a battle, to those that
fall in it. L'Estrange.
Since we have lost
Freedom, wealth, honour, which we value most,
I wish they would our lives a period give;
They live too long who happiness outlive. Dryden.
It is of great consequence where noble families are gone
to decay; because their titles outlive their estates. Swift.
Pray outlive me, and then die as soon as you please. Swift.

OUTLI’VER. n. s. [out and live.] A surviver.

To OUTLOO’K. v. a. [out and look.] To face down; to
browbeat.
I cull'd these fiery spirits from the world,
To outlook conquest, and to win renown,
Ev'n in the jaws of danger and of death. Shakesp.

To OUTLU’STRE. v. a. [out and lustre.] To excel in bright­
ness.
She went before others I have seen, as that diamond of
yours outlustres many I have beheld. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

OU’TLYING. part. adj. [out and lie.] Not in the common
course of order. Removed from something else.
The last survey I proposed of the four out-lying empires,
was that of the Arabians. Temple.
We have taken all the out-lying parts of the Spanish mo­
narchy, and made impressions upon the very heart of it. Addis.

To OUTMEA’SURE. v. a. [out and measure.] To exceed in
measure.
The present age hath attempted perpetual motions and
engines, and those revolutions might out-last the exemplary
mobility, and out-measure time itself. Brown's V. Err.

To OUTNU’MBER. v. a. [out and number.] To exceed in
number.
The ladies came in so great a body to the opera, that they
outnumbered the enemy. Addison's Spectator.

To OUTMA’RCH. v. a. [out and march.] To leave behind
in the march.
The horse out-marched the foot, which, by reason of the
heat, was not able to use great expedition. Clarend.

OU’TMOST. adj. [out and most.] Remotest from the middle.
Chaos retir'd,
As from her outmost works a broken foc. Milton.
If any man suppose that it is not reflected by the air, but
by the outmost superficial parts of the glass, there is still the
same difficulty. Newt. Opt.
The generality of men are readier to fetch a reason from
the immense distance of the starry heavens, and the out­
most walls of the world. Bentley's Sermons.

OUTPA’RISH. n. s. [out and parish.] Parish not lying with­
in the walls.
In the greater outparishes many of the poorer parishioners,
through neglect, do perish for want of some heedful eye to
overlook them. Graunt's Mort.

OUTPA’RT. n. s. [out and part.] Part remote from the cen­
ter or main body.
He is appointed to supply the bishop's jurisdiction and other
judicial offices in the outparts of his diocese. Aylisse.

To OUTPA’CE. v. a. [out and pace.] To outgo; to leave be­
hind.
Arion's speed
Could not outpace thee; or the horse Laomedon did breed.
Chapman's Iliads.

To OUTPOU’R. v. a. [out and power.] To emit; to send
forth in a strain.
He looked and saw what number, numberless
The city gates outpour'd; light arm'd troops
In coats of mail and military pride. Milt. Par. Reg.

To OUTPRI’ZE. v. a. [out and prize.] To exceed in the
value set upon it.
Either your unparagon'd mistress is dead, or
She's outprized by a trifle. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To OU’TRAGE. v. a. [outrager, Fr.] To injure violently or
contumeliously; to insult roughly and tumultuously; to en­
dangering life.
Ah heavens! that do this hideous act behold,
And heavenly virgin thus outraged see;
How can the vengeance just so long withhold! Fa. Queen.
The news put divers young bloods into such a fury, as the
English embassadors were not without peril to be outraged.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Base and insolent minds outrage men, when they have hopes
of doing it without a return. Atterbury.
This interview outrages all decency; she forgets her mo­
desty, and betrays her virtue, by giving too long an audience.
Pope's Odyssey, b. vi.

To OU’TRAGE. v. n. To commit exorbitancies.
Three or four great ones in court will outrage in apparel,
huge hose, monstrous hats, and garish colours. Ascham.

OU’TRAGE. n. s. [outrage, Fr.]
1. Open violence; tumultuous mischief.
He wrought great outrages, wasting all the country where
he went. Spenser on Ireland.
He doth himself in secret shrowd,
To fly the vengeance for his outrage due. Fa. Queen.
In that beastly fury
He has been known to commit outrage,
And cherish factions. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Uncharitably with me have you dealt,
And shamefully my hopes by you are butcher'd;
My charity is outrage. Shakesp. Rich. III.
2. This word seems to be used by Philips for mere commotion,
without any ill import, contrary to the universal use of writers.
See with what outrage from the frosty north,
The early valiant Swede draws forth his wings
In battailous array. Philips.

OUTRA’GIOUS. adj. [outrageux, French. It should, I think,
be written outrageous; but the custom seems otherwise.]
1. Violent; furious; raging; exorbitant; tumultuous; turbulent.
Under him they committed divers the most outragious vil­
lanies, that a base multitude can imagine. Sidney.
As she went her tongue did walk,
In soul reproach and terms of vile despight,
Provoking him by her outragious talk,
To heap more vengeance on that wretched wight. F. Qu.
They view'd the vast immeasurable abyss,
Outragious as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild. Milton.
When he knew his rival freed and gone,
He swells with wrath; he makes outragious moan:
He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground;
The hollow tow'r with clamours rings around. Dryden.


2. Excessive; passing reason or decency.
My characters of Antony and Cleopatra, though they are
favourable to them, have nothing of outragious panegyrick.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. Encrmous; atrocious.
Think not, although in writing I prefer'd
The manner of thy vile outragious crimes,
That therefore I have forg'd. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

OUTRA’GIOUSLY. adv. [from ourageous.] Violently; tumul­
tuously; furiously.
That people will have colour of employment given them,
by which they will poll and spoil so outragiously, as the very
enemy cannot do worse. Spenser on Ireland.
Let lust burn never so outragiously for the present, yet age
will in time chill those heats. South's Sermons.

OUTRA’GIOUSNESS. n. s. [from outragious.] With fury; with
violence.
Virgil, more discreet than Homer, has contented himself
with the partiality of his deities, without bringing them to
the outragiousness of blows. Dryden.

To OUTREA’CH. v. a. [out and reach.] To go beyond.
This usage is derived from so many descents of ages, that
the cause and author outreach remembrance. Carew.
Our forefathers could never dream so high a crime as par­
ricide, whereas this outreaches that fact, and exceeds the re­
gular distinctions of murder. Brown.

To OUTRI’DE. v. a. [out and ride.] To pass by riding.
This advantage age from youth hath won,
As not to be outridden, though out-run. Dryden.

OUTRI’GHT. adv. [out and right.]
1. Immediately; without delay.
When these wretches had the rope about their necks, the
first was to be pardoned, the last hanged outright. J. Bull.
2. Completely.
By degrees accomplish'd in the beast,
He neigh'd outright, and all the steed exprest. Addison.

To OUTROA’R. v. a. [out and roar.] To exceed in roaring.
O that I were
Upon the hill of Basan, to outroar
The horned herd! Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

OUTRO’DE. n. s. [out and rode.] Excursion.
He set horsemen and footmen, to the end that issuing out,
they might make outrodes upon the ways of Judea.
1 Mac. xv. 41.

To OUTROO’T. v. a. [out and root.] To extirpate; to era­
dicate.
Pernicious discord seems
Outrooted from our more than iron age;
Since none, not ev'n our kings, approach their temples
With any mark of war's destructive rage,
But sacrifice unarm'd. Rowe's Amb. Step-Mother.

To OUTRU’N. v. a. [out and run.]
1. To leave behind in running.
By giving th' house of Lancaster leave to breathe,
It will outrun you, father, in the end. Shakesp.
The expedition of my violent love
Outruns the pauser reason. Shakesp. Macbeth.
We may outrun,
By violent swiftness, that which we run at. Shakesp.
When things are come to the execution, there is no se­
crecy comparable to celerity, like the motion of a bullet in
the air, which flieth so swift as it outruns the eye. Bacon.
This advantage age from youth hath won,
As not to be out-riden, though outrun. Dryden.
2. To exceed.
We outrun the present income, as not doubting to reim­
burse ourselves out of the profits of some future project. Addis.

To OUTSAI’L. v. a. [out and sail.] To leave behind in sailing.
The word signifies a ship that outsails other ships. Broome.

To OUTSCO’RN. v. a. [out and scorn.] To bear down or con­
front by contempt; to despise; not to mind.
He strives in his little world of man t' outscorn
The to and fro conflicting wind and rain. Shakesp.

To OUTSE’L. v. a. [out and sell.]
1. To exceed in the price for which a thing is sold; to sell at a
higher rate than another.
It would soon improve to such a height, as to outsel our
neighbours, and thereby advance the proportion of our ex­
ported commodities. Temple.
2. To gain an higher price.
Her pretty action did outsel her gift,
And yet enrich'd it too. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To OUTSHI’NE. v. a. [out and shine.]
1. To emit lustre.
Witness my son, now in the shade of death;
Whose bright outshining beams thy cloudy wrath
Hath in eternal darkness folded up. Shakesp. R. III.
2. To excel in lustre.
By Shakespeare's, Johnson's, Fletcher's lines,
Our stage's lustre Rome's outshines. Denham.
Beauty and greatness are so eminently joined in your royal
highness, that it were not easy for any but a poet to deter­
mine which of them outshines the other. Dryden.
Homer does not only outshine all other poets in the variety,
but also in the novelty of his characters. Addison.
We should see such as would outshine the rebellious part
of their fellow-subjects, as much in their gallantry as in their
cause. Addison's Freeholder, No. 24.
Such accounts are a tribute due to the memory of those
only, who have outshone the rest of the world by their rank
as well as their virtues. Atterbury's Sermons.
Happy you!
Whose charms as far all other nymphs outshine,
As others gardens are excell'd by thine. Pope.

To OUTSHOO’T. v. a. [out and shoot.]
1. To exceed in shooting.
The forward youth
Will learn to outshoot you in your proper bow. Dryden.
2. To shoot beyond.
Men are resolved never to outshoot their forefathers mark;
but write one after another, and so the dance goes round in
a circle. Norris.

OUTSI’DE. n. s. [out and side.]
1. Superficies; surface; external part.
What pity that so exquisite an outside of a head should not
have one grain of sense in it. L'Estrange.
The leathern outside, boist'rous as it was,
Gave way and bent. Dryden.
2. Extreme part; part remote from the middle.
Hold an arrow in a flame for the space of ten pulses, and
when it cometh forth, those parts which were on the outsides
of the flame are blacked and turned into a coal. Bacon.
3. Superficial appearance.
You shall find his vanities forespent
Were but the outside of the Roman Brutus,
Covering discretion with a coat of folly. Shakespeare.
The ornaments of conversation, and the outside of fashion­
able manners, will come in their due time. Locke.
Created beings see nothing but our outside, and can there­
fore only frame a judgment of us from our exterior actions.
Addison's Spectator, No. 257.
4. The utmost. A barbarous use.
Two hundred load upon an acre, they reckon the outside
of what is to be laid. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. Person; external man.
Fortune forbid, my outside have not charm'd her! Shak.
Your outside promiseth as much as can be expected from
a gentleman. Bacon.
What admir'st thou, what transports thee so?
An outside? fair, no doubt, and worthy well
Thy cherishing and thy love. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
6. Outer side; part not inclosed.
I threw open the door of my chamber, and found my fa­
mily standing on the outside. Spect. No. 577

To OUTSI’T. v. a. [out and sit.] To sit beyond the time of
any thing.
He that prolongs his meals and sacrifices his time, as well
as his other conveniences, to his luxury, how quickly does
he outsit his pleasure? South.

To OUTSLEE’P. v. a. [out and sleep.] To sleep beyond.
Lovers, to bed; 'tis almost fairy time:
I fear we shall outsleep the coming morn. Shakesp.

To OUTSPEA’K. v. a. [out and speak.] To speak something
beyond; to exceed.
Rich stuffs and ornaments of houshold
I find at such proud rate, that it outspeaks
Possession of a subject. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.

To OUTSPO’RT. v. a. [out and sport.] To sport beyond.
Let's teach ourselves that honourable stop,
Not to outsport discretion. Shakesp. Othello.

To OUTSPREA’D. v. a. [out and spread.] To extend; to diffuse.
With sails outspread we fly. Pope.

To OUTSTA’ND. v. a. [out and stand.]
1. To support; to resist.
Each could demolish the other's work with ease enough,
but not a man of them tolerably defend his own; which was
sure never to outstand the first attack that was made. Woodw.
2. To stand beyond the proper time.
I have outstood my time, which is material
To th' tender of our present. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To OUTSTA’ND. v. n. To protuberate from the main body.

To OUTSTA’RE. v. a. [out and stare.] To face down; to
brow-beat; to outface with effrontery.
I would outstare the sternest eyes that look,
To win thee, lady. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
These curtain'd windows, this self-prison'd eye,
Outstares the lids of large lookt tyranny. Crashaw.

OUTSTREE’T. n. s. [out and street.] Street in the extremities
of a town.

To OUTSTRE’TCH. v. a. [out and stretch.] To extend; to
spread out.
Make him stand upon the mole-hill,
That caught at mountains with out-stretched arms. Sbakesp.


Out-stretch'd he lay, on the cold ground, and oft
Curs'd his creation. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
A mountain, at whose verdant feet
A spacious plain, out-stretch'd in circuit wide
Lay pleasant. Milt. Par. Reg. b. iii.
Does Theseus burn?
And must not she with out-stretch'd arms receive him?
And with an equal ardour meet his vows? Smith.

To OU’TSTRIP. v. a. [This word Skinner derives from out and
spritzen, to spout, German. I know not whether it might
not have been originally out-trip, the s being afterward in­
serted.] To outgo; to leave behind.
If thou wilt out-strip death, go cross the seas,
And live with Richmond from the reach of hell. Shak.
Do not smile at me, that I boast her off;
For thou shalt find, she will out-strip all praise,
And make it halt behind her. Shakesp. Tempest.
Thou both their graces in thyself hast more
Out-stript, than they did all that went before. B. Johnson.
My soul, more earnestly releas'd,
Will out-strip hers; as bullets flown before
A latter bullet may o'ertake, the powder being more. Donne.
A fox may be out-witted, and a hare out-stript. L'Estran.
He got the start of them in point of obedience, and
thereby out-stript them at length in point of knowledge. South.
With such array Harpalice bestrode
Her Thracian courser, and out-strip'd the rapid flood. Dryd.

To OU’T-SWEETEN. v. a. [out and sweeten.] To excel in
sweetness.
The leaf of eglantine, which not to slander,
Out-sweeten'd not thy breath. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To OUTSWEA’R. v. a. [out and swear.] To over-power by
swearing.
We shall have old swearing,
But we'll out-face them, and out-swear them too. Shakesp.

To OUT-TO’NGUE. v. a. [out and tongue.] To bear down by
noise.
Let him do his spite:
My services which I have done the signory,
Shall out-tongue his complaints. Shakesp. Othello.

To OUTTA’LK. v. a. [out and talk.] To over-power by talk.
This gentleman will out-talk us all. Shakespeare.

To OUT-VA’LUE. v. a. [out and value.] To transcend in price.
He gives us in this life an earnest of expected joys, that
out-values and transcends all those momentary pleasures it
requires us to forsake. Boyle.

To OUTVE’NOM. v. a. [out and venom.] To exceed in poison.
'Tis slander;
Whose edge is sharper than the sword, whose tongue
Out-venoms all the worms of Nile. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To OUTVI’E. v. a. [out and vie.] To exceed; to surpass.
For folded flocks, on fruitful plains,
Fair Britain all the world outvies. Dryden.
The farmers used to make gratias to the English mer­
chants, endeavouring sometimes to out-vie one another in
such indulgencies. Addison.
One of these petty sovereigns will be still endeavouring
to equal the pomp of greater princes, as well as to out-vie
those of his own rank. Addison.

To OUT-VI’LLAIN. v. a. [out and villain.] To exceed in
villainy.
He hath out-villain'd villainy so far, that the rarity redeems
him. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

To OUTVOI’CE. v. a. [out and voice.] To out-roar; to ex­
ceed in clamour.
The English beach
Pales in the flood with men, with wives and boys,
Whose shouts and claps out-voice the deep-mouth'd sea. Sha.

To OUTVO’TE. v. a. [out and vote.] To conquer by plura­
lity of suffrages.
They were out-voted by other sects of philosophers, neither
for fame, nor number less than themselves. South.

To OUTWA’LK. [out and walk.] To leave one in walking.

OUTWA’LL. n. s. [out and wall.]
1. Outward part of a building.
2. Superficial appearance.
For confirmation that I am much more
Than my out-wall, open this purse and take
What it contains. Shakesp. K. Lear.

OU’TWARD. adj. [utweard, Saxon.]
1. External: opposed to inward.
If these shews be not outward, which of you
But is four Volscians? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Oh what may man within him hide,
Though angel on the outward side! Shakesp.
He took a low'ring leave; but who can tell
What outward hate might inward love conceal? Dryden.
2. Extrinsick; adventitious.
Princes have their titles for their glories,
An outward honour, for an inward toil. Shakesp.
Part in peace, and having mourn'd your sin
For outward Eden lost, find paradise within. Dryden.
3. Foreign, not intestine.
It was intended to raise an outward war to join with some
sedition within doors. Hayward.
4. Tending to the out-parts.
The fire will force its outward way,
Or, in the prison pent, consume the prey. Dryden.
5. [In theology.] Carnal; corporeal; not spiritual.
When the soul being inwardly moved to lift itself up by
prayer, the outward man is surprized in some other posture;
God will rather look to the inward motions of the mind,
than to the outward form of the body. Duppa.

OU’TWARD. n. s. External form.
I do not think
So fair an outward, and such stuff within,
Endows a man but him. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

OU’TWARD. adv.
1. To foreign parts. As a ship outward bound.
2. To the outer parts.

OU’TWARDLY. adv. [from outward.]
1. Externally: opposed to inwardly.
That which inwardly each man should be, the church
outwardly ought to testify. Hooker, b. v. s. 6.
Griev'd with disgrace, remaining in their fears:
However seeming outwardly content,
Yet th' inward touch their wounded honour bears. Daniel.
2. In appearance not sincerely.
Many wicked men are often touched with some inward
reverence for that goodness which they cannot be persuaded
to practise; nay, which they outwardly seem to despise. Sprat.

OU’TWARDS. adv. Towards the out-parts.
Do not black bodies conceive heat more easily from light
than those of other colours do, by reason that the light fall­
ing on them is not reflected outwards, but enters the bodies,
and is often reflected and refracted within them until it be
stifled and lost? Newton's Opticks.

To OUTWEA’R. v. a. [out and wear.] To pass tediously.
By the stream, if I the night out-wear,
Thus spent already how shall nature bear
The dews descending and nocturnal air. Pope.

To OUTWEE’D. v. a. [out and weed.] To extirpate as a
weed.
Wrath is a fire, and jealousy a weed;
The sparks soon quench, the springing weed out-weed,
Spens.

To OUTWEI’GH. v. a. [out and weigh.]
1. To exceed in gravity.
These instruments require so much strength for the sup­
porting of the weight to be moved, as may be equal unto it,
besides that other super-added power whereby it is out-weighed
and moved. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
2. To preponderate; to excel in value or influence.
If any think brave death out-weighs bad life,
Let him express his disposition. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
All your care is for your prince I see,
Your truth to him out-weighs your love to me. Dryden.
Whenever he finds the hardship of his slavery out-weigh
the value of his life, it is in his power, by resisting the will
of his master, to draw on himself the death he desires. Locke.
The marriage of the clergy is attended with the poverty
of some of them, which is balanced and out-weighed by
many single advantages. Atterbury.

To OUTWE’LL. v. a. [out and well.] To pour out.
As when old father Nilus 'gins to swell,
With timely pride about the ægyptian vale,
His fattie waves do fertile sline out-well,
And overflow each plain and lowly dale. Fa. Qucon.

To OU’TWIT. v. a. [out and wit.] To cheat; to overcome
by stratagem.
A fox may be out-witted, and a hare out-stript. L'Est.
The truer hearted any man is, the more liable he is to
be imposed on; and then the world calls it out-witting a man,
when he is only out-knaved. L'Estrange.
Nothing is more equal in justice, and indeed more na­
tural in the direct consequence of effects and causes, than
for men wickedly wise to out-wit themselves; and for such
as wrestle with providence, to trip up their own heels. South.
After the death of Crassus, Pompey found himself out­
witted by Cæsar and broke with him. Dryden.

OU’TWORK. n. s. [out and work.] The parts of a fortification
next the enemy.
Take care of our out-work, the navy royal, which are the
walls of the kingdom; and every great ship is an impregnable
fort; and our many safe and commodious ports as the re­
doubts to secure them. Bacon.
Death hath taken in the out-works,
And now assails the fort; I seel, I feel him
Gnawing my heart-strings. Denham.

OUTWO’RN. part. [from out-wear.] Consumed or destroyed
by use.
Better at home lie bed-rid, idle,
Inglorious, unemploy'd, with age out-worn. Milton.



To OUTWRE’ST. v. a. [out and wrest.] To extort by violence.
The growing anguish
Rankled so sore and fester'd inwardly,
Till that the truth thereof I did out-wrest. Fa. Queen.

OUTWROU’GHT. part. [out and wrought.]  Out-done; ex­
ceeded in efficacy.
In your violent acts,
The fall of torrents and the noise of tempests,
The boyling of Carybdis, the sea's wildness,
The eating force of flames, and wings of winds,
Be all out-wrought by your transcendent furies. B. Johns.

To OUTWO’RTH. v. a. [out and worth.] To excel in value.
A beggar's book
Out-worths a noble's blood. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.

To OWE. v. a. [eg aa, I owe, or I ought, Islandick.]
1. To be obliged to pay; to be indebted.
I owe you much, and, like a witless youth,
That which I owe is lost. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
Let none seek needless causes to approve
The faith they owe. Milt. Par. Lost, b. ix.
All your parts of pious duty done,
You owe your Ormond nothing but a son. Dryden.
Thou hast deserv'd more love than I can show,
But 'tis thy fate to give, and mine to owe. Dryden.
If, upon the general balance of trade, English merchants
owe to foreigners one hundred thousand pounds, if commo­
dities do not, our money must go out to pay it. Locke.
2. To be obliged to ascribe; to be obliged for.
By me upheld, that he may know how frail
His fall'n condition is, and to me owe
All his deliv'rance, and to none but me. Milton.
3. To have from any thing as the consequence of a cause.
O deem thy fall not ow'd to man's decree,
Jove hated Greece, and punish'd Greece in thee. Pope.
4. To possess; to be the right owner of. For owe, which is, in
this sense, obsolete, we now use own.
Thou dost here usurp
The name thou ow'st not, and hast put thyself
Upon this island as a spy. Shakesp. Tempest.
Fate, shew thy force; ourselves we do not owe;
What is decreed must be; and be this so. Shakesp.
Not poppy nor mandragora,
Nor all the drowsy sirups of the world,
Shall ever med'cine thee to that sweet sleep
Which thou owed'st yesterday. Shakesp. Othello.
If any happy eye
This roving wanton shall descry,
Let the finder surely know
Mine is the wag; 'tis I that owe
The winged wand'rer. Crashaw.
5. A practice has long prevailed among writers, to use owing,
the active participle of owe, in a passive sense, for owed or
due. Of this impropriety Bolinbroke was aware, and, having
no quick sense of the force of English words, has used due,
in the sense of consequence or imputation, which by other
writers is only used of debt. We say, the money is due to
me; Bolinbroke says, the effect is due to the cause.
6. Consequential.
This was owing to an indifference to the pleasures of life,
and an aversion to the pomps of it. Atterbury.
7. Due as a debt.
You are both too bold;
I'll teach you all what's owing to your queen. Dryden.
The debt, owing from one country to the other, cannot
be paid without real effects sent thither to that value. Locke.
8. Imputable to, as an agent.
If we estimate things, what in them is owing to nature,
and what to labour, we shall find in most of them 99/100 to
be on the account of labour. Locke.
The custom of particular impeachments was not limited
any more than that of struggles between nobles and com­
mons, the ruin of Greece was owing to the former, as that
of Rome was to the latter. Swift.

OWL. n. s. [ule, Saxon; hulote, French and Scottish.] A
bird that flies about in the night and catches mice.

O’WLET. n. s. [ule, Saxon; hulote, French and Scottish.] A
bird that flies about in the night and catches mice.
Adder's fork, and blind worm's sting,
Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing
For a charm. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Return to her!
No! rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse
To be a comrade with the wolf and owl. Shakesp.
'Twas when the dog-star's unpropitious ray
Smote ev'ry brain, and wither'd every bay;
Sick was the sun, the owl forsook his bow'r. Dunciad.

O’WLER. n. s. One who carries contraband goods. Perhaps
from the necessity of carrying on an illicit trade by night.
By running goods, these graceless owlers gain. Swift.
We understand by some owlers, old people die in France.
Tatler, No. 56.


OWN

OWN. n. s. [agen, Saxon; eygen, Dutch.]
1. This is a word of no other use than as it is added to the
possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, our, your, their. It seems
to be a substantive; as, my own, my peculiar: but is, in
reality, the participle passive of the verb owe, in the parti­
ciple owen or own: my own; the thing owned by, or belong­
ing to me.
Inachus in his cave alone,
Wept not another's losses, but his own. Dryden.
2. It is added generally by way of emphasis or corroboration.
I yet never was forsworn,
Scarcely have coveted what was my own. Shakesp.
Every nation made gods of their own, and put them in
high places. 2 Kings xvii. 29.
For my own share one beauty I design,
Engage your honours that she shall be mine. Dryden.
It is conceit rather than understanding, if it must be un­
der the restraint of receiving and holding opinions by the
authority of any thing but their own perceived evidence. Locke.
Will she thy linen wash, or hosen darn,
And knit thee gloves made of her own spun yarn. Gay.
Passion and pride were to her soul unknown,
Convinc'd that virtue only is our own. Pope.
3. Sometimes it is added to note opposition or contradistinction;
domestick; not foreign; mine, his, or yours; not another's.
These toils abroad, these tumults with his own,
Fell in the revolution of one year. Daniel.
There's nothing sillier than a crafty knave out-witted, and
beaten at his own play. L'Estrange.

To OWN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To acknowledge; to avow for one's own.
When you come, find me out,
And own me for your son. Dryden's Cleomenes.
2. To possess; to claim; to hold by right.
Tell me, ye Trojans, for that name you own;
Nor is your course upon our coasts unknown. Dryden.
Others on earth o'er human race preside,
Of these the chief, the care of nations own,
And guard with arms divine the British throne. Pope.
3. To avow.
I'll venture out alone,
Since you, fair princess, my protection own. Dryden.
4. To confess; not to deny.
Make this truth so evident, that those who are unwilling
to own it may yet be ashamed to deny it. Tillotson.
Others will own their weakness of understanding. Locke.

OW’NERSHIP. n. s. [from owner.] Property; rightful possession.
In a real action, the proximate cause is the property or
ownership of the thing in controversy. Ayliffe's Par.

O’WNER. n. s. [from own.] One to whom any thing belongs;
master; rightful possessor.
A bark
Stays but till her owner comes aboard. Shakesp.
Is it not enough to break into my garden,
Climbing my walls in spight of me the owner,
But thou wilt brave me. Shakesp.
Here shew favour, because it happeneth that the owner
hath incurred the forfeiture of eight years profit of his lands,
before he cometh to the knowledge of the process against
him. Bacon.
They intend advantage of my labours,
With no small profit daily to my owners. Milton.
These wait the owners last despair,
And what's permitted to the flames invade. Dryden.
A freehold, though but in ice and snow, will make the
owner pleased in the possession, and stout in the defence of it.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 1.
That small muscle draws the nose upwards, when it ex­
presses the contempt which the owner of it has upon seeing
any thing he does not like. Addison's Spectator.
Victory hath not made us insolent, nor have we taken
advantage to gain any thing beyond the honour of restoring
every one's right to their just owners. Atterbury.
What is this wit, which must our cares employ?
The owner's wife, that other men enjoy. Pope.

OWRE. n. s. [urus jubatus, Lat.] A beast. Ainsworth.


OX

OX. n. s. plur. OXEN. [oxa, Saxon; oxe, Danish.]
1. The general name for black cattle.
The black ox hath not trod on his foot. Camden.
Sheep run not half so tim'rous from the wolf,
Or horse or oxen from the leopard,
As you fly from your oft-subdued slaves. Shakesp.
I saw the river Clitumnus, celebrated by the poets for
making cattle white that drink of it. The inhabitants of
that country have still the same opinion, and have a great
many oxen of a whitish colour to confirm them in it. Addis.
2. A castrated bull.
The horns of oxen and cows are larger than the bulls;
which is caused by abundance of moisture. Bacon.
Although there be naturally more males than females,
yet artificially, that is, by making geldings, oxen and wea­
thers, there are fewer. Graunt.
The field is spacious I design to sow,
With oxen far unfit to draw the plough. Dryden.


The frowning bull
And ox half-rais'd. Thomson's Summer.

OXBA’NE. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

O’XEYE. n. s. [Buphthalmus.] The whole face of the plant is
like tansy; the flowers are radiated, and the most part pro­
duced simply; the flowers of the disk are separated with an
imbricated little leaf. Miller.

OXG’ANG of Land. n. s. Twenty acres. Ainswortb.

OXHE’AL. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

O’XFLY. n. s. [ox and fly.] A fly of a particular kind.

OXLI’P. n. s. The same with cowslip; a vernal flower.
A bank whereon the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlip and the nodding violet grows. Shakesp.

OXSTA’LL. n. s. [ox and stall.] A stand for oxen.

O’XTONGUE. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

O’XYCRATE. n. s. [??a??, oxycrat, Fr. ??? and e???.]
A mixture of water and vinegar.
Apply a mixture of the same powder, with a compress
prest out of oxycrate, and a suitable bandage. Wiseman.

O’XYMEL. n. s. [???e??, ???, and ?e??.] A mixture of vi­
negar and honey.
In fevers, the aliments prescribed by Hippocrates, were
ptisans and decoctions of some vegetables, with oxymel or
the mixture of honey and vinegar. Arbuthnot.

OXYMO’RON. n. s. [???????.] A rhetorical figure, in which
an epithet of a quite contrary signification is added to any
word. Dict.

OXY’RRHODINE. n. s. [???d????, ?? and ?d??.] A mix­
ture of two parts of oil of roses with one of vinegar of roses.
The spirits, opiates, and cool things, readily compose
oxyrrhodines. Floyer on the Humours.


OYE

O’YER. n. s. [oyer, old French, to hear.] A court of oyer and
terminer, is a judicature where causes are heard and deter­
mined.

OYE’S. n. s. [oyez, hear ye, French.] Is the introduction to
any proclamation or advertisement given by the publick criers
both in England and Scotland. It is thrice repeated.
Fairies, black, grey, green, and white,
Attend your office and your quality.
Crier hobgoblin make the fairy O yes. Shakesp.
O yes! if any happy eye
This roving wanton shall descry;
Let the finder surely know
Mine is the wag. Crashaw.

OY’LETHOLE. n. s. See OYLET. [It may be written oylet,
from oeillet, French; but eylet seems better.]
Distinguish'd slashes deck the great,
As each excels in birth or state;
His oyletholes are more and ampler,
The king's own body was a samplar. Prior.

O’YSTER. n. s. [oester, Dutch; huitre, Fr.:] A bivalve testa­
ceous fish.
I will not lend thee a penny—
—Why then the world's mine oyster which
I with sword will open. Shakesp. Merr. W. of Wind.
Rich honesty dwells like your miser, sir, in a poor house;
as your pearl in your foul oyster. Shakesp.
Another mass held a kind of oyster shell, and other bivalves.
Woodward on Fossils.
There may be as many ranks of beings in the invisible
world superior to us, as we are superior to all the ranks of
being in this visible world; though we descend below the
oyster to the least animated atoms discovered by microscopes.
Watts's Improv. of the Mind.
Where oyster tubs in rows
Are rang'd beside the posts, there stay thy haste. Gay.

O’YSTERWENCH. n. s. [oyster and wench, or woman.] A
woman whose business is to fell oysters.

O’YSTERWOMAN. n. s. [oyster and wench, or woman.] A
woman whose business is to fell oysters.
Proverbially. A low woman.
Off goes his bonnet to an oysterwench. Shakesp.
The oysterwomen lock'd their fish up,
And trudg'd away to cry no bishop. Hudibras.


OZO

OZæ’NA. n. s. [?a??a, from ??; ozene, Fr.] An ulcer in
the inside of the nostrils that gives an ill stench. Quincy.






P

P Is a labial consonant, formed by a slight compression of
the anterior part of the lips; as, pull, pelt. It is con­
founded by the Germans and Welsh with b: it has an
uniform sound: it is sometimes mute before t; as, ac­
compt, receipt; but the mute p is in modern orthogra­
phy commonly omitted.

PA’BULAR. adj. [pabulun, Lat.] Affording aliment or pro­
vender.

PABULA’TION. n. s. [pabulum, Lat.] The act of feeding or
procuring provender.

PA’BULOUS. adj. [pabulum, Lat.] Alimental; affording ali­
ment.
We doubt the air is the pabulous supply of fire, much less
that flame is properly air kindled. Brown's Vulgar Err.

PAC

PACE. n. s. [pas, French.]
1. Step; single movement in walking.
Behind her death,
Close following pace for pace, not mounted yet
On his pale horse. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. Gait; manner of walk.
He himself went but a kind of languishing pace, with his
eyes sometimes cast up to heaven, as though his fancies
strove to mount higher. Sidney.
He saw Menalcas come with heavy pace;
Wet were his eyes, and chearless was his face. Addison.
3. Degree of celerity. To keep pace, is not to be left behind.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to-day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusky death. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Bring me word
How the world goes, that to the pace of it
I may spur on my journey. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
His teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness; that his
brothers, under the same training, might hold pace with him.
Wotton's Buckingham.
The beggar sings ev'n when he sees the place,
Beset with thieves, and never mends his pace. Dryden.
Just as much
He mended pace upon the touch. Hudibras, p. i.
Marcia could answer thee in sighs, keep pace
With all thy woes, and count out tear for tear. Addison.
Hudibras applied his spur to one side of his horse, as not
doubting but the other would keep pace with it. Addison.
4. Step; gradation of business. A gallicism.
The first pace necessary for his majesty to make, is to fall
into confidence with Spain. Temple.
5. A measure of five feet. The quantity supposed to be mea­
sured by the foot from the place where it is taken up to that
where it is set down.
Measuring land by walking over it, they styled a double
step; i. e. the space from the elevation of one foot, to the
same foot set down again, mediated by a step of the other
foot; a pace equal to five foot; a thousand of which paces
made a mile. Holder on Time.
The violence of tempests never moves the sea above six
paces deep. Wilkin's Math. Magic.
6. A particular movement which horses are taught, though some
have it naturally, made by lifting the legs on the same side
together.
They rode, but authors having not
Determin'd whether pace or trot;
That's to say, whether tollutation,
As they do term it, or succussation. Hudibras.

To PACE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To move on slowly.
He soft arrived on the grassie plain,
And fairly paced forth with easy pain. Hubberd.
As we pac'd along
Upon the giddy sooting of the hatches,
Methought, that Gloster stumbl'd. Shakesp. R. III.
I beheld
Crispious, both in birth and manners vile,
Pacing in pomp with cloak of Tyrian dye,
Chang'd oft a day. Dryden's Juvenal.
The moon rose in the clearest sky I ever saw, by whose
solemn light I paced on slowly without interruption. Pope.
The nymph, obedient to divine command,
To seek Ulysses, pac'd along the sand. Pope.
2. To move.
Remember well, with speed so pace,
To speak of Perdita. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. [Used of horses.] To move by raising the legs on the same
side together.

To PACE. v. a.
1. To measure by steps.
Where is the horse that doth untread again
His tedious measures with th' unbated fire,
That he did pace them first. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
2. To direct to go.
If you can, pace your wisdom
In that good path that I would wish it go,
And you shall have your bosom on this wretch. Shakesp.

PA’CED. adj. [from pace.] Having a particular gait.
Revenge is sure, though sometimes slowiy pac'd;
Awake, awake, or sleeping sleep thy last. Dryden.

PA’CER. n. s. [from pace.] He that paces.

PACIFICA’TION. n. s. [pacification, Fr. from pacify.]
1. The act of making peace.
He sent forthwith to the French king his chaplain, chusing
him because he was a churchman, as best sorting with an
ambassy of pacification. Bacon's Hen. VII.
David, by an happy and seasonable pacification, was took
off from acting that bloody tragedy. South.
2. The act of appeasing or pacifying.
A world was to be saved by a pacification of wrath, through
the dignity of that sacrifice which should be offered. Hooker.

PACIFICA’TOR. n. s. [pacificateur, Fr. from pacify.] Peace-maker.
He set and kept on foot a continual treaty of peace; be­
sides he had in consideration the bearing the blessed person of
a pacificator. Bacon's Henry VII.

PA’CIFICATORY. adj. [from pacificator.] Tending to make
peace.

PACI’FICK. adj. [pacifique, Fr. pacificus, Lat.] Peace-making;
mild; gentle; appeasing.
God now in his gracious pacifick manner comes to treat
with them. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Returning, in his bill
An olive leaf he brings, pacifick sign! Milton.

PACI’FIER. n. s. [from pacify.] One who pacifies.

To PA’CIFY. v. a. [pacifier, Fr. pacifio, Lat.] To appease;
to still resentment; to quiet an angry person; to compose any
desire.
While the dog hunted in the river, he had withdrawn to
pacify with sleep his over-watched eyes. Sidney, b. ii.
Menelaus promised Ptolemy money, if he would pacify
the king. 2 Mac. iv. 45.
The most high is not pacified for sin by the multitude of
sacrifices. Ecclus xxxiv. 19.
Although in his journey he heard news of the victory, yet
he went on as far as York, to pacify and settle those countries.
Bacon's Henry VII.
O villain! to have wit at will upon all other occasions,
and not one diverting syllable now at a pinch to pacify our
mistress. L'Estrange.
Nor William's pow'r, nor Mary's charms
Could or repel, or pacify his arms. Prior.

PACK. n. s. [pack, Dutch.]
1. A large bundle of any thing tied up for carriage.
Themistocles said to the king of Persia, that speech was
like cloth of Arras, opened and put abroad, whereby the
imagery appears in figures; whereas in thoughts they lie but
as in packs. Bacon, Essays 28.
Had sly Ulysses at the sack
Of Troy, brought thee his pedlar's pack. Cleaveland.
Our knight did bear no less a pack
Of his own buttocks on his back. Hudibras, p. i.


2. A burden; a load.
I rather chose
To cross my friend in his intended drift,
Than, by concealing it, heap on your head
A pack of sorrows. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
But when they took notice how stupid a beast it was, they
loaded it with packs and burdens, and set boys upon the
back of it. L'Estrange.
3. A due number of cards.
Women to cards may be compar'd, we play
A round or two, when us'd we throw away,
Take a fresh pack. Granville.
It is wonderful to see persons of sense passing away a dozen
hours together in shuffling and dividing a pack of cards. Addis.
4. A number of hounds hunting together.
Two ghosts join their packs to hunt her o'er the plain. Dryd.
The fury fires the pack; they snuff, they vent,
And feed their hungry nostrils with the scent. Dryden.
The savage soul of game is up at once,
The pack full-opening various. Thomson's Summer.
5. A number of people confederated in any bad design or
practice.
You panderly rascals! there's a knot, a gang, a pack, a
conspiracy, against me. Shakesp. Mer. W. of Wind.
Never such a pack of knaves and villains, as they who
now governed in the parliament. Clarendon.
Bickerstaff is more a man of honour, than to be an
accomplice with a pack of rascals that walk the streets on
nights. Swift.
6. Any great number, as to quantity and pressure: as a pack
or world of troubles. Ainsworth.

To PACK. v. a. [packen, Dutch.]
1. To bind up for carriage.
A poor merchant driven on unknown land,
That had by chance pack'd up his choicest treasure
In one dear casket, and sav'd only that. Otway.
Resolv'd for sea, the slaves thy baggage pack,
Each saddled with his burden on his back. Dryden.
What we looked upon as brains, were an heap of strange
materials, packed up with wonderful art in the skull.
Addison.
2. To send in a hurry.
He cannot live, I hope, and must not die,
Till George be pack'd with post horse up to heav'n. Shakesp.
3. To sort the cards so as that the game shall be iniquitously se­
cured. It is applied to any iniquitous procurement of collusion.
Enos has
Packt cards with Cæsar, and false play'd. Shakesp.
There be that can pack cards and yet cannot play well; so
there are some that are good in canvasses and factions, that
are otherwise weak men. Bacon's Essays, No. 23.
The judge shall jobb, the bishop bite the town,
And mighty dukes pack cards for half a crown. Pope.
4. To unite picked persons in some bad design.
When they have pack'd a parliament,
Will once more try th' expedient:
Who can already muster friends,
To serve for members to our ends. Hudibras.
Brutes, called men, in full cry pack'd by the court or
country, run down in the house of commons, a deserted
horned beast of the court. Wycherly.
So many greater fools than they,
Will pack a crowded audience the third day. Southern.
The expected council was dwindling into a conventicle;
a pack'd assembly of Italian bishops, not a free convention of
fathers from all quarters. Atterbury.

To PACK. v. n.
1. To tie up goods.
The marigold, whose courtier's face
Ecchoes the sun, and doth unlace
Her at his rise, at his full stop
Packs and shuts up her gaudy shop. Cleaveland.
2. To go off in a hurry; to remove in haste.
New farmer thinketh each hour a day,
Until the old farmer be packing away. Tuss. Husb.
Rogues, hence, avaunt!
Seek shelter, pack. Shakesp. M. W. of Wind.
The wind no sooner came good, but away pack the gallies
with all the haste they could. Carew.
A thief kindled his torch at Jupiter's altar, and then robbed
the temple: as he was packing away with his sacrilegious
burden, a voice pursued him. L'Estrange.
If they had been an hundred more, they had been all sent
packing with the same answer. Stillingfleet.
Pack hence, and from the cover'd benches rise,
This is no place for you. Dryden.
Poor Stella must pack off to town,
From purling streams and fountains bubbling,
To Liffy's stinking tide at Dublin. Swift.
3. To concert bad measures; to confederate in ill; to practise
unlawful confederacy or collusion.
That this so profitable a merchandize, riseth not to a
proportionable enhauncement with other less beneficial com­
modities, they impute partly to the eastern buyers packing,
partly to the owners not venting the same. Carew.
Go pack with him. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.

PA’CKCLOATH. n. s. [pack and cloath.] A cloath in which
goods are tied up.

PA’CKER. n. s. [from pack.] One who binds up bales for
carriage.

PA’CKET. n. s. [pacquet, French.] A small pack; a mail of
letters.
In the dark
Grop'd I to find out them,
Finger'd their packet, and in fine withdrew. Shakesp.
There passed continually packets and dispatches between
the two kings. Bacon's Henry VII.
Upon your late command
To guard the passages, and search all packets,
This to the prince was intercepted. Denham.
People will wonder how the news could come, especially
if the wind be fair when the packet goes over. Swift.

To PA’CKET. v. a. [from the noun.] To bind up in parcels.
My resolution is to send you all your letters, well sealed
and packeted. Swift.

PA’CKHORSE. n. s. [pack and horse.] A horse of burden; a
horse employed in carrying goods.
Ere you were queen, ay, or your husband king,
I was a packhorse in his great affairs. Shakesp.
It is not to be expected that a man, who drudges on in a
laborious trade, should be more knowing in the variety of
things done in the world, than a packhorse who is driven con­
stantly forwards and backwards to market, should be skilled
in the geography of the country. Locke.

PA’CKSADDLE. n. s. [pack and saddle.] A saddle on which
burdens are laid.
Your beards deserve not so honourable a grave as to stuff
a butcher's cushion, or to be entombed in an asses packsaddle.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
That brave prancing courser, hath been so broken and
brought low by her, that he will patiently take the bit and
bear a packsaddle or panniers. Howel's Vocal Forest.
The bunch on a camel's back may be instead of a packsaddle
to receive the burthen. More's Antidote against Atheism.

PA’CKTHREAD. n. s. [pack and thread.] Strong thread used
in tying up parcels.
About his shelves
Remnants of packthread, and old cakes of roses
Were thinly scatter'd. Shakesp. Rom. and Juliet.
Girding of the body of the tree about with packthread,
restraineth the sap. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 419.
I can compare such productions to nothing but rich pieces
of patchwork, sewed together with packthread. Felton.
His horse is vicious, for which reason I tie him close to
his manger with a packthread. Addison's Spectator.
The cable was about as thick as packthread. Swift.

PA’CKWAX. n. s.
Several parts peculiar to brutes, are wanting in man; as the
strong aponeuroses on the sides of the neck, called packwax.
Ray on the Creation.

PACT. n. s. [pact, Fr. pactum, Latin.] A contract; a bar­
gain; a covenant.
The queen, contrary to her pact and agreement concern­
ing the marriage of her daughter, delivered her daughters out
of sanctuary unto king Richard. Bacon.

PA’CTION. n. s. [paction, Fr. pactio, Latin.] A bargain; a
covenant.
The French king sent for Matthew earl of Levenox, en­
couraging him to remove the earl of Arraine from the re­
gency of Scotland, and reverse such pactions as he had made.
Hayward.
There never could be any room for contracts or pactions,
between the supreme being and his intelligent creatures. Cheyne.

PACTI’TIOUS. n. s. [pactio, Lat.] Settled by covenant.

PAD

PAD. n. s. [from paad, Sax. whence likewise path, or paath.]
1. The road; a foot path.
We have seen this to be the discipline of the state, as
well as of the pad. L'Estrange.
The squire of the pad and the knight of the post,
Find their pains no more baulk'd, and their hopes no more
crost. Prior.
2. An easy paced horse.
Let him walk a foot with his pad in his hand; but let not
them be accounted no poets who mount and shew their horse­
manship. Dryden's Ded. to Juvenal.
A grey pad is kept in the stable with great care, out of
regard to his past services. Addison.
I would have set you on an easier pad, and relieved the wan­
dering knight with a night's lodging. Pope's Letters.
3. A robber that infests the roads on foot.
4. A low soft saddle: properly a saddle or bolster stuffed with
straw. [Pajado, Spanish, of paja, straw.


Tremellius was called scropha or sow, because he hid his
neighbour's sow under a pad, and commanded his wife to lie
thereon; he sware that he had no sow but the great sow that
lay there, pointing to the pad and the sow his wife. Camden.
We shall not need to say what lack
Of leather was upon his back;
For that was hidden under pad. Hudibras, p. i.

To PAD. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To travel gently.
2. To rob on foot.
3. To beat a way smooth and level.

PA’DAR. n. s. Grouts; coarse flower.
In the bolting and fifting of near fourteen years of such
power and favour, all that came out could not be expected
to be pure and fine meal, but must have amongst it padar and
bran in this lower age of human fragility. Wotton.

PA’DDER. n. s. [from pad.] A robber; a foot highwayman.
Spurr'd as jockies use, to break,
Or padders to secure a neck. Hud. p. iii. cant. 1.
Worse than all the clatt'ring tiles, and worse
Than thousand padders, is the poet's curse;
Rogues that in dog days cannot rhime forbear;
But without mercy read, to make you hear. Dryden.
If he advanced himself by a voluntary engaging in unjust
quarrels, he has no better pretence to honour than what a
resolute and successful padder may challenge. Collier.

To PA’DDLE. v. n. [patouiller, Fr.]
1. To row; to beat water as with oars.
As the men were paddling for their lives. L'Estrange.
Paddling ducks the standing lake desire. Gay.
2. To play in the water.
The brain has a very unpromising aspect for thinking: it
looks like an odd sort of bog for fancy to paddle in. Collier.
A wolf lapping at the head of a fountain, spyed a lamb
paddling a good way off. L'Estrange.
3. To finger.
Paddling palms, and pinching fingers,
And making practis'd smiles,
As in a looking-glass. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

PA’DDLE. n. s. [pattal, Welsh.]
1. An oar, particularly that which is used by a single rower in
a boat.
2. Any thing broad like the end of an oar.
Have a paddle upon thy weapon. Deut. xxiii. 13.

PA’DDLER. n. s. [from paddle.] One who paddles. Ains.

PA’DDOCK. n. s. [pada, Saxon; padde, Dutch.] A great frog
or toad.
Where I was wont to seek the honey bee,
Working her former rooms in waxen frame;
The grifly toad stool grown there mought I see,
And loathing paddocks lording on the same. Spenser.
The paddock, or frog paddock, breeds on the land, is
bony and big, especially the she. Walton.
The water snake whom fish and paddocks fed,
With staring scales lies poison'd. Dryden.

PA’DDOCK. n. s. [corrupted from parrack.] A small inclosure
for deer.

PADELI’ON. n. s. [pas de lion, Fr. pes leonis, Lat.] An herb. Ain.

PA’DLOCK. n. s. [padde, Dutch.] A lock hung on a staple
to hold on a link.
Let all her ways be unconfin'd;
And clap your padlock on her mind. Prior.

To PA’DLOCK. v. a. [from the noun.] To fasten with a
padlock.
Some illiterate people have padlock'd all those pens that were
to celebrate their heroes, by silencing grub-street. J. Bull.

PA’DOWPIPE. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

Pæ’AN. n. s. [from the songs sung at festivals to Apollo, be­
gining Io pæan.] A song of triumph.
O may I live to hail the glorious day,
And sing loud pæans thro' the crouded way. Roscomm.
See from each clime the learn'd their incense bring:
Hear, in all tongues consenting pæans ring. Pope.

PAG

PA’GAN. n. s. [paganisc, Saxon; paganus, Latin; from pa­
gus, a village; the villages continuing heathen after the cities
were christian.] A Heathen; one not a Christian.

PA’GAN. adj. Heathenish.
Their cloaths are after such a pagan cut too,
That sure they have worn out Christendom. Shakesp.
The secret ceremonies I conceal,
Uncouth, perhaps unlawful, to reveal;
But such they were as Pagan use requir'd. Dryden.

PA’GANISM. n. s. [paganism, Fr. from pagan.] Heathenism.
The name of popery is more odious than very paganism
amongst divers of the more simple sort. Hooker, b. iv.
Our labarum, in a state of paganism you have on a coin
of Tiberius. It stands between two other ensigns. Addis.

PAGE. n. s. [page, French.]
1. One side of the leaf of a book.
If a man could have opened one of the pages of the di­
vine counsel, and seen the event of Joseph's being sold to the
merchants, he might have dried up the young man's tears.
Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Thy name to Phœbus and the muses known,
Shall in the front of ev'ry page be shown. Dryden.
A printer divides a book into sheets, the sheets into pages,
the pages into lines, and the lines into letters. Watts.
2. [page, Fr.] A young boy attending on a great person.
The fair goddess Fortune,
Fall deep in love with thee, and her great charms
Misguide thy opposers swords!
Prosperity be thy page! Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Pages following him,
Even at the heels in golden multitudes. Shakesp.
He had two pages of honour, on either hand one. Bacon.
Where is this mankind now? who lives to age
Fit to be made Methusalem his page. Donne.
This day thou shalt my rural pages see,
For I have dress'd them both to wait on thee. Dryden.
Philip of Macedon had a page attending in his chamber, to
tell him every morning, Remember, O king, that thou art
mortal. Wake's Prep. for Death.

To PAGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mark the pages of a book.
2. To attend as a page.
Will these moss'd trees
That have out-liv'd the eagle, page thy heels
And skip when thou point'st out? Shakesp.

PA’GEANT. n. s. [Of this word the etymologists give no sa­
tisfactory account. It may perhaps be payen geant, a pagan
giant, a representation of triumph used at return from holy
wars; as we have yet the Saracen's head.]
1. A statue in a show.
2. Any show; a spectacle of entertainment.
When all our pageants of delight were plaid,
Our youth got me to play the woman's part,
And I was trim'd in madam Julia's gown. Shakesp.
I'll play my part in fortune's pageant. Shakesp.
This wide and universal theatre,
Presents more woful pageants than the scene
Wherein we play. Shakesp. As you like it.
The poets contrived the following pageant or machine for
the pope's entertainment; a huge floating mountain that was
split in the top in imitation of Parnassus. Addison.

PA’GEANT. adj. Showy; pompous; ostentatious; superficial.
Were she ambitious, she'd disdain to own
The pageant pomp of such a servile throne. Dryden.

To PA’GEANT. v. a. [from the noun.] To exhibit in show;
to represent.
With ridiculous and aukward action,
Which, slanderer, he imitation calls,
He pageants us. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.

PA’GEANTRY. n. s. [from pageant.] Pomp; show.
All these inconveniences are consequent to this dogmatizing,
supposing men in the right; but if they be in the wrong,
what a ridiculous pageantry is it to see such a philosophical
gravity set man out a solecism. Governm. of the Tongue.
Such pageantry be to the people shown;
There boast thy horse's trappings and thy own. Dryden.

PA’GINAL. n. s. [pagina, Latin.] Consisting of pages.
An expression proper into the paginal books of our times,
but not so agreeable unto volumes or rolling books, in use
among the Jews. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’GOD. n. s. [probably na Indian word.]
1. An Indian idol.
They worship idols called pagods, after such a terrible re­
presentation as we make of devils. Stillingfleet.
2. The temple of the idol.
See thronging millions to the pagod run,
And offer country, parent, wife, or son. Pope.

PAI

PAID. adj. the preterite and participle passive of pay.
This punishment pursues the unhappy maid,
And thus the purple hair is dearly paid. Dryden.

PAI’GLES. n. s. Flowers; also called cowslips. Dict.

PAIL. n. s. [paila, Spanish.] A wooden vessel in which milk
or water is commonly carried.
In the country when their wool is new shorn, they set
pails of water by in the same room, to increase the weight.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 78.
New milk that all the winter never fails,
And all the summer overslows the pails. Dryden.

PAI’LFUL. n. s. [pail and full.] The quantity that a pail will
hold.
Yond same cloud cannot chuse but fall by pailfuls. Shak.

PAILMA’IL. n. s. [This is commonly written pellmell; nor do
I know which of the too is right.] Violent; boisterous.
A stroke with a pailmail beetle upon a bowl, makes it fly
from it. Digby on the Soul.

PAIN. n. s. [peine, Fr. pin, Sax. pæna, Lat.]
1. Punishment denounced.
There the princesses determining to bathe themselves,
thought it was so priviledged a place, upon pain of death,
as no body durst presume to come thither. Sidney, b. ii.
On pain of death no person being so bold,
Or daring hardy, as to touch the list. Shakesp. Rich. III.


Interpose, on pain of my displeasure,
Betwixt your swords. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
None shall presume to fly under pain of death, with
wings of any other man's making. Addison's Guardian.
2. Penalty; punishment.
Because Eusebius hath yet said nothing, we will by way
of mulct or pain, lay it upon him. Bacon.
3. Sensation of uneasiness.
As the pains of the touch are greater than the offences of
the other senses; so likewise are the pleasures. Bacon.
Pain is perfect misery, the worst
Of evils; and excessive, overturns
All patience. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
He would believe, but yet is still in pain,
Presses the pulse, and feels the leaping vein. Dryden.
4. [In the plural.] Labour; work; toil.
Many have taken the pains to go out of Europe to reside
as friars in America. Abbot's Descrip. of the World.
One laboureth and taketh pains, and maketh haste, and is
so much the more behind. Ecclus xi. 11.
The pains they had taken, was very great. Clarend.
If philosophy be uncertain, the former will conclude it
vain; and the latter may be in danger of pronouncing the
same on their pains, who seek it, if after all their labour they
must reap the wind, mere opinion and conjecture. Glanv.
She needs no weary steps ascend,
All seems before her feet to bend;
And here, as she was born she lies,
High without taking pains to rise. Waller.
The deaf person must be discreetly treated, and by plea­
fant usage wrought upon, to take some pains at it, watching
your seasons and taking great care, that he may not hate his
task, but do it chearfully. Holder.
If health be such a blessing, it may be worth the pains to
discover the regious where it grows, and the springs that
seed it. Temple.
They called him a thousand fools for his pains. L'Estran.
Some natures the more pains a man takes to reclaim them,
the worse they are. L'Estrange, Fab. 242.
Her nimble feet refuse
Their wonted speed, and she took pains to lose. Dryden.
The fame with pains we gain, but lose with ease,
Sure some to vex, but never all to please. Pope.
A reasonable clergyman, if he will be at the pains, can
make the most ignorant man comprehend what is his duty,
and convince him that he ought to perform it. Swift.
5. Labour; task. The singular, is, in this sense, obsolete.
He soft arrived on the grassy plain,
And fairly paced forth with easy pain. Hubberd.
Tone paine in a cottage doth take,
When t'other trim bowers do make. Tusser's Husb.
When of the dew, which th' eye and ear do take,
From flow'rs abroad and bring into the brain,
She doth within both wax and honey make:
This work is hers, this is her proper pain. Davies.
When a lion shakes his dreadful mane,
And angry grows, if he that first took pain
To tame his youth, approach the haughty beast,
He bends to him, but frights away the rest. Waller.
6. Uneasiness of mind.
It bid her feel
No future pain for me; but instant wed
A lover more proportion'd to her bed. Prior.
7. The throws of child-birth.
She bowed herself and travailed; for her pains came upon
her. 1 Sam. iv. 19.

To PAIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To afflict; to torment; to make uneasy.
I am pained at my very heart, because thou hast heard,
O my soul, the sound of the trumpet. Jer. iv. 19.
She drops a doubtful word that pains his mind,
And leaves a rankling jealousy behind. Dryden.
Excess of cold as well as heat, pains us, because it is
equally destructive to that temper which is necessary to the
preservation of life. Locke.
Pleasure arose in those very parts of his leg, that just be­
fore had been so much pained by the fetter. Addison.
2. [With the reciprocal pronoun.] To labour.
Though the lord of the liberty do pain himself to yield
equal justice unto all, yet can there not but great abuses
lurk in so absolute a privilege. Spenser on Ireland.
He pained himself to raise his note. Dryden.

PA’INFUL. adj. [pain and full.]
1. Full of pain; miserable; beset with affliction.
Is there yet no other way, besides
These painful passages, how we may come
To death. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
2. Giving pain; afflictive.
Evils have been more painful to us in the prospect, than
by their actual pressure. Addison's Spectator.
I am sick of this bad world!
The day light and the sun grow painful to me. Addison.
Long abstinence may be painful to acid constitutions, by
the uneasy sensation it creates in the stomach. Arbuthnot.
3. Difficult; requiring labour.
The painful service,
The extreme dangers, and the drops of blood
Shed for my thankless country, are requited
But with that surname. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me.
Psalm lxxiii. 16.
Surat he took, and thence preventing fame,
By quick and painful marches hither came. Dryden.
Ev'n I, tho' slow to touch the painful string,
Awake from slumber, and attempt to sing. Smith.
4. Industrious; laborious.
To dress the vines new labour is requir'd,
Nor must the painful husbandman be tir'd. Dryden.
Great abilities when employed as God directs, do but
make the owners of them greater and more painful servants
to their neighbours: however, they are real blessings when
in the hands of good men. Swift.

PAINFU’LLY. adv. [from painful.]
1. With great pain or affliction.
2. Laboriously; diligently.
Such as sit in ease at home, raise a benefit out of their
hunger and thirst, that serve their prince and country pain­
fully abroad. Raleigh's Essays.
Robin red-breast painfully
Did cover them with leaves. Children in the Wood.

PAINFU’LNESS. n. s. [from painful.]
1. Affliction; sorrow; grief.
With diamond in window-glass she graved,
Erona die, and end this ugly painfulness. Sidney.
No custom can make the painfulness of a debauch easy,
or pleasing to a man; since nothing can be pleasant that is
unnatural. South's Sermons.
2. Industry; laboriousness.
Painfulness, by feeble means shall be able to gain that
which in the plenty of more forcible instruments, is through
sloth and negligence lost. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.

PAI’NIM. n. s. (payen, French.] Pagan; infidel.
The cross hath been a very ancient bearing, even before
the birth of our Saviour, among the Painims themselves.
Peacham on Blazoning.
Such dire atchievements sings the bard that tells
Of palfrey'd dames, bold knights, and magic spells;
Where whole brigades one champion's arms o'erthrow,
Slay Painims vile that force the fair. Tickel.

PAI’NIM. adj. Pagan; infidel.
Champions bold,
Defy'd the best of Painim chivalry,
To mortal combat, or carriere with lance. Milton.
The Solymean sultan he o'erthrew,
His moony troops returning bravely smear'd
With Painim blood effus'd. Philips.

PAI’NLESS. adj. [from pain.] Without pain; without trouble.
The deaths thou show'st are forc'd;
Is there no smooth descent? no painless way
Of kindly mixing with our native clay? Dryden.

PAINSTA’KER. n. s. [pains and take.] Labourer; laborious
person.
O Thomas, Thomas, hazard not thy life,
I'll prove a true painstaker day and night;
I'll spin and card, and keep our children tight. Gay.

PAINSTA’KING. adj. [pains and take.] Laborious; industrious.

To PAINT. v. a. [peindre, French.]
1. To represent by delineation and colours.
Live to be the shew and gaze o'th' time,
We'll have thee as our rarer monsters are,
Painted upon a pole. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To cover with colours representative of something.
Who fears a sentence or an old man's saw,
Shall by a painted cloth be kept in awe. Shakesp.
3. To represent by colours, appearances, or images.
Till we from an author's words paint his very thoughts in
our minds, we do not understand him. Locke.
4. To describe; to represent.
The lady is disloyal.—
—Disloyal?—
—The word is too good to paint out her wickedness. Sha.
5. To colour; to diversify.
Such is his will that paints
The earth with colours fresh,
The darkest skies with store
Of starry lights. Spenser.
6. To deck with artificial colours.
Hath not old custom made this life more sweet
Than that of painted pomp? are not these woods
More free from peril than the court? Shakesp.
Jezebeel painted her face and tired her head. 2 King ix. 30.

To PAINT. v. n. To lay colours on the face.
Such a sin to paint. Pope.



PAINT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Colours representative of any thing.
Poets are limners
To copy out ideas in the mind,
Words are the paint by which their thoughts are shown,
And nature is their object to be drawn. Granville.
The church of the annunciation looks beautiful in the in­
side, all but one corner of it being covered with statues,
gilding, and paint. Addison on Italy.
Her charms in breathing paint engage,
Her modest cheek shall warm a future age. Pope.
2. Colours laid on the face.
Together lay her pray'r book and her paint. Anon.

PAI’NTER. n. s. [peintre, Fr. from paint.] One who professes
the art of representing objects by colours.
In the placing let some care be taken how the painter did
stand in the working. Wotton's Architecture.
Beauty is only that which makes all things as they are in
their proper and perfect nature; which the best painters al­
ways chuse by contemplating the forms of each. Dryden.

PAI’NTING. n. s. [from paint.]
1. The art of representing objects by delineation and colours.
If painting be acknowledged for an art, it follows that no
arts are without their precepts. Dryden.
'Tis in life as 'tis in painting,
Much may be right, yet much be wanting. Prior.
2. Picture; the painted resemblance.
This is the very painting of your fear;
This is the air-drawn dagger which you said,
Led you to Duncan. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Painting is welcome;
The painting is almost the natural man:
For since dishonour trafficks with man's nature,
He is but outside: pencil'd figures are
Ev'n such as they give out. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
3. Colours laid on.
If any such be here
That love this painting, wherein you see me smear'd,
Let him express his disposition, Shakesp. Coriolanus.

PAI’NTURE. n. s. [peinture, French.] The art of painting.
A French word.
To the next realm she stretch'd her sway,
For painture near adjoining lay,
A plenteous province. Dryden.
The show'ry arch
With listed colours gay, or, azure, gules,
Delights and puzzles the beholders eye,
That views the watry brede with thousand shews
Of painture vary'd. Philips.

PAIR. n. s. [paire, Fr. par, Latin.]
1. Two things suiting one another, as a pair of gloves.
2. A man and wife.
O when meet now,
Such pairs in love and mutual honour join'd? Milton.
Baucis and Philemon there
Had liv'd long marry'd and a happy pair;
Now old in love. Dryden.
3. Two of a sort; a couple; a brace.
All his lovely looks, his pleasing fires,
All his sweet motions, all his taking smiles,
He does into one pair of eyes convey. Suckling.
The many pairs of nerves branching themselves to all the
parts of the body, are wonderful to behold. Ray.

To PAIR. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be joined in pairs; to couple.
Our dance, I pray;
Your hand, my Perdita; so turtles pair. Shakesp.
2. To suit; to fit as a counterpart.
Had our prince seen the hour, he had pair'd
Well with this lord; there was not a full month
Between their births. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Ethelinda!
My heart was made to fit and pair with thine,
Simple and plain, and fraught with artless tenderness. Rowe.

To PAIR. v. a.
1. To join in couples.
Minds are so hardly match'd, that ev'n the first,
Tho' pair'd by heav'n, in Paradise were curs'd. Dryden.
2. To unite as correspondent or opposite.
Turtles and doves with diff'ring hues unite,
And glossy jet is pair'd with shining white. Pope.

PAL

PA’LACE. n. s. [palais, Fr. palatium, Lat.] A royal house;
an house eminently splendid.
You forgot,
We with colours spread,
March'd thro' the city to the palace gates. Shakespeare.
Palaces and pyramids do slope
Their heads to their foundations. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The palace yard is fill'd with floating tides,
And the last comers bear the former to the sides. Dryden.
Palaces and fanes, and villas rise, Anon.
The suns bright palace on high columns rais'd,
With burning gold and flaming jewels blaz'd. Addison.
And gardens smile around. Thomson's Summer.
The old man early rose, walk'd forth and sate
On polish'd stone before his palace gate. Pope.

PALA’CIOUS. adj. [from palace.] Royal; noble; magnificent.
London encreases daily, turning of great palacious houses
into small tenements. Graunt's Bills of Mort.

PALA’NQUIN. n. s. Is a kind of covered carriage used in the
eastern countries that is supported on the shoulders of slaves,
and wherein persons of distinction are carried.

PA’LATABLE. adj. [from palate.] Gustful; pleasing to the
taste.
There is nothing so difficult as the art of making advice
agreeable. How many devices have been made use of to
render this bitter potion palatable. Addison.
They by th' alluring odour drawn in haste,
Fly to the dulcet cates, and crowding sip
Their palatable bane. Philips.

PA’LATE. n. s. [palatum, Latin.]
1. The instrument of taste.
Let their beds
Be made as soft as yours, and let their palates
Be season'd with such viands. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
These ivory feet were carved into the shape of lions;
without these their greatest dainties could not relish to their
palates. Hakewill on Providence.
Light and colours come in only by the eyes; all kind of
sounds only by the ears; the several tastes and smells by the
nose and palate. Locke.
By nerves about our palate plac'd,
She likewise judges of the taste:
Else, dismal thought! our warlike men
Might drink thick port for fine champagne. Prior.
The vulgar boil, the learned roast an egg;
Hard task to hit the palate of such guests. Pope.
2. Mental relish; intellectual taste.
It may be the palate of the soul is indisposed by listlessness
or sorrow. Taylor.
The men of nice palates could not relish Aristotle, as drest
up by the schoolmen. Baker on Learning.

PA’LATICK. adj. [from palate.] Belonging to the palate; a
roof of the mouth.
The three labials, P. B. M. are parallel to the three gin­
gival T. D. N. and to the three palatic K. G. L. Holder.

PA’LATINE. n. s. [palatin, Fr. from palatinus of palatium, Lat.]
One invested with regal rights and prerogatives.
Many of those lords, to whom our kings had granted those
petty kingdoms, did exercise jura regalia, insomuch as there
were no less than eight counties palatines in Ireland at one
time. Davies on Ireland.
These absolute palatines made barons and knights, did ex­
ercise high justice in all points within their territories. Davies.

PA’LATINE. adj. Possessing royal privileges.

PALE. adj. [pale, Fr. pallidus, Lat.]
1. Not ruddy; not fresh of colour; wan; white of look.
Look I so pale, lord Dorset, as the rest?
Ay, my good Lord; and no man in the presence;
But his red colour hath forsook his cheeks. Shakesp.
Was the hope drunk
Wherein you drest yourself; hath it slept since?
And wakes it now to look so green and pale. Shakesp.
Tell pale-hearted fear, it lies;
And sleep in spite of thunder. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Not high coloured; approaching to colourless transparency.
When the urine turns pale, the patient is in danger. Arbuth.
3. Not bright; not shining; faint of lustre; dim.
The night, methinks, is but the day-light sick,
It looks a little paler. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

To PALE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make pale.
The glow worm shews the matin to be near,
And 'gins to pale his uneffectual fire. Shakesp. Hamlet.
To teach it good and ill, disgrace or fame,
Pale it with rage, or redden it with shame. Prior.

PALE. n. s. [palus, Latin.]
1. Narrow piece of wood joined above and below to a rail,
to inclose grounds.
Get up o'th' rail, I'll peck you o'er the pales else. Shak.
As their example still prevails,
She tempts the stream, or leaps the pales. Prior.
Deer creep through when a pale tumbles down. Mortimer.
2. Any inclosure.
A ceremony, which was then judged very convenient for
the whole church even by the whole, those few excepted,
which brake out of the common pale. Hooker, b. iv. s. 13.
Let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloister's pale,
And love the high embowed roof. Milton.
He hath proposed a standing revelation, so well confirmed
by miracles, that it should be needless to recur to them for
the conviction of any man born within the pale of christianity.
Atterbury's Sermons.


Confine the thoughts to exercise the breath;
And keep them in the pale of words till death. Dunciad.
3. Any district or territory.
There is no part but the bare English pale, in which the
Irish have not the greatest footing. Spenser.
The lords justices put arms into the hands of divers noble­
men of that religion, within the pale. Clarendon.
4. The pale is the third and middle part of the scutcheon,
being derived from the chief to the base, or nether part of the
scutcheon, with two lines. Peacham.

To PALE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To inclose with pales.
The diameter of the hill of twenty foot, may be paled in
with twenty deals of a foot broad. Mort. Husb.
2. To inclose; to encompass.
Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips,
Is thine. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
The English beach
Pales in the flood with men, with wives and boys. Shak.
Will you pale your head in Henry's glory,
And rob his temples of the diadem,
Now in his life? Shakesp. Henry IV.

PA’LEEYED. adj. [pale and eye.] Having eyes dimmed.
No nightly trance, or breathed spell,
Inspires the palecy'd priest from the prophetic cell. Milton.
Shrines, where their vigils paleey'd virgins keep,
And pitying saints, whose statues learn to weep. Pope.

PALEFA’CED. adj. [pale and face.] Having the face wan.
Why have they dar'd to march
So many miles upon her peaceful bosom,
Frighting her palefac'd villages with war. Shakesp.
Let palefac'd fear keep with the mean born man,
And find no harbour in a royal heart. Shakesp.

PA’LELY. adv. [from pale.] Wanly; not freshly; not ruddily.

PA’LENESS. n. s. [from pale.]
1. Wanness; want of colour; want of freshness; sickly white­
ness of look.
Her blood durst not yet come to her face, to take away
the name of paleness from her most pure whiteness. Sidney.
The blood the virgin's cheek forsook,
A livid paleness spreads o'er all her look. Po. Ra. Lock.
2. Want of colour; want of lustre.
The paleness of this flow'r
Bewray'd the faintness of my master's heart. Shakesp.

PA’LENDAR. n. s. A kind of coasting vessel.
Solyman sent over light horsemen in great palendars, which
running all along the sea coast, carried the people and
the cattle. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

PA’LEOUS. n. s. [palea, Latin.] Husky; chaffy.
This attraction have we tried in straws and paleous bodies.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’LETTE. n. s. [palette, French.] A light board on which
a painter holds his colours when he paints.
Let the ground of the picture be of such a mixture, as
there may be something in it of every colour that composes
your work, as it were the contents of your palette. Dryden.
Ere yet thy pencil tries her nicer toils,
Or on thy palette lie the blended oils,
Thy careless chalk has half atchiev'd thy art,
And her just image makes Cleora start. Tickell.
When sage Minerva rose,
From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows,
Her skilful hand an iv'ry pallette grac'd,
Where shining colours were in order plac'd. Gay.

PA’LFREY. n. s. [palesroy, French.] A small horse fit for la­
dies: it is always distinguished in the old books from a war
horse.
Her wanton palfrey all was overspread
With tinsel trappings, woven like a wave. Fa. Queen.
The damsel is mounted on a white palfrey, as an emblem
of her innocence. Addison's Spectator, No. 99.
The smiths and armorers on palfreys ride, Dryden.

PA’LFREYED. adj. [from palfrey.] Riding on a palfrey.
Such dire atchivements sings the bard that tells,
Of palfrey'd dames, bold knights, and magick spells;
Where whole brigades one champion's arms o'erthrow,
And cleave a giant at a random blow. Tickell.

PALIFICA’TION. n. s. [palus, Latin.] The act or practice
of making ground firm with piles.
I have said nothing of palification or piling of the ground­
plot commanded by Vitruvius, when we build upon a moist
soil. Wotton.

PA’LINDROME. n. s. [pa???d???a, p???? and d?????.] A
word or sentence which is the same read backward or for­
wards: as, madam; or this sentence, Subi dura a rudibus.

PA’LINODE. n. s. [pa????d?a.] A recantation.
I, of thy excellence, have oft been told;
But now my ravisht eyes thy face behold:
Who therefore in this weeping palinod
Abhor myself, that have displeas'd my God,
In dust and ashes mourn. Sandys's Paraph. on Job.

PA’LINODY. n. s. [pa????d?a.] A recantation.
I, of thy excellence, have oft been told;
But now my ravisht eyes thy face behold:
Who therefore in this weeping palinod
Abhor myself, that have displeas'd my God,
In dust and ashes mourn. Sandys's Paraph. on Job.

PALISA’DE. n. s. [palisade, Fr. palisado, Span. from palús,
Lat.] Pales set by way of inclosure or defence.
The Trojans round the place a rampire cast,
And palisades about the trenches plac'd. Dryden.
The wood is useful for pallisadoes for fortifications, being
very hard and durable. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The city is surrounded with a strong wall, and that wall
guarded with palisades. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

PALISA’DO. n. s. [palisade, Fr. palisado, Span. from palús,
Lat.] Pales set by way of inclosure or defence.
The Trojans round the place a rampire cast,
And palisades about the trenches plac'd. Dryden.
The wood is useful for pallisadoes for fortifications, being
very hard and durable. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The city is surrounded with a strong wall, and that wall
guarded with palisades. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

To PALISA’DE. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose with pa­
lisades.

PA’LISH. adj. [from pale.] Somewhat pale.
Spirit of nitre makes with copper a palish blue; spirit of
urine a deep blue. Arbuthnot on Air.

PALL. n. s. [pallium, Latin.]
1. A cloak or mantle of state.
With princely pace,
As fair Aurora in her purple pall,
Out of the East the dawning day doth call;
So forth she comes. Fairy Queen, b. i. cant. 4.
Let gorgeous tragedy
In scepter'd pall come sweeping by. Milton.
2. The mantle of an archbishop.
An archbishop ought to be consecrated and anointed, and
after consecration he shall have the pall sent him. Ayliffe.
3. The covering thrown over the dead.
The right side of the pall old Egeus kept,
And on the left the royal Theseus wept. Dryden.

To PALL. v. a. [from the noun.] To cloak; to invest.
Come thick night
And pall thee in the dunnest smoak of hell,
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Shakesp.

To PALL. v. n. [Of this word the etymologists give no rea­
sonable account: perhaps it is only a corruption of pale, and
was applied originally to colours.] To grow vapid; to be­
come insipid.
Empty one bottle into another swiftly, lest the drink pell. Bac.
Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover,
Fades in the eye, and palls upon the sense. Addison.

To PALL. v. a.
1. To make insipid or vapid.
Reason and reflection, representing perpetually to the mind
the meanness of all sensual gratifications, blunt the edge of
his keenest desires, and pall all his enjoyments. Atterbury.
Wit, like wine, from happier climates brought,
Dash'd by these rogues, turns English common draught,
They pall Moliere's and Lopez' sprightly strain. Swift.
2. To impair spriteliness; to dispirit.
A miracle
Their joy with unexpected sorrow pall'd. Dryden.
Ungrateful man,
Base, barbarous man, the more we raise our love
The more we pall, and cool, and kill his ardour. Dryden.
3. To weaken; to impair.
For this,
I'll never sollow thy pall'd fortunes more. Shakesp.
4. To cloy.
Palled appetite is humorous, and must be gratified with
sauces rather than food. Tatler, No. 54.

PA’LLET. n. s. [paillet, in Chaucer, which was probably the
French word from paille, straw, and secondarily, a bed.]
1. A small bed; a mean bed.
Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoaky cribs,
Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee,
And husht with buzzing night flies to thy slumber;
Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great,
Under the canopies of costly state,
And lull'd with sounds of sweetest melody? Shakesp.
His secretary was laid in a pallet near him for ventilation of
his thoughts. Wotton's Buckingham.
If your stray attendance be yet lodg'd,
Or shroud within these limits, I shall know
Ere morrow wake, or the low-roosted lark
From her thatch't pallet rouse. Milton.
2. [palette, French.] A small measure, formerly used by
chirurgeons.
A surgeon drew from a patient in four days, twenty-seven
pallets, every pallet containing three ounces. Hakewill.

PALLMA’LL. n. s. [pila and malleus, Lat. pale maille, French]
A play in which the ball is struck with a mallet through an
iron ring.

PA’LLIAMENT. n. s. [pallium, Lat.] A dress; a robe.
The people of Rome,
Send thee by me their tribune,
This palliament of white and spotless hue. Shakesp.

PA’LLIARDISE. n. s. [pailliardise, Fr.] Fornication; whor­
ing. Obsolete.

To PA’LLIATE. v. a. [pallio, Lat. from pallium, a cloak;
pallier, French.]
1. To cover with excuse.
They never hide or palliate their vices, but expose them
freely to view. Swift's Advan. of Religion.


2. To extenuate; to soften by favourable representations.
The fault is to extenuate, palliate, and indulge. Dryden.
3. To cure imperfectly or temporarily, not radically; to ease,
not cure.

PALLIA’TION. n. s. [palliation, Fr. from palliate.]
1. Extenuation; alleviation; favourable representation.
I saw clearly through all the pious disguises and soft pallia­
tions of some men. King Charles.
Such bitter invectives against other mens faults, and indul­
gence or palliation of their own, shews their zeal lies in their
spleen. Government of the Tongue.
2. Imperfect or temporary, not radical cure; mitigation, not
cure.
If the just cure of a disease be full of peril, let the phy­
sician resort to palliation. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PA’LLIATIVE. adj. [palliatif, Fr. from palliate.]
1. Extenuating; favourably representative.
2. Mitigating, not removing; temporarily or partially, not ra­
dically curative.
Consumption pulmonary seldom admits of any other than
a palliative cure, and is generally incurable when hereditary.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

PA’LLIATIVE. n. s. [from palliate.] Something mitigating;
something alleviating.
It were more safe to trust to the general aversion of our
people against this coin, than apply those palliatives which
weak, perfidious, or abject politicians administer. Swift.

PA’LLID. adj. [pallidus, Latin.] Pale; not high-coloured;
not bright: pallid is seldom used of the face.
Of every sort, which in that meadow grew,
They gather'd some; the violet pallid blue. Spenser.
When from the pallid sky the sun descends. Thomson.

PALM. n. s. [palma, Latin; palmier, Fr.]
1. A tree of great variety of species; of which the branches
were worn in token of victory.
The palm-tree hath a single imbranched stalk; the leaves
are disposed in a circular form on the top, which, when they
wither or fall off, are succeeded by new onew out of the
middle of those which remain; among which sheaths or
plain twigs break forth, opening from the bottom to the top,
very full of flowers and clusters of embryos. There are
twenty-one species of this tree, of which the most remark­
able are, the greater palm or date-tree. The dwarf palm
grows in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, from whence the
leaves are sent hither and made into flag-brooms. The oily
palm is a native of Guinea and Cape Verd island, but has
been transplanted to Jamaica and Barbadoes. It grows as
high as the main mast of a ship. Miller.
Get the start of the majestick world,
And bear the palm alone. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
Go forth into the mount and fetch palm-branches.
Nch. viii. 15.
Nothing better proveth the excellency of this soil, than
the abundant growing of the palm-trees without labour of
man. This tree alone giveth unto man whatsoever his life
beggeth at nature's hand. Raleigh.
Above others who carry away the palm for excellence, is
Maurice Landgrave of Hess. Peacham of Musick.
Fruits of palm-tree, pleasantest to thirst
And hunger both. Milton's Par. Lost.
Thou youngest virgin, daughter of the skies,
Whose palms new pluck'd from Paradise,
With spreading branches more sublimely rise. Dryden.
2. Victory; triumph. [palme, Fr.]
Namur subdu'd is England's palm alone;
The rest besieg'd; but we constrain'd the town. Dryden.
3. The hand spread out; the inner part of the hand. [palma, Lat.]
By this virgin palm now kissing thine,
I will be thine. Shakespeare.
Drinks of extreme thin parts fretting, put upon the back
of your hand, will, with a little stay, pass through to the
palm, and yet taste mild to the mouth. Bacon.
Seeking my success in love to know,
I try'd th' infallible prophetick way,
A poppy-leaf upon my palm to lay. Dryden.
4. A hand, or measure of length, comprising three inches.
[palme, Fr.]
The length of a foot is a sixth part of the stature; a span
one eighth of it; a palm or hand's breadth one twenty-fourth;
a thumb's breadth or inch one seventy-second; a foresinger's
breadth one ninety-sixth. Holder on Time.
Henry VIII. of England, Francis I. of France, and Charles
V. emperor, were so provident, as scarce a palm of ground
could be gotten by either, but that the other two would set
the balance of Europe upright again. Bacon.
The same hand into a fist may close,
Which instantly a palm expanded shows. Denham.

To PALM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To conceal in the palm of the hand, as jugglers.
Palming is held soul play amongst gamesters. Dryden.
They palm'd the trick that lost the game. Prior.
2. To impose by fraud.
If not by scriptures, how can we be sure,
Reply'd the panther, what traditions pure?
For you may palm upon us new for old. Dryden.
Moll White has made the country ring with several ima­
ginary exploits palmed upon her. Addison's Spectator.
3. To handle.
Frank carves very ill, yet will palm all the meat. Prior.
4. To stroak with the hand. Ainsworth.

PA’LMER. n. s. [from palm.] A pilgrim: they who returned
from the holy land carried branches of palm.
My sceptre, for a palmer's walking staff. Shakesp.
Behold yon isle, by palmers, pilgrims trod,
Men bearded, bald, cowl'd, uncowl'd, shod, unshod. Pope.

PA’LMER. n. s. A crown encircling a deer's head.

PA’LMERWORM. n. s. [palmer and worm.] A worm covered
with hair, supposed to be so called because he wanders over
all plants.
A flesh fly, and one of those hairy worms that resemble
caterpillars and are called palmerworms, being conveyed into
one of our small receivers, the bee and the fly lay with
their bellies upward, and the worm seemed suddenly struck
dead. Boyle.

PALME’TTO. n. s. A species of the palm-tree: It grows
in the West-Indies to be a very large tree; with the leaves
the inhabitants thatch their houses. These leaves, be­
fore they are expanded, are cut and brought into England to
make womens plaited hats; and the berries of these trees
were formerly much used for buttons.
Broad o'er my head the verdant cedars wave,
And high palmettos lift their graceful shade. Thomson.

PALMI’FEROUS. adj. [palma and fero, Lat.] Bearing palms. Dict.

PA’LMIPEDE. adj. [palma and pes, Lat.] Websooted; having
the toes joined by a membrane.
It is described like fissipedes, whereas it is a palmipede or
fin-footed like swans. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. v.
Water-fowl which are palmipede, are whole footed, have
very long necks, and yet but short legs, as swans. Ray.

PA’LMISTER. n. s. [from palma.] One who deals in pal­
mistry. Dict.

PA’LMISTRY. n. s. [palma, Latin.]
1. The cheat of foretelling fortune by the lines of the palm.
We shall not query what truth there is in palmistry, or divi­
nation, from those lines of our hands of high denomination.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
Here while his canting drone-pipe scan'd,
The mystick figures of her hand,
He tipples palmistry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines. Cleaveland.
With the fond maids in palmistry he deals;
They tell the secret first which he reveals. Prior.
2. Addison uses it for the action of the hand.
Going to relieve a common beggar, he found his pocket
was picked; that being a kind of palmistry at which this ver­
min are very dextrous. Addison's Spectator.

PA’LMY. adj. [from palm.] Bearing palms.
In the most high and palmy state of Rome,
A little ere the mightiest Julius fell,
The graves stood tenantless. Shakesp. Hamlet.
She pass'd the region which Panchea join'd,
And flying, left the palmy plains behind. Dryden.

PALPABI’LITY. n. s. [from palpable.] Quality of being per­
ceivable to the touch.
He first found out palpability of colours; and by the de­
licacy of his touch, could distinguish the different vibrations
of the heterogeneous rays of light. Mart. Scriblerius.

PA’LPABLE. n. s. [palpable, Fr. palpor, Latin.]
1. Perceptible by the touch.
Art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation?
I see thee yet in form as palpable,
As this which now I draw. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Darkness must overshadow all his bounds,
Palpable darkness! and blot out three days. Milton.
2. Gross; coarse; easily detected.
That grosser kind of heathenish idolatry, whereby they
worshipped the very works of their own hands, was an ab­
surdity to reason so palpable, that the prophet David, com­
paring idols and idolaters together, maketh almost no odds
between them. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
They grant we err not in palpable manner, we are not
openly and notoriously impious. Hooker, b. v. s. 27.
He must not think to shelter himself from so palpable an
absurdity, by this impertinent distinction. Tillotson.
Having no surer guide, it was no wonder that they fell into
gross and palpable mistakes. Woodward's Nat. History.
3. Plain; easily perceptible.
That they all have so testified, I see not how we should
possibly wish a proof more palpable, than this manifestly re­
ceived and every where continued custom of reading them
publickly. Hooker, b. v. s. 22.


Since there is so much dissimilitude between cause and
effect in the more palpable phænomena, we can expect no less
between them and their invisible efficients. Glanville.

PALPA’BLENESS. n. s. [from palpable.] Quality of being pal­
pable; plainness; grossness.

PA’LPABLY. adv. [from palpable.]
1. In such a manner as to be perceived by the touch.
2. Grossly; plainly.
Clodius was acquitted by a corrupt jury, that had palpably
taken shares of money, before they gave up their verdict,
they prayed of the senate a guard, that they might do their
consciences justice. Bacon.

PALPA’TION. n. s. [palpatio, palpor, Lat.] The act of feeling.

To PA’LPITATE. v. a. [palpito, Latin; palpiter, Fr.] To
beat as the heart; to flutter; to go pit a pat.

PALPITA’TION. n. s. [palpitation, Fr. from palpitate.] Beating
or panting; that alteration in the pulse of the heart, upon frights
or any other causes, which makes it felt: for a natural
uniform pulse goes on without distinction.
The heart strikes five hundred sort of pulses in an hour;
and hunted into such continual palpitations, through anxiety
and distraction, that fain would it break. Harvey.
I knew the good company too well to feel any palpitations
at their approach. Tatler, No. 86.
Anxiety and palpitations of the heart, are a sign of weak
fibres. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Her bosom heaves
With palpitations wild. Thomson's Spring.

PA’LSGRAVE. n. s. [paltsgraff, German.] A count or earl
who has the overseeing of a prince's palace. Dict.

PA’LSICAL. adj. [from palsy.] Afflicted with the palsy; para­
lytick.

PA’LSIED. adj. [from palsy.] Diseased with a palsy.
Pall'd, thy blazed youth
Becomes assuaged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Though she breaths in a few pious peaceful souls, like a
palsied person, she scarce moves a limb. Decay of Piety.
Let not old age long stretch his palsy'd hand,
Those who give late are importun'd each day. Gay.

PA’LSY. n. s. [paralysis, Lat. thence paralysy, parasy, palasy,
palsy.] A privation of motion or sense of feeling, or both,
proceeding from some cause below the cerebellum, joined
with a coldness, softness, flaccidity, and at last wasting of
the parts. If this privation be in all the parts below the
head, except the thorax and heart, it is called a paraplegia;
if in one side only, a hemiplegia; if in some parts only of
one side, a paralysis. There is a three fold division of a
palsy; the first is a privation of motion, sensation remaining.
Secondly, a privation of sensation, motion remaining. And
lastly, a privation of both together. Quincy.
The palsy, and not fear, provokes me. Shakesp.
A palsy may as well shake an oak, as shake the delight of
conscience. South's Sermons.

To PA’LTER. v. n. [from paltron, Skinner.] To shift; to
dodge; to play tricks.
I must
To the young man send humble treaties,
And palter in the shift of lowness. Shakespeare.
Be these juggling fiends no more believ'd,
That palter with us in a double sense;
That keep the word of promise to our ear,
And break it to our hope. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter? Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.

To PA’LTER. v. a. To squander: as, he palters his fortune.
Ainsworth.

PA’LTERER. n. s. [from palter.] An unsincere dealer; a shifter.

PA’LTRINESS. n. s. [from paltry.] The state of being paltry.

PA’LTRY. adj. [poltron, French; a scoundrel; paltrocca, a low
whore, Italian.] Sorry; worthless; despicable; contemp­
tible; mean.
Then turn your forces from this paltry siege,
And stir them up against a mightier task. Shakesp.
A very dishonest paltry boy, as appears in leaving his
friend here in necessity, and denying him. Shakesp.
Whose compost is paltry and carried too late,
Such husbandry useth that many do hate. Tuss. Husb.
For knights are bound to feel no blows,
From paltry and unequal foes. Hudibras. p. iii.
It is an ill habit to squander away our wishes upon paltry
fooleries. L'Estrange, Fab. 140.
When such paltry slaves presume
To mix in treason, if the plot succeeds,
They're thrown neglected by; but if it fails,
They're sure to die like dogs. Addison's Cato.

PA’LY. adj. [from pale.] Pale. Used only in poetry.
Fain would I go to chase his paly lips,
With twenty thousand kisses. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
From camp to camp,
Fire answers fire, and through their paly flames
Each battle sees the others umber'd face. Shakesp.
The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade
To paly ashes. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
A dim gleam the paly lanthorn throws
O'er the mid pavement. Gay.

PAM. n. s. [probably from palm, victory; as trump from
triumph.] The knave of clubs.
Ev'n mighty pam that kings and queens o'erthrew,
And mow'd down armies in the sights of lu. Pope.

To PA’MPER. v. a. [pamberare, Italian.] To glut; to fill
with food; to saginate; to feed luxuriously.
It was even as two physicians should take one sick body in
hand, of which the former would minister all things meet to
purge and keep under the body, the other to pamper and
strengthen it suddenly again; whereof what is to be looked
for but a most dangerous relapse? Spenser.
You are more intemperate in your blood
Than Venus, or those pampered animals
That rage in savage sensuality. Shakesp.
They are contented as well with mean food, as those that
with the rarities of the earth do pamper their voracities. Sandys.
Praise swelled thee to a proportion ready to burst, it
brought thee to feed upon the air, and to starve thy soul,
only to pamper thy imagination. South's Sermons.
With food
Distend his chine and pamper him for sport. Dryden.
His lordship lolls within at ease,
Pamp'ring his paunch with foreign rarities. Dryden.
To pamper'd insolence devoted fall,
Prime of the flock and choicest of the shall. Pope.

PA’MPHLET. n. s. [par un filet, Fr. Whence this word is
written anciently, and by Caxton paunflet.] A small book,
properly a book sold unbound, and only stiched.
Com'st thou with deep premediated lines,
With written pamphlets studiously devis'd? Shakesp.
I put forth a slight pamphlet about the elements of architec­
ture. Wotton.
He could not, without some tax upon himself and his
ministers for the not executing the laws, look upon the bold
licence of some in printing pamphlets. Clarendon.
As when some writer in a publick cause,
His pen, to save a sinking nation draws,
While all is calm, his arguments prevail,
'Till pow'r discharging all her stormy bags,
Flutters the seeble pamphlet into rags. Swift.

To PA’MPHLET. v. n. [from the noun.] To write small books.
I put pen to paper, and something I have done, though in
a poor pamphleting way. Howel's Pre-eminence of Parliament.

PAMPHLETEE’R. n. s. [from pamphlet.] A scribbler of small
books.
THe squibs are those who in the common phrase are called
libellers, lampooners, and pamphleteers. Tatler.
With great injustice I have been pelted by pamphleteers. Swift.

PAN

To PAN. v. a. An old word denoting to close or join together.
Ainsworth.

PAN. n. s. [ponne, Saxon.]
1. A vessel broad and shallow, in which provisions are dressed
or kept.
This were but to leap out of the pan into the fire. Spenser.
The pliant brass is laid
On anvils, and of heads and limbs are made,
Pans, cans. Dryden.
2. The part of the lock of the gun that holds the powder.
Our attempts to fire the gun-powder in the pan of the pistol,
succeeded not. Boyle.
3. Any thing hollow: as, the brain pan.

PANACE’A. n. s. [panacee, Fr. pa??eta, from p? ??.] An
universal medicine.

PANACE’A. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PA’NCAKE. n. s. [pan and cake.] Thin pudding baked in the
frying-pan.
A certain knight swore by his honour they were good pan­
cakes, and swore by his honour the mustard was naught. Shak.
The flour makes a very good pancake, mixed with a little
wheat flour. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PANA’DO. n. s. [from panis, thread.] Food made by boiling
bread in water.
Their diet ought to be very sparing; gruels, panados, and
chicken broth. Wiseman's Surgery.

PANCRA’TICAL. adj. [p? and ?a?.] Excelling in all the
gymnastick exercises.
He was the most pancratical man of Greece, and, as Galen
reporteth, able to persist erect upon an oily plank, and not
to be removed by the force of three men. Brown.

PA’NCREAS. n. s. [p? and ??a?.] The pancreas or sweet
bread, is a gland of the conglomerate sort, situated be­
tween the bottom of the stomach and the vertebræ of the
loins: it lies across the abdomen, reaching from the liver to
the spleen, and is strongly tied to the peritonæum, from
which it receives its common membranes. It weighs com­
monly four or five ounces. It is about six fingers breadth
long, two broad, and one thick. Its substance is a little
soft and supple. Quincy.



PANCREA’TICK. adj. [from pancreas.] Contained in the pancreas.
In man and viviparous quadrupeds, the food moistened with
the saliva is first chewed, then swallowed into the stomach,
and so evacuated into the intestines, where being mixed with
the choler and pancreatick juice, it is further subtilized, and
easily finds its way in at the streight orisices of the lacteous
veins. Ray on the Creation.
The bile is so acrid, that nature has furnished the pancrea­
tie jutce to temper its bitterness. Arbuthnot.

PA’NCY. n. s. [corrupted, I suppose, from panacry, panacca.]
A flower: a kind of violet.
The daughters of the flood have search'd the mead
For violets pale, and cropp'd the poppy's head;
Pancies to please the sight, and cassia sweet to smell. Dryd.
The real essence of gold is as impossible for us to know,
as for a blind man to tell in what flower the colour of a
pansy is, or is not to be found, whilst he has no idea of the
colour of a pansy. Locke.

PA’NSY. n. s. [corrupted, I suppose, from panacry, panacca.]
A flower: a kind of violet.
The daughters of the flood have search'd the mead
For violets pale, and cropp'd the poppy's head;
Pancies to please the sight, and cassia sweet to smell. Dryd.
The real essence of gold is as impossible for us to know,
as for a blind man to tell in what flower the colour of a
pansy is, or is not to be found, whilst he has no idea of the
colour of a pansy. Locke.

PA’NDECT. n. s. [pandecta, Latin.]
1. A treatise that comprehends the whole of any science.
It were to be wished, that the commons would form a
pandect of their power and privileges, to be confirmed by the
entire legislative authority. Swift.
2. The digest of the civil law.

PANDE’MICK. adj. [p? and d???.] Incident to a whole
people.
Those instances bring a consumption, under the notion of
a pandemick or endemick, or rather vernacular disease to Eng­
land. Harvey on Consumptions.

PA’NDER. n. s. [This word is derived from Pandarus, the pimp
in the story of Troilus and Cressida; it was therefore originally
written pandar, till its etymology was forgotten.] A pimp;
a male bawd; a procurer.
Let him with his cap in hand,
Like a base pander, hold the chamber door
Whilst by a slave
His fairest daughter is contaminated. Shakesp. Hen. V.
If thou fear to strike, and to make me certain it is done,
thou art the pander to her dishonour, and equally to me dis­
loyal. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
If ever you prove false to one another, since I have taken
such pains to bring you together, let all pitiful goers-between
be call'd panders after my name. Shakesp. Troil and Cressida.
Camillo was his help in this, his pander,
There is a plot against my life. Shakesp. Wint. Tale.
The sons of happy Punks, the pander's heir,
Are privileged
To clap the first, and rule the theatre. Dryden.
Thou hast confess'd thyself the conscious pandar
Of that pretended passion;
A single witness infamously known,
Against two persons of unquestion'd fame. Dryden.
My obedient honesty was made
The pander to thy lust and black ambition. Rowe.

To PA’NDER. v. a. [from the noun.] To pimp; to be sub­
servient to lust or passion.
Proclaim no shame,
When the compulsive ardour gives the charge,
Since first itself as actively doth burn,
And reason panders will. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PA’NDERLY. adj. [from pander.] Pimping; pimplike.
Oh you panderly rascals! there's a conspiracy against me.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

PANDICULA’TION. n. s. [pandiculans, Lat.] The restlessness,
stretching, and uneasiness that usually accompany the cold
fits of an intermitting fever.
Windy spirits, for want of a due volatilization, produce
in the nerves a pandiculation, or oscitation, or stupor, or
cramp in the muscles. Floyer on the Humours.

PANE. n. s. [pancau, French.]
1. A square of glass.
The letters appear'd reverse thro' the pane,
But in Stella's bright eyes they were plac'd right again. Sw.
The face of Eleanor owes more to that single pane than
to all the glasses she ever consulted. Pope's Letters.
2. A piece mixed in variegated works with other pieces.
Him all repute
For his device in handsoming a suit,
To judge of lace, pink, panes, print, and plait,
Of all the court to have the best conceit. Donne.

PANEGY’RICK. n. s. [panegyrique, Fr. a??????.] An
elogy; an encomiastick piece.
The Athenians met at the sepulchres of those who were
slain at Marathon, and there made panegyricks upon them.
Stillingfleet.
That which is a satyr to other men must be a panegyrick
to your lordship. Dryden.
As he continues the exercises of these eminent virtues, he
may be one of the greatest men that our age has bred; and
leave materials for a panegyrick, not unworthy the pen of
some future Pliny. Prior.

PANEGY’RIST. n. s. [from panegyrick; panegyriste, Fr.] One
that writes praise; encomiast.
Add these few lines out of a far more ancient panegyrist in
the time of Constantine the great. Camden.

PA’NEL. n. s. [panellum, law Latin; pancau, French.]
1. A square, or piece of any matter inserted between other
bodies.
The chariot was all of cedar, save that the fore end had
panels of sapphires, set in borders of gold. Bacon.
Maximilian, his whole history is digested into twenty-four
square panels of sculpture in bas relief. Addison's Italy.
This fellow will join you together as they join wainscot;
then one of you will prove a shrunk panel, and, like green
timber, warp. Shakespeare's As you like it.
A bungler thus, who scarce the nail can hit,
With driving wrong will make the panel split. Swift.
He gave the panel to the maid. Prior.
2. [Panel, panellum, Lat. of the French, panne, id est, pellis or
paneau, a piece or pane in English.] A schedule or roll,
containing the names of such jurors, as the sheriff provides
to pass upon a trial. And empannelling a jury, is nothing
but the entering them into the sheriff's roll or book. Cowel.
Then twelve of such as are indifferent, and are returned
upon the principal panel, or the tales, are sworn to try the
same, according to evidence. Hade's Hist. of England.

PANG. n. s. [either from pain, or bang, Dutch, uneasy.]
Extreme pain; sudden paroxism of torment.
Say, that some lady
Hath for your love as great a pang of heart,
As you have for Olivia. Shakespear's Twelfth Night.
See how the pangs of death do make him grin! Shak.
Suff'rance made
Almost each pang a death. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Earth trembl'd from her entrails, as again
In pangs; and nature gave a second groan. Milt. Par. Lost.
Juno pitying her disastrous sate,
Sends Iris down, her pangs to mitigate. Denham.
My son advance
Still in new impudence, new ignorance.
Success let others teach, learn thou from me
Pangs without birth, and fruitless industry. Dryden.
I will give way
To all the pangs and fury of despair. Addison.
I saw the hoary traitor
Grin in the pangs of death, and bite the ground. Addison.
Ah! come not, write not, think not once of me,
Nor share one pang of all I felt for thee. Pope.

To PANG. v. a. [from the noun.] To torment cruelly.
If fortune divorce
It from the bearer; 'tis a suff'rance panging,
As soul and bodies parting. Shakesp.
I grieve myself
To think, when thou shalt be disedg'd by her,
Whom now thou tir'st on, how thy memory
Will then be pang'd by me. Shakespeare.

PA’NICK. adj. [from pan, groundless fears being supposed to be
sent by Pan.] Violent without cause.
The sudden stir and panical fear, when chantecleer was
carried away by reynard. Camden's Remains.
Which many respect to be but a panick terror, and men
do fear, they justly know not what. Brown's Vulgar Errors.
I left the city in a panic fright;
Lions they are in council, lambs in sight. Dryden.

PA’NNADE. n. s. The curvet of a horse. Ainswoth.

PA’NNEL. n. s. [panneel, Dutch; paneau, French.] A kind of
rustick saddle.
A pannel and wanty, pack-saddle and ped,
With line to fetch litter, and halters for hed. Tusser.
His strutting ribs on both sides show'd,
Like furrows he himself had plow'd;
For underneath the skirt of pannel,
'Twixt every two there was a channel. Hudibras.

PA’NNEL. n. s. The stomach of a hawk. Ainsworth.

PA’NNICLE. n. s. A plant.
The pannicle is a plant of the millet kind, differing from
that, by the disposition of the flowers and seeds, which, of
this, grow in a close thick spike: It is sowed in several parts
of Europe, in the fields, as corn for the sustenance of the in­
habitants; it is frequently used in particular places of Ger­
many to make bread. Miller.
September is drawn with a chearful countenance; in his
left hand a handful of millet, oats, and pannicle. Peacham.
Panick affords a soft demulent nourishment. Arbuth.

PA’NNICK. n. s. A plant.
The pannicle is a plant of the millet kind, differing from
that, by the disposition of the flowers and seeds, which, of
this, grow in a close thick spike: It is sowed in several parts
of Europe, in the fields, as corn for the sustenance of the in­
habitants; it is frequently used in particular places of Ger­
many to make bread. Miller.
September is drawn with a chearful countenance; in his
left hand a handful of millet, oats, and pannicle. Peacham.
Panick affords a soft demulent nourishment. Arbuth.

PANNI’ER. n. s. [panier, French.] A basket; a wicker vessel,
in which fruit, or other things, are carried on a horse.
The worthless brute
Turns a mill, or drags a loaded life,
Beneath two panniers, and a baker's wife. Dryden.
We have resolved to take away their whole club in a pair
of panniers, and imprison them in a cupboard. Addison.



PANO’PLY. n. s. [pa??p??a.] Complete armour.
In arms they stood
Of golden panoply, refulgent host!
Soon banded. Milton's Paradise Lost.
We had need to take the christian panoply, to put on the
whole armour of God. Ray on the Creation.

To PANT. v. n. [panteler, old French.]
1. To palpitate; to beat as the heart in sudden terror, or after
hard labour.
Yet might her piteous heart be seen to pant and quake.
Fairy Queen.
Below the bottom of the great abyss,
There where one centre reconciles all things,
The world's profound heart pants. Crashaw.
If I am to lose by sight the soft pantings, which I have al­
ways felt, when I heard your voice, pull out these eyes before
they lead me to be ungrateful. Tatler.
2. To have the breast heaving, as for want of breath.
Pluto pants for breath from out his cell,
And opens wide the grinning jaws of hell. Dryden.
3. To play with intermission.
The whisp’ring breeze
Pants on the leaves, and dies upon the trees. Pope.
4. To long; to wish earnestly.
They pant after the dust of the earth, on the head of the
poor. Amos ii. 7.
Who pants for glory, finds but short repose,
A breath revives him, and a breath o'erthrows. Pope.

PANT. n. s. [from the verb.] Palpitation; motion of the heart.
Leap thou, attire and all,
Through proof of harness, to my heart, and there
Ride on the pants triumphing. Shakespeare.

PA’NTALOON. n. s. [pantalon, French.] A man's garment
anciently worn, in which the breeches and stockings were
all of a piece. Hanmer.
The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side. Shakes.
The French we conquer'd once,
Now give us laws for pantaloons,
The length of breeches and the gathers. Hudibras.

PANTESS. n. s. The difficulty of breathing in a hawk. Ains.

PANTHE’ON. n. s. [p??te???.] A temple of all the gods.

PA’NTHER. n. s. [pa?, panthera, Lat. panthere, Fr.] A
spotted wild beast; a lynx; a pard.
An it please your majesty,
To hunt the panther and the hart with me,
With horn and hound. Shakespeare.
Pan, or the universal, is painted with a goat's face, about
his shoulders a panther's skin. Peacham.
The panther's speckled hide,
Flow'd o'er his armour with an easy pride. Pope.

PA’NTILE. n. s. A gutter tile.

PA’NTINGLY. adv. [from panting.] With palpitation.
She heav'd the name of father
Pantingly forth, as if it prest her heart. Shakespeare.

PA’NTLER. n. s. [panetier, French.] The officer in a great
family, who keeps the bread. Hanmer.
When my old wise liv'd,
She was both pantler, butler, cook. Shakespeare.
He would have made a good pantler, he would have chipped
bread well. Shakespear's Henry IV.

PA’NTOFLE. n. s. [pantoufle, French; pantofula, Italian.] A
slipper.
Melpomene has on her feet, her high cothurn or tragick
pantofles of red velvet and gold, beset with pearls. Peacham.

PA’NTOMIME. n. s. [p? and ????; pantomine, Fr.]
1. One who has the power of universal mimickry; one who
expresses his meaning by mute action; a buffoon.
Not that I think those pantomimes,
Who vary action with the times,
Are less ingenious in their art,
Than those who duly act one part. Hudibras.
2. A scene; a tale exhibited only in gesture and dumb-shew.
He put off the representation of pantomimes till late hours,
on market-days. Arbuthnot.
Exulting folly hail'd the joyful day,
And pantomime and song confirm'd her sway. Anon.

PA’NTON. n. s. A shoe contrived to recover a narrow and
hoof-bound heel. Farrier's Dict.

PA’NTRY. n. s. [paneterie, Fr. panarinm, Lat.] The room in
which provisions are reposited.
The Italian artizans distribute the kitchin, pantry, bake­
house under ground. Wotton's Architect.
What work would they make in the pantry and the larder.
L'Estrange.
He shuts himself up in the pantry with an old gipsy, once
in a twelvemonth. Addison's Spect.

PAP

PAP. n. s. [papa, Italian; pappe, Dutch; papilla, Latin.]
1. The nipple; the dug sucked.
Some were so from their source endu'd,
By great dame nature, from whose fruitful pop,
Their well-heads spring. Fairy Queen.
Out sword, and wound
The pap of Pyramus.
Ay, that left pap, where heart doth hop;
Thus die I. Shakespear's Midsummer Night's Dream.
An infant making to the paps would press,
And meets instead of milk, a falling tear. Dryden.
In weaning young creatures, the best way is never to let
them suck the paps. Ray on the Creation.
That Timothy Trim, and Jack were the same person,
was proved particularly by a mole under the left pap. Arbuth.
2. Food made for infants, with bread boiled in water.
Sleep then a little, pap content is making. Sidney
The noble soul by age grows lustier;
We must not starve, nor hope to pamper her
With woman's milk and pap unto the end. Donne.
Let the powder, after it has done boiling, be well beaten up
with fair water to the consistence of thin pap. Boyle.
3. The pulp of fruit. Ains.

PA’PA. n. s. [papp?; papa, Lat.] A fond name for father,
used in many languages.
Where there are little masters and misses in a house, bribe
them, that they may not tell tales to papa and mamma. Swift.

PAPA’CY. n. s. [papat, papauté, Fr. from papa, the pope.]
popedom; office and dignity of bishops of Rome.
Now there is ascended to the papacy a personage, that though
he loves the chair of the papacy well, yet he loveth the car­
pet above the chair. Bacon.

PA’PAL. adj. [papal, French.] Popish; belonging to the pope;
annexed to the bishoprick of Rome.
The pope released Philip from the oath, by which he
was bound to maintain the privileges of the Netherlands; this
papal indulgence hath been the cause of so many hundred
thousands slain. Raleigh.

PA’PAW. n. s. [papaya, low Lat. papaya, papayer, Fr.]
The papaw hath a simple stalk; the flowers, are male and
female in different plants: the male flowers, which are bar­
ren, are tubulous, consisting of one leaf, and expand in form
of a star: the female flowers consist of several leaves, which
expand in form of a rose, out of whose flower-cup rises the
pointal, which afterwards becomes fleshy fruit, shaped like a
cucumber or melon. Miller.
The fair papaw,
Now but a seed, preventing nature's law,
In half the circle of the hasty year,
Projects a shade, and lovely fruits does wear. Waller.

PAPA’VEROUS. adj. [papavereus, from papaver, Lat. a poppy.]
Resembling poppies.
Mandrakes afford a papaverous and unpleasant odour, whe­
ther in the leaf or apple. Brown's Vulgar Errors.

PA’PER. n. s. [papier, French; papyrus, Latin.]
1. Substance on which men write and print; made by macerating
linen rags in water, and then spreading them in thin sheets.
I have seen her unlock her closet, take forth paper. Shake.
2. Piece of paper.
'Tis as impossible to draw regular characters on a trembling
mind, as on a shaking paper. Locke on Education.
3. Single sheet printed, or written. It is used particularly of essays
or journals, or any thing printed on a sheet. [Feuille volante.]
What see you in those papers, that you lose
So much complexion? look ye how they change!
Their checks are paper. Shakespear's Hen. V.
Nothing is of more credit or request, than a petulant paper,
or scoffing verses. Ben Johnson.
They brought a paper to me to be sign'd. Dryden.
Do the prints and papers lie? Swift.

PA’PER. adj. Any thing slight or thin.
There is but a thin paper wall between great discoveries
and a perfect ignorance of them. Burnet.

To PA’PER. v. a. [from the noun.]. To register.
He makes up the file
Of all the gentry: and his own letter
Must fetch in him he papers. Shakespear's Hen. VIII.

PA’PERMAKER. n. s. [paper and make.] One who makes paper.

PA’PERMILL. n. s. [paper and mill.] A mill in which rags are
ground for paper.
Thou hast caused printing to be used; and contrary to the
king, and his dignity, thou hast built a paper-mill. Shakesp.

PAPE’SCENT. adj. Containing pap; inclinable to pap.
Demulcent, and of easy digestion, moistening and resol­
vent of the bile, are vegetable sopes; as honey, and the
juices of ripe fruits, some of the cooling, lactescent, papescent
plants; as cichory and lettuce. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PAPILIO. n s. [Lat. papillon, Fr.] A butterfly; a moth of
various colours.
Conjecture cannot estimate all the kinds of papilios, natives
of this island, to fall short of three hundred. Ray.

PAPILIONA’CEOUS. adj. [from papilio, Latin.]
The flowers of some plants are called papilionaceous by bo­
tanists, which represent something of the figure of a butterfly,
with its wings displayed: and here the petala, or flower leaves,
are always of a diform figure: they are four in number, but
joined together at the extremities; one of these is usually
larger than the rest, and is erected in the middle of the flower,


and by some called vexillum: the plants, that have this flower,
are of the leguminous kind; as pease, vetches, &c. Quincy.

PA’PILLARY. adj. [from papilla.] Having emulgent vessels,
or resemblances of paps.
Malpighi concludes, because the outward cover of the
tongue is perforated, under which lie papillary parts, that in
these the taste lieth. Derham's Physico-Theology.
The papillous inward coat of the intestines is extremely
sensible. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PA’PILLOUS. adj. [from papilla.] Having emulgent vessels,
or resemblances of paps.
Malpighi concludes, because the outward cover of the
tongue is perforated, under which lie papillary parts, that in
these the taste lieth. Derham's Physico-Theology.
The papillous inward coat of the intestines is extremely
sensible. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PAPI’ST. n. s. [papiste, Fr. papista, Latin.] One that adheres
to the communion of the pope and church of Rome.
The principal clergymen had frequent conferences with the
prince, to persuade him to change his religion, and become
a papist. Clarendon.

PAPI’STICAL. adj. [from papist.] Popish; adherent to popery.
There are some papistical practitioners among you. Whitg.

PAPI’STRY. n. s. [from papist.] Popery; the doctrine of the
Romish church.
Papistry, as a standing pool, covered and overflowed all
England. Ascham's Shcoolmaster.
A great number of parishes in England consist of rude and
ignorant men, drowned in papistry. Whitgifte.

PA’PPOUS. adj. [papposus, low Latin.] Having that soft light
down, growing out of the seeds of some plants; such as
thistles, dandelyon, hawk-weeds, which buoys them up
so in the air, that they can be blown any where about with
the wind: and, therefore, this distinguishes one kind of plants,
which is called papposa, or papposi flores. Quincy.
Another thing argumentative of providence is, that pappous
plumage growing upon the tops of some seeds, whereby
they are wafted with the wind, and by that means dissemi­
nated far and wide. Ray on the Cneation.
Dandelion, and most of the pappous kind, have long nu­
merous feathers, by which they are wafted every way. Derh.

PA’PPY. adj. [from pap.] Soft; succulent; easily divided.
These were converted into fens, where the ground, being
spungy, sucked up the water, and the loosen'd earth swell'd
into a soft and pappy substance. Burnet.
Its tender and pappy flesh cannot, at once, be fitted to be
nourished by solid diet. Ray on the Creation.

PAR

PAR. n. s. [Latin.] State of equality; equivalence; equal
value. This word is not elegantly used, except as a term of
traffick.
To estimate the par, it is necessary to know how much
silver is in the coins of the two countries, by which you
charge the bill of exchange. Locke.
My friend is the second after the treasurer; the rest of the
great officers are much upon a par. Gulliver's Travels.

PARA’BLE. adj. [parabilis, Latin.] Easily procured. Not in
use.
They were not well wishers unto parable physic, or remedies
easily acquired, who derived medicines from the phœnix.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’RABLE. n. s. [paa??; parabole, Fr.] A similitude;
a relation under which something else is figured.
Balaam took up his parable, and said. Numbers, xxiii. 7.
He spake many things in parables. Matt. xiii. 3.
What is thy fulsome parable to me?
My body is from all diseases free. Dryden.

PA’RABOLA. n. s. [Latin.]
The parabola is a conick section, arising from a cone's being
cut by a plane parallel to one of its sides, or parallel to a
plane that touches one side of the cone. Harris.
Had the velocities of the several planets been greater or less
than they are now, at the same distances from the sun, they
would not have revolved in concentrick circles as they do, but
have moved in hyperbola's or parabola's, or in ellipses, very
excentrick. Bentley's Sermons.

PARABO’LICAL. adj. [parabolique, Fr. from parable.]
1. Expressed by parable or similitude.
Such from the text descry the parabolical exposition of
Cajetan. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The whole scheme of these words is figurative, as being a
parabolical description of God's vouchsafing to the world the
invaluable blessing of the gospel, by the similitude of a king.
South's Sermons.
2. Having the nature or form of a parabola. [from parabola.]
The pellucid coat of the eye doth not lie in the same super­
ficies with the white of the eye, but riseth up a hillock above
its convexity, and is of an hyperbolical or parabolical figure.
Ray on the Creation.
The incident ray will describe, in the refracting medium,
the parabolick curve. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

PARABO’LICK. adj. [parabolique, Fr. from parable.]
1. Expressed by parable or similitude.
Such from the text descry the parabolical exposition of
Cajetan. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The whole scheme of these words is figurative, as being a
parabolical description of God's vouchsafing to the world the
invaluable blessing of the gospel, by the similitude of a king.
South's Sermons.
2. Having the nature or form of a parabola. [from parabola.]
The pellucid coat of the eye doth not lie in the same super­
ficies with the white of the eye, but riseth up a hillock above
its convexity, and is of an hyperbolical or parabolical figure.
Ray on the Creation.
The incident ray will describe, in the refracting medium,
the parabolick curve. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

PA’RABOLICALLY. adv. [from parabolical.]
1. By way of parable or similitude.
These words, notwithstanding parabolically intended, ad­
mit no literal inference. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. In the form of a parabola.

PARA’BOLISM. n. s. In algebra, the division of the terms
of an equation, by a known quantity that is involved or mul­
tiplied in the first term. Dict.

PARA’BOLOID. n. s. [paa?? and ?d.] A paraboliform
curve in geometry, whose ordinates are supposed to be in
suptriplicate, subquadruplicate, &c. ratio of their respective
abscissæ: There is another species; for if you suppose the
parameter, multiplied into the square of the abscissa, to be
equal to the cube of the ordinate; then the curve is called a
semicubical paraboloid. Harris.

PARACENTE’SIS. n. s. [paa????s??, paa?e?t??, to pierce.
paracentese, Fr.] That operation, whereby any of the ven­
ters are perforated to let out any matter; as tapping in a
tympany. Quincy.

PARACE’NTRICAL. adj. [pa and ???t??.] Deviating from
circularity.
Since the planets move in the elliptick orbits, in one of
whose foci the sun is, and, by a radius from the sun, describe
equal areas in equal times, we must find out a law for the
paracentrical motion, that may make the orbits elliptic. Cheyne.

PARACE’NTRICK. adj. [pa and ???t??.] Deviating from
circularity.
Since the planets move in the elliptick orbits, in one of
whose foci the sun is, and, by a radius from the sun, describe
equal areas in equal times, we must find out a law for the
paracentrical motion, that may make the orbits elliptic. Cheyne.

PARA’DE. n. s. [parade, Fr.]
1. Shew; ostentation.
He is not led forth as to a review, but as to a battle; nor
adorned for parade, but execution. Granville.
The rites perform'd, the parson paid,
In state returned the grand parade. Swift.
Be rich; but of your wealth make no parade,
At least, before your master's debts are paid. Swift.
2. Military order.
The cherubim stood arm'd
To their night-watches in warlike parade. Milton.
3. Place where troops draw up to do duty and mount guard.
4. Guard; posture of defence.
Accustom him to make judgment of men by their inside,
which often shews itself in little things, when they are not
in parade, and upon their guard. Locke on Education.

PA’RADIGM. n. s. [paade???a.] Example.

PARADISI’ACAL. adj. [from paradise.] Suiting paradise; making
paradise.
The antients express the situation of paradisiacal earth in re­
ference to the sea. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Such a mediocrity of heat would be so far from exalting the
earth to a more happy and paradisiacal state, that it would
turn it to a barren wilderness. Woodw. Nat. Hist.
The summer is a kind of heaven, when we wander in a
paradisiacal scene, among groves and gardens; but, at this
season, we are like our poor first parents, turned out of that
agreeable, though solitary life, and forced to look about for
more people to help to bear our labours, to get into warmer
houses, and hive together in cities. Pope.

PA’RADISE. n. s. [pa?de?s??; paradise, Fr.]
1. The blissful regions, in which the first pair was placed.
Longer in that paradise to dwell,
The law I gave to nature him forbids. Milton.
2. Any place of felicity.
What fool is not so wife,
To lose an oath to win a paradise. Shakespeare.
Consideration, like an angel, came,
And whipt th' offending Adam out of him;
Leaving his body as a paradise,
T' invelope and contain celestial spirits. Shakespeare.
If ye should lead her into a fool's paradise,
It were very gross behaviour. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Why, nature, bower the spirit of a fiend
In mortal paradise of such sweet flesh. Shakespeare.
The earth
Shall all be paradise, far happier place,
Than this of Eden, and far happier days. Milton.

PA’RADOX. n. s. [paradoxe, Fr. pa?d????.] A tenet con­
trary to received opinion; an assertion contrary to appearance;
a position in appearance absurd.
A glosse there is to colour that paradox, and make it appear
in shew not to be altogether unreasonable. Hooker.
You undergo too strict a paradox,
Striving to make an ugly deed look fair. Shakesp.
In their love of God, men can never be too affectionate:
it is as true, though it may seem a paradox, that in their
hatred of sin, men may be sometimes too passionate. Sprat.

PARADO’XICAL. adj. [from paradox.]
1. Having the nature of a paradox.
What hath been every where opinioned by all men, is more
than paradoxical to dispute. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Strange it is, how the curiosity of men, that have been
active in the instruction of beasts, among those many para­
doxical and unheard-of imitations, should not attempt to
make one speak. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These will seem strange and paradoxical to one that takes
a prospect of the world. Norris.
2. Inclined to new tenets, or notions contrary to received
opinions.

PARADO’XICALLY. adv. [from paradox.] In a paradoxical
manner; in a manner contrary to received opinions.
If their vanity of appearing singular puts them upon ad­
vancing paradoxes, and proving them as paradoxically, they
are usually laught at. Collier on Pride.



PARADOXI’CALNESS. n. s. [from paradox.] State of being
paradoxical.

PARADOXO’LOGY. n. s. [from paradox.] The use of paradoxes.
Perpend the difficulty, which obscurity, or unavoidable
paradoxology, must put upon the attempter. Brown.

PARAGO’GE. n. s. [paa???; paragoge, Fr.] A figure
whereby a letter or syllable is added at the end of a word,
without adding any thing to the sense of it. Dict.

PA’RAGON. n. s. [paragon, from parage, equality, old French;
paragone, Italian.]
1. A model; a pattern; something supremely excellent.
An angel! or, if not,
An earthly paragon. Shakespeare.
Tunis was never grac'd before with such a paragon to
their queen. Shakesp. Tempest.
2. Companion; fellow.
Alone he rode without his paragon. Spenser.

To PA’RAGON. v. a. [parangonner, French.]
1. To compare.
The picture of Pamela, in little form, he wore in a tablet,
purposing to paragon the little one with Artesia's length,
not doubting but even, in that little quantity, the excellency
of that would shine through the weakness of the other. Sidney.
I will give thee bloody teeth,
If thou with Cæsar paragon again
My man of men. Shakespeare.
Proud seat
Of Lucifer, so by allusion call'd
Of that bright star to Satan paragon'd. Milt. Par. Lost.
2. To equal.
He hath atchiev'd a maid
That paragons description and wild fame;
One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens. Shakesp.
We will wear our mortal state with her,
Catharine our queen, before the primest creature
That's paragon'd i' th' world. Shakes. Hen. VIII.

PA’RAGRAPH. n. s. [paragraphe, Fr. paa?af.] A di­
stinct part of a discourse.
Of his last paragraph, I have transcribed the most impor­
tant parts. Swift.

PARAGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from paragraph.] By paragraphs;
with distinct breaks or divisions.

PARALLA’CTICAL. adj. [from parallax.] Pertaining to a
parallax.

PARALLA’CTICK. adj. [from parallax.] Pertaining to a
parallax.

PA’RALLAX. n. s. [pa??a???.] The distance between the
true and apparent place of the sun, or any star viewed from
the surface of the earth.
By what strange parallax or optick skill
Of vision multiply'd Milton's Paradise Regained.
Light moves from the sun to us in about seven or eight
minutes time, which distance is about 70,000,000 English
miles, supposing the horizontal parallax of the sun to be about
twelve seconds. Newton's Optics.

PA’RALLEL. adj. [pa???????; parallele, Fr.]
1. Extended in the same direction, and preserving always the
same distance.
Distorting the order and theory of causes perpendicular to
their effects, he draws them aside unto things whereto they
run parallel, and their proper motions would never meet to­
gether. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Having the same tendency.
When honour runs parallel with the laws of God and our
country, it cannot be too much cherished; but when the
dictates of honour are contrary to those of religion and equity,
they are the great depravations of human nature. Addison.
3. Continuing the resemblance through many particulars; equal;
like.
The foundation principle of peripateticism is exactly pa­
rallel to an acknowledged nothing. Glanville.
I shall observe something parallel to the wooing and wed­
ding suit in the behaviour of persons of figure. Addison.
Compare the words and phrases in one place of an author,
with the same in other places of the same author, which are
generally called parallel places. Watts.

PA’RALLEL. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Lines continuing their course, and still remaining at the same
distance from each other.
Who made the spider parallels design,
Sure as De Moivre, without rule or line? Pope.
2. Lines on the globe marking the latitude.
3. Direction conformable to that of another line.
Dissentions, like small streams, are first begun,
Scarce seen they rise but gather as they run;
So lines, that from their parallel decline,
More they proceed, the more they still disjoin. Garth.
4. Resemblance; conformity continued through many particu­
lars; likeness.
Such a resemblance of all parts,
Life, death, age, fortune, nature, arts;
She lights her torch at theirs to tell,
And shew the world this parallel. Denham.
'Twixt earthly females and the moon,
All parallels exactly run. Swift's Miscel.
5. Comparison made.
The parallel holds in the gainlesness, as well as laborious­
ness of the work. Decay of Piety.
A reader cannot be more rationally entertained, than by
comparing and drawing a parallel between his own private
character, and that of other persons. Addison.
6. Any thing resembling another.
Thou ungrateful brute, if thou wouldst find thy parallel, go
to hell, which is both the region and the emblem of ingrati­
tude. South's Sermons.
For works like these, let deathless journals tell,
None but thyself can be thy parallel. Pope.

To PA’RALLEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place, so as always to keep the same direction with
another line.
The Azores having a middle situation between these conti­
nents and that vast tract of America, the needle seemeth
equally distracted by both, and diverting unto neither, doth
parallel and place itself upon the true meridian. Brown.
2. To keep in the same direction; to level.
His life is parallel'd
Ev'n with the stroke and line of his great justice. Shakesp.
3. To correspond to.
That he stretched out the north over the empty places,
seems to parallel the expression of David, he stretched out the
earth upon the waters. Burnet.
4. To be equal to; to resemble through many particulars.
In the fire, the destruction was so swift, sudden, vast and
miserable, as nothing can parallel in story. Dryden.
5. To compare.
I parallel'd more than once, our idea of sustance, with the
Indian philosopher's he-knew-not-what, which supported the
tortoise. Locke.

PARALLE’LISM. n. s. [parallelisme, Fr. from parallel.] State
of being parallel.
The parallelism and due proportionated inclination of the
axis of the earth. More's Divine Dialogues.
Speaking of the parallelism of the axis of the earth, I de­
mand, whether it be better to have the axis of the earth
steady and perpetually parallel to itself, or to have it carelessly
tumble this way and that way. Ray on the Creation.

PARALLE’LOGRAM. n. s. [pa??????? and ????a;
parallelograme, Fr.] In geometry, a right lined quadrilate­
ral figure, whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. Harris.
The experiment we made in a loadstone of a parallelelogram,
or long figure, wherein only inverting the extremes, as it
came out of the fire, we altered the poles. Brown.
We may have a clear idea of the area of a parallogram,
without knowing what relation it bears to the area of a tri­
angle. Watts's Logick.

PARALLELOGRA’MICAL. adj. [from parallelogram.] Having
the properties of a parallelogram.

PARALLELO’PIPED. n. s. [from parallelopipede, Fr.] A solid
figure contained under six parallelograms, the opposites of
which are equal and parallel; or it is a prism, whose base is
a parallelogram: it is always triple to a pyramid of the same
base and height. Harris.
Two prisms alike in shape I tied so, that their axes and
opposite sides being parallel, they composed a parallelopiped.
Newton's Optics.
Crystals that hold lead are yellowish, and of a cubic or
parallelopiped figure. Woodward.

PA’RALOGISM. n. s. [paa????s???; paralogisme, Fr.] A
false argument.
That because they have not a bladder of gall, like those we
observe in others, they have no gall at all, is a paralogism not
admittible, a fallacy that dwells not in a cloud, and needs not
the sun to scatter it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Modern writers, making the drachma less than the dena­
rius, others equal, have been deceived by a double paralogism,
in standing too nicely upon the bare words of the ancients,
without examining the things. Arbuthnot.
If a syllogism agree with the rules given for the construction
of it, it is called a true argument: if it disagree with these
rules, it is a paralogism, or false argument. Watts.

PA’RALOGY. n. s. False reasoning.
That Methuselah was the longest liver of all the posterity of
Adam, we quietly believe; but that he must needs be so, is
perhaps below parology to deny. Brown.

PA’RALYSIS. [paa??s??; paralysie, Fr.] A palsy.

PARALY’TICAL. adj. [from paralysis; paralytique, Fr.] Pal­
sied; inclined to palsy.
Nought shall it profit, that the charming fair;
Angelic, foftest work of heav'n, draws near
To the cold shaking paralytick hand,
Senseless of beauty. Prior.
If a nerve be cut, or streightly bound, that goes to any
muscle, that muscle shall immediately lose its motion; which
is the case of paralyticks. Derham.
The difficulties of breathing and swallowing, without any
tumour after long diseases, proceed commonly from a resolu­
tion or paralytical disposition of the parts. Arbuthnot.

PARALY’TICK. adj. [from paralysis; paralytique, Fr.] Pal­
sied; inclined to palsy.
Nought shall it profit, that the charming fair;
Angelic, foftest work of heav'n, draws near
To the cold shaking paralytick hand,
Senseless of beauty. Prior.
If a nerve be cut, or streightly bound, that goes to any
muscle, that muscle shall immediately lose its motion; which
is the case of paralyticks. Derham.
The difficulties of breathing and swallowing, without any
tumour after long diseases, proceed commonly from a resolu­
tion or paralytical disposition of the parts. Arbuthnot.



PARA’METER. n. s. The latus rectum of a parabola, is a third
proportional to the abscissa and any ordinate; so that the
square of the ordinate is always equal to the rectangle under
the parameter and abscissa: but, in the ellipsis and hyperbola,
it has a different proportion. Harris.

PARAMO’UNT. adj. [per and mount.]
1. Superiour; having the highest jurisdiction; as lord para­
mount, the chief of the seigniory.
Leagues within the state are ever pernicious to monarchies;
for they raise an obligation, paramount to obligation of sove­
reignty, and make the king, tanquam unus ex nobis. Bacon.
The dogmatist's opinioned assurance is paramount to argu­
ment, Glanville.
If all power be derived from Adam, by divine institution, this
is a right antecedent and paramount to all government; and
therefore the positive laws of men cannot determine that
which is itself the foundation of all law. Locke.
Mankind, seeing the apostles possessed of a power plainly
paramount to the powers of all the known beings, whether
angels or dæmons, could not question their being inspired by
God. West on the Resurrection.
2. Eminent; of the highest order.
John a Chamber was hanged upon a gibbet raised a stage
higher in the midst of a square gallows, as a traitor para­
mount; and a number of his chief accomplices were hanged
upon the lower story round him. Bacon.

PA’RAMOUNT. n. s. The chief.
In order came the grand infernal peers,
'Midst came their mighty paramount. Milton's P.L.

PA’RAMOUR. n. s. [par and amour, Fr.]
1. A lover or woer.
Upon the floor
A lovely bevy of fair ladies sat,
Courted of many a jolly paramour,
The which them did in modestwise amate,
And each one sought his lady to aggrate. Fa. Queen.
No season then for her
To wanton with the sun her lusty paramour. Milt.
2. A mistress. It is obsolete in both senses, though not inele­
gant or unmusical.
Shall I believe
That unsubstantial death is amorous,
And that the lean abhorred monster keeps
Thee here in dark to be his paramour. Shakespeare.

PA’RANYMPH. n. s. [pa and ???f; paranymphe, Fr.]
1. A brideman; one who leads the bride to her marriage.
The Timnian bride
Had not so soon prefer'd
Thy paranymph, worthless to thee compar'd,
Successor in thy bed. Milton's Agonistes.
2. One who countenances or supports another.
Sin hath got a paranymph and a sollicitor, a warrant and an
advocate. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

PARA’PEGM. n. s. [paap???a, paap??????.] A brazen
table fixed to a pillar, on which laws and proclamations were
anciently engraved: also a table set up publickly, containing
an account of the rising and setting of the stars, eclipses of
the sun and moon, the seasons of the year, &c. whence
astrologers give this name to the tables, on which they draw
figures according to their art. Philips.
Our forefathers, observing the course of the sun, and mark­
ing certain mutations to happen in his progress through the
zodiac, set them down in their parapegms, or astronomical
canons. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’RAPET. n. s. [parapet, Fr. parapetto, Italian.] A wall
breast high.
There was a wall or parapet of teeth set in our mouth to
restrain the petulancy of our words. Ben Johnson.

PARAPHIMO’SIS. n. s. [aaf???s??; paraphimose, Fr.] A
disease when the præputium cannot be drawn over the glans.

PARAPHERNA’LIA. n. s. [Lat. paraphernaux, Fr.] Goods
in the wife's disposal.

PA’RAPHRASE. n. s. [pa?fas??; paraphrase, Fr.] A loose
interpretation; an explanation in many words.
All the laws of nations were but a paraphrase upon this
standing rectitude of nature, that was ready to enlarge itself
into suitable determinations, upon all emergent objects and
occasions. South's Sermons.
In paraphrase, or translation with latitude, the author's
words are not so strictly followed as his sense, and that too
amplified, but not altered: such is Mr. Waller's translation
of Virgil's fourth æneid. Dryden.

To PA’RAPHRASE. v. a. [paraphraser, Fr. pa?fa?.] To
interpret with laxity of expression; to translate loosely.
We are put to construe and paraphrase our own words, to
free ourselves from the ignorance and malice of our adver­
saries. Stillingfleet's Def. of Dis. on Romish Idolatry.
What needs he paraphrase on what we mean,
We were at worst but wanton; he's obscene. Dryden.
Where translation is impracticable, they may paraphrase.—
But it is intolerable, that under a pretence of paraphrasing
and translating, a way should be suffered of treating authors
to a manifest disadvantage. Felton on the Classicks.

PA’RAPHRAST. n. s. [paraphraste, Fr. paafa??.] A lax
interpreter; one who explains in many words.
The fittest for publick audience are such, as following a
middle course between the rigor of literal translators and the
liberty of paraphrasts, do, with great shortness and plainess,
deliver the meaning. Hooker.
The chaldean paraphrast renders Gerah by Meath. Arbuth.

PARAPHRA’STICAL. adj. [from paraphrase.] Lax in inter­
pretation; not literal; not verbal.

PARAPHRA’STIC. adj. [from paraphrase.] Lax in inter­
pretation; not literal; not verbal.

PARAPHRENI’TIS. n. s. [pa and fe??t?; paraphrenesie, Fr.]
Paraphrenitis is an inflammation of the diaphragm. The
symptoms are a violent fever, a most exquisite pain in­
creased upon inspiration, by which it is distinguished from a
pleurify, in which the greatest pain is in expiration. Arbuth.

PA’RASANG. n. s. [parasanga, low Latin.] A Persian measure
of length.
Since the mind is not able to frame an idea of any space
without parts, instead thereof it makes use of the common
measures, which, by familiar use, in each country, have
imprinted themselves on the memory; as inches and feet, or
cubits and parasangs. Locke.

PA’RASITE. n. s. [parasite, Fr. parasita, Latin.] One that
frequents rich tables, and earns his welcome by flattery.
He is a flatterer,
A parasite, a keeper back of death,
Who gently would dissolve the bands of life,
Which false hopes linger. Shakespeare.
Most smiling, smooth, detested parasites,
Courteous destroyers, affable wolves, meek bears,
You fools of fortune. Shakespeare.
Come, you parasite, answer me
Directly to this question. Shakespeare.
Diogenes, when mice came about him, as he was eating,
said, I see, that even Diogenes nourisheth parasites. Bacon.
Thou, with trembling fear,
Or like a fawning parasite, obeyed;
Then to thyself ascrib'st the truth foretold. Milton.
The people sweat not for their king's delight,
T' enrich a pimp, or raise a parasite. Dryden.

PARASI’TICAL. adj. [parasitique, Fr. from parasite.] Flat­
tering; wheedling.
The bishop received small thanks for his parasitick presen­
tation. Hakewill on Providence.
Some parasitick preachers have dared to call those martyrs,
who died fighting against me. King Charles.

PARASI’TICK. adj. [parasitique, Fr. from parasite.] Flat­
tering; wheedling.
The bishop received small thanks for his parasitick presen­
tation. Hakewill on Providence.
Some parasitick preachers have dared to call those martyrs,
who died fighting against me. King Charles.

PA’RASOL. n. s. A small sort of canopy or umbrello carried
over the head, to shelter from rain and the heat of the sun.
Dict.

PARASYNA’XIS. n. s. In the civil law, a conventicle or un­
lawful meeting. Dict.

To PA’RBOIL. v. a. [parbouiller, French.] To half boil;
to boil in part.
Parboil two large capons upon a soft fire, by the space of
an hour, till, in effects, all the blood be gone. Bacon.
From the sea into the ship we turn,
Like parboil'd wretches, on the coals to burn. Donne.
Like the scum, starved men did draw,
From parboil'd shoes and boots. Donne.

To PARBREAK. v. n. [brecker, Dutch.] To vomit.

PA’RBREAK. n. s. [from the verb.] Vomit.
Her filthy parbreak all the place defiled has. Fa. Queen.

PA’RCEL. n. s. parcelle, French; particula, Latin.]
1. A small bundle.
2. A part of the whole taken separately.
Women, Silvius, had they mark'd him
In parcels, as I did, would have gone near
To fall in love with him. Shakespeare.
I drew from her a prayer of earnest heart,
That I would all my pilgrimage dilate;
Whereof by parcels she had something heard,
But not distinctively. Shakespear's Othello.
An inventory thus importing,
The several parcels of his plate, his treasure,
Rich stuffs and ornaments of houshold. Shakespeare.
I have known pensions given to particular persons, any one
of which, if divided into smaller parcels, and distributed to
those, who distinguish themselves by wit or learning, would
answer the end. Swift.
The same experiments succeed on two parcels of the white
of an egg, only it grows somewhat thicker upon mixing with
an acid. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. A quantity or mass.
What can be rationally conceived in so transparent a sub­
stance as water for the production of these colours besides
the various sizes of its fluid and globular parcels. Newton.
4. A number of persons, in contempt.
This youthful parcel
Of noble batchelors stand at my bestowing. Shakesp.


5. Any number or quantity in contempt.
They came to this conclusion; that, unless they could, by
a parcel of fair words and pretences, engage them into a con­
federacy, there was no good to be done. L'Estrange.

To PARCEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To divide into portions.
If they allot and parcel out several perfections to several
deities, do they not, by this, assert contradictions, making
deity only to such a measure perfect; whereas a deity implies
perfection beyond all measure. South's Sermons.
Those ghostly kings would parcel out my pow'r,
And all the fatness of my land devour. Dryden.
2. To make up into a mass.
What a wounding shame,
That mine own servant should
Parcel the sum of my disgraces by
Addition of his envy! Shakesp.

PARCENER. n. s. [In common law.] When one dies possessed
of an estate, and having issue only daughters, or his sisters be
his heirs; so that the lands descend to those daughters or
sisters: these are called parceners, and are but as one heir. Dict.

PARCE’NERY. n. s. [from parsonier, French.] A holding or occu­
pying of land by more persons pro indiviso, or by joint tenants,
otherwise called coparceners: for if they refuse to divide their
common inheritance, and chuse rather to hold it jointly, they
are said to hold in parcinarie. Cowel.

To PARCH. v. a. [from pe?a?e??, says Junius; from percoquo,
says Skinner; neither of them seem satisfied with their con­
jecture: perhaps from perustus, burnt, to perust, to parch;
perhaps from parchment, the effect of fire upon parchment
being almost proverbial.] To burn slightly and superficially;
to scorch; to dry up.
Hath thy fiery heart so parcht thine entrails,
That not a tear can fall. Shakesp.
Did he so often lodge in open field
In winter's cold, and summer's parching heat,
To conquer France. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Torrid heat,
And vapours as the Libyan air adust,
Began to parch that temperate clime. Milt. Par. Lost.
I'm stupify'd with sorrow, past relief
Of tears; parch'd up and wither'd with my grief. Dryd.
Without this circular motion of our earth, one hemisphere
would be condemned to perpetual cold and darkness, the other
continually roasted and parched by the sun beams. Ray.
The Syrian star
With his sultry breath infects the sky;
The ground below is parch'd, the heav'ns above us fry.
Dryden's Horace.
Full fifty years
I have endur'd the biting winter's blast,
And the severer heats of parching summer. Rowe.
He is like a man distressed with thirst in the parched places
of the wilderness, he searches every pit, but finds no water.
Rogers's Sermons.

To PARCH. v. n. To be scorched.
We were better parch in Africk sun,
Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes. Shakesp.
If to prevent the acrospiring, it be thrown thin, many
corns will dry and parch into barley. Mort. Husb.

PARCHMENT. n. s. [parchemin, French; pergamena, Latin.]
Skins dressed for the writer. Among traders, the skins of
sheep are called parchment, those of calves vellum.
Is not this a lamentable thing, that the skin of an innocent
lamb should be made parchment; that parchment, being scrib­
bled o'er, should undo a man? Shakesp. Hen. VI.
In the coffin, that had the books, they were found as fresh
as if newly written, being written in parchment, and covered
with watch candles of wax. Bacon.
Like flying shades before the clouds we shew,
We shrink like parchment in consuming flame. Dryden.

PARCHMENT-MAKER. n. s. [parchment and maker.] He who
dresses parchment.

PARD. n. s. pardus, pardalis, Latin.] The leopard;
in poetry, any of the spotted beasts.
The pardale swift, and the tyger cruel. Fa. Queen.
As fox to lambs, as wolf to heifer's calf;
As pard to the hind, or step-dame to her son. Shakesp.
Ten brace of greyhounds, snowy fair,
And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around his chair,
A match for pards in flight, in grappling for the bear. Dryd.

PA’RDALE. n. s. pardus, pardalis, Latin.] The leopard;
in poetry, any of the spotted beasts.
The pardale swift, and the tyger cruel. Fa. Queen.
As fox to lambs, as wolf to heifer's calf;
As pard to the hind, or step-dame to her son. Shakesp.
Ten brace of greyhounds, snowy fair,
And tall as stags, ran loose, and cours'd around his chair,
A match for pards in flight, in grappling for the bear. Dryd.

To PA’RDON. v. a. [pardonner, French.]
1. To excuse an offender.
When I beheld you in Cilicia,
An enemy to Rome, I pardon'd you. Dryden.
2. To forgive a crime.
3. To remit a penalty.
That thou may'st see the diff'rence of our spirit,
I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. Shakespeare.
4. Pardon me, is a word of civil denial, or slight apology.
Sir, pardon me, it is a letter from my brother. Shakesp.

PA’RDON. n. s. [pardon, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Forgiveness of an offender.
2. Forgiveness of a crime; indulgence.
He that pleaseth great men, shall get pardon for iniquity.
Ecclus xx. 27.
A slight pamphlet, about the elements of architecture, hath
been entertained with some pardon among my friends. Wotton.
3. Remission of penalty.
4. Forgiveness received.
A man may be safe as to his condition, but, in the mean
time, dark and doubtful as to his apprehensions; secure in his
pardon, but miserable in the ignorance of it; and so passing
all his days in the disconsolate, uneasy vicissitudes of hopes
and fears, at length go out of the world, not knowing whither
he goes. South's Sermons.
5. Warrant of forgiveness, or exemption from punishment.
The battle done, and they within our power,
Shall never see his pardon. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

PA’RDONABLE. adj. [prrdonable, Fr. from pardon.] Venial;
excusable.
That which we do being evil, is notwithstanding by so
much more pardonable, by how much the exigences of so
doing, or the difficulty of doing otherwise is greater, unless
this necessity or difficulty have originally risen from our­
selves. Hooker.
A blind man sitting in the chimney corner is pardonable
enough, but sitting at the helm, he is intolerable. South.
What English readers, unacquainted with Greek or Latin,
will believe me, when we confess we derive all that is par­
donable in us from ancient fountains. Dryden.

PA’RDONABLENESS. n. s. [from pardonable.] Venialness:
susceptibility of pardon.
Saint John's word is, all sin is trangression of the law;
Saint Paul's the wages of sin is death: put these two toge­
ther, and this conceit of the natural pardonableness of sin va­
nishes away. Hall.

PA’RDONABLY. adv. [from pardonable.] Venially; excusably.
I may judge when I write more or less pardonably. Dryd.

PA’RDONER. n. s. [from pardon.]
1. One who forgives another.
This is his pardon, purchas'd by such sin,
For which the pardoner himself is in. Shakesp.
2. Fellows that carried about the pope's indulgencies, and sold
them to such as would buy them, against whom Luther in­
censed the people of Germany. Cowel.

To PARE. v. a. [This word is reasonbly deduced by Skinner
from the French phrase, parer les ongles, to dress the horses
hoofs when they are shaved by the farrier: thus we first said,
pare your nails; and from thence transfered the word to ge­
neral use.] To cut off extremities or the surface; to cut
away by little and little; to diminish.
The creed of Athanasius, and that sacred hymn of glory,
than which nothing doth sound more heavenly in the ears of
faithful men, are now reckoned as superfluities, which we
must in any case pare away, lest we cloy God with too
much service. Hooker.
I have not alone
Imploy'd you where high profits might come home;
But par'd my present havings to bestow
My bounties upon you. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
I am a man, whom fortune hath cruelly scratch'd.
—'Tis too late to pare her nails now. Shakesp.
The lion, mov'd with pity, did endure
To have his princely paws all par'd away. Shakesp.
The king began to pare a little the privilege of clergy, or­
daining that clerks convict, should be burned in the hand.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Pick out of tales the mirth, but not the sin.
He pares his apple, that will cleanly feed. Herbert.
Whoever will partake of God's secrets, must first look into
his own, he must pare off whatsoever is amiss, and not with­
out holiness approach to the holiest of all holies. Taylor.
All the mountains were pared off the earth, and the sur­
face of it lay even, or in an equal convexity every where with
the surface of the sea. Burnet.
The most poetical parts, which are description and images,
were to be pared away, when the body was swollen into too
large a bulk for the representation of the stage. Dryden.
The sword, as it was justly drawn by us, so can it scarce
safely be sheathed, 'till the power of the great troubler of
our peace be so far pared and reduced, as that we may be
under no apprehensions. Atterbury.
'Twere well if she would pare her nails. Pope.

PAREGO’RICK. adj. [pa??????.] Having the power in me­
dicine to comfort, mollify and assuage. Dict.

PARE’NCHYMA. n. s. [pa????a.] A spongy or porous
substance; in physick, a part through which the blood is
strained for its better fermentation and perfection. Dict.

PARENCHY’MATOUS. adj. [from parenchyma.] Relating to
the parenchyma; spongy.
Ten thousand seeds of the plant, hart's-tongue, hardly
make the bulk of a pepper corn. Now the covers and true
body of each seed, the parenchymatous and ligneous parts of
both moderately multiplied, afford an hundred thousand
millions of formed atoms in the space of a pepper corn. Grew.
Those parts, formerly reckoned parenchymatous, are now
found to be bundleof exceedingly small threads. Cheyne.

PARENCHY’MOUS. adj. [from parenchyma.] Relating to
the parenchyma; spongy.
Ten thousand seeds of the plant, hart's-tongue, hardly
make the bulk of a pepper corn. Now the covers and true
body of each seed, the parenchymatous and ligneous parts of
both moderately multiplied, afford an hundred thousand
millions of formed atoms in the space of a pepper corn. Grew.


Those parts, formerly reckoned parenchymatous, are now
found to be bundleof exceedingly small threads. Cheyne.

PARE’NESIS. n. s. [paa??es??.] Persuasion. Dict.

PA’RENT. n. s. [parent, Fr. parens, Latin.] A father or
mother.
All true virtues are to honour true religion as their parent,
and all well-ordered commonweales to love her as their
chiefest stay. Hooker.
As a publick parent of the state,
My justice, and thy crime, requires thy fate. Dryden.
In vain on the dissembl'd mother's tongue
Had cunning art, and sly persuasion hung;
And real care in vain and native love
In the true parent's panting breast had strove. Prior.

PA’RENTAGE. n. s. [parentage, Fr. from parent.] Extraction;
birth; condition with respect to the rank of parents.
A gentleman of noble parentage,
Of fair demeasns, youthful and nobly allied. Shakesp.
Though men esteem thee low of parentage,
Thy father is th' eternal king. Milt. Par. Reg.
To his levee go,
And from himself your parentage may know. Dryden.
We find him, not only boasting of his parentage, as an
Israelite at large, but particularizing his descent from Ben­
jamin. Atterbury's Sermons.

PARE’NTAL. adj. [from parent.] Becoming parents; pertain­
ing to parents.
It overthrows the careful course and parental provision of
nature, whereby the young ones newly excluded, are sustain­
ed by the dam. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These eggs hatched by the warmth of the sun into little
worms, feed without any need of parental care. Denham.
Young ladies, on whom parental controul sits heavily,
give a man of intrigue room to think, that they want to be
parents. Clarissa.

PARENTA’TION. n. s. [from parento, Latin.] Something done
or said in honour of the dead.

PARE’NTHESIS. n. s. [parenthese, Fr. pa, ? and t????.]
A sentence so included in another sentence, as that it may
be taken out, without injuring the sense of that which in­
closes it: being commonly marked thus, ().
In vain is my person excepted by a parenthesis of words,
when so many hands are armed against me with swords.
King Charles.
In his Indian relations, are contained strange and incredible
accounts; he is seldom mentioned, without a derogatory
parenthesis in any author. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Thou shalt be seen,
Tho' with some short parenthesis between,
High on the throne of wit. Dryden.
Don't suffer every occasional thought to carry you away
into a long parenthesis, and thus stretch out your discourse,
and divert you from the point in hand. Watt's Logick.

PARENTHE’TICAL. adj. [from parenthesis.] Pertaining to a
parenthesis.

PA’RER. n. s. [from pare.] An instrument to cut away the
surface.
A hone and a parer, like sole of a boot,
To pare away grasse, and to raise up the root. Tusser.

PA’RERGY. n. s. [pa and ???.] Something unimportant;
something done by the by.
The scripture being serious, and commonly omitting such
parergies, it will be unreasonable to condemn all laughter.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’RGET. n. s. Plaster laid upon roofs of rooms.
Gold was the parget, and the cieling bright
Did shine all scaly with great plates of gold;
The floor with jasp and emerald was dight. Spenser.
Of English talc, the coarser sort is called plaster or parget;
the finer, spaad. Woodward.

To PA’RGET. v. a. [from the noun.] To plaster; to cover
with plaster.
There are not more arts of disguising our corporeal ble­
mishes than our moral; and yet, whilst we thus paint and
parget our own deformities, we cannot allow any the least
imperfection of another's to remain undetected.
Government of the Tongue.

PA’RGETER. n. s. [from parget.] A plasterer.

PARHE’LION. n. s. [pa and ????.] A mock sun.
To neglect that supreme resplendency, that shines in God,
for those dim representations of it, that we so doat on in the
creature, is as absurd, as it were for a Persian to offer his
sacrifice to a parhelion, instead of adoring the sun. Boyle.

PARI’ETAL. adj. [from paries, Latin.] Constituting the sides
or walls.
The lower part of the parietal and upper part of the tem­
poral bones were fractured. Sharp's Surgery.

PARI’ETARY. n. s. [parietaire, Fr. paries, Lat.] An herb. Ains.

PA’RING. n. s. [from pare.] That which is pared off any
thing; the rind.
Virginity breeds mites, much like a cheese; and consumes
itself to the very paring. Shakespeare.
To his guest, tho' no way sparing,
He eat himself the rind and paring. Pope.
In May, after rain, pare off the surface of the earth, and
with the parings raise your hills high, and enlarge their
breadth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PARIS. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PA’RISH. n. s. [parochia, low Lat. parroisse, Fr. of the Greek
pa???a, i. e. accolarum conventus, accolatus, sacra vicinia.] The
particular charge of a secular priest. Every church is either
cathedral, conventual, or parochial: cathedral is that, where
there is a bishop seated, so called a cathedra: conventual
consists of regular clerks, professing some order of religion,
or of a dean and chapter, or other college of spiritual men:
parochial is that which is instituted for saying divine service,
and administring the holy sacraments to the people, dwelling
within a certain compass of ground near unto it. Our realm
was first divided into parishes by Honorius, archbishop of Can­
terbury, in the year of our Lord 636. Cowel.
Dametas came piping and dancing, the merriest man in a
parish. Sidney.
The tythes, his parish freely paid, he took;
But never su'd, or curs'd with bell or book. Dryd.

PA’RISH. adj.
1. Belonging to the parish; having the care of the parish.
A parish priest was of the pilgrim train,
An awful, reverend and religious man. Dryden.
Not parish clerk, who calls the psalm so clear. Gay.
The office of the church is performed by the parish priest,
at the time of his interment. Ayliffe.
A man, after his natural death, was not capable of the
least parish office. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
2. Maintained by the parish.
The ghost and the parish girl are entire new characters. Gay.

PARI’SHIONER. n. s. [parroissien, Fr. from parish.] One that
belongs to the parish.
I praise the Lord for you, and so may my parishioners; for
their sons are well tutor'd by you. Shakespeare.
Hail bishop Valentine, whose day this is,
All the air is thy diocese;
And all the chirping choristers,
And other birds are thy parishioners. Donne.
In the greater out-parishes, many of the parishioners, thro'
neglect, do perish. Graunt.
I have deposited thirty marks, to be distributed among the
poor parishioners. Addison's Spectator.

PA’RITOR. n. s. [for apparitor.] A beadle; a summoner of
the courts of civil law.
You shall be summon'd by an host of paritours; you shall
be sentenced in the spiritual court. Dryden.

PA’RITY. n. s. [parité, Fr. paritas, Lat.] Equality; resemblance.
We may here justly tax the dishonesty and shamefulness of
the mouths, who have upbraided us with the opinion of a
certain stoical parity of sins. Hall.
That Christ or his apostles ever commanded to set up such
a parity of presbyters, and in such a way as those Scots endea­
vour, I think is not very disputable. K. Charles.
Survey the total set of animals, and we may, in their legs
or organs of progression, observe an equality of length and
parity of numeration; that is, not any to have an odd leg, or
the movers of one side not exactly answered by the other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Those accidental occurences, which excited Socrates to
the discovery of such an invention, might fall in with that
man that is of a perfect parity with Socrates. Hale.
Their agreement, in essential characters, makes rather
an identity than a parity. Glanville.
Women could not live in that parity and equality of expence
with their husbands, as now they do. Graunt.
By an exact parity of reason, we may argue, if a man has
no sense of those kindnesses that pass upon him, from one like
himself, whom he sees and knows, how much less shall his
heart be affected with the grateful sense of his favours, whom
he converses with only by imperfect speculations, by the dis­
courses of reason, or the discoveries of faith. South's Sermons.
By parity of reason, we must expect a peace so much worse
about two years hence. Swist's Miscellanies.

PARK. n. s. [pearruc, Sax. parc, Fr.] A piece of ground in­
closed and stored with wild beasts of chase, which a man may
have by prescription or the king's grant. Manwood, in his forest­
laws, defines it thus: a park is a place for privilege for wild
beasts of venery, and also for other wild beasts, that are
beasts of the forest and of the chase: and those wild beasts
are to have a firm peace and protection there, so that no man
may hurt or chase them within the park, without license of
the owner: a park is of another nature, than either a chase
or a warren; for a park must be inclosed, and may not lie
open; if it does, it is a good cause of seizure into the king's
hands: and the owner cannot have action against such as hunt
in his park, if it lies open. Cowel.
We have parks and inclosures of all sorts of beasts and
birds, which we use not only for view or rareness, but like­
wise for dissections and trials. Bacon.



To PARK. v. a. [from the noun.] To inclose as in a park.
How are we park'd, and bounded in a pale?
A little herd of England's tim'rous deer,
Maz'd with a yelping kennel of French curs. Shakesp.

PA’RKER. n. s. [from park.] A park-keeper. Ainsworth.

PA’RKLEAVES. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PARLE. n. s. [from parler, French.] Conversation; talk; oral
treaty; oral discussion of any thing.
Of all the gentlemen,
That every day with parle encounter me,
In thy opinion, which is worthiest love. Shakesp.
Our trumpet call'd you to this general parle. Shakesp.
The bishop, by a parle, is, with a show
Of combination, cunningly betray'd. Daniel.
Why meet we thus like wrangling advocates,
To urge the justice of our cause with words?
I hate this parle; 'tis tame: if we must meet,
Give me my arms. Rowe's Ambitious Step-mother.

To PA’RLEY. v. n. [from parler, French.] To treat by word
of mouth; to talk; to discuss any thing orally. It is much
used in war, for a meeting of enemies to talk.
A Turk desired the captain to send some, with whom they
might more conveniently parley. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
He parleys with her a while, as imagining she would ad­
vise him to proceed. Broome.

PA’RLEY. n. s. [from the verb.] Oral treaty; talk; confe­
rence; discussion by word of mouth.
Seek rather by parley, to recover them than by the sword. Sid.
Well, by my will, we shall admit no parley:
A rotten case abides no handling. Shakesp.
In such a parley should I answer thee. Shakesp.
Summon a parley, we will talk with him. Shakesp.
Let us resolve never to have any parley with our lusts, but
to make some considerable progress in our repentance. Calamy.
No gentle means could be essay'd;
'Twas beyond parley when the siege was laid. Dryden.
Force, never yet a generous heart did gain;
We yield on parley, but are storm'd in vain. Dryden.
Yet when some better fated youth
Shall with his am'rous parley move thee,
Reflect one moment on his truth,
Who dying thus, persists to love thee. Prior.

PA’RLIAMENT. n. s. [parliamentum, low Lat. parlement,
Fr.] In England, is the assembly of the king and three
estates of the realm; namely, the lords spiritual, the lords
temporal, and commons, for the debating of matters touch­
ing the common wealth, especially the making and correct­
ing of laws; which assembly or court is, of all others, the
highest, and of greatest authority. Cowel.
The king is fled to London,
To call a present court of parliament. Shakesp.
Far be the thought of this from Henry's heart,
To make a shambles of the parliament house. Shakesp.
The true use of parliaments is very excellent; and be often
called, and continued as long as is necessary. Bacon.
I thought the right way of parliaments, the most safe for
my crown, as best pleasing to my people. King Charles.
These are mob readers: if Virgil and Martial stood for
parliament-men, we know who would carry it. Dryden.

PARLIAME’NTARY. adj. [from parliament.] Enacted by par­
liament; suiting the parliament; pertaining to parliament.
To the three first titles of the two houses, or lines, and
conquest, were added two more; the authorities parliament­
ary and papal. Bacon.
Many things, that obtain as common law, had their ori­
ginal by parliamentary acts or constitutions, made in writings
by the king, lords, and commons. Hale.
Credit to run ten millions in debt, without parliamentary
security; I think to be dangerous and illegal. Swift.

PA’RLOUR. n. s. [parloir, French; parlatorio, Italian.]
1. A room in monasteries, where the religious meet and converse.
2. A room in houses on the first floor, elegantly furnished for
reception or entertainment.
Can we judge it a thing seemly, for a man to go about the
building of an house to the God of heaven, with no other
appearance than if his end were to rear up a kitchen or a
parlour for his own use. Hooker.
Back again fair Alma led them right,
And soon into a goodly parlour brought. Fa. Queen.
It would be infinitely more shameful, in the dress of the
kitchen, to receive the entertainments of the parlour. South.
Roof and sides were like a parlour made,
A soft recess, and a cool summer shade. Dryden.

PA’RLOUS. adj. [This might seem to come from parler, Fr.
to speak; but Junius derives it, I think, rightly, from peri­
lous, in which sense it answers to the Latin improbus.] Keen;
sprightly; waggish.
Midas durst communicate
To none but to his wife his ears of state;
One must be trusted, and he though her fit,
As passing prudent, and a parlous wit. Dryden.

PA’RLOUSNESS. n. s. [from parlous.] Quickness; keeness of
temper.

PARMA-CITTY. n. s. Corruptedly for sperma ceti. Ains.

PA’RNEL. n. s. [the diminutive of petronella.] A punk; a slut.
Obsolete. Skinner.

PARO’CHIAL. adj. [parochialis, from parochia, low Lat.] Be­
longing to a parish.
The married state of parochial pastors hath given them the
opportunity of setting a more exact and universal pattern of
holy living, to the people committed to their charge. Atterbury.

PA’RODY. n. s. [parodie, Fr. pa??d?a.] A kind of writing,
in which the words of an author or his thoughts are taken,
and by a slight change adapted to some new purpose.
The imitations of the ancients are added together with
some of the parodies and allusions to the most excellent of the
moderns. Pope's Dunciad.

To PA’RODY. v. a. [parodier, Fr. from parody.] To copy
by way of parody.
I have translated, or rather parodied, a poem of Horace,
in which I introduce you advising me. Pope.

PARO’NYMOUS. adj. [pa??????.] Resembling another word.
Shew your critical learning in the etymology of terms, the
synonimous and the paronymous or kindred names. Watts.

PA’ROLE. n. s. [parole, French.] Word given as an assurance;
promise given by a prisoner not to go away.
Love's votaries enthral each others soul,
'Till both of them live but upon parole. Cleaveland.
Be very tender of your honour, and not fall in love; be­
cause I have a scruple, whether you can keep your parole, if
you become a prisoner to the ladies. Swift.

PARONOMA’SIA. n. s. [pa????as?a.] A rhetorical figure,
in which, by the change of a letter or syllable, several things
are alluded to. It is called, in Latin, agnominatio. Dict.

PA’ROQUET. n. s. [parroquet or perroquet, French.] A small
species of parrot.
The great, red and blue, are parrots; the middlemost,
called popinjays; and the lesser, parroquets: in all above
twenty sorts. Grew.
I would not give my paroquet
For all the doves that ever flew. Prior.

PARONNY’CHIA. n. s. [pa????a; paronychie, Fr.] A pre­
ternatural swelling or sore under the root of the nail in one's
finger; a felon; a whitlow. Dict.

PARO’TID. adj. [parotide, Fr. a???, pa and a.] Sali­
vary; so named because near the ears.
Beasts and birds, having one common use of spittle, are
furnished with the parotid glands, which help to supply the
mouth with it. Grew.

PA’ROTIS. n. s. [????.] A tumour in the glandules
behind and about the ears, generally called the emunc­
tories of the brain; though, indeed, they are the external
fountains of the saliva of the mouth. Wiseman.

PA’ROXYSM. [pa???s??; paroxysme, Fr.] A fit; periodical
exacerbation of a disease.
I fancied to myself a kind of case, in the change of the
paroxysm. Dryden.
Amorous girls, through the fury of an hysteric paroxysm,
are cast into a trance for an hour. Harvey.
The greater distance of time there is between the paroxysms,
the fever is less dangerous, but more obstinate. Arbuthnot.

PA’RRICIDE. n. s. [parricide, Fr. parricida, Latin.]
1. One who destroys his father.
I told him the revenging gods
'Gainst parricides did all the thunder bend,
Spoke with how manifold and strong a bond
The child was bound to th' father. Shakesp.
2. One who destroys or invades any to whom he owes particu­
lar reverence; as his country or patron.
3. [Parricide, Fr. parricidium, Lat.] The murder of a father;
murder of one to whom reverence is due.
Although he were a prince in military virtue approved, and
likewise a good law-maker; yet his cruelties and parricides
weighed down his virtues. Bacon.
Morat was always bloody, now he's base;
And has so far in usurpation gone,
He will by parricide secure the throne. Dryden.

PARRICI’DAL. adj. [from parricida, Latin.] Relating to
parricide; committing parricide.
He is now paid in his own way, the parricidious animal,
and punishment of murtherers is upon him, Brown.

PARRICI’DIOUS. adj. [from parricida, Latin.] Relating to
parricide; committing parricide.
He is now paid in his own way, the parricidious animal,
and punishment of murtherers is upon him, Brown.

PA’RROT. n. s. [perroquet, French.] A particoloured bird of
the species of the hooked bill, remarkable for the exact imi­
tation of the human voice.
Some will ever more peep thro' their eyes,
And laugh like parrots at a bag-piper. Shakesp.
Who taught the parrot human notes to try?
'Twas witty want, fierce hunger to appease. Dryden.
The great, red and blue, parrot: of these, the middle­
most are called popinjays; and the lesser, parroquets: in
all above twenty sorts. Grew.

To PA’RRY. v. n. [paper, French.] To put by thrusts; to fence.
A man of courage, who cannot fence, and will put all
upon one thrust, and not stand parrying, has the odds agalnst
a moderate fencer. Locke.


I could
By dint of logick strike thee mute;
With learned skill, now push, now parry,
From Darii to Bocardo vary. Prior.

To PARSE. v. a. [from pars, Latin.] To resolve a sentence
into the elements or parts of speech. It is a word only used
in grammar schools.
Let him construe the letter into English, and parse it over
perfectly. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Let scholars reduce the words to their original, to the first
case of nouns, or first tense of verbs, and give an account of
their formations and changes, their syntax and dependencies,
which is called parsing. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

PARSIMO’NIOUS. adj. [from parsimony.] Covetous; frugal;
sparing. It is sometimes of a good, sometimes of a bad sense.
A prodigal king is nearer a tyrant, than a parsimonious;
for store at home draweth not his contemplations abroad, but
want supplieth itself of what is next. Bacon.
Extraordinary funds for one campaign may spare us the ex­
pence of many years, whereas a long parsimonious war will
drain us of more men and money. Addison.
Parsimonious age and rigid wisdom. Rowe.

PARSIMO’NIOUSLY. adv. [from parsimonious.] Covetously;
frugally; sparingly.
Our ancestors acted parsimoniously, because they only spent
their own treasure for the good of their posterity; whereas
we squandered away the treasures of our posterity. Swift.

PARSIMO’NIOUSNESS. n. s. [from parsimonious.] A disposition
to spare and save.

PARSI’MONY. n. s. [parsimonia, Latin.] Frugality; cove­
tousness; niggardliness; saving temper.
The ways to enrich, are many: parsimony is one of the
best, and yet is not innocent; for it withholdeth men from
works of liberality. Bacon.
These people, by their extreme parsimony, soon grow into
wealth from the smallest beginnings. Swift.

PA’RSLEY. n. s. [persil, Fr. apium, Lat. persli, Welsh.] The
leaves are divided into wings, growing upon a branched rib,
and for the most part cut into small segments: the petals of
the flowers are whole and equal, each flower being succeeded
by two gibbous channelled seeds. Miller.
A wench married in the afternoon, as she went to the gar­
den for parsley to stuff a rabbit. Shakesp.
Green beds of parsley near the river grow. Dryden.
Semprenia dug Titus out of the parsley-bed, as they use to
tell children, and thereby became his mother. Locke.

PA’RSNEP. n. s. [pastinaca, Latin.] A plant with rose and um­
bellated flowers, consisting of many petals or leaves placed
orbicularly, and resting on the empalement, which turns to
a fruit composed of two seeds, which are oval, and generally
casting off their cover; to which you may add, that the leaves
are winged and large. Miller.
November is drawn in a garment of changeable green,
and black bunches of parsneps and turneps in his right hand.
Peacham on Blazoning.

PA’RSON. n. s. [Derived either from persona, because the
parson omnium personam in ecclesia sustinet; or from paro­
cheanus, the parish priest.]
1. The priest of a parish; one that has a parochial charge or
cure of souls.
Abbot was preferred by king James to the bishoprick of Co­
ventry and Litchfield, before he had been parson, vicar or
curate of any parish church. Clarendon.
2. A clergyman.
Sometimes comes she with a tithe pig's tail,
Tickling the parson as he lies a sleep;
Then dreams he of another benefice. Shakesp.
3. It is applied to the teachers of the presbyterians.

PA’RSONAGE. n. s. [from parson.] The benefice of a
parish.
I have given him the parsonage of the parish. Addison.

PART. n. s. [pars, Latin.]
1. Something less than the whole; a portion; a quantity taken
from a larger quantity.
Helen's cheeks, but not her heart,
Atalanta's better part. Shakesp.
The people stood at the nether part of the mount.
Exodus xix. 17.
This law wanted not parts of prudent and deep foresight,
for it took away occasion to pry into the kings title. Bacon.
The citizens were for the most part slain or taken. Knolles.
Henry had divided
The person of himself into four parts. Daniel.
These conclude that to happen often, which happeneth
but sometimes, that never, which happeneth but seldom; and
that always, which happeneth for the most part. Brown.
Besides his abilities as a soldier, which were eminent, he
had very great parts of breeding, being a very great scholar in
the political parts of learning. Clarendon.
When your judgement shall grow stronger, it will be ne­
cessary to examine, part by part, those works, which have
given reputation to the masters. Dryden.
Of heavenly part, and part of earthly blood;
A mortal woman mixing with a god. Dryden.
Our ideas of extension and number, do they not contain a
secret relation of the parts? Locke.
2. Member.
He fully possessed the revelation he had received from God:
all the parts were formed, in his mind, into one harmonious
body. Locke.
3. That which, in division, falls to each.
Go not without thy wife, but let me bear
My part of danger, with an equal share. Dryden.
Had I been won, I had deserv'd your blame,
But sure my part was nothing but the shame. Dryden.
4. Share; concern.
Forasmuch as the children are partakers of flesh and blood,
he also took part of the same. Hebrews ii. 14.
Sheba said, we have no part in David, neither have we in­
heritance in the son of Jesse. 2 Samuel xx. 1.
The ungodly made a covenant with death, because they
are worthy to take part with it. Wisdom i. 16.
Agamemnon provokes Apollo, whom he was willing to
appease afterwards at the cost of Achilles, who had no part
in his fault. Pope.
5. Side; party.
Michael Cassio,
When I have spoken of you dispraisingly,
Hath ta'en your part. Shakesp.
And that he might on many props repose,
He strengths his own, and who his part did take. Daniel.
Let not thy divine heart
Forethink me any ill,
Destiny may take thy part,
And may thy fears fulfill. Donne.
Some other pow'r
Might have aspir'd, and me tho' mean
Drawn to his part. Milton.
Call up their eyes, and fix them on your example; that so
natural ambition might take part with reason and their inte­
rest to encourage imitation. Glanville.
A brand preserv'd to warm some prince's heart,
And make whole kingdoms take her brother's part Waller.
The arm thus waits upon the heart,
So quick to take the bully's part;
That one, tho' warm, decides more slow,
Than t' other executes the blow. Prior.
6. Something relating or belonging.
For Zelmane's part, she would have been glad of the fall,
which made her bear the sweet burden of Philoclea, but that
she feared she might receive some hurt. Sidney.
For my part, I would entertain the legend of my love,
with quiet hours. Shakesp. Henry IV.
For your part, it not appears to me,
That you should have an inch of any ground
To build a grief upon. Shakesp. Henry IV.
For my part, I have no servile end in my labour, which
may restrain or embase the freedom of my poor judgment.
Wotton.
For my part, I think there is nothing so secret, that shall
not be brought to light, within the compass of the world.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
7. Particular office or character.
The pneumatical part, which is in all tangible bodies, and
hath some affinity with the air, persormeth the parts of the
air: as, when you knock upon an empty barrel, the sound
is, in part, created by the air on the outside, and, in part,
by the air in the inside. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Accuse not nature, she hath done her part;
Do thou but thine. Milt. Par. Lost.
8. Character appropriated in a play.
That part
Was aptly fitted, and naturally performed. Shakesp.
Have you the lion's part written? give it me, for I am slow
of study. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
God is the master of the scenes: we must not chuse which
part we shall act; it concerns us only to be careful, that we
do it well. Taylor's Holy Living.
9. Business; duty.
Let them be so furnished and instructed for the military
part, as they may defend themselves. Bacon.
10. Action; conduct.
Find him, my lord,
And chide him hither straight; this part of his
Conjoins with my disease. Shakesp.
11. Relation reciprocal.
Inquire not whether the sacraments conser grace by their
own excellency, because they, who affirm they do, require so
much duty on our parts, as they also do, who attribute the
effect to our moral disposition. Taylor.
The scripture tells us the terms of this covenant on God's
part and ours; namely, that he will be our God, and we shall
be his people. Tillotson's Sermons.


It might be deem'd, on our historian's part,
Or too much negligence, or want of art,
If he forgot the vast magnificence
Of royal Theseus. Dryden.
12. In good part; in ill part; as well done; as ill done.
God accepteth it in good part, at the hands of faithful
men. Hooker.
13. [In the plural.] Qualities; powers; faculties; or accom­
plishments.
Who is courteous, noble, liberal, but he that hath
the example before his eyes of Amphialus; where are all he­
roical parts, but in Amphialus? Sidney.
Such licentious parts tend, for the most part, to the hurt
of the English, or maintenance of their own lewed liberty.
Spenser on Ireland.
I conjure thee, by all the parts of man,
Which honour does acknowledge. Shakesp.
Solomon was a prince adorned with such parts of mind,
and exalted by such a concurrence of all prosperous events to
make him magnificent. South's Sermons.
The Indian princes discover fine parts and excellent endow­
ments, without improvement. Felton on the Classicks.
14. [In the plural.] Quarters; regions; districts.
Although no man was, in our parts, spoken of, but he,
for his manhood; yet, as though therein he excelled himself,
he was called the courteous Amphialus. Sidney.
When he had gone over those parts, he came into Greece.
Acts xx. 2.
All parts resound with tumults, plaints, and fears,
And griesly death, in sundry shapes, appears. Dryden.

PART. adv. Partly; in some measure.
For the fair kindness you have shew'd me,
And part being prompted, by your present trouble,
I'll lend you something. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

To PART. v. a.
1. To divide; to share; to distribute.
All that believed, sold their goods, and parted them to all
men, as every man had need. Acts ii. 45.
Jove himself no less content wou'd be
To part his throne, and share his heav'n with thee. Pope.
2. To separate; to disunite.
A chariot of fire parted them both asunder, and Elijah
went up into heaven. 2 Kings ii. 11.
Nought but death shall part thee and me. Ruth i. 17.
All the world,
As 'twere the bus'ness of mankind to part us,
Is arm'd against my love, Dryden.
3. To break into pieces.
Part it in pieces, and pour oil thereon. Leviticus ii. 6.
4. To keep asunder.
In the narrow seas, that part
The French and English, there miscarried
A vessel of our country. Shakesp.
5. To separate combatants.
Who said
King John did fly, an hour or two before
The stumbling night did part our weary powers. Shakesp.
Jove did both hosts survey,
And, when he pleas'd to thunder, part the fray. Waller.
6. To secern.
The liver minds his own affair,
And parts and strains the vital juices. Prior.

To PART. v. n.
1. To be separated.
Powerful hands will not part
Easily from possession won with arms. Milt. Par. Reg.
'Twas for him much easier to subdue
Those foes he fought with, than to part from you. Dryd.
2. To quit each other.
He wrung Bassanio's hand, and so they parted. Shakesp.
This was the design of a people, that were at liberty to
part asunder, but desired to keep in one body. Locke.
What! part, for ever part? unkind Ismena;
Oh! can you think, that death is half so dreadful,
As it would be to live without thee. Smith.
If it pleases God to restore me to my health, I shall make
a third journey; if not, we must part, as all human creatures
have parted. Swift.
3. To take farewel.
Ere I could
Give him that parting kiss, which I had set
Betwixt two charming words, comes in my father. Shakeps.
Nuptial bow'r! by me adorn'd, from thee
How shall I part, and whither wander. Milton.
Upon his removal, they parted from him with tears in their
eyes. Swift.
4. To have share.
As his part is, that goeth down to the battle, so shall his
part be, that tarrieth by the stuff; they shall part alike.
Isaiah xxx. 24.
5. [Partir, Fr.] To go away; to set out.
So parted they; the angel up to heaven
From the thick shade, and Adam to his bow'r. Milton.
Thy father
Embrac'd me, parting for the Etrurian land. Dryden.
6. To PART with. To quit; to resign; to lose; to be separated
from.
For her sake, I do rear up her boy;
And for her sake, I will not part with him. Shakesp.
An affectionate wife, when in fear of parting with her be­
loved husband, heartily desired of God his life or society,
upon any conditions that were not sinful. Taylor.
Celia, for thy sake, I part
With all that grew so near my heart;
And that I may successful prove,
Transform myself to what you love. Waller.
Thou marble hew'st, ere long to part with breath,
And houses rear'st, unmindful of thy death. Sandys.
Lixiviate salts, though, by piercing the bodies of vege­
tables, they dispose them to part readily with their tincture;
yet some tinctures they do not only draw out, but likewise
alter. Boyle.
The ideas of hunger and warmth are some of the first that
children have, and which they scarce ever part with. Locke.
What a despicable figure must mock-patriots make, who
venture to be hang'd for the ruin of those civil rights, which
their ancestors, rather than part with, chose to be cut to
pieces in the field of battle? Addison's Freeholder.
The good things of this world so delight in, as remember,
that we are to part with them, to exchange them for more
durable enjoyments. Atterbury's Sermons.
As for riches and power, our Saviour plainly determines,
that the best way to make them blessings, is to part with
them. Swift's Miscellanies.

PA’RTABLE. adj. [from part.] Divisible; such as may be
parted.
His hot love was partable among three other of his mi­
stresses. Comden's Remains.

PA’RTAGE. n. s. [partage, Fr.] Division; act of sharing or
parting. A word merely French.
Men have agreed to a disproportionate and unequal posses­
sion of the earth, having found out a way, how a man may
fairly possess more land, than he himself can use the product
of, by receiving, in exchange, for the overplus, gold and
silver: this partage of things, in an equality of private pos­
sessions, men have made practicable out of the bounds of so­
ciety, without compact, only by putting a value on gold and
silver, and tacitely agreeing in the use of money. Locke.

To PA’RTAKE. v. n. Preterite, I partook: participle passive,
partaken. [part and take.]
1. To have share of any thing; to take share with.
Partake and use my kingdom as your own,
And shall be yours while I command the crown. Dryden.
How far brutes partake in this faculty, is not easy to deter­
mine. Locke.
2. To participate; to have something of the property, nature,
claim, or right.
The attorney of the dutchy of Lancaster partakes partly of
a judge, and partly of an attorney-general. Bacon.
3. To be admitted to; not to be excluded.
You may partake of any thing we say;
We speak no treason. Shakesp. Rich. III.
4. Sometimes with in before the thing partaken of.
I took occasion to conjecture, how far brutes partook with
men, in any of the intellectual faculties. Locke.
Truth and falshood have no other trial, but reason and
proof, which they made use of to make themselves knowing,
and so must others too, that will partake in their knowledge.
Locke.
5. To combine; to enter into some design. An unusual sense.
As it prevents factions and partakings, so it keeps the rule
and administration of the laws uniform. Hale.

To PARTA’KE. v. a.
1. To share; to have part in.
By and by, thy bosom shall partake
The secrets of my heart. Shakesp.
At season fit,
Let her with thee partake, what thou hast heard. Milton.
My royal father lives,
Let ev'ry one partake the general joy. Dryden.
2. To admit to part; to extend participation. Obsolete.
My friend, hight Philemon, I did partake
Of all my love, and all my privity,
Who greatly joyous seemed for my sake. Fa. Queen.
Your exultation partake to every one. Shakesp.

PARTA’KER. n. s. [from partake.]
1. A partner in possessions; a sharer of any thing; an associate
with.
They whom earnest lets hinder from being partakers of
the whole, have yet, through length of divine service, op­
portunity for access unto some reasonable part thereof. Hooker.


Didst thou
Make us partakers of a little gain;
That now our loss might be ten times as much. Shakesp.
With such she must return at setting light,
Tho' not partaker, witness of their night. Prior.
His bitterest enemies were partakers of his kindness, and
he still continued to entreat them to accept of life from him,
and, with tears of compassion, bewailed their infidelity.
Calamy's Sermons.
2. Sometimes with in before the thing partaken.
Wish me partaker in thy happiness,
When thou do'st meet good hap. Shakesp.
If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not
have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets.
Matthew xxiii. 30.
3. Accomplice; associate.
Thou consentedst, and hast been partaker with adulterers.
Psalm l. 18.
He took upon him the person of the duke of York, and
drew with him complices and partakers. Bacon.

PA’RTER. n. s. [from part.] One that parts or separates.
The chief parter of the fray was night, which, with her
black arms, pulled their malicious sights one from the other.
Sidney.

PA’RTERRE. n. s. [parterre, Fr.] A level division of ground,
that, for the most part, faces the south and best front of an
house, and is generally furnished with greens, flowers, &c.
Miller.
There are as many kinds of gardening, as of poetry; your
makers of parterres and flower gardens are epigramatists and
sonneteers. Spectator, No 477.
The vast parterres a thousand hands shall make;
Lo! Cobham comes, and floats them with a lake. Pope.

PA’RTIAL. adj. [partial, French.]
1. Inclined antecedently to favour one party in a cause, or one
side of the question more than the other.
Ye have not kept my ways, but have been partial in the
law. Mal. ii. 9.
2. Inclined to favour without reason.
Self-love will make men partial to themselves and friends,
and ill nature, passion, and revenge will carry them too far in
punishing others; and hence, God hath appointed govern­
ments to restrain the partiality and violence of men. Locke.
Authors are partial to their wit, 'tis true,
But are not criticks to their judgment too. Pope.
In these, one may be sincerer to a reasonable friend, than
to a fond and partial parent. Pope.
3. Affecting only one part; subsisting only in a part; not ge­
neral; not universal; not total.
If we compare these partial dissolutions of the earth with
an universal dissolution, we may as easily conceive an uni­
versal deluge from an universal dissolution, as a partial deluge
from a partial. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
That which weakens religion, will at length destroy it;
for the weakening of a thing is only a partial destruction of
it. South's Sermons.
All discord, harmony, not understood;
All partial evil, universal good. Pope.

PARTIA’LITY. n. s. [partialité, Fr. from partial.] Unequal
state of the judgment and favour of one above the other, with­
out just reason.
Then would the Irish party cry out partiality, and com­
plain he is not used as a subject, he is not suffered to have the
free benefit of the law. Spenser on Ireland,
Partiality is properly the understanding's judging according
to the inclination of the will and affections, and not according
to the exact truth of things, or the merits of the cause. South.
As there is a partiality to opinions, which is apt to mislead
the understanding; so there is also a partiality to studies,
which is prejudicial to knowledge. Locke.

To PARTIALI’ZE. v. a. [partialiser, Fr. from partial.] To
make partial. A word, perhaps, peculiar to Shakespeare, and
not unworthy of general use.
Such neighbour-nearness to our sacred blood
Should nothing privilege him, nor partialize
Th' unstooping firmness of my upright soul. Shakesp.

PA’RTIALLY. adv. [from partial.]
1. With unjust favour or dislike.
2. In part; not totally.
That stole into a total verity, which was but partially true
in its covert sense. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The message he brought, opened a clear prospect of eternal
salvation, which had been but obscurely and partially figured
in the shadows of the law. Rogers's Sermons.

PARTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from partible.] Divisibility; separabi­
lity.

PA’RTIBLE. adj. [from part.] Divisible; separable.
Make the moulds partible, glued or cemented together,
that you may open them, when you take out the fruit. Bacon.
The same body, in one circumstance, is more weighty,
and, in another, is more partible. Digby on the Soul.

PARTI’CIPABLE. adj. [from participate.] Such as may be shared
or partaken.
Plato, by his ideas, means only the divine essence with
this connotation, as it is variously imitable or participable by
created beings. Norris's Miscellanies.

PARTI’CIPANT. adj. [participant, Fr. from participate.] Shar­
ing; having share or part.
During the parliament, he published his proclamation, of­
fering pardon to all such as had taken arms, or been partici­
pant of any attempts against him; so as they submitted them­
selves. Bacon.
The prince saw he should conser with one participant of
more than monkish speculations. Wotton.
If any part of my body be so mortified, as it becomes like
a rotten branch of a tree, it putrefies, and is not participant
of influence derived from my soul, because it is now no longer
in it to quicken it. Hale.

To PARTI’CIPATE. v. n. [participo, Lat. participer, Fr.]
1. To partake; to have share.
Th' other instruments
Did see, and hear, devise, instruct, walk, feel;
And mutually participate. Shakesp.
2. With of.
An aged citizen brought forth all his provisions, and said,
that as he did communicate unto them his store, so would he
participate of their wants. Hayward.
3. With in.
His delivery, and thy joy thereon,
In both which we, as next, participate. Milton.
4. To have part of more things than one.
Few creatures participate of the nature of plants and metals
both. Bacon.
God, when heav'n and earth he did create,
Form'd man, who should of both participate. Denham.
Those bodies, which are under a light, which is extended
and distributed equally through all, should participate of each
others colours. Dryden.
5. To have part of something common with another.
The species of audibles seem to participate more with local
motion, like percussions made upon the air. Bacon.

To PARTI’CIPATE. v. a. To partake; to receive part of; to
share.
As Christ's incarnation and passion can be available to no
man's good, which is not made partaker of Christ, neither
can we participate him without his presence. Hooker.
The French seldom atchieved any honourable acts without
Scottish hands, who therefore are to participate the glory with
them. Camden's Remains.
Fellowship,
Such as I seek, fit to participate
All rational delight; wherein the brute
Cannot be human consort. Milt. Par. Lost.

PARTICIPA’TION. n. s. [participation, Fr. from participate.]
1. The state of sharing something in common.
Civil society doth more content the nature of man, than
any private kind of solitary living; because, in society, this
good of mutual participation is so much larger. Hooker.
Their spirits are so married in conjunction, with the par­
ticipation of society, that they flock together in consent, like
so many wild geese. Shakesp. Henry IV.
A joint coronation of himself and his queen might give any
countenance of participation of title. Bacon.
2. The act or state of partaking or having part of something.
All things seek the highest, and covet more or less the par­
ticipation of God himself. Hooker.
Those deities are so by participation, and subordinate to the
supreme. Stillingfleet.
What an honour, that God should admit us into such a
blessed participation of himself? Atterbury.
Convince them, that brutes have the least participation of
thought, and they retract. Bentley's Sermons.
Your genius should mount above that mist, in which its
participation and neighbourhood with earth long involved it.
Pope.
3. Distribution; division into shares.
It sufficeth not, that the country hath wherewith to sustain
even more than to live upon it, if means be wanting whereby
to drive convenient participation of the general store into a
great number of well-deservers. Raleigh.

PARTICI’PIAL. adj. [participialis, Lat.] Having the nature of
a participle.

PARTICI’PIALLY. adv. [from participle.] In the sense or man­
ner of a participle.

PA’RTICIPLE. n. s. [participium, Lat.]
1. A word partaking at once the qualities of a noun and verb.
A participle as is a particular sort of adjective, formed
from a verb, and together with its signification of action,
passion, or some other manner of existence, signifying the time
thereof. Clarke's Latin Grammar.
2. Any thing that participates of different things.
The participles or confiners between plants and living crea­
tures, are such as are fixed, though they have a motion in
their parts: such as, oysters and cockles. Bacon.

PA’RTICLE. n. s. [particule, Fr. particula, Lat.]
1. Any small portion of a greater substance.


From any of the other unreasonable demands, the houses
had not given their commissioners authority in the least
particle to recede. Clarendon.
There is not one grain in the universe, either too much or
too little, nothing to be added, nothing to be spared; nor so
much as any one particle of it, that mankind may not be either
the better or the worse for, according as 'tis applied. L'Estr.
With particles of heav'nly fire,
The God of nature did his soul inspire. Dryden.
Curious wits,
With rapture, with astonishment reflect,
On the small size of atoms, which unite
To make the smallest particle of light. Blackmore.
It is not impossible, but that microscopes may, at length,
be improved to the discovery of the particles of bodies, on
which their colours depend. Newton's Opticks.
Blest with more particles of heav'nly flame. Granville.
2. A word unvaried by inflexion.
'Till Arianism had made it a matter of great sharpness and
subtility of wit to be a sound believing christian, men were
not curious what syllables or particles of speech they used.
Hooker, b. v.
The Latin varies the signification of verbs and nouns, not
as the modern languages, by particles prefixed, but by chang­
ing the last syllables. Locke on Education.
Particles are the words, whereby the mind signifies what
connection it gives to the several affirmations and negations,
that it unites in one continued reasoning or narration. Locke.
In the Hebrew tongue, there is a particle, consisting but of
one single letter, of which there are reckoned up above fifty
several significations. Locke.

PARTI’CULAR. adj. [particulier, French.]
1. Relating to single persons; not general.
He, as well with general orations, as particular dealing
with men of most credit, made them see how necessary it
was. Sidney.
As well for particular application to special occasions, as
also in other manifold respects, infinite treasures of wisdom
are abundantly to be found in the holy scripture. Hooker.
2. Individual; one distinct from others.
Wheresoever one plant draweth such a particular juice out
of the earth, as it qualifieth the earth, so as that juice, which
remaineth, is fit for the other plant; there the neighbourhood
doth good. Bacon.
This is true of actions considered in their general nature or
kind, but not considered in their particular individual in­
stances. South's Sermons.
Artists, who propose only the imitation of such a particular
person, without election of ideas, have often been reproached
for that omission. Dryden.
3. Noting properties or things peculiar.
Of this prince there is little particular memory; only that
he was very studious and learned. Bacon.
4. Attentive to things single and distinct.
I have been particular in examining the reason of chil­
dren's inheriting the property of their fathers, because it will
give us farther light in the inheritance of power. Locke.
5. Single; not general.
Rather performing his general commandment, which had
ever been, to embrace virtue, than any new particular, sprung
out of passion, and contrary to the former. Sidney.
6. Odd; having something that eminently distinguishes him
from others. This is commonly used in a sense of contempt.

PARTI’CULAR. n. s.
1. A single instance; a single point.
I must reserve some particulars, which it is not lawful for
me to reveal. Bacon.
Those notions are universal, and what is universal must
needs proceed from some universal constant principle; the
same in all particulars, which can be nothing else but human
nature. South's Sermons.
Having the idea of an elephant or an angle in my mind,
the first and natural enquiry is, whether such a thing does
exist? and this knowledge is only of particulars. Locke.
And if we will take them, as they were directed, in parti­
cular to her, or in her, as their representative, to all other wo­
men, they will, at most, concern the female sex only, and
import no more but that subjection, they should ordinarily be
in, to their husbands. Locke.
The master could hardly sit on his horse for laughing, all
the while he was giving me the particulars of this story. Addis.
Vespasian he resembled in many particulars. Swift.
2. Individual; private person.
It is the greatest interest of particulars, to advance the good
of the community. L'Estrange.
3. Private interest.
Our wisdom must be such, as doth not propose to itself t
d??? our own particular, the partial and immoderate desire
whereof poisoneth wheresoever it taketh place; but the scope
and mark, which we are to aim at, is the publick and com­
mon good. Hooker.
They apply their minds even with hearty affection and zeal,
at the least, unto those branches of publick prayer, wherein
their own particular is moved. Hooker, b. 5.
His general lov'd him
In a most dear particular. Shakesp.
4. Private character; single slef; state of an individual.
For his particular, I'll receive him gladly;
But not one follower. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
5. A minute detail of things singly enumerated.
The reader has a particular of the books, wherein this law
was written. Ayliffe's Parergon.
6. Distinct not general recital.
Invention is called a muse, authors ascribe to each of them,
in particular, the sciences which they have invented. Dryden.

PARTI’CULARITY. n. s. [particularite, Fr. from particular.]
1. Distinct notice or enumeration; not general assertion.
So did the boldness of their affirmation accompany the
greatness of what they did affirm, even descending to particu­
larities, what kingdoms he should overcome. Sidney.
2. Singleness; individuality.
Knowledge imprinted in the minds of all men, whereby
both general principles for directing of human actions are com­
prehended, and conclusions derived from them, upon which
conclusions groweth, in particularity, the choice of good and
evil. Hooker, b. ii.
3. Petty account; private incident.
To see the titles that were most agreeable to such an em­
peror, the flatteries that he lay most open to, with the like
particularities only to be met with on medals, are certainly
not a little pleasing. Addison.
4. Something belonging to single persons.
Let the general trumpet blow his blast,
Particularities and petty sounds
To cease. Shakesp. Henry VI.
5. Something peculiar.
I saw an old heathen altar, with this particularity, that it
was hollowed like a dish at one end; but not the end on
which the sacrifice was laid. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
He applied himself to the coquette's heart; there occurred
many particularities in this dissection. Addison.

To PARTI’CULARIZE. v. a. [particulariser, Fr. from particu­
lar.] To mention distinctly; to detail; to shew minutely.
The leanness that afflicts us, is an inventory to particularize
their abundance. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He not only boasts of his parentage as an Israelite, but par­
ticularizes his descent from Benjamin. Atterbury's Sermons.

PARTI’CULARLY. v. a. [from particular.]
1. Distinctly; singly; not universally.
Providence, that universally casts its eye over all the crea­
tion, is yet pleased more particularly to fasten it upon some.
South's Sermons.
2. In an extraordinary degree.
This exact propriety of Virgil, I particularly regarded as a
great part of his character. Dryden.
With the flower and the leaf I was so particularly pleased,
both for the invention and the moral, that I commend it to
the reader. Dryden.

To PARTI’CULATE. v. a. [from particular.] To make men­
tion singly. Obsolete.
I may not particulate of Alexander Hales, the irrefra­
gable doctor. Canden's Remains.

PA’RTISAN. n. s. [pertisan, French.]
1. A kind of pike or halberd.
Let us
Find out the prettiest dazied plot we can,
And make him with our pikes and partisans
A grave. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Shall I strike at it with my partisan. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. [From parti, French.] An adherent to a faction.
Some of these partisans concluded, the government had
hired men to be bound and pinnioned. Addison.
I would be glad any partisan would help me to a tolerable
reason, that, because Clodius and Curio agree with me in a
few singular notions, I must blindly follow them in all. Swift.
3. The commander of a party.
4. A commander's leading staff. Ainsworth.

PARTI’TION. n. s. [partition, Fr. partitio, Latin.]
1. The act of dividing; a state of being divided.
We grew together,
Like to a double cherry, seeming parted,
But yet an union in partition. Shakesp.
2. Division; separation; distinction.
We have, in this respect, our churches divided by certain
partition, although not so many in number as theirs. Hooker.
Can we not
Partition make with spectacles so precious
'Twixt fair and foul? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
We shall be winnow'd with so rough a wind,
That ev'n our corn shall seem as light as chaff,
And good from bad find no partition. Shakesp.
The day, month and year, measured by them, are used as
standard measures, as likely others arbitrarily deduced from
them by partition or collection. Holder on Time.


3. Part divided from the rest; separate part.
Lodg'd in a small partition; and the rest
Ordain'd for uses to his Lord best known. Milton.
4. That by which different parts are separated.
It doth not follow, that God, without respect, doth teach
us to erect between us and them a partition wall of difference,
in such things indifferent as have hitherto been disputed of.
Hooker, b. iv. s. 6.
Make partitions of wood in a hogshead, with holes in
them, and mark the difference of their sound from that of an
hogshead without such partitions. Bacon.
Partition firm and sure,
The waters underneath from those above
Dividing. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Enclosures our factions have made in the church, become
a great partition wall to keep others out of it.
Decay of Piety.
At one end of it, is a great partition, designed for an
opera. Addison.
The partition between good and evil is broken down; and
where one sin has entered, legions will force their way.
Rogers's Sermons.
5. Part where separation is made.
The mound was newly made, no sight could pass
Betwixt the nice partitions of the grass,
The well-united sods so closely lay. Dryden.

To PARTI’TION. v. a. To divide into distinct parts.
These sides are uniform without, though severally partitioned
within. Bacon.

PA’RTLET. n. s. A name given to a hen; the original signifi­
cation being a ruff or band, or covering for the neck.
Hanmer.
Thou dotard, thou art woman tir'd; unroosted
By thy dame partlet here. Shakesp.
Tir'd with pinn'd ruffs, and fans, and partlet strips. Hall.
Dame partlet was the sovereign of his heart;
He feather'd her. Dryden's Fables.

PA’RTLY. adv. [from part.] In some measure; in some de­
gree; in part.
That part, which, since the coming of Christ, partly hath
embraced, and partly shall hereafter embrace the christian re­
ligion, we term, as by a more proper name, the church of
Christ. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
The inhabitants of Naples have been always very noto­
rious for leading a life of laziness and pleasure, which I take
to arise out of the wonderful plenty of their country, that
does not make labour so necessary to them, and partly out of
the temper of their climate, that relaxes the fibres of their
bodies, and disposes the people to such an idle indolent hu­
mour. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PA’RTNER. n. s. [from part.]
1. Partaker; sharer; one who has part in anything; associate.
My noble partner,
You greet with present grace,
That he seems rapt withal. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Noble partners
Touch you the sowrest points with sweetest terms. Shakesp.
Those of the race of Sem were no partners in the unbe­
lieving work of the tower. Raleigh's History.
To undergo
Myself the total crime; or to accuse
My other self, the partner of my life. Milton.
Sapor, king of Persia, had an heaven of glass, which,
proudly sitting in his estate, he trod upon, calling himself
brother to the sun and moon, and partner with the stars.
Peacham of Geometry.
The soul continues in her action, till her partner is again
qualified to bear her company. Addison.
2. One who dances with another.
Lead in your ladies every one; sweet partner,
I must not yet forsake you. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To PA’RTNER. v. a. [from the noun.] To join; to associate
with a partner.
A lady who
So fair, and fasten'd to an empery,
Would make the great'st king double: to be partner'd
With tomboys, hir'd with self-exhibition,
Which your own coffers yield. Shakesp.

PA’RTNERSHIP. n. s. [from partner.]
1. Joint interest or property.
He does possession keep,
And is too wise to hazard partnership. Dryden.
2. The union of two or more in the same trade.
'Tis a necessary rule in alliances, partnerships and all man­
ner of civil dealings, to have a strict regard to the disposition
of those we have to do withal. L'Estrange.

PA’RTOOK. Preterite of partake.

PA’RTRIDGE. n. s. [perdrix, Fr. pertris, Welsh; perdix, Lat.]
A bird of game.
The king is come out to seek a flea, as when one doth hunt
a partridge in the mountains. 1 Sam. xxvi. 20.

PARTU’RIENT. adj. [parturtens, Lat.] About to bring forth.

PARTURI’TION. n. s. [from parturio, Latin.] The state of
being about to bring forth.
Conformation of parts is required, not only unto the pre­
vious conditions of birth, but also unto the parturition or very
birth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’RTY. n. s. [partié, French.]
1. A number of persons confederated by similiarity of designs
or opinions in opposition to others; a faction.
When any of these combatants strips his terms of ambi­
guity, I shall think him a champion for truth, and not the
slave of vain glory or a party. Locke.
This account of party patches will appear improbable to
those, who live at a distance from the fashionable world. Addis.
Party writers are so sensible of the secret virtue of an in­
nuendo, that they never mention the q—n at length. Spectat.
This party rage in women only serves to aggravate animo­
sities that reign among them. Addis. Spect. No 81.
As he never leads the conversation into the violence and
rage of party disputes, I listened to him with pleasure. Tatler.
Division between those of the same party, exposes them to
their enemies. Pope.
The most violent party men are such, as, in the conduct of
their lives, have discovered least sense of religion or mora­
lity. Swift.
One of two litigants.
When you are hearing a matter between party and party,
if pinched with the cholick, you make faces like mummers,
and dismiss the controversy more entangled by your hearing:
all the peace you make in their cause, is calling both parties
knaves. Shakesp.
The cause of both parties shall come before the judges.
Exodus xxii. 9.
If a bishop be a party to a suit, and excommunicates his
adversary; such excommunication shall not bar his adver­
sary from his action. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. One concerned in any affair.
The child was prisoner to the womb, and is
Free'd and enfranchis'd; not a party to
The anger of the king, nor guilty of
The trespass of the queen. Shakesp.
I do suspect this trash
To be a party in this injury. Shakesp.
4. Side; persons engaged against each other.
Our Foes compell'd by need, have peace embrac'd:
The peace, both parties want, is like to last. Dryden.
5. Cause; side.
ægle came in, to make their party good. Dryden.
6. A select assembly.
Let me extol a cat, on oysters fed,
I'll have a party at the Bedford-head. Pope.
If the clergy would a little study the arts of conversation,
they might be welcome at every party, where there was the
least regard for politeness or good sense. Swift.
7. Particular person; a person distinct from, or opposed to,
another.
As she paced on, she was stopped with a number of trees,
so thickly placed together, that she was afraid she should,
with rushing through, stop the speech of the lamentable party,
which she was so desirous to understand. Sidney.
The minister of justice may, for publick example, vir­
tuously will the execution of that party, whose pardon another,
for consanguinity's fake, as virtuously may desire. Hooker.
If the jury found, that the party slain was of English race,
it had been adjudged felony. Davies on Ireland.
How shall this be compast? canst thou bring me to the
party? Shakespear's Tempest.
The smoke received into the nostrils, causes the party to
lie as if he were drunk. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
The imagination of the party to be cured, is not needful to
concur; for it may be done without the knowledge of the
party wounded. Bacon's Natural History.
He that confesses his sin, and prays for pardon, hath pu­
nished his fault: and then there is nothing left to be done by
the offended party, but to return to charity. Taylor.
Though there is a real difference between one man and
another, yet the party, who has the advantage, usually mag­
nifies the inequality. Collier on Pride.
8. A detachment of soldiers: as, he commanded that party sent
thither.

PARTY-COLOURED. adj. [party and coloured.] Having diversity
of colours.
The fulsome ewes,
Then conceiving, did, in yeaning time,
Fall party-colour'd lambs. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
The leopard was valuing himself upon the lustre of his
party-coloured skin. L'Estrange.
From one father both,
Both girt with gold, and clad in party-colour'd cloth. Dryd.
Constrain'd him in a bird, and made him fly
With party-colour'd plumes a chattering pie. Dryden.


I looked with as much pleasure upon the little party-coloured
assembly, as upon a bed of tulips. Addison's Spect.
Nor is it hard to beautify each month
With files of party-colour'd fruits. Phillips.
Four knaves in garb succinct, a trusty band,
And party-coloured troops, a shining train,
Draw forth to combat on the velvet plain. Pope.

PARTY-JU’RY. n. s. [in law.] A jury in some trials half fo­
reigners and half natives.

PA’RTY-MAN. n. s. [party and man.] A factious person; an
abettor of a party.

PARTY-WALL. n. s. [party and wall.] Wall that separates one
house from the next.
'Tis an ill custom among bricklayers to work up a whole
story of the party-walls, before they work up the fronts.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

PA’RVIS. n. s. [Fr.] A church or church porch: applied to the
mootings or law-disputes among young students in the inns of
courts, and also to that disputation at Oxford, called dispu­
tatio in parvis. Bailey.

PA’RVITUDE. n. s. [from parvus, Latin.] Littleness; mi­
nuteness.
The little ones of parvitude cannot reach to the same
floor with them. Glanville.

PA’RVITY. n. s. [from parvus, Lat.] Littleness; minute­
ness.
What are these for fineness and parvity, to those minute
animalcula discovered in pepper-water. Ray.

PAS

PAS. n. s. [French.] Precedence; right of going foremost.
In her poor circumstances, she still preserv'd the mien of a
gentlewoman; when she came into any full assembly, she
would not yield the pas to the best of them. Arbuthnot.

PA’SCHAL. adj. [pascal, French; paschalis, Latin.]
1. Relating to the passover.
2. Relating to Easter.

PASH. n. s. [paz, Spanish.] A kiss. Hanmer.
Thou want'st a rough pash, and the shoots that I have,
To be full like me. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

To PASH. v. a. [perssen, Dutch.] To strike; to crush.
With my armed fist
I'll pash him o'er the face. Shakespeare.
Thy cunning engines have with labour rais'd
My heavy anger, like a mighty weight,
To fall and pash thee dead. Dryden.

PASQUE-FLOWER. n. s. [pulsatilla, Latin.]
The flower consists of several leaves, which are placed in
a circular order, and expand in form of a rose; out of the
middle of which rises a pointal, beset, for the most part,
with chives, which afterward becomes a fruit, in which the
seeds are gathered, as it were in a little head, each ending
in a small hair: to which must be added some little leaves,
encompassing the pedicle below the flower; as the anemone,
from which the pasque-flower differs in the seed, ending in a
tail. Miller.

PA’SQUIL. n. s. [from pasquino, a statue at Rome, to
which they affix any lampoon or paper of
satirical observation.] A lampoon.
He never valued any pasquils that were dropped up and
down, to think them worthy of his revenge. Howel.
The pasquils, lampoons, and libels, we meet with now-a­
days, are a sort of playing with the four and twenty letters,
without sense, truth, or wit. Tatler, No 92.

PA’SQUIN. n. s. [from pasquino, a statue at Rome, to which they affix any lampoon or paper of satirical observation.] A lampoon.
He never valued any pasquils that were dropped up and
down, to think them worthy of his revenge. Howel.
The pasquils, lampoons, and libels, we meet with now-a­
days, are a sort of playing with the four and twenty letters,
without sense, truth, or wit. Tatler, No 92.

PA’SQUINADE. n. s. [from pasquino, a statue at Rome, to which they affix any lampoon or paper of satirical observation.] A lampoon.
He never valued any pasquils that were dropped up and
down, to think them worthy of his revenge. Howel.
The pasquils, lampoons, and libels, we meet with now-a­
days, are a sort of playing with the four and twenty letters,
without sense, truth, or wit. Tatler, No 92.

To PASS. v. n. [passer, French; passus, a step, Latin.]
1. To go; to move from one place to another; to be pro­
gressive.
Tell him his long trouble is passing
Out of this world. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away from
thy servant. Genesis.
While my glory passeth by, I will put thee in a clift of the
rock, and will cover thee, while I pass by. Exodus xxxiii. 22.
Thus will I cut off him that passeth out, and him that
returneth. Ezekiel xxxv. 7
They took the fords of Jordan, and suffered not a man to
pass over. Judges iii. 28.
This heap and this pillar be witness, that I will not pass
over to thee, and that thou shall not pass over it and this
pillar unto me for harm. Genesis xxxi. 52.
An idea of motion not passing on, is not better than idea
of motion at rest. Locke.
Heedless of those cares, with anguish stung,
He felt their fleeces as they pass'd along. Pope.
If the cause be visible, we stop at the instrument, and sel­
dom pass on to him that directed it. Wake's Prep. for Death.
2. To go; to make way.
Her face, her hands were torn
With passing through the brakes. Dryden.
3. To make transition from one thing to another.
Others dissatisfied with what they have, and not trusting to
those innocent ways of getting more, fall to others, and pass
from just to unjust. Temple's Miscellanies.
4. To vanish; to be lost.
Trust not too much to that enchanting face;
Beauty's a charm, but soon the charm will pass. Dryder.
5. To be spent; to go away.
The time, when the thing existed, is the idea of that
space of duration, which passed between some fixed period
and the being of that thing. Locke.
We see, that one who fixes his thoughts very intently on
one thing, so as to take but little notice of the succession of
ideas that pass in his mind, whilst he is taken up with that
earnest contemplation, lets slip out of his account a good part
of that duration, and thinks that time shorter than it is. Locke.
6. To be at an end; to be over.
Their officous haste,
Who would before have born him to the sky,
Like eager Romans, ere all rites were past,
Did let too soon the sacred eagle fly. Dryden.
7. To die; to pass from the present life to another state.
The pangs of death do make him grin;
Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably. Shakesp.
8. To be changed by regular gradation.
Inflammations are translated from other parts to the lungs;
a pleurisy easily passeth into a peripneumony. Arbuthnot.
9. To go beyond bounds. Obsolete.
Why this passes, Mr. Ford:—you are not to go loose any
longer, you must be pinnioned. Shakesp.
10. To be in any state.
I will cause you to pass under the rod, and I will bring you
into the bond of the covenant. Ezekiel xx. 37.
11. To be enacted.
Many of the nobility spoke in parliament against those
things, which were most grateful to his majesty, and which
still passed, notwithstanding their contradiction. Clarendon.
Neither of these bills have yet passed the house of commons,
and some think they may be rejected. Swift.
This pernicious project, if passed into a law, would have
been of the worst consequence. Swift.
12. To be effected; to exist. Unless this may be thought a
noun with the articles suppressed, and be explained thus: it
came to the pass that.
I have heard it enquired, how it might be brought to pass
that the church should every where have able preachers to in­
struct the people. Hooker, b. v. s. 3.
When the case required dissimulation, if they used it, it
came to pass that the former opinion of their good faith made
them almost invisible. Bacon's Essays.
13. To gain reception; to become current: as, this money
will not pass.
That trick, said she, will not pass twice. Hudibras.
Their excellencies will not pass for such in the opinion of
the learned, but only as things which have less of error in
them. Dryden.
False eloquence passeth only where true is not understood,
and no body will commend bad writers, that is acquainted
with good. Felton on the Classicks.
The grossest suppositions pass upon them, that the wild Irish
were taken in toyls; but that, in some time, they would
grow tame. Swift.
14. To be practised artfully or successfully.
This practice hath most shrewdly past upon thee;
But when we know the grounds and authors of it,
Thou shalt be both the plaintiff and the judge. Shakesp.
Though frauds may pass upon men, they are as open as the
light to him that searches the heart. L'Estrange.
15. To be regarded as good or ill.
He rejected the authority of councils, and so do all the re­
formed; so that this won't pass for a sault in him, 'till 'tis
proved one in us. Atterbury.
16. To occur; to be transacted.
If we would judge of the nature of spirits, we must have
recourse to our own consciousness of what passes within our
own mind. Watts's Logick.
17. To be done.
Zeal may be let loose in matters of direct duty, as in
prayers, provided that no indirect act pass upon them to de­
sile them. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
18. To heed; to regard.
As for these silken-coated slaves, I pass not;
It is to you, good people, that I speak,
O'er whom, in time to come, I hope to reign. Shakesp.
19. To determine finally; to judge capitally.
Though well we may not pass upon his life,
Without the form of justice; yet our pow'r
Shall do a court'sy to our wrath. Shakesp.
20. To be supremely excellent.
21. To thrust; to make a push in fencing.
To see thee fight, to see thee pass thy puncto. Shakesp.
Both advance
Against each other, and with sword and lance
They lash, they foin, they pass, they strive to bore
Their corslets. Dryden.


22. To omit.
Full piteous seems young Alma's case,
As in a luckless gamester's place,
She would not play, yet must not pass. Prior.
23. To go through the alimentary duct.
Substances hard cannot be dissolved, but they will pass;
but such, whose tenacity exceeds the powers of digestion,
will neither pass, nor be converted into aliment. Arbuthnot.
24. To be in a tolerable state.
A middling sort of man was left well enough to pass by his
father, but could never think he had enough, so long as any
had more L'Estrange.
25. To PASS away. To be lost; to glide off.
Defining the soul to be a substance that always thinks, can
serve but to make many men suspect, that they have no souls
at all, since they find a good part of their lives pass away
without thinking. Locke.
26. To PASS away. To vanish.

To PASS. v. a.
1. To go beyond.
As it is advantageable to a physician to be called to the cure
of a declining disease; so it is for a commander to suppress
a sedition, which has passed the height: for in both the
noxious humour doth first weaken, and afterwards waste to
nothing. Hayward.
2. To go through: as, the horse passed the river.
3. To spend; to live through.
Were I not assured he was removed to advantage, I should
pass my time extremely ill without him. Collier.
You know in what deluding joys we past
The night that was by heav'n decreed our last. Dryden.
We have examples of such, as pass most of their nights
without dreaming. Locke.
The people, free from cares, serene and gay,
Pass all their mild untroubled hours away. Addison.
In the midst of the service, a lady, who had passed the
winter at London with her husband, entered the congrega­
tion. Addison's Spectator, No 129.
4. To impart to any thing the power of moving.
Dr. Thurston thinks the principal use of inspiration to be,
to move, or pass the blood, from the right to the left ven­
tricle of the heart. Derham's Physico Theology.
5. To carry hastily.
I had only time to pass my eye over the medals, which are
in great number. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
6. To transfer to another proprietor.
He that will pass his land,
As I have mine, may set his hand
And heart unto this deed, when he hath read;
And make the purchase spread. Herbert.
7. To strain; to percolate.
They speak of severing wine from water, passing it through
ivy wood. Bacon's Natural History.
8. To vent; to let out.
How many thousands take upon them to pass their censures
on the personal actions of others, and pronounce boldly on
the affairs of the publick. Watts.
They will commend the work in general, but pass so many
fly remarks upon it afterwards, as shall destroy all their cold
praises. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
9. To utter ceremoniously.
Many of the lords and some of the commons passed some
compliments to the two lords. Clarendon.
10. To utter solemnly.
He past his promise, and was as good as his word.
L'Estrange.
11. To transmit.
Waller passed over five thousand horse and foot by New­
bridge. Clarendon, b. viii.
12. To put an endo to.
This night
We'll pass the business privately and well. Shakespeare.
13. To surpass; to excel.
She more sweet than any bird on bough
Would oftentimes emongst them bear a part,
And strive to pass, as she could well enough,
Their native music by her skilful art. Fairy Queen.
Whom do'st thou pass in beauty? Ezekiel xxxii. 19.
Martial, thou gav'st far nobler epigrams
To thy Domitian, than I can my James;
But in my royal subject I pass thee,
Thou flattered'st thine, mine cannot flatter'd be. B. Johns.
The ancestor and all his heirs,
Though they in number pass the stars of heav'n,
Are still but one. Davies.
14. To omit; to neglect.
If you fondly pass our proffer'd offer,
'Tis not the rounder of your old fac'd walls
Can hide you. Shakespeare's King John.
Let me o'erleap that custom; for I cannot
Put on the gown, stand naked, and entreat them;
Please you that I may pass this doing. Shakespeare.
I pass the wars, that spotted linx's make
With their fierce rivals. Dryden.
I pass their warlike pomp, their proud array. Dryden.
15. To transcend; to transgress.
They did pass those bounds, and did return since that
time. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
16. To admit; to allow.
The money of every one that passeth the account, let the
priests take. 2 Kings xii. 4.
I'll pass them all upon account,
As if your nat'ral self had don't. Hudibras.
17. To enact a law.
How does that man know, but the decree may be already
passed against him, and his allowance of mercy spent. South.
Among the laws that pass'd, it was decreed,
That conquer'd Thebes from bondage should be freed.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Could the same parliament which addressed with so much
zeal and earnestness against this evil, pass it into a law? Swift.
His majesty's ministers proposed the good of the nation,
when they advised the passing this patent. Swift.
18. To impose frandulently.
Th' indulgent mother did her care employ,
And pass'd it on her husband for a boy. Dryden.
19. To practice artfully; to make succeed.
Time lays open frauds, and after that discovery there is
no passing the same trick upon the mice. L'Estrange.
20. To send from one place to another: as, pass that beggar to
his own parish.
21. To PASS away. To spend; to waste.
The father waketh for the daughter, lest she pass away the
flower of her age. Ecclus. xlii. 9.
22. To PASS by. To excuse; to forgive.
However God may pass by single sinners in this world; yet
when a nation combines against him, the wicked shall not go
unpunished. Tillotson's Sermons.
23. To PASS by. To neglect; to disregard.
How far ought this enterprize to wait upon these other
matters, to be mingled with them, or to pass by them, and
give law to them, as inferior unto itself? Bacon.
It conduces much to our content, if we pass by those things
which happen to our trouble, and consider that which is pros­
perous; that, by the representation of the better, the worse
may be blotted out. Taylor's Holy Living.
Certain passages of scripture we cannot, without injury to
truth, pass by here in silence. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
24. To PASS over. To omit; to let go unregarded.
Better to pass him o'er, than to relate
The cause I have your mighty fire to hate. Dryden.
It does not belong to this place to have that point debated,
nor will it hinder our pursuit to pass it over in silence. Watts.
The poet passes it over as hastily as he can, as if he were
afraid of staying in the cave. Dryden.
The queen asked him, who he was; but he passes over
this without any reply, and reserves the greatest part of his
story to a time of more leisure. Broome.

PASS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A narrow entrance; an avenue.
The straight pass was damm'd
With dead men. Shakespear's Cymbeline.
It would be easy to defend the passes into the whole coun­
try, that the king's army should never be able to enter. Clar.
Truth is a strong hold, fortified by God and nature, and
diligence is properly the understanding's laying siege to it; so
that it must be perpetually observing all the avenues and passes
to it, and accordingly making its approaches. South.
2. Passage; road.
The Tyrians had no pass to the Red Sea, but through the
territory of Solomon, and by his sufferance. Raleigh.
Pity tempts the pass;
But the tough metal of my heart resists. Dryden.
3. A permission to go or come any where.
They shall protect all that come in, and send them to
the lord deputy, with their safe conduct or pass, to be at his
disposition. Spenser on Ireland.
We bid this be done,
When evil deeds have their permissive pass,
And not the punishment. Shakespeare.
Give quiet pass
Through your dominions for this enterprize. Shakespeare.
A gentleman had a pass to go beyond the seas. Claren.
If they should send for a pass to France, the ceremony in
asking and granting it would be liable to the same objections
of delay. Clarendon.
4. An order by which vagrants or impotent persons are sent to
their place of abode.
5. Push; thrust in fencing.
'Tis dangerous when the baser nature comes
Between the pass and fell incensed points
Of mighty opposites. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The king hath laid, that in a dozen passes between you and
him, he shall not exceed you three hits. Shakespeare.


With seeming innocence the crowd beguil'd;
But made the desperate passes, when he smil'd. Dryden.
6. State; condition.
To what a pass are our minds brought, that, from the right
line of virtue, are wryed to these crooked shifts? Sidney.
After King Henry united the roses, they laboured to re­
duce both English and Irish, which work, to what pass and
perfection it was brought, in queen Elizabeth's reign, hath
been declared. Davies's State of Ireland.
I could see plate, hangings and paintings about my house
till you had the ordering of me, but I am now brought to
such pass, that I can see nothing at all. L'Estrange.
Matters have been brought to this pass, that if one
among a man's sons had any blemish, he laid him aside for the
ministry, and such an one was presently approved. South.

PA’SSABLE. adj. [passible, Fr. from pass.]
1. Possible to be passed or travelled through or over.
Antiochus departed in all haste, weening in his pride to
make the land navigable, and the sea passable by foot. 2. Mac.
2. Supportable; tolerable; allowable.
His body is a passable carkass, if he be not hurt. It is a
thoroughfare for steel. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
They are crafty and of a passable reach of understanding.
Howel.
In counterfeits, it is with men as with false money; one
piece is more or less passable than another. L'Estrange.
Lay by Virgil, my version will appear a passable beauty
when the original muse is absent. Dryden.
White and red well mingled on the face, make what was
before but passable, appear beautiful. Dryden.
3. Capable of admission or reception.
These stage advocates are not only without truth, but
without colour: could they have made the slander passable,
we should have heard farther. Collier.
4. Popular; well received. This is a sense less usual.
Where there is no eminent odds in sufficiency, it is better
to take with the more passable, than with the more able. Bac.
A man of the one faction, which is most passable with the
other, commonly giveth best way. Bacon's Essays.

PASSA’DO. n. s. [Italian.] A push; a thrust.
A duellist, a gentleman of the very first house; ah! the
immortal passado. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

PA’SSAGE. n. s. [passage, French.]
1. Act of passing; travel; course; journey.
The story of such a passage was true, and Jason with the
rest went indeed to rob Colchos, to which they might arrive
by boat. Raleigh's History of the World.
So shalt thou best prepar'd endure
Thy mortal passage when it comes. Milton.
Live like those who look upon themselves as being only on
their passage through this state, but as belonging to that which
is to come. Atterbury's Sermons.
Though the passage be troublesome, yet it is secure, and
shall in a little time bring us ease and peace at the last. Wake.
2. Road; way.
Human actions are so uncertain, as that seemeth the best
course, which hath most passages out of it. Bacon.
The land enterprize of Panama was grounded upon a false
account, that the passages towards it were no better fortified
than Drake had left them. Bacon.
Is there yet no other way besides
These painful passages, how we may come
To death, and mix with our connatural dust? Milton.
Against which open'd from beneath
A passage down to th' earth, a passage wide. Milton.
When the passage is open, land will be turned most to great
cattle; when shut, to sheep. Temple.
The Persian army had advanced into the straight passages
of Cilicia, by which means Alexander with his small army
was able to fight and conquer them. South's Seromns.
The passage made by many a winding way,
Reach'd e'en the room, in which the tyrant lay. Dryden.
He plies him with redoubled strokes;
Wheels as he wheels; and with his pointed dart
Explores the nearest passage to his heart. Dryden.
I wished for the wings of an eagle, to fly away to those
happy seats; but the genius told me there was no passage to
them, except through the gates of death. Addison.
I have often stopped all the passages to prevent the ants
going to their own nest. Addison's Guardian, No 157.
When the gravel is separated from the kidney, oily sub­
stances relax the passages. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. Entrance or exit; liberty to pass.
What, are my doors oppos'd against my passage? Shak.
4. The state of decay. Not in use.
Would some part of my young years
Might but redeem the passage of your age! Shakesp.
5. Intellectual admittance; mental acceptance.
I would render this treatise intelligible to every rational man,
however little versed in scholastick learning, among whom I
expect it will have a fairer passage than among those deeply im­
bued with other principles. Digby.
6. Occurrence; hap.
It is no act of common passage, but
A strain of rareness. Shakespeare.
7. Unsettled state; aptness by condition or nature to change
the place of abode.
Most traders in Ireland are but factors; the cause must be
rather an ill opinion of security than of gain: the last intices
the poorer traders, young beginners, or those of passage; but
without the first, the rich will never settle in the country.
Temple's Miscellanies.
In man the judgment shoots at flying game;
A bird of passage! lost as soon as sound;
Now in the moon perhaps, now under ground. Pope.
8. Incident; transaction.
This business as it is a very high passage of state, so it is
worthy of serious consideration. Hayward.
Thou do'st in thy passages of life
Make me believe that thou art only mark'd
For the hot vengeance of heav'n. Shakesp. Henry IV.
9. Management: conduct.
Upon consideration of the conduct and passage of affairs
in former times, the state of England ought to be cleared of
an imputation cast upon it. Davies on Ireland.
10. Part of a book; single place in a writing. Endroit, Fr.
A critic who has no taste nor learning, seldom ventures
to praise any passage in an author who has not been before re­
ceived by the publick. Addison's Spectator, No 291.
As to the cantos, all the passages are as fabulous as the
vision at the beginning. Pope.

PA’SSED. Preterite and participle of pass.
Why sayest thou my way is hid from the Lord, and my
judgment is passed over from my God? Isaiah xl. 27.
He affirmed, that no good law passed since king William's
accession, except the act for preserving the game. Addison.
The description of a life, passed away in vanity and among
the shadows of pomp, may be soon finely drawn in the same
place. Addison's Spectator, No 210.

PA’SSENGER. n. s. [passager, French.]
1. A traveller; one who is upon the road; a wayfarer.
All the way, the wanton damsel found
New mirth, her passenger to entertain. Fairy Queen.
What hollowing, and what stir is this?
These are my mates that make their wills their law,
Have some unhappy passenger in chase. Shakespeare.
The nodding horror of whose shady brows
Threats the forlorn and wand'ring passenger. Milton.
Apelles, when he had finished any work, exposed it to the
sight of all passengers, and concealed himself to hear the cen­
sure of his faults. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. One who hires in any vehicle the liberty of travelling.
The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth attend the
unskilful words of a passenger. Sidney.

PASSENGER falcon. n. s. A kind of migratory hawk. Ains.

P’ASSER. n. s. [from pass.] One who passes; one that is upon
the road.
Under you ride the home and foreign shipping in so near a
distance, that, without troubling the passer or borrowing
Stentor's voice, you may confer with any in the town. Carew.
Have we so soon forgot,
When, like a matron, butcher'd by her sons,
And cast beside some common way a spectacle
Of horror and affright to passers by,
Our groaning country bled at every vein. Rowe.

PASSIBI’LITY. n. s. [passibilité, Fr. from passible.] Quality of
receiving impressions from external agents.
The last doubt, touching the passibility of the matter of
the heavens, is drawn from the eclipses of the sun and
moon. Hakewill on Providence.

PA’SSIBLE. adj. [passible, Fr. passibilis, Lat.] Susceptive of im­
pressions from external agents.
Theodoret disputeth with great earnestness, that God can­
not be said to suffer; but he thereby meaneth Christ's divine
nature against Apollinarius, which held even deity itself
passible. Hooker, b. v. 53.

PA’SSIBLENESS. n. s. [from passible.] Quality of receiving im­
pressions from external agents.
It drew after it the heresy of the passibleness of the deity,
because the deity of Christ was become, in their conceits,
the same nature with the humanity that was passible.
Brerewood on Languages.

PASSING. participial adj. [from pass.]
1. Supreme; surpassing others; eminent.
No strength of arms shall win this noble fort,
Or shake this puissant wall, such passing might
Have spells and charms, if they be said aright. Fairfax.
Sir Hudibras his passing worth,
The manner how he sallied forth. Hudibras.
2. It is used adverbially to enforce the meaning of another word.
Exceeding.
Oberon is passing fell and wroth. Shakespeare.


Many in each region passing fair
As the noon sky; more like to goddesses
Than mortal creatures. Milton's Paradise Lost.
She was not only passing fair,
But was withal discreet and debonair. Dryden.
While thus we stood as in a stound,
Full soon by bonfire and by bell,
We learnt our liege was passing well. Gay.

PA’SSINGBELL. n. s. [passing and bell.] The bell which rings
at the hour of departure, to obtain prayers for the passing soul:
it is often used for the bell, which rings immediately after
death.
Those loving papers,
Thicken on you now, as pray'rs ascend
To heaven in troops at a good man's passingbell. Donne.
A talk of tumult, and a death
Would serve him as his passingbell to death. Daniel.
Before the passingbell begun,
The news through half the town has run. Swift.

PA’SSION. n. s. [passion, French; passio, Latin.]
1. Any effect caused by external agency.
The differences of mouldable and not mouldable, scissible
and not scissible, and many other passions of matter are ple­
beian notions, applied to the instruments men ordinarily practise. Bacon.
A body at rest affords us no idea of any active power to
move, and when, set in motion, it is rather a passion than
an action in it. Locke.
2. Violent commotion of the mind.
All the other passions fleet to air,
As doubtful thoughts and rash embrac'd despair. Shakesp.
Thee every thing becomes, to chide, to laugh,
To weep: whose every passion fully strives
To make itself in thee fair and admired. Shakespeare.
Vex'd I am
Of late, with passions of some difference. Shakespeare.
I am doubtful, lest
You break into some merry passion,
And so offend him:
If you should smile, he grows impatient. Shakesp.
In loving thou do'st well, in passion not;
Wherein true love consists not. Milton's Par. Lost.
Cruel his eye, but cast
Signs of remorse and passion, to behold
The fellows of his crime condemn'd
For ever now to have their lot in pain. Milton's Par. Lost.
Passion's too fierce to be in fetters bound,
And nature flies him like enchanted ground. Dryden.
All the art of rhetorick, besides order and perspicuity, only
moves the passions, and thereby misleads the judgment. Locke.
3. Anger.
The word passion signifies the receiving any action in a
large philosophical sense; in a more limited philosophical
sense, it signifies any of the affections of human nature; as
love, fear, joy, sorrow: but the common people confine it
only to anger. Watts.
4. Zeal; ardour.
Where statesmen are ruled by faction and interest, they can
have no passion for the glory of their country, nor any con­
cern for the figure it will make. Addison on Medals.
5. Love.
For your love,
You kill'd her father: you confess'd you drew
A mighty argument to prove your passion for the daughter.
Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
He, to grate me more,
Publickly own'd his passion for Amestris. Rowe.
Survey yourself, and then forgive your slave,
Think what a passion such a form must have. Granvil.
6. Eargerness.
Abate a little of that violent passion for fine cloaths, so pre­
dominant in your sex. Swift.
7. Emphatically. The last suffering of the redeemer of the
world.
He shewed himself alive after his passion, by many infallible
proofs. Acts i. 3.

To PA’SSION. v. n. [passionner, Fr. from the noun.] To be
extremely agitated; to express great commotion of mind.
Obsolete.
'Twas Ariadne passioning
For Theseus' perjury and unjust flight. Shakespeare.

PASSION-FLOWER. n. s. [granadilla, Latin.]
Passion-flower hath a double calyx, the first consisting of
three leaves, the other of five, which expand in form of a
star: the flowers consist of five leaves each, and are of a ro­
saceous form: in the centre of the flower arises the pointal,
with a crown fringed at the bottom, but furnished with a
tender embryo at the top, on which stand three clubs, under
which are the stamina, with rough obtuse apices, which al­
ways incline downward; the embryo turns to an oval or
globalar fruit, fleshy, and consisting of one cell, which is
full of seeds adhering to the sides, and covered with a sort of
hood or veil. Miller.

PA’SSION-WEEK. n. s. The week immediately preceding
Easter, named in commemoration of our Saviour's crucifixion.

PA’SSIONATE. adj. [passionné, French.]
1. Moved by passion; causing or expressing great commotion
of mind.
My whole endeavour is to resolve the conscience, and to
shew what, in this controversy, the heart is to think, if it
will follow the light of sound and sincere judgment, without
either cloud of prejudice or mist of passionate affection. Hooker.
Thucydides observes, that men are much more passionate for
injustice than for violence; because the one coming as from
an equal seems rapine; when the other proceeding from one
stronger is but the effect of necessity. Clarendon.
Good angels looked upon this ship of Noah's with a
passionate concern for its safety. Burnet.
Men, upon the near approach of death, have been rouzed
up into such a lively sense of their guilt, such a passionate de­
gree of concern and remorse, that, if ten thousand ghosts
had appeared to them, they scarce could have had a fuller
conviction of their danger. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Easily moved to anger.
Homer's Achilles is haughty and passionate, impatient of
any restraint by laws, and arrogant in arms. Prior.

To PA’SSIONATE. v. a. [from passion.] An old word. Obsolete.
1. To affect with passion.
Great pleasure mix'd with pitiful regard,
That godly king and queen did passionate,
Whilst they his pitiful adventures heard,
That oft they did lament his luckless state. Fairy Queen.
2. To express passionately.
Thy neice and I want hands,
And cannot passionate our tenfold grief
With folded arms. Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.

PA’SSIONATELY. adv. [from passionate.]
1. With passion; with desire, love or hatred; with great com­
motion of mind.
Whoever passionately covets any thing he has not, has lost
his hold. L'Estrange.
If sorrow expresses itself never so loudly and passionately,
and discharge itself in never so many tears, yet it will no
more purge a man's heart, than the washing of his hands
can cleanse the rotteness of his bones. South's Sermons.
I made Melesinda, in opposition to Nourmahal, a woman
passionately loving of her husband, patient of injuries and con­
tempt, and constant in her kindness. Dryden.
2. Angrily.
They lay the blame on the poor little ones, sometimes
passionately enough, to divert it from themselves. Locke.

PA’SSIONATENESS. n. s. [from passionate.]
1. State of being subject to passion.
2. Vehemence of mind.
To love with some passionateness the person you would
marry, is not only allowable but expedient. Boyle.

PA’SSIVE. adj. [passif, French; passivus, Latin.]
1. Receiving impression from some external agent.
High above the ground
Their march was, and the passive air upbore
Their nimble tread. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The active informations of the intellect, filling the passive
reception of the will, like form closing with matter, grew
actuate into a third and distinct perfection of practice. South.
As the mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its
simple ideas, so it exerts several acts of its own, whereby,
out of its simple ideas, the other is formed. Locke.
The vis inertiæ is a passive principle by which bodies persist
in their motion or rest, receive motion in proportion to the
force impressing it, and resist as much as they are resisted:
by this principle alone, there never could have been any mo­
tion in the world. Newton's Opticks.
2. Unresisting; not opposing.
Not those alone, who passive own her laws,
But who, weak rebels, more advance her cause. Dunciad.
3. Suffering; not acting.
4. [In grammar.]
A verb passive is that which signifies passion or the effect of
action: as, doceor, I am taught. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

PA’SSIVELY. adv. [from passive.] With a passive nature.
Though some are passively inclin'd,
The greater part degenerate from their kind. Dryden.

PA’SSIVENESS. n. s. [from passive.]
1. Quality of receiving impression from external agents.
2. Passibility; power of suffering.
We shall lose our passiveness with our being, and be as in­
capable of suffering as heaven can make us. Decay of Piety.

PASS’VITY. n. s. [from passive.] Passiveness. An innovated
word.
There being no mean between penetrability and impene­
trability, between passivity and activity, these being contrary
and opposite, the infinite rarefaction of the one quality is
the position of its contrary. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.



PA’SSOVER. n. s. [pass and over.]
1. A feast instituted among the Jews in memory of the time when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians, passed
over the habitations of the Hebrews.
The Jews passover was at hand, and Jesus went up. Jo. ii. 13.
The Lord's passover, commonly called Easter, was or­
dered by the common law to be celebrated every year on a
Sunday. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The sacrifice killed.
Take a lamb, and kill the passover. Exodus xii. 21.

PA’SSPORT. n. s. [passport, Fr.] Permission of egress.
Under that pretext, fain she would have given a secret
passport to her affection. Sidney.
Giving his reason passport for to pass
Whither it would, so it would let him die. Sidney.
Let him depart; his passport shall be made,
And crowns for convoy put into his purse. Shakespeare.
Having used extreme caution in granting passports to Ire­
land, he conceived that paper not to have been delivered. Clar.
The gospel has then only a free admission into the assent
of the understanding, when it brings a passport from a rightly
disposed will, as being the faculty of dominion, that com­
mands all, that shuts out, and lets in, what objects it
pleases. South's Sermons.
Admitted in the shining throng,
He shows the passport which he brought along;
His passport is his innocence and grace,
Well known to all the natives of the place. Dryden.
At our meeting in another world;
For thou hast drunk thy passport out of this. Dryden.

PAST. participial adj. [from pass.]
1. Not present; not to come.
Past, and to come, seem best; things present worst. Shak.
For several months past, papers have been written upon the
best publick principle, the love of our country. Swift.
This not alone has shone on ages past,
But lights the present, and shall warm the last. Pope.
2. Spent; gone through; undergone.
A life of glorious labours past. Pope.

PAST. n. s. Elliptically used for past time.
The past is all by death possest,
And frugal fate that guards the rest,
By giving bids us live to-day. Fenton.

PAST. proposition.
1. Beyond in time.
Sarah was delivered of a child, when she was past age.
Hebrews xi. 11.
2. No longer capable of.
Fervent prayers he made, when he was esteemed past sense,
and so spent his last breath in committing his soul unto the
Almighty. Hayward.
3. Beyond; out of reach of.
We must not
Prostitute our past cure malady
To empiricks. Shakespear's All's well that ends well.
What's gone, and what's past help,
Should be past grief. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Many men have not yet sinned themselves past all sense or
feeling, but have some regrets; and when their spirits are at
any time disturbed with the sense of their guilt, they are for
a little time more watchful over their ways; but they are
soon disheartened. Calamy's Sermons.
Love, when once past government, is consequently past
shame. L'Estrange.
Her life she might have had; but the despair
Of saving his, had put it past her care. Dryden.
I'm stupify'd with sorrow, past relief
Of tears. Dryden.
That the bare receiving a sum should sink a man into a
servile state, is past my comprehension. Collier on Pride.
That he means paternal power, is past doubt from the in­
ference he makes. Locke.
4. Beyond; further than.
We will go by the king's high way, until we be past thy
borders. Numbers xxi. 22.
5. Above; more than.
The northern Irish Scots have bows not past three quarters
of a yard long, with a string of wreathed hemp and their arrows not much above an ell. Spenser on Ireland.
The same inundation was not deep, not past forty foot
from the ground. Bacon.

PASTE. n. s. [paste, French.]
1. Any thing mixed up so as to be viscous and tenacious: such
as flour and water for bread or pies; or various kinds of earth
mingled for the potter.
Except you could bray Christendom in a mortar, and
mould it into a new paste, there is no possibility of an holy
war. Bacon's Holy War.
With particles of heav'nly fire
The God of nature did his soul inspire;
Which wise Prometheus temper'd into paste,
And, mixt with living streams, the godlike image cast. Dryd.
When the gods moulded up the paste of man,
Some of their dough was left upon their hands. Dryden.
He has the whitest hand that ever you saw, and raises paste better than any woman. Addison's Spectator, No 482.
2. Flour and water boiled together so as to make a cement.
3. Artificial mixture, in imitation of precious stones.

To PASTE. v. a. [paster, Fr. from the noun.] To fasten with paste.
By pasting the vowels and consonants on the sides of dice,
his eldest son played himself into spelling. Locke.
Young creatures have learned their letters and syllables, by
having them pasted upon little flat tablets. Watts.

PA’STEBOARD. n. s. [paste and board.] Masses made anciently
by pasting one paper on another: now made sometimes by
macerating paper and casting it in moulds, sometimes by
pounding old cordage, and casting it in forms.
Tintoret made chambers of board and pasteboard, propor­
tioned to his models, with doors and windows, through which
he distributed, on his figures, artificial lights. Dryden.
I would not make myself merry even with a piece of paste­
board, that is invested with a publick character. Addison.

PA’STEBOARD. adj. Made of pasteboard.
Put silkworms on whited brown paper into a pasteboard
box. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PA’STEL: n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PA’STERN. n. s. [pasturon, French.]
1. The knee of an horse.
I will not change my horse with any that treads on four
pasterns. Shakespear's Henry V.
The colt that for a stallion is design'd,
Upright he walks on pasterns firm and straight,
His motions easy, prancing in his gait. Dryden.
Being heavy, he should not tread stiff, but have a pastern
made him, to break the force of his weight: by this his body
hangs on the hoof, as a coach doth by the leathers. Grew.
2. The legs of an human creature in contempt.
So straight she walk'd, and on her pasterns high:
If seeing her behind, he lik'd her pace,
Now turning short, he better lik'd her face. Dryden.

PA’STIL. n. s. [pastillus, Lat. pastille, Fr.] A roll of paste.
To draw with dry colours, make long pastils, by grinding
red led with strong wort, and so roll them up like pencils, drying them in the sun. Peacham on Drawing.

PA’STIME. n. s. [pass and time.] Sport; amusement; diversion.
It was more requisite for Zelmane's hurt to rest, than
sit up at those pastimes; but she, that felt no wound but one,
earnestly desired to have the pastorals. Sidney, b. i.
I'll be as patient as a gentle stream,
And make a pastime of each weary step,
'Till the last step has brought me to my love. Shakesp.
Pastime passing excellent,
If husbanded with modesty. Shakespeare.
With these
Find pastime, and bear rule; thy realm is large. Milton.
A man, much addicted to luxury, recreation and pastime,
should never pretend to devote himself entirely to the sciences,
unless his soul be so refined, that he can taste these entertain­
ments eminently in his closet. Watts.

PA’STOR. n. s. [pastor, Latin; pasteur, old French.]
1. A shepherd.
Receive this present by the muses made,
The pipe on which the Ascræan pastor play'd. Dryden.
The pastor shears their hoary beards,
And eases of their hair the loaden herds. Dryden.
2. A clergyman who has the care of a flock; one who has souls
to feed with sound doctrine.
The pastor maketh suits of the people, and they with
one voice testify a general assent thereunto, or he joyfully
beginneth, and they with like alacrity follow, dividing be­
tween them the sentences wherewith they strive, which shall
much shew his own, and stir up others zeal to the glory of
God. Hooker, b. v. s. 39.
The first branch of the great work belonging to a pastor
of the church, was to teach. South's Sermons.
A breach in the general form of worship was reckoned too
unpopular to be attempted, neither was the expedient then
found out of maintaining separate pastors out of private
purses. Swift.

PA’STORAL. adj. [pastoralis, Latin; pastoral, French.]
1. Rural; rustick; beseeming shepherds; imitating shepherds.
In those pastoral pastimes, a great many days were sent to
follow their flying predecessors. Sidney.
2. Relating to the care of souls.
Their lord and master taught concerning the pastoral care
he had over his own flock. Hooker, b. v. s. 19.
The bishop of Salisbury recommended the tenth satire of
Juvenal, in his pastoral letter, to the serious perusal of the
divines of his diocese. Dryden.

PA’STORAL. n. s. A poem in which any action or passion is
represented by its effects upon a country life; or according to
the common practice in which speakers take upon them the
character of shepherds; an idyl; a bucolick.


Pastoral is an imitation of the action of a shepherd, the
form of this imitation is dramatick or narrative, or mixed
of both, the fable simple, the manners not too polite nor too
rustick. Pope.
The best actors in the world, for tragedy, comedy, hi­
story, pastoral. Shakesp. Hamlet.
There ought to be the same difference between pastorals
and elegies, as between the life of the country and the court;
the latter should be smooth, clean, tender and passionate:
the thoughts may be bold, more gay, and more elevated than
in pastoral. Walsh.

PA’STRY. n. s. [pastifferie, Fr. from paste.]
1. The act of making pies.
Let never fresh machines your pastry try,
Unless grandees or magistrates are by,
Then you may put a dwarf into a pye. King.
2. Pies or baked paste.
Remember
The seed cake, the pastries and the furmenty pot. Tusser.
They call for dates and quinces in the pastry. Shakesp.
Beasts of chase, or fowls of game,
In pastry built, or from the spit, or boil'd,
Gris amber steam'd. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
3. The place where pastry is made.

PA’STRY-COOK. n. s. [pastry and cook.] One whose trade is
to make and sell things baked in paste.
I wish you knew what my husband has paid to the pastry­
cooks and confectioners. Arbuthnot.

PA’STURABLE. adj. [from pasture.] Fit for pasture.

PA’STURAGE. n. s. [pasturage, French.]
1. The business of feeding cattle.
I wish there were some ordinances, that whosoever keepeth
twenty kine, should keep a plough going; for otherwise all
men would fall to pasturage, and none to husbandry.
Spenser on Ireland.
2. Lands grazed by cattle.
France has a sheep by her to shew, that the riches of the
country consisted chiefly in flocks and pasturage. Addison.
3. The use of pasture.
Cattle fatted by good pasturage, after violent motion, die
suddenly. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PA’STURE. n. s. [pasture, French.]
1. Food; the act of feeding.
Unto the conservation is required a solid pasture, and a food
congenerous unto nature. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Ground on which cattle feed.
A careless herd,
Full of the pasture, jumps along by him,
And never stays. Shakespeare's As you like it.
When there was not room for their herds to feed together,
they, by consent, separated and enlarged their pasture where
it best liked them. Locke.
The new tribes look abroad
On nature's common, far as they can see
Or wing, their range and pasture. Thomson's Spring.
3. Human culture; education.
From the first pastures of our infant age,
To elder cares and man's severer page
We lash the pupil. Dryden.

To PA’STURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To place in a pasture.

To PA’STURE. v. n. [from the noun] To graze on the
ground.
The cattle in the fields and meadows green
Those rare and solitary; these in flocks
Pasturing at once, and in broad herds upsprung. Milton.

PA’STY. n. s. [paste, French.] A pye of crust raised without
a dish.
Of the paste a coffin will I rear,
And make two pasties of your shameful heads. Shakesp.
I will confess what I know; if ye pinch me like a pasty, I
can say no more. Shakespeare.
If you'd fright an alderman and mayor,
Within a pasty lodge a living hare. King.
A man of sober life,
Not quite a madman, though a pasty fell,
And much too wise to walk into a well. Pope.

PAT

PAT. adj. [from pas, Dutch, Skinner.] Fit; convenient;
exactly suitable either as to time or place. This is a low word,
and should not be used but in burlesque writings.
Pat pat; and here's a marvellous convenient place for our
rehearsal. Shakespear's Midsummer Night's Dream.
Now I might do it pat, now he is praying. Shakesp.
They never saw two things so pat,
In all respects, as this and that. Hudibras, p. ii.
Zuinglius dreamed of a text, which he found very pat to his
doctrine of the Eucharist. Atterbury.
He was surely put to't at the end of a verse,
Because he could find no word to come pat in. Swift.

PAT. n. s. [patte, Fr. is a foot, and thence pat may be a blow
with the foot.]
1. A light quick blow; a tap.
The least noise is enough to disturb the operation of his
brain; the pat of a shuttle-cock, or the creaking of a jack
will do. Collier on human Reason.
2. Small lump of matter beat into shape with the hand.

To PAT. v. a. [from the noun.] To strike lightly; to tap.
Children prove, whether they can rub upon the breast
with one hand, and pat upon the forehead with another, and
straightways they pat with both. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Gay pats my shoulder, and you vanish quite. Pope.

PA’TACHE. n. s. A small ship. Ainsworth.

PA’TACOON. n. s. A Spanish coin worth four shillings and
eight pence English. Ainsworth.

To PATCH. v. n. [pudtzer, Danish; pezzare, Italian.]
1. To cover with a piece sewed on.
They would think themselves miserable in a patched coat,
and yet their minds appear in a pie-bald livery of coarse patches
and borrowed shreds. Locke.
2. To decorate the face with small spots of black silk.
In the middle boxes, were several ladies who patched both
sides of their faces. Addison's Spectator, No 81.
We begg'd her but to patch her face,
She never hit one proper place. Swift.
3. To mend clumsily; to mend so as that the original strength
or beauty is lost.
Any thing mended, is but patch'd. Shakesp.
Physick can but mend our crazy state,
Patch an old building, not a new create. Dryden.
Broken limbs, common prudence sends us to the surgeons
to piece and patch up. L'Estrange.
4. To make up of shreds or different pieces. Sometimes with
up emphatical.
If we seek to judge of those times, which the scriptures set
us down without error, by the reigns of the assyrian princes,
we shall but patch up the story at adventure, and leave it in
confusion. Raleigh's History of the World.
His glorious end was a patch'd work of fate,
Ill sorted with a soft effeminate life. Dryden.
There is that visible symmetry in a human body, as gives
an intrinsick evidence, that it was not formed successively and
patched up by piece-meal. Bentley's Sermons.
Enlarging an author's sense, and building fancies of our
own upon his foundation, we may call paraphrasing; but
more properly changing, adding, patching, piecing. Felton.

PATCH. n. s. [pezzo, Italian.]
1. A piece sewed on to cover a hole.
Patches set upon a little breach,
Discredit more in hiding of the flaw,
Than did the flaw before it was so patch'd. Shakesp.
If the shoe be ript, or patches put;
He's wounded! see the plaister on his foot. Dryden.
They suffer their minds to appear in a pie-bald livery of
coarse patches and borrowed shreds, such as the common opi­
nion of those they converse with clothe them in. Locke.
2. A piece inserted in mosaick or variegated work.
3. A small spot of black silk put on the face.
How! providence! and yet a Scottish crew!
Then madam nature wears black patches too. Cleaveland.
If to every common funeral,
By your eyes martyr'd, such grace were allow'd,
Your face wou'd wear not patches, but a cloud. Suckling.
They were patched differently, and cast hostile glances
upon one another, and their patches were placed in different
situations as party-signals to distinguish friends from foes. Addis.
This the morning omens seem'd to tell;
Thrice from my trembling hand the patch-box fell. Pope.
4. A small particle; a parcel of land.
We go to gain a little patch of ground,
That hath in it no profit but the name. Shakesp.
5. A paltry fellow. Obsolete.
What a py'd ninny's this? thou scurvy patch! Shakesp.

PA’TCHER. n. s. [from patch.] One that patches; a botcher.

PA’TCHERY. n. s. [from patch.] Botchery; bungling work.
Forgery. A word not in use.
You hear him cogg, see him dissemble,
Know his gross patchery, love him, and feed him,
Yet remain assur'd that he's a made-up villain. Shakesp.

PA’TCHWORK. n. s. [patch and work.] Work made by sewing
small pieces of different colours interchangeably together.
When my cloaths were finished, they looked like the
patchwork, only mine were all of a colour. Gulliver's Travels.
Whoever only reads to transcribe shining remarks, without
entering into the genius and spirit of the author, will be apt
to be misled out of the regular way of thinking; and all the
product of all this will be found a manifest incoherent piece
of patchwork. Swift.
Foreign her air, her robe's discordant pride
In patchwork flut'ring. Dunciad.

PATE. n. s. [This is derived by Skinner from tête, Fr.] The
head. Now commonly used in contempt or ridicule, but an­
tiently in serious language.
Senseless man, that himself doth hate,
To love another;
Here take thy lover's token on thy pate. Fairy Queen.


Behold the despaire,
By custome and covetous pates,
By gaps and opening of gates. Tusser.
He is a traitor, let him to the tower,
And crop away that factious pate of his. Shakesp.
Steal by line and level is an excellent pass of pate. Shakesp.
That fly devil,
That broker that still breaks the pate of faith,
That daily breakvow. Shakesp.
I had broke thy pate,
And ask'd thee mercy for't. Shakesp.
Who dares
Say this man is a flatterer. The learned pate
Ducks to the golden fool. Shakesp.
Thank your gentler fate,
That, for a bruis'd or broken pate,
Has freed you from those knobs that grow
Much harder on the married brow. Hudibras.
If only scorn attends men for asserting the church's dig­
nity, many will rather chuse to neglect their duty, than to
get a broken pate in the church's service. South's Sermons.
If any young novice happens into the neighbourhood of
flatterers, presently they are plying his full purse and empty
pate with addresses suitable to his vanity. South.

PAted. adj. [from pate.] Having a pate. It is used only in
composition: as, long-pated or cunning; shallow-pated or
foolish.

PATE’FACTION. n. s. [patefactio, Latin.] Act or state of
opening. Ainsworth.

PA’TEN. n. s. [patina, Latin.] A plate. Not in use.
The floor of heav'n
Is thick inlaid with patens of bright gold;
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings. Shakesp.

PA’TENT. adj. [patens, Latin; patent, French.]
1. Open to the perusal of all: as, letters patent.
2. Something appropriated by letters patent.
Madder is esteemed a commodity that will turn to good
profit; so that, in king Charles the first's time, it was made
a patent commodity. Mortimer's Husbandry.

P’ATENT. n. s. A writ conferring some exclusive right or pri­
vilege.
If you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to of­
fend; for if it touch not you, it comes near no body.
Shakespeare.
So will I grow, so live, so die,
Ere I will yield my virgin patent up
Unto his lordship. Shakespeare's Midsum. Night's Dream.
We are censured as obstinate, in not complying with a
royal patent. Swift.

PATENTEE’. n. s. [from patent.] One who has a patent.
If his tenant and patentee dispose of his gift, without his
kingly consent, the lands shall revert to the king. Bacon.
In the patent granted to lord Dartmouth, the securities
obliged the patentee to receive his money back upon every
demand. Swift.

PATER-NOSTER. n. s. [Lat.] The Lord's prayer.
No penny no pater-noster. Camden's Remains.

PATE’RNAL. adj. [paternus, Lat. paternel, Fr.]
1. [Fatherly; having the relation of a father; pertaining to a
father.
I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity and property of blood,
And as a stranger to my heart and me
Hold thee. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Admonitions fraternal or paternal of his fellow christians
or governors of the church. Hammond.
They spend their days in joy unblam'd; and dwell
Long time in peace, by families and tribes,
Under paternal rule. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Hereditary; received in succession from one's father.
Men plough with oxen of their own
Their small paternal field of corn. Dryden.
He held his paternal estate from the bounty of the con­
queror. Dryden.
Retreat betimes
To thy paternal seat, the Sabine field,
Where the great Cato toil'd with his own hands. Addison.

PATE’RNITY. n. s. [from paternus, Lat. paternité, Fr.] Fa­
thership; the relation of a father.
The world, while it had scarcity of people, underwent no
other dominion than paternity and eldership. Raleigh.
A young heir, kept short by his father, might be known
by his countenance; in this case, the paternity and filiation
leave very sensible impressions. Arbuthnot.

PATH. n. s. [path, Saxon.] Way; road; track. In conver­
sation it is used of a narrow way to be passed on foot; but in
solemn language means any passage.
For darkness, where is the place thereof? that thou shouldst
know the paths to the house thereof. Job xxxviii. 20.
On the glad earth the golden age renew,
And thy great father's path to heav'n pursue. Dryden.
The dewy paths of meadows we will tread,
For crowns and chaplets. Dryden's Theocritus.
There is but one road by which to climb up, and they
have a very severe law against any that enters the town by
another path, lest any new one should be worn on the
mountain. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PATHE’TICAL. [pa???; pathetique, Fr.] Affecting
the passions; passionate; moving.
His page that handful of wit;
'Tis a most pathetical neat. Shakesp.
How pathetick is that expostulation of Job, when, for the
trial of his patience, he was made to look upon himself in
this deplorable condition. Spectator, No 571.
Tully considered the dispositions of a sincere and less mer­
curial nation, by dwelling on the pathetick part. Swift.
While thus pathetick to the prince he spoke,
From the brave youth the streaming passion broke. Pope.

PATHE’TICK. [pa???; pathetique, Fr.] Affecting
the passions; passionate; moving.
His page that handful of wit;
'Tis a most pathetical neat. Shakesp.
How pathetick is that expostulation of Job, when, for the
trial of his patience, he was made to look upon himself in
this deplorable condition. Spectator, No 571.
Tully considered the dispositions of a sincere and less mer­
curial nation, by dwelling on the pathetick part. Swift.
While thus pathetick to the prince he spoke,
From the brave youth the streaming passion broke. Pope.

PATHE’TICALLY. adv. [from pathetical.] In such a manner
as may strike the passions.
These reasons, so pathetically urged and so admirably raised
by the prosopopoia of nature, speaking to her children with
so much authority, deserve the pains I have taken. Dryden.

PATHE’TICALNESS. n. s. [from pathetical.] Quality of being
pathetick; quality of moving the passion.

PA’THLESS. adj. [from path.] Untrodden; not marked with paths,
Ask thou the citizens of pathless woods;
What cut the air with wings, what swim in floods. Sandys.
Like one that had been led astray
Through the heav'ns wide pathless way. Milton.
In fortune's empire blindly thus we go,
And wander after pathless destiny,
Whose dark resorts since prudence cannot know;
In vain it would provide. Dryden.
Through mists obscure, she wings her tedious way,
Now wanders dazzl'd with too bright a day;
And from the summit of a pathless coast
Sees infinite, and in that sight is lost. Prior.

PA’THOGNOMONICK. adj. [pa?????????, p??? and ????s­
?.] Such signs of a disease as are inseparable, designing the
essence or real nature of the disease; not symptomatick. Quincy.
He has the true pathognomonick sign of love, jealousy; for
no body will suffer his mistress to be treated so. Arbuthnot.

PA’THOLOGICAL. adj. [pathologique, Fr. from pathology.] Re­
lating to the tokens or discoverable effects of a distemper.

PA’THOLOGIST. n. s. [p? and ????.] One who treats of
pathology.

PA’THOLOGY. n. s. [p??? and ????; pathologie, Fr.]
That part of medicine which relates to the distemper, with
their differences, causes and effects incident to the human
body. Quincy.

PA’THWAY. n. s. [path and way.] A road; strictly a narrow
way to be passed on foot.
Alas, that love, whose view is muffl'd still,
Should without eyes see pathways to his ill. Shakesp.
In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway
thereof there is no death. Proverbs xii. 28.
When in the middle pathway basks the snake;
O lead me, guard me from the sultry hours. Gay.

PA’TIBLE. adj. [from patior, Lat.] Sufferable; tolerable. Dict.

PA’TIBULARY. adj. [patibulaire, Fr. from patibulum, Latin.]
Belonging to the gallows. Dict.

PA’TIENCE. n. s. [patience, French; patientia, Latin.]
1. The power of suffering; indurance; the power of expect­
ing long without rage or discontent; the power of supporting
faults or injuries without revenge; long suffering.
The king becoming graces,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude;
I have no relish of them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Necessary patience in seeking the Lord, is better than he
that leadeth his life without a guide. Ecclus. xx. 32.
Have patience with me, and I will pay thee all. Matthew.
Christian fortitude and patience have their opportunity in
times of affliction and persecution. Sprat's Sermons.
Frequent debauch to habitude prevails,
Patience of toil and love of virtue fails. Prior.
2. Sufferance; permission.
By their patience, be it spoken, the apostles preached as
well when they wrote, as when they spake the gospel. Hooker.
3. An herb. A species of dock.
Patience, an herb, makes a good boiled sallad. Mortimer.

PA’TIENT. adj. [patient, Fr. patiens, Latin.]
1. Having the quality of enduring.
Wheat, which is the best sort of grain, of which the
purest bread is made, is patient of heat and cold. Ray.
2. Calm under pain or affliction.
Be patient, and I will stay. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Griev'd, but unmov'd, and patient of your scorn,
I die. Dryden's Theocritus.
3. Not revengeful against injuries.
4. Not easily provoked.
Warn them that are unruly, support the weak, be patient
toward all men. 1 Thessalonians v. 14.


5. Not hasty; not viciously eager or impetuous.
Too industrious to be great,
Nor patient to expect the turns of fate,
They open'd camps deform'd by civil fight. Prior.

PA’TIENT. n. s. [patient, Fr.]
1. That which receives impressions from external agents.
Malice is a passion so impetuous and precipitate, that it
often involves the agent and the patient. Gov. of the Tongue.
To proper patients he kind agents brings,
In various leagues binds disagreeing things. Creech.
Action and passion are modes which belong to substances:
when a smith with a hammer strikes a piece of iron, the
hammer and the smith are both agents or subjects of action;
the one supreme, and the other subordinate: the iron is the
patient or the subject of passion, in a philosophical sense, be­
cause it receives the operation of the agent. Watts's Logick.
2. A person diseased. It is commonly used of the relation be­
tween the sick and the physician.
You deal with me like a physician, that seeing his patient
in a pestilent fever, should chide instead of administring help,
and bid him be sick no more. Sidney.
Through ignorance of the disease, through unreasonable­
ness of the time, instead of good he worketh hurt; and out
of one evil throweth the patient into many miseries. Spenser.
A physician uses various methods for the recovery of sick
persons; and though all of them are disagreeable; his patients
are never angry. Addison.
3. It is sometimes, but rarely used absolutely for a sick person.
Nor will the raging fever's fire abate
With golden canopies or beds of state;
But the poor patient will as soon be sound
On the hard matress or the mother ground. Dryden.

To PA’TIENT. v. a. [patienter, Fr.] To compose one's self;
to behave with patience. Obsolete.
Patient yourself, madam, and pardon me. Shakesp.

PA’TIENTLY. adv. [from patient.]
1. Without rage under pain or affliction.
Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign
What justly thou hast lost. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Ned is in the gout,
Lies rack'd with pain, and you without,
How patiently you hear him groan!
How glad the case is not your own. Swift.
2. Without vicious impetuosity.
That which they grant, we gladly accept at their hands,
and wish that patiently they would examine how little cause
they have to deny that which as yet they grant not. Hooker.
Could men but once be persuaded patiently to attend to the
dictates of their own minds, religion would gain more pro­
selytes. Calamy's Sermons.

PA’TINE. n. s. [patina, Lat.] The cover of a chalice. Ains.

PA’TLY. adv. [from pat.] Commodiously; fitly.

PA’TRIARCH. n. s. [patriarche, Fr. patriarcha, Latin.]
1. One who governs by paternal right; the father and ruler of
a family.
So spake the patriarch of mankind; but Eve
Persisted, yet submiss. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees,
Shoots rising up, and spreads by slow degrees,
Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state; and in three more decays. Dryden.
2. A bishop superior to archbishops.
The patriarchs for an hundred years had been of one house,
to the prejudice of the church, and there yet remained one
bishop of the same kindred. Raleigh.
Where secular primates were heretofore given, the eccle­
siastical laws have ordered patriarchs and ecclesiastical primates
to be placed. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PATRIARCHAL. adj. [patriarchal, Fr. from patriarch.]
1. Belonging to patriarchs; such as was possessed or enjoyed by
patriarchs.
Such drowsy sedentary souls have they,
Who would to patriarchal years live on,
Fix'd to hereditary clay,
And know no climate but their own. Norris.
Nimrod enjoyed this patriarchal power; but he against right
enlarged his empire, by seizing violently on the rights of
other lords. Locke.
2. Belonging to hierarchical patriarchs.
Archbishops or metropolitans in France are immediately
subject to the pope's jurisdiction; and, in other places, they are
immediately subject to the patriarchal sees Ayliffe.

PA’TRIARCHATE. n. s. [patriarchat, Fr. from patriarch.] A
bishoprick superior to archbishopricks.
Preiacies may be termed the greater benefices; as that of
the pontificate, a patriarchship and archbishoprick. Ayliffe.

PA’TRIARCHSHIP. n. s. [patriarchat, Fr. from patriarch.] A
bishoprick superior to archbishopricks.
Preiacies may be termed the greater benefices; as that of
the pontificate, a patriarchship and archbishoprick. Ayliffe.

PATRIA’RCHY. n. s. Jurisdiction of a patriarch; patriarchate.
Calabria pertained to the patriarch of Constantinople, as
appeareth in the novel of Leo Sophus, touching the precedence
of metropolitans belonging to that patriarchy. Brerewood.

PA’TRICIAN. adj. [patricien, Fr. patricius, Lat.] Senato­
rial; noble; not plebeian.
I see
Th' insulting tyrant prancing o'er the field,
His horse's hoofs wet with patrician blood! Addison.

PATRI’CIAN. n. s. A nobleman.
Noble patricians, patrons of my right,
Defend the justice of my cause with arms. Shakesp.
You'll find Gracehus, from patrician grown
A fencer and the scandal of the town. Dryden.
Your daughters are all married to wealthy patricians. Swift.

PATRIMO’NIAL. adj. [patrimonial, Fr. from patrimony.] Pos­
sessed by inheritance.
The expence of the duke of Ormond's own great patri­
monial estate, that came over at that time, is of no small
consideration in the stock of this kingdom. Temple.
Their patrimonial sloth the Spaniards keep,
And Philip first taught Philip how to sleep. Dryden.

PA’TRIMONY. n. s. [patrimonium, Latin; patrimoine, Fr.]
An estate possessed by inheritance.
Inclosures they would not forbid, for that had been to forbid
the improvement of the patrimony of the kingdom. Bacon.
So might the heir, whose father hath, in play,
Wasted a thousand pounds of ancient rent,
By painful earning of one groat a day,
Hope to restore the patrimony spent. Davies.
In me all
Posterity stands curs'd! fair patrimony
That I must leave ye, sons. Milton's Par. Lost.
For his redemption, all my patrimony
I am ready to forego and quit. Milton's Agonistes.
Their ships like wasted patrimonies shew;
Where the thin scatt'ring trees admit the light,
And shun each other's shadows as they grow. Dryden.
The shepherd last appears,
And with him all his patrimony bears;
His house and houshold gods, his trade of war,
His bow and quiver, and his trusty cur. Dryden.

PA’TRIOT. n. s. One whose ruling passion is the love of
his country.
Patriots who for sacred freedom stood. Tickel.
The firm patriot there,
Who made the welfare of mankind his care,
Shall know he conquer'd. Addison's Cato.
Here tears shall flow from a more gen'rous cause,
Such tears as patriots shed for dying laws. Pope.

PA’TRIOTISM. n. s. [from patriot.] Love of one's country;
zeal for one's country.

To PATRO’CINATE. v. a. [patrocinor, Latin; patrociner, old
French.] To patronise; to protect; to defend. Dict.

PATROL. n. s. [patrouille, patouille, old French.]
1. The act of going the rounds in a garrison to observe that
orders are kept.
2. Those that go the rounds.
O thou! by whose almighty nod the scale
Of empire rises, or alternate falls,
Send forth the saving virtues round the land
In bright patrol. Thomson's Summer.

To PA’TROL. v. n. [patrouiller, Fr.] To go the rounds in a
camp or garison.
These out guards of the mind are sent abroad
And still patrolling beat the neighb'ring road,
Or to the parts remote obedient fly,
Keep posts advanc'd, and on the frontier lie. Blackmore.

PA’TRON. n. s. [patron, Fr. patronus, Latin.]
1. One who countenances, supports or protects. Commonly a
wretch who supports with insolence, and is paid with flattery.
I'll plead for you, as for my patron. Shakesp.
Ne'er let me pass in silence Dorset's name;
Ne'er cease to mention the continu'd debt,
Which the great patron only would forget. Prior.
2. A guardian saint.
Thou amongst those saints, whom thou do'st see,
Shall be a saint, and thine own nation's friend
And patron. Fairy Queen, b. i
St. Michael is mentioned as the patron of the Jews, and is
now taken by the Christians, as the protector general of our
religion. Dryden.
3. Advocate; defender; vindicator.
We are no patrons of those things; the best defence where­
of is speedy redress and amendment. Hooker, b. ii. s. 1.
Whether the minds of men have naturally imprinted on
them the ideas of extension and number, I leave to those who
are the patrons of innate principles. Locke.
4. One who has donation of ecclesiastical preferment.

PA’TRONAGE. n. s. [from patron.]
1. Support; protection.
Lady, most worthy of all duty, how falls it out, that you,
in whom all virtue shines, will take the patronage of fortune,
the only rebellious handmaid against virtue. Sidney.
Here's patronage, and here our art descries,
What breaks its bonds, what draws the closer ties,
Shows what rewards our services may gain,
And how too often we may court in vain. Creech.


2. Guardianship of saints.
From certain passages of the poets, several ships made
choice of some god or other for their guardians, as among
the Roman Catholicks every vessel is recommended to the
patronage of some particular saint. Addison.
3. Donation of a benefice; right of conferring a benefice.

To PA’TRONAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To patronise; to
protect. A bad word.
Dar'st thou maintain the former words thou spak'st?
Yes, sir, as well as you dare patronage
The envious barking of your saucy tongue. Shakesp.
An out-law in a castle keeps,
And uses it to patronage his theft. Shakesp.

PATRO’NAL. adj. [from patronus, Lat.] Protecting; support­
ing; guarding; defending; doing the office of a patron.
The name of the city being discovered unto their enemies,
their penates and patronal gods might be called forth by
charms. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PA’TRONESS. n. s. [feminine of patron; patrona, Lat.]
1. A female that defends, countenances or supports.
Of close escapes the aged patroness,
Blacker than earst, her sable mantle spred,
When with two trusty maids in great distress,
Both from mine uncle and my realm I fled. Fairfax.
All things should be guided by her direction, as the sove­
reign patroness and protectress of the enterprise. Bacon.
Befriend me night, best patroness of grief,
Over the pole thy thickest mantle throw. Milton.
He petitioned his patroness, who gave him for answer, that
providence had assigned every bird its proportion. L'Estrange.
It was taken into the protection of my patronesses at court.
Swift.
2. A female guardian saint.

To PA’TRONISE. v. a. [from patron.] To protect; to sup­
port; to defend; to countenance.
Churchmen are to be had in due respect for their work
sake, and protected from scorn; but if a clergyman be loose
and scandalous, he must not be patronised nor winked at. Bac.
All tenderness of conscience against good laws, is hypocrisy,
and patronised by none but men of design, who look upon it
as the fittest engine to get into power. South's Sermons.
I have been esteemed and patronised by the grandfather,
the father and the son. Dryden.

PATRONY’MICK. n. s. [pat????????, patronymique, Fr.] Name
expressing the name of the father or ancestor: as, Tydides,
the son of Tydeus.
It ought to be rendered the son, Tectonides being a
patronymick. Broome.

PA’TTEN of a pillar. n. s. Its base. Ainsworth.

PATTENMAKER. n. s. [patten and maker.] He that makes
pattens.

PA’TTEN. n. s. [patin, Fr.] A shoe of wood with an iron
ring, worn under the common shoe by women to keep them
from the dirt.
Their shoes and pattens are snouted and piked more than a
finger long, crooking upwards, which they call crackowes,
which were fastened to the knees with chains of gold and
silver. Camden's Remains.
Good housewives
Underneath th' umbrella's oily shed,
Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread. Gay.

To PA’TTER. v. n. [from patte, Fr. the foot.] To make a
noise like the quick steps of many feet.
Patt'ring hail comes pouring on the main,
When Jupiter descends in harden'd rain. Dryden.
The stealing shower is scarce to patter heard
By such as wander through the forest walks. Thomson.

PA’TTERN. n. s. [patron, Fr. patroon, Dutch.]
1. The original proposed to imitation; the archetype; that
which is to be copied; an exemplar.
As though your desire were, that the churches of old should
be patterns for us to follow, and even glasses wherein we
might see the practice of that which by you is gathered out of
scripture. Hooker.
I will be the pattern of all patience;
I will say nothing. Shakesp. King Lear.
A pattern to all princes living with her,
And all that shall succeed. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The example and pattern of the church of Rome. Claren.
Lose not the honour you have early won,
But stand the blameless pattern of a son. Dryden.
Measure the excellency of a virtuous mind; not as it is
the copy, but the pattern of regal power. Grew.
This pattern should be our guide, in our present state of
pilgrimage. Atterbury's Sermons.
Christianity commands us to act after a nobler pattern,
than the virtues even of the most perfect men. Rogers.
Take pattern by our sister star,
Delude at once and bless our sight;
When you are seen, be seen from far,
And chiefly chuse to shine by night. Swift.
2. A specimen; a part shown as a sample of the rest.
A gentleman sends to my shop for a pattern of stuff; if he
like it, he compares the pattern with the whole piece, and
probably we bargain. Swift.
3. An instance; an example.
What God did command touching Canaan, the same con­
cerneth not us otherwise than only as a fearful pattern of his
just displeasure against sinful nations. Hooker, b. v. s. 17.
4. Any thing cut out in paper to direct the cutting of cloth.

To PA’TTERN. v. a. [patronner, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To make in imitation of something; to copy.
Ay, such a place there is, where we did hunt,
Pattern'd by that the poet here describes. Shakesp.
2. To serve as an example to be followed. Neither sense is
now much in use.
When I that censure him do so offend,
Let mine own judgment pattern out my death,
And nothing come in partial. Shakesp.

PA’VAN. n. s. A kind of light tripping dance. Ains.

PA’VIN. n. s. A kind of light tripping dance. Ains.

PAU

PAU’CILOQUY. n. s. [pauciloquium, Lat.] Sparing and rare
speech. Dict.

PAU’CITY. [paucitas, from paucus, Latin.]
1. Fewness; smallness of number.
The multitude of parishes, and paucity of schools. Hooker.
In such slender corpuscles as those of colour, may easily be
conceived a greater paucity of protuberant corpuscles. Boyle.
Socrates well understood what he said touching the rarity
and paucity of friends. L' Estrange.
2. Smallness of quantity,
This paucity of blood is agreeable to many other animals:
as, lizzards, frogs and other fishes. Brown's Vulgar Errours

To PAVE. v. a. [pavio, Lat. paver, Fr.]
1. To lay with brick or stone; to floor with stone.
Should she kneel down,
Her brother's ghost his paved bed would break,
And take her hence in horrour. Shakesp.
Let not the court be paved, for that striketh up a great heat
in summer, and much cold in winter. Bacon.
From this chymic flame
I see a city of more precious mold,
With silver pav'd, and all divine with gold. Dryden.
The streets are paved with brick or freestone. Addison.
2. To make a passage easy.
It might open and pave a prepared way to his own title. Bac.

PA’VEMENT. n. s. [pavimentum, Lat.] Stones or bricks laid
on the ground; stone floor.
The marble pavement closes, he is enter'd
Into his radiant roof. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
A broad and ample road, whose dust is gold,
And pavement stars seen in the galaxy. Milton.
The long laborious pavement here he treads,
That to proud Rome th' admiring nations leads. Addison.
The foundation of Roman ways was made of rough stone
joined together with cement; upon this was laid another layer,
consisting of small stones and cement, to plane the inequali­
ties of the lower stratum in which the stones of the upper
pavement were fixed: for there can be no very durable pave­
ment, but a double one. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PA’VER. n. s. [from pave.] One who lays with stones.
For thee the sturdy paver thumps the ground,
Whilst ev'ry stroke his lab'ring lungs resound. Gay.

PA’VIER. n. s. [from pave.] One who lays with stones.
For thee the sturdy paver thumps the ground,
Whilst ev'ry stroke his lab'ring lungs resound. Gay.

PAVI’LION. n. s. [pavillon, French.] A tent; a temporary or
moveable house.
Flowers being under the trees, the trees were to them a
pavillion, and the flowers to the trees a mosaical floor. Sidney.
She did lie
In her pavilion, cloth of gold, of tissue. Shakesp.
He, only he, heaven's blew pavilion spreads,
And on the ocean's dancing billows treads. Sandy.
It was usual for the enemy, when there was a king in the
field, to demand by a trumpet in what part of the camp he
resided, that they might avoid firing upon the royal pavilion.
Addison's Freeholder, No 23.
The glowing fury springs,
Once more invades the guilty dome, and shrouds
Its bright pavilions in a veil of clouds. Pope.

To PAVI’LION. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with tents.
Jacob in Mahanaim saw
The field pavilion'd with his guardians bright. Milton.
2. To be sheltered by a tent.
With his batt'ning flocks the careful swain
Abides pavilion'd on the grassy plain.

PAUNCH. n. s. [panse, French; pança, Spanish; pantex, Latin.]
The belly; the region of the guts.
Demades, the orator, was talkative, and would eat hard;
Antipater would say of him, that he was like a sacrifice, that
nothing was left of it but the tongue and the paunch. Bacon.


Pleading Matho born abroad for air,
With his fat paunch fills his new-fashion'd chair. Dryden.

To PAUNCH: v. a. [from the noun.] To pierce or rip the
belly; to exenterate; to take out the paunch; to eviscerate.
With a log
Batter his skull, or paunch him with a stake. Shakesp.
Chiron attack'd Talthibius with such might,
One pass had paunch'd the huge hydropick knight. Garth.

PAU’PER. n. s. [Latin.] A poor person; one who receives
alms.

PAUSE. n. s. [pause, Fr. pausa, low Latin; a??.]
1. A stop; a place or time of intermission.
Neither could we ever come to any pause, whereon to rest
our assurance this way. Hooker, b. ii. s. 4.
Comes a sellow crying out for help,
And Cassio following with determin'd sword,
To execute upon him; this gentleman
Steps in to Cassio, and intreats his pause. Shakesp.
Some pause and respite only I require,
Till with my tears I shall have quench'd my fire. Denham.
The punishment must always be rigorously exacted, and
the blows by pauses laid on till they reach the mind, and you
perceive the signs of a true sorrow. Locke.
Whilst those exalted to primeval light,
Only perceive some little pause of joys
In those great moments, when their god employs
Their ministry. Prior.
What pause from woe, what hopes of comfort bring
The names of wise or great. Prior.
Our discourse is not kept up in conversation, but falls into
more pauses and intervals than in our neighbouring countries.
Addison's Spectator, No 133.
2. Suspense; doubt.
Like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. Break; paragraph; apparent separation of the parts of a
discourse.
He writes with warmth, which usually neglects method,
and those partitions and pauses which men, educated in the
schools, observe. Locke.
4. Place of suspending the voice marked in writing.
5. A stop or intermission in musick.

To PAUSE. v. n.
1. To wait; to stop; not to proceed; to forbear for a time.
Tarry; pause a day or two,
Before you hazard: for in chusing wrong
I lose your company; therefore forbear a while. Shakesp.
Give me leave to read philosophy.
And, while I pause, serve in your harmony: Shakesp.
Pausing a while, thus to herself she mus'd. Milton.
2. To deliberate.
Bear Worcester to death, and Vernon too.
Other offenders we will pause upon. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Solyman pausing a little upon the matter, the heat of his
fury being over, suffered himself to be intreated. Knolles.
3. To be intermitted.
What awe did the slow solemn knell inspire,
The pealing organ, and the pausing choir,
And the last words, that dust to dust convey'd! Tickell.

PAUSER. n. s. [from pause.] He who pauses; he who delibe­
rates.
The expedition of my violent love
Outruns the pauser, reason. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

PAW

PAW. n. s. [pawen, Welsh.]
1. The foot of a beast of prey.
One chose his ground,
Whence rushing he might surest seize them both
Grip'd in each paw. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The bee and serpent know their stings, and the bear the
use of his paws. More's Antidote against Atheism.
If lions had been brought up to painting, where you have
one lion under the feet of a man, you should have had twenty
men under the paw of a lion. L'Estrange.
Each claims possession,
Both their paws are fastened on the prey. Dryden.
2. Hand. In contempt.
Be civil to the wretch imploring,
And lay your paws upon him without roaring. Dryden.

To PAW. v. n. [from the noun.] To draw the fore foot along
the ground.
The fiery courser, when he hears from far,
The sprightly trumpets and the shouts of war,
Pricks up his ears, and trembling with delight
Shifts place, and paws, and hopes the promis'd fight.
Dryden.
Th' impatient courser pants in every vein,
And pawing, seems to beat the distant plain,
Hills, vales, and floods appear already cross'd,
And ere he starts, a thousand steps are lost. Pope.
ONce, a fiery horse, pawing with his hoof, struck a hole
in my handkerchief. Swift.

To PAW. v. a.
1. To strike with a draught of the fore foot.
His hot courser paw'd th' Hungarian plain,
And adverse legions stood the shock in vain. Tickell.
2. To handle roughly.
3. To fawn; to flatter. Ainsworth.

PAWN. n. s. [pand, Dutch; pan, French.] Something given
to pledge as a security for money borrowed or promise made.
Her oath for love, her honour's pawn. Shakesp.
As for mortgaging and pawning, men will not take pawns
without use; or they will look for the forfeiture. Bacon.
He retains much of his primitive esteem, that abroad his
very word will countervail the bond or pawn of another. Howel.
Here's the very heart, and soul, and life-blood of Go­
mez; pawns in abundance, 'till the next bribe helps their
husbands to redeem them. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. The state of being pledged.
Sweet wife, my honour is at pawn,
And, but my going, nothing can redeem it. Shakesp.
Redeem from broking pawn the blemish'd crown,
Wipe off the dust that hides our sceptre's gilt. Shakesp.
3. A common man at chess. Ainsworth.

PA’WED. adj. [from paw.]
1. Having paws.
2. Broad footed. Ainsworth.

To PAWN. v. a. [from the noun.] To pledge; to give in
pledge. It is now seldom used but of pledges given for
money.
I hold it cowardise
To rest mistrustful, where a noble heart
Hath pawn'd an open hand in sign of love. Shakesp.
Let's lead him on with a fine baited delay, 'till he hath
pawn'd his horses. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Pawn me to this your honour, she is his. Shakesp.
I dare pawn down my life for him, that he hath writ this
to feel my affection to your honour. Shakespeare.
Will you thus break your faith?—
I pawn'd you none:
I promis'd you redress. Shakesp. Henry IV.
I'll pawn the little blood which I have left,
To save the innocent. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
If any thought annoys the gallant youth,
'Tis dear remembrance of that fatal glance,
For which he lately pawn'd his heart. Waller.
She who before had mortgag'd her estate,
And pawn'd the last remaining piece of plate. Dryden.
One part of the nation is pawned to the other, with hardly
a possibility of being ever redeemed. Swift.

PA’WNBROKER. n. s. [pawn and broker.] One who lends
money upon pledge.
The usurers or money-changers were a sort of a scanda­
lous employment at Rome; those money-scriveners seem to
have been little better than our pawnbrokers. Arbuthnot.

PAY

To PAY. v. a. [paier, Fr. apagar, Spanish; pacare, Lat.]
1. To discharge a debt.
You have done enough, and have perform'd
A saint-like sorrow; and indeed paid down
More penitence, than done trepass. Shakesp.
Your son has paid a soldier's debt;
He only liv'd but till he was a man. Shakesp.
She does what she will, say what she will, take all, pay
all. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The king and prince
Then paid their off'rings in a sacred grove
To Hercules. Dryden.
An hundred talents of silver did the children of Ammon
pay. 2 Chronicles xxvii. 5.
I have peace offerings with me; this day have I paid my
vows. Proverbs vii. 14.
Have patience, and I will pay thee all. Matthew viii. 26.
The wicked borroweth, and payeth not again. Ps. xxxvii. 21.
2. To dismiss one to whom any thing is due with his money.
3. To attone; to make amends by suffering; with for before the
cause of payment.
If this prove true, they'll pay for't. Shakesp.
Bold Prometheus, whose untam'd desire
Rival'd the sun with his own heav'nly fire,
Now doom'd the Scythian vulture's endless prey,
Severely pays for animating clay. Roscommon.
Men of parts, who were to act according to the result of
their debates, and often pay for their mistakes with their
heads, found those scholastick forms of little use to discover
truth. Locke.
4. To beat.
I follow'd me close, and, with a thought, seven of the
eleven I paid. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Forty things more,
For which, or pay me quickly, or I'll pay you. B. Johns.
5. To reward; to recompense.
She I love, or laughs at all my pain,
Or knows her worth too well; and pays me with disdain.
Dryden's Knight's Tale.


6. To give the equivalent for any thing bought.
Riches are got by consuming less of foreign commodities,
than what by commodities or labour is paid for. Locke.

PAY. n. s. [from the verb.] Wages; hire; money given in
return for service.
Come on, brave soldiers, doubt not of the day;
And, that once gotten, doubt not of large pay. Shakesp.
The soldier is willing to be converted, for there is neither
pay nor plunder to be got. L'Estrange.
Money, instead of coming over for the pay of the army,
has been transmitted thither for the pay of those forces called
from thence. Temple.
Here only merit constant pay receives,
Is blest in what it takes, and what it gives. Pope.

PA’YABLE. adj. [paiable, Fr. from pay.]
1. Due; to be paid.
The marriage-money, the princess brought, was payable
ten days after the solemnization. Bacon's Henry VII.
The farmer rates or compounds the sums of money payable
to her majesty, for the alienation of lands, made without or
by licence. Bacon.
2. Such as there is power to pay.
To repay by a return equivalent, is not in every one's
power; but thanks are a tribute payable by the poorest. South.

PA’YDAY. n. s. [pay and day.] Day on which debts are to be
discharged or wages paid.
Labourers pay away all their wages, and live upon trust
till next payday. Locke.

PA’YER. n. s. [paieur, Fr. from pay.] One that pays.

PA’YMASTER. n. s. [pay and master.] One who is to pay;
one from whom wages or reward is received.
Howsoever they may bear sail for a time, yet are they so
sure paymasters in the end, that few have held out their lives
safely. Hayward.
If we desire that God should approve us, it is a sign we do
his work, and expect him our paymaster. Taylor.

PA’YMENT. n. s. [from pay.]
1. The act of paying.
2. The discharge of debt or promise.
Thy husband commits his body
To painful labour both by sea and land,
And craves no other tribute at thy hands
But love, fair looks, and true obedience;
Too little payment for so great a debt. Shakesp.
Persons of eminent virtue, when advanced, are less envied,
for their fortune seemeth but due unto them; and no man
envieth the payment of a debt. Bacon.
3. A reward.
Give her an hundred marks.
—An hundred marks! by this light I'll ha' more.
An ordinary groom is for such payment. Shakesp.
The wages that sin bargains with the sinner, are life, plea­
sure and profit; but the wages it pays him with, are death,
torment and destruction: he that would understand the false­
hood and deceit of sin thoroughly, must compare its promises
and its payments together. South's Sermons.
4. Chastisement; sound beating. Ainsworth.

To PAYSE. v. n. [Used by Spenser for poise.] To balance.
Ne was it island then, ne was it pays'd
Amid the ocean waves,
But was all desolate. Fairy Queen.

PA’YSER. n. s. [for poiser.] One that weighs.
To mange this coinage, porters bear the tin, poizers weigh
it, a steward, comptroller and receiver keep the account. Carew.

PEA

PEA. n. s. [pisum, Latin; pisa, Saxon; pois, French.]
A pea hath a papilionaceous flower, and out of his empale­
ment rises the pointal, which becomes a long pod full of
roundish seeds; the stalks are fistulous and weak, and seem
to perforate the leaves by which they are embraced; the other
leaves grow by pairs along the midrib, ending in a tendril.
1. The species are sixteen: the greater garden pea, with
white flowers and fruit. 2. Hotspur pea. 3. Dwarf pea.
4. French dwarf pea. 5. Pea with an esculent husk. 6.
Sickle pea. 7. Common white pea. 8. Green rouncival
pea. 9. Grey pea. 10. Maple rouncival pea. 11. Rose
pea. 12. Spanish moretto pea. 13. Marrowfat or Dutch
admiral pea. 14. Union pea. 15. Sea pea. 16. Pig
pea. Miller.

PEACE. n. s. [paix, French; pax, Latin.]
1. Respite from war.
The Dane and Swede rouz'd up to fierce alarms,
Bless the wise conduct of her pious arms;
Soon as her fleets appear, their terrours cease,
And all the northern world lies hush'd in peace. Addison.
No joys to him pacifick scepters yield,
War sounds the trump, he rushes to the fie,
Peace courts his hand, but spreads her charms in vain. Anon.
2. Quiet from suits or disturbances.
The king gave judgment against Warren, and commanded
that Sherborn should hold his land in peace. Davies.
3. Rest from any commotion.
4. Stilness from riots or tumults.
Keep peace upon your lives; he dies that strikes again. Sha.
All assembled here in arms against God's peace and the
king's, we charge you to repair to your dwelling places. Shak.
Shallow, you have yourself been a great fighter, though
now a man of peace. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
5. Reconciliation of differences.
Let him make peace with me. Isaiah xxvii. 5.
6. A state not hostile.
If I have rewarded evil unto him that was at peace with
me, let the enemy persecute my soul. Psalm vii. 4.
There be two false peaces or unities: the one grounded
upon an implicit ignorance. Bacon.
7. Rest; quiet; content; freedom from terrour; heavenly rest:
Well, peace be with him that hath made us heavy!
—Peace be with us, lest we be heavier! Shakespeare.
Peace be unto thee, fear not, thou shalt not die. Judg. vi. 23.
The God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believ­
ing, that ye may abound in hope. Romans xv. 13.
Religion directs us rather to secure inward peace than out­
ward ease, to be more careful to avoid everlasting torment
than light afflictions. Tillotson's Sermons.
8. Silence; suppression of the thoughts.
'Twill out;—I peace!
No, I will speak as liberal as the air. Shakespeare.
In an examination, a freed servant, who had much
power with Claudius, very saucily had almost all the words;
and amongst other things, he asked in scorn one of the exa­
minates, who was a freed servant of Scribonianus; I pray,
Sir, if Scribonianus had been emperor, what would you have
done? he answered, I would have stood behind his chair and
held my peace. Bacon.
She said; and held her peace: æneas went
Sad from the cave. Dryden.

PEACE. interjection. A word commanding silence.
Peace! fear, thou comest too late, when already the arm
is taken. Sidney, b. ii.
Hark! peace!
It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal bellman,
Which gives the stern'st good night. Shakesp.
Peace, good reader do not weep;
Peace, the lovers are asleep;
They, sweet turtles, folded lie,
In the last knot that love could tie.
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
'Till this stormy night be gone;
And th' eternal morrow dawn,
Then the curtains will be drawn,
And they waken with that light,
Whose day shall never sleep in night. Crashaw.
But peace, I must not quarrel with the will
Of highest dispensation. Milton's Agonistes.
Silence, ye troubled waves, and, thou deep, peace!
Said then th' omnific word. Milton.
I prythee peace!
Perhaps she thinks they are too near of blood. Dryden.

PEA’CE-OFFERING. n. s. [peace and offer.] Among the Jews,
a sacrifice or gift offered to God for attonement and recon­
ciliation for a crime or offence.
A facrifice of peace-offering offer without blemish. Lev. iii. 1.

PEA’CEABLE. adj. [from peace.]
1. Free from war; free from tumult.
The most peaceable way for you, if you do take a thief, is
to let him shew himself, and steal out of your company. Shak.
The reformation of England was introduced in a peaceable
manner, by the supreme power in parliament. Swift.
2. Quiet; undisturbed.
The laws were first intended for the reformation of abuses
and peaceable continuance of the subject. Spenser.
Lie, Philo, untouch'd on my peaceable shelf,
Nor take it amiss, that so little I heed thee;
I've no envy to thee, and some love to myself,
Then why should I answer; since first I must read thee. Pri.
3. Not violent; not bloody.
The Chaldæans flattered both Cæsar and Pompey with
long lives and a happy and peaceable death; both which fell out
extremely contrary. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
4. Not quarrelsome; not turbulent.
These men are peaceable, therefore let them dwell in the
land and trade. Genesis xxxiv. 21.

PEA’CEABLENESS. n. s. [from peaceable.] Quietness; dispo­
sition to peace.
Plant in us all those precious fruits of piety, justice, and
charity, and peaceableness, and bowels of mercy toward all
others. Hammond's Fundamentals.

PEA’CEABLY. adv. [from peaceable.]
1. Without war; without tumult.
To his crown, she him restor'd,
n which he dy'd, made ripe for death by eld,
And after will'd it should to her remain,
Who peaceably the same long time did weld. Fa. Queen.
The balance of power was provided for, else Pisistratus
could never have governed so peaceably, without changing any
of Solon's laws. Swift.


2. Without disturbance.
The pangs of death do make him grin;
Disturb him not, let him pass peaceably. Shakesp.

PEA’CEFUL. adj. [peace and full.]
1. Quiet; not in war.
That rouz'd the Tyrrhene realm with loud alarms,
And peaceful Italy involv'd in arms. Dryden.
2. Pacifick; mild.
As one disarm'd, his anger all he lost;
And thus with peaceful words uprais'd her soon. Milton.
The peaceful power that governs love repairs,
To feast upon soft vows and silent pray'rs. Dryden.
3. Undisturbed; still; secure.
Succeeding monarchs heard the subjects cries,
Nor saw displeas'd the peaceful cottage rise. Pope.

PEA’CEFULLY. adv. [from peaceful.]
1. Quietly; without disturbance.
Our lov'd earth; where peacefully we slept,
And far from heav'n quiet possession kept. Dryden.
2. Mildly; gently.

PEA’CEFULNESS. n. s. [from peaceful.] Quiet; freedom from
disturbance.

PEA’CEMAKER, n. s. [peace and maker.] One who reconciles
differences.
Peace, good queen;
And whet not on these too too furious peers,
For blessed are the peacemakers. Shakesp.
Think us,
Those we profess, peacemakers, friends and servants. Shak.

PEACEPA’RTED. adj. [peace and parted.] Dismissed from the
world in peace.
We should prophane the service of the dead
To sing a requiem, and such rest to her
As to peaceparted souls. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PEACH. n. s. [pesche, Fr. malum persicum, Lat.]
A peach hath long narrow leaves; the flower consists of se­
veral leaves, which are placed in a circular order, and expand
in form of a rose; the pointal, which rises from the center
of the flower cup, becomes a roundish fleshy fruit, having a
longitudinal furrow inclosing a rough rugged stone. Miller.
September is drawn with a chearful countenance: in his
left hand a handful of millet, withal carrying a cornucopia of
ripe peaches, pears and pomegranates. Peacham.
The sunny wall,
Presents the downy peach. Thomson's Autumn.

To PEACH. v. n. [Corrupted from impeach.] To accuse of
some crime.
If you talk of peaching, I'll peach first, and see whose oath
will be believed; I'll trounce you. Dryden

PEACH-COLOURED. adj. [peach and colour.] Of a colour like
a peach.
One Mr. Caper comes, at the suit of Mr. Threepile the
mercer, for some four suits of peach-coloured sattin, which now
peaches him a beggar. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

PEA’CHICK. n. s. [pea and chick.] The chicken of a peacock.
Does the sniveling peachick think to make a cuckold of
me. Southern.

PEA’COCK. n. s. [pawa, Saxon, pavo, Lat.] Of this word the
etymology is not known: perhaps it is peak cock, from the
tuft of feathers on its head; the peak of women being an
ancient ornament: if it be not rather a corruption of beaucoq,
Fr. from the more striking lustre of its spangled train.] A
fowl eminent for the beauty of his feathers, and particularly
of his tail.
Let frantick Talbot triumph for a while;
And, like a peacock, sweep along his tail. Shakesp.
The birds that are hardest to be drawn, are the tame
birds; as cock, turky-cock and peacock. Peacham.
The peacock, not at thy command, assumes
His glorious train; nor estrich her rare plumes. Sandys.
The peacock's plumes thy tackle must not fail,
Nor the dear purchase of the sable's tail. Gay.

PEA’HEN. n. s. [pea and hen; pava, Lat.] The female of the
peacock.

PEAK. n. s. [peac, Saxon; pique, pic, French.]
1. The top of a hill or eminence.
Thy sister seek,
Or on Meander's bank or Latmus' peak. Prior.
2. Any thing acuminated.
3. The rising forepart of a head-dress.

To PEAK. v. n. [pequeno, Spanish, little, perhaps lean: but I
believe this word has some other derivation: we say a wi­
thered man has a sharp face; Falstaff dying, is said to have
a nose as sharp as a pen: from this observation, a sickly man
is said to peak or grow acuminated.
1. To look sickly.
Weary se'nnights, nine times nine,
Shall he dwindle, peak and pine. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To make a mean figure; to sneak.
I, a dull and muddy mettled rascal, peak,
Like John a dreams, unpregnant of my cause, Shakesp.
The peaking cornuto her husband, dwelling in a continual
larum of jealousy, comes me in the instant of our en­
counter. Shakesp.

PEAL. n. s. [Perhaps from pello, pellere tympana.]
1. A succession of loud sounds: as, of bells, thunder, can­
non, loud instruments.
They were saluted by the way, with a fair peal of artillery
from the tower. Hayward.
The breach of faith cannot be so highly expressed, as in
that it shall be the last peal to call the judgments of God upon
men. Bacon's Essays.
Woods of oranges will smell into the sea perhaps twenty
miles; but what is that, since a peal of ordnance will do as
much, which moveth in a small compass? Bacon.
A peal shall rouse their sleep;
Then all thy saints assembled, thou shalt judge
Bad men and angels. Milt. Par. Reg.
I myself,
Vanquish'd with a peal of words, O weakness;
Gave up my fort of silence to a woman. Milton.
From the Moors camp the noise grows louder still;
Peals of shouts that rend the heav'n's, Dryden.
Oh! for a peal of thunder that would make
Earth, sea and air, and heaven and Cato tremble! Addis.
2. It is once used by Shakespeare for a low dull noise, but improperly.
Ere to black Hecat's summons
The shard-born beetle with his drowsy hums,
Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done
A deed of dreadful note. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To PEAL. v. n. [from the noun.] To play solemnly and loud.
Let the pealing organ blow,
To the full-voic'd quire below,
In service high and anthems clear,
As may with sweetness through mine ear,
Dissolve me into extasies,
And bring all heav'n before my eyes. Milton.
The pealing organ, and the pausing choir;
And the last words, that dust to dust convey'd. Tickell.

To PEAL. v. a.
1. To assail with noise.
Nor was his ear less peal'd
With noises loud and ruinous, than when Bellona storms,
With all her batt'ring engines bent to rase
Some capital city. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To stir with some agitation: as, to peal the pot, is when tt
boils to stir the liquor therein with a ladle. Ains.

PEAR. n. s. [poire, French; pyrum, Latin.]
The flower consists of several leaves, placed in a circular
order, and expand in form of a rose, whose flower cup be­
comes a fleshy fruit, which is more produced toward the foot­
stalk than the apple, but is hollowed like a navel at the ex­
treme part; the cells, in which the seeds are lodged, are se­
parated by soft membranes, and the seeds are oblong. The
species are eighty-four: 1. Little musk pear, commonly
called the supreme. 2. The Chio pear, commonly called the
little bastard musk pear. 3. The hasting pear, commonly
called the green chissel. 4. The red muscadelle, it is also
called the fairest. 5. The little muscat. 6. The jargonelle.
7. The Windsor pear. 8. The orange musk. 9. Great blanket.
10. The little blanket pear. 11. Long stalked blanket pear.
12. The skinless pear. 13. The musk robin pear. 14. The
musk drone pear. 15. The green orange pear. 16. Casso­
lette. 17. The Magdalene pear. 18. The great onion
pear. 19. The August muscat. 20. The rose pear. 21.
The perfumed pear. 22. The summer bon chrêtien, or good
christian. 23. Salviati. 24. Rose water pear. 25. The
choaky pear. 26. The russelet pear. 27. The prince's
pear. 28. The great mouth water pear. 29. Summer bur­
gamot. 30. The Autumn burgamot. 31. The Swiss bur­
gamot. 32. The red butter pear. 33. The dean's pear.
34. The long green pear; it is called the Autumn month
water pear. 35. The white and grey monsieur John. 36.
The slowered muscat. 37. The vine pear. 38. Rousseline
pear. 39. The knave's pear. 40. The green sugar pear.
41. The marquis's pear. 42. The burnt cat; it is also called
the virgin of Xantonce. 43. Le Besidery; it is so called
from Heri, which is a forest in Bretagne between Bennes and
Nantes, where this pear was found. 44. The crasane, or
burgamot crasane; it is also called the flat butter pear. 45.
The lansac, or dauphin pear. 46. The dry martin. 47.
The villain of Anjou; it is also called the tulip pear and the
great orange. 48. The large stalked pear. 49. The Ama­
dot pear. 50. Little lard pear. 51. The good Lewis pear.
52. The colmar pear; it is also called the manna pear and
the late burgamot. 53. The winter long green pear, or the
landry wilding. 54. La virgoule, or la virgoleuse. 55. Poire
d'Ambrette; this is so called from its musky flavour, which
resembles the smell of the sweet sultan flower, which is called
Ambrette in France. 56. The winter thorn pear. 57. The
St. Germain pear, or the unknown of la Fare; it being first
discovered upon the banks of a river called by that name in
the parish of St. Germain. 58. The St. Augustine. 59.
The Spanish bon chrêtien. 60. The pound pear. 61. The


wilding of Cassoy, a forest in Brittany, where it was dis­
covered. 62. The lord Martin pear. 63. The winter
citron pear; it is also called the musk orange pear in some
places. 64. The winter rosselet. 65. The gate pear:
this was discovered in the province of Poictou, where it was
much esteemed. 66. Bergamotte Bugi; it is also called the
Easter burgamot. 67. The winter bonchrêtien pear. 68.
Catillac or cadillac. 69. La pastourelle. 70. The double
flowering pear. 71. St. Martial; it is also called the ange­
lic pear. 72. The wilding of Chaumontelle. 73. Carme­
lite. 74. The union pear. 75. The aurate. 76. The
fine present; it is also called St. Sampson. 77. Le rousselet
de reims. 78. The summer thorn pear. 79. The egg pear;
so called from the figure of its fruit, which is shaped like an
egg. 80. The orange tulip pear. 81. La mansuette. 82.
The German muscat. 83. The Holland burgamot. 84.
The pear of Naples. Miller.
They would whip me with their fine wits, till I were as
crest-faln as a dried pear. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
August shall bear the form of a young man, of a choleric
aspect, upon his arm a basket of pears, plums and apples. Peac.
The juicy pear
Lies in a soft profusion scatter'd round. Thomson.

PEARL. n. s. [perle, Fr. perla, Spanish; supposed by Salmasius
to come from spherula, Latin.]
Pearls, though esteemed of the number of gems by our
jewellers, are but a distemper in the creature that produces
them: the fish in which pearls are most frequently found is
the East Indian berbes or pearl oyster: others are found to pro­
duce pearls; as the common oyster, the muscle, and various
other kinds; but the Indian pearls are superior to all: some
pearls have been known of the size of a pigeon's egg; as
they increase in size, they are less frequent and more valued:
the true shape of the pearl is a perfect round; but some of a
considerable size are of the shape of a pear, and serve for
ear-rings: their colour ought to be a pure, clear and brilliant
white, and they bring their natural polish with them, to
which art can never attain: it is reported, that pearls natu­
rally of a yellowish cast, never alter, that this tinge never
grows deeper, and that the lustre of the pearl never fades,
which is therefore justly preferred by the Orientals to such as
are purely white: from the name unio given to the pearl,
some have been led to believe, that there was only one found
in each shell; this is indeed usually the case in oysters and
muscles; but in the oriental pearl shell six or eight are
frequent, and sometimes twenty or more. Hill.
A pearl-julep was made of a distilled milk. Wiseman.
Flow'rs purfled, blue and white,
Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery
Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee. Shakesp.
Cataracts pearl-coloured, and those of the colour of bur­
nished iron, are esteemed proper to endure the needle. Sharp.

PEARL. n. s. [albugo, Lat.] A white speck or film growing
on the eye. Ainsworth.

PEARLED. adj. [from pearl.] Adorned or set with pearls.
The water nymphs
Held up their pearled wrists, and took her in,
Bearing her straight to aged Nereus' hall. Milton.

PEA’RLEYED. adj. [pearl and eye.] Having a speck in the eye.

PEA’RLGRASS. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

PEA’RPLANT. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

PEA’RLWORT. n. s. Plants. Ainsworth.

PEA’RLY. adj. [from pearl.]
1. Abounding with pearls; containing pearls.
Some in their pearly shells at ease, attend
Moist nutriment. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Another was invested with a pearly shell, having the su­
tures finely displayed upon its surface. Woodward.
2. Resembling pearls.
Which when she heard, full pearly floods
I in her eyes might view. Drayton.
'Tis sweet the blushing morn to view,
And plains adorn'd with pearly dew, Dryden.
For what the day devours, the nightly dew
Shall to the morn in pearly drops renew. Dryden.

PEARMAI’N. n. s. An apple.
Pearmain is an excellent and well known fruit. Mortimer.

PEA’RTREE. n. s. [pear and tree.] The tree that bears pears.
The peartree criticks will have to borrow his name of
, fire. Bacon.

PEA’SANT. n. s. [paisant, Fr.] A hind; one whose business
is rural labour.
He holdeth himself a gentleman, and scorneth to work,
which, he saith, is the life of a peasant or churl. Spenser.
Our superfluous lacqueys and our peasants,
Who in unnecessary action swarm
About our squares of battle. Shakesp.
I had rather coin my heart, than wring
From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash. Shakesp.
'Tis difficult for us, who are bred up with the same infirmities
about us with which we were born, to raise our thoughts and
imaginations to those intellectual perfections that attended our
nature in the time of innocence, as it is for a peasant bred up
in the obscurities of a cottage, to fancy in his mind the un­
seen splendours of a court. South's Sermons.
The citizens would bring two thousand men, with which
they could make head against twelve thousand peasants.
Addison.

PEA’SANTRY. n. s. Peasants; rusticks; country people.
How many then should cover, that stand bare?
How much low peasantry would then be gleaned
From the true feed of honour? how much honour
Pickt from the chaff? Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
The peasantry in France under a much heavier pressure of
want and poverty than the day-labourers of England of the
reformed religion, understood it much better than those of a
higher condition among us. Locke.

PEA’SCOD. n. s. [pea, cod and shell.] The husk that con­
tains peas.
Thou art a sheal'd peascod. Shakesp. King Lear.
I saw a green caterpillar as big as a small peascod. Walton.
As peascods once I pluck'd, I chanc'd to see
One that was closely fill'd with three times three.
I o'er the door the spell in secret laid. Gay.

PEA’SHELL. n. s. [pea, cod and shell.] The husk that con­
tains peas.
Thou art a sheal'd peascod. Shakesp. King Lear.
I saw a green caterpillar as big as a small peascod. Walton.
As peascods once I pluck'd, I chanc'd to see
One that was closely fill'd with three times three.
I o'er the door the spell in secret laid. Gay.

PEASE. n. s. [Pea, when it is mentioned as a single body,
makes peas; but when spoken of collectively, as food or a
species, it is called pease, anciently peason; pisa, Saxon; pois,
French; piso, Italian; pisum, Latin.] Food of pease.
Sowe peason and beans in the wane of the moon;
Who soweth them sooner, he soweth too soone. Tusser.
Pease, deprived of any aromatic parts, are mild and de­
mulcent; but, being full of aerial particles, are flatulent. Arb.

PEAT. n. s. A species of turf used for fire.
Turf and peat, and cowsheards are cheap fuels and last
long. Bacon's Natural History.
Carew, in his survey of Cornwall, mentions nuts found
in peat-earth two miles East of St. Michael's mount. Woodw.

PEAT. n. s. [from petit, Fr.] A little fondling; a darling; a
dear play thing. It is now commonly called pet.
A pretty peat! it is best put finger in the eye,
An she knew why. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
A citizen and his wife
Both riding on one horse, upon the way
I overtook; the wench a pretty peat. Donne.

PE’BBLE. n. s. [pæbolstana, Saxon.] A stone di­
stinct from flints, being not in layers,
but in one homogeneous mass, though sometimes of many
colours. Popularly a small stone.
Through the midst of it ran a sweet brook, which did
both hold the eye open with her azure streams, and yet seek to
close the eye with the purling noise it made upon the pebble­
stones it ran over. Sidney, b. i.
The bishop and the duke of Glo'ster's men,
Forbidden late to carry any weapon,
Have fill'd their pockets full of pebblestones. Shakesp.
Suddenly a file of boys deliver'd such a shower of pebbles
loose shot, that I was fain to draw mine honour in. Shakesp.
You may see pebbles gathered together, and a crust of ce­
ment between them, as hard as the pebbles. Bacon.
Collecting toys,
As children gath'ring pebbles on the shore. Milton.
Providence permitted not the strength of the earth to spend
itself in base gravel and pebbles instead of quarries of stones.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
Winds murmur'd through the leaves your long delay;
And fountains o'er the pebbles chid your stay. Dryden.
Another body, that hath only the resemblance of an ordi­
nary pebble, shall yield a metallic and valuable matter. Woodw.

PE’BBLESTONE. n. s. [pæbolstana, Saxon.] A stone di­
stinct from flints, being not in layers,
but in one homogeneous mass, though sometimes of many
colours. Popularly a small stone.
Through the midst of it ran a sweet brook, which did
both hold the eye open with her azure streams, and yet seek to
close the eye with the purling noise it made upon the pebble­
stones it ran over. Sidney, b. i.
The bishop and the duke of Glo'ster's men,
Forbidden late to carry any weapon,
Have fill'd their pockets full of pebblestones. Shakesp.
Suddenly a file of boys deliver'd such a shower of pebbles
loose shot, that I was fain to draw mine honour in. Shakesp.
You may see pebbles gathered together, and a crust of ce­
ment between them, as hard as the pebbles. Bacon.
Collecting toys,
As children gath'ring pebbles on the shore. Milton.
Providence permitted not the strength of the earth to spend
itself in base gravel and pebbles instead of quarries of stones.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
Winds murmur'd through the leaves your long delay;
And fountains o'er the pebbles chid your stay. Dryden.
Another body, that hath only the resemblance of an ordi­
nary pebble, shall yield a metallic and valuable matter. Woodw.

PEBBLE-CRYSTAL. n. s.
The crystal, in form of nodules, is found lodged in the
earthy strata left in a train by the water departing at the con­
clusion of the deluge: this sort, called by the lapidaries
pebble-crystal, is in shape irregular. Woodward.

PE’BBLED. adj. [from pebble.] Sprinkled or abounding with
pebbles.
This bank fair spreading in a pebbled shore. Thomson.

PEBBLY. adj. [from pebble.] Full of pebbles.
Strow'd bibulous above I see the sands,
The pebbly gravel next. Thomson.

PEC

PECCABI’LITY. n. s. [from peccable.] State of being subject
to sin.
Where the common peccability of mankind is urged to in­
duce commiseration towards the offenders; if this be of force
in sin, where the concurrence of the will renders the per­
son more inexcusable, it will surely hold much more in bare
error which is purely involuntary. Decay of Piety.

PE’CCABLE. adj. [from pecco, Lat.] Incident to sin.

PECCADI’LLO. [Spanish; peccadille, French.] A petty fault;
a slight crime; a venial offence.
He means those little vices, which we call follies and the
defects of the human understanding, or at most the peccadillos
of life, rather than the tragical vices to which men are hur­
ried by their unruly passions. Dryden.
'Tis low ebb with his accusers, when such peccadilos as
these are put in to swell the charge. Atterbury.



PE’CCANCY. n. s. [from peccant.] Bad quality.
Apply refrigerants without any preceding evacuation, be­
cause the disease took its original merely from the disaffection
of the part, and not from the peccancy of the humours. Wisem.

PE’CCANT. adj. [peccant, Fr. peccans, Latin.]
1. Guilty; criminal.
From them I will not hide
My judgments, how with mankind I proceed;
As how with peccant angels late they saw. Milton.
That such a peccant creature should disapprove and repent
of every violation of the rules of just and honest, this right
reason could not but infer. South's Sermons.
2. Ill disposed; corrupt; bad; offensive to the body; injur­
ious to health. It is chiefly used in medical writers.
With laxatives preserve your body sound,
And purge the peccant humours that abound. Dryden.
Such as have the bile peccant or deficient are relieved by
bitters, which are a sort of subsidiary gall. Arbuthnot.
3. Wrong; bad; deficient; unformal.
Nor is the party cited bound to appear, if the citation be
peccant in form or matter. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PECK. n. s. [from pocca, or perhaps from fat, a vessel. Skinner.
1. The fourth part of a bushel.
Burn our vessels, like a new
Seal'd peck or bushel, for being true. Hudibras.
To every hill of ashes, some put a peck of unslacked lime,
which they cover with the ashes till rain slacks the lime, and
then they spread them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
He drove about his turnips in a cart;
And from the same machine sold pecks of pease. King.
2. Proverbially. [In low language.] A great deal.
Her finger was so small, the ring
Would not stay on which they did bring;
It was too wide a peck;
It look'd like the great collar just
About our young colt's neck. Suckling.

To PECK. v. a. [becquer, French; picken, Dutch.]
1. To strike with the beak as a bird.
2. To pick up food with the beak.
She was his only joy, and he her pride,
She, when he walk'd, went pecking by his side. Dryden.
Can any thing be more surprising, than to consider Cicero
observing, with a religious attention, after what manner the
chickens pecked the grains of corn thrown them. Addison.
3. To strike with any pointed instrument.
With a pick-ax of iron about sixteen inches long, sharpened
at the one end to peck, and flat headed at the other to drive
little iron wedges to cleave rocks. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
4. To strike; to make blows.
Two contrary factions, both inveterate enemies of our
church, which they are perpetually pecking and striking at
with the same malice. South's Sermons.
They will make head against a common enemy, whereas
mankind lie pecking at one another, till they are torn to
pieces. L'Estrange.
5. The following passage is perhaps more properly written to
peck, to throw.
Get up o'th'rail, I'll peck you o'er the pales else. Shakesp.

PE’CKER. n. s. [from peck.]
1. One that pecks.
2. A kind of bird : as, the wood-pecker.
The titmouse and the peckers hungry brood,
And Progne with her bosom stain'd in blood. Dryden.

PECKLED. adj. [corrupted from speckled.] Spotted; varied with
spots.
Some are peckled, some greenish. Walton's Angler.

PECTI’NAL. n. s. [from pecten, Lat. a comb.]
There are other fishes whose eyes regard the heavens, as
plain and cartilaginous fishes, as pectinals, or such as have
their bones made laterally like a comb. Brown.

PE’CTINATED. adj. [from pecten.] Put one within another al­
ternately. This seems to be the meaning.
To sit cross leg'd or with our fingers pectinated, is ac­
counted bad. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PECTINA’TION. n. s. The state of being pectinated.
The complication or pectination of the fingers was an hiero­
glyphic of impediment. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PE’CTORAL. adj. [from pectoralis, Latin.] Belonging to the
breast.
Being troubled with a cough, pectorals were prescribed,
and he was thereby relieved. Wiseman.

PE’CTORAL. n. s. [pectorale, Lat. pectoral, Fr.] A breast plate.

PECU’LATE. n. s. [peculatus, Latin; peculat, Fr.,] Robbery
of the publick; theft of publick money.

PECU’LATION. n. s. [peculatus, Latin; peculat, Fr.,] Robbery
of the publick; theft of publick money.

PECU’LATOR. [Latin.] Robber of the publick.

PECU’LIAR. adj. [peculiaris, from peculium, Lat. pecule, Fr.]
1. Appropriate; belonging to any one with exclusion of others.
I agree with Sir William Temple, that the word humour
is peculiar to our English tongue; but not that the think itself
is peculiar to the English, because the contrary may be found
in many Spanish, Italian and French productions. Swift.
2. Not common to other things.
The only sacred hymns they are that christianity hath pecu­
liar unto itself, the other being songs too of praise and of
thanksgiving, but songs wherewith as we serve God, so the
Jews likewise. Hooker, b. v. s. 39.
Space and duration being ideas that have something very
abstruse and peculiar in their nature, the comparing them one
with another may be of use for their illustration. Locke.
3. Particular; single. To join most with peculiar, though found
in Dryden, is improper.
One peculiar nation to select
From all the rest, of whom to be invok'd. Milton.
I neither fear, nor will provoke the war;
My fate is Juno's most peculiar care. Dryden.

PECULIAR. n. s.
1. The property; the exclusive property.
By tincture or reflection, they augment
Their small peculiar. Milt. Par. Lost.
Revenge is so absolutely the peculiar of heaven, that no
consideration whatever can empower even the best men to
assume the execution of it. South's Sermons.
2. Something abscinded from the ordinary jurisdiction.
Certain peculiars there are, some appretaining to the digni­
ties of the cathredral church at Exon. Carew.

PECULIA’RITY. n. s. [from peculiar.] Particularity; something
found only in one.
If an author possessed any distinguishing marks of style or
peculiarity of thinking, there would remain in his least success­
ful writings some few tokens whereby to discover him. Swift.

PECU’LIARLY. adv. [from peculiar.]
1. Particularly; singly.
That is peculiarly the effect of the sun's variation. Woodw.
2. In a manner not common to others.

PECU’NIARY. adj. [pecuniarius, from pecunia, Lat. pecuniaire, Fr.]
1. Relating to money.
Their impostures delude not only unto pecuniary defrau­
dations, but the irreparable deceit of death. Brown.
2. Consisting of money.
Pain of infamy is a severer punishment upon ingenuous na­
tures than a pecuniary mulct. Bacon.
The injured person might take a pecuniary mulct by way
of attonement. Broome.

PED

PED. n. s.
1. A small packsaddle. A ped is much shorter than a pannel,
and is raised before and behind, and serves for small burdens.
A pannel and wanty, packsaddle and ped. Tusser.
2. A basket; a hamper.
A hask is a wicker ped, wherein they use to carry fish. Spens.

PEDAGO’GICAL. adj. [from pedagogue.] Suiting or belonging
to a schoolmaster.

PE’DAGOGUE. n. s. [pedagogus, Lat. pa?da????, pa? and ??.] One who teaches boys; a schoolmaster; a pedant.
Few pedagogues but curse the barren chair,
Like him who hang'd himself for mere despair
And poverty. Dryden.

To PE’DAGOGUE. v. a. [pa?da?????, from the noun.] To
teach with superciliousness.
This may confine their younger stiles,
Whom Dryden pedagogues at Will's;
But never cou'd be meant to tie
Authentic wits, like you and I. Prior.

PE’DAGOGY. n. s. [?a?da????a.] The mastership; discipline.
In time the reason of men ripening to such a pitch, as to
be above the pedagogy of Moses's rod and the discipline of
types, God thought fit to display the substance without the
shadow. South's Sermons.

PE’DAL. adj. [pedalis, Lat.] Belonging to a foot. Dict.

PE’DALS. n. s. [pedalis, Lat. pedales, Fr.] The large pipes
of an organ: so called because played upon and stopt with
the foot. Dict.

PEDA’NEOUS. adj. [pedaneus, Lat.] Going on foot. Dict.

PE’DANT. n. s. [pedant, French.]
1. A schoolmaster.
A pedant that keeps a school i'th' church. Shakesp.
The boy who scarce has paid his entrance down
To his proud pedant, or declin'd a noun. Dryden.
2. A man vain of low knowledge; a man awkwardly ostenta­
tious of his literature.
The pedant can hear nothing but in favour of the conceits
he is amorous of. Glanville.
The preface has so much of the pedant, and so little of the
conversation of men in it, that I shall pass it over. Addison.
In learning let a nymph delight,
The pedant gets a mistress by't. Swift.

PEDA’NTIC. adj. [pedantesque, Fr. from pedant.] Awk­
wardly ostentatious of learning.
Mr. Cheeke had eloquence in the Latin and Greek tongues;
but for other sufficiencies pedantick enough. Hayward.
When we see any thing in an old satyrist, that looks forced
and pedantick, we ought to consider how it appeared in the
time the poet writ. Addison.
The obscurity is brought over them by ignorance and age,
made yet more obscure by their pedantical elucidators. Felton.
A spirit of contradiction is so pedantic and hateful, that a
man should watch against every instance of it. Watts.
We now believe the Copernican system; yet we shall still
use the popular terms of sun-rise and sun-set, and not intro­
duce a new pedantick description of them from the motion of
the earth. Bentley's Sermons.

PEDA’NTICAL. adj. [pedantesque, Fr. from pedant.] Awk­
wardly ostentatious of learning.
Mr. Cheeke had eloquence in the Latin and Greek tongues;
but for other sufficiencies pedantick enough. Hayward.
When we see any thing in an old satyrist, that looks forced
and pedantick, we ought to consider how it appeared in the
time the poet writ. Addison.
The obscurity is brought over them by ignorance and age,
made yet more obscure by their pedantical elucidators. Felton.


A spirit of contradiction is so pedantic and hateful, that a
man should watch against every instance of it. Watts.
We now believe the Copernican system; yet we shall still
use the popular terms of sun-rise and sun-set, and not intro­
duce a new pedantick description of them from the motion of
the earth. Bentley's Sermons.

PEDA’NTICALLY. adv. [from pedantical.] With awkward
ostentation of literature.
The earl of Roscommon has excellently rendered it;
too faithfully, is, indeed, pedantically; 'tis a faith like that,
which proceeds from superstition. Dryden.

PE’DANTRY. n. s. [pedanterie, Fr.] Awkward ostentation of
needless learning.
'Tis a practice that savours much of pedantry, a reserve of
puerility we have not shaken off from school. Brown.
Horace has enticed me into this pedantry of quotation. Cowl.
Make us believe it, if you can: it is in Latin, if I may
be allowed the pedantry of a quotation, non persuadebis, etimasi
persuaseris. Addison's Freeholder.
From the universities the young nobility are sent for fear of
contracting any airs of pedantry by a college education. Swift.

To PE’DDLE. v. n. To be busy about trifles. Ains. It is com­
monly written piddle: as, what piddling work is here.

PEDERE’RO. n. s. [pedrero, Spanish, from piedra, a stone with
which they charged it.] A small cannon managed by a
swivel. It is frequently written paterero.

PE’DESTAL. n. s. [piedstal, Fr.] The lower member of a
pillar; the basis of a statue.
The poet bawls
And shakes the statues and the pedestals. Dryden.
In the centre of it was a grim idol; the forepart of the
pedestal was curiously embossed with a triumph. Addison.
So stiff, so mute! some statue you would swear
Stept from its pedestal to take the air. Pope.

PEDE’STRIOUS. adj. [pedestris, Latin.] Not winged; going
on foot.
Men conceive they never lie down, and enjoy not the po­
sition of rest, ordained unto all pedestrious animals. Brown.

PE’DICLE. n. s. [from pedis, Lat. pedicule, Fr.] The footstalk,
that by which a leaf or fruit is fixed to the tree.
The cause of the holding green, is the close and compact
substance of their leaves and pedicles. Bacon.

PEDI’CULAR. adj. [pedicularis, Lat. pediculaire, Fr.] Having
the phthyriasis or lousy distemper. Ainsworth.

PE’DIGREE. n. s. [pere and degré, Skinner.] Genealogy; li­
neage; account of descent.
I am no herald to enquire of men's pedegrees, it sufficeth
me if I know their virtues. Sidney.
You tell a pedigree
Of threescore and two years, a silly time. Shakespeare.
Alterations of sirnames, which in former ages have been
very common, have obscured the truth of our pedigrees, that
it will be no little hard labour to deduce many of them. Cam.
To the old heroes hence was giv'n
A pedigree which reach'd to heav'n. Waller.
The Jews preserved the pedigrees of their several tribes,
with a more scrupulous exactness than any other nation. Atter.

PE’DIMENT. n. s. [pedis, Lat.] In architecture, an ornament
that crowns the ordonances, finishes the fronts of buildings,
and serves as a decoration over gates, windows and niches:
it is ordinarily of a triangular form, but sometimes makes the
arch of a circle. Dict.

PE’DLER. n. s. [a petty dealer; a contraction produced by fre­
quent use.] One who travels the country with small com­
modities.
All as a poor pedler he did wend,
Bearing a trusse of trifles at his backe;
As bells and babies and glasses in his packe. Spenser.
If you did but hear the pedler at the door, you would never
dance again after a tabor and pipe Shakespeare.
He is wit's pedler, and retails his wares
At wakes and wassals, meetings, markets, fairs. Shakesp.
Had sly Ulysses at the sack
Of Troy brought thee his pedler's pack. Cleaveland.
A narrow education may beget among some of the clergy
in possession such contempt for all innovators, as merchants
have for pedlers. Swift.
Atlas was so exceeding strong,
He bore the skies upon his back,
Just as a pedler does his pack. Swift.

PE’DLERY. adj. [from pedler.] Wares sold by pedlers.
The sufferings of those of my rank are trifles in compari­
son of what all those who travel with fish, poultry, pedlery
ware to sell. Swift.

PE’DDLING. adj. Petty dealing; such as pedlers have.
So flight a pleasure I may part with, and find no miss;
this peddling profit I may resign, and 'twill be no breach in
my estate. Decay of Piety.

PE’DOBAPTISM. n. s. [p??d?? and ??p?s?a.] Infant baptism.
Dict.

PE’DOBAPTIST. n. s. [pa?d?? and ?ap???.] One that holds
or practises infant baptism.

PEE

To PEEL. v. a. [peler, Fr. from pellis.]
1. To decorticate; to flay.
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands,
And stuck them up before the fulsome ewes. Shakesp.
2. [From piller, to rob.] To plunder. According to analogy
this should be written pill.
Who once just and temp'rate conquer'd well,
But govern ill the nations under yoke,
Peeling their provinces, exhausted all
But lust and rapine. Milton's Paradise Regained.
Lord-like at ease, with arbitary pow'r,
To peel the chiefs, the people to devour;
These, traitor, are thy talents. Dryden.

PEEL. n. s. [pellis, Latin; pelure, French.] The skin or thin
rind of any thing.

PEEL. n. s. [paelle, Fr.] A broad thin board with a long
handle, used by bakers to put their bread in and out of the
oven.

PEELER. n. s. [from peel.]
1. One who strips or flays.
2. A robber; a plunderer.
Yet otes with her sucking a peeler is found,
Both ill to the maister and worse to some ground.
Tusser.
As 'tis a peeler of land, sow it upon lands that are rank.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

To PEEP. v. n. [This word has no etymology, except that of
Skinner, who derives it from ophessen, Dutch, to lift up; and
of Casaubon, who derives it from p?pe??, a spy; perhaps it
may come from pip, pipio, Latin, to cry as young birds:
when the chickens first broke the shell and cried, they were
said to begin to pip or peep; and the word that expressed the
act of crying, was by mistake applied to the act of appearing
that was at the same time: this is offered till something better
may be found.]
1. To make the first appearance.
She her gay painted plumes disordered,
Seeing at last herself from danger rid,
Peeps forth and soon renews her native pride. Fa. Queen.
Your youth
And the true blood, which peeps forth fairly through it,
Do plainly give you out an unstain'd shepherd. Shakesp.
England and France might through their amity,
Breed him some prejudice; for from this league,
Peep'd harms that menac'd him. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I can see his pride
Peep through each part of him. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The tim'rous maiden-blossoms on each bough
Peept forth from their first blushes; so that now
A thousand ruddy hopes smil'd in each bud,
And flatter'd every greedy eye that stood. Crashaw.
With words not hers, and more than human sound,
She makes th'obedient ghosts peep trembling through the
ground. Roscommon.
Earth, but not at once, her visage rears,
And peeps upon the seas from upper grounds. Dryden.
Fair as the face of nature did appear,
When flowers first peep'd, and trees did blossoms bear,
And winter had not yet deform'd th'inverted year. Dryd.
Printing and letters had just peeped abroad in the world;
and the restorers of learning wrote very eagerly against one
another. Atterbury.
Though but the very white end of the sprout peep out in
the outward part of the couch, break it open, you will find
the sprout of a greater largeness. Mortimer's Husbandry.
So pleas'd at first the tow'ring Alps we try,
And the first clouds and mountains seem the last;
But those attain'd, we tremble to survey
The growing labours of the lengthen'd way;
Th'increasing prospect tires our wand'ring eyes,
Hills peep o'er hills, and Alps on Alps arise. Pope.
Most souls but peep out once an age,
Dull sullen pris'ners in the body's cage. Pope.
2. To look slily, closely or curiously; to look through any
crevice.
Who is the same, which at my window peeps.
Spenser.
Come thick night!
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes;
Nor heav'n peep through the blanket of the dark,
To cry hold. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Nature hath fram'd strange fellows in her time;
Some that will evermore peep through their eyes,
And laugh like parrots at a bag-piper. Shakesp.
A fool will peep in at the door. Ecelus. xxi. 23.
The trembling leaves through which he play'd,
Dappling the walk with light and shade,
Like lattice-windows give the spy
Room but to peep with half an eye. Cleaveland.
All doors are shut, no servant peeps abroad,
While others outward went on quick dispatch. Dryden.


The daring flames peept in, and saw from far
The awful beauties of the sacred quire;
But since it was prophan'd by civil war,
Heav'n thought it fit to have it purg'd by fire. Dryden.
From each tree
The feather'd people look down to peep on me. Dryden.
Those remote and vast bodies were formed not merely to
be peept at through an optick glass. Bentley's Sermons.
O my muse, just distance keep;
Thou art a maid, and must not peep. Prior.
In vain his little children peeping out
Into the mingling storm, demand their sire. Thomson.

PEEP. n. s.
1. First appearance: as, at the peep and first break of day.
2. A sly look.
Would not one think, the almanackmaker was crept out
of his grave to take t' other peep at the stars. Swift.

PEE’PER. n. s. Young chickens just breaking the shell.
Dishes I chuse, though little, yet genteel;
Snails the first course, and peepers crown the meal. Bramst.

PEE’PHOLE. n. s. [peep and hole.] Hole through which
one may look without being discovered.
By the peepholes in his crest,
Is it not virtually confest,
That there his eyes took distant aim. Prior.
The fox spied him through a peepinghole he had found out
to see what news. L'Estrange.

PEE’PINGHOLE. n. s. [peep and hole.] Hole through which
one may look without being discovered.
By the peepholes in his crest,
Is it not virtually confest,
That there his eyes took distant aim. Prior.
The fox spied him through a peepinghole he had found out
to see what news. L'Estrange.

PEER. n. s. [pair, French.]
1. Equal; one of the same rank.
His peers upon this evidence
Have found him guilty of high treason. Shakesp.
Amongst a man's peers, a man shall be sure of familiarity;
and therefore it is good a little to keep state. Bacon.
Oh! what is man, great maker of mankind!
That thou to him so great respect do'st bear!
That thou adorn'st him with so bright a mind,
Mak'st him a king, and ev'n an angel's peer. Davies.
2. One equal in excellence or endowments.
In song he never had his peer,
From sweet Cecilia down to chanticleer. Dryden.
3. Companion: fellow.
He all his peers in beauty did surpass. Fairy Queen.
If you did move to-night,
In the dances, with what spight
Of your peers you were beheld,
That at every motion swell'd. Benj. Johnson.
Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign,
Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemagne. Dryd.
4. A nobleman: of nobility we have five degrees, who are all
nevertheless called peers, because their essential privileges are
the same.
I see thee compast with thy kingdom's peers,
That speak my salutation in their minds:
Hail king of Scotland! Shakesp. Macbeth.
King Henry's peers and chief nobility
Destroy'd themselves, and lost the realm of France. Shakes.
Be just in all you say, and all you do;
Whatever be your birth, you're sure to be
A peer of the first magnitude to me. Dryden.

To PEER. v. n. [By contraction from appear.]
1. To come just in sight.
As the sun breaks through the darkest clouds,
So honour peereth in the meanest habit. Shakesp.
Yet a many of your horsemen peer,
And gallop o'er the field. Shakespear's Henry V.
Ev'n through the hollow eyes of death
I spy life peering Shakesp.
See how his gorget peers above his gown,
To tell the people in what danger he was. Ben. Johnson.
Hell itself will pass away,
And leave her dolorous mansion to the peering day. Milt.
2. To look narrowly; to peep.
Now for a clod-like hare in sorm they peer,
Now bolt and cudgel squirrels leap do move,
Now the ambitious lark with mirrour clear
They catch, while he, fool! to himself makes love. Sidn.
Peering in maps for ports, and peers, and roads,
And every object that might make me fear
Misfortune to my ventures. Shakeps. Merch. of Venice.

PEE’RAGE. n. s. [pairie, Fr. from peer.]
1. The dignity of a peer.
His friendships he to few confin'd;
No fools of rank or mongrel breed,
Who fain would pass for Lords indeed;
Where titles give no right or power,
And peerage is a wither'd flower. Swift.
2. The body of peers.
Not only the penal laws are in force against papists, and
their number is contemptible, but also the peerage and com­
mons are excluded from parliament. Dryden.

PEE’RDOM. n. s. [from peer.] Peerage. Ainsworth.

PEE’RESS. n. s. [female of peer.] The lady of a peer; a wo­
man ennobled.
Statesman and patriot ply alike the stocks;
Peeress and butler share alike the box. Pope.

PEE’RLESS. adj. [from peer.] Unequalled; having no peer.
I bind,
On pain of punishment, the world to weet,
We stand up peerless. Shakesp.
You,
So perfect, and so peerless, are created
Of every creature's best. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Her peerless feature, joined with her birth,
Approves her fit for none, but for a king. Shakesp.
Hesperus, that led
The starry host, rode brightest; till the moon,
Rising in clouded majest, yat length,
Apparent queen, unveil'd her peerless light. Milton.
Such music worthiest were to blaze
The peerless light of her immortal praise,
Whole lustre leads us. Milton.
Her dress, her shape, her matchless grace,
Were all observ'd, as well as heav'nly face;
With such a peerless majesty she stands,
As in that day she took the crown. Dryden.

PEE’RLESSNESS. n. s. [from peerless.] Universal superiority.

PEE’VISH. adj. [This word Junius, with more reason than he
commonly discovers, supposes to be formed by corruption from
perverse; Skinner rather derives it from beeish, as we say
waspish.] Petulant; waspish; easily offended; irritable;
irascible; soon angry; perverse; morose; querulous; full of
expressions of discontent; hard to please.
For what can breed more peevish incongruities,
Than man to yield to female lamentations. Sidney.
She is peevish, sullen, froward,
Proud, disobedient, stubborn, lacking duty. Shakesp.
If thou hast the metal of a king,
Being wrong'd as we are by this peevish town,
Turn thou the mouth of thy artillery,
As we will ours, against these saucy walls. Shakesp.
I will not presume
To send such peevish tokens to a king. Shakesp.
Those deserve to be doubly laugh'd at, that are peevisb and
angry for nothing to no purpose. L'Estrange.
Neither will it be satire or peevish invective to affirm, that
infidelity and vice are not much diminished. Swift.

PEE’VISHLY. adv. [from peevish.] Angrily; querulously;
morosely.
He was so peevishly opiniative and proud, that he would
neither ask nor hear the advice of any. Hayward.

PEE’VISHNESS. n. s. [from peevish.] Irascibility; querulous­
ness; fretfulness; perverseness.
Some miscarriages in government might escape through the
peevishness of others, envying the publick should be managed
without them. King Charles.
It will be an unpardonable, as well as childish peevishness,
if we undervalue the advantages of our knowledge, and neg­
lect to improve it. Locke.
You may find
Nothing but acid lest behind:
From passion you may then be freed,
When peevishness and spleen succeed. Swift.

PEG

PEG. n. s. [pegghe, Teutonick.]
1. A piece of wood driven into a hole, which does the office of
an iron nail.
Solid bodies foreshew rain; as boxes and pegs of wood,
when they draw and wind hard. Bacon.
The teeth are about thirty in each jaw; all of them clavi­
culares or peg teeth, not much unlike the tusks of a mastiff.
Grew's Musæum.
If he pretends to be cholerick, we shall treat him like his
little friend Dicky, and hang him upon a peg till he comes to
himself. Addison's Guardian, No 108.
The pegs and nails in a great building, though they are but
little valued in themselves, are absolutely necessary to keep the
whole frame together. Addison's Spectator.
A finer petticoat can neither make you richer, more vir­
tuous or wise, than if it hung upon a peg. Swift.
2. The pins of an instrument in which the strings are strained.
You are well tun'd now; but I'll let down
The pegs that make this musick. Shakesp. Othello.
3. To take a PEG lower; to depress; to sink: perhaps from re­
laxing the cords of musical instruments.
Remember how in arms and politicks,
We still have worsted all your holy tricks,
Trepann'd your party with intrigue,
And took your grandees down a peg. Hudibras.
4. The nickname of Margaret.

To PEG. v. a. To fasten with a peg.
I will rend an oak,
And peg thee in his knotty entrails, 'till
Thou'st howl'd away twelve winters. Shakesp. Tempest.
Taking the shoots of the past spring, and pegging them
down in very rich earth, by that time twelvemonth they will
be ready to remove. Evelyn's Kalendar.

PEL



PELF. n. s. [In low Latin, pelfra, not known whence derived;
peuffe, in Norman, is frippery.] Money; riches.
The thought of this doth pass all worldly pelf. Sidney.
Hardy elf;
Thou darest view my direful countenance,
I read thee rash and heedless of thyself,
To trouble my still seat and heaps of precious pelf.
Fairy Queen.
Immortal gods, I crave no pelf;
I pray for no man but myself. Shakespeare.
He call'd his money in;
But the prevailing love of pelf
Soon split him on the former shelf:
He put it out again. Dryden's Horace.
To the poor if he refus'd his pelf,
He us'd them full as kindly as himself. Swift.

PE’LICAN. n. s. [pelicanus, low Lat. pellican, Fr.]
There are two sorts of pelicans; one lives upon the water
and feeds upon fish; the other keeps in deserts, and feeds
upon serpents and other reptiles: the pelican has a peculiar
tenderness for its young; it generally places its nest upon a
craggy rock: the pelican is supposed to admit its young to
suck blood from its breast. Calmet.
Should discarded fathers
Have this little mercy on their flesh;
'Twas this flesh begot those pelican daughters. Shakesp.
The pelican hath a beak broad and flat, like the slice of
apothecaries. Hakewill on Providence.

PE’LLET. n. s. [from pila, Lat. pelote, Fr.]
1. A little ball.
That which is sold to the merchants, is made into little
pellets, and sealed. Sandys.
I dressed with little pellets of lint. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. A bullet ; a ball.
The force of gunpowder hath been ascribed to rarefaction
of the earthy substance into flame, and so followeth a dilata­
tion; and therefore, lest two bodies should be in one place,
there must needs also follow an expulsion of the pellet or
blowing up of the mine : but these are ignorant speculations;
for flame, if there were nothing else, will be suffocated with
any hard body, such as a pellet is, or the barrel of a gun ; so
as the hard body would kill the flame. Bacon.
A cube or pellet of yellow wax as much as half the spirit
of wine, burnt only eighty-seven pulses. Bacon.
How shall they reach us in the air with those pellets they
can hardly roll upon the ground. L'Estrange.
In a shooting trunk, the longer it is to a certain limit, the
more forcibly the air passes and drives the pellet. Ray.

PE’LLETED. adj. [from pellet.] Consisting of bullets.
My brave Egyptians all,
By the discandying of this pelleted storm,
LIe graveless. Shakespeare.

PE’LLICLE. n. s. [pellicula, Lat.]
1. A thin skin.
After the discharge of the fluid, the pellicle must be broke.
Sharp's Surgery.
2. It is often used for the film which gathers upon liquors im­
pregnated with salts or other substances, and evaporated by
heat.

PE’LLITORY. n. s. [parietaria, Lat.] An herb.
The pellitory hath an apetalous flower, whose flower cup is
divided into four parts, which is sometimes bell-shaped like a
sunnel, with four stamina or threads surrounding the pointal,
which becomes for the most part an oblong seed, surrounded
by the flower cup; to which may be added, the flowers are
produced from the wings of the leaves. Miller.

PE’LLMELL. n. s. [pesle mesle, Fr.] Confusedly; tumultuously;
one among another.
When we have dash'd them to the ground,
Then defie each other; and pell mell
Make work upon ourselves. Shakespeare's King John.
Never yet did insurrection want
Such moody beggars, starving for a time
Of pellmell havock and confusion. Henry IV.
He knew when to fall on pellmell,
To fall back and retreat as well. Hudibras.

PELLS. n. s. [pellis, Lat.]
Clerk of the pells, an officer belonging to the exchequer,
who enters every teller's bill into a parchment roll called pellis
acceptorum, the roll of receipts; and also makes another roll
called pellis exituum, a roll of the disbursements. Bailey.

PELLU’CID. adj. [pellucidus, Lat.] Clear; transparent;
not opake; not dark.
The colours are owing to the intermixture of foreign matter
with the proper matter of the stone: this is the case of agates
and other coloured stones, the colours of several whereof may
be extracted, and the bodies rendered as pellucid as crystal,
without sensibly damaging the texture. Woodward.
If water be made warm in any pellucid vessel emptied of
air, the water in the vacuum will bubble and boil as vehe­
mently as it would in the open air in a vessel set upon the fire,
till it conceives a much greater heat. Newton's Opticks.

PELLU’CIDITY. n. s. [from pellucid.] Transparency; clear­
ness; not opacity.
The air is a clear and pellucid menstruum, in which the
insensible particles of dissolved matter float, without troubling
the pellucidity of the air; when on a sudden by a precipitation
they gather into visible misty drops that make clouds. Locke.
We consider their pellucidness and the vast quantity of light,
that passes through them without reflection. Keil.

PELLU’CIDNESS. n. s. [from pellucid.] Transparency; clear­
ness; not opacity.
The air is a clear and pellucid menstruum, in which the
insensible particles of dissolved matter float, without troubling
the pellucidity of the air; when on a sudden by a precipitation
they gather into visible misty drops that make clouds. Locke.
We consider their pellucidness and the vast quantity of light,
that passes through them without reflection. Keil.

PELT. n. s. [from pellis, Lat.]
1. Skin; hide.
The camels hair is taken for the skin or pelt with the hair
upon it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A scabby tetter on their pelts will stick,
When the raw rain has pierc'd them to the quick. Dryden.
2. The quarry of a hawk all torn. Ainsworth.

PELT-MONGER. n. s. [pellio, Lat. pelt and monger.] A dealer
in raw hides.

To PELT. v. a. [poltern, German, Skinner; contracted from
pellet, Mr. Lye.] It is generally used of something thrown,
rather with teazing frequency than destructive violence.
1. To strike with something thrown.
Poor naked wretches wheresoe'er you are
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm!
How shall your houseless heads and unsed sides,
Your loop'd and window'd raggedness defend you. Shakesp.
Do but stand upon the foaming shore,
The chiding billows seem to pelt the clouds. Shakesp.
No zealous brother there would want a stone
To maul us cardinals, and pelt pope Joan. Dryden.
Obscure persons have insulted men of great worth, and
pelted them from coverts with little objections. Atterbury.
The whole empire could hardly subdue me, and I might
easily with stones pelt the metropolis to pieces. Gulliver.
2. To throw; to cast.
My Phillis me with pelted apples plies,
Then tripping to the woods the wanton hies. Dryden.

PE’LTING. adj. This word in Shakespeare signifies, I know not
why, mean; paltry; pitiful.
Could great men thunder, Jove could ne'er be quiet;
For every pelting petty officer
Would use his heav'n for thunder. Shakespeare.
Fogs falling in the land,
Have every pelting river made so proud,
That they have overborn their continents. Shakesp.
They from sheepcotes and poor pelting villages
Enforce their charity. Shakesp.
A tenement or pelting farm. Shakesp.

PE’LVIS. n. s. [Latin.] The lower part of the belly.

PEN

PEN. n. s. [penna, Latin.]
1. An instrument of writing.
Never durst poet touch a pen to write,
Until his ink were temper'd with love's sighs. Shakesp.
Eternal deities!
Who write whatever time shall bring to pass,
With pens of Adamant on plates of brass. Dryden.
He takes the papers, lays them down again;
And, with unwilling fingers, tries the pen. Dryden.
I can, by designing the letters, tell what new idea it shall
exhibit the next moment, barely by drawing my pen over it,
which will neither appear, if my hands stand still; or though
I move my pen, if my eyes be shut. Locke.
2. Feather.
The pens that did his pinnions bind,
Were like main-yards with flying canvas lin'd.
Fairy Queen.
3. Wing; though even here it may mean feather.
Feather'd soon and fledg'd,
They summ'd their pens; and soaring th' air sublime,
With clang despis'd the ground. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. [From pennan, Saxon.] A small inclosure; a coop.
My father stole two geese out of a pen. Shakesp.
The cook was ordered to dress capons for supper, and take
the best in the pen. L'Estrange.
She in pens his flocks will fold. Dryden's Horace.
Ducks in thy ponds, and chickens in thy pens,
And be thy turkeys num'rous as thy hens. King.
The gather'd flocks
Are in the wattled pen innumerous press'd,
Head above head. Thomson's Summer.

To PEN. v. a. [pennan and pindan, Saxon.]
1. To coop; to shut up; to incage; to imprison in a narrow
place.
Away with her,
And pen her up. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
My heavy son
Private in his chamber pens himself. Shakesp.
The plaister alone would pen the humour already contained
in the part, and forbid new humour. Bacon.
As when a prowling wolf,
Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey,
Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve


In hurdled cotes, amid the field secure
Leaps o'er the sence with ease into the fold. Milton.
The glass, wherein it is penned up, hinders it to deliver
itself by an expansion of its parts. Boyle.
The prevention of mischief is prescribed by the Jewish
custom; they pen up their daughters, and permit them to be
acquainted with none. Harvey on Consumptions.
Ah! that your bus'ness had been mine,
To pen the sheep. Dryden.
2. [From the noun.] To write. It probably meant at first
only the manual exercise of the pen, or mechanical part of
writing; but it has been long used with relation to the stile
or composition.
For prey these shepherds two he took,
Whose metal stiff he knew he could not bend
With hearsay pictures, or a window look,
With one good dance or letter finely penn'd. Sidney.
I would be loth to cast away my speech; for, besides that
it is excellently well penn'd, I have taken great pains to con
it. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Read this challenge, mark but the penning of it. Shakesp.
A sentence spoken by him in English, and penned out of
his mouth by four good secretaries, for trial of our orthogra­
phy, was set down by them. Camden's Remains.
He frequented sermons, and penned notes with his own
hand. Hayward on Edward VI.
The digesting my thoughts into order, and the setting them
down in writing was necessary; for without such strict exa­
mination, as the penning them affords, they would have been
disjointed and roving ones. Digby on the Soul.
Almost condemn'd, he mov'd the judges thus:
Hear, but instead of me, my Oedipus;
The judges hearing with applause, at th' end
Freed him, and said, no fool such lines had penn'd. Denh.
Gentlemen should extempore, or after a little meditation,
speak to some subject without penning of any thing. Locke.
Should I publish the praises that are so well penn'd, they
would do honour to the persons who write them. Addison.
Twenty fools I never saw
Come with petitions fairly penn'd,
Desiring I should stand their friend. Swift.

PE’NAL. adj. [penal, Fr. from pœna, Lat.]
1. Denouncing punishment; enacting punishment.
Gratitude plants such generosity in the heart of man, as
shall more effectually incline him to what is brave and be­
coming than the terror of any penal law. South.
2. Used for the purposes of punishment; vindictive.
Adamantive chains and penal fire. Milton.

PE’NALTY. n. s. [from penalité, old French.]
1. Punishment; censure; judicial infliction.
Many of the ancients denied the Antipodes, and some unto
the penality of contrary affirmations; but the experience of na­
vigations, can now assert them beyond all dubitation. Brown.
Political power is a right of making laws with penalties of
death, and consequently all less penalties, for preserving pro­
perty, and employing the force of the community in the exe­
cution of laws. Locke.
Beneath her footstool, science groans in chains,
And wit dreads exile, penalties and pains. Dunciad.
2. Forfeiture upon non-performance.
Lend this money, not as to thy friend,
But lend it rather to thine enemy,
Who, if he break, thou may'st with better face
Exact the penalty. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

PENA’LITY. n. s. [from penalité, old French.]
1. Punishment; censure; judicial infliction.
Many of the ancients denied the Antipodes, and some unto
the penality of contrary affirmations; but the experience of na­
vigations, can now assert them beyond all dubitation. Brown.
Political power is a right of making laws with penalties of
death, and consequently all less penalties, for preserving pro­
perty, and employing the force of the community in the exe­
cution of laws. Locke.
Beneath her footstool, science groans in chains,
And wit dreads exile, penalties and pains. Dunciad.
2. Forfeiture upon non-performance.
Lend this money, not as to thy friend,
But lend it rather to thine enemy,
Who, if he break, thou may'st with better face
Exact the penalty. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

PE’NNANCE. n. s. [penence, old French; for penitence.] In­
fliction either publick or private, suffered as an expression of
repentance for sin.
And bitter pennance, with an iron whip,
Was wont him once to disciple every day. Fairy Queen.
Mew her up,
And make her bear the pennance of her tongue. Shakesp.
No penitentiary, though he had enjoined him never
so straight pennance to expiate his first offence, would have
counselled him to have given over the pursuit of his right.
Bacon.
The scourge
Inexorable, and the torturing hour
Calls us to pennance. Milton's Paradise Lost.
A Lorain surgeon, who whipped the naked part with a great
rod of nettles till all over blistered, persuaded him to per­
form this pennance in a sharp fit he had. Temple.

PENCE. n. s. The plural of penny; formed from pennies, by
a contraction usual in the rapidity of colloquial speech.
The same servant found one of his fellow servants, which
owed him an hundred pence, and took him by the throat. Mat.

PE’NCIL. n. s. [penicillum, Latin.]
1. A small brush of hair which painters dip in their colours.
Pencils can by one slight touch restore
Smiles to that changed face, that wept before. Dryden.
For thee the groves green liv'ries wear,
For thee the graces lead the dancing hours,
And nature's ready pencil paints the flow'rs. Dryden.
A sort of pictures there is, wherein the colours, as laid by
the pencil on the table, mark out very odd figures. Locke.
The faithful pencil has design'd
Some bright idea of the master's mind,
Where a new world leaps out at his command,
And ready nature waits upon his hand. Pope.
One dips the pencil, t' other strings the lyre. Pope.
2. A black lead pen, with which cut to a point they write with­
out ink.
Mark with a pen or pencil the most considerable things in
the books you desire to remember. Watts.
3. Any instrument of writing without ink.

To PE’NCIL. v. n. [from the noun.] To paint.
Painting is almost the natural man;
For since dishonour trafficks with man's nature,
He is but outside: pencil'd figures are
Ev'n such as they give out. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.

PE’NDANT. n. s. [pendant, French.]
1. A jewel hanging in the ear.
The spirits
Some thrid the mazy ringlets of her hair,
Some hang upon the pendents of her ear. Pope.
2. Any thing hanging by way of ornament.
Unripe fruit, whose verdant stalks do cleave
Close to the tree, which grieves no less to leave
The smiling pendant which adorns her so,
And until Autumn, on the bough should grow. Waller.
3. A pendulum. Obsolete.
To make the same pendant go twice as fast as it did, or
make every undulatioin of it in half the time it did, make the
line, at which it hangs, double in geometrical proportion to
the line at which it hanged before. Digby on the Soul.
4. A small flag in ships.

PE’NDENCE. n. s. [from pendeo, Lat.] Slopeness; inclination.
The Italians give the cover a graceful pendence or slope­
ness, dividing the whole breadth into nine parts, whereof two
shall serve for the elevation of the highest top or ridge from
the lowest. Wotton's Architecture.

PE’NDENCY. n. s. [from pendeo, Lat.] Suspense; delay of
decision.
The judge shall pronounce in the principal cause, nor can
the appellant allege pendency of suit. Ayliffe.

PE’NDENT. adj. [pendens, Latin; some write pendant, from
the French.]
1. Hanging.
Quaint in green she shall be loose enrob'd
With ribbans pendent, flaring 'bout her head. Shakesp.
I sometimes mournful verse indite, and sing
Of desperate lady near a purling stream,
Or lover pendent on a willow tree. Phillips.
2. Jutting over.
A pendent rock,
A forked mountain, or blue promontory
With trees upon't, that nod unto the world,
And mock our eyes with air. Shakesp.
3. Supported above the ground.
They brought, by wond'rous art
Pontifical, a ridge of pendent rock
Over the vex'd abyss. Milton's Paradise Lost.

PE’NDING. n. s. [pendente lite.] Depending; remaining yet
undecided.
A person pending suit with the diocesan, shall be defended
in the possession. Ayliffe.

PENDULO’SITY. n. s. [from pendulous.] The state of hang­
ing; suspension.
His slender legs he encreased by riding, that is, the humours
descended upon their pendulosity, having no support or suppe­
daneous stability. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PE’NDULOUSNESS. n. s. [from pendulous.] The state of hang­
ing; suspension.
His slender legs he encreased by riding, that is, the humours
descended upon their pendulosity, having no support or suppe­
daneous stability. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PENDULOUS. adj. [pendulus, Lat.] Hanging; not sup­
ported below.
All the plagues, that in the pendulous air
Hang fated o'er men's faults, light on thy daughters. Shak.
Bellerophon's horse, fram'd of iron, and placed between
two loadstones with wings expanded, hung pendulous in the
air. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The grinders are furnished with three roots, and in the
upper jaw often four, because these are pendulous. Ray.

PE’NDULUM. n. s. [pendulus, Lat. pendule, Fr.] Any weight
hung so as that it may easily swing backwards and forwards,
of which the great law is, that its oscillations are always
performed in equal time.
Upon the bench I will so handle 'em,
That the vibration of this pendulum
Shall make all taylors yards of one
Unanimous opinion. Hudibras.

PE’NETRABLE. adj. [penetrable, Fr. penetrabilis, Latin.]
1. Such as may be pierced; such as may admit the entrance of
another body.
Let him try thy dart,
And pierce his only penetrable part. Dryden.
2. Susceptive of moral or intellectual impression.
I am not made of stone,
But penetrable to your kind entreaties. Shakesp.


Peace,
And let we wring your heart, for so I shall,
If it be made of penetrable stuff. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PENETRABI’LITY. n. s. [from penetrable.] Susceptibility of
impression from another body.
There being no mean between penetrability and impenetra­
bility, passivity and activity, they being contrary; therefore
the infinite rarefaction of the one quality is the position of its
contrary. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

PE’NETRAIL. n. s. [penetralia, Latin.] Interiour parts. Not
in use.
The heart resists purulent sumes, into whose penetrails to
infinuate some time must be allowed. Harvey.

PE’NETRANCY. n. s. [from penetrant.] Power of entering or
piercing.
The subtlitiy, activity and penetrancy of its effluvia no ob­
stacle can stop or repel, but they will make their way through
all bodies. Ray on the Creation.

PE’NETRANT. adj. [penetrant, Fr.] Having the power to
pierce or enter; sharp; subtile.
If the operation of these salts be in convenient glasses pro­
moted by warmth, the ascending steams may easily be caught
and reduced into a penetrant spirit. Boyle.
The food, mingled with some dissolvent juices, is evacuated
into the intestines, where it is further subtilized and rendered
so fluid and penetrant, that the finer part finds its way in
at the streight orifices of the lacteous veins. Ray.

To PE’NETRATE. v. a. penetro, Lat. penetrer, Fr.]
1. To pierce; to enter beyond the surface; to make way into
a body.
Marrow is, of all other oily substances, the most penetra­
ting. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To affect the mind.
3. To reach the meaning.

To PENE’TRATE. v. n. To make way.
There shall we clearly see the uses of these things, which
here were too subtile for us to penetrate. Ray.
If we reached no farther than metaphor, we rather fancy
than know, and are not yet penetrated into the inside and
reality of the thing. Locke.

PENETRA’TION. n. s. [penetration, Fr. from penetrate.]
1. The act of entering into any body.
It warms
The universe, and to each inward part
With gentle penetration though unseen
Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Mental entrance into any thing abstruse.
A penetration into the abstruse difficulties and depths of mo­
dern algebra and fluxions, is not worth the labour of those
who design either of the three learned professions. Watts.
3. Acuteness; sagacity.
The proudest admirer of his own parts might consult with
others, though of inferior capacity and penetration. Watts.

PE’NETRATIVE. adj. [from penetrate.]
1. Piercing; sharp; subtile.
Let not air be too gross, nor too penetrative, nor subject to
any foggy noisomeness from sens. Wotton.
2. Acute; sagacious; discerning.
O thou, whose penetrative wisdom sound
The south sea rocks and shelves, where thousands drown'd.
Swift's Miscellanies.
3. Having the power to impress the mind.
Would'st thou see
Thy master thus with pleacht arms, bending down
His corrigible neck, his face subdu'd
To penetrative shame. Shakespeare.

PE’NETRATIVENESS. n. s. [from penetrative.] The quality of
being penetrative.

PENGUIN. n. s. [anser magellanicus, Latin.]
1. A bird. This bird was found with this name, as is sup­
posed, by the first discoverers of America; and penguin signi­
fying in Welsh a white head, and the head of this sowl being
white, it has been imagined, that America was peopled from
Wales; whence Hudibras:
British Indians nam'd from penguins.
Grew gives another account of the name, deriving it from
pinguis, Lat. fat; but is, I believe, mistaken.
The penguin is so called from his extraordinary fatness:
for though he be no higher than a large goose, yet he weighs
sometimes sixteen pounds: his wings are extreme short and
little, altogether unuseful for flight, but by the help whereof
he swims very swiftly. Grew's Musæum.
2. A fruit.
The penguin is very common in the West Indies, where
the juice of its fruit is often put into punch, being of a sharp
acid flavour: there is also a wine made of the juice of this
fruit, but it will not keep good long. Miller.

PENI’NSULA. n. s. [Lat. pene insula; peninsule, Fr.] A
piece of land almost surrounded by the sea, but joined by a
narrow neck to the main.
Aside of Milbrook lieth the peninsula of Inswork, on whose
neckland standeth an ancient house. Carew.

PENI’NSULATED. adj. [from peninsula.] Almost surrounded
by water.

PE’NITENCE. n. s. [penitence, Fr. pœnitentia, Lat.] Repen­
tance; sorrow for crimes; contrition for sin, with amend­
ments of life or change of the affections.
Death is deferr'd, and penitence has room
To mitigate, if not reverse the doom. Dryden.
May penitence fly round thy mournful bed,
And wing thy latest prayer to pitying heav'n. Irene.

PE’NITENT. adj. [penitent, Fr. pœnitens, Lat.] Repentant;
contrite for sin; sorrowful for past transgressions, and reso­
lutely amending life.
Much it joys me
To see you become so penitent. Shakespeare.
Give me
The penitent instrument to pick that bolt. Shakespeare.
Nor in the land of their captivity
Humbled themselves, or penitent besought
The God of their forefathers. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
Provoking God to raise them enemies;
From whom as oft he saves them penitent. Milton.
The proud he tam'd, the penitent he cheer'd,
Nor to rebuke the rich offender fear'd.
His preaching much, but more his practice wrought
A living sermon of the truths he taught. Dryden.

PE’NITENT. n. s.
1. One sorrowful for sin.
Concealed treasures shall be brought into use by the in­
dustry of converted penitents, whose carcases the impartial
laws shall dedicate to the worms of the earth. Bacon.
The repentance, which is formed by a grateful sense of the
divine goodness towards him, is resolved on while all the ap­
petites are in their strength: the penitent conquers the tempta­
tions of sin in their full force. Rogers's Sermons.
2. One under censures of the church, but admitted to pennance.
The counterfeit Dionysius describes the practice of the
church, that the catechumens and penitents were admitted to
the lessons and psalms, and then excluded. Stillingfleet.
3. One under the direction of a confessor.

PENITE’NTIAL. adj. [from penitence.] Expressing penitence;
enjoined as pennance.
I have done pennance for contemning love,
Whose high imperious thoughts have punish'd me
With bitter fasts and penitential groans. Shakespeare.
Is it not strange, that a rational man should adore lecks
and garlick, and shed penitential tears at the smell of a deified
onion? South's Sermons.

PENITE’NTIAL. n. s. [penitenciel, Fr. pœnitentiale, low Latin.]
A book directing the degrees of pennance.
The penitentials or book of pennance contained such mat­
ters as related to the imposing of pennance, and the reconci­
liation of the person that suffered pennance. Ayliffe.

PENTIE’NTIARY. n. s. [penitencier, Fr. pœnitentiarius, low
Latin.]
1. One who prescribes the rules and measures of pennance.
Upon the loss of Urbin, the duke's undoubted right, no
penitentiary, though he had enjoined him never so straight pen­
nance to expiate his first offence, would have counselled him
to have given over pursuit of his right, which he prosperously
re-obtained. Bacon.
The great penitentiary with his counsellors prescribes the
measure of pennance. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. A penitent; one who does pennance.
A prison restrained John Northampton's liberty, who, for
abusing the same in his unruly mayoralty of London, was
condemned hither as a perpetual penitentiary. Carew.
To maintain a painful fight against the law of sin, is the
work of the penitentiary. Hammond.
3. The place where pennance is enjoined. Ainsworth.

PE’NITENTLY. adv. [from penitent.] With repentance; with
sorrow for sin; with contrition.

PENKNIFE. n. s. [pen and knife.] A knife used to cut pens.
Some schoolmen, fitter to guide penknives than swords, pre­
cisely stand upon it. Bacon.

PE’NMAN. n. s. [pen and man.]
1. One who professes the act of writing.
2. An author; a writer.
The four evangelists, within fifty years after our Saviour's
death, consigned to writing that history, which had been pub­
lished only by the apostles and disciples: the further conside­
ration of these holy penmen will fall under another part of this
discourse. Addison on the Christian Religion.
The descriptions which the evangelists give, shew that both
our blessed Lord and the holy penmen of his story were deeply
affected. Atterbury.

PE’NNACHED. adj. [pennachè, Fr.] Is only applied to flowers
when the ground of the natural colour of their leaves is ra­
diated and diversified neatly without any confusion.
Trevoux.
Carefully protect from violent rain your pennached tulips,
covering them with matrasses. Evelyn.



PE’NNANT. n. s. [pennon, Fr.]
1. A small flag, ensign or colours.
2. A tackle for hoisting things on board. Ainsworth.

PE’NNATED. adj. [pennatus, Latin.]
1. Winged.
2. Pennated, amongst botanists, are those leaves of plants as
grow directly one against another on the same rib or stalk; as
those of ash and walnut-tree. Quincy.

PE’NNER. n. s. [from pen.]
1. A writer.
2. A pencase. Ains. So it is called in Scotland.

PENNI’LESS. adj. [from penny.] Moneyless: poor; wanting
money.

PE’NNON. n. s. [pennon, Fr.] A small flag or colour.
Her yellow locks crisped like golden wire,
About her shoulders weren loosely shed,
And when the wind amongst them did inspire,
They waved like a pennon wide dispred. Fairy Queen.
Harry sweeps through our land
With pennons painted in the blood of Harfleur. Shakesp.
High on his pointed lance his pennon bore,
His Cretan fight, the conquer'd Minotaur. Dryden.

PE’NNY. n. s. plural pence. [penig, Saxon.]
1. A small coin, of which twelve make a shilling: a penny is
the radical denomination from which English coin is numbered,
the copper halfpence and farthings being only nummorum fa­
muli, a subordinate species of coin.
She sighs and shakes her empty shoes in vain,
No silver penny to reward her pain. Dryden.
One frugal on his birth-day fears to dine,
Does at a penny's cost in herbs repine. Dryden.
2. Proverbially. A small sum.
You shall hear
The legions, now in Gallia, sooner landed
In our not fearing Britain, than have tidings
Of any penny tribute paid. Shakespear's Cymbeline.
We will not lend thee a penny. Shakespeare.
Because there is a latitude of gain in buying and selling,
take not the utmost penny that is lawful, for although it be
lawful, yet it is not safe. Taylor's Living Holy.
3. Money in general.
Pepper and Sabean incense take;
And with post-haste thy running markets make;
Be sure to turn the penny. Dryden.
It may be a contrivance of some printer, who hath a mind
to make a penny. Swift's Miscellanies.

PE’NNYROYAL, or pudding grass. n. s. [pulegium, Lat.]
Pennyroyal hath a labiated flower consisting of one leaf,
whose upper lip or crest is entire, but the lower lip or beard
is divided into three parts; out of the flower cup rises the
pointal attended by sour embryos, which afterwards become
so many seeds: to which may be added, that the flowers grow
in short thick whorles. Miller.

PE’NNYWEIGHT. n. s. [penny and weight.] A weight contain­
ing twenty-four grains troy weight.
The Sevil piece of Eight is 1 1/2 pennyweight in the pound
worse than the English standard, weighs fourteen pennyweight,
contains thirteen pennyweight, twenty-one grains and fifteen
mites, of which there are twenty in the grain of sterling
silver, and is in value forty-three English pence and eleven
hundredths of a penny. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PE’NNYWISE. adj. [penny and wise.] One who saves small
sums at the hazard of larger; one who is a niggard on
improper occasions.
Be not pennywise; riches have wings and fly away of them­
selves. Bacon.

PENNYWORTH. n. s. [penny and worth.]
1. As much as is bought for a penny.
2. Any purchase; any thing bought or sold for money.
As for corn it is nothing natural, save only for barley and
oats, and some places for rye; and therefore the larger penny­
worths may be allowed to them. Spenser on Ireland.
Pirates may make cheap penn'worths of their pillage,
And purchase friends. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
You know I say nothing to him, for he hath neither
Latin, French nor Italian, and you may come into court,
and swear that I have a poor pennyworth of the English.
Shakespeare.
Lucian affirms, that the souls of usurers after their death
are translated into the bodies of asses, and there remain cer­
tain days for poor men to take their pennyworths out of their
bones and sides by cudgel and spur. Peacham.
Though in purchases of church lands men have usually the
cheapest pennyworths, yet they have not always the best bar­
gains. South's Sermons.
3. Something advantageously bought; a purchase got for less
than it is worth.
For fame he pray'd, but let the event declare
He had no mighty penn'worth of his pray'r. Dryden.
4. A small quantity.
My friendship I distribute in pennyworths to those about me
and who displease me least. Swift.

PE’NSILE. adj. [pensilis, Latin.]
1. Hanging; suspended.
There are two trepidations; the one manifest and local, as of
the bell when it is pensile; the other, secret of the minute parts.
This ethereal space,
Yielding to earth and sea the middle place,
Anxious I ask you, how the pensile ball
Should never strive to rise, nor never fear to fall. Prior.
2. Supported above the ground.
The marble brought, erects the spacious dome,
Or forms the pillars long-extended rows,
On which the planted grove and pensile garden grows. Prior.

PE’NSILENESS. n. s. [from pensile.] The state of hanging.

PE’NSION. n. s. [pension, Fr.] An allowance made to any
one without an equivalent. In England it is generally under­
stood to mean pay given to a state hireling for treason to his
country.
A charity bestowed on the education of her young subjects
has more merit than a thousand pensions to those of a higher
fortune. Addison's Guardian, No 105.
He has liv'd with the great without flattery, and been a
friend to men in power without pensions. Pope.

To PE’NSION. v. a. [from the noun.] To support by an arbi­
trary allowance.
One might expect to see medals of France in the highest
perfection, when there is a society pensioned and set apart
for the designing of them. Addison on Ancient Medals.
The hero William and the martyr Charles,
One knighted Blackmore, and one pension'd Quarles. Pope.

PE’NSIONARY. adj. [pensionnaire, French.] Maintained by
pensions.
Scorn his houshold policies,
His silly plots and pensionary spies. Donne.
They were devoted by pensionary obligations to the olive.
Howel's Vocal Forest.

PE’NSIONER. n. s. [from pension.]
1. One who is supported by an allowance paid at the will of
another; a dependant.
Prices of things necessary for sustentation, grew excessive
to the hurt of pensioners, soldiers, and all hired servants. Camd.
Hovering dreams,
The fickle pensioners of Morpheus' train. Milton.
The rector is maintained by the perquisites of the curate's
office, and therefore is a kind of pensioner to him. Collier.
2. A slave of state hired by a stipend to obey his master.
In Britain's senate he a seat obtains,
And one more pensioner St. Stephen gains. Pope.

PE’NSIVE. adj. [pensif, French; pensivo, Italian.]
1. Sorrowfully thoughtful; sorrowful; mournfully serious; me­
lancholy.
Think it still a good work, which they in their pensive care
for the well bestowing of time account waste. Hooker.
Are you at leisure, holy father,—
—My leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. Shakesp.
Anxious cares the pensive nymph opprest,
And secret passions labour'd in her breast. Pope.
2. It is generally and properly used of persons; but Prior has
applied it to things.
We at the sad approach of death shall know
The truth, which from these pensive numbers flow,
That we pursue false joy, and suffer real woe. Prior.

PE’NSIVELY. adv. [from pensive.] With melancholy; sorrow­
fully; with gloomy seriousness.
So fair a lady did I spy,
On herbs and flowers she walked pensively
Mild, but yet love she proudly did forsake. Spenser.

PE’NSIVENESS. n. s. [from pensive.] Melancholy; sorrowful­
ness; gloomy seriousness.
Concerning the blessings of God, whether they tend unto
this life or the life to come, there is great cause why we
should delight more in giving thanks than in making requests
for them, inasmuch as the one hath pensiveness and fear, the
other always joy annexed. Hooker, b. v. s. 43.
Would'st thou unlock the door
To cold despairs and gnawing pensiveness. Herbert.

PENT. part. pass. of pen. Shut up.
Cut my lace asunder,
That my pent heart may have some scope to beat. Shakesp.
The son of Clarence have I pent up close. Shakespeare.
Pent to linger
But with a grain a day, I would not buy
Their mercy. Shakespeare's Coriolonus.
Their armour help'd their harm, crush'd in, and bruis'd
Into their substance pent. Milton.
The soul pure fire, like ours, of equal force;
But pent in flesh, must issue by discourse. Dryden.
Pent up in Utica he vainly forms
A poor epitome of Roman greatness. Addison's Cato.

PENTACAPSULAR. adj. [p??e and capsular.] Having five
cavities.

PE’NTACHORD. adj. [p??e and ?d.] An instrument with
five strings.



PENTAE’DROUS. adj. [p??e and da.] Having five sides.
The pentaedrous columnar coralloid bodies are composed of
plates set lengthways, and passing from the surface to the
axis. Woodward on Fossils.

PENTAGON. n. s. [pentagon, Fr. p??e and ????a.] A
figure with five angles.
I know of that famous piece at Capralora, cast by Baroccio
into the form of a pentagon with a circle inscribed. Wotton.

PENTA’GONAL. adj. [from pentagon.] Quinquangular; having
five angles.
The body being cut transversely, its surface appears like a
net made up of pentagonal mashes, with a pentagonal star in
each mash. Woodward on Fossils.

PENTA’METER. n. s. [pentametre, Fr. pentametrum, Lat.] A
Latin verse of five feet.
Mr. Distich may possibly play some pentameters upon us,
but he shall be answered in Alexandrines. Addison.

PENTA’NGULAR. adj. [??e and angular.] Five cornered.
His thick and bony scales stand in rows, so as to make
the flesh almost pentangular. Grew.

PENTAPE’TALOUS. adj. [p??e and petala, Lat.] Having five
petals.

PE’NTASPAST. adj. [pentaspaste, Fr. p??e and p??.] An
engine with five pullies. Dict.

PENTA’STICK. n. s. [p??e and ??.] A composition con­
sisting of five verses.

PE’NTASTYLE. n. s. [p??e and t??.] In architecture, a
work in which are five rows of columns. Dict.

PE’NTATEUCH. n. s. [p??e and te??; pentateuque, Fr.] The
five books of Moses.
The author in the ensuing part of the pentateuch makes not
unfrequent mention of the angels. Bentley.

PE’NTECOST. n. s. [pe?e??; pentacoste, Fr.] A feast
among the Jews.
Pentecost signifies the fiftieth, because this feast was cele­
brated the fiftieth day after the sixteenth of Nisan, which was
the second day of the feast of the passover: the Hebrews call
it the feast of weeks, because it was kept seven weeks after the
passover: they then offered the first fruits of the wheat harvest,
which then was completed: it was instituted to oblige the
Israelites to repair to the temple, there to acknowledge the
Lord's dominion, and also to render thanks to God for the
law he had given them from mount Sinai, on the fiftieth day
after their coming out of Egypt. Calmet.
'Tis since the nuptial of Lucentio,
Come pentecost as quickly as it will
Some five and twenty years. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

PENTECO’STAL. adj. [from pentecost.] Belonging to Whitsun­
tide.
I have composed sundry collects, made up out of the
church collects with some little variation; as the collects ad­
ventual, quadragesimal, paschal or pentecostal. Sanderson.

PE’NTHOUSE. n. s. [pent, from pente, Fr. and house.] A shed
hanging out aslope from the main wall.
This is the penthouse under which Lorenzo desir'd us to
make a stand. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Sleep shall neither night nor day
Hang upon his penthouse lid. Shakespeare.
The Turks lurking under their penthouse, laboured with
mattocks to dig up the foundation of the wall. Knolles.
A blow was received by riding under a penthouse. Wiseman.
Those defensive engines, made by the Romans into the
form of penthouses to cover the assailants from the weapons of
the besieged, would he presently batter in pieces with stones
and blocks. Wilkins.
My penthouse eye-brows and my shaggy beard
Offend your sight; but these are manly signs. Dryden.
The chill rain
Drops from some penthouse on her wretched head.
Rowe.

PE’NTICE. n. s. [appentir, French; pendice, Italian. It is
commonly supposed a corruption of penthouse; but perhaps
pentice is the true word.] A sloping roof.
Climes that fear the falling and lying of much snow, ought
to provide more inclining pentices. Wotton.

PE’NTILE. n. s. [pent and tile.] A tile formed to cover the
sloping part of the roof.
Pentiles are thirteen inches long, with a button to hang on
the laths; they are hollow and circular. Moxon.

PENT up. part. adj. [pent, from pen and up.] Shut up.
Close pentup guilts
Rive your concealing continents. Shakesp. K. Lear.

PENU’LTIMA. n. s. [Latin.] The last syllable but one.

PENU’MERA. n. s. [pene and umbra, Latin.] An imperfect
shadow.
The breadth of this image answered to the sun's diameter,
and was about two inches and the eighth part of an inch,
including the penumbra. Newton.

PENU’RIOUS. adj. [from penuria, Latin.]
1. Niggardly; sparing; not liberal; sordidly mean.
What more can our penurious reason grant
To the large whale or castled elephant, Prior.
2. Scant; not plentiful.
Some penurious spring by chance appear'd
Scanty of water. Addison.

PENU’RIOUSLY. adv. [from penurious.] Sparingly; not plen­
tifully.

PENU’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from penurious.] Niggardliness; par­
simony.
If we consider the infinite industry and penuriousness of that
people, it is no wonder that, notwithstanding they furnish as
great taxes as their neighbours, they make a better figure.
Addison on the State of the War.

PE’NURY. n. s. [penuria, Lat.] Poverty; indigence.
The penury of the ecclesiastical estate. Hooker.
Who can perfectly declare
The wondrous cradle of thy infancy?
When thy great mother Venus first thee bare,
Begot of plenty and of penury. Spenser.
Sometimes am I king;
Then treason makes me wish myself a beggar;
And so I am: then crushing penury
Persuades me, I was better when a king;
Then I am king'd again. Shakesp. Richard III.
All innocent they were exposed to hardship and penury,
which, without you, they could never have escaped. Sprat.
Let them not still be obstinately blind,
Still to divert the good design'd,
Or with malignant penury
To starve the royal virtues of his mind. Dryden.
May they not justly to our climes upbraid
Shortness of night, and penury of shade. Prior.

PE’ONY. n. s. [pœonia, Latin.]
The peony hath a flower composed of several leaves, which
are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a rose, out of
whose empalement rises the pointal, which afterwards be­
comes a fruit, in which several little horns bent downwards
are gathered, as it were, into a little head covered with down
opening lengthways, containing many globular seeds. Miller.
A physician had often tried the peony root unseasonably
gathered without success; but having gathered it when the
decreasing moon passes under Aries and tied the slit root about
the necks of his patients, he had freed more than one from
epileptical fits. Boyle.

PE’OPLE. n. s. [peuple, Fr. populus, Lat.]
1. A nation; these who compose a community.
Prophesy again before many peoples and nations and
tongues. Revelations x. 11.
Ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their meat in
summer. Proverbs xxx. 25.
What is the city but the people?
True the people are the city. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. The vulgar.
The knowing artist may
Judge better than the people, but a play
Made for delight,
If you approve it not, has no excuse. Waller.
3. The commonalty; not the princes or nobles.
4. Persons of a particular class.
If a man temper his actions to content every combination
of people, the musick will be the fuller. Bacon.
A small red flower in the stubble fields country people call
the wincopipe. Bacon.
5. Men, or persons in general. In this sense, the word people
is used indefinitely, like ou in French.
The frogs petitioning for a king, bids people have a care of
struggling with heaven. L'Estrange.
People were tempted to lend by great premiums and large
interest. Swift's Miscellanies.
Watery liquor will keep an animal from starving by di­
luting the fluids; for people have lived twenty-four days upon
nothing but water. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
People in adversity should preserve laudable customs. Clarissa.

To PEO’PLE. v. a. [peupler, French.] To stock with inha­
bitants.
Suppose that Brute, or whosoever else that first peopled this
island, had arrived upon Thames, and called the island after
his name Britannia. Raleigh's History of the World.
He would not be alone, who all things can;
But peopled Heav'n with angels, earth with man. Dryden.
Beauty a monarch is,
Which kingly power magnificently proves
By crouds of slaves, and peopled empire loves. Dryden.
A peopl'd city made a desert place. Dryden.
Imperious death directs his ebon lance;
Peoples great Henry's tombs, and leads up Holben's dance.
Prior.

PEP

PE’PASTICKS. n. s. [pepa???.] Medicines which are good to
help the rawness of the stomach and digest crudities. Dict.

PE’PPER. n. s. [piper, Lat. poivre, Fr.]
We have three kinds of pepper; the black, the white, and
the long, which are three different fruits produced by three
distinct plants: black pepper is a dried fruit of the size of a
vetch and roundish, but rather of a deep brown than a black


colour: with this we are supplied by the Dutch from their East
Indian settlements in Java, Malabar and Sumatra, and the plant
has the same heat and fiery taste that we find in the pepper:
white pepper is commonly factitious, and prepared from the black
by taking off the outer bark, but there is a rarer sort, which
is a genuine fruit naturally white: long pepper is a fruit ga­
thered while unripe and dried, of an inch or an inch and half
in length, and of the thickness of a large goose quill: it
much resembles the catkins of some of our trees, and contains
several seeds singly in small membranaceous cells, and these
seeds are of an acrid, hot and bitterish taste: the whole fruit
is of a brownish grey colour and cylindrick in its figure. Hill.
Scatter o'er the blooms the pungent dust
Of pepper, fatal to the frosty tribe. Thomson's Spring.

To P’EPPER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To sprinkle with pepper.
2. To beat; to mangle with shot or blows.
I have peppered two of them; two I have paid, two rogues
in buckram suits. Shakesp. Henry IV.

PE’PPERBOX. n. s. [pepper and box.] A box for holding pepper.
I will not take the leacher; he cannot creep into a half­
penny purse nor into a pepperbox. Shakesp.

PE’PPERCORN. n. s. [pepper and corn.] Any thing of inconsi­
derable value.
Our performances, though dues, are like those peppercorns
which freeholders pay their landlord to acknowledge that they
hold all from him. Boyle.
Folks from mud-wall'd tenement
Bring landlords peppercorn for rent. Prior.

PE’PPERMINT. n. s. [pepper and mint.] Mint eminently hot.

PE’PPERWORT. n. s. [pepper and wort.] A plant.
Pepperwort hath a flower consisting of four leaves, which
are placed in form of a cross, from whose cup arises the pi­
stillum, which afterward becomes a spear-shaped fruit, which
is divided in the middle by a partition into cells, which
contain many oblong seeds. Miller.

PE’PTICK. adj. [pep???.] What helps digestion. Ains.

PER

PERA’CUTE. n. s. [peracutus, Lat.] Very sharp; very violent.
Malign, continual peracute fevers, after most dangerous at­
tacks, suddenly remit of the ardent heat. Harvey.

PERADVE’NTURE. adv. [par adventure, Fr.]
1. Perhaps; may be; by chance.
That wherein they might not be like unto either, was such
peradventure as had been no whit less unlawful. Hooker.
As you return, visit my house; let our old acquaintance be
renew'd; peradventure I will with you to court. Shakes.
What peradventure may appear very full to me, may ap­
pear very crude and maimed to a stranger. Digby.
2. Doubt; question. It is sometimes used as a noun, but not
gracefully nor properly.
Though men's persons ought not to be hated, yet without
all peradventure their practices justly may. South.

To PERAGRATE. v. a. [peragro, Lat.] To wander over;
to ramble through. Dict.

PERAGRA’TION. n. s. [from peragrate.] The act of passing
through any state or space.
A month of peragration is the time of the moon's revolu­
tion from any part of the zodiac unto the same again, and
this containeth but twenty-seven days and eight hours. Brown.
The moon has two accounts which are her months or
years of revolution; one her periodic month, or month of
peragration, which chiefly respects her own proper motion or
place in the zodiack, by which she like the sun performs her
revolution round the zodiack from any one point to the same
again. Holder on Time.

To PERA’MBULATE. v. a. [perambule, Lat.]
1. To walk through.
2. To survey, by passing through.
Persons the lord deputy should nominate to view and per­
ambulate Irish territories, and thereupon to divide and limit the
same. Davies on Ireland.

PERAMBULA’TION. n. s. [from perambulate.]
1. The act of passing through or wandering over.
The duke looked still for the coming back of the Armada,
even when they were wandering and making their perambula­
tion of the northern seas. Bacon.
2. A travelling survey.
France is a square of five hundred and fifty miles traverse,
thronging with such multitudes, that the general calcul, made
in the last perambulation exceeded eighteen millions. Howel.

PE’RCASE, adv. [par and case.] Perchance; perhaps. Not used.
A virtuous man will be virtuous in solitudine, and not only
in theatro, though percase it will be more strong by glory and
same, as an heat which is doubled by reflexion. Bacon.

PE’RCEANT. adj. [perçant, Fr.] Piercing; penetrating.
Wond'rous quick and perceant was his spright
As eagle's eyes, that can behold the sun. Fairy Queen.

PERCEI’VABLE. adj. [from perceive.] Perceptible; such as
falls under perception.
The body, though it really moves, yet not changing per­
ceivable distance with some other bodies, as fast as the ideas of
our own minds will follow one another, seems to stand still; as
the hands of clocks. Locke.
That which we perceive when we see figure, as perceivable
by fight, is nothing but the termination of colour. Locke.

PERCEI’VABLY. adv. [from perceivable.] In such a manner as
may be be observed or known.

To PERCEI’VE. v. a. [percipio, Lat.]
1. To discover by some sensible effects.
Consider,
When you above perceive me like a crow,
That it is place which lessens and sets off. Shakesp.
2. To know; to observe.
Jesus perceived in his spirit, that they so reasoned within
themselves. Mark ii. 8.
His sons come to honour, and he knoweth it not; and they
are brought low, but he perceiveth it not. Job xiv. 21.
'Till we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive it
by our own understandings, we are still in the dark. Locke.
How do they come to know that themselves think, when
they themselves do not perceive it. Locke.
3. To be affected by.
The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the
matter of tempests before the air here below. Bacon.

PERCEPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from perceptible.]
1. The state of being an object of the senses or mind; the state
of being perceptible.
2. Perception; the power of perceiving.
The illumination is not so bright and fulgent, as to obscure
or extinguish all perceptibility of the reason. More.

PERCE’PTIBLE. adj. [perceptible, Fr. perceptus. Lat.] Such
as may be known or observed.
No sound is produced but with a perceptible blast of the air,
and with some resistance of the air strucken. Bacon.
When I think, remember or abstract; these intrinsick ope­
rations of my mind are not perceptible by my sight, hearing,
taste, smell or feeling. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
It perceives them immediately, as being immediately ob­
jected to and perceptible to the sense; as I perceive the sun by
my sight. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
In the anatomy of the mind, as in that of the body, more
good will accrue to mankind by attending to the large, open
and perceptible parts, than by studying too much siner nerves.
Pope's Essay on Man.

PERCE’PTIBLY. adv. [from perceptible.] In such a manner as
may be perceived.
The woman decays perceptibly every week. Pope.

PERCE’PTION. n. s. [perception, Fr. perceptio, Lat.]
1. The power of perceiving; knowledge; consciousness.
Matter hath no life nor perception, and is not conscious of
its own existence. Bentley's Sermons.
Perception is that act of the mind, or rather a passion or
impression, whereby the mind becomes conscious of any thing;
as when I feel hunger, thirst, cold or heat. Watts.
2. The act of perceiving; observation.
3. Notion; idea.
By the inventors, and their followers that would seem not
to come too short of the perceptions of the leaders, they are
magnified. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
4. The state of being affected by something.
Great mountains have a perception of the disposition of the
air to tempests sooner than the vallies below; and therefore
they say in Wales, when certain hills have their night caps
on, they mean mischief. Bacon.
This experiment discovereth perception in plants to move
towards that which should comfort them, though at a di­
stance. Bacon's Natural History.

PERCE’PTIVE. adj. [perceptus, Lat.] Having the power of
perceiving.
There is a difficulty that pincheth: the soul is awake and
sollicited by external motions, for some of them reach the
perceptive region in the most silent repose and obscurity of
night: what is it then that prevents our sensations? Glanvil.
Whatever the least real point of the essence of the percep­
tive part of the soul does perceive, every real point of the
perceptive must perceive at once. More's Divine Dialogues.

PERCEPTI’VITY. n. s. [from perceptive.] The power of per­
ception or thinking. Locke.

PERCH. n. s. [perca, Lat. perche, Fr.]
The perch is one of the fishes of prey, that, like the pike
and trout, carries his teeth in his mouth, he dare venture to
kill and destroy several other kinds of fish: he has a hooked
or hog back, which is armed with stiff bristles, and all his
skin armed with thick hard scales, and hath two sins on his
back: he spawns but once a year, and is held very nutri­
tive. Walton's Angler.

PERCH. n. s. [pertica, Lat. perche, Fr.]
1. A measure of five yards and a half; a pole.
2. [perche, Fr.] Something on which birds roost or sit.
For the narrow perch I cannot ride. Dryden.

To PERCH. v. n. [percher, Fr. from the noun.] To sit or
roost as a bird.
He percheth on some branch thereby,
To weather him and his moist wings to dry. Spenser.


The world is grown so bad,
That wrens make prey, where eagles dare not perch. Shak.
The morning muses perch like birds, and sing
Among his branches. Crashaw.
Let owls keep close within the tree, and not perch upon
the upper boughs. South's Sermons.
They wing'd their flight aloft, then stooping low,
Perch'd on the double tree, that bears the golden bough. Dry.
Glory like the trembling eagle stood
Perch'd on my beaver: in the Granic flood,
When fortune's self my standard trembling bore,
And the pale fates stood frighted on the shore. Lee.
Hosts of birds that wing the liquid air,
Perch'd in the boughs, had nightly lodging there. Dryden.

To PERCH. v. a. To place on a perch.
It would be notoriously perceptible, if you could perch
yourself as a bird on the top of some high steeple. More.
As evening dragon came,
Assailant on the perched roosts,
And nests in order rang'd
Of some villatic fowl. Milton's Agonistes.

PERCHA’NCE. adv. [per and chance.] Perhaps; peradventure.
How long within this wood intend you stay?—
—Perchance till after Theseus' wedding day. Shakesp.
Finding him by nature little studious, she chuse rather to
endue him with ornaments of youth; as dancing and fenc­
ing, not without aim then perchance at a courtier's life. Wotton.
Only Smithfield ballad perchance to embalm the memory
of the other. L'Estrange.

PE’RCHERS. n. s. Paris candles used in England in ancient
times; also the larger sort of wax candles, which were usu­
ally set upon the altar. Bailey.

PERCI’PIENT. adj. [percipiens, Lat.] Perceiving; having the
power of perception.
No article of religion hath credibility enough for them;
and yet these cautious and quicksighted gentlemen can wink
and swallow down this sottish opinion about percipient atoms.
Bentley's Sermons.
Sensation and perception are not inherent in matter as such;
for if it were so, every stock or stone would be a percipient
and rational creature. Bentley's Sermons.

PE’RCIPIENT. n. s. One that has the power of perceiving.
The soul is the sole percipient, which hath animadversion
and sense properly so called, and the body is only the re­
ceiver of corporeal impressions. Glanville's Scept.
Nothing in the extended percipient perceives the whole,
but only part. More's Divine Dialogues.

PERCLOSE. n. s. [per and close.] Conclusion; last part.
By the perclose of the same verse, vagabond is understood
for such an one as travelleth in fear of revengement. Raleigh.

To PE’RCOLATE. v. a. [percolo, Lat.] To strain.
The evidences of fact are percolated through a vast period
of ages. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

PERCOLA’TION. n. s. [from percolate.] The act of straining;
purification or separation by straining.
Experiments touching the straining and passing of bodies
one through another, they call percolation. Bacon.
Water passing through the veins of the earth is rendered
fresh and potable, which it cannot be by any percolations we
can make, but the saline particles will pass through a tenfold
filtre. Ray on the Creation.

To PERCU’SS. v. a. [percussus, Lat.] To strike.
Flame percussed by air giveth a noise; as in blowing of the
fire by bellows; and so likewise flame percussing the air
strongly Bacon's Natural History.

PERCU’SSION. n. s. [percussio, Lat. percussion, Fr.]
1. The act of striking; stroke.
With thy grim looks, and
The thunder-like percussion of thy sounds,
Thou mad'st thine enemies shake. Shakesp.
The percussion of the greater quantity of air is produced by
the greatness of the body percussing. Bacon.
Some note, that the times when the stroke or percussion of
an envious eye doth most hurt are, when the party envied is
beheld in glory. Bacon's Essays.
The vibrations or tremors excited in the air by percussion,
continue a little time to move from the place of percussion in
concentric spheres to great distances. Newton's Opticks.
Marbles taught him percussion and the laws of motion, and
tops the centrifugal motion. Pope and Arbuthnot's Scriblerus.
2. Effect of sound in the ear.
In double rhymes the percussion is stronger. Rymer.

PERCU’TIENT. n. s. [percutiens, Latin.] Striking; having the
power to strike.
Inequality of sounds is accidental, either from the roughness
or obliquity of the passage, or from the doubling of the
percutient. Bacon.

PERDI’TION. n. s. [perditio, Lat. perdition, Fr.]
1. Destruction; ruin; death.
Upon tidings now arrived, importing the meer perdition
of the Turkish fleet, every man puts himself in triumph.
Shakesp.
We took ourselves for free men, seeing there was no dan­
ger of our utter perdition, and lived most joyfully; going abroad,
and seeing what was to be seen. Bacon.
Quick let us part! Perdition's in thy presence,
And horror dwells about thee! Addison's Cato.
2. Loss.
There's no soul lost,
Nay not so much perdition as an hair
Betid to any creature in the vessel
Thou saw'st sink. Shakesp. Tempest.
3. Eternal death.
As life and death, mercy and wrath, are matters of
knowledge, all men's salvation and some men's endless perdi­
tion are things so opposite, that whoever doth affirm the one,
must necessarily deny the other. Hooker, b. v. s. 49.
Men once fallen away from undoubted truth, do after wan­
der for ever more in vices unknown, and daily travel towards
their eternal perdition. Raleigh's History of the World.

PE’RDUE. adv. [This word, which among us is adverbially
taken, comes from the French perdue, or forlorn hope: as per­
due or advanced centinel..] Close; in ambush.
Few minutes he had lain perdue,
To guard his desp'rate avenue. Hudibras.

PE’RDULOUS. adj. [from perdo, Lat.] Lost; thrown away.
There may be some wandering perdulous wishes of known
impossibilities; as a man who hath committed an offence, may
wish he had not committed it: but to chuse efficaciously and
impossibly, is as impossible as an impossibility. Bramhall.

PE’RDURABLE. adj. [perdurable, Fr. perduro, Lat.] Last­
ing; long continued. A word not in use, nor accented ac­
cording to analogy.
Confess me knit to thy deserving with
Cables of perdurable toughness. Shakesp. Othello.
O perdurable shame; let's stab ourselves. Shakesp.

PE’RDURABLY. adv. [from perdurable.] Lastingly.
Why would he for the momentary trick,
Be perdurably fin'd? Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

PERDURA’TION. n. s. [perduro, Lat.] Long continuance. Ains.

PEREGAL. adj. [French.] Equal. Obsolete.
Whilom thou wast peregal to the best,
And wont to make the jolly shepherds glad;
With piping and dancing, did pass the rest. Spenser.

To PE’REGRINATE. v. n. [peregrinus, Lat.] To travel; to
live in foreign countries. Dict.

PEREGRINA’TION. n. s. [from peregrinus, Lat.] Travel;
abode in foreign countries.
It was agreed between them, what account he should give
of his peregrination abroad. Bacon's Henry VII.
That we do not contend to have the earth pass for a para­
dise, we reckon it only as the land of our peregrination, and
aspire after a better country. Bentley's Sermons.

PE’REGRINE. adj. [peregrin, old Fr. peregrinus, Lat.] Fo­
reign; not native; not domestick.
The received opinion, that putrefaction is caused by cold
or peregrine and preternatural heat, is but nugation. Bacon.

To PERE’MPT. v. a. [peremptus, Lat.] To kill; to crush.
A law term.
Nor is it any objection, that the cause of appeal is perempted
by the desertion of an appeal; because the office of the judge
continues after such instance is perempted. Ayliffe.

PE’REMPTION. n. s. [peremptio, Lat. peremption, Fr.] Crush;
extinction. Law term.
This peremption of instance was introduced in favour of the
publick, lest suits should otherwise be rendered perpetual.
Ayliffe's Perergon.

PERE’MPTORILY. adv. [from peremptory.] Absolutely; posi­
tively; so as to cut off all farther debate.
Norfolk denies them peremptorily. Daniel.
Not to speak peremptorily or conclusively, touching the point
of possibility, till they have heard me deduce the means of
the execution. Bacon's Holy War.
Some organs are so peremptorily necessary, that the extin­
guishment of the spirits doth speedily follow, but yet so as
there is an interim. Bacon's Natural History.
In all conferences it was insisted peremptorily, that the king
must yield to what power was required. Clarendon.
Some talk of letters before the deluge; but that is a matter
of mere conjecture, and nothing can be peremptorily deter­
mined either the one way or the other. Woodward.
Never judge peremptorily on first appearances. Clarissa.

PERE’MPTORINESS. n. s. [from peremptory.] Positiveness; ab­
solute decision; dogmatisin.
Peremptoriness is of two sorts; the one a magisterialness in
matters of opinion; the other a positiveness in relating mat­
ters of fact. Government of the Tongue.
Self-conceit and peremptoriness in a man's own opinion are
not commonly reputed vices. Tillotson's Sermons.

PEREMPTORY. adj. [peremptorius, low Lat. peremptoire,
Fr. from peremptus, killed.] Dogmatical; absolute; such
as destroys all further expostulation.
As touching the apostle, wherein he was so resolute and
peremptory, our Lord Jesus Christ made manifest unto him,


even by intuitive revelation, wherein there was no possibility
of errour. Hooker.
He may have fifty-six exceptions peremptory against the ju­
rors, of which he shall shew no cause. Spenser.
To-morrow be in readiness to go;
Excuse it not for I am peremptory. Shakespeare.
Not death himself
In mortal fury is half so peremptory,
As we to keep this city. Shakespear's King John.
Though the text and the doctrine run peremptory and ab­
solute, whosoever denies Christ, shall assuredly be denied by
him; yet still there is a tacit condition, unless repentance
intervene. South's Sermons.
The more modest confess, that learning was to give us a
fuller discovery of our ignorance, and to keep us from being
peremptory and dogmatical in our determinations. Collier.
He would never talk in such a peremptory and discou­
raging manner, were he not assured that he was able to
subdue the most powerful opposition against the doctrine which
he taught. Addison on the Christian Religion.

PERE’NNIAL. adj. [perennis, Latin.]
1. Lasting through the year.
If the quantity were precisely the same in these perennial
fountains, the difficulty would be greater. Cheyne.
2. Perpetual; unceasing.
The matter wherewith these perennial clouds are raised, is
the sea that surrounds them. Harvey.

PERE’NNITY. n. s. [from perennitas, Lat.] Equality of lasting
through all seasons; perpetuity.
That springs have their origin from the sea, and not from
rains and vapours, I conclude from the perennity of divers
springs. Derham's Physico-Theology.

PE’RFECT. adj. [perfectus, Lat. parfait, Fr.]
1. Complete; consummate; finished; neither defective nor re­
dundant.
We count those things perfect, which want nothing requi­
site for the end, whereto they were instituted. Hooker.
2. Fully informed; fully skilful.
Within a ken our army lies;
Our men more perfect in the use of arms,
Our armour all as strong, our cause the best;
Then reason wills our hearts should be as good. Shakesp.
Fair dame! I am not to you known,
Though in your state of honour I am perfect. Shakespeare.
I do not take myself to be so perfect in the privileges of Bo­
hemia, as to handle that part; and will not offer at that I
cannot master. Bacon.
3. Pure; blameless; clear; immaculate. This is a sense
chiefly theological.
My parts, my title, and my perfect soul
Shall manifest me rightly. Shakesp. Othello.
Thou shalt be perfect with the Lord thy God. Deutr. xviii.
4. Safe; Out of danger.
Thou art perfect then, our ship hath touch'd upon
The deserts of Bohemia. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

To PE’RFECT. v. a. [perfectus, from perficio, Latin; parfaire,
French.]
1. To finish; to complete; to consummate; to bring to its
due state.
If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love
is perfected in us. 1 John iv. 12.
Beauty now must perfect my renown;
With that I govern'd him that rules this isle. Waller.
In substances rest not in the ordinary complex idea com­
monly received, but enquire into the nature and properties of
the things themselves, and thereby perfect our ideas of their
distinct species. Locke.
Endeavour not to settle too many habits at once, lest by
variety you confound them, and so perfect none. Locke.
What toil did honest Curio take
To get one medal wanting yet,
And perfect all his Roman set? Prior.
2. To make skilful; to instruct fully.
Her cause and yours
I'll perfect him withal, and he shall bring you
Before the duke. Shakespear's Measure for Measure.

PE’RFECTER. [from perfect.] One that makes perfect.
This practice was altered; they offered not to Mercury, but
to Jupiter the perfecter. Pope's Odyssey.

PERFE’CTION. n. s. [perfectio, Lat. perfection, Fr.]
1. The state of being perfect.
Man doth seek a triple perfection; first a sensual, consisting
in those things which very life itself requireth, either as ne­
cessary supplements or as ornaments thereof; then an intel­
lectual, consisting in those things which none underneath man
is capable of; lastly, a spiritual and divine, consisting in those
things whereunto we tend by supernatural means here, but
cannot here attain. Hooker, b. i.
It is a judgment maim'd and most imperfect,
That will confess perfection so could err
Against all rules of nature. Shakesp. Othello.
True virtue being united to the heavenly grace of faith
makes up the highest perfection. Milton on Education.
No human understanding being absolutely secured from
mistake by the perfection of its own nature, it follows that
no man can be infallible but by supernatural assistance. Tillots.
Many things impossible to thought,
Have been by need to full perfection brought. Dryden.
2. Something that concurs to produce supreme excellence.
What tongue can her perfections tell,
In whose each part all pens may dwell? Sidney.
You knot of mouth-friends; smoke and lukewarm water
Is your perfection. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
An heroick poem requires, as its last perfection, the accom­
plishment of some extraordinary undertaking, which requires
more of the active virtue than the suffering. Dryden.
3. Attribute of God.
If God be infinitely holy, just and good, he must take de­
light in those creatures that resemble him most in these per­
fections. Atterbury's Sermons.

To PERFE’CTIONATE. v. a. [perfectionner, Fr. from perfection.]
To make perfect; to advance to perfection. This is a word
proposed by Dryden, but not received nor worthy of reception.
Painters and sculptors, chusing the most elegant natural
beauties, perfectionate the idea, and advance their art above
nature itself in her individual productions; the utmost mastery
of human performance. Dryden.
He has sounded an academy for the progress and perfection­
ating of painting. Dryden.

PERFE’CTIVE. adj. [from perfect.] Conducing to bring to
perfection.
Praise and adoration are actions perfective of our souls. More.
Eternal life shall not consist in endless love; the other fa­
culties shall be employed in actions suitable to, and perfective
of their natures. Ray on the Creation.

PERFE’CTIVELY. adv. [from perfective.] In such a manner
as brings to perfection.
As virtue is seated fundamentally in the intellect, so per­
fectively in the fancy; so that virtue is the force of reason in
the conduct of our actions and passions to a good end. Grew.

PE’RFECTLY. adv. [from perfect.]
1. In the highest degree of excellence.
2. Totally; completely.
Chawing little sponges dipt in oil, when perfectly under
water, he could longer support the want of respiration. Boyle.
Words recal to our thoughts those ideas only which they
have been wont to be signs of, but cannot introduce any per­
fectly new and unknown simple ideas. Locke.
3. Exactly; accurately.
We know bodies and their properties most perfectly. Locke.

PE’RFECTNESS. n. s. [from perfect.]
1. Completeness.
2. Goodness; virtue. A scriptural word.
Put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness. Col. iii. 14.
3. Skill.
Is this your perfectness? Shakesp.

PERFI’DIOUS. adj. [perfidus, Lat. perfide, Fr.] Treache­
rous; false to trust; guilty of violated faith.
Tell me, perfidious, was it fit
To make my cream a perquisite,
And steal to mend your wages. Widow and Cat.

PERFI’DIOUSLY. adv. [from perfidious.] Treacherously; by
breach of faith.
Perfidiously
He has betray'd your business, and given up
For certain drops of salt, your city Rome. Shakesp.
They eat perfidiously their words. Hudibras.
Can he not deliver us possession of such places as would put
him in a worse condition, whenever he should perfidiously re­
new the war? Swift's Miscellanies.

PERFI’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from perfidious.] The quality of
being perfidious.
Some things have a natural deformity in them; as perjury,
perfidiousness and ingratitude. Tillotson's Sermons.

PERFI’DY. n. s. [perfidia, Lat. perfidie, Fr.] Treachery;
want of faith; breach of faith.

PE’RFLABLE. adj. [from perflo, Lat.] Having the wind driven
through.

To PE’RFLATE. v. a. [perflo, Lat.] To blow through.
If Eastern winds did perflate our climates more frequently,
they would clarify and refresh our air. Harvey.
The first consideration in building of cities, is to make
them open, airy and well perflated. Arbuthnot on Air.

PERFLA’TION. n. s. [from perflate.] The act of blowing
through.
Miners, by perflations with large bellows, give motion to
the air, which ventilates and cools the mines. Woodward.

To PE’RFORATE. v. a. [perforo, Lat.] To pierce with a
tool; to bore.
Draw the bough of a low fruit tree newly budded without
twisting, into an earthern pot perforate at the bottom, and
then cover the pot with earth, it will yield a very large
fruit. Bacon's Natural History.
A perforated bladder does not swell. Boyle.
The labour'd chyle pervades the pores,
In all the arterial perforated shores. Blackmore.


The aperture was limited by an opaque circle placed be­
tween the eye-glass and the eye, and perforated in the middle
with a little round hole for the rays to pass through to the
eye. Newton's Opticks.
Worms perforate the guts. Arbuthnot on Diet.

PERFORA’TION. n. s. [from perforate.]
1. The act of piercing or boring.
The likeliest way is the perforation of the body of the tree
in several places one above another, and the filling of the
holes. Bacon.
The industrious perforation of the tendons of the second
joints of fingers and toes, and the drawing the tendons of the
third joints through them. More's Divine Dialogues.
2. Hole; place bored.
That the nipples should be made spongy, and with such
perforations as to admit passage to the milk, are arguments
of providence. Ray on the Creation.

PERFORA’TOR. n. s. [from perforate.] The instrument of
boring.
The patient placed in a convenient chair, dipping the tro­
car in oil, stab it suddenly through the teguments, and with­
drawing the perforator, leave the waters to empty by the
canula. Sharp's Surgery.

PERFO’RCE. adv. [per and force.] By violence; violently.
Guyon to him leaping, staid
His hand, that trembled as one terrifyd;
And though himself were at the sight dismayd,
Yet him perforce restrain'd. Fairy Queen.
Jealous Oberon would have the child,
But she perforce withholds the loved boy. Shakesp.
She amaz'd, her cheeks
All trembling and arising, full of spots,
And pale with death at hand, perforce she breaks
Into the inmost rooms. Peacham on Poetry.

To PERFO’RM. v. a. [performare, Italian.] To execute;
to do; to discharge; to atchieve an undertaking; to accom­
plish.
All three set among the foremost ranks of fame for great
minds to attempt, and great force to perform what they did
attempt. Sidney, b. ii.
Hast thou, spirit,
Perform'd to point the tempest that I bad thee? Shakesp.
What cannot you and I perform upon
Th' unguarded Duncan? Shakesp. Macbeth.
I will cry unto God that performeth all things for
me. Psalms lvii. 2.
Let all things be performed after the law of God dili­
gently. 1 Esdras viii. 21.
Thou, my love,
Perform his fun'rals with paternal care. Dryden.
You perform her office in the sphere,
Born of her blood, and make a new Platonick year. Dryd.

To PERFO’RM. v. n. To succeed in an attempt.
When a poet has performed admirably in several illustrious
places, we sometimes also admire his very errors. Watts.

PERFO’RMABLE. adj. [from perform.] Practicable; such as
may be done.
Men forget the relations of history, affirming that elephants
have no joints, whereas their actions are not performable
without them. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PERFO’RMANCE. n. s. [from perform.]
1. Completion of something designed; execution of something
promised.
His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
But his performance, as he now is, nothing. Shakesp.
Promising is the very air o' th' time; it opens the eyes of
expectation: performance is ever the duller for his act, and
but in the plainer kind of people, the deed is quite out of
use. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Perform the doing of it; that as there was a readiness to
will, so there may be a performance. 2 Cor. viii. 11.
The only means to make him successful in the performance
of these great works, was to be above contempt. South.
2. Composition; work.
In the good poems of other men, I can only be sure, that
'tis the hand of a good master; but in your performances 'tis
scarcely possible for me to be deceived. Dryden.
Few of our comic performances give good examples. Claris.
3. Action; something done.
In this slumbry agitation, besides her walking and other
actual performances, what have you heard her say? Shakesp.

PERFO’RMER. n. s. [from perform.]
1. One that performs any thing.
The merit of service is seldom attributed to the true and
exact performer. Shakesp.
2. It is generally applied to one that makes a publick exhibition
of his skill.

To PERFRI’CATE. v. n. [perfrico, Lat.] To rub over. Dict.

PERFU’MATORY. adj. [from perfume.] That which perfumes.

PERFU’ME. n. s. [parfume, Fr.]
1. Strong odour of sweetness used to give scents to other
things.
Pomanders and knots of powders for drying rheums are not
so strong as perfumes; you may have them continually in your
hand, whereas perfume. you can take but at times. Bacon.
Perfumes, though gross bodies that may be sensibly wasted,
yet fill the air, so that we can put our nose in no part of the
room where a perfume is burned, but we smell it. Digby.
2. Sweet odour; fragrance.
No rich perfumes refresh the fruitful field,
Nor fragrant herbs their native incense yield. Pope.

To PERFU’ME. v. a. [from the noun.] To scent; to impreg­
nate with sweet scent.
Your papers
Let me have them very well perfum'd,
For she is sweeter than perfume itself
To whom they go. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs,
And husht with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber,
Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great,
Under the canopies of costly state,
And lull'd with sounds of sweetest melody? Shakesp.
Then will I raise aloft the milk-white rose,
With whose sweet smell the air shall be perfum'd. Shakesp.
The distilled water of wild poppy, mingled at half with
rose water, take with some mixture of a few cloves in a per­
fuming pan. Bacon's Natural History.
Smells adhere to hard bodies; as in perfuming of gloves,
which sheweth them corporeal. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The pains she takes are vainly meant,
To hide her amorous heart,
'Tis like perfuming an ill scent,
The smell's too strong for art. Granville.
See spicy clouds from lowly Sharon rise,
And Carmel's flow'ry top perfumes the skies! Pope.

PERFU’MER. n. s. [from perfume.] One whose trade is to
sell things made to gratify the scent.
A moss the perfumers have out of apple trees, that hath
an excellent scent. Bacon's Natural History.
First issued from perfumers shops
A croud of fashionable fops. Swift.

PERFU’NCTORILY. adv. [perfunctoriè, Lat.] Carelesly; neg­
ligently.
His majesty casting his eye perfunctorily upon it, and be­
lieving it had been drawn by mature advice, no sooner received
it, than he delivered it to the lord-keeper. Clarendon.
Whereas all logic is reducible to the four principal opera­
tions of the mind, the two first of these have been handled
by Aristotle very perfunctorily; of the fourth he has said no­
thing at all. Baker's Reflection on Learning.

PERFU’NCTORY. adj. [perfunctoriè, Lat.] Slight; careless;
negligent.
A transient and perfunctory examination of things leads
men into considerable mistakes, which a more correct and ri­
gorous scrutiny would have detected. Woodward.

To PERFU’SE. v. a. [perfusus, Lat] To tincture; to over­
spread.
These dregs immediately perfuse the blood with melancholy,
and cause obstructions. Harvey on Consumptions.

PERHA’PS. adv. [per and hap.] Peradventure; it may be.
Perhaps the good old man that kiss'd his son,
And left a blessing on his head,
His arms about him spread,
Hopes yet to see him ere his glass be run. Fiatman.
Somewhat excellent may be invented, perhaps more excel­
lent than the first design, though Virgil must be still excepted,
when that perhaps takes place. Dryden.
His thoughts inspir'd his tongue,
And all his soul receiv'd a real love.
Perhaps new graces darted from her eyes,
Perhaps soft pity charm'd his yielding soul;
Perhaps her love, perhaps her kingdom charm'd him.
Smith.

PE’RIAPT. n. s. [pe???pt?.] Amulet; charm worn as pre­
servatives against diseases or mischief. Hanmer.
The regent conquers, and the Frenchmen fly:
Now help, ye charming spells and periapts. Shakespeare.

PERI’CARDIUM. n. s. [pe? and ad?a; pericarde, Fr.]
The pericardium is a thin membrane of a conick figure
that resembles a purse, and contains the heart in its cavity:
its basis is pierced in five places, for the passage of the vessels
which enter and come out of the heart: the use of the peri­
cardium is to contain a small quantity of clear water, which
is separated by small glands in it, that the surface of the
heart may not grow dry by its continual motion. Quincy.

PERICA’RPIUM. n. s. [pericarpe, Fr.] In botany, a pellicle or
thin membrane encompassing the fruit or grain of a plant, or
that part of a fruit that envelops the seed.
Besides this use of the pulp or pericarpium for the guard of
the seed, it serves also for the sustenance of animals. Ray.

PERICLITA’TION. n. s. [from periclitor, Lat. pericliter, Fr.]
1. The state of being in danger.
2. Trial; experiment.



PERICRANIUM. n.s. [from pe and cranium; pericrane, Fr.]
The pericranium is the membrane that covers the skull: it
is a very thin and nervous membrane of an exquisite sense,
such as covers immediately not only the cranium, but all the
bones of the body, except the teeth; for which reason it is
also called the periosteum. Quincy.
Having divided the pericranium, I saw a fissure running the
whole length of the wound. Wiseman's Surgery.

PERI’CULOUS. adj. [periculosus, Lat.] Dangerous; jeopar­
dous; hazardous. A word not in use.
As the moon every seventh day arriveth unto a contrary
sign, so Saturn, which remaineth about as many years in one
sign, and holdeth the same consideration in years as the moon
in days, doth cause these periculous periods. Brown.

PERIE’RGY. n. s. [pe? and ???.] Needless caution in an
operation; unnecessary diligence.

PERIGE’E. n. s. [pe and ?; perigée, Fr.] Is a point in
the heavens, wherein a planet is said to be in
its nearest distance possible from the earth. Harris.
By the proportion of its motion, it was at the creation,
at the beginning of Aries, and the perigeum or nearest point
in Libra. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PERIGE’UM. n. s. [pe and ?; perigée, Fr.] Is a point in
the heavens, wherein a planet is said to be in
its nearest distance possible from the earth. Harris.
By the proportion of its motion, it was at the creation,
at the beginning of Aries, and the perigeum or nearest point
in Libra. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PERIHE’LIUM. n. s. [pe? and ????; perihelie, Fr.] Is that
point of a planet's orbit, wherein it is nearest the sun. Harris.
Sir Isaac Newton has made it probable, that the comet,
which appeared in 1680, by approaching to the sun in its
perihelium, acquired such a degree of heat, as to be 50000
years a cooling. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

PE’RIL. n. s. [peril, Fr. perikel, Dutch; periculum, Lat.]
1. Danger; hazard; jeopardy.
Dear Pyrocles, be liberal unto me of those things, which
have made you indeed precious to the world, and now doubt
not to tell of your perils. Sidney, b. ii.
How many perils do insold
The righteous man to make him daily fall. Fairy Queen.
In the act what perils shall we find,
If either place, or time, or other course,
Cause us to alter th' order now assign'd. Daniel.
The love and pious duty which you pay,
Have pass'd the perils of so hard a way. Dryden.
Strong, healthy and young people are more in peril by
pestilential severs, than the weak and old. Arbuthnot.
2. Denunciation; danger denounced.
I told her,
On your displeasure's peril,
She should not visit you. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

PE’RILOUS. adj. [perileux, Fr. from peril.]
1. Dangerous; hazardous; full of danger.
Alterations in the service of God, for that they impair the
credit of religion, are therefore perilous in common-weals,
which have no continuance longer than religion hath all re­
verence done unto it. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
Her guard is chastity,
She that has that is clad in compleat steel,
And like a quiver'd nymph with arrows keen
May trace huge forests and unharbour'd heaths,
Infamous hills and sandy perilous wilds. Milton.
Dictate propitious to my duteous ear,
What arts can captivate the changeful seer:
For perilous th' assay, unheard the toil
T' elude the prescience of a God by guile. Pope.
Into the perilous flood
Bear fearless. Thomson.
2. It is used by way of emphasis, or ludicrous exaggeration of
any thing bad.
Thus was th' accomplish'd squire endu'd
With gifts and knowledge per’lous shrewd. Hudibras.
3. Smart; witty. In this sense it is, I think, only applied to
children, and probably obtained its signification from the
notion, that children eminent for wit, do not live; a witty
boy was therefore a perilous boy, or a boy in danger. It is
vulgarly parlous.
'Tis a per'lous boy,
Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable;
He's all the mother's from the top to toe. Shakesp.

PE’RILOUSLY. adv. [from perilous.] Dangerously.

PE’RILOUSNESS. n. s. [from perilous.] Dangerousness.

PERI’METER. n. s. [pe and ?et??; perimetre, Fr.] The
compass or sum of all the sides which bound any figure of
what kind soever, whether rectilinear or mixed.
By compressing the glasses still more, the diameter of this
ring would increase, and the breadth of its orbit or perimeter
decrease, until another new colour emerged in the centre of
the last. Newton's Opticks.

PE’RIOD. n. s. [periode, Fr. pe??d??.]
1. A circuit.
2. Time in which any thing is performed, so as to begin again
in the same manner.
Tell these, that the sun is fixed in the centre, that the
earth with all the planets roll round the sun in their several
periods they cannot admit a syllable of this new doctrine.
Watts.
3. A stated number of years; a round of time, at the end of
which the things comprised within the calculation shall return
to the state in which they were at beginning.
A cycle or period is an account of years that has a begin­
ning and end too, and then begins again as often as it ends.
Holder on Time.
We stile a lesser space a cycle, and a greater by the name
of period; and you may not improperly call the beginning of
a large period the epocha thereof. Holder on Time.
4. The end or conclusion.
If my death might make this island happy,
And prove the period of their tyranny,
I would expend it with all willingness;
But mine is made the prologue to their play. Shakesp.
There is nothing so secret that shall not be brought to light
within the compass of our world; whatsoever concerns this
sublunary world in the whole extent of its duration, from the
chaos to the last period. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
What anxious moments pass between
The birth of plots and their last fatal periods.
Oh! 'tis a dreadful interval of time. Addison.
5. The state at which any thing terminates.
Beauty's empires, like to greater states,
Have certain periods set, and hidden fates. Suckling.
Light-conserving stones must be set in the sun before they
retain light, and the light will appear greater or lesser, until
they come to their utmost period. Digby.
6. Length of duration.
Some experiment would be made how by art to make plants
more lasting than their ordinary period; as to make a stalk
of wheat last a whole year. Bacon's Natural History.
7. A complete sentence from one full stop to another.
Periods are beautiful, when they are not too long: for so
they have their strength too as in a pike or javelin. B. Johns.
Is this the confidence you gave me,
Lean on it safely, not a period
Shall be unsaid for me. Milton.
Syllogism is made use of to discover a fallacy, cunningly
wrapt up in a smooth period. Locke.
For the assistance of weak memories, the first words of
every period in every page may be written in distinct colours.
Watt's Improvement of the Mind.
From the tongue
Th' unfinish'd period falls. Thomson's Spring.

To PE’RIOD. v. a. [from the noun.] To put an end to. A
bad word.
Your letter he desires
To those have shut him up, which failing to him,
Periods his comfort. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

PERIO’DICK. adj. [periodique, Fr. from period.]
1. Circular; making a circuit; making a revolution.
Was the earth's periodick motion always in the same plane
with that of the diurnal, we should miss of those kindly in­
creases of day and night. Derham.
Four moons perpetually roll round the planet Jupiter, and
are carried along with him in his periodical circuit round the
sun. Watt's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Happening by revolution at some stated time.
Astrological undertakers would raise men out of some flimy
soil, impregnated with the influence of the stars upon some
remarkable and periodical conjunctions. Bentley.
3. Regular; performing some action at stated times.
The confusion of mountains and hollows furnished me with
a probable reason for those periodical fountains in Switzerland,
which flow only at such particular hours of the day. Addison.
4. Relating to periods or revolutions.
It is implicity denied by Aristotle in his politicks, in that
discourse against Plato, who measured the vicissitude and mu­
tation of states by a periodical fatality of number. Brown.

PERIODICAL. adj. [periodique, Fr. from period.]
1. Circular; making a circuit; making a revolution.
Was the earth's periodick motion always in the same plane
with that of the diurnal, we should miss of those kindly in­
creases of day and night. Derham.
Four moons perpetually roll round the planet Jupiter, and
are carried along with him in his periodical circuit round the
sun. Watt's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Happening by revolution at some stated time.
Astrological undertakers would raise men out of some flimy
soil, impregnated with the influence of the stars upon some
remarkable and periodical conjunctions. Bentley.
3. Regular; performing some action at stated times.
The confusion of mountains and hollows furnished me with
a probable reason for those periodical fountains in Switzerland,
which flow only at such particular hours of the day. Addison.
4. Relating to periods or revolutions.
It is implicity denied by Aristotle in his politicks, in that
discourse against Plato, who measured the vicissitude and mu­
tation of states by a periodical fatality of number. Brown.

PERIO’DICALLY. adv. [from periodical.] At stated periods.
The three tides ought to be understood of the space of the
night and day, and then there will be a regular flux and re­
flux thrice in that time every eight hours periodically.
Broome.

PERI’OSTEUM. n. s. [e and ?e??; perioste, Fr.]
All the bones are covered with a very sensible membrane,
called the periosteum. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

PERIPHERY. n. s. [pe and f??; peripherie, Fr.] Circum­
ference.
Neither is this sole vital saculty sufficient to exterminate
noxious humours to the periphery or outward parts. Harvey.

To PERI’PHRASE. v. a. [periphraser, Fr.] To express one
word by many; to express by circumlocution.

PERI’PHRASIS. n. s. [pe?fas??; periphrase, Fr.] Circum­
locution; use of many words to express the sense of one:
as, for death, we may say, the loss of life.
They make the gates of Thebes and the mouths of this
river a constant periphrasis for this number seven. Brown.
She contains all bliss,
And makes the world but her periphrasis. Cleaveland.


They shew their learning uselesly, and make a long peri­
phrasis on every word of the book they explain. Watts.
The periphrases and circumlocutions, by which Homer ex­
presses the single act of dying, have supplied succeeding poets
with all their manners of phrasing it. Pope.

PERIPHRA’STICAL. adj. [from periphrasis.] Circumlocutory;
expressing the sense of one word in many.

PERIPNEU’MONY. n. s. [pe and p??????; peripneumonic,
Fr.] An inflammation of the lungs.
Lungs ost imbibing phlegmatick and melancholick hu­
mours, are now and then deprehended schirrous, by dissipa­
tion of the subtiler parts, and lapidification of the grosser
that remain, or may be left indurated, through the gross re­
liques of peripneumonia or inflammation of the lungs.
Harvey.
A peripneumony is the last fatal symptom of every disease;
for no body dies without a stagnation of the blood in the
lungs, which is the total extinction of breath. Arbuthnot.

PERIPNEUMO’NIA. n. s. [pe and p??????; peripneumonic,
Fr.] An inflammation of the lungs.
Lungs ost imbibing phlegmatick and melancholick hu­
mours, are now and then deprehended schirrous, by dissipa­
tion of the subtiler parts, and lapidification of the grosser
that remain, or may be left indurated, through the gross re­
liques of peripneumonia or inflammation of the lungs.
Harvey.
A peripneumony is the last fatal symptom of every disease;
for no body dies without a stagnation of the blood in the
lungs, which is the total extinction of breath. Arbuthnot.

To PE’RISH. v. n. [perir, Fr. perco, Lat.]
1. To die; to be destroyed; to be lost; to come to nothing.
I burn, I pine, I perish,
If I atchieve not this young modest girl. Shakesp.
If I have seen any perish for want of cloathing, then let
mine arm fall from my shoulder-blade. Job xxxi. 29.
He keepeth back his soul from the pit, and his life from
perishing by the sword. Job xxxiii. 18.
They perish quickly from off the good land. Deut. xi. 18.
I perish with hunger. Luke xv. 17.
The sick, when their case comes to be thought desperate,
are carried out and laid on the earth to perish without assistance
or pity. Locke.
Characters drawn on dust, that the first breath of wind ef­
faces, are altogether as useful as the thoughts of a soul that
perish in thinking. Locke.
Exposing their children, and leaving them in the fields to
perish by want, has been the practice. Locke.
Still when the lust of tyrant pow'r succeeds,
Some Athens perishes, or some Tully bleeds. Pope.
In the Iliad, the anger of Achilles had caused the death of
so many Grecians; and in the Odyssey, the subjects perished
through their own fault. Pope.
2. To be in a perpetual state of decay.
Duration, and time which is a part of it, is the idea we
have of perishing distance, of which no two parts exist to­
gether, but follow in succession; as expansion is the idea of
lasting distance, all whose parts exist together. Locke.
3. To be lost eternally.
These, as natural brute beasts made to be destroyed, speak
evil of the things they understand not, and shall utterly
perish. 2 Peter ii. 12.
O suffer me not to perish in my sins, Lord carest thou not
that I perish, who wilt that all should be saved, and that none
should perish. Moreton's Daily Exercise.

To PERISH. v. a. To destroy; to decay. Not in use.
The splitting rocks cow'r'd in the sinking sands,
And would not dash me with their ragged sides;
Because thy flinty heart, more hard than they,
Might in thy palace perish Margaret. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Rise, prepar'd in black, to mourn thy perish'd lord.
Dryden.
He was so reserved, that he would impart his secrets to no­
body; whereupon this closeness did a little perish his under­
standings. Collier on Friendship.
Familiar now with grief your ears refrain,
And in the publick woe forget your own,
You weep not for a perish'd lord alone. Pope.

PE’RISHABLE. adj. [from perish.] Liable to perish; subject to
decay; of short duration.
We derogate from his eternal power to ascribe to them
the same dominion over our immortal souls, which they have
over all bodily substances and perishable natures. Raleigh.
To these purposes nothing can so much contribute as me­
dals of undoubted authority not perishable by time, nor con­
sined to any certain place. Addison.
It is princes greatest present felicity to reign in their sub­
jects hearts; but these are too perishable to preserve their me­
mories, which can only be done by the pens of faithful hi­
storians. Swift.
Human nature could not sustain the reflection of having
all its schemes and expectations to determine with this frail
and perishable composition of flesh and blood. Rogers.
Thrice has he seen the perishable kind
Of men decay. Pope's Odyssey.

PE’RISHABLENESS. n. s. [from perishable.] Liableness to be
destroyed; liableness to decay.
Suppose an island separate from all commerce, but having
nothing because of its commoness and perishableness, fit to
supply the place of money; what reason could any have
to enlarge his possessions beyond the use of his family.
Locke.

PERISTA’LTICK. adj. [pe??????; peristaltique, Fr.]
Peristaltick motion is that vermicular motion of the guts,
which is made by the contraction of the spiral fibres, whereby
the excrements are pressed downwards and voided. Quincy.
The peristaltick motion of the guts, and the continual ex­
pression of the fluids, will not suffer the least matter to be
applied to one point the least instant. Arbuthnot.

PERISTE’RION. n. s. The herb vervain. Dict.

PERISTY’LE. n. s. [peristile, Fr.] A circular range of pillars.
The Villa Gordiana had a peristyle of two hundred pillars.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

PE’RISYSTOLE. n. s. [pe? and ????.] The pause or inter­
val betwixt the two motions of the heart or pulse; namely,
that of the systole or contraction of the heart, and that of
diastole or dilatation. Dict.

PERITONE’UM. n. s. [pe?t??a???; peritoine, Fr.] This lies
immediately under the muscles of the lower belly, and is a
thin and soft membrane, which encloses all the bowels
contained in the lower belly, covering all the inside of its
cavity. Dict.
Wounds penetrating into the belly, are such as reach no
farther inward than to the peritonenm. Wiseman.

PE’RJURE. n. s. [perjurus, Lat.] A perjured or forsworn
person. A word not in use.
Hide thee, thou bloody hand,
Thou perjure, thou simular of virtue,
Thou art incestuous. Shakesp. King Lear.

To PE’RJURE. v. a. [perjuro, Lat.] To forswear; to
taint with perjury. It is used with the reciprocal pronoun.
Who should be trusted now, when the right hand
Is perjur'd to the bosom. Shakesp.
The law is not made for a righteous man, but for the
lawless and disobedient, for perjured persons. 1 Tim. 1. 10.

PE’RJURER. n. s. [from perjure.] One that swears falsely.
The common oath of the Scythians was by the sword and
fire; for that they accounted those two special divine powers,
which should work vengeance on the perjurers. Spenser.

PERJU’RY. n. s. [perjurium, Lat.] False oath.
My great father-in-law, renowned Warwick,
Cried aloud—What scourge for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence,
And so he vanish'd. Shakesp. Richard III.

PE’RIWIG. n. s. [perruque, Fr.] Adscititious hair; hair not
natural, worn by way of ornament or concealment of bald­
ness.
Her hair is auburn, mine is perfect yellow;
If that be all the difference in his love,
I'll get me such a colour'd periwig. Shakesp.
It offends me to hear a robusteous periwig-pated fellow tear
a passion to tatters, to split the ears of the groundlings.
Shakespeare.
The sun's
Dishevel'd beams and scatter'd fires
Serve but for ladies periwigs and tires
In lovers sonnets. Donne.
Madam time, be ever bald,
I'll not thy periwig be call'd. Cleaveland.
For vailing of their visages his highness and the marquis
bought each a periwig, somewhat to overshadow their fore­
heads. Wotton.
They used false hair or periwigs. Arbuthnot on Coins.
From her own head Megara takes
A periwig of twisted snakes,
Which in the nicest fashion curl'd,
Like toupets. Swift's Miscellanies.

To PE’RIWIG. v. a. [from the noun.] To dress in false hair.
Now when the winter's keener breath began
To crystallize the Baltick ocean,
To glaze the lakes, to bridle up the foods,
And periwig with snow the bald-pate woods. Sylvester.
Near the door an entrance gapes,
Crouded round with antick shapes,
Discord periwig'd with snakes,
See the dreadful strides she takes. Swift's Miscellanies.

PE’RIWINKLE. n. s.
1. A small shell fish; a kind of fish snail.
Thetis is represented by a lady of a brownish complexion,
her hair disheveled about her shoulders, upon her head a co­
ronet of periwinkle and escalop shells. Peacham.
2. A plant.
The periwinkle hath a flower cup, consisting of one leaf,
that is divided into five long narrow segments: the flower also
consists of one leaf, which expands in form of a salver, and
is cut into five broad segments: the pointal, which arises from
the center of the flower cup, becomes a fruit composed of two
husks or pods, which contain oblong, cylindrical, furrowed
seeds; to which may be added, that this plant shoots out
many long creeping branches that strike out roots at their
joints. Miller.
There are in use, for the prevention of the cramp, bands
of green periwinkle tied about the calf of the leg. Bacon.
The common simples with us are comfry, bugle, ladies
mantle, and periwinkle. Wisemen's Surgery



To PERK. v. n. [from perch, Skinner.] To hold up the head
with an affected briskness.
If you think it a disgrace,
That Edward's miss thus perks it in your face,
To see a piece of failing flesh and blood,
Let the modest matrons of the town
Come here in crouds, and stare the strumpet down. Pope.

To PERK. v. a. To dress; to prank.
'Tis better to be lowly born,
And range with humble livers in content,
Than to be perk'd up in a glist'ring grief,
And wear a golden sorrow. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

PERK. adj. Pert; brisk; airy. Obsolete.
My ragged ronts
Wont in the wind, and wag their wriggle tails,
Peark as a peacock, but nought avails. Spenser.

PE’RLOUS. adj. [from perilous.] Dangerous; full of hazard.
A perlous passage lies,
Where many maremaids haunt, making false melodies.
Spenser's Fairy Queen.
Late he far'd
In Phædria's fleet bark over the perlous shard. Fa. Queen.

PE’RMAGY. n. s. A little Turkish boot. Dict.

PE’RMANENCE. n. s. [from permanent.] Duration; consi­
stency; continuance in the same state; last­
ingness.
Salt, they say, is the basis of solidity and permanency in
compound bodies, without which the other four elements
might be variously blended together, but would remain im­
compacted. Boyle.
Shall I dispute whether there be any such material being
that hath such a permanence or fixedness in being. Hale.
From the permanency and immutability of nature hitherto,
they argued its permanency and immutability for the future.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Such a punctum to our conceptions is almost equivalent to
permanency and rest. Bentley.

PE’RMANENCY. n. s. [from permanent.] Duration; consi­
stency; continuance in the same state; last­
ingness.
Salt, they say, is the basis of solidity and permanency in
compound bodies, without which the other four elements
might be variously blended together, but would remain im­
compacted. Boyle.
Shall I dispute whether there be any such material being
that hath such a permanence or fixedness in being. Hale.
From the permanency and immutability of nature hitherto,
they argued its permanency and immutability for the future.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Such a punctum to our conceptions is almost equivalent to
permanency and rest. Bentley.

PE’RMANENT. adj. [permanent, Fr. permanens, Lat.] Du­
rable; not decaying; unchanged.
If the authority of the maker do prove unchangeableness
in the laws which God hath made, then must all laws which
he hath made be necessarily forever permanent, though they
be but of circumstance only. Hooker. b. iii. s. 10.
That eternal duration should be at once, is utterly uncon­
ceivable, and that one permanent instant should be commen­
surate or rather equal to all successions of ages. More.
Pure and unchang'd, and needing no defence
From sins, as did my frailer innocence;
Their joy sincere, and with no more sorrow mixt,
Eternity stands permanent and fixt. Dryden.

PE’RMANENTLY. adv. [from permanent.] Durably; lastingly.
It does, like a compact or consistent body, deny to mingle
permanently with the contiguous liquor. Boyle.

PERMA’NSION. n. s. [from permaneo, Lat.] Continuance.
Although we allow that hares may exchange their sex some­
times, yet not in that vicissitude it is presumed; from female
unto male, and from male to female again, and so in a circle
without a permansion in either. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PE’RMEABLE. adj. [from permeo, Lat.] Such as may be
passed through.
The pores of a bladder are not easily permeable by air. Boyle.

To PE’RMEATE. v. a. [permeo, Lat.] To pass through.
This heat evaporates and elevates the water of the abyss,
pervading not only the fissures, but the very bodies of the
strata, permeating the interstices of the sand or other matter
whereof they consist. Woodward's Natural History.

PE’RMEANT. adj. [permeans, Lat.] Passing through.
It entereth not the veins, but taketh leave of the permeant
parts at the mouths of the meseraicks. Brown.

PERMEA’TION. n. s. [from permeate.] The act of passing
through.

PERMI’SCIBLE. adj. [from permisceo, Lat.] Such as may be
mingled.

PERMISSIBLE. adj. [permissus, Lat.] What may be per­
mitted.

PERMI’SSION. n. s. [permission, Fr. permissus, Lat.] Allow­
ance; grant of liberty.
With thy permission then, and thus forewarn'd,
The willinger I go. Milton.
You have given me your permission for this address, and en­
couraged me by your perusal and approbation. Dryden.

PERMISSIVE. adj. [from permitto, Latin.]
1. Granting liberty, not favour; not hindering, though not
approving.
We bid this be done,
When evil deeds have their permissive pass,
And not the punishment. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Hypocrisy, the only evil that walks
Invisible, except to God alone
By his permissive will, through heav'n and earth. Milton.
2. Granted; suffered without hindrance; not authorised or fa­
voured.
If this doth authorise usury, which before was but permissive,
it is better to mitigate usury by declaration, than to suffer it
to rage by connivance. Bacon's Essays.
Thus I embolden'd spake, and freedom us'd
Permissive, and acceptance found. Milton's Par. Lost.
Clad
With what permissive glory since his fall
Was left him, or false glitter. Milton's Par. Lost.

PERMI’SSIVELY. adv. [from permissive.] By bare allowance;
without hindrance.
As to a war for the propagation of the christian faith, I
would be glad to hear spoken concerning the lawfulness, not
only permissively, but whether it be not obligatory to christian
princes to design it. Bacon's Holy War.

PERMI’STION. n. s. [permistus, Lat.] The act of mixing.

To PE’RMIT. v. a. [permitto, Lat. permettre, Fr.]
1. To allow without command.
What things God doth neither command nor forbid, the
same he permitteth with approbation either to be done or left
undone. Hooker, b. ii. s. 4.
2. To suffer, without authorising or approving.
3. To allow; to suffer.
Women keep silence in the churches; for it is not per­
mitted unto them to speak. 1 Corinthians xiv. 34.
Ye gliding ghosts, permit me to relate
The mystick wonders of your silent state. Dryden.
Age oppresses us by the same degrees that it instructs us,
and permits not that our mortal members, which are frozen
with our years, should retain the vigour of our youth. Dryden.
We should not permit an allowed, possible, great and
weighty good to slip out of our thoughts, without leaving
any relish, any desire of itself there. Locke.
After men have acquired as much as the laws permit them,
they have nothing to do but to take care of the publick. Swift.
4. To give up; to resign.
Nor love thy life, nor hate; but what thou liv'st,
Live well; how long, how short, permit to heav'n. Milton.
If the course of truth be permitted unto itself, it cannot
escape many errours. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To the gods permit the rest. Dryden.
Whate'r can urge ambitious youth to fight,
She pompously displays before their sight;
Laws, empire, all permitted to the sword. Dryden.
Let us not aggravate our sorrows,
But to the gods permit th' event of things. Addison's Cato.

PERMI’T. n. s. A written permission from an officer for trans­
porting of goods from place to place, showing the duty on
them to have been paid.

PERMI’TTANCE. n. s. [from permit.] Allowance; forbear­
ance of opposition; permission. A bad word.
When this system of air comes, by divine permittance, to
be corrupted by poisonous acrimonious steams, what havock
is made in all living creatures? Derham's Physico-Theology.

PERMI’XTION. n. s. [from permistus, Lat.] The act of ming­
ling; the state of being mingled.
They fell into the opposite extremity of one nature in
Christ, the divine and human natures in Christ, in their con­
ceits, by permixtion and confusion of substances, and of pro­
perties growing into one upon their adunation. Brerewood.

PERMU’TATION. n. s. [permutation, Fr. permutatio, Lat.]
Exchange of one for another.
A permutation of number is frequent in languages. Bentley.
Gold and silver, by their rarity, are wonderfully fitted for
this use of permutation for all sorts of commodities. Ray.

To PERMU’TE. v. a. [permuto, Lat. permuter, Fr.] To ex­
change.

PERMU’TER. n. s. [permutant, Fr. from permute.] An ex­
changer; he who permutes.

PERNI’CIOUS. adj. [perniciosus, Lat. pernicieux, Fr.]
1. Mischievous in the highest degree; destructive.
To remove all out of the church, whereat they shew them­
selves to be sorrowful, would be, as we are persuaded, hurt­
ful, if not pernicious thereunto. Hooker, b. iv. s. 10.
I call you servile ministers,
That have with two pernicious daughters join'd
Your high engender'd battles, 'gainst a head
So old and white as this. Shakesp. King Lear.
Let this pernicious hour
Stand ay accursed in the kalendar! Shakesp.
2. [Pernix, Latin.] Quick. An use which I have found only
in Milton, and which, as it produces an ambiguity, ought
not to be imitated.
Part incentive reed
Provide, pernicious with one touch to fire. Milton.

PERNI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from pernicious.] Destructively; mis­
chievously; ruinously.
Some wilful wits wilfully against their own knowledge,
perniciously against their own conscience, have openly taught.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
All the commons
Hate him perniciously, and wish him
Ten fathom deep. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

PERNI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from pernicious.] The quality of
being pernicious.



PERNI’CITY. n. s. [from pernix.] Swiftness; celerity.
Others armed with hard shells, others with prickles, the
rest that have no such armature endued with great swiftness
or pernicity. Ray on the Creation.

PERORA’TION. n. s. [peroratio, Lat.] The conclusion of an
oration.
What means this passionate discourse?
This peroratian with such circumstances? Shakesp.
True woman to the last—my peroration
I come to speak in spite of suffocation. Smart.

To PERPE’ND. v. a. [perpendo, Lat.] To weigh in the mind;
to consider attentively.
Thus it remains and the remainder thus;
Perpend. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Perpend, my princess, and give ear. Shakesp.
Consider the different conceits of men, and duly perpend
the imperfection of their discoveries. Brown.

PERPE’NDER. n. s. [perpigne, Fr.] A coping stone.

PE’RPENDICLE. n. s. [perpendicule, Fr. perpendiculum, Lat.]
Any thing hanging down by a strait line. Dict.

PERPENDI’CULAR. adj. [perpendiculaire, Fr. perpendicularis,
Latin.]
1. Crossing any other line at right angles. Of two lines, if one
be perpendicular, the other is perpendicular too.
If in a line oblique their atoms rove,
Or in a perpendicular they move;
If some advance not flower in their race,
And some more swift, how could they be entangl'd.
Blackmore.
The angle of incidence, is that angle, which the line, de­
scribed by the incident ray, contains with the perpendicular to
the reflecting or refracting surface at the point of incidence.
Newton's Opticks.
2. Cutting the horizon at right angles.
Some define the perpendicular altitude of the highest moun­
tains to be four miles. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PERPENDI’CULAR. n. s. A line crossing the horizon at right
angles.
Though the quantity of water thus rising and falling be
nearly constant as to the whole, yet it varies in the several
parts of the globe; by reason that the vapours float in the
atmosphere, and are not restored down again in a perpendi­
cular upon the same precise tract of land. Woodward.

PERPENDI’CULARLY. adv. [from perpendicular.]
1. In such a manner as to cut another line at right angles.
2. In the direction of a strait line up and down.
Ten masts attacht make not the altitude reach,
Which thou hast perpendicularly fall'n. Shakesp.
Irons refrigerated North and South, not only acquire a di­
rective faculty, but if cooled upright and perpendicularly, they
will also obtain the same. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Shoot up an arrow perpendicularly from the earth, the ar­
row will return to your foot again. More.
All weights naturally move perpendicularly downward. Ray.

PERPENDICULA’RITY. n. s. [from perpendicular.] The state
of being perpendicular.
The meeting of two lines is the primary essential mode or
difference of an angle; the perpendicularity of these lines is
the difference of a right angle. Watts's Logick.

PERPE’NSION. n. s. [from perpend.] Consideration. Not in
use.
Unto reasonable perpensions it hath no place in some
sciences. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To PE’RPETRATE. v. a. [perpetro, Lat. perpetrer, Fr.]
1. To commit; to act. Always in an ill sense.
Hear of such a crime
As tragick poets, since the birth of time,
Ne'er feign'd a thronging audience to amaze;
But true and perpetrated in our days. Tate's Juvenal.
My tender infants or my careful fire,
These they returning will to death require,
Will perpetrate on them the first design,
And take the forfeit of their heads for mine. Dryden.
The forest, which in after-times,
Fierce Romulus, for perpetrated crimes,
A sacred refuge made. Dryden.
2. It is used by Butler in a neutral sense, in compliance with his
verse, but not properly.
Success, the mark no mortal wit,
Or surest hand can always hit;
For whatsoe'er we perpetrate,
We do but row, we're steer'd by fate. Hudibras.

PERPETRA’TION. n. s. [from perpetrate.]
1. The act of committing a crime.
A desperate discontented assassinate would, after the perpe­
tration, have honested a meer private revenge. Wotton.
A woman, who lends an ear to a seducer, may be insensibly
drawn into the perpetration of the most violent acts. Clarissa.
2. A bad action.
The strokes of divine vengeance, or of men's own con­
sciences, always attend injurious perpetrations. King Charles.

PERPE’TUAL. adj. [perpetuel, Fr. perpetuus, Latin.]
1. Never ceasing; eternal with respect to futurity.
Mine is a love, which must perpetual be,
If you can be so just as I am true. Dryden.
2. Continual; uninterrupted; perennial.
Within those banks rivers now
Stream, and perpetual draw their humid train. Milton.
By the muscular motion and perpetual flux of the liquids,
a great part of them is thrown out of the body. Arbuthnot.
3. Perpetual screw. A screw which acts against the teeth of a
wheel, and continues its action without end.
A perpetual screw hath the motion of a wheel and the force
of a screw, being both infinite. Wilkin's Math. Magick.

PERPE’TUALLY. adv. [from perpetual.] Constantly; conti­
nually; incessantly.
This verse is every where sounding the very thing in your
ears; yet the numbers are perpetually varied, so that the same
sounds are never repeated twice. Dryden.
In passing from them to great distances, doth it not grow
denser and denser perpetually; and thereby cause the gravity
of those great bodies towards one another. Newton's Opticks.
The bible and common prayer book in the vulgar tongue,
being perpetually read in churches, have proved a kind of
standard for language, especially to the common people. Swift.

To PERPE’TUATE. v. a. [perpetuer, Fr. perpetuo, Lat.]
1. To make perpetual; to preserve from extinction; to eter­
nize.
Medals, that are at present only mere curiosities, may be
of use in the ordinary commerce of life, and at the same
time perpetuate the glories of her majesty's reign. Addison.
Man cannot devise any other method so likely to preserve
and perpetuate the knowledge and belief of a revelation, so
necessary to mankind. Forbes.
2. To continue without cessation or intermission.
What is it, but a continued perpetuated voice from heaven,
resounding for ever in our ears? to give men no rest in their
sins, no quiet from Christ's importunity, 'till they awake
from their lethargick sleep and arise from so mortiferous a state,
and permit him to give them life. Hammond.

PERPETUA’TION. n. s. [from perpetuate.] The act of making
perpetual; incessant continuance.
Nourishing hair upon the moles of the face, is the per­
petuation of a very ancient custom. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PERPE’TUITY. n. s. [perpetuité, Fr. perpetuitas, Lat.]
1. Duration to all futurity.
For men to alter those laws, which God for perpetuity hath
established, were presumption most intolerable. Hooker.
Yet am I better
Than one that's sick o' th' gout, since he had rather
Groan so in perpetuity, than be cur'd
By the sure physician, death. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Time as long again
Would be fill'd up with our thanks;
And yet we should, for perpetuity,
Go hence in debt. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Nothing wanted to his noble and heroical intentions, but
only to give perpetuity to that which was in his time so hap­
pily established. Bacon.
2. Exemption from intermission or cessation.
A cycle or period begins again as often as it ends, and so
obtains a perpetuity. Holder.
3. Something of which there is no end.
A mess of pottage for a birth-right, a present repast for a
perpetuity. South's Sermons.
The ennobling property of the pleasure, that accrues to a
man from religion, is, that he that has the property, may be
also sure of the perpetuity. South's Sermons.
The laws of God as well as of the land
Abhor a perpetuity should stand;
Estates have wings, and hang in fortune's power. Pope.

To PERPLE’X. v. a. [perplenus, Latin.]
1. To disturb with doubtful notions; to entangle; to make
anxious; to teaze with suspense or ambiguity; to distract;
to embarrass; to puzzle.
Being greatly perplexed in his mind, he determined to go
into Persia. 1 Mac. iii. 31.
Themselves with doubts they day and night perplex. Denh.
He perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice spe­
culations of philosophy, when he should engage their
hearts. Dryden.
We can distinguish no general truths, or at least shall be
apt to perplex the mind. Locke.
2. To make intricate; to involve; to complicate.
Their way
Lies through the perplex'd paths of this drear wood. Milt.
We both are involv'd
In the same intricate perplext distress. Addison's Cato.
What was thought obscure, perplexed, and too hard for
our weak parts, will lie open to the understanding in a
fair view. Locke.
3. To plague; to torment; to vex. A sense not proper.
Chloe's the wonder of her sex,
'Tis well her heart is tender,
How might such killing eyes perplex,
With virtue to defend her. Granville.



PERPLE’X. adj. [perplex, Lat. perplexus, Lat.] Intricate;
difficult. Perplexed is the word in use.
How the soul directs the spirits for the motion of the body,
according to the several animal exigents, is perplex in the
theory. Glanville's Scept.

PERPLE’XEDLY. adv. [from perplexed.] Intricately; with in­
volution.

PERPLE’XEDNESS. n. s. [from perplexed.]
1. Embarassment; anxiety.
2. Intricacy; involution; difficulty.
Obscurity and perplexedness have been cast upon St. Paul's
Epistles from without. Locke.

PERPLE’XITY. n. s. [perplexité, Fr.]
1. Anxiety; distraction of mind.
The fear of him ever since hath put me into such perplexity,
as now you found me. Sidney, b. ii.
Perplexity not suffering them to be idle, they think and
do, as it were, in a phrensy. Hooker, b. v, s. 3.
The royal virgin, which beheld from far,
In pensive plight and sad perplexity,
The whole atchievement of this doubtful war,
Came running fast to greet his victory. Fairy Queen.
2. Entanglement; intricacy.
Let him look for the labyrinth; for I cannot discern any,
unless in the perplexity of his own thoughts. Stillingfleet.

PERPOTA’TION. n. s. [per and poto, Latin.] The act of
drinking largely.

PE’RQUISITE. n. s. [perquisitus, Lat.] Something gained by a
place or office over and above the settled wages.
Tell me, perfidious, was it fit
To make my cream a perquisite,
And steal to mend your wages. Widow and Cat.
To an honest mind, the best perquisites of a place are the
advantages it gives a man of doing good. Addison.
To what your lawful perquisites amount. Swift.

PERQUISI’TION. n. s. [perquisitus, Lat.] An accurate enquiry;
a thorough search. Ainsworth.

PE’RRY. n. s. [poire, Fr. from poire.] Cyder made of pears.
Perry is the next liquor in esteem after cyder, in the or­
dering of which, let not your pears be over ripe before you
grind them; and with some sorts of pears, the mixing of a
few crabs in the grinding is of great advantage, making perry
equal to the redstreak cyder. Mortimer.

To PE’RSECUTE. v. a. [persecuter, Fr. persecutus, Lat.]
1. To harrass with penalties; to persue with malignity. It is
generally used of penalties inflicted for opinions.
I persecuted this way unto the death. Acts xxii. 4.
2. To persue with repeated acts of vengeance or enmity.
They might have fallen down, being persecuted of ven­
geance, and scattered abroad. Wisdom xi. 20.
Relate,
For what offence the queen of heav'n began
To persecute so brave, so just a man! Dryden.
3. To importune much: as, he persecutes me with daily solici­
tations.

PERSECU’TION. n. s. [persecution, Fr. persecutio, Lat. from
persecute.]
1. The act or practice of persecuting.
The Jews raised persecution against Paul and Barnabas,
and expelled them. Acts xiii. 50.
Heavy persecution shall arise
On all, who in the worship persevere
Of spirit and truth. Milton.
The deaths and sufferings of the primitive christians had a
great share in the conversion of those learned Pagans, who
lived in the ages of persecution. Addison.
2. The state of being persecuted.
Our necks are under persecution; we labour and have no
rest. Lam. v. 5.
Christian fortitude and patience had their opportunity in
times of affliction and persecution. Sprat's Sermons.

PE’RSECUTOR. n. s. [persecuteur, Fr. from persecute.] One who
harrasses other with continued malignity.
What man can do against them, not afraid,
Though to the death; against such cruelties
With inward consolations recompens'd;
And oft supported so, as shall amaze
Their proudest persecutors. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Henry rejected the pope's supremacy, but retained every
corruption besides, and became a cruel persecutor. Swift.

PERSEVE’RANCE. n. s. [perseverance, Fr. perseverantia, Lat.
This word was once improperly acccented on the second syl­
lable.] Persistence in any design or attempt; steadiness in
pursuits; constancy in progress. It is applied alike to good
and ill.
The king becoming graces,
Bounty, persev'rance, mercy, lowliness;
I have no relish of them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Persevrance keeps honour bright:
To have done, is to hang quite out of fashion,
Like rusty man in monumental mockery. Shakespeare.
They hate repentance more than perseverance in a fault.
King Charles.
Wait the seasons of providence with patience and perseve­
rance in the duties of our calling, what difficulties soever we
may encounter. L'Estrange.
Patience and perseverance overcome the greatest diffi­
culties. Clarissa.
And perseverance with his batter'd shield. Brooke.

PERSEVE’RANT. adj. [perseverant, Fr. perseverans, Lat.] Per­
sisting; constant. Ainsworth.

To PERSEVE’RE. v. n. [persevero, Lat. perseverer, Fr. This
word was anciently accented less properly on the second
syllable.] To persist in an attempt; not to give over; not
to quit the design.
But my rude musick, which was wont to please
Some dainty ears, cannot with any skill
The dreadful tempest of her wrath appease,
Nor move the dolphin from her stubborn will;
But in her pride she doth persevere still. Spenser.
Thrice happy, if they know
Their happiness, and persevere upright! Milton.
Thus beginning, thus we persevere;
Our passions yet continue what they were. Dryden.
To persevere in any evil course, makes you unhappy in
this life, and will certainly throw you into everlasting tor­
ments in the next. Wake's Preparation for Death.

PERSEVE’RINGLY. adv. [from persevere.] With perseverance.

To PERSI’ST. v. n. [persisto, Lat. persister, Fr.] To perse­
vere; to continue firm; not to give over.
Nothing can make a man happy, but that which shall last
as long as he lasts; for an immortal soul shall persist in being
not only when profit, pleasure and honour, but when time
itself shall cease. South's Sermons.
If they persist in pointing their batteries against particular
persons, no laws of war forbid the making reprisals. Addison.

PERSI’STANCE. n. s. [from persist. Persistence seems more
proper.]
1. The state of persisting; steadiness; constancy; perseverance
in good or bad.
The love of God better can consist with the indeliberate
commissions of many sins, than with an allowed persistance in
any one. Government of the Tongue.
2. Obstinacy; obduracy; contumacy.
Thou think'st me as far in the devil's book, as thou and
Falstaff, for obduracy and persistency. Shakesp.

PERSI’STENCY. n. s. [from persist. Persistence seems more
proper.]
1. The state of persisting; steadiness; constancy; perseverance
in good or bad.
The love of God better can consist with the indeliberate
commissions of many sins, than with an allowed persistance in
any one. Government of the Tongue.
2. Obstinacy; obduracy; contumacy.
Thou think'st me as far in the devil's book, as thou and
Falstaff, for obduracy and persistency. Shakesp.

PERSI’STIVE. adj. [from persist.] Steady; not receding from
a purpose; persevering.
The protractive tryals of great Jove,
To find persistive constancy in men. Shakesp.

PE’RSON. n. s. [personne, Fr. persona, Lat.]
1. Individual or particular man or woman.
A person is a thinking intelligent being, that has reason and
reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking
thing, in different times and places. Locke.
2. Man or woman considered as opposed to things, or distinct
from them.
A zeal for persons is far more easy to be perverted, than a
zeal for things. Sprat's Sermons.
To that we owe the safety of our persons and the propriety
of our possessions. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Human Being; considered with respect to mere corporal ex­
istence.
'Tis in her heart alone that you must reign;
You'll find her person difficult to gain. Dryden.
4. Man or woman considered as present, acting or suffering.
If I am traduc'd by tongues which neither know
My faculties nor person;
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
That virtue must go through. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The rebels maintained the fight for a small time, and for
their persons shewed no want of courage. Bacon.
5. A general loose term for a human being; one; a man.
Be a person's attainments ever so great, he should always
remember, that he is God's creature. Clarissa.
6. One's self; not a representative.
When I purposed to make a war by my lieutenant, I made
declaration thereof to you by my chancellor; but now that I
mean to make a war upon France in person, I will declare it
to you myself. Bacon's Henry VII.
The king in person visits all around,
Comforts the sick, congratulates the sound,
And holds for thrice three days a royal feast. Dryden.
7. Exteriour appearance.
For her own person,
It beggar'd all description. Shakesp.
8. Man or woman represented in a fictitious dialogue.
All things are lawful unto me, saith the apostle, speak­
ing, as it seemeth, in the person of the christian gentile for
the maintenance of liberty in things indifferent. Hooker.
These tables Cicero pronounced under the person of Crassus,
were of more use and authority than all the books of the
philosophers. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
9. Character.
From his first appearance upon the stage, in his new person
of a sycophant or jugler, instead of his former person of a


prince, he was exposed to the derision of the courtiers and
the common people, who flocked about him, that one might
know where the owl was, by the flight of birds. Bacon.
He hath put on the person not of a robber and a murtherer,
but of a traitor to the state. Hayward.
10. Character of office.
I then did use the person of your father;
The image of his power lay then in me:
And in th' administration of his law,
While I was busy for the commonwealth,
Your highness pleased to forget my place. Shakesp.
How different is the same man from himself, as he sustains
the person of a magistrate and that of a friend. South.
11. [In grammar.] The quality of the noun that modifies the
verb.
Dorus the more blushed at her smiling, and she the more
smiled at his blushing; because he had, with the remem­
brance of that plight he was in, forgot in speaking of himself
the third person. Sidney.
If speaking of himself in the first person singular has so va­
rious meanings, his use of the first person plural is with greater
latitude. Locke.

PE’RSONABLE. adj. [from person.]
1. Handsome; graceful; of good appearance.
Were it true that her son Ninias had such a stature, as that
Simiramis, who was very personable, could be taken for him;
yet it is unlikely that she could have held the empire forty­
two years after by any such subtilty. Raleigh.
2. [In law.] One that may maintain any plea in a judicial
court. Ainsworth.

PERSO’NAGE. n. s. [personage, Fr.]
1. A considerable person; man or woman of eminence.
It was a new sight fortune had prepared to those woods, to
see these great personages thus run one after the other. Sidney.
It is not easy to research the actions of eminent personages,
how much they have blemished by the envy of others, and
what was corrupted by their own felicity. Wotton.
2. Exteriour appearance; air; stature.
She hath made compare
Between our statures, she hath urg'd his height;
And with her personage, her tall personage,
She hath prevail'd with him. Shakespeare.
The lord Sudley was fierce in courage, courtly in fashion,
in personage stately, in voice magnificent, but somewhat empty
of matter. Hayward.
3. Character assumed.
The great diversion is masking: the Venetians, naturally
grave, love to give into the follies of such seasons, when
disguised in a false personage. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
4. Character represented.
Some persons must be found out, already known by histo­
ry, whom we may make the actors and personages of this
fable. Broome's View of Epic Poems.

PE’RSONAL. adj. [personel, Fr. personalis, Lat.]
1. Belonging to men or women, not to things; not real.
Every man so termed by way of personal difference only.
Hooker, b. v. s. 13.
2. Affecting individuals or particular people; peculiar; proper
to him or her; relating to one's private actions or character.
For my part,
I know no personal cause to spurn at him;
But for the general. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
It could not mean, that Cain as elder had a natural do­
minion over Abel, for the words are conditional; if thou
doest well, and so personal to Cain. Locke.
Publick reproofs of sin are general, though by this they
lose a great deal of their effect; but in private conversations
the application may be more personal, and the proofs when so
directed come home. Rogers.
3. Present; not acting by representative.
The fav'rites that the absent king
In deputation left,
When he was personal in the Irish war. Shakesp.
4. Exteriour; corporal.
This heroick constancy determined him to desire in mar­
riage a princess, whose personal charms were now become
the least part of her character. Addison.
5. [In law.] Something moveable; something appendant to
the person, as money; not real, as land.
This sin of kind not personal
But real and hereditary was. Davies.
6. [In grammar.] A personal verb is that which has all the
regular modification of the three persons; opposed to imper­
sonal that has only the third.

PE’RSONALITY. n. s. [from personal.] The existence or indi­
viduality of any one.
Person belongs only to intelligent agents, capable of a law,
and happiness and misery: this personality extends itself be­
yond present existence to what is past, only by consciousness,
whereby it imputes to itself past actions, just upon the same
ground that it does the present. Locke.

PERSO’NALLY. adv. [from personal.]
1. In person; in presence; not by representative.
Approbation not only they give, who personally declare their
assent by voice, sign or act, but also when others do it in
their names. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
I could not personally deliver to her
What you commanded me, but by her woman
I sent your message. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
There are many reasons, why matters of such a wonder­
ful nature should not be taken notice of by those Pagan wri­
ters, who lived before our Saviour's disciples had personally
appeared among them. Addison.
2. With respect to an individual; particularly.
She bore a mortal hatred to the house of Lancaster, and
personally to the king. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. With regard to numerical existence.
The converted man is personally the same he was before,
and is neither born nor created a-new in a proper literal
sense. Rogers's Sermons.

To PE’RSONATE. v. a. [from persona, Latin.]
1. To represent by a fictitious or assumed character, so as to
pass for the person represented.
This lad was not to personate one, that had been long be­
fore taken out of his cradle, but a youth that had been
brought up in a court, where infinite eyes had been upon
him. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To represent by action or appearance; to act.
Herself a while she lays aside, and makes
Ready to personate a mortal part. Crashaw.
3. To pretend hypocritically, with the reciprocal pronoun.
It has been the constant practice of the Jesuits to send over
emissaries, with instructions to personate themselves members
of the several sects amongst us. Swift.
4. To counterfeit; to feign. Little in use.
Piety is opposed to that personated devotion, under which
any kind of impiety is disguised. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Thus have I played with the dogmatist in a personated
scepticism. Glanvill's Sceps.
5. To resemble.
The lofty cedar personates thee. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
6. To make a representative of, as in picture. Out of use.
Whose eyes are on this sovereign lady fixt,
One do I personate of Timon's frame,
Whom fortune with her iv'ry hand wafts to her. Shakesp.
7. To describe. Out of use.
I am thinking, what I shall say; it must be a personating
of himself; a satyr against the softness of prosperity. Shakesp.
I will drop in his way some obscure epistles
Of love, wherein, by the colour of his beard, the
Shape of his leg, the manner of his gait, the
Expressure of his eye, forehead and complexion,
He shall find himself most feelingly personated. Shakespeare.

PERSONA’TION. n. s. [from personate.] Counterfeiting of an­
other person.
This being one of the strangest examples of a personation
that ever was, it deserveth to be discovered and related at
the full. Bacon's Henry VII.

PERSONIFICA’TION. n. s. [from personify.] Prosopopœia; the
change of things to persons: as,
Confusion heard his voice. Milton.

To PE’RSONIFY. v. a. [from person.] To change from a thing
to a person.

PE’RSPECTIVE. n. s. [perspectif, Fr. perspicio, Lat.]
1. A glass through which things are viewed.
If it tend to danger, they turn about the perspective, and
shew it so little, that he can scarce discern it. Denham.
It may import us in this calm, to hearken to the storms
raising abroad; and by the best perspectives, to discover from
what coast they break. Temple.
You hold the glass, but turn the perspective,
And farther off the lessen'd object drive. Dryden.
Faith for reason's glimmering light shall give
Her immortal perspective. Prior.
2. The science by which things are ranged in picture, according
to their appearance in their real situation.
Medals have represented their buildings according to the
rules of perspective. Addison on Ancient Medals.
3. View; visto.
Lofty trees, with sacred shades,
And perspectives of pleasant glades,
Where nymphs of brightest form appear. Dryden.

PE’RSPECTIVE. adj. Relating to the science of vision; optick;
optical.
We have perspective houses, where we make demonstra­
tions of all lights and radiations; and out of things unco­
loured and transparent, we can represent unto you all several
colours. Bacon.

PERSPICA’CIOUS. adj. [perspicax, Lat.] Quicksighted;
sharp of sight.
It is as nice and tender in seeling, as it can be perspicacious
and quick in seeing. South's Sermons.



PERSPICA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from perspicaclous.] Quickness of
sight.

PERSPICA’CITY. n. s. [perspicacité, Fr.] Quickness of sight.
He that laid the foundations of the earth cannot be ex­
cluded the secrecy of the mountains; nor can there any thing
escape the perspicacity of those eyes, which were before light,
and in whose opticks there is no opacity. Brown.

PERSPI’CIENCE. n. s. [perspiciens, Lat.] The act of looking
sharply. Dict.

PE’RSPICIL. n. s. [perspicillum, Lat.] A glass through which
things are viewed; an optick glass.
Let truth be
Ne'er so far distant, yet chronology,
Sharp-sighted as the eagle's eye, that can
Out-stare the broad-beam'd day's meridian,
Will have a perspicil to find her out,
And through the night of error and dark doubt,
Discern the dawn of truth's eternal ray,
As when the rosy morn buds into day. Crashaw.
The perspicil, as well as the needle, hath enlarged the ha­
bitable world. Glanvill's Sceps.

PERSPICU’ITY. n. s. [perspicuité, Fr. from perspicuous.]
1. Clearness to the mind; easiness to be understood; freedom
from obscurity or ambiguity.
The verses containing precepts, have not so much need of
ornament as of perspicuity. Dryden.
Perspicuity consists in the using of proper terms for the
thoughts, which a man would have pass from his own mind
into that of another's. Locke's Thoughts on Reading.
2. Transparency; translucency; diaphaneity.
As for diaphaneity and perspicuity it enjoyeth that most
eminently, as having its earthy and salinous parts so exactly
resolved, that its body is left imporous. Brown.

PERSPI’CUOUS. adj. [perspicuus, Latin.]
1. Transparent; clear; such as may be seen through; diapha­
nous; translucent; not opake.
As contrary causes produce the like effects, so even the
same proceed from black and white; for the clear and per­
spicuous body effecteth white, and that white a black. Peacham.
2. Clear to the understanding; not obscure; not ambiguous.
The purpose is perspicuous even as substance,
Whose grossness little characters sum up. Shakesp.
All this is so perspicuous, so undeniable, that I need not
be over industrious in the proof of it. Sprat's Sermons.

PERSPI’CUOUSLY. adv. [from perspicuous.] Clearly; not ob­
scurely.
The case is no sooner made than resolved; if it be made
not enwrapped, but plainly and perspicuously. Bacon.

PERSPI’CUOUSNESS. n. s. [from perspicuous.] Clearness; free­
dom from obscurity.

PERSPI’RABLE. adj. [from perspire.]
1. Such as may be emitted by the cuticular pores.
That this attraction is performed by effiuviums, is plain
and granted by most; for electricks will not commonly at­
tract, unless they attract or become perspirable. Brown.
In an animal under a course of hard labour, aliment too
vaporous or perspirable will subject it to too strong a perspira­
tion, debility and sudden death. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Perspiring; emitting perspiration. Not proper.
Hair cometh not upon the palms of the hands or soles of
the feet, which are parts more perspirable: and children are
not hairy, for that their skins are most perspirable. Bacon.

PERSPIRA’TION. n. s. [from perspire.] Excretion by the cuti­
cular pores.
Insensible perspiration is the last and most perfect action of
animal digestion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PERSPI’RATIVE. adj. [from perspire.] Performing the act of
perspiration.

To PERSPI’RE. v. n. [perspiro, Lat.]
1. To perform excretion by the cuticular pores
2. To be excreted by the skin.
Water, milk, whey taken without much exercise, so as to
make them perspire, relax the belly. Arbuthnot.

To PERSTRI’NGE. v. a. [perstringo, Lat.] To graze upon;
to glance upon. Dict.

PERSUA’DABLE. adj. [from persuade.] Such as may be per­
suaded.

To PERSUA’DE. v. a. [persuadeo, Lat. persuader, Fr.]
1. To bring to any particular opinion.
Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.
Romans.
We are persuaded better things of you, and things that ac­
company salvation. Hebrews vi. 9.
Joy over them that are persuaded to salvation. 2 Esdras vii.
Let a man be ever so well persuaded of the advantages of
virtue, yet, till he hungers and thirsts after righteousness, his
will will not be determined to any action in pursuit of this
confessed great good. Locke.
Men should seriously persuade themselves, that they have
here no abiding place, but are only in their passage to the
heavenly Jerusalem. Wake's Preparation for Death.
2. To influence by argument or expostulation. Persuasion
seems rather applicable to the passions, and argument to the
reason; but this is not always observed.
Philoclea's beauty not only persuaded, but so persuaded as
all hearts must yield: Pamela's beauty used violence, and
such as no heart could resist. Sidney.
They that were with Simon, being led with covetousness,
were persuaded for money. 2 Mac. x. 20.
To sit cross-leg'd, or with our fingers pectinated, is ac­
counted bad, and friends will persuade us from it. Brown.
I should be glad, if I could persuade him to write such an­
other critick on any thing of mine; for when he condemns
any of my poems, he makes the world have a better opinion
of them. Dryden.
3. To inculcate by argument or expostulation.
To children, afraid of vain images, we persuade confidence
by making them handle and look nearer such things. Taylor.
4. To treat by persuasion. A mode of speech not in use.
Twenty merchants have all persuaded with him;
But none can drive him from the envious plea
Of forfeiture. Shakespeare.

PERSUA’DER. n. s. [from persuade.] One who influences by
persuasion; an importunate adviser.
The earl, speaking in that imperious language wherein the
king had written, did not irritate the people, but make them
conceive by the haughtiness of delivery of the king's errand,
that himself was the author or principal persuader of that
counsel. Bacon's Henry VII.
He soon is mov'd
By such persuaders as are held upright. Daniel's Civil War.
Hunger and thirst at once,
Pow'rful persuaders! quicken'd at the scent
Of that alluring fruit, urg'd me so keen. Milton.

PERSUA’SIBLE. adj. [persuasibilis, Lat. persuasible, Fr. from
persuadeo, Latin.] To be influenced by persuasion.
It makes us apprehend our own interest in that obedience,
makes us tractable and persuasible, contrary to that brutish
stubborness of the horse and mule, which the Psalmist re­
proaches. Government of the Tongue.

PERSUA’SIBLENESS. n. s. [from persuasible.] The quality of
being flexible by persuasion.

PERSUA’SION. n. s. [persuasion, Fr. from persuasus, Lat.]
1. The act of persuading; the act of influencing by expostu­
lation; the act of gaining or attempting the passions.
If't prove thy fortune, Polydore, to conquer,
For thou hast all the arts of fine persuasion,
Trust me, and let me know thy love's success. Otway.
2. The state of being persuaded; opinion.
The most certain token of evident goodness is, if the ge­
neral persuasion of all men does so account it. Hooker.
You are a great deal abus'd in too bold a persuasion.
Shakespeare.
When we have no other certainty of being in the right,
but our own persuasions that we are so; this may often be but
making one error the gage for another. Gov. of the Tongue.
The obedient and the men of practice shall ride upon those
clouds, and triumph over their present imperfections; till
persuasion pass into knowledge, and knowledge advance into
assurance, and all come at length to be compleated in the
beatifick vision. South's Sermons.

PERSUA’SIVE. adj. [persuasif, Fr. from persuade.] Having the
power of persuading; having influence on the passions.
In prayer, we do not so much respect what precepts art de­
livereth, touching the method of persuasive utterance in the
presence of great men, as what doth most avail to our own
edification in piety and godly zeal. Hooker.
Let Martius resume his farther discourse, as well for the
persuasive as for the consult, touching the means that may
conduce unto the enterprize. Bacon.
Notwithstanding the weight and fitness of the arguments
to persuade, and the light of man's intellect to meet this per­
suasive evidence with a suitable assent, no assent followed,
nor were men thereby actually persuaded. South's Sermons.

PERSUA’SIVELY. adv. [from persuasive.] In such a manner as
to persuade.
The serpent with me
Persuasively hath so prevail'd, that I
Have also tasted. Milton.
Many who live upon their estates cannot so much as tell a
story, much less speak clearly and persuasively in any
business. Locke on Education.

PERSUA’SIVENESS. n. s. [from persuasive.] Influence on the
passions.
An opinion of the successfulness of the work being as ne­
cessary to found a purpose of undertaking it, as either the au­
thority of commands, or the persuasiveness of promises, or
pungency of menaces can be. Hammond's Fundamentals.

PERSUA’SORY. adj. [persuasorius, Lat. from persuade.] Ha­
ving the power to persuade.
Neither is this persuasory. Brown.



PERT adj. [pert, Welsh; pert, Dutch; appert, French.]
1. Lively; brisk; smart.
Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth;
Turn melancholy forth to funerals. Shakesp.
On the tawny sands and shelves,
Trip the pert fairies and the dapper clves. Milton.
2. Saucy; petulant; with bold and garrulous loquacity.
All servants might challenge the same liberty, and grow
pert upon their masters; and when this sauciness became uni­
versal, what less mischief could be expected than an old Scy­
thian rebellion? Collier on Pride.
A lady bids me in a very pert manner mind my own affairs,
and not pretend to meddle with their linnen. Addison.
Vanessa
Scarce list'ned to their idle chat,
Further than sometimes by a frown,
When they grew pert, to pull them down. Swift.

To PERTA’IN. v. n. [pertinco, Lat.] To belong; to relate.
As men hate those that affect that honour by ambition,
which pertaineth not to them, so are they much more odious,
who through fear betray the glory which they have.
Hayward.
A cheveron or raster of an house, a very honourable bear­
ing, is never seen in the coat of a king, because it pertaineth
to a mechanical profession. Peacham.

PERTEREBRA’TION. n. s. [per and terebratio, Lat.] The act
of boring through. Ainsworth.

PERTINA’CIOUS. adj. [from pertinax.]
1. Obstinate; stubborn; perversely resolute.
One of the dissenters appeared to Dr. Sanderson to be so
bold, so troublesome and illogical in the dispute, as forced
him to say, that he had never met with a man of more per­
tinacious confidence and less abilities. Walton.
2. Resolute; constant; steady.
Diligence is a steady, constant and pertinacious study, that
naturally leads the soul into the knowledge of that, which at
first seemed locked up from it. South's Sermons.

PERTINA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from pertinacious.] Ostinately;
stubbornly.
They deny that freedom to me, which they pertinaciously
challenge to themselves. King Charles.
Metals pertinaciously resist all transmutation; and though
one would think they were turned into a different substance,
yet they do but as it were lurk under a vizard. Ray.
Others have sought to ease themselves of all the evil of
affliction by disputing subtilly against it, and pertinaciously
maintaining, that afflictions are no real evils, but only in
imagination. Tillotson's Sermons.

PERTINA’CITY. n. s. [pertinacia, Lat. from pertina­
cious.]
1. Obstinacy; stubbornness.
In this reply, was included a very gross mistake, and if
with pertinacity maintained, a capital errour. Brown.
2. Resolution; constancy.

PERTINA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [pertinacia, Lat. from pertina­
cious.]
1. Obstinacy; stubbornness.
In this reply, was included a very gross mistake, and if
with pertinacity maintained, a capital errour. Brown.
2. Resolution; constancy.

PE’RTINACY. n. s. [from pertinax.]
1. Obstinacy; stubbornness; persistency.
Their pertinacy is such, that when you drive them out of
one form, they assume another. Duppa.
It holds forth the pertinacy of ill fortune, in pursuing people
into their graves. L'Estrange.
2. Resolution; steadiness; constancy.
St. Gorgonia prayed with passion and pertinacy, till she
obtained relief. Taylor.
They with a pertinacy unmatch'd,
For new recruits of danger watch'd. Hudibras.

PE’RTINENCE. n. s. [from pertinco, Lat.] Justness of rela­
tion to the matter in hand; propriety to the
purpose; appositeness.
I have shewn the fitness and pertinency of the apostle's dis­
course to the persons he addressed to, whereby it appeareth
that he was no babbler, and did not talk at random. Bentley.

PE’RTINENCY. n. s. [from pertineo, Lat.] Justness of rela­
tion to the matter in hand; propriety to the
purpose; appositeness.
I have shewn the fitness and pertinency of the apostle's dis­
course to the persons he addressed to, whereby it appeareth
that he was no babbler, and did not talk at random. Bentley.

PE’RTINENT. adj. [pertinens, Lat. pertinent, Fr.]
1. Related to the matter in hand; just to the purpose; not use­
less to the end proposed; apposite; not foreign from the thing
intended.
My caution was more pertinent
Than the rebuke you give it. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I set down, out of experience in business, and conversation
in books, what I thought pertinent to this business. Bacon.
Here I shall seem a little to digress, but you will by and
by find it pertinent. Bacon.
If he could find pertinent treatises of it in books, that would
reach all the particulars of a man's behaviour; his own ill­
fashioned example would spoil all. Locke.
2. Relating; regarding; concerning. In this sense the word
now used is pertaining.
Men shall have just cause, when any thing pertinent unto
faith and religion is doubted of, the more willingly to incline
their minds towards that which the sentence of so grave, wise
and learned in that faculty shall judge most sound. Hooker.

PE’RTINENTLY. adv. [from pertinent.] Appositely; to the
purpose.
Be modest and reserved in the presence of thy betters,
speaking little, answering pertinently, not interposing without
leave or reason. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

PE’RTINENTNESS. n. s. [from pertinent.] Appositeness. Dict.

PERTI’NGENT. adj. [pertingens, Lat.] Reaching to; touch­
ing. Dict.

PE’RTLY. adv. [from pert.]
1. Briskly; smartly.
I find no other difference betwixt the common town-wits
and the downright country fools, than that the first are pertly in
the wrong, with a little more gaiety; and the last neither in
the right nor the wrong. Pope.
2. Saucily; petulantly.
Yonder walls, that pertly front your town,
Yond towers, whose wanton tops do buss the clouds,
Must kiss their own feet. Shakespeare.
When you pertly raise your snout,
Fleer, and gibe, and laugh, and flout;
This, among Hibernian asses,
For sheer wit, and humour passes. Swift.

PE’RTNESS. n. s. [from pert.]
1. Brisk folly; sauciness; petulance.
Dulness delighted ey'd the lively dunce,
Remembring she herself was pertness once. Dunciad.
2. Petty liveliness; spriteliness without force, dignity or soli­
dity.
There is in Shaftsbury's works a lively pertness and a pa­
rade of literature; but it is hard that we should be bound to
admire the reveries. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

PERTRA’NSIENT. adj. [pertransiens, Lat.] Passing over. Dict.

To PERTU’RB. v. a. [perturbo, Latin.]
1. To disquiet; to disturb; to deprive of tranquility.
Rest, rest, perturbed spirit. Shakesp.
His wasting flesh with anguish burns,
And his perturbed soul within him mourns. Sandys.
2. To disorder; to confuse; to put out of regularity.
They are content to suffer the penalties annexed, rather
than perturb the publick peace. King Charles.
The inservient and brutal faculties controul'd the sugge­
stions of truth; pleasure and profit overswaying the instruc­
tions of honesty, and sensuality perturbing the reasonable
commands of virtue. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The accession or secession of bodies from the earth's sur­
face perturb not the equilibration of either hemisphere. Brown.

To PERTU’RBATE. v. a. [perturbo, Latin.]
1. To disquiet; to disturb; to deprive of tranquility.
Rest, rest, perturbed spirit. Shakesp.
His wasting flesh with anguish burns,
And his perturbed soul within him mourns. Sandys.
2. To disorder; to confuse; to put out of regularity.
They are content to suffer the penalties annexed, rather
than perturb the publick peace. King Charles.
The inservient and brutal faculties controul'd the sugge­
stions of truth; pleasure and profit overswaying the instruc­
tions of honesty, and sensuality perturbing the reasonable
commands of virtue. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The accession or secession of bodies from the earth's sur­
face perturb not the equilibration of either hemisphere. Brown.

PERTURBA’TION. n. s. [perturbatio, Lat. perturbation, Fr.]
1. Disquiet of mind; deprivation of tranquillity.
Love was not in their looks, either to God,
Nor to each other; but apparent guilt,
And shame, and perturbation, and despair. Milton.
The soul as it is more immediately and strongly affected by
this part, so doth it manifest all its passions and perturbations
by it. Ray on the Creation.
2. Restlessness of passions.
Natures, that have much heat, and great and violent de­
sires and perturbations, are not ripe for action, till they have
passed the meridian of their years. Bacon's Essays.
3. Disturbance; disorder; confusion; commotion.
Although the long dissentions of the two houses had had
lucid intervals, yet they did ever hang over the kingdom, ready
to break forth into new perturbations and calamities. Bacon.
4. Cause of disquiet.
O polish'd perturbation! golden care!
That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide
To many a watchful night: sleep with it now,
Yet not so sound, and half so deeply sweet,
As he, whose brow with homely biggen bound,
Sleeps out the watch of night. Shakesp. Henry IV.
5. Commotion of passions.
Restore yourselves unto your temper, fathers;
And, without perturbation, hear me speak. Ben. Johnson.

PERTURBA’TOUR. n. s. [perturbator, Lat. perturbateur, Fr.]
Raiser of commotions.

PERTU’SED. adj. [pertusus, Lat.] Bored; punched; pierced
with holes. Dict.

PERTU’SION. n. s. [from pertusus, Latin.]
1. The act of piercing or punching.
The manner of opening a vein in Hippocrates's time, was
by stabbing or pertusion, as it is performed in horses. Arbuth.
2. Hole made by punching or piercing.
An empty pot without earth in it, may be put over a fruit
the better, if some few pertusions be made in the pot. Bacon.

To PERVA’DE. v. a. [pervado, Lat.]
1. To pass through an aperture; to permeate.
The labour'd chyle pervades the pores
In all the arterial perforated shores. Blackmore.
Paper dipped in water or oil, the oculus mundi stone
steeped in water, linen-cloth oiled or varnished, and many
other substances soaked in such liquors as will intimately per­
vade their little pores, become by that means more transpa­
rent than otherwise. Newton's Opticks.


2. To pass through the whole extension.
Matter, once bereaved of motion, cannot of itself ac­
quire it again, nor till it be struck by some other body from
without, or be intrinsically moved by an immaterial self-active
substance, that can penetrate and pervade it. Bentley.
What but God?
Pervades, adjusts and agitates the whole. Thomson.

PERVA’SION. n. s. [from pervade.] The act of pervading or
passing through.
If fusion be made rather by the ingress and transcursions of
the atoms of fire, than by the bare propagation of that mo­
tion, with which fire beats upon the outside of the vessels, that
contain the matter to be melted; both those kinds of fluidity,
ascribed to saltpetre, will appear to be caused by the pervasion
of a foreign body. Boyle.

PE’RVERSE. adj. [pervers, Fr. perversus, Lat.]
1. Distorted from the right.
And nature breeds
Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things. Milton.
2. Obstinate in the wrong; stubborn; untractable.
Then for the testimony of truth hast born
Universal reproach; far worse to bear
Than violence; for this was all thy care
To stand approv'd in sight of God, though worlds
Judg'd thee perverse. Milton's Paradise Lost.
To so perverse a sex all grace is vain,
It gives them courage to offend again. Dryden.
3. Petulant; vexatious.
Oh gentle Romeo,
If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully,
Or if you think I am too quickly won,
I'll frown and be perverse, and say thee nay,
So thou wilt wooe: but else not for the world. Shakesp.

PERVE’RSELY. adv. [from perverse.] With intent to vex;
peevishly; vexatiously; spitefully; crossly; with petty ma­
lignity.
Men perversely take up picques and displeasures at others,
and then every opinion of the disliked person must partake of
his fate. Decay of Piety.
Men that do not perversely use their words, or on purpose
set themselves to cavil, seldom mistake the signification of
the names of simple ideas. Locke.
A patriot is a dangerous post,
When wanted by his country most,
Perversely comes in evil times,
Where virtues are imputed crimes. Swift.

PERVE’RSENESS. n. s. [from perverse.]
1. Petulance; peevishness; spiteful crossness.
A wholesome tongue is a tree of life; perverseness therein
is a breach in the spirit. Proverbs xv. 4.
Virtue hath some perverseness; for she will
Neither believe her good, nor others ill. Donne.
He whom he wishes most, shall seldom gain
Through her perverseness; but shall see her gain'd
By a far worse. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The perverseness of my fate is such,
That he's not mine, because he's mine too much. Dryden.
When a friend in kindness tries
To shew you where your error lies,
Conviction does but more incense;
Perverseness is your whole defence. Swift.
2. Perversion; corruption. Not in use.
Neither can this be meant of evil governours or tyrants;
for they are often established as lawful potentates; but of
some perverseness and defection in the very nation itself.
Bacon.

PERVE’RSION. n. s. [perversion, Fr. from perverse.] The act
of perverting; change to something worse.
Women to govern men, slaves freemen, are much in the
same degree; all being total violations and perversions of the
laws of nature and nations. Bacon.
He supposes that whole reverend body are so far from dis­
liking popery, that the hopes of enjoying the abby lands
would be an effectual incitement to their perversion. Swift.

PERVE’RSITY. n. s. [perversité, Fr. from perverse.] Perverse­
ness; crossness.
What strange perversity is this of man!
When 'twas a crime to taste th' inlightning tree,
He could not then his hand refrain. Norris.

To PERVE’RT. v. a. [perverto, Lat. pervertir, Fr.]
1. To distort from the true end or purpose.
Instead of good they may work ill, and pervert justice to
extreme injustice. Spenser's State of Ireland.
If thou seest the oppression of the poor, and violent per­
verting of justice in a province, marvel not. Ecclus. v. 8.
If then his providence
Out of our evil seek to bring forth good,
Our labour must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil. Milton.
He has perverted my meaning by his glosses; and inter­
preted my words into blasphemy, of which they were not
guilty. Dryden.
Porphyry has wrote a volume to explain this cave of the
nymphs with more piety than judgment; and another person
has perverted it into obscenity; and both allegorically. Broome.
2. To corrupt; to turn from the right; opposed to convert,
which is to turn from the wrong to the right.
The heinous and despiteful act
Of Satan, done in Paradise, and how
He in the serpent had perverted Eve,
Her husband she, to taste the fatal fruit,
Was known in heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost.

PERVE’RTER. n. s. [from pervert.]
1. One that changes any thing from good to bad; a corrupter.
Where a child finds his own parents his perverters, he can­
not be so properly born, as damned into the world. South.
2. One who distorts any thing from the right purpose.
He that reads a prohibition in a divine law, had need be
well satisfied about the sense he gives it, lest he incur the
wrath of God, and be sound a perverter of his law. Stillingst.

PERVE’RTIBLE. adj. [from pervert.] That may be easily
perverted. Ainsworth.

PERVICA’CIOUS. adj. [pervicax, Lat.] Spitefully obstinate;
peevishly contumacious.
May private devotions be efficacious upon the mind of one
of the most pervicacious young creatures! Clarissa.

PERVICA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from pervicacious.] With spiteful
obstinacy.

PERVICA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [pervicacia, Lat. from pervicacious.]
Spiteful obstinacy.

PERVICA’CITY. n. s. [pervicacia, Lat. from pervicacious.]
Spiteful obstinacy.

PERVI’CACY. n. s. [pervicacia, Lat. from pervicacious.]
Spiteful obstinacy.

PE’RVIOUS. adj. [pervius, Latin.]
1. Admitting passage; capable of being permeated.
The Egyptians used to say, that unknown darkness is the
first principle of the world; by darkness they mean God,
whose secrets are pervious to no eye. Taylor.
Leda's twins
Conspicuous both, and both in act to throw
Their trembling lances brandish'd at the foe,
Nor had they miss'd; but he to thickets fled,
Conceal'd from aiming spears, not pervious to the steed.
Dryden.
Those lodged in other earth, more lax and pervious, de­
cayed in tract of time, and rotted at length. Woodward.
2. Pervading; permeating. This sense is not proper.
What is this little, agile, pervious fire,
This flutt'ring motion which we call the mind? Prior.

PE’RVIOUSNESS. n. s. [from pervious.] Quality of admitting
a passage.
The perviousness of our receiver to a body much more
subtile than air, proceeded partly from the looser texture of
that glass the receiver was made of, and partly from the enor­
mous heat, which opened the pores of the glass. Boyle.
There will be found another difference besides that of per­
viousness. Holder's Elements of Speech.

PERU’KE. n. s. [peruque, Fr.] A cap of false hair; a periwig
I put him on a linen cap, and his peruke over that.
Wiseman.

To PERU’KE. v. a. [from the noun.] To dress in adscititious
hair.

PERU’KEMAKER. n. s. [peruke and maker.] A maker of pe­
rukes; a wigmaker.

PERU’SAL. [from peruse.] The act of reading.
As pieces of miniature must be allowed a closer inspection,
so this treatise requires application in the perusal. Woodward.
If upon a new perusal you think it is written in the very
spirit of the ancients, it deserves your care, and is capable of
being improved. Atterbury.

To PERU’SE. v. a. [per and use.]
1. To read.
Peruse this writing here, and thou shalt know
The treason. Shakesp. Richard II.
The petitions being thus prepared, do you constantly set
apart an hour in a day to peruse those petitions. Bacon.
Carefully observe, whether he tastes the distinguishing per­
fections or the specifick qualities of the author whom he
peruses. Addison's Spectator, No 409.
2. To observe; to examine.
I hear the enemy;
Out some light horsemen, and peruse their wings. Shakes.
I've perus'd her well;
Beauty and honour in her are so mingled,
That they have caught the king. Shakespeare.
Myself I then perus'd, and limb by limb
Survey'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.

PERU’SER. n. s. [from peruse.] A reader; examiner.
The difficulties and hesitations of every one will be ac­
cording to the capacity of each peruser, and as his penetra­
tion into nature is greater or less. Woodward.

PES

PESA’DE. n. s.
Pesade is a motion a horse makes in raising or lifting up his
forequarters, keeping his hind legs upon the ground without
stirring. Farrier's Dict.



PE’SSARY. n. s. [pessarie, Fr.] Is an oblong form of medicine,
made to thrust up into the uterus upon some extraordinary
occasions.
Of cantharides he prescribes five in a pessary, cutting off
their heads and feet, mixt with myrrh. Arbuthnot.

PEST. n. s. [peste, Fr. pestis, Lat.]
1. Plague; pestilence.
Let fierce Achilles
The god propitiate, and the pest assuage. Pope.
2. Any thing mischievous or destructive.
The pest a virgin's face and bosom bears,
High on her crown a rising snake appears,
Guards her black front, and hisses in her hairs. Pope.
At her words the hellish pest
Forbore. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Of all virtues justice is the best;
Valour without it is a common pest. Waller.

To PE’STER. v. a. [pester, Fr.]
1. To disturb; to perplex; to harass; to turmoil.
Who then shall blame
His pester'd senses to recoil and start,
When all that is within him does condemn
Itself for being there. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
He hath not fail'd to pester us with message,
Importing the surrender of those lands. Shakespeare.
We are pestered with mice and rats, and to this end the
cat is very serviceable. More's Antidote against Atheism.
They did so much pester the church and grossly delude the
people, that contradictions themselves asserted by Rabbies were
equally revered by them as the infallible will of God.
South's Sermons.
A multitude of scribblers daily pester the world with their
insufferable stuff. Dryden.
At home he was pursu'd with noise;
Abroad was pester'd by the boys. Swift.
2. To encumber.
Fitches and pease
For pest'ring too much on a hovel they lay. Tusser.
Confin'd and pester'd in this pinfold here,
Strive to keep up a frail and feverish being. Milton.

PE’STERER. n. s. [from pester.] One that pesters or disturbs.

PE’STEROUS. adj. [from pester.] Encumbering; cumbersome.
In the statute against vagabonds note the dislike the par­
liament had of goaling them, as that which was chargeable,
pesterous, and of no open example. Bacon's Henry VII.

PE’STHOUSE. n. s. [from pest and house.] An hospital for per­
sons infected with the plague.

PESTI’FEROUS. adj. [from pestifer, Lat.]
1. Destructive; mischievous.
Such is thy audacious wickedness,
Thy leud, pestif'rous and dissentious pranks,
The very infants prattle of thy pride. Shakesp.
You, that have discover'd secrets, and made such pestife­
rous reports of men nobly held, must die. Shakesp.
2. Pestilential; malignant; infectious.
It is easy to conceive how the steams of pestiferous bodies
taint the air, while they are alive and hot. Arbuthnot.

PE’STILENCE. n. s. [pestilence, Fr. pestilentia, Lat.] Plague;
pest; contagious distemper.
The red pestilence strike all trades in Rome,
And occupations perish. Shakesp.
When my eyes beheld Olivia first,
Methought she purg'd the air of pestilence. Shakesp.

PE’STILENT. adj. [pestilent, Fr. pestilens, Lat.]
1. Producing plagues; malignant.
Great ringing of bells in populous cities dissipated pestilent
air, which may be from the concussion of the air, and not
from the found. Bacon's Natural History.
To those people that dwell under or near the equator, a
perpetual spring would be a most pestilent and insupportable
summer. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Mischievous; destructive.
There is nothing more contagious and pestilent than some
kinds of harmony; than some nothing more strong and potent
unto good. Hooker, b. v. s. 38.
Hoary moulded bread the soldiers thrusting upon their
spears railed against king Ferdinand, who with such corrupt
and pestilent bread would seed them. Knolles.
Which president, of pestilent import,
Against thee, Henry, had been brought. Daniel.
The world abounds with pestilent books, written against
this doctrine. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. In ludicrous language, it is used to exaggerate the meaning
of another word.
One pestilent fine,
His beard no bigger though than thine,
Walked on before the rest. Suckling.

PESTILE’NTIAL. adj. [pestilenciel, Fr. pestilens, Lat.]
1. Partaking of the nature of pestilence; producing pestilence;
infectious; contagious.
These with the air passing into the lungs, infect the mass
of blood, and lay the foundation of pestilential fevers. Woodw.
Fire involv'd
In pestilential vapours, stench and smoak. Addison.
2. Mischievous; destructive; pernicious.
If government depends upon religion, then this shew's the
pestilential design of those that attempt to disjoin the civil and
ecclesiastical interests. South's Sermons.

PE’STILENTLY. adv. [from pestilent.] Mischievously; de­
structively.

PESTILLA’TION. n. s. [pistillum, Lat.] The act of pounding
or breaking in a mortar.
The best diamonds are comminuble, and so far from
breaking hammers, that they submit unto pestillation, and re­
sist not any ordinary pestile. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PE’STLE. n. s. [pistillum, Lat.] An instrument with which
any thing is broken in a mortar.
What real alteration an the beating of the Pestle make in
any body, but of the texture of it. Locke.
Upon our vegetable food the teeth and jaws act as the pestle
and mortar. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PESTLE of Pork. n. s. A gammon of bacon. Ains.

PET

PET. n. s. [This word is of doubtful etymology; from despit,
Fr. or impetus, Lat. perhaps it may be derived some way
from petit, as it implies only a little fume or fret.]
1. A slight passion; a slight fit of anger.
If all the world
Should in a pet of temperance seed on pulse,
Drink the clear stream, and nothing wear but freeze,
Th' all-giver would be unthankt, would be unprais'd.
Milton.
If we cannot obtain every vain thing we ask, our next bu­
siness is to take pet at the refusal. L'Estrange.
Life, given for noble purposes, must not be thrown up in
a pet, nor whined away in love. Collier.
They cause the proud their visits to delay,
And send the godly in a pet to pray. Pope.
2. A lamb taken into the house, and brought up by hand. A
cade lamb. [Probably from petit, little.] Hamner.

PE’TAL. n. s. [petalum, Latin.]
Petal is a term in botany, signifying those fine coloured
leaves that compose the flowers of all plants: whence plants
are distinguished into monopetalous, whose flower is one con­
tinued leaf; tripetalous, pentapetalous and pelypetalous,
when they consist of three, five or many leaves. Quincy.

PETA’LOUS. adj. [from petal.] Having petals.

PE’TAR. n. s. [petard, Fr. petardo, Italian.]
A petard is an engine of metal, almost in the shape of an
hat, about seven inches deep, and about five inches over at
the mouth: when charged with fine powder well beaten, it
is covered with a madrier or plank, bound down fast with
ropes, running through handles, which are round the run
near the mouth of it: this petard is applied to gates or bar­
riers of such places as are designed to be surprized, to blow
them up: they are also used in countermines to break through
into the enemies galleries. Military Dict.
'Tis the sport to have the engineer
Hoist with his own petar. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Find all his having and his holding,
Reduc'd t' eternal noise and scolding;
The conjugal petard that tears
Down all portcullices of ears. Hudibras.

PE’TARD. n. s. [petard, Fr. petardo, Italian.]
A petard is an engine of metal, almost in the shape of an
hat, about seven inches deep, and about five inches over at
the mouth: when charged with fine powder well beaten, it
is covered with a madrier or plank, bound down fast with
ropes, running through handles, which are round the run
near the mouth of it: this petard is applied to gates or bar­
riers of such places as are designed to be surprized, to blow
them up: they are also used in countermines to break through
into the enemies galleries. Military Dict.
'Tis the sport to have the engineer
Hoist with his own petar. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Find all his having and his holding,
Reduc'd t' eternal noise and scolding;
The conjugal petard that tears
Down all portcullices of ears. Hudibras.

PETE’CHIAL. adj. [from pètechiæ, Lat.] Pestilentially spotted.
In London are many fevers with buboes and carbuncles,
and many petechial or spotted fevers. Arbuthnot.

PE’TER-WORT. n. s. This plant differs from St. John's-wort,
only in having a pyramidal seed-vessel, divided into five cells. Miller.

PE’TIT. adj. [French.] Small; inconsiderable.
By what small petit hints does the mind recover a vanishing
notion? South's Sermons.

PETI’TION. n. s. [petitio, Latin.]
1. Request; intreaty; supplication; prayer.
We must propose unto all men certain petitions incident
and very material in causes of this nature. Hooker.
My next poor petition
Is, that his noble grace would have some pity
Upon my wretched women. Shakesp.
Let my life be given at my petition, and my people at my
request. Esther vii. 3.
Thou didst choose this house to be called by thy name, and
to be a house of prayer and petition for thy people. 1 Mac. vii.
2. Single branch or article of a prayer.
Then pray'd that she might still possess his heart,
And no pretending rival share a part;
This last petition heard of all her pray'r. Dryden.

To PETITION. v. a. [from the noun.] To solicite; to sup­
plicate.
You have petition'd all the gods
For my prosperity. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The mother petitioned her goddess to bestow upon them the
greatest gift that could be given. Addison.



PETI’TIONARILY. adv. [from petitionary.] By way of begging
the question.
This doth but petitionarily infer a dextrality in the heavens,
and we may as reasonably conclude a right and left laterality
in the ark of Noah. Brown.

PETI’TIONARY. n. s. [from petition.]
1. Supplicatory; coming with petitions.
Pardon thy petitionary countrymen. Shakesp.
It is our base petitionary breath
That blows 'em to this greatness. Ben. Johnson.
2. Containing petitions or requests.
Petitionary prayer belongeth only to such as are in them­
selves impotent, and stand in need of relief from others. Hooker.
I return only yes or no to questionary and petitionary epistles
of half a yard long. Swift.

PETI’TIONER. n. s. [from petition.] One who offers a pe­
tition.
When you have received the petitions, and it will please
the petitioners well to deliver them into your own hand, let
your secretary first read them, and draw lines under the ma­
terial parts. Bacon.
What pleasure can it be to be encumbered with depen­
dences, thronged and surrounded with petitioners? South.
Their prayers are to the reproach of the petitioners, and
to the confusion of vain desires. L'Estrange.
His woes broke out, and begg'd relief
With tears, the dumb petitioners of grief. Dryden.
The Roman matrons presented a petition to the fathers;
this raised so much raillery upon the petitioners, that the
ladies never after offered to direct the lawgivers of their
country. Addison.

PETI’TORY. adj. [petitorius, Lat. petitoire, Fr.] Petitioning;
claiming the property of any thing. Ains.

PE’TRE. n. s. [from petra, a stone.] Nitre; salt petre. See
NITRE.
Powder made of impure and greasy petre, hath but a weak
emission, and gives but a saint report. Brown.
The vessel was first well nealed to prevent cracking, and
covered to prevent the falling in of any thing, that might
unseasonably kindle the petre. Boyle.
Nitre, while it is in its native state, is called petre-salt,
when refined salt-petre. Woodward.

PETRE’SCENT. adj. [petrescens, Lat.] Growing stone; be­
coming stone.
A cave, from whose arched roof there dropped down a
petrescent liquor, which oftentimes before it could fall to the
ground congealed. Boyle.

PETRIFA’CTION. n. s. [from petrifio, Lat.]
1. The act of turning to stone; the state of being turned to
stone.
Its concretive spirit has the seeds of petrifaction and gorgon
within itself. Brown.
2. That which is made stone.
Look over the variety of beautiful shells, petrifactions,
ores, minerals, stones, and other natural curiosities. Cheyne.

PETRI’FACTIVE. [from petrifacio, Lat.] Having the power
to form stone.
There are many to be found, which are but the lapi­
descences and petrifactive mutation of bodies. Brown.

PETRIFI’CATION. n. s. [petrification, Fr. from petrify.] A body
formed by changing other matter to stone.
In these strange petrifications, the hardening of the bodies
seems to be effected principally, if not only, as in the indu­
ration of the fluid substances of an egg into a chick, by al­
tering the disposition of their parts. Boyle.

PETRI’FICK. adj. [petrificus, Lat.] Having the power to
change to stone.
The aggregated soil
Death with his mace petrifick, cold and dry,
As with a trident, smote. Milton's Paradise Lost.

To PETRIFY. v. a. [petrifier, Fr. petra and fio, Lat.] To
change to stone.
Schism is markt out by the apostle to the Hebrews, as a kind
of petrifying crime, which induces induration. Decay of Piety.
Though their souls be not yet wholly petrified, yet every
act of sin makes gradual approaches to it. Decay of Piety.
A few resemble petrified wood. Woodward.
Full in the midst of Euclid dip at once,
And petrify a genius to a dunce. Pope.

To PE’TRIFY. v. n. To become stone.
Like Niobe we marble grow,
And petrify with grief. Dryden.

PETROL. n. s. [petrole, Fr.]
Petrol or petroleum is a liquid bitumen, black, floating on
the water of springs. Woodward.

PETRO’LEUM. n. s. [petrole, Fr.]
Petrol or petroleum is a liquid bitumen, black, floating on
the water of springs. Woodward.

PE’TRONEL. n. s. [petrinal, Fr.] A pistol; a small gun used
by a horseman.
And he with petronel upheav'd,
Instead of shield the blow receiv'd,
The gun recoil'd as well it might. Hudibras.

PE’TTICOAT. n. s. petit and coat.] The lower part of a wo­
man's dress.
What trade art thou, Fuble?—a woman's taylor, sir.—
Wilt thou make as many holes in an enemy's battle, as thou
hast done in a woman's petticoat? Shakespeare.
Her feet beneath her petticoat,
Like little mice, stole in and out,
As if they fear'd the light. Suckling.
It is a great compliment to the sex, that the virtues are
generally shewn in petticoats. Addison.
To fifty chosen sylphs, of special note,
We trust th'important charge, the petticoat;
Oft have we known that sevenfold fence to fail,
Though stiff with hoops, and arm'd with ribs of whale.
Pope's Rape of the Lock.

PETTIFO’GGER. n. s. [corrupted from pettivoguer; petit and
voguer, Fr.] A petty small-rate lawyer.
The worst conditioned and least cliented petivoguers get,
under the sweet bait of revenge, more plentiful prosecution of
actions. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Your pettifoggers damn their souls
To share with knaves in cheating fools. Hudibras.
Consider, my dear, how indecent it is to abandon your
shop and follow pettifoggers; there is hardly a plea between
two country esquires about a barren acre, but you draw your­
self in as bail, surety or solicitor. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
Physicians are apt to despise empiricks, lawyers, petti­
foggers, merchants and pedlars. Swift.

PE’TTINESS. n. s. [from petty.] Smallness; littleness; incon­
siderableness; unimportance.
The losses we have borne, the subjects we
Have lost, and the disgrace we have digested;
To answer which, his pettiness would bow under. Shakesp.

PE’TTISH. adj. [from pet.] Fretful; peevish.
Nor doth their childhood prove their innocence;
They're froward, pettish, and unus'd to smile. Creech.

PETTI’SHNESS. n. s. [from pettish.] Fretfulness; peevishness.
Like children, when we lose our favourite plaything, we
throw away the rest in a fit of pettishness. Collier.

PETTI’TOES. n. s. [petty and toe.]
1. The feet of a sucking pig.
2. Feet in contempt.
My good clown grew so in love with the wenches song,
that he would not stir his pettitoes, till he had both tune and
words. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

PE’TTO. [Italian.] The breast; figurative by privacy.

PE’TTY. adj. [petit, Fr.] Small; inconsiderable; inferiour;
little.
When he had no power;
But was a petty servant to the state,
He was your enemy. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
It is a common experience, that dogs know the dog-killer;
when, as in time of infection, some petty fellow is sent out
to kill the dogs. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It importeth not much, some petty alteration or difference
it may make. Bacon.
Will God incense his ire
For such a petty trespass. Milton.
From thence a thousand lesser poets sprung,
Like petty princes from the fall of Rome. Denham.
They believe one only chief and great God, which hath
been from all eternity; who when he proposed to make the
world, made first other gods of a principal order; and after,
the sun, moon and stars, as petty gods. Stillinfleet.
By all I have read of petty commonwealths, as well as the
great ones, it seems to me, that a free people do of them­
selves divide into three powers. Swift.
Bolonia water'd by the petty Rhine. Addison.
Can there an example be given, in the whole course of
this war, where we have treated the pettiest prince, with
whom we have had to deal, in so contemptuous a manner.
Swift's Miscellanies.

PE’TTCOY. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PE’TULANCE. n. s. [petulance, Fr. petulantia, Lat.] Sauci­
ness; peevishness; wantonness.
It was excellently said of that philosopher, that there was
a wall or parapet of teeth set in our mouth, to restrain the
petulancy of our words. Ben. Johnson.
Such was others petulancy, that they joyed to see their bet­
ters shamefully outraged and abused. King Charles.
Wise men knew that which looked like pride in some, and
like petulance in others, would, by experience in affairs and
conversation amongst men, be in time wrought off. Clarendon.
However their numbers, as well as their insolence and per­
verseness increased, many instances of petulancy and scurrility
are to be seen in their pamphlets. Swift.
There appears in our age a pride and petulancy in youth,
zealous to cast off the sentiments of their fathers and
teachers. Watt's Logick.

PE’TULANCY. n. s. [petulance, Fr. petulantia, Lat.] Sauci­
ness; peevishness; wantonness.
It was excellently said of that philosopher, that there was
a wall or parapet of teeth set in our mouth, to restrain the
petulancy of our words. Ben. Johnson.
Such was others petulancy, that they joyed to see their bet­
ters shamefully outraged and abused. King Charles.
Wise men knew that which looked like pride in some, and
like petulance in others, would, by experience in affairs and
conversation amongst men, be in time wrought off. Clarendon.
However their numbers, as well as their insolence and per­
verseness increased, many instances of petulancy and scurrility
are to be seen in their pamphlets. Swift.
There appears in our age a pride and petulancy in youth,
zealous to cast off the sentiments of their fathers and
teachers. Watt's Logick.

PE’TULANT. adj. [petulans, Lat. petulant, Fr.]
1. Saucy; perverse.
If the opponent sees victory to incline to his side, let him
shew the force of his argument, without too importunate and
petulant demands of an answer. Watts.


2. Wanton.
The tongue of a man is so petulant, and his thoughts so
variable, that one should not lay too great stress upon any
present speeches and opinions. Spectator, No 439.

PETU’LANTLY. adv. [from petulant.] With petulance: with
saucy pertness.

PEW. n. s. [puye, Dutch.] A seat inclosed in a church.
When Sir Thomas More was lord chancellor, he did use,
at mass, to sit in the chancel, and his lady in a pew. Bacon.
Should our sex take it into their heads to wear trunk
breeches at church, a man and his wife would fill a whole
pew. Addison.

PE’WET. n. s. [piewit, Dutch.]
1. A water fowl.
We reckon the dip-chick, so named of his diving and
littleness, puffins, pewets, meawes. Carew.
2. The lapwing. Ains.

PE’WTER. n. s. [peauter, Dutch.] A compound of metals;
an artificial metal.
Coarse pewter is made of fine tin and lead. Bacon.
The pewter, into which no water could enter, became
more white, and liker to silver, and less flexible. Bacon.
Pewter dishes, with water in them, will not melt easily,
but without it they will; nay, butter or oil, in themselves
inflammable, yet, by their moisture, will do the like. Bacon.
2. The plates and dishes in a house.
The eye of the mistress was wont to make her pewter
shine. Addison.

PEW’TERER. n. s. [from pewter.] A smith who works in
pewter.
He shall charge you and discharge you with the motion of
a pewterer's hammer. Shakespear's Henry IV.
We caused a skilful pewterer to close the vessel in our
presence with soder exquisitely. Boyle.

PHA

PHæNOMENON. n. s. This has sometimes phænomena in the
plural. [fa????e???.] An appearance in the works of nature.
The paper was black, and the colours intense and thick,
that the phænomenon might be conspicuous: Newton.
These are curiosities of little or no moment to the under­
standing the phænomenon of nature. Newton.

PHAGEDE’NA. n. s. [fa??da??a; from f???; edo, to eat.]
An ulcer, where the sharpness of the humours eats away the
flesh.

PHAGEDE’NICK. adj. [phagedenique, Fr.] Eating; corroding.
Phagedenick medicines, are those which eat away fungous
or proud flesh.
A bubo, according to its malignancy, either proves easily
curable, or terminates in a phagedenous ulcer with jagged
lips. Wiseman's Surgery
When they are very putrid and corrosive, which circum­
stances give them the name of foul phagedenick ulcers, some
spirits of wine should be added to the fomentation. Sharp.

PHAGEDE’NOUS. adj. [phagedenique, Fr.] Eating; corroding.
Phagedenick medicines, are those which eat away fungous
or proud flesh.
A bubo, according to its malignancy, either proves easily
curable, or terminates in a phagedenous ulcer with jagged
lips. Wiseman's Surgery
When they are very putrid and corrosive, which circum­
stances give them the name of foul phagedenick ulcers, some
spirits of wine should be added to the fomentation. Sharp.

PHA’LANX. n. s. [phalanx, Lat. phalange, Fr.] A troop of
men closely embodied.
Far otherwise th' inviolable saints,
In cubic phalanx firm, advanc'd entire
Invulnerable, impenetrably arm'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
Who bid the stork, Columbus-like explore
Heav'ns not his own, and worlds unknown before?
Who calls the council, states the certain day?
Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way? Pope.
The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tow'r,
On all sides batter'd, yet resists his pow'r. Pope.

PHANTA’SM. n. s. [f??as?a, fa?as?a; phantasme, phan­
tasie, Fr.] Vain and airy appearance; some­
thing appearing only to imagination.
All the interim is
Like a phantasma or a hideous dream. Shakespeare.
This armado is a Spaniard that keeps here in court
A phantasm, a monarcho, and one that makes sport
To the prince and his book-mates. Shakespeare.
They believe, and they believe amiss, because they be but
phantasms or apparitions. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
If the great ones were in forwardness, the people were
in fury, entertaining this airy body or phantasm with incredible
affection; partly out of their great devotion to the house of
York, partly out of proud humour. Bacon's Henry VII.
Why,
In this infernal vale first met, thou call'st
Me father, and that phanta'm call'st my son. Milton.
Assaying, by his devilish art, to reach
The organs of her fancy, and with them forge
Illusions, as he list, phantasms and dreams. Milton.

PHANTA’SMA. n. s. [f??as?a, fa?as?a; phantasme, phan­
tasie, Fr.] Vain and airy appearance; some­
thing appearing only to imagination.
All the interim is
Like a phantasma or a hideous dream. Shakespeare.
This armado is a Spaniard that keeps here in court
A phantasm, a monarcho, and one that makes sport
To the prince and his book-mates. Shakespeare.
They believe, and they believe amiss, because they be but
phantasms or apparitions. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
If the great ones were in forwardness, the people were
in fury, entertaining this airy body or phantasm with incredible
affection; partly out of their great devotion to the house of
York, partly out of proud humour. Bacon's Henry VII.
Why,
In this infernal vale first met, thou call'st
Me father, and that phanta'm call'st my son. Milton.
Assaying, by his devilish art, to reach
The organs of her fancy, and with them forge
Illusions, as he list, phantasms and dreams. Milton.

PHANTA’STICAL. See FANTASTICAL.

PHANTA’STICK. See FANTASTICAL.

PHA’NTOM. n. s. [phantome, French.]
1. A spectre; an apparition.
If he cannot help believing, that such things he saw and
heard, he may still have room to believe that, what this airy
phantom said is not absolutely to be relied on. Atterbury.
A constant vapour o'er the palace flies;
Strange phantoms rising as the mists arise;
Dreadful as hermit's dreams in haunted shades;
Or bright, as visions of expiring maids. Pope.
2. A fancied vision.
Restless and impatient to try every scheme and overture of
present happiness, he hunts a phantom he can never overtake.
Roger's Sermons.
As Pallas will'd, along the sable skies,
To calm the queen, the phantom sister flies. Pope.

PHARISA’ICAL. adj. [from pharisee.] Ritual; externally reli­
gious, from the sect of the Pharisees, whose religion con­
sisted almost wholly in ceremonies.
The causes of superstition are pleasing and sensual rites,
excess of outward and pharisaical holiness, over-great reve­
rence of traditions, which cannot but load the church. Bacon.
Suffer us not to be deluded with pharisaical washings in­
stead of christian reformings. King Charles.

PHARMACE’UTICAL. adj. [fa??a?e????, from fa??a?e?.]
Relating to the knowledge or art of
pharmacy, or preparation of medicines.

PHARMACE’UTICK. adj. [fa??a?e????, from fa??a?e?.]
Relating to the knowledge or art of
pharmacy, or preparation of medicines.

PHARMACO’LOGIST. n. s. [f???a??? and ????.] One who
writes upon drugs.
The osteocolla is recommended by the common pharma­
cologists as an absorbent and conglutinator of broken bones.
Woodward on Fossils.

PHARMACO’LOGY. n. s. [f???a??? and ????.] The know­
ledge of drugs and medicines.

PHARMACOPOEI’A. n. s. [fa??a??? and p????; pharmacopée,
Fr.] A dispensatory; a book containing rules for the com­
position of medicines.

PHARMACO’POLIST. n. s. [f???a??? and p????; pharmace­
pole, Fr.] An apothecary; one who sells medicines.

PHA’RMACY. n. s. [from f???a???, a medicine; pharmacie,
Fr.] The art or practice of preparing medicines; the trade
of an apothecary.
Each dose the goddess weighs with watchful eye,
So nice her art in impious pharmacy. Garth.

PHA’ROS. n. s. [from pharos in Egypt.] A light-house; a
lantern from the shore to direct sailors.
He augmented and repaired the port of Ostia, built a
pharos or light-house. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PHARE. n. s. [from pharos in Egypt.] A light-house; a
lantern from the shore to direct sailors.
He augmented and repaired the port of Ostia, built a
pharos or light-house. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PHARYNGO’TOMY. n. s. [f????? and t????.] The act of
making an incision into the wind-pipe, used when some tu­
mour in the throat hinders respiration.

PHA’SELS. n. s. [phascoli, Lat.] French beans. Ains.

PHA’SIS. n. s. In the plural phases. [fs??; phase, Fr.] Ap­
pearance exhibited by any body; as the changes of the moon.
All the hypotheses yet contrived, were built upon too nar­
row an inspection of the phases of the universe. Glanvill.
He o'er the seas shall love, or fame pursue;
And other months, another phasis view;
Fixt to the rudder, he shall boldly steer,
And pass those rocks which Tiphys us'd to fear. Creech.

PHASM. n. s. [f?s?a.] Appearance; phantom; fancied ap­
parition.
Thence proceed many aereal fictions and phasms, and chy­
mæras created by the vanity of our own hearts or seduction of
evil spirits, and not planted in them by God. Hammond.

PHE’ASANT. n. s. [faisan, Fr. phasianus, from Phasis, the river
of Cholchos.] A kind of wild cock.
The hardest to draw are tame birds; as the cock, peacock
and pheasant. Peacham on Drawing.
Preach as I please, I doubt our curious men
Will chuse a pheasant still before a hen. Pope.

PHEER. n. s. A companion. See FEER. Spenser.

To PHEESE. v. a. [perhaps to feaze.] To comb; to fleece;
to curry.
An he be proud with me, I'll pheese his pride. Shakesp.

PHENI’COPTER. n. s. [f??????pe?; phœnicopterus, Lat.] A
kind of bird, which is thus described by Martial:
Dat mihi penna rubens nomen sed lingua gulosis
Nostra sapit; quid si garrula lingua foret?
He blended together the livers of guiltheads, the brains of
pheasants and peacocks, tongues of phenicopters, and the melts
of lampres. Hakewill on Providence.

PHE’NIX. n. s. [f?????; phænix, Lat.] The bird which is
supposed to exist single, and to rise again from its own ashes.
There is one tree, the phenix throne; one phenix
At this hour reigning there. Shakesp. Tempest.
To all the fowls he seems a phenix. Milton.
Having the idea of a phenix in my mind, the first enquiry
is, whether such a thing does exist? Locke.

PHENO’MENON. n. s. [fa????e???; phenomene, Fr. it is therefore
often written phænomenon; but being naturalised, it has changed
the æ, which is not in the English language, to e.]
1. Appearance; visible quality.
Short-sighted minds are unfit to make philosophers, whose
business it is to describe in comprehensive theories, the pheno­
mena of the world and their causes. Burnet.
The most considerable phenomenon, belonging to terrestrial
bodies, is gravitation, whereby all bodies in the vicinity of
the earth press towards its centre. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Any thing that strikes by any new appearance.

PHI



PHI’AL. n. s. [phiala, Lat. phiôle, Fr.] A small bottle.
Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole
With juice of cursed hebenon in a phial. Shakesp.
He proves his explications by experiments made with a phial
full of water, and with globes of glass filled with water.
Newton's Opticks.

PHILA’NTHROPY. n. s. [f???? and ??p??.] Love of man­
kind; good nature.
Such a transient temporary good nature is not that philan­
thropy, that love of mankind, which deserves the title of a
moral virtue. Addison's Spectator, No 177.

PHILI’PPICK. adj. [from the invectives of Demosthenes against
Philip of Macedon.] Any invective declamation.

PHILO’LOGER. n. s. [f????????.] One whose chief study is
language; a grammarian; a critick.
Philologers and critical discoursers, who look beyond the
shell and obvious exteriors of things, will not be angry with
our narrower explorations. Brown.
You expect, that I should discourse of this matter like a
naturalist, not a philologer. Boyle.
The best philologers say, that the original word does not
only signify domestick, as opposed to foreign, but also pri­
vate, as opposed to common. Sprat's Sermons.

PHILO’LOGICAL. adj. [from philology.] Critical; gramma­
tical.
Studies, called philological, are history, language, grammar,
rhetorick, poesy and criticism. Watts.
He who pretends to the learned professions, if he doth not
arise to be a critick himself in philological matters, should fre­
quently converse with dictionaries, paraphrasts, commentators
or other criticks, which may relieve any difficulties. Watts.

PHILO’LOGIST. n. s. [f????????.] A critick; a grammarian.

PHILO’LOGY. n. s. [f???????a; philologie, Fr.] Criticism;
grammatical learning.
Temper all discourses of philology with interspersions of
morality. Walker.

PHI’LOMEL. n. s. [from Philomela, changed into a bird.]
The nightingale.
Time drives the flocks from field to fold,
When rivers rage, and rocks grow cold,
And philomel becometh dumb. Shakesp.
Hears the hawk, when philomela sings? Pope.
Listening philomela deigns
To let them joy. Thomson.

PHILOME’LA. n. s. [from Philomela, changed into a bird.]
The nightingale.
Time drives the flocks from field to fold,
When rivers rage, and rocks grow cold,
And philomel becometh dumb. Shakesp.
Hears the hawk, when philomela sings? Pope.
Listening philomela deigns
To let them joy. Thomson.

PHI’LOMOT. adj. [corrupted from feuille morte, a dead leaf.]
Coloured like a dead leaf.
One of them was blue, another yellow, and another phi­
lomot, the fourth was of a pink colour, and the fifth of a pale
green. Addison's Spectator, No 265.

PHILO’SOPHEME. n. s. [f???s?f??a.] Principle of reason­
ing; theorem. An unusual word.
You will learn how to address yourself to children for their
benefit, and derive some useful philosophemes for your own
entertainment. Watts.

PHILO’SOPHER. n. s. [philosophus, Lat. philosophe, Fr.] A
man deep in knowledge, either moral or natural.
Many sound in belief have been also great philosophers.
Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity.
That stone
Philosophers in vain so long have sought. Milton.
Adam, in the state of innocence, came into the world a
philosopher, which sufficiently appeared by his writing the na­
tures of things upon their names; he could view essences in
themselves, and read forms without the comment of their re­
spective properties. South's Sermons.
They all our fam'd philosophers defie,
And would our faith by force of reason try. Dryden.
If the philosophers by fire had been so wary in their obser­
vations and sincere in their reports, as those, who call them­
selves philosophers, ought to have been, our acquaintance with
the bodies here about us had been yet much greater. Locke.

PHILOSOPHERS stone. n. s. A stone dreamed of by alchemists,
which, by its touch, converts base metals into gold.

PHILOSO’PHICK. adj. [philosophique, Fr. from philosophy.]
1. Belonging to philosophy; suitable to a philosopher; formed
by philosophy.
Others in virtue plac'd felicity:
The stoic last in philosophick pride
By him call'd virtue; and his virtuous man,
Wise, perfect in himself, and all possessing. Milton.
How could our chymick friends go on
To find the philosophick stone. Prior.
When the safety of the publick is endangered, the appear­
ance of a philosophical or affected indolence must arise either
from stupidity or persidiousness. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Skilled in philosophy.
We have our philosophical persons to make modern and fa­
miliar, things supernatural and causeless. Shakesp.
Acquaintance with God is not a speculative knowledge,
built on abstracted reasonings about his nature and es­
sence, such as philosophical minds often busy themselves in,
without reaping from thence any advantage towards regulating
their passions, but practical knowledge. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Frugal; abstemious.
This is what nature's wants may well suffice:
But since among mankind so few there are,
Who will conform to philosophick fare,
I'll mingle something of our times to please. Dryden.

PHILOSO’PHICAL. adj. [philosophique, Fr. from philosophy.]
1. Belonging to philosophy; suitable to a philosopher; formed
by philosophy.
Others in virtue plac'd felicity:
The stoic last in philosophick pride
By him call'd virtue; and his virtuous man,
Wise, perfect in himself, and all possessing. Milton.
How could our chymick friends go on
To find the philosophick stone. Prior.
When the safety of the publick is endangered, the appear­
ance of a philosophical or affected indolence must arise either
from stupidity or persidiousness. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Skilled in philosophy.
We have our philosophical persons to make modern and fa­
miliar, things supernatural and causeless. Shakesp.
Acquaintance with God is not a speculative knowledge,
built on abstracted reasonings about his nature and es­
sence, such as philosophical minds often busy themselves in,
without reaping from thence any advantage towards regulating
their passions, but practical knowledge. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Frugal; abstemious.
This is what nature's wants may well suffice:
But since among mankind so few there are,
Who will conform to philosophick fare,
I'll mingle something of our times to please. Dryden.

PHILOSO’PHICALLY. adv. [from philosophical.] In a philoso­
phical manner; rationally; wisely.
The law of commonweales that cut off the right hand of
malefactors, if philosophically executed, is impartial; other­
wise the amputation not equally punisheth all. Brown.
No man has ever treated the passion of love with so much
delicacy of thought and of expression, or searched into the
nature of it more philosophically than Ovid. Dryden.
If natural laws were once settled, they are never to be re­
versed; to violate and infringe them, is the same as what we
call miracle, and doth not sound very philosophically out of the
mouth of an atheist. Bentley's Sermons.

To PHILO’SOPHIZE. v. a. [from philosophy.] To play the
philosopher; to reason like a philosopher; to moralize; to
enquire into the causes of effects.
Qualities, that were occult to Aristotle, must be so to us;
and we must not philosophize beyond sympathy and antipathy.
Glanvill's Scept.
The wax philosophized upon the matter, and finding out at
last that it was burning, made the brick so hard, cast itself
into the fire. L'Estrange.
Two doctors of the schools were philosophizing upon the
advantages of mankind above all other creatures. L'Estrange.
Some of our philosophizing divines have too much exalted
the faculties of our souls, when they have maintained, that
by their force mankind has been able to find out God. Dryd.

PHI’LOSOPHY. n. s. [philosophie, Fr. philosophia, Latin.]
1. Knowledge natural or moral.
I had never read, heard nor seen any thing, I had never
any taste of philosophy nor inward feeling in myself, which for
a while I did not call to my succour. Sidney.
Hang up philosophy;
Unless philosophy can make a Juliet,
Displant a town, reverse a prince's doom,
It helps not. Shakesp.
The progress you have made in philosophy, hath enabled
you to benefit yourself with what I have written. Digby.
2. Hypothesis or system upon which natural effects are ex­
plained.
We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of
our philosophy, and the doctrines in our schools. Locke.
3. Reasoning; argumentation.
Of good and evil much they argu'd then
Vain wisdom all and false philosophy. Milton.
His decisions are the judgment of his passions and not of
his reason, the philosophy of the sinner and not of the man.
Rogers's Sermons.
4. The course of sciences read in the schools.

PHI’LTER. n. s. [f????; philtre, Fr.] Something to cause love.
The melting kiss that sips
The jellied philtre of her lips. Cleaveland.
This cup a cure for both our ills has brought,
You need not fear a philter in the draught. Dryden.
A philter that has neither drug nor enchantment in it, love
if you would raise love. Addison's Freeholder, No 38.

To PHI’LTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To charm to love.
Let not those that have repudiated the more inviting sins,
shew themselves philtred and bewitched by this. Gov. of Tong.

PHIZ. n. s. [This word is formed by a ridiculous contraction
from physiognomy, and should therefore, if it be written at all,
be written phyz.] The face, in a sense of contempt.
His air was too proud, and his features amiss,
As if being a traitor had alter'd his phiz. Stepney.

PHL

PHLEBO’TOMIST. n. s. [phlebotomiste, Fr. from f??? and
t????.] One that opens a vein; a bloodletter.

To PHLEBO’TOMIZE. v. a. [phlebotomiser, Fr. from phlebotomy.]
To let blood.
The frail bodies of men must have an evacuation for their
humours, and be phlebotomized. How. Tears.

PHLEBO’TOMY. n. s. [f?e??t???a, f???, f?e?, vena,
and t????; phlebotomie, Fr.] Bloodletting; the act or prac­
tice of opening a vein for medical intentions.
Although in indispositions of the liver or spleen, considera­
tions are made in phlebotomy to their situation, yet, when the
heart is affected, it is thought as effectual to bleed on the
right as the left. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Pains for the spending of the spirits, come nearest to the co­
pious and swift loss of spirits by phlebotomy. Harvey.

PHLEGM. n. s. [f????a; phlegme, Fr.]
1. The watry humour of the body, which, when it predomi­
nates, is supposed to produce sluggishness or dulness.
Make the proper use of each extreme,
And write with fury, but correct with phlegm. Roscommon.
He who supreme in judgment, as in wit,
Might boldly censure, as he boldly writ,
Yet judg'd with coolness, though he sung with fire;


Our critics take a contrary extreme,
They judge with fury, but they write with phle'm. Pope.
Let melancholy rule supreme,
Choler preside, or blood or phlegm. Swift.
2. Water.
A linen cloth, dipped in common spirit of wine, is not
burnt by the flame, because the phlegm of the liquor defends
the cloth. Boyle.

PHLE’GMAGOGUES. n. s. [f????a and ??; phlegmagogue,
Fr.] A purge of the milder sort, supposed to evacuate
phlegm and leave the other humours.
The pituitous temper of the stomachick ferment must be
corrected, and phlegmagogues must evacuate it. Floyer.

PHLEGMA’TICK. adj. [f?e??a??; phlegmatique, Fr. from
phlegm.]
1. Abounding in phlegm.
A neat's foot,
I fear, is too phlegmatick a meat. Shakesp.
The putrid vapours, though exciting a fever, do colliquate
the phlegmatick humours of the body. Harvey.
Chewing and smoaking of tobacco is only proper for phleg­
matick people. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Generating phlegm.
Negroes, transplanted into cold and phlegmatick habitations,
continue their hue in themselves and generations. Brown.
3. Watry.
Spirit of wine is inflammable by means of its oily parts,
and being distilled often from falt of tartar, grows by every
distillation more and more aqueous and phlegmatick. Newton.
4. Dull; cold; frigid.
As the inhabitants are of a heavy phlegmatick temper; if any
leading member has more fire than comes to his share, it is
quickly tempered by the coldness of the rest. Addison.
Who but a husband ever could persuade
His heart to leave the bosom of thy love,
For any phlegmatick design of state. Southern.

PHLE’GMON. n. s. [f?e????.] An inflammation; a burn­
ing tumour.
Phlegmon or inflammation is the first degeneration from
good blood, and nearest of kin to it. Wiseman.

PHLE’GMONOUS. adj. [from phlegmon.] Inflammatory; burn­
ing.
It is generated secondarly out of the dregs and remainder
of a phlegmonous or œdematick tumour. Harvey.

PHLEME. n. s. [from phlæbotomus, Lat.] A fleam, so it is
commonly written; an instrument which is placed on the
vein and driven into it with a blow; particularly in bleeding
of horses.

PHLOGI’STON. n. s. [f??????, from f????.]
1. A chemical liquor extremely inflammable.
2. The inflammable part of any body.

PHO’NICKS. n. s. [from f??.] The doctrine of sounds.

PHONOCA’MPTICK. adj. [f?? and ???.] Having the
power to inflect or turn the sound, and by that to alter it.
The magnifying the sound by the polyphonisms or reper­
cussions of the rocks, and other phonocamptick objects. Derham.

PHO’SPHOR. n. s. [phosphorus, Lat.]
1. The morning star.
Why sit we sad when phosphor shines so clear, Pope.
2. A chemical substance which, exposed to the air, takes fire.
Of lambent flame you have whole sheets in a handful of
phosphor. Addison.
Liquid and solid phosphorus show their flames more con­
spicuously, when exposed to the air. Cheyne.

PHO’SHORUS. n. s. [phosphorus, Lat.]
1. The morning star.
Why sit we sad when phosphor shines so clear, Pope.
2. A chemical substance which, exposed to the air, takes fire.
Of lambent flame you have whole sheets in a handful of
phosphor. Addison.
Liquid and solid phosphorus show their flames more con­
spicuously, when exposed to the air. Cheyne.

PHR

PHRASE. n. s. [f??s??.]
1. An idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to a language.
2. An expression; a mode of speech.
Now mince the sin,
And mollify damnation with a phrase:
Say you consented not to Sancho's death,
But barely not forbad it. Dryden.
To fear the Lord, and depart from evil, are phrases which
the scripture useth to express the sum of religion. Tillotson.
3. Stile; expression.
Thou speak'st
In better phrase and matter than thou didst. Shakesp.

To PHRASE. v. a. [from the noun.] To stile; to call; to
term.
These suns,
For so they phrase them, by their heralds challenged
The noble spirits to arms. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

PHRASEO’LOGY. n. s. [f??s?? and ????.]
1. Stile; diction.
The scholars of Ireland seem not to have the least con­
ception of a stile, but run on in a flat phraseology, often
mingled with barbarous terms. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. A phrase book. Ains.

PHRENI’TIS. n. s. [f?e??t??.] Madness; inflammation of the
brain.
It is allowed to prevent a phrenitis. Wiseman's Surgery.

PHRENE’TICK. adj. [f?e????; phrenitique, Fr.] Mad;
inflamed in the brain; frantick.
Phreneticks imagine they see that without; which their
imagination is affected with within. Harvey.
What œstrum, what phrenetick mood,
Makes you thus lavish of your blood. Hudibras.
The world was little better than a common fold of phren­
ticks and bedlams: Woodward's Natural History.

PHRE’NTICK. adj. [f?e????; phrenitique, Fr.] Mad;
inflamed in the brain; frantick.
Phreneticks imagine they see that without; which their
imagination is affected with within. Harvey.
What œstrum, what phrenetick mood,
Makes you thus lavish of your blood. Hudibras.
The world was little better than a common fold of phren­
ticks and bedlams: Woodward's Natural History.

PHRE’NSY. n. s. [from f?e??t??; phrenesie, Fr. whence, by
contraction, phrensy.] Madness; frantickness. This is too
often written frenzy. See FRENZY.
Many never think on God, but in extremity of fear, and
then perplexity not suffering them to be idle, they think and
do as it were in a phrensy. Hooker, b. v. s. 3.
Demoniack phrensy, mooping melancholy. Milton.
Would they only please themselves in the delusion, the
phrensy were more innocent; but lunaticks will needs be
kings. Decay of Piety.
Phrensy or inflammation of the brain, profuse hemorrhages
from the nose resolve, and copious bleeding in the temporal
arteries. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PHTHISI’CAL. adj. [f?s??; phtysique, Fr. from phthisick.]
Wasting.
Collection of purulent matter in the capacity of the breast,
if not suddenly cured, doth undoubtedly impell the patient
into a phthisical consumption. Harvey on Consumptions.

PHTHI’SICK. n. s. [f?s??; phtysie, Fr.] A consumption.
His disease was a phthisick or asthma oft incurring to an
orthopnea. Harvey on Consumptions.

PHTHI’SIS. n. s. [f?s??.] A consumption.
If the lungs be wounded deep, though they escape the first
nine days, yet they terminate in a phthisis or fistula. Wiseman.

PHILA’CTERY. n. s. [f??a?????; phylactere, Fr.] A bandage
on which was inscribed some memorable sentence.
The philacteries on their wrists and foreheads were looked
on as spells, which would yield them impunity for their
disobedience. Hammond.
Golden sayings
On large phylacteries expressive writ,
Were to the foreheads of the Rabbins ty'd. Prior.

PHY

PHY’SICAL. adj. [physique, Fr. from physick.]
1. Relating to nature or to natural philosophy; not moral.
The physical notion of necessity, that without which the
work cannot possibly be done; it cannot be affirmed of all
the articles of the creed, that they are thus necessary. Hamm.
To reflect on those innumerable secrets of nature and phy­
sical philosophy, which Homer wrought in his allegories, what
a new scene of wonder may this afford us! Pope.
Charity in its origin is a physical and necessary consequence
of the principle of re-union. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
2. Pertaining to the science of healing.
3. Medicinal; helpful to health.
Is Brutus sick? and is it physical
To walk unbraced, and suck up the humours
Of the dank morning. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The blood; I drop, is rather physical
Than dangerous to me. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. Resembling physick.

PHY’SICALLY. adv. [from physical.] According to nature; by
natural operation; in the way or sense of natural philosophy;
not morally.
Time measuring out their motion, informs us of the pe­
riods and terms of their duration, rather than effecteth or
physically produceth the same. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The outward act of worship may be considered physically
and abstractly from any law, and so it depends upon the na­
ture of the intention, and morally, as good or evil: and so it
receives its denomination from the law. Stillingfleet.
Though the act of the will commanding, and the act of
any other faculty, executing that which is so commanded, be
physically and in the precise nature of things distinct, yet mo­
rally as they proced from one entire, free, moral agent, may
pass for one and the same action. South's Sermons.
I do not say, that the nature of light consists in small round
globules, for I am not now treating physically of light or
colours. Locke.

PHYSI’CIAN. n. s. [physicien, Fr. from physick.] One who pro­
fesses the art of healing.
Trust not the physician,
His antidotes are poison, and he slays
More than you rob. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Some physicians are so conformable to the humour of the pa­
tient, as they press not the true cure of the disease, and others
are so regular, as they respect not sufficiently the condition of
the patient. Bacon's Essays.
His gratulatory verse to king Henry, is not more witty than
the epigram upon the name of Nicolaus an ignorant physician,
who had been the death of thousands. Peacham of Poetry.
Taught by thy art divine, the sage physician
Eludes the urn; and chains, or exiles death. Prior.

PHY’SICK. n. s. [f?s?, which, originally signifying natural
philosophy, has been transferred in many modern languages
to medicine.] The science of healing.


Were it my business to understand physick, would not the
safer way be to consult nature herself in the history of diseases
and their cures, than espouse the principles of the dogmatists,
methodists or chymists. Locke.
2. Medicines; remedies.
In itself we desire health, physick only for health's sake.
Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
Use physick or ever thou be sick. Ecclus. xviii. 19.
Prayer is the best physick for many melancholy diseases.
Peacham.
He 'scapes the best, who nature to repair
Draws physick from the fields in draughts of vital air. Dryd.
3. [In common phrase.] A purge.
The people use physick to purge themselves of humours.
Abbot's Description of the World.

To PHY’SICK. v. a. [from the noun.] To purge; to treat
with physick; to cure.
The labour we delight in, physicks pain. Shakesp.
It is a gallant child; one that indeed physicks the subject,
makes old hearts fresh. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Give him allowance as the worthier man;
For that will physick the great myrmidon
Who broils in loud applause. Shakesp.
In virtue and in health we love to be instructed, as well
as physicked with pleasure. L'Estrange.

PHYSICO’THEOLOGY. n. s. [from physico and theology.] Divi­
nity enforced or illustrated by natural philosophy.

PHYSIO’GNOMER. n. s. physionomiste, Fr. [from physiognomy.]
One who judges of the temper or future
fortune by the features of the face.
Digonius, when he should have been put to death by the
Turk, a physiognomer wished he might not die, because he would
sow much dissention among the Christians. Peacham.
Apelles made his pictures so very like, that a physiognomist
and fortune-teller, foretold by looking on them the time of
their deaths, whom those pictures represented. Dryden.
Let the physiognomists examine his features. Arb. and Pope.

PHYSIO’GNOMIST. n. s. physionomiste, Fr. [from physiognomy.]
One who judges of the temper or future
fortune by the features of the face.
Digonius, when he should have been put to death by the
Turk, a physiognomer wished he might not die, because he would
sow much dissention among the Christians. Peacham.
Apelles made his pictures so very like, that a physiognomist
and fortune-teller, foretold by looking on them the time of
their deaths, whom those pictures represented. Dryden.
Let the physiognomists examine his features. Arb. and Pope.

PHYSIOGNO’MICK. adj. [f?s????????? ?; from physiog­
nomy.] Drawn from the contempla­
tion of the face; conversant in contemplation of the face.

PHYSIOGNO’MONICK. adj. [f?s????????? ?; from physiog­
nomy.] Drawn from the contempla­
tion of the face; conversant in contemplation of the face.

PHYSIO’GNOMY. n. s. [for physiognomony; f?s?????????a;
physionomie, Fr.]
1. The act of discovering the temper, and foreknowing the
fortune by the features of the face.
In all physiognomy, the lineaments of the body will discover
those natural inclinations of the mind which dissimulation will
conceal, or discipline will suppress. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. The face; the cast of the look.
The astrologer, who spells the stars,
Mistakes his globes and in her brighter eye
Interprets heaven's physiognomy. Cleaveland.
They'll find i'th' physiognomies
O' th' planets all men's destinies. Hudibras.
The end of portraits consists in expressing the true temper
of those persons which it represents, and to make known their
physiognomy. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The distinguishing characters of the face, and the li­
neaments of the body, grow more plain and visible with time
and age; but the peculiar physiognomy of the mind is most
discernible in children. Locke.

PHYSIO’LOGICAL. adj. [from physiology.] Relating to the doc­
trine of the natural constitution of things.
Some of them seem rather metaphysical than physiological
notions. Boyle.

PHYSIO’LOGIST. n. s. [from physiology.] One versed in phy­
siology; a writer of natural philosophy.

PHYSIO’LOGY. n. s. [f?s?? and ????; physiologie, Fr.] The
doctrine of the constitution of the works of nature.
Disputing physiology is of no accommodation to your de­
signs. Glanvill's Scept.
Philosophers adapted their description of the deity to the
vulgar, otherwise the conceptions of mankind could not be
accounted for from their physiology. Bentley's Sermons.

PHYSY. n. s. [I suppose the same with fusee.] See FUSEE.
Some watches are made with four wheels, some have
strings and physies, and others none. Locke.

PHYTI’VOROUS. adj. [f?? and voro, Lat.] That eats grass
or any vegetable.
Hairy animals with only two large foreteeth, are all phyti­
vorous, and called the hare-kind. Ray.

PHYTO’GRAPHY. n. s. [f?? and ?af?.] A description of
plants.

PHYTOLOGY. n. s. [f?? and ??f?.] The doctrine of
plants; botanical discourse.

PIA

PI’ACLE. n. s. [piaculum, Lat.] An enormous crime. A word
not used.
To tear the paps that gave them suck, can there be a
greater piacle against nature, can there be a more execrable
and horrid thing? Howel's England's Tears.

PIA’CULAR. adj. [piacularis, from piaculum, Lat.]
1. Expiatory; having the power to attone.
2. Such as requires expiation.
It was piaculous unto the Romans to pare their nails upon
the nundinæ, observed every ninth day. Brown.
3. Criminal; atrociously bad.
While we think it so piaculous to go beyond the ancients,
we must necessarily come short of genuine antiquity and
truth. Glanvill's Scept.

PIA’CULOUS. adj. [piacularis, from piaculum, Lat.]
1. Expiatory; having the power to attone.
2. Such as requires expiation.
It was piaculous unto the Romans to pare their nails upon
the nundinæ, observed every ninth day. Brown.
3. Criminal; atrociously bad.
While we think it so piaculous to go beyond the ancients,
we must necessarily come short of genuine antiquity and
truth. Glanvill's Scept.

PIA-MATER. n. s. [Lat.] A thin and delicate membrane,
which lies under the dura mater, and covers immediately the
substance of the brain.

PI’ANET. n. s.
1. A bird; the lesser wood-pecker. Bailey.
2. The magpie. This name is retained in Scotland.

PIA’STER. n. s. [piastra, Italian.] An Italian coin, about five
shillings sterling in value. Dict.

PIAZZA. n. s. [Italian.] A walk under a roof supported by
pillars.
He stood under the piazza. Arb. and Pope's Scriblerus.

PIC

PICA. n. s. Among printers, a particular size of their types or
letters. This dictionary is in small pica.

PICARO’ON. n. s. [from picare, Italian.] A robber; a plun­
derer.
Corsica and Majorca in all wars have been the nests of
picaroons. Temple's Miscellanies.

PI’CCAGE. n. s. [piccagium, low Lat.] Money paid at fairs for
breaking ground for booths. Ains.

To PICK. v. a. [picken, Dutch.]
1. To cull; to chuse; to select; to glean; to gather here and
there.
This fellow picks up wit as pigeons peas. Shakesp.
He hath pick'd out an act,
Under whose heavy sense your brother's life
Falls into forfeit. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Trust me, sweet,
Out of this silence yet I pick'd a welcome;
And in the modesty of fearful duty
I read as much, as from the rattling tongue
Of saucy and audacious eloquence. Shakesp.
Contempt putteth an edge upon anger more than the hurt
itself; and when men are ingenious in picking out circum­
stances of contempt, they do kindle their anger much. Bacon.
The want of many things fed him with hope, that he
should out of these his enemies distresses pick some fit occa­
sion of advantage. Knolles's History of the Turks.
They must pick me out with shackles tir'd,
To make them sport with blind activity. Milton.
What made thee pick and chuse her out,
T' employ their sorceries about? Hudibras.
How many examples have we seen of men that have been
picked up and relieved out of starving necessities, afterwards
conspire against their patrons. L'Estrange.
If he would compound for half, it should go hard but he'd
make a shift to pick it up. L'Estrange.
A painter would not be much commended, who should
pick out this cavern from the whole æneids; he had better
leave them in their obscurity. Dryden.
Imitate the bees, who pick from every flower that which
they find most proper to make honey. Dryden.
He that is nourished by the acorns he picked up under an
oak in the wood, has certainly appropriated them to himself.
Locke.
He asked his friends about him, where they had picked up
such a blockhead. Addison's Spectator, No 167.
The will may pick and chuse among these objects, but it
cannot create any to work on. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
Deep through a miry lane she pick'd her way,
Above her ankle rose the chalky clay. Gay.
Thus much he may be able to pick out, and willing to trans­
fer into his new history; but the rest of your character will
probably be dropped, on account of the antiquated stile they
are delivered in. Swift.
Heav'n, when it strives to polish all it can
Its last, best work, but forms a softer man,
Picks from each sex, to make the fav'rite blest, Pope.
2. To take up; to gather; to find industriously
You owe me money, Sir John, and now you pick a quar­
rel to beguile me of it. Shakesp. Henry IV.
It was believed, that Perkin's escape was not without the
king's privity, who had him all the time of his flight in a
line; and that the king did this, to pick a quarrel to put him
to death. Bacon's Henry VII.
They are as peevish company to themselves as to their
neighbours; for there's not one circumstance in nature, but
they shall find matters to pick a quarrel at. L'Estrange.
Pick the very refuse of those harvest fields. Thomson.
3. To separate from any thing useless or noxious, by gleaning
out either part; to clean by picking away filth.
For private friends: his answer was,
He could not stay to pick them in a pile
Of musty chaff. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
It hath been noted by the ancients, that it is dangerous to
pick one's ears whilst he yawneth; for that in yawning, the
minor parchment of the ear is extended by the drawing of
the breath. Bacon's Natural History.


He picks and culls his thoughts for conversation, by sup­
pressing some, and communicating others. Addison.
You are not to wash your hands, till you have picked
your sallad. Swift.
4. To clean, by gathering off gradually any thing adhering.
Hope is a pleasant premeditation of enjoyment; as when
a dog expects, till his master has done picking a bone. More.
5. [Piquer, Fr.] To pierce; to strike with a sharp instrument.
Pick an apple with a pin full of holes not deep, and smear
it with spirits, to see if the virtual heat of the strong waters
will not mature it. Bacon.
In the face, a small wart or fiery pustule, being healed by
scratching or picking with nails, will terminate corrosive.
Wiseman's Surgery.
6. To strike with bill or beak; to peck.
The eye that mocketh at his father, the ravens of the valley
shall pick out. Proverbs xxx. 17.
7. [Picare, Italian.] To rob.
The other night I fell asleep here, and had my pocket pickt;
this house is turn'd bawdy-house, they pick pockets. Shakesp.
They have a design upon your pocket, and the word con­
science is used only as an instrument to pick it. South.
8. To open a lock by a pointed instrument.
Did you ever find
That any art could pick the lock, or power
Could force it open. Denham.
9. To PICK a hole in one's coat. A proverbial expression for
one finding fault with another.

To PICK. v. n.
1. To eat slowly and by small morsels.
Why stand'st thou picking? is thy palate sore,
That bete and radishes will make thee roar. Dryden.
2. To do any thing nicely and leisurely.
He was too warm on picking work to dwell,
But faggoted his notions as they fell,
And if they rhym'd and rattl'd, all was well. Dryden.

PICK. n. s. A sharp-pointed iron tool.
What the miners call chert and whern, the stone-cutters
nicomia, is so hard, that the picks will not touch it; it will
not split but irregularly. Woodward on Fossils.

PICKAPACK. adv. [from pack, by a reduplication very common
in our language.] In manner of a pack.
In a hurry she whips up her darling under her arms, and
carries the other a pickapack upon her shoulders. L'Estr.

PI’CKAXE. n. s. [pick and axe.] An axe not made to cut but
pierce; an axe with a sharp point.
Their tools are a pickaxe of iron, seventeen inches long,
sharpened at the one end to peck, and flat-headed at the other
to drive iron wedges. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
I'll hide my master from the flies, as deep
As these poor pickaxes can dig. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
As when bands
Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arm'd,
Forerun the royal camp, to trench a field. Milton.

PI’CKBACK. adj. [corrupted perhaps from pickpack.] On the
back.
As our modern wits behold,
Mounted a pickback on the old,
Much farther off. Hudibras.

PI’CKED. adj. [pique, Fr.] Sharp; smart.
Let the stake be made picked at the top, that the jay may
not settle on it. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To PI’CKEER. v. a. [piccare, Italian.]
1. To pirate; to pillage; to rob.
2. To make a flying skirmish. Ainsworth.
No sooner could a hint appear,
But up he started to pickeer,
And made the stoutest yield to mercy,
When he engag'd in controversy. Hudibras.

PI’CKER. n. s. [from pick.]
1. One who picks or culls.
The pickers pick the hops into the hair-cloth. Mortimer.
2. A pickax; an instrument to pick with.
With an iron picker clear all the earth out of the hills.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

PICKE’REL. n. s. [from pike.] A small pike.

PICKEREL-WEED. n. s. [from pike.] A water plant, from
which pikes are fabled to be generated.
The luce or pike is the tyrant of the fresh waters; they
are bred, some by generation, and some not; as of a weed
called pickerel-weed, unless Gosner be mistaken. Walton.

PI’CKLE. n. s. [pekel, Dutch.]
1. Any kind of salt liquor, in which flesh or other substance is
preserved.
Thou shalt be whipt with wire, and stew'd in brine,
Smarting in lingring pickle. Shakespeare.
Some fish are gutted, split and kept in pickle; as whiting
and mackerel. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
He instructs his friends that dine with him in the best pickle
for a walnut. Addison's Spectator, No 482.
A third sort of antiscorbuticks are called astringent; as
capers, and most of the common pickles prepared with
vinegar. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Thing kept in pickle.
3. Condition; state. A word of contempt and ridicule.
How cam'st thou in this pickle? Shakespeare.
A physician undertakes a woman with sore eyes; his way
was to dawb 'em with ointments, and while she was in that
pickle, carry off a spoon. L'Estrange.
Poor Umbra, left in this abandon'd pickle,
E'en sits him down. Swift's Miscellanies.

PI’CKLE or pightel. n. s. A small parcel of land inclosed with
a hedge, which in some countries is called a pingle. Phillips.

To PI’CKLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To preserve in pickle.
Autumnal cornels next in order serv'd,
In lees of wine well pickl'd and preserv'd. Dryden.
They shall have all, rather than make a war,
The Straits, the Guiney-trade, the herrings too;
Nay, to keep friendship, they shall pickle you. Dryden.
2. To season or imbue highly with any thing bad: as, a pickled
rogue, or one consummately villainous.

PI’CKLEHERRING. n. s. [pickle and herring.] A jack-pudding;
a merry-andrew; a zany; a buffoon.
Another branch of pretenders to this art, without horse or
pickleherring, lie snug in a garret. Spectator, No 572.
The pickleherring found the way to shake him, for upon
his whistling a country jig, this unlucky wag danced to it
with such a variety of grimaces, that the countryman could
not forbear smiling, and lost the prize. Addis. Spect.

PI’CKLOCK. n. s. [pick and lock.]
1. An instrument by which locks are opened without the key.
We take him to be a thief too, Sir; for we have found
upon him, Sir, a strange picklock. Shakespeare.
Scipio, having such a picklock, would spend so many years
in battering the gates of Carthage. Brown.
It corrupts faith and justice, and is the very picklock that
opens the way into all cabinets. L'Estrange.
Thou raisedst thy voice to describe the powerful Betty or
the artful picklock, or Vulcan sweating at his forge, and stamp­
ing the queen's image on viler metals. Arbuthnot.
2. The person who picks locks.

PI’CKPOCKET. n. s. [pick and pocket.] A thief who steals,
by putting his hand privately into the pocket
or purse.
I think he is not a pickpurse nor a horsestealer Shakespeare.
It is reasonable, when Esquire South is losing his money
to sharpers and pickpockets, I should lay out the fruits of my
honest industry in a law suit. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
Pickpockets and highwaymen observe strict justice among
themselves. Bentley's Sermons.
His fellow pickpurse, watching for a job,
Fancies his fingers in the cully's fob. Swift.
A pickpurse at the bar or bench. Swift.
If a court or country's made a job,
Go drench a pickpocket, and join the mob. Pope.

PI’CKPURSE. n. s. [pick and pocket.] A thief who steals,
by putting his hand privately into the pocket
or purse.
I think he is not a pickpurse nor a horsestealer Shakespeare.
It is reasonable, when Esquire South is losing his money
to sharpers and pickpockets, I should lay out the fruits of my
honest industry in a law suit. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
Pickpockets and highwaymen observe strict justice among
themselves. Bentley's Sermons.
His fellow pickpurse, watching for a job,
Fancies his fingers in the cully's fob. Swift.
A pickpurse at the bar or bench. Swift.
If a court or country's made a job,
Go drench a pickpocket, and join the mob. Pope.

PICKTOO’TH. n. s. [pick and tooth.] An instrument by which
the teeth are cleaned.
If a gentleman leaves a picktooth case on the table after
dinner, look upon it as part of your vails. Swift.

PICKTHA’NK. n. s. [pick and thank.] An officious fellow,
who does what he is not desired; a whispering parasite.
With pleasing tales his lord's vain ears he fed,
A flatterer, a pickthank, and a lyer. Fairfax.
Many tales devis'd,
Oft the ear of greatness needs must hear,
By smiling pickthanks and base newsmongers. Shakesp.
The business of a pickthank is the basest of offices.
L'Estrange.
If he be great and powerful, spies and pickthanks generally
provoke him to persecute and tyrannize over the innocent and
the just. South's Sermons.

PICT. n. s. [pictus, Lat.] A painted person.
Your neighbours would not look on you as men,
But think the nations all turn'd picts again. Lee.

PICTO’RIAL. adj. [from pictor, Lat.] Produced by a painter.
A word not adopted by other writers, but elegant and useful.
Sea horses are but grotesco delineations, which fill up
empty spaces in maps, as many pictorial inventions, not any
physical shapes. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PI’CTURE. n. s. [pictura, Latin.]
1. A resemblance of persons or things in colours.
Madam, if that your heart be so obdurate,
Vouchsafe me yet your picture for my love,
The picture that is hanging in your chamber. Shakesp.
Pictures and shapes are but secondary objects, and please
or displease but in memory. Bacon's Natural History.
Devouring what he saw so well design'd,
He with an empty picture sed his mind. Dryden.
As soon as he begins to spell, as many pictures of animals
should be got him as can be found with the printed names to
them. Locke.
2. The science of painting.


3. The works of painters.
Quintilian, when he saw any well-expressed image of
grief, either in picture or sculpture, would usually weep. Wott.
If nothing will satisfy him, but having it under my hand,
that I had no design to ruin the company of picture-drawers,
I do hereby give it him. Stillingfleet.
4. Any resemblance or representation.
Vouchsafe this picture of thy soul to see;
'Tis so far good, as it resembles thee. Dryden.
It suffices to the unity of any idea, that it be considered as
one representation or picture, though made up of ever so
many particulars. Locke.

To PICTURE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To paint; to represent by painting.
I have not seen him so pictur'd. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
He who caused the spring to be pictured, added this rhyme
for an exposition. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
It is not allowable, what is observable of Raphael Urban;
wherein Mary Magdalen is pictured before our Saviour wash­
ing his feet on her knees, which will not consist with the
strict letter of the text. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Love is like the painter, who, being to draw the picture
of a friend having a blemish in one eye, would picture only
the other side of his face. South's Sermons.
2. To represent.
All filled with these rueful spectacles of so many wretched
carcasses starving, that even I, that do but hear it from you,
and do picture it in my mind, do greatly pity it. Spenser.
Fond man,
See here thy pictur'd life. Thomson's Winter.

To PIDDLE. v. n. [This word is obscure in its etymology;
Skinner derives it from pieciolo, Italian; or petit, Fr. little;
Mr. Lye thinks the diminutive of the Welsh breyta, to eat;
perhaps it comes from peddle, for Skinner gives for its primi­
tive signification, to deal in little things.]
1. To pick at table; to feed squeamishly, and without appetite.
From stomach sharp, and hearty feeding,
To piddle like a lady breeding. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. To trifle; to attend to small parts rather than to the main.
Ains.

PI’DDLER. n. s. [from piddle.] One that eats squeamishly, and
without appetite.

PIE. n. s. [This word is derived by Skinner from biezan, to build,
that is to build of paste; by Junius derived by contraction
from pasty; if pasties, doubled together without walls, were
the first pies, the derivation is easy from pie, a foot; as in
some provinces, an apple pasty is still called an apple foot.]
1. Any crust baked with something in it.
No man's pie is freed
From his ambitious finger. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Mincing of meat in pies saveth the grinding of the teeth,
and therefore more nourishing to them that have weak teeth.
Bacon's Natural History.
He is the very Withers of the city; they have bought more
editions of his works, than would serve to lay under all their
pies at a lord mayor's Christmas. Dryden.
Chuse your materials right;
From thence of course the figure will arise,
And elegance adorn the surface of your pies. King.
Eat beef or pie-crust, if you'd serious be. King.
2. [Pica, Lat.] A magpie; a particoloured bird.
The pie will discharge thee for pulling the rest. Tusser.
The raven croak'd hoarse on the chimney's top,
And chattering pies in dismal discords sung. Shakesp.
Who taught the parrot human notes to try,
Or with a voice endu'd the chatt'ring pie?
'Twas witty want. Dryden.
3. The old popish service book, so called, as is supposed, from
the different colour of the text and rubrick.
4. Cock and pie was a slight expression in Shakespeare's time, of
which I know not the meaning.
Mr. Slender, come; we stay for you.—
—I'll eat nothing, I thank you, Sir.—
—By cock and pie, you shall not chuse, Sir; come,
come. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

PIE

PIE’BALD. adj. [from pie.] Of various colours; diversified in
colour.
It was a particoloured dress,
Of patch'd and piebald languages. Hudibras.
They would think themselves miserable in a patched coat,
and yet contentedly suffer their minds to appear abroad in a
piebald livery of coarse patches and borrowed shreds. Locke.
They are pleased to hear of a piebald horse that is strayed
out of a field near Islington, as of a whole troop that has
been engaged in any foreign adventure. Spectator, No 452.
Peel'd, patch'd, and piebald, linsey-woolsey brothers,
Grave mummers! sleeveless some, and shirtless others. Pope.

PIECE. n. s. [piece, Fr.]
1. A patch. Ainsworth.
2. A part of a whole; a fragment.
Bring it out piece by piece. Ezekiel xxiv. 26.
The chief captain, fearing lest Paul should have been pulled
in pieces of them, commanded to take him by force. Acts.
These lesser rocks or great bulky stones, that lie scattered
in the sea or upon the land, are they not manifest fragments
and pieces of these greater masses. Burnet.
A man that is in Rome can scarce see an object, that does
not call to mind a piece of a Latin poet or historian. Addison.
3. A part.
It is accounted a piece of excellent knowledge, to know
the laws of the land. Tillotson.
4. A picture.
If unnatural, the finest colours are but dawbing, and the
piece is a beautiful monster at the best. Dryden.
Each heav'nly piece unweary'd we compare,
Match Raphael's grace with thy lov'd Guido's air. Pope.
5. A composition; performance.
He wrote several pieces, which he did not assume the ho­
nour of. Addison.
6. A single great gun.
A piece of ord'nance 'gainst it I have plac'd. Shakespeare.
Many of the ships have brass pieces, whereas every piece at
least requires four gunners to attend it. Raleigh's Essays.
Pyrrhus, with continual battery of great pieces, did batter
the mount. Knolles's History of the Turks.
7. A hand gun.
When he cometh to experience of service abroad, or is
put to a piece or a pike, he maketh as worthy a soldier as any
nation he meeteth with. Spenser.
The ball goes on in the direction of the stick, or of the
body of the piece out of which it is shot. Cheyne.
8. A coin; a single piece of money.
When once the poet's honour ceases,
From reason far his transports rove;
And Boileau, for eight hundred pieces,
Makes Louis take the wall of Jove. Prior.
9. In ridicule and contempt: as, a piece of a lawyer or smatterer.
10. A-PIECE. To each.
I demand, concerning all those creatures that have eyes
and ears, whether they might not have had only one eye and
one ear a-piece. More's Antidote against Atheism.
11. Of a PIECE with. Like; of the same sort; united; the
same with the rest.
Truth and fiction are so aptly mix'd,
That all seems uniform and of a piece. Roscommon.
When Jupiter granted petitions, a cockle made request,
that his house and his body might be all of a piece. L'Estr.
My own is of a piece with his, and were he living, they
are such as he would have written. Dryden.
I appeal to my enemies, if I or any other man could have
invented one which had been more of a piece, and more de­
pending on the serious part of the design. Dryden.
Too justly vanish'd from an age like this;
Now she is gone, the world is of a piece. Dryden.
Nothing but madness can please madmen, and a poet must
be of a piece with the spectators, to gain a reputation. Dryden.

To PIECE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To enlarge by the addition of a piece.
I speak too long, but 'tis to piece the time,
To draw it out in length, Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
If aught within that little seeming substance,
Or all of it with our displeasure piec'd,
And nothing more may fitly like your grace,
She is yours. Shakesp. King Lear.
Plant it with women as well as men, that it may spread
into generations, and not be pieced from without. Bacon.
2. To join; to unite.
3. To PIECE out. To encrease by addition.
He pieces out his wife's inclination; he gives her folly mo­
tion and advantage. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Whether the piecing out of an old man's life is worth the
pains, I cannot tell. Temple.

To PIECE. v. n. [from the noun.] To join; to coalesce; to
be compacted.
Let him, that was the cause of this, have power
To take off so much grief from you, as he
Will piece up in himself. Shakesp.
The cunning priest chose Plantagenet to be the subject
his pupil should personate; because he was more in the pre­
sent speech of the people, and it pieced better and followed
more close upon the bruit of Plantagenet's escape. Bacon.

PIE’CER. n. s. [from piece.] One that pieces.

PIE’CELESS. adj. [from piece.] Whole; compact; not made
of separate pieces.
In those poor types of God, round circles; so
Religion's types the pieceless centers flow,
And are in all the lines which all ways go. Donne.

PIE’CEMEAL. adv. [pice and mel; a word in Saxon of the same
import.] In pieces; in fragments.
Why did I not his carcass piecemeal tear,
And cast it in the sea Denham.
I'll be torn piecemeal by a horse,
E'er I'll take you for better or worse. Hudibras.
Neither was the body then subject to distempers, to die by
piecemeal, and languish under coughs or consumptions. South.


Stage editors printed from the common piecemeal written
parts in the playhouse. Pope.
Piecemeal they win this acre first, then that;
Glean on and gather up the whole estate. Pope.

PIE’CEMEAL. adj. Single; separate; divided.
Other blasphemies level, some at one attribute, some at an­
other: but this by a more compendious impiety, shoots at his
very being, and as if it scorned these piecemeal guilts, sets up
a single monster big enough to devour them all. Gov. of the Tong.

PIE’D. adj. [from pie] Variegated; particoloured.
They desire to take such as have their feathers of pied,
orient and various colours. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
All the yeanlings, which were streak'd and pied,
Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Pied cattle are spotted in their tongues. Bacon.
The seat, the soft wool of the bee,
The cover, gallantly to see,
The wing of a pied butterfly,
I trow 'twas simple trimming. Drayton.
Meadows trim with daisies pied,
Shallow brooks and rivers wide. Milton.

PIE’DNESS. n. s. [from pied.] Variegation; diversity of colour.
There is an art, which in their piedness shares
With great creating nature. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

PIE’LED. adj. Perhaps for pecled, or bald; or piled, or having
short hair.
Piel'd priest, dost thou command me be shut out?
I do. Shakesp. Henry VI.

PI’EPOWDER court. n. s. [from pied, foot, and puldre, dusty.]
A court held in fairs for redress of all disorders committed
therein.

PIER. n. s. [pierre, Fr.] The columns on which the arch of
a bridge is raised.
Oak, cedar and chesnut are the best builders, for piers
sometimes wet, sometimes dry, take elm. Bacon.
The English took the galley, and drew it to shore, and
used the stones to reinforce the pier. Hayward.
The bridge, consisting of four arches, is of the length of
six hundred and twenty-two English feet and an half: the
dimensions of the arches are as follows, in English measure;
the height of the first arch one hundred and nine feet, the
distance between the piers seventy-two feet and an half; in
the second arch, the distance of the piers is one hundred and
thirty feet; in the third, the distance is one hundred and nine
feet; in the fourth, the distance is one hundred and thirty­
eight feet. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To PIERCE. v. a. [percer, Fr.]
1. To penetrate; to enter; to force.
Steed threatens steed in high and boastful neighs,
Piercing the night's dull ear. Shakesp. Henry V.
The love of money is the root of all evil; which while
some coveted after, they have pierced themselves through with
many sorrows. 1 Tim. vi. 10.
With this fatal sword, on which I dy'd,
I pierce her open'd back or tender side. Dryden.
The glorious temple shall arise,
And with new lustre pierce the neighb'ring skies. Prior.
2. To touch the passions: to affect.
Did your letters pierce the queen;
She read them in my presence,
And now and then an ample tear trill'd down. Shakesp.

To PIERCE. v. n.
1. To make way by force.
Her sighs will make a batt'ry in his breast;
Her tears will pierce into a marble heart. Shakesp.
There is that speaketh like the piercings of a sword; but
the tongue of the wise is health. Proverbs xii. 18.
Short arrows, called sprights, without any other heads,
save wood sharpened, were discharged out of muskets, and
would pierce through the sides of ships, where a bullet would
not pierce. Bacon's Natural History.
2. To strike; to move; to affect.
Say, she be mute, and will not speak a word;
Then I'll commend her volubility;
And say she uttereth piercing eloquence. Shakesp.
3. To enter; to dive.
She would not pierce further into his meaning, than him­
self should declare, so would she interpret all his doings to be
accomplished in goodness. Sidney, b. ii.
All men knew Nathaniel to be an Israelite; but our Sa­
viour piercing deeper, giveth further testimony of him than
men could have done. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
4. To affect severely.
They provide more piercing statutes daily to chain up the
poor. Shakesp.

PIER’CER. n. s. [from pierce.]
1. An instrument that bores or penetrates.
Cart, ladder and wimble, with perser and pod. Tusser.
2. The part with which insects perforate bodies.
The hollow instrument, terebra, we may english piercer,
wherewith many flies are provided, proceeding from the
womb, with which they perforate the tegument of leaves,
and through the hollow of it inject their eggs into the holes
they have made. Ray on the Creation.
3. One who perforates.

PIE’RCINGLY. adv. [from pierce.] Sharply.

PIE’RCINGNESS. n. s. [from piercing.] Power of piercing.
We contemplate the vast reach and compass of our under­
standing, the prodigious quickness and piercingness of its
thought. Derham's Physico-Theology.

PI’ETY. n. s. [pietas, Lat. pieté, Fr.]
1. Discharge of duty to God.
What piety, pity, fortitude did æneas possess beyond his
companions? Peacham on Poetry.
'Till future infancy, baptiz'd by thee,
Grow ripe in years, and old in piety. Prior.
There be who faith prefer and piety to God. Milton.
2. Duty to parents or those in superiour relation.

PIG

PIG. n. s. [bigge, Dutch.]
1. A young sow or boar.
Some men there are, love not a gaping pig,
Some that are mad, if they behold a cat. Shakespeare.
Alba, from the white sow nam'd,
That for her thirty sucking pigs was fam'd. Dryden.
The flesh-meats of an easy digestion, are pig, lamb, rab­
bit and chicken. Floyer on the Humours.
2. An oblong mass of lead or unforged iron.
A nodding beam or pig of lead,
May hurt the very ablest head. Pope.

To PIG. v. a. [from the noun.] To farrow; to bring pigs.

PI’GEON. n. s. [pigeon, Fr.] A fowl bred in cots or a small
house: in some places called dovecote.
This fellow picks up wit as pigeons peas. Shakesp.
A turtle, dove and a young pigeon. Gen. xv. 9.
Perceiving that the pigeon had lost a piece of her tail,
through the next opening of the rocks rowing with all their
might, they passed safe, only the end of their poop was
bruised. Raleigh.
Fix'd in the mast, the feather'd weapon stands,
The fearful pigeon flutters in her bands. Dryden.
See the cupola of St. Paul's covered with both sexes, like
the outside of a pigeon-house. Addison's Guardian.
This building was design'd a model,
Or of a pigeon-house or oven,
To bake one loaf, or keep one dove in. Swift.

PI’GEONFOOT. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PI’GEONLIVERED. adj. [pigeon and liver.] Mild; soft;
gentle.
I am pigeonliver'd, and lack gall
To make oppression bitter. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PI’GGIN. n. s. In the northern provinces; a small vessel.

PIGHT. old preter. and part. pass. of pitch.] Pitched; placed;
fixed; determined.
An hideous rock is pight,
Of mighty Magnes stone, whose craggy clift,
Depending from on high, dreadful to sight,
Over the waves his rugged arms doth lift. Spenser.
The body big and mightily pight,
Thoroughly rooted and wondrous height,
Whilom had been the king of the field,
And mockle mast to the husband did yield. Spenser.
Then brought she me into this desart vast,
And by my wretched lover's side me pight. Fa. Queen.
Stay yet, you vile abominable tents,
Thus proudly pight upon our Phrygian plains. Shakesp.
When I dissuaded him from his intent,
I found him pight to do it. Shakesp.

PI’GMENT. n. s. [pigmentum, Lat.] Paint; colour to be laid
on any body.
Consider about the opacity of the corpuscles of black pig­
ments, and the comparative diaphaneity of white bodies. Boyle.

PI’GMY. n. s. [pigmée, Fr. pigmæus, Lat.] A small nation,
fabled to be devoured by the cranes; thence any thing mean
or inconsiderable.
When cranes invade, his little sword and shield
The pigmy takes. Dryden's Juvenal.
The criticks of a more exalted taste, may discover such
beauties in the antient poetry, as may escape the comprehen­
sion of us pigmies of a more limited genius. Garth.
But that it wanted room,
It might have been a pigmy's tomb. Swift.

PIGNORA’TION. n. s. [pignera, Lat.] The act of pledging.

PI’GNUT. n. s. [pig and nut.] An earth nut.
I with my long nails will dig thee pignuts. Shakesp.

PI’GSNEY. n. s. [piga, Sax. a girl.] A word of endearment
to a girl. It is used by Butler for the eye of a woman, I be­
lieve, improperly.
Shine upon me but benignly
With that one, and that other pigsney. Hudibras.

PIGWI’DGEON. n. s. This word is used by Drayton as the
name of a fairy, and is a kind of cant word for any thing
petty or small.
Where's the Stoick can his wrath appease,
To see his country sick of Pym's disease;
By Scotch invasion to be made a prey
To such pigwidgeon myrmidons as they? Cleaveland.



PIKE. n. s. [picque, Fr. his snout being sharp. Skinner and
Junius.]
1. The luce or pike is the tyrant of the fresh waters: they are
bred some by generation, and some not; as namely of a
weed called pickerel-weed, unless Gesner be much mistaken;
for he says, this weed and other glutinous matter, with the
help of the sun's heat in some particular months, and in some
ponds apted for it by nature, do become pikes: doubtless di­
vers pikes are bred after this manner, or are brought into some
ponds some other ways, that is past man's finding out: Sir
Francis Bacon observes the pike to be the longest lived of any
fresh water fish, and yet he computes it to be not usually
above forty years; and others think it to be not above ten
years: he is a solitary, melancholy and bold fish; he breeds
but once a year, and his time of breeding or spawning is
usually about the end of February, or somewhat later, in
March, as the weather proves colder or warmer: and his
manner of breeding is thus; a he and a she pike will usually
go together out of a river into some ditch or creek, and there
the spawner casts her eggs, and the melter hovers over her
all the time she is casting her spawn, but touches her not.
Walton's Angler.
In a pond into which were put several fish and two pikes,
upon drawing it some years afterwards there were left no fish,
but the pikes grown to a prodigious size, having devoured the
other fish and their numerous spawn. Hale.
The pike the tyrant of the floods. Pope.
2. [Pique, Fr.] A long lance used by the foot soldiers, to keep
off the horse, to which bayonets have succeeded.
Beat you the drum that it speak mournfully,
Trail your steel pikes. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Let us revenge this with our pikes, ere we become rakes;
for I speak this in hunger for bread, not for revenge. Shakesp.
He wanted pikes to set before his archers. Shakesp.
They closed, and locked shoulder to shoulder, their
pikes they strained in both hands and therewith their buckler
in the left, the one end of the pike against the right foot, the
other breast-high against the enemy. Hayward.
A lance he bore with iron pike;
Th' one half would thrust, the other strike. Hudibras.
3. A fork used in husbandry.
A rake for to rake up the fitches that lie,
A pike to pike them up handsome to drie. Tusser.
4. Among turners, two iron sprigs between, which any thing
to be turned is fastened.
Hard wood, prepared for the lathe with rasping, they pitch
between the pikes. Moxon.

PI’KED. adj. [piqué, Fr.] Sharp; accuminated; ending in a
point. In Shakespeare, it is used of a man with a pointed
beard.
Why then I suck my teeth, and catechise
My piked man of countries. Shakesp. King John.

PI’KEMAN. n. s. [pike and man.] A soldier armed with a
pike.
Three great squadrons of pikemen were placed against the
enemy. Knolles's History of the Turks.

PI’KESTAFF. n. s. [pike and staff.] The wooden frame of a
pike.
To me it is as plain as a pikestaff, from what mixture it is,
that this daughter silently lowers, t'other steals a kind look.
Tatler, No 75.

PIL

PILA’STER. n. s. [pilastre, Fr. pilastro, Italian.] A square co­
lumn sometimes insulated, but oftner set within a wall, and
only shewing a fourth or a fifth part of its thickness. Dict.
Pilasters must not be too tall and slender, lest they re­
semble pillars; nor too dwarfish and gross, lest they imitate
the piles or piers of bridges. Wotton.
Bailt like a temple, where pilasters round
Were set. Milton.
The curtain rises, and a new frontispiece is seen, joined
to the great pilasters each side of the stage. Dryden.
Clap four slices of pilaster on't,
That laid with bits of rustic makes a front. Pope.

PILCHER. n. s. [Warburton says we should read pilche, which
signifies a cloke or coat of skins, meaning the scabbard: this
is confirmed by Junius, who renders pilly, a garment of skins;
plece, Sax. pellice, Fr. pelliccia, Italian; pellis, Lat.]
1. A surred gown or case; any thing lined with fur. Hanmer.
Pluck your sword out of his pilcher by the ears. Shakesp.
2. A fish like a herring.

PILE. n. s. [pile, Fr. pyle, Dutch.]
1. A strong piece of wood driven into the ground to make firm
a foundation.
The bridge the Turks before broke, by plucking up of
certain piles, and taking away of the planks. Knolles.
If the ground be hollow or weak, he strengthens it by
driving in piles. Moxon.
The foundation of the church of Harlem is supported by
wooden piles, as the houses in Amsterdam are. Locke.
2. A heap; an accumulation.
That is the way to lay the city flat,
And bury all which yet distinctly ranges
In heaps and piles of ruin. Shakesp.
What piles of wealth hath he accumulated
To his own portion! what expence by th' honr
Seems to flow from him! how i' th' name of thrift,
Does he rake this together. Shakesp.
By the water passing through the stone to its perpendicular
intervals, was brought thither all the metallic matter now
lodged therein, as well as that which lies only in an undi­
gested and confused pile. Woodward.
3. Any thing heaped together to be burned.
I'll bear your logs the while; pray give me it,
I'll carry't to the pile. Shakesp. Tempest.
Woc to the bloody city, I will even make the pile for fire
great. Ezekiel xxiv. 9.
In Alexander's time, the Indian philosophers, when weary
of living, lay down upon their funeral pile without any visible
concern. Collier on the Value of Life.
The wife, and counsellor or priest,
Prepare and light his fun'ral fire,
And cheerful on the pile expire. Prior.
4. An edifice; a building.
Th' ascending pile stood fix'd her stately height. Milt.
Not to look back so far, to whom this isle
Owes the first glory of so brave a pile. Denham.
The pile o'erlook'd the town, and drew the sight. Dryd.
Fancy brings the vanish'd piles to view,
And builds imaginary Rome anew. Pope's Miscellanies.
No longer shall forsaken Thames
Lament his old Whitehall in flames;
A pile shall from its ashes rise,
Fit to invade or prop the skies. Swift's Miscellanies.
5. A hair. [pilus, Lat.]
Yonder's my lord, with a patch of velvet on's face; his
left cheek is a cheek of two pile and a half, but his right
cheek is worn bare. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
6. Hairy surface; nap.
Many other sorts of stones are regularly figured; the ami­
anthus of parallel threads, as in the pile of velvet. Grew.
7. [Pilum, Lat.] The head of an arrow.
His spear a bent,
The pile was of a horse fly's tongue,
Whose sharpness nought revers'd. Drayton's Nymph.
8. [Pile, Fr. pila, Italian.] One side of a coin; the reverse
of cross.
Other men have been, and are of the same opinion, a
man may more justifiably throw up cross and pile for his
opinions, than take them up so. Locke.
9. [In the plural, piles.] The hæmorrhoids.
Wherever there is any uneasiness, solicit the humours to­
wards that part, to procure the piles, which seldom miss to
relieve the head. Arbuthnot.

To PILE. v. a.
1. To heap; to coacervate.
The fabrick of his folly, whose foundation
Is pil'd upon his faith, and will continue
The standing of his body. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Let them pull all about my ears,
Pile ten hills on the Tarpeian rock,
That the precipitation might downstretch
Below the beam of fight, yet will I still
Be thus. Shakesp.
Against beleagur'd heav'n the giants move;
Hills pil'd on hills, on mountains mountains lie,
To make their mad approaches to the sky. Dryden.
Men pil'd on men, with active leaps arise,
And build the breathing fabrick to the skies. Addison.
In all that heap of quotations which he has piled up,
nothing is aimed at. Atterbury.
All these together are the foundation of all those heaps of
comments, which are piled so high upon authors, that it is
difficult sometimes to clear the text from the rubbish. Felton.
2. To fill with something heaped.
Attabaliba had a great house piled upon the sides with great
wedges of gold. Abbot's Descript. of the World.

PI’LEATED. adj. [pileus, Lat.] In the form of a cover or hat.
A pileated echinus taken up with different shells of several
kinds. Woodward on Fossils.

PI’LER. n. s. [from pile.] He who accumulates.

To PI’LFER. v. a. [piller, Fr.] To steal; to gain by petty
robbery.
They not only steal from each other, but pilfer away all
things that they can from such strangers as do land. Abbot.
He would not pilfer the victory; and the defeat was
easy. Bacon's Essays.
Leaders, at an army's head,
Hemm'd round with glories, pilfer cloth or bread,
As meanly plunder, as they bravely fought. Pope.

To PILFER. v. n. To practise petty theft.
Your purpos'd low correction
Is such as basest and the meanest wretches,
For pilf'rings and most common trespasses,
Are punish'd with. Shakesp. King Lear.
They of those marches
Shall be a wall sufficient to defend
Our inland from the pilfering borderers. Shakesp.


I came not here on such a trivial toy,
As a stray'd ewe, or to pursue the stealth
Of pilfering wolf. Milton.
When these plagiaries come to be stript of their pilfered
ornaments, there's the daw of the fable. L'Estrange.
Ev'ry string is told,
For fear some pilf'ring hand should make too bold. Dryden.

PI’LFERER. n. s. [from pilfer.] One who steals petty things.
Hast thou suffered at any time by vagabonds and pilferers?
Promote those charities which remove such pests of society
into prisons and workhouses. Atterbury's Sermons.

PI’LFERINGLY. adv. With petty larceny; filchingly.

PI’LFERY. n. s. [from pilfer.] Petty theft.
A wolf charges a fox with a piece of pilfery; the fox de­
nies, and the ape tries the cause. L'Estrange.

PI’LGRIM. n. s. [pelgrim, Dutch; pelerin, Fr. pelegrino, Italian:
peregrinus, Lat.] A traveller; a wanderer; particularly one
who travels on a religious account.
Two pilgrims, which have wandered some miles together,
have a hearts-grief when they are near to part. Drummond.
Granting they could not tell Abraham's footstep from an
ordinary pilgrim's; yet they should know some difference be­
tween the foot of a man and the face of Venus. Stillingfleet.
Like pilgrims to th' appointed place we tend;
The world's an inn, and death the journey's end. Dryden.

To PI’LGRIM. v. n. [from the noun.] To wander; to ramble.
The ambulo hath no certain home or diet, but pilgrims up
and down every where, feeding upon all sorts of plants. Grew.

PILGRIMAGE. n. s. [pelerinage, Fr.]
1. A long journey; travel; more usually a journey on account
of devotion.
We are like two men
That vow a long and weary pilgrimage. Shakesp.
In prison thou hast spent a pilgrimage,
And, like a hermit, overpast thy days. Shakesp.
Most miserable hour, that time ere saw
In lasting labour of his pilgrimage. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Painting is a long pilgrimage; if we do not actually begin
the journey, and travel at a round rate, we shall never arrive
at the end of it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. Shakespeare used it for time irksomely spent, improperly.

PILL. n. s. [pilula, Lat. pillule, French.] Medicine made into
a small ball or mass.
In the taking of a potion or pills, the head and the neck
shake. Bacon's Natural History.
When I was sick, you gave me bitter pills. Shakespeare.
The oraculous doctor's mystick bills,
Certain hard words made into pills. Crashaw.

To PILL. v. a. [piller, Fr.]
1. To rob; to plunder.
So did he good to none, to many ill;
So did he all the kingdom rob and pill. Hubberd.
The commons hath he pill'd with grievous taxes,
And lost their hearts. Shakesp. Richard II.
Large-handed robbers your grave masters are,
And pill by law. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
You wrangling pirates, that fall out
In sharing that which you have pill'd from me. Shakesp.
Suppose pilling and polling officers, as busy upon the people,
as those flies were upon the fox. L'Estrange.
He who pill'd his province 'scapes the laws,
And keeps his money, though he lost his cause. Dryden.
2. For peel; to strip off the bark.
Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and pilled white
streaks in them. Genesis xxx. 37.

To PILL. v. n. To be stript away; to come off in flakes or
scoriæ. This should be peel; which see.
The whiteness pilled away from his eyes. Tob. xi. 13.

PILLAGE. n. s. [pillage, Fr.]
1. Plunder; something got by plundering or pilling.
Others, like soldiers,
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds;
Which pillage they with merry march bring home. Shak.
2. The act of plundering.
Thy sons make pillage of her chastity. Shakesp.

To PI’LLAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To plunder; to spoil.
The consul Mununius, after having beaten their army,
took, pillaged and burnt their city. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PI’LLAGER. n. s. [from pillage.] A plunderer; a spoiler.

PPLLAR. n. s. [pilier, Fr. pilar, Spanish; pilastro, Italian;
piler, Welsh and Armorick.]
1. A column.
Pillars or columus, I could distinguish into simple and com­
pounded. Wotton's Architecture.
The palace built by Picus vast and proud,
Supported by a hundred pillars stood. Dryden.
2. A supporter; a maintainer
Give them leave to fly, that will not stay;
And call them pillars that will stand to us. Shakesp.
Note, and you shall see in him
The triple pillar of the world transform'd
Into a strumpet's stool. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
I charge you by the law,
Whereof you are a well deserving pillar.
Proceed to judgment. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

PI’LLARED. adj. [from pillar.]
1. Supported by columns.
A pillar'd shade
High overarch'd, and echoing walks between. Milton.
If this fail,
The pillar'd firmament is rottenness,
And earth's base built on stubble. Milton.
2. Having the form of a column.
Th' infuriate hill shoots forth the pillar'd flame. Thoms.

PI’LLION. n. s. [from pillow.]
1. A soft saddle set behind a horseman for a woman to sit on.
The housse and pillion both were gone;
Phyllis, it seems, was fled with John. Swift.
2. A pad; a pannel; a low saddle.
I thought that the manner had been Irish, as also the furni­
ture of his horse, his shank pillion without stirrups. Spenser.
3. The pad of the saddle that touches the horse.

PILLORY. n. s. [pillori, Fr. pillorium, low Latin.] A frame
erected on a pillar, and made with holes and folding boards,
through which the heads and hands of criminals are put.
I have stood on the pillory for the geese he hath killed.
Shakespeare.
As thick as eggs at Ward in pillory. Pope.
The jeers of a theatre, the pillory and the whipping-post
are very near a-kin. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To PI’LLORY. v. a. [pillorier, Fr. from the noun.] To punish
with the pillory.
To be burnt in the hand or pillored, is a more lasting re­
proach than to be scourged or confin'd. Gov. of the Tongue.

PILLOW. n. s. [pyle, Saxon; pulewe, Dutch.] A bag of
down or feathers laid under the head to sleep on.
Pluck stout men's pillows from below their heads.
Shakespeare.
One turf shall serve as pillow for us both,
One heart, one bed, two bosoms, and one troth. Shakesp.
A merchant died that was very far in debt, his goods and
houshold stuff were set forth to sale; a stranger would needs
buy a pillow there, saying, this pillow sure is good to sleep on,
since he could sleep on it that owed so many debts. Bacon.
Thy melted maid,
Corrupted by thy lover's gold,
His letter at thy pillow laid. Donne.
Their feathers serve to stuff our beds and pillows, yielding
us soft and warm lodging. Ray on the Creation.

To PI’LLOW. v. a. To rest any thing on a pillow.
When the sun in bed,
Curtain'd with cloudy red,
Pillows his chin upon an orient wave,
The flocking shadows pale
Troop to th' infernal jail. Milton.

PI’LLOWBEER. n. s. The cover of a pillow.
When you put a clean pillowcase on your lady's pillow,
fasten it well with pins. Swift.

PI’LLOWCASE. n. s. The cover of a pillow.
When you put a clean pillowcase on your lady's pillow,
fasten it well with pins. Swift.

PILO’SITY. n. s. [from pilosus, Lat.] Hairiness.
At the years of puberty, all effects of heat do then come
on, as pilosity, more roughness in the skin. Bacon.

PI’LOT. n. s. [pilote, Fr. piloot, Dutch.] He whose office is
to steer the ship.
When her keel ploughs hell,
And deck knocks heaven; then to manage her,
Becomes the name and office of a pilot. Ben. Johnson.
To death I with such joy resort,
As seamen from a tempest to their port;
Yet to that port ourselves we must not force,
Before our pilot, nature, steers our course. Denham.
What port can such a pilot find,
Who in the night of fate must blindly steer? Dryden.
The Roman fleet, although built by shipwrights, and con­
ducted by pilots without experience, defeated that of the
Carthaginians. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To PI’LOT. v. a. [from the noun.] To steer; to direct in
the course.

PI’LOTAGE. n. s. [pilotage, French, from pilot.]
1. Pilot's skill; knowledge of coasts.
We must for ever abandon the Indies, and lose all our
knowledge and pilotage of that part of the world. Raleigh.
2. A pilot's hire. Ains.

PI’LSER. n. s. The moth or fly that runs into a candle flame.
Ains.

PIM

PIME’NTA. n. s. [piment, French.] A kind of spice.
Pimente, from its round figure, and the place whence it is
brought, has been called Jamaica pepper, and from its mixt
flavour of the several aromaticks, it has obtained the name of
all-spice: it is a fruit gathered before it is ripe, and dried for
medicinal and culinary use, of the size of a small pea, with
a brown and rough surface, and it resembles that of cloves
more than any other single spice. Hill's Materia Medica.



PIMP. n. s. [pinge, Fr. Skinner.] One who provides gratifica­
tions for the lust of others; a procurer; a pander.
I'm courted by all
As principal pimp to the mighty king Harry. Addison.
Lords keep a pimp to bring a wench;
So men of wit are but a kind
Of panders to a vicious mind;
Who proper objects must provide
To gratify their lust of pride. Swift.

To PIMP. v. a. [from the noun.] To provide gratifications
for the lust of others; to pander; to procure.
But he's possest with a thousand imps,
To work whose ends his madness pimps. Swift.
Yet bards like these aspir'd to lasting praise,
And proudly hop'd to pimp in future days. Anonymous.

PI’MPERNEL. n. s. [pimpernella, Latin; pimprenelle, French.]
A plant.
The flower of the pimpernel consists of one leaf shaped like
a wheel and cut into several segments; the pointal, which
rises out of the empalement, is fixed like a nail in the middle
of the flower, and afterwards becomes a roundish fruit, which,
when ripe, opens transversely into two parts, one incumbent
on the other, inclosing many angular seeds, which adhere to
the placenta. Miller.

PI’MPING. adj. [pimple mensch, a weak man, Dutch.] Little;
petty: as, a pimping thing. Skinner.

PI’MPLE. n. s. [pompette, Fr.] A small red pustule.
If Rosalinda is unfortunate in her mole, Nigranilla is as
unhappy in a pimple. Addison's Spect.
If e'er thy gnome could spoil a grace,
Or raise a pimple on a beauteous face. Pope.

PI’MPLED. adj. [from pimple.] Having red pustules; full of
pimples: as, his face is pimpled.

PIN

PIN. n. s. [espingle, Fr. spina, spinula, Lat. spilla, Italian; ra­
ther from pennum, low Latin. Isidore.]
1. A short wire with a sharp point and round head, used by
women to fasten their cloaths.
I'll make thee eat iron like an ostridge, and swallow my
sword like a great pin, ere thou and I part. Shakesp.
Whatever spirit, careless of his charge,
His post neglects, or leaves the fair at large,
Shall feel sharp vengeance soon o'ertake his sins,
Be stopt in vials, or transfixt with pins. Pope.
2. Any thing inconsiderable or of little value.
Soon after comes the cruel Saracen,
In woven mail all armed warily,
And sternly looks at him, who not a pin
Does care for look of living creature's eye. Fairy Queen.
His fetch is to flatter to get what he can;
His purpose once gotten, a pin for thee than. Tusser.
Tut, a pin; this shall be answer'd. Shakespeare.
'Tis foolish to appeal to witness for proof, when 'tis not a
pin matter whether the fact be true or false. L'Estrange.
3. Any thing driven to hold parts together; a peg; a bolt.
With pins of adamant
And chains, they made all fast. Milton's Par. Lost.
4. Any slender thing fixed in another body.
Bedlam beggars with roaring voices,
Sticks in their numb'd and mortified bare arms,
Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary. Shakesp.
These bullets shall rest on the pins; and there must be other
pins to keep them. Wilkins.
5. That which locks the wheel to the axle; a linch pin.
6. The central part.
Romeo is dead, the very pin of his heart cleft with the
blind hautboy's butshaft. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
7. The pegs by which musicians intend or relax their strings.
8. A note; a strain. In low language.
A fir tree, in a vain spiteful humour, was mightily upon
the pin of commending itself, and despising the bramble. L'Est.
As the woman was upon the peevish pin, a poor body
comes, while the froward fit was upon her, to beg. L'Estr.
9. A horny induration of the membranes of the eye. Hammer.
Skinner seems likewise to say the same. I should rather think
it an inflammation, which causes a pain like that of a pointed
body piercing the eye.
Wish all eyes
Blind with the pin and web. Shakespeare.
10. A cylindrical roller made of wood.
They drew his brownbread face on pretty gins,
And made him stalk upon two rolling pins. Corbet.
11. A noxious humour in a hawk's foot. Ains.

To PIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with pins.
If a word or two more are added upon the chief offenders,
'tis only a paper pinn'd upon the breast. Pope.
Not Cynthia when her manteau's pinn'd awry,
E'er felt such rage. Pope.
2. To fasten; to make fast.
Our gates,
Which yet seem shut, we have but pinn'd with rushes;
They'll open of themselves. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To join; to fix.
She lifted the princess from the earth, and so locks her in
embracing, as if she would pin her to her heart. Shakesp.
If removing my consideration from the impression of the
cubes to the cubes themselves, I shall pin this one notion upon
every one of them, and accordingly conceive it to be really
in them; it will fall out, that I allow existence to other en­
tities, which never had any. Digby of Bodies.
I've learn'd how far I'm to believe
Your pinning oaths upon your sleeve. Hudibras.
They help to cozen themselves, by chusing to pin their
faith on such expositors as explain the sacred scripture, in fa­
vour of those opinions that they beforehand have voted or­
thodox. Locke.
It cannot be imagined, that so able a man should take so
much pains to pin so closely on his friend a story which, if he
himself thought incredible, he could not but also think ridi­
culous. Locke.
4. [Pindan, Sax.] To shut up; to inclose; to confine: as,
in pinfold.
If all this be willingly granted by us, which are accused to
pin the word of God in so narrow room, let the cause of the
accused be referred to the accuser's conscience. Hooker.

PI’NCASE. n. s. [pin and case.] A pincushion. Ains.

PI’NCERS. n. s. [pincette, Fr.]
1. An instrument by which nails are drawn, or any thing is
griped, which requires to be held hard.
As superfluous flesh did rot,
Amendment ready still at hand did wait,
To pluck it out with pincers fiery hot,
That soon in him was left no one corrupt jot. Fa. Queen.
2. The claw of an animal.
Every ant brings a small particle of that earth in her pin­
cers, and lays it by the hole. Addison's Guardian.

To PINCH. v. a. [pineer, Fr.]
1. To squeeze between the fingers, or with the teeth.
When the doctor spies his vantage ripe,
To pinch her by the hand,
The maid hath given consent to go with him. Shakesp.
2. To hold hard with an instrument.
3. To squeeze the flesh till it is pained or livid.
Thou shalt be pinch'd
As thick as honey-combs, each pinch more stinging
Than bees that made them. Shakespeare's Tempest.
He would pinch the children in the dark so hard, that he
left the print in black and blue. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
4. To press between hard bodies.
5. To gall; to fret.
As they pinch one another by the disposition, he cries out,
no more. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
6. To gripe; to oppress; to straiten.
Want of room upon the earth pinching a whole nation,
begets the remediless war, vexing only some number of par­
ticulars, it draws on the arbitrary. Raleigh's Essays.
She pinch'd her belly with her daughter's too,
To bring the year about with much ado. Dryden.
Nic. Frog would pinch his belly to save his pocket. Arb.
7. To distress; to pain.
Avoid the pinching cold and scorching heat. Milton.
Afford them shelter from the wintry winds.
As the sharp year pinches. Thomson's Autumn.
8. To press; to drive to difficulties.
The beaver, when he finds himself hard pinch'd, bites 'em
off, and by leaving them to his pursuers, saves himself.
L'Estrange.
When the respondent is pinched with a strong objection,
and is at a loss for an answer, the moderator suggests some
answer to the objection of the opponent. Watts.
9. To try throughly; to force out what is contained within.
This is the way to pinch the question; therefore, let what
will come of it, I will stand the test of your method. Collier.

To PINCH. v. n.
1. To act with force, so as to be felt; to bear hard upon; to
be puzzling.
A difficulty pincheth, nor will it easily be resolved. Glanv.
But thou
Know'st with an equal hand to hold the scale,
See'st where the reasons pinch, and where they fail. Dryd.
2. To spare; to be frugal.
There is that waxeth rich by his wariness and pinching.
Ecclus. xi. 18.
The poor that scarce have wherewithal to eat,
Will pinch and make the singing boy a treat. Dryden.
The bounteous player outgave the pinching lord. Dryden.

PINCH. n. s. [pinçon, French, from the verb.]
1. A painful squeeze with the fingers.
If any straggler from his rank be found,
A pinch must for the mortal sin compound. Dryden.
2. A gripe; a pain given.
There cannot be a pinch in death
More sharp than this is. Shakesp. Cymbeline.


3. Oppression; distress inflicted.
Return to her: no, rather I chuse
To be a comrad with the wolf and owl,
Necessity's sharp pinch. Shakesp. King Lear.
A farmer was put to such a pinch in a hard winter, that he
was forced to feed his family upon the main stock. L'Estr.
4. Difficulty; time of distress.
A good sure friend is a better help at a pinch, than all the
stratagems of a man's own wit. Bacon.
The devil helps his servants for a season; but when they
come once to a pinch, he leaves 'em in the lurch. L'Estrange.
The commentators never fail him at a pinch, and must ex­
cuse him. Dryden.
They at a pinch can bribe a vote. Swift's Miscellanies.

PI’NCHFIST. n. s. [pinch, fist, and penny.] A miser. Ains.

PI’NCHPENNY. n. s. [pinch, fist, and penny.] A miser. Ains.

PI’NCUSHION. n. s. [pin and cushion.] A small bag stuffed
with bran or wool on which pins are stuck.
She would ruin me in silks, were not the quantity, that
goes to a large pincushion, sufficient to make her a gown and
petticoat. Addison's Guardian, No 271.
Thou art a retailer of phrases, and dost deal in remnants of
remnants, like a maker of pincushions. Congreve.

PI’NDUST. n. s. [pin and dust.] Small particles of metal made
by cutting pins.
The little parts of pindust, when mingled with sand, can­
not, by their mingling, make it lighter. Digby.

PINE. n. s. [pinus, Lat. pin, French.]
The pine-tree hath amentaceous flowers or katkins, which
are produced, at remote distances from the fruit, on the same
tree; the seeds are produced in squamous cones: to which
should be added, that the leaves are longer than those of a
fir-tree, and are produced by pairs out of each sheath. Miller.
You may as well forbid the mountain pines
To wag their high tops, and to make a noise,
When they are fretted with the gusts of heaven. Shakesp.
Thus droops this lofty pine, and hangs his sprayes;
Thus Eleanor's pride dies in her younger days. Shakesp.
Go forth unto the mount, and fetch pine-branches. Nehem.

To PINE. v. a. [piman, Sax. pijnen, Dutch.]
1. To languish; to wear away with any kind of misery.
My hungry eyes through greedy covetise,
With no contentment can themselves suffice;
But having, pine, and having not, complain. Spenser.
I burn, I pine, I perish,
If I atchieve not this young modest girl. Shakesp.
Since my young lady's going into France, the fool hath
much pined away. Shakesp. King Lear.
See, see the pining malady of France,
Behold the most unnat'ral wounds,
Which thou thyself hast giv'n her woful breast. Shakesp.
Ye shall not mourn, but pine away for your iniquities.
Ezekiel xxiv. 23.
The wicked with anxiety of mind
Shall pine away; in sighs consume their breath. Sandys.
To me who with eternal famine pine,
Alike is hell, or paradise, or heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
Farewell the year, which threaten'd so
The fairest light the world can show;
Welcome the new, whose ev'ry day,
Restoring what was snatch'd away
By pining sickness from the fair,
That matchless beauty does repair. Waller.
This night shall see the gaudy wreath decline,
The roses wither, and the lilies pine. Tickell.
2. To languish with desire.
We may again
Free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives,
Do faithful homage and receive free honours:
All which we pine for. Shakesp. Macbeth.
We stood amaz'd to see your mistress mourn,
Unknowing that she pin'd for your return. Dryden.
Your new commander need not pine for action. Philips.

To PINE. v. a.
1. To wear out; to make to languish.
Part us; I towards the north,
Where shivering cold and sickness pines the clime.
Shakesp.
Beroe pin'd with pain,
Her age and anguish from these rites detain. Dryden.
Thus tender Spencer liv'd, with mean repast
Content, depress'd with penury, and pin'd
In foreign realm: yet not debas'd his verse. Philips.
2. To grieve for; to bemoan in silence.
Abash'd the devil stood,
Virtue in her shape how lovely, saw; and pin'd
His loss. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.

PI’NEAPPLE. n. s.
The pineapple hath a flower consisting of one leaf, divided
into three parts, and is funnel-shaped: the embryos are pro­
duced in the tubercles: these become a fleshy fruit full of
juice: the seeds, which are lodged in the tubercles, are very
small and almost kidney-shaped. Miller.
Try if any words can give the taste of a pineapple, and
make one have the true idea of its relish. Locke.
If a child were kept where he never saw but black and
white, he would have no more ideas of scarlet, than he that
never tasted a pineapple, has of that particular relish. Locke.

PI’NEAL. adj. [pineale, Fr.] Resembling a pineapple. An epi­
thet given by Des Cartes from the form, to the gland which
he imagined the seat of the soul.
Courtiers and spaniels exactly resemble one another in the
pineal gland. Arbuthnot and Pope.

PI’NFEATHERED. adj. [pin and feather.] Not fledged; having
the feathers yet only beginning to shoot.
We see some raw pinfeather'd thing
Attempt to mount, and fights and heroes sing;
Who for false quantities was whipt at school. Dryden.

PI’NFOLD. n. s. [pindan, Sax. to shut up, and fold.] A place
in which beasts are confined.
The Irish never come to those raths but armed; which the
English nothing suspecting, are taken at an advantage, like
sheep in the pinfold. Spenser on Ireland.
I care not for thee.—
—If I had thee in Lipsbury pinfold, I would make thee
care for me. Shakesp. King Lear.
Confin'd and pester'd in this pinfold here,
Strive to keep up a frail and feverish being. Milton.
Oaths were not purpos'd more than law
To keep the good and just in awe,
But to confine the bad and sinful,
Like moral cattle in a pinfold. Hudibras.

PI’NGLE. n. s. A small close; an inclosure. Ains.

PI’NMONEY. n. s. [pin and money.] Money allowed to a wife
for her private expences without account.
The woman must find out something else to mortgage,
when her pinmoney is gone. Addison's Guardian.

PI’NGUID. adj. [pinguis, Lat.] Fat; unctuous. Little used.
Some clays are more pinguid, and other more slippery;
yet all of them are very tenacious of water on the surface.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

PI’NHOLE. n. s. [pin and hole.] A small hole, such as is
made by the perforation of a pin.
The breast at first broke in a small pinhole. Wiseman.

PI’NION. n. s. [pignon, Fr.
1. The joint of the wing remotest from the body.
2. Shakespeare seems to use it for a feather or quill of the wing.
He is pluckt, when hither
He sends so poor a pinion of his wing. Shakesp.
3. Wing.
How oft do they with golden pinions cleave
The flitting skies, like flying pursuivant. Fairy Queen.
The God, who mounts the winged winds,
Fast to his feet the golden pinions binds,
That high through fields of air his flight sustain. Pope.
Though fear should lend him pinions like the wind,
Yet swister fate will seize him from behind. Swift.
4. The tooth of a smaller wheel, answering to that of a larger.
5. Fetters for the hands. Ains.

To PI’NION. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bind the wings.
Whereas they have sacrificed to themselves, they become
themselves sacrifices to the inconstancy of fortune, whose
wings they thought by their self-wisdom to have pinioned.
Bacon's Essays, No 24.
2. To confine by binding the wings.
3. To bind the arm to the body.
A second spear sent with equal force,
His right arm pierc'd, and holding on, berest
His use of both, and pinion'd down his left. Dryden.
4. To confine by binding the elbows to the sides.
Swarming at his back the country cry'd,
And seiz'd and pinion'd brought to court the knight.
Dryden.
5. To shackle; to bind.
Know, that I will not wait pinion'd at your master's court;
rather make my country's high pyramids my gibbet, and hang
me up in chains. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
You are not to go loose any longer, you must be pinion'd.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
O loose this frame, this knot of man untie!
That my free soul may use her wing,
Which now is pinion'd with mortality,
As an entangled, hamper'd thing. Herbert.
In vain from chains and fetters free,
The great man boasts of liberty;
He's pinion'd up by formal rules of state. Norris.
6. To bind to.
A heavy lord shall hang at ev'ry wit;
And while on fame's triumphant car they ride,
Some slave of mine be pinion'd to their side. Dunciad.



PINK. n. s. [pince, Fr. from pink, Dutch, an eye; whence
the French word œillet.]
1. A small fragrant flower of the gilliflower kind.
In May and June come pinks of all sorts; especially the
blush pink. Bacon's Essays.
2. An eye; commonly a small eye: as, pink-eyed.
Come, thou monarch of the vine,
Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne,
In thy vats our cares be drown'd. Shakespeare.
3. Any thing supremely excellent. I know not whether from
the flower or the eye, or a corruption of pinacle.
I am the very pink of courtesy. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
4. A colour used by painters.
Pink is very susceptible of the other colours by the mixture;
if you mix brown-red with it, you will make it a very earthy
colour. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. [Pinque, Fr.] A kind of heavy narrow-sterned ship.
This pink is one of Cupid's carriers;
Give fire, she is my prize. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Winds.
6. A fish; the minow. Ainsworth.

To PINK. v. a. [from pink, Dutch, an eye.] To work in oy­
let holes; to pierce in small holes.
A haberdasher's wife of small wit rail'd upon me, till her
pink'd porringer fell off her head. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The sea-hedgehog is enclosed in a round shell, handsomely
wrought and pink'd. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Happy the climate, where the beau
Wears the same suit for use and show;
And at a small expence your wife,
If once well pink'd, is cloath'd for life. Prior.

To PINK. v. n. [pincken, Dutch; from the noun.] To wink
with the eyes.
A hungry fox lay winking and pinking, as if he had sore
eyes. L'Estrange's Fables.

PI’NMAKER. n. s. [pin and make.] He who makes pins.

PI’NNACE. n. s. [pinasse, Fr. pinnacia, Italian; pinaça, Span.]
A boat belonging to a ship of war. It seems formerly to
have signified rather a small sloop or bark attending a larger ship.
Whilst our pinnace anchors in the downs,
Here shall they make their ransom on the sand. Shakesp.
For fear of the Turks great fleet, he came by night in a
small pinnace to the Rhodes. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
I sent a pinnace or post of advice, to make a discovery of
the coast, before I adventured my greater ship. Spelman.
Thus to ballast love,
I saw I had love's pinnace overfraught. Donne.
I discharged a bark, taken by one of my pinnaces, coming
from cape Blanch. Raleigh's Apology.
A pinnace anchors in a craggy bay. Milton.
Swift as a swallow sweeps the liquid way,
The winged pinnace shot along the sea. Pope.

PI’NNACLE. n. s. [pinnacle, Fr. pinna, Lat.]
1. A turret or elevation above the rest of the building.
My letting some men go up to the pinnacle of the temple,
was a temptation to them to cast me down headlong. K. Char.
He who desires only heaven, laughs at that enchantment,
which engages men to climb a tottering pinnacle, where the
standing is uneasy, and the fall deadly. Decay of Piety.
He took up ship-money where Noy left it, and, being a
judge, carried it up to that pinnacle, from whence he almost
broke his neck. Clarendon.
Some metropolis
With glist'ring spires and pinnacles adorn'd. Milton.
2. A high spiring point.
The slipp'ry tops of human state,
The gilded pinnacles of sate. Cowley.

PI’NNER. n. s. [from pinna or pinion.]
1. The lappet of a head which slies loose.
Her goodly countenance I've seen,
Set off with kerchief starch'd, and pinners clean. Gay.
An antiquary will scorn to mention a pinner or a night-rail,
but will talk on the vitta. Addison on Ancient Medals.
2. A pinmaker. Ainsworth.

PI’NNOCK. n. s. The tom-tit. Ainsworth.

PINT. n. s. [pint, Sax. pinte, Fr. pinta, low Lat.] Half a
quart; in medicine, twelve ounces; a liquid measure.
Well, you'll not believe me generous, till I crack half a
pint with you at my own charges. Dryden.

PI’NULES. n. s. In astronomy, the sights of an astrolabe. Dict.

PIO

PIO’NEER. n. s. [pionier, from pion, obsolete Fr. pion, accord­
ing to Scaliger, comes from peo for pedito, a foot soldier, who
was formerly employed in digging for the army. A pioneer
is in Dutch, spagenier, from spage, a spade; whence Junius
imagines that the French borrowed pagenier, which was after­
wards called pioneer.] One whose business is to level the
road, throw up works, or sink mines in military operations.
Well said, old mole, can'st work i' th' ground so fast?
A worthy pioneer? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Three try new experiments, such as themselves think good;
these we call pioneers or miners. Bacon.
His pioneers
Even the paths, and make the highways plain. Fairfax.
Of labouring pioneers
A multitude with spades and axes arm'd,
To lay hills plain, fell woods or vallies fill. Milton.
The Romans, after the death of Tiberius, sent thither an
army of pioneers to demolish the buildings, and deface the
beauties of the island. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PI’ONING. n. s. Works of pioneers. Spenser.

PI’ONY. n. s. [pæonia, Lat.] A large flower. See PEONY.

PI’OUS. adj. [pius, Lat. pieux, Fr.]
1. Careful of the duties owed by created beings to God; godly;
religious; such as is due to sacred things.
Pious awe that fear'd to have offended. Milton.
2. Careful of the duties of near relation.
As he is not called a just father, that educates his children
well, but pious; so that prince, who defends and well rules
his people, is religious. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Where was the martial brother's pious care?
Condemn'd perhaps some foreign shore to tread. Pope.
3. Practised under the appearance of religion.
I shall never gratify spightfulness with any sinister thoughts
of all whom pious frauds have seduced. King Charles.

PI’OUSLY. adv. [from pious.] In a pious manner; religiously;
with regard; such as is due to sacred things.
The prime act and evidence of the christian hope is, to
set industriously and piously to the performance of that condi­
tion, on which the promise is made. Hammond.
See lion-hearted Richard, with his force
Drawn from the North, to Jury's hallow'd plains;
Piously valiant. Philips.
This martial present piously design'd,
The loyal city give their best-lov'd king. Dryden.
Let freedom never perish in your hands!
But piously transmit it to your children. Addison's Cato.

PIP

PIP. n. s. [pippe, Dutch; pepie, Fr. deduced by Skinner from
pituita; but probably coming from pipio or pipilo, on account
of the complaining cry.]
1. A defluxion with which fowls are troubled; a horny pellicle
that grows on the tip of their tongues.
When murrain reigns in hogs or sheep,
And chickens languish of the pip. Hudibras.
A spiteful vexatious gipsy died of the pip. L'Estrange.
2. A spot on the cards. I know not from what original, unless
from pict, painting; in the country, the pictured or court
cards are called picts.
When our women fill their imaginations with pips and
counters, I cannot wonder at a new-born child, that was
marked with the five of clubs. Addison's Guardian.

To PIP. v. a. [pipio, Lat.] To chirp or cry as a bird.
It is no unfrequent thing to hear the chick pip and cry in the
egg, before the shell be broken. Boyle.

PIPE. n. s. [pib, Welsh; pipe, Saxon.]
1. Any long hollow body; a tube.
The veins unfill'd, our blood is cold, and then
We powt upon the morning, are unapt
To give or to forgive; but when we've stuff'd
These pipes, and these conveyances of blood
With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls. Shakesp.
The part of the pipe, which was lowermost, will become
higher; so that water ascends by descending. Wilkins.
It has many springs breaking out of the sides of the hills,
and vast quantities of wood to make pipes of. Addison.
An animal, the nearer it is to its original, the more pipes
it hath, and as it advanceth in age, still fewer. Arbuthnot.
2. A tube of clay through which the fume of tobacco is drawn
into the mouth.
Try the taking of fumes by pipes, as in tobacco and other
things, to dry and comfort. Bacon's Natural History.
His ancient pipe in sable dy'd,
And half unsmoak'd lay by his side. Swift.
My husband's a sot,
With his pipe and his pot. Swift.
3. An instrument of hand musick.
I have known, when there was no musick with him but the
drum and the fife, and now had he rather hear the taber and
the pipe. Shakesp.
The solemn pipe and dulcimer. Milton.
The shrill sound of a small rural pipe,
Was entertainment for the infant stage. Roscommon.
There is no reason, why the sound of a pipe should leave
traces in their brains. Locke.
4. The organs of voice and respiration; as, the wind-pipe.
The exercise of singing openeth the breast and pipes. Peac.
5. The key of the voice.
My throat of war be turn'd,
Which quired with my drum, into a pipe
Small as an eunuch. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
6. An office of the exchequer.
That office of her majesty's exchequer, we, by a metaphor,
call the pipe, because the whole receipt is finally conveyed
into it by the means of divers small pipes or quills, as water
into a cistern. Bacon.


7. [Peep, Dutch; pipe, Fr.] A liquid measure containing two
hogsheads.
I think I shall drink in pipe wine with Falstaff; I'll make
him dance. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

To PIPE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To play on the pipe.
Merry Michael the Cornish poet piped thus upon his oaten
pipe for merry England. Camden's Remains.
We have piped unto you, and you have not danced. Mat.
In singing, as in piping, you excel. Dryden.
Gaming goats, and fleecy flocks,
And lowing herds, and piping swains,
Come dancing to me. Swift.
2. To have a shrill sound.
His big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Shakesp. As You like it.

PI’PER. n. s. [from pipe.] One who plays on the pipe.
Pipers and trumpeters shall be heard no more in thee. Rev.

PI’PETREE. n. s. The lilac tree.

PI’PING. adj. [from pipe. This word is only used in low
language.]
1. Weak; feeble; sickly: from the weak voice of the sick.
I, in this weak piping time of peace,
Have no delight to pass away the time,
Unless to spy my shadow in the sun. Shakesp.
2. Hot; boiling: from the sound of any thing that boils.

PI’PKIN. n. s. [diminutive of pipe, a large vessel.] A small
earthern boiler.
A pipkin there like Homer's tripod walks. Pope.
Some officer might give consent
To a large cover'd pipkin in his tent. King.

PI’PPIN. n. s. [puppynghe, Dutch. Skinner.] A sharp apple.
Pippins take their name from the small spots or pips that
usually appear on the sides of them: some are called stone
pippins from their obdurateness; some Kentish pippins, be­
cause they agree well with that soil; others French pippins,
having their original from France, which is the best bearer
of any of these pippins; the Holland pippin and the russet
pippin, from its russet hue; but such as are distinguished by
the names of grey and white pippins are of equal goodness:
they are generally a very pleasant fruit and of good juice,
but slender bearers. Mortimer's Husbandry.
You shall see mine orchard, where, in an arbour, we will
eat a last year's pippin of my own graffing. Shakesp.
At supper entertain yourself with a pippin roasted.
Harvey.
The story of the pippin-woman, I look upon as fabulous.
Addison's Spectator, No 247.
His foaming tusks let some large pippin grace,
Or midst those thund'ring spears an orange place. King.
This pippin shall another trial make;
See from the core two kernels brown I take. Gay.

PIQ

PI’QUANT. adj. [piquant, French.]
1. Pricking; piercing; stimulating.
There are vast mountains of a transparent rock extremely
solid, and as piquant to the tongue as salt. Addison on Italy.
2. Sharp; tart; pungent; severe.
Some think their wits asleep, except they dart out some­
what that is piquant, and to the quick: that is a vein that
would be bridled; and men ought to find the difference be­
tween saltness and bitterness. Bacon's Essays.
Men make their railleries as piquant as they can to wound
the deeper. Government of the Tongue.

PI’QUANCY. n. s. [from piquant.] Sharpness; tartness.

PI’QUANTLY. adv. [from piquant.] Sharply; tartly.
A small mistake may leave upon the mind the lasting me­
mory of having been piquantly, though wittily taunted. Locke.

PIQUE. n. s. [pique, French.]
1. An ill will; an offence taken; petty malevolence.
He had never any the least pique, difference or jealousy
with the king his father. Bacon's Henry VIII.
Men take up piques and displeasures at others, and then
every opinion of the disliked person must partake of his
fate. Decay of Piety.
Out of a personal pique to those in service, he stands as a
looker-on, when the government is attacked. Addison.
2. A strong passion.
Though he have the pique, and long,
'Tis still for something in the wrong;
As women long, when they're with child,
For things extravagant and wild. Hudibras, p. iii.
3. Point; nicety; punctilio.
Add long prescription of establish'd laws,
And pique of honour to maintain a cause,
And shame of change. Dryden.

To PIQUE. v. a. [piquer, Fr.]
1. To touch with envy or virulency; to put into fret.
Piqu'd by Protogenes's fame,
From Co to Rhodes Apelles came
To see a rival and a friend,
Prepar'd to censure or commend. Prior.
The lady was piqued by her indifference, and began to
mention going away. Female Quixote.
2. To offend; to irritate.
Why pique all mortals, that affect a name?
A fool to pleasure, yet a slave to fame! Pope.
3. [With the reciprocal pronoun.] To value; to fix reputa­
tion as on a point. [se piquer, French.]
Children, having made it easy to part with what they
have, may pique themselves in being kind. Locke.
Men apply themselves to two or three foreign, dead, and
which are called the learned, languages; and pique themselves
upon their skill in them. Locke on Education.

To PIQUEE’R. See PICKEER.

PIQUEE’RER. n. s. A robber; a plunderer. Rather pickeerer.
When the guardian professed to engage in faction, the word
was given, that the guardian would soon be seconded by
some other piqueerers from the same camp. Swift.

PIQUE’T. n. s. [picquet, Fr.] A game at cards.
She commonly went up at ten,
Unless piquet was in the way. Prior.
Instead of entertaining themselves at ombre or piquet, they
would wrestle and pitch the bar. Spectator.

PI’RACY. n. s. [pe?ae?a; piratica, Lat. piraterie, Fr. from
pirate.] The act or practice of robbing on the sea.
Our gallants, in their fresh gale of fortune, began to skum
the seas with their piracies. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Now shall the ocean, as thy Thames, be free,
From both those fates of storms and piracy. Waller.
Fame swister than your winged navy flies,
Sounding your name, and telling dreadful news
To all that piracy and rapine use. Waller.
His pretence for making war upon his neighbours was their
piracies; though he practised the same trade. Arbuthnot.

PI’RATE. n. s. [e?at??; pirata, Lat. pirate, Fr.]
1. A sea-robber.
Wrangling pirates that fall out
In sharing that which you have pill'd from me. Shakesp.
Pirates all nations are to prosecute, not so much in the
right of their own fears, as upon the band of human so­
ciety. Bacon.
Relate, if business or the thirst of gain
Engage your journey o'er the pathless main,
Where savage pirates seek through seas unknown
The lives of others, vent'rous of their own. Pope.
2. Any robber; particularly a bookseller who seizes the copies
of other men.

To PI’RATE. v. n. [from the noun.] To rob by sea.
When they were a little got out of their former condition,
they robbed at land and pirated by sea: Arbuthnot.
Nabis possessed himself of the coast near to Sparta, and
there pirated outrageously upon all the Peloponnesian trade.
Arbuthnot on Coins.

To PI’RATE. v. a. [pirater, Fr.] To take by robbery.
They publickly advertised, they would pirate his edition.
Pope.

PIRA’TICAL. adj. [piraticus, Lat. from pirate.] Predatory;
robbing; consisting in robbery.
Having gotten together ships and barks, fell to a kind of
piratical trade, robbing, spoiling and taking prisoners the
ships of all nations. Bacon's Henry VII.
The errors of the press were multiplied by piratical printers;
to not one of whom I ever gave any other encouragement,
than that of not prosecuting them. Pope.

PIS

PISCA’TION. n. s. [piscatio, Lat.] The act or practice of
fishing.
There are extant four books of cynegeticks, or venation;
five of halieuticks, or piscation, commented by Ritterhusius.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PI’SCARY. n. s. A privilege of fishing. Dict.

PI’SCATORY. adj. [piscatorius, Lat.] Relating to fishes.
On this monument is represented, in bas-relief, Neptune
among the satyrs, to shew that this poet was the inventor of
piscatory eclogues. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PISCI’VOROUS. adj. [piscis and voro.] Fisheating; living on
fish.
In birds that are not carnivorous, the meat is swallowed
into the crop or into a kind of antestomach, observed in pisci­
vorous birds, where it is moistened and mollified by some
proper juice. Ray on the Creation.

PISH. interj. A contemptuous exclamation. This is sometimes
spoken and written pshaw. I know not their etymology, and
imagine them formed by chance.
There was never yet philosopher
That could endure the toothach patiently;
However they have writ,
And made a pish at chance or sufferance. Shakesp.
She frowned and cried pish, when I said a thing that I
stole. Spectator, No 268.

To PISH. v. n. [from the interjection.] To express contempt.
He turn'd over your Homer, shook his head, and pish'd at
every line of it. Pope.



PI’SMIRE. n. s. [myra, Sax. pismiere, Dutch.] An ant; an
emmet.
His cloaths, as atoms might prevail,
Might fit a pismire or a whale. Prior.
Prejudicial to fruit are pismires, caterpillars and mice. Mort.

To PISS. v. n. [pisser, Fr. pissen, Dutch.] To make water.
I charge the pissing conduit run nothing but claret. Shakesp.
One ass pisses, the rest piss for company. L'Estrange.
Once possess'd of what with care you save,
The wanton boys would piss upon your grave. Dryden.

PISS. n. s. [from the verb.] Urine; animal water.
My spleen is at the little rogues, it would vex one more to
be knock'd on the head with a piss-pot than a thunder
bolt. Pope to Swift.

PI’SSABED. n. s. A yellow flower growing in the grass.

PI’SSBURNT. adj. Stained with urine.

PISTA’CHIO. n. s. [pistache, Fr. pistacchi, Italian; pistachia, Latin.]
The pistachio is a dry fruit of an oblong figure, pointed at
both ends about half an inch in length, and a third of an inch
in thickness; it has a double shell, the exteriour one mem­
branaceous and thin, and the inner hard, tough and woody:
the kernel is of a green colour and a soft and unctuous sub­
stance, much like the pulp of an almond, of a pleasant taste:
pistachios were known to the ancients, and the Arabians call
them pestuch and festuch, and we sometimes fistich nuts. Hill.
Pistachios, so they be good, and not musty, joined with al­
monds, are an excellent nourisher. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PISTE. n. s. [French.] The track or tread a horseman makes
upon the ground he goes over.

PISTI’LLATION. n. s. [pistillum, Lat.] The act of pounding
in a mortar.
The best diamonds we have are comminuible, and so far
from breaking hammers, that they submit unto pistillation,
and resist not an ordinary pestle. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PI’STOL. n. s. [pistole, pistolet, Fr.] A small handgun.
Three watch the door with pistols, that none should issue
out. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The whole body of the horse passed within pistol-shot of
the cottage. Clarendon, b. viii.
Quicksilver discharged from a pistol will hardly pierce
through a parchment. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A woman had a tubercle in the great canthus of the eye, of
the bigness of a pistol-bullet. Wiseman's Surgery.

To PISTOL. v. a. [pistoler, Fr.] To shoot with a pistol.

PI’STOLE. n. s. [pistole, Fr.] A coin of many countries and
many degrees of value.
I shall disburden him of many hundred pistoles, to make
him lighter for the journey. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

PISTO’LET. n. s. [diminutive of pistol.] A little pistol.
Those unlickt bear-whelps, unfil'd pistolets
That, more than cannon-shot, avails or lets. Donne.

PI’STON. n. s. [piston, Fr.] The movable part in several ma­
chines; as in pumps and syringes, whereby the suction or at­
traction is caused; am embolus.

PIT

PIT. n. s. [pit, Saxon.]
1. A hole in the ground.
Get you gone,
And from the pit of Acheron
Meet me i' th' morning. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Tumble me into some loathsome pit,
Where never man's eye may behold my body. Shakesp.
Our enemies have beat us to the pit;
It is more worthy to leap in ourselves,
Than tarry 'till they push us. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Pits upon the sea-shore turn into fresh water, by percola­
tion of the salt through the sand; but in some places of Africa,
the water in such pits will become brackish again. Bacon.
2. Abyss; profundity.
Into what pit thou seest
From what height fallen. Milton.
3. The grave.
O Lord, think no scorn of me, lest I become like them
that go down into the pit. Psalm xxviii. 1.
4. The area on which cocks fight; whence the phrase, to fly
the pit.
Make him glad, at least, to quit
His victory, and fly the pit. Hudibras.
They managed the dispute as fiercely, as two game-cocks
in the pit. Locke on Education.
5. The middle part of the theatre.
Let Cully, Cockwood, Fopling charm the pit,
And in their folly shew the writers wit. Dryden.
Now luck for us, and a kind hearty pit;
For he who pleases, never fails of wit. Dryden.
6. [Pis, peis, old Fr. from pectus, Lat.] Any hollow of the
body: as, the pit of the stomach; the arm pit.
7. A dint made by the finger.

To PIT. v. a. To sink in hollows.
An anasarca, a species of dropsy, is characterised by the
shining and softness of the skin, which gives way to the least
impression, and remains pitted for some time. Sharp.

PITAPAT. n. s. [probably from pas a pas, or patte patte, Fr.]
1. A flutter; a palpitation.
A lion meets him, and the fox's heart went pitapat. L'Estr.
2. A light quick step.
Now I hear the pitapat of a pretty foot through the dark
alley: no, 'tis the son of a mare that's broken loose, and
munching upon the melons. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

PITCH. n. s. [pic, Sax. pix, Lat.] The resin of the pine ex­
tracted by fire and inspissated.
They that touch pitch will be defiled. Proverbs.
Of air and water mixed together, and consumed with fire,
is made a black colour; as in charcoal, oil, pitch and
links. Peacham on Drawing.
A vessel smear'd round with pitch. Milton.
2. [From picts, Fr. Skinner.] Any degree of elevation or
height.
Lovely concord and most sacred peace
Doth nourish virtue, and fast friendship breeds,
Weak she makes strong, and strong things does increase,
Till it the pitch of highest praise exceeds. Fairy Queen.
How high a pitch his resolution soars. Shakesp.
Arm thy heart, and fill thy thoughts
To mount aloft with thy imperial mistress,
And mount her pitch. Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.
Between two hawks, which flies the higher pitch,
I have, perhaps, some shallow judgment. Shakesp.
Down they fell,
Driv'n headlong from the pitch of heav'n, down
Into this deep. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
Cannons shoot the higher pitches,
The lower we let down their breeches. Hudibras.
Alcibiades was one of the best orators of his age, not­
withstanding he lived at a time when learning was at the
highest pitch. Addison's Whig Examiner.
3. Highest rise.
A beauty waining, and distressed widow,
Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his thoughts
To base declension and loath'd bigamy. Shakesp.
4. State with respect to lowness or height.
From this high pitch let us descend
A lower flight; and speak of things at hand. Milton.
By how much from the top of wond'rous glory,
Strongest of mortal men,
To lowest pitch of abject fortune thou art fall'n. Milton.
5. Size; stature.
That infernal monster having cast
His weary foe into the living well,
'Gan high advance his broad discoloured breast
Above his wonted pitch. Fairy Queen.
Were the whole frame here,
It is of such a spacious lofty pitch,
Your roof were not sufficient to contain it. Shakesp.
It turn'd itself to Ralpho's shape;
So like in person, garb and pitch,
'Twas hard t' interpret which was which. Hudibras.
6. Degree; rate.
To overcome in battle, and subdue
Nations, and bring home spoils, with infinite
Manslaughter, shall be held the highest pitch
Of human glory. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Our resident Tom
From Venice is come,
And hath left the statesman behind him,
Talks at the same pitch,
Is as wise, is as rich,
And just where you left him, you find him. Denham.
Princes that fear'd him, grieve; concern'd to see
No pitch of glory from the grave is free. Waller.
Evangelical innocence, such as the gospel accepts, though
mingled with several infirmities and defects, yet amounts to
such a pitch of righteousness, as we call sincerity. South.
When the sun's heat is thus far advanced, 'tis but just
come up to the pitch of another set of vegetables, and but
great enough to excite the terrestial particles, which are more
ponderous. Woodward's Natural History.

To PITCH. v. a. [appicciare, Italian.]
1. To fix; to plant.
On Dardan plains the Greeks do pitch
Their brave pavilions. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Sharp stakes, pluckt out of hedges,
They pitched in the ground. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He counselled him how to hunt his game,
What dart to cast, what net, what toile to pitch. Fairfax.
David prepared a place for the ark of God, and pitched for
it a tent. 1 Chron. xv. 1.
Mahometes pitched his tents in a little meadow. Knolles.
When the victor
Had conquered Thebes, he pitched upon the plain
His mighty camp. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
To Chassis' pleasing plains he took his way,
There pitch'd his tents, and there resolv'd to stay. Dryden.
The trenches first they pass'd, then took their way
Where their proud foes in pitch'd pavilions lay. Dryden.


2. To order regularly.
In setting down the form of common prayer, there was
no need to mention the learning of a fit, or the unfitness of
an ignorant minister, more than that he, which describeth
the manner how to pitch a field, should speak of moderation
and sobriety in diet. Hooker, b. v. s. 31.
One pitched battle would determine the fate of the Spanish
continent. Addison on the State of the War.
3. To throw headlong; to cast forward.
They'll not pitch me i' th' mire,
Unless he bid 'em. Shakesp. Tempest.
They would wrestle, and pitch the bar for a whole after­
noon. Spectator, No 434.
4. To smear with PITCH. [pico, Lat. from the noun.]
The ark pitch within and without. Genesis vi. 14.
The Trojans mount their ships, born on the waves,
And the pitch'd vessels glide with easy force. Dryden.
Some pitch the ends of the timber in the walls, to preserve
them from the mortar. Moxon's Mechanical Exercise.
I pitched over the convex very thinly, by dropping melted
pitch upon it, and warming it to keep the pitch soft, whilst
I ground it with the concave copper wetted to make it spread
evenly all over the convex. Newton's Opticks.
5. To darken.
The air hath starv'd the roses in her cheeks,
And pitch'd the lily tincture of her face. Shakesp.
Damon
Rose early from his bed; but soon he found
The welkin pitch'd with sullen cloud. Addison.
6. To pave. Ainsworth.

To PITCH. v. n.
1. To light; to drop.
When the swarm is settled, take a branch of the tree
whereon they pitch, and wipe the hive clean. Mortimer.
2. To fall headlong.
The courser o'er the pommel cast the knight;
Forward he flew, and pitching on his head,
He quiver'd with his feet, and lay for dead. Dryden.
3. To fix choice.
We think 'tis no great matter which,
They're all alike, yet we shall pitch
On one that fits our purpose. Hudibras.
A free agent will pitch upon such a part in his choice, with
knowledge certain. More's Divine Dialogues.
The subject I have pitched upon may seem improper. South.
I pitched upon this consideration that parents owe their chil­
dren, not only material subsistence, but much more spiritual
contribution to their mind. Digby on the Soul.
The covetous man was a good while at a stand; but he
came however by degrees to pitch upon one thing after an­
other. L'Estrange's Fables.
Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render
it the most easy. Tillotson's Sermons.
I translated Chaucer, and amongst the rest pitched on the
wife of Bath's tale. Dryden's Fables.
4. To fix a tent or temporary habitation.
They pitched by Emmaus in the plain. 1 Mac. iii. 40.

PI’TCHER. n. s. [picher, French.]
1. An earthen vessel; a water pot.
With suddain fear her pitcher down she threw
And fled away. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Pitchers have ears, and I have many servants;
Besides old Gremio is hearkening. Shakesp.
Pyreicus was only famous for counterfeiting all base things;
as earthen pitchers and a scullery. Peacham on Drawing.
Hylas may drop his pitcher, none will cry,
Not if he drown himself. Dryden.
2. An instrument to pierce the ground in which any thing is to
be fixed.
To the hills poles must be set deep in the ground, with a
square iron pitcher or crow. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PI’TCHFORK. n. s. [pitch and fork.] A fork with which corn
is thrown upon the waggon.
An old lord in Leicestershire amused himself with mending
pitchforks and spades for his tenants gratis. Swift.

PI’TCHINESS. n. s. [from pitchy.] Blackness; darkness.

PI’TCHY. adj. [from pitch.]
1. Smeared with pitch.
The planks, their pitchy cov'rings wash'd away,
Now yield; and now a yawning breach display. Dryden.
2. Having the qualities of pitch.
Native petroleum, found floating upon some springs, is no
other than this very pitchy substance, drawn forth of the strata
by the water. Woodward on Fossils.
3. Black; dark; dismal.
Night is fled,
Whose pitchy mantle over-veil'd the earth. Shakesp.
I will sort a pitchy day for thee. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Pitchy and dark the night sometimes appears,
Friend to our woe, and parent of our fears;
Our joy and wonder sometimes she excites,
With stars unnumber'd. Prior.

PI’TCOAL. n. s. [pit and coal.] Fossile coal.
The best fuel is peat, the next charcoal made of pitcoal or
cinders. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PI’T-MAN. n. s. [pit and man.] He that in sawing timber works
below in the pit.
With the pitsaw they enter the one end of the stuff, the
topman at the top, and the pitman under him: the topman
observing to guide the saw exactly, and the pitman drawing it
with all his strength perpendicularly down. Moxon.

PI’T-SAW. n. s. [pit and saw.] The large saw used by two
men, of whom one is in the pit.
The pitsaw is not only used by those workmen that saw
timber and boards, but is also for small matters used by
joiners. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

PI’TEOUS. adj. [from pity.]
1. Sorrowful; mournful; exciting pity.
When they heard that piteous strained voice,
In haste forsook their rural merriment. Fairy Queen.
The most arch deed of piteous massacre,
That ever yet this land was guilty of. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Which when Deucalion with a piteous look
Beheld, he wept. Dryden.
2. Compassionate; tender.
If the series of thy joys
Permit one thought less cheerful to arise,
Piteous transfer it to the mournful swain. Prior.
She gave him, piteous of his case,
A shaggy tap'stry. Pope's Dunciad.
3. Wretched; paltry; pitiful.
Piteous amends! unless
Be meant our grand foe. Milton's Par. Lost.

PI’TEOUSLY. adv. [from piteous.] In a piteous manner.
I must talk of murthers, rapes and massacres,
Ruthful to hear, yet piteously perform'd. Shakesp.

PI’TEOUSNESS. n. s. [from piteous.] Sorrowfulness; tenderness.

PI’TFALL. n. s. [pit and fall.] A pit dug and covered, into
which a passenger falls unexpectedly.
Poor bird! thoud'st never fear the net nor lime,
The pitfall nor the gin. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Thieves dig concealed pitfalls in his way. Sandys.
These hidden pitfalls were set thick at the entrance of the
bridge, so that throngs of people fell into them. Addison.

PITH. n. s. [pitte, Dutch.]
1. The marrow of the plant; the soft part in the midst of the
wood.
If a cion, fit to be set in the ground, hath the pith finely
taken forth, and not altogether, but some of it left, it will bear
a fruit with little or no core. Bacon's Natural History.
Her solid bones convert to solid wood,
To pith her marrow, and to sap her blood. Dryden.
2. Marrow.
As doth the pith, which lest our bodies slack,
Strings fast the little bones of neck and back;
So by the soul doth death string heav'n and earth. Donne.
The vertebres are all perforated in the middle, with a large
hole for the spinal marrow or pith to pass along. Ray.
3. Strength; force.
Pith in Scotland is still retained as denoting strength, either
corporeal or intellectual: as, that defies all your pith.
Leave your England,
Guarded with grandsires, babies and old women,
Or pass'd, or not arriv'd to pith and puissance. Shakesp.
Since these arms of mine had seven years pith. Shakesp.
4. Energy; cogency; fulness of sentiment; closeness and vi­
gour of thought and stile.
5. Weight; moment; principal part.
That's my pith of business
'Twixt you and your poor brother. Shakesp.
Enterprizes of great pith and moment,
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action. Shakesp. Hamlet.
6. The quintescence; the chief part.
The owner of a foul disease,
To keep it from divulging, lets it feed
Ev'n on the pith of life. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PI’THILY. adv. [from pithy.] With strength; with cogency;
with force.

PI’THINESS. n. s. [from pithy.] Energy; strength.
No less deserveth his wittiness in devising, his pithiness in
uttering, his complaint of love, so lovely. Spenser.

PI’THLESS. adj. [from pith.]
1. Wanting pith.
Weak shoulders over-born with burthening grief
And pithless arms, like to a wither'd vine
That drops his sapless branches to the ground. Shakespeare.
2. Wanting energy; wanting force.

PI’THY. adj. [from pith.]
1. Consisting of pith.
The pithy fibres brace and stitch together the ligneous in a
plant. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.
The Herefordian plant that likes
T' approach the quince, and th' alder's pithy stem. Philips.


2. Strong; forcible; energetick.
Yet she with pithy words, and counsel sad,
Still strove their sudden rages to revoke;
That at the last, suppressing fury mad,
They gan abstain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I must begin with rudiments of art,
More pleasant, pithy and effectual,
Than hath been taught by any. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
Many rare pithy saws concerning
The worth of astrologic learning. Hudibras.
This pithy speech prevail'd, and all agreed. Dryden.
In all these, Goodman Fact was very short, but pithy;
for he was a plain home-spun man. Addison.

PI’TIABLE. adj. [pitoyable, Fr. from pity.] Deserving pity.
The pitiable persons relieved, are constantly under your
eye. Atterbury's Sermons.

PI’TIFUL. adj. [pity and full]
1. Melancholy; moving compassion.
Some, who have not deserved judgment of death, have
been for their goods sake caught up and carried straight to
the bough; a thing indeed very pitiful and horrible. Spenser.
A sight most pitiful in the meanest wretch,
Past speaking of in a king. Shakesp. King Lear.
Strangely visited people,
All swoln and ulc'rous, pitiful to the eye;
The mere despair of surgery he cures. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Will he his pitiful complaints renew?
For freedom with afflicted language sue. Sandys.
The conveniency of this will appear, if we consider what
a pitiful condition we had been in. Ray on the Creation.
2. Tender; compassionate.
Would my heart were flint, like Edward's,
Or Edward's soft and pitiful, like mine. Shakesp.
Be pitiful to my condemned sons,
Whose souls are not corrupted. Shakesp.
3. Paltry; contemptible; despicable.
That's villainous, and shews a most pitiful ambition in the
fool that uses it. Shakesp. Hamlet.
One, in a wild pamphlet, besides other pitiful malignities,
would scarce allow him to be a gentleman. Wotton.
The accusations against him contained much frivolous mat­
ter or pitiful. Hayward.
This is the doom of fallen man, to exhaust his time and
impair his health, and perhaps to spin out his days and him­
self into one pitiful controverted conclusion. South.
Sin can please no longer, than for that pitiful space of time
while it is committing; and surely the present pleasure of a
sinful act is a poor countervail for the bitterness which begins
where the action ends, and lasts for ever. South's Sermons.
If these pitiful shanks were answerable to this branching
head, I should defy all my enemies. L'Estrange's Fables.
What entertainment can be raised from so pitiful a ma­
chine, where we see the success of the battle from the be­
ginning. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

PI’TIFULLY. adv. [from pitiful.]
1. Mournfully; in a manner that moves compassion.
He beat him most pitifully; nay,
He beat him most unpitifully. Shakesp.
Some of the philosophers doubt whether there were any
such thing as sense of pain; and yet, when any great evil has
been upon them, they would sigh and groan as pitifully as
other men. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Contemptibly; despicably.
Those men, who give themselves airs of bravery on reflect­
ing upon the last scenes of others, may behave the most piti­
fully in their own. Clarissa.

PI’TIFULNESS. n. s. [from pitiful.]
1. Tenderness; mercy; compassion.
Basilius giving the infinite terms of praises to Zelmane's
valour in conquering, and pitifulness in pardoning, commanded
no more words to be made of it. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Despicableness; contemptibleness.

PI’TILESLY. adv. [from pitiless.] Without mercy.

PI’TILESNESS. n. s. Unmercifulness.

PI’TILESS. adj. [from pity.] Wanting pity; wanting com­
passion; merciless.
Fair be ye sure, but proud and pitiless,
As is a storm, that all things doth prostrate,
Finding a tree alone all comfortless,
Beats on it strongly, it to ruinate. Spenser.
Hadst thou in person ne'er offended me,
Even for his sake am I now pitiless. Shakesp.
My chance, I see,
Hath made ev'n pity, pitiless in thee. Fairfax.
Upon my livid lips bestow a kiss,
Nor fear your kisses can restore my breath;
Even you are not more pitiless than death. Dryden.

PI’TTANCE. n. s. [pitance, Fr. pietantia, Italian.]
1. An allowance of meat in a monastry.
2. A small portion.
Then at my lodging,
The worst is this, that at so slender warning
You're like to have a thin and slender pittance. Shakesp.
The ass saved a miserable pittance for himself. L'Estrange.
I have a small pittance left; with which I might retire. Arb.
Many of them lose the greatest part of the small pittance
of learning they received at the university. Swift's Miscellanies.

PI’TUITE. n. s. [pituite, Fr. pituita, Lat.] Phlegm.
Serous defluxions and redundant pituite were the product of
the winter, which made women subject to abortions. Arb.

PITU’ITOUS. adj. [pituitosus, Lat. pituiteux, Fr.] Consisting
of phlegm.
It is thus with women, only that abound with pituitous and
watery humours. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
The forerunners of an apoplexy are weakness, wateriness
and turgidity of the eyes, pituitous vomiting and laborious
breathing. Arbuthnot on Diet.

PI’TY. n. s. [pitie, Fr. pieta, Italian.]
1. Compassion; sympathy with misery; tenderness for pain or
uneasiness.
Thou hast scourged and taken pity on me. Tob. xi. 15.
Wan and meagre let it look,
With a pity-moving shape. Waller.
An ant dropt into the water; a woodpigeon took pity of
her, and threw her a little bough. L'Estrange.
Lest the poor should seem to be wholly disregarded by their
maker, he hath implanted in men a quick and tender sense of
pity and compassion. Calamy's Sermons.
When æneas is forced in his own defence to kill Lausus,
the poet shows him compassionate; he has pity on his beauty
and youth, and is loth to destroy such a masterpiece of na­
ture. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The mournful train
With groans and hands upheld, to move his mind,
Besought his pity to their helpless kind. Dryden.
2. A ground of pity; a subject of pity or of grief.
That he is old, the more is the pity, his white hairs do
witness it. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Julius Cæsar writ a collection of apophthegms; it is pity
his book is lost. Bacon.
'Tis great pity we do not yet see the history of Chasmir.
Temple.
See, where she comes, with that high air and mien,
Which marks in bonds the greatness of a queen,
What pity 'tis. Dryden.
What pity 'tis you are not all divine. Dryden.
Who would not be that youth? what pity is it
That we can die but once to serve our country? Addis.
3. It has in this sense a plural. In low language.
Singleness of heart being a virtue so necessary, 'tis a thou­
sand pities it should be discountenanced. L'Estrange.

To PI’TY. v. a. [pitoyer, Fr.] To compassionate misery; to
regard with tenderness on account of unhappiness.
When I desired their leave, that I might pity him, they
took from me the use of mine own house. Shakesp.
He made them to be pitied of all. Psalm cvi. 46.
You I could pity thus forlorn. Milton.
Compassionate my pains! she pities me!
To one that asks the warm return of love,
Compassion's cruelty, 'tis scorn, 'tis death. Addison.

To PI’TY. v. n. To be compassionate.
I will not pity nor spare, nor have mercy, but destroy
them. Jeremiah xiii. 14.

PI’VOT. n. s. [pivot, Fr.] A pin on which any thing turns.
When a man dances on the rope, the body is a weight
balanced on its feet, as upon two pivots. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

PIX. n. s. [pixis, Lat.] A little chest or box, in which the con­
secrated host is kept in Roman catholick countries. Hanmer.
He hath stolen a pix, and hanged must a' be. Shakesp.

PI’ZZLE. n. s. [quasi pissle. Minshew.]
The pizzle in animals is official to urine and generation.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

PLA

PLA’CABLE. adj. [placabilis, Lat.] Willing or possible to
be appeased.
Since I sought
By pray'r th' offended deity t' appease;
Methought I saw him placable and mild,
Bending his ear. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Those implanted anticipations are, that there is a god, that
he is placable, to be feared, honoured, loved, worshipped
and obeyed. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

PLACABI’LITY. n. s. [from placable.] Willingness to be
appeased; possibility to be appeased.
The various methods of propitiation and atonement shew
the general consent of all nations in their opinion of the
mercy and placability of the divine nature. Anonymous.

PLA’CABLENESS. n. s. [from placable.] Willingness to be
appeased; possibility to be appeased.
The various methods of propitiation and atonement shew
the general consent of all nations in their opinion of the
mercy and placability of the divine nature. Anonymous.

PLACA’RD. n. s. [plakaert, Dutch; placard, Fr.] An edict;
a declaration; a manifesto.

PLACA’RT. n. s. [plakaert, Dutch; placard, Fr.] An edict;
a declaration; a manifesto.

To PLA’CATE. v. a. [placeo, Lat.] To appease; to reconcile.
This word is used in Scotland.
That the effect of an atonement and reconciliation was to
give all mankind a right to approach and rely on the pro­
tection and beneficence of a placated deity, is not deducible
from nature. Forbes.



PLACE. n. s. [place, Fr. piazza, Italian; from platea, Lat.]
1. Particular portion of space.
Search you out a place to pitch your tents. Deut. i. 33.
We accept it always and in all places. Acts xxiv. 3.
Here I could frequent
With worship, place by place, where he vouchsaf'd
Presence divine. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
I will teach him the names of the most celebrated persons,
who frequent that place. Addison's Guardian, No 107.
2. Locality; ubiety; local relation.
Place is the relation of distance betwixt any thing, and any
two or more points considered as keeping the same distance
one with another; and so as at rest: it has sometimes a more
confused sense, and stands for that space which any body
takes up. Locke.
3. Local existence.
The earth and the heaven fled away, and there was found
no place for them. Revelations xx. ii.
4. Space in general.
All bodies are confin'd within some place;
But she all place within herself confines. Davies.
5. Separate room.
In his brain
He hath strange places cram'd with observation. Shakesp.
6. A seat; residence; mansion.
The Romans shall take away both our place and nation. Jo.
Saul set him up a place, and is gone down to Gilgal. 1 Sam.
7. Passage in writing.
Hosea saith of the Jews, they have reigned, but not by me;
which place proveth, that there are governments which God
doth not avow. Bacon's Holy War.
I could not pass by this place, without giving this short ex­
plication. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
8. Ordinal relation.
What scripture doth plainly deliver, to that the first place
both of credit and obedience is due. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
Let the eye be satisfied in the first place, even against all
other reasons, and let the compass be rather in your eyes than
in your hands. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
We shall extinguish this melancholy thought, of our being
overlooked by our maker, if we consider, in the first place,
that he is omnipresent; and, in the second, that he is omni­
scient. Spectator, No 565.
9. Existence; state of being; validity; state of actual opera­
tion.
I know him a notorious liar;
Think him a great way fool, solely a coward;
Yet these fix'd evils sit so sit in him,
That they take place, when virtue's steely bones
Look bleak in the cold wind. Shakesp.
These fair overtures, made by men well esteemed for ho­
nest dealing, could take no place. Hayward.
They are defects, not in the heart, but in the brain; for
they take place in the stoutest natures. Bacon.
With faults confess'd commission'd her to go,
If pity yet had place, and reconcile her foe. Dryden.
Where arms take place, all other pleas are vain;
Love taught me force, and force shall love maintain.
Dryden.
To the joy of mankind, the unhappy omen took not
place. Dryden's Dedication to his Fables.
Somewhat may be invented, perhaps more excellent than
the first design; though Virgil must be still excepted, when
that perhaps takes not place. Dryden's Preface to Ovid.
Mixt government, partaking of the known forms received
in the schools, is by no means of Gothick invention, but
hath place in nature and reason. Swift.
It is stupidly foolish to venture our salvation upon an expe­
riment, which we have all the reason imaginable to think
God will not suffer to take place. Atterbury's Sermons.
10. Rank; order of priority.
The heavens themselves, the planets, and this center
Observe degree, priority and place. Shakesp.
11. Precedence; priority. This sense is commonly used in the
phrase take place.
Do you think I'd walk in any plot,
Where Madam Sempronia should take place of me,
And Fulvia come i' the rear. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
There would be left no measures of credible and incredible,
if doubtful propositions take place before self-evident. Locke.
As a British freeholder, I should not scruple taking place
of a French marquis. Addison's Freeholder.
12. Office; publick character or employment.
Do you your office, or give up your place,
And you shall well be spared. Shakesp.
If I'm traduc'd by tongues that neither know
My faculties nor person;
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake
That virtue must go through. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The horsemen came to Lodronius, as unto the most valiant
captain, beseeching him, instead of their treacherous gene­
ral, to take upon him the place. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Is not the bishop's bill deny'd,
And we still threaten'd to be try'd?
You see the king embraces
Those counsels he approv'd before;
Nor doth he promise, which is more,
That we shall have their places. Denham.
Pensions in private were the senate's aim;
And patriots for a place abandon'd fame. Garth.
Some magistrates are contented, that their places should
adorn them; and some study to adorn their places, and reflect
back the lustre they receive from thence. Atterbury.
13. Room; way; space for appearing or acting given by cession;
not opposition.
Avenge not yourselves, but rather give place unto wrath.
Romans xii. 19.
He took a stride, and to his fellows cry'd,
Give place, and mark the diff'rence if you can,
Between a woman warrior and a man. Dryden.
Victorious York did first, with fam'd success,
To his known valour, make the Dutch give place. Dryd.
The rustick honours of the scythe and share,
Give place to swords and plumes the pride of war. Dryd.
14. Ground; room.
Ye seek to kill me, because my word hath no place in
you. Jo. viii. 37.
There is no place of doubting, but that it was the very
same. Hammond's Fundamentals.

To PLACE. v. a. [placer, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To put in any place, rank or condition.
Place such over them to be rulers. Ex. xviii. 21.
He placed forces in all the fenced cities. 2 Chro. xvii. 2.
Those accusations had been more reasonable, if placed on
inferior persons. Dryden's Aurengz.
2. To fix; to settle; to establish.
God or nature has not any where placed any such juris­
diction in the first born. Locke.
3. To put out at interest.
'Twas his care
To place on good security his gold. Pope.

PLA’CER. n. s. [from place] One that places.
Sovereign lord of creatures all,
Thou placer of plants, both humble and tail. Spenser.

PLA’CID. adj. [placidus, Latin.]
1. Gentle; quiet; not turbulent.
It conduceth unto long life and to the more placid motion of
the spirits, that men's actions be free. Bacon.
2. Soft; kind; mild.
That placid aspect and meek regard,
Rather than aggravate my evil state,
Would stand between me and thy father's ire. Milton.

PLA’CIDLY. adv. [from placid.] Mildly; gently.
If into a phial, filled with good spirit of nitre, you cast a
piece of iron, the liquor, whose parts moved uniformly and
placidly before, by altering its motion, it begins to penetrate
and scatter abroad particles of the iron. Boyle.
The water easily insinuates itself into, and placidly distends
the tubes and vessels of vegetables. Woodward.

PLA’CIT. n. s. [placitum, Lat.] Decree; determination.
We spend time in defence of their placits, which might
have been employed upon the universal author. Glanvill.

PLA’CKET, or plaquet. n. s. A petticoat.
You might have pinch'd a plaquet, it was senseless. Shak.
The bone-ach is the curse dependant on those that war for
a plaquet. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

PLA’GIARISM. n. s. [from plagiary.] Theft; literary adop­
tion of the thoughts or works of another.
With great impropriety, as well as plagiarism, they have
most injuriously been transferred into proverbial maxims. Swi.

PLA’GIARY. n. s. [from plagium, Lat.]
1. A thief in literature; one who steals the thoughts or writings
of another.
The ensuing discourse, lest I chance to be traduced for a
plagiary by him who has played the thief, was one of those
that, by a worthy hand, were stolen from me. South.
Without invention, a painter is but a copier, and a poet
but a plagiary of others; both are allowed sometimes to copy
and translate. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. The crime of literary theft. Not used.
Plagiary had not its nativity with printing, but began when
the paucity of books scarce wanted that invention. Brown.

PLAGUE. n. s. [plaghe, Dutch; plage, Teut. plaga, Latin;
p???.]
1. Pestilence; a disease eminently contagious and destructive.
Thou art a bile,
A plague-sore or imboss'd carbuncle
In my corrupted blood. Shakesp. King Lear.
The general opinion is, that years hot and moist are most
pestilent; yet many times there have been great plagues in
dry years. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Snakes, that use within thy house for shade,
Securely lurk, and, like a plague, invade
Thy cattle with venom. May's Virgil's Georgicks.


All those plagues, which earth and air had brooded,
First on inferior creatures try'd their force,
And last they seized on man. Lee and Dryden.
2. State of misery.
I am set in my plague, and my heaviness is ever in my
sight. Psalm xxxviii. 17.
3. Any thing troublesome or vexatious.
'Tis the time's plague, when madmen lead the blind. Sha.
I am not mad, too well I feel
The diff'rent plague of each calamity. Shakesp. K. John.
Good or bad company is the greatest blessing or greatest
plague of life. L'Estrange.
Sometimes my plague, sometimes my darling. Prior.

To PLAGUE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To infect with pestilence.
2. To trouble; to teaze; to vex; to harrass; to torment; to
afflict; to distress; to torture; to embarrass; to excruciate;
to make uneasy; to disturb.
If her nature be so,
That she will plague the man that loves her most,
And take delight to encrease a wretch's woe,
Then all her nature's goodly gifts are lost. Spenser.
Say my request's unjust,
And spurn me back; but if it be not so,
Thou art not honest, and the gods will plague thee. Shak.
Thus were they plagu'd
And worn with famine. Milton.
People are stormed out of their reason, plagued into a com­
pliance, and forced to yield in their own defence. Collier.
When a Neapolitan cavalier has nothing else to do, he
gravely shuts himself up in his closet, and falls a tumbling
over his papers, to see if he can start a law suit, and plague
any of his neighbours. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PLAguily. adv. [from plaguy.] Vexatiously; horribly. A
low word.
This whispering bodes me no good; but he has me so pla­
guily under the lash, I dare not interrupt him. Dryden.
You look'd scornful, and snift at the dean;
But he durst not so much as once open his lips,
And the doctor was plaguily down in the hips. Swift.

PLA’GUY. adj. [from plague.] Vexatious; troublesome. A
low word.
Of heats,
Add one more to the plaguy bill. Donne.
What perils do environ
The man that meddles with cold iron,
What plaguy mischiefs and mishaps
Do dog him still with after-claps. Hudibras.

PLAICE. n. s. [plate, Dutch.] A flat fish.
Of flat fish there are soles, flowkes, dabs and plaice. Carew.

PLAID. n. s. A striped or variegated cloth; an outer loose
weed worn much by the highlanders in Scotland: there is a
particular kind worn too by the women; but both these
modes seem now nearly extirpated among them; the one by
act of parliament, and the other by adopting the English
dresses of the sex.

PLAIN. adj. [planus, Latin.]
1. Smooth; level; flat; free from protuberances or excres­
cencies. In this sense, especially in philosophical writings,
it is frequently written plane: as, a plane superficies.
It was his policy to leave no hold behind him; but to
make all plain and waste. Spenser.
The South and South-East sides are rocky and mountainous,
but plain in the midst. Sandys's Journey.
Thy vineyard must employ thy sturdy steer
To turn the glebe; besides thy daily pain
To break the clods, and make the surface plain. Dryden.
Hilly countries afford the most entertaining prospects,
though a man would chuse to travel through a plain one. Add.
2. Void of ornament; simple.
A crown of ruddy gold inclos'd her brow,
Plain without pomp, and rich without a show. Dryden.
3. Artless; not subtle; not specious; not learned; simple.
In choice of instruments, it is better to chuse men of a
plainer sort, that are like to do that that is committed to them,
and to report faithfully the success, than those that are cun­
ning to contrive somewhat to grace themselves, and will help
the matter in report. Bacon's Essays.
Of many plain, yet pious christians, this cannot be af­
firmed. Hammond's Fundamentals.
The experiments alledged with so much confidence, and
told by an author that writ like a plain man, and one whose
profession was to tell truth, helped me to resolve upon making
the trial. Temple.
My heart was made to fit and pair within,
Simple and plain, and fraught with artless tenderness. Rowe.
Our troops beat an army in plain fight and open field. Felt.
Must then at once, the character to save,
The plain rough hero turn a crafty knave? Pope.
4. Honestly rough; open; sincere; not soft in language.
Give me leave to be plain with you, that yourself give no
just cause of scandal. Bacon.
5. Mere; bare.
He that beguil'd you in a plain accent, was a plain knave,
which, for my part, I will not be. Shakesp. King Lear.
Some have at first for wits, then poets past,
Turn'd criticks next, and prov'd plain fools at last. Pope.
6. Evident; clear; discernible; not obscure.
They wondered there should appear any difficulty in any
expressions, which to them seemed very clear and plain. Clar.
Express thyself in plain, not doubtful words,
That ground for quarrels or disputes affords. Denham.
I can make the difference more plain, by giving you my
method of proceeding in my translations; I considered the
genius and distinguishing character of my author. Dryden.
'Tis plain in the history, that Esau was never subject to
Jacob. Locke.
That children have such a right, is plain from the laws of
God; that men are convinced, that children have such a
right, is evident from the law of the land. Locke.
It is plain, that these discourses are calculated for none, but
the fashionable part of womankind. Addison's Spectator.
To speak one thing mix'd dialects they join;
Divide the simple, and the plain define. Prior.
7. Not varied by much art.
A plaining song plain-singing voice requires,
For warbling notes from inward cheering flow. Sidney.

PLAIN. adv.
1. Not obscurely.
2. Distinctly; articulately.
The string of his tongue was loosed, and he spake plain.
Mar. vii. 35.
3. Simply; with rough sincerity.
Goodman Fact is allowed by every body to be a plain­
spoken person, and a man of very few words; tropes and
figures are his aversion. Addison's Count Tariff.

PLAIN. n. s. [plaine, Fr.] Level ground; open; flat; often,
a field of battle.
In a plain in the land of Shinar they dwelt. Gen. xi. 2.
The Scots took the English for foolish birds fallen into
their net, forsook their hill, and marched into the plain di­
rectly towards them. Hayward.
They erected their castles and habitations in the plains and
open countries, where they found most fruitful lands, and
turned the Irish into the woods and mountains. Davies.
Pour forth Britannia's legions on the plain. Arbuthnot.
While here the ocean gains,
In other parts it leaves wide sandy plains. Pope.
The impetuous courser pants in ev'ry vein,
And pawing seems to beat the distant plain. Pope.

To PLAIN. v. a. [from the noun.] To level; to make even.
Upon one wing, the artillery was drawn, every piece ha­
ving his guard of pioners to plain the ways. Hayward.

To PLAIN. v. n. [plaindre, je plains, Fr.] To lament; to
wail.
Long since my voice is hoarse, and throat is sore,
With cries to skies, and curses to the ground;
But more I plain, I feel my woes the more. Sidney.
A plaining song plain singing voice requires
For warbling notes from inward cheering flow. Sidney.
The fox, that first this cause of grief did find,
'Gan first thus plain his case with words unkind. Hubberd.
The incessant weeping of my wife,
And piteous plainings of the pretty babes,
Forc'd me to seek delays. Shakesp.
He to himself thus plain'd. Milton.

PLAINDEA’LING. adj. [plain and deal.] Acting without art.
Though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man; it
must not be denied, but I am a plaindealing villain. Shakesp.
Bring a plaindealing innocence into a consistency with ne­
cessary prudence. L'Estrange.

PLA’INDEALING. n. s. Management void of art.
I am no politician; and was ever thought to have too little
wit, and too much plaindealing for a statesman. Denham.
It looks as fate with nature's law may strive
To shew plaindealing once an age would thrive. Dryden.

PLA’INLY. adv. [from plain.]
1. Levelly; flatly.
2. Not subtilly; not speciously.
3. Without ornament.
4. Without gloss; sincerely.
You write to me with the freedom of a friend, setting
down your thoughts as they occur, and dealing plainly with
me in the matter. Pope.
5. In earnest; fairly.
They charged the enemies horse so gallantly, that they
gave ground; and at last plainly run to a safe place. Clarend.
6. Evidently; clearly; not obscurely.
St. Augustine acknowledgeth, that they are not only set
down, but also plainly set down in scripture; so that he which
heareth or readeth, may without difficulty understand. Hooker.
Coriolanus neither cares whether they love or hate him;
and out of his carelessness, let's them plainly see't. Shakesp.


By that seed
Is meant thy great deliverer, who shall bruise
The serpent's head; whereof to thee anon
Plainlier shall be reveal'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
We see plainly that we have the means, and that nothing
but the application of them is wanting. Addison.

PLA’INNESS. n. s. [from plain.]
1. Levelness; flatness.
2. Want of ornament; want of show.
If some pride with want may be allowed,
We in our plainness may be justly proud,
Whate'er he's pleas'd to own, can need no show. Dryden.
As shades most sweetly recommend the light,
So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit. Pope.
3. Openness; rough sincerity.
Well, said Basilius, I have not chosen Dametas for his
fighting nor for his discoursing, but for his plainness and ho­
nesty, and therein I know he will not deceive me. Sidney.
Your plainness and your shortness please me well. Shakesp.
Think'st thou, that duty shall have dread to speak,
When pow'r to flatt'ry bows; to plainness honour
Is bound, when majesty to folly falls. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Plainness and freedom, an epistolary stile required. Wake.
4. Artlessness; simplicity.
All laugh to find
Unthinking plainness so o'erspreads thy mind,
That thou could'st seriously persuade the crowd
To keep their oaths. Dryden's Juvenal.

PLAINT. n. s. [plainte, French.]
1. Lamentation; complaint; lament.
Then pour out plaint, and in one word say this;
Helpless his plaint, who spoils himself of bliss. Sidney.
Bootless are plaints, and cureless are my wounds. Shak.
From inward grief
His bursting passion into plaints thus pour'd. Milton.
2. Exprobration of injury.
There are three just grounds of war with Spain; one of
plaint, two upon defence. Bacon.
3. Expression of sorrow.
How many childrens plaints, and mother's cries! Daniel.
Where though I mourn my matchless loss alone,
And none between my weakness judge and me;
Yet even these gentle walls allow my moan,
Whose doleful echoes to my plaints agree. Wotton.
Listening where the hapless pair
Sat in their sad discourse, and various plaint,
Thence gather'd his own doom. Milton's Par. Lost.
For her relief,
Vext with the long expressions of my grief,
Receive these plaints. Waller.

PLA’INTFUL. adj. [plaint and full.] Complaining; audibly
sorrowful.
To what a sea of miseries my plaintful tongue doth lead
me. Sidney, b. ii.

PLA’INTIFF. n. s. [plaintif, Fr.] He that commences a suit in
law against another; opposed to the defendant.
The plaintiff proved the debt by three positive witnesses,
and the defendant was cast in costs and damages. L'Estrange.
You and I shall talk in cold friendship at a bar before a
judge, by way of plaintiff and defendant. Dryden.
In such a cause the plaintiff will be hiss'd,
My lord, the judges laugh, and you're dismiss'd. Pope.

PLA’INTIFF. adj. [plaintif, Fr.] Complaining. A word not
in use.
His younger son on the polluted ground,
First fruit of death, lies plaintiff of a wound
Giv'n by a brother's hand. Prior.

PLA’INTIVE. adj. [plaintif, Fr.] Complaining; lamenting;
expressive of sorrow.
His careful mother heard the plaintive sound,
Encompass'd with her sea-green sisters round. Dryden.
The goddess heard,
Rose like a morning mist, and thus begun
To sooth the sorrows of her plaintive son. Dryden.
Can nature's voice
Plaintive be drown'd, or lessen'd in the noise,
Though shouts as thunder loud afflict the air. Prior.
Leviathans in plaintive thunders cry. Young.

PLA’INWORK. n. s. [plain and work.] Needlework as distin­
guished from embroidery; the common practice of sewing
or making linen garments.
She went to plainwork, and to purling brooks. Pope.

PLAIT. n. s. [corrupted from plight or plyght, from to ply or fold.]
A fold; a double.
Should the voice directly strike the brain,
It would astonish and confuse it much;
Therefore these plaits and folds the sound restrain,
That it the organ may more gently touch. Davies.
Nor shall thy lower garments artful plait,
From thy fair side dependent to thy feet,
Arm their chaste beauties with a modest pride,
And double ev'ry charm they seek to hide. Prior.
'Tis very difficult to trace out the figure of a vest through
all the plaits and foldings of the drapery. Addison.

To PLAIT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fold; to double.
The busy sylphs surround their darling care,
Some fold the sleeve, while others plait the gown;
And Betty's prais'd for labours not her own. Pope.
Will she on sunday morn thy neckcloth plait. Gay.
2. To weave; to braid.
Let it not be that outward adorning of plaiting the hair.
1 Peter iii. 3.
What she demands, incessant I'll prepare;
I'll weave her garlands, and I'll plait her hair;
My busy diligence shall deck her board,
For there at least I may approach my lord. Prior.
3. To intangle; to involve.
Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides,
Who covers faults at last with shame derides. Shakespeare.

PLAI’TER. n. s. [from plait.] He that plaits.

PLAN. n. s. [plan, French.]
1. A scheme; a form; a model.
Remember, O my friends, the laws, the rights,
The generous plan of power delivered down
From age to age to your renown'd forefathers. Addis.
2. A plot of any building or ichnography; form of any thing
laid down on paper.
Artists and plans reliev'd my solemn hours;
I founded palaces, and planted bow'rs. Prior.

To PLAN. v. a. [from the noun.] To scheme; to form in
design.
Vouchsafe the means of vengeance to debate,
And plan with all thy arts the scene of fate. Pope.

PLA’NARY. adj. Pertaining to a plane. Dict.

PLA’NCHED. adj. [from planch.] Made of boards.
He hath a garden circummur'd with brick,
Whose Western side is with a vineyard backt,
And to that vineyard is a planched gate,
That makes his opening with this bigger key. Shakesp.

PLA’NCHER. n. s. [plancher, French.] A board; a plank.
Oak, cedar and chesnut are the best builders; some are
best for planchers, as deal; some for tables, cupboards and
desks, as walnuts. Bacon's Nat. History.

PLA’NCHING. n. s. In carpentry, the laying the floors in a
building. Dict.

PLANE. n. s. [planus, Latin. Plain is commonly used in popu­
lar language, and plane in geometry.]
1. A level surface.
Comets, as often as they are visible to us, move in planes in­
clined to the plane of the ecliptick in all kinds of angles. Bent.
Projectils would ever move on in the same right line, did
not the air, their own gravity, or the ruggedness of the plane,
on which they move, stop their motion. Cheyne.
2. [Plane, Fr.] An instrument by which the surface of boards
is smoothed.
The iron is set to make an angle of forty-five degrees with
the sole of the plane. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

To PLANE. v. a. [planer, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To level; to smooth from inequalities.
The foundation of the Roman causeway was made of rough
stone, joined with a most firm cement; upon this was laid
another layer of small stones and cement, to plane the inequa­
lities of rough stone, in which the stones of the upper pave­
ment were fixt. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To smooth with a plane.
These hard woods are more properly scraped than planed.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

PLANE-TREE. n. s. [platanus, Lat. plane, platane, Fr.]
The plane-tree hath an amentaceous flower, consisting of
several slender stamina, which are all collected into spherical
little balls and are barren; but the embryos of the fruit,
which are produced on separate parts of the same trees, are
turgid, and afterwards become large spherical balls, containing
many oblong seeds intermixed with down: it is generally sup­
posed, that the introduction of this tree into England is
owing to the great lord chancellor Bacon. Miller.
The beech, the swimming alder and the plane. Dryd.

PLA’NET. n. s. [planeta, Lat. ?a?a?; planette, Fr.]
Planets are the erratick or wandering stars, and which are not
like the fixt ones always in the same position to one another:
we now number the earth among the primary planets, because
we know it moves round the sun, as Saturn, Jupiter, Mars,
Venus and Mercury do, and that in a path or circle between
Mars and Venus: and the moon is accounted among the se­
condary planets or satellites of the primary, since she moves
round the earth: all the planets have, besides their motion
round the sun, which makes their year, also a motion round
their own axes, which makes their day; as the earth's re­
volving so makes our day and night: it is more than probable,
that the diameters of all the planets are longer than their axes:
we know 'tis so in our earth; and Flamsteed and Cassini
found it to be so in Jupiter: Sir Isaac Newton asserts our
earth's equatorial diameter to exceed the other about thirty­


four miles; and indeed else the motion of the earth would
make the sea rise so high at the equator, as to drown all the
parts thereabouts. Harris.
Bàrbarous villains! hath this lovely face
Rul'd like a wand'ring planet over me,
And could it not inforce them to relent. Shakesp.
And planets, planet-struck, real eclipse
Then suffer'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
There are seven planets or errant stars in the lower orbs of
heaven. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

PLA’NETARY. adj. [planetaire, Fr. from planet.]
1. Pertaining to the planets.
Their planetary motions and aspects. Milton.
To marble and to brass, such features give,
Describe the stars and planetary way,
And trace the footsteps of eternal day. Granvill.
2. Under the denomination of any particular planet.
Darkling they mourn their fate, whom Circe's power,
That watch'd the moon and planetary hour,
With words and wicked herbs, from human kind
Had alter'd. Dryden.
I was born in the planetary hour of Saturn, and, I think,
I have a piece of that leaden planet in me; I am no way
facetious. Addison's Spectator, No 487.
3. Produced by the planets.
Here's gold, go on;
Be as a planetary plague, when Jove
Will o'er some high-vic'd city hang his poison
In the sick air. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
We make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon and
stars, as if we were villains by an enforced obedience of pla­
netary influence. Shakespeare's King Lear.
4. Having the nature of a planet; erratick.
We behold bright planetary Jove,
Sublime in air through his wide province move;
Four second planets his dominion own,
And round him turn, as round the earth the moon. Blackm.

PLANE’TICAL. adj. [from planet.] Pertaining to planets.
Add the two Egyptian days in every month, the interlunary
and plenilunary exemptions, the eclypses of sun and moon,
conjunctions and oppositions planctical. Brown.

PLANE’TSTRUCK. adj. [planet and strike.] Blasted; sidere
asslatus.
Wonder not much if thus amaz'd I look,
Since I saw you, I have been planetstruck;
A beauty, and so rare, I did descry. Suckling.

PLANIFO’LIOUS. adj. [planus and solium, Lat.] Flowers are
so called, when made up of plain leaves, set together in cir­
cular rows round the center, whose face is usually uneven,
rough and jagged. Dict.

PLANIME’TRICAL. adj. [from planimetry.] Pertaining to the
mensuration of plane surfaces.

PLANIM’ETRY. n. s. [planus, Lat. and ?et??; planimetrie,
Fr.] The mensuration of plane surfaces.

PLANIPE’TALOUS. adj. [planus, Lat. and p?ta???.] Flat­
leaved, as when the small flowers are hollow only at the bot­
tom, but flat upwards, as in dandelion and succory. Dict.

To PLA’NISH. v. a. [from plane.] To polish; to smooth. A
word used by manufacturers.

PLA’NISPHERE. n. s. [planus, Lat. and sphere.] A sphere pro­
jected on a plane; a map of one or both hemispheres.

PLANK. n. s. [planche, Fr.] A thick strong board.
They gazed on their ships, seeing them so great, and con­
sisting of divers planks. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
The doors of plank were; their close exquisite,
Kept with a double key. Chapman's Odyssey.
The smoothed plank new rub'd with balm. Milton.
Some Turkish bows are of that strength, as to pierce a
plank of six inches. Wilkins.
Deep in their hulls our deadly bullets light,
And through the yielding planks a passage find. Dryden.
Be warn'd to shun the watry way,
For late I saw adrift disjointed planks,
And empty tombs erected on the banks. Dryden.

To PLANK. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover or lay with
planks.
If you do but plank the ground over, it will breed salt­
petre. Bacon's Natural History.
A steed of monstrous height appear'd;
The sides were plank'd with pine. Dryden.

PLANOCO’NICAL. adj. [planus and conus.] Level on one side
and conical on others.
Some few are planoconical, whose superficies is in part level
between both ends. Grew's Musæum.

PLA’NOCONVEX. n. s. [planus and convexus.] Flat on the one
side and convex on the other.
It took two object-glasses, the one a planoconvex for a four­
teen feet telescope, and the other a large double convex for
one of about fifty feet. Newton's Opticks.

PLANT. n. s. [plant, Fr. planta, Latin.]
1. Any thing produced from seed; any vegetable production.
What comes under this denomination, Ray has distributed
under twenty-seven genders or kinds: 1. The imperfect plants,
which do either totally want both flower and seed, or else
seem to do so. 2. Plants producing either no flower at all,
or an imperfect one, whose seed is so small as not to be dis­
cernible by the naked eye. 3. Those whose seeds are not so
small, as singly to be invisible, but yet havé an imperfect or
staminous flower; i. e. such a one, as is without the petala,
having only the stamina and the perianthium. 4. Such as
have a compound flower, and emit a kind of white juice or
milk when their stalks are cut off or their branches broken
off. 5. Such as have a compound flower of a discous figure,
the seed pappous, or winged with downe, but emit no milk.
6. The herbæ capitatæ, or such whose flower is composed of
many small, long, fistulous or hollow flowers gathered round
together in a round button or head, which is usually covered
with a squamous or scaly coat. 7. Such as have their leaves
entire and undivided into jags. 8. The corymbiferous plants,
which have a compound discous flower, but the seeds have no
downe adhering to them. 9. Plants with a perfect flower,
and having only one single seed belonging to each single
flower. 10. Such as have rough, hairy or bristly seeds. 11.
The umbelliserous plants, which have a pentapetalous
flower, and belonging to each single flower are two seeds,
lying naked and joining together; they are called umbellise­
rous, because the plant, with its branches and flowers, hath
an head like a lady's umbrella: [1.] Such as have a broad flat
seed almost of the figure of a leaf, which are encompassed
round about with something like leaves. [2.] Such as have
a longish seed, swelling out in the middle, and larger than
the former. [3.] Such as have a shorter seed. [4.] Such as
have a tuberose root. [5.] Such as have a wrinkled, channe­
lated or striated seed. 12. The stellate plants, which are so
called, because their leaves grow on their stalks at certain in­
tervals or distances in the form of a radiant star: their flowers
are really monopetalous, divided into four segments, which
look like so many petala; and each flower is succeeded by
two seeds at the bottom of it. 13. The asperisolia, or rough
leaved plants: they have their leaves placed alternately, or
in no certain order on their stalks; they have a monopetalous
flower cut or divided into five partitions, and after every
flower there succeed usually four seeds. 14. The suffrutices,
or verticilate plants: their leaves grow by pairs on their stalks,
one leaf right against another; their leaf is monopetalous,
and usually in form of an helmet. 15. Such as have naked
seeds, more than four, succeeding their flowers, which there­
fore they call polyspermæ plantæ semine nudo; by naked
seeds, they mean such as are not included in any seed pod.
16. Bacciferous plants, or such as bear berries. 17. Multi­
siliquous, or corniculate plants, or such as have, after each
flower, many distinct, long, slender, and many times crooked
cases or siliquæ, in which their seed is contained, and which,
when they are ripe, open themselves and let the seeds drop
out. 18. Such as have a monopetalous flower, either uni­
form or difform, and after each flower a peculiar seed-case
containing the seed, and this often divided into many di­
stinct cells. 19. Such as have an uniform tetrapetalous
flower, but bear these seeds in oblong siliquous cases. 20.
Vasculiferous plants, with a tetrapetalous flower, but often
anomalous. 21. Leguminous plants, or such as bear pulse,
with a papilionaceous flower. 22. Vasculiferous plants, with
a pentapetalous flower; these have, besides the common ca­
lix, a peculiar case containing their seed, and their flower
consisting of five leaves. 23. Plants with a true bulbous
root, which consists but of one round ball or head, out of
whose lower part go many fibres to keep it firm in the earth:
the plants of this kind come up but with one leaf; they have
no foot stalk, and are long and slender: the seed vessels are
divided into three partitions: their flower is sexapetalous.
24. Such as have their fruits approaching to a bulbous form:
these emit, at first coming up, but one leaf, and in leaves,
flowers and roots resemble the true bulbous plant. 25. Cul­
miserous plants, with a grasiy leaf, are such as have a smooth
hollow-jointed stalk, with one sharp-pointed leaf at each joint,
encompassing the stalk, and set out without any foot stalk: their
seed is contained within a chaffy husk. 26. Plants with a
grassy leaf, but not culmiferous, with an imperfect or stami­
nous flower. 27. Plants whose place of growth is uncertain
and various, chiefly water plants.
Butchers and villains,
How sweet a plant have you untimely cropt. Shakesp.
Between the vegetable and sensitive province there are plant­
animals and some kind of insects arising from vegetables, that
seem to participate of both. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The next species of life above the vegetable, is that of
sense; wherewith some of those productions, which we call
plant-animals, are endowed. Grew's Cosmol.
It continues to be the same plant, as long as it partakes of
the same life, though that life be communicated to new par­
ticles of matter, vitally united to the living plant, in a like
continued organization, conformable to that sort of plants. Locke.


Once I was skill'd in ev'ry herb that grew,
And ev'ry plant that drinks the morning dew. Pope.
2. A sapling.
A man haunts the forest, that abuses our young plants with
carving Rosalind on their barks. Shakesp. As You like it.
Take a plant of stubborn oak,
And labour him with many a stubborn stroke. Dryden.
3. [Planta, Lat.] The sole of the foot. Ainsworth.

To PLANT. v. a. [planto, Lat. planter, Fr.]
1. To put into the ground in order to grow; to set; to cultivate.
Plant not thee a grove of any trees near unto the altar of
the Lord. Deutr. xvi. 21.
2. To procreate; to generate.
The honour'd gods the chairs of justice
Supply with worthy men, plant love amongst you. Shak.
It engenders choler, planteth anger;
And better 'twere, that both of us did fast,
Than feed it with such overroasted flesh. Shakesp.
3. To place; to fix.
The fool hath planted in his memory
An army of good words. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
In this hour,
I will advise you where to plant yourselves. Shakesp.
The mind through all her powers
Irradiate, there plant eyes. Milton.
When Turnus had assembled all his pow'rs,
His standard planted on Laurentum's tow'rs;
Trembling with rage, the Latian youth prepare
To join th' allies. Dryden's æneis.
4. To settle; to establish: as, to plant a colony.
If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them
with trifles and jingles, but use them justly. Bacon.
Create, and therein plant a generation. Milton.
To the planting of it in a nation, the soil may be mellowed
with the blood of the inhabitants; nay, the old extirpated,
and the new colonies planted. Decay of Piety.
5. To fill or adorn with something planted: as, he planted the
garden or the country.
To build, to plant, whatever you intend,
In all let nature never be forgot. Pope.
6. To direct properly: as, to plant a cannon.

PLA’NTAGE. n. s. [plantago, Lat.] An herb.
Truth, tir'd with iteration,
As true as steel, as plantage to the moon. Shakesp.

PLA’NTAIN. n. s. [plantain, Fr. plantago, Lat.]
1. An herb.
The toad, being overcharged with the poison of the spider,
as is ordinarily believ'd, has recourse to the plantain leaf.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
The most common simples are mugwort, plantain and
horsetail. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. A tree in the West Indies, which bears an esculent fruit.
I long my careless limbs to lay
Under the plantain's shade. Waller.

PLA’NTAL. adj. [from plant.] Pertaining to plants.
There's but little similitude betwixt a terreous humidity and
plantal germinations. Glanvill's Sceps.

PLANTA’TION. n. s. [plantatio, from planto, Latin.]
1. The act or practice of planting.
2. The place planted.
As swine are to gardens and orderly plantations, so are tu­
mults to parliaments. King Charles.
Some peasants
Of the same soil their nursery prepare,
With that of their plantation; lest the tree
Translated should not with the soil agree. Dryden.
Whose rising forests, not for pride or show,
But future buildings, future navies grow:
Let his plantations stretch from down to down,
First shade a country, and then raise a town. Pope.
Virgil, with great modesty in his looks, was seated by
Calliope in the midst of a plantation of laurel. Addison.
3. A colony.
Planting of countries is like planting of woods; the prin­
cipal thing, that hath been the destruction of most plantations,
hath been the base and basty drawing of profit in the first
years; speedy profit is not to be neglected, as far as may stand
with the good of the plantation. Bacon's Essays.
4. Introduction; establishment.
Episcopacy must be cast out of this church, after posses­
sion here, from the first plantation of christianity in this
island. King Charles.

PLA’NTED. adj. [from plant.] This word seems in Shakespeare
to signify, settled; well grounded.
Our court is haunted
With a refined traveller of Spain;
A man in all the world's new fashion planted,
That hath a mint of phrases in his brain. Shakesp.

PLA’NTER. n. s. [planteur, Fr. from plant.]
1. One who sows, sets or cultivates; cultivator.
There stood Sabinus, planter of the vines,
And studiously surveys his gen'rous wines. Dryden.
What do thy vines avail,
Or olives, when the cruel battle mows
The planters, with their harvest immature? Philips.
That product only which our passions bear,
Eludes the planter's miserable care. Prior.
2. One who cultivates ground in the West Indian colonies.
A planter in the West Indies might muster up, and lead
all his family out against the Indians, without the absolute
dominion of a monarch, descending to him from Adam. Locke.
He to Jamaica seems transported,
Alone, and by no planter courted. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. One who disseminates or introduces.
Had these writings differed from the sermons of the first
planters of christianity in history or doctrine, they would have
been rejected by those churches which they had formed. Add.

PLASH. n. s. [plasche, Dutch; platz, Danish.]
1. A small lake of water or puddle.
He leaves
A shallow plash to plunge him in the deep,
And with satiety seeks to quench his thirst. Shakesp.
Two frogs consulted, in the time of drought, when many
plashes, that they had repaired to, were dry, what was to be
done. Bacon.
I understand the aquatile or water frog, whereof in ditches
and standing plashes we behold millions. Brown.
With filth the miscreant lies bewray'd,
Fall'n in the plash his wickedness had laid. Pope.
2. [From the verb to plash.] Branch partly cut off and bound
to other branches.
In the plashing your quick, avoid laying of it too low and
too thick, which makes the sap run all into the shoots, and
leaves the plashes without nourishment. Mortimer.

To PLASH. v. a. [plesser, Fr.] To interweave branches.
Plant and plash quicksets. Evelyn.

PLA’SHY. adj. [from plash.] Watry; filled with puddles.
Near stood a mill in low and plashy ground. Betterton.

PLASM. n. s. [p??s?a.] A mould; a matrix in which any
thing is cast or formed.
The shells served as plasms or moulds to this sand, which,
when consolidated, and afterwards freed from its investient
shell, is of the same shape with the cavity of the shell.
Woodward's Natural History.

PLA’STER. n. s. [plastre, Fr. from p?a??.]
1. Substance made of water and some absorbent matter, such
as chalk or lime well pulverised, with which walls are over­
laid or figures cast.
In the same hour came forth fingers of a man's hand, and
wrote upon the plaster of the wall. Dan. v. 5.
In the worst inn's worst room, with mat half-hung,
The floors of plaster, and the walls of dung. Pope.
Maps are hung up so high, to cover the naked plaster or
wainscot. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. [Emplastrum, Lat. in English, formerly emplaster.] A glu­
tinous or adhesive salve.
Seeing the sore is whole, why retain we the plaster? Hook.
You rub the sore,
When you should bring the plaster. Shakespeare.
It not only moves the needle in powder, but likewise, if
incorporated with plasters, as we have made trial. Brown.
Plasters, that had any effect, must be by dispersing or re­
pelling the humours. Temple's Miscellanies.

To PLA’STER. v. a. [plastrer, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To overlay as with plaster.
Boils and plagues
Plaster you o'er, that one infect another
Against the wind a mile. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The harlot's cheek beautied with plast'ring art. Shakesp.
A heart settled upon a thought of understanding, is as a
fair plastering on the wall. Ecclus. xxii. 17.
With a cement of flour, whites of eggs and stone pow­
dered, piscina mirabilis is said to have the walls plastered.
Bacon.
Plaster the chinky hives with clay. Dryden.
The brain is grown more dry in its consistence, and receives
not much more impression, than if you wrote with your
finger on a plaster'd wall. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To cover with a medicated plaster.

PLA’STERER. n. s. [plastrier, Fr. from plaster.]
1. One whose trade is to overlay walls with plaster.
Thy father was a plasterer,
And thou thyself a shearman. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
2. One who forms figures in plaster.
The plasterer makes his figures by addition, and the carver
by subtraction. Wotton.

PLA’STICK. adj. [p?a?????.] Having the power to give form
Benign creator! let thy plastick hand
Dispose its own effect. Prior.
There is not any thing strange in the production of the said
formed metals, nor other plastick virtue concerned in shaping
them into those figures, than merely the configuration of the
particles. Woodward's Natural History.



PLA’STRON. n. s. [French.] A piece of leather stuffed,
which fencers use, when they teach their scholars, in order
to receive the pushes made at them. Trevoux.
Against the post their wicker shields they crush,
Flourish the sword, and at the plastron push. Dryden.

To PLAT. v. a. [from plait.] To weave; to make by tex­
ture.
I have seen nests of an Indian bird curiously interwoven and
platted together. Ray on the Creation.
I never found so much benefit from any expedient, as from
a ring, in which my mistress's hair is platted in a kind of true
lovers knot. Addison's Spectator, No 245.

PLAT. n. s. [more properly plot; plot, Sax.] A small piece
of ground.
Such pleasure took the serpent to behold
This flow'ry plat, the sweet recess of Eve. Milton.
On a plat of rising ground,
I hear the far-off curfeu sound,
Over some wide-water'd shore,
Swinging slow with sullen roar. Milton.
It passes through banks of violets and plats of willow of its
own producing. Spectator.

PLA’TANE. n. s. [platane, Fr. platanus, Lat.] The plane tree.
The platane round,
The carver holm, the mapple seldom inward sound. Spens.
I espy'd thee, fair and tall,
Under a platane. Milton.

PLATE. n. s. [plate, Dutch; plaque, Fr.]
1. A piece of metal beat out into breadth.
In his livery
Walk'd crowns and coronets, realms and islands were
As plates dropt from his pocket. Shakesp.
Make a plate, and burnish it as they do iron. Bacon.
A leaden bullet-shot from one of these guns, the space of
twenty paces, will be beaten into a thin plate. Wilkins.
The censers of these wretches, who could derive no sanc­
tity to them; yet in that they had been consecrated by the
offering incense, were appointed to be beaten into broad
plates, and fastened upon the altar. South's Sermons.
Eternal deities!
Who rule the world with absolute decrees,
And write whatever time shall bring to pass
With pens of adamant on plates of brass. Dryden.
2. Armour of plates.
With their force they pierc'd both plate and mail,
And made wide furrows in their fleshes frail. Fa. Queen.
3. [Plata, Spanish.] Wrought silver.
They eat on beds of silk and gold,
And leaving plate,
Do drink in stone of higher rate. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
The Turks entered into the trenches so far, that they car­
ried away the plate. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
They that but now for honour and for plate
Made the sea blush with blood, resign their hate. Waller.
At your desert bright pewter comes too late,
When your first course was all serv'd up in plate. King.
4. [Plat, Fr. piatta, Italian.] A small shallow vessel of metal
on which meat is eaten.
Ascanius this observ'd, and, smiling, said,
See, we devour the plates on which we fed. Dryden.

To PLATE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with plates.
The doors are curiously cut through and plated. Sandys.
M. Lepidus's house had a marble door-case; afterwards
they had gilded ones, or rather plated with gold. Arbuthnot.
2. To arm with plates.
Plate sin with gold,
And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks. Shakesp.
Marshal, ask yonder knight in arms,
Why plated in habiliments of war? Shakesp.
His goodly eyes,
That o'er the files and musters of the war,
Have glow'd like plated Mars. Shakesp.
The bold Ascalonite
Fled from his lion ramp, old warriours turn'd
Their plated backs under his heel. Milton.
3. To beat into laminæ or plates.
If to fame alone thou dost pretend,
The miser will his empty palace lend,
Set wide his doors, adorn'd with plated brass. Dryden.
If a thinned or plated body, of an uneven thickness, which
appears all over of one uniform colour, should be slit into
threads of the same thickness with the plate; I see no reason
why every thread should not keep its colour. Newton.

PLA’TEN. n. s. Among printers, the flat part of the press
whereby the impression is made.

PLA’TFORM. n. s. [plat, flat, Fr. and form.]
1. The sketch of any thing horizontally delineated; the ich­
nography.
When the workmen began to lay the platform at Chalce­
don, eagles conveyed their lines to the other side of the
streight. Sandy's Journey.
2. A place laid out after any model.
No artful wildness to perplex the scene;
Grove nods at grove, each alley has a brother,
And half the platform just reflects the other. Pope.
3. A level place before a fortification.
Where was this?
—Upon the platform where we watch. Shakesp.
4. A scheme; a plan.
Their minds and affections were universally bent even
against all the orders and laws wherein this church is founded,
conformable to the platform of Geneva. Hooker.
I have made a platform of a princely garden by precept,
partly by drawing not a model, but some general lines
of it. Bacon's Essays.
They who take in the entire platform, and see the chain,
which runs through the whole, and can bear in mind the ob­
servations and proofs, will discern how these propositions
flow from them. Woodward.

PLA’TICK aspect. In astrology, is a ray cast from one planet
to another, not exactly, but within the orbit of its own
light. Bailey.

PLATO’ON. n. s. [a corruption of peloton, Fr.] A small square
body of musketeers, drawn out of a batallion of foot, when
they form the hollow square, to strengthen the angles: the
grenadiers are generally thus posted; yet a party from any
other division is called a platoon, when intending to far from
the main body. Military Dict.
In comely wounds shall bleeding worthies stand,
Webb's firm platoon, and Lumly's faithful band. Tickell.

PLA’TTER. n. s. [from plate.] A large dish, generally of
earth.
The servants wash the platter, scour the plate,
Then blow the fire. Dryden's Juvenal.
Satira is an adjective, to which lanx, a charger, or large
platter is understood. Dryden.

PLAU’DIT. n. s. [A word derived from the Latin, plaudite,
the demand of applause made by the player,
when he left the stage.] Applause.
True wisdom must our actions so direct,
Not only the last plaudit to expect. Denham.
She would so shamefully fail in the last act, that instead of
a plaudite, she would deserve to be hissed off the stage. More.
Some men find more melody in discord than in the ange­
lick quires; yet even these can discern musick in a consort of
plaudites, eulogies given themselves. Decay of Piety.

PLAU’DITE. n. s. [A word derived from the Latin, plaudite,
the demand of applause made by the player,
when he left the stage.] Applause.
True wisdom must our actions so direct,
Not only the last plaudit to expect. Denham.
She would so shamefully fail in the last act, that instead of
a plaudite, she would deserve to be hissed off the stage. More.
Some men find more melody in discord than in the ange­
lick quires; yet even these can discern musick in a consort of
plaudites, eulogies given themselves. Decay of Piety.

PLAUSIBI’LITY. n. s. [plausibilité, Fr. from plausible.] Spe­
ciousness; superficial appearance of right.
Two pamphlets, called the management of the war, are
written with some plausibility, much artifice and direct false­
hoods. Swift.
The last excuse for the slow steps made in disarming the
adversaries of the crown, was allowed indeed to have more
plausibility, but less truth, than any of the former. Swift.

PLAU’SIBLE. adj. [plausible, Fr. plausibilis, from plaudo, Lat.]
Such as gains approbation; superficially pleasing or taking;
specious; popular; right in appearance.
Go you to Angelo, answer his requiring with a plausible
obedience, agree with his demands to the point. Shakesp.
Judges ought to be more reverend than plausible, and more
advised than confident. Bacon.
They found out that plausible and popular pretext of raising
an army to fetch in delinquents. King Charles.
These were all plausible and popular arguments, in which
they, who most desired peace, would insist upon many con­
descensions. Clarendon.
No treachery so plausible, as that which is covered with the
robe of a guide. L'Estrange.
The case is doubtful, and may be disputed with plausible
arguments on either side. South.

PLAU’SIBLENESS. n. s. [from plausible.] Speciousness; show
of right.
The plausibleness of arminianism, and the congruity it hath
with the principles of corrupt nature. Sanderson.
The notion of man's free will, and the nature of sin bears
along with it a commendable plainness and plausibleness.
More.

PLAU’SIBLY. adv. [from plausible.]
1. With fair show; speciously.
They could talk plausibly about that they did not under­
stand, but their learning lay chiefly in flourish. Collier.
Thou can'st plausibly dispute,
Supreme of seers, of angel, man and brute. Prior.
2. With applause. Not in use.
I hope they will plausibly receive our attempts, or candidly
correct our misconjectures. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PLAU’SIVE. adj. [from plaudo, Lat.]
1. Applauding.
2. Plausible. A word not in use.
His plausive words
He scatter'd not in ears; but grafted them
To grow there and to bear. Shakesp.



To PLAY. v. n. [plegan, Saxon.]
1. To sport; to frolick; to do something not as a task, but for
a pleasure.
On smooth the seal and bended dolphins play. Milton.
2. To toy; to act with levity.
Thou with eternal wisdom did'st converse,
Wisdom thy sister and with her didst play. Milton.
3. To be dismisled from work.
I'll bring my young man to school; look where his master
comes; 'tis a playing day I see. Shakesp. Mer. W. of Winds.
4. To trifle; to act wantonly and thoughtlesly.
Men are apt to play with their healths and their lives as
they do with their cloaths. Temple.
5. To do something fanciful.
How every fool can play upon the word! Shakesp.
6. To practise sarcastick merriment.
I would make use of it rather to play upon those I despised,
than to trifle with those I loved. Pope.
7. To mock; to practise illusion.
I saw him dead; art thou alive,
Or is it fancy plays upon our eye-sight. Shakespeare.
8. To game; to contend at some game.
Charles, I will play no more to-night;
My mind's not on't, you are too hard for me.
—Sir, I did never win of you before. Shakesp.
When lenity and cruelty play for kingdoms,
The gentler gamester is the soonest winner. Shakesp.
O perdurable shame!
Are these the wretches that we play'd at dice for. Shakesp.
The low rated English play at dice. Shakesp.
The clergyman played at whist and swobbers. Swift.
9. To do any thing trickish or deceitful.
His mother played false with a smith. Shakespeare.
Cawdor, Glamis, all
The wizzard women promis'd; and, I fear,
Thou play'd'st most foully for't. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Life is not long enough for a coquette to play all her
tricks in. Addison's Spectator, No 89.
10. To touch a musical instrument.
Ev'ry thing that heard him play,
Ev'n the billows of the sea
Hung their heads, and then lay by,
In sweet musick is such art,
Killing care, and grief of heart,
Fall asleep, or hearing die. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Thou art as a very lovely song of one that hath a plea­
sant voice, and can play well on an instrument. Ezekiel.
Tully says, there consisteth in the practice of singing and
paying on instruments great knowledge, and the most ex­
cellent instruction, which rectifies and orders our manners,
and allays the heat of anger. Peacham of Musick.
Wherein doth our practice of singing and playing with in­
struments in our cathedral churches differ from the practice
of David. Peacham of Musick.
Clad like a country swain, he pip'd, he sung,
And playing drove his jolly troop along. Dryden.
Take thy harp and melt thy maid;
Play, my friend! and charm the charmer. Glanvill.
He applied the pipe to his lips, and began to play upon it:
the sound of it was exceeding sweet. Addison's Spectator.
11. To operate; to act. Used of any thing in motion.
John hath seiz'd Arthur, and it cannot be,
That whilst warm life plays in that infant's veins,
The misplac'd John should entertain
One quiet breath of rest. Shakesp. King John.
My wife cried out fire, and you brought out your buckets,
and called for engines to pay against it. Dryden.
By constant laws, the food is concocted, the heart beats,
the blood circulates, the lungs play. Cheyne.
12. To wanton; to move irregularly.
Citherea all in sedges hid,
Which seem to move and wanton with her breath,
Ev'n as the waving sedges play with wind. Shakesp.
This with exhilarating vapour bland
About their spirits play'd, and inmost powers
Made err. Milton.
In the streams that from the fountain play,
She wash'd her face. Dryden.
The setting sun
Plays on their shining arms and burnish'd helmets,
And covers all the field with gleams of fire. Addison.
13. To personate a drama.
A lord will hear you play to-night;
But I am doubtful of your modesties,
Lest, over-eying of his odd behaviour,
Fot yet his honour never heard a play,
You break into some merry passion. Shakespeare.
Ev'n kings but play; and when their part is done,
Some other, worse or better, mount the throne. Dryden.
14. To represent a character.
Courts are theatres, where some men play;
Princes, some slaves, and all end in one day. Donne.
15. To act in any certain character.
Thus we play the fool with the time, and the spirits of the
wise sit in the clouds and mock us. Shakesp.
I did not think to shed a tear
In all my miseries; but thou hast forc'd me,
Out of thy honest truth to play the woman. Shakesp.
She hath wrought folly to play the whore. Deut. xxii. 21.
Be of good courage, and let us play the men for our
people. 2 Samuel x. 12.
Alphonse, duke of Ferrara, delighted himself only in
turning and playing the joiner. Peacham of Musuk.
'Tis possible these Turks may play the villains. Denham.
A man has no pleasure in proving that he has played the
fool. Collier of Friendship.

To PLAY. v. a.
1. To put in action or motion: as, he played his cannon.
2. To use an instrument of musick.
He plays a tickling straw within his nose. Gay.
3. To act a mirthful character.
Nature here
Wanton'd as in her prime, and play'd at will
Her virgin fancies. Milton.
4. To exhibit dramatically.
Your honour's players hearing your amendment,
Are come to play a pleasant comedy. Shakesp.
5. To act; to perform.
Doubt would fain have played his part in her mind, and
called in question, how she should be assured that Zelmane
was not Pyrocles. Sidney, b. ii.

PLAY. n. s.
1. Action not imposed; not work; dismission from work.
2. Amusement; sport.
My dearling and my joy;
For love of me leave off this dreadful play. Fa. Queen.
Two gentle fawns at play. Milton.
3. A drama; a comedy or tragedy, or any thing in which cha­
racters are represented by dialogue and action.
Only they,
That come to hear a merry play,
Will be deceiv'd. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
A play ought to be a just image of human nature, repre­
senting its humours and the changes of fortune to which it is
subject, for the delight and instruction of mankind. Dryden.
Visits, plays and powder'd beaux. Swift.
4. Game; practice of gaming; contest at a game.
I will play no more, my mind's not on't;
I did never win of you,
Nor shall not when my fancy's on my play. Shakesp:
5. Practice in any contest.
When they can make nothing else on't, they find it the
best of their play to put it off with a jest. L'Estrange.
He was resolved not to speak distinctly, knowing his best
play to be in the dark, and that all his safety lay in the confu­
sion of his talk. Tillotson.
In arguing the opponent uses comprehensive and equivocal
terms, to involve his adversary in the doubtfulness of his ex­
pression, and therefore the answer on his side makes it his play
to distinguish as much as he can. Locke.
Bull's friends advised to gentler methods with the young
lord; but John naturally lov'd rough play. Arbuthnot.
6. Action; employment; office.
The senseless plea of right by providence
Can last no longer than the present sway;
But justifies the next who comes in play. Dryden.
7. Practice; action; manner of acting.
Determinining, as after I knew, in secret manner, not to
be far from the place where we appointed to meet, to prevent
any foul play that might be offered unto me. Sidney, b. ii.
8. Act of touching an instrument.
9. Irregular and wanton motion.
10. A state of agitation or ventilation.
Many have been sav'd, and many may,
Who never heard this question brought in play. Dryden.
11. Room for motion.
The joints are let exactly into one another, that they have
no play between them, lest they shake upwards or down­
wards. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
12. Liberty of acting; swing.
Should a writer give the full play to his mirth, without re­
gard to decency, he might please readers; but must be a very
ill man, if he could please himself. Addison's Freeholder.

PLA’YBOOK. n. s. [play and book.] Book of dramatick com­
positions.
Your's was a match of common good liking, without any
mixture of that ridiculous passion, which has no being but
in playbooks and romances. Swift.

PLA’YDAY. n. s. [play and day.] Day exempt from tasks or
work.
I thought the life of every lady
Should be one continual playday;
Balls and masquerades and shows. Swift's Miscelianies.



PLA’YDEBT. n. s. [play and debt.] Debt contracted by gaming.
There are multitudes of leases upon single lives, and play­
debts upon joint lives. Arbuthnot.
She has several playdebts on her hand, which must be dis­
charged very suddenly. Spectator, No 295.

PLA’YER. n. s. [from play.]
1. One who plays.
2. An idler; a lazy person.
You're pictures out of doors,
Saints in your injuries, devils being offended,
Players in your housewifery. Shakespeare's Otheilo.
3. Actor of dramatick scenes.
Like players plac'd to fill a filthy stage,
Where change of thoughts one fool to other shews,
And all but jests, serve only sorrow's rage. Sidney.
Certain pantomimi will represent the voices of players of
interludes so to life, as you would think they were those players
themselves. Bacon's Natural History.
A player, if left of his auditory and their applause, would
straight be out of heart. Bacon.
Thine be the laurel then, support the stage;
Which so declines, that shortly we may see
Players and plays reduc'd to second infancy. Dryden.
His muse had starv'd, had not a piece unread,
And by a player bought, supply'd her bread. Dryden.
4. A mimick.
Thus said the player god; and adding art
Of voice and gesture, so perform'd his part,
She thought, so like her love the shade appears,
That Ceyx spake the words. Dryden.
5. One who touches a musical instrument.
Command thy servants to seek out a man, who is a cun­
ning player on the harp. 1 Samuel xvi. 16.
6. A gamester.
7. One who acts in play in any certain manner.
The snake bit him fast by the tongue, which therewith
began so to rankle and swell, that, by the time he had knocked
this foul player on the head, his mouth was scarce able to
contain it. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

PLA’YFELLOW. n. s. [play and fellow.] Companion in amuse­
ment.
Inconstant in his choice of his friends, or rather never hav­
ing a friend but p'ayfellows, of whom, when he was weary,
he could no otherwise rid himself than by killing them. Sidn.
She seem'd still back unto the land to look,
And her p'ayfellows aid to call, and fear
The dashing of the waves. Spenser.
Your precious self had not then cross'd the eyes
Of my young playfellow. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Mischance and sorrow go along with you!
Heart's discontent and sour affliction
Be playfellows to keep you company! Shakesp.
Sweet playfellow, pray thou for us,
And good luck grant thee thy Demetrius. Shakesp.
This was the play at which Nero stakedthree thousand two
hundred and twenty-nine pounds three shillings and four
pence upon every cast; where did he find playfellows?
Arbuthnot on Coins.

PLA’YFUL. adj. [play and full.] Sportive; full of levity.
He is scandalized at youth for being lively, and at child­
hood for being playful. Addison's Spectator, No 494.

PLA’YGAME. n. s. [play and game.] Play of children.
That liberty alone gives the true relish to their ordinary
playgames. Locke.

PLA’YHOUSE. n. s. [play and house.] House where dramatick
performances are represented.
These are the youths that thunder at a playhouse, and fight
for bitten apples. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He hurries me from the playhouse and scenes there, to the
bear-garden. Stillingfleet.
I am a sufficient theatre to myself of ridiculous actions,
without expecting company either in a court or playhouse. Dry.
Shakespear, whom you and ev'ry playhouse bill
Stile the divine. Pope's Epistles of Horace.

PLA’YPLEASURE. n. s. [play and pleasure.] Idle amusement.
He taketh a kind of playpleasure in looking upon the for­
tunes of others. Bacon's Essays.

PLA’YSOME. adj. [play and some.] Wanton; full of levity.

PLA’YSOMENESS. n. s. [from playsome.] Wantonness; levity.

PLA’YTHING. n. s. [play and thing.] Toy; thing to play
with.
O Castalio! thou hast caught
My foolish heart; and like a tender child,
That trusts his plaything to another hand,
I fear its harm, and fain would have it back. Otway.
A child knows his nurse, and by degrees the playthings of
a little more advanced age. Locke.
The servants should be hindered from making court to
them, by giving them fruit and playthings. Locke.
O Richard,
Would fortune calm her present rage,
And give us playthings for our age. Prior.
Allow him but the plaything of a pen,
He ne'er rebels or plots. Pope.

PLA’YWRIGHT. n. s. [play and wright.] A maker of plays.
He ended much in the character he had liv'd in; and Ho­
race's rule for a play may as well be applied to him as a play­
wright. Pope.

PLE

PLEA. n. s. [plaid, old French.]
1. The act or form of pleading.
2. Thing offered or demanded in pleading.
The magnificoes have all persuaded with him;
But none can drive him from the envious plea
Of forfeiture of justice and his bond. Shakesp.
3. Allegation.
They tow'rds the throne supreme,
Accountable, made haste, to make appear
With righteous plea, their utmost vigilance. Milton.
4. An apology; an excuse.
The siend, with necessity,
The tyrant's plea, excus'd his devilish deeds. Milton.
Thou determin'st weakness for no plea. Milton.
When such occasions are,
No plea must serve; 'tis cruelty to spare. Denham.
Whoever argues in defence of absolute power in a single
person, though he offers the old plausible plea, that, it is his
opinion, which he cannot help, unless he be convinced, ought
to be treated as the common enemy of mankind. Swift.

To PLEACH. v. a. [plesser, Fr.] To bend; to interweave.
A word not in use.
Would'st thou be window'd in great Rome, and see
Thy master thus, with pleacht arms, bending down
His corrigible neck. Shakespeare.
Steal into the pleached bower,
Where honey-sackles ripen'd by the sun,
Forbid the sun to enter. Shakesp.

To PLEAD. v. n. [plaider, Fr.]
1. To argue before a court of justice.
To his accusations
He pleaded still not guilty; and alleg'd
Many sharp reasons. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
O that one might plead for a man with God, as a man
pleadeth for his neighbour! Job. xvi. 21.
Of beauty sing;
Let others govern or defend the state,
Plead at the bar, or manage a debate. Granvill.
Lawyers and divines write down short notes, in order to
preach or plead. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To speak in an argumentative or persuasive way for or against;
to reason with another.
I am
To plead for that, which I would not obtain. Shakesp.
Who is he that will plead with me; for now if I hold my
tongue, I shall give up the ghost. Job. xiii. 19.
If nature plead not in a parent's heart,
Pity my tears, and pity her desert. Dryden.
It must be no ordinary way of reasoning, in a man that is
pleading for the natural power of kings, and against all com­
pact, to bring for proof an example, where his own account
founds all the right upon compact. Locke.
3. To be offered as a plea.
Since you can love, and yet your error see,
The same resistless power may plead for me,
With no less ardour I my claim pursue;
I love, and cannot yield her even to you. Dryden.

To PLEAD. v. a.
1. To defend; to discuss.
Will you, we shew our title to the crown?
If not, our swords shall plead it in the field. Shakesp.
2. To allege in pleading or argument.
Don Sebastian came forth to intreat, that they might part
with their arms like soldiers; it was told him, that they could
not justly plead law of nations, for that they were not lawful
enemies. Spenser on Ireland.
If they will plead against me my reproach, know that God
hath overthrown me. Job xix. 5.
3. To offer as an excuse.
I will neither plead my age nor sickness, in excuse of
faults. Dryden.

PLEA’DABLE. adj. [from plead.] Capable to be alleged in
plea.
I ought to be discharged from this information, because this
privilege is pleadable at law. Dryden.

PLEA’DER. n. s. [plaideur, Fr. from plead.]
1. One who argues in a court of justice.
The brief with weighty crimes was charg'd,
On which the pleader much enlarg'd. Swift's Miscel.
2. One who speaks for or against.
If you
Would be your country's pleader, your good tongue
Might stop our countryman. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
So fair a pleader any cause may gain. Dryden.



PLEA’DING. n. s. [from plead.] Act or form of pleading.
If the heavenly folk should know
These pleadings in the court below. Swift's Miscel.

PLEA’SANCE. n. s. [plaisance, Fr.] Gaiety; pleasantry; mer­
riment.
The lovely pleasance and the lofty pride
Cannot expressed be by any art. Spenser.
Her words she drowned with laughing vain,
And wanting grace in utt'ring of the same,
That turned all her pleasance to a scoffing game. F. Queen.
Oh that men should put an enemy into their mouths, to
steal away their brains! that we should with joy, pleasance,
revel and applause transform ourselves into beasts. Shakesp.

PLE’ASANT. adj. [plaisant, French.]
1. Delightful; giving delight.
The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices
Make instruments to scourge us. Shakesp. King Lear.
What most he should dislike, seems pleasant to him;
What like, offensive. Shakesp. King Lear.
How good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell in
unity! Psalms.
Verdure clad
Her universal face with pleasant green. Milton.
2. Grateful to the senses.
Sweeter thy discourse is to my ear,
Than fruits of palm-tree pleasantest to thirst. Milton.
3. Good humoured; cheerful.
In all thy humours, whether grave or mellow,
Thou'rt such a touchy, testy, pleasant fellow. Addison.
4. Gay; lively; merry.
Let neither the power nor quality of the great, or the wit
of the pleasant prevail with us to flatter the vices, or applaud
the prophaneness of wicked men. Rogers's Sermons.
5. Trifling; adapted rather to mirth than use.
They, who would prove their idea of infinite to be posi­
tive, seem to do it by a pleasant argument, taken from the ne­
gation of an end, which being negative, the negation of it
is positive. Locke.

PLEA’SANTLY. adv. [from pleasant.]
1. In such a manner as to give delight.
2. Gayly; merrily; in good humour.
King James was wont pleasantly to say, that the duke of
Buckingham had given him a secretary, who could neither
write nor read. Clarendon.
3. Lightly; ludicrously.
Eustathius is of opinion, that Ulysses speaks pleasantly to
Elpenor. Broome.

PLEASANTNESS. n. s. [from pleasant.]
1. Delightfulness; state of being pleasant.
Doth not the pleasantness of this place carry in itself suffi­
cient reward. Sidney.
2. Gaiety; cheerfulness; merriment.
It was refreshing, but composed, like the pleasantness of
youth tempered with the gravity of age. South.
He would fain put on some pleasantness, but was not able
to conceal his vexation. Tillotson.

PLEA’SANTRY. n. s. [plaisanterie, Fr.]
1. Gaiety; merriment.
The harshness of reasoning is not a little softened and
smoothed by the infusions of mirth and pleasantry. Addison.
Such kinds of pleasantry are disingenuous in criticism, the
greatest masters appear serious and instructive. Addison.
2. Sprightly saying; lively talk.
The grave abound in pleasantries, the dull in repartees and
points of wit. Addison's Spectator, No 487.

To PLEASE. v. a. [placeo, Lat. plaire, Fr.]
1. To delight; to gratify; to humour.
They please themselves in the children of strangers. Is. ii. 6.
Whether it were a whistling wind, or a pleasing fall of
water running violently. Wisdom xvii. 18.
Thou can'st not be so pleas'd at liberty,
As I shall be to find thou dar'st be free. Dryden.
Leave such to trifle with more grace and ease,
Whom folly pleases, and whose follies please. Pope.
2. To satisfy; to content.
Doctor Pinch
Establish him in his true sense again,
And I will please you what you will demand. Shakesp.
What next I bring shall please
Thy wish exactly to thy heart's desire. Milton.
3. To obtain favour from; to be pleased with, is to approve;
to favour.
This is my beloved son, in whom I am well pleased. Mat.
I have seen thy face, and thou wast pleased with me. Gen.
Fickle their state whom God
Most favours: who can please him long? Milton.
4. To be PLEASED. To like. A word of ceremony.
Many of our most skilful painters were pleased to recom­
mend this author to me, as one who perfectly understood the
rules of painting. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To PLEASE. v. n.
1. To give pleasure.
What pleasing seem'd, for her now pleases more. Milton.
I found something that was more pleasing in them, than my
ordinary productions. Dryden.
2. To gain approbation.
Their wine-offerings shall not be pleasing unto him. Hosea.
3. To like; to chuse.
Spirits, freed from mortal laws, with ease
Assume what sexes and what shapes they please. Pope.
4. To condescend; to comply. A word of ceremony.
Please you, lords,
In sight of both our battles we may meet. Shakesp.
The first words that I learnt were, to express my desire,
that he would please to give me my liberty. Gulliver.

PLEASER. n. s. [from please.] One that courts favour.

PLEASINGLY. adv. [from pleasing.] In such a manner as to
give delight.
Pleasingly troublesome thought and remembrance have been
to me since I left you. Suckling.
Thus to herself she pleasingly began. Milton.
The end of the artist is pleasingly to deceive the eye. Dryd.
He gains all points, who pleasingly confounds,
Surprizes, varies, and conceals the bounds. Pope.

PLEA’SINGNESS. n. s. [from pleasing.] Quality of giving de­
light.

PLEA’SEMAN. n. s. [please and man.] A pickthank; an offi­
cious fellow.
Some carry tale, some pleaseman, some slight zany,
That knows the trick to make my lady laugh,
Told our intents. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

PLEA’SURABLE. adj. [from pleasure.] Delightful; full of
pleasure.
Planting of orchards is very profitable, as well as pleasur­
able. Bacon.
It affords a pleasurable habitation in every part, and that is
the line ecliptick. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
There are, that the compounded fluid drain
From different mixtures: so the blended streams,
Each mutually correcting each, create
A pleasurable medley. Philips.
Our ill-judging thought
Hardly enjoys the pleasurable taste. Prior.

PLEA’SURE. n. s. [plaisir, French.]
1. Delight; gratification of the mind or senses.
Pleasure, in general, is the consequent apprehension of
a suitable object, suitably applied to a rightly disposed fa­
culty. South's Sermons.
A cause of men's taking pleasure in the sins of others, is,
that poor spiritedness that accompanies guilt. South's Sermons.
In hollow caves sweet echo quiet lies;
Her name with pleasure once she taught the shore,
Now Daphne's dead, and pleasure is no more. Pope.
2. Loose gratification.
Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty,
And yet seem cold. Shakesp.
Behold yon dame does shake the head to hear of pleasure's
name. Shakesp. King Lear.
Not sunk in carnal pleasure. Milton.
3. Approbation.
The Lord taketh pleasure in them that fear him. Psalms.
4. What the will dictates.
Use your pleasure; if your love do not persuade you to
come, let not my letter. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
He will do his pleasure on Babylon. Is. xlviii.
5. Choice; arbitrary will.
We ascribe not only effects depending on the natural period
of time unto arbitrary calculations, and such as vary at plea­
sure, but confirm our tenets by the uncertain account of
others. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
Half their fleet offends
His open side, and high above him shews;
Upon the rest at pleasure he descends,
And doubly harm'd, he double harm bestows. Dryden.
Raise tempests at your pleasure. Dryden.
We can at pleasure move several parts of our bodies. Locke.
All the land in their dominions being acquired by conquest,
was disposed by them according to their pleasure. Arbuthnot.

To PLEASURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To please; to gra­
tify. This word, though supported by good authority, is,
I think, inelegant.
Things, thus set in order,
Shall further thy harvest, and pleasure thee best. Tusser.
I count it one of my greatest afflictions, that I cannot plea­
sure such an honourable gentleman. Shakespeare.
If what pleases him, shall pleasure you,
Fight closer, or good faith you'll catch a blow. Shakesp.
When the way of pleasuring and displeasuring lieth by the
favourite, it is impossible any should be overgreat. Bacon.
Nothing is difficult to love; it will make a man cross his
own inclinations to pleasure them whom he loves. Tillotson.

PLEA’SUREFUL. adj. [pleasure and full.] Pleasant; delightful.
Obsolete.
This country, for the fruitfulness of the land and the con­
veniency of the sea, hath been reputed a very commodious
and pleasureful country. Abbot's Descript. of the World.



PLEBEI’AN. n. s. [plebeïen, Fr. plebeius, Lat.] One of the lower
people.
Let him
Hoist thee up to the shouting plebeians. Shakespeare.
You're plebeians, if they be senators. Shakespeare.
Upon the least intervals of peace, the quarrels between
the nobles and the plebeians would revive. Swift.

PLEBEI’AN. adj.
1. Popular; consisting of mean persons.
As swine are to gardens, so are tumults to parliaments,
and plebeian concourses to publick counsels. King Charles.
2. Belonging to the lower ranks.
He through the midst unmark'd,
In shew plebeian angel militant
Of lowest order. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
3. Vulgar; low; common.
To apply notions philosophical to plebeian terms; or to say,
where the notions cannot fitly be reconciled, that there
wanteth a term or nomenclature for it, as the ancients used,
they be but shifts of ignorance. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The differences of mouldable and not mouldable, scissible
and not scissible are plebeian notions. Bacon.
Dishonour not the vengeance I design'd.
A queen! and own a base plebeian mind! Dryden.

PLEDGE. n. s. [pleige, Fr. pieggio, Italian.]
1. Any thing put to pawn.
2. A gage; any thing given by way of warrant or security; a
pawn.
These men at the first were only pitied; the great humility,
zeal and devotion, which appeared to be in them, was in all
men's opinion a pledge of their harmless meaning. Hooker.
If none appear to prove upon thy person
Thy heinous, manifest and many treasons;
There is my pledge, I'll prove it on thy heart. Shakespeare.
That voice their liveliest pledge
Of hope in fears and dangers. Milton.
Money is necessary both for counters and for pledges, and
carrying with it even reckoning and security. Locke.
Hymen shall be aton'd, shall join two hearts,
And Aribert shall be the pledge of peace. Rowe.
3. A surety; a bail; an hostage.
What purpose could there be of treason, when the Guia­
nians offered to leave pledges, six for one. Raleigh.
Good sureties will we have for thy return,
And at thy pledges peril keep thy day. Dryden.

TO PLEDGE. v. a. [pleiger, Fr. pieggiare, Italian.]
1. To put in pawn.
Asleep and naked as an Indian lay,
An honest factor stole a gem away;
He pledg'd it to the knight; the knight had wit,
So kept the diamond. Pope.
2. To give as warrant or security.
3. To secure by a pledge.
I accept her;
And here to pledge my vow, I give my hand. Shakesp.
4. To invite to drink, by accepting the cup or health after
another.
The fellow, that
Parts bread with him, and pledges
The breath of him in a divided draught,
Is th' readiest man to kill him. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
To you noble lord of Westmoreland.
—I pledge your grace. Shakesp. Henry IV.
That flexanimous orator began the king of Homebia's
health; he presently pledg'd it. Howel's Vocal Forest.

PLE’DGET. n. s. [plagghe, Dutch.] A small mass of lint.
I applied a pledget of basilicon. Wiseman's Surgery.

PLE’IADS. n. s. [pleiades, Lat. p?e?ade?.] A northern con­
stellation.
The pleiades before him danc'd,
Shedding sweet influence. Milton.
Then sailors quarter'd heav'n, and found a name
For pleiads, hyads and the northern car. Dryden.

PLE’IADES. n. s. [pleiades, Lat. p?e?ade?.] A northern con­
stellation.
The pleiades before him danc'd,
Shedding sweet influence. Milton.
Then sailors quarter'd heav'n, and found a name
For pleiads, hyads and the northern car. Dryden.

PLE’NARILY. adv. [from plenary.] Fully; completely.
The cause is made a plenary cause, and ought to be deter­
mined plenarily. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PLENARY. adj. [from plenus, Lat.] Full; complete.
I am far from denying that compliance on my part, for
plenary consent it was not, to his destruction. King Charles.
The cause is made a plenary cause. Ayliffe.
A treatise on a subject should be plenary or full, so that no­
thing may be wanting, nothing which is proper omitted. Watts.

PLE’NARY. n. s. Decisive procedure.
A bare institution without induction does not make a
plenary against the king, where he has a title to present.
Aylisse.

PLE’NARINESS. n. s. [from plenary.] Fulness; completeness.

PLE’NILUNARY. adj. [from plenilunium, Lat.] Relating to
the full moon.
If we add the two Egyptian days in every month, the in­
terlunary and plenilunary exemptions, there would arise above
an hundred more. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PLE’NIPOTENCE. n. s. [from plenus and potentia, Lat.] Fulness
of power.

PLE’NIPOTENT. adj. [plenipotens, Lat.] Invested with full
power.
My substitutes I send you, and create
Plenipotent on earth, of matchless might
Issuing from me. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

PLENIPOTE’NTIARY. n. s. [plenipotentiaire, Fr.] A negotiator
invested with full power.
They were only the plenipotentiary monks of the patriarchal
monks. Stillingfleet.

PLE’NIST. n. s. [from plenus, Lat.] One that holds all space
to be full of matter.
Those spaces, which the vacuists would have empty, be­
cause devoid of air, the plenists do not prove replenished with
subtle matter by any sensible effects. Boyle.

PLE’NITUDE. n. s. [plenitudo, from plenus, Lat. plenitude, Fr.]
1. Fulness; the contrary to vacuity.
If there were every where an absolute plenitude and density
without any pores between the particles of bodies, all bodies
of equal dimensions would contain an equal quantity of mat­
ter, and consequently be equally ponderous. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Repletion; animal fulness; plethory.
Relaxation from plenitude is cured by spare diet. Arbuth.
3. Exuberance; abundance.
The plenitude of the pope's power of dispensing was the
main question. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. Completeness.
The plenitude of William's fame
Can no accumulated stores receive. Prior.

PLE’NTEOUS. adj. [from plenty.]
1. Copious; exuberant; abundant.
Author of evil, unknown till thy revolt
Now plenteous these acts of hateful flrife. Milton.
Two plenteous fountains the whole prospect crown'd;
This through the gardens leads its streams around. Pope.
2. Fruitful; fertile.
Take up the fifth part of the land in the seven plenteous
years. Genesis xli. 34.
Lab'ring the soil and reaping plenteous crop. Milton.

PLE’NTEOUSLY. adv. [from plenteous.] Copiously; abun­
dantly; exuberantly.
Thy due from me is tears,
Which nature, love and filial tenderness
Shall, O dear father, pay thee plenteously. Shakesp.
God created the great whales and each
Soul living, each that crept, which plenteously
The waters generated. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
God proves us in this life, that he may the more plenteously
reward us in the next. Wake's Preparation for Death.

PLE’NTEOUSNESS. n. s. [from plenteous.] Abundance; fer­
tility.
The seven years of plenteousness in Egypt were ended.
Genesis.

PLE’NTIFUL. adj. [plenty and full.] Copious; abundant; ex­
uberant; fruitful.
To Amalthea he gave a country, bending like a horn;
whence the tale of Amalthea's plentiful horn. Raleigh.
He that is plentiful in expences, will hardly be preserved
from decay. Bacon's Essays.
If it be a long winter, it is commonly a more plentiful
year. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
When they had a plentiful harvest, the farmer had hardly
any corn. L'Estrange.
Alcibiades was a young man of noble birth, excellent edu­
cation and a plentiful fortune. Swift.

PLE’NTIFULLY. adv. [from plentiful.] Copiously; abundantly.
They were not multiplied before, but they were at that
time plentifully encreased. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Bern is plentifully furnished with water, there being a great
multitude of fountains. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PLE’NTIFULNESS. n. s. [from plentiful.] The state of being
plentiful; abundance; fertility.

PLE’NTY. n. s. [from plenus, full.]
1. Abundance; such a quantity as is more than enough.
Peace,
Dear nurse of arts, plenties and joyful birth. Shakesp.
What makes land, as well as other things, dear, is plenty
of buyers, and but few sellers; and so plenty of sellers and
few buyers makes land cheap. Locke.
2. Fruitsulness; exuberance.
The teeming clouds
Descend in gladsome plenty o'er the world. Thomson.
3. It is used, I think, barbarously for plentiful.
To grass with thy calves,
Where water is plenty. Tusser's Husbandry.
If reasons were as plenty as black berries, I would give no
man a reason on compulsion. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. A state in which enough is had and enjoyed.
Ye shall eat in plenty and be satisfied, and praise the
Lord. Joel ii. 26.



PLE’ONASM. n. s. [pleonasme, Fr. pleonasmus, Lat.] A figure
of rhetorick, by which more words are used than are necessary.

PLESH. n. s. [A word used by Spenser instead of plash, for the
convenience of rhyme.] A puddle; a boggy marsh.
Out of the wound the red blood flowed fresh,
That underneath his feet soon made a purple plesh. Spenser.

PLE’THORA. n. s. [from p???a.] The state in which
the vessels are fuller of humours than is agreeable to a na­
tural state or health; arises either from a diminution of some
natural evacuations, or from debauch and feeding higher or
more in quantity than the ordinary powers of the viscera can
digest: evacuations and exercise are its remedies.
The diseases of the fluids are a plethora, or too great abun­
dance of laudable juices. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PLETHORE’TICK. adj.[from plethora.] Having a full habit.
The fluids, as they consist of spirit, water, salts, oil and
terrestrial parts, differ according to the redundance of the
whole or of any of these; and therefore the plethorick are
phlegmatick, oily, saline, earthy or dry. Arbuthnot.

PLETHO’RICK. adj.[from plethora.] Having a full habit.
The fluids, as they consist of spirit, water, salts, oil and
terrestrial parts, differ according to the redundance of the
whole or of any of these; and therefore the plethorick are
phlegmatick, oily, saline, earthy or dry. Arbuthnot.

PLE’THORY. n. s. [plethore, Fr. from p???a.] Fulness of
habit.
In too great repletion, the elastick force of the tube throws
the fluid with too great a force, and subjects the animal to
the diseases depending upon a plethory. Arbuthnot.

PLE’VIN. n. s. [pleuvine, Fr. plevina, law Lat.] In law, a
warrant or assurance. See REPLEVIN. Dict.

PLEU’RISY. n. s. [p?e??t??; pleuresie, Fr. pleuritis, Lat.]
Pleurisy is an inflamination of the pleura, though it is
hardly distinguishable from an inflammation of any other part
of the breast, which are all from the same cause, a stagnated
blood; and are to be remedied by evacuation, suppuration or
expectoration, or all together. Quincy.

PLEURI’TICAL. adj. [from pleurisy.]
1. Diseased with a pleurisy.
The viscous matter, which lies like leather upon the ex­
travasated blood of pleuritick people, may be dissolved by a
due degree of heat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Denoting a pleurisy.
His blood was pleuritical, it had neither colour nor con­
sistence. Wiseman's Surgery.

PLEU’RITICK. adj. [from pleurisy.]
1. Diseased with a pleurisy.
The viscous matter, which lies like leather upon the ex­
travasated blood of pleuritick people, may be dissolved by a
due degree of heat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Denoting a pleurisy.
His blood was pleuritical, it had neither colour nor con­
sistence. Wiseman's Surgery.

PLI

PLI’ABLE. adj. [pliable, from plier, Fr. to bend.]
1. Easy to be bent; flexible.
Though an act be never so sinful, they will strip it of its
guilt, and make the very law so pliable and bending, that it
shall be impossible to be broke. South's Sermons.
Whether the different motions of the animal spirits may
have any effect on the mould of the face, when the linea­
ments are pliable and tender, I shall leave to the curious. Add.
2. Flexible of disposition; easy to be persuaded.

PLI’ABLENESS. n. s. [from pliable.]
1. Flexibility; easiness to be bent.
2. Flexibility of mind.
Compare the ingenuous pliabeness to virtuous counsels in
youth, as it comes fresh out of the hands of nature, with the
confirmed obstinacy in most sorts of sin, that is to be found
in an aged sinner. South's Sermons.

PLI’ANCY. n. s. [from pliant.] Easiness to be bent.
Had not exercise been necessary, nature would not have
given such an activity to the limbs, and such a pliancy to every
part, as produces those compressions and extensions necessary
for the preservation of such a system. Addison's Spectator.

PLI’ANT. adj. [pliant, French.]
1. Bending; tough; flexile; flexible; lithe; limber.
An anatomist promised to dissect a woman's tongue, and
examine whether the fibres may not be made up of a finer
and more pliant thread. Addison's Spectator, No 247.
2. Easy to take a form.
Particles of heav'nly fire,
Or earth but new divided from the sky,
And pliant still retain'd th' etherial energy. Dryden.
As the wax melts that to the flame I hold,
Pliant and warm may still her heart remain,
Soft to the print, but ne'er turn hard again. Granville.
3. Easily complying.
In languages the tongue is more pliant to all sounds, the
joints more supple to all feats of activity, in youth than after­
wards. Bacon's Essays.
Those, who bore bulwarks on their backs,
Now practise ev'ry pliant gesture,
Op'ning their trunk for ev'ry tester. Swift's Miscel.
4. Easily persuaded.
The will was then ductile and pliant to right reason, it
met the dictates of a clarified understanding halfway. South.

PLI’ANTNESS. n. s. [from pliant.] Flexibility; toughness.
Greatness of weight, closeness of parts, fixation, pliant­
ness or softness. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PLI’CATURE. n. s. [plicatura, from plico, Lat.] Fold; double.
is used somewhere in Clarissa.

PLICATION n. s. [plicatura, from plico, Lat.] Fold; double.
is used somewhere in Clarissa.

PLICA’TION. n. s. [plicatura, from plico, Lat.] Fold; double.
Plication is used somewhere in Clarissa.

PLI’ERS. n. s. [from ply.] An instrument by which any thing
is laid hold on to bend it.
Pliers are of two sorts, flat-nosed and round-nosed; their
office is to hold and fasten upon a small work, and to fit it in
its place: the round-nosed pliers are used for turning or boring
wire or small plate into a circular form. Moxon.
I made a detention by a small pair of pliers. Wiseman.

To PLIGHT. v. a. [plichten, Dutch.]
1. To pledge; to give as surety.
He plighted his right hand
Unto another love, and to another land. Fairy Queen.
Saint Withold
Met the night mare, and her name told,
Bid her alight, and her troth plight. Shakesp. King Lear.
I again in Henry's royal name,
Give thee her hand for sign of plighted faith. Shakespeare.
Here my inviolable faith I plight,
Lo, thou be my defence, I, thy delight. Dryden.
New loves you seek,
New vows to plight, and plighted vows to break. Dryden.
I'll never mix my plighted hands with thine,
While such a cloud of mischiefs hangs about us. Addison.
2. To braid; to weave. [from plico, Lat. whence to ply or
bend, and plight, pleight or plait, a fold or flexure.]
Her head she fondly would aguise
With gaudie girlonds, or fresh flowrets dight
About her neck, or rings of rushes plight. Fairy Queen.
I took it for a fairy vision
Of some gay creatures of the element,
That in the colours of the rainbow live,
And play i' th' plighted clouds. Milton.

PLIGHT. n. s. [This word Skinner imagines to be derived from
the Dutch, plicht, office or employment; but Junius observes,
that pliht, Saxon, signifies distress or pressing danger; whence,
I suppose, plight was derived, it being generally used in a bad
sense.]
1. Condition; state.
When as the caresul dwarf had told,
And made ensample of their mournful sight
Unto his master, he no longer would
There dwell in peril of like painful plight. Fa. Queen.
I think myself in better plight for a lender than you are.
Shakespeare.
Beseech your highness,
My women may be with me; for, you see,
My plight requires it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
They in lowliest plight repentant stood
Praying. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Thou must not here
Lie in this miserable loathsome plight. Milton.
Most perfect hero tried in heaviest plight
Of labours huge and hard. Milton.
2. Good case.
Who abuseth his cattle and starves them for meat,
By carting or plowing, his gaine is not great;
Where he that with labour can use them aright,
Hath gaine to his comfort, and cattel in plight. Tusser.
3. Pledge; gage. [from the verb.]
That lord, whose hand must take my plight, shall carry
Half my love with him, half my care and duty. Shakesp.
4. [From to plight.] A fold; a pucker; a double; a purfle;
a plait.
Yelad, for fear of scorching air,
All in a silken camus, lilly white,
Purfled upon with many a folded plight. Fairy Queen.

PLINTH. n. s. [p?????.] In architecture, is that square
member which serves as a foundation to the base of a pillar;
Vitruvius calls the upper part or abacus of the Tuscan pillar, a
plinth, because it resembles a square tile: moreover, the same
denomination is sometimes given to a thick wall, wherein
there are two or three bricks advanced in form of a plat­
band. Harris.

PLO

To PLOD. v. n. [ploeghen, Dutch. Skinner.]
1. To toil; to moil; to drudge; to travel.
A plodding diligence brings us sooner to our journey's end,
than a fluttering way of advancing by starts. L'Estrange.
He knows better than any man, what is not to be written;
and never hazards himself so far as to fall, but plods on de­
liberately, and, as a grave man ought, puts his staff before
him. Dryden's State of Innocence.
Th' unletter'd christian, who believes in gross,
Plods on to heav'n, and ne'er is at a loss. Dryden.
2. To travel laboriously.
Rogues, plod away o' the hoof, seek shelter, pack. Sha.
If one of mean affairs
May plod it in a week, why may not I
Glide thither in a day. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Hast thou not held my stirrup?
Bare-headed, plodded by my foot-cloth mule,
And thought thee happy when I shook my head? Shakesp.
Ambitious love hath so in me offended,
That barefoot plod I the cold ground upon,
With sainted vow my faults to have amended. Shakesp.


3. To study closely and dully.
Universal plodding prisons up
The nimble spirits in the arteries;
As motion and long-during action tires
The sinewy vigour of the traveller. Shakesp.
He plods to turn his am'rous suit
T' a plea in law, and prosecute. Hudibras, p. iii.
She reason'd without plodding long,
Nor ever gave her judgment wrong. Swift's Miscel.

PLO’DDER. n. s. [from plod.] A dull heavy laborious man.
Study is like the heav'ns glorious sun,
That will not be deep search'd with saucy looks;
What have continual plodders ever won,
Save base authority from other's books? Shakesp.

PLOT. n. s. [plot, Saxon. See PLAT.]
1. A small extent of ground.
It was a chosen plot of fertile land,
Amongst wide waves set like a little nest,
As if it had by nature's cunning hand
Been choicely picked out from all the rest. Fairy Queen.
Plant ye with alders or willowes a plot,
Where yeerely as needeth mo poles may be got. Tusser.
Many unfrequented plots there are,
Fitted by kind for rape and villainy. Shakespeare.
Were there but this single plot to lose,
This mould of Marcius, they to dust would grind it,
And throw't against the wind. Shakesp.
When we mean to build,
We first survey the plot, then draw the model,
And when we see the figure of the house,
Then we must rate the cost of the erection. Shakesp.
Weeds grow not in the wild uncultivated waste, but in
garden plots under the negligent hand of a gardener. Locke.
2. A plantation laid out.
Some goddess inhabiteth this region, who is the soul of
this soil; for neither is any less than a goddess, worthy to be
shrined in such a heap of pleasures; nor any less than a god­
dess could have made it so perfect a plot. Sidney.
3. A form; a scheme; a plan.
The law of England never was properly applied unto the
Irish nation, as by a purposed plot of government, but as they
could insinuate and steal themselves under the same by their
humble carriage. Spenser on Ireland.
4. [Imagined by Skinner to be derived from platform, but evi­
dently contracted from complot, Fr.] A conspiracy; a secret
design formed against another.
I have o'erheard a plot of death upon him. Shakesp.
Easy seems the thing to every one,
That nought could cross their plot, or them suppress. Dan.
5. An intrigue; an affair complicated, involved and embarrassed;
the story of a play, comprising an artful involution of affairs,
unravelled at last by some unexpected means.
If the plot or intrigue must be natural, and such as springs
from the subject, then the winding up of the plot must be a
probable consequence of all that went before. Pope.
Nothing must be sung between the acts,
But what some way conduces to the plot. Roscommon.
Our author
Produc'd his play, and begg'd the knight's advice,
Made him observe the subject and the plot,
The manners, passions, unities, what not? Pope.
They deny the plot to be tragical, because its catastrophe
is a wedding, which hath ever been accounted comical. Gay.
6. Stratagem; secret combination to any ill end.
Frustrate all our plots and wiles. Milton.
7. Contrivance; deep reach of thought.
Who says he was not
A man of much plot,
May repent that false accusation;
Having plotted and pen'd
Six plays to attend
The farce of his negociation. Denham.

To PLOT. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To form schemes of mischief against another, commonly
against those in authority.
The subtle traitor
This day had plotted in the council house
To murther me. Shakespeare's Richard III.
The wicked plotteth against the just. Psalm xxxvii. 12.
He who envies now thy state,
Who now is plotting how he may seduce
Thee from obedience. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
The wolf that round th' inclosure prowl'd
To leap the fence, now plots not on the fold. Dryden.
2. To contrive; to scheme.
The count tells the marquis of a flying noise, that the
prince did plot to be secretly gone; to which the marquis an­
swer'd, that though love had made his highness steal out of
his own country, yet fear would never make him run out of
Spain. Wotton.

To PLOT. v. a.
1. To plan; to contrive.
With shame and sorrow fill'd:
Shame for his folly; sorrow out of time
For plotting an unprofitable crime. Dryden.
2. To describe according to ichnography.
This treatise plotteth down Cornwall, as it now standeth,
for the particulars. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

PLO’TTER. n. s. [from plot.]
1. Conspirator.
As for you, Colonel, we shall try who's the greater plotter
of us two; I against the state, or you against the petticoat.
Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. Contriver.
An irreligious moor,
Chief architect and plotter of these woes. Shakesp.

PLO’VER. n. s. [pluvier, Fr. pluvialis, Lat.] A lapwing. A
bird.
Of wild birds, Cornwall hath quail, rail, patridge, phea­
sant and plover. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Scarce
The bittern knows his time: or from the shore,
The plovers when to scatter o'er the heath
And sing. Thomson's Spring.

PLOUGH. n. s. [plog, Saxon; plog, Danish; ploegh, Dutch.]
1. The instrument with which the furrows are cut in the ground
to receive the seed.
Look how the purple flower, which the plough
Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die. Peacham.
Some ploughs differ in the length and shape of their beams;
some in the share, others in the coulter and handles. Mort.
In ancient times the sacred plough employ'd
The kings and awful fathers. Thomson.
2. A kind of plane. Ainsworth.

To PLOUGH. v. n. To practise aration; to turn up the ground
in order to sow seed.
Rebellion, insolence, sedition
We ourselves have plough'd for, sow'd and scatter'd,
By mingling them with us. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Doth the ploughman plough all day to sow? Is. xxviii. 24.
They only give the land one ploughing, and sow white
oats, and harrow them as they do black. Mortimer.

To PLOUGH. v. a.
1. To turn up with the plough.
Let the Volscians
Plough Rome and harrow Italy. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Shou'd any slave, so lewd, belong to you?
No doubt you'd send the rogue, in fetters bound,
To work in bridewell, or to plough your ground. Dryden.
A man may plough, in stiff grounds the first time fallowed,
an acre a day. Mortimer.
You find it ploughed into ridges and furrows. Mortimer.
2. To bring to view by the plough.
Another of a dusky colour, near black; there are of these
frequently ploughed up in the fields of Weldon. Woodward.
3. To furrow; to divide.
When the prince her fun'ral rites had paid,
He plough'd the Tyrrhene seas with sails display'd. Addis.
With speed we plough the watry way,
My power shall guard thee. Pope's Odyssey.
4. To tear; to furrow.
Let
Patient Octavia plough thy visage up
With her prepared nails. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

PLOU’GHBOY. n. s. [plough and boy.] A boy that follows the
plough; a coarse ignorant boy.
A ploughboy, that has never seen any thing but thatched
houses and his parish church, imagines that thatch belongs to
the very nature of a house. Watts's Logick.

PLOU’GHER. n. s. [from plough.] One who ploughs or culti­
vates ground.
When the country shall be replenished with corn, as it
will, if well followed; for the country people themselves are
great ploughers and small spenders of corn: then there should
be good store of magazines erected. Spenser.

PLOUGHLA’ND. n. s. [plough and land.] A farm for corn.
Who hath a ploughland casts all his seed-corn there,
And yet allows his ground more corn should bear. Donne.
In this book are entered the names of the manors or in­
habited townships, the number of ploughlands that each con­
tains, and the number of the inhabitants. Hale.

PLOU’GHMAN. n. s. [plough and man.]
1. One that attends or uses the plough.
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws,
And merry larks are ploughmen's clocks,
The cuckow then on ev'ry tree. Shakespeare.
God provides the good things of the world, to serve the
neeeds of nature by the labours of the ploughman. Taylor.
The careful ploughman doubting stands. Milton.
Your reign no less assures the ploughman's peace,
Than the warm sun advances his increase. Waller.
The merchant gains by peace, and the soldiers by war, the
shepherd by wet seasons, and the ploughmen by dry. Temple.


Who can cease t' admire
The ploughman consul in his coarse attire. Dryden.
One
My ploughman's is, t'other my shepherd's son. Dryden.
2. A gross ignorant rustick.
Her hand! to whose soft seizure
The eignet's down is harsh, and, spite of sense,
Hard as the palm of ploughman. Shakesp.
3. A strong laborious man.
A weak stomach will turn rye bread into vinegar, and a
ploughman will digest it. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PLOU’GHMONDAY. n. s. The monday after twelfth-day.
Ploughmunday next after that the twelstide is past,
Bids out with the plough, the worst husband is last. Tusser.

PLOUGHSHA’RE. n. s. [plough and share.] The part of the
plough that is perpendicular to the coulter.
As the earth was turned up, the ploughshare lighted upon a
great stone; we pulled that up, and so found some pretty
things. Sidney, b. ii.
The pretty innocent walks blindfold among burning plough­
shares without being scorched. Addison's Spectator.

PLU

To PLUCK. v. a. [ploccian, Sax. plocken, Dutch.]
1. To pull with nimbleness or force; to snatch; to pull; to
draw; to force on or off; to force up or down; to act upon
with violence. It is very generally and licentiously used, par­
ticularly by Shakespeare.
It seemed better unto that noble king to plant a peaceable
government among them, than by violent means to pluck them
under. Spenser on Ireland.
You were crown'd before,
And that high royalty was ne'er pluck'd off. Shakesp.
Pluck down my officers, break my decrees,
For now a time is come to mock at form. Shakesp.
Can'st thou not
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,
And with some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When yet he was but tender bodied, when youth with
comeliness plucked all gaze his way. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I gave my love a ring;
He would not pluck it from his finger, for the wealth
That the world masters. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
If you do wrongfully seize Hereford's right,
You pluck a thousand dangers on your head. Shakesp.
Dive into the bottom of the deep,
Where fathom line could never touch the ground,
And pluck up drowned honour by the locks. Shakesp.
I will pluck them up by the roots out of my land. 2 Chron.
Pluck away his crop with his feathers. Lev. i. 16.
A time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is
planted. Ecclus. iii. 2.
They pluck off their skin from off them. Mic. iii. 2.
Dispatch 'em quick, but first pluck out their tongues,
Lest with their dying breath they sow sedition. Addison.
Beneath this shade the weary peasant lies,
Plucks the broad leaf, and bids the breezes rise. Gay.
From the back
Of herds and flocks, a thousand tugging bills
Pluck hair and wool. Thomson's Spring.
2. To strip of feathers.
Since I pluckt geese, I knew not what it was to be beaten.
Shakespeare.
I come to thee from plume pluck'd Richard. Shakesp.
3. To pluck up a heart or spirit. A proverbial expression for
taking up or resuming of courage.
He willed them to pluck up their hearts, and make all
things ready for a new assault, wherein he expected they should
with couragious resolution recompense their late cowardice.
Knolles's History of the Turks.

PLUCK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A pull; a draw; a single act of plucking.
Birds kept coming and going all the day long; but so few
at a time, that the man did not think them worth a pluck.
L'Estrange.
Were the ends of the bones dry, they could not, without
great difficulty, obey the plucks and attractions of the motory
muscles. Ray on the Creation.
2. [Plughk, Erse. I know not whether derived from the
English, rather than the English from the Erse.] The heart,
liver and lights of an animal.

PLU’CKER. n. s. [from pluck.] One that plucks.
Thou setter up and plucker down of kings! Shakesp.
Pull it as soon as you see the seed begin to grow brown, at
which time let the pluckers tie it up in handsuls. Mortimer.

PLUG. n. s. [plugg, Swedish; plugghe, Dutch.] A stopple;
any thing driven hard into another body.
Shutting the valve with the plug, draw down the sucker
to the bottom. Boyle.
The fighting with a man's own shadow, consists in the
brandishing of two sticks grasped in each hand, and loaden
with plugs of lead at either end: this opens the chest. Addis.
In bottling wine, fill your mouth full of corks, together
with a large plug of tobacco. Swift's Direct. to the Butler.

To PLUG. v. a. [from the noun.] To stop with a plug.
A tent plugging up the orifice, would make the matter re­
cur to the part disposed to receive it. Sharp's Surgery.

PLUM. n. s. [plum, plumtreow, Sax. blumme, Danish. A cu­
stom has prevailed of writing plumb, but improperly.
1. A fruit.
The flower consists of five leaves, which are placed in a
circular order, and expand in form of a rose, from whose
flower-cup rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes an
oval or globular fruit, having a soft fleshy pulp, surrounding
an hard oblong stone, for the most part pointed; to which
should be added, the footstalks are long and slender, and have
but a single fruit upon each: the species are; 1. The jean­
hative, or white primordian. 2. The early black damask,
commonly called the Morocco plum. 3. The little black
damask plum. 4. The great damask violet of Tours. 5.
The Orleans plum. 6. The Fotheringham plum. 7. The
Perdrigon plum. 8. The violet Perdrigon plum. 9. The
white Perdrigon plum. 10. The red imperial plum, some­
times called the red bonum magnum. 11. The white im­
perial bonum magnum; white Holland or Mogul plum. 12.
The Cheston plum. 13. The apricot plum. 14. The maitre
claude. 15. La roche-courbon, or diaper rouge; the red
diaper plum. 16. Queen Claudia. 17. Myrobalan plum.
18. The green gage plum. 19. The cloth of gold plum.
20. St. Catharine plum. 21. The royal plum. 22. La mi­
rabelle. 23. The Brignole plum. 24. The empress. 25.
The monsieur plum: this is sometimes called the Wentworth
plum, both resembling the bonum magnum. 26. The cherry
plum. 27. The white pear plum. 28. The muscle plum.
29. The St. Julian plum. 30. The black bullace-tree plum.
31. The white bullace-tree plum. 32. The black thorn or
sloe-tree plum. Miller.
Philosophers in vain enquired, whether the summum bonum
consisted in riches, bodily delights, virtue or contemplation:
they might as reasonably have disputed, whether the best re­
lish were in apples, plums or nuts. Locke.
2. Raisin; grape dried in the sun.
I will dance, and eat plums at your wedding. Shakesp.
3. [In the cant of the city.] The sum of one hundred thou­
sand pounds.
By the present edict, many a man in France will swell into
a plum, who fell several thousand pounds short of it the day
before. Addison.
The miser must make up his plum,
And dares not touch the hoarded sum. Prior.
By fair dealing John had acquired some plums, which he
might have kept, had it not been for his law-suit. Arbuth.
Ask you,
Why she and Sapho raise that monstrous sum?
Alas! they fear a man will cost a plum. Pope.
4. A kind of play, called how many plums for a penny. Ains.

PLUMAGE. n. s. [plumage, Fr.] Feathers; suit of feathers.
The plumage of birds exceeds the pilosity of beasts. Bacon.
Say, will the falcon, stooping from above,
Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove. Pope.

PLUMB. n. s. [plomb, Fr. plumbum, Lat.] A plummet; a leaden
weight let down at the end of a line.
If the plumb line hang just upon the perpendicular, when
the level is set flat down upon the work, the work is level.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

PLUMB. adv. [from the noun.] Perpendicularly to the horizon.
If all these atoms should descend plumb down with equal
velocity, being all perfectly solid and imporous, and the va­
cuum not resisting their motion, they would never the one
overtake the other. Ray on the Creation.
Is it not a sad thing to fall thus plumb into the grave? well
one minute and dead the next. Collier.

To PLUMB. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To sound; to search by a line with a weight at its end.
The most experienced seamen plumbed the depth of the
channel. Swift's Gulliver.
2. To regulate any work by the plummet.

PLU’MBER. n. s. [plombier, Fr.] One who works upon lead.
Commonly written and pronounced plummer.

PLU’MBERY. n. s. [from plumber.] Works of lead; the ma­
nufactures of a plumber. Commonly spelt plummery.

PLU’MCAKE. n. s. [plum and cake.] Cake made with raisins.
He cramm'd them till their guts did ake
With caudle, custard and plumcake. Hudibras.

PLUME. n. s. [plume, Fr. pluma, Lat.]
1. Feather of birds.
Let frantick Talbot triumph for a while,
And, like a peacock, sweep along his tail;
We'll pull his plumes, and take away his train. Shakesp.
Wings he wore of many a colour'd plume. Milton.
They appear made up of little bladders, like those in the
plume or stalk of a quill. Grew's Musæum.
2. Feather worn as an ornament.
Let every feeble rumour shake your hearts,
Your enemies with nodding of their plumes
Fan you into despair. Shakesp. Coriolanus.


Eastern travellers know that ostridges feathers are common,
and the ordinary plume of Janizaries. Brown.
The fearful infant
Daunted to see a face with steel o'erspread,
And his high plume that nodded o'er his head. Dryden.
3.  Pride; towering mien.
Great duke of Lancaster, I come to thee
From plume pluckt Richard, who with willing soul
Adopts thee heir. Shakespeare's Richard II.
4. Token of honour; prize of contest.
Ambitious to win from me some plume. Milton.
5. Plume is a term used by botanists for that part of the seed
of a plant, which in its growth becomes the trunk: it is in­
closed in two small cavities, formed in the lobes for its recep­
tion, and is divided at its loose end into divers pieces, all
closely bound together like a bunch of feathers, whence it
has this name. Quincy.

To PLUME. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To pick and adjust feathers.
Swans must be kept in some enclosed pond, where they
may have room to come ashore and plume themselves. Mort.
2. [Plumer, Fr.] To strip of feathers.
Such animals, as feed upon flesh, devour some part of the
feathers of the birds they gorge themselves with, because they
will not take the pains fully to plume them. Ray.
3. To strip; to pill.
They stuck not to say, that the king cared not to plume
the nobility and people to feather himself. Bacon.
4. To place as a plume.
His stature reach'd the sky, and on his crest
Sat horror plum'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
5. To adorn with plumes.
Farewel the plumed troops, and the big war,
That make ambition virtue. Shakesp. Othello.

PLUMEA’LLUM. n. s. [alumen plumosum, Lat.] A kind of
asbestus.
Plumcallum, formed into the likeness of a wick, will ad­
minister to the flame, and yet not consume. Wilkins.

PLUMI’GEROUS. adj. [pluma and gero, Lat.] Having feathers;
feathered. Dict.

PLU’MIPEDE. n. s. [pluma and pes, Lat.] A fowl that has
feathers on the foot. Dict.

PLU’MMET. n. s. [from plumb.]
1. A weight of lead hung at a string, by which depths are
sounded, and perpendicularity is discerned.
Deeper than did ever plummet sound,
I'll drown my book. Shakesp. Tempest.
Fly envious time
Call on the lazy leaden-stepping hours,
Whose speed is but the heavy plummet's pace. Milton.
2. Any weight.
God sees the body of flesh which you bear about you,
and the plummets which it hangs upon your soul, and there­
fore, when you cannot rise high enough to him, he comes
down to you. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
The heaviness of these bodies, being always in the ascend­
ing side of the wheel, must be counterpoised by a plummet
fastened about the pulley on the axis: this plummet will de­
scend according as the sand doth make the several parts of
the wheel lighter or heavier. Wilkins.

PLUMO’SITY. n. s. [from plumous.] The state of having feathers.

PLU’MOUS. adj. [plumeux, Fr. plumosus, Lat.] Feathery; re­
sembling feathers.
This has a like plumous body in the middle, but finer.
Woodward on Fossils.

PLUMP. adj. [Of this word the etymology is not known.
Skinner derives it from pommelé, Fr. full like a ripe apple; it
might be more easily deduced from plum, which yet seems
very harsh. Junius omits it.] Somewhat fat; not lean;
sleek; full and smooth.
The heifer, that valued itself upon a smooth coat and a
plump habit of body, was taken up for a sacrifice; but the
ox, that was despised for his raw bones, went on with his
work still. L'Estrange.
Plump gentleman,
Get out as fast as e'er you can;
Or cease to push, or to exclaim,
You make the very croud you blame. Prior.
The famish'd cow
Grows plump and round, and full of mettle. Swift.

PLUMP. n. s. [from the adjective.] A knot; a tuft; a cluster;
a number joined in one mass.
England, Scotland, Ireland lie all in a plump together, not
accessible but by sea. Bacon.
Warwick having espied certain plumps of Scottish horse­
men ranging the field, returned towards the arriere to pre­
vent danger. Hayward.
We rested under a plump of trees. Sandys.
Spread upon a lake, with upward eye
A plump of fowl behold their foe on high;
They close their trembling troop, and all attend
On whom the sowsing eagle will descend. Dryden.

To PLUMP. v. a. [from the adjective.] To fatten; to swell;
to make large.
The particles of air expanding themselves, plump out the
sides of the bladder, and keep them turgid. Boyle.
I'm as lean as carrion; but a wedding at our house will
plump me up with good chear. L'Estrange.
Let them lie for the dew and rain to plump them. Mort.

To PLUMP. v. n. [from the adverb.]
2. [From the adjective.] To be swollen. Ainsworth.
1. To fall like a stone into the water. A word formed from the
sound.

PLUMP. adv. [Probably corrupted from plumb, or perhaps
formed from the sound of a stone falling on the water.]
With a sudden fall.
I would fain now see 'em rowl'd
Down a hill, or from a bridge
Head-long cast, to break their ridge;
Or to some river take 'em
Plump, and see if that would wake 'em. B. Johnson.

PLU’MPER. n. s. [from plump.] Something worn in the mouth
to swell out the cheeks.
She dext'rously her plumpers draws,
That serve to fill her hollow jaws. Swift's Miscel.

PLU’MPNESS. n. s. [from plump.] Fulness; disposition towards
fulness.
Those convex glasses supply the defect of plumpness in the
eye, and by encreasing the refraction make the rays converge
sooner, so as to convene at the bottom of the eye. Newton.

PLU’MPORRIDGE. n. s. [plum and porridge.] Porridge with
plums.
A rigid dissenter, who dined at his house on Christmas­
day, eat very plentifully of his plumporridge. Addison.

PLU’MPUDDING. n. s. [plum and pudding.] Pudding made
with plums.

PLU’MPY. adj. Plump; fat.
Come, thou monarch of the vine,
Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne,
In thy vats our cares be drown'd. Shakesp.

PLUmy. adj. [from plume.] Feathered; covered with feathers.
Satan fell, and straight a fiery globe
Of angels on full sail of wing flew nigh,
Who on their plumy vans receiv'd him soft
From his uneasy station, and upbore
As on a floating couch through the blithe air. Milton.
Appear'd his plumy crest, besmear'd with blood. Addison.
Sometimes they are like a quill, with the plumy part only
upon one side. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.

To PLU’NDER. v. a. [plunderen, Dutch.]
1. To pillage; to rob in an hostile way.
Nebuchadnezzar plunders the temple of God, and we find
the fatal doom that afterwards befel him. South's Sermons.
Ships the fruits of their exaction brought,
Which made in peace a treasure richer far,
Than what is plunder'd in the rage of war. Dryden.
2. To rob as a thief.
Their country's wealth our mightier misers drain,
Or cross, to plunder provinces, the main. Pope.

PLU’NDER. n. s. [from the verb.] Pillage; spoils gotten in war.
Let loose the murmuring army on their masters,
To pay themselves with plunder. Otway.

PLU’NDERER. n. s. [from plunder.]
1. Hostile pillager; spoiler.
2. A thief; a robber.
It was a famous saying of William Rufus, whosoever spares
perjured men, robbers, plunderers and traitors, deprives all
good men of their peace and quietness. Addison.
We cannot future violence o'ercome,
Nor give the miserable province ease,
Since what one plund'rer left, the next will seize. Dryden.

To PLUNGE. v. a. [plonger, Fr.]
1. To put suddenly under water, or under any thing supposed
liquid.
Plunge us in the flames. Milton.
Headlong from hence to plunge herself she springs,
But shoots along supported on her wings. Dryden.
2. To put into any state suddenly.
I mean to plunge the boy in pleasing sleep,
And ravish'd in Idalian bow'rs to keep. Dryden.
3. To hurry into any distress.
O conscience! into what abyss of fears
And horrors hast thou driv'n me? out of which
I find no way; from deep to deeper plung'd. Milton.
Without a prudent determination in matters before us, we
shall be plunged into perpetual errors. Watts.
4. To force in suddenly. This word, to what action soever it
be applied, commonly expresses either violence and suddenness
in the agent, or distress in the patient.
At this advanc'd, and sudden as the word,
In proud Plexippus' bosom plung'd the sword. Dryden.
Let them not be too hasty to plunge their enquiries at once
into the depths of knowledge. Watts.

To PLUNGE. v. n.
1. To sink suddenly into water; to dive.
Accoutred as I was, I plunged in. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.


His courser plung'd,
And threw him off; the waves whelm'd over him,
And helpless in his heavy arms he drown'd. Dryden.
When thou, thy ship o'erwhelm'd with waves, shalt be
Forc'd to plunge naked in the raging sea. Dryden.
When tortoises have been a long time upon the water,
their shell being dried in the sun, they are easily taken; by
reason they cannot plunge into the water nimbly enough. Ray.
2. To fall or rush into any hazard or distress.
He could find no other way to conceal his adultery, but to
plunge into the guilt of a murther. Tillotson.
Bid me for honour plunge into a war
Then shalt thou see that Marcus is not slow. Addison.
Impotent of mind and uncontroul'd,
He plung'd into the gulph which heav'n foretold. Pope.

PLUNGE. n. s.
1. Act of putting or sinking under water.
2. Difficulty; strait; distress.
She was weary of her life, since she was brought to that
plunge; to conceal her husband's murder, or accuse her son.
Sidney, b. ii.
People, when put to a plunge, cry out to heaven for help,
without helping themselves. L'Estrange.
Wilt thou behold me sinking in my woes?
And wilt thou not reach out a friendly arm,
To raise me from amidst this plunge of sorrows? Addison.
He must be a good man; a quality which Cicero and
Quinctilian are much at a plunge in asserting to the Greek
and Roman orators. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

PLU’NGEON. n. s. [mergus, Lat.] A sea bird. Ains.

PLU’NGER. n. s. [from plunge.] One that plunges; a diver.

PLU’NKET. n. s. A kind of blue colour. Ainsworth.

PLU’RAL. adj. [pluralis, Lat.]
1. Implying more than one.
Thou hast no faith left now, unless thoud'st two;
Better have none
Than plural faith, which is too much by one. Shakesp.
2. [In grammar.]
The Greek and Hebrew have two variations, one to sig­
nify the number two, and another to signify a number of more
than two; under one variation the noun is said to be of the
dual number, and under the other of the plural. Clarke.

PLU’RALIST. n. s. [pluraliste, Fr. from plural.] One that
holds more ecclesiastical benefices than one with cure of souls.
If the pluralists would do their best to suppress curates, their
number might be so retrenched, that they would not be in
the least formidable. Collier on Pride.

PLURA’LITY. n. s. [pluralitè, Fr.]
1. The state of being or having a greater number.
It is not plurality of parts without majority of parts, that
maketh the total greater; yet it seemeth to the eye a shorter
distance of way, if it be all dead and continued, than if it
have trees, whereby the eye may divide it. Bacon.
2. A number more than one.
Those hereticks had introduced a plurality of gods, and so
made the profession of the unity part of the symbolum, that
should discriminate the orthodox from them. Hammond.
They could forego plurality of wives, though that be the
main impediment to the conversion of the East Indies. Bentl.
'Tis impossible to conceive how any language can want this
variation of the noun, where the nature of its signification is
such as to admit of plurality. Clarke's Lat. Grammar.
3. More cures of souls than one.
4. The greater number; the majority.
Take the plurality of the world, and they are neither wise
nor good. L'Estrange's Fables.

PLU’RALLY. adv. [from plural.] In a sense implying more
than one.

PLUSH. n. s. [peluche, Fr.] A kind of villous or shaggy cloth;
shag.
The bottom of it was set against a lining of plush, and the
sound was quite deaded, and but mere breath. Bacon.
The colour of plush or velvet will appear varied, if you
stroak part of it one way, and part of it another. Boyle.
I love to wear cloths that are flush,
Not prefacing old rags with plush. Cleaveland.

PLU’SHER. n. s. A sea fish.
The pilchard is devoured by a bigger kind of fish called a
plusher, somewhat like the dog-fish, who leapeth above wa­
ter, and therethrough bewrayeth them to the balker. Carew.

PLU’VIAL. adj. from pluvia, Latin.] Rainy; relating to
rain.
The fungous parcels about the wicks of candles only signi­
fieth a moist and pluvious air about them. Brown.

PLU’VIOUS. adj. from pluvia, Latin.] Rainy; relating to
rain.
The fungous parcels about the wicks of candles only signi­
fieth a moist and pluvious air about them. Brown.

PLU’VIAL. n. s. [pluvial, Fr.] A priest's cope. Ains.

PLY

To PLY. v. a. [plien, to work at any thing, old Dutch. Junius
and Skinner.]
1. To work on any thing closely and importunately.
The savage raves, impatient of the wound,
The wound's great author close at hand provokes
His rage, and plies him with redoubled strokes. Dryden.
The hero from afar
Plies him with darts and stones; and distant war. Dryden.
2. To employ with diligence; to keep busy; to set on work.
Her gentle wit she plies
To teach them truth. Fairy Queen.
Keep house, and ply his book, welcome his friends,
Visit his countrymen, and banquet them. Shakesp.
They their legs ply'd, not staying
Until they reach'd the fatal champain. Hudibras.
He who exerts all the faculties of his soul, and plies all
means and opportunities in the search of truth, may rest upon
the judgment of his conscience so informed, as a warrantable
guide. South's Sermons.
The weary Trojans ply their shatter'd oars
To nearest land. Dryden's Virgil.
I have plied my needle these fifty years, and by my good
will would never have it out of my hand. Spectator.
3. To practise diligently.
He sternly bad him other business ply. Spenser.
Then commune how they best may ply
Their growing work. Milton.
Their bloody task, unweary'd still, they ply. Waller.
4. To solicit importunately.
He plies her hard, and much rain wears the marble. Sha.
He plies the duke at morning and at night,
And doth impeach the freedom of the state,
If they deny him justice. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Whosoever has any thing of David's piety will be perpe­
tually plying the throne of grace with such like acknowledg­
ments: as, blessed be that providence, which delivered me
from such a lewd company. South's Sermons.

To PLY. v. n.
1. To work, or offer service.
He was forced to ply in the streets as a porter for his live­
lihood. Addison's Spectator, No 94.
2. To go in haste.
Thither he plies undaunted. Milton.
3. To busy one's self.
A bird new-made about the banks she plies,
Not far from shore, and short excursions tries. Dryden.
4. [Plier, Fr.] To bend.
The willow plied and gave way to the gust, and still reco­
vered itself again, but the oak was stubborn, and chose ra­
ther to break than bend. L'Estrange.

PLY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Bent; turn; form; cast; biass.
The late learners cannot so well take the ply, except it be
in some minds that have not suffered themselves to fix, but
have kept themselves open and prepared to receive continual
amendment. Bacon's Essays.
2. Plait; fold.
The rugæ or plies of the inward coat of the stomach de­
tain the aliment in the stomach. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PLY’ERS. n. s. See PLIERS.

PNEUMA’TICAL. adj. [p?e??a??, from p?e?a.]
1. Moved by wind; relative to wind.
I fell upon the making of pneumatical trials, whereof I gave
an account in a book about the air. Boyle.
That the air near the surface of the earth will expand itself,
when the pressure of the incumbent atmosphere is taken off,
may be seen in the experiments made by Boyle in his pneu­
matick engine. Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy.
The lemon uncorrupt with voyage long,
To vinous spirits added,
They with pneumatick engine ceaseless draw. Philips.
2. Consisting of spirit or wind.
All solid bodies consist of parts pneumatical and tangible;
the pneumatical substance being in some bodies the native spirit
of the body, and in some other, plain air that is gotten in.
Bacon's Natural History.
The race of all things here is, to extenuate and turn things
to be more pneumatical and rare; and not to retrogade, from
pneumatical, to that which is dense. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PNEUMA’TICK. adj. [p?e??a??, from p?e?a.]
1. Moved by wind; relative to wind.
I fell upon the making of pneumatical trials, whereof I gave
an account in a book about the air. Boyle.
That the air near the surface of the earth will expand itself,
when the pressure of the incumbent atmosphere is taken off,
may be seen in the experiments made by Boyle in his pneu­
matick engine. Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy.
The lemon uncorrupt with voyage long,
To vinous spirits added,
They with pneumatick engine ceaseless draw. Philips.
2. Consisting of spirit or wind.
All solid bodies consist of parts pneumatical and tangible;
the pneumatical substance being in some bodies the native spirit
of the body, and in some other, plain air that is gotten in.
Bacon's Natural History.
The race of all things here is, to extenuate and turn things
to be more pneumatical and rare; and not to retrogade, from
pneumatical, to that which is dense. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PNEUMA’TICKS. n. s. [pneumatique, Fr. p?e?a.]
1. A branch of mechanicks, which considers the doctrine
of the air, or laws according to which that fluid is condensed,
rarified or gravitates. Harris.
2. In the schools, the doctrine of spiritual substances, as God,
angels and the souls of men. Dict.

PNEUMATO’LOGY. n. s. [p?e??at?????a.] The doctrine of
spiritual existence.

POA

To POACH. v. a. [oeufs pochez, Fr.]
1. To boil slightly.
The yolks of eggs are so well prepared for nourishment,
that, so they be poached or rare boiled, they need no other
preparation. Bacon's Natural History.
2. To begin without completing: from the practice of boiling
eggs slightly. Not in use.
Of later times, they have rather poached and offered at a
number of enterprizes, than maintained any constantly. Bacon.
3. [Pocher, Fr. to pierce.] To stab; to pierce.
The flowk, sole and plaice follow the tide up into the
fresh rivers, where, at low water, the country people poach
them with an instrument somewhat like the salmon spear. Car.


4. [From poche, a pocket.] To plunder by stealth.
So shameless, so abandones are their ways,
They poach Parnassus, and lay claim for praise. Garth.

To POACH. v. n. [from poche, a bag, Fr.]
1. To steal game; to carry off game privately in a bag.
In the schools
They poach for sense, and hunt for idle rules. Oldham.
2. To be damp. A cant word.
Chalky and clay lands burn in hot weather, chap in sum­
mer, and poach in winter. Mortimer's Husbandry.

POA’CHARD. n. s. A kind of water fowl.

POA’CHER. n. s. [from poach.] One who steals game.
You old poachers have such a way with you, that all at
once the business is done. More's Foundling.

POA’CHINESS. n. s. [from poachy.] Marshiness; dampness.
A cant word.
The vallies because of the poachiness they keep forgrass. Mort.

POA’CHY. adj. Damp; marshy. A cant word.
What uplands you design for mowing, shut up the begin­
ning of February; but marsh lands lay not up till April, ex­
cept your marshes be very poachy. Mortimer's Husbandry.

POCK. n. s. [from pox.] A pustule raised by the smallpox.

POCKET. n. s. [pocca, Saxon; pochet, Fr.] The small bag
inserted into cloaths.
Here's a letter
Found in the pocket of the slain Roderigo. Shakesp.
Whilst one hand exalts the blow,
And on the earth extends the foe;
T' other would take it wond'rous ill,
If in your pocket he lay still. Prior.
As he was seldom without medals in his pocket, he would
often shew us same face on an old coin, that we saw in
the statue. Addison on Ancient Medals.

To POC’KET. v. a. [pocheter, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To put in the pocket.
Bless'd paper-credit!
Gold, imp'd with this, can compass hardest things,
Can pocket states, or fetch or carry kings. Pope.
2. To POCKET up. A proverbial form that denotes the doing
or taking any thing clandestinely.
If thy pocket were enriched with any other injuries but
these, I am a villain; and yet you will stand to it, you will
not pocket up wrongs. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He lays his claim
To half the profit, half the fame,
And helps to pocket up the game. Prior.

PO’CKETBOOK. n. s. [pocket and book.] A paper book carried
in the pocket for hasty notes.
Licinius let out the offals of his meat to interest, and
kept a register of such debtors in his pocketbook. Arbuthnot.
Note down the matters of doubt in some pocketbook, and
take the first opportunity to get them resolved. Watts.

PO’CKETGLASS. n. s. [pocket and glass.] Portable looking­
glass.
Powders and pocketglass, and beans. Prior.
And vanity with pocketglass,
And impudence with front of brass. Swift's Miscel.

PO’CKHOLE. n. s. [pock and hole.] Pit or scar made by the
smallpox.
Are these but warts and pockholes in the face
O' th' earth? Donne.

PO’CKINESS. n. s. [from pocky.] The state of being pocky.

PO’CKY. n. s. adj. [from pox.] Infected with the pox.
My father's love lies thus in my bones; I might have loved
all the pocky whores in Persia, and have felt it less in my
bones. Denham's Sophy.

POCU’LENT. adj. [poculum, Lat.] Fit for drink.
Some of these herbs, which are not esculent, are notwith­
standing poculent; as hops and broom. Bacon.

POD. n. s. [bode, boede, Dutch, a little house. Skinner.] The
capsule of legumes; the case of seeds.
To raise tulips, save the seeds which are ripe, when the
the pods begin to open at the top, which cut off with the
stalks from the root, and keep the pods upright, that the seed
do not fall out. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PODA’GRICAL. adj. [p?da????, p?d???a; from podraga, Lat.]
1. Afflicted with the gout.
From a magnetical activity must be made out, that a load­
stone, held in the hand of one that is podagrical, doth either
cure or give great ease in the gout. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Gouty; relating to the gout.

PO’DDER. n. s. [from pod.] A gatherer of peasecods, beans and
other pulse. Dict.

PODGE. n. s. a puddle; a plash. Skinner.

POE

PO’EM. n. s. [poema, Lat. p????a.] The work of a poet; a
metrical composition.
A poem is not alone any work, or composition of the poets
in many or few verses; but even one alone verse sometimes
makes a perfect poem. Benj. Johnson.
The lady Anne of Bretaigne, passing through the presence
of France, and espying Chartier, a famous poet, fast asleep,
kissing him, said, we must honour the mouth whence so many
golden poems have proceeded. Peacham on Poetry.
To you the promis'd poem I will pay. Dryden.

PO’ESY. n. s. [poesie, Fr. poesis, Lat. p???s??.]
1. The art of writing poems.
A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft
of making; the very fiction itself, the reason or form of the
work. Benj. Johnson.
How far have we
Prophan'd thy heav'nly gift of poesy?
Made prostitute and profligate the muse,
Whose harmony was first ordain'd above
For tongues of angels. Dryden.
2. Poem; metrical composition; poetry.
Musick and poesy use to quicken you. Shakesp.
There is an hymn, for they have excellent poesy; the sub­
ject is always the praises of Adam, Noah and Abraham,
concluding ever with a thanksgiving for the nativity of our
Saviour. Bacon's New Atlantas.
They apprehend a veritable history in an emblem or piece
of christian poesy. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. A short conceit engraved on a ring or other thing.
A paltry ring, whose poesy was,
For all the world like cutler's poesy
Upon a knise; love me, and leave me not. Shakesp.

PO’ET. n. s. [poete, Fr. poeta, Lat. p????.] An inventor;
an author of fiction; a writer of poems; one who writes in
measure.
The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rowling,
Doth glance from heav'n to earth, from earth to heav'n;
And, as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shape, and gives to ev'ry thing
A local habitation and a name. Shakesp.
Our poet ape, who would be thought the chief,
His works become the frippery of wit,
From brocage he is grown so bold a thief,
While we the robb'd despise, and pity it. B. Johnson.
'Tis not vain or fabulous
What the sage poets taught by the heav'nly muse
Story'd of old in high immortal muse
Of dire chimeras and enchanted isles. Milton.
A poet is a maker, as the word signifies; and he who can­
not make, that is invent, hath his name for nothing. Dryden.

POE’TASTER. n. s. [Latin.] A vile petty poet.
Let no poetaster command or intreat
Another extempore verses to make. Benj. Johnson.
Begin not as th' old poetaster did,
Troy's famous war, and Priam's fate I sing. Roscommon.
Horace hath exposed those trifling poetasters, that spend
themselves in glaring descriptions, and sewing here and there
some cloth of gold on their sackcloth. Felton.

PO’ETESS. n. s. [from poet; pica poetria, Lat.] A she poet.

POE’TICAL. adj. [p??????; poetique, Fr. poeticus, Lat.] Ex­
pressed in poetry; pertaining to poetry; suitable
to poetry.
Would the gods had made you poetical.
—I do not know what poetical is.
—The truest poetry is most feigning. Shakesp.
With courage guard, and beauty warm our age,
And lovers fill with like poetick rage. Waller.
The moral of that poetical fiction, that the uppermost link
of all the series of subordinate causes is fastened to Jupiter's
chair, signifies that almighty God governs and directs subor­
dinate causes and effects. Hale.
Neither is it enough to give his author's sense in good Eng­
lish, in poetical expressions and in musical numbers. Dryden.
The muse saw it upward rise,
Though mark'd by none but quick poetick eyes. Pope.
I alone can inspire the poetical crowd. Swift.

POE’TICK. adj. [p??????; poetique, Fr. poeticus, Lat.] Ex­
pressed in poetry; pertaining to poetry; suitable
to poetry.
Would the gods had made you poetical.
—I do not know what poetical is.
—The truest poetry is most feigning. Shakesp.
With courage guard, and beauty warm our age,
And lovers fill with like poetick rage. Waller.
The moral of that poetical fiction, that the uppermost link
of all the series of subordinate causes is fastened to Jupiter's
chair, signifies that almighty God governs and directs subor­
dinate causes and effects. Hale.
Neither is it enough to give his author's sense in good Eng­
lish, in poetical expressions and in musical numbers. Dryden.
The muse saw it upward rise,
Though mark'd by none but quick poetick eyes. Pope.
I alone can inspire the poetical crowd. Swift.

POE’TICALLY. adv. [from poetical.] With the qualities of
poetry; by the fiction of poetry.
The criticks have concluded, that the manners of the he­
roes are poetically good, if of a piece. Dryden.
The many rocks, in the passage between Greece and the
bottom of Pontus, are poetically converted into those fiery
bulls. Raleïgh.

To POETI’ZE. v. n. [poetiser, Fr. from poet.] To write like a poet.
I versify the truth, not poetize. Donne.
Virgil, speaking of Turnus and his great strength, thus
poetizes. Hakewill.

POE’TRESS. n. s. [from poetris, Lat. whence poetridas picas in
Persius.] A she poet.
Most peerless poetress,
The true Pandora of all heavenly graces. Spenser.

POE’TRY. n. s. [p???t??a; from poet.]
1. Metrical composition; the art or practice of writing poems.
Strike the best invention dead,
Till baffled poetry hangs down the head. Cleaveland.
Although in poetry it be necessary that the unities of time,
place and action should be explained, there is still something
that gives a greatness of mind to the reader, which few of
the criticks have considered. Addison's Spectator, No 409.
2. Poems; poetical pieces.
She taketh most delight
In musick, instruments and poetry. Shakesp.



POI

POI’GNANCY. n. s. [from poignant.]
1. The power of stimulating the palate; sharpness.
I fat quietly down at my morsel, adding only a principle
of hatred to all succeeding measures by way of sauce; and
one point of conduct in the dutchess's life added much poig­
nancy to it. Swift.
2. The power of irritation; asperity.

POI’GNANT. adj. [poignant, Fr.]
1. Sharp; stimulating the palate.
No poignant sauce she knew, nor costly treat,
Her hunger gave a relish to her meat. Dryden.
The studious man, whose will was never determined to
poignant sauces and delicious wine, is, by hunger and thirst,
determined to eating and drinking. Locke.
2. Severe; piercing; painful.
If God makes use of some poignant disgrace to let out the
poisonous vapour, is not the mercy greater than the severity
of the cure? South's Sermons.
Full three long hours his tender body did sustain
Most exquisite and poignant pain. Norris's Miscel.
3. Irritating; satirical; keen.

POINT. n. s. [poinct, point, French.]
1. The sharp end of any instrument.
The thorny point
Of bare distress hath ta'en from me the shew
Of smooth fidelity. Shakesp. As You like it.
That bright beam, whose point now rais'd,
Bore him slope downward. Milton.
A pyramid reversed may stand for a while upon its point,
if balanced by admirable skill. Temple's Miscellanies.
Doubts if he wielded not a wooden spear
Without a point; he look'd, the point was there. Dryden.
2. A string with a tag.
If your son have not the day,
For a silken point I'll give my baronry. Shakesp.
He hath ribbands of all colours; points more than all the
lawyers can learnedly handle. Shakespeare.
I am resolved on two points;
That if one break, the other will hold;
Or if both break, your gaskins fall. Shakesp.
King James was wont to say, that the duke of Buckingham
had given him a groom of his bed-chamber, who could not
truss his points. Clarendon.
3. Headland; promontory.
I don't see why Virgil has given the epithet of Alta to Pro­
chita, which is much lower than Ischia, and all the points of
land that lie within its neighbourhood. Addison.
4. A sting of an epigram; a sentence terminated with some
remarkable turn of words or thought.
He taxes Lucan, who crouded sentences together, and was
too full of points. Dryden on Heroick Plays.
Studious to please the genius of the times,
With periods, points and tropes he slurs his crimes;
He robb'd not, but he borrow'd from the poor. Dryden.
Times corrupt, and nature ill inclin'd,
Produc'd the point that left a sting behind. Pope.
5. An indivisible part of space.
We sometimes speak of space, or do suppose a point in it
at such a distance from any part of the universe. Locke.
6. An indivisible part of time; a moment.
Then neither from eternity before,
Nor from the time, when time's first point begun,
Made he all souls. Davies.
7. A small space.
On one small point of land,
Weary'd, uncertain and amaz'd, we stand. Prior.
8. Punctilio; nicety.
Shalt thou dispute
With God the points of liberty, who made
Thee what thou art. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
9. Part required of time or space; critical moment; exact
place.
How oft, when men are at the point of death,
Have they been merry? which their keepers call
A lightning before death. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Esau said, behold I am at the point to die; and what profit
shall this birthright do? Gen. xxv. 32.
Democritus, spent with age, and just at the point of death,
called for loaves of new bread, and with the steam under his
nose, prolonged his life till a feast was past. Temple.
They follow nature in their desires, carrying them no far­
ther than she directs, and leaving off at the point, at which
excess would grow troublesome. Atterbury's Sermons.
10. Degree; state.
The highest point outward things can bring one unto, is
the contentment of the mind, with which no estate is miser­
able. Sidney, b. i.
In a commonwealth, the wealth of the country is so equally
distributed, that most of the community are at their ease,
though few are placed in extraordinary points of splendor.
Addison on the State of the War.
11. Note of distinction in writing; a stop.
12. A spot; a part of a surface divided by spots; division by
marks, into which any thing is distinguished in a circle or
other plane: as, at tables the ace or fise point.
13. One of the degrees into which the circumference of the
horizon, and the mariner's compass is divided.
Carve out dials point by point,
Thereby to see the minutes how they run. Shakesp.
There arose strong winds from the South, with a point
east, which carried us up. Bacon's New Atlantis.
A seaman, coming before the judges of the admiralty for
admittance into an office of a ship, was by one of the judges
much slighted; the judge telling him, that he believed he
could not say the points of his compass. Bacon.
Vapours fir'd shew the mariner
From what point of his compass to beware
Impetuous winds. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
If you tempt her, the wind of fortune
May come about, and take another point,
And blast your glories. Denham.
At certain periods stars resume their place,
From the same point of heav'n their course advance. Dryd.
14. Particular place to which any thing is directed.
East and West are but respective and mutable points, ac­
cording unto different longitudes or distant parts of habita­
tion. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Let the part, which produces another part, be more strong
than that which it produces; and let the whole be seen by
one point of sight. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The poet intended to set the character of Arete in a fair
point of light. Broome.
15. Respect; regard.
A figure like your father,
Arm'd at all points exactly cap-a-pe,
Appears before them. Shakespeare's Ham'et.
A war upon the Turk is more worthy than upon any other
Gentiles, in point of religion and in point of honour. Bacon.
He had a moment's right in point of time;
Had I seen first, then his had been the crime. Dryden.
With the history of Moses, no book in the world in point
of antiquity can contend. Tillotson's Sermons.
Men would often see, what a small pittance of reason is mixed
with those huffing opinions they are swelled with, with which
they are so armed at all points, and with which they so con­
fidently lay about them. Locke.
I have extracted out of that pamphlet a few of those no­
torious falsehoods, in point of fact and reasoning. Swift.
16. An aim; the act of aiming or striking.
What a point your falcon made,
And what a pitch she flew above the rest. Shakesp.
17. The particular thing required.
You gain your point, if your industrious art
Can make unusual words easy. Roscommon.
There is no creature so contemptible, but, by resolution,
may gain his point. L'Estrange.
18. Particular; instance; example.
I'll hear him his confessions justify,
And point by point the treasons of his master
He shall again relate. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Thou shalt be as free
As mountain winds; but then exactly do
All points of my command. Shakesp. Tempest.
His majesty should make a peace, or turn the war di­
rectly upon such points, as may engage the nation in the sup­
port of it. Temple.
He warn'd in dreams, his murder did foretel,
From point to point, as after it befel. Dryden.
This letter is, in every point, an admirable pattern of the
present polite way of writing. Swift.
19. A single position; a single assertion; a single part of a
complicated question; a single part of any whole.
Another vows the same;
A third t' a point more near the matter draws. Daniel.
Strange point and new!
Doctrine which would know whence learn'd. Milton.
Stanilaus endeavours to establish the duodecuple proportion,
by comparing scripture together with Josephys: but they will
hardly prove his point. Arbuthnot on Coins.
There is no point wherein I have so much laboured, as that
of improving and polishing all parts of conversation between
persons of quality. Swift.
The gloss produceth instances that are neither pertinent,
nor prove the point. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
20. A note; a tune.
You, my lord archbishop,
Whose white investments figure innocence,
Wherefore do you so ill translate yourself
Into the harsh and boist'rous tongue of war?
Turning your tongue divine
To a loud trumpet, and a point of war. Shakesp.
21. Pointblank; directly: as, an arrow is shot to the point­
blank or white mark.
This boy will carry a letter twenty mile, as easy as a can­
non will shoot pointblank twelve score. Shakesp.


The other level pointblank at the inventing of causes and
axioms. Bacon.
Unless it be the cannon ball,
That shot i'th'air pointblank upright,
Was born to that prodigious height,
That learn'd philosophers maintain,
It ne'er came back. Hudibras, p. ii.
The faculties that were given us for the glory of our master,
are turned pointblank against the intention of them. L'Estr.
Estius declares, that although all the schoolmen were for
Latria to be given to the cross, yet that it is pointblank against
the definition of the council of Nice. Stillingfleet.
23. Point de vise; exact or exactly in the point of view.
Every thing about you should demonstrate a careless deso­
lation; but you are rather point de vise in your accountrements,
as loving yourself, than the lover of another. Shakesp.
I will baffle Sir Toby, I will wash off gross acquaintance,
I will be point de vise the very man. Shakesp.
Men's behaviour should be like their apparel, not too
straight or point de vise, but free for exercise. Bacon.

To POINT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To sharpen; to forge or grind to a point.
The princes of Germany had but a dull fear of the great­
ness of Spain; now that fear is sharpened and pointed, by
the Spaniards late enterprizes upon the Palatinate. Bacon.
Part-new grind the blunted ax, and point the dart. Dryd.
What help will all my heav'nly friends afford,
When to my breast I lift the pointed sword. Dryden.
The two pinnæ stand upon either side, like the wings in
the petasus of a Mercury, but rise much higher, and are
more pointed. Addison on Italy.
Some on pointed wood
Transfix'd the fragments, some prepar'd the food. Pope.
2. To direct towards an object, by way of forcing it on the
notice.
Alas to make me
A fixed figure, for the hand of scorn
To point his slow unmeaning finger at. Shakesp. Othello.
Mount Hermon, younder sea, each place behold
As I point. Milton.
3. To direct the eye or notice.
Whosoever should be guided through his battles by Mi­
nerva, and pointed to every scene of them, would see nothing
but subjects of surprize. Pope.
4. To show as by directing the finger.
From the great sea, you shall point out for you mount Hor.
Numb. xxxiv. 7.
It will become us, as rational creatures, to follow the di­
rection of nature, where it seems to point us out the way. Locke.
I shall do justice to those who have distinguished them­
selves in learning, and point out their beauties. Addison.
Is not the elder
By nature pointed out for preference? Rowe.
5. [Pointer, Fr.] To direct towards a place: as, the cannon
were pointed against the fort.
6. To distinguish by stops or points.

To POINT. v. n.
1. To note with the singer; to force upon the notice, by di­
recting the finger towards it. With at commonly, sometimes
to before the thing indigitated.
Now must the world point at poor Catharine,
And say, lo! there is mad Petruchio's wife. Shakesp.
Sometimes we use one finger only, as in pointing at any
thing. Ray on the Creation.
Who fortune's fault upon the poor can throw,
Point at the tatter'd coat and ragged shoe. Dryden.
Rouse up for shame! our brothers of Pharsalia
Point at their wounds, and cry aloud to battle. Addison.
2. To distinguish words or sentences by points.
Fond the Jews are of their method of pointing. Forbes.
3. To indicate as dogs do to sportsmen.
The subtle dog scow'rs with sagacious nose,
Now the warm scent assures the covey near,
He treads with caution, and he points with fear. Gay.
4. To show.
To point at what time the balance of power was most
equally held between their lords and commons in Rome,
would perhaps admit a controversy. Swift.

POINTED. adj. or participle. [from point.]
1. Sharp; having a a sharp point or pic.
Who now reads Cowley? if he pleases, yet
His moral pleases, not his pointed wit; Pope.
A pointed flinty rock, all bare and black,
Grew gibbous from behind. Dryden.
2. Epigrammatical; abounding in conceits.

POI’NTEDLY. adv. [from pointed.] In a pointed manner.
The copiousness of his wit was such, that he often writ
too pointedly for his subject. Dryden.

POI’NTEDNESS. n. s. [from pointed.]
1. Sharpness; pickedness with asperity.
The vicious language is vast and gaping, swelling and ir­
regular; when it contends to be high, full of rock, moun­
tain and pointedness. Benj. Johnson's Discovery.
2. Epigrammatical smartness.
Like Horace, you only expose the follies of men; and in
this excel him, that you add pointedness of thought. Dryden.

POINTEL. n. s. Any thing on a point.
These poises or pointels are, for the most part, little balls,
set at the top of a slender stalk, which they can move every
way at pleasure. Derham's Physico-Theology.

POI’NTER. n. s. [from point.]
1. Any thing that points.
I ought to tell him what are the wheels, springs, pointer,
hammer and bell whereby a clock gives notice of the time.
Watts.
2. A dog that points out the game to sportsmen.
The well taught pointer leads the way,
The scent grows warm; he stops, he springs his prey. Gay.

POI’NTINGSTOCK. n. s. [pointing and stock.] Something made
the object of ridicule.
I, his forlorn dutchess,
Was made a wonder and a pointing stock
To every idle rascal follower. Shakesp. Henry VI.

POI’NTLESS. adj. [from point.] Blunt; not sharp; obtuse.
Lay that pointless clergy-weapon by,
And to the laws, your sword of justice, fly. Dryden.

POI’SON. n. s. [poison, Fr.] That which destroys or injures
life by a small quantity, and by means not obvious to the
senses; venom.
The tongue is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. Ja.
Themselves were first to do the ill,
E'er they thereof the knowledge could attain;
Like him that knew not poison's power to kill,
Until, by tasting it, himself was slain. Davies.
One gives another a cup of poison, but at the same time
tells him it is a cordial, and so he drinks it off and dies. South.

To POI’SON. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To infect with poison.
Envy is a lawless enemy, against whom poisoned arrows
may be used. Anonymous.
2. To attack, injure or kill by poison given.
He was so discouraged, that he poisoned himself and died.
2 Mac. x. 13.
Drink with Walters, or with Chartres eat;
They'll never poison you, they'll only cheat. Pope.
3. To corrupt; to taint.
The other messenger,
Whose welcome I perceiv'd, had poison'd mine. Shakesp.
Hast thou not
With thy false arts poison'd his people's loyalty? Rowe.

POI’SON-TREE. n. s. [toxicodendron.] A plant. The flower
consists of five leaves, which are placed orbicularly, and ex­
pand in form of a rose, out of whose flower cup rises the
pointal, which afterwards becomes a roundish, dry, and for
the most part a furrowed fruit, in which is contained one
compressed seed. Miller.

POI’SONER. n. s. [from poison.]
1. One who poisons.
I must be the poisoner
Of good Polixenes. Shakesp.
So many mischiefs were in one combin'd;
So much one single pois'ner cost mankind. Dryden.
2. A corrupter.
Wretches who live upon other men's sins, the common
poisoners of youth, getting their very bread by the damnation
of souls. South's Sermons.

POI’SONOUS. adj. [from poison.] Venomous; having the qua­
lities of poison.
Those cold ways,
That seem like prudent helps, are very poisonous,
Where the disease is violent. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Not sirius shoots a fiercer flame,
When with his pois'nous breath he blasts the sky. Dryden.
A lake, that has no fresh water running into it, will, by
heat and its stagnation, turn into a stinking rotten puddle,
sending forth nauseous and poisonous steams. Cheyne.

POI’SONOUSLY. adv. [from poisonous.] Venomously.
Men more easily pardon ill things done, than ill things
said; such a peculiar rancour and venom do they leave be­
hind in men's minds, and so much more poisonously and incu­
rably does the serpent bite with his tongue than his teeth.
South's Sermons.

POI’SONOUSNESS. n. s. [from poisonous.] The quality of being
poisonous; venomousness.

POI’TREL. n. s. [poictrel, poitrine, Fr. pettorale, Italian; pecto­
rale, Lat.]
1. Armour for the breast of a horse. Skinner.
2. A graving tool. Ainsworth.

POIZE. n. s. [poids, French.]
1. Weight; force of any thing tending to the center.
He fell, as an huge rockie clift,
Whose false foundation, waves have wash'd away
With dreadful poize, is from the main land reft. F. Queen.
When I have suit,
It shall be full of poize and difficulty,
And fearful to be granted. Shakesp. Othells.


2. Balance; equipoize; equilibrium.
To do't at peril of your soul,
Were equal poize of sin and charity. Shakesp.
Where an equal poize of hope and fear
Does arbitrate th' event, my nature is
That I incline to hope. Milton.
The particles that formed the earth, must convene from all
quarters towards the middle, which would make the whole
compound to rest in a poize. Bentley's Sermons.
'Tis odd to see fluctuation in opinion so earnestly charged
upon Luther, by such as have lived half their days in a poize
between two churches. Atterbury.
3. A regulating power.
Men of an unbounded imagination often want the poize of
judgment. Dryden.

To POIZE. v. a. [peser, French.]
1. To balance; to hold or place in equiponderance.
How nice to couch? how all her speeches poized be:
A nymph thus turn'd, but mended in translation. Sidney.
As the sands
Of Barca or Cyrene's torrid soil,
Levy'd to side with warring winds, and poize
Their lighter wings. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
Nor yet was earth suspended in the sky,
Nor poiz'd did on her own foundation lie. Dryden.
Our nation with united int'rest blest,
Not now content to poize, shall sway the rest. Dryden.
Where could they find another form'd so fit,
To poize with solid sense a sprightly wit! Dryden.
Th' all-perfect mind
That poiz'd, impels and rules the steady whole. Thomson.
2. To be equiponderant to.
If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to
poize another of sensuality, the baseness of our natures would
conduct us to preposterous conclusions. Shakesp. Othello.
3. To weigh.
We poizing us in her defective scale
Shall weigh thee to the beam. Shakespeare.
He cannot sincerely consider the strength, poize the weight
and discern the evidence of the clearest argumentations, where
they would conclude against his desires. South's Sermons.
4. To oppress with weight.
I'll strive, with troubl'd thoughts, to take a nap,
Lest leaden slumber poize me down to-morrow,
When I should mount with wings of victory. Shakesp.

POKE. n. s. [pocca, Sax. poche, Fr.] A pocket; a small
bag.
I will not buy a pig in a poke. Camden's Remains.
She suddenly unties the poke,
Which out of it sent such a smoke,
As ready was them all to choke,
So grievous was the pother. Drayton's Nymphid.
My correspondent writes against master's gowns and poke
sleeves. Spectator, No 619.

To POKE. v. a. [poka, Swedish.] To feel in the dark; to
search any thing with a long instrument.
If these presumed eyes be clipped off, they will make use
of their protrusions or horns, and poke out their way as
before. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

PO’KER. n. s. [from poke.] The iron bar with which men stir
the fire.
With poker fiery red
Crack the stones, and melt the lead. Swift.
If the poker be out of the way, stir the fire with the
tongs. Swift's Rules to Servants.

POL

PO’LAR. adj. [polaire, Fr. from pole.] Found near the pole;
lying near the pole; issuing from the pole.
As when two polar winds, blowing adverse
Upon the Cronian sea, together drive
Mountains of ice. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
I doubt
If any suffer on the polar coast,
The rage of Arctos, and eternal frost. Prior.

POLA’RITY. n. s. [from polar.] Tendency to the pole.
This polarity from refrigeration, upon extremity and defect
of a loadstone, might touch a needle any where. Brown.

PO’LARY. adj. [polaris, Lat.] Tending to the pole; having a
direction toward the poles.
Irons, heated red hot, and cooled in the meridian from
North to South, contract a polary power. Brown.

POLE. n. s. [polus, Lat. pole, Fr.]
1. The extremity of the axis of the earth; either of the points
on which the world turns.
From the centre thrice to the utmost pole. Milton.
From pole to pole
The forky lightnings flash, the roaring thunders roll. Dry.
2. [Pole, Sax. pal, pau, Fr. palo, Italian and Spanish; palus,
Lat.] A long staff.
A long pole, struck upon gravel in the bottom of the wa­
ter, maketh a found. Bacon's Nat. History.
If after some distinguish'd leap,
He drops his pole, and seems to slip;
Straight gath'ring all his active strength,
He rises higher. Prior.
He ordered to arm long poles with sharp hooks, wherewith
they took hold of the tackling which held the mainyard to the
mast, then rowing the ship, they cut the tackling, and brought
the mainyard by the board. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. A tall piece of timber erected.
Wither'd is the garland of the war,
The soldier's pole is fall'n. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Live to be the show and gaze o'th' time,
We'll have thee as our rarer monsters are
Painted upon a pole, and underwrit,
Here may you see the tyrant. Shakesp.
4. A measure of length containing five yards and a half.
This ordinance of tithing them by the pole is not only fit
for the gentlemen, but also the noblemen. Spenser.
Every pole square of mud, twelve inches deep, is worth
six pence a pole to fling out. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. An instrument of measuring.
A peer of the realm and a counsellor of state are not to be
measured by the common yard, but by the pole of special
grace. Bacon.

To POLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To furnish with poles.
Begin not to pole your hops. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PO’LEAXE. n. s. [pole and axe.] An axe fixed to a long pole.
To beat religion into the brains with a poleaxe, is to offer
victims of human blood. Howel's England's Tears.
One hung a poleaxe at his saddle bow,
And one a heavy mace to stun the foe. Dryden.

PO’LECAT. n. s. [Pole or Polish cat, because they abound in
Poland.] The fitchew; a stinking animal.
Polecats? there are fairer things than polecats. Shakesp.
Out of my door, you witch! you hag, you polecat! out,
out, out; I'll conjure you. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
She, at a pin in the wall, hung like a polecat in a warren,
to amuse them. L'Estrange.
How should he, harmless youth,
Who kill'd but polecats, learn to murder men. Gay.

PO’LEDAVIES. n. s. A sort of coarse cloth. Ainsworth.

POLE’MICAL. adj. [p??e???.] Controversial; disputative.
I have had but little respite from these polemical exercises,
and, notwithstanding all the rage and malice of the adversa­
ries of our church, I sit down contented. Stillingfleet.
The nullity of this distinction has been solidly shewn by
most of our polemick writers of the protestant church. South.
The best method to be used with these polemical ladies, is
to shew them the ridiculous side of their cause. Addison.

POLE’MICK. adj. [p??e???.] Controversial; disputative.
I have had but little respite from these polemical exercises,
and, notwithstanding all the rage and malice of the adversa­
ries of our church, I sit down contented. Stillingfleet.
The nullity of this distinction has been solidly shewn by
most of our polemick writers of the protestant church. South.
The best method to be used with these polemical ladies, is
to shew them the ridiculous side of their cause. Addison.

POLE’MICK. n. s. Disputant; controvertist.
Each staunch polemick stubborn as a rock,
Came whip and spur. Dunciad, b. iv.

POLE’MOSCOPE. n. s. [p??e? and ?p??.] In opticks, is
a kind of crooked or oblique perspective glass, contrived for
seeing objects that do not lie directly before the eye. Dict.

PO’LESTAR. n. s. [pole and star.]
1. A star near the pole, by which navigators compute their nor­
thern latitude; cynosure; lodestar.
If a pilot at sea cannot see the polestar, let him steer his
course by such stars as best appear to him. King Charles.
I was sailing in a vast ocean without other help than the
polestar of the ancients. Dryden.
2. Any guide or director.

PO’LEY-MOUNTAIN. n. s. [polium, Lat.] A plant.
The poley-mountain hath a labiated flower, consisting of one
leaf, whose stamina supply the place of a crest; the beard is
divided into five segments as the germander; out of the flower
cup rises the pointal, attended, as it were, by four embryos,
which afterward become so many seeds shut up in the flower
cup: the flowers are collected into an head upon the top of
the stalks and branches. Miller.

PO’LICE. n. s. [French.] The regulation and government
of a city or country, so far as regards the inhabitants.

PO’LICED. adj. [from police.] Regulated; formed into a regu­
lar course of administration.
Where there is a kingdom altogether unable or indign to
govern, it is a just cause of war for another nation, that is
civil or policed, to subdue them. Bacon's Holy War.

PO’LICY. n. s. [p???te?a; politia, Lat.]
1. The art of government, chiefly with respect to foreign
powers.
2. Art; prudence; management of affairs; stratagem.
The policy of that purpose is made more in the marriage,
than the love of the parties. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
If it be honour in your wars to seem
The same you are not, which for your best ends
You call your policy; how is't less or worse,
But it shall hold companionship in peace
With honour as in war. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
If she be curst, it is for policy,
For she's not froward, but modest. Shakesp.
The best rule of policy, is to prefer the doing of justice
before all enjoyments. King Charles.


The wisdom of this world is sometimes taken in scripture
for policy, and consists in a certain dexterity of managing bu­
siness for a man's secular advantage. South's Sermons.
3. [Poliça, Spanish.] A warrant for money in the publick
funds.

To PO’LISH. v. a. [polio, Lat. polir, Fr.]
1. To smooth; to brighten by attrition; to gloss.
He setteth to finish his work, and polisheth it perfectly. Eccl.
Pygmalion, with fatal art,
Polish'd the form that stung his heart. Granvil.
2. To make elegant of manners.
Studious they appear
Of arts that polish life, inventors rare. Milton.
Bid soft science polish Britain's heroes. Irene.

To POLISH. v. n. To answer to the act of polishing; to re­
ceive a gloss.
It is reported by the ancients, that there was a kind of steel,
which would polish almost as white and bright as silver. Bacon.

POLISH. n. s. [poli, polissure, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Artificial gloss; brightness given by attrition.
Not to mention what a huge column of granite cost in the
quarry, only consider the great difficulty of hewing it into
any form, and of giving it the due turn, proportion and
polish. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Another prism of clearer glass and better polish seemed free
from veins. Newton's Opticks.
2. Elegance of manners.
What are these wond'rous civilising arts,
This Roman polish, and this smooth behaviour,
That render man thus tractable and tame? Addison's Cato.

PO’LISHABLE. adj. [from polish.] Capable of being polished.

PO’LISHER. n. s. [from polish.] The person or instrument that
gives a gloss.
I consider an human soul without education, like marble in
the quarry, which shews none of its inherent beauties, till
the skill of the polisher fetches out the colours. Addison.

POLITE. adj. [politus, Latin.]
1. Glossy; smooth.
Some of them are diaphanous, shining and polite; others
not polite, but as if powder'd over with fine iron dust. Woodw.
If any sort of rays, falling on the polite surface of any pel­
lucid medium, be reflected back, the sits of easy reflexion,
which they have at the point of reflexion, shall still continue
to return. Newton's Opticks.
The edges of the sand holes, being worn away, there are
left all over the glass a numberless company of very little
convex polite risings like waves. Newton's Opticks.
2. Elegant of manners.
A nymph of quality admires our knight,
He marries, bows at court, and grows polite. Pope.

POLI’TELY. adv. [from polite.] With elegance of manners;
genteely.

POLI’TENESS. n. s. [politesse, Fr. from polite.] Elegance of
manners; gentility; good breeding.
I have seen the dullest men aiming at wit, and others, with
as little pretensions, affecting politeness in manners and dis­
course. Swift.

POLI’TICAL. adj. [p?????.]
1. Relating to politicks; relating to the administration of pub­
lick affairs.
More true political wisdom may be learned from this single
book of proverbs, than from a thousand Machiavel. Rogers.
2. Cunning; skilful.

POLI’TICALLY. adv. [from political.]
1. With relation to publick administration.
2. Artfully; politickly.
The Turks politically mingled certain Janizaries, harque­
busiers with their horsemen. Knolles's History of the Turks.

POLITICA’STER. n. s. A petty ignorant pretender to politicks.
There are quacks of all sorts; as bullies, pedants, hypo­
crites, empiricks, law-jobbers and politicasters. L'Estrange.

POLITI’CIAN. n. s. [politicien, Fr.]
1. One versed in the arts of government; one skilled in politicks.
Get thee glass eyes,
And, like a scurvy politician, seem
To see things thou dost not. Shakesp. King Lear.
And 't be any way, it must be with valour; sor policy I
hate: I had as lief be a Brownist as a politician. Shakespeare.
Although I may seem less a politician to men, yet I need no
secret distinctions nor evasions before God. King Charles.
While emp'rick politicians use deceit,
Hide what they give, and cure but by a cheat,
You boldly show that skill, which they pretend,
And work by means as noble as your end. Dryden.
Coffee, which makes the politician wise,
And see through all things with his half-shut eyes,
Sent up in vapours to the baron's brain
New stratagems, the radiant lock to gain. Pope.
2. A man of artifice; one of deep contrivance.
Your ill-meaning politician lords,
Under pretence of bridal friends and guests,
Appointed to await me thirty spies. Milton.
If a man succeeds in any attempt, though undertook with
never so much rashness, his success shall vouch him a politi­
cian, and good luck shall pass for deep contrivance; for give
any one fortune, and he shall be thought a wise man. South.

PO’LITICK. adj. [p?????.]
1. Political; civil. In this sense political is almost always used,
except in the phrase body politick.
Virtuously and wisely acknowledging, that he with his
people made all but one politick body, whereof himself was
the head; even so cared for them as he would for his own
limbs. Sidney, b. ii.
No civil or politick constitutions have been more celebrated
than his by the best authors. Temple.
2. Prudent; versed in affairs.
This land was famously enrich'd
With politick grave counsel; then the king
Had virtuous uncles. Shakesp. Richard III.
3. Artful; cunning. In this sense political is not used.
I have trod a measure; I have flatter'd a lady; I have been
politick with my friend, smooth with mine enemy. Shakesp.
Authority followeth old men, and favour youth; but for
the moral part, perhaps youth will have the preheminence,
as age hath for the politick. Bacon.
No less alike the politick and wise,
All sly slow things, with circumspective eyes;
Men in their loose unguarded hours they take. Pope.

PO’LITICKLY. adv. [from politick.] Artfully; cunningly.
Thus have I politickly begun my reign,
And 'tis my hope to end successfully. Shakesp.
'Tis politickly done,
To send me packing with an host of men. Shakesp.
The dutchess hath been most politickly employed in sharp­
ening those arms with which she subdued you. Pope.

PO’LITICKS. n. s. [politique, Fr. p????.] The science of
government; the art or practice of administring publick af­
fairs.
Be pleas'd your politicks to spare,
I'm old enough, and can myself take care. Dryden.
It would be an everlasting reproach to politicks, should such
men overturn an establishment formed by the wisest laws, and
supported by the ablest heads. Addison.
Of crooked counsels and dark politicks. Pope.

PO’LITURE. n. s. [politure, Fr.] The gloss given by the act
of polishing.

PO’LITY. n. s. [p???te?a.] A form of government; civil
constitution.
Because the subject, which this position concerneth, is a
form of church government or church polity, it behoveth us
to consider the nature of the church, as is requisite for men's
more clear and plain understanding, in what respect laws of
polity or government are necessary thereunto. Hooker.
The polity of some of our neighbours hath not thought it
beneath the publick care, to promote and reward the improve­
ment of their own language. Locke on Education.

POLL. n. s. [polle, pol, Dutch, the top.]
1. The head.
Look if the withered elder hath not his poll claw'd like a
parrot. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
2. A catalogue or list of persons; a register of heads.
Have you a catalogue
Of all the voices that we have procur'd,
Set down by th' poll. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The muster file, rotten and sound, amounts not to fifteen
thousand poll. Shakespeare.
3. A fish called generally a chub. A chevin.

To POLL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To lop the top of trees.
The ost cutting and polling of hedges conduces much to
their lasting. Bacon's Natural History.
May thy woods ost poll'd yet ever wear
A green, and, when she lift, a golden hair. Donne.
2. In this sense is used polled sheep.
Polled sheep, that is sheep without horns, are reckoned the
best breeders, because the ewes yean the polled lamb with the
least danger. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To pull off hair from the head; to clip short; to shear.
Neither shall they shave, only poll their heads. Ezekiel.
4. To mow; to crop.
He'll go and sowle the porter of Rome gates by th' ears:
he will mow down all before him, and leave his passage
poll'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. To plunder; to strip; to pill.
They will poll and spoil so outrageously, as the very enemy
cannot do much worse. Spenser on Ireland.
Take and exact upon them the wild exactions, coignie, li­
very and forehon, by which they poll and utterly undo the
poor tenants. Spenser on Ireland.
He told the people, that subsidies were not to be granted
nor levied for wars in Scotland; for that the law had pro­
vided another course by service of ofcuage, much less when
war was made but a pretence to poll and pill the people. Bacon.


Neither can justice yield her fruit with sweetness, amongst
the briars and brambles of catching and polling clerks and
ministers. Bacon.
4. To take a list or register of persons.
5. To enter one's name in a list or register.
Who ever brought to his rich daughter's bed,
The man that polled but twelve pence for his head? Dryd.
6. To insert into a number as a voter.
In solemn conclave sit, devoid of thought,
And poll for points of faith his trusty vote. Tickell.

PO’LLARD. n. s. [from poll.]
1. A tree lopped.
Nothing procureth the lasting of trees so much as often
cutting; and we see all overgrown trees are pollards or dot­
tards, and not trees at their full height. Bacon.
2. A clipped coin.
The same king called in certain counterfeit pieces coined by
the French, called pollards, crocars and rosaries. Camden.
3. The chub fish. Ainsworth.

PO’LLEN. n. s. A fine powder, commonly understood by the
word farina; as also a sort of fine bran. Bailey.

PO’LLENGER. n. s. Brushwood. This seems to be the mean­
ing of this obsolete word.
Lop for thy fewel old pollenger grown,
That hinder the corne or the grasse to be mown. Tusser.

POLLER. n. s. [from poll.]
1. Robber; pillager; plunderer.
The poller and exacter of fees justifies the resemblance of
the courts of justice to the bush, whereunto while the sheep
flies for defence, he loses part of the fleece. Bacon's Essays.
2. He who votes or polls.

PO’LLEVIL. n. s. [poll and evil.]
Pollevil is a large swelling, inflammation or imposthume in
the horse's poll or nape of the neck, just between the ears to­
wards the mane. Farrier's Dict.

PO’LLOCK. n. s. A kind of fish.
The coast is plentifully stored with shellfish, sea-hedgehogs,
scallops; and flat, as round, pilcherd, herring and pollock.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

To POLLU’TE. v. a. [polluo, Lat. polluer, Fr.]
1. To make unclean, in a religious sense; to defile.
Hot and peevish vows
Are polluted offerings, more abhorr'd
Than spotted livers in the sacrifice. Shakesp.
2. To taint with guilt.
She woos the gentle air,
To hide her guilty front with innocent snow,
And on her naked shame,
Pollute with sinful blame,
The saintly veil of maiden white to throw. Milton.
3. To corrupt by mixtures of ill.
Envy you my praise, and would destroy
With grief my pleasures, and pollute my joy? Dryden.
4. Milton uses this word in an uncommon construction.
Polluted from the end of his creation. Milton.

POLLU’TEDNESS. n. s. [from pollute.] Defilement; the state
of being polluted.

POLLU’TER. n. s. [from pollute.] Defiler; corrupter.
Ev'n he, the king of men,
Fell at his threshold, and the spoil of Troy
The foul polluters of his bed enjoy. Dryden's æneis.

POLLU’TION. n. s. [pollution, Fr. pollutio, Latin.]
1. The act of defiling.
The contrary to consecration is pollution, which happens in
churches by homicide, and burying an excommunicated per­
son in the church. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. The state of being defiled; defilement.
Their strife pollution brings
Upon the temple. Milton's Par Lost, b. xii.

PO’LTRON. n. s. [pollice truncato, from the thumb cut off; it
being once a practice of cowards to cut off their thumbs, that
they might not be compelled to serve in war. Saumaise.
Menage derives it from the Italian poltro, a bed; as cowards
feign themselves sick a bed: others derive it from poletro or
poltro, a young unbroken horse.] A coward; a nidgit; a
scoundrel.
Patience is for poltrons. Shakesp.
They that are bruis'd with wood or fists,
And think one beating may for once
Suffice, are cowards and poltrons. Hudibras, p. ii.
For who but a poltron possess'd with fear,
Such haughty insolence can tamely bear. Dryden.

PO’LY. n. s. [polium, Lat.] An herb. Ainsworth.

PO’LY. [p??.] A prefix often found in the composition of
words derived from the Greek, and intimating multitude: as,
polygon, a figure of many angles; polypus, an animal with
many feet.

POLY’ACOUSTICK. adj. [p??? and ?.] Any thing that
multiplies or magnifies sounds. Dict.

POLY’ANTHOS. n. s. [p??? and ?.] A plant.
Great varieties of polyanthos are annually produced, and its
flowers are so numerous on one stalk, and so beautifully
striped, that they are not inferior to auriculas in beauty. Miller.
The daisy, primrose, violet darkly blue,
And polyanthos of unnumber'd dyes. Thomson.

POLYE’DRICAL. adj. [from p??ed; polyedre, Fr.] Ha­
ving many sides.
The protuberant particles may be spherical, elliptical, cy­
lindrical, polyedrical, and some very irregular; and accord­
ing to the nature of these; and the situation of the lucid body,
the light must be variously effected. Boyle.
A tubercle of a pale brown spar, had the exterior surface
covered with small polyedrous crystals, pellucid, with a cast of
yellow. Woodward.

POLYE’DROUS. adj. [from p??ed; polyedre, Fr.] Ha­
ving many sides.
The protuberant particles may be spherical, elliptical, cy­
lindrical, polyedrical, and some very irregular; and accord­
ing to the nature of these; and the situation of the lucid body,
the light must be variously effected. Boyle.
A tubercle of a pale brown spar, had the exterior surface
covered with small polyedrous crystals, pellucid, with a cast of
yellow. Woodward.

POLY’GAMIST. n. s. [from polygamy.] One that holds the law­
fulness of more wives than one at a time.

POLY’GAMY. n. s. [polygamie, Fr. p????a??a.] Plurality
of wives.
Polygamy is the having more wives than one at once. Locke.
They allow no polygamy: they have ordained, that none
do intermarry or contract, until a month be past from their
first interview. Bacon.
Christian religion, prohibiting polygamy, is more agreeable
to the law of nature, that is, the law of God, than maho­
metism that allows it; for one man, his having many wives
by law, signifies nothing, unless there were many women to
one man in nature also. Graunt.

PO’LYGLOT. adj. [p?????tt; polyglotte, Fr.] Having
many languages.
The polyglot or linguist is a learned man. Howel.

PO’LYGON. n. s. [polygone, Fr. p??? and ????a.] A figure
of many angles.
He began with a single line; he joined two lines in an
angle, and he advanced to triangles and squares, polygons and
circles. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

PO’LYGONAL. adj. [from polygon.] Having many angles.

PO’LYGRAM. n. s. [p??? and ?a??a.] A figure consisting
of a great number of lines. Dict.

POLYGRAPHY. n. s. [p??? and ?af; polygraphie, Fr.] The
art of writing in several unusual manners or cyphers; as also
decyphering the same. Dict.

POLY’LOGY. n. s. [p??? and ????.] Talkativeness. Dict.

POLY’MATHY. n. s. [p???? and ???a??.] The knowledge
of many arts and sciences; also an acquaintance with many
different subjects. Dict.

POLY’PHONISM. n. s. [p??? and f??.] Multiplicity of
sound.
The passages relate to the diminishing the sound of his
pistol, by the rarity of the air at that great ascent into the at­
mosphere, and the magnifying the sound by the polyphonisms
or repercussions of the rocks and caverns. Derham.

POLYPE’TALOUS. adj. [p??? and p?ta???.] Having many
petals.

POLY’PODY. n. s. [polypodium, Latin.] A plant.
Polypody is a capillary plant with oblong jagged leaves, ha­
ving a middle rib, which joins them to the stalks running
through each division. Miller.
Polypody is common on the banks of ditches where there are
stumps of old trees, on walls, and by the sides of woods:
polypody is attenuant and dissolvent. Hill's Materia Medica.
A kind of polypody groweth out of trees, though it windeth
not. Bacon's Natural History.

PO’LYPOUS. adj. [from polypus.] Having the nature of a poly­
pus; having many feet or roots.
If the vessels drive back the blood with too great a force
upon the heart, it will produce polypous concretions in the ven­
tricles of the heart, especially when its valves are apt to grow
rigid. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

POLY’PUS. n. s. [p???; polype, Fr.]
1. Polypus signifies any thing in general with many roots or
feet, as a swelling in the nostrils; but it is likewise applied
to a tough concretion of grumous blood in the heart and ar­
teries. Quincy.
The polypus of the nose is said to be an excrescence of flesh,
spreading its branches amongst the laminæ of the os eth­
moides, and through the whole cavity of one or both nostrils.
Sharp's Surgery.
The juices of all austere vegetables, which coagulate the
spittle, being mixed with the blood in the voins, form poly­
pusses in the heart. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A sea animal with many feet.
The polypus, from forth his cave
Torn with full force, reluctant beats the wave,
His ragged claws are stuck with stones. Pope.

PO’LYSCOPE. n. s. [p??? and ?p??.] A multiplying
glass. Dict.

POLY’SPAST. n. s. [polyspaste, Fr.] A machine consisting of
many pullies. Dict.

POLY’SPERMOUS. adj. [p??? and p??a.] Those plants
are thus called, which have more than four seeds succeeding
each flower, and this without any certain order or number. Qu.

POLYSYLLA’BICAL. adj. [from polysyllable.] Having many syl­
lables; pertaining to a polysyllable.
Polysyllabical echoes are such as repeat many syllables or
words distinctly. Dict.



POLYSY’LLABLE. n. s. [p??? and ???a?; polysyllabe,
Fr.] A word of many syllables.
In a polysyllable word consider to which syllable the emphasis
is to be given, and in each syllable to which letter. Holder.
Your high nonsense blusters and makes a noise; it stalks
upon hard words, and rattles through polysyllables. Addison.

POLY’SYNDETON. n. s. [p??????de??.] A figure of rhethorick
by which the copulative is often repeated: as, I came, and
saw and overcame.

POLY’THEISM. n. s. [p??? and fe?; polytheïsme, Fr.] The
doctrine of plurality of gods.
The first author of polytheism, Orpheus, did plainly assert
one supreme God. Stillingfleet.

POLY’THEIST. n. s. [p??? and fe?; polythée, Fr.] One that
holds plurality of gods.
Some authors have falsely made the Turks, polytheists.
Duncomb's Life of Hughes.

POM

PO’MACE. n. s. [pomaceum, Lat.] The dross of cyder pres­
sings. Dict.

POMA’CEOUS. adj. [from pomum, Latin.] Consisting of apples.
Autumn paints.
Ausonian hills with grapes, whilst English plains
Blush with pomaceous harvests breathing sweets. Philips.

PO’MADE. n. s. [pomade, Fr. pomado, Italian.] A fragrant
ointment.

PO’MANDER. n. s. [pomme d' ambre, Fr.] A sweet ball; a
perfumed ball or powder.
I have sold all my trumpery; not a counterfeit stone, not
a ribbon, glass, pomander or browch to keep my pack from
fasting. Shakesp.
They have in physick use of pomander and knots of powders
for drying of rheums, comforting of the heart and provoking
of sleep. Bacon's Natural History.

POMA’TUM. n. s. [Latin.] An ointment.
I gave him a little pomatum to dress the scab. Wiseman.

To POME. v. n. [pommer, Fr.] To grow to a round head like
an apple. Dict.

POMECI’TRON. n. s. [pome and citron.] A citron apple. Dict.

POMEGRA’NATE. n. s. [pomum granatum, Lat.]
1. The tree.
The flower of the pomegranate consists of many leaves
placed in a circular order, which expand in form of a rose,
whose bell-shaped multifid flower cup afterward becomes a
globular fruit, having a thick, smooth, brittle rind, and is
divided into several cells, which contain oblong hardy seeds,
surrounded with a soft pulp. Miller.
It was the nightingale, and not the lark,
That pierc'd the fearful hollow of thine ear;
Nightly she sings on you pomegranate tree. Shakesp.
2. The fruit.
In times past they dyed scarlet with the seed of a pome­
granate. Peacham on Drawing.
Nor on its slender twigs
Low bending be the full pomegranate scorn'd. Thomson.

PO’MEROY. n. s. A sort of apple. Ainsworth.

PO’MEROYAL. n. s. A sort of apple. Ainsworth.

PO’MIFEROUS. adj. [pomifer, Lat.] A term applied to plants
which have the largest fruit, and are covered with thick hard
rind, by which they are distinguished from the bacciferous,
which have only a thin skin over the fruit.
All pomiferous herbs, pumpions, melons, gourds and cu­
cumbers, unable to support themselves, are either endued with
a faculty of twining about others, or with claspers and ten­
drils whereby they catch hold of them. Ray on the Creation.
Other fruits contain a great deal of cooling viseid juice,
combined with a nitrous salt, such are many of the low pomi­
ferous kind, as cucumbers and pompions. Arbuth. on Aliments.

PO’MMEL. n. s. [pomeau, Fr. pomo, Italian; appel van t' swaerd,
Dutch.]
1. A round ball or knob.
Like pommels round of marble clear,
Where azur'd veins well mixt appear. Sidney, b. ii.
Huram finished the two pillars and the pommels, and the
chapters which were on the top of the two pillars. 2 Chron.
2. The knob that balances the blade of the sword.
His chief enemy offered to deliver the pommel of his sword
in token of yielding. Sidney.
3. The protuberant part of the saddle before.
The starting steed was seiz'd with sudden fright,
And bounding, o'er the pommel cast the knight. Dryden.

To PO’MMEL. v. a. [This word seems to come from pommeler,
Fr. to variegate.] To beat with any thing thick or bulky,
to beat black and blue; to bruise; to punch.

POMP. n. s. [pompa, Latin.]
1. Splendour; pride.
Take physick, pomp,
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel. Shakesp.
2. A procession of splendour and ostentation.
The bright pomp ascended jubilant. Milton.
All eyes you draw, and with the eyes the heart;
Of your own pomp yourself the greatest part. Dryden.
Such a numerous and innocent multitude, cloathed in the
charity of their benefactors, was a more beautiful expression
of joy and thanksgiving, than could have been exhibited by
all the pomps of a Roman triumph. Addison's Guardian.

PO’MPHOLYX. n. s.
Pompholyx is a white, light and very frizble substance, found
in crusts adhering to the domes of the furnaces and to the
covers of the large crucibles, in which brass is made either
from a mixture of copper and lapis calaminaris, or of copper
and zink. Hill's Materia Medica.

PO’MPION. n. s. [pompon, Fr.] A pumkin. A sort of large
fruit. Dict.

PO’MPIRE. n. s. [pomum and pyrusy, Lat.] A sort of pearmain. Ain.

PO’MPOUS. adj. [pompeux, Fr.] Splendid; magnificent;
grand.
What flatt'ring scenes our wand'ring fancy wrought,
Rome's pompous glories rising to our thought. Pope.
An inscription in the ancient way, plain, pompous, yet
modest, will be best. Atterbury to Pope.

PO’MPOUSLY. adv. [from pompous.] Magnificently; splen­
didly.
Whate'er can urge ambitious youth to fight,
She pompously displays before their sight. Dryden.

PO’MPOUSNESS. n. s. [from pompous.] Magnificence; splen­
dour; showiness; ostentatiousness.
The English and French raise their language with meta­
phors, or by the pompousness of the whole phrase wear off any
littleness that appears in the particular parts. Addison.

PON

POND. n. s. [supposed to be the same with pound; pindan, Sax.
to shut up.] A small pool or lake of water; a bason; water
not running or emitting any stream.
In the midst of all the place was a fair pond, whose shak­
ing crystal was a perfect mirror to all the other beauties, so
that it bare shew of two gardens. Sidney.
Through bogs and mires, and oft through pond or pool,
There swallow'd up. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Had marine bodies been found in only one place, it might
have been suspected, that the sea was, what the Caspian is, a
great pond or lake, consined to one part. Woodward.
His building is a town,
His pond an ocean. Pope.

To POND. v. a. To ponder. A corrupt obsolete word.
O my liege lord, the god of my life,
Pleaseth you pond your suppliant's plaint. Spenser.

To PONDER. v. a. [pondero, Latin.] To weigh mentally; to
consider; to attend.
Mary kept all these things, and ponder'd them in her
heart. Luke ii. 19.
Colours, popularities and circumstances sway the ordinary
judgment, not fully pondering the matter. Bacon.
This ponder, that all nations of the earth
Shall in his seed be blessed. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
Intent he seem'd,
Pond'ring future things of wond'rous weight. Dryden.

To PO’NDER. v. n. To think; to muse. With on. This is
an improper use of the word.
This tempest will not give me leave to ponder
On things would hurt me more. Shakesp. King Lear.
Whom, pond'ring thus on human miseries,
When Venus saw, her heav'nly fire bespoke. Dryden.

PO’NDERAL. adj. [from pondus, Lat.] Estimated by weight;
distinguished from numeral.
Thus did the money drachma in process of time decrease;
but all the while we may suppose the ponderal drachma to
have continued the same, just as it has happened to us, as
well as our neighbours, whose ponderal libra remains as it
was, though the nummary hath much decreased. Arbuthnot.

PO’NDERABLE. adj. [from pondero, Lat.] Capable to be
weighed; mensurable by scales.
The bite of an asp will kill within an hour, yet the im­
pression is scarce visible, and the poison communicated not
ponderable. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PONDERA’TION. n. s. [from pondero, Latin.] The act of
weighing.
While we perspire, we absorb the outward air, and the
quantity of perspired matter, found by ponderation, is only
the difference between that and the air imbibed. Arbuthnot.

PO’NDERER. n. s. [from ponder.] He who ponders.

PONDERO’SITY. n. s. [from ponderous.] Weight; gravity;
heaviness.
Crystal will sink in water, as carrying in its own bulk a
greater ponderosity than the space in any water it doth oc­
cupy. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Gold is remarkable for its admirable ductility and ponde­
rosity, wherein it excels all other bodies. Ray.

PO’NDEROUS. adj. [ponderosus, from pondus, Lat.]
1. Heavy; weighty.
It is more difficult to make gold, which is the most ponde­
rous and materiate amongst metals, of other metals less pon­
derous and materiate, than, via versa, to make silver of lead or
quicksilver; both which are more ponderous than silver. Bacon.
His pond'rous shield behind him cast. Milton.


Upon laying a weight in one of the scales, inscribed eter­
nity, though I threw in that of time, prosperity, affliction,
wealth and poverty, which seemed very ponderous, they were
not able to stir the opposite balance. Addison.
Because all the parts of an undistributed fluid are of equal
gravity, or gradually placed according to the difference of it,
any concretion, that can be supposed to be naturally made in
such a fluid, must be all over of a similar gravity, or have the
more ponderous parts nearer to its basis. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Important; momentous.
If your more ponderous and settl'd project
May suffer alteration, I'll point you
Where you shall have receiving shall become you. Shakesp.
3. Forcible; strongly impulsive,
Imagination hath more force upon things living, than
things inanimate; and upon light and subtile motions, than
upon motions vehement or ponderous. Bacon.
Impatient of her load,
And lab'ring underneath the pond'rous god,
The more she strove to shake him from her breast,
With far superior force he press'd. Dryden.
Press'd with the pond'rous blow,
Down sinks the ship within th' abyss below. Dryden.

PO’NDEROUSLY. adv. [from ponderous.] With great weight.

PO’NDEROUSNESS. n. s. [from ponderous.] Heaviness; weight;
gravity.
The oil and spirit place themselves under or above one an­
other, according as their ponderousness makes them swim or
sink. Boyle.

PO’NDWEED. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

PO’NENT. adj. [ponente, Italian.] Western.
Thwart of these, as fierce,
Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds
Eurus and Zephyr. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

PO’NIARD. n. s. [poignard, Fr. pugio, Lat.] A dagger; a short
stabbing weapon.
She speaks poniards, and every word stabs. Shakesp.
Melpomene would be represented, in her right hand a naked
poniard. Peacham on Drawing.
Poniards hand to hand
Be banish'd from the field, that none shall dare
With shortned sword to stab in closer war. Dryden.

To PO’NIARD. v. a. [poignardier, French.] To stab with a poniard.

PONK. n. s. [Of this word I know not the original.] A noc­
turnal spirit; a hag.
Ne let the ponk, nor other evil sprights,
Ne let mischievous witches. Spenser.

PO’NTAGE. n. s. [pons, pontis, bridge.] Duty paid for the re­
paration of bridges.
In right of the church, they were formerly by the common
law discharged from pontage and murage. Ayliffe.

PO’NTIFF. n. s. [pontife, Fr. pontifex, Latin.]
1. A priest; a high priest.
Livy relates, that there were found two coffins, whereof
the one contained the body of Numa, and the other, his
books of ceremonies, and the discipline of the pontiffs. Bacon.
2. The pope.

PONTI’FICAL. adj. [pontifical, Fr. pontificalis, Lat.]
1. Belonging to an high priest.
2. Popish.
It were not amiss to answer by a herald the next pontifical
attempt, rather sending defiance than publishing answers. Ral.
The pontifical authority is as much superior to the regal,
as the sun is greater than the moon. Baker.
3. Splendid; magnificent.
Thus did I keep my person fresh and new,
My presence, like a robe pontifical,
Ne'er seen, but wonder'd at. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. [From pons and facio.] Bridge-building. This sense is, I
believe, peculiar to Milton, and perhaps was intended as an
equivocal satire on popery.
Now had they brought the work by wond'rous art
Pontifical, a ridge of pendent rock
Over the vex'd abyss. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

PONTI’FICAL. n. s. [pontificale, Lat.] A book containing rites
and ceremonies ecclesiastical.
What the Greek and Latin churches did, may be seen in
pontificals, containing the forms for consecrations. South.
By the pontifical, no altar is to be consecrated without re­
liques. Stillingfleet.

PONTI’FICALLY. adv. [from pontifical.] In a pontifical
manner.

PONTIFICATE. n. s. [pontificat, Fr. pontificatus, Lat.] Papacy;
popedom.
He turned hermit in the view of being advanced to the
pontificate. Addison.
Painting, sculpture and architecture may all recover them­
selves under the present pontificate, if the wars of Italy will
give them leave. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PO’NTIFICE. n. s. [pons and facio.] Bridgework; edifice of a
bridge.
He, at the brink of Chaos near the foot
Of this new wond'rous pontifice, unhop'd
Met his offspring dear. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

PO’NTLEVIS. n. s. In horsemanship, is a disorderly resisting
action of a horse in disobedience to his rider, in which he
rears up several times running, and rises up so upon his hind­
legs, that he is in danger of coming over. Bailey.

PO’NTON. n. s. [French.]
Ponton is a floating bridge or invention to pass over water:
it is made of two great boats placed at some distance from
one another, both planked over, as is the interval between
them, with rails on their sides: the whole so strongly built
as to carry over horse and cannon. Military Dict.
The black prince passed many a river without the help of
pontons. Spectator, No 165.

PO’NY. n. s. [I know not the original of this word.] A small
horse.

POO

POOL. n. s. [pul, Saxon; poel, Dutch.] A lake of standing water.
Moss, as it cometh of moisture, so the water must but
slide, and not stand in a pool. Bacon.
Sea he had search'd, and land,
From Eden over Pontus, and the pool
Mæotis. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Love oft to virtuous acts inflames the mind,
Awakes the sleepy vigour of the soul,
And brushing o'er, adds vigour to the pool. Dryden.
The circling streams, once thought the pools of blood,
From dark oblivion Harvey's name shall save. Dryden.
After the deluge, we suppose the vallies and lower grounds,
where the descent and derivation of the water was not so
easy, to have been full of lakes and pools. Burnet.

POOP. n. s. [pouppe, Fr. puppis, Lat.] The hindmost part of
the ship.
Some sat upon the top of the poop weeping and wailing,
till the sea swallowed them. Sidney, b. ii.
The poop was beaten gold. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Perceiving that the pigeon had only lost a piece of her
tail through the next opening of the rocks, they passed safe,
only the end of their poop was bruised. Raleigh.
He was openly set upon the poop of the gally. Knolles.
With wind in poop, the vessel ploughs the sea,
And measures back with speed her former way. Dryden.

POOR. adj. [pauvre, Fr. povre, Spanish.]
1. Not rich; indigent; necessitous; oppressed with want.
Poor cuckoldly knave.—I wrong him to call him poor;
they say he hath masses of money. Shakespeare.
Who builds a church to God, and not to fame,
Will never mark the marble with his name;
Go search it there, where to be born and die,
Of rich and poor makes all the history. Pope.
2. Trifling; narrow; of little dignity, force or value.
A conservatory of snow and ice used for delicacy to cool
wine, is a poor and contemptible use, in respect of other uses
that may be made of it. Bacon's Natural History.
How poor are the imitations of nature in common course of
experiments, except they be led by great judgment. Bacon.
When he delights in sin, as he observes it in other men,
he is wholly transformed from the creature God first made
him; nay, has consumed those poor remainders of good that
the sin of Adam left him. South.
That I have wronged no man, will be a poor plea or apo­
logy at the last day; for it is not for rapin, that men are for­
mally impeached and finally condemned; but I was an hun­
gry, and ye gave me no meat. Calamy's Sermons.
3. Paltry; mean; contemptible.
A poor number it was to conquer Ireland to the pope's
use. Bacon.
And if that wisdom still wise ends propound,
Why made he man, of other creatures, king;
When, if he perish here, there is not found
In all the world so poor and vile a thing? Davies.
The marquis, making haste to Scarborough, embarked in
a poor vessel. Clarendon, b. viii.
We have seen how poor and contemptible a force has been
raised by those who appeared openly. Addis. Freeholder.
4. Unimportant.
To be without power or distinction, is not, in my poor
opinion, a very amiable situation to a person of title. Swift.
5. Unhappy; uneasy.
Vext sailors curse the rain,
For which poor shepherds pray'd in vain: Waller.
Vain privilege, poor woman have a tongue;
Men can stand silent, and resolve on wrong. Dryden.
6. Mean; depressed; low; dejected.
A soothsayer made Antonius believe, that his genius, which otherwise was brave, was, in the presence of Octavianus,
poor and cowardly. Bacon.
7. [A word of tenderness.] Dear.
Poor, little, pretty, flutt'ring thing,
Must we no longer live together?
And dost thou prune thy trembling wing,
To take thy flight thou know'st not whither? Prior.


8. [A word of slight contempt.] Wretched.
The poor monk never saw many of the decrees and coun­
cils he had occasion to use. Baker's Reflect. on Learning.
9. Not good; not fit for any purpose.
I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking: I could
wish courtesy would invent some other entertainment. Shakesp.
10. The POOR. [collectively.] Those who are in the lowest
rank of the community; those who cannot subsist but by the
charity of others; but it is sometimes used with laxity for any
not rich.
From a confin'd well manag'd store,
You both employ and feed the poor. Waller.
Never any time since the reformation can shew so many
poor amongst the widows and orphans of churchmen, as this
particular time. Sprat's Sermons.
Has God cast thy lot amongst the poor of this world, by
denying thee the plenties of this life, or by taking them away?
this may be preventing mercy; for much mischief riches do
to the sons of men. South's Sermons.
The poor dare nothing tell but flatt'ring news. Dryden.
11. Barren; dry: as, a poor soil.
12. Lean; starved; emaciated: as, a poor horse.
Where juice wanteth, the language is thin, flagging, poor,
starved and scarce covering the bone. Benj. Johnson.
13. Without spirit; flaccid.

POO’RLY. adv. [from poor.]
1. Without wealth.
Those thieves spared his life, letting him go to learn to
live poorly. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Not prosperously; with little success.
If you sow one ground with the same kind of grain, it will
prosper but poorly. Bacon.
3. Meanly; without spirit.
Your constancy
Hath left you unattended: be not lost
So poorly in your thoughts. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Nor is their courage or their wealth so low,
That from his wars they poorly would retire. Dryden.
4. Without dignity.
You meaner beauties of the night,
That poorly satisfy our eyes,
More by your number than your light,
You common people of the skies;
What are you when the sun shall rise. Wotton.

POORJOHN. n. s. A sort of fish. Ainsworth.

POO’RNESS. n. s. [from poor.]
1. Poverty; indigence; want.
If a prince should complain of the poorness of his exche­
quer, would he be angry with his merchants, if they brought
him a cargo of good bullion. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Meanness; lowness; want of dignity.
The Italian opera seldom sinks into a poorness of language,
but, amidst all the meanness of the thoughts, has something
beautiful and sonorous in the expression. Addison.
There is a kind of sluggish resignation, as well as poorness
and degeneracy of spirit, in a state of slavery. Addison.
3. Sterility; barrenness.
The poorness of the herbs shews the poorness of the earth,
especially if in colour more dark. Bacon.
Enquire the differences of metals which contain other me­
tals, and how that agrees with the poorness or riches of the
metals in themselves. Bacon.

POO’RSPIRITED. adj. [poor and spirit.] Mean; cowardly.
Mirvan! poorspirited wretch! thou hast deceiv'd me. Den.

POO’RSPIRITEDNESS. n. s. Meanness; cowardice.
A cause of men's taking pleasure in the sins of others, is,
from that meanness and poorspiritedness that accompanies
guilt. South's Sermons.

POP

POP. n. s. [poppysma, Lat.] A small smart quick sound. It is
formed from the sound.
I have several ladies, who could not give a pop loud enough
to be heard at the farther end of the room, who can now
discharge a fan, that it shall make a report like a pocket­
pistol. Addison's Spectator, No 102.

To POP. v. n. [from the noun.] To move or enter with a
quick, sudden and unexpected motion.
He that kill'd my king,
Popt in between th' election and my hopes. Shakesp.
A boat was sunk and all the folk drowned, saving one only
woman, that in her first popping up again, which most living
things accustom, espied the boat risen likewise, and floating
by her, got hold of the boat, and sat astride upon one of its
sides. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
I startled at his popping upon me unexpectedly. Addison.
As he scratched to fetch up thought,
Forth popp'd the sprite so thin. Swift's Miscellanies.
Others have a trick of popping up and down every moment,
from their paper to the audience, like an idle school-boy. Swift.

To POP. v. a.
1. To put out or in suddenly, flily or unexpectedly.
That is my brother's plea,
The which if he can prove, he pops me out
At least from fair five hundred pound a year. Shakesp.
He popped a paper into his hand. Milton.
A fellow, finding somewhat prick him, popt his finger upon
the place. L'Estrange's Fables.
The commonwealth popped up its head for the third time
under Brutus and Cassius, and then sunk for ever. Dryden.
Did'st thou never pop
Thy head into a tinman's shop? Prior.
2. To shift.
If their curiosity leads them to ask what they should not
know, it is better to tell them plainly, that it is a thing that
belongs not to them to know, than to pop them off with a
falshood. Locke on Education.

POPE. n. s. [papa, Lat. p?ppa?.]
1. The bishop of Rome.
I refuse you for my judge; and
Appeal unto the pope to be judg'd by him. Shakesp.
He was organist in the pope's chapel at Rome. Peacham.
Christianity has been more oppresled by those that thus
fought for it, than those that were in arms against it; upon
this score, the pope has done her more harm than the
Turk. Decay of Piety.
2. A small fish.
A pope, by some called a ruffe, is much like a pearch for
shape, but will not grow bigger than a gudgeon: he is an
excellent fish, of a pleasant taste, and spawns in April.
Walton's Angler.

PO’PEDOM. [pope and dom.] Papacy; papal dignity.
That world of wealth I've drawn together
For mine own ends; indeed, to gain the popedom. Shakesp.

PO’PERY. n. s. [from pope.] The religion of the church of
Rome.
Popery for corruptions in doctrine and discipline, I look
upon to be the most absurd system of christianity. Swift.

PO’PESEYE. n. s. [pope and eye.] The gland surrounded with
fat in the middle of the thigh: why so called I know not.

PO’PGUN. n. s. [pop and gun.] A gun with which children
play, that only makes a noise.
Life is not weak enough to be destroyed by this popgun
artillery of tea and coffee. Cheyne.

POPI’NJAY. [papegay, Dutch; papagayo, Spanish.]
1. A parrot.
Young popinjays learn quickly to speak. Ascham.
The great red and blue parrot; there are of these greater,
the middlemost called popinjays, and the lesser called perro­
quets. Grew's Musæum.
2. A woodpecker. So it seems to be used here.
Terpsichore would be expressed, upon her head a coronet
of those green feathers of the popinjay, in token of that vic­
tory which the muses got of the daughters of Pierius, who
were turned into popinjays or woodpeckers. Peacham.
3. A trifling fop.
I, all smarting with my wounds, being gall'd
To be so pester'd by a popinjay,
Answer'd neglectingly, I know not what. Shakesp.

PO’PISH. adj. [from pope.] Taught by the pope; relating to
popery; peculiar to popery.
In this sense as they affirm, so we deny, that whatsoever is
popish we ought to abrogate. Hooker.
I know thou art religious,
With twenty popish tricks and ceremonies. Shakesp.

PO’PISHLY. adv. [from popish.] With tendency to popery; in
a popish manner.
She baffled the many attempts of her enemies, and entirely
broke the whole force of that party among her subjects, which
was popishly affected. Addison's Freeholder.
A friend in Ireland, popishly speaking, I believe constantly
well disposed towards me. Pope to Swift.

PO’PLAR. n. s. [peuplier, Fr. populus, Lat.] A tree.
The leaves of the poplar are broad, and for the most part
angular: the male trees produce amentaceous flowers, which
have many little leaves and apices, but are barren: the female
trees produce membraneous pods, which open into two parts,
containing many seeds, which have a large quantity of down
adhering to them, and are collected into spikes. Miller.
Po is drawn with the face of an ox, with a garland of
poplar upon his head. Peacham on Drawing.
All he describ'd was present to their eyes,
And as he rais'd his verse, the poplars seem'd to rise. Rose.
So falls a poplar, that in watry ground
Rais'd high the head. Pope's Iliad.

PO’PPY. n. s. [popig, Sax. papaver, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of the poppy, for the most part, consists of four
leaves, placed orbicularly, and expanded in form of a rose, out
of whose flower cup, consisting of two leaves, rises the poin­
tal, which afterwards becomes a fruit or pod that is oval or
oblong, and adorned with a little head, under which, in some
species, is opened a series of holes quite round into the cavity
of the fruit, which is defended lengthwise with various leaves
or plates, to which a great number of very small seeds ad­
here: of these are eighteen species: some sort is cultivated
for medicinal use; and some suppose it to be the plant whence
opium is produced. Miller.


His temples last with poppies were o'erspread,
That nodding seem'd to consecrate his head. Dryden.
Dr. Lister has been guilty of mistake, in the reflections
he makes on what he calls the sleeping Cupid with poppy in
his hands. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PO’PULACE. n. s. [populace, Fr. from populus, Lat.] The vul­
gar; the multitude.
Now swarms the populace, a countless throng,
Youth and hoar age tumultuous pour along. Pope.
The tribunes and people having subdued all competitors,
began the last game of a prevalent populace, to chuse them­
selves a master. Swift.

PO’PULACY. n. s. [populace, Fr.] The common people; the
multitude.
Under colours of piety ambitious policies march, not only
with security, but applause as to the populacy. King Charles.
When he thinks one monarch's lust too mild a regiment, he
can lot in the whole populacy of sin upon the soul. D. of Piety.

PO’PULAR. adj. [populaire, Fr. popularis, Lat.]
1. Vulgar; plebeian.
I was sorry to hear with what partiality and popular heat
elections were carried in many places. King Charles.
The emmet join'd in her popular tribes
Of commonalty. Milton.
So the popular vote inclines. Milton.
2. Suitable to the common people.
Homilies are plain and popular instructions. Hooker.
3. Beloved by the people; pleasing to the people.
It might have been more popular and plausible to vulgar
ears, if this first discourse had been spent in extolling the force
of laws. Hooker, b. i.
Such as were popular,
And well-deserving, were advanc'd by grace. Daniel.
The old general was set aside, and prince Rupert put into
the command, which was no popular change. Clarendon.
4. Studious of the favour of the people.
A popular man is, in truth, no better than a prostitute to
common same and to the people. Dryden.
His virtues have undone his country;
Such popular humanity is treason. Addison's Cato.
5. Prevailing or raging among the populace: as, a popular di­
stemper.

POPULA’RITY. n. s. [popularitas, Lat. popularité, Fr. from
popular.]
1. Graciousness among the people; state of being savoured by
the people.
The best temper of minds desireth good name and true ho­
nour; the lighter, popularity and applause; the more de­
praved, subjection and tyranny. Bacon.
Your mind has been above the wretched affectation of
popularity. Dryden.
Admire we then,
Or popularity, or stars, or strings,
The mob's applauses, or the gifts of kings. Pope.
He could be at the head of no factions and cabals, nor at­
tended by a hired rabble, which his flatterers might represent
as popularity. Swift.
2. Representation suited to vulgar conception; what affects the
vulgar.
The persuader's labour is to make things appear good or
evil, which as it may be performed by solid reasons, so it may
be represented also by colours, popularities and circumstances,
which sway the ordinary judgment. Lacon.

POPULARLY. adv. [from popular.]
1. In a popular manner; so as to please the crowd.
The victor knight
Barcheaded, popularly low had bow'd,
And paid the talutations of the crowd. Dryden.
Influenc'd by the rabble's bloody will,
With thumbs bent back, they populary kill. Dryden.
2. According to vulgar conception.
Nor can we excuse the duty of our knowledge, if we only
bestow those commendatory conceits, which popularly set forth
the eminency thereof. Brown's Vulgar Erours.

To PO’PULATE. v. n. [from populus, people.] To breed people.
When there be great shoals of people, which go on to
populate, without foreseeing means of life and sustentation, it
is of necessity, that once in an age they discharge a portion
of their people upon other nations. Bacon's Essays.

POPULA’TION. n. s. [from populate.] The state of a country
with respect to numbers of people.
The population of a kingdom, especially if it be not mown
down by wars, does not exceed the stock of the kingdom,
which should maintain them; neither is the population to be
reckoned, only by number; for a smaller number, that spend
more and earn less, do wear out an estate sooner than a
greater number, that live lower, and gather more. Bacon.

POPULO’SITY. n. s. [from populous.] Populousness; multitude
of people.
How it conduceth unto populosity, we shall make but little
doubt; there are two main causes of numerosity in any species;
a frequent and multiparous way of breeding. Brown.

PO’PULOUS. adj [populosus, Lat.] Full of people; nume­
rously inhabited.
A wilderness is populous enough,
So Suffolk had thy heav'nly company. Shakesp.
Far the greater part have kept
Their station; heav'n yet populous, retains
Number sufficient to possess her realms. Milton.

PO’PULOUSLY. adv. [from populous.] With much people.

PO’PULOUSNESS. n. s. [from populous.] The state of abound­
ing with people.
This will be allowed by any that considers the vastness, the
opulence, the populousness of this region, with the ease and
facility wherewith 'tis governed. Temple's Miscellanies.

POR

PO’RCELAIN. n. s. [porcelaine, Fr. said to be derived from pour
cent anneés; because it was believed by Europeans, that the
materials of porcelain was matured under ground one hundred
years.]
1. China; china ware; fine dishes, of a middle nature between
earth and glass, and therefore semi-pellucid.
We have burials in several earths, where we put divers ce­
ments, as the Chinese do their porcelain. Bacon.
We are not thoroughly resolved concerning porcelain or
china dishes; that according to common belief, they are made
of earth, which heth in preparation about a hundred years
under ground. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The fine materials made it weak;
Porcelain, by being pure, is apt to break. Dryden.
These look like the workmanship of heav'n:
This is the porcelain clay of human kind,
And therefore cast into these noble molds. Dryden.
2. [Portulaca, Lat.] An herb. Ainsworth.

PORCH. n. s. [porche, Fr. porticus, Lat.]
1. A roof supported by pillars before a door; an entrance.
Ehud went forth through the porch, and shut the doors of
the parlour. Judges iii. 23.
Not infants in the porch of life were free,
The sick, the old, that could but hope a day
Longer by nature's bounty, not let stay. Benj. Johnson.
2. A portico; a covered walk.
All this done,
Repair to Pompey's porch, where you shall find us. Shakesp.

PO’RCUPINE. n. s. [pore espi or epic, Fr. porcospino, Italian.]
The porcupine, when full grown, is as large as a moderate
pig: the quills, with which its whole body is covered, are
black on the shoulders, thighs, sides and belly; on the back,
hips and loins they are variegated with white and pale brown:
the neck is short and thick, the nose blunt, the nostrils very
large in form of slits; the upper lip is slit or cleft as in the
hare, and it has whiskers like a cat: the eyes are small, and
the ears very like those of the human species: the legs are
short, and on the hinder feet are five toes, but only four upon
the fore feet, and its tail is four or five inches long, beset
with spines in an annular series round it: there is no other
difference between the porcupine of Malacca and that of Eu­
rope, but that the former grows to a larger size. Hill.
This stubborn Cade
Fought so long, till that his thighs with darts
Were almost like a sharp-quill'd porcupine. Shakespeare.
Long bearded comets stick
Like flaming porcupines to their left sides,
As they would shoot their quills into their hearts. Dryden.
By the black prince of Monomotapa's side were the glar­
ing cat-a-mountain and the quill-darting porcupine. Ar. and Po.

PORE. n. s. [pore, Fr. p?.]
1. Spiracle of the skin; passage of perspiration.
Witches, carrying in the air, and transforming themselves
into other bodies, by ointments and anointing themselves all
over, may justly move a man to think, that these fables are
the effects of imagination; for it is certain, that ointments
do all, if laid on any thing thick, by stopping of the pores,
shut in the vapours, and send them to the head extremely. Bac.
Why was the sight
To such a tender ball as th' eye confin'd?
So obvious and so easy to be quench'd,
And not, as feeling through all parts diffus'd,
That she might look at will through every pore. Milton.
2. Any narrow spiracle or passage.
Pores are small interstices between the particles of matter
which constitute every body, or between certain aggregates
or combinations of them. Quincy.
From veins of vallies milk and nectar broke,
And honey sweating through the pores of oak. Dryden.

To PORE. v. n [p? is the optick nerve; but I imagine pore
to come by corruption from some English word.] To look
with great intenseness and care; to examine with great at­
tention.
All delights are vain; but that most vain,
Which with pain purchas'd, doth inherit pain;
As painfully to pore upon a book,
To seek the light of truth, while truth the while
Doth salfely blind the eyesight, Shakesp.


A book was writ, called Tetrachordon,
The subject new: it walk'd the town a while,
Numb'ring good intellects; now seldom por'd on. Milton.
The eye grows weary, with poring perpetually on the same
thing. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Let him with pedants hunt for praise in books,
Pore out his life amongst the lazy gownmen,
Grow old and vainly proud in fancy'd knowledge. Rowe.
With sharpen'd sight pale antiquaries pore,
Th' inscription value, but the rust adore. Pope.
He hath been poring so long upon Fox's Martyrs, that he
imagines himself living in the reign of queen Mary. Swift.
The design is to avoid the imputation of pedantry, to shew
that they understand men and manners, and have not been
poring upon old unfashionable books. Swift.

PO’REBLIND. adj. [commonly spoken and written purblind.]
Nearsighted; shortsighted.
Poreblind men see best in the dimmer light, and likewise
have their sight stronger near at hand, than those that are not
poreblind, and can read and write smaller letters; for that the
spirits visual in those that are poreblind are thinner and rarer
than in others, and therefore the greater light disperseth
them. Bacon's Natural History.

PO’RINESS. n. s. [from pory.] Fullness of pores.
I took off the dressings, and set the trepan above the srac­
tured bone, considering the poriness of the bone below. Wisem.

PORI’STICK method. n. s. [p???????.] In mathematicks, is that
which determines when, by what means, and how many diffe­
rent ways a problem may be solved. Dict.

PORK. n. s. [pore, Fr. porcus, Lat.] Swines flesh unsalted.
You are no good member of the commonwealth; for, in
converting Jews to christians, you raise the price of pork.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
All flesh full of nourishment, as beef and pork, increase the
matter of phlegm. Floyer on the Humours.

PO’RKER. n. s. [from pork.] A hog; a pig.
Strait to the lodgments of his herd he run,
Where the fat porkers slept beneath the sun. Pope.

PO’RKEATER. n. s. [pork and eater.] One who feeds on pork.
This making of christians will raise the price of hogs; if
we grow all to be porkeaters, we shall not shortly have a rasher
on the coals for money. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

PO’RKET. [from pork.] A young hog.
A priest appears
And off'rings to the flaming altars bears;
A porket, and a lamb that never suffer'd shears. Dryden.

PO’RKLING. n. s. [from pork.] A young pig.
A hovel
Will serve thee in winter, moreover than that,
To shut up thy porklings, thou meanest to fat. Tusser.

PORO’SITY. n. s. [from porous.] Quality of having pores.
This is a good experiment for the disclosure of the nature
of colours; which of them require a finer porosity, and which
a grosser. Bacon's Natural History.

PO’ROUS. adj. [poreux, Fr. from pore.] Having small spiracles
or passages.
The rapid current, which through veins
Of porous earth with kindly thirst updrawn,
Rose a fresh fountain, and with many a rill
Water'd the garden. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
Of light the greater part he took, and plac'd
In the sun's orb, made porous to receive
And drink the liquid light; firm to retain
Her gather'd beams; great palace now of light. Milton.

PO’ROUSNESS. n. s. [from porous.] The quality of having
pores.
They will forcibly get into the porousness of it, and pass
between part and part, and separate the parts of that thing
one from another; as a knife doth a solid substance, by hav­
ing its thinnest parts pressed into it. Digby on Bodies.

POrphyre. n. s. [from p?fa; porphyrites, Lat. porphyre,
Fr.] Marble of a particular kind.
I like best the porphyry, white or green marble, with a
mullar or upper stone of the same. Peacham on Drawing.
Consider the red and white colours in porphyre; hinder light
but from striking on it, its colours vanish, and produce no
such ideas in us; but upon the return of light, it produces
these appearances again. Locke.

PO’RPHYRY. n. s. [from p?fa; porphyrites, Lat. porphyre,
Fr.] Marble of a particular kind.
I like best the porphyry, white or green marble, with a
mullar or upper stone of the same. Peacham on Drawing.
Consider the red and white colours in porphyre; hinder light
but from striking on it, its colours vanish, and produce no
such ideas in us; but upon the return of light, it produces
these appearances again. Locke.

PO’RPOISE. n. s. [parc poisson, Fr.] The sea-hog.
Amphibious animals link the terrestrial and aquatick to­
gether; seals live at land and at sea, and porpoises have the
warm blood and entrails of a hog. Locke.
Parch'd with unextinguish'd thirst,
Small beer I guzzle till I burst;
And then I drag a bloated corpus
Swell'd with a dropsy like a porpus. Swift.

PO’RPUS. n. s. [parc poisson, Fr.] The sea-hog.
Amphibious animals link the terrestrial and aquatick to­
gether; seals live at land and at sea, and porpoises have the
warm blood and entrails of a hog. Locke.
Parch'd with unextinguish'd thirst,
Small beer I guzzle till I burst;
And then I drag a bloated corpus
Swell'd with a dropsy like a porpus. Swift.

PORFA’CEOUS. adj. [porraceus, Lat. porrace, Fr.] Greenish.
If the lesser intestines be wounded, he will be troubled
with porraceous vomiting. Wiseman's Surgery.

PO’RRET. n. s. [porrum, Lat.] A scallion.
It is not an easy problem to resolve why garlick, molys
and porrets have white roots, deep green leaves and black
seeds. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PO’RRIDGE. n. s. [more properly porrage; porrata, low Latin,
from porrum, a leek.] Food made by boiling meat in
water; broth.
I had as lief you should tell me of a mess of porridge. Sha.

PO’RRIDGEPOT. n. s. [porridge and pot.] The pot in which
meat is boiled for a family.

PO’RRINGER. n. s. [from porridge.]
1. A vessel in which broth is eaten.
A small wax candle put in a socket of brass, then set up­
right in a porringer full of spirit of wine, then set both the
candle and spirit of wine on fire, and you shall see the flame
of the candle become four times bigger than otherwise, and
appear globular. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
A physician undertakes a woman with fore eyes, who
dawbs 'em quite up with ointment, and, while she was in
that pickle, carries off a porringer. L'Estrange.
The porringers, that in a row
Hung high, and made a glitt'ring show,
Were now but leathern buckets rang'd. Swift.
2. It seems in Shakespeare's time to have been a word of con­
tempt for a headdress; of which perhaps the first of these
passages may show the reason.
Here is the cap your worship did bespeak.
—Why this was moulded on a porringer. Shakesp.
A haberdasher's wife of small wit rail'd upon me, till her
pink'd porringer fell off her head. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

PORRE’CTION. n. s. [porrectio, Latin.] The act of reaching
forth.

PORT. n. s. [port, Fr. portus, Latin.]
1. A harbour; a safe station for ships.
Her small gondelay her port did make,
And that gay pair issuing on the shore,
Disburden'd her. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
I should be still
Peering in maps for ports, and ways and roads. Shakesp.
The earl of Newcastle seized upon that town; when there
was not one port town in England, that avowed their obe­
dience to the king. Clarendon, b. viii.
A weather beaten vessel holds
Gladly the port. Milton.
2. [Porta, Lat. porte, Sax. porte, Fr.] A gate.
Shew all thy praises within the ports of the daughter of
Sion. Psalm ix. 14.
Descend, and open your uncharged ports. Shakesp.
He I accuse,
The city ports by this hath entered. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
O polish'd perturbation! golden care!
That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide
To many a watchful night; sleep with it now!
Yet not so sound, and half so deeply sweet,
As he, whose brow with homely biggen bound,
Snores out the watch of night. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The mind of man hath two ports; the one always fre­
quented by the entrance of manifold vanities; the other de­
solate and overgrown with grass, by which enter our chari­
table thoughts and divine contemplations. Raleigh.
From their ivory port the cherubim
Forth issu'd. Milton.
3. The aperture in a ship, at which the gun is put out.
At Portsmouth the Mary Rose, by a little sway of the
ship in casting about, her ports being within sixteen inches of
the water, was overset and lost. Raleigh.
The linstocks touch, the pond'rous ball expires,
The vig'rous seaman every port hole plies.
And adds his heart to every gun he fires. Dryden.
4. [Portée, Fr.] Carriage; air; mien; manner; bearing;
external appearance; demeanour.
In that proud port, which her so goodly graceth,
Whiles her fair face she rears up to the sky,
And to the ground her eyelids low embraceth,
Most goodly temperature ye may descry. Spenser.
Think you much to pay two thousand crowns,
And bear the name and port of gentleman? Shakesp.
See Godfrey there in purple clad and gold,
His stately port and princely look behold. Fairfax.
Their port was more than human, as they stood;
I took it for a fairy vision
Of some gay creatures of the element,
That in the colours of the rainbow live. Milton.
A proud man is so far from making himself great by his
haughty and contemptuous port, that he is usually punished
with neglect for it. Collier on Pride.
Now lay the line, and measure all thy court,
By inward virtue, not external port;
And find whom justly to prefer above
The man on whom my judgment plac'd my love. Dryden.
Thy plumy crest
Nods horrible, with more terrific port
Thou walk'st, and seem'st already in the fight. Philips.



To PORT. v. a. [porto, Lat. porter, Fr.] To carry in form.
Th' angelick squadron bright
Turn'd fiery red, sharpning in mooned horns
Their phalanx, and began to hem him round
With ported spears. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.

PO’RTABLE. adj. [portabilis, Lat.]
1. Manageable by the hand.
2. Such as may be born along with one.
The pleasure of the religious man is an easy and portable
pleasure, such an one as he carries about in his bosom, with­
out alarming the eye or envy of the world. South.
3. Such as is transported or carried from one place to another.
Most other portable commodities decay quickly in their use;
but money is by flower degrees removed from, or brought into
the free commerce of any country, than the greatest part of
other merchandize. Locke.
4. Sufferable; supportable.
How light and portable my pains seem now,
When that which makes me bend, makes the king bow.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
All these are portable
With other graces weigh'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.

PO’RTABLENESS. n. s. [from portable.] The quality of being
portable.

PORTAGE. n. s. [portage, Fr.]
1. The price of carriage.
2. [From port.] Porthole.
Lend the eye a terrible aspect;
Let it pry through the portage of the head,
Like the brass cannon. Shakespeare's Henry V.

PO’RTAL. n. s. [portail, Fr. po tella, Italian.] A gate; the
arch under which the gate opens.
King Richard doth appear,
As doth the blushing discontented sun,
From out the fiery portal of the east. Shakesp. Rich. II.
Though I should run
To those disclosing portals of the sun;
And walk his way, until his horses steep
Their fiery locks in the Iberian deep. Sandys.
He through heav'n
That open'd wide her blazing portals, led
To God's eternal house direct the way. Milton.
The sick for air before the portal gasp. Dryden.
The portal consists of a composite order unknown to the
ancients. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PO’RTANCE. n. s. [from porter, Fr.] Air; mien; port; de­
meanour.
There stepped sorth a goodly lady,
That seem'd to be a woman of great worth,
And by her stately portance born of heav'nly birth. F. Qu.
Your loves,
Thinking upon his services, took from you
The apprehension of his present portance,
Which gibingly, ungravely, he did fashion. Shakesp.

PORTA’SS. n. s. [sometimes called portuis, and by Chaucer port­
hose.] A breviary; a prayer book.
In his hand his portesse still he bare,
That much was worn, but therein little red;
For of devotion he had little care. Fairy Queen.
An old priest always read in his portass mumpsimus domine
for sumpsimus; whereof when he was admonished, he said that
he now had used mumpsimus thirty years, and would not leave
his old mumpsimus for their new sumpsimus. Camden.

PORTCU’LLIS. n. s. [portecoulisse, Fr. quasi porta clausa.] A
sort of machine like a harrow, hung over the
gates of a city, to be let down to keep out an enemy.
Over it a fair portcullis hong,
Which to the gate directly did incline,
With comely compass and compacture strong,
Neither unseemly short, nor yet exceeding long. F. Qu.
The cannon against St. Stephen's gate executed so well,
that the portcullis and gate were broken, and entry opened
into the city. Hayward.
She the huge portcullis high up drew,
Which but herself, not all the Stygian pow'rs
Cou'd once have mov'd. Milton.
Pyrrhus comes, neither men nor walls
His force sustain, the torn portcullis falls. Denham.
The upper eyclid claps down, and is as good a fence as a
portcullis against the importunity of the enemy. More.
The gates are opened, the portcullis drawn;
And deluges of armies from the town
Come pouring in. Dryden.

PO’RTCLUSE. n. s. [portecoulisse, Fr. quasi porta clausa.] A
sort of machine like a harrow, hung over the
gates of a city, to be let down to keep out an enemy.
Over it a fair portcullis hong,
Which to the gate directly did incline,
With comely compass and compacture strong,
Neither unseemly short, nor yet exceeding long. F. Qu.
The cannon against St. Stephen's gate executed so well,
that the portcullis and gate were broken, and entry opened
into the city. Hayward.
She the huge portcullis high up drew,
Which but herself, not all the Stygian pow'rs
Cou'd once have mov'd. Milton.
Pyrrhus comes, neither men nor walls
His force sustain, the torn portcullis falls. Denham.
The upper eyclid claps down, and is as good a fence as a
portcullis against the importunity of the enemy. More.
The gates are opened, the portcullis drawn;
And deluges of armies from the town
Come pouring in. Dryden.

To PORTCULLIS. v. a. [from the noun.] To bar; to shut
up.
Within my mouth you have engaol'd my tongue,
Doubly portcullis'd with my teeth and lips. Shakesp.

PO’RTED. adj. [porter, Fr.] Borne in a certain or regular
order.
They hem him round with ported spears. Milton.

To PORTE’ND. v. a. [portendo, Lat.] To foretoken; to
foreshow as omens.
As many as remained, he earnestly exhorteth to prevent
portended calamities. Hooker.
Doth this churlish superscription
Portend some alteration in good will? Shakesp.
A moist and a cool summer portendeth a hard winter. Bacon.
True opener of mine eyes,
Much better seems this vision, and more hope
Of peaceful days portends, than those two past. Milton.
True poets are the guardians of a state,
And when they fail, portend approaching fate. Roscommon.
The ruin of the state in the destruction of the church, is
not only portended as its sign, but also inferred from it as its
cause. South's Sermons.

PORTE’NSION. n. s. [from portend.] The act of foretokening.
Although the red comets do carry the portensions of Mars,
the brightly white should be of the influence of Venus. Brown.

PORTE’NT. n. s. [portentum, Lat.] Omen of ill; prodigy
foretokening misery.
O, what portents are these?
Some heavy business hath my lord in hand,
And I must know it. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
My loss by dire portents the god soretold;
Yon riven oak, the fairest of the green. Dryden.

PORTE’NTOUS. adj. [portentosus, Lat. from portent.] Mon­
strous; prodigious; foretokening ill.
They are portentous things
Unto the climate, that they point at. Shakesp.
This portentous figure
Comes armed through our watch so like the king
That was. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Overlay
With this portentous bridge the dark abyss. Milton.
No beast of more portentous size
In the Hercinian forest lies. Roscommon.
Let us look upon them as so many prodigious exceptions
from our common nature, as so many portentous animals, like
the strange unnatural productions of Africa. South.
Every unwonted meteor is portentous, and some divine
prognostick. Glanvil.
The petticoat will shrink at your first coming to town; at
least a touch of your pen will make it contract itself, and by
that means oblige several who are terrified or astonished at this
portentous novelty. Addison's Spectator, No 127.

PO’RTER. n. s. [portier, Fr. from porta, Lat. a gate.]
1. One that has the charge of the gate.
Porter, remember what I give in charge,
And, when you've so done, bring the keys to me. Shakesp.
Arm all my houshold presently, and charge
The porter he let no man in till day. Benj. Johnson.
Nic. Frog demanded to be his porter, and his fishmonger,
to keep the keys of his gates, and furnish the kitchen. Arb.
2. One who waits at the door to receive messages.
A fav'rite porter with his master vie,
Be brib'd as often, and as often lie. Pope.
3. [Porteur, Fr. from porto, Lat. to carry.] One who carries
burthens for hire.
It is with kings sometimes as with porters, whose packs
may jostle one against the other, yet remain good friends
still. Howel.
By porter, who can tell, whether I mean a man who bears
burthens, or a servant who waits at a gate? Watts.

PO’RTERAGE. n. s. [from porter.] Money paid for carriage.

PO’RTESSE. n. s. A breviary. See PORTASS.

PO’RTGLAVE. n. s. [porter and glaive, Fr. and Erse.] A sword
bearer. Ainsworth.

PO’RTGRAVE. n. s. [porta, Lat. and grave, Teut. a keeper.]
The keeper of a gate. Obsolete.

PO’RTGREVE. n. s. [porta, Lat. and grave, Teut. a keeper.]
The keeper of a gate. Obsolete.

PO’RTICO. n. s. [porticus, Lat. portico, Italian; portique, Fr.]
A covered walk; a piazza.
The rich their wealth bestow
On some expensive airy portico;
Where safe from showers they may be born in state,
And free from tempests for fair weather wait. Dryden.

PO’RTION. n. s. [portion, Fr. portio, Latin.]
1. A part.
These are parts of his ways, but how little a portion is
heard of him? Job xxvi. 14.
Like favour find the Irish, with like fate
Advanc'd to be a portion of our state. Waller.
In battles won, fortune a part did claim,
And soldiers have their portion in the fame. Waller.
Those great portions or fragments fell into the abyss; some
in one posture, and some in another. Burnet.
Pirithous no small portion of the war
Press'd on, and shook his lance. Dryden.
2. A part assigned; an allotment; a dividend.
Here their pris'n ordain'd and portion set. Milton.
Shou'd you no honey vow to taste,
But what the master-bees have plac'd
In compass of their cells, how small
A portion to your share would fall? Waller.


Of words they seldom know more than the grammatical
construction, unless they are born with a poetical genius,
which is a rare portion amongst them. Dryden.
As soon as any good appears to make a part of their portion
of happiness, they begin to desire it. Locke.
When he considers the manifold temptations of poverty
and riches, and how fatally it will affect his happiness to be
overcome by them, he will join with Agur in petitioning
God for the safer portion of a moderate convenience.
Rogers.
One or two faults are easily to be remedied with a very
small portion of abilities. Swift.
3. Part of an inheritance given to a child; a fortune.
Leave to thy children tumult, strife and war,
Portions of toil, and legacies of care. Prior.
4. A wife's fortune.

To PO’RTION. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To divide; to parcel.
The gods who portion out
The lots of princes as of private men,
Have put a bar between his hopes and empire. Rowe.
Argos the seat of sovereign rule I chose,
Where my Ulysses and his race might reign,
And portion to his tribes the wide domain. Pope.
2. To endow with a fortune.
Him portion'd maids, apprentic'd orphans blest,
The young who labour, and the old who rest. Pope.

PO’RTIONER. n. s. [from portion.] One that divides.

PO’RTLINESS. n. s. [from portly.] Dignity of mien; grandeur
of demeanour.
Such pride is praise, such portliness is honour,
That boldness innocence bears in her eyes;
And her fair countenance like a goodly banner
Spreads in defiance of all enemies. Spenser.
When substantialness combineth with delightfulness, ful­
ness with fineness, seemliness with portliness, and currantness
with stayedness, how can the language found other than most
full of sweetness? Camden's Remains.

PO’RTLY. adj. [from port.]
1. Grand of mien.
Rudely thou wrong'st my dear heart's desire,
In finding fault with her too portly pride. Spenser.
Your Argosies with portly sail,
Like signiors and rich burghers on the slood,
Or as it were the pageants of the sea,
Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shakesp.
A portly prince, and goodly to the sight,
He seem'd a son of Anak for his height. Dryden.
2. Bulky; swelling.
A goodly, portly man and a corpulent; of a chearful look,
a pleasing eye, and a most noble carriage. Shakesp.
Our house little deserves
The scourge of greatness to be used on it;
And that same greatness too, which our own hands
Have help'd to make so portly. Shakesp. Henry IV.

PO’RTMAN. n. s. [port and man.] An inhabitant or burgess,
as those of the cinque ports. Dict.

PORTMA’NTEAU. n. s. [portemanteau. Fr.] A chest or bag in
which cloaths are carried.
I desired him to carry one of my portmanteaus; but he
laughed, and bid another do it. Spectator.

PO’RTOISE. n. s. In sea language, a ship is said to ride a por­
toise, when the rides with her yards struck down to the
deck. Dict.

PO’RTRAIT. n. s. [pourtrait, Fr.] A picture drawn after the
life.
As this idea of perfection is of little use in portraits, or the
resemblances of particular persons, so neither is it in the cha­
racters of comedy and tragedy, which are always to be drawn
with some specks of srailty, such as they have been described
in history. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The figure of his body was strong, proportionable, beau­
tiful; and were his picture well drawn, it must deserve the
praise given to the portraits of Raphael. Prior.

To PORTRAIT. v. a. [portraire, Fr. from the noun.] To
draw; to portray. It is perhaps ill copied, and should be
written in the following examples portray.
In most exquisite pictures, they blaze and portrait not only
the dainty lineaments or beauty, but also round about shadow
the rude thickets and craggy cliffs. Spenser.
I portrait in Arthur before he was king, the image of a
brave knight, perfected in the twelve private moral virtues.
Spenser.

PO’RTRAITURE. n. s. [portraiture, Fr. from portray.] Picture;
painted resemblance.
By the image of my cause I see
The portraiture of his. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Let some strange mysterious dream,
Wave at his wings in airy stream
Or lively portraiture display'd,
Softly on my eye-lids laid. Milton.
Herein was also the portraiture of a hart. Brown.
This is the portraiture of our earth, drawn without
flattery. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Her wry-mouth'd portraiture
Display'd the fates her confessors endure. Pope.
He delineates and gives us the portraiture of a perfect
orator. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

To PO’RTRAY. v. a. [pourtraire, Fr.]
1. To paint; to describe by picture.
The Earl of Warwick's ragged staff is yet to be seen por­
trayed in many places of their church steeple. Carew.
Take a tile, and so portray upon it the city Jerusalem. Ez.
Our Phenix queen was portrayed too bright,
Beauty alone could beauty take so right. Dryden.
2. To adorn with pictures.
Shields
Various, with boastful argument portray'd. Milton.

PO’RTRESS. n. s. [from porter] A female guardian of a gate.
Janitrix.
The portress of heil-gate reply'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
The shoes put on, our faithful portress
Admits us in to storm the fortress;
While like a cat with walnuts shod,
Stumbling at ev'ry step she trod. Swift's Miscel.

PO’RWIGLE. n. s. A tadpole or young frog not yet fully shaped.
That black and round substance began to grow oval, after
a while the head, the eyes, the tail to be discernible, and at
last to become that which the ancients called gyrinus, we a
porwigle or tadpole. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PO’RY. adj. [poreux, Fr. from pore.] Full of pores.
To the court arriv'd th' admiring son
Beholds the vaulted roofs of pory stone. Dryden.

POS

To POSE. v. a. [from pose, an old word signifying heaviness
or stupefaction. gepose. Skinner.]
1. To puzzle; to gravel; to put to a stand or stop.
Learning was pos'd, philosophy was set,
Sophisters taken in a fisher's net Herbert.
How God's eternal son should be man's brother,
Poseth his proudest intellectual power. Crashaw.
As an evidence of human infirmities, I shall give the fol­
lowing instances of our intellectual blindness, not that I de­
sign to pose them with those common enigma's magnetism.
Glanvill's Scots.
Particularly in learning of languages, there is least occasion
for posing of children. Locke on Education.
2. To appose; to interrogate.
She in the presence of others posed him and sisted him,
thereby to try whether he were indeed the very duke of York
or no. Bacon's Henry VII.

PO’SER. n. s. [from pose.] One that asketh questions to try
capacities; an examiner.
He that questioneth much, shall learn much; but let his
questions not be troublesome, for that is fit for a poser. Bacon.

POSI’TED. adj. [positus, Lat. It has the appearance of a parti­
ciple preter, but it has no verb.] Placed; ranged.
That the principle that sets on work these organs is nothing
else but the modification of matter, or the natural motion
thereof thus, or thus posited or disposed, is most apparently
false. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

POSI’TION. n. s. [position, Fr. positio, Latin.]
1. State of being placed; situation.
Iron having stood long in a window, being thence taken,
and by the help of a cork balanced in water, where it may
have a free mobility, will bewray a kind of inquietude till it
attain the former position. Wotton.
They are the happiest regions for fruits, by the excellence
of soil, the position of mountains, and the frequency of
streams. Temple.
Since no one sees all, and we have different prospects of
the same thing, according to our different positions to it, it is
not incongruous to try whether another may not have notions
that escaped him. Locke.
By varying the position of my eye, and moving it nearer to
or farther from the direct beam of the sun's light, the colour
of the sun's reflected light constantly varied upon the speculum
as it did upon my eye. Newton's Opticks.
We have a different prospect of the same thing, according
to the different position of our understandings toward it. Watts.
Place ourselves in such a position toward the object, or place
the object in such a position toward our eye, as may give us
the clearest representation of it; for a different position greatly
alters the appearance of bodies. Watts's Logick.
2. Principle laid down.
Of any offence or sin therein committed against God, with
what conscience can ye accuse us, when your own positions
are, that the things we observe should every one of them be
dearer unto us than ten thousand lives. Hooker.
Let not the proof of any positions depend on the positions
that follow, but always on those which go before. Watts.
3. Advancement of any principle.
A fallacious iilation is to conclude from the position of the
antecedent unto the position of the consequent, or the remo­
tion of the consequent to the remotion of the antecedent. Bro.


4. [In grammar.] The state of a vowel placed before two
consonants, as pómpous; or a double consonant, as áxle.

POSI’TIONAL. adj. [from position.] Respecting position.
The leaves of cataputia or spurge plucked upwards or
downwards, performing their operations by purge or vomit;
as old wives still do preach, is a strange conceit, ascribing unto
plants positional operations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PO’SITIVE. adj. [positivus, Lat. positif, Fr.]
1. Not negative; capable of being affirmed; real; absolute.
The power or blossom is a positive good, although the re­
move of it, to give place to the fruit, be a comparative
good. Bacon.
Hardness carries somewhat more of positive in it than im­
penetrability, which is negative; and is perhaps more a con­
sequence of solidity, than solidity itself. Locke.
Whatsoever doth or can exist, or be considered as one
thing, is positive; and so not only simple ideas and substances,
but modes also are positive beings, though the parts, of which
they consist, are very often relative one to another. Locke.
2. Absolute; particular; direct; not implied.
As for positive words, that he would not bear arms against
king Edward's son; though the words seem calm, yet it was
a plain and direct over-ruling of the king's title. Bacon.
3. Dogmatical; ready to lay down notions with confidence;
stubborn in opinion.
I am sometimes doubting, when I might be positive, and
sometimes confident out of season. Rymer.
Some positive persisting fops we know,
That, if once wrong, will needs be always so;
But you, with pleasure own your errors past,
And make each day a critick on the last. Pope.
4. Settled by arbitrary appointment.
In laws, that which is natural, bindeth universally, that
which is positive, not so. Hooker.
Although no laws but positive be mutable, yet all are not
mutable which be positive; positive laws are either permanent
or else changeable, according as the matter itself is, concern­
ing which they were made. Hooker.
Laws are but positive; love's pow'r we see,
Is nature's sanction, and her first decree. Dryden.
5. Having the power to enact any law.
Not to consent to the enacting of such a law, which has
no view besides the general good, unless another law shall
at the same time pass, with no other view but that of ad­
vancing the power of one party alone; what is this but to
claim a positive voice, as well as a negative. Swift.
6. Certain; assured. Ainsworth.

PO’SITIVELY. adv. [from positive.]
1. Absolutely; by way of direct position.
Give me some breath, some little pause,
Before I positively speak in this. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The good or evil, which is removed, may be esteemed
good or evil comparatively, and not positively or simply. Bacon.
2. Not negatively.
It is impossible that any successive duration should be ac­
tually and positively infinite, or have infinite successions already
gone and past. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Certainly; without dubitation.
It was absolutely certain, that this part was positively yours,
and could not possibly be written by any other. Dryden.
4. Peremptorily; in strong terms.
I would ask any man, that has but once read the bible,
whether the whole tenor of the divine law does not positively
require humility and meekness to all men. Sprat.

PO’SITIVENESS. n. s. [from positive.]
1. Actualness; not mere negation.
The positiveness of sins of commission lies both in the habi­
tude of the will and in the executed act too; whereas the po­
sitiveness of sins of omission is in the habitude of the will
only. Norris.
2. Peremptoriness; confidence.
This peremptoriness is of two sorts; the one a magisterial­
ness in matters of opinion and speculation, the other a posi­
tiveness in relating matters of fact; in the one we impose
upon men's understandings, in the other on their faith.
Government of the Tongue.

POSITI’VITY. n. s. [from positive.] Peremptoriness; confi­
dence. A low word.
Courage and positivity are never more necessary than on
such an occasion; but it is good to join some argument with
them of real and convincing force, and let it be strongly pro­
nounced too. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

PO’SITURE. n. s. [positura, Lat.] The manner in which any
thing is placed.
Supposing the positure of the party's hand who did throw
the dice, and supposing all other things, which did concur to
the production of that cast, to be the very same they were,
there is no doubt but in this case the cast is necessary. Bramh.

PO’SNET. n. s. [from bassinet, Fr. Skinner.] A little bason;
a porringer; a skillet.
To make proof of the incorporation of silver and tin in
equal quantity, and also whether it yield no soilness more
than silver; and again whether it will endure the ordinary
fire, which belongeth to chaffing-dishes, posnets and such
other silver vessels. Bacon.

PO’SSE. n. s. [Latin.] An armed power; from posse comi­
tatus, the power of the shires. A low word.
The posse comitatus, the power of the whole county, is
legally committed unto him. Bacon.
As if the passion that rules, were the sheriff of the place,
and came with all the posse, the understanding is seized. Locke.

To POSSE’SS. v. a. [possessus, Lat. posseder, Fr.]
1. To have as an owner; to be master of; to enjoy or occupy
actually.
She will not let instructions enter
Where folly now possesses? Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Record a gift;
Here in the court, of all he dies possess'd,
Unto his son. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Sundry more gentlemen this little hundred possesseth and
possessioneth. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
2. To seize; to obtain.
The English marched towards the river Eske, intending to
possess a hill called Under-Eske. Hayward.
3. To give possession or command of any thing; to make
master of. It has of before that which is possessed; some­
times anciently with.
Is he yet possest,
How much you would?
—Ay, ay, three thousand ducats. Shakesp.
This man, whom hand to hand I slew in fight,
May be possessed with some store of crowns. Shakesp.
This possesses us of the most valuable blessing of human
life, friendship. Government of the Tongue.
Seem I to thee sufficiently possess'd
Of happiness or not, who am alone
From all eternity? Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
I hope to possess chymists and corpuscularians of the ad­
vantages to each party, by confederacy between them. Boyle.
The intent of this fable is to possess us of a just sense of
the vanity of these craving appetites. L'Estrange.
Whole houses, of their whole desires possest,
Are often ruin'd at their own request. Dryden.
Of fortune's favour long possess'd,
He was with one fair daughter only bless'd. Dryden.
We possessed ourselves of the kingdom of Naples, the dutchy
of Milan and the avenue of France in Italy. Addison.
Endowed with the greatest perfections of nature, and
possessed of all the advantages of external condition, Solomon
could not find happiness. Prior.
4. To fill with something fixed.
It is of unspeakable advantage to possess our minds with an
habitual good intention, and to aim all our thoughts, words
and actions at some laudable end. Addison.
Those, under the great officers, know every little case that
is before the great man, and if they are possessed with honest
minds, will consider poverty as a recommendation. Addis.
5. To have power over, as an unclean spirit.
Beware what spirit rages in your breast;
For ten inspir'd, ten thousand are possest. Roscommon.
Inspir'd within, and yet possess'd without. Cleveland.
I think, that the man is possessed. Swift.
6. To affect by intestine power.
He's possest with greatness,
And speaks not to himself, but with a pride
That quarrels at self-breath. Shakesp. Troil. and Cres.
Let not your ears despise my tongue,
Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound
That ever yet they heard. Shakesp.
Possest with rumours full of idle dreams,
Not knowing what they fear, but full of fear. Shakesp.
What fury, O son,
Possesses thee, to bend that mortal dart
Against thy father's head? Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
With the rage of all their race possest,
Stung to the soul the brothers start from rest. Pope.

POSSE’SSION. n. s. [possession, Fr. possessio, Lat.]
1. The state of owning or having in one's own hands or power;
property.
He shall inherit her, and his generation shall hold her in
possession. Ecclus. iv. 16.
In possession such, not only of right,
I call you. Milton.
2. The thing possessed.
Do nothing to lose the best possession of life, that of honour
and truth. Temple.
A man has no right over another's life, by his having a
property in land and possessions. Locke.

To POSSE’SSION. v. a. To invest with property. Obsolete.
Sundry more gentlemen this little hundred possesseth and
possessioneth. Carew.

POSSE’SSIONER. n. s. [from possession.] Master; one that has
the power or property of any thing.
They were people, whom having been of old freemen and
possessioners, the Lacedemonians had conquered. Sidney.



PO’SSESSIVE. adj. [possessivus, Lat.] Having possession:

PO’SSESSORY. adj. [possessoire, Fr. from possess.] Having possession.
This he detains from the ivy much against his will; for
he should be the true possessory lord thereof. Howel.

POSSE’SSOUR. n. s. [possessor, Lat. possesseur, Fr.] Owner;
master; proprietor.
Thou profoundest hell
Receive thy new possessor. Milton.
A considerable difference lies between the honour of men
for natural and acquired excellencies and divine graces, that
those having more of human nature in them, the honour doth
more directly redound to the possessor of them. Stilling fleet.
'Twas the interest of those, who thirsted after the posses­
sions of the clergy, to represent the possessors in as vile colours
as they could. Atterbury's Sermons.

PO’SSET. n. s. [posca, Lat.] Milk curdled with wine or any
acid.
We'll have a posset at the latter end of a seacoal fire. Shak.
In came the bridemaids with the posset,
The bridegroom eat in spight. Suckling.
I allowed him medicated broths, posset ale and pearl
julep. Wiseman's Surgery.
A sparing diet did her health assure;
Or sick, a pepper posset was her cure. Dryden.
The cure of the stone consists in vomiting with posset drink,
in which althea roots are boiled. Floyer on the Humours.
Increase the milk when it is diminished by the too great use
of flesh meats, by gruels and posset drink. Arbuthnot.

To PO’SSET. v. a. [from the noun.] To turn; to curdle:
as milk with acids. Not used.
Swift as quicksilver it courses through
The nat'ral gates and allies of the body;
And, with a sudden vigour, it doth posset
And curd, like eager droppings into milk,
The thin and wholesome blood. Shakesp. Hamlet.

POSSIBI’LITY. n. s. [possiblilité, Fr.] The power of being in
any manner; the state of being possible.
There is no let, but that as often as those books are read,
and need so requireth, the stile of their differences may ex­
presly be mentioned to bar even all possibility of error. Hooker.
Brother, speak with possibilities,
And do not break into these woeful extremes. Shakesp.
Consider him antecedently to his creation, while he yet
lay in the barren womb of nothing, and only in the number
of possibilities; and consequently could have nothing to re­
commend him to Christ's affection. South's Sermons.
A bare possibility, that a thing may be or not be, is no just
cause of doubting whether a thing be or not. Tillotson.
According to the multifariousness of this imitability, so are
the possibilities of being. Norris.
Example not only teaches us our duty, but convinces us of
the possibility of our imitation. Rogers's Sermons.

PO’SSIBLE. adj. [possible, Fr. possibilis, Lat.] Having the
power to be or to be done; not contrary to the nature of
things.
Admit all these impossibilities and great absurdities to be
possible and convenient. Whitgifte.
With men this is impossible, but with God all things are
possible. Mat. xix. 26.
All things are possible to him that believeth. Mar. ix. 23.
Firm we subsist, but possible to swerve. Milton.
It will scarce seem possible, that God should engrave prin­
ciples in men's minds in words of uncertain signification. Locke.
Set a pleasure tempting, and the hand of the Almighty vi­
sibly prepared to take vengeance, and tell whether it be possible
for people wantonly to offend against the law. Locke.

PO’SSIBLY. adv. [from possible.]
1. By any power really existing.
Within the compass of which laws, we do not only com­
prehend whatsoever may be easily known to belong to the
duty of all men, but even whatsoever may possibly be known
to be of that quality. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
Can we possibly his love desert? Milton.
2. Perhaps; without absurdity.
Possibly he might be found in the hands of the earl of Essex,
but he would be dead first. Clarendon, b. viii.
Arbitrary power tends to make a man a bad sovereign, who
night possibly have been a good one, had he been invested
with an authority circumscrib'd by laws. Addison.

POST. n. s. [poste, Fr. equis positis cursor.]
1. A hasty messenger; a courier who comes and goes at stated
times; commonly a letter carrier.
In certain places there be always fresh posts, to carry that
farther which is brought unto them by the other. Abbot.
Thee I'll rake up, the post unsanctified
Of murth'rous lechers. Shakesp. King Lear.
I fear my Julia would not deign my lines,
Receiving them by such a worthless post. Shakesp.
A cripple in the way out-travels a footman, or a post out
of the way. Benj. Johnson's Discov.
I send you the fair copy of the poem on dulness, which I
should not care to hazard by the common post. Pope.
2. Quick course or manner of travelling. This is the sense in
which it is taken; but the expression seems elliptical to ride
post, is to ride as a post, or to ride in the manner of a post;
courir en poste; whence Shakespeare, to ride in post.
I brought my master news of Juliet's death,
And then in post he came from Mantua
To this same monument. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Sent from Media post to Egypt. Milton.
He who rides post through an unknown country, cannot
distinguish the situation of places. Dryden.
3. [Poste, Fr. from positus, Lat.] Situation; seat.
The waters rise every where upon the surface of the
earth; which new post, when they had once seized on, they
would never quit. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. Military station.
See before the gate what stalking ghost
Commands the guard, what sentries keep the post. Dryd.
As I watch'd the gates,
Lodg'd on my post, a herald is arriv'd
From Cæsar's camp. Addison's Cato.
Whatever spirit careless of his charge
His post neglects, or leaves the fair at large,
Shall feel sharp vengeance. Pope.
Each of the Grecian captains he represents conquering a
single Trojan, while Diomed encounters two at once; and
when they are engaged, each in his distinct post, he only is
drawn fighting in every quarter. Pope.
5. Place; employment; office.
Every man has his post assigned to him, and in that station
he is well, if he can but think himself so. L'Estrange.
False men are not to be taken into confidence, nor fearful
men into a post that requires resolution. L'Estrange.
Without letters a man can never be qualified for any consi­
derable post in the camp; for courage and corporal force, un­
less joined with conduct, the usual effects of contemplation,
is no more fit to command than a tempest. Collier.
While you, my lord, the rural shades admire,
And from Britannia's publick posts retire,
Me into foreign realms my fate conveys. Addison.
Certain laws, by suff'rers thought unjust,
Deny'd all posts of profit or of trust. Pope.
Many thousands there are, who determine the justice or
madness of national administrations, whom neither God nor
men ever qualified for such a post of judgment. Watts.
6. [Postis, Lat.] A piece of timber set erect.
The blood they shall strike on the two side posts and upper
post of the house. Ex. xii. 7.
Fir-trees, cypresses and cedars being, by a kind of natural
rigour, inflexible downwards, are thereby fittest for posts or
pillars. Wotton's Architecture.
Post is equivocal; it is a piece of timber, or a swift mes­
senger. Watts's Logick.

To POST. v. n. [poster, Fr. from the noun.] To travel with
speed.
I posted day and night to meet you. Shakesp.
Will you presently take horse with him,
And with all speed post with him tow'rds the North? Shak.
Post speedily to my lord, your husband,
Shew him this letter. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Most wicked speed, to post
With such dexterity to incestuous sheets. Shakesp.
Then this, then that man's aid, they crave, implore;
Post here for help, seek there their followers. Daniel.
The Turkish messenger presently took horse, which was
there in readiness for him, and posted towards Constantinople
with as much speed as he could. Knolles.
Themistocles made Xerxes post apace out of Greece, by
giving out that the Grecians had a purpose to break his bridge
of ships athwart the Hellespont. Bacon's Essays.
Wer't thou of the golden-winged host,
Who having clad thyself in human weed,
To earth from thy prefixed seat did'st post. Milton.
Thousands at his bidding speed,
And post o'er land and ocean without rest. Milton.
With songs and dance we celebrate the day;
At other times we reign by night alone,
And posting through the skies pursue the moon. Dryden.
No wonder that pastorals are fallen into disesteem; I see
the reader already uneasy at this part of Virgil, counting the
pages, and posting to the æneis. Walsh.
This only object of my real care,
In some few posting fatal hours is hurl'd
From wealth, from pow'r, from love and from the world.
Prior.

To POST. v. a.
1. To fix opprobriously on posts.
Many gentlemen, for their integrity in their votes, were,
by posting their names, exposed to the popular calumny and
fury. King Charles.
On pain of being posted to your sorrow,
Fail not, at four, to meet me. Granville.


2. [Poster, Fr.] To place; to station; to fix.
The conscious priest, who was suborn'd before,
Stood ready posted at the postern door. Dryden.
He that proceeds upon other principles in his enquiry into
any sciences, puts himself on that side, and posts himself in a
party, which he will not quit till he be beaten out. Locke.
When a man is posted in the station of a minister, he is
sure, beside the natural fatigue of it, to incur the envy of
some, and the displeasure of others. Addison's Freeholder.
3. To register methodically; to transcribe from one book into
another. A term common among merchants.
You have not posted your books these ten years; how
should a man of business keep his affairs even at this rate?
Arbuthnot.
4. To delay. Obsolete.
I have not stopt mine ears to their demands,
Nor posted off their suits with slow delays;
Then why should they love Edward more than me.
Shakespeare.

PO’STAGE. n. s. [from post.] Money paid for conveyance of
a letter.
Fifty pounds for the postage of a letter! to send by the
church, is the dearest road in Christendom. Dryden.

PO’STBOY. n. s. [post and boy.] Courier; boy that rides post.
This genius came thither in the shape of a postboy, and
cried out, that Mons was relieved. Tatler.

To PO’STDATE. v. a. [post, after, Lat. and date.] To date
later than the real time.

POSTDILUVIAN. adj. [post and diluvium, Lat.] Posteriour to
the flood.
Take a view of the postdiluvian state of this our globe,
how it hath stood for this last four thousand years. Woodw.

POSTDILUVIAN. n. s. [post and diluvium, Lat.] One that
lived since the flood.
The antidiluvians lived a thousand years; and as for the
age of the postdiluvians for some centuries, the annals of
Phœnicia, Egypt and China agree with the tenor of the sa­
cred story. Grew's Cosmol. b. iv.

PO’STER. n. s. [from post.] A courier; one that travels hastily.
Weird sisters hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go about. Shakesp. Macbeth.

POSTE’RIOR. adj. [posterior, Lat. posterieur, Fr.]
1. Happening after; placed after; following.
Where the anterior body giveth way, as fast as the posterior
cometh on, it maketh no noise, be the motion never so
great. Bacon.
No care was taken to have this matter remedied by the ex­
planatory articles, posterior to the report. Addison.
Hesiod was posterior to Homer. Broome.
This orderly disposition of things includes the ideas of
prior, posterior and simultaneous. Watts's Logick.
2. Backward.
And now had fame's posterior trumpet blown,
And all the nations summon'd. Dunciad, b. iv.

POSTE’RIORS. n. s. [posteriora, Lat.] The hinder parts.
To raise one hundred and ten thousand pounds, is as vain
as that of Rabelais, to squeeze out wind from the posteriors of
a dead ass. Swift.

POSTE’RIORITY. n. s. [posteriorité, Fr. from posterior.] The
state of being after; opposite to priority.
Although the condition of sex and posteriority of creation
might extenuate the error of a woman, yet it was unexcusable
in the man. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
There must be a posteriority in time of every compounded
body, to these more simple bodies out of which it is con­
stituted. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

POSTE’RITY. n. s. [posterité, Fr. posteritas, Lat.] Succeeding
generations; descendants: opposed to ancestors.
It was said,
It should not stand in thy posterity;
But that myself should be the father
Of many kings. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Since arms avail not now that Henry's dead!
Posterity await for wretched years. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Posterity inform'd by thee might know. Milton.
Their names shall be transmitted to posterity, and spoken of
through all future ages. Smalridge's Sermons.
To th' unhappy, that unjustly bleed,
Heav'n gives posterity t' avenge the deed. Pope.

PO’STERN. n. s. [poterne, Fr. posterne, Dutch; janua postica,
Lat.] A small gate; a little door.
E're dawning light
Discover'd had the world to heaven wide,
He by a privy postern took his flight,
That of no envious eyes he mote be spy'd. Fa. Queen.
Go on, good Eglamour,
Out at the postern by the abby wall. Shakespeare.
By broken bywayes did I inward pass,
And in that window made a postern wide. Fairfax.
These issued into the base court through a privy postern,
and sharply visited the assailants with halberds. Hayward.
Great Britain hath had by his majesty a strong addition;
the postern, by which we were so often entered and surprised,
is now made up. Raleigh's Essays.
The conscious priest, who was suborn'd before,
Stood ready posted at the postern door. Dryden.
If the nerves, which are the conduits to convey them from
without to the audience in the brain, be so disordered, as not
to perform their functions, they have no postern to be ad­
mitted by, no other ways to bring themselves into view. Locke.
A private postern opens to my gardens
Through which the beauteous captive might remove. Rowe.

POSTEXI’STENCE. n. s. [post and existence.] Future existence.
As Simonides has exposed the vicious part of women from
the doctrine of pre-existence, some of the ancient philoso­
phers have satyrized the vicious part of the human species
from a notion of the soul's postexistence. Addison's Spect.

POSTHA’CENEY. n. s. [post and backney.] Hired posthorses.
Espying the French ambassador with the king's coach at­
tending him, made them balk the beaten road and teach post­
backneys to leap hedges. Wotton.

POSTHASTE. n. s. [post and haste.] Haste like that of a cou­
rier.
This is
The source of this our watch, and the chief head
Of this posthaste and romage in the land. Shakesp.
The duke
Requires your haste, posthaste appearance,
Ev'n on the instant. Shakesp. Othello.
This man tells us, that the world waxes old, though not in
posthaste. Hakewill on Providence.

POSTHORSE. n. s. [post and horse.] A horse stationed for the
use of couriers.
He lay under a tree, while his servants were getting fresh
posthorses for him. Sidney, b. ii.
He cannot live, I hope; and must not die,
Till George be pack'd with posthorse up to heav'n Shakesp.
Xaycus was forthwith beset on every side and taken priso­
ner, and by posthorses conveyed with all speed to Constan­
tinople. Knoiles's History of the Turks.

PO’STHOUSE. n. s. [post and house.] Post office; house where
letters are taken and dispatched.
An officer at the posthouse in London places every letter he
takes in, in the box belonging to the proper road. Watts.

PO’STHUMOUS. adj. [posthumus, Lat. posthume, Fr/] Done,
had, or published after one's death.
In our present miserable and divided condition, how just
soever a man's pretensions may be to a great or blameless re­
putation, he must, with regard to his posthumous character,
content himself with such a consideration as induced the fa­
mous Sir Francis Bacon, after having bequeathed his soul to
God, and his body to the earth, to leave his fame to foreign
nations. Addison's Freeholder, No 35.

PO’STICK. adj. [posticus, Lat.] Backward.
The postick and backward position of the seminine parts in
quadrupeds can hardly admit the substitution of masculine ge­
neration. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PO’STIL. n. s. [postille, Fr. postilla, Lat.] Gloss; marginal
notes.

To PO’STIL. v. a. [from the noun.] To gloss; to illustrate
with marginal notes.
I have seen a book of account of Empson's, that had the
king's hand almost to every leaf by way of signing, and was
in some places postilled in the margin with the king's hand.
Bacon's Henry VII.

POSTI’LLER. n. s. [from postil.] One who glosses or illustrates
with marginal notes.
It hath been observed by many holy writers, commonly
delivered by postillers and commentators. Brown.
Hence you phantastick postillers in song,
My text defeats your art, ties nature's tongue. Cleaveland.

POSTI’LION. n. s. [pastillon, French.]
1. One who guides the first pair of a set of six horses in a coach.
A young batchelor of arts came to town recommended to
a chaplain's place; but none being vacant, modestly accepted
of that of a postilion. Tatler, No 52.
2. One who guides a post chaise.

POSTLIMI’NIOUS. adj. [postliminium, Lat.] Done or contrived
subsequently.
The reason why men are so short and weak in governing,
is, because most things fall out to them accidentally, and
come not into any compliance with their pre-conceiv'd ends,
but are forced to comply subsequently, and to strike in with
things as they fall out, by postliminious after-applications of
them to their purposes. South's Sermons.

POSTMA’STER. n. s. [post and master.] One who has charge
of publick conveyance of letters.
I came yonder at Eaton to marry Mrs. Anne Page; and
'tis a postmaster's boy. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Without this letter, as he believes that happy revolution
had never been effected, he prays to be made postmaster
general. Spectator, No 629.



POSTMA’STER-GENERAL. n. s. He who presides over the
posts or letter carriers.

POSTMERI’DIAN. adj. [postmeridianus, Lat.] Being in the
afternoon.
Over hasty digestion is the inconvenience of postmeridian
sleep. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PO’STOFFICE. n. s. [post and office.] Office where letters are
delivered to the post; a posthouse.
If you don't send to me now and then, the postoffice will
think me of no consequence; for I have no correspondent
but you. Gay to Swift.
If you are sent to the postoffice with a letter, put it in care­
fully. Swift.

To POSTPO’NE. v. a. [postpono, Lat. postposer, Fr.]
1. To put off; to delay.
You wou'd postpone me to another reign,
Till when you are content to be unjust. Dryden.
The most trifling amusement is suffered to postpone the one
thing necessary. Rogers's Sermons.
2. To set in value below something else.
All other considerations should give way, and be postponed
to this. Locke on Education.

PO’STSCRIPT. n. s. [post and scriptum, Lat.] The paragraph
added to the end of a letter.
I think he prefers the publick good to his private opinion;
and therefore is willing his proposals should with freedom be
examined: thus I understand his postscript. Locke.
One, when he wrote a letter, would put that which was
most material in the postscript. Bacon's Essays.
The following letter I shall give my reader at length, with­
out either preface or postscript. Addison's Spectator.
Your saying that I ought to have writ a postscript to Gay's,
makes me not content to write less than a whole letter. Pope.

To PO’STULATE. v. a. [postulo, Lat. postuler, Fr.] To
beg or assume without proof.
They most powerfully magnify God, who, not from postulated
and precarious inferences, entreat a courteous assent, but from
experiments and undeniable effects. Brown.

PO’STULATE. n. s. [postulatum, Lat.] Position supposed or
assumed without proof.
This we shall induce not from postulates and intreated
maxims, but from undeniable principles. Brown.
Some have cast all their learning into the method of mathe­
maticians, under theorems, problems and postulates. Watts.

POSTULA’TION. n. s. [postulatio, Lat. postulation, Fr. from
postulate.] The act of supposing without proof; gratuitous
assumption.
A second postulation to elicit my assent, is the veracity of
him that reports it. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

PO’STULATORY. adj. [from postulate.]
1. Assuming without proof.
2. Assumed without proof.
Whoever shall peruse the phytognomy of Porta, and strictly
observe how vegetable realities are forced into animal repre­
sentations, may perceive the semblance is but postulatory. Bro.

PO’STURE. n. s. [posture, Fr. positura, Latin.]
1. Place; situation.
Although these studies are not so pleasing as contemplations
physical or mathematical, yet they recompense with the ex­
cellency of their use in relation to man, and his noblest posture
and station in this world, a state of regulated society. Hale.
According to the posture of our affairs in the last campaign,
this prince could have turned the balance on either side. Addis.
2. Voluntary collocation of the parts of the body with respect
to each other.
He starts,
Then lays his finger on his temple; strait
Springs out into fast gait; then stops again,
Strikes his breast hard, and then anon he casts
His eyes against the moon, in most strange postures. Shak.
Where there are affections of reverence, there will be po­
stures of reverence. South's Sermons.
The posture of a poetick figure is the description of his he­
roes in the performance of such or such an action. Dryden.
In the meanest marble statue, one sees the faces, postures,
airs and dress of those that lived so many ages before us. Add.
3. State; disposition.
The lord Hopton left Arundel-castle, before he had put it
into the good posture he intended. Clarendon, b. viii.
I am at the same point and posture I was, when they forced me to leave Whitehall. King Charles.
In this abject posture have ye sworn
T' adore the conqueror. Milton.
The several postures of his devout soul in all conditions of
life, are displayed with great simplicity. Atterbury.

To PO’STURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To put in any par­
ticular place or disposition.
The gillfins are so postured, as to move from back to belly
and e contra. Grew.

POSTULATUM. n. s. [Latin.] Position assumed without
proof.
Calumnies often refuted, are the postulatums of scriblers,
upon which they proceed as upon first principles. Addison.


POSTUREMA’STER. n. s. [posture and master.] One who teaches
or practises artificial contortions of the body.
When the students have accomplished themselves in this
part, they are to be delivered into the hands of a kind of po­
sturemaster. Spectator, No 305.

PO’SY. n. s. [contracted from poesy.]
1. A motto on a ring.
A paltry ring,
That she did give me, whose posy was,
Like cutler's poetry;
Love me and leave me not. Shakesp. March. of Venice.
You have chosen a very short text to enlarge upon; I
should as soon expect to see a critick on the posy of a ring, as
on the inscription of a medal. Addison.
2. A bunch of flowers. Of unknown derivation.
With store of vermeil roses,
To deck their bridegroom's posies. Spenser.
We make a difference between suffering thistles to grow
among us, and wearing them for posies. Swift.

POT

POT. n. s. [pot, Fr. in all the senses, and Dutch; potte, Islan­
dick.]
1. A vessel in which meat is boiled on the fire.
Toad that under the cold stone
Swelter'd, venom sleeping got;
Boil thou first i'th' charmed pot. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Gigantick hinds, as soon as work was done,
To their huge pots of boiling pulse would run,
Fell to with eager joy. Dryden.
2. Vessel to hold liquids.
The woman left her water pot, and went her way. John.
3. Vessel made of earth.
Whenever potters meet with any chalk or marl mixed with
their clay, though it will with the clay hold burning, yet
whenever any water comes near any such pots after they are
burnt, both the chalk and marl will slack and spoil their
ware. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. A small cup.
But that I think his father loves him not,
I'd have him poison'd with a pot of ale. Shakesp.
Suppose your eyes sent equal rays,
Upon two distant pots of ale,
Not knowing which was mild or stale. Prior.
A soldier drinks his pot, and then offers payment. Swift.
5. To go to POT. To be destroyed or devoured. A low phrase.
The sheep went first to pot, the goats next, and after them
the oxen, and all little enough to keep life together. L'Est.
John's ready money went into the lawyers pockets; then
John began to borrow money upon the bank stock, now and
then a farm went to pot. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

To POT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To preserve seasoned in pots.
Potted fowl and fish come in so fast,
That ere the first is out, the second stinks,
And mouldy mother gathers on the brinks. Dryden.
2. To inclose in pots of earth.
Pot them in natural, not forced earth; a layer of rich
mould beneath, and about this natural earth to nourish the
fibres, but not so as to touch the bulbs. Evelyn.
Acorns, mast and other seeds may be kept well, by being
barrelled or potted up with moist sand. Mortimer.

PO’TABLE. adj. [potable, Fr. potabilis, Lat.] Such as may
be drank; drinkable.
Thou best of gold are worst of gold,
Other less fine in carrat, is more precious,
Preserving life in med'cine potable. Shakespeare.
Dig a pit upon the sea shore, somewhat above the high
water mark, and sink it as deep as the low water mark; and
as the tide cometh in, it will fill with water fresh and
potable. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Rivers run potable gold. Milton's Par. Lost.
The said potable gold should be endued with a capacity of
being agglutinated and assimilated to the innate heat. Harvey.
Where solar beams
Parch thirsty human veins, the damask'd meads
Unforc'd display ten thousand painted flow'rs
Useful in potables. Philips.

PO’TABLENESS. n. s. [from potable.] Drinkableness.

PO’TAGER. n. s. [from pottage.] A porringer.
An Indian dish or potager, made of the bark of a tree,
with the sides and rim sewed together after the manner of
twiggen-work. Grew's Musæum.

POTA’RGO. n. s. A West Indian pickle.
What lord of old would bid his cook prepare
Mangos, potargo, champignons, cavarre. King.

PO’TASH. n. s. [potasse, Fr.]
Potash, in general, is an impure fixed alcaline salt, made
by burning from vegetables: we have five kinds of this salt
now in use; 1. The German potash, made from burnt wood,
and commonly sold under the name of pearlashes. 2. The
Spanish called barilia, made by burning a species of kali, a
plant which the Spaniards sow in the fields as we do corn.
3. The home-made potash, made from fern and other useless


plants, collected in large quantities and burnt. 4. The
Swedish, and 5. Russian kinds, with a volatile acid matter
combined with them; but the Russian is stronger than the
Swedish, which is made of decayed wood only: potash is of
great use to the manufacturers of soap and glass, to bleachers
and to dyers; it is also an ingredient in some medicinal com­
positions, but the Russian potash is greatly preferable to all the
other kinds. Hill's Materia Medica.
Cheshire rock-salt, with a little nitre, allum and potash, is
the common flux used for the running of the plate-glass.
Woodward on Fossils.

POTA’TION. n. s. [potatio, Lat.] Drinking bout; draught.
Roderigo,
Whom love hath turned almost the wrong side out
To Desdemona, hath to night carouz'd
Potations pottle deep. Shakesp. Othello.
If I had a thousand sons, the first human principle I would
teach them, should be to forswear thin potations, and to ad­
dict themselves to sack. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

POTA’TO. n. s. [I suppose an American word.] An esculent
root.
The red and white potatoes are the most common esculent
roots now in use, and were originally brought from Virginia
into Europe. Miller.
On choicest melons and sweet grapes they dine,
And with potatoes fat their wanton swine. Waller.
The families of farmers live in silth and nastiness upon
butter-milk and potatoes. Swift.
Leek to the Welch, to Dutchmen butter's dear,
Of Irish swains potatoe is the chear;
Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind,
Sweet turnips are the food of Bluzelind;
While she loves turnips, butter I'll despise,
Nor leeks, nor oatmeal, nor potatoe prize. Gay.

POTBELLIED. adj. [pot and belly.] Having a swoln paunch.

POTBE’LLY. n. s. [pot and belly.] A swelling paunch.
He will find himself a forked shadling animal and a pot­
belly. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To POTCH. v. a. [pocher, Fr. to thrust out the eyes as with
the thumb.]
1. To thrust; to push.
Where
I thought to crush him in an equal force,
True sword to sword; I'll potch at him some way,
Or wrath or craft may get him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. [Pocher, Fr.] To poach; to boil slightly.
In great wounds, it is necessary to observe a spare diet, as
panadoes or a potched egg; this much availing to prevent in­
flammation. Wiseman's Surgery.

PO’TCOMPANION. n. s. A fellow drinker; a good fellow at
carousals.

PO’TENCY. n. s. [potentia, Lat.]
1. Power; influence.
Now arriving
At place of potency and sway o'th' state,
If he should still malignantly remain
Fast foe to the plebeians, your voices might
Be curses to yourselves. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I would I had your potency. Shakesp.
Thou hast sought to make us break our vow,
To come betwixt our sentence and our power,
Which nor our nature nor our place can bear,
Our potency make good. Shakespeare.
By what name shall we call such an one, as exceedeth God
in potency. Raleigh's History of the World.
2. Efficacy; strength.
Use can master the devil, or throw him out
With wond'rous potency. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PO’TENT. adj. [potens, Latin.]
1. Powerful; forcible; strong; efficacious.
There is nothing more contagious than some kinds of har­
mony; than some nothing more strong and potent unto
good. Hooker.
Why stand these royal fronts amazed thus?
Cry havock, kings; back to the stained field,
You equal potents, fiery kindled spirits! Shakesp.
I do believe,
Induc'd by potent circumstances, that
You are mine enemy. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Here's another
More potent than the first. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
One would wonder how, from so differing premisses, they
should infer the same conclusion, were it not that the conspi­
ration of interest were too potent for the diversity of judg­
ment. Decay of Piety.
When by command
Moses once more his potent rod extends
Over the sea; the sea his rod obeys. Milton.
Verses are the potent charms we use,
Heroick thoughts and virtue to infuse. Waller.
The magistrate cannot urge obedience upon such potent
grounds, as the minister can urge disobedience. South.

How the effluvia of a magnet can be so rare and subtile, as
to pass through a plate of glass without any resistance or di­
minution of their force, and yet so potent as to turn a magne­
tick needle through the glass. Newton's Opticks.
The chemical preparations are more vigorous and potent in
their effects than the galenical. Baker.
Cyclop, since human flesh has been thy feast,
Now drain this goblet potent to digest. Pope:
2. Having great authority or dominion: as, potent monarchs.

PO’TENTATE. n. s. [potentat, Fr.] Monarch; prince; sove­
reign.
This gentleman is come to me,
With commendations from great potentates. Shakesp.
Kings and mightiest potentates must die. Shakesp.
These defences are but compliments,
To dally with confining potentates. Daniel.
All obey'd the superior voice
Of their great potentate; for great indeed
His name, and high was his degree in heav'n. Milton.
Exalting him not only above earthly princes and potentotes,
but above the highest of the celestial merarchy. Boyle.
Each potentate, as wary fear, or strength,
Or emulation urg'd, his neighbour's bounds
Invades. Philips.

POTE’NTIAL. adj. [potenciel, Fr. potentialis, Latin.]
1. Existing in possibility, not in act.
This potential and imaginary materia prima cannot exist
without form. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
2. Having the effect without the external actual property.
The magnifico is much belov'd,
And hath in his effect a voice potential,
As double as the duke's. Shakesp. Othello.
Ice doth not only submit unto actual heat, but indureth
not the potential calidity of many waters. Brown.
3. Efficacious; powerful.
Thou must make a dullard of the world,
If they not thought the profits of my death
Were very pregnant and potential spurs
To make thee seek it. Shakesp.
4. In grammar, potential is a mood denoting the possibility of
doing any action.

POTENTIA’LITY. n. s. [from potential.] Possibility; not ac­
tuality.
Manna represented to every man the taste himself did like,
but it had in its own potentiality all those tastes and dispo­
sitions eminently. Taylor's Worthy Communicent.
God is an eternal substance and act, without potentiality
and matter, the principle of motion, the cause of nature. Still.
The true notion of a soul's eternity is this, that the future
moments of its duration can never be all past and present;
but still there will be a futurity and potentiality of more for
ever and ever. Bentley's Sermons.

POTE’NTIALLY. adv. [from potential.]
1. In power or possibility; not in act or positively.
This duration of human souls is only potentially infinite;
for their eternity consists only in an endless capacity of conti­
nuance without ever ceasing to be in a boundless futurity, that
can never be exhausted, or all of it be past or present; but
their duration can never be positively and actually eternal,
because it is most manifest, that no moment can ever be as­
signed, wherein it shall be true, that such a soul hath then
actually sustained an infinite duration. Bentley.
2. In efficacy; not in actuality.
They should tell us, whether only that be taken out of
scripture which is actually and particularly there set down, or
else that also which the general principles and rules of scrip­
ture potentially contain. Hooker, b. iii.
Blackness is produced upon the blade of a knife that has
cut four apples, if the juice, though both actually and poten­
tially cold, be not quickly wiped off. Boyle on Colours.

PO’TENTLY. adv. [from potent.] Powerfully; forcibly.
You're potently oppos'd; and with a malice
Of as great size. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Metals are hardened by often heating and quenching; for
cold worketh most potently upon heat precedent. Bacon.
Oil of vitriol, though a potently acid menstruum, will yet
precipitate many bodies mineral, and others dissolved not only
in acquafortis, but in spirit of vinegar. Boyle.

POTE’NTNESS. n. s. [from potent.] Powerfulness; might;
power.

PO’TGUN. n. s. [by mistake or corruption used for popgun.] A
gun which makes a small smart noise.
An author, thus who pants for fame,
Begins the world with fear and shame,
When first in print, you see him dread
Each potgun levell'd at his head. Swift's Miscel.

POTHA’NGER. n. s. [pot and hanger.] Hook or branch on
which the pot is hung over the fire.

PO’THECARY. n. s. [contracted by pronunciation and poetical
convenience from apothecary; from apotheca, Lat.] One who
compounds and sells physick.


Modern 'pothecaries, taught the art
By doctor's bills to play the doctor's part,
Bold in the practice of mistaken rules,
Prescribe, apply, and call their masters fools. Pope.

PO’THER. n. s. [This word is of double orthography and un­
certain etymology: it is sometimes written podder, sometimes
pudder, and is derived by Junius from foudre, thunder, Fr.
by Skinner from peuteren or peteren, Dutch, to shake or dig;
and more probably by a second thought from poudre, Fr. dust.]
1. Bustle; tumult; flutter.
Such a pother,
As if that whatsoever god, who leads him,
Were crept into his human pow'rs,
And gave him graceful posture. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Some hold the one, and some the other,
But howsoe'er they make a pother. Hudibras.
What a pother has been here with Wood and his brass,
Who would modestly make a few halfpennies pass? Swift.
'Tis yet in vain to keep a pother
About one vice, and fall into the other. Pope.
I always speak well of thee,
Thou always speak'st ill of me;
Yet after all our noise and pother,
The world believes nor one nor t'other. Guardian.
2. Suffocating cloud.
He suddenly unties the poke,
Which from it sent out such a smoke,
As ready was them all to choke,
So grievous was the pother. Drayton.

To PO’THER. v. a. To make a blustering ineffectual effort.
He that loves reading and writing, yet finds certain seasons
wherein those things have no relish, only pothers and wearies
himself to no purpose. Locke.

PO’THERB. n. s. [pot and herb.] An herb fit for the pot.
Sir Tristram telling us tobacco was a potherb, bid the drawer
bring in t'other halfpint. Tatler, No 57.
Egypt baser than the beasts they worship;
Below their potherb gods that grow in gardens. Dryden.
Of alimentary leaves, the olera or potherbs afford an excel­
lent nourishment; amongst those are the cole or cabbage
kind. Arbuthnot.
Leaves eaten raw are termed sallad; if boiled, they be­
come potherbs: and some of those plants, which are potherbs
in one family, are sallad in another. Watts.

PO’THOOK. n. s. [pot and hook.] Hooks to fasten pots or kettles
with; also ill formed or scrawling letters or characters.

PO’TION. n. s. [potion, Fr. potio, Lat.] A draught; com­
monly a physical draught.
For tastes in the taking of a potion or pills, the head and
neck shake. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The earl was by nature of so indifferent a taste, that he
would stop in the midst of any physical potion, and after he
had licked his lips, would drink off the rest. Wotton.
Most do taste through fond intemperate thirst,
Soon as the potion works, their human countenance,
Th' express resemblance of the gods, is chang'd
Into some brutish form of wolf or bear. Milton.

PO’TLID. n. s. [pot and lid.] The cover of a pot.
The columella is a fine, thin, light, bony tube; the bot­
tom of which spreads about, and gives it the resemblance of
a wooden potlid in country houses. Derham.

POTSHE’RD. n. s. [pot and shard; from schaerde; properly pot­
shard.] A fragment of a broken pot.
At this day at Gaza, they couch potsherds or vessels of
earth in their walls to gather the wind from the top, and pass
it in spouts into rooms. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
He on the ashes sits, his fate deplores;
And with a potsherd scrapes the swelling fores. Sandys.
Whence come broken potsherds tumbling down,
And leaky ware from garret windows thrown;
Well may they break our heads. Dryden.

PO’TTAGE. n. s. [potage, Fr. from pot.] Any thing boiled or
decocted for food. See PORRIDGE.
Jacob fod pottage, and Esau came from the field faint. Gen.

PO’TTER. n. s. [potier, Fr. from pot.] A maker of earthen
vessels.
My thoughts are whirled like a potter's wheel. Shakesp.
Some press the plants with sherds of potters clay. Dryd.
A potter will not have any chalk or marl mixed with
the clay; for though it will hold burning, yet whenever
any water comes near any such pots, it will slack and spoil
the ware. Mortimer's Husbandry.
He like the potter in a mould has cast
The world's great frame. Prior.

POTTERN-ORE. n. s.
An ore, which for its aptness to vitrify, and serve the pot­
ters to glaze their earthen vessels, the miners call pottern­
ore. Boyle.

PO’TTING. n. s. [from pot.] Drinking.
I learnt it in England, where they are most potent in
potting. Shakesp. Othello.

PO’TTLE. n. s. [from pot.] Liquid measure containing four
pints.

He drinks you with facility your Dane dead drunk, ere the
next pottle can be filled. Shakesp. Othello.
Roderigo hath to might carous'd
Potations pottle deep. Shakesp.
The oracle of Apollo
Here speaks out of his pottle,
Or the Tripos his tower bottle. Benj. Johnson.

POTVA’LIANT. adj. [pot and valiant.] Heated with courage
by strong drink.

POTU’LENT. adj. [potulentus, Lat.]
1. Pretty much in drink. Dict.
2. Fit to drink.

POU

POUCH. n. s. [poche, Fr.]
1. A small bag; a pocket.
Tester I'll have in pouch, when thou shalt lack. Shakesp.
From a girdle about his waist, a bag or pouch divided into
two cells. Gulliver's Travels.
The spot of the vessel, where the disease begins, gives way
to the force of the blood pushing outwards, as to form a
pouch or cyst. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Applied ludicrously to a big belly or paunch.

To POUCH. v. a.
1. To pocket.
In January husband that poucheth the grotes,
Will break up his lay, or be sowing of otes. Tusser.
2. To swallow.
The common heron hath long legs for wading, a long
neck to reach prey, and a wide extensive throat to pouch
it. Derham's Physico-Theology.
3. To pout; to hang down the lip. Ainsworth.

POU’CHMOUTHED. adj. [pouch and mouthed.] Blubberliped. Ains.

PO’VERTY. n. s. [pauvreté, Fr.]
1. Indigence; necessity; want of riches.
My men are the poorest,
But poverty could never draw them from me. Shakesp.
Such madness, as for fear of death to die,
Is to be poor for fear of poverty. Denham.
These by their strict examples taught,
How much more splendid virtue was than gold;
Yet scarce their swelling thirst of fame could hide,
And boasted poverty with too much pride. Prior.
There is such a state as absolute poverty, when a man is
destitute not only of the conveniencies, but the simple neces­
saries of life, being disabled from acquiring them, and de­
pending entirely on charity. Rogers.
2. Meanness; defect.
There is in all excellencies in compositions a kind of po­
verty, or a casualty or jeopardy. Bacon.

POU’LDAVIS. n. s.  A sort of sail cloath. Ainsworth.

POULT. n. s. [poulet, Fr.] A young chicken.
One wou'd have all things little, hence has try'd
Turkey poults, fresh from th' egg, in batter fry'd. King.

POU’LTERER. n. s. [from poult.] One whose trade is to sell
fowls ready for the cook.
If thou dost it half so gravely, so majestically, hang me up
by the heels for a poulterer's hare. Shakesp.
Several nasty trades, as butchers, poulterers and fish­
mongers, are great occasions of plagues. Harvey.

POU’LTICE. n. s. [pulte, Fr. pultis, Lat.] A cataplasm; a soft
mollyfying application.
Poultice relaxeth the pores, and maketh the humour apt
to exhale. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
If your little finger be sore, and you think a poultice made
of our vitals will give it ease, speak, and it shall be done. Sw.

To POU’LTICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To apply a poultice
or cataplasm.

POU’LTIVE. n. s. [A word used by Temple.] A poultice.
Poultives allayed pains, but drew down the humours,
making the passages wider, and apter to receive them. Temple.

POU’LTRY. n. s. [poulet, Fr. pullities, Lat.] Domestick fowls.
The cock knew the fox to be a common enemy of all
poultry. L'Estrange.
What louder cries, when Ilium was in flames,
Than for the cock the widow'd poultry made. Dryden.
Soldiers robbed a farmer of his poultry, and made him wait
at table, without giving him a morsel. Swift.

POUNCE. n. s. [ponzone, Italian. Skinner.]
1. The claw or talon of a bird of prey.
As haggard hawk, presuming to contend
With hardy fowl, about his able might,
His weary pounces, all in vain doth spend
To truss the prey too heavy for his flight. Fa. Queen.
The new-dissembl'd eagle, now endu'd
With beak and pounces Hercules pursu'd. Dryden.
'Twas a mean prey for a bird of his pounces. Atterbury.
2. The powder of gum sandarach, so called because it is thrown
upon paper through a perforated box.

To POUNCE. v. a. [pongonare, Italian.]
1. To pierce; to perforate.
Barbarous people, that go naked, do not only paint, but
pounce and raise their skin, that the painting may not be taken
forth, and make it into works. Bacon's Nat. Hist.


2. To pour or sprinkle through small perforations.
It may be tried by incorporating copple-dust, by pouncing
into the quicksilver. Bacon.
3. To seize with the pounces or talons.

POU’NCED. adj. [from pounce.] Furnished with claws or talons.
From a craggy cliff,
The royal eagle draws his vigorous young
Strong pounc'd. Thomson's Spring.

POU’NCETBOX. n. s. [pounce and box.] A small box perforated.
He was perfumed like a milliner,
And, 'twixt his finger and his thumb, he held
A pouncetbox, which ever and anon
He gave his nose. Shakesp. Henry IV.

POUND. n. s. [pond, pund, Sax. from pondo, Lat.]
1. A certain weight, consisting in troy weight of twelve, in
averdupois of sixteen ounces.
He that said, that he had rather have a grain of fortune
than a pound of wisdom, as to the things of this life, spoke
nothing but the voice of wisdom. South's Sermons.
A pound doth consist of ounces, drams, scruples. Wilkins.
Great Hannibal within the balance lay,
And tell how many pounds his ashes weigh. Dryden.
2. The sum of twenty shillings.
That exchequer of medals in the cabinets of the great duke
of Tuscany, is not worth so little as an hundred thousand
pound. Peacham of Antiquities.
3. [From pindan, Sax.] A pinfold; an inclosure; a prison in
which beasts are inclosed.
I hurry,
Not thinking it is levee-day,
And find his honour in a pound,
Hemm'd by a triple circle round. Swift's Miscel.

To POUND. v. a. [punian, Sax. whence in many places they
use the word pun.]
1. To beat; to grind with a pestle.
His mouth and nostrils pour'd a purple flood,
And pounded teeth came rushing with his blood. Dryden.
Would'st thou not rather chuse a small renown
To be the mayor of some poor paltry town,
To pound false weights and scanty measures break.
Dryden.
Tir'd with the search, not finding what she seeks,
With cruel blows she pounds her blubber'd cheeks.
Dryden.
Shou'd their axle break, its overthrow
Would crush, and pound to dust the crowd below;
Nor friends their friends, nor sires their sons could know.
Dryden's Juvenal.
Opaque white powder of glass, seen through a microscope,
exhibits fragments pellucid and colourless, as the whole ap­
peared to the naked eye before it was pounded. Bentley.
She describes
How under ground the rude Riphean race
Mimick brisk cyder, with the brakes product wild
Sloes pounded. Philips.
Lifted pestles brandished in the air,
Loud stroaks with pounding spice the fabrick rend,
And aromatick clouds in spires ascend. Garth.
2. To shut up; to imprison, as in a pound.
We'll break our walls,
Rather than they shall pound us up. Shakesp.
I ordered John to let out the good man's sheep that were
pounded by night. Spectator, No 243.

POU’NDAGE. n. s. [from pound.]
1. A certain sum deducted from a pound; a sum paid by the
trader to the servant that pays the money, or to the person
who procures him customers.
In poundage and drawbacks I lose half my rent. Swift.
2. Payment rated by the weight of the commodity.
Tonnage and poundage, and other duties upon merchan­
dizes, were collected by order of the board. Clarend.

POUnder. n. s. [from pound.]
1. The name of a heavy large pear.
Alcinous' orchard various apples bears,
Unlike are bergamots and pounder pears. Dryden.
2. Any person or thing denominated from a certain number of
pounds : as, a ten pounder; a gun that carries a bullet of ten
pounds weight; or in ludicrous language a man with ten pounds
a year; in like manner, a note or bill is called a twenty
pounder or ten pounder, from the sum it bears.
None of these forty or fifty pounders may be suffered to
marry, under the penalty of deprivation. Swift.
3. A pestle. Ainsworth.

POU’PETON. n. s. [poupée, Fr.] A puppet or little baby.

POU’PICTS. n. s. In cookery, a mess of victuals made of veal
stakes and slices of bacon. Bailey.

To POUR. v. a. [supposed to be derived from the Welsh
bwrw.]
1. To let some liquid out of a vessel, or into some place or
receptacle.
If they will not believe those signs, take of the water of
the river, and pour it upon the dry land. Exodus iv. 9.

He said, pour out for the people, and there was no harm
in the pot. 2 Kings iv. 41.
He stretched out his hand to the cup, and poured of the
blood of the grape, he poured out at the foot of the altar a
sweet smelling savour into the most high. Ecclus. l. 15.
A Samaritan bound up his wounds, pouring in oil and
wine, and brought him to an inn. Luke x. 34.
Your fury then boil'd upward to a fome;
But since this message came, you sink and settle,
As if cold water had been pour'd upon you. Dryden.
2. To emit; to give vent to; to send forth; to let out; to
send in a continued course.
Hie thee hither,
That I may pour my spirits in thine ear,
And chastise with the valour of my tongue
All that impedes thee from the golden round. Shakesp.
London doth pour out her citizens;
The mayor and all his brethren in best sort,
With the plebeians swarming. Shakesp. Henry V.
As thick as hail
Came post on post; and every one did bear
Thy praises in his kingdom's great defence,
And pour'd them down before him. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The devotion of the heart is the tongue of the soul; actu­
ated and heated with love, it pours itself forth in supplications
and prayers. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
If we had groats or sixpences current by law, that wanted
one third of the silver by the standard, who can imagine, that
our neighbours would not pour in quantities of such money
upon us, to the great loss of the kingdom. Locke.
Is it for thee the linnet pours his throat?
Loves of his own and raptures swell the note. Pope.

To POUR. v. n.
1. To stream; to flow.
2. To rush tumultuously.
If the rude throng pour on with furious pace,
And hap to break thee from a friend's embrace,
Stop short. Gay.
All his fleecy flock
Before him march, and pour into the rock,
Not one or male or female stay'd behind. Pope.
A ghastly band of giants,
Pouring down the mountains, crowd the shore. Pope.
A gathering throng,
Youth and white age tumultuous pour along. Pope.

POU’RER. n. s. [from pour.] One that pours.

POUSSE. n. s. The old word for pease. Spenser.
But who shall judge the wager won or lost?
That shall yonder heard groom and none other,
Which over the pousse hitherward doth post. Spenser.

POUT. n. s.
1. A kind of fish; a cod-fish.
2. A kind of bird.
Of wild birds, Cornwall hath quail, wood-dove, heath­
cock and pout. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

To POUT. v. n. [bouter, Fr.]
1. To look fullen by thrusting out the lips.
Like a misbehav'd and sullen wench,
Thou pout'st upon thy fortune and thy love. Shakesp.
He had not din'd;
The veins unfill'd, our blood is cold; and then
We pout upon the morning, are unapt
To give or to forgive. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I would advise my gentle readers, as they consult the good
of their faces, to forbear frowning upon loyalists, and pouting
at the government. Addison's Freeholder, No 8.
The nurse remained pouting, nor would she touch a bit du­
ring the whole dinner. Arbuthnot and Pope.
2. To gape; to hang prominent.
The ends of the wound must come over one another, with
a compress to press the lips equally down, which would other­
wise become crude, and pout out with great lips. Wiseman.
Satyrus was made up betwixt man and goat, with a hu­
man head, hooked nose and pouting lips. Dryden.

POW

PO’WDER. n. s. [poudre, Fr.]
1. Dust; any body comminuted.
The calf which they had made, he burnt in the fire, and
ground it to powder. Ex. xxxii. 20.
2. Gunpowder.
The seditious being furnished with artillery, powder and shot,
battered Bishopsgate. Hayward.
As to the taking of a town, there were few conquerors
could signalize themselves that way, before the invention of
powder and fortifications. Addison.
3. Sweet dust for the hair.
When th' hair is sweet through pride or lust,
The powder doth forget the dust. Herbert.
Our humbler province is to tend the fair,
To save the powder from too rude a gale. Pope.

To PO’WDER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To reduce to dust; to comminute; to pound small.


2. [Poudrer, Fr.] To sprinkle, as with dust.
Powder thy radiant hair,
Which if without such ashes thou would'st wear,
Thou who, to all which come to look upon,
Wert meant for Phœbus, would'st be Phaeton. Donne.
In the galaxy, that milky way
Which nightly, as a circling zone, thou see'st
Powder'd with stars. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
The powder'd footman
Beneath his flapping hat secures his hair. Gay.
3. To salt; to sprinkle with salt.
If you imbowel me to day, I'll give you leave to powder
me and eat me to-morrow. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Salting of oysters, and powdering of meat, keepeth them
from putrefaction. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
My hair I never powder, but my chief
Invention is to get me powder'd beef. Cleaveland.
Immoderate feeding upon powdered beef, pickled meats,
anchovy, and debauching with brandy do inflame and acuate
the blood. Harvey on Consumptions.

To PO’WDER. v. n. To come tumultuously and violently. A
low corrupt word.
Whilst two companions were disputing it at sword's point,
down comes a kite powdering upon them, and gobbets up
both. L'Estrange.

PO’WDERBOX. n. s. [powder and box.] A box in which pow­
der for the hair is kept.
There stands the toillette,
The patch, the powderbox, pulville, perfumes. Gay.

PO’WDERHORN. n. s. [powder and horn.] A horn case in which
powder is kept for guns.
You may stick your candle in a bottle or a powderhorn. Sw.

PO’WDERMILL. n. s. [powder and mill.] The mill in which
the ingredients for gunpowder are ground and mingled.
Upon the blowing up of a powdermill, the windows of ad­
jacent houses are bent and blown outwards, by the elastick
force of the air within exerting itself. Arbuthnot.

PO’WDER-ROOM. n. s. [powder and room.] The part of a ship
in which the gunpowder is kept.
The flame invades the powderrooms, and then
Their guns shoot bullets, and their vessels men. Waller.

POWDER-CHESTS. n. s. On board a ship, wooden triangular
chests filled with gunpowder, pebble-stones and such like
materials, set on fire when a ship is boarded by an enemy,
which soon makes all clear before them. Dict.

POWDERING-TUB. n. s. [powder and tub.]
1. The vessel in which meat is salted.
When we view those large bodies of oxen, what can we
better conceit them to be, than so many living and walking
powdering-tubs, and that they have animam salis. More.
2. The place in which an infected lecher is physicked to pre­
serve him from putrefaction.
To the spital go,
And from the powd'ring-tub of infamy
Fetch forth the lazar kite Doll Tearsheet. Shakesp.

PO’WDERY. adj. [poudreux, Fr. from powder.] Dusty; friable.
A brown powdery spar, which holds iron, is found amongst
the iron ore. Woodward on Fossils.

PO’WER. n. s. [pouvoir, Fr.]
1. Command; authority; dominion; influence.
If law, authority and pow'r deny not,
It will go hard with poor Anthonio. Shakesp.
No man could ever have a just power over the life of ano­
ther, by right of property in land. Locke.
Power is no blessing in itself, but when it is employ'd to
protect the innocent. Swift.
2. Influence; prevalence upon.
This man had power with him, to draw him forth to his
death. Bacon's Essays.
Dejected! no, it never shall be said,
That fate had power upon a Spartan soul;
My mind on its own centre stands unmov'd
And stable, as the fabrick of the world. Dryden.
3. Ability; force; reach.
That which moveth God to work is goodness, and that
which ordereth his work is wisdom, and that which perfecteth
his work is power. Hooker.
I have suffer'd in your woe;
Nor shall be wanting ought within my pow'r,
For your relief in my refreshing bow'r. Dryden.
You are still living to enjoy the blessings of all the good
you have performed, and many prayers that your power of
doing generous actions may be as extended as your will. Dry.
It is not in the power of the most enlarged understanding,
to invent one new simple idea in the mind, not taken in by
the ways aforementioned. Locke.
'Tis not in the power of want or slavery to make them
miserable. Addison's Guardian.
Though it be not in our power to make affliction no afflic­
tion; yet it is in our power to take off the edge of it, by a
steady view of those divine joys prepared for us in another
state. Atterbury's Sermons.
4. Strength; motive force.
Observing in ourselves, that we can at pleasure move se­
veral parts of our bodies, which were at rest; the effects
also that natural bodies are able to produce in one another,
occurring every moment to our senses, we both these ways
get the idea of power. Locke.
5. The moving force of an engine.
By understanding the true difference betwixt the weight
and the power, a man may add such a fitting supplement to
the strength of the power, that it shall move any conceivable
weight, though it should never so much exceed that force,
which the power is naturally endowed with. Wilkins.
6. Animal strength; natural strength.
Care, not fear; or fear not for themselves altered some­
thing the countenances of the two lovers: but so as any man
might perceive, was rather an assembling of powers than dis­
mayedness of courage. Sidney, b. i.
He died of great years, but of strong health and powers.
Bacon's Henry VII.
7. Faculty of the mind.
If ever
You meet in some fresh cheek the power of fancy,
Then you shall know the wounds invisible,
That love's keen arrows make. Shakesp.
I was in the thought, they were not fairies, and yet the
guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprize of my powers drove
the grossness of the foppery into a received belief. Shakesp.
In our little world, this soul of ours
Being only one, and to one body ty'd,
Doth use, on divers objects, divers powers;
And so are her effects diversify'd. Davies.
Maintain the empire of the mind over the body, and keep
the appetites of the one in due subjection to the reasoning
powers of the other. Atterbury's Sermons.
The design of this science is to rescue our reasoning powers
from their unhappy slavery and darkness. Watts.
8. Government; right of governing.
My labour
Honest and lawful, to deserve my food
Of those who have me in their civil power. Milton.
9. Sovereign; potentate.
'Tis surprising to consider with what heats these two powers
have contested their title to the kingdom of Cyprus, that is in
the hands of the Turk. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
10. One invested with dominion.
After the tribulation of those days shall the sun be dark­
ened, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken. Mat.
The fables turn'd some men to flow'rs,
And others did with brutish forms invest;
And did of others make celestial pow'rs,
Like angels, which still travel, yet still rest. Davies.
If there's a pow'r above us,
And that there is all nature cries aloud
Through all her works, he must delight in virtue. Addis.
11. Divinity.
Merciful powers!
Restrain in me the cursed thoughts, that nature
Gives way to in repose. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Cast down thyself, and only strive to raise
The glory of thy maker's sacred name;
Use all thy pow'rs, that blessed pow'r to praise,
Which gives thee pow'r to be and use the same. Davies.
With indignation, thus he broke
His awful silence, and the pow'rs bespoke. Dryden.
Tell me,
What are the gods the better for this gold?
The wretch that offers from his wealthy store
These presents, bribes the pow'rs to give him more. Dryd.
12. Host; army; military force.
He, to work him the more mischief, sent over his brother
Edward with a power of Scots and Redshanks into Ireland,
where they got footing. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Never such a power,
For any foreign preparation,
Was levied in the body of a land. Shakesp. K. John.
Young Octavius and Mark Antony
Come down upon us with a mighty power,
Bending their expedition tow'rd Philippi. Shakesp.
Who leads his power?
Under whose government come they along? Shakesp.
My heart, dear Harry,
Threw many a northward look, to see his father
Bring up his pow'rs; but he did long in vain. Shakesp.
Gazellus, upon the coming of the bassa, valiantly issued
forth with all his power, and gave him battle. Knolles.
13. A large quantity; a great number. In low language: as,
a power of good things.

PO’WERABLE. adj. [from power.] Capable of performing any
thing.
That you may see how powerable time is in altering tongues,
I will set down the Lord's prayer as it was translated in sundry
ages. Camden.



PO’WERFUL. adj. [power and ful.]
1. Invested with command or authority; potent.
2. Forcible; mighty.
We have sustain'd one day in doubtful fight,
What heaven's lord hath powerfullest to send
Against us from about his throne. Milton's Par. Lost.
Henry II. endeavouring to establish his grandfather's laws,
met with powerful opposition from archbishop Becket. Ayliffe.
3. Efficacious.

PO’WERFULLY. adv. [from powerful.] Potently; mightily;
efficaciously; forcibly.
The sun and other powerfully lucid bodies dazzle our
eyes. Boyle.
By assuming a privilege belonging to riper years, to which
a child must not aspire, you do but add new force to your
example, and recommend the action more powerfully. Locke.
Before the revelation of the gospel, the wickedness and
impenitency of the heathen world was a much more excu­
sable thing, because they had but very obscure apprehensions
of those things which urge men most powerfully to forsake
their sins. Tillotson's Sermons.
The grain-gold, upon all the golden coast of Guinea, is
displayed by the rains falling there with incredible force,
powerfully beating off the earth. Woodward.

PO’WERFULNESS. n. s. [from powerful.] Power; efficacy;
might.
So much he stands upon the powerfulness of christian reli­
gion, that he makes it beyond all the rules of moral philo­
sophy, strongly effectual to expel vice, and plant in men all
kind of virtue. Hakewill on Providence.

PO’WERLESS. adj. [from power.] Weak; impotent.
I give you welcome with a pow'rless hand,
But with a heart full of unstained love. Shakesp.

POX. n. s. [properly pocks, which originally signified a small
bag or pustule; of the same original, perhaps, with powke or
pouch. We still use pock, for a single pustule; poccas,
Sax. pocken, Dutch.]
1. Pustules; efflorescencies; exanthematous eruptions.
2. The venereal disease. This is the sense when it has no
epithet.
Though brought to their ends by some other apparent dis­
ease, yet the pox hath been judged the foundation. Wiseman.
Wilt thou still sparkle in the box,
Sill ogle in the ring?
Can'st thou forget thy age and pox. Dorset.

POY. n. s. [appoyo, Spanish; appuy, poids, Fr.] A ropedancer's
pole.

To POZE. v. a. To puzzle. See POSE and APPOSE.
And say you so? then I shall poze you quickly. Shakesp.
Of human infirmities I shall give instances, not that I de­
sign to poze them with those common enigmas of magnetism,
fluxes and refluxes. Glanvill's Sceps.

PRA

PRA’CTICABLE. adj. [practicable, Fr.]
1. Performable; feasible; capable to be practised.
This falls out for want of examining what is practicable
and what not, and for want again of measuring our force and
capacity with our design. L'Estrange.
An heroick poem should be more like a glass of nature, figu­
ring a more practicable virtue to us, than was done by the
ancients. Dryden on Heroick Plays.
This is a practicable degree of christian magnanimity. Att.
Some physicians have thought, that if it were practicable to
keep the humours of the body in an exact balance of each
with its opposite, it might be immortal; but this is impossible
in the practice. Swift.
2. Assailable; fit to be assailed.

PRA’CTICABLENESS. n. s. [from practicable.] Possibility to be
performed.

PRA’CTICABLY. adv. [from practicable.] In such a manner as
may be performed.
The meanest capacity, when he sees a rule practicably ap­
plied before his eyes, can no longer be at a loss how 'tis to be
performed. Rogers.

PRA’CTICAL. adj. [practicus, Lat. pratique, Fr. from practice.]
Relating to action; not merely speculative.
The image of God was no less resplendent in man's practi­
cal understanding; namely, that storehouse of the soul, in
which are treasured up the rules of action and the seeds of
morality. South's Sermons.
Religion comprehends the knowledge of its principles, and
a suitable life and practice; the first, being speculative, may
be called knowledge; and the latter, because 'tis practical,
wisdom. Tillotson's Sermons.

PRA’CTICALLY. adv. [from practical.]
1. In relation to action.
2. By practice; in real fact.
I honour her, having practically found her among the better
sort of trees. Howel's Vocal Forest.

PRA’CTICALNESS. n. s. [from practical.] The quality of being
practical.

PRA’CTICE. n. s. [pa?; pratique, Fr.]
1. The habit of doing any thing.
2. Use; customary use.
Obsolete words may be laudably revived, when they are
more sounding, or more significant than those in practice. Dry.
Of such a practice when Ulysses told;
Shall we, cries one, permit
This lewd romancer and his bant'ring wit. Tate.
3. Dexterity acquired by habit.
I'll prove it on his body, if he dare,
Despite his nice fence and his active practice. Shakesp.
4. Actual performance, distinguished from theory.
There are two functions of the soul, contemplation and
practice, according to that general division of objects, some
of which only entertain our speculations, others also employ
our actions; so the understanding, with relation to these, is
divided into speculative and practick. South.
5. Method or art of doing any thing.
6. Medical treatment of diseases.
This disease is beyond my practice; yet I have known those
which have walked in their sleep, who have died holily in
their beds. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
7. Exercise of any profession.
8. [Præt, Saxon, is cunning, sliness, and thence prat, in Dou­
glass, is a trick or fraud; latter times forgetting the orginal of
words, applied to practice the sense of prat.] Wicked strata­
gem; bad artifice. A sense not now in use.
He sought to have that by practice, which he could not by
prayer; and being allowed to visit us, he used the opportu­
nity of a fit time thus to deliver us. Sidney, b. ii.
Partly with suspicion of practice, the king was suddenly
turned. Sidney, b. ii.
It is the shameful work of Hubert's hand,
The practice and the purpose of the king. Shakesp.
Shall we thus permit
A blasting and a scandalous breath to fall
On him so near us? this needs must be practice;
Who knew of your intent and coming hither? Shakesp.
Wise states prevent purposes
Before they come to practice, and foul practices
Before they grow to act. Denham's Sophy.

PRA’CTICK. adj. [pa??; practicus, Lat. pratique, Fr.]
1. Relating to action; not merely theoretical.
When he speaks,
The air, a charter'd libertine, is still;
And the mute wonder lurketh in men's ears,
To steal his sweet and honied sentences;
So that the act and practick part of life
Must be the mistress to this theorick. Shakesp.
Whilst they contend for speculative truth, they, by mu­
tual calumnies, forfeit the practick. Gov. of the Tongue.
True piety without cessation tost
By theories, the practick part is lost. Denham.
2. In Spenser it seems to signify, sly; artful.
She used hath the practick pain
Of this false footman, cloaked with simpleness. F. Queen.
Thereto his subtile engines he doth bend,
His practick wit, and his fair filed tongue,
With thousand other sleights. Fairy Queen.

To PRA’CTISE. v. a. [pa??; pratiquer, Fr.]
1. To do habitually.
Incline not my heart to practise wicked works with men
that work iniquity. Psalm cxli. 4.
2. To do; not merely to profess: as, to practise law or physick.
3. To use in order to habit and dexterity.

To PRA’CTISE. v. n.
1. To have a habit of acting in any manner formed.
Will truth return unto them that practise in her. Ecclus.
They shall practise how to live secure. Milton.
Oft have we wonder'd
How such a ruling sp'rit you cou'd restrain,
And practise first over yourself to reign. Waller.
2. To transact; to negotiate secretly.
I've practis'd with him,
And found a means to let the victor know,
That Syphax and Sempronius are his friends. Addison.
3. To try artifices.
Others by guilty artifice and arts,
Of promis'd kindness practise on our hearts;
With expectation blow the passion up,
She fans the fire without one gale of hope. Granvil.
4. To use bad arts or stratagems.
If you there
Did practise on my state, your being in Egypt
Might be my question. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
If thou do'st him any slight disgrace, he will practise against
thee by poison. Shakespeare's As You Like it.
5. To use medical methods.
I never thought I should try a new experiment, being little
inclined to practise upon others, and as little that others should
practise upon me. Temple's Miscel.
6. To exercise any profession.

PRA’CTISANT. n. s. [from practise.] An agent.
Here enter'd Pucelle and her practisants. Shakesp.



PRA’CTISER. n. s. [from practise.]
1. One that practises any thing; one that does any thing ha­
bitually.
We will, in the principles of the politician, shew how
little efficacy they have to advance the practiser of them to
the things they aspire to. South's Sermons.
2. One who prescribes medical treatment.
Sweet practiser, thy physick I will try,
That ministers thine own death if I die. Shakespeare.
I had reasoned myself into an opinion, that the use of phy­
sicians, unless in some acute disease, was a great venture, and
that their greatest practtisers practised least upon themselves.
Temple.

PRACTI’TIONER. n. s. [from practice.]
1. He who is engaged in the actual exercise of any art.
The author exhorts all gentlemen practitioners to exercise
themselves in the translatory. Arbuthnot.
I do not know a more universal and unnecessary mistake
among the clergy, but especially the younger practitioners. Sw.
2. One who uses any sly or dangerous arts.
There is some papistical practitioners among you. Whitgifte.
3. One who does any thing habitually.
He must be first an exercised, thorough-paced practitioner
of these vices himself. South's Sermons.

PRæCO’GNITA. n. s. [Latin.] Things previously known in
order to understanding something else; thus the structure of
the human body is one of the præcognita of physick.
Either all knowledge does not depend on certain præcognita
or general maxims, called principles, or else these are prin­
ciples. Locke.

PRAGMA’TICK. adj. [p???ata; pragmatique, Fr.]
Meddling; impertinently busy; assu­
ming business without leave or invitation.
No sham so gross, but it will pass upon a weak man that
is pragmatical and inquisitive. L'Estrange.
Common estimation puts an ill character upon pragmatick
meddling people. Government of the Tongue.
He understands no more of his own affairs, than a child;
he has got a sort of a pragmatical silly jade of a wife, that
pretends to take him out of my hands. Arbuthnot.
The fellow grew so pragmatical, that he took upon him the
government of my whole family. Arbuthnot.
Such a backwardness there was among good men to en­
gage with an usurping people, and pragmatical ambitious
orators. Swift.
They are pragmatical enough to stand on the watch tower,
but who assigned them the post? Swift.

PRAGMA’TICAL. adj. [p???ata; pragmatique, Fr.]
Meddling; impertinently busy; assu­
ming business without leave or invitation.
No sham so gross, but it will pass upon a weak man that
is pragmatical and inquisitive. L'Estrange.
Common estimation puts an ill character upon pragmatick
meddling people. Government of the Tongue.
He understands no more of his own affairs, than a child;
he has got a sort of a pragmatical silly jade of a wife, that
pretends to take him out of my hands. Arbuthnot.
The fellow grew so pragmatical, that he took upon him the
government of my whole family. Arbuthnot.
Such a backwardness there was among good men to en­
gage with an usurping people, and pragmatical ambitious
orators. Swift.
They are pragmatical enough to stand on the watch tower,
but who assigned them the post? Swift.

PRAGMA’TICALLY. adv. [from pragmatical.] Meddlingly;
impertinently.

PRAGMA’TICALNESS. n. s. [from pragmatical.] The quality
of intermeddling without right or call.

PRAISE. n. s. [prijs, Dutch.]
1. Renown; commendation; fame; honour; celebrity.
Best of fruits, whose taste has taught
The tongue, not made for speech, to speak thy praise: Milt.
Lucan, content with praise, may lie at ease
In costly grotts and marble palaces;
But to poor Bassus what avails a name,
To starve on compliments and empty fame. Dryden.
2. Glorification; tribute of gratitude; laud.
He hath put a new song in my mouth, even praise unto
our God. Psalm xl. 3.
To God glory and praise. Milton.
3. Ground or reason of praise.
Praiseworthy actions are by thee embrac'd;
And 'tis my praise to make thy praises last. Dryden.

To PRAISE. v. a. [prijsen, Dutch.]
1. To commend; to applaud; to celebrate.
Will God incense his ire
For such a petty trespass, and not praise
Rather your dauntless virtue. Milton.
We praise not Hector, though his name we know
Is great in arms; 'tis hard to praise a foe. Dryden.
2. To glorify in worship.
The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all
the things that they had heard and seen. Luke ii. 20.
One generation shall praise thy works to another, and de­
clare thy mighty works. Psalm cxlv. 4.
Their touch'd their golden harps, and hymning prais'd
God and his works. Milton.

PRAI’SEFUL. adj. [praise and full.] Laudable; commend­
able. Not now in use.
Of whose high praise, and praiseful bliss,
Goodness the pen, heaven the paper is. Sidney.
He ordain'd a lady for his prise,
Generally praiseful, fair and young, and skill'd in house­
wiseries. Chapman's Iliad.

PRAI’SER. n. s. [from praise.] One who praises; an applauder;
a commender.
We men and praisers of men should remember, that if we
have such excellencies, it is reason to think them excellent
creatures, of whom we are. Sidney.

Forgive me, if my verse but say you are
A Sidney: but in that extend as far
As loudest praisers. B. Johnson's Epig.
Turn to God, who knows I think this true,
And useth oft, when such a heart missays,
To make it good; for such a praiser prays. Donne.

PRAISEWO’RTHY. adj. [praise and worthy.] Commendable;
deserving praise.
The Tritonian goddess having heard
Her blazed fame, which all the world had fill'd,
Came down to prove the truth, and due reward
For her praiseworthy workmanship to yield. Spenser.
Since men have left to do praiseworthy things,
Most think all praises flatteries; but truth brings
That sound, and that authority with her name,
As to be rais'd by her is only fame. Ben. Johnson.
Firmus, who seized upon Egypt, was so far praiseworthy,
that he encouraged trade. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PRAME. n. s. A flat bottomed boat. Bailey.

To PRANCE v. a. [pronken, Dutch, to set one's self to show.]
1. To spring and bound in high mettle.
Here's no fantastick mask, nor dance,
But of our kids that frisk and prance;
Nor wars are seen,
Unless upon the green,
Two harmless lambs are butting one the other. Wotton.
With mud fill'd high, the rumbling cart draws near,
Now rule thy prancing steeds, lac'd charioteer. Gay.
Far be the spirit of the chace from them,
To spring the sence, to rein the prancing steed. Thomson.
2. To ride gallantly and ostentatiously.
The horses hoofs were broken by means of the prancings,
the prancings of their mighty ones. Judges v. 22.
I see
Th' insulting tyrant, prancing o'er the field,
Strow'd with Rome's citizens, and drench'd in slaughter,
His horses hoofs wet with patrician blood. Addison.
3. To move in a warlike or showy manner.
We should neither have meat to eat, nor manufacture to
cloathe us, unless we could prance about in coats of mail, or
eat brass. Swift.

To PRANK. v. a. [pronken, Dutch.] To decorate; to dress
or adjust to ostentation.
Some prank their ruffs, and others timely dight
Their gay attire. Fairy Queen.
In wine and meats she flow'd above the bank,
And in excess exceeded her own might,
In sumptuous tire she joy'd herself to prank,
But of her love too lavish. Fairy Queen.
These are tribunes of the people,
The tongues o'th' common mouth: I despise them:
For they do prank them in authority
Against all noble sufferance. Shakesp.
Your high self,
The gracious mark o' th' land, you have obscur'd
With a swain's wearing; and me, poor lowly maid,
Most goddess-like prank'd up. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
'Tis that miracle, and queen of gems,
That nature pranks, her mind attracts my soul. Shakesp.
I had not unlock'd my lips
In this unhallowed air, but that this jugler
Would think to charm my judgment as mine eyes,
Obtruding false rules, prankt in reason's garb. Milton.

PRANK. n. s. A frolick; a wild flight; a ludicrous trick; a
wicked act.
Lay home to him;
Tell him, his pranks have been too broad to bear with. Sha.
Such is thy audacious wickedness,
Thy lewd, pestif'rous and dissentious pranks;
The very infants prattle of thy pride. Shakesp.
They caused the table to be covered and meat set on, which
was no sooner set down, than in came the harpies, and played
their accustomed pranks. Raleigh.
They put on their cloaths, and played all those pranks you
have taken notice of. Addison's Guardian.

PRA’SON. n. s. [p?s??.] A leek: also a sea weed as green as
a leek. Bailey.

To PRATE. v. n. [praten, Dutch.] To talk carelesly and with­
out weight; to chatter; to tattle; to be loquacious; to prattle.
His knowledge or skill is in prating too much. Tusser.
Behold me, which owe
A moiety of the throne, here standing
To prate and talk for life and honour, 'fore
Who please to hear. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
This starved justice hath prated to me of the wildness of
his youth, and the feats he hath done about Turnbal-street;
and every third word a lie. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
After Flammock and the blacksmith had, by joint and se­
veral pratings, found tokens of consent in the multitude, they
offered themselves to lead them. Bacon's Henry VII.
Oh listen with attentive sight
To what my prating eyes indite! Cleaveland.


What nonsense would the fool thy master prate,
When thou, his knave, can'st talk at such a rate. Dryden.
She first did wit's prerogative remove,
And made a fool presume to prate of love. Dryden.
This is the way of the world; the deaf will prate of dis­
cords in musick. Watts.

PRATE. n. s. [from the verb.] Tattle; slight talk; unmean­
ing loquacity.
If I talk to him; with his innocent prate,
He will awake my mercy which lies dead. Shakesp.
Would her innocent prate could overcome me;
Oh! what a conflict do I feel. Denham's Sophy.

PRA’TER. n. s. [from prate.] An idle talker; a chatterer.
When expectation rages in my blood,
Is this a time, thou prater; hence be gone. Southern.

PRA’TINGLY. adv. [from prate.] With tittle tattle; with
loquacity.

PRA’TTIQUE. n. s. [French; prattica, Italian.] A licence
for the master of a ship to traffick in the ports of Italy upon
a certificate, that the place, from whence he came, is not
annoyed with any infectious disease. Bailey.

To PRA’TTLE. v. n. [diminutive of prate.] To talk lightly;
to chatter; to be trivially loquacious.
But I prattle
Something too wildly, and my father's precepts
I therein do forget. Shakespeare's Tempest.
What the great ones do, the less will prattle of. Shak.
A French woman teaches an English girl to speak and read
French, by only prattling to her. Locke.
There is not so much pleasure to have a child prattle agree­
ably, as to reason well. Locke on Education.
His tongue, his prattling tongue, had chang'd him quite
To sooty blackness, from the purest white. Ad. Ovid.
A little lively rustick, trained up in ignorance and preju­
dice, will prattle treason a whole evening. Addison.
I must prattle on,
And beg your pardon, yet this half hour. Prior.
Let cred'lous boys and prattling nurses tell,
How if the festival of Paul be clear,
Plenty from lib'ral horn shall strow the year. Gay.

PRA’TTLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Empty talk; trifling lo­
quacity.
In a theatre the eyes of men,
After a well-grac'd actor leaves the stage,
Are idly bent on him that enters next,
Thinking his prattle to be tedious. Shakesp. Rich. II.
The bookish theorick,
Wherein the toged consuls can propose
As masterly as he; mere prattle, without practice,
Is all his soldiership. Shakesp. Othello.
The insignificant prattle and endless garrulity of the philo­
sophy of the schools. Glanv.

PRA’TTLER. n. s. [from prattle.] A trifling talker; a chatterer.
Poor prattler! how thou talk'st? Shakesp.
Prattler, no more, I say;
My thoughts must work, but like a noiseless sphere,
Harmonious peace must rock them all the day;
No room for prattlers there. Herbert.

PRA’VITY. n. s. [pravitas, Lat.] Corruption; badness; ma­
lignity.
Doubt not but that sin
Will reign among them, as of thee begot;
And therefore was law given them, to evince
Their natural pravity. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
More people go to the gibbet for want of timely correction,
than upon any incurable pravity of nature. L'Estrange.
I will shew how the pravity of the will could influence the
understanding to a disbelief of Christianity. South.

PRAWN. n. s. A small crustaceous fish, like a shrimp, but
larger.
I had prawns, and borrowed a mess of vinegar. Shakesp.

To PRAY. v. n. [prier, Fr. pregare, Italian.]
1. To make petitions to heaven.
I will buy with you, sell will you; but I will not eat with
you, drink with you, nor pray with you. Shakespeare.
Pray for this good man and his issue. Shakesp.
Ne'er throughout the year to church thou go'st,
Except it be to pray against thy foes. Shakesp.
I tell him, we shall stay here at the least a month; and he
heartily prays, some occasion may detain us longer. Shakesp.
Is any sick? let him call for the elders of the church, and
let them pray over him. Jam. v. 14.
Unskilful with what words to pray, let me
Interpret for him. Milton.
He that prays, despairs not; but sad is the condition of
him that cannot pray; happy are they that can, and do, and
love to do it. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Thou, Turnus, shalt attone it by thy fate,
And pray to heav'n for peace, but pray too late. Dryden.
He prais'd my courage, pray'd for my success;
He was so true a father of his country,
To thank me for defending ev'n his foes. Dryden.

Should you pray to God for a recovery, how rash would it
be to accuse God of not hearing your prayers, because you
found your disease still to continue. Wake.
2. To entreat; to ask submissively.
You shall find
A conqu'ror that will pray in aid for kindness,
Where he for grace is kneel'd to. Shakespeare.
Pray that in towns and temples of renown,
The name of great Anchises may be known. Dryden.
3. I PRAY; that is, I pray you to tell me is a slightly ceremo­
nious form of introducing a question.
But I pray, in this mechanical formation, when the fer­
ment was expanded to the extremities of the arteries, why
did it not break through the receptacle? Bentley's Sermons.
4. Sometimes only pray elliptically.
Barnard in spirit, sense and truth abounds;
Pray then what wants he? fourscore thousand pounds. Pope.

To PRAY. v. a.
1. To supplicate; to implore; to address with submissive pe­
titions.
How much more, if we pray him, will his ear
Be open, and his heart to pity incline? Milton.
2. To ask for as a supplicant.
He that will have the benefit of this act, must pray a pro­
hibition before a sentence in the ecclesiastical court. Ayliffe.
3. To entreat in ceremony or form.
Pray my collegue Antonius I may speak with him;
And as you go, call on my brother Quintus,
And pray him with the tribunes to come to me. B. Johns.

PRA’YER. n. s. [priere, Fr.]
1. Petition to heaven.
They did say their prayers, and address'd them
Again to sleep. Shakesp. Macbeth.
O remember, God!
O hear her prayer for them as now for us. Shakesp.
Were he as famous and as bold in war,
As he is fam'd for mildness, peace and prayer. Shakesp.
My heart's desire and prayer to God for Israel is, that they
might be saved. Romans x. 1.
Sighs now breath'd
Inutterable, which the spirit of prayer
Inspir'd. Milton.
No man can always have the same spiritual pleasure in his
prayers; for the greatest saints have sometimes suffered the
banishment of the heart, sometimes are fervent, sometimes
they feel a barrenness of devotion; for this spirit comes and
goes. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
2. Entreaty; submissive importunity.
Prayer among men is supposed a means to change the per­
son to whom we pray; but prayer to God doth not change
him, but fits us to receive the things prayed for. Stillingfleet.

PRA’YERBOOK. n. s. [prayer and book.] Book of publick or
private devotions.
Get a prayerbook in your hand,
And stand between two churchmen;
For on that ground I'll build a holy descant. Shakesp.
I know not the names or number of the family which now
reigns, farther than the prayerbook informs me. Swift.

PRE. [præ, Lat.] A particle which, prefixed to words de­
rived from the Latin, marks priority of time or rank.

PRE

To PREACH. v. n. [prædico, Lat. prescher, Fr.] To pro­
nounce a publick discourse upon sacred subjects.
From that time Jesus began to preach. Mat. iv. 17.
Prophets preach of thee at Jerusalem. Neh. vi. 7.
Divinity would not pass the yard and loom, the forge or
anvil, nor preaching be taken in as an easier supplementary
trade, by those that disliked the pains of their own. D. of Pie.
As he was sent by his father, so were the apostles commis­
sionated by him to preach to the gentile world. D. of Piety.
The shape of our cathedral is not proper for our preaching
auditories, but rather the figure of an amphitheatre with
galleries. Graunt.

To PREACH. v. a.
1. To proclaim or publish in religious orations.
The Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge, that the word
of God was preached of Paul. Acts.
2. To inculcate publickly; to teach with earnestness.
There is not any thing publickly notified, but we may pro­
perly say it is preached. Hooker.
He oft to them preach'd
Conversion and repentance. Milton.
Can they preach up equality of birth,
And tell us how we all began from earth. Dryden.
Huge heaps of slain;
Among the rest, the rich Galesus lies,
A good old man while peace he preach'd in vain,
Amidst the madness of th' unruly train. Dryden.

PREACH. n. s. [presche, Fr. from the verb.] A discourse; a
religious oration.
This oversight occasioned the French spitefully to term re­
ligion in that sort exercised, a mere preach. Hooker.



PREA’CHER. n. s. [prescheur, Fr. from preach.]
1. One who discourses publickly upon religious subjects.
The Lord gave the word; great was the company of the
preachers. Psalm lxviii. 11.
You may hear the sound of a preacher's voice, when you
cannot distinguish what he saith. Bacon.
Here lies a truly honest man,
One of those few that in this town
Honour all preachers; hear their own. Crashaw.
2. One who inculcates any thing with earnestness and vehe­
mence.
No preacher is listened to but time, which gives us the
same train of thought, that elder people have tried in vain to
put into our heads before. Swift.

PREA’CHMENT. n. s. [from preach.] A sermon mentioned in
contempt; a discourse affectedly solemn.
Was't you, that revell'd in our parliament,
And made a preachment of your high descent. Shakesp.
All this is but a preachment upon the text at last.
L'Estrange.

PRE’AMBLE. n. s. [preambule, Fr.] Something previous;
introduction; preface.
How were it possible that the church should any way else
with such ease and certainty provide, that none of her chil­
dren may, as Adam, dissemble that wretchedness, the penitent
confession whereof is so necessary a preamble, especially to
common prayer. Hooker, b. v.
Truth as in this we do not violate, so neither is the same
gainsayed or crossed, no not in those very preambles placed be­
fore certain readings, wherein the steps of the Latin service
book have been somewhat too nearly followed. Hooker.
Doors shut, visits forbidden, and divers contestations with
the queen, all preambles of ruin, though now and then he did
wring out some petty contentments. Wotton.
This preamble to that history was not improper for this
relation. Clarendon's Hist. of the Rebellion.
With preamble sweet
Of charming symphony they introduce
Their sacred song, and waken raptures high. Milton.
I will not detain you with a long preamble. Dryden.

PREA’MBULARY. adj. [from preamble.] Previous. Not in
use.
He not only undermineth the base of religion, but de­
stroyeth the principle preambulous unto all belief, and puts
upon us the remotest error from truth. Brown.

PREA’MBULOUS. adj. [from preamble.] Previous. Not in
use.
He not only undermineth the base of religion, but de­
stroyeth the principle preambulous unto all belief, and puts
upon us the remotest error from truth. Brown.

PREAPPREHE’NSION. n. s. [pre and apprehend.] An opinion
formed before examination.
A conceit not to be made out by ordinary eyes, but such
as regarding the clouds, behold them in shapes conformable
to preapprehensions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PREASE. n. s.  Press; crowd. Spenser.See PRESS.
A ship into the sacred seas,
New-built, now launch we; and from out our prease
Chuse two and fifty youths. Chapman.

PREA’SING. part. adj. Crowding. Spenser.

PRE’BEND. n. s. [præbenda, low Latin; prebende, Fr.]
1. A stipend granted in cathedral churches.
His excellency gave the doctor a prebend in St. Patrick's ca­
thedral. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. Sometimes, but improperly, a stipendiary of a cathedral; a
prebendary.
Deans and canons, or prebends of cathedral churches, in
their first institution, were of great use, to be of counsel
with the bishop. Bacon.

PRE’BENDARY. n. s. [præbendarius, Lat.] A stipendiary of a
cathedral.
To lords, to principals, to prebendaries. Hubberd.
I bequeath to the Reverend Mr. Grattan, prebendary of St.
Audeon's, my gold bottle-screw. Swift's Last Will.

PRECA’RIOUS. adj. [precarius, Lat. precaire, Fr.] Depen­
dent; uncertain, because depending on the will of another;
held by courtesy; changeable or alienable at the pleasure of
another. No word is more unskilfully used than this with its
derivatives. It is used for uncertain in all its senses; but it
only means uncertain, as dependent on others: thus there
are authors who mention the precariousness of an account, of
the weather, of a die.
What subjects will precarious kings regard,
A beggar speaks too softly to be heard. Dryden.
Those who live under an arbitrary tyrannick power, have
no other law but the will of their prince, and consequently
no privileges but what are precarious. Addison.
This little happiness is so very precarious, that it wholly
depends on the will of others. Addison's Spectator.
He who rejoices in the strength and beauty of youth, should
consider by how precarious a tenure he holds these advantages,
that a thousand accidents may before the next dawn lay all
these glories in the dust. Rogers's Sermons.

PRECA’RIOUSLY. n. s. [from precarious.] Uncertainly by de­
pendence; dependently; at the pleasure of others.
Our scene precariously subsists too long
On French translation and Italian song:

Dare to have sense yourselves; assert the stage,
Be justly warm'd with your own native rage. Pope.

PRECA’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from precarious.] Uncertainty; de­
pendence on others. The following passage from a book,
otherwise elegantly written, affords an example of the impro­
priety mentioned at the word precarious.
Most consumptive people die of the discharge they spit up,
which, with the precariousness of the symptoms of an oppressed
diaphragm from a mere lodgement of extravasated matter,
render the operation but little adviseable. Sharp's Surgery.

PRECAU’TION. n. s. precaution, Fr. [from præcautus, Lat.]
Preservative caution; preventive measures.
Unless our ministers have strong assurances of his falling in
with the grand alliance, or not opposing it, they cannot be too
circumspect and speedy in taking their precautions against any
contrary resolution. Addison on the State of the War.

To PRECAU’TION. v. a. [precautioner, Fr. from the noun.]
To warn beforehand.
By the disgraces, diseases and beggary of hopeful young
men brought to ruin, he may be precautioned. Locke.

PRECEDA’NEOUS. adj. [This word is, I believe, mistaken by
the author for præcidaneous; præcidaneus, Lat. cut or slain
before. Nor is it used here in its proper sense.] previous,
antecedent.
That priority of particles of simple matter, influx of the
heavens and preparation of matter might be antecedent and
precedaneous, not only in order, but in time, to their ordinary
productions. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To PRECE’DE. v. a. [præcedo, Lat. preceder, Fr.]
1. To go before in order of time.
How are we happy, still in fear of harm;
But harm precedes not sin. Milton.
Arius and Pelagius durst provoke,
To what the centuries preceding spoke. Dryden.
The ruin of a state is generally preceded by an universal de­
generacy of manners and contempt of religion. Swift.
2. To go before according to the adjustment of rank.

PRECE’DENCE. n. s. [from præcedo, Lat.]
1. The act or state of going before; priority.
2. Something going before; something past.
I do not like but yet; it does allay
The good precedence. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
It is an epilogue or discourse, to make plain
Some obscure precedence that hath tofore been sain. Shakesp.
3. Adjustment of place.
The constable and marshal had cognizance, touching the
rights of place and precedence. Hale.
4. The foremost place in ceremony.
None sure will claim in hell
Precedence; none, whose portion is small
Of present pain, that with ambitious mind
Will covet more. Milton's Par. Lost.
The royal olive accompanied him with all his court, and
always gave him the precedency. Howel.
That person hardly will be found,
With gracious form and equal virtue crown'd;
Yet if another could precedence claim,
My fixt desires could find no fairer aim. Dryden.
5. Superiority.
Books will furnish him, and give him light and precedency
enough to go before a young follower. Locke.
Being distracted with different desires, the next inquiry
will be, which of them has the precedency, in determining
the will, to the next action. Locke.

PRECE’DENCY. n. s. [from præcedo, Lat.]
1. The act or state of going before; priority.
2. Something going before; something past.
I do not like but yet; it does allay
The good precedence. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
It is an epilogue or discourse, to make plain
Some obscure precedence that hath tofore been sain. Shakesp.
3. Adjustment of place.
The constable and marshal had cognizance, touching the
rights of place and precedence. Hale.
4. The foremost place in ceremony.
None sure will claim in hell
Precedence; none, whose portion is small
Of present pain, that with ambitious mind
Will covet more. Milton's Par. Lost.
The royal olive accompanied him with all his court, and
always gave him the precedency. Howel.
That person hardly will be found,
With gracious form and equal virtue crown'd;
Yet if another could precedence claim,
My fixt desires could find no fairer aim. Dryden.
5. Superiority.
Books will furnish him, and give him light and precedency
enough to go before a young follower. Locke.
Being distracted with different desires, the next inquiry
will be, which of them has the precedency, in determining
the will, to the next action. Locke.

PRECE’DENT. adj. [precedent, Fr. præcedens, Lat.] Former;
going before.
Do it at once,
Or thy precedent services are all
But accidents unpurpos'd. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Our own precedent passions do instruct us.
What levity's in youth. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
When you work by the imagination of another, it is ne­
cessary that he, by whom you work, have a precedent opinion
of you, that you can do strange things. Bacon.
Hippocrates, in his prognosticks, doth make good obser­
vations of the diseases that ensue upon the nature of the pre­
cedent four seasons of the year. Bacon.
The world, or any part thereof, could not be precedent to
the creation of man. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Truths, absolutely necessary to salvation, are to clearly re­
vealed, that we cannot err in them, unless we be notoriously
wanting to ourselves; herein the fault of the judgment is re­
solved into a precedent default in the will. South.

PRE’CEDENT. n. s. [The adjective has the accent on the second
syllable, the substantive on the first.] Any thing that is a rule
or example to future times; any thing done before of the
same kind.
Examples for cases can but direct as precedents only. Hooker.
Eleven hours I've spent to write it over,
The precedent was full as long a doing. Shakespeare.


A reason mighty, strong and effectual,
A pattern, precedent and lively warrant
For me, most wretched, to perform the like. Shakesp.
No pow'r in Venice
Can alter a decree established:
'Twill be recorded for a precedent;
And many an errour, by the same example,
Will rush into the state. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
God, in the administration of his justice, is not tied
to precedents, and we cannot argue, that the providences of
God towards other nations shall be conformable to his deal­
ings with the people of Israel. Tillotson's Sermons.
Such precedents are numberless; we draw
Our right from custom; custom is a law. Granville.

PRECE’DENTLY. adv. [from precedent, adj.] Beforehand.

PRECE’NTOR. n. s. [præcentor, Lat. precenteur, Fr.] He that
leads the choir.
Follow this precentor of ours, in blessing and magnifying
that God of all grace, and never yielding to those enemies,
which he died to give us power to resist and overcome. Hamm.

PRE’CEPT. n. s. [precepte, Fr. præceptum, Lat.] A rule autho­
ritatively given; a mandate; a commandment; a direction.
The custom of lessons furnishes the very simplest and rudest
sort with infallible axioms and precepts of sacred truth, deli­
vered even in the very letter of the law of God. Hooker.
'Tis sufficient, that painting be acknowledged for an art;
for it follows, that no arts are without their precepts. Dryden.
A precept or commandment consists in, and has respect to,
some moral point of doctrine, viz. such as concerns our man­
ners, and our inward and outward good behaviour. Ayliffe.

PRECE’PTIAL. adj. [from precept.] Consisting of precepts. A
word not in use.
Men
Can counsel, and give comfort to that grief
Which they themselves not feel; but tasting it,
Their counsel turns to passion, which before
Would give preceptial medicine to rage;
Fetter strong madness in a silken thread,
Charm ach with air, and agony with words. Shakesp.

PRECE’PTIVE. adj. [preceptivus, Lat. from precept.] Containing
precepts; giving precepts.
The ritual, the preceptive, the prophetick and all other
parts of sacred writ, were most sedulously, most religiously
guarded by them. Government of the Tongue.
As the preceptive part enjoins the most exact virtue, so is it
most advantageously enforced by the promissory, which, in
respect of the rewards, and the manner of proposing them,
is adapted to the same end. Decay of Piety.
The lesson given us here, is preceptive to us not to do any
thing but upon due consideration. L'Estrange.

PRECEPTOR. n. s. [præceptor, Lat. precepteur, Fr.] A teacher;
a tutor.
Passionate chiding carries rough language with it, and the
names that parents and preceptors give children, they will
not be ashamed to bestow on others. Locke.
It was to thee, great Stagyrite unknown,
And thy preceptor of divine renown. Blackmore.

PRECE’SSION. n. s. [from præcedo, præcessus, Lat.] The act of
going before.

PRECI’NCT. n. s. [præcinctus, Latin.] Outward limit; boundary.
The main body of the sea being one, yet within divers
precincts, hath divers names; so the catholick church is in
like sort divided into a number of distinct societies. Hooker.
Through all restraint broke loose, he wings his way
Not far off heav'n, in the precincts of light,
Directly towards the new-created world. Milton.

PRECIO’SITY. n. s. [from pretiosus, Lat.]
1. Value; preciousness.
2. Any thing of high price.
The index or forefinger was too naked whereto to commit
their preciosities, and hath the tuition of the thumb scarce unto
the second joint. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Barbarians seem to exceed them in the curiosity of their
application of these preciosities. More's Divine Dialogues.

PRE’CIOUS. adj. [precieux, Fr. pretiosus, Lat.]
1. Valuable; being of great worth.
Many things, which are most precious, are neglected only
because the value of them lieth hid. Hooker.
I cannot but remember such things were,
That were most precious to me. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Why in that rawness left you wife and children,
Those precious motives, those strong knots of love,
Without leave taking? Shakesp. Macbeth.
I never saw
Such precious deeds in one that promis'd nought
But begg'ry and poor luck. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
These virtues are the hidden beauties of a soul, which
make it lovely and precious in his sight, from whom no se­
crets are concealed. Addison's Spectator.
2. Costly; of great price: as, a precious stone.
Let none admire
That riches grow in hell; that soil may best
Deserve the precious bane. Milton.
3. Worthless. An epithet of contempt or irony.
More of the same kind, concerning these precious saints
amongst the Turks, may be seen in Pietro della valle. Locke.

PRE’CIOUSLY. adv. [from precious.]
1. Valuably; to a great price.
2. Contemptibly. In irony.

PRE’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from precious.] Valuableness; worth;
price.
Its preciousness equalled the price of pearls. Wilkins.

PRE’CIPICE. n. s. [præcipitium, Lat. precipice, Fr.] A head­
long steep; a fall perpendicular without gradual declivity.
You take a precipice for no leap of danger,
And woo your own destruction. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Where the water dasheth more against the bottom, there
it moveth more swiftly and more in precipice; for in the break­
ing of the waves there is ever a precipice. Bacon.
I ere long that precipice must tread,
Whence none return, that leads unto the dead. Sandys.
No stupendous precipice denies
Access, no horror turns away our eyes. Denham.
Swift down the precipice of time it goes,
And sinks in minutes, which in ages rose. Dryden.
His gen'rous mind the fair ideas drew
Of fame and honour, which in dangers lay;
Where wealth, like fruit, on precipices grew,
Not to be gather'd but by birds of prey. Dryden.
Drink as much as you can get; because a good coachman
never drives so well as when he is drunk; and then shew
your skill, by driving to an inch by a precipice. Swift.

PRECI’PITANCE. n. s. [from precipitant.] Rash haste; head­
long hurry.
Thither they haste with glad precipitance. Milton.
'Tis not likely that one of a thousand such precipitancies
should be crowned with so unexpected an issue. Glanvill.
As the chymist, by catching at it too soon, lost the philo­
sophical elixir, so precipitancy of our understanding is an occa­
sion of error. Glanvill's Sceps.
We apply present remedies according unto indications, re­
specting rather the acuteness of disease and precipitancy of oc­
casion, than the rising or setting of stars. Brown.
Hurried on by the precipitancy of youth, I took this oppor­
tunity to send a letter to the secretary. Gulliver's Travels.
A rashness and precipitance of judgment, and hastiness to
believe something on one side or the other, plunges us into
many errors. Watts's Logick.

PRECI’PITANCY. n. s. [from precipitant.] Rash haste; head­
long hurry.
Thither they haste with glad precipitance. Milton.
'Tis not likely that one of a thousand such precipitancies
should be crowned with so unexpected an issue. Glanvill.
As the chymist, by catching at it too soon, lost the philo­
sophical elixir, so precipitancy of our understanding is an occa­
sion of error. Glanvill's Sceps.
We apply present remedies according unto indications, re­
specting rather the acuteness of disease and precipitancy of oc­
casion, than the rising or setting of stars. Brown.
Hurried on by the precipitancy of youth, I took this oppor­
tunity to send a letter to the secretary. Gulliver's Travels.
A rashness and precipitance of judgment, and hastiness to
believe something on one side or the other, plunges us into
many errors. Watts's Logick.

PRECI’PITANT. adj. [præcipitans, Lat.]
1. Falling or rushing headlong.
Without longer pause,
Downright into the world's first region throws
His flight precipitant. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
The birds heedless while they strain
Their tuneful throats, the tow'ring heavy lead
O'ertakes their speed; they leave their little lives
Above the clouds, precipitant to earth. Philips.
2. Hasty; urged with violent haste.
Should he return, that troop so blithe and bold,
Precipitant in fcar, would wing their flight,
And curse their cumbrous pride's unwieldy weight. Pope.
3. Rashly hurried.
The commotions in Ireland were so sudden and so violent,
that it was hard to discern the rise, or apply a remedy to that
precipitant rebellion. King Charles.

PRECI’PITANTLY. adv. [from precipitant.] In headlong haste;
in a tumultuous hurry.

To PRECI’PITATE. v. a. [præcipito, Lat. precipiter, Fr. in
all the senses.]
1. To throw headlong.
She had a king to her son in law, yet was, upon dark and
unknown reasons, precipitated and banished the world into a
nunnery. Bacon's Henry VII.
Ere vengeance
Precipitate thee with augmented pain. Milton.
They were wont, upon a superstition, to precipitate a man
from some high cliff into the sea, tying about him with strings
many great fowls. Wilkins.
The virgin from the ground
Upstarting fresh, already clos'd the wound,
Precipitates her flight. Dryden.
The goddess guides her son, and turns him from the light,
Herself involv'd in clouds, precipitates her flight. Dryden.
2. To hasten unexpectedly.
Short, intermittent and swift recurrent pains do precipitate
patients into consumptions. Harvey.
3. To hurry blindly or rashly.
As for having them obnoxious to ruin, if they be of fear­
ful natures, it may do well; but if they be stout and daring,
it may precipitate their designs, and prove dangerous.
Bacon.
Dear Erythræa, let not such blind fury
Precipitate your thoughts, nor set them working,
Till time shall lend them better means,
Than lost complaints. Denham's Sophy.


3. To throw to the bottom. A term of chymistry opposed to
sublime.
Gold endures a vehement fire long without any change,
and after it has been divided by corrosive liquors into invisible
parts, yet may presently be precipitated, so as to appear again
in its own form. Grew's Cosmol.

To PRECI’PITATE. v. n.
1. To fall headlong.
Had'st thou been aught but goss'mer feathers,
So many fathom down precipitating,
Thoud'st shiver like an egg. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. To fall to the bottom as a sediment.
By strong water every metal will precipitate. Bacon.
3. To hasten without just preparation.
Neither did the rebels spoil the country, neither on the
other side did their forces encrease, which might hasten him
to precipitate and assail them. Bacon.

PRECI’PITATE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Steeply falling:
Barcephas faith, it was necessary this paradise should be set
at such a height, because the four rivers, had they not fallen
so precipitate, could not have had sufficient force to thrust
themselves under the great ocean. Raleigh.
When the full stores their antient bounds disdain,
Precipitate the furious torrent flows;
In vain would speed avoid, or strength oppose. Prior.
2. Headlong; hasty; rashly hasty.
The archbishop, too precipitate in pressing the reception of
that which he thought a reformation, paid dearly for it.
Clarendon.
3. Hasty; violent.
Mr. Gay died of a mortification of the bowels; it was the
most precipitate case I ever knew, having cut him off in three
days. Pope to Swift.

PRECI’PITATE. n. s. A corrosive medicine made by precipi­
tating mercury.
As the escar separated, I rubb'd the super-excrescence of
flesh with the vitriol-stone, or sprinkled it with precipitate.
Wiseman's Surgery.

PRECI’PITATELY. adv. [from precipitate.]
1. Headlong; steeply down.
2. Hastily; in blind hurry.
It may happen to those who vent praise or censure too pre­
cipitately, as it did to an English poet, who celebrated a noble­
man for erecting Dryden's monument, upon a promise which
he forgot, till it was done by another. Swift.
Not so bold Arnall; with a weight of scull
Furious he sinks, precipitately dull. Pope's Dunciad.

PRECIPITA’TION. n. s. [precipitation, Fr. from precipitate.]
1. The act of throwing headlong.
Let them pile ten hills on the Tarpeian rock,
That the precipitation might down-stretch
Below the beam of sight, yet will I still
Be this to them. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Violent motion downward.
That could never happen from any other cause than the
hurry, precipitation and rapid motion of the water, returning
at the end of the deluge, towards the sea. Woodward.
3. Tumultuous hurry; blind haste.
Here is none of the hurry and precipitation, none of the
blustering and violence, which must have attended those sup­
posititious changes. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
4. In chemistry, Subsidency: contrary to sublimation.
Separation is wrought by precipitation or sublimation; that
is, a calling of the parts up or down, which is a kind of at­
traction. Bacon.
The precipitation of the vegetative matter, after the deluge,
and the burying it in the strata underneath amongst the sand,
was to retrench the luxury of the productions of the earth,
which had been so ungratefully abused by its former inha­
bitants. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

PRECI’PITOUS. adj. [præcipites, Lat.]
1. Headlong; steep.
Monarchy, together with me, could not but be dashed in
pieces by such a precipitous fall as they intended. K. Charles.
2. Hasty; sudden.
Though the attempts of some have been precipitous, and
their enquiries so audacious as to have lost themselves in at­
tempts above humanity, yet have the enquiries of most de­
fected by the way. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
How precious the time is, how precipitous the occasion,
how many things to be done in their just season, after once a
ground is in order. Evelyn's Kalendar.
3. Rash; heady.
Thus fram'd for ill, he loos'd our triple hold,
Advice unsafe, precipitous and bold. Dryden.

PRE’CISE. adj. [precis, Fr. præcisus, Lat.]
1. Exact; strict; nice; having strict and determinate limita­
tions.
Means more durable to preserve the laws of God from ob­
livion and corruption grew in use, not without precise direc­
tion from God himself. Hooker, b. i.
You'll not bear a letter for me; you stand upon your ho­
nour; why, thou unconfinable baseness, it is as much as I can
do to keep the term of mine honour precise. Shakesp.
The state hath given you licence to stay on land six weeks,
and let it not trouble you if your occasions ask farther time;
for the law in this point is not precise. Bacon.
Let us descend from this top
Of speculation; for the hour precise
Exacts our parting. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xiii.
In human actions there are no degrees and precise natural
limits described, but a latitude is indulged. Taylor.
The reasonings must be precise, though the practice may
admit of great latitude. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The precise difference between a compound and collective
idea is this, that a compound idea unites things of a different
kind, but a collective, things of the same kind. Watts.
2. Formal; finical; solemnly and superstitiously exact.
The raillery of the wits in king Charles the Second's reign,
upon every thing which they called precise, was carried to so
great an extravagance, that it almost put all Christianity out
of countenance. Addison.

PRECI’SELY. adv. [from precise.]
1. Exactly; nicely; accurately.
Doth it follow, that all things in the church, from the
greatest to the least, are unholy, which the Lord hath not
himself precisely instituted? Hooker, b. v.
When the Lord had once precisely set down a form of exe­
cuting that wherein we are to serve him, the fault appeareth
greater to do that which we are not, than not to do that which
we are commanded. Hooker, b. ii.
He knows,
He cannot so precisely weed this land,
As his misdoubts present occasion,
His foes are so enrooted with his friends. Shakesp.
Where more of these orders than one shall be set in several
stories, there must be an exquisite care to place the columns
precisely one over another. Wotton's Architecture.
In his tract my wary feet have stept,
His undeclined ways precisely kept. Sandys.
The rule, to find the age of the moon, cannot shew pre­
cisely an exact account of the moon, because of the inequality
of the motions of the sun and of the moon. Holder.
Measuring the diameter of the fifth dark circle, I found
it the fifth part of an inch precisely. Newton's Opticks.
2. With superstitious formality; with too much scrupulosity;
with troublesome ceremony.

PRECI’SENESS. n. s. [from precise.] Exactness; rigid nicety.
I will distinguish the cases; though give me leave, in the
handling of them, not to sever them with too much precise­
ness. Bacon.
When you have fixed proper hours for particular studies,
keep to them, not with a superstitious preciseness, but with
some good degrees of a regular constancy. Watts.

PRECI’SIAN. n. s. [from precise.]
1. One who limits or restrains.
Though love use reason for his precisian, he admits him not
for his counsellor. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
2. One who is superstitiously rigorous.
A profane person calls a man of piety a precisian. Watts.

PRECI’SION. n. s. [precision, Fr.] Exact limitation.
He that thinks of being in general, thinks never of any
particular species of being; unless he can think of it with
and without precision at the same time. Locke.
I have left out the utmost precisions of fractions in these
computations as not necessary; these whole numbers shewing
well enough the difference of the value of guineas. Locke.
I was unable to treat this part more in detail, without sacri­
ficing perspicuity to ornament, without wandering from the
precision or breaking the chain of reasoning. Pope.

PRECI’SIVE. adj. [from precisus, Lat.] Exactly limiting, by
cutting off all that is not absolutely relative to the present
purpose.
Precisive abstraction is when we consider those things apart,
which cannot really exist apart; as when we consider mode,
without considering its substance or subject. Watts.

To PRECLU’DE. v. a. [præcludo, Lat.] To shut out or hinder
by some anticipation.
This much will obviate and preclude the objections of our
adversaries, that we do not determine the final cause of the
systematical parts of the world, merely as they have respect
to the exigences or conveniences of life. Bentley.
If you once allow them such an acceptation of chance, you
have precluded yourself from any more reasoning against
them. Bentley's Sermons.
I fear there will be no way left to tell you, that I entirely
esteem you; none but that which no bills can preclude, and
no king can prevent. Pope.

PRECO’CIOUS. adj. [præcocis, Lat. precose, Fr.] Ripe before
the time.
Many precocious trees, and such as have their spring in the
winter, may be found in most parts. Brown.



PRECO’CITY. n. s. [from precocious.] Ripeness before the time.
Some impute the cause of his fall to a precocity of spirit and
valour in him; and that therefore some infectious southern air
did blast him. Howel's Vocal Forest.

To PRECO’GITATE. v. a. [præcogito, Lat.] To consider or
scheme beforehand.

PRECOGNI’TION. n. s. [præ and cognitio, Lat.] Previous know­
ledge; antecedent examination.

PRECONCEI’T. n. s. [præ and conceit.] An opinion previously
formed.
A thing in reason impossible, which notwithstanding through
their misfashioned preconceit, appeared unto them no less cer­
tain than if nature had written it in the very foreheads of
all the creatures. Hooker.

To PRECONCEI’VE. v. a. [præ and conceive.] To form an
opinion beforehand; to imagine beforehand.
In a dead plain the way seemeth the longer, because the
eye hath preconceived it shorter than the truth; and the frus­
trations of that maketh it seem so. Bacon.
Fondness of preconceived opinions is not like to render your
reports suspect, nor for want of sagacity or care, defective.
Glanvill's Sceps.
The reason why men are so weak in governing is, because
most things fall out accidentally, and come not into any com­
pliance with their preconceived ends, but they are forced to
comply subsequently. South's Sermons.

PRECONCE’PTION. n. s. [præ and conception.] Opinion pre­
viously formed.
Custom with most men prevails more than truth, according
to the notions and preconceptions, which it hath formed in
our minds, we shape the discourse of reason itself. Hakewill.

PRECO’NTRACT. n. s. [præ and contract. This was formerly
accented on the last syllable.] A contract previous to another.
He is your husband on a precontract;
To bring you thus together, 'tis no sin. Shakesp.

To PRECONTRA’CT. v. a. [præ and contract.] To contract or
bargain beforehand.
Some are such as a man cannot make his wife, though he
himself be unmarried, because they are already precontracted
to some other; or else are in too near a degree of affinity or
consanguinity. Ayliffe.

PRECU’RSE. n. s. [from præcurro, Lat.] Forerunning.
The like precurse of fierce events,
As harbingers preceding still the fates,
And prologue to the omen coming on,
Have heaven and earth together demonstrated. Shakespeare.

PRECU’RSOR. n. s. [præcursor, Lat. precurseur, Fr.] Fore­
runner; harbinger.
Jove's lightnings, the precursers
Of dreadful thunder claps, more momentary
Were not. Shakesp. Tempest.
This contagion might have been presaged upon considera­
tion of its precursors, viz. a rude winter, and a close, sul­
phurous and fiery air. Harvey on the Plague.
Thomas Burnet played the precurser to the coming of Ho­
mer in his Homerides. Pope.

PREDA’CEOUS. adj. [from præda, Lat.] Living by prey.
As those are endowed with poison, because they are preda­
ceous; so these need it not, because their food is near at hand,
and may be obtained without contest. Derham.

PREdal. adj. [from præda, Lat.] Robbing; practising
plunder. This word is not countenanced from analogy.
Sarmatia, laid by predal rapine low,
Mourn'd the hard yoke, and sought relief in vain. Sa. Boyse.

PRE’DATORY. adj. [prædatorius, Lat. from præda, Lat.]
1. Plundering; practising rapine.
The king called his parliament, where he exaggerated the
malice and the cruel predatory war made by Scotland. Bacon.
2. Hungry; preying; rapacious; ravenous.
The evils that come of exercise are, that it maketh the
spirits more hot and predatory. Bacon.

PREDECEA’SED. adj. [præ and deceased.] Dead before.
Will you mock at an ancient tradition, began upon an ho­
nourable respect, and worn as a memorable trophy of prede­
ceased valour. Shakesp. Henry V.

PREDECE’SSOR. n. s. [predecesseur, Fr. præ and decedo, Lat.]
1. One that was in any state or place before another.
In these pastoral pastimes, a great many days were spent
to follow their flying predecessors. Sidney.
There is cause, why we should be slow and unwilling to
change, without very urgent necessity, the ancient ordinances,
rites and long approved customs of our venerable predecessors.
Hooker.
If I seem partial to my predecessor in the laurel, the friends
of antiquity are not few. Dryden.
The present pope, who is well acquainted with the secret
history, and the weakness of his predecessor, seems resolved to
bring the project to its perfection. Addison.
The more beauteous Cloe sat to thee,
Good Howard, emulous of Apelles' art;
But happy thou from Cupid's arrow free,
And flames that pierc'd thy predecessor's heart. Prior.
2. Ancestors.

PREDESTINA’RIAN. n. s. [from predestinate.] One that holds
the doctrine of predestination.
Why does the predestinarian so adventurously climb into
heaven, to ransack the celestial archives, read God's hidden
decrees, when with less labour he may secure an authentick
transcript within himself. Decay of Piety.

To PREDE’STINATE. v. a. [predestiner, Fr. præ and destino,
Lat.] To appoint beforehand by irreversible decree.
Some gentleman or other shall scape a predestinate scratcht
face. Shakespeare.
Whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be con­
formed to the image of his son. Romans viii. 29.
Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by
Jesus Christ to himself. Eph. i. 5.

To PREDE’STINATE. v. n. To hold predestination. In ludi­
crous language.
His ruff crest he rears,
And pricks up his predestinating ears. Dryden.

PREDESTINA’TION. n. s. [predestination, Fr. from predestinate.]
Fatal decree; pre-ordination.
Predestination we can difference no otherwise from provi­
dence and prescience, than this, that prescience only fore­
seeth, providence foreseeth and careth for, and hath respect
to all creatures, and predestination is only of men; and yet
not of all to men belonging, but of their salvation properly
in the common use of divines; or perdition, as some have
used it. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Nor can they justly accuse
Their maker, or their making, or their fate;
As if predestination over-rul'd
Their will, dispos'd by absolute decree,
Or high fore-knowledge. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.

PREDESTINA’TOR. n. s. [from predestinate.] One that holds
predestination or the prevalence of pre-established necessity.
Me, mine example let the Stoicks use,
Their sad and cruel doctrine to maintain;
Let all predestinators me produce,
Who struggle with eternal fate in vain. Cowley.

To PREDE’STINE. v. a. [præ and destine.] To decree before­
hand.
Ye careful angels, whom eternal fate
Ordains on earth and human acts to wait,
Who turn with secret pow'r this restless ball,
And bid predestin'd empires rise and fall. Prior.

PREDETERMINA’TION. n. s. [predetermination, Fr. præ and
determination.] Determination made beforehand.
This predetermination of God's own will is so far from being
the determining of ours, that it is distinctly the contrary; for
supposing God to predetermine that I shall act freely; 'tis
certain from thence, that my will is free in respect of God,
and not predetermined. Hammond's Fundamentals.

To PREDETE’RMINE. v. a. [præ and determine.] To doom or
consine by previous decree.
We see in brutes certain sensible instincts antecedent to their
imaginative faculty, whereby they are predetermined to the
convenience of the sensible life. Hale.

PRE’DIAL. [prædium, Lat.] Consisting of farms.
By the civil law, their predial estates are liable to fiscal
payments and taxes, as not being appropriated for the service
of divine worship, but for profane uses. Ayliffe.

PRE’DICABLE. adj. [predicable, Fr. prædicabilis, Lat.] Such as
may be affirmed of something.

PREDI’CABLE. n. s. [prædicabile, Lat.] A logical term, de­
noting one of the five things which can be affirmed of any
thing.
These they call the five predicables; because every thing
that is affirmed concerning any being, must be the genus, spe­
cies, difference, some property or accident. Watts.

PRE’DICAMENT. n. s. [predicament, Fr. prædicamentum, Lat.]
1. A class or arrangement of beings or substances ranked ac­
cording to their natures: called also categorema or cate­
gory. Harris.
If there were nothing but bodies to be ranked by them in
the predicament of place, then that description would be al­
lowed by them as sufficient. Digby on Bodies.
2. Class or kind described by any definitive marks.
The offender's life lies in the mercy
Of the duke only, 'gainst all other voice;
In which predicament I say thou stand'st. Shakesp.
I shew the line and the predicament,
Wherein you range under this subtle king. Shakesp.

PREDICAME’NTAL. adj. [from predicament.] Relating to pre­
dicaments.

PRE’DICANT. n. s. [prædicans, Lat.] One that affirms any
thing.

To PRE’DICATE. v. a. [prædico, Lat.] To affirm any
thing of another thing.
All propositions, wherein a part of the complex idea,
which any term stands for, is predicated of that term, are
only verbal; v. g. to say that gold is a metal. Locke.



To PRE’DICATE. v. n. To affirm or speak.
It were a presumption to think, that any thing in any
created nature can bear any perfect resemblance of the incom­
prehensible perfection of the divine nature, very being itself
not predicating univocally touching him and any created
being. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

PRE’DICATE. n. s. [prædicatum, Lat.] That which is affirmed
of the subject; as man is rational.
The predicate is that which is affirmed or denied of the
subject. Watts's Logick.

PREDICA’TION. n. s. [prædicatio, Lat. from predicate.] Affir­
mation concerning any thing.
Let us reason from them as well as we can; they are only
about identical predications and influence. Locke.

To PREDI’CT. v. a. [prædictus, Lat. predire, Fr.] To fore­
tell; to foreshow.
He is always inveighing against such unequal distributions;
nor does he ever cease to predict publick ruins, till his private
are repaired. Government of the Tongue.

PREDI’CTION. n. s. [prædictio, Lat. prediction, Fr. from pre­
dict.] Prophesy; declaration of something future.
These predictions
Are to the world in general, as to Cæsar. Shakesp.
The predictions of cold and long winters, hot and dry
summers, are good to be known. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
How soon hath thy prediction, seer blest!
Measur'd this transient world the race of time,
Till time stand fix'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
In Christ they all meet with an invincible evidence, as if
they were not predictions, but after-relations; and the penmen
of them not prophets but evangelists. South's Sermons.
He, who prophesy'd the best,
Approves the judgment to the rest;
He'd rather choose, that I should die,
Than his prediction prove a lie. Swift's Miscel.

PREDI’CTOR. n. s. [from predict.] Foreteller.
Whether he has not been the cause of this poor man's
death, as well as the predictor, may be disputed. Swift.

PREDIGE’STION. n. s. [præ and digestion.] Digestion too soon
performed.
Predigestion, or hasty digestion, fills the body full of cru­
dities and seeds of diseases. Bacon's Essays.

To PREDISPO’SE. v. a. [præ and dispose.] To adapt previously
to any certain purpose.
Vegetable productions require heat of the sun, to predispose
and excite the earth and the seeds. Burnet.
Unless nature be predisposed to friendship by its own pro­
pensity, no arts of obligation shall be able to abate the secret
hatreds of some persons towards others. South's Sermons.

PREDISPOSI’TION. n. s. [præ and disposition.] Previous adapta­
tion to any certain purpose.
It was conceived to proceed from a malignity in the con­
stitution of the air, gathered by the predispositions of seasons.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Tunes and airs have in themselves some affinity with the
affections; so as it is no marvel if they alter the spirits, consi­
dering that tunes have a predisposition to the motion of the
spirits. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
External accidents are often the occasional cause of the
king's evil; but they suppose a predisposition of the body.
Wiseman's Surgery.

PREDO’MINANCE. n. s. [præ and domina, Lat.] Prevalence;
superiority; ascendency; superior in­
fluence.
We make guilty of our disasters, the sun, the moon and
the stars, as if we were knaves, thieves and treacherous by
spherical predominance. Shakesp. King Lear.
An inflammation consists only of a sanguineous affluxion, or
else is denominable from other humours, according to the
predominancy of melancholy, phlegm or choler. Brown.
In human bodies, there is an incessant warfare amongst the
humours for predominancy. Howel's Vocal Forest.
The true cause of the Pharisees disbelief of Christ's doc­
trine, was the predominance of their covetousness and ambi­
tion over their will. South's Sermons.
The several rays therefore in that white light do retain their
colorific qualities, by which those of any sort, whenever they
become more copious than the rest, do, by their excess
and predominance, cause their proper colour to appear.
Newton.

PREDO’MINANCY. n. s. [præ and domina, Lat.] Prevalence;
superiority; ascendency; superior in­
fluence.
We make guilty of our disasters, the sun, the moon and
the stars, as if we were knaves, thieves and treacherous by
spherical predominance. Shakesp. King Lear.
An inflammation consists only of a sanguineous affluxion, or
else is denominable from other humours, according to the
predominancy of melancholy, phlegm or choler. Brown.
In human bodies, there is an incessant warfare amongst the
humours for predominancy. Howel's Vocal Forest.
The true cause of the Pharisees disbelief of Christ's doc­
trine, was the predominance of their covetousness and ambi­
tion over their will. South's Sermons.
The several rays therefore in that white light do retain their
colorific qualities, by which those of any sort, whenever they
become more copious than the rest, do, by their excess
and predominance, cause their proper colour to appear.
Newton.

PREDO’MINANT. adj. [predominant, Fr. præ and dominor.]
Prevalent; supreme in influence; ascendent.
Miserable were the condition of that church, the weighty
affairs whereof should be ordered by those deliberations,
wherein such an humour as this were predominant. Hooker.
Foul subornation is predominant,
And equity exil'd your highness' land. Shakesp.
It is a planet, that will strike
Where 'tis predominant; and 'tis powerful. Shakesp.
Those helps were overweighed by divers things that made
against him, and were predominant in the king's mind.
Bacon.
Whether the sun, predominant in heav'n,
Rise on the earth; or earth rise on the sun. Milton.
I could shew you several pieces, where the beauties of this
kind are so predominant, that you could never be able to read
or understand them. Swift.

To PREDO’MINATE. v. n. [predominer, Fr. præ and dominor,
Lat.] To prevail; to be ascendent; to be supreme in in­
fluence.
So much did love t' her executed lord
Predominate in this fair lady's heart. Daniel.
The gods formed womens souls out of these principles
which compose several kinds of animals; and their good or
bad disposition arises, according as such and such principles
predominate in their constitutions. Addison.
The rays, reflected least obliquely, may predominate over
the rest, so much as to cause a heap of such particles to ap­
pear very intensely of their colour. Newton's Opticks.
Where judgment is at a loss to determine the choice of a
lady who has several lovers, fancy may the more allowably
predominate. Clarissa.

To PRE’ELECT. v. a. [præ and elect.] To chuse by previous
decree.

PRE’EMINENCE. n. s. [preeminence, Fr. præ and eminence.
It is sometimes written, to avoid the junction of ee, prehe­
minence.]
1. Superiority of excellence.
I plead for the preeminence of epick poetry. Dryden.
Let profit have the preeminence of honour in the end of
poetry; pleasure, though but the second in degree, is the
first in favour. Dryden.
The preeminence of christianity to any other religious
scheme which preceded it, appears from this, that the most
eminent among the Pagan philosophers disclaimed many of
those superstitious follies which are condemned by revealed
religion. Addison.
2. Precedence; priority of place.
His lance brought him captives to the triumph of Artesia's
beauty, such, as though Artesia be amongst the fairest, yet
in that company were to have the preeminence. Sidney.
He toucheth it as a special preeminence of Junias and An­
dronicus, that in christianity they were his ancients.
Hooker.
I do invest you jointly with my power,
Preeminence, and all the large effects
That troop with majesty. Shakesp. King Lear.
The English desired no preeminence, but offered equality
both in liberty and privilege, and in capacity of offices and
employments. Hayward.
Am I distinguish'd from you but by toils,
Superior toils, and heavier weight of cares!
Painful preeminence. Addison's Cato.
3. Superiority of power or influence.
That which standeth on record, hath preeminence above that
which passeth from hand to hand, and hath no pens but the
tongues, no book but the ears of men. Hooker.
Beyond the equator, the Southern point of the needle is
sovereign, and the North submits his preeminence. Brown.

PRE’EMINENT. adj. [preeminent, Fr. præ and eminent.] Excel­
lent above others.
Tell how came I here? by some great maker
In goodness and in pow'r preeminent. Milton.
We claim a proper interest above others, in the preeminent
rights of the houshold of faith. Sprat's Sermons.

PRE’EMPTION. n. s. [præemptio, Lat.] The right of purcha­
sing before another.
Certain persons, in the reigns of king Edward VI. and
queen Mary, sought to make use of this preemption, but crossed
in the prosecution, or defeated in their expectation, gave it
over. Carew.

To PREENGA’GE. v. a. [præ and engage.] To engage by
precedent ties or contracts.
The world has the unhappy advantage of preengaging our
passions, at a time when we have not reflection enough to
look beyond the instrument to the hand whose direction it
obeys. Rogers's Sermons.
To Cipseus by his friends his suit he mov'd,
But he was preengag'd by former ties. Dryden.
Not only made an instrument;
But preengaged without my own consent. Dryden.

PREENGA’GEMENT. n. s. [from preengage.] Precedent obli­
gation.
My preengagements to other themes were not unknown to
those for whom I was to write. Boyle.
The opinions, suited to their respective tempers, will
make way to their assent, in spite of accidental preengage­
ments. Glanvill's Sceps.
Men are apt to think, that those obediences they pay to
God shall, like a preengagement, disannull all after-contracts
made by guilt. Decay of Piety.
As far as opportunity and former preengagements will give
leave. Collier of Friendship.



To PREEN. v. a. [priinen, Dutch, to dress or prank up.] To
trim the feathers of birds, to enable them to glide more easily
through the air: for this use nature has furnished them with
two peculiar glands, which secrete an unctuous matter into a
persorated oil bag, out of which the bird, on occasion, draws
it with its bill. Bailey.

To PREESTA’BLISH. v. a. [præ and establish.] To settle
beforehand.

PREESTA’BLISHMENT. n. s. [from preestablish.] Settlement
beforehand.

To PREEXI’ST. v. a. [præ and existo, Lat.] To exist be­
forehand.
If thy preexisting soul
Was form'd at first with myriads more,
It did through all the mighty poets roll. Dryden.

PREEXI’STENCE. n. s. [preexistence, Fr. from preexist.] Ex­
istence beforehand; existence of the soul before its union with
the body.
Wisdom declares her antiquity and preexistence to all the
works of this earth. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
As Simonides has exposed the vicious part of women, from
the doctrine of preexistence; some of the ancient philosophers
have satyrized the vicious part of the human species, from a
notion of the soul's postexistence. Addison.

PREEXISTENT. adj. [preexistent, Fr. præ and existent.] Ex­
istent beforehand; preceding in existence.
Artificial things could not be from eternity, because they
suppose man, by whose art they were made, preexistent to
them; the workman must be before the work. Burnet.
Blind to former, as to future fate,
What mortal knows his preexistent state? Pope.
If this preexistent eternity is not compatible with a suc­
cessive duration, then some being, though infinitely above our
finite comprehensions, must have had an identical, invariable
continuance from all eternity, which being is no other than
God. Bentley's Sermons.

PRE’FACE. n. s. [preface, Fr. præfatio, Lat.] Something
spoken introductory to the main design; introduction; some­
thing proemial.
This superficial tale
Is but a preface to her worthy praise. Shakesp.
Sir Thomas More betrayed his depth of judgment in
state affairs in his Utopia, than which, in the opinion of
Budæus in a preface before it, our age hath not seen a thing
more deep. Peacham of Poetry.
Heav'n's high behest no preface needs;
Sufficient that thy pray'rs are heard, and death
Defeated of his seizure. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

To PREFACE. v. n. [prefari, Lat.] To say something intro­
ductory.
Before I enter upon the particular parts of her character,
it is necessary to preface, that she is the only child of a de­
crepid father. Spectator, No 449.

To PREFACE. v. a.
1. To introduce by something proemial.
Thou art rash,
And must be prefac'd into government. Southern.
2. To face; to cover. A ludicrous sense.
I love to wear cloaths that are flush,
Not prefacing old rags with plush. Cleaveland.

PRE’FACER. n. s. [from preface.] The writer of a preface.
If there be not a tolerable line in all these fix, the prefacer
gave me no occasion to write better. Dryden.

PRE’FATORY. adj. [from preface.] Introductory.
If this proposition, whosoever will be saved, be restrained
only to those to whom it was intended, the christians, then
the anathema reaches not the heathens, who had never heard
of Christ: after all, I am far from blaming even that prefa­
tory addition to the creed. Dryden.

PRE’FECT. n. s. [præfectus, Lat.] Governor; commander.
He is much
The better soldier, having been a tribune,
Prefect, lieutenant, prætor in the war. Benj. Johnson.
It was the custom in the Roman empire, for the prefects
and vice-roys of distant provinces to transmit a relation of
every thing remarkable in their administration. Addison.

PREFE’CTURE. n. s. [prefecture, Fr. præfectura, Lat.] Com­
mand; office of government.

To PREFE’R. v. a. [preferer, Fr. præfero, Lat.]
1. To regard more than another.
With brotherly love, in honour prefer one another. Ro.
2. With above before the thing postponed.
If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the
roof of my mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief
joy. Psalm cxxxvii. 6.
3. With before.
He that cometh after me, is preferred before me; for he
was before me. Jo. i. 15.
It may worthily seem unto you a most shameful thing, to
have prefered an infamous peace before a most just war. Knolles.
O spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples th' upright heart. Milton.
4. With to.
Would he rather leave this frantick scene,
And trees and beasts prefer to courts and men. Prior.
5. To advance; to exalt; to raise.
By the recommendation of the earl of Dunbar, he was
prefer'd to the bishoprick of Coventry and Litchfield. Clarend.
He spake, and to her hand prefer'd the bowl. Pope.
6. To offer solemnly; to propose publickly; to exhibit.
They flatly disavouch
To yield him more obedience or support;
And as t' a perjur'd duke of Lancaster,
Their cartel of defiance they prefer. Daniel.
I, when my soul began to faint,
My vows and prayers to thee prefer'd;
The lord my passionate complaint,
Even from his holy temple, heard. Sandys.
Prefer a bill against all kings and parliaments since the
conquest; and if that won't do, challenge the crown and
the two houses. Collier on Duelling.
Take care,
Lest thou prefer so rash a pray'r;
Nor vainly hope the queen of love
Will e'er thy fav'rite's charms improve. Prior.
Every person within the church or commonwealth may
prefer an accusation, that the delinquent may suffer condign
punishment. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PRE’FERABLE. adj. [preferable, Fr. from prefer.] Eligible be­
fore something else. With to commonly before the thing re­
fused.
The stronger ties we have to an unalterable pursuit of hap­
piness, which is greatest good, the more are we free from
any necessary compliance with our desire, set upon any par­
ticular, and then appearing preferable good, till we have duly
examined it. Locke.
Though it be incumbent on parents to provide for their
children, yet this debt to their children does not quite cancel
the score due to their parents; but only is made by nature
preferable to it. Locke.
Almost every man in our nation is a politician, and hath a
scheme of his own, which he thinks preferable to that of any
other. Addison's Freeholder.
Even in such a state as this, the pleasures of virtue would
be superior to those of vice, and justly preferable. Atterb.

PRE’FERABLENESS. adj. [from preferable.] The state of being
preferable.

PRE’FERABLY. adv. [from preferable.] In preference; in such
a manner as to prefer one thing to another.
How came he to chuse a comick preferably to the tragick
poets; or how comes he to chuse Plautus preferably to Te­
rence. Dennis.

PRE’FERENCE. n. s. [preference, Fr. from prefer.]
1. The act of prefering; estimation of one thing above an­
other; election of one rather than another.
It gives as much due to good works, as is consistent with
the grace of the gospel; it gives as much preference to divine
grace, as is consistent with the precepts of the gospel. Sprat.
Leave the criticks on either side, to contend about the pre­
ference due to this or that sort of poetry. Dryden.
We find in ourselves a power to begin or forbear several
actions of our minds and motions of our bodies, barely by a
thought or preference of the mind, ordering the doing, or not
doing such a particular action. Locke.
The several musical instruments in the hands of the Apollo's,
Muses and Fauns, might give light to the dispute for preference
between the ancient and modern musick. Addison.
A secret pleasure touch'd Athena's soul
To see the pref'rence due to sacred age
Regarded. Pope's Odyssey.
2. With to before the thing postponed.
This passes with his soft admirers, and gives him the pre­
ference to Virgil. Dryden.
It directs one, in preference to, or with neglect of the other,
and thereby either the continuation or change becomes vo­
luntary. Locke.
3. With above.
I shall give an account of some of those appropriate and
discriminating notices wherein the human body differs, and
hath preference above the most perfect brutal nature. Hale.
4. With before.
Herein is evident the visible discrimination between the hu­
man nature, and its preference before it. Hale.
5. With over.
The knowledge of things alone gives a value to our rea­
sonings, and preference to one man's knowledge over an­
other. Locke.

PREFE’RMENT. n. s. [from prefer.]
1. Advancement to a higher station.
I'll move the king
To any shape of thy preferment, such
As thou'lt desire. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
If you hear of that blind traitor,
Preferment falls on him that cuts him off. Shakesp.


Princes must, by a vigorous exercise of that law, make it
every man's interest and honour to cultivate religion and vir­
tue, by rendering vice a disgrace, and the certain ruin to pre­
ferment or pretensions. Swift.
2. A place of honour or profit.
All preferments should be placed upon fit men. L'Estrange.
3. Preference; act of prefering. Not in use.
All which declare a natural preferment of the one unto the
motion before the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PREFE’RER. [from prefer.] One who prefers.

To PREFI’GURATE. v. a. [præ and figuro, Lat.] To shew
by an antecedent representation.

PREFIGURA’TION. n. s. [from prefigurate.] Antecedent re­
presentation.
The same providence that hath wrought the one, will
work the other; the former being pledges, as well as prefi­
gurations of the latter. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The variety of prophesies and prefigurations had their punc­
tual accomplishment in the author of this institution. Norris.

To PREFI’GURE. v. a. [præ and figuro, Lat.] To exhibit by
antecedent representation.
What the Old Testament hath, the very same the New
containeth; but that which lieth there, as under a shadow,
is here brought forth into the open sun; things there prefi­
gured, are here performed. Hooker.
Such piety, so chaste use of God's day,
That what we turn to feast, she turn'd to pray,
And did prefigure here in devout taste,
The rest of her high sabbath, which shall last. Donne.
If shame superadded to loss, and both met together, as
the sinners portion here, perfectly prefiguring the two saddest
ingredients in hell, deprivation of the blissful vision, and con­
fusion of face, cannot prove efficacious to the mortifying of
vice, the church doth give over the patient Hammond.

To PREFI’NE. v. a. [prefinir, Fr. præfinio, Lat.] To limit
beforehand.
He, in his immoderate desires, prefined unto himself three
years, which the great monarchs of Rome could not perform
in so many hundreds. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

To PREFI’X. v. a. [præfigo, Lat.]
1. To appoint beforehand.
At the prefix'd hour of her awaking,
Came I to take her from her kindred's vault. Shakesp.
A time prefix, and think of me at last! Sandys.
Its inundation constantly increaseth the seventh day of June;
wherein a larger form of speech were safer, than that which
punctually prefixeth a constant day. Brown.
Booth's forward valour only serv'd to show,
He durst that duty pay we all did owe:
Th' attempt was fair; but heav'ns prefixed hour
Not come. Dryden.
2. To settle; to establish.
Because I would prefix some certain boundary between them,
the old statutes end with king Edward II. the new or later
statutes begin with king Edward III. Hale's Law of England.
These boundaries of species are as men, and not as nature
makes them, if there are in nature any such prefixed
bounds. Locke.
3. To put before another thing: as, he prefixed an advertisement
to his book.

PREFI’X. n. s. [præfixum, Lat.] Some particle put before a
word, to vary its signification.
In the Hebrew language the noun has its prefixa and affixa,
the former to signify some few relations, and the latter to de­
note the pronouns possessive and relative. Clarke.
It is a prefix of augmentation to many words in that lan­
guage. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PREFI’XION. n. s. [prefixion, Fr. from prefix.] The act of
prefixing. Dict.

To PREFO’RM. v. a. [præ and form.] To form beforehand.
If you consider the true cause,
Why all these things change, from their ordinance,
Their natures and preformed faculties,
To monstrous quality; why you shall find,
That heav'n made them instruments of fear
Unto some monstrous state. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

PRE’GNANCY. n. s. [from pregnant.]
1. The state of being with young.
The breast is encompassed with ribs, and the belly left free,
for respiration; and in females, for that extraordinary exten­
sion in the time of their pregnancy. Ray on the Creation.
2. Fertility; fruitfulness; inventive power; acuteness.
Pregnancy is made a tapster, and hath his quick wit wasted
in giving reckonings. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
This writer, out of the pregnancy of his invention, hath
found out an old way of insinuating the grossest reflections
under the appearance of admonitions. Swift's Miscel.

PRE’GNANT. adj. [pregnant, Fr. prægnans, Lat.]
1. Teeming; breeding.
Thou
Dove-like sat'st brooding on the vast abyss,
And mad'st it pregnant. Milton.
His town, as fame reports, was built of old
By Danae, pregnant with almighty gold. Dryden.
Through either ocean, foolish man!
That pregnant word sent forth again,
Might to a world extend each atom there,
For every drop call forth a sea, a heav'n for ev'ry star. Pri.
2. Fruitful; fertile; impregnating.
All these in their pregnant causes mixt: Milton.
Call the floods from high, to rush amain
With pregnant streams, to swell the teeming grain. Dryden.
3. Full of consequence.
These knew not the just motives and pregnant grounds,
with which I thought myself furnished. King Charles.
An egregious and pregnant instance how far virtue surpasses
ingenuity. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
 detestable, passive obedience! did I ever imagine I
should become thy votary in so pregnant an instance. Arb.
4. Evident; plain; clear; full. An obsolete sense.
This granted, as it is a most pregnant and unforc'd position,
who stands so eminent in the degree of this fortune as Cassio?
a knave very voluble. Skakesp. Othello.
Were't not that we stand up against them all,
'Twere pregnant, they should square between themselves.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
5. Easy to produce any thing.
A most poor man made tame to fortune's blows,
Who by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. Free; kind. Obsolete.
My matter hath no voice, but to your own most pregnant
and vouchsafed ear. Shakespeare.

PRE’GNANTLY. adv. [from pregnant.]
1. Fruitfully.
2. Fully; plainly; clearly.
A thousand moral paintings I can shew,
That shall demonstrate these quick blows of fortune
More pregnantly than words. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
The dignity of this office among the Jews is so pregnantly
set forth in holy writ, that it is unquestionable; kings and
priests are mentioned together. South's Sermons.

PREGUSTA’TION. n. s. [præ and gusto, Lat.] The act of
tasting before another.

To PREJU’DGE. v. a. [prejuger, Fr. præ and judico, Lat.] To
determine any question beforehand; generally to condemn
beforehand.
If he stood upon his own title of the house of Lancaster,
he knew it was condemn'd in parliament, and prejudged in
the common opinion of the realm, and that it tended to the
disinherison of the line of York. Bacon's Henry VII.
The child was strong and able, though born in the eight
month, which the physicians do prejudge. Bacon.
The committee of council hath prejudged the whole case,
by calling the united sense of both houses of parliament an
universal clamour. Swift.
Some action ought to be entered, lest a greater cause should
be injured and prejudged thereby. Ayliffe.

To PREJU’DICATE. v. a. [præ and judico, Lat.] To de­
termine beforehand to disadvantage.
Our dearest friend
Prejudicates the business, and would seem
To have us make denial. Shakespeare.
Are you, in favour of his person, bent
Thus to prejudicate the innocent? Sandys.

PREJU’DICATE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Formed by prejudice; formed before examination.
This rule of casting away all our former prejudicate opi­
nions, is not proposed to any of us to be practised at once as
subjects or christians, but merely as philosophers. Watts.
2. Prejudiced; prepossessed.
Their works will be embraced by most that understand
them, and their reasons enforce belief from prejudicate
readers. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PREJUDICA’TION. n. s. [from prejudicate.] The act of judg­
ing beforehand.

PRE’JUDICE. n. s. [prejudice, Fr. prejudicium, Lat.]
1. Prepossession; judgment formed beforehand without exami­
nation. It is used for prepossession in favour of any thing or
against it. It is sometimes used with to before that which the
prejudice is against, but not properly.
The king himself frequently considered more the person
who spoke, as he was in his prejudice, than the counsel itself
that was given. Clarendon, b. viii.
My comfort is, that their manifest prejudice to my cause
will render their judgment of less authority. Dryden.
There is an unaccountable prejudice to projectors of all
kinds, for which reason, when I talk of practising to fly,
silly people think me an owl for my pains. Addison.
2. Mischief; detriment; hurt; injury. This sense is only ac­
cidental or consequential; a bad thing being called a prejudice,
only because prejudice is commonly a bad thing, and is not de­
rived from the original or etymology of the word: it were
therefore better to use it less; perhaps prejudice ought never
to be applied to any mischief, which does not imply some
partiality or prepossession. In some of the following examples
its impropriety will be discovered.


I have not spake one the least word,
That might be prejudice of her present state,
Or touch of her good person. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
England and France might, through their amity,
Breed him some prejudice; for from this league
Peep'd harms that menac'd him. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Factions carried too high and too violently, is a sign of
weakness in princes, and much to the prejudice of their au­
thority and business. Bacon.
How plain this abuse is, and what prejudice it does to the
understanding of the sacred scriptures. Locke.
A prince of this character will instruct us by his example,
to fix the unsteadiness of our politicks; or by his conduct
hinder it from doing us any prejudice. Addison.

To PREJUDI’CE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To prepossess with unexamined opinions; to fill with pre­
judices.
Half-pillars wanted their expected height,
And roofs imperfect prejudic'd the sight. Prior.
Suffer not any beloved study to prejudice your mind, so far
as to despise all other learning. Watts.
No snares to captivate the mind he spreads,
Nor bribes your eyes to prejudice your heads. Anonym.
2. To obstruct or injure by prejudices previously raised.
Companies of learned men, be they never so great and re­
verend, are to yield unto reason; the weight whereof is no
whit prejudiced by the simplicity of his person, which doth
alledge it. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
Neither must his example, done without the book, preju­
dice that which is well appointed in the book. Whitgifte.
I am not to prejudice the cause of my fellow-poets, though
I abandon my own defence. Dryden.
3. To injure; to hurt; to diminish; to impair; to be detri­
mental to. This sense, as in the noun, is often improperly
extended to meanings that have no relation to the original
fense; who can read with patience of an ingredient that pre­
judices a medicine?
The strength of that law is such, that no particular nation
can lawfully prejudice the same by any their several laws and
ordinances, more than a man by his private resolutions, the
law of the whole commonwealth wherein he liveth. Hooker.
The Danube rescu'd, and the empire sav'd,
Say, is the majesty of verse retriev'd?
And would it prejudice thy softer vein,
To sing the princes, Louis and Eugene? Prior.
To this is added a vinous bitter, warmer in the composition
of its ingredients than the watry infusion; and, as gentian
and lemon-peel make a bitter of so grateful a flavour, the
only care required in this composition was to chuse such an ad­
dition as might not prejudice it. London Dispensatory.

PREJUDI’CIAL. adj. [prejudiciable, Fr. from prejudice.]
1. Obstructive by means of opposite prepossessions.
2. Contrary; opposite.
What one syllable is there, in all this, prejudicial any way
to that which we hold? Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.
3. Mischievous; hurtful; injurious; detrimental. This sense
is improper. See PREJUDICE, noun and verb.
His going away the next morning with all his troops, was
most prejudicial and most ruinous to the king's affairs. Claren.
One of the young ladies reads, while the others are at
work; so that the learning of the family is not at all preju­
dicial to its manufactures. Addison's Guardian.
A state of great prosperity, as it exposes us to various
temptations, so it is often prejudicial to us, in that it swells
the mind with undue thoughts. Atterbury's Sermons.

PREJUDI’CIALNESS. n. s. [from prejudicial.] The state of being
prejudicial; mischievousness.

PRE’LACY. n. s. [from prelate.]
1. The dignity or post of a prelate or ecclesiastick of the highest
order.
Prelacies may be termed the greater benefices; as that of
the pontificate, a patriarchship, an archbishoprick and bishop­
rick. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Episcopacy; the order of bishops.
The presbyter, puff'd up with spiritual pride,
Shall on the necks of the lewd nobles ride,
His brethren damn, the civil power defy,
And parcel out republick prelacy. Dryden.
How many are there, that call themselves protestants, who
put prelacy and popery together as terms convertible. Swift.
3. Bishops. Collectively.
Divers of the reverend prelacy, and other most judicious
men, have especially bestowed their pains about the matter of
jurisdiction. Hooker's Dedication.

PRE’LATE. n. s. [prelat, Fr. prælatus, Lat.] An ecclesi­
astick of the highest order and dignity.
It beseemed not the person of so grave a prelate, to be ei­
ther utterly without counsel, as the rest were, or in a common
perplexity to shew himself alone secure. Hooker.
Hear him but reason in divinity,
And, all-admiring, with an inward wish
You would desire the king were made a prelate. Shakesp.
The archbishop of Vienna, a reverend prelate, said one
day to king Lewis XI. of France; sir, your mortal enemy is
dead, what time duke Charles of Burgundy was slain. Bacon.
Yet Munster's prelate ever be accurst,
In whom we seek the German faith in vain. Dryden.

PRELA’TICAL. adj. [from prelate.] Relating to prelate or
prelacy. Dict.

PRELA’TION. n. s. [prælatus, Lat.] Preference; setting of
one above the other.
In case the father lest only daughters, they equally suc­
ceeded as in co-patnership, without any prelation or preference
of the eldest daughter to a double portion. Hale.

PRE’LATURE. n. s. [prælatura, Lat. prelature, Fr.] The
state or dignity of a prelate. Dict.

PRE’LATURESHIP. n. s. [prælatura, Lat. prelature, Fr.] The
state or dignity of a prelate. Dict.

PRELE’CTION. n. s. [prælectio, Lat.] Reading; lecture;
discourse.
He that is desirous to prosecute these asystata of infinitude,
let him resort to the prelections of Faber. Hale.

PRELIBA’TION. n. s. [from prælibo, Lat.] Taste beforehand;
effusion previous to tasting.
The firm belief of this, in an innocent soul, is a high
prelibation of those eternal joys. More's Divine Dialogues.

PRELI’MINARY. adj. [preliminaire, Fr. præ limine, Lat.] Pre­
vious; introductory; proemial.
My master needed not the assistance of that preliminary poet
to prove his claim; his own majestick mien discovers him to
be the king. Dryden.

PRELI’MINARY. n. s. Something previous; preparatory mea­
sures.
The third consists of the ceremonies of the oath on both
sides, and the preliminaries to the combat. Notes on Iliad.

PRELU’DE. n. s. [prelude, Fr. præludium, Lat.]
1. Some short flight of musick played before a full concert.
2. Something introductory; something that only shews what is
to follow.
To his infant arms oppose
His father's rebels and his brother's foes;
Those were the preludes of his fate,
That form'd his manhood, to subdue
The hydra of the many-headed hissing crew. Dryden.
The last Georgick was a good prelude to the æneis, and
very well shewed what the poet could do in the description of
what was really great. Addison.
One concession to a man is but a prelude to another.
Clarissa.

To PRELU’DE. v. a. [preluder, Fr. præludo, Lat.] To serve
as an introduction; to be previous to.
Either songster holding out their throats,
And folding up their wings, renew'd their notes,
As if all day, preluding to the fight,
They only had rehears'd, to sing by night. Dryden.

PRELU’DIOUS. adj. [from prelude.] Previous; introductory.
That's but a preludious bliss,
Two souls pickeering in a kiss. Cleaveland.

PRELU’DIUM. n. s. [Latin.] Prelude.
This Menelaus knows, expos'd to share
With me the rough preludium of the war. Dryden.

PRELU’SIVE. adj. [from prelude.] Previous; introductory;
proemial.
The clouds
Softly shaking on the dimpled pool
Prelusive drops, let all their moisture flow. Thomson.

PREMATU’RE. adj. [prematuré, Fr. præmaturus, Lat.] Ripe
too soon; formed before the time; too early; too soon said,
believed, or done; too hasty.
'Tis hard to imagine, what possible consideration should
persuade him to repent, 'till he deposited that premature per­
fuasion of his being in Christ. Hammond's Fundamentals.

PREMATU’RELY. adj. [from premature.] Too early; too
soon; with too hasty ripeness.

PREMATU’RENESS. n. s. [from premature.] Too great haste;
unseasonable earliness.

PREMATU’RITY. n. s. [from premature.] Too great haste;
unseasonable earliness.

To PREME’DITATE. v. a. [præmeditor, Lat. premediter,
Fr.] To contrive or form beforehand; to conceive before­
hand.
Where I have come, great clerks have purposed
To greet me with premeditated welcomes. Shakesp.
With words premeditated thus he said. Dryden.

To PREME’DITATE. v. n. To have formed in the mind by
previous meditation; to think beforehand.
Of themselves they were rude, and knew not so much as
how to premeditate; the spirit gave them speech and eloquent
utterance. Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity.

PREMEDITA’TION. n. s. [præmeditatio, Lat. premeditation, Fr.
from premeditate.] Act of meditating beforehand.
Are all th' unlook'd-for issue of their bodies
To take their rooms ere I can place myself.
A cold premeditation for my purpose? Shakesp.
Hope is a pleasant premeditation of enjoyment, as when a
dog expects, till his master has done picking of the bone.
More's Antidote against Atheism.


Verse is not the effect of sudden thought; but this hinders
not, that sudden thought may be represented in verse, since
those thoughts must be higher than nature can raise without
premeditation. Dryden on Dramatick Poetry.

PRE’MICES. n. s. [primitiæ, Lat. premices, Fr.] First fruits.
A charger, yearly filled with fruits, was offered to the
gods at their festivals, as the premices or first gatherings. Dry.

PRE’MIER. adj. [French.] First; chief.
The Spaniard challengeth the premier place, in regard of
his dominions. Camden's Remains.
Thus families like realms, with equal fate,
Are sunk by premier ministers of state. Swift.

To PREMISE. v. a. [præmissus, Lat.]
1. To explain previously; to lay down premises.
The apostle's discourse here is an answer upon a ground
taken; he premise and then infers. Burnet.
I premise these particulars, that the reader may know I enter
upon it as a very ungrateful task. Addison.
2. To send before the time. Not in use.
O let the vile world end,
And the premised flames of the last day
Knit earth and heav'n together! Shakesp. Henry VI.

To PREME’RIT. v. a. [præmereor, Lat.] To deserve before.
They did not forgive Sir John Hotham, who had so much
premerited of them. King Charles.

PRE’MIS. n. s. [præmissa, Lat. premisses, Fr]
1. Propositions antecedently supposed or proved.
They laser upon the premises, that as great difference as
commodiously may be, there should be in all outward cere­
monies between the people of God, and them which are not
his people. Hooker, b. iv. s. 7.
This is so regular an inference, that whilst the premises stand
firm, it is impossible to shake the conclusion. Decay of Piety.
She study'd well the point, and found
Her foes conclusions were not sound,
From premises erroneous brought,
And therefore the deduction's nought. Swift's Miscel.
2. In low language, houses or lands,: as, I was upon the pre­
misses.

PRE’MISS. n. s. [præmissum, Lat.] Antecedent proposition.
This word is rare in the singular.
They know the major or minor, which is implied, when
you pronounce the other premiss and the conclusion. Watts.

PRE’MIUM. n. s. [præmium, Lat.] Something given to invite
a loan or a bargain.
No body cares to make loans upon a new project; whereas
men never fail to bring in their money upon a land-tax, when
the premium or interest allowed them is suited to the hazard
they run. Addison's Freeholder, No 23.
People were tempted to lend, by great premums and large
interest; and it concerned them to preserve that government,
which they had trusted with their money. Swift's Miscel.

To PREMO’NISH. v. a. [præmoneo, Lat.] To warn or admo­
nisn beforehand.

PREMO’NISHMENT. n. s. [from premonish.] Previous information.
After these premonishments, I will come to the compartition
itself. Wotton's Architecture.

PREMONI’TION. n. s. [from premonish.] Previous notice; pre­
vious intelligence.
What friendly premonitions have been spent
On your forbearance, and their vain event. Chapman.
How great the force of such an erroneous persuasion is, we
may collect from our Saviour's premonition to his disciples,
when he tells them, that those who killed them should think
they did God service. Decay of Piety.

PREMO’NITORY. n. s. [from præ and moneo, Lat.] Previously
advising.

To PREMO’NSTRATE. v. a. [præ and monstro, Lat.] To show
beforehand.

PREMUNIRE. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A writ in the common law, whereby a penalty is incurrable,
as infringing some statute.
Premunire is now grown a good word in our English laws,
by tract of time; and yet at first it was merely mistaken for a
premonere. Bramball against Hobbs.
Woolsey incurred a premunire, forfeited his honour, estate
and life, which he ended in great calamity. South.
2. The penalty so incurred.
3. A difficulty; a distress. A low ungrammatical word.

PREMU’NITION. n. s. [from præmunio, Lat.] An anticipation
of objection.

To PRENO’MINATE. v. a. [prænomino, Lat.] To forename.
He you would sound,
Having ever seen, in the prenominate crimes,
The youth, you breathe of, guilty. Shakesp. Hamlet.

PRENOMINA’TION. n. s. [præ and nomino, Lat.] The privi­
lege of being named first.
The watry productions should have the prenomination; and
they of the land rather derive their names, than nominate
those of the sea. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PRENO’TION. n. s. [prenotion, Fr. præ and nosco, Lat.] Fore­
knowledge; prescience. 
The hedgehog's presension of winds is so exact, that it
stoppeth the north or southern hole of its nest, according unto
prenotion of these winds ensuing. Brown.

PRE’NTICE. n. s. [contracted, by colloquial licence, from
apprentice.] One bound to a master, in order to instruction
in a trade.
My accuser is my prentice, and when I did correct him for
his fault, he did vow upon his knees he would be even with
me. Shakesp. Henry VI.

PRENTICESHIP. n. s. [from prentice.] The servitude of an
apprentice.
He serv'd a prenticeship, who sets up shop,
Ward try'd on puppies, and the poor his drop. Pope.

PRENU’NCIATION. n. s. [prænuncio, Lat.] The act of telling
before. Dict. 

PREO’CCUPANCY. n. s. [from preoccupate.] The act of taking
possession before another.

To PREO’CCUPATE. v. a. [preoccuper, Fr. præoccupo, Lat.]
1. To anticipate.
Honour aspireth to death; grief flieth to it; and fear pre­
occupieth it. Bacon.
2. To prepossess; to fill with prejudices.
That the model be plain without colours, lest the eye
preoccupate the judgment. Wotton's Architecture.

PREOCCUPA’TION. n. s. [preoccupation, Fr. from preoccupate.]
1. Anticipation.
2. Prepossession.
3. Anticipation of objection.
As if, by way of preoccupation, he should have said; well,
here you see your commission, this is your duty, these are
your discouragements; never seek for evasions from worldly
afflictions; this is your reward, if you perform it; this is your
doom, if you decline it. South's Sermons.

To PREO’CCUPY. v. a. To prepossess; to occupy by antici­
pation or prejudices.
I think it more respectful to the reader to leave something
to reflections, than preoccupy his judgment. Arbuthnot.

To PRE’OMINATE. v. a. [præ and ominor, Lat.] To prog­
nosticate; to gather from omens any future event.
Because many ravens were seen when Alexander entered
Babylon, they were thought to preominate his death. Brown.

PRE’OPINION. n. s. [præ and opinio, Lat.] Opinion antece­
dently formed; prepossession.
Diet holds no solid rule of selection; some, in indistinct
voracity, eating almost any; others, out of a timorous pre­
opinion, refraining from very many things. Brown.

To PRE’ORDAIN. v. a. [præ and ordain.] To ordain before­
hand.
Sin is the contrariety to the will of God, and if all things
be preordained by God, and so demonstrated to be willed by
him, it remains there is no such thing as sin. Hammond.
Few souls preordain'd by fate,
The race of gods have reach'd that envy'd state. Roscom.

PREO’RDINANCE. n. s. [præ and ordinance.] Antecedent de­
cree; first decree. Not in use.
These lowly courtesies
Might stir the blood of ordinary men,
And turn preordinance and first decree
Into the law of children. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

PREORDINA’TION. n. s. [from preordain.] The act of preor­
daining.

PREPARA’TION. n. s. [preparatio, Lat. preparation, Fr. from
prepare.]
1. The act of preparing or previously sitting any thing to any
purpose.
Nothing hath proved more fatal to that due preparation for
another life, than our unhappy mistake of the nature and end
of this. Wake's Preparation for Death.
2. Previous measures.
I will shew what preparations there were in nature for this
great dissolution, and after what manner it came to pass.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Ceremonious introduction.
I make bold to press, with so little preparation, upon you.
—You're welcome. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. The act of making or fitting by a regular process.
In the preparations of cookery, the most volatile parts of
vegetables are destroyed. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
5. Any thing made by process of operation.
I wish the chymists had been more sparing, who magnify
their preparations, inveigle the curiosity of many and delude
the security of most. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
6. Accomplishment; qualification. Out of use.
Sir John, you are a gentleman of excellent breeding, an­
thentick in your place and person, generally allowed for your
many warlike, courtlike and learned preparations. Shakesp.

PREPA’RATIVE. adj. [preparatis, Fr. from prepare.] Having
the power of preparing or qualifying.
Would men have spent toilsome days and watchful nights
in the laborious quest of knowledge preparative to this
work. South's Sermons.



PREPA’RATIVE. n. s. [preparatif, Fr. from prepare.]
1. That which has the power of preparing or previously fitting.
They tell us the profit of reading is singular, in that it
serveth for a preparative unto sermons. Hooker.
My book of advancement of learning may be some prepa­
rative or key for the better opening of the instauration. Bacon.
Resolvedness in sin can, with no reason, be imagined a pre­
parative to remission. Decay of Piety.
2. That which is done in order to something else.
The miseries, which have ensued, may be yet, through
thy mercy, preparatives to us of future blessings. K. Charles.
Such a temper is a contradiction to repentance, as being
founded in the destruction of those qualities, which are the
only dispositions and preparatives to it. South's Sermons.
What avails it to make all the necessary preparatives for
our voyage, if we do not actually begin the journey. Dryden.

PREPA’RATIVELY. adv. [from preparative.] Previously; by
way of preparation.
It is preparatively necessary to many useful things in this
life, as to make a man a good physician. Hale.

PREPA’RATORY. adj. [preparatoire, Fr.]
1. Antecedently necessary.
The practice of all these is proper to our condition in this
world, and preparatory to our happiness in the next. Tillotson.
2. Introductory; previous; antecedent.
Preparatory, limited and formal interrogatories in writing
preclude this way of occasional interrogatories. Hale.
Rains were but preparatory, the violence of the deluge de­
pended upon the disruption of the great abyss. Burnet.

To PREPA’RE. v. a. [præpare, Lat. preparer, Fr.]
1. To fit for any thing; to adjust to any use; to make ready for
any purpose.
Patient Octavia, plough thy visage up
With her prepared nails. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Confound the peace establish'd, and prepare
Their souls to hatred, and their hands to war. Dryden.
Our souls, not yet prepar'd for upper light,
Till doomsday wander in the shades of night. Dryden.
The beams of light had been in vain display'd,
Had not the eye been fit for vision made;
In vain the author had the eye prepar'd
With so much skill, had not the light appear'd. Blackmore.
2. To qualify for any purpose.
Some preachers, being prepared only upon two or three
points of doctrine, run the same round. Addison.
3. To make ready beforehand.
There he maketh the hungry to dwell, that they may pre­
pare a city for habitation. Psalm cviii. 36.
Now prepare thee for another sight. Milton.
He took the golden compasses, prepar'd
In God's eternal store, to circumscribe
This universe. Milton.
4. To form; to make.
The woman fled into the wilderness, where she hath a
place prepared of God to seed her. Rev. xii. 6.
He hath founded it upon the seas, and prepared it upon the
floods. Psalm xxiv. 2.
5. To make by regular process: as, he prepared a medicine.

To PREPA’RE. v. n.
1. To take previous measures.
Efficacy is a power of speech, which represents to our
minds the lively ideas of things so truly, as if we saw them
with our eyes; as Dido preparing to kill herself. Peacham.
2. To make every thing ready; to put things in order.
Go in, sirrah, bid them prepare for dinner. Shakesp.
The long-suffering of God waited in the days of Noah,
while the ark was a preparing. 1 Peter iii. 2.
3. To make one's self ready; to put himself in a state of ex­
pectation.

PREPA’RE. n. s. [from the verb.] Preparation; previous mea­
sures. Not in use.
In our behalf
Go levy men, and make prepare for war. Shakesp.

PREPA’REDLY. adv. [from prepared.] By proper precedent
measures.
She preparedly may frame herself
To th' way she's forc'd to. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

PREPA’SEDNESS. n. s. [from prepare.] State or act of being
prepared: as, he's in a preparedness for his final exit.

PREPA’RER. n. s. [from prepare.]
1. One that prepares; one that previously fits.
The bishop of Ely, the fittest preparer of her mind to re­
ceive such a doleful accident, came to visit her. Wotton.
2. That which fits for any thing.
Codded grains are an improver of land, and preparer of it
for other crops. Mortimer's Husbandry.

PREPE’NSE. adj. [prepensus, Lat.] Forethought; precon­
ceived; contrived beforehand: as, malice pre­
pense.

PREPE’NSED. adj. [prepensus, Lat.] Forethought; precon­
ceived; contrived beforehand: as, malice pre­
pense.

To PREPO’NDER. v. a. [from preponderate.] To outweigh.
Though pillars by channelling be seemingly ingrossed to
our sight, yet they are truly weakned; and therefore ought
not to be the more slender, but the more corpulent, unless
apparences preponder truths. Wotton's Architecture.

PREPO’NDERANCE. n. s. [from preponderate.] The state of
outweighing; superiority of weight.
As to addition of ponderosity in dead bodies, comparing
them unto blocks, this occasional preponderancy is rather an
appearance than reality. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The mind should examine all the grounds of probability,
and, upon a due balancing the whole, reject or receive pro­
portionably to the preponderancy of the greater grounds of
probability. Locke.
Little light boats were the ships which people used, to the
sides whereof this fish remora fastening, might make it swag, as
the least preponderance on either side will do, and so retard its
course. Grew's Musæum.

PREPO’NDERANCY. n. s. [from preponderate.] The state of
outweighing; superiority of weight.
As to addition of ponderosity in dead bodies, comparing
them unto blocks, this occasional preponderancy is rather an
appearance than reality. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The mind should examine all the grounds of probability,
and, upon a due balancing the whole, reject or receive pro­
portionably to the preponderancy of the greater grounds of
probability. Locke.
Little light boats were the ships which people used, to the
sides whereof this fish remora fastening, might make it swag, as
the least preponderance on either side will do, and so retard its
course. Grew's Musæum.

To PREPO’NDERATE. v. a. [præpondero, Lat.]
1. To outweigh; to overpower by weight.
An inconsiderable weight, by distance from the centre of
the balance, will preponderate greater magnitudes. Glanvill.
The triviallest thing, when a passion is cast into the scale
with it, preponderates substantial blessings. Gov. of the Tongue.
2. To overpower by stronger influence.

To PREPO’NDERATE. v. n.
1. To exceed in weight.
He that would make the lighter scale preponderate, will not
so soon do it, by adding increase of new weight to the emptier,
as if he took out of the heavier, what he adds to the lighter.
Locke.
Unless the very mathematical center of gravity of every
system be placed and fixed in the very mathematical center of
the attractive power of all the rest, they cannot be evenly at­
tracted on all sides, but must preponderate some way or other.
Bentley's Sermons.
2. To exceed in influence or power analogous to weight.
In matters of probability, we cannot be sure that we have
all particulars before us, and that there is no evidence be­
hind, which may outweigh all that at present seems to pre­
ponderate with us. Locke.
By putting every argument on one side and the other into
the balance, we must form a judgment which side prepon­
derates. Watts.

PREPONDERA’TION. n. s. [from preponderate.] The act or
state of outweighing any thing.
In matters, which require present practice, we must con­
tent ourselves with a mere preponderation of probable reasons.
Watts's Logick.

To PREPO’SE. v. a. [preposer, Fr. præpono, Lat.] To put
before. Dict.

PREPOSI’TION. n. s. [præposition, Fr. præpositio, Lat.] In
grammar, a particle governing a case.
A preposition signifies some relation, which the thing signi­
fied by the word following it, has to something going before in
the discourse; as, Cesar came to Rome. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

PREPO’SITOR. n. s. [præpositor, Lat.] A scholar appointed by
the master to overlook the rest.

To PREPOSSE’SS. v. a. [præ and possess.] To fill with an
opinion unexamined; to prejudice.
She was prepossessed with the scandal of salivating. Wisem.

PREPOSSE’SSION. n. s. [from prepossess.]
1. Preoccupation; first possession.
God hath taken care to anticipate and prevent every man
to give piety the prepossession, before other competitors should
be able to pretend to him; and so to engage him in holiness
first and then in bliss. Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. Prejudice; preconceived opinion.
Had the poor vulgar rout only, who were held under the
prejudices and prepossessions of education, been abused into
such idolatrous superstitions, it might have been pitied, but
not so much wondred at. South's Sermons.
With thought, from prepossession free, reflect
On solar rays, as they the sight respect. Blackmore.

PREPO’STEROUS. adj. [præposterus, Lat.]
1. Having that first which ought to be last; wrong; absurd;
perverted.
Put a case of a land of Amazons, where the whole go­
vernment, publick and private, is in the hands of women:
is not such a preposterous government against the first order of
nature, for women to rule over men, and in itself void? Bac.
Death from a father's hand, from whom I first
Receiv'd a being! 'tis a preposterous gift,
An act at which inverted nature starts,
And blushes to behold herself so cruel. Denham.
Such is the world's preposterous fate;
Amongst all creatures, mortal hate
Love, though immortal, doth create. Denham.
By this distribution of matter, continual provision is every
where made for the supply of bodies, quite contrary to the
preposterous reasonings of those men, who expected so different
a result. Woodward's Nat Hist.
The method I take may be censured as preposterous, be­
cause I thus treat last of the antediluvian earth, which was
first in order of nature. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. Applied to persons: foolish; absurd.
Preposterous ass! that never read so far
To know the cause why musick was ordain'd. Shakesp.



PREPO’STEROUSLY. adv. [from preposterous.] In a wrong situa­
tion; absurdly.
Those things do best please me,
That befal prepost'rously. Shakesp. Mids. Night's Dream.
Upon this supposition, one animal would have its lungs,
where another hath its liver, and all the other members pre­
posterously placed; there could not be a like configuration of
parts in any two individuals. Bentley's Sermons.

PREPO’STEROUSNESS. n. s. [from preposterous.] Absurdity;
wrong order or method.

PRE’POTENCY. n. s. [præpotentia, Lat.] Superior power;
predominance.
If there were a determinate prepotency in the right, and
such as ariseth from a constant root in nature, we might ex­
pect the same in other animals. Brown.

PREPU’CE. n. s. [prepuce, Fr. præputium, Lat.] That which
covers the glans; foreskin.
The prepuce was much inflamed and swelled. Wiseman.

To PRE’REQUIRE. v. a. [præ and require.] To demand pre­
viously.
Some primary literal signification is prerequired to that other
of figurative. Hammond.

PRERE’QUISITE. adj. [præ and requisite.] Something previously
necessary.
The conformation of parts is necessary, not only unto the
prerequisite and previous conditions of birth, but also unto the
parturition. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Before the existence of compounded body, there must be a
pre-existence of active principles, necessarily prerequisite to
the mixing these particles of bodies. Hale.

PRERO’GATIVE. n. s. [prerogative, Fr. prærogativa, low Lat.]
An exclusive or peculiar privilege.
My daughters and the fair Parthenia might far better put
in their claim for that prerogative. Sidney.
Our prerogative
Calls not your counsels, but our natural goodness
Imparts this. Shakesp.
How could communities,
The primogeniture, and due of birth,
Prerogative of age, sceptres, and crowns,
But by degree, stand in authentick place? Shakesp.
The great Caliph hath an old prerogative in the choice and
confirmation of the kings of Affyria. Knolles.
They are the best laws, by which the king hath the justest
prerogative, and the people the best liberty. Bacon.
Had any of these second causes despoiled God of his pre­
rogative, or had God himself constrained the mind and will
of man to impious acts by any celestial inforcements? Raleigh.
They obtained another royal prerogative and power, to
make war and peace at their pleasure. Davies.
The house of commons to these their prerogatives over the
lords, sent an order to the lieutenant of the tower, that he
should cause him to be executed that very day. Clarendon.
For freedom still maintain'd alive,
Freedom an English subjects' sole prerogative,
Accept our pious praise. Dryden.
All wish the dire prerogative to kill,
Ev'n they wou'd have the pow'r, who want the will.
Dryden.
It seems to be the prerogative of human understanding,
when it has distinguished any ideas, so as to perceive them to
be different, to consider in what circumstances they are ca­
pable to be compared. Locke.
I will not consider only the prerogatives of man above other
animals, but the endowments which nature hath conferred on
his body in common with them. Ray on the Creation.

PRERO’GATIVED. adj. [from prerogative.] Having an exclu­
sive privilege; having prerogative.
'Tis the plague of great ones,
Prerogativ'd are they less than the base;
'Tis destiny unshunable. Shakesp.

PRES. Pres, prest, seem to be derived from the Saxon, preost, a
priest; it being usual in after times to drop the letter o in like
cases. Gibson's Camden.

PRESA’GE. n. s. [presage, Fr. præsagium, Lat.] Prognostick;
presension of futurity.
Joy and shout presage of victory. Milton.
Dreams have generally been considered by authors only as
revelations of what has already happened, or as presages of
what is to happen. Addison.

To PRESA’GE. v. a. [presager, Fr. præsagio, Latin.]
1. To forebode; to foreknow; to foretell; to prophesy.
Henry's late presaging prophesy
Did glad my heart with hope. Shakesp. Henry VI.
What pow'r of mind
Foreseeing, or presaging from the depth
Of knowledge past or present, could have fear'd
How such united force of gods, how such
As stood like these, could ever know repulse. Milton.
This contagion might have been presaged upon considera­
tion of its precursors. Harvey on Consumptions.
Wish'd freedom, I presege you soon will find,
If heav'n be just, and if to virtue kind. Dryden.
2. Sometimes with of before the thing foretold.
That by certain signs we may presage
Of heats and rains, and wind's impetuous rage,
The sov'reign of the heav'ns has set on high
The moon to mark the changes of the sky. Dryden.
2. To foretoken; to foreshow.
If I may trust the flattering ruth of sleep,
My dreams presage some joyful news at hand. Shakesp.
Dreams advise some great good presaging. Milton.
That cloud, that hangs upon thy brow, presages
A greater storm than all the Turkish power
Can throw upon us. Denham's Sophy.
When others fell, this standing did presage
The crown shou'd triumph over pop'lar rage. Waller.

PRESA’GEMENT. n. s. [from presage.]
1. Forebodement; presension.
I have spent much enquiry, whether he had any ominous
presagement before his end. Wotton.
2. Foretoken.
The falling of salt is an authentick presagement of ill luck,
from whence nothwithstanding nothing can be naturally
feared. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PRE’SBYTER. n. s. [presbyter, Lat. pes?te.]
1. A priest.
Presbyters absent through infirmity from their churches,
might be said to preach by those deputies who in their stead
did but read homilies. Hooker, b. v. s. 20.
2. A presbyterian.
And presbyters have their jackpuddings too. Butler.

PRESBYTE’RIAN. adj. [pes??te.] Consisting of elders;
a term for a modern form of ecclesiastical government.
Chiefly was urged the abolition of episcopal, and the estab­
lishing of presbyterian government. King Charles.

PRESBYTERIAN. n. s. [from presbyter.] An abettor of presby­
tery or calvinistical discipline.
One of the more rigid presbyterians. Swift.

PRESBYTE’RY. n. s. [from presbyter.] Body of elders, whether
priests or laymen.
Those which stood for the presbytery, thought their cause
had more sympathy with the discipline of Scotland than the
hierarchy of England. Bacon.
Flea-bitten synod, an assembly brew'd
Of clerks and elders ana, like the rude
Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. Cleaveland.

PRE’SCIENCE. n. s. [prescience, Fr. from prescient.] Foreknow­
ledge; knowledge of future things.
They tax our policy, and call it cowardice,
Forestall our prescience, and esteem no act
But that of hand. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Prescience or foreknowledge, considered in order and nature,
if we may speak of God after the manner of men, goeth be­
fore providence; for God foreknew all things before he had
created them, or before they had being to be cared for; and
prescience is no other than an infallible foreknowledge. Ral.
If certain prescience of uncertain events imply a contra­
diction, it seems it may be struck out of the omnisciency of
God, and leave no blemish behind. More.
Of things of the most accidental and mutable nature, God's
prescience is certain. South.
Freedom was first bestow'd on human race,
And prescience only held the second place. Dryden.

PRE’SCIENT. adj. [præsciens, Lat.] Foreknowing; pro­
phetick.
Henry, upon the deliberation concerning the marriage of
his eldest daughter into Scotland, had shewed himself sensible
and almost prescient of this event. Bacon.
Who taught the nations of the field and wood?
Prescient, the tides or tempests to withstand. Pope.

PRE’SCIOUS. adj. [præscius, Lat.] Having foreknowledge.
Thrice happy thou, dear partner of my bed,
Whose holy soul the stroke of fortune fled;
Prescious of ills, and leaving me behind,
To drink the dregs of life. Dryden's æneis.

To PRESCI’ND. v. a. [præscindo, Lat.] To cut off; to ab­
stract.
A bare act of obliquity does not only prescind from, but
positively deny such a special dependence. Norris.

PRESCI’NDENT. adj. [præscindens, Lat.] Abstracting.
We may, for one single act, abstract from a reward, which
nobody, who knows the prescindent faculties of the soul, can
deny. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

To PRESCRI’BE. v. a. [præscribo, Lat.]
1. To set down authoritatively; to order; to direct.
Doth the strength of some negative arguments prove this
kind of negative argument strong, by force whereof all things
are denied, which scripture affirmeth not, or all things, which
scripture prescribeth not, condemned. Hooker.
To the blane moon her office they prescrib'd. Milton.
There's joy, when to wild will you laws prescribe,
When you bid fortune carry back her bribe. Dryden.
When parents loves are order'd by a son,
Let streams prescribe their fountains where to run. Dryden.


2. To direct medically.
The end of satire is the amendment of vices by correction;
and he who writes honestly is no more an enemy to the of­
fender, than the physician to the patient, when he prescribes
harsh remedies. Dryden.
The extremest ways they first ordain,
Prescribing such intolerable pain,
As none but Cæsar could sustain. Dryden.
By a short account of the pressing obligations which lie on
the magistrate, I shall not so much prescribe directions for the
future, as praise what is past. Atterbury.
Should any man argue, that a physician understands his
own art best; and therefore, although he should prescribe poison
to all his patients, he cannot be justly punished, but is an­
swerable only to God. Swift.

To PRESCRI’BE. v. n.
1. To influence by long custom.
A reserve of puerility we have not shaken off from school,
where being seasoned with minor sentences, they prescribe
upon our riper years, and never are worn out but with our
memories. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. To influence arbitrarily.
The assuming an authority of dictating to others, and a
forwardness to prescribe to their opinions, is a constant con­
comitant of this biass of our judgments. Locke.
3. [Prescrire, Fr.] To form a custom which has the force of law.
That obligation upon the lands did not prescribe or come
into disuse, but by fifty consecutive years of exemption. Arb.
4. To write medical directions and forms of medicine.
Modern 'pothecaries, taught the art
By doctor's bills to play the doctor's part,
Bold in the practice of mistaken rules,
Prescribe, apply, and call their masters fools. Pope.

PRE’SCRIPT. adj. [præscriptus, Lat.] Directed; accurately
laid down in a precept.
Those very laws so added, they themselves do not judge
unlawful; as they plainly confess both in matter of prescript
attire, and of rites appertaining to burial. Hooker.

PRE’SCRIPT. n. s. [præscriptum, Lat.] Direction; precept;
model prescribed.
By his prescript, a sanctuary is fram'd
Of cedar, overlaid with gold. Milton.

PRESCRI’PTION. n. s. [prescription, Fr. præscriptio, Lat. from
præscribo, Lat.]
1. Rules produced and authorised by long custom; custom con­
tinued till it has the force of law.
You tell a pedigree
Of threescore and two years, a silly time
To make prescription for a kingdom's worth. Shakesp.
Use such as have prevailed before in things you have em­
ployed them; for that breeds confidence, and they will strive
to maintain their prescription. Bacon's Essays.
It will be found a work of no small difficulty, to dispossess
a vice from that heart, where long possession begins to plead
prescription. South's Sermons.
Our poet bade us hope this grace to find,
To whom by long prescription you are kind. Dryden.
The Lucquese plead prescription, for hunting in one of the
duke's forests, that lies upon their frontiers. Addison.
2. Medical receipt.
My father left me some prescriptions
Of rare and prov'd effects; such as his reading
And manifest experience had collected
For general sov'reignty. Shakesp.
Approving of my obstinacy against all common prescrip­
tions, he asked me, whether I had never heard the Indian
way of curing the gout by moxa. Temple.

PRE’SEANCE. n. s. [preseance, Fr.] Priority of place in sitting.
The ghests, though rude in their other fashions, may, for
their discreet judgment in precedence and preseance, read a
lesson to our civilest gentry. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

PRESENCE. n. s. [presence, Fr. præsentia, Lat.]
1. State of being present; contrary to absence.
To-night we hold a solemn supper,
And I'll request your presence. Shakesp.
The presence of a king engenders love
Amongst his subjects and his loyal friends,
As it disanimates his enemies. Shakesp. Henry VI.
2. Approach face to face to a great personage.
The shepherd Dorus answered with such a trembling voice
and abashed countenance, and oftentimes so far from the
matter, that it was some sport to the young ladies, thinking
it want of education, which made him so discountenanced
with unwonted presence. Sidney, b. i.
Men that very presence fear,
Which once they knew authority did bear! Daniel.
3. State of being in the view of a superior.
Thou know'st the law of arms is such,
That, whoso draws a sword in th' presence 't's death. Sha.
I know not by what power I am made bold,
In such a presence here, to plead my thoughts. Shakesp.
Wisdom thy sister, and with her did'st play
In presence of th' Almighty. Milton.
Perhaps I have not so well consulted the repute of my in­
tellectuals, in bringing their imperfections into such discern­
ing presences. Glanvill's Sceps.
Since clinging cares and trains of inbred fears,
Not aw'd by arms, but in the presence bold,
Without respect to purple or to gold. Dryden.
4. A number assembled before a great person.
Look I so pale.
—Ay; and no man in the presence,
But his red colour hath forsook his cheeks. Shakesp.
Odmar, of all this presence does contain,
Give her your wreath whom you esteem most fair. Dryden.
5. Port; air; mien; demeanour.
Virtue is best in a body that is comely, and that hath ra­
ther dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect. Bacon.
A graceful presence bespeaks acceptance, gives a force to
language, and helps to convince by look and posture. Collier.
How great his presence, how erect his look,
How ev'ry grace, how all his virtuous mother
Shines in his face, and charms me from his eyes. Smith.
6. Room in which a prince shows himself to his court.
By them they pass, all gazing on them round,
And to the presence mount, whose glorious view
Their frail amazed senses did confound. Fairy Queen.
An't please your grace, the two great cardinals
Wait in the presence. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The lady Anne of Bretagne, passing through the presence
in the court of France, and espying Chartier, a famous poet,
leaning upon his elbow fast asleep, openly kissing him, said,
we must honour with our kiss, the mouth from whence so
many sweet verses have proceeded. Peacham.
7. Readiness at need; quickness at expedients.
A good bodily strength is a felicity of nature, but nothing
comparable to a large understanding and ready presence of
mind. L'Estrange.
Errors, not to be recall'd, do find
Their best redress from presence of the mind,
Courage our greatest failings does supply. Waller.
8. The person of a superior.
To her the sov'reign presence thus reply'd. Milton.

PRESENCE-CHAMBER. n. s. [presence and chamber or room.]
The room in which a great person
receives company.
If these nerves, which are the conduits to convey them
from without to their audience in the brain, the mind's pre­
sence-room, are so disordered, as not to perform their functions,
they have no postern to be admitted by. Locke.
Kneller, with silence and surprise,
We see Britannia's monarch rise,
And aw'd by thy delusive hand,
As in the presence-chamber stand. Addison.

PRESENCE-ROOM. n. s. [presence and chamber or room.]
The room in which a great person
receives company.
If these nerves, which are the conduits to convey them
from without to their audience in the brain, the mind's pre­
sence-room, are so disordered, as not to perform their functions,
they have no postern to be admitted by. Locke.
Kneller, with silence and surprise,
We see Britannia's monarch rise,
And aw'd by thy delusive hand,
As in the presence-chamber stand. Addison.

PRESE’NSION. n. s. [præsensio, Lat.] Perception beforehand.
The hedgehog's presension of winds is exact. Brown.

PRE’SENT. adj. [present, Fr. præsens, Lat.]
1. Not absent; being face to face; being at hand.
But neither of these are any impediment, because the re­
gent thereof is of an infinite immensity more than commen­
surate to the extent of the world, and such as is most inti­
mately present with all the beings of the world. Hale.
Be not often present at feasts, not at all in dissolute com­
pany; pleasing objects steal away the heart. Taylor.
Much I have heard
Incredible to me, in this displeas'd,
That I was never present on the place
Of those encounters. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Not past; not future.
Thou future things can'st represent
As present. Milton.
The moments past, if thou art wise, retrieve
With pleasant mem'ry of the bliss they gave;
The present hours in pleasant mirth employ,
And bribe the future with the hopes of joy. Prior.
The present age hath not been less inquisitive than the
former ages were. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3. Ready at hand; quick in emergencies.
If a man write little, he had need have a great memory;
if he conser little, he had need have a present wit; and if he
read little, he had need have much cunning. Bacon.
'Tis a high point of philosophy and virtue for a man to be
so present to himself, as to be always provided against all
accidents. L' Estrange.
4. Favourably attentive; not neglectful; propitious.
Be present to her now, as then,
And let not proud and factious men
Against your wills oppose their mights. Benj. Johnson.
The golden goddess, present at the pray'r,
Well knew he meant th' inanimated fair,
And gave the sign of granting his desire. Dryden. 
Nor could I hope in any place but there,
To find a god so present to my pray'r. Dryden.
5. Unforgotten; not neglectful.
The ample mind keeps the several objects all within sight,
and present to the soul. Watts.
6. Not abstracted; not absent of mind; attentive.



The PRESENT. An elliptical expression for the present time;
the time now existing.
When he saw descend
The son of God to judge them, terrify'd
He fled; not hoping to escape, but shun
The present; fearing guilty, what his wrath
Might suddenly inflict. Milton.
Men that set their hearts only upon the present, without
looking forward into the end of things are struck at. L'Estr.
Who, since their own short understandings reach
No further than the present, think ev'n the wise,
Speak what they think, and tell tales of themselves. Rowe.

At PRESENT. [à present, Fr.] At the present time; now;
elliptically, for the present time.
The state is at present very sensible of the decay in their
trade. Addison.

PRE’SENT. n. s. [present, Fr. from the verb.]
1. A gift; a donative; something ceremoniously given.
Plain Clarence!
I will send thy soul to heav'n,
If heav'n will take the present at our hands. Shakesp.
His dog to-morrow, by his master's command, he must
carry for a present to his lady. Shakesp.
He sent part of the rich spoil, with the admiral's ensign, as
a present unto Solyman. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Say heav'nly muse, shall not thy sacred vein
Afford a present to the infant God?
Hast thou no verse, no hymn, no solemn strain,
To welcome him to this his new abode? Milton.
They that are to love inclin'd,
Sway'd by chance, not choice or art
To the first that's fair or kind,
Make a present of their heart. Waller.
Somewhat is sure design'd by fraud or force;
Trust not their presents, nor admit the horse. Dryden.
2. A letter or mandate exhibited.
Be it known to all men by these presents. Shakesp.

To PRESE’NT. v. a. [præsento, low Lat. presenter, Fr. in all
the senses.]
1. To place in the presence of a superior.
On to the sacred hill
They led him high applauded, and present
Before the seat supreme. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
2. To exhibit to view or notice.
He knows not what he says; and vain is it,
That we present us to him. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To offer; to exhibit.
Thou therefore now advise,
Or hear what to my mind first thoughts present. Milton.
Now ev'ry leaf, and ev'ry moving breath
Presents a foe, and ev'ry foe a death. Denham.
Lectorides's memory is ever ready to offer to his mind
something out of other men's writings or conversations, and
is presenting him with the thoughts of other persons perpe­
tually. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. To give formally and ceremoniously.
Folks in mudwall tenement,
Affording pepper-corn for rent,
Present a turkey or a hen
To those might better spare them ten. Prior.
5. To put into the hands of another.
So ladies in romance assist their knight,
Present the spear, and arm him for the fight. Dryden.
6. To favour with gifts. To present, in the sense of to give,
has several structures: we say absolutely, to present a man, to
give something to him. This is less in use. The common
phrases are to present a gift to a man; or, to present the man
with a gift.
Thou spendest thy time in waiting upon such a great one,
and thy estate in presenting him; and, after all, hast no other
reward, but sometimes to be smiled upon, and always to be
smiled at. South's Sermons.
He now presents, as ancient ladies do,
That courted long, at length are forc'd to woo. Dryden.
Octavia presented the poet, for his admirable elegy on her
son Marcellus. Dryden.
Should I present thee with rare figur'd plate,
O how thy rising heart would throb and beat. Dryden.
7. To prefer to ecclesiastical benefices.
That he put these bishops in the places of the deceased by
his own authority, is notoriously false; for the duke of Saxony
always presented. Atterbury.
8. To offer openly.
He was appointed admiral, and presented battle to the
French navy, which they refused. Hayward.
9. To introduce by something exhibited to the view or notice.
Not in use.
Tell on, quoth she, the woful tragedy,
The which these reliques sad present unto. Spenser.
10. To lay before a court of judicature, as an object of en­
quiry.
The grand juries were practised effectually with to present
the said pamphlet, with all aggravating epithets. Swift.

PRESENTA’NEOUS. adj. [from præsentaneus, Lat.] Ready;
quick; immediate.
Some plagues partake of such malignity, that, like a pre­
sentaneous poison, they enecate in two hours. Harvey.

PRESE’NTABLE. adj. [from present.] What may be presented.
Uncumbents of churches presentable cannot, by their sole
act, grant their incumbencies to others; but may make
leases of the profits thereof. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PRESENTA’TION. n. s. [presentation, Fr. from present.]
1. The act of presenting.
Prayers are sometimes a presentation of mere desires, as a
mean of procuring desired effects at the hands of God. Hooker:
2. The act of offering any one to an ecclesiastical benefice.
He made effectual provision for recovery of advowsons and
presentations to churches. Hale.
What, shall the curate controul me? have not I the pre­
sentation? Gay.
3. Exhibition.
These presentations of fighting on the stage, are necessary
to produce the effects of an heroick play. Dryden.
4. This word is misprinted for presension.
Although in sundry animals, we deny not a kind of natural
meteorology, or innate presentation both of wind and weather,
yet that proceeding from sense, they cannot retain that ap­
prehension after death. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PRESE’NTATIVE. adj. [from present.] Such as that presenta­
tions may be made of it.
Mrs. Gulston possessed of the impropriate parsonage of Bar­
well, did procure from the king leave to annex the same to
the vicarage, and to make it presentative, and gave them both
to St. John's College in Oxon. Spelman.

PRESE’NTEE. n. s. [from presenté, Fr.] One presented to a
benefice.
Our laws make the ordinary a disturber, if he does not
give institution upon the fitness of a person presented to him,
or at least give notice to the patron of the disability of his
presentee. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PRESE’NTER. n. s. [from present.] One that presents.
The thing was acceptable, but not the presenter. L'Estr.

PRESE’NTIAL. adj. [from present] Supposing actual presence.
By union, I do not understand that which is local or pre­
sential, because I consider God as omnipresent. Norris.

PRESENTIA’LITY. n. s. [from presential.] State of being
present.
This eternal, indivisible act of his existence makes all
futures actually present to him; and it is the presentiality of
the object, which sounds the unerring certainty of his know­
ledge. South's Sermons.

To PRESE’NTIATE. v. a. [from present.] To make present.
The fancy may be so strong, as to presentiate upon one
theatre, all that ever it took notice of in times past: the
power of fancy, in presentiating any one thing that is past,
being no less wonderful, than having that power, it should
also acquire the perfection to presentiate them all. Grew.

PRESENTI’FICK. adj. [præsens and facio, Latin.] Making
present. Not in use.

PRESENTI’FICKLY. adv. [from presentifick.] In such a manner
as to make present.
The whole evolution of times and ages, from everlasting to
everlasting, is collectedly and presentifickly represented to God
at once, as if all things and actions were, at this very instant,
really present and existent before him. More.

PRE’SENTLY. adv. [from present.]
1. At present; at this time; now.
The towns and forts you presently have, are still left unto
you to be kept either with or without garrisons, so as you
alter not the laws of the country. Sidney.
I hope we may presume, that a rare thing it is not in the
church of God, even for that very word which is read to be
presently their joy, and afterwards their study that hear it.
Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
To speak of it as requireth, would require very long dis­
course; all I will presently say is this. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
Covetous ambition, thinking all too little which presently
it hath, supposeth itself to stand in need of all which it hath
not. Raleigh's Essays.
2. Immediately; soon after.
Tell him, that no history can match his policies, and pre­
sently the sot shall measure himself by himself. South.

PRESE’NTMENT. n. s. [from present.]
1. The act of presenting.
When comes your book forth?
Upon the heels of my presentment. Shakesp.
2. Any thing presented or exhibited; representation.
Thus I hurl
My dazzling spells into the spungy air,
Of power to cheat the eye with blear illusion,
And give it false presentments, left the place
And my quaint habits breed astonishment. Milton.
3. In law, presentment is a mere denunciation of the jurors them­
selves or some other officer, as justice, constable, searcher, sur­
veyors, and, without any information, of an offence inquir­
able in the court to which it is presented. Cowel.


The grand juries were practised effectually with, to present
the said pamphlet with all aggravating epithets, and their pre­
sentments published for several weeks in all the news-papers.
Swift to Pope.

PRE’SENTNESS. n. s. [from present.] Presence of mind; quick­
ness at emergencies.
Goring had a much better understanding, a much keener
courage, and presentness of mind in danger. Clarendon.

PRESERVA’TION. n. s. [from preserve.] The act of preserv­
ing; care to preserve; act of keeping from destruction, de­
cay, or any ill.
Nature does require
Her times of preservation, which, perforce,
I give my tendance to. Shakespeare.
The eyes of the Lord are upon them that love him, he is
their mighty protection, a preservation from stumbling, and
a help from falling. Ecclus. xxxiv. 16.
Ev'ry senseless thing, by nature's light,
Doth preservation seek, destruction shun. Davies.
Our all wise maker has put into man the uneasiness of hun­
ger, thirst, and other natural desires, to determine their wills
for the preservation of themselves, and the continuation of
their species. Locke.

PRESE’RVATIVE. n. s. [preservatif, Fr. from preserve.] That
which has the power of preserving; something preventive;
something that confers security.
If we think that the church needeth not those ancient pre­
servatives, which ages before us were glad to use, we de­
ceive ourselves. Hooker.
It hath been anciently in use to wear tablets of arsenick, as pre­
servatives against the plague; for that being poisons themselves,
they draw the venom to them from the spirits. Bacon.
Were theer truth herein, it were the best preservative for
princes, and persons exalted unto such fears. Brown.
Bodies kept clean, which use preservatives, are likely to
escape infection. Harvey.
The most effectual preservative of our virtue, is to avoid
the conversation of wicked men. Rogers.
Molly is an Egyptian plant, and was really made use of
as a preservative against enchantment. Broome.

To PRESE’RVE. v. a. [præservo, low Latin; preserver, Fr.]
1. To save; to defend from destruction or any evil; to keep.
The Lord shall deliver me from every evil work, and pre­
serve me unto his heavenly kingdom. 2 Tim.
God sent me to preserve you a posterity, and save your
lives. Genesis.
She shall lead me soberly in my doings, and preserve me in
her power. Wisdom.
He did too frequently gratify their unjustifiable designs, a
guilt all men, who are obnoxious, are liable to, and can
hardly preserve themselves from. Clarendon.
We can preserve unhurt our minds. Milton.
To be indifferent, which of two opinions is true, is the
right temper of the mind, that preserves it from being im­
posed on, till it has done its best to find the truth. Locke.
Every petty prince in Germany must be intreated to pre­
serve the queen of Great Britain upon her throne. Swift.
2. To season fruits and other vegetables with sugar and in other
proper pickles: as, to preserve plumbs, walnuts, and cucumbers.

PRESE’RVE. n. s. [from the verb.] Fruit preserved whole in
sugar.
All this is easily discerned in those fruits, which are
brought in preserves unto us. Brown.
The fruit with the husk, when tender and young, makes
a good preserve. Mortimer.

PRESE’RVER. n. s. [from preserve.]
1. One who preserves; one who keeps from ruin or mischief.
Sit, my preserver, by thy patient's side. Shakesp.
To be always thinking, perhaps, is the privilege of the
infinite author and preserver of things, who never slumbers
nor sleeps; but is nor competent to any sinite being. Locke.
Andrew Doria has a statue erected to him, with the glo­
rious title of deliverer of the commonwealth; and one of his
family another, that calls him its preserver. Addison.
2. He who makes preserves of fruit.

To PRESI’DR. v. n. [from præsideo, Lat. presider, Fr.] To
be set over; to have authority over.
Some o'er the publick magazines preside,
And some are sent new forage to provide. Dryden.
O'er the plans
Of thriving peace, thy thoughtful fires preside. Thomson.

PRE’SIDENCY. n. s. [presidence, Fr. from president.] Superin­
tendence.
What account can be given of the growth of plants from
mechanical principles, moved without the presidency and gui­
dance of some superior agent. Ray.

PRE’SIDENT. n. s. [præsidens, Lat. president, Fr.]
1. One placed with authority over others; one at the head of
others.
As the president of my kingdom, will I
Appear there for a man. Shakespeare.
The tutor sits in the chair as president or moderator, to see
that the rules of disputation be observed. Watts.
2. Governor; prefect.
How might those captive Israelites, under the oversight and
government of Assyrian presidents, be able to leave the
places they were to inhabit. Breerewood.
3. A tutelary power.
This last complaint th' indulgent cars did pierce
Of just Apollo, president of verse. Waller.

PRE’SIDENTSHIP. n. s. [from president.] The office and place
of president.
When things came to trial of practice, their pastors learn­
ing would be at all times of force to overpersuade simple men,
who, knowing the time of their own presidentship to be but
short, would always stand in fear of their ministers perpetual
authority. Hooker.

PRESI’DIAL. adj. [præsidium, Lat.] Relating to garrison.

To PRESS. v. a. [presser, Fr. premo, pressus, Lat.]
1. To squeeze; to crush.
The grapes I pressed into Pharaoh's cup. Geresis.
Good measure pressed down, shaken together, and running
over, shall men give into your bosom. Luke.
From sweet kernels press'd,
She tempers dulcet creams. Milton.
I put pledgets of lint pressed out on the excoriation. Wisem.
Their morning milk the peasants press at night,
Their evening milk before the rising light. Dryden.
After pressing out of the coleseed for oil in Lincolnshire,
they burn the cakes to heat their ovens. Mortimer.
2. To distress; to crush with calamities.
Once or twice she heav'd the name of father
Pantingly forth, as if it prest her heart. Shakesp.
3. To constrain; to compel; to urge by necessity.
The experience of his goodness in her own deliverance,
might cause her merciful disposition to take so much the more
delight in saving others, whom the like necessity should
press. Hooker.
The posts that rode upon mules and camels, went out,
being hastened and pressed on by the king's commands. Esther.
I was prest by his majesty's commands, to assist at the
treaty. Temple.
He gapes; and straight
With hunger prest, devours the pleasing bait. Dryden.
He pressed a letter upon me, within this hour, to deliver
to you. Dryden.
4. To drive by violence.
Come with words as medical as true,
Honest as either, to purge him of that humour
That presses him from sleep. Shakesp.
5. To affect strongly.
Paul was pressed in spirit, and testified to the Jews that
Jesus was Christ. Acts.
Wickedness condemned by her own witness, and pressed
with conscience, forecasteth grievous things. Wisdom.
6. To enforce; to inculcate with argument or importunity.
Be sure to press upon him every motive. Addison.
I am the more bold to press it upon you, because these ac­
complishments sit more handsomely on persons of quality,
than any other. Felton.
Those who negotiated, took care to make demands im­
possible to be complied with; and therefore might securely
press every article, as if they were in earnest. Swift.
7. To urge; to bear strongly on.
Chymists I may press with arguments, drawn from some of
the eminentest writers of their sect. Boyle.
8. To compress; to hug, as in embracing.
He press'd her matron lips
With kisses pure. Milton.
She took her son, and press'd
Th' illustrious insant to her fragrant breast. Dryden.
His easy heart receiv'd the guilty flame,
And from that time he prest her with his passion. Smith.
Leucothoe shook,
And press'd Palemon closer in her arms. Pope.
9. To act upon with weight.
The place thou pressest on thy mother earth,
Is all thy empire now: now it contains thee. Dryden.
10. To make earnest. Prest is here perhaps rather an adjective;
preste, Fr. or from pressè or empressè, Fr.
Let them be pressed, and ready to give succours to their
consederates, as it ever was with the Romans; for if the
confederate had leagues defensive with divers other states, and
implored their aids, the Romans would ever be the foremost.
Bacon's Essays.
Prest for their country's honour and their king's,
On their sharp beaks they whet their pointed stings. Dryd.
11. To force into military service. This is properly impress.
Do but say to me what I should do,
That in your knowledge may by me be done,
And I am prest into it. Shakespeare.
For every man that Bolingbroke hath press'd
To lift sharp steel against our golden crown,
Heav'n for his Richard hath in store
A glorious angel. Shakespeare.
From London by the king was I prest forth. Shakesp.


They are enforced of very necessity to press the best and
greatest part of their men out of the West countries, which
is no small charge. Raleigh.
The endeavour to raise new men for the recruit of the army
by pressing, found opposition in many places. Clarendon.
The peaceful peasant to the wars is prest,
The fields lie fallow in inglorious rest. Dryden.
Must grandson Filbert to the wars be prest. Gay.
You were pressed for the sea-service, and got off with much
a-do. Swift.

To PRESS. v. n.
1. To act with compulsive violence; to urge; to distress.
If there be fair proofs on the one side, and none at all on
the other, and if the most pressing difficulties be on that side,
on which there are no proofs, this is sufficient to render one
opinion very credible, and the other altogether incredible.
Tillotson's Sermons.
A great many uneasinesses always solliciting the will, it is
natural, that the greatest and most pressing should determine
it to the next action. Locke.
2. To go forward with violence to any object.
I make bold to press
With so little preparation.
—You're welcome. Shakesp.
I press toward the mark for the prize. Phil. iii. 14.
The Turks gave a great shout, and pressed in on all sides,
to have entered the breach. Knolles.
Thronging crowds press on you as you pass,
And with their eager joy make triumph slow. Dryden.
Th' insulting victor presses on the more,
And treads the steps the vanquish'd trod before. Dryden.
She is always drawn in a posture of walking, it being as
natural for Hope to press forward to her proper objects, as for
Fear to fly from them. Addison on Ancient Medals.
Let us not therefore faint, or be weary in our journey,
much less turn back or sit down in despair; but press chear­
fully forward to the high mark of our calling. Rogers.
3. To make invasion; to encroach.
On superior powers
Were we to press, inferior might on ours. Pope.
4. To croud; to throng.
For he had healed many, insomuch that they pressed upon
him for to touch him. Mar. iii. 10.
Counsel she may; and I will give thy ear
The knowledge first of what is sit to hear:
What I transact with others or alone,
Beware to learn; nor press too near the throne. Dryden.
5. To come unseasonably or importunately.
6. To urge with vehemence and importunity.
He pressed upon them greatly; and they turned in. Gen.
The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure;
and, as some construed it, he was the more sparing in the one,
that he might be the more pressing in the other. Bacon.
So thick the shiv'ring army stands,
And press for passage with extended hands. Dryden.
7. To act upon or influence.
When arguments press equally in matters indifferent, the
safest method is to give up ourselves to neither. Addison.
8. To PRESS upon. To invade; to push against.
Patroclus presses upon Hector too boldly, and by obliging
him to sight, discovers it was not the true Achilles. Pope.

PRESS. n. s. [pressoir, Fr. from the verb.]
1. The instrument by which any thing is crushed or squeezed.
The press is full, the sats overflow. Joel iii. 13.
When one came to the press fats to draw out fifty vessels
out of the press, there were but twenty. Hag. ii. 16.
The stomach and intestines are the press, and the lacteal
vessels the strainers, to separate the pure emulsion from the
fæces. Arbuthnot.
They kept their cloaths, when they were not worn, con­
stantly in a press, to give them a lustre. Arbuthnot.
2. The instrument by which books are printed.
These letters are of the second edition; he will print them
out of doubt, for he cares not what he puts into the press,
when he would put us two in. Shakesp.
3. Croud; tumult; throng.
Paul and Barnabas, when infidels admiring their virtues,
went about to sacrifice unto them, rent their garments in token
of horror, and as frighted, ran crying through the press of
the people, O men wherefore do ye these things. Hooker.
She held a great gold chain ylinked well,
Whose upper end to highest heaven was knit,
And lower part did reach to lowest hell,
And all that press did round about her swell,
To catchen hold of that long chain. Fairy Queen.
Who is it in the press that calls on me?
I hear a tongue, shriller than all the musick,
Cry, Cæsar. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Death having prey'd upon the outward parts,
Leaves them insensible; his siege is now
Against the mind; the which he pricks and wounds
With many legions of strange fantasies;
Which in their throng, and press to that last hold,
Confound themselves. Shakesp. King Lear.
Ambitious Turnus in the press appears,
And aggravating crimes augment their fears. Dryden.
A new express all Agra does affright,
Darah and Aurengzebe are join'd in fight;
The press of people thickens to the court,
Th' impatient croud devouring the report. Dryden.
Through the press enrag'd Thalestris flies,
And scatters deaths around from both her eyes. Pope.
4. A kind of wooden case or frame for cloaths and other uses.
Creep into the kill hole.—Neither press, coffer, chest,
trunk; but he hath an abstract for the remembrance of such
places. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
5. A commission to force men into military service. For impress.
If I be not ashamed of my soldiers, I am a sowc'd gurnet;
I have misus'd the king's press damnably. Shakesp.
Concerning the musters and presses for sufficient mariners to
serve in his majesty's ships, either the care is very little, or
the bribery very great. Raleigh.

PRE’SSBED. n. s. [press and bed.] Bed so formed, as to be shut
up in a case.

PRE’SSER. n. s. [from press.] One that presses or works at a press.
Of the stuffs I give the profits to dyers and pressers. Swift.

PRE’SSGANG. n. s. [press and gang.] A crew that strols about
the streets to force men into naval service.

PRE’SSINGLY. adv. [from pressing.] With force; closely.
The one contracts his words, speaking pressingly and short;
the other delights in long-breathed accents. Howel.

PRE’SSION. n. s. [from press.] The act of pressing.
If light consisted only in pression, propagated without actual
motion, it would not be able to agitate and heat the bodies,
which refract and reflect it: if it consisted in motion, propa­
gated to all distances in an instant, it would require an infinite
force every moment, in every shining particle, to generate
that motion: and if it consisted in pression or motion, propa­
gated either in an instant or in time, it would bend into the
shadow. Newton's Opticks.

PRE’SSITANT. adj. Gravitating; heavy. A word not in use.
Neither the celestial matter of the vortices, nor the air,
nor water are pressitant in their proper places. More.

PRE’SSMAN. n. s. [press and man.]
1. One who forces another into service; one who forces away.
One only path to all; by which the pressmen came. Chap.
2. One who makes the impression of print by the press: di­
stinct from the compositor, who ranges the types.

PRE’SSMONEY. n. s. [press and money.] Money given to a sol­
dier when he is taken or forced into the service.
Here Peascod, take my pouch, 'tis all I own,
'Tis my pressmoney.—Can this silver fail? Gay.

PRE’SSURE. n. s. [from press.]
1. The act of pressing or crushing.
2. The state of being pressed or crushed.
3. Force acting against any thing; gravitation; pression.
The inequality of the pressure of parts appeareth in this;
that if you take a body of stone, and another of wood of the
same magnitude and shape, and throw them with equal force,
you cannot throw the wood so far as the stone. Bacon.
Although the glasses were a little convex, yet this transpa­
rent spot was of a considerable breadth, which breadth seemed
principally to proceed from the yielding inwards of the parts
of the glasses, by reason of their mutual pressure. Newton.
The blood flows through the vessels by the excess of the
force of the heart above the incumbent pressure, which in fat
people is excessive. Arbuthnot.
4. Violence inflicted; oppression.
A wise father ingenuously confessed, that those, which per­
suaded pressure of consciences, were commonly interested
therein. Bacon's Essays.
5. Affliction; grievance; distress.
Mine own and my people's pressures are grievous, and
peace would be very pleasing. King Charles.
The genuine price of lands in England would be twenty
years purchase, were it not for accidental pressures under which
it labours. Child's Discourse of Trade.
To this consideration he retreats, in the midst of all his
pressures, with comfort; in this thought, notwithstanding the
sad afflictions with which he was overwhelmed, he mightily
exults. Atterbury's Sermons.
Excellent was the advice of Elephas to Job, in the midst
of his great troubles and pressures, acquaint thyself now with
God, and be at peace. Atterbury.
6. Impression; stamp; character made by impression.
From my memory
I'll wipe away all trivial fond records,
All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past,
That youth and observation copy'd there. Shakesp.

PREST. adj. [prest or prêt, Fr.]
1. Ready; not dilatory. This is said to have been the original
sense of the word prest men; men, not forced into the service,
as now we understand it, but men, for a certain sum re­
ceived, prest or ready to march at command.


Each mind is prest, and open every ear,
To hear new tidings, though they no way joy us. Fairsax.
Grittus desired nothing more than, at his first entrance, to
have confirmed the opinion of his authority in the minds of
the vulgar people, by the prest and ready attendance of the
Vayuod. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
2. Neat; tight. In both senses the word is obsolete.
More wealth any where, to be breese
More people, more handsome and prest
Where find ye? Tusser's Husbandry.

PREST. n. s. [prest, Fr.] A loan.
He required of the city a prest of six thousand marks; but,
after many parlees, he could obtain but two thousand pounds.
Bacon's Henry VII.

PRESTIGA’TION. n. s. [prestigatio, Lat.] A deceiving; a jug­
gling; a playing legerdemain. Dict.

PRE’STIGES. n. s. [prestigiæ, Lat.] Illusions; impostures;
juggling tricks. Dict.

PRE’STO. n. s. [presto, Italian.] Quick; at once. A word
used by those that show legerdemain.
Presto! begone! 'tis here again;
There's ev'ry piece as big as ten. Swift.

PRESU’MABLY. adv. [from presume.] Without examination.
Authors presumably writing by common places, wherein,
for many years, promiscuously amassing all that make for their
subject, break forth at last into useless rhapsodies. Brown.

To PRESU’ME. v. n. [p esumer, Fr. præsumo, Lat.]
1. To suppose; to believe previously without examination.
O much deceiv'd, much failing, hapless Eve!
Of thy presum'd return! event perverse! Milton.
Experience supplants the use of conjecture in the point;
we do not only presume it may be so, but actually find it is
so. Government of the Tongue.
2. To suppose; to affirm without immediate proof.
Although in the relation of Moses there be very few persons
mentioned, yet are there many more to be presumed. Brown.
I presume,
That as my hand has open'd bounty to you,
My heart dropp'd love; my pow'r rain'd honour more
On you, than any. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. To venture without positive leave.
There was a matter we were no less desirous to know,
than fearful to ask, lest we might presume too far. Bacon.
I to the heav'nly vision thus prejum'd. Milton.
4. To form confident or arrogant opinions.
The life of Ovid being already written in our language, I
will not presume so far upon myself, to think I can add any
thing to Mr. Sandys his undertaking. Dryden.
This man presumes upon his parts, that they will not fail
him at time of need, and so thinks it superfluous labour to
make any provision beforehand. Locke.
5. To make confident or arrogant attempts.
In this we fail to perform the thing, which God seeth
meet, convenient and good; in that we presume to see what
is meet and convenient, better than God himself. Hooker.
God, to remove his ways from human sense,
Plac'd heav'n from earth so far, that earthly sight,
If it prejume, might err in things too high,
And no advantage gain. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
6. It has on or upon sometimes before the thing supposed, or cau­
sing presumption.
He, that would not deceive himself, ought to build his hy­
pothesis on matter of fact, and not presume on matter of fact,
because of his hypothesis. Locke.
Luther presumes upon the gift of continency. Atterbury.
7. It has of sometimes, but not properly.
Presuming of his force, with sparkling eyes,
Already he devours the promis'd prize. Dryden.

PRESU’MER. n. s. [from presume.] One that presupposes; an
arrogant person.
Heavy with some high minds is an overweight of obliga­
tion; otherwise great deservers do grow intolerable pre­
sumers. Wotton.

PRESU’MPTION. n. s. [præsumptus, Lat. presomption, Fr.]
1. Supposition previously formed.
Thou hast shewed us how unsafe it is to offend thee, upon
presumptions afterwards to please thee. King Charles.
Though men in general believed a future state, yet they had
but confused presumptions of the nature and condition of it. Rog.
2. Confidence grounded on any thing presupposed.
A presumption, upon this aid, was the principal motive for
the undertaking. Clarendon, b. viii.
Those at home held their immoderate engrossments of
power by no other tenure, than their own presumption upon
the necessity of affairs. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. An argument strong, but not demonstrative; a strong pro­
bability.
The error and unsufficience of their arguments doth make
it, on the contrary side against them, a strong presumption,
that God hath not moved their hearts to think such things, as
he hath not enabled them to prove. Hooker, b. v. s. 10.
4. Arrogance; confidence blind and adventurous; presump­
tuousness.
Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath;
For I am sorry, that with reverence
I did not entertain thee as thou art. Shakesp.
It warns a warier carriage in the thing,
Lest blind presumption work their ruining. Daniel.
I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very unfinished
piece. Dryden.
5. Unreasonable confidence of divine favour.
The awe of his majesty will keep us from presumption, and
the promises of his mercy from despair. Rogers.

PRESU’MPTIVE. adj. [presomptive, Fr. from presume.]
1. Taken by previous supposition.
We commonly take shape and colour for so presumptive
ideas of several species, that, in a good picture, we readily
say this is a lion, and that a rose. Locke.
2. Supposed: as, the presumptive heir: opposed to the heir ap­
parent.
3. Confident; arrogant; presumptuous.
There being two opinions repugnant to each other, it may
not be presumptive or sceptical to doubt of both. Brown.

PRESU’MPTUOUS. adj. [presumptueux, presomptueux, Fr.]
1. Arrogant; confident; insolent.
Presumptuous priest, this place commands my patience.
Shakesp. Henry VI.
I follow him not
With any token of presumptuous suit;
Nor would I have him, till I do deserve him. Shakesp.
The boldness of advocates prevail with judges; whereas
they should imitate God, who represseth the presumptuous,
and giveth grace to the modest. Bacon's Essays.
Their minds somewhat rais'd
By false presumptuous hope. Milton.
Some will not venture to look beyond received notions of
the age, nor have so presumptuous a thought, as to be wiser
than their neighbours. Locke.
2. Irreverent with respect to holy things.
Thus I presumptuous: and the vision bright,
As with a smile more brighten'd, thus reply'd. Milton.
The pow'rs incens'd
Punish'd his presumptuous pride,
That for his daring enterprize she dy'd. Dryden.
Can'st thou love
Presumptuous Crete, that boasts the tomb of Jove. Pope.

PRESU’MPTUOUSLY. adv. [from presumptuous.]
1. Arrogantly; irreverently.
Do you, who study nature's works, decide,
Whilst I the dark mysterious cause admire;
Nor, into what the gods conceal, presumptuously enquire.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. With vain and groundless confidence in divine favour.
I entreat your prayers, that God will keep me from all
premature persuasion of my being in Christ, and not suffer
me to go on presumptuously or desperately in any course Hamm.

PRESU’MPTUOUSNESS. n. s. [from presumptuous.] Quality of
being presumptuous; confidence; irreverence.

PRESUPPO’SAL. n. s. [præ and supposal.] Supposal previously
formed.
All things necessary to be known that we may be saved,
but known with presupposal of knowledge concerning certain
principles, whereof it receiveth us already persuaded. Hooker.

To PRESUPPO’SE. v. a. [presupposer, Fr. præ and suppose.]
To suppose as previous.
In as much as righteous life presupposeth life, in as much as
to live virtuously it is impossible except we live; therefore the
first impediment, which naturally we endeavour to remove,
is penury and want of things, without which we cannot
live. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
All kinds of knowledge have their certain bounds; each of
them presupposeth many necessary things learned in other
sciences, and known beforehand. Hooker, b. i.

PRESUPPOSI’TION. n. s. [presupposition, Fr. præ and supposition.]
Supposition previously formed.

PRESURMI’SE. n. s. [præ and surmise.] Surmise previously
formed.
It was your presurmise,
That, in the dole of blows, your son might drop. Shakesp.

PRETE’NCE. n. s. [prætensus, Lat.]
1. A false argument grounded upon fictitious postulates.
This pretence against religion will not only be baffled, but
we shall gain a new argument to persuade men over. Tillots.
2. The act of showing or alleging what is not real.
With flying speed and seeming great pretence
Came running in a messenger. Fairy Queen.
So strong his appetite was to those executions he had been
accustom'd to in Ireland, without any kind of commission or
pretence of authority. Clarendon.
O worthy not of liberty alone,
Too mean pretence, but honour. Miller.
Let not the Trojans, with a feign'd pretence
Of proffer'd peace, delude the Latian prince. Dryden.
I should have dressed the whole with greater care; but I
had little time, which I am sure you know to be more than
pretence. Wake's Preparation for Death.


3. Assumption; claim to notice.
Despise not these few ensuing pages; for never was any
thing of this pretence more ingenuously imparted. Evelyn.
4. Claim true or false.
Spirits in our just pretences arm'd
Fell with us. Milton.
Primogeniture cannot have any pretence to a right of solely
inheriting property or power. Locke.
5. Shakespeare uses this word with more affinity to the original
Latin, for something threatened, or held out to terrify.
I have conceived a most saint neglect of late, which I have
rather blamed as my own jealous curiosity, than as a very
pretence and purpose of unkindness. Shakesp.
In the great hand of God I stand, and thence
Against the undivulg'd pretence I fight
Of treas'nous malice. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He hath writ this to feel my affection for your honour, and
to no other pretence of danger. Shakesp. King Lear.

To PRETEND. v. a. [prætendo, Lat. pretendre, Fr.]
1. To hold out; to stretch forward. This is mere Latinity,
and not used.
Lucagus, to lash his horses, bends
Prone to the wheels, and his left foot pretends. Dryden.
2. To portend; to foreshow. Nor in use.
All these movements seemed to be pretended by moving of
the earth in Sussex. Hayward.
3. To make any appearance of having; to allege falsely.
This let him know,
Lost wilfully transgressing he pretend
Surprisal. Milton.
What reason then can any man pretend against religion,
when it is so apparently for the benefit, not only of human
society, but of every particular person. Tillotson.
4. To show hypocritically.
'Tis their interest to guard themselves from those riotous
effects of pretended zeal, nor is it less their duty. D. of Piety.
5. To hold out as a delusive appearance; to exhibit as a cover
of something hidden. This is rather Latin.
Warn all creatures from thee
Henceforth; lest that too heav'nly form, pretended
To hellish falshood, snare them. Milton's Par. Lost.
6. To claim. In this sense we rather say, pretend to.
Chiefs shall be grudg'd the part which they pretend. Dry.
Are they not rich? what more can they pretend? Pope.

To PRE’TEND. v. n.
1. To put in a claim truly or falsely. It is seldom used without
shade of censure.
What peace can be, where both to one pretend?
But they more diligent, and we more strong. Dryden.
In those countries that pretend to freedom, princes are sub­
ject to those laws which their people have chosen. Swift.
2. To presume on ability to do any thing; to prosess presump­
tuously.
Of the ground of redness in this sea are we not fully satis­
fied; for there is another red sea, whose name we pretend
not to make out from these principles. Brown.

PRETE’NDER. n. s. [from pretend.] One who lays claim to
any thing.
The prize was disputed only till you were seen; now all
pretenders have withdrawn their claims. Dryden.
Whatever victories the several pretenders to the empire ob­
tained over one another, they are recorded on coins without
the least reflection. Addison on Ancient Medals.
The numerous pretenders to places would never have been
kept in order, if expectation had been cut off. Swift.
To just contempt ye vain pretenders fall,
The people's fable and the scorn of all. Pope.
Pretenders to philosophy or good sense grow fond of this
sort of learning. Watts.

PRETE’NDINGLY. adv. [from pretending.] Arrogantly; pre­
sumptuously.
I have a particular reason to look a little pretendingly at
present. Coilier on Pride.

PRETE’NSION. n. s. [pretensio, Lat. pretention, Fr.]
1. Claim true or false.
But if to unjust things thou dost pretend,
Ere they begin, let thy pretensions end. Denham.
Men indulge those opinions and practices, that favour their
pretensions. L'Estrange.
The commons demand that the consulship should lie in
common to the pretensions of any Roman. Swift.
2. Fictitious appearance. A Latin phrase or sense.
This was but an invention and pretension given out by the
Spaniards. Bacon.

PRE’TER. n. s. [præter, Lat.] A particle, which prefixed to
words of Latin original, signifies beside.

PRE’TEPIMPERFECT. adj. In grammar, denotes the tense not
perfectly past.

PRE’TERIT. adj. [preterit, Fr. præteritus, Lat.] Past.

PRETERI’TION. n. s. [preterition, Fr. from preterit.] The act
of going past; the state of being past.

PRE’TERITNESS. n. s. [from preterit.] State of being past;
not presence; not futurity.
We cannot conceive a preteritness still backwards in infi­
nitum, that never was present, as we can an endless futurity,
that never will be present; so that though one is potentially
infinite, yet nevertheless the other is positively finite: and this
reasoning doth not at all affect the eternal existence of the
adorable divinity, in whose invariable nature there is no past
nor future. Bentley's Sermons.

PRETERLA’PSED. adj. [præterlapsus, Lat.] Past and gone.
We look with a superstitious reverence upon the accounts
of preterlapsed ages. Glanvill's Sceps.
Never was there so much of either, in any preterlapsed age,
as in this. Walker.

PRETERLE’GAL. adj. [preter and legal.] Not agreeable to
law.
I expected some evil customs preterlegal, and abuses per­
sonal, had been to be removed. King Charles.

PRETERMI’SSION. n. s. [pretermission, Fr. prætermissio, Lat.]
The act of omitting.

To PRETERMI’T. v. a. [prætermitto, Lat.] To pass by.
The fees, that are termly given to these deputies, for re­
compence of their pains, I do purposely pretermit; because
they be not certain. Bacon.

PRE’TERNATURAL. adj. [præter and natural.] Different
from what is natural; irregular.
We will enquire into the cause of this vile and preternatural
temper of mind, that should make a man please himself with
that which can no ways reach those faculties, which nature
has made the proper seat of pleasure. South's Sermons.
That form, which the earth is under at present, is preter­
natural, like a statue made and broken again. Burnet.

PRE’TERNATURALLY. adv. [from preternatural.] In a man­
ner different from the common order of nature.
Simple air, preternaturally attenuated by heat, will make
itself room, and break and blow up all that which resisteth
it. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PRE’TERNATURALNESS. n. s. [from preternatural.] Manner
different from the order of nature.

PRE’TERPERFECT. adj. [præteritum persectum, Lat.] A gram­
matical term applied to the tense which denotes time absolutely
past.
The same natural aversion to loquacity has of late made a
considerable alteration in our language, by closing in one syl­
lable the termination of our preterperfect tense, as drown'd,
walk'd, for drowned, walked. Addison's Spectator.

PRE’TERPLUPERFECT. adj. [præteritum plusquam perfectum,
Lat.] The grammatical epithet for the tense denoting time
relatively past, or past before some other past time.

PRETE’XT. n. s. [prætextus, Lat. pretexte, Fr.] Pretence;
false appearance; false allegation.
My pretext to strike at him admits
A good construction. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Under this pretext, the means he fought
To rain such whose might did much exceed
His pow'r to wrong. Danid's Civil War.
As chymists gold from brass by fire would draw,
Pretexts are into treason forg'd by law. Denham.
I shall not say with how much, or how little pretext of rea­
son they managed those disputes. Decay of Piety.
They suck the blood of those they depend upon, under a
pretext of service and kindness. L'Estrange.

PRE’TOR. n. s. [prætor, Lat. preteur, Fr.] The Roman judge.
It is now sometimes taken for a mayor.
Good Cinna, take this paper;
And look you lay it in the pretor's chair. Shakesp.
Porphyrius, whom you Egypt's pretor made,
Is come from Alexandria to your aid. Dryden.
An advocate, pleading the cause of his client before one of
the pretors, could only produce a single witness, in a point
where the law required two. Spectator, No 556.

PRE’TORIAN. adj. [pretorianus, Lat. pretorien, Fr.] Judicial;
exercised by the pretor.
The chancery had the pretorian power for equity; the star­
chamber had the consorian power for offences. Bacon.

PRE’TTILY. adv. [from pretty.] Neatly; elegantly; pleasingly
without dignity or elevation.
How prettily the young swain seems to wash
The hand was fair before. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
One saith prettily; in the quenching of the flame of a pe­
stilent ague, nature is like people that come to quench the fire
of a house; so busy, as one letteth another. Bacon.
Children, kept out of ill company, take a pride to behave
themselves prettily, after the fashion of others. Locke.

PRE’TTINESS. n. s. [from pretty.] Beauty without dignity;
neat elegance without elevation.
There is goodliness in the bodies of animals, as in the ox,
greyhound and stag; or majesty and stateliness, as in the lion,
horse, eagle and cock; grave awfulness, as in mastiffs; or
elegancy and prettiness, as in lesser dogs and most sort of birds;
all which are several modes of beauty. More.
Those drops of prettiness, scatteringly sprinkled amongst the
creatures, were designed to defecate and exalt our concep­
tions, not to inveigle or detain our passions. Boyle.



PRETTY. adj. [præt, finery, Sax. pretto, Italian; prat, prat­
tigh, Dutch.]
1. Neat; elegant; pleasing without surprise or elevation.
Of these the idle Greeks have many pretty tales. Raleigh.
They found themselves involved in a train of mistakes, by
taking up some pretty hypothesis in philosophy. Watts.
2. Beautiful without grandeur or dignity.
The pretty gentleman is the most complaisant creature in
the world, and is always of my mind. Spectator.
3. It is used in a kind of diminutive contempt in poetry, and
in conversation: as, a pretty fellow indeed!
A pretty task; and so I told the fool,
Who needs must undertake to please by rule. Dryden.
He'll make a pretty figure in a triumph,
And serve to trip before the victor's chariot. Addison.
4. Not very small. This is a very vulgar use.
A knight of Wales, with shipping and some pretty com­
pany, did go to discover those parts. Abbot.
Cut off the stalks of cucumbers, immediately after their
bearing, close by the earth, and then cast a pretty quantity of
earth upon the plant, and they will bear next year before the
ordinary time. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
I would have a mount of some pretty height, leaving the
wall of the enclosure breast high. Bacon's Essays.
Of this mixture we put a parcel into a crucible, and suffered
it for a pretty while to continue red hot. Boyle.
A weazle a pretty way off stood leering at him. L'Estr.

PRE’TTY. adv. In some degree. This word is used before
adverbs or adjectives to intend their signification: it is less
than very.
The world begun to be pretty well stocked with people,
and human industry drained those unhabitable places. Burnet.
I shall not enquire how far this lofty method may advance
the reputation of learning; but I am pretty sure 'tis no
great addition to theirs who use it. Collier.
A little voyage round the lake took up five days, though
the wind was pretty fair for us all the while. Addison.
I have a fondness for a project, and a pretty tolerable genius
that way myself. Addison's Guardian, No 107.
These colours were faint and dilute, unless the light was
trajected obliquely; for by that means they became pretty
vivid. Newton's Opticks.
This writer every where insinuates, and, in one place,
pretty plainly professes himself a sincere christian. Atterbury.
The cooper halfpence are coined by the publick, and every
piece worth pretty near the value of the copper. Swift.
The first attempts of this kind were pretty modest. Baker.

To PRE’VAIL. v. n. [prevaloir, Fr. prævalere, Lat.]
1. To be in force; to have effect; to have power; to have in­
fluence.
This custom makes the short-sighted bigots, and the wa­
rier scepticks, as far as it prevails. Locke.
2. To overcome; to gain the superiority. With on or upon,
sometimes over or against.
They that were your enemies, are his,
And have prevail'd as much on him as you. Shakesp.
Nor is it hard for thee to preserve me amidst the unjust ha­
tred and jealousness of too many, which thou hast suffered to
prevail upon me. King Charles.
I told you then he should prevail, and speed
On his bad errand. Milton.
The millenium prevailed long against the truth upon the
strength of authority. Decay of Piety.
While Malbro's cannon thus prevails by land,
Britain's sea-chiefs by Anna's high command,
Resistless o'er the Thuscan billows ride. Blackmore.
Thus song could prevail
O'er death and o'er hell,
A conquest how hard and how glorious;
Though fate had fast bound her
With Styx nine times round her,
Yet musick and love were victorious. Pope.
This kingdom could never prevail against the united power
of England. Swift.
3. To gain influence; to operate effectually.
4. To persuade or induce by entreaty. It has with, upon or on
before the person persuaded.
With minds obdurate nothing prevaileth, as well they that
preach, as they that read unto such, shall still have cause to
complain with the prophets of old, who will give credit unto
our teaching? Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
He was prevailed with to restrain the earl of Bristol upon
his first arrival. Clarendon.
The serpent with me
Persuasively have so prevail'd, that I
Have also tasted. Milton.
They are more in danger to go out of the way, who are
marching under the conduct of a guide, that it is an hundred
to one will mislead them, than he that has not yet taken a step,
and is likelier to be prevailed on to enquire after the right
way. Locke.
There are four sorts of arguments that men, in their rea­
sonings with others, make use of to prevail on them. Locke.
The gods pray
He would resume the conduct of the day,
Nor let the world be lost in endless night;
Prevail'd upon at last, again he took
The harness'd steeds, that still with horror shook. Addis.
Upon assurances of revolt, the queen was prevailed with
to send her forces upon that expedition. Swift.
Prevail upon some judicious friend to be your constant
hearer, and allow him the utmost freedom. Swift.

PREVAI’LING. adj. [from prevail.] Predominant; having
most influence.
Probabilities, which cross men's appetites and prevailing
passions, run the same fate: let never so much probability
hang on one side of a covetous man's reasoning, and money
on the other, it is easy to foresee which will outweigh. Locke.
Save the friendless infants from oppression;
Saints shall assist thee with prevailing prayers,
And warring angels combat on thy side. Rowe.

PREVAI’LMENT. n. s. [from revail.] Prevalence.
Messengers
Of strong prevailment in unharden'd youth. Shakesp.

PRE’VALENCE. n. s. [prevalence, Fr. prævalentia, low Lat.]
Superiority; influence; predominance.
The duke better knew, what kind of arguments were of
prevalence with him. Clarendon.
Others finding that, in former times, many churchmen
were employed in the civil government, imputed their want­
ing of these ornaments their predecessors wore, to the power
and prevalency of the lawyers. Clarendon.
Animals; whose forelegs supply the use of arms, hold, if
not an equality in both, a prevalency oft times in the other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Why, fair one, would you not rely
On reason's force with beauty's join'd;
Could I their prevalence deny,
I must at once be deaf and blind. Prior.
Least of all does this precept imply, that we should com­
ply with any thing that the prevalence of corrupt fashion has
made reputable. Rogers's Sermons.

PRE’VALENCY. n. s. [prevalence, Fr. prævalentia, low Lat.]
Superiority; influence; predominance.
The duke better knew, what kind of arguments were of
prevalence with him. Clarendon.
Others finding that, in former times, many churchmen
were employed in the civil government, imputed their want­
ing of these ornaments their predecessors wore, to the power
and prevalency of the lawyers. Clarendon.
Animals; whose forelegs supply the use of arms, hold, if
not an equality in both, a prevalency oft times in the other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Why, fair one, would you not rely
On reason's force with beauty's join'd;
Could I their prevalence deny,
I must at once be deaf and blind. Prior.
Least of all does this precept imply, that we should com­
ply with any thing that the prevalence of corrupt fashion has
made reputable. Rogers's Sermons.

PRE’VALENT. adj. [prævalens, Lat.] Victorious; gaining su­
periority.
Brennus told the Roman ambassadors, that prevalent arms
were as good as any title, and that valiant men might ac­
count to be their own as much as they could get. Raleigh.
On the foughten field,
Michael and his angels prevalent encamping. Milton.
The conduct of a peculiar providence made the instruments
of that great design prevalent and victorious, and all those
mountains of opposition to become plains. South's Sermons.
2. Predominant; powerful.
Eve! easily may faith admit, that all
The good which we enjoy, from heav'n descends;
But, that from us ought should ascend to heav'n,
So prevalent, as to concern the mind
Of God high-blest; or to incline his will;
Hard to belief may seem. Milton's Par. Lost.
This was the most received and prevalent opinion, when I
first brought my collection up to London. Woodward.

PRE’VALENTLY. adv. [from prevalent.] Powerfully; forcibly.
The ev'ning-star so falls into the main,
To rise at morn more prevalently bright. Prior.

To PREVA’RICATE. v. n. [prævaricor, Lat. prevariquer,
Fr.] To cavil; to quibble; to shuffle.
Laws are either disannulled or quite prevaricated through
change and alteration of times, yet they are good in them­
selves. Spenser.
He prevaricates with his own understanding, and cannot
seriously consider the strength, and discern the evidence of ar­
gumentations against his desires. South.
Whoever helped him to this citation, I desire he will never
trust him more; for I would think better of himself, than
that he would wilfully prevaricate. Stilling fleet.

PREVARICA’TION. n. s. [prævaricatio, Lat. prevarication, Fr.
from prevaricate.] Shuffle; cavil.
Several Romans, taken prisoners by Hannibal, were re­
leased upon obliging themselves by an oath to return again to
his camp: among these was one, who, thinking to clude the
oath, went the same day back to the camp, on pretence of
having forgot something; but this prevarication was so shock­
ing to the Roman senate, that they ordered him to be deli­
vered up to Hannibal. Addison's Freeholder.

PREVARICA’TOR. n. s. [prævaricator, Lat. prevaricateur, Fr.
from prevaricate.] A caviller; a shuffler.

PREVE’NIENT. adj. [præveniens, Lat.] Preceding; going before;
preventive.
From the mercy-seat above
Prevenient grace descending, had remov'd
The stony from their hearts, and made new flesh
Regenerate grow instead. Milton's Par. Lost.

To PREVE’NE. v. a. [prævenio, Lat.] To hinder.
If thy indulgent care
Had not preven'd, among unbody'd shades
I now had wander'd. Philips.



To PREVE’NT. v. a. [prævenio, Lat. prevenir, Fr.]
1. To go before as a guide; to go before, making the way
easy.
Are we to forsake any true opinion, or to shun any requi­
site action, only because we have in the practice thereof been
prevented by idolaters. Hooker, b. v. s. 12.
Prevent him with the blessings of goodness. Psalm xxi. 3.
Prevent us, O Lord, in all our doings with thy most gra­
cious favour. Common Prayer.
Let thy grace, O Lord, always prevent and follow us.
Common Prayer.
2. To go before; to be before; to anticipate.
Mine eyes prevent the night-watches, that I might be oc­
cupied in thy words. Psalm cxix. 4.
The same officer told us, he came to conduct us, and that
he had prevented the hour, because we might have the whole
day before us for our business. Bacon.
Nothing engendred doth prevent his meat:
Flies have their tables spread, ere they appear;
Some creatures have in winter what to eat;
Others do sleep. Herbert's Temple of Sacred Poems.
Soon shalt thou find, if thou but arm their hands,
Their ready guilt preventing thy commands;
Coud'st thou some great proportion'd mischief frame,
They'd prove the father from whose loins they came. Pope.
3. To preoccupy; to preengage; to attempt first.
Thou hast prevented us with offertures of love, even when
we were thine enemies. King Charles.
4. To hinder; to obviate; to obstruct. This is now almost
the only sense.
They prevented me in the day of my trouble; but the
Lord was my upholder. Psalm xviii. 18.
I do find it cowardly and vile,
For fear of what might fall, so to prevent
The time of life. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
This your sincerest care could not prevent,
Foretold so lately what would come to pass. Milton.
Too great confidence in success is the likeliest to prevent
it; because it hinders us from making the best use of the ad­
vantages which we enjoy. Atterbury.

To PRE’VENT. v. n. To come before the time. A latinism.
Strawberries watered with water, wherein hath been steeped
sheep's dung, will prevent and come early. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PREVE’NTER. n. s. [from prevent.]
1. One that goes before.
The archduke was the assailant, and the preventer, and
had the fruit of his diligence and celerity. Bacon.
2. One that hinders; an hinderer; an obstructer.

PREVE’NTION. n. s. [prevention, Fr. from prevention; Lat.]
1. The act of going before.
The greater the distance, the greater the prevention; as in
thunder, where the lightning precedeth the crack a good
space. Bacon.
No odds appear'd
In might or swift prevention. Milton.
2. Preoccupation; anticipation.
Atchievements, plots, orders, preventions,
Success or loss. Shakesp.
3. Hinderance; obstruction.
Half way he met
His daring foe, at this prevention more
Incens'd. Milton.
Prevention of sin is one of the greatest mercies God can
vouchsafe. South's Sermons.
4. Prejudice; prepossession. A French expression.
In reading what I have written, let them bring no parti­
cular gusto or any prevention of mind, and that whatsoever
judgment they make, it may be purely their own. Dryden.

PREVE’NTIONAL. adj. [from prevention.] Tending to pre­
vention. Dict.

PREVE’NTIVE. adj. [from prevent.]
1. Tending to hinder.
Wars preventive upon just fears are true defensives, as well
as upon actual invasions. Bacon.
2. Preservative; hindering ill. It has of before the thing pre­
vented.
Physick is curative or preventive of diseases; preventive is
that which, by purging noxious humours, preventeth sickness.
Brown.
Procuring a due degree of sweat and perspiration, is the
best preventive of the gout. Arbuthnot.

PREVE’NTIVE. n. s. [from prevent.] A preservative; that
which prevents; an antidote.

PREVE’NTIVELY. adv. [from preventive.] In such a manner
as tends to prevention.
Such as fearing to concede a monstrosity, or mutilate the
integrity of Adam, preventively conceive the creation of thir­
teen ribs. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PRE’VIOUS. adj. [prœvius, Lat.] Antecedent; going be­
fore; prior.
By this previous intimation we may gather some hopes, that
the matter is not desperate. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Sound from the mountain, previous to the storm,
Rolls o'er the muttering Earth. Thomson.

PRE’VIOUSLY. adv. [from previous.] Beforehand; antecedently.
Darting their stings, they previously declare
Design'd revenge, and fierce intent of war. Prior.
It cannot be reconciled with perfect sincerity, as previously
supposing some neglect of better information. Fiddes.

PRE’VIOUSNESS. n. s. [from previous.] Antecedence.

PREY. n. s. [præda, Lat.]
1. Something to be devoured; something to be seized; food gotten
by violence; ravine; wealth gotten by violence; plunder.
A garrison supported itself, by the prey it took from the
neighbourhood of Aylesbury. Clarendon, b. viii.
The whole included race his purpos'd prey. Milton.
She sees herself the monster's prey,
And feels her heart and intrails torn away. Dryden.
Pindar, that eagle, mounts the skies,
While virtue leads the noble way;
Too like a vulture Boileau flies,
Where sordid int'rest shews the prey. Prior.
2. Ravage; depredation.
Hog in sloth, fox in stealth, lion in prey. Shakesp.
3. Animal of prey, is an animal that lives on other animals.
There are men of prey, as well as beasts and birds of prey,
that live upon, and delight in blood. L'Estrange.

To PREY. v. n. [prædor, Lat.]
1. To feed by violence. With on before the object.
A lioness
Lay couching head on ground, with cat-like watch,
When that the sleeping man should stir: for 'tis
The royal disposition of that beast
To prey on nothing that doth seem as dead. Shakesp.
Put your torches out;
The wolves have prey'd, and look the gentle day
Dapples the drowsy east. Shakesp.
Jove venom first infus'd in serpents fell,
Taught wolves to prey, and stormy seas to swell. May.
Their impious folly dar'd to prey
On herds devoted to the god of day. Pope.
2. To plunder; to rob.
They pray continually unto their saint the commonwealth,
or rather not pray to her, but prey on her; for they ride up
and down on her, and make her their boots. Shakesp.
3. To corrode; to waste.
Language is too faint to show
His rage of love; it preys upon his life;
He pines, he sickens, he despairs, he dies. Addison.

PRE’YER. n. s. [from prey.] Robber; devourer; plunderer.

PRI

PRI’APISM. n. s. [priapismus, Lat. priapisme, Fr.] A preter­
natural tension.
Lust causeth a flagrancy in the eyes and priapism. Bacon.
The person every night has a priapism in his sleep. Floyer.

PRICE. n. s. [prix, Fr. præium, Lat.]
1. Equivalent paid for any thing.
I will buy it of thee at a price; neither will I offer burnt­
offerings unto the Lord my God, of that which cost me no­
thing. 2 Samuel xxiv. 24.
From that which hath its price in composition, if you take
away any thing, or any part do fail, all is disgrace. Bacon.
If fortune has a niggard been to thee,
Devote thyself to thrift, not luxury;
And wisely make that kind of food thy choice,
To which necessity confines thy price. Dryden.
2. Value; estimation; supposed excellence.
We stand in some jealousy, lest by thus overvaluing their
sermons; they make the price and estimation of scripture,
otherwise notified, to fall. Hooker.
Sugar hath put down the use of honey, inasmuch as we
have lost those preparations of honey which the ancients had,
when it was more in price. Bacon.
3. Rate at which any thing is sold.
Supposing the quantity of wheat, in respect to its vent be
the same, that makes the change in the price of wheat. Locke.
4. Reward; thing purchased at any rate.
Sometimes virtue starves, while vice is fed;
What then? is the reward of virtue bread?
That, vice may merit; 'tis the price of toil;
The knave deserves it, when he tills the soil. Pope.

To PRICE. v. a. To pay for.
Some shall pay the price of others guilt;
And he the man that made fans foy to fall,
Shall with his own blood price that he hath spilt. F. Queen.

To PRICK. v. a. [prician, Saxon.]
1. To pierce with a small puncture.
Leave her to heav'n,
And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge,
To prick and sting her. Shakesp. Hamlet.
There shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of
Israel, nor any grieving thorn. Ezekiel xxviii. 24.
If she pricked her finger, Jack laid the pin in the way. Arb.
2. To form or erect with an acuminated point.
The poets make fame a monster; they say, look how
many feathers she hath, so many eyes she hath underneath,
so many tongues, so many voices, she pricks up so many
ears. Bacon's Essays.


A hunted panther casts about
Her glaring eyes, and pricks her list'ning ears to scout. Dry.
His rough crest he rears,
And pricks up his predestinating ears. Dryden.
The fiery courser, when he hears from far
The sprightly trumpets and the shouts of war,
Pricks up his ears. Dryden's Virgil's Georg.
A greyhound hath pricked ears, but those of a hound hang
down; for that the former hunts with his ears, the latter
only with his nose. Grew.
The tuneful noise the sprightly courser hears,
Paws the green turf, and pricks his trembling ears. Gay.
Keep close to ears, and those let asses prick;
'Tis nothing - nothing; if they bite and kick. Pope.
3. To fix by the point.
I caused the edges of two knives to be ground truly strait,
and pricking their points into a board, so that their edges
might look towards one another, and meeting near their
points contain a rectilinear angle, I fastened their handles to­
gether with pitch, to make this angle invariable. Newton.
4. To hang on a point.
The cooks slice it into little gobbets, prick it on a prong
of iron, and hang it in a furnace. Sandys.
5. To nominate by a puncture or mark.
Those many then shall die, their names are prickt.
Shakespeare.
Some who are pricked for sheriffs, and are fit, set out of
the bill. Bacon.
6. To spur; to goad; to impel; to incite.
When I call to mind your gracious favours,
My duty pricks me on to utter that,
Which else no worldly good should draw from me. Shakesp.
Well, 'tis no matter, honour pricks me on;
But how if honour prick me off, when
I come on. Shakesp. Henry IV.
His high courage prick'd him forth to wed. Pope.
7. To pain; to pierce with remorse.
When they heard this, they were pricked in their hearts,
and said, men and brethren what shall we do? Acts ii. 37.
8. To make acid.
They their late attacks decline,
And turn as eager as prick'd wine. Hudibras, p. ii.
9. To mark a tune.

To PRICK. v. n. [prijken, Dutch.]
1. To dress one's self for show.
2. To come upon the spur. This seems to be the sense in
Spenser.
After that Varlet's flight, it was not long,
Ere on the plain fast pricking Guyon spied,
One in bright arms embattled full strong. Fa. Queen.
A gentle knight was pricking on the plain,
Yclad in mighty arms of silver shield. Fa. Queen.
They had not riddne far, when they might see
One pricking towards them with hasty heat. Fa. Queen.
The Scottish horsemen began to hover much upon the
English army, and to come pricking about them, sometimes
within length of their staves. Hayward.
Before each van
Prick forth the airy knights. Milton.
In this king Arthur's reign,
A lusty knight was pricking o'er the plain. Dryden.

PRICK. n. s. [pricca, Saxon.]
1. A sharp slender instrument; any thing by which a puncture
is made.
The country gives me proof
Of bedlam beggars, who, with roaring voices,
Strike in their numb'd and mortified bare arms
Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary. Shakesp.
It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. Acts ix. 5.
If the English would not in peace govern them by the law,
nor could in war root them out by the sword, must they not
be pricks in their eyes, and thorns in their sides. Davies.
If God would have had men live like wild beasts, he would
have armed them with horns, tusks, talons or pricks. Bramh.
2. A thorn in the mind; a teasing and tormenting thought; re­
morse of conscience.
My conscience first receiv'd a tenderness,
Scruple, and prick, on certain speeches utter'd
By th' bishop of Bayon. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. A spot or mark at which archers aim.
For long shooting, their shaft was a cloth yard, their pricks
twenty-four score; for strength, they would pierce any ordi­
nary armour. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
4. A point; a fixed place.
Now gins this goodly frame of temperance
Fairly to rise, and her adorned head
To prick of highest praise forth to advance. Spenser.
Phaeton hath tumbled from his car,
And made an evening at the noon-tide prick. Shakesp.
5. A puncture.
No asps were discovered in the place of her death, only
two small insensible pricks were found in her arm. Brown.
6. The print of a hare in the ground.

PRI’CKER. n. s. [from prick.]
1. A sharp-pointed instrument.
Pricker is vulgarly called an awl; yet, for joiner's use, it
hath most commonly a square blade. Moxon's Mechan. Exer.
2. A light horseman.
They had horsemen, prickers as they are termed, fitter to
make excursions and to chace, than to sustain any strong
charge. Hayward.

PRI’CKET. n. s. [from prick.] A buck in his second year.
I've call'd the deer; the princess kill'd a pricket. Shakesp.
The buck is called the first year a fawn, the second year a
pricket. Manwood of the Laws of the Forest.

PRI’CKLE. n. s. [from prick.] Small sharp point, like that of
a brier.
The prickles of trees are a kind of excrescence; the plants
that have prickles, are black and white, those have it in the
bough; the plants that have prickles in the leaf, are holly and
juniper; nettles also have a small venomous prickle. Bacon.
An herb growing in the water, called lincostis, is full of
prickles: this putteth forth another small herb out of the leaf,
imputed to moisture gathered between the prickles. Bacon.
A fox catching hold of a bramble to break his fall, the
prickles ran into his feet. L'Estrange.
The man who laugh'd but once to see an ass
Mumbling to make the cross-grain'd thistles pass,
Might laugh again, to see a jury chaw
The prickles of unpalatable law. Dryden.
The flower's divine, where'er it grows,
Neglect the prickles, and assume the rose. Watts.

PRI’CKLINESS. n. s. [from prickly.] Fullness of sharp points.

PRI’CKLOUSE. n. s. [prick and louse.] A word of contempt
for a taylor. A low word.
A taylor and his wife quarreling; the woman in contempt
called her husband pricklouse. L'Estrange.

PRI’CKSONG. n. s. [prick and song.] Song set to musick.
He fights as you sing pricksongs, keeps time, distance and
proportion. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

PRI’CKLY. adj. [from prick.] Full of sharp points.
Artichoaks will be less prickly and more tender, if the seeds
have their tops grated off upon a stone. Bacon.
I no more
Shall see you browzing, on the mountain's brow,
The prickly shrubs. Dryden.
How did the humbled swain detest
His prickly beard, and hairy breast! Swift's Miscel.

PRI’CKMADAM. n. s. A species of houseleek, which see.

PRI’CKPUNCH. n. s.
Prickpunch is a piece of tempered steel, with a round point
at one end, to prick a round mark in cold iron. Moxon.

PRI’CKWOOD. n. s. A tree. Ainsworth.

PRIDE. n. s. [prit or pryd, Saxon.]
1. Inordinate and unreasonable self-esteem.
I can see his pride
Peep through each part of him. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Pride hath no other glass
To shew itself, but pride; for supple knees
Feed arrogance, and are the proud man's fees. Shakesp.
He his wonted pride soon recollects. Milton.
Vain aims, inordinate desires
Blown up with high conceits engend'ring pride. Milton.
2. Insolence; rude treatment of others; insolent exultation.
That witch
Hath wrought this hellish mischief unawares;
That hardly we escap'd the pride of France. Shakesp.
They undergo
This annual humbling certain number'd days,
To dash their pride and joy for man seduc'd. Milton.
Wantonness and pride
Raise out of friendship, hostile deeds in peace. Milton.
3. Dignity of manner; lostiness of air.
4. Generous elation of heart.
The honest pride of conscious virtue. Smith.
5. Elevation; dignity.
A falcon, tow'ring in her pride of place,
Was by a mousing owl hawkt at and kill'd. Shakesp.
6. Ornament; show; decoration.
Whose lofty trees; yclad with summer's pride,
Did spread so broad, that heavens light did hide. F. Qu.
Smallest lineaments exact,
In all the liveries deck'd of summer's pride. Milton.
Be his this sword,
Whose ivory sheath, in wrought with curious pride,
Adds graceful terror to the wearer's side. Pope.
7. Splendour; ostentation.
In this array the war of either side,
Through Athens pass'd with military pride. Dryden.
8. The state of a female beast soliciting the male.
It is impossible you should see this,
Were they as salt as wolves in pride. Shakesp.

To PRIDE. v. a. [from the noun.] To make proud; to rate
himself high. It is only used with the reciprocal pronoun.
He could have made the most deformed beggar as rich, as
those who most pride themselves in their wealth. Go. of the Ton.


This little impudent hardware-man turns into ridicule the
direful apprehensions of the whole kingdom, priding himself
as the cause of them. Swift's Miscel.

PRIE. n. s. I suppose an old name of privet.
Lop popler and sallow, elme, maple and prie,
Wel saved from cattel, till summer to lie. Tusser.

PRI’EF for proof. Spenser.

PRI’ER. n. s. [from pry.] One who enquires too narrowly.

PRIEST. n. s. [preost, Sax. prestre, Fr.]
1. One who officiates in sacred offices.
I'll to the vicar,
Bring you the maid, you shall not lack a priest. Shakesp.
The high priest shall not uncover his head. Lev. xxi. 10.
Our practice of singing differs from the practice of David,
the priests and Levites. Peacham.
These pray'rs I thy priest before thee bring. Milton.
2. One of the second order in the hierarchy, above a deacon,
below a bishop.
No neighbours, but a few poor simple clowns,
Honest and true, with a well-meaning priest. Rowe.

PRI’ESTCRAFT. n. s. [priest and craft.] Religious frauds;
management of wicked priests to gain power.
Puzzle has half a dozen common-place topicks; though
the debate be about Doway, his discourse runs upon bigotry
and priestcraft. Spectator.
From priestcraft happily set free,
Lo! ev'ry finish'd son returns to thee. Pope.

PRIE’STESS. n. s. [from priest.] A woman who officiated in
heathen rites.
Then too, our mighty fire, thou stood'st disarm'd,
When thy rapt soul the lovely priestess charm'd,
That Rome's high founder bore. Addison.
These two, being the sons of a lady who was priestess to
Juno, drew their mother's chariot to the temple. Spectator.
She as priestess knows the rites,
Wherein the God of earth delights. Swift's Miscel.
Th' inferior priestess, at her altar's side,
Trembling, begins the sacred rites of pride. Pope.

PRIE’STHOOD. n. s. [from priest.]
1. The office and character of a priest.
Jeroboam is reproved, because he took the priesthood from
the tribe of Levi. Whitgifte.
The priesthood hath in all nations, and all religions, been
held highly venerable. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. The order of men set apart for holy offices.
Is your priesthood grown so peremptory? Shakesp.
He pretends, that I have fallen foul on priesthood. Dryden.
3. The second order of the hierarchy. See PRIEST.

PRIE’STLINESS. n. s. [from priestly.] The appearance or man­
ner of a priest.

PRIE’STLY. adj. [from priest.] Becoming a priest; sacerdotal;
belonging to a priest.
In the Jewish church, none that was blind or lame was
capable of the priestly office. South's Sermons.
How can incest suit with holiness,
Or priestly orders with a princely state? Dryden.

PRIE’STRIDDEN. adj. [priest and ridden.] Managed or go­
verned by priests.
Such a cant of high-church and persecution, and being
priestridden. Swift.

To PRIEVE for prove. Spenser.

PRIG. n. s. [A cant word derived perhaps from prick, as he
pricks up, he is pert; or from prickeared, an epithet of re­
proach bestowed upon the presbyterian teachers.] A pert,
conceited, saucy, pragmatical, little fellow.
The little man concluded, with calling monsieur Mesnager
an insignificant prig. Spectator, No 482.
There have I seen some active prig,
To shew his parts, bestride a twig. Swift's Miscel.

PRILL. n. s. A birt or turbot. Ainsworth.

PRIM. adj. [by contraction from primitive.] Formal; precise;
affectedly nice.
A ball of new dropt horse's dung,
Mingling with apples in the throng,
Said to the pippin, plump and prim,
See, brother, how we apples swim. Swift's Miscel.

To PRIM. v. a. [from the adjective.] To deck up precisely;
to form to an affected nicety.

PRI’MACY. n. s. [primatie, primace, Fr. primatus, Lat.] The
chief ecclesiastical station.
When he had now the primacy in his own hand, he thought
he should be to blame if he did not apply remedies. Clarend.

PRI’MAGE. n. s. The freight of a ship. Ainsworth.

PRI’MAL. adj. [primus, Lat.] First. A word not in use, but
very commodious for poetry.
It hath been taught us from the primal state,
That he, which is, was wish'd, until he were. Shakesp.
Oh! my offence is rank, it smells to heav'n,
It hath the primal, eldest curse upon't. Shakesp.

PRI’MARILY. adv. [from primary.] Originally; in the first
intention; in the first place.
In fevers, where the heart primarily suffereth, we apply
medicines unto the wrists. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These considerations so exactly suiting the parable of the
wedding-supper to this spiritual banquet of the gospel, if it
does not primarily, and in its first design, intend it; yet cer­
tainly it may, with greater advantage of resemblance, be ap­
plied to it, than to any other duty. South's Sermons.

PRI’MARINESS. n. s. [from primary.] The state of being first
in act or intention.
That which is peculiar, must be taken from the primari­
ness and secondariness of the perception. Norris.

PRI’MARY. adj. [primarius, Lat.]
1. First in intention.
The figurative notation of this word, and not the primary
or literal, belongs to this place. Hammond.
2. Original; first.
Before that beginning, there was neither primary matter to
be informed, nor form to inform, nor any being but the
eternal. Raleigh's History of the World.
When the ruins both primary and secondary were settled,
the waters of the abyss began to settle too. Burnet.
These I call original or primary qualities of body, which
produce simple ideas in us, viz. solidity, extension, figure
and motion. Locke.
3. First in dignity; chief; principal.
As the six primary planets revolve about him, so the se­
condary ones are moved about them in the same sesquialteral
proportion of their periodical motions to their orbs. Bentley.

PRI’MATE. n. s. [primat, Fr. primas, Lat.] The chief eccle­
siastick.
When the power of the church was first established, the
archbishops of Canterbury and York had then no prehemi­
nence one over the other; the former being primate over the
Southern, as the latter was over the Northern parts. Ayliffe.
The late and present primate, and the lord archbishop of
Dublin hath left memorials of his bounty. Swift.

PRI’MATESHIP. n. s. [from primate.] The dignity or office
of a primate.

PRIME. n. s. [primus, Lat.]
1. The first part of the day; the dawn; the morning.
His larum bell might loud and wide be heard
When cause requir'd, but never out of time,
Early and late it rung at evening and at prime. Spenser.
Sure pledge of day, that crown'st the smiling morn
With thy bright circlet, praise him in thy sphere
While day arises, that sweet hour of prime. Milton.
2. The beginning ; the early days.
Quickly sundry arts mechanical were found out in the very
prime of the world. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
Nature here wanton'd as in her prime. Milton.
3. The best part.
Give no more to ev'ry guest,
Than he's able to digest,
Give him always of the prime,
And but little at a time. Swift.
4. The spring of life; the height of health, strength or beauty.
Make haste, sweet love, whilst it is prime,
For none can call again the passed time. Spenser.
Will she yet debase her eyes on me,
That cropt the golden prime of this sweet prince,
And made her widow to a woful bed? Shakesp. Rich. III.
Youth, beauty, wisdom, courage, virtue, all
That happiness and prime can happy call. Shakesp.
Likeliest she seem'd to Ceres in her prime. Milton.
No poet ever sweetly sung,
Unless he were, like Phœbus, young;
Nor ever nymph inspir'd to rhyme,
Unless, like Venus, in her prime. Swift.
Short were her marriage joys; for in the prime
Of youth, her lord expir'd before his time. Dryden.
5. Spring.
Hope waits upon the flow'ry prime,
And summer, though it be less gay,
Yet is not look'd on as a time
Of declination or decay. Waller.
The poet and his theme in spite of time,
For ever young enjoys an endless prime. Granville.
6. The height of perfection.
The plants which now appear in the most different seasons,
would have been all in prime, and flourishing together at the
same time. Woodward.
7. The first canonical hour. Ainsworth.
8. The first part; the beginning: as, the prime of the moon.

PRIME. adj. [primus, Lat.]
1. Early; blooming.
His starry helm unbuckl'd, shew'd him prime
In manhood, where youth ended. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Principal; first rate.
Divers of prime quality, in several counties, were, for re­
fusing to pay the same, committed to prison. Clarendon.
Nor can I think, that God will so destroy
We his prime creatures dignify'd so high. Milton.
Humility and resignation are our prime virtues. Dryden.


3. First; original.
We smother'd
The most replenished sweet work of nature,
That from the prime creation e'er she fram'd. Shakesp.
Moses being chosen by God to be the ruler of his people,
will not prove that priesthood belonged to Adam's heir, or the
prime fathers. Locke.
4. Excellent. It may, in this loose sense, perhaps admit,
though scarcely with propriety, a superlative.
We are contented with
Catharine our queen, before the primest creature
That's paragon'd i' th' world. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

To PRIME. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put in the first powder; to put powder in the pan of a
gun.
A pistol of about a foot in length, we primed with well­
dried gunpowder. Boyle.
Prime all your firelocks, fasten well the stake. Gay.
His friendship was exactly tim'd,
He shot before your foes were prim'd. Swift's Miscel.
2. [Primer, Fr. to begin.] To lay the first colours on in paint­
ing. A Gallicism.

PRI’MELY. adv. [from prime.]
1. Originally; primarily; in the first place; in the first inten­
tion.
Words signify not immediately and primely things them­
selves, but the conceptions of the mind about them. South
2. Excellently; supremely well. A low sense.

PRI’MENESS. n. s. [from prime.]
1. The state of being first.
2. Excellence.

PRI’MER. n. s.
1. An office of the blessed Virgin.
Another prayer to her is not only in the manual, but in
the primer or office of the blessed Virgin. Stillingfleet.
2. [Primarius, Lat.] A small prayer book in which children
are taught to read, so named from the Romish book of devo­
tions; an elementary book.
The Lord's prayer, the creed and ten commandments
he should learn by heart, not by reading them himselft in his
primer, but by somebody's repeating them before he can
read. Locke on Education.

PRIME’RO. n. s. [Spanish.] A game at cards.
I left him at primero
With the duke of Suffolk. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

PRIME’VAL. adj. [primævus, Lat.] Original; such as was
at first.
Immortal dove,
Thou with almighty energy did'st move
On the wild waves, incumbent did'st display
Thy genial wings, and hatch primeval day. Blackmore.
All the parts of this great fabrick change;
Quit their old stations and primeval frame,
And lose their shape, their essence, and their name. Prior.

PRIME’VOUS. adj. [primævus, Lat.] Original; such as was
at first.
Immortal dove,
Thou with almighty energy did'st move
On the wild waves, incumbent did'st display
Thy genial wings, and hatch primeval day. Blackmore.
All the parts of this great fabrick change;
Quit their old stations and primeval frame,
And lose their shape, their essence, and their name. Prior.

PRIMI’TIAL. adj. [primitius, primitiæ, Lat.] Being of the first
production. Ainsworth.

PRI’MITIVE. adj. [primitif, Fr. primitivus, Lat.]
1. Ancient; original; established from the beginning.
Their superstition pretends, they cannot do God greater
service, than utterly to destroy the primitive apostolical go­
vernment of the church by bishops. King Charles.
David reflects sometimes upon the present form of the
world, and sometimes upon the primitive form of it. Burnet.
The doctrine of purgatory, by which they mean an estate
of temporary punishments after this life, was not known in
the primitive church, nor can be proved from scripture. Tillots.
2. Formal; affectedly solemn; imitating the supposed gravity
of old times.
3. Original; primary; not derivative: as, in grammar, a pri­
mitive verb.
Our primitive great sire, to meet
His godlike guest, walks forth. Milton.

PRI’MITIVELY. adv. [from primitive.]
1. Originally; at first.
Solemnities and ceremonies, primitively enjoined, were af­
terward omitted, the occasion ceasing. Brown.
2. Primarily; not derivatively.
3. According to the original rule; according to ancient practice.
The purest and most primitively reformed church in the
world was laid in the dust. South's Sermons.

PRI’MITIVENESS. n. s. [from primitive.] State of being ori­
ginal; antiquity; conformity to antiquity.

PRI’MNESS. n. s. [from prim.] Affected niceness or formality.

PRIMOGE’NIAL. adj. [primigenius, Lat. it should therefore have
been written primigenial.] Firstborn; original; primary;
constituent; elemental.
The primogenial light at first was diffused over the face of
the unfashioned chaos. Glanvill's Sceps.
It is not easy to discern, among many differing substances
obtained from the same matter, what primogenial and simple
bodies convened together compose it. Boyle.
The first or primogenial earth, which rose out of the chaos,
was not like the present earth. Bernet's Theory of the Earth.

PRIMOGE’NITURE. n. s. [primogeniture, Fr. from primo genitus,
Lat.] Seniority; eldership; state of being firstborn.
Because the scripture affordeth the priority of order unto
Sem, we cannot from hence infer his primogeniture. Brown.
The first provoker has, by his seniority and primogeniture,
a double portion of the guilt. Government of the Tongue.

PRIMO’RDIAL. adj. [primordial, Fr. primordium, Lat.] Ori­
ginal; existing from the beginning.
Salts may be either transmuted or otherwise produced, and
so may not be primordial and immutable beings. Boyle.

PRIMO’RDIAL. n. s. [from the adj.] Origin; first principle.
The primordials of the world are not mechanical, but sper­
matical and vital. More's Divine Dialogues.

PRIMO’RDIAN. n. s. See PLUM, of which it is a species.

PRIMO’RDIATE. adj. [from primordium, Lat.] Original; ex­
isting from the first.
Not every thing chymists will call salt, sulphur or spirit, that
needs always be a primordiate and ingenerable body. Boyle.

PRI’MROSE. n. s. [primula veris, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of the primrose consists of one leaf, the lower
part of which is tubulose, but the upper part expands itself
flat in form of a falver, and is cut into several segments;
from the flower-cup, which is fistulous, arises the pointal,
which, when the flower is decayed, becomes an oblong fruit
or husk, lying almost concealed in the flower-cup, and opens
at the top, in which are contained many roundish seeds
fastened to the placenta. Miller.
Pale primroses,
That die unmarried, ere they can behold
Bright Phœbus in his strength. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
I would look pale as primrose. Shakesp. Henry VI.
There followeth, for the latter part of January, primroses,
anemonies, the early tulip. Bacon's Essays.
2. Primrose is used by Shakespeare for gay or flowery.
I had thought to have let in some of all professions, that go
the primrose way to the everlasting bonefire. Shakesp.

PRINCE. n. s. [prince, Fr. princeps, Lat.]
1. A sovereign; a chief ruler.
Cœlestial! whether among the thrones, or nam'd
Of them the highest; for such of shape may seem
Prince above princes. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Forces come to be used by good princes, only upon necessity
of providing for their defence. Temple.
Esau founded a distinct people and government, and was
himself a distinct prince over them. Locke.
The succession of crowns, in several countries, places it
on different heads, and he comes, by succession, to be a prince
in one place, who would be a subject in another. Locke.
Had we no histories of the Roman emperors, but on their
money, we should take them for most virtuous princes. Addison.
Our tottering state still distracted stands,
While that prince threatens, and while this commands. Pope.
2. A sovereign of rank next to kings.
3. Ruler of whatever sex.
Queen Elizabeth, a prince admirable above her sex for her
princely virtues. Camden.
God put it into the heart of one of our princes, towards
the close of her reign, to give a check to that sacrilege. Atter.
4. The son of a king; in England only the eldest son; the
kinsman of a sovereign.
A prince of great courage and beauty, but fostered up in
blood by his naughty father. Sidney, b. ii.
Heav'n forbid, that such a scratch should drive
The prince of Wales from such a field as this. Shakesp.
5. The chief of any body of men.
To use the words of the prince of learning hereupon, only
in shallow and small boats, they glide over the face of the
Virgilian sea. Peacham on Poetry.

To PRINCE. v. n. To play the prince; to take state.
Nature prompts them,
In simple and low things, to prince it, much
Beyond the trick of others. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

PRI’NCEDOM. n. s. [from prince.] The rank, estate or power
of the prince; sovereignty.
Next Archigald, who, for his proud disdain,
Deposed was from princedom sovereign. Fairy Queen.
Under thee, as head supreme
Thrones, princedoms, pow'rs, dominions, I reduce. Milton.

PRI’NCELIKE. adj. [prince and like.] Becoming a prince.
The wrongs he did me were nothing princelike. Shakesp.

PRI’NCELINESS. n. s. [from princely.] The state, manner or
dignity of a prince.

PRI’NCELY. adj. [from prince.]
1. Having the appearance of one highborn.
In war, was never lion rag'd more fierce,
In peace, was never gentle lamb more mild,
Than was that young and princely gentleman. Shakesp.
2. Having the rank of princes.
Meaning only to do honour to their princely birth, they flew
among them all. Sidney, b. ii.
Be opposite all planets of good luck
To my proceeding; if with pure heart's love,
I tender not thy beauteous princely daughter. Shakesp.


The princely hierarch left his pow'rs to seize
Possession of the garden. Milton.
I expressed her commands
To mighty lords and princely dames. Waller.
So fled the dame, and o'er the ocean bore
Her princely burthen to the Gallick shore. Waller.
3. Becoming a prince; royal; grand; august.
I, that but now refus'd most princely gifts,
Am bound to beg of my lord general. Shakesp.
Princely counsel in his face yet shone. Milton.
Born to command, your princely virtues slept
Like humble David's, while the flock he kept. Waller.

PRI’NCELY. adv. [from prince.] In a princelike manner.

PRINCES-FEATHER. n. s. The herb amaranth. Ains.

PRI’NCESS. n. s. [princesse, Fr.]
1. A sovereign lady; a woman having sovereign command.
Ask why God's anointed he revil'd;
A king and princess dead. Dryden.
Princess ador'd and lov'd, if verse can give
A deathless name, thine shall for ever live. Granvil.
Under so excellent a princess as the present queen, we sup­
pose a family strictly regulated. Swift.
2. A sovereign lady of rank, next to that of a queen.
3. The daughter of a king.
Here the bracelet of the truest princess,
That ever swore her faith. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. The wife of a prince: as, the princess of Wales.

PRI’NCIPAL. adj. [principal, Fr. principalis, Lat.]
1. Princely. A sense found only in Spenser. A Latinism.
Suspicion of friend, nor fear of foe,
That hazarded his health, had he at all;
But walk'd at will, and wandred to and fro,
In the pride of his freedom principal. Spenser.
2. Chief; of the first rate; capital; essential; important; con­
siderable.
This later is ordered, partly and as touching principal
matters by none but precepts divine only; partly and as con­
cerning things of inferior regard by ordinances, as well hu­
man as divine. Hooker, b. v. s. 4.
Can you remember any of the principal evils, that he laid
to the charge of women. Shakesp. As You like it.

PRI’NCIPAL. n. s. [from the adj.]
1. A head; a chief; not a second.
Seconds in factions do many times, when the faction sub­
divideth, prove principals. Bacon.
2. One primarily or originally engaged; not an accessary or
auxiliary.
We were not principals, but auxiliaries in the war. Swift.
In judgment, some persons are present as principals, and
others only as accessaries. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. A capital sum placed out at interest.
Thou wilt not only loose the forfeiture,
But touch'd with human gentleness and love,
Forgive a moiety of the principal. Shakesp.
Taxes must be continued, because we have no other means
for paying off the principal. Swift's Miscellanies.
4. The president or governour.

PRINCIPA’LITY. n. s. [principaulté, Fr.]
1. Sovereignty; supreme power.
Divine lady, who have wrought such miracles in me, as to
make a prince none of the basest, to think all principalities
base, in respect of the sheephook. Sidney, b. ii.
Nothing was given to Henry, but the name of king; all
other absolute power of principality he had. Spenser.
2. A prince; one invested with sovereignty.
Then speak the truth by her; if not divine,
Yet let her be a principality,
Sov'reign to all the creatures on the earth. Shakesp.
Nisroch of principalities the prime. Milton.
3. The country which gives title to a prince: as, the principa­
lity of Wales.
To the boy Cæsar send this grizled head,
And he will fill thy wishes to the brim
With principalities. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
The little principality of Epire was invincible by the whole
power of the Turks. Temple's Miscellanies.
4. Superiority; predominance.
In the chief work of elements, water hath the principality
and excess over earth. Digby on Bodies.
If any mystery be effective of spiritual blessings, then this
is much more, as having the prerogative and principality above
every thing else. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

PRI’NCIPALLY. adv. [from principal.] Chiefly; above all;
above the rest.
If the minister of divine offices shall take upon him that
holy calling for covetous or ambitious ends, or shall not de­
sign the glory of God principally, he polluteth his heart. Tayl.
They wholly mistake the nature of criticism, who think
its business is principally to find fault. Dryden.
The resistance of water arises principally from the vis iner­
tiae of its matter, and by consequence, if the heavens were
as dense as water, they would not have much less resistance
than water. Newton's Opticks.
What I principally insist on, is due execution. Swift.

PRI’NCIPALNESS. n. s. [from principal.] The state of being
principal or chief.

PRI’NCIPIATION. n. s. [from principium, Lat.] Analysis into
constituent or elemental parts. A word not received.
The separating of any metal into its original or element,
we will call principiation. Bacon.

PRI’NCIPLE. n. s. [principium, Lat. principe, Fr.]
1. Element; constituent part; primordial substance.
Modern philosophers suppose matter to be one simple prin­
ciple, or solid extension diversified by its various shapes. Watts.
2. Original cause.
Some few, whose lamp shone brighter, have been led,
From cause to cause to nature's secret head,
And found that one first principle must be. Dryden.
For the performance of this, a vital or directive principle
seemeth to be assistant to the corporeal. Grew's Cosmol.
3. Being productive of other being; operative cause.
The soul of man is an active principle, and will be em­
ployed one way or other. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. Fundamental truth; original postulate; first position from
which others are deduced.
Touching the law of reason, there are in it some things
which stand as principles universally agreed upon; and out of
those principles, which are in themselves evident, the greatest
moral duties we owe towards God or man, may, without
any great difficulty, be concluded. Hooker.
All of them may be called principles, when compared with
a thousand other judgments, which we form under the regu­
lation of these primary propositions. Watt's Logick.
5. Ground of action; motive.
Farewel, young lords; these warlike principles
Do not throw from you. Shakesp.
As no principle of vanity led me first to write it, so much
less does any such motive induce me now to publish it. Wake.
There would be but small improvements in the world,
were there not some common principle of action, working
equally with all men. Addison's Spectator, No 255.
6. Tenet on which morality is founded.
I'll try
If yet I can subdue those stubborn principles
Of faith, of honour. Addison's Cato.
A feather shooting from another's head,
Extracts his brain, and principle is fled. Pope.

To PRINCIPLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To establish or fix in any tenet; to impress with any tenet
good or ill.
Wisest and best men full oft beguil'd,
With goodness principl'd not to reject
The penitent, but ever to forgive,
Are drawn to wear out miserable days. Milton.
It is the concern of his majesty, and the peace of his go­
vernment, that the youth be principled with a thorough per­
suasion of the justness of the old king's cause. South.
There are so many young persons, upon the well and ill
principling of whom next under God, depends the happiness
or misery of this church and state. South's Sermons.
Governors should be well principled and good-natured. L'Est.
Men have been principled with an opinion, that they must
not consult reason in things of religion. Locke.
Let an enthusiast be principled, that he or his teacher is in­
spired, and you in vain bring the evidence of clear reasons
against his doctrine. Locke.
He seems a settled and principled philosopher, thanking for­
tune for the tranquility he has by her aversion. Pope to Swift.
2. To establish firmly in the mind.
The promiscuous reading of the bible is far from being of
any advantage to children, either for the perfecting their read­
ing, or principling their religion. Locke.

PRI’NCOCK. n. s. [from prink or prim cock; perhaps præcox or
præcoquum ingenium, Lat.] A coxcomb; a
conceited person; a pert young rogue.
You are a saucy boy;
This trick may chance to scathe you I know what;
You must contrary me! you are a princox, go. Shakesp.

PRI’NCOX. n. s. [from prink or prim cock; perhaps præcox or
præcoquum ingenium, Lat.] A coxcomb; a
conceited person; a pert young rogue.
You are a saucy boy;
This trick may chance to scathe you I know what;
You must contrary me! you are a princox, go. Shakesp.

To PRINK. v. n. [pronken, Dutch.] To prank; to deck for
show.
Hold a good wager she was every day longer prinking in
the glass than you was. Art of Tormenting.

To PRINT. v. a. [imprimer, empreint, Fr.]
1. To mark by pressing any thing upon another.
On his fiery steed betimes he rode,
That scarcely prints the turf on which he trod. Dryden.
2. To impress any thing, so as to leave its form.
3. To form by impression.
Your mother was most true to wedlock, prince,
For she did print your royal father off,
Conceiving you. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead,
nor print any marks upon you. Lev. ix. 28.
Perhaps some footsteps printed in the clay,
Will to my love direct your wand'ring way. Roscommon.


His royal bounty brought its own reward;
And in their minds so deep did print the sense,
That if their ruins sadly they regard,
'Tis but with fear. Dryden.
4. To impress words or make books, not by the pen, but the
press.
Thou hast caused printing to be used; and, contrary to the
king, his crown and dignity, built a paper-mill. Shakesp.
This nonsense got in by a mistake of the stage editors, who
printed from the piecemeal written parts. Pope.
Is it probable, that a promiscuous jumble of printing letter
should often fall into a method, which should stamp on paper
a coherent discourse. Locke.
As soon as he begins to spell, pictures of animals should be
got him, with the printed names to them. Locke.

To PRINT. v. n. To publish a book.
From the moment he prints, he must expect to hear no
more truth. Pope.

PRINT. n. s. [empreinte, Fr.]
1. Mark or form made by impression.
Some more time
Must wear the print of his remembrance out. Shakesp.
Abhorred slave,
Which any print of goodness wilt not take,
Being capable of all ill! Shakesp. Tempest.
Attend the foot,
That leaves the print of blood where'er it walks. Shakesp.
Up they tost the sand,
No wheel seen, nor wheels print was in the mould imprest
Behind them. Chapman's Iliads.
Our life so fast away doth slide,
As doth an hungry eagle through the wind;
Or as a ship transported with the tide,
Which in their passage leave no print behind. Davies.
My life is but a wind,
Which passeth by, and leaves no print behind. Sandys.
O'er the smooth enamell'd green,
Where no print of step hath been. Milton.
While the heav'n, by the sun's team untrod,
Hath took no print of the approaching light,
And all the spangled host keep watch. Milton.
Before the lion's den appeared the footsteps of many that
had gone in, but no prints of any that ever came out. South.
Winds bear me to some barren island,
Where print of human feet was never seen. Dryden.
From hence Astrea took her flight, and here
The prints of her departing steps appear. Dryden.
If they be not sometimes renewed by repeated exercise of
the senses or reflection, the print wears out. Locke.
2. That which being impressed leaves its form.
3. Pictures cut in wood or copper to be impressed on paper. It
is usual to say wooden prints and copper plates.
4. Picture made by impression.
From my breast I cannot tear
The passion, which from thence did grow;
Nor yet out of my fancy rase
The print of that supposed face. Waller.
The prints, which we see of antiquities, may contribute to
form our genius, and to give us great ideas. Dryden.
Words standing for things, should be expressed by little
draughts and prints made of them. Locke.
5. The form, size, arrangement, or other qualities of the types
used in printing books.
To refresh the former hint;
She read her maker in a fairer print. Dryden.
6. The state of being published by the printer.
I love a ballad in print, or a life. Shakesp.
It is so rare to see
Ought that belongs to young nobility
In print, that we must praise. Suckling.
His natural antipathy to a man, who endeavours to signalize
his parts in the world, has hindered many persons from mak­
ing their appearance in print. Addison.
I published some tables, which were out of print. Arbuth.
The rights of the christian church are scornfully trampled
on in print. Atterbury.
7. Single sheet printed and sold.
The prints, about three days after, were filled with the
same terms. Addison.
The publick had said before, that they were dull; and they
were at great pains to purchase room in the prints, to testify
under their hands the truth of it. Pope.
Inform us, will the emperor treat,
Or do the prints and papers lie? Pope.
8. Formal method.
Lay his head sometimes higher, sometimes lower, that he
may not feel every little change, who is not designed to have
his maid lay all things in print, and tuck him in warm. Locke.

PRI’NTER. n. s. [from print.]
1. One that prints books.
I find, at reading all over, to deliver to the printer, in that
which I ought to have done to comply with my design, I am
fallen very short. Digby.
To buy books, only because they were published by an
eminent printer, is much as if a man should buy cloaths that
did not fit him, only because made by some famous taylor.
Pope.
See, the printer's boy below;
Ye hawkers all, your voices lift. Swift.
2. One that stains linen.

PRI’NTLESS. adj. [from print.] That which leaves no im­
pression.
Ye elves,
And ye, that on the sands with printless foot
Do chase the ebbing Neptune. Shakesp. Tempest.
Whilst from off the waters fleet,
Thus I set my printless feet
O'er the cowslip's velvet head,
That bends not as I tread. Milton.

PRI’OR. adj. [prior, Lat.] Former; being before something
else; antecedent; anterio.
Whenever tempted to do or approve any thing contrary to
the duties we are enjoined, let us reflect that we have a prior
and superior obligation to the commands of Christ. Rogers.

PRI’OR. n. s. [prieur, Fr.]
1. The head of a convent of monks, inferior in dignity to an
abbot.
Neither she, nor any other, besides the prior of the con­
vent, knew any thing of his name. Addison's Spectator.
2. Prior is such a person, as, in some churches, presides over
others in the same churches. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PRI’ORESS. n. s. [from prior.] A lady superior of a convent
of nuns.
When you have vow'd, you must not speak with men,
But in the presence of the prioress. Shakesp.
The reeve, miller and cook are distinguished from each
other, as much as the mincing lady prioress and the broad
speaking wife of Bath. Dryden.

PRIO’RITY. n. s. [from prior, adj.]
1. The state of being first; precedence in time.
From son to son of the lady, as they should be in priority
of birth. Hayward.
Men still affirm, that it killeth at a distance, that it poi­
soneth by the eye, and by priority of vision. Brown.
This observation may assist, in determining the dispute con­
cerning the priority of Homer and Hesiod. Broome.
Though he oft renew'd the fight,
And almost got priority of sight,
He ne'er could overcome her quite. Swift.
2. Precedence in place.
Follow, Cominius; we must follow you,
Right worthy your priority. Shakesp.

PRI’ORSHIP. n. s. [from prior.] The state or office of
prior.

PRI’ORY. n. s. [from prior.]
1. A convent, in dignity below an abbey.
Our abbies and our priories shall pay
This expedition's charge. Shakesp. King John.
2. Priories are the churches which are given to priors in titulum,
or by way of title. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PRI’SAGE. n. s. [from prise.]
Prisage, now called butlerage, is a custom whereby the
prince challenges out of every bark loaden with wine, con­
taining less than forty tuns, two tuns of wine at his price.
Cowel.

PRISM. n. s. [prisme, Fr. p?s?a.]
A prism of glass is a glass bounded with two equal and pa­
rallel triangular ends, and three plain and well polished sides,
which meet in three parallel lines, running from the three
angles of one end, to the three angles of the other end.
Newton's Opticks.
Here, aweful Newton, the dissolving clouds
Form fronting, on the sun, thy showery prism. Thomson.

PRISMA’TICK. adj. [prismatique, Fr. from prism.] Formed as
a prism.
If the mass of the earth was cubick, prismatick, or any
other angular figure, it would follow, that one, too vast a
part, would be drowned, and another be dry. Derham.
False eloquence, like the prismatick glass,
Its gaudy colours spreads on ev'ry place;
The face of nature we no more survey,
All glares alike, without distinction gay. Pope.

PRISMA’TICALLY. adv. [from prismatick.] In the form of a
prism.
Take notice of the pleasing variety of colours exhibited by
the triangular glass, and demand what addition or decrement
of either salt, sulphur or mercury befalls the glass, by being
prismatically figured; and yet it is known, that without that
shape, it would not afford those colours as it does. Boyle.

PRISMO’ID. n. s. [p?s?a and ?d.] A body approaching
to the form of a prism.

PRI’SON. n. s. [prison, Fr.] A strong hold in which persons
are confined; a gaol.
He hath commission
To hang Cordelia in the prison. Shakesp. King Lear.


For those rebellious here their pris'n ordain'd. Milton.
I thought our utmost good
Was in one word of freedom understood,
The fatal blessing came; from prison free,
I starve abroad, and lose the sight of Emily. Dryden.
Unkind! can you, whom only I adore,
Set open to your slave the prison door. Dryden.
The tyrant æolus,
With pow'r imperial, curbs the struggling winds,
And sounding tempests in dark prisons binds. Dryden.
He, that has his chains knocked off, and the prison doors
set open to him, is presently at liberty. Locke.

To PRI’SON. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To emprison; to shut up in hold; to restrain from liberty.
2. To captivate; to enchain.
Culling their potent herbs and baleful drugs,
They, as they sung, would take the prison'd soul,
And lap it in Elysium. Milton.
3. To confine.
Universal plodding prisons up
The nimble spirits in the arteries. Shakesp.
Then did the king enlarge
The spleen he prison'd. Chapman's Iliads.

PRI’SONBASE. n. s. A kind of rural play, commonly called
prisonbars.
The spachies of the court play every friday at ciocho di
canni, which is no other than prisonbase upon horseback,
hiting one another with darts, as the others do with their
hands. Sandy's Travels.

PRI’SONER. n. s. [prisonnier, Fr.]
1. One who is confined in hold.
Cesar's ill-erected tower,
To whose flint bosom my condemned lord
Is doomed a prisoner. Shakesp. Rich. II.
The most pernicious infection, next the plague, is the
smell of the jail, when prisoners have been long and close,
and nastily kept. Bacon.
He that is tied with one slender string, such as one resolute
struggle would break, he is prisoner only to his own sloth, and
who will pity his thraldom. Decay of Piety.
A prisoner is troubled, that he cannot go whither he would;
and he that is at large is troubled, that he does not know
whither to go. L'Estrange.
2. A captive; one taken by the enemy.
So oft as homeward I from her depart,
I go like one that having lost the field,
Is prisoner led away with heavy heart. Spenser.
There succeeded an absolute victory for the English, the
taking of the Spanish general d'Ocampo prisoner, with the
loss of few of the English. Bacon.
He yielded on my word,
And as my pris'ner, I restore his sword. Dryden.
3. One under an arrest.
Tribune, a guard to seize the empress straight,
Secure her person pris'ner to the state. Dryden.

PRI’SONHOUSE. n. s. Gaol; hold in which one is confined.
I am forbid to tell the secrets of my prisonhouse. Shakesp.

PRI’SONMENT. n. s. [from prison.] Consinement: emprison­
ment; captivity.
May be he will not touch young Arthur's life,
But hold himself safe in his prisonment. Shakesp.

PRI’STINE. adj. [pristinus, Lat.] First; ancient; original.
Now their pristine worth
The Britons recollect. Philips.
This light being trajected only through the parallel super­
ficies of the two prisms, if it suffered any change by the re­
fraction of one superficies, it lost that impression by the con­
trary refraction of the other superficies, and so, being re­
stored to its pristine constitution, became of the same nature
and condition as at first. Newton's Opticks.

PRI’THEE. A familiar corruption of pray thee, or I pray thee,
which some of the tragick writers have injudiciously used.
Well, what was that scream for, I prithee? L'Estrange.
Alas! why com'st thou at this dreadful moment,
To shock the peace of my departing soul?
Away! I prithee leave me! Rowe's Jane Shore.

PRI’VACY. n. s. [from private.]
1. State of being secret; secrecy.
2. Retirement; retreat
Clamours our privacies uneasy make,
Birds leave their nests disturb'd, and beasts their haunts for­
sake. Dryden.
3. [Privauté, Fr.] Privity; joint knowledge; great famili­
arity. Privacy in this sense is improper.
You see Frog is religiously true to his bargain, scorns to
hearken to any composition without your privacy. Arbuthnot.
4. Taciturnity. Ainsworth.

PRIVA’DO. n. s. [Spanish.] A secret friend.
The lady Brampton, an English lady, embarked for Por­
tugal at that time, with some privado of her own. Bacon.

PRI’VATE. adj. [privatus, Lat.]
1. Not open; secret.
You shall go with me;
I have some private schooling for you both. Shakesp.
Fancy retires
Into her private cell, when nature rests. Milton.
The harmless freedom, and the private friend. Anon.
2. Alone; not accompanied.
3. Being upon the same terms with the rest of the community;
particular: opposed to publick.
When publick consent of the whole hath established any
thing, every man's judgment, being thereunto compared,
were not private, howsoever his calling be to some kind of
publick charge; so that of peace and quietness there is not
any way possible, unless the probable voice of every intire so­
ciety or body politic overrule all private of like nature in the
same body. Hooker's Preface.
He sues
To let him breathe between the heav'ns and earth,
A private man in Athens. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
What infinite heartease must kings neglect,
That private men enjoy? and what have kings,
That private have not too, save ceremony? Shakesp.
Peter was but a private man, and not to be any way com­
pared with the dukes of his house. Peacham of Antiquities.
The first principles of christian religion should not be farced
with school point, and private tenets. Sanderson.
Dare you,
A private man presume to love a queen. Dryden.
4. Particular; not relating to the publick.
My end being private, I have not expressed my conceptions
in the language of the schools. Digby.
5. In PRIVATE. Secretly; not publickly; not openly.
In private grieve, but with a careless scorn;
In publick seem to triumph, not to mourn. Granville.

PRI’VATE. n. s. A secret message.
His private with me of the dauphin's love,
Is much more general than these lines import. Shakesp.

PRI’VATEER. n. s. [from private.] A ship fitted out by pri­
vate men to plunder enemies.
He is at no charge for a fleet, further than providing pri­
vateers, wherewith his subjects carry on a pyratical war at
their own expence. Swift's Miscellanies.

To PRI’VATEER. v. a. [from the noun.] To fit out ships
against enemies, at the charge of private persons.

PRI’VATELY. adv. [from private.] Secretly; not openly.
There, this night,
We'll pass the business privately and well. Shakesp.
And as he sat upon the mount of Olives, the disciples
came unto him privately. Mat. xxiv. 3.

PRI’VATENESS. n. s. [from private.]
1. The state of a man in the same rank with the rest of the
community.
2. Secrecy; privacy.
Ambassadors attending the court in great number, he did
content with courtesy, reward and privateness. Bacon.
3. Obscurity; retirement.
He drew him into the fatal circle from a resolved private­
ness, where he bent his mind to a retired course. Wotton.

PRIVA’TION. n. s. [privation, Fr. privatio, Lat.]
1. Removal or destruction of any thing or quality.
For, what is this contagious sin of kind,
But a privation of that grace within. Davies.
So bounded are our natural desires,
That wanting all, and setting pain aside,
With bare privation sense is satisfy'd. Dryden.
After some account of good, evil will be known by conse­
quence, as being only a privation or absence of good. South.
A privation is the absence of what does naturally belong
to the thing, or which ought to be present with it; as when
a man or horse is deaf or dead, or a physician or divine un­
learned; these are privations. Watts's Logick.
2. The act of the mind by which, in considering a subject, we
separate it from any thing appendant.
3. The act of degrading from rank or office.
If part of the people or estate be somewhat in the
election, you cannot make them nulls or cyphers in the pri­
vation or translation. Bacon.
If the privation be good, it follows not the former condi­
tion was evil, but less good; for the flower or blossom is a
positive good, although the remove of it, to give place to the
fruit, be a comparative good. Bacon.

PRI’VATIVE. adj. [privatif, Fr. privativus, Lat.]
1. Causing privation of any thing.
2. Consisting in the absence of something; not positive. Pri­
vative is in things, what negative is in propositions.
The impression from privative to active, as from silence to
noise, is a greater degree than from less noise to more. Bacon.
The very privative blessings, the blessings of immunity,
safeguard, liberty and integrity, which we enjoy, deserve the
thanksgiving of a whole life. Taylor.

PRIVA’TIVE. n. s. That of which the essence is the absence
of something, as silence is only the absence of sound.
Harmonical sounds and discordant sounds are both active
and positive, but blackness and darkness are indeed but priva­
tives, and therefore have little or no activity; somewhat they
do contristate, but very little. Bacon's Nat. Hist.



PRI’VATIVELY. adv. [from privative.] By the absence of
something necessary to be present; negatively.
The duty of the new covenant is set down, first privatively,
not like that of Mosaical observances external, but positively,
laws given into the minds and hearts. Hammond.

PRI’VATIVENESS. n. s. [from privative.] Notation of absence
of something that should be present.

PRI’VET. n. s. The leaves grow by pairs opposite to each other;
the flower consists of one leaf, is tubulous, and divided at the
top into five segments; the ovary in the center of the flower­
cup becomes a globular soft fruit full of juice, in which are
lodged four seeds. Miller.

PRI’VET. n. s. Evergreen. It is distinguished from the phillyrea
by the leaves being placed alternately upon the branches,
whereas those of the phillyrea are produced by pairs opposite
to each other: it hath three seeds inclosed in each berry,
whereas the phillyrea has but one. Miller.

PRI’VILEGE. n. s. [privilege, Fr. privilegium, Lat.]
1. Peculiar advantage.
Here's my sword,
Behold it is the privilege of mine honours,
My oath, and my profession. Shakesp.
He went
Invisible, yet stay'd, such privilege
Hath omn presence. Milton.
He claims his privilege, and says 'tis fit,
Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit. Denham.
Smiles, not allow'd to beasts, from reason move,
And are the privilege of human love. Dryden.
The privilege of birth-right was a double portion. Locke.
2. Immunity; publick right.
I beg the ancient privilege of Athens. Shakesp.
A soul that can securely death defy,
And counts it nature's privilege to die. Dryden.

To PRI’VILEGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To invest with rights or immunities; to grant a privilege.
The great are privileg'd alone,
To punish all injustice but their own. Dryden.
He happier yet, who privileg'd by fate
To shorter labour, and a lighter weight,
Receiv'd but yesterday the gift of breath,
Ordain'd to-morrow to return to death. Prior.
2. To exempt from censure or danger.
The court is rather deemed as a privileged place of un­
bridled licentiousness, than as the abiding of him, who, as a
father, should give a fatherly example. Sidney, b. ii.
He took this place for sanctuary,
And it shall privilege him from your hands. Shakesp.
This place
Doth privilege me, speak what reason will. Dariel.
3. To exempt from paying tax or impost.
Many things are by our laws privileged from tythes, which
by the canon law are chargeable. Hale.

PRI’VILY. adv. [from privy.] Secretly; privately.
They have the profits of their lands by pretence of con­
veyances thereof unto their privy friends, who privily send
them the revenues. Spenser's State of Ireland.

PRI’VITY. n. s. [privauté, Fr. from privy.]
1. Private communication.
I will unto you in privity discover the drift of my purpose;
I mean thereby to settle an eternal peace in that country, and
also to make it very profitable to her majesty. Spenser.
2. Consciousness; joint knowledge; private concurrence.
The authority of higher powers have force even in these
things which are done without their privity, and are of mean
reckoning. Hooker, b. i. s. 7.
Upon this French going out, took he upon him,
Without the privity o' th' king, t' appoint
Who should attend him? Shakesp. Henry VIII.
All the doors were laid open for his departure, not without
the privity of the prince of Orange, concluding that the king­
dom might better be settled in his absence. Swift.
3. [In the plural.] Secret parts.
Few of them have any thing to cover their privities. Abbot.

PRI’VY. adj. [prive, Fr.]
1. Private; not publick; assigned to secret uses.
The party, 'gainst the which he doth contrive,
Shall seize on half his goods; the other half
Comes to the prity coffer of the state. Shakesp.
2. Secret; clandestine.
He took advantage of the night for such privy attempts,
insomuch that the bruit of his manliness was spread every
where. 2 Mac. viii. 7.
3. Secret; not shown.
The sword of the great men that are slain entereth into
their privy chamber. Ezek. xxi. 14.
4. Admitted to secrets of state.
The king has made him
One of the privy council. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
One, having let his beard grow from the martyrdom of
king Charles I. till the restoration, desired to be made a privy
counsellor. Spectator, No. 629.
5. Conscious to any thing; admitted to participation of know­
ledge.
Sir Valentine
This night intends to steal away your daughter;
Myself am one made privy to the plot. Shakesp.
Many being privy to the fact,
How hard is it to keep it unbetray'd? Daniel.
He would rather lose half of his kingdom, than be privy
to such a secret, which he commanded me never to mention.
Gulliver's Travels.

PRI’VY. n. s. Place of retirement; necessary house.
Your fancy
Would still the same ideas give ye,
As when you spy'd her on the privy. Swift.

PRIZE. n. s. [prix, Fr.]
1. A reward gained by contest with competitors.
If ever he go alone, I'll never wrestle for prize. Shakesp.
I fought and conquer'd, yet have lost the prize. Dryden.
The raising such silly competitions among the ignorant,
proposing prizes for such useless accomplishments, and inspi­
ring them with such absurd ideas of superiority, has in it
something immoral as well as ridiculous. Addison.
2. A reward gained by any performance.
True poets empty fame and praise despise,
Fame is the trumpet, but your smile the prize. Dryden.
3. [Prise, Fr.] Something taken by adventure; plunder.
The king of Scots she did send to France,
To sill king Edward's fame with prisoner kings,
And make his chronicle as rich with prize,
As is the ouzy bottom of the sea
With sunken wreck. Shakesp. Henry V.
He acquitted himself like a valiant, but not like an honest
man; for he converted the prizes to his own use. Arbuthnot.
Then prostrate falls, and begs with ardent eyes
Soon to obtain and long possess the prize:
The pow'rs gave ear. Pope.

To PRIZE. v. a. [from appraise; priser, Fr. appreciare. Lat.]
1. To rate; to value at a certain price.
Life I prize not a straw; but for mine honour
Which I would free. Shakesp.
Cast it unto the potter; a goodly price that I was prized at
of them. Zech. xi. 13.
2. To esteem; to value highly.
I go to free us both of pain;
I priz'd your person, but your crown disdain. Dryden.
Some the French writers, some our own despise;
The ancients only, or the moderns prize. Pope.

PRI’ZER. n. s. [priseur, Fr. from prize.] He that values.
It holds its estimate and dignity,
As well wherein 'tis precious of itself,
As in the prizer. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressido.

PRI’ZEFIGHTER. n. s. [prize and fighter.] One that fights
publickly for a reward.
Martin and Crambe engaged like prizefighters. Arb. and Po.
In Fig the prizefighter by day delight. Bromston.

PRO

PRO. [Latin.] For; in defence of; pro and con, for pro and
contra, for and against. Despicable cant.
Doctrinal points in controversy had been agitared in the
pulpits, with more warmth than had used to be; and thence
the animosity increased in books pro and con. Clarendon.
Matthew met Richard, when
Of many knotty points they spoke,
And pro and con by turns they cook. Prior.

PROBABILITY. n. s. [probabilitas, Lat. probabilité, Fr. from
probable.] Likelihood; appearance of truth; evidence arising
from the preponderation of argument: it is less than moral
certainty.
Probability is the appearance of the agreement or disagree­
ment of two ideas, by the intervention of proofs, whose con­
nection is not constant; but appears for the most part to be
so. Locke.
As for probabilities, what thing was there ever set down so
agreeable with sound reason, but some probable shew against
it might be made? Hooker's Preface.
If a truth be certain, and thwart interest, it will quickly
fetch it down to but a probability; nay, if it does not carry
with it an impregnable evidence, it will go near to debase it to
a downright falsity. South's Sermons.
Though moral certainty be sometimes taken for a high de­
gree of probability, which can only produce a doubtful assent;
yet it is also frequently used for a firm assent to a thing upon
such grounds, as are fit fully to satisfy a prudent man.
Tillotson's Sermons.
For a perpetual motion, magnetical virtues are not without
some strong probabilities of proving effectual. Wilkins.

PRO’BABLE. adj. [probable, Fr. probabilis, Lat.] Likely;
having more evidence than the contrary.
The publick approbation, given by the body of this whole
church
unto those things which are established, doth make it
but probable that they are good, and therefore unto a neces­
sary proof that they are not good it must give place. Hooker.


That is accounted probable, which has better arguments pro­
ducible for it, than can be brought against it. South.
They assented to things, that were neither evident nor cer­
tain, but only probable; for they conversed, they merchan­
dized upon a probable persuasion of the honesty and truth of
those whom they corresponded with. South's Sermons.

PRO’BABLY. adv. [from probable.] Likely; in likelihood.
Distinguish betwixt what may possibly, and what will pro­
bably be done. L'Estrange's Fables.
Our constitution in church or state could not probably have
been long preserved, without such methods. Swift.

PRO’BAT. n. s. [Latin.] The proof of wills and testaments
of persons deceased in the spiritual court, either in common
form by the oath of the executor, or with witnesses. Dict.

PROBA’TION. n. s. [probatio, Lat. from probo, Lat. proba­
tion, Fr.]
1. Proof; evidence; testimony.
Of the truth herein,
This present object made probation. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He was lapt in a most curious mantle, which, for more
probation, I can produce. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. The act of proving by ratiocination or testimony.
When these principles, what is, is, and it is impossible for
the same thing to be, and not to be, are made use of in the
probation of propositions, wherein are words standing for
complex ideas, as man or horse, there they make men receive
and retain falsehood for manifest truth. Locke.
3. [Probation, Fr.] Trial; examination.
In the practical part of knowledge, much will be left to
experience and probation, whereunto indication cannot so
fully reach. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
4. Trial before entrance into monastick life; noviciate.
I suffer many things as an author militant, whereof, in
your days of probation, you have been a sharer. Pope to Swift.

PROBA’TIONARY. adj. [from probation.] Serving for trial.

PROBA’TIONER. n. s. [from probation.]
1. One who is upon trial.
Hear a mortal muse thy praise rehearse,
In no ignoble verse;
But such as thy own verse did practise here,
When thy first fruits of poesy were giv'n,
To make thyself a welcome immate there;
While yet a young probationer,
And candidate of heav'n. Dryden.
Build a thousand churches, where these probationers may
read their wall lectures. Swift.
2. A novice.
This root of bitterness was but a probationer in the soil;
and though it set forth some offsets to preserve its kind, yet
Satan was fain to cherish them. Decay of Piety.

PROBA’TIONERSHIP. n. s. [from probationer.] State of being
a probationer; noviciate.
He has afforded us only the twilight of probability, suitable
to that state of mediocrity and probationership, he has been
pleased to place us in here, wherein to check our over-confi­
dence. Locke.

PRO’BATORY. adj. [from probo, Lat.] Serving for trial.
Job's afflictions were no vindicatory punishments, but pro­
batory chastisements to make trial of his graces. Bramhall.

PROBATUM’EST. A Latin expression added to the end of
a receipt, signifying it is tried or proved.
Vain the concern that you express,
That uncall'd Alard will possess
Your house and coach both day and night,
And that Macbeth was haunted less
By Banquo's restless sprite:
Lend him but fifty louis d' or,
And you shall never see him more;
Take my advice probatum est?
Why do the gods indulge our store,
But to secure our rest. Prior.

PROBE. n. s. [from probo, Lat.] A slender wire by which sur­
geons search the depth of wounds.
I made search with a probe. Wiseman's Surgery.

PROBE-SCISSORS. n. s. [probe and scissor.] Scissors used to open
wounds, of which the blade thrust into the orifice has a button
at the end.
The sinus was snipt up with probe-scissors. Wiseman.

To PROBE. v. a. [probo, Lat.] To search; to try by an in­
strument.
Nothing can be more painful, than to probe and search a
purulent old fore to the bottom. South's Sermons.
He'd raise a blush, where secret vice he found;
And tickle, while he gently prob'd the wound. Dryden.

PRO’BITY. n. s. [probité. Fr. probitas, Lat.] Honesty; since­
rity; veracity.
The truth of our Lord's ascension, might be deduced from
the probity of the apostles. Fiddes's Sermons.
So near approach we their celestial kind,
By justice, truth, and probity of mind. Pope.

PRO’BLEM. n. s. [probleme, Fr. p??????a.] A question pro­
posed.
The problem is, whether a man constantly and strongly be­
lieving, that such a thing shall be, it doth help any thing to
the effecting of the thing. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Although in general one understood colours, yet were it not
an easy problem to resolve, why grass is green? Brown.
This problem let philosophers resolve,
What makes the globe from West to East revolve. Blackm.

PROBLEMA’TICAL. adj. [from problem; problematique, Fr.]
Uncertain; unsettled; disputed; disputable.
I promised no better arguments than might be expected in
a point problematical. Boyle.
Diligent enquiries into remote and problematical guilt, leave
a gate wide open to the whole tribe of informers. Swift.

PROBLEMA’TICALLY. adv. [from problematical.] Uncertainly.

PROBO’SCIS. n. s. [proboscis, Lat.] A snout; the trunk of an
elephant; but it is used also for the same part in every crea­
ture, that bears any resemblance thereunto.
The elephant wreath'd to make them sport
His lithe proboscis. Milton.

PROCA’CIOUS. adj. [procax, Lat.] Petulant; loose. Dict.

PROCA’CITY. n. s. [from procacious.] Petulance. Dict.

PROCATA’RCTICK. adj. [p?a????.] Forerunning; an­
tecedent. See PROCATARXIS.
James IV. of Scotland, falling away in his flesh, without
the precedence of any procatarctick cause, was suddenly cured
by decharming the witchcraft. Harvey on Consumptions.
The physician enquires into the procatarctick causes. Harv.

PROCATA’RXIS. n. s. [p?ata???.]
Procatarxis is the pre-existent cause of a disease, which co­
operates with others that are subsequent, whether internal or
external; as anger or heat of climate, which bring such an
ill disposition of the juices, as occasion a fever: the ill dispo­
sition being the immediate cause, and the bad air the proca­
tartick cause. Quincy.

PROCE’DURE. n. s. [procedure, Fr. from proceed.]
1. Manner of proceeding; management; conduct.
This is the true procedure of conscience, always supposing
a law from God, before it lays obligation upon man. South.
2. Act of proceeding; progress; process; operation.
Although the distinction of these several procedures of the
soul do not always appear distinct, especially in sudden actions,
yet in actions of weight, all these have their distinct order
and procedure. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. Produce; thing produced.
No known substance, but earth and the procedures of earth,
as tile and stone, yieldeth any moss or herby substance. Bacon.

To PROCEE’D. v. n. [procedo, Lat. proceder, Fr.]
1. To pass from one thing or place to another.
Adam
Proceeded thus to ask his heav'nly guest. Milton.
Then to the prelude of a war proceeds;
His horns, yet fore, he tries against a tree. Dryden.
I shall proceed to more complex ideas. Locke.
2. To go forward; to tend to the end designed.
Temp'rately proceed to what you would
Thus violently redress. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
These things, when they proceed not, they go backward.
Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
3. To come forth from a place or from a sender.
I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of
myself, but he sent me. Jo. viii. 42.
4. To go or march in state.
He ask'd a clear stage for his muse to proceed in. Anon.
5. To issue; to arise; to be the effect of; to be produced from.
A dagger of the mind, a false creation
Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain. Shakesp. Macbeth.
From me what proceed
But all corrupt, both mind and will both deprav'd. Milt.
All this proceeded not from any want of knowledge. Dryd.
6. To prosecute any design.
He that proceeds upon other principles, in his enquiry into
any sciences, posts himself in a party. Locke.
Since husbandry is of large extent, the poet singles out
such precepts to proceed on, as are capable of ornament. Addis.
7. To be transacted; to be carried on.
He will, after his four fashion tell you,
What hath proceeded worthy note to-day. Shakesp.
8. To make progress; to advance.
Violence
Proceeded, and oppression and sword law
Through all the plain. Milton.
9. To carry on juridical process.
Proceed by process, lest parties break out,
And sack great Rome with Romans. Shakesp.
Instead of a ship, to levy upon his county such a sum of
money for his majesty's use, with direction in what manner he
should proceed against such as refused. Clarendon.
To judgment he proceeded on th' accus'd. Milton.
10. To transact; to act; to carry on any affair methodically.
From them I will not hide
My judgments, how with mankind I proceed;
As how with peccant angels late they saw. Milton.


How severely with themselves proceed,
The men who write such verse as who can read?
Their own strict judges, not a word they spare,
That wants or force, or light, or weight, or care. Pope.
11. To take effect; to have its course.
This rule only proceeds and takes place, when a person can­
not of common law condemn another by his sentence. Ayliffe.
12. To be propagated; to come by generation.
From my loins thou shalt proceed. Milton.
13. To be produced by the original efficient cause.
O Adam, one Almighty is, from whom
All things proceed, and up to him return. Milton.

PRO’CEED. n. s. [from the verb.] Produce: as, the proceeds
of an estate. Clarissa. Not an imitable word, though much
used in law writings.

PROCEE’DER. n. s. [from proceed.] One who goes forward;
one who makes a progress.
He that seeketh victory over his nature, let him not set him­
self too great nor too small tasks; for the first will make him
dejected by often failing; and the second will make him a
small proceeder, though by often prevailings. Bacon.

PROCEE’DING. n. s. [procedé, Fr. from proceed.]
1. Progress from one thing to another; series of conduct;
transaction.
I'll acquaint our duteous citizens,
With all your just proceedings in this case. Shakesp.
My dear love
To your proceedings bids me tell you this. Shakesp.
The understanding brought to knowledge by degrees, and,
in such a general proceeding, nothing is hard. Locke.
It is a very unusual proceeding, and I would not have been
guilty of it for the world. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
From the earliest ages of christianity, there never was a
precedent of such a proceeding. Swift.
2. Legal procedure: as, such are the proceedings at law.

PROCE’LLOUS. adj. [procellosus, Lat.] Tempestuous. Dict.

PROCE’PTION. n. s. Preoccupation; act of taking something
sooner than another. A word not in use.
Having so little power to offend others, that I have none to
preserve what is mine own from their proception. King Charles.

PROCE’RITY. n. s. [from procerus, Lat.] Talness; height of
stature.
We shall make attempts to lengthen out the humane figure,
and restore it to its ancient procerity. Addison.

PRO’CESS. n. s. [proces, Fr. processus, Latin.]
1. Tendency; progressive course.
That there is somewhat higher than either of these two,
no other proof doth need, than the very process of man's de­
sire, which being natural should be frustrate, if there were
not some farther thing wherein it might rest at the length
contented, which in the former it cannot do. Hooker.
2. Regular and gradual progress.
Commend me to your honourable wife;
Tell her the process of Antonio's end;
Say how I lov'd you; speak me fair in death. Shakesp.
They declared unto him the whole process of that war, and
with what success they had endured Knolles.
Immediate are the acts of God, more swift
Than time or motion; but to human ears
Cannot without process of speech be told. Milton.
Saturnian Juno
Attends the fatal process of the war. Dryden.
In the parable of the wasteful steward, we have a lively
image of the force and process of this temptation. Rogers.
3. Course; continual flux or passage.
I have been your wife, in this obedience,
Upward of twenty years; if in the course
And process of this time you can report,
And prove it too against mine honour aught,
Turn me away. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
This neither empire rise,
By policy and long process of time. Milton.
Many acts of parliament have, in long process of time,
been lost, and the things forgotten. Hale's Law of England.
4. Methodical management of any thing.
Experiments, familiar to chymists, are unknown to the
learned, who never read chymical processes. Boyle.
An age they live releas'd
From all the labour, process, clamour, woe,
Which our sad scenes of daily action know. Prior.
5. Course of law.
Proceed by process,
Lest parties, as he is belov'd, break out. Shakesp.
All processes ecclesiastical should be made in the king's name,
as in writs at the common law. Hayward.
The patricians they chose for their patrons, to answer for
their appearance, and defend them in any process. Swift.

PROCE’SSION. n. s. [procession, Fr. processio, Lat.] A train
marching in ceremonious solemnity.
If there be cause for the church to go forth in solemn pro­
cession, his whole family have such business come upon them,
that no one can be spared. Hooker.
Him all his train
Follow'd in bright procession. Milton.
'Tis the procession of a funeral vow;
Which cruel laws to Indian wives allow. Drydenn.
The priests, Potitius at their head,
In skins of beasts involv'd, the long procession led. Dryden.
When this vast congregation was formed into a regular pro­
cession to attend the ark of the covenant, the king marched at
the head of his people, with hymns and dances. Addison.
It is to be hoped, that the persons of wealth, who made
their procession through the members of these new erected se­
minaries, will contribute to their maintenance. Addison.
The Ethiopians held an annual sacrifice of twelve days to
the Gods; all that time they carried their images in proces­
sion, and placed them at their festivals. Broome.

To PROCE’SSION. v. n. [from the noun.] To go in procession.
A low word.

PROCE’SSIONAL. adj. [from procession.] Relating to procession.

PROCE’SSIONARY. adj. [from procession.] Consisting in pro­
cession.
Rogations or litanies were then the very strength and com­
fort of God's church; whereupon, in the yea: 506, it was
by the council of Aurelia decreed, that the whole church
should bestow yearly at the feast of pentecost, three days in
that processionary service. Hooker.

PRO’CHRONISM. n. s. [p???????s?.] An error in chrono­
logy; a dating a thing before it happened. Dict.

PRO’CIDENCE. n. s. [procidentia, Lat.] Falling down; de­
pendence below its natural place.

PRO’CINCT. n. s. [procinctus, Lat.] Complete preparation;
preparation brought to the point of action.
When all the plain
Cover'd with thick imbattl'd squadrons bright,
Chariots, and flaming arms, and fiery steeds,
Reflecting blaze on blaze, first met his view,
War he perceiv'd, war in procinct. Milton.

To PROCLAI’M. v. a. [proclams, Lat. proclamer, Fr.]
1. To promulgate or denounce by a solemn or legal publication.
When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, pro­
claim peace unto it. Deut. xx. 10.
I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the Lord, to the sword
and to the pestilence. Jer. xxxiv. 17.
Heralds
With trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council. Milton.
While in another's name you peace declare,
Princess, you in your own proclaim a war. Dryden.
She to the palace led her guest,
Then offer'd incense, and proclaim'd a feast. Dryden.
2. To tell openly.
Some profligate wretches, were the apprehensions of pu­
nishments or shame taken away, would as openly proclaim
their atheism, as their lives do. Locke.
While the deathless muse
Shall sing the just, shall o'er their head diffuse
Perfumes with lavish hand, she shall proclaim
Thy crimes alone. Prior.
3. To outlaw by publick denunciation.
I heard myself proclaimed. Shakesp.

PROCLAI’MER. n. s. [from proclaim.] One that publishes by
authority.
The great proclaimer, with a voice
More awful than the sound of trumpet, cry'd
Repentance, and heaven's kingdom nigh at hand
To all baptiz'd. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.

PROCLAMA’TION. n. s. [proclamatio, Lat. proclamation, Fr.
from proclaim.]
1. Publication by authority,
2. A declaration of the king's will openly published among the
people.
If the king sent a proclamation for their repair to their
houses, some nobleman published a protestation against those
proclamations. Clarendon.

PROCLIVITY. n. s. [proclivitas, proclivis, Lat.]
1. Tendency; natural inclination; propension; proneness.
The sensitive appetite may engender a proclivity to steal,
but not a necessity to steal. Bramhall against Hobbs.
2. Readiness; facility of attaining.
He had such a dextrous proclivity, as his teachers were sain
to restrain his forwardness, that his brothers might keep pace
with him. Wotton.

PROCLI’VOUS. adj. [proclivis, Lat.] Inclined; tending by
nature. Dict.

PROCO’NSUL. n. s. [Latin.] A Roman officer; who go­
verned a province with consular authority.
Every child knoweth how dear the works of Homer were
to Alexander, Virgil to Augustus, Ausonius to Gratian, who
made him proconsul, Chaucer to Richard II. and Gower to
Henry IV. Peacham.

PROCO’NSULSHIP. n. s. [from proconsul.] The office of a pro­
consul.

To PROCRA’STINATE. v. a. [prorastinor, Lat.] To de­
fer; to delay; to put off from day to day.
Hopeless and helpless doth ægeon wind,
But to procrastinate his lifeless end. Shakesp. 


Let men seriously and attentively listen to that voice within
them, and they will certainly need no other medium to con­
vince them, either of the error or danger of thus procrasti­
nating their repentance. Decay of Piety.

To PROCRA’STINATE. v. n. To be dilatory.
I procrastinate more than I did twenty years ago, and have
several things to finish, which I put off to twenty years
hence. Swift to Pope.

PROCRASTINA’TION. n. s. [procrastinatio, Lat. from procrasti­
nate.] Delay; dilatoriness.
How desperate the hazard of such procrastination is, hath
been convincingly demonstrated by better pens. D. of Piety.

PROCRASTINA’TOR. n. s. [from procrastinate.] A dilatory
person.

PRO’CREANT. adj. [procreans, Lat.] Productive; pregnant.
The temple haunting martlet, does approve
By his lov'd mansionr, that heaven's breath
Smells wooingly here: no jutting frieze,
But this bird
Hath made his pendant bed, and procreant cradle. Shakesp.

To PRO’CREATE. v. a. [procreo, Lat. procreer, Fr.] To
generate; to produce.
Flies crushed and corrupted, when inclosed in such vessels,
did never procreate a new fly. Bentley.
Since the earth retains her fruitful power,
To procreate plants the forest to restore;
Say, why to nobler animals alone
Should she be feeble, and unfruitful grown. Blackmore.

PROCREA’TION. n. s. [procreation, Fr. procreatio, Lat. from
procreate.] Generation; production.
The enclosed warmth, which the earth hath in itself,
stirred up by the heat of the sun, assisteth nature in the speedier
procreation of those varieties, which the earth bringeth forth.
Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Neither her outside form'd so fair, nor ought
In procreation common to all kinds. Milton's Par. Lost.
Uncleanness is an unlawful gratification of the appetite of
procreation. South's Sermons.

PRO’CREATIVE. adj. [from procreate.] Generative; produc­
tive.
The ordinary period of the human procreative faculty in
males is sixty five, in females forty-five. Hale.

PRO’CREATIVENESS. n. s. [from procreative.] Power of ge­
neration.
These seem to have the accurst privilege of propagating
and not expiring, and have reconciled the procreativeness of
corporeal, with the duration of incorporeal substances.
Decay of Piety.

PROCREA’TOR. n. s. [from procreate.] Generator; begetter.

PROCTOR. n. s. [contracted from procurator, Lat.]
1. A manager of another man's affairs.
The most clamorous for this pretended reformation, are
either atheists, or else proctors suborned by atheists. Hooker.
2. An attorney in the spiritual court.
I find him charging the inconveniencies in the payment
of tythes upon the clergy and proctors. Swift.
3. The magistrate of the university.

To PRO’CTOR. v. a. [from the noun.] To manage. A cant
word.
I cannot proctor mine own cause so well
To make it clear. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

PRO’CTORSHIP. n. s. [from proctor.] Office or dignity of a
proctor.
From a scholar he became a fellow, and the president of
the college, after he had received all the graces and degrees,
the proctorship and the doctorship. Clarendon.

PROCU’MBENT. adj. [procumbens, Latin.] Lying down;
prone.

PROCU’RABLE. adj. [from procure.] To be procured; obtain­
able; acquirable.
Though it be a far more common and procurable liquor
than the infusion of lignum nephriticum, it may yet be ea­
sily substituted in its room. Boyle on Colours.

PRO’CURACY. n. s. [from procure.] The management of any
thing.

PROCURA’TION. n. s. [from procure.] The act of procuring.
Those, who formerly were doubtful in this matter, upon
strict and repeated inspection of these bodies, and procuration
of plain shells from this island, are now convinced, that these
are the remains of sea-animals. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

PROCURA’TOR. n. s. [procurateur, Fr. from procuro, Lat.]
Manager; one who transacts affairs for another.
I had in charge at my depart from France,
As procurator for your excellence,
To marry princess Marg'ret for your grace. Shakesp.
They confirm and seal
Their undertaking with their dearest blood,
As procurators for the commonweal. Daniel.
When the procurators of king Antigonus imposed a rate
upon the sick people, that came to Edepsum to drink the
waters which were lately sprung, and were very healthful,
they instantly dried up. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

PROCURATO’RIAL. adj. [from procurator.] Made by a proctor.
All procuratorial exceptions ought to be made before con­
testation of suit, and not afterwards, as being dilatory ex­
ceptions, if a proctor was then made and constituted. Ayliffe.

PROCU’RATORY. adj. [from procurator.] Tending to procura­
tion.

To PROCU’RE. v. a. [procuro, Lat. procurer, Fr.]
1. To manage; to transact for another.
2. To obtain; to acquire.
They shall fear and tremble, for all the prosperity that I
procure unto it. Jer. xxxiii. 9.
Happy though but ill,
If we procure not to ourselves more woe. Milton.
We no other pains endure,
Than those that we ourselves procure. Dryden.
Then by thy toil procur'd, thou food shalt eat. Dryden.
3. To persuade; to prevail on.
Is it my lady mother?
What unaccustom'd cause procures her hither? Shakesp.
Whom nothing can procure,
When the wide world runs biass, from his will
To writhe his limbs, and share, not mend the ill. Herbert.
4. To contrive; to forward.
Proceed, Salinus, to procure my fall,
And by the doom of death end woes and all. Shakesp.

To PRO’CURE. v. n. To bawd; to pimp.
Our author calls colouring, lena sororis, in plain English,
the bawd of her sister, the design or drawing: she cloaths,
she dresses her up, she paints her, she makes her appear more
lovely than naturally she is, she procures for the design, and
makes lovers for her. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
With what impatience must the muse behold,
The wife by her procuring husband sold. Dryden.

PROCU’REMENT. n. s. The act of procuring.
They mourn your ruin as their proper fate,
Cursing the empress; for they think it done
By her procurement. Dryden's Aurengz.

PROCU’RER. n. s. [from procure.]
1. One that gains; obtainer.
Angling was after tedious study, a moderator of passions,
and a procurer of contentedness. Walton's Angler.
2. Pimp; pandar.
Strumpets in their youth, turn procurers in their age. South.

PROCU’RESS. n. s. [from procure.] A bawd.
I saw the most artful procuress in town, seducing a young
girl. Spectator.

PRODI’GAL. adj. [prodigus, Lat. prodigue, Fr.] Profuse;
wasteful; expensive; lavish; not frugal; not parcimonious.
Least I should seem over prodigal in the praise of my coun­
trymen, I will only present you with some few verses. Camd.
Be now as prodigal of all dear grace,
As nature was in making graces dear,
When she did starve the general world beside,
And prodigally gave them all to you. Shakesp.
My chief care
Is to come fairly off from the great debts,
Wherein my time, something too prodigal,
Hath left me gaged. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Diogenes did beg more of a prodigal man than the rest;
whereupon one said, see your baseness, that when you find
a liberal mind, you will take most of him; no, said Dioge­
nes, but I mean to beg of the rest again. Bacon.
As a hero, whom his baser foes
In troops surround; now these assails, now those,
Though prodigal of life, disdains to die
By common hands. Denham.
Here patriots live, who for their country's good,
In fighting fields were prodigal of blood. Dryden.
The prodigal of soul rush'd on the stroke
Of listed weapons, and did wounds provoke. Dryden.
O! beware,
Great warrior, nor too prodigal of life,
Expose the British safety. Philips.
Some people are prodigal of their blood, and others so spar­
ing, as if so much life and blood went together. Baker.

PRO’DIGAL. n. s. A waster; a spendthrift.
A beggar suddenly grown rich, becomes a prodigal; for to
obscure his former obscurity, he puts on riot and excess.
Benj. Johnson's Discovery.
Thou
Ow'st all thy losses to the fates; but I,
Like wasteful prodigals, have cast away
My happiness. Denham's Sophy.
Let the wasteful prodigal be slain. Dryden.

PRODIGA’LITY. n. s. [prodigalité, Fr. from prodigal.] Extra­
vagance; profusion; waste; excessive liberality.
A sweeter and lovelier gentleman,
Fram'd in the prodigality of nature,
The spacious world cannot again afford. Shakesp:
He that decries covetousness, should not be held an adver­
sary to him that opposeth prodigality. Glanvil.


It is not always so obvious to distinguish between an act of
liberality and act of prodigality. South's Sermons.
The most severe censor cannot but be pleased with the pro­
digality of his wit, though at the same time he could have
wished, that the master of it had been a better manager. Dry.

PRO’DIGALLY. adv. [from prodigal.] Profusely; wastefully;
extravagantly.
We are not yet so wretched in our fortunes,
Nor in our wills so lost, as to abandon
A friendship prodigally, of that price
As is the senate and the people of Rome. B. Johnson.
I cannot well be thought so prodigally thirsty of my subjects
blood, as to venture my own life. King Charles.
The next in place and punishment are they,
Who prodigally throw their souls away;
Fools, who repining at their wretched state,
And loathing anxious life, suborn'd their fate. Dryden.
Nature not bounteous now, but lavish grows,
Our paths with flow'rs she prodigally strows. Dryden.

PRODI’GIOUS. adj. [prodigiosus, Lat. prodigieux, Fr.] Ama­
zing; astonishing; such as may seem a prodigy; portentous;
enormous; monstrous; amazingly great.
If e'er he have a child, abortive be it,
Prodigious and untimely brought to light. Shakesp.
An emission of immateriate virtues we are a little doubtful
to propound, it being so prodigious; but that it is constantly
avouched by many. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It is prodigious to have thunder in a clear sky. Brown.
Then entring at the gate,
Conceal'd in clouds, prodigious to relate,
He mix'd, unmark'd, among the busy throng. Dryden.
The Rhone enters the lake, and brings along with it a
prodigious quantity of water. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
It is a scandal to christianity, that in towns, where there
is a prodigious increase in the number of houses and inhabi­
tants, so little care should be taken for churches. Swift.

PRODI’GIOUSLY. adv. [from prodigious.]
1. Amazingly; astonishingly; portentously; enormously.
I do not mean absolutely according to philosophick exact­
ness infinite, but only infinite or innumerable as to us, or their
number prodigiously great. Ray on the Creation.
2. It is sometimes used as a familiar hyperbole.
I am prodigiously pleased with this joint volume. Pope.

PRODI’GIOUSNESS. n. s. [from prodigious.] Enormousness;
portentousness; amazing qualities.

PRO’DIGY. n. s. [prodige, Fr. prodigium, Lat.]
1. Any thing out of the ordinary process of nature, from which
omens are drawn; portent.
Be no more an exhal'd meteor,
A prodigy of fear, and a portent
Of broached mischief, to the unborn times. Shakesp.
The party opposite to our settlement, seem to be driven
out of all human methods, and are reduced to the poor com­
fort of prodigies and old womens fables. Addison.
2. Monster.
Most of mankind, through their own sluggishness, become
nature's prodigies, not her children. Benj. Johnson.
3. Any thing astonishing for good or bad.
They would seem prodigies of learning. Spectator.

PRODI’TION. n. s. [proditio, Lat.] Treason; treachery. Ain.

PRO’DITOR. n. s. [Latin.] A traytor. Not in use.
Piel'd priest, dost thou command me be shut out?
—I do, thou most usurping proditor. Shakesp.

PRODITO’RIOUS. adj. [from proditor, Lat.]
1. Trayterous; treacherous; persidious.
Now proditorious wretch! what hast thou done,
To make this barb'rous base assassinate? Daniel.
2. Apt to make discoveries.
Solid and conclusive characters are emergent from the mind,
and start out of children when themselves least think of it;
for nature is proditorious. Wotton on Education.

To PRODU’CE. v. a. [produco, Lat. produire, Fr.]
1. To offer to the view or notice.
Produce your cause, saith the Lord; bring forth your strong
reasons. Isa. xli. 21.
2. To exhibit to the publick.
Your parents did not produce you much into the world,
when by you avoided many wrong steps. Swift.
3. To bring as an evidence.
It seems not meet, nor wholesome to my place,
To be produc'd against the Moor. Shakesp. Othello.
4. To bear; to bring forth, as a vegetable.
This soil produces all sorts of palm-trees. Sandys.
5. To cause; to effect; to generate; to beget.
Somewhat is produced of nothing; for lyes are sufficient to
breed opinion, and opinion bring, on substance. Bacon.
They by imprudence mix'd
Produce prodigious births of body or mind. Milton.
Thou all this good of evil shalt produce. Milton.
Clouds may rain, and rain produce
Fruits in her soften'd soil. Milton.
Observing in ourselves, that we can at pleasure move seve­
ral parts of our bodies; the effects also, that natural bodies
are able to produce in one another, occuring every moment to
our senses, we both these ways get the idea of power. Locke.
Hinder light but from striking on porphyre, and its colours
vanish, it no longer produces any such ideas; upon the return
of light, it produces these appearances again. Locke.
This wonder of the sculptor's hand
Produc'd, his art was at a stand. Addison.

PRO’DUCE. n. s. [from the verb. This noun, though accented
on the last syllable by Dryden, is generally accented on the
former.]
1. Product; that which any thing yields or brings.
You hoard not health for your own private use,
But on the publick spend the rich produce. Dryden.
2. Amount; profit; gain; emergent sum or quantity.
In Staffordshire, after their lands are marled, they sow it
with barley, allowing three bushels to an acre. Its common
produce is thirty bushels. Mortimer's Husbandry.
This tax has already been so often tried, that we know the
exact produce of it. Addison's Freeholder, No 20.

PRODU’CENT. n. s. [from produce.] One that exhibits; one
that offers.
If an instrument be produced with a protestation in favour
of the producent, and the adverse party does not contradict,
it shall be construed to the advantage of the producent. Ayliffe.

PRODU’CER. n. s. [from produce.] One that generates or pro­
duces.
By examining how I, that could contribute nothing to mine
own being, should be here, I came to ask the same question
for my father, and so am led in a direct line to a first producer
that must be more than man. Suckling.
Whenever want of money, or want of desire in the con­
sumer, make the price low, that immediately reaches the first
producer. Locke.

PRODU’CIBLE. adj. [from produce.]
1. Such as may be exhibited.
That is accounted probable, which has better arguments
producible for it, than can be brought against it. South.
Many warm expressions of the fathers are producible in this
case. Decay of Piety.
2. Such as may be generated or made.
The salts producible, are the alcalis or fixt salts, which seem
to have an antipathy with acid ones. Boyle.

PRODU’CIBLENESS. n. s. [from producible.] The state of
being producible.
To confirm our doctrine of the producibleness of salts, Hel­
mont assures us, that by Paracelsus's sal circulatum solid bo­
dies, particularly stones, may be transmuted into actual salt
equiponderant. Boyle.

PRO’DUCT. n. s. [productus, Lat. produit, Fr]
1. Something produced, as fruits, grain, metals.
The landholder, having nothing but what the product of
his land will yield, must take the market-rate. Locke.
Our British products are of such kinds and quantities, as
can turn the balance of trade to our advantage. Addison.
Range in the same quarter, the products of the same season.
Spectator.
See thy bright altars
Heap'd with the products of Sabæan springs. Pope.
2. Work; composition.
Most of those books, which have obtained great reputation
in the world, are the products of great and wife men. Watts.
3. Thing consequential; effect.
These are the product
Of those ill-mated marriages. Milton's Par. Lost.

PRODU’CTILE. adj. [from produco, Lat.] Which may be pro­
duced.

PRODU’CTION. n. s. [production, Fr. from product.]
1. The act of producing.
A painter should foresee the harmony of the lights and
shadows, taking from each of them that which will most con­
duce to the production of a beautiful effect. Dryden.
2. The thing produced; fruit; product.
The best of queens and best of herbs we owe
To that bold nation, which the way did show
To the fair region, where the sun does rise,
Whose rich productions we so justly prize. Waller.
What would become of the scrofulous consumptive pro­
duction, furnished by our men of wit and learning. Swift.
3. Composition.
We have had our names prefixed at length, to whole vo­
lumes of mean productions. Swift.

PRODU’CTIVE. adj. [from produce.] Having the power to pro­
duce; fertile; generative; efficient.
In thee
Not in themselves, all their known virtue appears
Productive as in herb and plant. Milton.
This is turning nobility unto a principle of virtue, and
making it productive of merit, as it is understood to have
been originally a reward of it. Spectator, No 537.


Be thou my aid, my tuneful song inspire,
And kindle, with thy own productive fire. Dryden.
If the productive sat of the marl be spent, it is not capable
of being mended with new. Mortimer.
Numbers of Scots are glad to exchange their barren hills
for our fruitful vales so productive of that grain. Swift.
Hymen's flames like stars unite,
And burn for ever one;
Chaste as cold Cynthia's virgin light,
Productive as the sun. Pope.
Plutarch, in his life of Theseus, says, that that age was
productive of men of prodigious stature. Broome.

PRO’EM. n. s. [p???????; proœmium, Lat. proeme, old Fr.]
Preface; introduction.
So gloz'd the tempter, and his proem tun'd. Milton.
Thus much may serve by way of proem,
Proceed we therefore to our poem. Swift's Miscel.
Justinian has, in the proem to the digests, only prefixed
the term of five years for studying the laws. Ayliffe.

PROFANA’TION. n. s. [profanation, Fr. from profano, Lat.]
1. The act of violating any thing sacred.
He knew how bold men are to take even from God him­
self; how hardly that house would be kept from impious pro­
fanation he knew. Hooker, b. v. s. 12.
What I am and what I would, are to your ears, divinity;
to any others, profanation. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
'Twere profanation of our joys,
To tell the laity our love. Donne.
All profanation and invasion of things sacred, is an offence
against the eternal law of nature. South.
Others think I ought not to have translated Chaucer: they
suppose a veneration due to his old language, and that it is little
less than profanation and sacrilege to alter it. Dryden.
2. Irreverence to holy things or persons.
Great men may jest with saints, 'tis wit in them;
But, in the less, foul profanation. Shakesp.

PROFA’NE. adj. [profane, Fr. from profanus, Lat.]
1. Irreverent to sacred names or things.
Profane fellow!
Wert thou the son of Jupiter, and no more
But what thou art besides, thou wert too base
To be his groom. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
These have caused the weak to stumble, and the profane to
blaspheme, offending the one, and hardening the other. South.
2. Not sacred; secular.
The universality of the deluge is attested by profane history;
for the fame of it is gone through the earth, and there are
records or traditions concerning it in all the parts of this and
the new-sound world. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Polluted; not pure.
Nothing is profane that serveth to holy things. Raleigh.
4. Not purified by holy rites.
Far hence be souls profane,
The Sibyl cry'd, and from the grove abstain. Dryden.

To PROFA’NE. v. a. [profano, Lat. profaner, Fr.]
1. To violate; to pollute.
He then, that is not furnish'd in this sort,
Doth but usurp the sacred name of knight,
Profaning this most honourable order. Shakesp.
Foretasted fruit
Profan'd first by the serpent, by him first
Made common and unhallow'd. Milton.
Pity the temple profaned of ungodly men. 2 Mac. viii. 2.
How far have we
Profan'd thy heav'nly gift of poesy?
Made prostitute and profligate the muse,
Debas'd. Dryden.
2. To put to wrong use.
I feel me much to blame.
So idly to profane the precious time. Shakesp.

PROFA’NELY. adv. [from profane.] With irreverence to sacred
names or things.
I will hold my tongue no more, as touching their wicked­
ness, which they profanely commit. 2 Esdr. xv. 8.
Let none of things serious, much less of divine,
When belly and head's full, profanely dispute. B. Johns.
That proud scholar, intending to erect altars to Virgil,
speaks of Homer too profanely. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

PROFA’NER. n. s. [from profane.] Polluter; violater.
The argument which our Saviour useth against profaners of
the temple, he taketh from the use whereunto it was with so­
lemnity consecrated. Hooker. b. v. s. 12.
Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace,
Profaners of this neighbour stained steel. Shakesp.
There are a lighter ludicrous sort of profaners, who use the
scripture to furnish out their jests. Gov. of the Tongue.

PROFA’NENESS. n. s. [from profane.] Irreverence of what is
sacred.
Apollo, pardon
My great profaneness 'gainst thy oracle! Shakesp.
You can banish from thence scurrility and profaneness, and
restrain the licentious insolence of poets and their actors. Dry.
Edicts against immorality and profaneness, laws against
oaths and execrations, we trample upon. Atterbury.

PROFE’CTION. n. s. [profectio, Lat.] Advance; progression.
This, with profection of the horoscope unto the seventh
house or opposite signs, every seventh year oppresseth living
natures. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To PROFE’SS. v. a. [professer, Fr. from professus, Lat.]
1. To declare himself in strong terms of any opinion or passion.
Would you have me speak after my custom,
As being a profess'd tyrant to their sex. Shakesp.
Pretending first
Wise to fly pain, professing next the spy. Milton.
A servant to thy sex, a slave to thee,
A foe profest to barren chastity. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
2. To make a show of any sentiments by loud declaration.
Love well your father;
To your professing bosoms I commit him. Shakesp.
3. To declare publickly one's skill in any art or science, so as
to invite employment.
What, master, read you? first resolve me that.
—I read that I profess the art of love. Shakesp.
Without eyes thou shalt want light; profess not the know­
ledge therefore that thou hast not. Ecclus iii. 25.

To PROFE’SS. v. n.
1. To declare openly.
The day almost itself professes yours,
And little is to do. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They profess, that they know God, but in works they
deny him. Tit. i. 16.
Profess unto the Lord, that I am come unto the country,
which the Lord sware unto our fathers. Deutr. xxvi. 3.
2. To declare friendship. Not in use.
As he does conceive,
He is dishonour'd by a man, which ever
Profess'd to him; why, his revenges must
In that be made more bitter. Shakesp.

PROFE’SSEDLY. adv. [from professed.] According to open de­
claration made by himself.
I could not grant too much to men, that being professedly
my subjects, pretended religious strictness. King Charles.
Virgil, whom he professedly imitated, has surpassed him
among the Romans. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
England I travelled over, professedly searching all places I
passed along. Woodward.

PROFE’SSION. n. s. [profession, Fr. from profess.]
1. Calling; vocation; known employment.
I must tell you,
You tender more your person's honour, than
Your high profession spiritual. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If we confound arts with the abuse of them, we shall con­
demn all honest trades; for there are that deceive in all pro­
fessions, and bury in forgetfulness all knowledge. Raleigh.
Some of our profession keep wounds tented. Wiseman.
No other one race, not the sons of any one other profes­
sion, not perhaps altogether, are so much scattered amongst
all professions, as the sons of clergymen. Sprat's Sermons.
This is a practice, in which multitudes, besides those of
the learned professions, may be engaged. Watts.
2. Declaration.
A naked profession may have credit, where no evi­
dence can be given. Glanvill's Sceps.
Most profligately false, with the strongest professions of sin­
cerity. Swift.
3. The act of declaring one's self of any party or opinion.
For by oil in their lamps, and the first lighting of them,
which was common to them both, is meant that solemn pro­
fession of faith and repentance, which all christians make in
baptism. Tillotson's Sermons.
When christianity came to be taken up, for the sake of
those civil encouragements which attended their profession, the
complaint was applicable to christians. Swift.

PROFE’SSIONAL. adj. [from profession.] Relating to a particular
calling or profession.
Professional, as well as national, reflections are to be
avoided. Clarissa.

PROFE’SSOR. n. s. [professeur, Fr. from profess.]
1. One who declares himself of any opinion or party.
When the holiness of the professors of religion is decaved
you may doubt the springing up of a new sect. Bacon's Essays.
2. One who publickly practises or teaches an art.
Professors in most sciences, are generally the worst qualified
to explain their meanings to those who are not of their
tribes. Swift.
3. One who is visibly religious.
Ordinary illiterate people, who were professors, that shewed
a concern for religion, seemed much conversant in St. Paul's
Epistles. Locke.

PROFE’SSORSHIP. n. s. [from professor.] The station or office
of a publick teacher.
Dr. Prideaux succeeded him in the professorship, being then
elected bishop of Worcester, Sanderson succeeded him in the
regius professorship. Walton.



To PRO’FEER. v. a. [profero, Lat. proferer, Fr.]
1. To propose; to offer.
To them that covet such eye-glutting gain,
Proffer thy gifts, and fitter servants entertain. Fairy Queen.
None, among the choice and prime
Of those heav'n-warring champions, could be found
So hardy as to proffer, or accept
Alone, the dreadful voyage. Milton's Par. Lost.
Does Cato send this answer back to Cæsar,
For all his generous cares and proffer'd friendship. Addis.
2. To attempt. Ainsworth.

PRO’FFER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Offer made; something proposed to acceptance.
Basilius, content to take that, since he could have no more,
allowed her reasons, and took her proffer thankfully. Sidney.
Proffers, not took, reap thanks for their reward. Shakesp.
The king
Great proffers sends of pardon and of grace,
If they would yield, and quietness embrace. Daniel.
He made a proffer to lay down his commission of command
in the army. Clarendon.
But these, nor all the proffers you can make,
Are worth the heifer which I set to stake. Dryden.
2. Essay; attempt.
It is done with time, and by little and little, and with
many essays and proffers. Bacon's Essays.

PRO’FFERER. n. s. [from proffer.] He that offers.
Maids, in modesty, say no, to that
Which they would have the proff'rer construe ay. Shakesp.
He who always refuses, taxes the profferer with indiscre­
tion, and declares his assistance needless. Collier.

PROFI’CIENCE. n. s. [from proficio, Lat.] Profit; advance­
ment in any thing; improvement gained.
It is applied to intellectual acquisition.
Persons of riper years, who flocked into the church during
the three first centuries, were obliged to pass through instruc­
tions, and give account of their proficiency. Addison.
Some reflecting with too much satisfaction on their own
proficiencies, or presuming on their election by God, persuade
themselves into a careless security. Rogers's Sermons.

PROFI’CIENCY. n. s. [from proficio, Lat.] Profit; advance­
ment in any thing; improvement gained.
It is applied to intellectual acquisition.
Persons of riper years, who flocked into the church during
the three first centuries, were obliged to pass through instruc­
tions, and give account of their proficiency. Addison.
Some reflecting with too much satisfaction on their own
proficiencies, or presuming on their election by God, persuade
themselves into a careless security. Rogers's Sermons.

PROFI’CIENT. n. s. [proficiens, Lat.] One who has made ad­
vances in any study or business.
I am so good a proficient in one quarter of an hour, that I
can drink with any tinker in his own language. Shakesp.
I am disposed to receive further light in this matter, from
those whom it will be no disparagement for much greater pro­
ficients than I to learn. Boyle.
Young deathlings were, by practice, made
Proficients in their father's trade. Swift's Miscel.

PROFI’CUOUS. adj. [proficuus, Lat.] Advantageous; useful.
It is very proficuous, to take a good large dose. Harvey.
To future times
Proficuous, such a race of men produce,
As in the cause of virtue firm, may fix
Her throne inviolate. Philips.

PROFI’LE. n. s. [profile, Fr.] The side face; half face.
The painter will not take that side of the face, which has
some notorious blemish in it; but either draw it in profile, or
else shadow the more imperfect side. Dryden.
Till the end of the third century, I have not seen a Roman
emperor drawn with a full face: they always appear in profile,
which gives us the view of a head very majestic. Addison.

PRO’FIT. n. s. [profit, Fr.]
1. Gain; pecuniary advantage.
Thou must know,
'Tis not my profit that does lead mine honour. Shakesp.
He thinks it highly just, that all rewards of trust, profit, or
dignity should be given only to those, whose principles direct
them to preserve the constitution. Swift.
2. Advantage: accession of good.
What profit is it for men now to live in heaviness, and
after death to look for punishment? 2 Esdr. vii. 47.
Wisdom that is hid, and treasure that is hoarded up, what
profit is in them both? Ecclus. xx. 30.
Say not what profit is there of my service; and what good
things shall I have hereafter. Ecclus. xi. 23.
The king did not love the barren wars with Scotland,
though he made his profit of the noise of them. Bacon.
3. Improvement; advancement; proficiency.

To PRO’FIT. v. a. [profiter, Fr.]
1. To benefit; to advantage.
Whereto might the strength of their hands profit me. Job.
Let it profit thee to have heard,
By terrible example, the reward
Of disobedience. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
2. To improve; to advance.
'Tis a great means of profiting yourself, to copy diligently
excellent pieces and beautiful designs. Dryden.

To PRO’FIT. v. n.
1. To gain advantage.
The Romans, though possessed of their ports, did not profit
much by trade. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To make improvement.
Meditate upon these things, give thyself wholly to them;
that thy profiting may appear to all. 1 Tim. iv. 15.
She has profited so well already by your counsel, that she
can say her lesson. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
3. To be of use or advantage.
Oft times nothing profits more,
Than self-esteem grounded on just and right. Milton.
What profited thy thoughts, and toils, and cares,
In vigour more confirm'd, and riper years? Prior.

PRO’FITABLE. adj. [profitable, Fr. from profit.]
1. Gainful; lucrative.
A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man,
Is not so estimable or profitable,
As flesh of muttons, beess, or goats. Shakesp.
The planting of hop-yards, sowing of wheat and rape­
seed, are found very profitable for the planters, in places apt
for them, and consequently profitable for the kingdom. Bacon.
2. Useful; advantageous.
To wail friends lost
Is not by much so wholesome, profitable,
As to rejoice at friends but newly found. Shakesp.
Then Judas, thinking indeed that they would be profitable
in many things, granted them peace. 2 Mac. xii.
What was so profitable to the empire, became fatal to the
emperor. Arbuthnot on Coins.

PRO’FITABLENESS. n. s. [from profitable.]
1. Gainfulness.
2. Usefulness; advantageousness.
We will now briefly take notice of the profitableness of
plants for physick and food. More's Antidote against Atheism.
What shall be the just portion of those, whom neither the
condescension or kindness, nor wounds and sufferings of the
son of God could persuade, nor yet the excellency, easiness
and profitableness of his commands invite? Calamy's Sermons.

PRO’FITABLY. adv. [from profitable.]
1. Gainfully.
2. Advantageously; usefully.
You have had many opportunities to settle this reflection,
and have profitably employed them. Wake.

PRO’FITLESS. adj. [from profit.] Void of gain or advantage.
We must not think the Turk is so unskilful,
To leave that latest, which concerns him first;
Neglecting an attempt of ease and gain,
To wake and wage a danger profitless. Shakesp.

PRO’FLIGATE. adj. [profligatus, Lat.] Abandoned; lost
to virtue and decency; shameless.
Time sensibly all things impairs;
Our fathers have been worse than theirs,
And we than ours; next age will see
A race more profligate than we,
With all the pains we take, have skill enough to be. Rose.
How far have we
Prophan'd thy heav'nly gift of poesy?
Made prostitute and profligate the muse,
Debas'd to each obscene and impious use,
Whose harmony was first ordain'd above
For tongues of angels, and for hymns of love. Dryden.
Though Phalaris his brazen bull were there,
And he wou'd dictate what he'd have you swear,
Be not so profligate, but rather chuse
To guard your honour, and your life to lose. Dryden.
Melancholy objects and subjects will, at times, impress
the most profligate spirits. Clarissa.

PRO’FLIGATE. n. s. An abandoried shameless wretch.
It is pleasant to see a notorious profligate seized with a con­
cern for his religion, and converting his spleen into zeal. Add.
I have heard a profligate offer much stronger arguments
against paying his debts, than ever he was known to do against
christianity; because he happened to be closer pressed by the
bailiff than the parson. Swift's Miscellanies.
How could such a profligate as Antony, or a boy of
eighteen, like Octavius, ever dare to dream of giving the
law to such an empire and people. Swift.

To PRO’FLIGATE. v. a. [profligo, Lat.] To drive away. A
word borrowed from the Latin without alteration of the sense,
but not used.
Lavatories, to wash the temples, hands, wrists, and ju­
gulars, do potently profligate and keep off the venom. Harv.

PRO’FLIGATELY. adv. [from proflitate.] Shamelesly.
Most profligately false, with the strongest professions of
sincerity. Swift's Miscellanies.

PRO’FLIGATENESS. n. s. [from profligate.] The quality of
being profligate.

PRO’FLUENCE. n. s. [from profluent.] Progress; course.
In the profluence or proceedings of their fortunes, there was
much difference between them. Wotton.

PRO’FLUENT. adj. [from profluens, Lat.] Flowing forward.
Teach all nations what of him they learn'd,
And his salvation; them who shall believe
Baptizing in the profluent stream, the sign
Of washing them from guilt of sin. Milton.



PROFO’UND. adj. [profond, Fr. profundus, Lat]
1. Deep; descending far below the surface; low with respect to
the neighbouring places.
All else deep snow and ice,
A gulf profound, as that Serbonian bog
Betwixt Damiata and mount Casius old. Milton.
He hath hither thrust me down
Into this gloom of Tartarus profound. Milton.
2. Intellectually deep; not obvious to the mind; not easily sa­
thomed by the mind: as, a profound treatise.
3. Lowly; humble; submiss; submissive.
What words wilt thou use to move thy God to hear thee?
what humble gestures? what profound reverence? Duppa.
4. Learned beyond the common reach; knowing to the bottom.
Not orators only with the people, but even the very pro­
foundest disputers in all faculties, have hereby often, with the
best learned, prevailed most. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
5. Deep in contrivance.
The revolters are profound to make slaughter, though I
have been a rebuker of them. Hosea v. 2.

PROFO’UND. n. s.
1. The deep; the main; the sea.
God, in the sathomless profound,
Hath all his choice commanders drown'd. Sandys.
Now I die absent in the vast profound;
And me without myself the seas have drown'd. Dryden.
2. The abyss.
If some other place th' ethereal king
Possesses lately, thither to arrive,
I travel this profound. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.

To PROFO’UND. v. n. [from the noun.] To dive; to pene­
trate. A barbarous word.
We cannot profound into the hidden things of nature, nor
see the first springs that set the rest a-going. Glanvil.

PROFO’UNDLY. adj. [from profound.]
1. Deeply; with deep concern.
Why sigh you so profoundly? Shakesp.
The virgin started at her father's name,
And sigh'd profoundly, conscious of the shame. Dryden.
2. With great degrees of knowledge; with deep insight.
Domenichino was profoundly skill'd in all the parts of paint­
ing, but wanting genius, he had less of nobleness. Dryden.

PROFO’UNDNESS. n. s. [from profound.]
1. Depth of place.
2. Depth of knowledge.
Their wits, which did every where else conquer hardness,
were with profoundness here over-matched. Hooker.

PROFU’NDITY. n. s. [from profound.] Depth of place or
knowledge.
The other turn'd
Round through the vast profundity obscure. Milton.

PROFU’SE. adj. [profusus, Lat.] Lavish; too liberal; pro­
digal; overabounding; exuberant.
On a green shady bank, profuse of flow'rs,
Pensive I sat. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
Oh liberty, thou goddess heav'nly bright,
Profuse of bliss, and pregnant with delight. Addison.
One long dead has a due proportion of praise; in which,
whilst he lived, his friends were too profuse, and his enemies
too sparing. Addison.

PROFU’SELY. adv. [from profuse.]
1. Lavishly; prodigally.
2. With exuberance.
Then spring the living herbs profusely wild. Thomson.

PROFU’SENESS. n. s. [from profuse.] Lavishness; prodigality.
One of a mean fortune manages his store with extreme
parsimony; but, with fear of running into profuseness, never
arrives to the magnificence of living. Dryden.
Profuseness of doing good, a soul unsatisfied with all it has
done, and an unextinguished desire of doing more. Dryden.
Hospitality sometimes degenerates into profuseness, and ends
in madness and folly. Atterbury's Sermons.

PROFU’SION. n. s. [profusio, Lat. profusion, Fr. from profuse.]
1. Lavishness; prodigality; extravagance.
What meant thy pompous progress through the empire?
Thy vast profusion to the factious nobles. Rowe.
2. Lavish expence; superfluous effusion.
He was desirous to avoid not only profusion, but the least
effusion of christian blood. Hayward.
The great profusion and expence
Of his revenues bred him much offence. Daniel.
3. Abundance; exuberant plenty.
Trade is fitted to the nature of our country, as it abounds
with a great profusion of commodities of its own growth,
very convenient for other countries. Addison.
The raptur'd eye,
The fair profusion, yellow Autumn spies. Thomson.

To PROG. v. n.
1. To rob; to steal.
2. To shift meanly for provisions. A low word.
She went out progging for provisions as before. L'Estr.

PROG. n. s. [from the verb.] Victuals; provision of any
kind. A low word.
O nephew! your grief is but folly,
In town you may find better prog. Swift's Miscel.
Spouse tuckt up doth in pattens trudge it,
With handkerchief of prog, like trull with budget;
And eat by turns plumcake and judge it. Congreve.

PROGENERA’TION. n. s. [progenero, Lat.] The act of be­
getting; propagation.

PROGE’NITOR. n. s. [progenitus, Lat.] A forefather; an an­
cestor in a direct line.
Although these things be already past away by her progenitors
former grants unto those lords, yet I could find a way to re­
medy a great part thereof. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Like true subjects, sons of your progenitors,
Go chearfully together. Shakesp.
All generations had hither come,
From all the ends of th Earth, to celebrate
And reverence thee, their great progenitor. Milton.
Power by right of fatherhood is not possible in any one,
otherwise than as Adam's heir, or as progenitor over his own
descendants. Locke.
The principal actors in Milton's poem are not only our
progenitors, but representatives. Addison.

PRO’GENY. n. s. [progenie, old Fr. progenies, Lat.] Offspring;
race; generation.
The sons of God have God's own natural son as a second
Adam from heaven, whose race and progeny they are by spi­
ritual and heavenly birth. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.
Not me begotten of a shepherd swain,
But issu'd from the progeny of kings. Shakesp.
By promise he receives
Gift to his progeny of all that land. Milton.
The base degenerate iron offspring ends;
A golden progeny from heav'n descends. Dryden.
Thus shall we live in perfect bliss, and see
Deathless ourselves, our num'rous progeny. Dryden.
We are the more pleased to behold the throne surrounded
by a numerous progeny, when we consider the virtues of those
from whom they descend. Addison's Freeholder.

PROGNO’STICABLE. adj. [from prognosticate.] Such as may be
foreknown or foretold.
The causes of this inundation cannot be regular, and
therefore their effects not prognosticable like eclipses. Brown.

To PROGNO’STICATE. v. a. [from prognostick.] To foretell;
to foreshow.
He had now outlived the day, which his tutor Sandford had
prognosticated upon his nativity he would not outlive. Clarend.
Unskill'd in schemes by planets to foreshow,
I neither will, nor can prognosticate,
To the young gaping heir, his father's fate. Dryden.

PROGNOSTICA’TION. n. s. [from prognosticate.]
1. The act of foreknowing or foresnowing.
If an oily palm be not a fruitful prognostication, I cannot
scratch mine ear. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Raw as he is, and in the hottest day prognostication pro­
claims, shall he be set against a brick-wall, the sun looking
with a fourthward eye upon him, where he is to behold him,
with slies blown to death. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
This theory of the earth begins to be a kind of prophecy
or prognostication of things to come, as it hath been hitherto
an history of things past. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Foretoken.
He bid him farewell, arming himself in a black armour,
as a badge or prognostication of his mind. Sidney.

PROGNOSTICA’TOR. n. s. [from prognosticate.] Foreteller;
foreknower.
That astrologer, who made his almanack give a tolerable
account of the weather by a direct inversion of the common
prognosticators, to let his belief run quite counter to reports.
Government of the Tongue.

PROGNO’STICK. adj. [prognestique, Fr. p???????.] Fore­
tokening disease or recovery; foreshowing: as, a prognostick
sign.

PROGNO’STICK. n. s. [from the adj.]
1. The skill of foretelling diseases or the event of diseases.
Hippocrates's prognostick is generally true, that it is very
hard to resolve a small apoplexy. Arbuthnot.
2. A prediction.
Though your prognosticks run too fast,
They must be verify'd at last. Swift.
3. A token forerunning.
Whatsoever you are or shall be, has been but an easy prog­
nostick from what you were. South.
Careful observers
By sure prognosticks may foretell a show'r. Swift.

PRO’GRESS. n. s. [progress, Fr. from progressus, Lat.]
1. Course; procession; passage.
I cannot, by the progress of the stars,
Give guess how near to-day. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The morn begins
Her rosy progress smiling. Milton.
The Sylphs behold it kindling as it flies,
And pleas'd pursue its progress through the skies. Pope.


2. Advancement; motion forward.
Through all thy veins shall run
A cold and drowzy humour, which shall seize
Each vital spirit; for no pulse shall keep
His nat'ral progress, but surcease to beat. Shakesp.
This motion worketh in round at first, which way to de­
liver itself; and then worketh in progress, where it findeth
the deliverance easiest. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Out of Ethiopia beyond Egypt had been a strange progress
for ten hundred thousand men. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Whosoever understands the progress and revolutions of na­
ture, will see that neither the present form of the earth, nor
its first form, were permanent and immutable. Burnet.
It is impossible the mind should ever be stopped in its pro­
gress in this space. Locke.
The bounds of all body we have no difficulty to arrive at;
but when the mind is there, it finds nothing to hinder its
progress into the endless expansion. Locke.
Perhaps I judge hastily, there being several, in whose wri­
tings I have made very little progress. Swift's Miscel.
3. Intellectual improvement; advancement in knowledge.
Solon the wise his progress never ceas'd,
But still his learning with his days increas'd. Denham.
It is strange, that men should not have made more progress
in the knowledge of these things. Burnet.
Several defects in the understanding hinder it in its progress
to knowledge. Locke.
Others despond at the first difficulty, and conclude, that
making any progress in knowledge, farther than serves their
ordinary business, is above their capacities. Locke.
4. Removal from one place to another.
From Egypt arts their progress made to Greece,
Wrapt in the fable of the golden fleece. Denham.
5. A journey of state; a circuit.
He gave order, that there should be nothing in his journey
like unto a warlike march, but rather like unto the progress of
a king in full peace. Bacon.
O may I live to hail the day,
When the glad nation shall survey
Their sov'reign, through his wide command,
Passing in progress o'er the land. Addison.

To PRO’GRESS. v. n. [progredior, Lat.] To move forward;
to pass. Not used.
Let me wipe off this honourable dew,
That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks. Shakesp.

PROGRE’SSION. n. s. [progression, Fr. progressio, Lat.]
1. Process; regular and gradual advance.
The squares of the diameters of these rings, made by any
prismatick colour, were in arithmetical progression. Newton.
2. Motion forward.
Those worthies, who endeavour the advancement of learn­
ing, are likely to find a clearer progression, when so many
rubs are levelled. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
In philosophical enquiries, the order of nature should go­
vern, which in all progression is to go from the place one is
then in, to that which lies next to it. Locke.
3. Course; passage.
He hath fram'd a letter, which accidentally, or by the way
of progression, hath miscarried. Shakesp.
4. Intellectual advance.
For the saving the long progression of the thoughts to first
principles, the mind should provide several intermediate prin­
ciples. Locke.

PROGRE’SSIONAL. adj. [from progression.] Such as are in a
state of encrease or advance.
They maintain their accomplished ends, and relapse not
again unto their progressional imperfections. Brown.

PROGRE’SSIVE. adj. [progressif, Fr. from progress.] Going
forward; advancing.
Princes, if they use ambitious men, should handle it so,
as they be still progressive, and not retrograde. Bacon.
In progressive motion, the arms and legs move successively;
but in natation, both together. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The progressive motion of this animal is made not by walk­
ing, but by leaping. Ray on the Creation.
Their course
Progressive, retrograde, or standing still. Milton.
Ere the progressive course of restless age
Performs three thousand times its annual stage,
May not our pow'r and learning be supprest,
And arts and empire learn to travel west? Prior.

PROGRE’SSIVELY. adv. [from progressive.] By gradual steps
or regular course.
The reason why they fall in that order, from the greatest
epacts progressively to the least, is, because the greatest epacts
denote a greater distance of the moon before the sun, and
consequently a nearer approach to her conjunction. Holder.

PROGRE’SSIVENESS. n. s. [from progressive.] The state of ad­
vancing.

To PROHI’BIT. v. a. [prohibeo, Lat. prohiber, Fr.]
1. To forbid; to interdict by authority.
She would not let them know of his close lying in that
prohibited place, because they would be offended. Sidney.
The weightiest, which it did command them, are to us in
the gospel prohibited. Hooker, b. iv. s. 11.
2. To debar; to hinder.
Gates of burning adamant
Bar'd over us, prohibit all egress. Milton.

PROHI’BITER. n. s. [from prohibit.] Forbidder; interdicter.

PROHIBI’TION. n. s. [prohibition, Fr. prohibitio, Lat. from pro­
hibit.] Forbiddance; interdict; act of forbidding.
Might there not be some other mystery in this prohibition,
than they think of? Hooker, b. iv. s. 6.
'Gainst self-flaughter
There is a prohibition so divine,
That cravens my weak hand. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He bestowed the liberal choice of all things, with one only
prohibition, to try his obedience. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Let us not think hard
One easy prahibition, who enjoy
Free leave so large to all things else. Milton's Par. Lost.
The law of God in the ten commandments consists mostly
of prohibitions; thou shalt not do such a thing. Tillotson.

PROHI’BITORY. adj. [from prohibit.] Implying prohibition;
forbidding.
A prohibition will lie on this statute, notwithstanding the
penalty annexed; because it has words prohibitory, as well as
a penalty annexed. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To PROJE’CT. v. a. [projicio, projectus, Lat.]
1. To throw out; to cast forward.
Th' ascending villas
Project long shadows o'er the crystal tide. Pope.
2. To exhibit a form, as of the image thrown on a mirrour.
Diffusive of themselves where e'er they pass,
They make that warmth in others they expect;
Their valour works like bodies on a glass,
And does its image on their men project. Dryden.
If we had a plan of the naked lines of longitude and lati­
tude, projected on the meridian, a learner might much more
speedily advance himself in the knowledge of geography.
Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. [Projetter, Fr.] To scheme; to form in the mind; to con­
trive.
It ceases to be counsel, to compel men to assent to what­
ever tumultuary patrons shall project. King Charles.
What sit we then projecting peace and war? Milton.
What desire, by which nature projects its own pleasure or
preservation, can be gratified by another man's personal pur­
suit of his own vice? South's Sermons.

To PRO’JECT. v. n. To jut out; to shoot forward; to shoot
beyond something next it.

PRO’JECT. n. s. [projèt, Fr. from the verb.] Scheme; de­
sign; contrivance.
It is a discovering the longitude, and deserves a much
higher name than that of a project. Addison's Guardian.
In the various projects of happiness, devised by human rea­
son, there still appeared inconsistencies not to be reconciled.
Rogers's Sermons.

PROJE’CTILE. n. s. [from the adj.] A body put in motion.
Projectils would for ever move on in the same right line, did
not the air, their own gravity, or the ruggedness of the plane
stop their motion. Cheyne's Philos. Principles.

PROJE’CTILE. adj. [projectile, Fr.] Impelled forward.
Good blood, and a due projectile motion or circulation are
necessary to convert the aliment into laudable juices. Arbuth.

PROJE’CTION. n. s. [from project.]
1. The act of shooting forwards.
If the electrick be held unto the light, many particles
thereof will be discharged from it, which motion is performed
by the breath of the effluvium issuing with agility; for as
the electrick cooleth, the projection of the atoms ceaseth.
Brown.
2. [Projection, Fr.] Plan; delineation. See to PROJECT.
For the bulk of the learners of astronomy, that projection
of the stars is best, which includes in it all the stars in our
horizon, reaching to the 381/2 degree of the southern lati­
tude. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Scheme; plan of action.
4. [Projection, Fr.] In chemistry, an operation; crisis of an
operation; moment of transmutation.
A little quantity of the medicine, in the projection, will
turn a sea of the baser metal into gold by multiplying. Bacon.

PROJE’CTOR. n. s. [from project.]
1. One who forms schemes or designs.
The following comes from a projector, a correspondent as
diverting as a traveller; his subject having the same grace of
novelty to recommend it. Addison.
Among all the projectors in this attempt, none have met
with so general a success, as they who apply themselves to
soften the rigour of the precept. Rogers's Sermons.
2. One who forms wild impracticable schemes.
Chymists, and other projectors, propose to themselves things
utterly impracticable. L'Estrange.
Astrologers that future fates foreshew,
Projectors, quacks, and lawyers not a few. Pope.



PROJE’CTURE. n. s. [projecture, Fr. projectura, Lat.] A jutting
out.

To PROIN. v. a. [a corruption of prune.] To lop; to cut;
to trim; to prune.
I sit and proin my wings
After flight, and put new stings
To my shafts. Benj. Johnson.
The country husbandman will not give the proining knife to
a young plant, as not able to admit the scar. B. Johnson.

To PROLA’TE. v. a. [prolatum, Lat.] To pronounce; to
utter.
The pressures of war have somewhat cowed their spirits,
as may be gathered from the accent of their words, which
they prolate in a whining querulous tone, as if still complain­
ing and crest-fallen. Howel.

PROLA’TE. adj. [prolatus, Lat.] Oblate; flat.
As to the prolate spheroidical figure, though it be the ne­
cessary result of the earth's rotation about its own axe, yet it
is also very convenient for us. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

PROLA’TION. n. s. [prolatus, Lat.]
1. Pronunciation; utterance.
Parrots, having been used to be fed at the prolation of cer­
tain words, may afterwards pronounce the same. Ray.
2. Delay; act of deferring. Ainsworth.

PROLE’GOMENA. n. s. [p??e???e?; prolegomenes, Fr.] Pre­
vious discourse; introductory observations.

PROLE’PSIS. n. s. [p??????; prolepse, Fr.] A form of
rhetorick, in which objections are anticipated.
This was contained in my prolepsts or prevention of his
answer. Bramhall against Hobbs.

PROLE’PTICAL. adj. [from prolepsts.] Previous; antecedent.
The proleptical notions of religion cannot be so well de­
fended by the professed servants of the altar. Glanvil.

PROLE’PTICALLY. adv. [from proleptical.] By way of antici­
pation. Clarissa.

PROLETA’RIAN. adj. Mean; wretched; vile; vulgar.
Like speculators should foresce,
From pharos of authority,
Portended mischiefs farther than
Low proletarian tything-men. Hudibras, p. i.

PROLIFICA’TION. n. s. [proles and sacio, Lat.] Generation of
children.
Their fruits, proceeding from simpler roots, are not so di­
stinguishable as the offspring of sensible creatures, and proli­
fications descending from double origins. Brown.

PROLI’FICK. adj. [prolifique, Fr. proles and facio.] Fruit­
ful; generative; pregnant; productive.
Main ocean flow'd; not idle, but with warm
Prolifick humour soft'ning all her globe,
Fermented the great mother to conceive,
Satiate with genial moisture. Milton's Par. Lost.
Every dispute in religion grew prolifical, and in ventilating
one question, many new ones were started. Decay of Piety.
His vital pow'r air, earth and seas supplies,
And breeds whate'er is bred beneath the skies;
For every kind, by thy prolifick might,
Springs. Dryden.
All dogs are of one species, they mingling together in ge­
neration, and the breed of such mixtures being prolifick. Ray.
From the middle of the world,
The sun's prolifick rays are hurl'd;
'Tis from that seat he darts those beams,
Which quicken earth with genial flames. Prior.

PROLI’FICAL. adj. [prolifique, Fr. proles and facio.] Fruit­
ful; generative; pregnant; productive.
Main ocean flow'd; not idle, but with warm
Prolifick humour soft'ning all her globe,
Fermented the great mother to conceive,
Satiate with genial moisture. Milton's Par. Lost.
Every dispute in religion grew prolifical, and in ventilating
one question, many new ones were started. Decay of Piety.
His vital pow'r air, earth and seas supplies,
And breeds whate'er is bred beneath the skies;
For every kind, by thy prolifick might,
Springs. Dryden.
All dogs are of one species, they mingling together in ge­
neration, and the breed of such mixtures being prolifick. Ray.
From the middle of the world,
The sun's prolifick rays are hurl'd;
'Tis from that seat he darts those beams,
Which quicken earth with genial flames. Prior.

PROLI’FICALLY. adv. [from prolifick.] Fruitfully; pregnantly.

PROLI’X. adj. [prolixe, Fr. prolixus, Latin.]
1. Long; tedious; not concise.
According to the caution we have been so prolix in giving,
if we aim at right understanding the true nature of it, we
must examine what apprehension mankind make of it. Digby.
Should I at large repeat
The bead-roll of her vicious tricks,
My poem wouled be too prolix. Prior.
2. Of long duration. This is a very rare sense.
If the appellant appoints a term too prolix, the judge may
then assign a competent term. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PROLI’XIOUS. adj. [from prolix.] Dilatory; tedious. A
word of Shakespeare's coining.
Lay by all nicety and prolixious blushes. Shakesp.

PROLIXITY. n. s. [prolixité, Fr. from prolix.] Tediousness;
tiresome length; want of brevity.
It is true, without any slips of prolixity, or crossing the plain
highway of talk, that the good Anthonio hath lost a ship.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
In some other passages, I may have, to shun prolixity,
unawares slipt into the contrary extreme. Boyle.

PROLI’XLY. adv. [from prolix.] At great length; tediously.
On these prolixly thankful she enlarg'd. Dryden.

PROLI’XNESS. n. s. [from prolix.] Tediousness.

PROLOCU’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] The foreman; the speaker
of a convocation.
The convocation the queen prorogued, though at the ex­
pence of Dr. Atterbury's displeasure, who was design'd their
prolocutor. Swift.

PROLOCU’TORSHIP. n. s. [from prolocutor.] The office or
dignity of prolocutor.

PRO’LOGUE. n. s. [p????; prologue, Fr. prologus, Latin.]
1. Preface; introduction to any discourse or performance.
Come, sit, and a song.
—Shall we clap into 't roundly, without hawking, or spit­
ting, or saying we are hoarse, which are the only prologues to
a bad voice? Shakesp. As You Like it.
In her face excuse
Came prologue, and apology too prompt. Milton.
2. Something spoken before the entrance of the actors of a play.
If my death might make this island happy,
And prove the period of their tyranny,
I would expend it with all willingness;
But mine is made the prologue to their play. Shakesp.
The peaking cornuto comes in the instant, after we had
spoke the prologue of our comedy. Shakesp.

To PRO’LOGUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To introduce with a
formal preface.
He his special nothing ever prologues. Shakesp.

To PROLO’NG. v. a. [prolonger, Fr. pro and longus, Lat.]
1. To lengthen out; to continue; to draw out.
Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong
Life much. Milton.
Th' unhappy queen with talk prolong'd the night. Dryd.
2. To put off to a distant time.
To-morrow in my judgment is too sudden;
For I myself am not so well provided,
As else I would be were the day prolong'd. Shakesp.

PROLONGA’TION. n. s. [prolongation, Fr. from prolong.]
1. The act of lengthening.
Nourishment in living creatures is for the prolongation of
life. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Delay to a longer time.
This ambassage concerned only the prolongation of days for
payment of monies. Bacon's Henry VII.

PROLU’SION. n. s. [prolusio, Lat.] Entertainments; perfor­
mance of diversion.
It is memorable, which Famianus Strada, in the first book
of his academical prolusions, relates of Suarez. Hakewill.

PRO’MINENT. adj. [prominens, Lat.] Standing out beyond
the near parts; protuberant; extant.
Whales are described with two prominent spouts on their
heads, whereas they have but one in the forehead terminating
over the windpipe. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
She has her eyes so prominent, and placed so that she can
see better behind her than before her. More.
Two goodly bowls of massy silver,
With figures prominent and richly wrought. Dryden.
Some have their eyes stand so prominent as the hare, that
they can see as well behind as before them. Ray.

PRO’MINENCE. n. s. [prominentia, Latin; from prominent.]
Protuberance; extant part.
It shows the nose and eyebrows, with the prominencies and
fallings in of the features. Addison on Ancient Medals.

PROMINENCY. n. s. [prominentia, Latin; from prominent.]
Protuberance; extant part.
It shows the nose and eyebrows, with the prominencies and
fallings in of the features. Addison on Ancient Medals.

PROMI’SCUOUS. adj. [promiscuus, Lat.] Mingled; con­
fused; undistinguished.
Glory he requires, and glory he receives,
Promiscuous from all nations. Milton's Par. Lost.
Promiscuous love by marriage was restrain'd. Roscom.
In rush'd at once a rude promiscuous crowd;
The guards, and then each other overbear,
And in a moment throng the theatre. Dryden.
No man, that considers the promiscuous dispensations of
God's providence in this world, can think it unreasonable to
conclude, that after this life good men shall be rewarded, and
sinners punished. Tillotson's Sermons.
The earth was formed out of that promiscuous mass of sand,
earth, shells, subsiding from the water. Woodward.
Clubs, diamonds, hearts, in wild disorder seen,
With throngs promiscuous strow the level green. Pope.
A wild, where weeds and flow'rs promiscuous shoot. Pope.

PROMI’SCUOUSLY. adv. [from promiscuous.] With confused
mixture; indiscriminately.
We beheld where once stood Ilium, called Troy promis­
cuously of Tros. Sandys's Journey.
That generation, as the sacred writer modestly expresses it,
married and gave in marriage without discretion or decency,
but promiscuously, and with no better a guide than the im­
pulses of a brutal appetite. Woodward.
Here might you see
Barons and peasants on the embattled field,
In one huge heap, promiscuously amast. Philips.
Unaw'd by precepts human or divine,
Like birds and beasts promiscuously they join. Pope.

PRO’MISE. n. s. [promissum, Lat. promise, promesse, Fr.]
1. Declaration of some benefit to be confered.
I eat the air, promise cramm'd; you cannot feed caponsso. Sha.
His promises were, as he then was, mighty;
But his performance, as he now is, nothing. Shakesp.
O Lord, let thy promise unto David be established. 1 Chron.
Behold, she said, perform'd in ev'ry part
My promise made; and Vulcan's labour'd art. Dryden.


Let any man consider, how many sorrows he would have
escaped, had God called him to his rest, and then say, whe­
ther the promise to deliver the just from the evils to come,
ought not to be made our daily prayer. Wake.
2. Performance of promise; grant of the thing promised.
Now are they ready, looking for a promise from thee. Acts.
3. Hopes; expectation.
Your young prince Mamillius is a gentleman of the greatest
promise. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

To PRO’MISE. v. a. [promettre, Fr. promitto, Lat.]
1. To make declaration of some benefit to be confered.
While they promise them liberty, they themselves are the
servants of corruption. 2 Peter ii. 18.
I could not expect such an effect as I found, which seldom
reaches to the degree that is promised by the prescribers of any
remedies. Temple's Miscel.

To PRO’MISE. v. n.
1. To assure one by a promise.
Promising is the very air o' th' time; it opens the eyes of
expectation: performance is ever the duller for his act. Shak.
I dare promise for this play, that in the roughness of the
numbers, which was so designed, you will see somewhat more
masterly than any of my former tragedies. Dryden.
As he promised in the law, he will shortly have mercy, and
gather us together. 2 Mac. ii. 18.
All the pleasure we can take, when we met these promising
sparks, is in the disappointment. Felton.
She brib'd my stay, with more than human charms;
Nay promis'd, vainly promis'd to bestow
Immortal life. Pope's Odyssey.
2. It is used of assurance, even of ill.
Will not the ladies be afraid of the lion?
—I fear it, I promise you. Shakesp.

PRO’MISEBREACH. n. s. [beach and promise.] Violation of
promise. Not in use.
Criminal in double violation
Of sacred chastity, and of promisebreach. Shakesp.

PRO’MISEBREAKER. n. s. [promise and break.] Violator of
promises.
He's an hourly promisebreaker, the owner of no one good
quality worthy your entertainment. Shakesp.

PRO’MISER. n. s. [from promise.] One who promises.
Who let this promiser in? did you, good Diligence?
Give him his bribe again. Benj. Johnson.
Fear's a large promiser; who subject live
To that base passion, know not what they give. Dryden.

PRO’MISSORY. adj. [promissoris, Lat.] Containing profession
of some benefit to be confered.
As the preceptive part enjoins the most exact virtue, so is
it most advantageously enforced by the promissory, which is
most exquisirely adapted to the same end. Decay of Piety.
The promissory lyes of great men are known by shouldering,
hugging, squeezing, smiling and bowing. Arbuthnot.

PRO’MISSORILY. adv. [from promissory.] By way of promise.
Nor was he obliged by oath to a strict observation of that
which promissorily was unlawful. Brown.

PRO’MONT. n. s. [prom ntoire, Fr. promontorium, Latin.
Promont I have observed only in Suckling.]
A headland; a cape; high land jutting into the sea.
The land did shoot out with a great promontory. Abbot.
I have dogs
Will climb the highest promontory top. Shakesp.
Like one that stands upon a promontory,
And spies a far off shore where he would tread. Shakesp.
A forked mountain, or blue promontory,
With trees upon't, nod unto the world,
And mock our eyes with air. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
The waving sea can with each flood
Bath some high promont. Suckling.
They, on their heads,
Main promontories flung, which in the air
Came shadowing, and oppress'd whole legions arm'd. Milt.
Every gust of rugged winds,
That blows from off each beaked promontory. Milton.
If you drink tea upon a promontory that overhangs the sea,
it is preserable to an assembly. Pope.

PRO’MONTORY. n. s. [prom ntoire, Fr. promontorium, Latin.
Promont I have observed only in Suckling.]
A headland; a cape; high land jutting into the sea.
The land did shoot out with a great promontory. Abbot.
I have dogs
Will climb the highest promontory top. Shakesp.
Like one that stands upon a promontory,
And spies a far off shore where he would tread. Shakesp.
A forked mountain, or blue promontory,
With trees upon't, nod unto the world,
And mock our eyes with air. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
The waving sea can with each flood
Bath some high promont. Suckling.
They, on their heads,
Main promontories flung, which in the air
Came shadowing, and oppress'd whole legions arm'd. Milt.
Every gust of rugged winds,
That blows from off each beaked promontory. Milton.
If you drink tea upon a promontory that overhangs the sea,
it is preserable to an assembly. Pope.

To PROMO’TE. v. a. [promoveo, promotus, Lat.]
1. To forward; to advance.
Next to religion, let your care be to promote justice. Bacon.
Nothing lovelier can be found,
Than good works in her husband to promote. Milton.
He that talks deceitfully for truth, must hurt it more by
his example, than he promotes it by his arguments. Atterb.
Frictions of the extreme parts promote the flux of the juices
in the joints. Arbuthnot,
2. [Promouvoir, Fr.] To elevate; to exalt; to prefer.
I will promote thee unto very great honour. Num. xxii. 17.
Shall I leave my satness wherewith they honour God and
man, and go to be promoted over the trees. Judges ix. 9.
Did I sollicit thee
From darkness to promote me. Milton.

PROMO’TER. n. s. [promoteur, Fr. from promote.]
1. Advancer; forwarder; encourager.
Knowledge hath received little improvement from the en­
deavours of many pretending promoters. Glanvil.
Our Saviour makes this return, fit to be engraven in the
hearts of all promoters of charity; verily, I say unto you,
inasmuch as you have done it unto one of the least of these
my brethren, ye have done it unto me. Atterbury.
2. Informer; makebate. An obsolete use.
His eies be promoters, some trespas to spie. Tusser.
Informers and promoters oppress and ruin the estates of many
of his best subjects. Drummond.

PROMO’TION. n. s. [promotion, Fr. from promote.] Advance­
ment; encouragement; exaltation to some new honour or
rank; preferment.
Many fair promotions
Are daily given to enoble those,
That scarce, some two days since, were worth a noble. Sha.
The high promotion of his grace of Canterbury,
Who holds his state at door 'mongst pursuivants. Shakesp.
My rising is thy fall,
And my promotion will be thy destruction. Milton.
Thou youngest virgin-daughter of the skies,
Made in the last promotion of the blest;
Whose palms, new pluck'd from paradise,
In spreading branches more sublimely rise. Dryden.

To PRO’MOVE. v. a. [promoveo, Lat. promounoir, Fr.] To
forward; to advance; to promote. A word little used.
Never yet was honest man,
That ever drove the trade of love:
It is impossible, nor can
Integrity our ends promove. Suckling.

PROMPT. adj. [prompt, Fr. promptus, Lat.]
1. Quick; ready; acute; easy.
The reception of light into the body of the building was
very prompt, both from without and from within. Wotton.
Very discerning and prompt in giving orders, as occasions
required. Clarendon.
Prompt eloquence
Flow'd from their lips, in prose or numerous verse. Milton.
To the stern sanction of th' offended sky,
My prompt obedience bows. Pope.
2. Quick; petulant.
I was too hasty to condemn unheard;
And you, perhaps, too prompt in your replies. Dryden.
3. Ready without hesitation; wanting no new motive.
Tell him, I'm prompt
To lay my crown at's feet, and there to kneel. Shakesp.
The brazen age,
A warlike offspring, prompt to bloody rage. Dryden.
Still arose some rebel slave,
Prompter to sink the state, than he to save. Prior.
4. Ready; told down: as, prompt payment.

To PROMPT. v. a. [prontare, Italian.]
1. To assist by private instruction; to help at a loss.
Sitting in some place, where no man shall prompt him, let
the child translate his lesson. Ascham.
You've put me now to such a part, which never
I shall discharge to th' life.
—Come, come, we'll prompt you. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
My voice shall sound as you do prompt mine ear,
And I will stoop and humble my intents
To your well practis'd wise directions. Shakesp.
None could hold the book so well to prompt and instruct
this stage play, as she could. Bacon's Henry VII.
He needed not one to prompt him, because he could say
the prayers by heart. Stillingfleet.
Every one some time or other dreams he is reading books,
in which case the invention prompts so readily, that the mind
is imposed on. Addison.
Grace shines around her with serenest beams,
And whisp'ring angels prompt her golden dreams. Pope.
2. To incite; to instigate.
The Volscians stand
Ready, when time shall prompt them, to make road
Upon's again. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Speak not by th' matter
Which your heart prompts you to, but with such words
But rooted in your tongue. Shakesp.
If they prompt us to anger, their design makes use of it to
a further end, that the mind, being thus disquieted, may not
be easily composed to prayer. Duppa.
Rage prompted them at length and found them arms. Milt.
Kind occasion prompts their warm desires. Pope.
3. To remind.
The inconcealable imperfections of ourselves will hourly
prompt us our corruption, and loudly tell us we are sons of
earth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PRO’MPTER. n. s. [from prompt.]
1. One who helps a publick speaker, by suggesting the word to
him when he falters.
Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it
Without a prompter. Shakesp. Othello.
In florid impotence he speaks,
And as the prompter breathes, the puppet squeaks. Pope.


2. An admonisher; a reminder.
We understand our duty without a teacher, and acquit our­
selves as we ought to do without a prompter. L'Estrange.

PRO’MPTITUDE. n. s. [promptitude, Fr. from promptus, Lat.]
Readiness; quickness.

PRO’MPTLY. adv. [from prompt.] Readily; quickly; expe­
ditiously.
He that does his merchandise chearfully, promptly and rea­
dily, and the works of religion slowly, it is a sign that his
heart is not right with God. Taylor.

PRO’MPTNESS. n. s. [from prompt.] Readiness; quickness;
alacrity.
Had not this stop been given him by that accidental sick­
ness, his great courage and promptness of mind would have
carried him directly forward to the enemy, till he had met him
in the open plains of Persia. South's Sermons.
Firm and rigid muscles, strong pulse, activity, and prompt­
ness in animal actions, are signs of strong fibres. Arbuthnot.

PRO’MPTURE. n. s. [from prompt.] Suggestion; motion given
by another; instigation. A word not used.
Though he hath fallen by prompture of the blood;
Yet hath he in him such a mind of honour,
That had he twenty heads to tender down
On twenty bloody blocks, he'd yield them up. Shakesp.

PRO’MPTUARY. n. s. [promptuaire, Fr. promptuarium, Lat.] A
storehouse; a repository; a magazine.
This stratum is still expanded at top, serving as the semi­
nary or promptuary, that furnisheth forth matter for the for­
mation of animal and vegetable bodies. Woodward.

To PROMU’LGATE. v. a. [promulgo, Lat.] To publish;
to make known by open declaration.
Those albeit I know he nothing so much hateth as to pro­
mulgate, yet I hope that this will occasion him to put forth
divers other goodly works. Spenser.
Those, to whom he entrusted the promulgating of the
gospel, had far different instructions. Decay of Piety.
It is certain laws, by virtue of any sanction they receive
from the promulgated will of the legislature, reach not a
stranger, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power
to punish offences against it. Locke.

PROMULGA’TION. n. s. [promulgatio, Lat. from promulgate.]
Publicatioin; open exhibition.
The stream and current of this rule hath gone as far, it
hath continued as long as the very promulgation of the
gospel. Hooker, b. v. s. 42.
The very promulgation of the punishment will be part of
the punishment, and anticipate the execution. South.

PROMULGA’TOR. n. s. [from promulgate.] Publisher; open
teacher.
How groundless a calumny this is, appears from the sanc­
tity of the christian religion, which excludes fraud and false­
hood; so also from the designments and aims of its first pro­
mulgators. Decay of Piety.

To PROMU’LGE. v. a. [from promulgo, Lat.] To promul­
gate; to publish; to teach openly.
The chief design of them is, to establish the truth of a
new revelation in those countries, where it is first promulged
and propagated. Atterbury.

PROMU’LGER. n. s. [rom promulge.] Publisher; promulgator.
The promulgers of our religion, Jesus Christ and his apostles,
raised men and women from the dead, not once only, but
often. Atterbury.

PRONA’TOR. n. s. In anatomy, a muscle of the radius, of which
there are two, that help to turn the palm downwards. Dict.

PRONE. adj. [pronus, Latin.]
1. Bending downward; not erect.
There wanted yet a creature not prone,
And brute as other creatures, but indu'd
With sanctity of reason, might erect
His stature, and upright with front serene
Govern the rest. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
2. Lying with the face downwards: contrary to supine.
Upon these three positions in man, wherein the spine can
only be at right lines with the thigh, arise those postures,
prone, supine and erect. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. Precipitous; headlong; going downwards.
Down thither prone in flight
He speeds, and through the vast ethereal sky
Sails between worlds. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
4. Declivous; sloping.
Since the floods demand,
For their descent, a prone and sinking land:
Does not this due declivity declare
A wise director's providential care? Blackmore.
5. Inclined; propense; disposed. It has commonly an ill sense.
The labour of doing good, with the pleasure arising from
the contrary, doth make men for the most part slower to the
one and proner to the other, than that duty, prescribed them
by law, can prevail sufficiently with them. Hooker.
Those who are ready to confess him in judgment and pro­
fession, are very prone to deny him shamefully in their doings.
South's Sermons.
If we are prone to sedition, and delight in change, there
is no cure more proper than trade, which supplies business to
the active, and wealth to the indigent. Addison.
Still prone to change, though still the slaves of state.
Pope.

PRO’NENESS. n. s. [from prone.]
1. The state of bending downwards; not erectness.
If erectness be taken, as it is largely opposed unto proneness,
or the posture of animals looking downwards, carrying their
venters, or opposite part to the spine, directly towards the
earth, it may admit of question. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
2. The state of lying with the face downwards; not supine­
ness.
3. Descent; declivity.
4. Inclination; propension; disposition to ill.
The holy spirit saw that mankind is unto virtue hardly
drawn, and that righteousness is the less accounted of, by
reason of the proneness of our affections to that which de­
lighteth. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
The soul being first from nothing brought,
When God's grace fails her, doth to nothing fall;
And this declining proneness unto nought,
Is ev'n that sin that we are born withal. Davies.
He instituted this way of worship, because of the carnality
of their hearts, and their proneness of the people to idolatry.
Tillotson's Sermons.
The proneness of good men to commiserate want, in what­
soever shape it appears. Atterbury's Sermons.
How great is the proneness of our nature, to comply with
this temptation. Roger's Sermons.

PRONG. n. s. [pronghen, Dutch, to squeeze. Minshew.] A
fork.
The cooks make no more ado, but slicing it into little
gobbets, prick it on a prong of iron, and hang it in a fur­
nace. Sandys's Journey.
Whacum his sea-coal prong threw by,
And basely turn'd his back to fly. Hudibras.
Be mindful,
With iron teeth of rakes and prongs to move
The crusted earth. Dryden's Virg. Georg.

PRO’NITY. n. s. [from prone.] Proneness. A word not used.
Of this mechanick pronity, I do not see any good ten­
dency. More's Divine Dialogues.

PRONOU’N. n. s. [pronom, Fr. pronomen, Lat.]
I, thou, he; we, ye, they, are names given to persons,
and used instead of their proper names, from whence they had
the name of pronouns, as though they were not nouns them­
selves, but used instead of nouns. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

To PRONOU’NCE. v. a. [prononcer, Fr. pronuncio, Lat.]
1. To speak; to utter.
He pronounced all these words unto me with his mouth.
Jer. xxxvi. 18.
2. To utter solemnly; to utter confidently.
She
So good a lady, that no tongue could ever
Pronounce dishonour of her. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I have pronounced the word, saith the Lord. Jer. xxxiv. 5.
So was his will
Pronounc'd among the gods. Milton.
Sternly he pronounc'd the rigid interdiction. Milton.
The pronouncing of sentence of death is the office of infe­
rior magistrates. Locke.
Absalom pronounced a sentence of death against his bro­
ther. Locke.
3. To form or articulate by the organs of speech.
Language of man pronounc'd
By tongue of brute, and human sense express'd. Milton.
Though diversity of tongues continue, this would render
the pronouncing them easier. Holder.
4. To utter rhetorically.

To PRONOU’NCE. v. n. To speak with confidence or autho­
rity.
How confidently soever men pronounce of themselves, and
believe that they are then most pious, when they are most
eager and unquiet; yet 'tis sure this is far removed from the
true genius of religion. Decay of Piety.
Every fool may believe, and pronounce confidently; but
wise men will, in matters of discourse, conclude firmly, and
in matters of fact, act surely. South's Sermons.

PRONOU’NCER. n. s. [from pronounce.] One who pronounces.
The pronouncer thereof shall be condemned in expences.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

PRONUNCIA’TION. n. s. [pronunciatio, from pronuncio, Lat.
pronunciation, Fr.] The act or mode of utterance.
The design of speaking being to communicate our thoughts
by ready, easy and graceful pronunciation, all kind of letters
have been searched out, that were serviceable for the pur­
pose. Holder.
It were easy to produce thousands of his verses, which are
lame for want of half a foot, sometimes a whole one, and
which no pronunciation can make otherwise. Dryden.



PROOF. n. s. [from prove.]
1. Evidence; testimony; convincing token; convincing argu­
ment; means of conviction.
That they all have always so testified, I see not how we
should possibly wish a proof more palpable than this. Hooker.
This has neither evidence of truth, nor proof sufficient to
give it warrant. Hooker.
Though the manner of their trials should be altered, yet
the proof of every thing must needs be by the testimony of
such persons as the parties shall produce. Spenser.
That which I shall report will bear no credit,
Were not the proof so high. Shakesp.
One soul in both, whereof good proof
This day affords. Milton.
This, vers'd in death, th' infernal knight relates,
And then for proof fulfill'd their common fates. Dryden.
Those intervening ideas, which serve to shew the agree­
ment of any two others, are called proofs. Locke.
2. Test; trial; experiment.
Retire or taste thy folly, and learn by proof,
Hell-born! not to contend with spirits of heav'n. Milton.
Sampson,
This day to Dagon is a solemn feast,
Thy strength they know surpassing human race,
And now some publick proof thereof require
To honour this great feast. Milton's Agonistes.
When the imagination hath contrived the frame of such an
instrument, and conceives that the event most infallibly an­
swer its hopes, yet then does it strangely deceive in the
proof. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
Gave, while he taught, and edify'd the more,
Because he shew'd, by proof, 'twas easy to be poor. Dryd.
My paper gives a timorous writer an opportunity of putting
his abilities to the proof. Addison.
Here for ever must I stay,
Sad proof how well a lover can obey. Pope.
3. Firm temper; impenetrability; the state of being wrought
and hardened, till the expected strength is found by trial to
be attained.
Add proof unto mine armour with thy prayers,
And with thy blessings steel my lance's point. Shakesp.
To me the cries of fighting fields are charms,
Keen be my sabre, and of proof my arms;
I ask no other blessing of my stars. Dryden.
With arms of proof, both for myself and thee,
Chuse thou the best. Dryden.
4. Armour hardened till it will abide a certain trial.
He Bellona's bridegroom, lapt in proof,
Confronted him. Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. In printing, the rough draught of a sheet when first pulled.

PROOF. adj. [This word, though used as an adjective, is only
elliptically put for of proof.]
1. Impenetrable; able to resist.
Now put your shields before your hearts, and fight
With hearts more proof than shields. Shakesp.
Opportunity I here have had
To try thee, sift thee, and confess have found thee
Proof against all temptation, as a rock
Of adamant. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
He past expression lov'd,
Proof to disdain, and not to be remov'd. Dryden.
When the mind is throughly tinctured, the man will be
proof against all oppositions. Collier.
Guiltless of hate, and proof against desire;
That all things weighs, and nothing can admire. Dryden.
When a capuchin, that was thought proof against bribes,
had undertaken to carry on the work, he died a little after.
Addison.
2. It has either to or against before the power to be resisted.
Imagin'd wise,
Constant, mature, proof against all assaults. Milton.
Deep in the snowy Alps, a lump of ice
By frost was harden'd to a mighty price;
Proof to the sun it now securely lies,
And the warm dog-star's hottest rage defies. Addison.
The God of day,
To make him proof against the burning ray,
His temples with celestial ointment wet. Addison.

PROO’FLESS. adj. [from proof.] Unproved; wanting evidence.
Some were so manifestly weak and proofless, that he must
be a very courteous adversary, that can grant them. Boyle.

To PROP. v. a. [proppen, Dutch.]
1. To support by something placed under or against.
What we by day
Lop overgrown, or prop, or bind,
One night derides. Milton.
2. To support by standing under or against.
Like these earth unsupported keeps its place,
Though no fixt bottom props the weighty mass. Creech.
Eternal snows the growing mass supply,
Till the bright mountains prop th' incumbent sky;
As Atlas fix'd each hoary pile appears. Pope.
3. To sustain; to support.
The nearer I find myself verging to that period, which is
to be labour and sorrow, the more I prop myself upon those
few supports that are left me. Pope.

PROP. n. s. [proppe, Dutch.] A support; a stay; that one
which any thing rests.
The boy was the very staff of my age, my very prop. Sha.
You take my house, when you do take the prop
That doth sustain my house; you take my life,
When you do take the means whereby I live. Shakesp.
Some plants creep along the ground, or wind about other
trees or props, and cannot support themselves. Bacon.
That he might on many props repose,
He strengths his own, and who his part did take. Daniel.
Again, if by the body's prop we stand,
If on the body's life, her life depend,
As Meleager's on the fatal brand,
The body's good she only would intend. Davies.
Fairest unsupported flower
From her best prop so far. Milton.
The current of his vict'ries found no stop,
Till Cromwell came, his party's chiefest prop. Waller.
'Twas a considerable time before the great fragments that
fell rested in a firm posture; for the props and stays, whereby
they leaned one upon another, often failed. Burnet.
The props return
Into thy house, that bore the burden'd vines. Dryden.

PRO’PAGABLE. adj. [from propagate.] Such as may be spread;
such as may be continued by succession.
Such creatures as are produced each by its peculiar seed,
constitute a distinct propagable sort of creatures. Boyle.

To PRO’PAGATE. v. a. [propago, Latin.]
1. To continue or spread by generation or successive production.
All that I eat, or drink, or shall beget,
Is propagated curse! Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Is it an elder brother's duty so
To propagate his family and name;
You would not have yours die and buried with you? Otway.
From hills and dales the cheerful cries rebound;
For echo hunts along, and propagates the sound. Dryden.
2. To extend; to widen.
I have upon a high and pleasant hill
Feign'd fortune to be thron'd: the base o' th' mount
Is rank'd with all deserts, all kind of natures,
That labour on the bosom of this sphere
To propagate their states. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
3. To carry on from place to place; to promote.
Some have thought the propagating of religion by arms not
only lawful, but meritorious. Decay of Piety.
Who are those that truth must propagate,
Within the confines of my father's state. Dryden.
Those who seek truth only, and desire to propagate nothing
else, freely expose their principles to the test. Locke.
Because dense bodies conserve their heat a long time, and
the densest bodies conserve their heat the longest, the vibra­
tions of their parts are of a lasting nature; and therefore may
be propagated along solid fibres of uniform dense matter to a
great distance, for conveying into the brain the impressions
made upon all the organs of sense. Newton.
4. To encrease; to promote.
Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast,
Which thou wilt propagate, to have them prest
With more of thine. Shakesp.
Sooth'd with his future fame,
And pleas'd to hear his propagated name. Dryden.
5. To generate.
Superstitious notions, propagated in fancy, are hardly ever
totally eradicated. Clarissa.

To PRO’PAGATE. v. n. To have offspring.
No need that thou
Should'st propagate, already infinite,
And through all numbers absolute, though one. Milton.

PROPAGA’TION. n. s. [propagatio, Lat. propagation, Fr. from
propagate.] Continuance or diffusion by generation or succes­
sive production.
Men have souls rather by creation than propagation. Hooker.
There are other secondary ways of the propagation of it,
as lying in the same bed. Wiseman's Surgery.
There is not in all nature any spontaneous generation, but
all come by propagation, wherein chance hath not the least
part. Ray on the Creation.
Old stakes of olive trees in plants revive;
But nobler vines by propagation thrive. Dryden.

PROPA’GATOR. n. s. [from propagate.]
1. One who continues by successive production.
2. A spreader; a promoter.
Socrates, the greatest propagator of morality, and a martyr
for the unity of the Godhead, was so famous for this talent,
that he gained the name of the Drole. Addison.

To PROPE’L. v. a. [propello, Lat.] To drive forward.
Avicen witnesses the blood to be frothy that is propelled out
of a vein of the breast. Harvey.


This motion, in some human creatures, may be weak in
respect to the viscidity of what is taken, so as not to be able
to propel it. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
That overplus of motion would be too feeble and languid
to propel so vast and ponderous a body, with that prodigious
velocity. Bentley's Sermons.

To PROPE’ND. v. n. [propendco, Lat. to hang forwards.]
To incline to any part; to be disposed in favour of any thing.
My sprightly brethren, I propend to you,
In resolution to keep Helen still. Shakesp.

PROPE’NDENCY. n. s. [from propend.]
1. Inclination or tendency of desire to any thing.
2. [From propendo, Lat. to weigh.] Preconsideration; atten­
tive deliberation; perpendency.
An act above the animal actings, which are transient, and
admit not of that attention, and propendency of actions. Hale.

PROPE’NSE. adj. [propensus, Lat.] Inclined; disposed. It is
used both of good and bad.
Women, propense and inclinable to holiness, be otherwise
edified in good things, rather than carried away as captives.
Hooker's Preface.
I have brought scandal
In feeble hearts, propense enough before
To waver, or fall off, and join with idols. Milton.

PROPE’NSION. n. s. [propension, Fr. propensio, Lat. from
propense.]
1. Inclination; disposition to any thing good or bad.
Some miscarriages might escape, rather through necessities
of state, than any propensity of myself to injuriousness. K. Char.
So forcible are our propensions to mutiny, that we equally
take occasions from benefits or injuries. Gov. of the Tongue.
Let there be but propensity, and bent of will to religion,
and there will be sedulity and indefatigable industry. South.
It requires a critical nicety to find out the genius or the
propensions of a child. L'Estrange.
The natural propension, and the inevitable occasions of com­
plaint, accidents of fortune. Temple.
He assists us with a measure of grace, sufficient to over­
balance the corrupt propensity of the will. Rogers.
2. Tendency.
Bodies, that of themselves have no propensions to any de­
terminate place, do nevertheless move constantly and per­
petually one way. Digby.
This great attrition must produce a great propensity to the
putrescent alkaline condition of the fluids. Arbuthnot.

PROPE’NSITY. n. s. [propension, Fr. propensio, Lat. from
propense.]
1. Inclination; disposition to any thing good or bad.
Some miscarriages might escape, rather through necessities
of state, than any propensity of myself to injuriousness. K. Char.
So forcible are our propensions to mutiny, that we equally
take occasions from benefits or injuries. Gov. of the Tongue.
Let there be but propensity, and bent of will to religion,
and there will be sedulity and indefatigable industry. South.
It requires a critical nicety to find out the genius or the
propensions of a child. L'Estrange.
The natural propension, and the inevitable occasions of com­
plaint, accidents of fortune. Temple.
He assists us with a measure of grace, sufficient to over­
balance the corrupt propensity of the will. Rogers.
2. Tendency.
Bodies, that of themselves have no propensions to any de­
terminate place, do nevertheless move constantly and per­
petually one way. Digby.
This great attrition must produce a great propensity to the
putrescent alkaline condition of the fluids. Arbuthnot.

PRO’PER. adj. [propre, Fr. proprius, Latin.]
1. Peculiar; not belonging to more; not common.
As for the virtues that belong unto moral righteousness and
honesty of life, we do not mention them, because they are
not proper unto christian men as they are christian, but do
concern them as they are men. Hooker.
Men of learning hold it for a slip in judgment, when offer
is made to demonstrate that as proper to one thing, which
reason findeth common unto many. Hooker.
No sense the precious joys conceives,
Which in her private contemplations be;
For then the ravish'd spirit the senses leaves,
Hath her own pow'rs, and proper actions free. Davies.
Of nought no creature ever formed ought,
For that is proper to th' Almighty's hand. Davies.
Dufresnoy's rules, concerning the posture of the figures,
are almost wholly proper to painting, and admit not any com­
parison with poetry. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Outward objects, that are extrinsecal to the mind, and its
own operations, proceeding from powers intrinsecal and proper
to itself, which become also objects of its contemplation, are
the original of all knowledge. Locke.
2. Noting an individual.
A proper name may become common, when given to se­
veral beings of the same kind; as Cæsar. Watts.
3. One's own. It is joined with any of the possessives: as, my
proper, their proper.
The bloody book of law
You shall yourself read in the bitter letter,
After your own sense; yea, though our proper son
Stood in your action. Shakesp. Othello.
Court the age
With somewhat of your proper rage. Waller.
If we might determine it, our proper conceptions would
be all voted axioms. Glanvil's Sceps.
Now learn the diff'rence at your proper cost,
Betwixt true valour and an empty boast. Dryden.
4. Natural; original.
In our proper motion we ascend
Up to our native seat. Milton.
5. Fit; accommodated; adapted; suitable; qualified.
In Athens all was pleasure, mirth and play,
All proper to the spring, and sprightly May. Dryden.
He is the only proper person of all others for an Epic
poem, who, to his natural endowments of a large invention,
a ripe judgment, and a strong memory, has joined the know­
ledge of the liberal arts. Dryden.
In debility, from great loss of blood, wine and all aliment,
that is easily assimilated or turned into blood, are proper: for
blood is required to make blood. Arbuthnot.
6. Exact; accurate; just.
7. Not figurative.
Those parts of nature, into which the chaos was divided,
they signified by dark names, which we have expressed in
their plain and proper terms. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
8. It seems in Shakespeare to signify, mere; pure.
See thyself, devil;
Proper deformity seems not in the fiend
So horrid as in woman. Shakesp. King Lear.
9. [Propre, Fr.] Elegant; pretty.
Moses was a proper child. Heb. xi. 23.
10. Tall; lusty; handsome with bulk.
At last she concluded with a sigh, thou wast the properest
man in Italy. Shakesp.
A proper goodly fox was carrying to execution. L'Estrange.

PRO’PERLY. adv. [from proper.]
1. Fitly; suitably.
2. In a strict sense.
What dies but what has life
And sin? the body properly hath neither. Milton.
The miseries of life are not properly owing to the unequal
distribution of things. Swift.
There is a sense in which the works of every man, good
as well as bad, are properly his own. Rogers.

PRO’PERNESS. n. s. [from proper.]
1. The quality of being proper.
2. Tallness.

PRO’PERTY. n. s. [from proper.]
1. Peculiar quality.
What special property or quality is that, which being no
where found but in sermons, maketh them effectual to save
souls? Hooker, b. v. s. 22.
A secondary essential mode, is any attribute of a thing,
which is not of primary consideration, and is called a
property. Watts.
2. Quality; disposition.
'Tis conviction, not force, that must induce assent; and
sure the logick of a conquering sword has no great property
that way; silence it may, but convince it cannot. D. of Piet.
It is the property of an old sinner to find delight in reviewing
his own villanies in others. South's Sermons.
3. Right of possession.
Some have been deceived into an opinion, that the inheri­
tance of rule over men, and property in things, sprung from
the same original, and were to descend by the same rules. Locke.
Property, whose original is from the right a man has to
use any of the inferior creatures, for subsistence and comfort,
is for the sole advantage of the proprietor, so that he may
even destroy the thing that he has property in. Locke.
4. Possession held in one's own right.
For numerous blessings yearly show'r'd,
And property with plenty crown'd,
Accept our pious praise. Dryden.
5. The thing possessed.
'Tis a thing impossible
I should love thee but as a property. Shakesp.
No wonder such men are true to a government, where li­
berty runs so high, where property is so well secured. Swift.
6. Nearness or right. I know not which is the sense in the fol­
lowing lines.
Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity, and property of blood,
And as a stranger to my heart and me,
Hold thee. Shakesp. King Lear.
7. Something useful; an appendage.
I will draw a bill of properties, such as our play wants.
Shakesp. Midsummer's Night's Dream.
The purple garments raise the lawyer's fees,
High pomp and state are useful properties. Dryden.
Greenfield was the name of the property man in that time,
who furnished implements for the actors. Pope.
8. Property for propriety. Any thing peculiarly adapted.
Our poets excel in grandity and gravity, smoothness and
property, in quickness and briefness. Camden.

To PROPE’RTY. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To invest with qualities.
His rear'd arm
Crested the world; his voice was property'd
As all the tuned spheres. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
2. To seize or retain as something owned, or in which one has
a right; to appropriate; to hold. This word is not now
used in either meaning.
His large fortune
Subdues and properties to his love and tendance
All sorts of hearts. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
They have here propertied me, keep me in darkness, and
do all they can to face me out of my wits. Shakesp.
I am too highborn to be propertied,
To be a secondary at controul. Shakesp. King John.



PROPHA’SIS. n. s. [p?fas??.] In medicine, a foreknowledge
of diseases.

PROPHE’CY. n. s. [p?f??a; prophetic, Fr.] A declaration
of something to come; prediction.
He hearkens after prophecies and dreams. Shakesp.
Poets may boast
Their work shall with the world remain;
Both bound together, live or die,
The verses and the prophecy. Waller.

PRO’PHESIER. n. s. [from prophesy.] One who prophesies.

To PRO’PHESY. v. a.
1. To predict; to foretell; to prognosticate.
Miserable England,
I prophesy the fearful'st time to thee,
That ever wretched age hath look'd upon. Shakesp.
I hate him, for he doth not prophesy good, but evil. 1 Kings.
The Lord sent me to prophesy, against this house, all the
words that ye have heard. Jer. xxvi. 12.
2. To foreshow.
Methought thy very gait did prophesy
A royal nobleness. Shakesp. King Lear.

To PRO’PHESY. v. n.
1. To utter predictions.
Strange screams of death,
And prophesying with accents terrible
Of dire combustion. Shakesp.
Receiv'd by thee, I prophesy, my rhimes,
Mix'd with thy works, their life no bounds shall see. Tick.
2. To preach. A scriptural sense.
Prophesy unto the wind, prophesy, son of man. Ezekiel.
The elders of the Jews builded, and prospered through the
prophesying of Haggai. Esra vi. 14.

PRO’PHET. n. s. [prophete, Fr. p?f?t??.]
1. One who tells future events; a predicter; a foreteller.
Ev'ry flower
Did as a prophet weep what it foresaw,
In Hector's wrath. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Jesters oft prove prophets. Shakesp. King Lear.
O prophet of glad tidings! finisher
Of utmost hope! Milton.
He lov'd so fast,
As if he fear'd each day wou'd be her last;
Too true a prophet to foresee the fate,
That should so soon divide their happy state. Dryden.
God, when he makes the prophet, does not unmake the
man. Locke.
2. One of the sacred writers empowered by God to foretell fu­
turity.
His champions are the prophets and apostles. Shakesp.

PRO’PHETESS. n. s. [prophetesse, Fr. from prophet.] A woman
that foretells future events.
He shall split thy very heart with sorrow,
And say poor Marg'ret was a prophetess. Shakesp.
That it is consonant to the word of God, so in singing to
answer, the practice of Miriam the prophetess, when she an­
swered the men in her song, will approve. Peacham.
If my love but once were crown'd
Fair prophetess, my grief would cease. Prior.

PROPHE’TICK. adj. [prophetique, Fr. from prophet.]
1. Foreseeing or foretelling future events.
Say, why
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way,
With such prophetick greeting. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The counsel of a wise and then prophetical friend was for­
gotten. Wotton.
Some perfumes procure prophetical dreams. Bacon.
'Till old experience do attain
To something like prophetick strain. Milton.
Some famous prophetick pictures represent the fate of Eng­
land by a mole, a creature blind and busy, smooth and de­
ceitful, continually working under ground, but now and then
to be discerned in the surface. Stillingfleet.
No arguments made a stronger impression on these Pagan
converts, than the predictions relating to our Saviour in those
old prophetick writings deposited among the hands of the greatest
enemies to christianity, and owned by them to have been ex­
tant many ages before his appearance. Addison.
2. It has of before the thing foretold.
The more I know, the more my fears augment,
And fears are oft prophetick of th' event. Dryden.

PROPHE’TICAL. adj. [prophetique, Fr. from prophet.]
1. Foreseeing or foretelling future events.
Say, why
Upon this blasted heath you stop our way,
With such prophetick greeting. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The counsel of a wise and then prophetical friend was for­
gotten. Wotton.
Some perfumes procure prophetical dreams. Bacon.
'Till old experience do attain
To something like prophetick strain. Milton.
Some famous prophetick pictures represent the fate of Eng­
land by a mole, a creature blind and busy, smooth and de­
ceitful, continually working under ground, but now and then
to be discerned in the surface. Stillingfleet.
No arguments made a stronger impression on these Pagan
converts, than the predictions relating to our Saviour in those
old prophetick writings deposited among the hands of the greatest
enemies to christianity, and owned by them to have been ex­
tant many ages before his appearance. Addison.
2. It has of before the thing foretold.
The more I know, the more my fears augment,
And fears are oft prophetick of th' event. Dryden.

PROPHE’TICALLY. adv. [from prophetical.] With knowledge
of futurity; in manner of a prophecy.
He is so prophetically proud of an heroical cudgelling, that
he raves in saying nothing. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
This great success among Jews and Gentiles, part of it
historically true at the compiling of these articles, and part
of it prophetically true then, and fulfilled afterward, was a most
effectual argument to give authority to this faith. Hammond.
She sigh'd, and thus prophetically spoke. Dryden.

To PRO’PHETIZE. v. n. [prophetiser, Fr. from prophet.] To
give predictions.
Nature else hath conference
With profound sleep, and so doth warning send
By prophetizing dreams. Daniel's Civil War.

PROPHYLA’CTICK. adj. [p?f??a????, from p?f???ss?.]
Preventive; preservative.
Medicine is distributed into prophylactick, or the art of pre­
serving health; and therapeutick, or the art of restoring
health. Watts's Logick.

PROPI’NQUITY. n. s. [propinquitas, Lat.]
1. Nearness; proximity; neighbourhood.
They draw the retina nearer to the crystalline humour, and
by their relaxation suffer it to return to its natural distance
according to the exigency of the object, in respect of distance
or propinquity. Ray on the Creation.
2. Nearness of time.
Thereby was declared the propinquity of their desolations,
and that their transquillity was of no longer duration, than
those soon decaying fruits of summer. Brown.
3. Kindred; nearness of blood.
Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity, and property of blood,
And as a stranger to my heart and me
Hold thee. Shakesp. King Lear.

PROPI’TIABLE. adj [from propitiate.] Such as may be in­
duced to favour; such as may be made propitious.

To PROPI’TIATE. v. a. [propitio, Lat.] To induce to
favour; to gain; to conciliate; to make propitious.
You, her priest, declare
What off'rings may propitiate the fair,
Rich orient pearl, bright stones that ne'er decay,
Or polish'd lines which longer last than they. Waller.
They believe the affairs of human life to be managed by
certain spirits under him, whom they endeavour to propitiate
by certain rites. Stillingfleet.
Vengeance shall pursue the inhuman coast,
'Till they propitiate thy offended ghost. Dryden.
Let fierce Achilles, dreadful in his rage,
The God propitiate, and the pest assuage. Pope.

PROPITIA’TION. n. s. [propiciation, Fr. from propitiate.]
1. The act of making propitious.
2. The attonement; the offering by which propitiousness is
obtained.
He is the propitiation for the sins of the whole world. 1 Jo.

PROPITIA’TOR. n. s. [from propitiate.] One that propitiates.

PROPI’TIATORY. adj. [propietatoire, Fr. from propitiate.] Ha­
ving the power to make propitious.
Is not this more than giving God thanks for their virtues,
when a propitiatory sacrifice is offered for their honour? Stilling.

PROPI’TIOUS. adj. [propitius, Lat. propice, Fr.] Favourable;
kind.
T' assuage the force of this new flame,
And make thee more propitious in my need,
I mean to sing the praises of thy name. Spenser.
Let not my words offend thee,
My maker, be propitious while I speak! Milton.
Indulgent God! propitious pow'r to Troy,
Swift to relieve, unwilling to destroy. Dryden.
Would but thy sister Marcia be propitious
To thy friend's vows. Addison's Cato.
Ere Phœbus rose, he had implor'd
Propitious heav'n. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

PROPI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from propitious.] Favourably; kindly.
So when a muse propitiously invites,
Improve her favours, and indulge her flights. Roscommon.

PROPI’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from propitious.] Favourableness;
kindness.
All these joined with the propitiousness of climate to that
sort of tree and the length of age it shall stand and grow,
may produce an oak. Temple.

PROPLA’SM. n. s. [p and p?s?a.] Mould; matrix.
Those shells serving as proplasms or moulds to the matter
which so filled them, limited and determined its dimensions
and figure. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

PROPLA’STICE. n. s. [p?p?a???.] The art of making
moulds for casting.

PROPO’NENT. n. s. [from proponens, Lat.] One that makes a
proposal.
For mysterious things of saith rely
On the proponent, heaven's authority. Dryden.

PROPO’RTION. n. s. [proportion, Fr. proportio, Lat.]
1. Comparative relation of one thing to another; ratio.
Let any man's wisdom determine by lessening the territory,
and increasing the number of inhabitants, what proportion is
requisite to the peopling of a region in such a manner, that
the land shall be neither too narrow for those whom it feedeth,
nor capable of a greater multitude. Raleigh.
By proportion to these rules, we may judge of the obliga­
tion that lies upon all sorts of injurious persons. Taylor.
Things nigh equivalent and neighb'ring value
By lot are parted; but high heav'n thy share,
In equal balance weigh'd 'gainst earth and hell,
Flings up the adverse scale, and shuns proportion. Prior.


2. Settled relation of comparative quantity; equal degree:
Greater visible good does not always raise men's desires,
in proportion to the greatness it is acknowledged to have, though
every little trouble sets us on work to get rid of it. Locke.
He must be little skilled in the world, who thinks that
men's talking much or little shall hold proportion only to their
knowledge. Locke.
Several nations are recovered out of their ignorance, in
proportion as they converse more or less with those of the re­
formed churches. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
In proportion as this resolution grew, the terrors before us
seemed to vanish. Tatler, No 81.
3. Harmonick degree.
His volant touch
Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
Fled, and pursu'd transverse the resonant fugue. Milton.
4. Symmetry; adaptation of one to another.
It must be mutual in proportion due
Giv'n and receiv'd. Milton.
No man of the present age is equal in the strength, propor­
tion and knitting of his limbs to the Hercules of Farnese.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The proportions are so well observed, that nothing appears
to an advantage, or distinguishes itself above the rest. Addis.
Harmony, with ev'ry grace,
Plays in the fair proportions of her face. Mrs. Carter.
5. Form; size.
All things receiv'd, do such proportion take,
As those things have, wherein they are receiv'd;
So little glasses little faces make,
And narrow webs on narrow frames are weav'd. Davies.

To PROPO’RTION. v. a. [proportionner, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To adjust by comparative relation.
Measure is that which perfecteth all things, because every
thing is for some end; neither can that thing be available to
any end, which is not proportionable thereunto: and to pro­
portion as well excesses as defects, are opposite. Hooker.
Till body up to spirit work, in bounds
Proportion'd to each kind. Milton.
In the loss of an object, we do not proportion our grief to
the real value it bears, but to the value our fancies set upon
it. Addison's Spectator, No 256.
2. To form symmetrically.
Nature had proportioned her without any fault, quickly to
be discovered by the senses; yet altogether seemed not to make
up that harmony that Cupid delights in. Sidney.

PROPO’RTIONABLE. adj. [from proportion.] Adjusted by com­
parative relation; such as is fit.
His commandments are not grievous, because he offers us
an assistance proportionable to the difficulty. Tillotson.
It was enlivened with an hundred and twenty trumpets, as­
sisted with a proportionable number of other instruments. Add.

PROPO’RTIONABLY. adv. [from proportion.] According to
proportion; according to comparative relations.
The mind ought to examine all the grounds of probability,
and upon a due balancing the whole, reject or receive it pro­
portionably to the preponderancy of the greater grounds of
probability, on one side or the other. Locke.
The parts of a great thing are great, and there are propor­
tionably large estates in a large country. Arbuthnot.
Though religion be more eminently necessary to those in
stations of authority, yet these qualities are proportionably con­
ducive to publick happiness in every inferior relation. Rogers.

PROPO’RTIONAL. adj. [proportionel, Fr. from proportion.]
Having a settled comparative relation; having a certain de­
gree of any quality compared with something else.
As likely tasting to attain
Proportional ascent, which cannot be
But to be gods or angels. Milton's Par. Lost.
Four numbers are said to be proportional, when the first
containeth, or is contained by the second, as often as the
third containeth, or is contained by the fourth. Cocker.
If light be swister in bodies than in vacuo in the proportion
of the sines which measure the resraction of the bodies, the
forces of the bodies to reflect and refract light, are very nearly
proportional to the densities of the same bodies. Newton.

PROPORTIONA’LITY. n. s. [from proportional.] The quality
of being proportional.
All sense, as grateful, dependeth upon the equality or the
proportionality of the motion or impression made. Grew.

PROPO’RTIONALLY. adv. [from proportional.] In a stated
degree.
If these circles, whilst their centres keep their distances
and positions, could be made less in diameter, their interfer­
ing one with another, and by consequence the mixture of the
heterogeneous rays would be proportionally diminished. Newt.

PROPORTIONATE. adj. [from proportion.] Adjusted to some­
thing else, according to a certain rate or comparative relation.
The connection between the end and any means is ade­
quate, but between the end and means proportionate. Grew.
The use of spectacles, by an adequate connection of truths,
gave men occasion to think of microscopes and telescopes;
but the invention of burning glasses depended on a propor­
tionate; for that figure, which contracts the species of any
body, that is, the rays by which it is seen, will, in the same
proportion, contract the heat wherewith the rays are ac­
companied. Grew's Cosmol.
In the state of nature, one man comes by no absolute
power, to use a criminal according to the passion or heats of
his own will; but only to retribute to him, so far as con­
science dictates, what is proportionate to his transgression. Locke.

To PROPO’RTIONATE. v. a. [from proportion.] To adjust,
according to settled rates, to something else.
The parallelism and due proportionated inclination of the
axis of the earth. More's Divine Dialogues.
Since every single particle hath an innate gravitation toward
all others, proportionated by matter and distance, it evidently
appears, that the outward atoms of the chaos would necessia­
rily tend inwards, and descend from all quarters towards the
middle of the whole space. Bentley's Sermons.

PROPO’RTIONATENESS. n. s. [from proportionate.] The state
of being by comparison adjusted.
By this congruity of those faculties to their proper objects,
and by the fitness and proportionateness of these objective im­
pressions upon their respective faculties, accommodated to
their reception, the sensible nature hath so much of percep­
tion, as is necessary for its sensible being. Hale.

PROPO’SAL. n. s. [from propose.]
1. Scheme or design propounded to consideration or acceptance.
If our proposals once again were heard,
We should compel them to a quick result. Milton.
The work, you mention, will sufficiently recommend it­
self, when your name appears with the proposals. Add. to Po.
2. Offer to the mind.
Upon the proposal of an agreeable object, a man's choice
will rather incline him to accept than refuse it. South.
This truth is not likely to be entertained readily upon the
first proposal. Atterbury.

To PROPO’SE. v. a. [proposer, Fr. propono, Lat.] To offer
to the consideration.
Raphael to Adam's doubt propos'd,
Benevolent and facil thus reply'd. Milton.
My design is to treat only of those, who have chiefly pro­
posed to themselves the latter as the principal reward of their
labours. Tatler, No 81.
In learning any thing, there should be as little as possible
first proposed to the mind at once, and that being understood,
proceed then to the next adjoining part. Watts.

To PROPO’SE. v. n. To lay schemes. Not in use.
Run thee into the parlour,
There shalt thou find my cousin Beatrice,
Proposing with the prince and Claudio. Shakesp.

PROPO’SER. n. s. [from propose.] One that offers any thing to
consideration.
Faith is the assent to any proposition, not made out by the
deductions of reason, but upon the credit of the proposer, as
coming from God. Locke.
He provided a statute, that whoever proposed any altera­
tion to be made, should do it with a rope about his neck; if
the matter proposed were generally approved, then it should
pass into a law; if it went in the negative, the proposer to
be immediately hanged. Swift.

PROPOSI’TION. n. s. [proposition, Fr. propositio, Lat.]
1. A sentence in which any thing is affirmed or decreed.
Chrysippus, labouring how to reconcile these two propositions,
that all things are done by fate, and yet that something is in
our own power, cannot extricate himself. Hammond.
The compounding of the representation of things, with an
affirmation or negation, makes a proposition. Hale.
2. Proposal; offer of terms.
The enemy sent propositions, such as upon delivery of a
strong fortified town, after a handsome defence, are usually
granted. Clarendon.

PROPOSI’TIONAL. adj. [from proposition.] Considered as a
proposition.
If it has a singular subject in its propositional sense, it is al­
ways ranked with universals. Watts's Logick.

To PROPOU’ND. v. a. [propono, Lat.]
1. To offer to consideration; to propose.
The parli'ment, which now is held, decreed
Whatever pleas'd the king but to propound. Daniel.
To leave as little as I may unto fancy, which is wild and
irregular, I will propound a rule. Wotton.
Dar'st thou to the son of God propound
To worship thee. Milton.
The greatest stranger must propound the argument. More.
The arguments, which christianity propounds to us, are rea­
sonable encouragements to bear sufferings patiently. Tillotson.
2. To offer; to exhibit.
A spirit rais'd from depth of under-ground,
That shall make answer to such questions,
As by your grace shall be propounded him. Shakesp.

PROPOU’NDER. n. s. [from propound.] He that propounds; he
that offers; proposer.



PROPRI’ETARY. n. s. [proprietaire, Fr. from propriety.] Pos­
sessor in his own right.
'Tis a great mistake to think ourselves stewards in some of
God's gifts, and proprietaries in others: they are all equally
to be employed, according to the designation of the donor.
Government of the Tongue.

PROPRI’ETARY. adj. Belonging to a certain owner.
Though sheep, which are proprietary, are seldom marked,
yet they are not apt to straggle. Grew's Cosmol.

PROPRI’ETOR. n. s. [from proprius, Lat.] A possessor in his
own right.
Man, by being master of himself, and proprietor of his own
person, and the actions or laboar of it, had still in himself
the great foundation of property. Locke.
Though they are scattered on the wings of the morning,
and remain in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there shall
his right hand fetch them out, and lead them home to their
ancient proprietor. Rogers.

PROPRI’ETRESS. n. s. [from proprieter.] A female possessor
in her own right; a mistress.
A big-bellied bitch borrowed another bitch's kennel to lay
her burthen in; the proprietress demanded possession, but the
other begged her excuse. L'Estrange.

PROPRI’ETY. n. s. [proprieté, Fr. proprietas, Lat.]
1. Peculiarity of possession; exclusive right.
You that have promis'd to yourselves propriety in love,
Know womens hearts like straws do move. Suckling.
Benefit of peace, and vacation for piety, render it neces­
sary by laws to secure propriety. Hammond.
Hail wedded love! mysterious law, true source
Of human offspring, sole propriety
In Paradise! of all things common else. Milton.
They secure propriety and peace. Dryden.
To that we owe not only the safety of our persons and the
propriety of our possessions, but our improvement in the seve­
ral arts. Atterbury.
2. Accuracy; justness.
Common use, that is the rule of propriety, affords some
aid to settle the signification of language. Locke.

PROPT, for propped. [from prop.] Sustained by some prop.
See in her cell sad Eloisa spread,
Propt in some tomb, a neighbour of the dead. Pope.

To PROPU’GN. v. a. [propugno, Lat.] To desend; to
vindicate.
Thankfulness is our meet tribute to those sacred champions
for propugning of our faith. Hammond.

PROPUGNA’TION. n. s. [propugnatio, from propugno, Latin.]
Defence.
What propugnation is in one man's valour,
To stand the push and enmity of those
This quarrel would excite? Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

PROPU’GNER. n. s. [from pr pugn.] A defender.
So zealous propugners are they of their native creed, that
they are importunately diligent to instruct men in it, and in
all the little sophistries for defending it. Gov. of the Tongue.

PROPU’LSION. n. s. [propulsus, Lat.] The act of driving for­
ward.
Joy worketh by propulsion of the moisture of the brain,
when the spirits dilate and occupy more room. Bacon.
The evanescent solid and fluid will scarce differ, and the ex­
tremities of those small canals will by propulsion be carried off
with the fluid continually. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PRORE. n. s. [prora, Lat.] The prow; the forepart of the
ship. A poetical word used for a rhyme.
There no vessel, with vermilion prore,
Or bark of traffick, glides from shore to shore. Pope.

PROROGA’TION. n. s. [prorogatio, from prorogo, Lat. proroga­
tion, Fr.]
1. Continuance; state of lengthening out to a distant time;
prolongation.
The fulness and effluence of man's enjoyments in the state
of innocence, might seem to leave no place for hope, in re­
spect of any farther addition, but only of the prorogation and
future continuance of what already he possessed. South.
2. Interruption of the session of parliament by the regal autho­
rity.
It would seem extraordinary, if an inferior court should
take a matter out of the hands of the high court of parlia­
ment, during a prorogation. Swift.

To PRORO’GUE. v. a. [prorogo, Lat. proroger, Fr.]
1. To protract; to prolong.
He prrgued his government, still threatning to dismiss
himself from publick cares. Dryden.
2. To put off; to delay.
My life were better ended by their hate,
Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. Shakesp.
3. To interrupt the session of parliament to a distant time.
By the king's authority alone, they are assembled, and by
him alone are they prorogued and dissolved, but each house
may adjourn itself. Bacon.

PRORU’PTION. n. s. [proruptus, from prorumpo, Lat.] The act
of bursting out.
Others ground this disruption upon their continued or pro­
tracted time of delivery, whereat, excluding but one a day,
the latter brood impatient by a forcible proruption anticipates
their period of exclusion. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PROSA’ICK. adj. [prosaique, Fr. prosaicus, from prosa, Lat.]
Belonging to prose; resembling prose.

To PROSCRI’BE. v. a. [proscribo, Lat.]
1. To censure capitally; to doom to destruction.
Robert Vere, earl of Oxford, through the malice of the
peers, was banished the realm, and proscribed. Spenser.
I hid for thee
Thy murder of thy brother, being so brid'd,
And writ him in the list of my proscrib'd
After thy fact. Benj. Johnson.
Follow'd and pointed at by fools and boys,
But dreaded and proscrib'd by men of sense. Rosemoon.
Some utterly proscribe the name of chance, as a word of
impious and profane signification; and indeed if taken by us
in that sense, in which it was used by the heathen, so as to
make any thing casual, in respect of God himself, their ex­
ception ought justly to be admitted. South's Sermons.
2. To interdict. Not in use.
He shall be found,
And taken or proscrib'd this happy ground. Dryden.

PROSCRI’BER. n. s. [from proscribe.] One that dooms to de­
struction.
The triumvir and proscriber had descended to us in a more
hideous form, if the emperor had not taken care to make
friends of Virgil and Horace. Dryden.

PROSCRI’TION. n. s. [proscriptio, Lat.] Doom to death or
confiscation.
You took his voice who should be prickt to die,
In our black sentence and proscription. Shakesp.
Sylla's old troops
Are needy and poor; and have but left t' expect
From Catiline new bills and new proscriptions. B. Johns.
For the title of proscription or forfeiture, the emperor hath
been judge and party, and justiced himself. Bacon.

PROSE. n. s. [prose, Fr. prosa, Lat.] Language not restrained
to harmonick sounds or set number of syllables; discourse
not metrical.
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhime. Milton.
The reformation of prose was owing to Boccace, who is
the standard of purity in the Italian tongue, though many
of his phrases are become obsolete. Dryden.
A poet lets you into the knowledge of a device better than
a prose writer, as his descriptions are often more diffuse. Add.
Prose men alone for private ends,
I thought, forsook their ancient friends. Prior.
I will be still your friend in prose:
Esteem and friendship to express,
Will not require poetick dress. Swift.
My head and heart thus flowing through my quill,
Verse man and prose man, term me which you will. Pope.

To PRO’SECUTE. v. a. [prosequor, prosecutus, Lat.]
1. To persue; to continue endeavours after any thing.
I am belov'd of beauteous Hermia,
Why should not I then prosecute my right? Shakesp.
I must not omit a father's truely care,
To prosecute the means of thy deliverance
By ransom. Milton's Agonistes.
He prosecuted this purpose with strength of argument and
close reasoning, without incoherent salies. Locke.
2. To continue; to carry on.
The same reasons, which induced you to entertain this
war, will induce you also to prosecute the same. Hayward.
All resolute to prosecute their ire,
Seeking their own and country's cause to free. Daniel.
He infested Oxford, which gave them the more reason to
prosecute the fortifications. Clarendon.
With louder cries
She prosecutes her griefs, and thus replies. Dryden.
3. To proceed in consideration or disquisition of any thing.
It were an infinite labour to prosecute those things, so far as
they might be exemplified in religious and civil actions.
Hooker, b. iv. s. 1.
4. To persue by law; to sue criminally.
5. To prosecute differs from to persecute: to persecute always im­
plies some cruelty, malignity or injustice; to prosecute, is to
proceed by legal measures, either with or without just cause.

PROSECUTION. n. s. [from prosecute.]
1. Persuit; endeavour to carry on.
Many offer at the effects of friendship, but they do not
last; they are promising in the beginning, but they fail,
jade, and tire in the prosecution. South.
Their jealousy of the British power, as well as their prose­
cutions of commerce and pursuits of universal monarchy, will
fix them in their aversions towards us. Addison.
2. Suit against a man in a criminal cause.

PRO’SECUTOR. n. s. [from prosecute.] One that carries on any
thing; a persuer of any purpose; one who persues another
by law in a criminal cause.



PRO’SELYTE. n. s. [p?s???; proselite, Fr.] A convert;
one brought over to a new opinion.
He that saw hell in's melancholy dream,
Scar'd from his sins, repented in a fright,
Had he view'd Scotland, had turn'd proselyte. Cleaveland.
Men become professors and combatants for those opinions
they were never convinced of, nor proselytes to. Locke.
Where'er you tread,
Millions of proselytes behind are led,
Through crowds of new-made converts still you go. Granv.
What numbers of proselytes may we not expect. Addison.

To PRO’SELYTE. v. a. To convert. A bad word.
Men of this temper cut themselves off from the opportu­
nities of proselyting others, by averting them from their com­
pany. Government of the Tongue.

PROSEMINA’TION. n. s. [prosemino, proseminatus, Lat.] Pro­
pagation by seed.
Touching the impossibility of the eternal succession of men,
animals or vegetables by natural propagation or proscmination,
the reasons thereof shall be delivered. Hale.

PROSO’DIAN. n. s. [from prosody.] One skilled in metre or
prosody.
Some have been so bad prosodians, as from thence to derive
malum, because that fruit was the first occasion of evil. Brown.

PRO’SODY. n. s. [prosodie, Fr. p??s?d?a.] The part of
grammar which teaches the sound and quantity of syllables,
and the measures of verse.

PROSOPOPOE’IA. n. s. [p?s?p?p???a; prosoposée, Fr.] Per­
sonification; figure by which things are made persons.
These reasons are pathetically urged, and admirably raised
by the prosopopœia of nature speaking to her children. Dryden.

PRO’SPECT. n. s. [prospectus, Lat.]
1. View of something distant.
Eden and all the coast in prospect lay. Milton.
The Jews being under the œconomy of immediate revela­
tion, might be supposed to have had a freer prospect into that
heaven, whence their law descended. Decay of Piety.
It is better to marry than to burn, says St. Paul; a little
burning felt pushes us more powerfully, than greater pleasures
in prospect allure. Locke.
2. Place which affords an extended view.
Him God beholding from his prospect high,
Wherein past, present, future he beholds,
Thus spake. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
3. Series of objects open to the eye.
There is a very noble prospect from this place: on the one
side lies a vast extent of seas, that runs abroad further than the
eye can reach: just opposite stands the green promontory of
Surrentum, and on the other side the whole circuit of the bay
of Naples. Addison.
4. Object of view.
Man to himself
Is a large prospect, rais'd above the level
Of his low creeping thoughts. Denham.
Present, sad prospect! can he ought descry,
But what affects his melancholy eye;
The beauties of the ancient fabrick lost
In chains of craggy hills, or lengths of dreary coast. Prior.
5. View into futurity: opposed to retrospect.
To be king,
Stands not within the prospect of belief,
No more than to be Cawdor. Shakesp. Macbeth.
To him, who hath a prospect of the different state of per­
fect happiness or misery, that attends all men after this life,
the measures of good and evil are mightily changed. Locke.
If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is
right; let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we shall die. Locke.
Against himself his gratitude maintain'd,
By favours past, not future prospects gain'd. Smith.
6. Regard to something future.
Is he a prudent man, as to his temporal estate, that lays
designs only for a day, without any prospect to, or provision
for the remaining part of his life. Tillotson.

To PROSPE’CT. v. a. [prospectus, Lat] To look forward. Dict.

PROSPE’CTIVE. adj. [from prospect.]
1. Viewing at a distance.
2. Acting with foresight.
The French king and king of Sweden are circumspect, in­
dustrious and prospective too in this affair. Child.

To PRO’SPER. v. a. [prospero, Lat.] To make happy; to
favour.
Kind gods, forgive
Me that, and prosper him. Shakesp. King Lear.
All things concur to prosper our design;
All things to prosper any love but mine. Dryden.

To PRO’SPER. v. n. [prosperer, Fr.]
1. To be prosperous; to be successful.
My word shall not return void, but accomplish that which
I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it. Is.
This man encreased by little and little, and things pros­
pered with him more and more. 2 Mac. viii. 8.
Surer to prosper, than prosperity
Could have assur'd us. Milton.
2. To thrive; to come forward.
All things do prosper best, when they are advanced to the
better; a nursery of stocks ought to be in a more barren
ground, than that whereunto you remove them. Bacon.
The plants, which he had set, did thrive and prosper. Cowey.
She visits how they prosper'd, bud, and bloom. Milton.

PROSPE’RITY. n. s. [prosperitas, Lat. prosperité, Fr.] Success;
attainment of wishes; good fortune.
Prosperity, in regard of our corrupt inclination to abuse the
blessings of Almighty God, doth prove a thing dangerous to
the souls of men. Hooker, b. v. s. 48.
God's justice reaps that glory in our calamities, which we
robbed him of in our prosperity. King Charles.

PRO’SPEROUS. adj. [prosperus, Lat.] Successful; fortunate.
Your good advice, which still hath been both grave
And prosperous. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Either state to bear prosperous or adverse. Milton.
May he find
A happy passage, and a prosp'rous wind. Denham.

PRO’SPEROUSLY. adv. [from prosperous.] Successfully; for­
tunately.
Prosperously I have attempted, and
With bloody passage led your wars, even to
The gates of Rome. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
In 1596, was the second invasion upon the main territories
of Spain, prosperously atchieved by Robert earl of Essex, in
consort with the earl of Notthigham. Bacon.
Those, who are prosperously unjust, are intitled to panegy­
rick, but afflicted virtue is stabbed with reproaches. Dryden.

PRO’SPEROUSNESS. n. s. [from prosperous.] Prosperity.

PROSPI’CIENCE. n. s. [from prospicio, Lat.] The act of look­
ing forward.

PROSTERNA’TION. n. s. [from prosterno, Lat.] Dejection;
depression; state of being cast down; act of casting down.
A word not to be adopted.
Pain interrupts the cure of ulcers, whence are stirred up a
fever, watching, and prosternation of spirits. Wiseman.

PRO’STETHIS. n. s. [p?????.] In surgery, that which fills up
what is wanting, as when fistulous ulcers are filled up with
flesh. Dict.

To PRO’STITUTE. v. a. [prostituo, Lat. prosituer, Fr.]
1. To sell to wickedness; to expose to crimes for a reward. It
is commonly used of women sold to whoredom by others or
themselves.
Do not prostitute thy daughter, to cause her to be a whore.
Lev. xix. 29.
Marrying or prostituting,
Rape or adultery. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Who shall prevail with them to do that themselves which
they beg of God, to spare his people and his heritage, to
prostitute them no more to their own finister designs. D. of Pie.
Affections, consecrated to children, husbands, and parents,
are vilely prostituted and thrown away upon a hand at loo. Add.
2. To expose upon vile terms.
It were unfit, that so excellent and glorious a reward, as
the gospel promises, should stoop down like fruit upon a full
laden bough, to be plucked by every idle and wanton hand,
that heaven should be prostituted to slothful men. Tillitson.

PROSTITUTE. adj. [prostitutus, Lat.] Vicious for hire; sold
to infamy or wickedness; sold to whoredom.
Their common loves, a lewd abandon'd pack,
By sloth corrupted, by disorder fed,
Made bold by want, and prostitute for bread. Prior.

PRO’STITUTE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A hireling; a mercenary; one who is set to sale.
At open fulsome bawdry they rejoice,
Base prostitute! thus dost thou gain thy bread. Dryden.
No hireling she, no prostitute to praise. Pope.
2. [Prostibula, Lat.] A publick strumpet.
From every point they come,
Then dread no dearth of prostitutes at Rome. Dryden.

PROSTITU’TION. n. s. [prostitution, Fr. from prostitute.]
1. The act of setting to sale; the state of being set to sale.
2. The life of a publick strumpet.
An infamous woman, having passed her youth in a most
shameless state of prostitution, now gains her livelihood by se­
ducing others. Addison's Spectator.

PROSTRA’TE. adj. [prostratus, Lat. The accent was for­
merly on the first syllable.]
1. Lying at length.
Once I saw with dread oppressed
Her whom I dread; so that with prostrate lying,
Her length the earth in love's chief cloathing dressed. Sidn.
He heard the western lords would undermine
His city's wall, and lay his tow'rs prostrate. Fairfax.
Before fair Britomart she fell prostrate. Spensor,
Groveling and prostrate on yon lake of fire. Milton.
2. Lying at mercy.
Look gracious on thy prostrate thrall. Shakesp.
3. Thrown down in humblest adoration.
The warning sound was no sooner heard, but the churches
were filled, the pavement covered with bodies prostrate, and
washed with tears of devout joy. Hoker.


Let us to the place
Repairing where he judg'd us, prostrate fall
Before him reverent; and there confess
Humbly our faults, and pardon beg. Milton.
While prostrate here in humble grief I lie,
Kind virtuous drops just gath'ring in my eye. Pope.

To PRO’STRATE. v. a. [prostratus, Lat.]
1. To lay flat; to throw down.
In the streets many they slew, and fired divers places, pro­
strating two parishes almost entirely. Hayward.
A storm that all things doth prostrate,
Finding a tree alone all comfortless,
Beats on it strongly, it to ruinate. Spenser.
Stake and bind up your weakest plants against the winds,
before they come too fiercely, and in a moment prostrate a
whole year's labour. Evelyn's Kalendar.
The drops falling thicker, faster, and with greater force,
beating down the fruit from the trees, prostrating and laying
corn growing in the fields. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. [Se prosterner, Fr.] To throw down in adoration.
Some have prostrated themselves an hundred times in the
day, and as often in the night. Duppa.

PROSTRA’TION. n. s. [prosternation, Fr. from prostrate.]
1. The act of falling down in adoration.
Nor is only a resolved prostration unto antiquity, a power­
ful enemy unto knowledge, but any confident adherence unto
authority. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The worship of the Gods had been kept up in temples,
with altars, images, sacrifices, hymns and prostrations. Stilling.
The truths, they had subscribed to in speculation, they
reversed by a brutish senseless devotion, managed with a
greater prostration of reason than of body. South's Sermons.
2. Dejection; depression.
A sudden prostration of strength or weakness attends this
colick. Arbuthnot.

PROSTY’LE. n. s. [prostyle, Fr. p???.] A building that has
only pillars in the front. Dict.

PROSY’LLOGISM. n. s. [pro and syllogism.]
A prosyllogism is when two or more syllogisms are so con­
nected together, that the conclusion of the former is the
major or the minor of the following. Watts.

PROTA’SIS. n. s. [protase, Fr. ptas??.]
1. A maxim or proposition.
2. In the ancient drama, the first part of a comedy or tragedy
that explains the argument of the piece. Dict.

PROTA’TICK. n. s. [protatique, Fr. p?tat??.]
There are protatick persons in the ancients, whom they use
in their plays to hear or give the relation. Dryden.

To PROTE’CT. v. a. [protectus, Lat. proteger, Fr.] To
defend; to cover from evil; to shield.
The king
Had virtuous uncles to protect his grace. Shakesp.
Leave not the faithful side,
That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects. Milt.
Full in the midst of his own strength he stands,
Stretching his brawny arms and leafy hands,
His shade protects the plains. Dryden's Virgil.

PROTE’CTION. n. s. [protection, Fr. from protect.]
1. Defence; shelter from evil.
Drive tow'rd Dover, friend, where thou shalt meet
Both welcome and protection. Shakesp. King Lear.
If the weak might find protection from the mighty, they
could not with justice lament their condition. Swift.
2. A passport; exemption from being molested: as, he had a
protection during the rebellion.

PROTE’CTIVE. adj. [from protect.] Defensive; sheltering.
The stately sailing swan guards his osier isle,
Protective of his young. Thomson.

PROTE’CTOR. n. s. [protecteur, Fr. from protect.]
1. Defender; shelterer; supporter; one who shields from evil
or oppression; guardian.
Hither th' oppressed shall henceforth resort,
Justice to crave, and succour at your court;
And then your highness, not for our's alone,
But for the world's protector shall be known. Waller.
The king of Spain, who is protector of the commonwealth,
received information from the great duke. Addison.
2. An officer who had heretofore the care of the kingdom in
the king's minority.
Is it concluded, he shall be protector?
—It is determin'd, not concluded yet. Shakesp.

PROTE’CTRESS. n. s. [protectrice, Fr. from protector.] A wo­
man that protects.
All things should be guided by her direction, as the sove­
reign patroness and protectress of the enterprize. Bacon.
Behold those arts with a propitious eye,
That suppliant to their great protectress fly. Addison.

To PROTE’ND. v. a. [protendo, Lat.] To hold out; to stretch
forth.
All stood with their protended spears prepar'd. Dryden.
With his protended lance he makes defence. Dryden.

PROTE’RVITY. n. s. [protervitas, Latin.] Peevishness; petu­
lance.

To PROTE’ST. v. n. [protestor, Lat. protester, Fr.] To give
a solemn declaration of opinion or resolution.
Here's the twin brother of thy letter; but let thine inherit
first, for, I protest, mine never shall. Shakesp.
The peaking cornuto comes in the instant, after we had
protested and spoke the prologue of our comedy. Shakesp.
I have long lov'd her; and I protest to you, bestowed much
on her; followed her with a doating observance. Shakesp.
He protests against your votes, and swears
He'll not be try'd by any but his peers. Denham.
The conscience has power to disapprove and to protest
against the exorbitances of the passions. South.

To PROTE’ST. v. a.
1. To prove; to show; to give evidence of. Not used.
Many unsought youths, that even now
Protest their first of manhood. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To call as a witness.
Fiercely they oppos'd
My journey strange, with clamorous uproar,
Protesting fate supreme. Milton.

PROTE’ST. n. s. [from the verb.] A solemn declaration of
opinion against something.

PRO’TESTANT. adj. [from protest.] Belonging to protestants.
Since the spreading of the protestant religion, several nations
are recovered out of their ignorance. Addison.

PRO’TESTANT. n. s. [protestrnt, Fr. from protest.] One of
those who adhere to them, who, at the beginning of the re­
formation, protested against the errours of the church of Rome.
This is the first example of any protestant subjects, that have
taken up arms against their king a protestant. K. Charles.

PROTESTA’TION. n. s. [protestation, Fr. from protest.] A so­
lemn declaration of resolution, fact or opinion.
He maketh protestation to them of Corinth, that the gospel
did not by other means prevail with them, than with others
the same gospel taught by the rest of the apostles. Hooker.
But to your protestation; let me hear
What you profess. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
If the lords of the council issued out any order against
them, some nobleman published a protestation against it. Claren.
I smiled at the solemn protestation of the poet in the first
page, that he believes neither in the fates or destinies. Addis.

PROTE’STER. n. s. [from protest.] One who protests; one who
utters a solemn declaration.
Did I use
To stale with ordinary oaths my love
To every new protester? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
What if he were one of the latest protesters against popery?
and but one among many, that set about the same work? Att.

PROTHO’NOTARY. n. s. [pronotaire, Fr. protonotarius,
Lat.] The head register.
Saligniacus, the pope's prothonotary, denies the Nubians
professing of obedience to the bishop of Rome. Brerewood.

PROTHONO’TARISHIP. n. s. [from prothonotary.] The office or
dignity of the principal register.
He had the prothonotariship of the chancery. Carew.

PRO’TOCOL. n. s. [protokol, Dutch; protocole, Fr. p???????,
from pt and ???.] The original copy of any writing.
An original is stiled the protocol, or scriptura matrix; and
if the protocol, which is the root and foundation of the instru­
ment, does not appear, the instrument is not valid. Ayliffe.

PROTOMA’RTYR. n. s. [pt and ?a?.] The first martyr.
A term applied to St. Stephen.

PRO’TOPLAST. n. s. [pt and p?a??.] Original; thing
first formed as a copy to be followed afterwards.
The consumption was the primitive disease, which put a
period to our protoplasts, Adam and Eve. Harvey.

PRO’TOTYPE. n. s. [prototype, Fr. p?t?t?p??.] The original
of a copy; exemplar; archetype.
Man is the prototype of all exact symmetry. Wotton.
The image and prototype were two distinct things; and
therefore what belonged to the exemplar could not be attri­
buted to the image. Stillingfleet.

To PROTRA’CT. v. a. [protractus, Lat.] To draw out;
to delay; to lengthen; to spin to length.
Where can they get victuals to support such a multitude,
if we do but protract the war. Knolles.
He shrives this woman to her smock;
Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech. Shakesp.

PROTRA’CT. n. s. [from the verb.] Tedious continuance.
Since I did leave the presence of my love,
Many long weary days I have out-worn,
And many nights, that slowly seem'd to move
Their sad protract from evening until morn. Spenser.

PROTRA’CTER. n. s. [from protract.]
1. One who draws out any thing to tedious length.
2. A mathematical instrument for taking and measuring angles.

PROTRA’CTION. n. s. [from protract.] The act of drawing to
length.
Those delays
And long protraction, which he must endure,
Betrays the opportunity. Daniel.
As to the fabulous protractions of the age of the world by
the Egyptians, they are uncertain idle traditions, Hale.



PROTRA’CTIVE. adj. [from protract.] Dilatory; delaying;
spinning to length.
Our works are nought else
But the protractive tryals of great Jove,
To find persistive constancy in men. Shakesp.
He suffer'd their protractive arts,
And strove by mildness to reduce their hearts. Dryden.

PROTRE’PTICAL. adj. [p?ep??.] Hortatory; suasory.
The means used are partly didactical and protreptical; de­
monstrating the truths of the gospel, and then urging the pro­
fessors to be stedfast in the faith, and beware of infidelity.
Ward on Infidelity.

To PROTRU’DE. v. a. [protrudo, Lat.] To thrust forward.
When the stomach has performed its office upon the food,
it protrudes it into the guts, by whose peristaltick motion it is
gently conveyed along. Locke.
They were not left, upon the sea's being protruded forwards,
and constrained to fall off from certain coasts by the mud or
earth, which is discharged into it by rivers. Woodward.
By slow degrees,
High as the hills protrude the swelling vales. Thomson.
His left arm extended, and fore finger protruded. Garlick.

To PROTRU’DE. v. n. To thrust itself forward.
If the spirits be not merely detain'd, but protrude a little,
and that motion be confused, there followeth putrefaction.
Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PROTRU’SION. n. s. [protrusus, Lat.] The act of thrusting
forward; thrust; push.
To conceive this in bodies inflexible, and without all protru­
sion of parts, were to expect a race from Hercules his
pillars. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
One can have the idea of one body moved, whilst others
are at rest; then the place, it deserted, gives us the idea of
pure space without solidity, whereinto another body may enter,
without either resistance or protrusion of any thing. Locke.

PROTU’BERANCE. n. s. [protubero, Lat.] Something swelling
above the rest; prominence; tumour.
If the world were eternal, by the continual fall and wear­
ing of waters, all the protuberances of the earth would infinite
ages since have been levelled, and the superficies of the earth
rendered plain. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Mountains seem but so many wens and unnatural protube­
rances upon the face of the earth. More.

PROTU’BERANT. adj. [from protuberate.] Swelling; promi­
nent.
One man's eyes are more protuberant and swelling out,
another's more sunk and depressed. Glanvil's Sceps.
Though the eye seems round, in reality the iris is protube­
rant above the white, else the eye could not have admitted a
whole hemisphere at one view. Ray.

To PROTU’BERATE. v. n. [protubero, Lat.] To swell for­
ward; to swell out beyond the parts adjacent.
If the navel protuberates, make a small puncture with a
lancet through the skin, and the waters will be voided with­
out any danger of a hernia succeeding. Sharp's Surgery.

PROUD. adj. [prude or prut, Saxon]
1. Too much pleased with himself.
The proudest admirer of his own parts might find it useful
to consult with others, though of inferior capacity. Watts.
2. Elated; valuing himself. With of before the object.
Fortune, that with malicious joy,
Does man her slave oppress,
Proud of her office to destroy,
Is seldom pleas'd to bless. Dryden's Horace.
In vain of pompous chastity you're proud,
Virtue's adultery of the tongue, when loud. Dryden.
High as the mother of the gods in place,
And proud, like her, of an immortal race. Dryden.
3. Arrogant; haughty; impatient.
The patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit. Ecelus.
A foe so proud will not the weaker seek. Milton.
4. Daring; presumptuous.
By his understanding he smiteth through the proud. Job.
The blood foretold the giant's fall,
By this proud Palmer's hand. Drayton.
The proud attempt thou hast repell'd. Milton.
Proud Sparta with their wheels resounds. Pope.
5. Lofty of mien; grand of person.
He like a proud steed rein'd, went haughty on. Milton.
6. Grand; lofty; splendid; magnificent.
So much is true, that the said country of Atlantis, as well
as that of Peru, then called Coya, as that of Mexico, then
named Tyrambel, were mighty and proud kingdoms in arms,
shipping and riches. Bacon's New Atlantis.
City and proud seat. Milton.
Storms of stones from the proud temple's height
Pour down, and on our batter'd helms alight. Dryden.
The palace built by Picus vast and proud,
Supported by a hundred pillars. Dryden.
7. Ostentatious; specious; grand.
I better brook the loss of brittle life,
Than those proud titles thou hast won of me. Shakesp.
8. Salacious; eager for the male.
That camphire begets in men an impotency unto venery,
observation will hardly confirm, and we have found it fail in
cocks and hens, which was a more favourable tryal than that
of Scaliger, when he gave it unto a bitch that was proud. Bro.
9. [Prde, Sax. is swelling.] Fungous; exuberant.
When the vessels are too lax, and do not sufficiently resist
the influx of the liquid, that begets a fungus or proud
flesh. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
This eminence is composed of little points, called fungus
or proud flesh. Sharp's Surgery.

PROU’DLY. adv. [from proud.] Arrogantly; ostentatiously;
in a proud manner.
He bears himself more proudly
Even to my person, than I thought he would. Shakesp.
The swan
Between her white wings mantling proudly rows. Milton.
Ancus follows with a sawning air;
But vain within, and proudly popular. Dryden.
Proudly he marches on, and void of fear;
Vain insolence. Addison.

To PROVE. v. a. [probo, Lat. prouver, Fr.]
1. To evince; to show by argument or testimony.
Let the trumpet sound,
If none appear to prove upon thy person
Thy heinous, manifest, and many treasons,
There is my pledge; I'll prove it on thy heart. Shakesp.
So both their deeds compar'd this day shall prove. Milt.
Smile on me, and I will prove,
Wonder is shorter liv'd than love. Waller.
If it prove any thing, it can only prove against our author,
that the assignment of dominion to the eldest is not by divine
institution Locke.
In spite of Luther's declaration, he will prove the tenet
upon him. Atterbury.
2. To try; to bring to the test.
Wilt thou thy idle rage by reason prove?
Or speak those thoughts, which have no power to move?
Sandys.
Thy overpraising leaves in doubt
The virtue of that fruit, in thee first prov'd. Milton.
3. To experience.
Delay not the present, but
Filling the air with swords advanc'd, and darts,
We prove this very hour. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Could sense make Marius sit unbound, and prove
The cruel lancing of the knotty gout. Davies.
Well I deserv'd Evadne's scorn to prove,
That to ambition sacrific'd my love. Waller.
Let him in arms the pow'r of Turnus prove,
And learn to fear whom he disdains to love. Dryden.

To PROVE. v. n.
1. To make tryal.
Children prove, whether they can rub upon the breast with
one hand, and pat upon the forehead with another. Bacon.
The sons prepare
Meeting like winds broke loose upon the main,
To prove by arms whose fate it was to reign. Dryden.
2. To be found by experience.
Prove true, imagination; oh, prove true,
That I, dear brother, be now ta'en for you. Shakesp.
All esculent and garden herbs, set upon the tops of hills,
will prove more medicinal, though less esculent. Bacon.
3. To succeed.
If the experiment proved not, it might be pretended, that
the beasts were not killed in the due time. Bacon.
4. To be found in the event.
The fair blossom hangs the head
Sideways, as on a dying bed,
And those pearls of dew she wears,
Prove to be presaging tears. Milton.
The beauties which adorn'd that age,
The shining subjects of his rage;
Hoping they should immortal prove,
Rewarded with success in love. Waller.
When the inflammation ends in a gangrene, the case proves
mortal. Arbuthnot.
Property, you see it alter,
Or in a mortgage prove a lawyer's share,
Or in a jointure vanish from the heir. Pope.

PRO’VEABLE. adj. [from prove.] That may be proved.

PROVE’DITOR. n. s. [proveditore, Italian.] One who under­
takes to procure supplies for an army.
The Jews, in those ages, had the office of provedore. Friend.

PROVEDO’RE. n. s. [proveditore, Italian.] One who under­
takes to procure supplies for an army.
The Jews, in those ages, had the office of provedore. Friend.

PRO’VENDER. n. s. [provande, Dutch; provende, Fr.] Dry
food for brutes; hay and corn.
Good provender labouring horses would have. Tusser.
I do appoint him store of provender;
It is a creature that I teach to fight. Shakesp.
Many a duteous and knee-crooking knave
Wears out his time, much like his master's ass,
For nought but provender. Shakesp. Othello.


Whene'er he chanc'd his hands to lay
On magazines of corn or hay,
Gold ready coin'd appear'd, instead
Of paultry provender and bread. Swift's Miscel.
For a fortnight before you kill them, fed them with hay
or other provender. Mortimer.

PRO’VERB. n. s. [proverbe, Fr. proverbium, Lat.]
1. A short sentence frequently repeated by the people; a saw;
an adage.
The sum of his whole book of proverbs is an exhortation
to the study of this practick wisdom. Decay of Piety.
It is in praise and commendation of men, as it is in get­
tings and gains; for the proverb is true, that light gains make
heavy purses; for light gains come thick, whereas great come
but now and then. Bacon's Essays.
The Italian proverb says of the Genoese, that they have a
sea without fish, land without trees, and men without faith.
Addison.
2. A word, name or observation commonly received or uttered.
Thou hast delivered us for a spoil, and a proverb of re­
proach. Tob. iii. 4.

To PRO’VERB. v. a. [from the noun.] Not a good word.
1. To mention in a proverb.
Am I not sung and proverb'd for a fool
In ev'ry street; do they not say, how well
Are come upon him his deserts? Milton's Agonistes.
2. To provide with a proverb.
Let wantons, light of heart,
Tickle the senseless rushes with their heels:
For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase;
I'll be a candle-holder and look on. Shakesp.

PROVE’RBIAL. adj. [proverbial, Fr. from proverb.]
1. Mentioned in a proverb.
In case of excesses, I take the German proverbial cure, by
a hair of the same beast, to be the worst in the world; and
the best, the monks diet, to eat till you are sick, and fast till
you are well again. Temple's Miscel.
Despis'd and curs'd Leontius must descend
Through hissing ages, a proverbial coward. Irene.
2. Resembling a proverb; suitable to a proverb.
This river's head being unknown, and drawn to a prover­
bial obscurity, the opinion thereof became without bounds.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. Comprised in a proverb.
Moral sentences and proverbial speeches are numerous in
this poet. Pope.

PROVE’RBIALLY. adv. [from proverbial.] In a proverb.
It is proverbially said, formicæ sua bilis inest, habet & musca
splenem; whereas these parts anatomy hath not discovered in
insects. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To PROVI’DE. v. a. [provideo, Lat.]
1. To procure beforehand; to get ready; to prepare.
God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt-offering. Gen.
Provide out of all, able men that fear God. Ex. xviii. 21.
He happier seat provides for us. Milton.
2. To furnish; to supply. With of or with before the thing
provided.
Part incentive reed
Provide, pernicious with one touch to fire. Milton.
To make experiments of gold, be provided of a conserva­
tory of snow, a good large vault under ground, and a deep
well. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The king forthwith provides him of a guard,
A thousand archers daily to attend. Daniel.
If I have really drawn a portrait to the knees, let some
better artist provide himself of a deeper canvas, and taking
these hints, set the figure on its legs, and finish it. Dryden.
He went,
With large expence and with a pompous train
Provided, as to visit France or Spain. Dryden.
An earth well provided of all requisite things for an habi­
table world. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Rome, by the care of the magistrates, was well provided
with corn. Arbuthnot on Coins.
When the monasteries were granted away, the parishes
were left destitute, or very meanly provided of any mainte­
nance for a pastor. Swift's Miscel.
They were of good birth, and such who, although inheriting
good estates, yet happened to be well educated, and provided
with learning. Swift.
3. To stipulate.
4. To PROVIDE against. To take measures for counteracting
or escaping any ill.
Sagacity of brutes in defending themselves, providing against
the inclemency of the weather, and care for their young. Hale.
Some men, instructed by the lab'ring ant,
Provide against th' extremities of want. Dryden.
Fraudulent practices were provided against by laws. Arbuth.
5. To PROVIDE for. To take care of beforehand.
States, which will continue, are above all things to uphold
the reverend regard of religion, and to provide for the same
by all means. Hooker, b. v. s. 2.
He hath intent, his wonted followers
Shall all be very well provided for. Shakesp.
A provident man provides for the future. Raleigh.
My arbitrary bounty's undeny'd
I give reversions, and for heirs provide. Garth.
He will have many dependents, whose wants he cannot
provide for. Addison.

PROVIDED that. [This has the form of an adverbial expression,
and the French number pourveu que among their conjunctions;
it is however the participle of the verb provide, used as the Latin,
audito hæc fieri.] Upon these terms; this stipulation being
made.
If I come off, she your jewel, this your jewel, and my
gold are yours; provided I have your commendation for my
more free entertainment. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I take your offer, and will live with you;
Provided that you do no outrages. Shakesp.
Provided that he set up his resolution, not to let himself
down below the dignity of a wise man. L'Estrange.

PRO’VIDENCE. n. s. [providence, Fr. providentia, Lat.]
1. Foresight; timely care; forecast; the act of providing.
The only people, which as by their justice and providence
give neither cause nor hope to their neighbours to annoy them,
so are they not stirred with false praise to trouble others
quiet. Sidney.
Providence for war is the best prevention of it. Bacon.
An established character spreads the influence of such as
move in a high sphere, on all around; it reaches farther than
their own care and providence can do. Atte bury.
2. The care of God over created beings; divine superinten­
dence.
This appointeth unto them their kinds of working, the
disposition whereof, in the purity of God's own knowledge,
is rightly termed providence. Hooker.
Is it not an evident sign of his wonderful providence over
us, when that food of eternal life, upon the utter want whereof
our endless destruction ensueth, is prepared and always set in
such a readiness. Hooker.
Eternal providence exceeding thought,
Where none appears can make herself away. Spenser.
Providence is an intellectual knowledge, both foreseeing,
caring for, and ordering all things, and doth not only behold
all past, all present, and all to come; but is the cause of
their so being, which prescience is not. Raleigh.
The world was all before them, where to chuse
Their place of rest, and providence their guide. Milton.
They could not move me from my settled faith in God and
his providence. More's Divine Dialogues.
3. Prudence; frugality; reasonable and moderate care of ex­
pence.
By thrift my sinking fortune to repair,
Though late, yet is at last become my care;
My heart shall be my own, my vast expence
Reduc'd to bounds, by timely providence. Dryden.

PRO’VIDENT. adj. [providens, Lat.] Forecasting; cautious;
prudent with respect to futurity.
I saw your brother
Most provident in peril, bind himself
To a strong mast that liv'd upon the sea. Shakesp.
We ourselves account such a man for provident, as remem­
bering things past, and observing things present, can, by
judgment, and comparing the one with the other, provide for
the future. Raleigh.
First crept
The parsimonious emmet, provident
Of future. Milton.
Orange, with youth, experience has,
In action young, in council old;
Orange is what Augustus was,
Brave, wary, provident and bold. Waller.
A very prosperous people, flushed with great successes, are
seldom so pious, so humble, so just, or so provident, as to
perpetuate their happiness. Atterbury.

PROVIDE’NTIAL. adj. [from providence.] Effected by provi­
dence; referrible to providence.
What a confusion would it bring upon mankind, if those,
unsatisfied with the providential distribution of heats and colds,
might take the government into their own hands. L'Estrange.
The lilies grow, and the ravens are fed, according to the
course of nature, and yet they are made arguments of pro­
vidence, nor are these things less providential, because re­
gular. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The scorched earth, were it not for this remarkably provi­
dential contrivance of things, would have been uninha­
bitable. Woodward.
This thin, this soft contexture of the air,
Shows the wise author's providential care. Blackmore.

PROVIDE’NTIALLY. adv. [from providential.] By the care of
providence.
Every animal is providentially directed to the use of its pro­
per weapons. Ray on the Creation.
It happened very providentially to the honour of the chris­
tian religion, that it did not take its rise in the dark illiterate
ages of the world, but at a time when arts and sciences were
at their height. Addison.



PRO’VIDENTLY. adv. [from provident.] With foresight; with
wise precaution.
Nature having designed water-fowls to fly in the air, and
live in the water, she providently makes their feathers of such
a texture, that they do not admit the water. Boyle.

PROVI’DER. n. s. [from provide.] He who provides or pro­
cures.
Here's money for my meat,
I would have left it on the board, so soon
As I had made my meal, and parted thence
With prayers for the provider. Shakesp.

PRO’VINCE. n. s. [province, Fr. provincia, Latin.]
1. A conquered country; a country governed by a delegate.
Those provinces these arms of mine did conquer. Shak.
Greece, Italy and Sicily were divided into commonwealths,
till swallowed up, and made provinces by Rome. Temple.
See them broke with toils, or sunk in ease,
Or infamous for plunder'd provinces. Pope.
2. The proper office or business of any one.
I am fit for honour's toughest task;
Nor ever yet found fooling was my province. Otway.
Nor can I alone sustain this day's province. More.
'Tis thine, whate'er is pleasant, good or fair;
All nature is thy province, life thy care. Dryden.
'Tis not the pretor's province to bestow
True freedom. Dryden's Persius.
The woman's province is to be careful in her œconomy,
and chaste in her affection. Tatler.
3. A region; a tract.
Over many a tract
Of heav'n they march'd, and many a province wide. Milt.
Their understandings are cooped up in narrow bounds;
so that they never look abroad into other provinces of the in­
tellectual world. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

PROVI’NCIAL. adj. [provincial, Fr. from province.]
1. Relating to a province.
The duke dare not more stretch
This finger of mine, than he dare rack his own;
His subject am I not, nor here provincial. Shakesp.
2. Appendant to the provincial country.
Some have delivered the polity of spirits, and left an ac­
count even to their provincial dominions. Brown.
3. Not of the mother country; rude; unpolished.
They build and treat with such magnificence,
That, like th' ambitious monarchs of the age,
They give the law to our provincial stage. Dryden.
A country 'squire having only the provincial accent upon
his tongue, which is neither a fault, nor in his power to re­
medy, must marry a cast wench. Swift.
4. Belonging only to an archbishop's jurisdiction; not æcume­
nical.
A law made in a provincial synod, is properly termed a
provincial constitution. Ayliffe's Parergon.

PROVI’NCIAL. n. s. [provincial, Fr. from province.] A spiritual
governor.
Valignanus was provincial of the Jesuits in the Indies. Still.

To PROVI’NCIATE. v. a. [from province.] To turn to a pro­
vince. A word not in use.
When there was a design to provinciate the whole king­
dom, Druina, though offered a canton, would not accept
of it. Howel's Vocal Forest.

To PROVI’NE. v. n. [provigner, Fr.] To lay a stock or branch
of a vine in the ground to take root for more encrease.

PROVI’SION. n. s. [provision, Fr. provisio, Latin.]
1. The act of providing beforehand.
Kalander knew, that provision is the foundation of hospi­
tality, and thrift the fewel of magnificence. Sidney.
2. Measures taken beforehand.
Five days we do allot thee for provision,
To shield thee from disasters of the world. Shakesp.
He preserved all points of humanity, in taking order and
making provision for the relief of strangers distressed. Bacon.
The prudent part is to propose remedies for the present
evils, and provisions against future events. Temple.
Religion lays the strictest obligations upon men, to make
the best provision for their comfortable subsistence in this world,
and their salvation in the next. Tillotson.
3. Accumulation of stores beforehand; stock collected.
Mendoza advertised, that he would valiantly defend the
city, so long as he had any provision of victuals. Knolles.
In such abundance lies our choice,
As leaves a greater store of fruit untouch'd,
Still hanging incorruptible, till men
Grow up to their provision. Milton.
David, after he had made such vast provision of materials
for the temple, yet because he had dipt his hands in blood,
was not permitted to lay a stone in that sacred pile. South.
4. Victuals; food; provender.
He caused provisions to be brought in. Clarendon.
Provisions laid in large for man or beast. Milton.
5. Stipulation; terms settled.
This law was only to reform the degenerate English, but
there was no care taken for the reformation of the mere Irish,
no ordinance, no provision made for the abolishing of their
barbarous customs. Davies on Ireland.

PROVI’SIONAL. adj. [provisionel, Fr. from provision.] Tempo­
rarily established; provided for present need.
The commenda semestris grew out of a natural equity,
that, in the time of the patron's respite given him to present,
the church should not be without a provisional pastor. Ayliffe.

PROVI’SIONALLY. adv. [from provisional.] By way of provision.
The abbot of St. Martin was born, was baptized, and
declared a man provisionally, till time should shew what he
would prove, nature had moulded him so untowardly. Locke.

PROVI’SO. n. s. [Latin: as, proviso rem ita se habituram esse.]
Stipulation; caution; provisional condition.
This proviso is needful, that the sheriff may not have the
like power of life as the marshal hath. Spenser.
Some will allow the church no further power, than only
to exhort, and this but with a proviso too, that it extends not
to such as think themselves too wise to be advised. South.
He doth deny his prisoners,
But with proviso and exception,
That we, at our own charge, shall ransom strait
His brother-in-law. Shakesp. Henry IV.

PROVOCA’TION. n. s. [provocatio, Lat. provocation, Fr.]
1. An act or cause by which anger is raised.
It is a fundamental law, in the Turkish empire, that they
may, without any other provocation, make war upon Christen­
dom for the propagation of their law. Bacon.
Tempt not my swelling rage
With black reproaches, scorn and provocation. Smith.
2. An appeal to a judge.
A provocation is every act, whereby the office of the judge
or his assistance is asked; a provocation including both a ju­
dicial and an extrajudicial appeal. Ayliffe.
3. I know not whether, in the following passage, it be appeal
or incitement.
The like effects may grow in all towards their pastor, and
in their pastor towards every of them, between whom there
daily and interchangeably pass in the hearing of God himself,
and in the presence of his holy angels, so many heavenly ac­
clamations, exulations, provocations, and petitions. Hooker.

PROVOCA’TIVE. n. s. [from provoke.] Any thing which re­
vives a decayed or cloyed appetite.
There would be no variety of tastes to sollicit his palate,
and occasion excess, nor any artificial provocatives to relieve
satiety. Addison.

PRO’VOCATIVENESS. n. s. [from provocative.] The quality of
being provocative.

To PROVO’KE. v. a. [provoquer, Fr. provoco, Latin.]
1. To rouse; to excite by something offensive; to awake.
Ye provoke me unto wrath, burning incense unto other
Gods. Jer. xliv. 8.
Neither to provoke nor dread
New war provok'd. Milton.
To whet their courage, and their rage provoke. Dryden.
I neither fear, nor will provoke the war. Dryden.
2. To anger; to enrage; to offend; to incense.
Though often provoked, by the insolence of some of the
bishops, to a dislike of their overmuch servour, his integrity
to the king was without blemish. Clarendon.
Such acts
Of contumacy will provoke the highest. Milton.
Agamemnon provokes Apollo against them, whom he was
willing to appease afterwards. Pope.
3. To cause; to promote.
Drink is a great provoker; it provokes and unprovokes. Sha.
One Petro covered up his patient with warm cloaths, and
when the fever began a little to decline, gave him cold water
to drink till he provoked sweat. Arbuthnot.
4. To challenge.
He now provokes the sea-gods from the shore,
With envy Triton heard the martial sound,
And the bold champion for his challenge drown'd. Dryden.
5. To induce by motive; to move; to incite.
We may not be startled at the breaking of the exterior
earth; for the face of nature hath provoked men to think of,
and observe such a thing. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To PROVO’KE. v. n.
1. To appeal. A Latinism.
Arius and Pelagius durst provoke
To what the centuries preceding spoke. Dryden.
2. To produce anger.
It was not your brother's evil disposition made him seek his
death, but a provoking merit. Shakesp. King Lear.
The Lord abhorred them, because of the provoking of his
sons. Deutr. xxxii. 19.
If we consider man in such a loathsome and provoking con­
dition, was it not love enough, that he was permitted to en­
joy a being. Toylor.

PROVO’KER. n. s. [from provoke.]
1. One that raises anger.
As in all civil insurrections, the ringleader is looked on
with a peculiar severity, so, in this case, the first provoker
has double portion of the guilt. Government of the Tongue.


2. Causer; promoter.
Drink, Sir, is a great provoker of nosepainting, sleep, and
urine. Shakesp. Macbeth.

PROVO’KINGLY. adv. [from provoking.] In such a manner as
to raise anger.
When we see a man that yesterday kept a humiliation, to­
day invading the possessions of his brethren, we need no other
proof how hypocritically and provokingly he confessed his
pride. Decay of Piety.

PRO’VOST. n. s. [prasast, Sax. provost, Fr. provosto, Ital.
præpositus, Lat.]
1. The chief of any body: as, the provost of a college.
2. The executioner of an army.
Kingston, provost marshal of the king's army, was deemed
not only cruel but inhuman in his executions. Hayward.

PRO’VOSTSHIP. n. s. [from provost.] The office of a provost.
C. Piso first rose, and afterwards was advanced to the
provostship of Rome by Tiberius. Hakewill.

PROW. n. s. [proue, Fr. proa, Spanish; prora, Lat.] The head
or forepart of a ship.
The sea-victory of Vespasian was a lady holding a palm
in her hand, at her foot the prow of a ship. Peacham.
Straight to the Dutch he turns his dreadful prow,
More fierce th' important quarrel to decide. Dryden.

PROW. adj. Valiant. Spenser.

PRO’WESS. n. s. [prodezza, Italian; prouesse, Fr.] Bravery;
valour; military gallantry.
Men of such prowess, as not to know fear in themselves,
and yet to teach it in others that should deal with them; for
they had often made their lives triumph over most terrible
dangers, never dismayed, and ever fortunate. Sidney.
I hope
That your wisdom will direct my thought,
Or that your prowess can me yield relief. Fa. Queen.
By heav'ns mere grace, not by our prowess done. F. Qu.
Henry the fifth,
By his prowess conquered all France. Shakesp.
Nor should thy prowess want praise and esteem,
But that 'tis shewn in treason. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Those are they
First seen in acts of prowess eminent,
And great exploits; but of true virtue void. Milton.
These beyond compare of mortal prowess. Milton.
Michael! of cœlestial armies prince;
And thou in military prowess next,
Gabriel! Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
The vigour of this arm was never vain,
And that my wonted prowess I retain,
Witness these heaps of slaughter on the plain. Dryden.
These were the entertainments of the softer nations, that
fell under the virtue and prowess of the two last empires. Temp.

PRO’WEST. adj. [the superlative formed from prow, adj.]
1. Bravest; most valiant.
They be two of the prowest knights on ground,
And oft approv'd in many a hard assay,
And eke of surest steel, that may be sound,
Do arm yourself against that day them to confound. F. Q.
2. Brave; valiant.
The fairest of her sex, Angelica,
His daughter, sought by many prowest knights. Milton.

To PROWL. v. a. [Of this word the etymology is doubtful:
the old dictionaries write prole, which the dreamer Casaubon
derives from p?a??, ready, quick. Skinner, a far more
judicious etymologist, deduces it from proieler, a diminutive
formed by himself from proier, to prey, Fr. perhaps it may
be formed, by accidental corruption, from patrol.] To rove
over.
He prowls each place, still in new colours deckt,
Sucking one's ill, another to infect. Sidney.

To PROWL. v. n. To wander for prey; to prey; to plunder.
The champion robbeth by night,
And prowleth and filcheth by daie. Tusser.
Nor do they bear so quietly the loss of some parcels con­
fiscated abroad, as the great detriment which they suffer by
some prowling vice-admiral or publick minister. Raleigh.
As when a prowling wolf,
Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey. Milton.
Shall be, who looks erect on heav'n,
E'er stoop to mingle with the prowling herd,
And dip his tongue in gore. Thomson.
And here the fell attorney prowls for prey. Anon.

PRO’WLER. n. s. [from prowl.] One that roves about for
prey.
On churchyards drear,
The disappointed prowlers fall, and dig
The shrouded body from the grave. Thomson.

PRO’XIMATE. adj. [proximus, Lat.] Next in the series of
ratiocination; near and immediate: opposed to remote and
mediate.
Writing a theory of the deluge, we were to shew the proxi­
mate natural causes of it. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Substance is the remote genus of bird, because it agrees
not only to all kinds of animals, but also to things inanimate;
but animal is the proximate or nearest genus of bird, because
it agrees to fewest other things. Watts's Logick.

PRO’XIMATELY. adv. [from proximate.] Immediately; with­
out intervention.
The consideration of our mind, which is incorporeal, and
the contemplation of our bodies, which have all the cha­
racters of excellent contrivance; these alone easily and proxi­
mately guide us to the wise author of all things. Bentley.

PROXIME. adj. [proximus, Lat.] Next; immediate.
A syllogism is made up of three propositions, and these of
three terms variously joined: the three terms are called the
remote matter of a syllogism, the three propositions the
proxime or immediate matter of it. Watts's Logick.

PROXI’MITY. n. s. [proximité, Fr. proximitas, from proximus,
Lat.] Nearness.
When kingdoms have customably been carried by right of
succession, according to proximity of blood, the violation of
this course hath always been dangerous. Hayward.
If he plead proximity of blood,
That empty title is with ease withstood. Dryden.
Add the convenience of the situation of the eye, in respect
of its proximity to the brain, the seat of common sense. Ray.
I can call to my assistance
Proximity, mark that! and distance. Prior.
Must we send to stab or poison all the popish princes, who
have any pretended title to our crown by the proximity of
blood? Swift's Miscellanies.

PRO’XY. n. s. [By contraction from procuracy.]
1. The agency of another.
2. The substitution of another; the agency of a substitute; ap­
pearance of a representative.
None acts a friend by a deputy, or can be familiar by
proxy. South's Sermons.
Had Hyde thus sat by proxy too,
As Venus once was said to do,
The painter must have search'd the skies,
To match the lustre of her eyes. Granvil.
3. The person substituted or deputed.
A wise man will commit no business of importance to a
proxy, where he may do it himself. L'Estrange.

PRU

PRUCE. n. s. [Pruce is the old name for Prussia.] Prussian
leather.
Some leathern bucklers use
Of folded hides, and others shields of pruce. Dryden.

PRUDE. n. s. [prude, Fr.] A woman over nice and scrupulous,
and with false affectation.
The graver prude sinks downward to a gnome,
In search of mischief, still on earth to roam. Pope.
Not one careless thought intrudes,
Less modest than the speech of prudes. Swift.

PRU’DENCE. n. s. [prudence, Fr. prudentia, Lat.] Wisdom
applied to practice.
Under prudence is comprehended, that discrete, apt, suit­
ing, and disposing as well of actions as words, in their due
place, time and manner. Peacham.
Prudence is principally in reference to actions to be done,
and due means, order, season, and method of doing or not
doing. Hale.

PRU’DENT. adj. [prudent, Fr. prudens, Lat.]
1. Practically wise.
The simple inherit folly, but the prudent are crowned with
knowledge. Prov. xiv. 18.
I have seen a son of Jesse, that is a man of war, and pru­
dent in matters. 1 Sam. xvi. 18.
The monarch prevented all reply,
Prudent, lest others might offer. Milton.
2. Foreseeing by natural instinct.
So steers the prudent crane
Her annual voyage. Milton.

PRUDE’NTIAL. adj. [from prudent.] Eligible on principles of
prudence.
He acts upon the surest and most prudential grounds, who,
whether the principles, which he acts upon, prove true or
false, yet secures a happy issue to his actions. South.
Motives are only prudential, and not demonstrative. Tillot.
These virtues, though of excellent use, some prudential rules
it is necessary to take with them in practice. Rogers.

PRUDE’NTIALS. n. s. Maxims of prudence or practical
wisdom.
Many stanzas, in poetick measures, contain rules relating
to common prudentials, as well as to religion. Watts.

PRUDENTIA’LITY. n. s. [from prudential.] Eligibility on prin­
ciples of prudence.
Being incapable rightly to judge the prudentiality of af­
fairs, they only gaze upon the visible success, and thereafter
condemn or cry up the whole progression. Brown.

PRUDE’NTIALLY. adv. [from prudential.] According to the
rules of prudence.
If he acts piously, soberly and temperately, he acts pru­
dentially and safely. South's Sermons.

PRU’DENTLY. adv. [from prudent.] Discretely; judiciously.
These laws were so prudently framed, as they are found sit
for all succeeding times. Bacon's Henry VII.


Such deep designs of empire does he lay
O'er them, whose cause he seems to take in hand;
And prudently would make them lords at sea,
To whom with ease he can give laws by land. Dryden.

PRU’DERY. n. s. [from prude.] Overmuch nicety in conduct.

PRU’DISH. adj. [from prude.] Affectedly grave.
I know you all expect, from seeing me,
Some formal lecture, spoke with prudish face. Garrick.

To PRUNE. v. a. [of unknown derivation.]
1. To lop; to divest trees of their superfluities.
So lop'd and pruned trees do flourish fair. Davies.
Let us ever extol
His bounty, following our delightful task,
To prune those growing plants, and tend these flow'rs. Milt.
What we by day
Lop overgrown, or prune, or prop, or bind,
One night with wanton growth derides,
Tending to wild. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Horace will our superfluous branches prune,
Give us new rules, and set our harp in tune. Waller.
You have no less right to correct me, than the same hand
that raised a tree, has to prune it. Pope.
2. To clear from excrescencies.
His royal bird
Prunes the immortal wing, and cloys his beak. Shakesp.
Many birds prune their feathers; and crows seem to call
upon rain, which is but the comfort they receive in the re­
lenting of the air. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The muse, whose early voice you taught to sing,
Prescrib'd her heights, and prun'd her tender wing. Pope.

To PRUNE. v. n. To dress; to prink. A ludicrous word.
Every scribbling man
Grows a fop as fast as e'er he can,
Prunes up, and asks his oracle the glass,
If pink or purple best become his face. Dryden.

PRUNE. n. s. [prune, pruneau, Fr. prunum, Lat.] A dried
plum.
In drying of pears and prunes in the oven, and removing
of them, there is a like operation. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PRU’NEL. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PRUNE’LLO. n. s.
1. A kind of stuff of which the clergymen's gowns are made.
Worth makes the man, and want of it, the fellow;
The rest is all but leather or prunello. Pope.
2. [Prunelle, Fr.] A kind of plum. Ainsworth.

PRU’NER. n. s. [from prune.] One that crops trees.
Lest thy redundant juice
Should fading leaves, instead of fruits, produce,
The pruner's hand with letting blood must quench
Thy heat, and thy exub'rant parts retrench. Denham.

PRUNI’FEROUS. adj. [prunum and fero, Lat.] Plum bearing.

PRU’NINGHOOK. n. s. A hook or knife used in lopping
trees.
Let thy hand supply the pruningknife,
And crop luxuriant stragglers. Dryden.
No plough shall hurt the glebe, no pruninghook the vine.
Dryden's Virgil.
The cyder land obsequious still to thrones,
Her pruninghooks extended into swords. Philips.

PRU’NINGKNIFE. n. s. A hook or knife used in lopping
trees.
Let thy hand supply the pruningknife,
And crop luxuriant stragglers. Dryden.
No plough shall hurt the glebe, no pruninghook the vine.
Dryden's Virgil.
The cyder land obsequious still to thrones,
Her pruninghooks extended into swords. Philips.

PRU’RIENCE. n. s. [from prurio, Lat.] An itching or a great
desire or appetite to any thing. Swift.

PRU’RIENCY. n. s. [from prurio, Lat.] An itching or a great
desire or appetite to any thing. Swift.

PRU’RIENT. adj. [pruriens, Lat.] Itching. Ainsworth.

PRURIGINOUS. adj. [prurio, Lat.] Tending to an itch.

PRY

To PRY. v. n. [of unknown derivation.] To peep narrowly;
to inspect officiously, curiously, or impertinently.
I can counterfeit the deep tragedian,
Speak, and look back, and pry on ev'ry side,
Intending deep suspicion. Shakesp. Richard III.
I pry'd me through the crevice of a wall,
When for his hand he had his two sons heads. Shakesp.
Watch thou, and wake when others be asleep,
To pry into the secrets of the state. Shakesp.
We of th' offending side
Must keep aloof from strict arbitrement;
And stop all sight holes, every loop, from whence
The eye of reason may pry in upon us. Shakesp.
He that prieth in at her windows, shall also hearken at her
doors. Ecclus. xiv. 23.
And pry
In every bush and brake, where hap may find
The serpent sleeping. Milton.
We have naturally a curiosity to be prying and searching
into forbidden secrets. L'Estrange.
Search well
Each grove and thicket, pry in ev'ry shape,
Lest hid in some th' arch hypocrite escape. Dryden.
I wak'd, and looking round the bow'r
Search'd ev'ry tree, and pry'd on ev'ry flow'r,
If any where by chance I might espy
The rural poet of the melody. Dryden.
Nor need we with a prying eye survey
The distant skies, to find the milky way. Creech.
Actions are of so mixt a nature, that as men pry into them,
or observe some parts more than others, they take different
hints, and put contrary interpretations on them. Addison.
All these I frankly own without denying;
But where has this Praxiteles been prying. Addison.

PSALM. n. s. [psalme, pseaume, Fr. ?a???.] A holy song.
The choice and flower of all things profitable in other
books, the psalms do both more briefly contain and more
movingly express, by reason of that poetical form wherewith
they are written. Hooker, b. v. s. 37.
Sternhold was made groom of the chamber, for turning
certain of David's psalms into verse. Peacham.
Those just spirits that wear victorious palms,
Hymns devote and holy psalms
Singing continually. Milton.
In another psalm, he speaks of the wisdom and power of
God in the creation. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

PSA’LMIST. n. s. [psalmiste, Fr. from psalm.] Writer of holy
songs.
How much more rational is this system of the psalmist,
than the Pagans scheme in Virgil, where one deity is repre­
sented as raising a storm, and another as laying it? Addis.

PSA’LMODY. n. s. [psalmodie, Fr. ?a???d?a.] The act or
practice of singing holy songs.

PSALMO’GRAPHY. n. s. [?a??? and ??f?.] The act of
writing psalms.

PSA’LTER. n. s. [psautier, Fr. ?a?????.] The volume of
psalms; a psalmbook.

PSA’LTERY. n. s. A kind of harp beaten with sticks.
The trumpets, sacbuts, psalteries and fifes
Make the sun dance. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Praise with trumpets, pierce the skies,
Praise with harps and psalteries. Sandys's Paraph.
The sweet singer of Israel with his psaltery, loudly resounded
the benefits of the almighty creator. Peacham.
Nought shall the psalt'ry and the harp avail,
When the quick spirits their warm march forbear,
And numbing coldness has unbrac'd the ear. Prior.

PSEU’DO. n. s. [from ?ed.] A prefix, which, being put
before words, signifies false or counterfeit: as, pseudapostle,
a counterfeit apostle.

PSEU’DOGRAPHY. n. s. False writing.
I will not pursue the many pseudographies in use, but shew
of how great concern the emphasis were, if rightly used. Hold.

PSEU’DOLOGY. n. s. [?e?d?????a.] Falsehood of speech.
It is not according to the sound rules of pseudology, to report
of a pious prince, that he neglects his devotion, but you may
report of a merciful prince, that he has pardoned a criminal
who did not deserve it. Arbuthnot.

PSHAW. interj. An expression of contempt.
A peevish fellow has some reason for being out of humour,
or has a natural incapacity for delight, and therefore disturbs
all with pishes and pshaws. Spectator, No 438.

PTI’SAN. n. s. [ptisanne, Fr. p?ssa??.] A medical drink made
of barley decocted with raisins and liquorice.
Thrice happy were those golden days of old,
When dear as Burgundy the ptisans sold;
When patients chose to die with better will,
Than breathe and pay the apothecary's bill. Garth.
In fevers the aliments prescribed by Hippocrates, were
ptisans and cream of barley. Arbuthnot.

PTY’ALISM. n. s. [ptyalisme, Fr. p?e??s??.] Salivation; ef­
usion of spittle.

PTY’SMAGOGUE. n. s. [ps?a and ??.] A medicine which
discharges spittle. Dict.

PUB

PUBE’RTY. n. s. [puberté, Fr. pubertas, Lat.] The time of
life in which the two sexes begin first to be acquainted.
The cause of changing the voice at the years of puberty
seemeth to be, for that when much of the moisture of the
body, which did before irrigate the parts, is drawn down to
the spermatical vessels, it leaveth the body more hot than it
was, whence cometh the dilatation of the pipes. Bacon.
All the carnivorous animals would have multiplied exceed­
ingly, before these children that escaped could come to the
age of puberty. Bentley's Sermons.

PUBE’SCENCE. n. s. [from pubesco, Lat.] The state of arriving
at puberty.
Solon divided it into ten septenaries; in the first is deden­
tition or falling of teeth, in the second pubescence. Brown.

PUBE’SCENT. adj. [from pubescens, Lat.] Arriving at puberty.
That the women are menstruent, and the men pubescent at
the year of twice seven, is accounted a punctual truth. Brown.

PUBLICAN. n. s. [from publicus, Lat.]
1. A toll gatherer.
As Jesus sat at meat, many publicans and sinners came and
sat down with him. Matth. ix. 10.
2. A man that keeps a house of general entertainment. In low
language.

PUBLICA’TION. n. s. [publico, Lat.]
1. The act of publishing; the act of notifying to the world;
divulgation; proclamation.
For the instruction of all men to eternal life, it is necessary,
that the sacred and saving truth of God be openly published
unto them, which open publication of heavenly mysteries is
by an excellency termed preaching. Hooker.


2. Edition; the act of giving a book to the publick.
An imperfect copy having been offered to a bookseller,
you consented to the publication of one more correct. Pope.
The publication of these papers was not owing to our folly,
but that of others. Swift.

PU’BLICK. adj. [public, publique, Fr. publicus, Lat.]
1. Belonging to a state or nation; not private.
By following the law of private reason, where the law of
publick should take place, they breed disturbance. Hooker.
Of royal malds how wretched is the fate,
Born only to be victims of the state;
Our hopes, our wishes, all our passions try'd
For publick use, the slaves of others pride. Granvil.
Have we not able counsellors, hourly watching over the
publick weal. Swift.
2. Open; notorious; generally known.
Joseph being a just man, and not willing to make her a
publick example, was minded to put her away privily. Matth.
3. General; done by many.
A dismal universal hiss, the sound
Of publick scorn. Milton.
4. Regarding not private interest, but the good of the commu­
nity.
They were publick hearted men, as they paid all taxes, so
they gave up all their time to their country's service, with­
out any reward. Clarendon.
All nations that grew great out of little or nothing, did so
merely by the publick mindedness of particular persons. South.
A good magistrate must be endued with a publick spirit, that
is with such an excellent temper, as sets him loose from all
selfish views, and makes him endeavour towards promoting the
common good. Atterbury.
5. Open for general entertainment.
The income of the commonwealth is raised on such as
have money to spend at taverns and publick houses. Addison.

PU’BLICK. n. s. [from publiicus, Lat. le publique, Fr.]
1. The general body of mankind, or of a state or nation; the
people.
The publick is more disposed to censure than to praise. Add.
2. Open view; general notice.
Philosophy, though it likes not a gaudy dress, yet, when
it appears in publick, must have so much complacency, as to
be cloathed in the ordinary fashion. Locke.
In private grieve, but with a careless scorn;
In publick seem to triumph, not to mourn. Granville.
In publick 'tis they hide,
Where none distinguish. Pope.

PU’BLICKLY. adv. [from publick.]
1. In the name of the community.
This has been so sensibly known by trading nations, that
great rewards are publickly offered for its supply. Addison.
2. Openly; without concealment.
Sometimes also it may be private, communicating to the
judges some things not fit to be publickly delivered. Bacon.

PU’BLICKNESS. n. s. [from publick.]
1. State of belonging to the community.
The multitude of partners does detract nothing from each
private share, nor does the publickness of it lessen propriety
in it. Boyle.
2. Openness; state of being generally known or publick.

PU’BLICKSPIRITED. adj. [publick and spirit.] Having regard
to the general advantage above private good.
'Tis enough to break the neck of all honest purposes, to
kill all generous and publickspirited motions in the concep­
tion. L'Estrange.
These were the publickspirited men of their age, that is,
patriots of their own interest. Dryden.
Another publickspirited project, which the common enemy
could not foresee, might set king Charles on the throne. Add.
It was generous and publickspirited in you, to be of the
kingdom's side in this dispute, by shewing, without reserve,
your disapprobation of Wood's design. Swift.

To PU’BLISH, v. a. [publier, Fr. publico, Lat.]
1. To discover to mankind; to make generally and openly
known; to proclaim; to divulge.
How will this grieve you,
When you shall come to clearer knowledge, that
You thus have published me. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
His commission from God and his doctrine tend to the im­
pressing the necessity of that reformation, which he came to
publish. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Suppose he should relent,
And publish grace to all. Milton.
Th' unwearied sun, from day to day,
Does his Creator's pow'r display,
And publishes to every land
The work of an almighty hand. Addison's Spectator.
2. To put forth a book into the world.
If I had not unwarily too far engaged myself for the present
publishing it, I should have kept it by me. Digby.

PU’BLISHER. n. s. [from publish.]
1. One who makes publick or generally known.
Love of you
Hath made me publisher of this pretence. Shakesp.
The holy lives, the exemplary sufferings of the publishers
of this religion, and the surpassing excellence of that doctrine
which they published. Atterbury.
2. One who puts out a book into the world.
A collection of poems appeared, in which the publisher has
given me some things that did not belong to me. Prior.

PUCE’LAGE. n. s. [French.] A state of virginity. Dict.

PUCK. n. s. [perhaps the same with pug.] Some sprite among
the fairies, common in romances.
O gentle puck, take this transformed scalp
From off the head of this Athenian swain. Shakesp.
Turn your cloaks,
Quoth he, for puck is busy in these oaks,
And this is fairy ground. Corbet.

PU’CKBALL or puckfist. n. s. [from puck the fairy, a fairy's ball.]
A kind of mushroom full of dust. Dict.

To PU’CKER. v. a. [from puck the fairy; as elflocks, from elves;
or from powk, a pocket or hollow.] To gather into corruga­
tions; to contract into folds or plications.
I saw an hideous spectre; his eyes were sunk into his head,
his face pale and withered, and his skin puckered up in
wrinkles. Spectator, No 192.
A ligature above the part wounded is pernicious, as it
puckers up the intestines, and disorders its situation. Sharp.

PUD

PU’DDER. n. s. [This is commonly written pother. See
 POTHER. This is most probably derived by Mr. Lye from
fudur, Islandick, a rapid motion.] A tumult; a turbulent
and irregular bustle.
Let the great gods,
That keep this dreadful pudder o'er our heads,
Find out their enemies. Shakesp. King Lear.
What a pudder is made about essences, and how much is
all knowledge pestered by the careless use of words? Locke.

To PU’DDER. v. n. [from the noun.] To make a tumult;
to make a bustle.
Mathematicians, abstracting their thoughts from names,
and setting before their minds the ideas themselves, have
avoided a great part of that perplexity, puddering and confu­
sion, which has so much hindered knowledge. Locke.

To PU’DDER. v. a. To perplex; to disturb; to confound.
He that will improve every matter of fact into a maxim,
will abound in contrary observations, that can be of no other
use but to perplex and pudder him. Locke.

PUdding n. s. [potten, Welsh, an intestine; boudin, French;
puding, Swedish.]
2. A kind of food very variously compounded, but generally
made of meal, milk, and eggs.
Sallads, and eggs, and lighter fare
Tune the Italian spark's guitar;
And if I take Dan Congreve right,
Pudding and beef make Britons fight. Prior.
2. The gut of an animal.
He'll yield the crow a pudding one of these days; the king
has kill'd his heart. Shakesp. Henry V.
As sure as his guts are made of puddings. Shakesp.
3. A bowel stuffed with certain mixtures of meal and other in­
gredients.
Mind neither good nor bad, nor right nor wrong,
But eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue. Prior.

PU’DDINGPIE. n. s. [pudding and pie.] A pudding with meat
baked in it.
Some cry the covenant, instead
Of puddingpies and gingerbread. Hudibras.

PU’DDINGTIME. n. s. [pudding and time.]
1. The time of dinner; the time at which pudding, anciently
the first dish, is set upon the table.
2. Nick of time; critical minute.
Mars that still protects the stout,
In puddingtime came to his aid. Hudibras.

PU’DDLE. n. s. [from puteolus, Lat. Skinner; from poil, dirt,
old Bavarian, Junius; hence pool.] A small muddy lake;
a dirty plash.
The Hebrews drink of the well-head, the Greeks of the
stream, and the Latins of the puddle. Hall.
Thou did'st drink
The stale of horses, and the gilded puddle
Which beasts would cough at. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
A physician cured madmen thus: they were tied to a stake,
and then set in a puddle, 'till brought to their wits. L'Estr.
Treading where the treacherous puddle lay,
His heels flew up; and on the grassy floor
He fell, besmear'd with filth. Dryden's Virgil.
Happy was the man, who was sent on an errand to the
most remote street, which he performed with the greatest ala­
crity, ran through every puddle, and took care to return co­
vered with dirt. Addison's Freeholder.

To PUDDLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To muddy; to pollute
with dirt; to mix dirt and water.
As if I saw my sun shine in a puddled water, I cried out of
nothing but Mopsa. Sidney.


Some unhatch'd practice
Hath puddled his clear spirit; and, in such cases,
Men's natures wrangle with inferiour things,
Though great ones are their object. Shakesp. Othello.
His beard they sing'd off with brand of fire,
And ever as it blaz'd, they threw on him
Great pails of puddled mire to quench the hair. Shakesp.
The noblest blood of Africk
Runs in my veins, a purer stream than thine;
For, though derived from the same source, thy current
Is puddl'd and defil'd with tyranny. Dryden.

PU’DDLY. adj. [from puddle.] Muddy; dirty; miry.
Limy, or thick puddly water killeth them. Carew.

PU’DDOCK or purrock. n. s. [for paddock or parrock.] A provin­
cial word for a small inclosure. Dict.

PU’DENCY. n. s. [pudens, Lat.] Modesty; shamefacedness.
A pudency so rosy, the sweet view on't
Might well have warm'd old Saturn. Shakesp.

PUDI’CITY. n. s. [pudicité, Fr. from pudicitia, Lat.] Modesty;
chastity. Dict.

PUEFE’LLOW. n. s. A partner.
This carnal cur
Preys on the issue of his mother's body;
And makes her puefellow with others moan. Shakesp.

PUE’RILE. adj. [puerile, Fr. puerilis, Lat.] Childish; boyish.
I looked upon the mansion with a veneration mixt with a
pleasure, that represented her to me in those puerile amuse­
ments. Pope.

PUERI’LITY. n. s. [puerilité, Fr. from puerilitas, Lat.] Child­
ishness; boyishness.
A reserve of puerility not shaken off from school. Brown.
Some men imagining themselves possessed with a divine
fury, often fall into toys and trifles, which are only puerili­
ties. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

PU’ET. n. s. A kind of water fowl.
Among the first fort are coots, sanderlings and pewets. Car.
The fish have enemies enough; as otters, the cormorant
and the puet. Walton's Angler.

PUF

PUFF. n. s. [pof, Dutch, a blast which swells the checks.]
1. A quick blast with the mouth.
In garret vile, he with a warming puff
Regales chill'd fingers. Philips.
2. A small blast of wind.
The Rosemary, in the days of Henry VII. with a sudden
puff of wind stooped her side, and took in water at her ports
in such abundance, as that she instantly sunk. Raleigh.
The naked breathless body lies,
To every puff of wind a slave,
At the beck of every wave,
That once perhaps was fair, rich, stout and wise. Flatman.
A puff of wind blows off cap and wig. L'Estrange.
There fierce winds o'er dusky vallies blow,
Whose every puff bears empty shades away. Dryden.
With one fierce puff he blows the leaves away,
Expos'd the self-discover'd infant lay. Dryden.
3. A mushroom. Ainsworth.
4. Any thing light and porous: as, puff paste.
5. Something to sprinkle powder on the hair. Ainsworth.

To PUFF. v. n. [boffen, Dutch.]
1. To swell the cheeks with wind.
2. To blow with a quick blast.
Wherefore do you follow her,
Like foggy South puffing with wind and rain. Shakesp.
Distinction with a broad and powerful fan,
Puffing at all, winnows the light away. Shakesp.
3. To blow with scornfulness.
Some puff at these instances, as being such as were under
a different œconomy of religion, and consequently not di­
rectly pertinent to ours. South's Sermons.
It is really to desy heaven, to puff at damnation, and bid
omnipotence do its worst. South.
4. To breathe thick and hard.
Seldshown flamins
Do press among the popular throngs, and puff
To win a vulgar station. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The ass comes back again, puffing and blowing, from the
chase. L'Estrange.
A true son of the church
Came puffing with his greasy bald-pate choir,
And fumbling o'er his beads. Dryden.
5. To do or move with hurry, tumour, or tumultuous agita­
tion.
More unconstant than the wind, who woes
Ev'n now the frozen bosom of the North,
And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,
Turning his face to the dew-dropping South. Shakesp.
Then came brave glory puffing by
In silks that whistled, who but he?
He scarce allow'd me half an eye. Herbert.
6. To swell with the wind.
A new coal is not to be cast on the nitre, till the detona­
tion be quite ended; unless the puffing matter blow the coal
out of the crucible. Boyle.

To PUFF. v. a.
1. To swell as with wind.
Let him fall by his own greatness,
And puff him up with glory, till it swell
And break him. Denham's Sophy.
Flattering of others, and boasting of ourselves, may be
referred to lying; the one to please others, and puff them up
with self-conceit; the other to gain more honour than is due
to ourselves. Ray on the Creation.
2. To drive or agitate with blasts of wind.
I have seen the cannon,
When it has blown his ranks into the air,
And from his arm pufft his own brother. Shakesp.
Have I not heard the sea, puff'd up with winds,
Rage like an angry boar chafed with sweat? Shakesp.
Th' unerring sun by certain signs declares,
When the South projects a stormy day,
And when the clearing North will puff the clouds away.
Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks.
Why must the winds all hold their tongue?
If they a little breath should raise,
Would that have spoil'd the poet's song,
Or puff'd away the monarch's praise? Prior.
I have been endevouring very busily to raise a friendship,
which the first breath of any ill-natured by-stander could
puff away. Pope.
3. To drive with a blast of breath scornfully.
When she dances in the wind,
And shakes her wings, and will not stay,
I puff the prostitute away;
The little or the much she gave is quietly resign'd. Dryd.
4. To swell or blow up with praise.
The attendants of courts engage them in quarrels of juris­
diction, being truly parasiti curiæ, in puffing a court up beyond
her bounds for their own advantage. Bacon.
5. To swell or elate with pride.
His looke like a coxcombe up puffed with pride. Tusser.
This army, led by a tender prince,
Whose spirit with divine ambition pufft,
Makes mouths at the invisible event. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Think not of men above that which is written, that no
one of you be puffed up one against another. 1 Cor. iv. 6.
Your ancestors, who puff your mind with pride,
Did not your honour, but their own advance. Dryden.
Who stands safest; tell me, is it he
That spreads and swells in puff'd posterity? Pope.
The Phæacians were so puffed up with their constant feli­
city, that they thought nothing impossible. Broome.

PU’FFER. n. s. [from puff.] One that puffs.

PU’FFIN. n. s. [puffino, Italian.]
1. A water fowl.
Among the first sort, we reckon the dipchick, murrs,
creysers, curlews and puffins. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
2. A kind of fish.
3. A kind of fungus filled with dust.

PU’FFINGAPPLE. n. s. A sort of apple. Ainsworth.

PU’FFINGLY. adv. [from puffing.]
1. Tumidly; with swell.
2. With shortness of breath.

PU’FFY. adj. [from puff.]
1. Windy; flatulent.
Emphysema is a light puffy tumour, easily yielding to the
pressure of your fingers, and ariseth again in the instant you
take them off. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Tumid; turgid.
An unjudicious poet, who aims at loftiness, runs easily
into the swelling puffy stile, because it looks like greatness.
Dryden.

PUG. n. s. [piga, Saxon, a girl. Skinner.] A kind name of a
monkey, or any thing tenderly loved.
Upon setting him down, and calling him pug, I found him
to be her favourite monkey. Addison's Spectator.

PU’GGERED. adj. [perhaps for puckered.] Crowded; compli­
cated. I never found this word in any other passage.
Nor are we to cavil at the red puggered attire of the turkey,
and the long excrescency that hangs down over his bill, when
he swells with pride. More's Antidote against Atheism.

PUGH. interj. [corrupted from puff, or borrowed from the sound.]
A word of contempt.

PU’GIL. n. s. [pugille, Fr.] What is taken up between the
thumb and two first fingers. Dict.
Take violets, and infuse a good pugil of them in a quart
of vinegar. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PUGNA’CIOUS. adj. [pugnax, Lat.] Inclinable to fight; quar­
relsome; fighting.

PUGNA’CITY. n. s. [from pugnax, Lat.] Quarrelsomeness;
inclination to fight.

PUI

PU’ISNE. adj. [puis nè, French. It is commonly spoken and
written puny. See PUNY.]
1. Young; younger; later in time.
When the place of a chief judge becomes vacant, a puisne
judge, who hath approved himself deserving, should be pre­
ferred. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.


If he undergo any alteration, it must be in time, or of a
puisne date to eternity. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Petty; inconsiderable; small.
A puisne tilter, that spurs his horse but one side, breaks his
staff like a noble goose. Shakesp. As You Like it.

PUI’SSANCE. n. s. [puissance, Fr.] Power; strength; force.
The chariots were drawn not by the strength of horses,
but by the puissance of men. Destruction of Troy.
Grandsires, babies and old women;
Or past, or not arriv'd to, pith and puissance. Shakesp.
Look with forehead bold and big enough
Upon the pow'r and puissance of the king. Shakesp.
Our puissance is our own; our own right hand
Shall teach us highest deeds. Milton.

PUI’SSANT. adj. [puissant, Fr.] Powerful; strong; forcible.
The queen is coming with a puissant host. Shakesp.
Told the most piteous tale of Lear
That ever ear receiv'd; which in recounting
His grief grew puissant, and the strings of life
Began to crack. Shakesp. King Lear.
For piety renown'd and puissant deeds. Milton.
The climate of Syria, the far distance from the strength of
Christendom, and the near neighbourhood of those that were
most puissant among the Mahometans, caused that famous en­
terprise, after a long continuance of terrible war, to be quite
abandoned. Raleigh's Essays.

PUI’SSANTLY. adv. [from puissant.] Powerfully; forcibly.

PUKE. n. s. [of uncertain derivation.] Vomit; medicine
causing vomit.

To PUKE. v. n. To spew; to vomit.
The infant
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. Shakesp.

PU’KER. n. s. [from puke.] Medicine causing a vomit.
The puker rue,
The sweetner sassafras are added too. Garth.

PUL

PU’LCHRITUDE. n. s. [pulchritudo, Lat.] Beauty; grace;
handsomeness; quality opposite to deformity.
Neither will it agree unto the beauty of animals, wherein
there is an approved pulchritude. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Pulchritude is conveyed by the outward senses unto the soul,
but a more intellectual faculty is that which relishes it. More.
By their virtuous behaviour they compensate the hardness
of their favour, and by the pulchritude of their souls make
up what is wanting in the beauty of their bodies. South.
That there is a great pulchritude and comeliness of propor­
tion in the leaves, flowers and fruits of plants, is attested by
the general verdict of mankind. Ray on the Creation.

To PULE. v. n. [piauler, Fr.]
1. To cry like a chicken.
Let the songs be loud and cheerful, and not chirpings or
pulings; let the musick likewise be sharp and loud. Bacon.
2. To whine; to cry; to whimper.
To speak puling like a beggar at Hallomass. Shakesp.
To have a wretched puling fool,
A whining mammet, in her fortune's tender,
To answer, I'll not wed. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Weak puling things unable to sustain
Their share of labour, and their bread to gain. Dryden.
When ice covered the water, the child bathed his legs; a
nd when he began this custom, was puling and tender. Locke.
This puling whining harlot rules his reason,
And prompts his zeal for Edward's bastard brood. Rowe.

PU’LICK. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

PULI’COSE. adj. [pulicosus, pulex, Latin.] Abounding with
fleas. Dict.

PU’LIOL. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

To PULL. v. a. [pullian, Saxon.]
1. To draw violently towards one.
What they seem to offer us with the one hand, the same
with the other they pull back. Hooker.
He put forth his hand, and pulled the dove in. Gen. viii. 9.
His hand which he put forth dried up, so that he could not
pull it in again. 1 Kings xiii. 4.
Pull them out like sheep for the slaughter, and prepare them
for the day of slaughter. Jer. vii. 11.
They pulled away the shoulder and stopped their ears. Zech.
Ill fortune never crushed that man, whom good fortune
deceived not; I therefore have counselled my friends to place
all things she gave them so, as she might take them from
them, not pull them. Benj. Johnson's Discovery.
2. To draw forcibly.
He was not so desirous of wars, as without just cause of
his own to pull them upon him. Hayward.
A boy came in great hurry to pull off my boots. Swift.
3. To pluck; to gather.
When bounteous Autumn rears his head,
He joys to pull the ripen'd pear. Dryden.
Flax pulled in the bloom, will be whiter and stronger than
if let stand till the seed is ripe. Mortimer.
4. To tear; to rend.
He hath turned aside my ways, and pulled me in pieces;
he hath made me desolate. Lam. iii. 2.
Ye pull off the robe with the garment from them that pass
by securely. Mic. ii. 8.
I rent my cloaths, and pulled off the hair from off my
head. 1 Esdr. viii. 71.
5. To PULL down. To subvert; to demolish.
Although it was judged in form of a statute, that he should
be banished, and his whole estate confiscated, and his houses
pulled down, yet his case even then had no great blot of ig­
nominy. Bacon.
In political affairs, as well as mechanical, it is far easier to
pull down than build up; for that structure, which was above
ten summers a building, and that by no mean artists, was
destroyed in a moment. Howel's Vocal Forest.
When God is said to build or pull down, 'tis not to be un­
derstood of an house; God builds and unbuilds worlds. Burn.
6. To PULL down. To degrade.
He begs the gods to turn blind fortune's wheel,
To raise the wretched, and pull down the proud. Roscom.
What title has this queen but lawless force?
And force must pull her down. Dryden.
7. To PULL up. To extirpate; to eradicate.
What censure, doubting thus of innate principles, I may
deserve from men, who will be apt to call it pulling up the old
foundations of knowledge, I cannot tell; I persuade myself,
that the way I have pursued, being conformable to truth, lays
those foundations surer. Locke.

PULL. n. s. [from the verb.] The act of pulling; pluck.
This wrestling pull between Corineus and Gogmagog is
reported to have befallen at Dover. Carew.
Duke of Glo'ster, scarce himself,
That bears so shrewd a maim; two pulls at once;
His lady banish'd, and a limb lopt off. Shakesp.
I awaked with a violent pull upon the ring, which was
fastened at the top of my box. Gulliver's Travels.

PU’LLER. n. s. [from pull.] One that pulls.
Shameless Warwick, peace?
Proud setter up and puller down of kings. Shakesp.

PU’LLEN. n. s. [pulain, old Fr.] Poultry. Bailey.

PU’LLET. n. s. [poulet, Fr.] A young hen.
Brew me a pottle of sack finely.
—With eggs, Sir?
—Simple of itself; I'll no pullet sperm in my brewage. Sha.
I felt a hard tumour on the right side, the bigness of a
pullet's egg. Wiseman's Surgery.
They died not because the pullets would not feed, but be­
cause the devil foresaw their death, he contrived that absti­
nence in them. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PU’LLEY. n. s. [pouliè, Fr.] A small wheel turning on a pivot,
with a furrow on its outside in which a rope runs.
Nine hundred of the strongest men were employed to draw
up these cords by many pulleys fastened on the poles, and, in
three hours, I was raised and slung into the engine. Gulliver.
Here pullies make the pond'rous oak ascend. Gay.

To PULLU’LATE. v. n. [pullulo, Lat. pulluler, Fr.] To ger­
minate; to bud.

PU’LMONARY. adj. [from pulmo, Lat.] Belonging to the
lungs.
The force of the air upon the pulmonary artery is but small
in respect of that of the heart. Arbuthnot.
Cold air, by its immediate contact with the surface of the
lungs, is capable of producing defluxions upon the lungs, ul­
cerations, and all sorts of pulmonick consumptions. Arbuthnot.

PU’LMONARY. n. s. [pulmonaire, Fr.] The herb lungwort. Ains.

PU’LMONICK. adj. [pulmo, Lat.] Belonging to the lungs.
An ulcer of the lungs may be a cause of pulmonick consump­
tion, or consumption of the lungs. Harvey.

PULP. n. s. [pulpa, Lat. pulpe, Fr.]
1. Any soft mass.
The jaw bones have no marrow severed, but a little pulp
of marrow diffused. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. The soft part of fruit; the part of fruit distinct from the seeds
and rind.
The savoury pulp they chew, and in the rind,
Still as they thirsted, scoop the brimming stream. Milton.
Besides this use of the pulp or pericarpium for the guard of
the seed, it serves also by a secondary intention for the suste­
nance of man and other animals. Ray.
The grub
Oft unobserv'd invades the vital core,
Pernicious tenant, and her secret cave
Enlarges hourly, preying on the pulp
Ceaseless. Philips.

PU’LPIT. n. s. [pulpitum, Lat. pulpitre, pupitre, Fr.]
1. A place raised on high, where a speaker stands.
Produce his body to the market-place,
And in the pulpit, as becomes a friend,
Speak in the order of his funeral. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
2. The higher desk in the church where the sermon is pro­
nounced; distinct from the lower desk where prayers are read.
We see on our theatres, the examples of vice rewarded,
yet it ought not to be an argument against the art, any more
than the impieties of the pulpit in the late rebellion. Dryden.


Sir Roger has given a handsome pulpit cloth, and railed in
the communion table. Addison's Spectator, No 112.
Bishops were not wont to preach out of the pulpit. Ayliffe.
Pulpits their sacred satyr learn'd to spare,
And vice admir'd to find a flatt'rer there. Pope.

PU’LPOUS. adj. [from pulp.] Soft.
The redstreak's pulpous fruit
With gold irradiate, and vermilion shines. Philips.

PU’LPOUSNESS. n. s. [from pulpous.] The quality of being
pulpous.

PU’LPY. adj. [from pulp.] Soft; pappy.
In the walnut and plumbs is a thick pulpy covering, then a
hard shell, within which is the seed. Ray on the Creation.
Putrefaction destroys the specifick difference of one vege­
table from another, converting them into a pulpy substance of
an animal nature. Arbuthnot on Aliments

PULSA’TION. n. s. [pulsation, Fr. pulsatio, from pulso, Lat.]
The act of beating or moving with quick strokes against any
thing opposing.
This original of the left vein was thus contrived, to avoid
the pulsation of the great artery. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These commotions of the mind and body oppress the heart,
whereby it is choaked and obstructed in its pulsation. Harvey.

PULSA’TOR. n. s. [from pulso, Lat.] A striker; a beater.

PULSE. n. s. [pulsus, Lat.]
1. The motion of an artery as the blood is driven through it by
the heart, and as it is perceived by the touch.
Pulse is thus accounted for: when the left ventricle of the
heart contracts, and throws its blood into the great artery, the
blood in the artery is not only thrust forward towards the ex­
tremities, but the channel of the artery is likewise dilated;
because fluids, when they are pressed, press again to all sides,
and their pressure is always perpendicular to the sides of the con­
taining vessels; but the coats of the artery, by any small impe­
tus, may be distended: therefore, upon the contraction or sys­
tole of the heart, the blood from the lest ventricle will not only
press the blood in the artery forwards, but both together will
distend the sides of the artery: when the impetus of the blood
against the sides of the artery ceases; that is, when the left
ventricle ceases to contract, then the spiral fibres of the ar­
tery, by their natural elasticity, return again to their former
state, and contract the channel of the artery, till it is again
dilated by the diastole of the heart: this diastole of the artery
is called its pulse, and the time the spiral fibres are returning
to their natural state, is the distance between two pulses: this
pulse is in all the arteries of the body at the same time; for,
while the blood is thrust out of the heart into the artery, the
artery being full, the blood must move in all the arteries at
the same time; and because the arteries are conical, and the
blood moves from the basis of the cone to the apex, therefore
the blood must strike against the sides of the vessels, and con­
sequently every point of the artery must be dilated at the same
time that the blood is thrown out of the left ventricle of the
heart; and as soon as the elasticity of the spiral fibres can
overcome the impetus of the blood, the arteries are again con­
tracted: thus two causes operating alternately, the heart and
fibres of the arteries, keep the blood in a continual motion:
an high pulse is either vehement or strong, but if the dilatation
of the artery does not rise to its usual height, it is called a low
or weak pulse; but if between its dilatations there passes more
time than usual, it is called a slow pulse: again, if the coats
of an artery feel harder than usual from any cause whatsoever,
it is called an hard pulse; but if by any contrary cause they
are softer, then it is called a soft pulse. Quincy.
Think you, I bear the shears of destiny?
Have I commandment on the pulse of life? Shakesp.
The prosperity of the neighbour kingdoms is not inferior
to that of this, which, according to the pulse of states, is a
great diminution of their health. Clarendon.
My body is from all diseases free;
My temp'rate pulse does regularly beat. Dryden.
If one drop of blood remain in the heart at every pulse,
those, in many pulses, will grow to a considerable mass. Arb.
2. Oscillation; vibration; alternate expansion and contraction;
alternate approach and recession.
The vibrations or pulses of this medium, that they may
cause the alternate fits of easy transmission and easy reflexion,
must be swifter than light, and by consequence above seven
hundred thousand times swifter than sounds. Newton.
3. To feel one's PULSé. To try or know one's mind artfully.
4. [From pull.] Leguminous plants.
With Elijah he partook,
Or as a guest with Daniel at his pulse. Milton.
Mortals, from your fellows blood abstain!
While corn and pulse by nature are bestow'd. Dryden.
Tares are as advantageous to land as other pulses. Mort.

To PULSE. v. n. [from the noun.] To beat as the pulse.
The heart, when separated wholly from the body in some
animals, continues still to pulse for a considerable time. Ray.

PU’LSION. n. s. [from pulsus, Lat.] The act of driving or of
forcing forward: in opposition to suction or traction.
Admit it might use the motion of pulsion, yet it could never
that of attraction. More's Divine Dialogues.
By attraction we do not here understand what is improperly
called so, in the operations of drawing, sucking and pump­
ing, which is really pulsion and trusion. Bentley.

PU’LVERABLE. adj. [from pulveris, Lat.] Possible to be reduced
to dust.
In making the first ink, I could by filtration separate a pretty
store of a black pulverable substance that remained in the
fire. Boyle on Colours.

PULVERIZA’TION. n. s. [from pulverize.] The act of pow­
dering; reduction to dust or powder.

To PU’LVERIZE. v. a. [from pulveris, Lat. pulverifer, Fr.]
To reduce to powder; to reduce to dust.
If the experiment be carefully made, the whole mixture
will shoot into fine crystals, that seem to be of an uniform
substance, and are consistent enough to be even brittle, and
to endure to be pulverized and sifted. Boyle.

PU’LVERULENCE. n. s. [pulverulentia, Lat.] Dustiness; abun­
dance of dust.

PU’LVIL. n. s. [pulvillum, Lat.] Sweet scents.
The toilette, nursery of charms,
Completely furnish'd with bright beauty's arms,
The patch, the powder-box, pulvil, perfumes. Gay.

To PU’LVIL. v. a. [from the noun.] To sprinkle with per­
fumes in powder.
Have you pulvilled the coachman and postilion, that they
may not stink of the stable. Congreve's Way of the World.

PUM

PU’MICE. n. s. [pumex, pumicis, Lat.]
The pumice is evidently a slag or cinder of some fossil, ori­
ginally bearing another form, and only reduced to this state
by the violent action of fire: it is a lax and spungy matter
full of little pores and cavities, found in masses of different
sizes and shapes, of a pale, whitish, grey colour: the pumice
is found in many parts of the world, but particularly about
the burning mountains Etna, Vesuvius and Hecla: it is used
as a dentifrice. Hill's Materia Medica.
So long I shot, that all was spent,
Though pumice stones I hastily hent,
And threw; but nought availed. Spenser.
Etna and Vesuvius, which consist upon sulphur, shoot forth
smoke, ashes and pumice, but no water. Bacon.
Near the Lucrine lake,
Steams of sulphur raise a stifling heat,
And through the pores of the warm pumice sweat. Addison.

PU’MMEL. n. s. See POMMEL.

PUMP. n. s. pompe, Dutch and French.]
1. An engine by which water is drawn up from wells: its ope­
ration is performed by the pressure of the air.
A pump grown dry will yield no water, unless you pour a
little water into it first. More's Antidote against Atheism.
In the framing that great ship built by Hiero, Athenæus
mentions this instrument as being instead of a pump, by the
help of which one man might easily drain out the water
though very deep. Wilkins's Dædalus.
These pumps may be made single with a common pump
handle, for one man to work them, or double for two.
Mortimer.
2. A shoe with a thin sole and low heel.
Get good strings to your beards, new ribbons to your
pumps. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Gabriel's pumps were all unpink'd i' th' heel. Shakesp.
Follow me this jest, now, till thou hast worn out thy pump,
that when the single sole of it is worn, the jest may remain
singular. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Thalia's ivy shews her prerogative over comical poesy;
her mask, mantle and pumps are ornaments belonging to the
stage. Peacham.
The water and sweat
Splish splash in their pumps. Swift's Miscel.

To PUMP. v. n. [pompen, Dutch.] To work a pump; to
throw out water by a pump.
The folly of him, who pumps very laboriously in a ship,
yet neglects to stop the leak. Decay of Piety.

To PUMP. v. a.
1. To raise or throw out by means of a pump.
2. To examine artfully by fly interrogatories, so as to draw out
any secrets or concealments.
The one's the learned knight, seek out,
And pump them what they come about. Hudibras.
Ask him what passes
Amongst his brethren, he'll hide nothing from you;
But pump not me for politicks. Otway's Venice Preserv'd.

PUM’PER. n. s. [from pump.] The person or the instrument
that pumps.
The flame lasted about two minutes, from the time the
pumper began to draw out air. Boyle.

PU’MPION. n. s. A plant.
The flower of the pumpion consists of one leaf, which is
bell-shaped, expanded at the top, and cut into several seg­
ments: of these flowers some are male, and some female, as
in the cucumbers and melons: the female flowers grow upon
the top of the embryo, which afterwards becomes an oblong
or round fleshy fruit, having sometimes an hard, rugged and


uneven rind, with knobs and furrows, and is often divided
into three parts, inclosing flat seeds that are edged or rimmed
about as it were with a ring, and fixed to a spongy pla­
centa. Miller.
We'll use this gross watry pumpion, and teach him to know
turtles from jays. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

PUN

PUN. n. s. [I know not whence this word is to be deduced:
to pun, is to grind or beat with a pestle; can pun mean an
empty sound, like that of a mortar beaten, as clench, the old
word for pun, seems only a corruption of clink?] An equi­
vocation; a quibble; an expression where a word has at once
different meanings.
It is not the word, but the figure that appears on the me­
dal: cuniculus may stand for a rabbit or a mine, but the
picture of a rabbit is not the picture of a mine: a pun can be
no more engraven, than it can be translated. Addison.
But fill their purse, our poet's work is done,
Alike to them by pathos, or by pun. Pope.

To PUN. v. n. [from the noun.] To quibble; to use the same
word at once in different senses.
The hand and head were never lost, of those
Who dealt in doggrel, or who punn'd in prose. Dryden.
You would be a better man, if you could pun like Sir
Tristram. Tatler, No 57.

To PUNCH. v. a. [poinçonner, Fr.] To bore or perforate by
driving a sharp instrument.
When I was mortal, my anointed body
By thee was punched full of deadly holes. Shakesp.
By reason of its constitution it continued open, as I have
seen a hole punched in leather. Wiseman's Surgery.
Your work will sometimes require to have holes punched in
it at the forge, you must then make a steel punch, and har­
den the point of it without tempering. Moxon.
The fly may, with the hollow and sharp tube of her womb,
punch and perforate the skin of the eruca, and cast her eggs
into her body. Ray on the Creation.

PUNCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A pointed instrument, which, driven by a blow, perforates
bodies.
The shank of a key the punch cannot strike, because the
shank is not forged with substance sufficient; but the drill cuts
a true round hole. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
2. [Cant word.] A liquour made by mixing spirit with water,
sugar, and the juice of lemons.
The West India dry gripes are occasioned by lime juice in
punch. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
No brute can endure the taste of strong liquor, and con­
sequently it is against all the rules of hieroglyph to assign
those animals as patrons of punch. Swift.
3. [Punchinello, Italian.] The buffoon or harlequin of the
puppet-show.
Of rareeshows he sung and punch's feats. Gay.
4. Punch is a horse that is well set and well knit, having a short
back and thin shoulders, with a broad neck, and well lined
with flesh. Farrier's Dict.
5. [Pumilio obesus, Lat.] In contempt or ridicule, a short fat
fellow.

PU’NCHEON. n. s. [poinçon, Fr.]
1. An instrument driven so as to make a hole or impression.
He granted liberty of coining to certain cities and abbies,
allowing them one staple and two puncheons at a rate. Camd.
2. A measure of liquids.

PU’NCHER. n. s. [from punch.] An instrument that makes an
impression or hole.
In the upper jaw are five teeth before, not incisors or cut­
ters, but thick punchers. Grew's Musæum.

PUNCTI’LIO. n. s. A small nicety of behaviour; a nice
point of exactness.
Common people are much astonished, when they hear of
those solemn contests which are made among the great, upon
the punctilios of a publick ceremony. Addison.
Punctilio is out of doors, the moment a daughter clan­
destinely quits her father's house. Clarissa.

PUNCTI’LIOUS. adj. [from punctilio.] Nice; exact; punctual
to superstition.
Some depend on a punctilious observance of divine laws,
which they hope will attone for the habitual transgression of
the rest. Rogers's Sermons.

PUNCTI’LIOUSNESS. n. s. [from punctilious.] Nicety; exact­
ness of behaviour.

PU’NCTO. n. s. [punto, Spanish.]
1. Nice point of ceremony.
The final conquest of Granada from the Moors, king Fer­
dinando displayed in his letters, with all the particularities
and religious punctos and ceremonies that were observed in
the reception of that city and kingdom. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. The point in fencing.
Vat be all you come for?
—To see thee here, to see thee there, to see thee pass thy
puncto. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

PU’NCTUAL. adj. [punctuel, Fr.]
1. Comprised in a point; consisting in a point.
This earth a spot, a grain,
An atom with the firmament compar'd,
And all her number'd stars, that seem to rowl
Spaces incomprehensible; for such
Their distance argues, and their swift return
Diurnal, merely to officiate light
Round this opacous earth, this punctual spot. Milton.
2. Exact; nice; punctilious.
A gentleman punctual of his word, when he had heard that
two had agreed upon a meeting, and the one neglected his
hour, would say of him, he is a young man then. Bacon.
This mistake to avoid, we must observe the punctual diffe­
rences of time, and so distinguish thereof, as not to confound
or lose the one in the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
That the women are menstruent, and the men pubescent
at the year of twice seven, is accounted a punctual truth. Bro.
He was punctual and just in all his dealings. Atterbury.
The correspondence of the death and sufferings of our lord
is so punctual and exact, that they seem rather like a history of
events past, than a prophecy of such as were to come. Rogers.

PUNCTU’ALITY. n. s. [from punctual.] Nicety; scrupulous
exactness.
For the encouragement of those that hereafter should serve
other princes with that punctuality as Sophronio had done, he
commanded him to offer him a blank, wherein he might set
down his own conditions. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Though some of these punctualities did not so much con­
duce to preserve the text, yet all of them shew, the infinite
care which was taken, that there might be no mistake in a
single letter. Grew's Cosmol.

PU’NCTUALLY. adv. [from punctual.] Nicely; exactly; scru­
pulously.
There were no use at all for war or law, if every man had
prudence to conceive how much of right were due both to
and from himself, and were withal so punctually just as to per­
form what he knew requisite, and to rest contented with his
own. Raleigh's Essays.
Concerning the heavenly bodies, there is so much exactness
in their motions, that they punctually come to the same pe­
riods to the hundredth part of a minute. Ray on the Creation.
I freely bring what Moses hath related to the test, compar­
ing it with things as now they stand; and finding his account
to be punctually true, I fairly declare what I find. Woodward.

PU’NCTUALNESS. n. s. [from punctual.] Exactness; nicety.
The most literal translation of the scriptures, in the most
natural signification of the words, is generally the best; and
the same punctualness which debaseth other writings, pre­
serveth the spirit and majesty of the sacred text. Felton.

PUNCTUA’TION. n. s. [punctum, Lat.] The act or method of
pointing.
It ought to do it willingly, without being forced to it by
any change in the words or punctuation. Addison.

PU’NCTURE. n. s. [punctus, Lat.] A small prick; a hole
made with a very sharp point.
With the loadstone of Laurentius Guascus, whatsoever
needles or bodies were touched, the wounds and punctures
made thereby were never felt. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Nerves may be wounded by scission or puncture: the former
way being cut through, they are irrecoverable; but when
pricked by a sharp-pointed weapon, which kind of wound is
called a puncture, they are much to be regarded. Wiseman.

To PU’NCTULATE. v. n. [punctulum, Lat.] To mark with
small spots.
The studds have their surface punctulated, as if set all over
with other studds infinitely lesser. Woodward.

PU’NDLE. n. s. [mulier pumila & obesa, Lat.] A short and fat
woman. Ainsworth.

PU’NGAR. n. s. [pagurus, Lat.] A fish. Ainsworth.

PU’NGENCY. n. s. [from pungent.]
1. Power of pricking.
Any substance, which by its pungency can wound the worms,
will kill them, as steel and hartshorn. Arbuthnot.
2. Heat on the tongue; acridness.
3. Power to pierce the mind.
An opinion of the successfulness of the work is as neces­
sary to found a purpose of undertaking it, as the authority of
commands, the persuasiveness of promises, pungency of me­
naces, or prospect of mischiefs upon neglect can be. Hamm.
4. Acrimoniousness; keeness.
When he hath considered the force and pungency of these
expressions applied to the fathers of that Nicene synod by the
Western bishops, he may abate his rage towards me. Stillingfl.

PU’NGENT. adj. [pungens, Lat.]
1. Pricking.
Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew,
A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;
The gnomes direct to ev'ry atom just,
The pungent grains of itillating dust. Pope's Ra. of the Lock.
2. Sharp on the tongue; acrid.
Do not the sharp and pungent tastes of acids arise from the
strong attraction, whereby the acid particles rush upon, and
agitate the particles of the tongue. Newton's Opticks.


3. Piercing; sharp.
Thou can'st set him on the rack,
Inclose him in a wooden tow'r,
With pungent pains on ev'ry side;
So Regulus in torments dy'd. Swift's Miscellanies.
4. Acrimonious; biting.
It consists chiefly a sharp and pungent manner of speech;
but partly in a facetious way of jesting. Dryden.

PU’NICE. n. s. A wallouse; a bugg. Hudibras. Ainsworth.

PUNI’CEOUS. adj. [puniceus, Lat.] Purple. Dict.

PU’NINESS. n. s. [from puny.] Pettiness; smallness.

To PU’NISH. v. a. [punio, Lat.]
1. To chastise; to afflict with penalties or death for some crime.
Your purpos'd low correction
Is such, as basest and the meanest wretches
Are punished with. Shakesp. King Lear.
If you will not hearken, I will punish you seven times
more for your sins. Lev. xxvi. 18.
2. To revenge a fault with pain or death.

PU’NISHABLE. adj. [punissable, Fr. from punish.] Worthy of
punishment; capable of punishment.
Theft is naturally punishable, but the kind of punishment is
positive, and such lawful, as men shall think with discretion
convenient to appoint. Hooker, b. iii. s. 9.
Sith creatures, which have no understanding, can shew no
will; and where no will is, there is no sin; and only that
which sinneth, is subject to punishment; which way should
any such creature be punishable by the law of God? Hooker.
Their bribery is less punishable, when bribery opened the
door by which they entred. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

PU’NISHABLENESS. n. s. [from punishable.] The quality of
deserving or admitting punishment.

PU’NISHER. n. s. [from punish.] One who inflicts pains for a
crime.
This knows my punisher; therefore as far
From granting me, as I from begging peace. Milton.

PU’NISHMENT. n. s. [punissement, Fr.] Any infliction imposed
in vengeance of a crime.
The house of endless pain is built thereby,
In which ten thousand sorts of punishments
The cursed creatures do eternally torment. Fa. Queen.
Unless it were a bloody murtherer,
I never gave them condign punishment. Shakesp.
Thou, through the judgment of God, shalt receive just
punishment for thy pride. 2 Mac. vii. 36.
Is not destruction to the wicked? and a strange punishment
to the workers of iniquity? Job xxxi. 3.
Had I a hundred mouths, a hundred tongues,
I could not half those horrid crimes repeat,
Nor half the punishments those crimes have met. Dryden.
The rewards and punishments of another life, which the
Almighty has established, as the enforcements of his law,
are of weight enough to determine the choice, against what­
ever pleasure or pain this life can shew. Locke.

PUNI’TION. n. s. [punition, Fr. punitio, Lat.] Punishment. Ains.

PU’NITIVE. adj. [from punio, Lat.] Awarding or inflicting
punishment.
Neither is the cylinder charged with sin, whether by God
or men, nor any punitive law enacted by either against its
rolling down the hill. Hammond's Fundamentals.

PU’NITORY. adj. [from punio, Lat.] Punishing; tending to
punishment.

PUNK. n. s. A whore; a common prostitute; a strumpet.
She may be a punk; for many of them are neither maid,
widow, nor wife. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
And made them fight, like mad or drunk,
For dame religion as for punk. Hudibras.
Near these a nursery erects its head,
Where unfledg'd actors learn to laugh and cry,
Where infant punks their tender voices try. Dryden.

PU’NSTER. n. s. [from pun.] A quibbler; a low wit who en­
deavours at reputation by double meaning.
His mother was cousin to Mr. Swan, gamester and punster
of London. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To PUNT. v. n. To play at basset and ombre.
One is for setting up an assembly for basset, where none
shall be admitted to punt, that have not taken the oaths. Add.
When a duke to Jansen punts at White's,
Or city heir in mortgage melts away,
Satan himself feels far less joy than they. Pope.

PU’NY, adj. [puis nè, Fr.]
1. Young.
2. Inferior; petty; of an under rate.
Is not the king's name forty thousand names?
Arm, arm, my name; a puny subject strikes
At thy great glory. Shakesp. Rich. II.
Know me not,
Lest that thy wives with spits, and boys with stones,
In puny battle slay me. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Drive
The puny habitants; or if not drive,
Seduce them to our party. Milton.
This friendship is of that strength, as to remain unshaken
by such assaults, which yet are strong enough to shake down
and annihilate the friendship of little puny minds. South.
Jove at their head ascending from the sea,
A shoal of puny pow'rs attend his way. Dryden.

PU’NY. n. s. A young unexperienced unseasoned wretch.
Tenderness of heart makes a man but a puny in this sin;
it spoils the growth, and cramps the crowning exploits of this
vice. South's Sermons.

PUP

To PUP. v. n. [from puppy.] To bring forth whelps: used of
a bitch bringing young.

PU’PIL. n. s. [pupilla, Lat.]
1. The apple of the eye.
Looking in a glass, when you shut one eye, the pupil of
the other, that is open, dilateth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Setting a candle before a child, bid him look upon it, and
his pupil shall contract itself very much to exclude the light;
as when after we have been some time in the dark, a bright
light is suddenly brought in and set before us, till the pupils of
our eyes have gradually contracted. Ray on the Creation.
The uvea has a musculous power, and can dilate and con­
tract that round hole in it, called the pupil of the eye. More.
The rays, which enter the eye at several parts of the pupil,
have several obliquities to the glasses. Newton's Opticks.
2. [Pupille, Fr. pupillus, Lat.] A scholar; one under the care
of a tutor.
My master sues to her, and she hath taught her suitor,
He being her pupil, to become her tutor. Shakesp.
One of my father's servants,
With store of tears this treason 'gan unfold,
And said my guardian would his pupil kill. Fairfax.
If this arch-politician find in his pupils any remorse, any
fear of God's future judgments, he persuades them that God
hath so great need of men's souls, that he will accept them
at any time, and upon any condition. Raleigh.
Tutors should behave reverently before their pupils. L'Est.
The great work of a governor is, to settle in his pupil good
habits, and the principles of virtue and wisdom. Locke.
3. A ward; one under the care of his guardian.
Tell me, thou pupil to great Pericles,
What are the grounds
To undertake so young so vast a care? Dryden.
So some weak shoot, which else would poorly rise,
Jove's tree adopts, and lifts him to the skies;
Through the new pupil soft'ning juices flow,
Thrust forth the gems, and give the flow'rs to blow. Tickel.

PU’PILAGE. n. s. [from pupil.]
1. State of being a scholar.
The severity of the father's brow, whilst they are under
the discipline of pupilage, should be relaxed as fast as their age,
discretion, and good behaviour allow. Locke.
2. Wardship; minority.
Three sons he dying left, all under age,
By means whereof their uncle Vortigern
Usurp'd the crown, during their pupilage;
Which the infant's tutors gathering to fear,
Them closely into Armorick did bear. Fairy Queen.

PU’PILARY. adj. [pupillaire, Fr. pupillaris, Lat. from pupil.]
Pertaining to a pupil or ward.

PU’PPET. n. s. [poupée, Fr. pupus, Lat.]
1. A small image moved by men in a mock drama; a wooden
tragedian.
Once Zelmane could not stir; but that as if they had been
puppets, whose motion stood only upon her pleasure, Basilius
with serviceable steps, Gynecia with greedy eyes would fol­
low her. Sidney, b. ii.
Divers of them did keep in their houses certain things made
of cotton wool, in the manner of puppets. Abbot.
His last wife was a woman of breeding, good humour and
complaisance; as for you, you look like a puppet moved by
clock-work. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
As the pipes of some carv'd organ move,
The gilded puppets dance. Pope.
In florid impotence he speaks,
And, as the prompter breathes, the puppet squeaks. Pope.
2. A word of contempt.
Thou, an Egyptian puppet, shalt be shewn
In Rome as well as I. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Oh excellent motion! oh exceeding puppet! Shakesp.

PU’PPETMAN. n. s. [puppet and man.] Master of a puppet­
show.
Why is a handsome wife ador'd
By every coxcomb but her lord?
From yonder puppetman inquire,
Who wisely hides his wood and wire. Swift.

PU’PPETSHOW. n. s. [puppet and show.] A mock drama per­
formed by wooden images moved by wire.
Tim. you have a taste I know,
And often see a puppetshow. Swift.
To induce him to be fond of learning, he would frequently
carry him to the puppetshow. Arbuthnot and Pope.


A president of the council will make no more impression
upon my mind, than the sight of a puppetshow. Pope.

PU’PPY. n. s. [poupée, Fr.]
1. A whelp; progeny of a bitch.
He
Talks as familiarly of roaring lions,
As maids of thirteen do of puppy dogs. Shakesp.
The rogues slighted me into the river with as little remorse,
as they would have drowned a bitch's blind puppies, fifteen
i' th' litter. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The sow to the bitch says, your puppies are all blind. L'Est.
Nature does the puppy's eyelid close,
Till the bright sun has nine times set and rose. Gay.
2. A name of contemptuous reproach to a man.
I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy headed monster;
a most scurvy monster! Shakesp. Tempest.
Thus much I have added, because there are some puppies
which have given it out. Raleigh.
I found my place taken up by an ill-bred aukward puppy,
with a money bag under each arm. Addison's Guardian.

To PU’PPY. v. n. [from the noun.] To bring whelps.

PUR

PURBLI’ND. adj. [corrupted from poreblind, which is still
used in Scotland; pore and blind.] Nearsighted; shortsighted.
Speak to my gossip Venus one fair word,
One nickname to her purblind son and heir. Shakesp.
The truth appears so naked on my side,
That any purblind eye may find it out. Shakesp.
'Tis known to several
Of head piece extraordinary; lower messes
Perchance, are to this business purblind. Shakesp.
Like to purblind moles, no greater light than that little
which they shun. Drummond.
Darkness, that here surrounded our purblind understandings,
will vanish at the dawning of eternal day. Boyle.
Dropt in blear thick-sighted eyes,
They'd make them see in darkest night,
Like owls, though purblind in the light. Hudibras.
Purblind man
Sees but a part o' th' chain, the nearest links;
His eyes not carrying to that equal beam,
That poises all above. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.

PURBLI’NDNESS. n. s. [from purblind.] Shortness of sight.

PU’RCHASABLE. adj. [from purchase.] That may be purchased
or bought.
Money being the counterbalance to all things purchasable by
it, as much as you take off from the value of money, so
much you add to the price of things exchanged for it. Locke.

To PU’RCHASE. v. a. [pourchasser, Fr.]
1. To buy for a price.
You have many a purchas'd slave,
Which like your asses, and your dogs and mules,
You use in abject and in slavish part. Shakesp.
His sons buried him in the cave, which Abraham purchased
of the sons of Heth. Gen. xxv.
2. To obtain at any expence, as of labour or danger.
A world who would not purchase with a bruise. Milton.
3. To expiate or recompense by a fine or forfeit.
I will be deaf to pleading and excuses,
Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses;
Therefore use none. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.

PU’RCHASE. n. s. [pourchas, old Fr. from the verb.]
1. Any thing bought or obtained for a price.
He that procures his child a good mind, makes a better
purchase for him, than if he laid out the money for an addi­
tion to his former acres. Locke on Education.
Our thriving dean has purchas'd land;
A purchase which will bring him clear
Above his rent four pounds a year. Swift.
2. Any thing of which possession is taken.
A beauty waining and distressed widow
Made prize and purchase of his wanton eye;
Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his thoughts
To base declension. Shakesp.
The sox repairs to the wolf's cell, and takes possession of
his stores; but he had little joy of the purchase. L'Estrange.

PU’RCHASER. n. s. [from purchase.] A buyer; one that gains
any thing for a price.
Upon one only alienation and change, the purchaser is to
pass both licence, fine and recovery. Bacon.
So unhappy have been the purchasers of church lands, that,
though in such purchases, men have usually the cheapest penny­
worths, yet they have not always the best bargains. South.
Most of the old statues may be well supposed to have been
cheaper to their first owners, than they are to a modern
purchaser. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

PURE. adj. [pur, pure, Fr. purus, Lat.]
1. Not filthy; not sullied.
There is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, and
yet is not washed from their filthiness. Prov. xxx. 12.
2. Clear; not dirty; not muddy.
Thou purest stone, whose pureness doth present
My purest mind. Sidney, b. ii.
3. Unmingled; not altered by mixtures; mere.
What philosophy shall comfort a villain, that is haled to
the rack for murthering his prince? his cup is full of pure and
unmingled sorrow, his body is rent with torment, his name
with ignominy, his soul with shame and sorrow, which are to
last eternally. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Pure and mixt, when applied to bodies, are much a kin to
simple and compound; so a guinea is pure gold, if it has in
it no allay. Watts's Logick.
4. Not connected with any thing extrinsick: as, pure mathe­
maticks.
Mathematicks in its latitude is divided into pure and mixed;
and though the pure do handle only abstract quantity in the
general, as geometry; yet that which is mixed doth consider
the quantity of some particular determinate subject. Wilkins.
When a proposition expresses that the predicate is connected
with the subject, it is called a pure proposition; as every true
christian is an honest man. Watts.
5. Free; clear.
His mind of evil pure
Supports him, and intention free from fraud. Philips.
6. Free from guilt; guiltless; innocent.
Who can say, I have made my heart clean, I am pure
from my sin? Prov. xx. 9.
O welcome pure ey'd faith,
And thou unblemish'd form of chastity. Milton.
No hand of strife is pure, but that which wins. Daniel.
7. Incorrupt; not vitiated by any bad practice or opinion.
Her guiltless glory just Britannia draws
From pure religion, and impartial laws. Tickel.
8. Not vitiated with corrupt modes of speech.
As oft as I read those comedies, so oft doth sound in mine
ear the pure fine talk of Rome. Ascham.
9. Mere: as, a pure villain, purus putus nebulo, Lat.
The lord of the castle was a young man of spirit, but had
lately out of pure weariness of the fatigue, and having spent
most of his money, left the king. Clarendon.
There happened a bloody civil war among the hawks,
when the peaceable pigeons, in pure pity and good na­
ture, send their mediators to make them friends again.
L'Estrange's Fables.
10. Chaste; modest. Ainsworth.

PU’RELY. adv. [from pure.]
1. In a pure manner; not dirtily; not with mixture.
I will purely purge away thy dross, and take away all thy
tin. Isaiah i. 25.
2. Innocently; without guilt.
3. Merely.
The being able to raise an army, and conducting it to fight
against the king, was purely due to him, and the effect of his
power. Clarendon, b. viii.
Upon the particular observations on the metallick and mi­
neral bodies, I have not founded any thing but what purely
and immediately concerns the natural history of those
bodies. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
I converse in full freedom with men of both parties; and if
not in equal number, it is purely accidental, as having made
acquaintance at court more under one ministry than another.
Swift.

PU’RENESS. n. s. [from pure.]
1. Clearness; freedom from extraneous or foul admixtures.
They came to the river side, which of all the rivers of
Greece had the prize for excellent pureness and sweetness, in
so much as the very bathing in it was accounted exceeding
healthful. Sidney.
No circumstances are like to contribute more to the ad­
vancement of learning, than exact temperance, great pure­
ness of air, equality of climate, and long tranquility of go­
vernment. Temple.
2. Simplicity; exemption from composition.
An essence eternal and spiritual, of absolute pureness and
simplicity. Raleigh.
My love was such,
It could, though he supply'd no fuel, burn;
Rich in itself, like elemental fire,
Whose pureness does no aliment require. Dryden.
3. Innocence; freedom from guilt.
May we evermore serve thee in holiness and pureness of
living. Common Prayer.
4. Freedom from vitious modes of speech.
In all this good propriety of words, and pureness of phrases
in Terence, you must not follow him always in placing of
them. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

PU’RFILE. n. s. [pourfilée, Fr.] A sort of ancient trimming for
women's gowns, made of tinsel and thread; called also
bobbin work. Bailey.

To PU’RFLE. v. a. [pourfiler, Fr. profilare, Italian.] To de­
corate with a wrought or flowered border; to border with
embroidery; to embroider.
A goodly lady clad in scarlet red,
Purfled with gold and pearl of rich assay. Fa. Queen.


Emrold tuffs, flow'rs purfled blue and white,
Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery,
Buckled below fair knighthood's bending knee. Shakesp.
Iris there with humid bow,
Waters the odorous banks that blow
Flowers of more mingled hew,
Than her purfled scarff can shew. Milton.
In velvet white as snow the troop was gown'd,
Their hoods and sleeves the same, and purfled o'er
With diamonds. Dryden.

PU’RFLE. n. s. [pourfilée, Fr. from the verb.] A border of
embroidery.

PU’RFLEW. n. s. [pourfilée, Fr. from the verb.] A border of
embroidery.

PURGA’TION. n. s. [purgation, Fr. purgatio, Lat.]
1. The act of cleansing or purifying from vitious mixtures.
We do not suppose the separation finished, before the pur­
gation of the air began. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. The act of cleansing the body by downward evacuation.
Let the physician apply himself more to purgation than to
alteration, because the offence is in quantity. Bacon.
3. The act of clearing from imputation of guilt.
If any man doubt, let him put me to my purgation. Shak.
Proceed in justice, which shall have due course,
Even to the guilt or the purgation. Shakesp.

PU’RGATIVE. adj. [purgatif, Fr. purgativus, Lat.] Cathartick;
having the power to cause evacuations downward.
Purging medicines have their purgative virtue in a fine spi­
rit, they endure not boiling without loss of virtue. Bacon.
All that is fill'd, and all that which doth fill
All the round world, to man is but a pill;
In all it works not, but it is in all
Poisonous, or purgative, or cordial. Donne.
Lenient purgatives evacuate the humours. Wiseman.

PU’RGATORY. n. s. [purgatoire, Fr. purgatorium, Lat.] A
place in which souls are supposed by the papists to be purged
by fire from carnal impurities, before they are received into
heaven.
Thou thy folk, through pains of purgatory,
Dost bear unto thy bliss. Spenser's Hymn on Love.
In this age, there may be as great instances produced of
real charity, as when men thought to get souls out of purga­
tory. Stillingfleet.

To PURGE. v. a. [purger, Fr. purgo, Lat.]
1. To cleanse; to clear.
It will be like that labour of Hercules, in purging the stable
of Augeas, to separate from superstitious observations any
thing that is clean and pure natural. Bacon.
2. To clear from impurities.
To the English court assemble now
From ev'ry region apes of idleness;
Now neighbour confines purge you of your scum. Shakesp.
Air ventilates and colls the mines, and purges and frees
them from mineral exhalations. Woodward.
3. To clear from guilt.
Blood hath been shed ere now, i' th' olden time
Ere human statute purg'd the gen'ral weal. Shakesp.
My soul is purg'd from grudging hate;
And with my hand I seal my true heart's love. Shakesp.
The blood of Christ shall purge our conscience from dead
works to serve God. Heb. ix. 14.
Syphax, we'll join our cares to purge away
Our country's crimes, and clear her reputation. Addison.
4. To clear from imputation of guilt.
He, I accuse,
Intends t' appear before the people, hoping
To purge himself with words. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Marquis Dorset was hasting towards him, to purge himself
of some accusation. Bacon's Henry VII.
5. To sweep or put away impurities.
I will purge out from among you the rebels. Ezek. xx. 38.
Simplicity and integrity in the inward parts, may purge out
every prejudice and passion. Decay of Piety.
6. To evacuate the body by stool.
Sir Philip Calthrop purged John Drakes, the shoemaker of
Norwich, of the proud humour. Camden's Remains.
The frequent and wise use of emaciating diets, and of purg­
ings, is a principal means of a prolongation of life. Bacon.
If he was not cured, he purged him with salt water.
Arbuthnot.
7. To clarify; to defecate.

To PURGE. v. n. To have frequent stools.

PURGE. n. s. [from the verb.] A cathartick medicine; a me­
dicine that evacuates the body by stool.
Meet we the med'cine of the sickly weal,
And with him pour we in our country's purge
Each drop of us. Shakesp.
Pills nor laxatives I like;
Of these his gain the sharp physician makes,
And often gives a purge, but seldom takes. Dryden.
He was no great friend to purging and clisters; he was for
mixing aloes with all purges. Arbuthnot.

PU’RGER. n. s. [from purge.]
1. One who clears away any thing noxious.
This shall make
Our purpose necessary, and not envious;
We shall be call'd purgers, not murtherers. Shakesp.
2. Purge; cathartick.
It is of good use in physick, if you can retain the purging
virtue, and take away the unpleasant taste of the purger. Bac.

PURIFICA’TION. n. s. [purification, Fr. purificatio, Lat.]
1. The act of making pure; act of cleansing from extraneous
mixture.
I discerned a considerable difference in the operations of se­
veral kinds of saltpetre, even after purification. Boyle.
2. The act of cleansing from guilt.
The sacraments, in their own nature, are just such as they
seem, water, and bread, and wine; but because they are
made signs of a secret mystery, and water is the symbol of
purification of the soul from sin, and bread and wine, of
Christ's body and blood; therefore the symbols receive the
names of what they sign. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
3. A rite performed by the Hebrews after childbearing.

PU’RIFICATIVE. adj. [from purify.] Having power or ten­
dency to make pure.

PU’RIFICATORY. adj. [from purify.] Having power or ten­
dency to make pure.

PU’RIFIER. n. s. [from purify.] Cleanser; refiner.
He shall sit as a refiner and purifier of silver. Mal. iii. 3.

To PURI’FY. v. a. [purifier, Fr. purifico, Lat.]
1. To make pure.
2. To free from any extraneous admixture.
If any bad blood should be left in the kingdom, an honour­
able foreign war will vent or purify it. Bacon's Henry VII.
The mass of the air was many thousand times greater than
the water, and would in proportion require a greater time to
be purified. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
By chace our long-liv'd fathers earn'd their food,
Toil strung the nerves, and purified the blood. Dryden.
3. To make clear.
It ran upon so fine and delicate a ground, as one could not
easily judge, whether the river did more wash the gravel, or
the gravel did purify the river. Sidney, b. ii.
4. To free from guilt or corruption.
He gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all
iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people. Tit. ii. 14.
If God gives grace, knowledge will not stay long behind;
since it is the same spirit and principle that purifies the heart,
and clarifies the understanding. South's Sermons.
5. To free from pollution, as by lustration.
There were set six water pots of stone, after the manner of
the purifying of the Jews. Jo. ii. 6.
6. To clear from barbarisms or improprieties.
He saw the French tongue abundantly purified. Sprat.

To PURIFY. v. n. To grow pure.
We do not suppose the separation of these two liquors
wholly finished, before the purgation of the air began, though
let them begin to purify at the same time. Burnet.

PU’RIST. n. s. [puriste, Fr.] One superstitiously nice in the use
of words.

PU’RITAN. n. s. [from pure.] A sectary pretending to emi­
nent purity of religion.
The schism which the papists on the one hand, and the
superstition which the puritan on the other, lay to our charge,
are very justly chargeable upon themselves. Sanderson.

PURITA’NICAL. adj. [from puritan.] Relating to puritans.
Such guides set over the several congregations will misteach
them, by instilling into them puritanical and superstitious prin­
ciples, that they may the more securely exercise their presby­
terian tyranny. Walton.

PU’RITANISM. n. s. [from puritan.] The notions of a puritan.
A serious and unpartial examination of the grounds, as
well of popery as puritanism, according to that measure of
understanding God hath afforded me. Walton.

PU’RITY. n. s. [puritè, Fr. puritas, Lat.]
1. Cleanness; freedom from foulness or dirt.
Her urn
Pours streams select, and purity of waters. Prior.
From the body's purity, the mind
Receives a secret aid. Thomson's Summer.
2. Freedom from guilt; innocence.
Death sets us safely on shore in our long-expected Canaan,
where there are no temptations, no danger of falling, but
eternal purity and immortal joys secure our innocence and
happiness for ever. Wake's Preparation for Death.
3. Chastity; freedom from contamination of sexes.
Could I come to her with any detection in my hand, I could
drive her then from the ward of her purity, her reputation,
and her marriage vow. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

PURL. n. s. [this is justly supposed by Minshew to be contracted
from purfle.]
1. An embroidered and puckered border.
Himself came in next after a triumphant chariot made of
carnation velvet, enriched with purl and pearl. Sidney.
The jagging of pinks is like the inequality of oak leave;
but they seldom have any small purls. Bacon.
2. [I know not whence derived.] A kind of medicated malt
liquor, in which wormwood and aromaticks are infused.



To PURL. v. n. [of this word it is doubtful what is the pri­
mitive signification; if it is refered originally to the appea­
rance of a quick stream, which is always dimpled on the sur­
face, it may come from purl, a pucker or fringe; but if, as
the use of authors seem to show, it relates to the sound, it
must be derived from porla, Swedish, to murmur, according
to Mr. Lye.] To murmur; to flow with a gentle noise.
Tones are not so apt to procure sleep, as some other sounds;
as the wind, the purling of water, and humming of bees.
Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Instruments that have returns, as trumpets; or flexions, as
cornets; or are drawn up, and put from, as sacbuts, have a
purling sound; but the recorder or flute, that have none of
these inequalities, give a clear sound. Bacon.
All fish from sea or shore,
Freshet, or purling brook, or shell or fin. Milton.
My flow'ry theme,
A painted mistress, or a purling stream. Pope.
Around th' adjoining brook, that purls along
The vocal grove, now fretting o'er a rock. Thomson.

To PURL. v. a. To decorate with fringe or embroidery.
When was old Sherewood's head more quaintly curl'd,
Or nature's cradle more enchas'd and purl'd. B. Johnson.

PU’RLIEU. n. s. The grounds on the borders of a forest; bor­
der; inclosure.
In the purlieus of this forest stands
A sheepcote, senc'd about with olive trees. Shakesp.
Such civil matters fall within the purlieus of religion. L'Est.
To understand all the purlieus of this place, and to illus­
trate this subject, I must venture myself into the haunts of
beauty and gallantry. Spectator.
He may be left to rot among thieves in some stinking jail,
merely for mistaking the purlieus of the law. Swift.
A party next of glitt'ring dames,
Thrown round the purlieus of St. James,
Came early out. Swift.

PU’RLINS. n. s. In architecture, those pieces of timber that
lie across the rafters on the inside, to keep them from sinking
in the middle of their length. Bailey.

To PURLO’IN. v. a. [this word is of doubtful etymology.
Skinner deduces it from pour and loin, French; Mr. Lye from
purllouhnan, Saxon, to lie hid.] To steal; to take by theft.
He, that brave steed there finding ready dight,
Purloin'd both steed and spear, and ran away full light. F. Q.
The Arimaspian by stealth
Had, from his wakeful custody, purloin'd
The guarded gold. Milton.
They not content like felons to purloin,
Add treason to it, and debase the coin. Denham.
Some writers make all ladies purloin'd,
And knights pursuing like a whirlwind. Hudibras.
When did the muse from Fletcher scenes purloin,
As thou whole Eth'ridge dost transfuse to thine? Dryden.
Your butler purloins your liquor, and the brewer sells your
hog-wash. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
Prometheus once this chain purloin'd,
Dissolv'd, and into money coin'd. Swift.

PURLO’INER. n. s. [from purloin.] A thief; one that steals
clandestinely.
It may seem hard, to see publick purloiners sit upon the
lives of the little ones, that go to the gallows. L'Estrange.

PU’RPARTY. n. s. [pour and parti, Fr.] Share; part in division.
Each of the coparceners had an entire county allotted for
her purparty. Davies on Ireland.

PU’RPLE. adj. [pourpre, Fr. purpureus, Lat.]
1. Red tinctured with blue.
The poop was beaten gold,
Purple the sails, and so perfumed, that
The winds were love-sick with e'm. Shakesp.
You violets, that first appear,
By your pure purple mantles known;
What are you when the rose is blown? Wotton.
A small oval plate, cut off a flinty pebble, and polished,
is prettily variegated with a pale grey, blue, yellow, and
purple. Woodward on Fossils.
2. In poetry, red.
I view a field of blood,
And Tyber rolling with a purple flood. Dryden.
Their mangled limbs
Crashing at once, death dyes the purple seas
With gore. Thomson's Summer.

To PU’RPLE. v. a. [purpuro, Lat.] To make red; to colour
with purple.
Whilst your purpled hands do reak and smoak,
Fulfil your pleasure. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Cruel and suddain, hast thou since
Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence? Donne.
Though fall'n on evil days,
In darkness, and with dangers compass'd round,
And solitude! yet, not alone, while thou
Visit'st my slumbers nightly; or when morn
Purples the East. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xxx.
Throw hither all your quaint enamel'd eyes,
That on the green turf suck the honied show'rs,
And purple all the ground with vernal flow'rs. Milton.
Aurora had but newly chas'd the night,
And purpled o'er the sky with blushing light. Dryden.
Not with more glories in th' ethereal plain,
The sun first rises o'er the purpled main. Pope.
Reclining soft in blissful bow'rs,
Purpled sweet with springing flow'rs. Fenton.

PU’RPLES. n. s. [without a singular.] Spots of a livid red,
which break out in malignant fevers; a purple fever.

PU’RPLISH. adj. [from purple.] Somewhat purple.
I could change the colour, and make it purplish. Boyle.

PU’RPORT. n. s. [pourporte, Fr.] Design; tendency of a wri­
ting or discourse.
That Plato intended nothing less, is evident from the whole
scope and purport of that dialogue. Norris.

To PU’RPORT. v. a. [from the noun.] To intend; to tend to
show.
There was an article against the reception of the rebels,
purporting, that if any such rebel should be required of the
prince confederate, that the prince confederate should com­
mand him to avoid the country. Bacon's Henry VII.
They in most grave and solemn wise unfolded
Matter, which little purported, but words
Rank'd in right learned phrase. Rowe.

PU’RPOSE. n. s. [propos, Fr. propositum, Lat.]
1. Intention; design.
He quit the house of purpose, that their punishment
Might have the freer course. Shakesp. King Lear.
Change this purpose,
Which being so horrible, so bloody, must
Lead on to some foul issue. Shakesp.
He with troops of horsemen beset the passages of purpose,
that when the army should set forward, he might in the
streights, fit for his purpose, set upon them. Knolles.
And I persuade me God hath not permitted
His strength again to grow, were not his purpose
To use him farther yet. Milton's Agonistes.
St. Austin hath laid down a rule to this very purpose. Burn.
They, who are desirous of a name in painting, should
read and make observations of such things as they find for
their purpose. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
He travelled the world, on purpose to converse with the
most learned men. Guardian, No 165.
The common materials, which the ancients made their
ships of, were the ornus or wild ash; the fir was likewise
used for this purpose. Arbuthnot.
I do this, on purpose to give you a more sensible impression
of the imperfection of your knowledge. Watts.
Where men err against this method, it is usually on purpose,
and to shew their learning. Swift.
2. Effect; consequence.
To small purpose had the council of Jerusalem been as­
sembled, if once their determination being set down, men
might afterwards have defended their former opinions. Hooker.
The ground will be like a wood, which keepeth out the
sun, and so continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze,
to purpose that year. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Their design is a war, whenever they can open it with a
prospect of succeeding to purpose. Temple.
Such first principles will serve us to very little purpose, and
we shall be as much at a loss with, as without them, if they
may, by any human power, such as is the will of our teachers,
or opinions of our companions, be altered or lost in us. Locke.
He that would relish success to purpose, should keep his
passion cool, and his expectation low. Collier on Desire.
What the Romans have done is not worth notice, having
had little occasion to make use of this art, and what they
have of it to purpose being borrowed from Aristotle. Baker.
3. Instance; example.
'Tis common for double-dealers to be taken in their own
snares, as for the purpose in the matter of power. L'Est.

To PU’RPOSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To intend; to design;
to resolve.
What he did purpose, it was the pleasure of God that So­
lomon his son should perform. Hooker.
It is a purpos'd thing, and grows by plot,
To curb the nobility. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I am purposed, that my mouth shall not transgress. Ps. xvii.
This is the purpose that is purposed upon the whole
earth. Is. xiv. 26.
Paul purposed in the spirit, to go to Jerusalem. Acts xix. 21.
The christian captains, purposing to retire home, placed on
each side of the army four ranks of waggons. Knolles.
The whole included race his purpos'd prey. Milton.
Oaths were not purpos'd more than law,
To keep the good and just in awe,
But to confine the bad and sinful,
Like moral cattle in a pinfold. Hudibras.
Doubling my crime, I promise and deceive,
Purpose to slay, whilst swearing to forgive. Prior.



PU’RPOSELY. adv. [from purpose.] By design; by intention.
Being the instrument which God hath purposely framed,
thereby to work the knowledge of salvation in the hearts of
men, what cause is there wherefore it should not be acknow­
ledged a most apt mean? Hooker.
I have purposely avoided to speak any thing concerning the
treatment due to such persons. Addison.
In composing this discourse, I purposely declined all offensive
and displeasing truths. Atterbury.
The vulgar thus through imitation err,
As oft the learned by being singular;
So much they scorn the crowd, that if the throng
By chance go right, they purposely go wrong. Pope.

PU’RPRISE. n. s. [pourpris, old Fr. purprisum, law Lat.] A
closs or inclosure; as also the whole compass of a manour.
The place of justice is hallowed; and therefore not only
the bench, but the foot-pace and precincts, and purprise ought
to be preserved without corruption. Bacon's Essays.

PURR. n. s. A sea lark. Ainsworth.

To PURR. v. a. To murmur as a cat or leopard in pleasure.

PURSE. n. s. [bourse, Fr. pwrs, Welsh.] A small bag in
which money is contained.
She bears the purse too; she is a region in Guiana all gold
and bounty. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Shall the son of England prove a thief,
And take purses? Shakesp. Henry IV.
He sent certain of the chief prisoners, richly apparalled
with their purses fail of money, into the city. Knolles.
I will give him the thousand pieces, and, to his great sur­
prise, present him with another purse of the same value. Add.

To PURSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put into a purse.
I am spell-caught by Philidel,
And purs'd within a net. Dryden.
I purs'd it up, but little reck'ning made,
'Till now that this extremity compell'd,
I find it true. Milton.
1. To contract as a purse.
Thou cried'st,
And did'st contract and purse thy brow together,
As if thou then had'st shut up in thy brain
Some horrible conceit. Shakesp. Othello.

PU’RSENET. n. s. [purse and net.] A net of which the mouth
is drawn together by a string.
Conies are taken by pursenets in their burrows. Mortimer.

PU’RSEPROUD. adj. [purse and proud.] Puffed up with money.

PU’RSER. n. s. [from purse.] The paymaster of a ship.

PU’RSINESS. n. s. [from pursy.] Shortness of breath.

PU’RSIVENESS. n. s. [from pursy.] Shortness of breath.

PU’RSLAIN. n. s. [portulaca, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of purslain consists of many leaves, which ex­
pand in form of a rose, out of whose flower-cup, which con­
sists of one leaf, arises the pointal, which, together with the
flower-cup, becomes a fruit, for the most part oval, full of
small seeds, and furnished with two shells or husks at top; of
which the outer one, which was the part of the flower-cup
that was split in two, opens first; and the inner one, which
is the pointal inlarged, opens last, doubly and transversely,
while the lower part of the flower-cup adheres to the foot­
stalk. Miller.
The medicaments, proper to diminish the milk, are
lettice, purslain and endive. Wiseman's Surgery.

PURSU’ABLE. adj. [from pursue.] What may be pursued.

PURSU’ANCE. n. s. [from pursue.] Prosecution; process.

PURSU’ANT. adj. [from pursue.] Done in consequence or pro­
secution of any thing.

To PURSU’E. v. a. [poursuivre, Fr.]
1. To chase; to follow in hostility.
Love like a shadow files, when substance love pursues;
Pursuing that that flies, and flying what pursues. Shakesp.
When Abram heard that his brother was taken captive,
he armed his trained servants, and pursued. Gen. xiv. 14.
To thy speed add wings,
Left with a whip of scorpions I pursue
Thy lingering. Milton.
2. To prosecute; to continue.
As righteousness tendeth to life; so he that pursueth evil,
pursueth it to his own death. Prov. xii. 19.
Infatiate to pursue
Vain war with heaven. Milton.
I will pursue
This ancient story, whether false or true. Dryden.
When men pursue their thoughts of space, they stop at the
confines of body, as if space were there at an end. Locke.
3. To imitate; to follow as an example.
The fame of ancient matrons you pursue,
And stand a blameless pattern to the new. Dryden.
4. To endeavour to attain.
Let us not then pursue
Splendid vassalage. Milton.
We happiness pursue; we fly from pain;
Yet the pursuit, and yet the flight is vain. Prior.

To PURSU’E. v. n. To go on; to proceed.
I have, pursues Carneades, wondered chymists should not
consider. Boyle.

PURSU’ER. n. s. [from pursue.] One who follows in hostility.
Fled with the rest,
And falling from a hill he was so bruis'd,
That the pursuers took him. Shakesp. Henry IV.
His swift pursuers from heav'n's gates discern
Th' advantage, and descending tread us down
Thus drooping. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
Like a declining statesman left forlorn
To his friends pity and pursuers scorn. Denham.

PURSU’IT. n. s. [poursuite, Fr.]
1. The act of following with hostile intention.
Arm, warriors, arm for fight! the foe at hand,
Whom fled we thought, will save us long pursuit. Milton.
2. Endeavour to attain.
This means they long propos'd, but little gain'd,
Yet after much pursuit, at length obtain'd. Dryden.
Its honours and vanities are continually passing before him,
and inviting his pursuit. Rogers.
He has annexed a secret pleasure to the idea of any thing
that is new or uncommon, that he might encourage us in the
pursuit after knowledge, and engage us to search into the
wonders of his creation. Addison.
The will, free from the determination of such desires, is
left to the pursuit of nearer satisfactions, and to the removal
of those uneasinesses it feels in its longings after them. Locke.
3. Prosecution.
He concluded with sighs and tears, to conjure them, that
they would no more press him to give his consent to a thing
so contrary to his reason, the execution whereof would break
his heart, and that they would give over further pursuit
of it. Clarendon.

PU’RSUIVANT. n. s. [poursuivant, Fr.] A state messenger;
an attendant on the heralds.
How oft do they with golden pinions cleave
The flitting skies, like flying pursuivant. Fairy Queen.
Pursuivants he often for them sent. Hubberd.
These grey locks, the pursuivants of death,
Argue the end of Edmund Mortimer. Shakesp.
Send out a pursuivant at arms
To Stanley's regiment; bid him bring his power
Before sun-rising. Shakesp. Richard III.
For helmets, crests, mantles, and supporters, I leave the
reader to Edmond Bolton, Gerard Leigh, John Ferne, and
John Guillim Portismouth, pursuivants of arms, who have
diligently laboured in armory. Camden's Remains.
The pursuivants came next,
And like the heralds each his scutheon bore. Dryden.

PU’RSY. adj. [poussif, Fr.] Shortbreathed and sat.
In the satness of these pursy times,
Virtue itself of vice must pardon beg,
Yea courb and woo for leave to do it good. Shakesp.
Now breathless wrong
Shall sit and pant in your great chairs of ease,
And pursy insolence shall break his wind
With fear and horrid flight. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
By these, the Medes
Perfume their breaths, and cure old pursy men. Temple.
An hostess dowager,
Grown fat and pursy by retail
Of pots of beer and bottl'd ale. Hudibras, p. iii.

PU’RTENANCE. n. s. [appertenance, Fr.] The pluck of an
animal.
Roast the lamb with fire, his head with his legs and with
the purtenance thereof. Ex. xii. 9.
The shaft against a rib did glance,
And gall'd him in the purtenance. Hudibras, p. i.

To PU’RVEY. v. a. [pourvoir, Fr.]
1. To provide with conveniencies. This sense is now not in
use.
Give no odds to your foes, but do purvey
Yourself of sword before that bloody day. Fa. Queen.
His house with all convenience was purvey'd,
The rest he found. Dryden.
2. To procure.
What though from outmost land and sea purvey'd
For him; each rarer tributary life
Bleeds not. Thomson's Summer.

To PU’RVEY. v. n. To buy in provisions.
I the praise
Yield thee, so well this day thou hast purvey'd. Milton.

PURVE’YANCE. n. s. [from purvey.]
1. Provision.
Whence mounting up, they find purveyance meet
Of all, that royal princes court became. Fa. Queen.
2. Procurement of victuals.
Some lands be more changeable than others; as for their
lying near to the borders, or because of great and continual
purveyances that are made upon them. Bacon.



PURVE’YOR. n. s. [from purvey.]
1. One that provides victuals.
The purveyors or victuallers are much to be condemned, as
not a little faulty in that behalf. Raleigh.
2. A procurer; a pimp.
These women are such cunning purveyors!
Mark where their appetites have once been pleased;
The same resemblance in a younger lover,
Lies brooding in their fancies the same pleasures. Dryden.
The stranger, ravish'd at his good fortune, is introduced
to some imaginary title; for this purveyor has her representa­
tives of some of the finest ladies. Addison.

PU’RVIEW. n. s. [pourveu, French.] Proviso; providing
clause.
Though the petition expresses only treason and selony, yet
the act is general against all appeals in parliament; and many
times the purview of an act is larger than the preamble or the
petition. Hale's Common Law of England.

PU’RULENCE. n. s. [from purulent.] Generation of pus or
matter.
Consumptions are induced by purulency in any of the
viscera. Arbuthnot on Diet.

PU’RULENCY. n. s. [from purulent.] Generation of pus or
matter.
Consumptions are induced by purulency in any of the
viscera. Arbuthnot on Diet.

PU’RULENT. adj. [purulent, Fr. purulentus, Lat.] Consisting
of pus or the running of wounds.
A carcase of man is most infectious and odious to man,
and purulent matter of wounds to sound flesh. Bacon.
It spews a filthy froth
Of matter purulent and white,
Which happen'd on the skin to light,
And there corrupting on a wound,
Spreads leprosy. Swift's Miscel.
An acrimonious or purulent matter, stagnating in some or­
gan, is more easily deposited upon the liver than any other
part. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PUS

PUS. n. s. [Latin.] The matter of a well digested sore.
Acrid substances break the vessels, and produce an ichor
instead of laudable pus. Arbuthnot.

To PUSH. v. a. [pousser, Fr.]
1. To strike with a thrust.
If the ox push a man-servant, he shall be stoned. Ex. xxi.
2. To force or drive by impulse of any thing.
The youth push away my feet. Job xxx. 12.
3. To force not by a quick blow, but by continued violence.
Shew your mended faiths,
To push destruction and perpetual shame
Out of the weak door of our fainting land. Shakesp.
Through thee will we push down our enemies. Ps. xliv. 5.
Waters forcing way,
Sidelong had push'd a mountain from his seat,
Half sunk with all his pines. Milton.
The description of this terrible scene threw her into an hy­
sterick fit, which might have proved dangerous, if Cornelius
had not been pushed out of the room. Arbuthnot and Pope.
4. To press forward.
He forewarns his care
With rules to push his fortune or to bear. Dryden.
With such impudence did he push this matter, that when
he heard the cries of above a million of people begging for
their bread, he termed it the clamours of faction. Addison.
Arts and sciences, in one and the same century, have ar­
rived at great perfection, and no wonder, since every age has
a kind of universal genius, which inclines those that live in
it to some particular studies, the work then being pushed on
by many hands, must go forward. Dryden.
5. To urge; to drive.
Ambition pushes the soul to such actions, as are apt to pro­
cure honour to the actor. Addison's Spectator.
6. To enforce; to drive to a conclusion.
We are pushed for an answer, and are forced at last freely
to confess, that the corruptions of the administration were in­
tolerable. Swift.
7. To importance; to teaze,

To PUSH. v. n.
1. To make a thrust.
But issues, ere the fight, his dread command,
That none shall dare
With snortned sword to stab in closer war,
Nor push with biting point, but strike at length. Dryden.
A calf will so manage his head, as though he would push
with his horns even before they shoot. Ray.
Lambs, though they never saw the actions of their species,
push with their foreheads, before the budding of a horn.
Addison.
2. To make an effort.
War seem'd asleep for nine long years; at length
Both sides resolv'd to push, we try'd our strength. Dryden.
3. To make an attack.
The king of the South shall push at him, and the king of
the North shall come against him. Dan. xi. 40.

PUSH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Thrust; the act of striking with a pointed instrument.
Ne might his corse be harmed
With dint of sword or push of pointed spear. Spenser.
So great was the puissance of his push,
That from his sadle quite he did him bear. Fa. Queen.
They, like resolute men, stood in the face of the breach,
receiving them with deadly shot and push of pike, in such fu­
rious manner, that the Turks began to retire. Knolles.
2. An impulse; force impressed.
Jove was not more
With infant nature, when his spacious hand
Had rounded this huge ball of earth and seas
To give it the first push, and see it roll
Along the vast abyss. Addison's Guardian.
3. Assault; attack.
He gave his countenance against his name,
To laugh with gybing boys, and stand the push
Of every beardless vain comparative. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When such a resistance is made, these bold talkers will
draw in their horns, when their fierce and feeble pushes against
truth are repelled with pushing and confidence. Watts.
4. A forcible struggle; a strong effort.
A sudden push gives them the overthrow;
Ride, ride, Messala. Shakesp.
Away he goes, makes his push, stands the shock of a
battle, and compounds for leaving of a leg behind him.
L'Estrange.
We have beaten the French from all their advanced posts,
and driven them into their last entrenchments: one vigorous
push, one general assault will force the enemy to cry out for
quarter. Addison.
5. Exigence; trial.
We'll put the matter to the present push. Shakesp.
'Tis common to talk of dying for a friend; but when it
comes to the push, 'tis no more than talk. L'Estrange.
The question we would put, is not whether the sacrament
of the mass be as truly propitiatory, as those under the law?
but whether it be as truly a sacrifice? if so, then it is a true
proper sacrifice, and is not only commemorative or represen­
tative, as we are told at a push. Atterbury.
6. A sudden emergence.
There's time enough for that;
Lest they desire, upon this push, to trouble
Your joys with like relation. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
7. [Pustula, Lat.] A pimple; an efforescence; a wheal.
He that was praised to his hurt, should have a push rise upon
his nose; as a blister will rise upon one's tongue, that tells
a lye. Bacon's Essays.

PU’SHER. n. s. [from push.] He who pushes forward.

PU’SHING. adj. [from push.] Enterprising; vigorous.

PU’SHPIN. n. s. [push and pin.] A child's play, in which pins
are pushed alternately.
Men, that have wandering thoughts at the voice of wisdom
out of the mouth of a philosopher, deserve as well to be
whipt, as boys for playing at pushpin, when they should be
learning. L'Estrange.

PUSILLANI’MITY. n. s. [pusillanimité, Fr. pusillus and animus,
Lat.] Cowardice; meanness of spirit.
The property of your excellent sherris is the warming of
the blood, which, before cold and settled, left the liver white
and pale, the badge of pusillanimity and cowardice. Shakesp.
The Chinese fail where they will; which sheweth, that
their law of keeping out strangers is a law of pusillanimity and
fear. Bacon's New Atlantis.
It is obvious, to distinguish between an act of courage and
an act of rashness, an act of pusillanimity and an act of great
modesty or humility. South's Sermons.

PUSILLA’NIMOUS. adj. [pusillanime, Fr. pusillus and animus,
Lat.] Meanspirited; narrowminded; cowardly.
An argument fit for great princes, that neither by overmea­
suring their forces, they lose themselves in vain enterprizes;
nor, by undervaluing them, descend to fearful and pusillani­
mous counsels. Bacon's Essays.
He became pusillanimous, and was easily ruffled with every
little passion within; supine, and as openly exposed to any
temptation from without. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
What greater instance can there be of a weak pusillanimous
temper, than for a man to pass his whole life in opposition to
his own sentiments. Spectator, No 576.

PUSILLA’NIMOUSNESS. n. s. [from pusillanimous.] Meanness
of spirit.

PUSS. n. s. [I know not whence derived; pusio, Lat. is a dwarf.]
1. The fondling name of a cat.
A young fellow, in love with a cat, made it his humble
suit to Venus to turn puss into a woman. L'Estrange.
Let puss practise what nature teaches. Watts.
I will permit my son to play at apodidrascinda, which can
be no other than our puss in a corner. Arbuth. and Pope.
2. The sportsman's term for a hare.
Poor honest puss,
It grieves my heart to see thee thus;
But hounds eat sheep as well as hares. Gay.



PU’STULE. n. s. [pustule, Fr. pustula, Lat.] A small swelling;
a pimple; a push; an efflorescence.
The blood turning acrimonious, corrodes the vessels, pro­
ducing hemorrhages, pustules red, black and gangrenous. Arb.

PU’STULOUS. adj. [from pustule.] Full of pustules; pimply.

PUT

To PUT. v. a. [of this word, so common in the English lan­
guage, it is very difficult to find the etymology; putter, to
plant, is Danish. Junius.]
1. To lay or reposite in any place.
God planted a garden, and there he put a man. Gen. ii. 8.
Speak unto him, and put words in his mouth. Ex. iv. 15.
If a man put in his beast, and feed in another man's field;
of the best of his own shall he make restitution. Ex. xxii. 5.
In these he put two weights. Milton.
Feed land with beasts and horses, and after both put in
sheep. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To place in any situation.
When he had put them all out, he entereth in. Mar. v. 40.
Four speedy cherubims
Put to their mouths the sounding alchimy. Milton.
Put all your other subjects together; they have not taken
half the pains for your majesty's service that I have. L'Estr.
3. To place in any state or condition.
Before we will lay by our just born arms,
We'll put thee down, 'gainst whom these arms we bear,
Or add a royal number to the dead. Shakesp.
Put me in a surety with thee. Job xvii. 3.
The stones he put for his pillows. Gen. xxviii. 11.
He hath put my brethren far from me. Job xix. 13.
As we were put in trust with the gospel, even so we speak,
not as pleasing men, but God. 1 Thes. ii. 4.
They shall ride upon horses, every one put in array like a
man to the battle against thee. Jer. 1. 42.
He put them into ward three days. Gen. xlii. 17.
She shall be his wife, he may not put her away. Deut. xxii.
Daniel said, put these two aside. Sus. v. 51.
Having lost two of their bravest commanders at sea, they
durst not put it to a battle at sea, and set up their rest wholly
upon the land enterprize. Bacon.
This question ask'd puts me in doubt. Milton.
So nature prompts; so soon we go astray,
When old experience puts us in the way. Dryden.
Men may put government into what hands they please.
Locke.
He that has any doubt of his tenets, received without ex­
amination, ought to put himself wholly into this state of ig­
norance, and throwing wholly by all his former notions, ex­
amine them with a perfect indifference. Locke.
Declaring by word or action a sedate, settled design upon
another man's life, puts him in a state of war with him. Locke.
As for the time of putting the rams to the ewes, you must
consider at what time your grass will maintain them. Mort.
If without any provocation gentlemen will fall upon one,
in an affair wherein his interest and reputation are embarked,
they cannot complain of being put into the number of his
enemies. Pope.
4. To repose.
How wilt thou put thy trust on Egypt for chariots. 2 kings.
God was entreated of them, because they put their trust in
him. 1 Chr. v. 20.
5. To trust; to give up.
Thou shalt put all in the hands of Aaron, and wave them
for a wave-offering. Ex. xxix. 24.
6. To expose; to apply to any thing.
A sinew cracked seldom recovers its former strength, or the
memory of it leaves a lasting caution in the man, not to put
the part quickly again to robust employment. Locke.
7. To push into action.
Thank him who puts me loth to this revenge. Milton.
When men and women are mixed and well chosen, and
put their best qualities forward, there may be any intercourse
of civility and good will. Swift.
8. To apply.
Your goodliest young men and asses he will put them to his
work. 1 Sam. viii. 16.
No man, having put his hand to the plough and looking
back, is fit for the kingdom of God. Luke ix. 62.
Rejoice before the Lord in all that thou puttest thine hands
unto. Deut. xii. 18.
Chymical operations are excellent tools in the hands of a
natural philosopher, and are by him applicable to many nobler
uses, than they are wont to be put to in laboratories. Boyle.
The avarice of their relations put them to painting, as
more gainful than any other art. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The great difference in the notions of mankind, is from
the different use they put their faculties to. Locke.
I expect an offspring, docile and tractable in whatever we
put them to. Tatler, No 75.
9. To use any action by which the place or state of any thing
is changed.
I do but keep the peace, put up thy sword. Shakesp.
Put up your sword; if this young gentleman
Have done offence, I take the fault on me. Shakesp.
He put his hand unto his neighbour's goods. Ex. xxii.
Whatsoever cannot be digested by the stomach, is by the
stomach either put up by vomit, or put down to the guts.
Bacon.
It puts a man from all employment, and makes a man's
discourses tedious. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
A nimble fencer will put in a thrust so quick, that the foil
will be in your bosom, when you thought it a yard off. Digby.
A man, not having the power of his own life, cannot put
himself under the absolute arbitrary power of another to take
it. Locke.
Instead of making apologies, I will send it with my hearty
prayers, that those few directions I have here put together,
may be truly useful to you. Wake.
He will know the truth of these maxims, upon the first
occasion that shall make him put together those ideas, and ob­
serve whether they agree or disagree. Locke.
When you cannot get dinner ready, put the clock back.
Swift's Directions to the Cook.
10. To cause; to produce.
There is great variety in men's understanding; and their
natural constitutions put so wide a difference between some
men, that industry would never be able to master. Locke.
11. To comprise; to consign to writing.
Cyrus made proclamation, and put it also in writing. 2 Chr.
12. To add.
Whatsoever God doeth, nothing can be put to it, nor any
thing taken from it. Eccl. iii. 14.
13. To place in a reckoning.
If we will rightly estimate things, we shall find, that most
of them are wholly to be put on the account of labour. Locke.
That such a temporary life, as we now have, is better than
no being, is evident by the high value we put upon it our­
selves. Locke.
14. To reduce to any state.
Marcellus and Flavius, for pulling scarfs off Cæsar's images,
are put to silence. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
This dishonours you no more,
Than to take in a town with gentle words,
Which else would put you to your fortune. Shakesp.
And five of you shall chase an hundred, and an hundred of
you shall put ten thousand to flight. Lev. xxvi. 8.
With well-doing, ye may put to silence foolish men. 1 Pet.
The Turks were in every place put to the worst, and lay
by heaps slain. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
This scrupulous way would make us deny our senses; for
there is scarcely any thing but puts our reason to a stand. Coll.
Some modern authors, observing what straits they have
been put to to find out water enough for Noah's flood, say,
Noah's flood was not universal, but a national inundation.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
We see the miserable shifts some men are put to, when
that, which was founded upon, and supported by idolatry, is
become the sanctuary of atheism. Bentley.
15. To oblige; to urge.
Those that put their bodies to endure in health, may, in
most sicknesses, be cured only with diet and tendering.
Bacon.
The discourse I mentioned was written to a private friend,
who put me upon that task. Boyle.
He put to proof his high supremacy. Milton.
When the wisest counsel of men have with the greatest
prudence made laws, yet frequent emergencies happen which
they did not foresee, and therefore they are put upon repeals
and supplements of such their laws; but Almighty God, by
one simple foresight, foresaw all events, and could therefore
fit laws proportionate to the things he made. Hale.
We are put to prove things, which can hardly be made
plainer. Tillotson.
Where the loss can be but temporal, every small probabi­
lity of it need not put us so anxiously to prevent it. South.
They should seldom be put about doing those things, but
when they have a mind. Locke.
16. To propose; to state.
A man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold and silver, to find
out every device which shall be put to him. 2 Chr. ii. 24.
Put it thus—unfold to Staius straight,
What to Jove's ear thou didst impart of late:
He'll stare. Dryden.
The question originally put and disputed in publick schools
was, whether, under any pretence whatsoever, it may be
lawful to resist the supreme magistrate. Swift.
I only put the question, whether, in reason, it would not
have been proper the kingdom should have received timely
notice. Swift.
I put the case at the worst, by supposing what seldom hap­
pens, that a course of virtue makes us miserable in this life.
Spectator, No 576.
17. To form; to regulate.


18. To reach to another.
Wo unto him that giveth his neighbour drink, that puttest
thy bottle to him, and makest him drunken. Hab. ii. 15.
19. To bring into any state of mind or temper.
Solyman, to put the Rhodians out of all suspicion of inva­
sion, sent those soldiers he had levied in the countries nearest
unto Rhodes far away, and so upon the sudden to set upon
them. Knolles's History of the Turks.
His highness put him in mind of the promise he had made
the day before, which was so sacred, that he hoped he would
not violate it. Clarendon.
To put your ladyship in mind of the advantages you have
in all these points, would look like a design to flatter you.
Temple.
I broke all hospitable laws,
To bear you from your palace-yard by might,
And put your noble person in a fright. Dryden.
The least harm that befalls children, puts them into com­
plaints and bawling. Locke on Education.
20. To offer; to advance.
I am as much ashamed to put a loose indigested play upon
the publick, as I should be to offer brass money in a pay­
ment. Dryden.
Wherever he puts a slight upon good works, 'tis as they
stand distinct from faith. Atterbury.
21. To unite; to place as an ingredient.
He has right to put into his complex idea, signified by the
word gold, those qualities, which upon trial he has found
united. Locke.
22. To PUT by. To turn off; to divert.
Watch and resist the devil; his chief designs are to hinder
thy desire in good, to put thee by from thy spiritual employ­
ment. Taylor.
A fright hath put by an ague fit, and mitigated a fit of the
gout. Grew's Cosmol.
23. To PUT by. To thrust aside.
Basilius, in his old years, marrying a young and fair lady,
had of her those two daughters so famous in beauty, which
put by their young cousin from that expectation. Sidney.
Was the crown offer'd him thrice?
—Ay, marry, was'st, and he put it by thrice,
Every time gentler than other. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Jonathan had died for being so,
Had not just God put by th' unnatural blow. Cowley.
When I drove a thrust, home as I could,
To reach his traitor heart, he put it by,
And cried, spare the stripling. Dryden.
24. To PUT down. To baffle; to repress; to crush.
How the ladies and I have put him down! Shakesp.
25. To PUT down. To degrade.
The greedy thirst of royal crown
Stirr'd Porrex up to put his brother down. Fa. Queen.
The king of Egypt put Jehoahaz down at Jerusalem. 2 Ch.
26. To PUT down. To bring into disuse.
Sugar hath put down the use of honey; inasmuch as we
have lost those preparations of honey, which the ancients
had. Bacon.
With copper collars and with brawny backs,
Quite to put down the fashion of our blacks. Dryden.
27. To PUT down. To confute.
We two saw you four set on four; mark now how a plain
tale shall put you down. Shakesp. Henry IV.
28. To PUT forth. To propose.
Samson said, I will now put forth a riddle unto you. Judg.
29. To PUT forth. To extend.
He put forth his hand, and pulled her in. Gen. viii. 9.
30. To PUT forth. To emit, as a sprouting plant.
An excellent observation of Aristotle, why some plants are
of greater age than living creatures, for that they yearly put
forth new leaves; whereas living creatures put forth, after their
period of growth, nothing but hair and nails, which are ex­
crements. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
He said, let th' earth
Put forth the verdant grass, herb yielding seed,
And fruit-tree yielding fruit. Milton.
31. To PUT forth. To exert.
I put not forth my goodness. Milton.
In honouring God, put forth all thy strength. Taylor.
We should put forth all our strength, and, without having
an eye to his preparations, make the greatest push we are
able. Addison.
32. To PUT in. To interpose.
Give me leave to put in a word to tell you, that I am glad
you allow us different degrees of worth. Collier.
33. To PUT in practice. To use; to exercise.
Neither gods nor man will give consent,
To put in practice your unjust intent. Dryden.
34. To PUT off. To divest; to lay aside.
None of us put off our cloaths, saving that every one put
them off for washing. Nehem. iv. 23.
Put off thy shoes from off thy feet. Ex. ii. 5.
Ambition, like a torrent, ne'er looks back;
And is a swelling, and the last affection
A high mind can put off. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
It is the new skin or shell that putteth off the old; so we
see, that it is the young horn that putteth off the old; and in
birds, the young feathers put off the old; and so birds cast
their beaks, the new beak putting off the old. Bacon.
Ye shall die perhaps, by putting off
Human, to put on gods; death to be wish'd. Milton.
I for his sake will leave
Thy bosom, and this glory next to thee
Freely put off, and for him lastly die. Milton.
Let not the work of to-day be put off till to-morrow; for
the future is uncertain. L'Estrange.
When a man shall be just about to quit the stage of this
world, to put off his mortality, and to deliver up his last ac­
counts to God, his memory shall serve him for little else, but
to terrify him with a frightful review of his past life. South.
Now the cheerful light her fears dispell'd,
She with no winding turns the truth conceal'd,
But put the woman off, and stood reveal'd. Dryden.
My friend, fancying her to be an old woman of quality,
put off his hat to her, when the person pulling off his mask,
appeared a smock-faced young fellow. Addison.
Homer says he puts off that air of grandeur which so pro­
perly belongs to his character, and debases himself into a
droll. Broom's Notes on the Odyssey.
35. To PUT off. To defeat or delay with some artifice or ex­
cuse.
The gains of ordinary trades are honest; but those of bar­
gains are more doubtful, when men should wait upon others
necessity, broke by servants to draw them on, put off others
cunningly that would be better chapmen. Bacon.
I hoped for a demonstration, but Themistius hopes to put
me off with an harangue. Boyle.
Some hard words the goat gave, but the fox puts off all
with a jest. L'Estrange.
I do not intend to be thus put off with an old song. More.
Do men in good earnest think that God will be put off so?
Or that the law of God will be baffled with a lie cloathed in
a scoff? South.
This is a very unreasonable demand, and we might put him
off with this answer, that there are several things which all
men in their wits disbelieve, and yet none but madmen will
go about to disprove. Bentley.
36. To PUT off. To delay; to defer; to procrastinate.
So many accidents may deprive us of our lives, that we
can never say, that he who neglects to secure his salvation to­
day, may without danger put it off to to-morrow. Wake.
37. To PUT off. To pass fallaciously.
He seems generally to prevail, persuading them to a con­
fidence in some partial works of obedience, or else to put off
the care of their salvation to some future opportunities. Rog.
38. To PUT off. To discard.
Upon these taxations,
The clothiers all put off
The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shakesp.
39. To PUT off. To recommend; to vend or obtrude.
The effects which pass between the spirits and the tangible
parts, are not at all handled, but put off by the names of vir­
tues, natures, actions, and passions. Bacon.
It is very hard, that Mr. Steele should take up the artificial
reports of his own faction, and then put them off upon the
world as additional fears of a popish successor. Swift.
40. To PUT on or upon. To impute; to charge.
41. To PUT on or upon. To invest with, as cloaths or covering.
Strangely visited people he cures,
Hanging a golden stamp about their necks,
Put on with holy pray'rs. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Give even way unto my rough affairs;
Put not you on the visage of the times,
And be like them to Percy troublesome. Shakesp.
So shall inferior eyes,
That borrow their behaviour from the great,
Grow great by your example, and put on
The dauntless spirit of resolution. Shakesp. King John.
Rebekah took goodly raiment, and put them upon Jacob.
Gen. xxvii. 15.
If God be with me, and give me bread to eat, and raiment
to put on, then shall the Lord be my God. Gen. xxviii. 20.
She has
Very good suits, and very rich; but then
She cannot put 'em on; she knows not how
To wear a garment. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
Taking his cap from his head, he said, this cap will not
hold two heads, and therefore it must be fitted to one, and
so put it on again. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Avarice puts on the canonical habit. Decay of Piety.
Mercury had a mind to learn what credit he had in the
world, and so put on the shape of a man. L'Estrange.


The little ones are taught to be proud of their cloaths, be­
fore they can put them on. Locke.
42. To PUT on. To forward; to promote; to incite.
I grow fearful,
By what yourself too late have spoke and done,
That you protect this course, and put it on
By your allowance. Shakesp. King Lear.
Say, you ne'er had don't,
But by our putting on. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Others envy to the state draws, and puts on
For contumelies receiv'd. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
This came handsomely to put on the peace, because it was
a fair example of a peace bought. Bacon's Henry VII.
As danger did approach, her spirits rose,
And putting on the king dismay'd her foes. Halifax.
43. To PUT on or upon. To impose; to inflict.
I have offended; that which thou puttest on me, I will
bear. 2 Kings xviii. 14.
He not only undermineth the base of religion, but puts upon
us the remotest error from truth. Brown.
The stork found he was put upon, but set a good face how­
ever upon his entertainment. L'Estrange.
Fallacies we are apt to put upon ourselves, by taking words
for things. Locke.
Why are scripture maxims put upon us, without taking no­
tice of scripture examples which lie cross them. Atterbury.
44. To PUT on. To assume; to take.
The duke hath put on a religious life,
And thrown into neglect the pompous court. Shakesp.
Wise men love you, in their own despight,
And, finding in their native wit no ease,
Are forc'd to put your folly on to please. Dryden.
There is no quality so contrary to any nature which one
cannot affect, and put on upon occasion, in order to serve an
interest. Swift.
45. To PUT over. To refer.
For the certain knowledge of that truth,
I put you o'er to heav'n, and to my mother. Shakesp.
46. To PUT out. To place at usury.
Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle? he that putteth
not out his money to usury. Ps. xv. 5.
To live retir'd upon his own,
He call'd his money in;
But the prevailing love of pelf,
Soon split him on the former shelf,
He put it out again Dryden's Horace.
Money at use, when returned into the hands of the owner,
usually lies dead there till he gets a new tenant for it, and can
put it out again. Locke.
An old usurer, charmed with the pleasures of a country
life, in order to make a purchase, called in all his money;
but, in a very few days after, he put it out again. Addison.
One hundred pounds only, put out at interest at ten per
cent. doth in seventy years encrease to above one hundred
thousand pounds. Child.
47. To PUT out. To extinguish.
The Philistines put out his eyes. Judg. xvii. 21.
Wheresover the wax floated, the flame forsook it, till at
last it spread all over, and put the flame quite out. Bacon.
I must die
Betray'd, captiv'd, and both my eyes put out. Milton.
In places that abound with mines, when the sky seemed clear,
there would suddenly arise a certain steam, which they call a
damp, so gross and thick, that it would oftentimes put out
their candies. Boyle.
This barbarous instance of a wild unreasonable passion,
quite put out those little remains of affection she still had for
her lord. Addison's Spectator, No 171.
48. To PUT out. To emit, as a plant.
Trees planted too deep in the ground, for love of approach
to the sun, forsake their first root, and put out another more
towards the top of the earth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
49. To PUT out. To extend; to protrude.
When she travailed, the one put out his hand. Gen.
50. To PUT out. To expel; to drive from.
When they have overthrown him, and the wars are finished,
shall they themselves be put out? Spenser.
I am resolved, that when I am put out of the stewardship,
they may receive me into their houses. Luke xvi. 4.
The nobility of Castile put out the king of Arragon, in fa­
vour of king Philip. Bacon's Henry VII.
51. To PUT out. To make publick.
You tell us, that you shall be forced to leave off your mo­
desty; you mean that little which is left; for it was worn to
rags when you put out this medal. Dryden.
When I was at Venice, they were putting out curious
stamps of the several edifices, most famous for their beauty
or magnificence. Addison.
52. To PUT out. To disconcert.
There is no affectation in passion; for that putteth a man
out of his precepts, and in a new case there custom leaveth
him. Bacon.
53. To PUT to. To kill by; to punish by.
From Ireland am I come,
To signify that rebels there are up,
And put the Englishmen unto the sword. Shakesp.
There were no barks to throw the rebels into, and send
them away by sea, they were put all to the sword. Bacon.
Such as were taken on either side, were put to the sword or
to the halter. Clarendon.
Soon as they had him at their mercy,
They put him to the cudgel fiercely. Hudibras.
54. To PUT to it. To distress; to perplex; to press hard.
What would'st thou write of me, if thou should'st
praise me.
—O gentle lady, do not put me to't,
For I am nothing if not critical. Shakesp. Othello.
Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence;
He puts transgression to't. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
They have a leader,
Tullus Aufidius, that will put you to't. Shakesp.
It is to be put to question in general, whether it be lawful
for christian princes to make an invasive war, simply for the
propagation of the faith? Bacon.
I was not more concern'd in that debate
Of empire, when our universal state
Was put to hazard, and the giant race
Our captive skies were ready to embrace. Dryden.
He took the opportunity of pursuing an argument, which
had been before started, and put it to her in a syllogism. Add.
They were actually making parties to go up to the moon
together, and were more put to it how to meet with accom­
modations by the way, than how to go thither. Addison.
The figures and letters were so mingled, that the coiner
was hard put to it on what part of the money to bestow the
inscription. Addison on Ancient Medals.
I shall be hard put to it, to bring myself off. Addison.
55. To PUT to. To assist with.
Zelmane would have put to her helping hand, but she was
taken a quivering. Sidney.
The carpenters being set to work, and every one putting to
his helping hand, the bridge was repaired. Knolles.
56. To PUT to death. To kill.
It was spread abroad, that the king had a purpose to put to
death Edward Plantagenet in the Tower. Bacon.
One Bell was put to death at Tyburn, for moving a new re­
bellion. Hayward.
Teuta put to death one of the Roman ambassadors; she was
obliged, by a successful war, which the Romans made, to
consent to give up all the sea coast. Arbuthnot.
57. To PUT together. To accumulate into one sum or mass.
This last age has made a greater progress, than all ages be­
fore put together. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
58. To PUT up. To pass unrevenged.
I will indeed no longer endure it; nor am I yet persuaded
to put up in peace what already I have foolishly suffered. Shak.
It is prudence, in many cases, to put up the injuries of a
weaker enemy, for fear of incurring the displeasure of a
stronger. L'Estrange.
How many indignities does he pass by, and how many as­
saults does he put up at our hands, because his love is in­
vincible. South.
The Canaanitish woman must put up a refusal, and the re­
proachful name of dog, commonly used by the Jews of the
heathen. Boyle.
Nor put up blow, but that which laid
Right worshipful on shoulder-blade. Hudibras.
Such national injuries are not to be put up, but when the
offender is below resentment. Addison.
59. To PUT up. To emit; to cause to germinate, as plants.
Hartshorn shaven, or in small pieces, mixed with dung,
and watered, putteth up mushrooms. Bacon.
60. To PUT up. To expose publickly: as, these goods are put
up to sale.
61. To PUT up. To start.
In town, whilst I am following one character, I am crossed
in my way by another, and put up such a variety of odd crea­
tures in both sexes, that they soil the scent of one another,
and puzzle the chace. Addison's Spectator.
62. To PUT up. To hoard.
Himself never put up any of the rent, but disposed of it by
the assistance of a reverend divine to augment the vicar's
portion. Spelman.
63. To PUT up. To hide.
Why so earnestly seek you to put up that letter. Shakesp.
64. To PUT upon. To incite; to instigate.
The great preparation put the king upon the resolution of
having such a body in his way. Clarendon, b. viii.
Those who have lived wickedly before, must meet with
a great deal more trouble, because they are put upon changing
the whole course of their life. Tillotson.
This caution will put them upon considering, and teach
them the necessity of examining more than they do. Locke.


It need not be any wonder, why I should employ myself
upon that study, or put others upon it. Walter.
He replied, with some vehemence, that he would under­
take to prove trade would be the ruin of the English nation;
I would sain have put him upon it. Addison.
This put me upon observing the thickness of the glass, and
considering whether the dimensions and proportions of the
rings may be truly derived from it by computation. Newton.
It banishes from our thoughts a lively sense of religion,
and puts us upon so eager a pursuit of the advantages of life,
as to leave us no inclination to reflect on the great author of
them. Atterbury.
These wretches put us upon all mischief, to feed their lusts
and extravagancies. Swift.
65. To PUT upon. To impose; to lay upon.
When in swinish sleep,
What cannot you and I perform upon
Th' unguarded Duncan? what not put upon
His spungy officers, who shall bear the guilt
Of our great quell? Shakesp. Macbeth.
66. To PUT upon trial. To expose or summon to a solemn and
judicial examination.
Christ will bring all to life, and then they shall be put every
one upon his own trial, and receive judgment. Locke.
Jack had done more wisely, to have put himself upon the
trial of his country, and made his defence in form. Arbuth.

To PUT. v. n.
1. To go or move.
The wind cannot be perceived, until there be an eruption
of a great quantity from under the water; whereas in the
first putting up, it cooleth in little portions. Bacon.
2. To shoot or germinate.
In fibrous roots, the sap delighteth more in the earth, and
therefore putteth downward. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. To steer a vessel.
An ordinary fleet could not hope to succeed against a place
that has always a considerable number of men of war ready
to put to sea. Addison.
His fury thus appeas'd, he puts to land;
The ghosts forsake their seats. Dryden.
4. To PUT forth. To leave a port.
Order for sea is given;
They have put forth the haven. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
5. To PUT forth. To germinate; to bud; to shoot out.
No man is free,
But that his negligence, his folly, fear,
Amongst the infinite doings of the world,
Sometimes puts forth. Shakesp. Winter's Tule.
The fig-tree putteth forth her green figs. Cant. ii. 13.
Take earth from under walls where nettles put forth in
abundance, without any string of the nettles, and pot that
earth, and set in it stock gilliflowers. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Hirsute roots, besides the putting forth upwards and down­
wards, putteth forth in round. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
6. To PUT in. To enter a haven.
As Homer went, the ship put in at Samos, where he con­
tinued the whole winter, singing at the houses of great men,
with a train of boys after him. Pope.
7. To PUT in for. To claim; to stand candidate for. A me­
taphor, I suppose, from putting each man his lot into a box.
This is so grown a vice, that I know not whether it do not
put in for the name of virtue. Locke.
8. To PUT in. To offer a claim.
They shall stand for seed; they had gone down too, but
that a wise burgher put in for them. Shakesp.
Although astrologers may here put in, and plead the secret
influence of this star, yet Galen, in his comment, makes no
such consideration. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If a man should put in to be one of the knights of Malta,
he might modestly enough prove his six descents against a less
qualified competitor. Collier.
9. To PUT off. To leave land.
As the hackney boat was putting off, a boy desiring to be
taken in, was refused. Addison.
10. To PUT over. To sail cross.
Sir Francis Drake came coasting along from Cartagena, a
city of the main land to which he put over, and took it. Abbot.
11. To PUT to sea. To set sail; to begin the course.
It is manifest, that the duke did his best to come down,
and to put to sea. Bacon.
He warn'd him for his safety to provide;
Not put to sea, but safe on shore abide. Dryden.
They put to sea with a fleet of three hundred sail, of which
they lost the half. Arbuthnot.
With fresh provision hence our fleet to store,
Consult our safety, and put off to sea. Pope.
12. To PUT up. To offer one's self a candidate.
Upon the decease of a lion, the beasts met to chuse a king,
when several put up. L'Estrange.
13. To PUT up. To advance to; to bring one's self forward.
With this he put up to my lord,
The courtiers kept their distance due,
He twich'd his sleeve. Swift.
14. To PUT up with. To suffer without resentment.

PUT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An action of distress.
The stag's was a forc'd put, and a chance rather than a
choice. L'Estrange.
2. A rustick; a clown.
Queer country puts extol queen Bess's reign,
And of lost hospitality complain. Bramston.
3. PUT off. Excuse; shift.
The fox's put off is instructive towards the government of
our lives, provided his fooling be made our earnest. L'Estr.

PU’TAGE. n. s. [putain, Fr.] In law, prostitution on the wo­
man's part.

PU’TANISM. n. s. [putanisme, Fr.] The manner of living, or
trade of a prostitute. Dict.

PU’TATIVE. adj. [putatif, Fr. from puto, Lat.] Supposed;
reputed.
If a wife commits adultery, she shall lose her dower, though
she be only a putative, and not a true and real wife. Ayliffe.

PU’TID. adj. [putidus, Lat.] Mean; low; worthless.
He that follows nature is never out of his way; whereas
all imitation is putid and servile. L'Estrange.

PU’TIDNESS. n. s. [from putid.] Meanness; vileness.

PU’TLOG. n. s.
Putlogs are pieces of timber or short poles, about seven foot
long, to bear the boards they stand on to work, and to lay
bricks and mortar upon. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.

PU’TREDINOUS. adj. [from putredo, Lat.] Stinking; rotten.
A putredinous ferment coagulates all humours, as milk with
rennet is turned. Floyer.

PUTREFA’CTION. n. s. [putrefaction, Fr. putris and facio, Lat.]
The state of growing rotten; the act of making rotten.
Putrefaction is a kind of fermentation, or intestine motion
of bodies, which tends to the destruction of that form of their
existence, which is said to be their natural state. Quincy.
If the spirit protrude a little, and that motion be inordinate,
there followeth putrefaction, which ever dissolveth the con­
sistence of the body into much inequality. Bacon.
Vegetable putrefaction is produced by throwing green vege­
tables in a heap in open warm air, and pressing them together,
by which they acquire a putrid stercoraceous taste and
odour. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
From swampy fens;
Where putrefaction into life ferments,
And breathes destructive myriads. Thomson's Summer.

PUTREFA’CTIVE. adj. [from putrefacio, Lat.] Making rotten.
They make putrefactive generations, conformable unto se­
minal productions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If the bone be corrupted, the putrefactive smell will dis­
cover it. Wiseman's Surgery.

To PU’TREFY. v. a. [putrifier, Fr. putrefacio, Lat.] To make
rotten; to corrupt with rottenness.
To keep them here,
They would but stink, and putresy the air. Shakesp.
Many ill projects are undertaken, and private suits putrefy
the publick good. Bacon.
The ulcer itself being putrefied, I scarified it and the parts
about, so far as I thought necessary, permitting them to bleed
freely, and thrust out the rotten flesh. Wisemen.
A wound was so putrefied, as to endanger the bone. Temple.
Such a constitution of the air, as would naturally putrefy
raw flesh, must endanger by a mortification. Arbuthnot.

To PU’TREFY. v. n. To rot.
From the sole of the foot, even unto the head, there is no
soundness in it, but wounds, and bruises, and putrefying
sores. Is. i. 6.
All imperfect mixture is apt to putrefy, and watry substances
are more apt to putrefy than oily. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
These hymns, though not revive, embalm and spice
The world, which else would putrefy with vice. Donne.
The pain proceeded from some acrimony in the serum,
which, falling into this declining part, putrefied. Wiseman.

PUTRE’SCENCE. n. s. [from putresco, Latin.] The state of
rotting.
Now if any ground this effect from gall or choler, because
being the fiery humour, it will readiest surmount the water,
we may confess in the common putrescence, it may promote
elevation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

PUTRE’SCENT. adj. [putrescens, Lat.] Growing rotten.
Aliment is not only necessary for repairing the fluids and
solids of an animal, but likewise to keep the fluids from the
putrescent alkaline state, which they would acquire by constant
motion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

PU’TRID. adj. [putride, Fr. putridus, Lat.] Rotten; corrupt.
The wine to putrid blood converted flows. Waller.
If a nurse seed only on flesh, and drink water, her milk,
instead of turning four, will turn putrid, and smell like
urine. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Putrid fever is that kind of fever, in which the humours,
or part of them, have so little circulatory motion, that they
fall into an intestine one, and putrefy, which is commonly
the case after great evacuations, great or excessive heat. Quin.



PU’TRIDNESS. n. s. [from putrid.] Rottenness.
Nidorous ructus depend on the fœtid spirituosity of the fer­
ment, and the putridness of the meat. Floyer on the Humours.

PU’TTER. n. s. [from put.]
1. One who puts.
The most wretched sort of people are dreamers upon events
and putters of cases. L'Estrange.
2. PUTTER on. Inciter; instigator.
My good lord cardinal, they vent reproaches
Most bitterly on you, as putter on
Of these exactions. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
You are abus'd, and by some putter on,
That will be damn'd for't. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

PU’TTINGSTONE. n. s.
In some parts of Scotland, stones for the same purpose are
laid at the gates of great houses, which they call puttingstones,
for trials of strength. Pope.

PU’TTOCK. n. s. [derived, by Minshew, from buteo, Lat.] A
buzzard.
Who finds the partridge in the puttock's nest,
But may imagine how the bird was dead. Shakesp.
The next are those, which are called birds of prey, as the
eagle, hawk, puttock, and cormorant. Peacham.

PU’TTY. n. s.
1. A kind of powder on which glass is ground.
An object glass of a fourteen foot telescope, made by an
artificer at London, I once mended considerably, by grinding
it on pitch with putty, and leaning on it very easily in the
grinding, lest the putty should scratch it. Newton.
2. A kind of cement used by glaziers.

To PU’ZZLE. v. a. [for postle, from pose. Skinner.]
1. To perplex; to confound; to embarrass; to entangle; to
gravel; to put to a stand; to teaze.
Your presence needs must puzzle Antony. Shakesp.
I say there is no darkness but ignorance, in which thou art
more puzzled than the Egyptians in their fog. Shakesp.
Both armies of the enemy would have been puzzled what
to have done. Clarendon, b. viii.
A very shrewd disputant in those points is dexterous in puz­
zling others, if they be not thorough-paced speculators in
those great theories. More's Divine Dialogues.
He is perpetually puzzled and perplexed amidst his own
blunders, and mistakes the sense of those he would confute.
Addison.
Persons, who labour under real evils, will not puzzle them­
selves with conjectural ones. Clarissa.
2. To make intricate; to entangle.
The ways of heaven are dark and intricate,
Puzzled in mazes, and perplex'd with error. Addison.
These, as my guide informed me, were men of subtle tem­
pers, and puzzled politicks, who would supply the place of
real wisdom with cunning and avarice. Tatler, No 81.
I did not indeed at first imagine there was in it such a jargon
of ideas, such an inconsistency of notions, such a confusion
of particles, that rather puzzle than connect the sense, which
in some places he seems to have aimed at, as I found upon my
nearer perusal of it. Addison.

To PU’ZZLE. v. n. To be bewildered in one's own notions;
to be aukward.
The servant is a puzzling fool, that heeds nothing. L'Estr.

PU’ZZLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Embarassment; perplexity.
Men in great fortunes are strangers to themselves, and while
they are in the puzzle of business, they have no time to tend
their health either of body or mind. Bacon's Essays.

PU’ZZLER. n. s. [from puzzle.] He who puzzles.

PYG

PY’GARG. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

PY’GMEAN. adj. [from pygmy.] Belonging to a pygmy.
They, less than smallest dwarfs in narrow room,
Throng numberless like that pygmean race
Beyond the Indian mount. Milton.

PY’GMY. n. s. [pygmée, Fr. p????.] A dwarf; one of a
nation fabled to be only three spans high, and after long wars
to have been destroyed by cranes.
If they deny the present spontaneous production of larger
plants, and confine the earth to as pygmy births in the vegetable
kingdom, as they do in the other; yet surely in such a sup­
posed universal decay of nature, even mankind itself that is
now nourished, though not produced, by the earth, must have
degenerated in stature and strength in every generation.
Bentley.

PYLO’RUS. n. s. [p????.] The lower orifice of the stomach.

PY’POWDER. See PIEPOWDER.

PY’RAMID. n. s. [pyramide, Fr. pa???, from p, fire;
because fire always ascends in the figure of a cone.] In geo­
metry, is a solid figure, whose base is a polygon, and whose
sides are plain triangles, their several points meeting in one.
Harris.
Know, Sir, that I will not wait pinion'd at your master's
court; rather make my country's high pyramids my gibbet,
and hang me up in chains. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
An hollow crystal pyramid he takes,
In firmamental waters dipt above,
Of it a broad extinguisher he makes,
And hoods the flames. Dryden.
Part of the ore is shot into quadrilateral pyramids. Woodw.

PYRA’MIDAL. adj. [from pyramid.] Having the form of a
pyramid.
Of which sort likewise are the gems or stones, that are here
shot into cubes, into pyramidal forms, or into angular
columns. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The pyramidical idea of its flame, upon occasion of the
candles, is what is in question. Locke.

PYRAMI’DICAL. adj. [from pyramid.] Having the form of a
pyramid.
Of which sort likewise are the gems or stones, that are here
shot into cubes, into pyramidal forms, or into angular
columns. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The pyramidical idea of its flame, upon occasion of the
candles, is what is in question. Locke.

PYRAMI’DICALLY. adv. [from pyramidical.] In form of a
pyramid.
Olympus is the largest, and therefore he makes it the basis
upon which Ossa stands, that being the next to Olympus in
magnitude, and Pelion being the least, is placed above Ossa,
and thus they rise pyramidically. Broome's Notes on Odyssey.

PY’RAMIS. n. s. A pyramid.
The form of a pyramis in flame, which we usually see, is
merely by accident, and that the air about, by quenching the
sides of the flame, crusheth it, and extenuateth it into that
form, for of itself it would be round, and therefore smoke is
in the figure of a pyramis reversed; for the air quencheth the
flame, and receiveth the smoke. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

PYRE. n. s. [pyra, Lat.] A pile to be burnt.
When his brave son upon the fun'ral pyre
He saw extended, and his beard on fire. Dryden.
With tender billet-doux he lights the pyre,
And breathes three am'rous sighs to raise the fire. Pope.

PYRI’TES. n. s. [from p.] Firestone.
Pyrites contains sulphur, sometimes arsenick, always iron,
and sometimes copper. Woodward.

PY’ROMANCY. n. s. [p???a?t?a.] Divination by fire.
Divination was invented by the Persians, and is seldom or
never taken in a good sense: there are four kinds of divina­
tion, hydromancy, pyromancy, aeromancy, geomancy. Ayliffe.

PYROTE’CHNICAL. adj. [pyrotechnique, Fr. from pyrotechnicks.]
Engaged or skilful in fireworks.

PYROTE’CHNICKS. n. s. [p and te??.] The act of
employing fire to use or pleasure; the act of fireworks.

PYROTE’CHNY. n. s. [pyrotechnie, Fr.] The art of managing
fire.
Great discoveries have been made by the means of
pyrotechny and chymistry, which in late ages have attained to
a greater height than formerly. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

PY’RRHONISM. n. s. [from Pyrrho, the founder of the scep­
ticks.] Scepticism; universal doubt.

PYX

PYX. n. s. [pyxis, Latin.] The box in which the Romanists
keep the host.




 
Q

QUA
 
Q  Is a consonant borrowed from the Latin or French,
for which, though q is commonly placed in the
Saxon alphabet, the Saxons generally used cp,
cw; as c&wyn;ellan or cwellan, to quell: qu is, in
English, pronounced as by the Italians and Spa­
niards cw; as quail, quench, except quoit, which
is spoken, according to the manner of the French, coit: the
name of this letter is cue, from queue, French, tail; its form
being that of an O with a tail.

QUAB. n. s. [derived, by Skinner, from gobio, the Latin name.]
A sort of fish.

To QUACK. v. n.  [quacken, Dutch, to cry as a goose.]
1. To cry like a duck. This word is often written quaake, to
represent the sound better.
Wild-ducks quack where grasshoppers did sing. King.
2. To chatter boastingly; to brag loudly; to talk ostentatiously.
Believe mechanick virtuosi
Can raise them mountains in Potosi,
Seek out for plants with signatures,
To quack of universal cures. Hudibras, p. iii.

QUACK. n. s.   [from the verb.]
1. A boastful pretender to arts which he does not understand.
The change, schools and pulpits are full of quacks, jugglers
and plagiaries. L'Estrange.
Some quacks in the art of teaching, pretend to make young
gentlemen masters of the languages, before they can be masters
of common sense. Felton on the Classicks.
2. A vain boastful pretender to physick; one who proclaims his
own medical abilities in publick places.
At the first appearance that a French quack made in
Paris: a little boy walked before him, publishing with a shrill
voice, "My father cures all sorts of distempers;" to which
the doctor added in a grave manner, "The child says true."
Addison.
3. An artful tricking practitioner in physick.
Despairing quacks with curses fled the place,
And vile attorneys, now an useless race. Pope.

QUA'CKERY. n. s.  [from quack.] Mean or bad acts in physick.

QUA'CKSALVER. n. s.  [quack and salve.] One who brags of
medicines or salves; a medicaster; a charlatan.
Saltimbancoes, quacksalvers and charlatans deceive the vul­
gar in lower degrees; were Æsop alive, the piazza and the
pont neuf could speak their fallacies. Brown.
Many poor country vicars, for want of other means, are
driven to their shifts; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers and
empiricks. Burton on Melancholy.

QUADRA'GESIMAL. adj. [quadragesimal, Fr. quadragesima,
Latin.] Lenten; belonging to Lent; used in Lent.
I have composed prayers out of the church collects, adven­
tual, quadragesimal, paschal, or pentecostal. Sanderson.

QUA'DRANGLE. n. s.  [quadratus and angulus, Latin.] A
square; a surface with four right angles.
My choler being overblown
With walking once about the quadrangle,
I come to talk. Shakesp. Henry VI.
The escurial hath a quadrangle for every month in the
year. Howel.

QUADRA'NGULAR. adj.  [from quadrangle.] Square; having
four right angles.
Common salt shooteth into little crystals, coming near to a
cube, sometimes into square plates, sometimes into short qua­
drangular prisms. Grew's Cosmol.
Each environed with a crust, conforming itself to the
planes, is of a figure quadrangular. Woodward.
I was placed at a quadrangular table, opposite to the mace­
bearer. Spectator, No 617.

QUA'DRANT. n. s.  [quadrans, Lat.]
1. The fourth part; the quarter.
In sixty-three years may be lost eighteen days, omitting the
intercalation of one day every fourth year, allowed for this
quadrant or six hours supernumerary. Brown.
2. The quarter of a circle.
The obliquity of the ecliptick to the equator, and from
thence the diurnal differences of the sun's right ascensions,
which finish their variations in each quadrant of the circle of
the ecliptick, being joined to the former inequality, arising
from the excentricity, makes these quarterly and seeming ir­
regular inequalities of natural days. Holder on Time.
3. An instrument with which altitudes are taken.
Some had compasses, others quadrants. Tatler, No 81. 
Thin taper sticks must from one center part;
Let these into the quadrant's form divide. Gay.

QUADRA'NTAL. adj.  [from quadrant.] Included in the fourth
part of a circle.
To fill that space of dilating, proceed in strait lines, and
dispose of those lines in a variety of parallels: and to do that
in a quadrantal space, there appears but one way possible; to
form all the intersections, which the branches make, with
angles of forty-five degrees only. Derham's Physico-Theol.

QUADRATE. adj.  [quadratus, Latin.]
1. Square; having four equal and parallel sides.
2. Divisible into four equal parts.
The number of ten hath been extolled, as containing even,
odd, long and plain, quadrate and cubical numbers. Brown.
Some tell us, that the years Moses speaks of were somewhat
above the monthly year, containing in them thirty-six days,
which is a number quadrate. Hakewill on Providence.
3. [Quadrans, Lat.] Suited; applicable. This perhaps were
more properly quadrant.
The word consumption, being applicable to a proper or
improper consumption, requires a generical description, qua­
drate to both. Harvey on Consumptions.

QUA'DRATE. n. s. 
1. A square; a surface with four equal and parallel sides.
And 'twixt them both a quadrate was the base,
Proportion'd equally by seven and nine;
Nine was the circle set in heaven's place,
All which compacted, made a goodly diapase. Fa. Queen.
Whether the exact quadrate or the long square be the better,
is not well determined; I prefer the latter, provided the length
do not exceed the latitude above one third part. Wotton.
The powers militant
That stood for heav'n, in mighty quadrate join'd
Of union irresistible, mov'd on
In silence their bright legions. Milton.
To our finite understanding a quadrate, whose diagonal is
commensurate to one of the sides, is a plain contradiction.
More's Divine Dialogues.
2. [Quadrat, Fr.] In astrology, an aspect of the heavenly bodies,
wherein they are distant from each other ninety degrees, and
the same with quartile. Dict.

To QUA'DRATE. v. n.  [quadro, Lat. quadrer, Fr.] To suit;
to be accommodated.
Aristotle's rules for Epick poetry, which he had drawn from
his reflections upon Homer, cannot be supposed to quadrate
exactly with the heroick poems, which have been made since
his time; as it is plain, his rules would have been still more
perfect, could he have perused the Æneid. Addison.

QUA'DRATICK. adj.  Four square; belonging to a square. Dict.

QUADRATICK equations.  In algebra, are such as retain, on the
unknown side, the square of the root or the number sought:
and are of two sorts; first, simple quadraticks, where the square
of the unknown root is equal to the absolute number given;
secondly, affected quadraticks, which are such as have, be­
tween the highest power of the unknown number and the ab­
solute number given, some intermediate power of the un­
known number. Harris.

QUADRA'TURE. n. s.  [quadrature, Fr. quadratura, Latin.]
1. The act of squaring.
The speculations of algebra, the doctrine of infinites, and
the quadrature of curves should not intrench upon our studies
of morality. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.


2. The first and last quarter of the moon.
It is full moon, when the earth being between the sun and
moon, we see all the enlightened part of the moon; new
moon, when the moon being between us and the sun, its en­
lightened part is turned from us; and half moon, when the
moon being in the quadratures, we see but half the enlightened
part. Locke.
3. The state of being square; a quadrate; a square.
All things parted by th' empyreal bounds,
His quadrature from thy orbicular world. Milton.

QUADRE'NNIAL. adj.  [quadriennium, from quatuor and annus,
Latin.]
1. Comprising four years.
2. Happening once in four years.

QUA'DRIBLE. adj.  [from quadro, Lat.] That may be squared.
Sir Isaac Newton discovered a way of attaining the quan­
tity of all quadrible curves analytically, by his method of
fluxions, some time before the year 1688. Derham.

QUADRI'FID. adj.  [quadrifidis, Lat.] Cloven into four divi­
sions.

QUADRILA'TERAL. adj.  [quadrilatere, Fr. quatuor and
latus, Lat.] Having four sides.
Tin incorporated with crystal, disposes it to shoot into a
quadrilateral pyramid, sometimes placed on a quadrilateral
base or column. Woodward on Fossils.

QUADRILA'TERALNESS. n. s. [from quadrilateral.]The pro­
perty of having four right lined sides, forming as many right
angles. Dict.

QUA'DRILLE. n. s.  A game at cards. Dict."quadrille(n)" not found in OED.

QUA'DRIN. n. s.  [quadrinus, Lat.]A mite; a small piece of
money, in value about a farthing. Bailey.

QUA'DRINOMICAL. adj. [quatuor and nomen, Lat.]Consist­
ing of four denominations. Dict.

QUA'DRIPARTITE. adj.  [quatuor and partitus, Lat.] Ha­
vingfour parties; divided into four parts.

QUA'DRIPARTITELY. adv.  [from quadripartite.] In a qua­
dripartite distribution.

QUADRIPARTI'TION. n. s.  A division by four, or the taking
the fourth part of any quantity or number. Dict.

QUADRIPHY'LLOUS. adj.  [quatuor and φύλλον.] Having four
leaves.

QUADRIRE'ME. n. s.  [quadriremis, Lat.] A galley with four
banks of oars.

QUADRISY'LLABLE. n. s.  [quatuor and syllable.] A word of
four syllables.

QUADRIVA'LVES. n. s.  [quatuor and valvæ, Lat.] Doors with
four folds.

QUADRI'VIAL. adj.  [quadrivium, Lat.] Having four ways
meeting in a point.

QUADRU'PED. n. s.  [quadrupede, Fr. quadrupes, Lat.] An
animal that goes on four legs, as perhaps all beasts.
The different flexure and order of the joints is not disposed
in the elephant, as in other quadrupeds. Brown.
The fang teeth, eye teeth, or dentes canini of some qua­
druped. Woodward on Fossils.
Most quadrupedes, that live upon herbs, have incisor teeth
to pluck and divide them. Arbuthnot.
The king of brutes,
Of quadrupeds I only mean. Swift.

QUADRU'PED. adj.  Having four feet.
The cockney, travelling into the country, is surprized at
many actions of the quadruped and winged animals. Watts.

QUADRUPLE. adj.  [quadruple, Fr. quadruplus, Lat.] Four­
fold; four times told.
A law, that to bridle theft doth punish thieves with a qua­
druple restitution, hath an end which will continue as long as
the world itself continueth. Hooker.
The lives of men on earth might have continued double,
treble or quadruple, to any of the longest times of the first
age. Raleigh's History of the World.
Fat refreshes the blood in the penury of aliment during the
winter, and some animals have a quadruple caul. Arbuthnot.

To QUADRU'PLICATE. v. a.  [quadrupler, Fr. quadruplico,
Lat.] To double twice; to make fourfold.

QUADRUPLICA'TION. n. s.  [from quadruplicate.] The taking
a thing four times.

QUADRU'PLY. adv.  [from quadruple.] To a fourfold quantity.
If the person accused maketh his innocence appear, the ac­
cuser is put to death, and out of his goods the innocent person
is quadruply recompensed. Swift.

QUÆRE.  [Latin.] Enquire; seek; a word put when any
thing is recommended to enquiry.
QuÆre, if 'tis steeped in the same liquor, it may not pre­
vent the fly and grub. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To QUAFF. v. a.  [of this word the derivation is uncertain:
Junius, with his usual idleness of conjecture, derives it from
the Greek, ϗυαφίζειν in the Eolick dialect used for ϗυαϑίζειν.
Skinner from go off, as go off, guoff, quoff, quaff. It comes
from coeffer, Fr. to be drunk.] To drink; to swallow in
large draughts.
He calls for wine; a health, quoth he, as if
H'ad been abroad carousing to his mates
After a storm, quafft off the muscadel,
And threw the sops all in the sexton's face. Shakesp.
I found the prince,
With such a deep demeanour in great sorrow,
That tyranny, which never quafft but blood,
Would, by beholding him, have wash'd his knifé
With gentle eye drops. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
On flow'rs repos'd, and with rich flow'rets crown'd,
They eat, they drink, and in communion sweet
Quaff immortality and joy. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

To QUAFF. v. n.  To drink luxuriously.
We may contrive this afternoon,
And quaff carouses to our mistress' health. Shakesp.
Belshazzer, quaffing in the sacred vessels of the temple, sees
his fatal sentence writ by the fingers of God. South.
Twelve days the gods their solemn revels keep,
And quaff with blameless Ethiops in the deep. Dryden.

QUA'FFER. n. s.  [from quaff.] He who quaffs.

To QUAFFER. v. n.  [a low word, I suppose, formed by
chance.] To feel out. This seems to be the meaning.
Ducks, having larger nerves that come into their bills than
geese, quaffer and grope out their meat the most. Derham."quaffer(v)" not found in OED.

QUA'GGY. adj.  [from quagmire.] Boggy; soft; not solid. Ains.
This word is somewhere too in Clarissa.

QUA'GMIRE. n. s.  [that is, quakemire.] A shaking marsh;
a bog that trembles under the feet.
The fen and quagmire, so marish by kind,
Are to be drained. Tusser.
Your hearts I'll stamp out with my horse's heels,
And make a quagmire of your mingled brains. Shakesp.
Poor Tom! whom the foul fiend hath through ford and
whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire. Shakesp.
The wet particles might have easily ever mingled with the
dry, and so all had either been sea or quagmire. More.
The brain is of such a clammy consistence, that it can no
more retain motion than a quagmire. Glanvill's Sceps.

QUAID. part.  [of this participle I know not the verb, and be­
lieve it only put by Spenser, who often took great liberties,
for quailed, for the poor convenience of his rhyme.] Crushed;
dejected; depressed.
Therewith his sturdy courage soon was quaid,
And all his senses were with sudden dread dismaid. F. Qu."quaid(a)" not found in OED.

QUAIL. n. s.  [quaglia, Italian.] A bird of game.
His quails ever
Beat mine, in-hoop'd at odds. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Hen birds have a peculiar sort of voice, when they would
call the male, which is so eminent in quails, that men, by
counterfeiting this voice with a quail pipe, easily drew the
cocks into their snares. Ray on the Creation.
A fresher gale
Sweeping with shadowy gust the field of corn,
While the quail clamours for his running mate. Thomson.

QUAILPIPE. n. s.  [quail and pipe.] A pipe with which fowlers
allure quails.
A dish of wild fowl furnished conversation, which con­
cluded with a late invention for improving the quailpipe.
Addison's Spectator, No 108.

To QUAIL. v. n.  [quelen, Dutch.] To languish; to sink into
dejection; to lose spirit. Spenser.
He writes there is no quailing now;
Because the king is certainly possest
Of all our purposes. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
This may plant courage in their quailing breasts,
For yet is hope of life and victory. Shakesp.
After Solyman had with all his power in vain besieged
Rhodes, his haughty courage began to quail, so that he was
upon point to have raised his siege. Knolles.
While rocks stand,
And rivers stir, thou can'st not shrink or quail;
Yea, when both rocks and all things shall disband,
Then shalt thou be my rock and tower. Herbert.
When Dido's ghost appear'd,
It made this hardy warriour quail. Wandering Pr. of Troy.
At this the errant's courage quails. Cleaveland.
To pass the quailing and withering of all things by the re­
cess, and their reviving by the reaccess of the sun, the sap in
trees precisely follows the motion of the sun. Hakewill.

To QUAIL. v. a.  [c&wyn;ellan, Saxon.] To crush; to quell; to
depress; to sink; to overpower.
To drive him to despair, and quite to quail,
He shewed him painted in a table plain
The damned ghosts. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Three, with fi'ry courage, he assails; 
Three, all as kings adorn'd in royal wise:
And each successive after other quails,
Still wond'ring whence so many kings should rise. Daniel.

QUAINT. adj.  [coint, Fr. comptus, Lat.]
1. Nice; scrupulously, minutely, superfluously exact; having
petty elegance.
Each ear sucks up the words a true love scattereth,
And plain speech oft, than quaint phrase framed is. Sidney.


You were glad to be employ'd;
To shew how quaint an orator you are. Shakesp.
He spends some pages about two similitudes; one of mine,
and another quainter of his own. Stillingfleet.
2. Subtle; artful. Obsolete.
As clerkes been full subtle and queint. Chaucer.
3. Neat; pretty; exact.
But for a fine, quaint; graceful and excellent fashion, yours
is worth ten on't. Shakesp.
Her mother hath intended,
That, quaint in green, she shall be loose enrob'd
With ribbands pendent, flaring 'bout her head. Shakesp.
I never saw a better fashion'd gown,
More quaint, more pleasing, nor more commendable. Sha.
4. Subtly excogitated; finespun.
I'll speak of frays,
Like a fine bragging youth, and tell quaint lies,
How honourable ladies sought my love,
Which I denying they fell sick and died. Shakesp.
He his fabrick of the heav'ns
Hath left to their disputes, perhaps to move
His laughter at their quaint opinions wide
Hereafter. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
5. Quaint is, in Spenser, quailed; depressed. I believe by a
very licentious irregularity.
With such fair slight him Guyon fail'd:
Till at the last, all breathless, weary and faint,
Him spying, with fresh onset he assail'd,
And kindling new his courage, seeming quaint,
Struck him so hugely, that through great constraint
He made him stoop. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
6. Affected; foppish. This is not the true idea of the word,
which Swift seems not to have well understood.
To this we owe those monstrous productions, which under
the name of trips, spies, amusements, and other conceited
appellations, have overrun us; and I wish I could say, those
quaint sopperies were wholly absent from graver subjects. Sw.

QUAI'NTLY. adv.  [from quaint.]
1. Nicely; exactly; with petty elegance.
When was old Sherewood's hair more quaintly curl'd,
Or nature's cradle more enchas'd and purl'd. B. Johnson.
2. Artfully.
Breathe his faults so quaintly,
That they seem the taints of liberty,
The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. Shakesp.
3. Ingeniously with success. This is not the true sense.
As my Buxoma
With gentle finger stroak'd her milky care,
I quaintly stole a kiss. Gay.

QUAI'NTNESS. n. s.  [from quaint.] Nicety; petty elegance.
There is a certain majesty in simplicity, which is far above
all the quaintness of wit. Pope.

To QUAKE. v. n.  [c&wyn;acan, Saxon.]
1. To shake with cold or fear; to tremble.
Dorus threw Pamela behind a tree; where she stood quaking
like the partridge on which the hawk is even ready to seize.
Sidney, b. i.
If Cupid hath not spent all his quiver in Venice, thou wilt
quake for this. Shakespeare.
Do such business as the better day
Would quake to look on. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Who honours not his father,
Henry the fifth, that made all France to quake,
Shake he his weapon at us, and pass by. Shakesp.
The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the
earth is burnt at his presence. Nah. i. 5.
Son of man eat thy bread with quaking, and drink thy
water with trembling and carefulness. Ezek. xii. 18.
In fields they dare not fight where honour calls,
The very noise of war their souls does wound,
They quake but hearing their own trumpets sound. Dryden.
2. To shake; not to be solid or firm.
Next Smedley div'd; slow circles dimpled o'er
The quaking mud, that clos'd and op'd no more. Pope.

QUAKE. n. s.  [from the verb.] A shudder; a tremulous agi­
tation.
As the earth may sometimes shake,
For winds shut up will cause a quake;
So often jealousy and fear
Stol'n to mine heart, cause tremblings there. Suckling.

QUAKING-GRASS. n. s.  An herb. Ainsworth.

QUALIFICA'TION. n. s.  [qualification, Fr. from qualify.]
1. That which makes any person or thing fit for any thing.
It is in the power of the prince to make piety and virtue
become the fashion, if he would make them necessary quali­
fications for preferment. Swift.
2. Accomplishment.
Good qualifications of mind enable a magistrate to perform
his duty, and tend to create a publick esteem of him. Atter.
3. Abatement; diminution.
Neither had the waters of the flood infused such an impu­
rity, as thereby the natural and powerful operation of all
plants, herbs and fruits upon the earth received a qualification
and harmful change. Raleigh's History of the World.

To QUALI'FY. v. a.  [qualifier, Fr.]
1. To fit for any thing.
Place over them such governors, as may be qualified in such
manner as may govern the place. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
I bequeath to Mr. John Whiteway the sum of one hundred
pounds, in order to qualify him for a surgeon. Swift's Will.
2. To furnish with qualifications; to accomplish.
That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in;
and the best of me is diligence. Shakesp. King Lear.
She is of good esteem,
Her dowry wealthy, and of worthy birth,
Beside so qualified, as may beseem
The spouse of any noble gentleman. Shakesp.
3. To make capable of any employment or privilege.
4. To abate; to sosten; to diminish.
I have heard,
Your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualify
His rig'rous course. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
I do not seek to quench your love's hot fire,
But qualify the fire's extreme rage,
Lest it should burn above the bounds of reason. Shakesp.
I have drunk but one cup to-night, and that was craftily
qualified too ; and behold what innovation it makes here. Sha.
They would report that they had records for twenty
thousand years, which must needs be a very great untruth,
unless we will quality it, expounding their years not of the
revolution of the sun, but of the moon. Abbot.
It hath so pleased God to provide for all living creatures,
wherewith he hath filled the world, that such inconveniences,
as we contemplate afar off, are found, by trial and the wit­
ness of men's travels, to be so qualified, as there is no portion
of the earth made in vain. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
So happy 'tis you move in such a sphere,
As you high majesty with awful fear
In human breasts might qualify that fire,
Which kindled by those eyes had flamed higher. Waller.
Children should be early instructed in the true estimate of
things, by opposing the good to the evil, and compensating
or qualifying one thing with another. L'Estrange.
My proposition I have qualified with the word, often;
thereby making allowance for those cases, wherein men of
excellent minds may, by a long practice of virtue, have ren­
ered even the heights and rigours of it delightful. Atterbury.
5. To ease; to assuage.
He balms and herbs therto apply'd,
And evermore with mighty spells them charm'd,
That in short space he has them qualify'd,
And him restor'd to health, that would have dy'd. Spenser.
6. To modify; to regulate.
It hath no larinx or throttle to qualify the found. Brown.

QUA'LITY. n. s.  [qualitas, Lat. qualitè, Fr.]
1. Nature relatively considered.
These, being of a far other nature and quality, are not so
strictly or everlastingly commanded in scripture. Hooker.
Other creatures have not judgment to examine the quality
of that which is done by them, and therefore in that they do,
they neither can accuse nor approve themselves. Hooker.
Since the event of an action usually follows the nature or
quality of it, and the quality follows the rule directing it, it
concerns a man, in the framing of his actions, not to be de­
ceived in the rule. South.
The power to produce any idea in our mind, I call quality
of the subject, wherein that power is. Locke.
2. Property; accident.
In the division of the kingdom, it appears not which of
the dukes he values most; for qualities are so weighed, that
curiosity in neither can make choice of either's moiety. Shak.
No sensible qualities, as light and colour, heat and sound,
can be subsistent in the bodies themselves absolutely consi­
dered, without a relation to our eyes and ears, and other or­
gans of sense: these qualities are only the effects of our sen­
sation, which arise from the different motions upon our nerves
from objects without, according to their various modification
and position. Bentley.
3. Particular efficacy.
O, mickle is the powerful grace, that lies
In plants, herbs, stones, and their true qualities. Shakesp.
4. Disposition; temper.
To-night we'll wander through the streets, and note
The qualities of people. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
5. Virtue or vice.
One doubt remains, said I, the dames in green,
What were their qualities, and who their queen? Dryden.
6. Accomplishment; qualification.
He had those qualities of horsemanship, dancing and fencing,
which accompany a good breeding. Clarendon.
7. Character.
The attorney of the dutchy of Lancaster partakes of both
qualities, partly of a judge in that court, and partly of an
attorney general. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.


We, who are hearers, may be allowed some opportunities
in the quality of standers-by. Swift.
8. Comparative or relative rank.
It is with the clergy, if their persons be respected, even as
it is with other men; their quality many times far beneath
that which the dignity of their place requireth. Hooker.
We lived most joyful, obtaining acquaintance with many
of the city, not of the meanest quality. Bacon.
The masters of these horses may be admitted to dine with
the lord lieutenant: this is to be done, what quality soever the
persons are of. Temple.
9. Rank; superiority of birth or station.
Let him be so entertained, as suits with gentlemen of your
knowing to a stranger of his quality. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
10. Persons of high rank. Collectively.
I shall appear at the masquerade dressed up in my feathers,
that the quality may see how pretty they will look in their
travelling habits. Addison's Guardian, No 112.
Of all the servile herd, the worst is he,
That in proud dullness joins with quality,
A constant critick at the great man's board,
To fetch and carry nonsense for my lord. Pope.

QUALM. n. s.  [c&wyn;ealm, Saxon, a sudden stroke of death.] A
sudden fit of sickness; a sudden seizure of sickly languor.
Some sudden qualm hath struck me to the heart,
And dimm'd mine eyes, that I can read no further. Shak.
Some distill'd carduus benedictus, laid to your heart, is the
only thing for a qualm. Shakesp.
Compar'd to these storms, death is but a qualm,
Hell somewhat lightsome, the Bermudas calm. Donne.
I find a cold qualm come over my heart, that I faint, I can
speak no longer. Howel.
All maladies
Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms
Of heart-sick agony. Milton's Par. Lost.
For who, without a qualm, hath ever look'd
On holy garbage, though by Homer cook'd. Roscommon.
They have a sickly uneasiness upon them, shifting and
changing from one error, and from one qualm to another,
hankering after novelties. L'Estrange's Fables.
Thy mother well deserves that short delight,
The nauseous qualms of ten months and travail to requite.
Dryden's Virgil.
When he hath stretched his vessels with wine to their ut­
most capacity, and is grown weary and sick, and feels those
qualms and disturbances that usually attend such excesses, he
resolves, that he will hereafter contain himself within the
bounds of sobriety. Calamy.
The qualms or ruptures of your blood
Rise in proportion to your food. Prior.

QUA'LMISH. adj.  [from qualm.] Seized with sickly languor.
I am qualmish at the smell of leek. Shakesp.
You drop into the place,
Careless and qualmish with a yawning face. Dryden.

QUA'NDARY. n. s.  [qu'en dirai je, Fr. Skinner.] A doubt; a
difficulty; an uncertainty. A low word.

QUA'NTITIVE. adj.  [quantitivus, Lat.] Estimable according
to quantity.
This explication of rarity and density, by the composition
of substance with quantity, may peradventure give little satis­
faction to such who are apt to conceive therein no other com­
position or resolution, but such as our senses shew us, in com­
pounding and dividing bodies according to quantitive parts.
Digby on Bodies.

QUA'NTITY. n. s.  [quantité, Fr. quantitas, Lat.]
1. That property of any thing which may be encreased or di­
minished.
Quantity is what may be increased or diminished. Cheyne.
2. Any indeterminate weight or measure.
3. Bulk or weight.
Unskill'd in hellebore, if thou shou'dst try
To mix it, and mistake the quantity,
The rules of physick wou'd against thee cry. Dryden.
4. A portion; a part.
If I were saw'd into quantities, I should make four dozen
of such bearded hermites staves as master Shallow. Shakesp.
5. A large portion.
The warm antiscorbutical plants, taken in quantities, will
occasion stinking breath, and corrupt the blood. Arbuthnot.
6. The measure of time in pronouncing a syllable.
The easy pronunciation of a mute before a liquid does not
necessarily make the preceding vowel, by position, long in
quantity; as patrem. Holder's Elements of Speech.

QUA'NTUM. n. s.  [Latin.] The quantity; the amount.
The quantum of presbyterian merit, during the reign of
that ill-advised prince, will easily be computed. Swift.

QUA'RANTAIN. n. s.  [quarantain, Fr.] The space of forty
days, being the time which a ship, suspected
of infection, is obliged to forbear intercourse or commerce.
QUA'RANTINE. n. s.  [quarantain, Fr.] The space of forty
days, being the time which a ship, suspected
of infection, is obliged to forbear intercourse or commerce.
Pass your quarantine among some of the churches round
this town, where you may learn to speak before you venture
to expose your parts in a city congregation. Swift.

QUA'RREL. n. s.  [querelle, Fr.]
1. A brawl; a petty fight; a scuffle.
If I can fasten but one cup upon him,
With that which he hath drank to-night already,
He'll be as full of quarrel and offence,
As my young mistress' dog. Shakesp. Othello.
2. A dispute; a contest.
The part, which in this present quarrel striveth against the
current and stream of laws, was a long while nothing
feared. Hooker's Dedication.
As if earth too narrow were for fate,
On open seas their quarrels they debate;
In hollow wood they floating armies bear,
And forc'd imprison'd winds to bring 'em near. Dryden.
3. A cause of debate.
I could not die any where so contented, as in the king's
company; his cause being just, and his quarrel honourable.
Shakesp. Henry V.
If not in service of our God we fought,
In meaner quarrel if this sword were shaken,
Well might thou gather in the gentle thought,
So fair a princess should not be forsaken. Fairfax.
4. Something that gives a right to mischief or reprisal.
He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him. Holingsh.
Wives are young men's mistresses, companions for middle
age, and old men's nurses; so a man may have a quarrel to
marry when he will. Bacon's Essays.
5. Objection; ill will.
Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed
him, but she could not. Mar. vi. 19.
We are apt to pick quarrels with the world for every little
foolery. L'Estrange.
I have no quarrel to the practice; it may be a diverting
way. Felton on the Classicks.
6. In Shakespeare, it seems to signify any one peevish or ma­
licious.
Better
She ne'er had known pomp, though't be temporal;
Yet if that quarrel, fortune, do divorce
It from the bearer, 'tis a suff'rance panging
As soul and body's sev'ring. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
7. [From quadreau, Fr. quadrella, Italian.] An arrow with a
square head.
It is reported by William Brito, that the arcubalista or ar­
balist was first shewed to the French by our king Richard I.
who was shortly after slain by a quarrel thereof. Camden.
Twang'd the string, outflew the quarrel long. Fairfax.

To QUA'RREL. v. n.  [quereller, Fr.]
1. To debate; to scuffle; to squabble.
I love the sport well, but I shall as soon quarrel at it as any
man. Shakesp.
Your words have taken such pains, as if they labour'd
To bring manslaughter into form, set quarrelling
Upon the head of valour. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Wine drunken with excess, maketh bitterness of the mind,
with brawling and quarrelling. Ecclus. xxxi. 29.
Beasts called sociable, quarrel in hunger and lust; and the
bull and ram appear then as much in fury and war, as the
lion and the bear. Temple's Miscellanies.
2. To fall into variance.
Our discontented counties do revolt;
Our people quarrel with obedience. Shakesp. King John.
3. To fight; to combat.
When once the Persian king was put to flight,
The weary Macedons refus'd to fight;
Themselves their own mortality confess'd,
And left the son of Jove to quarrel for the rest. Dryden.
4. To find fault; to pick objections.
To admit the thing, and quarrel about the name, is to
make ourselves ridiculous. Bramhall against Hobbs.
They find out miscarriages wherever they are, and forge
them often where they are not; they quarrel first with the
officers, and then with the prince and state. Temple.
In a poem elegantly writ,
I will not quarrel with a slight mistake. Roscommon.
I quarrel not with the word, because used by Ovid. Dryd.

QUA'RRELLER. n. s.  [from quarrel.] He who quarrels.

QUA'RRELLOUS. adj.  [querelleux, Fr.] Petulant; easily pro­
voked to enmity; quarrelsome.
Ready in gybes, quick answered, saucy, and
As quarrellous as the weazel. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

QUA'RRELSOME. adj.  [from quarrel.] Inclined to brawls;
easily irritated; irascible; cholerick; petulant.
Cholerick and quarrelsome persons will engage one into
their quarrels. Bacon's Essays.
There needs no more to the setting of the whole world in
a flame, than a quarrelsome plaintiff and defendant. L'Estr.

QUA'RRELSOMELY. adv.  [from quarrelsome.] In a quarrel­
some manner; petulantly; cholerickly.



QUA'RRELSOMENESS. n. s.  [from quarrelsome.] Cholerick­
ness; petulance.

QUA'RRY. n. s.  [quarrè, Fr.]
1. A square.
To take down a quarry of glass to scowre, sodder, band,
and to set it up again, is three halfpence a foot. Mortimer.
2. [Quadreau, Fr.] An arrow with a square head.
The shafts and quarries from their engines fly
As thick as falling drops in April show'rs. Fairfax.
3. [From querir, to seek, Fr. Skinner; from carry, Kennet.]
Game flown at by a hawk.
Your wife and babes
Savagely slaughter'd; to relate the manner,
Were on the quarry of these murder'd deer
To add the death of you. Shakesp. Macbeth.
She dwells among the rocks, on every side
With broken mountains strongly fortify'd;
From thence whatever can be seen surveys,
And stooping, on the slaughter'd quarry preys. Sandys.
So scented the grim feature, and up turn'd
His nostrils wide into the murky air,
Sagacious of his quarry. Milton.
They their guns discharge;
This heard some ships of ours, though out of view,
And swift as eagles to the quarry flew. Waller.
An hollow crystal pyramid he takes,
In firmamental waters dipt above,
Of it a broad extinguisher he makes,
And hoods the flames that to their quarry strove. Dryden.
No toil, no hardship can restrain
Ambitious man inur'd to pain;
The more confin'd, the more he tries,
And at forbidden quarry flies. Dryden's Horace.
Ere now the god his arrows had not try'd,
But on the trembling deer or mountain goat,
At this new quarry he prepares to shoot. Dryden.
Let reason then at her own quarry fly,
But how can finite grasp infinity. Dryden.
4. [Quarriere, quarrel, Fr. from carrig, Irish, a stone, Mr.
Lye; craigg, Erse, a rock.] A stone mine; a place where
they dig stones.
The same is said of stone out of the quarry, to make it
more durable. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Pyramids and tow'rs
From diamond quarries hewn, and rocks of gold. Milton.
Here though grief my feeble hands up lock,
Yet on the soften'd quarry would I score
My plaining verse as lively as before. Milton.
An hard and unrelenting she,
As the new-crusted Niobe;
Or, what doth more of statue carry,
A nun of the Platonick quarry. Cleaveland.
He like Amphion makes those quarries leap
Into fair figures from a confus'd heap. Waller.
Could necessity infallibly produce quarries of stone, which
are the materials of all magnificent structures. More.
For them alone the heav'ns had kindly heat
In eastern quarries, ripening precious dew. Dryden.
As long as the next coal-pit, quarry or chalk-pit will give
abundant attestation to what I write, to these I may very
safely appeal. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

To QUA'RRY. v. n.  [from the noun.] To prey upon. A low
word not in use.
With cares and horrors at his heart, like the vulture that is
day and night quarrying upon Prometheus's liver. L'Estrange.

QU'ARRYMAN. n. s.  [quarry and man.] One who digs in a
quarry.
One rhomboidal bony scale of the needle-fish, out of Stuns­
field quarry, the quarryman assured me was flat, covered over
with scales, and three foot long. Woodward.

QUART. n. s.  [quart, Fr.]
1. The fourth part; a quarter. Not in use.
Albanact had all the northern part,
Which of himself Albania he did call,
And Camber did possess the western quart. Fairy Queen.
2. The fourth part of a gallon.
When I have been dry, and bravely marching, it hath
served me instead of a quart pot to drink in. Shakesp.
You have made an order, that ale should be sold at three
halfpence a quart. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. [Quarte, Fr.] The vessel in which strong drink is commonly
retailed.
You'd rail upon the hostess of the house,
And say you would present her at the leet,
Because she bought stone jugs and no seal'd quarts. Shakesp.

QUA'RTAN. n. s.  [febris quartana, Lat.] The fourth day ague.
It were an uncomfortable receipt for a quartan ague, to lay
the fourth book of Homer's Iliads under one's head. Brown.
Call her the metaphysicks of her sex,
And say she tortures wits, as quartans vex
Physicians. Cleaveland.
Among these, quartans and tertians of a long continuance
most menace this symptom. Harvey on Consumptions.
A look so pale no quartan ever gave,
Thy dwindled legs seem crawling to the grave. Dryden.

QUARTA'TION. n. s.  [from quartus, Lat.] A chymical opera­
tion.
In quartation, which refiners employ to purify gold, al­
though three parts of silver be so exquisitely mingled by fusion
with a fourth part of gold, whence the operation is denomi­
nated, that the resulting mass acquires several new qualities;
yet, if you cast this mixture into aqua fortis, the silver will
be dissolved in the menstruum, and the gold like a dark
powder will fall to the bottom. Boyle.

QUA'RTER. n. s.  [quart, quartier, Fr]
1. A fourth part.
It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus washing
her hands; I have known her continue in this a quarter of an
hour. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Suppose the common depth of the sea, taking one place
with another, to be about a quarter of a mile. Burnet.
Observe what stars arise or disappear,
And the four quarters of the rolling year. Dryden.
Supposing only three millions to be paid, 'tis evident that
to do this out of commodities, they must, to the consumer,
be raised a quarter in their price; so that every thing, to him
that uses it, must be a quarter dearer. Locke.
2. A region of the skies, as referred to the seaman's card.
I'll give thee a wind.
—I myself have all the other,
And the very points they blow,
And all the quarters that they know
I' th' shipman's card. Shakesp. Macbeth.
His praise, ye winds! that from four quarters blow,
Breathe soft or loud. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
When the winds in southern quarters rise,
Ships, from their anchors torn, become their sport,
And sudden tempests rage within the port. Addison.
3. A particular region of a town or country.
The like is to be said of the populousness of their coasts
and quarters there. Abbot's Description of the World.
No leaven shall be seen in thy quarters. Exodus xiii. 7.
The sons of the church being so much dispersed, though
without being driven, into all quarters of the land, there was
some extraordinary design of divine wisdom in it. Sprat.
A bungling cobler, that was ready to starve at his own
trade, changes his quarter, and sets up for a doctor. L'Estr.
4. The place where soldiers are lodged or stationed.
Where is lord Stanley quarter'd?
—Unless I have mista'en his quarters much,
His regiment lies half a mile
South from the mighty power of the king. Shakesp.
The quarters of the sev'ral chiefs they show'd,
Here Phenix, here Achilles made abode. Dryden.
It was high time to shift my quarters. Spectator.
5. Proper station.
They do best, who, if they cannot but admit love, yet
make it keep quarter, and sever it wholly from their serious
affairs. Bacon's Essays.
Swift to their several quarters hasted then
The cumbrous elements. Milton.
6. Remission of life; mercy granted by a conqueror.
He magnified his own clemency, now they were at his
mercy, to offer them quarter for their lives, if they gave up
the castle. Clarendon, b. viii.
When the cocks and lambs lie at the mercy of cats and
wolves, they must never expect better quarter. L'Estrange.
Discover the opinion of your enemies, which is commonly
the truest; for they will give you no quarter, and allow no­
thing to complaisance. Dryden.
7. Treatment shown by an enemy.
To the young if you give any tolerable quarter, you in­
dulge them in their idleness, and ruin them. Collier.
Mr. Wharton, who detected some hundreds of the bishop's
mistakes, meets with very ill quarter from his lordship. Swift.
8. Friendship; amity; concord. Not now in use.
Friends, all but now,
In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom
Divesting them for bed, and then, but now
Swords out, and tilting one at other's breasts. Shakesp.
9. A measure of eight bushels.
There may be kept in it fourteen thousand quarters of corn,
which is two thousand quarters in each loft. Mortimer.
10. False quarter is a cleft or chink in a quarter of a horse's
hoof from top to bottom; it generally happens on the inside
of it, that being the weakest and thinnest part.

To QUA'RTER. v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To divide into four parts.
A thought that quarter'd, hath but one part wisdom,
And ever three parts coward. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. To divide; to break by force.
You tempt the fury of my three attendants,
Lean famine, quartering steel, and climbing fire. Shakesp.
Mothers shall but smile, when they behold
Their infants quarter'd by the hands of war. Shakesp.


3. To divide into distinct regions.
Then sailors quarter'd heav'n, and found a name
For ev'ry fixt and ev'ry wand'ring star. Dryden.
4. To station or lodge soldiers.
When they hear the Roman horses neigh,
Behold their quarter'd fires,
They will waste their time upon our note,
To know from whence we are. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Where is lord Stanley quarter'd?
—His regiment lies half a mile south. Shakesp. Rich. III.
They o'er the barren shore pursue their way,
Where quarter'd in their camp, the fierce Thessalians lay.
Dryden.
You have quartered all the foul language upon me, that
could be raked out of Billingsgate. Spectator, No 595.
5. To lodge; to fix on a temporary dwelling.
They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter'd. Shakesp.
6. To diet.
He fed on vermin;
And when these fail'd, he'd suck his claws,
And quarter himself upon his paws. Hudibras, p. i.
7. To bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms.
The first ordinary and natural, being compounded of ar­
gent and azure, is the coat of Beauchamp of Hack in the
county of Somerset, now quartered by the earl of Hertford.
Peacham on Blazoning.

QUA'RTERAGE. n. s.  [from quarter.] A quarterly allowance.
He us'd two equal ways of gaining,
By hindring justice or maintaining;
To many a whore gave privilege,
And whipp'd for want of quarterage. Hudibras, p. iii.

QUA'RTERDAY. n. s.  [quarter and day.] One of the four
days in the year, on which rent or interest is paid.
The usurer would be very well satisfied to have all the time
annihilated, that lies between the present moment and next
quarterday. Addison's Spectator, No 93.

QUA'RTERDECK. n. s.  [quarter and deck.] The short upper
deck.

QUA'RTERLY. adj.  [from quarter.] Containing a fourth part.
The moon makes four quarterly seasons within her little
year or month of consecution. Holder on Time.
From the obliquity of the ecliptick to the equator arise
the diurnal differences of the sun's right ascension, which
finish their variations in each quadrant of the ecliptick, and
this being added to the former inequality from eccentricity,
makes these quarterly and seemingly irregular inequalities of
natural days. Bentley.

QUA'RTERLY. adv.  Once in a quarter of a year.

QUA'RTERMASTER. n. s.  [quarter and master.] One who re­
gulates the quarters of soldiers.
The quartermaster general was marking the ground for the
encampment of the covering army. Tatler, No 62.

QUA'RTERN. n. s.  A gill or the fourth part of a pint.

QUA'RTERSTAFF. n. s.  A staff of defence: so called, I be­
lieve, from the manner of using it; one hand being placed at
themiddle, and the other equally between the middle and
the end.
His quarterstaff, which he could ne'er forsake,
Hung half before, and half behind his back. Dryden.
Immense riches he squandered away at quarterstaff and
cudgel play, in which he challenged all the country. Arbuth.

QUA'RTILE. n. s.  An aspect of the planets, when they are
three signs or ninety degrees distant from each other, and is
marked thus ?. Harris.
Mars and Venus in a quartile move
My pangs of jealousy for Ariet's love. Dryden.

QUA'RTO. n. s.  [quartus, Lat.] A book in which every sheet,
being twice doubled, makes four leaves.
Our fathers had a just value for regularity and systems;
then folio's and quarto's were the fashionable sizes, as volumes
in octavo are now. Watts.

To QUASH. v. a.  [quassen, Dutch; squacciare, Italian; quasso,
Latin.]
1. To crush; to squeeze.
The whales
Against sharp rocks like reeling vessels quash'd,
Though huge as mountains, are in pieces dash'd. Waller.
2. To subdue suddenly.
'Twas not the spawn of such as these,
That dy'd with Punick blood the conquer'd seas,
And quash'd the stern Æacides. Roscommon.
Our she confederates keep pace with us in quashing the re­
bellion, which had begun to spread itself among part of the
fair sex. Addison's Freeholder, No 15.
3. [Cassus, Lat. casser, Fr.] To annul; to nullify; to make
void: as, the indictment was quashed.

To QUASH. v. n.  To be shaken with a noise.
A thin and fine membrane strait and closely adhering to
keep it from quashing and shaking. Ray on the Creation.
The water in this dropsy, by a sudden jirk, may be heard
to quash. Sharp's Surgery.

QUASH. n. s.  A pompion. Ainsworth.

QUA'TERCOUSINS.  As, they are not quater-cousins, as it is
commonly spoken cater-cousins, plus ne sont pas de quatre cousins,
they are not of the four first degrees of kindred, that is, they
are not friends. Skinner.

QUATE'RNARY. n. s.  [quaternarius, Lat.] The number four.
The objections against the quaternary of elements and ter­
nary of principles, needed not to be opposed so much against
the doctrines themselves. Boyle.

QUATE'RNION. n. s.  [quaternio, Lat.] The number four.
Air and the elements! the eldest birth
Of nature's womb, that in quaternion run
Perpetual circle, multiform; and mix
And nourish all things; let your ceaseless change
Vary to our great maker still new praise. Milton.
I have not in this scheme of these nine quaternions of conso­
nants, distinct known characters, whereby to express them,
but must repeat the same. Holder's Elements of Speech.

QUATE'RNITY. n. s.  [quaternus, Lat.] The number four.
The number of four stands much admired, not only in the
quaternity of the elements, which are the principles of bodies,
but in the letters of the name of God. Brown.

QUA'TRAIN. n. s.  [quatrain, Fr.] A stanza of four lines
rhyming alternately: as,
Say, Stella, what is love, whose fatal pow'r
Robs virtue of content, and youth of joy?
What nymph or goddess in a luck less hour
Disclos'd to light the mischief-making boy. Mrs. Mulso.
I have writ my poem in quatrains or stanza's of four in al­
ternate rhyme, because I have ever judged them of greater
dignity for the sound and number, than any other verse in
use. Dryden.

To QUA'VER. v. n.  [c&wyn;avan, Saxon.]
1. To shake the voice; to speak or sing with a tremulous
voice.
Miso sitting on the ground with her knees up, and her
hands upon her knees tuning her voice with many a quavering
cough, thus discoursed. Sidney, b. ii.
The division and quavering, which please so much in mu­
sick, have an agreement with the glittering or light playing
upon a wave. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Now sportive youth
Carol incondite rhythms with suiting notes,
And quaver unharmonious. Philips.
We shall hear her quavering them half a minute after us,
to some sprightly airs of the opera. Addison.
2. To tremble; to vibrate.
A membrane, stretched like the head of a drum, is to re­
ceive the impulse of the sound, and to vibrate or quaver ac­
cording to its reciprocal motions. Ray on the Creation.
If the eye and the finger remain quiet, these colours vanish
in a second minute of time, but if the finger be moved with
a quavering motion, they appear again. Newton's Opticks.

QUAY. n. s.  [quai, Fr.] A key; an artificial bank to the sea
or river, on which goods are conveniently unladen.


QUE

QUEAN. n. s.  [c&wyn;ean, Saxon, a barren cow; horc&wyn;en, in the
laws of Canute, a strumpet.] A worthless woman, gene­
rally a strumpet.
As fit as the nail to his hole, or as a scolding quean to a
wrangling knave. Shakesp.
This well they understand like cunning queans,
And hide their nastiness behind the scenes. Dryden.
Such is that sprinkling, which some careless quean
Flirts on you from her mop. Swift.

QUEA'SINESS. n. s.  [from queasy.] The sickness of a nauseated
stomach.

QUEA'SY. adj.  [of uncertain etymology.]
1. Sick with nausea.
He, queasy with his insolence already,
Will their good thoughts call from him. Shakesp.
Whether a rotten state and hope of gain,
Or to disuse me from the queasy pain
Of being belov'd and loving,
Out-push me first. Donne.
2. Fastidious; squeamish.
I, with your two helps, will so practise on Benedict, that,
in despight of his quick wit and his queasy stomach, he shall
fall in love with Beatrice. Shakesp.
The humility of Gregory the great would not admit the
stile of bishop, but the ambition of Boniface made no scruple
thereof, nor have queasy resolutions been harboured in their
successors ever since. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Men's stomachs are generally so queasy in these cases, that
it is not safe to overload them. Government of the Tongue.
Without question,
Their conscience was too queasy of digestion. Dryden.
3. Causing nauseousness.
I have one thing of a queasy question,
Which I must act. Shakesp. King Lear.

To QUECK. v. n.  To shrink; to show pain; perhaps to com­
plain.
The lads of Sparta were accustomed to be whipped at altars,
without so much as queeking. Bacon.



QUEEN. n. s.  [c&wyn;en, Saxon, a woman, a wife, the wife of a
king.]
1. The wife of a king.
He was lapt
In a most curious mantle, wrought by the hand
Of his queen mother. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. A woman who is sovereign of a kingdom.
That queen Elizabeth lived sixty-nine, and reigned forty­
five years, means no more than, that the duration of her
existence was equal to sixty-nine, and the duration of her
government to forty-five annual revolutions of the sun. Locke.
Have I a queen
Past by my fellow rulers of the world?
Have I refus'd their blood to mix with yours,
And raise new kings from so obscure a race? Dryden.

To QUEEN. v. n.  To play the queen.
A threepence bow'd would hire me,
Old as I am, to queen it. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Of your own state take care: this dream of mine,
Being now awake, I'll queen it no inch farther,
But milk my ewes and weep. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

QUEEN-APPLE. n. s.  A species of apple.
The queen-apple is of the summer kind, and a good cyder
apple mixed with others. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Her cheeks with kindly claret spread,
Aurora like new out of bed,
Or like the fresh queen-apple's side,
Blushing at sight of Phœbus' pride. Sidney, b. ii.

QUEE'NING. n. s.  An apple.
The winter queening is good for the table. Mortimer.

QUEER. adj.  [of this word the original is not known: a cor­
respondent supposes a queer man to be one who has a quære
to his name in a list.] Odd; strange, original; particular.
He never went to bed till two in the morning, because he
would not be a queer fellow; and was every now and then
knocked down by a constable, to signalize his vivacity. Spect.

QUEE'RLY. adv.  [from queer.] Particularly; oddly.

QUEE'RNESS. n. s.  [from queer.] Oddness; particularity.

QUE'EST. n. s.  [from questus, Lat. Skinner.] A ringdove; a
kind of wild pigeon.

To QUELL. v. a.  [c&wyn;ellan, Saxon.] To crush; to subdue;
originally, to kill.
What avails
Valour or strength, though matchless, quell'd with pain,
Which all subdues, and makes remiss the hands
Of mightiest? Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
Compassion quell'd
His best of man, and gave him up to tears
A space; till firmer thoughts restrain'd excess. Milton.
This quell'd her pride, but other doubts remain'd,
That once disdaining, she might be disdain'd. Dryden.
He is the guardian of the publick quiet, appointed to re­
strain violence, to quell seditions and tumults, and to preserve
that peace which preserves the world. Atterbury.

To QUELL. v. n.  To die. Spenser.

QUELL. n. s.  [from the verb.] Murder. Not in use.
What can not we put upon
His spungy followers, who shall bear the guilt
Of our great quell. Shakesp. Macbeth.

QUE'LLER. n. s.  [from quell.] One that crushes or subdues.
Hail son of the most high,
Queller of Satan, on thy glorious work
Now enter. Milton's Paradise Regain'd, b. iv.

QUE'LQUECHOSE.  [French.] A trifle; a kickshaw.
From country grass to comfitures of court,
Or city's quelquechoses, let not report
My mind transport. Donne.

To QUEME. v. n.  [c&wyn;eman, Saxon.] To please. An old
word. Skinner.

To QUENCH. v. a. 
1. To extinguish fire.
Since stream, air, sand, mine eyes and ears conspire,
What hope to quench, where each thing blows the fire. Sidn.
No English soul
More stronger to direct you than yourself;
If with the sap of reason you would quench,
Or but allay, the fire of passion. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
This is the way to kindle, not to quench. Shakesp.
A little fire is quickly trodden out,
Which, being suffer'd, rivers cannot quench. Shakesp.
The fire had power in the water, forgetting his own virtue;
and the water forgat his own quenching nature. Wisd. xix. 20.
Milk quencheth wild-fire better than water, because it
entreth better. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Subdu'd in fire the stubborn metal lies;
One draws and blows reciprocating air,
Others to quench the hissing mass prepare. Dryden.
You have already quench'd sedition's brand,
And zeal, which burnt it, only warms the land. Dryden.
When your work is forged, do not quench it in water to
cool it, but throw it down upon the floor or hearth to cool of
itself; for the quenching of it in water will harden it. Moxon.
2. To still any passion or commotion.
But if all aim but this be levell'd false,
The supposition of the lady's death
Will quench the wonder of her infamy. Shakesp.
3. To allay thirst.
Every draught to him, that has quenched his thirst, is but a
further quenching of nature, a provision for rheum and dis­
eases, a drowning of the spirits. South.
4. To destroy.
When death's form appears, she feareth not
An utter quenching or extinguishment;
She would be glad to meet with such a lot,
That so she might all future ill prevent. Davies.
Covered with skin and hair keeps it warm, being naturally
very cold, and also to quench and dissipate the force of any
stroke, and retund the edge of any weapon. Ray.

To QUENCH. v. n.  To cool; to grow cool.
Dost thou think, in time
She will not quench, and let instructions enter
Where folly now possesses? Shakesp. Cymbeline.

QUE'NCHABLE. adj.  [from quench.] That may be quenched.

QUE'NCHER. n. s.  [from quench.] Extinguisher; one that
quenches.

QUE'NCHLESS. adj.  [from quench.] Unextinguishable.
Come, bloody Clifford, rough Northumberland,
I dare your quenchless fury to more rage. Shakesp.
The judge of torments, and the king of tears,
He fills a burnish'd throne of quenchless fire. Crashaw.

QUE'RELE. n. s.  [querela, Lat. querelle, Fr.] A complaint to
a court.
A circumduction obtains not in causes of appeal, but in
causes of first instance and simple querele only. Ayliffe.

QUE'RENT. n. s.  [querens, Latin.] The complainant; the
plaintiff.

QUERIMO'NIOUS. adj.  [querimonia, Latin.] Querulous;
complaining.

QUERIMO'NIOUSLY. adv.  [from querimonious.] Querulously;
with complaint.
To thee, dear Thom, myself addressing,
Most querimoniously confessing. Denham.

QUERIMO'NIOUSNESS. n. s.  [from querimonious.] Complain­
ing temper.

QUE'RIST. n. s.  [from quæro, Lat.] An enquirer; an asker
of questions.
I shall propose some considerations to my gentle querist. Spect.
The juggling sea god, when by chance trepan'd
By some instructed querist sleeping on the strand,
Impatient of all answers, strait became
A stealing brook. Swift's Miscellanies.

QUERN. n. s.  [c&wyn;eorn, Saxon.] A handmill.
Skim milk, and sometimes labour in the quern,
And bootless make the breathless huswife churn. Shakesp.
Some apple-colour'd corn
Ground in fair querns, and some did spindles turn. Chapm.

QUE'RPO. n. s.  [corrupted from cuerpo, Spanish.] A dress
close to the body; a waistcoat.
I would fain see him walk in querpo, like a cased rabbit,
without his holy furr upon his back. Dryden.

QUE'RRY, for equerry. n. s.  [ecuyer, Fr.] A groom belonging
to a prince, or one conversant in the king's stables, and having
the charge of his horses; also the stable of a prince. Bailey.

QUE'RULOUS. adj.  [querulus, Latin.] Mourning; habitually
complaining.
Although they were a people by nature hard hearted, que­
rulous, wrathful and impatient of rest and quietness; yet was
there nothing of force to work the subversion of their state,
till the time before-mentioned was expired. Hooker.
The pressures of war have cowed their spirits, as may be
gathered from the very accent of their words, which they
prolate in a whining kind of querulous tone, as if still com­
plaining and crest-fallen. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Though you give no countenance to the complaints of the
querulous, yet curb the insolence of the injurious. Locke.

QUE'RULOUSNESS. n. s.  [from querulous.] Habit or quality of
complaining mournfully.

QUE'RY. n. s.  [from quære, Lat.] A question; an enquiry to
be resolved.
I shall conclude, with proposing only some queries, in order
to a farther search to be made by others. Newton.
This shews the folly of this query, that might always be
demanded, that would impiously and absurdly attempt to tie
the arm of omnipotence from doing any thing at all, because
it can never do its utmost. Bentley.

To QUE'RY. v. a.  [from the noun.] To ask questions.
Three Cambridge sophs
Each prompt to query, answer and debate. Pope.

QUEST. n. s.  [queste, Fr.]
1. Search; act of seeking.
None but such as this bold ape unblest,
Can ever thrive in that unlucky quest. Hubberd's Tale.
If lusty love should go in quest of beauty,
Where should he find it fairer than in Blanch. Shakesp.


Fair silver buskin'd nymphs,
I know this quest of yours and free intent
Was all in honour and devotion meant,
To the great mistress of your princely shrine. Milton.
An aged man in rural weeds,
Following, as seem'd, the quest of some stray ewe. Milton.
One for all
Myself expose, with lonely steps to tread
Th' unsounded deep, and the void immense
To search with wand'ring quest a place foretold
Should be. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Since first break of dawn, the fiend,
Mere serpent in appearance, forth was come,
And on his quest, where likeliest he might find
The only two of mankind. Milton.
'Twould be not strange, should we find Paradise at this
day where Adam left it; and I the rather note this, because
I see there are some so earnest in quest of it. Woodward.
There's not an African,
That traverses our vast Numidian desarts
In quest of prey, and lives upon his bow,
But better practises these boasted virtues. Addison's Cato.
We see them active and vigilant in quest of delight. Spect.
2. [For inquest.] An empanell'd jury.
What's my offence?
Where is the evidence, that doth accuse me?
What lawful quest have given their verdict up
Unto the frowning judge. Shakesp. Richard III.
3. Searchers. Collectively.
You have been hotly call'd for,
When, being not at your lodging to be found,
The senate sent above three several quests
To search you out. Shakesp. Othello.
4. Enquiry; examination.
O place and greatness! millions of false eyes
Are stuck upon thee; volumes of report
Run with these false and most contrarious quests
Upon thy doings. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
5. Request; desire; solicitation.
Gad not abroad at every quest and call
Of an untrained hope or passion. Herbert.

To QUEST. v. n.  [quêter, Fr. from the noun.] To go in
search.

QUE'STANT. n. s.  [from quester, Fr.] Seeker; endeavourer
after.
See, that you come
Not to woo honour, but to wed it; when
The bravest questant shrinks, find what you seek,
That fame may cry you loud. Shakesp.

QUE'STION. n. s.  [question, Fr. quÆstio, Latin.]
1. Interrogatory; any thing enquired.
Because he that knoweth least is fittest to ask questions, it is
more reason for the entertainment of the time, that ye ask
me questions, than that I ask you. Bacon.
2. Enquiry; disquisition.
It is to be put to question, whether it be lawful for christian
princes to make an invasive war simply for the propagation of
the faith. Bacon's Holy War.
3. A dispute; a subject of debate.
There arose a question between some of John's disciples and
the Jews about purifying. Jo. iii. 25.
4. Affair to be examined.
In points of honour to be try'd,
Suppose the question not your own. Swift.
5. Doubt; controversy; dispute.
This is not my writing,
Though I confess much like the character:
But out of question 'tis Maria's hand. Shakesp.
'Tis time for him to shew himself, when his very being is
called in question, and to come and judge the world, when
men begin to doubt whether he made it. Tillotson.
The doubt of their being native impressions on the mind,
is stronger against these moral principles than the other; not
that it brings their truth at all in question. Locke.
Our own earth would be barren and desolate, without the
benign influence of the solar rays, which without question is
true of all the other planets. Bentley.
6. Judicial trial.
But whosoever be found guilty, the communion book hath
surely deserved least to be called in question for this fault.
Hooker, b. v. s. 31. 
7. Examination by torture.
Such a presumption is only sufficient to put the person to
the rack or question, according to the civil law, and not bring
him to condemnation. Ayliffe's Parergon.
8. State of being the subject of present enquiry.
If we being defendants do answer, that the ceremonies in
question are godly, comely, decent, profitable for the church,
their reply is childish and unorderly to say, that we demand
the thing in question, and shew the poverty of our cause, the
goodness whereof we are fain to beg that our adversaries
would grant. Hooker, b. iv. s. 4.
If he had said, it would purchase six shillings and three­
pence weighty money, he had proved the matter in question.
Locke.
Nor are these assertions that dropped from their pens by
chance, but delivered by them in places where they profess to
state the points in question. Atterbury's Preface.
9. Endeavour; search. Not in use.
As it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
So may he with more facile question bear it;
For that it stands not in such warlike brace,
But altogether lacks the abilities
That Rhodes is dress'd in. Shakesp.

To QUE'STION. v. n.  [from the noun.]
1. To enquire.
Suddenly out of this delightful dream
The man awoke, and would have question'd more;
But he would not endure the woful theme. Spenser.
He that questioneth much shall learn much, and content
much; but especially if he apply his questions to the skill of
the persons whom he asketh. Bacon's Essays.
2. To debate by interrogatories.
I pray you think you question with a Jew;
You may as well use question with the wolf,
Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb. Shakesp.

To QUE'STION. v. a.  [questionner, Fr.]
1. To examine one by questions.
Question your royal thoughts, make the case yours;
Be now the father, and propose a son;
Hear your own dignity so much prophan'd;
And then imagine me taking your part,
And in your pow'r so silencing your son. Shakesp.
But hark you, Kate,
I must not have you henceforth question me,
Whither I go. Shakesp. Henry IV, p. i.
This construction is not so undubitably to be received, as
not at all to be questioned. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. To doubt ; to be uncertain of.
O impotent estate of human life!
Where fleeting joy does lasting doubt inspire,
And most we question what we most desire. Prior.
3. To have no confidence in; to mention as not to be trusted.
Be a design never so artificially laid, if it chances to be de­
feated by some cross accident, the man is then run down, his
counsels derided, his prudence questioned, and his person
despised. South's Sermons.

QUE'STIONABLE. adj.  [from question.]
1. Doubtful; disputable.
Your accustomed clemency will take in good worth, the
offer of these my simple labours, bestowed for the necessary
justification of laws heretofore made questionable, because not
perfectly understood. Hooker's Dedication.
That persons drowned float, the ninth day when their gall
breaketh, is a questionable determination, both in the time
and cause. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
It is questionable, whether the use of steel springs was
known in those ancient times. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
It is questionable, whether Galen ever saw the dissection
of a human body. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
2. Suspicious; liable to suspicion; liable to question.
Be thy advent wicked or charitable,
Thou com'st in such a questionable shape,
That I will speak to thee. Shakesp. Hamlet.

QUE'STIONARY. adj.  [from question.] Enquiring; asking
questions.
I grow laconick even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I
return only yes or no to questionary epistles of half a yard
long. Pope to Swift.

QUE'STIONABLENESS. n. s.  [from question.] The quality of
being questionable.

QUE'STIONER. n. s.  [from question.] An enquirer.

QUE'STIONLESS. adv.  [from question.] Certainly; without
doubt.
Questionless hence it comes that many were mistaken. Rai.
Questionless duty moves not so much upon command as
promise; now that which proposes the greatest and most suit­
able rewards to obedience, and the greatest punishments to
disobedience, doubtless is the most likely to inforce the one
and prevent the other. South.

QUE'STMAN. n. s.  [quest, man, and monger.] Starter of
lawsuits or prosecutions.
QUE'STMONGER. n. s.  [quest, man, and monger.] Starter of
lawsuits or prosecutions.
Their principal working was upon penal laws, wherein
they spared none, great nor small, but raked over all new and
old statutes, having ever a rabble of promoters, questmongers,
and leading jurors at their command. Bacon.

QUE'STRIST.  [from quest.] Seeker; pursuer.
Six and thirty of his knights,
Hot questrists after him, met him at the gate,
Are gone with him tow'rd Dover. Shakesp. King Lear.

QUE'STUARY. adj.  [from quæstus, Lat.] Studious of profit.
Although lapidaries and questuary enquirers affirm it, yet
the writers of minerals conceive the stone of this name to be
a mineral concretion, not to be found in animals. Brown.





QUI

QUIB. n. s.  A sarcasm; a bitter taunt. Ains. The same per­
haps with quip.

To QUI'BBLE. v. n.  [from the noun.] To pun; to play on
the sound of words.
The first service was neats tongues sliced, which the phi­
losophers took occasion to discourse and quibble upon in a
grave formal way. L'Estrange.

QUI'BBLE. n. s.  [from quidlibet, Latin.] A low conceit de­
pending on the sound of words; a pun.
This may be of great use to immortalize puns and quibbles,
and to let posterity see their forefathers were blockheads. Add.
Quirks or quibbles have no place in the search after truth.
Watts.

QUI'BBLER. n. s.  [from quibble.] A punster.

QUICK. adj.  [c&wyn;ic, Saxon.]
1. Living; not dead.
They swallowed us up quick, when their wrath was kindled
against us. Psalm cxxiv. 3.
If there be quick raw flesh in the risings, it is an old le­
prosy. Lev. xiii. 10.
The quick and the dead. Common Prayer.
As the sun makes; here noon, there day, there night
Melts wax, dries clay, makes flow'rs, some quick, some
dead. Davies.
Thence shall come,
When this world's dissolution shall be ripe,
With glory and pow'r to judge both quick and dead. Milt.
2. Swift; nimble; done with celerity.
Prayers whereunto devout minds have added a piercing
kind of brevity, thereby the better to express that quick and
speedy expedition, wherewith ardent affections, the very
wings of prayer, are delighted to present our suits in heaven.
Hooker, b. v. s. 33.
3. Speedy; free from delay.
Oft he to her his charge of quick return
Repeated. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
4. Active; spritely; ready.
A man of great sagacity in business, and he preserved so
great a vigour of mind even to his death, when near eighty,
that some, who had known him in his younger years, did
believe him to have much quicker parts in his age than
before. Clarendon.
A man must have passed his noviciate in sinning, before
he comes to this, be he never so quick a proficient. South.
The animal, which is first produced of an egg, is a blind
and dull worm; but that which hath its resurrection thence,
is a quick eyed, volatile and sprightly fly. Grew's Cosmol.

QUICK. adv.  Nimbly; speedily; readily.
Ready in gybes, quick answer'd, saucy, and
As quarrellous as the weazel. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
This shall your understanding clear
Those things from me that you shall hear,
Conceiving much the quicker. Drayton's Nymphid.
They gave those complex ideas, that the things they were
continually to give and receive information about, might be
the easier and quicker understood. Locke.
This is done with little notice, if we consider how very
quick the actions of the mind are performed, requiring not
time, but many of them crowded into an instant. Locke.

QUICK. n. s. 
1. A live animal.
Peeping close into the thick,
Might see the moving of some quick,
Whose shape appeared not;
But were it sairy, fiend or snake,
My courage earned it to wake,
And manful thereat shot. Spenser.
2. The living flesh; sensible parts.
If Stanley held, that a son of king Edward had still the
better right, it was to teach all England to say as much; and
therefore that speech touched the quick. Bacon.
Seiz'd with sudden smart,
Stung to the quick, he felt it at his heart. Dryden.
The thoughts of this disgraceful composition so touches me
to the quick, that I cannot sleep. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
Scarifying gangrenes, by several incisions down to the
quick, is almost universal, and with reason, since it not only
discharges a pernicious ichor, but makes way for topical ap­
plications. Sharp's Surgery.
3. Living plants.
For inclosing of land, the most usual way is with a ditch
and bank set with quick. Mortimer's Husbandry.

QUI'CKBEAM, or quickentree. n. s. 
Quickbeam or wild sorb, by some called the Irish ash, is a
species of wild ash, preceded by blossoms of an agreeable
scent. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To QUI'CKEN. v. a.  [c&wyn;iccan, Saxon.] 
1. To make alive.
All they that go down into the dust, shall kneel before him;
and no man hath quickened his own soul. Psalm xxii. 30.
I will never forget thy commandments; for with them
thou hast quickened me. Psalm cxix.
This my mean task would be
As heavy to me, as 'tis odious; but
The mistress which I serve, quickens what's dead,
And makes my labours pleasures. Shakesp. Tempesi.
To quicken with kissing; had my lips that power,
Thus would I wear them out. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
Fair soul, since to the fairest body join'd
You give such lively life, such quick'ning pow'r,
And influence of such celestial kind,
As keeps it still in youth's immortal flower. Davies.
He throws
His influence round, and kindles as he goes;
Hence flocks and herds, and men, and beasts and fowls
With breath are quicken'd, and attract their souls. Dryden.
2. To hasten; to accelerate.
You may sooner by imagination quicken or slack a mo­
tion, than raise or cease it; as it is easier to make a dog go
flower, than to make him stand still. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Others were appointed to consider of penal laws and pro­
clamations in force, and to quicken the execution of the most
principal. Hayward.
Though any commodity should shift hands never so fast,
yet, if they did not cease to be any longer traffick, this would
not at all make or quicken their vent. Locke.
3. To sharpen; to actuate; to excite.
Though my senses were astonished, my mind forced them
to quicken themselves; because I had learnt of him, how little
favour he is wont to shew in any matter of advantage. Sidney.
It was like a fruitful garden without an hedge, that quickens
the appetite to enjoy so tempting a prize. South.
They endeavour by brandy to quicken their taste already
extinguished. Tatler, No 57.
This review he makes use of, as an argument of great
force to quicken them in the improvement of those advantages
to which the mercy of God had called them by the gospel.
Rogers's Sermons.
The desire of same hath been no inconsiderable motive to
quicken you in the pursuit of those actions, which will best
deserve it. Swift.

To QUI'CKEN. v. n. 
1. To become alive: as, a woman quickens with child.
These hairs, which thou dost ravish from my chin,
Will quicken and accuse thee; I'm your host;
With robbers hands, my hospitable favour
You should not ruffle thus. Shakesp. King Lear.
They rub out of it a red dust, that converteth after a while
into worms, which they kill with wine when they begin to
quicken. Sandys's Journey.
The heart is the first part that quickens, and the last that
dies. Ray on the Creation.
2. To move with activity.
Sees by degrees a purer blush arise,
And keener lightnings quicken in her eyes. Pope.

QUI'CKENER. n. s.  [from quicken.]
1. One who makes alive.
2. That which accelerates; that which actuates.
Love and enmity, aversation and fear are notable whetters
and quickeners of the spirit of life in all animals. More.

QUI'CKLIME. n. s.  [calx viva, Lat. quick and lime.] Lime
unquenched.
After burning the stone, when lime is in its perfect and un­
altered state, it is called quicklime. Hill's Materia Medica.

QUI'CKLY. adv.  [from quick.] Nimbly; speedily; actively.
Thou com'st to use thy tongue: thy story quickly. Shak.
Pleasure dwells no longer upon the appetite than the ne­
cessities of nature, which are quickly and easily provided for;
and then all that follows is an oppression. South.

QUI'CKNESS. n. s.  [from quick.]
1. Speed; velocity; celerity.
What any invention hath in the strength of its motion, is
abated in the flowness of it; and what it hath in the extra­
ordinary quickness of its motion, must be allowed for in the
great strength that is required unto it. Wilkins.
Joy, like a ray of the sun, reflects with a greater ardour
and quickness, when it rebounds upon a man from the breast
of his friend. South's Sermons.
2. Activity; briskness.
The best choice is of an old physician and a young lawyer;
because, where errors are fatal, ability of judgment and mo­
deration are required; but where advantages may be wrought
upon, diligence and quickness of wit. Wotton.
The quickness of the imagination is seen in the invention,
the fertility in the fancy, and the accuracy in the expression.
Dryden.
3. Keen sensibility.
Would not quickness of sensation be an inconvenience to an
animal, that must lie still. Locke.
4. Sharpness; pungency.
Thy gen'rous fruits, though gather'd ere their prime,
Still shew'd a quickness; and maturing time
But mellows what we write to the dull sweets of rhime.
Dryden.


Ginger renders it brisk, and corrects its windiness, and
juice of corinths whereof a few drops tinge and add a plea­
sant quickness. Mortimer's Husbandry.

QUI'CKSAND. n. s.  [quick and sand.] Moving sand; unsolid
ground.
What is Edward, but a ruthless sea?
What Clarence, but a quicksand of deceit? Shakesp.
Undergirding the ship, and fearing lest they should fall into
the quicksands, they strake sail, and so were driven. Acts xxvii.
But when the vessel is on quicksands cast,
The flowing tide does more the sinking haste. Dryden.
Trajan, by the adoption of Nerva, stems the tide to her
relief, and like another Neptune shoves her off the quick­
sands. Addison on Ancient Medals.
I have marked out several of the shoals and quicksands of
life, in order to keep the unwary from running upon them.
Addison.

To QUI'CKSET. v. a.  [quick and set.] To plant with living
plants.
In making or mending, as needeth thy ditch,
Get set to quickset it, learn cunningly which. Tusser.
A man may ditch and quickset three poles a day, where
the ditch is three foot wide and two foot deep. Mortimer.

QUI'CKSET. n. s.  [quick and set.] Living plant set to
grow.
Plant quicksets and transplant fruit trees towards the de­
crease. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Nine in ten of the quickset hedges are ruined for want of
skill. Swift's Miscellanies.

QUICKSI'GHTED. adj.  [quick and sight.] Having a sharp
sight.
No body will deem the quickestsighted amongst them to have
very enlarged views in ethicks. Locke.
No article of religion hath credility enough for them; and
yet these same cautious and quicksighted gentlemen can swallow
down this sottish opinion about percipient atoms. Bentley.

QUI'CKSIGHTEDNESS. n. s.  [from quicksighted.] Sharpness of
sight.
The ignorance that is in us no more hinders the know­
ledge that is in others, than the blindness of a mole is an ar­
gument against the quicksightedness of an eagle. Locke.

QUI'CKSILVER. n. s.  [quick and silver; argentum vivum, Lat.]
Quicksilver, called mercury by the chymists, is a naturally
fluid mineral, and the heaviest of all known bodies next to
gold, and is the more heavy and fluid, as it is more pure; its
nature is so homogene and simple, that it is a question whether
gold itself be more so: it penetrates the parts of all the other
metals, renders them brittle, and in part dissolves them: it
is wholly volatile in the fire, and may be driven up in vapour
by a degree of heat very little greater than that of boiling
water: it is the least tenacious of all bodies, and every smaller
drop may be again divided by the lightest touch into a multi­
tude of others, and is the most divisible of all bodies: mer­
cury very readily mixes with gold, silver, lead and tin, by
chymical operations, but not without difficulty with copper
and iron; and it mixes easily with zink and bismuth among
the semimetals: the specifick gravity of pure mercury is to
water as 14020 to 1000, and as it is the heaviest of all fluids,
it is also the coldest, and when heated the hottest: of the va­
rious ores, in which mercury is found, cinnabar is the richest
and most valuable, which is extremely heavy, and of a bright
and beautiful red colour: native cinnabar is principally found
in the mines of Friuli, belonging to the Venetians, in Italy,
and some others in Spain, Hungary, and the East Indies:
quicksilver is also found sometimes in its pure and fluid state
lodged in cavities of hard stones in the cinnabar mines, and
the purer ores are chiefly composed of cinnabar in small quan­
tities, mixed with various other substances: the ancients all
esteemed quicksilver a poison, nor was it brought into internal
use till about two hundred and twenty years ago, which was
first occasioned by the shepherds, who ventured to give it their
sheep to kill worms, and as they received no hurt by it, it
was soon concluded, that men might take it safely: in time,
the diggers in the mines, when they found it crude, swal­
lowed it in vast quantities, in order to sell it privately, when
they had voided it by stool: but too free a use of so powerful
a medicine cannot be always without danger: the miners
seldom follow their occupation above three or four years, and
then die in a most miserable condition; and the artificers,
who have much dealing in it, are generally seized with pa­
ralytick disorders: however, under proper regulation, it is
a most excellent medicine. Hill's Materia Medica.
Mercury is very improperly called a metal, for though it
has weight and similarity of parts, it is neither dissolvable by
fire, malleable nor fixed: it seems to constitute a particular
class of fossils, and is rather the mother or basis of all metals,
than a metal itself: mercury is of considerable use in gilding,
making looking-glasses, in refining gold, and various other
mechanical operations besides medicine. Chambers.
Cinnabar maketh a beautiful purple like unto a red rose;
the best was wont to be made in Libia of brimstone and quick­
silver burnt. Peacham on Drawing.

QUI'CKSILVERED. adj.  [from quicksilver.] Overlaid with
quicksilver.
Metal is more difficult to polish than glass, and is after­
wards very apt to be spoiled by tarnishing, and reflects not so
much light as glass quicksilvered over does: I would propound
to use instead of the metal a glass ground concave on the fore­
side, and as much convex on the backside, and quicksilvered
over on the convex side. Newton's Opticks.

QUI'DAM.  [Latin.] Somebody.
For envy of so many worthy quidams, which catch at the
garland, which to you alone is due, you will be persuaded to
pluck out of the hateful darkness those so many excellent poems
of yours, which lie hid, and bring them forth to eternal
light. Spenser.

QUI'DDANY. n. s.  [cydonium, cydoniatum, Lat. quidden, German,
a quince.] Marmalade; confection of quinces made with
sugar.

QUI'DDIT. n. s.  [corrupted from quidlibet, Lat. or from
que dit, Fr.] A subtilty; an equivocation. A low word.
Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer? where be his
quiddits now? his quillets? his cases? and his tricks? Shak.

QUI'DDITY. n. s.  [quidditas, low Latin.]
1. Essence; that which is a proper answer to the question, quid
est? a scholastick term.
He could reduce all things to acts,
And knew their natures and abstracts,
Where entity and quiddity,
The ghosts of defunct bodies fly. Hudibras, p. i.
2. A triffing nicety; a cavil; a captious question.
Misnomer in our laws, and other quiddities, I leave to the
professors of law. Camden's Remains.

QUI'ESCENCE. n. s.  [from quiesco, Lat.] Rest; repose.
Whether the earth move or rest, I undertake not to deter­
mine: my work is to prove, that the common inducement to
the belief of its quiescence, the testimony of sense, is weak
and frivolous. Glanvill's Sceps.

QUIE'SCENT. adj.  [quiescens, Latin.] Resting; not being in
motion; not movent; lying at repose.
Though the earth move, its motion must needs be as in­
sensible as if it were quiescent. Glanvill's Sceps.
The right side, from whence the motion of the body be­
ginneth, is the active or moving side; but the sinister is the
weaker or more quiescent side. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Sight takes in at a greater distance and more variety at
once, comprehending also quiescent objects, which hearing
does not. Holder's Elements of Speech.
If it be in some part movent, and in some part quiescent,
it must needs be a curve line, and so no radius. Grew.
Pression or motion cannot be propagated in a fluid in right
lines beyond an obstacle which stops part of the motion, but
will bend and spread every way into the quiescent medium,
which lies beyond the obstacle. Newton's Opticks.

QUI'ET. adj.  [quiet, Fr. quietus, Latin.]
1. Still; free from disturbance.
Breaking off the end for want of breath,
And slyding soft, as down to sleep her laid,
She ended all her woe in quiet death. Fa. Queen.
This life is best,
If quiet life is best; sweeter to you,
That have a sharper known. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. Peaceable; not turbulent; not offensive; mild.
Let it be in the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit. 1 Pet.
3. Still; not in motion.
They laid wait for him, and were quiet all the night.
Judges xvi. 2.
4. Smooth; not ruffled.
Happy is your grace,
That can translate the stubborness of fortune
Into so quiet and so sweet a style. Shakesp.

QUI'ET. n. s.  [quies, Lat.] Rest; repose; tranquillity; free­
dom from disturbance; peace; security.
They came into Laish unto a people that were at quiet
and secure. Judges xviii. 27.
There fix'd their arms, and there renew'd their name,
And there in quiet rules. Dryden's Æneis.
Indulgent quiet, pow'r serene,
Mother of joy and love. Hughes.

To QUI'ET. v. a.  [from the noun.]
1. To calm; to lull; to pacify; to put to rest.
The lowest degree of faith, that can quiet the soul of man,
is a firm conviction that God is placable. Forbes.
2. To still.
Putting together the ideas of moving or quieting corporeal
motion, joined to substance, we have the idea of an imma­
terial spirit. Locke.

QUI'ETER. n. s.  [from quiet.] The person or thing that quiets.

QUI'ETISM. n. s.  [from quiet.]
What is called by the poets apathy or dispassion, by the
scepticks indisturbance, by the Molinists quietism, by common
men peace of conscience, seems all to mean but great tran­
quility of mind. Temple.



QUI'ETLY. adv.  [from quiet.]
1. Calmly: without violent emotion.
Let no man for his own poverty become more oppressing
in his bargain, but quietly, modestly and patiently recommend
his estate to God, and leave the success to him. Taylor.
2. Peaceably; without offence.
Although the rebels had behaved themselves quietly and
modestly by the way as they went; yet they doubted that
would but make them more hungry to fall upon the spoil in
the end. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. At rest; without agitation.

QUI'ETNESS. n. s.  [from quiet.]
1. Coolness of temper.
This cruel quietness neither returning to mislike nor pro­
ceeding to favour; gracious, but gracious still after one
manner. Sidney, b. ii.
That which we move for our better instruction sake,
turneth into anger and choler in them; they grow altogether
out of quietness with it; they answer fumingly. Hooker.
2. Peace; tranquillity.
Stop effusion of our christian blood,
And 'stablish quietness on ev'ry side. Shakesp. Henry VI.
What miseries have both nations avoided, and what quiet­
ness and security attained by their peaceable union? Hayward.
3. Stilness; calmness.

QUI'ETSOME. adj.  [from quiet.] Calm; still; undisturbed.
Not in use.
Let the night be calm and quietsome.
Without tempestuous storms or sad affray. Spenser.

QUI'ETUDE. n. s.  [quietude, Fr. from quiet.] Rest; repose;
tranquillity. Not in common use.
From the equal distribution of the phlegmatick humour,
the proper allay of fervent blood, will flow a future quietude
and serenitude in the affections. Wotton on Education.

QUILL. n. s. 
1. The hard and strong feather of the wing, of which pens are
made.
Birds have three other hard substances proper to them;
the bill, which is of a like matter with the teeth, the shell
of the egg, and their quills. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. The instrument of writing.
I will only touch the duke's own deportment in that island,
the proper subject of my quill. Wotton's Buckingham.
Those lives they fail'd to rescue by their skill,
Their muse would make immortal with her quill. Garth.
From him whose quills stand quiver'd at his ear,
To him that notches sticks at Westminster. Pope.
3. Prick or dart of a porcupine.
Near these was the black prince of Monomotapa, by whose
side was seen the quill darting porcupine. Arbuth. and Pope.
4. Reed on which weavers wind their threads.
The presumptuous damsel rashly dar'd
The goddess' self to challenge to the field,
And to compare with her in curious skill,
Of works with loom, with needle, and with quill. Spenser.
5. The instrument with which musicians strike their strings.
His flying fingers and harmonious quill
Strike sev'n distinguish'd notes, and sev'n at once they fill.
Dryden's Æneis.

QUI'LLET. n. s.  [quidlibet, Lat.] Subtilty; nicety; fraudu­
lent distinction.
Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer? where be his
quiddits now? his quillets? his cases? and his tricks? Shak.
A great soul weighs in the scale of reason, what it is to
judge of, rather than dwell with too scrupulous a diligence
upon little quillets and niceties. Digby.
Ply her with love letters and billets,
And bait them well for quirks and quillets. Hudibras.

QUILT. n. s.  [couette, Fr. kulcht, Dutch; culcita, culcitra, Lat.]
A cover made by stitching one cloth over another with some
soft substance between them.
Quilts of roses and spices are nothing so helpful, as to take
a cake of new bread, and bedew it with a little sack. Bacon.
In both tables, the beds were covered with magnificent
quilts amongst the richer sort. Arbuthnot on Coins.
She on the quilt sinks with becoming woe,
Wrapt in a gown, for sickness and for show. Pope.

To QUILT. v. a.  [from the noun.] To stitch one cloth upon
another with something soft between them.
The sharp steel arriving forcibly
On his horse neck before the quilted sell,
Then from the head the body sundred quite. Fairy Queen.
A bag quilted with bran is very good, but it drieth too
much. Bacon's Natural History.
Entellus for the strife prepares,
Strip'd of his quilted coat, his body bares,
Compos'd of mighty bone. Dryden's Æneis.
A chair was ready,
So quilted, that he lay at case reclin'd. Dryden.
Mayn't I quilt my rope? it galls my neck. Arbuthnot.

QUI'NARY. adj.  [quinarius, Lat.] Consisting of five.
This quinary number of elements ought to have been re­
strained to the generality of animals and vegetables. Boyle.

QUINCE. n. s.  [coin, Fr. quidden, German.]
1. The tree.
The quince tree is of a low stature; the branches are
diffused and crooked; the flower and fruit is like that of the
pear treee; but, however cultivated, the fruit is sour and
astringent, and is covered with a kind of down: of this the
species are six. Miller.
2. The fruit.
They call for dates and quinces in the pastry. Shakesp.
A quince, in token of fruitfulness, by the laws of Solon,
was given to the brides of Athens upon the day of their
marriage. Peacham on Drawing.

To QUINCH. v. n.  [this word seems to be the same with queech,
winch and queck.] To stir; to flounce as in resentment or pain.
Bestow all my soldiers in such sort as I have, that no part
of all that realm shall be able to dare to quinch. Spenser.

QUINCU'NCIAL. adj.  [from quincunx.] Having the form of a
quincunx.
Of a pentagonal or quincuncial disposition, Sir Thomas
Brown produces several examples in his discourse about the
quincunx. Ray on the Creation.

QUI'NCUNX. n. s.  [Latin.]
Quincunx order is a plantation of trees, disposed originally
in a square, consisting of five trees, one at each corner, and
a fifth in the middle, which disposition, repeated again and
again, forms a regular grove, wood or wilderness; and, when
viewed by an angle of the square or paralellogram, presents
equal or parallel alleys.
Brown produces several examples in his discourse about the
quincunx. Ray on the Creation.
He whose light'ning pierc'd th' Iberian lines,
Now forms my quincunx, and now ranks my vines. Pope.

QUINQUAGE'SIMA.  [Latin.] Quinquagesima sunday, so
called because it is the fiftieth day before Easter, reckoned
by whole numbers; shrove sunday. Dict.

QUINQUA'NGULAR. adj.  [quinque and angulus, Lat.] Having
five corners.
Each talus, environed with a crust, conforming itself to
the sides of the talus, is of a figure quinquangular. Woodw.
Exactly round, ordinately quinquangular, or having the sides
parallel. More's Antidote against Atheism.

QUINQUARTI'CULAR. adj.  [quinque and articulus, Lat.] Con­
sisting of five articles.
They have given an end to the quinquarticular controversy,
for none have since undertaken to say more. Sanderson.

QUI'NQUEFID. adj.  [quinque and findo, Lat.] Cloven in five.

QUINQUEFO'LIATED. adj.  [quinque and folium, Lat.] Having
five leaves.

QUINQUE'NNIAL. adj.  [quinquennis, Lat.] Lasting five years;
happening once in five years.

QUI'NSY. n. s.  [corrupted from squinancy.] A tumid inflam­
mation in the throat, which sometimes produces suffocation.
The throttling quinsey 'tis my star appoints,
And rheumatisms I send to rack the joints. Dryden.
Great heat and cold, succeeding one another, occasion
pleurisies and quinsies. Arbuthnot on Air.

QUINT. n. s.  [quint, Fr.] A set of five.
For state has made a quint
Of generals he's listed in't. Hudibras, p. iii.

QUI'NTAIN. n. s.  [quintain, Fr.] A post with a turning top.
See QUINTIN.
My better parts
Are all thrown down; and that, which here stands up,
Is but a quintain, a mere lifeless block. Shakesp.

QUINTE'SSENCE. n. s.  [quinta essentia, Lat.]
1. A fifth being.
From their gross matter she abstracts the forms,
And draws a kind of quintessence from things. Davies.
The ethereal quintessence of heav'n
Flew upward, spirited with various forms,
That rowl'd orbicular, and turn'd to stars. Milton.
They made fire, air, earth, and water, to be the four ele­
ments, of which all earthly things were compounded, and
supposed the heavens to be a quintessence or fifth sort of body
distinct from all these. Watts's Logick.
2. An extract from any thing, containing all its virtues in a
small quantity.
To me what is this quintessence of dust? man delights not
me, nor woman neither. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Who can in memory, or wit, or will,
Or air, or fire, or earth, or water find?
What alchymist can draw, with all his skill,
The quintessence of these out of the mind. Davies.
For I am a very dead thing,
In whom love wrought new alchymy,
For by his art he did express
A quintessence even from nothingness,
From dull privations and lean emptiness. Donne.
Paracelsus, by the help of an intense cold, teaches to se­
parate the quintessence of wine. Boyle.
Let there be light! said God; and forthwith light
Ethereal, first of things, quintessence pure,
Sprung from the deep. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.


When the supreme faculties move regularly, the inferior
passions and affections following, there arises a serenity and
complacency upon the whole soul, infinitely beyond the greatest
bodily pleasures, the highest quintessence and elixir of worldly
delights. South's Sermons.

QUINTE'SSENTIAL. adj.  [from quintessence.] Consisting of
quintessence.
Venturous assertions as would have puzzled the authors to
have made them good, specially considering that there is no­
thing contrary to the quintessential matter and circular figure
of the heavens; so neither is there to the light thereof. Hakew.

QUI'NTIN. n. s.  [I know not whence derived; Minshew de­
duces it from quintus, Lat. and calls it a game celebrated
every fifth year; palus quintanus, Lat. Ains. quintaine, Fr.]
An upright post, on the top of which a cross post turned
upon a pin, at one end of the cross post was a broad board,
and at the other a heavy sand bag; the play was to ride
against the broad end with a lance, and pass by before the sand
bag coming round, should strike the tilter on the back.
At quintin he,
In honour of his bridaltee,
Hath challeng'd either wide countee;
Come cut and long tail, for there be
Six batchelors as bold as he,
Adjuting to his company,
And each one hath his livery. Benj. Johnson.

QUINTU'PLE. n. s.  [quintuplus, Lat.] Fivefold.
In the country, the greatest proportion of mortality, one
hundred and fifty-six, is above quintuple unto twenty-eight the
least. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

QUIP. n. s.  [derived, by the etymologists, from whip.] A
sharp jest; a taunt; a sarcasm.
Notwithstanding all her sudden quips,
The least whereof would quell a lover's hope,
Yet, spaniel like, the more she spurns my love,
The more it grows, and fawneth on her still. Shakesp.
If I sent him word his beard was not well cut, he would
send me word, he cut it to please himself: this is called the
quip modest. Shakesp. As You Like it.
Nymph bring with thee
Jest and youthful jollity,
Quips, and cranks, and wanton wiles,
Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles. Milton.

To QUIP. v. a.  To rally with bitter sarcasms. Ainsworth.

QUIRE. n. s.  [choeur, Fr. choro, Italian.]
1. A body of singers; a chorus.
The trees did bud and early blossoms bore,
And all the quire of birds did sweetly sing,
And told that garden's pleasures in their caroling. Fa. Qu.
Myself have lim'd a bush for her,
And plac'd a quire of such enticing birds,
That she will light to listen to their lays. Shakesp.
At thy nativity a glorious quire
Of angels in the fields of Bethlehem sung
To shepherds watching at their folds by night,
And told them the Messiah now was born. Milton.
I may worship thee
For ay, with temples vow'd and virgin quires. Milton.
As in beauty she surpass'd the quire,
So nobler than the rest was her attire. Dryden.
2. The part of the church where the service is sung.
I am all on fire,
Not all the buckets in a country quire
Shall quench my rage. Cleaveland.
Some run for buckets to the hallow'd quire,
Some cut the pipes, and some the engines play. Dryden.
The sox obscene to gaping tombs retires,
And wolves with howling fill the sacred quires. Pope.
3. [Cahier, Fr.] A bundle of paper consisting of twenty-four
sheets.

To QUIRE. v. n.  [from the noun.] To sing in concert.
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubims. Shakesp.
My throat of war be turn'd
Which quired with my drum, into a pipe
Small as an cunuch, or the virgin's voice
That babies lulls asleep. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

QUI'RISTER. n. s.  [from quire.] Chorister; one who sings
in concert, generally in divine service.
The coy quiristers, that lodge within,
Are prodigal of harmony. Thomson's Spring.

QUIRK. n. s.  [of this word I can find no rational derivation.]
1. Quick stroke; sharp fit.
I've felt so many quirks of joy and grief,
That the first face of neither on the start,
Can woman me unto't. Shakesp.
2. Smart taunt.
Some kind of men quarrel purposely on others to taste their
valour; belike, this is a man of that quirk. Shakesp.
I may chance to have some odd quirks and remnants of wit
broken on me. Shakesp.
Conceits, puns, quirks or quibbles, jests and repartees
may agreeably entertain, but have no place in the search after
truth. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Subtilty; nicety; artful distinction.
Most fortunately he hath atchiev'd a maid,
That paragons description and wild fame,
One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens. Shakesp.
Let a lawyer tell them he has spied some defect in an en­
tail; how solicitous are they to repair that error, and leave
nothing to the mercy of a law quirk? Decay of Piety.
Ply her with love letters and billets,
And bait them well for quirks and quillets. Hudibras.
There are a thousand quirks to avoid the stroke of the
law. L'Estrange's Fables.
4. Loose light tune.
Now the chappel's silver bell you hear,
That summons you to all the pride of pray'r;
Light quirks of musick, broken and uneven. Pope.

To QUIT. v. a. part. pass. quit; pret. I have quit or quitted. 
[quiter, Fr. quitare, Italian; quitar, Spanish.]
1. To discharge an obligation; to make even.
We will be quit of thine oath, which thou hast made us
to swear. Jos. ii. 20.
By this act, old tyrant,
I shall be quit with thee; while I was virtuous,
I was a stranger to thy blood, but now
Sure thou wilt love me for this horrid crime. Denham.
To John I ow'd great obligation;
But John, unhappily, thought fit
To publish it to all the nation;
Sure John and I are more than quit. Prior.
2. To set free.
Thou art quit from a thousand calamities; therefore let
thy joy, which should be as great for thy freedom from them,
as is thy sadness when thou feelest any of them, do the same
cure upon thy discontent. Taylor.
Henceforth I fly not death, nor would prolong
Life much: bent rather how I may be quit
Fairest and easiest of this cumb'rous charge. Milton.
To quit you wholly of this fear, you have already looked
death in the face; what have you found so terrible in it.
Wake.
3. To carry through; to discharge; to perform.
Never worthy prince a day did quit
With greater hazard, and with more renown. Daniel.
4. To clear himself of an affair.
Samson hath quit himself
Like Samson, and heroickly hath finish'd
A life heroick, on his enemies
Fully reveng'd hath left them years of mourning. Milton.
5. To repay; to requite.
He fair the knight saluted, louting low,
Who fair him quitted, as that courteous was. Fa. Queen.
Enkindle all the sparks of nature,
To quit this horrid act. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. To vacate obligations.
For our reward,
All our debts are paid; dangers of law,
Actions, decrees, judgments against us quitted. B. Johns.
One step higher
Would set me highest, and in a moment quit
The debt immense of endless gratitude. Milton.
7. To pay any obligation; to clear a debt; to be tantamount.
They both did fail of their purpose, and got not so much
as to quit their charges; because truth, which is the secret of
the most high God, whose proper handy-work all things are,
cannot be compassed with that wit and those senses which are
our own. Hooker, b. i.
Far other plaints, tears and laments
The time, the place, and our estates require,
Think on thy sins, which man's old foe presents
Before that judge that quits each soul his hire. Fairfax.
Does not the air feed the flame? and does not the flame
at the same time warm and enlighten the air? and does not
the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits
that issue from it. South's Sermons.
Still I shall hear, and never quit the score,
Stunn'd with hoarse Codrus' Theseid o'er and o'er. Dryd.
Iron works ought to be confined to certain places, where
there is no conveyance for timber to places of vent, so as to
quit the cost of the carriage. Temple's Miscellanies.
8. [Contracted from acquit.] To absolve; to acquit.
Nor further seek what their offences be,
Guiltless I quit, guilty I set them free. Fairfax.
9. To abandon; to forsake.
Their father,
Then old and fond of issue, took such sorrow,
That he quit being. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Honours are promis'd
To all will quit 'em; and rewards propos'd
Even to slaves that can detect their courses. Benj. Johnson.


Such variety of arguments only distract the understanding,
such a superficial way of examining is to quit truth for ap­
pearance, only to serve our vanity. Locke.
10. To resign; to give up.
The prince, renown'd in bounty as in arms,
With pity saw the ill-conceal'd distress,
Quitted his title to Campaspe's charms,
And gave the fair one to the friend's embrace. Prior.

QUI'TCHGRASS. n. s.  [c&wyn;ice, Saxon.] Dog grass.
They are the best corn to grow on grounds subject to
quitchgrass or other weeds. Mortimer's Husbandry.

QUITE. adv.  [this is derived, by the etymologists, from quittè,
discharged, free, Fr. which however at first appearance un­
likely is much favoured by the original use of the word, which
was, in this combination, quite and clean; that is, with a
clean riddance: its present signification was gradually intro­
duced.] Completely; perfectly.
Those latter exclude not the former quite and clean as un­
necessary. Hooker, b. i.
He hath sold us, and quite devoured our money. Gen. xxxi.
If some foreign ideas will offer themselves, reject them,
and hinder them from running away with our thoughts quite
from the subject in hand. Locke.
The same actions may be aimed at different ends, and arise
from quite contrary principles. Addison's Spectator.

QUI'TRENT. n. s.  [quit and rent.] Small rent reserved.
Such a tax would be insensible, and pass but as a small
quitrent, which every one would be content to pay towards
the guard of the seas. Temple's Miscellanies.
My old master, a little before his death, wished him joy
of the estate which was falling to him, desiring him only to
pay the gifts of charity he had left as quitrents upon the
estate. Addison's Spectator, No 517.

QUITS. interj.  [from quit.] An exclamation used when any
thing is repayed and the parties become even.

QUI'TTANCE. n. s.  [quitance, Fr.]
1. Discharge from a debt or obligation; an acquitance.
Now I am rememb'red, he scorn'd at me!
But that's all one; omittance is no quittance. Shakesp.
2. Recompence; return; repayment.
Mine eyes saw him in bloody state,
Rend'ring faint quittance, wearied and outbreath'd,
To Henry Monmouth. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
Plutus, the god of gold,
Is but his steward; no meed but he repays
Sevenfold above itself; no gift to him
But breeds the giver a return exceeding
All use of quittance. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
We shall forget the office of our hand,
Sooner than quittance of desert and merit. Shakesp.

To QUI'TTANCE. v. a.  [from the noun.] To repay; to re­
compense. A word not used.
Embrace me then this opportunity,
As fitting best to quittance their deceit. Shakesp.

QUI'TTER. n. s. 
1. A deliverer. Ainsworth.
2. Scoria of tin. Ainsworth.

QUI'TTERBONE. n. s. 
Quitterbone is a hard round swelling upon the coronet, be­
tween the heel and the quarter, and grows most commonly
on the inside of the foot. Farrier's Dict.

QUI'VER. n. s.  [this word seems to be corrupted from couvrir,
Fr. or cover.] A case for arrows.
As Dianne hunted on a day,
She chanc'd to come where Cupid lay,
His quiver by his head,
One of his shafts she stole away,
And one of hers did close convey
Into the other's stead;
With that love wounded my love's heart,
But Dianne beasts with Cupid's dart. Spenser.
Diana's nymphs would be arrayed in white, their arms and
shoulders naked, bows in their hands, and quivers by their
sides. Peacham on Drawing.
Her sounding quiver on her shoulder ty'd,
One hand a dart, and one a bow supply'd. Dryden.

QUI'VER. adj.  Nimble; active.
There was a little quiver fellow, and he would manage you
his piece thus; and he would about and about. Shakesp.

To QUI'VER. v. n. 
 1. To quake; to play with a tremulous motion.
The birds chaunt melody on every bush,
The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind. Shakesp.
O'er the pommel cast the knight,
Forward he flew, and pitching on his head;
He quiver'd with his feet, and lay for dead. Dryden.
With what a spring his furious soul broke loose,
And left the limbs still quivering on the ground. Addison.
Eurydice with quiv'ring voice he mourn'd,
And Heber's banks Eurydice return'd. Gay's Trivia.
Dancing sun beams on the waters play'd,
And verdant alders form'd a quiv'ring shade. Pope.
The dying gales that pant upon the trees,
The lakes that quiver to the curling breeze. Pope.
2. To shiver; to shudder.
Zelmane would have put to her helping hand, but she was
taken with such a quivering, that she thought it more wisdom
to lean herself to a tree and look on. Sidney, b. ii.

QUI'VERED. adj.  [from quiver.]
1. Furnished with a quiver.
'Tis chastity,
She that has that, is clad in compleat steel,
And like a quiver'd nymph with arrows keen,
May trace huge forests and unharbour'd heaths,
Infamous hills, and perilous sandy wilds. Milton.
2. Sheathed as in a quiver.
From him whose quills stand quivered at his ear,
To him who notches sticks at Westminster. Pope.


QUO

To QUOB. v. n.  [a low word.] To move as the embrio does
in the womb; to move as the heart does when throbbing.

QUO'DLIBET. n. s.  [Latin.] A nice point; a subtilty.
He who reading on the heart,
When all his quodlibets of art
Could not expound its pulse and heat,
Swore, he had never felt it beat. Prior.

QUODLIBETA'RIAN. n. s.  [quodlibet, Lat.] One who talks or
disputes on any subject. Dict.

QUODLIBE'TICAL. adj.  [quodlibet, Lat.] Not restrained to a
particular subject: in the schools theses or problems, anciently
proposed to be debated for curiosity or entertainment, were
so called. Dict.

QUOIF. n. s.  [coèffe, Fr.]
1. Any cap with which the head is covered. See COIF. 
Hence thou sickly quoif,
Thou art a guard too wanton for the head,
Which princes, flesh'd with conquest, aim to hit. Shakesp.
2. The cap of a serjeant at law.

To QUOIF. v. a.  [coeffer, Fr.] To cap; to dress with a head­
dress.
She is always quoiffed with the head of an elephant, to
show that this animal is the breed of that country. Addison.

QUOI'FFURE. n. s.  [coeffure, Fr.] Head-dress.
The lady in the next medal is very particular in her
quoiffure. Addison on Ancient Medals.

QUOIL. n. s.  See COIL.

QUOIN. n. s.  [coin, Fr.]
1. Corner.
A sudden tempest from the desert flew
With horrid wings, and thundered as it blew,
Then whirling round, the quoins together strook. Sandys.
Build brick houses with strong and firm quoins or columns
at each end. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. An instrument for raising warlike engines. Ainsworth.

QUOIT. n. s.  [coete, Dutch.]
1. Something thrown to a great distance to a certain point.
He plays at quoits well. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When he played at quoits, he was allowed his breeches
and stockings. Arbuthnot and Pope.
2. The discus of the ancients is sometimes called in English
quoit, but improperly; the game of quoits is a game of skill;
the discus was only a trial of strength, as among us to throw
the hammer.

To QUOIT. v. n.  [from the noun.] To throw quoits; to play
at quoits. Dryden uses it to throw the discus. See the noun.
Noble youths for mastership should strive
To quoit, to run, and steeds and chariots drive. Dryden.

To QUOIT. v. a.  To throw.
Quoit him down, Bardolph, like a shove-groat shilling. Shak.

QUO'NDAM.  [Latin.] Having been formerly. A ludicrous
word.
This is the quondam king, let's seize upon him. Shakesp.
What lands and lordships for their owner know
My quondam barber, but his worship now. Dryden.

QUOOK. preterite of quake.  Obsolete.
Freely up those royal spoils he took,
Yet at the lion's skin he inly quook. Spenser.

QUO'RUM. n. s.  [Latin.] A bench of justices; such a num­
ber of any officers as is sufficient to do business.
They were a parcel of mummers, and being himself one
of the quorum in his own country, he wondered that none of
the Middlesex justices took care to lay some of them by the
heels. Addison's Freeholder, No 44.

QUO'TA. n. s.  [quotus, Lat.] A share; a proportion as assigned
to each.
Scarce one in this list but engages to supply a quota of brisk
young fellows, equipt with hats and feathers. Addison.

QUOTA'TION. n. s.  [from quote.]
1. The act of quoting; citation.
2. Passage adduced out of an authour as evidence or illustration.
He, that has but ever so little examined the citations of
writers, cannot doubt how little credit the quotations deserve,
where the originals are wanting. Locke.
He rang'd his tropes, and preach'd up patience,
Back'd his opinion with quotations. Prior.



To QUOTE. v. a.  [quoter, Fr.] To cite an authour or pas­
sage of an authour; to adduce by way of authority or illus­
tration the words of another.
The second chapter to the Romans is here quoted only to
paint the margent. Whitgifte.
St. Paul quotes one of their poets for this saying. Stillingst.
He changed his mind, say the papers, and quote for it
Melchior Adams and Hospinian. Atterbury.
He quoted texts right upon our Saviour, though he ex­
pounded them wrong. Atterbury.
He will, in the middle of a session, quote passages out of
Plato and Pindar. Swift's Miscellanies.

QUO'TER. n. s.  [from quote.] Citer; he that quotes.
I proposed this passage entire, to take off the disguise which
its quoter put upon it. Atterbury.

QUOTH. verb. imperfect.  [this is only part of c&wyn;oþan, Saxon,
retained in English, and is now only used in ludicrous
language. It is used by Sidney irregularly in the second
person.] Quoth I, say I or said I; quoth he, says he or
said he.
Enjoying quoth you. Sidney, b. ii.
Shall we, quoth he, so basely brook
This paltry ass. Hudibras.

QUOTI'DIAN. adj.  [quotidien, Fr. quotidianus, Latin.] Daily;
happening every day.
Quotidian things, and equidistant hence
Shut in for man in one circumference. Donne.
Nor was this a short fit of shaking, as an ague, but a
quotidian fever, always increasing to higher inflammation.
King Charles.

QUOTI'DIAN. n. s.  [febris quotidiana, Lat.] A quotidian
fever; a fever which returns every day.
If I could meet that fancymonger, I would give him some
good counsel; for he seems to have the quotidian of love.
Shakespeare.

QUO'TIENT. n. s.  [quotient, Fr. quoties, Latin.]
In arithmetick, quotient is the number produced by the di­
vision of the two given numbers the one by the other. Cocker.
To make all the steps belonging to the same pair of stairs
of an equal height, they consider the height of the room in
feet and inches, and multiply the feet by twelve, whose pro­
duct, with the number of odd inches, gives the sum of the
whole height in inches, which sum they divide by the number
of steps they intend to have in that height, and the quotient
shall be the number of inches and parts that each step shall
be high. Moxon's Mechanical Exercise.




R

R Is called the canine letter, because it is uttered with
some resemblance to the growl or snarl of a cur:
it has one constant sound in English, such as it
has in other languages; as red, rose, more, mu­
riatick: in words derived from the Greek, it is
followed by an h, rhapsody: r is never mute, unless the se­
cond r may be accounted mute, where two rr are used; as
myrrh.

RAB

To RA’BATE. v. n. [rabattre, Fr.] In falconry, to recover a
hawk to the fist again. Ainsworth.

To RA’BBET. v. a. [rabatre, raboter, Fr.] To pare down
pieces of wood so as to fit one another.
The rabbet plane is to cut part of the upper edge of a
board straight or square down, that the edge of another board,
cut down in the same manner, may join into the square of
the first; and this lapping over of two boards is called
rabbeting. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
The window frame hath every one of its lights rabbetted
on its outside about half an inch into the frame, and all these
rabbets, but that on the ground-sell, are groved square.
Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

RA’BBIT. n. s. [from the verb.] A joint made by paring two
pieces so that they wrap over one another.
Having drove in the hooks, they set the rabbets of the door
within the rabbets of the door-post. Moxon's Mechan. Exer.

RA’BBI. n. s. A doctor among the Jews.
The Hebrew rabbins say, that nature hath given man, for
the pronouncing of all letters, the lips, the teeth, the tongue,
the palate and throat. Camden's Remains.
Be not ye called rabbi, for one is your master, even Christ,
and all ye are brethren. Mat. xxiii. 8.

RA’BBIN. n. s. A doctor among the Jews.
The Hebrew rabbins say, that nature hath given man, for
the pronouncing of all letters, the lips, the teeth, the tongue,
the palate and throat. Camden's Remains.
Be not ye called rabbi, for one is your master, even Christ,
and all ye are brethren. Mat. xxiii. 8.

RA’BBIT. n. s. [robbe, robbekin, Dutch.] A furry animal that
lives on plants, and burrows in the ground.
I knew a wench married, as she went to the garden for
parsly to stuff a rabbit. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
A company of scholars, going to catch conies, carried one
with them which had not much wit, and gave in charge, that
if he saw any, he should be silent for fear of scaring of them;
but he no sooner espied a company of rabbits, but he cried
aloud, ecce multi cuniculi; which he had no sooner said, but
the conies ran to their burrows; and he being checked by
them for it, answered, who would have thought that the
rabbits understood Latin? Bacon's Apophthegms.

RA’BBLE. n. s. [rabula, Lat. rabulari, low Lat.] A tumul­
tuous croud; an assembly of low people.
Countrymen, will ye relent, and yield to mercy,
Or let a rabble lead you to your deaths? Shakesp.
Go bring the rabble here to this place. Shakesp.
Of these his several ravishments, betrayings, and stealing
away of men's wives, came in all those ancient fables, and
all that rabble of Grecian forgeries. Raleigh.
The better sort abhors scurrility,
And often censures what the rabble like. Roscommon.
That profane, atheistical, epicurean rabble, whom the
whole nation so rings of, are not the wisest men in the
world. South's Sermons.
To gratify the barbarous audience, I gave them a short
rabble scene, because the mob are represented by Plutarch and
Polybius with the same character of baseness and cowardice.
Dryden's Preface to Cleomenes.
In change of government,
The rabble rule their great oppressors fate,
Do sov'reign justice and revenge the state. Dryden.
His enemies have been only able to make ill impressions
upon the low and ignorant rabble, and to put the dregs of
the people in a ferment. Addison's Freeholder, No 24.

RA’BBLEMENT. n. s. [from rabble.] Croud; tumultuous as­
sembly of mean people.
A rude rabblement,
Whose like he never saw, he durst not bide,
But got his ready steed, and fast away 'gan ride. Fa. Qu.
The rabblement houted, clap'd their chopt hands, and ut­
tered a deal of stinking breath. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
There will be always tyrants, murderers, thieves, traitors,
and other of the same rabblement. Camden's Remains.

RA’BID. adj. [rabidus, Lat.] Fierce; furious; mad.

RA’BINET. n. s. A kind of smaller ordnance. Ainsworth.

RAC

RACE. n. s. [race, Fr. from radice, Lat.]
1. A family ascending.
2. Family descending.
He in a moment will create
Another world; out of man, a race
Of men innumerable, there to dwell. Milton.
Male he created thee, but thy consort
Female for race. Milton.
High as the mother of the gods in place,
And proud like her of an immortal race. Dryden.
Hence the long race of Alban fathers come. Dryden.
3. A generation; a collective family.
A race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. A particular breed.
Instead
Of spirits malign, a better race to bring
Into their vacant room. Milton.
In the races of mankind and families of the world, there
remains not to one above another the least pretence to have
the right of inheritance. Locke.
5. RACE of ginger. [rayz de gengibre, Spanish.] A root or sprig
of ginger.
6. A particular strength or taste of wine, applied by Temple to
any extraordinary natural force of intellect.
Of gardens there may be forms wholly irregular, that may
have more beauty than of others; but they must owe it to
some extraordinary dispositions of nature in the seat, or some
great race of fancy or judgment in contrivance. Temple.
7. [Ras, Islandick.] Contest in running.
To describe races and games
Or tilting furniture. Milton.
8. Course on the feet.
The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any
beasts. Bacon.
9. Progress; course.
It suddenly fell from an excess of favour, which many ex­
amples having taught them, never stopt his race till it came
to a headlong overthrow. Sidney.
My race of glory run, and race of shame. Milton.
Their ministry perform'd, and race well run. Milton.
The great light of day yet wants to run
Much of his race though steep. Milton.
He safe return'd, the race of glory past,
New to his friends embrace. Pope's Odysses.
10. Train; process.
An offensive war is made, which is unjust in the aggressor;
the prosecution and race of the war carrieth the defendant to
invade the ancient patrimony of the first aggressor, who is
now turned defendant; shall he sit down, and not put him­
self in defence? Bacon.
The race of this war fell upon the loss of Urbin, which he
re-obtained. Bacon.

RA’CEHORSE. n. s. [race and horse.] Horse bred to run for
prizes
The reason Hudibras gives, why those, who can talk on
trifles, speak with the greatest fluency, is, that the tongue is
like a racehorse, which runs the faster the less weight it
carries. Addison.

RACEMA’TION. n. s. [racemus, Lat.] Cluster, like that of
grapes.
A cock will in one day fertilitate the whole racemation or
cluster of eggs, which are not excluded in many weeks
after. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RACEMI’FEROUS. adj. [racemus and fero, Latin.] Bearing
clusters.



RA’CER. n. s. [from race.] Runner; one that contends in speed.
His stumbling founder'd jade can trot as high
As any other pegasus can fly;
So the dull eel moves nimbler in the mud,
Than all the swift-finn'd racers of the flood. Dorset.
A poet's form she plac'd before their eyes,
And bade the nimblest racer seize the prize. Pope.

RA’CINESS. n. s. [from racy.] The quality of being racy.

RACK. n. s. [racke, Dutch, from racken, to stretch.]
1. An engine to torture.
Vex not his ghost; O let him pass! he hates him
That would, upon the rack of this rough world,
Stretch him out longer. Shakesp. King Lear.
Did ever any man upon the rack afflict himself, because he
had received a cross answer from his mistress. Taylor.
Let them feel the whip, the sword, the fire,
And in the tortures of the rack expire. Addison.
2. Torture; extreme pain.
A fit of the stone puts a king to the rack, and makes him
as miserable as it does the meanest subject. Temple.
A cool behaviour sets him on the rack, and is interpreted
as an instance of aversion or indifference. Addison.
3. Any instrument by which extension is performed.
These bows, being somewhat like the long bows in use
amongst us, were bent only by a man's immediate strength,
without the help of any bender or rack that are used to
others. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
4. A distaff; commonly a portable distaff, from which they
spin by twirling a ball.
The sisters turn the wheel,
Empty the woolly rack, and fill the reel. Dryden.
5. [Racke, Dutch, a track.] The clouds as they are driven by
the wind.
That, which is now a horse, even with a thought
The rack dislimns, and makes it indistinct
As water is in water. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
The great globe itself,
Yea, all, which it inherit, shall dissolve;
And, like this insubstantial pageant, faded,
Leave not a rack behind. Shakesp. Tempest.
We often see against some storm,
A silence in the heav'ns, the rack stand still,
The bold winds speechless, and the orb below
As hush as death. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The winds in the upper region, which move the clouds
above, which we call the rack, and are not perceived below,
pass without noise. Bacon's Natural History.
As wint'ry winds contending in the sky,
With equal force of lungs their titles try;
They rage, they roar: the doubtful rack of heav'n
Stands without motion, and the tide undriv'n. Dryden.
6. [hracca, the occiput, Saxon; racca, Islandick, hinges or
joints.] A neck of mutton cut for the table.
7. A grate.
8. A wooden grate in which hay is placed for cattle.
Their bulls they send to pastures far,
Or hills, or feed them at full racks within. May's Virgil.
The best way to seed cattle with it, is to put it in racks,
because of the great quantity they tread down. Mortimer.
He bid the nimble hours
Bring forth the steeds; the nimble hours obey:
From their full racks the gen'rous steeds retire. Addison.
9. Arrack; a spirituous liquor. See ARRACK.

To RACK. v. n. [from the noun.] To stream as clouds before
the wind.
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun,
Not separated with the racking clouds,
But sever'd in a pale clear-shining sky. Shakesp.

To RACK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To torment by the rack.
Hold, O dreadful Sir,
You will not rack an innocent old man. Dryden and Lee.
2. To torment; to harrass.
Th' apostate angle, though in pain,
Vaunting aloud, but rack'd with deep despair. Milton.
3. To harrass by exaction.
The landlords there shamefully rack their tenants, exacting
of them, besides his covenants, what he pleaseth. Spenser.
The commons hast thou rack'd; the clergy's bags
Are lank and lean with thy extortions. Shakesp.
He took possession of his just estate,
Nor rack'd his tenants with increase of rent. Dryden.
4. To screw; to force to performance.
They racking and stretching scripture further than by God
was meant, are drawn into sundry inconveniencies. Hooker.
The wisest among the heathens racked their wits, and cast
about every way, managing every little argument to the ut­
most advantage. Tillotson's Sermons.
5. To stretch; to extend.
Nor have I money nor commodity
To raise a present sum;
Try what my credit can in Venice do,
That shall be rack'd even to the uttermost. Shakesp.
6. To defecate; to draw off from the lees. I know not whence
this word is derived in this sense; rein, German, is clear,
pure, whence our word to rinse; this is perhaps of the same
race.
It is common to draw wine or beer from the lees, which
we call racking, whereby it will clarify much the sooner.
Bacon.
Some roll their cask about the cellar to mix it with the
lees, and, after a few days resettlement, rack it off. Mortim.

RACK-RENT. n. s. [rack and rent.] Rent raised to the utter­
most.
Have poor families been ruined by rack-rents, paid for the
lands of the church? Swift's Miscellanies.

RACK-RENTER. n. s. [rack and renter.] One who pays the
uttermost rent.
Though this be a quarter of his yearly income, and the
publick tax takes away one hundred; yet this influences not
the yearly rent of the land, which the rack-renter or under­
tenant pays. Locke.

RA’CKET. n. s. [of uncertain derivation; M. Casaubon derives
it, after his custom, from ?a??a, the dash of fluctuation
against the shore.]
1. An irregular clattering noise.
That the tennis court keeper knows better than I, it is a
low ebb of linen with thee, when thou keepest not racket
there. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
2. A confused talk, in burlesque language.
Ambition hath removed her lodging, and lives the next
door to faction, where they keep such a racket, that the whole
parish is disturbed and every night in an uproar. Swift.
3. [Raquette, Fr.] The instrument with which players strike
the ball. Whence perhaps all the other senses.
When we have matcht our rackets to these balls,
We will in France play a set,
Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard. Shakesp.
The body, into which impression is made, either can yield
backward or it cannot: if it can yield backward, then the
impression made is a motion; as we see a stroke with a
racket upon a ball, makes it fly from it. Digby on the Soul.
He talks much of the motives to do and forbear, how they
determine a reasonable man, as if he were no more than a
tennis-ball, to be tossed to and fro by the rackets of the second
causes. Bramhall against Hobbs.

RA’CKING. n. s.
Racking pace of a horse is the same as an amble, only that
it is a swifter time and a shorter tread; and though it does
not rid so much ground, yet it is something easier. Far. Dict.

RA’CKOON. n. s.
The rackoon is a New England animal, like a badger, hav­
ing a tail like a fox, being cloathed with a thick and deep
furr: it sleeps in the day time in a hollow tree, and goes out
a-nights, when the moon shines, to feed on the sea side, where
it is hunted by dogs. Bailey.

RA’CY. adj. [perhaps from rayz, Spanish, a root.] Strong;
flavorous; tasting of the soil.
Rich racy verses in which we
The soil, from which they come, taste, smell, and see.
Cowley.
From his brain that Helicon distil,
Whose racy liquor did his offspring fill. Denham.
The cyder at first is very luscious, but if ground more
early, it is more racy. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The hospitable sage, in sign
Of social welcome, mix'd the racy wine,
Late from the mellowing cask restor'd to light,
By ten long years refin'd, and rosy bright. Pope.

RAD

RAD. the old pret. of read. Spenser.

RAD.
Rad, red and rod, differing only in dialect, signify coun­
sel; as Conrad, powerful or skilful in counsel; Ethelred, a
noble counsellor; Rodbert, eminent for counsel: Eubulus
and Thrasybulus have almost the same sense. Gibson.

RA’DDOCK, or ruddock. n. s. A bird.
The raddock would,
With charitable bill, bring thee all this. Shakesp.

RA’DIANCE. n. s. [radiare, Lat.] Sparkling lustre; glitter.
By all the operations of the orbs,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Whether there be not too high an apprehension above its
natural radiancy, is not without just doubt; however it be
granted a very splendid gum, and whose sparkles may some­
what resemble the glances of fire. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The son
Girt with omnipotence, with radiance crown'd
Of majesty divine. Milton.
A glory surpassing the sun in its greatest radiancy, which,
though we cannot describe, will bear some resemblance.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The rapid radiance instantaneous strikes
Th' illumin'd mountain. Thomson's Spring.

RA’DIANCY. n. s. [radiare, Lat.] Sparkling lustre; glitter.
By the sacred radiance of the sun,
By all the operations of the orbs,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Whether there be not too high an apprehension above its
natural radiancy, is not without just doubt; however it be
granted a very splendid gum, and whose sparkles may some­
what resemble the glances of fire. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The son
Girt with omnipotence, with radiance crown'd
Of majesty divine. Milton.
A glory surpassing the sun in its greatest radiancy, which,
though we cannot describe, will bear some resemblance.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The rapid radiance instantaneous strikes
Th' illumin'd mountain. Thomson's Spring.



RA’DIANT. adj. [radians, Lat.] Shining; brightly sparkling;
emitting rays.
There was a sun of gold radiant upon the top, and before,
a small cherub of gold with wings displayed. Bacon.
Mark what radiant state she spreads,
In circle round her shining throne,
Shooting her beams like silver threads,
This, this is she alone. Milton's Arcades.
Virtue could see to do what virtue would
By her own radiant light, though sun and moon
Were in the flat sea sunk. Milton.
I see the warlike host of heaven,
Radiant in glitt'ring arms and beamy pride,
Go forth to succour truth below. Milton.

To RA’DIATE. v. n. [radio, Lat.] To emit rays; to shine;
to sparkle.
Though with wit and parts their possessors could never en­
gage God to send forth his light and his truth; yet now that
revelation hath disclosed them, and that he hath been pleased
to make them radiate in his word, men may recollect those
scatter'd divine beams, and kindling with them the topicks
proper to warm our affections, enslame holy zeal. Boyle.
Light radiates from luminous bodies directly to our eyes,
and thus we see the sun or a flame; or it is reflected from
other bodies, and thus we see a man or a picture. Locke.

RA’DIATED. adj. [radiatus, Lat.] Adorned with rays.
The radiated head of the phœnix gives us the meaning of
a passage in Ausonius. Addison.

RADIA’TION. n. s. [radiatio, Lat. radiation, Fr.]
1. Beamy lustre; emission of rays.
We have perspective houses, where we make demonstra­
tions of all lights and radiations, and of all colours. Bacon.
Should I say I liv'd darker than were true,
Your radiation can all clouds subdue,
But one; 'tis best light to contemplate you. Donne.
2. Emission from a center every way.
Sound paralleleth in many things with the light, and ra­
diation of things visible. Bacon's Natural History.

RA’DICAL. adj. [radical, Fr. from radix, Latin.]
1. Primitive; original.
The differences, which are secondary and proceed from
these radical differences, are, plants are all figurate and de­
terminate, which inanimate bodies are not. Bacon.
Such a radical truth, that God is, springing up together
with the essence of the soul, and previous to all other thoughts,
is not pretended to by religion. Bentley.
2. Implanted by nature.
The emission of the loose and adventitious moisture doth
betray the radical moisture, and carrieth it for company. Bac.
If the radical moisture of gold were separated, it might be
contrived to burn without being consumed. Wilkins.
The sun beams render the humours hot, and dry up the
radical moisture. Arbuthnot.
3. Serving to origination.

RA’DICALITY. n. s. [from radical.] Origination.
There may be equivocal seeds and hermaphroditical prin­
ciples, that contain the radicality and power of different
forms; thus, in the seeds of wheat, there lieth obscurely the
seminality of darnel. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RA’DICALLY. adv. [from radical.] Originally; primitively.
It is no easy matter to determine the point of death in in­
sects, who have not their vitalities radically confined unto one
part. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These great orbs thus radically bright,
Primitive founts, and origins of light
Enliven worlds deny'd to human sight. Prior.

RA’DICALNESS. n. s. [from radical.] The state of being
radical.

To RA’DICATE. v. a. [radicatus, from radix, Lat.] To
root; to plant deeply and firmly.
Meditation will radicate these seeds, fix the transient gleam
of light and warmth, confirm resolutions of good, and give
them a durable consistence in the soul. Hammond.
Nor have we let fall our pen upon discouragement of un­
belief, from radicated beliefs, and points of high pre­
scription. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If the object stays not on the sense, it makes not impression
enough to be remembered; but if it be repeated there, it leaves
plenty enough of those images behind it, to strengthen the
knowledge of the object: in which radicated knowledge, if
the memory consist, there would be no need of reserving those
atoms in the brain. Glanvill's Defence.

RADICA’TION. n. s. [radication, Fr. from radicate.] The act
of fixing deep.
They that were to plant a church, were to deal with men
of various inclinations, and of different habits of sin, and
degrees of radication of those habits; and to each of these
some proper application was to be made to cure their souls.
Hammond's Fundamentals.

RA’DICLE. n. s. [radicule, Fr. from radix, Lat.]
Radicle is that part of the seed of a plant, which, upon its
vegetation, becomes its root. Quincy.

RA’DISH. n. s. [rædic, Sax. radis, raifort, Fr. raphanus, Lat.]
A root.
The flower of the radish consists of four leaves, which are
placed in the form of a cross; out of the flower-cup rises
the pointal, which afterward turns to a pod in form of an
horn, that is thick, spungy, and furnished with a double row
of roundish seeds, which are separated by a thin membrane:
there are five species; of that which is commonly cultivated
in the kitchen-gardens for its root, there are several varie­
ties; as the small topped, the deep-red, and the long topped
stripped radish. Miller.

RA’DIUS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. The semi-diameter of a circle.
2. A bone of the fore-arm, which accompanies the ulna from
the elbow to the wrist.

To RAFF. v. a. To sweep; to huddle; to take hastily with­
out distinction.
Then causes and effects I thus raff up together. Carew.

To RA’FFLE. v. n. [raffler, to snatch, Fr.] To cast dice for
a prize, for which every one lays down a stake.
Letters from Hampstead give me an account, there is a late
institution there, under the name of a raffling shop Tatler.

RA’FFLE. n. s. [rafle, Fr. from the verb.] A species of game
or lottery, in which many stake a small part of the value of
some single thing, in consideration of a chance to gain it.
The toy, brought to Rome in the third triumph of Pompey,
being a pair of tables for gaming, made of two precious stones,
three foot broad, and four foot long, would have made a fine
raffle. Arbuthnot on Coins.

RAFT. n. s. [probably from ratis, Latin.] A frame or float
made by laying pieces of timber cross each other.
Where is that son
That floated with thee on the fatal raft. Shakesp.
Fell the timber of you lofty grove,
And form a raft, and build the rising ship. Pope.

RAFT. part pass. of reave or raff. Spenser. Torn; rent.

RA’FTER. n. s. [ræfter, Sax. rafter, Dutch; corrupted, says
Junius, from roof tree.] The secondary timbers of the
house; the timbers which are let into the great beam.
The rafters of my body, bone,
Being still with you, the muscle, sinew and vein,
Which tile this house, will come again. Donne,
Shepherd,
I trust thy honest offer'd courtesy,
Which oft is sooner found in lowly sheds
With smoky rafters, than in tap'stry halls. Milton.
On them the Trojans cast
Stones, rafters, pillars, beams. Denham.
From the East, a Belgian wind
His hostile breath through the dry rafters sent;
The flames impell'd. Dryden.
The roof began to mount aloft,
Aloft rose every beam and rafter,
The heavy wall climb'd slowly after. Swift's Miscel.

RA’FTERED. adj. [from rafter.] Built with rafters.
No raft'red roofs with dance and tabor sound,
No noon-tide bell invites the country round. Pope.

RAG

RAG. n. s. [hracode, torn, Saxon; ??.]
1. A piece of cloth torn from the rest; a ratter.
Cowls, hoods and habits, with their wearers tost,
And flutter'd into rags. Milton.
Rags are a great improvement of chalky lands. Mortimer.
2. Any thing rent and tattered; worn out cloaths.
Fathers that wear rags,
Do make their children blind;
But fathers that bear bags,
Shall see their children kind. Shakesp. King Lear.
Worn like a cloth,
Gnawn into rags by the devouring moth. Sandys.
Content with poverty, my soul I arm;
And virtue, though in rags, will keep me warm. Dryden.
3. A fragment of dress.
He had first matter seen undrest;
He took her naked all alone,
Before one rag of form was on. Hudibras, p. i.

RAGAMU’FFIN. n. s. [from rag and I know not what else.]
I have led my ragamuffins where they were pepper'd; there's
not three of my hundred and fifty left alive; and they are
for the town's end to beg during life. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Shall we brook that paltry afs
And feeble scoundrel, Hudibras,
With that more paltry ragamuffin,
Ralpho, vapouring and huffing. Hudibras, p. i.
Attended with a crew of ragamuffins, she broke into his
house, turned all things topsy-turvy, and then set it on
fire. Swift.

RAGE. n. s. [rage, Fr.]
1. Violent anger; vehement fury.
This tiger-footed rage, when it shall find
The harm of unskann'd swiftness, will, too late,
Tie leaden pounds to's heels. Shakesp. Coriolanus.


Desire not
T' allay my rages and revenges with
Your colder reasons. Shakesp.
Argument more heroick than the rage
Of Turnus for Lavinia disespous'd. Milton.
3. Vehemence or exacerbation of any thing painful.
The party hurtr who hath been in great rage of pain, till
the weapon was re anointed. Bacon's Natural History.
Torment and loud lament and furious rage. Milton.
The rage of thirst and hunger now supprest. Pope.

To RAGE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be in fury; to be heated with excessive anger.
Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging; and whosoever
is deceived thereby, is not wise. Prov. xx. 1.
Why do the heathen rage. Psalm ii. 1.
At this he inly rag'd, and as they talk'd,
Smote him into the midriff. Milton.
2. To ravage; to exercise fury.
Heart-rending news,
That death should license have to rage among
The fair, the wise, the virtuous. Waller.
3. To act with mischievous impetuousity.
The chariots shall rage in the streets, they shall justle one
against another, seem like torches, and run like the light­
enings. Nah. ii. 4.
The madding wheels of brazen chariots rag'd. Milton.
After these waters had raged on the earth, they began to
lessen and shrink, and the great fluctuations of this deep being
quieted by degrees, the waters retired. Burnet.

RA’GEFUL. adj. [rage and full.] Furious; violent.
This courtesy was worse than a bastinado to Zelmane; so
that again with rageful eyes she bad him defend himself; for
no less than his life would answer it. Sidney, b. ii.
A popular orator may represent vices in so formidable ap­
pearances, and set out each virtue in so amiable a form, that
the covetous person shall scatter most liberally his beloved
idol, wealth, and the rageful person shall find a calm. Hamm.

RA’GGED. adj. [from rag.]
1. Rent into tatters.
How like a prodigal,
The skarfed bark puts from her native bay,
Hugg'd and embraced by the strampet wind;
How like the prodigal doth she return
With over-weather'd ribs and ragged sails,
Lean, rent, and beggar'd by the strumpet wind. Shakesp.
As I go in this ragged tattered coat, I am hunted away
from the old woman's door by every barking cur. Arbuthnot.
2. Uneven; consisting of parts almost disunited.
The earl of Warwick's ragged staff is yet to be seen pour­
trayed in their church steeple. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
That some whirlwind bear
Unto a ragged, fearful, hanging rock,
And throw it thence into the raging sea. Shakesp.
The moon appears, when looked upon with a good glass,
rude and ragged. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Dressed in tatters.
Since noble arts in Rome have no support,
And ragged virtue not a friend at court. Dryden.
4. Rugged; not smooth.
The wolf would barter away a ragged coat and a raw­
boned carcase, for a smooth fat one. L'Estrange.
What shepherd owns those ragged sheep? Dryden.

RA’GGEDNESS. n. s. [from ragged.] State of being dressed in
tatters.
Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm!
How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,
Your loop'd and window'd raggedness defend you. Shakesp.

RA’GINGLY. adv. [from raging.] With vehement fury.

RA’GMAN. n. s. [rag and man.] One who deals in rags.

RAGOU’T. n. s. [French] Meat stewed and highly seasoned.
To the stage permit
Ragouts for Tereus or Thyestes drest,
'Tis task enough for thee t' expose a Roman feast. Dryden.
No fish they reckon comparable to a ragout of snails. Add.
When art and nature join, th' effect will be
Some nice ragout, or charming fricasy. King's Cookery.

RA’GWORT. n. s. [rag and wort.] A plant.
Ragwort hath a radiated flower, the tube of which is al­
most of a cylindrical figure, and the seeds are fastened to a
down; the leaves are deeply laciniated or jagged. Miller.

RA’GSTONE. n. s. [rag and stone.]
1. A stone so named from its breaking in a ragged, uncertain,
irregular manner. Woodward on Fossils.
2. The stone with which they smooth the edge of a tool new
ground and left ragged.

RAI

RAIL. n. s. [riegel, German]
1. A cross beam fixed at the ends in two upright posts.
If you make another square, and also a tennant on each
untennanted end of the stiles, and another mortess on the top
and bottom rails, you may put them together. Moxon.
2. A series of posts connected with beams, by which any thing
is inclosed : a pale is a series of small upright posts rising above
the cross beam, by which they are connected: a rail is a se­
ries of cross beams supported with posts, which do not rise
much above it.
A man, upon a high place without rails, is ready to fall.
Bacon's Natural History.
A large square table for the commissioners, one side being
sufficient for those of either party, and a rail for others which
went round. Clarendon.
3. A kind of bird.
Of wild birds Cornwall hath quail, rail, partridge and
pheasant. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
4. [rægle, Saxon.] A woman's upper garment. This is pre­
served only in the word nightrail.

To RAIL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To inclose with rails.
The hand is square, with four rounds at the corners; this
should first have been planched over, and railed about with
ballisters. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
As the churchyard ought to be divided from other profane
places, so it ought to be senced in and railed. Ayliffe.
Sir Roger has given a handsome pulpit-cloth, and railed in
the communion-table. Addison's Spectator, No 112.
2. To range in a line.
They were brought to London all railed in ropes, like a team
of horses in a cart, and were executed some of them at London
and Wapping, and the rest at divers places upon the sea
coast. Bacon's Henry VII.

To RAIL. v. n. [railler, Fr. rallen, Dutch.] To use insolent
and reproachful language; to speak to, or to mention in op­
probrious terms.
Your husband is in his old lunes again; he so rails against
all married mankind, curses all Eve's daughters. Shakesp.
What a monstrous fellow art thou? thus to rail on one,
that is neither known of thee, nor knows thee. Shakesp.
'Till thou can'st rail the seals from off my bond,
Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud. Shakesp.
He tript me behind; being down, insulted, rail'd,
And put upon him such a deal of man,
That worthied him. Shakesp. King Lear.
Of words cometh railings and evil surmisings. 1 Tim. vi.
Angels bring not railing accusation against them. 2 Pet. ii.
If any is angry, and rails at it, he may securely. Locke.
Thou art my blood, where Johnson has no part;
Where did his wit on learning fix a brand,
And rail at arts he did not understand? Dryden.
Lesbia for ever on me rails,
To talk of me she never fails. Swift.

RAI’LER. n. s. [from rail.] One who insults or defames by
opprobious language.
If I build my felicity upon my reputation, I am as happy
as long as the railer will give me leave. South's Sermons.
Let no presuming impious railer tax
Creative wisdom. Thomson's Summer.

RAI’LLERY. n. s. [raillerie, Fr.] Slight satire; satirical mer­
riment.
Let raillery be without malice or heat. Benj. Johnson.
A quotation out of Hudibras shall make them treat with
levity an obligation wherein their welfare is concerned as to
this world and the next: raillery of this nature is enough to
make the hearer tremble. Addison's Freeholder, No 6.
Studies employed on low objects; the very naming
of them is almost sufficient to turn them into raillery.
Addison on Ancient Medals.
To these we are solicited by the arguments of the subtile,
and the railleries of the prophane. Rogers's Sermons.

RAI’MENT. n. s. [for arraiment, from array.] Vesture; vest­
ment; cloaths; dress; garment. A word now little used
but in poetry.
His raiments, though mean, received handsomeness by the
grace of the wearer. Sidney.
O Protheus, let this habit make thee blush!
Be thou asham'd, that I have took upon me
Such an immodest raiment. Shakesp.
Living, both food and raiment she supplies. Dryden.

To RAIN. v. n. [renian, Saxon; regenen, Dutch.]
1. To fall in drops from the clouds.
Like a low-hung cloud, it rains so fast,
That all at once it falls. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
The wind is South-West, and the weather lowring, and
like to rain. Locke.
2. To fall as rain.
The eye marvelleth at the whiteness thereof, and the heart
is astonished at the raining of it. Ecclus. xliii. 18.
They sat them down to weep; nor only tears
Rain'd at their eyes, but high winds rose within. Milton.
3. It RAINS. The water falls from the clouds.
That which serves for gain,
And follows but for form,
Will pack when it begins to rain,
And leave thee in the storm. Shakesp. King Lear.

To RAIN. v. a. To pour down as rain.
It rain'd down fortune, show'ring on your head. Shak.


Rain sacrificial whisp'rings in his ear,
Make sacred even his stirrop. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Israel here had famish'd, had not God
Rain'd from heav'n manna. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

RAIN. n. s. [ren, Saxon.] The moisture that falls from the
clouds.
When shall we three meet again;
In thunder, lightning, or in rain. Shakesp.
With strange rains, hails, and showers were they perse­
cuted. Wisdom xvi. 16.
The lost clouds pour
Into the sea an useless show'r,
And the vext sailors curse the rain,
For which poor farmers pray'd in vain. Waller.
Rain is water by the heat of the sun divided into very small
parts ascending in the air, till encountering the cold, it be
condensed into clouds, and descends in drops. Ray.

RAI’NBOW. n. s. [rain and bow.] The iris; the semicircle of
various colours which appears in showery weather.
Casting of the water in a most cunning manner, makes a
perfect rainbow, not more pleasant to the eye than to the
mind, so sensibly to see the proof of the heavenly iris. Sidney.
To add another hue unto the rainbow. Shakesp.
The rainbow is drawn like a nymph with large wings dispread
in the form of a semicircle, the feathers of sundry colours. Peach.
They could not be ignorant of the promise of God never
to drown the world, and the rainbow before their eyes to put
them in mind of it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
This rainbow never appears but where it rains in the sun­
shine, and may be made artificially by spouting up water,
which may break aloft, and scatter into drops, and fall down
like rain; for the sun, shining upon these drops, certainly
causes the bow to appear to a spectator standing in a true po­
sition to the rain and sun: this bow is made by refraction of
the sun's light in drops of falling rain. Newton's Opticks.
The dome's high arch reflects the mingled blaze,
And forms a rainbow of alternate rays. Pope.

RAI’NDEER. [hranas, Saxon; rangifer, Latin.] A deer with
large horns, which, in the northern regions, draws sledges
through the snow.

RAI’NINESS. n. s. [from rainy.] The state of being showery.

RAIN-WATER. n. s. [rain and water.] Water not taken from
springs, but falling from the clouds.
Court holy water in a dry house, is better than the rain­
water out o'doors. Shakesp. King Lear.
We took distilled rain-water. Boyle.
Rain-water is to be preferred before spring-water. Mort.

RAI’NY. adj. [from rain.] Showery; wet.
Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirch'd,
With rainy marching in the painful field. Shakesp. Hen. V.
A continual dropping in a very rainy day, and a conten­
tious woman are alike. Prov. xxvii. 15.

To RAISE. v. a. [resa, Swedish; reiser, Danish.]
1. To lift; to heave.
The elders went to raise him up from the earth. 2 Sam. xii.
Such a bulk as no twelve bards could raise
Twelve starv'ling bards. Pope.
2. To set upright: as, he raised a mast.
3. To erect; to build up.
Take his carcase down from the tree, cast it at the enter­
ing of the gate, and raise thereon a heap of stones. Jos. viii.
4. To exalt to a state more great or illustrious.
Counsellors may manage affairs, which nevertheless are far
from the ability to raise and amplify an estate. Bacon.
Thou so pleas'd,
Can'st raise thy creature to what height thou wilt
Of union. Milton.
5. To amplify; to enlarge.
That eyeless head of thine was first fram'd flesh,
To raise my fortunes. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. To increase in current value.
The plate-pieces of eight were raised three-pence in the
piece. Temple's Miscellanies.
7. To elevate; to exalt.
The Persians gazing on the sun,
Admir'd how high 'twas plac'd, how bright it shone;
But as his pow'r was known, their thoughts were rais'd,
And soon they worship'd, what at first they prais'd. Prior.
8. To advance; to promote; to prefer.
This gentleman came to be raised to great titles. Clarend.
9. To excite; to put in action.
He raiseth the stormy wind. Psalm cvii. 28.
He might taint
Th' animal spirits, that from pure blood arise,
Thence raise distemper'd thoughts. Milton.
Gods encountering gods, Jove encouraging them with his
thunders, and Neptune raising his tempests. Pope.
10. To excite to war or tumult; to stir up.
He first rais'd head against usurping Richard. Shakesp.
They neither found me in the temple disputing with any
man, neither raising up the people. Acts xxiv. 12.
æneas then employs his pains
In parts remote to raise the Tuscan swains. Dryden.
11. To rouse; to stir up.
They shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep. Job.
12. To give beginning to: as, he raised the family.
13. To bring into being.
Marry her, and raise up seed. Gen. xxxviii. 8.
I raised up of your sons for prophets. Amos ii. 11.
I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall
be no more consumed with hunger. Ezek. xxxiv. 29.
I will raise up evil against thee. 2 Samuel xii. 11.
One hath ventur'd from the deep to raise
New troubles. Milton.
God vouchsafes to raise another world
From him. Milton.
14. To call into view from the state of separate spirits.
The spirits of the deceased, by certain spells and infernal
sacrifices, were raised. Sandys's Journey.
These are spectres, the understanding raises to itself, to
flatter its own laziness. Locke.
15. To bring from death to life.
He was delivered for our offences, and raised again for our
justification. Romans iv. 25.
It is sown in dishonour, it is raised in glory; it is sown in
weakness, it is raised in power. 1 Cor. xv. 23.
16. To occasion; to begin.
Raise not a false report. Exodus xxiii. 1.
The common ferryman of Egypt, that wasted over the
dead bodies from Memphis, was made by the Greeks to be
the ferryman of hell, and solemn stories raised after him. Bro.
Wantonness and pride
Raise out of friendship hostile deeds in peace. Milton.
17. To set up; to utter loudly.
All gaze, and all admire, and raise a shouting sound. Dry.
Soon as the prince appears, they raise a cry. Dryden.
18. To collect; to obtain a certain sum.
Britain, once despis'd, can raise
As ample sums, as Rome in Cæsar's days. Arbuthnot.
I should not thus be bound,
If I had means, and could but raise five pound. Gay.
19. To collect; to assemble; to levy.
He out of smallest things could without end
Have rais'd incessant armies. Milton.
20. To give rise to.
Higher argument
Remains, sufficient of itself to raise
That name, unless years damp my wing. Milton.
21. To RAISE paste. To form paste into pies without a dish.
Miss Liddy can dance a jig, and raise paste. Spectator.

RAI’SER. n. s. [from raise.] He that raises.
Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes. Dan. xi.
They that are the first raisers of their houses, are most
indulgent towards their children. Bacon.
He that boasts of his ancestors, the founders and raisers of
a family, doth confess that he hath less virtue. Taylor.
Raiser of human kind! by nature cast,
Naked and helpless. Thomson's Autumn.

RAI’SIN. n. s. [racemus, Lat. raisin, Fr.]
Raisins are the fruit of the vine suffered to remain on the
tree till perfectly ripened, and then dried either by the sun or
the heat of an oven: grapes of every kind, preserved in this
manner, are called raisins, but those dried in the sun are much
sweeter and pleasanter than those dried in ovens; they are
called jar raisins, from their being imported in earthen jars: the
finest are the fruit of the vitis Damascena. Hill's Materia Med.
Dried grapes or raisins, boiled in a convenient proportion
of water, make a sweet liquor, which, being betimes distilled,
afford an oil and spirit much like the raisins themselves. Boyle.

RAK

RAKE. n. s. [rastrum, Lat. race, Sax. racehe, Dutch.]
1. An instrument with teeth, by which the ground is divided,
or light bodies are gathered up.
At Midsummer down with the brembles and brakes,
And after abroad with thy forkes and thy rakes. Tusser.
O that thy bounteous deity wou'd please
To guide my rake upon the chinking sound
Of some vast treasure hidden under ground. Dryden.
He examines his face in the stream, combs his ruful locks
with a rake. Garth.
2. [Racaille, Fr. the low rabble; or rekel, Dutch, a wortaters
cur dog.] A loose, disorderly, vicious, wild, gay, thought­
less fellow; a man addicted to pleasure.
The next came with her son, who was the greatest rake in
the place, but so much the mother's darling, that she left her
husband for the sake of this graceless youth. Addison.
Rakes hate sober grave gentlewomen. Arbutimot.
Men, some to bus'ness, some to pleasure take;
But ev'ry woman is at heart a rake. Pope.
The fire saw smiling his own virtues wake;
The mother begg'd the blessing of a rake. Pope.

To RAKE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To gather with a rake.
Mow barlie, and rake it, and set it on cocks. Tusser.
Harrows iron teeth shall every where
Rake helmets up. May's Virgil's Georgicks.


If it be such a precious jewel as the world takes it for, yet
they are forced to rake it out of dunghills; and accordingly
the apostle gives it a value suitable to its extract. South.
2. To clear with a rake.
As they rake the green appearing ground,
The russet hay-cock rises. Thomson.
3. To draw together by violence.
An eager desire to rake together whatsoever might preju­
dice or any way hinder the credit of apocryphal books, hath
caused the collector's pen so to run as it were on wheels, that
the mind, which should guide it, had no leisure to think.
Hooker, b. v. s. 20.
What piles of wealth hath he accumulated!
How, i' th' the name of thrift,
Does he rake this together. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
A sport more formidable
Had rak'd together village rabble. Hudibras, p. i.
Ill-gotten goods are squandered away with as little conscience
as they were raked together. L'Estrange.
4. To scour; to search with eager and vehement diligence.
The statesman rakes the town to find a plot. Swift.
5. To heap together and cover.
Here i' th' sands
Thee I'll rake up, the post unsanctified
Of murth'rous lechers. Shakesp. King Lear.
The blazing wood may to the eye seem great,
But 'tis the fire rak'd up that has the heat,
And keeps it long. Suckling.

To RAKE. v. n.
1. To search; to grope. It has always an idea of coarseness
or noisomness.
If you hide the crown
Ev'n in your hearts, there will he rake for it. Shakesp.
It is as offensive, as to rake into a dunghill. South.
Another finds the way to dye in grain;
Or for the golden ore in rivers rakes,
Then melts the mass. Dryden's Persius.
One is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words, which
are never to be reviv'd, but when sound or significancy is
wanting. Dryden.
After having made essays into it, as they do for coal in
England, they rake into the most promising parts. Addison.
2. To pass with violence.
When Pas hand reached him to take,
The fox on knees and elbows tumbled down:
Pas could not stay, but over him did rake,
And crown'd the earth with his first touching crown. Sidn.
The Belgians tack upon our rear,
And raking chase-guns through our sterns they send. Dryd.

RA’KER. n. s. [from rake.] One that rakes.

RA’KEHEL. n. s. [of this word the etymology is doubtful: as
it is now written, it is apparently derived from rake and hell,
and may aptly represent a wretch whose life is passed in places
of lewdness and wickedness: Skinner derives it from racaille,
French, the rabble; Junius, from rekel, Dutch, a mongrel
dog.] A wild, worthless, dissolute, debauched, sorry fellow.
Out of the frie of these rakehell horse-boys, growing up
in knavery and villainy, are their kern supplied. Spenser.
The king, when he heard of Perkins's siege of Exeter,
said in sport, that the king of rakehells was landed in the
West, and that he hoped now to see him. Bacon.
A rakehell of the town, whose character is set off with ex­
cessive prodigality, prophaneness, intemperance and lust, is re­
warded with a lady of great fortune to repair his own, which
his vices had almost ruined. Swift.

RA’KEHELLY. adv. [from rakehell.] Wild; dissolute.
I scorn the rakehelly rout of our ragged rhimers, which
without learning boast, without judgment jangle, and with­
out reason rage and foam. Spenser's Pastorals.
No breaking of windows or glasses for spight,
And spoiling the goods for a rakehelly prank. Benj. Johnson.

RA’KISH. adj. [from rake.] Loose; lewd; dissolute.
There seldom can be peculiarity in the love of a rakish
heart. Clarissa.

RAL

To RA’LLY. v. a. [rallier, Fr.]
1. To put disordered or dispersed forces into order.
With rallied arms to try what may be yet
Regain'd in heav'n. Milton.
Publick arguing serves to whet the wits of hereticks, and
by shewing weak parts of their doctrines, prompts them to
rally all their sophistry to fortify them with fallacy. D. of Pie.
Luther deters men from solitariness; but he does not mean
from a sober solitude, that rallies our scattered strengths, and
prepares us against any new encounters from without. Atterb.
2. [Railler, Fr.] To treat with slight contempt; to treat with
satirical merriment.
Honeycomb has not lived a month, for these forty years,
out of the smoke of London, and rallies me upon a country
life. Addison's Spectator.
If after the reading of this letter, you find yourself in a
humour rather to rally and ridicule, than to comfort me, I
desire you would throw it into the fire. Addison.
Strephon had long confess'd his am'rous pain,
Which gay Corinna rally'd with disdain. Gay.

To RA’LLY. v. n.
1. To come together in a hurry.
If God should shew this perverse man a new heaven and
a new earth, springing out of nothing, he might say, that
innumerable parts of matter chanced just then to rally toge­
ther, and to form themselves into this new world. Tillotson.
2. To come again into order.
The Grecians rally, and their pow'rs unite;
With fury charge us. Dryden's æneis.
3. To exercise satirical merriment.

RAM

RAM. n. s. [ram, Saxon; ram, Dutch.]
1. A male sheep; in some provinces, a tup.
The ewes, being rank, turned to the rams. Shakesp.
An old sheep-whistling rogue, a ram tender. Shakesp.
You may draw the bones of a ram's head hung with strings
of beads and ribbands. Peacham on Drawing.
A ram their off'ring, and a ram their meat. Dryden.
The ram, having pass'd the sea, serenely shines,
And leads the year. Creech's Manilius.
2. An instrument with an iron head to batter walls.
Antony,
Let not the piece of virtue, which is set
As the cement of our love,
To keep it builded, be the ram to batter
The fortress of it. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Judas calling upon the Lord, who without any rams or
engines of war did cast down Jericho, gave a fierce assault
against the walls. 2 Mac. xii. 15.

To RAM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To drive with violence, as with a battering ram.
Ram thou thy faithful tidings in mine ears,
That long time have been barren. Shakesp.
Having no artillery nor engines, and finding that he could
do no good by ramming with logs of timber, he set one of
the gates on fire. Bacon's Henry VII.
The charge with bullet, or paper wet and hard stopped,
or with powder alone rammed in hard, maketh no great dif­
ference in the loudness of the report. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
A mariner loading his gun, while he was ramming in a
cartridge, the powder took fire. Wiseman's Surgery.
Here many poor people roll in vast balls of snow, which
they ram together, and cover from the sun shine. Addison.
A ditch drawn between two parallel surrows, was filled
with some sound materials, and rammed to make the founda­
tion solid. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To fill with any thing driven hard together.
As when that devilish iron engine wrought
In deepest hell, and fram'd by furies skill,
With windy nitre and quick sulphur fraught,
And ramm'd with bullet round ordain'd to kill. Fa. Queen.
He that proves the king,
To him will we prove loyal; till that time,
Have we ramm'd up our gates against the world. Shakesp.
They mined the walls, laid the powder, and rammed the
mouth, but the citizens made a countermine. Hayward.
This into hollow engines, long and round,
Thick ramm'd, at th' other bore with touch of fire
Dilated and infuriate, shall send forth
Such implements of mischief, as shall dash
To pieces. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Leave a convenient space behind the wall to ram in clay.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

To RA’MBLE. v. n. [rammelen, Dutch, to rove loosely in lust;
ramb, Swedish, to rove.] To rove loosely and irregularly;
to wander.
Shame contracts the spirits, fixes the ramblings of fancy,
and gathers the man into himself. South.
He that is at liberty to ramble in perfect darkness, what is
his liberty better than if driven up and down as a bubble by
the wind. Locke.
Chapman has taken advantage of an immeasurable length
of verse, notwithstanding which, there is scarce any para­
phrase so loose and rambling as his. Pope.
Never ask leave to go abroad, for you will be thought an
idle rambling fellow. Swift's Directions to Footmen.
O'er his ample sides the rambling sprays
Luxuriant shoot. Thomson's Spring.

RA’MBLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Wandering irregular ex­
cursion.
This conceit puts us upon the ramble up and down for re­
lief, 'till very weariness brings us at last to ourselves. L'Estr.
Coming home after a short Christmas ramble, I found a
letter upon my table. Swift.
She quits the narrow path of sense
For a dear ramble through impertinence. Swift's Miscel.

RA’MBLER. n. s. [from ramble.] Rover; wanderer.
Says the rambler, we must e'en beat it out. L'Estrange.

RA’MBOOZE. n. s. A drink made of wine, ale, eggs and sugar
in the winter time; or of wine, milk, sugar
and rosewater in the summer time. Bailey.

RA’MBUSE. n. s. A drink made of wine, ale, eggs and sugar
in the winter time; or of wine, milk, sugar
and rosewater in the summer time. Bailey.



RA’MEKIN. n. s. [ramequins, Fr.] In cookery, small slices
of bread covered with a farce of cheese and
eggs. Bailey.

RA’MEQUINS. n. s. [ramequins, Fr.] In cookery, small slices
of bread covered with a farce of cheese and
eggs. Bailey.

RA’MENTS. n. s. [ramenta, Lat.] Scrapings; shavings. Dict.

RAMIFICA’TION. n. s. [ramification, Fr. from ramus, Latin.]
Division or separation into branches; the act of branching out.
By continuation of profane histories or other monuments
kept together, the genealogies and ramifications of some single
families to a vast extension may be preserved. Hale.
As the blood and chyle pass together through the ramifica­
tions of the pulmonary artery, they will be still more per­
fectly mixed; but if a pipe is divided into branches, and these
again subdivided, the red and white liquors, as they pass
through the ramifications, will be more intimately mixed; the
more ramifications, the mixture will be the more perfect. Arb.

To RA’MIFY. v. a. [ramifier, Fr. ramus and facio, Lat.] To
separate into branches.
The mint, grown to have a pretty thick stalk, with the
various and ramified roots, which it shot into the water, pre­
sented a spectacle not unpleasant to behold. Boyle.

To RA’MIFY. v. n. To be parted into branches.
Asparagus affects the urine with a fœtid smell, especially if
cut when they are white; when they are older, and begin to
ramify, they lose this quality. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

RA’MMER. n. s. [from ram.]
1. An instrument with which any thing is driven hard.
The master bricklayer must try the foundations with an
iron crow and rammer, to see whether the foundations are
sound. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
2. The stick with which the charge is forced into the gun.
A mariner loading a gun suddenly, while he was ramming
in a cartridge, the powder took fire, and shot the rammer out
of his hand. Wiseman's Surgery.

RA’MMISH. adj. [from ram.] Strong scented.

RA’MOUS. adj. [from ramus, Latin.] Branchy; consisting of
branches.
Which vast contraction and expansion seems unintelligible,
by feigning the particles of air to be springy and ramous, or
rolled up like hoops, or by any other means than a repulsive
power. Newton's Opticks.
A ramous efflorescence, of a fine white spar, found hang­
ing from a crust of like spar, at the top of an old wrought
cavern. Woodward on Fossils.

To RAMP. v. n. [ramper, French; rampare, Italian; rempen,
Saxon.]
1. To leap with violence.
Foaming tarr, their bridles they would champ,
And trampling the fine element, would fiercely ramp. F. Q.
Out of the thickest wood
A ramping lyon rushed suddenly,
Hunting full greedy after savage blood. Fairy Queen.
They gape upon me with their mouths; as a ramping and
roaring lion. Psalm xxii. 13.
Upon a bull, that deadly bellowed,
Two horrid lions rampt, and seiz'd, and tugg'd off. Chapm.
Sporting the lion ramp'd; and in his paw
Dandled the kid. Milton.
2. To climb as a plant.
Furnished with claspers and tendrils, they catch hold of
them, and so ramping upon trees, they mount up to a great
height. Ray on the Creation.

RAMP. n. s. [from the verb.] Leap; spring.
He is vaulting variable ramps,
In your despight, upon your purse. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The bold Ascalonite
Fled from his lion ramp, old warriors turn'd
Their plated backs under his heel. Milton's Agonistes.

RAMPA’LLIAN. n. s. A mean wretch. Not in use.
Away you scullion, you rampallian, you fustilarian. Shak.

RAMPA’NCY. n. s. [from rampant.] Prevalence; exuberance.
As they are come to this height and rampancy of vice, from
the countenance of their betters, so they have took some steps
in the same, that the extravagances of the young carry with
them the approbation of the old. South.

RA’MPANT. adj. [rampant, Fr. from ramp.]
1. Exuberant; overgrowing restraint.
The foundation of this behaviour towards persons set apart
for the service of God, can be nothing else but atheism; the
growing rampant sin of the times. South.
The seeds of death grow up, till, like rampant weeds,
they choak the tender flower of life. Clarissa.
2. [In heraldry.]
Rampant is when the lion is reared up in the escutcheon, as
it were ready to combate with his enemy. Peacham.
If a lion were the proper coat of Judah, yet were it not
probable a lion rampant, but couchant or dormant. Brown.
The lion rampant shakes his brinded mane. Milton.

To RA’MPART. v. a. [from the noun.] To fortify with
ramparts. Not in use.
Set but thy foot
Against our rampir'd gates, and they shall ope. Shakesp.
The marquis directed part of his forces to rampart the gates
and ruinous places of the walls. Hayward.

To RA’MPIRE. v. a. [from the noun.] To fortify with
ramparts. Not in use.
Set but thy foot
Against our rampir'd gates, and they shall ope. Shakesp.
The marquis directed part of his forces to rampart the gates
and ruinous places of the walls. Hayward.

RA’MPART. n. s. [rempart, Fr.
1. The platform of the wall behind the parapet.
2. The wall round fortified places.
She felt it, when past preventing, like a river; no rampires
being built against it, till already it have overflowed. Sidney.
Yo' have cut a way for virtue, which our great men
Heid shut up, with all ramparts, for themselves. B. Johns.
He who endeavours to know his duty, and practises what
he knows, has the equity of God to stand as a mighty wall or
rampart between him and damnation for any infirmities. South.
The son of Thetis, rampire of our host,
Is worth our care to keep. Dryden:
The Trojans round the place a rampire cast,
And palisades about the trenches plac'd. Dryden.
No standards, from the hostile ramparts torn,
Can any future honours give
To the victorious monarch's name. Prior.

RA’MPIRE. n. s. [rempart, Fr.
1. The platform of the wall behind the parapet.
2. The wall round fortified places.
She felt it, when past preventing, like a river; no rampires
being built against it, till already it have overflowed. Sidney.
Yo' have cut a way for virtue, which our great men
Heid shut up, with all ramparts, for themselves. B. Johns.
He who endeavours to know his duty, and practises what
he knows, has the equity of God to stand as a mighty wall or
rampart between him and damnation for any infirmities. South.
The son of Thetis, rampire of our host,
Is worth our care to keep. Dryden:
The Trojans round the place a rampire cast,
And palisades about the trenches plac'd. Dryden.
No standards, from the hostile ramparts torn,
Can any future honours give
To the victorious monarch's name. Prior.

RA’MPIONS. n. s. [rapunculus, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of rampions consists of one leaf, in its form ap­
proaching to a bell-shape; but is so expanded and cut, that
it almost represents the figure of a star: the pointal is com­
monly split into two horned divisions, and the flower-cup be­
comes a fruit, which is divided into three cells inclosing many
small seeds. Miller.
Rampion is a plant, whose tender roots are eaten in the
spring, like those of radishes. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RA’MSONS. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

RAN

RAN. preterite of run.
The dire example ran through all the field,
Till heaps of brothers were by brothers kill'd. Addison.

To RANCH. v. a. [corrupted from wrench.] To sprain; to
injure with violent contortion. This is the proper sense, but,
in Dryden, it seems to be to tear.
Against a stump his tusk the monster grinds,
And ranch'd his hips with one continu'd wound. Dryden.
Emeticks ranch, and keen catharticks scour. Garth.

RA’NCID. adj. [rancidus, Lat.] Strong scented.
The oil, with which fishes abound, often turns rancid, and
lies heavy on the stomach, and affects the very sweat with a
rancid smell. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

RA’NCIDNESS. n. s. [from rancid; rancor, Lat.] Strong scent,
as of old oil.

RANCI’DITY. n. s. [from rancid; rancor, Lat.] Strong scent,
as of old oil.

RA’NCOROUS. adj. [from rancour.] Malignant; malicious;
spiteful in the utmost degree.
So flam'd his eyen with rage and rancorous ire. Fa. Qu.
Because I cannot
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy,
I must be held a rancorous enemy. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The most powerful of these were Pharisees and Sadduces;
of whose chief doctrines some notice is taken by the evange­
lists, as well as of their rancorous opposition to the gospel of
Christ. West on the Resurrection.

RA’NCOUR. n. s. [rancocur, old Fr.] Inveterate malignity;
malice; stedfast implacability; standing hate.
His breast full of rancor like canker to freat. Tusser.
As two brave knights in bloody fight
With deadly rancour he enranged found. Fairy Queen.
All the way that they fled for very rancour and despite; in
their return, they utterly consumed and wasted whatsoever
they had before left unspoiled. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Rancour will out, proud prelate; in thy face
I see thy fury. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
It issues from the rancour of a villain,
A recreant and most degen'rate traitor. Shakesp. Rich. II.
For Banquo's issue, Duncan have I murther'd;
Put rancour in the vessel of my peace
Only for them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Such ambush
Waited with hellish rancour imminent. Milton.
No authors draw upon themselves more displeasure, than
those who deal in political matters, which is justly incurred,
considering that spirit of rancour and virulence, with which
works of this nature abound. Addison's Freeholder, No 40.
Presbyterians and their abettors, who can equally go to a
church or conventicle, or such who bear a personal rancour
towards the clergy. Swift.

RAND. n. s. [rand, Dutch.] Border; seam: as, the rand of
a woman's shoe.

RA’NDOM. n. s. [randon, Fr.] Want of direction; want of
rule or method; chance; hazard; roving motion.
Thy words at random argue thy inexperience. Milton.
He lies at random carelesly diffus'd,
With languish'd head unpropt,
As one past hope abandon'd. Milton.
Fond love his darts at random throws,
And nothing springs from what he sows. Waller.
The striker must be dense, and in its best velocity: the
angle, which the missive is to mount by, if we will have it
go to its furthest random, must be the half of a right one;
and the figure of the missive must be such, as may give scope
to the air to bear it. Digby.


In the days of old the birds lived at random in a lawless
state of anarchy; but in time they moved for the setting
up of a king. L'Estrange's Fables.
Who could govern the dependance of one event upon
another, if that event happened at random, and was not cast
into a certain relation to some foregoing purpose to direct. South.
'Tis one thing when a person of true merit is drawn as like
as we can; and another, when we make a fine thing at ran­
dom, and persuade the next vain creature that 'tis his own
likeness. Pope.

RA’NDOM. adj. Done by chance; roving without direction.
Virtue borrow'd but the arms of chance,
And struck a random blow! 'twas fortune's work,
And fortune take the praise. Dryden.

RA’NFORCE. n. s. The ring of a gun next the touch-hole. Bailey.

RANG. preterite of ring.
Complaints were sent continually up to Rome, and rang
all over the empire. Grew's Cosmol.

To RANGE. v. a. [ranger, Fr. rhenge, Welsh.]
1. To place in order; to put in ranks.
Maccabeus ranged his army by bands, and went against
Timotheus. 2 Mac. xii. 20.
He saw not the marquis till the battle was ranged. Clarend.
Somewhat rais'd
By false presumptuous hope, the ranged pow'rs
Disband, and wand'ring each his several way
Pursues. Milton.
Men, from the qualities they find united in them, and
wherein they observe several individuals to agree, range them
into sorts for the convenience of comprehensive signs. Locke.
A certain form and order, in which we have long accus­
tomed ourselves to range our ideas, may be best for us now,
though not originally best in itself. Watts.
2. To rove over.
To the copse thy lesser spaniel take,
Teach him to range the ditch and force the brake. Gay.

To RANGE. v. n.
1. To rove at large.
Cæsar's spirit ranging for revenge,
With Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines, with a monarch's voice,
Cry havock, and let slip the dogs of war. Shakesp.
'Tis better to be lowly born,
And range with humble livers in content,
Than to be perk'd up in a glist'ring grief,
And wear a golden sorrow. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I saw him in the battle range about;
And watch'd him, how he singled Clifford forth. Shakesp.
As a roaring lion and a ranging bear; so is a wicked ruler
over the poor people. Prov. xxviii. 15.
Other animals unactive range,
And of their doings God takes no account. Milton.
Thanks to my stars, I have not rang'd about
The wilds of life, e're I could find a friend. Addison.
2. To be placed in order.
That is the way to lay the city flat,
To bring the roof to the foundation,
And bury all which yet distinctly ranges
In heaps of ruin. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

RANGE. n. s. [rangée, Fr. from the verb.]
1. A rank; any thing placed in a line.
You fled
From that great face of war, whose several ranges
Frighted each other. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
The light, which passed through its several interstices,
painted so many ranges of colours, which were parallel and
contiguous, and without any mixture of white. Newton.
From this walk you have a full view of a huge range of
mountains, that lie in the country of the Grisons. Addison.
These ranges of barren mountains, by condensing the va­
pours and producing rains, fountains and rivers, give the very
plains that fertility they boast of. Bentley's Sermons.
2. A class; an order.
The next range of beings above him are the immaterial
intelligences, the next below him is the sensible nature. Hale.
3. Excursion; wandring.
He may take a range all the world over, and draw in all
that wide circumference of sin and vice, and center it in his
own breast. South's Sermons.
4. Room for excursion.
A man has not enough range of thought, to look out for
any good which does not relate to his own interest. Addison.
5. Compass taken in by any thing excursive, extended, or ranked
in order.
Far as creation's ample range extends,
The scale of sensual mental pow'rs ascends. Pope.
Judge we by nature? habit can efface;
Affections? they still take a wider range. Pope.
6. Step of a ladder.
The liturgy, practised in England, would kindle that jea­
lousy, as the prologue to that design, and as the first range of
that ladder, which should serve to mount over all their
customs. Clarendon.
7. A kitchen grate.
Its door forth right to him did open,
Therein an hundred ranges weren pight,
And hundred furnaces all burning bright. Fairy Queen.
It was a vault ybuilt for great dispence,
With many ranges rear'd along the wall,
And one great chimney. Fairy Queen.
The buttery must be visible, and we need for our ranges,
a more spacious and luminous kitchen. Wotton's Architect.
The implements of the kitchen are spits, ranges, cobirons
and pots. Bacon's Physical Remains.
He was bid at his first coming to take off the range, and
let down the cinders. L'Estrange.

RA’NGER. n. s. [from range.]
1. One that ranges; a rover; a robber.
They walk not widely, as they were woont,
For fear of rangers and the great hoont,
But privily prolling to and fro. Spenser's Pastorals.
Come, says the ranger, here's neither honour nor money
to be got by staying. L'Estrange.
2. A dog that beats the ground.
Let your obsequious ranger search around,
Nor will the roving spy direct in vain,
But numerous coveys gratify thy pain. Gay's Rural Sports.
3. An officer who tends the game of a forest.
Their father Tyrrheus did his fodder bring,
Tyrrheus chief ranger to the Latian king. Dryden.

RANK. adj. [ranc, Saxon.]
1. High growing; strong; luxuriant.
Down with the grasse,
That groweth in shadow so ranke and so stout. Tusser.
Is not think same goteheard proud,
That sits in younder bank,
Whose straying heard themselfe shrowde
Emong the bushes rank. Spenser.
Who would be out, being before his beloved mistress?
—That should you, if I were your mistress, or I should
think my honesty ranker than my wit. Shakesp.
In which disguise,
While other jests are something rank on foot,
Her father hath commanded her to slip
Away with Slender. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Seven ears came up upon one stalk, rank and good. Gen.
They fancy that the difference lies in the manner of ap­
pulse, one being made by a fuller or ranker appulse than the
other. Holder's Elements of Speech.
The most plentiful season, that gives birth to the finest
flowers, produces also the rankest weeds. Addison.
2. Fruitful; bearing strong plants.
Seven thousand broad-tail'd sheep graz'd on his downs;
Three thousand camels his rank pastures fed. Sandys.
Where land is rank, 'tis not good to sow wheat after a
fallow. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. [Rancidus, Lat.] Strong scented; rancid.
Rank smelling rue, and cummin good for eyes. Spenser.
In their thick breaths,
Rank of gross diet, shall we be enclouded,
And forc'd to drink their vapour. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The ewes, being rank,
In the end of Autumn turned ot the rams. Shakesp.
The drying marshes such a stench convey,
Such the rank steams of reeking Albula. Addison.
Hircina, rank with sweat, presumes
To censure Phillis for perfumes. Swift's Miscellanies.
4. High tasted; strong in quality.
Such animals as feed upon flesh, because such kind of food
is high and rank, qualify it; the one by swallowing the hair
of the beasts they prey upon, the other by devouring some
part of the feathers of the birds they gorge themselves with.
Ray on the Creation.
Divers sea sowl taste rank of the fish on which they
seed. Boyle.
5. Rampant; highgrown.
For you, most wicked Sir, whom to call brother
Would infect my mouth, I do forgive
Thy rankest faults. Shakesp. Tempest.
This Epihanius cries out upon as rank idolatry, and the
device of the devil, who always brought in idolatry under fair
pretences. Stillingfleet's Def. of Discourse on Roman Idol.
'Tis pride, rank pride, and haughtiness of soul,
The Romans call it stoicism. Addison's Cato.
6. Gross; coarse.
My wife's a hobby-horse, deserves name
As rank as any flax-wench, that puts to
Before her troth-plight. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
This power of the people in Athens, claimed as the
undoubted privilege of an Athenian born, was the rankest
encroachment and the grossest degeneracy from the form
Solon left. Swift.
7. The iron of a plane is set rank, when its edge stands so
flat below the sole of the plane, that in working it will take
off a thick shaving. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.



RANK. n. s. [rang, Fr.]
1. Line of men placed a-breast.
Fierce fiery warriors fight upon the clouds,
In ranks, and squadrons, and right form of war,
Which drizzled blood upon the capitol. Shakesp.
I have seen the cannon,
When it hath blown his ranks into the air. Shakesp.
Is't not pity,
That we, the sons and children of this isle,
Fill up her enemies ranks? Shakesp. King John.
If you have a station in the file,
And not in the worst rank of manhood, say it. Shakesp.
2. A row.
West of this place down in the neighbour bottom,
The rank of osiers, by the murmuring stream,
Left on your right hand brings you to the place. Shakesp.
A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend
Shade above shade, a woody theatre. Milton.
If she walk, in even ranks they stand,
Like some well-marshall'd and obsequious band. Waller.
He cou'd through ranks of ruin go,
With storms above and rocks below. Dryden's Horace.
3. Range of subordination.
The wisdom and goodness of the maker plainly appears in
the parts of this stupendous fabrick, and the several degrees
and ranks of creatures in it. Locke.
4. Class; order.
The enchanting power of prosperity over private persons is
remarkable in relation to great kingdoms, where all ranks
and orders of men, being equally concerned in publick bles­
sings, equally join in spreading the infection. Atterbury.
5. Degree of dignity.
Her charms have made me man, her ravish'd love
In rank shall place me with the bless'd above. Dryden.
These all are virtues of a meaner rank,
Perfections that are plac'd in bones and nerves. Addison.
Lepidus's house, which in his consulate was the finest in
Rome, within thirty-five years was not in the hundredth
rank. Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. Dignity; high place: as, he is a man of rank.

To RANK. v. a. [ranger, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To place a-breast.
In view stood rank'd of seraphim another row. Milton.
2. To range in any particular class.
If four woe delights in fellowship,
And needly will be rank'd with other griefs;
Why follow'd not, when she said Tybalt's dead,
Thy father or thy mother. Shakesp.
He was a man
Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
Himself with princes. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Heresy is ranked with idolatry and witchcraft.
Decay of Piety.
I have ranked this diversion of christian practice among the
effects of our contentions. Decay of Piety.
Poets were ranked in the class of philosophers, and the an­
cients made use of them as preceptors in musick and mo­
rality. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
3. To arrange methodically.
Who now snall rear you to the sun, or rank
Your tribes. Milton.
Ranking all things under general and special heads, renders
the nature or uses of a thing more easy to be found out, when
we seek in what rank of beings it lies. Watts's Logick.

To RANK. v. n. To be ranged; to be placed.
Let that one article rank with the rest;
And thereupon give me your daughter. Shakesp.
From straggling mountaineers, for publick good,
To rank in tribes, and quit the savage wood. Tate.

To RA’NKLE. v. n. [from rank.] To fester; to breed cor­
ruption; to be inflamed in body or mind.
As when two boars with rankling malice met,
Their gory sides fresh bleeding fiercely fret. Fa. Queen.
I little smart did feel;
But soon it sore increased,
And now it rankleth more and more,
And inwardly it festereth sore. Spenser's Pastorals.
The grief thereof him wondrous sore diseased,
Ne might his rankling pain with patience be appeased.
Fairy Queen.
That fresh bleeding wound
Whilome doth rankle in my riven breast. Fairy Queen.
Beware of yonder dog;
Look, when he fawns, he bites; and, when he bites,
His venom tooth will rankle to the death. Shakesp.
The storm of his own rage the fool confounds,
And envy's rankling sting th' imprudent wounds. Sandys.
Thou shalt feel, enrag'd with inward pains,
The hydra's venom rankling in thy veins. Addison.
I have endur'd the rage of secret grief,
A malady that burns and rankles inward. Rowe.
On the rankl'd soul the fury falls. Thomson.

RA’NKLY. adv. [from rank.] Coarsely; grosy.
'Tis given out, that, sleeping in my garden,
A serpent stung me: so the whole ear of Denmark
Is, by a forged process of my death,
Rankly abus'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

RA’NKNESS. n. s. [from rank.] Exuberance; superfluity of
growth.
It bringeth forth abundantly, through too much rankness,
things less profitable, whereby that which principally it should
yield, being either prevented in place, or defrauded of nourish­
ment, faileth. Hooker, b. v. s. iii.
Begin you to grow upon me; I will physick your rank­
ness. Shakes. As You Like it.
Among the crowd i' th' abbey, where a finger
Could not be wedg'd in more; I am stifled
With the mere rankness of their joy. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
We'll like a bated and retired flood,
Leaving our rankness and irregular course,
Stoop low within those bounds, we have o'erlook'd. Shak.
The crane's pride is in the rankness of her wig. L'Estr.
He the stubborn soil manur'd,
With rules of husbandry the rankness cur'd;
Tam'd us to manners. Dryden.

RA’NNY. n. s. The shrewmouse.
The mus araneus, the shrewmouse or ranny. Brown.

To RA’NSACK. v. a. [ran, Saxon, and saka, Swedish, to search
for or seize.]
1. To plunder; to pillage.
A covetous spirit,
Warily awaited day and night,
From other covetous fiends it to defend,
Who it to rob and ransack did intend. Fairy Queen.
Their vow is made to ransack Troy. Shakesp.
Men by his suggestion taught,
Ransack'd the centre, and with impious hands
Rifled the bowels of the earth. Milton.
The ransack'd city, taken by our toils,
We left, and hither brought the golden spoils. Dryden.
The spoils which they from ransack'd houses brought,
And golden bowls from burning altars caught. Dryden.
2. To search narrowly.
I ransack the several caverns, and search into the store­
houses of water, to find out where that mighty mass of water,
which overflowed the earth, is bestowed. Woodward.
3. To violate; to deflower.
With greedy force he 'gan the fort assail,
Wherof he weened possessed soon to be,
And with rich spoil of ransacked chastity. Fairy Queen.

RA’NSOME. n. s. [rançon, Fr.] Price paid for redemption
from captivity or punishment.
By his captivity in Austria, and the heavy ransom that he
paid for his liberty, Richard was hindered to pursue the con­
quest of Ireland. Davies on Ireland.
Ere the third dawning light
Return, the stars of morn shall see him rise,
The ransom paid, which man from death redeemes,
His death for man. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
Has the prince lost his army or his liberty?
Tell me what province they demand for ransom. Denham.
This as a ransom Albemarle did pay,
For all the glories of so great a life. Dryden.
To adore that great mystery of divine love, God's sending
his only son into this world to save sinners, and to give his
life a ransom for them, would be noble exercise for the pens
of the greatest wits. Tillotson's Sermons.
Th' avenging pow'r
Thus will persist, relentless in his ire,
Till the fair slave be render'd to her fire,
And ransom free restor'd to his abode. Dryden.

To RA’NSOME. v. a. [rançonner, Fr.] To redeem from capti­
vity or punishment.
How is't with Titus Lartius?
—Condemning some to death and some to exile,
Ransoming him, or pitying, threatning the other. Shakesp.
I will ransom them from the grave, and redeem them from
death. Hosea xiii. 14.
He'll dying rise, and rising with him raise
His brethren, ransom'd with his own dear life. Milton.

RA’NSOMELESS. adj. [from ransome.] Free from ransome.
Ransomeless here we set our prisoners free. Shakesp.
Deliver him
Up to his pleasure ransomeless and free. Shakesp.

To RANT. v. n. [randen, Dutch, to rave.] To rave in vio­
lent or high sounding language without proportionable dignity
of thought.
Look where my ranting host of the garter comes; there
is either liquor in his pate, or money in his purse, when he
looks so merrily. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Nay, an thoul't mouth, I'll rant as well as thou. Shak.
They have attacked me; some with piteous moans, others
grinning and only shewing their teeth, others ranting and
hectoring, others scolding and reviling. Stillingflect.



RANT. n. s. [from the verb.] High sounding language unsup­
ported by dignity of thought.
Dryden himself, to please a frantick age,
Was forc'd to let his judgment stoop to rage,
To a wild audience he conform'd his voice,
Comply'd to custom, but not err'd through choice;
Deem then the people's, not the writer's sin,
Almansor's rage, and rants of Maximin. Granville.
This is a stoical rant, without any foundation in the nature
of man or reason of things. Atterbury's Preface.

RA’NTER. n. s. [from rant.] A ranting fellow.

RA’NTIPOLE. adj. [this word is wantonly formed from rant.]
Wild; roving; rakish. A low word.
What at years of discretion, and comport yourself at this
rantipole rate! Congreve's Way of the World.

To RA’NTIPOLE. v. n. To run about wildly. It is a low word.
The eldest was a termagant imperious wench; she used to
rantipole about the house, pinch the children, kick the ser­
vants, and torture the cats and dogs. Arbuthnot.

RA’NULA. n. s. [Latin.]
Ranula is a soft swelling, possessing those salivals under the
tongue: it is made by congestion, and its progress filleth up
the space between the jaws, and maketh a tumour externally
under the chin. Wiseman's Surgery.

RANU’NCULUS. n. s. Crowfoot.
Ranunculuses excel all flowers in the richness of their co­
lours: of them there is a great variety. Mortimer.

RAP

To RAP. v. n. [hræppan, Saxon.] To strike with a quick
smart blow.
Knock me at this gate
And rap me well, or I'll knock your knave's pate. Shakesp.
With one great peal they rap the door,
Like footmen on a visiting day. Prior.
He was provoked in the spirit of magistracy, upon disco­
vering a judge, who rapped out a great oath at his footman.
Addison.

To RAP. v. a. [from rapio extra se, Lat.]
1. To affect with rapture; to strike with extasy; to hurry out
of himself.
These are speeches of men, not comforted with the hope
of that they desire, but rapped with admiration at the view
of enjoyed bliss. Hooker.
Beholding the face of God, in admiration of so great
excellency, they all adore him; and being rapt with the love
of his beauty, they cleave inseparably for ever unto him. Hook.
What, thus raps you? are you well? Shakesp.
The government I cast upon my brother,
And to my state grew stranger, being transported
And rapt in secret studies. Shakesp.
You're rapt in some work, some dedication
To the great lord. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
I'm rapt with joy to see my Marcia's tears. Addis. Cato.
It is impossible duly to consider these things, without being
rapt into admiration of the infinite wisdom of the divine ar­
chitect. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.
Rapt into future times, the bard begun,
A virgin shall conceive, a virgin bear a son! Pope.
Let heav'n seize it, all at once 'tis fir'd,
Not touch'd, but rapt; not waken'd, but inspir'd. Pope.
2. To snatch away.
He leaves the welkin way most beaten plain,
And rapt with whirling wheels, inflames the skyen,
With fire not made to burn, but fairly for to shyne. F. Q.
Underneath a bright sea flow'd
Of jasper, or of liquid pearl, whereon
Who after came from earth, sailing arriv'd
Wafted by angels, or flew o'er the lake
Rap'd in a chariot drawn by fiery steeds. Milton.
Standing on earth, not rapt above the pole. Milton.

To RAP and rend. [more properly rap and ran; ræpan, Saxon,
to bind, and rana, Islandick, to plunder.] To seize by
violence.
Their husbands robb'd, and made hard shifts
T' administer unto their gifts
All they could rap and rend and pilser,
To scraps and ends of gold and silver. Hudibras, p. ii.

RAP. n. s. [from the verb.] A quick smart blow.
How comest thou to go with thy arm tied up? has old
Lewis given thee a rap over thy fingers ends? Arbuthnot.

RAPA’CIOUS. adj. [rapace, Fr. rapax, Lat.] Given to plun­
der; seizing by violence.
Well may thy Lord, appeas'd,
Redeem thee quite from death's rapacious claim. Milton.
Shall this prize,
Soon heighten'd by the diamond's circling rays,
On that rapacious hand for ever blaze? Pope.

RAPA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from rapacious.] By rapine; by violent
robbery.

RAPA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from rapacious.] The quality of
being rapacious.

RAPA’CITY. n. s. [rapacitas, Lat. rapacité, Fr. from rapax.]
Addictedness to plunder; exercise of plunder; ravenousness.
Any of these, without regarding the pains of churchmen,
grudge them those small remains of ancient piety, which the
rapacity of some ages has scarce left to the church. Sprat.

RAPE. n. s. [rapt, Fr. raptus, Latin.]
1. Violent defloration of chastity.
You are both decypher'd
For villains mark'd with rape. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
Rape call you it, to seize my own,
My true betrothed love. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
The parliament conceived, that the obtaining of women by
force into possession, howsoever afterwards assent might follow
by allurements, was but a rape drawn forth in length, because
the first force drew on all the rest. Bacon's Henry VII.
Witness that night
In Gibeah, when the hospitable door
Expos'd a matron, to avoid worse rape. Milton.
The haughty fair,
Who not the rape ev'n of a god could bear. Dryden.
Tell Thracian tyrant's alter'd shape,
And dire revenge of Philomela's rape. Roscommon.
2. Privation; act of taking away.
Pear grew after pear,
Fig after fig came; time made never rape
Of any dainty there. Chapman's Odyssey.
3. Something snatched away.
Sad widows by thee rifled, weep in vain,
And ruin'd orphans of thy rapes complain. Sandys.
Where now are all my hopes? oh never more
Shall they revive! nor death her rapes restore! Sandys.
4. The juice of grapes is drawn as well from the rape, or
whole grapes pluck'd from the cluster, and wine pour'd upon
them in a vessel, as from a vat, where they are bruised. Ray.
5. A plant, from the seed of which oil is expressed.

RA’PID. adj. [rapide, Fr. rapidus, Lat.] Quick; swift.
Part shun the goal with rapid wheels. Milton.
While you so smoothly turn and rowl our sphere,
That rapid motion does but rest appear. Dryden.

RAPI’DITY. n. s. [rapidité, Fr. rapiditas, from rapidus, Lat.]
Celerity; velocity; swiftness.
Where the words are not monosyllables, we make them so
by our rapidity of pronunciation. Addison's Spectator.

RAPI’DLY. adv. [from rapid.] Swiftly; with quick motion.

RAPI’DNESS. n. s. [from rapid.] Celerity; swiftness.

RA’PIER. n. s. [rapiere, Fr. so called from the quickness of its
motion.] A small sword used only in thrusting.
I will turn thy falsehood to thy heart,
Where it was forged, with my rapier's point. Shakesp.
A soldier of far inferior strength may manage a rapier or
fire-arms so expertly, as to be an overmatch for his adver­
sary. Pope's Essay on Homer's Battles.

RAPIER-FISH. n. s.
The rapier-fish, called xiphias, grows sometimes to the
length of five yards: the sword, which grows level from the
snout of the fish, is here about a yard long, at the basis four
inches over, two-edged, and pointed exactly like a rapier:
he preys on fishes, having first stabbed them with this
sword. Grew's Musæum.

RA’PINE. n. s. [rapina, Lat. rapine, Fr.]
1. The act of plundering.
If the poverty of Scotland might, yet the plenty of Eng­
land cannot, excuse the envy and rapine of the church's
rights. King Charles.
The logick of a conquering sword may silence, but con­
vince it cannot; its efficacy rather breeds aversion and abhor­
rence of that religion, whose first address is in blood and
rapine. Decay of Piety.
2. Violence; force.
Her least action overaw'd
His malice, and with rapine sweet bereav'd
His fierceness of its fierce intent. Milton.

RA’PPER. n. s. [from rap.] One who strikes.

RA’PPORT. n. s. [rappat, Fr.] Relation; reference; propor­
tion. A word introduced by the innovator, Temple, but not
copied by others.
'Tis obvious what rapport there is between the conceptions
and languages in every country, and how great a difference
this must make in the excellence of books. Temple.

To RAPT. v. n. [this word is used by Chapman for rap impro­
perly, as appears from the participle, which from rapt would
be not rapt, but rapted.] To ravish; to put in ecstasy.
You may safe approve,
How strong in instigation to their love
Their rapting tunes are. Chapman's Odyssey.

RAPT. n. s. [from rap.] A trance; an ecstasy.

RA’PTURE. n. s.
1. Ecstasy; transport; violence of any pleasing passion; en­
thusiasm; uncommon heat of imagination.
Musick, when thus applied, raises in the mind of the hearer
great conceptions; it strengthens devotion, and advances
praise into rapture. Addison's Spectator, No 406.
You grow correct, that once with rapture writ. Pope.


2. Rapidity; haste.
The wat'ry throng,
Wave rowling after wave, where way they sound,
If steep, with torrent rapture; if through plain
Soft-ebbing; nor withstood them rock or hill. Milton.

RA’PTURED. adj. [from rapture.] Ravished; transported.
A bad word.
He drew
Such madning draughts of beauty to the soul,
As for a while cancell'd his raptur'd thought
With luxury too daring. Thomson's Summer.

RA’PTUROUS. adj. [from rapture.] Ecstatick; transporting.
Are the pleasures of it so inviting and rapturous? is a man
bound to look out sharp to plague himself? Collier.

RAR

RARE. adj. [rarus, Lat. rare, Fr. in all the senses but the
last.]
1. Scarce; uncommon.
Live to be the shew, and gaze o' th' time;
We'll have you, as our rarer monsters are,
Painted upon a pole. Shakesp.
2. Excellent; incomparable; valuable to a degree seldom found.
This jealousy
Is for a precious creature; as she's rare,
Must it be great; and as his person's mighty,
Must it be violent. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
On which was wrought the gods and giants fight,
Rare work, all fill'd with terror and delight. Cowley.
Above the rest I judge one beauty rare. Dryden.
3. Thinly scattered.
The cattle in the fields and meadows green
Those rare and solitary, these in flocks
Pasturing at once, and in broad herds upsprung. Milton.
4. Thin; subtle; not dense.
They are of so tender and weak a nature, as they affect
only such a rare and attenuate substance, as the spirit of living
creatures. Bacon's Natural History.
So eagerly the fiend
O'er bog or steep, through strait, rough, dense, or rare,
With head, hands, wings, or fect, pursues his way. Milt.
The dense and bright light of the circle will obscure the
rare and weak light of these dark colours round about it, and
render them almost infensible. Newton's Opticks.
Bodies are much more rare and porous than is commonly
believed: water is nineteen times lighter, and by consequence
nineteen times rarer than gold, and gold is so rare, as very
readily, and without the least opposition, to transmit the
magnetick effluvia, and easily to admit quicksilver into its
pores, and to let water pass through it. Newton's Opticks.
5. Raw; not fully subdued by the fire. This is often pro­
nounced rear.
New-laid eggs, with Baucis' busy care,
Turn'd by a gentle fire, and roasted rare. Dryden.

RA’REESHOW. n. s. [this word is formed in imitation of the
foreign way of pronouncing rare show.] A show carried in a
box.
The fashions of the town affect us just like a rareeshow, we
have the curiosity to peep at them, and nothing more. Pope.
Of rareeshows he sung, and Punch's feats. Gay.

RAREFA’CTION. n. s. [rarefaction, Fr. from rarefy.] Exten­
sion of the parts of a body, that makes it take up more room
than it did before; contrary to condensation.
The water within being rarefied, and by rarefaction resolved
into wind, will force up the smoak. Wotton's Architecture.
When exhalations, shut up in the caverns of the earth by
rarefaction or compression, come to be straitened, they strive
every way to set themselves at liberty. Burnet.

RARE’FIABLE. adj. [from rarefy.] Admitting rarefaction.

To RA’REFY. v. a. [rarefier, Fr. rarus and facio, Lat. rarify
were more proper.] To make thin: contrary to condense.
To the hot equator crouding fast,
Where highly rarefied the yielding air
Admits their steam. Thomson.

To RA’REFY. v. n. To become thin.
Earth rarefies to dew; expanded more
The subtil dew in air begins to soar. Dryden's Fables.

RA’RELY. adv. [from rare.]
1. Seldom; not often; not frequently.
Rarely they rise by virtue's aid, who lie
Plung'd in the depth of helpless poverty. Dryden's Juven.
Vanessa in her bloom,
Advanc'd like Atalanta's star,
But rarely seen, and seen from far. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. Finely; nicely; accurately.
How rarely does it meet with this time's guise,
When man was will'd to love his enemies. Shakesp.

RA’RENESS. n. s. [from rare.]
1. Uncommonness; state of happening seldom; infrequency.
Tickling is most in the soles, arm-holes and sides: the
cause is the thinness of the skin, joined with the rareness of
being touched there; for tickling is a light motion of the spi­
rits, which the thinness of the skin, the suddeness and rare­
ness of touch doth further. Bacon.
For the rareness and rare effect of that petition, I'll insert
it as presented. Clarendon.
Of my heart I now a present make;
Accept it as when early fruit we send,
And let the rareness the small gift commend. Dryden.
2. Value arising from scarcity.
Roses set in a pool, supported with some stay, is matter of
rareness and pleasure, though of small use. Bacon.
To worthiest things,
Virtue, art, beauty, fortune, now I see
Rareness or use, not nature, value brings. Donne.

RA’RITY. n. s. [raritè, Fr. raritas, Lat.]
1. Uncommonness; infrequency.
So far from being fond of any one for its rarity, if I meet
with any in a field which pleases me, I give it a place in my
garden. Spectator.
2. A thing valued for its scarcity.
Sorrow would be a rarity most belov'd,
If all could so become it. Shakesp. King Lear.
It would be a rarity worth the seeing, could any one shew
us such a thing as a perfectly reconciled enemy. South.
I saw three rarities of different kinds, which pleased me
more than any other shows of the place. Addison.
3. Thinness; subtlety: the contrary to density.
Bodies, under the same outward bulk, have a greater thin­
ness and expansion, or thickness and solidity, which terms, in
English, do not signify fully those differences of quantity; there­
fore I will do it under the names of rarity and density. Digby.
This I do, not to draw any argument against them from
the universal rest or accurately equal diffusion of matter, but
only that I may better demonstrate the great rarity and tenuity
of their imaginary chaos. Bentley's Sermons.

RAS

RA’SCAL. n. s. [rascal, Saxon, a lean beast.] A mean fel­
low; a scoundrel; a sorry wretch.
For the rascal commons, lest he cared. Spenser.
And when him list the rascal routs appal,
Men into stones therewith he could transmew. Fa. Queen.
When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous
To lock such rascal counters from his friends:
Be ready, gods, with all your thunder-bolts,
Dash him to pieces. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The rascal people, thirsting after prey,
Join with the traitor. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. ii.
But for our gentlemen,
The mouse ne'er shun'd the cat, as they did budge
From rascals worse than they. Shakesp.
I am accurst to rob in that thief's company; the rascal hath
remov'd my horse. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
Scoundrels are insolent to their superiors; but it does not
become a man of honour to contest with mean rascals. L'Est.
Did I not see you, rascal, did I not!
When you lay snug to snap young Damon's goat? Dryden.
I have sense, to serve my turn, in store,
And he's a rascal who pretends to more. Dryden's Persius.
The poor girl provoked told him he lyed like a rascal. Sw.

RASCA’LION. n. s. [from rascal.] One of the lowest people.
That proud dame
Us'd him so like a base rascallion,
That old pig what d'ye call him—malion,
That cut his mistress out of stone,
Had not so hard a hearted one. Hudibras, p. i.

RASCA’LITY. n. s. [from rascal.] The low mean people.
Pretended philosophers judge as ignorantly in their way,
as the rascality in theirs. Glanvill's Sceps.
Jeroboam having procured his people gods, the next thing
was to provide priests; hereupon, to the calves he adds a
commission, for the approving, trying and admitting the ras­
cality and lowest of the people to minister in that service. South.

RA’SCALLY. adj. [from rascal.] Mean; worthless.
Would'st thou not be glad to have the niggardly rascally
sheep-biter come by some notable shame. Shakesp.
Our rascally porter is fallen fast asleep with the black cloth
and sconces, or we might have been tacking up by this
time. Swift.

To RASE. v. a. [this word is written rase or raze: I would
write rase, when it signifies to strike slightly, perstringere; and
raze, when it signifies to ruin, delere; raser, Fr. rasus, Lat.]
1. To skim; to strike on the surface.
He certifies your lordship, that this night
He dreamt the boar had rased off his helm. Shakesp.
Was he not in the nearest neighbourhood to death? and
might not the bullet, that rased his cheek, have gone into
his head. South's Sermons.
2. To overthrow; to destroy; to root up. 
Her battering engines bent to rase some city. Milton.
3. To blot out by rasure; to erase.
Though of their names in heav'nly records now
Be no memorial, blotted out and rased. Milton.

RASH. adj. [rasch, Dutch.] Hasty; violent; precipitate;
acting without caution or reflection.
This is to be bold without shame, rash without skill, full of
words without wit. Ascham's Schoolmaster.


Blast her pride, O ye blest gods! so will you wish on me,
when the rash mood is on me. Shakesp.
I have scarce leisure to salute you,
My matter is so rash. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Be not rash with thy mouth, and let not thine heart be
hasty to utter any thing before God; for God is in heaven,
and thou upon earth; therefore let thy words be few. Ecclus.
Her rash hand in evil hour,
Forth reaching to the fruit, she pluck'd, she eat. Milton.

RASH. n. s. [rascia, Italian.]
1. Sattin. Minshew.
2. [Corrupted probably from rush.] An efflorescence on the
body; a breaking out.

RA’SHER. n. s. [rasura lardi, Lat.] A thin slice of bacon.
If we grow all to be pork eaters, we shall not shortly have
a rasher on the coals for money. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
White and black was all her homely cheer,
And rashers of sing'd bacon on the coals. Dryden.
Quenches his thirst with ale in nut-brown bowls,
And takes the hasty rasher from the coals. King.

RA’SHLY. adv. [from rash.] Hastily; violently; without due
consideration.
This expedition was by York and Talbot
Too rashly plotted. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Men are not rashly to take that for done, which is not
done. Bacon's Natural History.
He that doth any thing rashly, must do it willingly; for he
was free to deliberate or not. L'Estrange's Fables.
Declare the secret villain,
The wretch so meanly base to injure Phædra,
So rashly brave to dare the sword of Theseus. Smith.

RA’SHNESS. n. s. [from rash.] Foolish contempt of danger;
inconsiderate heat of temper; precipitation; temerity.
Who seeth not what sentence it shall enforce us to give
against all churches in the world; in as much as there is not
one, but hath had many things established in it, which though
the scripture did never command, yet for us to condemn were
rashness. Hooker, b. iii. s. 6.
Nature to youth hot rashness doth dispence,
But with cold prudence age doth recompence. Denham.
In so speaking, we offend indeed against truth; yet we
offend not properly by falshood, which is a speaking against
our thoughts; but by rashness, which is an affirming or de­
nying, before we have sufficiently informed ourselves. South.
The vain Morat by his own rashness wrought,
Too soon discover'd his ambitious thought,
Believ'd me his, because I spoke him fair. Dryden.

RASP. n. s. [raspo, Italian.] A delicious berry that grows on
a species of the bramble; a raspberry.
Sorrel set amongst rasps, and the rasps will be the smaller.
Bacon's Natural History.
Now will the corinths, now the resps supply
Delicious draughts, when prest to wines. Philips.

To RASP. v. a. [raspen, Dutch; rasper, Fr. raspare, Italian.]
To rub to powder with a very rough file.
Some authors have advised the rasping of these bones; but
in this case it is needless. Wiseman's Surgery.
Having prepared hard woods and ivory for the lathe with
rasping, they pitch it between the pikes. Moxon.

RASP. n. s. [from the verb.] A large rough file, commonly
used to wear away wood.
Case-hardening is used by file-cutters, when they make
coarse files, and generally most rasps have formerly been made
of iron and case-hardened. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

RA’SPATORY. n. s. [raspatoir, Fr. from rasp.] A chirurgeon's
rasp.
I put into his mouth a raspatory, and pulled away the cor­
rupt flesh, and with cauteries burnt it to a crust.
Wiseman's Surgery.

RA’SPBERRY, or Rasberry. n. s. A kind of berry.
Raspberries are of three sorts; the common wild one, the
large red garden raspberry, which is one of the pleasantest
of fruits, and the white, which is little inferior to the
red. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RASPBERRY-BUSH. n. s. A species of bramble.

RA’SURE. n. s. [rasura, Lat.]
1. The act of scraping or shaving.
2. A mark in a writing where something has been rubbed out.
Such a writing ought to be free from any vituperation of
rasure. Ayliffe's Parergon.

RAT

RAT. n. s. [ratte, Dutch; rat, Fr. ratta, Spanish.] An animal
of the mouse kind that infests houses and ships.
Our natures do pursue,
Like rats that ravin down their proper bane. Shakesp.
Make you ready your stiff bats and clubs,
Rome and her rats are at the point of battle. Shakesp.
I have seen the time, with my long sword I would have
made you four tall fellows skip like rats. Shakesp.
Thus horses will knable at walls, and rats will gnaw
iron. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If in despair he goes out of the way like a rat with a dose
of arsenick, why he dies nobly. Dennis.

To smell a RAT. To be put on the watch by suspicion as the
cat by the scent of a rat; to suspect danger.
Quoth Hudibras, I smell a rat,
Ralpho, thou dost prevaricate. Hudibras, p. i.

RA’TABLE. adj. [from rate.] Set at a certain value.
The Danes brought in a reckoning of money by ores, per
oras; I collect out of the abby-book of Burton, that twenty
oræ were ratable to two marks of silver. Camden's Remains.

RA’TABLY. adv. Proportionably.
Many times there is no proportion of shot and powder al­
lowed ratably by that quantity of the great ordnance. Raleigh.

RATA’FIA. n. s. A fine liquor, prepared from the kernels of
apricots and spirits. Bailey.

RATA’N. n. s. An Indian cane. Dict.

RATCH. n. s. In clockwork, a sort of wheel, which serves
to lift up the detents every hour, and thereby make
the clock strike. Bailey.

RASH. n. s. In clockwork, a sort of wheel, which serves
to lift up the detents every hour, and thereby make
the clock strike. Bailey.

RATE. n. s. [ratus, Lat. rate, old Fr.]
1. Price fixed on any thing.
How many things do we value, because they come at dear
rates from Japan and China, which if they were our own
manufacture, common to be had, and for a little money,
would be neglected? Locke.
I'll not betray the glory of my name,
'Tis not for me, who have preserv'd a state,
To buy an empire at so base a rate. Dryden.
The price of land has never changed, in the several changes
have been made in the rate of interest by law; nor now that
the rate of interest is by law the same, is the price of land
every where the same. Locke.
2. Allowance settled.
His allowance was a continual allowance, a daily rate for
every day. 2 Kings xxv. 30.
They obliged themselves to remit after the rate of twelve
hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum, divided into so
many monthly payments. Addison.
3. Degree; comparative height or valour.
I am a spirit of no common rate;
The summer still doth tend upon my state. Shakesp.
I have disabled mine estate,
By shewing something a more swelling port,
Than my faint means would grant continuance;
Nor do I now make moan to be abridged
From such a noble rate. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
In this did his holiness and godliness appear above the rate
and pitch of other mens, in that he was so infinitely mer­
ciful. Calamy's Sermons.
To which relation whatsoever is done agreeably, is mo­
rally and essentially good; and whatsoever is done otherwise,
is at the same rate morally evil. South.
4. Quantity assignable.
In goodly form comes on the enemy;
And by the ground they hide, I judge their number
Upon or near the rate of thirty thousand. Shakesp.
5. That which sets value.
Heretofore the rate and standard of wit was very different
from what it is now-a-days: no man was then accounted a
wit for speaking such things, as deserved to have the tongue
cut out. South's Sermons.
A virtuous heathen is, at this rate, as happy as a virtuous
christian. Atterbury.
6. Manner of doing any thing; degree to which any thing is
done.
Many of the horse could not march at that rate, nor come
up soon enough. Clarendon, b. viii.
Tom hinting his dislike of some trifle his mistress had said,
she asked him how he would talk to her after marriage, if he
talked at this rate before? Addison.
7. Tax imposed by the parish.
They paid the church and parish rate,
And took, but read not the receipt. Prior.

To RATE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To value at a certain price.
I freely told you, all the wealth I had
Ran in my veins, I was a gentleman;
And yet, dear lady,
Rating myself as nothing, you shall see
How much I was a braggart. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
We may there be instructed, how to name and rate all
goods, by those that will concentre into felicity. Boyle.
You seem not high enough your joys to rate,
You stand indebted a vast sum to fate,
And should large thanks for the great blessing pay. Dryden.
2. [Reita, Islandick.] To chide hastily and vehemently.
Go rate thy minions, proud insulting boy,
Becomes it thee to be thus bold in terms
Before thy sovereign. Shakesp. Henry. VI. p. iii.
An old lord of the council rated me the other day in the
street about you, Sir. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
What is all that a man enjoys, from a year's converse,
comparable to what he feels for one hour, when his conscience
shall take him aside and rate him by himself. South.


If words are sometimes to be used, they ought to be grave,
kind and sober, representing the ill or unbecomingness of the
faults, rather than a hasty rating of the child for it. Locke.

RATH. n. s. A hill. I know not whence derived.
There is a great use among the Irish, to make great as­
semblies together upon a rath or hill, there to parly about
matters and wrongs between townships or private persons.
Spenser on Ireland.

RATH. adv. Early.
Thus is my summer worn away and wasted,
Thus is my harvest hasten'd all too rathe,
The ear, that budded fair, is burnt and blasted,
And all my hoped gain is turn'd to scathe. Spenser.
Strong Lagæan wines
Rath ripe and purple grapes there be. May's Virgil.
Rath ripe are some, and some of later kind,
Of golden some, and some of purple rind. May's Virgil.

RATH. adj. [rath, Saxon, quickly.] Early; coming before
the time.
Bring the rath primrose that forsaken dies,
The tusted crow-toe and pale jessamine. Milton.

RA’THER. adv. [this is a comparative from rath; rath, Saxon,
soon. Now out of use. One may still say, by the same
form of speaking, I will sooner do this than that; that is, I
like better to do this.]
1. More willingly; with better liking.
Almighty God desireth not the death of a sinner, but ra­
ther that he should turn from his wickedness and live.
Common Prayer.
2. Preferably to the other; with better reason.
'Tis rather to be thought, that an heir had no such right
by divine institution, than that God should give such a right,
but yet leave it undeterminate who such heir is. Locke.
3. In a greater degree than otherwise.
He sought through the world, but sought in vain,
And no where finding, rather fear'd her slain. Dryden.
4. More properly.
This is an art,
Which does mend nature, change it rather, but
The art itself is nature. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
5. Especially.
You are come to me in a happy time,
The rather for I have some sport in hand. Shakesp.
6. To have RATHER. [this is, I think, a barbarous expression
of late intrusion into our language, for which it is better to
say will rather.] To desire in preference.
'Tis with reluctancy he is provoked by our impenitence to
apply the discipline of severity and correction; he had rather
mankind should adore him as their patron and benefactor.
Rogers's Sermons.

RATIFICA’TION. n. s. [ratification, Fr. from ratify.] The act
of ratifying; confirmation.

RA’TIFIER. n. s. [from ratify.] The person or thing that
ratifies.
They cry, "chuse we Laertes for our king:"
The ratifiers and props of every word,
Caps, hands and tongues applaud it to the clouds. Shakesp.

To RA’TIFY. v. a. [ratum facio, Latin.] To confirm; to
settle.
The church being a body which dieth not, hath always
power, as occasion requireth, no less to ordain that which
never was, than to ratify what hath been before. Hooker.
By the help of these, with him above
To ratify the work, we may again
Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights. Shakesp.
We have ratified unto them the borders of Judæa. 1 Mac.
God ratified their prayers by the judgment they brought
down upon the head of him, whom they prayed against.
South.
Tell me, my friend, from whence had'st thou the skill,
So nicely to distinguish good from ill?
And what thou art to follow, what to fly,
This to condemn, and that to ratify? Dryden.

RA’TIO. n. s. [Latin.] Proportion.
Whatever inclinations the rays have to the plane of inci­
dence, the sine of the angle of incidence of every ray consi­
dered apart, shall have to the sine of the angle of refraction
a constant ratio. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

To RATIO’CINATE. v. n. [ratiocinor, Lat.] To reason;
to argue.

RATIOCINA’TION. n. s. [ratiocinatio, Lat.] The act of rea­
soning; the act of deducing consequences from premises.
In simple terms, expressing the open notions of things,
which the second act of reason compoundeth into pro­
positions, and the last into syllogisms and forms of ratioci­
nation. Brown.
Can any kind of ratiocination allow Christ all the marks of
the Messiah, and yet deny him to be the Messiah? South.
Such an inscription would be self-evident without any ra­
tiocination or study, and could not fail constantly to exert its
energy in their minds. Bentley.

RATIO’CINATIVE. adj. [from ratiocinate.] Argumentative;
advancing by process of discourse.
Some consecutions are so intimately and evidently connexed
to, or found in the premises, that the conclusion is attained
quasi per saltum, and without any thing of ratiocinative pro­
cess, even as the eye sees his object immediately, and without
any previous discourse. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

RA’TIONAL. adj. [rationalis, Latin.]
1. Having the power of reasoning.
2. Agreeable to reason.
What higher in her society thou find'st
Attractive, humane, rational, love still. Milton.
When the conclusion is deduced from the unerring dictates
of our faculties, we say the inference is rational. Glanvill.
If your arguments be rational, offer them in as moving a
manner as the nature of the subject will admit; but beware
of letting the pathetick part swallow up the rational. Swift.
3. Wise; judicious: as, a rational man.

RATIONA’LE. n. s. [from ratio, Lat.] A detail with reasons:
as, Dr. Sparrow's Rationale of the Common Prayer.

RA’TIONALIST. n. s. [from rational.] One who proceeds in
his disquisitions and practice wholly upon reason.
He often used this comparison; the empirical philosophers
are like to pismires; they only lay up and use their store:
the rationalists are like to spiders; they spin all out of their
own bowels: but give me a philosopher, who, like the bee,
hath a middle faculty, gathering from abroad, but digesting
that which is gathered by his own virtue. Bacon.

RATIONA’LITY. n. s. [from rational.]
1. The power of reasoning.
When God has made rationality the common portion of
mankind, how came it to be thy inclosure? Gov. of the Tong.
2. Reasonableness.
In human occurrences, there have been many well directed
intentions, whose rationalities will never bear a rigid exami­
nation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RA’TIONALLY. adv. [from rational.] Reasonably; with
reason.
Upon the proposal of an agreeable object, it may rationally
be conjectured, that a man's choice will rather incline him to
accept than to refuse it. South.

RATIO’NALNESS. n. s. [from rational.] The state of being
rational.

RA’TSBANE. n. s. [rat and bane.] Poison for rats; arsenick.
Poor Tom! that hath laid knives under his pillow, and
halters in his pew, set ratsbane by his porridge. Shakesp.
He would throw ratsbane up and down a house, where chil­
dren might come at it. L'Estrange.
When murder's out, what vice can we advance?
Unless the new-found pois'ning trick of France;
And when their art of ratsbane we have got,
By way of thanks, we'll send 'em o'er our plot. Dryden.
I can hardly believe the relation of his being poisoned, but
sack might do it, though ratsbane would not. Swift to Pope.

RA’TTEEN. n. s. A kind of stuff.
We'll rig in Meath-street Egypt's haughty queen,
And Anthony shall court her in ratteen. Swift.

To RA’TTLE. v. n. [ratelen, Dutch.]
1. To make a quick sharp noise with frequent repetitions and
collisions of bodies not very sonorous: when bodies are so­
norous, it is called jingling.
The quiver rattleth against him. Job xxxix. 23.
The noise of a whip, of the rattling of the wheels, of
prancing horses, and of the jumping chariots. Nah. iii. 2.
They had, to affright the enemies horses, big rattles co­
vered with parchment, and small stones within; but the
rattling of shot might have done better service. Hayward.
He was too warm on picking work to dwell;
He fagoted his notions as they fell,
And if they rhym'd and rattled all was well. Dryden.
There she assembles all her blackest storms,
And the rude hail in rattling tempest forms. Addison.
2. To speak eagerly and noisily.
With jealous eyes at distance she had seen
Whisp'ring with Jove the silver-footed queen;
Then, impotent of tongue, her silence broke,
Thus turbulent in rattling tone she spoke. Dryden.
He is a man of pleasure, and a free-thinker; he is an as­
sertor of liberty and property; he rattles it out against
popery. Swift.

To RA’TTLE. v. a.
1. To move any thing so as to make a rattle or noise.
Her chains she rattles, and her whip she shakes. Dryden.
2. To stun with a noise; to drive with a noise.
Sound but another, and another shall,
As loud as thine, rattle the welkin's ear,
And mock the deep-mouth'd thunder. Shakesp.
He should be well enough able to scatter the Irish as a flight
of birds, and rattle away this swarm of bees with their
king. Bacon's Henry VII.


3. To scold; to rail at with clamour.
Hearing æsop had been beforehand, he sent for him in a
rage, and rattled him with a thousand traitors and villains for
robbing his house. L'Estrange.
She that would sometimes rattle off her servants pretty
sharply, now if she saw them drunk, never took any notice.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

RA’TTLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A quick noise nimbly repeated.
I'll hold ten pound my dream is out;
I'd tell it you but for the rattle
Of those confounded drums. Prior.
2. Empty and loud talk.
All this ado about the golden age, is but an empty rattle
and srivolous conceit. Hakewill on Providence.
3. An instrument, which agitated makes a clattering noise.
The rattles of Isis and the cymbals of Brasilea nearly enough
resemble each other. Raleigh's History of the World.
They had, to affright the enemies horses, big rattles co­
vered with parchment and small stones within. Hayward.
Opinions are the rattles of immature intellects, but the
advanced reasons have outgrown them. Glanvill's Seeps.
They want no rattles for their froward mood,
Nor nurse to reconcile them to their food. Dryden.
Farewel then verse, and love, and ev'ry toy,
The rhymes and rattles of the man or boy;
What right, what true, what fit we justly call,
Let this be all my care; for this is all. Pope.
4. A plant.

RA’TTLEHEADED. adj. [rattle and head.] Giddy; not steady.

RA’TTLESNAKE. n. s. A kind of serpent.
The rattlesnake is so called, from the rattle at the end of
his tail. Grew's Musæum.
She loses her being at the very sight of him, and drops
plump into his arms, like a charmed bird into the mouth of
a rattlesnake. Moore's Foundling.

RATTLESNAKE Root. n. s.
Rattlesnake root, called also seneka, belongs to a plant, a na­
tive of Virginia; the Indians use it as a certain remedy against
the bite of a rattlesnake: it has been recommended in all
cases, in which the blood is known to be thick and sizy. Hill.

RA’TTOON. n. s. A West Indian fox, which has this peculiar
property, that if any thing be offered to it that has lain in
water, it will wipe and turn it about with its fore feet, before
it will put it to its mouth. Bailey.

RAV

To RA’VAGE. v. a. [ravager, Fr.] To lay waste; to sack;
to ransack; to spoil; to pillage; to plunder.
Already Cæsar
Has ravaged more than half the globe, and sees
Mankind grown thin by his destructive sword. Addison.
His blasts obey, and quit the howling hill,
The shatter'd forest, and the ravag'd vale. Thomson.

RAVAGE. n. s. [ravage, Fr. from the verb.] Spoil; ruin;
waste.
Some cruel pleasure will from thence arise,
To view the mighty ravage of your eyes. Dryden.
Would one think 'twere possible for love
To make such ravage in a noble soul. Addison.
Those savages were not then, what civilized mankind is
now; but without mutual society, without arms of offence,
without houses or fortifications, an obvious and exposed prey
to the ravage of devouring beasts. Bentley.

RA’VAGER. n. s. [from ravage.] Plunderer; spoiler.
When that mighty empire was overthrown by the northern
people, vast sums of money were buried to escape the plun­
dering of the conquerors; and what remained was carried
off by those ravagers. Swift's Miscellanies.

RAU’CITY, n. s. [raucus, Lat.] Hoarseness; loud rough noise.
Inequality not stayed upon, but passing, is rather an en­
crease of sweetness; as in the purling of a wreathed string,
and in the raucity of a trumpet. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To RAVE. v. n. [reven, Dutch; rêver, Fr.]
1. To be delirious; to talk irrationally.
Men who thus rave, we may conclude their brains are
turned, and one may as well read lectures at Bedlam as treat
with such. Government of the Tongue.
It soon infecteth the whole member, and is accompa­
nied with watching and raving. Wiseman's Surgery.
Her grief has wrought her into frenzy,
The images her troubled fancy forms
Are incoherent, wild; her words disjointed:
Sometimes she raves for musick, light and air;
Nor air, nor light nor musick calm her pains. Smith.
2. To burst out into furious exclamations as if mad.
Shall these wild distempers of thy mind,
This tempest of thy tongue, thus rave, and find
No opposition? Sandy's Paraphrase on Job.
Our ravings and complaints are but like arrows shot up
into the air, at no mark, and so to no purpose. Temple.
Wonder at my patience,
Have I not cause to rave, and beat my breast,
To rend my heart with grief, and run distracted. Addison.
Revenge, revenge, thus raving through the streets,
I'll cry for vengeance. Southern's Spartan Dame.
He swore he could not leave me,
With ten thousand ravings. Rowe's Royal Convert.
3. To be unreasonably fond. With upon before the object of
fondness. A colloquial and improper sense.
Another partiality is a fantastical and wild attributing all
knowledge to the ancients or the moderns: this raving upon
antiquity, in matter of poetry, Horace has wittily exposed in
one of his satires. Locke.

To RA’VEL. v. a. [ravelen, Dutch, to entangle.]
1. To entangle; to entwist one with another; to make intri­
cate; to involve; to perplex.
As you unwind her love from him,
Lest it should ravel, and be good to none,
You must provide to bottom it on me. Shakesp.
If then such praise the Macedonian got,
For having rudely cut the Gordian knot;
What glory's due to him that cou'd divide
Such ravel'd int'rests, has the knot unty'd,
And without stroke so smooth a passage made,
Where craft and malice such obstructions laid. Waller.
2. To unweave; to unknit: as, to ravel out a twist or piece of
knit work.
Let him for a pair of reechy kisses,
Or padling in your neck with his damn'd fingers,
Make you to ravel all this matter out. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Sleep that knits up the ravel'd sleeve of care. Shakesp.
3. To hurry over in confusion. This seems to be the meaning
in Digby.
They but ravel it over loosely, and pitch upon disputing
against particular conclusions, that at the first encounter of
them single, seem harsh to them. Digby.

To RA’VEL. v. n.
1. To fall into perplexity or confusion.
Give the reins to wandering thought,
Regardless of his glory's diminution;
Till by their own perplexities involv'd,
They ravel more, still less resolv'd,
But never find self-satisfying solution. Milton's Agonistes.
2. To work in perplexity; to busy himself with intricacies.
It will be needless to ravel far into the records of elder
times; every man's memory will suggest many pertinent
instances. Decay of Piety.
The humour of ravelling into all these mystical or in­
tangled matters, mingling with the interest and passions of
princes and of parties, and thereby heightened and inflamed,
produced infinite disputes. Temple.

RA’VELIN. n. s. [French.] In fortification, a work that
consists of two faces, that make a salient angle, com­
monly called half moon by the soldiers: it is raised before
the courtines or counterscarps. Dict.

RA’VEN. n. s. [hræfn, Saxon.] A large black fowl.
The raven himself is hoarse
That crokes the fatal entrance of Duncan
Under my battlements. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Come thou day in night,
For thou wilt lie upon the wings of night,
Whiter than snow upon a raven's back. Shakesp.
I have seen a perfectly white raven, as to bill as well as
feathers. Boyle on Colours.
He made the greedy ravens to be Elias' caterers, and bring
him food. King Charles.
On sev'ral parts a sev'ral praise bestows,
The ruby lips, and well-proportion'd nose,
The snowy skin, the raven glossy hair,
The dimpled cheek. Dryden's Cymon and Iphigenia.
The raven once in snowy plumes was drest,
White as the whitest dove's unsully'd breast,
His tongue, his prating tongue had chang'd him quite
To sooty blackness from the purest white. Addison.

To RA’VEN. v. a. [ræfian, Saxon, to rob.] To devour with
great eagerness and rapacity.
Thriftless ambition! that will raven up
Thine own life's means. Shakesp.
Our natures do pursue,
Like rats that raven down their proper bane,
A thirsty evil; and when we drink we die. Shakesp.
The cloyed will
That satiate, yet unsatisfied desire, that tub
Both fill'd and running, ravening first the lamb,
Longs after for the garbage. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
There is a conspiracy of the prophets, like a roaring lion
ravening the prey. Ezek. xxii. 25.

To RA’VEN. v. n. To prey with rapacity.
Benjamin shall raven as a wolf; in the morning he shall
devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil. Gen.
The Pharisees make clean the outside of the cup; but
their inward part is full of ravening and wickedness. Luke xi.
They gaped upon me with their mouths, as a ravening and
a roaring lion. Psalm xxii. 13.


The more they fed, they raven'd still for more,
They drain'd from Dan, and left Beersheba poor;
But when some lay-preferment fell by chance,
The Gourmands made it their inheritance. Dryden.
Convulsions rack man's nerves and cares his breast,
His flying life is chas'd by rav'ning pains
Through all his doubles in the winding veins. Blackmore.

RA’VENOUS. adj. [from raven.] Furiously voracious; hungry
to rage.
Thy desires
Are wolfish, bloody, starv'd and ravenous. Shakesp.
As when a flock
Of ravenous fowl, though many a league remote,
Against the day of battle, to a field
Where armies lie encamp'd come flying, lur'd
With scent of living carcasses. Milton's Paradise Lost.
What! the kind Ismena,
That nurs'd me, watch'd my sickness! oh she watch'd me,
As rav'nous vultures watch the dying lion. Smith.

RA’VENOUSLY. adv. [from ravenous.] With raging voracity.

RA’VENOUSNESS. n. s. [from ravenous.] Rage for prey; fu­
rious voracity.
The ravenousness of a lion or bear are natural to them;
yet their mission upon an extraordinary occasion may be an
actus imperatus of divine providence. Hale.

RAUGHT. the old pret. and part. pass. of reach. Snatched;
reached; attained.
His tail was stretched out in wond'rous length,
That to the house of heavenly gods it raught,
And with extorted power and borrow'd strength,
The ever-burning lamps from thence it brought. Fa. Qu.
And that as soon as riper years he raught,
He might, for memory of that day's ruth,
Be called Ruddyman. Fairy Queen.
In like delights of bloody game,
He trained was till riper years he raught,
And there abode whilst any beast of name
Walk'd in that forest. Fairy Queen.
This staff of honour raught, there let it stand,
Where best it fits to be, in Henry's hand. Shakesp.
The hand of death has raught him. Shakesp.
Grittus furiously running in upon Schenden, violently raught
from his head his rich cap of fables, and with his horsemen
took him. Knolles's History of the Turks.

RA’VIN. n. s. [from raven; this were better written raven.]
1. Prey; food gotten by violence.
The lion strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes
with prey, and his dens with ravin. Nah. ii. 2.
To me, who with eternal famine pine,
Alike is hell, or paradise, or heav'n;
There best; where most with ravin I may meet. Milton.
2. Rapine; rapaciousness.
They might not lie long in a condition exposed to the ravin
of any vermin that may find them, being unable to escape.
Ray on the Creation.

RA’VINGLY. adv. [from rave.] With frenzy; with distrac­
tion.
In this depth of muses and divers sorts of discourses, would
she ravingly have remained. Sidney, b. ii.

To RA’VISH. v. a. [ravir, Fr.]
1. To constuprate by force.
They ravished the women and maids. Lam. v. 11.
They cut thy sister's tongue, and ravish'd her. Shakesp.
2. To take away by violence.
These hairs, which thou dost ravish from my chin,
Will quicken and accuse thee. Shakesp. King Lear.
Their vow is made
To ransack Troy, within whose strong immures
The ravish'd Helen sleeps. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
I owe myself the care,
My fame and injur'd honour to repair;
From thy own tent, proud man, in thy despite,
This hand shall ravish thy pretended right. Dryden.
3. To delight to rapture; to transport.
Thou hast ravished my heart. Cant. iv. ix.
Be thou ravished always with her love. Prov. v. 19.

RA’VISHER. n. s. [ravisseur, Fr. from ravish.]
1. He that embraces a woman by violence.
They are cruel and bloody, common ravishers of women,
and murtherers of children. Spenser's State of Ireland.
A ravisher must repair the temporal detriment to the maid,
and give her a dowry, or marry her if she desire it. Taylor.
Turn hence those pointed glories of your eyes!
For if more charms beneath those circles rise,
So weak my virtue, they so strong appear,
I shall turn ravisher to keep you here. Dryden.
2. One who takes any thing by violence.
Shall the ravisher display your hair,
While the fops envy, and the ladies stare. Pope.

RAVI’SHMENT. n. s. [ravissement, Fr. from ravish.]
1. Violation; forcible constupration.
Of his several ravishments, betrayings and stealing away of
men's wives, came in all those ancient fables of his transfor­
mations and all that rabble of Grecian forgeries. Raleigh.
Tell them ancient stories of the ravishment of chaste
maidens. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
I told them I was one of their knight-errants that delivered
them from ravishment. Dryden.
2. Transport; rapture; ecstasy; pleasing violence on the mind.
All things joy, with ravishment
Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze. Milton.
Thee all things gaze on,
With ravishment beheld! Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Can any mortal mixture of earth's mould
Breathe such divine enchanting ravishment. Milton.
What a ravishment was that, when having found out the
way to measure Hiero's crown, he leaped out of the bath,
and, as if he were suddenly possest, ran naked up and
down. Wilkins's Dædalus.

RAW

RAW. adj. [hreaw, Saxon; raa, Danish; rouw, Dutch.]
1. Not subdued by the fire.
Full of great lumps of flesh, and gobbets raw. Spenser.
2. Not covered with the skin.
All aloud the wind doth blow,
And coughing drowns the parson's saw;
And birds sit brooding in the snow,
And Marian's nose looks red and raw. Shakesp.
If there be quick raw flesh in the risings, it is an old le­
prosy. Lev. xiii. 10.
3. Sore.
This her knight was feeble and too faint,
And all his sinews waxen weak and raw
Through long imprisonment. Spenser.
4. Immature; unripe.
5. Unseasoned; unripe in skill.
Some people, very raw and ignorant, are very unworthily
and unfitly nominated to places, when men of desert are held
back and unpreferred. Raleigh's Essays.
People, while young and raw, and soft-natured, are apt
to think it an easy thing to gain love, and reckon their own
friendship a sure price of another man's; but when experience
shall have once opened their eyes, they will find that a friend
is the gift of God. South.
Sails were spread to ev'ry wind that blew,
Raw were the sailors. and the depths were new. Dryden.
Well I knew
What perils youthful ardour would pursue,
Young as thou wert in dangers, raw to war. Dryden.
6. New. This seems to be the meaning.
I have in my mind
A thousand raw tricks of these bragging jacks. Shakesp.
7. Bleak; chill.
They carried always with them that weed, as their house,
their bed and their garment; and coming lastly into Ireland,
they found there more special use thereof, by reason of the
raw cold climate. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Youthful still in your doublet and hose, this raw rheuma­
tick day. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Once upon a raw and gusty day,
The troubled Tyber chasing with his shores. Shakesp.
God help thee, shallow man; God make
Incision in thee, thou art raw. Shakesp.
8. Not concocted,
Distilled waters will last longer than raw waters. Bacon.

RA’WBONED. adj. [raw and bone.] Having bones scarcely
covered with flesh.
Lean rawbon'd rascals! who would e'er suppose
They had such courage. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
The wolf was content to barter away a rawboned carcase
for a smooth and fat one. L'Estrange.

RA’WHEAD. n. s. [raw and head.] The name of a spectre,
mentioned to fright children.
Hence draw thy theme, and to the stage permit
Rawhead and bloody bones, and hands and feet,
Ragousts for Tereus or Thyestes drest. Dryden.
Servants awe children, and keep them in subjection, by
telling them of rawhead and bloodybones. Locke.

RA’WLY. adv. [from raw.]
1. In a raw manner.
2. Unskilfully.
3. Newly.
Some crying for a surgeon, some upon the debts they owe,
some upon their children rawly left. Shakesp. Henry V.

RA’WNESS. n. s. [from raw.]
1. State of being raw.
Chalk helpeth concoction, so it be out of a deep well; for
then it cureth the rawness of the water. Bacon.
2. Unskilfulness.
Charles V. considering the rawness of his seamen, estab­
lished a pilot major for their examination. Hakewill.
3. Hasty manner. This seems to be the meaning in this ob­
scure passage.
Why in that rawness left he wife and children,
Without leave taking. Shakesp. Macbeth.



RAY. n. s. [raie, rayon, Fr. radius, Lat.]
1. A beam of light.
These eyes that roll in vain
To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn. Milton.
The least light, or part of light, which may be stopt alone,
or do or suffer any thing alone, which the rest of the light
doth not or suffers not, I call a ray of light. Newton.
2. Any lustre corporeal or intellectual.
The air sharpen'd his visual ray. Milton.
3. [Raye, Fr. raia, Lat.] A fish. Ainsworth.
4. [Lolium, Lat.] An herb. Ainsworth.

To RAY. v. a. [rayer, Fr. from the noun.] To streak; to
mark in long lines. An old word.
Beside a bubbling fountain low she lay,
Which she increased with her bleeding heart,
And the clean waves with purple gore did ray. Fa. Qu.
His horse is raied with the yellows. Shakesp.
Was ever man so beaten? was ever men so raied? was
ever man so weary? Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

RAY, for array. Spenser.

RAZE. n. s. [rayz, a root, Spanish.] A root of ginger. This
is commonly written race, but less properly.
I have a gammon of bacon and two razes of ginger to be
delivered. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.

To RAZE. v. a. [raser, Fr. rasus, Lat. See RASE.
1. To overthrow; to ruin; to subvert.
Will you suffer a temple, how poorly built soever, but yet
a temple of your deity, to be razed. Sidney, b. ii.
He yoaketh your rebellious necks,
Razeth your cities, and subverts your towns. Shakesp.
It grieved the tyrant, that so base a town should so long
hold out, so that he would threaten to raze it. Knolles.
Shed christian blood, and populous cities raze;
Because they're taught to use some diff'rent phrase. Waller.
We touch'd with joy
The royal hand that raz'd unhappy Troy. Dryden.
The place would be razed to the ground, and its founda­
tions sown with salt. Addison's Spectator, No 189.
2. To efface.
Fatal this marriage; cancelling your fame,
Razing the characters of your renown. Shakesp.
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,
Raze out the written troubles of the brain. Shakesp.
He in derision sets
Upon their tongues a various spirit, to raze
Quite out their native language; and instead,
To sow a jangling noise of words. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. To extirpate.
I'll find a day to massacre them all,
And raze their faction and their family. Shakesp.

RA’ZOR. n. s. [rasor, Lat.] A knife with a thick blade and
fine edge used in shaving.
Zeal, except ordered aright, useth the razor with such ea­
gerness, that the life of religion is thereby hazarded. Hooker.
These words are razors to my wounded heart. Shakesp.
Those thy boist'rous locks, not by the sword
Of noble warrior, so to stain his honour,
But by the barber's razor best subdu'd. Milton's Agonistes.
All our lords are by his wealth outvy'd,
Whose razor on my callow beard was try'd. Dryden.
Razor makers generally clap a small bar of Venice steel
between two small bars of Flemish steel, and weld them to­
gether, to strengthen the back of the razor. Moxon.

RA’ZOURABLE. adj. [from razor.] Fit to be shaved. Not in use.
New-born chins be rough and razourable. Shakesp.

RA’ZORFISH. n. s.
The sheath or razorfish resembleth in length and bigness a
man's finger. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

RA’ZURE. n. s. [rasure, Fr. rasura, Latin.] Act of erasing.
Oh! your desert speaks loud;
It well deserves with characters of brass
A forted residence, 'gainst the tooth of time
And razure of oblivion. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

RE. Is an inseparable particle used by the Latins, and from them
borrowed by us to denote iteration or backward action:
as, return, to come back; to revive, to live again; reper­
cussion, the act of driving back.

REA

REA’CCESS. n. s. [re and access.] Visit renewed.
Let pass the quailing and withering of all things by the
recess, and their reviving by the reaccess of the sun. Hakewill.

To REACH. v. a. ancient preterite raught. [ræcan, Saxon.]
1. To touch with the hand extended.
What are riches, empire, pow'r,
But larger means to gratify the will;
The steps by which we climb to rise and reach
Our wish, and that obtained, down with a scaffolding
Of scepters, crowns and thrones: they've serv'd their end,
And there like lumber to be left and scorn'd. Congreve.
2. To arrive at; to attain any thing distant; to strike from a
distance.
Round the tree
They longing stood, but could not reach. Milton.
O patron pow'r, thy present aid afford,
That I may reach the beast. Dryden.
The coast so long desir'd
Thy troops shall reach, but having reach'd, repent. Dryden.
What remains beyond this, we have no more a positive no­
tion of, than a mariner has of the depth of the sea; where,
having let down his sounding-line, he reaches no bottom. Locke.
It must fall perhaps before this letter reaches your hands.
Pope.
3. To fetch from some place distant, and give.
He reached me a full cup. 2 Esdr. xiv. 39.
4. To bring forward from a distant place.
Reach hither thy finger, and behold my hands; and reach
hither thy hand, and thrust it into my side. John xx. 27.
5. To hold out; to stretch forth.
These kinds of goodness are so nearly united to the things
which desire them, that we scarcely perceive the appetite to
stir in reaching forth her hand towards them. Hooker.
When thou sittest among many, reach not thine hand out
first. Ecclus. xxxi. 18.
6. To attain; to gain; to obtain.
The best accounts of the appearances of nature, which hu­
man penetration can reach, comes short of its reality. Cheyne.
7. To transfer.
Through such hands
The knowledge of the gods is reach'd to man. Rowe.
8. To penetrate to.
Whatever alterations are made in the body, if they reach
not the mind, there is no perception. Locke.
9. To be adequate to.
The law reached the intention of the promoters, and this
act fixed the natural price of money. Locke.
If these examples of grown men reach not the case of chil­
dren, let them examine. Locke on Education.
10. To extend to.
Thy desire leads to no excess that reaches blame. Milton.
Her imprecations reach not to the tomb,
They shut not out society in death. Addison's Cato.
11. To extend; to spread abroad.
Trees reach'd too far their pamper'd boughs. Milton.

To REACH. v. n.
1. To be extended.
We hold that the power which the church hath lawfully
to make laws doth extend unto sundry things of ecclesiastical
jurisdiction, and such other matters whereto their opinion is,
that the church's authority and power doth not reach. Hooker.
The new world reaches quite cross the torrid zone in one
tropick to the other. Boyle.
When men pursue their thoughts of space, they are apt to
stop at the confines of body, as if space were there at an end
too, and reached no farther. Locke.
If I do not ask any thing improper, let me be buried by
Theodosius; my vow reaches no farther than the grave. Add.
The influence of the stars reaches to many events, which
are not in the power of reason. Swift.
2. To be extended far.
Great men have reaching hands. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. To penetrate.
He hath delivered them into your hand, and ye have slain
them in a rage, that reacheth up into heaven. 2 Chr. xxviii.
We reach forward into futurity, and bring up to our thoughts
objects hid in the remotest depths of time. Addison.
4. To make efforts to attain.
Could a sailor always supply new line, and find the plum­
met sink without stopping, he would be in the posture of the
mind, reaching after a positive idea of infinity. Locke.
5. To take in the hand.
Lest he reach of the tree of life, and eat. Milton.

REACH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Act of reaching or bringing by extension of the hand.
2. Power of reaching or taking in the hand.
There may be in a man's reach a book containing pictures
and discourses, capable to delight and instruct him, which yet
he may never have the will to open. Locke.
3. Power of attainment or management.
In actions, within the reach of power in him, a man seems
as free as it is possible for freedom to make him. Locke.
4. Power; limit of faculties.
Our sight may be considered as a more diffusive kind of
touch, that brings into our reach some of the most remote
parts of the universe. Addison.
Be sure yourself and your own reach to know,
How far your genius, taste and learning go. Pope.
5. Contrivance; artful scheme; deep thought.
Drawn by others, who had deeper reaches than themselves
to matters which they least intended. Hayward.
Some, under types, have affected obscurity to amuse and
make themselves admired for profound reaches. Howel.
6. A fetch; an artifice to attain some distant advantage.
The duke of Parma had particular reaches and ends of his
own underhand, to cross the design. Bacon.
7. Tendency to distant consequences.
Strain not my speech
To grosser issues, nor to larger reach,
Than to suspicion. Shakesp. Othello.


8. Extent.
The consines met of empyrean heav'n,
And of this world: and, on the left hand, hell
With long reach interpos'd, Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

To REA’CT. v. a. [re and act.] To return the impulse or
impression.
The lungs being the chief instrument of sanguification,
and acting strongly upon the chyle to bring it to an animal
fluid, must be reached upon as strongly. Arbuthnot.
Cut off your hand, and you may do
With t' other hand the work of two;
Because the soul her power contracts,
And on the brother limb reacts. Swift's Miscellanies.

REA’CTION. n. s. [reaction, Fr. from react] The recipro­
cation of any impulse or force impressed, made by the body
on which such impression is made: action and reaction are
equal.
Do not great bodies conserve their heat the longest, their
parts heating one another; and may not great, dense and
fixed bodies, when heated beyond a certain degree, emit
light so copiously, as, by the emission and reaction of its
light, and the reflexions and refractions of its rays within its
pores, to grow still hotter till it comes to a certain period of
heat, such as is that of the sun? Newton's Opticks.
Alimentary substances, of a mild nature, act with small
force upon the solids, and as the action and reaction are equal,
the smallest degree of force in the solids digests them. Arb.

READ. n. s. [ræd, Saxon; raed, Dutch.]
1. Counsel.
The man is blest that hath not lent
To wicked read his ear. Sternhold.
2. Saying; saw. This word is in both senses obsolete.
This reade is rise that oftentime
Great cumbers fall unsoft,
In humble dales is footing fast,
The trade is not so tickle. Spenser.

To READ. v. a. pret. read, part. pass. read. [ræd, Saxon.]
1. To peruse any thing written.
I have seen her take forth paper, write upon't, read it,
and afterwards seal it. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The passage you must have read, though since slipt out of
your memory. Pope.
If we have not leisure to read over the book itself regularly,
then by the titles of chapters we may be directed to peruse
several sections. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To discover by characters or marks.
An armed corse did lye,
In whose dead face he read great magnanimity. Spenser.
3. To learn by observation.
Those about her
From her shall read the perfect ways of honour. Shakesp.
4. To know fully.
O most delicate fiend!
Who is't can read a woman? Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To READ. v. n.
1. To perform the act of perusing writing.
It shall be with him, and he shall read therein, that he may
learn to fear the Lord. Deut. xvii. 19.
2. To be studious in books.
'Tis sure that Fleury reads. Taylor.
3. To know by reading.
I have read of an eastern king, who put a judge to death
for an iniquitous sentence. Swift.

READ. particip. adj. [from read; the verb read is pronounced
reed; the preterite and participle red.] Skilful by reading.
Virgil's shepherds are too well read in the philosophy of
Epicurus. Dryden.
We have a poet among us, of a genius as exalted as his
stature, and who is very well read in Longinus his treatise
concerning the sublime. Addison's Guardian, No 108.

REA’DING. n. s. [from read.]
1. Study in books; perusal of books.
Though reading and conversation may furnish us with
many ideas of men and things, yet it is our own meditation
must form our judgment. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
Less reading than makes felons 'scape,
Less human genius than God gives an ape,
Can make a Cibber. Pope.
2. A lecture; a prelection.
3. Publick recital.
The Jews always had their weekly readings of the law.
Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
Give attendance to reading, exhortation and doctrine.
1 Tim. iv. 13.
4. Variation of copies.
That learned prelate has restored some of the readings of
the authors with great sagacity. Arbuthnot on Coins.

READE’PTION. n. s. [re and adeptus, Latin.] Recovery; act
of regaining.
Will any say, that the readeption of Trevigi was matter of
scruple? Bacon.

REA’DER. n. s. [from read.]
1. One that peruses any thing written.
As we must take the care that our words and sense be clear,
so if the obscurity happen through the hearers or readers want
of understanding, I am not to answer for them. B. Johnson.
2. One studious in books.
Basiris' altars and the dire decrees
Of hard Eurestheus, ev'ry reader sees. Dryden.
3. One whose office is to read prayers in churches.
He got into orders, and became a reader in a parish church
at twenty pounds a year. Swift.

REA’DERSHIP. n. s. [from reader.] The office of reading
prayers.
When they have taken a degree, they get into orders, and
sollicit a readership. Swift's Miscellanies.

REA’DILY. adv. [from ready.] Expeditely; with little hinde­
rance or delay.
My tongue obey'd, and readily could name
Whate'er I saw. Milton.
Those very things, which are declined as impossible, are
readily practicable in a case of extreme necessity. South.
I readily grant, that one truth cannot contradict another.
Locke.
Every one sometime or other dreams that he is reading
papers, in which case the invention prompts so readily, that
the mind is imposed upon. Addison's Spectator, No 487.

REA’DINESS. n. s. [from ready.]
1. Expediteness; promptitude.
He would not forget the readiness of their king, in aiding
him when the duke of Bretagne failed him. Bacon.
He opens himself to the man of business with reluctancy,
but offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility and all
the meeting readiness of desire. South.
2. The state of being ready or fit for any thing.
Have you an army ready?
—The centurions and their charges already in the enter­
tainment to be on foot at an hour's warning.
—I am joyful to hear of their readiness. Shakesp.
They remained near a month, that they might be in rea­
diness to attend the motion of the army. Clarendon.
3. Facility; freedom from hinderance or obstruction.
Nature has provided for the readiness and easiness of
speech. Holder's Elements of Speech.
4. State of being willing or prepared.
A pious and well-disposed mind, attended with a readiness
to obey the known will of God, is the surest means to en­
lighten the understanding to a belief of christianity. South.
Their conviction grew so strong, that they embraced the
same truths, and laid down their lives, or were always in a
readiness to do it, rather than depart from them. Addison.

READMI’SSION. n. s. [re and admission.] The act of admit­
ting again.
In an exhausted receiver, animals, that seem as they were
dead, revive upon the readmission of fresh air. Arbuthnot.

To REA’DMIT. v. a. [re and admit.] To let in again.
These evils I deserve,
Yet despair not of his final pardon,
Whose ear is ever open, and his eye
Gracious to readmit the suppliant. Milton's Agonistes.
After twenty minutes I readmitted the air. Derham.

To READO’RN. v. a. [re and adorn.] To decorate again;
to deck a-new.
The streams now change their languid blue,
Regain their glory, and their fame renew,
With scarlet honours readorn the tide. Blackmore.

REA’DY. adj. [ræd, Saxon; redo, Swedish; hrade, nimble,
Saxon.]
1. Prompt; not delayed.
These commodities yield the readiest money of any in this
kingdom, because they never fail of a price abroad. Temple.
He overlook'd his hinds; their pay was just
And ready: for he scorn'd to go on trust. Dryden.
2. Fit for a purpose; not to seek.
All things are ready, if our minds be so.
—Perish the man whose mind is backward now! Shakesp.
Make you ready your stiff bats and clubs;
Rome and her rats are at the point of battle. Shakesp.
One hand the sword, and one the pen employs,
And in my lap the ready paper lies. Dryden.
The sacred priests with ready knives bereave
The beasts of life, and in full bowls receive
The streaming blood. Dryden's æneis.
3. Prepared; accommodated to any design, so as that there can
be no delay.
Trouble and anguish shall prevail against him, as a king
ready to the battle. Job xv. 24.
Death ready stands to interpose his dart. Milton.
The word which I have giv'n, I'll not revoke;
If he be brave, he's ready for the stroke. Dryden.
The imagination is always restless, and the will, reason
being laid aside, is ready for every extravagant project. Locke.
4. Willing; eager.
Men, when their actions succeed not as they would, are
always ready to impute the blame thereof unto the heavens, so
as to excuse their own follies. Spenser's State of Ireland.


5. Being at the point; not distant; near; about to do or be.
He knoweth that the day of darkness is ready at hand. Job.
Satan ready now
To stoop with weary'd wings and willing feet
On this world. Milton's Paradise Lost.
6. Being at hand; next to hand.
A sapling pine he wrench'd from out the ground,
The readiest weapon that his fury found. Dryden.
7. Facil; easy; opportune; near.
Sometimes the readiest way, which a wise man hath to
conquer, is to fly. Hooker's Preface.
The race elect,
Safe towards Canaan from the shore advance
Through the wild desert, not the readiest way. Milton.
Proud of their conquest, prouder of their prey,
They leave the camp, and take the readiest way. Dryden.
The ready way to be thought mad, is to contend that you
are not so. Spectator, No 577.
8. Quick; not done with hesitation.
A ready consent often subjects a woman to contempt.
Clarissa.
9. Expedite; nimble; not embarrassed; not slow.
Those, who speak in publick, are much better accepted,
when they can deliver their discourse by the help of a lively
genius and a ready memory, than when they are forced to
read all. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
10. To make READY. To make preparations.
He will shew you a large upper room; there make ready
for us. Mar. xiv. 15.

REA’DY. adv. Readily; so as not to need delay.
We will go ready armed before the children of Israel. Num.

REA’DY. n. s. Ready money. A low word.
Lord Strutt was not flush in ready, either to go to law, or
clear old debts. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

REAFFI’RMANCE. n. s. [re and affirmance.] Second confir­
mation.
Causes of deprivation are a conviction before the ordinary
of a wilful maintaining any doctrine contrary to the thirty­
nine articles, or a persisting therein without revocation of his
error, or a reaffirmance after such revocation. Ayliffe.

RE’AL. adj. [reel, Fr. realis, Latin.]
1. Relating to things not persons; not personal.
Many are perfect in men's humours, that are not greatly
capable of the real part of business; which is the constitution
of one that hath studied men more than books. Bacon.
2. Not fictitious; not imaginary; true; genuine.
We do but describe an imaginary world, that is but little
a-kin to the real one. Glanvill's Sceps.
When I place an imaginary name at the head of a cha­
racter, I examine every letter of it, that it may not bear any
resemblance to one that is real. Addison.
3. In law, consisting of things immoveable, as land.
I am hastening to convert my small estate, that is personal,
into real. Child's Discourse of Trade.

RE’ALGAR. n. s. A mineral.
Realgar or sandaracha is red arsenick. Harris.
Put realgar hot into the midst of the quicksilver, whereby
it may be condensed as well from within as without. Bacon.

REA’LITY. n. s. [realité, Fr. from real.]
1. Truth; verity; what is, not what merely seems.
I would have them well versed in the Greek and Latin
poets, without which a man fancies that he understands
a critic, when in reality he does not comprehend his meaning.
Addison's Spectator, No 291.
The best accounts of the appearances of nature in any
single instance human penetration can reach, comes infinitely
short of its reality and internal constitution; for who can
search out the Almighty's works to perfection? Cheyne.
2. Something intrinsically important; not merely matter of
show.
Of that skill the more thou know'st,
The more she will acknowledge thee her head,
And to realities yield all her shows,
Made so adorn for thy delight the more. Milton.

To RE’ALIZE. v. a. [realiser, Fr. from real.]
1. To bring into being or act.
Thus we realize what Archimedes had only in hypothesis,
weighing a single grain against the globe of earth. Glanvill.
As a Diocesan, you are like to exemplify and realize every
word of this discourse. South.
2. To convert money into land.

RE’ALLY. adv. [from real.]
1. With actual existence.
There cannot be a more important case of conscience for
men to be resolved in, than to know certainly how far God
accepts the will for the deed, and how far he does not; and
to be informed truly when men do really will a thing, and
when they have really no power to do, what they have
willed. South.
2. In truth; truly; not seemingly.
The understanding represents to the will things really evil,
under the notion of good. South.
These orators inflame the people, whose anger is really but
a short sit of madness. Swift.
3. It is a slight corroboration of an opinion.
Why really sixty-five is somewhat old. Young.

REALM. n. s. [roiaulme, French.]
1. A kingdom; a king's dominion.
Is there any part of that realm, or any nation therein, which
have not yet been subdued to the crown of England. Spenser.
They had gather'd a wise council to them
Of ev'ry realm, that did debate this business. Shakesp.
A son whose worthy deeds
Raise him to be the second in that realm. Milton.
2. Kingly government. This sense is not frequent.
Learn each small people's genius, policies,
The ant's republick, and the realm of bees. Pope.

REA’LTY. n. s. [a word peculiar, I believe, to Milton.]
Realty means not in this place reality in opposition to show,
but loyalty; for the Italian Dictionary explains the adjective
reale by loyal. Pearce on Milton.
O heaven, that such resemblance of the highest
Should yet remain, where faith and realty
Remain not. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.

REAM. n. s. [rame, Fr. riem, Dutch.] A bundle of paper
containing twenty quires.
All vain petitions mounting to the sky,
With reams abundant this abode supply. Pope.

To REA’NIMATE. v. a. [re and animo, Lat.] To revive; to
restore to life.
We are our reanimated ancestors, and antedate their re­
surrection. Glanvill's Sceps.
The young man left his own body breathless on the ground,
while that of the doe was reanimated. Spectator, No 578.

To REANNE’X. v. a. [re and annex.] To annex again.
King Charles was not a little inflamed with an ambition to
repurchase and reannex that dutchy. Bacon's Henry VII.

To REAP. v. a. [repan, Saxon.]
1. To cut corn at harvest.
From Ireland come I with my strength,
And reap the harvest which that rascal sow'd. Shakesp.
When ye reap the harvest, thou shalt not wholly reap the
corners of thy field. Lev. xix. 9.
The hire of the labourers, which have reaped down your
fields, is kept back by fraud. Ja. v. 5.
Is it fitting in this very field,
Where I so oft have reap'd, so oft have till'd,
That I should die for a deserter? Gay.
2. To gather; to obtain.
They that love the religion which they profess, may have
failed in choice, but yet they are sure to reap what benefit the
same is able to afford. Hooker.
What sudden anger's this? how have I reap'd it? Shak.
This is a thing,
Which you might from relation likewise reap,
Being much spoke of. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Our sins being ripe, there was no preventing of God's
justice from reaping that glory in our calamities, which we
robbed him of in our prosperity. King Charles.

To REAP. v. n. To harvest.
They that sow in tears, shall reap in joy. Psalm cxxvi. 5.

REA’PER. n. s. [from reap.] One that cuts corn at harvest.
Your ships are not well mann'd,
Your mariners are muliteers, people
Ingrost by swift impress. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
From hungry reapers they their sheaves withhold. Sand.
Here Ceres' gifts in waving prospect stand,
And nodding tempt the joyful reaper's hand. Pope.
A thousand forms he wears,
And first a reaper from the field appears,
Sweating he walks, while loads of golden grain
O'ercharge the shoulders of the seeming swain. Pope.

REA’PINGHOOK. n. s. [reaping and hook.] A hook used to cut
corn in harvest.
Some are brib'd to vow it looks
Most plainly done by thieves with reapinghooks. Dryden.

REAR. n. s. [arrieare, French.]
1. The hinder troop of an army, or the hinder line of a fleet.
The rear admiral, an arch pirate, was afterwards slain with
a great shot. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Argive chiefs
Fled from his well-known face, with wonted fear,
As when his thund'ring sword and pointed spear
Drove headlong to their ships, and glean'd the rear. Dryd.
Snowy headed winter leads,
Yellow autumn brings the rear. Waller.
2. The last class.
Coins I place in the rear, because made up of both the
other. Peacham.

REAR. adj. [hrere, Saxon.]
1. Raw; half roasted; half sodden.
2. Early. A provincial word.
O'er yonder hill does scant the dawn appear,
Then why does Cuddy leave his cot so rear? Gay.



To REAR. v. a. [aræran, Saxon.]
1. To raise up.
All the people shouted with a loud voice, for the rearing
up of the house of the Lord. 1 Esdr. v. 62.
Who now shall rear you to the sun, or rank
Your tribes. Milton.
2. To lift up from a fall.
Down again she fell unto the ground,
But he her quickly rear'd up again. Fa. Queen, b. i.
In adoration at his feet I fell
Submiss: he rear'd me. Milton.
3. To move upwards.
Up to a hill anon his steps he rear'd,
From whose high top to ken the prospect round. Milton.
4. To bring up to maturity.
No creature goeth to generate, whilst the female is busy in
sitting or rearing her young. Bacon's Natural History.
They were a very hardy breed, and reared their young ones
without any care. Mortimer's Husbandry.
They flourish'd long in tender bliss, and rear'd
A numerous offspring, lovely like themselves. Thomson.
5. To educate; to instruct.
He wants a father to protect his youth,
And rear him up to virtue. Southern.
They have in every town publick nurseries, where all pa­
rents, except cottagers and labourers, are obliged to send their
infants to be reared and educated. Swift.
6. To exalt; to elevate.
Charity decent, modest, easy, kind,
Softens the high, and rears the abject mind. Prior.
7. To rouse; to stir up.
Into the naked woods he goes,
And seeks the tusky boar to rear,
With well-mouth'd hounds and pointed spear. Dryden.

REA’RWARD. n. s. [from rear.]
1. The last troop.
He from the beginning began to be in the rearward, and
before they left fighting, was too far off. Sidney.
The standard of Dan was the rearward of the camp. Num.
2. The end; the tail; a train behind.
Why follow'd not, when she said Tybalt's dead,
Thy father or thy mother?
But with a rearward following Tybalt's death,
Romeo is banished. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
3. The latter part. In contempt.
He was ever in the rearward of the fashion. Shakesp.

REA’RMOUSE. n. s. [more properly reremouse; hreremus, Sax.]
The leather-winged bat.
Some war with rearmice for their leathern wings
To make my small elves coats. Shakesp.
Of flying fishes, the wings are not feathers, but a thin kind
of skin, like the wings of a bat or rearmouse. Abbot.

To REASCE’ND. v. n. [re and ascend.] To climb again.
When as the day the heaven doth adorn,
I wish that night the noyous day would end;
And when as night hath us of light forlorn,
I wish that day would shortly reascend. Spenser.
Taught by the heav'nly muse to venture down
The dark descent, and up to reascend. Milton.
These puissant legions, whose exile
Hath empty'd heav'n, shall fail to reascend,
Self-rais'd, and repossess their native seat? Milton.

To REASCE’ND. v. a. To mount again.
When the god his sury had allay'd,
He mounts aloft, and reascends the skies. Addison.

REA’SON. n. s. [raison, Fr. ratio, Lat.]
1. The power by which man deduces one proposition from an­
other, or proceeds from premises to consequences; the ra­
tional faculty.
Reason is the director of man's will, discovering in action
what is good; for the laws of well-doing are the dictates of
right reason. Hooker, b. i. s. 7.
Though brutish that contest and foul,
When reason hath to deal with force; yet so
Most reason is that reason overcome. Milton.
Dim, as the borrow'd beams of moon and stars
To lonely, weary, wand'ring travellers,
Is reason to the soul: and as on high,
Those rowling fires discover but the sky,
Not light us here; so reason's glimmering ray
Was lent, not to assure our doubtful way,
But guide us upward to a better day. Dryden.
It would be well, if people would not lay so much weight
on their own reason in matters of religion, as to think every
thing impossible and absurd, which they cannot conceive:
how often do we contradict the right rules of reason in the
whole course of our lives? reason itself is true and just, but
the reason of every particular man is weak and wavering,
perpetually swayed and turn'd by his interests, his passions
and his vices. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. Cause; ground or principle.
Virtue and vice are not arbitrary things, but there is a na­
tural and eternal reason for that goodness and virtue, and
against vice and wickedness. Tillotson.
3. Cause efficient.
Spain is thin sown of people, partly by reason of the steri­
lity of the soil, and partly their natives are exhausted by so
many employments in such vast territories as they possess. Bac.
The reason of the motion of the balance in a wheel watch,
is by the motion of the next wheel. Hale.
By reason of the sickness of a reverend prelate, I have been
overruled to approach this place. Sprat.
I have not observed equality of numbers in my verse;
partly by reason of my haste, but more especially because I
would not have my sense a slave to syllables. Dryden.
4. Final cause.
Reason, in the English language, sometimes is taken for
true and clear principles; sometimes for clear and fair de­
ductions; sometimes for the cause, particularly the final
cause: but here for a faculty in man. Locke.
5. Argument; ground of persuasion; motive.
I mask the business from the common eye
For sundry weighty reasons. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If it be natural, ought we not rather to conclude, that
there is some ground and reason for these fears, and that na­
ture hath not planted them in us to no purpose. Tillotson.
6. Ratiocination; discursive power.
When she rates things, and moves from ground to ground,
The name of reason she obtains by this;
But when by reason she the truth hath found,
And standeth fixt, she understanding is. Davies.
7. Clearness of faculties.
Lovers and madmen have their seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends. Shakesp.
When valour preys on reason,
It eats the sword it fights with. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
8. Right; justice.
I was promis'd on a time,
To have reason for my rhyme:
From that time unto this season,
I receiv'd nor rhyme nor reason. Spenser.
Are you in earnest?
Ay, and resolv'd withal
To do myself this reason and this right. Shakesp.
The papists ought in reason to allow them all the excuses
they make use of for themselves; such as an invincible igno­
rance, oral tradition and authority. Stillingfleet.
Let it drink deep in thy most vital part;
Strike home, and do me reason in thy heart. Dryden.
9. Reasonable claim; just practice.
God brings good out of evil; and therefore it were but
reason we should trust God to govern his own world, and wait
till the change cometh, or the reason be discovered. Taylor.
wConscience, not acting by law, is a boundless presumptuous
thing; and, for any one by virtue thereof, to challenge him­
self a privilege of doing what he will, and of being unaccount­
able, is in all reason too much, eitherfor man or angel. South.
A severe reflection Montaigne has made on princes, that
we ought not in reason to have any expectatious of favour from
them. Dryden's Dedication to Aurengzebe.
We have as great assurance that there is a God, as the na­
ture of the thing to be proved is capable of, and as we could
in reason expect to have. Tillotson's Preface.
When any thing is proved by as good arguments as a thing
of that kind is capable of, we ought not in reason to doubt of
its existence. Tillotson.
10. Rationale; just account.
To render a reason of an effect or phenomenon, is to de­
duce it from something else more known than itself. Boyle.
11. Moderation; moderate demands.
The most probable way of bringing France to reason, would
be by the making an attempt upon the Spanish West Indies,
and by that means to cut off all communication with this
great source of riches. Addison.

To REA’SON. v. n. [raisonner, Fr.]
1. To argue rationally; to deduce consequences justly from
premises.
No man, in the strength of the first grace, can merit the
second; for reason they do not, who think so; unless a beg­
gar, by receiving one alms, can merit another. South.
Ideas, as ranked under names, are those, that for the most
part men reason of within themselves, and always those which
they commune about with others. Locke.
Every man's reasoning and knowledge is only about the
ideas existing in his own mind; and our knowledge and rea­
soning about other things is only as they correspond with those
our particular ideas. Locke.
Love is not to be reason'd down, or lost
In high ambition. Addison.
In the lonely grove,
'Twas there just and good he reason'd strong,
Clear'd some great truth. Tickell.
2. To debate; to discourse; to talk; to take or give an ac­
count. Not in use.
Reason with the fellow,
Before you punish him, where he heard this. Shakesp.


I reason'd with a Frenchman yesterday,
Who told me in the narrow seas,
There miscarried a vessel of our country. Shakesp.
Stand still, that I may reason with you of all the righteous
acts of the Lord. 1 Sam. xii. 7.
3. To raise disquisitions; to make enquiries.
Jesus, perceiving their thoughts, said, what reason ye in
your hearts? Luke v. 22.
They reason'd high
Of providence, foreknowledge, will and fate. Milton.
Already by thy reasoning this I guess,
Who art to lead thy offspring; and supposest,
That bodies bright and greater should not serve
The less not bright. Milton.
Down reason then, at least vain reasoning down. Milt.

To REA’SON. v. a. To examine rationally. This is a French
mode of speech.
When they are clearly discovered, well digested, and well
reasoned in every part, there is beauty in such a theory. Burn.

REA’SONABLE. adj. [raison, Fr.]
1. Having the faculty of reason; endued with reason.
She perceived her only son lay hurt, and that his hurt was
so deadly, as that already his life had lost use of the reasonable
and almost sensible part. Sidney.
2. Acting, speaking or thinking rationally.
The parliament was dissolved, and gentlemen furnished
with such forces, as were held sufficient to hold in bridle either
the malice or rage of reasonable people. Hayward.
3. Just; rational; agreeable to reason.
A law may be reasonable in itself, although a man does not
allow it, or does not know the reason of the lawgivers. Swift.
4. Not immoderate.
Let all things be thought upon,
That may with reasonable swiftness add
More feathers to our wings. Shakesp. Henry V.
5. Tolerable; being in mediocrity.
I could with reasonable good manner receive the salutation
of her and of the princess Pamela, doing them yet no further
reverence than one princess oweth to another. Sidney.
A good way distant from the nigra rupes, there are four se­
veral lands of reasonable quantity. Abbot's Descr. of the World.
Notwithstanding these defects, the English colonies main­
tained themselves in a reasonable good estate, as long as they
retained their own ancient laws. Davies on Ireland.

REA’SONABLENESS. n. s. [from reasonable.]
1. The faculty of reason.
2. Agreeableness to reason.
They thought the work would be better done, if those,
who had satisfied themselves with the reasonableness of what
they wish, would undertake the converting and disposing of
other men. Clarendon.
The passive reason, which is more properly reasonableness,
is that order and congruity which is impressed upon the thing
thus wrought; as in a watch, the whole frame and contex­
ture of it carries a reasonableness in it, the passive impression
of the reason or intellectual idea that was in the artist. Hale.
3. Moderation.

REA’SONABLY. adv. [from reasonable.]
1. Agreeably to reason.
Chaucer makes Arcite violent in his love, and unjust in the
pursuit of it; yet when he came to die, he made him think
more reasonably. Dryden's Preface to Fables.
2. Moderately; in a degree reaching to mediocrity.
Some man reasonably studied in the law, should be persuaded
to go thither as chancellor. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
If we can by industry make our deaf and dumb persons rea­
sonably perfect in the language and pronunciation, he may be
also capable of the same privilege of understanding by the eye
what is spoken. Holder's Elements of Speech.

REA’SONER. n. s. [raisonneur, Fr. from reason.] One who rea­
sons; an arguer.
Due reverence pay
To learn'd Epicurus; see the way
By which this reas'ner of so high renown
Moves through th' ecliptick road the rolling sun. Blackm.
The terms are loose and undefined; and what less becomes
a fair reasoner, he puts wrong and invidious names on every
thing to colour a false way of arguing. Addison.
Those reasoners, who employ so much of their zeal for the
upholding the balance of power in Christendom, by their
practices are endeavouring to destroy it at home. Swift.

REA’SONING. n. s. [from reason.] Argument.
Those who would make use of solid arguments and strong
reasonings to a reader of so delicate a turn, would be like that
foolish people, who worshiped a fly, and sacrified an ox to it.
Addison's Freeholder, No 32.

REA’SONLESS. adj. [from reason.] Void of reason.
This proffer is absurd and reasonless. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Is it
Her true perfection, or my false transgression,
That makes me reasonless to reason thus? Shakesp.
That they wholly direct the reasonless mind, I am resolved;
for all those which were created mortal, as birds and beasts,
are left to their natural appetites. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
These reasons in love's law have past for good,
Though fond and reasonless to some. Milton's Agonistes.

To REASSE’MBLE. v. a. [re and assemble.] To collect anew.
There reassembling our afflicted pow'rs,
Consult how to offend our enemy. Milton.

To REASSE’RT, v. a. [re and assert.] To assert anew; to
maintain after suspension or cessation.
His steps I followed, his doctrine I reasserted. Atterbury.
Young Orestes grown
To manly years should reassert the throne. Pope.

To REASSU’ME. v. a. [reassumo, Lat. re and assume.] To
resume; to take again.
To him the son return'd
Into his blissful bosom reassum'd,
In glory as of old. Milton.
Nor only on the Trojans fell this doom,
Their hearts at last the vanquish'd reassume. Denham.
For this he reassumes the nod,
While Semele commands the god. Prior.
After Henry VIII. had reassumed the supremacy, a statute
was made, by which all doctors of the civil law might be
made chancellors. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To REASSU’RE. [rassurer, Fr.] To free from fear; to restore
from terrour.
They rose with fear,
Till dauntless Pallas reassur'd the rest. Dryden.

REATE. n. s. A kind of long small grass that grows in water,
and complicates itself together.
Let them lie dry six months to kill the water-weeds; as
water-lilies, candocks, reate and bulrushes. Walton.

To REAVE. v. a. pret. reft. [ræfian, Saxon; whence to bereave.]
1. To take away by stealth or violence. An obsolete word.
Dismounting from his lofty steed,
He to him leapt, in mind to reave his life. Spenser.
Some make his meashy bed, but reave his rest. Carew.
Who can be bound by any solemn vow,
To do a murd'rous deed, to rob a man,
To force a spotless virgin's chastity,
To reave the orphan of his patrimony,
And have no other reason for his wrong,
But that he was bound by a solemn oath. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
2. It was used as well in a good as bad sense.
They sought my troubled sense how to deceave
With talk, that might unquiet fancies reave. Hubberd.
Each succeeding time addeth or reaveth goods and evils,
according to the occasions itself produceth. Carew.

REB

To REBA’PTIZE. v. a. [rebaptiser, Fr. re and baptize.] To
baptize again.
Understanding that the rites of the church were observed,
he approved of their baptism, and would not suffer them to
be rebaptized. Ayliffe's Parergon.

REBAPTIZA’TION. n. s. [rebaptisation, Fr. from rebaptize.]
Renewal of baptism.
In maintainance of rebaptization, their arguments are built
upon this, that hereticks are not any part of the church of
Christ. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.

To REBA’TE. v. n. [rebattre, Fr.] To blunt; to beat to ob­
tuseness; to deprive of keenness.
He doth rebate and blunt his natural edge
With profits of the mind, study and fast. Shakesp.
The icy goat, the crab which square the scales;
With those of aries trine consent to hate
The scales of libra, and her rays rebate. Creech.
He modifies his first severe decree;
The keener edge of battle to rebate,
The troops for honour fighting, not for hate. Dryden.
My flagging soul flies under her own pitch,
My senses too are dull and stupify'd,
Their edge rebated. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Their innocence unfeign'd long joys afford
To the honest nuptial bed, and, in the wane
Of life, rebate the miseries of age. Philips.

RE’BECK. n. s. [rebec, Fr. ribecca, Italian.] A three stringed
fiddle.
When the merry bells ring round,
And the jocund rebecks sound,
To many a youth and many a maid,
Dancing in the checker'd shade. Milton.

RE’BEL. n. s. [rebelle, Fr. rebellis, Lat.] One who opposes
lawful authority.
The merciless Macdonel
Worthy to be a rebel; for to that
The multiplying villanies of nature
Do swarm upon him. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The rebels there are up,
And put the Englishmen unto the sword. Shakesp.
Shall man from nature's sanction stray,
A rebel to her rightful sway. Fenton.

To REBE’L. v. n. [rebello, Lat.] To rise in opposition against
lawful authority.
Boys, immature in knowledge,
Pawn their experience to their present pleasure,
And so rebel to judgment. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.


If they perceive dissention in our looks,
How will their grudging stomachs be provok'd
To wilful disobedience, and rebel? Shakesp. Henry VI.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion,
That in the nature of their lords rebels;
Bring oil to fire. Shakesp. King Lear.
There was a time, when all the body's members
Rebell'd against the belly. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Arm'd with thy might, rid heav'n of these rebell'd. Milt.
How cou'd my hand rebel against my heart?
How cou'd your heart rebel against your reason? Dryden.
Part of the angels rebelled against God, and thereby lost
their happy state. Locke.

REBE’LLER. n. s. [from rebel.] One that rebels. Dict.

REBE’LLION. n. s. [rebellion, Fr. rebellio, Lat. from rebel.]
Insurrection against lawful authority.
He was victorious in rebellions and seditions of people. Bac.
Adam's sin, or the curse upon it, did not deprive him
of his rule, but left the creatures to a rebellion or reluctation.
Bacon's Holy War.
Raz'd by rebellion from the books of life. Milton.

REBE’LLIOUS. adj. [from rebel.] Opponent to lawful autho­
rity.
From the day that thou didst depart out of Egypt, until ye
came unto this place, ye have been rebellious against the
Lord. Deutr. ix. 7.
This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey
our voice. Deutr. xxi. 20.

REBE’LLIOUSLY. adv. [from rebellious.] In opposition to law­
ful authority.
When one shewed him where a nobleman, that had rebel­
liously born arms against him, lay very honourably intombed,
and advised the king to deface the monument; he said, no,
no, but I would all the rest of mine enemies were as honour­
ably intombed. Camden's Remains.

REBE’LLIOUSNESS. n. s. [from rebellious.] The quality of
being rebellious.

To REBE’LLOW. v. n. [re and bellow.] To bellow in return;
to echo back a loud noise.
He loudly bray'd with beastly yelling sound,
That all the fields rebellowed again. Fairy Queen.
The resisting air the thunder broke,
The cave rebellow'd, and the temple shook. Dryden.
From whence were heard, rebellowing to the main,
The roars of lions. Dryden's æneis.

REBOA’TION. n. s. [reboo, Lat.] The return of a loud bel­
lowing sound.

To REBOU’ND. v. n. [rebondir, Fr. re and bound.] To spring
back; to be reverberated; to fly back, in consequence of mo­
tion impressed and resisted by a greater power.
Whether it were a roaring voice of most savage wild beasts,
or a rebounding echo from the hollow mountains. Wisd. xvii.
It with rebounding surge the bars assail'd. Milton.
Life and death are in the power of the tongue, and that
not only directly with regard to the good or ill we may do to
others, but reflexively with regard to what may rebound to
ourselves. Government of the Tongue.
Bodies which are absolutely hard, or so soft as to be void
of elasticity, will not rebound from one another: impenetra­
bility makes them only stop. Newton's Opticks.
She bounding from the shelfy shore,
Round the descending nymph the waves rebounding roar. Po.

To REBOU’ND. v. a. To reverberate; to beat back.
All our invectives, at their supposed errors, fall back with
a rebounded force upon our own real ones. Decay of Piety.
Silenus sung, the vales his voice rebound,
And carry to the skies the sacred sound. Dryden.
Flow'rs, by the soft South West
Open'd, and gather'd by religious hands,
Rebound their sweets from th' odoriferous pavement. Prior.

REBOU’ND. n. s. [from the verb.] The act of flying back in
consequence of motion resisted; resilition.
I do feel,
By the rebound of yours, a grief that shoots
My very heart. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
If you strike a ball sidelong, not full upon the surface, the
rebound will be as much the contrary way; whether there be
any such resilience in echoes may be tried. Bacon.
The weapon with unerring fury flew,
At his left shoulder aim'd: nor entrance found;
But back, as from a rock, with swift rebound,
Harmless return'd. Dryden.

REBU’FF. n. s. [rebuffade, Fr. rebuffo, Italian.] Repercussion;
quick and sudden resistance.
By ill chance
The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud,
Instinct with fire and nitre, hurried him
As many miles aloft. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.

To REBU’FF. v. a. [from the noun.] To beat back; to op­
pose with sudden violence.

To REBUI’LD. v. a. [re and build.] To reedify; ro restore
from demolition; to repair.
The fines imposed there were the more questioned, and re­
pined against, because they were assigned to the rebuilding
and repairing of St. Paul's church. Clarendon.
Fine is the secret, delicate the art,
To raise the shades of heroes to our view,
Rebuild fall'n empires, and old time renew. Tickell.

REBU’KABLE. adj. [from rebuke.] Worthy of reprehension.
Rebukable
And worthy shameful check it were, to stand
On mere mechanick compliment. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

To REBU’KE. v. a. [reboucher, Fr.] To chide; to reprehend;
to repress by objurgation.
I am asham'd; does not the stone rebuke me,
For being more stone than it? Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
He was rebuked for his iniquity; the dumb ass, speaking
with man's voice, forbad the madness of the prophet. 2 Pet.
My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor
faint when thou art rebuked of him. Heb. xii. 15.
The proud he tam'd, the penitent he cheer'd,
Nor to rebuke the rich offender fear'd. Dryden.

REBU’KE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Reprehension; chiding expression; objurgation.
Why bear you these rebukes, and answer not? Shakesp.
If he will not yield,
Rebuke and dread correction wait on us,
And they shall do their office. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The channels of waters were seen; at thy rebuke, O Lord,
at the blast of the breath of thy nostrils. Psalm xviii. 15.
Thy rebuke hath broken my heart; I am full of heaviness.
Psalm lxix. 21.
The rebukes and chiding to children, should be in grave
and dispassionate words. Locke.
Shall Cibber's son, without rebuke,
Swear like a lord? Pope.
Should vice expect to 'scape rebuke,
Because its owner is a duke? Swift's Miscellanies.
2. In low language, it signifies any kind of check.
He gave him so terrible a rebuke upon the forehead with his
heel, that he laid him at his length. L'Estrange.

REBU’KER. n. s. [from rebuke.] A chider; a reprehender.
The revolters are profound to make slaughter, though I
have been a rebuker of them all. Hosea v. 2.

RE’BUS. n. s. [rebus, Latin.] A word represented by a picture.
Some citizens, wanting arms, have coined themselves cer­
tain devices alluding to their names, which we call rebus:
Master Jugge the printer, in many of his books, took, to ex­
press his name, a nightingale sitting in a bush with a scrole
in her mouth, wherein was written jugge, jugge, jugge. Peac.

To REBU’T. v. n. [rebuter, Fr.] To retire back. Obsolete.
Themselves too rudely rigorous,
Astonied with the stroke of their own hand,
Do back rebut, and each to other yielded land. Fa. Queen.

REBU’TTER. n. s. An answer to a rejoinder.

REC

To RECA’LL. v. a. [re and call.] To call back; to call again;
to revoke.
They who recal the church unto that which was at the first,
must set bounds unto their speeches. Hooker, b. iv. s. 2.
If Henry were recall'd to life again,
These news would cause him once more yield the ghost.
Shakesp. Henry VI. p. i.
Neglected long, she let the secret rest,
Till lov'd recall'd it to her lab'ring breast. Dryden.
It is strange the soul should never once recal over any of its
pure native ideas, before it borrowed any thing from the body;
never any other ideas, but what derive their original from
that union. Locke.
To the churches, wherein they were ordained, they might
of right be recalled as to their proper church, under pain of
excommunication. Ayliffe's Parergon.
It is necessary to recall to the reader's mind, the desire
Ulysses has to reach his own country. Broome's Notes on Odyss.
If princes, whose dominions lie contiguous, be forced to
draw from those armies which act against France, we must
hourly expect having those troops recalled, which they now
leave with us in the midst of a siege. Swift's Miscellanies.

RECA’LL. n. s. [from the verb.] Revocation; act or power
of calling back.
Other decrees
Against thee are gone forth, without recall. Milton.
'Tis done, and since 'tis done, 'tis past recal;
And since 'tis past recal, must be forgotten. Dryden.

To RECA’NT. v. a. [recanto, Lat.] To retract; to recall;
to contradict what one has once said or done.
He shall do this, or else I do recant
The pardon that I late pronounced. Shakesp. Mer. of Ven.
Ease would recant vows made in pain. Milton.
If it be thought, that the praise of a translation consists in
adding new beauties, I shall be willing to recant. Dryden.
That the legislature should have power to change the suc­
cession, whenever the necessities of the kingdom require, is
so useful towards preserving our religion and liberty, that I
know not how to recant. Swift.



RECANTA’TION. n. s. [from recant.] Retractation; declara­
tion contradictory to a former declaration.
She could not see means to join this recantation to the
former vow. Sidney, b. ii.
The poor man was imprisoned for this discovery, and
forced to make a publick recantation. Stillingfleet.

RECA’NTER. n. s. [from recant.] One who recants.
The publick body, which doth seldom
Play the recanter, feeling in itself
A lack of Timon's aid, hath sense withal
Of its own fall, restraining aid to Timon. Shakesp.

To RECAPI’TULATE. v. a. [recapituler, Fr. re and capi­
tulum, Lat.] To repeat again distinctly; to detail again.
Hylobares judiciously and resentingly recapitulates your main
reasonings. More's Divine Dialogues
I have been forced to recapitulate these things, because
mankind is not more liable to deceit, than it is willing to
continue in a pleasing error. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

RECAPITULA’TION. n. s. [from recapitulate.] Detail repeated;
distinct repetition of the principal points.
He maketh a recapitulation of the christian churches; among
the rest he addeth the isle of Eden by name. Raleigh.
Instead of raising any particular uses from the point that
has been delivered, let us make a brief recapitulation of the
whole. South.

RECAPI’TULATORY. adj. [from recapitulate.] Repeating again.
Recapitulatory exercises. Garretson.

To RECA’RRY. v. a. [re and carry.] To carry back.
When the Turks besieged Malta or Rodes, pigeons car­
ried and recarried letters. Walton's Angler.

To RECE’DE. v. n. [recedo, Latin.]
1. To fall back; to retreat.
A deaf noise of sounds that never cease,
Confus'd and chiding, like the hollow roar
Of tides, receding from th' insulted shoar. Dryden.
Ye doubts and fears!
Scatter'd by winds recede, and wild in forests rove. Prior.
All bodies, moved circularly, have a perpetual endeavour
to recede from the center, and every moment would fly out in
right lines, if they were not violently restrained by contiguous
matter. Bentley.
2. To desist.
I can be content to recede much from my own interests and
personal rights. King Charles.
They hoped that their general assembly would be persuaded
to depart from some of their demands; but that, for the pre­
sent, they had not authority to recede from any one propo­
sition. Clarendon, b. viii.

RECEI’PT. n. s. [receptum, Latin.]
1. The act of receiving.
Villain, thou did'st deny the gold's receipt,
And told me of a mistress. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
It must be done upon the receit of the wound, before the
patient's spirits be overheated. Wiseman's Surgery.
The joy of a monarch for the news of a victory must not
be expressed like the ecstasy of a harlequin, on the receipt of
a letter from his mistress. Dryden.
2. The place of receiving.
Jesus saw Matthew sitting at the receipt of custom. Matt.
3. [Recepte, Fr.] A note given, by which money is acknow­
ledged to have been received.
4. Reception; admission.
It is of things heavenly an universal declaration, work­
ing in them, whose hearts God inspireth with the due consi­
deration thereof, an habit or disposition of mind, whereby
they are made fit vessels, both for the receipt and delivery of
whatsoever spiritual perfection. Hooker, b. v. s. 37.
5. Reception; welcome.
The same words in my lady Philoclea's mouth might have
had a better grace, and perchance have found a gentler
receipt. Sidney.
6. [From recipe.] Prescription of ingredients for any compo­
sition.
On's bed of death
Many receipts he gave me, chiefly one
Of his old experience th' only darling. Shakesp.
That Medea could make old men young again, was no­
thing else, but that, from knowledge of simples, she had
a receipt to make white hair black. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Wise leeches will not vain receipts obtrude,
While growing pains pronounce the humours crude. Dryd.
Some dryly plain, without invention's aid,
Write dull receipts how poems may be made. Pope.
Scribonius found the receipt in a letter wrote to Tiberius,
and was never able to procure the receipt during the empe­
ror's life. Arbuthnot on Coins.

RECEI’VABLE. adj. [recevable, Fr. from receive.] Capable of
being received. Dict.

To RE’CEIVE. v. a. [recevoir, Fr. recipio, Lat.]
1. To take or obtain any thing as due.
If by this crime he owes the law his life,
Why, let the war receive 't in valiant gore. Shakesp.
A certain nobleman went into a far country, to receive for
himself a kingdom, and return. Luke xiv. 12.
2. To take or obtain from another.
Ye shall receive of me gifts. Dan. ii. 6.
Though I should receive a thousand shekels of silver in mine
hand, yet would I not put forth mine hand against the king's
son. 2 Sam. xviii. 12.
What? shall we receive good at the hands of God, and
shall we not receive evil? Job ii. 10.
To them hast thou poured a drink-offering? should I re­
ceive comfort in these? Is. lvii. 6.
He that doeth wrong, shall receive for the wrong done;
and there is no respect of persons. Col. iii. 25.
They lived with the friendship and equality of brethren;
received no laws from one another, but lived separately. Locke.
3. To take any thing communicated.
Put all in writing that thou givest out, and receivest in.
Ecclus. xlii. 7.
Draw general conclusions from every particular they meet
with: these make little true benefit of history; nay, being
of forward and active spirits, receive more harm by it. Locke.
The idea of solidity we receive by our touch. Locke.
The same inability will every one find, who shall go about
to fashion in his understanding any simple idea, not received
in by his senses or by reflection. Locke.
To conceive the ideas we receive from sensation, consider
them, in reference to the different ways, whereby they make
their approaches to our minds. Locke.
4. To embrace intellectually.
We have set it down as a law, to examine things to the
bottom, and not to receive upon credit, or reject upon impro­
babilities. Bacon's Natural History.
In an equal indifferency for all truth; I mean the receiving
it, in the love of it, as truth; and in the examination of our
principles, and not receiving any for such, till we are fully
convinced of their certainty, consists the freedom of the un­
derstanding. Locke.
5. To allow.
Long received custom forbidding them to do as they did,
there was no excuse to justify their act; unless, in the scrip­
ture, they could shew some law, that did licence them thus
to break a received custom. Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.
Will it not be receiv'd,
When we have mark'd with blood those sleepy two,
And us'd their very daggers; that they have don't?
—Who dares receive it other? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Lest any should think that any thing in this number eight
creates the diapason; this computation of eight is rather a
thing received, than any true computation. Bacon.
6. To admit.
When they came to Jerusalem, they were received of the
church. Acts xv. 4.
Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward re­
ceive me to glory. Psalm lxxiii. 24.
Let her be shut out from the camp seven days, and after
that received in again. Numb. xii. 14.
Free converse with persons of different sects will enlarge
our charity towards others, and incline us to receive them
into all the degrees of unity and affection, which the word of
God requires. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
7. To take as into a vessel.
He was taken up, and a cloud received him out of their
sight. Acts i. 9.
8. To take into a place or state.
After the Lord had spoken, he was received up into hea­
ven, and sat on the right hand of God. Mar. xvi. 19.
9. To conceive in the mind; to take intellectually.
To one of your receiving,
Enough is shewn. Shakesp.
10. To entertain as a guest.
Abundance fit to honour, and receive
Our heav'nly stranger. Milton.

RECEI’VEDNESS. n. s. [from received.] General allowance.
Others will, upon account of the receivedness of the pro­
posed opinion, think it rather worth to be examined, than
acquiesced in. Boyle.

RECEI’VER. n. s. [receveur, Fr. from receive.]
1. One to whom any thing is communicated by another.
All the learnings that his time could make him receiver of,
he took as we do air. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
She from whose influence all impression came,
But by receivers impotencies lame. Donne.
2. One to whom any thing is given or paid.
There is a receiver, who alone handleth the monies. Bacon.
In all works of liberality, something more is to be consi­
dered, besides the occasion of the givers; and that is the oc­
casion of the receivers. Sprat.
Gratitude is a virtue, disposing the mind to an inward
sense, and an outward acknowledgement of a benefit received,
together with a readiness to return the same, as the occasions
of the doer shall require, and the abilities of the receiver ex­
tend to. South.


If one third of the money in trade were locked up, land­
holders must receive one third less for their goods; a less quan­
tity of money by one third being to be distributed amongst
an equal number of receivers. Locke.
Wood's halfpence will be offered for six a penny, and the
necessary receivers will be losers of two thirds in their pay. Sw.
3. One who partakes of the blessed sacrament.
The signification and sense of the sacrament dispose the spi­
rit of the receiver to admit the grace of the spirit of God there
consigned. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
4. One who cooperates with a robber, by taking the goods
which he steals.
This is a great cause of the maintenance of thieves, know­
ing their receivers always ready; for were there no receivers,
there would be no thieves. Spenser's State of Ireland.
5. The vessel into which spirits are emitted from the still.
These liquors, which the wide receiver fill,
Prepar'd with labour, and refin'd with skill,
Another course to distant parts begin. Blackmore.
Alkaline spirits run in veins down the sides of the receiver
in distillations, which will not take fire. Arbuthnot.
6. The vessel of the air pump, out of which the air is drawn,
and which therefore receives any body on which experiments
are tried.
The air that in exhausted receivers of air pumps is exhaled
from minerals, is as true as to elasticity and density or rare­
faction, as that we respire in. Bentley.

To RECELE’BRATE. v. a. [re and celebrate.] To celebrate anew.
French air and English verse here wedded lie:
Who did this knot compose,
Again hath brought the lilly to the rose;
And with their chained dance,
Recelebrates the joyful match. Benj. Johnson.

RE’CENCY. n. s. [recens, Lat.] Newness; new state.
A schirrhus in its recency, whilst it is in its augment, re­
quireth milder applications than the confirmed one. Wiseman.

RECE’NSION. n. s. [recensio, Lat.] Enumeration; review.
In this recension of monthly flowers, it is to be understood
from its first appearing to its final withering. Evelyn's Kalen.

RE’CENT. adj. [recens, Latin.]
1. New; not of long existence.
The ancients were of opinion, that those parts, where
Egypt now is, were formerly sea, and that a considerable por­
tion of that country was recent, and formed out of the mud
discharged into the neighbouring sea by the Nile. Woodward.
2. Late; not antique.
Among all the great and worthy persons, whereof the
memory remaineth, either ancient or recent, there is not one
that hath been transported to the mad degree of love. Bacon.
3. Fresh; not long dismissed from.
Ulysses moves,
Urg'd on by want, and recent from the storms,
The brackish ouze his manly grace deforms. Pope.

RE’CENTLY. adv. [from recent.] Newly; freshly.
Those tubes, which are most recently made of fluids, are
most flexible and most easily lengthened. Arbuthnot.

RECE’NTNESS. n. s. [from recent.] Newness; freshness.
This inference of the recentness of mankind from the re­
centness of these apotheoses of gentile deities, seems too weak
to bear up this supposition of the novitas humani generis. Hale.

RECE’PTACLE. n. s. [receptaculum, Lat.] A vessel or place
into which any thing is received.
When the sharpness of death was overcome, he then
opened heaven, as well to believing gentiles as Jews: heaven
till then was no receptacle to the souls of either. Hooker.
The county of Tipperary, the only county palatine in
Ireland, is by abuse of some bad ones made a receptacle to rob
the rest of the counties about it. Spenser's State of Ireland.
As in a vault, an ancient receptacle,
Where for these many hundred years, the bones
Of all my buried ancestors are packt. Shakesp.
The eye of the soul, or receptacle of sapience and divine
knowledge. Raleigh's History of the World.
Lest paradise a receptacle prove
To spirits soul, and all my trees their prey. Milton.
Their intelligence, put in at the top of the horn, shall
convey it into a little receptacle at the bottom. Addison.
These are conveniencies to private persons; instead of being
receptacles for the truly poor, they tempt men to pretend po­
verty, in order to share the advantages. Atterbury.
Though the supply from this great receptacle below be con­
tinual and alike to all the globe; yet when it arrives near the
surface, where the heat is not so uniform, it is subject to
vicissitudes. Woodward.

RECEPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [receptus, Lat.] Possibility of receiving.
The peripatetick matter is a pure unactuated power; and
this conceited vacuum a mere receptibility. Glanvill.

RE’CEPTARY. n. s. [receptus, Lat.] Thing received. Not in use.
They, which behold the present state of things, cannot
condemn our sober enquiries in the doubtful appertenancies of
arts and receptaries of philosophy. Brown.

RECE’PTION. n. s. [receptus, Latin.d]
1. The act of receiving.
Both serve completely for the reception and communication
of learned knowledge. Holder's Elements of Speech.
In this animal are found parts official unto nutrition, which
were its aliment the empty reception of air, provisions had
been superfluous. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. The state of being received.
3. Admission of any thing communicated.
Causes, according still
To the reception of their matter, act;
Not to th' extent of their own sphere. Milton's Par. Lost.
In some animals, the avenues, provided by nature for the
reception of sensations, are few, and the perception, they are
received with, obscure and dull. Locke.
4. Readmission.
All hope is lost
Of my reception into grace. Milton's Par. Lost.
5. The act of containing.
I cannot survey this world of fluid matter, without think­
ing on the hand that first poured it out, and made a proper
channel for its reception. Addison.
6. Treatment at first coming; welcome; entertainment.
This succession of so many powerful methods being farther
prescribed by God, have found so discouraging a reception,
that nothing but the violence of storming or battery can pre­
tend to prove successful. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Pretending to consult
About the great reception of their king,
Thither to come. Milton.
7. Opinion generally admitted.
Philosophers, who have quitted the popular doctrines of
their countries, have fallen into as extravagant opinions, as
even common reception countenanced. Locke.
8. Recovery.
He was right glad of the French king's reception of those
towns from Maximilian. Bacon's Henry VII.

RE’CEPTIVE. adj. [receptus, Lat.] Having the quality of ad­
mitting what is communicated.
The soul being, as it is active, perfected by love of that
infinite good, shall, as it is receptive, be also perfected with
those supernatural passions of joy, peace and delight. Hooker.
The pretended first matter is capable of all forms, and the
imaginary space is receptive of all bodies. Glanvill.

RE’CEPTORY. adj. [receptus, Lat.] Generally or popularly
admitted.
Although therein be contained many excellent things, and
verified upon his own experience, yet are there many also
receptory, and will not endure the test. Brown.

RECE’SS. n. s. [recessus, Latin.]
1. Retirement; retreat; withdrawing; secession.
What tumults could not do, an army must; my recess hath
given them confidence that I may be conquered. K. Charles.
Fair Thames she haunts, and ev'ry neighb'ring grove,
Sacred to soft recess and gentle love. Prior.
2. Departure.
We come into the world, and know not how; we live in
it in a self-nescience, and go hence again, and are as igno­
rant of our recess. Glanvill's Sceps.
3. Place of retirement; place of secrecy; private abode.
This happy place, our sweet
Recess, and only consolation left. Milton's Par. Lost.
The deep recesses of the grove he gain'd. Dryden.
I wish that a crowd of bad writers do not rush into the
quiet of your recesses. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
4. [Recez, Fr.] Perhaps an abstract of the proceedings of an
imperial diet.
In the imperial chamber, the proctors have a florin taxed
and allowed them for every substantial recess. Ayliffe.
5. Departure into privacy.
The great seraphick lords and cherubim,
In close recess, and secret conclave sat. Milton.
In the recess of the jury, they are to consider their evi­
dence. Hale.
6. Remission or suspension of any procedure.
On both sides they made rather a kind of recess, than a
breach of treaty, and concluded upon a truce. Bacon.
I conceived this parliament would find work, with conve­
nient recesses, for the first three years. King Charles.
7. Removal to distance.
Whatsoever sign the sun possessed, whose recess or vicinity
defineth the quarters of the year, those of our seasons were
actually existent. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
8. Privacy; secrecy of abode.
Good verse, recess and solitude requires;
And ease from cares, and undisturb'd desires. Dryden.
9. Secret part.
In their mysteries, and most secret recesses, and adyta of
their religion, their heathen priests betrayed and led their vo­
taries into all the most horrid unnatural sins. Hammond.
Every scholar should acquaint himself with a superficial
scheme of all the sciences, yet there is no necessity for every
man of learning to enter into their difficulties and deep
recesses. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.



RECE’SSION. n. s. [recessio, Lat.] The act of retreating.

To RECHA’NGE. v. a. [rechanger, Fr. re and change.] To
change again.
Those endued with foresight, work with facility; others are
perpetually changing and rechanging their work. Dryden.

To RECHA’RGE. v. a. [recharger, Fr. re and charge.]
1. To accuse in return.
The fault, that we find with them, is, that they over­
much abridge the church of her power in these things: where­
upon they recharge us, as if in these things we gave the church
a liberty, which hath no limits or bounds. Hooker.
2. To attack anew.
They charge, recharge, and all along the sea
They drive, and squander the huge Beigian fleet. Dryden.

RECHEA’T. n. s. Among hunters, a lesson which the hunts­
man winds on the horn, when the hounds have lost their
game, to call them back from pursuing a counterscent. Bail.
That a woman conceived me, I thank her; but that I will
have a recheat winded in my forehead, or hang my bugle in
an invisible baldrick, all women shall pardon me. Shakesp.

RECIDIVA’TION. n. s. [recidivus, Lat.] Backsliding; falling
again.
Our renewed obedience is still most indispensably required,
though mixed with much of weakness, frailties, recidivations,
to make us capable of pardon. Hammond's Pract. Cat.

RECIDI’VOUS. adj. [recidivus, Lat.] Subject to fall again.

RE’CIPE. n. s. [recipe, Lat. the term used by physicians, when
they direct ingredients.] A medical prescription.
I should enjoin you travel; for absence doth in a kind re­
move the cause, and answers the physicians first recipe, vo­
miting and purging; but this would be too harsh. Suckling.
Th' apothecary train is wholly blind,
From files a random recipe they take,
And many deaths of one prescription make. Dryden.

RECIPIENT. n. s. [recipiens, Latin.]
1. The receiver; that to which any thing is communicated.
Though the images, or whatever else is the cause of sense,
may be alike as from the object, yet may the representations
be varied according to the nature of the recipient. Glanvill.
2. [Recipient, Fr.] The vessel into which spirits are driven by
the still.
The form of found words, dissolved by chymical prepara­
tion, ceases to be nutritive; and after all the labours of the
alembeck, leaves in the recipient a fretting corrosive. D. of Pie.

RECIPROCAL. adj. [reciprocus, Lat. reciproque, Fr.]
1. Acting in vicissitude; alternate.
Corruption is reciprocal to generation; and they two are as
nature's two boundaries, and guides to life and death. Bacon.
What if that light,
To the terrestial moon be as a star,
Enlight'ning her by day, as she by night,
This earth? reciprocal, if land be there,
Fields and inhabitants. Milton.
2. Mutual; done by each to each.
Where there's no hope of a reciprocal aid, there can be no
reason for the mutual obligation. L'Estrange.
In reciprocal duties, the failure on one side justifies not a
failure on the other. Clarissa.
3. Mutually interchangeable.
These two rules will render a definition reciprocal with the
thing defined; which, in the schools, signifies, that the de­
finition may be used in the place of the thing defined. Watts.
4. In geometry, reciprocal proportion is, when, in four num­
bers, the fourth number is so much lesser than the second, as
the third is greater than the first, and vice versa. Harris.
According to the laws of motion, if the bulk and activity
of aliment and medicines are in reciprocal proportion, the ef­
fect will be the same. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

RECI’PROCALLY. adv. [from reciprocal.] Mutually; inter­
changeably.
His mind and place
Infecting one another reciprocally. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Make the bodies appear enlightened by the shadows which
bound the sight, which cause it to repose for some space of
time; and reciprocally the shadows may be made sensible by
enlightening your ground. Dryden.
If the distance be about the hundredth part of an inch,
the water will rise to the height of about an inch; and if the
distance be greater or less in any proportion, the height will
be reciprocally proportional to the distance very nearly: for the
attractive force of the glasses is the same, whether the distance
between them be greater or less; and the weight of the wa­
ter drawn up is the same, if the height of it be reciprocally
proportional to the height of the glasses. Newton's Opticks.
Those two particles do reciprocally affect each other with
the same force and vigour, as they would do at the same di­
stance in any other situation. Bentley.

RECI’PROCALNESS. n. s. [from reciprocal.] Mutual return;
alternateness.
The reciprocalness of the injury onght to allay the displea­
sure at it. Decay of Piety.

To RECI’PROCATE. v. n. [reciprocus, Lat. reciproquer, Fr.]
To act interchangeably; to alternate.
One brawny smith the puffing bellows plies,
And draws, and blows reciprocating air. Dryden.
From whence the quick reciprocating breath,
The lobe adhesive, and the sweat of death. Sewel.

RECIPROCA’TION. n. s. [reciprocatio, from reciprocus, Latin.]
Alternation; action interchanged.
Bodies may be altered by heat, and yet no such reciproca­
tion of rarefaction, condensation and separation. Bacon.
That Aristotle drowned himself in Euripus, as despairing
to resolve the cause of its reciprocation or ebb and flow seven
times a day, is generally believed. Brown.
Where the bottom of the sea is owze or sand, it is by
the motion of the waters, so far as the reciprocation of the sea
extends to the bottom, brought to a level. Ray.
The systole resembles the forcible bending of a spring, and
the diastole its flying out again to its natural site: what is the
principal efficient of this reciprocation? Ray.

RECI’SION. n. s. [recisus, Lat.] The act of cutting off.

RECITAL. n. s. [from recite.]
1. Repetition; rehearfal.
The last are repetitions and recitals of the first. Denham.
This often sets him on empty boasts, and betrays him into
vain fantastick recitals of his own performances. Addison.
2. Enumeration.
To make the rough recital aptly chime,
Or bring the sum of Gallia's loss to rhime,
Is mighty hard. Prior.

RECITA’TION. n. s. [from recite.] Repetition; rehearsal.
If menaces of scripture fall upon men's persons, if they are
but the recitations and descriptions of God's decreed wrath,
and those decrees and that wrath have no respect to the ac­
tual sins of men; why should terrors restrain me from sin,
when present advantage invites me to it? Hammond.
He used philosophical arguments and recitations. Temple.

RE’CITATIVE. n. s. [from recite.] A kind of tuneful pro­
nunciation, more musical than common
speech, and less than song; chaunt.
He introduced the examples of moral virtue, writ in verse,
and performed in recitative musick. Dryden.
By singing peers upheld on either hand,
Then thus in quaint recitativo spoke. Dunciad, b. iv.

RECITATI’VO. n. s. [from recite.] A kind of tuneful pro­
nunciation, more musical than common
speech, and less than song; chaunt.
He introduced the examples of moral virtue, writ in verse,
and performed in recitative musick. Dryden.
By singing peers upheld on either hand,
Then thus in quaint recitativo spoke. Dunciad, b. iv.

To RECITE. v. a. [recito, Lat. reciter, Fr.] To rehearse;
to repeat; to enumerate; to tell over.
While Telephus's youthful charms,
His rosy neck, and winding arms,
With endless rapture you recite,
And in the tender name delight. Addison.
The thoughts of gods let Granville's verse recite,
And bring the scenes of op'ning fate to light. Pope.
If we will recite nine hours in ten,
You lose your patience. Pope's Epistles of Horace.

RECI’TE. n. s. [recit, Fr. from the verb.] Recital. Not in use.
This added to all former recites or observations of long­
liv'd races, makes it easy to conclude, that health and long
life are the blessing of the poor as well as rich. Temple.

To RECK. v. n. [recan, Saxon.] To care; to head; to
mind; to rate at much; to be in care. Out of use. Reck
is still retained in Scotland.
Thou's but a lazy loorde,
And recks much of thy swinke,
That with fond terms and witless words,
To bleer mine eyes do'st think. Spenser.
Good or bad,
What do I reck, sith that he dy'd entire. Fairy Queen.
I reck as little what betideth me,
As much I wish all good befortune you. Shakesp.
Of night or loneliness it recks me not;
I fear the dread events that dog them both,
Lest some ill-greeting touch attempt the person
Of our unowned sister. Milton.
With that care lost
Went all his fear; of God, or hell or worse
He reck'd not. Milton.

To RECK. v. a. To heed; to care for.
This son of mine, not recking danger, and neglecting the
present good way he was in of doing himself good, came
hither to do this kind office to my unspeakable grief. Sidney.
If I do lose thee, I do lose a thing,
That none but fools would reck. Shakesp.
Do not you as ungracious parsons do,
Who shew the steep and thorny way to heav'n;
Yet like unthinking reckless libertines,
That in the soft path of dalliance treads,
Recks not his own rede. Shakesp.

RE’CKLESS. adj. [from reck; recceleas, Saxon.] Careless;
heedless; mindless; untouched. See RECK.
It made the king as reckless, as them diligent. Sidney.
I'll after, more to be reveng'd of Eglamour
Than for the love of reckless Silvia. Shakesp.
He apprehends death no more dreadfully, but as a drunken
sleep; careless, reckless, and fearless of what's past, present
or to come; insensible of mortality and desperately mortal. Sha.


Next this was drawn the reckless cities flame,
When a strange hell pour'd down from heaven there came.
Cowley.

RE’CKLESNESS. n. s. [from reck. This word in the seventeenth
article is erroneously written wretchlessness.] Carelessness;
negligence.
Over many good fortunes began to breed a proud reckles­
ness in them. Sidney.

To RECKON. v. a. [reccan, Saxon; reckenen, Dutch.]
1. To number; to count.
The priest shall reckon unto him the money according to
the years that remain, and it shall be abated. Lev. xxvii. 18.
Numb'ring of his virtues praise,
Death lost the reckoning of his days. Crashaw.
When are questions belonging to all finite existences by us
reckoned from some known parts of this sensible world, and
from some certain epochs marked out by motions in it. Locke.
The freezing of water, or the blowing of a plant, return­
ing at equidistant periods, would as well serve men to reckon
their years by, as the motions of the sun. Locke.
I reckoned above two hundred and fifty on the outside of the
church, though I only told three sides of it. Addison.
Would the Dutch be content with the military government
and revenues, and reckon it among what shall be thought ne­
cessary for their barrier? Swift's Miscellanies.
A multitude of cities are reckoned up by the geographers,
particularly by Ptolemy. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To esteem; to account.
Where we cannot be persuaded that the will of God is,
we should far reject the authority of men, as to reckon it
nothing. Hooker.
Varro's aviary is still so famous, that it is reckoned for one
of those notables, which men of foreign nations record. Wott.
For him I reckon not in high estate;
But thee, whose strength, while virtue was her mate,
Might have subdu'd the earth. Milton's Agonistes.
People, young and raw, and soft-natured, are apt to think
it an easy thing to gain love, and reckon their own friendship
a sure price of another man's: but when experience shall have
shewn them the hardness of most hearts, the hollowness of
others and the baseness of all, they will find that a friend is
the gift of God, and that he only, who made hearts, can
unite them. South's Sermons.
3. To assign in an account.
To him that worketh is the reward not reckoned of grace,
but of debt. Romans iv. 4.

To RE’CKON. v. n.
1. To compute; to calculate.
We may fairly reckon, that this first age of apostles, with
that second generation of many who were their immediate
converts, extended to the middle of the second century. Add.
2. To state an account.
We shall not spend a large expence of time,
Before we reckon with your several loves,
And make us even with you. Shakesp.
3. To charge to account.
I call posterity
Into the debt, and reckon on her head. Benj. Johnson.
4. To pay a penalty.
If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it
one day. Sanderson's Judgment.
5. To call to punishment.
God suffers the most grievous sins of particular persons to
go unpunished in this world, because his justice will have an­
other opportunity to meet and reckon with them. Tillotson.
6. [Compter sur, Fr.] To lay stress or dependance upon.
You reckon upon losing your friends kindness, when you
have sufficiently convinced them, they can never hope for
any of yours. Temple's Miscellanies.

RE’CKONER. n. s. [from reckon.] One who computes; one
who calculates cost.
Reckoners without their host must reckon twice. Camden.

RE’CKONING. n. s. [from reckon.]
1. Computation; calculation.
2. Account of time.
Can'st thou their reck'nings keep? the time compute?
When their swoln bellies shall enlarge their fruit. Sandys.
3. Accounts of debtor and creditor.
They that know how their own reck'ning goes,
Account not what they have, but what they lose. Daniel.
It is with a man and his conscience, as with one man and
another; even reckoning makes lasting friends; and the way
to make reckonings even, is to make them often. South.
4. Money charged by an host.
His industry is upstairs and down; his eloquence the parcel
of a reckoning. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When a man's verses cannot be understood, it strikes a
man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room. Shak.
A coin would have a nobler use than to pay a reckoning. Add.
5. Account taken.
There was no reckoning made with them of the money de­
livered into their hand. 2 Kings.
6. Esteem; account; estimation.
Beauty, though in as great excellency in yourself as in any,
yet you make no further reckoning of it, than of an outward
fading benefit nature bestowed. Sidney.
Were they all of as great account as the best among them,
with us notwithstanding they ought not to be of such reckon­
ing, that their opinion should cause the laws of the church to
give place. Hooker's Preface.

To RECLAI’M. v. a. [reclamo, Latin.]
1. To reform; to correct.
He spared not the heads of any mischievous practices, but
shewed sharp judgment on them for ensample sake, that all
the meaner sort, which were infected with that evil, might,
by terror thereof, be reclaimed and saved. Spenser.
This errour whosoever is able to reclaim, he shall save more
in one summer, than Themison destroy'd in any autumn.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Reclaim your wife from strolling up and down
To all assizes. Dryden's Juvenal.
'Tis the intention of providence, in all the various expres­
sions of his goodness, to reclaim mankind, and to engage their
obedience. Roger's Sermons.
The penal laws in being against papists have been found
ineffectual, and rather confirm than reclaim men from their
errors. Swift.
2. [Reclamer, Fr.] To reduce to the state desired.
It was for him to hasten to let his people see, that he meant
to govern by law, howsoever he came in by the sword; and
fit also to reclaim them, to know him for their king, whom
they had so lately talked of as an enemy. Bacon.
Much labour is requir'd in trees, to tame
Their wild disorder, and in ranks reclaim. Dryden.
Minds she the dangers of the Lycian coast?
Or is her tow'ring flight reclaim'd,
By seas from Icarus's downfal nam'd?
Vain is the call, and useless the advice. Prior.
3. To recall; to cry out against.
The head-strong horses hurried Octavius, the trembling
charioteer, along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them. Dryd.
Oh tyrant love!
Wisdom and wit in vain reclaim,
And arts but soften us to feel thy flame. Pope.
4. To tame.
Upon his fist he bore
An eagle well reclaim'd. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Are not hawks brought to the hand, and lions, tygers and
bears reclaimed by good usage? L'Estrange's Fables.

To RECLI’NE. v. a. [reclino, Lat. recliner, Fr.] To lean back;
to lean sidewise.
The mother
Reclin'd her dying head upon his breast. Dryden.
While thus she rested, on her arm reclin'd,
The purling streams that through the meadow stray'd,
In drowsy murmurs lull'd the gentle maid. Addison.

To RECLI’NE. v. n. To rest; to repose; to lean.

RECLI’NE. adj. [reclinis, Lat.] In a leaning posture.
They sat recline
On the soft downy bank, damask'd with flow'rs. Milton.

To RECLO’SE. v. a. [re and close.] To close again.
The silver ring she pull'd, the door reclos'd;
The bolt, obedient to the silken cord,
To the strong staples inmost depth restor'd,
Secur'd the valves. Pope's Odyssey.

To RECLU’DE. v. a. [recludo, Lat.] To open.
The ingredients absorb the intestinal superfluities, reclude
oppilations, and mundify the blood. Harvey.

RECLU’SE. adj. [reclus, Fr. reclusus, Lat.] Shut up; retired.
This must be the inference of a mere contemplative; a
recluse that converses only with his own meditations. D. of P.
The nymphs
Melissan, sacred and recluse to Ceres,
Pour streams select, and purity of waters. Prior.
I all the live long day
Consume in meditation deep, recluse from human converse.
Philips.

RECOAGULA’TION. n. s. [re and coagulation.] Second coagu­
lation.
This salt, dissolved in a convenient quantity of water, does
upon its recoagulation dispose of the aqueous particles among
its own saline ones, and shoot into crystals. Boyle.

RECO’GNISANCE. n. s. [recognisance, Fr.]
1. Acknowledgement of person or thing.
2. Badge.
Apparent it is, that all men are either christians or not; if
by external profession they be christians, then are they of the
visible church of Christ; and christians by external profession
they are all, whose mark of recognizance hath in it those
things mentioned, yet although they be impious idolators and
wicked hereticks. Hooker, b. iii. s. 1.
She did gratify his amorous works
With that recognizance and pledge of love,
Which I first gave her; an handkerchief. Shakesp.


3. A bond of record testifying the recognisor to owe unto the
recognisee a certain sum of money; and is acknowledged in
some court of record: and those that are mere recognisances
are not sealed but enrolled: It is also used for the verdict of
the twelve men empannelled upon an assize. Cowel.
The English should not marry with any Irish, unless bound
by recognisance with sureties, to continue loyal. Davies.

To RECOGNI’SE. v. a. [recognosco, Lat.]
1. To acknowledge; to recover and avow knowledge of any
person or thing.
The British cannon formidably roars,
While starting from his oozy bed,
Th' asserted ocean rears his reverend head,
To view and recognise his ancient lord. Dryden.
Then first he recognis'd th' æthereal guest,
Wonder and joy alternate fire his breast. Pope.
2. To review; to reexamine.
However their causes speed in your tribunals, Christ will
recognise them at a greater. South.

RECOGNISEE’. n. s. He in whose favour the bond is drawn.

RECO’GNISOR. n. s. He who gives the recognisance.

RECOGNI’TION. n. s. [recognitio, Latin.]
1. Review; renovation of knowledge.
The virtues of some being thought expedient to be annually
had in remembrance, brought in a fourth kind of publick
reading, whereby the lives of such saints had, at the time of
their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the church of
God. Hooker, b. iii. s. 20.
2. Knowledge confessed.
Every species of fancy hath three modes; recognition of a
thing, as present; memory of it, as past; and foresight of it,
as to come. Grew's Cosmol.
3. Acknowledgment.
If the recognition or acknowledgment of a final concord,
upon any writ of covenant finally, be taken by justice of as­
size, and the yearly value of those lands be declared by affi­
davit made before the same justice; then is the recognition and
value signed with the hand-writing of that justice. Bacon.

To RECOI’L. v. n. [reculer, Fr.]
1. To rush back in consequence of resistance, which cannot be
overcome by the force impressed.
The very thought of my revenges that way
Recoil upon me; in himself too mighty. Shakesp.
Revenge, at first though sweet,
Bitter ere long, back on itself recoils. Milton.
Amazement seiz'd
All th' host of heav'n, back they recoil'd, afraid
At first. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
Evil on itself shall back recoil. Milton.
Who in deep mines for hidden knowledge toils,
Like guns o'ercharg'd, breaks, misses or recoils. Denham.
My hand's so soft, his heart so hard,
The blow recoils, and hurts me while I strike! Dryden.
Whatever violence may be offered to nature, by endea­
vouring to reason men into a contrary persuasion, nature will
still recoil, and at last return to itself. Tillotson.
2. To fall back.
Ye both forewearied be; therefore a while
I read you rest, and to your bowers recoil. Fairy Queen.
Ten paces huge
He back recoil'd; the tenth on bended knee,
His massy spear upstay'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
3. To fail; to shrink.
A good and virtuous nature may recoil
In an imperial charge. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To RECOI’N. v. a. [re and coin.] To coin over again.
Among the Romans, to preserve great events upon their
coins, when any particular piece of money grew very scarce,
it was often recoined by a succeeding emperor. Addison.

RECOI’NAGE. n. s. [re and coinage.] The act of coining anew.
The mint gained upon the late statute, by the recoinage of
groats and half-groats, now twelvepences and sixpences. Bac.

To RECOLLE’CT. v. a. [recollectus, Lat.]
1. To recover to memory.
It did relieve my passion much;
More than light airs and recollected terms
Of these most brisk and giddy paced times. Shakesp.
Recollect every day the things seen, heard, or read, which
made any addition to your understanding. Watts's Logick.
2. To recover reason or resolution.
The Tyrian queen
Admir'd his fortunes, more admir'd the man;
Then recollected stood. Dryden's æneis.
3. To gather what is scattered; to gather again.
Now that God hath made his light radiate in his word,
men may recollect those scattered divine beams, and kindling
with them the topicks proper to warm our affections, enflame
holy zeal. Boyle.

RECOLLE’CTION. n. s. [from recollect.] Recovery of notion;
revival in the memory.
Recollection is when an idea is sought after by the mind, and
with pain and endeavour found, and brought again in view.
Locke.
Let us take care that we sleep not without such a recollec­
tion of the actions of the day as may represent any thing that
is remarkable, as matter of sorrow or thanksgiving. Taylor.
The last image of that troubled heap,
When sense subsides, and fancy sports in sleep,
Though past the recollection of the thought,
Becomes the stuff of which our dream is wrought. Pope.

To RECO’MFORT. v. a. [re and comfort.]
1. To comfort or console again.
What place is there lest, we may hope our woes to re­
comfort. Sidney, b. i.
Ne'er through an arch so hurried the blown tides,
As the recomforted through th' gates. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
As one from sad dismay
Recomforted, and, after thoughts disturb'd,
Submitting to what seem'd remediless. Milton.
2. To give new strength.
In strawberries, it is usual to help the ground with muck;
and likewise to recomfort it sometimes with muck put to the
roots; but to water with muck water is not practised. Bacon.

To RECOMME’NCE. v. a. [recommencer, Fr. re and commence.]
To begin anew.

To RECOMME’ND. v. a. [recommender, Fr. re and commend.]
1. To praise to another.
2. To make acceptable.
Mecenas recommended Virgil and Horace to Augustus,
whose praises helped to make him popular while alive, and
after his death have made him precious to posterity. Dryden.
A decent boldness ever meets with friends,
Succeeds, and ev'n a stranger recommends. Pope.
3. To commit with prayers.
They had been recommended to the grace of God. Acts xiv.

RECOMME’NDABLE. adj. [recommendable, Fr. from recommend.]
Worthy of recommendation or praise.
Though these pursuits should make out no pretence to ad­
vantage, yet, upon the account of honour, they are recom­
mendable. Granvill's Preface to Sceps.

RECOMMENDA’TION. n. s. [recommendation, Fr. from recom­
mend.]
1. The act of recommending.
2. That which secures to one a kind reception from another.
Poplicola's doors were opened on the outside, to save the
people even the common civility of asking entrance; where
misfortune was a powerful recommendation; and where want
itself was a powerful mediator. Dryden.

RECOMME’NDATORY. adj. [from recommend.] That which
commends to another.
Verses recommendatory they have commanded me to prefix
before my book. Swift.

RECOMME’NDER. n. s. [from recommend.] One who recom­
mends.
St. Chrysostom, as great a lover and recommender of the
solitary state as he was, declares it to be no proper school for
those who are to be leaders of Christ's flock. Atterbury.

To RECOMMI’T. v. a. [re and commit.] To commit anew.
When they had bailed the twelve bishops, who were in
the Tower, the house of commons expostulated with them,
and caused them to be recommitted. Clarendon.

To RECOMPA’CT. [re and compact.] To join anew.
Repair
And recompact my scatter'd body. Donne.

To RECOMPE’NSE. v. a. [recompenser, Fr. re and compenso, Lat.]
1. To repay; to requite.
Continue faithful, and we will recompense you. 1 Mac. x.
Hear from heaven, and requite the wicked, by recompensing
his way upon his own head. 2 Chron. vi. 23.
2. To give in requital.
Thou wast begot of them, and how canst thou recompense
them the things they have done for thee! Ecclus. viii. 28.
Recompense to no man evil for evil. Rom. xii. 17.
3. To compensate; to make up by something equivalent.
French wheat, which is bearded, requireth the best soil,
recompensing the same with a profitable plenty. Carew.
Solyman, willing them to be of good cheer, said, that he
would in short time find occasion for them to recompense that
disgrace, and again to shew their approved valour. Knolles.
He is long ripening, but then his maturity, and the com­
plement thereof, recompenseth the slowness of his maturation.
Hale's Origin of Mankind.
4. To redeem; to pay for.
If the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto,
let it be recompensed unto the Lord. Num. v. 8.

RE’COMPENSE. n. s. [recompense, Fr. from the verb.]
Thou'rt so far before,
That swiftest wing of recompense is slow
To overtake thee. Shakesp.
2. Equivalent; compensation.
Wise men thought the vast advantage from their learning
and integrity an ample recompense for any inconvenience from
their passion. Clarendon.
Your mother's wrongs a recompense shall meet,
I lay my sceptre at her daughter's feet. Dryden.



RECOMPI’LEMENT. n. s. [re and compilement.] New com­
pilement.
Although I had a purpose to make a particular digest or re­
compilement of the laws, I laid it aside. Bacon.

To RECOMPO’SE. v. a. [recomposer, Fr. re and compose.]
1. To settle or quiet anew.
Elijah was so transported, that he could not receive answer
from God, till by musick he was recomposed. Taylor.
2. To form or adjust anew.
We produced a lovely purple, which we can destroy or
recompose at pleasure, by severing or reapproaching the edges
of the two irises. Boyle on Colours.

RECOMPOSI’TION. n. s. [re and composition.] Composition re­
newed.

To RECONCI’LE. v. a. [reconcilier, Fr. reconcilio, Lat.]
1. To make to like again.
This noble passion,
Child of integrity, hath from my soul
Wip'd the black scruples, reconcil'd my thoughts
To thy good truth and honour. Shakesp.
Submit to Cæsar;
And reconcile thy mighty soul to life. Addison's Cato.
2. To make to be liked again.
Many wise men, who knew the treasurer's talent in re­
moving prejudice, and reconciling himself to wavering affec­
tions, believ'd the loss of the duke was unseasonable. Claren.
He that has accustomed himself to take up with what easily
offers itself, has reason to fear he shall never reconcile himself
to the fatigue of turning things in his mind, to discover their
more retired secrets. Locke.
2. To make any thing consistent.
The great men among the ancients understood how to re­
concile manual labour with affairs of state. Locke.
Questions of right and wrong
Which though our consciences have reconciled,
My learning cannot answer. Southern's Spartan Dame.
Some figures monstrous and mishap'd appear,
Consider'd singly, or beheld too near;
Which but proportion'd to their light or place,
Due distance reconciles to form and grace. Pope.
3. To restore to favour.
So thou shalt do for every one that erreth and is simple,
so shall ye reconcile the house. Ezek. xlv. 20.
Let him live before thee reconcil'd. Milton.

RECONCI’LEABLE. adj. [reconciliable, Fr. from reconcile.]
1. Capable of renewed kindness.
2. Consistent; possible to be made consistent.
What we did was against the dictates of our own con­
science; and consequently never makes that act reconcileable
with a regenerate estate, which otherwise would not be
so. Hammond.
The different accounts of the numbers of ships are recon­
cileable, by supposing that some spoke of the men of war
only, and others added the transports. Arbuthnot.
The bones, to be the most convenient, ought to have been
as light, as was reconcileable with sufficient strength. Cheyne.

RECONCI’LEABLENESS. n. s. [from reconcileable.]
1. Consistence; possibility to be reconciled.
The cylinder is an inanimate lifeless trunk, which hath no­
thing of choice or will in it; and therefore cannot be a fit
resemblance to shew the reconcileableness of fate with choice.
Hammond.
Discerning how the several parts of scripture are fitted to
several times, persons and occurrences, we shall discover not
only a reconcileableness, but a friendship and perfect harmony
betwixt texts, that here seem most at variance. Boyle.
2. Disposition to renew love.

RECONCI’LEMENT. n. s. [from reconcile.]
1. Reconciliation; renewal of kindness; favour restored.
No cloud
Of anger shall remain; but peace assur'd
And reconcilement. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii,
Creature so fair! his reconcilement seeking,
Whom she had displeas'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
2. Friendship renewed.
Injury went beyond all degree of reconcilement. Sidney.
On one side great reserve, and very great resentment on the
other, have enslamed animosities, so as to make all reconcile­
ment impracticable. Swift.

RECONCI’LER. n. s. [from reconcile.]
1. One who renews friendship between others.
2. One who discovers the consistence between propositions.
Part of the world know how to accommodate St. James
and St. Paul, better than some late reconcilers. Norris.

RECONCILIA’TION. n. s. [reconciliatio, from re and concilio,
Lat. reconciliation, fr.]
1. Renewal of friendship.
2. Agreement of things seemingly opposite; solution of seem­
ing contrarieties.
These distinctions of the fear of God give us a clear and
easy reconciliation of those seeming inconsistencies of scripture,
with respect to this affection. Rogers.
3. Attonement; expiation.
He might be a merciful and faithful high priest to make re­
conciliation for sin. Heb. ii. 17.

To RECONDE’NSE. v. a. [re and condense.] To condense anew.
In the heads of stills and necks of eolipiles, such vapours
quickly are by a very little cold recondensed into water. Boyle.

RECO’NDITE. adj. [reconditus, Lat.] Secret; profound; abstruse.
A disagreement between thought and expression seldom
happens, but among men of more recondite studies and deep
learning. Felton on the Classicks.

To RECONDU’CT. v. a. [reconduit, Fr. reconductus, Lat. re
and conduct.] To conduct again.
Wander'st thou within this lucid orb,
And stray'd from those fair fields of light above,
Amid'st this new creation want'st a guide,
To reconduct thy steps? Dryden's State of Innocence.

To RECONJOI’N. v. a. [re and conjoin.] To join anew.
Some liquors, although colourless themselves, when ele­
vated into exhalations, exhibit a conspicuous colour, which
they lose again when reconjoined into a liquor. Boyle.

To RECO’NQUER. v. a. [reconquerir, Fr. re and conquer.] To
conquer again.
Chatterton undertook to reconquer Orier. Davies.

To RECONVE’NE. v. n. [re and convene.] To assemble anew.
A worse accident fell out about the time of the two houses
reconvening, which made a wonderful impression. Clarendon.

To RECO’NSECRATE. v. a. [re and consecrate.] To consecrate
anew.
If a church should be consumed by fire, it shall, in such a
case, be reconsecrated. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To RECONVE’Y. v. a. [re and convey.] To convey again.
As rivers lost in seas, some secret vein
Thence reconveys, there to be lost again. Denham.

To RECO’RD. v. a. [recordor, Lat. recorder, Fr.]
1. To register any thing so that its memory may not be lost.
I made him my book, where my soul recorded
The history of all my secret thoughts. Shakesp.
He shall record a gift
Here in the court, of all he dies possess'd,
Unto his son Lorenzo. Shakesp.
Those things that are recorded of him and his impiety, are
written in the chronicles. 1 Esdr. i. 42.
I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that
I have set before you life and death. Deutr. xxx. 20.
They gave complex ideas names, that they might the more
easily record and discourse of those things they were daily con­
versant in. Locke.
2. To celebrate; to cause to be remembered solemnly.
They long'd to see the day, to hear the lark,
Record her hymns, and chant her carrols blest. Fairfax.
So ev'n and morn recorded the third day. Milton.

RECO’RD. n. s. [record, Fr. from the verb. The accent of the
noun is indifferently on either syllable; of the verb always
on the last.] Register; authentick memorial.
Is it upon record? or else reported
Successively, from age to age? Shakesp. Rich. III.
It cannot be
The Volscians dare break with us.
—We have record that very well it can;
And three examples of the like have been. Shakesp.
The king made a record of these things, and Mardocheus
wrote thereof. Esth. xii. 4.
An ark, and in the ark his testimony,
The records of his covenant. Milton.
Of such a goddess no time leaves record,
Who burn'd the temple where she was ador'd. Dryden.
If he affirms such a monarchy continued to the flood, I
would know what records he has it from. Locke.
Though the attested copy of a record be good proof, yet
the copy of a copy never so well attested will not be admitted
as a proof in judicature. Locke.
Thy elder look, great Janus! cast
Into the long records of ages past;
Review the years in fairest action drest. Prior.

RECORDA’TION. n. s. [recordatio, Lat.] Remembrance. Not
in use.
I never shall have length of life enough,
To rain upon remembrance with mine eyes,
That it may grow and spout as high as heav'n
For recordation to my noble husband. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Make a recordation to my soul
Of every syllable that here was spoke. Shakesp.
A man of the primitive temper, when the church by low­
liness did flourish in high examples, which I have inserted
as a due recordation of his virtues, having been much obliged
to him for many favours. Wotton.

RECO’RDER. n. s. [from record.]
1. One whose business is to register any events.
I but your recorder am in this,
Or mouth and speaker of the universe,
A ministerial notary; for 'tis
Not I, but you and fame that make the verse. Donne.


2. The keeper of the rolls in a city.
I ask'd, what meant this wilful silence?
His answer was, the people were not us'd
To be spoke to except by the recorder. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The office of recorder to this city being vacant, five or six
persons are solliciting to succeed him. Swift.
3. A kind of flute; a wind instrument.
The shepherds went among them, and sang an eclogue,
while the other shepherds, pulling out recorders, which pos­
sest the place of pipes, accorded their musick to the others
voice. Sidney, b. ii.
In a recorder, the three uppermost holes yield one tone,
which is a note lower than the tone of the first three. Bacon.
The figures of recorders, and flutes and pipes are straight;
but the recorder hath a less bore and a greater above and
below. Bacon's Natural History.

To RECOU’CH. v. n. [re and couch.] To lie down again.
Thou mak'st the night to overvail the day;
Then lions whelps lie roaring for their prey,
And at thy powerful hand demand their food;
Who when at morn they all recouch again,
Then toiling man till eve pursues his pain. Wotton.

To RECO’VER. v. a. [recouvrer, Fr. recupero, Lat.]
1. To restore from sickness or disorder.
Every of us, each for his self, laboured how to recover him,
while he rather daily sent us companions of our deceit, than
ever return'd in any sound and faithful manner. Sidney.
Would my Lord were with the prophet; for he would re­
cover him of his leprosy. 2 Kings v. 3.
The clouds dispell'd, the sky resum'd her light,
And nature stood recover'd of her fright. Dryden.
2. To repair.
Should we apply this precept only to those who are con­
cerned to recover time they have lost, it would extend to the
whole race of mankind. Rogers.
Even good men have many failings and lapses to lament
and recover. Rogers.
3. To regain.
Stay a while; and we'll debate,
By what safe means the crown may be recover'd. Shakesp.
The spirit of the Lord is upon me, to preach the gospel to
the poor, and recovering of sight to the blind. Luke iv. 18.
Once in forty years cometh a pope, that casteth his eye
upon the kingdom of Naples, to recover it to the church. Bac.
These Italians, in despight of what could be done, reco­
vered Tiliaventum. Knolles's History of the Turks.
I who e'er while the happy garden sung,
By one man's disobedience lost, now sing
Recover'd Paradise to all mankind,
By one man's firm obedience. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Any other person may join with him that is injured, and
assist him in recovering from the offender so much, as may
make satisfaction. Locke.
4. To release.
That they may recover themselves out of the snare of the
devil, who are taken captive by him. 2 Tim. ii. 26.
5. To attain; to reach; to come up to.
The forest is not three leagues off;
If we recover that, we're sure enough. Shakesp.

To RECO’VER. v. n. To grow well from a disease.
Adam, by this from the cold sudden damp
Recovering, his scatter'd spirits return'd. Milton.

RECO’VERABLE. adj. [recouvrable, Fr. from recover.]
1. Possible to be restored from sickness.
2. Possible to be regained.
A prodigal's course
Is like the sun's, but not like his, recoverable, I fear. Shak.
They promised the good people ease in the matter of pro­
tections, by which the debts from parliament men and their
followers were not recoverable. Clarendon.

RECO’VERY. n. s. [from recover.]
1. Restoration from sickness.
Your hopes are regular and reasonable, though in tempo­
ral affairs; such as are deliverance from enemies, and reco­
very from sickness. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
The sweat sometimes acid, is a sign of recovery after acute
distempers. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Power or act of regaining.
What should move me to undertake the recovery of this,
being not ignorant of the impossibility? Shakesp.
These counties were the keys of Normandy:
But wherefore weeps Warwick?
For grief that they are past recovery. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Mario Sanudo lived about the fourteenth age, a man full of
zeal for the recovery of the Holy Land. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. The act of cutting off an entail.
The spirit of wantonness is sure scared out of him; if the
devil have him not in see simple, with fine and recovery. Shak.

To RECOU’NT. v. a. [reconter, Fr.] To relate in detail;
to tell distinctly.
Bid him recount the fore-recited practices. Shakesp.
How I have thought of these times,
I shall recount hereafter. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Plato in Timæo produces an Egyptian priest, who recounted
to Solon out of the holy books of Egypt the story of the flood
universal, which happened long before the Grecian inunda­
tion. Raleigh's History of the World.
The talk of worldly affairs hindreth much, although re­
counted with a fair intention: we speak willingly, but seldom
return to silence. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Say, from these glorious seeds what harvest flows,
Recount our blessings, and compare our woes.

RECOU’NTMENT. n. s. [from recount.] Relation; recital.
When from the first to last, betwixt us two,
Tears our recountments had most finely bath'd;
As how I came into that desart place. Shakesp.

RECOU’RED, for RECOVERED. Spenser.

RECOU’RSE. n. s. [recursus, Lat. recours, Fr.]
1. Frequent passage. Obsolete.
Not Priamus and Hecuba on knees,
Their eyes o'ergalled with recourse of tears. Shakesp.
2. Return; new attack.
Preventive physick, by purging noxious humours and the
causes of diseases, preventeth sickness in the healthy, or the
recourse thereof in the valetudinary. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
3. [Recours, Fr.] Application as for help or protection. This
is the common use.
Thus died this great peer, in a time of great recourse unto
him and dependance upon him, the house and town full of
servants and suiters. Wotton's Buckingham.
The council of Trent commends the making recourse, not
only to the prayers of the saints, but to their aid and assis­
stance. Stillingfleet's Def. of Dis. on Roman Idol.
Can any man think, that this privilege was at first con­
ferred upon the church of Rome, and that christians in all
ages had constant recourse to it for determining their diffe­
rences; and yet that that very church should now be at a loss
where to find it? Tillotson.
All other means have fail'd to wound her heart,
Our last recourse is therefore to our art. Dryden.
4. Access.
The doors be lockt,
That no man hath recourse to her by night. Shakesp.

RE’CREANT. adj. [recriant, Fr.]
1. Cowardly; meanspirited; subdued; crying out for mercy;
recanting out of fear.
Let be that lady debonaire,
Thou recreant knight, and soon thyself prepare
To battle. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Dost
Thou wear a lion's hide? doff it for shame,
And hang a calf's skin on those recreant limbs. Shakesp.
Here standeth Thomas Mowbray, duke of Norfolk,
On pain to be found false and recreant. Shakesp.
Thou
Must, as a foreign recreant, be led
With manacles along our street. Shakesp.
The knight, whom fate and happy chance shall grace
From out the bars to force his opposite,
Or kill, or make him recreant on the plain,
The prize of valour and of love shall gain. Dryden.
2. Apostate; false.
Who for so many benefits receiv'd,
Turn'd recreant to God, ingrate and false,
And so of all true good himself despoil'd. Milton's Par. Reg.

To RE’CREATE. v. a. [recreo, Lat recreer, Fr.]
1. To refresh after toil; to amuse or divert in weariness.
He hath left you all his walks,
And to your heirs for ever; common pleasures,
To walk abroad and recreate yourselves. Shakesp.
Necessity and the example of St. John, who recreated him­
self with sporting with a tame partridge, teach us, that it is
lawful to relax our bow, but not suffer it to be unstrung. Tayl.
Painters, when they work on white grounds, place before
them colours mixt with blue and green, to recreate their eyes,
white wearying and paining the sight more than any. Dryden.
2. To delight; to gratify.
These ripe fruits recreate the nostrils with their aromatick
scent. More's Divine Dialogues.
3. To relieve; to revive.
Take a walk to refresh yourself with the open air, which
inspired fresh doth exceedingly recreate the lungs, heart and
vital spirits. Harvey on Consumptions.

RECREA’TION. n. s. [from recreate.]
1. Relief after toil or pain; amusement in sorrow or distress.
The chief recreation she could find in her anguish, was
sometime to visit that place, where first she was so happy as
to see the cause of her unhap. Sidney, b. ii.
I'll visit
The chapel where they lie, and tears, shed there,
Shall be my recreation. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The great men among the antients understood how to re­
concile manual labour with affairs of state; and thought it no
lessening to their dignity to make the one the recreation to the
other. Locke on Education.


2. Refreshment; amusement; diversion.
You may have the recreation of surprizing those with ad­
miration, who shall hear the deaf person pronounce whatso­
ever they shall desire, without your seeming to guide him.
Holder's Elements of Speech.
Nor is that man less deceived, that thinks to maintain a
constant tenure of pleasure, by a continual pursuit of sports
and recreations: for all these things, as they refresh a man
when weary, so they weary him when refreshed. South.

RE’CREATIVE. adj. [from recreate.] Refreshing; giving re­
lief after labour or pain; amusing; diverting.
Let the musick be recreative, and with some strange
changes. Bacon.
aLet not your recreations be lavish spenders of your time;
but chuse such as are healthful, recreative and apt to refresh
you: but at no hand dwell upon them. Taylor.
The access these trifles gain to the closets of ladies,
seem to promise such easy and recreative experiments, which
require but little time or charge. Boyle.

RE’CREATIVENESS. n. s. [from recreative.] The quality of
being recreative.

RE’CREMENT. n. s. [recrementum, Lat.] Dross; spume;
superfluous or useless parts.
The vital fire in the heart requires an ambient body of a
yielding nature, to receive the superfluous serosities and other
recrements of the blood. Boyle.

RECREME’NTAL. adj. [from recrement.] Drossy.

RECREMENTI’TIOUS. adj. [from recrement.] Drossy.

To RECRI’MINATE. v. n. [recriminer, Fr. re and crimi­
nor, Latin.] To return one accusation with another.
It is not my business to recriminate, hoping sufficiently to
clear myself in this matter. Stillingfleet.
How shall such hypocrites reform the state,
On whom the brothels can recriminate? Dryden.

To RECRI’MINATE. v. a. To accuse in return. Unusual.
Did not Joseph lie under black infamy? he scorned so much
as to clear himself, or to recriminate the strumpet. South.

RECRIMINA’TION. n. s. [recrimination, Fr. from recriminate.]
Return of one accusation with another.
Publick defamation will seem disobliging enough to pro­
voke a return, which again begets a rejoinder, and so the
quarrel is carried on with mutual recriminations. Gov. of Tong.

RECRIMINA’TOR. n. s. [from recriminate.] He that returns
one charge with another.

RECRUDE’SCENT. adj. [recrudescens, Lat.] Growing painful
or violent again.

To RECRUI’T. v. a. [recruter, Fr.]
1. To repair any thing wasted by new supplies.
He was longer in recruiting his flesh than was usual; but
by a milk diet he recovered it. Wiseman's Surgery.
Increase thy care to save the sinking kind;
With greens and flow'rs recruit their empty hives,
And seek fresh forage to sustain their lives. Dryden.
Her cheeks glow the brighter, recruiting their colour;
As flowers by sprinkling revive with fresh odour. Granville.
This sun is set; but see in bright array
What hosts of heavenly lights recruit the day!
Love in a shining galaxy appears
Triumphant still. Granville.
Seeing the variety of motion, which we find in the world
is always decreasing, there is a necessity of conserving and
recruiting it by active principles; such as are the cause of
gravity, by which planets and comets keep their motions in
their orbs, and bodies acquire great motion in falling. Newt.
2. To supply an army with new men.
He trusted the carl of Holland with the command of that
army, with which he was to be recruited and assisted. Clar.

To RECRUI’T. v. n. To raise new soldiers.
The French have only Switzerland besides their own coun­
try to recruit in; and we know the difficulties they meet with
in getting thence a single regiment. Addison.

RECRUI’T. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Supply of any thing wasted.
Whatever nature has in worth deny'd,
She gives in large recruits of needful pride. Pope.
The endeavour to raise new men for the recruit of the
army found opposition. Clarendon.
2. New soldiers.
The pow'rs of Troy
With fresh recruits their youthful chief sustain:
Not theirs a raw and unexperienc'd train,
But a firm body of embattel'd men. Dryden.

RECTA’NGLE. n. s. [rectangle, Fr. rectangulus, Latin.] A
figure which has one angle or more of ninety degrees.
If all Athens should decree, that in rectangle triangles the
square, which is made of the side that subtendeth the right
angle, is equal to the squares which are made of the sides
containing the right angle, geometricians would not receive
satisfaction without demonstration. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The mathematician considers the truth and properties be­
longing to a rectangle, only as it is in idea in his own mind.
Locke.

RECTA’NGULAR. adj. [rectangulaire, Fr. rectus and angulus,
Latin.] Right angled; having angles of ninety degrees.
Bricks moulded in their ordinary rectangular form, if they
shall be laid one by another in a level row between any sup­
porters sustaining the two ends, then all the pieces will ne­
cessarily sink. Wotton's Architecture.

RECTA’NGULARLY. adv. [from rectangular.] With right
angles.
At the equator, the needle will stand rectangularly; but ap­
proaching northward toward the tropic, it will regard the
stone obliquely. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RE’CTIFIABLE. adj. [from rectify.] Capable to be set right.
The natural heat of the parts being insufficient for a perfect
and thorough digestion, the errors of one concoction are not
rectifiable by another. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RECTIFICA’TION. n. s. [rectification, Fr. from rectify.]
1. The act of setting right what is wrong.
It behoved the deity to renew that revelation from time to
time, and to rectify abuses with such authority for the re­
newal and rectification, as was sufficient evidence of the truth
of what was revealed. Forbes.
2. In chymistry, rectification is drawing any thing over again
by distillation, to make it yet higher or finer. Quincy.
At the first rectification of some spirit of salt in a retort, a
single pound afforded no less than six ounces of phlegm. Boyle.

To RE’CTIFY. v. a. [rectifier, Fr. rectus and facio, Lat.]
1. To make right; to reform; to redress.
That wherein unsounder times have done amiss, the better
ages ensuing must rectify as they may. Hooker.
It shall be bootless,
That longer you defer the court, as well
For your own quiet, as to rectify
What is unsettled in the king. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Where a long course of piety has purged the heart, and
rectified the will, knowledge will break in upon such a soul,
like the sun shining in his full might. South.
The substance of this theory I mainly depend on, being
willing to suppose that many particularities may be rectified
upon farther thoughts. Burnet.
If those men of parts, who have been employed in vitiat­
ing the age, had endeavoured to rectify and amend it, they
needed not have sacrificed their good sense to their fame. Add.
The false judgment he made of things are owned; and the
methods pointed out by which he rectified them. Atterbury.
2. To exalt and improve by repeated distillation.
The skin hath been kept white and smooth for above fif­
teen years, by being included with rectified spirit of wine in
a cylindrical glass. Grew's Musæum.

RECTILI’NEAR. adj. [rectus and linea, Lat.] Consisting of
right lines.
There are only three rectilineous and ordinate figures, which
can serve to this purpose; and inordinate or unlike ones must
have been not only less elegant, but unequal. Ray.
This image was oblong and not oval, but terminated with
two rectilinear and parallel sides and two semicircular ends.
Newton's Opticks.
The rays of light, whether they be very small bodies pro­
jected, or only motion and force propagated, are moved in
right lines; and whenever a ray of light is by any obstacle
turned out of its rectilinear way, it will never return into the
same rectilinear way, unless perhaps by very great accident.
Newton's Opticks.

RECTILI’NEOUS. adj. [rectus and linea, Lat.] Consisting of
right lines.
There are only three rectilineous and ordinate figures, which
can serve to this purpose; and inordinate or unlike ones must
have been not only less elegant, but unequal. Ray.
This image was oblong and not oval, but terminated with
two rectilinear and parallel sides and two semicircular ends.
Newton's Opticks.
The rays of light, whether they be very small bodies pro­
jected, or only motion and force propagated, are moved in
right lines; and whenever a ray of light is by any obstacle
turned out of its rectilinear way, it will never return into the
same rectilinear way, unless perhaps by very great accident.
Newton's Opticks.

RECTI’TUDE. n. s. [rectitude, Fr. from rectus, Lat.]
1. Straitness; not curvity.
2. Rightness; uprightness; freedom from moral curvity or ob­
liquity.
Faith and repentance, together with the rectitude of their
present engagement would fully prepare them for a better
life. King Charles.
Calm the disorders of thy mind, by reflecting on the wis­
dom, equity and absolute rectitude of all his proceedings. Att.

RE’CTOR. n. s. [recteur, Fr. rector, Latin.]
1. Ruler; lord; governour.
God is the supreme rector of the world, and of all those
subordinate parts thereof. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
When a rector of an university of scholars is chosen by the
corporation or university, the election ought to be confirmed
by the superior of such university. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Parson of an unimpropriated parish.

RE’CTORSHIP. n. s. [rectorat, Fr. from rector.] The rank or
office of rector.
Had your bodies
No heart among you? or had you tongues to cry
Against the rectorship of judgment. Shakesp.

RECTORY. n. s. [rectorerie, Fr. from rector.]
A rectory or parsonage is a spiritual living, composed of
land, tithe and other oblations of the people, separate or de­
dedicate to God in any congregation for the service of his
church there, and for the maintenance of the governor or
minister thereof, to whose charge the same is committed.
Spelman.



RECUBA’TION. n. s. [recubo, Latin.] The act of lying or
leaning.
Whereas our translation renders it sitting, it cannot have
that illation, for the French and Italian translations express
neither position of session or recubation. Brown.

RECU’LE, for RECOIL. [reculer, Fr.] Spenser.

RECU’MBENCY. n. s. [from recumbent.]
1. The posture of lying or leaning.
In that memorable shew of Germanicus, twelve elephants
danced unto the sound of musick, and after laid them down
in tricliniums, or places of festival recumbency. Brown.
2. Rest; repose.
When the mind has been once habituated to this lazy re­
cumbency and satisfaction on the obvious surface of things, it
is in danger to rest satisfied there. Locke.

RECU’MBENT. adj. [recumbens, Lat.] Lying; leaning.
The Roman recumbent, or more properly accumbent, po­
sture in eating was introduced after the first Punick war. Arb.

To RECU’R. v. n. [recurro, Lat.]
1. To come back to the thought; to revive in the mind.
The idea, I have once had, will be unchangeably the same,
as long as it recurs the same in my memory. Locke.
In this life, the thoughts of God and a future state often
offer themselves to us; they often spring up in our minds,
and when expelled, recur again. Calamy.
A line of the golden verses of the Pythagoreans recurring
on the memory, hath often guarded youth from a temptation
to vice. Watts.
When any word has been used to signify an idea, that old
idea will recur in the mind when the word is heard. Watts.
2. [Recourir, Fr.] To have recourse to; to take refuge in.
If to avoid succession in eternal existence, they recur to the
punctum stans of the schools, they will thereby very little
help us to a more positive idea of infinite duration. Locke.
The second cause we know, but trouble not ourselves to
recur to the first. Wake's Preparation for Death.

To RECU’RE. v. a. [re and cure.] To recover from sickness
or labour.
Through wise handling and fair governance,
I him recured to a better will,
Purged from drugs of foul intemperance. Fairy Queen.
Phœbus pure
In western waves his weary wagon did recure. Fa. Queen.
With one look she doth my life dismay,
And with another doth it straight recure. Spenser.
The wanton boy was shortly well recur'd
Of that his malady. Spenser.
Thy death's wound
He who comes thy Saviour shall recure,
Not by destroying Satan, but his works
In thee and in thy seed. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.

RECU’R. n. s. Recovery; remedy.
Whatsoever fell into the enemies hands, was lost without
recure: the old men were slain, the young men led away into
captivity. Knolles's History of the Turks.

RECU’RRENCE. n. s. [from recurrent.] Return.
Although the opinion at present be well suppressed, yet,
from some strings of tradition and fruitful recurrence of error,
it may revive in the next generation. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

RECU’RRENCY. n. s. [from recurrent.] Return.
Although the opinion at present be well suppressed, yet,
from some strings of tradition and fruitful recurrence of error,
it may revive in the next generation. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

RECU’RRENT. adj. [recurrent, Fr. recurrens, Lat.] Return­
ing from time to time.
Next to lingring durable pains, short intermittent or swift
recurrent pains precipitate patients unto consumptions. Harv.

RECU’RSION. n. s. [recursus, Lat.] Return.
One of the assistants told the recursions of the other pen­
dulum hanging in the free air. Boyle.

RECURVA’TION. n. s. [recurvo, Lat.] Flexure backwards.
Ascending first into a caspulary reception of the breast bone
by a serpentine recurvation, it ascendeth again into the
neck. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RECU’RVITY. n. s. [recurvo, Lat.] Flexure backwards.
Ascending first into a caspulary reception of the breast bone
by a serpentine recurvation, it ascendeth again into the
neck. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RECU’RVOUS. adj. [recurvus, Lat.] Bent backward.
I have not observed tails in all; but in others I have ob­
served long recurvous tails, longer than their bodies. Derham.

RECU’SANT. n. s. [recusans, Lat.] One that refuses any terms
of communion or society.
They demand of the lords, that no recusant lord might
have a vote in passing that act. Clarendon.
Were all corners ransacked, what a multitude of recusants
should we find upon a far differing account from that of
conscience! Decay of Piety.

To RECU’SE. v. n. [recuser, Fr. recuso, Lat.] To refuse.
A juridicial word.
The humility, as well of understanding as manners of the
fathers, will not let them be troubled, when they are recused
as judges. Digby.
A judge may proceed notwithstanding my appeal, unless I
recuse him as a suspected judge. Ayliffe's Parergon.

RED

RED. adj. [from the old Saxon, red; rhud, Welsh. As the
town of Hertford, Mr. Camden, in his Britannia, noteth,
first was called, by the Saxons, Herudford, the rud ford, or
the red ford or water; high Dutch, rot; from the Greek,
???; French, rouge; Italian, rubro; from the Latin,
ruber. Peacham.] Of the colour of blood, of one of the
primitive colours, which is subdivided into many; as scarlet,
vermilion, crimson.
Look I so pale.
—Ay, and no man in the presence,
But his red colour hath forsook his cheeks. Shakesp.
Bring me the fairest creature northward born,
To prove whose blood is reddest. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with
milk. Gen. xlix. 12.
Th' angelick squadron turn'd fiery red. Milton.
If red lead and white paper be placed in the red light of the
coloured spectrum, made in a dark chamber by the refraction
of a prism, the paper will appear more lucid than the red
lead, and therefore reflects the red making rays more co­
piously than red lead doth. Newton's Opticks.
The sixth red was at first of a very fair and lively scarlet,
and soon after of a brightet colour, being very pure and brisk,
and the best of all the reds. Newton's Opticks.
Why heavenly truth,
And moderation fair, were the red marks
Of superstition's scourge. Thomson's Winter.

To Rda’rgue. v. a. [redarguo, Lat.] To refute. Not in
use.
The last wittily redargues the pretended finding of coin,
graved with the image of Augustus Cæsar, in the American
mines. Hakewill on Providence.

REDBERRIED shrub cassia. n. s. A plant. It is male and female in
different plants: the male hath flowers consisting of many sta­
mina or threads, without any petals; these are always steril:
the female plants, which have no conspicuous power, produce
spherical berries, in which are included nuts of the same
form. Miller.

RE’DBREAST. n. s. A small bird, so named from the colour
of its breast.
No burial this pretty babe
Of any man receives,
But robin redbreast painfully
Did cover him with leaves. Children in the Wood.
The redbreast, sacred to the houshold gods,
Pays to trusted man his annual visit. Thomson.

RE’DCOAT. n. s. A name of contempt for a soldier.
The fearful passenger, who travels late,
Shakes at the moon-shine shadow of a rush,
And sees a redcoat rise from ev'ry bush. Dryden.

To RE’DDEN. v. a. [from red.] To make red.
In a heav'n serene, refulgent arms appear
Red'ning the skies, and glitt'ring all around,
The temper'd metals clash. Dryden's æneis.

To RE’DDEN. v. n. To grow red.
With shame they redden'd, and with spight grew pale.
Dryden's Juvenal.
Turn upon the ladies in the pit,
And if they redden, you are sure 'tis wit. Addison.
The poor inhabitant beholds in vain
The red'ning orange and the swelling grain. Addison.
For me the balm shall bleed, and amber flow,
The coral redden, and the ruby glow. Pope.
Appius reddens at each word you speak,
And stares, tremendous, with a threat'ning eye,
Like some fierce tyrant in old tapestry. Pope.

RE’DDISH. [from red.] Somewhat red.
A bright spot, white and somewhat reddish. Lev.

RE’DDISHNESS. n. s. [from reddish.] Tendency to redness.
Two parts of copper and one of tin, by fusion brought
into one mass, the whiteness of the tin is more conspicuous
than the reddishness of the copper. Boyle.

REDDI’TION. n. s. [from reddo, Lat.] Restitution.
She is reduced to a perfect obedience, partly by voluntary
reddition and desire of protection, and partly by conquest.
Howel's Vocal Forest.

RE’DDITIVE. adj. [redditivus, Lat.] Answering to an interro­
gative. A term of grammar.

RE’DDLE. n. s. A sort of mineral.
Reddle is an earth of the metal kind, of a tolerably close
and even texture: its surface is smooth and somewhat glossy,
and it is soft and unctuous to the touch, staining the fingers
very much: it is remarkably heavy, and its colour of a fine
florid, though not very deep red: our American colonies
abound with it; and in England we have the finest in the
world: it has been used as an astringent. Hill's Mat. Med.

REDE. n. s. [ræd, Saxon.] Counsel; advice. Not used.
Do not as some ungracious pastors do,
Shew me the steep and thorny way to heav'n;
Whilst he a puft and reckless libertine,
Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads,
And recks not his own rede. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To REDE. v. a. [rædan, Saxon.] To advise.
I rede thee hence to remove,
Lest thou the price of my displeasure prove. Spenser.



To REDEE’M. v. a. [redimo, Lat.]
1. To ransom; to relieve from any thing by paying a price.
The kinsman said, I cannot redeem it for myself, lest I
mar mine inheritance. Ruth iv. 6.
2. To rescue; to recover.
If, when I am laid into the tomb,
I wake before the time that Romeo
Comes to redeem me, there's a fearful point. Shakesp.
Thy father
Levied an army, weening to redeem
And re-instal me in the diadem. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Th' almighty from the grave
Hath me redeem'd; he will the humble save. Sandys.
Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. Ps. xxv.
Redeem from this reproach my wand'ring ghost. Dryden.
3. To recompense; to compensate; to make amends for.
Waywardly proud; and therefore bold, because extremely
saulty; and yet having no good thing to redeem these. Sidney.
This feather stirs, she lives; if it be so,
It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows
That ever I have felt. Shakesp. King Lear.
Having committed a fault, he became the more obsequious
and pliant to redeem it. Wotton.
Think it not hard, if at so cheap a rate
You can secure the constancy of fate,
Whose kindness sent what does your malice seem
By lesser ills the greater to redeem. Dryden.
4. To pay an atonement.
Thou hast one daughter,
Who redeems nature from the general curse,
Which twain have brought her to. Shakesp.
5. To save the world from the curse of sin.
Which of you will be mortal to redeem
Man's mortal crime. Milton.

REDEE’MABLE. n. s. [from redeem.] Capable of redemption.

REDEE’MABLENESS. n. s. [from redeemable.] The state of
being redeemable.

REDEE’MER. n. s. [from redeem.]
1. One who ransoms or redeems.
She inflamed him so,
That he would algates with Pyrocles fight,
And his redeemer challeng'd for his foe,
Because he had not well maintain'd his right. Fa. Queen.
2. The Saviour of the world.
I every day expect an embassage
From my redeemer to redeem me hence;
And now in peace my soul shall part to heav'n. Shakesp.
Man's friend, his mediator, his design'd
Both ransom and redeemer voluntary. Milton's Par. Lost.
When saw we thee any way distressed, and relieved thee?
will be the question of those, to whom heaven itself will be
at the last day awarded, as having ministred to their re­
deemer. Boyle.

To REDELI’VER. v. a. [re and deliver.] To deliver back.
I have remembrances of yours,
That I have longed long to redeliver. Shakesp.
Instruments judicially exhibited, are not of the acts of
courts; and therefore may be redelivered on the demand of
the person that exhibited them. Ayliffe's Parergon.

REDELI’VERY. n. s. [from redeliver.] The act of delivering
back.

To REDEMA’ND. v. a. [redemander, Fr. re and demand.] To
demand back.
Threescore attacked the place where they were kept in
custody, and rescued them: the duke redemands his prisoners,
but receiving only excuses, he resolved to do himself justice.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

REDE’MPTION. n. s. [redemption, Fr. redemptio, Lat.]
1. Ransome; release.
Utter darkness his place
Ordain'd without redemption, without end. Milton.
2. Purchase of God's favour by the death of Christ.
I charge you, as you hope to have redemption,
That you depart, and lay no hands on me. Shakesp.
The Saviour son be glorify'd,
Who for lost man's redemption dy'd. Dryden.

REDE’MPTORY. adj. [from redemptus, Lat.] Paid for ransome.
Omega sings the exequies,
And Hector's redemptory price. Chapman's Iliads.

RE’DHOT. adj. [red and hot.] Heated to redness.
Iron redhot burneth and consumeth not. Bacon.
Is not fire a body heated so hot as to emit light copiously?
for what else is a redhot iron than fire? and what else is a
burning coal than redhot wood? Newton's Opticks.
The redhot metal hisses in the lake. Pope.

REDI’NTEGRATE. adj. [redintegratus, Latin.] Restored;
renewed; made new.
Charles VIII. received the kingdom of France in flourish­
ing estate, being redintegrate in those principal members,
which anciently had been portions of the crown, and were
after dissevered: so as they remained only in homage, and
not in sovereignty. Bacon's Henry VII.

REDINTEGRA’TION. n. s. [from redintegrate.]
1. Renovation; restoration.
They kept the feast indeed, but with the leven of malice,
and absurdly commemorated the redintegration of his natural
body, by mutilating and dividing his mystical. Dec. of Piety.
2. Redintegration chymists call the restoring any mixed body or
matter, whose form has been destroyed, to its former nature
and constitution. Quincy.
He but prescribes as a bare chymical purification of nitre,
what I teach as a philosophical redintegration of it. Boyle.

RE’DLEAD. n. s. [red and lead.] Minium. See MINIUM.
To draw with dry colours, make long pastils, by grinding
redlead with strong wort, and so roll them up into long rolls
like pencils, drying them in the sun. Peacham.

RE’DNESS. n. s. [from red.] The quality of being red.
There was a pretty redness in his lips. Shakesp.
In the red sea, most apprehend a material redness, from
whence they derive its common denomination. Brown.
The glowing redness of the berries vies with the verdure of
their leaves. Spectator, No 477.

RE’DOLENCE. n. s. [from redolent.] Sweet scent.
We have all the redolence of the perfumes we burn upon
his altars. Boyle.
Their flowers attract spiders with their redolency. Mortim.

RE’DOLENCY. n. s. [from redolent.] Sweet scent.
We have all the redolence of the perfumes we burn upon
his altars. Boyle.
Their flowers attract spiders with their redolency. Mortim.

RE’DOLENT. adj. [redolens, Lat.] Sweet of scent.
Thy love excels the joys of wine;
Thy odours, O how redolent! Sandys's Paraphrase.

To REDOU’BLE. v. a. [redoubler, Fr. re and double.]
1. To repeat often.
So ended she; and all the rest around
To her redoubled that her undersong. Spenser.
They were
As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks,
So they redoubled strokes upon the foe. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To encrease by addition of the same quantity over and over.
Mimas and Parnassus sweat,
And ætna rages with redoubled heat. Addison.

To REDOU’BLE. v. n. To become twice as much.
If we consider, that our whole eternity is to take its co­
lour from those hours which we here employ in virtue or vice,
the argument redoubles upon us, for putting in practice this
method of passing away our time. Addison's Spectator.

REDOU’BT. n. s. [reduit, redoute, Fr. ridotta, Italian.] The
outwork of a fortification; a fortress.
Every great ship is as an impregnable fort, and our many
safe and commodious ports are as redoubts to secure them.
Bacon.

REDOU’BTABLE. adj. [redoubtable, Fr.] Formidable; terrible
to foes.
The enterprising Mr. Lintot, the redoubtable rival of Mr.
Tonson, overtook me. Pope.

REDOU’BTED. adj. [redoubté, Fr.] Dread; awful; formi­
dable.
His kingdom's seat Cleopolis is red,
There to obtain some such redoubted knight,
That parents dear from tyrant's power deliver might. F. Q.
So far be mine, my most redoubted lord,
As my true service shall deserve your love. Shakesp.

To REDOU’ND. v. n. [redundo, Latin.]
1. To be sent back by reaction.
The evil, soon
Driv'n back, redounded, as a flood, on those
From whom it sprung. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
Nor hope to be myself less miserable
By what I seek, but others to make such
As I, though thereby worse to me redound. Milton.
2. To conduce in the consequence.
As the care of our national commerce redounds more to
the riches and prosperity of the publick, than any other act
of government, the state of it should be marked out in every
particular reign with greater distinction. Addison.
He had drawn many observations together, which very
much redound to the honour of this prince. Addison.
3. To fall in the consequence.
As both these monsters will devour great quantities of paper,
there will no small use redound from them to that manu­
facture. Addison's Guardian, No 114.
The honour done to our religion ultimately redounds to
God the author of it. Rogers's Sermons.

To REDRE’SS. v. a. [redresser, Fr.]
1. To set right; to amend.
In yonder spring of roses,
Find what to redress till noon. Milton.
2. To relieve; to remedy; to ease. It is sometimes used of
persons, but more properly of things.
She felt with me, what I felt of my captivity, and streight
laboured to redress my pain, which was her pain. Sidney.
'Tis thine, O king! th' afflicted to redress. Dryden.
In countries of freedom, princes are bound to protect their
subjects in liberty, property and religion, to receive their pe­
titions, and redress their grievances. Swift.



REDRE’SS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Reformation; amendment.
To seek reformation of evil laws is commendable, but for
us the more necessary is a speedy redress of ourselves. Hooker.
2. Relief; remedy.
No humble suitors press to speak for right;
No, not a man comes for redress to thee. Shakesp.
Such people, as break the law of nations, all nations are
interested to suppress, considering that the particular states,
being the delinquents, can give no redress. Bacon.
Grief, finding no redress, ferment and rage,
Nor less than wounds immedicable,
Rankle, and fester, and gangrene
To black mortification. Milton.
3. One who gives relief.
Fair majesty, the refuge and redress
Of those whom fate pursues, and wants oppress. Dryden.

REDRE’SSIVE. adj. [from redress.] Succouring; affording re­
medy. A word not authorised.
The generous band,
Who, touch'd with human woe, redressive search'd
Into the horrors of the gloomy jail. Thomson.

To REDSEA’R. v. n. [red and sear.] A term of workmen.
If iron be too cold, it will not feel the weight of the ham­
mer, when it will not batter under the hammer; and if it be
too hot, it will redsear, that is, break or crack under the
hammer. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

RE’DSHANK. n. s. [red and shank.]
1. This seems to be a contemptuous appellation for some of the
people of Scotland.
He sent over his brother Edward with a power of Scots
and redshanks unto Ireland, where they got footing. Spenser.
2. A bird. Ainsworth.

RE’DSTREAK. n. s. [red and streak.]
1. An apple.
The redstreak, of all cyder fruit, hath obtained the prefe­
rence, being but a kind of wilding, and though kept long,
yet is never pleasing to the palate; there are several sorts of
redstreak: some sorts of them have red veins running through
the whole fruit, which is esteemed to give the cyder the
richest tincture. Mortimer.
2. Cyder pressed from the redstreak.
Redstreak he quaffs beneath the Chianti vine,
Gives Tuscan yearly for thy Scudmore's wine. Smith.

To REDU’CE. v. a. [reduco, Lat. reduire, Fr.]
1. To bring back. Obsolete.
Abate the edge of traitors, gracious lord!
That would reduce these bloody days again. Shakesp.
2. To bring to the former state.
It were but just
And equal to reduce me to my dust,
Desirous to resign and render back
All I receiv'd. Milton.
3. To reform from any disorder.
That temper in the archbishop, who licensed their most
pernicious writings, left his successor a very difficult work to
do, to reform and reduce a church into order, that had been
so long neglected, and so ill filled. Clarendon.
4. To bring into any state of diminution.
A diaphanous body, reduced to very minute parts, thereby
acquires many little surfaces in a narrow compass. Boyle.
His ire will quite consume us, and reduce
To nothing this essential. Milton.
The ordinary smallest measure is looked on as an unit in
number, when the mind by division would reduce them into
less fractions. Locke.
5. To degrade; to impair in dignity.
There is nothing so bad, but a man may lay hold of
something about it, that will afford matter of excuse; nor
nothing so excellent, but a man may fasten upon something
belonging to it, whereby to reduce it. Tillotson.
6. To bring into any state of misery or meanness.
The most prudent part was his moderation and indulgence,
not reducing them to desperation. Arbuthnot on Coins.
7. To subdue.
Under thee, as head supreme,
Thrones, princedoms, pow'rs, dominions I reduce. Milton.
8. To bring into any state more within reach or power.
To have this project reduced to practice, there seems to
want nothing.
9. To reclaim to order.
There left desert utmost hell,
Reduc'd in careful watch round their metropolis. Milton.
10. To subject to a rule; to bring into a class.

REDU’CEMENT. n. s. [from reduce.] The act of bringing
back, subduing, reforming or diminishing.
The navy received blessing from pope Sixtus, and was as­
signed as an apostolical mission for the reducement of this
kingdom to the obedience of Rome. Bacon.

REDU’CER. n. s. [from reduce.] One that reduces.
They could not learn to digest, that the man, which they
so long had used to mask their own appetites, should now be
the reducer of them into order. Sidney, b. ii.

REDU’CIBLE. adj. [from reduce.] Possible to be reduced.
All law that a man is obliged by, is reducible to the law of
nature, the positive law of God in his word, and the law of
man enacted by the civil power. South.
Actions, that promote society and mutual fellowship, seem
reducible to a proneness to do good to others, and a ready
sense of any good done by others. South.
All the parts of painting are reducible into these mentioned
by our author. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
If minerals are not convertible into another species, though
of the same genus, much less can they be surmised reducible
into a species of another genus. Harvey on Consumptions.
Our damps in England are reducible to the suffocating or
the fulminating. Woodward.

REDU’CIBLENESS. n. s. [from reducible.] Quality of being
reducible.
Spirit of wine, by its pungent taste, and especially by its
reducibleness, according to Helmont, into alcali and water,
seems to be as well of a faline as a sulphureous nature. Boyle.

REDU’CTION. n. s. [reduction, Fr. from reductus, Lat.]
1. The act of reducing.
Some will have these years to be but months; but we have
no certain evidence that they used to account a month a year;
and if we had, yet that reduction will not serve. Hale.
2. In arithmetick, reduction brings two or more numbers of
different denominations into one denomination. Cocker.

REDU’CTIVE. adj. [reductif, Fr. reductus, Latin.] Having
the power of reducing.
Thus far concerning these reductives by inundations and
conflagrations. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

REDU’CTIVELY. adv. [from reductive.] By reduction; by
consequence.
If they be our superiors, then 'tis modesty and reverence to
all such in general, at least reductively. Hammond.
Other niceties, though they are not matter of conscience,
singly and apart, are yet so reductively; that is, though they
are not so in the abstract, they become so by affinity and
connection. L'Estrange's Fables.

REDU’NDANCE. n. s. [redundantia, Lat. from redundant.] Su­
perfluity; superabundance.
The cause of generation seemeth to be fulness; for gene­
ration is from redundancy: this fulness ariseth from the na­
ture of the creature, if it be hot, and moist and sanguine;
or from plenty of food. Bacon.
It is a quality, that confines a man wholly within him­
self, leaving him void of that principle, which alone should
dispose him to communicate and impart those redundancies of
good, that he is possessed of. South.
I shall show our poets redundance of wit, justness of com­
parisons, and elegance of descriptions. Garth.
Labour ferments the humours, casts them into their proper
channels, and throws off redundancies. Addison.

REDU’NDANCY. n. s. [redundantia, Lat. from redundant.] Su­
perfluity; superabundance.
The cause of generation seemeth to be fulness; for gene­
ration is from redundancy: this fulness ariseth from the na­
ture of the creature, if it be hot, and moist and sanguine;
or from plenty of food. Bacon.
It is a quality, that confines a man wholly within him­
self, leaving him void of that principle, which alone should
dispose him to communicate and impart those redundancies of
good, that he is possessed of. South.
I shall show our poets redundance of wit, justness of com­
parisons, and elegance of descriptions. Garth.
Labour ferments the humours, casts them into their proper
channels, and throws off redundancies. Addison.

REDU’NDANT. adj. [redundans, Latin.]
1. Superabundant; exuberant; superfluous.
His head,
With burnish'd neck of verdant gold, erect
Amidst his circling spires, that on the grass
Floated redundant. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Notwithstanding the redundant oil in fishes, they do not
encrease fat so much as flesh. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Using more words or images than are useful.
Where the author is redundant, mark those paragraphs to be
retrenched; when he trifles, abandon those passages. Watts.

REDU’NDANTLY. adv. [from redundant.] Superfluously; su­
perabundantly.

To REDU’PLICATE. v. a. [re and duplicate.] To double.

REDUPLICA’TION. n. s. [from reduplicate.] The act of doubling.
This is evident, when the mark of exclusion is put; as
when we speak of a white thing, adding the reduplication,
as white; which excludes all other considerations. Digby.

REDU’PLICATIVE. adj. [reduplicatif, Fr. from reduplicate.]
Double.
Some logicians mention reduplicative propositions; as men,
considered as men, are rational creatures; i. e. because they
are men. Watts's Logick.

RE’DWING. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

REE

To REE. v. a. [I know not the etymology.] To riddle; to sift.
After malt is well rubbed and winnowed, you must then
ree it over in a sieve. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To REE’CHO. v. n. [re and echo.] To echo back.
Around we stand, a melancholy train,
And a loud groan reechoes from the main. Pope.

REE’CHY. adj. [from reech, corruptly formed from reek.]
Smoky; sooty; tanned.
Let him, for a pair of reechy kisses,
Make you to ravel all this matter out. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The kitchen malkin pins
Her richest lockram 'bout her reechy neck. Shakesp.

REED. n. s. [reod, Saxon; ried, German; arundo, Lat.]
1. An hollow knotted stalk, which grows in wet grounds.
A reed is distinguished from the grasses by its magnitude,
and by its having a firm stem: the species are, the large ma­


nured cane or reed, the sugar cane, the common reed, the
variegated reed, the Bambu cane, and dark red reed. Miller.
This Derceta, the mother of Semiramis, was sometimes
a recluse, and falling in love with a goodly young man, she
was by him with child, which, for fear of extreme punish­
ment, she conveyed away and caused the same to be hidden
among the high reeds which grew on the banks of the lake.
Raleigh's History of the World.
The knotty bulrush next in order stood,
And all within of reeds a trembling wood. Dryden.
Her lover Cimon lay concealed in the reeds. Broome.
2. A small pipe.
I'll speak between the change of man and boy
With a reed voice. Shakesp.
Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed
Of Hermes. Milton.
3. An arrow.
When the Parthian turn'd his steed,
And from the hostile camp withdrew;
With cruel skill the backward reed
He sent; and as he fled, he slew. Prior.

REE’DED. adj. [from reed.] Covered with reeds.
Where houses be reeded,
Now pare off the moss, and go beat in the reed. Tusser.

REE’DEN. adj. [from reed.] Consisting of reeds.
Honey in the sickly hive infuse
Through reeden pipes. Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks.

To REE’DIFY. v. a. [reedifier, Fr. re and edify.] To rebuild;
to build again.
The ruin'd walls he did reedify. Fa. Queen.
This monument five hundred years hath stood,
Which I have sumptuously reedified. Shakesp.
The æolians, who repeopled, reedified Ilium. Sandys.
The house of God they first reedify. Milton.

REE’DLESS. adj. [from reed.] Being without reeds.
Youths tomb'd before their parents were,
Whom foul Cocytus' reedless banks enclose. May.

REE’DY. adj. [from reed.] Abounding with reeds.
The sportive flood in two divides,
And forms with erring streams the reedy isles. Blackmore.
Around th' adjoining brook,
Now fretting o'er a rock,
Now scarcely moving through a reedy pool. Thomson.

REEK. n. s. [rec, Saxon: reuke, Dutch.]
1. Smoke; steam; vapour.
'Tis as hateful to me as the reek of a lime kiln. Shakesp.
2. [Reke, German, any thing piled up.] A pile of corn or hay.
Nor barns at home, nor reeks are rear'd abroad. Dryden.
The covered reck, much in use westward, must needs
prove of great advantage in wet harvests. Mortimer.

To REEK. v. n. [recan, Saxon.]
1. To smoke; to steam; to emit vapour.
They redoubled strokes upon the foe,
Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,
Or memorise another Golgotha. Shakesp. Macbeth.
To the battle came he; where he did
Run reeking o'er the lives of men, as if
'Twere a perpetual spoil. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
You remember
How under my oppression I did reek,
When I first mov'd you. Shakesp.
Dying like men, though buried in your dunghills,
They shall be fam'd; for there the sun shall greet them,
And draw their honours reeking up to heav'n. Shakesp.
I found me laid
In balmy sweat; which with his beams the sun
Soon dry'd, and on the reeking moisture fed. Milton.
Love one descended from a race of tyrants,
Whose blood yet reeks on my averging sword. Smith.

REE’KY. adj. [from reek.] Smoky; tanned; black.
Shut me in a charnel house,
O'ercover'd quite with dead men's rattling bones,
With reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls. Shakesp.

REEL. n. s. [reol, Saxon.] A turning frame, upon which
yarn is wound into skeins from the spindle.

To REEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To gather yarn off the
spindle.
It may be useful for the reeling of yarn. Wilkins.

To REEL. v. n. [rollen, Dutch; ragla, Swedish.] To stagger;
to incline in walking, first to one side and then to the other.
Him when his mistress proud perceiv'd to fall,
While yet his feeble feet for faintness reel'd,
She 'gan call, help Orgoglio! Fairy Queen, b. i.
What news in this our tott'ring state?
—It is a reeling world,
And I believe will never stand upright,
Till Richard wear the garland. Shakesp. Rich. III.
It is amiss to sit
And keep the turn of tipling with a slave,
To reel the streets at noon. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man. Ps.
Grope in the dark, and to no seat confine
Their wandring feet; but reel as drunk with wine. Sandys.
He with heavy fumes opprest,
Reel'd from the palace, and retir'd to rest. Pope.
Should he hide his face,
Th' extinguish'd stars would loosening reel
Wide from their spheres. Thomson.

REELE’CTION. n. s. [re and election.] Repeated election.
Several acts have been made, and rendered ineffectual, by
leaving the power of reelection open. Swift.

To REENA’CT. v. a. [re and enact.] To enact anew.
The construction of ships was forbidden to senators, by a
law made by Claudius the tribune, and reenacted by the Julian
law of concessions. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To REENFO’RCE. v. a. [re and enforce.] To strengthen with
new assistance.
The French have reenforc'd their scatter'd men. Shakesp.
They used the stones to reenforce the pier. Hayward.
The presence of a friend raises fancy, and reenforces
reason. Collier.

REENFO’RCEMENT. n. s. [re and enforcement.] Fresh assis­
tance.
Alone he enter'd
The mortal gate o' th' city, which he painted
With shunless destiny; aidless came off,
And with a sudden reenforcement struck
Carioli like a planet. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
They require a special reenforcement of sound endoctrinat­
ing to set them right. Milton.
What reenforcement we may gain from hope. Milton.
The words are a reiteration or reenforcement of a corol­
lary. Ward.

To REENJO’Y. v. a. [re and enjoy.] To enjoy anew or a se­
cond time.
The calmness of temper Achilles reenjoyed, is only an ef­
fect of the revenge which ought to have preceded. Pope.

To REE’NTER. v. a. [re and enter.] To enter again; to en­
ter anew.
With opportune excursion, we may chance
Reenter heav'n. Milton.
The fiery sulphurous vapours seek the centre from whence
they proceed; that is, reenter again. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To REENTHRO’NE. v. a. To replace in a throne.
He disposes in my hands the scheme
To reenthrone the king. Southerne.

REE’NTRANCE. n. s. [re and entrance.] The act of entring
again.
Their repentance, although not their first entrance, is not­
withstanding the first step of their reentrance into life. Hooker.
The pores of the brain, through the which the spirits be­
fore took their course, are more easily opened to the spirits
which demand reentrance. Glanvill's Sceps.

REE’RMOUSE. n. s. [hreremus, Saxon.] A bat.

To REESTA’BLISH. v. a. [re and establish.] To establish
anew.
To reestablish the right of lineal succession to paternal go­
vernment, is to put a man in possession of that government,
which his fathers did enjoy. Locke.
Peace, which hath for many years been banished the chris­
tian world, will be speedily reestablished. Smalridge.

REESTA’BLISHER. n. s. [from reestablish.] One that reestab­
lishes.

REESTA’BLISHMENT. n. s. [from reestablish.] The act of re­
establishing; the state of being reestablished; restauration.
The Jews made such a powerful effort for their restablish­
ment under Barchocab, in the reign of Adrian, as shook the
whole Roman empire. Addison.

REEVE. n. s. [gerefa, Saxon.] A steward. Obsolete.
The reeve, miller and cook are distinguished. Dryden.

To REEXA’MINE. v. a. [re and examine.] To examine anew.
Spend the time in reexamining more duly your cause. Hook.

REF

To REFE’CT. v. a. [refectus, Lat.] To refresh; to restore
after hunger or fatigue. Not in use.
A man in the morning is lighter in the scale, because in
sleep some pounds have perspired; and is also lighter unto
himself, because he is refected. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

REFE’CTION. n. s. [refection, Fr. from refectio, Lat.] Re­
freshment after hunger or fatigue.
After a draught of wine, a man may seem lighter in him­
self from sudden refection, though he be heavier in the ba­
lance, from a ponderous addition. Brown.
Fasting is the diet of angels, the food and refection of souls,
and the richest aliment of grace. South.
For sweet refection due,
The genial viands let my train renew. Pope.

REFE’CTORY. n. s. [refectoire, Fr. from refect.] Room of
refreshment; eating room.
He cells and refectories did prepare,
And large provisions laid of winter fare. Dryden.

To REFE’L. v. a. [refello, Lat.] To refute; to repress.
Friends not to refel ye,
Or any way quell ye,
Ye aim at a mystery,
Worthy a history. Benj. Johnson's Gypsies.


It instructs the scholar in the various methods of discovering
and refelling the subtil tricks of sophisters. Watts.

To REFE’R. v. a. [refero, Lat. referer, Fr.]
1. To dismiss for information or judgment.
Those causes the divine historian refers us to, and not to
any productions out of nothing. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. To betake for decision.
The heir of his kingdom hath referred herself unto a poor,
but worthy gentleman. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. To reduce to, as to the ultimate end.
You profess and practise to refer all things to yourself. Bac.
4. To reduce, as to a class.
The salts, predominant in quick lime, we refer rather to
lixiviate, than acid. Boyle on Colours.

To REFE’R. v. n. To respect; to have relation.
Of those places, that refer to the shutting and opening the
abyss, I take notice of that in Job. Burnet.

REFEREE’. n. s. [from refer.] One to whom any thing is
referred.
Referees and arbitrators seldom forget themselves. L'Estr.

RE’FERENCE. n. s. [from refer.]
1. Relation; respect; view towards; allusion to.
The knowledge of that which man is in reference unto him­
self and other things in relation unto man, I may term the
mother of all those principles, which are decrees in that law
of nature, whereby human actions are framed. Hooker.
Jupiter was the son of æther and Dies; so called, because
the one had reference to his celestial conditions, the other dis­
covered his natural virtues. Raleigh's History of the World.
Christian religion commands sobriety, temperance and mo­
deration, in reference to our appetites and passions. Tillotson.
2. Dismission to another tribunal.
It passed in England without the least reference hither. Sw.

REFERE’NDARY. n. s. [referendus, Lat.] One to whose deci­
sion any thing is referred.
In suits, it is good to refer to some friend of trust; but let
him chuse well his referendaries. Bacon's Essays.

To REFERME’NT, v. a. [re and ferment.] To ferment anew.
Th' admitted nitre agitates the flood,
Revives its fire, and referments the blood. Blackmore.

REFE’RRIBLE. adj. [from refer.] Capable of being considered,
as in relation to something else.
Unto God all parts of time are alike, unto whom none are
referrible, and all things present, unto whom nothing is past
or to come, but who is the same yesterday, to-day and to­
morrow. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To REFI’NE. v. a. [raffiner, Fr.]
1. To purify; to clear from dross and recrement.
I will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as
gold is tried. Zech. xiii. 9.
Weigh ev'ry word, and ev'ry thought refine. Anon.
The red Dutch currant yields a rich juice, to be diluted
with a quantity of water boiled with refined sugar. Mortimer.
2. To make elegant; to polish; to make accurate.
Queen Elizabeth's time was a golden age for a world of re­
fined wits, who honoured poesy with their pens. Peacham.
Love refines the thoughts, and hath his seat
In reason. Milton.
The same traditional sloth, which renders the bodies of
children, born from wealthy parents, weak, may perhaps
refine their spirits. Swift.

To REFI’NE. v. n.
1. To improve in point of accuracy or delicacy.
Chaucer refined on Boccace, and mended stories. Dryden.
Let a lord but own the happy lines;
How the wit brightens, how the sense refines! Pope.
2. To grow pure.
The pure limpid stream, when foul with stains,
Works itself clear, and as it runs refines. Addison.
3. To affect nicety.
He makes another paragraph about our refining in controver­
sy, and coming nearer still to the church of Rome. Atterbury.

REFI’NEDLY. adv. [from refine.] With affected elegance.
Will any dog
Refinedly leave his bitches and his bones,
To turn a wheel? Dryden.

REFI’NEMENT. n. s. [from refine.]
1. The act of purifying, by clearing any thing from dross and
recrementitious matter.
The more bodies are of kin to spirit in subtilty and refine­
ment, the more diffusive are they. Norris.
2. Improvement in elegance or purity.
From the civil war to this time, I doubt whether the cor­
ruptions in our language have not equalled its refinements. Sw.
3. Artificial practice.
The rules religion prescribes are more successful in publick
and private affairs, than the refinements of irregular cunning. Rog.
4. Affectation of elegant improvement.
The flirts about town had a design to leave us in the lurch,
by some of their late refinements. Addison's Guardian.

REFI’NER. n. s. [from refine.]
1. Purifier; one who clears from dross or recrement.
The refiners of iron observe, that that iron stone is hardest
to melt, which is fullest of metal; and that easiest, which
hath most dross. Bacon's Physical Remains.
2. Improver in elegance.
As they have been the great refiners of our language, so it
hath been my chief ambition to imitate them. Swift.
3. Inventor of superfluous subtilties.
No men see less of the truth of things, than these great
refiners upon incidents, who are so wonderfully subtle, and
over wise in their conceptions. Addison's Spectator, No 170.
Some refiners pretend to argue for the usefulness of parties
in such a government as ours. Swift.

To REFI’T. v. a. [refait, Fr. re and fit.] To repair; to re­
store after damage.
He will not allow that there are any such signs of art in the
make of the present globe, or that there was so great care
taken in the refitting of it up again at the deluge. Woodw.
Permit our ships a shelter on your shoars,
Refitted from your woods with planks and oars. Dryden.

To REFLEC’T. v. a. [reflechir, Fr. reflecto, Lat.] To
throw back.
We, his gather'd beams
Reflected, may with matter sere foment. Milton.
Bodies close together reflect their own colour. Dryden.

To REFLE’CT. v. n.
1. To throw back light.
In dead men's sculls, and in those holes,
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept,
As 'twere in scorn of eyes, reflecting gems. Shakesp.
2. To bend back.
Inanimate matter moves always in a straight line, and never
reflects in an angle, nor bends in a circle, which is a conti­
nual reflection, unless either by some external impulse, or by
an intrinsick principle of gravity. Bentley's Sermons.
3. To throw back the thoughts upon the past or on themselves.
The imagination casts thoughts in our way, and sorces the
understanding to reflect upon them. Duppa.
In every action reflect upon the end; and in your under­
taking it, consider why you do it. Taylor.
Who saith, who could such ill events expect?
With shame on his own counsels doth reflect. Denham.
When men are grown up, and reflect on their own minds,
they cannot find any thing more ancient there, than those
opinions which were taught them before their memory began
to keep a register of their actions. Locke.
It is hard, that any part of my land should be settled upon
one who has used me so ill; and yet I could not see a sprig
of any bough of this whole walk of trees, but I should re­
flect upon her and her severity. Addison's Spectator.
Let the king dismiss his woes,
Reflecting on her fair renown;
And take the cypress from his brows,
To put his wonted laurels on. Prior.
4. To consider attentively.
Into myself my reason's eye I turn'd;
And as I much reflected, much I mourn'd. Prior.
5. To throw reproach or censure.
Neither do I reflect in the least upon the memory of his
late majesty, whom I entirely acquit of any imputation. Sw.
6. To bring reproach.
Errors of wives reflect on husbands still. Dryden.

REFLE’CTENT. adj. [reflectens, Lat.] Bending back; flying
back.
The ray descendent, and the ray reflectent, flying with so
great a speed, that the air between them cannot take a formal
play any way, before the beams of the light be on both sides
of it; it follows, that, according to the nature of humid
things, it must first only swell. Digby on the Soul.

REFLE’CTION. n. s. [from reflect: thence I think reflexion less
proper: reflexion, Fr. reflexus, Lat.]
1. The act of throwing back.
The eye sees not itself,
But by reflection from other things. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
If the sun's light consisted but of one sort of rays, there
would be but one colour, and it would be impossible to pro­
duce any new by reflections or refractions. Cheyne.
2. The act of bending back.
Inanimate matter moves always in a straight line, nor ever
reflects in an angle or circle, which is a continual reflection,
unless by some external impulse. Bentley's Sermons.
3. That which is reflected.
She shines not upon fools, lest the reflection should hurt
her. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
As the sun in water we can bear,
Yet not the sun, but his reflection there;
So let us view her here, in what she was,
And take her image in this watry glass. Dryden.
4. Thought thrown back upon the past.
The three first parts I dedicate to my old friends, to take
off those melancholy reflections, which the sense of age, in­
firmity and death may give them. Denham.
This dreadful image so possess'd her mind,
She ceas'd all farther hope; and now began
To make reflection on th' unhappy man. Dryden.


Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate, did at the
same time afflict and encourage him. Atterbury.
What wounding reproaches of soul must he feel, from the
reflections on his own ingratitude. Roger's Sermons.
5. The action of the mind upon itself.
Reflection is the perception of the operations of our own
minds within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has
got. Locke.
6. Attentive consideration.
This delight grows and improves under thought and re­
flection; and while it exercises, does also endear itself to the
mind; at the same time employing and inflaming the medi­
tations. South's Sermons.
7. Censure.
He dy'd; and oh! may no reflection shed
Its pois'nous venom on the royal dead. Prior.

REFLE’CTIVE. adj. [from reflect.]
1. Throwing back images.
When the weary king gave place to night,
His beams he to his royal brother lent,
And so shone still in his reflective light. Dryden.
In the reflective stream the sighing bride
Viewing her charms impair'd, abash'd shall hide
Her pensive head. Prior.
2. Considering things past; considering the operations of the
mind.
Forc'd by reflective reason I confess,
That human science is uncertain guess. Prior.

REFLE’CTOR. n. s. [from reflect.] Considerer.
There is scarce any thing that nature has made, or that
men do suffer, whence the devout reflector cannot take an oc­
casion of an aspiring meditation. Boyle on Colours.

REFLE’X. adj. [reflexus, Lat.] Directed backward.
The motions of my mind are as obvious to the reflex act
of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon
its own actions, as the passions of my sense are obvious to my
sense; I see the object, and I perceive that I see it. Hale.
The order and beauty of the inanimate parts of the world,
the discernible ends of them do evince by a reflex argument,
that it is the workmanship, not of blind mechanism or blinder
chance, but of an intelligent and benign agent. Bentley.

REFLE’X. n. s. [reflexus, Lat.] Reflection.
There was no other way for angels to sin, but by reflex of
their understandings upon themselves. Hooker.
I'll say you gray is not the morning's eye,
'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Shakesp.

REFLEXIBI’LITY. n. s. [from reflexible.] The quality of being
reflexible.
Reflexibility of rays is their disposition to be reflected or
turned back into the same medium from any other medium,
upon whose surface they fall; and rays are more or less re­
flexible, which are turned back more or less easily. Newton.

REFLE’XIBLE. adj. [from reflexus, Lat.] Capable to be thrown
back.
Sir Isaac Newton has demonstrated, by convincing experi­
ments, that the light of the sun consists of rays differently
refrangible and reflexible; and that those rays are differently
reflexible, that are differently refrangible. Cheyne.

REFLE’XIVE. adj. [reflexus, Lat.] Having respect to something
past.
That assurance reflexive cannot be a divine faith, but at the
most an human, yet such as perhaps I may have no doubt­
ing mixed with. Hammond's Practical Catechism.

REFLE’XIVELY. adv. [from reflexive.] In a backward direction.
Solomon tells us life and death are in the power of the
tongue, and that not only directly in regard of the good or ill
we may do to others, but reflexively also, in respect of what
may rebound to ourselves. Government of the Tongue.

REFLOA’T. n. s. [re and float.] Ebb; reflux.
The main float and refloat of the sea, is by consent of
the universe, as part of the diurnal motion. Bacon.

To REFLOU’RISH. v. a. [re and flourish.] To flourish anew.
Virtue given for lost
Revives, reflourishes, then vigorous most,
When most unactive deem'd. Milton's Agonistes.

To REFLO’W. v. n. [refluer, Fr. re and flow.] To flow back.

REFLU’ENT. adj. [refluens, Lat.] Running back; flowing
back.
The liver receives the refluent blood almost from all the
parts of the abdomen. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Tell, by what paths,
Back to the fountain's head the sea conveys
The refluent rivers, and the land repays. Blackmore.

REFLU’X. n. s. [reflux, Fr. refluxus, Lat.] Backward course
of water.
Besides
Mine own that 'bide upon me, all from me
Shall with a fierce reflux on me redound. Milton.
The variety of the flux and reflux of Euripus, or whether
the same do ebb and flow seven times a day, is incontra­
vertible. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

REFOCILLA’TION. n. s. [refocillo, Lat.] Restoration of strength
by refreshment.

To REFO’RM. v. a. [reformo, Lat. reformer, Fr.] To
change from worse to better.
A sect in England, following the very same rule of policy
seeketh to reform even the French reformation, and purge out
from thence also dregs of popery. Hooker, b. iv. s. 8.
Seat worthier of Gods, was built
With second thoughts, reforming what was old. Milton.
May no such storm
Fall on our times, where ruin must reform. Denham.
Now low'ring looks presage approaching storms,
And now prevailing love her face reforms. Dryden.
One cannot attempt the perfect reforming the languages of
the world, without rendering himself ridiculous. Locke.
The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age;
but that of a good one will not reform it. Swift.

To REFO’RM. v. n. To make a change from worse to better.
Was his doctrine of the mass struck out in this con­
flict? or did it give him occasion of reforming in this
point? Atterbury.

REFO’RM. n. s. [French.] Reformation.

REFORMA’TION. n. s. [reformation, Fr. from reform.]
1. Change from worse to better.
Never came reformation in a flood
With such a heady current, scow'ring faults;
Nor ever Hydra-headed wilfulness
So soon did lose his seat, as in this king. Shakesp. Henry V.
Satire lashes vice into reformation. Dryden.
The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those
who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and sur­
prising change, which the christian religion made in the lives
of the most profligate. Addison.
2. The change of religion from the corruptions of popery to
its primitive state.
The burden of the reformation lay on Luther's shoulders
Atterbury.

REFO’RMER. n. s. [from reform.]
1. One who makes a change for the better; an amender.
Publick reformers had need first practise that on their own
hearts, which they purpose to try on others. King Charles.
The complaint is more general, than the endeavours to
redress it: Abroad every man would be a reformer, how very
few at home. Sprat's Sermons.
It was honour enough, to behold the English churches
reformed; that is, delivered from the reformers. South.
2. Those who changed religion from popish corruptions and in­
novations.
Our first reformers were famous confessors and martyrs all
over the world. Bacon.

To REFRA’CT. v. a. [refractus, Lat.] To break the na­
tural course of rays.
If its angle of incidence be large, and the refractive power
of the medium not very strong to throw it far from the per­
pendicular, it will be refracted. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
Rays of light are urged by the refracting media. Cheyne.
Refracted from you eastern cloud,
The grand ethereal bow shoots up. Thomson.

REFRA’CTION. n. s. [refraction, Fr.]
Refraction, in general, is the incurvation or change of de­
termination in the body moved, which happens to it whilst
it enters or penetrates any medium: in dioptricks, it is the
variation of a ray of light from that right line, which it would
have passed on in, had not the density of the medium turned
it aside. Harris.
Refraction, out of the rarer medium into the denser, is
made towards the perpendicular. Newton's Opticks.

REFRA’CTIVE. adj. [from refract.] Having the power of re­
fraction.
Those superficies of transparent bodies reflect the greatest
quantity of light, which have the greatest refracting power;
that is, which intercede mediums that differ most in their
refractive densities. Newton's Opticks.

RE’FRACTORINESS. n. s. [from refractory.] Sullen obstinacy.
I did never allow any man's refractoriness against the pri­
vileges and orders of the houses. King Charles.
Great complaint was made by the presbyterian gang, of my
refractoriness to obey the parliament's order. Saunderson.

REFRA’CTORY. adj. [refractaire, Fr. refractarius, Lat. and
so should be written refractary. It is now accented on the
first syllable, but by Shakespeare on the second.] Obstinate;
perverse; contumacious.
There is a law in each well-order'd nation,
To curb those raging appetites that are
Most disobedient and refractory. Shakesp.
A rough hewn seaman, being brought before a wise justice
for some misdemeanor, was by him ordered to be sent away
to prison, and was refractory after he heard his doom, inso­
much as he would not stir a foot from the place where he
stood; saying, it was better to stand where he was, than go to
a worse place. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Vulgar compliance with any illegal and extravagant ways,
like violent motions in nature, soon grows weary of itself,
and ends in a refractory fullenness. King Charles.


Refractory mortal! if thou will not trust thy friends, take
what follows; know assuredly, before next full moon, that
thou wilt be hung up in chains. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
These atoms of theirs may have it in them, but they are
refractory and sullen; and therefore, like men of the same
tempers, must be banged and buffeted into reason. Bentley.

RE’FRAGABLE. adj. [refragabilis, Lat.] Capable of confuta­
tion and conviction.

To REFRAI’N. v. a. [refrener, Fr. re and frænum, Lat.] To
hold back; to keep from action.
Hold not thy tongue, O God, keep not still silence; re­
frain not thyself. Psalm lxxxiii. 1.
My son, walk not thou in the way with them, refrain thy
foot from their path. Prov. i. 15.
Nor from the holy one of heav'n
Refrain'd his tongue. Milton.
Neptune aton'd, his wrath shall now refrain,
Or thwart the synod of the gods in vain. Pope.

To REFRAI’N. v. n. To forbear; to abstain; to spare.
In what place, or upon what consideration soever it be,
they do it, were it in their own opinion of no force being
done, they would undoubtedly refrain to do it. Hooker.
For my name's sake will I defer mine anger, and refrain
for thee, that I cut thee not off. Is. xlviii. 9.
That they fed not on flesh, at least the faithful party be­
fore the flood, may become more probable, because they re­
frained therefrom some time after. Brown's Vulg. Err.

REFRANGIBI’LITY. n. s. [from refrangible.]
Refrangibility of the rays of light, is their disposition to be
refracted or turned out of their way, in passing out of one
transparent body or medium into another. Newton.

REFRA’NGIBLE. adj. [re and frango, Lat.]
As some rays are more refrangible than others; that is, are
more turned out of their course, in passing from one medium
to another; it follows, that after such refraction, they will
be separated, and their distinct colour observed. Locke.

REFRENA’TION. n. s. [re and fræno, Lat.] The act of re­
straining.

To REFRE’SH. v. a. [refraischer, Fr. refrigero, Lat.]
1. To recreate; to relieve after pain, fatigue or want.
Service shall with steeled sinews toil;
And labour shall refresh itself with hope. Shakesp.
Musick was ordain'd to refresh the mind of man,
After his studies or his usual pain. Shakesp.
He was in no danger to be overtaken; so that he was
content to refresh his men. Clarendon, b. viii.
His meals are coarse and short, his employment warrantable,
his sleep certain and refreshing, neither interrupted with the
lashes of a guilty mind, nor the aches of a crazy body. South.
If you would have trees to thrive, take care that no plants
be near them, which may deprive them of nourishment, or
hinder refreshings and helps that they might receive. Mortim.
2. To improve by new touches any thing impaired.
The rest refresh the scaly snakes, that sold
The shield of Pallas, and renew their gold. Dryden.
3. To refrigerate; to cool.
A dew coming after heat refresheth. Ecclus. xliii. 22.

REFRE’SHER. n. s. [from refresh.] That which refreshes.
The kind refresher of the summer heats. Thomson.

REFRE’SHMENT. n. s. [from refresh.]
1. Relief after pain, want or fatigue.
2. That which gives relief, as food, rest:
He was full of agony and horrour upon the approach of a
dismal death, and so had most need of the refreshments of so­
ciety, and the friendly assistances of his disciples. South.
Such honest refreshments and comforts of life, our christian
liberty has made it lawful for us to use. Sprat.

REFRI’GERANT. adj. [refrigerant, Fr. from refrigerate.] Cool­
ing; mitigating heat.
In the cure of gangrenes, you must beware of dry heat,
and resort to things that are refrigerant, with an inward
warmth and virtue of cherishing. Bacon.
If it arise from an external cause, apply refrigerants, with­
out any preceding evacuation. Wiseman's Surgery.

To REFRI’GERATE. v. a. [refrigero, re and frigus, Lat.]
To cool.
The great breezes, which the motion of the air in great
circles, such as the girdle of the world, produceth, do re­
frigerate; and therefore in those parts noon is nothing so hot,
when the breezes are great, as about ten of the clock in the
forenoon. Bacon's Natural History.
Whether they be refrigerated inclinatorily or somewhat
equinoxically, though in a lesser degree, they discover some
verticity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

REFRIGERA’TION. n. s. [refrigeratio, Lat. refrigeration, Fr.]
The act of cooling; the state of being cooled.
Divers do stut; the cause may be the refrigeration of the
tongue, whereby it is less apt to move. Bacon.
If the mere refrigeration of the air would fit it for breathing,
this might be somewhat helped with bellows. Wilkins.

REFRI’GERATIVE. adj. [refrigeratif, Fr. refrigeratorius, Lat.]
Cooling; having the power to cool.

REFRI’GERATORY. adj. [refrigeratif, Fr. refrigeratorius, Lat.]
Cooling; having the power to cool.

REFRI’GERATORY. n. s.
1. That part of a distilling vessel that is placed about the head
of a still, and filled with water to cool the condensing va­
pours; but this is now generally done by a worm or spiral
pipe, turning through a tub of cold water. Quincy.
2. Any thing internally cooling.
A delicate wine, and a durable refrigeratory. Mortimer.

REFRI’GERIUM. n. s. [Latin.] Cool refreshment; refri­
geration.
It must be acknowledged, the ancients have talked much
of annual refrigeriums, respites or intervals of punishment to
the damned; as particularly on the festivals. South.

REFT. part. pret. of reave.
1. Deprived; taken away.
Thus we well left, he better reft,
In heaven to take his place,
That by like life and death, at last,
We may obtain like grace. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
I, in a desperate bay of death,
Like a poor bark, of sails and tackling rest,
Rush all to pieces on thy rocky bosom. Shakesp.
Another ship had seiz'd on us,
And would have rest the fithers of their prey. Shakesp.
Our dying hero, from the continent
Ravish'd whole towns, and forts from Spaniards reft,
As his last legacy to Britain left. Waller.
2. Preterite of reave. Took away.
So 'twixt them both, they not a lamkin left,
And when lambs sail'd, the old sheeps lives they rest. Spens.
About his shoulders broad he threw
An hairy hide of some wild beast, whom he
In savage forest by adventure slew,
And reft the spoil his ornament to be. Spenser.

RE’FUGE. n. s. [refuge, Fr. refugium, Lat.]
1. Shelter from any danger or distress; protection.
Rocks, dens and caves! but I in none of these
Find place or refuge. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
The young ones, supposed to break through the belly of
the dam, will, upon any fright, for protection run into it;
for then the old one receives them in at her mouth, which
way, the fright being past, they will return again; which is
a peculiar way of refuge. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Those, who take refuge in a multitude, have an Arian
council to answer for. Atterbury.
2. That which gives shelter or protection.
The Lord will be a refuge for the oppressed; a refuge in
times of trouble. Psalm ix. 9.
They shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood. Jos.
Fair majesty, the refuge and redress
Of those whom fate pursues. Dryden.
3. Expedient in distress.
This last old man,
Whom with a crack'd heart I have sent to Rome,
Lov'd me above the measure of a father:
Their latest refuge was to send him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. Expedient in general.
Light must be supplied among graceful refuges, by terracing
any story in danger of darkness. Wotton.

To RE’FUGE. v. a. [refugier, Fr. from the noun.] To shelter;
to protect.
Silly beggars,
Who sitting in the stocks, refuge their shame,
That many have, and others must, sit there. Shakesp.
Dreads the vengeance of her injur'd lord;
Ev'n by those gods, who refug'd her, abhorr'd. Dryden.

REFUGEE’. n. s. [refugié, Fr.] One who flies to shelter or
protection.
Poor refugees, at first they purchase here;
And soon as denizen'd, they domineer. Dryden.
This is become more necessary in some of their govern­
ments, since so many refugees settled among them. Addison.

REFU’LGENCE. n. s. [from refulgent.] Splendour; brightness.

REFU’LGENT. adj. [refulgens, Latin.] Bright; shining;
glittering; splendid.
He neither might, nor wish'd to know
A more refulgent light. Waller.
So conspicuous and refulgent a truth is that of God's being
the author of man's felicity, that the dispute is not so much
concerning the thing, as concerning the manner of it. Boyle.
Agamemnon's train,
When his refulgent arms flash'd through the shady plain,
Fled from his well-known face. Dryden's æneis.

To REFU’ND. v. n. [refundo, Lat.]
1. To pour back.
Were the humours of the eye tinctured with any colour,
they would refund that colour upon the object, and so it
would not be represented as in itself it is. Ray.
2. To repay what is received; to restore.
A governor, that had pilled the people, was, for receiving
of bribes, sentenced to refund what he had wrongfully
taken. L'Estrange.


Such wise men as himself account all that is past, to be
also gone; and know, that there can be no gain in refunding,
nor any profit in paying debts. South.
How to Icarius, in the bridal hour,
Shall I, by waste undone, refund the dow'r. Pope.
3. Swift has somewhere the absurd phrase, to refund himself, for
to reimburse.

REFU’SAL. n. s. [from refuse.]
1. The act of refusing; denial of any thing demanded or soli­
cited.
God has born with all his weak and obstinate refusals of
grace, and has given him time day after day. Rogers.
2. The preemption; the right of having any thing before an­
other; option.
When employments go a begging for want of hands, they
shall be sure to have the refusal. Swift.

To REFU’SE. v. a. [refuser, Fr.]
1. To deny what is solicited or required.
If he should chuse the right casket, you should refuse to
perform his father's will, if you should refuse to accept him.
Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Common experience has justly a mighty influence on the
minds of men, to make them give or refuse credit to any
thing proposed. Locke.
Women are made as they themselves would choose;
Too proud to ask, too humble to refuse. Garth.
2. To reject; to dismiss without a grant.
I may neither chuse whom I would, nor refuse whom I
dislike. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

To REFU’SE. v. n. Not to accept.
Wonder not then what God for you saw good
If I refuse not, but convert, as you,
To proper substance. Milton.

RE’FUSE. adj. [from the verb. The noun has its accent on
the first syllable, the verb on the second.] Unworthy of re­
ception; left when the rest is taken.
Every thing vile and refuse they destroyed. Sam. xv. 9.
Please to bestow on him the refuse letters; he hopes by
printing them to get a plentiful provision. Spectator.

RE’FUSE. n. s. That which remains disregarded when the rest
is taken.
We dare not disgrace our worldly superiours with offering
unto them such refuse, as we bring unto God himself. Hook.
Many kinds have much refuse, which countervails that
which they have excellent. Bacon.
I know not whether it be more shame or wonder, to see
that men can so put off ingenuity, as to descend to so base a
vice; yet we daily see it done, and that not only by the scum
and refuse of the people. Government of the Tongue.
Down with the falling stream the refuse run,
To raise with joyful news his drooping son. Dryden.
This humourist keeps more than he wants, and gives a vast
refuse of his superfluities to purchase heaven. Addison.

REFU’SER. n. s. [from refuse.] He who refuses.
Some few others are the only refusers and condemners of
this catholick practice. Taylor.

REFU’TAL. n. s. [from refute.] Refutation. Dict.

REFUTA’TION. n. s. [refutatio, Lat. refutation, Fr. from re­
fute.] The act of refuting; the act of proving false or er­
roneous.
'Tis such miserable absurd stuff, that we will not honour
it with especial refutation. Bentley.

To REFU’TE. v. a. [refuto, Lat. refuter, Fr.] To prove
false or erroneous. Applied to persons or things.
Self-destruction sought, refutes
That excellence thought in thee. Milton's Par. Lost.
He knew that there were so many witnesses in these two
miracles, that it was impossible to refute such multitudes. Add.

REG

To REGAI’N. v. a. [regagner, Fr. re and gain.] To recover;
to gain anew.
Hopeful to regain
Thy love, from thee I will not hide
What thoughts in my unquiet breast are ris'n. Milton.
We've driven back
These heathen Saxons, and regain'd our earth,
As earth recovers from an ebbing tide. Dryden.
As soon as the mind regains the power to stop or continue
any of these motions of the body or thoughts, we then con­
sider the man as a free agent. Locke.

RE’GAL. adj. [regal, Fr. regalis, Lat.] Royal; kingly.
Edward, duke of York,
Usurps the regal title and the seat
Of England's true anointed lawful heir. Shakesp.
Why am I sent for to a king,
Before I have shook off the regal thoughts
Wherewith I reign'd. Shakesp. Richard II.
With them comes a third of regal port,
But faded splendour wan, who by his gait
And fierce demeanour seems the prince of hell. Milton.
When was there ever a better prince on the throne than
the present queen? I do not talk of her government, her
love of the people, or qualities that are purely regal; but her
piety, charity, temperance and conjugal love. Swift.

RE’GAL. n. s. [regale, Fr.] A musical instrument.
The sounds, that produce tones, are ever from such bodies
as are in their parts and ports equal; and such are in the
nightingale pipes of regals or organs. Bacon.

REGA’LE. n. s. [Latin.] The prerogative of monarchy.

To REGA’LE. v. a. [regaler, Fr. regalare, Italian.] To re­
fresh; to entertain; to gratify.
I with warming puff regale chill'd fingers. Philips.

REGA’LEMENT. n. s. [regalement, Fr.] Refreshment; enter­
tainment.
The muses still require
Humid regalement, nor will aught avail
Imploring Phœbus with unmoisten'd lips. Philips.

REGA’LIA. n. s. [Latin.] Ensigns of royalty.

REGA’LITY. n. s. [regalis, Latin.] Royalty; sovereignty;
kingship.
Behold the image of mortality,
And feeble nature cloth'd with fleshly 'tire,
When raging passion with fierce tyranny,
Robs reason of her due regality. Fairy Queen.
He neither could, nor would, yield to any diminution of
the crown of France, in territory or regality. Dacon.
He came partly in by the sword, and had high courage in
all points of regality. Bacon's Henry VII.
The majesty of England might hang like Mahomet's tomb
by a magnetick charm, between the privileges of the two
houses, in airy imagination of regality. King Charles.

To REGA’RD. v. a. [regarder, Fr.]
1. To value; to attend to as worthy of notice.
This aspect of mine,
The best regarded virgins of our clime
Have lov'd. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
He denies
To know their God, or message to regard. Milton.
2. To observe; to remark.
If much you note him,
You offend him; feed and regard him not. Shakesp.
3. To mind as an object of grief or terrour.
The king marvelled at the young man's courage, for that
he nothing regarded the pains. 2 Mac. vii. 12.
4. To observe religiously.
He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and
he that regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard
it. Rom. xiv. 6.
5. To pay attention to.
He that observeth the wind shall never sow, and he that
regardeth the clouds shall never reap. Proverbs.
6. To respect; to have relation to.
7. To look towards.
It is a peninsula, which regardeth the mainland. Sandys.

REGA’RD. n. s. [regard, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Attention as to a matter of importance.
The nature of the sentence he is to pronounce, the rule of
judgment by which he will proceed, requires that a particular
regard be had to our observation of this precept. Atterbury.
2. Respect; reverence.
To him they had regard, because long he had bewitched
them. Acts viii. 11.
With some regard to what is just and right,
They'll lead their lives. Milton.
3. Note; eminence.
Mac Ferlagh was a man of meanest regard amongst them,
neither having wealth nor power. Spenser on Ireland.
4. Respect; account.
Change was thought necessary, in regard of the great hurt
which the church did receive by a number of things then in
use. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.
5. Relation; reference.
How best we may
Compose our present evils, with regard
Of what we are and where. Milton.
Their business is to address all the ranks of mankind, and
persuade them to pursue and persevere in virtue, with regard
to themselves; in justice and goodness, with regard to their
neighbours; and piety towards God. Watts
6. [Regard, Fr.] Look; aspect directed to another.
Soft words to his fierce passion she assay'd;
But her with stern regard he thus repell'd. Milton.
He, surpriz'd with humble joy, survey'd
One sweet regard, shot by the royal maid. Dryden.
7. Prospect; object of sight. Not proper, nor in use.
Throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make the main and th' aerial blue
An indistinct regard. Shakesp. Othello.

REGA’RDABLE. adj. [from regard.]
1. Observable.
I cannot discover this difference of the badger's legs, al­
though the regardable side be defined, and the brevity by most
imputed unto the left. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Worthy of notice.
Tintogel, more famous for his antiquity, than regardable
for his present estate, abutteth on the sea. Carw.

REGA’RDER. n. s. [from regard.] One that regards.



REGA’RDFUL. adj. [regard and full.] Attentive; taking no­
tice of.
Bryan was so regardful of his charge, as he never disposed
any matter, but first he acquainted the general. Hayward.
Let a man be very tender and regardful of every pious mo­
tion made by the spirit of God to his heart. South.

REGA’RDFULLY. adv. [from regardful.]
1. Attentively; heedfully.
2. Respectfully.
Is this th' Athenian minion, whom the world
Voic'd so regardfully. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

REGA’RDLESS. adj. [from regard.] Heedless; negligent; in­
attentive.
He likest is to fall into mischance,
That is regardless of his governance. Spenser.
Regardless of the bliss wherein he sat,
Second to thee, offer'd himself to die
For man's offence. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
We must learn to be deaf and regardless of other things,
besides the present subject of our meditation. Watts.

REGA’RDLESLY. adv. [from regardless.] Without heed.

REGA’RDLESNESS. n. s. [from regardless.] Heedlessness; neg­
ligence; inattention.

REGE’NCY. n. s. [from regent.]
1. Authority; government.
As Christ took manhood, that by it he might be capable of
death, whereunto he humbled himself; so because manhood
is the proper subject of compassion and feeling pity, which
maketh the scepter of Christ's regency even in the kingdom of
heaven amiable. Hooker, b. v. s. 51.
Men have knowledge and strength to fit them for action:
women affection, for their better compliance; and herewith
beauty to compensate their subjection, by giving them an equi­
valent regency over men. Grew.
2. Vicarious government.
This great minister, finding the regency shaken by the fac­
tion of so many great ones within, and awed by the terror of
the Spanish greatness without, durst begin a war. Temple.
3. The district governed by a vicegerent.
Regions they pass'd, the mighty regencies
Of seraphim. Milton.
4. Those to whom vicarious regality is intrusted.

To REGE’NERATE. v. a. [regenero, Lat.]
1. To reproduce; to produce anew.
Albeit the son of this earl of Desmond, who lost his head,
were restored to the earldom; yet could not the king's grace
regenerate obedience in that degenerate house, but it grew ra­
ther more wild. Davies on Ireland.
Through all the soil a genial ferment spreads,
Regenerates the plants, and new adorns the meads.
Blackmore.
An alkali, poured to that which is mixed with an acid,
raiseth an effervescence, at the cessation of which, the
salts, of which the acid is composed, will be regenerated.
Arbuthnot.
2. [Regenerer, Fr.] To make to be born anew; to renew by
change of carnal nature to a christian life.
No sooner was a convert initiated, but by an easy figure
he became a new man, and both acted and looked upon him­
self as one regenerated and born a second time into another
state of existence. Addison on the Christian Religion.

REGENERATE. adj. [regeneratus, Lat.]
1. Reproduced.
Thou! the earthly author of my blood,
Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate,
Doth with a twofold vigor lift me up
To reach at victory. Shakesp. Richard II.
2. Born anew by grace to a christian life.
For from the mercy-seat above,
Prevenient grace descending, had remov'd
The stony from their hearts, and made new flesh
Regenerate grow instead. Milton.
If you fulfil this resolution, though you fall sometimes by
infirmity; nay, though you should fall into some greater act,
even of deliberate sin, which you presently retract by con­
fession and amendment, you are nevertheless in a regenerate
estate, you live the life of a christian here, and shall inherit
the reward that is promised to such in a glorious immortality
hereafter. Wake's Preparation for Death.

REGINERA’TION. n. s. [regeneration, Fr.] New birth; birth
by grace from carnal affections to a christian life.
He saved us by the washing of regeneration, and renewing
of the Holy Ghost. Tit. iii. 5.

REGE’NERATENESS. n. s. [from regenerate.] The state of
being regenerate.

RE’GENT. adj. [regent, Fr. regens, Lat.]
1. Governing; ruling.
The operations of human life flow not from the corporeal
moles, but from some other active regent principle that resides
in the body, or governs it, which we call the soul. Hale.
2. Exercising vicarious authority.
He together calls the regent pow'rs
Under him regent. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.

RE’GENT. n. s.
1. Governour; ruler.
Now for once beguil'd
Uriel, though regent of the sun, and held
The sharpest-fighted spirit of all in heav'n. Milton.
Neither of these are any impediment, because the regent
thereof is of an infinite immensity. Hale.
But let a heifer with gilt horns be led
To Juno, regent of the marriage bed. Dryden.
2. One invested with vicarious royalty.
Lord regent, I do great your excellence
With letters of commission from the king. Shakesp.

RE’GENTSHIP. n. s. [from regent.]
1. Power of governing.
2. Deputed authority.
If York have ill demean'd himself in France,
Then let him be deny'd the regentship. Shakesp.

REGERMINA’TION. n. s. [re and germination.] The act of
sprouting again.

RE’GIBLE. adj. Governable. Dict.

RE’GICIDE. n. s. [regicida, Lat.]
1. Murderer of his king.
I through the mazes of the bloody field,
Hunted your sacred life; which that I miss'd
Was the propitious error of my fate,
Not of my soul; my soul's a regicide. Dryden.
2. [Regicidium, Lat.] Murder of his king.
Were it not for this amulet, how were it possible for any
to think they may venture upon perjury, sacrilege, murder,
regicide, without impeachment to their saintship. D. of Piety.
Did fate or we, when great Atrides dy'd,
Urge the bold traitor to the regicide. Pope's Odyssey.

RE’GIMEN. n. s. [Latin.] That care in diet and living,
that is suitable to every particular course of medicine.
Yet should some neighbour feel a pain,
Just in the parts where I complain,
How many a message would he send?
What hearty prayers, that I should mend?
Enquire what regimen I kept,
What gave me ease, and how I slept. Swift.

RE’GIMENT. n. s. [regement, old Fr.]
1. Established government; polity. Not in use.
We all make complaint of the iniquity of our times, not
unjustly, for the days are evil; but compare them with those
times wherein there were no civil societies, with those times
wherein there was as yet no manner of publick regiment estab­
lished, and we have surely good cause to think, that God
hath blessed us exceedingly. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
The corruption of our nature being presupposed, we may
not deny, but that the law of nature doth now require of ne­
cessity some kind of regiment. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
2. Rule; authority. Not in use.
The regiment of the soul over the body, is the regiment of
the more active part over the passive. Hale.
3. [Regiment, Fr.] A body of soldiers under one colonel.
Th' adulterous Antony turns you off,
And gives his potent regiment to a trull. Shakesp.
Higher to the plain we'll set forth,
In best appointment, all our regiments. Shakesp.
The elder did whole regiments afford,
The younger brought his conduct and his sword. Waller.
The standing regiments, the fort, the town,
All but this wicked sister are our own. Waller.
Now thy aid
Eugene, with regiments unequal prest,
Awaits. Philips.

REGIME’NTAL. adj. [from regiment.] Belonging to a regi­
ment; military.

RE’GION. n. s. [region, Fr. regio, Lat.]
1. Tract of land; country; tract of space.
All the regions
Do seemingly revolt; and, who resist,
Are mock'd for valiant ignorance. Shakesp.
Her eyes in heav'n
Would through the airy regien stream so bright,
That birds would sing, and think it were not night. Shak.
The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the
matter of tempests before the air below. Bacon.
They rag'd the goddess, and with fury fraught,
The restless regions of the storms she sought. Dryden.
2. Part of the body.
The bow is bent and drawn, make from the shaft.
—Let it fall rather, though the sork invade
The region of my heart. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. Place; rank.
The gentleman kept company with the wild prince and
Poins: he is of too high a region; he knows too much. Shak.

RE’GISTER. n. s. [regist c, Fr. registrum, Lat.] An account
of any thing regularly kept.
Joy may you have, and everlasting fame,
Of late most hard atchievement by you done,
For which inrolled is your glorious name
In heavenly registers above the sun. Fairy Queen.


Sir John, as you have one eye upon my follies, as you hear
them unsolded, turn another into the register of your own. Sha.
This island, as appeareth by faithful registers of those times,
had ships of great content. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Of these experiments, our friend, pointing at the register
of this dialogue, will perhaps give you a more particular
account. Boyle.
For a conspiracy against the emperor Claudius, it was or­
dered that Scribonianus's name and consulate should be ef­
faced out of all publick registers and inscriptions. Addison.
2. [Registrarius, law Lat.] The officer whose business is to
write and keep the register.

To RE’GISTER. v. a. [registrer, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To record; to preserve from oblivion by authentick accounts.
The Roman emperors registered their most remarkable
buildings, as well as actions. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
2. To enrol; to set down in a list.
Such follow him, as shall be register'd;
Part good, part bad: of bad the longer scrowl. Milton.

RE’GISTRY. n. s. [from register.]
1. The act of inserting in the register.
A little see was to be paid for the registry. Graunt.
2. The place where the register is kept.
3. A series of facts recorded.
I wonder why a registry has not been kept in the college of
physicians of things invented. Temple.

RE’GLEMENT. n. s. [French.] Regulation. Not used.
To speak of the reformation and reglement of usury, by the
balance of commodities and discommodities thereof, two
things are to be reconciled. Bacon's Essays.

RE’GLET. n. s. [reglette, from regle, Fr.] Ledge of wood
exactly planed, by which printers separate their lines in pages
widely printed.

RE’GNANT. adj. [French.] Reigning; predominant; pre­
valent; having power.
Princes are shy of their successors, and there may be rea­
sonably supposed in queens regnant a little proportion of ten­
derness that way, more than in kings. Wotton.
The law was regnant, and confin'd his thought,
Hell was not conquer'd, when the poet wrote. Waller.
His guilt is clear, his proofs are pregnant,
A traytor to the vices regnant. Swift's Miscellanies.

To REGO’RGE. v. a. [re and gorge.]
1. To vomit up; to throw back.
It was scoffingly said, he had eaten the king's goose, and
did then regorge the feathers. Hayward.
2. To swallow eagerly.
Drunk with wine,
And fat regorg'd of bulls and goats. Milton's Agonistes.
3. [Regorger, Fr.] To swallow back.
As tides at highest mark regorge the flood,
So fate, that could no more improve their joy,
Took a malicious pleasure to destroy. Dryden.

To REGRA’FT. v. a. [regreffer, Fr. re and graft.] To graft
again.
Oft regrafting the same coins, may make fruit greater. Bac.

To REGRA’NT. v. a. [re and grant.] To grant back.
He, by letters patents, incorporated them by the name of
the dean and chapter of Trinity-church in Norwich, and re­
granted their lands to them. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To REGRA’TE. v. a.
1. To offend; to shock.
The cloathing of the tortoise and viper rather regrateth,
than pleaseth the eye. Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. [Regratter, Fr.] To engross; to forestal.
Neither should they buy any corn, unless it were to make
malt thereof; for by such engrossing and regrating, the dearth,
that commonly reigneth in England, hath been caused. Spens.

REGRA’TER. n. s. [regrattier, Fr. from regrate.] Forestaller;
engrosser.

To REGREE’T. v. a. [re and great.] To resalute; to greet a
second time.
Hereford, on pain of death,
Till twice five summers have enrich'd our fields,
Shall not regreet our fair dominions,
But lead the stranger paths of banishment. Shakesp.

REGREE’T. n. s. [from the verb.] Return or exchange of sa­
lutation. Not in use.
And shall these hands, so newly join'd in love,
Unyoke this seizure, and this kind regreet?
Play fast and loose with faith? Shakesp. King John.

REGRE’SS. n. s. [regrès, Fr. regressus, Latin.] Passage back;
power of passing back.
'Tis their natural place which they always tend to; and
from which there is no progress nor regress. Burnet.

To REGRE’SS. v. n. [regressus, Lat.] To go back; to return;
to pass back to the former state or place.
All being forced unto fluent consistences, naturally regress
unto their former solidities. Brown.

REGRE’SSION. n. s. [regressus, Lat.] The act of returning or
going back.
To desire there were no God, were plainly to unwish their
own being, which must needs be annihilated in the subtrac­
tion of that essence, which substantially supporteth them, and
restrains from regression into nothing. Brown.

REGRE’T. n. s. [regret, Fr. regretto, Italian. Prior has used it
in the plural; but, I believe, without authority.]
1. Vexation at something past; bitterness of reflection.
I never bare any touch of conscience with greater regret.
King Charles.
A passionate regret at sin, a grief and sadness at its memory,
enters us into God's roll of mourners. Decay of Piety.
Though sin offers itself in never so pleasing a dress, yet
the remorse and inward regrets of the soul, upon the com­
mission of it, infinitely overbalance those faint gratifications
it affords the senses. South's Sermons.
2. Grief; sorrow.
Never any prince expressed a more lively regret for the loss
of a servant, than his majesty did for this great man; in all
offices of grace towards his servants, and in a wonderful soli­
citous care for the payment of his debts. Clarendon.
That freedom, which all sorrows claim,
She does for thy content resign;
Her piety itself would blame,
If her regrets should waken thine. Prior.
3. Dislike; aversion. Not proper.
Is it a virtue to have some ineffective regrets to domnation,
and such a virtue too, as shall serve to balance all our vices.
Decay of Piety.

To REGRE’T. v. a. [regretter, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To repent; to grieve at.
I shall not regret the trouble my experiments cost me, if
they be found serviceable to the purposes of respiration. Boyle.
Calmly he look'd on either life, and here
Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear;
From nature's temp'rate feast rose satisfy'd,
Thank'd heav'n that he had liv'd, and that he dy'd. Pope.
2. To be uneasy at. Not proper.
Those, the impiety of whose lives makes them regret a
deity, and secretly wish there were none, will greedily listen
to atheistical notions. Glanville's Sceps.

REGUE’RDON. n. s. [re and guerdon.] Reward; recompense.
Stoop, and set your knee against my foot;
And in reguerdon of that duty done,
I gird thee with the valiant sword of York. Shakesp.

To REGUE’RDON. v. a. [from the noun.] To reward. The
verb and noun are both obsolete.
Long since we were resolved of your truth,
Your faithful service and your toil in war;
Yet never have you tasted your reward,
Or been reguerdon'd with so much as thanks. Shakesp.

RE’GULAR. adj. [regulier, Fr. regularis, Lat.]
1. Agreeable to rule; consistent with the mode prescribed.
The common cant of criticks is, that though the lines are
good, it is not a regular piece. Guardian.
The ways of heav'n are dark and intricate,
Puzzled in mazes, and perplex'd with errors;
Our understanding traces them in vain,
Lost and bewilder'd in the fruitless search;
Nor sees with how much art the windings run,
Nor where the regular confusion ends. Addison.
So when we view some well-proportion'd dome,
No monstrous height or breadth or length appear;
The whole at once is bold and regular. Pope.
2. Governed by strict regulations.
So just thy skill, so regular my rage. Pope.
3. In geometry, regular body is a solid, whose surface is composed
of regular and equal figures, and whose solid angles are all equal,
and of which there are five sorts, viz. 1. A pyramid compre­
hended under four equal and equilateral triangles. 2. A cube,
whose surface is composed of six equal squares. 3. That
which is bounded by eight equal and equilateral triangles.
4. That which is contained under twelve equal and equilate­
ral pentagons. 5. A body consisting of twenty equal and
equilateral triangles: and mathematicians demonstrate, that
there can be no more regular bodies than these five. Muschenbr.
There is no universal reason, not confined to human fancy,
that a figure, called regular, which hath equal sides and
angles, is more beautiful than any irregular one. Bentley.
4. Instituted or initiated according to established forms or disci­
pline: as, a regular doctor; regular troops.

REGULAR. n. s. [regulier, Fr.]
In the Romish church, all persons are said to be regulars,
that do profess and follow a certain rule of life, in Latin
stiled regula; and do likewise observe the three approved vows
of poverty, chastity and obedience. Ayliffe's Parergon.

REGULA’RITY. n. s. [regularité, Fr. from regular.]
1. Agreeableness to rule.
2. Method; certain order.
Regularity is certain, where it is not so apparent, as in all
fluids; for regularity is a similitude continued. Grew.
He was a mighty lover of regularity and order; and ma­
naged all his affairs with the utmost exactness. Atterbury.



RE’GULARLY. adv. [from regular.] In a manner concordant
to rule.
If those painters, who have left us such fair platforms, had
rigorously observed it in their figures, they had indeed made
things more regularly true, but withal very unpleasing. Dryd.
With one judicious stroke,
On the plain ground Apelles drew
A circle regularly true. Prior.
Strains that neither ebb nor flow,
Correctly cold and regularly low. Pope.

To RE’GULATE. v. a. [regula, Lat.]
1. To adjust by rule or method.
Nature, in the production of things, always designs them
to partake of certain, regulated, established essences, which
are to be the models of all things to be produced: this, in
that crude sense, would need some better explication. Locke.
2. To direct.
Regulate the patient in his manner of living. Wiseman.
Ev'n goddesses are women; and no wife
Has pow'r to regulate her husband's life. Dryden.

REGULA’TION. n. s. [from regulate.]
1. The act of regulating.
Being but stupid matter, they cannot continue any regular
and constant motion, without the guidance and regulation of
some intelligent being. Ray on the Creation.
2. Method; the effect of regulation.

REGULA’TOR. n. s. [from regulate.]
1. One that regulates.
The regularity of corporeal principles sheweth them to
come at first from a divine regulator. Grew's Cosmol.
2. That part of a machine which makes the motion equable.

RE’GULUS. n. s. [Lat. regule, Fr.]
Regulus is the finer and most weighty part of metals,
which settles at the bottom upon melting. Quincy.

To REGU’RGITATE. v. n. [re and gurges, Lat. regorger,
Fr.] To throw back; to pour back.
The inhabitants of the city remove themselves into the
country so long, until, for want of recept and encourage­
ment, it regurgitates and sends them back. Graunt.
Arguments of divine wisdom, in the framé of animate
bodies, are the artificial position of many valves, all so situate,
as to give a free passage to the blood in their due channels,
but not permit them to regurgitate and disturb the great cir­
culation. Bentley.

To REGU’RGITATE. v. n. To be poured back.
Nature was wont to evacuate its vicious blood out of these
veins, which passage being stopt, it regurgitates upwards to
the lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.

REGURGITA’TION. n. s. [from regurgitate.] Resorption;
the act of swallowing back.
Regurgitation of matter is the constant symptom. Sharp.

To REHEA’R. v. a. [re and hear.] To hear again.
My design is to give all persons a rehearing, who have
suffered under any unjust sentence. Addison's Examiner.

REHEA’RSAL. n. s. [from rehearse.]
1. Repetition; recital.
Twice we appoint, that the words which the minister pro­
nounceth, the whole congregation shall repeat after him; as
first in the publick confession of sins, and again in rehearsal
of our Lord's prayer after the blessed sacrament. Hooker.
What dream'd my lord? tell me, and I'll requite it
With sweet ehearsal of my morning's dream. Shakesp.
What respected their actions as a rule or admonition, ap­
plied to yours, is only a rehearsal, whose zeal in asserting the
ministerial cause is so generally known. South.
2. The recital of any thing previous to publick exhibition.
The chief of Rome,
With gaping mouths to these rehearsals come. Dryden.

To REHEA’RSE. v. a. [from rehear. Skinner.]
1. To repeat; to recite.
Rehearse not unto another that which is told. Ecclus.
Of modest poets be thou just,
To silent shades repeat thy verse,
'Till same and echo almost burst,
Yet hardly dare one line rehearse. Swift.
2. To relate; to tell.
Great master of the muse ! inspir'd
The pedigree of nature to rehearse,
And sound the maker's work in equal verse. Dryden.
3. To recite previously to publick exhibition.
All Rome is pleased, when Statius will rehearse. Dryden.

REJ

To REJE’CT. v. a. [rejicio, rejectus, Lat.]
1. To dismiss without compliance with proposal or acceptance
of offer.
Barbarossa was rejected into Syria, although he perceived
that it tended to his disgrace. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. To cast off; to make an abject.
Thou hast rejected the word of the Lord, and the Lord
hath rejected thee from being king. 1 Sam. xv. 26.
Give me wisdom, and reject me not from among thy
children. Wisd. ix. 4.
He is despised and rejected of men, a man of sorrows. Is.
3. To refuse; not to accept.
Because thou hast rejected knowledge, I will reject thee,
that thou shalt be no priest. Hosea iv. 6.
Whether it be a divine revelation or no, reason must judge,
which can never permit the mind to reject a greater evidence,
to embrace what is less evident. Locke.
4. To throw aside.

REJE’CTION. n. s. [rejectio, Lat.] The act of casting off or
throwing aside.
The rejection I use of experiments, is insinite; but if an ex­
periment be probable and of great use, I receive it. Bacon.
Medicines urinative do not work by rejection and indiges­
tion, as solutive do. Bacon.

REI

REI’GLE. n. s. [regle, Fr.] A hollow cut to guide any thing.
A flood gate is drawn up and let down through the reigles
in the side posts. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

To REIGN. v. n. [regno, Lat. regner, Fr.]
1. To enjoy or exercise sovereign authority.
This, done by them, gave them such an authority, that
though he reigned, they in effect ruled, most men honouring
them, because they only deserved honour. Sidney, b. ii.
Tell me, shall Banquo's issue ever
Reign in this kingdom? Shakesp. Macbeth.
A king shall reign in righteousness, and princes rule in
judgment. Is. xxxi. 1.
Did he not first sev'n years a life-time reign. Cowley.
This right arm shall fix
Her seat of empire; and your son shall reign. A. Philips.
2. To be predominant; to prevail.
Now did the sign reign, under which Perkin should ap­
pear. Bacon.
More are sick in the summer, and more die in the winter,
except in pestilent diseases, which commonly reign in summer
or autumn. Bacon.
Great secrecy reigns in their publick councils. Addison.
3. To obtain power or dominion.
That as sin reigned unto death, even so might grace reign
through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ. Romans.

REIGN. n. s. [regne, Fr. regnum, Lat.]
1. Royal authority; sovereignty.
He who like a father held his reign,
So soon forgot, was just and wise in vain. Pope.
2. Time of a king's government.
Queer country puts extol queen Bess's reign,
And of lost hospitality complain. Bramston.
Russel's blood
Stain'd the sad annals of a giddy reign. Thomson.
3. Kingdom; dominions.
Saturn's sons receiv'd the threesold reign
Of heav'n, of ocean and deep hell beneath. Prior.
That wrath which hurl'd to Pluto's gloomy reign,
The souls of mighty chiefs untimely slain. Pope.

To REIMBO’DY. v. n. [re and imbody, which is more frequent­
ly, but not more properly, written embody.] To embody again.
Quicksilver, broken into little globes, the parts brought to
touch immediately reimbody. Boyle.

To REIMBU’RSE. v. a. [re, in and bourse, Fr. a purse.] To
repay; to repair loss or expence by an equivalent.
Hath he saved any kingdom at his own expence, to
give him a title of reimbursing himself by the destruction of
ours? Swift's Miscellanies.

REIMBU’RSEMENT. n. s. [from reimburse.] Reparation or
repayment.
If any person has been at expence about the funeral of a
scholar, he may retain his books for the reimbursement. Ayliffe.

To REIMPRE’GNATE. v. a. [re and impregnate.] To impreg­
nate anew.
The vigor of the loadstone is destroyed by fire, nor will it
be reimpregnated by any other magnet than the earth. Brown.

REIMPRE’SSION. n. s. [re and impression.] A second or re­
peated impression.

REIN. n. s. [resnes, Fr.]
1. The part of the bridle, which extends from the horse's head
to the driver's or rider's hand.
Every horse bears his commanding rein,
And may direct his course as please himself. Shakesp.
Take you the reins, while I from cares remove,
And sleep within the chariot which I drove. Dryden.
With hasty hand the ruling reins he drew;
He lash'd the coursers, and the coursers flew. Pope.
2. Used as an instrument of government, or for government.
The hard rein, which both of them have borne
Against the old kind king. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To give the REINS. To give license.
War to disorder'd rage let loose the reins. Milton.
When to his lust ægisthus gave the rein,
Did fate or we th' adulterous act constrain. Pope.

To REIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To govern by a bridle.
He, like a proud steed rein'd, went haughty on. Milton.
His son retain'd
His father's art, and warriour steeds he rein'd. Dryden.


2. To restrain; to control.
And where you find a maid,
That, ere she sleep, hath thrice her pray'rs said,
Rein up the organs of her fantasy;
Sleep she as sound as careless infancy. Shakesp.
Being once chaft, he cannot
Be rein'd again to temperance; then he speaks
What's in his heart. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

REINS. n. s. [renes, Lat. rein, Fr.] The kidneys; the lower
part of the back.
Whom I shall see for myself, though my reins be con­
sumed. Job xix. 27.

To REINSE’RT. v. a. [re and insert.] To insert a second time.

To REINSPI’RE. v. a. [re and inspire.] To inspire anew.
Time will run
On smoother, till Favonius reinspire
The frozen earth, and cloath in fresh attire
The lilly and rose. Milton.
The mangled dame lay breathless on the ground,
When on a sudden reinspir'd with breath,
Again she rose. Dryden.

To REINSTA’L. v. a. [re and instal.]
1. To seat again.
That alone can truly reinstall thee
In David's royal seat, his true successor. Milton.
2. To put again in possession. This example is not very proper.
Thy father
Levied an army, weening to redeem
And reinstal me in the diadem. Shakesp. Henry VI.

To REINSTA’TE. v. a. [re and instate.] To put again in pos­
session.
David, after that signal victory, which had preserved his
life, reinstated him in his throne, and restored him to the ark
and sanctuary; yet suffered the loss of his rebellious son to
overwhelm the sense of his deliverance. Gov. of the Tongue.
Modesty reinstates the widow in her virginity. Addison.
The reinstating of this hero in the peaceable possession of
his kingdom, was acknowledged. Pope.

To REI’NTEGRATE. v. a. [reinteger, Fr. re and integer, Lat.
It should perhaps be written redintegrate.] To renew with
regard to any state or quality; to repair; to restore.
This league drove out all the Spaniards out of Germany,
and reintegrated that nation in their ancient liberty. Bacon.
The falling from a discord to a concord hath an agree­
ment with the affections, which are reintegrated to the better
after some dislikes. Bacon's Natural History.

To REINVE’ST. v. a. [re and invest.] To invest anew.

To REJOI’CE. v. n. [rejouir, Fr.] To be glad; to joy;
to exult; to receive pleasure from something past.
This is the rejoicing city that dwelt carelesly, that said,
there is none beside me. Zeph. ii. 15.
I will comfort them, and make them rejoice from their
sorrow. Jer. xxxi. 13.
Let them be brought to confusion, that rejoice at mine
hurt. Psalm xxxv. 26.
Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which the Lord had
done. Exodus xviii. 9.
They rejoice each with their kind. Milton.

To REJOI’CE. v. a. To exhilarate; to gladden; to make
joyful; to glad.
Thy testimonies are the rejoicings of my heart. Ps. cxix.
Alone to thy renown 'tis giv'n,
Unbounded through all worlds to go;
While she great saint rejoices heav'n,
And thou sustain'st the orb below. Prior.
I should give Cain the honour of the invention; were he
alive, it would rejoice his soul to see what mischief it had
made. Arbuthnot on Coins.

REJOI’CER. n. s. [from rejoice.] One that rejoices.
Whatsoever faith entertains, produces love to God; but
he that believes God to be cruel or a rejoicer in the unavoid­
able damnation of the greatest part of mankind, thinks evil
thoughts concerning God. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

To REJOI’N. v. a. [rejoindre, Fr.]
1. To join again.
The grand signior conveyeth his gallies down to Grand
Cairo, where they are taken in pieces, carried upon camels
backs, and rejoined together at Sues. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. To meet one again.
Thoughts, which at Hyde-park-corner I forgot,
Meet and rejoin me in the pensive grot. Pope.

To REJOI’N. v. n. To answer to an answer.
It will be replied, that he receives advantage by this lop­
ping of his superfluous branches; but I rejoin, that a tran­
slator has no such right. Dryden's Preface to Ovid.

REJOI’NDER, n. s. [from rejoin.]
1. Reply to an answer.
The quality of the person makes me judge myself obliged
to a rejoinder. Glanvill to Albius.
2. Reply; answer.
Injury of chance rudely beguiles our lips
Of all rejoindure. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

REJO’LT. n. s. [rejaillir, Fr.] Shock; succussion.
The sinner, at his highest pitch of enjoyment, is not pleased
with it so much, but he is afflicted more; and as long as these
inward rejolts and recoilings of the mind continue, the sinner
will find his accounts of pleasure very poor. South.

REIT. n. s. Sedge or sea weed. Bailey.

To REI’TERATE. v. a. [re and itero, Lat. reiterer, Fr.]
To repeat again and again.
You never spoke what did become you less
Than this; which to reiterate, were sin. Shakesp.
With reiterated crimes he might
Heap on himself damnation. Milton.
Although Christ hath forbid us to use vain repetitions when
we pray, yet he hath taught us, that to reiterate the samè re­
quests will not be vain. Smalridge.

REITERA’TION. n. s. [reiteration, Fr. from reiterate.] Repetition.
It is useful to have new experiments tried over again; such
reiterations commonly exhibiting new phenomena. Boyle.
The words are a reiteration or reinforcement of an applica­
tion, arising from the consideration of the excellency of
Christ above Moses. Ward of Infidelity.

To REJU’DGE. v. a. [re and judge.] To reexamine; to re­
view; to recal to a new trial.
The muse attends thee to the silent shade;
'Tis hers the brave man's latest steps to trace,
Rejudge his acts, and diguify disgrace. Pope.

To REKI’NDLE. v. a. [re and kindle.] To set on fire again.
These disappearing, fixed stars were actually extinguished,
and would for ever continue so, if not rekindled, and new re­
cruited with heat and light. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
Rekindled at the royal charms,
Tumultuous love each beating bosom warms. Pope.

REL

To RELA’PSE. v. n. [relapsus, Lat.]
1. To slip back; to slide or fall back.
2. To fall back into vice or errour.
The oftner he hath relapsed, the more significations he
ought to give of the truth of his repentance. Taylor.
3. To fall back from a state of recovery to sickness.
He was not well cured, and would have relapsed. Wisem.

RELA’PSE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Fall into vice or errour once forsaken.
This would but lead me to a worse relapse
And heavier fall. Milton.
We see in too frequent instances the relapses of those, who,
under the present smart, or the near apprehension of the di­
vine pleasure, have resolved on a religious reformation. Rog.
2. Regression from a state of recovery to sickness.
It was even as two physicians should take one sick body in
hand; of which, the former would purge and keep under the
body, the other pamper and strengthen it suddenly; whereof
what is to be looked for, but a most dangerous relapse. Spens.
3. Return to any state. The sense here is somewhat obscure.
Mark a bounding valour in our English;
That being dead like to the bullet's grazing,
Breaks out into a second course of mischief,
Killing in relapse of mortality. Shakesp. Henry V

To RELA’TE. v. a. [relatus, Lat.]
1. To tell; to recite.
Your wise and babes
Savagely slaughter'd; to relate the manner,
Were to add the death of you. Shakesp. Macbeth
Here I could srequent
With worship place by place, where he vouchsaf'd
Presence divine; and to my sons relate. Milton.
The drama represents to view, what the poem only does
relate. Dryden.
A man were better relate himself to a statue, than suffer
his thoughts to pass in smother. Bacon.
2. To ally by kindred.
Avails thee not,
To whom related, or by whom begot;
A heap of dust alone remains. Pope.
3. To bring back; to restore. A Latinism. Spenser.

To RELA’TE. v. n. To have reference; to have respect.
All negative or privative words relate to positive ideas, and
signify their absence. Locke.
As other courts demanded the execution of persons dead
in law, this gave the last orders relating to those dead in
reason. Tatler, No 110.

RELA’TER. n. s. [from relate.] Teller; narrator.
We shall rather perform good offices unto truth, than any
disservice unto their relaters. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Her husband the relater she prefer'd
Before the angel. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
The best English historian, when his style grows antiquated,
will be only considered as a tedious relater of facts. Swift.

RELA’TION. n. s. [relation, Fr. from relate.]
1. Manner of belonging to any person or thing.
Under this stone lies virtue, youth,
Unblemish'd probity and truth;
Just unto all relations known,
A worthy patriot, pious son. Waller.


So far as service imports duty and subjection, all created
beings bear the necessary relation of servants to God. South.
Our necessary relations to a family, oblige all to use their
reasoning powers upon a thousand occasions. Watts.
2. Respect; reference; regard.
I have been importuned to make some observations on this
art, in relation to its agreement with poetry. Dryden.
Relation consists in the consideration and comparing one
idea with another. Locke.
3. Connexion between one thing and another.
Augurs, that understand relations, have
By magpies, choughs and rooks brought forth
The secret'st man of blood. Shakesp. Macbeth.
4. Kindred; alliance of kin.
Relations dear, and all the charities
Of fathers, son and brother first were known. Milton.
Be kindred and relation laid aside,
And honour's cause by laws of honour try'd. Dryden.
Are we not to pity and supply the poor, though they have
no relation to us? no relation? that cannot be: the gospel
stiles them all our brethren; nay, they have a nearer relation
to us, our fellow-members; and both these from their rela­
tion to our Saviour himself, who calls them his brethren. Sprat.
5. Person related by birth or marriage; kinsman; kinswoman.
A she-cousin, of a good family and small fortune, passed
months among all her relations. Swift.
Dependants, friends, relations,
Savag'd by woe, forget the tender tie. Thomson.
6. Narrative; tale; account; narration; recital of facts.
In an historical relation, we use terms that are most
proper. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The author of a just fable, must please more than the
writer of an historical relation. Dennis's Letters.

RE’LATIVE. adj. [relativus, Lat. relatif, Fr.]
1. Having relation; respecting.
Not only simple ideas and substances, but modes are posi­
tive beings; though the parts of which they consist, are very
often relative one to another. Locke.
2. Considered not absolutely, but as belonging to, or respecting
something else.
The ecclesiastical, as well as the civil governour, has
cause to pursue the same methods of confirming himself; the
grounds of government being founded upon the same bottom
of nature in both, though the circumstances and relative con­
siderations of the persons may differ. South.
Every thing sustains both an absolute and a relative capa­
city: an absolute, as it is such a thing, endued with such a
nature; and a relative, as it is a part of the universe, and so
stands in such relation to the whole. South.
Wholesome and unwholesome are relative, not real qua­
lities. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Particular; positive; close in connection. Not in use.
I'll have grounds
More relative than this. Shakesp. Macbeth.

RE’LATIVE. n. s.
1. Relation; kinsman.
'Tis an evil dutifulness in friends and relatives, to suffer one
to perish without reproof. Taylor.
2. Pronoun answering to an antecedent.
Learn the right joining of substantives with adjectives, and
the relative with the antecedent. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
3. Somewhat respecting something else.
When the mind so considers one thing, that it sets it by
another, and carries its view from one to the other, this is
relation and respect; and the denominations given to positive
things, intimating that respect, are relatives. Locke.

RE’LATIVELY. adv. [from relative.] As it respects something
else; not absolutely.
All those things, that seem so foul and disagreeable in na­
ture, are not really so in themselves, but only relatively. More.
These being the greatest good or the greatest evil, either
absolutely so in themselves, or relatively so to us; it is there­
fore good to be zealously affected for the one against the
other. Sprat.
Consider the absolute affections of any being as it is in it­
self, before you consider it relatively, or survey the various
relations in which it stands to other beings. Watts.

RE’LATIVENESS. n. s. [from relative.] The state of having
relation.

To RELA’X. v. a. [relaxo, Lat.]
1. To slacken; to make less tense.
The sinews, when the southern wind bloweth, are more
relax. Bacon's Natural History.
2. To remit; to make less severe or rigorous.
The statute of mortmain was at several times relaxed by
the legislature. Swift.
3. To make less attentive or laborious.
Nor praise relax, nor difficulty fright. Vanity of Wishes.
4. To ease; to divert.
5. To open; to loose.
It serv'd not to relax their serried files. Milton.

To RELAX. v. n. To be mild; to be remiss; to be not
rigorous.
If in some regards she chose
To curb poor Paulo in too close;
In others she relax'd again,
And govern'd with a looser rein. Prior.

RELAXA’TION. n. s. [relaxation, Fr. relaxatio, Lat.]
1. Diminution of tension; the act of loosening.
Cold sweats are many times mortal; for that they come by
a relaxation or forsaking of the spirits. Bacon.
Many, who live healthy in a dry air, fall into all the dis­
eases that depend upon relaxation in a moist one. Arbuthnot.
2. Cessation of restraint.
The sea is not higher than the land, as some imagined the
sea stood upon heap higher than the shore; and at the deluge
a relaxation being made, it overflow'd the land. Burnet.
3. Remission; abatement of rigour.
They childishly granted, by common consent of their whole
senate, under their town seal, a relaxation to one Bertelier,
whom the eldership had excommunicated. Hooker.
The relaxation of the statute of mortmain, is one of the
reasons which gives the bishop terrible apprehensions of po­
pery coming on us. Swift.
4. Remission of attention or application.
As God has not so devoted our bodies to toil, but that he
allows us some recreation: so doubtless he indulges the same
relaxation to our minds. Government of the Tongue.
There would be no business in solitude, nor proper relax­
ations in business. Addison's Freeholder.

RELA’Y. n. s. [relais, Fr.] Horses on the road to relieve others.

To RELEA’SE. v. a. [relascher, relaxer, Fr.]
1. To set free from consinement or servitude.
Pilate said, whom will ye that I release unto you? Mat.
You releas'd his courage, and set free
A valour fatal to the enemy. Dryden.
Why should a reasonable man put it into the power of for­
tune to make him miserable, when his ancestors have taken
care to release him from her? Dryden.
2. To set free from pain.
3. To free from obligation.
Too secure, because from death releas'd some days. Milt.
4. To quit; to let go.
He had been base, had he releas'd his right,
For such an empire none but kings should fight. Dryden.
5. To relax; to slacken. Not in use.
It may not seem hard, if in cases of necessity certain pro­
fitable ordinances sometimes be released, rather than all men
always strictly bound to the general rigor thereof. Hooker.

RELEA’SE. n. s. [relasche, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Dismission from confinement, servitude or pain.
O fatal search! in which the lab'ring mind,
Still press'd with weight of woe, still hopes to find
A shadow of delight, a dream of peace,
From years of pain, one moment of release. Prior.
2. Relaxation of a penalty.
3. Remission of a claim.
The king made a great feast, and made a release to the
provinces, and gave gifts. Esth. ii. 18.
The king would not have one penny abated, of what had
been granted by parliament; because it might encourage other
countries to pray the like release or mitigation. Bacon.
4. Acquittance from a debt signed by the creditor.

To RE’LEGATE. v. a. [releguer, Fr. relego, Lat.] To banish;
to exile.

RELEGA’TION. n. s. [relegation, Fr. relegatio, Lat.] Exile;
judicial banishment.
According to the civil law, the extraordinary punishment
of adultery was deportation or relegation. Ayliffe.

To RELE’NT. v. n. [ralentir, Fr.]
1. To soften; to grow less rigid or hard; to give.
In some houses, sweetmeats will relent more than in
others. Bacon.
In that soft season, when descending show'rs
Call forth the greens, and wake the rising flow'rs;
When opening buds salute the welcome day,
And earth relenting feels the genial ray. Pope.
2. To melt; to grow moist.
Crows seem to call upon rain, which is but the comfort
they seem to receive in the relenting of the air. Bacon.
Salt of tartar, brought to fusion, and placed in a cellar,
will, in a few minutes, begin to relent, and have its surface
softened by the imbibed moisture of the air, wherein if it be
left long, it will totally be dissolved. Boyle.
All nature mourns, the skies relent in show'rs,
Hush'd are the birds, and clos'd the drooping flow'rs;
If Delia smile, the flow'rs begin to spring,
The skies to brighten, and the birds to sing. Pope.
3. To grow less intense.
I have marked in you a relenting truly, and a slacking of
the main career, you had so notably begun, and almost
performed. Sidney.
The workmen let glass cool by degrees in such relentings of
fire, as they call their nealing heats, lest it should shiver in
pieces by a violent succeeding of air. Digby on Bodies.


4. To soften in temper; to grow tender; to feel compassion.
Can you behold
My tears, and not once relent? Shakesp. Henry VI.
I'll not be made a soft and dull-ey'd fool,
To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
To christian intercessors. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Undoubtedly he will relent, and turn
From his displeasure. Milton.
He sung, and hell consented
To hear the poet's pray'r;
Stern Prosperine relented,
And gave him back the fair. Pope.

To RELE’NT. v. a.
1. To slacken; to remit. Obsolete.
Apace he shot, and yet he fled apace,
And oftentimes he would relent his pace,
That him his foe more fiercely should pursue. Fa. Queen.
2. To soften; to mollify. Obsolete.
Air hated earth, and water hated fire,
Till love relented their rebellious ire. Spenser.

RELE’NTLESS. adj. [from relent.]
1. Unpitying; unmoved by kindness or tenderness.
For this th' avenging pow'r employs his darts;
Thus will persist, relentless in his ire,
Till the fair slave be render'd to her fire. Dryden.
Why should the weeping hero now
Relentless to their wishes prove. Prior.
2. In Milton, it perhaps signifies unremitted; intensely fixed upon
disquieting objects.
Only in destroying, I find ease
To my relentless thoughts. Milton's Par. Lost.

RE’LEVANT. adj. [French.] Relieving. Dict.

RELEVA’TION. n. s. [relevatio, Lat.] A raising or lifting up.

RELI’ANCE. n. s. [from rely.] Trust; dependance; confi­
dence; repose of mind. With on before the object of trust.
His days and times are past,
And my reliance on his fracted dates
Has smit my credit. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
That pellucid gelatinous substance, which he pitches upon
with so great reliance and positiveness, is chiefly of animal
constitution. Woodward.
He secured and encreased his prosperity, by an humble be­
haviour towards God, and a dutiful reliance on his provi­
dence. Atterbury's Sermons.
They afforded a sufficient conviction of this truth, and a
firm reliance on the promises contained in it. Rogers.
Resignation in death, and reliance on the divine mercies,
give comfort to the friends of the dying. Clarissa.
Misfortunes often reduce us to a better reliance, than that
we have been accustomed to fix upon. Clarissa.

RE’LICK. n. s. [reliquiæ, Lat. relique, Fr.]
1. That which remains; that which is left after the loss or de­
cay of the rest. It is generally used in the plural.
Up dreary dame of darkness queen,
Go gather up the reliques of thy race,
Or else go them avenge. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Shall we go see the relicks of this town. Shakesp.
The fragments, scraps, the bits and greasy reliques
Of her o'ereaten faith are bound to Diomede. Shakesp.
Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains,
But long contracted filth ev'n in the soul remains;
The relicks of inveterate vice they wear,
And spots of sin. Dryden's æneis.
2. It is often taken for the body deserted by the soul.
What needs my Shakespeare for his honour'd bones,
The labour of an age in piled stones;
Or that his hallow'd reliques should be hid
Under a star-ypointed pyramid. Milton.
In peace, ye shades of our great grandsires, rest;
Eternal spring, and rising flow'rs adorn
The relicks of each venerable urn. Dryden.
Shall our relicks second birth receive?
Sleep we to wake, and only die to live? Prior.
Thy relicks, Rowe, to this fair shrine we trust,
And sacred place by Dryden's awful dust;
Beneath a rude and nameless stone he lies,
To which thy tomb shall guide enquiring eyes. Pope.
3. That which is kept in memory of another, with a kind of
religious veneration.
Cowls flutter'd into rags, then reliques leaves
The sport of winds. Milton.
This church is very rich in relicks; among the rest, they
show a fragment of Thomas á Becket, as indeed there are
very few treasuries of relicks in Italy, that have not a tooth or
a bone of this saint. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

RE’LICKLY. adv. [from relick.] In the manner of relicks.
Thrifty wench scrapes kitchen stuff,
And barreling the droppings and the snuff
Of wasting candles, which in thirty year
Relickly kept, perhaps buys wedding cheer. Donne.

RE’LICT. n. s. [relicte, old Fr. relicta, Lat.] A widow; a
wise desolate by the death of her husband.
If the fathers and husbands were of the houshold of faith,
then certainly their relicts and children cannot be strangers in
this houshold. Sprat's Sermons.
Chaste relict!
Honour'd on earth, and worthy of the love
Of such a spouse, as now resides above. Garth.

RELIE’F. n. s. [relief, Fr.]
1. The prominence of a figure in stone or metal; the seeming
prominence of a picture.
The figures of many ancient coins rise up in a much more
beautiful relief than those on the modern; the face sinking
by degrees in the several declensions of the empire, till about
Constantine's time, it lies almost even with the surface of the
medal. Addison on Ancient Medals.
Not with such majesty, such bold relief,
The forms august of kings, or conqu'ring chief,
E'er swell'd on marble, as in verse have shin'd,
In polish'd verse, the manners and the mind. Pope.
2. The recommendation of any thing, by the interposition of
something different.
3. Alleviation of calamity; mitigation of pain or sorrow.
Thoughts in my unquiet breast are risen,
Tending to some relief of our extremes. Milton.
4. That which frees from pain or sorrow.
So should we make our death a glad relief
From future shame. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Nor dar'd I to presume, that press'd with grief,
My flight should urge you to this dire relief;
Stay, stay your steps. Dryden's æneis.
5. Dismission of a sentinel from his post.
For this relief, much thanks; 'tis bitter cold,
And I am sick at heart. Shakesp. Hamlet.
6. [Relevium, law Lat.] Legal remedy of wrongs.

RELIE’VABLE. adj. [from relieve.] Capable of relief.
Neither can they, as to reparation, hold plea of things,
wherein the party is relievable by common law. Hale.

To RELIE’VE. [relevo, Lat. relever, Fr.]
1. To recommend by the interposition of something dissimilar.
As the great lamp of day,
Through diff'rent regions, does his course pursue,
And leaves one world but to revive a new;
While, by a pleasing change, the queen of night
Relieves his lustre with a milder light. Stepney.
Since the inculcating precept upon precept will prove tire­
some, the poet must not encumber his poem with too much
business; but sometimes relieve the subject with a moral re­
flection. Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
2. To support; to assist.
Parallels, or like relations, alternately relieve each other;
when neither will pass asunder, yet are they plausible to­
gether. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. To ease pain or sorrow.
4. To succour by assistance.
From thy growing store,
Now lend assistance, and relieve the poor;
A pittance of thy land will set him free. Dryden.
5. To set a sentinel at rest, by placing another on his post.
Honest soldier, who hath relieved you?
—Bernado has my place, give you good night. Shakesp.
Relieve the centries that have watch'd all night. Dryden.
6. To right by law.

RELIE’VER. n. s. [from relieve.] One that relieves.
He is the protector of his weakness, and the reliever of his
wants. Rogers's Sermons.

RELIE’VO. n. s. [Italian.] The prominence of a figure or
picture.
A convex mirrour makes the objects in the middle come
out from the superficies: the painter must do so in respect of
the lights and shadows of his figures, to give them more re­
lievo and more strength. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To RELI’GHT. v. a. [re and light.] To light anew.
His pow'r can heal me, and relight my eye. Pope.

RELI’GION. n. s. [religion, Fr. religio, Lat.]
1. Virtue, as founded upon reverence of God, and expectation
of future rewards and punishments.
He that is void of fear, may soon be just,
And no religion binds men to be traitors. Benj. Johnson.
One spake much of right and wrong,
Of justice, of religion, truth and peace
And judgment from above. Milton.
If we consider it as directed against God, it is a breach of
religion; if as to men, it is an offence against morality. South.
By her inform'd, we best religion learn,
Its glorious object by her aid discern. Blackmore.
Religion or virtue, in a large sense, includes duty to God
and our neighbour; but in a proper sense, virtue signifies
duty towards men, and religion duty to God. Watts.
2. A system of divine faith and worship as opposite to others.
The image of a brute, adorn'd
With gay religions, full of pomp and gold. Milton.
The christian religion, rightly understood, is the deepest
and choicest piece of philosophy that is. More.


The doctrine of the gospel proposes to men such glorious
rewards and such terrible punishments as no religion ever did,
and gives us far greater assurance of their reality and cer­
tainty than ever the world had. Tillotson.

RELI’GIONIST. n. s. [from religion.] A bigot to any religious
persuasion.
The lawfulness of taking oaths may be revealed to the
quakers, who then will stand upon as good a foot for prefer­
ment as any other subject; under such a motly administra­
tion, what pullings and hawlings, what a zeal and biass there
will be in each religionist to advance his own tribe, and de­
press the others. Swift.

RELI’GIOUS. adj. [religieux, Fr. religiosus, Lat.]
1. Pious; disposed to the duties of religion.
It is a matter of sound consequence, that all duties are by
so much the better performed, by how much the men are
more religious, from whose habilities the same proceed. Hook.
When holy and devout religious christians
Are at their beads, 'tis hard to draw them from thence;
So sweet is zealous contemplation! Shakesp.
Their lives
Religious titled them the sons of God. Milton.
2. Teaching religion.
He God doth late and early pray,
More of his grace than gifts to lend;
And entertains the harmless day
With a religious book or friend. Wotton.
3. Among the Romanists, bound by the vows of poverty, cha­
stity and obedience.
Certain fryars and religious men were moved with some zeal,
to draw the people to the christian faith. Abbot.
France has vast numbers of ecclesiasticks, secular and re­
ligious. Addison's State of the War.
What the protestants would call a fanatick, is in the Ro­
man church a religious of such an order; as an English mer­
chant in Lisbon, after some great disappointments in the
world, resolved to turn capuchin. Addison.
4. Exact; strict.

RELI’GIOUSLY. adv. [from religious.]
1. Piously; with obedience to the dictates of religion.
2. According to the rites of religion.
These are their brethren, whom you Goths behold
Alive and dead, and for their brethren slain
Religiously they ask a sacrifice. Shakesp. Titus Andron.
3. Reverently; with veneration.
Dost thou in all thy addresses to him, come into his pre­
sence with reverence, kneeling and religiously bowing thyself
before him. Duppa's Rules to Devotion.
4. Exactly; with strict observance.
The privileges, justly due to the members of the two houses
and their attendants, are religiously to be maintained. Bacon.

RELI’GIOUSNESS. n. s. [from religious.] The qualtiy or state
of being religious.

To RELI’NQUISH. v. a. [relinquo, Lat.]
1. To forsake; to abandon; to leave; to desert.
The habitation there was utterly relinquished. Abbot.
The English colonies grew poor and weak, though the
English lords grew rich and mighty; for they placed Irish
tenants upon the lands relinquished by the English. Davies.
2. To quit; to release; to give up.
The ground of God's sole property in any thing is,
the return of it made by man to God; by which act he re­
linquishes and delivers back to God all his right to the use of
that thing, which before had been freely granted him by
God. South's Sermons.
3. To forbear; to depart from.
In case it may be proved, that amongst the number of rites
and orders common unto both, there are particulars, the use
whereof is utterly unlawful, in regard of some special bad
and noisom quality; there is no doubt but we ought to relin­
quish such rites and orders, what freedom soever we have to
retain the other still. Hooker, b. iv. s. 11.

RELI’NQUISHMENT. n. s. [from relinquish.] The act of for­
saking.
Government or ceremonies, or whatsoever it be, which is
popish, away with it: this is the thing they require in us,
the utter relinquishment of all things popish. Hooker.
That natural tenderness of conscience, which must first
create in the soul a sense of sin, and from thence produce a
sorrow for it, and at length cause a relinquishment of it, is
took away by a customary repeated course of sinning. South.

RE’LISH. n. s. [from relecher, Fr. to lick again. Minshew,
Skinner.]
1. Taste; the effect of any thing on the palate; it is commonly
used of a pleasing taste.
Under sharp, sweet and sour, are abundance of immediate
peculiar relishes or tastes, which experienced palates can easily
discern. Boyle on Colours.
These two bodies, whose vapours are so pungent, spring
from saltpetre, which betrays upon the tongue no heat nor
corrosiveness, but coldness mixed with a somewhat languid
relish retaining to bitterness. Boyle.
Much pleasure we have lost, while we abstain'd
From this delightful fruit, nor known till now
True relish, tasting. Milton.
Could we suppose their relishes as different there as here,
yet the manna in heaven suits every palate. Locke.
Sweet, bitter, sour, harsh and salt are all the epithets we
have to denominate that numberless variety of relishes to be
found distinct in the different parts of the same plant. Locke.
2. Taste; small quantity just perceptible.
The king becoming graces;
As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
Devotion, patience, courage, fortitude;
I have no relish of them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Liking; delight in any thing.
We have such a relish for faction, as to have lost that of
wit. Addison's Freeholder.
Good men after death are distributed among these several
islands with pleasures of different kinds, suitable to the relishes
and perfections of those settled in them. Addison's Spectator.
4. Sense; power of perceiving excellence; taste.
A man, who has any relish for fine writing, discovers new
beauties, or receives stronger impressions from the masterly
strokes of a great author every time he peruses him. Addison.
Some hidden seeds of goodness and knowledge give him a
relish of such reflections, as improve the mind, and make
the heart better. Addison's Spectator, No 262.
The pleasure of the proprietor, to whom things become
familiar, depends, in a great measure, upon the relish of the
spectator. Seed's Sermons.
5. Delight given by any thing; the power by which pleasure is
given.
Expectation whirls me round;
Th' imaginary relish is so sweet,
That it enchants my sense. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
When liberty is gone,
Life grows insipid, and has lost its relish. Addison's Cato.
6. Cast; manner.
It preserves some relish of old writing. Pope.

To RE’LISH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To give a taste to any thing.
On smoaking lard they dine;
A sav'ry bit that serv'd to relish wine. Dryden.
2. To taste; to have a liking.
I love the people;
Though it do well, I do not relish well
Their loud applause. Shakesp.
How will dissenting brethren relish it?
What will malignants say? Hudibras, p. i.
Men of nice palates would not relish Aristotle, as drest up
by the schoolmen. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
He knows how to prize his advantages, and relish the ho­
nours which he enjoys. Atterbury.

To RE’LISH. v. n.
1. To have a pleasing taste.
The ivory feet of tables were carved into the shape of lions,
without which, their greatest dainties would not relish to their
palates. Hakewill on Providence.
2. To give pleasure.
Had I been the finder-out of this secret, it would not have
relished among my other discredits. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. To have a flavour.
A theory, which how much soever it may relish of wit and
invention, hath no foundation in nature. Woodward.

RELI’SHABLE. adj. [from relish.] Gustable; having a taste.

To RELI’VE. v. n. [re and live.] To revive; to live anew.
The thing on earth, which is of most avail,
Any virtue's branch and beauty's bud,
Reliven not for any good. Spenser.

To RELO’VE. v. a. [re and love.] To love in return.
To own for him so familiar and levelling an affection as
love, much more to expect to be reloved by him, were not
the least saucy presumption man could be guilty of, did not
his own commandments make it a duty. Boyle.

RELU’CENT. adj. [relucens, Latin.] Shining; transparent;
pellucid.
In brighter mazes, the relucent stream
Plays o'er the mead. Thomson's Summer.

To RELU’CT. v. n. [reluctor, Lat.] To struggle again.
We, with studied mixtures, force our relucting appetites,
and with all the spells of epicurism, conjure them up, that we
may lay them again. Decay of Piety.

RELU’CTANCE. n. s. [reluctor, Latin.] Unwillingness; re­
pugnance; struggle in opposition.
A little more weight, added to the lower of the marbles,
is able to surmount their reluctancy to separation, notwith­
standing the supposed danger of thereby introducing a
vacuum. Boyle.
It favours
Reluctance against God, and his just yoke
Laid on our necks. Milton.
Bear witness, heav'n, with what reluctancy
Her hapless innocence I doom to die. Dryden.
æneas, when forced in his own defence to kill Lausus,
the poet shows compassionate, and tempering the severity of
his looks with a reluctance to the action; he has pity on his
beauty and his youth; and is loth to destroy such a master­
piece of nature. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
How few would be at the pains of acquiring such an habit,
and of conquering all the reluctancies and difficulties that lay
in the way towards virtue. Atterbury.
Many hard stages of discipline must he pass through, before
he can subdue the reluctances of his corruption. Rogers.
With great reluctancy man is persuaded to acknowledge
this necessity. Rogers's Sermons.

RELU’CTANCY. n. s. [reluctor, Latin.] Unwillingness; re­
pugnance; struggle in opposition.
A little more weight, added to the lower of the marbles,
is able to surmount their reluctancy to separation, notwith­
standing the supposed danger of thereby introducing a
vacuum. Boyle.
It favours
Reluctance against God, and his just yoke
Laid on our necks. Milton.
Bear witness, heav'n, with what reluctancy
Her hapless innocence I doom to die. Dryden.


æneas, when forced in his own defence to kill Lausus,
the poet shows compassionate, and tempering the severity of
his looks with a reluctance to the action; he has pity on his
beauty and his youth; and is loth to destroy such a master­
piece of nature. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
How few would be at the pains of acquiring such an habit,
and of conquering all the reluctancies and difficulties that lay
in the way towards virtue. Atterbury.
Many hard stages of discipline must he pass through, before
he can subdue the reluctances of his corruption. Rogers.
With great reluctancy man is persuaded to acknowledge
this necessity. Rogers's Sermons.

RELU’CTANT. adj. [reluctans, Lat.] Unwilling; acting with
repugnance.
Reluctant; but in vain! a greater pow'r
Now rul'd him. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
Some refuge in the muse's art I found;
Reluctant now I touch'd the trembling string
Bereft of him, who taught me how to sing. Tickell.

To RELU’CTATE. v. n. [reluctor, Lat.] To resist; to struggle
against.
In violation of God's patrimony, the first sacrilege is looked
on with some horrour, and men devise colours to delude their
reluctating consciences; but when they have once made the
breach, their scrupulosity soon retires. Decay of Piety.

RELUCTA’TION. n. s. [reluctor, Latin.] Repugnance; resis­
tance.
The king prevailed with the prince, though not without
some reluctation. Bacon's Henry VII.
Adam's sin, or the curse upon it, did not deprive him of
his rule, but left the creatures to a rebellion or reluctation. Bac.

To RELU’ME. v. a. To light anew; to rekindle.
Relume her ancient light, nor kindle new. Pope.

To RELU’MINE. v. a. To light anew.
Once put out thy light;
I know not where is that Promethean heat,
That can thy light relumine. Shakesp. Othello.

To RELY’. v. n. [re and lye.] To lean upon with confi­
dence; to put trust in; to rest upon; to depend upon.
Go in thy native innocence! rely
On what thou hast of virtue; summon all!
For God tow'rds thee hath done his part, do thine. Milton.
Egypt does not on the clouds rely,
But to the Nile owes more than to the sky. Waller.
Thus Solon to Pisistratus reply'd,
Demanded, on what succour he rely'd,
When with so few he boldly did engage;
He said, he took his courage from his age. Denham.
Though reason is not to be relied upon, as universally
sufficient to direct us what to do; yet it is generally to be
relied upon and obeyed, where it tells us what we are not
to do. South.
Fear relies upon a natural love of ourselves, and is com­
plicated with a necessary desire of our own preservation. Till.
Such variety of arguments only distract the understanding
that relies on them. Locke.
The pope was become a party in the cause, and could not
be relied upon for a decision. Atterbury.
Do we find so much religion in the age, as to rely on the
general practice for the measures of our duty? Rogers.
No prince can ever rely on the fidelity of that man, who is
a rebel to his Creator. Rogers.

REM

To REMAI’N. v. n. [remaneo, Lat.]
1. To be left out of a greater quantity or number.
That that remains, shall be buried in death. Job xxvii. 15.
Bake that which ye will bake to-day; and that which re­
maineth over, lay up until the morning. Ex. xvi. 23.
2. To continue; to endure; to be left.
He for the time remain'd stupidly good. Milton.
If what you have heard, shall remain in you, ye shall con­
tinue in the son. 1 Jo. ii. 24.
3. To be left after any event.
Childless thou art, childless remain. Milton.
In the families of the world, there remains not to one
above another the least pretence to inheritance. Locke.
4. Not to be lost.
Now somewhat sing, whose endless souvenance
Among the shepherds may for aye remain. Spenser.
I was increased more than all that were before me, also my
wisdom remained with me. Ecclus. ii. 9.
5. To be left as not comprised.
That a father may have some power over his children, is
easily granted; but that an elder brother has so over his bre­
thren, remains to be proved. Locke.

To REMAIN. v. a. To await; to be left to.
Such end had the kid; for he would weaned be
Of craft, coloured with simplicity;
And such end, pardie, does all them remain
That of such falsers friendship shall be sain. Spenser.
With oaken staff
I'll raise such outcries on thy clatter'd iron,
Which long shall not withhold me from thy head,
That in a little time, while breath remains thee,
Thou oft shalt wih thyself at Gath to boast,
But never shalt see Gath. Milton.
If thence he 'scape, what remains him less
Than unknown dangers. Milton.
The easier conquest now
Remains thee, aided by this host of friends,
Back on thy foes more glorious to return. Milton.

REMAIN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Relick; that which is left. Generally used in the plural.
I grieve with the old, for so many additional inconvenien­
cies, more than their small remain of life seemed destined to
undergo. Pope.
2. The body left by soul.
But fowls obscene dismember'd his remains,
And dogs had torn him. Pope's Odyssey.
Oh would'st thou sing what heroes Windsor bore,
Or raise old warriors, whose ador'd remains,
In weeping vaults, her hallow'd earth contains. Pope.
3. Abode; habitation. Not in use.
A most miraculous work in this good king,
Which, often since my here remain in England,
I've seen him do. Shakesp. Macbeth.

REMAI’NDER. adj. [from remain.] Remaining; refuse; left.
His brain
Is as dry as the remainder bisket
After a voyage. Shakesp. As You Like it.
We turn not back the silks upon the merchant,
When we have spoil'd them; nor the remainder viands
We do not throw in unrespective place,
Because we now are full. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

REMAI’NDER. n. s.
1. What is left.
The gods protect you,
And bless the good remainders of the court! Shakesp.
A fine is levied to grant a reversion or remainder, expectant
upon a lease that yieldeth no rent. Bacon.
Mahomet's crescent by our feuds encreast,
Blasted the learn'd remainders of the East. Denham.
Could bare ingratitude have made any one so diabolical,
had not cruelty came in as a second to its assistance, and
cleared the villain's breast of all remainders of humanity? South.
There are two restraints which God hath put upon hu­
man nature, shame and fear; shame is the weaker, and hath
place only in those in whom there are some remainders of
virtue. Tillotson.
What madness moves you, matrons, to destroy
The last remainders of unhappy Troy? Dryden.
If he, to whom ten talents were committed, has squan­
dered away five, he is concerned to make a double improve­
ment of the remainder. Rogers.
If these decoctions be repeated till the water comes off
clear, the remainder yields no salt. Arbuthnot.
Of six millions raised every year for the service of the pub­
lick, one third is intercepted through the several subordina­
tions of artful men in office, before the remainder is applied
to the proper use. Swift.
2. The body when the soul is departed; remains.
Shew us
The poor remainder of Andronicus. Shakesp.

To REMA’KE. v. a. [re and make.] To make anew.
That, which she owns above her, must perfectly remake
us after the image of our maker. Glanvill's Apology.

To REMA’ND. v. a. [re and mando, Lat] To send back; to
call back.
The better sort quitted their freeholds and fled into Eng­
land, and never returned, though many laws were made to
remand them back. Davies on Ireland.
Philoxenus, for despising some dull poetry of Dionysius,
was condemned to dig in the quarries; from whence being
remanded, at his return Dionysius produced some other of his
verses, which as soon as Philoxenus had read, he made no
reply, but, calling to the waiters, said, carry me again to
the quarries. Government of the Tongue.

RE’MANENT. n. s. [remanens, Lat. remanant, old Fr. It is
now contracted to remnant.] The part remaining.
Her majesty bought of his executrix the remanent of the last
term of three years. Bacon.

REMA’RK. n. s. [remarque, Fr.] Observation; note; notice
taken.
He cannot distinguish difficult and noble speculations from
triffing and vulgar remarks. Collier on Pride.

To REMA’RK. v. a. [remarquer, Fr.]
1. To note; to observe.
It is easy to observe what has been remarked, that the
names of simple ideas are the least liable to mistakes. Locke.
The pris'ner Samson here I seek.
—His manacles remark him, there he sits. Milton.
2. To distinguish; to point out; to mark.

REMA’RKABLE. adj. [remarkable, Fr.] Observable; worthy of
note.
So did Orpheus plainly teach, that the world had begin­
ning in time, from the will of the most high God, whose re­
markable words are thus converted. Raleigh.


'Tis remarkable, that they
Talk most, who have the least to say. Prior.
What we obtain by conversation soon vanishes, unless we
note down what remarkables we have found. Watts.

REMA’RKABLENESS. n. s. [from remarkable.] Observable­
ness; worthiness of observation.
They signify the remarkableness of this punishment of the
Jews, as signal revenge from the crucified Christ. Hammond.

REMA’RKABLY. adv. [from remarkable.] Observably; in a
manner worthy of observation.
Chiefly assur'd,
Remarkably so late, of thy so true,
So faithful love. Milton.
Such parts of these writings, as may be remarkably stupid,
should become subjects of an occasional criticism. Watts.

REMA’RKER. n. s. [remarkeur, Fr.] Observer; one that re­
marks.
If the remarker would but once try to outshine the author
by writing a better book on the same subject, he would soon
be convinced of his own insufficiency. Watts.

REME’DIABLE. adj. [from remedy.] Capable of remedy.

REME’DIATE. adj. [from remedy.] Medicinal; affording a
remedy. Not in use.
All you, unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
Spring with my tears; be aidant and remediate
In the good man's distress. Shakesp. King Lear.

REME’DILESS. adj. [from remedy.] Not admitting remedy;
irreparable; cureless; incurable.
Sad æsculapius
Imprison'd was in chains remediless. Fairy Queen.
The war, grounded upon this general remediless necessity,
may be termed the general, the remediless, or the necessary
war. Raleigh's Essays.
We, by rightful doom remediless,
Were lost in death, till he that dwelt above
High-thron'd in secret bliss, for us frail dust
Emptied his glory. Milton.
Flatter him it may, as those are good at flattering, who
are good for nothing else; but in the mean time, the poor
man is left under a remediless delusion. South.

REME’DILESSNESS. n. s. [from remediless.] Incurableness.

REME’DY. n. s. [remedium, Lat. remede, Fr.]
1. A medicine by which any ilness is cured.
The difference between poisons and remedies is easily known
by their effects; and common reason soon distinguishes be­
tween virtue and vice. Swift.
2. Cure of any uneasiness.
Here hope began to dawn; resolv'd to try,
She fix'd on this her utmost remedy. Dryden.
O how short my interval of woe!
Our griefs how swift, our remedies how slow. Prior.
3. That which counteracts any evil.
What may be remedy or cure
To evils, which our own misdeeds have wrought. Milton.
Civil government is the proper remedy for the inconve­
niencies of the state of nature. Locke.
Attempts have been made for some remedy against this
evil. Swift.
4. Reparation; means of repairing any hurt.
Things, without all remedy,
Should be without regard. Shakesp. Macbeth.
In the death of a man there is no remedy. Wisd. ii. 1.

To REME’DY. v. a. [remedier, Fr.]
1. To cure; to heal.
Sorry we are, that any good and godly mind should be
grieved with that which is done; but to remedy their grief,
lieth not so much in us as in themselves. Hooker.
2. To repair or remove mischief.

To REME’MBER. v. a. [remembrer, old Fr. remembrare, Ital.]
1. To bear in mind any thing; not to forget.
Remember not against us former iniquities. Ps. lxxix. 8.
2. To recollect; to call to mind.
He having once seen and remembered me, even from the be­
ginning began to be in the rierward. Sidney.
We are said to remember any thing, when the idea of it
arises in the mind with a consciousness that we have had this
idea before. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. To keep in mind; to have present to the attention.
Remember what I warn thee, shun to taste;
And shun the bitter consequence. Milton.
This is to be remembered, that it is not possible now to
keep a young gentleman from vice by a total ignorance of
it; unless you will all his life mew him up. Locke.
4. To bear in mind, with intent of reward or punishment.
Cry unto God; for you shall be remembered of him. Bar.
He brings them back,
Rememb'ring mercy and his covenant sworn. Milton.
5. To mention; not to omit.
A citation ought to be certain, in respect of the person
cited; for, if such certainty be therein omitted, such citation
is invalid, as in many cases hereafter to be remembered. Ayliffe.
6. To put in mind; to force to recollect; to remind.
His hand and leg commanding without threatning, and ra­
ther remembering than chastising. Sidney.
Joy, being altogether wanting,
It doth remember me the more of sorrow. Shakesp.
These petitions, and the answer of the common council of
London, were ample materials for a conference with the
lords, who might be thereby remembered of their duty. Claren.

REME’MBERER. n. s. [from remember.] One who remembers.
A brave master to servants, and a rememberer of the least
good office; for his flock he transplanted most of them into
plentiful soils. Wotton.

REME’MBRANCE. n. s. [remembrance, Fr.]
1. Retention in memory.
Though Cloten then but young, time has not wore him
From my remembrance. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Thee I have heard relating what was done,
Ere my remembrance. Milton.
Had memory been lost with innocence,
We had not known the sentence nor th' offence;
'Twas his chief punishment to keep in store
The sad remembrance what he was before. Denham.
Sharp remembrance on the English part,
And shame of being match'd by such a foe,
Rouse conscious virtue up in every heart. Dryden.
This ever grateful in remembrance bear
To me thou ow'st, to me the vital air. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Recollection; revival of any idea.
I hate thy beams,
That bring to my remembrance from what state
I fell; how glorious once above thy sphere. Milton.
Remembrance is when the same idea recurs, without the
operation of the like object on the external sensory. Locke.
3. Honourable memory. Out of use.
Rosemary and rue keep
Seeming and favour all the winter long,
Grace and remembrance be unto you both. Shakesp.
4. Transmission of a fact from one to another.
Titan,
Among the heavens, th' immortal fact display'd,
Lest the remembrance of his grief should fail,
And in the constellations wrote his tale. Addison.
5. Account preserved.
Those proceedings and remembrances are in the Tower,
beginning with the twentieth year of Edward I. Hale.
6. Memorial.
But in remembrance of so brave a deed,
A tomb and funeral honours I decreed. Dryden.
7. A token by which any one is kept in the memory.
I have remembrances of yours,
That I have longed to redeliver. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Keep this remembrance for thy Julia's sake. Shakesp.
8. Notice of something absent.
Let your remembrance still apply to Banquo;
Present him eminence, both with eye and tongue. Shakesp.

REME’MBRANCER. n. s. [from remembrance.]
1. One that reminds; one that puts in mind.
Sweet remembrancer! Shakesp. Macbeth.
A fly knave, the agent for his master,
And the remembrancer of her, to hold
The hand fast to her lord. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
God is present in the consciences of good and bad; he is
there a remembrancer to call our actions to mind, and a wit­
ness to bring them to judgment. Taylor.
Would I were in my grave;
For, living here, you're but my curs'd remembrancers:
I once was happy. Otway's Venice Preserv'd.
2. An officer of the exchequer.
All are digested into books, and sent to the remembrancer of
the exchequer, that be make processes upon them. Bacon.

To REME’RCIE. v. a. [remercier, Fr.] To thank. Obsolete.
Off'ring his service and his dearest life
For her defence, against that earle to fight;
She him remercied, as the patron of her life. Spenser.

To RE’MIGRATE. v. n. [remigro, Lat.] To remove back
again.
Some other ways he proposes to divest some bodies of their
borrowed shapes, and make them remigrate to their first
simplicity. Boyle.

REMIGRA’TION. n. s. [from remigrate.] Removal back again.
The Scots, transplanted hither, became acquainted with
our customs, which, by occasional remigrations, became dif­
fused in Scotland. Hale.

To REMI’ND. v. a. [re and mind.] To put in mind; to force
to remember.
When age itself, which will not be defied, shall begin to
arrest, seize and remind us of our mortality by pains and dul­
ness of senses; yet then the pleasure of the mind shall be in
its full vigour. South's Sermons.
The brazen figure of the consul, with the ring on his
finger, reminded me of Juvenal's majoris pondera gemmæ.
Addison's Remarks on Italy.

REMINI’SCENCE. n. s. [reminiscens, Latin.] Recollection;
recovery of ideas.
I cast about for all circumstances that may revive my me­
mory or reminiscence. Hale's Origin of Mankind.


For the other part of memory, called reminiscence, which
is the retrieving of a thing at present forgot, or but confusedly
remembered, by setting the mind to ransack every little cell
of the brain; while it is thus busied, how accidentally does
the thing sought for offer itself to the mind? South.

REMINISCE’NTIAL. adj. [from reminiscence.] Relating to re­
miniscence.
Would truth dispense, we could be content with Plato,
that knowledge were but remembrance, that intellectual ac­
quisition were but reminiscential evocation. Brown.

REMI’SS. adj. [remis, Fr. remissus, Lat.]
1. Not vigorous; slack.
The water deserts the said corpuscles, unless it flow forth
with a precipitate motion; for then it hurries them out along
with it, till its motion becomes more languid and remiss.
Woodward's Natural History.
2. Not careful; slothful.
Mad ire and wrathful fury makes me weep,
That thus we die, while remiss traitors sleep. Shakesp.
If when by God's grace we have conquered the first diffi­
culties of religion, we grow careless and remiss, and neglect
our guard, God's spirit will not always strive with us. Tillots.
Your candour, in pardoning my errors, may make me more
remiss in correcting them. Dryden.
3. Not intense.
These nervous, bold, those languid and remiss;
Here cold salutes, but there a lover's kiss. Roscommon.

REMI’SSIBLE. adj. [from remit.] Admitting forgiveness.

REMI’SSION. n. s. [remission, Fr. remissio, Lat.]
1. Abatement; relaxation; moderation.
Error, misclaim and forgetfulness do now and then be­
come suitors for some remission of extreme rigour. Bacon.
2. Cessation of intenseness.
In September and October these diseases do not abate and
remit in proportion to the remission of the sun's heat. Woodw.
This difference of intention and remission of the mind in
thinking, every one has experimented in himself. Locke.
3. In physick, remission is when a distemper abates, but does
not go quite off before it returns again.
4. Release.
Not only an expedition, but the remission of a duty or tax,
were transmitted to posterity after this manner. Addison.
Another ground of the bishop's fears is the remission of the
first fruits and tenths. Swift.
5. Forgiveness; pardon.
My pennance is to call Lucetta back,
And ask remission for my folly past. Shakesp.
That plea
With God or man will gain thee no remission. Milton.
Many believe the article of remission of sins, but they be­
lieve it without the condition of repentance or the fruits of
holy life. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

REMI’SSLY. adv. [from remiss.]
1. Carelesly; negligently; without close attention.
How should it then be in our power to do it coldy or remissly?
so that our desire being natural, is also in that degree of ear­
nestness whereunto nothing can be added. Hooker.
2. Not vigorously; not with ardour or eagerness; slackly.
There was not an equal concurrence in the prosecution of
this matter among the bishops; some of them proceeding
more remissly in it. Clarendon.

REMI’SSNESS. n. s. [from remiss.] Carelessness; negligence;
coldness; want of ardour; inattention.
Future evils,
Or new, or by remissness new conceiv'd,
Are now to have no successive degrees. Shakesp.
No great offenders 'scape their dooms;
Small praise from lenity and remissness comes. Denham.
Jack, through the remissness of constables, has always
found means to escape. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
The great concern of God for our salvation, is so far from
an argument of remissness in us, that it ought to excite our
utmost care. Rogers's Sermons.

To REMI’T. v. a. [remitto, Lat.]
1. To relax; to make less intense.
So willingly doth God remit his ire. Milton.
Our supreme foe may much remit
His anger; and perhaps thus far remov'd,
Not mind us not offending, satisfy'd
With what is punish'd. Milton.
2. To forgive a punishment.
With suppliant pray'rs their pow'rs appease;
The soft Napæan race will soon repent
Their anger, and remit the punishment. Dryden.
The magistrate can often, where the publick good demands
not the execution of the law, remit the punishment of crimi­
nal offences by his own authority, but yet cannot remit the
satisfaction due to any private man. Locke.
3. [Remettre, Fr.] To pardon a fault.
At my lovely Tamora's intreats,
I do remit these young men's heinous faults. Shakesp.
Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them ;
and whose soever sins ye retain, they are retained. Jo. xx. 23.
4. To give up; to resign.
In grievous and inhuman crimes, offenders should be re­
mitted to their prince to be punished in the place where they
have offended. Hayward.
Th' ægyptian crown I to your hands remit;
And, with it, take his heart who offers it. Dryden.
Heaven thinks fit
Thee to thy former fury to remit. Dryden's Tyran. Love.
5. [Remettre, Fr.] To defer; to refer.
The bishop had certain proud instructions in the front,
though there were a plaint clause at the foot, that remitted all
to the bishop's discretion. Bacon's Henry VII.
I remit me to themselves, and challenge their natural inge­
nuity to say, whether they have not sometimes such shiverings
within them. Government of the Tongue.
6. To put again in custody.
This bold return with seeming patience heard,
The pris'ner was remitted to the guard. Dryden.
7. To send money to a distant place.
They obliged themselves to remit after the rate of twelve
hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum, divided into so
many monthly payments. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
8. To restore. Not in use.
The archbishop was retained prisoner, but after a short
time remitted to his liberty. Hayward.

To REMI’T. v. n.
1. To slacken; to grow less intense.
When our passions remit, the vehemence of our speech
remits too. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
2. To abate by growing less eager.
As, by degrees, they remitted of their industry, loathed
their business, and gave way to their pleasures, they let fall
those generous principles, which had raised them to worthy
thoughts. South's Sermons.
3. In physick, to grow by Intervals less violent, though not
wholly intermitting.

REMI’TMENT. n. s. [from remit.] The act of remitting to
custody.

REMI’TTANCE. n. s. [from remit.]
1. The act of paying money at a distant place.
2. Sum sent to a distant place.
A compact among private persons furnished out the several
remittances. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

REMI’TTER. n. s. [remettre, Fr.] In common law, a restitu­
tion of one that hath two titles to lands or tenements, and
is seized of them by his latter title, unto his title that is more
ancient, in case where the latter is defective. Cowel.
You said, if I return'd next size in Lent,
I should be in remitter of your grace;
In th' interim my letters should take place
Of affidavits. Donne.

RE’MNANT. n. s. [corrupted from remanent.] Residue; that
which is left; that which remains.
Poor key-cold figure of a holy king!
Thou bloodless remnant of that royal blood,
Be't lawful that I invocate thy ghost? Shakesp. Rich. III.
Bear me hence
From forth the noise and rumour of the field,
Where I may think the remnant of my thoughts. Shakesp.
About his shelves
Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses
Were thinly scatter'd. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
I was entreated to get them some respite and breathing by
a cessation, without which they saw no probability to preserve
the remnant that had yet escaped. King Charles.
Their Andes are far higher than those with us; whereby it
seems that the remnants of the generation of men were in
such a deluge saved. Bacon.
The remnant of my tale is of a length
To tire your patience. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
A feeble army and an empty senate,
Remnants of mighty battles fought in vain. Addison.
See the poor remnants of these slighted hairs!
My hands shall rend what e'en thy rapine spares. Pope.
The frequent use of the latter was a remnant of po­
pery, which never admitted scripture in the vulgar tongue.
Swift.

RE’MNANT. adj. [corruptly formed from remanent.] Remain­
ing; yet left.
It bid her feel
No future pain for me; but instant wed
A lover more proportion'd to her bed;
And quiet dedicate her remnant life
To the just duties of an humble wife. Prior.

REMO’LTEN. part. [from remelt.] Melted again.
It were good to try in glass works, whether the crude ma­
terials, mingled with glass already made and remolten, do not
facilitate the making of glass with less heat. Bacon.



REMO’NSTRANCE. n. s. [remonstrance, Fr. from remonstrate.]
1. Show; discovery. Not in use.
You may marvel, why I would not rather
Make rash remonstrance of my hidden power,
Than let him be so lost. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
2. Strong representation.
The same God, which revealeth it to them, would also
give them power of confirming it unto others, either with
miraculous operation, or with strong and invincible remon­
strance of sound reason. Hooker, b. v. s. 10.
A large family of daughters have drawn up a remonstrance,
in which they set forth, that their father, having refused to
take in the Spectator, they offered to 'bate him the article of
bread and butter in the tea-table. Addison's Spectator.
Importunate passions surround the man, and will not suffer
him to attend to the remonstrances of justice. Rogers.

To REMO’NSTRATE. v. n. [remonstro, Lat. remonstrer,
Fr.] To make a strong representation; to show reasons on
any side in strong terms.

RE’MORA. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A let or obstacle.
2. A fish or a kind of worm that sticks to ships, and retards
their passage through the water.
Of fishes you shall find in arms the whale, herring, roach
and remora. Peacham on Blazoning.
The remora is about three quarters of a yard long; his
body before three inches and a half over, thence tapering to
the tail end; his mouth two inches and a half over; his
chops ending angularly; the nether a little broader; and
produced forward near an inch; his lips rough with a great
number of little prickles. Grew.

To REMO’RATE. v. a. [remoror, Latin.] To hinder; to
delay. Dict.

REMO’RSE. n. s. [remorsus, Lat.]
1. Pain of guilt.
Not that he believed they could be restrained from that
impious act by any remorse of conscience, or that they had
not wickedness enough to design and execute it. Clarendon.
2. Tenderness; pity; sympathetick sorrow.
Many little esteem of their own lives, yet, for remorse of
their wives and children, would be withheld. Spenser.
Shylock, thou lead'st this fashion of thy malice
To the last hour of act; and then 'tis thought,
Thou'lt shew thy mercy and remorse more strange,
Than is thy strange apparent cruelty. Shakesp. Mer. of Ven.
The rogues slighted me into the river, with as little remorse
as they would have drowned a bitch's blind puppies. Shakesp.
Curse on th' unpard'ning prince, whom tears can draw
To no remorse; who rules by lion's law. Dryden.

REMO’RSEFUL. adj. [remorse and full.] Tender; compassionate.
O Eglamour, think not I flatter,
Valiant and wise, remorseful, well accomplish'd. Shakesp.
Love, that comes too late,
Like a remorseful pardon slowly carried,
To the great sender turns a sowre offence. Shakesp.
The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day
Is crept into the bosom of the sea. Shakesp. Henry VI.

REMO’RSELESS. adj. [from remorse.] Unpitying; cruel; savage.
Where were the nymphs, when the remorseless deep
Clos'd o'er the head of your lov'd Lycidas. Milton.
O the inexpressible horrour that will seize upon a sinner,
when he stands arraigned at the bar of divine justice! when
he shall see his accuser, his judge, the witnesses, all his re­
morseless adversaries. South's Sermons.

REMO’TE. adj. [remotus, Lat.]
1. Distant; not immediate.
In this narrow scantling of capacity, it is not all remote and
even apparent good that affects us. Locke.
2. Distant; not at hand.
3. Removed far off; placed not near.
Wherever the mind places itself by any thought, either
amongst, or remote from all bodies, it can, in this uniform
idea of space, no where find any bounds. Locke.
In quiet shades, content with rural sports,
Give me a life, remote from guilty courts. Granville.
4. Foreign.
5. Distant; not closely connected.
An unadvised transiliency from the effect to the remotest
cause. Glanvill.
Syllogism serves not to furnish the mind with intermediate
ideas, that shew the connection of remote ones. Locke.
6. Alien; not agreeing.
All those propositions, how remote soever from reason, are
so sacred, that men will sooner part with their lives, than
suffer themselves to doubt of them. Locke.
7. Abstracted.

REMO’THLY. adv. [from remote.] Not nearly; at a distance.
It is commonly opinioned, that the earth was thinly inha­
bited, at least not remotely planted before the flood. Brown.
Two lines in Mezentius and Lausus are indeed remotely al­
lied to Virgil's sense, but too like the tenderness of Ovid. Dry.
While the fainting Dutch remotely fire
In the first front amidst a slaughter'd pile,
High on the mound he dy'd. Smith.

REMO’TENESS. n. s. [from remote.] State of being remote;
distance; not nearness.
The joys of heaven are like the stars, which by reason of
our remoteness appear extremely little. Boyle.
Titian employed brown and earthly colours upon the fore­
part, and has reserved his greater light for remotenesses and the
back part of his landschapes. Dryden.
If the greatest part of bodies escape our notice by their re­
moteness, others are no less concealed by their minuteness. Locke.
His obscurities generally arise from the remoteness of the
customs, persons and things he alludes to. Addison.

REMO’TION. n. s. [from remotus, Lat.] The act of remov­
ing; the state of being removed to distance.
All this safety were remotion, and thy defence absence. Sha.
This act persuades me,
'Tis the remotion of the duke and her. Shakesp.
The consequent strictly taken, may be a fallacious illa­
tion, in reference to antecedency or consequence; as to con­
clude from the position of the antecedent unto the position of
the consequent, or from the remotion of the consequent to
the remotion of the antecedent. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

REMO’VABLE. adj. [from remove.] Such as may be removed.
The Irish bishops have their clergy in such subjection, that
they dare not complain of them; for knowing their own in­
capacity, and that they are therefore removeable at their bi­
shop's will, yield what pleaseth him. Spenser.
In such a chapel, such curate is removeable at the pleasure
of the rector of the mother church. Ayliffe's Parergon.

REMO’VAL. n. s. [from remove.]
1. The act of putting out of any place.
By which removal of one extremity with another, the
world, seeking to procure a remedy, hath purchased a mere
exchange of the evil before felt. Hooker.
2. The act of putting away.
The removal of such a disease is not to be attempted by
active remedies, no more than a thorn in the flesh is to be
taken away by violence. Arbuthnot.
3. Dismission from a post.
If the removal of these persons from their posts has pro­
duced such popular commotions, the continuance of them
might have produced something more fatal. Addison.
Whether his removal was caused by his own fears or other
men's artifices, supposing the throne to be vacant, the body
of the people was left at liberty to chuse what form of go­
vernment they pleased. Swift.
4. The state of being removed.
The sitting still of a paralytick, whilst he prefers it to a
removal, is voluntary. Locke.

To REMO’VE. v. a. [removco, Lat. remuer, Fr.]
1. To put from its place; to take or put away.
Good God remove
The means that makes us strangers! Shakesp. Macbeth.
He removeth away the speech of the trusty, and taketh
away the understanding of the aged. Job xii. 20.
Remove thy stroke away from me; I am consumed by the
blow. Psalm xxxix. 13.
So would he have removed thee out of the straight into a
broad place. Job xxxvi. 16.
He longer in this paradise to dwell
Permits not; to remove thee I am come,
And send thee from the garden forth to till
The ground. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xi.
Whether he will remove his contemplation from one idea
to another, is many times in his choice. Locke.
You, who fill the blissful seats above!
Let kings no more with gentle mercy sway,
But every monarch be the scourge of God,
If from your thoughts Ulysses you remove,
Who rul'd his subjects with a father's love. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To place at a distance.
They are farther removed from a title to be innate, and the
doubt of their being native impressions on the mind, is
stronger against these moral principles than the other. Locke.

To REMO’VE. v. n.
1. To change place.
2. To go from one place to another.
A short exile must for show precede;
The term expir'd, from Candia they remove,
And happy each at home enjoys his love. Dryden.
How oft from pomp and state did I remove
To feed despair. Prior.

REMO’VE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Change of place.
2. Susceptibility of being removed. Not in use.
What is early received in any considerable strength of im­
press, grows into our tender natures; and therefore is of diffi­
cult remove. Glanvill's Sceps.


3. Translation of one to the place of another.
Rosaline, this favour thou shalt wear;
Hold, take you this, my sweet, and give me thine,
So shall Biron take me for Rosaline:
And change your favours too; so shall your loves
Woo contrary deceiv'd by these removes. Shakesp.
4. State of being removed.
This place should be both school and university, not need­
ing a remove to any other house of scholarship. Milton.
He that considers how little our constitution can bear a
remove into parts of this air, not much higher than that we
breathe in, will be satisfied, that the allwise architect has
suited our organs, and the bodies that are to effect them, one
to another. Locke.
5. Act of moving a chesman or draught.
6. Departure; act of going away.
So look'd Astrea, her remove design'd,
On those distressed friends she left behind. Waller.
7. The act of changing place.
Let him, upon his removes from one place to another, pro­
cure recommendation to some person of quality residing in
the place whither he removeth. Bacon's Essays.
8. A stop in the scale of gradation.
In all the visible corporeal world, quite down from us, the
descent is by easy steps, and a continued series of things, that
in each remove differ very little one from the other. Locke.
A freeholder is but one remove from a legislator, and ought
to stand up in the defence of those laws. Addison.
9. A small distance.
The fiercest contentions of men are between creatures equal
in nature, and capable, by the greatest distinction of circum­
stances, of but a very small remove one from another. Rogers.
10. Act of putting a horse's shoes upon different feet.
His horse wanted two removes, your horse wanted nails. Sw.

REMO’VED. particip. adj. [from remove.] Remote; separate
from others.
Your accent is something finer, than you could purchase in
so removed a dwelling. Shakesp. As You Like it.

REMO’VEDNESS. n. s. [from removed.] The state of being
removed; remoteness.
I have eyes under my service, which look upon his re­
movedness. Shakesp.

REMO’VER. n. s. [from remove.] One that removes.
The mislayer of a merstone is to blame; but the unjust
judge is the capital remover of landmarks, when he defineth
amiss. Bacon.
Hasty fortune maketh an enterpriser and remover, but the
exercised fortune maketh the able man. Bacon.

To REMOU’NT. v. n. [remonter, Fr.] To mount again.
Stout Cymon soon remounts, and cleft in two
His rival's head. Dryden.
The rest remounts with the ascending vapours, or is washed
down into rivers, and transmitted into the sea. Woodward.

REMU’NERABLE. adj. [from remunerate.] Rewardable.

To REMU’NERATE. v. a. [remunero, Lat. remunerer, Fr]
To reward; to repay; to requite; to recompense.
Is she not then beholden to the man,
That brought her for this high good turn so far?
Yes; and will nobly remunerate. Shakesp. Titus Andron.
Money the king thought not fit to demand, because he had
received satisfaction in matters of so great importance; and
because he could not remunerate them with any general par­
don, being prevented therein by the coronation pardon. Bacon.
In another parable, he represents the great condescensions,
wherewith the Lord shall remunerate the faithful servant. Boyle.

REMUNERA’TION. n. s. [remuneration, Fr. remuneratio, Lat.]
Reward; requital; recompense; repayment.
Bear this fignificant to the country maid, Jaquenetta; there
is remuneration; for the best ward of mine honour is reward­
ing my dependants. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
He begets a security of himself, and a careless eye on the
last remunerations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A collation is a donation of some vacant benefice in the
church, especially when such donation is freely bestowed
without any prospect of an evil remuneration. Ayliffe.

REMUNERA’TIVE. adj. [from remunerate.] Exercised in giving
rewards.
The knowledge of particular actions seems requisite to the
attainment of that great end of God, in the manifestation of
his punitive and remunerative justice. Boyle.

To REMU’RMUR. v. a. [re and murmur.] To utter back in
murmurs; to repeat in low hoarse sounds.
Her fate is whisper'd by the gentle breeze,
And told in sighs to all the trembling trees;
The trembling trees, in ev'ry plain and wood,
Her fate remurmur to the silver flood. Pope.

To REMU’RMUR. v. n. [remurmuro, Lat] To murmur back;
to echo a low hoarse sound.
Her fellow nymphs the mountains tear
With loud laments, and break the yielding air;
The realms of Mars remurmur'd all around,
And echoes to th' Athenian shoars rebound. Dryden.
His untimely fate, th' Angitian woods
In sighs remurmur'd to the Fucine floods. Dryden.

REN

RENA’RD. n. s. [renard, a fox, Fr.] The name of a fox in
fable.
Before the break of day,
Renard through the hedge had made his way. Dryden.

RENA’SCENT. adj. [renascens, Lat.] Produced again; rising
again into being.

RENA’SCIBLE. adj. [renascor, Lat.] Possible to be produced
again.

To RENA’VIGATE. [re and navigate.] To sail again.

RENCOU’NTER. n. s. [rencontre, Fr.]
1. Clash; collision.
You may as well expect two bowls should grow sensible by
rubbing, as that the rencounter of any bodies should awaken
them into perception. Collier.
2. Personal opposition.
Virgil's friends thought fit to alter a line Venus's speech,
that has a relation to the rencounter. Addison.
So when the trumpet sounding gives the sign,
The justling chiefs in rude rencounter join:
So meet, and so renew the dextrous fight;
Their clattering arms with the fierce shock resound. Gran.
3. Loose or casual engagement.
The confederates should turn to their advantage their appa­
rent odds in men and horse; and by that means out-number
the enemy in all rencounters and engagements. Addison.
4. Sudden combat without premeditation.

To RENCOU’NTER. v. n. rencontrer, Fr.]
1. To clash; to collide.
2. To meet an enemy unexpectedly.
3. To skirmish with another.
4. To fight hand to hand.

To REND. v. a. pret. and pret. pass. rent. [rendan, Saxon.]
To tear with violence; to lacerate.
Will you hence
Before the tag return, whose rage doth rend
Like interrupted waters, and o'erbear
What they are used to bear. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He rent a lion as he would have rent a kid, and he had no­
thing in his hand. Jud. xiv. 4.
I will not rend away all the kingdom, but give one tribe to
thy son. 1 Kings xi. 13.
By the thund'rer's stroke it from th' root is rent,
So sure the blows, which from high heaven are sent. Cowley.
What you command me to relate,
Renews the sad remembrance of our fate,
An empire from its old foundations rent. Dryden.
Look round to see
The lurking gold upon the fatal tree;
Then rend it off. Dryden's æneis.
Is it not as much reason to say, when any monarchy was
shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects,
that God was careful to preserve monarchical power, by
rending a settled empire into a multitude of little govern­
ments. Locke.
When its way th'impetuous passion found,
I rend my tresses, and my breast I wound. Pope.
From cloud to cloud the rending lightnings rage. Thoms.

RE’NDER. n. s. [from rend.] One that rends; a tearer.

To RE’NDER. v. a. [rendre, Fr.]
1. To return; to pay back.
What shall I render unto the Lord for all his benefits. Ps.
They that render evil for good are adversaries. Ps. xxxviii.
Will ye render me a recompense? Joel iii. 4.
Let him look into the future state of bliss or misery, and
see there God, the righteous judge, ready to render every man
according to his deeds. Locke.
2. To restore; to give back.
Hither the seas at stated times resort,
And shove the loaden vessels into port;
Then with a gentle ebb retire again,
And render back their cargo to the main. Addison.
3. To give upon demand.
The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit, than seven men
that can render a reason. Proverbs xxvi. 16.
4. To invest with qualities; to make.
Because the nature of man carries him out to action, it is
no wonder if the same nature renders him solicitous about the
issue. South's Sermons.
Love
Can answer love, and render bliss secure. Thomson.
5. To represent; to exhibit.
I heard him speak of that same brother,
And he did render him the most unnatural
That liv'd 'mongst men. Shakesp.
6. To translate.
Render it in the English a circle; but 'tis more truly ren­
dered a sphere. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
He has a clearer idea of strigil and sistrum, a curry-comb
and cymbal, which are the English names dictionaries render
them by. Locke.


He uses only a prudent dissimulation; the word we may al­
most literally render master of a great presence of mind.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
7. To surrender; to yield; to give up.
I will call him to so strict account,
That he shall render every glory up,
Or I will tear the reck'ning from his heart. Shakesp.
My rend'ring my person to them, may engage their affec­
tions to me. King Charles.
One, with whom he used to advise, proposed to him to
render himself upon conditions to the earl of Essex. Clarendon.
Would he render up Hermione,
And keep Astyanax, I should be blest! A. Philips.
8. To offer; to give to be used.
Logick renders its daily service to wisdom and virtue. Watts.

RE’NDER. n. s. [from the verb.] Surrender.
Newness
Of Cloten's death, we being not known, nor muster'd
Among the bands, may drive us to a render. Shakesp.

RENDE’ZVOUS. n. s. [rendez vous, Fr.]
1. Assembly; meeting appointed.
A commander of many ships should rather keep his fleet
together, than have it severed far asunder; for the attendance
of meeting them again at the next rendezvous would consume
time and victual. Raleigh's Apology.
2. A sign that draws men together.
The philosophers-stone and a holy war are but the rendez­
vous of cracked brains, that wear their feather in their head
instead of their hat. Bacon.
3. Place appointed for assembly.
The king appointed his whole army to be drawn together
to a rendezvous at Marlborough. Clarendon.
This was the general rendezvous which they all got to,
and, mingling more and more with that oily liquor, they
sucked it all up. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To RENDE’ZVOUS. v. n. [from the noun.] To meet at a place
appointed.

RENDI’TION. n. s. [from render.] Surrendering; the act of
yielding.

RENEGA’DE. n. s. [renegado, Spanish; renegat, Fr.]
1. One that apostatises from the faith; an apostate.
There lived a French renegado in the same place, where
the Castilian and his wife were kept prisoners. Addison.
2. One who deserts to the enemy; a revolter.
Some straggling soldiers might prove renegadoes, but they
would not revolt in troops. Decay of Piety.
If the Roman government subsisted now, they would have
had renegade seamen and shipwrights enough. Arbuthnot.

RENEGA’DO. n. s. [renegado, Spanish; renegat, Fr.]
1. One that apostatises from the faith; an apostate.
There lived a French renegado in the same place, where
the Castilian and his wife were kept prisoners. Addison.
2. One who deserts to the enemy; a revolter.
Some straggling soldiers might prove renegadoes, but they
would not revolt in troops. Decay of Piety.
If the Roman government subsisted now, they would have
had renegade seamen and shipwrights enough. Arbuthnot.

To RENE’GE. v. a. [renego, Lat. renier, Fr.] To disown.
His captain's heart,
Which, in the scuffles of great fights, hath burst
The buckles on his breast, reneges all temper. Shakesp.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion,
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With every gale and vary of their masters. Shakesp.
The design of this war is to make me renege my conscience
and thy truth. King Charles.

To RENE’W. v. a. [re and new; renova, Lat.]
1. To renovate; to restore the former state.
In such a night
Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs,
That did renew old æson. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
It is impossible for those that were once enlightened—if
they shall fall away to renew them again unto repentance.
Hebrews vi. 6.
Let us go to Gilgal, and renew the kingdom there. 1 Sam.
Renew'd to life, that she might daily die,
I daily doom'd to follow. Dryden's Theo. and Honor.
2. To repeat; to put again in act.
Thy famous grandfather
Doth live again in thee; long may'st thou live,
To bear his image, and renew his glories! Shakesp.
The body percussed hath, by reason of the percussion,
a trepidation wrought in the minute parts, and so reneweth
the percussion of the air. Bacon's Natural History.
The bearded corn ensu'd
From earth unask'd, nor was that earth renew'd. Dryden.
3. To begin again.
The last great age, foretold by sacred rhymes,
Renews its finish'd course, Saturnian times
Rowl round again. Dryden's Virgil's Pastorals.
4. In theology, to make anew; to transform to new life.
Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye
may prove what is that perfect will of God. Rom. xii. 2.

RENE’WABLE. adj. [from renew.] Capable to be renewed.
The old custom upon many estates is to let for leases of
lives, renewable at pleasure. Swift's Miscellanies.

RENE’WAL. n. s. [from renew.] The act of renewing; reno­
vation.
It behoved the deity, persisting in the purpose of mercy to
mankind, to renew that revelation from time to time, and to
rectify abuses, with such authority for the renewal and recti­
fication, as was sufficient evidence of the truth of what was
revealed. Forbes.

RENI’TENCY. n. s. [from renitent.] That resistance in solid
bodies, when they press upon, or are impelled one against
another, or the resistance that a body makes on account of
weight. Quincy.

RENI’TENT. adj. [renitens, Lat.] Acting against any im­
pulse by elastick power.
By an inflation of the muscles, they become soft, and yet
renitent, like so many pillows, dissipating the force of the
pressure, and so taking away the sense of pain. Ray.

RE’NNET. n. s. See RUNNET.
A putredinous ferment coagulates all humours, as milk with
rennet is turned. Floyer on the Humours.

RE’NNET. n. s. [properly reinette, a little queen.] A kind
of apple.
A golden rennet is a very pleasant and fair fruit, of a yel­
low flush, and the best of bearers for all sorts of soil; of
which there are two sorts, the large sort and the small. Mort.
Ripe pulpy apples, as pippins and rennetings, are of a
syrupy tenacious nature. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RENE’TING. n. s. [properly reinette, a little queen.] A kind
of apple.
A golden rennet is a very pleasant and fair fruit, of a yel­
low flush, and the best of bearers for all sorts of soil; of
which there are two sorts, the large sort and the small. Mort.
Ripe pulpy apples, as pippins and rennetings, are of a
syrupy tenacious nature. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To RE’NOVATE. v. a. [renovo, Lat.] To renew; to re­
store to the first state.
All nature feels the renovating force
Of winter, only to the thoughtless eye
In ruin seen. Thomson's Winter.

RENOVA’TION. n. s. [renovation, Fr. renovatio, Lat.] Renewal;
the act of renewing; the state of being renewed.
Sound continueth some small time, which is a renovation,
and not a continuance; for the body percussed hath a trepi­
dation wrought in the minute parts, and so reneweth the per­
cussion of the air. Bacon's Natural History.
The kings entered into speech of renewing the treaty;
the king saying, that though king Philip's person were the
same, yet his fortunes were raised; in which case a renovation
of treaty was used. Bacon's Henry VII.
To second life,
Wak'd in the renovation of the just,
Resigns him up, with heav'n and earth renew'd. Milton.

To RENOU’NCE. v. a. [renoncer, Fr. renuncio, Lat.]
1. To disown; to abnegate.
From Thebes my birth I own; and no disgrace
Can force me to renounce the honour of my race. Dryden.
2. To quit upon oath.
This world I do renounce; and in your sights
Shake patiently my great affliction off. Shakesp. K, Lear.

To RENOU’NCE. v. n. To declare renunciation. The fol­
lowing passage is a mere Gallicism: renoncer a monsang.
On this firm principle I ever stood;
He of my sons, who fails to make it good,
By one rebellious act renounces to my blood. Dryden.

RENOU’NCEMENT. n. s. [from renounce.] Act of renouncing;
renunciation.
I hold you as a thing enskied and sainted;
By your renouncement, an immortal spirit. Shakesp.

RENO’WN. n. s. [renommée, Fr.] Fame; celebrity; praise
widely spread.
She
Is daughter to this famous duke of Milan,
Of whom so often I have heard renown. Shakesp.
'Tis of more renown
To make a river, than to build a town. Waller.
Nor envy we
Thy great renown, nor grudge thy victory. Dryden.

To RENO’WN. v. a. [renommer, Fr. from the noun.] To
make famous.
Let us satisfy our eyes
With the memorials and the things of fame,
That do renown this city. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Soft elocution does thy style renown,
Gentle or sharp according to thy choice,
To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice. Dryden.
In solemn silence stand
Stern tyrants, whom their cruelties renown,
And emperors in Parian marble frown. Addison.
A bard, whom pilfer'd pastorals renown,
Just writes to make his barrenness appear. Pope.

RENO’WNED. particip. adj. [from renown.] Famous; cele­
brated; eminent; famed.
These were the renowned of the congregation, princes of
the tribes, heads of thousands. Num. i. 16.
That thrice renowned and learned French king, finding Pe­
trarch's tomb without any inscription, wrote one himself;
saying, shame it was, that he who sung his mistress's praise
seven years before her death, should twelve years want an
epitaph. Peacham on Poetry.
The rest were long to tell, though far renown'd. Milton.
Of all the cities in Romanian lands,
The chief and most renown'd Ravenna stands,
Adorn'd in ancient times with arms and arts. Dryden.
Ilva,
An isle renown'd for steel and unexhausted mines. Dryden.



RENT. n. s. [from rend.] A break; a laceration.
Thou viper
Hast cancell'd kindred, made a rent in nature,
And through her holy bowels gnaw'd thy way,
Through thy own blood to empire. Dryden.
He who sees this vast rent in so high a rock, how the con­
vex parts of one side exactly tally with the concave of the
other, must be satisfied, that it was the effect of an earth­
quake. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

To RENT. v. a. [rather to rend.] To tear; to lacerate.
A time to rent, and a time to sew. Ecclus. iii. 7.

To RENT. v. n. [now written rant.] To roar; to bluster:
we still say, a tearing fellow, for a noisy bully.
He ventur'd to dismiss his fear,
That partings wont to rent and tear,
And give the desperatest attack
To danger still behind its back. Hudibras, p. iii.

RENT. n. s. [rente, Fr.]
1. Revenue; annual payment.
Idol ceremony,
What are thy rents? what are thy comings in?
O ceremony shew me but thy worth! Shakesp. Hen. V.
I bought an annual rent or two,
And live just as you see I do. Pope's Epist. of Horace.
2. Money paid for any thing held of another.
Such is the mould, that the blest tenant feeds
On precious fruits, and pays his rent in weeds. Waller.
Folks in mudwall tenement,
Present a peppercorn for rent. Prior.

To RENT. v. a. [renter, Fr.]
1. To hold by paying rent.
When a servant is called before his master, it is often to
know, whether he passed by such a ground, if the old man,
who rents it, is in good health. Addison's Spectator.
2. To set to a tenant.

RE’NTABLE. adj. [from rent.] That may be rented.

RE’NTAL. n. s. [from rent.] Schedule or account of rents.

RE’NTER. n. s. [from rent.] He that holds by paying rent.
The estate will not be let for one penny more or less to the
renter, amongst whomsoever the rent he pays be divided. Locke.

RENVE’RSED. adj. [renverse, Fr.] Overturned. Spenser.

RENUNCIA’TION. n. s. [renunciatio, from renuncio, Lat.] The
act of renouncing.
He that loves riches, can hardly believe the doctrine of
poverty and renunciation of the world. Taylor.

To REORDAI’N. v. a. [reordiner, Fr. re and ordain.] To
ordain again, on supposition of some defect in the commission
of ministry.

REORDINA’TION. n. s. [from reordain.] Repetition of ordi­
nation.
He proceeded in his ministry without expecting any new
mission, and never thought himself obliged to a reordination.
Atterbury.

REP

To REPA’CIFY. v. a. [re and pacify.] To pacify again.
Henry, who next commands the state,
Seeks to repacify the people's hate. Daniel.

REPAI’D. part. of repay.

To REPAI’R. v. a. [reparo, Lat. reparer, Fr.]
1. To restore after injury or dilapidation.
Let the priests repair the breaches of the house. 2 Kings.
The fines imposed were the more repined against, because
they were assigned to the rebuilding and repairing of St.
Paul's Church. Clarendon.
Heav'n soon repair'd her mural breach. Milton.
2. To amend any injury by an equivalent.
He justly hath driv'n out his rebel foes
To deepest hell; and to repair their loss
Created this new happy race of men. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. To fill up anew, by something put in the place of what is
lost.
To be reveng'd,
And to repair his numbers thus impair'd. Milton.

REPAI’R. n. s. [from the verb.] Reparation; supply of loss;
restoration after dilapidation.
Before the curing of a strong disease,
Ev'n in the instant of repair and health,
The fit is strongest. Shakesp. King Lear.
Temperance, in all methods of curing the gout, is a re­
gular and simple diet, proportioning the daily repairs to the
daily decays of our wasting bodies. Temple's Miscellanies.
All automata need a frequent repair of new strength, the
causes whence their motion does proceed, being subject to
fail. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

To REPAI’R. v. n. [repairer, Fr.] To go to; to betake him­
self.
May all to Athens back again repair. Shakesp.
Depart from hence in peace,
Search the wide world, and where you please repair. Dryd.
'Tis fix'd; th' irrevocable doom of Jove:
Haste then, Cyllenius, through the liquid air,
Go mount the winds, and to the shades repair. Pope.

REPAI’R. n. s. [repaire, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Resort; abode.
So 'scapes th' insulting fire his narrow jail,
And makes small outlets into open air;
There the fierce winds his tender force assail,
And beat him downward to his first repair. Dryden.
2. Act of betaking himself any whither.
The king sent a proclamation for their repair to their
houses, and for a preservation of the peace. Clarendon.

REPAI’RER. n. s. [from repair.] Amender; restorer.
He that governs well, leads the blind, but he that teaches,
gives him eyes; and it is a glorious thing to have been the
repairer of a decayed intellect. South's Sermons.
O sacred rest!
O peace of mind! repairer of decay,
Whose balms renew the limbs to labours of the day. Dryd.

REPA’NDOUS. adj. [repandus, Lat.] Bent upwards.
Though they be drawn repandous or convexedly crooked in
one piece, yet the dolphin that carrieth Arion is concavously
inverted, and hath its spine depressed in another. Brown.

RE’PARABLE. adj. [reparable, Fr. reparabilis, Lat.] Capable
of being amended, retrieved, or supplied by something
equivalent.
The parts in man's body easily reparable, as spirits, blood
and flesh, die in the embracement of the parts hardly repa­
rable, as bones, nerves and membranes. Bacon.
When its spirit is drawn from wine, it will not, by the
re-union of its constituent liquors, be reduced to its pri­
stine nature; because the workmanship of nature, in the dis­
position of the parts, was too elaborate to the imitable, or re­
parable by the bare apposition of those divided parts to each
other. Boyle.
An adulterous person is tied to restitution of the injury, so
far as it is reparable, and can be made to the wronged person;
to make provision for the children begotten in unlawful em­
braces. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

RE’PARABLY. adv. [from reparable.] In a manner capable of
remedy by restoration, amendment or supply.

RE’PARATION. n. s. [reparation, Fr. reparatio, from reparo, Lat.]
1. The act of repairing.
Antonius Philosophus took care of the reparation of the
highways. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Supply of what is wasted.
When the organs of sense want their due repose and neces­
sary reparations, the soul exerts herself in her several fa­
culties. Addison.
In this moveable body, the fluid and solid parts must be
consumed; and both demand a constant reparation. Arbuthnot.
3. Recompense for any injury; amends.
The king should be able, when he had cleared himself, to
make him reparation. Bacon.
I am sensible of the scandal I have given by my loose wri­
tings, and make what reparation I am able. Dryden.

REPA’RATIVE. n. s. [from repair.] Whatever makes amends
for loss or injury.
New preparatives were in hand, and partly reparatives of
the former beaten at sea. Wotton's Buckingham.

REPARTEE’. n. s. [repartie, Fr.] Smart reply.
The fools overflowed with smart repartees, and were only
distinguished from the intended wits, by being called cox­
combs. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Sullen was Jupiter just now:
And Cupid was as bad as he;
Hear but the younster's repartee. Prior.

To REPARTEE’. v. n. To make smart replies.
High flights she had, and wit at will,
And so her tongue lay seldom still;
For in all visits who but she,
To argue, or to reportee? Prior.

To REPA’SS. v. a. [repasser, Fr.] To pass again; to pass back.
Well we have pass'd, and now repass'd the seas,
And brought desir'd help. Shakesp. Henry VI.
We shall find small reason to think, that Abraham passed
and repassed those ways more often than he was enforced so to
do, if we consider that he had no other comforter in this
wearisom journey, than the strength of his faith in God. Ral.
If his soul hath wing'd the destin'd flight,
Homeward with pious speed repass the main,
To the pale shade funereal rites ordain. Pope's Odyssey.

To REPA’SS. v. n. To go back in a road.
Five girdles bind the skies, the torrid zone
Glows with the passing and repassing sun. Dryden.

REPA’ST. n. s. [repas, Fr. re and pastus, Lat.]
1. A meal; act of taking food.
From dance to sweet repast they turn
Desirous; all in circles as they stood,
Tables are set. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
What neat repast shall feast us, light and choice,
Of Attick taste, with wine. Milton.
Sleep, that is thy best repast,
Yet of death it bears a taste,
And both are the same thing at last. Denham.
The day
Had summon'd him to due repast at noon. Dryden.


Keep regular hours for repast and sleep. Arbuthnot.
2. Food; victuals.
Go, and get me some repast;
I care not what, so it be wholsome food. Shakesp.

To REPA’ST. v. a. [repaistre, Fr. from the noun.] To feed;
to feast.
To his good friends I'll ope my arm,
And, like the kind life-rend'ring pelican,
Repast them with my blood. Shakesp.

REPASTURE. n. s. [re and pasture.] Entertainment. Not in
use.
He from forage will incline to play;
But if thou strive, poor soul, what art thou then?
Food for his rage, repasture for his den. Shakesp.

To REPA’Y. v. a. [repayer, Fr. re and pay.]
1. To pay back in return, in requital, or in revenge.
According to their deeds he will repay recompense to his
enemies; to the islands he will repay recompense. Is. lix. 18.
The salse honour, which he had so long enjoyed, was
plentifully repaid in contempt. Bacon.
2. To recompense.
He clad
Their nakedness with skins of beasts; or slain,
Or as the snake with youthful coat repaid. Milton.
3. To requite either good or ill.
The poorest service is repaid with thanks. Shakesp.
Fav'ring heav'n repaid my glorious toils
With a sack'd palace and barbarick spoils. Pope.
I have fought well for Persia, and repaid
The benefit of birth with honest service. Rowe.
4. To reimburse with what is owed.
If you repay me not on such a day,
Such sums as are express'd in the condition,
Let the forfeit be an equal pound of your fair flesh. Shak.

REPAYMENT. n. s. [from repay.]
1. The act of repaying.
2. The thing repaid.
The centesima usura it was not lawful to exceed; and what
was paid over it, was reckoned as a repayment of part of the
principal. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To REPEA’L. v. a. [rappeller, Fr.]
1. To recall. Out of use.
I will repeal thee, or be well assur'd,
Adventure to be banished myself. Shakesp. Henry VI.
I here forget all former griefs;
Cancel all grudge, repeal thee home again. Shakesp.
2. To abrogate; to revoke.
Laws, that have been approved, may be again repealed,
and disputed against by the authors themselves. Hooker's Pref.
Adam soon repeal'd
The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton's Par. Lost.
Statutes are silently repealed, when the reason ceases for
which they were enacted. Dryden's Preface to Fables.

REPEA’L. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Recall from exile. Not in use.
If the time thrust forth
A cause for thy repeal, we shall not send
O'er the vast world to seek a single man. Shakesp.
2. Revocation; abrogation.
The king being advertised, that the over-large grants of
lands and liberties made the lords so insolent, did absolutely
resume all such grants; but the earl of Desmond above all
found himself grieved with this resumption or repeal of liber­
ties, and declared his dislike. Davies on Ireland.
If the presbyterians should obtain their ends, I could not
be sorry to find them mistaken in the point which they have
most at heart, by the repeal of the test; I mean the benefit
of employments. Swift's Presbyterian Flea.

To REPEA’T. v. a. [repeto, Lat. repeter, Fr.]
1. To iterate; to use again; to do again.
These evils thou repeat'st upon thyself,
Have banish'd me from Scotland. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He, though his power
Creation could repeat, yet would be loth
Us to abolish. Milton.
Where sudden alterations are not necessary, the same effect
may be obtained by the repeated force of diet with more safety
to the body. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. To speak again.
The psalms, for the excellency of their use, deserve to be
oftner repeated; but that their multitude permitteth not any
oftner repetition. Hooker.
3. To try again.
Neglecting for Creüsa's life his own,
Repeats the danger of the burning town. Waller.
Beyond this place you can have no retreat,
Stay here, and I the danger will repeat. Dryden.
4. To recite; to rehearse.
Thou their natures know'st, and gav'st them names,
Needless to thee repeated. Milton.
He repeated some lines of Virgil, suitable to the occasion.
Waller's Life.

REPEA’TEDLY. adv. [from repeated.] Over and over; more
than once.
And are not these vices, which lead into damnation, re­
peatedly, and most forcibly cautioned against? Stephens.

REPEA’TER. n. s. [from repeat.]
1. One that repeats; one that recites.
2. A watch that strikes the hours at will by compression of a
spring.

To REPE’L. v. a. [repello, Lat.]
1. To drive back any thing.
Neither doth Tertullian bewray this weakness in striking
only, but also in repelling their strokes with whom he con­
tendeth. Hooker, b. ii. s. 5.
With hills of slain on ev'ry side,
Hippomedon repell'd the hostile tide. Pope.
2. To drive back an assailant.
Stand fast; and all temptation to transgress repel. Milt.
Repel the Tuscan foes, their city seize,
Protect the Latians in luxurious ease. Dryden's æneis.
Your foes are such, as they, not you, have made,
And virtue may repel, though not invade. Dryden.

To REPE’L. v. n.
1. To act with force contrary to force impressed.
From the same repelling power it seems to be, that flies
walk upon the water without wetting their feet. Newton.
2. In physick, to repel in medicine, is to prevent such an afflux
of a fluid to any particular part, as would raise it into a
tumour. Quincy.

REPE’LLENT. n. s. [repellens, Lat.] An application that has
a repelling power.
In the cure of an erysipelas, whilst the body abounds with
bilious humours, there is no admitting of repellents, and by
discutients you will encrease the heat. Wiseman.

REPE’LLER. n. s. [from repel] One that repels.

To REPE’NT. v. n. [repentir, Fr.]
1. To think on any thing past with sorrow.
God led them not through the land of the Philistines, lest
peradventure the people repent, when they see war and they
return. Exodus xiii. 17.
Nor had I any reservations in my own soul, when I passed
that bill; nor repentings after. King Charles.
Upon any deviation from virtue, every rational creature so
deviating, should condemn, renounce, and be sorry for every
such deviation; that is, repent of it. South.
First she relents
With pity, of that pity then repents. Dryden.
Still you may prove the terror of your foes;
Teach traitors to repent of faithless leagues. A. Philips.
2. To express sorrow for something past.
Poor Enobarbus did before thy face repent. Shakesp.
3. To have such sorrow for sin, as produces amendment of life.
Nineveh repented at the preaching of Jonas. Matt. xii. 41.

To REPE’NT. v. a.
1. To remember with sorrow.
If Desdemona will return me my jewels, I will give over
my suit, and repent my unlawful solicitation. Shakesp.
2. To remember with pious sorrow.
Thou, like a contrite penitent
Charitably warn'd of thy sins, dost repent
These vanities and giddinesses, lo
I shut my chamber-door; come, let us go. Donne.
His late follies he would late repent. Dryden.
3. [Se repentir, Fr.] It is used with the reciprocal pronoun.
I repent me, that the duke is slain. Shakesp. Rich. III.
No man repented him of his wickedness; saying, what have
I done? Jeremiah viii. 6.
Judas, when he saw that he was condemned, repented
himself. Matthew xxvii 3.
My father has repented him ere now,
Or will repent him when he finds me dead. Dryden.
Each age sinn'd on;
Till God arose, and great in anger said,
Lo! it repenteth me, that man was made. Prior.

REPE’NTANCE. n. s. [repentance, Fr. from repent.]
1. Sorrow for any thing past.
2. Sorrow for sin, such as produces newness of life; penitence.
Repentance so altereth a man through the mercy of God,
be he never so defiled, that it maketh him pure. Whitgifte.
Who by repentance is not satisfied,
Is nor of heav'n nor earth; for these are pleased;
By penitence th' eternal's wrath's appeas'd. Shakesp.
Repentance is a change of mind, or a conversion from sin to
God: not some one bare act of change, but a lasting durable
state of new life, which is called regeneration. Hammond.
This is a confidence, of all the most irrational; for upon
what ground can a man promise himself a future repentance,
who cannot promise himself a futurity. South.

REPENTANT. adj. [repentant, Fr. from repent.]
1. Sorrowful for the past.
2. Sorrowful for sin.
Thus they, in lowliest plight, repentant stood. Milton.
3. Expressing sorrow for sin.
After I have interr'd this noble king,
And wet his grave with my repentant tears,
I will with all expedient duty see you. Shakesp. Rich. III.


There is no malice in this burning coal;
The breath of heav'n hath blown its spirit out,
And strew'd repentant ashes on its head. Shakesp. K. John.
Relentless walls! whose darksome round contains
Repentant sighs and voluntary pains. Pope.

To REPEO’PLE. v. a. [re and people; repeupler, Fr.] To stock
with people anew.
An occurrence of such remark, as the universal flood and
the repeopling of the world, must be fresh in memory for about
eight hundred years; especially considering, that the peo­
pling of the world was gradual. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

To REPERCU’SS. v. a. [repercutio, repercussus, Lat.] To
beat back; to drive back; to rebound. Not in use.
Air in ovens, though it doth boil and dilate itself, and is
repercussed, yet it is without noise. Bacon.

REPERCUssion. n. s. [from repercuss; repercussio, Lat. reper­
cussion, Fr.] The act of driving back; rebound.
In echoes, there is no new elision, but a repercussion. Bacon.
They various ways recoil, and swiftly flow
By mutual repercussions to and fro. Blackmore.

REPERCUssive. adj. [repercussif, Fr.]
1. Having the power of driving back or causing a rebound.
2. Repellent.
Blood is stanched by astringent and repercussive medicines.
 Bacon's Natural History.
Defluxions, if you apply a strong repercussive to the place
affected, and do not take away the cause, will shift to an­
other place Bacon.
3. Driven back; rebounding. Not proper.
Amid Carnarvon's mountains rages loud
The repercussive roar: with mighty crush
Tumble the smitten cliffs. Thomson.

REPERTI’TIOUS. adj. [repetus, Fr.] Found; gained by
finding. Dict.

REPE’RTORY. n. s. [repertoire, Fr. repertorium, Lat.] A trea­
sury; a magazine; a book in which any thing is to be found.

REPETI’TION. n. s. [repetition, Fr. repetitio, Lat.]
1. Iteration of the same thing.
The frequent repetition of aliment is necessary for repair­
ing the fluids and solids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Recital of the same words over again.
The psalms, for the excellency of their use, deserve to be
oftener repeated; but that the multitude of them permitteth
not any oftner repetition. Hooker, b. v. s. 30.
3. The act of reciting or rehearsing.
If you conquer Rome, the benefit,
Which you shall thereby reap, is such a name,
Whose repetition will be dogg'd with curses. Shakesp.
4. Recital from memory, as distinct from reading.

To REPI’NE. v. n. [re and pine.] To fret; to vex himself;
to be discontented.
Of late,
When corn was given them gratis, you repin'd. Shakesp.
The fines imposed were the more repined against, because
they were assigned to the rebuilding of St. Paul's church. Clar.
If you think how many diseases, and how much poverty
there is in the world, you will fall down upon your knees,
and instead of repining at one affliction, will admire so many
blessings received at the hand of God. Temple.
The ghosts repine at violated night;
And curse th' invading sun, and sicken at the sight. Dryd.
Just in the gate
Dwell pale diseases and repining age. Dryden.

REPI’NER. n. s. [from repine.] One that frets or murmurs.

To REPLA’CE. v. a. [replacer, Fr. re and place.]
1. To put again in the former place.
The earl being apprehended, upon examination cleared
himself so well, as he was replaced in his government. Bacon.
The bowls, remov'd for fear,
The youths replac'd; and soon restor'd the chear. Dryden.
2. To put in a new place.
His gods put themselves under his protection, to be replaced
in their promised Italy. Dryden's Ded. to Virgil.

To REPLA’NT. v. a. [replanter, Fr. re and plant.] To
plant anew.
Small trees being yet unripe, covered in autumn with dung
until the spring, take up and replant in good ground. Bacon.

REPLANTA’TION. n. s. [from replant.] The act of planting again.

To REPLAI’T. v. a. [re and plait.] To fold one part often
over another.
In Raphael's first works, are many small soldings often
replaited, which look like so many whip-cords. Dryden.

To REPLE’NISH. v. a. [repleo, from re and plenus, Lat. repleni,
old Fr.]
1. To stock; to fill.
Multiply and replenish the earth. Gen. i. 28.
The waters
With fish replenish'd, and the air with fowl. Milton.
2. To finish; to consummate; to complete. Not proper, nor
in use.
We smother'd
The most replenished sweet work of nature,
That from the prime creation e'er she fram'd. Shakesp.

To REPLE’NISH. v. n. To be stocked. Not in use.
The humours in men's bodies encrease and decrease as the
moon doth; and therefore purge some day after the full; for
then the humours will not replenish so soon. Bacon.

REPLE’TE. adj. [replet, Fr. repletus, Lat.] Full; completely
filled; filled to exuberance.
The world's large tongue
Proclaims you for a man replete with mocks;
Full of comparisons and wounding flouts. Shakesp.
This mordication, if in over high a degree, is little better
than the corrosion of poison; as sometimes in antimony, if
given to bodies not replete with humours; for where humours
abound, the humours save the parts. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
His words, replete with guile,
Into her heart too easy entrance won. Milton.
In a dog, out of whose eye being wounded the aqueous
humour did copiously flow, yet in six hours the bulb of the
eye was again replete with its humour, without the applica­
tion of any medicines. Ray on the Creation.

REPLE’TION. n. s. [repletion, Fr.] The state of being over­
full.
The tree had too much repletion, and was oppressed with
its own sap; for repletion is an enemy to generation. Bacon.
All dreams
Are from repletion and complexion bred;
From rising fumes of undigested food. Dryden.
Thirst and hunger may be satisfy'd;
But this repletion is to love deny'd. Dryden.
The action of the stomach is totally stopped by too great
repletion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

REPLE’VIABLE. adj. [replegiabilis, barbarous Latin.] What
may be replevined.

To REPLE’VIN. v. a. Spenser. [replegio, low Lat. of re and
plevir or plegir, Fr. to give a pledge.] To
take back or set at liberty any thing seized upon security
given.
That you're a beast, and turn'd to grass,
Is no strange news, nor ever was;
At least to me, who once, you know,
Did from the pound replevin you. Hudibras, p. iii.

To REPLE’VY. v. a. Spenser. [replegio, low Lat. of re and
plevir or plegir, Fr. to give a pledge.] To
take back or set at liberty any thing seized upon security
given.
That you're a beast, and turn'd to grass,
Is no strange news, nor ever was;
At least to me, who once, you know,
Did from the pound replevin you. Hudibras, p. iii.

REPLICA’TION. n. s. [replico, Lat.]
1. Rebound; repercussion. Not in use.
Tyber trembled underneath his banks,
To hear the replication of your sounds,
Made in his concave shores. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
2. Reply; answer.
To be demanded of a spunge, what replication should be
made by the son of a king? Shakesp. Hamlet.
This is a replication to what Menelaus had before offered,
concerning the transplantation of Ulysses to Sparta. Broome.

To REPLY’. v. n. [repliquer, Fr.] To answer; to make a
return to an answer.
O man! who art thou that repliest against God? Rom. ix.
Would we ascend higher to the rest of these lewd persons,
we should find what reason Castalio's painter had to reply upon
the cardinal, who blamed him for putting a little too much co­
lour into St. Peter and Paul's faces: that it was true in their
life time they were pale mortified men, but that since they
were grown ruddy, by blushing at the sins of their succes­
sors. Atterbuy's Sermons.
His trembling tongue invok'd his bride;
With his last voice Eurydice he cry'd:
Eurydice the rocks and river-banks reply'd. Dryden.

To RE’PLY. v. a. To return for an answer.
Perplex'd
The tempter stood, nor had what to reply. Milton.

RE’PLY. n. s. [replique, Fr.] Answer; return to an answer.
But now return,
And with their saint reply this answer join. Shakesp.
If I sent him word, it was not well cut; he would send
me word, he cut it to please himself: if again, it was not
well cut, this is called the reply churlish. Shakesp.
One rises up to make replies to establish or confute what has
been offered on each side of the question. Watts.
To whom with sighs, Ulysses gave reply;
Ah, why ill-suiting pastime must I try? Pope.

REPLY’ER. n. s. [from reply.] He that makes a return to an
answer.
At an act of the commencement, the answerer gave for
his question, that an aristocracy was better than a monarchy:
the replyer did tax him, that, being a private bred man, he
would give a question of state: the answerer said, that the
replyer did much wrong the privilege of scholars, who would
be much streightened if they should give questions of nothing,
but such things wherein they are practised; and added we
have heard yourself dispute of virtue, which no man will say
you put much in practice. Bacon's Apopthegms.

To REPO’LISH. v. a. [repolir, Fr. re and polish.] To polish
again.
A sundred clock is piecemeal laid
Not to be lost, but by the maker's hand
Repolish'd, without error then to stand. Donne.



To REPO’RT. v. a. [rapporter, Fr.]
1. To noise by popular rumour.
Is it upon record? or else reported successively from age to
age? Shakesp. Richard III.
It is reported,
That good duke Humphry traiterously is murther'd. Shak.
Report, say they, and we will report it. Jer. xx. 10.
There is a king in Judah; and now shall it be reported to
the king. Neh. vi. 7.
2. To give repute.
Timotheus was well reported of by the brethren. Acts xvi.
A widow well reported of for good works. 1 Tim. v. 10.
3. To give an account of.
4. To return; to rebound; to give back.
In Ticinum is a church with windows only from above,
that reporteth the voice thirteen times, if you stand by the
close end wall over against the door. Bacon.

REPO’RT. n. s. [from the noun.]
1. Rumour; popular fame.
2. Repute; publick character.
My body's mark'd
With Roman swords; and my report was once
First with the best of note. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
In all approving ourselves as the ministers of God, by ho­
nour and dishonour, by evil report and good report. 2 Cor. iv.
3. Account returned.
We command our ambassadors to make report unto you.
 1 Mac. xii. 13.
Sea nymphs enter with the swelling tide;
From Thetis sent as spies to make report,
And tell the wonders of her sov'reign's court. Waller.
4. Account given by lawyers of cases.
After a man has studied the general principles of the law,
reading the reports of adjudged cases, will richly improve his
mind. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
5. Sound; loud noise; repercussion.
The stronger species drowneth the lesser; the report of an
ordnance, the voice. Bacon's Natural History.
The lashing billows make a long report,
And beat her sides. Dryden's Ceyx and Alcyo.

REPO’RTER. n. s. [from report.] Relater; one that gives an
account.
There she appear'd; or my reporter devis'd well for her.
Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Rumours were raised of great discord among the nobility;
for this cause the lords assembled, gave order to apprehend
the reporters of these surmises. Hayward.
If I had known a thing they concealed, I should never be
the reporter of it. Pope.

REPO’RTINGLY. adv. [from reporting.] By common fame.
Others say thou dost deserve; and I
Believe it better than reportingly. Shakesp.

REPO’SAL. n. s. [from repose.] The act of reposing.
Dost thou think,
If I would stand against thee, would the reposal
Of any trust, virtue, or worth in thee,
Make thy words faith'd. Shakesp. King Lear.

To REPO’SE. v. a. [repono, Lat.]
1. To lay to rest.
Rome's readiest champions, repose you here,
Secure from worldly chances and mishaps;
Here lurks no treason, here no envy swells. Shakesp.
I will repose myself with her; to live with her hath no
sorrow, but mirth. Wisdom viii. 16.
Have ye chos'n this place,
After the toil of battle, to repose
Your wearied virtue. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
2. To place as in confidence or trust.
I repose upon your management, what is dearest to me,
my fame. Dryden's Preface to Ann. Mirab.
That prince was conscious of his own integrity in the ser­
vice of God, and relied on this as a sure foundation for that
trust he reposed in him, to deliver him out of all his distresses.
Rogers's Sermons.
3. To lodge; to lay up.
Pebbles, reposed in those cliffs amongst the earth, being
not so dissoluble and likewise more bulky, are left behind.
Woodward's Natural History.

To REPO’SE. v. n. [reposer, Fr.]
1. To sleep; to be at rest.
Within a thicket I repos'd; when round
I ruffl'd up fal'n leaves in heap; and found,
Let fall from heaven, a sleep interminate. Chapman.
2. To rest in confidence.
And, for the ways are dangerous to pass,
I do desire thy worthy company,
Upon whose faith and honour I repose. Shakesp.

REPO’SE. n. s. [repos, Fr.]
1. Sleep; rest; quiet.
Merciful pow'rs!
Restrain in me the cursed thoughts, that nature
Gives way to in repose. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Th' hour
Of night, and of all things now retir'd to rest,
Mind us of like repose. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
Thoughtful of thy gain, I all the livelong day
Consume in meditation deep, recluse
From human converse; nor at shut of eve
Enjoy repose. Philips.
2. Cause of rest.
After great lights must be great shadows, which we call
reposes; because in reality the sight would be tired, if attracted
by a continuity of glittering objects. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

REPO’SEDNESS. n. s. [from reposed.] State of being at rest.

To REPO’SITE. v. a. [repositus, Lat.] To lay up; to lodge
as in a place of safety.
Others reposite their young in holes, and secure themselves
also therein, because such security is wanting, their lives
being sought. Deham's Physico-Theology.

REPOSI’TION. n. s. [from reposite.] The act of replacing.
Being satisfied in the reposition of the bone, take care to
keep it so by deligation. Wiseman's Surgery.

REPO’SITORY. n. s. [repositoire, Fr. repositorium, Lat.] A place
where any thing is safely laid up.
The mind of man, not being capable of having many ideas
under view at once, it was necessary to have a repository to
lay up those ideas. Locke.
He can take a body to pieces, and dispose of them, to us
not without the appearance of irretrievable confusion, but
with respect to his own knowledge into the most regular and
methodical repositories. Rogers's Sermons.

To REPOSSE’SS. v. a. [re and possess.] To possess again.
How comes it now, that almost all that realm is repossessed
of them? Spenser's State of Ireland.
Her suit is now to repossess those lands,
Which we in justice cannot well deny. Shakesp.
Nor shall my father repossess the land,
The father's fortune never to return. Pope's Odyssey.

To REPREHE’ND. v. a. [reprehendo, Lat.]
1. To reprove; to chide.
All as before his sight, whose presence to offend with any
the least unseemliness, we would be surely as loth as they,
who most reprehend or deride that we do. Hooker, b. v. s. 29.
Pardon me for reprehending thee,
For thou hast done a charitable deed. Shakesp.
They, like dumb statues star'd;
Which, when I saw, I reprehended them;
And ask'd the mayor, what meant this wilful silence? Sha.
2. To blame; to censure.
I nor advise, nor reprehend the choice
Of Marcley-hill. Phillps.
Friends reprehend him, reprehend him there:
For what? for stealing Gaffer Gap's gray mare. Gay.
3. To detect of fallacy.
This colour will be reprehended or encountered, by impu­
ting to all excellencies in compositions a kind of poverty.
Bacon.
4. To charge with as a fault. With of before the crime.
Aristippus, being reprehended of luxury by one that was
not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish, an­
swered, why, what would you have given? the other said,
some twelve pence: Aristippus said again, and six crowns is
no more with me. Bacon's Apopthegms.

REPREHE’NDER. n. s. [from reprehend.] Blamer; censurer.
These fervent reprehenders of things, established by publick
authority, are always confident and bold-spirited men; but
their confidence for the most part riseth from too much credit
given to their own wits, for which cause they are seldom free
from errours. Hooker's Dedication.

REPREHE’NSIBLE. adj. [reprehensible, Fr. reprehensus, Lat.]
Blameable; culpable; censurable.

REPREHE’NSIBLENESS. n. s. [from reprehensible.] Blameable­
ness.

REPREHE’NSIBLY. adv. [from reprehensible.] Blameably;
culpably.

REPREHE’NSION. n. s. [reprehensio, Latin.] Reproof; open
blame.
To a heart fully resolute counsel is tedious, but reprehension
is loathsome. Bacon.
There is likewise due to the publick a civil reprehension of
advocates, where there appeareth cunning counsel, gross neg­
lect, and slight information. Bacon's Essays.
The admonitions, fraternal or paternal of his fellow chri­
stians, or the governors of the church, then more publick
reprehensions and increpations. Hammond
What effect can that man hope from his most zealous re­
prehensions, who lays himself open to recrimination. Go. of T.

REPREHE’NSIVE. adj. [from reprehend.] Given to reproof.

To REPRESENT. v. a. [repræsento, Lat. representer, Fr/]
1. To exhibit, as if the thing exhibited were present.
Before him burn
Seven lamps, as in a zodiac representing
The heav'nly fires. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.


2. To describe; to show in any particular character.
This bank is thought the greatest load on the Genoese,
and the managers of it have been represented as a second kind
of senate. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
3. To fill the place of another by a vicarious character; to
personate: as, the parliament represents the people.
4. To exhibit to show.
One of his cardinals admonished him against that unskilful
piece of ingenuity, by representing to him, that no reforma­
tion could be made, which would not notably diminish the
rents of the church. Decay of Piety.

REPRESENTA’TION. n. s. [representation, Fr. from represent.]
1. Image; likeness.
If images are worshipped, it must be as gods, which Cel­
sus denied, or as representations of God; which cannot be,
because God is invisible and incorporeal. Stillingfleet.
2. Act of supporting a vicarious character.
3. Respectful declaration.

REPRESENTATIVE. adj. [representatif, Fr. from represent.]
1. Exhibiting a similitude.
They relieve themselves with this distinction, and yet own
the legal sacrifices, though representative, to be proper and
real. Atterbury.
2. Bearing the character or power of another.
This counsel of four hundred was chosen, one hundred
out of each tribe, and seems to have been a body representa­
tive of the people; though the people collective reserved a
share of power. Swift.

REPRESE’NTATIVE. n. s.
1. One exhibiting the likeness of another.
A statue of rumour whispering an idiot in the ear, who
was the representative of credulity. Addison's Freeholder.
2. One exercising the vicarious power given by another.
I wish the welfare of my country; and my morals and
politicks teach me to leave all that to be adjusted by our re­
presentatives above, and to divine providence. Blount to Pope.
3. That by which any thing is shown.
Difficulty must cumber this doctrine, which supposes that
the perfections of God are the representatives to us, of what­
ever we perceive in the creatures. Locke.

REPRESE’NTER. n. s. [from represent.]
1. One who shows or exhibits.
Where the real works of nature, or veritable acts of story,
are to be described, art, being but the imitator or secondary
representer, must not vary from the verity. Brown.
2. One who bears a vicarious character; one who acts for an­
other by deputation.
My muse officious ventures
On the nation's representers. Swift.

REPRESE’NTMENT. n. s. [from represent.] Image or idea
proposed, as exhibiting the likeness of something.
When it is blessed, some believe it to be the natural body
of Christ; others, the blessings of Christ, his passion in re­
presentment, and his grace in real exhibition. Taylor.
We have met with some, whose reals made good their
representments. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To REPRE’SS. v. a. [repressus, Lat. reprimer, Fr.]
1. To crush; to put down; to subdue.
Discontents and ill blood having used always to repress and
appease in person, he was loth they should find him beyond
sea. Bacon's Henry VII.
Some, taking dangers to be the only remedy against
dangers, endeavoured to set up the sedition again, but they
were speedily repressed, and thereby the sedition suppressed
wholly. Hayward.
Such kings
Favour the innocent, repress the bold,
And, while they flourish, make an age of gold. Waller.
How can I
Repress the horror of my thoughts, which fly
The sad remembrance. Denham.
Thus long succeeding criticks justly reign'd,
Licence repress'd, and useful laws ordain'd:
Learning and Rome alike in empire grew. Pope.
Armies stretch, repressing here
The frantick Alexander of the North. Thomson.
2. To compress. Not proper.

REPRE’SS. n. s. [from the verb.] Repression; act of crushing.
Not in use.
Loud outcries of injury, when they tend nothing to the re­
press of it, is a liberty rather assumed by rage and impatience,
than authorised by justice. Government of the Tongue.

REPRE’SSION. n. s. [from repress.] Act of repressing.
No declaration from myself could take place, for the due
repression of these tumults. King Charles.

REPRE’SSIVE. adj. [from repress.] Having power to repress;
acting to repress.

To REPRIE’VE. v. a. [reprendre, repris, Fr.] To respite after
sentence of death; to give a respite.
Company, though it may reprieve a man from his melan­
choly, yet cannot secure him from his conscience. South.
Having been condemned for his part in the late rebellion,
his majesty had been pleased to reprieve him, with several of
his friends, in order to give them their lives. Addison.
He reprieves the sinner from time to time, and continues
and heaps on him the favours of his providence, in hopes
that, by an act of clemency so undeserved, he may prevail
on his gratitude and repentance. Rogers's Sermons.

REPRIE’VE. n. s. [from the verb.] Respite after sentence of
death.
In his reprieve he may be so fitted,
That his soul sicken not. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
I hope it is some pardon or reprieve
For Claudio. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
He cannot thrive,
Unless her prayers, whom heav'n delights to hear,
And loves to grant, reprieve from the wrath
Of greatest justice. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
The morning Sir John Hotham was to die, a reprieve was
sent to suspend the execution for three days. Clarendon.
All that I ask, is but a short reprieve,
Till I forget to love, and learn to grieve. Denham.

To REPRIMA’ND. v. a. [reprimander, Fr. reprimo, Lat.] To
chide; to check; to reprehend; to reprove.
Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius, for tra­
velling into Egypt without his permission. Arbuthnot.

REPRIMA’ND. n. s. [reprimande, reprimende, Fr. from the verb.]
Reproof; reprehension.
He inquires how such an one's wise or son do, whom he
does not see at church; which is understood as a secret re­
primand to the person absent. Addison's Spectator, No 112.

To REPRI’NT. v. a. [re and print.]
1. To renew the impression of any thing.
The business of redemption is to rub over the defaced copy
of creation, to reprint God's image upon the soul, and to
set forth nature in a second and a fairer edition. South.
2. To print a new edition.
My bookseller is reprinting the essay on criticism. Pope.

REPRI’SAL. n. s. [represalia, low Lat. represaille, Fr.] Some­
thing seized by way of retaliation for robbery or injury.
The English had great advantage in value of reprisals, as
being more strong and active at sea. Hayward.
Sense must sure thy safest plunder be,
Since no reprisals can be made on thee. Pope.

REPRI’SE. n. s. [reprise, Fr.] The act of taking something in
retaliation of injury.
Your care about your banks infers a fear
Of threat'ning floods and inundations near;
If so, a just reprise would only be
Of what the land usurp'd upon the sea. Dryden.

To REPROA’CH. v. a. [reprocher, Fr.]
1. To censure in opprobrious terms, as a crime.
Mezentius, with his ardour warm'd
His fainting friends, reproach'd their shameful flight,
Repell'd the victors. Dryden's æneis.
The French writers do not burden themselves too much
with plot, which has been reproached to them as a fault. Dry.
2. To charge with a fault in severe language.
If ye be reproached for the name of Christ, happy are ye.
1 Peter iv. 14.
That shame
There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. Milton.
2. To upbraid in general.
These things are grievous; the upbraiding of house-room,
and reproaching of the lender. Ecclus. xxix. 28.
The very regret of being surpassed in any valuable quality,
by a person of the same abilities with ourselves, will reproach
our own laziness, and even shame us into imitation. Rogers.

REPROA’CH. n. s. [reproche, Fr. from the verb.] Censure; in­
famy; shame.
With his reproach and odious menace,
The knight emboiling in his haughty heart,
Knit all his forces. Fairy Queen.
If black scandal or foul-fac'd reproach
Attend the sequel of your imposition,
Your mere enforcement shall acquittance me. Shakesp.
Thou, for the testimony of truth, hast borne
Universal reproach. Milton.

REPROA’CHABLE. adj. [reproachable, Fr.] Worthy of reproach.

REPROA’CHFUL. adj. [from reproach.]
1. Scurrilous; opprobrious.
O monstrous! what reproachful words are these. Shakesp.
I have sheath'd
My rapier in his bosom, and withal
Thrust these reproachful speeches down his throat. Shakesp.
An advocate may be punished for reproachful language, in
respect of the parties in suit. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Shameful; infamous; vile.
To make religion a stratagem to undermine government,
is contrary to this superstructure, most scandalous and re­
proachful to christianity. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Thy punishment
He shall endure, by coming in the flesh
To a reproachful life and cursed death. Milton's Par. Lost.



REPROA’CHFULLY. adv. [from reproach.]
1. Opprobriously; ignominiously; scurrilously.
Shall I then be us'd reproachfully? Shakesp. Hen. VI.
I will that the younger women marry, and give none oc­
casion to the adversary to speak reproachfully. 1. Tim. v. 14.
2. Shamefully; infamously.

RE’PROBATE. adj. [reprobus, Lat.] Lost to virtue; lost to
grace; abandoned.
They profess to know God, but in works deny him, being
abominable, and to every good work reprobate. Tit. i. 16.
Strength and art are easily outdone
By spirits reprobate. Milton.
God forbid, that every single commission of a sin, though
great for its kind, and withal acted against conscience, for
its aggravation, should so far deprave the soul, and bring it
to such a reprobate condition, as to take pleasure in other
men's sins. South's Sermons.

RE’PROBATE. n. s. A man lost to virtue; a wretch abandoned
to wickedness.
What if we omit
This reprobate, till he were well inclin'd. Shakesp.
I acknowledge myself for a reprobate, a villain, a traytor
to the king, and the most unworthy man that ever lived. Ral.
All the saints have profited by tribulations; and they that
could not bear temptations, became reprobates. Taylor.

To RE’PROBATE. v. a. [reprobo, Lat.]
1. To disallow; to reject.
Such an answer as this is reprobated and disallowed of in
law; I do not believe it, unless the deed appears. Ayliffe.
2. To abandon to wickedness and eternal destruction.
What should make it necessary for him to repent and
amend, who either without respect to any degree of amend­
ment is supposed to be elected to eternal bliss, or without re­
spect to sin, to be irreversibly reprobated. Hammond.
A reprobated hardness of heart does them the office of phi­
losophy towards a contempt of death. L'Estrange.
3. To abandon to his sentence, without hope of pardon.
Drive him out
To reprobated exile round the world,
A caitive, vagabond, abhorr'd, accurs'd. Southerne.

RE’PROBATENESS. n. s. [from reprobate.] The state of being
reprobate.

REPROBA’TION. n. s. [reprobation, Fr. from reprobate.]
1. The act of abandoning or state of being abandoned to eternal
destruction.
This sight would make him do a desperate turn;
Yea curse his better angel from his side,
And fall to reprobation. Shakesp. Othello.
Though some words may be accommodated to God's pre­
destination, yet it is the scope of that text to treat of the re­
probation of any man to hell-fire. Bramhall against Hobbs.
God, upon a true repentance, is not so fatally tied to the
spindle of absolute reprobation, as not to keep his promise,
and seal merciful pardons. Maine.
2. A condemnatory sentence.
You are empower'd to give the final decision of wit, to put
your stamp on all that ought to pass for current, and set a
brand of reprobation on clipt poetry and false coin. Dryden.

To REPRODU’CE. v. a. [re and produce; reproduire, Fr.]
To produce again; to produce anew.
If horse dung reproduceth oats, it will not be easily deter­
mined where the power of generation ceaseth. Brown.
Those colours are unchangeable, and whenever all those
rays with those their colours are mixed again, they reproduce
the same white light as before. Newton's Opticks.

REPRODU’CTION. n. s. [from reproduce.] The act of pro­
ducing anew.
I am about to attempt a reproduction in vitriol, in which it
seems not unlikely to be performable. Boyle.

REPROO’F. n. s. [from reprove.]
1. Blame to the face; reprehension.
Good Sir John, as you have one eye upon my follies, turn
another into the register of your own, that I may pass with
a reproof the easier. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Fear not the anger of the wise to raise;
Those best can bear reproof, who merit praise. Pope.
2. Censure; slander. Out of use.
Why, for thy sake, have I suffer'd reproof? shame hath
covered my face. Psalm lxix. 7.

REPRO’VABLE. adj. [from reprove.] Culpable; blamable;
worthy of reprehension.
If thou dost find thy faith as dead after the reception of
the sacrament as before, it may be thy faith was not only
little, but reproveable. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

To REPRO’VE. v. a. [reprouver, Fr.]
1. To blame; to censure.
I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices. Psalm l. 8.
2. To charge to the face with a sault; to check; to chide; to
reprehend.
What if they can better be content with one that can wink
at their faults, than with him that will reprove them. Whitg.
There is no slander in an allow'd fool, though he do no­
thing but rail; nor no railing in a known discreet man,
though he do nothing but reprove. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
What if thy son
Prove disobedient and reprov'd, retort,
Wherefore didst thou beget me? Milton.
If a great personage undertakes an action passionately, let
it be acted with all the malice and impotency in the world,
he shall have enough to flatter him, but not enough to reprove
him. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
3. To refute; to disprove.
My lords,
Reprove my allegation if you can. Shakesp. Henry VI.
4. To blame for. With of.
To reprove one of laziness, they will say, dost thou make
idle a coat? that is a coat for idleness. Carew.

REPRO’VER. n. s. [from reprove.] A reprehender; one that
reproves.
Let the most potent sinner speak out, and tell us, whether
he can command down the clamours and revilings of a guilty
conscience, and impose silence upon that bold reprover. South.
This shall have from every one, even the reprovers of vice,
the title of living well. Locke on Education.

To REPRU’NE. v. a. [re and prune.] To prune a second
time.
Reprune apricots and peaches, saving as many of the young
likeliest shoots as are well placed. Evelyn's Kalendar.

RE’PTILE. adj. [reptile, Lat.] Creeping upon many feet. In
the following lines reptile is confounded with serpent.
Cleanse baits from filth, to give a tempting gloss,
Cherish the sully'd reptile race with moss. Gay.

REPTI’LE. n. s. An animal that creeps upon many feet.
Terrestial animals may be divided into quadrupeds or rep­
tiles, which have many feet, and serpents which have no
feet. Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy.
Holy retreat! sithence no female bither,
Conscious of social love and nature's rites,
Must dare approach, from the inferior reptile,
To woman, form divine. Prior.

REPU’BLICAN. adj. [from republick.] Placing the government
in the people.

REPU’BLICAN. n. s. [from republick.] One who thinks a com­
monwealth without monarchy the best government.
These people are more happy in imagination than the rest
of their neighbours, because they think themselves so; though
such a chimerical happiness is not peculiar to republicans. Add.

REPU’BLICK. n. s. [republica, Lat. republique, Fr.] Common­
wealth; state in which the power is lodged in more than one.
Those that by their deeds will make it known,
Whose dignity they do sustain;
And life, state, glory, all they gain,
Count the republick's, not their own. Benj. Johnson.
They are indebted many millions more than their whole
republick is worth. Addison's State of the War.

REPU’DIABLE. adj. [from repudiate.] Fit to be rejected.

To REPU’DIATE. v. a. [repudio, Lat. repudier, Fr.] To
divorce; to reject; to put away.
Here is a notorious instance of the folly of the atheists,
that while they repudiate all title to the kingdom of heaven,
merely for the present pleasure of body, and their boasted
tranquillity of mind, besides the extreme madness in running
such a desperate hazard after death, they unwittingly deprive
themselves here of that very pleasure and tranquillity they
seek for. Bentley's Sermons.
Let not those, that have repudiated the more inviting sins,
show themselves philtred and bewitched by this. G. of Tongue.

REPUDIA’TION. n. s. [repudiation, Fr. from repudiate.] Di­
vorce; rejection.
It was allowed by the Athenians, only in case of repudia­
tion of a wife. Arbuthnot on Coins.

REPU’GNANCE. n. s. [repugnance, Fr. from repugnant.]
1. Inconsistency; contrariety.
But where difference is without repugnancy, that which hath
been can be no prejudice to that which is. Hooker.
It is no affront to omnipotence, if, by reason of the formal
incapacity and repugnancy of the thing, we aver that the world
could not have been made from all eternity. Bentley.
2. Reluctance; unwillingness; struggle of opposite passion.
Why do fond men expose themselves to battle,
And let the foes quietly cut their throats,
Without repugnancy? Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Thus did the passions act without any of their present jars,
combats or repugnances, all moving with the beauty of uni­
formity and the stilness of composure. South's Sermons.
That which causes us to lose most of our time, is the re­
pugnance which we naturally have to labour. Dryden.

REPU’GNANCY. n. s. [repugnance, Fr. from
repugnant.]
1. Inconsistency; contrariety.
But where difference is without repugnancy, that which hath
been can be no prejudice to that which is. Hooker.
It is no affront to omnipotence, if, by reason of the formal
incapacity and repugnancy of the thing, we aver that the world
could not have been made from all eternity. Bentley.
2. Reluctance; unwillingness; struggle of opposite passion.
Why do fond men expose themselves to battle,
And let the foes quietly cut their throats,
Without repugnancy? Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Thus did the passions act without any of their present jars,
combats or repugnances, all moving with the beauty of uni­
formity and the stilness of composure. South's Sermons.
That which causes us to lose most of our time, is the re­
pugnance which we naturally have to labour. Dryden.

REPU’GNANT. adj. [repugnant, Fr. repugnans, Lat.]
1. Disobedient; not obsequious.
His antique sword,
Rebellious to his arm, lies where it falls,
Repugnant to command. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Contrary; opposite.
Why I reject the other conjectures is; because they have
not due warrant from observation, but are clearly repugnant
thereunto. Woodward's Natural History.



REPU’GNANTLY. adv. [from repugnant.] Contradictorily.
They speak not repugnantly thereto. Brown's Vulg. Err.

To REPU’LLULATE. v. n. [re and pullulo, Lat. repulluler, Fr.]
To bud again.
Though tares repullulate, there is wheat still left in the
field. Howel's Vocal Forest.

REPU’LSE. n. s. [repulse, Fr. repulsa, Latin.] The condition
of being driven off or put aside from any attempt.
My repulse at Hull seemed an act of so rude disloyalty, that
my enemies had scarce confidence enough to abet it. K. Cha.
Nor much expect
A foe so proud will first the weaker seek;
So bent, the more shall shame him his repulse. Milton.
By fate repell'd, and with repulses tir'd. Denham.

To REPU’LSE. v. a. [repulsus, Lat.] To beat back; to drive
off.
The christian defendants still repulsed them with greater
courage than they were able to assail them. Knolles.
This fleet, attempting St. Minoes, were repulsed, and
without glory or gain, returned into England. Hayward.
Man complete to have discover'd and repuls'd
Whatever wiles of foe or seeming friend. Milton.

REPU’LSION. n. s. [repulsus, Lat.] The act or power of driv­
ing off from itself.
Air has some degree of tenacity, whereby the parts attract
one another; at the same time, by their elasticity, the par­
ticles of air have a power of repulsion or flying off from one
another. Arbuthnot.

REPU’LSIVE. adj. [from repulse.] Driving off; having the
power to beat back or drive off.
The parts of the falt or vitriol recede from one another,
and endeavour to expand themselves, and get as far asunder
as the quantity of water, in which they float, will allow;
and does not this endeavour imply, that they have a repulsive
force by which they fly from one another, or that they attract
the water more strongly than one another? Newton's Opticks.

To REPU’RCHASE. v. a. [re and purchase.] To buy again.
Once more we sit on England's royal throne,
Repurchas'd with the blood of enemies;
What valiant foe-men, like to autumn's corn,
Have we mow'd down in top of all their pride? Shakesp.
If the son alien those lands, and repurchase them again in
fee, the rules of descents are to be observed, as if he were
the original purchaser. Hale's Law of England.

RE’PUTABLE. adj. [from repute.] Honourable; not infamous.
If ever any vice shall become reputable, and be gloried in as
a mark of greatness, what can we then expect from the man
of honour, but to signalize himself. Rogers's Sermons.
In the article of danger, it is as reputable to eldue an enemy
as defeat one. Broome.

RE’PUTABLY. adv. [from reputable.] Without discredit.
To many such worthy magistrates, who have thus reputably
filled the chief seats of power in this great city, I am now
addressing my discourse. Atterbury's Sermons.

REPUTA’TION. n. s. [reputation, Fr. from repute.] Credit;
honour; character of good.
Reputation is an idle and most false imposition; oft got
without merit, and lost without deserving: you have lost no
reputation at all, unless you repute yourself such a loser. Shak.
Versoy, upon the lake of Geneva, has the reputation of
being extremely poor and beggarly. Addison.
A third interprets motions, looks and eyes;
At ev'ry word a reputation dies. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

To REPU’TE. v. a. [reputo, Lat. reputer, Fr.] To hold;
to account; to think.
The king was reputed a prince most prudent. Shakesp.
I do repute her grace
The rightful heir to England's royal seat. Shakesp.
I do know of those,
That therefore only are reputed wise,
For saying nothing. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Men, such as chuse
Law practice for mere gain, boldly repute
Worse than embrothel'd strumpets prostitute. Donne.
If the grand vizier be so great, as he is reputed, in politicks
he will never consent to an invasion of Hungary. Temple.

REPU’TE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Character; reputation
2. Established opinion.
He who reigns
Monarch in heav'n, till then as one secure,
Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute. Milton.

REPU’TELESS. adj. [from repute.] Disreputable; disgraceful.
A word not inelegant, but out of use.
Opinion, that did help me to the crown,
Had left me in reputeless banishment,
A fellow of no mark nor livelihood. Shakesp. Hen. V.

REQ

REQUE’ST. n. s. [requeste, Fr.]
1. Petition; entreaty.
But ask what you would have reform'd.
I will both hear and grant you your requests. Shakesp.
Haman stood up to make request for his life to Esther. Esth.
All thy request for man, accepted son!
Obtain; all thy request was my decree. Milton's Par. Lost.
Ask him to lend
To this, the last request that I shall send,
A gentle ear. Denham.
2. Demand; repute; credit; state of being desired.
Tullus Aufidius will appear well in these wars, his great
opposer Coriolanus being now in no request of his country.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Whilst this vanity of thinking, that men are obliged to
write either systems or nothing, is in request, many excellent
notions are suppressed. Boyle.
Knowledge and fame were in as great request as wealth
among us now. Temple.

To REQUE’ST. v. a. [requester, Fr.] To ask; to solicite; to
entreat.
To-night we hold a solemn supper, Sir,
And I'll request your presence. Shakesp. Macbeth.
It was to be requested of Almighty God by prayer, that
those kings would seriously fulfil all that hope of peace. Knolles.
The virgin quire for her request,
The god that sits at marriage feast;
He at their invoking came,
But with a scarce well-lighted flame. Milton.
In things not unlawful, great persons cannot be properly
said to request, because all things considered, they must not
be denied. South's Sermons.

REQUE’STER. n. s. [from request.] Petitioner; soliciter.

To REQUI’CKEN. v. a. [re and quicken.] To reanimate.
By and by the din of war 'gan pierce
His ready sense, when straight his doubled spirit
Requicken'd what in flesh was fatigate,
And to the battle came he. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

RE’QUIEM. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A hymn in which they implore for the dead requiem or rest.
We shall profane the service of the dead,
To sing a requiem and such peace to her,
As to peace-parted souls. Shakesp.
2. Rest; quiet; peace. Not in use.
The midwife kneel'd at my mother's throes,
With pain produc'd, and nurs'd for future woes;
Else had I an eternal requiem kept,
And in the arms of peace for ever slept. Sandys.

REQUIRABLE. adj. [from require.] Fit to be required.
It contains the certain periods of times, and all circum­
stances requirable in a history to inform. Hale.

To REQUI’RE. v. a. [requiro, Lat. requerir, Fr.]
1. To demand; to ask a thing as of right,
Ye me require
A thing without the compass of my wit;
For both the lineage and the certain fire;
From which I sprung, are from me hidden yet. Spenser.
We do require them of you, so to use them,
As we shall find their merits. Shakesp. King Lear.
This, the very law of nature teacheth us to do, and this
the law of God requireth also at our hands. Spelman.
This imply'd
Subjection, but requir'd with gentle sway. Milton.
Oft our alliance other lands desir'd,
And what we seek of you, of us requir'd. Dryden.
God, when he gave the world in common to all mankind,
commanded men also to labour, and the penury of his con­
dition required it. Locke.
2. To make necessary; to need.
The king's business required haste. 1 Sam. xxi. 8.
High from the ground the branches would require
Thy utmost reach. Milton.
But why, alas! do mortal men complain;
God gives us what he knows our wants require,
And better things than those which we desire. Dryden.

RE’QUISITE. adj. [requisitus, Lat.] Necessary; needful;
required by the nature of things.
When God new modelled the world by the introduction
of a new religion, and that in the room of one set up by hint­
self, it was requisite, that he should recommend it to the rea­
sons of men with the same authority and evidence that en­
forced the former. South's Sermons.
Cold calleth the spirits to succour, and therefore they can­
not so well close and go together in the head, which is ever
requisite to sleep. Bacon's Natural History.
Prepare your soul with all those necessary graces, that are
more immediately requisite to this performance. Wake.

RE’QUISITE. n. s. Any thing necessary.
Res non parta labore, sed relicta, was thought by a poet to
be one of the requisites to a happy life. Dryden.
For want of these requisites, most of our ingenious young
men take up some cried up English poet, adore him, and imi­
tate him, without knowing wherein he is defective. Dryden.
This God on his part has declared for the requisites on ours,
what we must do to obtain these blessings, is the great busi­
ness of us all to know. Wake.



RE’QUISITELY. adv. [from requisite.] Necessarily; in a re­
quisite manner.
We discern how requisitely the several parts of scripture are
fitted to several times, persons, and occurrences. Boyle.

RE’QUISITENESS. n. s. [from requisite.] Necessity; the state
of being requisite.
Discerning how exquisitely the several parts of scripture
are fitted to the several times, persons and occurrences in­
tended, we shall discover not only the sense of the obscurer
passages, but the requisiteness of their having been written so
obscurely. Boyle.

REQUI’TAL. n. s. [from requite.]
1. Return for any good or bad office; retaliation.
Should we take the quarrel of sermons in hand, and re­
venge their cause by requital, thrusting prayer in a manner
out of doors under colour of long preaching? Hooker.
Since you
Wear your gentle limbs in my affairs,
Be bold, you do so grow in my requital,
As nothing can unroot you. Shak. All's well that ends well.
We hear
Such goodness of your justice, that our soul
Cannot but yield you forth to publick thanks,
Forerunning your requital. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
I see you are obsequious in your love, and I profess requi­
tal. Shakespeare.
No merit their aversion can remove,
Nor ill requital can efface their love. Waller.
2. Reward; recompense.
He ask'd me for a song,
And in requital op'd his leathern scrip,
And shew'd me simples of a thousand names,
Telling their strange and vigorous faculties. Milton.
I have ta'en a cordial,
Sent by the king or Haly, in requital
Of all my miseries, to make me happy. Denham.
In all the light that the heavens bestow upon his lower
world, though the lower world cannot equal their benefac­
tion, yet with a kind of grateful return it reflects those rays,
that it cannot recompense; so that there is some return how­
ever, though there can be no requital. South's Sermons.

To REQUI’TE. v. a. [requiter, Fr.] To repay; to retaliate
good or ill; to recompense.
If he love me to madness, I shall never requite him. Shak.
He hath requited me evil for good. 1 Sam. xxv. 21.
Open not thine heart to every man, lest he requite thee
with a shrewd turn. Ecclus. viii. 19.
When Joseph's brethren saw that their father was dead,
they said, Joseph will requite us all the evil we did. Genesis l.
An avenger against his enemies, and one that shall requite
kindness to his friends. Ecclus. xxx. 6.
Him within protect from harms;
He can requite thee, for he knows the charms
That call same on such gentle acts as these. Milton.
Great idol of mankind, we neither claim
The praise of merit, nor aspire to fame!
'Tis all we beg thee to conceal from sight
Those acts of goodness which themselves requite:
O let us still the secret joy partake,
To follow virtue ev'n for virtue's sake. Pope.
Unhappy Wallace,
Great patriot heroe! ill requited chief! Thomson.

RE’REMOUSE. n. s. [hreremus, Saxon.] A bat.

RE’REWARD. n. s. The rear or last troop.

RES

RESA’LE. n. s. [re and sale.] Sale at second hand.
Monopolies and coemption of wares for resale, where they
are not restrained, are great means to enrich. Bacon.

To RESALU’TE. v. a. [resaluto, Lat. resaluer, Fr.] To salute
or greet anew.
We drew her up to land,
And trod ourselves the resaluted sand. Chapman.
To resalute the world with sacred light,
Leucothea wak'd. Milton.

To RESAI’L. v. a. [re and sail.] To sail back.
From Pyle resailing, and the Spartan court,
Horrid to speak! in ambush is decreed Pope's Odyssey.

To RESCI’ND. v. a. [rescindo, Lat. rescinder, Fr.] To cut off;
to abrogate a law.
It is the imposing a sacramental obligation upon him, which
being the condition, upon the performance whereof all the
promises of endless bliss are made over, it is not possible to
rescind or disclaim the standing obliged by it. Hammond.
I spake against the test, but was not heard;
These to rescind, and peerage to restore. Dryden.

RESCI’SSION. n. s. [rescission, Fr. rescissus, Lat.] The act of
cutting off; abrogation.
If any infer rescission of their estate to have been for idola­
try, that the governments of all idolatrous nations should be
also dissolved, it followeth not. Bacon.

RESCI’SSORY. adj. [rescissoire, Fr. rescissus, Lat.] Having the
power to cut off.

To RESCRI’BE. v. a. [rescribo, Lat. rescrire, Fr.]
1. To write back.
Whenever a prince on his being consulted rescribes or writes
back Toleramus, he dispenses with that act otherwise un­
lawful. Ayliffe's Paegon.
2. To write over again.
Calling for more paper to rescribe them, he shewed him
the difference betwixt the ink-box and the sand-box. Howel.

RE’SCRIPT. n. s. [rescrit, Fr. rescriptum, Lat.] Edict of an
emperour.
One finding a great mass of money digged under ground,
and being somewhat doubtful, signified it to the emperor,
who made a rescript thus; Use it. Bacon's Apophthegms.
The popes, in such cases, where canons were silent, did,
after the manner of the Roman emperors, write back their
determinations, which were stiled rescripts or decretal epistles,
having the force of laws. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To RE’SCUE. v. a. [rescorre, old Fr.] To set free from any
violence, confinement, or danger.
Sir Scudamore, after long sorrow, in the end met with
Britomartis, who succoured him and reskewed his love. Spens.
My uncles both are slain in rescuing me. Shakesp.
We're beset with thieves;
Rescue thy mistress, if thou be a man. Shakesp.
Dr. Bancroft understood the church excellently, and had
almost rescued it out of the hands of the Calvinian party. Clar.
He that is so sure of his particular election, as to resolve
he can never fall, if he commit those acts, against which
scripture is plain, that they that do them shall not inherit
eternal life, must necessarily resolve, that nothing but the re­
moving his fundamental error can rescue him from the super­
structive. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Who was that just man, whom had not heav'n
Rescu'd, had in his righteousness been lost? Milton.
Riches cannot rescue from the grave,
Which claims alike the monarch and the slave. Dryden.

RE’SCUE. n. s. [rescousse, rescosse, old Fr. rescussus, low Lat.]
Deliverance from violence, danger, or consinement.
How comes it, you
Have holp to make this rescue. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

RE’SCUER. n. s. [from rescue.] One that rescues.

RESEA’RCH. n. s. [recherche, Fr.] Enquiry; search.
By a skilful application of those notices, may be gained in
such researches the accelerating and bettering of fruits, empty­
ing mines and draining fens. Glanvill's Sceps.
I submit those mistakes, into which I may have fallen, to
the better consideration of others, who shall have made re­
search into this business with more felicity. Holder.
A felicity adapted to every rank, such as the researches of
human wisdom sought for, but could not discover. Rogers.

To RESEA’RCH. v. a. [rechercher, Fr.] To examine; to
enquire.
It is not easy to research with due distinction, in the actions
of eminent personages, both how much may have been ble­
mished by the envy of others, and what was corrupted by
their own felicity. Wotton's Buckingham.

To RESEA’T. v. a. [re and seat.] To seat again.
When he's produc'd, will you reseat him
Upon his father's throne? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

RESEI’ZER. n. s. One that seizes again.

RESEI’ZURE. n. s. [re and seizure.] Repeated seizure; seizure
a second time.
Here we have the charter of foundation; it is now the
more easy to judge of the forfeiture or reseizure: deface the
image, and you divest the right. Bacon.

RESE’MBLANCE. n. s. [resemblance, Fr.] Likeness; similitude;
representation.
These sensible things, which religion hath allowed, are
resemblances formed according to things spiritual, whereunto
they serve as a hand to lead, and a way to direct. Hooker.
Fairest resemblance of thy maker fair,
Thee all things living gaze on. Milton.
One main end of poetry and painting is to please; they
bear a great resemblance to each other. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The quality produced hath commonly no resemblance with
the thing producing it; wherefore, we look on it as a bare
effect of power. Locke.
They are but weak resemblances of our intentions, faint and
imperfect copies that may acquaint us with the general design,
but can never express the life of the original. Addison.
So chymists boast they have a pow'r,
From the dead ashes of a flow'r,
Some faint resemblance to produce,
But not the virtue. Swift's Miscellanies.
I cannot help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and
our author in qualities, fame, and fortune. Pope.

To RESE’MBLE. v. a. [resembler, Fr.]
1. To compare; to represent as like something else.
Most safely may we resemble ourselves to God, in respect of
that pure faculty, which is never separate from the love of
God. Raleigh's History of the World.
The torrid parts of Africk are resembled to a libbard's skin,
the distance of whose spots represent the disperseness of ha­
bitations. Brerewood on Languages.


2. To be like; to have likeness to.
If we see a man of virtues, mixed with infirmities, fall
into misfortune, we are afraid that the like misfortunes may
happen to ourselves, who resemble the character. Addison.

To RESL’ND. v. a. [re and send.] To send back; to send
again. Not in use.
I sent to her, by this same coxcomb,
Tokens and letters, which she did resend. Shakesp.

To RESE’NT. v. a. [ressentir, Fr.]
1. To take well or ill.
A serious consideration of the mineral treasures of his ter­
ritories, and the practical discoveries of them by way of my
philosophical theory, he then so well resented, that afterwards,
upon a mature digestion of my whole design, he commanded
me to let your lordships understand, how great an inclination
he hath to further so hopeful a work. Bacon.
2. To take ill; to consider as an injury on affront. This is
now the most usual sense.
Thou with scorn
And anger would'st resent the offer'd wrong. Milton.

RESE’NTER. n. s. [from resent.] One who feels injuries deeply.
The earl was the worst philosopher, being a great resenter,
and a weak dissembler of the least disgrace. Wotton.

RESE’NTFUL. adj. [resent and full.] Malignant; easily pro­
voked to anger, and long retaining it.

RESE’NTINGLY. adv. [from resenting.] With deep sense;
with strong perception; with anger.
Hylobares judiciously and resentingly recapitulates your main
reasonings. More's Divine Dialogues.

RESE’NTMENT. n. s. [ressentiment, Fr.]
1. Strong perception of good or ill.
He retains vivid resentments of the more solid morality.
More's Divine Dialogues.
Some faces we admire and dote on; others, in our impar­
tial apprehensions, no less deserving, we can behold without
resentment; yea, with an invincible disregard. Glanvill.
What he hath of sensible evidence, the very grand work
of his demonstration, is but the knowledge of his own re­
sentment; but how the same things appear to others, they
only know that are conscious to them; and how they are in
themselves, only he that made them. Glanvill's Sceps.
2. Deep sense of injury.
Can heav'nly minds such high resentment show,
Or exercise their spight in human woe? Dryden.
I cannot, without some envy, and a just resentment against
the opposite conduct of others, reflect upon that generosity,
wherewith the heads of a struggling faction treat those who
will undertake to hold a pen in their defence. Swift.

RESERVA’TION. n. s. [reservation, Fr.]
1. Reserve; concealment of something in the mind.
Nor had I any reservations in my own soul, when I passed
that bill, nor repentings after. King Charles.
We swear with Jesuitical equivocations and mental reser­
vations. Sanderson against the Covenant.
2. Something kept back; something not given up.
Ourself by monthly course,
With reservation of an hundred knights,
By you to be sustain'd, shall our abode
Make with you by due turns. Shakesp. King Lear.
This is academical reservation in matters of easy truth, or
rather sceptical infidelity against the evidence of reason. Bro.
These opinions Steele and his faction are endeavouring to
propagate among the people concerning the present ministry;
with what reservation to the honour of the queen, I cannot
determine. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. Custody; state of being treasured up.
He will'd me,
In heedful'st reservation, to bestow them
As notes, whose faculties inclusive were,
More than they of note. Shakesp.

RESE’RVATORY. n. s. [reservoir, Fr.] Place in which any
thing is reserved or kept.
How I got such notice of that subterranean reservatory as to
make a computation of the water now concealed therein,
peruse the propositions concerning earthquakes. Woodward.

To RESE’RVE. v. a. [reserver, Fr. reservo, Lat.]
1. To keep in store; to save to some other purpose.
I could add many probabilities of the names of places;
but they should be too long for this, and I reserve them for
another. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Hast thou seen the treasures of the hail, which I have re­
served against the day of trouble? Job xxxviii. 23.
David houghed all the chariot horses, but reserved of them
for an hundred chariots. 2 Sam. viii. 4.
Flowers
Reserv'd from night, and kept for thee in store. Milton.
2. To retain; to keep; to hold.
Reserve thy state, with better judgment check
This hideous rashness. Shakesp.
Will he reserve his anger for ever? will he keep it to the
end? Jer. iii. 5.
3. To lay up to a future time.
The Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of temp­
tations, and to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to
be punished. 2 Peter ii. 9.
The breach seems like the scissures of an earthquake, and
threatens to swallow all that attempt to close it, and reserves
its cure only for omnipotence. Decay of Piety.
Conceal your esteem and love in your own breast, and re­
serve your kind looks and language for private hours. Swift.

RESE’RVE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Store kept untouched.
The assent may be withheld upon this suggestion, that I
know not yet all that may be said: and therefore, though I
be beaten, it is not necessary I should yield, not knowing
what forces there are in reserve behind. Locke.
2. Something kept for exigence.
The virgins, besides the oil in their lamps, carried likewise
a reserve in some other vessel for a continual supply. Tillotson.
3. Something concealed in the mind.
However any one may concur in the general scheme, it is
still with certain reserves and deviations, and with a salvo to
his own private judgement. Addison's Freeholder.
4. Exception; prohibition.
Is knowledge so despis'd?
Or envy, or what reserve forbids to taste? Milton.
5. Exception in favour.
Each has some darling lust, which pleads for a reserve, and
which they would fain reconcile to the expectations of re­
ligion. Rogers's Sermons.
6. Modesty; caution in personal behaviour.
Ere guardian thought cou'd bring its scatter'd aid,
My soul surpriz'd, and from herself disjoin'd,
Left all reserve, and all the sex behind. Prior.

RESE’RVED. adj. [from reserve.]
1. Modest; not loosely free.
To all obliging, yet reserv'd to all,
None could himself the favour'd lover call. Walsh.
2. Sullen; not open; not frank.
Nothing reserv'd or sullen was to see,
But sweet regards. Dryden.

RESE’RVEDLY. adv. [from reserved.]
1. Not with frankness; not with openness; with reserve.
I must give only short hints, and write but obscurely and
reservedly, until I have opportunity to express my sentiments
with greater copiousness and perspicuity. Woodward.
2. Scrupulously; coldly.
He speaks reserv'dly, but he speaks with force;
Nor can a word be chang'd but for a worse. Pope.

RESE’RVEDNESS. n. s. [from reserved.] Closeness; want of
frankness; want of openness.
Observe their gravity
And their reservedness, their many cautions
Fitting their persons. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
By formality, I mean something more than ceremony and
complement, even a solemn reservedness, which may well
consist with honesty. Wotton.
There was great wariness and reservedness, and so great a
jealousy of each other, that they had no mind to give or re­
ceive visits. Clarendon, b. viii.
Dissimulation can but just guard a man within the compass
of his own personal concerns, which yet may be more effec­
tually done by that silence and reservedness, that every man
may innocently practise. South's Sermons.

RESE’RVER. n. s. [from reserve.] One that reserves.

RESERVOI’R. n. s. [reservoir, Fr.] Place where any thing is
kept in store.
There is not a spring or fountain, but are well provided
with huge cisterns and reservoirs of rain and snow-water. Add.
Who sees pale Mammon pine amidst his store,
Sees but a backward steward for the poor;
This year a reservoir, to keep and spare;
The next, a fountain spouting through his heir. Pope.

To RESE’TTLE. v. a. [re and settle.] To settle again.
Will the house of Austria yield the least article, even of
usurped prerogative, to resettle the minds of those princes in
the alliance, who are alarmed at the consequences of the
emperor's death. Swift.

RESE’TTLEMENT. n. s. [from resettle.]
1. The act of settling again.
To the quieting of my passions, and the resettlement of my
discomposed soul, I consider that grief is the most absurd of
all the passions. Norris's Miscellanies.
2. The state of settling again.
Some roll their cak to mix it with the lees, and, after a
resettlement, they rack it. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RESI’ANCE. n. s. [from resiant.] Residence; abode; dwel­
ling. Resiance and resiant are now only used in law.
The king forthwith banished all Flemings out of his king­
dom, commanding his merchant adventurers, which had a
resiance in Antwerp, to return. Bacon's Henry VII.

RESI’ANT. adj. [resseant, Fr.] Resident; present in a place.
Solyman was come as far as Sophia, where the Turks great
lieutenant in Europe is always resiant, before that the Hunga­
rians were aware. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The Allobroges here resiant in Rome. Benj. Johns.



To RESI’DE. v. n. [resideo, Lat. resider, Fr.]
1. To have abode; to live; to dwell; to be present.
How can God with such reside? Milton.
In no fix'd place the happy souls reside;
In groves we live, and lie on mossy beds. Dryden's æneis.
2. [Resido, Lat.] To sink; to subside; to fall to the bottom.
Oil of vitriol and petroleum, a drachm of each, turn into
a mouldy substance; there residing in the bottom a fair cloud
and a thick oil on the top. Boyle.

RE’SIDENCE. n. s. [residence, Fr.]
1. Act of dwelling in a place.
Something holy lodges in that breast,
And with these raptures moves the vocal air,
To testify his hidden residence. Milton.
There was a great familiarity between the confessor and
duke William; for the confessor had often made considerable
residences in Normandy. Hale's Law of England.
2. Place of abode; dwelling.
Within the infant rind of this small flower,
Poison hath residence and medicine power. Shakesp.
Understand the same
Of fish within their wat'ry residence. Milton's Par. Lost.
Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus for some time,
and the residence of Tiberius for several years. Addison.
3. [From resido, Lat.] That which settles at the bottom of
liquours.
Separation is wrought by weight, as in the ordinary resi­
dence or settlement of liquors. Bacon.
Our clearest waters, and such as seem simple unto sense,
are much compounded unto reason, as may be observed in
the evaporation of water, wherein, besides a terreous resi­
dence, some salt is also found. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RE’SIDENT. adj. [residens, Lat. resident, Fr.] Dwelling or
having abode in any place.
I am not concerned in this objection; not thinking it ne­
cessary, that Christ should be personally present or resident on
earth in the millenium. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
He is not said to be resident in a place, who comes thither
with a purpose of retiring immediately; so also he is said to
be absent, who is absent with his family. Ayliffe's Parergon.

RE’SIDENT. n. s. [from the adj.] An agent, minister, or officer
residing in any distant place with the dignity of an ambassador.
The pope fears the English will suffer nothing like a
resident or consul in his kingdoms. Addison.

RESIDE’NTIARY. adj. [from resident.] Holding residence.
Christ was the conductor of the Israelites into the land of
Canaan, and their residentiary guardian. More.

RESI’DUAL. adj. [from residuum, Lat.] Relating to the
residue; relating to the part remaining.
'Tis enough to lose the legacy, or the residuary advantage
of the estate left him by the deceased. Ayliffe.

RESI’DUARY. adj. [from residuum, Lat.] Relating to the
residue; relating to the part remaining.
'Tis enough to lose the legacy, or the residuary advantage
of the estate left him by the deceased. Ayliffe.

RE’SIDUE. n. s. [residu, Fr. residuum, Lat.] The remaining
part; that which is left.
The causes are all such as expel the most volatile parts of
the blood, and fix the residue. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To RESIE’GE. v. a. [re and siege, Fr.] To seat again. Obsolete.
In wretched prison long he did remain,
Till they outreigned had their utmost date,
And then therein reseiged was again,
And ruled long with honourable state. Fairy Queen, b. ii.

To RESI’GN. v. a. [resigner, Fr. resigno, Lat.]
1. To give up a claim or possession.
Resign
Your crown and kingdom, indirectly held. Shakesp.
I'll to the king, and signify to him,
That thus I have resign'd to you my charge. Shakesp.
To her thou didst resign thy place. Milton.
Phœbus resigns his darts, and Jove
His thunder, to the god of love. Denham.
Ev'ry Ismena would resign her breast;
And ev'ry dear Hippolytus be blest. Prior.
2. To yield up.
Whoever shall resign their reasons, either from the root of
deceit in themselves, or inability to resist such trivial ingana­
tions from others, although their condition may place them
above the multitude, yet are they still within the line of
vulgarity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Desirous to resign and render back
All I receiv'd. Milton.
Those, who always resign their judgment to the last man
they heard or read, truth never sinks into those men's minds;
but, cameleon-like, they take the colour of what is laid be­
fore them, and as soon lose and resign it to the next that
comes in their way. Locke.
3. To give up in confidence. With up emphatical.
What more reasonable, than that we should in all things
resign up ourselves to the will of God. Tillotson.
4. To submit; particularly to submit to providence.
Happy the man, who studies nature's laws,
His mind possessing in a quiet state,
Fearless of fortune, and resign'd to fate. Dryden.
A firm, yet cautious, mind,
Sincere, though prudent; constant, yet resign'd. Pope.
5. To submit without resistance or murmur.
What thou art, resign to death. Shakesp. Henry VI.

RESIGNA’TION. n. s. [resignation, Fr.]
1. The act of resigning or giving up a claim or possession.
Do that office of thine own good will;
The resignation of thy state and crown. Shakesp. Rich. II.
He intended to procure a resignation of the rights of the
king's majesty's sisters and others, entitled to the possession of
the crown. Hayward.
2. Submission; unresisting acquiescence.
We cannot expect, that any one should readily quit his own
opinion, and embrace ours, with a blind resignation to an au­
thority, which the understanding acknowledges not. Locke.
There is a kind of sluggish resignation, as well as poorness
and degeneracy of spirit, in a state of slavery, that very few
will recover themselves out of it. Addison.
3. Submission without murmur to the will of God.

RESI’GNER. n. s. [from resign.] One that resigns.

RESI’GNMENT. n. s. [from resign.] Act of resigning.

RESI’LIENCE. n. s. [from resilio, Lat.] The act of starting
or leaping back.
If you strike a ball sidelong, the rebound will be as much
the contrary way; whether there be any such resilience in
echoes, that is, whether a man shall hear better if he stand
aside the body repercussing, than if he stand where he speaketh,
may be tried. Bacon's Natural History.

RESI’LIENCY. n. s. [from resilio, Lat.] The act of starting
or leaping back.
If you strike a ball sidelong, the rebound will be as much
the contrary way; whether there be any such resilience in
echoes, that is, whether a man shall hear better if he stand
aside the body repercussing, than if he stand where he speaketh,
may be tried. Bacon's Natural History.

RESI’LIENT. adj. [resiliens, Lat.] Starting or springing back.

RESILI’TION. n. s. [resilio, Lat.] The act of sprining back;
resilience.

RE’SIN. n. s. [resine, Fr. resina, Lat.] The fat sulphurous
parts of some vegetable, which is natural or procured by art,
and will incorporate with oil or spirit, not an aqueous men­
struum. Quincy.

REsinous. adj, [from resin; resineux, Fr.] Containing resin;
consisting of resin.
Resinous gums, dissolved in spirit of wine, are let fall again,
if the spirit be copiously diluted. Boyle on Colours.

RE’SINOUSNESS. n. s. [from resinous.] The quality of being
resinous.

RESIPI’SCENCE. n. s. [resipiscence, Fr. resipiscentia, low Lat.]
Wisdom after the fact; repentance.

To RESIST. v. a. [resisto, Lat. resister, Fr.]
1. To oppose; to act against.
All the regions
Do seemingly revolt; and, who resist,
Are mock'd for valiant ignorance,
And perish constant fools. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Submit to God; resist the devil, and he will flee. Ja. iv.
2. To not admit impression or force.
Nor keen nor solid could resist that edge. Milton.

RESI’STANCE. [resistance, Fr. This word, like many others,
is differently written, as it is supposed to have
come from the Latin or the French.]
1. The act of resisting; opposition.
Demetrius, seeing that the land was quiet, and that no re­
sistance was made against him, sent away all his forces. 1 Mac.
2. The quality of not yielding to force or external impression.
The resistance of bone to cold is greater than of flesh; for
that the flesh shrinketh, but the bone resisteth, whereby the
cold becometh more eager. Bacon.
Musick so softens and disarms the mind,
That not an arrow does resistance find. Waller.
The idea of solidity we receive by our touch, and it arises
from the resistance which we find in body to the entrance of
any other body into the place it possesses. Locke.
But that part of the resistence, which arises from the vis
inertiæ, is proportional to the density of the matter, and can­
not be diminished by dividing the matter into smaller parts,
nor by any other means, than by decreasing the density of
the medium. Newton's Opticks.

RESI’STENCE. [resistance, Fr. This word, like many others,
is differently written, as it is supposed to have
come from the Latin or the French.]
1. The act of resisting; opposition.
Demetrius, seeing that the land was quiet, and that no re­
sistance was made against him, sent away all his forces. 1 Mac.
2. The quality of not yielding to force or external impression.
The resistance of bone to cold is greater than of flesh; for
that the flesh shrinketh, but the bone resisteth, whereby the
cold becometh more eager. Bacon.
Musick so softens and disarms the mind,
That not an arrow does resistance find. Waller.
The idea of solidity we receive by our touch, and it arises
from the resistance which we find in body to the entrance of
any other body into the place it possesses. Locke.
But that part of the resistence, which arises from the vis
inertiæ, is proportional to the density of the matter, and can­
not be diminished by dividing the matter into smaller parts,
nor by any other means, than by decreasing the density of
the medium. Newton's Opticks.

RESISTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from resistible.] Quality of resisting.
Whether the resistibility of Adam's reason did not equiva­
lence the facility of Eve's seduction, we refer unto school­
men. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The name body, being the complex idea of extension and
resistibility, together, in the same subject, these two ideas are
not exactly one and the same. Locke.

RESI’STIBLE. adj. [from resist.] That may be resisted.
That is irresistible; this, though potent, yet is in its own na­
ture resistible by the will of man; though it many times pre­
vails by its efficacy. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

RESI’STLESS. adj. [from resist.] Irresistable; that cannot be
opposed.
Our own eyes do every where behold the sudden and re­
sistless assaults of death. Raleigh's History of the World.
All at once to force resistless way. Milton.
Since you can love, and yet your error see,
The same resistless power may plead for me. Dryden.
She chang'd her state;
Resistless in her love, as in her hate. Dryden.
Though thine eyes resistless glances dart,
A stronger charm is thine, a generous heart. Logie.



RESO’LVABLE. adj. [from resolve.]
1. That may be analysed or separated.
Pride is of such intimate connection with ingratitude, that
the actions of ingratitude seem directly resolvable into pride,
as the principal reason of them. South.
As the serum of the blood is resolvable by a small heat, a
greater heat coagulates, so as to turn it horny like parch­
ment. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Capable of solution or of being made less obscure.
The effect is wonderful in all, and the causes best resolvable
from observations made in the countries themselves, the parts
through which they pass. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RESO’LUBLE. adj. [resoluble, Fr. re and solubilis, Lat.] That
may be melted or dissolved.
Three is not precisely the number of the distinct elements,
whereinto mixt bodies are resoluble by fire. Boyle.

To RESO’LVE. v. a. [resolvo, Lat. resoudre, Fr.]
1. To inform; to free from a doubt or difficulty.
In all things then are our consciences best resolved, and in
most agreeable sort unto God and nature resolved, when they
are so far persuaded, as those grounds of persuasion will
bear. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
Give me some breath,
Before I positively speak in this;
I will resolve your grace immediately. Shakesp. Rich. III.
I cannot brook delay, resolve me now;
And what your pleasure is, shall satisfy me. Shakesp.
Resolve me, strangers, whence and what you are? Dryd.
2. To solve; to clear.
Examine, sift, and resolve their alleged proofs, till you
come to the very root whence they spring, and it shall clearly
appear, that the most which can be infered upon such plenty
of divine testimonies, is only this, that some things, which
they maintain, do seem to have been out of scripture not ab­
surdly gathered. Hooker, b. ii. s. 7.
I resolve the riddle of their loyalty, and give them oppor­
tunity to let the world see, they mean not what they do, but
what they say. King Charles.
He always bent himself rather judiciously to resolve, than
by doubts to perplex a business. Hayward.
The gravers, when they have attained to the knowledge
of these reposes, will easily resolve those difficulties which per­
plex them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The man, who would resolve the work of fate,
May limit number. Prior.
Happiness, it was presently resolved by all, must be some
one uniform end, proportioned to the capacities of human
nature, attainable by every man, independent on fortune.
Rogers's Sermons
3. To settle in an opinion.
Long since we were resolved of your truth,
Your faithful service, and your toil in war. Shakesp.
4. To fix in a determination.
Good proof
This day affords, declaring thee resolv'd
To undergo with me one guilt. Milton.
I run to meet th' alarms,
Resolv'd on death, resolv'd to die in arms. Dryden.
Resolv'd for sea, the slaves thy baggage pack;
Nothing retards thy voyage, unless
Thy other lord forbids voluptuousness. Dryden's Persius.
5. To fix in constancy; to confirm.
Quit presently the chapel, or resolve you
For more amazement:
I'll make the statue move. Shakesp.
6. To melt; to dissolve.
Resolving is bringing a fluid, which is new concreted, into
the state of fluidity again. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Vegetable salts resolve the coagulated humours of a human
body, and attenuate, by stimulating the solids, and dissolving
the fluids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
7. To analise.
Into what can we resolve this strong inclination of mankind
to this error? it is altogether unimaginable, but that the rea­
son of so universal a consent should be constant. Tillotson.
Ye immortal souls, who once were men,
And now resolv'd to elements agen. Dryden.
The decretals turn upon this point, and resolve all into a
monarchical power at Rome. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

To RESO’LVE. v. n.
1. To determine; to decree within one's self.
Confirm'd, then I resolve
Adam shall share with me. Milton.
Covetousness is like the sea, that receives the tribute of all
rivers, though far unlike it in lending any back; therefore
those, who have resolved upon the thriving sort of piety,
have seldom embarked all their hopes in one bottom. D. of Pi.
2. To melt; to be dissolved.
Have I not hideous death within my view?
Retaining but a quantity of life,
Which bleeds away, ev'n as a form of wax
Resolveth from its figure 'gainst the fire. Shakesp.
No man condemn me, who has never felt
A woman's power, or try'd the force of love;
All tempers yield and soften in those fires,
Our honours, interests, resolving down,
Run in the gentle current of our joys. Southern's Oroonoko.
When the blood stagnates in any part, it first coagulates,
then resolves and turns alkaline. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. To be settled in opinion.
Let men resolve of that as they please: this every intelli­
gent being must grant, that there is something that is himself,
that he would have happy. Locke.

RESO’LVE. n. s. [from the verb.] Resolution; fixed determination.
I'm glad, you thus continue your resolve,
To suck the sweets of sweet philosophy. Shakesp.
When he sees
Himself by dogs, and dogs by men pursu'd,
He straight revokes his bold resolve, and more
Repents his courage, than his fear before. Denham.
Cæsar's approach has summon'd us together,
And Rome attends her fate from our resolves. Addis. Cato.

RESO’LVEDLY. adv. [from resolved.] With firmness and con­
stancy.
A man may be resolvedly patient unto death; so that it is
not the mediocrity of resolution, which makes the virtue;
nor the extremity, which makes the vice. Grew's Cosmol.

RESO’LVEDNESS. n. s. [from resolved.] Resolution; constancy;
firmness.
This resolvedness, this high fortitude in sin, can with no
reason be imagined a preparative to its remission. D. of Piety.

RESO’LVENT. n. s. [resolvens, Latin.] That which has the
power of causing solution.
In the beginning of inflammation, they require repellents;
and in the increase, somewhat of resolvents ought to be
mixed. Wiseman's Surgery.
Lactescent plants, as lettuce and endive, contain a most
wholesome juice, resolvent of the bile, anodyne and cooling.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

RESO’LVER. n. s. [from resolve.]
1. One that forms a firm resolution.
Thy resolutions were not before sincere; consequently God
that saw that, cannot be thought to have justified that unsin­
cere resolver, that dead faith. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
2. One that dissolves; one that separates parts.
It may be doubted, whether or no the fire be the genuine
and universal resolver of mixed bodies. Boyle.

RE’SOLUTE. adj. [resolu, Fr.] Determined; fixed; con­
stant; steady; firm.
Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn
The pow'r of man; for none of woman born
Shall harm Macbeth. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Edward is at hand
Ready to fight; therefore be resolute. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

RE’SOLUTELY. adv. [from resolute.] Determinately; firmly;
constantly; steadily.
We resolutely must,
To the few virtues that we have, be just. Roscommon.
A man, who lives a virtuous life, despises the pleasures of
sin, and notwithstanding all the allurements of sense persists
resolutely in his course. Tillotson's Sermons.
Some of those facts he examines, some he resolutely denies;
others he endeavours to extenuate, and the rest he distorts
with unnatural turns. Swift's Miscellenies.

RE’SOLUTENESS. n. s. [from resolute.] Determinateness; state
of being fixed in resolution.
All that my resoluteness to make use of my ears, not tongue,
could do, was to make them acquiesce. Boyle.

RESOLU’TION. n. s. [resolutio, Lat. resolution, Fr.]
1. Act of clearing difficulties.
In matters of antiquity, if their originals escape due rela­
tion, they fall into great obscurities, and such as future ages
seldom reduce into a resolution. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The unravelling and resolution of the difficulties, that are
met with in the execution of the design, are the end of an
action. Dryden's Oedipus.
2. Analysis; act of separating any thing into constituent parts.
To the present impulses of sense, memory and instinct, all
the sagacities of brutes may be reduced; though witty men,
by analytical resolution, have chymically extracted an artifi­
cial logick out of all their actions. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.
3. Dissolution.
In the hot springs of extreme cold countries, the first heats
are unsufferable, which proceed out of the resolution of hu­
midity congealed. Digby on Bodies.
4. [From resolute.] Fixed determination; settled thought.
I'th' progress of this business,
Ere a determinate resolution,
The bishop did require a respite. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
O Lord, resolutions of future reforming do not always sa­
tisfy thy justice, nor prevent thy vengeance for former mis­
carriages. King Charles.
We spend our days in deliberating, and we end them with­
out coming to any resolution. L'Estrange.


How much this is in every man's power, by making reso­
lutions to himself, is easy to try. Locke.
The mode of the will, which answers to dubitation, may
be called suspension; that which answers to invention, reso­
lution: and that which, in the phantastick will, is obstinacy,
is constancy in the intellectual. Grew's Cosmol.
5. Constancy; firmness; steadiness in good or bad.
The rest of the Helots, which were otherwise scattered,
bent thitherward, with a new life of resolution; as if their
captain had been a root, out of which their courage had
sprung. Sidney.
I would unstate myself to be in a due resolution. Shakesp.
They, who governed the parliament, had the resolution to
act those monstrous things. Clarendon, b. viii.
What reinforcement we may gain from hope,
If not what resolution from despair. Milton.
6. Determination of a cause in courts of justice.
Nor have we all the acts of parliament or of judicial reso­
lutions, which might occasion such alterations. Hale.

RE’SOLUTIVE. adj. [resolutus, Lat. resolutif, Fr.] Having the
power to dissolve.

RE’SONANCE. n. s. [from resono, Lat.] Sound; resound.
An ancient musician informed me, that there were some
famous lutes that attained not their full seasoning and best re­
sonance, till they were about fourscore years old. Boyle.

RE’SONANT. adj. [resonnant, Fr. resonans, Lat.] Resounding.
His volant touch
Fled and pursu'd transverse the resonant sugue. Milton.

To RESO’RT. v. n. [ressortir, Fr.]
1. To have recourse.
The king thought it time to resort to other counsels, and
to provide force to chastise them, who had so much despised
all his gentler remedies. Clarendon, b. ii.
2. To go publickly.
Thither shall all the valiant youth resort,
And from his memory inflame their breasts
To matchless valour. Milton's Agonistes.
Hither the heroes and the nymphs resort. Pope.
3. To repair to.
The sons of light
Hasted, resorting to the summons high. Milton.
To Argos' realms the victor god resorts,
And enters cold Crotopus' humble courts. Pope.
4. To fall back. In law.
The inheritance of the son never resorted to the mother or
to any of her ancestors, but both were totally excluded from
the succession. Hale's Law of England.

RESO’RT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Frequency; assembly; meeting.
Unknown, unquestion'd in that thick resort. Dryden.
2. Concourse; confluence.
The like places of resort are frequented by men out of
place. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. Act of visiting.
Join with me to forbid him her resort. Shakesp.
4. [Ressort, Fr.] Movement; active power; spring.
Some know the resorts and falls of business, that cannot
sink into the main of it. Bacon's Essays.
In fortune's empire blindly thus we go,
We wander after pathless destiny,
Whose dark resorts since prudence cannot know,
In vain it would provide for what shall be. Dryden.

To RESOU’ND. v. a. [resono, Lat. resonner, Fr.]
1. To echo; to sound back; to celebrate by sound.
The sweet singer of Israel with his psaltery loudly resounded
the innumerable benefits of the Almighty Creator. Peacham.
The sound of hymns, wherewith thy throne
Incompass'd shall resound thee ever blest. Milton.
2. To sound; to tell so as to be heard far.
The man, for wisdom's various arts renown'd,
Long exercis'd in woes, oh muse! resound. Pope.
3. To return sounds; to sound with any noise.
With other echo late I taught your shades,
To answer and resound far other song. Milton.

To RESOU’ND. v. n. To be echoed back.
What resounds in fable or romance of Uther's sons. Milt.
What is common fame, which sounds from all quarters of
the world, and resounds back to them again, but generally a
loud, rattling, impudent lye? South's Sermons.

RESOU’RCE. n. s. [It is commonly written ressource, which see:
ressource, Fr. Skinner derives it from resoudre, Fr. to spring up.]
Some new or unexpected means that offer; resort; expedient.
Pallas view'd
His foes pursuing, and his friends pursu'd;
Us'd threatnings, mix'd with pray'ers, his last resource;
With these to move their minds, with those to fire their
force. Dryden.

To RESO’W. v. a. [re and sow.] To sow anew.
Over wet at sowing time breedeth much dearth, insomuch
as they are forced to resow summer corn. Bacon.

To RESPEA’K. v. n. [re and speak.] To answer.
The great cannon to the clouds shall tell,
And the king's rowse the heav'n shall bruit again,
Respeaking earthly thunder. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To RESPE’CT. v. a. [respectus, Lat.]
1. To regard; to have regard to.
Claudio, I quake,
Lest thou should'st seven winters more respect
Than a perpetual honour. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
In orchards and gardens we do not so much respect beauty,
as variety of ground for fruits, trees, and herbs. Bacon.
2. [Respecter, Fr.] To consider with a lower degree of reverence.
There is nothing more terrible to a guilty heart, than the
eye of a respected friend. Sidney.
Whoever tastes, let him with grateful heart
Respect that ancient loyal house. Philips.
I always loved and respected Sir William. Swift to Gay.
3. To have relation to.
4. To look toward.
The needle doth vary, as it approacheth the pole; whereas,
were there such direction from the rocks, upon a nearer ap­
proachment, it would more directly respect them. Brown.
Palladius adviseth, the front of his house should so respect
the South, that in the first angle it receive the rising rays of
the winter sun, and decline a little from the winter setting
thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RESPE’CT. n. s. [respect, Fr. respectus, Lat.]
1. Regard; attention.
You have too much respect upon the world;
They lose it, that do buy it with much care. Shakesp.
I love
My country's good with a respect more tender
Than mine own life. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Reverence; honour.
You know me dutiful, therefore
Let me not shame respect; but give me leave
To take that course by your consent and voice. Shakesp.
æneas must be drawn a suppliant to Dido, with respect in
his gestures, and humility in his eyes. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
I found the king abandon'd to neglect;
Seen without awe, and serv'd without respect. Prior.
3. Awful kindness.
He, that will have his son have a respect for him, must
have a great reverence for his son. Locke.
4. Goodwill.
Pembroke has got
A thousand pounds a year, for pure respect;
No other obligation?
That promises more thousands. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The Lord had respect unto Abel and his offering. Gen. iv.
5. Partial regard.
It is not good to have respect of persons in judgment. Prov.
6. Reverend character.
Many of the best respect in Rome,
Groaning under this age's yoke,
Have wish'd, that noble Brutus had his eyes. Shakesp.
7. Manner of treating others.
You must use them with fit respects, according to the bonds of
nature; but you are of kin to their persons, not errors. Bacon.
The duke's carriage was to the gentlemen of fair respect,
and bountiful to the soldier, according to any special value
which he spied in any. Wotton's Buckingham.
8. Consideration; motive.
Whatsoever secret respects were likely to move them, for
contenting of their minds, Calvin returned. Hooker.
The love of him, and this respect beside;
For that my grandsire was an Englishman,
Awakes my conscience to confess all this. Shakesp.
Since that respects of fortune are his love,
I shall not be his wife. Shakesp. King Lear.
9. Relation; regard.
In respect of the suitors which attend you, do them what
right in justice, and with as much speed as you may. Bacon.
I have represented to you the excellency of the christian
religion, in respect of its clear discoveries of the nature of
God, and in respect of the perfection of its laws. Tillotson.
Every thing which is imperfect, as the world must be ac­
knowledged in many respects, had some cause which pro­
duced it. Tillotson.
They believed but one supreme deity, which, with respect
to the various benefits men received from him, had several
titles. Tillotson.

RESPE’CTER. n. s. [from respect.] One that has partial regard.
Neither is any condition more honourable in the sight of
God than another; otherwise he would be a respecter of per­
sons: for he hath proposed the same salvation to all. Swift.

RESPE’CTFUL. adj. [respect and full.] Ceremonious; full of
outward civility.
Will you be only, and for ever mine?
From this dear bosom shall I ne'er be torn?
Or you grow cold, respectful, or forsworn? Prior.
With humble joy, and with respectful fear,
The list'ning people shall his story hear. Prior.

RESPE’CTFULLY. adv. [from respectful.] With some degree of
reverence.
To your glad genius sacrifice this day,
Let common meats respectfully give way. Dryden.



RESPE’CTIVE. adj. [from respect.]
1. Particular; relating to particular persons or things.
Moses mentions the immediate causes, and St. Peter the
more remote and fundamental causes, that constitution of the
heavens, and that constitution of the earth, in reference to
their respective waters, which made that world obnoxious to
a deluge. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
When so many present themselves before their respective
magistrates to take the oaths, it may not be improper to awaken
a due sense of their engagements. Addison.
2. [Respectif, Fr.] Relative; not absolute.
The medium intended is not an absolute, but a respective
medium: the proportion recommended to all is the same;
but the things to be desired in this proportion will vary. Rog.
3. Worthy of reverence. Not in use.
What should it be, that he respects in her,
But I can make respective in myself. Shakesp:
4. Accurate; nice; careful; cautious. Obsolete.
Respective and wary men had rather seek quietly their own,
and wish that the world may go well, so it be not long of
them, than with pain and hazard make themselves advisers
for the common good. Hooker, b. v. s. 1.
He was exceeding respective and precise. Raleigh.

RESPE’CTIVELY. adv. [from respective.]
1. Particularly; as each belongs to each.
The interruption of trade between the English and Flemish
began to pinch the merchants of both nations, which moved
them by all means to dispose their sovereigns respectively to
open the intercourse again. Bacon.
The impressions from the objects of the senses do mingle
respectively every one with his kind. Bacon's Natural History.
Good and evil are in morality, as the East and West are in
the frame of the world, founded in and divided by that fixed
and
unalterable situation, which they have respectively in the
whole body of the universe. South's Sermons.
The principles of those governments are respectively dis­
claimed and abhorred by all the men of sense and virtue in
both parties. Addison's Freeholder, No 54.
2. Relatively; not absolutely.
If there had been no other choice, but that Adam had been
left to the universal, Moses would not then have said, east­
ward in Eden, seeing the world hath not East nor West, but
respectively. Raleigh's History of the World.
3. Partially; with respect to private views. Obsolete.
Among the ministers themselves, one being so far in esti­
mation above the rest, the voices of the rest were likely to
be given for the most part respectively with a kind of secret
dependency. Hooker's Preface.
4. With great reverence. Not in use.
Honest Flaminius, you are very respectively welcome. Shak.

RESPE’RSION. n. s. [respersio, Lat.] The act of sprinkling.

RESPIRA’TION. n. s. [respiration, Fr. respiratio, from respiro,
Lat.]
1. The act of breathing.
Apollonius of Tyana affirmed, that the ebbing and flow­
ing of the sea was the respiration of the world, drawing in
water as breath, and putting it forth again. Bacon.
Syrups or other expectoratives do not advantage in coughs,
by slipping down between the epiglottis; for, as I instanced
before, that must necessarly occasion a greater cough and
difficulty of respiration. Harvey on Consumptious.
The author of nature foreknew the necessity of rains and
dews to the present structure of plants, and the uses of respi­
ration to animals; and therefore created those correspondent
properties in the atmosphere. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Relief from toil.
Till the day
Appear of respiration to the just,
And vengeance to the wicked. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.

To RESPI’RE. v. n. [respiro, Lat. respirer, Fr.]
1. To breathe.
The ladies gasp'd, and scarcely could respire;
The breath they drew, no longer air, but fire,
The fainty knights were scorch'd. Dryden.
2. To catch breath.
Till breathless both themselves aside retire,
Where foaming wrath, their cruel tusks they whet,
And trample th' earth the whiles they may respire. F. Q.
I, a pris'ner chain'd, scarce freely draw
The air imprison'd also, close and damp,
Unwholesome draught; but here I feel amends,
The breath of heav'n fresh blowing, pure, and sweet,
With day-spring born; here leave me to respire. Milton.
3. To rest; to take rest from toil.
Hark! he strikes the golden lyre;
And see! the tortur'd ghosts respire,
See shady forms advance! Pope's St. Cecilia.

RESPI’TE. n. s. [respit, Fr.]
1. Reprieve; suspension of a capital sentence.
I had hope to spend
Quiet, though sad, the respite of that day,
That must be mortal to us both. Milton.
Wisdom and eloquence in vain would plead
One moment's respite for the learned head;
Judges of writings and of men have dy'd. Prior.
2. Pause; interval.
The fox then counsel'd th' ape, for to require
Respite till morrow t' answer his desire. Hubberd's Tale.
This customary war, which troubleth all the world, giveth
little respite or breathing time of peace, doth usually borrow
pretence from the necessary, to make itself appear more
honest. Raleigh's Essays.
Some pause and respite only I require,
Till with my tears I shall have quench'd my fire. Denham.

To RESPI’TE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To relieve by a pause.
In what bow'r or shade
Thou find'st him, from the heat of noon retir'd,
To respite his day-labour with repast,
Or with repose. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
2. [Respiter, old Fr.] To suspend; to delay.
An act passed for the satisfaction of the officers of the king's
army, by which they were promised payment, upon the pub­
lick faith, in November following; till which time they were
to respite it, and be contented that the common soldiers and
inferior officers should be satisfied upon their disbanding.
Clarendon.

RESPLE’NDENCE n. s. [from resplendent.] Lustre; bright­
ness; splendour.
Son! thou in whom my glory I behold
In full resplendence, heir of all my might. Milton.
To neglect that supreme resplendency, that shines in God,
for those dim representations of it in the creature, is as absurd
as it were for a Persian to offer his sacrifice to a parhelion in­
stead of adoring the sun. Boyle.

RESPLE’NDENCY. n. s. [from resplendent.] Lustre; bright­
ness; splendour.
Son! thou in whom my glory I behold
In full resplendence, heir of all my might. Milton.
To neglect that supreme resplendency, that shines in God,
for those dim representations of it in the creature, is as absurd
as it were for a Persian to offer his sacrifice to a parhelion in­
stead of adoring the sun. Boyle.

RESPLE’NDENT. adj. [resplendens, Lat.] Bright; shining;
having a beautiful lustre.
Rich in commodities, beautiful in situation, resplendent in
all glory. Camden's Romains.
There all within full rich array'd he found,
With royal arras and resplendent gold. Fairy Queen.
The ancient electrum had in it a fifth of silver to the gold,
and made a compound metal, as fit for most uses as gold, and
more resplendent. Bacon's Natural History.
Empress of this fair world, resplendent Eve! Milton.
Every body looks most splendid and luminous in the light
of its own colour: cinnaber in the homogeneral light is most
resplendent, in the green light it is manifestly less resplendent,
in the blue light still less. Newton's Opticks.
Resplendent brass, and more resplendent dames. Pope.

RESPLE’NDENTLY. adv. [from resplendent.] With lustre;
brightly; splendidly.

To RESPO’ND. v. n. [respondeo, Lat. respondre, Fr.]
1. To answer. Little used
2. To correspond; to suit.
To ev'ry theme responds thy various lay;
Here rowls a torrent, there meanders play. Broome.

RESPO’NDENT. n. s. [respondens, Lat.]
1. An answerer in a suit.
In giving an answer, the respondent should be in court, and
personally admonished by the judge to answer the judge's in­
terrogation. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. One whose province, in a set disputation, is to refute ob­
jections.
How becomingly does Philopolis exercise his office, and
seasonably commit the opponent with the respondent, like a
long practised moderator? More's Divine Dialogues.
The respondent may easily shew, that though wine may do
all this, yet it may be finally hurtful to the soul and body of
him. Watts's Logick.

RESPO’NSE. n. s. [responsum, Lat.]
1. An answer.
Mere natural piety has taught men to receive the responses
of the gods with all possible veneration. Gov. of the Tongue.
The oracles, which had before flourished, began to droop,
and from giving responses in verse, descended to prose, and
within a while were utterly silenced. Hammond.
2. [Respons, Fr.] Answer made by the congregation, speaking
alternately with the priest in publick worship.
To make his parishioners kneel and join in the responses, he
gave every one of them a hassock and common prayer book.
Addison's Spectator, No 112.
3. Reply to an objection in a formal disputation.
Let the respondent not turn opponent; except in retorting
the argument upon his adversary after a direct response; and
even this is allowed only as a confirmation of his own re­
sponse. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

RESPO’NSIBLE. adj. [from responsus, Lat.]
1. Answerable; accountable.
He as much satisfies the itch of telling news; he as much
persuades his hearers; and all this while he has his retreat
secure, and stands not responsible for the truth of his re­
lations. Government of the Tongue.


2. Capable of discharging an obligation.
The necessity of a proportion of money to trade depends
on money as a pledge, which writing cannot supply the place
of; since the bill, I receive from one man, will not be ac­
cepted as security by another, he not knowing that the bill is
legal, or that the man bound is honest or responsible. Locke.

RESPO’NSIBLENESS. n. s. [from responsible.] State of being
obliged or qualified to answer.

RESPO’NSION. n. s. [responsio, Lat.] The act of answering.

RESPO’NSIVE. adj. [responsif, Fr. from responsus, Lat.]
1. Answering; making answer.
A certificate is a responsive letter, or letter by way of an­
swer. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Correspondent; suited to something else.
Sing of love and gay desire,
Responsive to the warbling lyre. Fenton.
Be there Demodocus the bard of fame,
Taught by the gods to please, when high he sings
The vocal lay responsive to the strings. Pope's Odyssey.

RESPO’NSORY. adj. [responsorius, Lat.] Containing answer.

REST. n. s. [rest, Saxon; ruste, Dutch.]
1. Sleep; repose.
All things retir'd to rest, mind us of like repose. Milton.
My tost limbs are wearied into rest. Pope.
2. The final sleep; the quietness of death.
Oft with holy hymns he charm'd their ears;
For David left him, when he went to rest,
His lyre. Dryden's Parson.
3. Stilness; cessation of motion.
Putrefaction asketh rest; for the subtle motion, which pu­
trefaction requireth, is disturbed by any agitation. Bacon.
What cause mov'd the Creator, in his holy rest,
So late to build. Milton.
All things past are equally and perfectly at rest; and to
this way of consideration of them are all one, whether they
were before the world, or but yesterday. Locke.
4. Quiet; peace; cessation from disturbance.
Learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart; and ye
shall find rest unto your souls. Mat. xi. 29.
He giveth you rest from all your enemies. Deut. xii. 10.
Though the righteous be prevented with death; yet shall
he be in rest. Wisd. iv. 7.
'Scap'd from such storms of pow'r, holding it best
To be below herself to be at rest. Daniel's Civil War.
The root cut off, from whence these tumults rose,
He should have rest, the commonwealth repose. Daniel.
Thus fenc'd, but not at rest or ease of mind. Milton.
With what a load of vengeance am I prest,
Yet never, never, can I hope for rest;
For when my heavy burden I remove,
The weight falls down, and crushes her I love. Dryden.
Like the sun, it had light and agility; it knew no rest but
in motion, no quiet but in activity. South's Sermons.
Where can a frail man hide him? in what arms
Shall a short life enjoy a little rest. Fanshaw.
Thither, where sinners may have rest, I go. Pope.
The grave, where ev'n the great find rest. Pope.
The midnight murderer
Invades the sacred hour of silent rest. Anonym.
5. Cessation from bodily labour.
There the weary be at rest. Job iii. 17.
6. Support; that on which any thing leans or rests.
Forth prick'd Clorinda from the throng,
And 'gainst Tancredie set her spear in rest. Fairfax.
A man may think, that a musket may be shot off as well
upon the arm, as upon a rest; but when all is done, good
counsel setteth business straight. Bacon.
Their vizors clos'd, their lances in the rest,
Or at the helmet pointed, or the crest;
They speed the race. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Take the handle in your right hand, and clasping the blade
of it in your left, lean it steady upon the rest, holding the
edge a little aslant over the work, so as a corner of the thin
side of the chissel may bear upon the rest, and the flat side
of the chissel may make a small angle with the rest. Moxon.
7. Place of repose.
Sustain'd by him with comforts, till we end
In dust, our final rest and native home. Milton.
8. Final hope.
He sets up his rest, to do more exploits with his mace, than
a maurice pike. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
Sea sights have been final to the war, but this is, when
princes set up their rest upon the battle. Bacon.
This answer would render their counsels of less reverence
to the people, if, upon those reasons, they should recede from
what they had, with that confidence and disdain of the house
of peers, demanded of the king; they therefore resolved to
set up their rest upon that stake, and to go through with it, or
perish in the attempt. Clarendon.
9. [Reste, Fr. quod restat, Latin.] Remainder; what re­
mains.
Religion gives part of its reward in hand, the present com­
fort of having done our duty; and for the rest, it offers us
the best security that heaven can give. Tillotson.
The pow'r in glory shone,
By her bent bow and her keen arrows known
The rest a huntress. Dryden's Knight's Tale.

REST. adj. [restes, Fr. quod restat, Lat.] Others; those not
included in any proposition.
By description of their qualities, many things may be
learned concerning the rest of the inhabitants. Abbot.
They had no other consideration of the publick, than that no
disturbance might interrupt their quiet in their own days; and
that the rest, who had larger hearts and more publick spirits,
would extend their labour, activity, and advice only to secure
the empire at home by all peaceable arts. Clarendon.
Plato, and the rest of the philosophers, acknowledged the
unity, power, wisdom, goodness, and providence of the su­
preme God. Stillingfleet.
Arm'd like the rest, the Trojan prince appears,
And by his pious labour urges theirs. Dryden.
Upon so equal terms did they all stand, that no one had a
fairer pretence of right than the rest. Woodward.

To REST. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To sleep; to be asleep; to slumber.
Fancy then retires
Into her private cell, when nature rests. Milton.
2. To sleep the final sleep; to die.
e? ???
????ta? ??se?? ? ???e t? ?a?.
Glad I'd lay me down,
As in my mother's lap; there I should rest
And sleep secure. Milton.
3. To be at quiet; to be at peace; to be without disturbance.
Thither let us tend
From off the tossing of these fiery waves,
There rest, if any rest can harbour there. Milton.
4. To be without motion; to be still.
Over the tent a cloud shall rest by day. Milton.
5. To be fixed in any state or opinion.
He will not rest content, though thou givest many gifts.
Prov. vi. 35.
Every creature has a share in the common blessings of pro­
vidence; and every creature should rest well satisfied with its
proportion in them. L'Estrange.
After such a lord I rest secure,
Thou wilt no foreign reins or Trojan load endure. Dryden.
There yet survives the lawful heir
Of Sancho's blood, whom, when I shall produce,
I rest assur'd to see you pale with fear. Dryden.
6. To cease from labour.
Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day
thou shalt rest. Exodus xxiii. 12.
The ark went before, to search out a resting place for
them. Numb. x. 33.
From work resting he bless'd the seventh day. Milton.
When you enter into the regions of death, you rest from all
your labours and your fears. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
7. To be satisfied; to acquiesce.
To urge the foe to battle,
Prompted by blind revenge and wild despair,
Were to refuse th' awards of providence,
And not to rest in heaven's determination. Addison.
8. To lean; to be supported.
As the vex'd world, to find repose, at last
Itself into Augustus' arms did cast;
So England now doth, with like toil opprest,
Her weary head upon your bosom rest. Waller.
On him I rested,
And, not without consid'ring, fix'd my fate. Dryden.
Sometimes it rests upon testimony, when testimony of right
has nothing to do; because it is easier to believe, than to be
scientifically instructed. Locke.
The philosophical use of words conveys the precise notions
of things, which the mind may rest upon, and be satisfied
with, in its search after knowledge. Locke.
9. [Resto, Lat. rester, Fr.] To be left; to remain.
Fall'n he is; and now
What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass
On his transgression. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
There resteth the comparative; that is, its being granted,
that it is either lawful or binding, yet whether other things be
not prefered before it, as extirpation of heresies. Bacon.

To REST. v. a.
1. To lay to rest.
Your piety has paid
All needful rites, to rest my wand'ring shade. Dryden.
2. To place as on a support.

RESTA’GNANT. adj. [restagnans, Lat.] Remaining without
flow or motion.
Upon the tops of high mountains, the air, which bears
against the restagnant quicksilver, is less pressed by the less
ponderous incumbent air. Boyle.



To RESTA’GNATE. v. n. [re and stagnate.] To stand
without flow.
The blood returns thick, and is apt to restagnate. Wiseman.

RESTAGNA’TION. n. s. [from restagnate.] The state of stand­
ing without flow, course, or motion.

RESTAURA’TION. n. s. [restauro, Lat.] The act of recover­
ing to the former state.
Adam is in us an original cause of our nature, and of that
corruption of nature which causeth death; Christ as the
cause original of restauration to life. Hooker, b. v. s. 56.
O my dear father! restauration hang
Thy medicine on my lips; and let this kiss
Repair those violent harms, that my two sisters
Have in thy reverence made. Shakesp. King Lear.
Spermatical parts will not admit a regeneration, much less
will they receive an integral restauration. Brown.

To RESTE’M. v. a. [re and stem.] To force back against the
current.
How they restem
Their backward course, bearing with frank appearance
Toward Cyprus. Shakesp. Othello.

RE’STFUL. adj. [rest and ful.] Quiet; being at rest.
Is not my arm of length,
That reacheth from the restful English court,
As far as Calais to my uncle's head. Shakesp. Rich. III.

RESTHA’RROW. n. s. A plant.
Restharrow hath a papilionaceous flower, which is succeed­
ed by a swelling pod, and which is sometimes long, and at
other times short; is bivalve, and filled with kidney-shaped
seeds. Miller.

RESTI’FF. adj. [restif, Fr. restivo, Ital.]
1. Unwilling to stir; resolute against going forward; obstinate;
stubborn. It is originally used of an horse, that, though not
wearied, will not be driven forward.
All, who before him did ascend the throne,
Labour'd to draw three restive nations on. Roscommon.
This restiff stubborness is never to be excused under any
pretence whatsoever. L'Estrange.
Some, with studious care,
Their restiff steeds in sandy plains prepare. Dryden.
The archangel, when discord was restive, and would not
be drawn from her beloved monastery with fair words, drags
her out with many stripes. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
So James the drowsy genius wakes
Of Britain, long entranc'd in charms,
Restiff, and slumb'ring on its arms. Dryden.
The pamper'd colt will discipline disdain,
Impatient of the lash, and restiff to the rein. Dryden.
2. Being at rest; being less in motion. Not used.
Palsies oftenest happen upon the left side; the most vigo­
rous part protecting itself, and protruding the matter upon the
weaker and restive side. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RESTI’FNESS. n. s. [from restiff.] Obstinate reluctance.
Overt virtues bring forth praise; but secret virtues bring
forth fortune: certain deliveries of a man's self, which the
Spanish name desemboltura, partly expresseth, where there be
not stands nor restiveness in a man's nature; but the wheels
of his mind keep way with the wheels of his fortune. Bacon.
That it gave occasion to some men's further restiveness, is
imputable to their own depraved tempers. King Charles.

RESTI’NCTION. n. s. [restinctus, Lat.] The act of extin­
guishing.

RESTITU’TION. n. s. [restitutio, Lat.]
1. The act of restoring what is lost or taken away.
To subdue an usurper, should be no unjust enterprise or
wrongful war, but a restitution of ancient rights unto the
crown of England, from whence they were most unjustly ex­
pelled and long kept out. Spenser on Ireland.
He would pawn his fortunes
To hopeless restitution, so he might
Be call'd your vanquisher. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Now is Cupid a child of conscience, he makes restitution.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
He restitution to the value makes;
Nor joy in his extorted treasure takes. Sandys.
Whosoever is an effective real cause of doing a neighbour
wrong, by what instrument soever he does it, is bound to
make restitution. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
In case our offence against God hath been complicated
with injury to men, it is but reasonable we should make re­
stitution. Tillotson's Sermons.
A great man, who has never been known willingly to pay
a just debt, ought not all of a sudden to be introduced, mak­
ing restitution of thousands he has cheated: let it suffice to
pay twenty pounds to a friend, who has lost his note. Arbuth.
2. The act of recovering its former state or posture.
In the woody parts of plants, which are their bones, the
principles are so compounded, as to make them flexible with­
out joints, and also elastick; that so their roots may yield to
stones, and their trunks to the wind, with a power of resti­
tution. Grew's Cosmol.

RE’STLESS. adj. [from rest.]
1. Being without sleep.
Restless he pass'd the remnants of the night,
Till the fresh air proclaim'd the morning nigh:
And burning ships, the martyrs of the fight,
With paler fires beheld the eastern sky. Dryden.
2. Unquiet; without peace.
Ease to the body some, none to the mind
From restless thoughts, that like a deadly swarm
Of hornets arm'd, no sooner found alone,
But rush upon me thronging, and present
Times past, what once I was, and what I'm now. Milton.
Could we not wake from that lethargick dream,
But to be restless in a worse extreme. Denham.
We find our souls disordered and restless, tossed and dis­
quieted by passions, ever seeking happiness in the enjoyments
of this world, and ever missing what they seek. Atterbury.
What tongue can speak the restless monarch's woes,
When God and Nathan were declar'd his soes. Prior.
3. Unconstant; unsettled.
He was stout of courage, strong of hand,
Bold was his heart, and restless was his spright. Fairfax.
He's proud, fantastick, apt to change,
Restless at home, and ever prone to range. Dryden.
4. Not still; in continual motion.
How could nature on their orbs impose
Such restless revolution, day by day
Repeated. Milton.

RE’STLESLY. adv. [from restless.] Without rest; unquietly.
When the mind casts and turns itself restlesly from one thing
to another, strains this power of the soul to apprehend, that to
judge, another to divide, a fourth to remember: thus tracing
out the nice and scarce observable difference of some things,
and the real agreement of others; at length it brings all the
ends of a long hypothesis together. South.

RE’STLESSNESS. n. s. [from restless.]
1. Want of sleep.
Restlesness and intermission from sleep, grieved persons are
molested with, whereby the blood is dried. Harvey.
2. Want of rest; unquietness.
Let him keep the rest,
But keep them with repining restlesness!
Let him be rich and weary, that at least,
If goodness lead him not, yet weariness
May toss him to my breast. Herbert.
3. Motion; agitation.
The trembling restlesness of the needle, in any but the north
point of the compass, manifests its inclination to the pole;
which its wavering and its rest bear equal witness to. Boyle.

RESTO’RABLE. adj. [from restore.] What may be restored.
By cutting turf without any regularity, great quantities of
restorable land are made utterly desperate. Swift.

RESTORA’TION. n. s. [from restore; restauration, Fr.] The
act of replacing in a former state. This is properly restauration.
Hail, royal Albion, hail to thee,
Thy longing people's expectation!
Sent from the gods to set us free
From bondage and from usurpation:
Behold the different climes agree,
Rejoicing in thy restoration. Dryden's Albion.
The Athenians, now deprived of the only person that was
able to recover their losses, repent of their rashness, and en­
deavour in vain for his restoration. Swift.
2. Recovery.
The change is great in this restoration of the man, from a
state of spiritual darkness, to a capacity of perceiving divine
truth. Rogers.

RESTO’RATIVE. adj. [from restore.] That which has the
power to recruit life.
Their taste no knowledge works at least of evil;
But life preserves, destroys life's enemy,
Hunger, with sweet restorative delight. Milton.

RESTO’RATIVE. n. s. [from restore.] A medicine that has the
power of recruiting life.
I will kiss thy lips;
Haply some poison yet doth hang on them,
To make me die with a restorative. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
God saw it necessary by such mortifications to quench the
boundless rage of an insatiable intemperance, to make the
weakness of the flesh, the physick and restorative of the
spirit. South's Sermons.
Asses milk is an excellent restorative in consumptions. Mort.
He prescribes an English gallon of asses milk, especially as
a restorative. Arbuthnot.

To RESTO’RE. v. a. [restaurer, Fr. restauro, Lat.]
1. To give back what has been lost or taken away.
Restore the man his wife. Gen. xx. 7.
He shall restore in the principal, and add the fifth part
more. Lev. vi. 5.
She lands him on his native shores,
And to his father's longing arms restores. Dryden.
2. To bring back.
The father banish'd virtue shall restore,
And crimes shall threat the guilty world no more. Dryd.


Thus pencils can, by one slight touch, restore
Smiles to that changed face, that wept before. Dryden.
3. To retrieve; to bring back from degeneration, declension,
or ruin to its former state.
These artificial experiments are but so many essays, whereby
men attempt to restore themselves from the first general curse
inflicted upon their labours. Wilkins's Mathem. Magick.
In his odysses, Homer explains, that the hardest difficulties
may be overcome by labour, and our fortune restored after the
severest afflictions. Prior.
4. To recover passages in books from corruption.

RESTO’RER. n. s. [from restore.] One that restores.
Next to the son,
Destin'd restorer of mankind, by whom
New heav'n and earth shall to the ages rise. Milton.
I foretel you, as the restorer of poetry. Dryden.
Here are ten thousand persons reduced to the necessity of a
low diet and moderate exercise, who are the only great re­
storers of our breed, without which, the nation would in an
age become one great hospital. Swift.

To RESTRAI’N. v. a. [restreindre, Fr. restringo, Lat.]
1. To withold; to keep in.
If she restrain'd the riots of your followers,
'Tis to such wholsome end as clears her. Shakesp.
The gods will plague thee,
That thou restrain'st from me the duty, which
To a mother's part belongs. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To repress; to keep in awe.
The law of nature would be in vain, if there were no
body that, in the state of nature, had a power to execute
that law, and thereby preserve the innocent and restrain
offenders. Locke.
That all men may be restrained from doing hurt to one an­
other, the execution of the law of nature is in that state put
into every man's hand, whereby every one has a right to pu­
nish the transgressors to such a degree as may hinder its
violation. Locke.
3. To suppress; to hinder; to repress.
A heavy summons lies like lead upon me,
Merciful pow'rs!
Restrain in me the cursed thoughts, that nature
Gives way to in repose. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Compassion gave him up to tears
A space, till firmer thoughts restrain'd excess. Milton.
4. To abridge.
Me of my lawful pleasure she restrain'd,
And pray'd me oft forbearance. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Though they two were committed, at least restrained of
their liberty, yet this discovered too much of the humour of
the court. Clarendon, b. ii.
5. To hold in.
His horse, with a half checked bit, and a headstall of
sheep's leather, which being restrained to keep him from
stumbling, hath been often burst, and now repaired with
knots. Shakespeare.
6. To limit; to confine.
We restrain it to those only duties, which all men, by
force of natural wit, understand to be such duties as concern
all men. Hooker, b. i. s. 8.
Upon what ground can a man promise himself a future re­
pentance, who cannot promise himself a futurity? whose life
depends upon his breath, and is so restrained to the present,
that it cannot secure to itself the reversion of the very next
minute. South's Sermons.
Not only a metaphysical or natural, but a moral universa­
lity also is to be restrained by a part of the predicate; as all
the Italians are politicans; that is, those among the Italians,
who are politicians, are subtle politicians; i. e. they are ge­
nerally so. Watts's Logick.

RESTRAI’NABLE. adj. [from restrain.] Capable to be re­
strained.
Therein we must not deny a liberty; nor is the hand of
the painter more restrainable, than the pen of the poet. Bro.

RESTRAI’NEDLY. adv. [from restrained.] With restraint;
without latitude.
That Christ's dying for all is the express doctrine of the
scripture, is manifested by the world, which is a word of the
widest extent, and although it be sometimes used more re­
strainedly, yet never doth signify a far smaller disproportionable
part of the world. Hammond's Fundamentals.

RESTRAI’NER. n. s. [from restrain.] One that restrains; one
that witholds.
If nothing can relieve us, we must with patience submit
unto that restraint, and expect the will of the restrainer.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RESTRAI’NT. n. s. [from restrain; restreint, Fr.]
1. Abridgement of liberty.
She will well excuse,
Why at this time the doors are barr'd against you;
Depart in patience,
And about evening come yourself alone,
To know the reason of this strange restraint. Shakesp.
I request
Th'enfranchisement of Arthur, whose restraint
Doth move the murm'ring lips of discontent. Shakesp.
It is to no purpose to lay restraints or give privileges to men,
in such general terms, as the particular persons concerned
cannot be known by. Locke.
I think it a manifest disadvantage, and a great restraint
upon us. Felton on the Classicks.
2. Prohibition.
What mov'd our parents to transgress his will
For one restraint, lords of the world besides? Milton.
3. Limitation; restriction.
If all were granted, yet it must be maintained within any
bold restraints, far otherwise than it is received. Brown.
4. Repression; hindrance of will; act of withholding.
There is no restraint to the Lord to save, by many or by
few. 1 Sam. xiv. 6.
Thus it shall befal
Him who, to worth in women overtrusting,
Lets her will rule; restraint she will not brook. Milton.
Is there any thing, which reflects a greater lustre upon a
man's person, than a severe temperance and a restraint of
himself from vicious pleasures? South.

To RESTRI’CT. v. a. [restrictus, Lat.] To limit; to con­
fine. A word scarce English.
In the enumeration of constitutions in this chapter, there
is not one that can be limited and restricted by such a distinc­
tion, nor can perhaps the same person, in different circum­
stances, be properly confined to one or the other. Arbuthnot.

RESTRI’CTION. n. s. [restriction, Fr.] Confinement; limita­
tion.
This is to have the same restriction with all other recrea­
tions, that it be made a divertisement not a trade. Go. of Ton.
Iron manufacture, of all others, ought the least to be en­
couraged in Ireland; or, if it be, it requires the most restriction
to certain places. Temple's Miscellanies.
All duties are matter of conscience; with this restriction,
that a superior obligation suspends the force of an inferior.
L'Estrange.
Each other gift, which God on man bestows,
Its proper bounds and due restriction knows;
To one fix'd purpose dedicates its power. Prior.
Celsus's rule, with the proper restrictions, is good for people
in health. Arbuthnot.

RESTRI’CTIVE. adj. [from restrict.]
1. Expressing limitation.
They, who would make the restrictive particle belong to
the latter clause, and not to the first, do not attend to the
reason. Stillingfleet's Def. of Dis. on Roman Idols.
2. [Restrictif, Fr.] Styptick; astringent.
I applied a plaister over it, made up with my common re­
strictive powder. Wiseman's Surgery.

RESTRI’CTIVELY. adv. [from restrictive.] With limitation.
All speech, tending to the glory of God or the good of
man, is aright directed; which is not to be understood so re­
strictively, as if nothing but divinity, or the necessary con­
cerns of human life, may lawfully be brought into discourse.
Government of the Tongue.

To RESTRI’NGE. v. a. [restringo, Lat.] To limit; to con­
fine.

RESTRI’NGENT. n. s. [restringens, Lat. restringent, Fr.] That
which hath the power of restraining.
The two latter indicate phlebotomy for revulsion, restrin­
gents to stench, and incraffatives to thicken the blood. Harv.

RE’STY. adj. [restiff, Fr.] Obstinate in standing still. See
RESTIFF.
Come, our stomachs
Will make what's homely savoury, weariness
Can snore upon the flint, when resty sloth
Finds the down pillow hard. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Men of discretion, whom people in power may with little
ceremony load as heavy as they please, find them neither resty
nor vicious. Swift.

To RESUBLI’ME. v. a. [re and sublime.] To sublime another
time.
When mercury sublimate is resublimed with fresh mercury,
it becomes mercurius dulcis, which is a white tasteless earth
scarce dissolvable in water, and mercurius dulcis resublimed
with spirit of salt returns into mercury sublimate. Newton.

To RESU’LT. v. n. [resulter, Fr. resulto, Lat.]
1. To fly back.
With many a weary step, and many a groan,
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone;
The huge round stone, resulting with a bound,
Thunders impetuous down, and smoaks along the ground.
Pope's Odyssey.
2. [Resulter, Fr.] To rise as a consequence; to be produced
as the effect of causes jointly concurring.
Rue prospers much, if set by a fig tree; which is caused,
not by reason of friendship, but by extraction of a contrary
juice; the one drawing juice fit to result sweet, the other
bitter. Bacon's Natural History.


Such huge extremes, when nature doth unite,
Wonder from thence results, from thence delight. Denh.
Upon the dissolution of the first earth, this very face of
things would immediately result. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Pleasure and peace do naturally result from a holy and good
life. Tillotson's Sermons.
The horror of an object may overbear the pleasure resulting
from its greatness. Addison.
Their effects are often very disproportionable to the prin­
ciples and parts that result from the analysis. Baker.
3. To arise as a conclusion from premises.

RESU’LT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Resilience; act of flying back.
Sound is produced between the string and the air, by the
return or the result of the string, which was strained by the
touch to his former place. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Consequence; effect produced by the concurrence of co­
operating causes.
Did my judgment tell me, that the propositions sent to me
were the results of the major part of their votes, I should then
not suspect my own judgement for not speedily concurring
with them. King Charles.
As in perfumes, compos'd with art and cost,
'Tis hard to say what scent is uppermost,
Nor this part musk or civet can we call,
Or amber, but a rich result of all:
So she was all a sweet, whose ev'ry part,
In due proportion mix'd, proclaim'd the maker's art. Dry.
Buying of land is the result of a full and satiated gain:
men in trade seldom lay out money upon land, till their profit
has brought in more than trade can employ. Locke.
3. Inference from premises.
These things are a result or judgment upon fact. South.
4. Resolve; decision. Improper.
Rude, passionate, and mistaken results have, at certain
times, fallen from great assemblies. Swift.

RESU’LTANCE. n. s. [resultance, Fr.] The act of resulting.

RESU’MABLE. adj. [from resume.] What may be taken back.
This was but an indulgence, and therefore resumable by
the victor, unless there intervened any capitulation to the
contrary. Hale.

To RESU’ME. v. a. [resumo, Lat.]
1. To take back what has been given.
The sun, like this, from which our sight we have,
Gaz'd on too long, resumes the light he gave. Denham.
Sees not my love, how time resumes
The glory which he lent these flow'rs;
Though none shou'd taste of their perfumes,
Yet must they live but some few hours:
Time, what we forbear, devours. Waller.
2. To take back what has been taken away.
That opportunity,
Which then they had to take from's, to resume
We have again. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. To take again.
He'll enter into glory, and resume his seat. Milton.
At this, with look serene, he rais'd his head;
Reason resum'd her place, and passion fled. Dryden.
4. Dryden uses it with again, but improperly, unless the resump­
tion be repeated.
To him our common grandsire of the main
Had giv'n to change his form, and chang'd, resume again.
Dryden.
5. To begin again what was broken off: as, to resume a
discourse.

RESU’MPTION. n. s. [resomption, Fr. resumptus, Lat.] The
act of resuming.
And if there be any fault in the last, it is the resumption OF
the dwelling too long upon his arguments Denham.

RESU’MPTIVE. adj. [resumptus, Lat.] Taking back.

RESUPINA’TION. n. s. [resupino, Lat.] The act of lying on
the back.

To RESU’RVEY. v. a. [re and survey.] To review; to sur­
vey again.
I have, with cursory eye, o'erglanc'd the articles;
Appoint some of your council presently
To sit with us, once more with better heed
To resurvey them. Shakesp. Henry V.

RESURRE’CTION. n. s. [resurrection, Fr. resurrectum, Lat.]
Revival from the dead; return from the grave.
The Sadduces were grieved, that they taught, and preached
through Jesus the resurrection from the dead. Acts iv. 2.
Nor after resurrection shall he stay
Longer on earth, than certain times t' appear
To his disciples. Milton.
He triumphs in his agonies, whilst the soul springs forward to
the great object which she has always had in view, and leaves
the body with an expectation of being remitted to her in a
glorious and joyful resurrection. Addison's Spectator.
Perhaps there was nothing ever done in all past ages, and
which was not a publick fact, so well attested as the resur­
rection of Christ. Watts.

To RESU’SCITATE. v. a. [resuscito, Latin.] To stir up
anew; to revive.
We have beasts and birds for dissections, though divers
parts, which you account vital, be perished and taken forth,
resuscitating of some that seem dead in appearance. Bacon.

RESUSCITA’TION. n. s. [from resuscitate.] The act of stirring
up anew; the act of reviving, or state of being revived.
Your very obliging manner of enquiring after me, at your
resuscitation, should have been sooner answered; I sincerely
rejoice at your recovery. Pope.

RET

To RETAI’L. v. a. [retailler, Fr.]
1. To divide into small parcels.
Bound with triumphant garlands will I come,
And lead thy daughter to a conqueror's bed;
To whom I will retail my conquest won,
And she shall be sole victress, Cæsar's Cæsar. Shakesp.
2. To sell in small quantities.
All encouragement should be given to artificers; and those,
who make, should also vend and retail their commodities. Locke.
3. To sell at second hand.
The sage dame,
By names of toasts, retails each batter'd jade. Pope.
4. To tell in broken parts.
He is furnish'd with no certainties,
More than he haply may retail from me. Shakesp.

RETAI’L. n. s. [from the verb.] Sale by small quantities.
The author, to prevent such a monopoly of sense, is re­
solved to deal in it himself by retail. Addison.
We force a wretched trade by beating down the sale,
And selling basely by retail. Swift's Miscellanies.

RETAI’LER. n. s. [from retail.] One who sells by small
quantities.
From these particulars we may guess at the rest, as retailers
do of the whole piece, by taking a view of its ends. Hakew.

To RETAI’N. v. a. [retineo, Lat. retenir, Fr.]
1. To keep; not to lose.
Where is the patience now,
That you so oft have boasted to retain. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Though th' offending part felt mortal pain,
Th' immortal part its knowledge did retain. Denham.
The vigor of this arm was never vain;
And that my wonted prowess I retain,
Witness these heaps of slaughter. Dryden.
A tomb and fun'ral honours I decreed;
The place your armour and your name retains. Dryden.
Whatever ideas the mind can receive and contemplate
without the help of the body, it is reasonable to conclude, it
can retain without the help of the body too. Locke.
2. To keep; not to lay aside.
Let me retain
The name and all the addition to a king;
The sway, beloved sons, be yours. Shakesp. King Lear.
As they did not like to retain God in their knowledge,
God gave them over to a reprobate mind. Rom. i. 22.
Although they retain the word mandrake in the text, yet
they retract it in the margin. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Be obedient and retain
Unalterably firm his love entire. Milton.
They, who have restored painting in Germany, not having
seen any of those fair reliques of antiquity, have retained much
of that barbarous method. Dryden.
3. To keep; not to dismiss.
Receive him that is mine own bowels; whom I would
have retained with me. Philem. xii. 13.
Hollow rocks retain the found of blust'ring winds. Milt.
4. To keep in pay; to hire.
A Benedictine convent has now retained the most learned fa­
ther of their order to write in its defence. Addison.

To RETAI’N. v. n.
1. To belong to; to depend on.
These betray upon the tongue no heat nor corrosiveness,
but coldness mixed with a somewhat languid relish retaining
to bitterness. Boyle.
In animals many actions depend upon their living form, as
well as that of mixtion, and though they wholly seem to re­
tain to the body, depart upon disunion. Brown.
2. To keep; to continue. Not in use.
No more can impure man retain and move
In the pure region of that worthy love,
Than earthly substance can unforc'd aspire,
And leave his nature to converse with fire. Donne.

RETAI’NER. n. s. [from retain.]
1. An adherent; a dependant: a hanger-on.
You now are mounted,
Where pow'rs are your retainers. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
One darling inclination of mankind affects to be a retainer
to religion; the spirit of opposition, that lived long before
christianity, and can easily subsist without it. Swift.
2. In common law, retainer signifieth a servant not menial nor
familiar, that is not dwelling in his house; but only using or
bearing his name or livery. Cowel.
3. The act of keeping dependants, or being in dependance.
By another law, the king's officers and farmers were to for­
feit their places and holds, in case of unlawful retainer, or
partaking in unlawful assemblies. Bacon's Henry VII.


A combination of honest men would endeavour to extir­
pate all the profligate immoral retainers to each side, that have
nothing to recommend them but an implicit submission to
their leaders. Addison's Spectator.

To RETA’KE. v. a. [re and take.] To take again.
A day should be appointed, when the remonstrance should
be retaken into consideration. Clarendon.

To RETA’LIATE. v. a. [re and talio, Lat.] To return by
giving like for like; to repay; to requite.
It is very unlucky, to be obliged to retaliate the injuries of
authors, whose works are so soon forgotten, that we are in
danger of appearing the first aggressors. Swift.
If a first minister of state had used me as you have done,
retaliating would be thought a mark of courage. Swift.

RETALIA’TION. n. s. [from retaliate.] Requital; return of
like for like.
They thought it no irreligion to prosecute the severest re­
taliation or revenge; so that at the same time their outward
man might be a saint, and their inward man a devil. South.
God, graciously becoming our debtor, takes what is done
to others as done to himself, and by promise obliges himself
to full retaliation. Calamy's Sermons.

To RETA’RD. v. a. [retardo, Lat. retarder, Fr.]
1. To hinder; to obstruct in swiftness of course.
How Iphitus with me, and Pelias
Slowly retire; the one retarded was
By feeble age, the other by a wound. Denham.
2. To delay; to put off.
Nor kings nor nations
One moment can retard th' appointed hour. Dryden.
It is as natural to delay a letter at such a season, as to re­
tard a melancholy visit to a person one cannot relieve. Pope.

To RETARD. v. n. To stay back.
Some years it hath also retarded, and come far later, than
usually it was expected. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RETARDATION. n. s. [retardation, Fr. from retard.] Hin­
drance; the act of delaying.
Out of this a man may devise the means of altering the
colour of birds, and the retardation of hoary hairs. Bacon.

RETA’RDER. n. s. [from retard.] Hinderer; obstructer.
This disputing way of enquiry, is so far from advancing
science, that it is no inconsiderable retarder. Glanvill.

To RETCH. v. n. [hræcan, Saxon.] To force up something
from the stomach.

RE’TCHLESS. adj. [sometimes written wretchless, properly reck­
less. See RECKLESS.] Careless.
He struggles into breath, and cries for aid;
Then helpless in his mother's lap is laid:
He creeps, he walks, and issuing into man,
Grudges their life, from whence his own began;
Retchless of laws, affects to rule alone. Dryden.

RETE’CTION. n. s. [retectus, Lat.] The act of discovering
to the view.
This is rather a restoration of a body to its own colour,
or a retection of its native colour, than a change. Boyle.

RETE’NTION. n. s. [retention, Fr. retentio, from retentus, Lat.]
1. The act of retaining.
No woman's heart
So big to hold so much; they lack retention. Shakesp.
A froward retention of custom is as turbulent a thing, as
an innovation; and they, that reverence too much old things,
are but a scorn to the new. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Retention and retentive faculty is that state of contraction in
the solid parts, which makes them hold fast their proper
contents. Quincy.
3. Memory.
The backward learner makes amends another way, ex­
piating his want of docility with a deeper and a more rooted
retention. South's Sermons,
Retention is the keeping of those simple ideas, which from
sensation or reflection the mind hath received. Locke.
4. Limitation.
His life I gave him, and did thereto add
My love without retention or restraint;
All his. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
5. Custody; confinement; restraint.
I sent the old and miserable king
To some retention and appointed guard. Shakesp. K. Lear.

RETE’NTIVE. adj. [retentus, Lat. retentif, Fr.]
1. Having the power of retention.
It keepeth sermons in memory, and doth in that respect,
although not seed the soul of man, yet help the retentive force
of that stomach of the mind. Hooker.
Have I been ever free, and must my house
Be my retentive enemy, my goal? Shakesp.
From retentive cage
When sullen Philomel escapes, her notes
She varies, and of past imprisonment
Sweetly complains. Philips.
In Tot'nam fields the brethren with amaze
Prick all their ears up, and forget to graze;
Long Chancery-lane retentive rolls the sound,
And courts to courts return it round and round. Pope.
2. Having memory.
To remember a song or tune, our souls must be an har­
mony continually running over in a silent whisper those mu­
sical accents, which our retentive faculty is preserver of. Glan.

RETE’NTIVENESS. n. s. [from retentive.] Having the quality of
retention.

RL’TICENCE. n. s. [reticence, Fr. reticentia, from reticco, Lat.]
Concealment by silence. Dict.

RE’TICLE. n. s. [reticulum, Lat.] A small net. Dict.

RETI’CULAR. adj. [from reticulum, Lat.] Having the form of
a small net.

RETI’CULATED. adj. [reticulatus, Lat.] Made of network;
formed with interstitial vacuities.
The intervals of the cavities, rising a little, make a pretty
kind of reticulated work. Woodward on Fossils.

RE’TIFORM. adj. [retiformis, Lat.] Having the form of a net.
The uveous coat and inside of the choroides are blackened,
that the rays may not be reflected backwards to confound the
fight; and if any be by the retiform coat reflected, they are
soon choaked in the black inside of the uvea. Ray.

RETI’NUE. n. s. [retenue, Fr.] A number attending upon a
principal person; a train; a meiny.
Not only this your all licens'd fool,
But other of your insolent retinue,
Do hourly carp and quarrel. Shakesp. King Lear.
What followers, what retinue can'st thou gain,
Or at thy heels the dizzy multitude,
Longer than thou can'st feed them on thy cost? Milton.
There appears
The long retinue of a prosperous reign,
A series of successful years. Dryden.
Neither pomp nor retinue shall be able to divert the great,
nor shall the rich be relieved by the multitude of his trea­
surers. Rogers's Sermons.

To RETI’RE. v. n. [retirer, Fr.]
1. To retreat; to withdraw; to go to a place of privacy.
The mind contracts herself, and shrinketh in,
And to herself she gladly doth retire. Davies.
The less I may be blest with her company, the more I will
retire to God and my own heart. King Charles.
Thou open'st wisdom's way,
And giv'st access, though secret she retire. Milton.
The parliament dissolved, and gentlemen charged to retire
to their country habitations. Hayward.
2. To retreat from danger.
Set up the standard towards Zion, retire, stay not. Jer.
Set Uriah in the fore front of the hottest battle, and retire
ye from him, that he may die. 2 Sam. xi. 15.
From each hand with speed retir'd,
Where erst was thickest th' angelick throng. Milton.
3. To go from a publick station.
He, that had driven many out of their country, perished
in a strange land, retiring to the Lacedemonians. 2 Mac. v.
4. To go off from company.
The old fellow skuttled out of the room, and retired. Arb.

To RETI’RE. v. a. To withdraw; to take away.
He brake up his court, and retired himself, his wife, and
children into a forest thereby. Sidney.
They, full of rage, retired themselves into this castle. Sidn.
He, our hope, might have retir'd his power,
And driven into despair an enemy's hate. Shakesp.
Thenoe retire me to my Milan. Shakesp. Tempest.
There may be as great a variety in retiring and withdrawing
men's conceits in the world, as in obtruding them. Bacon.
As when the sun is present all the year,
And never doth retire his golden ray,
Needs must the spring be everlasting there,
And every season like the month of May. Davies.
These actions in her closet, all alone,
Retir'd within herself, she doth fulfill. Davies.
After some slight skirmishes, he retired himself into the
castle of Farnham. Clarendon.
Hydra-like, the fire
Lifts up his hundred heads to aim his way;
And scarce the wealthy can one half retire,
Before he rushes in to share the prey. Dryden.

RETI’RE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Retreat; recession.
I heard his praises in pursuit,
But ne'er, till now, his scandal of retire. Shakesp.
Thou hast talk'd
Of sallies and retires, of trenches, tents. Shakesp.
The battle and the retire of the English succours were the
causes of the loss of that dutchy. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. Retirement; place of privacy. Not in use.
Eve, who unseen
Yet all had heard, with audible lament
Discover'd soon the place of her retire. Milton.

RETI’RED. part. adj. [from retire.] Secret; private.
Language most shews a man; speak that I may see thee: it
springs out of the most retired and inmost parts of us. B. Johns.
You find the mind in sleep retired from the senses, and out
of these motions made on the organs of sense. Locke.


Some, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural phi­
losophy into metaphysical notions and the abstract generalities
of logick. Locke.
He was admitted into the most secret and retired thoughts
and counsels of his royal master king William. Addison.

RETI’REDNESS. n. s. [from retired.] Solitude; privacy; secrecy.
Like one, who in her third widowhood doth profess
Herself a nun, ty'd to retiredness,
So affects my muse now a chaste fallowness. Donne.
How could he have the leisure and retiredness of the cloister,
to perform all those acts of devotion in, when the burthen of
the reformation lay upon his shoulders? Atterbury.

RETI’REMENT. n. s. [from retire.]
1. Private abode; secret habitation.
My retirement there tempted me to divert those melancholy
thoughts. Denham's Dedication.
Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus for some time,
and the residence of Tiberius for many years. Addison.
2. Private way of life.
An elegant sufficiency, content,
Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books,
Progressive virtue, and approving heaven. Thomson.
3. Act of withdrawing.
Short retirement urges sweet return. Milton.
In this retirement of the mind from the senses, it retains a
yet more incoherent manner of thinking, which we call
dreaming. Locke.

RETO’LD. part. pass. of retell. Related or told again.
Whatever Harry Percy then had said
At such a time, with all the rest retold,
May reasonably die. Shakesp.
Upon his dead corpse there was such misuse
By those Welchwomen done, as may not be
Without much shame retold or spoken of. Shakesp.

To RETO’RT. v. a. [retortus, Lat.]
1. To throw back.
His virtues, shining upon others,
Heat them, and they retort that heat again
To the first giver. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
He pass'd through hostile scorn;
And with retorted scorn his back he turn'd. Milton.
2. To return any argument, censure, or incivility.
His proof will easily be retorted, and the contrary proved,
by interrogating; shall the adulterer inherit the kingdom of
God? if he shall, what need I, that am now exhorted to re­
form my life, reform it? if he shall not, then certainly I,
that am such, am none of the elect; for all, that are elect,
shall certainly inherit the kingdom of God. Hammond.
What if toy son
Prove disobedient, and reprov'd, retort,
Wherefore did'st thou beget me? Milton.
The respondent may shew, how the opponent's argument
may be retorted against himself. Watts.
3. To curve back.
It would be tried how the voice will be carried in an horn,
which is a line arched; or in a trumpet, which is a line re­
torted; or in some pipe that were sinuous. Bacon.

RETO’RT. n. s. [retorte, Fr. retortum, Lat.]
1. A censure or incivility returned.
I said his beard was not out well, he was in the mind it
was: this is called the retort courteous. Shakesp.
2. A chymical glass vessel with a bent neck to which the re­
ceiver is sitted.
Recent urine distilled yields a limpid water; and what re­
mains at the bottom of the retort, is not acid nor alkaline. Arb.

RETO’RTER. n. s. [from retort.] One that retorts.

RETO’RTION. n. s. [from retort.] The act of retorting.

To RETO’SS. v. a. [re and toss.] To toss back.
Tost and retost the ball incessant flies. Pope's Odyssey.

To RETOU’CH. v. a. [retoucher, Fr.] To improve by new
touches.
He furnished me with all the passages in Aristotle and Ho­
race, used to explain the art of poetry by painting; which,
if ever I retouch this essay, shall be inserted. Dryden.
Lintot, dull rogue! will think your price too much:
"Not, Sir, if you revise it and retouch." Pope.

To RETRA’CE. v. a. [retracer, Fr.] To trace back.
Then if the line of Turnus you retrace,
He springs from Inachus of Argive race. Dryden.

To RETRA’CT. v. a. [retractus, Lat. retracter, Fr.]
1. To recall; to recant.
Were I alone to pass the difficulties,
Paris should ne'er retract what he hath done,
Nor faint in the pursuit. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Although they retain the word mandrake in the text, they
in effect retract it in the margine. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
If his subtilities could have satisfied me, I would as freely
have retracted this charge of idolatry, as I ever made it. Still.
She will, and she will not, she grants, denies,
Consents, retracis, advances, and then flies. Granville.
2. To take back; to resume.
A great part of that time, which the inhabitants of the
former earth had to spare, and whereof they made so ill use,
was employed in making provisions for bread; and the excess
of fertility, which contributed so much to their miscarriages,
was retracted and cut off. Woodward's Natural History.

RETRACTA’TION. n. s. [retractation, Fr. retractatio, Lat.] Re­
cantation; change of opinion.
These words are David's retractation, or laying down of a
bloody and revengeful resolution. South's Sermons.

RETRA’CTION. n. s. [from retract.]
1. Act of withdrawing something advanced.
They make bold with the deity, when they make him do
and undo, go forward and backwards by such countermarches
and retractions, as we do not repute to the Almighty. Woodw.
2. Recantation; declaration of change of opinion.
There came into her head certain verses, which if she had
had present commodity, she would have adjoined as a retrac­
tion to the other. Sidney, b. ii.
3. Act of withdrawing a claim.
Other men's insatiable desire of revenge hath wholly be­
guiled both church and state, of the benefit of all my either
retractions or concessions. King Charles.

RETRAI’CT. n. s. Spenser. [retraitte Fr.]
1. Retreat. Obsolete.
The earl of Lincoln, deceived of the country's concourse
unto him, and seeing the business past retraict, resolved to
make on where the king was, and give him battle. Bacon.
2. [Retrait, Fr. ritratto, Italian.] A cast of the countenance.
Obsolete.
Upon her eyelids many graces sat,
Under the shadow of her even brows,
Working bellgards and amorous retraite,
And every one her with a grace endows. Fairy Queen.

RETREA’T. n. s. [retraitte, Fr.]
1. Place of privacy; retirement.
He built his son a house of pleasure, and spared no cost to
make a delicious retreat. L'Estrange.
2. Place of security.
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat,
Beyond his potent arm. Milton.
That pleasing shade they sought, a soft retreat
From sudden April showers, a shelter from the heat. Dry.
There is no such way to give desence to absurd doctrines,
as to guard them round with legions of obscure and undefined
words; which yet make these retreats more like the dens of
robbers, than the fortresses of fair warriors. Locke.
3. Act of retiring before a superiour force.
Honourable retreats are no ways inferior to brave charges;
as having less of fortune, more of discipline, and as much of
valour. Bacon.

To RETREA’T. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To go to a private abode.
Others more mild
Retreated in a silent valley, sing
Their own heroick deeds. Milton.
2. To take shelter; to go to a place of security.
3. To retire from a superiour enemy.
4. To go out of the former place.
The rapid currents drive
Towards the retreating sea their furious tide. Milton.
My subject does not oblige me to look after the water, or
point forth the place whereunto it is now retreated. Woodw.
Having taken her by the hand, he retreated with his eye
fixed upon her. Arbuthnot and Pope.

RETREA’TED. part. adj. [from retreat.] Retired; gone to privacy.

To RETRE’NCH. v. a. [retrancher, Fr.]
1. To cut off; to pare away.
The pruner's hand must quench
Thy heat, and thy exub'rant parts retrench. Denham
Nothing can be added to the wit of Ovid's Metamorphoses;
but many things ought to have been retrenched. Dryden.
We ought to retrench those superfluous expences to qualify
ourselves for the exercise of charity. Atterbury.
2. To confine. Improper.
In some reigns, they are for a power and obedience that is
unlimited; and in others, are for retrenching within the nar­
rowest bounds, the authority of the princes, and the alle­
giance of the subject. Addison's Freeholder, No 6.

To RETRE’NCH. v. n. To live with less magnificence or
expence.
Can I retrench? yes mighty well
Shrink back to my paternal cell,
A little house, with trees a-row,
And like its master, very low. Pope's Epist. of Horace.

RETRE’NCHMENT. n. s. [retranchment, Fr. from retrench.]
The act of lopping away.
I had studied Virgil's design, his judicious management of
the figures, the fober retrenchments of his sense, which always
leaves somewhat to gratify our imagination, on which it may
enlarge at pleasure. Dryden's Dedication to Virgil.
The want of vowels in our language has been the general
complaint of our politest authors, who nevertheless have made
these retrenchments, and consequently encreased our former
scarcity. Addison.
I would rather be an advocate for the retrenchment, than
the encrease of this charity. Atterbury.



To RE’TRIBUTE. v. a. [retribuo, Lat. retribuer, Fr.] To
pay back; to make repayment of.
Both the will and power to serve him are his upon so many
scores, that we are unable to retribute, unless we do restore;
and all the duties we can pay our maker are less properly re­
quitals than restitutions. Boyle.
In the state of nature, a man comes by no arbitrary power
to use a criminal, but only to retribute to him, so far as calm
reason and conscience dictate, what is proportionate to his
transgression. Locke.

RETRIBU’TION. n. s. [retribution, Fr. from retribute.] Re­
payment; return accommodated to the action.
The king thought he had not remunerated his people suf­
ficiently with good laws, which evermore was his retribution
for treasure. Bacon's Henry VII.
All who have their reward on earth, the fruits
Of painful superstition, and blind zeal,
Nought seeking but the praise of men, here find
Fit retribution, empty as their deeds. Milton's Par. Lost.
In good offices and due retributions, we may not be pinch­
ing and niggardly: it argues an ignoble mind, where we have
wronged to higgle and dodge in the amends. Hall.
There is no nation, though plunged into never such gross
idolatry, but has some awful sense of a deity, and a persua­
sion of a state of retribution to men after this life. South.
It is a strong argument for a state of retribution hereafter,
that in this world virtuous persons are very often unfortunate,
and vicious persons prosperous. Addison's Spectator.

RETRI’BUTORY. adj. [from retribute.] Repaying; making
repayment.
Something strangely retributive is working. Clarissa.

RETRI’BUTIVE. adj. [from retribute.] Repaying; making
repayment.
Something strangely retributive is working. Clarissa.

RETRIE’VABLE. adj. [from retrieve.] That may be retrieved.

To RETRIE’VE. v. a. [retrouver, Fr.]
1. To recover; to restore.
By this conduct we may retrieve the publick credit of reli­
gion, reform the example of the age, and lessen the danger
we complain of. Rogers's Sermons.
2. To repair.
O reason! once again to thee I call;
Accept my sorrow, and retrieve my fall. Prior.
3. To regain.
With late repentance now they would retrieve
The bodies they forsook, and wish to live. Dryden.
Philomela's liberty retriev'd,
Cheers her sad soul. Philips.
4. To recall; to bring back.
If one, like the old Latin poets, came among them, it would
be a means to retrieve them from their cold trivial conceits,
to an imitation of their predecessors. Berkeley to Pope.

RETROCE’SSION. n. s. [retrocessum, Lat.] The act of going
back.

RETROCOPU’LATION. n. s. [retro and copulation.] Post-coition.
From the nature of this position, there ensueth a necessity
of retrocopulation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RETROGRADA’TION. n. s. [retrogradation, Fr. from retrograde.]
The act of going backward.
As for the revolutions, stations, and retrogadations of the
planets, observed constantly in most certain periods of time,
sufficiently demonstrates, that their motions are governed by
counsel. Ray on the Creation.

RE’TROGRADE. adj. [retrograde, Fr. retro and gradior, Lat.]
1. Going backward.
Princes, if they use ambitious men, should handle it so,
as they be still progressive, and not retrograde. Bacon.
2. Contrary; opposite.
Your intent
In going back to school to Wittenberg,
It is most retrograde to our desire. Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. In astronomy, planets are retrograde, when by their proper
motion in the zodiack, they move backward, and con­
trary to the succession of the signs; as from the second de­
gree of Aries to the first: but this retrogradation is only ap­
parent and occasioned by the observer's eye being placed on
the earth; for to an eye at the sun, the planet will appear al­
ways direct, and never either stationary or retrograde. Harris.
Their wand'ring course, now high, now low, then hid,
Progressive, retrograde, or standing still,
In six thou see'st. Shakesp. Paradise Lost.
Two geomantick figures were display'd;
One when direct, and one when retrograde. Dryden.

To RE’TROGRADE. v. n. [retrograder, Fr. retro and gradior,
Lat.] To go backward.
The race and period of all things here is to turn things
more pneumatical and rare, and not to retrograde from pneu­
matical to that which is dense. Bacon.

RETROGRE’SSION. n. s. [retro and gressus, Lat.] The act of
going backwards.
The account, established upon the rise and descent of the
stars, can be no reasonable rule unto distant nations, and by
reason of their retrogression, but temporary unto any one. Bro.

RETROMI’NGENCY. n. s. [retro and mingo, Lat.] The quality
of staling backwards.
The last foundation was retromingency, or pissing back­
wards; for men observing both sexes to urine backwards, or
aversly between their legs, they might conceive there were fe­
minine parts in both. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RETROMI’NGENT. adj. [retro and mingens, Lat.] Staling
backward.
By reason of the backward position of the feminine parts
of quadrupeds, they can hardly admit the substitution of mas­
culine generations, except it be in retromingents. Brown.

RE’TROSPECT. n. s. [retro and specio, Lat.] Look thrown
upon things behind or things past.
As you arraign his majesty by retrospect, so you condemn
his government by second sight. Addison's Freeholder, No 9.

RETROSPE’CTION. n. s. [from retrospect.] Act or faculty of
looking backwards.
Can'st thou take delight in viewing
This poor isle's approaching ruin,
When thy retrospection vast
Sees the glorious ages past?
Happy nation were we blind,
Or had only eyes behind. Swift.

RETROSPE’CTIVE. adj. [from retrospect.] Looking backwards.
In vain the grave, with retrospective eye,
Would from the apparent what conclude the why. Pope.

To RETU’ND. v. a. [retundo, Lat.] To blunt; to turn.
Covered with skin and hair keeps it warm, being naturally
a very cold part, and also to quench and dissipate the force of
any stroke that shall be dealt it, and retund the edge of any
weapon. Ray on the Creation.

To RETU’RN. v. n. [retourner, Fr.]
1. To come to the same place.
Return, my son David, for I will do thee no harm. 1 Sam.
Whoso rolleth a stone, it will return upon him. Prov. xxvi.
Go, return on thy way to the wilderness. 1 Kings xix. 15.
2. To come back to the same state.
The waters returned from off the earth continually. Gen.
Judgment shall return unto righteousness. Psalm xciv. 15.
In returning and rest shall ye be saved. Isaiah xxx. 15.
On their embattel'd ranks the waves return. Milton.
If they returned out of bondage, it must be into a state of
freedom. Locke.
3. To go back.
I am in blood
Stept in so far, that should I wade no more,
Returning were as tedious as go o'er. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Hezekiah sent to the king of Assyria, saying, I have of­
fended, return from me. 2 Kings xviii. 14.
To return to the business in hand, the use of a little in­
sight in those parts of knowledge, is to accustom our minds
to all sorts of ideas. Locke.
4. To make answer.
The thing of courage,
As rouz'd with rage, with rage doth sympathize;
And with an accent tun'd in self same key,
Returns to chiding fortune. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
He said; and thus the queen of heaven return'd;
Must I, oh Jove in bloody wars contend! Pope.
5. To come back; to come again; to revisit.
Thou to mankind
Be good, and friendly still, and oft return. Milton.
6. After a periodical revolution, to begin the same again.
With the year
Seasons return, but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of ev'n or morn. Milton.
7. To retort; to recriminate.
If you are a malicious reader, you return upon me, that I
affect to be thought more impartial than I am. Dryden.

To RETU’RN. v. a.
1. To repay; to give in requital.
Return him a trespass offering. 1 Sam. vi. 3.
Thy Lord shall return thy wickedness upon thine own
head. 1 Kings ii. 44.
What peace can we return,
But to our power, hostility, and hate. Milton.
When answer none return'd, I set me down. Milton.
2. To give back.
What counsel give ye to return answer to this people. 2 Chr.
3. To send back.
Reject not then what offer'd means, who knows
But God hath set before us, to return thee
Home to thy country and his sacred house. Milton's Agon.
4. To give account of.
Probably one fourth part more died of the plague than are
returned. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
5. To transmit.
Instead of a ship, he should levy money, and return the
same to the treasurer for his majesty's use. Clarendon.

RETU’RN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Act of coming back to the same place.
The king of France so suddenly gone back!
Something since his coming forth is thought of,
That his return was now most necessary. Shakesp.
When forc'd from hence to view our parts he mourns;
Takes little journies, and makes quick returns. Dryden.
2. Retrogression.


3. Act of coming back to the same state.
At the return of the year, the king of Syria will come up.
1 Kings xx. 22.
4. Revolution; vicissitude.
Weapons hardly fall under rule; yet even they have returns
and vicissitudes; for ordnance was known in the city of the
Oxidraces in India, and is what the Macedonians called
thunder and lightning. Bacon's Essays.
5. Repayment of money laid out in commodities for sale.
As for any merchandize you have bought, ye shall have
your return in merchandize or gold. Bacon.
As to roots accelerated in their ripening, there is the high
price that those things bear, and the swiftness of their returns;
for, in some grounds, a radish comes in a month, that in others
will not come in two, and so make double returns. Bacon.
6. Profit; advantage.
The fruit, from many days of recreation, is very little;
but from these few hours we spend in prayer, the return is
great. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
7. Remittance; payment from a distant place.
Within these two months, I do expect return
Of thrice three times the value of this bond. Shakesp.
Brokers cannot have less money by them, than one twen­
tieth part of their yearly returns. Locke.
8. Repayment; retribution; requital.
You made my liberty your late request,
Is no return due from a grateful breast?
I grow impatient, 'till I find some way,
Great offices, with greater to repay. Dryden.
Since these are some of the returns which we made to God
after obtaining our successes, can we reasonably presume, that
we are in the favour of God? Atterbury.
Nothin better becomes a person in a publick character,
than such a publick spirit; nor is there any thing likely to
procure him larger returns of esteem. Atterbury.
Returns, like these, our mistress bids us make,
When from a foreign prince a gift her Britons take. Prior.
Ungrateful lord!
Would'st thou invade my life, as a return
For proffer'd love? Rowe.
9. Act of restoring or giving back; restitution.
The other ground of God's sole property in any thing, is
the gift, or rather the return of it made by man to God. South.
10. Relapse.
This is breaking into a constitution to serve a present ex­
pedient; the remedy of an empirick, to stifle the present
pain, but with certain prospect of sudden returns. Swift.
11. [Retour, Fr.]
Either of the adjoining sides of the front of an house, or
ground-plot, is called a return side. Moxon's Mech. Exerc.
Both these sides are not only returns, but parts of the front,
and a stately tower in the midst of the front. Bacon.

RETU’RNABLE. adj. Allowed to be reported back. A law
term.
It may be decided in that court, where the verdict is re­
turnable. Hale.
He shall have an attachment against the sheriff, directed to
the coroner, and returnable into the king's bench. Ayliffe.

RETU’RNER. n. s. [from return.] One who pays or remits
money.
The chapmen, that give highest for this, can make most
profit by it, and those are the returners of our money. Locke.

REV

REVE. n. s. The bailiff of a franchise or manour.
The reve, the miller, and the mincing lady prioress speak
in character. Dryden.

To REVEA’L. v. a. [revelo, Lat. reveler, Fr.]
1. To show; to discover; to lay open; to disclose a secret.
Be ashamed: speaking again that which thou hast heard,
and revealing of secrets. Ecclus. xli. 23.
I will cure them, and reveal unto them the abundance of
peace. Jer. xxxiii. 6.
Light was the wound, the prince's care unknown,
She might not, would not yet reveal her own. Waller.
The answer to one who asked what time was, si non rogas
intelligo; that is, the more I think of time, the less I under­
stand it; might persuade one, that time, which reveals all
other things, is itself not to be discovered. Locke.
2. To impart from heaven.
The sufferings of this life are not to be compared with the
glory which shall be revealed in us. Romans viii. 18.

REVEA’LER. n. s. [from reveal.]
1. Discoverer; one that shows or makes known.
The habit of faith in divinity is an argument of things un­
seen, as a stable assent unto things inevident, upon authority
of the divine revealer. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The lives of the revealers may be justly set over against the
revelation, to find whether they agree. Atterbury.
2. One that discovers to view.
He brought a taper; the revealer light
Expos'd both crime and criminal to sight. Dryden.

To RE’VEL. v. n. [Skinner derives it from reveiller, Fr. to
awake; Mr. Lye from raveelen, Dutch, to rove loosely about,
which is much countenanced by the old phrase, revel-rout.]
1. To feast with loose and clamorous merriment.
My honey love,
Will we return unto thy father's house,
And revel it as bravely as the best. Shakesp.
We'll keep no great ado—a friend or two
Tybalt being slain so late,
It may be thought we held him carelessly,
Being our kinsman, if we revel much. Shakesp.
Antony, that revels long o' nights,
Is up. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
We shall have revelling to-night;
I will assume thy part in some disguise. Shakesp.
He can report you more odd tales
Of our outlaw Robin Hood,
That revell'd here in Sherewood,
Though he ne'er shot in his bow. Benj. Johnson.
Were the doctrine new,
That the earth mov'd, this day would make it true;
For every part to dance and revel goes,
They tread the air, and fall not where they rose. Donne.
Whene'er I revel'd in the women's bow'rs;
For first I sought her but at looser hours:
The apples she had gather'd smelt most sweet. Prior.

RE’VEL. n. s. [from the verb.] A feast with loose and noisy
jollity.
Let them pinch th' unclean knight,
And ask him, why, that hour of fairy revel,
In their so sacred paths he dares to tread? Shakesp.
They could do no less but, under your fair conduct,
Crave leave to view these ladies, and intreat
An hour of revels with them. Shakesp.

To REVE’L. v. a. [revello, Lat.] To retract; to draw back.
Those, who miscarry, escape by their flood, revelling the
humours from their lungs. Harvey.

REVEL-ROUT. n. s. A mob; an unlawful assembly of a
rabble. Ainsworth.
For this his minion, the revel rout is done.
—I have been told, that you
Are frequent in your visitation to her. Rowe's Jane Shore.

REVELA’TION. n. s. [from revelation, Fr.] Discovery; com­
munication; communication of sacred and mysterious truths
by a teacher from heaven.
When the divine revelations were committed to writing,
the Jews were such scrupulous reverers of them, that they
numbered even the letters of the Old Testament. D. of Pie.
As the gospel appears in respect of the law to be a clearer
revelation of the mystical part, so it is a far more benign dis­
pensation of the practical part. Sprat.

RE’VELLER. n. s. [from revel.] One who feasts with noisy jollity.
Fairies black, grey, green and white,
You moonshine revellers attend your office. Shakesp.
Unwelcome revellers, whose lawles joy
Pains the sage ear, and hurts the sober eye. Pope.

RE’VELRY. n. s. [from revel.] Loose jollity; festive mirth.
Forget this new-fall'n dignity,
And fall into our rustick revelry. Shakesp.
There let Hymen oft appear
In saffron robe with taper clear,
And pomp, and seast, and revelry,
With mask and antick pageantry. Milton.

To REVE’NGE. v. a. [revencher, revancher, Fr.]
1. To return an injury.
2. To vindicate by punishment of an enemy.
If our hard fortune no compassion draws,
The gods are just, and will revenge our cause. Dryden.
3. To wreak one's wrongs on him that inflicted them. With
the reciprocal pronoun.
Come, Antony and young Octavius,
Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
It is a quarrel most unnatural,
To be reveng'd on him that loveth thee. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Northumberland slew thy father;
And thine, lord Clifford; and you vow'd revenge:
If I be not, heav'ns be reveng'd on me! Shakesp.
Edom hath revenged himself upon Judah. Ezek. xxv. 12.
O Lord, visit me, and revenge me of my persecutors. Jer.
Who shall come to stand against thee, to be revenged for
the unrighteous men? Wisdom xii. 12.
Your fury of a wise,
Not yet content to be reveng'd on you,
Th' agents of your passion will pursue. Dryden.

REVE’NGE. n. s. [revenche, revanche, Fr.] Return of an injury.
Revenges burn in them: for their dear causes
Would, to the bleeding and the grim alarm,
Excite the mortified man. Shakesp. Macbeth.
May we, with the witness of a good conscience, pursue him
with further revenge. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I will make mine arrows drunk with blood; from the be­
ginning of revenges upon the enemy. Deutr. xxxii. 42.
Peradventure he will be enticed, and we shall prevail against
him, and take our revenge on him. Jer. xx. 10.
Deformed persons are commonly even with nature; for as
nature has done ill by them, so they do by nature; being void
of natural affection, they have their revenge of nature. Bacon.


What will not ambition and revenge descend to. Milton.
The satyr in a rage
Forgets his bus'ness is to laugh and bite,
And will of death and dire revenges write. Dryden.
Draco, the Athenian lawgiver, granted an impunity to any
person that took revenge upon an adulterer. Broome.

REVE’NGEFUL. adj. [from revenge.] Vindictive; full of re­
venge; full of vengeance.
May my hands
Never brandish more revengeful steel
Over the glittering helmet of my foe. Shakesp. Rich. II.
If thy revengeful heart cannot forgive,
Lo! here I lend thee this sharp-pointed sword,
Which hide in this true breast. Shakesp. Richard III.
Into my borders now Jarbas falls,
And my revengeful brother scales the walls. Denham.
Repenting England, this revengeful day,
To Philip's manes did an off'ring bring. Dryden.

REVE’NGEFULLY. adv. [from revengeful.] Vindictively.
He smil'd revengefully, and leap'd
Upon the floor; thence gazing at the skies,
His eye-balls fiery red, and glowing vengeance;
Gods I accuse you not. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.

REVE’NGER. n. s. [from revenge.]
1. One who revenges; one who wreaks his own or another's
injuries.
May be, that better reason will asswage
The rash revenger's heat; words, well dispos'd,
Have secret pow'r t'appease enflamed rage. Fairy Queen.
I do not know,
Wherefore my father should revengers want,
Having a son and friends. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
So shall the great revenger ruinate
Him and his issue, by a dreadful fate. Sandys's Paraphrase.
Morocco's monarch
Had come in person, to have seen and known
The injur'd world's revenger and his own. Waller.
2. One who punishes crimes.
What government can be imagined, without judicial pro­
ceedings? and what methods of judicature, without a reli­
gious oath, which supposes an omniscient being, as conscious
to its falsehood or truth, and a revenger of perjury. Bentley.

REVE’NGEMENT. n. s. [from revenge.] Vengeance; return of
an injury.
It may dwell
In her son's flesh to mind revengement,
And be for all chaste dames an endless monument. F. Q.
By the perclose of the same verse, vagabond is understood
for such a one as travelleth in fear of revengement. Raleigh.

REVE’NGINGLY. adv. [from revenging.] With vengeance;
vindictively.
I've bely'd a lady,
The princess of this country; and the air on't
Revengingly enfeebles me. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

REVENUE. n. s. [revenu, Fr. Its accent is uncertain.] In­
come; annual profits received from lands or other funds.
They privily send over unto them the revenues, wherewith
they are there maintained. Spenser's State of Ireland.
She bears a duke's revenues on her back,
And in her heart scorns our poverty. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Only I retain
The name and all th' addition to a king;
The sway, revenue, beloved sons, be yours. Shakesp.
Many offices are of so small revenue, as not to furnish a
man with what is sufficient for the support of his life. Temple.
If the woman could have been contented with golden eggs,
she might have kept that revenue on still. L'Estrange.
His vassals easy, and the owner blest,
They pay a trifle, and enjoy the rest:
Not so a nation's revenues are paid;
The servant's faults are on the master laid. Swift.

To REVE’RB. v. a. [reverbero, Lat.] To strike against; to
reverberate. Not in use.
Reserve thy state, with better judgment check
This hideous rashness:
The youngest daughter does not love thee least;
Nor are those empty hearted, whose loud sound
Reverbs no hollowness. Shakesp. King Lear.

REVE’RBERANT. adj. [reverberans, Lat.] Resounding; beat­
ing back. The reading in the following passage should be, I
think, reverberant.
Hollow your name to the reverberate hills,
And make the babbling gossip of the air
Cry out, Olivia! Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

To REVE’RBERATE. v. a. [reverbero, Lat. reverberer, Fr.]
1. To beat back.
Start
An echo with the clamour of thy drum,
And ev'n at hand a drum is ready brac'd,
That shall reverberate all as well as thine. Shakesp. K. John.
Nor doth he know them for aught,
Till he behold them formed in th' applause
Where they're extended; which, like an arch, reverb'rates
The found again. Shakesp.
As the sight of the eye is like a glass, so is the ear a
sinuous cave, with a hard bone, to stop and reverberate the
sound. Bacon.
As we, to improve the nobler kinds of fruits, are at the ex­
pence of walls to receive and reverberate the faint rays of the
sun, so we, by the help of a good soil, equal the production
of warmer countries. Swift.
2. To heat in an intense furnace, where the flame is reverbe­
rated upon the matter to be melted or cleaned.
Crocus martis, that is steel corroded with vinegar or sul­
phur, and after reverberated with fire, the loadstone will not
attract. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To REVE’RBERATE. v. n.
1. To be driven back; to bound back.
The rays of royal majesty reverberated so strongly upon
Villerio, that they dispelled all clouds. Howel.
2. To resound.

REVERBERA’TION. n. s. [reverberation, Fr. from reverberate.]
The act of beating or driving back.
To the reflection of visibles, small glasses suffice; but to
the reverberation of audibles, are required greater spaces. Bac.
The first repetitions follow very thick; for two parallel
walls beat the sound back on each other, like the several re­
verberations of the same image from two opposite looking­
glasses. Addison.

REVE’RBERATORY. adj. [reverberatoire, Fr.] Returning;
beating back.
Good lime may be made of all kinds of flints, but they are
hard to burn, except in a reverberatory kiln. Moxon.

To REVE’RE. v. a. [reverer, Fr. revereor, Lat.] To reve­
rence; to honour; to venerate; to regard with awe.
An emperor often stamp'd on his coins the face or orna­
ments of his collegue, and we may suppose Lucius Verus
would omit no opportunity of doing honour to Marcus
Aurelius, whom he rather revered as his father, than treated
as his partner in the empire. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Jove shall again revere your pow'r,
And rise a swan, or fall a show'r. Prior.
Taught 'em how clemency made pow'r rever'd,
And that the prince belov'd was truly fear'd. Prior.
In my conquest be thy might declar'd,
And for thy justice be thy name rever'd. Prior.

RE’VERENCE. n. s. [reverence, Fr. reverentia, Lat.]
1. Veneration; respect; awful regard.
God is greatly to be feared in the assembly of the saints;
and to be had in reverence of all about him. Ps. lxxxix. 7.
When quarrels and factions are carried openly, it is a sign
the reverence of government is lost. Bacon's Essays.
Higher of the genial bed,
And with mysterious reverence I deem. Milton.
In your prayers, use reverent postures and the lowest ge­
stures of humility, remembring that we speak to God, in our
reverence to whom we cannot exceed. Taylor.
A poet cannot have too great a reverence for readers. Dryd.
The fear, acceptable to God, is a filial fear; an awful re­
verence of the divine nature, proceeding from a just esteem of
his perfections, which produces in us an inclination to his
service, and an unwillingness to offend him. Rogers.
2. Act of obeisance; bow; courtesy.
Now lies he there,
And none so poor to do him reverence. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence. Esth. iii. 2.
He led her eas'ly forth,
Where Godfrey sat among his lords and peers,
She rev'rence did, then blush'd as one dismay'd. Fairfax.
Had not men the hoary heads rever'd,
Or boys paid reverence, when a man appear'd,
Both must have dy'd. Dryden's Juvenal.
Upstarts the bedlam,
And reverence made, accosted thus the queen. Dryden.
The monarch
Commands into the court the beauteous Emily:
So call'd, she came; the senate rose and paid
Becoming rev'rence to the royal maid. Dryden.
3. Title of the clergy.
Many now in health
Shall drop their blood, in approbation
Of what your reverence shall incite us to. Shakesp. Hen. V.
4. Poetical title of a father.
O my dear father! let this kiss
Repair those violent harms, that my two sisters
Have in thy reverence made. Shakesp. King Lear.

To RE’VERENCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To regard with re­
verence; to regard with awful respect.
Those that I rev'rence, those I fear, the wise;
At fools I laugh, not fear them. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
While they pervert pure nature's healthful rules
To loathsome sickness, worthily since they
God's image did not reverence in themselves. Milton.
He slew Aetion, but despoil'd him not;
Nor in his hate the funeral rites forgot;
Arm'd as he was, he sent him whole below,
And reverenc'd thus the manes of his foe. Dryden.


As his goodness will forbid us to dread him as slaves, so his
majesty will command us to reverence him as sons. Rogers.

RE’VERENCER. n. s. [from reverence.] One who regards with
reverence.
The Athenians quite sunk in their affairs, had little com­
merce with the rest of Greece, and were become great reve­
rencers of crowned heads. Swift.

RE’VEREND. adj. [reverend, Fr. reverendus, Lat.]
1. Venerable; deserving reverence; expecting respect by his
appearance.
Let his lack of years be no impediment, to let him lack a
reverend estimation. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Reverend and gracious senators. Shakesp.
Onias, who had been high priest, reverend in conversation,
and gentle in condition, prayed for the Jews. 2 Mac. xv. 12.
Rev'rend old man! lo here confest he stands. Pope.
2. The honorary epithet of the clergy. We stile a clergyman,
reverend; a bishop, right reverend; an archbishop, most re­
verend.
A reverend fire among them came,
Who preach'd conversion and repentance. Milton.

RE’VERENT. adj. [reverens, Lat.] Humble; expressing sub­
mission; testifying veneration.
They forthwith to the place
Repairing where he judg'd them, prostrate fell
Before him reverent. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Meet then the senior, far renown'd for sense,
With rev'rent awe, but decent confidence. Pope.

REVERE’NTIAL. adj. [reverentielle, Fr. from reverent.] Ex­
pressing reverence; proceeding from awe and veneration.
That oaths made in reverential fear
Of love and his wrath may any forswear. Donne.
The least degree of contempt weakens religion; it properly
consisting in a reverential esteem of things sacred. South.
The reason of the institution being forgot, the after-ages
perverted it, supposing only a reverential gratitude paid to the
earth as the common parent. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
All look up, with reverential awe,
At crimes that 'scape, or triumph o'er the law. Pope.

REVERE’NTIALLY. adv. [from reverential.] With show of
reverence.
The Jews, reverentially declining the situation of their
temple, place their beds from North to South. Brown.

RE’VERENTLY. adv. [from reverent.] Respectfully; with
awe; with reverence.
Chide him for faults, and do it reverently. Shakesp.
To nearest ports their shatter'd ships repair,
Where by our dreadful cannon they lay aw'd;
So reverently men quit th' open air,
When thunder speaks th' angry gods abroad. Dryden.
Then down with all thy boasted volumes, down;
Only reserve the sacred one:
Low, reverently low,
Make thy stubborn knowledge bow:
To look to heav'n be blind to all below. Prior.

REVE’RER. n. s. [from revere.] One who venerates; one who
reveres.
When the divine revelations were committed to writing,
the Jews were such scrupulous reverers of them, that it was the
business of the Masorites, to number not only the sections
and lines, but even the words and letters of the Old Testa­
ment. Government of the Tongue.

REVE’RSAL. n. s. [from reverse.] Change of sentence.
The king, in the reversal of the attainders of his partakers,
had his will. Bacon's Henry VII.

To REVE’RSE. v. a. [reversus, Lat.]
1. To turn upside down.
A pyramid reversed may stand upon his point, if balanced
by admirable skill. Temple's Miscellanies.
2. To overturn; to subvert.
These now controul a wretched people's fate,
These can divide, and these reverse the state. Pope.
3. To turn back.
Michael's sword stay'd not;
But with swift wheel reverse, deep entring shar'd
Satan's right side. Milton.
4. To contradict; to repeal.
Better it was in the eye of his understanding, that some­
time an erroneous sentence definitive should prevail, till the
same authority, perceiving such oversight, might afterwards
correct or reverse it, than that strifes should have respite to
grow, and not come speedily unto some end. Hooker's Pref.
A decree was made, that they had forfeited their liberties;
and albeit they made great moans, yet could they not pro­
cure this sentence to be reversed. Hayward.
Death, his doom which I
To mitigate thus plead, not to reverse,
To better life shall yield him. Milton's Par. Lost.
Though grace may have reversed the condemning sentence,
and sealed the sinner's pardon before God, yet it may have
left no transcript of that pardon in the sinner's breast. South.
Those seem to do best, who, taking useful hints from
facts, carry them in their minds to be judged of, by what
they shall find in history to confirm or reverse these imperfect
observations. Locke.
5. To turn to the contrary.
These plain characters we rarely find,
Though strong the bent, yet quick the turns of mind;
Or puzzling contraries confound the whole,
Or affectations quite reverse the soul. Pope.
6. To put each in the place of the other.
With what tyranny custom governs men; it makes that
reputable in one age, which was a vice in another, and re­
verses even the distinctions of good and evil. Rogers.
7. To recall; to renew. Obsolete.
Well knowing true all he did rehearse,
And to his fresh remembrance did reverse
The ugly view of his deformed crimes. Fairy Queeen.

To REVE’RSE. v. n. [revertere, reversus, Lat.] To return. Spens.

REVE’RSE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Change; vicissitude.
The strange reverse of fate you see;
I pity'd you, now you may pity me. Dryden's Aurengz.
By a strange reverse of things, Justinian's law, which for
many ages was neglected, does now obtain, and the Theo­
dosian code is in a manner antiquated. Baker.
2. A contrary; an opposite.
Count Tariff appeared the reverse of Goodman fact. Add.
The performances, to which God has annexed the promises
of eternity, are just the reverse of all the pursuits of sense. Rog.
3. [Revers, Fr.] The side of the coin on which the head is
not impressed.
As the Romans set down the image and inscription of the
consul, afterward of the emperor on the one side, so they
changed the reverse always upon new events. Camden.
Our guard upon the royal side;
On the reverse our beauty's pride. Waller.
Several reverses are owned to be the representations of an­
tique figures. Addison on Ancient Medals.

REVE’RSIBLE. adj. [reversible, Fr. from reverse.] Capable of
being reversed.

REVE’RSION. n. s. [reversion, Fr. from reverse.]
1. The state of being to be possessed after the death of the pre­
sent possessor.
As were our England in reversion his,
And he our subjects next degree in hope. Shakesp. Rich. II.
A life in reversion is not half so valuable, as that which
may at present be entered on. Hammond's Fundamentals.
2. Succession; right of succession.
He was very old, and had out-lived most of his friends;
many persons of quality being dead, who had, for recom­
pence of services, procured the reversion of his office. Claren.
Upon what ground can a man promise himself a future re­
pentance, who cannot promise himself a futurity? whose life
depends upon his breath, and is so restrained to the present,
that it cannot secure to itself the reversion of the very next
minute. South's Sermons.
So many candidates there stand for wit,
A place at court is scarce so hard to get:
In vain they croud each other at the door;
For e'en reversions are all begg'd before. Dryden.

REVE’RSIONARY. adj. [from reversion.] To be enjoyed in
succession.
There are multitudes of reversionary patents and reversionary
promises of preferments. Arbuthnot.

To REVE’RT. v. a. [reverto, Lat.]
1. To change; to turn to the contrary.
Wretched her subjects, gloomy sits the queen,
Till happy chance revert the cruel scene;
And apish folly, with her wild resort
Of wit and jest, disturbs the solemn court. Prior.
2. To reverberate.
The stream boils
Around the stone, or from the hollow'd bank
Reverted plays in undulating flow. Thomson.

To REVE’RT. v. n. [revertir, old Fr.] To return; to fall back.
My arrows,
Too slightly timbred for so loud a wind,
Would have reverted to my bow again. Shakesp. Hamlet.
If his tenant and patentee shall dispose of his gift without
his kingly assent, the lands shall revert to the king. Bacon.

REVE’RT. n. s. [from the verb.] Return; recurrence. A mu­
sical term.
Hath not musick her figures the same with rhetorick? what
is a revert but her antistrophe? Peacham of Musick.

REVE’RTIBLE. adj. [from revert.] Returnable.

REVE’RY. n. s. [resverie, Fr.] Loose musing; irregular thought.
Revery is when ideas float in our mind, without any re­
flection or regard of the understanding. Locke.
If the minds of men were laid open, we should see but
little difference between that of the wise man and that of the
fool; there are infinite reveries and numberless extravagancies
pass through both. Addison.
I am really so far gone, as to take pleasure in reveries of
this kind. Pope.



To REVE’ST. v. a. [revestir, revétir, Fr. revestio, Lat.]
1. To clothe again.
Her, nathless,
Th' enchanter finding fit for his intents,
Did thus revest, and deckt with due habiliments. Spenser.
When thou of life renewest the seeds,
The withered fields revest their chearful weeds. Wotton.
2. To reinvest; to vest again in a possession or office.

REVE’STIARY. n. s. [revestiaire, Fr. from revestio, Lat.] Place
where dresses are reposited.
The effectual power of words the Pythagoreans extolled;
the impious Jews ascribed all miracles to a name, which was
ingraved in the revestiary of the temple. Camden's Remains.

REVI’CTION. n. s. [revictum, Lat.] Return to life.
If the Rabines prophecy succeed, we shall conclude the
days of the phenix, not in its own, but in the last and gene­
ral flames, without all hope of reviction. Brown.

To REVI’CTUAL. v. a. [re and victual.] To stock with vic­
tuals again.
It hath been objected, that I put into Ireland, and spent
much time there, taking care to revictual myself and none
of the rest. Raleigh's Apology.

To REVIE’W. v. a. [re and view.]
1. To look back.
So swift he flies, that his reviewing eye
Has lost the chasers, and his ear the cry. Denham.
2. To see again.
I shall review Sicilia; for whose sight
I have a woman's longing. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
3. To consider over again; to retrace; to reexamine.
Segrais says, that the æneis is an imperfect work, and that
death prevented the divine poet from reviewing it; and, for
that reason, he had condemned it to the fire. Dryden.
Shall I the long laborious scene review,
And open all the wounds of Greece anew. Pope.
4. To survey; to overlook; to examine.

REVIE’W. n. s. [reveuë, Fr. from the verb.] Survey; re­
examination.
We make a general review of the whole work, and a ge­
neral review of nature; that, by comparing them, their full
correspondency may appear. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
The works of nature will bear a thousand views and re­
views; the more narrowly we look into them, the more oc­
casion we shall have to admire. Atterbury's Sermons.

To REVI’LE. v. a. [re and vile.] To reproach; to vilify;
to treat with contumely.
Asked for their pass by every squib,
That list at will them to revile or snib. Spenser.
I read in's looks
Matter against me; and his eye revil'd
Me as his abject object. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Fear not the reproach of men, neither be afraid of their
revilings. Isaiah li. 7.
She still beareth him an invincible hatred, revileth him to
his face, and raileth at him in all companies. Swift.

REVI’LE. n. s. [from the verb.] Reproach; contumely; ex­
probration. Not used, but elegant.
I heard thee in the garden, and of thy voice
Afraid, being naked, hid myself,—to whom
The gracious judge, without revile, reply'd. Milton.

REVI’LER. n. s. [from revile.] One who reviles; one who
treats another with contumelious terms.
The bitterest revilers are often half-witted people. G. of T.

REVI’LINGLY. adv. [from revile.] In an opprobrious manner;
with contumely.
The love I bear to the civility of expression will not suffer
me to be revilingly broad. Maine.

REVI’SAL. n. s. [from revise.] Review; reexamination.
The revisal of these letters has been a kind of examination
of conscience to me; so fairly and faithfully have I set down
in them the undisguised state of the mind. Pope.

To REVI’SE. v. a. [revisus, Lat.] To review; to overlook.
Lintot will think your price too much;
Not, Sir, if you revise it, and retouch. Pope.

REVI’SE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Review; reexamination.
The author is to be excused, who never, in regard to his
eyes and other impediments, gives himself the trouble of cor­
rections and revises. Boyle.
2. Among printers, a second proof of a sheet corrected.

REVI’SER. n. s. [reviseur, Fr. from revise.] Examiner; super­
intendant.

REVI’SION. n. s. [revision, Fr. from revise.] Review.

To REVI’SIT. v. a. [revisiter, Fr. reviso, revisito, Lat.] To
visit again.
Thee I revisit safe,
And feel thy sov’reign vital lamp; but thou
Revisit'st not these eyes, that rowl in vain,
To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn. Milton.
Let the pale sire revisit Thebes, and bear
These pleasing orders to the tyrant's ear. Pope's Statius.

REVI’VAL. n. s. [from revive.] Recall from a state of lan­
guour, oblivion, or obscurity.

To REVI’VE. v. n. [revivre, Fr. revivo, Lat.]
1. To return to life.
The Lord heard Elijah, and the soul of the child came
unto him again, and he revived. 1 Kings xvii. 22.
So he dies;
But soon revives: death over him no power
Shall long usurp. Milton.
2. To return to vigour or fame; to rise from languour, obli­
vion, or obscurity.
I revive at this last sight, assur'd that man shall live. Milt.

To REVI’VE. v. a.
1. To bring to life again.
Spot more delicious, than those gardens feign'd
Of reviv'd Adonis. Milton.
2. To raise from languour, insensibility, or oblivion.
Noise of arms, or view of martial guise,
Might not revive desire of knightly exercise. Fa. Queen.
God lighten our eyes, and give us a little reviving in our
bondage. Ezra ix. 8.
3. To renew; to recollect; to bring back to the memory.
The memory is the power to revive again in our minds
those ideas, which after imprinting have been laid aside out
of sight. Locke.
The mind has a power in many cases to revive perceptions,
which it has once had. Locke.
4. To quicken; to rouse.
I should revive the soldiers hearts;
Because I ever found them as myself. Shakesp.
What first æneas in this place beheld,
Reviv'd his courage, and his fear expell'd. Dryden.
Old Egeus only could revive his son,
Who various changes of the world had known. Dryden.

REVI’VER. n. s. [from revive.] That which invigorates or
revives.

To REVIVI’FICATE. v. a. [revivifier, Fr. re and vivifico,
Lat.] To recall to life.

REVIVIFICA’TION. n. s. [from revivificate.] The act of re­
recalling to life.
As long as an infant is in the womb of its parent, so long
are these medicines of revivification in preparing. Spectator.

REVIVI’SCENCY. n. s. [revivisco, reviviscentia, Lat.] Renewal
of life.
Scripture makes mention of a restitution and reviviscency of
all things at the end of the world. Burnet.

REU’NION. n. s. [reunion, Fr. re and union.] Return to a state
of juncture, cohesion, or concord.
She, that should all parts to reunion bow,
She that had all magnetick force alone,
To draw and fasten sundred parts in one. Donne.

To REUNI’TE. v. a. [re and unite.]
1. To join again; to make one whole a second time; to join
what is divided.
By this match the line of Charles the great
Was reunited to the crown of France. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. To reconcile; to make those at variance one.

To REUNI’TE. v. n. To cohere again.

RE’VOCABLE. adj. [revocable, Fr. revoco, revocabilis, Lat.]
1. That may be recalled.
Howsoever you shew bitterness, do not act any thing that
is not revocable. Bacon's Essays.
2. That may be repealed.

RE’VOCABLENESS. n. s. [from revocable.] The quality of being
revocable.

To RE’VOCATE. v. a. [revoco, Lat.] To recall; to call back.
His successor, by order, nullifies
Many his patents, and did revocate
And re-assume his liberalities. Daniel's Civil War.

RE’VOCATION. n. s. [revocation, Fr. revocatio, Lat.]
1. Act of recalling.
One, that saw the people bent for the revocation of Calvin,
gave him notice of their affection. Hooker.
2. State of being recalled.
Elaiana's king commanded Chenandra to tell him that he
had received advice of his revocation. Howel's Vocal Forest.
3. Repeal; reversal.
If a grievance be inflicted on a person, he may appeal, it
is not necessary to pray a revocation of such a grievance. Ayliffe.

To REVO’KE. v. a. [revoquer, Fr. revoco, Lat.]
1. To repeal; to reverse.
That society hath before consented, without revoking the
same after. Hooker, b. i. s. 10.
When we abrogate a law as being ill made, the whole
cause for which it was made still remaining, do we not herein
revoke our very own deed, and upbraid ourselves with folly,
yea all that were makers of it with oversight and error. Hook.
What reason is there, but that those grants and privileges
should be revoked, or reduced to the first intention. Spenser.
Without my Aurengzebe I cannot live;
Revoke his doom, or else my sentence give. Dryden.
To check; to repress.
She strove their sudden rages to revoke,
That at the last suppressing fury mad,
They 'gan abstain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.


3. To draw back.
Shame were to revoke
The forward footing for an hidden shade. Fairy Queen.
Seas are troubled, when they do revoke
Their flowing waves into themselves again. Davies.

REVO’KEMENT. n. s. [from revoke.] Revocation; repeal;
recall. Little in use.
Let it be nois'd,
That through our intercession, this revokement
And pardon comes. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

To REVO’LT. v. n. [revolter, Fr. revoltare, Italian.]
1. To fall off from one to another. It denotes something of
pravity or rebellion.
All will revolt from me, and turn to him. Shakesp.
Our discontented counties do revolt,
Our people quarrel with obedience. Shakesp. K. John.
Jason and his company revolted from the kingdom. 2 Mac.
This people hath a revolting and a rebellious heart; they
are revolted and gone. Jer. v. 53.
2. To change. Not in use.
You are already love's firm votary,
And cannot soon revolt and change your mind. Shakesp.

REVO’LT. n. s. [revolte, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Desertion; change of sides.
He was greatly strengthened, and the enemy as much en­
feebled by daily revolts. Raleigh's History of the World.
If all our levies are made in Scotland or Ireland, may not
those two parts of the monarchy be too powerful for the rest,
in case of a revolt. Addison's State of the War.
2. A revolter; one who changes sides. Not in use.
You ingrate revolts,
You bloody Nero's, ripping up the womb
Of your dear mother England. Shakesp. King John.
3. Gross departure from duty.
Your daughter hath made a gross revolt;
Tying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes
To an extravagant and wheeling stranger. Shakesp.

REVO’LTED. part. adj. [from revolt.] Having swerved from duty.
Thou single hast maintain'd
Against revolted multitudes the cause of truth. Milton.

REVO’LTER. n. s. [from revolt.] One who changes sides; a
deserter; a renegade.
Fair honour that thou dost thyGod, in trusting
He will accept thee to defend his cause,
A murderer, a revolter, and a robber. Milton's Agonistes.
He was not a revolter from the truth, which he had once
embraced. Atterbury's Sermons.
Those, who are negligent or revolters, shall perish. Swift.

To REVO’LVE. v. n. [revolvo, Lat.]
1. To roll in a circle; to perform a revolution.
They do not revolve about any common center. Cheyne.
If the earth revolve thus, each house near the equator must
move a thousand miles an hour. Watt's Impr. of the Mind.
Each revolving year,
The teeming ewes a triple offspring bear. Pope.
2. To fall in a regular course of changing possessors; to devolve.
On the desertion of an appeal, the jurisdiction does ipso
jure revolve to the judge a quo. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To REVO’LVE. v. a. [revolve, Lat.]
1. To roll any thing round.
Then in the East her turn she shines,
Revolv'd on heav'n's great axis. Milton.
2. To consider; to meditate on.
You may revolve what tales I told you
Of courts, of princes, of the tricks of war. Shakesp.

REVOLU’TION. n. s. [revolution, Fr. revolutus, Lat.]
1. Course of any thing which returns to the point at which it
began to move.
On their orbs impose
Such restless revolution, day by day
Repeated. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
They will be taught by the diurnal revolution of the hea­
vens. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Space measured by some revolution.
At certain revolutions are they brought,
And feel by turns the bitter change. Milton.
Meteors have no more time allowed them for their mount­
ing, than the short revolution of a day. Dryden.
The Persian wept over his army, that within the revolution
of a single age, not a man would be left alive. Wake.
3. Change in the state of a government or country. It is used
among us  ???, for the change produced by the admis­
sion of king William and queen Mary.
4. Rotation in general; returning motion.
Fear
Comes thund'ring back with dreadful revolution
On my defenseless head. Milton.

To REVO’MIT. v. a. [revomir, Fr. re and vomit.] To vomit;
to vomit again.
They might cast it up, and take more vomiting and revo­
miting what they drink. Hakewill on Providence.

REVU’LSION. n. s. [revulsion, Fr. revulsus, Lat.] The act of
revolving or drawing humours from a remote part of the body.
Derivation differs from revulsion only in the measure of the
distance, and the force of the medicines used: if we draw it
to some very remote or contrary part, we call it revulsion;
if only to some neighbouring place, and by gentle means,
we call it derivation. Wiseman of Tumours.
There is a way of revulsion to let blood in an adverse
part. Bacon's Natural History.
I had heard of some strange cures of frenzies, by casual
applications of fire to the lower parts, which seems reasonable
enough, by the violent revulsion it may make of humours
from the head. Temple's Miscellanies.

To REWA’RD. v. a. [re and award, to give in return.
Skinner.]
1. To give in return.
Thou hast rewarded me good, whereas I have rewarded
thee evil. 1 Sam. xxiv. 17.
They rewarded me evil for good. Psalm xxxv. 12.
2. To repay; to recompense for something good.
To judge th' unfaithful dead, but to reward
His faithful, and receive them into bliss. Milton.
The supreme being rewards the just, and punishes the un­
just. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

REWA’RD. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Recompense given for good.
Rewards and punishments do always presuppose something
willingly done well or ill; without which respect, though we
may sometimes receive good, yet then it is only a benefit and
not a reward. Hooker, b. i. s. 9.
They have a good reward for their labour. Ecclus. iv. 9.
To myself I owe this due regard,
Not to make love my gift, but my reward. Dryden.
Men have consented to the immortality of the soul and the
recompenses of another world, promising to themselves some
rewards of virtue after this life. Tillotson.
2. It is sometimes used with a mixture of irony, for punishment
or recompense of evil.

REWA’RDABLE. adj. [from reward.] Worthy of reward.
Men's actions are judged, whether in their own nature re­
wardable or punishable. Hooker, b. i. s. 9.
The action that is but indifferent, and without reward, if
done only upon our own choice, is an act of religion, and
rewardable by God, if done in obedience to our superiors.
Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

REWA’RDER. n. s. [from reward.] One that rewards; one
that recompenses.
A liberal rewarder of his friends. Shakesp. Rich. III.
As the supreme Being is the only proper judge of our per­
fections, so is he the only fit rewarder of them. Addison.
Ill judges, as well as rewarders, have popular assemblies
been, of those who best deserved from them. Swift.

To REWO’RD. v. a. [re and word.] To repeat in the same words.
Bring me to the test,
And I the matter will reword; which madness
Would gambol from. Shakesp. Hamlet.

RHABA’RBARATE. adj. [from rhabarbara, Lat.] Impregnated
or tinctured with rhubarb.
The salt humours must be evacuated by the sennate, rha­
barbarate, and sweet manna purgers, with acids added, or the
purging waters. Floyer on the Humours.

RHA’BDOMANCY. n. s. [??d and ?a??e?a.] Divination by
a wand.
Of peculiar rhabdomancy is that which is used in mineral
discoveries, with a forked hazel, commonly called Moses's
rod, which, freely held forth, will stir and play if any mine
be under it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RHA’PSODIST. n. s. [from rhapsody.] One who writes without
regular dependence of one part upon another.
Ask our rhapsodist, if you have nothing but the excellence
and loveliness of virtue to preach, and no future rewards or
punishments, how many vicious wretches will you ever re­
claim. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

RHA’PSODY. n. s. [a??da; ?p?, to sew, and d, a

song.] Any number of parts joined together, without ne­
cessary dependence or natural connection.
Such a deed, as sweet religion makes
A rhapsody of words. Shakesp. Hamlet.
This confusion and rhapsody of difficulties was not to be sup­
posed in each single sinner. Hammond.
He, that makes no reflexions on what he reads, only loads
his mind with a rhapsody of tales fit for the entertainment of
others. Locke.
The words slide over the ears, and vanish like a rhapsody
of evening tales. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

RHE

RHE’TORICK. n. s. [???; rhetorique, Fr.]
1. The act of speaking not merely with propriety, but with art
and elegance.
We could not allow him an orator, who had the best
thoughts, and who knew all the rules of rhetorique, if he had
not acquired the art of using them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Of the passions, and how they are moved, Aristotle, in
his second book of rhetorick, hath admirably discoursed in a
little compass. Locke's Thoughts on Reading.
Grammar teacheth us to speak properly, rhetorick instructs
to speak elegantly. Baker's Reflections on Learning.


2. The power of persuasion; oratory.
The heart's still rhetorick, disclos'd with eyes. Shakesp.
His sober lips then did he softly part,
Whence of pure rhetorick whole streams outflow. Fairfax.
Enjoy your dear wit and gay rhetorick,
That hath so well been taught her dazling fence. Milton.

RHETO’RICAL. adj. [rhetoricus, Lat. from rhetorick.] Pertain­
ing to rhetorick; oratorial; figurative.
The apprehension is so deeply riveted into my mind, that
rhetorical flourishes cannot at all loosen it. More.
Because Brutus and Cassius met a blackmore, and Pompey
had on a dark garment at Pharsalia, these were presages of
their overthrow, which notwithstanding are scarce rhetorical
sequels; concluding metaphors from realities, and from con­
ceptions metaphorical inferring realities again. Brown.
The subject moral, logical, or rhetorical, which does not
come under our senses. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

RHETO’RICALLY. adv. [from rhetorical.] Like an orator;
figuratively; with intent to move the passions.

To RHETO’RICATE. v. n. [rhetoricor, low Lat. from rhetorick.]
To play the orator; to attack the passions.
'T will be much more seasonable to reform, than apologize
or rhetoricate; not to suffer themselves to perish in the midst
of such solicitations to be saved. Decay of Piety.

RHETORI’CIAN. n. s. [rhetoricien, Fr. rhetor, Lat.] One who
teaches the science of rhetorick.
The ancient sophists and rhetoricians, which ever had young
auditors, lived till they were an hundred years old. Bacon.
'Tis the business of rhetoricians to treat the characters of
the passions. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
A man may be a very good rhetorician, and yet at the same
time a mean orator. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

RHETORI’CIAN. adj. Suiting a master of rhetorick.
Boldly presum'd with rhetorician pride,
To hold of any question either side. Blackmore.

RHEUM. n. s. [e??a; rheume, Fr.] A thin watery matter
oozing through the glands, chiefly about the mouth. Quincy.
Trust not those cunning waters of his eyes;
For villainy is not without such a rheum;
And he long traded in it, makes it seem
Like rivers of remorse. Shakesp.
You did void your rheum upon my beard. Shakesp.
Why holds thine eye that lamentable rheum,
Like a proud river peering o'er his bounds. Shakesp.
Each changing season does its poison bring,
Rheums chill the winter, agues blast the spring. Prior.

RHEU’MATICK. adj. [e??a??; from rheum.] Proceeding
from rheum or a peccant watry humour.
The moon, the governess of floods,
Pale in her anger, washes all the air,
That rheumatick diseases do abound. Shakesp.
The blood taken away looked very sizy or rheumatick. Floy.

RHEU’MATISM. n. s. [e??a?s??; rheumatisme, Fr. rheuma­
tismus, Lat.] A painful distemper supposed to proceed from
acrid humours.
Rheumatism is a distemper affecting chiefly the membrana
communis musculorum, which it makes rigid and unfit for
motion; and it seems to be occasioned almost by the same
causes, as the mucilaginous glands in the joints are rendered
stiff and gritty in the gout. Quincy.
The throtling quinsey 'tis my star appoints,
And rheumatisms I send to rack the joints. Dryden.

RHEU’MY. adj. [from rheum.] Full of sharp moisture.
Is Brutus sick?
And will he steal out of his wholsome bed,
To dare the vile contagion of the night?
And tempt the rheumy and unpurged air,
To add unto his sickness. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The South he loos'd, who night and horror brings,
And fogs are shaken from his flaggy wings:
From his divided beard two streams he pours;
His head and rheumy eyes distil in show'rs. Dryden.

RHINO’CEROS. n. s. [? and ??a?; rhinocerot, Fr.] A vast
beast in the East Indies armed with a horn in his front.
Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear,
The arm'd rhinoceros, or Hyrcanian tyger;
Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves
Shall never tremble. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If you draw your beast in an emblem, shew a landscape of
the country natural to the beast; as to the rhinoceros an East
Indian landscape, the crocodile, an Egyptian. Peacham.

RHO

RHOMB. n. s. [rhombe, Fr. rhombus, Lat. ???.] In geo­
metry, a parallelogram or quadrangular figure, having its four
sides equal, and consisting of parallel lines, with two opposite
angles acute, and two obtuse: it is formed by two equal and
right cones joined together at their base. Trevoux and Harris.
Save the sun his labour, and that swift
Nocturnal and diurnal rhomb suppos'd
Invisible else above all stars, the wheel
Of day and night. Milton.
See how in warlike muster they appear,
In rhombs and wedges, and half moons and wings. Milton.

RHO’MBICK. adj. [from rhomb.] Shaped like a rhomb.
Many other sorts of stones are regularly figured; the asteria
in form of a star, and they are of a rhombick figure. Grew.

RHO’MBOID. n. s. [????e?d?; rhomboïde, Fr.] A figure
approaching to a rhomb.
Many other sorts of stones are regularly figured; and they
are of a rhombick figure; talk, of such as are rhomboid. Grew.

RHOMBOI’DAL. adj. [from rhomboid.] Approaching in shape
to a rhomb.
Another rhomboidal selenites of a compressed form, had
many others infixed round the middle of it. Woodward.

RHU’BARB. n. s. [rhabarbara, Lat.] A medicinal root slightly
purgative, referred by botanists to the dock.
What rhubarb, senna, or what purgative drug
Would scour these English hence. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Having fixed the fontanel, I purged him with an infusion
of rhubarb in small ale. Wiseman's Surgery.

RHYME. n. s. [???; rhythme, Fr.]
1. A harmonical succession of sounds.
2. The consonance of verses; the correspondence of the last
sound of one verse to the last sound or syllable of another.
The youth with songs and rhimes:
Some dance, some hale the rope. Denham.
For rhyme the rudder is of verses,
With which like ships they steer their courses. Hudibras.
Such was the news, indeed, but songs and rhymes
Prevail as much in these hard iron times;
As would a plump of trembling fowl, that rise
Against an eagle sousing from the skies. Dryden.
If Cupid throws a single dart,
We make him wound the lover's heart;
But if he takes his bow and quiver,
'Tis sure he must transfix the liver;
For rhime with reason may dispense,
And sound has right to govern sense. Prior.
3. Poetry; a poem.
All his manly power it did disperse,
As he were warmed with inchanted rhimes,
That oftentimes he quak'd. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Who would not sing for Lycidas? he knew
Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme. Milton.
Now sportive youth,
Carol incondite rhythms with suiting notes,
And quaver inharmonious. Philips.

RHYME or reason. Number or sense.
I was promis'd on a time,
To have reason for my rhyme;
But from that time unto this season,
I had neither rhyme nor reason. Spenser.
The guiltiness of my mind drove the grossness of the fop­
pery into a received belief, in despight of the teeth of all
rhime and reason, that they were fairies. Shakesp.

To RHYME. v. n.
1. To agree in sound.
He was too warm on picking work to dwell,
But fagotted his notions as they sell,
And, if they rhim'd and rattled, all was well. Dryden.
2. To make verses.
These fellows of infinite tongue, that can rhime themselves
into ladies favours, they do always reason themselves out
again. Shakesp. Henry V.
There march'd the bard and blockhead, side by side,
Who rhym'd for hire, and patroniz'd for pride. Dunciad.

RHY’MER. n. s. [from rhyme.] One who makes rhymes;
a versifier; a poet in contempt.
Scall'd rhimers will ballad us out o'tune. Shakesp.
It was made penal to the English, to permit the Irish to
graze upon their lands, to entertain any of their ministrels,
rhimers, or news-tellers. Davies on Ireland.
Rhymer come on, and do the worst you can;
I fear not you, nor yet a better man. Dryden.
His rhime is constrained at an age, when the passion of
love makes every man a rhimer, though not a poet. Dryden.
I speak of those who are only rhimsters. Dennis.
So modern rhimers wisely blast
The poetry of ages past,
And from its ruin build their own. Shakesp.

RHY’MSTER. n. s. [from rhyme.] One who makes rhymes;
a versifier; a poet in contempt.
Scall'd rhimers will ballad us out o'tune. Shakesp.
It was made penal to the English, to permit the Irish to
graze upon their lands, to entertain any of their ministrels,
rhimers, or news-tellers. Davies on Ireland.
Rhymer come on, and do the worst you can;
I fear not you, nor yet a better man. Dryden.
His rhime is constrained at an age, when the passion of
love makes every man a rhimer, though not a poet. Dryden.
I speak of those who are only rhimsters. Dennis.
So modern rhimers wisely blast
The poetry of ages past,
And from its ruin build their own. Shakesp.

RHY’THMICAL. adj. [?????; rythmique, Fr. from rhyme
or rhythm.] Harmonical; having proportion of one sound to
another.

RIB

RIB. n. s. [ribbe, Saxon.] A bone in the body.
1. Of these there are twenty-four in number, viz. twelve on
each side the twelve vertebræ of the back; they are segments
of a circle; they grow flat and broad, as they approach the
sternum; but the nearer they are to the vertebræ, the rounder
and thicker they are; at which end they have a round head,
which, being covered with a cartilage, is received into the
sinus in the bodies of the vertebræ: the ribs, thus articulated,
make an acute angle with the lower vertebræ: the ribs have
each a small canal or sinus, which runs along their under
sides, in which lies a nerve, vein, and artery: their extre­
mities, which are fastened to the sternum, are cartilaginous,
and the cartilages make an obtuse angle with the bony part
of the ribs; this angle respects the head: the cartilages are


harder in women than in men, that they may better bear the
weight of their breasts: the ribs are of two sorts; the seven
upper are called true ribs, because their cartilaginous ends are
received into the sinus of the sternum: the five lower are
called false ribs, because they are softer and shorter, of which
only the first is joined to the extremity of the sternum, the
cartilaginous extremities of the rest being tied to one another,
and thereby leaving a greater space for the dilatation of the
stomach and intrails: the last of these short ribs is shorter
than all the rest: it is not tied to them, but sometimes to the
musculus obliquus descendens. Quincy.
Why do I yield to that suggestion?
Whose horrid image doth upsix my hair,
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs,
Against the use of nature! Shakesp. Macbeth.
He open'd my left side, and took
From thence a rib, with cordial spirits warm
And life blood streaming fresh. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
He, who first the passage try'd,
In harden'd oak his heart did hide,
And ribs of iron arm'd his side,
Who tempted first the briny flood. Dryden's Horace.
2. Any piece of timber or other matter which strengthens the
side.
I should not see the sandy hour glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats;
And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
Vailing her high top lower than her ribs,
To kiss her burial. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

RI’BALD. n. s. [ribauld, Fr. ribaldo, Italian.] A loose, rough,
mean, brutal wretch.
That lewd ribbald, with vile lust advanced,
Laid first his filthy hands on virgin clean,
To spoil her dainty corse so fair and sheen. Fairy Queen.
Your ribauld nag of Egypt,
The breeze upon her, like a cow in June,
Hoists sails, and flies. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
The busy day,
Wak'd by the lark, has rous'd the ribald crows,
And dreaming night will hide our joys no longer. Shakesp.
Ne'er one sprig of laurel grac'd these ribbalds,
From slashing Bentley down to pidling Tibbalds. Pope.

RI’BALDRY. n. s. [from ribald; ribaudie, old Fr.] Mean,
lewd, brutal language.
Mr. Cowley asserts, that obscenity has no place in wit;
Buckingham says, 'tis an ill sort of wit, which has nothing
more to support it than bare-faced ribaldry. Dryden.
The ribaldry of the low characters is different; the reeve,
miller, and cook are distinguished from each other. Dryden.
In the same antique loom these scenes were wrought,
Embellish'd with good morals and just thought,
True nature in her noblest light you see,
E'er yet debauch'd by modern gallantry
To trifling jests and fulsom ribaldry. Granville.
If the outward profession of religion were once in practice
among men in office, the clergy would see their duty and
interest in qualifying themselves for lay-conversation, when
once they were out of fear of being choaked by ribaldry or
prophaneness. Swift.

RI’BAND. n. s. [rubande, ruban, Fr.] A filet of silk; a nar­
row web of silk, which is worn for ornament.
Quaint in green, she shall be loose enrob'd,
With ribbands pendent, flaring 'bout her head. Shakesp.
A ribband did the braided tresses bind,
The rest was loose. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
See! in the lists they wait the trumpets sound;
Some love device is wrought on ev'ry sword,
And ev'ry riband bears some mystick word. Granville.

RI’BBED. adj. [from rib.]
1. Furnished with ribs.
Was I by rocks engender'd? rib'd with steel?
Such tortures to resist, or not to feel? Sandys.
Hung on each bough a single leaf appears,
Which shrivell'd in its infancy remains,
Like a clos'd fan, nor stretches wide its veins,
But as the seasons in their circle run,
Opes its ribb'd surface to the nearer sun. Gay.
2. Inclosed as the body by ribs.
Remember
The nat'ral brav'ry of your isle, which stands
As Neptune's park, ribbed and paled in,
With rocks unscaleable, and roaring waters. Shakesp.

RI’BBON. n. s. See RIBAND.

To RI’BROAST. v. n. [rib and roast.] To beat soundly. A
burlesque word.
That done, he rises, humbly bows,
And gives thanks for the princely blows;
Departs not meanly proud, and boasting
Of his magnificent ribroasting. Butler.
I have been pinched in flesh, and well ribroasted under my
former masters; but I'm in now for skin and all. L'Estrange.

RI’BWORT. n. s. A plant.

RIC

RIC. n. s. Ric denotes a powerful, rich, or valiant man; as
in these verses of Fortunatus:
Hilperice potens, si interpres barbarus adsit,
Adjutor fortis hoc quoque nomen habet.
Hil'pric Barbarians a stout helper term.
So Alfric is altogether strong; æthelric, nobly strong or
powerful: to the same sense as Polycrates, Crato, Plutar­
chus, Opimius. Gibson's Camden.

RICE. n. s. [oryza, Lat.] One of the esculent grains: it hath
its grains disposed into a panicle, which are almost of an
oval figure, and are covered with a thick husk, somewhat
like barley: this grain is greatly cultivated in most of the
Eastern countries. Miller.
Rice is the food of two thirds of mankind; it is kindly to
human constitutions, proper for the consumptive, and those
subject to hæmorrhages. Arbuthnot.
If the snuff get out of the snuffers, it may fall into a dish
of rice milk. Swift's Directions to the Butler

RICH. adj. [riche, Fr. ricco, Italian; rica, Saxon.]
1. Wealthy; abounding in wealth; abounding in money or
possessions; opulent.
I am as rich in having such a jewel,
As twenty seas, if all their sand were pearl. Shakesp.
The rich shall not give more, and the poor no less. Exod.
A thief bent to unhoard the cash
Of some rich burgher. Milton.
Several nations of the Americans are rich in land, and poor
in all the comforts of life. Locke.
He may look upon the rich as benefactors, who have beau­
tified the prospect all around him. Seed.
2. Valuable; estimable; precious; splendid; sumptuous.
Earth, in her rich attire,
Consummate lovely smil'd. Milton.
3. Having any ingredients or qualities in a great quantity or de­
gree.
So we th' Arabian coast do know
At distance, when the spices blow,
By the rich odour taught to steer,
Though neither day nor star appear. Waller.
If life be short, it shall be glorious,
Each minute shall be rich in some great action. Rowe.
Sauces and rich spices are fetched from India. Baker.
4. Fertile; fruitful.
There are, who fondly studious of increase,
Rich foreign mold on their ill-natur'd land
Induce. Philips.

RICHED. adj. [from rich.] enriched. Obsolete.
Of all these bounds,
With shadowy forests, and with champions rich'd,
With plenteous rivers and wide skirted meads,
We make thee lady. Shakesp. King Lear.

RI’CHES. n. s. [richesses, Fr.]
1. Wealth; money or possession.
The instrumentalness of riches to charity has rendered it
necessary by laws to secure propriety. Hammond.
Chemists seek riches by transmutation and the great
elixir. Sprat.
Riches do not consist in having more gold and silver, but
in having more in proportion than our neighbours, whereby
we are enabled to procure to ourselves a greater plenty of the
conveniencies of life, than comes within their reach, who,
sharing the gold and silver of the world in a less proportion,
want the means of plenty and power, and so are poorer. Locke.
What riches give us, let us first enquire,
Meat, fire, and cloaths; what more? meat, cloaths, and
fire. Pope.
2. Splendid sumptuous appearance.
The riches of heav'ns pavement, trodden gold. Milton.

RI’CHLY. adv. [from rich.]
1. With riches; wealthily; splendidly; magnificently.
In Belmont is a lady richly left,
And she is fair, of wondrous virtues. Shakesp.
Women richly gay in gems. Milton.
2. Plenteously.
In animals, some smells are found more richly than in
plants. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
After a man has studied the laws of England, the reading
the reports of adjudged cases will richly improve him. Watts.
3. Truly; abundantly. An ironical use.
There is such licentiousness among the basest of the people,
that one would not be sorry to see them bestowing upon one
another a chastisement, which they so richly deserve. Addison.

RI’CHNESS. n. s. [from rich.]
1. Opulence; wealth.
Of virtue you have left proof to the world;
And virtue is grateful with beauty and richness adorn'd. Sid.
2. Finery; splendour.
3. Fertility; fecundity; fruitfulness.
This town is famous for the richness of the soil. Addison.
4. Abundance or perfection of any quality.
I amused myself with the richness and variety of colours in
the western parts of heaven. Spectator.
5. Pampering qualities.
The lively tincture of whose gushing blood
Shou'd clearly prove the richness of his food. Dryden.



RICK. n. s. See REEK.
1. A pile of corn or hay regularly heaped up in the open field,
and sheltered from wet.
An inundation
O'erflowed a farmer's barn and stable;
Whole ricks of hay and stacks of corn
Were down the sudden current born. Swift.
Mice and rats do great injuries in the field, houses, barns,
and corn ricks. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A heap of corn or hay piled by the gatherer.
In the North they bind them up in small bundles, and make
small ricks of them in the field. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RI’CKETS. n. s. [rachitis, Lat. A name given to the di­
stemper at its appearance by Glisson.]
The rickets is a distemper in children, from an unequal di­
stribution of nourishment, whereby the joints grow knotty,
and the limbs uneven: its cure is performed by evacuation
and friction. Quincy.
In some years, liver-grown, spleen, and rickets and rickets are put al­
together, by reason of their likeness. Graunt's Bills of Mort.
O were my pupil fairly knock'd o' th' head,
I shou'd possess th' estate, if he were dead;
He's so far gone with the rickets and th' evil,
That one small dose will send him to the devil. Dryden.
So when at school we first declaim,
Old Busby walks us in a theme,
Whose props support our infant vein,
And help the rickets in the brain;
But when our souls their force dilate,
Our thoughts grow up to wit's estate. Prior.

RI’CKETY. adj. [from rickets.] Diseased with the rickets.
In a young animal, when the solids are too lax, the case
of rickety children, the diet should be gently astringent. Arb.

RI’CKLUS. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

RI’CTURE. n. s. [rictura, Lat.] A gaping. Dict.

RID. pret. of ride.

RID

To RID. v. a. [from hreddan, Saxon.]
1. To set free; to redeem.
It is he that delivereth me from my cruel enemies; thou
shalt rid me from the wicked man. Psalm xviii. 49.
Rid me, and deliver me out of great waters. Psalm cxliv.
I will bring you out from under their burthens, and rid
you out of their bondage. Exodus vi. 6.
2. To clear; to disencumber.
They were not before so willing to be rid of their learned
pastor, as now importunate to obtain him again from them,
who had given him entertainment. Hooker.
I must rid all the seas of pirates. Shakesp.
We'll use his countenance; which being done,
Let her, who would be rid of him, devise
His speedy taking off. Shakesp. King Lear.
Upon the word, stept forth
Three of thy crew, to rid thee of that care. B. Johnson.
I can put on
Thy terrors, as I put thy mildness on,
Image of thee in all things; and shall soon,
Arm'd with thy might, rid heav'n of these rebell'd. Milton.
Did saints for this bring in their plate;
For when they thought the cause had need on't,
Happy was he that could be rid on't. Hudibras.
The god uneasy till he slept again,
Resolv'd at once to rid himself of pain. Dryden.
At any rate we desire to be rid of the present evil, which
we are apt to think nothing absent can equal. Locke.
The greater visible good does not always raise men's desire,
in proportion to the greatness it appears to have; though
every little trouble moves us, and sets on work to get rid of
it. Locke.
The ladies asked, whether we believed that the men of any
town would, at the same conjuncture, have loaden themselves
with their wives; or rather, whether they would not have been
glad of such an opportunity to get rid of them? Addison.
The father, seeing himself entirely rid of Theodosius, was
not very much concerned at the obstinate refusal of his
daughter. Addison's Spectator, No 164.
3. To dispatch.
Having the best at Barnet field,
We'll thither straight; for willingness rids away. Shakesp.
4. To drive away; to press away; to destroy.
Ah deathsmen? you have rid this sweet young prince. Sha.

RI’DDANCE. n. s. [from rid.]
1. Deliverance.
Deliverance from sudden death, riddance from all adversity,
and the extent of saving mercy towards all men. Hooker.
2. Disencumbrance; loss of something one is glad to lose.
I have too griev'd a heart
To take a tedious leave: thus losers part.
—A gentle riddance. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
By this, the cock had a good riddance of his rival. L'Estr.
3. Act of clearing away any encumbrances.
Those blossoms, and those dropping gums,
That lie bestrown, unsightly and unsmooth,
Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease. Milton.

RI’DDEN. the participle of ride.
He could never have ridden out an eternal period, but it
must be by a more powerful being than himself. Hale.

RI’DDLE. n. s. [rædels, Saxon, from ræde, counsel, perhaps
a trial of wit.]
1. An enigma; a puzzling question; a dark problem.
How did you dare
To trade and traffick with Macbeth,
In riddles and in charms of death. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The Theban monster, that propos'd
Her riddle, and him, who solv'd it not, devour'd;
That once found out and solv'd, for grief and spight
Cast herself headlong from the Ismenian steep. Milton.
Her mother was thinking of a riddle. Dryden.
2. Any thing puzzling.
'Twas a strange riddle of a lady;
Not love, if any lov'd her: hey day!
So cowards never use their might,
But against such as will not fight. Hudibras.
3. [hriddle, Saxon.] A coarse or open sieve.
Horse-beans and tares, sown together, are easily parted
with a riddle. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To RI’DDLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To solve; to unriddle. There is something of whimsical
analogy between the two senses of the word riddle: as, we
say, to sift a question: but their derivations differ.
Riddle me this, and guess him if you can,
Who bears a nation in a single man? Dryden's Juvenal.
2. To separate by a coarse sieve.
The finest sifted mould must be riddled in. Mortimer.

To RI’DDLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To speak ambiguously
or obscurely.
Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift;
Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. Shakesp.

RI’DDLINGLY. adv. [from riddle.] In the manner of a riddle.
Though like the pestilence and old-fashion'd love,
Riddlingly it catch men; and doth remove
Never, till it be starv'd out, yet their state
Is poor. Donne:

To RIDE. v. n. preter. rid or rode; part. rid or ridden. [ridan,
Saxon; rijden, Dutch.]
1. To travel on horseback.
Brutus and Cassius
Are rid, like madmen, through the gates of Rome. Shak.
Were you but riding forth to air yourself,
Such parting were too petty. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden? Numb.
So stands a forest tall of mountain oaks
Advanc'd to mighty growth; the traveller
Hears from the humble valley, where he rides,
The hollow murmurs of the winds that blow
Amidst the boughs. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Let your master ride on before, and do you gallop after
him. Swift's Directions to the Groom.
2. To travel in a vehicle; to be borne, not to walk.
Infected be the air whereon they ride. Shakesp.
Upon this chaos rid the distressed ark, that bore the small
remains of mankind. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. To be supported in motion.
As venerable Nestor, hatch'd in silver,
Should with a bond of air, strong as the axle-tree,
On which heav'n rides, knit all the Grecian ears
To his experienc'd tongue. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida:
4. To manage an horse.
Skill to ride seems a science,
Proper to gentle blood; some others feign,
To manage steeds, as did this vaunter; but in vain. F. Q.
The horses I saw well chosen, ridden, and furnished. Shak.
Inspir'd by love, whose business is to please,
He rode, he fenc'd, he mov'd with graceful ease. Dryden.
5. To be on the water.
On the Western coast
Rideth a puissant army. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The sea was grown so rough, that the admiral was not
able longer to ride it out with his gallies; but was enforced to
slip his anchors, and run his gallies on ground. Knolles.
They were then in a place to be aided by their ships, which
rode near in Edinburgh Frith. Hayward.
Waiting him his royal fleet did ride,
And willing winds to their low'r'd sails deny'd. Dryden.
Men once walk'd where ships at anchor ride. Dryden.
Now on their coasts our conquering navy rides,
Way-lays their merchants, and their land besets. Dryden.
6. To be supported by something subservient.
A credulous father, and a brother noble,
Whose nature is so far from doing harms,
That he suspects none; on whose foolish honesty
My practices rid easy. Shakesp. King Lear.

To RIDE. v. a. To manage insolently at will.
Humility does not make us servile or insensible, nor oblige
us to be ridden at the pleasure of every coxcomb. Collier.
The nobility could no longer endure to be ridden by bakers,
coblers and brewers. Swift's Presbyterian Plea.



RI’DER. n. s. [from ride.]
1. One who is carried on a horse or in a vehicle.
The strong camel and the gen'rous horse,
Restrain'd and aw'd by man's inferior force,
Do to the rider's will their rage submit,
And answer to the spur, and own the bit. Prior.
2. One who manages or breaks horses.
His horses are bred better; and to that end riders dearly
hired. Shakesp. As You Like it.
I would with jockies from Newmarket dine,
And to rough riders give my choicest wine. Bramston.
3. An inserted leaf.

RIDGE. n. s. [hrigg, Saxon; rig, Danish; rugge, Dutch,
the back.]
1. The top of the back.
He thought it was no time to stay;
But in a trice advanc'd the knight
Upon the bare ridge bolt upright. Hudibras.
2. The rough top of any thing, resembling the vertebræ of the
back.
As when a vulture on Imaus bred,
Whose snowy ridge the roving Tartar bounds,
Dislodges from a region scarce of prey. Milton.
His sons
Shall dwell to Seir, on that long ridge of hills! Milton.
The highest ridges of those mountains serve for the main­
tenance of cattle for the inhabitants of the vallies. Ray.
3. A steep protuberance.
Part rise in crystal wall, or ridge direct,
For haste. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
About her coasts unruly waters roar,
And, rising on a ridge, insult the shore. Dryden.
4. The ground thrown up by the plow.
Thou visitest the earth; thou waterest the ridges thereof
abundantly; thou settlest the surrows thereof. Psalm lxv. 10.
The body is smooth on that end, and on this 'tis set with
ridges round the point. Woodward.
Wheat must be sowed above furrow fourteen days before
Michaelmas, and laid up in round high warm ridges. Mort.
Land for grass lay down when you sow wheat or rye; but
then your corn should be sowed on broad ridges. Mortimer.
5. The top of the roof rising to an acute angle.
Ridge tiles or roof tiles, being in length thirteen inches,
and made circular breadthways like an half cylinder, whose
diameter is about ten inches or more, and about half an inch
and half a quarter in thickness, are laid upon the upper part
or ridge of the roof, and also on the hips. Moxon.
6. Ridges of a horse's mouth are wrinkles or risings of the
flesh in the roof of the mouth, running across from one side
of the jaw to the other like fleshy ridges, with interjacent
furrows or sinking cavities. Farrier's Dict.

To RIDGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To form a ridge.
Thou from heav'n.
Feign'dst at thy birth was given thee in thy hair,
Where strength can least abide, though all thy hairs
Were bristles rang'd like those that ridge the back
Of chaf'd wild boars, or ruffl'd porcupines. Milton.

RI’DGLING. n. s. [ovis rejicula, Lat. Ains.] A ram half
castrated.
Tend my herd, and see them fed;
To morning pastures, evening waters led:
And 'ware the Libyan ridgil's butting head. Dryden.
Tend them well, and see them fed
In pastures fresh, and to their watering led;
And 'ware the ridgling with his butting head. Dryden.

RI’DGIL. n. s. [ovis rejicula, Lat. Ains.] A ram half
castrated.
Tend my herd, and see them fed;
To morning pastures, evening waters led:
And 'ware the Libyan ridgil's butting head. Dryden.
Tend them well, and see them fed
In pastures fresh, and to their watering led;
And 'ware the ridgling with his butting head. Dryden.

RI’DGY. adj. [from ridge.] Rising in a ridge.
Far in the sea against the foaming shore,
There stands a rock, the raging billows roar
Above his head in storms; but when 'tis clear,
Uncurl their ridgy backs, and at his feet appear. Dryden.

RI’DICULE. n. s. [ridicule, Fr. ridiculum, Lat.] Wit of that
species that provokes laughter.
Sacred to ridicule his whole life long,
And the sad burthen of some merry song. Pope.
Touch'd and sham'd by ridicule alone. Pope.
Those, who aim at ridicule,
Should fix upon some certain rule,
Which fairly hints they are in jest. Swift's Miscellanies.

To RI’DICULE. v. a. [from the noun.] To expose to laughter;
to treat with contemptuous merriment.
I wish the vein of ridiculing all that is serious and good
may have no worse effect upon our state, than knight errantry
had on theirs. Temple.
He often took a pleasure to appear ignorant, that he might
the better turn to ridicule those that valued themselves on
their books. Addison on Medals.

RIDI’CULOUS. adj. [ridicule, Fr. ridiculus, Lat.] Worthy of
laughter; exciting contemptuous merriment.
Thus was the building left
Ridiculous; and the work confusion nam'd. Milton.
It was not in Titus's power not to be derided; but it was
in his power not to be ridiculous. South.

RIDI’CULOUSLY. adv. [from ridiculous.] In a manner worthy
of laughter or contempt.
Epicurus's discourse concerning the original of the world is
so ridiculously merry, that the design of his philosophy was
pleasure and not instruction. South.

RIDI’CULOUSNESS. n. s. [from ridiculous.] The quality of being
ridiculous.
What sport do Tertullian, Minucius and Arnobius make
with the images consecrated to divine worship? from the
meanness of the matter they are made, the casualties of fire,
and rottenness they are subject to, on purpose to represent the
ridiculousness of worshipping such things. Stillingfleet.

RI’DING. particip. adj. Employed to travel on any occasion.
It is provided by another provincial constitution, that no
suffragan bishop shall have more than one riding apparitor,
and that archdeacons shall not have so much as one riding ap­
paritor, but only a foot messenger. Ayliffe's Parergon.

RI’DING. n. s. [from ride.] A district visited by an officer.

RI’DINGCOAT. n. s. [riding and coat.] A coat made to keep
out weather.
When you carry your master's ridingcoat in a journey, wrap
your own in it. Swift's Directions to the Groom.

RI’DINGHOOD. n. s. [riding and hood.] A hood used by wo­
men, when they travel, to bear off the rain.
The palliolum was like our ridinghoods, and served both
for a tunick and a coat. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Good housewives all the winter's rage despise,
Defended by the ridinghood's disguise. Gay.

RIE. n. s. An esculent grain. The flowers have no leaves,
but consist of several stamina, produced from the flower­
cup; these flowers are collected into a small spike, and
are disposed almost singly: from the flower-cup arises the
pointal, afterward an oblong slender seed inclosed in an husk,
which was before the flower-cup: this differs from wheat in
having a flatter spike, the corn larger and more naked. Miller.
August shall bear the form of a young man of a fierce
aspect, upon his head a garland of wheat and rie. Peacham.

RIF

RIFE. adj. [rfe, Saxon; rijf, Dutch.] Prevalent; prevail­
ing; abounding. It is now only used of epidemical distempers.
While those restless desires, in great men rife,
To visit so low folks did much disdain,
This while, though poor, they in themselves did reign. Sid.
Guyon closely did await
Avantage; whilst his foe did rage most rife;
Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight,
And falsed oft his blows. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The plague was then rife in Hungary. Knolles.
Blessings then are plentiful and rife,
More plentiful than hope. Herbert.
Space may produce new worlds; whereof so rife
There went a fame in heav'n, that he ere long
Intended to create. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
This is the place,
Whence ev'n now the tumult of loud mirth
Was rife, and perfect in my list'ning ear. Milton.
That grounded maxim
So rife and celebrated in the mouths
Of wisest men, that to the publick good
Private respects must yield. Milton.
Before the plague of London, inflammations of the lungs
were rife and mortal. Arbuthnot on Air.

RI’FELY. adv. [from rife.] Prevalently; abundantly.
It was rifely reported, that the Turks were coming in a
great fleet. Knolles's History of the Turks.

RI’FENESS. n. s. [from rife.] Prevalence; abundance.
He ascribes the great rifeness of carbuncles in the summer,
to the great heats. Arbuthnot on Air.

To RI’FLE. v. a. [riffer, rifler, Fr. rijfelen, Dutch.] To
rob; to pillage; to plunder.
Stand, Sir, and throw us what you have about you; if
not, we'll make you, Sir, and rifle you. Shakesp.
Men, by his suggestion taught,
Ransack'd the centre, and with impious hands
Rifled the bowels of their mother earth
For treasures better hid. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
You have rifled my master, who shall maintain me? L'Est.
A commander in the parliament's rebel army rifled and de­
faced the cathedral at Litchfield. South.
Mine is thy daughter, priest, and shall remain,
And pray'rs, and tears, and bribes shall plead in vain,
Till time shall rifle every youthful grace. Pope.

RI’FLER. n. s. [from rifle.] Robber; plunderer; pillager.

RIFT. n. s. [from rive.] A cleft; a breach; an opening.
He pluckt a bough, out of whose rift there come
Small drops of gory blood. Fairy Queen, b. i.
She did confine thee
Into a cloven pine, within which rift
Imprison'd, thou didst painfully remain. Shakesp.
In St. James's fields is a conduit of brick, unto which
joineth a low vault; at the end of that is a round house, with
a small slit or rift; and in the conduit a window: if you cry
out in the rift, it makes a fearful roaring at the window. Bac.


They have an idle tradition, that a missel bird, feeding
upon a seed she cannot digest, expelleth it whole; which,
falling upon a bough of a tree that hath some rift, putteth
forth the misseltoe. Bacon.
Either tropick
'Gan thunder, and both ends of heav'n; the clouds
From many a horrid rift abortive pour'd
Fierce rain, with lightning mixt. Milton.
Some pick out bullets from the vessels sides,
Some drive old oakum through each seam and rift. Dryd.

To RIFT. v. a. [from the noun.] To cleave; to split.
To the dread rattling thunder
Have I giv'n fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak
With his own bolt. Shakesp. Tempest.
At sight of him the people with a shout
Rifted the air. Milton's Agonistes.
On rifted rocks, the dragon's late abodes,
The green reed trembles. Pope's Messiah.

To RIFT. v. n.
1. To burst; to open.
I'd shriek, that even your ears
Should rift to hear me. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Some trees are best for ship-timber, as oaks that grow in
moist grounds; for that maketh the timber tough, and not
apt to rift with ordnance. Bacon's Natural History.
When ice is congealed in a cup, it will swell instead of
contracting, and sometimes rift. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. [Ræver, Danish.] To belch; to break wind.

RIG

RIG. n. s. Rig, ridge, seem to signify the top of a hill falling
on each side; from the Saxon, hrigg; and the Islandick,
hriggur, both signifying a back. Gibson's Camden.

To RIG. v. a. [from rig or ridge, the back.]
1. To dress; to accoutre. Cloaths are proverbially said to be
for the back, and victuals for the belly.
Jack was rigged out in his gold and silver lace, with a
feather in his cap; and a pretty figure he made in the
world. L'Estrange.
2. To fit with tackling.
He, like a foolish pilot, hath shipwreck'd
My vessel gloriously rigg'd. Milton's Agonistes.
The sinner shall set forth like a ship launched into the wide
sea, not only well built and rigged; but also carried on with
full wind. South's Sermons.
He bids them rig the fleet. Denham.
He rigged out another small fleet, and the Achæans engaged
him with theirs. Arbuthnot on Coins.

RIGADOO’N. n. s. [rigadon, French.] A dance.

RIGA’TION. n. s. [rigatio, Lat.] The act of watering. Dict.

RI’GGER. n. s. [from rig.] One that rigs or dresses.

RI’GGING. n. s. [from rig.] The sails or tackling of a
ship.
To plow the deep,
To make sit rigging, or to build a ship. Creech.
His batter'd rigging their whole war receives;
All bare, like some old oak with tempests beat,
He stands, and sees below his scatter'd leaves. Dryden.

RI’GGISH. adj. [from rig, and old word for a whore.] Wanton;
whorish.
Vilest things
Become themselves in her, that the holy priests
Bless her, when she is riggish. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

To RI’GGLE. v. a. [properly to wriggle.] To move backward
and forward, as shrinking from pain.

RIGHT. adj. [rigt, Saxon; recht, Dutch; ritto, Italian;
rectus, Latin.]
1. Fit; proper; becoming; suitable; true; not erroneous;
not wrong.
How forcible are right words! but what doth your ar­
guing reprove? Job vi. 25.
The words of my mouth are plain to him that under­
standeth, and right to them that find knowledge. Prov. viii.
The Lord God led me in the right way. Gen. xxiv. 48.
There being no law of nature, nor positive law of God,
that determines which is the right heir in all cases, the right
of succession could not have been certainly determined. Locke.
If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is
certainly right, let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die.
Locke.
Our calendar wants to be reformed, and the equinox rightly
computed; and being once reformed and set right, it may be
kept so, by omitting the additional day at the end of every
hundred and thirty-four years. Holder on Time.
A time there will be, when all these unequal distributions
of good and evil shall be set right, and the wisdom of all his
transactions made as clear as the noon-day. Atterbury.
2. Not mistaken; passing a true judgement; passing judgement
according to the truth of things.
You are right, justice and you weigh this well;
Therefore still bear the balance and the sword. Shakesp.
3. Just; honest; equitable.
Their heart was not right with him, neither were they sted­
fast in his covenant. Psalm lxxviii. 37.
4. Happy; convenient.
The lady has been disappointed on the right side, and found
nothing more disagreeable in the husband, than she discovered
in the lover. Addison's Spectator.
5. Not left.
It is not with that certainty to be received, what is believed
concerning the right and left hand, that men naturally make
use of the right, and that the use of the other is a digression.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The left foot naked, when they march to fight,
But in a bull's raw hide they sheathe the right. Dryden.
6. Strait; not crooked.
The idea of a right lined triangle necessarily carries with it
an equality of its angles to two right ones. Locke.
7. Perpendicular.

RIGHT. interject. An expression of approbation.
Right, cries his lordship, for a rogue in need
To have a taste, is insolence indeed:
In me 'tis noble, suits my birth and state. Pope.

RIGHT. adv.
1. Properly; justly; exactly; according to truth.
Then shall the right aiming thunder-bolts go abroad, and
from the clouds, as from a well-drawn bow, shall they fly to
the mark. Wisdom v. 21.
With strict discipline instructed right,
Have learn'd to use your arms before you fight. Roscommon.
Take heed you steer your vessel right, my son,
This calm of heaven, this mermaid's melody,
Into an unseen whirlpool draws you fast,
And in a moment sinks you. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
To understand political power right, and derive it from its
original, we must consider what state all men are naturally in,
and that is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions,
and dispose of their possessions and persons. Locke.
2. In a direct line.
Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look
straight before thee. Proverbs iv. 25.
Ye shall be driven out right forth, and none shall gather
up him that wandereth. Jer. xlix. 5.
The people passed over right against Jericho. Jos. iii. 16.
Insects have voluntary motion, and therefore imagination;
for ants go right forwards to their hills, and bees know the
way from a flowery heath to their hives. Bacon.
This way, right down to Paradise descend. Milton.
3. In a great degree; very. Now obsolete.
I gat me to my Lord right humbly. Psalm xxx. 8.
Right noble princes,
I'll acquaint our duteous citizens. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Pardon us the interruption
Of thy devotion and right christian zeal, Shakesp.
I cannot joy, until I be resolv'd
Where our right valiant is become. Shakesp. Henry VI.
God shall help her right early. Psalm xlvi. 5.
The senate will smart deep
For your upbraidings: I should be right sorry
To have the means so to be veng'd on you,
As I shall shortly on them. Benj. Johnson.
Right many a widow his keen blade,
And many fatherless, had made. Hudibras, p. i.
4. It is still used in titles: as, right honourable; right reverend.
I mention the right honourable Thomas Howard lord high
marshal. Peacham on Drawing.

RIGHT. n. s.
1. Justice; not wrong.
Persons of noble blood are less envied in their rising; for
it seemeth but right done to their birth. Bacon.
In the midst of your invectives, do the Turks this right,
as to remember that they are no idolaters. Bacon.
One rising, eminent
In wise deport, spake much of right and wrong,
Of justice, of religion, truth, and peace,
And judgement from above. Milton's Par. Lost.
Long love to her has borne the faithful knight,
And well deserv'd, had fortune done him right. Dryden.
He, that would do right to religion, cannot take a more
effectual course, than by reconciling it with the happiness of
mankind. Tillotson.
2. Freedom from errour.
Seldom your opinions err;
Your eyes are always in the right. Prior.
3. Just claim.
The Roman citizens were, by the sword, taught to ac­
knowledge the pope their lord, though they knew not by
what right. Raleigh's Essays.
The proud tyrant would many times say, that whatsoever
belonged unto the empire of Rome, was of right his, for as
much as he was possessed of the imperial scepter, which his
great grandfather Mahomet had by law of arms won from
Constantine. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Subdue by force, all who rèfuse
Right reason for their law; and for their king
Messiah, who by right of merit reigns. Milton.


My right to it appears,
By long possession of eight hundred years. Dryden.
Might and right are inseparable in the opinion of the
world. L'Estrange.
Descriptions, figures, and fables must be in all heroick
poems; every poet hath as much right to them, as every man
hath to air. Dryden.
Judah pronounced sentence of death against Thamar: our
author thinks it is very good proof, that because he did it,
therefore he had a right to do it. Locke.
Agrippa is generally ranged in sets of medals among the
emperors; as some among the empresses have no other
right. Addison.
4. That which justly belongs to one.
To thee doth the right of her appertain, seeing thou only
art of her kindred. Tob. vi. 11.
The custom of employing these great persons in all great
offices, passes for a right. Temple.
The pris'ner freed himself by nature's laws,
Born free, he sought his right. Dryden.
5. Property; interest.
A subject in his prince may claim a right,
Nor suffer him with strength impair'd to fight. Dryden.
6. Power; prerogative.
God hath a sovereign right over us, as we are his creatures,
and by virtue of this right, he might, without injustice, have
imposed difficult tasks: but in making laws, he hath not
made use of this right. Tillotson.
7. Immunity; privilege.
The citizens,
Let them but have their rights, are ever forward
In celebration of this day with shews. Shakesp.
Their only thoughts and hope was to defend their own
rights and liberties, due to them by the law. Clarendon.
8. The side not left.
On his right
The radiant image of his glory sat,
His only son. Milton.
9. To RIGHTS. In a direct line; straight.
These strata failing, the whole tract sinks down to rights
into the abyss, and is swallowed up by it. Woodward.
10. To RIGHTS. Deliverance from errour.
Several have gone about to inform them, and set them to
rights; but for want of that knowledge of the present system
of nature, have not given the satisfaction expected. Woodw.

To RIGHT. v. a. To do justice to; to establish in possessions
justly claimed; to relieve from wrong.
How will this grieve you,
When you shall come to clearer knowledge, that
You thus have publish'd me? gentle my lord,
You scarce can right me throughly. Shakesp.
If the injured person be not righted, every one of them is
wholly guilty of the injustice, and bound to restitution. Taylor.
I cou'd not expedient see,
On this side death, to right our family. Waller.
Make my father known,
To right my honour, and redeem your own. Dryden.

RI’GHTEOUS. adj. [rihtwise, Saxon; whence rightwise in
old authours, and rightwisely in bishop Fisher: so much are
words corrupted by pronunciation.]
1. Just; honest; virtuous; uncorrupt.
That far be from thee, to slay the righteous with the
wicked; and that the righteous should be as the wicked. Gen.
2. Equitable.
Kill my rival too; for he no less
Deserves; and I thy righteous doom will bless. Dryden.

RI’GHTEOUSLY. adv. [from righteous.] Honestly; virtuously.
Athens did righteously decide,
When Phocion and when Socrates were try'd;
As righteously they did those dooms repent,
Still they were wise, whatever way they went. Dryden.

RI’GHTEOUSNESS. n. s. [from righteous.] Justice; honestly;
virtue; goodness.
The scripture, ascribing to the persons of men righteousness,
in regard of their manifold virtues, may not be construed, as
though it did thereby clear them from all faults. Hooker.
Here wretched Phlegias warns the world with cries,
Cou'd warning make the world more just or wise;
Learn righteousness, and dread th' avenging deitles. Dry.

RI’GHTFUL. adj. [right and full.]
1. Having the right; having the just claim.
As in this haughty great attempt,
They laboured to supplant the rightful heir;
I lost my liberty, and they their lives. Shakesp.
Some will mourn in ashes, some coal black,
For the deposing of a rightful king. Shakesp.
2. Honest; just.
Nor would, for gold or see,
Be won, their rightful causes down to tread. Spensor.
Gather all the smiling hours;
Such as with friendly care have guarded
Patriots and kings in rightful wars. Prior.

RI’GHTFULLY. adv. [from rightful.] According to right;
according to justice.
Henry, who claimed by succession, was sensible that his
title was not found, but was rightfully in Mortimer, who had
married the heir of York. Dryden's Preface to Fables.

RIGHT-HAND. n. s. Not the left.
The rank of osiers, by the murmuring stream,
Left on your right-hand brings you to the place. Shakesp.

RI’GHTFULNESS. n. s. [from rightful.] Moral rectitude.
But still although we fail of perfect rightfulness,
Seek we to tame these superfluities,
Nor wholly wink though void of purest sightfulness. Sid.

RI’GHTLY. adv. [from right.]
1. According to truth; properly; suitably; not erroneously.
Each of his reign allotted, rightlier call'd
Pow'rs of fire, air, water, and earth beneath. Milton.
Descend from heav'n, Urania! by that name
If rightly thou art call'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
For glory done
Of triumph, to be styl'd great conquerors,
Patrons of mankind, gods, and sons of gods;
Destroyers rightlier call'd, and plagues of men. Milton.
A man can never have so certain a knowledge, that a pro­
position, which contradicts the clear principles of his own
knowledge, was divinely revealed, or that he understands the
words rightly, wherein it is delivered; as he has, that the
contrary is true. Locke.
Is this a bridal or a friendly feast?
Or from their deeds I rightlier may divine,
Unseemly flown with insolence or wine. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Honestly; uprightly.
Let not my jealousies be your dishonour;
You may be rightly just, whatever I shall think. Shakesp.
3. Exactly.
Should I grant, thou didst not rightly see;
Then thou wert first deceived. Dryden.
4. Straitly; directly.
We wish one end; but differ in order and way, that leadeth
rightly to that end. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

RI’GHTNESS. n. s. [from right.]
1. Conformity to truth; exemption from being wrong; recti­
tude.
It is not necessary for a man to be assured of the rightness
of his conscience, by such an infallible certainty of persuasion,
as amounts to the clearness of a demonstration; but it is suf­
ficient if he knows it upon grounds of such a probability, as
shall exclude all rational grounds of doubting. South.
Like brute beasts we travel with the herd, and are never
so solicitous for the rightness of the way, as for the number or
figure of our company. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Straitness.
Sounds move strongest in a right line, which nevertheless
is not caused by the rightness of the line, but by the shortness
of the distance. Bacon's Natural History.

RI’GID. adj. [rigide, Fr. rigidus, Latin.]
1. Stiff; not to be bent; unpliant.
A body, that is hollow, may be demonstrated to be more
rigid and inflexible, than a solid one of the same substance
and weight. Ray on the Creation.
2. Severe; inflexible.
His severe judgment giving law,
His modest fancy kept in awe;
As rigid husbands jealous are,
When they believe their wives too fair. Denham.
3. Sharp; cruel. It is used somewhat harsh by Philips.
Queen of this universe! do not believe
Those rigid threats of death; ye shall not die. Milton.
Cressy plains
And Agincourt, deep ting'd with blood, confess
What the Silures vigour unwithstood
Could do in rigid sight. Philips.

RI’GIDITY. n. s. [rigidité, Fr. from rigid.]
1. Stiffness.
Rigidity is said of the solids of the body, when being stiff
or impliable, they cannot readily perform their respective of­
fices; but a fibre is said to be rigid, when its parts so strongly
cohere together, as not to yield to that action of the fluids,
which ought to overcome their resistance in order to the pre­
servation of health: it is to be remedied by fomentations.
Rigidity of the organs is such a state as makes them resist
that expansion, which is necessary to carry on the vital func­
tions: rigidity of the vessels and organs must necessarily fol­
low from the rigidity of the fibres. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Stiffness of appearance; want of easy or airy elegance.
This severe observation of nature, by the one in her com­
monest, and by the other in her absolutest forms, must needs
produce in both a kind of rigidity, and consequently more
naturalness than gracefulness. Wotton's Architecture.

RI’GIDLY. adv. [from rigid.]
1. Stifly; unpliantly.
2. Severely; inflexibly.

RI’GIDNESS. n. s. [from rigid.] Severity; inflexibility.



RI’GLET. n. s. [regulet, Fr.] A flat thin square piece of wood.
Thus the pieces that are intended to make the frames for
pictures, before they are molded, are called riglets. Mox.

RI’GOL. n. s. A circle. Used in Shakespeare for a diadem.
This sleep is sound; this is a sleep,
That, from this golden rigol, hath divorc'd
So many English kings. Shakesp. Henry IV.

RI’GOUR. n. s. [rigor, Latin.]
1. Cold; stiffness.
The rest his look
Bound with Gorgonian rigour, not to move. Milton.
2. A convulsive shuddering with sense of cold.
A right regimen, during the rigor or cold fit in the begin­
ning of a fever, is of great importance; a long continued
rigor is a sign of a strong disease: during the rigor, the cir­
culation is less quick, and the blood actually stagnates in the
extremities, and, pressing upon the heart, may produce con­
cretions; therefore a rigor increaseth an inflammation. Arb.
3. Severity; sternness; want of condescension to others.
Nature has got the victory over passion, all his rigour is
turned to grief and pity. Denham's Sophy.
Rigour makes it difficult for sliding virtue to recover. Claris.
4. Severity of conduct.
Does not looseness of life, and a want of necessary sobriety
in some, drive others into rigors that are unnecessary? Sprat.
This prince lived in this convent, with all the rigor and
austerity of a capuchin. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
5. Strictness; unabated exactness.
It may not seem hard, if in cases of necessity certain pro­
fitable ordinances sometimes be released, rather than all men
always strictly bound to the general rigor thereof. Hooker.
Heat and cold are not, according to philosophical rigour,
the efficients; but are names expressing our passions. Glanvill.
The base degenerate age requires
Severity and justice in its rigour:
This awes an impious bold offending world. Addison.
6. Rage; cruelty; fury.
He at his foe with furious rigour smites,
That strongest oak might seem to overthrow;
The stroke upon his shield so heavy lights,
That to the ground it doubleth him full low. Fairy Queen.
Driven by the necessities of the times and the temper of
the people, more than led by his own disposition to any height
and rigour of actions. King Charles.
7. Hardness; not flexibility; solidity; not softness.
The stones the rigor of their kind expel,
And supple into softness as they fell. Dryden.

RI’GOROUS. adj. [from rigour.] Severe; allowing no abate­
ment.
He shall be thrown down the Tarpeian rock
With rigorous hands; he hath resisted law,
And therefore law shall scorn him further trial,
Than the severity of publick power. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Are these terms hard and rigorous, beyond our capacities to
perform? Rogers's Sermons.

RI’GOROUSLY. adv. [from rigorous.] Severely; without ten­
derness or mitigation.
Lest they faint
At the sad sentence rigorously urg'd,
For I behold them soften'd, and with tears
Bewailing their excess, all terror hide. Milton.
The people would examine his works more rigorously than
himself, and would not forgive the least mistake. Dryden.

RILL. n. s. [rivulus, Lat.] A small brook; a little streamlet.
May thy brimmed waves from this
Their full tribute never miss,
From a thousand petty rills,
That tumble down the snowy hills. Milton.

To RILL. v. n. [from the noun.] To run in small streams.
Io! Apollo, mighty king, let envy,
Ill-judging and verbose, from Lethe's lake,
Draw tuns unmeasurable; while thy favour
Administers to my ambitious thirst
The wholesome draught from Aganippe's spring
Genuine, and with soft murmurs gently rilling
Adown the mountains where thy daughters haunt. Prior.

RI’LLET. n. s. [corrupted from rivulet.] A small stream.
A creek of Ose, between two hills, delivering a little fresh
rillet into the sea. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

RIM

RIM. n. s. [rima, Saxon.]
1. A border; a margin.
It keeps of the same thickness near its centre; while its
figure is capable of variation towards the rim. Grew.
2. That which encircles something else.
We may not affirm, that ruptures are confinable unto one
side, as the peritoneum or rim of the belly may be broke;
or its perforations relaxed in either. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The drum-maker uses it for rimbs. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RIME. n. s. [hrim, Saxon.]
1. Hoar frost.
Breathing upon a glass giveth a dew; and in rime frosts
you shall find drops of dew upon the inside of glass windows.
Bacon's Natural History.
In a hoar frost, a rime, is a multitude of quadrangular
prisms piled without any order one over another. Grew.
2. [Rima, Lat.] A hole; a chink.
Though birds have no epiglottis, yet can they contract the
rime or chink of their larinx, so as to prevent the admission of
wet or dry indigested. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To RIME. v. n. [from the noun.] To freeze with hoar frost.

To RI’MPLE. v. a. To pucker; to contract into corrugations.
See CRUMPLE and RUMPLE.
The skin was tense, also rimpled and blistered. Wiseman.

RI’MY. adj. [from rime.] Steamy; foggy; misty.
The air is now cold, hot, dry, or moist; and then thin,
thick, foggy, rimy, or poisonous. Harvey.

RIN

RIND. n. s. [rind, Saxon; rinde, Dutch.] Bark; husk.
Therewith a piteous yelling voice was heard,
Crying, O spare with guilty hands to tear
My tender sides in this rough rind embar'd. Fairy Queen.
Within the infant rind of this small flower
Poison hath residence, and medicine power. Shakesp.
These plants are neither red nor polished, when drawn out
of the water, till their rind have been taken off. Boyle.
Others whose fruit, burnish'd with golden rind,
Hung amiable. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Thou can'st not touch the freedom of this mind
With all thy charms, although this corporal rind
Thou hast immanacl'd. Milton.
This monument, thy maiden beauty's due,
High on a plane-tree shall be hung to view;
On the smooth rind the passenger shall see
Thy name engrav'd, and worship Helen's tree. Dryden.

To RIND. v. n. [from the noun.] To decorticate; to bark;
to husk.

RING. n. s. [hring, Saxon.]
1. A circle; an orbicular line.
In this habit
Met I my father with his bleeding rings,
Their precious gems new lost. Shakesp.
Bubbles of water, before they began to exhibit their colours
to the naked eye, have appeared through a prism girded about
with many parallel and horizontal rings. Newton.
2. A circle of gold or some other matter worn as an ornament.
A quarrel.
—About a hoop of gold, a paltry ring. Shakesp.
I have seen old Roman rings so very thick about, and with
such large stones in them, that 'tis no wonder a fop should
reckon them a little cumbersome in the summer. Addison.
3. A circle of metal to be held by.
The rings of iron, that on the doors were hung,
Sent out a jarring sound, and harshly rung. Dryden.
Some eagle got the ring of my box in his beak, with an
intent to let it fall, and devour it. Gulliver.
4. A circular course.
Chaste Diana,
Goddess presiding o'er the rapid race,
Place me, O place me in the dusty ring,
Where youthful charioteers contend for glory. Smith.
5. A circle made by persons standing round.
Make a ring about the corps of Cæsar,
And let me shew you him, that made the will. Shakesp.
The Italians, perceiving themselves almost environed, cast
themselves into a ring, and retired back into the city. Hayw.
Round my arbour a new ring they made,
And footed it about the secret shade. Dryden.
6. A number of bells harmonically tuned.
A squirrel spends his little rage,
In jumping round a rowling cage;
The cage as either side turn'd up,
Striking a ring of bells a-top. Prior.
7. The sound of bells or any other sonorous body.
Stop the holes of a hawk's bell, it will make no ring, but
a flat noise or rattle. Bacon.
Hawks bells, that have holes, give a greater ring, than
if the pellet did strike upon brass in the open air. Bacon.
Sullen Moloch fled,
Hath left in shadows dread
His burning idol all of blackest hue;
In vain with cymbals ring,
They call the grifly king. Milton.
8. A sound of any kind.
The king, full of confidence, as he had been victorious in
battle, and had prevailed with his parliament, and had the
ring of acclamations fresh in his ears, thought the rest of his
reign should be but play. Bacon's Henry VII.

To RING. v. a. pret. and part. pass. rung. [hringan, Saxon.]
1. To strike bells or any other sonorous body, so as to make it
sound.
I 'gin to be aweary of the sun;
Ring the alarum bell. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. [From ring.] To encircle.
Talbot,
Who, ring'd about with bold adversity,
Cries out for noble York and Somerset. Shakesp. Hen. VI.


3. To fit with rings.
Death, death; oh amiable lovely death!
Thou odoriferous stench, sound rotteness,
Arise sorth from thy couch of lasting night,
Thou hate and terrour to prosperity,
And I will kiss thy detestable bones,
And put my eye-balls in thy vaulty brows,
And ring these fingers with thy houshold worms. Shakesp.
4. To restrain a hog by a ring in his nose.

To RING. v. n.
1. To sound as a bell or sonorous metal.
Ring out ye crystal spheres,
And let your silver chime
Move in melodious time;
And let the base of heav'n's deep organ blow. Milton.
No suneral rites nor man in mournful weeds,
Nor mournful bell shall ring her burial. Shakesp.
Easy it might be to ring other changes upon the same
bells. Norris's Miscellanies.
At Latagus a weighty stone he flung;
His face was slatted, and his helmet rung. Dryden.
2. To practise the art of making musick with bells.
Signs for communication may be contrived at pleasure: four
bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing; each change
may, by agreement, have a certain signification. Holder.
3. To sound; to resound.
Hercules, missing his page, called him by his name aloud,
that all the shore rang of it. Bacon.
The particular ringing sound in gold, distinct from the
sound of other bodies, has no particular name. Locke.
With sweeter notes each rising temple rung,
A Raphael painted! and a Vida sung!
Immortal Vida! Pope.
4. To utter as a bell.
Ere to black Hecat's summons
The shard-born beetle, with his drowsy hums,
Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done
A deed of dreadful note. Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. To tinkle.
My ears still ring with noise; I'm vext to death:
Tongue-kill'd, and have not yet recover'd breath. Dryden.
6. To be filled with a bruit or report.
That profane, atheistical, epicurean rabble, whom the
whole nation so rings of, are not indeed, what they vote
themselves, the wisest men in the world. South.

RING-BONE. n. s.
Ring-bone is a hard callous substance growing in the hollow
circle of the little pastern of a horse, just above the coronet:
it sometimes goes quite round like a ring, and thence it is
called the ring-bone. Farrier's Dictionary.

RI’NGDOVE. n. s. [rhingelduyve, German.]
Pigeons are of several sorts, wild and tame; as wood
pigeons, dovecote pigeons, and ringdoves. Mortimer.

RI’NGER. n. s. [from ring.] He who rings.

RINGLEA’DER. n. s. [ring and leader.] The head of a riotous
body.
He caused to be executed some of the ringleaders of the
Cornish men, in sacrifice to the citizens. Bacon's Henry VII.
The nobility escaped; the poor people, who had been de­
luded by these ringleaders, were executed. Addison.

RI’NGLET. n. s. [ring, with a diminutive termination.]
1. A small ring.
Silver the lintals, deep projecting o'er;
And gold the ringlets that command the door. Pope.
2. A circle.
You demy puppets, that
By moon-shine do the green ringlets make,
Whereof the ewe not bites. Shakesp. Tempest.
Never met we,
Upon the beached margent of the sea,
To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind,
But with thy brawls thou hast disturb'd our sport. Shakesp.
3. A curl.
With ringlets quaint, and wanton windings wove. Milt.
Her golden tresses in wanton ringlets wav'd,
As the vine curls her tendrils. Milton.
These in two sable ringlets taught to break,
Once gave new beauties to the snowy neck. Pope.

RI’NGSTRESKED. adj. [ring and streaked.] Circularly streaked.
He removed the he goats that were ring streaked and spotted,
and all the she goats that were speckled. Gen. xxx. 35.

RI’NGTAIL. n. s. [ring and tail.] A kind of kite with a
whitish tail. Bailey.

RI’NGWORM. n. s. [ring and worm.] A circular tetter.
It began with a serpigo, making many round spots, such
as is generally called ringworms. Wiseman's Surgery.

To RINSE. v. a. [from rein, German, pure, clear.]
1. To wash; to cleanse by washing.
This last costly treaty
Swallow'd so much treasure, and like a glass
Did break i' th' rinsing. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Whomsoever he toucheth, and hath not rinsed his hands in
water, he shall be unclean. Lev. xv. 11.
2. To wash the soap out of cloaths.
They cannot boil, nor wash, nor rinse, they say,
With water sometimes ink and sometimes whey,
According as you meet with mud or clay, King.

RI’NSER. n. s. [from rinse.] One that washes or rinses; a
washer.

RI’OT. n. s. [riotte, old Fr. riotto, Italian.]
1. Wild and loose festivity.
When his headstrong riot hath no curb,
When rage and hot blood are his counsellors,
When means and lavish manners meet together,
Oh! with what wings shall his affection flv
Tow'rd fronting peril and oppos'd decay. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
So senseless of expence,
That he will neither know how to maintain it,
Nor cease his flow of riot. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
All now was turn'd to jollity and game,
To luxury and riot, feast and dance. Milton.
2. A sedition; an uproar.
Transform'd to serpents all, as accessories
To his bold riot. Milton.
3. To run RIOT. To move or act without controll or restraint.
One man's head runs riot upon hawks and dice. L'Estr.
You never can defend his breeding,
Who, in his satyre's running riot,
Could never leave the world in quiet. Swift's Miscel.

To RI’OT. v. n. [riotter, old Fr.]
1. To revel; to be dissipated in luxurious enjoyments.
Let us walk honestly as in the day; not in rioting and
drunkenness. Romans xiii. 13.
Now he exacts of all, wastes in delight,
Riots in pleasure, and neglects the law. Daniel.
2. To luxuriate; to be tumultuous.
Thy life a long dead calm of fix'd repose;
No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows. Pope.
3. To banquet luxuriously.
4. To raise a sedition or uproar.

RI’OTER. n. s. [from riot.]
1. One who is dissipated in luxury.
2. One who raises an uproar or sedition.

RI’OTISE. n. s. [from riot.] Dissoluteness; luxury.
From every work he challenged essoin
For contemplation sake; yet otherwise
His life he led in lawless riotise. Fairy Queen.

RI’OTOUS. adj. [riotteux, Fr. from riot.]
1. Luxurious; wanton; licentiously festive.
What needs me tell their feast and goodly guise,
In which was nothing riotous nor vain. Fairy Queen.
When all our offices have been opprest
With riotous feeders,
I have retir'd me to a wasteful cock,
And set mine eyes at flow. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
John came neither eating nor drinking, that is far from
the diet of Jerusalem and other riotous places, but fared
coarsely. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
With them no riotous pomp nor Asian train,
T' infect a navy with their gaudy fears;
But war severely like itself appears. Dryden.
2. Seditious; turbulent.

RI’OTOUSLY. adv. [from riotous.]
1. Luxuriously; with licentious luxury.
He that gathereth by defrauding his own soul, gathereth
for others that shall spend his goods riotously. Ecclus. xiv. 4.
2. Seditiously; turbulently.

RI’OTOUSNESS. n. s. [from riotous.] The state of being
riotous.

RIP

To RIP. v. a. [hrpan, Saxon.]
1. To tear; to lacerate; to cut asunder by a continued act of
the knife.
You bloody Nero's, ripping up the womb
Of your dear mother England, blush for shame. Shakesp.
Wilt thou dash their children, and rip up their women with
child? 2 Kings viii. 12.
The beast prevents the blow,
And upward rips the groin of his audacious foe. Dryden.
The ripping chissel is a socket chissel, about an inch broad,
and hath a blunt edge. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
2. To take away by laceration or cutting.
Macduff was from his mother's womb
Untimely ripp'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Esculapius, because ripped from his mother's womb, was
feigned to be the son of Apollo. Hayward.
Rip this heart of mine
Out of my breast, and shew it for a coward's. Otway.
The conscious husband
Charges on her the guilt of their disease;
Affecting fury acts a madman's part,
He'll rip the fatal secret from her heart. Granvill.
3. To disclose; to search out; to tear up; to bring to view.
Let it be lawful for me to rip up to the very bottom, how
and by whom your discipline was planted, at such time as this
age we live in began to make first trial thereof. Hooker.


You rip up the original of Scotland. Spenser on Ireland.
This ripping of ancestors is very pleasing unto me, and in­
deed favoureth of some reading. Spenser on Ireland.
They ripped up all that had been done from the beginning
of the rebellion. Clarendon, b. viii.
The relations considering that a trial would rip up old sores,
and discover things not so much to the reputation of the
deceased, they dropt their design. Arbuthnot.

RIPE. adj. [ripe, Saxon; rijp, Dutch.]
1. Brought to perfection in growth; mature.
Macbeth
Is ripe for shaking, and the pow'rs above
Put on their instruments. Shakesp.
The time was the time of the first ripe grapes. Numb. xiii.
Their fruit is improfitable, not ripe to eat. Wisd. iv. 5.
So may'st thou live, till, like ripe fruit, thou drop
Into thy mother's lap, or be with ease
Gather'd, not harshly pluck'd, for death mature. Milton.
2. Resembling the ripeness of fruit.
Those happiest smiles,
That play'd on her ripe lip, seem'd not to know
What guests were in her eyes, which parted thence,
As pearls from diamonds dropt. Shakesp.
3. Complete; proper for use.
I by letters shall direct your course,
When time is ripe. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. Advanced to the perfection of any quality.
There was a pretty redness in his lips,
A little riper and more lusty red
Than that mix'd in his cheeks. Shakesp.
O early ripe! to thy abundant store,
What could advancing age have added more. Dryden.
5. Finished; consummate.
Beasts are in sensible capacity as ripe, even as men them­
selves, perhaps more ripe. Hooker, b. i. s. 6.
6. Brought to the point of taking effect; fully matured.
He thence shall come,
When this world's dissolution shall be ripe. Milton.
While things were just ripe for a war, the cantons, their
protectors, interposed as umpires in the quarrel. Addison.
7. Fully qualified by gradual improvement.
Ripe for heav'n, when fate æneas calls,
Then shalt thou bear him up, sublime, to me. Dryden.

To RIPE. v. n. [from the adj.] To ripen; to grow ripe; to
be matured.
From hour to hour we ripe and ripe,
And then from hour to hour we rot and rot. Shakesp.
Slubber not business for my sake, Bassanio;
But stay the very riping of the time. Shakesp.
Though no stone tell thee what I was, yet thou,
In my grave's inside, see what thou art now;
Yet tho'rt not yet so good, till us death lay
To ripe and mellow there, w' are stubborn clay. Donne.

To RIPE. v. a. To mature; to make ripe.
He is retir'd, to ripe his growing fortunes,
To Scotland. Shakesp.

RI’PELY. adv. [from ripe.] Maturely; at the fit time.
It fits us therefore ripely;
Our chariots and our horsemen be in readiness. Shakesp.

To RI’PEN. v. n. [from ripe.] To grow ripe.
This is the state of man; to-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hopes, to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him;
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost;
And when he thinks, good easy man, full surely
His greatness is a ripening, nips his root;
And then he falls as I do. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Afore the sour grape is ripening in the flower. Is. xviii. 5.
The pricking of a fruit, before it ripeneth, ripens the fruit
more suddenly. Bacon's Natural History.
Trees, that ripen latest, blossom soonest; as peaches and
cornelians; and it is a work of providence that they blossom
so soon; for otherwise they could not have the sun long enough
to ripen. Bacon's Natural History.
Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear,
And strangers to the sun yet ripen here. Granville.

To RI’PEN. v. a. To mature; to make ripe.
My father was no traitor;
And that I'll prove on better men than Somerset,
Were growing time once ripen'd to my will. Shakesp.
When to ripen'd manhood he shall grow,
The greedy sailor shall the seas forego. Dryden.
That I settled
Your father in his throne, was for your sake,
I left th' acknowledgment for time to ripen. Dryden.
The genial sun
Has daily, since his course begun,
Rejoiced the metal to refine,
And ripen'd the Peruvian mine. Addison.
Be this the cause of more than mortal hate,
The rest succeeding times shall ripen into fate. Pope.
Here elements have lost their uses;
Air ripens not, nor earth produces. Swift.
Before the ripen'd field the reapers stand. Thomson.

RI’PENESS. n. s. [from ripe.]
1. The state of being ripe; maturity.
They have compared it to the ripeness of fruits. Wiseman.
Little matter is deposited in the abscess, before it arrives
towards its ripeness. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Full growth.
Time, which made them their fame out-live,
To Cowley scarce did ripeness give. Denham.
3. Perfection; completion.
To this purpose were those harmonious tunes of psalms
devised for us, that they, which are either in years but young,
or touching perfection of virtue as yet not grown to ripeness,
might, when they think they sing, learn. Hooker.
This royal infant promises
Upon this land a thousand thousand blessings,
Which time shall bring to ripeness. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
I to manhood am arriv'd so near,
And inward ripeness doth much less appear,
That some more timely happy spirits indu'th. Milton.
4. Fitness; qualification.
Men must endure
Their going hence, ev'n as their coming hither:
Ripeness is all. Shakesp. King Lear.

RI’PPER. n. s. [from rip.] One who rips; one who tears; one
who lacerates.

To RI’PPLE. v. n. To fret on the surface, as water swifty run­
ning.

RI’PTOWELL. n. s. A gratuity, or reward given to tenants,
after they had reaped their lord's corn. Bailey.

RIS

To RISE. v. n. pret. rose; part. risen. [risan, Saxon; reisen,
Dutch.]
1. To change a jacent or recumbent, to an erect posture.
I have seen her rise from her bed, and throw her night­
gown upon her. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To get up from rest.
Never a wife leads a better life than she does; do what
she will; go to bed when she list; rise when she list. Shakesp.
As wild asses in the desert, go they forth to their work,
rising betimes for a prey. Job xxiv. 5.
That is to live,
To rest secure, and not rise up to grieve. Daniel's Civ. War.
Thy mansion wants thee, Adam, rise. Milton.
3. To get up from a fall.
True in our fall,
False in our promis'd rising. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
4. To spring; to grow up.
They imagine
For one forbidden tree a multitude,
Now ris'n to work them farther woe. Milton.
5. To gain elevation of rank or fortune.
Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall. Shakespeare.
If they rise not with their service, they will make their
service fall with them. Bacon.
To rise i' th' world,
No wise man that's honest should expect. Otway.
Those, that have been raised by some great minister, trample
upon the steps by which they rise, to rival him. South.
6. To swell.
If the bright spot stay in his place, it is a rising of the
burning. Lev. xiii. 21.
7. To ascend; to move upwards.
The sap in old trees is not so frank as to rise all to the
boughs, but tireth by the way, and putteth out moss. Bacon.
If two plane polish'd plates of a polish'd looking-glass be
laid together, so that their sides be parallel, and at a very
small distance from one another, and then their lower edges
be dipped into water, the water will rise up between them. New.
8. To break out from below the horizon, as the sun.
He maketh the sun to rise on the evil and the good. Matt. v.
The sun rose upon him. Gen. xxxii. 31.
He affirmeth, that Tunny is fat upon the rising of the
Pleiades, and departs upon Arcturus. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Whether the sun
Rise on the earth, or earth rise on the sun. Milton.
9. To take beginning; to come into existence, or notice.
10. To begin to act.
High winds began to rise. Milton.
With Vulcan's rage the rising winds conspire,
And near our palace rolls the flood of fire. Dryden.
11. To appear in view.
The poet must lay out all his strength, that his words may
be glowing, and that every thing he describes may immediately
present itself, and rise up to the reader's view. Addison.
12. To change a station; to quit a siege.
He, rising with small honour from Gunza, and fearing
the power of the christians, was gone. Knolles.
13. To be excited; to be produced.
Indeed you thank'd me; but a nobler gratitude
Rose in her soul; for from that hour she lov'd me. Otway.
A thought rose in me, which often perplexes men of con­
templative natures. Spectator, No. 565.


14. To break into military commotions; to make insurrections.
At our heels all hell should rise,
With blackest insurrection. Milton.
Numidia's spacious kingdom lies
Ready to rise at its young prince's call. Addison's Cato.
No more shall nation against nation rise,
Nor ardent warriors meet with hateful eyes. Pope.
15. To be roused; to be excited to action.
Who will rise up for me against evil-doers? or who will
stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? Ps. xciv.
Gather together, come against, and rise up to the battle. Jer.
He shall rise up at the voice of the bird, and all the
daughters of musick shall be brought low. Eecl. xii. 4.
16. To make hostile attack.
If any man hate his neighbour, lie in wait, and rise up
against him, and smite him mortally, and fleeth into one of
these cities, the elders of his city shall fetch him thence. Deut.
17. To grow more or greater in any respect.
A hideous gabble rises loud
Among the builders. Milton.
The great duke rises on them in his demands, and will
not be satisfied with less than a hundred thousand crowns, and
a solemn embassy to beg pardon. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
18. To increase in price.
Bullion is risen to six shillings and five pence the ounce;
i. e. that an ounce of uncoined silver will exchange for an
ounce and a quarter of coined silver. Locke.
19. To be improved.
From such an untainted couple, we can hope to have our
family rise to its ancient splendour of face, air, countenance,
and shape. Tatler, No 75.
20. To elevate the stile.
Your author always will the best advise,
Fall when he falls, and when he rises, rise. Roscommon.
21. To be revived from death.
After I am risen again, I will go before you. Mat. xxvi.
The stars of morn shall see him rise
Out of his grave. Milton.
22. To come by chance.
As they 'gan his library to view,
And antique registers for to avise,
There chanced to the prince's hand to rise
An ancient book. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
23. To be elevated in situation.
He bar'd an ancient oak of all her boughs;
Then on a rising ground the trunk he plac'd,
Which with the spoils of his dead foe he grac'd. Dryden.
A house we saw upon a rising. Addison.
Ash, on banks or rising grounds near rivers, will thrive
exceedingly. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RISE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of rising.
2. The act of mounting from the ground.
In leaping with weights, the arms are first cast backwards
and then forwards, with so much the greater force; for the
hands go backward before they take their rise. Bacon.
3. Eruption; ascent.
Upon the candle's going out, there is a sudden rise of wa­
ter; for the flame filling no more place, the air and water
succeed. Bacon.
The hill submits itself
In small descents, which do its height beguile;
And sometimes mounts, but so as billows play,
Whose rise not hinders, but makes short our way. Dryden.
4. Place that favours the act of mounting aloft.
Rais'd so high, from that convenient rise
She took her flight, and quickly reach'd the skies. Creech.
Since the arguments against them rise from common re­
ceived opinions, it happens, in controversial discourses, as it
does in the assaulting of towns, where, if the ground be but
firm, whereon the batteries are erected, there is no farther
inquiry of whom it is borrowed, so it affords but a sit rise for
the present purpose. Locke.
5. Elevated place.
Such a rise, as doth at once invite
A pleasure, and a reverence from the sight. Denham.
6. Appearance of the sun in the East.
Phœbus! stay;
The world to which you fly so fast,
From us to them can pay your haste
With no such object, and salute your rise
With no such wonder, as De Mornay's eyes. Waller.
7. Encrease in any respect.
8. Encrease of price.
Upon a breach with Spain, must be considered the present
state of the king's treasure, the rise or fall that may happen
in his constant revenue by a Spanish war. Temple.
The bishops have had share in the gradual rise of lands. Sw.
9. Beginning; original.
It has its rise from the lazy admonitions of those who give
rules, and propose examples, without joining practice with
their instructions. Locke on Education.
His reputation quickly peopled it, and gave rise to the re­
publick, which calls itself after his name. Addison.
10. Elevation; encrease of sound.
In the ordinary rises and falls of the voice, there fall out to
be two beemolls between the unison and the diapason. Bacon.

RI’SER. n. s. [from rise.] One that rises.
The isle ææa, where the palace stands
Of th' early riser, with the rosy hands,
Active Aurora; where she loves to dance. Chapman.

RISIBI’LITY. n. s. [from risible.] The quality of laughing.
How comes lowness of stile to be so much the propriety of
fatyr, that without it a poet can be no more a satyrist, than
without risibility he can be a man. Dryden.
Whatever the philosophers may talk of their risibility,
neighing is a more noble expression than laughing. Arbuth.

RI’SIBLE. adj. [risible, Fr. risibilis, Lat.]
1. Having the faculty or power of laughing.
We are in a merry world, laughing is our business; as if
because it has been made the definition of man, that he is
risible, his manhood consisted in nothing else. Gov. of Tongue.
2. Ridiculous; exciting laughter.

RISK. n. s. [risque, Fr. riesg, Spanish.] Hazard; danger;
chance of harm.
Some run the risk of an absolute ruin for the gaining of a
present supply. L'Estrange's Fables.
When an insolent despiser of discipline, nurtured into con­
tempt of all order by a long risk of licence, shall appear be­
fore a church governor, severity and resolution are that gover­
nor's virtues. South's Sermons.
By allowing himself in what is innocent, he would run the
risk of being betrayed into what is not so. Atterbury.
An innocent man ought not to run an equal risk with a
guilty one. Clarissa.

To RISK. v. a. [risquer, Fr.] To hazard; to put to chance;
to endanger.
Who would hope new same to raise,
Or risk his well established praise,
That, his high genius to approve,
Had drawn a George or carv'd a Jove. Addison.

RI’SKER. n. s. [from risk.] He who risks.
He thither came, t'observe and smoak
What courses other riskers took.

RISS. the obsolete preterite of rise.
Riss not the consular men and left their places,
So soon as thou fat'st down; and fled thy side. Benj. Johns.

RITE. n. s. [rit, Fr. ritus, Lat.] Solemn act of religion;
external observance.
The ceremonies, we have taken from such as were before
us, are not things that belong to this or that sect, but they
are the ancient rites and customs of the church. Hooker.
It is by God consecrated into a sacrament, a holy rite, a
means of conveying to the worthy receiver the benefits of the
body and blood of Christ. Hammond's Fundamentals.
When the prince her fun'ral rites had paid,
He plow'd the Tyrrhene seas. Dryden.

RI’TUAL. adj. [rituel, Fr.] Solemnly ceremonious; done ac­
cording to some religious institution.
Instant I bade the priests prepare
The ritual sacrifice, and solemn pray'r. Prior.
If to tradition were added, certain constant ritual and em­
blematical observances, as the emblems were expressive, the
memory of the thing recorded would remain. Forbes.

RI’TUAL. n. s. [from the adj.] A book in which the rites and
observances of religion are set down.
An heathen ritual could not instruct a man better than these
several pieces of antiquity in the particular ceremonies, that
attended different sacrificies. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

RI’TUALIST. n. s. [from ritual.] One skilled in the ritual.

RI’VAGE. n. s. [French] A bank; a coast. Not in use.
Think
You stand upon the rivage, and behold
A city on th' inconstant billows dancing;
For so appears this fleet. Shakesp. Henry V.

RIV

RI’VAL. n. s. [rivalis, Lat.]
1. One who is in pursuit of the same thing which another man
pursues; a competitour.
Oh love! thou sternly dost thy pow'r maintain,
And wilt not bear a rival in thy reign;
Tyrants and thou all fellowship disdain. Dryden.
2. A competitour in love.
She saw her father was grown her adverse party, and yet
her fortune such as she must favour her rival. Sidney.
France and Burgundy,
Great rivals in our younger daughter's love. Shakesp.
Your rival's image in your worth I view;
And what I lov'd in him, esteem in you. Granville.

RI’VAL. adj. Standing in competition; making the same
claim; emulous.
Had I but the means
To hold a rival place with one of them,
I should be fortunate. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.


Equal in years, and rival in renown
With Epaphus, the youthful Phaeton,
Like honour claims. Dryden.
You bark to be employ'd,
While Venus is by rival dogs enjoy'd. Dryden.

To RI’VAL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To stand in competition with another; to oppose.
Those, that have been raised by the interest of some great
minister, trample upon the steps by which they rise, to rival
him in his greatness, and at length step into his place. South.
2. To emulate; to endeavour to equal or excel.
Ambitious fool! with horny hoofs to pass
O'er hollow arches of resounding brass;
To rival thunder in its rapid course,
And imitate inimitable force. Dryden's æneis.

To RI’VAL. v. n. To be competitours. Out of use.
Burgundy,
We first address'd tow'rd you, who with this king
Have rival'd for our daughter. Shakesp. King Lear.

RIVA’LITY. n. s. [rivalitas, Lat. from rival.] Competition;
emulation.
It is the privilege of posterity to set matters right between
those antagonists, who, by their rivalry for greatness, divided
a whole age. Addison.

RI’VALRY. n. s. [rivalitas, Lat. from rival.] Competition;
emulation.
It is the privilege of posterity to set matters right between
those antagonists, who, by their rivalry for greatness, divided
a whole age. Addison.

RI’VALSHIP. n. s. [from rival.] The state or character of a
rival.

To RIVE. v. a. part. riven. [rft, broken Saxon; rijven,
Dutch; river, Fr. to drive.] To split; to cleave; to divide
by a blunt instrument; to force in disruption.
At his haughty helmet
So hugely struck, that it the steel did rive,
And cleft his head. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The varlet at his plaint was grieved sore,
That his deep wounded heart in two did rive. Fa. Queen.
Through riven clouds and molten firmament,
The fierce three-forked engine making way,
Both lofty towers and highest trees hath rent. Fa. Queen.
O Cicero!
I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds
Have riv'd the knotty oaks; but ne'er till now
Did I go through a tempest dropping fire. Shakesp.
As one he stood escap'd from cruel fight,
Sore toil'd, his riven arms to havock hewn. Milton.
The neighbouring forests, formerly shaken and riven with
the thunder-bolts of war, did envy the sweet peace of
Druina. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Had I not been blind, I might have seen
You riven oak, the fairest of the green. Dryden.
Let it come;
Let the fierce light'ning blast, the thunder rive me. Rowe.

To RIVE. v. n. To be split, to be divided by violence.
Freestone rives, splits, and breaks in any direction. Woodw.

To RIVE. for derive or direct.
Ten thousand French have ta'en the sacrament,
To rive their dangerous artillery
Upon no christian soul but English Talbot. Shakesp.

To RI’VEL. v. a. [gerifled, Saxon, corrugated, rumpled.] To
contract into wringles and corrugations.
Then droop'd the fading flow'rs, their beauty fled,
And clos'd their sickly eyes and hung the head,
And rivel'd up with heat, lay dying in their bed. Dryd.
And since that plenteous autumn now is past,
Whose grapes and peaches have indulg'd your taste,
Take in good part, from our poor poet's board,
Such rivel'd fruits as winter can afford. Dryden.
Alum stipticks, with contracting pow'r,
Shrink his thin essence like a rivel'd flow'r. Pope.

RI’VEN. part. of rive.

RI’VER. n. s. [riviere, Fr. rivus, Lat.] A land current of
water bigger than a brook.
It is a most beautiful country, being stored throughout with
many goodly rivers, replenished with all sorts of fish. Spens.
The first of these rivers has been celebrated by the Latin
poets for the gentleness of its course, as the other for its ra­
pidity. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

RIVER-DRAGON. n. s. A crocodile. A name given by Milton
to the king of Egypt.
Thus with ten wounds
The river-dragon tam'd at length, submits
To let his sojourners depart. Milton's Par. Lost.

RIVER-GOD. n. s. Tutelary deity of a river.
His wig hung as strait as the hair of a river-god rising from
the water. Arbuthnot and Pope.

RIVER-HORSE. n. s. Hippopotamus.
Rose,
As plants ambiguous between sea and land,
The river-horse and scaly crocodile. Milton.

RI’VET. n. s. [river, Fr. to break the point of a thing; to
drive.] A fastening pin clenched at both ends.
The armourers accomplishing the knights,
With busy hammers closing rivets up,
Give dreadful note of preparation. Shakesp. Henry V.
Thy armour
I'll frush, and unlock the rivets all,
But I'll be master of it. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Though Valeria's fair, and though she loves me too,
'Gainst her my soul is arm'd on every part;
Yet there are secret rivets to my heart,
Where Berenice's charms have found the way,
Subtile as lightnings. Dryden's Tyrannick Love.
The verse in fashion is, when numbers flow
So smooth and equal, that no sight can find
The rivet, where the polish'd piece was join'd. Dryden.
The rivets of those wings inclos'd
Fit not each other. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
This instrument should move easy upon the rivet. Sharp.

To RI’VET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with rivets.
This man
If all our fire were out, would fetch down new,
Out of the hand of Jove; and rivet him
To Caucasus, should he but frown. Benj. Johnson.
In rivetting, the pin you rivet in should stand upright to the
plate you rivet it upon; for if it do not stand upright, you
will be forced to set it upright, after it is rivetted. Moxon.
2. To fasten strongly; to make immoveable.
You were to blame to part with
A thing stuck on with oaths upon your finger,
And rivetted with faith unto your flesh. Shakesp.
Why should I write this down, that's rivetted,
Screw'd to my mem'ry? Shakesp. Cymbeline.
What one party thought to rivet to a settledness by the
strength and influence of the Scots, that the other rejects.
King Charles.
Till fortune's fruitless spite had made it known,
Her blows not shook but rivetted his throne. Dryden.
Thus hath God not only rivetted the notion of himself into
our natures, but likewise made the belief of his being neces­
sary to the peace of our minds and happiness of society. Till.
If the eye sees those things rivetted, which are loose, where
will you begin to rectify the mistake. Locke.
Where we use words of a loose and wandering significa­
tion, hence follows mistake and error, which those maxims,
brought as proofs to establish propositions, wherein the terms
stand for undetermined ideas, do by their authority confirm
and rivet. Locke.
Rivet and nail me where I stand, ye pow'rs. Congreve.
They provoke him to the rage
Of fangs and claws, and, stooping from your horse,
Rivet the panting savage to the ground. Addison's Cato.
A similitude of nature and manners, in such a degree as
we are capable of, must tie the holy knot, and rivet the
friendship between us. Atterbury.

RI’VULET. n. s. [rivulus, Lat.] A small river; a brook; a
streamlet.
By fountain or by shady rivulet,
He fought them. Milton.
The veins, where innumerable little rivulets have their
confluence into the common channel of the blood. Bentley.
I saw the rivulet of Salforata, formerly called Albula, and
smelt the stench that arises from its water, which Martial
mentions. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

RIXDO’LLAR. n. s. A German coin, worth about four shil­
lings and six-pence sterling. Dict.

ROA

ROACH. n. s. [from rutilus, Lat. redhaired.]
A roach is a fish of no great reputation for his dainty taste:
his spawn is accounted much better than any other part of
him: he is accounted the water sheep, for his simplicity and
foolishness; and it is noted, that roaches recover strength, and
grow in a fortnight after spawning. Walton's Angler.
If a gudgeon meet a roach,
He dare not venture to approach;
Yet still he leaps at flies. Swift.

ROAD. n. s. [rade, Fr.]
1. Large way; path.
Would you not think him a madman, who, whilst he
might easily ride on the beaten road way, should trouble him­
self with breaking up of gaps? Suckling.
To God's eternal house direct the way,
A broad and ample road. Milton.
To be indifferent whether we embrace falsehood or truth,
is the great road to error. Locke.
Could stupid atoms, with impetuous speed,
By diff'rent roads and adverse ways proceed,
That here they might rencounter, here unite. Blackmore.
There is but one road by which to climb up. Addison.
2. [Rade, Fr.] Ground where ships may anchor.
I should be still
Peering in maps for ports and roads;
And every object that might make me fear
Misfortune to my ventures. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
About the island are many roads, but only one harbour.
Sandys's Journey.


3. Inrode; incursion.
The Volscians stand
Ready, when time shall prompt them, to make road
Upon's again. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Cason was desirous of the spoil, for that he was, by the
former road into that country, become famous and rich.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
The king of Scotland, seeing none came into Perkin,
turned his enterprize into a road, and wasted Northumber­
land with fire and sword. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. Journey. The word seems, in this sense at least, to be de­
rived from rode, the preterite of ride: as we say, a short ride;
an easy ride.
With easy roads he came to Leicester,
And lodg'd in the abbey. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He from the east his flaming road begins. Milton.

To ROAM. v. n. [romigare, Italian. See ROOM.] To wan­
der without any certain purpose; to ramble; to rove; to play
the vagrant.
Five summers have I spent in farthest Greece,
Roaming clean through the bounds of Asia. Shakesp.
Daphne roaming through a thorny wood. Shakesp.
The lonely fox roams far abroad,
On secret rapine bent, and midnight fraud. Prior.
What were unenlighten'd man,
A savage roaming through the woods, and wild
In quest of prey. Thomson's Summer.

To ROAM. v. a. To range; to wander over.
Now fowls in their clay nests were couch'd,
And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam.
Milton.

ROA’MER. n. s. [from roam.] A rover; a rambler; a wan­
derer.

ROAN. adj. [rouen, French.]
Roan horse is a horse of a bay, sorrel, or black colour,
with grey or white spots interspersed very thick. Farr. Dict.

To ROAR. v. n. [raran, Saxon.]
1. To cry as a lion or other wild beast.
Roaring bulls he would him make to tame. Spenser.
Warwick and Montague,
That in their chains fetter'd the kingly lion,
And made the forest tremble when they roar'd. Shakesp.
Have I not in my time heard lions roar? Shakesp.
The young lions roared upon him and yelled. Jer. ii. 15.
The death of Daphnis woods and hills deplore,
They cast the sound to Libya's desart shore;
The Libyan lions hear, and hearing roar. Dryden.
2. To cry in distress.
At his nurse's tears
He whin'd and roar'd away your victory,
That pages blush'd at him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Sole on the barren sands the suff'ring chief
Roar'd out for anguish, and indulg'd his grief. Dryden.
3. To sound as the wind or sea.
South, East, and West, with mix'd confusion roar,
And rowl the foaming billows to the shore. Dryden.
Loud as the wolves on Orcas' stormy sleep,
Howl to the roaring of the northern deep. Pope.
4. To make a loud noise.
The brazen throat of war had ceas'd to roar. Milton.
Consider what fatigues I've known,
How oft I cross'd where carts and coaches roar'd. Gay.

ROAR. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The cry of the lion or other beast.
2. An outcry of distress.
3. A clamour of merriment.
Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs?
your slashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table
in a roar? Shakesp. Hamlet.
4. The sound of the wind or sea.
5. Any loud noise.
Deep throated engines belch'd, whose roar
Imbowel'd with outrageous noise the air. Milton.
Oft on a plat of rising ground,
I hear the far-off curfew sound,
Over some wide-water'd shoar,
Swinging slow with fullen roar. Milton.
When cannons did diffuse,
Preventing posts, the terror, and the news;
Our neighbour princes trembled at their roar. Waller.
The waters, list'ning to the trumpet's roar,
Obey the summons, and forsake the shore. Dryden.

ROA’RY. adj. [better rory; rores, Lat.] Dewy.
On Lebanon his foot he set,
And shock his wings with roary May dews wet. Fairfax.

To ROAST. v. a. [rostir, rotir, Fr. rosten, German; gerostoth,
Saxon, roasted; from rastrum, Lat. a grate; to roast, being,
in its original sense, to broil on a gridiron.]
1. To dress mear by turning it round before the fire.
He rousteth not that which he took in hunting. D. of Piety.
Roasting and boiling are below the dignity of your office.
Swift's Directions to the Cook.
2. To impart dry heat to flesh.
Here elements have lost their uses,
Air ripens not, nor earth produces;
Fire will not roast, nor water boil. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. To dress at the fire without water.
In eggs boiled and roasted, there is scarce difference to be
discerned. Bacon's Natural History.
4. To heat any thing violently.
Roasted in wrath and fire,
He thus o'ersized with coagulate gore,
Old Priam seeks. Shakespeare.

ROAST, for roasted.
He lost his roast beef stomach, not being able to touch a
firloin. Addison's Spectator, No 517.
And if Dan Congreve judges right,
Roast beef and ale make Britons fight. Prior.
It warns the cook-maid, not to burn
The roast meat, which it cannot turn. Swift's Miscel.

To rule the ROAST. To govern; to manage; to preside. It
was perhaps originally roist, which signified a tumult, to
direct the populace.
The new-made duke, that rules the roast. Shakesp.
Where champions ruleth the rost,
There dailie disorder is most. Tusser's Husbandry.
Alma slap-dash, is all again
In ev'ry sinew, nerve, and vein;
Runs here and there, like Hamlet's ghost,
While every where she rules the roast. Prior.

ROB

ROB. n. s. [I believe Arabick.] Inspissated juices.
The infusion, being evaporated to a thicker consistence,
passeth into a jelly, rob, extract, which contain all the virtues
of the infusion. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To ROB. v. a. [rober, old Fr. robbare, Italian.]
1. To deprive of any thing by unlawful force, or by secret
theft; to plunder. To be robbed, according to the present
use of the word, is to be injured by theft secret or violent;
to rob, is to take away by unlawful violence; and to steal, is
to take away privately.
Is't not enough to break into my garden,
And, like a thief, to come to rob my grounds,
But thou wilt brave me with these sawcy terms? Shakesp.
Our sins being ripe, there was no preventing of God's
justice from reaping that glory in our calamities, which we
robbed him of in our prosperity. King Charles.
I have not here designed to rob him of any part of that
commendation, which he has so justly acquired from the
whole author, whose fragments only fall to my portion. Dry.
The water nymphs lament their empty urns,
Bœotia, robb'd of silver Dirce, mourns. Addison.
2. To set free; to deprive of something bad. Ironical.
Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil,
Did'st rob it of some taste of tediousness. Shakesp.
3. To take away unlawfully.
Better be disdained of all, than fashion a carriage to rob
love from any. Shakesp.
Procure, that the nourishment may not be robbed and
drawn away. Bacon's Natural History,
Nor will I take from any man his due;
But thus assuming all, he robs from you. Dryden.
Oh double sacrilege on things divine,
To rob the relick, and deface the shrine! Dryden.

RO’BBER. n. s. [from rob.] A thief; one that robs by force,
or steals by secret means; a plunderer.
These hairs, which thou dost ravish from my chin,
Will quicken and accuse thee; I'm your host;
With robbers hands, my hospitable favour
You should not ruffle thus. Shakesp. King Lear.
Barabbas was a robber. St. John.
Had'st thou not committed
Notorious murder on those thirty men
At Ascalon; then, like a robber, strip'd'st them
Of their robes. Milton's Agonistes.
The robber must run, ride, and use all the desperate ways
of escape; and probably, after all, his sin betrays him to the
goal, and from thence advances him to the gibbet. South.
Bold Prometheus did aspire,
And stole from heav'n the seeds of fire;
A train of ills; a ghastly crew,
The robber's blazing track pursue. Dryden's Horace.

RO’BBERY. n. s. [roberie, old Fr. from rob.] Theft perpe­
trated by force or with privacy.
Thieves for their robbery have authority,
When judges steal themselves. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
A storm or robbery
Shook down my mellow hangings. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I hate robbery for burnt-offering. Isaiah lxi. 8.
Some more effectual way might be found, for suppressing
common thefts and robberies. Temple.

ROBE. n. s. [robbe, Fr. robba, Italian; rauba, low Lat.] A
gown of state; a dress of dignity.
Through tatter'd cloaths small vices do appear;
Robes and surr'd gowns hide all. Shakesp. King Lear.


My Nan shall be the queen of all fairies,
Finely attir'd in a robe of white. Shakesp.
The last good king, whom willing Rome obey'd,
Was the poor offspring of a captive maid;
Yet he those robes of empire justly bore,
Which Romulus, our sacred founder, wore. Dryden.
How by the finest art the native robe
To weave. Thomson's Autumn.

To ROBE. v. a. [from the noun.] To dress pompously; to
invest.
What christian soldier will not be touched with a religious
emulation, to see an order of Jesus do such service for enlarging
the christian borders; and an order of St. George only to robe,
and feast, and perform rites and observances. Bacon.
There in long robes the royal magi stand;
The sage Chaldæans rob'd in white appear'd,
And Brachmans. Pope's Temple of Fame.
Robed in loose array she came to bathe. Thomson.

RO’BERT. n. s. An herb. Ains.

ROBE’RSMAN. n. s. In the old statutes, a sort of bold and
stout robbers or night thieves, said to be so
called from Robinhood, a famous robber.

>ROBE’RTSMAN. n. s. In the old statutes, a sort of bold and
stout robbers or night thieves, said to be so
called from Robinhood, a famous robber.

RO’BIN. n. s. [rubecula, Lat.] A bird so named
from his red breast.
Up a grove did spring, green as in May,
When April had been moist; upon whose bushes
The pretty robins, nightingales, and thrushes
Warbled their notes. Suckling.
The robin-red-breast, till of late, had rest,
And children sacred held a martin's nest. Pope.

ROBIN-RED-BREAST. n. s. [rubecula, Lat.] A bird so named
from his red breast.
Up a grove did spring, green as in May,
When April had been moist; upon whose bushes
The pretty robins, nightingales, and thrushes
Warbled their notes. Suckling.
The robin-red-breast, till of late, had rest,
And children sacred held a martin's nest. Pope.

ROBO’REOUS. adj. [robur, Lat.] Made of oak. Dict.

ROBU’ST. adj. [robustus, Lat. robuste, Fr.]
1. Strong; sinewy; vigorous; forceful.
These redundant locks,
Robustious to no purpose, clustring down,
Vain monument of strength. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Boisterous; violent; unwieldy.
The men sympathize with the mastiffs, in robustious and
rough coming on. Shakesp. Henry V.
It offends me to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear
a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the
groundlings. Shakesp. Hamlet.
While I was managing this young robustious fellow, that
old spark, who was nothing but skin and bone, slipt through
my fingers. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Romp-loving miss
Is haul'd about in gallantry robust. Thomson's Autumn.
3. Requiring strength.
The tenderness of a sprain remains a good while after, and
leaves a lasting caution in the man, not to put the part quickly
again to any robust employment. Locke.
4. Robustious is now only used in low language, and in a sense
of contempt.

ROBU’STIOUS. adj. [robustus, Lat. robuste, Fr.]
1. Strong; sinewy; vigorous; forceful.
These redundant locks,
Robustious to no purpose, clustring down,
Vain monument of strength. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Boisterous; violent; unwieldy.
The men sympathize with the mastiffs, in robustious and
rough coming on. Shakesp. Henry V.
It offends me to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear
a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the
groundlings. Shakesp. Hamlet.
While I was managing this young robustious fellow, that
old spark, who was nothing but skin and bone, slipt through
my fingers. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Romp-loving miss
Is haul'd about in gallantry robust. Thomson's Autumn.
3. Requiring strength.
The tenderness of a sprain remains a good while after, and
leaves a lasting caution in the man, not to put the part quickly
again to any robust employment. Locke.
4. Robustious is now only used in low language, and in a sense
of contempt.

ROBU’STNESS. n. s. [from robust.] Strength; vigour.
Beef may confer a robustness on my son's limbs, but will
hebetate his intellectuals. Arbuthnot and Pope.

ROC

ROCAMBO’LE. n. s. See GARLICK.
Rocambole is a sort of wild garlick, otherwise called Spanish
garlick: the seed is about the bigness of ordinary pease. Mort.
Garlick, rocambole, and onions abound with a pungent
volatile salt. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ROCHE-ALUM. n. s. [roche, French, a rock.] A purer kind of
alum.
Roche-alum is also good. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RO’CHET. n. s. [rochet, Fr. rochetum, from roccus, low Lat. a
coat.]
1. A surplice; the white upper garment of the priest officiating.
What zealous phrenzy did the senate seize,
That tear the rotchet to such rags as these? Cleaveland.
2. [Rubellio, Lat.] A fish. Ains.

ROCK. n. s. [roc, roche, Fr. rocca, Italian.]
1. A vast mass of stone.
The splitting rocks cow'r'd in the sinking sands,
And would not dash me with their ragged sides. Shakesp.
There be rock herbs; but those are where there is some
mould. Bacon's Natural History.
Distilling some of the tincted liquor, all that came over
was as limpid and colourless as rock water, and the liquour
remaining in the vessel deeply ceruleous. Boyle.
These lesser rocks, or great bulky stones, are they not mani­
fest fragments? Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Of amber a nodule, invested with a coat, called rock
amber. Woodward on Fossils.
Pigeons or doves are of several forts; as wood pigeons and
rock pigeons. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Ye darksome pines, that o'er yon rocks reclin'd,
Wave high, and murmur to the hollow wind. Pope.
2. Protection; defence. A scriptural sense.
Though the reeds of Egypt break under the hand of him
that leans on them, yet the rock of Israel will be an everlast­
ing stay. King Charles.
3. [Rock, Danish; rocca, Italian; rucca, Spanish; spinroch..
Dutch.] A distaff held in the hand, from which the wool
was spun by twirling a ball below.
A learned and a manly soul
I purpos'd her; that should with even powers,
The rock, the spindle, and the sheers, controul
Of destiny, and spin her own free hours. Benj. Johnson.
On the rock a scanty measure place
Of vital flax, and turn'd the wheel apace. Dryden.

To ROCK. v. a. [rocquer, Fr.]
1. To shake; to move backwards and forwards.
If, by a quicker rocking of the engine, the smoke were
more swiftly shaken, it would, like water, vibrate to and
fro. Boyle.
The wind was laid; the whisp'ring sound
Was dumb; a rising earthquake rock'd the ground.
Dryden.
A living tortoise, being turned upon its back, could help
itself only by its neck and head, by pushing against the ground
to rock itself as in a cradle, to find out the side towards which
the inequality of the ground might more easily permit to roll
its shell. Ray on the Creation.
2. To move the cradle, in order to procure sleep.
Come, take hand with me,
And rock the ground whereon these sleepers be. Shakesp.
Leaning her head upon my breast,
My panting heart rock'd her asleep. Suckling.
My bloody resolutions,
Like sick and froward children,
Were rock'd asleep by reason. Denham.
While his secret soul on Flanders preys,
He rocks the cradle of the babe of Spain. Dryden.
High in his hall, rock'd in a chair of state,
The king with his tempestuous council sate. Dryden.
3. To lull; to quiet.
Sleep rock thy brain,
And never come mischance between us twain! Shakesp.

To ROCK. v. n. To be violently agitated; to reel to and
fro.
The rocking town
Supplants their footsteps; to and fro they reel
Astonish'd. Philips.
I like this rocking of the battlements. Young's Revenge.

ROCK-DOE. n. s. A species of deer.
The rock-doe breeds chiefly upon the Alps: a creature of
admirable swiftness; and may probably be that mentioned in
the book of Job: her horns grow sometimes so far backward,
as to reach over her buttocks. Grew's Musæum.

ROCK-RUBY. n. s. A name given improperly by lapidaries and
jewellers to the garnet, when it is of a very strong, but not
deep red, and has a fair cast of the blue. Hill on Fossils.
Rock-ruby is of a deep red, and the hardest of all the kinds.
Woodward on Fossils.

ROCK-SALT. n. s. Mineral salt.
Two pieces of transparent rock-salt; one white, the other
red. Woodward on Fossils.

RO’CKER. n. s. [from rock] One who rocks the cradle.
His fellow, who the narrow bed had kept,
Was weary, and without a rocker slept. Dryden.

RO’CKET. n. s. [rocchetto, Italian.] An artificial firework,
being a cylindrical case of paper filled with nitre, charcoal,
and sulphur, and which mounts in the air to a considerable
height, and there bursts.
Every rocket ended in a constellation, strowing the air with
a shower of silver spangles. Addison.
When bonesires blaze, your vagrant works shall rise
In rockets, till they reach the wond'ring skies. Garth.

RO’CKET. n. s. A plant.
The flower of the rocket consists of four leaves expanded
in form of a cross; the pointal becomes a pod, divided into
two cells by an intermediate partition, to which the valves
adhere on both sides: these cells are full of roundish seeds;
to which may be added, the whole plant hath a peculiar fetid
smell. Miller.
Rocket is one of the sallet furniture. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RO’CKLESS. adj. [from rock.] Being without rocks.
A crystal brook
Is weedless all above, and rockless all below. Dryden.

RO’CKROSE. n. s. [rock and rose.] A plant.

RO’CKWORK. n. s. [rock and work.] Stones fixed in mortar,
in imitation of the asperities of rocks.
The garden is fenced on the lower end, by a natural
mound of rockwork. Addison.

RO’CKY. adj. [from rock.]
1. Full of rocks.
Val de Compare presenteth her rocky mountains. Sandys.
Make the bold prince
Through the cold north and rocky regions run. Waller.
The vallies he restrains
With rocky mountains. Dryden.
Nature lodges her treasures in rocky ground. Locke.


2. Resembling a rock.
Such destruction to withstand, he oppos'd the rocky orb
Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield. Milton.
3. Hard; stony; obdurate.
I, like a poor bark, of sails and tackling rest,
Rush all to pieces on thy rocky bosom. Shakesp. Rich. III.

ROD. n. s. [roede, Dutch.]
1. A long twig.
Some chuse a hazel rod of the same year's shoot, and this
they bind on to another straight stick of any wood, and walk­
ing softly over those places, where they suspect the bowels of
the earth to be enriched with metals, the wand will, by bow­
ing towards it, discover it. Boyle.
2. A kind of scepter.
Sh' had all the royal makings of a queen;
As holy oil, Edward confessor's crown,
The rod and bird of peace. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. Any thing long and slender.
The past'ral reed of Hermes, or his opiate rod. Milton.
Let the fisherman
Increase his tackle, and his rod retie. Gay.
Haste, ye Cyclops, with your forked rods,
This rebel love braves all the gods,
And every hour by love is made,
Some heaven-defying Encelade. Granville.
4. An instrument for measuring.
Decempeda was a measuring rod for taking the dimensions
of buildings, and signified the same thing as pertica, taken as
a measure of length. Arbuthnot on Coins.
5. An instrument of correction, made of twigs tied together.
If he be but once so taken idly roguing, he may punish him
with stocks; but if he be found again so loitering, he may
scourge him with whips or rods. Spenser on Ireland.
I am whipt and scourg'd with rods,
Nettled, and stung with pismires, when I hear
Of Bolingbroke. Shakesp. Henry IV.
In this condition the rod of God hath a voice to be heard,
and he, whose office it is, ought now to expound to the sick
man the particular meaning of the voice. Hammond.
Grant me and my people the benefit of thy chastisements;
that thy rod, as well as thy staff, may comfort us. K. Charles.
They trembling learn to throw the fatal dart,
And under rods of rough centurions smart. Dryden.
As soon as that sentence is executed, these rods, these in­
struments of divine displeasure, are thrown into the fire. Att.
A wit's a feather, and a chief a rod;
An honest man's the noblest work of God. Pope.

RODE. pret. of ride.
He in paternal glory rode. Milton.

RODOMONTA’DE. n. s. [from a boastful boisterous hero of
Ariosto, called Rodomonte; rodomontade, Fr.] An empty noisy
bluster or boast; a rant.
He only serves to be sport for his company; for in these
gamesome days men will give him hints, which may put him
upon his rodomontades. Government of the Tongue.
The libertines of painting have no other model but a rodo­
montade genius, and very irregular, which violently hurries
them away. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
He talks extravagantly in his passion, but if I would quote
a hundred passages in Ben Johnson's Cethegus, I could shew
that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational
nor impostible, for Cethegus threatens to destroy nature. Dry.

To RODOMONTA’DE. v. n. [from the noun.] To brag thra­
sonically; to boast like Rodomonte.

ROE. n. s. [ra, ra-deor, Saxon.]
1. A species of deer.
He would him make
The roe bucks in flight to overtake. Fairy Queen.
They were as swift as the roes upon the mountains. 1 Chr.
Procure me a Troglodyte footman, who can catch a roe at
his full speed? Arbuthnot and Pope.
2. The female of the hart.
Thy greyhounds are fleeter than the roe. Shakesp.
Run like a roe or hart upon
The lofty hills of Bitheron. Sandys's Paraphrase.

ROE. n. s. [properly roan or rone; rann, Danish: rogen, Ger­
man.] The eggs of fish.
Here comes Romeo
Without his roe, like a dried herring. Shakesp.

ROG

ROGA’TION. n. s. [rogation, Fr. from rogo, Lat.] Litany;
supplication.
He perfecteth the rogations or litanies before in use, and ad­
deth unto them that which the present necessity required. Hook.
Supplications, with this solemnity for appeasing of God's
wrath, were of the Greek church termed litanies, and ro­
gations of the Latin. Taylor.

ROGATION-WEEK. n. s. The week immediately preceeding
Whitsunday; thus called from three fasts observed therein,
the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, called rogation
days, because of the extraordinary prayers and processions
then made for the fruits of the earth, or as a preparation for
the devotion of holy Thursday. Dict.

ROGUE. n. s. [of uncertain etymology.]
1. A wandering beggar; a vagrant; a vagabond.
For fear lest we, like rogues, should be reputed,
And for ear-marked beasts abroad be bruited. Hubberd.
The sheriff and the marshal may do the more good, and
more terrify the idle rogue. Spenser on Ireland.
The scum of people and wicked condemned men spoileth
the plantation; for they will ever live like rogues, and not
fall to work, but be lazy and do mischief. Bacon's Essays.
The troops are all scattered, and the commanders very
poor rogues. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
2. A knave; a dishonest fellow; a villain; a thief.
Thou kill'st me like a rogue and a villain. Shakesp.
A rogue upon the highway may have as strong an arm, and
take off a man's head as cleverly as the executioner; but
then there is a vast disparity, when one action is murther,
and the other justice. South.
If he call rogue and rascal from the garret,
He means you no more mischief than a parrot. Dryden.
The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise,
And ev'n the best, by fits, what they despise. Pope.
3. A name of slight tenderness and endearment.
Oh, what a rogue and pleasant slave am I! Shakesp.
I never knew a woman love man so.
—Alas, poor rogue, I think indeed she loves. Shakesp:
4. A wag.

To ROGUE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To wander; to play the vagabond.
If he be but once so taken idly roguing, he may punish him
with the stocks. Spenser on Ireland.
He rogued away at last, and was lost. Carew.
2. To play knavish tricks.

RO’GUERY. n. s. [from rogue.]
1. The life of a vagabond.
To live in one land is captivity,
To run all countries a wild roguery. Donne.
2. Knavish tricks.
They will afterwards hardly be drawn to their wonted
lewd life in thievery and roguery. Spenser on Ireland.
You rogue, here's lime in this sack too; there is nothing
but roguery to be found in villainous man. Shakesp.
Like the devil did tempt and sway 'em
To rogueries, and then betray 'em. Hudibras, p. i.
The kid smelt out the roguery. L'Estrange's Fables.
'Tis no scandal grown,
For debt and roguery to quit the town. Dryden.
The roguery of alchymy,
And we, the bubbled fools,
Spend all our present stock in hopes of golden rules. Swift.
3. Waggery; arch tricks.

RO’GUESHIP. n. s. [from rogue.] The qualities or personage
of a rogue.
Say, in what nasty cellar under ground,
Or what church porch, your rogueship may be found? Dry.

RO’GUISH. adj. [from rogue.]
1. Vagrant; vagabond.
Though the persons, by whom it is used, be of better note
than the former roguish sort; yet the fault is no less worthy of
a marshal. Spenser.
2. Knavish; fraudulent.
He gets a thousand thumps and kicks,
Yet cannot leave his roguish tricks. Swift's Miscellanies.
3. Waggish; wanton; slightly mischievous.
The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish
cast; her cheeks are dimpled when she smiles, and her smiles
would tempt an hermit. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
I am pleased to see my tenants pass away a whole evening
in playing their innocent tricks; our friend Wimble is as
merry as any of them, and shews a thousand roguish tricks on
these occasions. Addison's Spectator, No 269.
Timothy used to be playing roguish tricks; when his mi­
stress's back was turned, he would loll out his tongue. Arb.

RO’GUISHLY. adv. [from roguish.] Like a rogue; knavishly;
wantonly.

RO’GUISHNESS. n. s. [from roguish.] The qualities of a rogue.

RO’GUY. adj. [from rogue.] Knavish; wanton. A bad
word.
A shepherd's boy had gotten a roguy trick of crying a wolf,
and fooling the country with false alarms. L'Estrange.

ROI

To ROIST. v. n. [of this word the most probable ety­
mology is from rister, Islandick, a violent
man.]

To ROI’STER. v. n. [of this word the most probable ety­
mology is from rister, Islandick, a violent
man.]
To behave turbulently; to act at discretion; to be at free
quarter; to bluster.
I have a raisting challenge sent amongst
The dull and factious nobles of the Greeks,
Will strike amazement to their drowsy spirits. Shakesp.
Among a crew of roist'ring fellows,
He'd sit whole ev'nings at the alehouse. Swift.

ROI’STER, or roisterer. n. s. [from the verb.] A turbulent,
brutal, lawless, blustering fellow.



ROL

To ROLL. v. a. [rouler, Fr. rollen, Dutch; from rotulo, of
roto, Lat.]
1. To move any thing by volutation, or successive application
of the different parts of the surface, to the ground.
Who shall roll us away the stone from the door of the se­
pulchre? Mark xvii. 3.
2. To move any thing round upon its axis.
Heav'n shone and roll'd her motions. Milton.
3. To move in a circle.
To dress, and troll the tongue, and roll the eye. Milton.
4. To produce a periodical revolution.
5. To wrap round upon itself.
6. To enwrap; to involve in bandage.
By this rolling, parts are kept from joining together. Wisem.
7. To form by rolling into round masses.
Grind red-lead, or any other colour with strong wort, and
so roll them up into long rolls like pencils. Peacham.
The pin ought to be as thick as a rolling pin. Wiseman.
8. To pour in stream or waves.
A small Euphrates through the piece is roll'd,
And little eagles wave their wings in gold. Pope.

To ROLL. v. n.
1. To be moved by the successive application of all parts of the
surface to the ground.
Our nation is too great to be ruined by any but itself; and
if the number and weight of it roll one way upon the greatest
changes that can happen, yet England will be safe. Temple.
Reports, like snow-balls, gather still the farther they roll.
Government of the Tongue.
Fire must rend the sky,
And wheel on th' earth, devouring where it rolls. Milton.
A tortoise, by pushing against the ground only with its
neck and head, rocks itself as in a cradle, to find out the side
towards which the inequality of the ground might more easily
permit it to roll its shell. Ray on the Creation.
2. To run on wheels.
He next essays to walk, but downward press'd,
On four feet imitates his brother beast;
By slow degrees he gathers from the ground
His legs, and to the rolling chair is bound. Dryden.
3. To perform a periodical revolution.
Thus the year rolls within itself again. Dryden.
When thirty rolling years have run their race. Dryden.
4. To move with appearance of circular direction.
Thou, light,
Revisit'st not these eyes, which roll in vain,
To find the piercing ray, and find no dawn. Milton.
A boar is chaf'd, his nostrils flames expire,
And his red eye-balls roll with living fire. Dryden.
5. To float in rough water.
Twice ten tempestuous nights I roll'd, resign'd
To roaring billows and the warring wind. Pope.
6. To move as waves or volumes of water.
Wave rolling after wave in torrent rapture. Milton.
Till the huge surge roll'd off, then backward sweep
The refluent tides, and plunge into the deep. Pope.
Tempt icy seas, where scarce the waters roll. Pope.
Storms beat, and rolls the main;
Oh beat those storms, and roll the seas in vain. Pope.
7. To fluctuate; to move tumultuously.
Here tell me, if thou dar'st, my conscious soul,
What diff'rent sorrows did within thee roll. Prior.
The thoughts, which roll within my ravish'd breast,
To me, no seer, th'inspiring gods suggest. Pope.
In her sad breast the prince's fortunes roll,
And hope and doubt alternate seize her soul. Pope.
8. To revolve on its axis.
He fashion'd those harmonious orbs, that roll
In restless gyres about the Artick pole. Sandys's Paraph.
9. To be moved tumultuously.
Down they fell
By thousands, angel on archangel roll'd. Milton.

ROLL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of rolling; the state of being rolled.
2. The thing rolling.
Listening senates hang upon thy tongue,
Devolving through the maze of eloquence
A roll of periods, sweeter than her song. Thomson.
3. [Rouleau, Fr.] Mass made round.
Large rolls of fat about his shoulders clung,
And from his neck the double dewlap hung. Addison.
To keep ants from trees, encompass the stem four fingers
breadth with a circle or roll of wool newly plucked. Mort.
4. Writing rolled upon itself.
His chamber all was hanged about with rolls
And old records, from antient times deriv'd. Fa. Queen.
5. A round body rolled along.
Where land is clotty, and a shower of rain comes that
soaks through, use a roll to break the clots. Mortimer.
6. [Rotulus, Lat.] Publick writing.
Cromwell is made master
O'th' rolls and the king's secretary. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Darius made a decree, and search was made in the house
of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up. Ezra vi. 1.
The rolls of parliament, the entry of the petitions, an­
swers, and transactions in parliament are extant. Hale.
7. A register; a catalogue.
Beasts only cannot discern beauty; and let them be in the
roll of beasts, that do not honour it. Sidney.
The roll and list of that army doth remain. Davies.
Of that short roll of friends writ in my heart,
There's none, that sometimes greet us not. Donne.
These signs have mark'd me extraordinary,
And all the courses of my life do shew,
I am not in the roll of common men. Shakesp. Henry IV.
'Tis a mathematical demonstration, that these twenty-four
letters admit of so many changes in their order, and make such
a long roll of differently ranged alphabets, not two of which are
alike; that they could not all be exhausted, though a million
millions of writers should each write above a thousand alpha­
bets a-day, for the space of a million millions of years. Bentl.
8. Chronicle.
Please thy pride, and search the herald's roll,
Where thou shalt find thy famous pedigree. Dryden.
Busy angels spread
The lasting roll, recording what we said. Prior.
The eye of time beholds no name
So blest as thine, in all the rolls of fame. Pope.
9. Warrant. Not in use.
We have, with special roll,
Elected him our absence to supply. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
10. [Role, Fr.] Part; office. Not in use.
In human society, every man has his roll and station as­
signed him. L'Estrange.

RO’LLER. n. s. [rouleau, Fr. from roll.]
1. Any thing turning on its own axis, as a heavy stone to level
walks.
When a man tumbles a roller down a hill, the man is the
violent enforcer of the first motion; but when it is once
tumbling, the property of the thing itself continues it. Hamm.
The long slender worms, that breed between the skin and
flesh in the isle of Ormuz and in India, are generally twisted
out upon sticks or rollers. Ray on the Creation.
They make the string of the pole horizontal towards the
lathe, conveying and guiding the string from the pole to the
work, by throwing it over a roller. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
Lady Charlotte, like a stroller,
Sits mounted on the garden roller. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. Bandage; fillet.
Fasten not your roller by tying a knot, lest you hurt your
patient. Wiseman's Surgery.
Bandage being chiefly to maintain the due situation of a
dressing, surgeons always turn a roller with that view. Sharp.

RO’LLINGPIN. n. s. [rolling and pin.] A round piece of wood
tapering at each end, with which paste is moulded.
The pin should be as thick as a rollingpin. Wiseman.

ROLLYPOOLY. n. s. A sort of game, in which, when a ball
rolls into a certain place, it wins. A corruption of roll ball
into the pool.
Let us begin some diversion; what d'ye think of roulypouly
or a country dance? Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

ROM

RO’MAGE. n. s. [ramage, Fr.] A tumult; a bustle; an active
and tumultuous search for any thing.
This is the main motive
Of this post haste, and romage in the land. Shakesp.

ROMA’NCE. n. s. [roman, Fr. romanza, Italian.]
1. A military fable of the middle ages; a tale of wild adven­
tures in war and love.
What resounds
In fable or romance of Uther's son. Milton.
A brave romance who would exactly frame,
First brings his knight from some immortal dame. Waller.
Some romances entertain the genius; and strengthen it by
the noble ideas which they give of things; but they corrupt
the truth of history. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. A lie; a fiction. In common speech.

To ROMA’NCE. v. n. [from the noun.] To lie; to forge.
This is strange romancing. Pamela.

ROMA’NCER. n. s. [from romance.] A lier; a forger of tales.
The allusion of the daw extends to all impostors, vain
pretenders, and romancers. L'Estrange.
Shall we, cries one, permit
This leud romancer, and his bantering wit. Tate's Juven.

To RO’MANIZE. v. a. [from roman, Fr.] To latinize; to fill
with modes of the Roman speech.
He did too much romanize our tongue, leaving the words,
he translated, almost as much Latin as he found them. Dryd.

ROMA’NTICK. adj. [from romance.]
1. Resembling the tales of romances; wild.
Philosophers have maintained opinions, more absurd than
any of the most fabulous poets or romantick writers. Keil.
Zeal for the good of one's country a party of men have re­
presented, as chimerical and romantick. Addison.
2. Improbable; false.
3. Fanciful; full of wild scenery.
The dun umbrage, o'er the falling stream,
Romantick hangs. Thomson's Spring.



RO’MISH. adj. [from Rome.] Popish.
Bulls or letters of election only serve in the Romish coun­
tries. Ayliffe's Parergon.

ROMP. n. s.
1. A rude, awkward, boisterous, untaught girl.
She was in the due mean between one of your affected
courtesying pieces of formality, and your remps that have no
regard to the common rules of civility. Arbuthnot.
2. Rough rude play.
Romp loving miss
Is haul'd about in gallantry robust. Thomson.

To ROMP. v. n. To play rudely, noisily, and boisterously.
In the kitchen, as in your proper element, you can laugh,
squall, and romp in full security. Swift's Rules to Servants.
A stool is the first weapon taken up in a general romping or
skirmish. Swift's Rules to Servants.
Men presume greatly on the liberties taken in remping.
Clarissa.

RO’NDEAU. n. s. A kind of ancient poetry, commonly con­
sisting of thirteen verses; of which eight have one rhyme and
five another: it is divided into three couplets, and at the end
of the second and third, the beginning of the rondeau is re­
peated in an equivocal sense, if possible. Trevoux.

RONT. n. s. An animal stinted in the growth.
My ragged ronts all shiver and shake,
As done high towers in an earthquake;
They wont in the wind, wag their wriggle tails,
Peark as a peacock, but nought it avails. Spenser.

RO’NDLES. n. s. [from round.] A round mass.
Certain rondles given in arms, have their names according
to their several colours. Peacham on Blazoning.

RO’NION. n. s. [I know not the etymology, nor certainly the
meaning of this word.] A sat bulky woman.
Give me, quoth I,
Aroint the witch! the rump fed ronyon cries. Shakesp.

ROO

ROOD. n. s. [from rod.]
1. The fourth part of an acre in square measure.
I've often wish'd that I had clear,
For life, six hundred pounds a year,
A terras-walk, and half a rood
Of land, set out to plant a wood. Swift.
2. A pole; a measure of sixteen feet and a half in long mea­
sure.
Satan,
With head uplift 'bove the wave, his other parts
Prone on the flood, extended long and large,
Lay floating many a rood. Milton.
For stone fences in the North, they dig the stones for
eighteen-pence a rood, and make the walls for the same price,
reckoning twenty-one foot to the rood or pole. Mortimer.
3. [rode, Saxon.] The cross.
By the holy rood,
I do not like these several councils. Shakesp.

ROOF. n. s. [hrof, Saxon.]
1. The cover of a house.
Her shoulders be like two white doves,
Perching within square royal rooves. Sidney.
Return to her, and fifty men dismiss'd?
No, rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse
To wage against the enmity o' th' air. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. The vault; the inside of the arch that covers a building.
From the magnanimity of the Jews, in causes of most ex­
treme hazard, those strange and unwonted resolutions have
grown, which, for all circumstances, no people under the
roof of heaven did ever match. Hooker.
The dust
Should have ascended to the roof of heav'n,
Rais'd by your populous troops. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
In thy fane, the dusty spoils among,
High on the burnish'd roof, my banner shall be hung.
Dryden.
3. The palate; the upper part of the mouth.
Swearing till my very roof was dry
With oaths of love. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
My very lips might freeze to my teeth, my tongue to the
roof of my mouth, ere I should come by a fire to thaw me.
Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The nobles held their peace, and their tongue cleaved to
the roof of their mouth. Job xxix. 10.
Some fishes have rows of teeth in the roofs of their mouths;
as pikes, salmons; and trouts. Bacon's Natural History.

To ROOF. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with a roof.
He enter'd soon the shade
High rooft, and walks beneath, and alleys brown. Milton.
Large foundations may be safely laid;
Or houses roof'd, if friendly planets aid. Creech.
I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings, that
have not been roofed with vaults or arches. Addison.
2. To inclose in a house.
Here had we now our country's honour roof'd,
Were the grac'd person of our Banquo present. Shakesp.

ROO’FY. adj. [from roof.] Having roofs.
Snakes,
Whether to roofy houses they repair,
Or sun themselves abroad in open air,
In all abodes of pestilential kind
To sheep. Dryden's Georgicks.

ROOK. n. s. [hroc, Saxon.]
1. A bird resembling a crow: it seeds not on carrion, but grain.
Augurs, that understood relations, have,
By magpies, and by choughs, and rooks, brought forth
The secret'st man of blood. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Huge flocks of rising rooks forsake their food,
And crying seek the shelter of the wood. Dryden.
The jay, the rook, the daw
Aid the full concert. Thomson's Spring.
2. [Rocco, Italian.] A mean man at chess.
So have I seen a king on chess,
His rooks and knights withdrawn,
His queen and bishops in distress,
Shifting about grow less and less,
With here and there a pawn. Dryden's Songs.
3. A cheat; a trickish rapacious fellow.
I am, like an old rook, who is ruined by gaming, forced to
live on the good fortune of the pushing young men. Wycherly.

To ROOK. v. n. [from the noun] To rob; to cheat.
They rook'd upon us with design,
To out-reform and undermine. Hudibras, p. iii.
How any one's being put into a mixed herd of unruly boys,
and there learning to rook at span-farthing, fits him for con­
versation, I do not see. Locke on Education.

ROO’KERY. n. s. [from rook.] A nursery of rooks.
No lone house in Wales, with a mountain and a rookery,
is more contemplative than this court. Pope.

ROO’KY. adj. [from rook.] Inhabited by rooks.
Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to th' rooky wood. Shakesp. Macbeth.

ROOM. n. s. [rum, Saxon; rums, Gothick.]
1. Space; extent of place.
With new wonder, now he views,
To all delight of human sense expos'd
In narrow room, nature's whole wealth. Milton.
2. Space or place unoccupied.
If you will have a young man to put his travels into a little
room, and in short time gather much, this he must do. Bac.
The dry land is much too big for its inhabitants; and that
before they shall want room by encreasing and multiplying,
there may be new heavens and a new earth. Bentley.
3. Way unobstructed.
Make room, and let him stand before our face. Shakesp.
What train of servants, what extent of field,
Shall aid the birth, or give him room to build? Creech.
This paternal regal power, being by divine right, leaves
no room for human prudence to place it any where. Locke.
4. Place of another; stead.
In evils, that cannot be removed without the manifest
danger of greater to succeed in their rooms, wisdom of neces­
sity must give place to necessity. Hooker, b. v. s. 9.
For better ends our kind redeemer dy'd,
Or the fallen angels rooms will be but ill supply'd. Rosc.
By contributing to the contentment of other men, and
rendering them as happy as lies in our power, we do God's
work, are in his place and room. Calamy's Sermons.
5. Unobstructed opportunity.
When this princess was in her father's court, she was so
celebrated, that there was no prince in the empire, who had
room for such an alliance, that was not ambitious of gaining
her into his family. Addison's Freeholder, No 2.
It puts us upon so eager a pursuit of the advantages of life,
as leaves no room to reflect on the great author of them. Att.
Will you not look with pity on me?
Is there no hope? is there no room for pardon? A. Philips.
6. An apartment in a house; so much of a house as is inclosed
within partitions.
I found the prince in the next room,
Washing with kindly tears his gentle cheeks. Shakesp.
If when she appears in th' room,
Thou dost not quake, and art struck dumb;
Know this,
Thou lov'st amiss;
And to love true,
Thou must begin again, and love anew. Suckling.
In a prince's court, the only question a man is to ask is,
whether it be the custom of the court, or will of the prince,
to be uncovered in some rooms and not in others. Stillingfleet.
It will afford me a few pleasant rooms, for such a friend as
yourself. Pope.

ROOMAGE. n. s. [from room.] Space; place.
Man, of all sensible creatures, has the fullest brain to his
proportion, for the lodging of the intellective faculties: it
must be a silent character of hope, when there is good store of
roomage and receipt, where those powers are stowed. Wotton.

ROO’MINESS. n. s. [from roomy.] Space; quantity of extent.



ROO’MY. adj. [from room.] Spacious; wide; large.
With roomy decks, her guns of mighty strength,
Deep in her draught, and warlike in her length. Dryden.
This sort of number is more roomy; the thought can turn
itself with greater ease in a larger compass. Dryden.

ROOST. n. s. [hrost, Saxon.]
1. That on which a bird sits to sleep.
Sooner than the mattin-bell was rung,
He clap'd his wings upon his roost, and sung. Dryden.
2. The act of sleeping.
A fox spied out a cock at roost upon a tree. L'Estrange.
Large and strong muscles move the wings, and support the
body at roost. Derham's Physico Theology.

To ROOST. v. n. [roesten, Dutch; of the same etymology with
rest.]
1. To sleep as a bird.
The cock roosted at night upon the boughs. L'Estrange.
2. To lodge. In burlesque.

ROOT. n. s. [rôt, Swedish; roed, Danish.]
1. That part of the plant which rests in the ground, and sup­
plies the stems with nourishment.
The layers will in a month strike root, being planted in a
light loamy earth, mixed with excellent rotten soil, and sifted.
Evelyn's Kalendar.
When you would have many new roots of fruit trees, take
a low tree and bow it, and lay all his branches aflat upon the
ground, and cast earth upon them, and every twig will take
root. Bacon's Natural History.
A flow'r in meadow ground, amellus call'd;
And from one root the rising stem bestows
A wood of leaves. Dryden's Virgil's Georgicks.
In October, the hops will settle and strike root against
spring. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. The bottom; the lower part.
Deep to the roots of hell the gather'd breach
They fasten'd. Milton.
These subterraneous vaults would be found especially about
the roots of the mountains. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. A plant of which the root is esculent.
Those plants, whose roots are eaten, are carrots, turnips,
and radishes. Watts.
4. The original; the first cause.
Why did my parents send me to the schools,
That I with knowledge might enrich my mind?
Since the desire to know first made men fools,
And did corrupt the root of all mankind. Davies.
Whence,
But from the author of all ill, could spring
So deep a malice, to confound the race
Of mankind in one root. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ii.
The love of money is the root of all evil, is a truth uni­
versally agreed in. Temple.
5. The first ancestor.
It was said,
That myself should be the root, and father
Of many kings. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They were the roots, out of which sprang two distinct
people, under two distinct governments. Locke.
6. Fixed residence.
That love took deepest root, which first did grow. Dry.
7. Impression; durable effect.
Having this way eased the church, as they thought of su­
perfluity, they went on till they had plucked up even those
things also, which had taken a great deal stronger and deeper
root. Hooker, b. iv. s. 14.

To ROOT. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To fix the root; to strike far into the earth.
Her fallow leas
The darnel, hemlock and rank fumitory
Doth root upon. Shakesp. Henry V.
Underneath the grove of sycamour,
That westward rooteth, did I see your son. Shakesp.
The multiplying brood of the ungodly shall not take deep
rooting from bastard slips, nor lay any fast foundation. Wisd.
After a year's rooting, then shaking doth the tree good, by
loosening of the earth. Bacon.
The coulter must be proportioned to the soil, because, in
deep grounds, the weeds root the deeper. Mortimer.
2. To turn up earth.

To ROOT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fix deep in the earth.
When ocean, air, and earth at once engage,
And rooted forests fly before their rage,
At once the clashing clouds to battle move. Dryden.
Where th' impetuous torrent rushing down
Huge craggy stones, and rooted trees had thrown,
They left their coursers. Dryden's æneis.
2. To impress deeply.
The great important end that God designs it for, the go­
vernment of mankind, sufficiently shews the necessity of its
being rooted deeply in the heart, and put beyond the danger of
being torn up by any ordinary violence. South.
They have so rooted themselves in the opinions of their
party, that they cannot hear an objection with patience. Watts.
3. To turn up out of the ground; to radicate; to extirpate.
He's a rank weed,
And we must root him out. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Soon shall we drive back Alcibiades,
Who, like a boar too savage, doth root up
His country's peace. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
The Egyptians think it sin to root up or to bite
Their leeks or onions, which they serve with holy rite.
Raleigh's History of the World.
Root up wild olives from thy labour'd lands. Dryden.
The royal husbandman appear'd,
And plough'd, and sow'd, and till'd;
The thorns he rooted out, the rubbish clear'd,
And blest th' obedient field. Dryden.
4. To destroy; to banish.
Not to destroy, but root them out of heav'n. Milton.
In vain we plant, we build, our stores increase,
If conscience roots up all our inward peace. Granvilic.

ROO’TED. adj. [from root.] Fixed; deep; radical.
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow,
Raze out the written troubles of the brain. Shakesp.
The danger is great to them, who, on a weaker foun­
dation, do yet stand firmly rooted, and grounded in the love
of Christ. Hammond's Fundamentals.
You always joined a violent desire of perpetually changing
places with a rooted leziness. Swift to Gay.

ROO’TEDLY. adv. [from rooted.] Deeply; strongly.
They all do hate him as rootedly as I. Shakesp.

ROO’TY. adj. [from root.] Full of roots. Dict.

ROPE. n. s. [rap, Saxon; reep, roop, Dutch.]
1. A cord; a string; a halter.
Thou drunken slave, I sent thee for a rope,
And told thee to what purpose. Shakesp. Com. of Err.
An anchor, let down by a rope, maketh a sound; and yet
the rope is no solid body, whereby the sound can ascend. Bac.
Who would not guess there might be hopes,
The fear of gallowses and ropes
Before their eyes, might reconcile
Their animosities a while. Hudibras.
I cannot but confess myself mightily surprized, that, in a
book, which was to provide chains for all mankind, I should
find nothing but a rope of sand. Locke.
Hang yourself up in a true rope, that there may appear no
trick in it. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. Any row of things depending: as, a rope of onions.

To ROPE. v. n. [from the noun.] To draw out into viscosities;
to concrete into glutinous filaments.
Such bodies partly follow the touch of another body, and
partly stick to themselves: and therefore rope and draw them­
selves in threads; as pitch, glue and birdlime. Bacon.
In this close vessel place the earth accurs'd,
But fill'd brimsul with wholesome water first,
Then run it through, the drops will rope around. Dryden.

RO’PEDANCER. n. s. [rope and dancer.] An artist who dances
on a rope.
Salvian, amongst other publick shews, mentions the Pe­
taminarii; probably derived from the Greek pet?sa?, which
signifies to fly, and may refer to such kind of ropedancers.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Statius, posted on the highest of the two summits, the
people regarded with the same terror, as they look upon a da­
ring ropedancer, whom they expect to fall every moment.
Addison's Guardian.
Nic bounced up with a spring equal to that of one of your
nimblest tumblers or ropedancers, and fell foul upon John Bull,
to snatch the cudgel he had in his hand. Arbuthnot.

RO’PINESS. n. s. [from ropy.] Viscosity; glutinousness.

RO’PEMAKER, or roper. n. s. [rope and maker.] One who
makes ropes to sell.
The ropemaker bear me witness,
That I was sent for nothing but a rope. Shakespeare.

RO’PERY. n. s. [from rope.] Rogue's tricks. See ROPE­
trick.
What saucy merchant was this, that was so full of his
ropery. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

RO’PETRICK. n. s. [rope and trick.] Probably rogue's tricks;
tricks that deserve the halter.
She may perhaps call him half a score knaves, or so: an
he begin once, he'll rail in his ropetricks. Shakespeare.

RO’PY. adj. [from rope.] Viscous; tenacious; glutinous.
Ask for what price thy venal tongue was sold;
Tough, wither'd truffles, ropy wine, a dish
Of shotten herrings, or stale stinking fish. Dryden's Juv.
Take care
Thy muddy bev'rage to serene, and drive
Precipitant the baser ropy lees. Philips.

RO’QUELAURE. n. s. [French.] A cloak for men.
Within the roquelaure's clasp thy hands are pent. Gay.

ROR

RORA’TION. n. s. [roris, Latin.] A falling of dew. Dict.



RO’RID. n. s. [roridus, Lat.] Dewy.
A vehicle conveys it through less accessible cavities into the
liver, from thence into the veins, and so in a rorid substance
through the capillary cavities. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RORI’FEROUS. adj. [ros and fero, Lat.] Producing dew. Dict.

RORI’FLUENT. adj. [ros and fluo, Lat.] Flowing with dew. Dict.

RO’SARY. n. s. [rosarium, Lat.] A bunch of beads, on which
the Romanists number their prayers.
No rosary this votress needs,
Her very syllables are beads. Cleaveland.
Every day propound to yourself a rosary or a chaplet of
good works, to present to God at night. Taylor.

ROS

RO’SCID. adj. [roscidus, Lat.] Dewy; abounding with dew;
consisting of dew.
Wine is to be forborn in consumptions, for the spirits of
wine prey upon the roscid juice of the body. Bacon.
The ends of rainbows fall more upon one kind of earth
than upon another; for that earth is most roscid. Bacon.

ROSE. n. s. [rose, Fr. rosa, Lat.] A flower.
The flower of the rose is composed of several leaves, which
are placed circularly, and expand in a beautiful order, whose
leafy flower-cup afterward becomes a roundish or oblong fleshy
fruit inclosing several angular hairy seeds; to which may be
added, it is a weak pithy shrub, for the most part beset with
prickles, and hath pinnated leaves: the species are, 1. The
wild briar, dog rose, or hep-tree. 2. Wild briar or dog rose,
with large prickly heps. 3. The greater English apple-bear­
ing rose. 4. The dwarf wild Burnet-leaved rose. 5. The
dwarf wild Burnet-leaved rose, with variegated leaves.
6. The striped Scotch rose. 7. The sweet briar or eglantine.
8. Sweet briar, with a double flower. All the other sorts of
roses are originally of foreign growth, but are hardy enough
to endure the cold of our climate in the open air, and pro­
duce beautiful and fragrant slowers. Miller.
Make use of thy salt hours, season the slaves
For tubs and baths, bring down the rose cheek'd youth
To th' tub fast and the diet. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Patience thou young and rose lipp'd cherubin. Shakesp.
Let us crown ourselves with rose buds, before they be wi­
thered. Wisdom ii. 8.
This way of procuring autumnal roses will, in most rose
bushes, fail; but, in some good bearers, it will succeed.
Boyle.
Here without thorn the rose. Milton.
For her th' unfading rose of Eden blooms. Pope.

To speak under the ROSE. To speak any thing with safety, so as
not afterwards to be discovered.
By desiring a secrecy to words spoke under the rose, we
mean, in society and compotation, from the ancient custom in
symposiack meetings, to wear chaplets of roses about their
heads. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ROSE. pret. of rise.
Eve rose and went forth 'mong her flow'rs. Milton.

RO’SEATE. adj. [rosat, Fr. from rose.]
1. Rosy; full of roses.
I come, ye ghosts! prepare your roseate bow'rs,
Celestial palms and ever blooming flow'rs. Pope.
2. Blooming, fragrant, purple, as a rose.

RO’SED. adj. [from the noun.] crimsoned; flushed.
Can you blame her, being a maid ret rosed over with the
virgin crimson of modesty, if she deny the appearance of a
naked blind boy. Shakesp. Henry V.

ROSE-MALLOW. n. s. Is in every respect larger than the com­
mon mallow; the leaves are rougher, and the plant grows
almost shrubby. Miller.

RO’SEMARY. n. s. [rosmarinus, Lat.] Is a verticillate plant,
with a labiated flower, consisting of one leaf, whose upper
lip or crest is cut into two parts, and turns up backward with
crooked stamina or chives; but the under lip or beard is di­
vided into three parts, the middle segment being hollow like
a spoon; out of the two or three-teethed flower-cup rises the
pointal, attended, as it were, by four embryoes, which after­
ward turn to so many seeds that are roundish, and are in­
closed in the flower-cup. Miller.
Bedlam beggars, with roaring voices,
Strike in their numb'd and mortify'd bare arms
Pins, wooden pricks, nails, sprigs of rosemary;
And with this horrible object, from low farms,
Inforce their charity. Shakesp. King Lear.
Around their cell
Set rows of rosemary with flowering stem. Dryden.
Rosemary is small, but a very odoriferous shrub; the princi­
pal use of it is to perfume chambers, and in decoctions for
washing. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The neighbours
Follow'd with wistful look the damsel bier,
Sprigg'd rosemary the lads and lasses bore. Gay.

ROSE-NOBLE. n. s. An English gold coin, in value anciently
sixteen shillings. Dict.
The succeeding kings coined rose-nobles and double rose­
nobles, the great sovereigns with the same inscription, Jesus
autem transiens per medium eorum ibat. Camden's Remains.

RO’SEWATER. n. s. [rose and water.] Water distilled from
roses.
Attend him with a silver bason
Full of rosewater. Shakesp.
His drink should be cooling; as fountain water with rose­
water and sugar of roses. Wiseman's Surgery.

RO’SET. n. s. [from rose.] A red colour for painters.
Grind ceruss with a weak water of gum-lake, roset, and
vermillion, which maketh it a fair carnation. Peacham.

RO’SIER. n. s. [rosier, Fr.] A rosebush.
Her yellow golden hair
Was trimly woven, and in tresses wrought,
Ne other tire she on her head did wear,
But crowned with a garland of sweet rosier. Fairy Queen.

RO’SIN. n. s. [properly resin; resine, Fr. resina, Lat.]
1. Inspissated turpentine; a juice of the pine.
The billows from the kindling prow retire,
Pitch, rosin, searwood on red wings aspire. Garth.
2. Any inspissated matter of vegetables that dissolves in spirit.
Tea contains little of a volatile spirit; its rosin or fixed oil,
which is bitter and astringent, cannot be extracted but by
rectified spirit. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To RO’SIN. v. a. [from the noun.] To rub with rosin.
Bouzebeus who could sweetly sing,
Or with the rosin'd bow torment the string. Gay.

RO’SINY. adj. [from rosin.] Resembling rosin. The example
should perhaps be rosely. See ROSSEL.
The best soil is that upon a sandy gravel or rosiny sand. Temp.

RO’SSEL. n. s.
A true rossel or light land, whether white or black, is what
they are usually planted in. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RO’SSELLY. adj. [from rossel.]
In Essex, moory land is thought to be the most proper:
that which I have observed to be the best soil is a rossely top,
and a brick earthy bottom. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RO’STRATED. adj. [rostratus, Lat.] Adorned with beaks of
ships.
He brought to Italy an hundred and ten rostrated gallies of
the fleet of Mithridates. Arbuthnot.

RO’STRUM. n. s. [Latin.]
1. The beak of a bird.
2. The beak of a ship.
3. The scaffold whence orators harangued.
Vespasian erected a column in Rome, upon whose top was
the prow of a ship, in Latin rostrum, which gave name to
the common pleading place in Rome, where orations were
made, being built of the prows of those ships of Antium,
which the Romans overthrew. Peacham on Drawing.
Myself shall mount the rostrum in his favour,
And strive to gain his pardon from the people. Addison.
4. The pipe which conveys the distilling liquor into its receiver
in the common alembicks; also a crooked scissars, which the
surgeons use in some cases for the dilatation of wounds. Quin.

RO’SY. adj. [roseus, Lat.] Resembling a rose in bloom, beau­
ty, colour, or fragrance.
When the rosy fing'red morning fair,
Weary of aged Tithon's saffron bed,
Had spred her purple robe through dewy air. Fa. Queen.
A smile that glow'd
Cœlestial rosy red, love's proper hue. Milton.
Fairest blossom! do not slight
That age, which you may know so soon;
The rosy morn resigns her light,
And milder glory to the noon. Waller.
The rosy finger'd morn appears,
And from her mantle shakes her tears,
In promise of a glorious day. Dryden's Albion.
As Thessalian steeds the race adorn,
So rosy colour'd Helen is the pride
Of Lacedemon, and of Greece beside. Dryden.
While blooming youth and gay delight
Sit on thy rosy cheeks confest,
Thou hast, my dear, undoubted right
To triumph o'er this destin'd breast. Prior.

ROT

To ROT. v. n. [rotan, Saxon; rotten, Dutch.] To putrify;
to lose the cohesion of its parts.
A man may rot even here. Shakesp:
From hour to hour we ripe and ripe,
And then from hour to hour we rot and rot. Shakesp.
Being more nearly exposed to the air and weather, the bo­
dies of the animals would suddenly corrupt and rot; the bones
would likewise all rot in time, except those which were se­
cured by the extraordinary strength of their parts. Woodward.

To ROT. v. a. To make putrid; to bring to corruption.
No wood shone that was cut down alive, but such as was
rotted in stock and root while it grew. Bacon.
Frowning Auster seeks the southern sphere,
And rots, with endless rain, th' unwholsome year. Dryder.

ROT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A distemper among sheep, in which their lungs are wasted.
In an unlucky grange, the sheep died of the rot, the swine
of the mange, and not a goose or duckling throve. B. Johns.


The cattle must of rot and murrain die. Milton.
The wool of Ireland suffers under no defect, the country
being generally full stocked with sheep, and the soil little sub­
ject to other rots than of hunger. Temple.
2. Putrefaction; putrid decay.
Brandy scarce prevents the sudden rot
Of freezing nose, and quick decaying seet. Philips.

RO’TARY. adj. [rota, Latin.] Whirling as a wheel. Dict.

RO’TATED. adj. [rotatus, Lat.] Whirled round.

ROTA’TION. n. s. [rotation, Fr. rotatio, Lat.] The act of
whirling round like a wheel; the state of being so whirled
round; whirl.
Of this kind is some disposition of bodies to rotation from
East to West; as the main float and refloat of the sea, by
consent of the universe as part of the diurnal motion. Bacon.
By a kind of circulation or rotation, arts have their suc­
cessive invention, perfection, and traduction from one people
to another. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
The axle-trees of chariots take fire by the rapid rotation of
the wheels. Newton's Opticks.
In the passions wild rotation tost,
Our spring of action to ourselves is lost. Pope.
In fond rotation spread the spotted wing,
And shiver every feather with desire. Thomson.

ROTA’TOR. n. s. [Latin.] That which gives a circular mo­
tion.
This articulation is strengthened by strong muscles; on the
inside by the triceps and the four little rotators. Wiseman.

ROTE. n. s. [rot, Saxon, merry.]
1. [Rote, old Fr.] A harp; a lyre. Obsolete.
Wele couthe he sing, and playen on a rote. Chaucer.
Worthy of great Phœbus' rote,
The triumphs of Phlegrean Jove he wrote,
That all the gods admir'd his lofty note. Spenser.
2. [Routine, Fr.] Words uttered by mere memory without
meaning; memory of words without comprehension of the
sense.
First rehearse this song by rote,
To each word a warbling note. Shakesp.
Thy loved did read by rote, and could not spell. Shakesp.
He rather saith it by rote to himself, than that he can
throughly believe it. Bacon's Essays.
All which he understood by rote,
And as occasion serv'd would quote. Hudibras, p. i.
Learn Aristotle's rules by rote,
And at all hazard's boldly quote. Swift's Miscel.

To ROTE. v. a. [from the noun.] To fix in the memory,
without informing the understanding.
Speak to the people
Words roted in your tongue; bastards and syllables
Of no allowance to your bosom's truth. Shakesp.

RO’TGUT. n. s. [rot and gut.] Bad beer.
They overwhelm their panch daily with a kind of flat rot­
gut, we with a bitter dreggish small liquor. Harvey.

ROTHER-NAILS. n. s. [a corruption of rudder.] Among ship­
wrights, nails with very full heads used for fastening the rudder
irons of ships. Bailey.

RO’TTEN. adj. [from rot.]
1. Putrid; carious; putrescent.
Trust not to rotten planks. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Prosperity begins to mellow,
And drop into the rotten mouth of death. Shakesp.
O bliss-breeding sun, draw from the earth
Rotten humidity; below thy sister's orb
Infect the air. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
There is by invitation or excitation; as when a rotten apple
lieth close to another apple that is sound; or when dung,
which is already putrefied, is added to other bodies. Bacon.
Who brass as rotten wood; and steel no more
Regards than reeds. Sandys's Paraphrase.
It groweth by a dead stub of a tree, and about the roots of
rotten trees, and takes his juice from wood putrefied. Bacon.
They serewood from the rotten hedges took,
And seeds of latent fire from flints provoke. Dryden.
2. Not firm; not trusty.
Hence, rotten thing, or I shall shake thy bones
Out of thy garments. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
3. Not sound; not hard.
You common cry of curs whose breath I hate,
As reek o' th' rotten fens. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
They were left moiled with dirt and mire, by reason of the
deepness of the rotten way. Knolles's History of the Turks.

RO’TTENNESS. n. s. [from rotten.] State of being rotten;
cariousness; putrefaction.
Diseas'd ventures,
That play with all infirmities for gold,
Which rottenness lends nature! Shakesp. Cymbeline.
If the matter stink and be oily, it is a certain sign of a
rottenness. Wiseman's Surgery.

ROTU’ND. adj. [rotonde, Fr. rotundus, Lat.] Round; circu­
lar; spherical.
The cross figure of the christian temples is more proper
for spacious buildings than the rotund of the heathen; the eye
is much better filled at first entering the rotund, but such as
are built in the form of a cross gives us a greater variety. Add.

ROTU’NDIFOLIOUS. adj. [rotundus and folium, Lat.] Having
round leaves.

ROTU’NDITY. n. s. [rotunditas, Lat. rotondité, Fr. from rotund.]
Roundness; sphericity; circularity.
Thou all-shaking thunder,
Strike flat the thick rotundity o' th' world. Shakesp.
With the rotundity common to the atoms of all fluids, there
is some difference in bulk, else all fluids would be alike in
weight. Grew.
Rotundity is an emblem of eternity, that has neither be­
ginning nor end. Addison on Ancient Medals.
Who would part with these solid blessings, for the little
fantastical pleasantness of a smooth convexity and rotundity of
a globe. Bentley's Sermons.

ROTU’NDO. n. s. [rotondo, Italian.] A building formed round both
in the inside and outside; such as the pantheon at Rome. Trev.

To ROVE. v. n. [roffver, Danish, to range for plunder.] To
ramble; to range; to wander.
Thou'st years upon thee, and thou art too full
Of the wars surfeits, to go rove with one
That's yet unbruis'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Faultless thou dropt from his unerring skill,
With the bare power to sin, since free of will;
Yet charge not with thy guilt his bounteous love,
For who has power to walk, has power to rove. Arbuth.
If we indulge the frequent rise and roving of passions, we
thereby procure an unattentive habit. Watts.
I view'd th' effects of that disastrous flame,
Which kindled by th' imperious queen of love,
Constrain'd me from my native realm to rove. Pope.

To ROVE. v. a. To wander over.
Roving the field, I chanc'd
A goodly tree far distant to behold,
Loaden with fruit of fairest colours. Milton's Par. Lost.
Cloacina as the town she rov'd,
A mortal scavenger she saw, she lov'd. Gay.

RO’VER. n. s. [from rove.]
1. A wanderer; a ranger.
2. A fickle inconstant man.
3. A robber; a pirate.
This is the case of rovers by land, as some cantons in
Arabia. Bacon's Holy War.
4. At ROVERS. Without any particular aim.
Nature shoots not at rovers: even inanimates, though they
know not their perfection, yet are they not carried on by a
blind unguided impetus; but that, which directs them,
knows it. Glanvill's Sceps.
Providence never shoots at rovers: there is an arrow that
flies by night as well as by day, and God is the person that
shoots it. South's Sermons.
Men of great reading show their talents on the meanest
subjects; this is a kind of shooting at rovers. Addison.

ROU

ROUGE. n. s. [rouge, Fr.] Red paint.

ROUGH. adj. [hruh, hruhge, Saxon; rouw, Dutch.]
1. Not smooth; rugged; having inequalities on the surface.
The fiend
O'er bog or steep, through strait, rough, dense, or rare,
Pursues his way. Milton.
Were the mountains taken all away, the remaining parts
would be more unequal than the roughest sea; whereas the
face of the earth should resemble that of the calmest sea, if
still in the form of its first mass. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Austere to the taste: as, rough wine.
3. Harsh to the ear.
Most by the numbers judge a poet's song,
And smooth or rough with them is right or wrong. Pope.
4. Rugged of temper; inelegant of manners; not soft;
coarse; not civil; severe; not mild; rude.
A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough,
A wolf; nay worse, a fellow all in buff. Shakesp.
Strait with a band of soldiers tall and rough
On him he seizes. Cowley's Davideis.
5. Not gentle; not proceeding by easy operation.
He gave not the king time to prosecute that gracious me­
thod, but forced him to a quicker and rougher remedy. Clar.
Hippocrates seldom mentions the doses of his medicines,
which is somewhat surprizing, because his purgatives are ge­
nerally very rough and strong. Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. Harsh to the mind; severe.
Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness,
which rough and imperious usage often produces in generous
minds. Locke.
7. Hard featured; not delicate,
A ropy chain of rheums, a visage rough,
Deform'd, unfeatur'd, and a skin of buff. Dryden.
8. Not polished; not finished by art: as, a rough diamond.
9. Terrible; dreadful.
Before the cloudy van,
On the rough edge of battle ere it join'd,
Satan advanc'd. Milton.


10. Rugged; disordered in appearance; coarse.
Rough from the tossing surge Ulysses moves,
Urg'd on by want, and recent from the storms,
The brackish ooze his manly grace deforms. Pope.
11. Tempestuous; stormy; boisterous.
Come what come may,
Time and the hour run through the roughest day. Shakesp.

To ROU’GHCAST. v. a. [rough and cast.]
1. To mould without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities
and inequalities.
Nor bodily, nor ghostly negro could
Roughcast thy figure in a sadder mould. Cleaveland.
2. To form any thing in its first rudiments.
In merriment they were first practised, and this roughcast
unhewn poetry was instead of stage plays for one hundred and
twenty years. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

ROU’GHCAST. n. s. [rough and cast.]
1. A rude model; a form in its rudiments.
The whole piece seems rather a loose model and roughcast
of what I design to do, than a compleat work. Digby.
2. A kind of plaister mixed with pebbles, or by some other
cause very uneven on the surface.
Some man must present a wall; and let him have some
plaster, lome, or roughcast about him to signify wall. Shakesp.

ROU’GHDRAUGHT. n. s. [rough and draught.] A draught in
its rudiments.
My elder brothers came
Roughdraughts of nature, ill design'd and lame,
Blown off, like blossoms, never made to bear;
'Till I came finish'd, her last labour'd care. Dryden.

To ROU’GHDRAW. v. a. [rough and draw.] To trace coarsely.
His victories we scarce could keep in view,
Or polish 'em so fast, as he roughdrew. Dryden.

To ROU’GHEN. v. a. [from rough.] To make rough.
Such difference there is in tongues, that the same figure,
which roughens one, gives majesty to another; and that was
it which Virgil studied in his verses. Dryden's Ded. to æneis.
Ah! where must needy poet seek for aid,
When dust and rain at once his coat invade!
His only coat; when dust confus'd with rain,
Roughens the nap, and leaves a mingled stain. Swift.

To ROU’GHEN. u. n. To grow rough.
The broken landskip
Ascending roughens into rigid hills. Thomson's Spring.

To ROUGHHEW’. v. a. [rough and hew.] To give to any
thing the first appearance of form.
There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
Roughhew them how we will. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The whole world, without art and dress,
Would be but one great wilderness,
And mankind but a savage herd,
For all that nature has conferr'd:
This does but roughhew and design,
Leaves art to polish and refine. Hudibras, p. iii.

ROU’GHHEWN. paticip. adj.
1. Rugged; unpolished; uncivil; unrefined.
A roughhewn seaman, being brought before a justice for
some misdemeanour, was by him ordered away to prison; and
would not stir; saying, it was better to stand where he was,
than go to a worse place. Bacon's Apophthegms.
2. Not yet nicely finished.
I hope to obtain a candid construction of this roughhewn
ill-timber'd discourse. Howel's Vocal Forest.

ROU’GHLY. adv. [from rough.]
1. With uneven surface; with asperities on the surface.
2. Harshly; uncivilly; rudely.
Ne Mammon would there let him long remain,
For terror of the torments manifold,
In which the damned souls he did behold,
But roughly him bespake. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Rebuk'd, and roughly sent to prison,
Th' immediate heir of England! was this easy? Shakesp.
3. Severely; without tenderness.
Some friends of vice pretend,
That I the tricks of youth too roughly blame. Dryden.
4. Austerely to the taste
5. Boisterously; tempestuously.
6. Harshly to the ear.

ROU’GHNESS. n. s. [from rough.]
1. Superficial asperity; unevenness of surface.
The little roughnesses or other inequalities of the leather
against the cavity of the cylinder, now and then put a stop to
the descent or ascent of the sucker. Boyle.
While the steep horrid roughness of the wood
Strives with the gentle calmness of the flood. Denham.
When the diamond is not only found, but the roughness
smoothed, cut into a form, and set in gold, then we cannot
but acknowledge, that it is the perfect work of art and
nature. Dryden.
Such a persuasion as this well fixed, will smooth all the
roughness of the way that leads to happiness, and render all
the conflicts with our lusts pleasing. Atterbury.
2. Austereness to the taste.
Divers plants contain a grateful sharpness, as lemons; or
an austere and inconcocted roughness, as sloes. Brown.
3. Taste of astringency.
A tobacco-pipe broke in my mouth, and the spitting out
the pieces left such a delicious roughness on my tongue, that
I champed up the remaining part. Spectator.
4. Harshness to the ear.
In the roughness of the numbers and cadences of this play,
which was so designed, you will see somewhat more masterly
than in any of my former tragedies. Dryden.
The Swedes, Danes, Germans, and Dutch attain to the
pronunciation of our words with ease, because our syllables
resemble theirs in roughness and frequency of consonants. Sw.
5. Ruggedness of temper; coarseness of manners; tendency to
rudeness; coarseness of behaviour and address.
Roughness is a needless cause of discontent; severity breedeth
fear; but roughness breedeth hate: even reproofs from autho­
rity ought to be grave and not taunting. Bacon.
When our minds eyes are disengag'd,
They quicken sloth, perplexities unty,
Make roughness smooth, and hardness mollify. Denham.
Roughness of temper is apt to discountenance the timorous
or modest. Addison.
6. Absence of delicacy.
Should feasting and balls once get among the cantons, their
military roughness would be quickly lost, their tempers would
grow too soft for their climate. Addison.
7. Severity; violence of discipline.
8. Violence of operation in medicines.
9. Unpolished or unfinished state.
10. Inelegance of dress or appearance.
11. Tempestuousness; storminess.
12. Coarseness of features.

ROUGHT. old pret. of reach. [commonly written by Spenser
raught.] Reached.
The moon was a month old, when Adam was no more,
And rought not to five weeks, when he came to fivescore.
Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.

To ROU’GHWORK. v. a. [rough and work.] To work eoarsely
over without the least nicety.
Thus you must continue, till you have roughwrought all
your work from end to end. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.

ROU’NCEVAL. n. s. [from Rouncesval, a town at the foot of
the Pirenees.] See PEA, of which it is a species.
Dig garden,
And set as a daintie thy runcival pease. Tusser.

ROUND. adj. [rond, French; rondo, Italian; rund, Dutch;
rotundus, Latin.]
1. Cylindrical.
Hollow engines long and round thick ram'd. Milton.
2. Circular.
His pond'rous shield large and round behind him. Milton.
3. Spherical; orbicular.
The outside bare of this round world. Milton.
4. [Rotundo ore, Lat.] Smooth; without defect in sound.
In his satyrs Horace is quick, round, and pleasant, and as
nothing so bitter, so not so good as Juvenal. Peacham.
5. Not broken.
Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than a
fraction. Arbuthnot on Coins.
6. Large; not inconsiderable.
Three thousand ducats! 'tis a good round sum. Shakesp.
They set a round price upon your head. Addison.
It is not easy to foresee what a round sum of money may do
among a people, who have tamely suffered the Franche compté
to be seized on. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
She called for a round sum out of the privy purse. Hooke.
7. Plain; clear; fair; candid; open.
Round dealing is the honour of man's nature; and a mix­
ture of falsehood is like allay in gold and silver, which may
make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. Bacon.
8. Quick; brisk.
Painting is a long pilgrimage; if we do not actually begin
the journey, and travel at a round rate, we shall never arrive
at the end of it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Sir Roger heard them upon a round trot; and after pau­
sing, told them, that much might be said on both sides. Addis.
9. Plain; free without delicacy or reserve; almost rough.
Let his queen mother all alone intreat him,
To shew his griefs; let her be round with him. Shakesp.
The kings interposed in a round and princely manner; not
only by way of request and persuasion, but also by way of
protestation and menace. Bacon.

ROUND. n. s.
1. A circle; a sphere; an orb.
Hie thee hither,
That I may pour my spirits in thine ear,
And chastise with the valour of my tongue
All that impedes thee from the golden round,
Which fate and metaphysick aid doth seem
To have crown'd thee withal. Shakesp. Macbeth.


I'll charm the air to give a sound,
While you perform your antick round. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Three or four we'll dress like urchins,
With rounds of waxen tapers on their heads,
And rattles in their hands. Shakesp. Mer. Wives of Winds.
What is this,
That rises like the issue of a king,
And wears upon his baby brow the round
And top of sovereignty? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Hirsute roots are a middle sort, between the bulbous and
fibrous; that, besides the putting forth sap upwards and
downwards, putteth forth in round. Bacon.
What if the sun
Be centre to the world; and other stars,
By his attractive virtue and their own
Incited, dance about him various rounds. Milton.
Knit your hands, and beat the ground
In a light fantastick round. Milton.
He did foretel and prophesy of him,
Who to his realms that azure round hath join'd. Denham.
They meet, they wheel, they throw their darts afar;
Then in a round the mingled bodies run,
Flying they follow, and pursuing shun. Dryden.
How shall I then begin, or where conclude,
To draw a fame so truly circular?
For, in a round, what order can be shew'd,
Where all the parts so equal perfect are? Dryden.
The mouth of Vesuvio has four hundred yards in diame­
ter; for it seems a perfect round. Addison.
This image on the medal plac'd,
With its bright round of titles grac'd,
And stampt on British coins shall live. Addison.
2. Rundle; step of a ladder.
When he once attains the upmost round,
He then unto the ladder turns his back,
Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees
By which he did ascend. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Many are kick'd down ere they have climbed the two or
three first rounds of the ladder. Government of the Tongue.
All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise;
The lowest hid in earth, the topmost in the skies. Dryden.
This is the last stage of human perfection, the utmost round
of the ladder whereby we ascend to heaven. Norris.
3. The time in which any thing has passed through all hands,
and comes back to the first: hence applied to a carousal.
A gentle round fill'd to the brink,
To this and t' other friend I drink. Suckling.
Women to cards may be compar'd; we play
A round or two, when us'd, we throw away. Granville.
The feast was serv'd; the bowl was crown'd;
To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior.
4. A revolution; a course ending at the point where it began.
We, that are of parer fire,
Imitate the starry quire,
Who, in their mighty watchful spheres,
Lead in swift rounds the months and years. Milton.
If nothing will please people, unless they be greater than
nature intended, what can they expect, but the ass's round of
vexatious changes. L'Estrange.
How then to drag a wretched life beneath
An endless round of still returning woes,
And all the gnawing pangs of vain remorse?
What torment's this? Smith.
Till by one countless sum of woes opprest,
Hoary with cares, and ignorant of rest,
We find the vital springs relax'd and worn;
Compell'd our common impotence to mourn,
Thus through the round of age, to childhood we return.
Prior.
5. [Ronde, Fr.] A walk performed by a guard or officer, to
survey a certain district.

ROUND. adv.
1. Every way; on all sides.
The terror of God was upon the cities round about. Gen.
All sounds whatsoever move round; that is, on all sides,
upwards, downwards, forwards, and backwards. Bacon.
In darkness and with dangers compass'd round. Milton.
2. [En rond, à la ronde, Fr.] In a revolution.
At the best 'tis but cunning; and if he can in his own
fancy raise that to the opinion of true wisdom, he comes
round to practise his deceits upon himself. Gov. of the Tong.
Some preachers, prepared only upon two or three points,
run the same round from one end of the year to another. Add.
3. Circularly.
One foot he center'd, and the other turn'd
Round through the vast profundity obscure. Milton.
4. Not in a direct line.
If merely to come in, Sir, they go out;
The way they take is strangely round about. Pope.

ROUND. prep.
1. On every side of.
To officiate light round this opacous earth. Milton.
2. About; circularly about.
He led the hero round
The confines of the blest Elysian ground. Dryden.
3. All over.
Round the world we roam,
Forc'd from our pleasing fields and native home. Dryden.

To ROUND. v. a. [rotundo, Lat. from the noun.]
1. To surround; to encircle.
Would that th' inclusive verge
Of golden metal, that must round my brow,
Were redhot steel to fear me to the brain. Shakesp.
We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep. Shakesp. Tempest.
This distemper'd messenger of wet,
The many coloured Iris, rounds thine eyes. Shakesp.
The vilest cockle gaping on the coast,
That rounds the ample sea. Prior.
2. To make spherical or circular.
Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls,
are bred chiefly under logs of timber. Bacon.
When silver has been lessened in any piece carrying the
publick stamp, by clipping, washing, or rounding, the laws
have declared it not to be lawful money. Locke.
With the cleaving-knife and mawl split the stuff into a
square piece near the size, and with the draw-knife round off
the edges to make it fit for the lathe. Moxon.
Can any one tell, how the sun, planets, and satellites were
rounded into their particular spheroidical orbs. Cheyne.
3. To raise to a relief.
The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded
to a very great perfection. Addison on Ancient Medals.
4. To move about any thing.
To those beyond the polar circle, day
Had unbenighted shone, while the low sun,
To recompense his distance, in your sight
Had rounded still th' horizon, and not known
Or East or West. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. x.
5. To mould into smoothness.
These accomplishments, applied in the pulpit, appear by
a quaint, terse, florid stile rounded into periods and cadencies,
without propriety or meaning. Swift's Miscellanies.

To ROUND. v. n.
1. To grow round in form.
The queen, your mother, rounds apace; we shall
Present our services to a fine new prince. Shakesp.
2. [Runen, German; whence Chaucer writes it better roun.]
To whisper.
Being come to the supping place, one of Kalander's ser­
vants rounded in his ear; at which he retired. Sidney.
France,
Whom zeal and charity brought to the field
As God's own soldier, rounded in the ear,
With that same purpose changes. Shakesp.
They're here with me already; whispering, rounding,
Sicilia is a so forth; 'tis far gone. Shakesp.
Cicero was at dinner, where an ancient lady said she was
but forty: one that sat by rounded him in the ear, she is far
more out of the question: Cicero answered, I must believe
her, for I heard her say so any time these ten years. Bacon.
The fox rounds the new elect in the ear, with a piece of
secret service that he could do him. L'Estrange.
3. To go rounds.
They keep watch, or nightly rounding walk. Milton.

ROU’NDABOUT. adj. [This word is used as an adjective, though
it is only an adverb united to a substantive by a colloquial
license of language, which ought not to have been admitted
into books.]
1. Ample; extensive.
Those sincerely follow reason, but for want of having large,
sound, roundabout sense, have not a full view of all that re­
lates to the question. Locke on Understanding.
2. Indirect; loose.
Paraphrase is a roundabout way of translating, invented to
help the barrenness, which translators, overlooking in them­
selves, have apprehended in our tongue. Felton.

ROU’NDEL. n. s. 
1. [Rondelet, French.] A kind of ancient poetry, which
commonly consists of thirteen verses, of which eight
are of one kind of rhyme and five of another: it is di­
vided into three couplets; and at the end of the second and
third, the beginning of the roundel is repeated in an equivocal
sense, if possible. Trevoux.
Siker, sike a roundle never heard I none,
Little lacketh Perigot of the best,
And Willie is not greatly over-gone,
So weren his under-songs well addrest. Spenser's Past.
To hear thy rimes and roundelays,
Which thou wert wont in wastful hills to sing,
I more delight than lark in summer days,
Whose echo made the neighb'ring groves to ring. Spenser.
Come now a rounded and a fairy song. Shakesp.
They list'ning heard him, while he search'd the grove,
And loudly sung his roundelay of love,
But on the sudden stop'd. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
2. [Rondelle, Fr.] A round form or figure.
The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, and their
strongest ships walling in the rest, made a flying march to
Calais. Bacon.
The muses and graces made festivals; the fawns, satyrs,
and nymphs did dance their roundelays. Howel.

ROU’NDELAY. n. s. 
1. [Rondelet, French.] A kind of ancient poetry, which
commonly consists of thirteen verses, of which eight
are of one kind of rhyme and five of another: it is di­
vided into three couplets; and at the end of the second and
third, the beginning of the roundel is repeated in an equivocal
sense, if possible. Trevoux.
Siker, sike a roundle never heard I none,
Little lacketh Perigot of the best,
And Willie is not greatly over-gone,
So weren his under-songs well addrest. Spenser's Past.
To hear thy rimes and roundelays,
Which thou wert wont in wastful hills to sing,
I more delight than lark in summer days,
Whose echo made the neighb'ring groves to ring. Spenser.


Come now a rounded and a fairy song. Shakesp.
They list'ning heard him, while he search'd the grove,
And loudly sung his roundelay of love,
But on the sudden stop'd. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
2. [Rondelle, Fr.] A round form or figure.
The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, and their
strongest ships walling in the rest, made a flying march to
Calais. Bacon.
The muses and graces made festivals; the fawns, satyrs,
and nymphs did dance their roundelays. Howel.

ROU’NDER. n. s. [from round.] Circumference; inclosure.
If you fondly pass our proffer'd offer,
'Tis not the rounder of your old fac'd walls
Can hide you from our messengers of war. Shakesp.

ROU’NDHEAD. n. s. [round and head.] A puritan, so named
from the practice once prevalent among them of cropping
their hair round.
Your petitioner always kept hospitality, and drank confu­
sion to the roundheads. Spectator, No 629.

ROU’NDHOUSE. n. s. [round and house.] The constable's pri­
son, in which disorderly persons, found in the street, are
confined.
They march'd to some fam'd roundhouse. Pope.

ROU’NDISH. adj. [from round.] Somewhat round; approach­
ing to roundness.
It is not every small crack that can make such a receiver
as is of a roundish figure, useless to our experiment. Boyle.

ROU’NDLY. adv. [from round.]
1. In a round form; in a round manner.
2. Openly; plainly; without reserve.
Injoin gainsayers, giving them roundly to understand,
that where our duty is submission, weak oppositions betoken
pride. Hooker, b. v. s. 8.
You'll prove a jolly surly groom,
That take it on you at the first so roundly. Shakesp.
Mr. de Mortier roundly said, that to cut off all contentions
of words, he would propose two means for peace. Hayward.
From a world of phœnomena, there is a principle that
acts out of wisdom and counsel, as was abundantly evidenced,
and as roundly acknowledged. More's Divine Dialogues.
He affirms every thing roundly, without any art, rheto­
rick, or circumlocution. Addison's Count Tariff.
3. Briskly; with speed.
When the mind has brought itself to attention, it will be
able to cope with difficulties, and master them, and then it
may go on roundly. Locke.
4. Completely; to the purpose; vigorously; in earnest.
I was called any thing, and I would have done any thing,
indeed too, and roundly too. Shakesp. Henry IV.
This lord justice caused the earl of Kildare to be arrested,
and cancelled such charters as were lately resumed, and pro­
ceeded every way so roundly and severely, as the nobility did
much distaste him. Davies on Ireland.

ROU’NDNESS. n. s. [from round.]
1. Circularity; sphericity; cylindrical form.
The same reason is of the roundness of the bubble; for the
air within avoideth discontinuance, and therefore casteth it­
self into a round figure. Bacon's Natural History.
Bracelets of pearl gave roundness to her arm,
And ev'ry gem augmented ev'ry charm. Prior.
Roundness is the primary essential mode or difference of a
bowl. Watts's Logick.
2. Smoothness.
The whole period and compass of this speech was delight­
some for the roundness, and grave for the strangeness. Spenser.
3. Honesty; openness; vigorous measures.

To ROUSE. v. a. [of the same class of words with raise and
rise.]
1. To wake from rest.
At once the crowd arose, confus'd and high;
For Mars was early up, and rous'd the sky. Dryden.
Rev'rent I touch thee! but with honest zeal,
To rouse the watchmen of the publick weal,
To virtue's work provoke the tardy hall;
And goad the prelate slumb'ring in his stall. Pope.
2. To excite to thought or action.
The Dane and Swede, rouz'd up by fierce alarms,
Bless the wise conduct of her pious arms;
Soon as her fleets appear, their terrors cease,
And all the northern world lies hush'd in peace. Addison.
I'll thunder in their ears their country's cause,
And try to rouse up all that's Roman in them. Addis. Cato.
The heat, with which Luther treated his adversaries, though
strained too far, was extremely well fitted by the providence
of God to rouse up a people, the most phlegmatick of any
in Christendom. Atterbury.
They would be very much roused and awakened by such a
sight; but they would not however be convinced. Atterbury.
3. To put into action.
As an eagle, seeing prey appear,
His airy plumes doth rouse full rudely dight;
So shaked he, that horror was to hear. Fairy Queen.
Blust'ring winds had rous'd the sea. Milton.
4. To drive a beast from his laire.
The blood more stirs,
To rouze a lion, or to start a hare. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old
lion; who shall rouse him up? Genesis xlix. 9.
Th' unexpected sound
Of dogs and men his wakeful ear does wound;
Rous'd with the noise, he scarce believes his ear,
Willing to think th' illusions of his fear
Had giv'n this false alarm. Denham.
Now Cancer glows with Phœbus' fiery car,
The youth rush eager to the sylvan war;
Swarm o'er the lawns, the forest-walks surround,
Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the op'ning hound. Pope.

To ROUSE. v. n.
1. To awake from flumber.
Men, sleeping found by whom they dread,
Rouse and bestir themselves ere well awake. Milton.
Richard, who now was half asleep,
Rous'd; nor would longer silence keep. Prior.
Melancholy lifts her head;
Morpheus rouses from his bed. Pope's St. Cecilia.
2. To be excited to thought or action.
Good things of day begin to droop and drowze,
While night's black agents to their prey do rowze. Shakesp.

ROUSE. n. s. [rusch, German, half drunk.] A dose of liquor
rather too large.
They have given me a rouse already.
—Not past a pint as I am a soldier. Shakesp. Othello.
No jocund health that Denmark drinks to-day,
But the great cannon to the clouds shall tell;
And the king's rouse shall bruit it back again,
Respeaking earthly thunder. Shakesp.

ROU’SER. n. s. [from rouse.] One who rouses.

ROUT. n. s. [rot, Dutch.]
1. A clamorous multitude; a rabble; a tumultuous croud.
Besides the endless routs of wretched thralls,
Which thither were assembled day by day
From all the world. Fairy Queen, b. i.
A rout of people there assembled were,
Of every sort and nation under sky,
Which with great uproar preased to draw near
To th' upper part. Spenser.
If that rebellion
Came like itself in base and abject routs,
Led on by bloody youth, goaded with rage,
And countenanced by boys and beggary,
You, reverend father, then had not been there. Shakesp.
Farmers were to forfeit their holds in case of unlawful re­
tainer, or partaking in routs and unlawful assemblies. Bacon.
Such a tacit league is against such routs and showls, as have
utterly degenerated from the laws of nature. Bacon.
Nor do I name of men the common rout,
That wandring loose about,
Grow up and perish, as the summer fly. Milton's Agonistes.
The mad ungovernable rout,
Full of confusion and the fumes of wine,
Lov'd such variety and antick tricks. Roscommon.
Harley spies
The doctor fasten'd by the eyes
At Charing-cross among the rout,
Where painted monsters are hung out. Swift.
2. [Route, Fr.] Confusion of an army defeated or dispersed.
Thy army,
As if they could not stand when thou wer't down,
Dispers'd in rout, betook them all to fly. Daniel.
Their mightiest quell'd, the battle swerv'd,
With many an inrode gor'd; deformed rout
Enter'd, and foul disorder. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.

To ROUT. v. a. To dissipate and put into confusion by defeat.
The next way to end the wars with him, and to rout him
quite, should be to keep him from invading of those countries
adjoining. Spenser on Ireland.
That party of the king's horse, that charged the Scots,
so totally routed and defeated their whole army, that they
fled. Clarendon, b. viii.

To ROUT. v. n. To assemble in clamorous and tumultuous
crouds.
The meaner sort routed together, and suddenly assailing the
earl in his house, slew him. Bacon's Henry VII.

ROUTE. n. s. [route, Fr.] Road; way.
Wide through the fuzzy field their route they take,
Their bleeding bosoms force the thorny brake. Gay.

ROW

ROW. n. s. [reih, German.] A rank or file; a number of
things ranged in a line.
Lips never part, but that they show
Of precious pearl the double row. Sidney, b. ii.
After them all dancing on a row,
The comely virgins came with garlands dight,
As fresh as flowres. Fairy Queen, b. i.


Where any row
Of fruit trees, overwoody, reach'd too far
Their pamper'd boughs, and needed hands to check
Fruitless embraces Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
A triple mounted row of pillars, laid
On wheels. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vi.
Where the bright seraphim in burning row,
Their loud uplifted angel trumpets blow. Milton.
The victor honour'd with a nobler vest,
Where gold and purple strive in equal rows. Dryden.
Why round our coaches crowd the white-glov'd beaux,
Why bows the sidebox from its inmost rows. Pope.

To ROW. v. n. [rowan, Saxon.] To impel a vessel in the
water by oars.
He saw them toiling in rowing; for the wind was con­
trary. Mark vi. 48.
Some of these troughs or canoes were so great, that above
twenty men have been sound rowing in one. Abbot.
The bold Britons then securely row'd;
Charles and his virtue was their sacred load. Waller.
The watermen turned their barge, and softly, that
they might take the cool of the evening. Dryden.
The rowing crew,
To tempt a fare, clothe all their tilts in blue. Gay.

To ROW. v. a. To drive or help forward by oars.
The swan rows her state with oary feet. Milton.

RO’WEL. n. s. [rouelle, Fr.]
1. The points of a spur turning on an axis.
He gave his able horse the head,
And, bending forward, struck his agile heels
Against the panting sides of his poor jade
Up to the rowel head. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
A rider like myself, who ne'er wore rowel
Nor iron on his heel. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
A mullet is the rowel of a spur, and hath never but five
points; a star hath six. Peacham on Blazoning.
He spurr'd his fiery steed
With goring rowels, to provoke his speed. Dryden.
2. A seton; a roll of hair or silk put into a wound to hinder
it from healing, and provoke a discharge.

To RO’WEL. v. a. To pierce through the skin, and keep the
wound open by a rowel.
Rowel the horse in the chest. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RO’WEN. n. s.
Rowen is a field kept up till after Michaelmas, that the
corn left on the ground may sprout into green. Notes on Tusser.
Then spare it for rowen, til Michel be past,
To lengthen thy dairie, no better thou hast. Tusser.
Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens, till
snow comes. Mortimer's Husbandry.

RO’WER. n. s. [from row.] One that manages an oar.
Four gallies first, which equal rowers bear,
Advancing in the watry lists, appear. Dryden.
The bishop of Salisbury ran down with the stream thirty
miles in an hour, by the help of but one rower. Addison.

ROY

RO’YAL. adj, [roial, Fr.]
1. Kingly; belonging to a king; becoming a king; regal.
The royal stock of David. Milton.
Thrice happy they, who thus in woods and groves,
From courts retired, possess their peaceful loves:
Of royal maids how wretched is the fate! Granville.
2. Noble; illustrious.
What news from Venice?
How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio? Shakesp.

RO’YALIST. n. s. [from royal.] Adherent to a king.
Where Candish sought, the royalists prevail'd,
Neither his courage nor his judgment fail'd. Waller.
The old church of England royalists, another name for a
man who prefers his conscience before his interests, are the
most meritorious subjects in the world, as having passed all
those terrible tests, which domineering malice could put them
to, and carried their credit and their conscience clear. South.

To RO’YALIZE. v. a. [from royal.] To make royal.
Ere you were queen, ay, or your husband king,
To royalize his blood, I spilt mine own. Shakesp.

RO’YALLY. adv. [from royal.] In a kingly manner; regally;
as becomes a king.
It shall be my care,
To have you royally appointed. Shakesp. Wint. Tale.
His body shall be royally interr'd,
And the last funeral pomps adorn his herse. Dryden.

RO’YALTY. n. s. [roialté, Fr.]
1. Kingship; character or office of a king.
Suppose, that you have seen
The well appointed king at Hampton peer,
Embark his royalty. Shakesp. Henry V.
Draw, you rascal; you come with letters against the king,
and take vanity the puppet's part against the royalty of her
father. Shakesp. King Lear.
He will lose his head, ere give consent,
His master's son, as worshipfully he terms it,
Shall lose the royalty of England's throne. Shakesp.
If they had held their royalties by this title, either there
must have been but one sovereign. or else every father of a
family had as good a claim to royalty as these. Locke.
2. State of a king.
I will, alas! be wretched to be great,
And sigh in royalty, and grieve in state. Prior.
3. Emblems of royalty.
Wherefore do I assume
These royalties, and not refuse to reign. Milton.

To ROYNE. v. a. [rogner, Fr.] To gnaw; to bite. Spenser.

RO’YNISH. adj. [rogneux, Fr. mangy, paltry.] Paltry; sorry;
mean; rude.
The roynish clown, at whom so oft
Your grace was wont to laugh, is also missing. Shakesp.

RUB

To RUB. v. a. [rhubio, Welsh; reiben, German, to wipe.]
1. To clean or smooth any thing by passing something over it;
to scour; to wipe; to perfricate.
2. To touch so as to have something of that which touches
behind.
Their straw-built citadel new rub'd with balm. Milton.
In narrow clefts, in the monument that stands over him,
catholicks rub their beads, and smell his bones, which they
say have in them a natural persume, though very like apo­
plectick balsom; and what would make one suspect, that they
rub the marble with it, it is observed, that the scent is stronger
in the morning than at night. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
3. To move one body upon another.
Look, how she rubs her hands.
—It is an accustomed action with her, to seem thus wash­
ing her hands. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The bare rubbing of two bodies violently produces heat,
and often fire. Locke.
Two bones, rubbed hard against one another, produce a
fetid smell. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To obstruct by collision.
'Tis the duke's pleasure,
Whose disposition all the world well know,
Will not be rubb'd nor stop'd. Shakesp. King Lear.
5. To polish; to retouch.
The whole business of our redemption is, to rub over the
defaced copy of the creation, to reprint God's image upon
the soul. South.
6. To remove by friction.
A forcible object will rub out the freshest colours at a
stroke, and paint others. Collier of the Aspect.
If their minds are well principled with inward civility, a
great part of the roughness, which sticks to the outside for
want of better teaching, time, and observation, will rub off;
but if ill, all the rules in the world will not polish them. Locke.
7. To touch hard.
He, who before he was espied, was afraid, after being per­
ceived, was ashamed, now being hardly rubbed upon, left
both fear and shame, and was moved to anger. Sidney.
8. To RUB down. To clean or curry a horse.
When his fellow beasts are weary grown,
He'll play the groom, give oats, and rub 'em down. Dryd.
9. To RUB up. To excite; to awaken.
You will find me not to have rubbed up the memory of
what some heretofore in the city did. South.
10. To RUB up. To polish; to retouch.

To RUB. v. n.
1. To fret; to make a friction.
This last allusion gaul'd the panther more,
Because indeed it rubb'd upon the fore;
Yet seem'd she not to winch, though shrewdly pain'd. Dry.
2. To get through difficulties.
Many a lawyer, when once hampered, rub off as well as
they can. L'Estrange.
'Tis as much as one can do, to rub through the world,
though perpetually a doing. L'Estrange.

RUB. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Collision; hindrance; obstruction.
The breath of what I mean to speak
Shall blow each dust, each straw, each little rub
Out of the path, which shall directly lead
Thy foot to England's throne. Shakesp. King John.
Now every rub is smoothed in our way. Shakesp.
Those you make friends,
And give your hearts to, when they once perceive
The least rub in your fortunes, fall away. Shakesp.
Upon this rub, the English embassadors thought fit to de­
mur, and sent to receive directions. Hayward.
He expounds the giddy wonder
Of my weary steps, and under
Spreads a path clear as the day,
Where no churlish rub says nay. Crashaw.
He that once sins, like him that slides on ice,
Goes swiftly down the slippery ways of vice;
Though conscience checks him, yet those rubs gone o'er,
He slides on smoothly, and looks back no more. Dryden.
An hereditary right is to be preferred before election; be­
cause the government is so disposed, that it almost executes
itself: and upon the death of a prince, the administration
goes on without any rub or interruption. Swift.


2. Frication; act of rubbing.
3. Inequality of ground, that hinders the motion of a bowl.
We'll play at bowls.
—'Twill make me think the world is full of rubs,
And that my fortune runs against the bias. Shakesp.
4. Difficulty; cause of uneasiness.
To sleep; perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub. Sha.

RUB-STONE. n. s. [rub and stone.] A stone to scour or sharpen.
A cradle for barlie, with rub-stone and sand. Tusser.

RU’BBER. n. s. [from rub.]
1. One that rubs.
2. The instrument with which one rubs.
Servants blow the fire with puffing cheeks, and lay
The rubbers, and the bathing sheets display. Dryden.
Rub the dirty tables with the napkins, for it will save your
wearing out the common rubbers. Swift.
3. A coarse file.
The rough or coarse file, if large, is called a rubber, and
takes off the unevenness which the hammer made in the
forging. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.
4. A game; a contest; two games out of three.
The ass was to stand by, to see two boobies try their title
to him by a rubber of cuffs. L'Estrange.
If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen
would be contented with a rubber at cuffs. Collier on Duelling.
5. A whetstone. Ains.

RUBI’CAN. adj. [rubican, Fr.] Rubican colour of a horse is
one that is bay, sorrel, or black, with a light, grey, or white
upon the flanks, but so that this grey or white is not predomi­
nant there. Far. Dict.

RU’BBAGE. n. s. [from rub; as perhaps meaning, at first,
dust made by rubbing. Rubbage is not used.]
1. Ruins of building; fragments of matter used in building.
What trash is Rome?
What rubbish, and what offial? when it serves
For the base matter to illuminate
So vile a thing as Cæsar. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Such conceits seem too fine among this rubbage. Wotton.
A fabrick, though high and beautiful, if founded on rub­
bish, is easily made the triumph of the winds. Glanv. Seeps.
When the foundation of a state is once loosened, the least
commotion lays the whole in rubbish. L'Estrange.
Th' Almighty cast a pitying eye,
He saw the town's one half in rubbish lie. Dryden.
The enemy hath avoided a battle, and taken a surer way
to consume us, by letting our courage evaporate against stones
and rubbish. Swift.
2. Confusion; mingled mass.
That noble art of political lying ought not to lie any longer
in rubbish and confusion. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
3. Any thing vile and worthless.

RU’BBISH. n. s. [from rub; as perhaps meaning, at first,
dust made by rubbing. Rubbage is not used.]
1. Ruins of building; fragments of matter used in building.
What trash is Rome?
What rubbish, and what offial? when it serves
For the base matter to illuminate
So vile a thing as Cæsar. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Such conceits seem too fine among this rubbage. Wotton.
A fabrick, though high and beautiful, if founded on rub­
bish, is easily made the triumph of the winds. Glanv. Seeps.
When the foundation of a state is once loosened, the least
commotion lays the whole in rubbish. L'Estrange.
Th' Almighty cast a pitying eye,
He saw the town's one half in rubbish lie. Dryden.
The enemy hath avoided a battle, and taken a surer way
to consume us, by letting our courage evaporate against stones
and rubbish. Swift.
2. Confusion; mingled mass.
That noble art of political lying ought not to lie any longer
in rubbish and confusion. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
3. Any thing vile and worthless.

RUBBLE-STONE. n. s.
Rubble-stones owe their name to their being rubbed and
worn by the water, at the latter end of the deluge, departing
in hurry and with great precipitation. Woodward.

RU’BICUND. adj. [rubiconde, Fr. rubicundus, Lat.] Inclining to
redness. Dict.

RU’BIED. adj. [from ruby.] Red as a ruby.
Thrice upon thy fingers tip,
Thrice upon thy rubied lip. Milton.
Angels food, and rubied nectar flows
In pearl, in diamond, and in massy gold. Milton.

RUBI’FICK. adj. [ruber and facio, Lat.] Making red.
While the several species of rays, as the rubisick, are by
refraction separated one from another, they retain those mo­
tions proper to each. Grew's Cosmol.

To RU’BIFY. v. a. To make red.
This topically applied, becomes a phænigmus or rubifying
medicine, and of such fiery parts as to conceive fire of them­
selves, and burn a house. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

RU’BIOUS. adj. [rubeus, Lat.] Ruddy; red. Not used.
Diana's lip
Is not more smooth and rubious. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

RU’BRICATED. adj. [from rubrica, Lat.] Smeared with red.

RU’BRICK. n. s. [rubrique, Fr. rubrica, Lat.] Directions printed
in books of law and in prayer books; so termed, because
they were originally distinguished by being in red ink.
No date prefix'd,
Directs me in the starry rubrick set. Milton's Par. Reg.
They had their particular prayers according to the several
days and months; and their tables or rubricks to instruct
them. Stilling fleet.

RU’BRICK. adj. Red.
The light and rays, which appear red, or rather make ob­
jects appear so, I call rubrick or red-making. Newton.
What though my name stood rubrick on the walls. Pope.

To RU’BRICK. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn with red.

RU’BIFORM. adj. [ruber, Lat. and form.] Having the form of
red.
Of those rays, which pass close by the snow, the rubiform
will be the least refracted; and so come to the eye in the di­
rectest lines. Newton's Opticks.

RU’BY. n. s. [from ruber, Lat.]
1. A precious stone of a red colour, next in hardness and value
to a diamond.
Up, up, fair bride! and call
Thy stars from out their several boxes, take
Thy rubies, pearls, and diamonds forth, and make
Thyself a constellation of them all. Donne.
Melpomene would be represented like a manly lady, upon
her head a dressing of pearl, diamonds, and rubies. Peacham.
Crowns were on their royal scutcheons plac'd,
With saphires, diamonds, and with rubies grac'd. Dryden.
2. Redness.
You can behold such sights,
And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks,
When mine is blanch'd with fear. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Any thing red.
Desire of wine
Thou could'st repress, nor did the dancing ruby
Sparkling, out-pour'd, the flavour, or the smell,
Or taste, that cheers the hearts of gods and men,
Allure thee from the cool crystalline stream. Milton.
4. A blain; a blotch; a carbuncle. Ains.

RU’BY. adj. [from the noun] Of a red colour.
Wounds, like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips. Shak.
Diana's lip
Is not more smooth and ruby than thy small pipe
Is at the maiden's organ shrill and sound. Shakesp.

RUCTA’TION. n. s. [ructo, Lat.] A belching arising from
wind and indigestion.

RUD

To RUD. v. a. [rudu, Saxon, redness.] To make red.
Her cheeks, like apples, which the sun had rudded. Spens.

RU’DDER. n. s. [roeder, Dutch.]
1. The instrument at the stern of a vessel, by which its course
is governed.
My heart was to thy rudder ty'd by th' string,
And thou should'st towe me after. Shakesp.
They loosed the rudder bands, and hoised up the main-sail,
and made toward shore. Acts xxvii. 40.
Those, that attribute unto the faculty any first or sole
power, have therein no other understanding, than such a one
hath, who, looking into the stern of a ship, and finding it
guided by the helm and rudder, doth ascribe some absolute
virtue to the piece of wood, without all consideration of the
hand that guides it. Raleigh's History of the World.
Fishes first to shipping did impart;
Their tail the rudder, and their head the prow. Dryden.
Thou held'st the rudder with a steady hand,
Till safely on the shore the bark did land. Dryden.
2. Any thing that guides or governs the course.

RU’DDINESS. [from ruddy.] The quality of approaching to
redness.
The ruddiness upon her lip is wet;
You'll mar it, if you kiss it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
If the flesh lose its ruddiness, and look pale and withered,
you may suspect it corrupting. Wiseman's Surgery.

RU’DDLE. n. s. [rudul, Islandick.] Red earth.
Ruddle owes its colour to an admixture of iron; and as that
is in greater or less proportion, it is of a greater or less speci­
fick gravity, consistence, or hardness. Woodward.

RU’DDOCK. n. s. [rubecula, Lat.] A kind of bird.
Of singing birds, they have linnets, and ruddocks. Carew.

RU’DDY. adj. [rudu, Saxon.]
1. Approaching to redness; pale red.
We may see the old man in a morning,
Lusty as health, come ruddy to the field,
And there pursue the chase, as if he meant
To o'ertake time, and bring back youth again. Otway.
New leaves on ev'ry bough were seen;
Some ruddy colour'd, some of lighter green. Dryden.
Ten wildings have I gather'd for my dear;
How ruddy like your lips their streaks appear! Dryden.
Ceres, in her prime,
Seems fertile, and with ruddiest freight bedeckt. Philips.
2. Yellow. Used, if to be used at all, only in poetry.
A crown of ruddy gold inclos'd her brow,
Plain without pomp. Dryden.

RUDE. adj. [rede, Saxon; rudis, Lat.]
1. Rough; savage; coarse of manners; uncivil; brutal.
Ruffian, let go that rude uncivil touch;
Thou friend of an ill fashion. Shakesp.
Vane's bold answers, termed rude and ruffian-like, fur­
thered his condemnation. Hayward.
You can with single look inflame
The coldest breast, the rudest tame. Waller.
It has been so usual to write prefaces, that a man is thought
rude to his reader, who does not give him some account
beforehand. Walsh.
2. Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; turbulent.
Clouds push'd with winds rude in their shock. Milton.
The water appears white near the shore, and a ship; be­
cause the rude agitation breaks it into foam. Boyle.


3. Harsh; inclement.
Spring does to flow'ry meadows bring,
What the rude winter from them tore. Waller.
4. Ignorant; raw; untaught.
Though I be rude in speech, yet not in knowledge. 2 Cor.
He was yet but rude in the profession of arms, though
greedy of honour. Wotton's Buckingham.
Such tools as art yet rude had form'd. Milton.
5. [Rude, Fr.] Rugged; uneven; shapeless.
It was the custom to worship rude and unpolished stones.
Stillingfleet.
6. Artless; inelegant.
I would know what ancient ground of authority he hath
for such a senseless fable; and if he have any of the rude
Irish books. Spenser.
One example may serve, till you review the æneis in the
original, unblemished by my rude translation. Dryden.
7. Such as may be done with strength without art.
To his country farm the fool confin'd;
Rude work well suited with a rustick mind. Dryden.

RU’DELY. adv. [from rude.]
1. In a rude manner.
Whether to knock against the gates of Rome,
Or rudely visit them in parts remote,
To fright them ere destroy. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Without exactness; without nicety; coarsely:
I that am not shap'd for sportive tricks,
I that am rudely stampt, and want love's majesty
To strut before a wanton ambling nymyh. Shakesp.
3. Unskilfully.
My muse, though rudely, has resign'd
Some faint resemblance of his godlike mind. Dryden.
4. Violently; boisterously.
With his truncheon he so rudely stroke
Cymocles twice, that twice him forced his foot revoke. Spen.

RU’DENESS. n. s. [rudesse, Fr. from rude.]
1. Coarseness of manners; incivility.
This rudeness is a sauce to his good wit,
Which gives men stomach to digest his words
With better appetite. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The publick will in triumphs rudely share,
And kings the rudenes of their joy must bear. Dryden.
The rudeness, tyranny, the oppression, and ingratitude of
the late favourites towards their mistress, were no longer to
be born. Swift's Miscellanies.
2. Ignorance; unskilfulness.
What he did amiss, was rather through rudeness and want
of judgment, than any malicious meaning. Hayward.
3. Artlessness; inelegance; coarseness.
Let be thy bitter scorn,
And leave the rudeness of that antique age
To them, that liv'd therein in state forlorn. Fairy Queen.
4. Violence; boisterousness.
The ram, that batters down the wall,
For the great swing and rudeness of his poize,
They place before his hand that made the engine. Shakesp.
5. Storminess; rigour.
You can hardly be too sparing of water to your housed
plants; the not observing of this, destroys more plants than
all the rudenesses of the season. Evelyn's Kalendar.

RU’DENTURE n. s. [French.] In architecture, the figure of
a rope or staff, sometimes plain and sometimes carved, where­
with the flutings of columns are frequently filled up. Bailey.

RU’DERARY. adj. [rudera, Lat.] Belonging to rubbish. Dict.

RUDERA’TION. n. s. In architecture, the laying of a pave­
ment with pebbles or little stones. Bailey.

RU’DESBY. n. s. [from rude.] An uncivil turbulent fellow. A
low word, now little used.
I must be forced
To give my hand, opposed against my heart,
Unto a mad-brain rudesby, full of spleen. Shakesp.
Out of my sight, rudesby be gone. Shakesp.

RU’DIMENT. n. s. [rudiment, Fr. rudimentum, Lat.]
1. The first principles; the first elements of a science.
Such as were trained up in the rudiments, and were so
made fit to be by baptism received into the church, the fathers
usually term hearers. Hooker.
To learn the order of my fingering,
I must begin with rudiments of art. Shakesp.
Thou soon shalt quit
Those rudiments, and see before thine eyes
The monarchies of th' earth, their pomp, and state,
Sufficient introduction to inform
Thee, of thyself so apt, in regal arts. Milton's Par. Reg.
Could it be believed, that a child should be forced to learn
the rudiments of a language, which he is never to use, and
neglect the writing a good hand, and casting accounts. Locke.
2. The first part of education.
He was nurtured where he was born in his first rudiments,
till the years of ten, and then taught the principles of
musick. Wotton's Life of Villiers.
The skill and rudiments austere of war. Philips.
3. The first, inaccurate, unshapen beginning or original of any
thing.
Moss is but the rudiment of a plant, and the mould of
earth or bark. Bacon's Natural History.
The rudiments of nature are very unlike the grosser ap­
pearances. Glanvill's Sceps.
So looks our monarch on this early fight,
Th' essay and rudiments of great success,
Which all-maturing time must bring to light. Dryden.
Shall that man pretend to religious attainments, who is de­
fective and short in moral? which are but the rudiments, the
beginnings, and first draught of religion; as religion is the
perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality. South.
God beholds the first imperfect rudiments of virtue in the
soul, and keeps a watchful eye over it, till it has received
every grace it is capable of. Addison's Spectator.
The sappy boughs
Attire themselves with blooms, sweet rudiments
Of future harvest. Philips.

RUDIME’NTAL. adj. [from rudiment.] Initial; relating to
first principles.
Your first rudimental essays in spectatorship were made in
my shop, where you often practised for hours. Spectator.

To RUE. v. a. [reowsian, Saxon.] To grieve for; to regret;
to lament.
Thou temptest me in vain;
To tempt the thing which daily yet I rue,
And the old cause of my continued pain,
With like attempts to like end to renew. Fairy Queen.
You'll rue the time,
That clogs me with this answer. Shakesp.
France, thou shalt rue this treason with thy tears,
If Talbot but survive. Shakesp. Henry VI.
There are two councils held;
And that may be determin'd at the one,
Which may make you and him to rue at th' other. Shak.
Oh! treacherous was that breast, to whom you
Did trust our counsels, and we both may rue,
Having his falshood found too late, 'twas he
That made me cast you guilty, and you me. Donne.
I rue
That error now, which is become my crime. Milton.
Against this, thy will
Chose freely what it now so justly rues. Milton.

RUE. n. s. [rue, Fr. ruta, Lat.] An herb called, herb of grace,
because holy water was sprinkled with it.
The flower of rue for the most part consists of four hollow
leaves, which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of
a rose; out of whose flower-cup rises the pointal, which af­
terward becomes a roundish fruit, which is generally four
cornered, and composed of four cells fixed to an hard shell
of small angular seeds. Miller.
What savor is better,
For places infected, than wormwood and rue. Tusser.
Here did she drop a tear; here, in this place,
I'll set a bank of rue, four herb of grace;
Rue, even for Ruth, here shortly shall be seen,
In the remembrance of a weeping queen. Shakesp. Rich. II.
The weasel, to encounter the serpent, arms herself with
eating of rue. More's Antidote against Atheism.

RUE’FUL adj. [rue and full.] Mournful; woful; sorrowful.
When we have our armour buckled on,
The venom'd vengeance ride upon our swords,
Spur them to rueful work, rein them from ruth. Shakesp.
Cocytus, nam'd of lamentation loud,
Heard on the rueful stream. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He sigh'd, and cast a rueful eye;
Our pity kindles, and our passions die. Dryden.

RUE’FULLY. adv. [from rueful.] Mournfully; sorrowfully.
Why should an ape run away from a snail, and very rue­
fully and frightfully look back, as being afraid? More.

RUE’FULNESS. n. s. [from rueful.] Sorrowfulness; mournfulness.

RUE’LLE. n. s. [French.] A circle; an assembly at a pri­
vate house.
The poet, who flourished in the scene, is condemned in
the ruelle. Dryden's Preface to æneis.

RUF

RUFF. n. s. A puckered linen ornament, formerly worn about
the neck. See RUFFLE.
You a captain; for what? for tearing a whore's ruff in a
bawdy house? Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
We'll revel it,
With ruffs, and cuffs, and fardingals. Shakesp.
Like an uproar in the town,
Before them every thing went down,
Some tore a ruff, and some a gown. Drayton.
Sooner may a gulling weather spy,
By drawing forth heav'n's scheme tell certainly,
What fashion'd hats, or ruffs, or suits next year,
Our giddy-headed antick youth will wear. Donne.
The ladies freed the neck from those yokes, those linnen
ruffs in which the simplicity of their grandmothers had en­
closed it. Addison's Guardian, No 100.


I rear'd this flow'r,
Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread. Pope.
2. [From rough scales.] A small river fish.
A ruff or pope is much like the pearch for shape, and
taken to be better, but will not grow bigger than a gudgeon:
he is an excellent fish and of a pleasant taste. Walton.
3. A state of roughness. Obsolete.
As fields set all their bristles up; in such a ruff wert
thou. Chapman's Iliads.
4. New state. This seems to be the meaning of this cant
word.
How many princes that, in the ruff of all their glory,
have been taken down from the head of a conquering army
to the wheel of the victor's chariot. L'Estrange.

RU’FFIAN. n. s. [ruffiano, Italian; ruffien, Fr. a bawd; roffver,
Danish, to pillage; perhaps it may be best derived from
rough.] A brutal, boisterous, mischievous fellow; a cut­
throat; a robber; a murderer.
Ruffian, let go that rude uncivil touch,
Thou friend of an ill fashion! Shakesp. Two Gent. of Ver.
Have you a ruffian that will swear? drink? dance?
Revel the night? rob? murder? Shakesp. Henry IV.
Sir Ralph Vane's bold answers termed rude and ruffian like,
falling into years apt to take offence, furthered his condem­
nation. Hayward.
The boasted ancestors of these great men,
Whose virtues you admire, were all such ruffians,
This dread of nations, this almighty Rome,
That comprehends in her wide empire's bounds
All under heaven, was sounded on a rape. Addison's Cato.

RU’FFIAN. adj. Brutal; savagely boisterous.
Experienc'd age
May timely intercept the ruffian rage,
Convene the tribes. Pope's Odyssey.

To RU’FFIAN. v. n. [from the noun.] To rage; to raise
tumults; to play the ruffian. Not in use.
A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements;
If it hath ruffian'd so upon the sea,
What ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them,
Can hold the mortise. Shakesp. Othello.

To RU’FFLE. v. a. [ruyffelen, Dutch, to wrinkle.]
1. To disorder; to put out of form; to make less smooth.
Naughty lady,
These hairs, which thou dost ravish from my chin,
Will quicken and accuse thee; I'm your host;
With robbers hands, my hospitable favour
You should not ruffle thus. Shakesp. King Lear.
In changeable taffeties, differing colours emerge and va­
nish upon the ruffling of the same piece of silk. Boyle.
As you come here to ruffle vizard punk;
When sober rail, and roar when you are drunk. Dryden.
As she first began to rise,
She smooth'd the ruffled seas, and clear'd the skies. Dryden.
Bear me, some god! oh quickly bear me hence
To wholsome solitude, the nurse of sense;
Where contemplation prunes her ruffled wings,
And the free soul looks down to pity kings. Pope.
2. To discompose; to disturb; to put out of temper.
Were I Brutus,
And Brutus, Antony, there were an Antony
Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue
In every wound of Cæsar, that should move
The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. Shakesp.
We are transported by passions, and our minds ruffled by
the disorders of the body; nor yet can we tell, how the foul
should be affected by such kind of agitations. Glanvill.
3. To put out of order; to surprise.
The knight found out
Th' advantage of the ground, where best
He might the ruffl'd foe infest. Hudibras, p. i.
4. To throw disorderly together.
Within a thicket I repos'd, when round
I ruffl'd up fal'n leaves in heap, and found,
Let fall from heaven, a sleep interminate. Chapman.
5. To contract into plaits.
A small skirt of fine ruffled linnen, running along the upper
part of the stays before, is called the modesty-piece. Addison.

To RU’FFLE. v. n.
1. To grow rough or turbulent.
The night comes on; and the high winds
Do sorely ruffle, for many miles about
There's scarce a bush. Shakesp. King Lear.
The rising winds a ruffling gale afford. Dryden.
2. To be in loose motion; to flutter.
The fiery courser, when he hears from far
The sprightly trumpets and the shouts of war,
On his right shoulder his thick mane reclin'd,
Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind. Dryden.
3. To be rough; to jar; to be in contention. Out of use.
A valiant son-in-law thou shalt enjoy;
One fit to bandy with thy lawless sons,
To ruffle in the commonwealth of Rome. Shakesp.
They would ruffle with jurors, and inforce them to find as
they would direct. Bacon's Henry VII.

RU’FFLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Plaited linnen used as an ornament.
The tucker is a slip of fine linnen, run in a small kind
of ruffle round the uppermost verge of the women's stays.
Addison.
2. Disturbance; contention; tumult.
Conceive the mind's perception of some object, and
the consequent ruffle or special commotion of the blood.
Watts.

RU’FTERHOOD. n. s. In falconry, a hood to be worn by a
hawk when she is first drawn. Bailey.

RUG. n. s. [rugget, rough, Swedish.]
1. A coarse, nappy, woollen cloath.
January must be expressed with a horrid and fearful aspect,
clad in Irish rug or coarse freeze. Peacham on Drawing.
2. A coarse nappy coverlet used for mean beds.
A rug was o'er his shoulders thrown;
A rug; for night-gown he had none. Swift's Miscel.
3. A rough woolly dog.
Mungrels, spaniels, curs,
Shoughes, water rugs, and demy wolves are cleped
All by the name of dogs. Shakesp. Macbeth.

RU’GGED. adj. [rugget, Swedish.]
1. Rough; full of unevenness and asperity.
Nature, like a weak and weary traveller,
Tir'd with a tedious and rugged way. Denham.
Since the earth revolves not upon a material and rugged,
but a geometrical plane, their proportions may be varied in
innumerable degrees. Bentley.
2. Not neat; not regular.
His hair is sticking;
His well-proportion'd beard made rough and rugged,
Like to the summer's corn by tempest lodg'd. Shakesp.
3. Savage of temper; brutal; rough.
The greatest favours to such an one neither soften nor
win upon him; they neither melt nor endear him, but
leave him as hard, as rugged, and as unconcerned as ever.
South's Sermons.
4. Stormy; rude; tumultuous; turbulent; tempestuous.
Now bind my brows with iron, and approach
The rugged'st hour that time and spite dare bring,
To frown upon th' enrag'd Northumberland. Shakesp.
5. Rough or harsh to the ear.
A monosyllable line turns verse to prose, and even that
prose is rugged and unharmonious. Dryden's Dedic. to æneis.
6. Sour; surly; discomposed.
Sleek o'er your rugged looks,
Be bright and jovial 'mong your guests to-night. Shakesp.
7. Violent; rude; boisterous.
Fierce Talgol, gath'ring might,
With rugged truncheon charg'd the knight. Hudibras.
8. Rough; shaggy.
Through forests wild,
To chase the lion, boar, or rugged bear. Fairfax.

RU’GGEDLY. adv. [from rugged.] In a rugged manner.

RU’GGEDNESS. [from rugged.]
1. The state or quality of being rugged.
2. Roughness; asperity.
Hardness and ruggedness is unpleasant to the touch. Bacon.
Syrups immediately abate and demulce the hoarseness and
violence of a cough, by mollifying the ruggedness of the in­
tern tunick of the gullet. Harvey.
This softness of the foot, which yields and fits itself to the
ruggedness and unevenness of the roads, does render it less
capable of being worn. Ray on the Creation.

RU’GIN. n. s. A nappy cloth.
The lips grew so painful, that she could not endure the
wiping the ichor from it with a soft rugin with her own
hand. Wiseman's Surgery.

RU’GINE. n. s. [rugine, Fr.] A chirurgeon's rasp.
If new flesh should not generate, bore little orifices into
the bone, or rasp it with the rugine. Sharp.

RUGO’SE. adj. [rugosus, Lat.] Full of wrinkles.
It is a relaxation of the sphincter to such a degree, that
the internal rugose coat of the intestine turneth out, and
beareth down. Wiseman's Surgery.

RUI

RU’IN. n. s. [ruine, Fr. ruina, Lat.]
1. The fall or destruction of cities or edifices.
2. The remains of building demolished.
The Veian and the Gabian tow'rs shall fall,
And one promiscuous ruin cover all;
Nor, after length of years, a stone betray
The place where once the very ruins lay. Addison.
Judah shall fall, oppress'd by grief and shame,
And men shall from her ruins know her same. Prior.
Such a fool was never found,
Who pull'd a palace to the ground,
Only to have the ruins made
Materials for a house decay'd. Swift.


3. Destruction; loss of happiness or fortune; overthrow.
He parted frowning from me, as if ruin
Leapt from his eyes. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Those whom God to ruin has design'd,
He sits for fate, and first destroys their mind. Dryden.
4. Mischief; bane.
The errors of young men are the ruin of business. Bacon.
Havock, and spoil, and ruin are my gain. Milton.

To RU’IN. v. a. [ruiner, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To subvert; to demolish.
A nation loving gold must rule this place,
Our temples ruin, and our rites deface. Dryden.
2. To destroy; to deprive of felicity or fortune.
By thee rais'd I ruin all my foes. Milton.
Dispose all honours of the sword and gown,
Grace with a nod, and ruin with a frown. Dryden.
A confident dependence ill-grounded creates such a negli­
gence, as will certainly ruin us in the end. Wake.
3. To impoverish.
She would ruin me in silks, were not the quantity that goes
to a large pincushion sufficient to make her a gown and petti­
coat. Addison.

To RU’IN. v. n.
1. To fall in ruins.
Hell heard th' unsufferable noise, hell saw
Heav'n ruining from heav'n, and would have fled
Affrighted, but strict fate had fix'd too deep
Her dark foundations, and too fast had bound. Milton.
2. To run to ruin.
Though he his house of polish'd marble build,
Yet shall it ruin like the moth's frail cell,
Or sheds of reeds, which summer's heat repel. Sandys.
3. To be brought to poverty or misery.
If we are idle, and disturb the industrious in their business,
we shall ruin the faster. Locke.

To RU’INATE. v. a. [from ruin. This word is now obsolete.]
1. To subvert; to demolish.
I will not ruinate my father's house,
Who gave his blood to lime the stones together,
And set up Lancaster. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
We'll order well the state,
That like events may ne'er it ruinate. Shakesp.
2. To bring to meanness or misery irrecoverable.
The Romans came to pull down kingdoms; Philip and
Nabis were already ruinated, and now was his turn to be
assailed. Bacon's War with Spain.
So shall the great revenger ruinate
Him and his issue by a dreadful fate. Sandys.

RUINA’TION. n. s. [from ruinate.] Subversion; demolition;
overthrow. Obsolete.
Roman coins were overcovered in the ground, in the sud­
den ruination of towns by the Saxons. Camden's Remains.

RU’INOUS. adj. [ruinosus, Lat. ruineux, Fr.]
1. Fallen to ruin; dilapidated; demolished.
It is less dangerous, when divers parts of a tower are de­
cayed, and the foundation firm, than when the foundation is
ruinous. Hayward.
2. Mischievous; pernicious; baneful; destructive.
The birds,
After a night of storm so ruinous,
Clear'd up their choicest notes in bush and spray,
To gratulate the sweet return of morn. Milton's Par. Reg.
Those successes are more glorious, which bring benefit to
the world, than such ruinous ones, as are dyed in human
blood. Glanvill's Preface to Sceps.
A stop might be put to that ruinous practise of gaming. Sw.

RU’INOUSLY. adv. [from ruinous.]
1. In a ruinous manner.
2. Mischievously; destructively.
If real uneasinesses may be admitted to be as deterring as
imaginary ones, his own decree will retort the most ruinously
on himself. Decay of Piety.

RUL

RULE. n. s. [regula, Lat.]
1. Government; empire; sway; supreme command.
I am asham'd, that women
Should seek for rule, supremacy, or sway,
When they are bound to serve, love, and obey. Shakesp.
May he live
Ever belov'd, and loving may his rule be! Shakesp.
A wise servant shall have rule over a son that causeth
shame. Proverbs xvii. 2.
There being no law of nature nor positive law of God,
that determines which is the positive heir, the right of suc­
cession; and consequently of bearing rule, could not have
been determined. Locke.
This makes them apprehensive of every tendency, to en­
danger that form of rule established by the law of their
country. Addison's Freeholder, No 52.
Instruct me whence this uproar;
And wherefore Vanoe, the sworn friend to Rome,
Should spurn against our rule, and stir
The tributary provinces to war. A. Philips's Briton.
Sev'n years the traytor rich Mycenæ sway'd,
And his stern rule the groaning land obey'd. Pope.
2. An instrument by which lines are drawn.
If your influence be quite dam'd up
With black usurping mists, some gentle taper,
Though a rush-candle from the wicker hole
Of some clay habitation, visit us
With thy long levell'd rule of streaming light. Milton.
A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust only to
his rule. South's Sermons.
3. Canon; precept by which the thoughts or actions are
directed.
Adam's sin did not deprive him of his rule, but left the
creatures to a reluctation. Bacon.
This little treatise will furnish you with infallible rules of
judging truly. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Know'st with an equal hand to hold the scale;
See'st where the reasons pinch, and where they fail,
And where exceptions o'er the general rule prevail. Dry.
We profess to have embraced a religion, which contains
the most exact rules for the government of our lives. Tillots.
We owe to christianity the discovery of the most certain
and perfect rule of life. Tillotson.
4. Regularity; propriety of behaviour.
Some say he's mad; others, that lesser hate him,
Do call it valiant fury; but for certain,
He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause
Within the belt of rule. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To RULE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To govern; to controll; to manage with power and au­
thority.
It is a purpos'd thing
To curb the will of the nobility;
Suffer't, and live with such as cannot rule,
Nor ever will be rul'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Marg'ret shall now be queen, and rule the king;
But I will rule both her, the king, and realm. Shakesp.
A greater power now rul'd him. Milton.
Rome! 'tis thine alone with awful sway,
To rule mankind, and make the world obey,
Disposing peace and war thy own majestick way. Dryd.
2. To manage.
He sought to take unto him the ruling of the affairs. 1 Mac.
3. To settle as by a rule.
Had he done it with the pope's license, his adversaries must
have been silent; for that's a ruled case with the school­
men. Atterbury.

To RULE. v. n. To have power or command.
Judah yet ruleth with God, and is faithful with the
saints. Hosea xi. 12.
Thrice happy men! whom God hath thus advanc'd!
Created in his image, there to dwell,
And worship him; and in reward to rule
Over his works. Milton's Paradise Lost. b. vii.
We subdue and rule over all other creatures; and use for
our own behoof those qualities wherein they excel. Ray.
He can have no divine right to my obedience, who cannot
shew his divine right to the power of ruling over me. Locke.

RU’LER. n. s. [from rule.]
1. Governour; one that has the supreme command.
Soon rulers grow proud, and in their pride foolish. Sidney.
God, by his eternal providence, has ordained kings; and
the law of nature, leaders and rulers over others. Raleigh.
The pompous mansion was design'd
To please the mighty rulers of mankind;
Inferior temples use on either hand. Addison.
2. An instrument, by the direction of which lines are drawn.
They know how to draw a straight line between two points
by the side of a ruler. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises.

RUM

RUM. n. s.
1. A country parson. A cant word.
I'm grown a mere mopus; no company comes,
But a rabble of tenants and rusty dull rums. Swift.
2. A kind of spirits distilled from molosses.

To RU’MBLE. v. n. [rommclen, Dutch.] To make a hoarse
low continued noise.
The trembling streams, which wont in channels clear
To rumble gently down with murmur soft,
And were by them right tuneful taught to bear
A base's part amongst their consorts oft,
Now forc'd to overflow with brackish tears,
With troublous noise did dull their dainty ears. Spenser.
Rumble thy belly full, spit fire, spout rain;
Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire are my daughters;
I tax not you, you elements with unkindness. Shakesp.
At the rushing of his chariots, and at the rumbling of his
wheels, the fathers shall not look back to their children for
feebleness. Jeremiah xlvii. 3.
Our courtier thinks that he's preferr'd, whom every
man envies;
When love so rumbles in his pate, no sleep comes in his
eyes. Suckling.


Apollo starts, and all Parnassus shakes
At the rude rumbling Baralipton makes. Roscommon.
The fire she fann'd, with greater fury burn'd,
Rumbling within. Dryden.
Th' included vapours, that in caverns dwell,
Lab'ring with colick pangs, and close confin'd,
In vain sought issue from the rumbling wind. Dryden.
On a sudden there was heard a most dreadful rumbling noise
within the entrails of the machine, after which the moun­
tain burst. Addison.
Several monarchs have acquainted me, how often they
have been shook from their respective thrones, by the rum­
bling of a wheelbarrow. Spectator, No 597.

RU’MBLER. n. s. [from rumble.] The person or thing that
rumbles.

RU’MINANT. adj. [ruminant, Fr. ruminans, Latin.] Having
the property of chewing the cud.
Ruminant creatures have a power of directing this peri­
staltick motion upwards and downwards. Ray.
The description, given of the muscular part of the gullet,
is very exact in ruminants, but not in men. Derham.

To RU’MINATE. v. n. [ruminer, Fr. rumino, Lat.]
1. To chew the cud.
Others fill'd with pasture gazing fat,
Or bedward ruminating. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
The necessity of spittle to dissolve the aliment, appears
from the contrivance of nature in making the salivary ducts
of animals, which ruminate or chew the cud, extremely
open. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
On grassy banks herds ruminating lie. Thomson.
2. To muse; to think again and again.
Alone sometimes she walk'd in secret where,
To ruminate upon her discontent. Fairfax, b. iv.
Of ancient prudence here he ruminates,
Of rising kingdoms, and of falling states. Waller.
I am at a solitude, an house between Hampstead and
London, wherein Sir Charles Sedley died: this circumstance
sets me a thinking and ruminating upon the employments in
which men of wit exercise themselves. Steele to Pope.
He practises a slow meditation, and ruminates on the sub­
ject; and perhaps in two nights and days rouses those several
ideas which are necessary. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

To RU’MINATE. v. a. [rumino, Lat.]
1. To chew over again.
2. To muse on; to meditate over and over again.
'Tis a studied, not a present thought,
By duty ruminated. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Knock at the study, where he keeps,
To ruminate strange plots of dire revenge. Shakesp.
The condemned English
Sit patiently, and inly ruminate
The morning's danger. Shakesp.
Mad with desire she ruminates her sin,
And wishes all her wishes o'er again;
Now she despairs, and now resolves to try;
Wou'd not, and wou'd again, she knows not why. Dry.

RUMINA’TION. n. s. [ruminatio, Lat. from ruminate.]
1. The property or act of chewing the cud.
Rumination is given to animals, to enable them at once to
lay up a great store of food, and afterwards to chew it. Arb.
2. Meditation; reflection.
It is a melancholy of mine own, extracted from many ob­
jects, in which my often rumination wraps me in a most hu­
morous sadness. Shakesp. As You like it.
Retiring, full of rumination sad,
He mourns the weakness of these latter times. Thomson.

To RU’MMAGE. v. a. [ranmen, German, to empty. Skinner.
rimari, Lat.] To search; to plunder; to evacuate.
Our greedy seamen rummage every hold,
Smile on the booty of each wealthier chest. Dryden.

To RU’MMAGE. v. n. To search places.
A fox was rummaging among a great many carved figures,
there was one very extraordinary piece. L'Estrange.
Some on antiquated authors pore;
Rummage for sense. Dryden's Persius.
I have often rummaged for old books in Little-Britain and
Duck-lane. Swift.

RU’MMER. n. s. [roemer, Dutch.] A glass; a drinking cup.
Imperial Rhine bestow'd the generous rummer. Philips.

RU’MOUR. n. s. [rumeur, Fr. rumor, Lat.] Flying or popu­
lar report; bruit; same.
We hold rumour from what we fear. Shakesp.
There ran a rumour
Of many worthy fellows that were out. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Great is the rumour of this dreadful knight,
And his atchievements of no less account. Shakesp.
This rumour of him went forth throughout all Judea. Luke.
Rumour next and chance
And tumult and confusion all embroil'd. Milton.
She heard an ancient rumour fly,
That times to come should see the Trojan race
Her Carthage ruin. Dryden's æneis.

To RU’MOUR. v. a. [from the noun.] To report abroad; to
bruit.
Catesby, rumour it abroad,
That Anne my wife is sick, and like to die. Shakesp.
All abroad was rumour'd, that this day
Samson should be brought sorth. Milton's Agonistes.
'Twas rumour'd,
My father 'scap'd from out the citadel. Dryden.

RU’MOURER. n. s. [from rumour.] Reporter; spreader of
news.
A slave
Reports, the Volscians, with two several powers,
Are entered into the Roman territories.
—Go see this rumourer whipt: it cannot be. Shakesp.

RUMP. n. s. [rumpff, German.]
1. The end of the backbone.
At her rump she growing had behind
A fox's tail. Fairy Queen, b. i.
If his holiness would thump
His reverend bum 'gainst horse's rump,
He might b'equipt from his own stable. Prior.
Rumps of beef with virgin honey strew'd. King.
Last trotted forth the gentle swine,
To ease her itch against the stump,
And dismally was heard to whine,
All as she scrubb'd her meazly rump. Swift's Miscel.
2. The buttocks.
A sailor's wise had chesnuts in her lap,
And mouncht,—give me quoth I
Aroint the witch!—the rump fed ronyon cries. Shakesp.
He charg'd him first to bind
Crowdero's hands on rump behind. Hudibras, p. i.

To RU’MPLE. v. a. [rompelen, Dutch.] To crush or contract
into inequalities and corrugations; to crush together out of
shape.
Each vital speck, in which remains
Th' entire, but rumpled animal, contains
Organs perplex'd. Blackmore on the Creation.
I rumpled petticoats, or tumbled beds,
Or discompos'd the head-dress of a prude. Pope.
Never put on a clean apron, 'till you have made your lady's
bed, for fear of rumpling your apron. Swift.

RU’MPLE. n. s. [hrmpelle, Saxon.] Pucker; rude plait.
Fair Virginia would her fate bestow
On Rutila, and change her faultless make
For the foul rumple of her camel-back. Dryden.

RUN

To RUN. v. n. pret. ran. [rinnan, Gothick; rnan, Saxon;
rennen, Dutch.]
1. To move swiftly; to ply the legs in such a manner, as that
both feet are at every step off the ground at the same time;
to make haste; to pass with very quick pace.
Their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed blood. Prov.
Laban ran out unto the man unto the well. Gen. xxiv. 29.
When she knew Peter's voice, she ran in, and told how
Peter stood before the gate. Acts xii. 14.
Since death's near, and runs with so much force,
We must meet first, and intercept his course. Dryden.
He ran up the ridges of the rocks amain. Dryden.
Let a shoe-boy clean your shoes and run of errands. Swift.
2. To use the legs in motion.
Seldom there is need of this, till young children can run
about. Locke.
3. To move in a hurry.
The priest and people run about,
And at the ports all thronging out,
As if their safety were to quit
Their mother. Benj. Johnson.
4. To pass on the surface, not through the air.
The Lord sent thunder, and the fire ran along upon the
ground. Exodus ix. 25.
5. To rush violently.
Let not thy voice be heard, lest angry fellows run upon
thee, and thou lose thy life. Judges xviii. 25.
Now by the winds and raging waves I swear,
Your safety more than mine was thus my care;
Lest of the guide bereft, the rudder lost,
Your ship shou'd run against the rocky coast. Dryden.
They have avoided that rock, but run upon another no less
dangerous. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
I discover those shoals of life which are concealed in order
to keep the unwary from running upon them. Addison.
6. To take a course at sea.
Running under the island Clauda, we had much work to
come by the boat. Acts xxvii. 16.
7. To contend in a race.
A horse-boy, being lighter than you, may be trusted to
run races with less damage to the horses. Swift.
8. To fly; not to stand. It is often followed by away in this
sense.
My conscience will serve me to run from this Jew, my
master. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.


The difference between the valour of the Irish rebels and
the Spaniards was, that the one ran away before they were
charged, and the other streight after. Bacon.
I do not see a face
Worthy a man; that dares look up and stand
One thunder out; but downward all like beasts
Running away at every flash. Benj. Johnson.
The rest dispers'd run, some disguis'd,
To unknown coasts; some to the shores do fly. Daniel.
They, when they're out of hopes of flying,
Will run away from death by dying. Hudibras.
Your child shrieks, and runs away at a frog. Locke.
9. To stream; to flow.
My statues,
Like a fountain, with a hundred spouts,
Did run pure blood. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
I command, that the conduit run nothing but claret. Shak.
The precious ointment upon the head ran down upon
Aaron's beard. Psalm cxxxiii. 2.
In some houses, wainscots will sweat, so that they will
almost run with water. Bacon's Natural History.
Rivers run potable gold. Milton.
Caicus roll'd a crimson flood,
And Thebes ran red with her own natives blood. Dryden.
The greatest vessel, when full, if you pour in still, it must
run out some way, and the more it runs out at one side, the
less it runs out at the other. Temple.
Innumerable islands were covered with flowers, and inter­
woven with shining seas that ran among them. Addison.
Her fields he cloath'd, and chear'd her blasted face
With running fountains and with springing grass. Addison.
10. To be liquid; to be fluid.
In lead melted, when it beginneth to congeal, make a
little hole, in which put quicksilver wrapped in a piece of
linnen, and it will fix and run no more, and endure the
hammer. Bacon's Natural History.
Stiff with eternal ice, and hid in snow,
The mountain stands; nor can the rising sun
Unfix her frosts, and teach 'em how to run. Addison.
As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run,
And trickle into drops before the sun,
So melts the youth. Addison's Ovid's Metam.
11. To be fusible; to melt.
Her form glides through me, and my heart gives way;
This iron heart, which no impression took
From wars, melts down, and runs, if she but look. Dryden.
Suffex iron ores run freely in the fire. Woodward.
Your iron must not burn in the fire; that is, run or melt;
for then it will be brittle. Moxon's Mech. Exerc.
12. To pass; to proceed.
You, having run through so much publick business, have
sound out the secret so little known, that there is a time to give
it over. Temple's Miscellanies.
If there remains an eternity to us after the short revolution
of time, we so swiftly run over here, 'tis clear, that all the
happiness, that can be imagined in this fleeting state, is not
valuable in respect of the future. Locke.
13. To go away; to vanish.
As fast as our time runs, we should be very glad in most
parts of our lives that it ran much faster. Addison.
14. To have a legal course; to be practised.
Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported,
and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon
our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid. Child.
15. To have a course in any direction.
A hound runs counter, and yet draws dry foot well. Sha.
Little is the wisdom, where the flight
So runs against all reason. Shakesp. Macbeth.
That punishment follows not in this life the breach of this
rule, and consequently has not the force of a law, in coun­
tries where the generally allowed practice runs counter
to it, is evident. Locke.
Had the present war run against us, and all our attacks upon
the enemy been vain, it might look like a degree of frenzy
to be determined on so impracticable an undertaking. Addis.
16. To pass in thought or speech.
Cou'd you hear the annals of our fate;
Through such a train of woes if I should run,
The day wou'd sooner than the tale be done. Dryden.
By reading, a man antedates his life; and this way of run­
ning up beyond one's nativity, is better than Plato's pre­
existence. Collier.
Virgil, in his first Georgick, has run into a set of pre­
cepts foreign to his subject. Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
Raw and injudicious writers propose one thing for their
subject, and run off to another. Felton.
17. To be mentioned cursorily or in few words.
The whole runs on short, like articles in an account,
whereas, if the subject were fully explained, each of them
might take up half a page. Arbuthnot on Coins.
18. To have a continual tenour of any kind.
Discourses ran thus among the clearest observers: it was
said, that the prince, without any imaginable stain of his re­
ligion, had, by the sight of foreign courts, much corrobo­
rated his judgement. Wotton's Buckingham.
The king's ordinary style runneth, our sovereign lord the
king. Saunderson.
19. To be busied upon.
His grifly beard his pensive bosom sought,
And all on Lausus ran his restless thought. Dryden.
When we desire any thing, our minds run wholly on the
good circumstances of it; when 'tis obtained, our minds run
wholly on the bad ones. Swift.
20. To be popularly known.
Men gave them their own names, by which they run a
great while in Rome. Temple.
21. To have reception, success, or continuance.
22. To go on by succession of parts.
She saw with joy the line immortal run,
Each fire imprest, and glaring in his son. Pope.
23. To proceed in a train of conduct.
If you suspend your indignation against my brother, till you
can derive from him better testimony of his intent, you should
run a certain course. Shakesp. King Lear.
24. To pass into some change.
Is it really desirable, that there should be such a being in
the world as takes care of the frame of it, that it do not run
into confusion, and ruin mankind? Tillotson.
Wonder at my patience;
Have I not cause to rave, and beat my breast,
To rend my heart with grief, and run distracted. Addison.
25. To pass.
We have many evils to prevent, and much danger to run
through. Taylor.
26. To proceed in a certain order.
Day yet wants much of his race to run. Milton.
Thus in a circle runs the peasant's pain,
And the year rolls within itself again. Dryden.
This church is very rich in relicks, which run up as high
as Daniel and Abraham. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Milk by boiling will change to yellow, and run through all
the intermediate degrees, till it stops in an intense red. Arb.
27. To be in force.
The owner hath incurred the forfeiture of eight years pro­
fits of his lands, before he cometh to the knowledge of the
process that runneth against him. Bacon.
The time of instance shall not commence or run till after
contestation of suit. Ayliffe's Parergon.
28. To be generally received.
Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself, and
how he had lost the hearts of his subjects. Knolles.
29. To be carried on in any manner.
Concessions, that run as high as any, the most charitable
protestants make. Atterbury.
In popish countries the power of the clergy runs higher,
and excommunication is more formidable. Ayliffe's Parergon.
30. To have a track or course.
Searching the ulcer with my probe, the sinus run up above
the orifice. Wiseman's Surgery.
One led me over those parts of the mines, where metalline
veins run. Boyle.
31. To pass progressively.
The planets do not of themselves move in curve lines,
but are kept in them by some attractive force, which, if once
suspended, they would for ever run out in right lines. Cheyne.
32. To make a gradual progress.
The wing'd colonies
There settling, seize the sweets the blossoms yield,
And a low murmur runs along the field. Pope.
33. To be predominant.
This run in the head of a late writer of natural history,
who is not wont to have the most lucky hits in the conduct
of his thoughts. Woodward on Fossils.
34. To tend in growth,
A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds; therefore
let him seasonably water the one, and destroy the other. Bac.
35. To grow exuberantly.
Joseph is a fruitful bough, whose branches run over the
wall. Genesis xlix. 22.
Study your race, or the soil of your family will dwindle into
cits or run into wits. Tatler, No 75.
If the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves,
treading down the leaves will help their rooting. Mortimer.
In some, who have run up to men without a liberal educa­
tion, many great qualities are darkened. Felton.
Magnanimity may run up to profusion or extravagance. Pope.
36. To excern pus or matter.
Whether his flesh run with his issue, or be stopped, it is
his uncleanness. Leviticus xiii. 3.
37. To become irregular; to change to something wild.
Many have run out of their wits for women. 1 Esdr. iv.
Our king return'd,
The muse ran mad to see her exil'd lord;
On the crack'd stage the bedlam heroes roar'd. Granville.


38. To get by artifice or fraud.
Hath publick saith, like a young heir,
For this tak'n up all sorts of ware,
And run int' ev'ry tradesman's book,
'Till both turn'd bankrupts. Hudibras, p. i.
Run in trust, and pay for it out of your wages. Swift.
39. To fall by haste, passion, or folly into fault or misfortune.
If thou rememb'rest not the slightest folly,
That ever love did make thee run into;
Thou hast not lov'd. Shakesp. As You Like it.
Solyman himself, in punishing the perjury of another, ran
into wilful perjury himself, perverting the commendation of
justice, which he had so much desired by his most bloody and
unjust sentence. Knolles's History of the Turks.
From not using it right, come all those mistakes we run
into in our endeavours after happiness. Locke.
40. To fall; to pass.
In the middle of a rainbow, the colours are sufficiently di­
stinguished; but near the borders they run into one another,
so that you hardly know how to limit the colours. Watts.
41. To have a general tendency.
Temperate climates run into moderate governments, and
the extremes into despotick power. Swift.
42. To proceed as on a ground or principle.
It is a confederating with him, to whom the sacrifice is
offered: for upon that the apostle's argument runs. Atterbury.
43. To go on with violence.
Tarquin, running into all the methods of tyranny, after a
cruel reign was expelled. Swift.
44. To RUN after. To search for; to endeavour at, though
out of the way.
The mind, upon the suggestion of any new notion, runs
after similies, to make it the clearer to itself; which, though
it may be useful in explaining our thoughts to others, is no
right method to settle true notions in ourselves. Locke.
45. To RUN away with. To hurry without consent.
Thoughts will not be directed what objects to pursue, but
run away with a man in pursuit of those ideas they have in
view. Locke.
46. To RUN in with. To close; to comply.
Though Ramus run in with the first reformers of learning,
in his opposition to Aristotle; yet he has given us a plausible
system. Baker.
47. To RUN on. To be continued.
If, through our too much security, the same should run on,
soon might we feel our estate brought to those lamentable
terms, whereof this hard and heavy sentence was by one of
the ancients uttered. Hooker.
48. To RUN over. To be so full as to overflow.
He fills his famish'd maw, his mouth runs o'er
With unchew'd morsels, while he churns the gore. Dryd.
49. To be so much as to overflow.
Milk while it boils, or wine while it works, run over the
vessels they are in, and possess more place than when they
were cool. Digby on Bodies.
50. To RUN out. To be at an end.
When a lease had run out, he stipulated with the tenant to
resign up twenty acres, without lessening his rent, and no
great abatement of the fine. Swift.
51. To RUN out. To spread exuberantly.
Insectile animals, for want of blood, run all out into
legs. Hammond.
The zeal of love runs out into suckers, like a fruitful
tree. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Some papers are written with regularity; others run out
into the wildness of essays. Spectator.
52. To RUN out. To expatiate.
Nor is it sufficient to run out into beautiful digressions, un­
less they are something of a piece with the main design of
the Georgick. Addison's Essay on the Georgicks.
On all occasions, she run out extravagantly in praise of
Hocus. Arbuthnot.
They keep to their text, and run out upon the power of
the pope, to the diminution of councils. Baker.
He shews his judgment, in not letting his fancy run out
into long descriptions. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
53. To RUN out. To be wasted or exhausted.
He hath run out himself, and led forth
His desp'rate party with him; blown together
Aids of all kinds. Benj. Johnson's Catiline.
Th' estate runs out, and mortgages are made,
Their fortune ruin'd, and their fame betray'd. Dryden.
From growing riches with good cheer,
To running out by starving here. Swift.
So little gets for what she gives,
We really wonder how she lives!
And had her stock been less, no doubt,
She must have long ago run out. Swift.

To RUN. v. a.
1. To pierce; to stab.
Poor Romeo is already dead, run through the ear with a
love song. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Hipparchus, going to marry, consulted Philander upon the
occasion; Philander represented his mistress in such strong
colours, that the next morning he received a challenge, and
before twelve he was run through the body. Spectator.
2. To force; to drive.
In nature, it is not convenient to consider every difference
that is in things, and divide them into distinct classes: this
will run us into particulars, and we shall be able to establish
no general truth. Locke.
Though putting the mind unprepared upon an unusual stress
may discourage it, yet this must not run it, by an over-great
shyness of difficulties, into a lazy sauntring about ordinary
things. Locke.
3. To force into any way or form.
Some, used to mathematical figures, give a preference to
the methods of that science in divinity or politick enquiries;
others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural phi­
losophy into metaphysical notions. Locke.
What is raised in the day, settles in the night; and its
cold runs the thin juices into thick sizy substances. Cheyne.
The daily complaisance of gentlemen runs them into va­
riety of expressions; whereas your scholars are more close,
and frugal of their words. Felton on the Criticks.
4. To drive with violence.
They ran the ship aground. Acts xxvii. 41.
This proud Turk offered scornfully to pass by without
vailing, which the Venetian captains not enduring, set upon
him with such fury, that the Turks were enforced to run both
their gallies on shore. Knolles's History of the Turks.
A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniencies,
by blabbing out his own or others secrets. Ray.
5. To melt.
The purest gold must be run and washed. Felton.
6. To incur.
He runneth two dangers, that he shall not be faithfully
counseled, and that he shall have hurtful counsel given. Bacon.
The tale I tell is only of a cock,
Who had not run the hazard of his life,
Had he believ'd his dream, and not his wife. Dryden.
Consider the hazard I have run to see you here. Dryden.
O that I could now prevail with any one to count up what
he hath got by his most beloved sins, what a dreadful danger
he runs. Calamy.
I shall run the danger of being suspected to have forgot
what I am about. Locke.
7. To venture; to hazzard.
He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them,
and run his fortune with them. Clarenden.
Take here her reliques and her gods, to run
With them thy fate, with them new walls expect. Denh.
A wretched exil'd crew
Resolv'd, and willing under my command,
To run all hazards both of sea and land. Dryden.
8. To import or export without duty.
Heavy impositions lessen the import, and are a strong temp­
tation of running goods. Swift.
9. To prosecute in thought.
To run the world back to its first original, and view na­
ture in its cradle, to trace the outgoings of the ancient of days
in the first instance of his creative power, is a research too
great for mortal enquiry. South.
The world hath not stood so long, but we can still run it
up to those artless ages, when mortals lived by plain nature.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run
it up to its punctum saliens. Collier.
I have chosen to present you with some peculiar thoughts,
rather than run a needless treatise upon the subject at length.
Felton.
10. To push.
Some English speakers run their hands into their pockets,
others look with great attention on a piece of blank paper. Add.
11. To RUN down. To chase to weariness.
They ran down a stag, and the afs divided the prey very
honestly. L'Estrange's Fables.
12. To RUN down. To crush; to overbear.
Though out-number'd, overthrown,
And by the fate of war run down,
Their duty never was defeated. Hudibras, p. iii.
Some corrupt affections in the soul urge him on with such
impetuous fury, that, when we see a man overborn and run
down by them, we cannot but pity the person, while we ab­
hor the crime. South's Sermons.
It is no such hard matter to convince or run down a drun­
kard, and to answer any pretences he can alledge for his
sin. South's Sermons.
The common cry
Then ran you down for your rank loyalty. Dryden.
Religion is run down by the license of these times. Berkley.
13. To RUN over. To recount cursorily.
I shall run them over slightly, remarking chiefly what is
obvious to the eye. Ray.


I shall not run over all the particulars, that would shew
what pains are used to corrupt children. Locke.
14. To RUN over. To consider cursorily.
These four every man should run over, before he censure
the works he shall view. Wotton's Architecture.
If we run over the other nations of Europe, we shall only
pass through so many different scenes of poverty. Addison.
15. To run through.
Should a man run over the whole circle of earthly pleasures,
he would be forced to complain that pleasure was not satis­
faction. South.

RUN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Act of running.
The ass sets up a hideous bray, and fetches a run at them
open-mouth. L'Estrange's Fables.
2. Course; motion.
Want of motion, whereby the run of humours is stayed,
furthers putrefaction. Bacon.
3. Flow; cadence.
He no where uses any softness, or any run of verses to
please the ear. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
4. Course; process.
5. Way of management; uncontrolled course.
Talk of some other subject; the thoughts of it make me
mad; our family must have their run. Arbuthnot.
6. Long reception; continued success.
It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run
or long continuance, if not diversified with humour. Addison.
7. Modish clamour.
You cannet but have observed, what a violent run there is
among too many weak people against university education. Sw.
8. At the long RUN. In fine; in conclusion; at the end.
They produce ill-conditioned ulcers, for the most part
mortal in the long run of the disease. Wiseman.
Wickedness may prosper for a while, but at the long run,
he that sets all knaves at work, will pay them. L'Estrange.
Shuffling may serve for a time, but truth will most certainly
carry it at the long run. L'Estrange.
Hath falshood proved at the long run more for the advance­
ment of his estate than truth? Tillotson.

RU’NAGATE. n. s. [corrupted from renegat, Fr.] A fugitive;
rebel; apostate.
The wretch compel'd, a runagate became,
And learn'd what ill a miser state doth breed. Sidney.
God bringeth the prisoners out of captivity; but letteth
the runagates continue in scarceness. Psalm lxviii. 6.
I dedicate myself to your sweet pleasure,
More noble than that runagate to your bed. Shakesp.
As Cain, after he had slain Abel, had no certain abiding;
so the Jews, after they had crucified the son of God, be­
came runagates. Raleigh's History of the World.

RU’NAWAY. n. s. [run and away.] One that flies from dan­
ger; a fugitive.
Come at once,
For the close night doth play the runaway,
And we are staid for. Shakesp.
Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled?
Speak in some bush; where dost thou hide thy head? Shak.

RU’NDLE. n. s. [corrupted from roundle, of round.]
1. A round; a step of a ladder.
The angels did not fly, but mounted the ladder by degrees;
we are to consider the several steps and rundles we are to as­
cend by. Duppa.
2. A peritrochium; something put round an axis.
The third mechanical faculty, stiled axis in peritrochio, con­
sists of an axis or cylinder, having a rundle about it, wherein
are fastened divers spokes, by which the whole may be
turned round. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

RU’NDLET. n. s. [perhaps runlet or roundlet.] A small barrel.
Set a rundlet of verjuice overagainst the sun in summer, to
see whether it will sweeten. Bacon's Natural History.

RUNG. pret. and part. pass. of ring.
The heav'ns and all the constellations rung. Milton.

RU’NNEL. n. s. [from run.] A rivulet; a small brook.
With murmur loud, down from the mountain's side,
A little runnel tumbled neere the place. Fairfax.

RU’NNER. n. s. [from run.]
1. One that runs.
2. A racer.
Fore-spent with toil, as runners with a race,
I lay me down a little while to breathe. Shakesp.
Here those that in the rapid course delight,
The rival runners without order stand. Dryden.
3. A messenger.
To Tonson or Lintot his lodgings are better known than
to the runners of the post-office. Swift to Pope.
4. A shooting sprig.
In every root there will be one runner, which hath little
buds on it, which may be cut into. Mortimer.
5. One of the stones of a mill.
The mill goes much heavier by the stone they call the
runner, being so large. Mortimer.
6. A bird. Ains.

RU’NNET. n. s. [gerunnen, Saxon, coagulated.] A liquor
made by steeping the stomach of a calf in hot water, and
used to coagulate milk for curds and cheese. It is sometimes
written rennet.
The milk of the fig hath the quality of runnet to gather
cheese. Bacon's Natural History.
It coagulates the blood, as runnet turns milk. More.
The milk in the stomach of calves, coagulated by the
runnet, is rendered fluid by the gall in the duodenum. Arb.

RU’NNION. n. s. [rognant, Fr. scrubbing.] A paltry scurvy
wretch.
You witch! you poulcat! you runnion! Shakesp.

RUNT. n. s. [runte, in the Teutonick dialects, signifies a bull or
cow, and is used in contempt by us for small cattle; as kefyl,
the Welsh term for a horse, is used for a worthless horse.]
Any animal small below the natural growth of the kind.
Reforming Tweed
Hath sent us runts even of her church's breed. Cleaveland.
Of tame pigeons, are cropers, carriers, and runts. Walton.
This overgrown runt has struck off his heels, lowered his
foretop, and contracted his figure. Addison.

RU’PTION. n. s. [ruptus, Lat.] Breach; solution of continuity.
The plenitude of vessels or plethora causes an extravasa­
tion of blood, by ruption or apertion. Wiseman.

RU’PTURE. n. s. [rupture, Fr. from ruptus, Lat.]
1. The act of breaking; state of being broken; solution of
continuity.
Th' egg,
Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclos'd
Their callow young. Milton.
A lute string will bear a hundred weight without rupture,
but at the same time cannot exert its elasticity. Arbuthnot.
The diets of infants ought to be extremely thin, such as
lengthen the fibres without rupture. Arbuthnot.
2. A breach of peace; open hostility.
When the parties, that divide the commonwealth, come
to a rupture, it seems every man's duty to chuse a side. Swift.
3. Burstenness; hernia; preternatural eruption of the gut.
The rupture of the groin or scrotum is the most common
species of hernia. Sharp's Surgery.

To RU’PTURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To break; to burst;
to suffer disruption.
The vessels of the brain and membranes, if ruptured, ab­
sorb the extravasated blood. Sharp's Surgery.

RUPTUREWORT. n. s. [herniaria, Lat.] A plant.
The calyx of rupturewort is quadrisid, or, for the most
part, quinquefid, and expanded in form of a star, having
five stamina in the centre: the fruit, which grows in the bot­
tom of the flower, becomes a membranaceous, surrowed,
round capsule, which is divided into eight cells, each of
which contains one small pointed seed. Miller.

RU’RAL. adj. [rural, Fr. ruralis, from rura, Lat.] Country;
existing in the country, not in cities; suiting the country;
resembling the country.
Lady, reserved to do pastor company honour,
Joining your sweet voice to the rural musick of desert. Sid.
Here is a rural fellow,
That will not be deny'd your highness' presence;
He brings you figs. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
We turn
To where the silver Thames first rural grows. Thomson.

RURA’LITY. n. s. [from rural.] The quality of being
rural. Dict.

RU’RALNESS. n. s. [from rural.] The quality of being
rural. Dict.

RU’RICOLIST. n. s. [ruricola, Lat.] An inhabitant of the
country. Dict.

RU’RIGENOUS. adj. [rura and gigno, Lat.] Born in the
country. Dict.

RUS

RUSE. n. s. [French.] Cunning; artifice; little stratagem;
trick; wile; fraud; deceit. A French word neither elegant
nor necessary.
I might here add much concerning the wiles and ruses,
which these timid creatures use to save themselves. Ray.

RUSH. n. s. [risc, Saxon.]
1. A plant.
A rush hath a flower composed of many leaves, which are
placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a rose; from the
centre of which rises the pointal, which afterward becomes a
fruit or husk, which is generally three-cornered, opening into
three parts, and full of roundish seeds: they are planted
with great care on the banks of the sea in Holland, in
order to prevent the water from washing away the earth;
for the roots of these rushes fasten themselves very deep in
the ground, and mat themselves near the surface, so as to
hold the earth closely together. Miller.
He taught me how to know a man in love; in which cage
of rushes I am sure you are not prisoner. Shakesp.
Man but a rush against Othello's breast,
And he retires. Shakesp. Othello.
Is supper ready, the house trimm'd. rushes strew'd, cob­
webs swept? Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Your farm requites your pains;
Though rushes overspread the neighb'ring plains. Dryden.


2. Any thing proverbially worthless.
Not a rush matter, whether apes go on four legs or two.
L'Estrange.
What occasion hast thou to give up, John Bull's friend­
ship is not worth a rush. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

RUSH-CANDLE. n. s. [rush and candle.] A small blinking
taper, made by stripping a rush, except one small stripe of the
bark which holds the pith together, and dipping it in tallow.
Be it moon or sun, or what you please;
And if you please to call it a rush-candle,
Henceforth it shall be so for me. Shakesp.
If your influence be quite dam'd up
With black usurping mists, some gentle taper,
Though a rush-candle from the wicker hole
Of some clay habitation, visit us. Milton.

To RUSH. v. n. [hreosan, Saxon.] To move with violence;
to go on with tumultuous rapidity.
The liers in wait hasted and rushed upon Gibeah. Judges.
Gorgias removed out of the camp by night, to the end he
might rush upon the camp of the Jews. 1 Mac. iv. 2.
Every one that was a warrior rushed out upon them. Judith.
Armies rush to battle in the clouds. Milton.
Why wilt thou rush to certain death, and rage
In rash attempts beyond thy tender age,
Betray'd by pious love? Dryden's Virgil.
Desperate should he rush, and lose his life,
With odds oppress'd. Dryden's æneis.
They will always strive to be good christians, but never
think it to be a part of religion, to rush into the office of
princes or ministers. Sprat.
You say, the sea
Does with its waves fall backward to the West,
And, thence repell'd, advances to the East;
While this revolving motion does indure,
The deep must reel, and rush from shoar to shoar. Blackm.
With a rushing sound th' assembly bend
Diverse their steps. Pope's Odyssey.
Now sunk the sun from his aereal height,
And o'er the shaded billows rush'd the night. Pope.
At first an azure sheet it rushes broad,
Then whit'ning by degrees, as prone it falls,
Dash'd in a cloud of foam, it sends aloft
A hoary mist. Thomson.

RUSH. n. s. [from the verb.] Violent course.
A gentleman of his train spurred up his horse, and with a
violent rush severed him from the duke. Wotton.
Him while fresh and fragant time
Cherisht in his golden prime,
Ere Hebe's hand had overlaid
His smooth cheeks with a downy shade,
The rush of death's unruly wave
Swept him off into his grave. Crashaw.
Auster spy'd him,
Cruel Auster thither hy'd him,
And with the rush of one rude blast,
Sham'd not spitefully to cast
All his leaves so fresh, so sweet,
And laid them trembling at his feet. Crashaw.

RU’SHY. adj. [from rush.]
1. Abounding with rushes.
In rushy grounds, springs are found at the first spit. Mort.
The timid hare to some lone seat
Retir'd; the rushy fen or rugged furze. Thomson.
2. Made of rushes.
What knight like him could toss the rushy lance. Tickel.

RUSK. n. s. Hard bread for stores.
The lady sent me divers presents of fruits, sugar, and
rusk. Raleigh.

RU’SMA. n. s. A brown and light iron substance, with half as
much quicklime steeped in water, the Turkish women make
their psilothron, to take off their hair. Grew.

RU’SSET. adj. [rousset, Fr. russus, Lat.]
1. Reddishly brown.
The morn, in russet mantle clad,
Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastward hill. Shakesp.
Our summer such a russet livery wears,
As in a garment often dy'd appears. Dryden.
2. Newton seems to use it for grey; but, if the etymology be
regarded, improperly.
This white spot was immediately encompassed with a dark
grey or russet, and that dark grey with the colours of the first
iris. Newton's Opticks.
3. Coarse; homespun; rustick. It is much used in descriptions
of the manners and dresses of the country, I suppose, because
it was formerly the colour of rustick dress: in some places,
the rusticks still die cloaths spun at home with bark, which
must make them russet.
Taffata phrases, silken terms precise,
Figures pedantical: these summer flies
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation:
Henceforth my wooing mind shall be exprest
In russet yeas, and honest kersy noes. Shakesp.

RU’SSET. n. s. Country dress. See RUSSET, adj.
The Dorick dialect has a sweetness in its clownishness, like
a fair shepherdess in her country russet. Dryden.

RU’SSET. n. s. A name given to several sorts of pears or
apples from their colour.
The russet pearmain is a very pleasant fruit, continuing
long on the tree, and in the conservatory partakes both of the
russeting and pearmain in colour and taste; the one side
being generally russet, and the other streaked like a pear­
main. Mortimer.

RU’SSETING. n. s. A name given to several sorts of pears or
apples from their colour.
The russet pearmain is a very pleasant fruit, continuing
long on the tree, and in the conservatory partakes both of the
russeting and pearmain in colour and taste; the one side
being generally russet, and the other streaked like a pear­
main. Mortimer.

RUST. n. s. [rust, Saxon.]
1. The red desquamation of old iron.
This iron began at the length to gather rust. Hooker.
Rust eaten pikes and swords in time to come,
When crooked plows dig up earth's fertile womb,
The husbandman shall oft discover. May's Georgicks.
But Pallas came in shape of rust,
And 'twixt the spring and hammer thrust,
Her Gorgon shield, which made the cock
Stand stiff, as 'twere transform'd to stock. Hudibras.
My scymitar got some rust by the sea water. Gulliver.
2. The tarnished or corroded surface of any metal.
By dint of sword his crown he shall increase,
And scour his armour from the rust of peace. Dryden.
3. Loss of power by inactivity.
4. Matter bred by corruption or degeneration.
Let her see thy sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross
of human mixtures. King Charles.

To RUST. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To gather rust; to have the surface tarnished or corroded.
Her fallow leas,
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory
Doth rest upon, while that the culter rusts,
That should deracinate such savagery. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Our armours now may rust, our idle seymiters
Hang by our sides for ornament, not use. Dryden.
2. To degenerate in idleness.
Must I rust in Egypt, never more
Appear in arms, and be the chief of Greece.

To RUST, v. a.
1. To make rusty.
Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.
Shakesp. Othello.
2. To impair by time or inactivity.

RU’STICAL. adj. [rusticus, Lat. rustique, Fr.] Rough;
savage; boisterous; brutal; rude.
On he brought me unto so bare a house, that it was the
picture of miserable happiness and rich beggary, served only
by a company of rustical villains, full of sweat and dust, not
one of them other than a labourer. Sidney.
This is by a rustical severity to banish all urbanity, whose
harmless and confined condition is consistent with religion.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He confounds the singing and dancing of the satires with
the rustical entertainment of the first Romans. Dryden.

RU’STICALLY. adv. [from rustical.] Savagely; rudely; in­
elegantly.
My brother Jaques he keeps at school,
And report speaks goldenly of his profit;
For my part he keeps me rustically at home. Shakesp.
Quintius here was born,
Whose shining plough-share was in furrows worn,
Met by his trembling wife, returning home,
And rustically joy'd, as chief of Rome. Dryden.

RU’STICALNESS. n. s. [from rustical.] The quality of being
rustical; rudeness; savageness.

To RU’STICATE. v. n. [rusticor, Latin.] To reside in the
country.
My lady Scudamore, from having rusticated in your com­
pany too long, pretends to open her eyes for the sake of see­
ing the sun, and to sleep because it is night. Pope.

To RU’TICATE. v. a. To banish into the country.
I was deeply in love with a milliner, upon which I was
sent away, or, in the university phrase, rusticated for ever. Spect.

RUSTI’CITY. n. s. [rusticité, Fr. rusticitas, from rusticus, Lat.]
1. Qualities of one that lives in the country; simplicity; art­
lessness; rudeness; savageness.
There presented himself a tall, clownish, young man, who,
falling before the queen of the fairies, desired that he might
have the atchievement of any adventure, which, during the
feast, might happen; that being granted, he rested him on
the floor, unfit for a better place by his rusticity. Spenser.
The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral cannot be so well
exprest in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly
mixt with the Dorick dialect. Addison.
This so general expence of their time would curtail the
ordinary means of knowledge, as 'twould shorten the oppor­
tunities of vice; and so accordingly an universal rusticity pre­
sently took place, and stopped not till it had over-run the
whole stock of mankind. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Rural appearance.



RU’STICK. adj. [rusticus, Lat.]
1. Rural; country.
By Lelius willing missing was the odds of the Iberian side,
and continued so in the next by the excellent running of a
knight, though forstered so by the muses, as many times the
very rustick people left both their delights and profits to harken
to his songs. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Rude; untaught; inelegant.
An ignorant clown cannot learn fine language or a courtly
behaviour, when his rustick airs have grown up with him till
the age of forty. Watts's Logick.
3. Brutal; savage.
My soul foreboded I should find the bow'r
Of some fell monster, fierce with barb'rous pow'r;
Some rustick wretch, who liv'd in heav'n's despight,
Contemning laws, and trampling on the right. Pope.
4. Artless; honest; simple.
5. Plain; unadorned.
An altar stood, rustick, of grassy sord. Milton.
With unguents smooth the polish'd marble shone,
Where ancient Neleus sat, a rustick throne. Pope.

RU’STICK. n. s. A clown; a swain; an inhabitant of the
country.
As nothing is so rude and insolent as a wealthy rustick, all
this his kindness is overlooked, and his person most unwor­
thily railed at. South.

RU’STINESS. n. s. [from rusty.] The state of being rusty.

To RU’STLE. v. n. [hristlan, Saxon.] To make a low con­
tinued rattle; to make a quick succession of small noises.
Let not the creaking of shoes, nor the rustling of silks, be­
tray thy poor heart to woman. Shakesp. King Lear.
He is coming; I hear the straw rustle. Shakesp.
This life
Is nobler than attending for a check;
Richer, than doing nothing for a bauble;
Prouder, than rustling in unpaid-for silk. Shakesp.
Thick swarm'd, both on the ground, and in the air
Brush'd with the hiss of rustling wings. Milton.
As when we see the winged winds engage,
Rustling from ev'ry quarter of the sky,
North, East, and West, in airy swiftness vy. Granville.
All begin the attack;
Fans clap, silks rustle, and tough whalebones crack. Pope.
Not less their number than the milk-white swans,
That o'er the winding of Cyaster's springs,
Stretch their long necks, and clap their rustling wings. Po.

RU’STY. adj. [from rust.]
1. Covered with rust; infected with rust.
After a long calm of peace, he was left engaged in a war
with a rusty sword and empty purse. Howel.
Part scour the rusty shields with seam, and part
New grind the blunted ax. Dryden's æneis.
2. Impaired by inactivity.
Hector, in his dull and long continued truce,
Is rusty grown. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

To RUT. v. n. [ruit, Fr.] To desire to come together. Used
of deer.

RUT

RUT. n. s. [rut, Fr.]
1. Copulation of deer.
The time of going to rut of deer is in September; for that
they need the whole summer's feed to make them fit for ge­
neration: and if rain come about the middle of September,
they go to rut somewhat the sooner. Bacon.
The ground hereof was the observation of this part in deer
after immoderate venery, and about the end of their rut. Bro.
2. [Route, Fr.] The track of a cart wheel. Ains.

RUTH. n. s. [from rue.] Mercy; pity; tenderness; sorrow
for the misery of another.
The Britons, by Maximilian laid way
With wretched miseries and woful ruth,
Were to those Pagans made an open prey. Fa. Queen.
All ruth, compassion, mercy he forgot. Fairfax.
She fair, he full of bashfulness and truth
Lov'd much, hop'd little, and desired nought;
He durst not speak, by suit to purchase ruth. Fairfax.
The better part with Mary and with Ruth
Chosen thou hast; and they that overween,
And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen,
No anger find in thee, but pity and ruth. Milton.

RU’THFUL. adj. [ruth and full.] Rueful; woful; sorrowful.
The inhabitants seldom take a ruthful and reaving expe­
rience of those harms, which infectious diseases carry with
them. Carew'e Survey of Cornwall.

RU’THFULLY. adv. [from ruthful.]
1. Wofully; sadly.
The flower of horse and foot, lost by the valour of the
enemy, ruthfully perished. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. Sorrowfully; mournfully.
Help me, ye baneful birds, whose shrieking sound
Is sign of dreary death, my deadly cries
Most ruthfully to tune. Spenser's Pastorals.
3. Wofully. In irony.
By this Minerva's friend bereft
Oileades of that rich bowl, and left his lips, nose, eyes
Ruthfully smear'd. Chapman's Iliads.

RU’THLESS. adj. [from ruth.] Cruel; pitiless; uncompas­
sionate; barbarous.
What is Edward but a ruthless sea?
What Clarence but a quicksand of deceit? Shakesp.
The ruthless flint doth cut my tender feet;
And when I start, the cruel people laugh. Shakesp.
His archers circle me; my reins they wound,
And ruthless shed my gall upon the ground. Sandys.
Their rage the hostile powers restrain,
All but the ruthless monarch of the main. Pope.
To ruthless deeds, blind rage, and fell revenge,
Their fervid spirits fires. Thomson's Summer.

RU’THLESSNESS. n. s. [from ruthless.] Want of pity.

RU’THLESLY. adv. [from ruthless.] Without pity; cruelly;
barbarously.

RU’TTIER. n. s. [routiere, Fr.] A direction of the road or
course at sea.

RU’TTISH. adj. [from rut.] Wanton; libidinous; salacious;
lustful; lecherous.
That is an advertisement to one Diana, to take heed of
the allurement of count Rousillon, a foolish idle boy; but for
all that very ruttish. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.

RYE

RYE. n. s. [ryge, Saxon.]
1. A coarse kind of bread corn.
Between the acres of the rye,
These pretty country folks would lye. Shakesp.
Rye is more acrid, laxative, and less nourishing than
wheat. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A disease in a hawk. Ains.

RYE’GRASS. n. s. A kind of strong grass.
Some sow ryegrass with the corn at Michaelmas. Mortimer.





S

S Has in English the same hissing sound as in other
languages, and unhappily prevails in so many of our
words that it produces in the ear of a foreigner a
continued sibilation.
In the beginning of words it has invariably its
natural and genuine sound: in the middle it is sometimes ut­
tered with a stronger appulse of the tongue to the palate, like
z; as rose, roseate, rosy, osier, nosel, resident, busy, business. It
sometimes keeps its natural sound; as loose, designation; for
which I know not whether any rules can be given.
In the end of monosyllables it is sometimes s, as in this;
and sometimes z, as in as, has; and generally where es stands
in verbs for eth, as gives. It seems to be established as
a rule, that no noun singular should end with s single: there­
fore in words written with diphthongs, and naturally long, an
e is nevertheless added at the end, as goose, house; and where
the syllable is short the s is doubled, and was once sse, as ass,
anciently asse; wilderness, anciently wildernesse; distress, an­
ciently distresse.
SAB

SABA’OTH. n. s. [An Hebrew word signifying rest; sabbat,
French; sabatum, Latin.]
SA’BBATH. n. s. [An Hebrew word signifying rest; sabbat,
French; sabatum, Latin.]
1. A day appointed by God among the Jews, and from them
established among Christians for publick worship; the seventh
day set apart from works of labour to be employed in piety.
Holy Lord God of sabaoth. Common Prayer.
I purpose,
And by our holy sabbath have I sworn,
To have the due and forfeit of my bond. Shakespeare.
Glad we return'd up to the coasts of light,
Ere sabbath ev'ning. Milton.
Here ev'ry day was sabbath: only free
From hours of pray'r, for hours of charity,
Such as the Jews from servile toil releast,
Where works of mercy were a part of rest:
Such as blest angels exercise above,
Vary'd with sacred hymns and acts of love;
Such sabbaths as that one she now enjoys,
Ev'n that perpetual one, which she employs:
For such vicissitudes in heav'n there are,
In praise alternate, and alternate pray'r. Dryden.
2. Intermission of pain or sorrow; time of rest.
Never any sabbath of release
Could free his travels and afflictions deep. Daniel's C. War.
Nor can his blessed soul look down from heav'n,
Or break th'eternal sabbath of his rest,
To see her miseries on earth. Dryden.
Peaceful sleep out the sabbath of the tomb,
And wake to raptures in a life to come. Pope.

SA’BBATHBREAKER. n. s. [sabbath and break.] Violator of
the sabbath by labour or wickedness.
The usurer is the greatest sabbathbreaker, because his plough
goeth every Sunday. Bacon's Essays.

SABBA’TICAL. adj. [sabbaticus, Lat. sabbatique, Fr. from sab­
bath.] Resembling the sabbath; enjoying or bringing inter­
mission of labour.
The appointment and observance of the sabbatical year, and
after the seventh sabbatical year, a year of jubilee, is a circum­
stance of great moment. Forbes.

SA’BBATISM. n. s. [from sabbatum, Latin.] Observance of the
sabbath superstitiously rigid.

SA’BINE. n. s. [sabine, Fr. sabina, Latin.] A plant.
Sabine or savin will make fine hedges, and may be brought
into any form by clipping, much beyond any of the sorts of
trees commonly made use of for that purpose. Mortimer.

SA’BLE. n. s. [zibella, Latin.] Fur.
Sable is worn of great personages, and brought out of Russia,
being the fur of a little beast of that name, esteemed for the
perfectness of the colour of the hairs, which are very black.
Hence sable, in heraldry, signifies the black colour in gen­
tlemens arms. Peacham on Blazoning.
Furiously running in upon him, with tumultuous speech,
he violently raught from his head his rich cap of sables. Knolles.
The peacocks plumes thy tackle must not fail,
Nor the dear purchase of the sable's tail. Gay.

SA’BLE. adj. [Fr.] Black. A word used by heralds and poets.
By this the drooping daylight 'gan to fade,
And yield his room to sad succeeding night,
Who with her sable mantle 'gan to shade
The face of earth, and ways of living wight. Fairy Queen.
With him inthron'd
Sat sable vested night, eldest of things,
The consort of his reign. Milton's Paradise Lost.
They soon begin that tragick play,
And with their smoaky cannons banish day:
Night, horrour, slaughter, with confusion meet,
And in their sable arms embrace the fleet. Waller.
Adoring first the genius of the place,
And night, and all the stars that gild her sable throne. Dryd.

SA’BLIERE. n. s. [French.]
1. A sandpit. Bailey.
2. [In carpentry.] A piece of timber as long, but not so thick,
as a beam. Bailey.

SA’BRE. n. s. [sabre, French; I suppose, of Turkish original.]
A cymetar; a short sword with a convex edge; a faulchion.
To me the cries of fighting fields are charms;
Keen be my sabre, and of proof my arms;
I ask no other blessing of my stars,
No prize but fame, no mistress but the wars. Dryden.
Seam'd o'er with wounds, which his own sabre gave,
In the vile habit of a village slave,
The foe deceiv'd. Pope's Odyssey.

SABULO’SITY. n. s. [from sabulous.] Grittiness; sandiness.

SA’BULOUS. adj. [sabulum, Latin.] Gritty; sandy.
SAC

SACCA’DE. n. s. [French.] A violent check the rider gives
his horse, by drawing both the reins very suddenly: a cor­
rection used when the horse bears heavy on the hand. Bailey.

SA’CCHARINE. adj. [saccharum, Latin.] Having the taste or
any other of the chief qualities of sugar.
Manna is an essential saccharine salt, sweating from the
leaves of most plants. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SACERDO’TAL. adj. [sacerdotalis, Latin.] Priestly; belonging
to the priesthood.
They have several offices and prayers, especially for the
dead, in which functions they use sacerdotal garments. Stillingfl.
He fell violently upon me, without respect to my sacerdotal
orders. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
If ample powers, granted by the rulers of this world, add
dignity to the persons intrusted with these powers, behold the
importance and extent of the sacerdotal commission. Atterbury.

SA’CHEL. n. s. [sacculus, Lat.] A small sack or bag.

SACK. n. s. [ Hebrew; s???; saccus, Latin; sæc, Sax.
It is observable of this word, that it is found in all languages,
and it is therefore conceived to be antediluvian.]
1. A bag; a pouch; commonly a large bag.
Our sacks shall be a mean to sack the city,
And we be lords and rulers over Roan. Shak. Henry VI.
Vastius caused the authors of that mutiny to be thrust into
sacks, and in the sight of the fleet cast into the sea. Knolles.
2. The measure of three bushels.
3. A woman's loose robe.

To SACK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put in bags.
Now the great work is done, the corn is ground,
The grist is sack'd, and every sack well bound. Betterton.
2. [From sacar, Spanish.] To take by storm; to pillage; to
plunder.
Edward Bruce spoiled and burnt all the old English pale in­
habitants, and sacked and rased all cities and corporate towns.
Spenser on Ireland.
I'll make thee stoop and bend thy knee,
Or sack this country with a mutiny. Shakesp. Henry VI.
What armies conquer'd, perish'd with thy sword?
What cities sack'd? Fairfax.
Who sees these dismal heaps, but would demand
What barbarous invader sack'd the land? Denham.
The pope himself was ever after unfortunate, Rome being
twice taken and sacked in his reign. South's Sermons.
The great magazine for all kinds of treasure is the bed of
the Tiber: when the Romans lay under the apprehensions of
seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy, they would take


care to bestow such of their riches this way as could best bear
the water. Addison.

SACK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Storm of a town; pillage; plunder.
If Saturn's son bestows
The sack of Troy, which he by promise owes,
Then shall the conqu'ring Greeks thy loss restore. Dryden.
2. A kind of sweet wine, now brought chiefly from the Cana­
ries. [Sec, French, of uncertain etymology; but derived by
Skinner, after Mandesto, from Xeque, a city of Morocco.]
Please you drink a cup of sack. Shakespeare.
The butler hath great advantage to allure the maids with a
glass of sack. Swift.

SA’CKBUT. n. s. [sacabuche, Spanish; sambuca, Latin; sambuque,
French.] A kind of pipe.
The trumpets, sackbuts, psalteries and fife,
Make the sun dance. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

SA’CKCLOATH. n. s. [sack and cloath.] Cloath of which sacks
are made; coarse cloath sometimes worn in mortification.
A sort of coarse stuff made of goats hair, of a black or
dark colour, worn by soldiers and mariners; and used as a
habit among the Hebrews in times of mourning and distress.
It was called sackcloth, either because sacks were made of this
sort of stuff, or because haircloaths were straight and close like
a sack. Calmet.
To augment her painful penance more,
Thrice every week in ashes she did sit,
And next her wrinkled skin rough sackcloth wore. F. Queen.
Thus with sackcloath I invest my woe,
And dust upon my clouded forehead throw. Sandys.
Being clad in sackcloath, he was to lie on the ground, and
constantly day and night to implore God's mercy for the sin
he had committed. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SA’CKER. n. s. [from sack.] One that takes a town.

SA’CKFUL. n. s. [sack and full.] Top full.
Wood goes about with sackfuls of dross, odiously misre­
presenting his prince's countenance. Swift.

SA’CKPOSSET. n. s. [sack and posset.] A posset made of milk,
sack, and some other ingredients.
Snuff the candles at supper on the table, because the burn­
ing snuff may fall into a dish of soup or sackposset. Swift.

SA’CRAMENT. n. s. [sacrement, Fr. sacramentum, Latin.]
1. An oath; any ceremony producing an obligation.
2. An outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace.
As often as we mention a sacrament, it is improperly under­
stood; for in the writings of the ancient fathers all articles which
are peculiar to Christian faith, all duties of religion containing
that which sense or natural reason cannot of itself discern, are
most commonly named sacraments; our restraint of the word
to some few principal divine ceremonies, importeth in every
such ceremony two things, the substance of the ceremony it­
self, which is visible; and besides that, somewhat else more
secret, in reference whereunto we conceive that ceremony to
be a sacrament. Hooker.
3. The eucharist; the holy communion.
Ten thousand French have ta'en the sacrament
To rive their dangerous artillery
Upon no Christian soul but English Talbot. Shakes. H. VI.
As we have ta'en the sacrament,
We will unite the white rose with the red. Shakesp. R. III.
Before the famous battle of Cressy, he spent the greatest
part of the night in prayer; and in the morning received the
sacrament, with his son, and the chief of his officers. Addison.

SACRAME’NTAL. adj. [sacramental, Fr. from sacrament.] Con­
stituting a sacrament; pertaining to a sacrament.
To make complete the outward substance of a sacrament,
there is required an outward form, which form sacramental
elements receive from sacramental words. Hooker.
The words of St. Paul are plain; and whatever interpreta­
tion can be put upon them, it can only vary the way of the
sacramental efficacy, but it cannot evacuate the blessing. Taylor.

SACRAME’NTALLY. adv. [from sacramental.] After the man­
ner of a sacrament.
My body is sacramentally contained in this sacrament of
bread. Hall.
The law of circumcision was meant by God sacramentally
to impress the duty of strict purity. Hammond.

SA’CRED. adj. [sacre, French; sacer, Latin.]
1. Devoted to religious uses; holy.
Gods love to haunt her sacred shades. Milton.
2. Dedicated; consecrate; consecrated.
This temple and his holy ark,
With all his sacred things. Milton.
O'er its eastern gate was rais'd above
A temple, sacred to the queen of love. Dryden.
3. Inviolable.
The honour's sacred, which he talks on now,
Supposing that I lackt it. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
How hast thou yielded to transgress
The strict forbiddance? how to violate
The sacred fruit? Milton.
Secrets of marriage still are sacred held;
There sweet and bitter by the wise conceal'd. Dryden.

SA’CREDLY. adv. [from sacred.] Inviolably; religiously.
When God had manifested himself in the flesh, how sacredly
did he preserve this privilege? South's Sermons.

SA’CREDNESS. n. s. [from sacred.] The state of being sacred;
state of being consecrated to religious uses; holiness; sanctity.
In the sanctuary the cloud, and the oracular answers, were
prerogatives peculiar to the sacredness of the place. South.
This insinuates the sacredness of power, let the administra­
tion of it be what it will. L'Estrange.

SACRI’FICK. adj. [sacrificus, Latin.] Employed in sacrifice.

SACRI’FICABLE. adj. [from sacrificor, Lat.] Capable of being
offered in sacrifice.
Although Jephtha's vow run generally for the words, what­
soever shall come forth; yet might it be restrained in the sense,
for whatsoever was sacrificable, and justly subject to lawful im­
molation, and so would not have sacrificed either horse or
dog. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SACRIFICA’TOR. n. s. [sacrificateur, Fr. from sacrificor, Latin.]
Sacrificer; offerer of sacrifice.
Not only the subject of sacrifice is unquestionable, but also
the sacrificator, which the picture makes to be Jephtha. Brown.

SA’CRIFICATORY. adj. [from sacrificor, Latin.] Offering sa­
crifice.

To SA’CRIFICE. v. a. [sacrifier, French; sacrifico, Latin.]
1. To offer to heaven; to immolate.
Alarbus' limbs are lopt,
And intrails feed the sacrificing fire. Shakes. Titus Andron.
This blood, like sacrificing Abel's, cries
To me for justice. Shakes. Richard II.
I sacrifice to the Lord all that openeth the matrix, being
males. Ex. xiii. 15.
Men from the herd or flock
Of sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid. Milton.
2. To destroy or give up for the sake of something else.
'Tis a sad contemplation, that we should sacrifice the peace
of the church to a little vain curiosity. Decay of Piety.
The breach of this rule, To do as one would be done to,
would be contrary to that interest men sacrifice to when they
break it. Locke.
Syphax loves you, and would sacrifice
His life, nay more, his honour, in your service. Addison.
A great genius sometimes sacrifices sound to sense. Broome.
3. To destroy; to kill.
4. To devote with loss.
Condemn'd to sacrifice his childish years
To babbling ign'rance, and to empty fears. Prior.

To SA’CRIFICE. v. n. To make offerings; to offer sacrifice.
He that sacrificeth of things wrongfully gotten, his offering
is ridiculous. Ecclus. xxxiv. 18.
Let us go to sacrifice to the Lord. Ex. iii. 18.
Some mischief is befallen
To that meek man who well had sacrific'd. Milton.

SA’CRIFICE. n. s. [sacrifice, French; sacrificium, Latin.]
1. The act of offering to heaven.
God will ordain religious rites
Of sacrifice. Milton.
2. The thing offered to heaven, or immolated.
Upon such sacrifice
The gods themselves throw incense. Shak. King Lear.
Go with me like good angels to my end,
And as the long divorce of steel falls on me,
Make of your prayers one sweet sacrifice,
And lift my soul to heav'n. Shakespeare.
Moloch besmear'd with blood
Of human sacrifice. Milton.
My life if thou preserv'st, my life
Thy sacrifice shall be;
And death, if death must be my doom,
Shall join my soul to thee. Addison's Spectator.
3. Any thing destroyed, or quitted for the sake of something else.
4. Any thing destroyed.

SA’CRIFICER. n. s. [from sacrifice.] One who offers sacrifice;
one that immolates.
Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers. Shakesp.
When some brawny sacrificer knocks,
Before an altar led, an offer'd ox,
His eyeballs rooted out are thrown to ground. Dryden.
A priest pours wine between the horns of a bull: the priest is
veiled after the manner of the old Roman sacrificers. Addison.

SACRIFI’CIAL. adj. [from sacrifice.] Performing sacrifice; in­
cluded in sacrifice.
Rain sacrificial whisp'rings in his ear;
Make sacred even his stirrop. Shakesp. Timon.
Tertullian's observation upon these sacrificial rites, is perti­
nent to this rule. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

SA’CRILEGE. n. s. [sacrilege, Fr. sacrilegium, Lat.] The crime
of appropriating to himself what is devoted to religion; the
crime of robbing heaven; the crime of violating or profaning
things sacred.
By what eclipse shall that sun be defac'd,
What mine hath erst thrown down so fair a tower!
What sacrilege hath such a saint disgrac'd? Sidney.


Then 'gan a cursed hand the quiet womb
Of his great grandmother with steel to wound,
And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb
With sacrilege to dig. Fairy Queen.
We need not go many ages back to see the vengeance of
God upon some families, raised upon the ruins of churches,
and enriched with the spoils of sacrilege. South's Sermons.

SACRILE’GIOUS. adj. [sacrilegus, Lat. from sacrilege.] Violating
things sacred; polluted with the crime of sacrilege.
To sacrilegious perjury should I be betrayed, I should ac­
count it greater misery. King Charles.
By vile hands to common use debas'd,
With sacrilegious taunt, and impious jest. Prior.
Still green with bays each ancient altar stands,
Above the reach of sacrilegious hands. Pope.
Blasphemy is a malediction, and a sacrilegious detraction
from the Godhead. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SACRILE’GIOUSLY. adv. [from sacrilegious.] With sacrilege.
When these evils befell him, his conscience tells him it was
for most sacrilegiously pillaging and invading God's house.
South's Sermons.

SA’CRING. part. [This is a participle of the French sacrer.
The verb is not used in English.] Consecrating.
I'll startle you,
Worse than the sacring bell. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The sacring of the kings of France is the sign of their so­
vereign priesthood as well as kingdom, and in the right thereof
they are capable of holding all vacant benefices. Temple.

SA’CRIST. n. s. [sacristain, French.] He that has the care
of the utensils or moveables of the church.
SA’CRISTAN. n. s. [sacristain, French.] He that has the care
of the utensils or moveables of the church.
A sacrist or treasurer are not dignitaries in the church of
common right, but only by custom. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SA’CRISTY. n. s. [sacristie, French.] An apartment where
the consecrated vessels or moveables of a church are repo­
sited.
Bold Amycus from the robb'd vestry brings
A sconce that hung on high,
With tapers fill'd, to light the sacristy. Dryden.
A third apartment should be a kind of sacristy for altars,
idols, and sacrificing instruments. Addison.
SAD

SAD. adj. [Of this word, so frequent in the language, the ety­
mology is not known. It is probably a contraction of sagged,
heavy, burthened, overwhelmed, from To sag, to load.]
1. Sorrowful; full of grief.
Do you think I shall not love a sad Pamela so well as a
joyful? Sidney.
I now must change
Those notes to tragick; sad task! Milton.
Six brave companions from each ship we lost:
With sails outspread we fly th' unequal strife,
Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Habitually melancholy; heavy; gloomy; not gay; not
cheerful.
It ministreth unto men, and other creatures, all celestial
influences: it dissipateth those sad thoughts and sorrows, which
the darkness both begetteth and maintaineth. Raleigh.
See in her cell sad Eloisa spread,
Propp'd on some tomb, a neighbour of the dead. Pope.
3. Serious; not light; not volatile; grave.
He with utterance grave, and countenance sad,
From point to point discours'd his voyage. Spenser.
The lady Katharine, a sad and religious woman, when
Henry VIII's resolution of a divorce from her was first made
known, said that she had not offended; but it was a judgment
of God, for that her former marriage was made in blood. Bac.
If it were an embassy of weight, choice was made of some
sad person of known judgment and experience, and not of a
young man, not weighed in state matters. Bacon.
A sad wise valour is the brave complexion
That leads the van, and swallows up the cities:
The gigler is a milk-maid, whom inflection,
Or a fir'd beacon, frighteth from his ditties. Herbert.
4. Afflictive; calamitous.
5. Bad; inconvenient; vexatious. A word of burlesque com­
plaint.
These qualifications make him a sad husband. Addison.
6. Dark coloured.
Crystal, in its reduction into powder, hath a vale and
shadow of blue; and in its coarse pieces is of a sadder hue
than the powder of Venice glass. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
I met him accidentally in London in sad coloured clothes,
far from being costly. Walton's Life of Bp. Sanderson.
Scarce any tinging ingredient is of so general use as woad,
or glastum; for though of itself it dye but a blue, yet it is used
to prepare cloth for green, and many of the sadder colours,
when the dyes make them last without fading. Boyle.
Woad or wade is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of
all sad colours. Mortimer's Husbandry.
7. Heavy; weighty; ponderous.
With that his hand, more sad than lump of lead,
Uplifting high, he weened with Morddure,
His own good sword, Morddure, to cleave his head. F. Q.
8. Cohesive; not light; firm; close.
Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad, and therefore re­
quire warm applications, and light compost. Mortimer.

To SA’DDEN. v. a. [from sad.]
1. To make sad.
2. To make melancholy; to make gloomy.
Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,
Shades ev'ry flow'r, and darkens ev'ry green;
Deepens the murmurs of the falling floods,
And breathes a browner horror on the woods. Pope.
3. To make dark coloured.
4. To make heavy; to make cohesive.
Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great prejudice
it doth to clay lands. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SA’DDLE. n. s. [sadl, Saxon; sadel, Dutch.] The seat
which is put upon the horse for the accommodation of the
rider.
His horse hipped with an old moth-eaten saddle, and the
stirrups of no kindred. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The law made for apparel, and riding in saddles, after the
English fashion, is penal only to Englishmen. Davies.
One hung a pole-ax at his saddle bow,
And one a heavy mace. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
'Tis good to provide ourselves of the virtuoso's saddle,
which will be sure to amble, when the world is upon the
hardest trot. Dryden.
The vent'rous knight is from the saddle thrown;
But 'tis the fault of fortune, not his own. Dryden.

To SA’DDLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with a saddle.
I will saddle me an ass, that I may ride thereon. 2 Sa. xix.
Rebels, by yielding, do like him, or worse,
Who saddled his own back to shame his horse. Cleaveland.
No man, sure, e'er left his house,
And saddl'd Ball, with thoughts so wild,
To bring a midwife to his spouse,
Before he knew she was with child. Prior.
2. To load; to burthen.
Resolv'd for sea, the slaves thy baggage pack,
Each saddl'd with his burden on his back;
Nothing retards thy voyage. Dryden.

SA’DDLEBACKED. adj. [saddle and back.]
Horses, saddlebacked, have their backs low, and a raised
head and neck. Farrier's Dict.

SA’DDLEMAKER. n. s. [from saddle.] One whose trade is to
make saddles.
SA’DDLER. n. s. [from saddle.] One whose trade is to
make saddles.
Sixpence that I had
To pay the saddler for my mistress' crupper,
The saddler had it. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
The utmost exactness in these belongs to farriers, saddlers,
and smiths. Digby.
The smith and the saddler's journeyman ought to partake of
your master's generosity. Swift's Direct. to the Groom.

SA’DLY. adv. [from sad.]
1. Sorrowfully; mournfully.
My father is gone wild into his grave;
For in his tomb lie my affections;
And with his spirit sadly I survive,
To mock the expectations of the world. Shak. Henry IV.
He griev'd, he wept, the sight an image brought
Of his own filial love; a sadly pleasing thought. Dryden.
He sadly suffers in their grief,
Out-weeps an hermit, and out-prays a saint. Dryden.
Common dangers past, a sadly pleasing theme. Dryden.
2. Calamitously; miserably.
We may at present easily see, and one day sadly feel. South.

SA’DNESS. n. s. [from sad.]
1. Sorrowfulness; mournfulness; dejection of mind.
The soul receives intelligence
By her near genius of the body's end,
And so imparts a sadness to the sense. Daniel's Civil War.
And let us not be wanting to ourselves,
Lest so severe and obstinate a sadness
Tempt a new vengeance. Denham's Sophy.
A passionate regret at sin, a grief and sadness of its memory,
enter into God's roll of mourners. Decay of Piety.
If the subject be mournful, let every thing in it have a stroke
of sadness. Dryden.
2. Melancholy look.
Dim sadness did not spare
Celestial visages. Milton.
3. Seriousness; sedate gravity.
SAF

SAFE. adj. [sauf, French; salvus, Latin.]
1. Free from danger.
Our separated fortune
Shall keep us both the safer; where we are,
There's daggers in men's smiles. Shakesp. Macbeth.
But Trivia kept in secret shades alone,
Her care, Hippolytus, to fate unknown;
And call'd him Virbius in th' Egerian grove,
Where then he liv'd obscure, but safe from Jove. Dryden.


Beyond the beating surge his course he bore,
With longing eyes observing, to survey
Some smooth ascent, or safe sequester'd bay. Pope.
2. Free from hurt.
Put your head into the mouth of a wolf, and when you've
brought it out safe and found, talk of a reward. L'Estrange.
3. Conferring security.
To write the same things to you, to me is not grievous,
but to you safe. Phil. iii. 1.
Ascend; I follow thee, safe guide, the path
Thou lead'st me. Milton.
4. No longer dangerous; reposited out of the power of doing
harm.
Banquo's safe.
—Ay, my good lord; safe in a ditch: he lies
With twenty trenched gashes on his head,
The least a death to nature. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Our great forbidder safe, with all his spies
About him. Milton.

SAFE. n. s. [from the adjective.] A buttery; a pantry. Ainsw.

SA’FECONDUCT. n. s. [sauf conduit, French.]
1. Convoy; guard through an enemy's country.
A trumpet was sent to fir William Waller, to desire a safe­
conduct for a gentleman. Clarendon.
2. Pass; warrant to pass.

SA’FEGUARD. n. s. [safe and guard.]
1. Defence; protection; security.
We serve the living God as near as our wits can reach to
the knowledge thereof, even according to his own will; and
do therefore trust, that his mercy shall be our safeguard. Hooker.
If you do fight in safeguard of your wives,
Your wives shall welcome home the conquerors. Shakesp.
The smallest worm will turn, if trod upon;
And doves will peck in safeguard of their brood. Shakesp.
Cæsar, where dangers threatened on the one side, and the
opinion that there should be in him little safeguard for his
friends on the other, chose rather to venture upon extremities,
than to be thought a weak protector. Raleigh.
Great numbers, descended from them, have, by the bless­
ing of God upon their industry, raised themselves so high in
the world as to become, in times of difficulty, a protection
and a safeguard to that altar, at which their ancestors mini­
stred. Atterbury's Sermons.
Thy sword, the safeguard of thy brother's throne,
Is now become the bulwark of thy own. Granville.
2. Convoy; guard through any interdicted road, granted by the
possessor.
3. Pass; warrant to pass.
On safeguard he came to me. Shakespeare.
A trumpet was sent to the earl of Essex for a safeguard or
pass to two lords, to deliver a message from the king to the
two houses. Clarendon.

To SA’FEGUARD. v. n. [from the noun.] To guard; to pro­
tect.
We have locks to safeguard necessaries,
And pretty traps to catch the petty thieves. Shak. Hen. V.

SA’FELY. adv. [from safe.]
1. In a safe manner; without danger.
Who is there that hath the leisure and means to collect all
the proofs, concerning most of the opinions he has, so as safely
to conclude that he hath a clear and full view? Locke.
All keep aloof, and safely shout around;
But none presumes to give a nearer wound. Dryden.
2. Without hurt.
God safely quit her of her burthen, and with gentle travel,
to the gladding of your highness with an heir. Shak. H. VIII.

SA’FENESS. n. s. [from safe.] Exemption from danger.
If a man should forbear his food or his business, 'till he had
certainty of the safeness of what he was going about, he must
starve and die disputing. South's Sermons.

SA’FETY. n. s. [from safe.]
1. Freedom from danger.
To that dauntless temper of his mind,
He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valour
To act in safety. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If her acts have been directed well,
While with her friendly clay she deign'd to dwell,
Shall she with safety reach her pristine seat,
Find her rest endless, and her bliss complete? Prior.
2. Exemption from hurt.
3. Preservation from hurt.
Let not my jealousies be your dishonours,
But mine own safeties: you may be rightly just,
Whatever I shall think. Shak. Macbeth.
4. Custody; security from escape.
Imprison him;
Deliver him to safety, and return. Shak. King John.

SA’FFLOW. n. s. A plant.
An herb they call safflow, or bastard saffron, dyers use for
scarlet. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SA’FFRON. n. s. [safran, French, from saphar, Arabick. It
was yellow, according to Davies in his Welsh dictionary.
Crocus, Latin.]
It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, which is shaped like
a lily, fistulous underneath, the tube widening into six seg­
ments, and resting on the footstalk: the pointal rises out of
the bottom of the flower, and is divided into three-headed or
crested capillaments; but the empalement afterwards turns to
an oblong triangular fruit, divided into three cells, full of
roundish seeds. It hath a tuberose root, and long nervous
grassy leaves, with a longitudinal furrow through the middle
of each. There are Spring-flowering crocuses, and those
which flower in Autumn. Their seeds are ripe about the lat­
ter end of April: the time of planting is in July. About the
beginning of September they begin to spire, and sometime af­
ter appear the saffron flowers, which are gathered as well be­
fore as after they are full-blown; and the most proper time for
this is early in the morning: the chives being all picked out
of the flowers, the next labour about them is to dry them on
the kiln: at first they give it a pretty strong heat. The charges
and profits attending the culture of saffron, have been com­
puted in the following manner: the rent of an acre of ground,
and the expence of manuring it, is reckoned at twenty-three
pounds: the value of twenty-six pounds of saffron, the com­
puted produce of an acre in three years, is, at a mean, sup­
posed to be thirty-nine pounds; and consequently the neat
profits of an acre of ground, producing saffron, will in three
years amount to sixteen pounds. Miller.
Grind your bole and chalk, and five or six shives of saf­
fron. Peacham.

SA’FFRON Bastard. n. s. [carthamus, Latin.] A plant.
This plant agrees with the thistle in most of its characters;
but the seeds of it are always destitute of down. It is very
much cultivated in Germany for the dyers use, and is brought
from thence into England. As it grows it spreads into many
branches, each producing a flower at the top of the shoot,
which, when fully blown, is cut or pulled off, and dried, and
it is the part the dyers use. Miller.

SA’FFRON. adj. Yellow; having the colour of saffron.
Are these your customers?
Did this companion, with the saffron face,
Revel and feast it at my house to-day,
Whilst upon me the guilty doors were shut? Shakespeare.
Soon as the white and red mixt finger'd dame
Had guilt the mountains with her saffron flame,
I sent my men to Circe's house. Chapman's Odyssey.
Now when the rosy morn began to rise,
And wav'd her saffron streamer through the skies. Dryden.
SAG

To SAG. v. n. To hang heavy.
The mind I say by, and the heart I bear,
Shall never sag with doubt, nor shake with fear. Shakesp.

To SAG. v. a. To load; to burthen.

SAGA’CIOUS. adj. [sagax, Latin.]
1. Quick of scent.
So scented the grim feature, and up-turn'd
His nostrils wide into the murky air;
Sagacious of his quarry from so far. Milton's Paradise Lost.
With might and main they chas'd the murd'rous fox,
Nor wanted horns t' inspire sagacious hounds. Dryden.
2. Quick of thought; acute in making discoveries.
Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce
them into general propositions. Locke.

SAGA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from sagacious.]
1. With quick scent.
2. With acuteness of penetration.

SAGA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from sagacious.] The quality of being
sagacious.

SAGA’CITY. n. s. [sagacité, French; sagacitas, Latin.]
1. Quickness of scent.
2. Acuteness of discovery.
It requires too great a sagacity for vulgar minds to draw the
line nicely between virtue and vice. South.
Sagacity finds out the intermediate ideas, to discover what
connection there is in each link of the chain, whereby the
extremes are held together. Locke.
Many were eminent in former ages for their discovery of
it; but though the knowledge they have left be worth our
study, yet they left a great deal for the industry and sagacity of
after-ages. Locke.

SA’GAMORE. n. s. 
1. [Among the American Indians.] A king or supreme
ruler. Bailey.
2. The juice of some unknown plant used in medicine.

SAGE. n. s. [sauge, French; salvia, Latin.] A plant of which
the school of Salernum thought so highly, that they left this
verse:
Cur moriatur homo cui salvia crescit in horto.
It hath a labiated flower, consisting of one leaf, whose up­
per lip is sometimes arched, and sometimes hooked; but the
under lip or beard is divided into three parts, bunching out,
and not hollowed at the clare: out of the flower-cup rises the
pointal, attended, as it were, by four embryoes, which after­
ward become so many seeds, which are roundish, shut up in
an husk, which before was the flower-cup: to which may be
added, that the stamina do somewhat resemble the os hyoides.
Miller.


By the colour, figure, taste, and smell, we have as clear
ideas of sage and hemlock, as we have of a circle. Locke.
Marbled with sage the hard'ning cheese she press'd. Gay.

SAGE. adj. [sage, Fr. saggio, Ital.] Wise; grave; prudent.
Tired limbs to rest,
O matron sage, quoth she, I hither came. Fairy Queen.
Vane, young in years, but in sage councils old,
Than whom a better senator ne'er held
The helm of Rome. Milton.
Can you expect that she should be so sage
To rule her blood, and you not rule your rage. Waller.

SAGE. n. s. [from the adjective.] A philosopher; a man of
gravity and wisdom.
Though you profess
Yourselves such sages; yet know I no less,
Nor am to you inferior. Sandys.
At his birth a star proclaims him come,
And guides the eastern sages, who enquire
His place, to offer incense, myrrh, and gold. Milton.
For so the holy sages once did sing,
That he our deadly forfeit should release,
And with his father work us a perpetual peace. Milton.
Groves, where immortal sages taught,
Where heav'nly visions Plato fir'd. Pope.

SA’GELY. adv. [from sage.] Wisely; prudently.

SA’GENESS. n. s. [from sage.] Gravity; prudence. Ainsw.

SAGI’TTAL. adj. [from sagitta, Lat. an arrow.]
1. Belonging to an arrow.
2. [In anatomy.] A future so called from its resemblance to an
arrow.
His wound was between the sagittal and coronal sutures to
the bone. Wiseman's Surgery.

SAGI’TTARY. n. s. [sagittarius, Latin; sagittaire, French.]
A centaur; an animal half man half horse, armed with a
bow and quiver.
The dreadful sagittary
Appals our numbers. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.

SA’GO. n. s. A kind of eatable grain. Bailey.
SAI

SA’ICK. n. s. [saica, Italian; saique, Fr.] A Turkish vessel
proper for the carriage of merchandise. Bailey.

SAID. preterite and part. pass. of say.
1. Aforesaid.
King John succeeded his said brother in the kingdom of
England and dutchy of Normandy. Hale.
2. Declared; shewed.

SAIL. n. s. [segl, Saxon; seyhel, seyl, Dutch.]
1. The expanded sheet which catches the wind, and carries on
the vessel on the water.
He came too late; the ship was under sail. Shakespeare.
They loosed the rudder-bands, and hoised up the main sail
to the wind. Acts xxvii. 40.
The galley born from view by rising gales,
She follow'd with her sight and flying sails. Dryden.
2. [In poetry.] Wings.
He cutting way
With his broad sails, about him soared round;
At last, low stooping with unwieldy sway,
Snatch'd up both horse and man. Fairy Queen.
3. A ship; a vessel.
A sail arriv'd
From Pompey's son, who through the realms of Spain
Calls out for vengeance on his father's death. Addis. Cato.
4. Sail is a collective word, noting the number of ships.
So by a roaring tempest on the flood,
A whole armado of collected sail
Is scatter'd. Shakespeare.
It is written of Edgar, that he increased the fleet he found
two thousand six hundred sail. Raleigh's Essays.
A feigned tear destroys us, against whom
Tydides nor Achilles could prevail,
Nor ten years conflict, nor a thousand sail. Denham.
He had promised to his army, who were discouraged at the
sight of Seleucus's fleet, consisting of an hundred sail, that at
the end of the Summer they should see a fleet of his of five
hundred sail. Arbuthnot on Coins.
5. To strike SAIL. To lower the sail.
Fearing lest they should fall into the quicksands, they strake
sail, and so were driven. Acts xxvii. 17.
6. A proverbial phrase for abating of pomp or superiority.
Margaret
Must strike her sail, and learn a while to serve
Where kings command. Shakes. Henry VI.

To SAIL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be moved by the wind with sails.
I shall not mention any thing of the sailing waggons. Mort.
2. To pass by sea.
When sailing was now dangerous, Paul admonished them. Acts.
3. To swim.
To which the stores of Crœsus, in the scale,
Would look like little dolphins, when they sail
In the vast shadow of the British whale. Dryden.
4. To pass smoothly along.
Speak again, bright angel! for thou art
As glorious to this sight, being o'er my head,
As is a winged messenger from heav'n,
When he bestrides the lazy pacing clouds,
And sails upon the bosom of the air. Shak. Rom. and Jul.

To SAIL. v. a.
1. To pass by means of sails.
A thousand ships were mann'd to sail the sea. Dryden.
View Alcinous' groves, from whence
Sailing the spaces of the boundless deep,
To Ariconium precious fruits arriv'd. Phillips.
2. To fly through.
Sublime she sails
Th' aerial space, and mounts the winged gales. Pope.

SAILER. n. s. [sailor is more usual, sailer more analogical;
from sail.] A seaman; one who practises or under­
stands navigation.
SAILOR. n. s. [sailor is more usual, sailer more analogical;
from sail.] A seaman; one who practises or under­
stands navigation.
They had many times men of other countries that were no
sailors. Bacon.
Batter'd by his lee they lay;
The passing winds through their torn canvas play,
And flagging sails on heartless sailors fall. Dryden.
Young Pompey built a fleet of large ships, and had good
sailor, commanded by experienced captains. Arbuthnot.
Full in the openings of the spacious main
It rides, and, lo, descends the sailer train. Pope's Odyssey.

SAILYA’ED. n. s. [sail and yard.] The pole on which the sail
is extended.
With glance so swift the subtle lightning past,
As split the sailyards. Dryden's Juvenal.

SAIM. n. s. [saime, Italian.] Lard. It still denotes this in
Scotland: as swine's saim.

SAIN.
Some obscure precedence, that hath tofore been sain. Shak.

SA’INFOIN. n. s. [sainfoin, Fr.] A kind of herb.

SAINT. n. s. [saint, French; sanctus, Latin.] A person emi­
nent for piety and virtue.
To thee be worship and thy saints for aye. Shakesp.
She will not stay the siege of loving terms,
Nor ope her lap to saint seducing gold. Shakespeare.
Then thus I cloath my naked villainy
With old odd ends, stol'n forth of holy writ,
And seem a saint, when most I play the devil. Shakespeare.
Miracles are required of all who aspire to this dignity, be­
cause they say an hypocrite may imitate a saint in all other
particulars. Addison on Italy.
By thy example kings are taught to sway,
Heroes to fight, and saints may learn to pray. Granville:
So unaffected, so compos'd a mind;
So firm, yet soft, so strong, yet so refin'd,
Heav'n, as its purest gold, by tortures try'd;
The saint sustain'd it, but the woman dy'd. Pope.

To SAINT. v. a. [from the noun] To number among saints;
to reckon among saints by a publick decree; to canonize.
Are not the principles of those wretches still owned, and
their persons sainted, by a race of men of the same stamp? South.
Over against the church stands a large hospital, erected by a
shoemaker, who has been beatified, though never sainted. Add.
Thy place is here, sad sister; come away:
Once, like thyself, I trembled, wept, and pray'd;
Love's victim then, though now a sainted maid. Pope.

To SAINT. v. n. To act with a shew of piety.
Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it,
If folly grows romantick, I must paint it. Pope.

SAI’NTED. adj. [from saint.]
1. Holy; pious; virtuous.
Thy royal father
Was a most sainted king: the queen that bore thee,
Oftner upon her knees than on her feet,
Died every day she liv'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Holy; sacred.
I hold you as a thing enskied and sainted,
By your renouncement an immortal spirit,
And to be talk'd with in sincerity
As with a saint. Shakespeare.
The crown virtue gives,
After this mortal change, to her true servants,
Amongst the enthron'd gods on sainted hills. Milton.

SAINT John's Wort. n. s. A plant.
This plant hath a fibrose root: the leaves grow opposite by
pairs at the joints of the stalks: the flower-cup consists of one
leaf, which is divided into five parts, and expanded: the
flower consists of five leaves expanded like a rose, having many
stamina in the centre surrounding a conical ovary, which be­
comes a three-cornered pointed fruit, and is divided into three
cells, containing many small seeds. There are thirty species
of this plant, of which the four first sorts grow wild, and the
rest are exoticks. The first sort, called common Saint John's
wort, is used in medicine. Miller.

SA’INTLIKE. adj. [saint and like.]
1. Suiting a saint; becoming a saint.
If still thou do'st retain
The same ill habits, the same sollies too,
Gloss'd over only with a saintlike show,
Still thou art bound to vice. Dryden's Pers.


2. Resembling a saint.
The king, in whose time it passed, whom catholicks count
a saintlike and immaculate prince, was taken away in the
flower of his age. Bacon.

SA’INTLY. adj. [from saint.] Like a saint; becoming a
saint.
I mention still
Him whom thy wrongs, with saintly patience borne,
Made famous in a land and times obscure. Milt. Par. Lost.

SA’INTSHIP. n. s. [from saint.] The character or qualities of
a saint.
He that thinks his saintship licenses him to censures, is to be
looked on not only as a rebel, but an usurper. Decay of Piety.
This savours something ranker than the tenents of the fifth
monarchy, and of sovereignty founded upon saintship. South.
The devil was piqu'd such saintship to behold,
And long'd to tempt him. Pope.

SAKE. n. s. [sac, Saxon; saecke, Dutch.]
1. Final cause; end; purpose.
Thou neither do'st persuade me to seek wealth
For eimpire's sake, nor empire to affect
For glory's sake. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The prophane person serves the devil for nought, and sins
only for sin's sake. Tillotson.
Wyndham like a tyrant throws the dart,
And takes a cruel pleasure in the smart;
Proud of the ravage that her beauties make,
Delights in wounds, and kills for killing's sake. Granville.
2. Account; regard to any person or thing.
Would I were young for your sake, mistress Anne! Shakesp.
The general so likes your musick, that he desires you, for
love's sake, to make no more noise with it. Shakesp. Othello.

SA’KER. n. s. [Saker originally signifies an hawk, the pieces of
artillery being often denominated from birds of prey.]
The cannon, blunderbuss, and saker,
He was th' inventor of, and maker. Hudibras.
According to observations made with one of her majesty's
sakers, and a very accurate pendulum-chronometer, a bullet,
at its first discharge, flies five hundred and ten yards in five
half seconds, which is a mile in a little above seventeen half
seconds. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SA’KERET. n. s. [from saker.] The male of a saker-hawk.
This kind of hawk is esteemed next after the falcon and gyr­
falcon, but differently to be managed. Bailey.
SAL

SAL. n. s. [Latin.] Salt. A word often used in pharmacy.
Salso acids will help its passing off; as sal prunel. Floyer.
Sal gem is so called from its breaking frequently into gem­
like squares. It differs not in property from the common salt
of the salt springs, or that of the sea, when all are equally
pure. Woodward's Met. Foss.
Sal Ammoniack is found still in Ammonia, as mentioned by
the ancients, and from whence it had its name. Woodward.

SALA’CIOUS. adj. [salacis, Lat. salace, Fr.] Lustful; lecherous.
One more salacious, rich, and old,
Out-bids, and buys her. Dryden's Juven. Sat.
Feed him with herbs
Of generous warmth, and of salacious kind. Dryd. Virg.
Animals spleened, grow extremely salacious. Arbuthnot.

SALA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from salacious.] Lecherously; lustfully.

SALA’CITY. n. s. [salacitas, Lat. from salacious.] Lust; lechery.
Immoderate salacity and excess of venery is supposed to
shorten the lives of cocks. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
A corrosive acrimony in the seminal lympha produces sala­
city. Floyer on the Humours.

SA’LAD. n. s. [salade, Fr. salaet, Germ.] Food of raw herbs.
I climbed into this garden to pick a salad, which is not
amiss to cool a man's stomach. Shakesp. Henry VI.
My sallet days,
When I was green in judgment, cold in blood. Shakespeare.
You have, to rectify your palate,
An olive, capers, or some better salad,
Ush'ring the mutton. Ben. Johnson.
Some coarse cold salad is before thee set;
Fall on. Dryden's Pers. Sat.
The happy old Coricyan's fruits and salads, on which
he lived contented, were all of his own growth. Dryden.
Leaves, eaten raw, are termed salad: if boiled, they be­
come potherbs; and some of those plants which are potherbs
in one family, are sallad in another. Watts.

SALAMA’NDER. n. s. [salamandre, Fr. salamandra, Lat.] An
animal supposed to live in the fire, and imagined to be very poi­
sonous. Ambrose Parey has a picture of the salamander, with a
receipt for her bite; but there is no such creature, the name
being now given to a poor harmless insect.
The salamander liveth in the fire, and hath force also to ex­
tinguish it. Bacon's Natural History.
According to this hypothesis the whole lunar world is a tor­
rid zone, and may be supposed uninhabitable, except they are
salamanders which dwell therein. Glanv. Sceps.
Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth
fire, we have found by experience, that on hot coals it dieth
immediately. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The artist was so encompassed with fire and smoke, that
one would have thought nothing but a salamander could have
been safe in such a situation. Addison's Guardian.

SALAMA’NDER 's Hair. n. s. A kind of asbestos, or mineral
flax.
SALAMA’NDER 's Wool. n. s. A kind of asbestos, or mineral
flax.
There may be such candles as are made of salamander's
wool, being a kind of mineral, which whiteneth in the burn­
ing, and consumeth not. Bacon.
Of English talc, the coarser sort is called plaister or parget;
the finer, spaad, earth flax, or salamander's hair. Woodward.

SALAMA’NDRINE. adj. [from salamander.] Resembling a sala­
mander.
Laying it into a pan of burning coals, we observed a certain
salamandrine quality, that made it capable of living in the
midst of fire, without being consumed or singed. Spectator.

SA’LARY. n. s. [salaire, Fr. salarium, Latin.]
1. Salarium, or salary, is derived from sal. Arbuthnot.
2. Stated hire; annual or periodical payment.
This is hire and salary, not revenge. Shak. Hamlet.
Several persons, out of a salary of five hundred pounds,
have always lived at the rate of two thousand. Swift.

SALE. n. s. [saal, Dutch.]
1. The act of selling.
2. Vent; power of selling; market.
Nothing doth more enrich any country than many towns;
for the countrymen will be more industrious in tillage, and
rearing of all husbandry commodities, knowing that they shall
have ready sale for them at those towns. Spenser.
3. A publick and proclaimed exposition of goods to the market;
auction.
Those that won the plate, and those thus sold, ought to be
marked so as they may never return to the race, or to the
sale. Temple.
4. State of being venal; price.
The other is not a thing for sale, and only the gift of the
gods. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Others more moderate seeming, but their aim
Private reward; for which both God and state
They'd set to sale. Milton's Agonistes.
The more money a man spends, the more must he endea­
vour to increase his stock; which at last sets the liberty of a
commonwealth to sale. Addison.
5. It seems in Spenser to signify a wicker basket; perhaps from
sallow, in which fish are caught.
To make baskets of bulrushes was my wont;
Who to entrap the fish in winding sale
Was better seen? Spenser.

SA’LEABLE. adj. [from sale.] Vendible; fit for sale; market­
able.
I can impute this general enlargement of saleable things to
no cause sooner than the Cornishman's want of vent and
money. Carew.
This vent is made quicker or slower, as greater or less quan­
tities of any saleable commodity are removed out of the course
of trade. Locke.

SA’LEABLENESS. n. s. [from saleable.] The state of being
saleable.

SA’LEABLY. adv. [from saleable.] In a saleable manner.

SA’LEBROUS. adj. [salebrosus, Latin.] Rough; uneven;
rugged.

SA’LESMAN. n. s. [sale and man.] One who sells cloaths
ready made.
Poets make characters, as salesmen cloaths;
We take no measure of your fops and beaus. Swift.

SA’LEWORK. n. s. [sale and work.] Work for sale; work
carelesly done.
I see no more in you than in the ordinary
Of nature's salework. Shakesp. As you like it.

SA’LIANT. adj. [French.] Denotes a lion in a leaping pos­
ture, and standing so that his right foot is in the dexter point,
and his hinder left foot in the sinister base point of the escut­
cheon, by which it is distinguished from rampant. Harris.

SA’LIANT, in heraldry, is when the lion is sporting
himself. Peacham.

SA’LIENT. adj. [saliens, Latin.]
1. Leaping; bounding; moving by leaps.
The legs of both sides moving together, as frogs, and salient
animals, is properly called leaping. Brown's Vulg. Err.
2. Beating; panting.
A salient point so first is call'd the heart,
By turns dilated, and by turns comprest,
Expels and entertains the purple guest. Blackmore.
3. Springing or shooting with a quick motion.
Who best can send on high
The salient spout, far streaming to the sky. Pope.

SA’LINE. adj. [salinus, Latin.] Consisting of salt; con­
stituting salt.
SA’LINOUS. adj. [salinus, Latin.] Consisting of salt; con­
stituting salt.
We do not easily ascribe their induration to cold; but ra­
ther unto salinous spirits and concretive juices. Brown.
This saline sap of the vessels, by being refused reception of
the parts, declares itself in a more hostile manner, by dry­
ing the radical moisture. Harvey on Consumptions.


If a very small quantity of any salt or vitriol be dissolved in
a great quantity of water, the particles of the salt or vitriol
will not sink to the bottom, though they be heavier in specie
than the water; but will evenly diffuse themselves into all the
water, so as to make it as saline at the top as at the bottom.
Newton's Opt.
As the substance of coagulations is not merely saline, no­
thing dissolves them but what penetrates and relaxes at the
same time. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SA’LIGOTS. n. s. A kind of thistle. Ainsworth.

SALI’VA. n. s. [Latin.] Every thing that is spit up; but it
more strictly signifies that juice which is separated by the glands
called salival. Quincy.
Not meeting with disturbance from the saliva; I the
sooner extirpated them. Wiseman's Surgery.

SA’LIVAL. adj. [from saliva, Latin.] Relating to spittle.
SA’LIVARY. adj. [from saliva, Latin.] Relating to spittle.
The woodpecker, and other birds that prey upon flies,
which they catch with their tongue, in the room of the said
glands have a couple of bags filled with a viscous humour,
which, by small canals, like the salival, being brought into
their mouths, they dip their tongues herein, and so with the
help of this natural birdlime attack the prey. Grew.
The necessity of spittle to dissolve the aliment appears from
the contrivance of nature in making the salivary ducts of ani­
mals which ruminate, extremely open: such animals as swal­
low their aliment without chewing, want salivary glands.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To SA’LIVATE. v. a. [from saliva, Latin.] To purge by the
salival glands.
She was prepossessed with the scandal of salivating, and
went out of town. Wiseman's Surgery.

SALIVA’TION. n. s. [from salivate.] A method of cure much
practised of late in venereal, scrophulous, and other obstinate
causes, by promoting a secretion of spittle. Quincy.
Holding of ill-tasted things in the mouth will make a small
salivation. Grew's Cosmol.

SALI’VOUS. adj. [from saliva.] Consisting of spittle; having
the nature of spittle.
There happeneth an elongation of the uvula, through the
abundance of salivous humour flowing upon it. Wiseman.

SA’LLET. n. s. [corrupted by pronunciation from salad.]
SA’LLETING. n. s. [corrupted by pronunciation from salad.]
I tried upon sallet oil. Boyle.
Sow some early salleting. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SA’LLIANCE. n. s. [from sally.] The act of issuing forth; sally.
A word not inelegant, but out of use.
Now mote I weet,
Sir Guyon, why with so fierce salliance
And fell intent, ye did at earst me meet. Fairy Queen.

SA’LLOW. n. s. [salix, Latin.] A tree of the genus of willow.
See WILLOW.
Saliows and reeds on banks of rivers born,
Remain to cut to stay thy vines. Dryden.

SA’LLOW. adj. [salo, German, black; sale, French, foul.]
Sickly; yellow.
What a deal of brine
Hath washt thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline? Shakespeare.
The scene of beauty and delight is chang'd:
No roses bloom upon my fading cheek,
Nor laughing graces wanton in my eyes;
But haggard grief, lean-looking sallow care,
And pining discontent, a rueful train,
Dwel on my brow, all hideous and forlorn. Rowe.

SA’LLOWNESS. n. s. [from sallow.] Yellowness; sickly pale­
ness.
A fish-diet would give such a sallowness to the celebrated
beauties of this island, as would scarce make them distin­
guishable from those of France. Addison.

SA’LLY. n. s. [sallie, French.]
1. Eruption; issue from a place besieged; quick egress.
The deputy sat down before the town for the space of three
Winter months; during which time sallies were made by the
Spaniards, but they were beaten in with loss. Bacon.
2. Range; excursion.
Every one shall know a country better, that makes often
sallies into it, and traverses it up and down, than he that, like
a mill-horse, goes still round in the same track. Locke.
3. Flight; volatile or sprightly exertion.
These passages were intended for sallies of wit; but whence
comes all this rage of wit? Stillingfleet.
4. Escape; levity; extravagant flight; frolick; wild gaiety;
exorbitance.
At his return all was clear, and this excursion was esteemed
but a sally of youth. Wotton.
'Tis but a sally of youth. Denham's Sophy.
We have written some things which we may wish never to
have thought on: some sallies of levity ought to be imputed
to youth. Swift.
The episodical part, made up of the extravagant sallies of
the prince of Wales and Falstaff's humour, is of his own in­
vention. Shakespeare Illustrated.

To SA’LLY. v. n. [from the noun.] To make an eruption; to
issue out.
The Turks sallying forth, received thereby great hurt. Knoll.
The noise of some tumultuous fight:
They break the truce, and sally out by night. Dryden.
The summons take of the same trumpet's call,
To sally from one port, or man one publick wall. Tate.

SA’LLYPORT. n. s. [sally and port.] Gate at which sallies are
made.
My slippery soul had quit the fort,
But that she stopp'd the sallyport. Cleaveland.
Love to our citadel resorts
Through those deceitful sallyports;
Our sentinels betray our forts. Denham.

SA’LMAGUNDI. n. s. [It is said to be corrupted from selon mon
gout, or sale à mon goût.] A mixture of chopped meat
and pickled herrings with oil, vinegar, pepper, and
onions.

SA’LMON. n. s. [salmo, Latin; saûmon, French.]
The salmon is accounted the king of fresh-water fish, and
is bred in rivers relating to the sea, yet so far from it as ad­
mits no tincture of brackishness. He is said to breed or cast
his spawn in most rivers in the month of August: some say
that then they dig a hole in a safe place in the gravel, and there
place their eggs or spawn, after the melter has done his natural
office, and then cover it over with gravel and stones, and so
leave it to their Creator's protection; who, by a gentle heat
which he infuses into that cold element, makes it brood and
beget life in the spawn, and to become samlets early in the
Spring: having spent their appointed time, and done this na­
tural duty in the fresh waters, they haste to the sea before
Winter, both the melter and spawner. Sir Francis Bacon
observes the age of a salmon exceeds not ten years: his growth
is very sudden, so that after he is got into the sea he becomes
from a samlet, not so big as a gudgeon, to be a salmon, in as
short a time as a gosling becomes a goose. Walton's Angler.
They poke them with an instrument somewhat like the sal­
mon spear. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
They take salmon and trouts by groping and tickling them
under the bellies in the pools, where they hover, and so throw
them on land. Carew.
Of fishes, you find in arms the whale, dolphin, salmon and
trout. Peacham.

SA’LMONTROUT. n. s. A trout that has some resemblance to a
salmon; a samlet.
There is in many rivers that relate to the sea salmontrouts as
much different from others, in shape and spots, as sheep differ
in their shape and bigness. Walton's Angler.

SALPI’CON. n. s. [In cookery.] A kind of farce put into
holes cut in legs of beef, veal, or mutton. Bailey.

SALSAMENTA’RIOUS. adj. [salsamentarius, Latin.] Belonging
to salt things. Dict.

SA’LSIFY. n. s. [Latin.] A plant.
Salsify, or the common sort of goatsbeard, is of a very long
oval figure, as if it were cods all over streaked, and engraven
in the spaces between the streaks, which are sharp pointed
towards the end. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SALSOA’CID. adj. [salsus and acidus, Latin.] Having a taste
compounded of saltness and sourness.
The salsoacids help its passing off; as sal prunel. Floyer.

SALSU’GINOUS. adj. [salsugo, Latin.] Saltish; somewhat
salt.
The distinction of salts, whereby they are discriminated
into acid, volatile, or salsuginous, if I may so call the fugitive
salts of animal substances, and fixed or alcalizate, may appear
of much use in natural philosophy. Boyle.

SALT. n. s. [salt, Gothick; sealt, Saxon; sal, Latin; sel,
French.]
1. Salt is a body whose two essential properties seem to be dis­
solubility in water, and a pungent sapor: it is an active incom­
bustible substance: it gives all bodies consistence, and pre­
serves them from corruption, and occasions all the variety of
tastes. There are three kinds of salts, fixed, volatile, and
essential: fixed salt is drawn by calcining the matter, then
boiling the ashes in a good deal of water: after this the solu­
tion is filtrated, and all the moisture evaporated, when the salt
remains in a dry form at the bottom: this is called a lixivious
salt. Essential salt is that drawn chiefly from the parts of ani­
mals, and some putrified parts of vegetables: it rises easily,
and is the most volatile of any. The essential salt is drawn
from the juice of plants by crystalization. Harris.
Is not discourse, manhood, learning, gentleness, virtue and
liberality, the spice and salt that seasons a man? Shakesp.
He perfidiously has given up,
For certain drops of salt, your city Rome,
To his wife and mother. Shak. Coriolanus.
Since salts differ much, some being fixt, some volatile, some
acid, and some urinous, the two qualities wherein they agree
are, that it is easily dissoluble in water, and affects the palate
with a sapour, good or evil. Boyle.


A particle of salt may be compared to a chaos, being dense,
hard, dry, and earthy in the centre, and rare, soft, and moist
in the circumference. Newton's Opt.
Salts are bodies friable and brittle, in some degree pellucid,
sharp or pungent to the taste, and dissoluble in water; but af­
ter that is evaporated, incorporating, crystalizing, and forming
themselves into angular figures. Woodward.
2. Taste; smack
Though we are justices and doctors, and churchmen, Mr.
Page, we have some salt of our youth in us; we are the sons
of women. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
3. Wit; merriment.

SALT. adj.
1. Having the taste of salt: as salt fish.
We were better parch in Africk sun,
Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes. Shakesp.
Thou old and true Menenius,
Thy tears are salter than a younger man's,
And venomous to thine eyes. Shakes. Coriolanus.
It hath been observed by the ancients, that salt water will
dissolve salt put into it in less time than fresh water. Bacon.
2. Impregnated with salt.
Hang him, mechanical salt butter rogue: I will awe him
with my cudgel. Shakes. Merry Wives of Windsor.
A leap into salt waters very often gives a new motion to
the spirits, and a new turn to the blood. Addison.
3. Abounding with salt.
He shall inhabit the parched places in the wilderness in a
salt land, and not inhabited. Jer. xvii. 6.
In Cheshire they improve their lands by letting out the
water of the salt springs on them, always after rain. Mortim.
4. [Salax, Lat.] Lecherous; salacious.
Be a whore still:
Make use of thy salt hours, season the slaves
For tubs and baths; bring down the rose-cheek'd youth
To the tub-fast, and the diet. Shakesp. Timon.
All the charms of love,
Salt Cleopatra, soften thy wan lip! Shakes. Ant. and Cleop.
This new married man, approaching here,
Whose salt imagination yet hath wrong'd
Your well defended honour, you must pardon. Shakesp.

To SALT. v. a. [from the noun.] To season with salt.
If the offering was of flesh, it was salted thrice. Brown.

SA’LT-PAN. n. s. [salt and pan, or pit.] Pit where salt is
got.
SA’LT-PIT. n. s. [salt and pan, or pit.] Pit where salt is
got.
Moab and Ammon shall be as the breeding of nettles, salt­
pits, and a perpetual desolation. Zeph. ii. 9.
Cicero prettily calls them salinas salt-pans, that you may
extract salt out of, and sprinkle where you please. Bacon.
The stratum lay at about twenty-five fathom, by the duke
of Somerset's salt-pans near Whitehaven. Woodward on Fossils.

SA’LTANT. adj. [saltans, Latin.] Jumping; dancing.

SALTA’TION. n. s. [saltatio, Latin.]
1. The act of dancing or jumping.
The locusts being ordained for saltation, their hinder legs
do far exceed the others. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Beat; palpitation.
If the great artery be hurt, you will discover it by its salta­
tion and florid colour. Wiseman's Surgery.

SA’LTCAT. n. s.
Many give a lump of salt, which they usually call a
saltcat, made at the salterns, which makes the pigeons much
affect the place. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SALTCE’LLAR. n. s. [salt and cellar.] Vessel of salt set on the
table.
When any salt is spilt on the table-cloth, shake it out into
the saltcellar. Swift's Directions to the Butler.

SA’LTER. n. s. [from salt.]
1. One who salts.
2. One who sells salt.
After these local names, the most have been derived from
occupations; as smith, salter, armorer. Camden's Remains.

SA’LTERN. n. s. A saltwork.
A lump of salt, which they usually call a saltcat, made for
that purpose at the salterns, makes the pigeons much affect the
place. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SALTI’NBANCO. n. s. [saltare in banco, to climb on a bench, as
a mountebank mounts a bank.] A quack or mountebank.
Saltinbancoes, quacksalvers, and charlatans deceive them:
were æsop alive, the Piazza and Pont-neuf could not speak
their fallacies. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He play'd the saltinbanco's part,
Transform'd t' a Frenchman by my art. Hudibras.

SA’LTIER. n. s. [saultiere, French.]
A saltier is made in the form of a St. Andrew's cross, and
by some is taken to be an engine to take wild beasts withal:
in French it is called un sautoir: it is an honourable bearing.
Peacham on Blazoning.

SALTISH. adj. [from salt] Somewhat salt.
Soils of a saltish nature improve sandy grounds. Mortimer.

SA’LTLESS. adj. [from salt.] Insipid; not tasting of salt.

SA’LTLY. adv. [from salt.] With taste of salt; in a salt manner.

SA’LTNESS. n. s. [from salt.] Taste of salt.
Salt water passing through earth, through ten vessels, one
within another, hath not lost its saltness, so as to become pot­
able; but drained through twenty, become fresh. Bacon.
Some think their wits have been asleep, except they dart
out somewhat that is piquant and to the quick: men ought to
find the difference between saltness and bitterness. Bacon.

SA’LTPETRE. n. s. [sal petræ, Latin; sal petre, Fr.] Nitre.
Nitre, or saltpetre, having a crude and windy spirit, by the
heat of the fire suddenly dilateth. Bacon.
Nitre or saltpetre, in heaps of earth, has been extracted, if
they be exposed to the air, so as to be kept from rain. Locke.

SALVABI’LITY. n. s. [from salvable.] Possibility of being re­
ceived to everlasting life.
Why do we Christians so fiercely argue against the salvabi­
lity of each other, as if it were our wish that all should be
damned, but those of our particular sect. Decay of Piety.

SA’LVABLE. adj. [from salvo, Latin.] Possible to be saved.
Our wild fancies about God's decrees, have in event repro­
bated more than those decrees, and have bid fair to the damn­
ing of many whom those left salvable. Decay of Piety.

SA’LVAGE. adj. [saulvage, French; selvaggio, Italian, from
silva, Latin.] Wild; rude; cruel. It is now spoken and
written savage.
May the Essexian plains
Prove as a desert, and none there make stay
But savage beasts, or men as wild as they. Waller.
A savage race inur'd to blood. Dryden.

SALVA’TION. n. s. [from salvo, Latin.] Preservation from
eternal death; reception to the happiness of heaven.
As life and death, mercy and wrath, are matters of meer
understanding or knowledge, all mens salvation, and all mens
endless perdition, are things so opposite, that whosoever doth
affirm the one must necessarily deny the other. Hooker.
Him the most High,
Wrap'd in a balmy cloud with winged steeds,
Did, as thou saw'st, receive; to walk with God
High in salvation, and the climes of bliss,
Exempt from death. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. xi.

SA’LVATORY. n. s. [salvatoire, French.] A place where any
thing is preserved.
I consider the admirable powers of sensation, phantasy,
and memory, in what salvatories or repositories the species of
things past are conserved. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

SALU’BRIOUS. adj. [salubris, Latin.] Wholsome; health­
ful; promoting health.
The warm limbeck draws
Salubrious waters from the nocent brood. Phillips.
Must we then resign our worthy pastor to the salubrious air
of Kiltearn, rather than he should longer breathe in the grosset
vapours of Inverness? Macbean's Remonstrance.

SALU’BRITY. n. s. [from salubrious.] Wholsomeness; health­
fulness.

SALVE. n. s. [This word is originally and properly salf, which
having salves in the plural, the singular in time was borrowed
from it: sealf, Saxon, undoubtedly from salvus, Latin.] A
glutinous matter applied to wounds and hurts; an emplaster.
Let us hence, my sov'reign, to provide
A salve for any sore that may betide. Shak. Henry VI.
Go study salve and treacle; ply
Your tenant's leg, or his sore eye. Cleaveland.
Sleep is pain's easiest salve, and doth fulfil
All offices of death, except to kill. Donne.
The royal sword thus drawn, has cur'd a wound,
For which no other salve could have been found. Waller.
Though most were sorely wounded, none were slain;
The surgeons soon despoil'd them of their arms,
And some with salves they cure. Dryden.
2. Help; remedy.
If they shall excommunicate me, hath the doctrine of
meekness any salve for me then? Hammond.

To SALVE. v. a. [salvo, Latin; or from the noun.]
1. To cure with medicaments applied.
Many skilful leeches him abide,
To salve his hurts. Fairy Queen.
It should be to little purpose for them to salve the wound,
by making protestations in disgrace of their own actions. Hook.
The which if I perform, and do survive,
I do beseech your majesty may salve
The long grown wounds of my intemperature. Sh. H. IV.
2. To help; to remedy.
Some seek to salve their blotted name
With others blot, 'till all do taste of shame. Sidney.
Our mother-tongue, which truly of itself is both full
enough for prose, and stately enough for verse, hath long time
been counted most bare and barren of both; which default,
when as some endeavoured to salve and cure, they patched up
the holes with rags from other languages. Spenser.
3. To help or save by a salvo, an excuse, or reservation.
Ignorant I am not how this is salved: they do it but after
the truth is made manifest. Hooker.


My more particular,
And that which most with you should salve my going,
Is Fulvia's death. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The schoolmen were like the astronomers, who, to salve
phœnomena, framed to their conceit eccentricks and epicy­
cles; so they, to salve the practice of the church, had devised
a great number of strange positions. Bacon.
There must be another state to make up the inequalities of
this, and salve all irregular appearances. Atterbury.
This conduct might give Horace the hint to say, that when
Homer was at a loss to bring any difficult matter to an issue,
he laid his hero asleep, and this salved all difficulty. Broome.
4. [From salve, Latin.] To salute. Obsolete.
That stranger knight in presence came,
And goodly salved them; who nought again
Him answered as courtesy became Fairy Queen.

SA’LVER. n. s. [A vessel, I suppose, used at first to carry away or
save what was left.] A plate on which any thing is pre­
sented.
He has printed them in such a portable volume, that many
of them may be ranged together on a single plate; and is of
opinion, that a salver of spectators would be as acceptable an
entertainment for the ladies, as a salver of sweetmeats. Addis.
Between each act the trembling salvers ring,
From soup to sweet wine. Pope.

SA’LVO. n. s. [from salvo jure, Latin, a form used in granting
any thing: as salvo jure putei.] An exception; a reserva­
tion; an excuse.
They admit many salves, cautions, and reservations, so as
they cross not the chief design. King Charles.
It will be hard if he cannot bring himself off at last with
some salvo or distinction, and be his own confessor. L'Estr.
If others of a more serious turn join with us deliberately in
their religious professions of loyalty, with any private salvoes
or evasions, they would do well to consider those maxims in
which all casuists are agreed. Addison.

SA’LUTARINESS. n. s. [from salutary.] Wholsomeness; qua­
lity of contributing to health or safety.

SA’LUTARY. adj. [salutaire, Fr. salutaris, Latin.] Whol­
some; healthful; safe; advantageous; contributing to health
or safety.
The gardens, yards, and avenues are dry and clean; and
so more salutary as more elegant. Ray.
It was want of faith in our Saviour's countrymen, which
hindered him from shedding among them the salutary emana­
tions of his divine virtue; and he did not many mighty works
there, because of their unbelief. Bentley.

SALUTA’TION. n. s. [salutation, Fr. salutatio, Latin.] The
act or stile of saluting; greeting.
The early village cock
Hath twice done salutation to the morn. Shakesp. R. III.
Thy kingdom's peers
Speak my salutation in their minds;
Whose voices I desire aloud with mine,
Hail, king of Scotland! Shakesp. Macbeth.
On her the angel hail
Bestow'd, the holy salutation used
To blest Mary. Milton.
In all publick meetings, or private addresses, use those forms
of salutation, reverence and decency, usual amongst the most
sober persons. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
Court and state he wisely shuns;
Nor brib'd, to servile salutations runs. Dryden's Horace.

To SALU’TE. v. a. [saluto, Latin; saluer, French.]
1. To greet; to hail.
The golden sun salutes the morn,
And, having gilt the ocean with his beams,
Gallops the zodiack in his glist'ring coach. Shakes. Tit. And.
One hour hence
Shall salute your grace of York as mother. Shak. R. III.
2. To please; to gratify.
Would I had no being,
If this salute my blood a jot: it faints me,
To think what follows. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
3. To kiss.

SALU’TE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Salutation; greeting.
The custom of praying for those that sneeze is more an­
cient than these opinions hereof: so that not any one disease
has been the occasion of this salute and deprecation. Brown.
O, what avails me now that honour high
To have conceiv'd of God, or that salute,
Hail highly favour'd, among women blest! Parad. Reg.
Continual salutes and addresses entertaining him all the way,
kept him from saving so great a life, but with one glance of
his eye upon the paper, 'till he came to the fatal place where
he was stabbed. South's Sermons.
I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our
three friends. Addison.
2. A kiss.
There cold salutes, but here a lover's kiss. Roscommon.

SALU’TER. n. s. [from salute.] He who salutes.

SALUTI’FEROUS. adj. [salutifer, Latin.] Healthy; bringing
health.
The king commanded him to go to the south of France,
believing that nothing would contribute more to the restor­
ing of his former vigour than the gentle salutiferous air of
Montpelier. Dennis's Letters.

SAME. adj. [samo, Gothick; sammo, Swedish.]
1. Not different; not another; identical; being of the like
kind, sort, or degree.
Miso, as spitefully as her rotten voice could utter it, set
forth the same sins of Amphialus. Sidney.
The tenor of man's woe
Holds on the same. Milton.
Th' etherial vigour is in all the same,
And ev'ry soul is fill'd with equal flame. Dryden's æn.
If itself had been coloured, it would have transmitted all
visible objects tinctured with the same colour; as we see what­
ever is beheld through a coloured glass, appears of the same
colour with the glass. Ray on the Creation.
The merchant does not keep money by him; but if you
consider what money must be lodged in the bankers hands,
the case will be much the same. Locke.
The same plant produceth as great a variety of juices as
there is in the same animal. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. That which was mentioned before.
Do but think how well the same he spends,
Who spends his blood his country to relieve. Daniel.

SA’MENESS. n. s. [from same.] Identity; the state of being
not another; not different.
Difference of persuasion in matters of religion may easily
fall out, where there is the sameness of duty, allegiance, and
subjection. King Charles.
If all courts have a sameness in them, things may be as they
were in my time, when all employments went to parliament­
mens friends. Swift.

SA’MLET. n. s. [salmonet, or salmonlet.] A little salmon.
Sir Francis Bacon observes the age of a salmon exceeds not
ten years, so his growth is very sudden: after he is got into
the sea he becomes from a samlet, not so big as a gudgeon, to
be a salmon, in as short a time as a gosling becomes a goose.
Walton's Angler.

SA’MPHIRE. n. s. [saint Pierre, French; rithmum, Latin.]
A plant preserved in pickle.
The leaves are thick, succulent, narrow, branchy, and
trifid: the flowers grow in an umbel, each consisting of five
leaves, which expand in form of a rose: the empalement of
the flower becomes a fruit, consisting of two plain and gently
streaked leaves. This plant grows in great plenty upon the
rocks near the sea-shore, where it is washed by the salt water.
It is greatly esteemed for pickling, and is sometimes used in
medicine. Miller.
Half way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire: dreadful trade!
Methinks he seems no bigger than his head. Shakesp.

SA’MPLE. n. s. [from example.] A specimen; a part of the
whole shown that judgment may be made of the whole.
He intreated them to tarry but two days, and he himself
would bring them a sample of the oar. Raleigh.
I have not engaged myself to any: I am not loaded with a
full cargo: 'tis sufficient if I bring a sample of some goods in
this voyage. Dryden.
I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to
discuss. Woodward's Natural History.
Determinations of justice were very summary and decisive,
and generally put an end to the vexations of a law-suit by the
ruin both of plaintiff and defendant: travellers have recorded
some samples of this kind. Addison.
From most bodies
Some little bits ask leave to flow;
And, as through these canals they roll,
Bring up a sample of the whole. Prior.

To SA’MPLE. v. a. To show something similar. Ainsworth.

SA’MPLER. n. s. [exemplar, Latin; whence it is sometimes
written samplar.] A pattern of work; a piece worked by
young girls for improvement.
O love, why do'st thou in thy beautiful sampler set such a
work for my desire to set out, which is impossible. Sidney.
Fair Philomela, she but lost her tongue,
And in a tedious sampler sew'd her mind. Shak. Tit. Andr.
We created with our needles both one flower,
Both on one samplar, sitting on one cushion;
Both warbling of one song, both in one key,
As if our hands, our sides, voices and minds
Had been incorp'rate. Shakespeare.
Coarse complexions,
And cheeks of sorry grain, will serve to ply
The sampler, and to teize the housewife's wool. Milton.
I saw her sober over a sampler, or gay over a jointed
baby. Pope.
SAN

SA’NABLE. adj. [sanabilis, Latin.] Curable; susceptive of re­
medy; remediable.

SANA’TION. n. s. [sanatio, Latin.] The act of curing.


Consider well the member, and, if you have no probable
hope of sanation, cut it off quickly. Wiseman's Surgery.

SA’NATIVE. adj. [from sano.] Powerful to cure; healing.
The vapour of coltsfoot hath a sanative virtue towards the
lungs. Bacon's Natural History.

SA’NATIVENESS. n. s. [from sanative.] Power to cure.

SANCTIFICA’TION. n. s. [sanctification, Fr. from sanctifico, low
Latin.]
1. The state of being freed, or act of freeing from the dominion
of sin for the time to come.
The grace of his sanctification and life, which was first re­
ceived in him, might pass from him to his whole race, as ma­
lediction came from Adam unto all mankind. Hooker.
2. The act of making holy; consecration.
The bishop kneels before the cross, and devoutly adores and
kisses it: after this follows a long prayer for the sanctification
of that new sign of the cross. Stillingfleet.

SA’NCTIFIER. n. s. [from sanctify.] He that sanctifies or makes
holy.
To be the sanctifier of a people, and to be their God, is all
one. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To SA’NCTIFY. v. a. [sanctifier, Fr. sanctifico, Latin.]
1. To free from the power of sin for the time to come.
For if the blood of bulls, sprinkling the unclean, sanctifieth
to the purifying of the flesh, how much more shall the blood
of Christ? Heb. ix. 13.
2. To make holy; to make a means of holiness.
The gospel, by not making many things unclean, as the
law did, hath sanctified those things generally to all, which
particularly each man to himself must sanctify by a reverend
and holy use. Hooker.
Those judgments God hath been pleased to send upon me,
are so much the more welcome, as a means which his mercy
hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust
act. King Charles.
Those external things are neither parts of our devotion, or
by any strength in themselves direct causes of it; but the grace
of God is pleased to move us by ways suitable to our nature,
and to sanctify these sensible helps to higher purposes. South.
What actions can express the intire purity of thought,
which refines and sanctifies a virtuous man? Addison.
3. To make free from guilt.
The holy man, amaz'd at what he saw,
Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law. Dryden.
4. To secure from violation.
Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line. Pope.

SANCTIMO’NIOUS. adj. [from sanctimonia, Latin.] Saintly;
having the appearance of sanctity.
A sanctimonious pretence, under a pomp of form, without
the grace of an inward integrity, will not serve the turn. L'Est.

SA’NCTIMONY. n. s. [sanctimonia, Latin.] Holiness; scru­
pulous austerity; appearance of holiness.
If sanctimony, and a frail vow between an errant Barbarian
and a supersubtle Venetian, be not too hard for my wit, and
all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. Shak. Othello.
Her pretence is a pilgrimage to St. Jaques le Grand, which
holy undertaking, with most austere sanctimony, she accom­
plish'd. Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
There was great reason why all discreet princes should be­
ware of yielding hasty belief to the robes of sanctimony. Ral.

SA’NCTION. n. s. [sanction, French; sanctio, Latin.]
1. The act of confirmation which gives to any thing its obliga­
tory power; ratification.
I have kill'd a slave,
And of his blood caus'd to be mixt with wine:
Fill every man his bowl. There cannot be
A fitter drink to make this sanction in. Ben. Johns. Catil.
Against the publick sanctions of the peace,
With fates averse, the rout in arms resort,
To force their monarch. Dryden's æn.
There needs no positive law or sanction of God to stamp an
obliquity upon such a disobedience. South.
By the laws of men, enacted by civil power, gratitude is
not enforced; that is, not enjoined by the sanction of penal­
ties, to be inflicted upon the person that shall not be found
grateful. South's Sermons.
The satisfactions of the Christian life, in its present prac­
tice and future hopes, are not the mere raptures of enthusiasm,
as the strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of
their testimony. Watts.
This word is often made the sanction of an oath: it is
reckoned a great commendation to be a man of honour. Swift.
Wanting sanction and authority, it is only yet a private
work. Baker on Learning.
2. A law; a decree ratified. Improper.
'Tis the first sanction nature gave to man,
Each other to assist in what they can. Denham.

SA’NCTITUDE. n. s. [from sanctus, Latin.] Holiness; good­
ness; saintliness.
In their looks divine
The image of their glorious Maker shone,
Truth, wisdom, sanctitude, serene and pure. Milton.

SA’NCTITY. n. s. [sanctitas, Latin.]
1. Holiness; the state of being holy.
At his touch,
Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand,
They presently amend. Shakespeare.
God attributes to place
No sanctity, if none be thither brought
By men who there frequent. Milton.
2. Goodness; the quality of being good; purity; godliness.
This youth
I reliev'd with such sanctity of love,
And to his image, which methought did promise
Most venerable worth, did I devotion. Shakespeare.
It was an observation of the ancient Romans, that their
empire had not more increased by the strength of their arms
than the sanctity of their manners. Addison.
3. Saint; holy being.
About him all the sanctities of heav'n
Stood thick as stars, and from his sight receiv'd
Beatitude past utt'rance. Milton.

To SA’NCTUARISE. v. n. [from sanctuary.] To shelter by
means of sacred privileges.
No place indeed should murder sanctuarise. Shakesp.

SA’NCTUARY. n. s. [sanctuaire, Fr. sanctuarium, Latin.]
1. A holy place; holy ground. Properly the penetralia, or most
retired and awful part of a temple.
Having waste ground enough,
Shall we desire to raze the sanctuary,
And pitch our evils there. Shakespeare.
They often plac'd
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines. Milton.
Let it not be imagined, that they contribute nothing to the
happiness of the country who only serve God in the duties of
a holy life, who attend his sanctuary, and daily address his
goodness. Roger's Sermons.
2. A place of protection; a sacred asylum: whence a sanctuary
man, one who takes shelter in a holy place.
Come, my boy, we will to sanctuary. Shakesp. R. III.
I'll hence forthwith unto the sanctuary,
To save at least the heir of Edward's right. Shak. H. VI.
Oft have I heard of sanctuary men;
But sanctuary children, ne'er 'till now. Shakes. R. III.
He fled to Beverly, where he and divers of his company
registered themselves sanctuary men. Bacon's Henry VII.
Howsoever the sanctuary man was protected from his credi­
tors, yet his goods out of sanctuary should not. Bacon's H. VII.
This our high place, our sanctuary, our hill. Milton.
3. Shelter; protection.
What are the bulls to the frogs, or the lakes to the mea­
dows? Very much, says the frog; for he that's worsted will
be sure to take sanctuary in the fens. L'Estrange.
The admirable works of painting were made fuel for the
fire; but some reliques of it took sanctuary under ground, and
escaped the common destiny. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

SAND. n. s. [sand, Danish and Dutch.]
1. Particles of stone not conjoined, or stone broken to powder.
That finer matter called sand, is no other than very small
pebbles. Woodward.
Here i' th' sands
Thee I'll rake up, the post unsanctified. Shakes. K. Lear.
Hark, the fatal followers do pursue!
The sands are number'd that make up my life:
Here must I stay, and here my life must end. Shak. H. VI.
Sand hath always its root in clay, and there be no veins of
sand any great depth within the earth. Bacon.
Calling for more paper to rescribe, king Philip shewed him
the difference betwixt the ink box and sand box. Howel.
If quicksilver be put into a convenient glass vessel, and that
vessel exactly stopped, and kept for ten weeks in a sand fur­
nace, whose heat may be constant, the corpuscles that consti­
tute the quicksilver will, after innumerable revolutions, be so
connected to one another, that they will appear in the form of
a red powder. Boyle.
Engag'd with money bags, as bold
As men with sand bags did of old. Hudibras.
The force of water casts gold out from the bowels of
mountains, and exposes it among the sands of rivers. Dryden.
Shells are found in the great sand pit at Woolwich. Woodw.
Celia and I, the other day,
Walk'd o'er the sand hills to the sea. Prior.
2. Barren country covered with sands.
Most of his army being slain, he, with a few of his friends,
sought to save themselves by flight over the desert sands. Knolles.
Her sons spread
Beneath Gibraltar to the Lybian sands. Milton.

SA’NDAL. n. s. [sandale, Fr. [sandalium, Latin.] A loose shoe.
Thus sung the uncouth swain to th' oaks and rills,
While the still morn went out with sandals grey. Milton.
From his robe
Flows light ineffable: his harp, his quiver,
And Lycian bow are gold: with golden sandals
His feet are shod. Prior.


The sandals of celestial mold,
Fledg'd with ambrosial plumes, and rich with gold,
Surround her feet. Pope's Odyssey.

SA’NDARAK. n. s. [sandaraque, French; sandaraca, Latin.]
1. A mineral of a bright right colour, not much unlike to red
arsenick. Bailey.
2. A white gum oozing out of the juniper-tree. Bailey.

SA’NDBLIND. adj [sand and blind.] Having a defect in the
eyes, by which small particles appear to fly before them.
My true begotten father, being more than sandblind, high
gravelblind, knows me not. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

SA’NDBOX Tree. n. s. [hura, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a funnel-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf, which
is spread open at the brim, and slightly cut into twelve parts:
at the bottom of the tube is placed the pointal, which after­
ward becomes a globular compressed fruit, which has twelve
cells, in each of which is contained one roundish flat seed.
The fruit of this plant, if suffered to remain on 'till they are
fully ripe, burst in the heat of the day with a violent explo­
sion, making a noise like the firing of a pistol, and hereby the
seeds are thrown about to a considerable distance. These seeds,
when green, vomit and purge, and are supposed to be some­
what a-kin to nux vomica. Miller.

SA’NDED. adj. [from sand.]
1. Covered with sand; barren.
In well sanded lands little or no snow lies. Mortimer.
The river pours along
Resistless, roaring dreadful down it comes;
Then o'er the sanded valley floating spreads. Thomson.
2. Marked with small spots; variegated with dusky specks.
My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
So flew'd, so sanded, and their heads are hung
With ears that sweep away the morning dew;
Crook-knee'd and dewlap'd, like Thessalian bulls;
Slow in pursuit; but match'd in mouth like bells,
Each under each. Shakespeare.

SA’NDERLING. n. s. A bird.
Among the first sort we reckon coots, sanderlings, pewets,
and mews. Carew.

SA’NDERS. n. s. [santalum, Latin.] A precious kind of Indian
wood, of which there are three sorts, red, yellow, and
green. Bailey.
Aromatize it with sanders. Wiseman's Surgery.

SA’NDEVER. n. s.
That which our English glassmen call sandever, and the
French, of whom probably the name was borrowed, suinde­
ver, is that recrement that is made when the materials of
glass, namely, sand and a fixt lixiviate alkali, having been first
baked together, and kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up
the superfluous salt, which the workmen afterwards take off
with ladles, and lay by as little worth. Boyle.

SA’NDISH. adj. [from sand.] Approaching to the nature of
sand; loose; not close; not compact.
Plant the tenuifolia's and ranunculus's in fresh sandish earth,
taken from under the turf. Evelyn's Kalendar.

SA’NDSTONE. n. s. [sand and stone.] Stone of a loose and
friable kind, that easily crumbles into sand.
Grains of gold in sandstone, grey, variegated with a faint green
and blue, from the mine of Costa Rica, which is not reckoned
rich; but every hundred weight yields about an ounce of
gold. Woodward.

SA’NDY. adj. [from sand.]
1. Abounding with sand; full of sand.
I should not see the sandy hourglass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats. Shakespeare.
Safer shall he be on the sandy plains,
Than where castles mounted stand. Shakesp. H. VI.
A region so desert, dry, and sandy, that travellers are fain
to carry water on their camels. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Rough unweildy earth, nor to the plough
Nor to the cattle kind, with sandy stones
And gravel o'er-abounding. Phillips.
O'er sandy wilds were yellow harvests spread. Pope.
2. Consisting of sand; unsolid.
Favour, so bottomed upon the sandy foundation of personal
respects only, cannot be long lived. Bacon to Villiers.

SANE. adj. [sanus, Latin.] Sound; healthy. Baynard wrote
a poem on preserving the body in a sane and sound state.

SANG. The preterite of sing.
Then sang Moses and Israel this song unto the Lord. Ex. xv.
Thee next they sang, of all creation first. Milton.

SANGUI’FEROUS. adj. [sanguifer, Latin.] Conveying blood.
The fifth conjugation of the nerves is branched to the
muscles of the face, particularly the cheeks, whose sangui­
ferous vessels it twists about. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SANGUIFICA’TION. n. s. [sanguification, Fr. sanguis and facio,
Lat.] The production of blood; the conversion of the chyle
into blood.
Since the lungs are the chief instrument of sanguification,
the animal that has that organ faulty can never have the vital
juices, derived from the blood, in a good state. Arbuthnot.
Asthmatick persons have voracious appetites, and conse­
quently, for want of a right sanguification, are leucophlegma­
tick. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SA’NGUIFIER. n. s. [sanguis and facio, Latin.] Producer of
blood.
Bitters, like choler, are the best sanguifiers, and also the
best febrifuges. Floyer on the Humours.

To SA’NGUIFY. v. n. [sanguis and facio, Latin.] To produce
blood.
At the same time I think, I command: in inferior faculties,
I walk, see, hear, digest, sanguify, and carnify, by the power
of an individual soul. Hale.

SA’NGUINARY. adj. [sanguinarius, Lat. sanguinaire, French;
from sanguis, Latin.] Cruel; bloody; murtherous.
We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary
persecutions to force consciences. Bacon.
The scene is now more sanguinary, and fuller of actors:
never was such a confused mysterious civil war as this. Howel.
Passion transforms us into a kind of savages, and makes us
brutal and sanguinary. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

SA’NGUINARY. n. s. [sanguis, Lat.] An herb. Ainsworth.

SA’NGUINE. adj. [sanguin, Fr. sanguineus, from sanguis, Lat.]
1. Red; having the colour of blood.
This fellow
Upbraided me about the rose I wear;
Saying, the sanguine colour of the leaves
Did represent my master's blushing cheeks. Shak. H. VI.
A stream of nect'rous humour issuing flow'd
Sanguine. Milton.
Dire Tisiphone there keeps the ward,
Girt in her sanguine gown. Dryden.
Her flag aloft, spread ruffling to the wind,
And sanguine streamers seem the flood to fire:
The weaver, charm'd with what his loom design'd,
Goes on to sea, and knows not to retire. Dryden.
2. Abounding with blood more than any other humour; cheerful.
The cholerick fell short of the longevity of the sanguine. Bro.
Though these faults differ in their complexions as sanguine
from melancholy, yet they are frequently united. Gov. of Tongue.
3. Warm; ardent; confident.
A set of sanguine tempers ridicule, in the number of fop­
peries, all such apprehensions. Swift.

SA’NGUINE. n. s. [from sanguis.] Blood colour.
A griefly wound,
From which forth gush'd a stream of gore, blood thick,
That all her goodly garments stain'd around,
And in deep sanguine dy'd the grassy ground. Fa. Queen.

SA’NGUINENESS. n. s. [from sanguine.] Ardour; heat of ex­
pectation; confidence. Sanguinity is per­
haps only used by Swift.
SA’NGUINITY. n. s. [from sanguine.] Ardour; heat of ex­
pectation; confidence. Sanguinity is per­
haps only used by Swift.
Rage, or phrensy it may be, in some perhaps natural cou­
rage, or sanguineness of temper in others; but true valour it is
not, if it knows not as well to suffer as to do. That mind is
truly great, and only that, which stands above the power of all
extrinsick violence; which keeps itself a distinct principality,
independent upon the outward man. Decay of Piety.
I very much distrust your sanguinity. Swift.

SANGUI’NEOUS. adj. [sanguineus, Latin; sanguin, French.]
1. Constituting blood.
This animal of Plato containeth not only sanguineous and
reparable particles, but is made up of veins, nerves, and ar­
teries. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Abounding with blood.
A plethorick constitution, in which true blood abounds, is
called sanguineous. Arbuthnot.

SA’NHEDRIM. n. s. [synedrium, Latin.] The chief council
among the Jews, consisting of seventy elders, over whom the
high priest presided.

SA’NICLE. n. s. [sanicle, Fr. sanicula, Latin.] A plant.
It is an umbelliferous plant, and its flower consists of five
leaves, placed orbicularly; but bent back to the centre of the
flower, and resting on the empalement, which becomes a fruit
composed of two seeds, which are gibbous and prickly on one
side, but plain on the other. Miller.

SA’NIES. n. s. [Latin] Thin matter; serous excretion.
It began with a round crack in the skin, without other mat­
ter than a little sanies. Wiseman's Surgery.

SA’NIOUS. adj. [from sanies.] Running a thin serous matter,
not a well digested pus.
Observing the ulcer sanious, I proposed digestion as the only
way to remove the pain. Wiseman.

SA’NITY. n. s. [sanitas, Latin.] Soundness of mind.
How pregnant, sometimes, his replies are?
A happiness that often madness hits on,
Which sanity and reason could not be
So prosp'rously delivered of. Shakesp. Hamlet.

SANK.The preterite of sink.
As if the opening of her mouth to Zelmane had opened
some great floodgate of sorrow, whereof her heart could not
abide the violent issue, she sank to the ground. Sidney.
Our men followed them close, took two ships, and gave divers
others of their ships their death's wounds, whereof soon after
they sank and perished. Bacon's War with Spain.



SANS. prep. [French.] Without. Out of use.
Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans every thing. Shakesp.
For nature so preposterously to err,
Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense,
Sans witchcraft could not. Shakes. Othello.
SAP

SAP. n. s. [sæpe, Saxon; sap, Dutch.] The vital juice of
plants; the juice that circulates in trees and herbs.
Now sucking of the sap of herbs most sweet,
Or of the dew, which yet on them does lie,
Now in the same bathing his tender feet. Spenser.
Though now this grained face of mine be hid
In sap consuming Winter's drizzled snow,
And all the conduits of my blood froze up,
Yet hath my night of life some memory. Shakespeare.
Wound the bark of our fruit-trees,
Lest, being over-proud with sap and blood,
With too much riches it confound itself. Shakesp. R. II.
His presence had infus'd
Into the plant sciential sap. Milton.
The sap which at the root is bred
In trees, through all the boughs is spread. Waller.
Vegetables consist of the same parts with animal sub­
stances, spirit, water, salt, oil, earth; all which are con­
tained in the sap they derive from the earth. Arbuthnot.

To SAP. v. a. [sapper, French; zappare, Italian.] To under­
mine; to subvert by digging; to mine.
Their dwellings were sapp'd by floods,
Their houses fell upon their houshold gods. Dryden.

To SAP. v. n. To proceed by mine; to proceed invisibly.
For the better security of the troops, both assaults are car­
ried on by sapping. Tatler.
In vain may heroes fight, and patriots rave,
If secret gold saps on from knave to knave. Pope.

SA’PPHIRE. n. s. [sapphirus, Latin: so that it is improperly
written saphyre.] A precious stone of a blue colour.
Saphire is of a bright blue colour. Woodward.
In enroll'd tuffs, flow'rs purfled, blue and white,
Like saphire, pearl, in rich embroidery. Shakespeare.
He tinctures rubies with their rosy hue,
And on the saphire spreads a heavenly blue. Blackmore.
That the saphire should grow foul, and lose its beauty, when
worn by one that is lecherous, and many other fabulous sto­
ries of gems, are great arguments that their virtue is equiva­
lent to their value. Derham.

SA’PPHIRINE. adj. [sapphirinus, Latin.] Made of sapphire;
resembling sapphire.
She was too saphirine and clear for thee;
Clay, flint, and jet now thy fit dwellings be. Donne.
A few grains of shell silver, with a convenient proportion
of powdered crystal glass, having been kept three hours in
fusion, I found the coliquated mass, upon breaking the cru­
cible, of a lovely saphirine blue. Boyle.

SA’PID. adj. [sapidus, Latin.] Tasteful; palatable; making
a powerful stimulation upon the palate.
Thus camels, to make the water sapid, do raise the mud
with their feet. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The most oily parts are not separated by a slight decoction,
'till they are disentangled from the salts; for if what remains
of the subject, after the infusion and decoction be continued
to be boiled down with the addition of fresh water, a fat,
sapid, odorous, viscous, inflammable, frothy water will con­
stantly be found floating a-top of the boiling liquor. Arbuthn.

SAPI’DITY. n. s. [from sapid.] Tastefulness; power of sti­
mulating the palate.
SA’PIDNESS. n. s. [from sapid.] Tastefulness; power of sti­
mulating the palate.
As for their taste, if their nutriment be air, neither can it
be an instrument thereof; for the body of that element is in­
gustible, and void of all sapidity. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
If sapidness belong not to the mercurial principle of ve­
getables and animals, it will scarce be discriminated from their
phlegm. Boyle.

SA’PIENCE. n. s. [sapience, Fr. sapientia, Latin.] Wisdom;
sageness; knowledge.
By sapience, I mean what the ancients did by philosophy;
the habit or disposition of mind which importeth the love of
wisdom. Grew.
Ne only they that dwell in lowly dust,
The sons of darkness and of ignorance;
But they whom thou, great Jove, by doom unjust,
Did'st to the top of honour earst advance:
They now, puft up with's deignful insolence,
Despise the brood of blessed sapience. Spenser.
King James, of immortal memory, among all the lovers
and admirers of divine and human sapience, accomplished at
Theobalds his own days on earth. Wotton.
Because enterprises guided by ill counsels have equal suc­
cess to those by the best judgment conducted, therefore had
violence the same external figure with sapience. Raleigh.
Sapience and love
Immense, and all his father in him shone. Milton.
O sov'reign, virtuous, precious of all trees
In Paradise! of operation blest
To sapience. Milton.
Many a wretch in Bedlam,
Though perhaps among the rout
He wildly flings his filth about,
Still has gratitude and sapience
To spare the folks that give him ha'pence. Swift.

SA’PIENT. adj. [sapiens, Latin.] Wise; sage.
There the sapient king held dalliance. Milton.

SA’PLESS. adj. [saploos, Dutch.]
1. Wanting sap; wanting vital juice.
Pithless arms, like to a wither'd vine,
That droops his sapless branches to the ground. Shak. H. VI.
The tree of knowledge, blasted by disputes,
Produces sapless leaves instead of fruits. Denham.
This single stick was full of sap; but now in vain does art
tie that withered bundle of twigs to its sapless trunk. Swift.
2. Dry; old; husky.
If by this bribe, well plac'd, he would ensnare
Some sapless usurer that wants an heir. Dryden's Juven.

SA’PLING. n. s. [from sap.] A young tree; a young plant.
Look how I am bewitch'd; behold, mine arm
Is, like a blasted sapling, wither'd up. Shakesp. R. III.
Nurse the saplings tall, and curl the grove
With ringlets quaint. Milton.
A sapling pine he wrench'd from out the ground,
The readiest weapon that his sury found. Dryden.
What planter will attempt to yoke
A sapling with a falling oak? Swift.
Slouch turn'd his head, saw his wife's vig'rous hand
Wielding her oaken sapling of command. King's Laura.

SAPONA’CEOUS. adj. [from sapo, Latin, soap.] Sopy; re­
sembling soap; having the qualities of soap.
SA’PONARY. adj. [from sapo, Latin, soap.] Sopy; re­
sembling soap; having the qualities of soap.
By digesting a solution of salt of tartar with oil of almonds,
I could reduce them to a soft saponary substance. Boyle.
Any mixture of an oily substance with salt, may be called a
soap: bodies of this nature are called saponaceous. Arbuthnot.

SA’POR. n. s. [Latin.] Taste; power of affecting or stimu­
lating the palate.
There is some sapor in all aliments, as being to be distin­
guished and judged by the gust, which cannot be admitted in
air. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The shape of those little particles of matter which distin­
guish the various sapors, odours, and colours of bodies. Watts.

SAPORI’FICK. adj. [saporifique, Fr. sapor and facio, Latin.]
Having the power to produce tastes.

SA’PPINESS. n. s. [from sappy.] The state or the quality of
abounding in sap; succulence; juiciness.

SA’PPY. adj. [from sap.]
1. Abounding in sap; juicy; succulent.
The sappy parts, and next resembling juice,
Were turn'd to moisture for the body's use,
Supplying humours, blood, and nourishment. Dryden.
The sappy boughs
Attire themselves with blooms, sweet rudiments
Of future harvest. Phillips.
The green heat the ripe, and the ripe give fire to the green;
to which the bigness of their leaves, and hardness of their
stalks, which continue moist and sappy long, doth much con­
tribute. Mortimer.
2. Young; not firm; weak.
This young prince was brought up among nurses, 'till he
arrived to the age of six years: when he had passed this weak
and sappy age, he was committed to Dr. Cox. Hayward.
SAR

SA’RABAND. n. s. [çarabande, Spanish; sarabande, French.] A
Spanish dance.
The several modifications of this tune-playing quality in a
fiddle, to play preludes, sarabands, jigs and gavots, are as
much real qualities in the instrument as the thought is in the
mind of the composer. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scribl.

SA’RCASM. n. s. [sarcasme, Fr. sarcasmus, Latin.] A keen
reproach; a taunt; a gibe.
Sarcasms of wit are transmitted in story. Gov. of the Tongue.
Rejoice, O young man, says Solomon, in a severe sarcasm,
in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thy heart;
but know that for these things God will bring thee into judg­
ment. Rogers's Sermons.
When an angry master says to his servant it is bravely done,
it is one way of giving a severe reproach; for the words are
spoken by way of sarcasm, or irony. Watts.

SARCA’STICALLY. adv. [from sarcastick.] Tauntingly; se­
verely.
He asked a lady playing with a lap-dog, whether the wo­
men of that country used to have any children or no; thereby
sarcastically reproaching them for misplacing that affection upon
brutes, which could only become a mother to her child. South.

SARCA’STICAL. adj. [from sarcasm.] Keen; taunting; se­
vere.
SARCA’STICK. adj. [from sarcasm.] Keen; taunting; se­
vere.
What a fierce and sarcastick reprehension would this have
drawn from the friendship of the world, and yet what a gentle
one did it receive from Christ? South.



SA’RCENET. n. s. [Supposed by Skinner to be sericum sarace­
nicum, Latin.] Fine thin woven silk.
Why art thou then exasperate, thou idle immaterial skein
of sley'd silk, thou green sarcenet flap for a sore eye, thou tassel
of a prodigal's purse? Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
If they be covered, though but with linnen or sarcenet, it
intercepts the effluvium. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These are they that cannot bear the heat
Of figur'd silks and under sarcenets sweat. Dryd. Juven.
She darts from sarcenet ambush wily leers,
Twitches thy sleeve, or with familiar airs
Her fan will pat the cheek; these snares disdain. Gay.

To SA’RCLE. v. a. [sarcler, French; sarculo, Latin.] To
weed corn. Ainsworth.

SARCOCE’LE. n. s. [s?? and ???; sarcocele, Fr.] A fleshy
excrescence of the testicles, which sometimes grow so large as
to stretch the scrotum much beyond its natural size. Quincy.

SARCO’MA. n. s. [s????a.] A fleshy excrescence, or lump,
growing in any part of the body, especially the nostrils. Bailey.

SARCO’PHAGOUS. adj. [s? and f???.] Flesh-eating; feed­
ing on flesh.

SARCO’PHAGY. n. s. [s? and f???.] The practice of eating
flesh.
There was no sarcophagy before the flood; and, without the
eating of flesh, our fathers preserved themselves unto longer
lives than their posterity. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

SARCO’TICK. n. s. [from s?; sarcotique, Fr.] Medicines
which fill up ulcers with new flesh; the same as incarnatives.
By this means the humour was moderately repressed, and
breathed forth; the escar also separated in the fontanel: after
which the ulcer incarned with common sarcoticks, and the ul­
cerations about it were cured by ointment of tuty, and such
like epuloticks. Wiseman on Inflammations.

SARCULA’TION. n. s. [sarculus, Latin.] The act of weeding;
plucking up weeds. Dict.

SA’RDEL. n. s. A sort of precious stone.
SA’RDINE Stone. n. s. A sort of precious stone.
SA’RDIUS. n. s. A sort of precious stone.
He that sat was to look upon, like a jasper and a sardine
stone. Rev. iv. 3.
Thou shalt set in it four rows of stones: the first row shall
be a sardius. Ex. xxviii. 17.

SA’RDONYX. n. s. A precious stone.
The onyx is an accidental variety of the agat kind: 'tis of
a dark horny colour, in which is a plate of a bluish white, and
sometimes of red: when on one or both sides the white there
happens to lie also a plate of a reddish colour, the jewellers call
the stone a sardonyx. Woodward.

SARK. n. s. [scrk, Saxon.]
1. A shark or shirk. Bailey.
2. In Scotland it denotes a shirt.
Flaunting beaus gang with their breasts open, and their
sarks over their waistcoats. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.

SARN. n. s. A British word for pavement, or stepping stones,
still used in the same sense in Berkshire and Hampshire.

SA’RPLIER. n. s. [sarpilliere, French.] A piece of canvas for
wrapping up wares; a packing cloth. Bailey.

SA’RRASINE. n. s. [In botany.] A kind of birthwort. Bailey.

SA’RSA. n. s. Both a tree and a plant. Ainsworth.
SARSAPARE’LLA. n. s. Both a tree and a plant. Ainsworth.

SARSE. n. s. A sort of fine lawn sieve. Bailey.

To SARSE. v. a. [sasser, French.] To sift through a sarse or
searse. Bailey.

SART. n. s. [In agriculture.] A piece of woodland turned into
arable. Bailey.

SASH. n. s. [Of this word the etymologists give no account: I
suppose it comes from sçache, of sçavoir, to know, a sash worn
being a mark of distinction; and a sash window being made
particularly for the sake of seeing and being seen.]
1. A belt worn by way of distinction; a silken band worn by
officers in the army.
2. A window so formed as to be let up and down by pullies.
She ventures now to lift the sash;
The window is her proper sphere. Swift.
As for the poem he writ on your sash,
My sister transcrib'd it last night. Swift.
She broke a pane in the sash window that looked into the
yard. Swift.

SA’SHOON. n. s. A kind of leather stuffing put into a boot for
the wearer's ease. Ainsworth.

SA’SSAFRAS. n. s. A tree: one of the species of the cornelian
cherry. The wood is medicinal.
SAT

SAT. The preterite of sit.
The picture of fair Venus, that
For which, men say, the goddess sat,
Was lost, 'till Lely from your look
Again that glorious image took. Waller.
I answered not the rehearsal, because I knew the author sat
to himself when he drew the picture, and was the very Bays
of his own farce. Dryden.

SA’TAN. n. s. [ Satanas, Latin.] The prince of hell;
the devil; any wicked spirit.
I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. Lu. x. 18.
They are much increased by the false suggestions of Satan.
Sanderson's Judgment in one View.
The despiteful act
Of Satan done in Paradise. Milton.

SATA’NICAL. adj. [from Satan.] Devilish; infernal.
SATA’NICK. adj. [from Satan.] Devilish; infernal.
The faint satanick host
Defensive scarce. Milton.

SA’TCHEL. n. s. [seckel, German; sacculus, Latin.] A little
bag: commonly a bag used by schoolboys to carry their books.
The whining schoolboy with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. Shak. As you like it.
Schoolboys lag with satchels in their hands. Swift.

To SATE. v. a. [satio, Latin.] To satiate; to glut; to pall;
to feed beyond natural desires.
Sated at length, ere long I might perceive
Strange alteration in me. Milton's Paradise Lost.
How will their bodies stript
Enrich the victors, while the vultures sate
Their maws with full repast. Phillips.
Thy useless strength, mistaken king, employ,
Sated with rage, and ignorant of joy. Prior.

SATE’LLITE. n. s. [satelles, Lat. satellite, Fr. This word is com­
monly pronounced in prose with the e mute in the plural, as in
the singular, and is therefore only of three syllables; but Pope has
in the plural continued the Latin form, and assigned it four;
I think, improperly.] A small planet revolving round a larger.
Four moons move about Jupiter, and five about Saturn,
called their satellites. Locke.
The smallest planets are situated nearest the sun and each
other; whereas Jupiter and Saturn, that are vastly greater, and
have many satellites about them, are wisely removed to the ex­
treme regions of the system. Bentley.
Ask of yonder argent fields above,
Why Jove's satellites are less than Jove? Pope.

SATELLI’TIOUS. adj. [from satelles, Lat.] Consisting of satellites.
Their solidity and opacity, and their satellitious attendance,
their revolutions about the sun, and their rotations about their
axis, are exactly the same. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

To SA’TIATE. v. a. [satio, Latin.]
1. To satisfy; to fill.
Those smells are the most grateful where the degree of heat
is small, or the strength of the smell allayed; for these rather
woo the sense than satiate it. Bacon.
Buying of land is the result of a full and satiated gain; and
men in trade seldom think of laying out their money upon
land, 'till their profit has brought them in more than their
trade can well employ. Locke.
The loosen'd winds
Hurl'd high above the clouds; 'till all their force
Consum'd, her rav'nous jaws th' earth satiate clos'd. Phillips.
2. To glut; to pall; to fill beyond natural desire.
They satiate and soon fill,
Though pleasant. Milton.
Whatever novelty presents, children are presently eager to
have a taste, and are as soon satiated with it. Locke.
He may be satiated, but not satisfy'd. Norris.
3. To gratify desire.
I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they
should be satiated with my blood. King Charles.
4. To saturate; to impregnate with as much as can be con­
tained or imbibed.
Why does not salt of tartar draw more water out of the
air, than in a certain proportion to its quantity, but for want
of an attractive force after it is satiated with water? Newton.

SA’TIATE. adj. [from the verb.] Glutted; full to satiety.
When it has with, it seems a participle; when of, an adjective.
Our generals, retir'd to their estates,
In life's cool evening, satiate of applause,
Nor think of bleeding ev'n in Brunswick's cause. Pope.
Now may'rs and shrieves all hush'd and satiate lay,
Yet eat, in dreams, the custard of the day. Pope's Dunc.

SATI’ETY. n. s. [satietas, Latin; satieté, Fr.] Fulness beyond
desire or pleasure; more than enough; wearisomeness of plen­
ty; state of being palled or glutted.
He leaves a shallow plash to plunge him in the deep,
And with satiety seeks to quench his thirst. Shakespeare.
Nothing more jealous than a favourite, especially towards
the waining time and suspect of satiety. Wotton.
In all pleasures there is satiety; and after they be used, their
verdure departeth. Hakewill.
They satiate and soon fill,
Though pleasant; but thy words, with grace divine
Imbu'd, bring to their sweetness no satiety. Milton.
No action, the usefulness of which has made it the matter
of duty, but a man may bear the continual pursuit of, without
loathing or satiety. South.
The joy unequal'd, if its end it gain,
Without satiety, though e'er so blest,
And but more relish'd as the more distress'd. Pope.

SA’TIN. n. s. [satin, French; drapo di setan, Italian; sattin,
Dutch.] A soft close and shining silk.


Such a glittering shew it bare, and so bravely it was held up
from the head: upon her body she wore a doublet of sky-colour
satin, covered with plates of gold, and as it were nailed with
precious stones, that in it she might seem armed. Sidney.
The ladies dress'd in rich symars were seen,
Of Florence satin, flower'd with white and green,
And for a shade betwixt the bloomy gridelin. Dryden.
Her petticoat, transform'd apace,
Became black satin flounc'd with lace. Swift.
Lay the child carefully in a case, covered with a mantle of
blue satin. Arbuthn. and Pope.

SA’TIRE. n. s. [satira, anciently satura, Lat. not from satyrus,
a satyr; satire, Fr.] A poem in which wickedness or folly is cen­
sured. Proper satire is distinguished, by the generality of the
reflections, from a lampoon which is aimed against a particular
person; but they are too frequently confounded.
He dares to sing thy praises in a clime
Where vice triumphs, and virtue is a crime;
Where ev'n to draw the picture of thy mind,
Is satyr on the most of human kind. Dryden.

SATI’RICAL. adj. [satiricus, Latin; satirique, French; from
satire.]
SATI’RICK. adj. [satiricus, Latin; satirique, French; from
satire.]
1. Belonging to satire; employed in writing of invective.
You must not think, that a satyrick style
Allows of scandalous and brutish words. Roscommon.
What human kind desires, and what they shun,
Rage, passions, pleasures, impotence of will,
Shall this satirical collection fill. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. Censorious; severe in language.
Slanders, sir; for the satirical slave says here, that old men
have grey beards; that their faces are wrinkled. Shak. Hamlet.
He that hath a satirical vein, as he maketh others afraid of
his wit, so he had need be afraid of others memory. Bacon.
On me when dunces are satirick,
I take it for a panegyrick. Swift.

SATI’RICALLY. adv. [from satirical.] With invective; with
intention to censure or vilify.
He applies them satirically to some customs, and kinds of
philosophy, which he arraigns. Dryden.

SA’TIRIST. n. s. [from satire.] One who writes satires.
Wycherly, in his writings, is the sharpest satyrist of his
time; but, in his nature, he has all the softness of the ten­
derest dispositions: in his writings he is severe, bold, under­
taking; in his nature gentle, modest, inoffensive. Granville.
All vain pretenders have been constantly the topicks of the
most candid satyrists, from the Codrus of Juvenal to the Da­
mon of Boileau. Letter to the Publisher of the Dunciad.
Yet soft his nature, though severe his lay;
His anger moral, and his wisdom gay:
Blest satyrist! who touch'd the mean so true,
As show'd vice had his hate and pity too. Pope.

To SA’TIRIZE. v. a. [satirizer, Fr. from satire.] To censure
as in a satire.
Covetousness is described as a veil cast over the true mean­
ing of the poet, which was to satirize his prodigality and vo­
luptuousness. Dryden.
Should a writer single out and point his raillery at particu­
lar persons, or satirize the miserable, he might be sure of
pleasing a great part of his readers; but must be a very ill man
if he could please himself. Addison.
I insist that my lion's mouth be not defiled with scandal;
for I would not make use of him to revile the human species,
and satirize his betters. Addison's Spectator.
It is as hard to satirize well a man of distinguished vices, as
to praise well a man of distinguished virtues. Swift.

SATISFA’CTION. n. s. [satisfactio, Latin; satisfaction, French.]
1. The act of pleasing to the full.
The mind, having a power to suspend the execution and
satisfaction of any of its desires, is at liberty to consider the
objects of them. Locke.
2. The state of being pleased.
'Tis a wretched satisfaction a revengeful man takes, even in
losing his life, provided his enemy go for company. L'Estr.
There are very few discourses so short, clear, and consistent,
to which most men may not, with satisfaction enough to them­
selves, raise a doubt. Locke.
3. Release from suspense, uncertainty, or uneasiness.
Wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied?
—What satisfaction can you have? Shakespeare.
4. Gratification; that which pleases.
Run over the circle of earthly pleasures, and had not
God secured a man a solid pleasure from his own actions, he
would be forced to complain that pleasure was not satisfac­
tion. South.
Of ev'ry nation each illustrious name,
Such toys as these have cheated into fame;
Exchanging solid quiet to obtain
The windy satisfaction of the brain. Dryden's Juvenal.
5. Amends; atonement for a crime; recompense for an injury.
Die he or justice must; unless for him
Some other able, and as willing, pay
The rigid satisfaction, death for death. Milt. Par. Lost.

SATISFA’CTIVE. adj. [satisfactus, Lat.] Giving satisfaction.
By a final and satisfactive discernment of faith, we lay the last
effects upon the first cause of all things. Brown's Vulg. Err.

SATISFA’CTORILY. adj. [from satisfactory.] To satisfaction.
Bellonius hath been more satisfactorily experimental, not
only affirming that chameleons feed on flies, but upon exen­
teration he found these animals in their bellies. Brown's V. Er.
They strain their memory to answer him satisfactorily unto
all his demands. Digby.

SATISFA’CTORINESS. n. s. [from satisfactory.] Power of sa­
tisfying; power of giving content.
The incompleatness of the seraphick lover's happiness, in
his fruitions, proceeds not from their want of satisfactoriness,
but his want of an intire possession of them. Boyle.

SATISFA’CTORY. adj. [satisfactoire, Fr. satisfactus, Latin.]
1. Giving satisfaction; giving content.
An intelligent American would scarce take it for a satisfac­
tory account, if, desiring to learn our architecture, he should
be told that a pillar was a thing supported by a basis. Locke.
2. Atoning; making amends.
A most wise and sufficient means of redemption and salva­
tion, by the satisfactory and meritorious death and obedience of
the incarnate son of God, Jesus Christ. Sanderson.

To SA’TISFY. v. a. [satisfaire, Fr. satisfacio, Latin.]
1. To content; to please to such a degree as that nothing more
is desired.
A good man shall be satisfied from himself. Prov. xiv. 14.
Will he satisfy his rigour,
Satisfy'd never? Milton.
2. To feed to the fill.
Who hath caused it to rain on the earth, to satisfy the de­
solate and waste ground, and to cause the bud of the tender
tree to spring forth? Job xxxviii. 27.
I will pursue and divide the spoil: my lust shall be satisfied
upon them. Ex. xv. 9.
The righteous eateth to the satisfying of his soul. Prov. xiii.
3. To recompense; to pay to content.
He is well paid that is well satisfied;
And I, delivering you, am satisfied,
And therein do account myself well paid. Shakespeare.
4. To free from doubt, perplexity, or suspense.
Of many things useful and curious you may satisfy your­
selves in Leonardo de Vinci. Dryden.
When come to the utmost extremity of body, what can
there put a stop and satisfy the mind that it is at the end of
space, when it is satisfied that body itself can move into
it? Locke.
This I would willingly be satisfied in, whether the soul,
when it thinks thus, separate from the body, acts less rational­
ly than when conjointly with it? Locke.
5. To convince.
He declares himself satisfied to the contrary, in which he
has given up the cause. Dryden.
The standing evidences of the truth of the Gospel, are in
themselves most firm, solid, and satisfying. Atterbury.

To SA’TISFY. v. n. To make payment.
By the quantity of silver they give or take, they estimate
the value of other things, and satisfy for them: thus silver be­
comes the measure of commerce. Locke.

SA’TURABLE. adj. [from saturate.] Impregnable with any
thing 'till it will receive no more.
Be the figures of the salts never so various, yet if the atoms
of water were fluid, they would always so conform to those
figures as to fill up all vacuities; and consequently the water
would be saturable with the same quantity of any salt, which
it is not. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.

SA’TURANT. adj. [from saturans, Lat.] Impregnating to the
fill.

To SA’TURATE. v. a. [saturo, Latin.] To impregnate 'till
no more can be received or imbided.
Rain-water is plentifully saturated with terrestrial matter,
and more or less stored with it. Woodward.
His body has been fully saturated with the fluid of light, to
be able to last so many years without any sensible diminution,
though there are constant emanations thereof. Cheyne.
Still night succeeds
A soften'd shade, and saturated earth
Awaits the morning beam. Thomson.

SA’TURDAY. n. s. [sætersdæg, or sæternsdæg, Saxon, ac­
cording to Verstegan, from sæter, a Saxon idol; more pro­
bably from Saturn, dies Saturni.] The last day of the week.
This matter I handled fully in last Saturday's Spectator. Add.

SATU’RITY. n. s. [saturitas, from saturo, Latin.] Fulness; the
state of being saturated; repletion.

SA’TURN. n. s. [saturne, French; saturnus, Latin.]
1. The remotest planet of the solar system: supposed by astrolo­
gers to impress melancholy, dulness, or severity of temper.
The smallest planets are placed nearest the sun and each
other; whereas Jupiter and Saturn, that are vastly greater, are
wisely removed to the extreme regions. Bentley.
From the far bounds
Of utmost Saturn, wheeling wide his round. Thomson.


2. [In chimestry.] Lead.

SA’TURNINE. adj. [saturninus, Lat. saturnien, Fr. from Saturn.]
Not light; not volatile; gloomy; grave; melancholy; severe
of temper: supposed to be born under the dominion of Saturn.
I may cast my readers under two divisions, the mercurial
and saturnine: the first are the gay part, the others are of a
more sober and solemn turn. Addison.

SATU’RNIAN. adj. [saturnius, Latin.] Happy; golden: used
by poets for times of felicity, such as are feigned to have been
in the reign of Saturn.
Th' Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times. Pope.

SA’TYR. n. s. [satyrus, Latin.] A sylvan god: supposed
among the ancients to be rude and lecherous.
Satyrs, as Pliny testifies, were found in times past in the
eastern mountains of India. Peacham on Drawing.

SA’TYRIASIS. n. s. [from satyr.]
If the chyle be very plentiful it breeds a satyriasis, or an
abundance of seminal lympha's. Floyer on the Humours.

SA’VAGE. adj. [sauvage, French; selvaggio, Italian.]
1. Wild; uncultivated.
These godlike virtues wherefore do'st thou hide,
Affecting private life, or more obscure
In savage wilderness? Milton.
Cornels, and savage berries of the wood,
And roots and herbs, have been my meagre food. Dryden.
2. Untamed; cruel.
Chain me to some steepy mountain's top,
Where roaring bears and savage lions roam. Shakespeare.
Tyrants no more their savage nature kept,
And foes to virtue wonder'd how they wept. Pope.
3. Uncivilized; barbarous; untaught.
Hence with your little ones:
To fright you thus, methinks, I am too savage;
To do worse to you, were fell cruelty. Shakes. Macbeth.
Thus people lived altogether a savage life, 'till Saturn, ar­
riving on those coasts, devised laws to govern them by. Raleigh.
The savage clamour drown'd
Both harp and voice. Milton.
A herd of wild beasts on the mountains, or a savage drove
of men in caves, might be so disordered; but never a peculiar
people. Spratt's Sermons.

SA’VAGE. n. s. [from the adjective.] A man untaught and un­
civilized; a barbarian.
Long after these times were they but savages. Raleigh.
The seditious lived by rapine and ruin of all the country,
omitting nothing of that which savages, enraged in the height
of their unruly behaviour, do commit. Hayward.
To deprive us of metals is to make us mere savages; to
change our corn for the old Arcadian diet, our houses and
cities for dens and caves, and our clothing for skins of beasts:
'tis to bereave us of all arts and sciences, nay, of revealed re­
ligion. Bentley.

To SA’VAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To make barbarous,
wild, or cruel. A word not well authorised.
Friends, relations, love himself,
Savag'd by woe, forget the tender tie. Thomson.

SA’VAGELY. adv. [from savage.] Barbarously; cruelly.
Your castle is surpris'd, your wife and babes
Savagely slaughter'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.

SA’VAGENESS. n. s. [from savage.] Barbarousness; cruelty;
wildness.
A savageness in unreclaimed blood
Of general assault. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Wolves and bears, they say,
Casting their savageness aside, have done
Like offices of pity. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The Cyclops were a people of Sicily, remarkable for sa­
vageness and cruelty. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

SA’VAGERY. n. s. [from savage.]
1. Cruelty; barbarity.
This is the bloodiest shame,
The wildest savag'ry, the vilest stroke,
That ever wall-ey'd wrath, or staring rage,
Presented to the tears of soft remorse. Shak. King John.
2. Wild growth.
Her fallow lees
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
Doth root upon; while that the culter rusts,
That should deracinate such savagery. Shakesp. H. V.

SA’VANNA. n. s. [Spanish, according to Bailey.] An open mea­
dow without wood; pasture ground in America.
He that rides post through a country may tell how, in gene­
ral, the parts lie; here a morass, and there a river; woodland
in one part, and savanna's in another. Locke.
Plains immense,
And vast savanna's, where the wand'ring eye,
Unfix'd, is in a verdant ocean lost. Thomson's Summer.
SAU

SAUCE. n. s. [sauce, saulse, French; salsa, Italian.]
1. Something eaten with food to improve its taste.
The bitter sauce of the sport was, that we had our honours
for ever lost, partly by our own faults, but principally by his
faulty using of our faults. Sidney.
To feed were best at home;
From thence the sauce to meat is ceremony;
Meeting were bare without it. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shakespeare.
Such was the sauce of Moab's noble feast,
'Till night far spent invites them to their rest. Cowley.
He that spends his time in sports, is like him whose meat is
nothing but sauces; they are healthless, chargeable, and use­
less. Taylor.
High sauces and rich spices are fetched from the Indies. Baker.
2. To serve one the same SAUCE. A vulgar phrase to retaliate one
injury with another.

To SAUCE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To accompany meat with something of higher relish.
2. To gratify with rich tastes. Obsolete.
Earth yield me roots;
Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate
With thy most operant poison. Shakespeare.
3. To intermix or accompany with any thing good, or, ironi­
cally, with any thing bad.
Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatnings, so that
we were in a great perplexity, restrained to so unworthy
a bondage, and yet restrained by love, which I cannot tell
how, in noble minds, by a certain duty, claims an answer­
ing. Sidney.
All the delights of love, wherein wanton youth walloweth,
be but folly mixed with bitterness, and sorrow sauced with
repentance. Spenser.
Thou say'st his meat was sauc'd with thy upbraidings;
Unquiet meals make ill digestions. Shakespeare.

SA’UCEBOX. n. s. [from sauce, or rather from saucy.] An im­
pertinent or petulant fellow.
The foolish old poet says, that the souls of some women
are made of sea-water: this has encouraged my saucebox to be
witty upon me. Addison's Spectator.

SA’UCEPAN. n. s. [sauce and pan.] A small skillet with a long
handle, in which sauce or small things are boiled.
Your master will not allow you a silver saucepan. Swift.

SAU’CER. n. s. [sauciere, Fr. from sauce.]
1. A small pan or platter in which sauce is set on the table.
Infuse a pugil of new violets seven times, and it shall make
the vinegar so fresh of the flower, as, if brought in a saucer,
you shall smell it before it come at you. Bacon.
Some have mistaken blocks and posts
For spectres, apparitions, ghosts,
With saucer eyes and horns. Hudibras.
2. A piece or platter of china, into which a tea-cup is set.

SA’UCILY. adv. [from saucy.] Impudently; impertinently;
petulantly; in a saucy manner.
Though this knave came somewhat saucily into the world
before he was sent for, yet was his mother fair. Shakesp.
A freed servant, who had much power with Claudius, very
saucily, had almost all the words; and amongst other things,
he asked in scorn one of the examinates, who was likewise a
freed servant of Scribonianus, I pray, sir, if Scribonianus had
been emperor, what would you have done? He answered, I
would have stood behind his chair, and held my peace. Bacon.
A trumpet behaved himself very saucily. Addison.

SAU’CINESS. n. s. [from saucy.] Impudence; petulance; im­
pertinence; contempt of superiours.
With how sweet saws she blam'd their sauciness,
To feel the panting heart, which through her side
Did beat their hands. Sidney.
By his authority he remains here, which he thinks is a pa­
tent for his sauciness. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Being intercepted in your sport,
Great reason that my noble lord be rated
For sauciness. Shak. Titus Andronicus.
It is sauciness in a creature, in this case, to reply. Bramh.
Imputing it to the natural sauciness of a pedant, they made
him eat his words. L'Estrange.
You sauciness, mind your pruning-knife, or I may use it
for you. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
This might make all other servants challenge the same
liberty, and grow pert upon their masters; and when this
sauciness became universal, what less mischief could be expected
than an old Scythian rebellion? Collier on Pride.

SA’UCISSE. n. s. [French.] In gunnery, a long train of pow­
der sewed up in a roll of pitched cloth, about two inches dia­
meter, in order to fire a bombchest. Bailey.

SA’UCISSON. n. s. [French.] In military architecture, fag­
gots or fascines made of large boughs of trees bound together.
They are commonly used to cover men, to make epaulments,
traverses, or breastworks in ditches full of water, to render
the way firm for carriages. Bailey.

SA’UCY. adj. [I know not how this word can be easily deduced
from sauce: it may come more properly from salsus, Latin.]
Pert; petulant; contemptuous of superiours; insolent; im­
pudent; impertinent.
You are more saucy with lords than the heraldry of your
birth and virtue gives you commission. Shakespeare.


Study is like the heav'ns glorious sun,
That will not be deep search'd with saucy looks;
Small have continual plodders ever won,
Save base authority from others' books. Shakespeare.
And if thou hast the mettle of a king,
Being wrong'd as we are by this peevish town,
Turn thou the mouth of thy artillery,
As we will ours against these saucy walls. Shakesp. K. John.
Power's first pedigree from force derives,
And calls to mind the old prerogatives
Of free-born man; and with a saucy eye
Searches the heart and soul of majesty. Denham's Sophy.
I lose my patience, when with saucy pride
By untun'd ears I hear his numbers try'd. Roscommon.
No saucy citizen shall dare
To strike a soldier, nor, when struck, resent
The wrong. Dryden's Juvenal.
Homer, to express a man both timorous and saucy, makes
use of a kind of point, namely, that he had the eyes of a dog,
but the heart of a deer. Addison's Spectator.
SAV

To SAVE. v. a. [sauver, saulver, French; salvo, Latin.]
1. To preserve from danger or destruction.
Let me die ere men can say God save the queen. Shakesp.
One shall cry, yet cannot he answer, nor save him out of
his trouble. Is. xlvi. 7.
A wond'rous ark,
To save himself and houshold from amidst
A world devote to universal wreck. Milton.
We may be confident whatever he does is intended for our
good, and whatever we interpret otherwise we can get nothing
by repining, nor save any thing by resisting. Temple.
The circling streams, once thought but pools of blood,
From dark oblivion Harvey's name shall save. Dryden.
2. To preserve finally from eternal death.
Whatsoever we read in Scripture concerning the endless
love and saving mercy which God sheweth towards his church,
the only proper subject thereof is this church. Hooker.
There are some that will be saved, and some that will be
damned. Shakespeare.
We are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but
of them that believe, to the saving of the soul. Heb. x. 39.
His merits save them. Milton.
He who feareth God, and worketh righteousness, and per­
severes in the faith and duties of our religion, shall certainly
be saved. Rogers.
3. Not to spend; to hinder from being spent.
With your cost you terminate the cause,
And save th' expence of long litigious laws,
Where suits are travers'd, and so little won,
That he who conquers is but last undone. Dryden.
4. To reserve or lay by.
He shall not feel quietness, he shall not save of that which
he desired. Job xx. 20.
5. To spare; to excuse.
Will you not speak to save a lady's blush? Dryden.
Our author saves me the comparison with tragedy. Dryd.
These sinews are not so much unstrung,
To fail me when my master should be serv'd;
And when they are, then will I steal to death,
Silent and unobserv'd, to save his tears. Dryd. Don Sebast.
6. To salve; to reconcile.
How build, unbuild, contrive
To save appearances; how gird the sphere
With centrick and eccentrick. Milton's Parad. Lost.
7. To take or embrace opportunely, so as not to lose.
The same persons, who were chief confidents to Cromwell,
foreseeing a restoration, seized the castles in Ireland, just saving
the tide, and putting in a stock of merit sufficient. Swift.

To SAVE. v. n. To be cheap.
Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material, and
in the charge of mounting and carriage. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

SAVE. adv. [This word, adverbially used, is, like except, origi­
nally the imperative of the verb.] Except; not including.
But being all defeated, save a few,
Rather than fly, or be captiv'd, herself she slew. Fa. Qu.
All the conspirators, save only he,
Did that they did in envy of great Cæsar. Shakesp.
He never put down a near servant, save only Stanley, the
lord chamberlain. Bacon's Henry VII.
How have I then with whom to hold converse,
Save with the creatures which I made? Milton.

SA’VEALL. n. s. [save and all.] A small pan inserted into a
candlestick to save the ends of candles.

SA’VER. n. s. [from save.]
1. Preserver; rescuer.
They were manifoldly acknowledged the savers of that
country. Sidney.
2. One who escapes loss, though without gain.
Laws of arms permit each injur'd man
To make himself a saver where he can. Dryden.
Who dares affirm this is no pious age,
When charity begins to tread the stage?
When actors, who at best are hardly savers,
Will give a night of benefit to weavers? Swift.
3. A good husband.
4. One who lays up and grows rich.
By nature far from profusion, and yet a greater sparer than
a saver; for though he had such means to accumulate, yet his
garrisons and his feastings soaked his exchequer. Wotton.

SA’VIN. n. s. [sabina, Latin; savin, sabin, Fr.] A tree.
It hath compact, rigid, and prickly ever-green leaves: the
fruit is small, spherical, and warted; and the whole plant has
a very rank strong smell. The species are three, and com­
monly cultivated for medicinal use. Miller.

SA’VING. adj. [from save.]
1. Frugal; parcimonious; not lavish.
She loved money; for she was saving, and applied her for­
tune to pay John's clamorous debts. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.
Be saving of your candle. Swift.
2. Not turning to loss, though not gainful.
Silvio, finding his application unsuccessful, was resolved to
make a saving bargain; and since he could not get the widow's
estate, to recover what he had laid out of his own. Addison.

SA’VING. adv. [This is nothing more than a participle of the
verb save adverbially used.] With exception in favour of.
All this world's glory seemeth vain,
And all their shows but shadows, saving she. Spenser.
Such laws cannot be abrogated, saving only by whom they
were made; because the intent of them being known unto
none but the author, he alone can judge how long it is re­
quisite they should endure. Hooker.
Saving the reverence due to so great a man, I doubt not but
they did all creep out of their holes. Ray on the Creation.

SA’VING. n. s. [from save.]
1. Escape of expence; somewhat preserved from being spent.
It is a great saving in all such lights, if they can be made
as fair and right as others, and yet last longer. Bacon.
By reducing interest to four per cent. there was a consider­
able saving to the nation; but this year they give six. Addison.
2. Exception in favour.
Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still
with a saving to honesty; for integrity must be supported
against all violence. L'Estrange.

SA’VINGLY. adv. [from saving.] With parcimony.

SA’VINGNESS. n. s. [from saving.]
1. Parcimony; frugality.
2. Tendency to promote eternal salvation.

SA’VIOUR. n. s. [sauveur, Latin.] Redeemer; he that has
saved mankind from eternal death.
So judg'd he man, both judge and Saviour sent. Milton.
However consonant to reason his precepts appeared, no­
thing could have tempted men to acknowledge him as their
God and Saviour, but their being firmly persuaded of the mi­
racles he wrought. Addison.

To SA’UNTER. v. n. [aller à la sainte terre, from idle people who
roved about the country, and asked charity under pretence of
going à la sainte terre, to the holy land; or sans terre, as
having no settled home.] To wander about idly; to
loiter; to linger.
The cormorant is still sauntering by the sea-side, to see if he
can find any of his brass cast up. L'Estrange.
Tell me, why saunt'ring thus from place to place
I meet thee? Dryden's Juvenal.
Though putting the mind upon an unusual stress that may
discourage, ought to be avoided; yet this must not run it into
a lazy sauntering about ordinary things. Locke.
Yourself look after him, to cure his sauntering at his busi­
ness. Locke.
If men were weaned from their sauntering humour, wherein
they let a good part of their lives run uselesly away, they
would acquire skill in hundreds of things. Locke.
So the young 'squire, when first he comes
From country school to Will's or Tom's,
Without one notion of his own,
He saunters wildly up and down. Prior.
The brainless stripling
Spells uncouth Latin, and pretends to Greek;
A saunt'ring tribe! such born to wide estates,
With yea and no in senates hold debates. Tickel.
Here saunt'ring 'prentices o'er Otway weep. Gay.
Led by my hand, he saunter'd Europe round,
And gather'd ev'ry vice. Dunciad.

SA’VORY. n. s. [savorée, French; satureia, Latin.] A plant.
It is of the verticillate kind, with a labiated flower, whose
upper lip or crest is divided into two parts; but the lower lip
or beard is divided into three parts, the middle part being cre­
nated: these flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves
in a loose order, and not in whorles or spikes, as are most of
this tribe of plants. Miller.

SA’VOUR. n. s. [saveur, French.]
1. A scent; odour.
What savour is better, if physick be true,
For places infected, than wormwood and rue? Tusser.
Benzo calls its smell a tartarous and hellish savour. Abbot.


Turn then my freshest reputation to
A savour that may strike the dullest nostril? Shakespeare.
I smell sweet savours, and I feel soft things. Shakesp.
That Jews stink naturally, that is, that there is in their
race an evil savour, is a received opinion we know not how
to admit. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Truffles, which have an excellent oil, and a volatile salt of
a grateful savour, are heating. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. Taste; power of affecting the palate.
I taste
The savour of death from all things. Milton.
A directer influence from the sun gives fruit a better savour
and a greater worth. South.

To SA’VOUR. v. n. [savourer, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To have any particular smell or taste.
2. To betoken; to have an appearance or taste of something.
This ripping of ancestors is very pleasing, and savoureth of
good conceit and some reading. Spenser on Ireland.
The duke's answers to his appeachments are very diligently
and civilly couched; and though his heart was big, yet they all
savour of an humble spirit. Wotton.
If 'twere a secret that concern'd my life,
This boldness might become thee;
But such unnecessary rudeness savours
Of some design. Denham's Sophy.
I have rejected every thing that savours of party. Addison.

To SA’VOUR. v. a.
1. To like.
Wisdom and goodness to the vile seem vile;
Filths savour but themselves. Shakespeare.
2. To exhibit taste of.
Thou savourest not the things that be of God. Gospel.
That savours only of rancour and pride. Milton.

SA’VOURILY. adv. [from savoury.]
1. With gust; with appetite.
The collation he fell to very savourily. L'Estrange's Fables.
This mufti is some English renegado, he talks so savourily
of toaping. Dryd. Don Sebastian.
2. With a pleasing relish.
There's a dearth of wit in this dull town,
When silly plays so savourily go down. Dryden.

SA’VOURINESS. n. s. [from savoury.]
1. Taste pleasing and picquant.
2. Pleasing smell.

SA’VOURY. adj. [savoureux, Fr. from savour.]
1. Pleasing to the smell.
The pleasant savoury smell
So quicken'd appetite, that I
Could not but taste! Milton's Paradise Lost.
From the boughs a savoury odour blown,
Grateful to appetite! more pleas'd my sense
Than smell of sweetest fennel, or the teats
Of ewe, or goat, dropping with milk at ev'n. Milton.
2. Picquant to the taste.
Savoury meat, such as my father loveth. Gen.
The savoury pulp they chew. Milton.

SAVO’Y. n. s. [brassica subaudica, Latin.] A sort of colwort.

SA’USAGE. n. s. [saucisse, French; salsum, Latin.] A roll or
ball made commonly of pork or veal, and sometimes of beef,
minced very small, with salt and spice; sometimes it is stuffed
into the guts of fowls, and sometimes only rolled in flower.
SAW

SAW. The preterite of see.
I never saw 'till now
Sight more detestable. Milton.

SAW. n. s. [sawe, Danish; saga, or sige, Saxon; scie, Fr.]
1. A dentated instrument, by the attrition of which wood or
metal is cut.
The teeth are filed to an angle, pointing towards the end of
the saw, and not towards the handle of the saw, or straight
between the handle and end; because the saw is designed to
act only in its progress forwards, a man having in that more
strength than he can have in drawing back his saw, and there­
fore when he draws it back, he bears it lightly off the unsawn
stuff, which enables him the longer to continue his several
progressions of the saw. Maxon's Mech. Exer.
The roach is a leather-mouth'd fish, and has saw like teeth
in his throat. Walton's Angler.
Then saws were tooth'd, and sounding axes made. Dryd.
If they cannot cut,
His saws are toothless, and his hatchets lead. Pope.
2. [Saga, Sax. saeghe, Dut.] A saying; a sentence; a proverb.
Good king, that must approve the common saw:
Thou out of heaven's benediction com'st
To the warm sun! Shakespeare's King Lear.
From the table of my meory
I'll wipe away all saws of books. Shakes. Hamlet.
His weapons, holy saws of sacred writ;
His study in his tilt-yard. Shakes. Henry VI.
Strict age and sour severity,
With their grave saws in slumber lie. Milton.

To SAW. part. sawed and sawn. [scier, French; from the noun.]
To cut timber or other matter with a saw.
They were stoned, they were sawn asunder. Heb. xi. 37.
A carpenter, after he hath sawn down a tree, and wrought
it handsomely, sets it in a wall. Wisd. xiii. 11.
It is an incalescency, from a swift motion, such as that of
running, threshing, or sawing. Ray on the Creation.
If I cut my finger, I shall as certainly feel pain as if my soul
was co-extended with the limb, and had a piece of it sawn
through. Collier.
Master-workmen, when they direct any of their underlings
to saw a piece of stuff, have several phrases for the sawing of
it: they seldom say, saw the piece of stuff; but, draw the saw
through it; give the piece of stuff a kerf. Moxon.
It is the carpenters work to hew the timber, saw it out, and
frame it. Mortimer.

SA’WDUST. n. s. [saw and dust.] Dust made by the attrition
of the saw.
If the membrane be fouled by the sawdust of the bone,
wipe it off with a sponge. Wiseman's Surgery.
Rotten sawdust, mixed with earth, enriches it very much.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

SA’WFISH. n. s. [saw and fish.] A sort of fish. Ainsw.

SA’WPIT. n. s. [saw and pit.] Pit over which timber is laid
to be sawn by two men.
Let them from forth a sawpit rush at once
With some diffused song. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Winds.
They colour it by laying it in a sawpit that hath oak saw­
dust therein. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SAW-WORT. n. s. [serratula, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a flosculous flower, consisting of several florets di­
vided into many parts, resting on the embryo, and contained
in a scaly empalement, like the greater centaury, from which
this differs in having smaller heads, and from the knapweed in
having the borders of the leaves cut into small sharp segments,
resembling the teeth of a saw. Miller.

SAW-WREST. n. s. [saw and wrest.] A sort of tool.
With the saw-wrest they set the teeth of the saw; that is,
they put one of the notches of the wrest between the first two
teeth on the blade of the saw, and then turn the handle hori­
zontally a little about upon the notch towards the end of the
saw; and that at once turns the first tooth somewhat towards
you, and the second tooth from you. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

SA’WER. n. s. [scieur, French; from saw.] One whose trade
is to saw timber into boards or beams.
SA’WYER. n. s. [scieur, French; from saw.] One whose trade
is to saw timber into boards or beams.
The pit-saw is used by joiners, when what they have to do
may be as soon done at home as send it to the sawyers. Moxon.

SA’XIFRAGE. n. s. [saxifrage, Fr. saxifraga, Lat.] A plant.
The flower consists of several leaves placed orbicularly,
which expand in form of a rose, out of whose multifid flower­
cup rises the pointal, which commonly ends in two horns, and
afterward turns, together with the flower-cup, into a roundish
fruit, which has likewise two horns and two cells, which are
full of small seeds. Miller.
Saxifrage, quasi saxum frangere, to break the stone, is ap­
plicable to any thing having this property; but is a term most
commonly given to a plant, from an opinion of its medicinal
virtues to this effect. Quincy.

SA’XIFRAGE Meadow. n. s. [silanum, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a rose and umbellated flower, consisting of several
leaves placed circularly, and resting upon the empalement,
which afterward becomes a fruit composed of two short chan­
nelled seeds.

SA’XIFRAGOUS. adj. [saxum and frago, Latin.] Dissolvent of
the stone.
Because goat's blood was found an excellent medicine for the
stone, it might be conceived to be able to break a diamond; and
so it came to be ordered that the goats should be fed on saxi­
fragous herbs, and such as are conceived of power to break
the stone. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
SAY

To SAY. v. a. preter. said. [secgan, Saxon; seggen, Dutch.]
1. To speak; to utter in words; to tell.
Say it out, Diggon, for whatever it hight;
For nought but well mought him betight,
He is so meek. Spenser.
In this slumbry agitation what have you heard her say? Shak.
Speak unto Solomon; for he will not say thee nay. 1 Kings.
2. To allege.
After all can be said against a thing, this will still be true,
that many things possibly are, which we know not of. Tillots.
In vain shall we attempt to justify ourselves, as the rich
young man in the gospel did, by appealing to the great duties
of the law; unless we can say somewhat more, even that
we have been liberal in our distributions to the poor. Atterbury.
3. To tell in any manner.
With flying speed, and seeming great pretence,
Came messenger with letters which his message said. F. Qu.

To SAY. v. n.
1. To speak; to pronounce; to utter.
He said moreover, I have somewhat to say unto thee; and
she said, say on. 1 Kings ii. 14.
Say nothing to any man, but go thy way. Mar. i. 44.
To the others he said, go ye after him. Ezek. ix. 5.
The council-table and star-chamber hold, as Thucydides
said of the Athenians, for honourable that which pleased, and
for just that which profited. Clarendon.


The lion here has taken his right measures, that is to say,
he has made a true judgment. L'Estrange.
He has left his succession as undetermined as if he had said
nothing about it. Locke.
This ought to weigh with those whose reading is designed
for much talk and little knowledge, and I have nothing to say
to it. Locke.
Of some propositions it may be difficult to say whether they
affirm or deny; as when we say, Plato was no fool. Watts.
2. In poetry, say is often used before a question; tell.
Say first what cause
Mov'd our grand parents to fall off? Milton.
Say, Stella, feel you no content,
Reflecting on a life well-spent. Swift.

SAY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A speech; what one has to say.
He no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning
snap. L'Estrange.
2. [For assay.] Sample.
Since thy outside looks so fair and warlike,
And that thy tongue some 'say of breeding breathes,
By rule of knighthood I disdain. Shakespeare.
So good a say invites the eye,
A little downward to espy
The lively clusters of her breasts. Sidney.
3. Trial by a sample.
This gentleman having brought that earth to the publick
'say masters, and upon their being unable to bring it to fusion,
or make it fly away, he had procured a little of it, and with
a peculiar flux separated a third part of pure gold. Boyle.
4. [Soie, French.] Silk. Obsolete.
5. A kind of woollen stuff.

SA’YING. n. s. [from say.] Expression; words; opinion sen­
tentiously delivered.
I thank thee, Brutus,
That thou hast prov'd Lucilius' saying true. Shakespeare.
Moses fled at this saying, and was a stranger in Median. Acts.
Many are the sayings of the wise,
Extolling patience as the truest fortitude. Milton.
Others try to divert the troubles of other men by pretty and
plausible sayings, such as this, that if evils are long, they are
but light. Tillotson's Sermons.
We poetick folks, who must restrain
Our measur'd sayings in an equal chain,
Have troubles utterly unknown to those,
Who let their fancy loose in rambling prose. Prior.
The sacred function can never be hurt by their sayings, if
not first reproached by our doings. Atterbury.
SCA

SCAB. n. s. [scæb, Saxon; scabbia, Italian; schabbe, Dutch;
scabies, Latin.]
1. An incrustation formed over a sore by dried matter.
What's the matter, you dissentious rogues,
That rubbing the poor itch of your opinion,
Make yourselves scabs? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
That free from gouts thou may'st preserve thy care,
And clear from scabs, produc'd by freezing air. Dryden.
2. The itch or mange of horses.
3. A paltry fellow, so named from the itch often incident to
negligent poverty.
I would thou did'st itch from head to foot, and I had the
scratching of thee, I would make thee the loathsom'st scab in
Greece. Shak. Troilus and Cressida.
Well said, wart, thou art a good scab: there is a tester for
thee. Shakesp. Henry IV.
One of the usurers, a head man of the city, took it in
dudgeon to be ranked, cheek by joul, with a scab of a cur­
rier. L'Estrange.
This vap'ring scab must needs devise
To ape the thunder of the skies. Swift.

SCA’BBARD. n. s. [schap, German. Junius.] The sheath of a
sword.
Enter fortune's gate,
Nor in thy scabbard sheath that famous blade,
'Till settled be thy kingdom and estate. Fairfax.
What eyes! how keen their glances! you do well to keep
'em veil'd: they are too sharp to be trusted out o' th' scab­
bard. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

SCA’BBED. adj. [from scab.]
1. Covered or diseased with scabs.
The briar fruit makes those that eat them scabbed. Bacon.
2. Paltry; sorry.
To you such scabb'd harsh fruit is giv'n, as raw
Young soldiers at their exercisings gnaw. Dryden.

SCA’BBEDNESS. n. s. [from scabbed.] The state of being
scabbed.

SCA’BBINESS. n. s. [from scabby.] The quality of being
scabby.

SCA’BBY. adj. [from scab.] Diseased with scabs.
Her writhled skin, as rough as mapple rind,
So scabby was, that would have loath'd all womankind. F. Q.
A scabby tetter on their pelts will stick,
When the raw rain has pierc'd them to the quick. Dryden.
If the grazier should bring me one wether, fat and well
fleeced, and expect the same price for a whole hundred, with­
out giving me security to restore my money for those that were
lean, shorn, or scabby, I would be none of his customer. Swift.

SCA’BIOUS. adj. [scabiosus, Latin.] Itchy; leprous.
In the Spring scahious eruptions upon the skin were epidemi­
cal, from the acidity of the blood. Arbuthnot on Air.

SCA’BIOUS. n. s. [scabieuse, Fr. scabiosa, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a flosculous flower, consisting of many unequal flo­
rets, contained in a common empalement: some of these,
which occupy the middle, are cut into four or five segments;
the rest, which are placed at the edge, are bilabiated: each of
these sits on the top of the embryo, which is crowned, and is
contained in a proper empalement, which afterward becomes
a capsule, either simple or funnel-shaped, pregnant with a seed
crowned, which before was the embryo. Miller.

SCA’BROUS. adj. [scabreux, Fr. scaber, Latin.]
1. Rough; rugged; pointed on the surface.
Urine, black and bloody, is occasioned by something sharp
or scabrous wounding the small blood-vessels: if the stone is
smooth and well bedded, this may not happen. Arbuthnot.
2. Harsh; unmusical.
Lucretius is scabrous and rough in these: he seeks them, as
some do Chaucerisms with us, which were better expunged.
Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.

SCA’BROUSNESS. n. s. [from scabrous.] Roughness; rugged­
ness.

SCA’BWORT. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

SCAD. n. s. A kind of fish. Probably the same with shad.
Of round fish there are sprat, barn, smelts, and scad. Carew.

SCA’FFOLD. n. s. [eschafaut, French; schavot, Dutch, from
schawen, to show.]
1. A temporary gallery or stage raised either for shows or spec­
tators.
Pardon
The flat unraised spirit, that hath dar'd
On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
So great an object. Shakes. Henry V.
The throng
On banks and scaffolds under sky might stand. Milton.
2. The gallery raised for execution of great malefactors.
Fortune smiling at her fortune therein, that a scaffold of exe­
cution should grow a scaffold of coronation. Sidney.
3. Frames of timber erected on the side of a building for the
workmen.
These outward beauties are but the props and scaffolds
On which we built our love, which, now made perfect,
Stands without those supports. Denham's Sophy.
Sylla added three hundred commons to the senate; then
abolished the office of tribune, as being only a scoffold to
tyranny, whereof he had no further use. Swift.

To SCA’FFOLD. v. a. [from the noun.] To furnish with frames
of timber.

SCA’FFOLDAGE. n. s. [from scaffold.] Gallery; hollow floor.
A strutting player doth think it rich
To hear the wooden dialogue and sound,
'Twixt his stretch'd footing and the scaffoldage. Shakesp.

SCA’FFOLDING. n. s. [from scaffold.]
1. Temporary frames or stages.
What are riches, empire, power,
But steps by which we climb to rise and reach
Our wish; and, that obtain'd, down with the scaffolding
Of sceptres and of thrones. Congreve.
Sickness, contributing no less than old age to the shaking
down this scaffolding of the body, may discover the inward
structure. Pope.
2. Building slightly erected.
Send forth your lab'ring thought;
Let it return with empty notions fraught,
Of airy columns every moment broke,
Of circling whirlpools, and of spheres of smoke:
Yet this solution but once more affords
New change of terms and scaffolding of words. Prior.

SCALA’DE. n. s. [French; scalada, Spanish, from scala, Latin,
a ladder.] A storm given to a place by raising
ladders against the walls.
SCALA’DO. n. s. [French; scalada, Spanish, from scala, Latin,
a ladder.] A storm given to a place by raising
ladders against the walls.
What can be more strange than that we should within two
months have won one town of importance by scalado, battered
and assaulted another, and overthrown great forces in the
field? Bacon.
Thou raisedst thy voice to record the stratagems, the ardu­
ous exploits, and the nocturnal scalade of needy heroes, the
terror of your peaceful citizens. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.

SCA’LARY. adj. [from scala, Latin.] Proceeding by steps like
those of a ladder.
He made at nearer distances certain elevated places and sca­
lary ascents, that they might better ascend or mount their
horses. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To SCALD. v. a. [scaldare, Italian; calidus, Latin.] To
burn with hot liquor.
I am scalded with my violent motion,
And spleen of speed to see you. Shak. King John.


O majesty!
When thou do'st pinch thy bearer, thou do'st sit
Like a rich armour worn in heat of day,
That scalds with safety. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Thou art a soul in bliss; but I am bound
Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears
Do scald like molten lead. Shakesp. King Lear.
Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall,
Involving swiftly in one ruin all. Cowley.
Scalding tears wore a channel where they fell. Dryden.
That I grieve, 'tis true;
But 'tis a grief of fury, not despair!
And if a manly drop or two fall down,
It scalds along my cheeks, like the greenwood,
That, sputt'ring in the flame, works outward into tears.
Dryden's Cleomenes.
It depends not on his will to persuade himself, that what
actually scalds him, feels cold. Locke.
Has he any other wound about him, except the accidental
scaldings of his wort? Addison.
Warm cataplasms discuss; but scalding hot may confirm the
tumour: heat, in general, doth not resolve and attenuate the
juices of a human body; for too great heat will produce con­
cretions. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The best thing we can do is to scald him;
For which operation there's nothing more proper
Than the liquor he deals in, his own melted copper. Swift.
2. A provincial phrase in husbandry.
In Oxfordshire the sour land they fallow when the sun is
pretty high, which they call a scalding fallow. Mortimer.

SCALD. n. s. [from the verb.] Scurff on the head.
Her head, altogether bald,
Was overgrown with scurff and filthy scald. Spenser.

SCALD. adj. Paltry; sorry.
Saucy lictors
Will catch at us like strumpets, and scald rhymers
Ballad us out o' tune. Shakespeare.

SCA’LDHEAD. n. s. [skalladur, bald, Islandick. Hickes.] A
loathsome disease; a kind of local leprosy in which the head
is covered with a continuous scab.
The serum is corrupted by the infection of the touch of
a salt humour, to which the scab, pox, and scaldhead are re­
ferable. Floyer.

SCALE. n. s. [scale, Saxon; schael, Dutch; skal, Islandick.]
1. A balance; a vessel suspended by a beam against another
vessel.
If thou tak'st more
Or less than just a pound, if the scale turn
But in the estimation of a hair,
Thou diest. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
Your vows to her and me, put in two scales,
Will even weigh, and both as light as tales. Shakespeare.
Here's an equivocator, that could swear, in both the scales,
against either scale; who committed treason enough for God's
sake, yet could not equivocate to heaven. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Long time in even scale
The battle hung. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. vi.
The world's scales are even; what the main
In one place gets, another quits again. Cleaveland.
The scales are turn'd, her kindness weighs no more
Now than my vows. Waller.
In full assemblies let the crowd prevail;
I weigh no merit by the common scale,
The conscience is the test. Dryden.
If we consider the dignity of an intelligent being, and put
that in the scales against brute inanimate matter, we may af­
firm, without overvaluing human nature, that the soul of one
virtuous and religious man is of greater worth and excellency
than the sun and his planets. Bentley's Sermons.
2. The sign Libra in the Zodiack.
Juno pours out the urn, and Vulcan claims
The scales, as the just product of his flames. Creech.
3. [Escaille, French; squama, Latin.] The small shells or crusts
which lying one over another make the coats of fishes.
He puts him on a coat of mail,
Which was made of a fish's scale. Drayton.
Standing aloof, with lead they bruise the scales,
And tear the flesh of the incensed whales. Waller.
4. Any thing exfoliated or desquamated; a thin lamina.
Take jet and the scales of iron, and with a wet feather,
when the smith hath taken an heat, take up the scales that fly
from the iron, and those scales you shall grind upon your
painter's stone. Peacham.
When a scale of bone is taken out of a wound, burning re­
tards the separation. Sharp's Surgery.
5. [Scala, a ladder, Latin.] Ladder; means of ascent.
Love refines
The thoughts, and heart enlarges; hath his seat
In reason, and is judicious; is the scale
By which to heav'nly love thou may'st ascend. Milton.
On the bendings of these mountains the marks of several
ancient scales of stairs may be seen, by which they used to
ascend them. Addison on Italy.
6. The act of storming by ladders.
Others to a city strong
Lay siege, encamp'd; by batt'ry, scale, and mine
Assaulting. Milt. Parad. Lost.
7. Regular gradation; a regular series rising like a ladder.
Well hast thou the scale of nature set,
From centre to circumference; whereon
In contemplation of created things,
By steps we may ascend to God. Milt. Par. Lost.
The scale of the creatures is a matter of high specula­
tion. Grew.
The higher nature still advances, and preserves his superio­
rity in the scale of being. Addison.
All the integral parts of nature have a beautiful analogy to
one another, and to their mighty original, whose images are
more or less expressive, according to their several gradations
in the scale of beings. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
We believe an invisible world, and a scale of spiritual beings
all nobler than ourselves. Bentley's Sermons.
Far as creation's ample range extends,
The scale of sensual mental pow'rs ascends. Pope.
In contemplation's scale I'll soar,
And be enraptur'd more and more;
Whilst thus new matter of surprise
In each gradation shall arise. Macbean.
8. A figure subdivided by lines like the steps of a ladder, which
is used to measure proportions between pictures and the thing
represented.
The map of London was set out in the year 1658 by Mr.
Newcourt, drawn by a scale of yards. Graunt.
9. The series of harmonick or musical proportions.
The bent of his thoughts and reasonings run up and down
this scale, that no people can be happy but under good govern­
ments. Temple.
10. Any thing marked at equal distances.
They take the flow o' th' Nile
By certain scale i' th' pyramid: they know
By th' height, the lowness, or the mean, if dearth
Or foizon follow. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.

To SCALE. v. a. [scalare, Italian.]
1. To climb as by ladders.
Often have I scal'd the craggy oak,
All to dislodge the raven of her nest:
How have I wearied, with many a stroke,
The stately walnut-tree, the while the rest
Under the tree fell all for nuts at strife! Spenser.
Upon the ceasing of the great artillery they assailed the
breach, and others with their scaling ladders scaled the walls.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
The way seems difficult, and steep, to scale
With upright wing against a higher foe. Milton.
Heav'n with these engines had been scal'd,
When mountains heap'd on mountains fail'd. Waller.
When the bold Typhæus scal'd the sky,
And forc'd great Jove from his own heav'n to fly,
The lesser gods all suffer'd. Dryden.
2. To measure or compare; to weigh.
You have found,
Scaling his present bearing with his past,
That he's your fixed enemy. Shak. Coriolanus.
3. [From scale of a fish.] To take off a thin lamina.
Raphael was sent to scale away the whiteness of Tobit's
eyes. Tob. iii. 17.
4. To pare off a surface.
If all the mountains were scaled, and the earth made even,
the waters would not overflow its smooth surface. Burnet.

To SCALE. v. n. To peel off in thin particles.
Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab: the old
skins are found, but the old shells never; so as it is like they
scale off, and crumble away by degrees. Bacon.

SCA’LED. adj. [from scale.] Squamous; having scales like
fishes.
Half my Egypt was submerg'd, and made
A cistern for scal'd snakes. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.

SCALE’NE. n. s. [French; scaenum, Latin.] In geometry,
a triangle that has its three sides unequal to each other. Bailey.

SCA’LINESS. n. s. [from scaly.] The state of being scaly.

SCALL. n. s. [skalladur, bald, Islandick. See SCALDHEAD.]
Leprosy; morbid baldness.
It is a dry scall, a leprosy upon the head. Lev. xiii. 30.

SCA’LLION. n. s. [scaloyna, Italian; ascalonia, Latin.] A kind
of onion.

SCA’LLOP. n. s. [escallop, French.] A fish with a hollow pec­
tinated shell.
So th' emperour Caligula,
That triumph'd o'er the British sea,
Engag'd his legions in fierce bustles
With periwincles, prawns, and muscles;
And led his troops with furious gallops,
To charge whole regiments of scallops. Hudibras.


The sand is in Scilly glistering, which may be occasioned
from freestone mingled with white scallop shells. Mortimer.

To SCA’LLOP. v.a. To mark on the edge with segments of
circles.

SCALP. n. s. [schelpe, Dutch, a shell; scalpo, Italian.]
1. The scull; the cranium; the bone that incloses the brain.
High brandishing his bright dew-burning blade,
Upon his crested scalp so sore did smite,
That to the scull a yawning wound it made. Fairy Queen.
O gentle Puck, take this transformed scalp
From off the head of this Athenian swain,
That he awaking, when the others do,
May all to Athens back again repair. Shakespeare.
White beards have arm'd their thin and hairless scalps
Against thy majesty. Shakesp. Richard II.
The hairy scalps
Are whirl'd aloof, while numerous trunks bestrow
Th' ensanguin'd field. Phillips.
If the fracture be not complicated with a wound of the
scalp, or the wound is too small to admit of the operation,
the fracture must be laid bare by taking away a large piece of
the scalp. Sharp's Surgery.
2. The integuments of the head.

To SCALP. v. a. [from the noun.] To deprive the scull of its
integuments.
We seldom inquire for a fracture of the scull by scalping,
but that the scalp itself is contused. Sharp.

SCA’LPEL: n. s. [Fr. scalpellum, Latin.] An instrument used
to scrape a bone by chirurgeons.

SCA’LY. adj. [from scale.] Covered with scales.
The river horse and scaly crocodile. Milton.
His awful summons they so soon obey;
So hear the scaly herd when Proteus blows,
And so to pasture follow through the sea. Dryden.
A scaly fish with a forked tail. Woodward.

To SCA’MBLE. v. n. [This word, which is scarcely in use,
has much exercised the etymological sagacity of Meric Casau­
bon; but, as is usual, to no purpose.]
1. To be turbulent and rapacious; to scramble; to get by strug­
gling with others.
Have fresh chaff in the bin,
And somewhat to scamble for hog and for hen. Tusser.
Scambling, out-facing, fashion-mong'ring boys,
That lie, and cog, and flout, deprave and slander. Shakesp.
That self bill is urg'd, and had against us past,
But that the scambling and unquiet time
Did push it out of further question. Shakes. Henry V.
He was no sooner entered into the town but a scambling
soldier clapt hold of his bridle, which he thought was in a
begging or a drunken fashion. Wotton.
2. To shift aukwardly.
Some scambling shifts may be made without them. More.

To SCA’MBLE. v. a. To mangle; to maul.
My wood was cut in patches, and other parts of it scambled
and cut before it was at its growth. Mortimer.

SCA’MBLER. n. s. [Scottish.] A bold intruder upon one's ge­
nerosity or table.

SCA’MBLINGLY. adv. [from scambling.] With turbulence and
noise; with intrusive audaciousness.

SCAMMO’NIATE. adj. [from scammony.] Made with scam­
mony.
It may be excited by a local, scammoniate, or other acrimo­
nious medicines. Wiseman's Surgery.

SCA’MMONY. n. s. [Latin; scammonée, French.] A con­
creted resinous juice, light, tender, friable, of a greyish-brown
colour, and disagreeable odour. It flows upon incision of the
root of a kind of convolvulus, that grows in many parts of
Asia. Trevoux.

To SCA’MPER. v. n. [schampen, Dutch; scampare, Italian.]
To fly with speed and trepidation.
A fox seized upon the fawn, and fairly scampered away with
him. L'Estrange.
You will suddenly take a resolution, in your cabinet of
Highlanders, to scamper off with your new crown. Addison.
Be quick, nay very quick, or he'll approach,
And as you're scamp'ring stop you in your coach. King.

To SCAN. v. a. [scandre, French; scando, Latin.]
1. To examine a verse by counting the feet.
Harry, whose tuneful and well measur'd song
First taught our English musick how to span
Words with just note and accent, not to scan
With Midas' ears, committing short and long. Milton.
They scan their verses upon their fingers, run after con­
ceits and glaring thoughts. Walsh.
2. To examine nicely.
So he goes to heav'n,
And so am I reveng'd: that would be scann'd. Shakes. Ham.
The rest the great architect
Did wisely to conceal; and not divulge
His secrets to be scann'd by them, who ought
Rather admire. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
Every man has some guilts, which he desires should not be
rigorously scanned; and therefore, by the rule of charity and
justice, ought not to do that which he would not suffer.
Government of the Tongue.
At the final reckoning, when all mens actions shall be
scanned and judged, the great king shall pass his sentence, ac­
cording to the good men have done, or neglected to do. Calam.
Sir Roger exposing his palm, they crumpled it into all
shapes, and diligently scanned every wrinkle that could be
made in it. Addison.
The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous,
and liable to be scanned and sifted. Atterbury.
In full fruition of successful pow'r,
One moment and one thought might let him scan
The various turns of life, and fickle state of man. Prior.

SCA’NDAL. n. s. [s???da???; scandle, French.]
1. Offence given by the faults of others.
His lustful orgies he enlarg'd
Even to the hill of scandal, by the grove
Of Moloch homicide. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. i.
2. Reproachful aspersion; opprobrious censure; infamy.
If black scandal, or foul-fac'd reproach,
Attend the sequel of your imposition,
Your meer enforcement shall acquittance me
From all the impure blots and stains thereof. Shak. R. III.
My known virtue is from scandal free,
And leaves no shadow for your calumny. Dryd. Aurengz.
In the case of scandal, we are to reflect how men ought to
judge. Rogers's Sermons.

To SCA’NDAL. v. a. [from the noun.] To treat oppro­
briously; to charge falsely with faults.
You repin'd,
Scandal'd the suppliants; for the people call'd them
Time-pleasers, flatterers. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I do fawn on men, and hug them hard,
And after scandal them. Shak. Julius Cæsar.

To SCA’NDALIZE. v. a. [s?a?da???; scandaliser, French;
from scandal.]
1. To offend by some action supposed criminal.
I demand who they are whom we scandalize by using harm­
less things? Among ourselves, that agree in this use, no man
will say that one of us is offensive and scandalous unto an­
other. Hooker.
It had the excuse of some bashfulness, and care not to scan­
dalize others. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Whoever considers the injustice of some ministers, in those
intervals of parliament, will not be scandalized at the warmth
and vivacity of those meetings. Clarendon.
Many were scandalized at the personal slander and reflection
flung out by scandalizing libellers. Addison.
2. To reproach; to disgrace; to defame.
Thou do'st appear to scandalize
The publick right, and common cause of kings. Daniel.

SCA’NDALOUS. adj. [scandaleux, French; from scandal.]
1. Giving publick offence.
Nothing scandalous or offensive unto any, especially unto
the church of God: all things in order, and with seemli­
ness. Hooker.
Something savouring
Of tyranny, which will ignoble make you,
Yea, scandalous to the world. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. Opprobrious; disgraceful.
3. Shameful; openly vile.
You know the scandalous meanness of that proceeding,
which was used. Pope.

SCA’NDALOUSLY. adv. [from scandalous.]
1. Censoriously; opprobriously.
Shun their fault, who, scandalously nice,
Will needs mistake an author into vice. Pope.
2. Shamefully; ill to a degree that gives publick offence.
His discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the dig­
nity of his station; noise, brutality, and obsceneness. Swift.

SCA’NDALOUSNESS. n. s. [from scandalous.] The quality of
giving publick offence.

SCA’NSION. n. s. [scansio, Latin.] The act or practice of scan­
ning a verse.

To SCANT. v. a. [gescænan, Saxon, to break; skaaner, Da­
nish, to spare.] To limit; to straiten.
You think
I will your serious and great business scant,
For she is with me. Shakespeare's Othello.
They need rather to be scanted in their nourishment than
replenished, to have them sweet. Bacon's Nat. History.
We might do well to think with ourselves, what time of
stay we would demand, and he bade us not to scant our­
selves. Bacon.
Looking on things through the wrong end of the perspec­
tive, which scants their dimensions, we neglect and contemn
them. Glanv. Sceps.


Starve them,
For fear the rankness of the swelling womb
Should scant the passage and confine the room. Dryden.
I am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions.
Dryden's Fables, Dedication.

SCANT. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Wary; not liberal; parcimonious.
From this time,
Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence. Shakesp.
2. Not plentiful; scarce; less than what is proper or competent.
White is a penurious colour, and where moisture is scant:
so blue violets, and other flowers, if they be starved, turn pale
and white. Bacon's Natural History.
A single violet transplant:
The strength, the colour, and the size,
All which before was poor and scant,
Redoubles still and multiplies. Donne.
To find out that,
In such a scant allowance of star-light,
Would over-task the best land-pilot's art. Milton.

SCANT. adv. [from the adjective.] Scarcely; hardly.
The people, beside their travail, charge, and long attend­
ance, received of the bankers scant twenty shillings for
thirty. Camden's Remains.
We scant read in any writer, that there have been seen any
people upon the south coast. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
A wild pamphlet, besides other malignities, would scant al­
low him to be a gentleman. Wotton.
O'er yonder hill does scant the dawn appear. Gay.

SCA’NTILY. adv. [from scanty.]
1. Sparingly; niggardly.
He spoke
Scantily of me, when perforce he could not
But pay me terms of honour. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
2. Narrowly; not plentifully.

SCA’NTINESS. n. s. [from scanty.]
1. Narrowness; want of space; want of compass.
Virgil has sometimes two of them in a line; but the scanti­
ness of our heroick verse is not capable of receiving more than
one. Dryden.
2. Want of amplitude or greatness.
Alexander was much troubled at the scantiness of nature
itself, that there were no more worlds for him to disturb. South.

SCA’NTLET. n. s. [corrupted, as it seems, from scantling.] A
small pattern; a small quantity; a little piece.
While the world was but thin, the ages of mankind were
longer; and as the world grew fuller, so their lives were suc­
cessively reduced to a shorter scantlet, 'till they came to that
time of life which they now have. Hale.

SCA’NTLING. n. s. [eschantillon, French; ciantellino, Italian.]
1. A quantity cut for a particular purpose.
'Tis hard to find out a woman that's of a just scantling for
her age, humour, and fortune, to make a wife of.
L'Estrange.
2. A certain proportion.
The success,
Although particular, shall give a scantling
Of good or bad unto the general. Shak. Troil. and Cress.
3. A small quantity.
Reduce desires to narrow scantlings and small proportions.
Taylor's Rule of living holy.
A scantling of wit lay gasping for life, and groaning beneath
a heap of rubbish. Dryden.
In this narrow scantling of capacity, we enjoy but one plea­
sure at once. Locke.

SCA’NTLY. adv. [from scant.]
1. Scarcely; hardly.
England, in the opinion of the popes, was preferred, be­
cause it contained in the ecclesiastical division two large pro­
vinces, which had their several legati nati; whereas France
had scantly one. Camden's Remains.
2. Narrowly; penuriously; without amplitude.
My eager love, I'll give myself the lye;
The very hope is a full happiness,
Yet scantly measures what I shall possess. Dryden.

SCA’NTNESS. n. s. [from scant.] Narrowness; meanness;
smalness.
He was a man of a fierce spirit, and of no evil disposition,
saving that he thought scantness of estate too great an evil.
Hayward.
Did we but compare the miserable scantness of our capaci­
ties with the vast profundity of things, truth and modesty
would teach us wary language. Glanv. Sceps.

SCA’NTY. adj. [The same with scant.]
1. Narrow; small; wanting amplitude; short of quantity suf­
ficient.
As long as one can increase the number, he will think the
idea he hath a little too scanty for positive infinity. Locke.
His dominions were very narrow and scanty; for he had not
the possession of a foot of land, 'till he bought a field of the
sons of Heth. Locke.
Now scantier limits the proud arch confine,
And scarce are seen the prostrate Nile and Rhine;
A small Euphrates through the piece is roll'd,
And little eagles wave their wings in gold. Pope.
2. Small; poor; not copious; not ample.
Their language being scanty, and accommodated only to the
few necessaries of a needy simple life, had no words in it to
stand for a thousand. Locke.
There remained few marks of the old tradition, so they
had narrow and scanty conceptions of providence. Woodward.
They with such scanty wages pay
The bondage and the slavery of years. Swift.
3. Sparing; niggardly; parcimonious.
In illustrating a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of
words, but rather become copious in your language. Watts.

To SCAPE. v. a. [contracted from escape.] To escape; to
avoid; to shun; not to incur; to fly.
What, have I scaped love-letters in the holyday time of my
beauty, and am I now a subject for them? Shakespeare.
I doubt not but to die a fair death, if I scape hanging. Shak.
What can 'scape the eye
Of God all-seeing? Milton.

To SCAPE. v. n. To get away from hurt or danger.
Could they not fall unpity'd on the plain,
But slain revive, and, taken, scape again. Dryden.

SCAPE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Escape; flight from hurt or danger; the act of declining or
running from danger; accident of safety.
I spoke of most disastrous chances,
Of hair-breadth scapes in th' imminent deadly breach. Shak.
2. Means of escape; evasion.
Having purpos'd falshood, you
Can have no way but falshood to be true!
Vain lunatick, against these scapes I could
Dispute, and conquer, if I would. Donne.
3. Negligent freak.
No natural exhalation in the sky,
No scape of nature, no distemper'd day,
But they will pluck away its nat'ral cause,
And call them meteors, prodigies, and signs. Shakespeare.
4. Loose act of vice or lewdness.
A bearne! a very pretty bearne! sure some scape: though I
am not bookish, yet I can read waiting-gentlewoman in the
scape. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Thou lurk'dst
In valley or green meadow, to way-lay
Some beauty rare, Calisto, Clymene:
Too long thou laid'st thy scapes on names ador'd. Milton.

SCA’PULA. n. s. [Latin.] The shoulder-blade.
The heat went off from the parts, and spread up higher to
the breast and scapula. Wiseman.

SCA’PULAR. adj. [scapulaire, Fr. from scapula, Lat.] Re­
lating or belonging to the shoulders.
SCA’PULARY. adj. [scapulaire, Fr. from scapula, Lat.] Re­
lating or belonging to the shoulders.
The humours dispersed through the branches of the axil­
lary artery to the scapulary branches. Wiseman of Ulcers.
The viscera were counterpoised with the weight of the sca­
pular part. Derham.

SCAR. n. s. [from eschar, escare, French; es?a.] A mark
made by a hurt or fire; a cicatrix.
Scratch thee but with a pin, and there remains
Some scar of it. Shakesp. As you like it.
The soft delicious air,
To heal the scars of these corrosive fires,
Shall breathe her balm. Milton.
It may be struck out of the omnisciency of God, and leave
no scar nor blemish behind. More.
This earth had the beauty of youth and blooming nature,
and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body. Burnet.
In a hemorrhage from the lungs stypticks are often insig­
nificant; and if they could operate upon the affected part, so
far as to make a scar, when that fell off, the disease would re­
turn. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To SCAR. v. a. [from the noun.] To mark as with a sore or
wound.
Yet I'll not shed her blood,
Nor scar that whiter skin of her's than snow,
And smooth as monumental alabaster. Shakesp. Othello.

SCA’RAB. n. s. [scarabée, Fr. scarabæus, Latin.] A beetle;
an insect with sheathed wings.
A small scarab is bred in the very tips of elm-leaves: these
leaves may be observed to be dry and dead, as also turgid, in
which lieth a dirty, whitish, rough maggot, from which pro­
ceeds a beetle. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SCA’RAMOUCH. n. s. [escarmouche, Fr.] A buffoon in motly
dress.
It makes the solemnities of justice pageantry, and the bench
reverend poppets, or scaramouches in scarlet. Collier.

SCARCE. adj. [scarso, Italian; schaers, Dutch.]
1. Not plentiful.
A Swede will no more sell you his hemp for less silver, be­
cause you tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and there­


fore risen one fifth in value, than a tradesman of London will
sell his commodity cheaper to the Isle of Man, because money
is scarce there. Locke.
2. Rare; not common.
The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well
preserved. Addison.

SCARCE. adv. [from the adjective.]
SCA’RCELY. adv. [from the adjective.]
1. Hardly; scantly.
A thing which we so little hoped to see, that even they
which beheld it done scarcely believed their own senses. Hooker.
When we our betters see bearing our woes,
We scarcely think our miseries our foes. Shak. King Lear.
Age, which unavoidably is but one remove from death,
and consequently should have nothing about it but what looks
like a decent preparation for it, scarce ever appears, of late
days, but in the high mode, the flaunting garb, and utmost
gaudery of youth. South.
You neither have enemies, nor can scarce have any. Dryd.
2. With difficulty.
He scarcely knew him, striving to disown
His blotted form, and blushing to be known. Dryden.
Slowly he sails, and scarcely stems the tides;
The pressing water pours within her sides. Dryden.

SCA’RCENESS. n. s. [from searce.]
SCA’RCITY. n. s. [from searce.]
1. Smalness of quantity; not plenty; penury.
Scarcity and want shall shun you;
Ceres' blessing so is on you. Shakespeare.
Raphael writes thus concerning his Galatea: to paint a fair
one, 'tis necessary for me to see many fair ones; but, because
there is so great a scarcity of lovely women, I am constrained
to make use of one certain idea, which I have formed in my
fancy. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Corn does not rise or fall by the differences of more or less
plenty of money, but by the plenty and scarcity that God
sends. Locke.
In this grave age, when comedies are few,
We crave your patronage for one that's new,
And let the scarceness recommend the fare. Addison.
They drink very few liquors that have not lain in fresco, in­
somuch that a scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at
Naples. Addison.
2. Rareness; infrequency; not commonness.
They that find fault with our store, should be least willing
to reprove our scarcity of thanksgivings. Hooker.
Since the value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness,
it is hard not to give a man leave to love that most which is
most serviceable. Collier on Pride.

To SCARE. v. a. [scorare, Italian. Skinner.] To fright; to
frighten; to affright; to terrify; to strike with sudden fear.
They have scared away two of my best sheep, which, I
fear, the wolf will sooner find than the master. Shakespeare.
Poor Tom hath been scared out of his good wits. Shakesp.
My grained ash an hundred times hath broke,
And scar'd the moon with splinters. Shak. Coriolanus.
The noise of thy cross-bow
Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost. Shakes. H. VI.
Scarecrows are set up to keep birds from corn and fruit; and
some report that the head of a wolf, whole, dried, and hanged
up in a dovehouse, will scare away vermin. Bacon.
The wing of the Irish was so grievously either galled or
scared therewith, that being strangers, and in a manner neu­
trals, they had neither good heart to go forward, nor good
liking to stand still, nor good assurance to run away. Hayward.
The light
Waves threaten now, as that was scar'd by fire. Waller.
One great reason why mens good purposes so often fail, is,
that when they are devout, or scared, they then in the general
resolve to live religiously. Calamy's Sermons.
Let wanton wives by death be scar'd;
But, to my comfort, I'm prepar'd. Prior.

SCA’RECROW. n. s. [scare and crow] An image or clapper set
up to fright birds: thence any vain terrour.
Thereat the scarecrow waxed wond'rous proud,
Through fortune of his first adventure fair,
And with big thundering voice revil'd him loud. Fa. Queen.
No eye hath seen such scarecrows: I'll not march through
Coventry with them, that's flat. Shakesp. Henry IV.
We must not make a scarecrow of the law,
Setting it up to fear the birds of prey,
And let it keep one shape, 'till custom make it
Their pearch, and not their terrour. Shakespeare.
Many of those great guns, wanting powder and shot, stood
but as cyphers and scarecrows. Raleigh.
A scarecrow set to frighten fools away. Dryden.

SCA’REFIRE. n. s. [scare and fire.] A fright by fire; a fire
breaking out so as to raise terrour.
The drum and trumpet, by their several sounds, serve for
many kind of advertisements; and bells serve to proclaim a
scarefire, and in some places water-breaches. Holder.

SCARF. n. s. [escharfe, French.] Any thing that hangs loose
upon the shoulders or dress.
The matrons flung their gloves,
Ladies and maids their scarfs and handkerchiefs,
Upon him as he pass'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Will you wear the garland about your neck, or under your
arm, like a lieutenant's scarf? Shakespeare.
Iris there, with humid bow,
Waters th' odorous banks, that blow
Flowers of more mingled hew
Than her purfled scarf can show. Milton.
Titian, in his triumph of Bacchus, having placed Ariadne
on one of the borders of the picture, gave her a scarf of a
vermilion colour upon a blue drapery. Dryden.
The ready nymphs receive the crying child;
They swath'd him with their scarfs. Dryden.
My learned correspondent writes a word in defence of large
scarves. Spectator.
Put on your hood and scarf, and take your pleasure. Swift.

To SCARF. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To throw loosely on.
My sea-gown scarft about me, in the dark
Grop'd I to find them out. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. To dress in any loose vesture.
How like a younker, or a prodigal,
The scarfed bark puts from her native bay,
Hugg'd and embraced by the strumpet wind! Shakespeare.
Come, seeling night,
Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day. Shak. Macbeth.

SCA’RFSKIN. n. s. [scarf and skin.] The cuticle; the epider­
mis; the outer scaly integuments of the body.
The scarfskin, being uppermost, is composed of several lays
of small scales, which lie thicker according as it is thicker in
one part of the body than another: between these the excre­
tory ducts of the miliary glands of the true skin open. Cheyne.

SCARIFICA’TION. n. s. [scarificatio, Lat. scarification, French;
from scarify.] Incision of the skin with a lancet, or such like
instrument. It is most practised in cupping. Quincy.
Hippocrates tells you, that, in applying of cups, the scarifi­
cation ought to be made with crooked instruments. Arbuthnot.

SCARIFICA’TOR. n. s. [from scarify.] One who scarifies.

SCA’RIFIER. n. s. [from scarify.]
1. He who scarifies.
2. The instrument with which scarifications are made.

To SCA’RIFY. v. a. [scarifico, Lat. scarifier, Fr.] To let blood
by incisions of the skin, commonly after the application of
cupping-glasses.
Washing the salts out of the eschar, and scarifying it, I
dressed it. Wiseman's Surgery.
You quarter foul language upon me, without knowing whe­
ther I deserve to be cupped and scarified at this rate. Spectator.

SCA’RLET. n. s. [escarlate, French; scarlato, Ital.] A colour
deeply red, but not shining; cloath dyed with a scarlet colour.
If we live thus tamely,
To be thus jaded by a piece of scarlet,
Farewel nobility. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
As a bull
Amid' the circus roars; provok'd from far
By sight of scarlet and a sanguine war. Dryden.
Would it not be insufferable for a learned professor, and
that which his scarlet would blush at, to have his authority of
forty years standing in an instant overturned. Locke.

SCA’RLET. adj. [from the noun.] Of the colour of scarlet;
red deeply died.
I conjure thee,
By her high forehead and her scarlet lip. Shak. Ro. and Jul.
Thy ambition,
Thou scarlet sin, robb'd this bewailing land
Of noble Buckingham. Shak. Henry VIII.
The Chinese, who are of an ill complexion, being olivaster,
paint their cheeks scarlet. Bacon.
The scarlet honour of your peaceful gown. Dryden.

SCA’RLETBEAN. n. s. [scarlet and bean.] A plant.
The scarletbean has a red husk, and is not the best to eat in
the shell, as kidneybeans; but is reputed the best to be eaten
in Winter, when dry and boiled. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SCA’RLETOAK. n. s. The ilex. A species of oak.

SCA’RMAGE. n. s. [For skirmish. Spenser.]
SCA’RMOGE. n. s. [For skirmish. Spenser.]
Such cruel game my scarmages disarms;
Another war, and other weapons I,
Do love, when love does give his sweet alarms. Fa. Queen.

SCARP. n. s. [escarpe, French.] The slope on that side of a
ditch which is next to a fortified place, and looks towards
the fields. Dict.

SCATCH. n. s. [escache, French.] A kind of horsebit for
bridles. Bailey.

SCA’TCHES. n. s. [chasses, French.] Stilts to put the feet in to
walk in dirty places. Bailey.

SCATE. n. s. [skidor, Swedish; skid, Islandick.] A kind of
wooden shoe, with a steel plate underneath, on which they
slide over the ice.



To SCATE. v. n. [from the noun.] To slide on scates.

SCATE. n. s. [squatus, Latin.] A fish of the species of
thornback.

SCA’TEBROUS. adj. [from scatebræ, Latin.] Abounding with
springs. Dict.

To SCATH. v. a. [sceathan, scathan, Saxon; schaeden, Dut.]
To waste; to damage; to destroy.
As when heaven's fire
Hath scath'd the forest oaks, or mountain pines,
With singed top their stately growth, though bare,
Stands on the blasted heath. Milton's Parad. Lost, b. i.

SCATH. n. s. [sceath, Saxon.] Waste; damage; mischief;
depopulation. Scath in Scotland denotes spoil or damage: as,
he bears the scath and the scorn. A proverb.
She suborned hath
This crafty messenger, with letters vain,
To work new woe and unprovided scath. Fairy Queen.
The ear that budded fair is burnt and blasted,
And all my hoped gain is turn'd to scath. Spenser.
He bore a spiteful mind against king Edward, doing him
all the scath that he could, and annoying his territories. Spenser.
My proud one doth work the greater scath,
Through sweet allurement of her lovely hue. Spenser.
They placed them in Rhodes, where daily doing great scath
to the Turk, the great warrior Soliman, with a mighty army,
so overlaid them, that he won the island from them. Knolles.
Still preserv'd from danger, harm, and scath,
By many a sea and many an unknown shore. Fairfax.

SCA’THFUL. adj. [from scath.] Mischievous; destructive.
A bawbling vessel was he captain of,
For shallow draught, and bulk unprizable,
With which such scathful grapple did he make,
That very envy, and the tongue of loss,
Cried fame and honour on him. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

To SCA’TTER. v. a. [scateran, Saxon; schatteren, Dutch.]
1. To throw loosely about; to sprinkle.
Where cattle pastur'd late, now scatter'd lies
With carcases and arms th' ensanguin'd field. Milton.
Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly,
Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy. Prior.
Corruption, still
Voracious, swallow'd what the liberal hand
Of bounty scatter'd o'er the savage year. Thomson.
2. To dissipate; to disperse.
A king, that sitteth in the throne of judgment, scattereth
away all evil with his eyes. Prov. xx. 8.
The Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be heard with
scattering and tempest and stones. Is. xxx. 30.
Samuel came not to Gilgal, and the people were scattered
from Saul. 1 Sa. xiii. 8.
Adam by this from the cold sudden damp
Recovering, and his scatter'd sp'rits return'd. Milton.
3. To spread thinly.
Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains,
Their scatter'd cottages and ample plains. Dryden.

To SCA’TTER. v. n. To be dissipated; to be dispersed.
Sound diffuseth itself in rounds; but if that which would
scatter in open air, be made to go into a canal, it gives greater
force to the sound. Bacon.
The sun
Shakes from his noon-day throne the scattering clouds. Thom.

SCA’TTERINGLY. adv. [from scattering.] Loosely; dispersedly.
The Spaniards have here and there scatteringly, upon the
sea-coasts, set up some towns. Abbot.
Those drops of prettiness, scatteringly sprinkled amongst the
creatures, were designed to defecate and exalt our conceptions,
not to inveigle or detain our passions. Boyle.

SCA’TTERLING. n. s. [from scatter.] A vagabond; one that
has no home or settled habitation.
Such losels and scatterlings cannot easily, by any ordinary
officer, be gotten, when challenged for any such fact. Spenser.
Gathering unto him all the scatterlings and outlaws out of all
the woods and mountains, in which they long had lurked, he
marched forth into the English pale. Spenser on Ireland.

SCATU’RIENT. adj. [scaturiens, Latin.] Springing as a foun­
tain. Dict.

SCATURI’GINOUS. adj. [from scaturigo, Latin.] Full of springs
or fountains. Dict.

SCA’VENGER. n. s. [from scafan, to shave, perhaps to sweep,
Saxon.] A petty magistrate, whose province is to keep the
streets clean.
Since it is made a labour of the mind, as to inform mens
judgments, and move their affections, to resolve difficult places
of Scripture, to decide and clear off controversies, I cannot
see how to be a butcher, scavenger, or any other such trade,
does at all qualify men for this work. South's Sermons.
Fasting's nature's scavenger. Baynard.
Dick the scavenger, with equal grace,
Flirts from his cart the mud in Walpole's face. Swift.
SCE

SCE’LERAT. n. s. [French; sceleratus, Latin.] A vil­
lain; a wicked wretch. A word introduced unnecessarily
from the French by a Scottish author.
Scelerats can by no arts stifle the cries of a wounded con­
science. Gheyne.

SCE’NARY. n. s. [from scene.]
1. The appearances of place or things.
He must gain a relish of the works of nature, and be
conversant in the various scenary of a country life. Addison.
2. The representation of the place in which an action is per­
formed.
The progress of the sound, and the scenary of the border­
ing regions, are imitated from æn. vii. on the sounding the
horn of Alecto. Pope.
3. The disposition and consecution of the scenes of a play.
To make a more perfect model of a picture, is, in the
language of poets, to draw up the scenary of a play. Dryden.

SCENE. n. s. [scæna, Latin; s??; scene, French.]
1. The stage; the theatre of dramatick poetry.
Cedar and pine, and fir and branching palm,
A sylvan scene; and as the ranks ascend
Shade above shade, a woody theatre
Of stateliest view. Milton.
2. The general appearance of any action; the whole contexture
of objects; a display; a series; a regular disposition.
Now prepare thee for another scene. Milton.
A mute scene of sorrow, mixt with fear;
Still on the table lay the unfinish'd cheer. Dryden.
A larger scene of action is display'd,
And, rising hence, a greater work is weigh'd. Dryden.
Ev'ry sev'ral place must be
A scene of triumph and revenge to me. Dryden.
When rising Spring adorns the mead,
A charming scene of nature is display'd. Dryden.
Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought!
Through what variety of untry'd beings,
Through what new scene and changes must we pass! Addis.
About eight miles distance from Naples lies a very noble
scene of antiquities: what they call Virgil's tomb is the
first. Addison on Italy.
Say, shepherd, say, are these reflections true?
Or was it but the woman's fear that drew
This cruel scene, unjust to love and you. Prior.
3. Part of a play.
It shall be so my care
To have you royally appointed, as if
The scene you play were mine. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Our author would excuse these youthful scenes
Begotten at his entrance. Granville.
4. So much of an act of a play as passes between the same per­
sons in the same place.
If his characters were good,
The scenes entire, and freed from noise and blood,
The action great, yet circumscrib'd by time,
The words not forc'd, but sliding into rhime,
He thought, in hitting these, his business done. Dryden.
5. The place represented by the stage.
The king is set from London, and the scene
Is now transported to Southampton. Shakesp. Hen. V.
6. The hanging of the theatre adapted to the play.
The alteration of scenes feeds and relieves the eye, before it
be full of the same object. Bacon.

SCE’NICK. adj. [scenique, Fr. from scene.] Dramatick; theatrical.
With scenick virtue charm the rising age. Anonym.

SCENOGRA’PHICAL. adj. [s?? and ??f?.] Drawn in
perspective.

SCENOGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from scenographical.] In per­
spective.
If the workman be skilled in perspective, more than one
face may be represented in our diagram scenographically. Mort.

SCE’NOGRAPHY. n. s. [s?? and ??f?; scenographie, Fr.]
The art of perspective.

SCENT. n. s. [sentir, to smell, French.]
1. The power of smelling; the smell.
A hunted hare treads back her mazes, crosses and con­
founds her former track, and uses all possible methods to divert
the scent. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. The object of smell; odour good or bad.
Belman cried upon it at the meerest loss,
And twice to-day pick'd out the dullest scent. Shakespeare.
The plague, they report, hath a scent of the smell of a mel­
low apple. Bacon.
Good earth, newly turned up, hath a freshness and good
scent. Bacon.
Good scents do purify the brain,
Awake the fancy, and the wits refine. Davies.
Partake
The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs. Milton.
Exulting, 'till he finds their nobler sense
Their disproportion'd speed does recompense;
Then curses his conspiring feet, whose scent
Betrays that safety which their swiftness lent. Denham.
Chearful health,
His duteous handmaid, through the air improv'd,
With lavish hand diffuses scents ambrosial. Prior.
3. Chace followed by the smell.
He gained the observations of innumerable ages, and tra­
velled upon the same scent into æthiopia. Temple.



To SCENT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To smell; to perceive by the nose.
So scented the grim feature, and upturn'd
His nostrils wide into the murky air,
Sagacious of his quarry from so far. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. To perfume; or to imbue with odour good or bad.
Balm, from a silver box distill'd around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground. Dryd.
He spies
His op'ning hounds, and now he hears their cries;
A gen'rous pack, or to maintain the chace,
Or snuff the vapour from the scented grass. Addison.

SCE’NTLESS. adj. [from scent.] Inodorous; having no smell.

SCE’PTRE. n. s. [sceptrum, Latin; sceptre, Fr.] The ensign
of royalty born in the hand.
Nor shall proud Lancaster usurp my right,
Nor hold the sceptre in his childish fist. Shak. Henry VI.
Thou sceptre's heir,
That thus affect'st a sheephook. Shakespeare.
How, best of kings, do'st thou a sceptre bear!
How, best of poets, do'st thou laurel wear!
But two things rare the fates had in their store,
And gave thee both, to shew they could no more. B. Johns.
The sceptre bearers lent
Their free attendance. Chapman's Odyssey.
The parliament presented those acts which were prepared
by them to the royal sceptre, in which were some laws restrain­
ing the extravagant power of the nobility. Clarendon.
The court of Rome has, in other instances, so well attested
its good managery, that it is not credible crowns and sceptres
are conferred gratis. Decay of Piety.

SCE’PTRED. adj. [from sceptre.] Bearing a sceptre.
The sceptred heralds call
To council, in the city-gates. Milton's Paradise Lost.
To Britain's queen the scepter'd suppliant bends,
To her his crowns and infant race commends. Tickel.

SCE’PTICK. n. s. See SKEPTICK.
SCH

SCHE’DULE. n. s. [schedula, Latin; schedule, French.]
1. A small scroll.
The first published schedules being brought to a grave knight,
he read over an unsavory sentence or two, and delivered back
the libel. Hooker.
All ill, which all
Prophets or poets spake, and all which shall
B' annex'd in schedules unto this by me,
Fall on that man. Donne.
2. A little inventory.
I will give out schedules of my beauty: it shall be invento­
ried, and every particle and utensil label'd to my will. Shak.

SCHE’MATISM. n. s. [s??a?s??.] Combination of the
aspects of heavenly bodies; particular form or disposition of a
thing.
Every particle of matter, whatever form or schematism
it puts on, must in all conditions be equally extended, and
therefore take up the same room. Creech.

SCHE’MATIST. n. s. [from scheme.] A projector; one given to
forming schemes.

SCHEME. n. s. [s?a.]
1. A plan; a combination of various things into one view, de­
sign, or purpose; a system.
Were our senses made much quicker, the appearance and
outward scheme of things would have quite another face to us,
and be inconsistent with our well being. Locke.
We shall never be able to give ourselves a satisfactory ac­
count of the divine conduct, without forming such a scheme of
things as shall at once take in time and eternity. Atterbury.
2. A project; a contrivance; a design.
The haughty monarch was laying schemes for suppressing the
ancient liberties, and removing the ancient boundaries of king­
doms. Atterbury's Sermons.
He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief;
'Tis fix'd, 'tis done, and both are doom'd to death. Rowe.
The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping of
our desires, is like cutting off our feet when we want
shoes. Swift.
3. A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies; any
lineal or mathematical diagram.
It hath embroiled the endeavours of astrology in the erec­
tion of schemes, and the judgment of death and diseases.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
It is a scheme and face of heaven,
As th' aspects are dispos'd this even. Hudibras.

SCHE’MER. n. s. [from scheme.] A projector; a contriver.

SCHE’SIS. n. s. [s?s??.] An habitude; state of any thing
with respect to other things.
If that mind which has existing in itself from all eternity
all the simple essences of things, and consequently all their
possible scheses or habitudes, should ever change, there would
arise a new schesis in the mind, which is contrary to the sup­
position. Norris.

SCI’RRHUS. n. s. [scirrhe, French. This should be written skir­
rhus, not merely because it comes from s????, but because c
in English has before e and i the sound of s. See SKEPTICK.]
An indurated gland.
Any of these three may degenerate into a scirrhus, and that
scirrhus into a cancer. Wiseman of Tumours.

SCHI’RRHOUS. adj. [from scirrhus.] Having a gland indu­
rated.
How they are to be treated when they are strumous, scir­
rhous, or cancerous, you may see. Wiseman.

SCIRRHO’SITY. n. s. [from scirrhous.] An induration of the
glands.
The difficulty of breathing, occasioned by scirrhosities of the
glands, is not to be cured. Arbuthnot on Diet.

SCHISM. n. s. [s?s?a; schisme, Fr.] A separation or divi­
sion in the church of God.
Set bounds to our passions by reason, to our errours by
truth, and to our schisms by charity. King Charles.
Oppose schisms by unity, hypocrisy by sober piety, and de­
bauchery by temperance. Spratt's Sermons.
When a schism is once spread, there grows at length a dis­
pute which are the schismaticks: in the sense of the law the
schism lies on that side which opposes itself to the religion of
the state. Swift.

SCHISMA’TICAL. adj. [schismatique, Fr. from schismatick.] Im­
plying schism; practising schism.
By these tumults all factions, seditions, and schimatical pro­
posals against government, ecclesiastical and civil, must be
backed. King Charles.
Here bare anathema's fall but like so many bruta fulmina
upon the obstinate and schismatical, who are like to think them­
selves shrewdly hurt by being cut off from that body which
they chuse not to be of, and so being punished into a quiet
enjoyment of their beloved separation. South's Sermons.

SCHISMA’TICALLY. adv. [from schismatical.] In a schismatical
manner.

SCHI’SMATICK. n. s. [from schism.] One who separates from
the true church.
No known heretick nor schismatick should be suffered to go
into those countries. Bacon.
Thus you behold the schismaticks bravado's:
Wild speaks in squibs, and Calamy in granado's. Butler.
The schismaticks united in a solemn league and covenant to
alter the whole system of spiritual government. Swift.

To SCHI’SMATIZE. v. a. [from schism.] To commit the crime
of schism; to make a breach in the communion of the
church.

SCHO’LAR. n. s. [scholaris, Latin; ecalier, French.]
1. One who learns of a master; a disciple.
Many times that which deserveth approbation would hardly
find favour, if they which propose it were not to profess them­
selves scholars, and followers of the ancients. Hooker.
The scholars of the Stagyrite,
Who for the old opinion fight,
Would make their modern friends confess
The diff'rence but from more to less. Prior.
2. A man of letters.
This same scholar's fate, res angusta domi, hinders the pro­
moting of learning. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
To watch occasions to correct others in their discourse, and
not slip any opportunity of shewing their talents, scholars are
most blamed for. Locke.
3. A pedant; a man of books.
To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to make judg­
ment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar: they
perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Bacon.
4. One who has a lettered education.
My cousin William is become a good scholar: he is at Ox­
ford still, is he not? Shakesp. Henry VI.

SCHO’LARSHIP. n. s. [from scholar.]
1. Learning; literature; knowledge.
It pitied my very heart to think that a man of my master's
understanding, and great scholarship, who had a book of his
own in print, should talk so outragiously. Pope.
2. Literary education.
This place should be school and university, not needing a
remove to any other house of scholarship. Milton.
3. Exhibition or maintenance for a scholar. Ainsworth.

SCHOLA’STICAL. adj. [scholasticus, Latin.] Belonging to a
scholar or school.

SCHOLA’STICALLY. adv. [from scholastick.] According to the
niceties or method of the schools.
No moralists or casuists, that treat scholastically of justice,
but treat of gratitude, under that general head, as a part of
it. South's Sermons.

SCHOLA’STICK. adj. [from schola, Latin; scholastique, French.]
1. Pertaining to the school; practised in schools.
I would render this intelligible to every rational man, how­
ever little versed in scholastick learning. Digby on Bodies.
Scholastick education, like a trade, does so fix a man in a
particular way, that he is not fit to judge of any thing that
lies out of that way. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Befitting the school; suitable to the school; pedantick; need­
lesly subtle.


The favour of proposing there, in convenient sort, whatso­
ever ye can object, which thing I have known them to grant
of scholastick courtesy unto strangers, never hath nor ever will
be denied you. Hooker.
Sir Francis Bacon was wont to say, that those who left use­
ful studies for useless scholastick speculations, were like the
Olympick gamesters, who abstained from necessary labours,
that they might be fit for such as were not so. Bacon.
Both sides charge the other with idolatry, and that is a mat­
ter of conscience, and not a scholastick nicety. Stillingfleet.

SCHO’LIAST. n. s. [scholiaste, French; scholiastes, Latin.] A
writer of explanatory notes.
The title of this satyr, in some ancient manuscripts, was
the reproach of idleness; though in others of the scholiasts 'tis
inscribed against the luxury of the rich. Dryden.
What Gellius or Stobæus cook'd before,
Or chew'd by blind old scholiasts o'er and o'er. Dunciad.

SCHO’LION. n. s. [Latin.] A note; an explanatory ob­
servation.
SCHO’LIUM. n. s. [Latin.] A note; an explanatory ob­
servation.
Hereunto have I added a certain gloss or scholion, for the
exposition of old words, and harder phrases, which manner
of glossing and commenting will seem strange in our lan­
guage. Spenser.
Some cast all their metaphysical and moral learning into the
method of mathematicians, and bring every thing relating to
those abstracted or practical sciences under theorems, problems,
postulates, scholiums, and corollaries. Watts.

SCHO’LY. n. s. [scholie, Fr. scholium, Latin.] An explanatory
note. This word, with the verb following, is, I fancy, pe­
culiar to the learned Hooker.
He therefore, which made us to live, hath also taught us to
pray, to the end, that speaking unto the Father in the Son's
own prescript form, without scholy or gloss of ours, we may
be sure that we utter nothing which God will deny. Hooker.
That scholy had need of a very favourable reader, and a
tractable, that should think it plain construction, when to be
commanded in the word, and grounded upon the word, are
made all one. Hooker.

To SCHO’LY. v. n. [from the noun.] To write expositions.
The preacher should want a text, whereupon to
scholy. Hooker.

SCHOOL. n. s. [schola, Latin; ecole, French.]
1. A house of discipline and instruction.
Their age the same, their inclinations too,
And bred together in one school they grew. Dryden.
2. A place of literary education.
My end being private, I have not expressed my conceptions
in the language of the schools. Digby.
Writers on that subject have turned it into a composition
of hard words, trifles, and subtilties, for the mere use of the
schools, and that only to amuse men with empty sounds. Watts.
3. A state of instruction.
The calf breed to the rural trade,
Set him betimes to school, and let him be
Instructed there in rules of husbandry. Dryden.
4. System of doctrine as delivered by particular teachers.
No craz'd brain could ever yet propound,
Touching the soul, so vain and fond a thought;
But some among these masters have been found,
Which in their schools the self-same thing had taught. Davies.
Let no man be less confident in his faith, concerning the
great blessings God designs in these divine mysteries, by reason
of any difference in the several schools of Christians, concern­
ing the consequent blessings thereof. Taylor.
5. The age of the church, and form of theology succeeding that
of the fathers.
The first principles of Christian religion should not be farced
with school points and private tenets. Sanderson.
A man may find an infinite number of propositions in books
of metaphysicks, school divinity, and natural philosophy, and
know as little of God, spirits, or bodies, as he did before. Locke.

To SCHOOL. v. a. [from the noun]
1. To instruct; to train.
Una her besought to be so good
As in her virtuous rules to school her knight. Fa. Queen.
He's gentle, never school'd, and yet learned. Shakespeare.
2. To teach with superiority; to tutor.
You shall go with me;
I have some private schooling for you both. Shakespeare.
Cousin, school yourself; but for your husband,
He's noble, wife, judicious. Shakes. Macbeth.
School your child,
And ask why God's anointed he revil'd. Dryden.
If this be schooling, 'tis well for the considerer: I'll engage
that no adversary of his shall in this sense ever school him. Att.

SCHO’OLBOY. n. s. [school and boy.] A boy that is in his rudi­
ments at school.
Schoolboys tears take up
The glasses of my sight. Shakespeare.
He grins, smacks, shrugs, and such an itch endures,
As 'prentices or schoolboys, which do know
Of some gay sport abroad, yet dare not go. Donne.
A schoolboy brought his mother a book he had stolen. L'Estr.
Once he had heard a schoolboy tell,
How Semele of mortal race
By thunder died. Swift.

SCHO’OLDAY. n. s. [school and day.] Age in which youth is
sent to school.
Is all forgot?
All schooldays friendship, childhood, innocence? Shakesp.

SCHO’OLFELLOW. n. s. [school and fellow.] One bred at the
same school.
Thy flatt'ring method on the youth pursue;
Join'd with his schoolfellows by two and two:
Persuade them first to lead an empty wheel,
In length of time produce the lab'ring yoke. Dryden.
The emulation of schoolfellows often puts life and industry
into young lads. Locke.

SCHO’OLHOUSE. n. s. [school and house.] House of discipline
and instruction.
Fair Una 'gan Fidelia fair request,
To have her knight unto her schoolhouse plac'd. Spenser.

SCHO’OLMAN. n. s. [school and man.]
1. One versed in the niceties and subtilties of academical dispu­
tation.
The king, though no good schoolman, converted one of
them by dispute. Bacon.
Unlearn'd, he knew no schoolman's subtle art;
No language, but the language of the heart. Pope.
2. One skilled in the divinity of the school.
If a man's wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences,
let him study the schoolmen. Bacon.
To schoolmen I bequeath my doubtfulness,
My sickness to physicians. Donne.
Men of nice palates could not relish Aristotle, as he was
drest up by the schoolmen. Baker.
Let subtle schoolmen teach these fiends to fight,
More studious to divide than to unite. Pope.

SCHOOLMA’STER. n. s. [school and master.] One who presides
and teaches in a school.
I, thy schoolmaster, have made thee more profit
Than other princes can, that have more time
For vainer hours, and tutors not so careful. Shakespeare.
Adrian VI. was sometime schoolmaster to Charles V. Knolles.
The ancient sophists and rhetoricians lived 'till they were
an hundred years old; and so likewise did many of the gram­
marians and schoolmasters, as Orbilius. Bacon.
A father may see his children taught, though he himself
does not turn schoolmaster. South's Sermons.

SCHO’OLMISTRESS. n. s. [school and mistress.] A woman who
governs a school.
Such precepts I have selected from the most considerable
which we have received from nature, that exact schoolmistress.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.
My schoolmistress, like a vixen Turk,
Maintains her lazy husband. Gay's What d'ye Call it.

SCHREIGHT. n. s. A fish. Ainsworth.
SCI

SCI’AGRAPHY. n. s. [sciagraphie, French; s??a?af?a. This
should be written with a k.]
1. [In architecture.] The profile or section of a building, to
shew the infide thereof. Bailey.
2. [In astronomy.] The art of finding the hour of the day or
night by the shadow of the sun, moon, or stars. Bailey.

SCI’ATHERICAL. adj. [sciaterique, Fr. s??a???.] Be­
longing to a sun-dial. Dict. This should
be written skiatherical.

SCI’ATHERICK. adj. [sciaterique, Fr. s??a???.] Be­
longing to a sun-dial. Dict. This should
be written skiatherical.
There were also, from great antiquity, sciatherical or sun­
dials, by the shadow of a stile or gnomon denoting the hours
of the day; an invention ascribed unto Anaxamines by Pliny.
Brown's Vulg. Errours.

SCIA’TICA. n. s. [sciatque, French; ischiadica passio, Latin.]
The hip gout.
SCIA’TICK. n. s. [sciatque, French; ischiadica passio, Latin.]
The hip gout.
Which of your hips has the most profound sciatica? Shakes.
Thou cold sciatica,
Cripple our senators, that their limbs may halt
As lamely as their manners. Shakesp. Timon.
The Scythians, using continual riding, were generally mo­
lested with the sciatica, or hip gout. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Rack'd with sciatick, martyr'd with the stone,
Will any mortal let himself alone? Pope.

SCIA’TICAL. adj. [from sciatica.] Afflicting the hip.
In obstinate sciatical pains, blistering and cauteries have
been found effectual. Arbuthnot.

SCI’ENCE. n. s. [science, French; scientia, Latin.]
1. Knowledge.
If we conceive God's sight or science, before the creation of
the world, to be extended to all and every part of the world,
seeing every thing as it is, his prescience or foresight of any
action of mine, or rather his science or sight, from all eternity,
lays no necessity on any thing to come to pass, any more than
my seeing the sun move hath to do in the moving of it. Hamm.
2. Certainty grounded on demonstration.
So you arrive at truth, though not at cience. Berkley.


3. Art attained by precepts, or built on principles.
Science perfects genius, and moderates that fury of the fancy
which cannot contain itself within the bounds of reason. Dryd.
4. Any art or species of knowledge.
No science doth make known the first principles, whereon
it buildeth; but they are always taken as plain and manifest
in themselves, or as proved and granted already, some former
knowledge having made them evident. Hooker.
Whatsoever we may learn by them, we only attain accord­
ing to the manner of natural sciences, which mere discourse of
wit and reason findeth out. Hooker.
I present you with a man
Cunning in musick and the mathematicks,
To instruct her fully in those sciences. Shakespeare.
The indisputable mathematicks, the only science heaven hath
yet vouchfafed humanity, have but few votaries among the
slaves of the Stagirite. Glanv. Sceps.
5. One of the seven liberal arts, grammar, rhetorick, logick,
arithmetick, musick, geometry, astronomy.
Good sense, which only is the gift of heav'n,
And though no science, fairly worth the sev'n. Pope.

SCIE’NTIAL. adj. [from science.] Producing science.
From the tree her step she turn'd;
But first low reverence done, as to the pow'r
That dwelt within; whose presence had infus'd
Into the plant sciential sap, deriv'd
From nectar, drink of gods. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SCIENTI’FICAL. adj. [scientifique, Fr. scientia and facio, Lat.]
Producing demonstrative knowledge; pro­
ducing certainty.
SCIENTI’FICK. adj. [scientifique, Fr. scientia and facio, Lat.]
Producing demonstrative knowledge; pro­
ducing certainty.
Natural philosophy proceeding from settled principles,
therein is expected a satisfaction from scientifical progressions,
and such as beget a sure or rational belief. Brown's Vulg. Err.
No where are there more quick, inventive, and penetrating
capacities, fraught with all kind of scientifical knowledge. Howel.
No man, who first trafficks into a foreign country, has any
scientifick evidence that there is such a country, but by report,
which can produce no more than a moral certainty; that is, a
very high probability, and such as there can be no reason to
except against. South's Sermons.
The systems of natural philosophy that have obtained, are
to be read more to know the hypotheses, than with hopes to
gain there a comprehensive, scientifical, and satisfactory know­
ledge of the works of nature. Locke.

SCIENTI’FICALLY. adv. [from scientifical.] In such a manner
as to produce knowledge.
Sometimes it rests upon testimony, because it is easier to
believe than to be scientifically instructed. Locke.

SCI’MITAR. n. s. [See CIMETER.] A short sword with a
convex edge.
I'll heat his blood with Greekish wine to-night,
Which with my scimitar I'll cool to-morrow. Shakespeare.

SCI’NEY Close. n. s. A species of violet. Ainsworth.

SCINK. n. s.A cast calf. Ainsworth. In Scotland and in Lon­
don they call it slink.

To SCINTI’LLATE. v. n. [scintillo, Latin.] To sparkle;
to emit sparks.

SCINTILLA’TION. n. s. [scintillatio, Lat. from scintillate.] The
act of sparkling; sparks emitted.
He saith the planets scintillation is not seen, because of their
propinquity. Glanv. Sceps.
These scintillations are not the accension of the air upon the
collision of two hard bodies, but rather the inflammable ef­
fluences discharged from the bodies collided. Brown.

SCIO’LIST. n. s. [sciolus, Latin.] One who knows many things
superficially.
'Twas this vain idolizing of authors which gave birth to
that silly vanity of impertinent citations: these ridiculous
fooleries signify nothing to the more generous discerners, but
the pedantry of the affected sciolists. Glanv. Sceps.
These passages, in that book, were enough to humble the
presumption of our modern sciolists, if their pride were not as
great as their ignorance. Temple.

SCI’OLOUS. adj. [sciolus, Latin.] Superficially or imperfectly
knowing.
I could wish these sciolous zelotists had more judgment joined
with their zeal. Howel.

SCIO’MACHY. n. s. [schiamachie, Fr. s??a and ?a.] Battle
with a shadow. This should be written skiamachy.
To avoid this sciomachy, or imaginary combat of words, let
me know, sir, what you mean by the name of tyrant? Cowley.

SCION. n. s. [scion, French.] A small twig taken from one
tree to be engrafted into another.
Sweet maid, we marry
A gentle scion to the wildest stock;
And make conceive a bark of baser kind,
By bud of nobler race. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
March is drawn in his left hand blossoms, and scions upon his
arm. Peacham.
The scions are best of an old tree. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SCIRE FA’CIAS. n. s. [Latin.] A writ judicial, in law, most
commonly to call a man to shew cause unto the court, whence
it is sent, why execution of a judgment passed should not be
made. This writ is not granted before a year and a day is
passed, after the judgment given. Cowel.

SCI’SSIBLE. adj. [from scissus, Latin.] Capable of being di­
vided smoothly by a sharp edge.
The differences of impressible and not impressible, scissible
and not scissible, and many other passions of matter, are ple­
beian notions. Bacon.

SCI’SSILE. adj. [scissile, Fr. scissilis, Latin.] Capable of being
cut or divided smoothly by a sharp edge.
Animal fat is a sort of amphibious substance, scissile like a
solid, and resolveable by heat. Arbuthnot.

SCI’SSION. n. s. [scission, French; scissio, Latin.] The act of
cutting.
Nerves may be wounded by scission or puncture: the former
way they are usually cut through, and wholly cease from ac­
tion. Wiseman's Surgery.

SCI’SSOR. n. s. [This word is variously written, as it is sup­
posed to be derived by different writers; of whom some write
cisors, from cædo, or incido; others scissors, from scindo; and
some cisars, cizars, or scissars, ciseaux, Fr.] A small pair of
sheers, or blades moveable on a pivot, and intercepting the
thing to be cut.
His beard they have sing'd off with brands of fire;
And ever, as it blaz'd, they threw on him
Great pails of puddled mire to quench the hair:
My master preaches patience to him, and the while
His man with scissars nicks him for a fool. Shakespeare.
Wanting the scissars, with these hands I'll tear,
If that obstruct my flight, this load of hair. Prior.
When the lawyers and tradesmen brought extravagant bills,
sir Roger wore a pair of scissars in his pocket, with which he
would snip a quarter of a yard off nicely. Arbuthnot.

SCI’SSURE. n. s. [scissum, Latin] A crack; a rent; a fis­
sure.
The breach seems like the scissures and ruptures of an earth­
quake, and threatens to swallow all that attempt to close it,
and reserves its cure only for omnipotence. Decay of Piety.

SCLERO’TICK. adj. [sclerotique, Fr. s??.] Hard: an
epithet of one of the coats of the eye.
The ligaments observed in the inside of the sclerotick tunicles
of the eye, serve instead of a muscle, by their contraction, to
alter the figure of the eye. Ray on the Creation.

SCLEROTICKS. n. s. [from the adjective.] Medicines which
harden and consolidate the parts they are applied to. Quincy.
SCO

To SCOAT. v. a. To stop a wheel by putting a stone or
piece of wood under it before. Bailey.
To SCOTCH. v. a. To stop a wheel by putting a stone or
piece of wood under it before. Bailey.

To SCOFF. v. n. [schoppen, Dutch.] To treat with insolent
ridicule; to treat with contumelious language. With at.
Of two noblemen of the West of England, the one was given
to scoff, but kept ever royal cheer in his house; the other would
ask of those that had been at his table, Tell truly, was there
never a flout or dry blow given? Bacon.
There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate
person, than prophanely to scoff at religion. Tillotson.
Such is love,
And such the laws of his fantastick empire,
The wanton boy delights to bend the mighty,
And scffs at the vain wisdom of the wise. Rowe.

SCOFF. n. s. [from the verb.] Contemptuous ridicule; ex­
pression of scorn; contumelious language.
Our answer therefore to their reasons is no; to their scoffs,
nothing. Hooker.
With scoffs and scorns, and contumelious taunts,
In open market-place produc'd they me. Shakes. H. VI.
How could men surrender up their reason to flattery, more
abusive and reproachful than the rudest scoffs and the sharpest
invectives? South.
Some little souls, that have got a smattering of astronomy
or chemistry, for want of a due acquaintance with other
sciences, make a scoff at them all, in comparison of their fa­
vourite science. Watts.

SCO’FFER. n. s. [from scoff.] Insolent ridiculer; saucy scorner;
contumelious reproacher.
I must tell you friendly in your ear,
Sell when you can; you are not for all markets:
Cry the man mercy, love him, take his offer;
Foul is most foul, being found to be a scoffer. Shakesp.
Divers have herded themselves amongst these profane scof­
fers, not that they are convinced by their reasons, but ter­
rified by their contumelies. Government of the Tongue.
Consider what the apostle tells these scoffers they were igno­
rant of, not that there was a deluge; but he tells them, that
they were ignorant that the heavens and the earth of old were
so and so constituted. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

SCO’FFINGLY. adv. [from scoffing.] In contempt; in ridicule.
Aristotle applied this hemistick scoffingly to the sycophants at
Athens. Broome's Notes to the Odyssey.

To SCOLD. v. n. [scholden, Dutch.] To quarrel clamorously
and rudely.
Pardon me, 'tis the first time that ever
I'm forc'd to scold. Shakes. Coriolanus.


The one as famous for a scolding tongue,
As the other is for beauteous modesty. Shakespeare.
They attacked me, some with piteous moans, others grin­
ning and only shewing their teeth, others ranting, and others
scolding and reviling. Stillingfleet.
Pallas meets the queen of love;
For gods, we are by Homer told,
Can in celestial language scold. Swift.
Scolding and cursing are her common conversation. Swift.

SCOLD. n. s. [from the verb.] A clamourous, rude, mean,
low, foul-mouthed woman.
A shrew in domestick life, is now become a scold in poli­
ticks. Addison's Freeholder.
Sun-burnt matrons mending old nets;
Now singing shrill, and scolding oft between;
Scolds answer foul-mouth'd scolds. Swift.

SCO’LLOP. n. s. [Written properly scallop.] A pectinated shell­
fish.

SCOLOPE’NDRA. n. s. [scolopendre, French; s????pe?da.]
1. A sort of venomous serpent.
2. [Scolopendrium, Latin.] An herb. Ainsworth.

SCOMM. n. s. [Perhaps from scomma, Latin.] A buffoon. A
word out of use, and unworthy of revival.
The scomms, or buffoons of quality, are wolvish in con­
versation. L'Estrange.

SCONCE. n. s. [schantz, German.]
1. A fort; a bulwark.
Such fellows are perfect in the great commanders names,
and they will learn you by rote where services were done; at
such and such a sconce, at such a breach. Shak. Henry V.
2. The head: perhaps as being the acropolis, or citadel of the
body. A low word.
Why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock him
about the sconce with a dirty shovel, and will not tell him of
his action of battery? Shakesp. Hamlet.
3. A pensile candlestick, generally with a looking-glass to reflect
the light.
Golden sconces hang upon the walls,
To light the costly suppers and the balls. Dryden's Lucret.
Triumphant Umbriel, on a sconce's height,
Clapp'd his glad wings, and sat to view the fight. Pope.
Put candles into sconces. Swift's Direct. to the Butler.

To SCONCE. v. a. [A word used in the universities, and derived
plausibly by Skinner, whose etymologies are generally rational,
from sconce, as it signifies the head; to sconce being to fix a fine
on any one's head.] To mulct; to fine. A low word which
ought not to be retained.

SCOOP. n. s. [schoepe, Dutch.]
1. A kind of large ladle; a vessel with a long handle used to
throw out liquor.
They turn upside down hops on malt-kilns, when almost
dry, with a scoop. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Endeavour with thy scoop, or fingers, to force the stone
outwards. Sharp's Surgery.
2 A sweep; a stroke. Perhaps it should be sweep.
Oh hell-kite!
What, all my pretty chickens and their dam,
At one fell scoop! Shakesp. Macbeth.

To SCOOP. v. a. [schoepen, Dutch.]
1. To lade out.
As by the brook he stood,
He scoop'd the water from the crystal flood. Dryden's æn.
2. This word seems to have not been understood by Thomson.
Melted Alpine snows
The mountain cisterns fill, those ample stores
Of water scoop'd among the hollow rocks. Thomson.
3. To empty by lading.
If some penurious source by chance appear'd,
Scanty of waters, when you scoop'd it dry,
And offer'd the full helmet up to Cato,
Did he not dash th' untasted moisture from him? Addison.
4. To carry off in any thing hollow.
A spectator would think this circular mount had been ac­
tually scooped out of that hollow space. Spectator.
Her fore-feet are broad, that she may scoop away much earth
at a time. Addison.
5. To cut hollow, or deep.
Whatever part of the harbour they scoop in, it has an in­
fluence on all the rest; for the sea immediately works the
whole bottom to a level. Addison on Italy.
Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above
a pint. Arbuthnot on Coins.
To his single eye, that in his forehead glar'd
Like a full moon, or a broad burnish'd shield,
A forky staff we dext'rously apply'd,
Which, in the spacious socket turning round,
Scoopt out the big round gelly from its orb. Addison.
It much conduces how to scare
The little race of birds, that hop
From spray to spray, scooping the costliest fruit,
Insatiate, undisturb'd. Phillips.
The genius of the place
Or helps th' ambitious hill the heav'n to scale,
Or scoops in circling theatres the vale. Pope.

SCO’OPER. n. s. [from scoop.] One who scoops.

SCOPE. n. s. [scopus, Latin.]
1. Aim; intention; drift.
Your scope is as mine own,
So to inforce or qualify the laws;
As to your soul seems good. Shak. Meas. for Measure.
His coming hither hath no farther scope
Than for his lineal royalties, and to beg
Infranchisement immediate on his knees. Shak. R. II.
Had the whole scpe of the author been answerable to his
title, he would have only undertaken to prove what every man
is convinced of; but the drift of the pamphlet is to stir up our
compassion towards the rebels. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Thing aimed at; mark; final end.
The scope of all their pleading against man's authority is to
overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church, as de­
pending thereupon, if they should therefore be taken away,
would leave neither face nor memory of church to continue
long in the world. Hooker.
Now was time
To aim their counsels to the fairest scope. Hubberd's Tale.
We should impute the war to the scope at which it aim­
eth. Raleigh.
He, in what he counsels, and in what excels,
Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair,
And utter dissolution, as the scope
Of all his aim. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Room; space; amplitude of intellectual view.
An heroick poet is not tied to a bare representation of what
is true, but that he might let himself loose to visionary objects,
which may give him a freer scope for imagination. Dryden.
These theorems being admitted into opticks, there would
be scope enough of handling that science voluminously, after
a new manner; not only by teaching those things which tend
to the perfection of vision, but also by determining mathema­
tically all kinds of phenomena of colours which could be pro­
duced by refraction. Newton's Opt.
4. Liberty; freedom from restraint.
If this constrain them to grant that their axiom is not to
take any place, save in those things only where the church
hath larger scope, it resteth that they search out some stronger
reason. Hooker.
Ah, cut my lace asunder,
That my pent heart may have some scope to beat,
Or else I swoon with this dead killing news. Shakespeare.
5. Liberty beyond just limits; licence.
Sith 'twas my fault to give the people scope,
'Twould be my tyranny to strike and gall them,
For what I bid them do. Shakespeare.
Being moody, give him line and scope,
'Till that his passions, like a whale on ground,
Confound themselves with working. Shakesp. Henry IV.
6. Act of riot; sally.
As surfeit is the father of much fast,
So every scope, by the immoderate use,
Turns to restraint. Shakespeare.
7. Extended quantity.
The scopes of land granted to the first adventurers were
too large, and the liberties and royalties were too great for
subjects. Davies on Ireland.
8. It is out of use, except in the three first senses.

SCO’PULOUS. adj. [scopulosus, Latin.] Full of rocks. Dict.

SCORBU’TICAL. n. s. [scorbutique, Fr. from scorbutus, Latin.]
Diseased with the scurvy.
SCORBU’TICK. n. s. [scorbutique, Fr. from scorbutus, Latin.]
Diseased with the scurvy.
A person about forty, of a full and scorbutical body, having
broke her skin, endeavoured the curing of it; but observing
the ulcer sanious, I proposed digestion. Wiseman.
Violent purging hurts scorbutick constitutions; lenitive sub­
stances relieve. Arbuthnot.

SCORBU’TICALLY. adv. [from scorbutical.] With tendency to
the scurvy; in the scurvy.
A woman of forty, scorbutically and hydropically affected,
having a sordid ulcer, put herself into my hand. Wiseman.

SCORCE. n. s. This word is used by Spenser for discourse, or
power of reason.
Lively vigour rested in his mind,
And recompensed him with a better scorce;
Weak body well is chang'd for mind's redoubled force. F. Q.

To SCORCH. v. a. [scorcned, Saxon, burnt]
1. To burn superficially.
Fire scorcheth in frosty weather. Bacon's Nat. History.
The ladies gasp'd, and scarcely cou'd respire;
The breath they drew, no longer air, but fire;
The fainty knights were scorch'd. Dryden.
2. To burn.
Power was given to scorch men with fire. Rev. xvi. 8.
The same that left thee by the cooling stream,
Safe from sun's heat; but scorch'd with beauty's beam. Fairf.


You look with such contempt on pain,
That languishing you conquer more:
So lightnings which in storms appear,
Scorch more than when the skies are clear. Waller.
The same beams that shine, scorch too. South.
I rave,
And, like a giddy bird in dead of night,
Fly round the fire that scorches me to death. Dryden.
He from whom the nations should receive
Justice and freedom, lies himself a slave;
Tortur'd by cruel change of wild desires,
Lash'd by mad rage, and scorch'd by brutal fires. Prior.

To SCORCH. v. n. To be burnt superficially; to be dried up.
To see the chariot of the sun
So near the scorching country run. Roscommon.
The love was made in Autumn, and the hunting followed
properly, when the heats of that scorching country were de­
clining. Dryden.
Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings,
to prevent the roots from scorching, and to receive the moisture
that falls. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SCO’RCHING Fennel. n. s. A plant.

SCO’RDIUM. n. s. [Latin.] An herb. Ainsworth.

SCORE. n. s. [skora, Islandick, a mark, cut, or notch.]
1. A notch or long incision.
Our forefathers had no other books but the score and the
tally: thou hast caused printing to be used. Shakes. Henry VI.
2. A line drawn.
3. An account, which, when writing was less common, was
kept by marks on tallies, or by lines of chalk.
He's worth no more:
They say he parted well, and paid his score. Shakesp. Macb.
Does not the air feed the flame? And does not the flame
warm and enlighten the air? Does not the earth quit scores
with all the elements, in the fruits that issue from it. South.
4. Account kept of something past.
Universal deluges have swept all away, except two or three
persons who begun the world again upon a new score. Tillotson.
5. Debt imputed.
That thou do'st love her, strikes some scores away
From the great compt. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
He can win widows and pay scores,
Out-flatter favourites, or out-lie either
Jovius or Surius, or both together. Donne.
6. Reason; motive.
The knight, upon the fore-nam'd score,
In quest of Sidrophel advancing,
Was now in prospect of the mansion. Hudibras.
He had been prentice to a brewer,
But left the trade, as many more
Have lately done on the same score. Hudibras.
A lion, that had got a politick fit of sickness, wrote the fox
word how glad he should be of his company, upon the score of
ancient friendship. L'Estrange.
If your terms are moderate, we'll never break off upon that
score. Collier on Pride.
7. Sake; account; reason referred to some one.
You act your kindness on Cydaria's score. Dryden.
Kings in Greece were deposed by their people upon the
score of their arbitrary proceedings. Swift.
8. Twenty. I suppose, because twenty, being a round number,
was distinguished on tallies by a long score.
How many score of miles may we well ride
'Twixt hour and hour? Shakes. Cymbeline.
The fewer still you name, you wound the more;
Bond is but one; but Harpax is a score. Pope.
For some scores of lines there is a perfect absence of that
spirit of poesy. Watts.
9. A song in SCORE. The words with the musical notes of a
song annexed.

To SCORE. v. a.
1. To set down as a debt.
Madam, I know when
Instead of five you scor'd me ten. Swift.
2. To impute; to charge.
Your follies and debauches change
With such a whirl, the poets of your age
Are tir'd, and cannot score 'em on the stage;
Unless each vice in short-hand they indite,
Ev'n as notcht prentices whole sermons write. Dryden.
3. To mark by a line.
Hast thou appointed where the moon should rise,
And with her purple light adorn the skies?
Scor'd out the bounded sun's obliquer ways,
That he on all might spread his equal rays? Sandys.

SCO’RIA. n. s. [Latin.] Dross; recrement.
The scoria, or vitrified part, which most metals, when
heated or melted, do continually protrude to the surface, and
which, by covering the metals in form of a thin glassy skin,
causes these colours, is much denser than water. Newt. Opt.

SCO’RIOUS. adj. [from scoria, Lat.] Drossy; recrementitious.
By the fire they emit many drossy and scorious parts. Brown.

To SCORN. v. a. [schernen, Dutch; escorner, French.] To
despise; to slight; to revile; to vilify; to contemn.
My friends scorn me; but mine eye poureth out tears unto
God. Job xvi. 20.

To SCORN. v. n. To scoff.
He said mine eyes were black, and my hair black;
And now, I am remember'd, scorn'd at me. Shakespeare.
Our soul is filled with the scorning of those that are at ease,
and with the contempt of the proud. Ps. cxxiii. 4.
I've seen the morning's lovely ray
Hover o'er the new-born day,
With rosy wings so richly bright,
As if he scorn'd to think of night. Crashaw.
Fame, that delights around the world to stray,
Scorns not to take our Argos in her way. Pope's Statius.

SCORN. n. s. [escorne, old Fr. from the verb.] Contempt; scoff;
slight; act of contumely.
If he do fully prove himself the honest shepherd Menalcas
his brother and heir, I know no reason why you should think
scorn of him. Sidney.
Unto thee will I cry, O Lord: think no scorn of me, lest if
thou make as tho' thou hearest not, I become like them that
go down into the pit. Ps. xxviii. 1.
We were better parch in Africk's sun,
Than in the pride and salt scorn of his eyes. Shakespeare.
Why should you think that I should woo in scorn?
Scorn and derision never come in tears. Shakespeare.
If we draw her not unto us, she will laugh us to scorn. Jud.
Diogenes was asked in scorn, what was the matter that phi­
losophers haunted rich men, and not rich men philosophers?
He answered, because the one knew what they wanted, the
others did not. Bacon.
Whosoever hath any thing in his person that induces con­
tempt, hath also a perpetual spur to rescue himself from scorn:
therefore all deformed persons are bold, as being on their own
defence as exposed to scorn. Bacon.
Every sullen frown and bitter scorn,
But fann'd the fuel that too fast did burn. Dryden.
Is it not a most horrid ingratitude, thus to make a scorn of
him that made us? Tillotson.
Numidia's grown a scorn among the nations
For breach of publick vows. Addison's Cato.

SCO’RNER. n. s. [from scorn.]
1. Contemner; despiser.
They are very active, vigilant in their enterprises, present
in perils, and great scorners of death. Spenser on Ireland.
2. Scoffer; ridiculer.
The scorner should consider, upon the sight of a cripple, that
it was only the distinguishing mercy of heaven that kept him
from being one too. L'Estrange.
They, in the scorner's or the judge's seat,
Dare to condemn the virtue which they hate. Prior.

SCO’RNFUL. adj. [scorn and full.]
1. Contemptuous; insolent.
Th' enamour'd deity
The scornful damsel shuns. Dryden.
2. Acting in defiance.
With him I o'er the hills had run,
Scornful of Winter's frost and Summer's sun. Prior.

SCO’RNFULLY. adv. [from scornful.] Contemptuously; insolently.
He us'd us scornfully: he would have shew'd us
His marks of merit, wounds receiv'd for's country. Shakes.
The sacred rights of the Christian church are scornfully
trampled on in print, under an hypocritical pretence of main­
taining them. Atterbury's Sermons.

SCO’RPION. n. s. [scorpion, French; scorpio, Latin.]
1. A reptile much resembling a small lobster, but that his tail
ends in a point with a very venomous sting.
Well, fore-warning winds
Did seem to say, seek not a scorpion's nest. Shakesp. H. VI.
Full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife. Shak. Macbeth.
If he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion? Lu. xi.
2. One of the signs of the zodiack.
The squeezing crab and stinging scorpion shine. Dryden.
3. A scourge so called from its cruelty.
My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise
you with scorpions. 1 Kings xii. 11.
4. [Scorpius, Latin.] A sea fish. Ainsworth.

SCORPION Sena. n. s. [emerus, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it hath leaves like those of the colutea:
the flowers are papilionaceous; the pods are slender, and con­
tain two or three cylindrical-shaped seeds in each. Miller.

SCORPION Grass. n. s. Herbs. Ainsworth.
SCORPION's Tail. n. s. Herbs. Ainsworth.
SCORPION Wort. n. s. Herbs. Ainsworth.

SCOT. n. s. [êcot, French.]
1. Shot; payment.
2. SCOT and Lot. Parish payments.
'Twas time to counterfeit, or that hot termagant Scot had
paid me scot and lot too. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Protogenes, historians note,
Liv'd there a burgess, scot and lot. Prior.


The chief point that has puzzled the freeholders, as well as
those that pay scot and lot, for about these six months, is, whe­
ther they would rather be governed by a prince that is obliged
by law to be good, or by one who, if he pleases, may plunder
or imprison. Addison.

To SCOTCH. v. a. To cut with shallow incisions.
He was too hard for him directly: before Corioli, he scotcht
and notcht him like a carbonado. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

SCOTCH. n. s. [from the verb.] A slight cut; a shallow in­
cision.
We'll beat 'em into bench-holes: I have yet room for six
scotches more. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Give him four scotches with a knife, and then put into his
belly and these scotches sweet herbs. Walton's Angler.

SCOTCH Collops, or Scotched Collops. n. s. [from To scotch, or cut]
Veal cut into small pieces.

SCOTCH Hoppers. n. s. A play in which boys hop over lines or
scotches in the ground.
Children being indifferent to any thing they can do, dancing
and scotch hoppers would be the same thing to them. Locke.

SCO’TOMY. n. s. [s??t??a.] A dizziness or swimming in the
head, causing dimness of sight, wherein external objects seem
to turn round. Ains. and Bailey.

SCO’TTERING. A provincial word which denotes, in Here­
fordshire, a custom among the boys of burning a wad of
pease-straw at the end of harvest. Bailey.

SCO’VEL. n. s. [scopa, Latin.] A sort of mop of clouts for
sweeping an oven; a maulkin. Ains. and Bailey.

SCO’UNDREL. n. s. [scondaruolo, Italian, a hider. Skinner.] A
mean rascal; a low petty villain.
Now to be baffl'd by a scoundrel,
An upstart sect'ry, and a mungrel. Hudibras.
Scoundrels as these wretched Ombites be,
Canopus they exceed in luxury. Tate.
Go, if your ancient but ignoble blood
Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood,
Go, and pretend your family is young;
Nor own your fathers have been fools so long. Pope.

To SCOUR. v. a. [skurer, Danish; scheueren, Dutch.]
1. To rub hard with any thing rough, in order to clean the
surface.
I were better to be eaten to death with a rust, than to be
scour'd to nothing with perpetual motion.
Shakesp. Hen. IV.
By dint of sword his crown he shall increase,
And scour his armour from the rust of peace. Dryden's æn.
Part scour the rusty shields with seam, and part
New grind the blunted ax, and point the dart. Dryden.
Some blamed Mrs. Bull for grudging a quarter of a pound
of soap and sand to scour the rooms. Arbuthnot.
Poor Vadius, long with learned spleen devour'd,
Can taste no pleasure since his shield was scour'd. Pope.
2. To purge violently.
3. To cleanse; to bleach; to whiten; to blanche.
In some lakes the water is so nitrous, as, if foul clothes be
put into it, it scoureth them of itself; and, if they stay, they
moulder away. Bacon's Natural History.
A garden-worm should be well scoured eight days in moss,
before you fish with him. Walton's Angler.
Beneath the lamp her tawdry ribbons glare,
The new scour'd manteau, and the slattern air. Gay.
4. To remove by scouring.
Never came reformation in a flood
With such a heady current, scouring faults;
Nor ever hydra-headed wilfulness
So soon did lose his seat, and all at once,
As in this king. Shakesp. Henry V.
I will wear a garment all of blood,
And stain my favour in a bloody mask,
Which, wash'd away, shall scour my shame with it. Shak.
Then, in the clemency of upward air,
We'll scour our spots, and the dire thunder's scar. Dryden.
5. To range in order to catch or drive away something; to clear
away.
The kings of Lacedemon having set out some gallies, un­
der the charge of one of their nephews, to scour the sea of the
pyrates, they met us. Sidney.
Divers are kept continually to scour these seas, infested
greatly by pirates. Sandys.
If with thy guards thou scour'st the streets by night,
And do'st in murders, rapes, and spoils delight,
Please not thyself the flatt'ring crowd to hear,
'Tis fulsome stuff. Dryden's Pers.
6. To pass swiftly over.
Sometimes
He scours the right hand coast, sometimes the left. Milton.
Not half the number in their seats are found,
But men and steeds lie grov'ling on the ground;
The points of spears are stuck within the shield,
The steeds without their riders scour the field,
The knights unhors'd. Dryden.
When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw,
The line too labours, and the words move slow;
Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o'er th' unbending corn, and skims along the main.
Pope's Essay on Criticism.

To SCOUR. v. n.
1. To perform the office of cleaning domestick utensils.
I keep his house, and was to wring, brew, bake, scour, dress
meat, and make the beds. Shakespeare.
2. To clean.
Warm water is softer than cold; for it scoureth better. Bac.
3. To be purged or lax.
Some apothecaries, upon stamping coloquintida, have been
put into a great scouring by the vapour only. Bacon.
Convulsion and scouring, they say, do often cause one
another. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
If you turn sheep into wheat or rye to feed, let it not be too
rank, lest it make them scour. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. To rove; to range.
Barbarossa, thus scouring along the coast of Italy, struck an
exceeding terror into the minds of the citizens of Rome. Knoll.
5. To run here and there.
The enemy's drum is heard, and fearful scouring
Doth choak the air with dust. Shak. Timon.
6. To run with great eagerness and swiftness; to scamper.
She from him fled with all her pow'r,
Who after her as hastily 'gan to scour. Fairy Queen.
I saw men scour so on their way: I ey'd them
Even to their ships. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
Word was brought him, in the middle of his schemes, that
his house was robbed; and so away he scours to learn the
truth. L'Estrange.
If they be men of fraud, they'll scour off themselves, and
leave those that trust them to pay the reckoning. L'Estrange.
So four fierce coursers, starting to the race,
Scour through the plain, and lengthen ev'ry pace;
Nor reins, nor curbs, nor threat'ning cries they fear,
But force along the trembling charioteer. Dryden.
As soon as any foreign object presses upon the sense, those
spirits, which are posted upon the out-guards, immediately
take the alarm, and scour off to the brain, which is the head
quarters. Collier.
Swift at her call her husband scour'd away,
To wreak his hunger on the destin'd prey. Pope.

SCO’URER. n. s. [from scour.]
1. One that cleans by rubbing.
2. A purge.
3. One who runs swiftly.

SCOURGE. n. s. [escourgee, French; scoreggia, Italian; corri­
gia, Latin.]
1. A whip; a lash; an instrument of discipline.
When he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them
all out of the temple. Jo. ii. 15.
The scourge
Inexorable, and the torturing hour,
Calls us to penance. Milton.
2. A punishment; a vindictive affliction.
What scourge for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence? Shakespeare.
See what a scourge is laid upon your hate,
That heav'n finds means to kill your joys with love. Shak.
Famine and plague are sent as scourges for amendment. 2 Esd.
2. One that afflicts, harrasses, or destroys. Thus Attila was
called flagellum Dei.
Is this the scourge of France?
Is this the Talbot so much fear'd abroad,
That with his name the mothers still their babes? Sh. H. VI.
Such conquerors are not the favourites, but scourges of God,
the instruments of that vengeance. Atterbury's Sermons.
In all these trials I have born a part;
I was myself the scourge that caus'd the smart. Pope.
Immortal Jove,
Let kings no more with gentle mercy sway,
Or bless a people willing to obey,
But crush the nations with an iron rod,
And every monarch be the scourge of God. Pope.
3. A whip for a top.
If they had a top, the scourge stick and leather strap should
be left to their own making. Locke.

To SCOURGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To lash with a whip; to whip.
The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices
Make instruments to scourge us. Shakesp. King Lear.
Others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings. Hebr.
Is it lawful for you to scourge a Roman, and uncondemned?
Acts xxii. 25.
He scourg'd with many a stroke the indignant waves.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
When a professor of any religion is set up to be laughed at,
this cannot help us to judge of the truth of his faith, any
better than if he were scourged. Watts.


2. To punish; to chastise; to chasten; to castigate with any
punishment or affliction.
Seeing that thou hast been scourged from heaven, declare the
mighty power of God. 2 Mac. iii. 34.
He doth scourge, and hath mercy. Tob. iii. 2.
He will scourge us for our iniquities, and will have mercy
again. Tob. xiii. 5.

SCO’URGER. n. s. [from scourge.] One that scourges; a pu­
nisher or chastiser.

To SCOURSE. v. a. To exchange one thing for another; to
swap. Ainsw. It seems a corruption of scorsa, Ital. exchange;
and hence a horse scourser.

SCOUT. n. s. [escout, Fr. from escouter; auscultare, Lat. to listen;
scolta, Italian.] One who is sent privily to observe the mo­
tions of the enemy.
Are not the speedy scouts return'd again,
That dogg'd the mighty army of the dauphin? Shakesp.
As when a scout,
Through dark and desert ways with peril gone
All night, at last, by break of cheerful dawn,
Obtains the brow of some high-climbing hill. Milton.
This great vessel may have lesser cabins, wherein scouts may
be lodged for the taking of observations. Wilkins.
The scouts to sev'ral parts divide their way,
To learn the natives names, their towns, explore
The coasts. Dryden's æn.

To SCOUT. v. n. [from the noun.] To go out in order to
observe the motions of an enemy privately.
Oft on the bordering deep
Encamp their legions; or with obscure wing
Scout far and wide into the realm of night,
Scorning surprize. Milton.
As a hunted panther casts about
Her glaring eyes, and pricks her list'ning ears to scout,
So she, to shun his toils, her cares employ'd. Dryden.
Command a party out,
With a strict charge not to engage, but scout. Dryden.

To SCOWL. v. n. [sclian, to squint, Saxon; skeela sig, to look
sour, Islandick.] To frown; to pout; to look angry, sour,
or sullen.
Miso, having now her authority increased, came with
scowling eyes to deliver a slavering good-morrow to the two
ladies. Sidney.
With bent louring brows, as she would threat,
She scowl'd and frowned with froward countenance. F. Q.
Even so, or with much more contempt, mens eyes
Did scowl on Richard. Shakespeare's Richard II.
Not a courtier,
Although they wear their faces to the bent
Of the king's look, but hath a heart that is
Glad at the thing they scowl at. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The dusky clouds o'erspread
Heav'n's cheerful face, the low'ring element
Scowls o'er the darken'd landschape snow or show'r. Milton.
Fly, fly, prophane fogs! far hence fly away,
With your dull influence; it is for you
To sit and scowl upon night's heavy brow. Crashaw.
In rueful gaze
The cattle stand, and on the scowling heavens
Cast a deploring eye. Thomson's Summer.

SCOWL. n. s. [from the verb.] Look of sullenness or discon­
tent; gloom.
I've seen the morning's lovely ray
Hover o'er the new-born day,
With rosy wings so richly bright,
As if he scorn'd to think of night;
When a ruddy storm, whose scowl
Made heaven's radiant face look foul,
Call'd for an untimely night,
To blot the newly-blossom'd light. Crashaw.

SCO’WLINGLY. adv. [from scowl.] With a frowning and sul­
len look.
SCR

To SCRA’BBLE. v. n. [krabbelen, scraffelen, to scrape or scratch,
Dutch.] To paw with the hands.
He feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the
doors of the gate. 1 Sa. xxi. 13.

SCRAG. n. s. [scraghe, Dutch.] Any thing thin or lean.

SCRA’GGED. adj. [This seems corrupted from cragged.] Rough;
uneven; full of protuberances or asperities.
Is there then any physical deformity in the fabrick of a
human body, because our imagination can strip it of its mus­
cles and skin, and shew us the scragged and knotty back­
bone? Bentley's Sermons.

SCRA’GGEDNESS. n. s. [from scragged.]
SCRA’GGINESS. n. s. [from scraggy.]
1. Leanness; marcour.
2. Unevenness; roughness; ruggedness.

SCRA’GGY. n. s. [from scrag.]
1. Lean; marcid; thin.
Such a constitution is easily known by the body being lean,
warm, hairy, scraggy, and dry, without a disease. Arbuthnot.
2. [Corrupted from craggy.] Rough; rugged; uneven.
From a scraggy rock, whose prominence
Half overshades the ocean, hardy men,
Fearless of rending winds and dashing waves,
Cut sampire. Phillips.

To SCRA’MBLE. v. n. [The same with scrabble; scraffelen,
Dutch.]
1. To catch at any thing eagerly and tumultuously with the
hands; to catch with haste preventive of another; to contend
tumultuously which shall catch any thing.
England now is left
To tug and scramble, and to part by th' teeth
The unow'd interest of proud swelling state. Shakespeare.
Of other care they little reck'ning make,
Than how to scramble at the shearer's feast,
And shove away the worthy bidden guest. Milton.
It is not to be supposed, that, when such a tree was shaking,
there would be no scrambling for the fruit. Stillingfleet.
They must have scrambled with the wild beasts for crabs
and nuts. Ray on the Creation.
2. To climb by the help of the hands: as, he scrambled up that
rock.

SCRA’MBLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Eager contest for something, in which one endeavours to get
it before another.
As they were in the middle of their gambols, some body
threw a handful of apples among them, that set them pre­
sently together by the ears upon the scramble. L'Estrange.
Because the desire of money is constantly almost every
where the same, its vent varies very little, but as its greater
scarcity enhances its price and increases the scramble. Locke.
2. Act of climbing by the help of the hands.

SCRA’MBLER. n. s. [from scramble.]
1. One that scrambles.
All the little scramblers after fame fall upon him. Addison.
2. One that climbs by help of the hands.

To SCRANCH. v. a. [schrantzer, Dutch.] To grind some­
what crackling between the teeth. The Scots retain it.

SCRA’NNEL. adj. [Of this word I know not the etymology, nor
any other example.] Vile; worthless. Perhaps grating by
the sound.
When they list, their lean and flashy songs
Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. Milton.

SCRAP. n. s. [from scrape, a thing scraped or rubbed off.]
1. A small particle; a little piece; a fragment.
It is an unaccountable vanity to spend all our time raking
into the scraps and imperfect remains of former ages, and ne­
glecting the clearer notices of our own. Glanv.
Trencher esquires spend their time in hopping from one
great man's table to another's, only to pick up scraps and in­
telligence. L'Estrange.
Languages are to be learned only by reading and talking,
and not by scraps of authors got by heart. Locke.
No rag, no scrap, of all the beau, or wit,
That once so flutter'd, and that once so writ. Pope.
I can never have too many of your letters: I am angry at
every scrap of paper lost. Pope.
2. Crumb; small particles of meat left at the table.
The contract you pretend with that base wretch,
One bred of alms, and foster'd with cold dishes,
With scraps o' th' court, is no contract. Shak. Cymbeline.
The attendants puff a court up beyond her bounds, for
their own scraps and advantage. Bacon.
On bones, on scraps of dogs let me be fed,
My limbs uncover'd, and expos'd my head
To bleakest colds. Granv.
What has he else to bait his traps,
Or bring his vermin in, but scraps?
The offals of a church distrest,
A hungry vicarage. Swift.
3. A small piece of paper. This is properly scrip.
Pregnant with thousands flits the scrap unseen,
And silent sells a king, or buys a queen. Pope.

To SCRAPE. v. a. [screowan, Saxon; schrapen, Dutch;
'sascrôpitigh, Erse; cravn, Welsh.]
1. To deprive of the surface by the light action of a sharp in­
strument, used with the edge almost perpendicular.
These hard woods are more properly scraped than planed. Mox.
2. To take away by scraping; to eraze.
They shall destroy the walls, and I will scrape her dust, and
make her like the top of a rock. Ezek. xxvi. 4.
Bread for a toast lay on the coals; and, if toasted quite
through, scrape off the burnt side, and serve it up. Swift.
3. To act upon any surface with a harsh noise.
The chiming clocks to dinner call;
A hundred footsteps scrape the marble hall. Pope.
4. To gather by great efforts, or penurious or trifling diligence.
Let the government be ruined by his avarice, if, by the same
avarice, he can scrape together so much as to make his peace.
South's Sermons.
Unhappy those who hunt for a party, and scrape together
out of every author all those things only which favour their
own tenets. Watts.


5. To SCRAPE Acquaintance. A low phrase. To curry favour, or
insinuate into one's familiarity.

To SCRAPE. v. n.
1. To make a harsh noise.
2. To play ill on a fiddle.
3. To make an aukward bow. Ainsworth.

SCRAPE. n. s. [skrap, Swedish] Difficulty; perplexity;
distress. This is a low word.

SCRA’PER. n. s. [from scrape.]
1. Instrument with which any thing is scraped.
Never clean your shoes on the scraper, but in the entry,
and the scraper will last the longer. Swift.
2. A miser; a man intent on getting money; a scrapepenny.
Be thrifty, but not covetous; therefore give
Thy need, thine honour, and thy friend his due:
Never was scraper brave man. Get to live,
Then live, and use it; else it is not true
That thou hast gotten: surely use alone
Makes money not a contemptible stone. Herbert.
3. A vile fiddler.
Out! ye sempiternal scrapers. Cowley.
Have wild boars or dolphins the least emotion at the most
elaborate strains of your modern scrapers, all which have been
tamed and humanized by ancient musicians? Arbuthnot.

SCRAT. n. s. [scritta, Saxon.] An hermaphrodite. Skinner
and Junius.

To SCRATCH. v. a. [kratzen, Dutch.]
1. To tear or mark with slight incisions ragged and uneven.
The lab'ring swain
Scratch'd with a rake a furrow for his grain,
And cover'd with his hand the shallow seed again. Dryden.
A sort of small sand-coloured stones, so hard as to scratch
glass. Grew's Musæum.
2. To tear with the nails.
How can I tell but that his talons may
Yet scratch my son, or rend his tender hand. Fa. Queen.
I should have scratch'd out your unseeing eyes,
To make my master out of love with thee. Shakespeare.
I had rather hear my dog bark at a crow, than a man swear
he loves me.
—Keep your ladyship still in that mind! so some gen­
tleman or other shall 'scape a predestinate scratcht face.
—Scratching could not make it worse, an 'twere such a face
as yours were. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
Scots are like witches: do but whet your pen,
Scratch 'till the blood come, they'll not hurt you then. Cleav.
To wish that there were nothing but such dull tame things
in the world, that will neither bite nor scratch, is as childless as
to wish there were no fire in nature. More.
Unhand me, or I'll scratch your face;
Let go, for shame. Dryden.
3. To wound slightly.
4. To hurt slightly with any thing pointed or keen.
Daphne, roaming through a thorny wood,
Scratching her legs, that one shall swear she bleeds. Shakes.
5. To rub with the nails.
Francis Cornfield did scratch his elbow, when he had sweet­
ly invented to signify his name St. Francis, with a friary cowl
in a corn field. Camden.
Other mechanical helps Aretæus uses to procure sleep, par­
ticularly the scratching of the temples and the ears. Arbuthnot.
Be mindful, when invention fails,
To scratch your head, and bite your nails. Swift.
6. To write or draw aukwardly.
If any of their labourers can scratch out a pamphlet, they
desire no wit, style, or argument. Swift.

SCRATCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An incision ragged and shallow.
The coarse file cuts deep, and makes deep scratches in the
work; and before you can take out those deep scratches with
your finer cut files, those places where the risings were when
your work was forged, may become dents to your hammer
dents. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The smaller the particles of those substances are, the smaller
will be the scratches, by which they continually fret and wear
away the glass until it be polished; but be they never so small,
they can wear away the glass no otherwise than by grating
and scratching it, and breaking the protuberances: and there­
fore polish it no otherwise than by bringing its roughness to a
very fine grain, so that the scratches and frettings of the surface
become too small to become visible. Newton's Opt.
2. Laceration with the nails.
These nails with scratches shall deform my breast,
Lest by my look or colour be express'd
The mark of aught high-born, or ever better dress'd. Prior.
3. A slight wound.
The valiant beast turning on her with open jaws, she gave
him such a thrust through his breast, that all the lion could
do was with his open paw to tear off the mantle and sleeve of
Zelmane, with a little scratch rather than a wound. Sidney.
Heav'n forbid a shallow scratch should drive
The prince of Wales from such a field as this. Shak. H. IV.

SCRA’TCHER. n. s. [from scratch.] He that scratches.

SCRA’TCHES. n. s. Cracked ulcers or scabs in a horse's foot. Ains.

SCRA’TCHINGLY. adv. [from scratching.] With the action of
scratching.
Making him turn close to the ground, like a cat, when
scratchingly she wheels about after a mouse. Sidney.

SCRAW. n. s. [Irish and Erse.] Surface or scurf.
Neither should that odious custom be allowed of cutting
scraws, which is flaying off the green surface of the ground
to cover their cabins, or make up their ditches. Swift.

To SCRAWL. v. a. [I suppose to be corrupted from scrabble.]
1. To draw or mark irregularly or clumsily.
2. To write unskilfully and inelegantly.
Peruse my leaves through ev'ry part,
And think thou see'st its owner's heart,
Scrawl'd o'er with trifles thus, and quite
As hard, as senseless, and as light. Swift.
Think not your verses sterling,
Though with a golden pen you scrawl,
And scribble in a Berlin. Swift.
3. [From crawl.] To creep like a reptile. Ains.

SCRAWL. n. s. [from the verb.] Unskilful and inelegant
writing.
The left hand will make such a scrawl, that it will not be
legible. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.
Mr. Wycherly, hearing from me how welcome his letters
would be, writ to you, in which I inserted my scrawl. Pope.

SCRA’WLER. n. s. [from scrawl.] A clumsy and inelegant
writer.

SCRAY. n. s. A bird called a sea-swallow. Ains. and Bailey.

SCRE’ABLE. adj. [screabilis, Latin.] That which may be spit
out. Bailey.

To SCREAK. v. n. [Properly creak, or shriek, from skrige, Dan.]
To make a shrill or hoarse noise. Bailey.

To SCREAM. v. n. [hreman. Saxon.]
1. To cry out shrilly, as in terrour or agony.
Soon a whirlwind rose around,
And from afar he heard a screaming sound,
As of a dame distress'd, who cry'd for aid,
And fill'd with loud laments the secret shade. Dryden.
The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry,
Old feeble men with fainter groans reply;
A jarring sound results, and mingles in the sky. Dryden.
If chance a mouse creeps in her sight,
Can finely counterfeit a fright;
So sweetly screams, if it comes near her,
She ravishes all hearts to hear her. Swift.
2. To cry shrilly.
I heard the owl scream, and the crickets cry. Shakesp.

SCREAM. n. s. [from the verb.] A shrill quick loud cry of
terrour or pain.
Our chimneys were blown down; and, as they say,
Lamentings heard i' th' air, strange screams of death. Shak.
Then flash'd the livid lightning from her eyes,
And screams of horror rend th' affrighted skies. Pope.

To SCREECH. v. n. [skrækia, to cry, Islandick.]
1. To cry out as in terrour or anguish.
Screeching is an appetite of expelling that which suddenly
strikes the spirits. Bacon.
2. To cry as a night owl: thence called a screechowl.

SCREECH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Cry of horrour and anguish.
2. Harsh horrid cry.
The birds obscene, that nightly flock'd to taste,
With hollow screechs fled from the dire repast;
And ravenous dogs, allur'd by scented blood,
And starving wolves, ran howling to the wood. Pope.

SCREE’CHOWL. n. s. [screech and owl.] An owl that hoots in
the night, and whose voice is supposed to betoken danger,
misery, or death.
Deep night,
The time of night when Troy was set on fire,
The time when screechowls cry, and bandogs howl. Shakesp.
Let him, that will a screechowl ay be call'd,
Go into Troy, and say there, Hector's dead. Shakespeare.
By the screechowl's dismal note,
By the black night raven's throat,
I charge thee, Hob. Drayton.
Jupiter, though he had hung the balance, and given it a
jog to weigh down Turnus, sent the screechowl to discourage
him. Dryden.
O, that screechowl at the window! we shall be pursued im­
mediately. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Sooner shall screechowls bask in sunny day,
Than I forget my shepherd's wonted love. Gay.

SCREEN. n. s. [escran, French.]
1. Any thing that affords shelter or concealment.
Now near enough: your leavy screens throw down,
And show like those you are. Shakes. Macbeth.
Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters
of danger and envy. Bacon.


Our people, who transport themselves, are settled in those
interjacent tracts, as a screen against the insults of the sa­
vages. Swift.
My juniors by a year,
Who wisely thought my age a screen,
When death approach'd, to stand between,
The screen remov'd, their hearts are trembling. Swift.
2. Any thing used to exclude cold or light.
When there is a screen between the candle and the eye, yet
the light passeth to the paper whereon one writeth. Bacon.
One speaks the glory of the British queen,
And one describes a charming Indian screen. Pope.
Ladies make their old cloaths into patchwork for screens and
stools. Swift.
3. A riddle to sift sand.

To SCREEN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shelter; to conceal; to hide.
Back'd with a ridge of hills,
That screen'd the fruits of th' earth and seats of men,
From cold Septentrion blasts. Milt. Par. Regain'd.
A good magistrate's retinue of state screens him from the
dangers, which he is to incur for the sake of it. Atterbury.
This gentle deed shall fairly be set foremost,
To screen the wild escapes of lawless passion. Rowe.
2. [Cerno crevi, Latin.] To sift; to riddle.
Let the cases be filled with natural earth, taken the first
half spit, from just under the turf of the best pasture ground,
mixed with one part of very mellow soil screened. Evelyn.

SCREW. n. s. [scroeve, Dutch; escrou, French.] One of the
mechanical powers, which is defined a right cylinder cut into
a furrowed spiral: of this there are two kinds, the male and
female; the former being cut convex, so that its threads rise
outwards; but the latter channelled on its concave side, so as
to receive the former. Quincy.
The screw is a kind of wedge, that is multiplied or con­
tinued by a helical revolution about a cylinder, receiving its
motion not from any stroak, but from a vectis at one end of
it. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
After your apples are ground, commit them to the screw
press, which is the best. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To SCREW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To turn by a screw.
If we should fail.—
—We fail!
But screw your courage to the sticking place,
And we'll not fail. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Some, when the press by utmost vigour screw'd,
Has drain'd the pulpous mass, regale their swine
With the dry refuse. Phillips.
2. To fasten with a screw.
To screw your lock on the door, make wide holes, big
enough to receive the shank of the screw. Moxon.
3. To deform by contorsions.
Sometimes a violent laughter screw'd his face,
And sometimes ready tears dropp'd down apace. Cowley.
With screwed face, and doleful whine, they ply you with
senseless harangues against human inventions on the one hand,
and loud outcries for a further reformation on the other. South.
He screw'd his face into a harden'd smile,
And said Sebastian knew to govern slaves. Dryden.
Let others screw their hypocritick face,
She shews her grief in a sincerer place. Swift.
4. To force; to bring by violence.
He resolved to govern by subaltern ministers, who screwed
up the pins of power too high. Howel's Vocal Forest.
No discourse can be administered, but they will try to turn
the tide, and draw it all into their own channel; or they will
screw in here and there some intimations of what they said or
did. Government of the Tongue.
The rents of land in Ireland, since they have been so
enormously raised and screwed up, may be computed to be
about two millions. Swift.
5. To squeeze; to press.
6. To oppress by extortion.
Our country landlords, by unmeasurable screwing and rack­
ing their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people
to a worse condition than the peasants in France. Swift.

SCREW Tree. n. s. [isora, Latin.] A plant of the East and
West Indies.

To SCRI’BBLE. v. a. [scribo, scribillo, Latin.]
1. To fill with artless or worthless writing.
How gird the sphere
With centrick and eccentrick, scribbl'd o'er
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To write without use or elegance.

To SCRI’BBLE. v. n. To write without care or beauty.
If a man should affirm, that an ape casually meeting with
pen, ink and paper, and falling to scribble, did happen to write
exactly the Leviathan of Hobbes, would an atheist believe such
a story? And yet he can easily digest things as incredible as
that. Bently.
If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spite,
There are, who judge still worse than he can write. Pope.
Leave flattery to fulsome dedicators,
Whom, when they praise, the world believes no more
Than when they promise to give scribbling o'er. Pope.

SCRI’BBLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Worthless writing.
By solemnly endeavouring to countenance my conjectures,
I might be thought dogmatical in a hasty scribble. Boyle.
If it struck the present taste, it was soon transferred into the
plays and current scribbles of the week, and became an addi­
tion to our language. Swift.

SCRI’BBLER. n. s. [from scribble.] A petty author; a writer
without worth.
The most copious writers are the arrantest scribblers, and in
so much talking the tongue runs before the wit. L'Estrange.
The actors represent such things as they are capable, by
which they and the scribbler may get their living. Dryden.
The scribbler, pinch'd with hunger, writes to dine,
And to your genius must conform his line. Granv.
To affirm he had cause to apprehend the same treatment
with his father, is an improbable scandal flung upon the nation
by a few bigotted French scribblers. Swift.
No body was concerned or surprised, if this or that scribbler
was proved a dunce. Letter to Pope's Dunciad.

SCRIBE. n. s. [scribe, French; scriba, Latin.]
1. A writer.
Hearts, tongues, figures, scribes, bards, poets, cannot
Think, speak, cast, write, sing, number, ho!
His love to Antony. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
My master, being the scribe to himself, should write the
letter. Shakespeare.
A certain scribe came and said, master, I will follow thee.
Mat. viii. 19.
We are not to wonder, if he thinks not fit to make any
perfect and unerring scribes. Grew's Cosmol.
The following letter comes from some notable young female
scribe. Spectator.
2. A publick notary. Ainsworth.

SCRI’MER. n. s. [escrimeur, French.] A gladiator; a fencing
master. Not in use.
The scrimers of their nation,
He swore, had neither motion, guard, nor eye,
If you oppos'd them. Shakesp. Hamlet.

SCRINE. n. s. [scrinium, Latin.] A place in which writings or
curiosities are reposited.
Help then, O holy virgin,
Thy weaker novice to perform thy will;
Lay forth, out of thine everlasting scrine,
The antique rolls which there lie hidden still. Fa. Queen.

SCRIP. n. s. [skræppa, Islandick.]
1. A small bag; a satchel.
Come, shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat; though
not with bag and baggage, yet with scrip and scrippage. Shak.
He'd in requittal ope his leathern scrip,
And shew me simples of a thousand names,
Telling their strange and vigorous faculties. Milton.
2. [From scriptio, Latin, as it seems.] A schedule; a small
writing.
Call them generally man by man, according to the scrip.
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream.
Bills of exchange cannot pay our debts abroad, 'till scrips of
paper can be made current coin. Locke.

SCRI’PPAGE. n. s. [from scrip.] That which is contained in a
scrip. Dict.

SCRI’PTORY. adj. [scriptorius, Latin.] Written; not orally
delivered. Swift.

SCRI’PTURAL. adj. [from scripture.] Contained in the Bible;
biblical.
By creatures, the scriptural use of that word determines it
sometimes to men. Atterbury.

SCRI’PTURE. n. s. [scriptura, Latin.]
1. Writing.
It is not only remembered in many scriptures, but famous
for the death and overthrow of Crassus. Raleigh.
2. Sacred writing; the Bible.
With us there is never any time bestowed in divine service,
without the reading of a great part of the holy scripture,
which we account a thing most necessary. Hooker.
The devil can cite scripture for his purpose:
An evil soul producing holy witness,
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek. Shakespeare.
There is not any action which a man ought to do, or to
forbear, but the scripture will give him a clear precept, or pro­
hibition for it. South.
Forbear any discourse of other spirits, 'till his reading the
scripture history put him upon that enquiry. Locke.
Scripture proof was never the talent of these men, and 'tis
no wonder they are foiled. Atterbury.
Why are scripture maxims put upon us, without taking no­
tice of scripture examples, that lie cross 'em? Atterbury.
The author of nature and the scriptures has expresly en­
joined, that he who will not work, shall not eat. Seed's Serm.



SCRI’VENER. n. s. [scrivano, Latin.]
1. One who draws contracts.
We'll pass the business privately and well:
Send for your daughter by your servant here,
My boy shall fetch the scrivener. Shakes. Tam. of the Shrew.
2. One whose business is to place money at interest.
How happy in his low degree,
Who leads a quiet country life,
And from the griping scrivener free? Dryden's Horace.
I am reduced to beg and borrow from scriveners and usurers,
that suck the heart and blood. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.

SCRO’FULA. n. s. [from scrofa, Latin, a sow, as ?a?.]
A depravation of the humours of the body, which breaks out
in sores commonly called the king's evil.
If matter in the milk dispose to coagulation, it produces a
scrofula. Wiseman of Tumours.

SCRO’FULOUS. adj. [from scrofula.] Diseased with the scrofula.
Scrofulous persons can never be duly nourished; for such as
have tumours in the parotides often have them in the pancreas
and mesentery. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
English consumptions generally proceed from a scrofulous
disposition. Arbuthnot.
What would become of the race of men in the next age, if
we had nothing to trust to, beside the scrofulous consumptive
production furnished by our men of wit and pleasure? Swift.

SCROLL. n. s. [Supposed by Minshew to be corrupted from roll;
by Skinner derived from escrouelle, a shrimp given by the heralds:
whence parchment, wrapped up into a resembling form, has
the same name. It may be observed, that a gaoler's list of
prisoners is escrou.] A writing wrapped up.
His chamber all was hanged about with rolls,
And old records from ancient times deriv'd;
Some made in books, some in long parchment scrolls,
That were all worm-eaten, and full of canker holes. Spens.
Accept this scroll,
Which, in right of Richard Plantagenet,
We do exhibit to your majesty. Shakesp. H. VI.
See'st thou this letter, take it up,
And give the king this fatal plotted scroll. Shakes. Tit. Andr.
We'll add a royal number to the dead,
Gracing the scroll, that tells of this war's loss,
With slaughter coupled to the name of kings. Shakespeare.
Here is the scroll of every man's name, which is thought fit
through all Athens to play in our interlude. Shakespeare.
A Numidian priest, bellowing out certain superstitious
charms, cast divers scrolls of paper on each side the way,
wherein he cursed and banned the Christians. Knolles.
He drew forth a scroll of parchment, and delivered it to our
foremost man. Bacon.
Such follow him, as shall be register'd;
Part good, part bad: of bad the longer scroll. Milton.
With this epistolary scroll,
Receive the partner of my inmost soul. Prior.
Yet if he wills, may change or spoil the whole;
May take yon' beauteous, mystick, starry roll,
And burn it, like an useless parchment scroll. Prior.

SCROYLE. n. s. [This word I remember only in Shakespeare:
it seems derived from escrouelle, French, a scrofulous swell­
ing; as he calls a mean fellow a scab from his itch, or a
patch from his raggedness.] A mean fellow; a rascal; a
wretch.
The scroyles of Angiers flout you kings,
And stand securely on their battlements,
As in a theatre. Shakespeare's King John.

To SCRUB. v. a. [schrobben, Dutch.] To rub hard with
something coarse and rough.
Such wrinkles as a skilful hand would draw
For an old grandam ape, when, with a grace,
She fits at squat, and scrubs her leathern face. Dryden.
She never would lay aside the use of brooms and scrubbing
brushes. Arbuthnot.
Now Moll had whirl'd her mop with dext'rous airs,
Prepar'd to scrub the entry and the stairs. Swift.

SCRUB. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A mean fellow, either as he is supposed to scrub himself for
the itch, or as he is employed in the mean offices of scouring
away dirt.
2. Any thing mean or despicable.
With a dozen large vessels my vault shall be stor'd;
No little scrub joint shall come on my board. Swift.
3. A worn out broom. Ainsworth.

SCRU’BBED. adj. [scrubet, Danish.] Mean; vile; worth­
less; dirty; sorry.
SCRU’BBY. adj. [scrubet, Danish.] Mean; vile; worth­
less; dirty; sorry.
I gave it to a youth,
A kind of boy, a little scrubbed boy,
No higher than thyself. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
The scrubbiest cur in all the pack,
Can set the mastiff on your back. Swift.
The scene a wood, produc'd no more
Than a few scrubby trees before. Swift.

SCRUFF. n. s. The same, I suppose, with scurf, by a meta­
thesis usual in pronunciation.

SCRU’PLE. n. s. [scrupule, French; scrupulus, Latin.]
1. Doubt; difficulty of determination; perplexity: generally
about minute things.
Macduff, this noble passion,
Child of integrity, hath from my soul
Wip'd the black scruples, reconcil'd my thoughts
To your good truth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Nothing did more fill foreign nations with admiration of
his succession, than the consent of all estates of England for
the receiving of the king without the least scruple, pause, or
question. Bacon.
For the matter of your confession, let it be severe and seri­
ous; but yet so as it may be without any inordinate anxiety,
and unnecessary scruples, which only intangle the soul. Taylor.
Men make no scruple to conclude, that those propositions,
of whose knowledge they can find in themselves no original,
were certainly the impress of God and nature upon their
minds, and not taught them by any one else. Locke.
2. Twenty grains; the third part of a dram.
Milk one ounce, oil of vitriol a scruple, doth coagulate;
the milk at the bottom, where the vitriol goeth. Bacon.
3. Proverbially, any small quantity.
Nature never lends
The smallest scruple of her excellence,
But, like a thrifty goddess, she determines
Herself the glory of a creditor. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.

To SCRU’PLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To doubt; to hesitate.
He scrupled not to eat
Against his better knowledge; not deceiv'd,
But fondly overcome with female charms. Milt. Par. Lost.

SCRU’PLER. n. s. [from scruple.] A doubter; one who has
scruples.
The scruples which many publick ministers would make of
the worthiness of parents to have their children baptised, forced
such questioned parents, who did not believe the necessity of
having their children baptised by such scruplers, to carry their
children unto other ministers. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

SCRUPULO’SITY. n. s. [from scrupulous.]
1. Doubt; minute and nice doubtfulness.
Amongst ourselves there was some question moved, by rea­
son of a few mens scrupulosity touching certain things. Hooker.
The one sort they warned to take heed, that scrupulosity did
not make them rigorous in giving unadvised sentence against
their brethren which were free; the other, that they did not
become scandalous, by abusing their liberty and freedom to the
offence of their weak brethren, which were scrupulous. Hook.
So careful, even to scrupulosity, were they to keep their
sabbath, that they must not only have a time to prepare them
for that, but a further time also to prepare them for their
very preparations. South.
2. Fear of acting in any manner; tenderness of conscience.
The first sacrilege is looked on with some horror; but when
they have once made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires.
Decay of Piety.

SCRU’PULOUS. adj. [scrupuleux, French; scrupulosus, Latin;
from scruple.]
1. Nicely doubtful; hard to satisfy in determinations of con­
science.
They warned them that they did not become scandalous, by
abusing their liberty, to the offence of their weak brethren
which were scrupulous. Hooker.
Some birds, inhabitants of the waters, whose blood is cold
as fishes, and their flesh is so like in taste, that the scrupulous
are allowed them on fish-days. Locke.
2. Given to objections; captious.
Equality of two domestick pow'rs
Breeds scrupulous faction. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. Nice; doubtful.
As the cause of a war ought to be just, so the justice of
that cause ought to be evident; not obscure, not scrupulous.
Bacon's holy War.
4. Careful; vigilant; cautious.
I have been the more scrupulous and wary, in regard the in­
ferences drawn from these observations are of some im­
portance. Woodward.

SCRU’PULOUSLY. adv. [from scrupulous.] Carefully; nicely;
anxiously.
The duty consists not scrupulously in minutes and half
hours. Taylor.
Henry V. manifestly derived his courage from his piety,
and was scrupulously careful not to ascribe the success of it to
himself. Addison's Freeholder.

SCRU’PULOUSNESS. n. s. [from scrupulous.] The state of being
scrupulous.

SCRU’TABLE. adj. [from scrutor, Latin.] Discoverable by
inquiry.
Shall we think God so scrutable, or ourselves so penetrating,
that none of his secrets can escape us? Decay of Piety.

SCRUTA’TION. n. s. [scrutor, Latin.] Search; examination;
inquiry. Dict.

SCRUTA’TOR. n. s. [scrutateur, Fr. from scrutor, Lat.] En­
quirer; searcher; examiner.


In process of time, from being a simple scrutator, an arch­
deacon became to have jurisdiction more amply. Ayliffe.

SCRU’TINOUS. adj. [from scrutiny.] Captious; full of inqui­
ries. A word little used.
Age is froward, uneasy, scrutinous,
Hard to be pleas'd, and parcimonious. Denham.

SCRU’TINY. n. s. [scrutinium, Latin.] Enquiry; search;
examination with nicety.
In the scrutinies for righteousness and judgment, when it is
inquired whether such a person be a good man or no, the
meaning is not, what does he believe or hope, but what he
loves. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
I thought thee worth my nearer view
And narrower scrutiny, that I might learn
In what degree or meaning thou art call'd
The son of God. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
They that have designed exactness and deep scrutiny, have
taken some one part of nature. Hale.
Their difference to measure, and to reach,
Reason well rectify'd must nature teach;
And these high scrutinies are subjects fit
For man's all-searching and enquiring wit. Denham.
We are admonished of want of charity towards others, and
want of a Christian scrutiny and examination into ourselves.
L'Estrange.
When any argument of great importance is managed with
that warmth, which a serious conviction of it generally in­
spires, somewhat may easily escape, even from a wary pen,
which will not bear the test of a severe scrutiny. Atterbury.
These, coming not within the scrutiny of human senses,
cannot be examined by them, or attested by any body. Locke.

To SCRU’TINIZE. v. a. [from scrutiny.] To search; to exa­
mine.
To SCRU’TINY. v. a. [from scrutiny.] To search; to exa­
mine.
The compromissarii should chuse according to the votes of
such, whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize. Ayliffe.

SCRUTO’IRE. n. s. [for scritoire, or escritoire.] A case of
drawers for writings.
I locked up these papers in my scrutoire, and my scrutoire
came to be unlocked. Prior.

To SCRUZE. v. a. [Perhaps from screw. This word, though
now disused by writers, is still preserved, at least in its cor­
ruption, to scrouge, in the London jargon.] To squeeze; to
compress.
Though up he caught him 'twixt his puissant hands,
And having scruzed out of his carrion corse
The loathful life, now loos'd from sinful bands,
Upon his shoulders carried him. Fairy Queen.
SCU

To SCUD. v. n. [squittire, Italian; skutta, Swedish; skictur,
swift, Islandick.] To fly; to run away with precipitation.
The vote was no sooner passed, but away they scudded to the
next lake. L'Estrange.
The frighted satyrs, that in woods delight,
Now into plains with prick'd-up ears take flight;
And scudding thence, while they their horn-feet ply,
About their fires the little sylvans cry. Dryden.
Away the frighted spectre scuds,
And leaves my lady in the suds. Swift.

To SCU’DDLE. v. n. [from scud.] To run with a kind of af­
fected haste or precipitation. A low word.

SCUFFLE. n. s. [This word is derived by Skinner from shuffle.]
 A confused quarrel; a tumultuous broil.
His captain's heart,
In the scuffles of great fights hath burst
The buckles on his breast. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Avowed atheists, placing themselves in the seat of the scorner,
take much pleasing divertisement, by deriding our eager scuffles
about that which they think nothing. Decay of Piety.
The dog leaps upon the serpent, and tears it to pieces; but
in the scuffle the cradle happened to be overturned. L'Estrange.
Popish missionaries mix themselves in these dark scuffles, and
animate the mob to such outrages and insults. Addison.

To SCU’FFLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To fight confusedly
and tumultuously.
I must confess I've seen, in former days,
The best knights in the world, and scuffled in some frays.
Drayton.
A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantages in the
field, in an orderly way, than scuffle with an undisciplined
rabble. King Charles.

To SCULK. v. n. [sculcke, Danish] To lurk in hiding places;
to lie close.
It has struck on a sudden into such a reputation, that it scorns
any longer to sculk, but owns itself publickly. Gov. of Tongue.
Fearing to be seen, within a bed
Of coleworts he conceal'd his wily head;
There sculk'd 'till afternoon, and watch'd his time. Dryden.
My prophets and my sophists finish'd here
Their civil efforts of the verbal war:
Not so my rabbins and logicians yield;
Retiring still they combat; from the field
Of open arms unwilling they depart,
And sculk behind the subterfuge of art. Prior.
No news of Phyl! the bridegroom came,
And thought his bride had sculk'd for shame;
Because her father us'd to say
The girl had such a bashful way. Swift.
The immediate publishers thereof lay sculking under the
wings of an act of parliament. Letter to Publisher of the Dunc.

SCU’LKER. n. s. [from sculk.] A lurker; one that hides him­
self for shame or mischief.

SCULL. n. s. [It is derived by Skinner from shell, in some pro­
vinces called shull; as testa and teste, or téte, signify the head.
Mr. Lye observes more satisfactorily, that skola is in Islandick
the skull of an animal.]
1. The bone which incases and defends the brain; the arched
bone of the head.
Fractures of the scull are at all times very dangerous, as the
brain becomes affected from the pressure. Sharp.
2. A small boat; a cockboat. [See SCULLER.]
3. One who rows a cockboat.
Like caitiff vile, that for misdeed
Rides with his face to rump of steed;
Or rowing scull, he's fain to love,
Look one way and another move. Hudibras.
4. [Sceole, Saxon, an assembly.] In Milton's style, a shoal or
vast multitude of fish.
Each bay
With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals
Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales
Glide under the green wave, in sculls that oft
Bank the mid sea. Milton.

SCU’LLCAP. n. s. [scull and cap.]
1. A headpiece.
2. A nightcap.

SCU’LLER. n. s. [Of this word I know not the etymology.
Skiola is in Islandick a vessel, and escueille in French a dish.]
1. A cockboat; a boat in which there is but one rower.
Her soul already was consign'd to fate,
And shiv'ring in the leaky sculler sate. Dryden.
They hire the sculler, and, when once aboard,
Grow sick, and damn the climate like a lord. Pope.
2. One that rows a cockboat.

SCU’LLERY. n. s. [from skiola, a vessel, Islandick; or escueille,
French, a dish.] The place where common utensils, as ket­
tles or dishes, are cleaned and kept.
Pyreicus was famous for counterfeiting base things, as pitch­
ers, a scullery, and setting rogues together by the ears. Peach.

SCU’LLION. n. s. [from escueille, French, a dish.] The lowest
domestick servant, that washes the kettles and the dishes in the
kitchen.
I must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words,
And fall a cursing like a very drab,
A scullion, fye upon't! foh! about my brain. Shak. Hamlet.
If the gentleman hath lain there, get the cook, the stable­
men, and the scullion, to stand in his way. Swift.

To SCULP. v. a. [sculpo, Latin; sculper, Fr.] To carve; to
engrave. A word not in use.
Oh, that the tenor of my just complaint
Were sculpt with steel on rocks of adamant! Sandys.

SCU’LPTILE. adj. [sculptilis, Latin.] Made by carving.
In a silver medal is upon one side Moses horned, and on the
reverse the commandment against sculptile images. Brown.

SCU’LPTOR. n. s. [sculptor, Latin; sculpteur, Fr.] A carver;
one who cuts wood or stone into images.
Thy shape's in every part
So clean, as might instruct the sculptor's art. Dryden.
The Latin poets give the epithets of trisidum and trisulcum
to the thunderbolt, from the sculptors and painters that lived
before them, that had given it three forks. Addison.

SCU’LPTURE. n. s. [sculptura, Latin; sculpture, French.]
1. The art of carving wood, or hewing stone into images.
Then sculpture and her sister arts revive,
Stones leap'd to form, and rocks began to live. Pope.
2. Carved work.
Nor did there want
Cornice or freeze with bossy sculptures graven. Milton.
There too, in living sculpture, might be seen
The mad affection of the Cretan queen. Dryden.
3. The act of engraving.

To SCU’LPTURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut; to en­
grave.
Gold, silver, ivory vases sculptur'd high,
There are who have not. Pope.

SCUM. n. s. [escume, French; schiuma, Italian; skum, Danish;
schuym, Dutch.]
1. That which rises to the top of any liquor.
The rest had several offices assign'd;
Some to remove the scum as it did rise;
Others to bear the same away did mind;
And others it to use according to his kind. Fairy Queen.
The salt part of the water doth partly rise into a scum on the
top, and partly goeth into a sediment in the bottom. Bacon.
Gather'd like scum, and settl'd to itself,
Self-fed and self-consum'd. Milton.


Away, ye scum,
That still rise upmost when the nation boils. Dryden.
They mix a med'cine to soment their limbs,
With scum that on the molten silver swims. Dryden.
2. The dross; the refuse; the recrement; that part which is to
be thrown away.
There flocked unto him all the scum of the Irish out of all
places, that e're long he had a mighty army. Spenser.
Some forty gentlemen excepted, had we the very scum of
the world, such as their friends thought it an exceeding good
gain to be discharged. Raleigh's Essays.
I told thee what would come
Of all thy vapouring, base scum. Hudibras.
The Scythian and Egyptian scum
Had almost ruin'd Rome. Roscommon.
You'll find, in these hereditary tales,
Your ancestors the scum of broken jayls. Dryden's Juven.
The great and innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse
of the people. Addison's Freeholder.

To SCUM. v. a. [from the noun.] To clear off the scum.
Commonly written and spoken skim.
A second multitude
Severing each kind, and scum'd the bullion dross. Milton.
Hear, ye fullen powers below;
Hear, ye taskers of the dead:
You that boiling cauldrons blow,
You that scum the molten lead. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
What corns swim upon the top of the brine, scum off. Mort.

SCU’MMER. n. s. [escumoir, French.] A vessel with which
liquor is scummed, commonly called a skimmer.

SCU’PPER Holes. n. s. [schoepen, Dutch, to draw off.] In a
ship, small holes on the deck, through which water is carried
into the sea. The leathers over those holes are called scupper
leathers, and the nails with which they are fastened scupper
nails. Bailey.

SCURF. n. s. scurf, Saxon; skurfa, Islandick; skurff, Danish;
skorf, Swedish; schorft, Dutch.]
1. A kind of dry miliary scab.
Her crafty head was altogether bald,
And, as in hate of honourable eld,
Was overgrown with scurf and filthy scald. Fairy Queen.
The virtue of his hands
Was lost among Pactolus' sands,
Against whose torrent while he swims,
The golden scurf peels off his limbs. Swift.
2. A soil or stain adherent.
Then are they happy, when by length of time
The scurf is worn away of each committed crime,
No speck is left. Dryden.
3. Any thing sticking on the surface.
There stood a hill, whose grisly top
Shone with a glossy scurf. Milton.
Upon throwing in a stone the water boils; and at the same
time are seen little flakes of scurf rising up. Addison.

SCU’RFINESS. n. s. [from scurf.] The state of being scurfy.

SCU’RRIL. adj. [scurrilis, Latin.] Low; mean; grosly op­
probrious; loudly jocose.
With him, Patroclus,
Upon a lazy bed, the live-long day
Breaks scurril jests. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Nothing conduces more to letters than to examine the
writings of the ancients, provided the plagues of judging and
pronouncing against them be away; such as envy, bitterness,
precipitation, impudence, and scurril scoffing. Ben. Johnson.
Thou mov'st me more by barely naming him,
Than all thy soul unmanner'd scurril taunts. Dryden.

SCURRI’LITY. n. s. [scurrilité, Fr. scurrilitas, Lat.] Grosness
of reproach; loudness of jocularity; mean buffoonery.
Good master Holofernes, purge; so it shall please you to
abrogate scurrility. Shakespeare.
Banish scurrility and profaneness, and restrain the licentious
insolence of poets. Dryden.

SCU’RRILOUS. adj. [scurrilis, Latin.] Grosly opprobrious;
using such language as only the license of a buffoon can war­
rant; loudly jocular; vile; low.
Yet is not their goodness so intolerable, as, on the contrary
side, the scurrilous and more than satyrical immodesty of Mar­
tinism. Hooker.
Let him approach singing.
—Forewarn him that he use no scurrilous words in's tunes.
Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
How often is a person, whose intentions are to do good by
the works he publishes, treated in as scurrilous a manner as if
he were an enemy to mankind? Addison's Freeholder.
Their characters have been often treated with the utmost
barbarity and injustice by scurrilous and enraged orators. Swift.

SCU’RRILOUSLY. adv. [from scurrilous.] With gross reproach;
with low buffoonery; with lewd merriment.
Such men there are, who have written scurrilously against
me, without any provocation. Dryden.
It is barbarous incivility scurrilously to sport with that which
others count religion. Tillotson.

SCU’RVILY. adv. [from scurvy.] Vilely; basely; coarsely. It
is seldom used but in a ludicrous sense.
Look i' your glass now,
And see how scurvily that countenance shews;
You would be loth to own it. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
This alters the whole complexion of an action, that would
otherwise look but very scurvily, and makes it perfect. South.
The clergy were never more learned, or so scurvily
treated. Swift.

SCU’RVY. n. s. [from scurf. This word was, I believe, origi­
nally an adjective.]
The scurvy is a distemper of the inhabitants of cold coun­
tries, and amongst those such as inhabit marshy, fat, low,
moist soils, near stagnating water, fresh or salt; invading
chiefly in the Winter such as are sedentary, or live upon salted
or smoaked flesh and fish, or quantities of unfermented fari­
naceous vegetables, and drink bad water. Arbuthnot.

SCU’RVY. adj. [from scurf, scurfy, scurvy.]
1. Scabbed; covered with scabs; diseased with the scurvy.
Whatsoever man be scurvy or scabbed. Lev. xxi. 20.
2. Vile; bad; sorry; worthless; contemptible; offensive.
I know him for a man divine and holy;
Not scurvy, nor a temporary meddler. Shakespeare.
This is a very scurvy tune to sing to a man's funeral. Shakes.
He spoke scurvy and provoking terms
Against your honour. Shakespeare.
A crane, which is but scurvy meat, lays but two eggs. Chey.
It would be convenient to prevent the excess of drink, with
that scurvy custom of taking tobacco. Swift.

SCU’RVYGRASS. n. s. [scurvy and grass.] The spoonwort. A
plant.
The flower consists of four leaves, which are disposed in
form of a cross: from the flower-cup arises the pointal, which
becomes an almost globular fruit, divided into two cells by an
intermediate partition, to which the valves adhere on both
sides, and are furnished with many round seeds. Miller.

'SCUSES. For excuses.
I shifted him away,
And laid good 'scuses on your exstasy. Shakesp. Othello.

SCUT. n. s. [skott, Islandick.] The tail of those animals whose
tails are very short, as a hare.
In the hare it is aversely seated, and in its distension inclines
unto the coccix or scut. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He fled to earth; but first it cost him dear,
He left his scut behind, and half an ear. Swift.

SCU’TCHEON. n. s. [scuccione, Italian, from scutum, Lat.] The
shield represented in heraldry; the ensigns armorial of a fa­
mily. See ESCHUTCHEON.
And thereto had she that scutcheon of her desires, supported
by certain badly diligent ministers. Sidney.
Your scutcheons, and your signs of conquest, shall
Hang in what place you please. Shak. Ant and Cleopatra.
Honour is a meer scutcheon. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The chiefs about their necks the scutcheons wore,
With orient pearls and jewels powder'd o'er. Dryden.

SCUTE’LLATED. adj. [scutella, Lat.] Divided into small surfaces.
It seems part of the scutellated bone of a sturgeon, being
flat, of a porous or cellular constitution. Woodward.

SCU’TIFORM. adj. [scutiformis, Latin.] Shaped like a shield.

SCU’TTLE. n. s. [scutella, Latin; scutell, Celt. Ainsw.]
1. A wide shallow basket, so named from a dish or platter which
it resembles in form.
A scuttle or skrein to rid soil fro' the corn. Tusser.
The earth and stones they are fain to carry from under
their feet in scuttles and baskets. Hakewill on Providence.
2. A small grate.
To the hole in the door have a small scuttle, to keep in what
mice are there. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. [From scud.] A quick pace; a short run; a pace of affected
precipitation.
She went with an easy scuttle out of the shop. Spectator.

To SCU’TTLE. v. n. [from scud or scuddle.] To run with af­
fected precipitation.
The old fellow scuttled out of the room. Arbuthnot.

To SDEIGN. v. a. [Spenser. Sdegnare, Ital. Milton, for disdain.]
Lifted up so high,
I sdeign'd subjection. Milton.

SDE’IGNFUL. adj. Contracted for disdainful.
They now, puft up with sdeignful insolence,
Despise the brood of blessed sapience. Spenser.
SEA

SEA. n. s. [sæ, Saxon; see, or zee, Dutch.]
1. The ocean; the water opposed to the land.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather
Thy multitudinous sea incarnardine,
Making the green one red. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The rivers run into the sea. Carew.
He made the sea, and all that is therein. Ex. xx. 11.
So do the winds and thunders cleanse the air,
So working seas settle and purge the wine. Davies.
Amphibious between sea and land
The river horse. Milton.


Some leviathan,
Haply slumb'ring on the Norway foam,
The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff
Deeming some island, oft as seamen tell,
With fixed anchor in his scaly rind,
Moors by his side under the lee, while night
Invests the sea. Milton.
Small fragments of shells, broken by storms on some shores,
are used for manuring of sea land. Woodward.
They put to sea with a fleet of three hundred sail. Arbuthn.
Sea racing dolphins are train'd for our motion,
Moony tides swelling to roll us ashore. Dryden's Albion.
But like a rock unmov'd, a rock that braves
The raging tempest, and the rising waves,
Propp'd on himself he stands: his solid side
Wash off the sea weeds, and the sounding tides. Dryden.
The sea could not be much narrower than it is, without a
great loss to the world. Bentley.
So when the first bold vessel dar'd the seas,
High on the stern the Thracian rais'd his strain,
While Argo saw her kindred trees
Descend from Pelion to the main. Pope.
2. A collection of water; a lake.
Jesus walking by the sea of Galilee, saw two brethren.
Mat. iv. 18.
3. Proverbially for any large quantity.
That sea of blood which hath in Ireland been barbarously
shed, is enough to drown in eternal infamy and misery the
malicious author and instigator of its effusion. King Charles.
4. Any thing rough and tempestuous.
To sorrow abandon'd, but worse felt within,
And in a troubled sea of passion tost. Milton.
5. Half SEAS over. Half drunk.
The whole magistracy was pretty well disguised before I
gave 'em the slip: our friend the alderman was half seas over
before the bonfire was out. Spectator.

SEA is often used in composition, as will appear in the follow­
ing examples.

SE’ABEAT. [sea and beat.] Dashed by the waves of the sea.
The sovereign of the seas he blames in vain,
That once seabet will to sea again. Spenser's Pastorals.
Darkness cover'd o'er
The face of things: along the seabeat shore
Satiate we slept. Pope's Odyssey.

SEABO’AT. n. s. [sea and boat.] Vessel capable to bear the
sea.
Shipwrecks were occasioned by their ships being bad sea­
boats, and themselves but indifferent seamen. Arbuthnot.

SEABO’RN. adj. [sea and born.] Born of the sea; produced
by the sea.
Like Neptune and his seaborn niece, shall be
The shining glories of the land and sea. Waller.
All these in order march, and marching sing
The warlike actions of their seaborn king. Dryden.

SEABO’Y. n. s. [sea and boy.] Boy employed on shipboard.
Can'st thou, O partial sleep, give thy repose
To the wet seaboy in an hour so rude,
And in the calmest and the stillest night
Deny it to a king? Shakespeare.

SEABRE’ACH. n. s. [sea and breach.] Irruption of the sea by
breaking the banks.
To an impetuous woman, tempests and seabreaches are
nothing. L'Estrange.

SEABREE’ZE. n. s. [sea and breeze.] Wind blowing from the
sea.
Hedges, in most places, would be of great advantage to
shelter the grass from the seabreeze. Mortimer.

SEABU’ILT. adj. [sea and built.] Built for the sea.
Borne each by other in a distant line,
The seabuilt forts in dreadful order move. Dryden.

SEACA’BBAGE. n. s. [crambe, Latin.] Seacolewort. A plant.
It hath fleshy leaves like those of the cabbage. Miller.

SE’AHOLLY. n. s. [eryngium, Latin.] A plant.
The species are, seaholly, or eryngo. Common eryngo,
&c. The roots of the first are candied, and sent to London
for medicinal use, being the true eryngo.

SE’ACALF. n. s. [sea and calf.] The seal.
The seacalf, or seal, is so called from the noise he makes
like a calf: his head comparatively not big, shaped rather like
an otter's, with teeth like a dog's, and mustaches like those of
a cat: his body long, and all over hairy: his forefeet, with
fingers clawed, but not divided, yet fit for going: his hinder
feet, more properly fins, and fitter for swimming, as being an
amphibious animal. The female gives suck, as the porpess,
and other viviparous fishes. Grew's Musæum.

SE’ACAP. n. s. [sea and cap.] Cap made to be worn on ship­
board.
I know your favour well,
Though now you have no seacap on your head. Shakesp.

SE’ACHART. n. s. [sea and chart.] Map on which only the
coasts are delineated.
The situation of the parts of the earth are better learned
by a map or seachart, than reading the description. Watts.

SEACOA’L. n. s. [sea and coal.] Coal, so called not because
found in the sea, but because brought to London by sea; pit­
coal.
We'll have a posset soon at the latter end of a seacoal
fire. Shakespeare.
Seacoal lasts longer than charcoal. Bacon.
This pulmonique indisposition of the air is very much
heightened, where a great quantity of seacoal is burnt. Harv.

SE’ACOAST. n. s. [sea and coast.] Shore; edge of the sea.
The venturous mariner that way,
Learning his ship from those white rocks to save,
Which all along the southern seacoast lay;
For safety's sake that same his seamark made,
And nam'd it Albion. Fairy Queen.
Upon the seacoast are many parcels of land, that would pay
well for the taking in. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SE’ACOMPASS. n. s. [sea and compass.] The card and needle
of mariners.
The needle in the seacompass still moving but to the north­
point only, with moveor immotus, notified the respective con­
stancy of the gentleman to one only. Camden's Remains.

SE’ACOW. n. s. [sea and cow.] The manatee.
The seacow is a very bulky animal, of the cetaceous kind.
It grows to fifteen feet long, and to seven or eight in circum­
ference: its head is like that of a hog, but longer, and more
cylindrick: its eyes are small, and it has no external ears, but
only two little apertures in the place of them; yet its sense of
hearing is very quick. Its lips are thick, and it has two long
tusks standing out. It has two sins, which stand forward on
the breast like hands, whence the Spaniards first called it ma­
natee. The female has two round breasts placed between the
pectoral fins. The skin is very thick and hard, and not scaly,
but hairy. This creature lives principally about the mouths
of the large rivers in Africa, the East Indies, and America,
and feeds upon vegetables. Its flesh is white like veal, and
very well tasted. The lapis manati, which is of a fine clean
white colour, and bony texture, is properly the os petrosum
of this animal. This stone has been supposed to be a power­
ful amulet, but is now neglected. Hill's Mat. Med.

SEADO’G. n. s. [sea and dog.] Perhaps the shark.
Fierce seadogs devour the mangl'd friends. Roscommon.
When, stung with hunger, she embroils the flood,
The seadog and the dolphin are her food. Pope's Odyssey.

SEAFA’RER. n. s. [sea and fare.] A traveller by sea; a mariner.
They stifly refused to vail their bonnets by the summons of
those towns, which is reckoned intolerable contempt by the
better enabled seafarers. Carew.
A wand'ring merchant, he frequents the main,
Some mean seafarer in pursuit of gain;
Studious of freight, in naval trade well skill'd;
But dreads th' athletick labours of the field. Pope.

SEAFA’RING. adj. [sea and fare.] Travelling by sea.
My wife fasten'd him unto a small spare mast,
Such as seafaring men provide for storms. Shakespeare.
It was death to divert the ships of seafaring people, against
their will, to other uses than they were appointed. Arbuthnot.

SEAFE’NNEL. The same with SAMPHIRE, which see.

SE’AFIGHT. n. s. [sea and fight.] Battle of ships; battle on
the sea.
Seafights have been often final to the war; but this is when
princes set up their rest upon the battles. Bacon.
They were full of drink at the time of their seafights.
Wiseman's Surgery.
If our sense of hearing were a thousand times quicker than
it is, we should, in the quietest retirement, be less able to sleep
than in the middle of a seafight. Locke.
This fleet they recruited with two hundred sail, whereof
they lost ninety-three in a seafight. Arbuthnot on Coins.

SEAFO’WL. n. s. [sea and fowl.] Birds that live at sea.
The bills of curlews, and many other seafowl, are very
long, to enable them to hunt for the worms. Derham.
A seafowl properly represents the passage of a deity over the
seas. Broome's Notes to the Odyssey.
A length of ocean and unbounded sky,
Which scarce the seafowl in a year o'er fly. Pope.

SE’AGIRT. adj. [sea and girt.] Girded or incircled by the
sea.
Neptune, besides the sway
Of every salt flood and each ebbing stream,
Took in by lot, 'twixt high and nether Jove,
Imperial rule of all the seagirt isles. Milton.
Telemachus, the blooming heir
Of seagirt Ithaca, demands my care:
'Tis mine to form his green unpractis'd years
In sage debates. Pope.

SE’AGULL. n. s. [sea and gull.] A water fowl.
Seagulls, when they flock together from the sea towards the
shores, foreshow rain and wind. Bacon's Nat. History.


Bitterns, herons, and seagulls, are great enemies to fish.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

SE’AGREEN. adj. [sea and green.] Resembling the colour of
the distant sea; cerulean.
White, red, yellow, blue, with their several mixtures, as
green, scarlet, purple, and seagreen, come in only by the
eyes. Locke.
Upon his urn reclin'd,
His seagreen mantle waving in the wind,
The god appear'd. Pope.

SE’AGREEN. n. s. Saxifrage. A plant.

SE’AGULL. n. s. A sea bird. Ainsworth.

SE’AHEDGEHOG. n. s. [sea, hedge, and hog.] A kind of sea
shell-fish.
The seahedgehog is inclosed in a round shell, fashioned as a
loaf of bread, wrought and pinched, and guarded by an outer
skin full of prickles, as the land urchin. Carew.

SE’AHOG. n. s. [sea and hog.] The porpus.

SE’AHOLM. n. s. [sea and holm.]
1. A small uninhabited island.
2. Seaholly. A kind of sea weed.
Cornwal bringeth forth greater store of seaholm and sam­
phire than any other county. Carew.

SE’AHORSE. n. s. [sea and horse.]
1. The seahorse is a fish of a very singular form, as we see it dried,
and of the needlefish kind. It is about four or five inches in
length, and nearly half an inch in diameter in the broadest
part. Its colour, as we see it dried, is a deep reddish brown;
and its tail is turned round under the belly. It is found about
the Mediterranean, and has been celebrated for medicinal vir­
tues; but is at present wholly neglected. Hill's Materia Med.
2. The morse.
Part of a large tooth, round and tapering: a tusk of the
morse, or waltrons, called by some the seahorse. Woodward.
3. The medical and the poetical seahorse seem very different. By
the seahorse Dryden means probably the hippopotamus.
By 'em
Seahorses, flound'ring in the slimy mud,
Toss'd up their heads, and dash'd the ooze about 'em. Dry.

SE’AMAID. n. s. [sea and maid.] Mermaid.
Certain stars shot from their spheres,
To hear the seamaids musick. Shakespeare.

SE’AMAN. n. s. [sea and man.]
1. A sailor; a navigator; a mariner.
She, looking out,
Beholds the fleet, and hears the seamen shout. Denham.
Seamen, through dismal storms, are wont
To pass the oyster-breeding Hellespont. Evelyn.
The whole poem was first written, and now sent you from
a place where I have not so much as the converse of any sea­
man. Dryden.
æneas order'd
A stately tomb, whose top a trumpet bore,
A soldier's fauchion, and a seaman's oar;
Thus was his friend interr'd. Dryden.
By undergoing the hazards of the sea, and the company of
common seamen, you make it evident you will refuse no op­
portunity of rendering yourself useful. Dryden.
Had they applied themselves to the increase of their strength
by sea, they might have had the greatest fleet and the most sea­
men of any state in Europe. Addison.
2. Merman; the male of the mermaid.
Seals live at land and at sea, and porpuses have the warm
blood and intrails of a hog, not to mention mermaids, or sea­
men. Locke.

SEAMA’RK. n. s. [sea and mark.] Point or conspicuous place
distinguished at sea, and serving the mariners as directions of
their course.
Those white rocks,
Which all along the southern seacoast lay,
Threat'ning unheedy wreck and rash decay,
For safety's sake his seamark made,
And nam'd it Albion. Fairy Queen.
Though you do see me weapon'd,
Here is my journey's end, here is my butt,
The very seamark of my utmost sail. Shakesp. Othello.
They were executed at divers places upon the seacoast, for
seamarks or lighthouses, to teach Perkins's people to avoid the
coast. Bacon's Henry VII.
They are remembered with a brand of infamy fixt upon
them, and set as seamarks for those who observe them to
avoid. Dryden.
The fault of others sway,
He set as seamarks for himself to shun. Dryden.

SEAME’W. n. s. [sea and mew.] A fowl that frequents the
sea.
An island salt and bare,
The haunt of seals, and orcks, and seamews clang. Milton.
The chough, the seamew, the loquacious crow,
Scream aloft. Pope's Odyssey.

SE’AMONSTER. n. s. [sea and monster.] Strange animal of the
sea.
Seamonsters give suck to their young. La. iv. 3.
Where luxury once reign'd, seamonsters whelp. Milton.

SE’ANYMPH. n. s. [sea and nymph.] Goddess of the sea.
Virgil, after Homer's example, gives us a transformation
of æneas's ship into seanymphs. Broome.

SE’AONION. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SE’AOOSE. n. s. [sea and oose.] The mud in the sea or shore.
All seaoose, or oosy mud, and the mud of rivers, are of
great advantage to all sorts of land. Mortimer.

SE’APIECE. n. s. [sea and piece.] A picture representing any
thing at sea.
Great painters often employ their pencils upon seapieces.
Addison's Spectator.

SE’APOOL. n. s. [sea and pool.] A lake of salt water.
I have often heard it wished, that all that land were a sea­
pool. Spenser on Ireland.

SE’APORT. n. s. [sea and port.] A harbour.

SE’ARISQUE. n. s. [sea and nisque.] Hazard at sea.
He was so great an encourager of commerce, that he
charged himself with all the searisque of such vessels as car­
ried corn to Rome in the Winter. Arbuthnot.

SE’AROCKET. n. s. A plant. Miller.

SE’AROOM. n. s. [sea and room.] Open sea; spacious main.
There is searoom enough for both nations, without offend­
ing one another, and it would exceedingly support the navy.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The bigger whale like some huge carrack lay,
Which wanteth searoom with her foes to play. Waller.

SEARO’VER. n. s. [sea and rove.] A pirate.

SE’ASHARK. n. s. [sea and shark.] A ravenous seafish.
Witches mummy, maw and gulf
Of the ravening salt seashark. Shakespeare.

SE’ASHELL. n. s. [sea and shell.] Shells found on the shore.
Seashells are great improvers of sour or cold land. Mortim.

SE’ASHORE. n. s. [sea and shore.] The coast of the sea.
That seashore where no more world is found,
But foaming billows breaking on the ground. Dryden.
Fournier gives an account of an earthquake in Peru, that
reached three hundred leagues along the seashore. Burnet.
To say a man has a clear idea of any quantity, without
knowing how great it is, is as reasonable as to say he has the
positive idea of the number of the sands on the seashore. Locke.

SE’ASICK. adj. [sea and sick.] Sick, as new voyagers on the
sea.
She began to be much seasick, extremity of weather con­
tinuing. Shakespeare.
Barbarossa was not able to come on shore, for that he was,
as they said, seasick, and troubled with an ague. Knolles.
In love's voyage nothing can offend;
Women are never seasick. Dryden's Juvenal.
Weary and seasick, when in thee confin'd;
Now, for thy safety, cares distract my mind. Swift.

SE’ASIDE. n. s. [sea and side] The edge of the sea.
Their camels were without number, as the sand by the sea­
side. Jud. vii. 12.
There disembarking on the green seaside,
We land our cattle, and the spoil divide. Pope.

SE’ASERPENT. n. s. [sea and serpent.] Serpent generated in
the water.

SEASE’RVICE. n. s. [sea and service.] Naval war.
You were pressed for the seaservice, and got off with much
ado. Swift's Direct. to Servants.

SEASU’RGEON. n. s. [sea and surgeon.] A chirurgeon employed
on shipboard.
My design was to help the seasurgeon. Wiseman's Surgery.

SEASURRO’UNDED. adj. [sea and surround.] Encircled by the
sea.
To seasurrounded realms the gods assign
Small tract of fertile lawn, the least to mine. Pope.

SEATE’RM. n. s. [sea and term.] Word of art used by the
seamen.
I agree with you in your censure of the seaterms in Dryden's
Virgil, because no terms of art, or cant words, suit the ma­
jesty of epick poetry. Pope.

SEAWA’TER. n. s. [sea and water.] The salt water of the
sea.
By digging of pits in the seashore, he did frustrate the la­
borious works of the enemies, which had turned the sea­
water upon the wells of Alexandria. Bacon's Nat. History.
I took off the dressings, and bathed the member with sea­
water. Wiseman.
Seawater has many gross, rough, and earthy particles in it,
as appears from its saltness; whereas fresh water is more pure
and unmixt. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

SEAL. n. s. [seol, sele, Saxon; seel, Danish] The seacalf.
See SEACALF.
The seal or soyle is in make and growth not unlike a pig,
ugly faced, and footed like a moldwarp: he delighteth in musick,
or any loud noise, and thereby is trained to shew himself above
water: they also come on land. Carew.


An island salt and bare,
The haunt of seals and orcs, and seamaws clang. Milton.

SEAL. n. s [sigel, Saxon; sigillum, Latin.]
1. A stamp engraved with a particular impression, which is fixed
upon the wax that closes letters, or affixed as a testimony.
The king commands you
To render up the great seal. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If the organs of perception, like wax overhardened with
cold, will not receive the impression of the seal; or, like wax
of a temper too soft, will not hold it; or else supposing the wax
of a temper fit, but the seal not applied with a sufficient force
to make a clear impression: in any of these cases the print left
by the seal will be obscure. Locke.
The same
His grandsire wore about his neck
In three seal rings, which after, melted down,
Form'd a vast buckle for his widow's gown. Pope.
2. The impression made in wax.
'Till thou can'st rail the seal from off my bond,
Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud. Shakesp.
Solyman shewed him his own letters, asking him if he knew
not that hand, and if he knew not that seal. Knolles.
He saw his monkey picking the seal wax from a letter. Arb.
3. Any act of confirmation.
They their fill of love
Took largely, of their mutual guilt the seal. Milton.

To SEAL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with a seal.
He that brings this love to thee,
Little knows this love in me;
And by him seal up thy mind. Shakesp. As you like it.
I have seen her rise from her bed, take forth paper, fold it,
write upon't, and afterwards seal it. Shakespeare.
2. To confirm or attest by a seal.
God join'd my heart to Romeo's; thou our hands;
And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo seal'd,
Shall be the label to another deed,
Or my true heart with treacherous revolt
Turn to another, this shall slay them both. Shakespeare.
3. To confirm; to ratify; to settle.
My soul is purg'd from grudging hate,
And with my hand I seal our true hearts love. Shak. R. III.
When I have performed this, and sealed to them this fruit,
I will come into Spain. Rom. xv. 28.
4. To shut; to close.
Seal up your lips, and give no words, but mum! Shakes.
At my death
Thou hast seal'd up my expectation. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The root of evil is sealed up from you. 2 Esdr. viii. 53.
The sense is like the sun; for the sun seals up the globe of
heaven, and opens the globe of earth: so the sense doth ob­
scure heavenly things, and reveals earthly things. Bacon.
Back to th' infernal pit I drag thee chain'd,
And seal thee so, as henceforth not to scorn
The facil gates of hell too slightly barr'd. Milton.
5. To mark with a stamp.
You'd rail upon the hostess,
And say you would present her at the leet,
Because she bought stone jugs, and no seal'd quarts. Shakes.

To SEAL. v. n. To fix a seal.
I will seal unto this bond. Shakespeare.
We make a sure covenant and write it, and our princes and
priests seal unto it. Neh. ix. 38.

SE’ALER. n. s. [from seal.] One that seals.

SE’ALINGWAX. n. s. [seal and wax.] Hard wax made of rosin
used to seal letters.
The prominent orifice was closed with sealing wax. Boyle.

SEAM n. s. [seam, Saxon; zoom, Dutch.]
1. The edge of cloath where the threads are doubled; the su­
ture where the two edges are sewed together.
In velvet white as snow the troop was gown'd,
The seams with sparkling emeralds set around. Dryden.
Precepts should be so finely wrought together in the same
piece, that no coarse seam may discover where they join. Add.
2. The juncture of planks in a ship.
With boiling pitch the seams instops,
Which, well laid o'er, the salt sea waves withstand. Dryd.
3. A cicatrix; a scar.
4. [seam, Saxon, a load.] A measure; a vessel in which things
are held; eight bushels of corn. Ainsworth.
5. [Seme, Saxon; saim, Welsh; sain, French.] Tallow;
grease; hog's lard.
Shall the proud lord,
That bastes his arrogance with his own seam,
Be worshipp'd? Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Part scour the rusty shields with seam, and part
New grind the blunted ax. Dryden's æn.

To SEAM. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To join together by future, or otherwise.
2. To mark; to scar with a long cicatrix.
Seam'd o'er with wounds, which his own sabre gave. Pope.
Say, has the small or greater pox
Sunk down her nose, or seam'd her face? Swift.

SE’AMLESS. adj. [from seam.] Having no seam.

SE’AMRENT. n. s. [seam and rent.] A separation of any thing
where it is joined; a breach of the stitches.

SE’AMSTRESS. n. s. [seamestre, Saxon.] A woman whose
trade is to sew.
They wanted food and raiment; so they took
Religion for their seamstress and their cook. Cleaveland.

SE’AMY. adj. [from seam.] Having a seam; shewing the seam.
Some such squire he was,
That turn'd your wit the seamy side without,
And made me to suspect you. Shak. Othello.

SEAN. n. s. [segne, Saxon; sagena, Latin.] A net. Some­
times written seine, or saine.

SEAR. adj. [searian, Saxon, to dry] Dry; not any longer
green. Spenser uses it.
I have liv'd long enough: my May of life
Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf. Shak. Macbeth.
Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sear. Milton.
Some may be cherished in dry places, as in sear wood Ray.

To SEAR. v. a. [searian, Saxon.] To burn; to cauterize.
The scorching flame sore singed all his face,
And through his armour all his body sear'd. Fairy Queen.
Some shall depart from the faith, speaking lies, having their
conscience seared with a hot iron. 1 Tim. iv. 2.
Cherish veins of good humour, and sear up those of ill. Temp.
I'm sear'd with burning steel, 'till the scorch'd marrow
Fries in the bones. Rowe's Royal Convert.

SE’ARBREACH. n. s. [sear and breach.] Perhaps seabreach.
'Tis one thing for a man to be firm against honest dangers;
but to run his head against stone walls, or to put his shoulders
to a searbreach, to attempt insuperable difficulties, would be
just the moral of the ram in the fable. L'Estrange.

SE’ARCLOATH. n. s. [sarclath, Saxon, from sar, pain, and
clath, a plaster; so that cerecloath, as it is now written, from
cera, wax, seems to be wrong.] A plaster; a large plaster.
Bees wax is the ground of all searcloath salves. Mortimer.

To SEARCE. v. a. [sasser, French.] To sift finely.
Put the finely searced powder of alabaster into a flat­
bottomed and well heated brass vessel. Boyle.
For the keeping of meal, bolt and searce it from the
bran. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SEARCE. n. s. A sieve; a bolter.

SEA’RCER. n. s. [from searce.] He who searces.

To SEARCH. v. a. [chercher, French.]
1. To examine; to try; to explore; to look through.
Help to search my house this one time: if I find not what I
seek, let me for ever be your table sport. Shakespeare.
They returned from searching of the land. Num. xiii. 25.
Through the void immense
To search with wand'ring quest a place foretold. Milton.
2. To inquire; to seek.
Now clear I understand
What oft my steddiest thoughts have search'd in vain. Milt.
Enough is left besides to search and know. Milton.
Draw up some valuable meditations from the depths of the
earth, and search them through the vast ocean. Watts.
3. To probe as a chirurgeon.
Alas, poor shepherd! searching of thy wound,
I have, by hard adventure, found my own. Shakespeare.
With this good sword,
That ran through Cæsar's bowels, search this bosom. Shak.
For the divisions of Reuben there were great searchings of
heart. Judg. v. 16.
The signs of wounds penetrating are discovered by the pro­
portion of the searching candle, or probe which enters into
the cavity. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. To SEARCH out. To find by seeking.
Who went before you, to search you out a place to pitch
your tents in? Deutr. i. 33.
They may sometimes be successful to search out truth. Watts.

To SEARCH. v. n.
1. To make a search.
Satisfy me once more; once more search with me. Shakes.
To ask or search I blame thee not. Milton.
2. To make inquiry.
Those who seriously search after or maintain truth, should
study to deliver themselves without obscurity or equivo­
cation. Locke.
It suffices that they have once with care sifted the matter,
and searched into all the particulars that could give any light
to the question. Locke.
With piercing eye some search where nature plays,
And trace the wanton through her darksome maze. Tickel.
3. To seek; to try to find.
Your husband's coming, woman, to search for a gentleman
that is here now in the house. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
We in vain search for that constitution within a fly, upon
which depend those powers we observe in them. Locke.

SEARCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Inquiry by looking into every suspected place.
The orb he roam'd
With narrow search, and with inspection deep. Milton.


2. Inquiry; examination; act of seeking.
His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of
chaff: you shall seek all day ere you find them, and when you
have them they are not worth the search. Shakespeare.
Who great in search of God and nature grow,
They best the wise Creator's praise declare. Dryden.
Now mourn thy fatal search;
It is not safe to have too quick a sense. Dryden.
The mind sets itself on work in search of some hidden idea,
and turns the eye of the soul upon it. Locke.
By the philosophical use of words, I mean such an use as
conveys the precise notions of things, which the mind may
be satisfied with in its search after knowledge. Locke.
The parents, after a long search for the boy, gave him for
drowned in a canal. Addison.
This common practice carries the heart aside from all that
is honest in our search after truth. Watts.
3. Quest; pursuit.
If zealous love should go in search of virtue,
Where should he find it purer than in Blanch? Shakesp.
Stay him from his intendment, or brook such disgrace well as
he shall run into; in that it is a thing of his own search, and
altogether against my will. Shakesp. As you like it.
Nor did my search of liberty begin,
'Till my black hairs were chang'd upon my chin. Dryden.

SE’ARCHER. n. s. [from search.]
1. Examiner; inquirer; trier.
The Agarenes that seek wisdom upon earth, the authors of
fables, and searchers out of understanding. Bar. iii. 23.
The searchers found a marvellous difference between the
Anakins and themselves. Raleigh.
Religion has given us a more just idea of the divine nature:
he whom we appeal to is truth itself, the great searcher of
hearts, who will not let fraud go unpunished, or hold him
guiltless that taketh his name in vain. Addison.
In vain we lift up our presumptuous eyes
To what our Maker to their ken denies:
The searcher follows fast; the object flies. Prior.
Avoid the man who practises any thing unbecoming a free
and open searcher after truth. Watts.
2. Officer in London appointed to examine the bodies of the
dead, and report the cause of death.
The searchers, who are ancient matrons sworn to their of­
fice, repair to the place where the dead corps lies, and by view
of the same, and by other inquiries, examine by what disease
the corps died. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

SE’ASON. n. s. [saison, French.]
1. One of the four parts of the year, Spring, Summer, Au­
tumn, Winter.
The fairest flowers o' th' season
Are our carnations and streak'd gillyflowers. Shakesp.
Then Summer, Autumn, Winter did appear;
And Spring was but a season of the year. Dryden.
We saw, in six days travelling, the several seasons of the
year in their beauty. Addison on Italy.
2. A time as distinguished from others.
He's noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
The fits o' th' season. Shak. Macbeth.
The season prime for sweetest scents and airs. Milton.
3. A fit time; an opportune concurrence.
At season fit let her with thee partake. Milton.
All business should be done betimes; and there's as little
trouble of doing it in season too, as out of season. L'Estrange.
For active sports, for pleasing rest,
This is the time to be possest;
The best is but in season best. Dryden.
I would indulge the gladness of my heart!
Let us retire: her grief is out of season. Philips.
There is no season to which such thoughts as these are more
suitable. Atterbury.
The season when to come, and when to go,
To sing, or cease to sing, we never know. Pope.
4. A time not very long.
We'll slip you for a season, but our jealousy
Do's yet depend. Shakes. Cymbeline.
5. [From the verb.] That which gives a high relish.
You lack the season of all natures, sleep. Shak. Macbeth.

To SE’ASON. v. a. [assaissonner, French.]
1. To mix with food any thing that gives a high relish.
Every oblation of thy meat-offering shalt thou season with
salt. Lev. ii. 13.
They seasoned every sacrifice, whereof a greater part was
eaten by the priests. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
For breakfast and supper, milk and milk-pottage are very fit
for children; only let them be seasoned with sugar. Locke.
The wise contriver,
To keep the waters from corruption free,
Mixt them with salt, and season'd all the sea. Blackmore.
2. To give a relish to.
You season still with sports your serious hours;
For age but tastes of pleasures, youth devours. Dryden.
The proper use of wit is to season conversation, to represent
what is praiseworthy to the greatest advantage, and to expose
the vices and follies of men. Tillotson.
3. To qualify by admixture of another ingredient.
Mercy is above this scepter'd sway;
It is an attribute to God himself;
And earthly pow'r does then shew likest God's,
When mercy seasons justice. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
Season your admiration but a while,
With an attentive ear, 'till I deliver
This marvel to you. Shak. Hamlet.
4. To imbue; to tinge or taint.
Whatever thing
The scythe of time mows down, devour unspar'd,
'Till I, in man residing, through the race
His thoughts, his looks, words, actions, all infect,
And season him thy last and sweetest prey. Milton's Pa. Lost.
Secure their religion, season their younger years with pru­
dent and pious principles. Taylor.
Sin, taken into the soul, is like a liquor poured into a ves­
sel; so much of it as it fills, it also seasons: the touch and tinc­
ture go together. South.
5. To fit for any use by time or habit; to mature.
The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark,
When neither is attended; and, I think,
The nightingale, if she should sing by day,
When ev'ry goose is cackling, would be thought
No better a musician than the wren:
How many things by season season'd are,
To their right praise and true perfection. Shakespeare.
Who in want a hollow friend doth try,
Directly seasons him his enemy. Shakespeare.
We charge you, that you have contriv'd to take
From Rome all season'd office, and to wind
Yourself unto a power tyrannical. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The archers of his guard shot two arrows every man to­
gether against an inch board of well seasoned timber. Hayward.
His plenteous stores do season'd timber send;
Thither the brawny carpenters repair. Dryden.
A man should harden and season himself beyond the degree
of cold wherein he lives. Addison.

To SE’ASON. v. n. To be mature; to grow fit for any purpose.
Carpenters rough plane boards for flooring, that they may
set them by to season. Moxon's Mech. Exerc.

SE’ASONABLE. adj. [saison, French.] Opportune; happen­
ing or done at a proper time; proper as to time.
Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction, as clouds of
rain in the time of drought. Ecclus. v. 2.
If ever it was seasonable to preach courage in the despised
abused cause of Christ, it is now, when his truths are reformed
into nothing, when the hands and hearts of his faithful mini­
sters are weakened. South's Sermons.

SE’ASONABLENESS. n. s. [from seasonable.] Opportuneness of
time; propriety with regard to time.
A British freeholder would very ill discharge his part, if he
did not acknowledge the excellency and seasonableness of those
laws by which his country has been recovered out of its
confusions. Addison's Freeholder.

SE’ASONABLY. adv. [from seasonable.] Properly with respect
to time.
This is that to which I would most earnestly, most season­
ably advise you all. Spratt's Sermons.

SE’ASONER. n. s. [from To season.] He who seasons or gives a
relish to any thing.

SE’ASONING. n. s. [from season.] That which is added to any
thing to give it a relish.
Breads we have of several grains, with divers kinds of
leavenings and seasonings; so that some do extremely move ap­
petites, and some do nourish so as divers do live of them
alone. Bacon.
Some abound with words, without any seasoning or taste of
matter. Ben. Johnson.
A foundation of good sense, and a cultivation of learning,
are required to give a seasoning to retirement, and make us taste
the blessing. Dryden.
Political speculations are of so dry and austere a nature,
that they will not go down with the publick without frequent
seasonings. Addison's Freeholder.
The publick accept a paper which has in it none of those
seasonings that recommend the writings which are in vogue
among us. Addison's Spectator.
Many vegetable substances are used by mankind as season­
ings, which abound with a highly exalted aromatick oil; as
thyme and savory. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SEAT. n. s. [sedes, Latin; sett, old German. Skinner.]
1. A chair, bench, or any thing on which one may sit.
The sons of light
Hasted, resorting to the summons high,
And took their seats. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The lady of the leaf ordain'd a feast,
And made the lady of the flow'r her guest;
When, lo, a bow'r ascended on the plain,
With sudden seats ordain'd, and large for either train. Dryd.


2. Chair of state; throne; post of authority; tribunal.
With due observance of thy goodly seat,
Grëat Agamemnon, Nestor shall supply
Thy latest words. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Thus we debase
The nature of our seats, and make the rabble
Call our cares fears. Shak. Coriolanus.
Whatsoever be the manner of the world's end, most cer­
tain it is an end it shall have, and as certain that then we shall
appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that every man may
receive according to that which he hath done in his body, whe­
ther it be good or evil. Hakewill on Providence.
3. Mansion; residence; dwelling; abode.
It were enough in reason to succour with victuals, and
other helps, a vast multitude, compelled by necessity to seek a
new seat, or to direct them unto a country able to receive
them. Raleigh.
O earth, how like to heav'n! if not prefer'd
Most justly, seat worthier of gods, as built
With second thoughts, reforming what was old! Milton.
In Alba he shall fix his royal seat;
And, born a king, a race of kings beget. Dryden.
Has Winter caus'd thee, friend, to change thy seat,
And seek in Sabine air a warm retreat? Dryden.
The promis'd seat of empire shall again
Cover the mountain, and command the plain. Prior.
4. Situation; site.
The fittest and the easiest to be drawn
To our society, and to aid the war,
The rather for their seat, being next borderers
On Italy. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat, committeth
himself to prison. Bacon.
A church by Strand-bridge, and two bishops houses, were
pulled down to make a seat for his new building. Hayward.
It followeth now that we find out the seat of Eden; for in
it was Paradise by God planted. Raleigh.

To SEAT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place on seats; to cause to sit down.
The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a
warm debate. Arbuthnot.
2. To place in a post of authority, or place of distinction.
Thus high was king Richard seated. Shak. R. III.
Not Babylon,
Nor great Alcairo, such magnificence
Equal'd in all their glories to inshrine
Belus or Serapis their gods, or seat
Their kings. Milton.
A spirit of envy or opposition makes mankind uneasy to see
others of the same species seated above them in a sort of per­
fection. Pope.
3. To fix in any particular place or situation; to settle.
Should one family or one thousand hold possession of all the
southern undiscovered continent, because they had seated them­
selves in Nova Guiana. Raleigh.
By no means build too near a great neighbour, which were,
in truth, to be as unfortunately seated on the earth as Mercury
is in the heavens; for the most part ever in combustion, or
obscurity, under brighter beams than his own. Wotton.
4. To fix; to place firm.
Why do I yield to that suggestion,
Whose horrid image doth upfix my hair,
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs,
Against the use of nature. Shak. Macbeth.
From their foundations loosening to and fro,
They pluck'd the seated hills. Milton.

SE’AWARD. adv. [sea and weard, Saxon.] Towards the sea.
The rock rush'd seaward with impetuous roar,
Ingulf'd, and to th' abyss the boaster bore. Pope.
SEC

SE’CANT. n. s. [secans, Latin; secan'e, Fr.] In geometry, the
right line drawn from the centre of a circle, cutting and
meeting with another line called the tangent without it. Dict.

To SECE’DE. v. n. [secedo, Latin.] To withdraw from fel­
lowship in any affair.

SECE’DER. n. s. [from secede.] One who discovers his disap­
probation of any proceedings by withdrawing himself.

To SECE’RN. v. a. [secerno, Latin.] To separate finer from
grosser matter; to make the separation of substances in the
body.
Birds are commonly better meat than beasts, because their
flesh doth assimilate more finely, and secerneth more subtilly.
Bacon's Natural History.
The pituite or mucus secerned in the nose and windpipe, is
not an excrementitious but a laudable humour, necessary for
defending those parts, from which it is secerned, from exco­
riations. Arbuthnot.

SECE’SSION. n. s. [secessio, Latin.]
1. The act of departing.
The accession of bodies upon, or secession thereof from the
earth's surface, perturb not the equilibration of either hemi­
sphere. Brown.
2. The act of withdrawing from councils or actions.

SE’CLE. n. s. [siecle, French; seculum Latin.] A century.
Of a man's age, part he lives in his father's life-time, and
part after his son's birth; and thereupon it is wont to be said
that three generations make one secle, or hundred years in the
genealogies. Hammond's Pract. Catech.

To SECLU’DE. v. a. [secludo, Latin.] To confine from; to
shut up apart; to exclude.
None is secluded from that function of any degree, state, or
calling. Whitgiste.
Some parts of knowledge God has thought fit to seclude from
us, to fence them not only, as he did the interdicted tree, by
precept and commination, but with difficulties and impossibi­
lities. Decay of Piety.
The number of birds described may be near five hundred,
and the number of fishes, secluding shell-fish, as many; but if
the shell-fish be taken in, more than six times the number.
Ray on the Creation.
Inclose your tender plants in your conservatory, secluding
all entrance of cold. Evelyn's Kalendar.
Let eastern tyrants from the light of heaven
Seclude their bosom slaves. Thomson.

SE’COND. n. s. [second, French; secundus, Latin. It is ob­
servable that the English have no ordinal of two, as the Latins
and the nations deriving from them have none of duo. What
the Latins call secundus, from sequor, the Saxons term ower, or
æftera.]
1. The next in order to the first; the ordinal of two.
Sunk were their hearts with horror of the crime,
Nor needed to be warn'd a second time,
But bore each other back. Dryden.
2. Next in value or dignity; inferiour.
I shall not speak superlatively of them, lest I be suspected of
partiality; but this I may truly say, they are second to none in
the Christian world. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
None I know
Second to me, or like; equal much less. Milton.
My eyes are still the same; each glance, each grace,
Keep their first lustre, and maintain their place,
Not second yet to any other face. Dryden.
Not these huge bolts, by which the giants slain,
Lay overthrown on the Phlegrean plain;
'Twas of a lesser mould and lighter weight;
They call it thunder of a second rate. Addison.
By a sad train of miseries alone
Distinguish'd long, and second now to none. Pope.
Persons of second rate merit in their own country, like birds
of passage, thrive here, and fly off when their employments
are at an end. Swift.

SE’COND-HAND. n. s. Possession received from the first pos­
sessor.

SE’COND-HAND is sometimes used adjectively. Not original;
not primary.
Some men build so much upon authorities, they have but a
second-hand or implicit knowledge. Locke.
They are too proud to cringe to second-hand favourites in a
great family. Swift to Gay.
At SECOND-HAND. In imitation; in the second place of order;
by transmission; not primarily; not originally.
They pelted them with satyrs and epigrams, which perhaps
had been taken up at first only to make their court, and at
second-hand to flatter those who had flattered their king. Temple.
In imitation of preachers at second-hand, I shall transcribe
from Bruyere a piece of raillery. Tatler.
Spurious virtue in a maid;
A virtue but at second-hand. Swift.

SE’COND. n. s. [second, French; from the adjective.]
1. One who accompanies another in a duel to direct or defend
him.
Their seconds minister an oath,
Which was indifferent to them both,
That on their knightly faith and troth
No magick them supplied;
And sought them that they had no charms,
Wherewith to work each other's harms,
But came with simple open arms
To have their causes tried. Drayton's Nymphid.
Their first encounters were very furious, 'till after some toil
and bloodshed they were parted by the seconds. Addison.
Personal brawls come in as seconds to finish the dispute of
opinion. Watts.
2. One who supports or maintains; a supporter; a maintainer.
He propounded the duke as a main cause of divers infirmi­
ties in the state, being sure enough of seconds after the first
onset. Wotton.
Courage, when it is only a second to injustice, and falls on
without provocation, is a disadvantage to a character. Collier.
3. A second minute, the second division of an hour by sixty; the
sixtieth part of a minute.
Four flames of an equal magnitude will be kept alive the
space of sixteen second minutes, though one of these flames
alone, in the same vessel, will not last above twenty-five or at
most thirty seconds. Wilkins's Math. Magic.


Sounds move above 1140 English feet in a second minute of
time, and in seven or eight minutes of time about 100 Eng­
lish miles. Locke.

To SE’COND. v. a. [seconder, Fr. secundo, Lat. from the noun.]
1. To support; to forward; to assist; to come in after the act as
a maintainer
The authors of the former opinion were presently seconded
by other wittier and better learned, who being loth that the
form of church polity, which they sought to bring in, should
be otherwise than in the highest degree accounted of, took
first an exception against the difference between church polity
and matters of necessity to salvation. Hooker.
Though we here fall down,
We have supplies to second our attempt;
If they miscarry, theirs shall second them. Shak. Henry VI.
I to be the power of Israel's God
Avow, and challenge Dagon to the test,
Off'ring to combat thee his champion bold,
With th'utmost of his godhead seconded. Milton.
Familiar Ovid tender thoughts inspires,
And nature seconds all his soft desires. Roscommon.
If in company you offer something for a jest, and no body
seconds you in your laughter, you may condemn their taste;
but in the mean time you make a very indifferent figure. Swift.
In human works, though labour'd on with pain,
A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain;
In God's, one single can its ends produce,
Yet serves to second too some other use. Pope.
2. To follow in the next place.
You some permit
To second ills with ills. Shakespeare.
Having formerly discoursed of a maritimal voyage, I think
it not impertinent to second the same with some necessary rela­
tions concerning the royal navy. Raleigh.
He saw his guileful act
By Eve, though all unweeting, seconded
Upon her husband. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Sin is usually seconded with sin; and a man seldom commits
one sin to please, but he commits another to defend himself.
South's Sermons.

SE’COND Sight. n. s. The power of seeing things future, or
things distant: supposed inherent in some of the Scottish
islanders.
As he was going out to steal a sheep, he was seised with a
fit of second sight: the face of the country presented him with
a wide prospect of new scenes, which he had never seen be­
fore. Addison's Freeholder.

SE’COND sighted. adj. [from second sight.] Having the second
sight.
Sawney was descended of an ancient family, renowned for
their skill in prognosticks: most of his ancestors were second
sighted, and his mother but narrowly escaped for a witch. Add.

SE’CONDARILY. adv. [from secondary.] In the second degree;
in the second order; not primarily; not originally; not in
the first intention.
These atoms make the wind primarily tend downwards,
though other accidental causes impel them secondarily to a
sloping motion. Digby.
He confesses that temples are erected, and festivals kept, to
the honour of saints, at least secondarily. Stillingfleet.
It is primarily generated out of the effusion of melancho­
lick blood, or secondarily out of the dregs and remainder of a
phlegmonous or œdematick tumour. Harvey.

SE’CONDARINESS. n. s. [from secondary] The state of being
secondary.
That which is peculiar and discriminative, must be taken
from the primariness and secondariness of the perception. Norr.

SE’CONDARY. adj. [secundarius, Latin.]
1. Not primary; not of the first intention; not of the first
rate; next to the first.
Two are the radical differences: the secondary differences
are as four. Bacon's Natural History.
Wheresoever there is moral right on the one hand, no se­
condary right can discharge it. L'Estrange.
Gravitation is the powerful cement which holds together
this magnificent structure of the world, which stretcheth the
North over the empty space, and hangeth the earth upon
nothing, to transfer the words of Job from the first and real
cause to the secondary. Bentley.
If the system had been fortuitously formed by the conven­
ing matter of a chaos, how is it conceivable that all the pla­
nets, both primary and secondary, should revolve the same way
from the West to the East, and that in the same plane? Bentl.
2. Acting by transmission or deputation.
That we were form'd then, say'st thou? and the work
Of secondary hands, by task transfer'd
From father to his son? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v.
As in a watch's fine machine,
Though many artful springs are seen,
The added movements which declare
How full the moon, how old the year,
Derive their secondary pow'r
From that which simply points the hour. Prior.
3. A secondary fever is that which arises after a crisis, or the
discharge of some morbid matter, as after the declension of
the small pox or measles. Quincy.

SE’CONDARY. n. s. [from the adjective.] A delegate; a deputy.

SE’CONDLY. adv. [from second.] In the second place.
First she hath disobeyed the law, and secondly trespassed
against her husband. Ecclus. xxiii. 23.
First, metals are more durable than plants; and secondly,
they are more solid and hard. Bacon.
The house of commons in Ireland, and, secondly, the privy
council, addressed his majesty against these half-pence. Swift.

SE’CONDRATE. n. s. [second and rate.]
1. The second order in dignity or value.
They call it thunder of the secondrate. Addison's Ovid.
2. It is sometimes used adjectively, one of the second order. A
colloquial license.
He was not then a secondrate champion, as they would have
him, who think fortitude the first virtue in a hero. Dryden.

SE’CRECY. n. s. [from secret.]
1. Privacy; state of being hidden.
That's not suddenly to be perform'd,
But with advice and silent secrecy. Shak. Henry VI.
The lady Anne,
Whom the king hath in secrecy long married,
This day was view'd in open as his queen. Shakes. H. VIII.
In nature's book of infinite secrecy,
A little can I read. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
2. Solitude; retirement.
Thou in thy secrecy, although alone,
Best with thyself accompany'd, seek'st not
Social communication. Milton's Parad. Lost.
There is no such thing as perfect secrecy, to encourage a ra­
tional mind to the perpetration of any base action; for a man
must first extinguish and put out the great light within him,
his conscience; he must get away from himself, and shake off
the thousand witnesses which he always carries about him, be­
fore he can be alone. South's Sermons.
3. Forbearance of discovery.
It is not with publick as with private prayer: in this rather
secrecy is commanded than outward shew; whereas that being
the publick act of a whole society, requireth accordingly more
care to be had of external appearance. Hooker.
4. Fidelity to a secret; taciturnity inviolate; close silence.

SE’CRET. adj. [secret, French; secretus, Latin.]
1. Kept hidden; not revealed; concealed; private.
The secret things belong unto the Lord our God; but those
things which are revealed belong unto us. Deutr. xxix. 29.
2. Retired; private; unseen.
Thou open'st wisdom's way,
And giv'st access, though secret she retire:
And I perhaps am secret. Milton.
3. Faithful to a secret entrusted.
Secret Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
4. Unknown; not discovered: as, a secret remedy.
5. Privy; obscene.

SE’CRET. n. s. [secret, French; secretum, Latin.]
1. Something studiously hidden.
Infected minds
To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets. Shakesp.
There is no secret that they can hide from thee. Ezek. xxviii.
We not to explore the secrets ask
Of his eternal empire. Milton.
2. A thing unknown; something not yet discovered.
All blest secrets,
All you unpublish'd virtues of the earth. Shakes. King Lear.
All secrets of the deep, all nature's works. Milton.
The Romans seem not to have known the secret of paper­
credit. Arbuthnot.
3. Privacy; secrecy.
Bread eaten in secret is pleasant. Prov. ix. 17.
In secret, riding through the air she comes. Milton.

To SE’CRET. v. a. [from the noun.] To keep private.
Great care is to be used of the clerks of the council, for the
secreting of their consultations. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

SE’CRETARISHIP. n. s. [secretaire, Fr. from secretary.] The
office of a secretary.

SE’CRETARY. n. s. [secretaire, Fr. secretarius, low Latin.] One
entrusted with the management of business; one who writes
for another.
Call Gardiner to me, my new secretary. Shakesp.
That which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with
the secretaries, and employed men of ambassadors. Bacon.
Cottington was secretary to the prince. Clarendon.

To SECRE’TE. v. a. [secretus, Latin.]
1. To put aside; to hide.
2. [In the animal œconomy.] To secern; to separate.

SECRE’TION. n. s. [from secretus, Latin.]
1. That part of the animal œconomy that consists in separating
the various fluids of the body.
2. The fluid secreted.

SECRETI’TIOUS. adj. [from secretus, Latin.] Parted by ani­
mal secretion.


They have a similitude or contrariety to the secretitious hu­
mours in taste and quality. Floyer on the Humours.

SE’CRETIST. n. s. [from secret.] A dealer in secrets.
Some things I have not yet thought fit so plainly to reveal,
not out of any envious design of having them buried with me,
but that I may barter with those secretists, that will not part
with one secret but in exchange for another. Boyle.

SE’CRETLY. adv. [from secret.] Privately; privily; not open­
ly; not publickly; not so as to be known.
Give him this letter, do it secretly. Shakespeare.
Those thoughts are not wholly mine; but either they are
secretly in the poet, or may be fairly deduced from him. Dryd.
Now secretly with inward grief she pin'd;
Now warm resentments to his griefs he join'd. Addison.
Some may place their chief satisfaction in giving secretly
what is to be distributed; others, in being the open and
avowed instruments of making such distributions. Atterbury.

SE’CRETNESS. n. s. [from secret.]
1. State of being hidden.
2. Quality of keeping a secret.
I could muster up
My giants and my witches too,
Which are vast constancy and secretness. Donne.

SE’CRETORY. adj. [from secretus, Latin.] Performing the
office of secretion.
All the glands are a congeries of vessels complicated
together, whereby they give the blood time to separate through
the capillary vessels into the secretory, which afterwards exone­
rate themselves into one duct. Ray.

SECT. n. s. [secte, French; secta, Latin, from sectando.]
1. A body of men following some particular master, or united
in some settled tenets. Often in a bad sense.
We'll wear out,
In a wall'd prison, packs and sects of great ones,
That ebb and flow by th' moon. Shakes. King Lear.
The greatest vicissitude of things is the vicissitude of sects
and religions: the true religion is built upon the rock; the rest
are tossed upon the waves of time. Bacon's Essays.
The jealous sects that dare not trust their cause
So far from their own will as to the laws,
You for their umpire and their synod take. Dryden.
The academics were willing to admit the goods of fortune
into their notion of felicity; but no sects of old philosophers
did ever leave a room for greatness. Dryden.
A sect of free thinkers is a sum of ciphers. Bentley.
2. In Shakespeare it seems to be misprinted for set.
Of our unbitted lusts, I take this that you call love to be a
sect or cion. Shakesp. Othello.

SE’CTARISM. n. s. [from sect.] Disposition to petty sects in
opposition to things established.
Nothing hath more marks of schism and sectarism than this
presbyterian way. King Charles.

SE’CTARY. n. s. [sectaire, French; from sect.]
1. One who divides from publick establishment, and joins with
those distinguished by some particular whims.
My lord, you are a sectary,
That's the plain truth. Shakes.
Romish catholick tenets are inconsistent, on the one hand,
with the truth of religion professed and protested by the church
of England, whence we are called protestants; and the ana­
baptists, and separatists, and sectaries, on the other hand, whose
tenets are full of schism, and inconsistent with monarchy. Bac.
The number of sectaries does not concern the clergy in
point of interest or conscience. Swift.
2. A follower; a pupil.
The sectaries of my celestial skill,
That wont to be the world's chief ornament,
And learned imps that wont to shoot up still,
They under keep. Spenser.

SECTA’TOR. n. s. [sectateur, Fr. sectator, Latin.] A follower;
an imitator; a disciple.
Hereof the wiser sort and the best learned philosophers were
not ignorant, as Cicero witnesseth, gathering the opinion of
Aristotle and his sectators. Raleigh.

SE’CTION. n. s. [section, French; sectio, Latin.]
1. The act of cutting or dividing.
In the section of bodies, man, of all sensible creatures, has
the fullest brain to his proportion. Wotton.
2. A part divided from the rest.
3. A small and distinct part of a writing or book.
Instead of their law, which they might not read openly,
they read of the prophets, that which in likeness of matter
came nearest to each section of their law. Hooker.
The production of volatile salts I reserve 'till I mention
them in another section. Boyle.
Without breaking in upon the connection of his language,
it is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several argu­
ments in distinct sections. Locke.

SE’CTOR. n. s. [secteur, French.] In geometry.
Sector is an instrument made of wood or metal, with a joint,
and sometimes a piece to turn out to make a true square,
with lines of sines, tangents, secants, equal parts, rhumbs,
polygons, hours, latitudes, metals and solids. It is generally
useful in all the practical parts of the mathematicks, and par­
ticularly contrived for navigation, surveying, astronomy, dial­
ling, and projection of the sphere. All the lines of the sector
can be accommodated to any radius, which is done by taking
off all divisions parallelwise, and not lengthwise; the ground
of which practice is this, that parallels to the base of any plain
triangle, bear the same proportion to it as the parts of the legs
above the parallel do to the whole legs. Harris.

SE’CULAR. adj. [secularis, Latin; seculier, French.]
1. Not spiritual; relating to affairs of the present world; not
holy; worldly.
This in every several man's actions of common life, ap­
pertaineth unto moral; in publick and politick secular affairs,
unto civil wisdom. Hooker.
Then shall they seek t' avail themselves of names,
Places, and titles; and with these to join
Secular pow'r, though feigning still to act
By spiritual. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. [In the church of Rome.] Not bound by monastick rules.
Those northern nations easily embraced the religion of those
they subdued, and by their devotion gave great authority and
reverence, and thereby ease to the clergy both secular and re­
gular. Temple.
In France vast numbers of ecclesiasticks, secular and reli­
gious, live upon the labours of others. Addison.
3. [Seculaire, Fr.] Happening or coming once in a secle or century.
The secular year was kept but once in a century. Addison.

SECULA’RITY. n. s. [from secular.] Worldliness; attention to
the things of the present life.
Littleness and secularity of spirit is the greatest enemy to
contemplation. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To SE’CULARIZE. v. a. [seculariser, Fr. from secular.]
1. To convert from spiritual appropriations to common use.
2. To make worldly.

SE’CULARLY. adv. [from secular.] In a worldly manner.

SE’CULARNESS. n. s. [from secular.] Worldliness.

SE’CUNDINE. n. s. [secondines, secondes, Fr. secundæ, viz. partes
quod nascentem infantem sequantur. Ainsw.] The membrane
in which the embryo is wrapped; the after-birth.
The casting of the skin is by the ancients compared to the
breaking of the secundine, or cawl, but not rightly; for the
secundine is but a general cover, not shaped according to the
parts, but the skin is. Bacon's Nat. History.
Future ages lie
Wrapp'd in their sacred secundine asleep. Cowley.
If the fætus be taken out of the womb inclosed in the se­
cundines, it will continue to live, and the blood to circulate. Ray.

SECU’RE. adj. [securus, Latin.]
1. Free from fear; exempt from terrour; easy; assured.
Confidence then bore thee on secure
To meet no danger. Milton.
One maid she had, belov'd above the rest;
Secure of her, the secret she confess'd. Dryden.
In Lethe's lake souls long oblivion taste;
Of future life secure, forgetful of the past. Dryden.
But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes;
The more thy fortune frowns, the more oppose. Dryden.
We live and act as if we were perfectly secure of the final
event of things, however we may behave ourselves. Atterbury.
The portion of their wealth they design for the uses of the
poor, they may throw into one of these publick repositories,
secure that it will be well employed. Atterbury.
It concerns the most secure of his strength, to pray to God
not to expose him to an enemy. Rogers.
2. Careless; wanting caution; wanting vigilance.
3. Free from danger; safe.
Let us not then suspect our happy state,
As not secure to single or combin'd. Milton.
Messapus next,
Secure of steel, and fated from the fire,
In pomp appears. Dryden.
4. It has sometimes of before the object in all its senses; but
more properly from before evil, or the cause of evil.
Haply too secure of our discharge
From penalty. Milton.
Secure from fortune's blows,
Secure of what I cannot lose,
In my small pinnace I can sail. Dryden's Horace.

To SECU’RE. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make certain; to put out of hazard; to ascertain.
Nothing left
That might his happy state secure,
Secure from outward force. Milton.
I spread a cloud before the victor's sight,
Sustain'd the vanquish'd, and secur'd his flight;
Ev'n then secur'd him, when I sought with joy
The vow'd destruction of ungrateful Troy. Dryden.
Actions have their preference, not according to the tran­
sient pleasure or pain that accompanies or follows them here,
but as they serve to secure that perfect durable happiness here­
after. Locke.


Truth and certainty are not secured by innate principles; but
men are in the same uncertain floating estate with as without
them. Locke.
That prince who shall be so wise as by established laws of
liberty to secure protection to the honest industry of mankind,
against the oppression of power, will quickly be too hard for
his neighbours. Locke.
Deeper to wound, she shuns the fight;
She drops her arms to gain the field:
Secures her conquest by her flight,
And triumphs when she seems to yield. Prior.
Nothing can be more artful than the address of Ulysses: he
secures himself of a powerful advocate, by paying an ingenu­
ous and laudable deference to his friend. Broome.
2. To protect; to make safe.
Where two or three sciences are pursued at the same time,
if one of them be dry, as logick, let another be more enter­
taining, to secure the mind from weariness. Watts.
3. To insure.
4. To make fast.

SECU’RELY. adv. [from secure.] Without fear; carelesly;
without danger; safely.
Love, that had now long time securely slept
In Venus' lap, unarmed then and naked,
'Gan rear his head, by Clotho being waked. Spenser.
'Tis done like Hector, but securely done,
A little proudly, and great deal misprizing
The knight oppos'd. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
His daring foe securely him defy'd. Milton.
A soul that can securely death defy,
And count it nature's privilege to die. Dryden's Juven.
We upon our globe's last verge shall go,
And view the ocean leaning on the sky;
From thence our rolling neighbours we shall know,
And on the lunar world securely pry. Dryden.
Whether any of the reasonings are inconsistent, I securely
leave to the judgment of the reader. Atterbury.

SECU’REMENT. n. s. [from secure.] The cause of safety; pro­
tection; defence.
They, like Judas, desire death; Cain, on the contrary, grew
afraid thereof, and obtained a securement from it. Brown.

SECU’RITY. n. s. [securite, Fr. securitas, Lat. from secure.]
1. Carelessness; freedom from fear.
Marvellous security is always dangerous, when men will not
believe any bees to be in a hive, until they have a sharp sense
of their stings. Hayward.
2. Vitious carelessness; confidence; want of vigilance.
There is scarce truth enough alive to make societies secure;
but security enough to make fellowships accurst. Shakespeare.
How senseless then, and dead a soul hath he,
Which thinks his soul doth with his body die;
Or thinks not so, but so would have it be,
That he might sin with more security. Davies.
3. Protection; defence.
If the providence of God be taken away, what security have
we against those innumerable dangers to which human nature
is continually exposed? Tillotson.
4. Any thing given as a pledge or caution; insurance; assurance
for any thing.
When they had taken security of Jason, they let them go.
Acts xvii. 9.
It is possible for a man, who hath the appearance of reli­
gion, to be wicked and an hypocrite; but it is impossible for
a man, who openly declares against religion, to give any rea­
sonable security that he will not be false and cruel. Swift.
Exchequer bills have been generally reckoned the surest and
most sacred of all securities. Swift's Examiner.
The Romans do not seem to have known the secret of paper
credit, and securities upon mortgages. Arbuthnot on Coins.
5. Safety; certainty.
Some, who gave their advice for entering into a war, al­
leged that we should have no security for our trade, while Spain
was subject to a prince of the Bourbon family. Swift.
SED

SEDA’N. n. s. [from sedes, Latin.] A kind of portable coach;
a chair.
Some beg for absent persons, feign them sick,
Close mew'd in their sedans for want of air,
And for their wives produce an empty chair. Dryden.
By a tax of Cato's it was provided, that women's wearing
cloaths, ornament and sedan, exceeding 121 l. 1 s. 10 d. half­
penny, should pay 30 s. in the hundred pound value. Arbuthn.

SEDA’TE. adj. [sedatus, Latin.] Calm; quiet; still; un­
ruffled; undisturbed; serene.
With count'nance calm and soul sedate,
Thus Turnus. Dryden's æn.
Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and se­
date temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth. Watts.

SEDA’TELY. adv. [from sedate] Calmly; without disturbance.
That has most weight with them that appears sedately to
come from their parents reason. Locke.

SEDA’TENESS. n. s. [from sedate.] Calmness; tranquillity;
serenity; freedom from disturbance.
There is a particular sedateness in their conversation and be­
haviour that qualifies them for council, with a great intrepi­
dity that fits them for action. Addison on the War.

SE’DENTARINESS. n. s. [from sedentary.] The state of being
sedentary; inactivity.

SE’DENTARY. adj. [sedentaire, French; sedentario, Italian;
sedentarius, from sedeo, Latin.]
1. Passed in sitting still; wanting motion or action.
A sedentary life, appropriate to all students, crushes the
bowels; and, for want of stirring the body, suffers the spirits
to lie dormant. Harvey on Consumptions.
The blood of labouring people is more dense and heavy
than of those who live a sedentary life. Arbuthnot.
2. Torpid; inactive; sluggish; motionless.
The sedentary earth,
That better might with far less compass move,
Serv'd by more noble than herself, attains
Her end without least motion. Milton.
'Till length of years
And sedentary numbness, craze my limbs
To a contemptible old age obscure. Milton's Agonistes.
The soul, considered abstractedly from its passions, is of a
remiss sedentary nature, slow in its resolves, and languishing
in its executions. Addison's Spectator.

SEDGE. n. s. [sæcg, Saxon; whence, in the provinces, a
narrow flag is called a sag or seg.] A growth of narrow
flags; a narrow flag.
T' one layeth for turf and for sedge. Tusser.
The current, that with gentle murmur glides,
Thou know'st, being stopp'd, impatiently doth rage;
But when his fair course is not hindered,
He makes sweet musick with th' enamel'd stones,
Giving a gentle kiss to every sedge
He overtaketh in his pilgrimage;
And so by many winding nooks he strays,
With willing sport, to the wild ocean. Shakespeare.
Adonis, painted by a running brook,
And Cytherea all in sedges hid;
Which seem to move and wanton with her breath,
Even as the waving sedges play with wind. Shakespeare.
In hotter countries a fly called lucciole, that shineth as the
glow-worm, is chiefly upon fens and marshes; yet is not
seen but in the height of Summer, and sedge or other green of
the fens give as good shade as bushes. Bacon.
He hid himself in the sedges adjoining. Sandys.
My bonds I brake,
Fled from my guards, and in a muddy lake,
Amongst the sedges, all the night lay hid. Denham.
Niphates, with inverted urn,
And drooping sedge, shall his Armenia mourn. Dryden.

SE’DGY. adj. [from sedge.] Overgrown with narrow flags.
On the gentle Severn's sedgy bank,
In single opposition, hand to hand,
He did confound the best part of an hour,
In changing hardiment with great Glendower. Shak. H. IV.
Old father Thames rais'd up his reverend head,
But fear'd the fate of Simoeis would return:
Deep in his ooze he sought his sedgy bed,
And shrunk his waters back into his urn. Dryden.

SE’DIMENT. n. s. [sediment, French; sedimentum, Lat.] That
which subsides or settles at the bottom.
The salt water rises into a kind of scum on the top, and
partly goeth into a sediment in the bottom, and so is rather a
separation than an evaporation. Bacon's Nat. History.
It is not bare agitation, but the sediment at the bottom, that
troubles and defiles the water. South's Sermons.
That matter sunk not down 'till last of all, settling at the
surface of the sediment, and covering all the rest. Woodward.

SEDI’TION. n. s. [sedition, Fr. seditio, Latin.] A tumult; an
insurrection; a popular commotion; an uproar.
That sunshine brew'd a show'r for him,
That wash'd his father's fortunes forth of France,
And heap'd sedition on his crown at home. Shak. H. VI.
In soothing them we nourish, 'gainst our senate,
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shak. Coriolan.

SEDI’TIOUS. adj. [seditieux, Fr. seditiosus, Latin.] Factious
with tumult; turbulent.
The cause, why I have brought this army hither,
Is to remove proud Somerset from the king,
Seditious to his grace and to the state. Shakesp. H. VI.
Very many of the nobility in Edenborough, at that time,
did not appear yet in this seditious behaviour. Clarendon.
Thou return'st
From flight, seditious angel. Milton.
But if she has deform'd this earthly life
With murd'rous rapine and seditious strife,
In everlasting darkness must she lie;
Still more unhappy that she cannot die. Prior.

SEDI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from seditious.] Tumultuously; with
factious turbulence.

SEDI’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from seditious.] Turbulence; disposi­
tion to sedition.



To SEDU’CE. v. a. [seduco, Latin; seduire, French.] To
draw aside from the right; to tempt; to corrupt; to deprave;
to mislead; to deceive.
'Tis meet
That noble minds keep ever with their likes;
For who so firm that cannot be seduc'd? Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
Me the gold of France did not seduce,
Although I did admit it as a motive,
The sooner to effect what I intended. Shakesp. H. V.
A beauty-waining and distressed widow,
Seduc'd the pitch and height of all his thoughts
To base declension. Shakesp. R. III.
In the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving
heed to seducing spirits. 1 Tim. iv. 1.
I shall never gratify the spightfulness of a few with any
sinister thoughts of all their allegiance, whom pious frauds
have seduced. King Charles.
Subtle he needs must be who could seduce
Angels. Milton.
Nor let false friends seduce thy mind to fame,
By arrogating Johnson's hostile name;
Let father Flecknoe fire thy mind with praise,
And uncle Ogleby thy envy raise. Dryden.

SEDU’CEMENT. n. s. [from seduce.] Practice of seduction; art
or means used in order to seduce.
To season them, and win them early to the love of virtue
and true labour, ere any flattering seducement or vain principle
seize them wandering, some easy and delightful book of edu­
cation should be read to them. Milton on Education.
Her hero's dangers touch'd the pitying pow'r,
The nymph's seducements, and the magick bow'r. Pope.

SEDU’CER. n. s. [from seduce.] One who draws aside from the
right; a tempter; a corrupter.
Grant it me, O king; otherwise a seducer flourishes, and a
poor maid is undone. Shakespeare.
There is a teaching by restraining seducers, and so removing
the hindrances of knowledge. South.
The soft seducer, with enticing looks,
The bellowing rivals to the fight provokes. Dryden.
He whose firm faith no reason could remove,
Will melt before that soft seducer, love. Dryden.

SEDU’CIBLE. adj. [from seduce.] Corruptible; capable of
being drawn aside.
The vicious example of ages past poisons the curiosity of
these present, affording a hint of sin unto seducible spirits.
Brown's Vulg. Errours.
We owe much of our errour to the power which our af­
fections have over our so easy seducible understandings. Glanv.

SEDU’CTION. n. s. [seduction, Fr. seductus, Latin.] The act
of seducing; the act of drawing aside.
Whatsoever mens faith, patience, or perseverance were,
any remarkable indulgence to this sin, the seduction of Balaam,
were sure to bring judgments. Hammond.
To procure the miseries of others in those extremities,
wherein we hold an hope to have no society ourselves, is a
strain above Lucifer, and a project beyond the primary seduc­
tion of hell. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Whereby is evident the easy seduction of men, neither in­
quiring into the verity of the substance, nor reforming upon
repugnance of circumstances. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The deceiver soon found out this soft place of Adam's, and
innocency itself did not secure him from this way of seduc­
tion. Glanv. Sceps.
Helen ascribes her seduction to Venus, and mentions nothing
of Paris. Pope.
A woman who is above flattery, and despises all praise, but
that which flows from the approbation of her own heart, is,
morally speaking, out of reach of seduction. Clarissa.

SEDU’LITY. n. s. [sedulitas, Latin.] Diligent assiduity; labo­
riousness; industry; application; intenseness of endeavour.
Man oftentimes pursues, with great sedulity and earnestness,
that which cannot stand him in any stead for vital pur­
pose. Hooker.
Let there be but the same propensity and bent of will to
religion, and there will be the same sedulity and indefatigable
industry in mens enquiries into it. South.

SE’DULOUS. adj. [sedulus, Latin.] Assiduous; industrious;
laborious; diligent; painful.
Not sedulous by nature to indite
Wars, hitherto the only argument
Heroick deem'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the
affection of the heart, and a sedulous application of the proper
means that may naturally lead us to such an end. L'Estrange.
The goat, now bright amidst her fellow stars,
Kind Amalthæa reach'd her teat, distent
With milk, thy early food: the sedulous bee
Distill'd her honey on thy purple lips. Prior.
The bare majority of a few representatives is often
procured by great industry and application, wherein those who
engage in the pursuits of malice are much more sedulous than
such as would prevent them. Swift.

SE’DULOUSLY. adv. [from sedulous.] Assiduously; industri­
ously; laboriously; diligently; painfully.
The ritual, preceptive, prophetick, and all other parts of
sacred writ, were most sedulously, most religiously guarded by
them. Government of the Tongue.
All things by experience
Are most improv'd; then sedulously think
To meliorate thy stock, no way or rule
Be unessay'd. Philips.

SE’DULOUSNESS. n. s. [from sedulous.] Assiduity; assiduous­
ness; industry; diligence.
SEE

SEE. n. s. [sedes, Latin.] The seat of episcopal power; the
diocess of a bishop.
You, my lord archbishop,
Whose see is by a civil peace maintain'd,
Whose beard the silver hand of peace hath touch'd,
Whose learning and good letters peace hath tutor'd,
Whose white investments figure innocence,
The dove and every blessed spirit of peace;
Wherefore do you so ill translate yourself
Out of the speech of peace, that bears such grace,
Into the harsh and boist'rous tongue of war? Shakes. H. IV.
It is a safe opinion for their sees, empires, and kingdoms;
and for themselves, if they be wise. Bacon.
The pope would use these treasures, in case of any great
calamity that should endanger the holy see. Addison.
Episcopal revenues were so low reduced, that three or four
sees were often united to make a tolerable competency. Swift.

To SEE. v. a. preter. I saw; part. pass. seen. [seon, Saxon;
sien, Dutch.]
1. To perceive by the eye.
Dear son Edgar,
Might I but live to see thee in my touch,
I'd say I had eyes again. Shakes. King Lear.
I was bowed down at the hearing of it; I was dismayed at
the seeing of it. Is. xxi. 3.
I speak that which I have seen with my father, and ye do
that which you have seen with yours. Jo. viii. 38.
He'll lead the life of gods, and be
By gods and heroes seen, and gods and heroes see. Dryden.
It was a right answer of the physician to his patient, that
had sore eyes: If you have more pleasure in the taste of wine
than in the use of your sight, wine is good for you; but if
the pleasure of seeing be greater to you than that of drinking,
wine is naught. Locke.
I see her sober over a sampler. Pope.
2. To observe; to find.
Seven other kine came up, lean fleshed, such as I never saw
for badness. Gen. xli. 19.
Such command we had,
To see that none thence issu'd forth a spy. Milton.
Give them first one simple idea, and see that they perfectly
comprehend it, before you go any farther. Locke.
The thunderbolt we see used by the greatest poet of Augus­
tus's age, to express irresistible force in battle. Addison.
3. To discover; to descry.
Who is so gross
As cannot see this palpable device?
Yet who so bold but says he sees it not?
When such ill dealings must be seen in thought. Shakespeare.
4. To converse with.
The main of them may be reduced to language, and to an
improvement in wisdom and prudence by seeing men, and con­
versing with people of different tempers and customs. Locke.
5. To attend; to remark.
I had a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care for
contradicting him. Addison's Freeholder.

To SEE. v. n.
1. To have the power of sight; to have by the eye perception
of things distant.
Who maketh the seeing or the blind? have not I the Lord?
Ex. iv. 11.
Air hath some secret degree of light; otherwise cats and
owls could not see in the night. Bacon's Natural History.
Could you see into my secret soul,
There you might read your own dominion doubled. Dryden.
2. To discern without deception.
Many sagacious persons will find us out, will look under our
mask, and see through all our fine pretensions, and discern the
absurdity of telling the world that we believe one thing when
we do the contrary. Tillotson.
You may see into the spirit of them all, and form your pen
from those general notions. Felton.
3. To enquire; to distinguish.
See whether fear doth make thee wrong her. Shakesp.
4. To be attentive.
Mark and perform it, see'st thou; for the fail
Of any point in't shall be death. Shakespeare.
5. To scheme; to contrive.
Cassio's a proper man: let me see now;
To get his place. Shakespeare's Othello.



SEE. interjection. [Originally the imperative of the verb see.]
Lo; look; observe; behold.
See, see! upon the banks of Boyne he stands,
By his own view adjusting his commands. Halifax.
See! the sole bliss heav'n could on all bestow,
Which who but feels can taste, but thinks can know? Pope.
See what it is to have a poet in your house. Pope.

SEED. n. s. [sæd, Saxon; seed, Danish; saed, Dutch.]
1. The organised particle produced by plants and animals, from
which new plants and animals are generated.
If you can look into the seeds of time,
And say which grain will grow and which will not,
Speak then to me. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Seed of a year old is the best, though some seed and grains
last better than others. Bacon's Nat. History.
That every plant has its seed is an evident sign of divine
providence. More.
Did they ever see any herbs, except those of the grass­
leaved tribe, come up without two seed leaves; which to me
is an argument that they came all of seed, there being no rea­
son else why they should produce two seed leaves different from
the subsequent. Ray.
Just gods! all other things their like produce;
The vine arises from her mother's juice:
When feeble plants or tender flow'rs decay,
They to their seed their images convey. Prior.
In the south part of Staffordshire they go to the north for
seed corn. Mortimer.
2. First principle; original.
The seed of whatsoever perfect virtue groweth from us, is
a right opinion touching things divine. Hooker.
3. Principle of production.
Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed,
Which may the like in coming ages breed. Waller.
4. Progeny; offspring; descendants.
Next him king Lear in happy peace long reign'd;
But had no issue male him to succeed,
But three fair daughters, which were well uptrain'd
In all that seemed fit for kingly seed. Fairy Queen.
The thing doth touch
The main of all your states, your blood, your seed. Daniel.
When God gave Canaan to Abraham, he thought fit to put
his seed into the grant too. Locke.
5. Race; generation; birth.
Of mortal seed they were not held,
Which other mortals so excel'd;
And beauty too in such excess,
As your's, Zelinda! claims no less. Waller.

To SEED. v. n. [from the noun.] To grow to perfect matu­
rity so as to shed the seed
Whate'er I plant, like corn on barren earth,
By an equivocal birth,
Seeds and runs up to poetry. Swift.
They pick up all the old roots, except what they design for
seed, which they let stand to seed the next year. Mortimer.

SE’EDCAKE. n. s. [seed and cake.] A sweet cake interspersed
with warm aromatick seeds.
Remember, wife,
The seedcake, the pasties, and furmenty pot. Tusser.

SEEDLIP. n. s. A vessel in which the sower carries his
seed. Ainsworth.
SEEDLOP. n. s. A vessel in which the sower carries his
seed. Ainsworth.

SE’EDPEARL. n. s. [seed and pearl.] Small grains of pearl.
In the dissolution of seedpearl in some acid menstruum, if a
good quantity of the little pearls be cast in whole, they will be
carried in swarms from the bottom to the top. Boyle.

SE’EDPLOT. n. s. [seed and plot.] The ground on which plants
are sowed to be afterwards transplanted.
To counsel others, a man must be furnished with an uni­
versal store in himself to the knowledge of all nature: that is
the matter and seedplot; there are the seats of all argument and
invention. Ben Johnson.
Humility is a seedplot of virtue, especially Christian,
which thrives best when 'tis deep rooted in the humble
lowly heart. Hammond.
It will not be unuseful to present a full narration of this re­
bellion, looking back to those passages by which the seedplots
were made and framed, from whence those mischiefs have
successively grown. Clarendon.

SE’EDTIME. n. s. [seed and time.] The season of sowing.
While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest shall not
cease. Gen. viii. 22.
If he would have two tributes in one year, he must give
them two seedtimes, and two harvests. Bacon.
The first rain fell upon the seedtime about October, and was
to make the seed to root; the latter was to fill the ear. Brown.
Their very seedtime was their harvest, and by sowing tares
they immediately reaped gold. Decay of Piety.
Day and night,
Seedtime and harvest, heat and hoary frost,
Shall hold their course, 'till fire purge all things. Milton.
He that too curiously observes the face of the heavens, by
missing his seedtime, will lose the hopes of his harvest. Atterb.

SE’EDLING. n. s. [from seed.] A young plant just risen from
the seed.
Carry into the shade such seedlings or plants as are for their
choiceness reserved in pots. Evelyn's Kalendar.

SE’EDNESS. n. s. [from seed.] Seedtime; the time of sowing.
Blossoming time
From the seedness the bare fallow brings
To teeming foyson. Shakes. Measure for Measure.

SE’EDSMAN. n. s. [seed and man.] The sower; he that scat­
ters the seed.
The higher Nilus swells
The more it promises: as it ebbs, the seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain,
And shortly comes to harvest. Shak. Ant. and Cleopat.

SEE’DY. adj. [from seed.] Abounding with seed.

SEE’ING. n. s. [from see.] Sight; vision.
Love adds a precious seeing to the eye. Shakespeare.

SEE’ING. adv. [vû que, French; from see. It would be
more grammatically written, as in French,
seen that, or provided that.] Since; sith; it being so that.
SEE’ING that. adv. [vû que, French; from see. It would be
more grammatically written, as in French,
seen that, or provided that.] Since; sith; it being so that.
Why should not they be as well victualled for so long time,
as the ships are usually for a year, seeing it is easier to keep
victuals on land than water? Spenser on Ireland.
How shall they have any trial of his doctrine, learning,
and ability to preach, seeing that he may not publickly either
teach or exhort, because he is not yet called to the mi­
nistry? Whitgifte.
Seeing every nation affords not experience and tradition
enough for all kind of learning, therefore we are taught the
languages of those people who have been most industrious af­
ter wisdom. Milton on Education.
Seeing they explained the phenomena of vision, imagina­
tion, and thought, by certain thin fleeces of atoms that flow
from the surfaces of bodies, and by their subtlety penetrate
any obstacle, and yet retain the exact lineaments of the several
bodies from which they proceed: in consequence of this hy­
pothesis they maintained, that we could have no phantasy of
any thing, but what did really subsist either intire or in its
several parts. Bentley's Sermons.

To SEEK. v. a. pret. I sought; part. pass. sought. [secan, Sax.
soecken, Dutch.]
1. To look for; to search for.
He did range the town to seek me out. Shakespeare.
I have a venturous fairy, that shall seek
The squirrel's hoard, and fetch thee thence new nuts. Shak.
Because of the money returned in our sacks, are we brought
in, that he may seek occasion against us, and take us for bond­
men. Gen. xliii. 18.
He seeketh unto him a cunning workman, to prepare a gra­
ven image. Is. xl. 20.
Seek thee a man which may go with thee. Tob. v. 3.
The king meant not to seek out nor to decline fighting with
them, if they put themselves in his way. Clarendon.
Sweet peace, where do'st thou dwell?
I humbly crave,
Let me once know;
I sought thee in a secret cave,
And ask'd if peace were there. Herbert.
So fatal 'twas to seek temptations out!
Most confidence has still most cause to doubt. Dryden.
We must seek out some other original of power for the go­
vernment of politicks than this of Adam, or else there will be
none at all in the world. Locke.
2. To solicit; to endeavour to gain.
Others tempting him, sought of him a sign. Lu. xi. 16.
The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat
from God. Ps. civ. 21.
God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares,
And not molest us, unless we ourselves
Seek them with wandering thoughts. Milton.
Oft our alliance other lands desir'd,
And what we seek of you, of us requir'd. Dryden.
3. To go to find.
Let us seek death, or, he not found, supply
His office. Milton.
Dardanus, though born
On Latian plains, yet sought the Phrygian shore. Dryden.
Like fury seiz'd the rest; the progress known,
All seek the mountains, and forsake the town. Dryden.
Since great Ulysses sought the Phrygian plains,
Within these walls inglorious silence reigns. Pope.
Indulge one labour more,
And seek Atrides on the Spartan shore. Pope.
4. To pursue by secret machinations.
I had a son,
Now outlaw'd from my blood; he sought my life. Shakesp.
David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life. 1 Sa. xxiii.

To SEEK. v. n.
1. To make search; to make inquiry; to endeavour.
Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read. Is. xxxiv.
Why should he mean me ill, or seek to harm? Milton.


Ask not what pains, nor further seek to know
Their process, or the forms of law below. Dryden.
I have been forced to relinquish that opinion, and have en­
deavoured to seek after some better reason. Addison's Spectat.
2. To make pursuit.
Violent men have sought after my soul. Ps. lxxxvi. 14.
If thy brother's ox or sheep go astray, it shall be with thee
until thy brother seek after it. Deut. xxii. 2.
3. To apply to; to use solicitation.
All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom. 1 K.
Unto his habitation shall ye seek, and thither thou shalt
come. Deutr. xii. 5.
4. To endeavour after.
Being a man of experience, he wished by wisdom to order
that which the young prince sought for by war. Knolles.

To SEEK. [An adverbial mode of speech.] At a loss; without
measures, knowledge, or experience.
Being brought and transferred from other services abroad,
though they be of good experience in those, yet in these they
will be new to seek; and before they have gathered experience,
they shall buy it with great loss to his majesty. Spenser.
Unpractis'd, unprepar'd, and still to seek. Milton.
But they misplace them all;
And are as much to seek in other things,
As he that only can design a tree,
Would be to draw a shipwreck. Roscommon.

SEE’KER. n. s. [from seek.] One that seeks; an inquirer.
Though I confess that in philosophy I'm a seeker, yet can­
not believe that a sceptick in philosophy must be one in divi­
nity. Glanv.
A language of a very witty volatile people, seekers after no­
velty, and abounding with variety of notions. Locke.

SEE’KSORROW. n. s. [seek and sorrow.] One who contrives to
give himself vexation.
Afield they go, where many lookers be,
And thou seeksorrw, Klaius, them among:
Indeed thou saidst it was thy friend to see,
Strephon, whose absence seem'd unto thee long. Sidney.

To SEEL. v. a. [seeller, to seal, French.] To close the eyes.
A term of falconry, the eyes of a wild or haggard hawk
being for a time seeled or closed.
Now she brought them to see a seeled dove, who the blinder
she was, the higher she strave. Sidney.
As gentle hind, whose sides with cruel steel
Through lanced, her bleeding life does rain;
While the sad pang approaching she does feel,
Brays out her latest breath, and up her eyes doth seel. F. Q.
Mine eyes no more on vanity shall feed,
But seeled up with death shall have their deadly meed. F. Q.
Come, seeling night,
Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of
danger and envy; for no man will take such parts, unless he
be like the seeled dove, that mounts and mounts, because he
cannot see about him. Bacon.
Since, blinded with ambition, he did soar
Like a seeled dove, his crime shall be his punishment,
To be depriv'd of sight. Denham's Sophy.

To SEEL. v. n. [sllan, Saxon.] To lean on one side.
When a ship seels or rowls in foul weather, the breaking
loose of ordnance is a thing very dangerous. Raleigh.

SEE’LY. adj. [from seel, lucky time, Saxon.]
1. Lucky; happy.
My seely sheep like well below,
For they been hale enough and trow,
And liken their abode. Spenser.
2. Silly; foolish; simple. Spenser.
Peacock and turkie, that nibbles off top,
Are very ill neighbours to seely poor hop. Tusser.

To SEEM. v. n. [sembler, French; unless it has a Teutonick
original, as seemly certainly has.]
1. To appear; to make a show; to have semblance.
My lord, you've lost a friend, indeed;
And I dare swear, you borrow not that face
Of seeming sorrow; it is sure your own. Shakesp. H. IV.
Speak: we will not trust our eyes
Without our ears: thou art not what thou seem'st. Shakes.
So spake th' Omnipotent; and with his words
All seem'd well pleas'd; all seem'd, but were not all. Milton.
In holy nuptials ty'd;
A seeming widow, and a secret bride. Dryden.
Observe the youth
Already seems to snuff the vital air. Dryden's æn.
2. To have the appearance of truth.
It seems to me, that the true reason why we have so few
versions which are tolerable, is because there are so few who
have all the talents requisite for translation. Dryden.
3. In Shakespeare, to seem, perhaps signifies to be beautiful.
Sir, there she stands:
If aught within that little seeming substance
May fitly like your grace,
She's there, and she is your's. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. It SEEMS. A phrase hard to be explained. It sometimes
signifies that there is an appearance, though no reality; but
generally it is used ironically to condem the thing mentioned,
like the Latin scilicet, or the old English forsooth. Id mihi
datur negotii scilicet. This, it seems, is to be my task.
The earth by these, 'tis said,
This single crop of men and women bred;
Who, grown adult, so chance, it seems, enjoin'd,
Did male and female propagate. Blackmore's Creation.
5. It is sometimes a slight affirmation.
A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his mistress upon a
great lake. Addison's Guardian.
The raven, urg'd by such impertinence,
Grew passionate, it seems, and took offence. Addison.
He had been a chief magistrate; and had, it seems, exe­
cuted that high office justly and honourably. Atterbury.
It seems that when first I was discovered sleeping on the
ground, the emperor had early notice. Gulliver.
6. It appears to be.
Here's another discontented paper,
Found in his pocket too; and this, it seems,
Rodorigo meant t' have sent. Shakesp. Othello.
It seems the camel's hair is taken by painters for the skin
with the hair on. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SEE’MER. n. s. [from seem.] One that carries an appearance.
Angelo scarce confesses
That his blood flows, or that his appetite
Is more to bread than stone: hence shall we see,
If pow'r change purpose, what our seemers be. Shakespeare.

SEE’MING. n. s. [from seem.]
1. Appearance; show; semblance.
All good seeming,
By thy revolt, oh husband, shall be thought
Put on for villainy. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Give him heedful note;
And, after, we will both our judgments join
In censure of his seeming. Shak. Hamlet.
2. Fair appearance.
For you there's rosemary and rue; these keep
Seeming and savour all the Winter long. Shakespeare.
3. Opinion.
Nothing more clear unto their seeming, than that a new Je­
rusalem, being often spoken of in Scripture, they undoubtedly
were themselves that new Jerusalem. Hooker.
His persuasive words impregn'd
With reason to her seeming. Milton.

SEE’MINGLY. adv. [from seeming.] In appearance; in show;
in semblance.
To this her mother's plot,
She, seemingly obedient, likewise hath
Made promise to the doctor. Shak. Merry Wives of Winds.
They to their viands fell, not seemingly
The angels, nor in mist. Milton.
I have touched upon them, though seemingly collateral to
my scope; and yet I think they are more than seemingly so,
since they pertinently illustrate my design. Glanv. Sceps.
The city dame was so well bred, as seemingly to take all in
good part. L'Estrange.
The king and haughty empress, to our wonder,
If not aton'd, yet seemingly at peace. Dryden.
This the father seemingly complied with; but afterwards re­
fusing, the son was likewise set aside. Addison's Freeholder.
They depend often on remote and seemingly disproportioned
causes. Atterbury.

SEE’MINGNESS. n. s. [from seeming.] Plausibility; fair ap­
pearance.
The seemingness of those reasons persuades us on the other
side. Digby.

SEE’MLINESS. n. s. [from seemly.] Decency; handsomeness;
comeliness; grace; beauty.
When substantialness combineth with delightfulness, seemli­
ness with portliness, and currentness with stayedness, how can
the language sound other than full of sweetness? Camden.

SEE’MLY. adj. [soommeligt, Danish, from soome, Islandick,
honour or decency.] Decent; becoming; proper; fit.
Suspence of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and
seemlier for Christian men, than the hot pursuit of these con­
troversies. Hooker.
I am a woman, lacking wit
To make a seemly answer to such persons. Shakes. H. VIII.
The wife safest and seemliest by her husband stays. Milton.
May we enjoy
Our humid products, and with seemly draughts
Enkindle mirth and hospitable love. Phillips.

SEE’MLY. adv. [from the adjective.] In a decent manner; in
a proper manner.
There, seemly rang'd in peaceful order, stood
Ulysses' arms, now long disus'd to blood. Pope.

SEEN. adj. [from see.] Skilled; versed.
Petruchio shall offer me, disguis'd in sober robes,
To old Baptista as a schoolmaster
Well seen in musick. Shakespeare.


Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen,
Than his great brother read in states and men. Dryden.

SE’ER. n. s. [from see.]
1. One who sees.
We are in hopes that you may prove a dreamer of dreams,
and a seer of visions. Addison's Spectator.
2. A prophet; one who foresees future events.
How soon hath thy prediction, seer blest!
Measur'd this transient world the race of time,
'Till time stand fix'd? Milton's Paradise Lost, b. xii.
By day your frighted seers
Shall call for fountains to express their tears,
And wish their eyes were floods: by night from dreams
Of opening gulphs, black storms, and raging flames,
Starting amaz'd, shall to the people show
Emblems of heav'nly wrath and mystick types of woe. Pri.

SEE’RWOOD. n. s. See SEARWOOD. Dry wood.
Caught, like dry stubble fir'd, or like searwood;
Yet from the wound ensu'd no purple flood,
But look'd a bubbling mass of frying blood. Dryden.

SEE’SAW. n. s. [from saw.] A receprocating motion.
His wit all seesaw, between that and this;
Now high, now low, now master up, now miss,
And he himself one vile antithesis. Pope.

To SEE’SAW. v. n. [from saw.] To move with a reciprocating
motion.
Sometimes they were like to pull John over, then it went
all of a sudden again on John's side; so they went seesawing
up and down, from one end of the room to the other. Arbut.

To SEETH. v. a. preterite I sod or seethed; part. pass. sodden. 
[seodan, Saxon; soeden, Dutch.] To boil; to decoct in hot
liquor.
The Scythians used to seeth the flesh in the hide, and so do
the northern Irish. Spenser.
Go, suck the subtile blood o' th' grape,
'Till the high fever seeth your blood to froth,
And so 'scape hanging. Shakespeare's Timon.
Set on the great pot, and seeth pottage for the sons of the
prophets. 2 Kings iv.

To SEETH. v. n. To be in a state of ebullition; to be hot.
The boiling baths at Cairbadon,
Which seeth with secret fire eternally,
And in their entrails, full of quick brimston,
Nourish the flames, which they are warm'd upon. Fa. Qu.
I will make a complimental assault upon him; for my busi­
ness seeths. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
Lovers and madmen have their seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends. Shakespeare.
The priest's servant came, while the flesh was in seething,
with a flesh-hook, and stuck it into the pan. 1 Sa. ii. 13.

SEE’THER. n. s. [from seeth.] A boiler; a pot.
The fire thus form'd, she sets the kettle on;
Like burnish'd gold the little seether shone. Dryden.

SE’GMENT. n. s. [segment, French; segmentum, Lat.] A figure
contained between a chord and an arch of the circle, or so
much of the circle as is cut off by that chord.
Even unto a parallel sphere, and such as live under the poles
for half a year, some segments may appear at any time, and
under any quarter, the sun not setting, but walking round.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Their segments or arcs, which appeared so numerous, for
the most part exceeded not the third part of a circle. Newton.

SE’GNITY. n. s. [from segnis, Latin.] Sluggishness; inacti­
vity. Dict.

To SE’GREGATE. v. a. [segrego, Latin; segreger, French.]
To set apart; to separate from others.

SEGREGA’TION. n. s. [segregation, Fr. from segregate.] Sepa­
ration from others.
What shall we hear of this?
—A segregation of the Turkish fleet;
For do but stand upon the foaming shore,
The chiding billows seem to pelt the clouds. Shak. Othello.
SEI

SEIGNEU’RIAL. adj. [from seignior.] Invested with large
powers; independant.
Those lands were seigneurial. Temple.

SE’IGNIOR. n. s. [from senior, Latin; seigneur, Fr.] A lord.
The title of honour given by Italians.

SE’IGNIORY. n. s. [seigneurie, Fr. from seignior.] A lordship;
a territory.
O'Neal never had any seigniory over that country, but what
by incroachment he got upon the English. Spenser.
Were you not restor'd
To all the duke of Norfolk's seigniories? Shakesp. H. IV.
Hosea, in the person of God, sayeth of the Jews, they have
reigned, but not by me; they have set a seigniory over them­
selves: which place proveth plainly, that there are govern­
ments which God doth not avow. Bacon.
William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, being lord of all
Leinster, had royal jurisdiction throughout that province, and
every one of his five sons enjoyed that seigniory successively.
Davies on Ireland.

SE’IGNORAGE. n. s. [seigneuriage, Fr. from seignior.] Autho­
rity; acknowledgment of power.
They brought work to the mint, and a part of the money
coined to the crown for seignorage. Locke.

To SE’IGNORISE. v. a. [from seignior.] To lord over.
As fair he was as Cytherea's make,
As proud as he that seignoriseth hell. Fairfax.

SEINE. n. s. [segne, Saxon; seine, senne, seme, French.] A net
used in fishing.
They have cock-boats for passengers, and seine boats for
taking of pilchards. Carow.

SE’INER. n. s. [from seine.] A fisher with nets.
Seiners complain with open mouth, that these drovers work
much prejudice to the commonwealth of fishermen, and reap
small gain to themselves. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.

To SEIZE. v. a. [saisir, French.]
1. To take possession of; to grasp; to lay hold on; to fasten on.
In her sad breast the prince's fortunes rowl,
And hope and doubt alternate seize her soul. Pope.
2. To take forcible possession of by law.
An escheator of London had arrested a clothier that was
outlawed, and seized his goods. Camden.
It was judged by the highest kind of judgment, that he
should be banished, and his whole estate confiscated and seized,
and his houses pulled down. Bacon.
3. To make possessed.
So th' one for wrong, the other strives for right:
As when a griffin, seized of his prey,
A dragon fierce encount'reth in his flight,
Through wildest air making his idle way. Fa. Queen.
So Pluto, seiz'd of Proserpine, convey'd
To hell's tremenduous gloom th' affrighted maid,
There grimly smil'd, pleas'd with the beauteous prize,
Nor envy'd Jove his sunshine and his skies. Addis. Cato.

To SEIZE. v. n. To fix the grasp or the power on any thing.
Fairest Cordelia,
Thee and thy virtues here I seize upon:
Be't lawful I take up what's cast away? Shakesp. K. Lear.
Where there is a design of supplanting, that necessarily re­
quires another of accusing: even Jezebel projects not to seize
on Naboth's vineyard without a precedent charge. Dec. of Piety.

SE’IZIN. n. s. [saisine, French.]
1. [In law.] Is of two sorts: seisin in fact, and seisin in law:
Seisin in fact, is when a corporal possession is taken: seisin in
law, is when something is done which the law accounteth a
seisin, as an inrolment. This is as much as a right to lands
and tenements, though the owner be by wrong disseized of
them. Cowel.
2. The act of taking possession.
Every indulged sin gives Satan livery and seisin of his heart,
and a power to dispose of it as he pleases. Decay of Piety.
Seisin is the same in the canon law as livery and seisin at the
common law. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. The things possessed.
Many recoveries were had as well by heirs as successors of
the seizin of their predecessors. Hale.

SE’IZURE. n. s. [from seize.]
1. The act of seizing.
2. The thing seized.
Sufficient that thy pray'rs are heard, and death,
Then due by sentence when thou did'st transgress,
Defeated of his seizure, many days
Giv'n thee of grace. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. The act of taking forcible possession.
Thy lands, and all things that thou do'st call thine,
Worth seizure, do we seize into our hands. Shakespeare.
In the general town he maintained a seizure, and possession
of the whole. Wotton.
Henry continued to burn protestants, after he had cast off
the pope; and his seizure of ecclesiastical revenues cannot be
reckoned as a mark of the church's liberty. Swift.
4. Gripe; possession.
And shall these hands, so lately purg'd of blood,
Unyoke this seizure, and this kind regreet? Shakespeare.
Make o'er thy honour by a deed of trust,
And give me seizure of the mighty wealth. Dryden.
5. Catch.
Let there be no sudden seizure of a lapsed syllable to play
upon it. Watts.
SEL

SE’LCOUTH. adj. [seld, rare, Sax. and couth, known.] Un­
common. Spenser. The same with uncouth.

SE’LDOM. adv. [seldan, rarely; seldor, more rarely; sel­
dost, most rarely. Seldan is supposed to be contracted from
seldæn, or seld, rare, and hwænne, when, Saxon. Selden,
Dutch; seltan, German.] Rarely; not often; not fre­
quently.
Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one; and the ordi­
nary course of the world is more according to Job's observa­
tion, who giveth men advice to seek wisdom amongst the an­
cients, and in the length of days understanding. Hooker.
There is true joy conveyed to the heart by preventing grace,
which pardoning grace seldom gives. South's Sermons.


Where the flight of fancy is managed with good judgment,
the seldomer it is seen it is the more valuable. Grew.

SE’LDOMNESS. n. s. [from seldom.] Uncommonness; infre­
quency; rareness; rarity. Little used.
Degrees of well-doing there could be none, except perhaps
in the seldomness and oftenness of doing well. Hooker.

SE’LDSHOWN. adj. [seld and shown.] Seldom exhibited to
view.
Seldshown flamins
Do press among the popular throngs. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To SELE’CT. v. a. [selectus, Latin.] To chuse in preference
to others rejected.
The footmen, selected out of all the provinces, were greatly
diminished, being now scarce eight thousand strong. Knolles.
The pious chief
A hundred youths from all his train selects. Dryden.

SELE’CT. adj. [from the verb.] Nicely chosen; choice; culled
out on account of superiour excellence.
To the nuptial bow'r
I led her, blushing like the morn: all heav'n,
And happy constellations, on that hour
Shed their selectest influence. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Select from vulgar herds, with garlands gay,
A hundred bulls ascend the sacred way. Prior.

SELE’CTION. n. s. [selectio, Lat. from select.] The act of
culling or chusing; choice.
While we single out several dishes, and reject others, the
selection seems but arbitrary. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SELE’CTNESS. n. s. [from select.] The state of being select.

SELE’CTOR. n. s. [from select.] He who selects.

SELENOGRA’PHICAL. adj. [selenographique, Fr. from selenogra­
phy.] Belonging to selenography.
SELENOGRA’PHICK. adj. [selenographique, Fr. from selenogra­
phy.] Belonging to selenography.

SELE’NOGRAPHY. n. s. [selenographie, Fr. se???? and ??f?.]
A description of the moon.
Hevelius, in his accurate selenography, or description of the
moon, hath well translated the known appellations of regions,
seas, and mountains, unto the parts of that luminary. Brown.

SELF. pronoun. plur. selves. [silba, Gothick; slf, slfa, Sax.
self, selve, Dutch.]
1. Its primary signification seems to be that of an adjective:
very; particular; this above others; sometimes, one's own.
Shoot another arrow that self way
Which you did shoot the first. Shakesp. Merch. of Ven.
The cruel ministers, by self and violent hands,
Took off her life. Shakespeare.
On these self hills the air is so thin, that it is not sufficient
to bear up the body of a bird. Raleigh.
At that self moment enters Palamon
The gate of Venus. Dryden.
2. It is united both to the personal pronouns, and to the neu­
tral pronoun it, and is always added when they are used reci­
procally, or return upon themselves: as, I did not hurt him,
he hurt himself; the people hiss me, but I clap myself; thou lovest
thyself, though the world scorns thee.
Self is that conscious thinking thing, which is sensible or con­
scious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness and misery,
and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness ex­
tends. Locke.
3. It is sometimes used emphatically in the nominative case: as,
myself will decide it; I myself will come; himself shall revenge
it. This use of self, thus compounded, without the pronoun
personal, is chiefly poetical.
4. Compounded with him, a pronoun substantive, self is in ap­
pearance an adjective: joined to my, thy, our, your, pronoun
adjectives, it seems a substantive. Even when compounded
with him it is at last found to be a substantive, by its variation
in the plural, contrary to the nature of English adjectives, as
himself, themselves.
5. Myself, himself, themselves, and the rest, may, contrary to
the analogy of my, him, them, be used as nominatives.
6. It often adds only emphasis and force to the pronoun with
which it is compounded.
Next to the knowledge of God, this knowledge of our
selves seems most worthy of our endeavour. Hale.
The fondness we have for self, and the relation which other
things have to our selves, furnishes another long rank of pre­
judices. Watts.
7. It signifies the individual, as subject to his own contem­
plation or action.
The spark of noble courage now awake,
And strive your excellent self to excel. Fairy Queen.
Since consciousness always accompanies thinking, and it is
that that makes every one to be what he calls self, and thereby
distinguishes himself from all other thinking things; in this
alone consists personal identity, i. e. the sameness of a rational
being. Locke.
It is by the consciousness it has of its present thoughts and
actions, that it is self to it self now, and so will be the same
self, as far as the same consciousness can extend to actions past
or to come. Locke.
8. It is much used in composition, which it is proper to explain
by a train of examples. It is to be observed, that its compo­
sition in Shakespeare is often harsh.
Then held she her tongue, and cast down a self accusing
look, finding that in her self she had shot out of the bow of
her affection a more quick opening of her mind, than she
minded to have done. Sidney.
Alas! while we are wrapt in foggy mist
Of our self-love, so passions do deceive,
We think they hurt when most they do assist. Sidney.
'Till Strephon's plaining voice him nearer drew,
Where by his words his self-like case he knew. Sidney.
Ah! where was first that cruel cunning found,
To frame of earth a vessel of the mind,
Where it should be to self-destruction bound? Sidney.
Before the door sat self-consuming care,
Day and night keeping wary watch and ward. Fa. Queen.
My strange and self-abuse,
Is the initiate fear that wants hard use. Shakes. Macbeth.
I have heard so much,
And with Demetrius thought t' have spoke thereof;
But being over-full of self-affairs,
My mind did lose it. Shakesp. Midsum. Night's Dream.
Nor know I aught
By me that's said or done amiss this night,
Unless self-charity be sometimes a vice,
And to defend ourselves it be a sin,
When violence assails us. Shakespeare's Othello.
He walks, and that self-chain about his neck,
Which he forswore. Shakespeare.
It is in my power, in one self-born hour,
To plant and o'erwhelm custom. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
His treasons will sit blushing in his face,
Not able to endure the sight of day,
But self-affrighted tremble at his sin. Shak. Rich. II.
The stars above us govern our conditions;
Else one self-mate and mate could not beget
Such different issues. Shakespeare.
I'm made of that self-metal as my sister,
And prize me at her worth. Shak. King Lear.
In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft,
I shot his fellow of the self-same flight
The self-same way, with more advised watch,
To find the other forth. Shakespeare.
He may do some good on her:
A peevish self-will'd harlotry it is. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
But lest myself be guilty of self-wrong,
I'll stop mine ears against the mermaid's song. Shakespeare.
He conjunct and flatt'ring his displeasure,
Tript me behind: being down, insulted, rail'd,
Got praises of the king,
For him attempting who was self-subdu'd. Shakespeare.
The Everlasting fixt
His canon 'gainst self-slaughter. Shak. Hamlet.
Know if his last purpose hold,
Or whether since he is advis'd by aught
To change the course? He's full of alteration,
And self-reproving. Shakes. King Lear.
More or less to others paying,
Than by self-offences weighing;
Shame to him whose cruel striking,
Kills for faults of his own liking! Shakespeare.
Bellona's bridegroom, lapt in proof,
Confronted him with self-caparisons,
Point against point rebellious, arm 'gainst arm,
Curbing his lavish spirit. Shak. Macbeth.
Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin
As self-neglecting. Shakes. Henry V.
Anger is like
A full hot horse, who, being allow'd his way,
Self-mettle tires him. Shakespeare.
His lords desire him to have borne
His bruised helmet and his bended sword
Before him through the city; he forbids it,
Being free from vainness and self-glorious pride. Shakesp.
You promis'd
To lay aside self-harming heaviness,
And entertain a cheerful disposition. Shakes. Rich. III.
In their anger they slew a man, and in their self-will they
digged down a wall. Gen. xlix. 6.
The most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty, especially
in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sen­
sible of every restraint as to think their girdles and garters to
be bonds and shackles. Bacon.
Hast thou set up nothing in competition with God; no
pride, pleasure, profit, self-love, or self-interest of thy own?
Duppa.
Up through the spacious palace passed she,
To where the king's proudly reposed head,
If any can be soft to tyranny,
And self-tormenting sin, had a soft bed. Crashaw.


With a joyful willingness these self-loving reformers took
possession of all vacant preferments, and with reluctance others
parted with their beloved colleges and subsistence. Walton.
Repent the sin; but if the punishment
Thou can'st avoid, self-preservation bids. Milton.
Him fast sleeping soon he found,
In labyrinth of many a round self-roll'd. Milton.
Oft times nothing profits more
Than self-esteem, grounded on just and right,
Well manag'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Self-knowing, and from thence
Magnanimous, to correspond with heav'n. Milton.
So virtue giv'n for lost,
Deprest and overthrown, as seem'd,
Like that self-begotten bird,
In th' Arabian woods embost,
That no second knows nor third,
And lay ere while a holocaust,
From out her ashy womb now teem'd. Milton's Agonist.
He sorrows now, repents, and prays contrite,
My motions in him: longer than they move,
His heart I know how variable and vain,
Self-left. Milton.
Seneca approves this self-homicide. Hakewill.
Thyself from flatt'ring self-conceit defend,
Nor what thou do'st not know, to know pretend. Denham.
Man's that savage beast, whose mind,
From reason to self-love declin'd,
Delights to prey upon his kind. Denham.
Farewel, my tears;
And my just anger be no more confin'd
To vain complaints, or self-devouring silence. Denham.
They are yet more mad to think that men may go to rest
by death, though they die in self-murder, the greatest sin.
Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
Are not these strange self-delusions, and yet attested by
common experience? South's Sermons.
If the image of God is only sovereignty, certainly we have
been hitherto much mistaken, and hereafter are to beware of
making ourselves unlike God, by too much self-denial and
humility. South's Sermons.
If a man would have a devout, humble, sin-abhorring, self­
denying frame of spirit, he cannot take a more efficacious
course to attain it than by praying himself into it. South.
Let a man apply himself to the difficult work of self-exa­
mination by a strict scrutiny into the whole estate of his
soul. South's Sermons.
A fatal self-imposture, such as defeats the design, and de­
stroys the force of all religion. South's Sermons.
When he intends to bereave the world of an illustrious
person, he may cast him upon a bold self-opinioned physician,
worse than his distemper, who shall make a shift to cure him
into his grave. South's Sermons.
Neglect of friends can never be proved rational, 'till we
prove the person using it omnipotent and self-sufficient, and
such as can never need any mortal assistance. South.
By all human laws, as well as divine, self-murder has ever
been agreed on as the greatest crime. Temple.
A self-conceited fop will swallow any thing. L'Estrange.
From Atreus though your ancient lineage came;
Yet my self-conscious worth, your high renown,
Your virtue, through the neighb'ring nations blown. Dryd.
He has given you all the commendation which his self­
sufficiency could afford to any. Dryden.
Below you sphere
There hangs the ball of earth and water mixt,
Self-center'd and unmov'd. Dryden's State of Innocence.
All these receive their birth from other things,
But from himself the phœnix only springs;
Self-born, begotten by the parent flame
In which he burn'd, another and the same. Dryden.
The burning fire that shone so bright,
Flew off all sudden with extinguish'd light,
And left one altar dark, a little space;
Which turn'd self-kindled, and renew'd the blaze. Dryden.
Thou first, O king! release the rights of sway;
Pow'r, self-restrain'd, the people best obey. Dryden.
Eighteen and nineteen are equal to thirty-seven, by the same
self-evidence that one and two are equal to three. Locke.
A contradiction of what has been said, is a mark of yet
greater pride and self-conceitedness, when we take upon us to
set another right in his story. Locke.
I am as justly accountable for any action done many years
since, appropriated to me now by this self-consciousness, as I
am for what I did the last moment. Locke.
Each intermediate idea agreeing on each side with those two,
it is immediately placed between: the ideas of men and self­
determination appear to be connected. Locke.
This self-existent being hath the power of perfection, as
well as of existence in himself; for he that is above, or exist­
eth without, any cause, that is, hath the power of existence
in himself, cannot be without the power of any possible exist­
ence. Grew's Cosm. Sacr.
Body cannot be self-existent, because it is not self-movent;
for motion is not of the essence of body, because we may
have a definitive conception of body, abstracted from that of
motion: wherefore motion is something else besides body, and
something without which a body may be conceived to exist.
Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
Confidence, as opposed to modesty, and distinguished from
decent assurance, proceeds from self-opinion, occasioned by
ignorance or flattery. Collier of Confidence.
Bewilder'd I, my author cannot find,
'Till some first cause, some self-existent mind,
Who form'd, and rules all nature, is assign'd. Blackm.
If a first body may to any place
Be not determin'd in the boundless space,
'Tis plain it then may absent be from all,
Who then will this a self-existence call? Blackmore.
Shall nature, erring from her first command,
Self-preservation fall by her own hand? Granville.
Low nonsense is the talent of a cold phlegmatick temper:
a writer of this complexion gropes his way softly amongst
self-contradiction, and grovels in absurdities. Addison.
This fatal hypocrisy and self-deceit is taken notice of in
these words, Who can understand his errours? Cleanse thou
me from secret faults. Addison's Spectator.
The guilt of perjury is so self-evident, that it was always
reckoned amongst the greatest crimes, by those who were
only governed by the light of reason. Addison.
Self-sufficiency proceeds from inexperience. Addison.
Men had better own their ignorance than advance doctrines
which are self-contradictory. Spectator.
Light, which of all bodies is nearest allied to spirit, is also
most diffusive and self-communicative. Norris.
Thus we see in bodies, the more of kin they are to spirit in
subtilty and refinement, the more spreading are they and self­
diffusive. Norris.
God, who is an absolute spiritual act, and who is such a
pure light as in which there is no darkness, must needs be in­
finitely self-imparting and communicative. Norris.
Every animal is conscious of some individual, self-moving,
self-determining principle. Pope and Arbuthn. Mart. Scrib.
Nick does not pretend to be a gentleman: he is a trades­
man, a self-seeking wretch. Arbuthn. John Bull.
By the blast of self-opinion mov'd,
We wish to charm, and seek to be belov'd. Prior.
Living and understanding substances do most clearly
demonstrate to philosophical inquirers the necessary self­
existence, power, wisdom, and beneficence of their maker.
Bentley's Sermons.
If it can intrinsically stir itself, and either commence or
alter its course, it must have a principle of self-activity, which
is life and sense. Bentley's Sermons.
This desire of existence is a natural affection of the soul;
'tis self-preservation in the highest and truest meaning. Bentley.
The philosophers, and even the Epicureans, maintained the
self-sufficiency of the Godhead, and seldom or never sacrificed
at all. Bentley's Sermons.
Matter is not endued with self-motion, nor with a power to
alter the course in which it is put: it is merely passive, and
must ever continue in that state it is settled in. Cheyne.
I took not arms, 'till urg'd by self-defence,
The eldest law of nature. Rowe's Ambit. Stepmother.
His labour and study would have shewn his early mistakes,
and cured him of self-flattering delusions. Watts.
This is not to be done in a rash and self-sufficient manner;
but with an humble dependance on divine grace, while we
walk among snares. Watts.
The religion of Jesus, with all its self-denials, virtues, and
devotions, is very practicable. Watts.
I heard in Crete, this island's name;
For 'twas in Crete, my native soil, I came
Self-banish'd thence. Pope's Odyssey.
Achilles's courage is furious and untractable; that of Ajax
is heavy and self-confiding. Pope.
I doom, to fix the gallant ship,
A mark of vengeance on the sable deep;
To warn the thoughtless self-confiding train,
No more unlicens'd thus to brave the main. Pope.
What is loose love? a transient gust,
A vapour fed from wild desire,
A wand'ring self-consuming fire. Pope.
In dubious thought the king awaits,
And self-considering, as he stands, debates. Pope.
By mighty Jove's command,
Unwilling have I trod this pleasing land;
For who self-mov'd with weary wing would sweep
Such length of ocean? Pope.


They who reach Parnassus' lofty crown,
Employ their pains to spurn some others down;
And while self-love each jealous writer rules,
Contending wits become the sport of fools. Pope.
It may be thought that Ulysses here is too ostentatious, and
that he dwells more than modesty allows upon his own accom­
plishments; but self-praise is sometimes no fault. Broome.
No wonder such a spirit, in such a situation, is provoked
beyond the regards of religion or self-conviction. Swift.

SE’LFHEAL. n. s. [brunella, Latin.] A plant. The same with

SANICLE, which see.

SE’LFISH. adj. [from self.] Attentive only to one's own inte­
rest; void of regard for others.
What could the most aspiring selfish man desire more, were
he to form the notion of a being to whom he would recom­
mend himself, than such a knowledge as can discover the least
appearance of perfection, and such a goodness as will propor­
tion a reward to it? Addison's Spectator.
Passions, though selfish, if their means be fair,
List under reason, and deserve her care;
Those that imparted court a nobler aim,
Exalt their kind, and take some virtue's name. Pope.

SE’LFISHNESS. n. s. [from selfish.] Attention to his own in­
terest, without any regard to others; self-love.
This sublimer love, being, by an intimate conjunction with
its object, throughly refined from all base dross of selfishness
and interest, nobly begets a perfect submission of our wills to
the will of God. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

SE’LFISHLY. adv. [from selfish.] With regard only to his own
interest; without love of others.
He can your merit selfishly approve,
And shew the sense of it without the love. Pope.

SE’LFSAME. adj. [self and same.] Numerically the same.
I have no great cause to look for other than the self-same
portion and lot, which your manner hath been hitherto to lay
on them that concur not in opinion with you. Hooker, Pref.
Flight pursu'd one way the self-same hour. Milton.
I have been base,
Base ev'n to him from whom I did receive
All that a son could to a parent give:
Behold me punish'd in the self-same kind;
Th' ungrateful does a more ungrateful find. Dryden.

SE’LION. n. s. [selio, low Latin.] A ridge of land. Ainsw.

SELL. pronoun. [for self.] Sell is retained in Scotland for self,
and sells in the plural for selves.
They turn round like grindle-stones,
Which they dig out fro' the dells,
For their bairns bread, wives and sells. Ben. Johnson.

SELL. n. s. [selle, French; sella, Latin.] A saddle.
Turning to that place, in which
He left his lofty steed with golden sells,
And goodly gorgeous barbes, him found not there. F. Qu.

To SELL. v. a. [sllan, Saxon; sela, Islandick.] To give
for a price; the word correlative to buy; to vend.
The Midianites sold him unto Egypt, unto Potiphar. Gen.
Let us sell him to the Ishmaelites. Gen. xxxvii. 27.
The first tenth part I gave to the sons of Aaron, and another
I sold away. Tob. i. 7.
All the inns and publick houses are obliged to furnish them­
selves with corn, which is sold out at a much dearer rate than
'tis bought up. Addison on Italy.
You have made an order that ale should be sold for three
half-pence a quart. Swift.

To SELL. v. n. To have commerce or traffick with one.
I will buy with you, sell with you; but I will not eat with
you. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Consult not with a buyer of selling. Ecclus. xxxvii. 11.

SE’LLANDER. n. s. A dry scab in a horse's hough or pas­
tern. Ainsworth.

SE’LLER. n. s. [from sell.] The person that sells; vender.
To things of sale a seller's praise belongs. Shakespeare.
The name of the agent, of the seller, notary, and wit­
nesses, are in both instruments. Addison on Italy.

SE’LVAGE. n. s. [Of this word I know not the etymology.
Skinner thinks selvage is said as salvage, from its saving the
cloath.] The edge of cloath where it is closed by compli­
cating the threads.
Make loops of blue upon the edge of the one curtain from
the selvage in the coupling. Ex. xxvi. 4.

SELVES. The plural of self.
Consciousness being interrupted, and we losing sight of
our past selves, doubts are raised whether we are the same. Locke.
SEM

SE’MBLABLE. adj. [semblable, French.] Like; resembling.
Then be abhorr'd
All feasts, societies, and throngs of men!
His semblable, yea himself, Timon disdains. Shakespeare.
With semblable reason we might expect a regularity in the
winds. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SE’MBLABLY. adv. [from semblable.] With resemblance.
A gallant knight he was, his name was Blunt;
Semblably furnish'd like the king himself. Shakesp. H. IV.

SE’MBLANCE. n. s. [semblance, Fr. from semblant.]
1. Likeness; resemblance; similitude; representation.
Solicit Henry with her wond'rous praise;
Bethink thee on her virtues, that surmount
Her natural graces, that extinguish art:
Repeat their semblance often. Shakespeare.
She's but the sign and semblance of her honour:
Behold how like a maid she blushes here!
O, what authority and shew of truth
Can cunning sin cover itself withal! Shakespeare.
He with high words, that bore
Semblance of worth, not substance, gently rais'd
Their fainting courage, and dispell'd their fears. Milton.
This last effort brought forth the opinion, that these bodies
are not what they seem to be; that they are no shells, but
mere sportings of active nature, and only semblances or imita­
tions of shells. Woodward.
It is not his meaning that we put on the outward face and
semblance of virtue, only to conceal and disguise our vice. Rog.
2. Appearance; show; figure.
Be you the soldier; for you likest are,
For manly semblance and for skill in war. Spenser.
Their semblance kind, and mild their gestures were,
Peace in their hands, and friendship in their face. Fairfax.
All that fair and good in thy divine
Semblance, and in thy beauty's heav'nly ray,
United I beheld. Milt. Par. Lost.

SE’MBLANT. adj. [semblant, French.] Like; resembling;
having the appearance of any thing. Little used.
In despite of age, of impious flame,
And eating time, thy picture, like thy fame,
Entire may last; that as their eyes survey
The semblant shade, men yet unborn may say,
Thus great, thus gracious look'd Britannia's queen;
Her brow thus smooth, her look was thus serene. Prior.

SE’MBLANT. n. s. Show; figure; resemblance; representa­
tion. Not in use.
Her purpose was not such as she did feign,
Ne yet her person such as it was seen;
But under simple shew, and semblant plain,
Lurks false Duessa, secretly unseen. Fairy Queen.
Full lively is the semblant, tho' the substance dead. Spens.

SE’MBLATIVE. adj. [from semblant.] Suitable; accommodate;
fit; resembling.
Diana's lip
Is not more smooth and ruby; thy small pipe
Is as the maiden's organ, shrill and sound;
And all is semblative a woman's part. Shak. Twelfth Night.

To SE’MBLE. v. n. [sembler, French.] To represent; to make
a likeness. Little used.
Let Europe, sav'd, the column high erect,
Than Trajan's higher, or than Antonine's,
Where sembling art may carve the fair effect,
And full atchievement of thy great designs. Prior.

SEMI. n. s. [Latin.] A word which, used in composition,
signifies half: as semicircle, half a circle.

SE’MIANNULAR. adj. [semi and annulus, a ring.] Half round.
Another boar tusk, somewhat slenderer, and of a semian­
nular figure. Grew's Musæum.

SE’MIBREF. n. s. [semibreve, French]
Semibref is a note in musick relating to time, and is the last
in augmentation. It is commonly called the master-note, or
measure-note, or time-note, as being of a certain determinate
measure or length of time by itself; and all the other notes of
augmentation and diminution are adjusted to its value. Harris.
He takes my hand, and as a still which stays
A semibref, 'twixt each drop, he niggardly,
As loth to enrich me, so tells many a lye. Donne.

SEMICI’RCLE. n. s. [semicirculus, Lat. semi and circle.] A half
round; part of a circle divided by the diameter.
Black brows
Become some women best, so they be in a semicircle,
Or a half-moon, made with a pen. Shakespeare.
Has he given the lye
In circle, or oblique, or semicircle,
Or direct parallel? Shakespeare.
The chains that held my left leg gave me the liberty of
walking backwards and forwards in a semicircle. Swift.

SEMICI’RCLED. adj. [semi and circular.] Half round.
SEMICI’RCULAR. adj. [semi and circular.] Half round.
The firm fixure of thy foot would give an excellent mo­
tion to thy gait, in a semicircled farthingale. Shakespeare.
The rainbow is caused by the rays of the sun falling upon a
rorid and opposite cloud, whereof some reflected, others re­
fracted, beget the semicircular variety we call the rainbow.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The seas are inclosed between the two semicircular moles
that surround it. Addison on Italy.

SEMICO’LON. n. s. [semi and ????.] Half a colon; a point
made thus [;] to note a greater pause than that of a comma.



SEMIDIA’METER. n. s. [semi and diameter.] Half the line
which, drawn through the centre of a circle, divides it into
two equal parts; a streight line drawn from the circumference
to the center of a circle.
Their difference is as little considerable as a semidiameter of
the earth in two measures of the highest heaven, the one
taken from the surface of the earth, the other from its centre:
the disproportion is just nothing. More.
The force of this instrument consists in the disproportion
of distance betwixt the semidiameter of the cylinder and the
semidiameter of the rundle with the spokes. Wilkins.

SEMIDIAPHANE’ITY. n. s. [semi and diaphaneity.] Half
transparency; imperfect transparency.
The transparency or semidiaphaneity of the superficial cor­
puscles of bigger bodies may have an interest in the produc­
tion of their colours. Boyle on Colours.

SEMIDIA’PHANOUS. adj [semi and diaphanous.] Half trans­
parent; imperfectly transparent.
Another plate, finely variegated with a semidiaphanous grey
or sky, yellow and brown. Woodward on Fossils.

SE’MIDOUBLE. n. s. [semi and double.] In the Romish bre­
viary, such offices and feast as are celebrated with less solem­
nity than the double ones, but yet with more than the single
ones. Bailey.

SEMIFLO’SCULOUS. adj. [semi and flosculus, Latin.] Having
a semifloret. Bailey.

SE’MIFLORET. n. s. [semi and floret.] Among florists, an
half flourish, which is tubulous at the beginning like a floret,
and afterwards expanded in the form of a tongue. Bailey.

SEMIFLU’ID. adj. [semi and fluid.] Imperfectly fluid.
Phlegm, or petuite, is a sort of semifluid, it being so far
solid that one part draws along several other parts adhering to
it, which doth not happen in a perfect fluid, and yet no part
will draw the whole mass, as happens in a perfect solid Arb.

SEMILU’NAR. adj. [semilunaire, Fr. semi and luna, Latin.]
Resembling in form a half moon.
SEMILU’NARY. adj. [semilunaire, Fr. semi and luna, Latin.]
Resembling in form a half moon.
The eyes are guarded with a semilunar ridge. Grew.

SE’MIMETAL. n. s. [semi and metal.] Half metal; imperfect
metal.
Semimetals are metallick fossils, heavy, opake, of a bright
glittering surface, and not malleable under the hammer; such
as quicksilver, antimony, cobalt, with the arsenicks, bismuth,
zink, with its ore calamine: to these may be added the semi­
metallick recrements, such as tutty and pampholyx. Hill.

SEMINA’LITY. n. s. [from semen, Latin.]
1. The nature of seed.
As though there were a seminality in urine, or that, like the
seed, it carried with it the idea of every part, they foolishly
conceive we visibly behold therein the anatomy of every par­
ticle. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. The power of being produced.
In the seeds of wheat there lieth obscurely the seminality of
darnel. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SE’MINAL. adj. [seminal, French; seminis, Latin.]
1. Belonging to seed.
2. Contained in the seed; radical.
Had our senses never presented us with those obvious seminal
principles of apparent generations, we should never have
suspected that a plant or animal would have proceeded from
such unlikely materials. Glanv. Sceps.
Though we cannot prolong the period of a commonwealth
beyond the decree of heaven, or the date of its nature, any
more than human life beyond the strength of the seminal vir­
tue, yet we may manage a sickly constitution, and preserve a
strong one. Swift.

SE’MINARY. n. s. [seminaire, Fr. seminarium from semino, Lat.]
1. The ground where any thing is sown to be afterwards trans­
planted.
Some, at the first transplanting trees out of their seminaries,
cut them off about an inch from the ground, and plant them
like quickset. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. The place or original stock whence any thing is brought.
This stratum is still expanded at top of all, serving for a
common integument, and being the seminary or promptuary
that furnisheth forth matter for the formation and increment of
animal and vegetable bodies. Woodward.
3. Seminal state.
The hand of God, who first created the earth, hath wisely
contrived them in their proper seminaries, and where they best
maintain the intention of their species.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
4. Original; first principles.
Nothing subministrates apter matter to be converted into
pestilent seminaries, sooner than steams of nasty folks and
beggars. Harvey on the Plague.
5. Breeding place; place of education, from whence scholars
are transplanted into life.
It was the seat of the greatest monarchy, and the seminary
of the greatest men of the world, whilst it was heathen. Bacon.
The inns of court must be the worst instituted seminaries
in any Christian country. Swift.

SEMINA’TION. n. s. [from semino, Latin.] The act of
sowing.

SEMINI’FICAL. adj. [semen and facio, Latin] Productive of
seed.
SEMINI’FICK. adj. [semen and facio, Latin.] Productive of
seed.
We are made to believe, that in the fourteenth year males
are seminifical and pubescent; but he that shall inquire into
the generality, will rather adhere unto Aristotle. Brown.

SEMINIFICA’TION. n. s.
Seminification is the propagation from the seed or seminal
parts. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

SEMIOPA’COUS. adj. [semi and opacus, Latin.] Half dark.
Semiopacous bodies are such as, looked upon in an ordinary
light, and not held betwixt it and the eye, are not wont to be
discriminated from the rest of opacous bodies. Boyle.

SEMIPE’DAL. adj. [semi and pedis, Latin.] Containing half a
foot.

SEMIPERSPI’CUOUS. adj. [semi and perspicuus, Latin.] Half
transparent; imperfectly clear.
A kind of amethystine flint, not composed of crystals or
grains; but one intire massy stone, semiperspicuous, and of a
pale blue, almost of the colour of some cow's horns. Grew.

SEMIO’RDINATE. n. s. [In conick sections.] A line drawn
at right angles to and bissected by the axis, and reaching from
one side of the section to another; the half of which is pro­
perly the semiordinate, but is now called the ordinate. Harris.

SEMIPELLU’CID. adj. [semi and pellucidus, Latin.] Half clear;
imperfectly transparent.
A light grey semipellucid flint, of much the same complexion
with the common Indian agat. Woodward.

SE’MIPROOF. n. s. [semi and proof.] The proof of a single
evidence. Bailey.

SEMIQUA’DRATE. n. s. [In astronomy.] An aspect of the
planets when distant from each other forty
five degrees, or one sign and a half. Bailey.
SEMIQUA’RTILE. n. s. [In astronomy.] An aspect of the
planets when distant from each other forty
five degrees, or one sign and a half. Bailey.

SEMIQUA’VER. n. s. [In musick.] A note containing half the
quantity of the quaver. Bailey.

SEMIQUI’NTILE. n. s. [In astronomy.] An aspect of the pla­
nets when at the distance of thirty-six degrees from one an­
other. Bailey.

SEMISE’XTILE. n. s. [In astronomy.] A semisixth; an aspect of
the planets when they are distant from each other one twelfth
part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Bailey.

SEMISPHE’RICAL. adj. [semi and spherical.] Belonging to
half a sphere. Bailey.

SEMISPHERO’IDAL. adj. [semi and spheroidal.] Formed like a
half spheroid.

SEMITE’RTIAN. n. s. [semi and tertian.] An ague com­
pounded of a tertian and a quotidian. Bailey.
The natural product of such a cold moist year are tertians,
semitertians, and some quartans. Arbuthnot on Air.

SEMITO’NE. n. s. [semiton, French.] In musick, one of the
degrees of concinuous intervals of concords. Bailey.

SEMIVO’WEL. n. s. [semi and vowel.] A consonant which
makes an imperfect sound, or does not demand a total occlu­
sion of the mouth.
When Homer would represent any agreeable object, he
makes use of the smoothest vowels and most flowing semi­
vowels. Broome's Notes to the Odyssey.

SE’MPERVIVE. n. s. [semper and vivus, Latin, that is, always
alive] A plant.
The greater sempervive will put out branches two or three
years; but they wrap the root in an oil cloth once in half a
year. Bacon.

SEMPITE’RNAL. adj. [sempiternel, Fr. sempiternus, from semper
and æternus, Latin.]
1. Eternal in futurity; having beginning, but no end.
Those, though they suppose the world not to be eternal,
a parte ante, are not contented to suppose it to be sem­
piternal, or eternal a parte post; but will carry up the crea­
tion of the world to an immense antiquity. Hale.
2. In poetry it is used simply for eternal.
Should we the long depending scale ascend
Of sons and fathers, will it never end?
If 'twill, then must we through the order run,
To some one man whose being ne'er begun;
If that one man was sempiternal, why
Did he, since independant, ever die? Blackmore.

SEMPITE’RNITY. n. s. [sempiternitas, Latin.] Future dura­
tion without end.
The future eternity, or sempiternity of the world, being ad­
mitted, though the eternity a parte ante be denied, there will
be a future infinity for the emanation of the divine good­
ness. Hale.

SE’MSTRESS. n. s. [seamestre, Saxon.] A woman whose
business is to sew; a woman who lives by her needle.
Two hundred semstresses were employed to make me shirts,
and linnen for bed and table, which they were forced to quilt
together in several folds. Gulliver's Travels.
The tuck'd up semstress walks with hasty strides. Swift.
SEN

SE’NARY. adj. [senarius, seni, Latin.] Belonging to the num­
ber six; containing six.



SE’NATE. n. s. [senatus, Latin; senat, French.] An assembly
of counsellors; a body of men set apart to consult for the
publick good.
We debase
The nature of our seats, which will in time break ope
The locks o' th' senate, and bring in the crows
To peck the eagles. Shak. Coriolanus.
There they shall found
Their government, and their great senate chuse. Milton.
He had not us'd excursions, spears, or darts,
But counsel, order, and such aged arts;
Which, if our ancestors had not retain'd,
The senate's name our council had not gain'd. Denham.
Gallus was welcom'd to the sacred strand,
The senate rising to salute their guest. Dryden.

SE’NATEHOUSE. n. s. [senate and house.] Place of publick
council.
The nobles in great earnestness are going
All to the senatehouse; some news is come. Shakespeare.

SE’NATOR. n. s. [senator, Latin; senateur, French.] A pub­
lick counsellor.
Most unwise patricians,
You grave but reckless senators. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
As if to ev'ry fop it might belong,
Like senators, to censure, right or wrong. Granville.

SENATO’RIAL. adj. [senatorius, Lat. senatorial, senatorien, Fr.]
Belonging to senators; befitting senators.
SENATO’RIAN. adj. [senatorius, Lat. senatorial, senatorien, Fr.]
Belonging to senators; befitting senators.

To SEND. v. a. [sandgan, Gothick; sendan, Saxon; senden,
Dutch.]
1. To dispatch from one place to another.
There shalt thou serve thine enemies, which the Lord shall
send against thee, in hunger and in thirst. Deutr. xxviii. 48.
Send our brother with us, and we will go down. Gen. xliii.
His citizens sent a message after him, saying, we will not
have this man to reign over us. Lu. xix. 14.
The messenger came, and shewed David all that Joab had
sent him for. 2 Sa. xi. 22.
My overshadowing spirit and might with thee
I send along. Milton.
His wounded men he first sends off to shore. Dryden.
Servants, sent on messages, stay out somewhat longer than
the message requires. Swift.
2. To commission by authority to go and act.
There have been commissions
Sent down among them, which have flow'd the heart
Of all their loyalties. Shakes. Henry VIII.
3. To grant as from a distant place: as, if God send life.
I pray thee send me good speed this day, and shew kindness
unto my master. Gen. xxiv. 12.
O send out thy light and thy truth; let them lead me. Ps.
4. To inflict, as from a distance.
The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and re­
buke, in all that thou settest thine hand unto. Deutr. xxviii.
5. To emit; to immit; to produce.
The water sends forth plants that have no roots fixed in the
bottom, being almost but leaves. Bacon's Nat. History.
The senses send in only the influxes of material things, and
the imagination and memory present only their pictures or
images, when the objects themselves are absent. Cheyne.
6. To diffuse; to propagate.
When the fury took her stand on high,
A hiss from all the snaky tire went round:
The dreadful signal all the rocks rebound,
And through the Achaian cities send the sound. Pope.
7. To let fly; to cast or shoot.

To SEND. v. n.
1. To deliver or dispatch a message.
I have made bold to send in to your wife:
My suit is that she will to Desdemona
Procure me some access. Shakesp. Othello.
They could not attempt their perfect reformation in church
and state, 'till those votes were utterly abolished; therefore
they sent the same day again to the king. Clarendon.
2. To SEND for. To require by message to come, or cause
to be brought.
Go with me some few of you, and see the place; and then
you may send for your sick, which bring on land. Bacon.
He sent for me; and, while I rais'd his head,
He threw his aged arms about my neck,
And, seeing that I wept, he press'd me close. Dryden.

SE’NDER. n. s. [from send.] He that sends.
This was a merry message.
—We hope to make the sender blush at it. Shak. H. V.
Love that comes too late,
Like a remorseful pardon slowly carried,
To the great sender turns a sour offence. Shakespeare.
Best with the best, the sender, not the sent. Milton.

SENE’SCENCE. n. s. [senesco, Latin.] The state of growing
old; decay by time.
The earth and all things will continue in the state wherein
they now are, without the least senescence or decay, without
jarring, disorder, or invasion of one another. Woodward.

SE’NESCHAL. n. s. [seneschal, French, of uncertain original.]
1. One who had in great houses the care of feasts, or domestick
ceremonies.
John earl of Huntingdon, under his seal of arms, made sir
John Arundel, of Trerice, seneschal of his houshold, as well
in peace as in war. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
Marshal'd feast,
Serv'd up in hall with sewers and seneschals;
The skill of artifice, or office, mean! Milton's Par. Lost.
The seneschal rebuk'd, in haste withdrew;
With equal haste a menial train pursue. Pope's Odyssey.
2. It afterwards came to signify other offices.

SE’NGREEN. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

SE’NILE. adj. [senilis, Latin.] Belonging to old age; conse­
quent on old age.
My green youth made me very unripe for a task of that na­
ture, whose difficulty requires that it should be handled by a
person in whom nature, education, and time have happily
matched a senile maturity of judgment with youthful vigour of
fancy. Boyle on Colours.

SE’NIOR. n. s. [senior, Latin.]
1. One older than another; one who on account of longer
time has some superiority.
How can you admit your seniors to the examination or al­
lowing of them, not only being inferior in office and calling,
but in gifts also? Whitgifte.
2. An aged person.
A senior of the place replies,
Well read, and curious of antiquities. Dryden.

SENIO’RITY. n. s. [from senior.] Eldership; priority of birth.
As in all civil insurrections the ringleader is looked on with
a peculiar severity, so, in this case, the first provoker has, by
his seniority and primogeniture, a double portion of the guilt.
Government of the Tongue.
He was the elder brother, and Ulysses might be consigned to
his care, by the right due to his seniority. Broome.

SE’NNA. n. s. [sena, Latin.] A physical tree.
The flower, for the most part, consists of five leaves,
which are placed orbicularly, and expand in form of a rose:
the pointal afterwards becomes a plain, incurved, bivalve pod,
which is full of seeds, each being separated by a double thin
membrane. The species are three. The third sort, that used
in medicine, is at present very rare. Miller.
What rhubarb, senna, or what purgative drug,
Would scour these English hence! Shak. Macbeth.
Senna tree is of two sorts: the bastard senna, and the scor­
pion senna, both which yield a pleasant leaf and flower. Mort.

SE’NNIGHT. n. s. [Contracted from sevennight.] The space of
seven nights and days; a week. See FORTNIGHT.
Time trots hard with a young maid between the contract
of her marriage and the day it is solemnized: if the interim
be but a sennight, time's pace is so hard that it seems the length
of seven years. Shakesp. As you like it.

SENO’CULAR. adj. [seni and oculus, Latin.] Having six eyes.
Most animals are binocular, spiders octonocular, and some
senocular. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SENSA’TION. n. s. [sensation, French; sensatio, school Latin.]
Perception by means of the senses.
Diversity of constitution, or other circumstances, vary the
sensations; and to them of Java pepper is cold. Glanv. Sceps.
The brain, distempered by a cold, beating against the root
of the auditory nerve, and protracted to the tympanum, causes
the sensation of noise. Harvey on Consumptions.
This great source of most of the ideas we have, depending
wholly upon our senses, and derived by them to the under­
standing, I call sensation. Locke.
When we are asleep, joy and sorrow give us more vigorous
sensations of pain or pleasure than at any other time. Addison.
The happiest, upon a fair estimate, have stronger sensations
of pain than pleasure. Rogers.

SENSE. n. s. [sens, French; sensus, Latin.]
1. Faculty or power by which external objects are perceived;
the sight; touch; hearing; smell; taste.
This pow'r is sense, which from abroad doth bring
The colour, taste, and touch, and scent, and sound,
The quantity and shape of ev'ry thing
Within earth's centre, or heav'n's circle found:
And though things sensible be numberless,
But only five the sense's organs be;
And in those five, all things their forms express,
Which we can touch, taste, feel, or hear or see. Davies.
Then is the soul a nature, which contains
The pow'r of sense within a greater pow'r,
Which doth employ and use the sense's pains;
But fits and rules within her private bow'r. Davies.
Both contain
Within them ev'ry lower faculty
Of sense, whereby they hear, see, smell, touch, taste. Milt.
Of the five senses, two are usually and most properly called
the senses of learning, as being most capable of receiving com­
munication of thought and notions by selected signs; and these
are hearing and seeing. Holder's Elements of Speech.


2. Perception by the senses; sensation.
In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and
the affects of any one part of the body instantly make a trans­
cursion throughout the whole. Bacon's Natural History.
If we had nought but sense, then only they
Should have sound minds which have their senses sound;
But wisdom grows when senses do decay,
And folly most in quickest sense is found. Davies.
Such is the mighty swiftness of your mind,
That, like the earth's, it leaves the sense behind. Dryden.
3. Perception of intellect; apprehension of mind.
This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover, took as
though his mistress had given him a secret reprehension. Sidn.
God, to remove his ways from human sense,
Plac'd heav'n from earth so far. Milton.
Why hast thou added sense of endless woes? Milton.
4. Sensibility; quickness or keenness of perception.
He should have liv'd,
Save that his riotous youth, with dangerous sense,
Might in the times to come have ta'en revenge. Shakesp.
5. Understanding; soundness of faculties; strength of natural
reason.
Opprest nature sleeps:
This rest might yet have balm'd thy broken senses. Shakes.
God hath endued mankind with powers and abilities, which
we call natural light and reason, and common sense. Bentley.
There's something previous ev'n to taste; 'tis sense,
Good sense, which only is the gift of heav'n,
And, though no science, fairly worth the sev'n:
A light within yourself you must perceive;
Jones and Le Nôtre have it not to give. Pope.
6. Reason; reasonable meaning.
He raves; his words are loose
As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense:
You see he knows not me, his natural father;
That now the wind is got into his head,
And turns his brains to frenzy. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.
7. Opinion; notion; judgment.
I speak my private but impartial sense
With freedom, and, I hope, without offence. Roscommon.
8. Consciousness; conviction.
In the due sense of my want of learning, I only make a
confession of my own faith. Dryden.
9. Moral perception.
Some are so hardened in wickedness, as to have no sense of
the most friendly offices. L'Estrange.
10. Meaning; import.
In this sense to be preserved from all sin is not impossible.
Hooker, b. v.
My hearty friends,
You take me in too dolorous a sense. Shakespeare.
This comes out of a haughty presumption, that because we
are encouraged to believe that in some sense all things are made
for man, that therefore they are not made at all for them­
selves. More's Antidote against Atheism.
All before Richard I. is before time of memory; and what
is since, is, in a legal sense, within the time of memory. Hale.
In one sense it is, indeed, a building of gold and silver upon
the foundation of Christianity. Tillotson.
When a word has been used in two or three senses, and has
made a great inroad for error, drop one or two of those senses,
and leave it only one remaining, and affix the other senses or
ideas to other words. Watts's Logick.

SE’NSED. part. [from sense.] Perceived by the senses. A word
not in use.
Let the sciolist tell me, why things must needs be so as his
individual senses represent them: is he sure that objects are
not otherwise sensed by others, than they are by him? And why
must his sense be the infallible criterion? It may be, what is
white to us, is black to negroes. Glanv. Sceps.

SE’NSEFUL. adj. [from sense and full.] Reasonable; judicious.
Men, otherwise senseful and ingenious, quote such things
out of an author as would never pass in conversation. Norris.

SE’NSELESS. adj. [from sense.]
1. Wanting sense; wanting life; void of all life or perception.
The charm and venom, which they drunk,
Their blood with secret filth infected hath,
Being diffused through the senseless trunk,
That through the great contagion direful deadly stunk. F. Q.
The ears are senseless that should give us hearing,
To tell him his commandment is fulfill'd. Shak. Hamlet.
You blocks, you worse than senseless things! Shakesp.
It is as repugnant to the idea of senseless matter, that it should
put into itself sense, perception, and knowledge, as it is re­
pugnant to the idea of a triangle, that it should put into itself
greater angles than two right ones. Locke.
2. Unfeeling; wanting perception.
The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows. Rowe.
3. Unreasonable; stupid; doltish; blockish.
They would repent this their senseless perverseness when it
would be too late, and when they found themselves under a
power that would destroy them. Clarendon.
If we be not extremely foolish, thankless, or senseless, a great
joy is more apt to cure sorrow than a great trouble is. Taylor.
The great design of this authour's book is to prove this,
which I believe no man in the world was ever so senseless as to
deny. Tillotson.
She saw her favour was misplac'd;
The fellows had a wretched taste:
She needs must tell them to their face,
They were a senseless stupid race. Swift.
4. Contrary to true judgment; contrary to reason.
It is a senseless thing, in reason, to think that one of these
interests can stand without the other, when, in the very order
of natural causes, government is preserved by religion. South.
Other creatures, as well as monkeys, little wiser than they,
destroy their young by senseless sondness, and too much em­
bracing. Locke.
5. Wanting sensibility; wanting quickness or keenness of per­
ception.
To draw Mars like a young Hippolytus, with an effeminate
countenance, or that hot-spurred Harpalice in Virgil, pro­
ceedeth from a senseless and overcold judgment. Peacham.
6. Wanting knowledge; unconscious. With of.
The wretch is drench'd too deep;
His soul is stupid, and his heart asleep,
Fatten'd in vice; so callous and so gross,
He sins and sees not, senseless of his loss. Dryden.
Hear this,
You unhous'd, lawless, rambling libertines,
Senseless of any charm in love, beyond
The prostitution of a common bed. Southerne.

SE’NSELESSLY. adv. [from senseless.] In a senseless manner;
stupidly; unreasonably.
If any one should be found so senselessly arrogant as to sup­
pose man alone knowing and wise, but yet the product of
mere ignorance and chance, and that all the rest of the uni­
verse acted only by that blind hap-hazard, I shall leave with
him that very rational and emphatical rebuke of Tully. Locke.

SE’NSELESSNESS. n. s. [from senseless.] Folly; unreasonable­
ness; absurdity; stupidity.
The senselessness of the tradition of the crocodile's moving
his upper jaw, is plain from the articulation of the occiput
with the neck, and the nether jaw with the upper. Grew.

SENSIBI’LITY. n. s. [sensibilite, French.]
1. Quickness of sensation.
Modesty is a kind of quick and delicate feeling in the soul:
it is such an exquisite sensibility, as warns a woman to shun the
first appearance of every thing hurtful. Addison's Spectator.
2. Quickness of perception.

SE’NSIBLE. adj. [sensible, French; sensilis, Latin.]
1. Having the power of perceiving by the senses.
Would your cambrick were as sensible as your finger, that
you might leave pricking it for pity. Shakespeare.
These be those discourses of God, whose effects those that
live witness in themselves; the sensible in their sensible natures,
the reasonable in their reasonable souls. Raleigh.
A blind man conceives not colours, but under the notion
of some other sensible faculty. Glanv. Sceps.
2. Perceptible by the senses.
By reason man attaineth unto the knowledge of things that
are and are not sensible: it resteth, therefore, that we search how
man attaineth unto the knowledge of such things unsensible as
are to be known. Hooker.
Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle tow'rd my hand? Come, let me clutch thee:
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still:
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to sight? Shakesp. Macbeth.
The space left and acquired in every sensible moment in such
flow progressions, is so inconsiderable, that it cannot possibly
move the sense. Glanv. Sceps.
It is manifest that the heavens are void of all sensible resist­
ance, and by consequence of all sensible matter. Newton.
The far greater part of men are no otherwise moved than
by sense, and have neither leisure nor ability so far to improve
their power of reflection, as to be capable of conceiving the
divine perfections, without the assistance of sensible objects.
Rogers's Sermons.
Air is sensible to the touch by its motion, and by its re­
sistance to bodies moved in it. Arbuthnot on Air.
3. Perceived by the mind.
Idleness was punished by so many stripes in publick, and the
disgrace was more sensible than the pain. Temple.
4. Perceiving by either mind or senses; having perception by
the mind or senses.
This must needs remove
The sensible of pain. Milton.
I saw you in the East at your first arising: I was as soon
sensible as any of that light, when just shooting out, and be­
ginning to travel upwards to the meridian. Dryden.
I do not say there is no soul in man, because he is not sensible
of it in his sleep; but I do say, he cannot think at any time,
waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it. Locke.


The versification is as beautiful as the description complete;
every ear must be sensible of it. Broome's Notes on the Odyss. 
5. Having moral perception; having the quality of being affected
by moral good or ill.
If thou wert sensible of courtesy,
I should not make so great a shew of zeal. Shakespeare.
6. Having quick intellectual feeling; being easily or strongly affected.
Even I, the bold, the sensible of wrong,
Restrain'd by shame, was forc'd to hold my tongue. Dryd.
7. Convinced; persuaded. A low use.
They are very sensible that they had better have pushed their
conquests on the other side of the Adriatick; for then their
territories would have lain together. Addison.
8. In low conversation it has sometimes the sense of reasonable;
judicious; wise.
I have been tired with accounts from sensible men, furnished
with matters of fact, which have happened within their own
knowledge. Addison.

SE’NSIBLENESS. n. s. [from sensible.]
1. Possibility to be perceived by the senses.
2. Actual perception by mind or body.
3. Quickness of perception; sensibility.
The sensibleness of the eye renders it subject to pain, as
also unfit to be dressed with sharp medicaments. Sharp.
4. Painful consciousness.
There is no condition of soul more wretched than that of
the senseless obdurate sinner, being a kind of numbness of
soul; and, contrariwise, this feeling and sensibleness, and sorrow
for sin, the most vital quality. Hammond.
5. Judgment; reasonableness. An use not admitted but in con­
versation.

SE’NSIBLY. adv. [from sensible.]
1. Perceptibly to the senses.
He is your brother, lords; sensibly fed
Of that self-blood, that first gave life to you. Shakespeare.
A sudden pain in my right foot increased sensibly. Temple.
The salts of human urine may, by the violent motion of
the blood, be turned alkaline, and even corrosive; and so they
affect the fibres of the brain more sensibly than other parts. Arb.
2. With perception of either mind or body.
3. Externally; by impression on the senses.
That church of Christ, which we properly term his body
mystical, can be but one; neither can that one be sensibly dis­
cerned by any, inasmuch as the parts thereof are some in
heaven already with Christ. Hooker.
4. With quick intellectual perception.
5. In low language, judiciously; reasonably.

SE’NSITIVE. adj. [sensitif, French.] Having sense or percep­
tion, but not reason.
The sensitive faculty may have a sensitive love of some sen­
sitive objects, which though moderated so as not to fall into
sin; yet, through the nature of man's sense, may express it­
self more sensitively towards that inferior object than towards
God: this is a piece of human frailty. Hammond.
All the actions of the sensitive appetite are in painting called
passions, because the soul is agitated by them, and because the
body suffers and is sensibly altered. Dryden.
Bodies are such as are endued with a vegetative soul, as
plants; a sensitive soul, as animals; or a rational soul, as the
body of man. Ray.

SE’NSITIVE Plant. n. s. [mimosa, Latin.] A plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, which is shaped like a fun­
nel, having many stamina in the centre: these flowers are col­
lected into a round head: from the bottom of the flower rises
the pistillum, which afterwards becomes an oblong flat-jointed
pod, which opens both ways, and contains in each partition
one roundish seed. Of this plant the humble plants are a
species, which are so called, because, upon being touched, the
pedicle of their leaves falls downward; but the leaves of the
sensitive plant are only contracted. Miller.
Vegetables have many of them some degrees of motion,
and, upon the different application of other bodies to them,
do very briskly alter their figure and motion, and so have ob­
tained the name of sensitive plants, from a motion which has
some resemblance to that which in animals follows upon sen­
sation. Locke.
Whence does it happen, that the plant which well
We name the sensitive, should move and feel?
Whence know her leaves to answer her command,
And with quick horrour fly the neighb'ring hand? Prior.
The sensitive plant is so call'd, because, as soon as you touch
it, the leaf shrinks. Mortimer.

SE’NSITIVELY. adv. [from sensitive.] In a sensitive manner.
The sensitive faculty, through the nature of man's sense,
may express itself more sensitively towards an inferior object
than towards God: this is a piece of frailty. Hammond.

SENSO’RIUM. n. s. [Latin.]
SE’NSORY. n. s. [Latin.]
1. The part where the senses transmit their perceptions to the
mind; the seat of sense.
Spiritual species, both visible and audible, will work upon
the sensories, though they move not any other body. Bacon.
As sound in a bell or musical string, or other sounding
body, is nothing but a trembling motion, and the air nothing
but that motion propagated from the object, in the sensorium
'tis a sense of that motion under the form of sound. Newton.
Is not the sensory of animals the place to which the sensitive
substance is present, and into which the sensible species of
things are carried through the nerves of the brain, that there
they may be perceived by their immediate presence to that sub­
stance? Newton's Opt.
2. Organ of sensation.
That we all have double sensories, two eyes, two ears, is
an effectual confutation of this atheistical sophism. Bentley.

SE’NSUAL. adj. [sensuel, French.]
1. Consisting in sense; depending on sense; affecting the senses.
Men in general are too partial, in favour of a sensual appe­
tite, to take notice of truth when they have found it. L'Estr.
Far as creation's ample range extends,
The scale of sensual, mental pow'rs ascends. Pope.
2. Pleasing to the senses; carnal; not spiritual.
The greatest part of men are such as prefer their own pri­
vate good before all things, even that good which is sensual
before whatsoever is most divine. Hooker.
3. Devoted to sense; lewd; luxurious.
From amidst them rose
Belial, the dissolutest spirit that fell,
The sensuallest; and, after Asmodai,
The fleshliest incubus. Paradise Regain'd.
No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that
wherein sensual men place their felicity. Atterbury.

SE’NSUALIST. n. s. [from sensual.] A carnal person; one de­
voted to corporal pleasures.
Let atheists and sensualists satisfy themselves as they are
able; the former of which will find, that, as long as reason
keeps her ground, religion neither can nor will lose her's. South.

SENSUA’LITY. n. s. [from sensual.] Devotedness to the senses;
addiction to brutal and corporal pleasures.
But you are more intemperate in your blood
Than Venus, or those pamper'd animals
That rage in savage sensuality. Shakespeare.
Kill not her quick'ning pow'r with surfeitings;
Mar not her sense with sensuality:
Cast not her serious wit on idle things;
Make not her free will slave to vanity. Davies.
Sensuality is one kind of pleasure, such an one as it is. South.
They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted
by any sensuality, and diverted from the love of him who is to
be the only comfort and delight of their whole beings. Addis.
Impure and brutal sensuality was too much confirmed by the
religion of those countries, where even Venus and Bacchus
had their temples. Bentley.

To SE’NSUALIZE. v. a. [from sensual.] To sink to sensual
pleasures; to degrade the mind into subjection to the senses.
Not to suffer one's self to be sensualized by pleasures, like
those who were changed into brutes by Circe. Pope.

SE’NSUALLY. adv. [from sensual.] In a sensual manner.

SE’NSUOUS. adj. [from sense.] Tender; pathetick; full of
passion.
To this poetry would be made precedent, as being less
subtile and fine; but more simple, sensuous, and passionate. Milt.

SENT. The participle passive of send.
I make a decree that all Israel go with thee; forasmuch as
thou art sent of the king. Ezr. vii. 14.

SE’NTENCE. n. s. [sentence, French; sententia, Latin.]
1. Determination or decision, as of a judge civil or criminal.
The rule of voluntary agents on earth is the sentence that
reason giveth, concerning the goodness of those things which
they are to do. Hooker.
If we have neither voice from heaven, that so pronounceth
of them, neither sentence of men grounded upon such mani­
fest and clear proof, that they, in whose hands it is to alter
them, may likewise infallibly, even in heart and conscience,
judge them so; upon necessity to urge alteration, is to trouble
and disturb without necessity. Hooker.
How will I give sentence against them. Jer. iv. 12.
If matter of fact breaks out with too great an evidence to
be denied, why, still there are other lenitives, that friendship
will apply, before it will be brought to the decretory rigours
of a condemning sentence. South's Sermons.
Let him set out some of Luther's works, that by them we
may pass sentence upon his doctrines. Atterbury.
2. It is usually spoken of condemnation pronounced by the
judge; doom.
By the consent of all laws, in capital causes, the evidence
must be full and clear; and if so, where one man's life is in
question, what say we to a war, which is ever the sentence of
death upon many? Bacon's holy War.
What rests but that the mortal sentence pass? Milton.
3. A maxim; an axiom, generally moral.
A sentence may be defined a moral instruction couched in a
few words. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.


4. A short paragraph; a period in writing.
An excellent spirit, knowledge, understanding, and shew­
ing of hard sentences were found in Daniel. Dan. v. 12.

To SE’NTENCE. v. a. [sentencier, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To pass the last judgment on any one.
After this cold consid'rance, sentence me;
And, as you are a king, speak in your state,
What I have done that misbecame my place. Shakesp.
Came the mild judge and intercessor both,
To sentence man. Milton.
2. To condemn.
Could that decree from our brother come?
Nature herself is sentenc'd in your doom:
Piety is no more. Dryden.
Idleness, sentenced by the decurions, was punished by so
many stripes. Temple.

SENTENTIO’SITY. n. s. [from sententious.] Comprehension in
a sentence.
Vulgar precepts in morality carry with them nothing above
the line, or beyond the extemporary sententiosity of common
conceits with us. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

SENTE’NTIOUS. adj. [sentencieux, Fr. from sentence.] Abound­
ing with short sentences, axioms, and maxims, short and ener­
getick.
He is very swift and sententious. Shakesp. As you like it.
Eyes are vocal, tears have tongues:
Sententious showers! O let them fall;
Their cadence is rhetorical. Crashaw.
Eloquence, with all her pomp and charms,
Foretold us useful and sententious truths. Waller.
How he apes his sire,
Ambitiously sententious. Addison's Cato.
The making of those figures being tedious, and requiring
much room, put men first upon contracting them; as by the
most ancient Egyptian monuments it appears they did: next,
instead of sententious marks, to think of verbal, such as the
Chinese still retain. Grew's Cosmol.

SENTE’NTIOUSLY. adv. [from sententious.] In short sentences;
with striking brevity.
They describe her in part finely and elegantly, and in part
gravely and sententiously: they say, look how many feathers
she hath, so many eyes she hath underneath. Bacon's Essays.
Nausicaa delivers her judgment sententiously, to give it more
weight. Broome.

SENTE’NTIOUSNESS. n. s. [from sententious.] Pithiness of sen­
tences; brevity with strength.
The Medea I esteem for the gravity and sententiousness of it,
which he himself concludes to be suitable to a tragedy. Dryd.

SE’NTERY. n. s. [This is commonly written sentry, corrupted
from sentinel.] One who is set to watch in a garrison, or in
the outlines of an army.
What strength, what art can then
Suffice, or what evasion bear him safe
Through the strict senteries, and stations thick
Of angels watching round. Milton.

SE’NTIENT. adj. [sentiens, Latin.] Perceiving; having per­
ception.
This acting of the sentient phantasy is performed by a pre­
sence of sense, as the horse is under the sense of hunger, and
that without any formal syllogism presseth him to eat. Hale.

SE’NTIENT. n. s. [from the adjective.] He that has perception.
If the sentient be carried, passibus æquis, with the body,
whose motion it would observe, supposing it regular, the re­
move is insensible. Glanv. Sceps.

SE’NTIMENT. n. s. [sentiment, French.]
1. Thought; notion; opinion.
The consideration of the reason, why they are annexed to
so many other ideas, serving to give us due sentiments of the
wisdom and goodness of the sovereign Disposer of all things,
may not be unsuitable to the main end of these enquiries. Loc.
Alike to council or th' assembly came,
With equal souls and sentiments the same. Pope.
2. The sense considered distinctly from the language or things;
a striking sentence in a composition.

SE’NTINEL. n. s. [sentinelle, French, from sentio, Lat.] One
who watches or keeps guard to prevent surprise.
Norfolk, hie thee to thy charge;
Use careful watch, chuse trusty sentinels. Shakesp. R. III.
Counsellors are not commonly so united, but that one
counsellor keepeth sentinel over another; so that if any do
counsel out of faction or private ends, it commonly comes to
the king's ear. Bacon's Essays.
First, the two eyes, which have the seeing pow'r,
Stand as one watchman, spy, or sentinel,
Being plac'd aloft, within the head's high tow'r;
And though both see, yet both but one thing tell. Davies.
Love to our citadel resorts,
Through those deceitful sallyports;
Our sentinels betray our forts. Denham.
The senses are situate in the head, as sentinels in a watch­
tower, to receive and convey to the soul the impressions of
external objects. Ray on the Creation.
Perhaps they had sentinels waking while they slept; but even
this would be unsoldierlike. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

SE’NTRY. n. s. [Corrupted, I believe, from sentinel.]
1. A watch; a sentinel; one who watches in a garrison, or
army, to keep them from surprise.
If I do send, dispatch
Those sentries to our aid; the rest will serve
For a short holding. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The youth of hell strict guard may keep,
And set their sentries to the utmost deep. Dryden.
One goose they had, 'twas all they could allow,
A wakeful sentry, and on duty now. Dryden.
2. Guard; watch; the duty of a sentry.
Here toils and death, and death's half brother, sleep,
Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep. Dryden.
Thou, whose nature cannot sleep,
O'er my slumbers sentry keep;
Guard me 'gainst those watchful foes,
Whose eyes are open while mine close. Brown.
SEP

SEPARABI’LITY. n. s. [from separable.] The quality of ad­
mitting disunion or discerption.
Separability is the greatest argument of real distinction. Glan.
The greatest argument of real distinction is separability, and
actual separation; for nothing can be separated from it­
self. Norris.

SE’PARABLE. adj. [separable, Fr. separabilis, Lat. from separate.]
1. Susceptive of disunion; discerptible.
2. Possible to be disjoined from something.
Expansion and duration have this farther agreement, that
though they are both considered by us as having parts, yet
their parts are not separable one from another. Locke.
The infusions and decoctions of plants contain the most
separable parts of the plants, and convey not only their nutri­
tious but medicinal qualities into the blood. Arbuthnot.

SE’PARABLENESS. n. s. [from separable.] Capableness of being
separable.
Trials permit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow
tincture from gold. Boyle.

To SE’PARATE. v. a. [separo, Latin; separer, French.]
1. To break; to divide into parts.
2. To disunite; to disjoin.
I'll to England.
—To Ireland, I: ou separated fortunes
Shall keep us both the safer. Shakes. Macbeth.
Resolv'd,
Rather than death, or aught than death more dread,
Shall separate us. Milton.
3. To sever from the rest.
Can a body be inflammable, from which it would puzzle a
chymist to separate an inflammable ingredient? Boyle.
Death from sin no power can separate. Milton.
4. To set apart; to segregate.
Separate me Barnabas and Saul, for the work whereunto I
have called them. Acts xiii. 2.
David separated to the service those who should prophesy.
1 Chron. xxv. 1.
5. To withdraw.
Separate thyself from me: if thou wilt take the left, I will
go to the right. Gen. xiii. 9.

To SE’PARATE. v. n. To part; to be disunited.
When there was not room enough for their herds to feed,
they by consent separated, and enlarged their pasture. Locke.

SE’PARATE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Divided from the rest.
Eve separate he wish'd. Milton.
'Twere hard to conceive an eternal watch, whose pieces
were never separate one from another, nor ever in any other
form. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
In a secret vale the Trojan sees
A sep'rate grove. Dryden.
2. Disunited from the body; disengaged from corporeal nature.
Whatever ideas the mind can receive and contemplate
without the help of the body, it can retain without the help
of the body too; or else the soul, or any separate spirit, will
have but little advantage by thinking. Locke.

SE’PARATELY. adv. [from separate.] Apart; singly; not in
union; distinctly; particularly.
It is of singular use to princes, if they take the opinions of
their council, both separately and together; for private opinion
is more free, but opinion before others is more reserved. Bac.
If you admit of many figures, then conceive the whole to­
gether, and not every thing separately and in particular.
Dryden.

SE’PARATENESS. n. s. [from separate.] The state of being
separate.

SEPARA’TION. n. s. [separatio, Lat. separation, Fr. from separate.]
1. The act of separating; disjunction.
They have a dark opinion, that the soul doth live after the
separation from the body. Abbot.
Any part of our bodies, vitally united to that which is con­
scious in us, makes a part of ourselves; but upon separation
from the vital union, by which that consciousness is commu­


nicated, that which a moment since was part of ourselves, is
now no more so. Locke.
2. The state of being separate; disunion.
As the confusion of tongues was a mark of separation, so
the being of one language was a mark of union. Bacon.
3. The chimical analysis, or operation of disuniting things
mingled.
A fifteenth part of silver, incorporate with gold, will not
be recovered by any matter of separation, unless you put a
greater quantity of silver, which is the last refuge in separa­
tions. Bacon.
4. Divorce; disjunction from a married state.
Did you not hear
A buzzing of a separation
Between the king and Cath'rine? Shakespeare.

SE’PARATIST. n. s. [separatiste, Fr. from separate.] One who
divides from the church; a schismatick; a seceder.
The anabaptists, separatists, and sectaries tenets are full of
schism, and inconsistent with monarchy. Bacon.
Our modern separatists pronounce all those heretical, or car­
nal, from whom they have withdrawn. Decay of Piety.
Says the separatist, if those, who have the rule over you,
should command you any thing about church affairs, you
ought not, in conscience, to obey them. South's Sermons.

SEPARA’TOR. n. s. [from separate.] One who divides; a di­
vider.

SE’PARATORY. adj. [from separate.] Used in separation.
The most conspicuous gland of an animal is the system of
the guts, where the lacteals are the emissary vessels, or separa­
tory ducts. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

SEPILI’BLE. adj. [sepio, Lat.] That may be buried. Bailey.

SE’PIMENT. n. s. [sepimentum, Lat.] A hedge; a fence. Bail.

SEPOSI’TION. n. s. [sepono, Latin.] The act of setting apart;
segregation.

SEPT. n. s. [septum, Latin.] A clan; a race; a generation.
A word used only with regard or allusion to Ireland, and, I
suppose, Irish.
This judge, being the lord's brehon, adjudgeth a better share
unto the lord of the soil, or the head of that sept, and also
unto himself for his judgment a greater portion, than unto the
plaintiffs. Spenser on Ireland.
The true and ancient Russians, a sept whom he had met
with in one of the provinces of that vast empire, were white
like the Danes. Boyle.
The English forces were ever too weak to subdue so many
warlike nations, or septs, of the Irish as did possess this
island. Davies on Ireland.

SEPTA’NGULAR. adj. [septem and angulus, Latin.] Having
seven corners or sides.

SEPTE’MBER. n. s. [Latin; Septembre, French.] The ninth
month of the year; the seventh from March.
September hath his name as being the seventh month from
March: he is drawn with a merry and cheerful countenance,
in a purpole robe. Peacham on Drawing.

SE’PTENARY. adj. [septenarius, Lat.] Consisting of seven.
Every controversy has seven questions belonging to it; tho'
the order of nature seems too much neglected by a consine­
ment to this septenary number. Watts.

SEPTE’NARY. n. s. The number seven.
The days of men are cast up by septenaries, and every se­
venth year conceived to carry some altering character in tem­
per of mind or body. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
These constitutions of Moses, that proceed so much upon
a septenary, or number of seven, have no reason in the nature
of the thing. Burnet.

SEPTE’NNIAL. adj. [septennis, Latin.]
1. Lasting seven years.
2. Happening once in seven years.
Being once dispensed with for his septennial visit, by a holy
instrument from Petropolis, he resolved to govern them by
subaltern ministers. Howel's Vocal Forest.
With weekly libels and septennial ale,
Their wish is full, to riot and to rail. Anonym.

SEPTE’NTRION. n. s. [Fr. septentrio, Latin.] The North.
Thou art as opposite to every good,
As the antipodes are unto us,
Or as the South to the Septentrion. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

SEPTE’NTRION. adj. [septentrionalis, Latin; septentrional,
French.] Northern.
SEPTE’NTRIONAL. adj. [septentrionalis, Latin; septentrional,
French.] Northern.
Back'd with a ridge of hills,
That screen'd the fruits of th' earth and seats of men
From cold septentrion blasts. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
If the Spring
Preceding should be destitute of rain,
Or blast septentrional with brushing wings
Sweep up the smoaky mists and vapours damp,
Then woe to mortals. Philips.

SEPTENTRIONA’LITY. n. s. [from septentrional.] Northerli­
ness.

SEPTE’NTRIONALLY. adv. [from septentrional.] Towards the
North; northerly.
If they be powerfully excited, and equally let fall, they
commonly sink down, and break the water, at that extreme
whereat they were septentrionally excited. Brown.

To SEPTENTRIO’NATE. v. n. [from septentrio, Lat.] To tend
northerly.
Steel and good iron, never excited by the loadstone, septen­
trionate at one extreme, and australize at another. Brown.

SE’PTICAL. adj. [s?p??.] Having power to promote or
produce putrefaction.
As a septical medicine, Galen commended the ashes of a
salamander. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SEPTILA’TERAL. adj. [septem and lateris, Lat.] Having seven
sides.
By an equal interval they make seven triangles, the bases
whereof are the seven sides of a septilateral figure, described
within a circle. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SEPTUA’GENARY. adj. [septuagenarius, Lat. septuagenaire, Fr.]
Consisting of seventy.
The three hundred years of John of times, or Nestor, can­
not afford a reasonable encouragement beyond Moses's septua­
ginary determination. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SEPTUAGE’SIMAL. adj. [septuagesimus, Latin.] Consisting of
seventy.
In our abridged and septuagesimal age, it is very rare to be­
hold the fourth generation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SE’PTUAGINT. n. s. [septuaginta, Latin.] The old Greek
version of the Old Testament, so called as being supposed the
work of seventy-two interpreters.
Which way soever you try, you shall find the product great
enough for the extent of this earth; and if you follow the
septuagint chronology, it will still be far higher. Burnet.

SE’PTUPLE. adj. [septuplex, Latin.] Seven times as much.
A technical term.

SEPU’LCHRAL. adj. [sepulcral, Fr. sepulcralis, from sepulchrum,
Lat.] Relating to burial; relating to the grave; monumental.
Whilst our souls negotiate there,
We like sepulchral statues lay;
All day the same our postures were,
And we said nothing all the day. Donne.
Mine eye hath found that sad sepulchral rock,
That was the casket of heav'n's richest store. Milton.
Sepulchral lies our holy walls to grace,
And new-year odes. Pope's Dunciad.

SE’PULCHRE. n. s. [sepulcre, Fr. sepulchrum, Lat.] A grave;
a tomb.
To entail him and's heirs unto the crown,
What is it but to make thy sepulchre? Shak. Henry VI.
Flies and spiders get a sepulchre in amber, more durable than
the monument and embalming of any king. Bacon.
There where the virgin's son his doctrine taught,
His miracles, and our redemption wrought;
Where I, by thee inspir'd, his praises sung,
And on his sepulchre my offering hung. Sandys.
Perpetual lamps for many hundred years have continued
burning, without supply, in the sepulchres of the ancients. Wilk.
If not one common sepulchre contains
Our bodies, or one urn our last remains,
Yet Ceyx and Alcyone shall join. Dryden.

To SEPU’LCHRE. v. a. [from the noun. It is accented on the
second syllable by Shakespeare and Milton; on the first, more
properly, by Johnson and Prior.] To bury; to entomb.
Go to thy lady's grave, and call her thence;
Or, at the least, in her's sepulchre thine. Shakesp.
I am glad to see that time survive,
Where merit is not sepulcher'd alive;
Where good men's virtues them to honours bring,
And not to dangers. Ben. Johnson.
Thou so sepulcher'd in such pomp do'st lie,
That kings for such a tomb would wish to die. Milton.
Disparted streams shall from their channels fly,
And, deep surcharg'd, by sandy mountains lie,
Obscurely sepulcher'd. Prior. 

SE’PULTURE. n. s. [sepulture, Fr. sepultura, Lat.] Interment;
burial.
That Niobe, weeping over her children, was turned into a
stone, was nothing else but that during her life she erected
over her sepultures a marble tomb of her own. Brown.
Where we may royal sepulture prepare;
With speed to Melesinda bring relief,
Recall her spirits, and moderate her grief. Dryden.
In England sepulture, or burial of the dead, may be de­
ferred and put off for the debts of the person deceased. Ayliffe.
SEQ

SEQUA’CIOUS. adj. [sequacis, Latin.]
1. Following; attendant.
Orpheus could lead the savage race,
And trees uprooted left their place,
Sequacious of the lyre;
But bright Cecilia rais'd the wonder higher:
When to her organ vocal breath was giv'n,
An angel heard and straight appear'd,
Mistaking earth for heav'n. Dryden.


Above those superstitious horrours that enslave
The fond sequacious herd, to mystick faith
And blind amazement prone, th' enlighten'd few
The glorious stranger hail! Thomson.
2. Ductile; pliant.
In the greater bodies the forge was easy, the matter being
ductile and sequacious, and obedient to the hand and stroke of
the artificer, and apt to be drawn, formed, or moulded. Ray.

SEQUA’CITY. n. s. [from sequax, Latin.] Ductility; tough­
ness.
Matter, whereof creatures are produced, hath a closeness,
lentor, and sequacity. Bacon's Natural History.

SE’QUEL. n. s. [sequelle, French; sequela, Latin.]
1. Conclusion; succeeding part.
If black scandal or foul-fac'd reproach
Attend the sequel of your imposition,
Your meer enforcement shall acquittance me. Shak. R. III.
Was he not a man of wisdom? Yes, but he was poor: but
was he not also successful? True, but still he was poor: and
once grant this, and you cannot keep off that unavoidable se­
quel in the next verse, the poor man's wisdom is despised.
South's Sermons.
2. Consequence; event.
Let any principal thing, as the sun or the moon, but once
cease, fail, or swerve, and who doth not easily conceive that
the sequel thereof would be ruin both to itself and whatsoever
dependeth on it? Hooker.
In these he put two weights,
The sequel each of parting and of fight. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Consequence inferred; consequentialness.
What sequel is there in this argument? An archdeacon is
the chief deacon: ergo, he is only a deacon. Whitgifte.

SE’QUENCE. n. s. [from sequor, Latin.]
1. Order of succession.
How art thou a king,
But by fair sequence and succession? Shakesp. R. II.
2. Series; arrangement; method.
The cause proceedeth from a precedent sequence, and series
of the seasons of the year. Bacon's Nat. History.

SE’QUENT. adj. [sequens, Latin.]
1. Following; succeeding.
Let my tryal be mine own confession:
Immediate sentence then, and sequent death,
Is all the grace I beg. Shakes. Meas. for Measure.
There he dies, and leaves his race
Growing into a nation; and now grown,
Suspected to a sequent king, who seeks
To stop their overgrowth. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Consequential.

SE’QUENT. n. s. [from the adjective.] A follower. Not in
use.
Here he hath framed a letter to a sequent of the stranger
queen's, which accidentally miscarried. Shakespeare.

To SEQUE’STER. v. a. [sequestrer, Fr. secrestar, Spanish;
sequestro, low Latin.]
1. To separate from others for the sake of privacy.
Why are you sequester'd from all your train? Shakesp.
To the which place a poor sequester'd stag,
That from the hunter's aim had ta'en a hurt,
Did come to languish. Shak. As you like it.
In shady bow'r,
More sacred and sequester'd, though but feign'd,
Pan or Sylvanus never slept. Milton.
Ye sacred Nine! that all my soul possess,
Whose raptures fire me, and whose visions bless,
Bear me, oh bear me to sequester'd scenes
Of bow'ry mazes, and surrounding greens. Pope.
2. To put aside; to remove.
Although I had wholly sequestered my civil affairs, yet I set
down, out of long continued experience in business, and con­
versation in books, what I thought pertinent to this af­
fair. Bacon.
3. To withdraw; to segregate.
A thing as seasonable in grief as in joy, as decent being
added unto actions of greatest weight and solemnity, as being
used when men most sequester themselves from action. Hooker.
4. To set aside from the use of the owner to that of others.
5. To deprive of possessions.
It was his taylor and his cook, his fine fashions and his
French ragou's, which sequestered him; and, in a word, he
came by his poverty as sinfully as some usually do by their
riches. South.

SEQUE’STRABLE. adj. [from sequestrate.]
1. Subject to privation.
2. Capable of separation.
Hartshorn, and divers other bodies belonging to the animal
kingdom, abound with a not uneasily sequestrable salt. Boyle.

To SEQUE’STRATE. v. n. To sequester; to separate from
company.
In general contagions more perish for want of necessaries
than by the malignity of the disease, they being sequestrated
from mankind. Arbuthnot on Air.

SEQUESTRA’TION. n. s. [sequestration, Fr. from sequestrate.]
1. Separation; retirement.
His addiction was to courses vain;
I never noted in him any study,
Any retirement, any sequestration
From open haunts and popularity. Shak. Henry V.
There must be leisure, retirement, solitude, and a sequestra­
tion of a man's self from the noise and toils of the world; for
truth scorns to be seen by eyes too much fixt upon inferior ob­
jects. South's Sermons.
2. Disunion; disjunction.
The metals remain unsevered, the fire only dividing the
body into smaller particles, hindering rest and continuity,
without any sequestration of elementary principles. Boyle.
3. State of being set aside.
Since Henry Monmouth first began to reign,
Before whose glory I was great in arms,
This loathsome sequestration have I had. Shakesp. H. VI.
4. Deprivation of the use and profits of a possession.
If there be a single spot in the glebe more barren, the rector
or vicar may be obliged, by the caprice or pique of the bishop,
to build upon it, under pain of sequestration. Swift.

SEQUESTRA’TOR. n. s. [from sequestrate.] One who takes from
a man the profit of his possessions.
I am fallen into the hands of publicans and sequestrators,
and they have taken all from me. Taylor.
SER

SERA’GLIO. n. s. [Italian, perhaps of Oriental original. The
g is lost in the pronunciation.] A house of women kept for
debauchery.
There is a great deal more solid content to be found in a
constant course of well living, than in the voluptuousness of a
seraglio. Norris.

SE’RAPH. n. s. [] One of the orders of angels.
He is infinitely more remote in the real excellency of his
nature, from the highest and perfectest of all created beings,
than the purest seraph is from the most contemptible part of
matter, and consequently must infinitely exceed what our nar­
row understandings can conceive of him. Locke.
As full, as perfect in vile man that mourns,
As the rapt seraph that adores and burns. Pope.

SERA’PHICAL. adj. [seraphique, French; from seraph.] An­
gelick; angelical.
SERA’PHICK. adj. [seraphique, French; from seraph.] An­
gelick; angelical.
Love is curious of little things, desiring to be of angelical
purity, of perfect innocence, and seraphical fervour. Taylor.
Seraphick arms and trophies. Milton.
'Tis to the world a secret yet,
Whether the nymph, to please her swain,
Talks in a high romantick strain;
Or whether he at last descends
To like with less seraphick ends. Swift.

SE’RAPHIM. n. s. [This is properly the plural of seraph, and
therefore cannot have s added; yet, in compliance with our
language, seraphims is sometimes written.] Angels of one of
the heavenly orders.
To thee cherubim and seraphim continually do cry. Com. Pr.
Then flew one of the seraphims unto me, having a live coal
in his hand. Is. vi. 6.
Of seraphim another row. Milton.

SERE. adj. [searian, Saxon, to dry.] Dry; withered; no
longer green. See SEAR.
The muses, that were wont green bays to wear,
Now bringen bitter elder-branches sere. Spenser.
He is deformed, crooked, old, and sere,
Ill-fac'd, worse bodied, shapeless every where;
Vicious, ungentle. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
Ere this diurnal star
Leave cold the night, how we his gather'd beams
Reflected, may with matter sere foment. Milton.
They sere wood from the rotten hedges took,
And seeds of latent fire from flints provoke. Dryden.
On a sere branch,
Low bending to the bank, I sat me down,
Musing and still. Rowe's Royal Convert.

SERE. n. s. [Of this word I know not the etymology, nor, ex­
cept from this passage, the meaning. Can it come, like sheers,
from scran, Saxon, to cut?] Claw; talon.
Two eagles,
That, mounted on the winds, together still
Their strokes extended; but arriving now
Amidst the council, over every brow
Shook their thick wings, and threatning death's cold fears,
Their necks and cheeks tore with their eager seres. Chapm.

SERENA’DE. n. s. [serenade, Fr. serenata, Italian, whence, in
Milton, serenate, from serenus, Latin, the lovers commonly at­
tending their mistresses in fair nights.] Musick or songs with
which ladies are entertained by their lovers in the night.
Mixt dance, or wanton mask, or midnight ball,
Or serenate, which the starv'd lover sings
To his proud fair; best quitted with disdain. Milton.
Foolish swallow, what do'st thou
So often at my window do,
With thy tuneless serenade? Cowley.


Shall I the neighbours nightly rest invade,
At her deaf doors, with some vile serenade? Dryden.
Will fancies he never should have been the man he is, had
not he broke windows, and disturbed honest people with his
midnight serenades, when he was a young fellow. Addison.

To SERENA’DE. v. a. [from the noun.] To entertain with
nocturnal musick.
He continued to serenade her every morning, 'till the queen
was charmed with his harmony. Spectator.

SERE’NE. adj. [serein, French; serenus, Latin.]
1. Calm; placid; quiet.
Spirits live inspher'd
In regions mild, of calm and serene air. Milton.
The moon, serene in glory, mounts the sky. Pope.
2. Unruffled; undisturbed; even of temper; peaceful or calm of
mind; shewing a calm mind.
There wanted yet a creature might erect
His stature, and upright with front serene
Govern the rest. Milton.
Exciting them, by a due remembrance of all that is past,
unto future circumspection, and a serene expectation of the
future life. Grew's Cosmol.

Gutta SERE’NA. n. s. An obstruction in the optick nerve.
These eyes that roll in vain,
So thick a drop serene hath quench'd their orbs. Milton.

SERE’NE. n. s. [from the adjective.] A calm damp evening.
Where ever death doth please t' appear,
Seas, serenes, swords, shot, sickness, all are there. Ben. Johns.

To SERE’NE. v. a. [serener, French; sereno, Latin.]
1. To calm; to quiet.
2. To clear; to brighten. Not proper.
Take care
Thy muddy bev'rage to serene, and drive
Precipitant the baser ropy lees. Philips.

SERE’NELY. adv. [from serene.]
1. Calmly; quietly.
The setting sun now shone serenely bright. Pope.
2. With unruffled temper; coolly.
Whatever practical rule is generally broken, cannot be sup­
posed innate; it being impossible that men would, without
shame or fear, confidently and serenely break a rule, which they
could not but evidently know that God had set up. Locke.
The nymph did like the scene appear,
Serenely pleasant, calmly fair:
Soft fell her words as flew the air. Prior.

SERE’NENESS. n. s. [from serene.] Serenity.

SERE’NITUDE. n. s. [from serene.] Calmness; coolness of
mind. Not in use.
From the equal distribution of the phlegmatick humour,
will flow quietude and serenitude in the affections. Wotton.

SERE’NITY. n. s. [serenité, Fr. from serenus, Latin.]
1. Calmness; temperature.
In the constitution of a perpetual equinox, the best part of
the globe would be desolate; and as to that little that would
be inhabited, there is no reason to expect that it would con­
stantly enjoy that admired calm and serenity. Bentley.
Pure serenity apace
Induces thought, and contemplation still. Thomson.
2. Peace; quietness; not disturbance.
A general peace and serenity newly succeeded a general
trouble and cloud throughout all his kingdoms. Temple.
3. Evenness of temper; coolness of mind.
I cannot see how any men should ever transgress those mo­
ral rules, with confidence and serenity, were they innate, and
stamped upon their minds. Locke.

SERGE. n. s. [serge, French; xerga, Spanish, which Covairu­
vias derives from xirica, Arabick; Skinner from serge, Ger­
man, a mat.] A kind of cloath.
The same wool one man felts into a hat, another weaves
into cloath, another into kersey or serge, and another into
arras. Hale.
Ye weavers, all your shuttles throw,
And bid broad-cloaths and serges grow. Gay.

SE’RGEANT. n. s. [sergent, French; sergente, Italian, from
servicus, Latin.]
1. An officer whose business it is to execute the commands of
magistrates.
Had I but time, as this fell sergeant, death,
Is strict in his arrest, oh, I could tell. Shakes. Hamlet.
When it was day the magistrates sent the sergeants, saying,
let these men go. Acts xvi. 35.
2. A petty officer in the army.
This is the sergeant,
Who, like a good and hardy soldier, fought. Shakes. Macb.
3. A lawyer of the highest rank under a judge.
None should be made sergeants, but such as probably might
be held fit to be judges afterwards. Bacon.
4. It is a title given to some of the king's servants: as, sergeant
chirurgeons.

SE’RGEANTRY. n. s. [from sergeant.]
Grand sergeantry is that where one holdeth lands of the
king by service, which he ought to do in his own person unto
him: as to bear the king's banner or his spear, or to lead his
host, or to be his marshal, or to blow a horn, when he seeth
his enemies invade the land; or to find a man at arms to fight
within the four seas, or else to do it himself; or to bear the
king's sword before him at his coronation, or on that day to
be his sewer, carver, butler, or chamberlain. Petit sergeantry
is where a man holdeth land of the king, to yield him yearly
some small thing toward his wars: as a sword, dagger, bow,
knife, spear, pair of gloves of mail, a pair of spurs, or such
like. Cowel.

SE’RGEANTSHIP. n. s. [from serjeant.] The office of a sergeant.

SE’RIES. n. s. [serie, Fr. series, Latin.]
1. Sequence; order.
Draw out that antecedent, by reflecting briefly upon the text
as it lies in the series of the epistle. Ward of Infidelity
The chasms of the correspondence I cannot supply, having
destroyed too many letters to preserve any series. Pope.
2. Succession; course.
This is the series of perpetual woe,
Which thou, alas, and thine are born to know. Pope.

SE’RIOUS. adj. [serieux, Fr. serius, Latin.]
1. Grave; solemn; not volatile; not light of behaviour.
2. Important; weighty; not trifling.
I'll hence to London on a serious matter. Shakes. H. VI.
There's nothing serious in mortality;
All is but toys. Shakesp. Macbeth.

SE’RIOUSLY. adv. [from serious.] Gravely; solemnly; in
earnest; without levity.
It cannot but be matter of very dreadful consideration to
any one, sober and in his wits, to think seriously with himself,
what horror and confusion must needs surprize that man, at
the last day of account, who had led his whole life by one
rule, when God intends to judge him by another. South.
All laugh to find
Unthinking plainness so o'erspread thy mind,
That thou could'st seriously persuade the crowd
To keep their oaths, and to believe a god. Dryden.
Justin Martyr, Tertullian, Lactantius, and Arnobius, tell
us, that this martyrdom first of all made them seriously inqui­
sitive into that religion, which could endue the mind with so
much strength, and overcome the fear of death, nay, raise an
earnest desire of it, though it appeared in all its terrors. Addis.

SE’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from serious.] Gravity; solemnity; ear­
nest attention.
That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once,
and a spirit of libertinism and profaneness started up in the
room of it. Atterbury's Sermons.
The youth was received at the door by a servant, who then
conducted him with great silence and seriousness to a long gal­
lery, which was darkened at noon-day. Addison's Spectator.

SERMOCINA’TION. n. s. [sermocinatio, Latin.] The act or
practice of making speeches.

SERMOCINA’TOR. n. s. [sermocinor, Latin.] A preacher; a
speechmaker.
These obstreperous sermocinators make easy impression upon
the minds of the vulgar. Howel.

SE’RMON. n. s. [sermon, Fr. sermo, Lat.] A discourse of instruc­
tion pronounced by a divine for the edification of the people.
As for our sermons, be they never so sound and perfect, God's
word they are not, as the sermons of the prophets were; no,
they are but ambiguously termed his word, because his word is
commonly the subject whereof they treat, and must be the
rule whereby they are framed. Hooker.
This our life, exempt from publick haunt,
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good in every thing. Shakespeare.
In his sermons unto the soldiers, and in open talk with the
nobility, it should seem that he himself had been enough to
have overthrown the Turks. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Sermons he heard, yet not so many
As left no time to practise any:
He heard them reverently, and then
His practice preach'd them o'er again. Crashaw.
Many, while they have preached Christ in their sermons,
have read a lecture of atheism in their practice. South.
His preaching much, but more his practice wrought;
A living sermon of the truths he taught. Dryden.

To SE’RMON. v. a. [sermoner, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To discourse as in a sermon.
Some would rather have good discipline delivered plainly by
way of precept, or sermoned at large, than thus cloudily in­
wrapped in allegorical devises. Spenser.
2. To tutor; to teach dogmatically; to lesson.
Come, sermon me no farther:
No viilainous bounty yet hath past my heart. Shak. Timon.

SE’RMOUNTAIN, or Seseli. n. s. [silex, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a rose and umbellated flower, consisting of several
leaves, which are ranged orbicularly, and rest on the empale­
ment, which becomes a fruit composed of two large oblong
furrowed seeds, having foliaceous ridges on one side. To
these notes must be added, that the lobes of the leaves are
large, long, and intire, excepting their extremity, where they
are slightly cut into three parts. Miller.



SERO’SITY. n. s. [serosité, Fr.] Thin or watery part of the
blood.
In these the salt and lixiviated serosity is divided between the
guts and the bladder; but it remains undivided in birds. Brown.
The tumour of the throat, which occasions the difficulty of
swallowing and breathing, proceeds from a serosity obstructing
the glands, which may be watery, œdematose, and schirrous,
according to the viscosity of the humour. Arbuthnot.

SE’ROUS. adj. [sereux, French; serosus, Latin.]
1. Thin; watery. Used of the part of the blood which sepa­
rates in congelation from the grumous or red part.
2. Adapted to the serum.
This disease is commonly an extravasation of serum, re­
ceived in some cavity of the body; for there may be also a
dropsy by a dilatation of the serous vessels, as that in the ova­
rium Arbuthnot on Diet.

SE’RPENT. n. s. [serpens, Latin.] An animal that moves
by undulation without legs. They are often venomous. They
are divided into two kinds; the viper, which brings young,
and the snake, that lays eggs.
She was arrayed all in lily white,
And in her right hand bore a cup of gold,
With wine and water filled up to the height;
In which a serpent did himself enfold,
That horror made to all that did behold. Fairy Queen.
She struck me with her tongue,
Most serpent like, upon the very heart. Shakesp. K. Lear.
They, or under ground, or circuit wide,
With serpent error wand'ring, found their way. Milton.
Haply piercing through the dark disguise,
The chief I challeng'd: he whose practis'd wit
Knew all the serpent mazes of deceit,
Eludes my search. Pope's Odyssey.

SE’RPENTINE. adj. [serpentinus, Lat. from serpent.]
1. Resembling a serpent.
I craved of him to lead me to the top of this rock, with
meaning to free him from so serpentine a companion as I
am. Sidney.
This of ours is described with legs, wings, a serpentine and
winding tail, and a crest or comb somewhat like a cock. Brown.
Nothing wants, but that thy shape
Like his, and colour serpentine, may shew
Thy inward fraud. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The figures and their parts ought to have a serpentine and
flaming form naturally: these sorts of outlines have, I know
not what of life and seeming motion in them, which very
much resembles the activity of the flame and serpent. Dryden.
2. Winding like a serpent; anfractuous.
Nor can the sun
Perfect a circle, or maintain his way
One inch direct; but where he rose to-day
He comes no more, but with a cozening line
Steals by that point, and so is serpentine. Donne.
His hand the adorned firmament display'd,
Those serpentine, yet constant motions made. Sandys.
How many spacious countries does the Rhine,
In winding banks, and mazes serpentine,
Traverse, before he splits in Belgia's plain,
And, lost in sand, creeps to the German main? Blackmore.

SE’RPENTINE. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SE’RPENTINE Stone. n. s.
There were three species of this stone known among the
ancients, all resembling one another, and celebrated for the
same virtues. They were all of the marble kind: the one
was green, variegated with spots of black, thence called the
black ophites; another, called the white ophites, was green
also, but variegated with spots of white: the third was called
tephria, and was of a grey colour, variegated with small black
spots. The first species was chiefly used in medicine, and
found by the ancients only in Egypt; but it is frequent in the
desarts of Arabia, in the islands of the Archipelago, in Italy,
and we have whole quarries of it in Wales. The ancients tell
us, that it was a certain remedy against the poison of the bite
of serpents; but it is now justly rejected. Hill's Mat. Med.
Accept in good part a bottle made of a serpentine stone,
which hath the quality to give any wine or water, that shall be
infused therein for four and twenty hours, the taste and opera­
tion of the spaw-water, and is very medicinable for the cure
of the spleen and gravel. Wotton.

SE’RPENTS Tongue. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SE’RPET. n. s. A basket. Ainsworth.

SERPI’GINOUS. adj. [from serpigo, Latin.] Diseased with a
serpigo.
The skin behind her ear downwards became serpiginous, and
was covered with white scales. Wiseman.

SERPI’GO. n. s. [Latin.] A kind of tetter.
For thy own bowels, which do call thee fire,
Do curse the gout, serpigo, and the rheum,
For ending thee no sooner. Shakespeare.
She had a node with pains on her right leg, and a serpigo on
her right hand. Wiseman.

To SERR. v. a. [serrer, French.] To drive hard together; to
crowd into a little space. Not received into use, nor deserving
reception.
The frowning and knitting of the brows is a gathering or
serring of the spirits, to resist in some measure; and also this
knitting will follow upon earnest studying, though it be with­
out dislike. Bacon's Nat. History.
Heat attenuates and sends forth the spirit of a body, and
upon that the more gross parts contract and serr themselves
together. Bacon.

SE’RRATE. adj. [serratus, Latin.] Formed with jags or
indentures like the edge of a saw.
SE’RRATED. adj. [serratus, Latin.] Formed with jags or
indentures like the edge of a saw.
All that have serrate teeth are carnivorous. Ray.
The common heron hath long legs for wading, a long neck
answerable thereto to reach prey, a wide throat to pouch it,
and long toes with strong hooked talons, one of which is re­
markably serrate on the edge. Derham's Physico-Theology.
This stick is usually knotted, and always armed: one of
them with a curious shark's tooth near an inch long, and in­
dented or serrated on both edges: a scurvy weapon. Grew.

SERRA’TION. n. s. [from serra, Latin.] Formation in the
shape of a saw.

SE’RRATURE. n. s. [from serra, Latin.] Indenture like teeth
of saws.
These are serrated on the edges; but the serratures are
deeper and grosser than in any of the rest. Woodward.

To SE’RRY. v. a. [serrer, French; serrato, Italian.] To press
close; to drive hard together. For serry Bacon uses serr; but
neither serr nor serry are received.
With them rose
A forest huge of spears; and thronging helms
Appear'd, and serried shields in thick array,
Of death immeasurable. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Foul dissipation follow'd, and forc'd rout;
Nor serv'd it to relax their serried files. Milton's Par. Lost.

SE’RVANT. n. s. [servant, French; servus, Latin.]
1. One who attends another, and acts at his command. The
correlative of master.
We are one in fortune; both
Fell by our servants, by those men we lov'd most. Shakesp.
I had rather be a country servant maid,
Than a great queen with this condition. Shak. R. III.
He disdain'd not
Thenceforth the form of servant to assume. Milton.
For master or for servant here to call
Was all alike, where only two were all. Dryden.
2. One in a state of subjection. Unusual.
Being unprepar'd,
Our will became the servant to defect,
Which else should free have wrong'd. Shak. Macbeth.
3. A word of civility used to superiours or equals.
This subjection, due from all men to all men, is something
more than the compliment of course, when our betters tell us
they are our humble servants, but understand us to be their
slaves. Swift.

To SE’RVANT. v. a. [from the noun.] To subject. Not in use.
My affairs
Are servanted to others: though I owe
My revenge properly, remission lies
In Volscian breasts. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To SERVE. v. a. [servir, French; servio, Latin.]
1. To attend at command.
Because thou art my brother, should'st thou therefore serve
me for nought? Gen. xxix. 15.
A goddess among gods ador'd, and serv'd
By angels numberless, thy daily train. Milton.
2. To obey servilely or meanly.
When wealthy, shew thy wisdom not to be
To wealth a servant, but make wealth serve thee. Denham.
3. To supply with food ceremoniously.
Others, pamper'd in their shameless pride,
Are serv'd in plate, and in their chariots ride. Dryden.
4. To bring as a menial attendant.
Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will
come in to dinner. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Soon after our dinner was served in, which was right good
viands, both for bread and meat: we had also drink of three
sorts, all wholsome and good. Bacon.
Besmeared with the horrid juice of sepia, they danced a lit­
tle in phantastick postures, retired a while, and then returned
serving up a banquet as at solemn funerals. Taylor.
Some part he roasts; then serves it up so drest,
And bids me welcome to this humble feast:
Mov'd with disdain,
I with avenging flames the palace burn'd. Dryden.
The same mess should be served up again for supper, and
breakfast next morning. Abuthn. History of John Bull.
5. To be subservient or subordinate to.
Bodies bright and greater should not serve
The less not bright. Milton.
6. To supply with any thing.
They that serve the city, shall serve it out of all the tribes
of Israel. Ezek. xlviii. 10.


7. To obey in military actions.
8. To be sufficient to.
If any subject, interest, or fancy has recommended, their
reasoning is after their fashion; it serves their turn. Locke.
9. To be of use to; to assist.
When a storm of a sad mischance beats upon our spirits,
turn it into some advantage, by observing where it can serve
another end, either of religion or prudence. Taylor.
10. To promote.
He consider'd every creature
Most opportune might serve his wiles. Milton.
11. To comply with.
They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we
either hold or seek preferment. Hooker.
12. To satisfy; to content.
As the former empty plea served the sottish Jews, this
equally serves these to put them into a fool's paradise, by feed­
ing their hopes, without changing their lives. South.
Nothing would serve them then but riding. L'Estrange.
One half-pint bottle serves them both to dine,
And is at once their vinegar and wine. Pope.
13. To stand instead of any thing to one.
The dull flat falshood serves for policy,
And in the cunning, truth itself's a lye. Pope.
14. [Se servirde, French.] To SERVE himself of. To make use
of. A mere Gallicism.
A complete brave man must know solidly the main end he
is in the world for; and withal how to serve himself of the
divine's high contemplations, of the metaphysician's subtile
speculations, and of the natural philosopher's minute obser­
vations. Digby on the Soul.
They would serve themselves of this form. Taylor.
I will serve myself of this concession. Chillingworth.
It is much more easy for men to serve their own ends of
those principles, which they do not put into men, but find
there. Tillotson's Sermons.
If they elevate themselves, 'tis only to fall from a higher
place, because they serve themselves of other men's wings,
neither understanding their use nor virtue. Dryden's Dufresn.
15. To requite: as, he served me ungratefully.
16. [In divinity.] To worship the Supreme Being.
Matters hid leave to God, him serve and fear. Milton.
17. To SERVE a warrant. To seize an offender, and carry to
justice.

To SERVE. v. n.
1. To be a servant, or slave.
Israel served for a wife, and for a wife he kept sheep. Hos.
We will give thee this also, for the service which thou shalt
serve with me. Gen. xx. 27.
2. To be in subjection.
Thou hast made me to serve with thy sins; thou hast wearied
me with thine iniquities. Is. xliii. 24.
3. To attend; to wait.
Martha was cumbered about much serving, and said, Lord,
do'st thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone?
Luke x. 40.
4. To act in war.
Both more or less have given him the revolt;
And none serve with but constrained things,
Whose hearts are absent too. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Many noble gentlemen came out of all parts of Italy, who
had before been great commanders, but now served as private
gentlemen without pay. Knolles's History of the Turks.
5. To produce the end desired.
The look bewrayed, that as she used these ornaments, not
for herself, but to prevail with another, so she feared that all
would not serve. Sidney.
6. To be sufficient for a purpose.
Take it, she said; and when your needs require,
This little brand will serve to light your fire. Dryden.
7. To suit; to be convenient.
We have the summary of all our griefs,
When time shall serve to shew in articles. Shakesp. H. IV.
Yet time serves, wherein you may redeem
Your banish'd honours. Shakes. H. IV.
As occasion serves, this noble queen
And prince shall follow with a fresh supply. Shakes. H. VI.
Read that; 'tis with the royal signet sign'd,
And given me by the king, when time should serve,
To be perus'd by you. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
8. To conduce; to be of use.
Churches, as every thing else, receive their chief perfec­
tion from the end whereunto they serve. Hooker.
Our speech to worldly superiors we frame in such sort as
serveth best to inform and persuade the minds of them, who
otherwise neither could nor would greatly regard our neces­
sities. Hooker.
Priests serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly
things. Hebr. viii. 5.
Who lessens thee, against his purpose serves
To manifest the more thy might. Milton.
Fashion is, for the most part, nothing but the ostentation
of riches; and therefore the high price of what serves to
that, rather encreases than lessens its vent. Locke.
First investigate the variety of motions and figures made by
the organs which serve for articulation, and the variety of
matter to which those articulations are severally applied. Hold.
Our victory only served to lead us on to further visionary
prospects. Swift.
9. To officiate or minister.

SE’RVICE. n. s. [service, Fr. servitium, Latin.]
1. Menial office; low business done at the command of a master.
The banish'd Kent, who in disguise
Follow'd his king, and did him service
Improper for a slave. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. Attendance of a servant.
Both fell by our servants, by those men we lov'd most:
A most unnatural and faithless service. Shakesp.
3. Place; office of a servant.
I have served prince Florizel; but now I am out of ser­
vice. Shakespeare.
By oppressing and betraying me,
Thou might'st have sooner got another service. Shakes.
These that accuse him are a yoke of his discarded men;
very rogues, now they be out of service. Shakesp.
A court, properly a fair, the end of it trade and gain; for
none would go to service that thinks he has enough to live
well of himself. Temple.
4. Any thing done by way of duty to a superior.
That service is not service, so being done,
But being so allow'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master
King Charles. Dryden.
5. Attendance on any superiour.
Madam, I entreat true peace of you,
Which I will purchase with my duteous service. Shakesp.
Riches gotten by service, tho' it be of the best rise, yet when
gotten by flattery, may be placed amongst the worst. Bacon.
6. Profession of respect uttered or sent.
I am a woman, lacking wit,
To make a seemly answer to such persons,
Pray do my service to his majesty. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
7. Obedience; submission.
Thou nature, art my Goddess; to thy law
My services are bound. Shakesp. K. Lear.
God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable
Terms. Tillots. Serm.
8. Act on the performance of which possession depends.
Altho' they built castles and made freeholders, yet were
there no tenures and services reserved to the crown; but the
lords drew all the respect and dependency of the common
people unto themselves. Davies's State of Ireland.
9. Actual duty; office.
The order of human society cannot be preserved, nor the
services requisite to the support of it be supplied, without a dis­
tinction of stations, and a long subordination of offices. Roger.
10. Employment; business.
If stations of power and trust were constantly made the
rewards of virtue, men of great abilities would endeavour
to excel in the duties of a religious life, in order to qualify
themselves for publick service. Swift.
11. Military duty.
When he cometh to experience of service abroad, or is
put to a piece or pike, he maketh a worthy soldier. Spenser.
At the parliament at Oxford his youth and want of expe­
rience in sea service had somewhat been shrewdly touch­
ed, even before the sluices of popular liberty were yet set
open. Wotton's Buckingham.
12. A military atchievement.
Such fellows will learn you by rote where services were
done, at such and such a breach. Shakesp. Hen. V.
13. Purpose; use.
All the vessels of the king's house are not for uses of ho­
nour, some be common stuff, and for mean services, yet pro­
fitable. Spelman.
14. Useful office; advantage.
The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service
she did in picking up venemous creatures. L'Estrange.
The clergy prevent themselves from doing much service to
religion, by affecting so much to converse with each other,
and caring so little to mingle with the laity. Swift.
Gentle streams visit populous towns in their course, and
are at once of ornament and service to them. Pope.
15. Favour.
To thee a woman's services are due,
My fool usurps my body. Shakesp. K. Lear.
16. Publick office of devotion.
According to this form of theirs, it must stand for a rule,
no sermon, no service. Hooker.
If that very service of God in the Jewish synagogues,
which our Lord did approve and sanctify with his own pre­
sence, had so large portions of the law and prophets, together
with the many prayers and psalms read day by day, as equal
in a manner the length of ours, and yet in that respect


was never thought to deserve blame; is it now an offence
that the like measure of time is bestowed in the like man­
ner? Hooker.
I know no necessity why private and single abilities should
quite justle out and deprive the church of the joint abilities
and concurrent gifts of many learned and godly men, such
as the composers of the service-book were. K. Charles.
The congregation was discomposed, and divine service bro­
ken off. Watts.
18. Course; order of dishes.
Cleopatra made Antony a supper sumptuous and royal;
howbeit there was no extraordinary service seen on the
board. Hakewill.
19. A tree and fruit. [sorbus, Latin.]
The flower consists of several leaves, which are placed or­
bicularly, and expand in form of a rose, whose flower-cup
afterwards becomes a fruit shaped like a pear or medlar: to
which must be added, pennated leaves like that of the
ash. Miller.
October is drawn in a garment of yellow and carnation;
in his left hand a basket of services, medlars, and other fruits
that ripen late. Peacham.

SER’VICEABLE. adj. [servissable, old French, from service.]
1. Active; diligent; officious.
He was sent to the King's court, with letters from that
officer, containing his own serviceable diligence in discovering
so great a personage; adding withal more than was true of his
conjectures. Sidney.
I know thee well, a serviceable villain;
As duteous to the vices of thy mistress
As badness could desire. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. Useful; beneficial.
Religion hath force to qualify all sorts of men, and to make
them, in publick affairs, the more serviceable; governors the
apter to rule with conscience; inferiors, for conscience sake,
the willinger to obey. Hooker.
So your father charg'd me at our parting,
Be serviceable to my son. Shakesp.
His own inclinations were to confine himself to his own
business, and be serviceable to religion and learning. Atterbury.
A book to justify the revolution, archbishop Tillotson re­
commended to the king as the most serviceable treatise could
have been published then. Swift.

SE’RVICEABLENESS. n. s. [from serviceable.]
1. Officiousness; activity.
He might continually be in her presence, shewing more
humble serviceableness and joy to content her than ever be­
fore. Sidney.
2. Usefulness; beneficialness.
All action being for some end, its aptness to be command­
ed or forbidden, must he founded upon its serviceableness or
disserviceableness to some end. Norris.

SE’RVILE. adj. [servil, French; serviles, Latin.]
1. Slavish; dependant; mean.
Fight and die, is death destroying death:
Where fearing dying, pays death servile breath. Shakesp.
From imposition of strict laws to free
Acceptance of large grace, from servile fear
To filial. Milton.
Ev'n fortune rules no more a servile land,
Where exil'd tyrants still by turns command. Pope.
2. Fawning; cringing.
The most servile flattery is lodged the most easily in the
grossest capacity; for their ordinary conceit draweth a yield­
ing to their greaters, and then have they not wit to discern
the right degrees of duty. Sidney.
She must bend the servile knee,
And fawning take the splendid robber's boon. Thomson.

SE’RVILELY. adv. [from servile.] Meanly; slavishly.
T' each changing news, they chang'd affections bring,
And servilely from fate expect a King. Dryd. Aurengzebe.
He affects a singularity in his actions and thoughts, rather
than servilely to copy from the wisest. Swift.

SE’RVILENESS. n. s. [from servile.]
SERVI’LITY. n. s. [from servile.]
1. Slavishness; involuntary obedience.
What, besides this unhappy servility to custom, can possibly
reconcile men that own christianity, to a practice widely
distant from it? Govern. of the Tongue.
2. Meanness; dependance; baseness.
The angels and dæmons, those by their subserviency, and
these by the servility of their obedience, manifestly declared
Christ and his apostles to be vested with an authority deri­
ved from their Lord. West.
3. Slavery, the condition of a slave.
To be a queen in bondage, is more vile
Than is a slave in base servility;
For princes should be free. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

SE’RVING-MAN. n. s. [serve and man.] A menial servant.
Your niece did more favours to the duke's serving-man, than
ever she bestowed on me. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Just in the nick; the cook knock'd thrice;
And all the waiters in a trice
His summons did obey;
Each serving-man, with dish in hand,
March'd boldly up, like our train'd band,
Presented and away. Suckling.
With Dennis you did ne'er combine,
Not you, to steal your master's wine;
Except a bottle now and then,
To welcome brother serving-men. Swift.

SE’RVITOR. n. s. [serviteur, French.]
1. Servant; attendant. A word obsolete.
This workman, whose servitor nature is, being only one,
the heathens imagining to be more, gave him in the sky the
name of Jupiter; in the air, of Juno; in the water, of Nep­
tune; in the earth, of Vesta; and Ceres. Hooker.
Your trusty and most valiant servitor,
With his free duty recommends you thus. Shakesp.
Thus are poor servitors,
When others sleep upon their quiet beds,
Constrain'd to watch in darkness, rain and cold. Shakesp.
Our Norman conqueror gave away to his servitors the
lands and possessions of such as did oppose his invasion. Davies.
Fearful commenting
Is leaden srvitor to dull delay;
Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary. Shakesp.
My noble queen, let former grudges pass,
And henceforth I am thy true servitor. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
2. One of the lowest order in the university.
His learning is much of a size with his birth and educa­
tion; no more of either than what a poor hungry servitor
can be expected to bring with him from his college. Swift.

SE’RVITUDE. n. s. [servitude, French; servitus, Lati.]
1. Slavery; state of a slave; dependance.
Aristotle speaketh of men, whom nature hath framd for
the state of servitude, saying, they have reason so far forth
as to conceive when others direct them. Hooker.
You would have sold your king to slaughter,
His princes and his peers to servitude,
His subjects to oppression and contempt. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Tho' it is necessary, that some persons in the world should
be in love with a splendid servitude, yet certainly they must
be much beholding to their own fancy, that they can be
pleased at it; for he that rises up early, and goes to bed
late, only to receive addresses, is really as much abridged in
his freedom, as he that waits to present one. South Sermons.
Unjustly thou deprav'st it with the name
Of servitude, to serve whom God ordains,
Or nature: God and nature bid the same,
When he who rules is worthiest. Milton.
2. Servants collectively.
After him a cum'brous train
Of herds, and flocks, and numerous servitude. Milton.

SE’RUM. n. s. [Latin.]
1. The thin and watry part that separates from the rest in any
liquor, as in milk from the cream.
2. The part of the blood, which in coagulation separates from
the grume.
Blood is the most universal juice in an animal body: the
red part of it differs from the serum, the serum from the
lymph, the lymph from the nervous juice, and that from the
several other humours separated in the glands. Arbuthnot.
SES

SESQUIA’LTER. adj. [sesquialtere, Fr. sesquialter, Lat.]
SESQUIA’LTERAL. adj. [sesquialtere, Fr. sesquialter, Lat.]
In geometry, is a ratio, where one quantity or num­
ber contains another once and half as much more, as 6
and 9. Dict.
In all the revolutions of the planets about the sun, and of
the secondary planets about the primary ones, the periodical
times is in a sesquialter proportion to the mean distance. Cheyne.
As the six primary planets revolve about the sun, so the se­
condary ones are moved about them in the same sesquialte­
ral proportion of their periodical motions to their orbs. Bentley.

SE’SQUIPLICATE. adj. [In mathematicks.] Is the proportion
one quantity or number has to another, in the ratio of one
half.
The periodical times of the planets are in sesquiplicate
proportion, and not a duplicate proportion of the distances
from the center or the radii; and consequently the planets
cannot be carried about by an harmonically circulating
fluid. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

SE’SQUIPEDAL. adj. [sesquipedalis, Latin.] Containing
a foot and a half.
SESQUIPEDA’LIAN. adj. [sesquipedalis, Latin.] Containing
a foot and a half.
As for my own part, I am but a sesquipedal, having only
fix foot and a half of stature. Addis. Guard.
Hast thou ever measured the gigantick Ethiopian, whose
stature is above eight cubits high, or the sesquipedalian pig­
mey? Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

SESQUITE’RTIAN. [in mathematicks.] Having such a ratio, as
that one quantity or number contains another once and one
third part more; as between 6 and 8. Dct.



SESS. n. s. [for assess, cess, or cense.] Rate; cess charged;
tax.
His army was so ill paid and governed, as the English suf­
fered more damage by the sess of his soldiers than they gain­
ed profit or security by abating the pride of their ene­
mies. Davies's Hist. of Ireland.

SE’SSION. n. s. [session, French; sessio, Latin.]
1. The act of sitting.
He hath as man, not as God only, a supreme dominion
over quick and dead; for so much his ascension into heaven,
and his session at the right-hand of God do import. Hooker.
Many, tho' they concede a table-gesture, will hardly al­
low this usual way of session. Brown's Vulg. Errors.
2. An assembly of magistrates or senators.
They are ready t'appear
Where you shall hold your session. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Summon a session that we may arraign
Our most disloyal lady. Shakesp.
The old man mindful still of moan,
Weeping, thus bespake the session. Chapman's Hom. Odys.
Of their session ended they bid cry
The great result. Milton.
Call'd to council all the Achaian states,
Nor herald sworn the session to proclaim. Pope's Odys.
3. The space for which an assembly sits, without intermission
or recess.
It was contrary to the course of parliament, that any bill
that had been rejected should be again preferred the same ses­
sion. Clarendon.
The second Nicene council affords us plentiful assistance,
in the first session, wherein the pope's vicar declares that Me­
letius was ordained by Arian bishops, and yet his ordination
was never questioned. Stillingfleet.
Many decrees are enacted, which at the next session are
repealed. Norris.
4. A meeting of justices: as the sessions of the peace.

SE’STERCE. n. s. [sesterce, French; sestertium, Latin.] Among
the Romans, a sum of about 8 l. 1 s. 5 d. half-penny ster­
ling. Dict.
Several of them would rather chuse a sum in sesterces, than
in pounds sterling. Addison on Medals.
SET

To SET. v. a. preterite I set; part. pass. I am set. [Satgan,
or satyan, Gothick; settan, Saxon; setten, Dutch.]
1. To place; to put in any situation or place; to put.
E're I could
Give him that parting kiss which I had set
Betwixt two charming words, comes in my father. Shakes.
But that my admirable dexterity of wit, counterfeiting the
action of an old woman, delivered me, the knave constable
had set me i' th' common stocks for a witch. Shakesp.
They that are younger have me in derision, whose fathers
I would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my
flock. Job. xxx. 1.
He that hath received his testimony, hath set to his seal,
that God is true. John iii. 33.
They have set her a bed in the midst of the slain. Ezek. xxxii.
God set them in the firmament, to give light upon the
earth. Gen. i. 17.
In their setting of their threshold by my thresholds, they
have defiled my holy name. Ezek. xliii. 8.
I have set thee for a tower among my people. Jer. vi. 27.
By his aid aspiring
To set himself in glory above his peers. Milton.
She sets the bar that causes all my pain;
One gift refused, makes all their bounty vain. Dryd.
The lives of the revealers may be justly enough set over
against the revelation, to find whether they agree. Atterb.
2. To put into any condition, state, or posture.
They thought the very disturbance of things established an
hire sufficient to set them on work. Hooker.
That man that sits within a monarch's heart,
Would he abuse the count'nance of the king,
Alack! what mischiefs might he set abroach? Shakesp.
Our princely general,
Will give you audience; and wherein
It shall appear that your demands are just,
You shall enjoy them; ev'ry thing set off
That might so much as think you enemies. Shakesp.
This present enterprize set off his head,
I do not think a braver gentleman
Is now alive. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Ye caused every man his servant, whom he had set at li­
berty, to return. Jer. xxxiv. 16.
Every sabbath ye shall set it in order. Lev. xxiv. 8.
I am come to set a man at variance against his father. Mat.
Thou shalt pour out into all those vessels, and set aside that
which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4.
The beauty of his ornament he set in majesty, but they
made images; therefore have I set it far from them. Ezek.
The gates of thy land shall be set wide open. Nah. iii. 13.
The fathers have eaten a sour grape, and the children's teeth
are set on edge. Jer. xxxi. 20.
The tongue defileth the whole body, and setteth on fire the
course of nature, and is set on fire of hell. Ja. iii. 6.
The shipping might be set on work by fishing, by trans­
portations from port to port. Bacon.
This wheel set on going, did pour a war upon the Vene­
tians with such a tempest, as Padua and Trevigi were taken
from them. Bacon.
That this may be done with the more advantage, some
hours must be set apart for this examination. Duppa.
Finding the river fordable at the foot of the bridge, he set
over his horse. Hayward.
Equal success had set these champions high,
And both resolv'd to conquer, or to die. Waller.
Nothing renders a man so inconsiderable; for it sets him
above the meaner sort of company, and makes him intole­
rable to the better. Govern. of the Tongue.
Some are reclaimed by punishment, and some are set right
by good nature. L'Estrange.
The fire was form'd, she sets the kettle on. Dryd.
Leda's present came,
To ruin Troy, and set the world on flame. Dryd.
Set calf betimes to school, and let him be
Instructed there in rules of husbandry. Dryd.
Over labour'd with so long a course,
'Tis time to set at ease the smoking horse. Dryd.
The punish'd crime shall set my soul at ease,
And murm'ring manes of my friend appease. Dryd.
Jove call'd in haste
The son of Maia with severe decree,
To kill the keeper, and to set her free. Dryd.
If such a tradition were at any time endeavoured to be set
on foot, it is not easy to imagine how it should at first gain
entertainment. Tillotson.
When the father looks sour on the child, every body else
should put on the same coldness, till forgiveness asked, and a
reformation of his fault has set him right again, and restored
him to his former credit. Locke on Educat.
His practice must by no means cross his precepts, unless he
intend to set him wrong. Locke on Educat.
If the fear of absolute and irresistible power set it on upon
the mind, the idea is likely to sink the deeper. Locke.
When he has once chosen it, it raises desire that proportion­
ably gives him uneasiness which determines his will, and sets
him at work in pursuit of his choice, on all occasions. Locke.
This river,
When nature's self lay ready to expire,
Quench'd the dire flame that set the world on fire. Addis.
The many hospitals every where erected, serve rather to en­
courage idleness in the people than to set them at work. Add.
A couple of lovers agreed at parting, to set aside one half
hour in the day to think of each other. Addis.
Your fortunes place you far above the necessity of learn­
ing, but nothing can set you above the ornament of it. Felton.
Their first movement and impressed motions demand the
impulse of an almighty hand to set them agoing. Cheyne.
Men of quality look upon it as one of their distinguishing
privileges, not to set other people at ease, with the loss of the
least of their own. Pope.
That the wheels were but small, may be guessed from a cus­
tom they have of taking them off, and setting them on. Pope.
Be frequent in setting such causes at work, whose effects
you desire to know. Watts.
3. To make motionless; to fix immoveably.
Struck with the sight, inanimate she seems,
Set are her eyes, and motionless her limbs. Garth.
4. To fix; to state by some rule.
Hereon the prompter falls to flat railing in the bitterest
terms; which the gentleman with a set gesture and counte­
nance still soberly related, until the ordinary, driven at last
into a mad rage, was fain to give over. Carew.
The town of Bern has handsome fountains planted, at set
distances, from one end of the streets to the other. Addison.
5. To regulate; to adjust.
In court they determine the king's good by his desires,
which is a kind of setting the sun by the dial. Suckling.
God bears a different respect to places set apart and conse­
crated to his worship, to what he bears to places designed to
common uses. South.
Our palates grow into a liking of the seasoning and cookery,
which by custom they are set to. Locke.
He rules the church's blest dominions,
And sets men's faith by his opinions. Prior.
Against experience he believes,
He argues against demonstration;
Plead's when his reason he deceives,
And sets his judgment by his passion. Prior.
6. To fit to musick; to adapt with notes.
Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute. Dryden.


Grief he tames that fetters it in verse;
But when I have done so,
Some man, his art or voice to show,
Doth set and sing my pain;
And by delighting many, frees again
Grief, which verse did restrain. Donne.
I had one day set the hundredth psalm, and was singing the
first line, in order to put the congregation into the tune. Spect.
7. To plant, not sow.
Whatsoever fruit useth to be set upon a root or a slip, if it
be sown, will degenerate. Bacon's Nat. History.
I prostrate fell,
To shrubs and plants my vile devotion paid,
And set the bearded leek to which I pray'd. Prior.
8. To intersperse or mark with any thing.
As with stars, their bodies all
And wings were set with eyes. Milton.
High on their heads, with jewels richly set,
Each lady wore a radiant coronet. Dryden.
The body is smooth on that end, and on this 'tis set with
ridges round the point. Woodward.
9. To reduce from a fractured or dislocated state.
Can honour set to a leg? no: or an arm? no: honour hath
no skill in surgery then? no. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Considering what an orderly life I had led, I only com­
manded that my arm and leg should be set, and my body
anointed with oil. G. Herbert.
The fracture was of both the focils of the left leg: he had
been in great pain from the time of the setting. Wiseman.
Credit is gained by course of time, and seldom recovers a
strain; but if broken, is never well set again. Temple.
10. To fix the affection; to determine the resolution.
Set your affection on things above, not on things on the
earth. Col. iii. 2.
They should set their hope in God, and not forget his
works. Ps. lxxviii. 7.
Because sentence against an evil work is not executed
speedily, the heart of men is fully set in them to do evil. Eccl.
Set to work millions of spinning worms,
That in their green shops weave the smooth hair'd silk
To deck her sons. Milt.
Set not thy heart
Thus overfond on that which is not thine. Milton.
When we are well, our hearts are set,
Which way we care not, to be rich or great. Denham.
Our hearts are so much set upon the value of the benefits
received, that we never think of the bestower. L'Estrange.
These bubbles of the shallowest, emptiest sorrow,
Which children vent for toys, and women rain
For any trifle their fond hearts are set on. Dryd. and Lee.
Should we set our hearts only upon these things, and be able
to taste no pleasure but what is sensual, we must be extremely
miserable when we come unto the other world, because we
should meet with nothing to entertain ourselves. Tillotson.
No sooner is one action dispatched, which we are set upon,
but another uneasiness is ready to set us on work. Locke.
Minds, altogether set on trade and profit, often contract a
certain narrowness of temper. Addison.
Men take an ill-natured pleasure in disappointing us in what
our hearts are most set upon. Addison's Spectator.
An Englishman, who has any degree of reflection, cannot
be better awakened to a sense of religion in general, than by
observing how the minds of all mankind are set upon this im­
portant point, and how every nation is attentive to the great
business of their being. Addison.
I am much concerned when I see young gentlemen of for­
tune so wholly set upon pleasures, that they neglect all im­
provements in wisdom and knowledge. Addison.
11. To predetermine; to settle.
We may still doubt whether the Lord, in such indifferent
ceremonies as those whereof we dispute, did frame his people
of set purpose unto any utter dissimilitude with Egyptians, or
with any other nation. Hooker.
He remembers only the name of Conon, and forgets the
other on set purpose, to shew his country swain was no great
scholar. Dryden.
12. To establish; to appoint; to fix.
Of all helps for due performance of this service, the great­
est is that very set and standing order itself, which, framed
with common advice, hath for matter and form prescribed
whatsoever is herein publickly done. Hooker.
It pleased the king to send me, and I set him a time. Neh. ii.
Am I a sea, or a whale, that thou settest a watch over me?
Job vii. 12.
He setteth an end to darkness, and searcheth out all per­
fection. Job xxviii. 3.
In studies, whatsoever a man commandeth upon himself,
let him set hours for it; but whatsoever is agreeable to his na­
ture, let him take no care for any set times: for his thoughts
will fly to it of themselves, so as the spaces of other business
or studies will suffice. Bacon.
For using set and prescribed forms, there is no doubt but
that wholsome words, being known, are aptest to excite judi­
cious and fervent affections. King Charles.
His seed, when is not set, shall bruise my head. Milton.
Though set form of prayer be an abomination,
Set forms of petitions find great approbation. Denham.
Set places and set hours are but parts of that worship we
owe. South.
That law cannot keep men from taking more use than you
set, the want of money being that alone which regulates its
price, will appear, if we consider how hard it is to set a price
upon unnecessary commodities; but how impossible it is to set
a rate upon victuals in a time of famine. Locke.
Set him such a task, to be done in such a time. Locke.
As in the subordinations of government the king is offended
by any insults to an inferior magistrate, so the sovereign ruler
of the universe is affronted by a breach of allegiance to those
whom he has set over us. Addison.
Take set times of meditating on what is future. Atterbury.
Should a man go about, with never so set study and design,
to describe such a natural form of the year as that which is at
present established, he could fearcely ever do it in so few
words that were so fit. Woodward.
13. To exhibit; to display; to propose. With before.
Through the variety of my reading, I set before me many
examples both of ancient and later times. Bacon.
Reject not then what offer'd means: who knows
But God hath set before us, to return thee
Home to thy country and his sacred house? Milton.
Long has my soul desir'd this time and place,
To set before your sight your glorious race. Dryden.
All that can be done is to set the thing before men, and to
offer it to their choice. Tillotson.
A spacious veil from his broad shoulders flew,
That set th' unhappy Phaeton to view:
The flaming chariot and the steeds it shew'd,
And the whole fable in the mantle glow'd. Addison.
When his fortune sets before him all
The pomps and pleasures that his soul can wish,
His rigid virtue will accept of none. Addison's Cato.
He supplies his not appearing in the present scene of action,
by setting his character before us, and continually forcing his
patience, prudence, and valour upon our observation. Broome.
14. To value; to estimate; to rate.
Be you contented
To have a son set your decrees at nought?
To pluck down justice from your awful bench,
To trip the course of law? Shakes. H. IV.
The backwardness parents shew in divulging their faults,
will make them set a greater value on their credit themselves,
and teach them to be the more careful to preserve the good
opinion of others. Locke.
If we act by several broken views, and will not only be vir­
tuous, but wealthy, popular, and every thing that has a value
set upon it by the world, we shall live and die in misery. Addis.
Have I not set at nought my noble birth,
A spotless fame, and an unblemish'd race,
The peace of innocence, and pride of virtue?
My prodigality has giv'n thee all. Rowe's Jane Shore.
Though the same sun, with all diffusive rays,
Blush in the rose and in the diamond blaze,
We prize the stronger effort of his pow'r,
And always set the gem above the flow'r. Pope.
15. To stake at play.
What sad disorders play begets!
Desp'rate and mad, at length he sets
Those darts, whose points make gods adore. Prior.
16. To offer a wager at dice to another.
Who sets me else? I'll throw at all. Shakesp. R. II.
17. To fix in metal.
Think so vast a treasure as your son
Too great for any private man's possession;
And him too rich a jewel to be set
In vulgar metal, or vulgar use. Dryden.
He may learn to cut, polish, and set precious stones. Locke.
18. To embarrass; to distress; to perplex. [This is used, I
think, by mistake, for beset: as,
Adam, hard beset, replied. Milton.]
Those who raise popular murmurs and discontents against
his majesty's government, that they find so very few and so
very improper occasions for them, shew how hard they are
set in this particular, represent the bill as a grievance. Addis.
19. To fix in an artificial manner, so as to produce a particular
effect.
The proud have laid a snare for me, they have set gins. Ps.
20. To apply to something.
Unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury, that the
Lord may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to. Deut.
With whate'er gall thou set'st thyself to write,
Thy inoffensive satires never bite. Dryden.
21. To fix the eyes.
I will set mine eyes upon them for good, and bring them
again to this land. Jer. xxiv. 6.


Joy salutes me when I set
My blest eyes on Amoret. Waller.
22. To offer for a price.
There is not a more wicked thing than a covetous man; for
such an one setteth his own soul to sale. Ecclus. x. 9.
23. To place in order; to frame.
After it was framed, and ready to be set together, he was,
with infinite labour and charge, carried by land with camels,
through that hot and sandy country, from Caire to Suetia.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
24. To station; to place.
Cœnus has betray'd
The bitter truths that our loose court upbraid:
Your friend was set upon you for a spy,
And on his witness you are doom'd to die. Dryden.
25. To oppose.
Will you set your wit to a fool's? Shakespeare.
26. To bring to a fine edge: as, to set a razor.
27. To SET about. To apply to.
They should make them play-games, or endeavour it, and
set themselves about it. Locke.
28. To SET against. To place in a state of enmity or opposition.
The terrors of God do set themselves in array against me.
Job vi. 4.
The king of Babylon set himself against Jerusalem. Ezek.
The devil hath reason to set himself against it; for nothing is
more destructive to him than a soul armed with prayer. Duppa.
There should be such a being as assists us against our worst
enemies, and comforts us under our sharpest sufferings, when
all other things set themselves against us. Tilotson.
29. To SET against. To oppose; to place in rhetorical oppo­
sition.
This perishing of the world in a deluge is set against, or
compared with, the perishing of the world in the conflagra­
tion. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
30. To SET apart. To neglect for a season.
They highly commended his forwardness, and all other
matters for that time set apart. Knoles.
31. To SET aside. To omit for the present.
Set your knighthood and your soldiership aside, and give me
leave to tell you that you lie in your throat. Shakesp. H. IV.
In 1585 followed the prosperous expedition of Drake and
Carlile into the West Indies; in the which I set aside the
taking of St. Jago and St. Domingo in Hispaniola, as surprizes
rather than encounters. Bacon.
My highest interest is not to be deceived about these mat­
ters; therefore, setting aside all other considerations, I will en­
deavour to know the truth, and yield to that. Tillotson.
32. To SET aside. To reject.
I'll look into the pretensions of each, and shew upon what
ground 'tis that I embrace that of the deluge, and set aside all
the rest. Woodward's Nat. History.
No longer now does my neglected mind
Its wonted stores and old ideas find:
Fix'd judgment there no longer does abide,
To taste the true, or set the false aside. Prior.
33. To SET aside. To abrogate; to annul.
Several innovations, made to the detriment of the English
merchant, are now intirely set aside. Addison.
There may be
Reasons of so much pow'r and cogent force,
As may ev'n set aside this right of birth:
If sons have rights, yet fathers have 'em too. Rwe.
He shows what absurdities follow upon such a supposition,
and the greater those absurdities are, the more strongly do they
evince the falsity of that supposition from whence they flow,
and consequently the truth of the doctrine set aside by that
supposition. Atterbury.
34. To SET by. To regard; to esteem.
David behaved himself more wisely than all, so that his
name was much set by. 1 Sa. xviii. 30.
35. To SET by. To reject or omit for the present.
You shall hardly edify me, that those nations might not, by
the law of nature, have been subdued by any nation that had
only policy and moral virtue; though the propagation of the
faith, whereof we shall speak in the proper place, were set by,
and not made part of the case. Bacon.
36. To SET down. To mention; to explain; to relate in
writing.
They have set down, that a rose set by garlick is sweeter,
because the more fetid juice goeth into the garlick. Bacon.
Some rules were to be set down for the government of the
army. Clarendon.
I shall set down an account of a discourse I chanced to have
with one of these rural statesmen. Addison.
37. To SET down. To register or note in any book or paper;
to put in writing.
Let those that play your clowns speak no more than is set
down for them. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Every man, careful of virtuous conversation, studious of
scripture, and given unto any abstinence in diet, was set down
in his calendar of suspected Priscilianists. Hooker.
Take
One half of my commission, and set down
As best thou art experienc'd, since thou know'st
Thy country's strength and weakness. Shak Coriolanus.
The reasons that led me into the meaning which prevailed
on my mind, are set down. Locke.
An eminent instance of this, to shew what use can do, I
shall set down. Locke.
I cannot forbear setting down the beautiful description Clau­
dian has made of a wild beast, newly brought from the woods,
and making its first appearance in a full amphitheatre. Addison.
38. To SET down. To fix on a resolve.
Finding him so resolutely set down, that he was neither by
fair nor foul means, but only by force, to be removed out of
his town, he inclosed the same round. Knolles.
39. To SET down. To fix; to establish.
This law we may name eternal, being that order which God
before all others hath set down with himself, for himself to do
all things by. Hooker.
40. To SET forth. To publish; to promulgate; to make ap­
pear.
My willing love,
The rather by these arguments of fear,
Set forth in your pursuit. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
The poems, which have been so ill set forth under his name,
are as he first writ them. Waller.
41. To SET forth. To raise; to send out.
Our merchants, to their great charges, set forth fleets to
descry the seas. Abbot.
The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty gallies, set forth
by the Venetians. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
They agreed, all with one consent, at a prefixed day, to
send unto Vienna such warlike forces, as they had in any
time before set forth, for the defence of the Christian religion.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
When poor Rutilus spends all his worth,
In hopes of setting one good dinner forth,
'Tis downright madness. Dryden's Juvenal.
42. To SET forth. To display; to explain.
As for words to set forth such lewdness, it is not hard for
them to give a goodly and painted shew thereunto, borrowed
even from the praises proper to virtue. Spenser.
So little have these false colours dishonoured painting, that
they have only served to set forth her praise, and to make her
merit further known. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
43. To SET forth. To arrange; to place in order.
Up higher to the plain, where we'll set forth
In best appointment all our regiments. Shakesp. K. John.
44. To SET forth. To show; to exhibit.
To render our errours more monstrous, and what unto a
miracle sets forth the patience of God, he hath endeavoured to
make the world believe he was God himself. Browne.
Whereas it is commonly set forth green or yellow, it is in­
clining to white. Brown's Vulg. Err.
To set forth great things by small. Milton.
The two humours of a chearful trust in providence, and a
suspicious diffidence of it, are very well set forth here for our
instruction. L'Estrange.
45. To SET forward. To advance; to promote.
They yield that reading may set forward, but not begin the
work of salvation. Hooker.
Amongst them there are not those helps which others have,
to set them forward in the way of life. Hooker.
In the external form of religion, such things as are appa­
rently or can be sufficiently proved effectual, and generally fit
to set forward godliness, either as betokening the greatness of
God, or as beseeming the dignity of religion, or as concur­
ing with celestial impressions in the minds of men, may be re­
verently thought of. Hooker.
They mar my path, they set forward my calamity. Job.
Dung or chalk, applied seasonably to the roots of trees, doth
set them forwards. Bacon's Nat. History.
46. To SET in. To put in a way to begin.
If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect my­
self. Colier.
47. To SET off. To decorate; to recommend; to adorn; to
embellish. It answers to the French relever.
Like bright metal on a sullen ground,
My reformation, glittering o'er my fault,
Shall shew more goodly, and attract more eyes,
Than that which hath no foil to set it off. Shak. H. IV.
The prince put thee into my service for no other reason
than to set me off. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Neglect not the examples of those that have carried them­
selves ill in the same place; not to set off thyself by taxing their
memory, but to direct thyself what to avoid. Bacon.
May you be happy, and your sorrows past
Set off those joys I wish may ever last. Waller.
The figures of the groupes must contrast each other by
their several positions: thus in a play some characters must be
raised to oppose others, and to set them off. Dryden.


The men, whose hearts are aimed at, are the occasion that
one part of the face lies under a kind of disguise, while the
other is so much set off, and adorned by the owner. Addison.
Their women are perfect mistresses in shewing themselves
to the best advantage: they are always gay and sprightly, and
set off the worst faces with the best airs. Addison.
The general good sense and worthiness of his character,
makes his friends observe these little singularities as foils, that
rather set off than blemish his good qualities. Addison.
The work will never take, if it is not set off with proper
scenes. Addison.
Claudian sets off his description of the Eridanus with all the
poetical stories. Addison on Italy.
48. To SET on or upon. To animate; to instigate; to incite.
You had either never attempted this change, set on with
hope, or never discovered it, stopt with dispair. Sidney.
He upbraids Iago, that he made him
Brave me upon the watch; whereon it came
That I was cast; and even now he spake
Iago set him on. Shakesp. Othello.
Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this. Shakespeare.
Baruch setteth thee on against us, to deliver us unto the
Chaldeans. Jer. xliii. 3.
He should be thought to be mad, or set on and employed by
his own or the malice of other men to abuse the duke. Claren.
In opposition sits
Grim death, my son and foe, who sets them on. Milton.
The vengeance of God, and the indignation of men, will
join forces against an insulting baseness, when backed with
greatness and set on by misinformation. South's Serm.
The skill used in dressing up power, will serve only to
give a greater edge to man's natural ambition: what can this
do but set men on the more eagerly to scramble? Locke.
A prince's court introduces a kind of luxury, that sets every
particular person upon making a higher figure than is consistent
with his revenue. Addison.
49. To SET on or upon. To attack; to assault.
There you missing me, I was taken up by pyrates, who
putting me under board prisoner, presently set upon another
ship, and maintaining a long fight, in the end put them all to
the sword. Sidney.
Cassio hath here been set on in the dark:
He's almost slain, and Rodorigo dead. Shakes. Othello.
So other foes may set upon our back. Shakesp. H. VI.
Alphonsus, captain of another of the galleys, suffering his
men to straggle too far into the land, was set upon by a Turk­
ish pyrate, and taken. Knolles.
Of one hundred ships there came scarce thirty to work: how­
beit with them, and such as came daily in, we set upon them,
and gave them the chace. Bacon's War with Spain.
If I had been set upon by villains, I would have redeemed
that evil by this which I now suffer. Taylor.
When once I am set upon, 'twill be too late to be whetting
when I should be fighting. L'Estrange.
When some rival power invades a right,
Flies set on flies, and turtles turtles fight. Garth's Dispens.
50. To SET on. To employ as in a task.
Set on thy wife t' observe. Shakesp. Othello.
51. To SET on or upon. To fix the attention; to determine to
any thing with settled and full resolution.
It becomes a true lover to have your heart more set upon her
good than your own, and to bear a tenderer respect to her
honour than your satisfaction. Sidney.
Some I found wond'rous harsh,
Contemptuous, proud, set on revenge and spite. Milton.
52. To SET out. To assign; to allot.
The rest, unable to serve any longer, or willing to fall to
thrift, should be placed in part of the lands by them won, at
better rate than others, to whom the same shall be set out. Spens.
The squaring of a man's thoughts to the lot that provi­
dence has set out for him is a blessing. L'Estrange.
53. To SET out. To publish.
I will use no other authority than that excellent proclama­
tion set out by the king in the first year of his reign, and an­
nexed before the book of Common Prayer. Bacon.
If all should be set out to the world by an angry whig, the
consequence must be a confinement of our friend for some
months more to his garret. Swift.
54. To SET out. To mark by boundaries or distinctions of
space.
Time and place, taken thus for determinate portions of
those infinite abysses of space and duration, set out, or supposed
to be distinguished from the rest by known boundaries, have
each a twofold acceptation. Locke.
55. To SET out. To adorn; to embellish.
An ugly woman, in a rich habit set out with jewels, nothing
can become. Dryden.
56. To SET out. To raise; to equip.
The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great
necessity, thirty men of war, a hundred gallies, and ten
galeasses. Addison on Italy.
57. To SET out. To show; to display; to recommend.
Barbarossa, in his discourses concerning the conquest of
Africk, set him out as a most fit instrument for subduing the
kingdom of Tunis. Knolles.
I could set out that best side of Luther, which our author, in
the picture he has given us of him, has thrown into shade,
that he might place a supposed deformity more in view. Atterb.
58. To SET out. To show; to prove.
Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was. Atterb.
59. To SET up. To erect; to establish newly.
There are many excellent institutions of charity lately set
up, and which deserve all manner of encouragement, particu­
larly those which relate to the careful and pious education of
poor children. Atterbury's Sermons.
Who could not win the mistress, woo'd the maid,
Set up themselves, and drove a sep'rate trade. Pope.
60. To SET up. To build; to erect.
Their ancient habitations they neglect,
And set up new: then, if the echo like not
In such a room, they pluck down those. Ben. Johnson's Catil.
Jacob took the stone, that he had for his pillow, and set it
up for a pillar. Gen. xxviii. 18.
Saul set him up a place, and is passed on, and gone down
to Gilgal. 1 Sa. xv. 12.
Such delight hath God in men
Obedient to his will, that he vouchsafes
Among them to set up his tabernacle. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Images were not set up or worshipped among the heathens,
because they supposed the gods to be like them. Stillingfleet.
Statues were set up to all those who had made themselves
eminent for any noble action. Dryden.
I shall shew you how to set up a forge, and what tools you
must use. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
Patrons, who sneak from living worth to dead,
With-hold the pension, and set up the head. Pope.
61. To SET up. To raise; to exalt; to put in power.
He was skilful enough to have lived still, if knowledge
could be set up against mortality. Shakespeare.
I'll translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and set up
the throne of David over Israel. 2 Sa. iii. 10.
Of those that lead these parties, if you could take off the
major number, the lesser would govern; nay, if you could
take off all, they would set up one, and follow him. Suckling.
Homer took all occasions of setting up his own countrymen
the Grecians, and of undervaluing the Trojan chiefs. Dryd.
Whatever practical rule is generally broken, it cannot be
supposed innate; it being impossible that men should, without
shame or fear, serenely break a rule which they could not but
evidently know that God had set up. Locke.
62. To SET up. To place in view.
He hath taken me by my neck, shaken me to pieces, and
set me up for his mark. Job xvi. 12.
Scarecrows are set up to keep birds from corn and fruit. Bac.
Thy father's merit sets thee up to view,
And shows thee in the fairest point of light,
To make thy virtues or thy faults conspicuous. Addison.
63. To SET up. To place in repose; to fix; to rest.
Whilst we set up our hopes here, we do not so seriously, as
we ought, consider that God has provided another and better
place for us. Wake.
64. To SET up. To raise by the voice.
My right eye itches, some good luck is near;
Perhaps my Amaryllis may appear;
I'll set up such a note as she shall hear. Dryden.
65. To SET up. To advance; to propose to reception.
The authors that set up this opinion were not themselves
satisfied with it. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
66. To SET up. To raise to a sufficient fortune.
In a soldier's life there's honour to be got, and one lucky hit
sets up a man for ever. L'Estrange.

To SET. v. n.
1. To fall below the horizon, as the sun at evening.
The sun was set. Gen. xxviii. 11.
Whereas the setting of the pleiades and seven stars is de­
signed the term of Autumn and the beginning of Winter, unto
some latitudes these stars do never set. Brown's Vulgar Err.
That sun once set, a thousand meaner stars
Gave a dim light to violence and wars. Waller.
Now the latter watch of wasting night,
And setting stars, to kindly rest invite. Dryden's æn.
Not thicker billows beat the Libyan main,
When pale Orion sets in wintry rain,
Than stand these troops. Dryden's æn.
My eyes no object met,
But distant skies that in the ocean set. Dryden's Ind. Emp.
The Julian eagles here their wings display,
And there like setting stars the Decii lay. Garth's Ovid.
2. To be fixed hard.
A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist,
maketh the teeth to set hard one against another. Bacon.
3. To be extinguished or darkened, as the sun at night.
Ahijah could not see; for his eyes were set, by reason of his
age. 1 Kings xiv. 4.


4. To fit musick to words.
That I might sing it, madam, to a tune,
Give me a note: your ladyship can set.
—As little by such toys as may be possible. Shakespeare.
5. To become not fluid.
That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set, as the
tradesmen speak; that is, to exchange its fluidity for firm­
ness. Boyle.
6. To begin a journey.
So let him land,
And solemnly see him set on to London. Shakesp. H. V.
On Wednesday next, Harry, thou shalt set forward;
On Thursday we ourselves will march. Shakespeare.
The king is set from London, and the scene
Is now transported to Southampton. Shakes. Hen. V.
7. To go, or pass, or put one's self into any state or posture.
The faithless pirate soon will set to sea,
And bear the royal virgin far away. Dryden.
When sets he forward?
—He is near at hand. Dryden's Ind Emp.
He with forty of his gallies, in most warlike manner ap­
pointed, set forward with Solyman's ambassador towards Con­
stantinople. Knolles's History of the Turks.
8. To catch birds with a dog that sets them, that is, lies down
and points them out; and with a large net.
When I go a hawking or setting, I think myself beholden
to him that assures me, that in such a field there is a covey of
partridges. Boyle.
9. To plant, not sow.
In gard'ning ne'er this rule forget,
To sow dry, and set wet. Old Proverb.
10. It is commonly used in conversation for sit, which, though
undoubtedly barbarous, is sometimes found in authors.
If they set down before's, 'fore they remove,
Bring up your army. Shakespeare.
11. To apply one's self.
If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the com­
mands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it
shall prove successful to him. Hammond.
12. To SET about. To fall to; to begin.
We find it most hard to convince them, that it is necessary
now, at this very present, to set about it: we are thought a
little too hot and hasty, when we press wicked men to leave
their sins to-day, as long as they have so much time before
them to do it in. Calamy's Sermons.
How preposterous is it, never to set about works of charity,
whilst we ourselves can see them performed? Atterbury.
13. To SET in. To fix in a particular state.
When the weather was set in to be very bad, I have taken
a whole day's journey to see a gallery furnished by great mas­
ters. Addison's Spectator.
As November set in with keen frosts, so they continued
through the whole of that month, without any other altera­
tion than freezing with more or less severity, as the winds
changed. Ellis's Voyage.
A storm accordingly happened the following day; for a
southern monsoon began to set in. Gulliver's Travels.
14. To SET on or upon. To begin a march, journey, or enter­
prize.
Be't your charge
To see perform'd the tenor of our word:
Set on Shakespeare's Henry IV.
He that would seriously set upon the search of truth, ought
to prepare his mind with a love of it. Locke.
The understanding would presently obtain the knowledge
it is about, and then set upon some new inquiry. Locke.
15. To SET on. To make an attack.
Hence every leader to his charge;
For on their answer we will set on them. Shak. Hen. IV.
16. To SET out. To have beginning.
If any invisible casualty there be, it is questionable whether
its activity only set out at our nativity, and began not rather in
the womb. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
The dazzling lustre to abate,
He set not out in all his pomp and state,
Clad in the mildest lightning. Addison.
17. To SET out. To begin a journey.
At their setting out they must have their commission from
the king. Bacon.
I shall put you in mind where you promised to set out, or
begin your first stage. Hammond.
Me thou think'st not slow,
Who since the morning-hour set out from heav'n,
Where God resides, and ere mid-day arriv'd
In Eden. Milton's Parad. Lost.
My soul then mov'd the quicker pace;
Your's first set out, mine reach'd her in the race. Dryden.
These doctrines, laid down for foundations of any science,
were called principles, as the beginnings from which we must
set out, and look no farther backwards. Locke.
He that sets out upon weak legs will not only go farther, but
grow stronger too, than one who with firm limbs only sits
still. Locke.
For these reasons I shall set out for London to-morrow. Add.
Look no more on man in the first stage of his existence,
in his setting out for eternity. Addison.
If we slacken our arms, and drop our oars, we shall be hur­
ried back to the place from whence we first set out. Addison.
18. To SET out. To begin the world.
Eudoxus, at his first setting out, threw himself into court.
Addison's Spectator.
Eugenio set out from the same university, and about the
same time with Corusodes. Swift.
19. To SET to. To apply himself to.
I may appeal to some, who have made this their business,
whether it go not against the hair with them to set to any thing
else. Government of the Tongue.
20. To SET up. To begin a trade openly.
We have stock enough to set up with, capable of infinite
advancement, and yet no less capable of total decay.
Decay of Piety.
A man of a clear reputaion, though his bark be split, yet
he saves his cargo; has something left towards setting up again,
and so is in capacity of receiving benefit not only from his
own industry, but the friendship of others. Gov. of the Tongue.
Those who have once made their court to those mistresses
without portions, the muses, are never like to set up for for­
tunes. Pope.
This habit of writing and discoursing was acquired during
my apprenticeship in London, and a long residence there after
I had set up for myself. Swift.
21. To SET up. To begin a project of advantage.
Eumenes, one of Alexander's captains, setting up for him­
self after the death of his master, persuaded his principal offi­
cers to lend him great sums; after which they were forced to
follow him for their own security. Arbuthnot.
A severe treatment might tempt them to set up for a repub­
lick. Addison on Italy.
22. To SET up. To profess publickly.
Scow'ring the watch grows out of fashion wit;
Now we set up for tilting in the pit. Dryden.
Can Polyphemus, or Antiphates,
Who gorge themselves with man,
Set up to teach humanity, and give,
By their example, rules for us to live? Dryd. Juvenal.
It is found by experience, that those men who set up for
morality, without regard to religion, are generally but vir­
tuous in part. Swift.

SET. part. adj. [from the verb.] Regular; not lax; made in
consequence of some formal rule.
Rude am I in my speech,
And little bless'd with the set phrase of peace. Shak. Othello.
Th' indictment of the good lord Hastings,
In a set hand fairly is ingross'd. Shakes. Richard III.
He would not perform that service by the hazard of one set
battle, but by dallying off the time. Knolles.
Set speeches, and a formal tale,
With none but statesmen and grave fools prevail. Dryden.
In ten set battles have we driv'n back
These heathen Saxons, and regain'd our earth. Dryden.
What we hear in conversation has this general advantage
over set discourses, that in the latter we are apt to attend more
to the beauty and elegance of the composure than to the mat­
ter delivered. Rogers.

SET. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A number of things suited to each other; a number of things
of which one cannot conveniently be separated from the rest.
Sensations and passions seem to depend upon a particular set
of motions. Collier.
All corpuscles of the same set or kind agree in every
thing. Woodward.
'Tis not a set of features or complexion,
The tincture of a skin, that I admire. Addison.
I shall here lay together a new set of remarks, and observe
the artifices of our enemies to raise such prejudices. Addison.
Homer introduced that monstrous character to show the
marvellous, and paint it in a new set of colours. Broome.
He must change his comrades;
In half the time he talks them round,
There must another set be found. Swift.
They refer to those criticks who are partial to some parti­
cular set of writers to the prejudice of others. Pope.
Perhaps there is no man, nor set of men, upon earth,
whose sentiments I intirely follow. Watts.
2. Any thing not sown, but put in a state of some growth into
the ground.
'Tis raised by sets or berries, like white thorn, and lies the
same time in the ground. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. The apparent fall of the sun, or other bodies of heaven,
below the horizon.


The weary sun hath made a golden set;
And, by the bright track of his firy car,
Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow. Shak. R. III.
When the battle's lost and won.
—That will be ere set of sun. Shakes. Macbeth.
Before set of sun that day, I hope to reach my Winter­
quarters. Atterbury to Pope.
4. A wager at dice.
That was but civil war, an equal set,
Where piles with piles, and eagles eagles fight. Dryden.
5. A game.
Have I not here the best cards for the game,
To win this easy match plaid for a crown?
And shall I now give o'er the yielded set? Shakespeare.
When we have match'd our rackets to these balls,
We will, in France, play a set
Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard. Shak. H. V.

SETA’CEOUS. adj. [seta, Latin.] Bristly; set with strong
hairs; consisting of strong hairs.
The parent insect, with its stiff setaceous tail, terebrates the
rib of the leaf when tender, and makes way for its egg into
the very pith. Derham.

SE’TON. n. s. [seton, French, from seta, Latin.]
A seton is made when the skin is taken up with a needle,
and the wound kept open by a twist of silk or hair, that hu­
mours may vent themselves. Farriers call this operation in
cattle rowelling. Quiney.
I made a seton to give a vent to the humour. Wiseman.
If the sinus be of great length depending, make a perfora­
tion in the lower part by a seton-needle with a twisted silk.
Wiseman's Surgery.

SETTE’E. n. s. A large long seat with a back to it.

SE’TTER. n. s. [from set.]
1. One who sets.
When he was gone I cast this book away: I could not look
upon it but with weeping eyes, in remembering him who was
the only setter on to do it. Ascham.
Shameless Warwick, peace!
Proud setter up and puller down of kings! Shakes. H. VI.
He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods. Acts xvii.
2. A dog who beats the field, and points the bird for the sports­
men.
3. A man who performs the office of a setting dog, or finds out
persons to be plundered.
Another set of men are the devil's setters, who continually
beat their brains how to draw in some innocent unguarded
heir into their hellish net, learning his humour, prying into
his circumstances, and observing his weak side. South.

SE’TTERWORT. n. s. An herb; a species of hellebore.

SE’TTING Dog. n. s. [cane sentacchione, Ital. setting and dog.]
A dog taught to find game, and point it out to the sportsman.
Will. obliges young heirs with a setting dog he has made
himself. Addison.

SE’TTLE. n. s. [setol, Sax.] A seat; a bench; something
to sit on.
From the bottom to the lower settle shall be two cubits.
Ezek. xliii. 14.
The man, their hearty welcome first exprest,
A common settle drew for either guest,
Inviting each his weary limbs to rest. Dryden.

To SE’TTLE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place in any certain state after a time of fluctuation or
disturbance.
I will settle you after your old estates, and will do better
unto you than at your beginnings. Ezek. xxxvi. 11.
In hope to find
Better abode, and my afflicted powers
To settle here. Milton.
2. To fix in any way of life.
The father thought the time drew on
Of settling in the world his only son. Dryden.
3. To fix in any place.
Settl'd in his face I see
Sad resolution. Milton.
4. To establish; to confirm.
Justice submitted to what Abra pleas'd:
Her will alone could settle or revoke,
And law was fix'd by what she latest spoke. Prior.
5. To determine; to affirm; to free from ambiguity.
This exactness will be judged troublesome, and therefore
most men will think they may be excused from settling the
complex ideas of mixed modes so precisely in their minds.
Locke.
Medals give a very great light to history, in confirming
such passages as are true in old authors, and settling such as are
told after different manners. Addison.
6. To fix; to make certain or unchangeable.
His banish'd gods restor'd to rites divine,
And settl'd sure succession in his line. Dryden's æn.
If you will not take some care to settle our language, and
put it into a state of continuance, your memory shall not be
preserved above an hundred years, further than by imperfect
tradition. Swift.
7. To fix; not to suffer to continue doubtful in opinion, or de­
sultory and wavering in conduct.
This, by a settled habit in things, whereof we have fre­
quent experience, is performed so quick, that we take that for
the perception of our sensation which is an idea formed by
our judgment. Locke.
A pamphlet that talks of slavery, France, and the pre­
tender; they desire no more: it will settle the wavering, and
confirm the doubtful. Swift.
8. To make close or compact.
Cover ant-hills up, that the rain may settle the turf before
the Spring. Mortimer's Husbandry.
9. To fix unalienably by legal sanctions.
I have given him the parsonage of the parish, and, because
I know his value, have settled upon him a good annuity for
life. Addison's Spectator.
10. To fix inseparably.
Exalt your passion by directing and settling it upon an object,
the due contemplation of whose loveliness may cure perfectly
all hurts received from mortal beauty. Boyle.
11. To affect so as that the dregs or impurities sink to the
bottom.
So do the winds and thunders cleanse the air;
So working seas settle and purge the wine. Davies.
12. To compose; to put into a state of calmness.
When thou art settling thyself to thy devotions, imagine
thou hearest thy Saviour calling to thee, as he did to Martha,
Why art thou so careful? Duppa.

To SE’TTLE. v. n.
1. To subside; to sink to the bottom and repose there.
This is mere moral babble, and direct
Against the canon laws of our foundation:
I must not suffer this; yet 'tis the lees
And settlings of a melancholy blood. Milton.
2. To lose motion or fermentation; to deposite fæces at the
bottom.
Your fury then boil'd upward to a foam;
But since this message came, you sink and settle,
As if cold water had been pour'd upon you. Dryden.
A government, upon such occasions, is always thick before
it settles. Addison's Freeholder.
3. To fix one's self; to establish a residence.
The Spinetæ, descended from the Pelesgi, settled at the
mouth of the river Po. Arbuthnot.
4. To chuse a method of life; to establish a domestick state.
As people marry now, and settle,
Fierce love abates his usual mettle;
Worldly desires, and houshold cares,
Disturb the godhead's soft affairs. Prior.
5. To become fixed so as not to change.
The wind came about and settled in the West, so as we
could make no way. Bacon.
6. To quit an irregular and desultory for a methodical life.
7. To take any lasting state.
That country became a gained ground by the mud brought
down by the Nilus, which settled by degrees into a firm
land. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
According to laws established by the divine wisdom, it was
wrought by degrees from one form into another, 'till it settled
at length into an habitable earth. Burnet.
Chyle, before it circulates with the blood, is whitish: by
the force of circulation it runs through all the intermediate
colours, 'till it settles in an intense red. Arbuthnot.
8. To rest; to repose.
When time hath worn out their natural vanity, and taught
them discretion, their fondness settles on its proper object. Spect.
Warm'd in the brain the brazen weapon lies,
And shades eternal settle o'er his eyes. Pope.
9. To grow calm.
'Till the fury of his highness settle,
Come not before him. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
10. To make a jointure for a wife.
He sighs with most success that settles well. Garth.
11. To crack as work sinks.
One part being moist, and the other dry, occasions its set­
tling more in one place than another, which causes cracks and
settlings in the wall. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SE’TTLEDNESS. n. s. [from settle.] The state of being settled;
confirmed state.
What one party thought to rivet to a settledness by the
strength and influence of the Scots, that the other rejects and
contemns. King Charles.

SE’TTLEMENT. n. s. [from settle.]
1. The act of settling; the state of being settled.
2. The act of giving possession by legal sanction.
My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take,
With settlement as good as law can make. Dryden.


3. A jointure granted to a wife.
Strephon sigh'd so loud and strong,
He blew a settlement along;
And bravely drove his rivals down
With coach and six, and house in town. Swift.
4. Subsidence; dregs.
Fullers earth left a thick settlement. Mortimer's Husbandry.
5. Act of quitting a roving for a domestick and methodical
life.
Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth,
power, or settlement in the world. L'Estrange.
6. A colony; a place where a colony is established.

SE’TWAL. n. s. An herb. Dict.
SEV

SE’VEN. adj. [seofon, Saxon.]
1. Four and three; one more than six. It is commonly used in
poetry as one syllable.
Let ev'ry man be master of his time
'Till seven at night. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens. Gen.
Pharmis, king of the Medes, it is said, he overthrew and
cruelly murdered, with his seven children. Raleigh.
Sev'n bullocks, yet unyok'd, for Phœbus chuse;
And for Diana sev'n unspotted ewes. Dryden's æn.

SE’VENFOLD. adj. [seven and fold.] Repeated seven times;
having seven doubles.
Upon this dreadful beast with sevenfold head,
He set the false Duessa for more awe and dread. Fa. Queen.
The sevenfold shield of Ajax cannot keep
The battery from my heart. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopat.
Not for that silly old morality,
That as these links were knit, our loves should be,
Mourn I, that I thy sevenfold chain have lost,
Nor for the luck's sake, but the bitter cost. Donne.
What if the breath that kindled those grim fires
Awak'd, should blow them into sevenfold rage. Milton.
Fair queen,
Who sway'st the sceptre of the Pharian isle,
And sev'nfold falls of disemboguing Nile. Dryden.

SE’VENFOLD. adv. Seven times.
Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him
sevenfold. Gen. iv. 15.
Wrath meet thy flight sevenfold. Milton.

SE’VENNIGHT. n. s. [seven and night.]
1. A week; the time from one day of the week to the next day
of the same denomination preceding or following; a week,
numbered according to the practice of the old northern na­
tions, as in fortnight.
Rome was either more grateful to the beholders, or more
noble in itself, than justs with the sword and lance, main­
tained for a sevennight together. Sidney.
Iago's footing here anticipates our thoughts
A se'nnight's speed. Shak. Othello.
Shining woods, laid in a dry room, within a sevennight lost
their shining. Bacon's Natural History.
2. We use still the word sevennight or se'nnight in computing
time: as, it happened on Monday was sevennight, that is, on
the Monday before last Monday; it will be done on Monday
sevennight, that is, on the Monday after next Monday.
This comes from one of those untucker'd ladies whom you
were so sharp upon on Monday was se'ennight. Addis.

SE’VENSCORE. adj. [Seven and score.] Seven times twenty; an
hundred and forty.
The old countess of Desmond, who lived till she was seven­
score years old, did dentire twice or thrice; casting her old
teeth, and others coming in their place. Bacon.

SE’VENTEEN. adj. [seofontne, Saxon.] Seven and ten; se­
ven added to ten.

SE’VENTEENTH. adj. [seofonteotha, Saxon.] The seventh af­
ter the tenth; the ordinal of seventeen.
In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, the second month,
the seventeenth day, were all the fountains of the great deep
broken up. Gen. vii. 11.
The conquest of Ireland was perfected by the king in the
seventeenth year of his reign. Judge Hale.

SE’VENTH. adj. [seofotha, Saxon.] The ordinal of seven;
the first after the sixth.
The child born in the seventh month doth commonly
well. Bacon.
So Pharaoh, or some greater king than he,
Provided for the seventh necessity:
Taught from above his magazines to frame;
That famine was prevented e'er it came. Dryd.
2. Containing one part in seven.
Thy air is like the first:
A third is like the former. Filthy hags!
Why do you shew me this? A fourth? Start, eye!
What! will the line stretch to the crack of doom?
Another yet? A seventh! I'll see no more. Shakesp.

S’EVENTHLY. adv. [From seventh.] In the seventh place; an
ordinal adverb.
Seventhly, living bodies have sense, which plants have
not. Bacon.

SE’VENTIETH. adj. [From seventy] The tenth seven times re­
peated; the ordinal of seventy.

SE’VENTY. adj. [Handseofontig, Saxon.] Seven times ten.
Worthy Marcius,
Had we no quarrel else to Rome, but that
Thou art thence banish'd, we would master all,
From twelve to seventy. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
We call not that death immature, if a man lives till se­
venty. Taylor.
The weight of seventy winters prest him down,
He bent beneath the burthen of a crown. Dryd.
In the Hebrew, there is a particle consisting but of one
single letter, of which there are reckoned up seventy several
significations. Locke.

To SE’VER. v. a. [sevrer, French; separo, Latin.]
1. To part by violence from the rest.
Forgetful queen, who severed that bright head,
Which charm'd two mighty monarchs to her bed. Granv.
2. To divide; to part; to force asunder.
They are not so far disjoined and severed, but that they
come at length to meet. Hooker.
Fortune, divorce
Pomp from the bearer, 'tis a suff'rance panging,
As soul and body's sev'ring. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Our force by land
Hath nobly held; our sever'd navy too
Have knit again, and float. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
What thou art is mine:
Our state cannot be sever'd, we are one,
One flesh; to lose thee were to lose myself. Milton.
3. To separate; to put in different orders or places.
The angels shall sever the wicked from among the just Mat.
He, with his guide, the farther fields attain'd;
Where sever'd from the rest the warrior souls remain'd. Dryd.
4. To separate by chimical operation.
This axiom is of large extent, and would be severed and
refined by trial. Bacon.
5. To disjoin, to disunite.
Look, love, what envious streaks
Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east. Shakesp.
How stiff is my vile sense,
That I stand up and have ingenious feeling
Of my huge sorrows! better I were distract,
So should my thoughts be sever'd from my griefs;
And woes by wrong imaginations, lose
The knowledge of themselves. Shakesp.
The medical virtues lodge in some one or other of its prin­
ciples, and may therefore usefully be sought for in that prin­
ciple sever'd from the others. Boyle.
6. To keep distinct; to keep apart.
Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun;
Not separated with the racking clouds,
But sever'd in a pale clear-shining sky. Shakesp.
I will sever Goshen, that no swarms of flies shall be
there. Exod. viii. 22.

To SE’VER. v. n. To make a separation; to make a partition.
The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and of
Egypt. Exod. ix. 4.
There remains so much religion, as to know how to sever
between the use and abuse of things. K. Charles.
Better from me thou sever not. Milton.

SE’VERAL adj. [from sever.]
1. Different; distinct; unlike one another.
Divers sorts of beasts came from several parts to drink; and
so being refreshed, fall to couple, and many times with se­
veral kinds. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The conquest of Ireland was made piece and piece, by se­
veral attempts, in several ages. Davies's Hist. of Ireland.
Four several armies to the field are led,
Which high in equal hopes four princes head. Dryd.
2. Divers; many. It is used in any number not large, and more
than two.
This country is large, having in it many people, and seve­
ral kingdoms. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
This else to several spheres thou must ascribe. Milton.
We might have repaired the losses of one campaign by the
advantages of another, and after several victories gained over
us, might have still kept the enemy from our gates. Addis.
3. Particular; single.
Each several ship a victory did gain,
As Rupert, or as Albemarle were there. Dryd.
4. Distinct; appropriate.
The parts and passages of state are so many, as to express
them fully, would require a several treatise. Davies's Ireland.
Like things to like, the rest to several place
Disparted. Milton.
Each might his sev'ral province well command,
Would all but stoop to what they understand. Pope.

SE’VERAL. n. s. [from the adj.]
1. A state of separation; or partition. This substantive has a plu­
ral.


More profit is quieter found
Where pastures in several be,
Of one silly aker of ground
Than champion maketh of three. Tusser. Husband.
2. Each particular singly taken.
This by some severals
Of head piece extraordinary, lower messes
Perchance are to this business purblind. Shakesp.
There was not time enough to hear
The severals. Shakesp.
That will appear to be a methodical successive observation
of these severals, as degrees and steps preparative the one
to the other. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family,
nor left any behind them. Addison's Freeholder.
3. An inclosed or separate place.
They had their several for heathen nations, their several
for the people of their own nation, their several for men, their
several for women, their several for their priests, and for the
high priest alone their several. Hooker.
4. Inclosed ground.
There was a nobleman that was lean of visage, but imme­
diately after his marriage he grew pretty plump and fat. One
said to him, your lordship doth contrary to other married men;
for they at first wax lean, and you wax fat. Sir Walter Ra­
leigh stood by and said, there is no beast, that if you take him
from the common, and put him into the several, but will wax
fat. Bacon.

SE’VERALLY. adv. [from several.] Distinctly; particularly;
separately; apart from others.
Consider angels each of them severally in himself, and their
law is, all ye his angels praise him. Hooker.
Nature and scripture, both jointly and not severally, either
of them, be so compleat, that unto everlasting felicity we
need not the knowledge of any thing more than these two may
easily furnish our minds with. Hooker.
Th' apostles could not be confin'd
To these or those, but severally design'd
Their large commission round the world to blow. Dryd.
We ought not so much to love likeness as beauty, and
to chuse from the fairest bodies severally the fairest parts. Dryd.
Others were so very small and close together, that I could
not keep my eye steddy on them severally so as to number
them. Newt. Opt.

SE’VERALTY. n. s. [from several.] State of separation from the rest.
The jointure or advancement of the lady was the third part
of the principality of Wales, the dukedom of Cornwal, and
earldom of Chester, to be set forth in severalty. Bacon.
Having considered the apertions in severalty, according to
their particular requisites, I am now come to the casting and
contexture of the whole work. Wotton.

SE’VERANCE. n. s. [from sever.] Separation; partition.
Those rivers enclose a neck of land, in regard of his fruit­
fulness, not unworthy of a severance. Carew's Survey of Cornw.

SEVE’RE. n. s. [severe, French; severus, Latin.]
1. Sharp; apt to punish; censorious; apt to blame; hard; rigorous.
Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always
more severe against thy self than against others. Taylor.
Soon mov'd with touch of blame, thus Eve:
What words have pass'd thy lips, Adam severe? Milton.
What made the church of Alexandria be so severe with
Origen for, but holding the incence in his hands, which those
about him cast from thence upon the altar? yet for this he
was cast out of the church. Stillingfleet.
2. Rigid; austere; morose; harsh; not indulgent.
Am I upbraided? not enough severe
It seems, in thy restraint. Milton.
In his looks serene,
When angry most he seem'd and most severe,
What else but favour shone? Milton.
Nor blame severe his choice,
Warbling the Grecian woes. Pope's Odyssey.
3. Cruel; inexorable.
His severe wrath shall he sharpen for a sword. Wisd.
4. Regulated by rigid rules; strict.
Truth, wisdom, sanctitude, severe and pure,
Severe, but in true filial freedom plac'd. Milton.
5. Exempt from all levity of appearance; grave; sober; sedate.
Your looks must alter, as your subject does,
From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe. Waller.
6. Not lax; not airy; close; strictly methodical; rigidly exact.
His grave rebuke,
Severe in youthful beauty, added grace. Milton.
Their beauty I leave it rather to the delicate wit of poets,
than venture upon so nice a subject with my severer style. More.
7. Painful; afflictive.
8. Close; concise; not luxuriant.
The Latin, a most severe and compendious language, often
expresses that in one word, which modern tongues cannot in
more. Dryden.
These piercing fires as soft as now severe. Milton.

SEVE’RELY. adv. [from severe.]
1. Painfully; affictively.
We have wasted our strength to attain ends different from
those for which we undertook the war, and often to effect
others which after a peace, we may severely repent. Swift.
2. Ferociously; horridly.
More formidable Hydra stands within;
Whose jaws with iron teeth severely grin. Dryd.

SEVE’RITY. n. s. [severitas, Latin.]
1. Cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment.
I laugh to see your ladyship so fond,
To think that you have ought but Talbot's shadow
Whereon to practise your severity. Shakesp.
He shall be thrown down the Tarpeian rock
With rigorous hands; he hath resisted law,
And therefore law shall scorn him further trial
Than the severity of publick power,
Which he so sets at nought. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Never were so great rebellions expiated with so little blood,
as for the severity used upon those taken in Kent, it was but
upon a scum of people. Bacon.
There is a difference between an ecclesiastical censure and
severity: for under a censure we only include excommunica­
tion, suspension, and an interdict; but under an ecclesiastical
severity, every other punishment of the church is intended; but
according to some, a censure and a severity is the same. Ayliffe.
2. Hardness; power of distressing.
Though nature hath given insects sagacity to avoid the win­
ter cold, yet its severity finds them out. Hale's Orig. of Mank.
3. Strictness; rigid accuracy.
Confining myself to the severity of truth, becoming, I must
pass over many instances of your military skill. Dryd.
4. Rigour; austerity; harshness; want of mildness; want of
indulgence.

SE’VOCATION. n. s. [sevoco, Latin.] The act of calling aside.

To SEW. for sue. Spenser. To follow.

To SEW. v. n. [suo, Latin.] To any thing by the use of the
needle.
A time to rent and a time to sew. Eccl. iii. 7.

To SEW. v. a. To join by threads drawn with a needle.
No man seweth a piece of new cloth on an old gar­
ment. Mark. ii. 21.

To SEW up. To inclose in any thing sewed.
If ever I said loose bodied gown, sew me up in the skirts
of it. Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.
My transgression is sealed up in a bag, and thou sewest up
mine iniquity. Job. xiv. 17.

To SEW. v. a. To drain a pond for the fish. Ainsworth.

SEWER. v. n. [escuyer trenchant, French; or asseour, old French;
from asseoir, to set down; for those officers set the dishes on
the table. Newton's Milton.]
1. An officer who serves up a feast.
Marshall'd feast,
Serv'd up in hall with sewers and seneshals:
The skill of artifice or office mean. Milt.
The cook and sewer, each his talent tries,
In various figures scenes of dishes rise:
2. [From issue, issuer.] Cowel. A passage for water to run
through, now corrupted to shore.
The fenmen hold that the sewers must be kept so, as the
water may not stay too long in the spring till the weeds and
sedge be grown up. Bacon.
Men suffer their private in judgment to be drawn into the
common sewer, or stream of the present vogue. K. Charles.
As one who long in populous city pent,
Where houses thick, and sewers annoy the air,
Forth issuing on a summer's morn, to breathe
Among the pleasant villages and farms
Adjoin'd, from each thing met conceives delight. Milt.
3. He that uses a needle.
SEX

SEX. n. s. [sexe, French; sexus, Latin.]
1. The property by which any animal is male or female.
These two great sexes animate the world. Milton.
Under his forming hands a creature grew,
Manlike, but different sex. Milton.
2. Womankind; by way of emphasis.
Unhappy sex! whose beauty is your snare;
Expos'd to trials; made too frail to bear. Dryd.
Shame is hard to be overcome; but if the sex once get the
better of it, it gives them afterwards no more trouble. Garth.

SE’XAGENARY. adj. [sexagenaire, French; sexagenarius, Latin.]
Aged sixty years.

SEXAGE’SIMA. n. s. [Latin.] The second Sunday before Lent.

SEXAGE’SIMAL. adj. [from sexagesimus, Latin.] Sixtieth;
numbred by sixties.

SEXA’NGLED. adj. [from sex and angular, Latin.] Having
six corners or angles; hexagonal.
SEXA’NGULAR. adj. [from sex and angular, Latin.] Having
six corners or angles; hexagonal.
Snow sexangular, at least of starry and many pointed figure.
The grubs from their sexangular abode
Crawl out unfinish'd like the maggot's brood. Dryd.

SEXA’NGULARLY. adv. [from sexangular.] With six angles;
hexagonally.

SEXE’NNIAL. adj. [sex and annus, Latin.] Lasting six years;
happening once in six years.



SE’XTAIN. n. s. [from sextans, sex, Latin.] A stanza of six lines.

SE’XTANT. n. s. [sextant, French.] The sixth part of a circle.

SE’XTARY. n. s. A pint and a half.

SE’XTARY. n. s. The same as sacristy; a vestry. Dict.
SE’XTRY. n. s. The same as sacristy; a vestry. Dict.

SE’XTILE. adj. [sextilis, Latin.] Is such a position or aspect
of two planets, when at 60 degrees distant, or at the distance
of two signs from one another, and is marked thus *. Har.
Planetary motions and aspects,
In sextile, square, and trine, Milton.
The moon receives the dusky light we discern in its sextile
aspect from the earth's benignity. Glanville.

SE’XTON. n. s. [corrupted from sacristan.] An under officer of
the church, whose business is to dig graves.
A stool and cushion for the sexton. Shakesp.
When any dies, then by tolling a bell, or bespeaking a grave
of the sexton, the same is known to the searchers correspond­
ing with the said sexton. Graunt.

SE’XTONSHIP. n. s. [from sexton.] The office of a sexton.
They may get a dispensation to hold the clerkship and sex­
tonship of their own parish in commendam. Swift.

SEXTU’PLE. adj. [sextuplus, Latin.] Sixfold; six times told.
Man's length being a perpendicular from the vertex unto
the sole of the foot is sextuple unto his breadth, or a right
line drawn from the ribs of one side to another. Brown.
SHA

To SHAB. v.n. To play mean tricks; a low barbarous cant word.

SHA’BBILY. adv. [from shabby.] Meanly; reproachfully; des­
picably; paltrily. A cant word.

SHA’BBINESS. n. s. [from shabby.] Meanness; paltriness.
He exchanged his gay shabbiness of cloaths fit for a much
younger man, to warm ones that would be decent for a much
older one. Addis. Spectator.

SHA’BBY. adj. [A word that has crept into conversation and
low writing; but ought not to be admitted into the lan­
guage.] Mean; paltry.
The dean was so shabby, and look'd like a ninny,
That the captain suppos'd he was curate to Jenny. Swift.

To SHA’CKLE. v. a. [from the noun, shackles, shaeckelen, Dutch.]
To chain; to fetter; to bind.
It is great,
To do that thing that ends all other deeds;
Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change. Shakesp.
You must not shackle and tie him up with rules about indif­
ferent matters. Locke.
No trivial price
Should set him free, or small should be my praise
To lead him shackled. Philips.
So the stretch'd cord the shackled dancertries,
As prone to fall as impotent to rise. Smith.

SHA’CKLES. n. s. wanting the singular. [seacul, Saxon,
schaeckels, Dutch.] Fetters; gyves; chains for prisoners.
Himself he frees by secret means unseen,
His shackles empty left, himself escaped clean. Fa. Queen.
A servant commonly is less free in mind than in condition;
his very will seems to be in bonds and shackles, and desire
itself under durance and captivity. South's Sermons.
The forge in fetters only is employed;
Our iron mines exhausted and destroyed
In shackles. Dryd. Juv.

SHAD. n. s. A kind of fish.

SHADE. n. s. [scadu, Saxon; schade, Dutch.]
1. The cloud or opacity made by interception of the light.
Spring no obstacle found here nor shade,
But all sunshine. Milton.
2. Darkness; obscurity.
The weaker light unwillingly declin'd,
And to prevailing shades the murmuring world resign'd. Rosc.
3. Coolness made by interception of the sun.
Antigonus, when told that the enemy had such volleys of
arrows that hid the sun, said, that falls out well; for this is
hot weather, and so we shall fight in the shade. Bacon.
That high mount of God whence light and shade
Shine both. Milton.
4. An obscure place, properly in a grove or close wood by
which the light is excluded.
Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there
Weep our sad bosoms empty. Shakesp.
Regions of sorrow, doleful shades. Milton.
Then to the desart takes his flight;
Where still from shade to shade the son of God,
After forty days fasting, had remain'd. Milton.
The pious prince then seeks the shade,
Which hides from sight his venerable maid. Dryd.
5. Screen causing an exclusion of light or heat; umbrage.
Let the arched knife
Well sharpen'd now assail the spreading shades
Of vegetables, and their thirsty limbs dissever. Philips.
In Brazil are trees which kill those that sit under their
shade in a few hours. Arbuthnot.
6. Protection; shelter.
7. The parts of a picture not brightly coloured.
'Tis ev'ry painter's art to hide from sight,
And cast in shades what seen would not delight. Dryd.
8. A colour; gradation of light.
White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or
shades and mixtures, as green come in only by the eyes. Locke.
9. The figure formed upon any surface corresponding to the bo­
dy by which the light is intercepted.
Envy will merit as its shade pursue. Pope.
10. The soul separated from the body; so called as supposed by
the ancients to be perceptible to the sight, not to the touch.
A spirit; a ghost; manes.
To Trachin swift as thought the flitting shade
Thro' air his momentary journey made. Dryd.
Ne'er to these chambers where the mighty rest,
Since their foundation, came a nobler guest;
Nor e'er was to the bow'rs of bliss convey'd
A fairer spirit or more welcome shade. Tickell.

To SHADE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To overspread with opacity.
Thou shad'st
The full blaze of thy beams, and through a cloud
Thy skirts appear. Milton.
2. To cover from the light or heat; to overspread.
A seraph six wings wore to shade
His lineaments divine Milton.
And after these, came arm'd with spear and shield
An host so great, as cover'd all the field:
And all their foreheads like the knights before,
With lawrels ever-green were shaded o'er. Dryd.
I went to crop the sylvan scenes,
And shade our altars with their leafy greens. Dryd.
Sing, while beside the shaded tomb I mourn,
And with fresh bays her rural shrine adorn. Pope's Wint.
3. To shelter; to hide.
E're in our own house I do shade my head,
The good patricians must be visited. Shakesp.
4. To protect; to cover; to screen.
Leave not the faithful side
That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects. Milt.
5. To mark with different gradations of colours.
The portal shone, inimitable on earth
By model, or by shading pencil drawn. Milton.
6. To paint in obscure colours.

SHA’DINESS. n. s. [from shady] The state of being shady;
umbrageousness.

SHA’DOW. n. s. [scadu, Saxon; schaduwe, Dutch.]
1. The representation of a body by which the light is intercepted.
Poor Tom! proud of heart, to ride over four inch'd bridges,
to course his own shadow for a traitor. Shakesp.
Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more. Shakesp.
Such a nature,
Tickl'd with good success, disdains the shadow
Which he treads on at noon. Shakesp.
The body, tho' it moves, yet not changing perceivable
distance with some other bodies, the thing seems to stand still,
as in the hands of clocks, and shadows of sun-dials. Locke.
2. Opacity; darkness; shade.
By the revolution of the skies
Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise. Denham.
His countrymen probably lived within the shake of the
earthquake and shadow of the eclipse. Addison.
3. Shelter made by any thing that intercepts the light, heat, or
influence of the air.
In secret shadow from the sunny ray,
On a sweet bed of lillies softly laid. Fa. Queen.
Here father, take the shadow of this tree
For your good host. Shakesp. K. Lear.
4. Obscure place.
To the secret shadows I retire,
To pay my penance till my years expire. Dryd.
5. Dark part of a picture.
A shadow is a diminution of the first and second light. The
first light is that which proceeds immediately from a lightned
body, as the beams of the sun. The second is an accidental
light spreading itself into the air or medium proceeding from
the other. Shadows are threefold: the first is a single shadow,
and the least of all; and is proper to the plain surface where it
is not wholly possessed of the light. The second is the double
shadow, and it is used when the surface begins once to for­
sake your eye, as in columns. The third shadow is made by
crossing over your double shadow again, which darkneth by
a third part. It is used for the inmost shadow, and farthest
from the light, as in gulfs, wells, and caves. Peacham.
After great lights there must be great shadows. Dryden.
6. Any thing perceptible only to the sight; a ghost; a spirit,
or shade.
Hence, terrible shadow!
Unreal mock'ry, hence! Shakesp.
7. An imperfect and faint representation: opposed to substance.
If substance might be call'd that shadow seem'd. Milt.
In the glorious lights of heaven we perceive a shadow of
his divine countenance. Raleigh.


Without the least impulse or shadow of fate. Milton.
Amongst the creatures are particular excellencies scattered,
which are some shadows of the divine perfections. Tillotson.
8. Inseparable companion.
Sin and her shadow, death. Milton.
Thou my shadow
Inseparable must with me be long. Milton.
9. Type; mystical representation.
Types and shadows of that destin'd seed. Milton.
10. Protection; shelter; favour.
Keep me under the shadow of thy wings. Psalms.

To SHA’DOW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with opacity.
The warlike elf much wondered at this tree,
So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground. Fa. Q.
The Assyrian was a cedar with fair branches, and with a
shadowing shroud. Ezek. xxxi. 3.
2. To cloud; to darken.
Mislike me not for my complexion;
The shadow'd livery of the burning sun
To whom I am a neighbour. Shakesp.
3. To make cool or gently gloomy by interception of the light
or heat.
A gentle south-west wind comes creeping over flowery fields
and shadowed waters in the extreme heat of summer. Sidney.
4. To conceal under cover; to hide; to screen.
Let every soldier hew him down a bough,
And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow
The number of our host, and make discov'ry
Err in report of us. Shakesp.
5. To protect; to screen from danger; to shroud.
God shall forgive you Cœur de Lion's death,
The rather, that you give his offspring life,
Shadowing their right under your wings of war. Shakesp.
6. To mark with various gradations of colour, or light.
Turnsoil is made of old linnen rags dried, and laid in a
saucer of vinegar, and set over a chafing dish of coals till it
boil; then wring it into a shell, and put it into a little gum
arabick: it is good to shadow carnations, and all yellows Peach.
From a round globe of any uniform colour, the idea im­
printed in our minds is of a flat circle, variously shadowed with
different degrees of light coming to our eyes Locke.
More broken scene, made up of an infinite variety of in­
equalities and shadowings, that naturally arise from an agree­
able mixture of hills, groves, and vallies. Addis.
7. To paint in obscure colours.
If the parts be too much distant, so that there be void spaces
which are deeply shadowed, then place in those voids some fold
to make a joining of the parts. Dryd. Dufresnoy.
8. To represent imperfectly.
Whereat I wak'd and found
Before mine eyes all real, as the dream
Had lively shadow'd. Milton Parad. Lost.
Augustus is shadowed in the person of æneas. Dryd.
I have shadowed some part of your virtues under another
name. Dryd.
9. To represent typically.
Many times there are three things said to make up the sub­
stance of a sacrament; namely, the grace which is thereby
offered, the element which shadoweth or signifieth grace, and
the word which expresseth what is done by the element. Hook.
The shield being to defend the body from weapons, aptly
shadows out to us the continence of the emperor, which made
him proof to all the attacks of pleasure. Addison.

SHA’DOWY. adj. [from shadow.]
1. Full of shade; gloomy.
This shadowy desart, unfrequented woods,
I better brook than flourishing peopled towns. Shakesp.
With shadowy verdure flourish'd high,
A sudden youth the groves enjoy. Fenton.
2. Not brightly luminous.
More pleasant light
Shadowy sets off the face of things. Milton.
3. Faintly representative; typical.
When they see
Law can discover sin, but not remove
Save by those shadowy expiations weak,
The blood of bulls and goats; they may conclude
Some blood more precious must be paid for man. Milt.
4. Unsubstantial; unreal.
Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy
and fictitious nature, in the persons of sin and death; by which
he hath interwoven in his fable a very beautiful allegory. Addis.
5. Dark; opake.
By command, e're yet dim night
Her shadowy cloud withdraws, I am to haste
Homeward. Milt. Parad. Lost.

SHA’DY. adj. [from shade.]
1. Full of shade; mildly gloomy.
The wakeful bird
Sings darkling, and in shadiest covert hid
Tunes her nocturnal note. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Stretch'd at ease you sing your happy loves,
And Amarillis fills the shady groves. Dryd.
2. Secure from the glare of light; or sultriness of heat.
Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer, and
warm for winter. Bacon.

SHAFT. n. s. [sceaft, Saxon.]
1. An arrow; a missive weapon.
To pierce pursuing shield,
By parents train'd, the Tartars wild are taught,
With shafts shot out from their back-turned bow. Sidney.
Who in the spring, from the new sun,
Already has a fever got,
Too late begins those shafts to shun,
Which Phœbus thro' his veins has shot. Waller.
They are both the archer and shaft taking aim afar off, and
then shooting themselves directly upon the desired mark. More.
So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow
With vigour drawn, must send the shaft below. Dryd.
O'er thee the secret shaft
That wastes at midnight, or th'undreaded hour
Of noon, flies harmless. Thomson.
2. [Shaft, Dutch.] A narrow, deep, perpendicular pit.
They sink a shaft or pit of six foot in length. Carew.
The fulminating damp, upon its accension, gives a crack
like the report of a gun, and makes an explosion so forcible as
to kill the miners, and force bodies of great weight from the
bottom of the pit up through the shaft. Woodward.
Suppose a tube, or as the miners call it, a shaft, were sunk
from the surface of the earth to the center. Arbuthnot.
3. Any thing strait; the spire of a church.
Practise to draw small and easy things, as a cherry with the
leaf, the shaft of a steeple. Peacham.

SHAG. n. s. [sceacga, Saxon.]
1. Rough wooly hair.
Full often like a shag-hair'd crafty kern,
Hath he conversed with the enemy;
And given me notice of their villanies. Shakesp.
Where is your husband?
He's a traitor.
Thou lie'st thou shag-ear'd villain. Shakesp.
From the shag of his body, the shape of his legs, his hav­
ing little or no tail, the slowness of his gate, and his climb­
ing up of trees, he seems to come near the bear kind. Grew.
True Witney broad cloth, with its shag unshorn,
Be this the horseman's fence. Gay.
2. A kind of cloth.

SHAG. n. s. A sea bird.
Among the first sort we reckon shags, duck, and mallard. Car.

SHA’GGED. adj. [from shag.]
SHA’GGY. adj. [from shag.]
1. Ruggedly; hairy.
They change their hue, with haggar'd eyes they stare,
Lean are their looks, and shagged are their hair. Dryd.
A lion's hide he wears;
About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin,
The teeth and gaping jaws severely grin. Dryd.
From the frosty north
The early valiant Swede draws forth his wings,
In battailous array, while Volga's stream
Sends opposite, in shaggy armour clad
Her borderers; on mutual slaughter bent. Philips.
2. Rough; rugged.
They pluck'd the seated hills with all their load,
Rocks, waters, woods, and by the shaggy tops
Uplifting bore them in their hands. Milt. Parad. Lost.
There, where very desolation dwells,
By grots and caverns shagg'd with horrid shades,
She may pass on with unblench'd majesty,
Be it not done in pride. Milt.
Through Eden went a river large,
Nor chang'd his course, but through the shaggy hill
Pass'd underneath ingulph'd. Milton.
How would the old king smile
To see you weigh the paws when tip'd with gold,
And throw the shaggy spoils about your shoulders. Addis.
Ye rugged rocks! which holy knees have worn,
Ye grots and caverns shagg'd with horrid thorn. Pope.

SHAGRE’EN. n. s. [chagrin, French.] The skin of a kind
of fish, or skin made rough in imitation of it.

To SHA’GREEN. v. a. [chagriner, French.] To irritate; to
provoke. Both should be written chagrin.

To SHAIL. v. n. To walk sideways; a low word.
Child, you must walk strait, without skiewing and shailing
to every step you set. L'Estrange.

To SHAKE. v. a.  preterit, shook; part. pass. shaken, or shook,
[sceacan, Saxon; shecken, Dutch.]
1. To put into a vibrating motion; to move with quick re­
turns backwards and forwards; to agitate.
Who honours not his father,
Henry the fifth that made all France to quake,
Shake he his weapon at us, and pass by. Shakesp:
I will shake mine hand upon them, and they shall be a spoil
to their servants. Zech. ii 9.
I shook my lap and said, so God shake out every man from
his house, even thus be he shaken out and emptied. Neh. v.


The stars fell unto the earth, even as a fig-tree casteth her
untimely figs when she is shaken of a mighty wind. Rev. vi.
He shook the sacred honours of his head:
With terror trembled heav'n's subsiding hill,
And from his shaken curls ambrosial dews distil. Dryden.
She first her husband on the poop espies,
Shaking his hand at distance on the main;
She took the sign, and shook her hand again. Dryden.
2. To make to totter or tremble.
The rapid wheels shake heav'n's basis. Milton.
Let France acknowledge that her shaken throne
Was once supported, sir, by you alone. Roscommon.
3. To throw down by a violent motion.
Macbeth is ripe for shaking, and the powers above
Put on their instruments. Shakesp.
The tyrannous breathing of the North
Shakes all our buds from blowing. Shakespeare.
When ye depart, shake off the dust of your feet. Mat. x.
He looked at his book, and, holding out his right leg, put
it into such a quivering motion, that I thought he would have
shaked it off. Tatler.
4. To throw away; to drive off.
'Tis our first intent
To shake all cares and business from our age,
Conferring them on younger strengths, whilst we
Unburthen'd crawl towards death. Shakespeare.
5. To weaken; to put in danger.
When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his ene­
mies, they persecuted his reputation. Atterbury
6. To drive from resolution; to depress; to make afraid.
A sly and constant knave, not to be shak'd. Shakes. Cymb.
This respite shook
The bosom of my conscience. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Be not soon shaken in mind, or troubled, as that the day
of Christ is at hand. 2 Thes. ii. 2.
Not my firm faith
Can by his fraud be shaken or seduc'd. Milton.
7. To SHAKE hands. This phrase, from the action used among
friends at meeting and parting, sometimes signifies to join with,
but commonly to take leave of.
With the slave,
He ne'er shook hands, nor bid farewel to him,
'Till he unseam'd him from the nape to th' chops. Shakesp.
Nor can it be safe to a king to tarry among them who are
shaking hands with their allegiance, under pretence of laying
faster hold of their religion. King Charles.
8. To SHAKE off. To rid himself of; to free from; to divest
of.
Be pleas'd that I shake off these names you give me:
Antonio never yet was thief or pirate. Shakespeare.
If I could shake off but one seven years,
From these old arms and legs,
I'd with thee every foot. Shakesp. Cariolanus.
Say, sacred bard! what could bestow
Courage on thee, to soar so high?
Tell me, brave friend! what help'd thee so
To shake-off all mortality? Waller.
Him I reserved to be answered by himself, after I had shaken
off the lesser and more barking creatures. Stillingfleet.
Can I want courage for so brave a deed?
I've shook it off: my soul is free from fear. Dryden.
Here we are free from the formalities of custom and re­
spect: we may shake off the haughty impertinent. Collier.
How does thy beauty smooth
The face of war, and make even horrour smile!
At sight of thee my heart shakes off its sorrows. Addison.

To SHAKE. v. n.
1. To be agitated with a vibratory motion.
Darts are counted as stubble: he laugheth at the shaking of
a spear. Job xli. 29.
2. To totter.
3. To tremble; to be unable to keep the body still.
Thy sight, which should
Make our eyes flow with joy, hearts dance with comforts,
Constrains them weep, and shake with fear and sorrow. Shak.
What said the wench, when he rose up again?
—Trembled and shook; for why, he stamp'd,
As if the vicar meant to cozen him. Shakespeare.
A shaking through their limbs they find,
Like leaves saluted by the wind. Waller.
4. To be in terrour; to be deprived of firmness.
He short of succours, and in deep despair,
Shook at the dismal prospect of the war. Dryd. æn.

SHAKE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Concussion.
If that thy fame with ev'ry toy be pos'd,
'Tis a thin web, which poisonous fancies make;
But the great soldier's honour was compos'd
Of thicker stuff, which could endurc a shake:
Wisdom picks friends; civility plays the rest,
A toy shunn'd cleanly passeth with thee best. Herbert.
The freeholder is the basis of all other titles: this is the
substantial stock, without which they are no more than blos­
soms that would fall away with every shake of wind. Addison.
2. Vibratory motion.
Several of his countrymen probably lived within the shake of
the earthquake, and the shadow of the eclipse, which are re­
corded by this author. Addison.
3. Motion given and received.
Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting
of many kind shakes of the hand. Addison.

SHA’KER. n. s. [from shake.] The person or thinkg that shakes.
Go then, the guilty at thy will chastise,
He said; the shaker of the earth replies. Pope's Odyssey.

SHALE. n. s. [Corrupted, I think, for shell.] A husk; the
case of seeds in siliquous plants.
Behold you poor and starved band,
And your fair shew shall suck away their souls,
Leaving them but the shales and husks of men. Shakesp.

SHALL. v. defective. [sceal, Sax. is originally I owe, or I ought.
In Chaucer, the faithe I shall to God, means the faith I owe to
God: thence it became a sign of the future tense. The French
use devoir, dois, doit, in the same manner, with a kind of fu­
ture signification; and the Swedes have skall, and the Islanders
skal, in the same sense. It has no tenses but shall future, and
should imperfect.
The explanation of shall, which foreigners and provincials
confound with will, is not easy; and the difficulty is increased
by the poets, who sometimes give to shall an emphatical sense
of will: but I shall endeavour, crassa Minervâ, to show the
meaning of shall in the future tense.]
1. I SHALL love. It will so happen that I must love; I am re­
solved to love.
2. SHALL I love? Will it be permitted me to love? Will you
permit me to love? Will it happen that I must love?
3. Thou SHALT love. I command thee to love; it is permitted
thee to love; [in poetry or solemn diction] it will happen that
thou must love.
4. SHALT thou love? Will it happen that thou must love?
Will it be permitted to thee to love?
5. He SHALL love. It will happen that he must love; it is
commanded him that he love.
It is a mind, that shall remain a poison where it is.
—Shall remain!
Hear you this triton of the minnows? Mark you
His absolute shall? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
See Romulus the great:
This prince a priestess of your blood shall bear,
And like his sire in arms he shall appear. Dryden's æn.
That he shall receive no benefit from Christ, is the affirma­
tion whereon all his despair is founded; and the one way of
removing this dismal apprehension, is to convince him that
Christ's death, and the benefits thereof, either do, or, if he
perform the condition required of him, shall certainly belong
to him. Hammond's Fundamentals.
6. SHALL he love? Is it permitted him to love? In solemn
language, Will it happen that he must love?
7. The plural persons follow the signification of the singulars.

SHA’LLOON. n. s. A slight woollen stuff.
In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad,
And Scipio trail an Irish purple plaid. Swift.

SHA’LLOP. n. s. [chaloupe, French.] A small boat.
You were resolved, after your arrival into Oroonoque, to
pass to the mine; and, to that end, you desired to have sir
John Fearne's shallop: I do not allow of that course, because
ye cannot land so secretly but that some Indians on the river
side may discover you, who giving knowledge of your passage
to the Spaniards, you may be cut off before you can recover
your boat. Raleigh.
There with your shallop stay:
The game's not lost; I have one card to play. Waller.
Our hero set
In a small shallop, fortune in his debt;
So near a hope of crowns and scepters, more
Than ever Priam, when he flourish'd, wore. Waller.

SHA’LLOW. adj. [This word is probably compounded of shoal
and low.]
1. Not deep; having the bottom at no great distance from the
surface or edge.
I had been drowned, but that the shore was shelvy and
shallow; a death that I abhor. Shakes. Merry Wives of Winds.
That inundation, though it were shallow, had a long con­
tinuance, whereby they of the vale, that were not drowned,
perished for want of food. Bacon.
The like opinion he held of Meotis Palus, that by the
floods of Tanais, and earth brought down thereby, it grew
observably shallower in his days, and would in process of time
become a firm land. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
I am made a shallow forded stream,
Seen to the bottom: all my clearness scorn'd,
And all my faults expos'd. Dryden's All for Love.
Shallow brooks, that flow'd so clear,
The bottom did the top appear. Dryden.
In shallow furrows vines securely grow. Dryden.


2. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not very knowing or
wise; empty; trifling; futile; silly.
I'll shew my mind,
According to my shallow simple skill. Shakespeare.
This is a very shallow monster:
Afraid of him? A very shallow monster,
The man i' th' moon! A most poor credulous monster. Shak.
The king was neither so shallow nor so ill advertised as not
to perceive the intention of the French king, for the investing
himself of Britaigne. Bacon's Henry VII.
Uncertain and unsettled he remains,
Deep verst in books, and shallow in himself. Milton.
One would no more wonder to see the most shallow nation
of Europe the most vain, than to find the most empty fellows
in every nation more conceited than the rest. Addison.
3. Not deep of sound.
If a virginal were made with a double concave, the one all
the length of the virginal, and the other at the end of the
strings, as the harp hath, it must make the sound perfecter,
and not so shallow and jarring. Bacon.

SHA’LLOW. n. s. [from the adjective.] A shelf; a sand; a
flat; a shoal; a place where the water is not deep.
I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats;
And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
Veiling her high top lower than her ribs,
To kiss her burial. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon
shallows of gravel. Bacon's Nat. History.
Having but newly left those grammatick flats and shallows,
where they stuck unreasonably, to learn a few words with la­
mentable construction, and now on the sudden transported, to
be tost with their unballasted wits in fathomless and unquiet
deeps of controversy, they do grow into hatred of learning. Milt.
You that so oft have sounded
And fathom'd all his thoughts, that know the deeps
And shallows of his heart, should need no instruments
To advance your ends. Denham.
In arms of the sea, and among islands, there is no great
depth, and some places are plain shallows. Burnet.
He sounds and fathoms him, to find
The shallows of his soul. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.
The wary Dutch
Behind their treach'rous shallows now withdraw,
And there lay snares to catch the British host. Dryden.
Three more fierce Eurus in his angry mood
Dash'd on the shallows of the moving sand,
And in mid ocean left them moor'd a-land. Dryd. æn.
Their spawn being lighter than the water, there it would
not sink to the bottom, but be buoyed up by it, and carried
away to the shallows. Ray on the Creation.
With the use of diligence, and prudent conduct, he may
decline both rocks and shallows. Norris.
The sea could not be much narrower than it is, without a
great loss to the world; and must we now have an ocean of
mere flats and shallows, to the utter ruin of navigation? Bentley.

SHA’LLOWBRAINED. adj. [shallow and brain.] Foolish; fu­
tile; trifling; empty.
It cannot but be matter of just indignation to all good men
to see a company of lewd shallowbrained huffs making atheism,
and contempt of religion, the sole badge of wit. South.

SHA’LLOWLY. adv. [from shallow.]
1. With no great depth.
The load lieth open on the grass, or but shallowly co­
vered. Carew.
2. Simply; foolishly.
Most shallowly did you these arms commence,
Fondly brought here, and foolishly sent hence:
Strike up our drums, pursue the scatter'd stray. Shakespeare.

SHA’LLOWNESS. n. s. [from shallow.]
1. Want of depth.
2. Want of thought; want of understanding; futility; silli­
ness; emptiness.
By it do all things live their measur'd hour:
We cannot ask the thing which is not there,
Blaming the shallowness of our request. Herbert.
I cannot wonder enough at the shallowness and impertinent
zeal of the vulgar sort in Druina, who were carried away
with such an ignorant devotion for his successes, when it little
concerned their religion or security. Howel.

SHALM. n. s. [German.] A kind of musical pipe.
Every captain was commanded to have his soldiers in readi­
ness to set forward upon the sign given, which was by the
sound of a shalm or hoboy. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

SHALT. Second person of shall.

To SHAM. v. n. [shommi, Welsh, to cheat.]
1. To trick; to cheat; to fool with a fraud; to delude with
false pretences. A low word.
Men tender in point of honour, and yet with little regard
to truth, are sooner wrought upon by shame than by con­
science, when they find themselves fooled and shammed into a
conviction. L'Estrange.
2. To obtrude by fraud or folly.
We must have a care that we do not, for want of laying
things and things together, sham fallacies upon the world for
current reason. L'Estrange.
Then all your wits that flear and sham,
Down from Don Quixote to Tom Tram,
From whom I jests and puns purloin,
And slily put them off for mine,
Fond to be thought a country wit. Prior.

SHAM. n. s. [from the verb.] Fraud; trick; delusion; false
pretence; imposture. A low word.
No sham so gross but it will pass upon a weak man, that is
pragmatical and inquisitive. L'Estrange.
It goes a great way when natural curiosity and vulgar pre­
judice shall be assisted with the shams of astrological judg­
ments. L'Estrange.
He that first brought the sham, wheedle, or banter in use,
put together, as he thought fit, those ideas he made it stand
for. Locke.
That in the sacred temple needs would try
Without a fire th' unheated gums to fry,
Believe who will the solemn sham, not I. Addison.

SHAM. adj. False; counterfeit; fictitious; pretended.
Never join the fray,
Where the sham quarrel interrupts the way. Gay.

SHA’MBLES. n. s. [Of uncertain etymology. Scannaglia, Ital.]
1. The place where butchers kill or fell their meat; a butchery.
Far be the thoughts of this from Henry's heart,
To make a shambles of the parliament-house. Shak. H. VI.
I hope my noble lord esteems me honest.
—Oh, ay, as summer-flies are in the shambles,
That quicken ev'n with blowing. Shakesp. Othello.
He warned a flock of sheep, that were driving to the sham­
bles, of their danger; and, upon uttering some sounds, they
all fled. Arbuthnot.
2. It is here improperly used.
When the person is made the jest of the mob, or his back
the shambles of the executioner, there is no more conviction
in the one than in the other. Watts.

SHA’MBLING. adj. [See SCAMBLING.] Moving aukwardly
and irregularly. A low bad word.
By that shambling in his walk, it should be my rich banker,
Gomez, whom I knew at Barcelona. Dryd. Span. Fryar.
So when nurse Nokes to act young Ammon tries,
With shambling legs, long chin, and foolish eyes,
With dangling hands he strokes th' imperial robe,
And with a cuckold's air commands the globe. Smith.

SHAME. n. s. [sceam, Saxon; schaemte, Dutch.]
1. The passion felt when reputation is supposed to be lost; the
passion expressed sometimes by blushes.
Lamenting sorrow did in darkness lye,
And shame his ugly face did hide from living eye. Fa. Qu.
Peace, peace, for shame, if not for charity.
—Urge neither charity nor shame to me:
Uncharitably with me have you dealt,
And shamefully my hopes by you are butcher'd:
My charity is outrage, life my shame;
And in my shame still lives my sorrow's rage. Shak. R. III.
Hide, for shame,
Romans, your grandsires images,
That blush at their degenerate progeny. Dryden.
In the schools men are allowed, without shame, to deny the
agreement of ideas; or out of the schools, from thence have
learned, without shame, to deny the connection of ideas. Locke.
2. The cause or reason of shame; disgrace; ignominy.
The more shame for him that he sends it me;
For I have heard him say a thousand times,
His Julia gave it him at his departure. Shakespeare.
Aaron had made them naked unto their shame amongst their
enemies. Ex. xxxii. 25.
God deliver the world from such guides, who are the shame
of religion. South.
This jest was first of the other house's making,
And, five times try'd, has never fail'd of taking;
For 'twere a shame a poet should be kill'd,
Under the shelter of so broad a shield. Dryden.
O shame to manhood! shall one daring boy
The scheme of all our happiness destroy? Pope's Odyssey.
3. Reproach.
A foul shame is upon the thief. Ecclus. v. 14.
Applause
Turn'd to exploding hiss, triumph to shame,
Cast on themselves from their own mouths. Milton.

To SHAME. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make ashamed; to fill with shame.
To tell thee of whom deriv'd,
Were shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless. Sh.
If thou hast power to raise him, bring him hither,
And I've power to shame him hence:
Oh, while you live tell truth and shame the devil. Shakesp.
Hyperbolus by suffering did traduce
The ostracism, and sham'd it out of use. Cleaveland.


Despoil'd
Of all our good, sham'd, naked, miserable. Milton.
What hurt can there be in all the slanders and disgraces of
this world, if they are but the arts and methods of providence
to shame us into the glories of the next. South.
Were there but one righteous man in the world, he would
hold up his head with confidence and honour; he would shame
the world, and not the world him. South.
He in a loathsome dungeon doom'd to lie,
In bonds retain'd his birthright liberty,
And sham'd oppression, 'till it set him free. Dryden.
The coward bore the man immortal spite,
Who sham'd him out of madness into flight. Dryden.
Who shames a scribbler, breaks a cobweb through;
He spins the slight self-pleasing thread a-new. Pope.
2. To disgrace.
Certes, sir knight, ye been too much to blame,
Thus for to blot the honour of the dead,
And with foul cowardice his carcass shame. Fairy Queen.
So bent, the more shall shame him his repulse. Milton.

To SHAME. v. n. To be ashamed.
Great shame it is, thing so divine in view,
Made for to be the world's most ornament,
To make the bait her gazers to embrew;
Good shames to be to ill an instrument. Spenser.
Sham'st thou not, knowing whence thou art extraught,
To let thy tongue detect thy base-born heart? Shakespeare.
To the trunk of it authors give such a magnitude, as I shame
to repeat. Raleigh's History of the World.
Auster spy'd him,
Cruel Auster thither hy'd him;
And with the rush of one rude blast,
Sham'd not spitefully to waste
All his leaves, so fresh, so sweet,
And lay them trembling at his feet. Crashaw.

SHA’MEFACED. adj. [shame and face.] Modest; bashful;
easily put out of countenance.
Philoclea, who blushing and withal smiling, making shame­
facedness pleasing, and pleasure shamefaced, tenderly moved
her feet, unwonted to feel the naked ground. Sidney.
Conscience is a blushing shamefac'd spirit, that mutinies in
a man's bosom: it fills one full of obstacles. Shak. R. III.
A man may be shamefaced, and a woman modest, to the
degree of scandalous. L'Estrange.
Your shamefac'd virtue shunn'd the people's praise,
And senate's honours. Dryden.
From this time we may date that remarkable turn in the
behaviour of our fashionable Englishmen, that makes them
shamefaced in the exercise of those duties which they were sent
into the world to perform. Addison's Freeholder.

SHAMEFA’CEDLY. adv. [from shamefaced.] Modestly; bash­
fully.

SHAMEFA’CEDNESS. n. s. [from shamefaced.] Modesty; bash­
fulness; timidity.
Dorus, when he had sung this, having had all the while a
free beholding of the fair Pamela, could well have spared such
horrour, and defended the assault he gave unto her face with
bringing a fair stain of shamefacedness into it. Sidney.
Why wonder ye,
Fair sir, at that which ye so much embrace?
She is the fountain of your modesty;
You shamefac'd are, but shamefastness itself is she. Fa. Qu.
None but fools, out of shamefacedness, hide their ulcers,
which, if shown, might be healed. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

SHA’MEFUL. adj. [shame and full.] Disgraceful; ignominious;
infamous; reproachful.
Phœbus flying so most shameful sight,
His blushing face in foggy cloud implies,
And hides for shame. Fairy Queen.
This all through that great princess pride did fall,
And came to shameful end. Fairy Queen.
For this he shall live hated, be blasphem'd,
Seiz'd on by force, judg'd, and to death condemn'd,
A shameful and accurst! Milton.
His naval preparations were not more surprising than his
quick and shameful retreat; for he returned to Carthage with
only one ship, having fled without striking one stroke. Arbuth.
The knave of diamonds tries his wily arts,
And wins, O shameful chance! the queen of hearts. Pope.

SHA’MEFULLY. adv. [from shameful.] Disgracefully; ignomi­
niously; infamously; reproachfully.
None but that saw, quoth he, would ween for truth,
How shamefully that maid he did torment. Fairy Queen.
But I his holy secret
Presumptuously have publish'd, impiously,
Weakly at least, and shamefully. Milton's Agonistes.
Would she shamefully fail in the last act in this contrivance of
the nature of man? More.
Those who are ready enough to confess him, both in judg­
ment and profession, are, for the most part, very prone to deny
him shamefully in their doings. South's Sermons.

SHA’MELESS. adj. [from shame.] Wanting shame; wanting
modesty; impudent; frontless; immodest; audacious.
To tell thee whence thou cam'st, of whom deriv'd,
Were shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Beyond imagination is the wrong
That she this day hath, shameless, thrown on me. Shakesp.
The shameless denial hereof by some of their friends, and
the more shameless justification by some of their flatterers,
makes it needful to exemplify, which I had rather forbear. Ral.
God deliver the world from such hucksters of souls, the
very shame of religion, and the shameless subverters of mora­
lity. South's Sermons.
Such shameless bards we have; and yet 'tis true,
There are as mad abandon'd criticks too. Pope.

SHA’MELESSLY. adv. [from shameless.] Impudently; auda­
ciously; without shame.
The king to-day, as one of the vain fellows, shamelessly un­
covereth himself. 2 Sa. vi. 20.
He must needs be shamelessly wicked that abhors not this
licentiousness. Hale.

SHA’MELESSNESS. n. s. [from shameless.] Impudence; want
of shame; immodesty.
Being most impudent in her heart, she could, when she
would, teach her cheeks blushing, and make shamefastness
the cloak of shamelessness. Sidney.
He that blushes not at his crime, but adds shamelessness to
his shame, hath nothing left to restore him to virtue. Taylor.

SHA’MMER. n. s. [from sham.] A cheat; an impostor. A
low word.

SHA’MOIS. n. s. [chamois, French.] See CHAMOIS. A kind
of wild goat.
I'll bring thee
To clust'ring filberds, and sometimes I'll get thee
Young shamois from the rocks. Shakespeare.

SHA’MROCK. n. s. The Irish name for three leaved grass.
If they found a plot of watercresses, or shamrocks, there
they flocked as to a feast for the time. Spenser on Ireland.

SHANK. n. s. [sceanca, Saxon; schenckel, Dutch.]
1. The middle joint of the leg; that part which reaches from
the ankle to the knee.
Eftsoons her white strait legs were altered
To crooked crawling shanks, of marrow emptied;
And her fair face to foul and loathsome hue,
And her fine corps to a bag of venom grew. Spenser.
The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose, and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shanks. Shak. As you like it.
A stag says, if these pitiful shanks of mine were but answer­
able to this branching head, I can't but think how I should
defy all my enemies. L'Estrange.
2. The bone of the leg.
Shut me nightly in a charnel-house,
O'er cover'd quite with dead men's rattling bones,
With reeky shanks, and yellow chapless skulls. Shakespeare.
3. The long part of any instrument.
The shank of a key, or some such long hole, the punch
cannot strike, because the shank is not forged with substance
sufficient. Moxon.

SHA’NKED. adj. [from shank.] Having a shank.

SHA’NKER. n. s. [chancre, French.] A venereal excrescence.

To SHAPE. v. a.  preter. shaped; part. pass. shaped and shapen.
[scppan, Saxon; scheppen, Dutch.]
1. To form; to mould with respect to external dimensions.
I that am not shap'd for sportive tricks,
Nor made to court an am'rous looking-glass;
I, that am rudely stampt, and want love's majesty,
To strut before a wanton ambling nymph. Shakes. R. III.
Those nature hath shaped with a great head, narrow breast,
and shoulders sticking out, seem much inclined to a consump­
tion. Harvey.
Mature the virgin was, of Egypt's race;
Grace shap'd her limbs, and beauty deck'd her face. Prior.
The faultless form,
Shap'd by the hand of harmony. Thomson.
2. To mould; to cast; to regulate; to adjust.
Drag the villain hither by the hair,
Nor age nor honour shall shape privilege. Shakesp. Tit. And.
Mr. Candish, when without hope, and ready to shape his
course by the East homewards, met a ship which came from
the Philippines. Raleigh.
To the stream, when neither friends nor force,
Nor speed nor art avail, he shapes his course. Denham.
Charm'd by their eyes, their manners I acquire,
And shape my foolishness to their desire. Prior.
3. To image; to conceive.
Lovers and madmen have their seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies that apprehend
More than cool reason ever apprehends. Shakesp.


It is my nature's plague
To spy into abuse, and oft my jealousy
Shapes faults that are not. Shakes. Othello.
When fancy hath formed and shaped the perfectest ideas of
blessedness, our own more happy experiences of greater must
disabuse us. Boyle.
4. To make; to create. Obsolete.
I was shapen in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive
me. Ps. li. 5.

SHAPE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Form; external appearance.
He beat me grievously in the shape of a woman; for in the
shape of a man, master Brook, I fear not Goliah with a
weaver's beam. Shakespeare.
The shapes of the locusts were like unto horses prepared
for battle. Rev. ix. 7.
The other shape,
If shape it may be call'd that shape had none,
Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb. Milton.
In vegetables and animals the shape we most fix on, and are
most led by. Locke.
2. Make of the trunk of the body.
First a charming shape enslav'd me,
An eye then gave the fatal stroke;
'Till by her wit Corinna sav'd me,
And all my former fetters broke. Addison.
3. Being, as moulded into shape.
Before the gates there sat
On either side a formidable shape. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. Idea; pattern.
Thy heart
Contains of good, wise, just, the perfect shape. Milton.
5. It is now used in low conversation for manner.

SHA’PELESS. adj. [from shape.] Wanting regularity of form;
wanting symmetry of dimensions.
You are born
To set a form upon that indigest,
Which he hath left so shapeless and so rude. Shakespeare.
He is deformed, crooked, old and sere;
Ill-fac'd, worse-bodied, shapeless ev'ry where. Shakespeare.
What fools were here,
Disguis'd like Muscovites in shapeless gear? Shakespeare.
Thrice had I lov'd thee,
Before I knew thy face or name;
So in a voice, so in a shapeless flame,
Angels affect us oft, and worshipp'd be. Donne.
Now the victor stretch'd his eager hand,
Where the tall nothing stood, or seem'd to stand;
A shapeless shade, it melted from his sight,
Like forms in clouds, or visions of the night! Pope.
Some objects please our eyes,
Which out of nature's common order rise,
The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice. Pope.

SHA’PESMITH. n. s. [shape and smith.] One who undertakes
to improve the form of the body. A burlesque word.
No shapesmith yet set up and drove a trade,
To mend the work that providence had made. Garth.

SHA’PELINESS. n. s. [from shapely.] Beauty or proportion of form.

SHA’PELY. adv. [from shape.] Symmetrical; well formed.

SHARD. n. s. [schaerde, Trisick.]
1. A fragment of an earthen vessel.
For charitable prayers,
Shards, flints, and pebbles should be thrown on her;
Yet here she is allow'd her virgin chants,
Her maiden strewments. Shak. Hamlet.
2. [Chard.] A plant.
Shards or mallows for the pot,
Keep the loosen'd body sound. Dryden's Horace.
3. It seems in Spenser to signify a frith or strait.
Upon that shore he spied Atin stand,
There by his master left, when late he far'd
In Phedria's fleet bark, over that per'lous shard. Fa. Queen.
4. A sort of fish.

SHA’RDBORN. adj. [shard and born.] Born or produced among
broken stones or pots. Perhaps shard in Shakespeare may sig­
nify the sheaths of the wings of insects.
Ere to black Hecat's summons
The shardborn beetle with his drowsy hums
Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done
A deed of dreadful note. Shakespeare.

SHA’RDED. adj. [from shard.] Inhabiting shards.
Often shall we find
The sharded beetle in a safer hold,
Than is the full-wing'd eagle. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To SHARE. v. n. [scearan, scran, Saxon.]
1. To divide; to part among many.
Good fellows all,
The latest of my wealth I'll share amongst you. Shakespeare.
Any man may make trial of his fortune, provided he acknow­
ledge the lord's right, by sharing out unto him a toll. Carew.
Well may he then to you his cares impart,
And share his burden where he shares his heart. Dryden.
In the primitive times the advantage of priesthood was
equally shared among all the order, and none of that character
had any superiority. Collier.
Though the weight of a falshood would be too heavy for
one to bear, it grows light in their imaginations when it is
shared among many. Addison's Spectator.
Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children
and a stranger, will that unite them? Swift.
2. To partake with others.
The captain, half of whose soldiers are dead, and the other
quarter never mustered or seen, comes shortly to demand pay­
ment of his whole account; where, by good means of some
great ones, and privy sharings with the officers of other some,
he receiveth his debt. Spenser on Ireland.
In vain does valour bleed,
While avarice and rapine share the land. Milton.
Go, silently enjoy your part of grief,
And share the sad inheritance with me. Dryden.
Wav'd by the wanton winds his banner flies,
All maiden white, and shares the people's eyes. Dryden.
This was the prince decreed
To share his sceptre. Dryden's æn.
Not a love of liberty, nor thirst of honour,
Drew you thus far; but hopes to share the spoil
Of conquer'd towns and plunder'd provinces. Addis. Cato.
All night it rains, the shews return with day;
Great Jove with Cæsar shares his sov'reign sway. Logie.
3. To cut; to separate; to sheer. [From scear, Saxon.]
With swift wheel reverse deep ent'ring shar'd
All his right side. Milton.
Scalp, face, and shoulders the keen steel divides,
And the shar'd visage hangs on equal sides. Dryden.

To SHARE. v. n. To have part; to have a dividend.
I am the prince of Wales; and think not, Percy,
To share with me in glory any more. Shakes. Henry IV.
Had greater haste these sacred rites prepar'd,
Some guilty mouths had in your triumphs shar'd;
But this untainted year is all your own. Dryden.
A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the
goods of his father. Locke.
This is Dutch partnership, to share in all our beneficial
bargains, and exclude us wholly from theirs. Swift.

SHARE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Part; allotment; dividend.
If every just man, that now pines with want,
Had but a moderate and beseeming share,
Of that which lewdly-pamper'd luxury
Now heaps upon some with vast excess. Milton.
They went a hunting, and every one to go share and share
like in what they took. L'Estrange.
The subdued territory was divided into greater and smaller
shares, besides that reserved to the prince. Temple.
I'll give you arms; burn, ravish, and destroy:
For my own share one beauty I design;
Engage your honours that she shall be mine. Dryden.
While fortune favour'd,
I made some figure; nor was my name
Obscure, nor I without my share of fame. Dryd. æn.
The youths have equal share
In Marcia's wishes, and divide their sister. Addis. Cato.
In poets, as true genius is but rare,
True taste as seldom is the critick's share. Pope.
He who doth not perform that part assigned him, is a very
mischievous member of the publick; because he takes his share
of the profit, and yet leaves his share of the burden to be born
by others. Swift.
2. A part.
These, although they bear a share in the discharge, yet have
different offices in the composition. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. [Scear, Saxon.] The blade of the plow that cuts the ground.
Nor laws they knew, nor manners, nor the care
Of lab'ring oxen, nor the shining share. Dryden.
Then let him mark the sheep, or whet the shining share.
Dryden's Virgil's Georg.
Great cities shall with walls be compass'd round,
And sharpen'd shares shall vex the fruitful ground. Dryden.
Incumbent o'er the shining share
The master leans, removes th' obstructive clay. Thomson.
For clay the coulter is long and bending, and the share
narrow. Mortimer.

SHA’REBONE. n. s. [share and bone.] The os pubis; the bone
that divides the trunk from the limbs.
The cartilage bracing together the two ossa pubis, or share­
bones, Bartholine saith, is twice thicker and laxer in women
than men. Derham.

SHA’RER. n. s. [from share.]
1. One who divides, or apportions to others; a divider.
2. A partaker; one who participates any thing with others.
Most it seem'd the French king to import,
As sharer in his daughter's injury. Daniel's Civil War.
People not allowed to be sharers with their companions in
good fortune, will hardly agree to be sharers in bad. L'Estr.


An overgrown estate falling into the hands of one that has
many children, it is broken into so many portions as render
the sharers rich enough. Addison.
You must have known it.
—Indeed I did, then favour'd by the king,
And by that means a sharer in the secret. Rowe.
If, by taking on himself human nature at large, he hath a
compassionate and tender sense of the infirmities of mankind
in general, he must needs, in a peculiar manner, feel and com­
miserate the infirmities of the poor, in which he himself was
so eminent a sharer. Atterbury's Sermons.
I suffer many things as an author militant, whereof in your
days of probation you have been a sharer. Pope to Swift.

SHARK. n. s. [canis charcharias, Latin.]
1. A voracious sea-fish.
His jaws horrisick arm'd with threefold fate,
The direful shark. Thomson's Summer.
2. A greedy artful fellow; one who fills his pockets by sly tricks.
David's messengers are sent back to him, like so many sharks
and runnagates, only for endeavouring to compliment an ill­
nature out of itself, and seeking that by petition which they
might have commanded by their sword. South's Sermons.
3. Trick; fraud; petty rapine.
Wretches who live upon the shark, and other mens sins,
the common poisoners of youth, equally desperate in their
fortunes and their manners, and getting their very bread by
the damnation of souls. South's Sermons.

To SHARK. v. a. To pick up hastily or slily.
Young Fontinbras,
Of unimproved mettle, hot and full,
Hath in the skirts of Norway, here and there,
Shark'd up a list of landless resolutes. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To SHARK. v. n.
1. To play the petty thief.
The fly leads a lazy, voluptuous, scandalous, sharking life,
hateful wherever she comes. L'Estrange.
2. To cheat; to trick. Ainsworth.
There are cheats by natural inclination as well as by cor­
ruption: nature taught this boy to shark, not discipline. L'Est.
The old generous English spirit, which heretofore made
this nation so great in the eyes of all the world, seems utterly
extinct; and we are degenerated into a mean, sharking, falla­
cious, undermining converse, there being a snare and a trapan
almost in every word we hear, and every action we see. South.

SHARP. adj. [scearp, Saxon; scherpe, Dutch.]
1. Keen; piercing; having a keen edge; having an acute point;
not blunt.
She hath tied
Sharp tooth'd unkindness like a vulture here. Shakespeare.
In Ireland have I seen this stubborn Cade
Oppose himself against a troop of kerns;
And fought so long, 'till that his thighs with darts
Were almost like a sharp quill'd porcupine. Shak. H. VI.
Thy tongue deviseth mischiefs, like a sharp razor working
deceitfully. Ps. lii. 2.
With edged grooving tools they cut down and smoothen
away the extuberances left by the sharp pointed grooving tools,
and bring the work into a perfect shape. Moxon's Mech. Ex.
2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse.
The form of their heads is narrow and sharp, that they may
the better cut the air in their swift flight. More.
There was seen some miles in the sea a great pillar of light,
not sharp, but in form of a column or cylinder, rising a great
way up towards heaven. Bacon.
To come near the point, and draw unto a sharper angle,
they do not only speak and practise truth, but really desire its
enlargement. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Their embryon atoms
Light arm'd or heavy, sharp, smooth, light or slow. Milton.
It is so much the firmer by how much broader the bottom
and sharper the top. Temple.
In shipping such as this, the Irish kern,
And untaught Indian, on the stream did glide,
Ere sharp keel'd boats to stem the flood did learn,
Or fin-like oars did spread from either side. Dryden.
3. Acute of mind; witty; ingenious; inventive.
Now as fine in his apparel as if he would make me in love
with a cloak, and verse for verse with the sharpest witted lover
in Arcadia. Sidney.
If we had nought but sense, each living wight,
Which we call brute, would be more sharp than we. Davies.
Sharp to the world, but thoughtless of renown,
They plot not on the stage, but on the town. Dryden.
There is nothing makes men sharper, and sets their hands
and wits more at work, than want. Addison on Italy.
Many other things belong to the material world, wherein
the sharpest philosophers have never yet arrived at clear and
distinct ideas. Watts.
4. Quick, as of sight or hearing.
As the sharpest eye discerneth nought,
Except the sun-beams in the air do shine;
So the best soul, with her reflecting thought,
Sees not herself, without some light divine. Davies.
To sharp ey'd reason this would seem untrue;
But reason I through love's false opticks view. Dryden.
5. Sour without astringency; sour but not austere; acid.
So we, if children young diseased we find,
Anoint with sweets the vessel's foremost parts,
To make them taste the potions sharp we give;
They drink deceiv'd, and so deceiv'd they live. Fa. Qu.
Sharp tasted citrons Median climes produce;
Bitter the rind, but generous is the juice. Dryden.
Different simple ideas are sometimes expressed by the same
word, as sweet and sharp are applied to the objects of hearing
and tasting. Watts.
6. Shrill; piercing the ear with a quick noise; not flat.
In whistling you contract the mouth, and, to make it more
sharp, men use their finger. Bacon's Nat. History.
Let one whistle at the one end of a trunk, and hold your
ear at the other, and the sound strikes so sharp as you can scarce
endure it. Bacon.
For the various modulation of the voice, the upper end of
the windpipe is endued with several cartilages to contract or
dilate it, as we would have our voice flat or sharp. Ray.
7. Severe; harsh; biting; sarcastick.
If he should intend his voyage towards my wife, I would
turn her loose to him; and what he gets more of her than
sharp words, let it lie on my head. Shakespeare.
How often may we meet with those who are one while
courteous, but within a small time after are so supercilious,
sharp, troublesome, fierce and exceptious, that they are not
only short of the true character of friendship, but become the
very sores and burdens of society! South.
Cease contention: be thy words severe,
Sharp as he merits; but the sword forbear. Dryden.
8. Severe; quick to punish; cruel; severely rigid.
There, gentle Hermia, may I marry thee;
And to that place the sharp Athenian law
Cannot pursue us. Shakespeare.
9. Eager; hungry; keen upon a quest.
My faulcon now is sharp and passing empty,
And, 'till she stoop, she must not be full gorg'd;
For then she never looks upon her lure. Shakespeare.
The sharp desire I had
Of tasting. Milton.
10. Painful; afflictive.
That she may feel
How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is,
To have a thankless child. Shakesp. King Lear.
He caused his father's friends to be cruelly tortured; grieving
to see them live to whom he was so much beholden, and there­
fore rewarded them with such sharp payment. Knolles.
Death becomes
His final remedy; and after life
Try'd in sharp tribulation, and refin'd
By faith, and faithful works. Milt. Paradise Lost, b. xi.
It is a very small comfort that a plain man, lying under a
sharp fit of the stone, receives from this sentence. Tillotson.
11. Fierce; ardent; fiery.
Their piety feign'd,
In sharp contest of battle found no aid. Milton.
A sharp assault already is begun;
Their murdering guns play fiercely on the walls. Dryden.
12. Attentive; vigilant.
Sharp at her utmost ken she cast her eyes,
And somewhat floating from afar descries. Dryden.
Is a man bound to look out sharp to plague himself, and to
take care that he slips no opportunity of being unhappy? Collier.
A clergyman, established in a competent living, is not un­
der the necessity of being so sharp and exacting. Swift.
13. Acrid; biting; pinching; piercing, as the cold.
The windpipe is continually moistened with a glutinous
humour, issuing out of small glandules in its inner coat, to
fence it against the sharp air. Ray.
Nor here the sun's meridian rays had pow'r,
Nor wind sharp piercing, nor the rushing show'r,
The verdant arch so close its texture kept. Pope's Odyssey.
14. Subtile; nice; witty; acute.
Sharp and subtile discourses procure very great applause; but
being laid in the balance with that which sound experience
plainly delivereth, they are overweighed. Hooker.
The instances you mention are the strongest and sharpest
that can be urged. Digby.
15. [Among workmen.] Hard.
They make use of the sharpest sand, that being best for mor­
tar, to lay bricks and tiles in. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
16. Emaciated; lean.
His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare. Milton.

SHARP. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A sharp or acute sound.
It is the lark that sings so out of tune,
Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps. Shakespears.
2. A pointed weapon; small sword; rapier.
If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen
would be contented with a rubber at cuffs. Collier.



To SHARP. v. a. [from the noun.] To make keen.
Whom the whetstone sharps to eat,
They cry, milstones are good meat. Ben. Johnson.

To SHARP. v. n. [from the noun.] To play thievish tricks.
I live upon what's my own, whereas your scandalous life
is only cheating or sharping, one half of the year, and starv­
ing the other. L'Estrange.

To SHA’RPEN. v. a. [from sharp.]
1. To make keen; to edge; to point.
The weaker their helps are, the more their need is to sharpen
the edge of their own industry. Hooker.
The Israelites went down to the Philistines to sharpen every
man his share and his coulter. 1 Sam. xiii. 20.
His severe wrath shall he sharpen for a sword. Wisd. v. 20.
The grating of a saw when sharpen'd, offends so much as
it setteth the teeth on edge. Bacon.
Th' squadron bright, sharp'ning in mooned horns
Their phalanx. Milton.
It may contribute to his misery, heighten the anguish, and
sharpen the sting of conscience, and so add fury to the ever­
lasting flames, when he shall reflect upon the abuse of wealth
and greatness. South's Sermons.
No: 'tis resistance that inflames desire;
Sharpens the darts of love, and blows the fire. Dryd.
E're ten moons had sharpen'd either horn,
To crown their bliss, a lovely boy was born. Dryd.
Her nails are sharpen'd into pointed claws,
Her hands bear half her weight and turn to paws. Addis.
2. To make quick, ingenious, or acute.
Overmuch quickness of wit, either given by nature, or
sharpen'd by study, doth not commonly bring greatest learn­
ing, best manners, or happiest life in the end. Ascham.
3. To make quicker of sense.
Th' air sharpen'd his visual ray
To objects distant far. Milton.
4. To make eager or hungry.
Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shakesp.
Such an assurance as will sharpen mens desires and quicken
their endeavours for obtaining a lesser good, ought to in­
spire men with more vigour in pursuit of what is greater. Tillot.
4. To make fierce or angry.
Mine enemy sharpeneth his eyes upon me. Job xvi. 9.
5. To make biting, or sarcastick.
My haughty soul would swell;
Sharpen each word, and threaten in my eyes. Smith.
6. To make less flat; more piercing to the ears.
Enclosures not only preserve sound, but encrease and shar­
pen it. Bacon.
7. To make sour.

SHA’RPER. n. s. [from sharp] A tricking fellow; a petty thief;
a rascal.
Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind. L'Estrange.
He should retrench what he lost to sharpers, and spent upon
puppet-plays, to apply it to that use. Arbuth.
I only wear it in a land of Hectors,
Thieves, supercargo's, sharpers, and directors. Pope.

SHA’RPLY. adv. [from sharp.]
1. With keenness; with good edge or point.
2. Severely; rigorously; roughly.
They are more sharply to be chastised and reformed than
the rude Irish, which being very wild at the first, are now be­
come more civil. Spenser.
3. Keenly; acutely; vigorously.
The mind and memory are more sharply exercised in com­
prehending another man's things than our own. Ben. Johnson.
4. Affictively; painfully.
At the arrival of the English embassadors the soldiers were
sharply assailed with wants. Hayward.
5. With quickness.
You contract your eye when you would see sharply; and
erect your ear when you would hear attentively. Bacon.
6. Judiciously; acutely; wittily.

SHARPNESS. n. s. [from sharp.]
1. Keeness of edge or point.
Palladius neither suffering us nor himself to take in hand
the party till the afternoon; when we were to fight in troops,
not differing otherwise from earnest, but that the sharpness of
the weapons was taken away. Sidney.
A second glance came gliding like the first;
And he who saw the sharpness of the dart,
Without defence receiv'd it in his heart. Dryd.
2. Not obtuseness.
Force consisteth in the roundings and raisings of the work,
according as the limbs do more or less require it; so as the
beholder shall spy no sharpness in the bordering lines. Wotton.
3. Sourness without austereness.
There is a sharpness in vinegar, and there is a sharpness in
pain, in sorrow, and in reproach; there is a sharp eye, a
sharp wit, and a sharp sword: but there is not one of these
severe sharpnesses the same as another of them; and a sharp
east wind is different from them all. Watts's Logick.
Provoking sweat extremely, and taking away all sharpness
from whatever you put in, must be of good effect in the
cure of the gout. Temple.
4. Severity of language; satyrical sarcasm.
There's gold for thee,
Thou must not take my former sharpness ill,
I will employ thee back again. Shakesp.
Some did all folly with just sharpness blame,
While others laugh'd and scorn'd them into shame;
But, of these two, the last succeeded best,
As men aim rightest when they shoot in jest. Dryd.
This is a subject of which it is hard to speak without saty­
rical sharpness and particular reflections on many churches of
christians. Sprat.
The sharpness of his satyr, next to himself, falls most hea­
vily on his friends. Dryden.
5. Painfulness; afflictiveness.
At this time
We sweat and bleed; the friend hath lost his friend;
And the best quarrels in the heat are curst
By those that feel their sharpness. Shakesp.
Not a single death only that then attended this profession;
but the terror and sharpness of it was redoubled in the manner
and circumstances. South.
6. Intellectual acuteness; ingenuity; wit.
Till Arianism had made it a matter of great sharpness, and
subtilty of wit to be a sound believing christian, men were
not curious what syllables or particles of speech they used. Hook.
The daring of the soul proceeds from thence,
Sharpness of wit and active diligence. Dryd.
The son returned with strength of constitution, sharpness of
understanding, and skill in languages. Addison.
7. Quickness of senses.
If the understanding or faculty of the soul be like unto bo­
dily sight, not of equal sharpness in all; what can be more
convenient than that, even as the dark-sighted man is direct­
ed by the clear about things visible, so likewise in matters of
deeper discourse the wise in heart doth shew the simple where
his way lieth. Hooker.

SHARP-SET. [sharp and set.] Eager; vehemently desirous.
Basilius forced her to stay, tho' with much ado, she being
sharp-set upon the fulfilling of a shrewd office, in overlooking
Philoclea. Sidney.
An eagle sharp-set, looking about her for her prey, spy'd
a leveret. L'Estrange.
Our senses are sharp-set on pleasures. L'Estrange.
A comedy of Johnson's, not Ben, held seven nights; for
the town is sharp-set on new plays. Pope.

SHARP-VISAGED. adj. [sharp and visaged.] Having a sharp
countenance.
The Welsh that inhabit the mountains are commonly sharp­
visaged. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.

SHARP-SIGHTED. adj. [sharp and sight.] Having quick sight.
If she were the body's quality,
Then would she be with it sick, maim'd, and blind;
But we perceive, where these privations be,
An healthy, perfect, and sharp-sighted mind. Davies.
I am not so sharp-sighted as those who have discerned this
rebellion contriving from the death of Q. Elizabeth. Clarend.
Your majesty's clear and sharp-sighted judgment has as
good a title to give law in matters of this nature, as in any
other. Denham.
Nothing so fierce but love will soften, nothing so sharp-sighted
in other matters but it throws a mist before the eyes on't. L'Est.

To SHA’TTER. v. a. [schetteren, Dutch.]
1. To break at once into many pieces; to break so as to scat­
ter the parts.
He rais'd a sigh so piteous and profound,
That it did seem to shatter all his bulk,
And rend his being. Shakesp.
Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sear,
I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude,
And with forc'd fingers rude
Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year. Milt.
They escape dissolution, because they can scarce ever meet
with an agent minute, and swiftly enough moved, to shatter
or dissociate the combined parts. Boyle.
A monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst re­
volted subjects, into a multitude of little governments. Locke.
Black from the stroke above, the smouldring pine
Stands as a shatter'd trunk. Thoms. Summer.
2. To dissipate; to make incapable of close and continued at­
tention.
A man of a loose, volatile and shattered humour, thinks
only by fits and starts. Norris.

To SHA’TTER. v. n. To be broken, or to fall, by any force
applied, into fragments.
Of bodies, some are fragil; and some are tough and not
fragil; and in the breaking, some fragil bodies break but where
the force is; some shatter and fly in many places. Bacon.

SHA’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.] One part of many into
which any thing is broken at once.


Stick the candle so loose, that it will fall upon the glass of
the sconce and break it into shatters. Swift.

SHA’TTERBRAINED. adj. [from shatter brain and pate.] In­
attentive; not consistent. A low word.
SHA’TTERPATED. adj. [from shatter brain and pate.] In­
attentive; not consistent. A low word.

SHA’TTERY. adj. [from shatte.] Disunited; not compact;
easily falling into many parts; loose of texture.
A brittle shattery sort of spar, found in form of a white
sand chiefly in the perpendicular fissures amongst the ores of
metal. Woodward.

To SHAVE. v. a. preterit shaved, part. shaved or shaven. [sceafan,
Saxon; schaeven, Dutch.]
1. To pare off with a razor.
He that is to be cleansed shall shave off all his hair. Levit.
Zelim was the first of the Ottomans that did shave his beard:
a bashaw ask'd why he alter'd the custom of his predecessors?
He answered, because you bashaws may not lead me by the
beard, as you did them. Bacon.
Dost thou not know this shaven pate? Truly it is a great
man's head. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
I caused the hair of his head to be shaved off. Wiseman.
2. To pare close to the surface.
Sweet bird!
Thee chauntress, oft the woods among,
I wooe to hear the evening song:
And missing thee, I walk unseen
On the dry smooth shaven green. Milt.
The bending scythe
Shaves all the surface of the waving green. Gay.
3. To skim by passing near, or slightly touching.
He shaves with level wing the deep; then soars
Up to the fiery concave tow'ring high. Milton.
4. To cut in thin slices.
Make some medley of earth, with some other plants bruis'd
or shaven in leaf or root. Bacon.
5. To strip; to oppress by extortion; to pillage.

SHA’VELING. n. s. [from shave.] A man shaved; a friar, or
religious. Used in contempt.
Of elses, there be no such things; only by bald fryars and
knavish shavelings so feigned. Spenser.

SHA’VER. n. s. [from shave.]
1. A man that practises the art of shaving.
2. A man closely attentive to his own interest.
My lord
Was now dispos'd to crack a jest,
And bid friend Lewis go in quest;
This Lewis is a cunning shaver. Swift.
3. A robber; a plunderer.
They fell all into the hands of the cruel mountain people,
living for the most part by theft, and waiting for wrecks, as
hawks for their prey: by these shavers the Turks were stript of
all they had. Knolles.

SHA’VING. n. s. [from shave.] Any thin slice pared off from
any body.
Take lignum aloes in gross shavings, steep them in sack,
changed twice, till the bitterness be drawn forth; then take
the shavings forth and dry them in the shade, and beat them to
powder. Bacon.
By electrick bodies I do not conceive only such as take up
shavings, straws, and light bodies, but such as attract all bo­
dies palpable whatsoever. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The shavings are good for the fining of wine. Mort.

SHAW. n. s. [scua, Saxon; schawe, Dutch; skugga, Islandick.]
A thicket; a small wood. A tuft of trees near Lichfield is
called Gentle shaw.

SHA’BANDER. n. s. [among the Persians.] A great officer; a
viceroy. Bailey.

SHA’WFOWL. n. s. [shaw and fowl.] An artificial fowl made
by fowlers on purpose to shoot at.

SHA’WM. n. s. [from schawme, Teutonick.] A hautboy; a cor­
net.
With trumpets also and shawms. Psalm Common Prayer.
SHE

SHE. pronoun. In oblique cases her. [si, Gothick; seo, Sax.
sche, old English.]
1. The female pronoun demonstrative: the woman; the woman
before mentioned.
She, of whom the ancients seem'd to prophesy,
When they call'd virtues by the name of she;
She, in whom virtue was so much refin'd,
That for allay unto so pure a mind
She took the weaker sex. Donne.
This once disclos'd,
The ladies did change favours, and then we
Following the signs, woo'd but the sign of she. Shakesp.
What, at any time, have you heard her say? Shakesp.
The most upright of mortal men was he;
The most sincere, and holy woman, she. Dryden.
2. It is sometimes used for a woman absolutely, with some de­
gree of contempt.
The shes of Italy shall not betray
Mine interest, and his honour. Shakespear's Cymbeline.
Lady, you are the cruell'st she alive,
If you will lead these graces to the grave,
And leave the world no copy. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
I was wont
To load my she with knacks, I wou'd have ransack'd
The pedlar's silken treasury, and have pour'd it
To her acceptance. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
3. The female; not the male.
I would outstare the sternest eyes that look,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she bear
To win thee, lady. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Let us do it with no shew of fear;
No, with no more, than if we heard that England
Were busied with a Whitson morris-dance;
For my good liege, she is so idly king'd,
That fear attends her not. Shakesp. Hen. V.
The nightingale, if she would sing by day,
When every goose is cackling, wou'd be thought
No better a musician than the wren. Shakespeare.
He-lions are hirsute, and have great manes, the shes are
smooth like cats. Bacon.
Stand it in Judah's chronicles confest,
That David's son, by impious passion mov'd,
Smote a she-slave, and murder'd what he lov'd. Prior.

SHEAF. n. s. sheaves plural. [seaf, Saxon; schoof, Dutch.]
1. A bundle of stalks of corn bound together, that the ears may
dry.
These be the sheaves that honour's harvest bears,
The seed thy valiant acts, the world the field. Fairfax.
He beheld a field,
Part arable and tilth; whereon were shaves
New-reap'd: the other part sheep-walks and folds. Milt.
The reaper fills his greedy hands,
And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands. Dryden.
I pitch'd the sheaves (oh could I do so now)
Which she in rows pil'd. Gay's Pastorals.
2. Any bundle or collection held together.
She vanish'd;
The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case. Dryden.
In the knowledge of bodies, we must glean what we can;
since we cannot, from a discovery of their real essences,
grasp at a time whole sheaves; and in bundles comprehend
the nature of whole species. Locke.

To SHEAL. v. a. To shell. See SHALE.
Thou art a shealed peascod. Shakesp. K. Lear.

To SHEAR. preter. shore, or sheared; part. pass. shorn. [scearan,
scyren, Saxon.]
1. To clip or cut by interception between two blades moving
on a rivet.
So many days, my ews have been with young;
So many weeks, e're the poor fools will yean;
So many months, e're I shall sheer the fleece. Shakesp.
I am shepherd to another man,
And do not sheer the fleeces that I graze. Shakesp.
Laban went to sheer his sheep. Gen. xxxi. 19.
When wool is new shorn, they set pails of water by in the
same room to increase its weight. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
To lay my head and hollow pledge
Of all my strength, in the lascivious lap
Of a deceitful concubine, who shore me,
Like a tame weather, all my precious fleece. Milton.
The same ill taste of sense wou'd serve to join
Dog foxes in the yoak, and sheer the swine. Dryden.
May'st thou henceforth sweetly sleep,
Sheer, swains, oh sheer your softest sheep
To swell his couch. Gay.
O'er the congenial dust injoin'd to shear
The graceful curl, and drop the tender tear. Pope.
2. To cut.
The sharp and toothed edge of the nether chap strikes into
a canal cut into the bone of the upper; and the toothed pro­
tuberance of the upper into a canal in the nether: by which
means he easily sheers the grass whereon he feeds. Grew.

SHEAR. n. s. [from the verb. It is seldom used in the
singular, but is found once in Dryden.]
SHEARS. n. s. [from the verb. It is seldom used in the
singular, but is found once in Dryden.]
1. An instrument to cut, consisting of two blades moving on
a pin, between which the thing cut is intercepted. Shears
are large, and scissars a smaller instrument of the same kind.
Alas, thought Philoclea to herself, your sheers come too
late to clip the bird's wings that already is flown away. Sidney.
Why do you bend such solemn brows on me?
Think you I bear the shears of destiny?
Have I commandment on the pulse of life? Shakespeare.
The fates prepar'd their sharpen'd sheers. Dryd.
When the fleece is shorn,
Then their defenceless limbs the brambles tear;
Short of their wool, and naked from the sheer. Dryden.
That people live and die, I knew,
An hour ago, as well as you;
And if fate spins us longer years,
Or is in haste to take the sheers,
I know, we must both fortunes try,
And bear our evils, wet or dry. Prior.
How happy should we be if we had the privilege of em­
ploying the sheers for want of a mint, upon foreign gold, by
clipping it into half crowns. Swift.


Fate urg'd the sheers and cut the sylph in twain,
But airy substance soon unites again. Pope.
Beneath the shears they felt no lasting smart,
They lost but fleeces, while I lost a heart. Gay.
2. The denomination of the age of sheep.
When sheep is one shear, they will have two broad teeth be­
fore; when two shear, four; when three, six; when four,
eight: and after that, their mouths break. Mortimer.
3. Any thing in the form of the blades of sheers.
4. Wings, in Spenser.
Two sharp-wing'd sheers
Deck'd with divers plumes, like painted jays,
Were fix'd at his back to cut his airy ways. Spenser.

SHEARD. n. s. [sceard, Sax.] A fragment. It is now commonly
written shard, and applied only to fragments of earthen ware.
In the bursting of it, not a sherd to take fire from the hearth,
or to take water out of the pit. Isa. xxx. 14.

SHEA’RER. n. s. [from shear.] One that clips with shears;
particularly one that fleeces sheep.
Of other care they little reck'ninng make,
Than how to scramble at the shearers feast,
And shove away the worthy bidden guest. Milton.
Was he to be led as a lamb to the slaughter, patient and
resigned as a sheep before her shearers? Rogers.

SHEA’RMAN. n. s. [shear and man.] He that shears.
Thy father was a plaisterer,
And thou thyself a shearman. Shakespeare.

SHEA’RWATER. n. s. A fowl. Ainsworth.

SHEATH. n. s. [scæthe, Saxon.] The case of any thing;
the scabbard of a weapon.
The dead knight's sword out of his sheath he drew,
With which he cut a lock off all their hair. Fa. Queen.
Doth not each look a flash of light'ning feel,
Which spares the body's sheath, yet melts the steel? Cleav.
Swords, by the lightning's subtile force distill'd,
And the cold sheath with running metal fill'd. Addison.

To SHEATH. v. a. [from the noun.]
To SHEATHE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To inclose in a sheath or scabbard; to inclose in any case.
This drawn but now against my sovereign's breast,
Before 'tis sheath'd, shall give him peace and rest. Waller.
Those active parts of a body are of differing natures when
sheath'd up, or wedged in amongst others in the texture of a
concrete; and when extricated from these impediments. Boyle.
In his hair one hand he wreaths,
His sword, the other, in his bosom sheaths. Denham.
Is this her hate to him, his love to me!
'Tis in my breast she sheaths her dagger now. Dryden.
The left foot naked, when they march to fight,
But in a bull's raw hide they sheath the right. Dryden.
The leopard, and all of this kind as goes, keeps the claws
of his foreseet turned up from the ground and sheathed in the
skin of his toes, whereby he preserves them sharp for rapine,
extending them only when he leaps at the prey. Grew.
Other substances opposite to acrimony are called demul­
cent or mild; because they blunt or sheath those sharp salts
as pease, and beans. Arbuthnot.
2. To fit with a sheath.
There was no ink to colour Peter's hat,
Walter's dagger was not come from sheathing. Shak.
3. To defend the main body by an outward covering.
It were to be wished that the whole navy throughout were
sheathed as some are. Raleigh.

SHEATHWI’NGED. adj. [sheath and wing.] Having hard cases
which are folded over the wings.
Some insects fly with four wings, as all vaginipennous, or
sheathwinged insects, as beetles and dorrs. Brown's Vulg. Er.

SHEA’THY. adj. [from sheath.] Forming a sheath.
With a needle put aside the short and sheathy cases on ear­
wigs backs, and you may draw forth two wings. Brown.

SHE’CKLATON. n. s.
He went to fight against the giant in his robe of sheckla­
ton, which is that kind of gilded leather with which they
use to embroider the Irish jackets. Spenser.

To SHED. v. a. [scedan, Saxon.]
1. To effuse; to pour out; to spill.
The painful service, and the drops of blood
Shed for my thankless country are requited
But with that surname of Coriolanus. Shakespeare.
Cromwell, I did not think to shed a tear
In all my miseries. Shakesp.
Without shedding of blood is no remission. Heb. ix. 22.
For this is my blood which is shed for many, for the re­
mission of sins. Matth. xxvi. 28.
Some think one gen'ral soul fills ev'ry brain,
As the bright sun sheds light in ev'ry star. Davies.
Around its entry nodding poppies grow,
And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;
Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,
And passing, sheds it on the silent plains. Dryden.
You seem'd to mourn another lover dead,
My sighs you gave him, and my tears you shed. Dryden.
Unhappy man! to break the pious laws
Of nature, pleading in his children's cause:
'Tis love of honour, and his country's good;
The consul, not the father, sheds the blood. Dryden.
In these lone walls, their days eternal bound,
These moss-grown domes with spiry turrets crown'd,
Where awful arches make a noon-day night,
And the dim windows shed a solemn light;
Thy eyes diffus'd a reconciling ray,
And gleams of glory brighten'd all the day. Pope.
2. To scatter; to let fall.
Trees that bring forth their leaves late, and cast them late,
are more lasting than those that sprout their leaves early, or
shed them betimes. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
So the returning year be blest,
As his infant months bestow,
Springing wreaths for William's brow;
As his summer's youth shall shed
Eternal sweets around Maria's head. Prior.

To SHED. v. n. To let fall its parts.
White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they
stand. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SHED. n. s. [supposed by Skinner to be corrupted from shade.]
1. A slight temporary covering.
The first Aletes born in lowly shed,
Of parents base, a rose sprung from a bride. Fairfax.
Though he his house of polish'd marble build,
With jasper floor'd, and carved cedar ceil'd;
Yet shall it ruin like the moth's frail cell,
Or sheds of reeds, which summer's heat repel. Sandys.
So all our minds with his conspire to grace
The Gentiles great apostle, and deface
Those state-obscuring sheds, that like a chain
Seem'd to confine and fetter him again. Waller.
In such a season born, when scarce a shed
Could be obtain'd to shelter him or me
From the bleak air. Parad. Regain'd.
Those houses then were caves, or homely sheds,
With twining osiers fenc'd, and moss their beds. Dryden.
An hospitable house they found,
A homely shed; the roof, not far from ground
Was thatch'd with reeds and straw together bound. Dryd.
Then out he steals, and finds where by the head,
Their horse hung fasten'd underneath a shed. Betterton.
Her various kinds by various fortunes led,
Commence acquaintance, underneath a shed. Swift.
2. In composition. Effusion; as blood-shed.

SHE’DDER. n. s. [from shed.] A spiller; one who sheds.
A shedder of blood shall surely die. Ezek. xviii. 10.

SHEEN. adj. [This was probably only the old pronunciation
of shine]. Bright; glittering; shewy. A word
now not in use.
SHEE’NY. adj. [This was probably only the old pronunciation
of shine]. Bright; glittering; shewy. A word
now not in use.
That lewd ribbald, with vile lust advanc'd,
Laid first his filthy hands on virgin clean,
To spoil her dainty corse so fair and sheen. Fa. Queen.
When he was all dight, he took his way
Into the forest, that he might be seen
Of the wild beasts, in his new glory sheen. Hubberd's Tale.
Now they never meet in grove or green,
By fountain clear, or spangled star-light sheen. Shakespeare.
Up arose each warrior bold and brave,
Glistering in filed steel and armour sheen. Fairfax.
Out of the hierarchies of angels sheen,
The gentle Gabriel call'd he from the rest. Fairfax.
By the rushy fringed bank,
Where grows the willow and the osier dank,
My sliding chariot stays,
Which set with agat, or the azure sheen,
Of turcois blue, and emerald green. Milton.
Or did of late earth's sons besiege the wall
Of sheeny heav'n. Milton.

SHEEN. n. s. [from the adjective.] Brightness; splendour.
Mercy will sit between,
Thron'd in celestial sheen. Milton.
Far above, in spangled sheen,
Celestial Cupid, her fam'd son advanc'd,
Holds his dear Psyche sweet entranc'd. Milton.

SHEEP. n. s. plural likewise sheep. [sceap, Saxon; of which
the plural was seep; schaep, Dutch.]
1. The animal that bears wool: remarkable for its usefulness and
innocence.
Fire the brambles, snare the birds, and steep
In wholesome water-falls the fleecy sheep. Dryden:
Of substances there are two sorts of ideas; one of single
substances, as they exist separately, as a man or sheep. Locke.
2. In contempt. A foolish silly fellow. Ainsworth.

To SHEEPBI’TE. v. n. [sheep and bite.] To use petty thefts.
Shew your knave's visage, with a pox to you; shew your
sheepbiting face, and be hanged. Shakespeare.

SHEE’PBITER. n. s. [from sheepbite.] A petty thief.
His gate like a sheepbiter fleering aside. Tusser.


Wouldst thou not be glad to have the niggardly rascally
sheepbiter come to some notable shame. Shakespeare.
There are political sheepbiters as well as pastoral: betrayers
of publick trusts, as well as of private. L'Estrange.

SHEE’PCOT. n. s. [sheep and cot.] A little inclosure for sheep.
Bedlam beggars, with roaring voices,
From low farms, sheepcots and mills
Inforce their charity. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Up to a hill anon his steps he rear'd,
From whose high top to ken the prospect round,
If cottage were in view, sheepcot or herd;
But cottage, herd, or sheepcot none he saw. Milton.

SHEEPFO’LD. n. s. [sheep and fold.] The place where sheep are
inclosed.
The bear, the lion, terrors of the plain,
The sheepfold scatter'd and the shepherd slain. Prior.

SHEE’PHOOK. n. s. [sheep and hook.] A hook fastened to a pole
by which shepherds lay hold on the legs of their sheep.
The one carried a crosier of blam-wood, the other a pasto­
ral staff of cedar like a sheep-hook. Bacon's New Atlantis.
If you dare think of deserving our charms,
Away with your sheephook, and take to your arms. Dryden.

SHEE’PISH. adj. [from sheep.] Bashful; over-modest; timo­
rously and meanly diffident.
Wanting change of company, he will, when he comes
abroad, be a sheepish or conceited creature. Locke.

SHEE’PISHNESS. n. s. [from sheepish.] Bashfulness; mean and
timorous diffidence.
Thy gentry bleats, as if thy native cloth
Transfus'd a sheepishness into thy story. Herbert.
Sheepishness and ignorance of the world, are not consequen­
ces of being bred at home. Locke.
Without success, let a man be never so hardy, he will have
some degree of sheepishness. Grew.

SHEE’PMASTER. n. s. [sheep and master.] An owner of sheep.
A nobleman was a great grasier, and a great sheepmaster.
Bacon.

SHEEPSHEA’RING. n. s. [sheep and shear.] The time of shear­
ing sheep; the feast made when sheep are shorn.
There happening a solemn festivity, such as the sheepshear­
ings used to be, David begs some small repast. South.

SHEEPS EYE. n. s. [sheep and eye.] A modest diffident look,
such as lovers cast at their mistresses.
Cast a sheep's eye behind you: in before me. Dryden.

SHEEPWA’LK. n. s. [sheep and walk.] Pasture for sheep.
He beheld a field,
Part arable and tilth; whereon were sheaves
New reap'd; the other part sheepwalks and folds. Milt.

SHEER. adj. [scr, Saxon.] Pure; clear; unmingled.
If she say, I am not fourteen pence on the score for sheer
ale, score me up for the lying'st rogue in Christendom Shak.
Sheer argument is not the talent of the man; little wrest­
ed sentences are the bladders which bear him up, and he
sinks downright, when he once pretends to swim without
them. Atterbury.

SHEER. adv. [from the adjective.] Clean; quick; at once.
Thrown by angry Jove
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements; from morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
A summer's day; and with the setting sun,
Drop'd from the zenith, like a falling star,
On Lemnos. Milton.
The sword of Satan, with steep force to smite
Descending, and in half cut sheer. Milton.
Due entrance he disdain'd, and in contempt
At one slight bound high overleap'd all bound
Of hill or highest wall, and sheer within
Lights on his feet. Milton.

To SHEER. v. a. [See SHEAR.]
I keep my birth-day; send my Phillis home
At sheering-time. Dryden.

To SHEER off. v. n. To steal away; to slip off clandestinely.

SHEERS. n. s. [See SHEARS.]

SHEET. n. s. [sceat, Saxon.
1. A broad and large piece of linen.
He saw heaven opened, and a vessel descending unto him,
as a great sheet, knit at the four corners. Acts x. 11.
2. The linen of a bed.
If I die before thee, shroud me
In one of these same sheets. Shakespeare.
You think none but your sheets are privy to your wishes. Sha.
Some unequal bride in nobler sheets
Receives her lord. Dryden.
3. Ecoutes, French; echoten, Dutch.] In a ship are ropes bent
to the clews of the sails, which serve in all the lower sails to
hale or round off the clew of the sail; but in topsails they
draw the sail close to the yard arms. Dict.—Dryden seems to
understand it otherwise.
The little word behind the back, and undoing whisper, like
pulling off a sheet-rope at sea, slackens the sail. Suckling.
Fierce Boreas drove against his flying sails,
And rent the sheets. Dryden.
4. As much paper as is made in one body.
As much love in rhime,
As could be cramm'd up in a sheet of paper,
Writ on both sides the leaf, margin and all. Shakespeare.
When I first put pen to paper, I though all I should have
to say would have been contained in one sheet of paper. Locke.
I let the refracted light fall perpendicularly upon a sheet of
white paper upon the opposite wall. Newton's Opticks.
5. A single complication or fold of paper in a book.
6. Any thing expanded.
Such sheets of fire, such bursts of horrid thunder
I never remember to have heard. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
Rowling thunder roars,
And sheets of lightning blast the standing field. Dryden.
An azure sheet it rushes broad,
And from the loud resounding rocks below,
Dash'd in a cloud of foam. Thomson.

SHEET-anchor. n. s. [sheet and anchor.] In a ship is the largest
anchor; which, in stress of weather, is the mariners last re­
fuge, when an extraordinary stiff gale of wind happens. Bailey.

To SHEET v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with sheets.
2. To enfold in a sheet.
3. To cover as with a sheet.
Like the stag when snow the pasture sheets,
The barks of trees thou browsed'st. Shakespeare.

SHE’KEL. n. s. [] An ancient Jewish coin equal to four
Attick drachms, or four Roman denarii, in value about 2. s 6d.
sterling. Dict.
The Jews, albeit they detested images, yet imprinted upon
their sheckle on one side the golden pot which had the manna,
and on the other Aaron's rod. Camden.
The huge iron head six hundred shekels weighed,
And of whole bodies but one wound it made,
Able death's worst command to overdoe
Destroying life at once and carcase too. Cowley.
This coat of mail weighed five thousand shekels of
brass. Broome.

SHE’LDAPLE. n. s. A chaffinch.

SHE’LDRAPE. n. s. A bird that preys upon fishes.

SHELF. n. s. [scylf, Saxon; scelf, Dutch.] A board fixed
against a supporter, so that any thing may be placed upon it.
About his shelves
A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shakesp.
Bind fast, or from their shelves
Your books will come and right themselves. Swift.
You have the pleasure of the prospect whenever you take
it from your shelf, and the solid cash you sold it for. Blount.
2. A sand bank in the sea; a rock under shallow water.
Our transported souls shall congratulate each other their
having now fully escaped the numerous rocks, shelves, and
quick-sands. Boyle.
Near the shelves of Circe's shores they run,
A dang'rous coast. Dryden.
He call'd his money in;
But the prevailing love of pelf
Soon split him on the former shelf,
He put it out again. Dryden.
3. The plural is analogically shelves; Dryden has shelfs, probab­
ly by negligence.
He seiz'd the helm, his fellows cheer'd,
Turn'd short upon the shelfs and madly steer'd. Dryden.

SHE’LFY. adj. [from shelf.]
1. Full of hidden rocks or banks; full of dangerous shallows.
Glides by the syren's cliffs a shelfy coast,
Long infamous for ships and sailors lost,
And white with bones. Dryden.
2. I know not well the meaning in this passage, perhaps rocky.
The tillable fields are in some places so tough, that the
plough will scarcely cut them; and in some places so shelfy that the
corn hath much ado to fasten its root. Carew.

SHELL. n. s. [scll, sceall, Saxon; schale, schelle, Dutch.
1. The hard covering of any thing; the external crust.
The sun is as the fire, and the exterior earth is as the shell
of the eolipile, and the abyss as the water within it; now
when the heat of the sun had pierced thro' the shell and
reach'd the waters, it rarefy'd them. Burn. Theo. of the Earth.
Whatever we fetch from under ground is only what is lodg­
ed in the shell of the earth. Locke.
2. The covering of a testaceous or crustaceous animal.
Her women wear
The spoils of nations in an ear;
Chang'd for the treasure of a shell,
And in their loose attires do swell. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
Albion
Was to Neptune recommended;
Peace and plenty spread the sails:
Venus, in her shell before him,
From the sands in safety bore him. Dryden's Albion.
The shells served as moulds to this sand, which, when con­
solidated, and afterwards freed from its investient shell, is of
the same shape as the cavity of the shell. Woodward.


He, whom ungrateful Athens could expel,
At all times just, but when he sign'd the shell. Pope.
3. The covering of the seeds of siliquous plants.
Some fruits are contained within a hard shell, being the seeds
of the plants. Arbuthnot.
4. The covering of kernels.
Chang'd loves are but chang'd sorts of meat;
And when he hath the kernel eat,
Who doth not throw away the shell? Donne.
5. The covering of an egg.
Think him as a serpent's egg,
Which, hatch'd, would, as his kind, grow mischievous,
And kill him in the shell. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
6. The outer part of an house.
The marquis of Medina Sidonia made the shell of a house,
that would have been a very noble building, had he brought it
to perfection. Addison on Italy.
7 It is used for a musical instrument in poetry, from testudo,
Latin; the first lyre being said to have been made by straining
strings over the shell of a tortoise.
Less than a god they thought there could not dwell
Within the hollow of that shell,
That spoke so sweetly. Dryden.
8. The superficial part.
So devout are the Romanists about this outward shell of re­
ligion, that if an altar be moved, or a stone of it broken, it
ought to be reconsecrated. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To SHELL. v. a. [from the noun.] To take out of the shell;
to strip of the shell.

To SHELL. v. n.
1. To fall off as broken shells.
The ulcers were cured, and the scabs shelled off. Wiseman.
2. To cast the shell.

SHE’LLDUCK. n. s. A kind of wild duck.
To preserve wild ducks, and shellducks, have a place walled
in with a pond. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SHE’LLFISH. n. s. [shell and fish.] Fish invested with a hard co­
vering, either testaceous, as oysters, or crustaceous, as lobsters.
The shells, being sound, were so like those they saw upon
their shores, that they never questioned but that they were the
exuviæ of shellfish, and once belonged to the sea. Woodward.

SHE’LLY. adj. [from shell.]
1. Abounding with shells.
The ocean rolling, and the shelly shore,
Beautiful objects, shall delight no more. Prior.
2. Consisting of shells.
The conceit of Anaximander was, that the first men and all
animals were bred in some warm moisture, inclosed in crusta­
ceous skins, as lobsters; and so continued 'till their shelly pri­
sons, growing dry and breaking, made way for them. Bentley.

SHE’LTER. n. s. [Of this word the etymology is unknown:
Skinner deduces it from shell, Davies from scld, a shield,
Saxon.]
1. A cover from any external injury or violence.
We hear this fearful tempest fing,
Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm. Shakesp. R. II.
They wish'd the mountains now might be again
Thrown on them, as a shelter from his ire. Milton.
Heroes of old, when wounded, shelter sought;
But he who meets all dangers with disdain,
Ev'n in their face his ship to anchor brought,
And steeple high stood propt upon the main. Dryden.
They may learn experience, and avoid a cave as the worst
shlter from rain, when they have a lover in company. Dryd.
The healing plant shall aid,
From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade. Pope.
2. A protector; a defender; one that gives security.
Thou hast been a shelter for me, and a strong tower from
the enemy. Ps. lxi. 3.
3. The state of being covered; protection; security.
Low at his foot a spacious plain is plac'd,
Between the mountain and the stream embrac'd;
Which shade and shelter from the hill derives,
While the kind river wealth and beauty gives. Denham.

To SHE’LTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover from external violence.
We besought the deep to shelter us. Milton.
Those ruins shelter'd once his sacred head,
When he from Wor'ster's fatal battle fled,
Watch'd by the genius of this royal place. Dryden.
2. To defend; to protect; to succour with refuge; to harbour.
What endless honour shall you gain,
To save and shelter Troy's unhappy train. Dryden's æn.
3. To betake to cover.
They sheltered themselves under a rock. Abbot.
Comfort thyself with such thoughts, chiefly when all earthly
comforts fail thee: then do thou particularly retreat to those
considerations, and shelter thyself under them. Atterbury.
4. To cover from notice.
In vain I strove to check my growing flame,
Or shelter passion under friendship's name;
You saw my heart. Prior.

To SHE’LTER. v. n.
1. To take shelter.
There the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
Shelters in cool. Milton.
2. To give shelter.
Then seeks the farthest ooze, the shelt'ring weed,
The cavern'd bank, his old secure abode. Thomson.

SHE’LTERLESS. adj. [from shelter.] Harbourless; without
home or refuge.
Now sad and shelterless, perhaps, she lies,
Where piercing winds blow sharp. Rowe's Jane Shore.

SHE’LVING. adj. [from shelf.] Sloping; inclining; having de­
clivity.
Her chamber is aloft, far from the ground;
And built so shelving, that one cannot climb it,
Without apparent hazard of his life. Shakespeare.
Amidst the brake a hollow den was found,
With rocks and shelving arches vaulted round. Addison.

SHE’LVY. adj. [from shelf.] Shallow; rocky; full of banks.
I had been drowned, but that the shore was shelvy and shal­
low. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

To SHEND. v. a. preter. and part. pass. shent. [scendan, Saxon;
schenden, Dutch.]
1. To ruin; to spoil; to mischief.
Provide for thy wife, or else look to be shent,
Good milchcow for Winter, another for Lent. Tusser.
Shepherds, should it not yshent
Your roundels fresh, to hear a doleful verse
Of Rosalind, that Colin made? Spenser.
Such a dream I had of dire portent,
That much I fear my body will be shent;
It bodes I shall have wars. Dryden.
2. To disgrace; to degrade; to blame.
Debateful strife, and cruel enmity,
The famous name of knighthood foully shend. Fa. Queen.
Sore bruised with the fall, he slow uprose,
And all enraged thus, thus him loudly shent,
Disleal knight, whose coward courage chose
To wreak itself on beast. Fairy Queen.
My tongue and soul in this be hypocrites,
How in my words soever she be shent,
To give them seals never my soul consent. Shakesp. Haml.
3. To overpower; to crush; to surpass.
She pass'd the rest as Cynthia doth shend
The lesser stars. Spenser.
4. It is, though used by Dryden, wholly obsolete.

SHE’PHERD. n. s. [sceap, sheep, and hrd, a keeper, Saxon,
sceapahrd.]
1. One who tends sheep in the pasture.
I am shepherd to another man,
And do not sheer the fleeces that I graze. Shakespeare.
A shepherd next
More meek came with the firstlings of his flock. Milton.
2. A swain; a rural lover.
If that the world and love were young,
And truth in ev'ry shepherd's tongue,
These pretty pleasures might me move
To live with thee, and be thy love. Raleigh.
3. One who tends the congregation; a pastor.
Lead up all those who heard thee, and believ'd;
'Midst thy own flock, great shepherd, be receiv'd,
And glad all heav'n with millions thou hast sav'd. Prior.

SHE’PHERDESS. n. s. [from shepherd.] A woman that tends
sheep; a rural lass.
She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess, and in that
disguise lived many years; but discovering herself a little be­
fore her death, did profess herself the happiest person alive,
not for her condition, but in enjoying him she first loved; and
that she would rather, ten thousand times, live a shepherdess in
contentment and satisfaction. Sidney.
These your unusual weeds, to each part of you
Do give a life: no shepherdess, but Flora
Peering in April's front. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
She like some shepherdess did shew,
Who sat to bathe her by a river's side. Dryden.
His dorick dialect has an incomparable sweetness in its
clownishness, like a fair shepherdess in her country russet.
Dryden.

SHEPHERDS Needle. n. s. [scandix, Lat.] Venus comb. An
herb.

SHEPHERDS Purse, or Pouch. n. s. [bursa pastoris, Latin.] A
common weed.

SHE’PHERDS Rod. n. s. Teasel, of which plant it is a species.

SHE’PHERDISH. adj. [from shepherd.] Resembling a shepherd;
suiting a shepherd; pastoral; rustick. Not in use.
He would have drawn her eldest sister, esteemed her match
for beauty, in her shepherdish attire. Sidney.
She saw walking from her-ward a man in shepherdish ap­
parel. Sidney.

SHE’RBET. n. s. [sharbat, Arabick.] The juice of lemons or
oranges mixed with water and sugar. Dict.


They prefer our beer above all other drinks; and consider­
ing that water is with the rarest, especially in this clime, the
dearest of sherbets, and plenty of barley, it would prove infi­
nitely profitable to such as should bring in the use thereof. Sand.

SHERD. n. s. [sceard, Saxon.] The fragment of broken
earthen ware.
The trivet-table of a foot was lame;
She thrusts beneath the limping leg a sherd. Dryden.

SHE’RIFF. n. s. [scregepefa, Saxon, from scre, a shire,
and reve, a steward. It is sometimes pronounced shrieve,
which some poets have injudiciously adopted.] An officer to
whom is intrusted in each county the execution of the laws.
A great pow'r of English and of Scots
Are by the sheriff of Yorkshire overthrown. Shakesp.
Concerning ministers of justice, the high sheriffs of the
counties have been very ancient in this kingdom. Bacon.
Now may'rs and shrieves all hush'd and satiate lay. Pope.

SHE’RIFFALTY. n. s. [from sheriff.] The office or juris­
diction of a sheriff.
SHE’RIFFDOM. n. s. [from sheriff.] The office or juris­
diction of a sheriff.
SHE’RIFFSHIP. n. s. [from sheriff.] The office or juris­
diction of a sheriff.
SHE’RIFFWICK. n. s. [from sheriff.] The office or juris­
diction of a sheriff.
There was a resumption of patents of gaols, and reannex­
ing of them to the sheriffwicks; privileged officers being no less
an interruption of justice than privileged places. Bacon.

SHE’RRIS. n. s. [from Xeres, a town of Andalusia in
Spain.] A kind of sweet Spanish wine.
SHE’RRIS Sack. n. s. [from Xeres, a town of Andalusia in
Spain.] A kind of sweet Spanish wine.
SHE’RRY. n. s. [from Xeres, a town of Andalusia in
Spain.] A kind of sweet Spanish wine.
Your sherris warms the blood, which before, cold and set­
tled, left the liver white, which is the badge of pusilanimity;
but the sherris makes it course from the inwards to the parts
extreme. Shakespeare.
Good sherris sack ascends me into the brain, dries me there
all the foolish dull vapours, and makes it apprehensive. Shak.

SHEW. See SHOW.
SHI

SHIDE. n. s. [from sceadan, to divide, Saxon.] A board; a
cutting. Skinner.

SHIELD. n. s. [scld, Saxon.]
1. A buckler; a broad piece of defensive armour held on the
left arm to ward off blows.
Now put your shields before your hearts, and fight
With hearts more proof than shields. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Defence; protection.
3. One that gives protection or security.
The terror of the Trojan field,
The Grecian honour, ornament, and shield,
High on a pile th' unconquer'd chief is plac'd. Dryden.

To SHIELD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with a shield.
2. To defend; to protect; to secure.
Were't my fitness to let these hands obey my boiling blood,
They're apt enough to dislocate and tear
Thy flesh and bones: howe'er
A woman's shape doth shield thee. Shakesp. King Lear.
Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field,
To see the son the vanquish'd father shield. Dryden.
Hear one that comes to shield his injur'd honour,
And guard his life with hazard of her own. Smith.
3. To keep off; to defend against.
Out of their cold caves and frozen habitations, into the sweet
soil of Europe, they brought with them their usual weeds, fit
to shield the cold, to which they had been inured. Spenser.
My lord, I must intreat the time alone.
—God shield I should disturb devotion. Shakespeare.

To SHIFT. v. n. [Of this word the original is obscure: skipta,
Runick, is to change.]
1. To change place.
Vegetables being fixed to the same place, and so not able to
shift and seek out after proper matter for their increment, it
was necessary that it should be brought to them. Woodward.
2. To change; to give place to other things.
If the ideas of our minds constantly change and shift, in a
continual succession, it would be impossible for a man to think
long of any one thing. Locke.
3. To change cloaths, particularly the linen.
She begs you just would turn you while she shifts. Young.
4. To find some expedient; to act or live though with difficulty.
We cannot shift: being in, we must go on. Daniel.
Men in distress will look to themselves, and leave their
companions to shift as well as they can. L'Estrange.
Since we desire no recompence nor thanks, we ought to be
dismissed, and have leave to shift for ourselves. Swift.
5. To practise indirect methods.
All those schoolmen, though they were exceeding witty,
yet better teach all their followers to shift than to resolve by
their distinctions. Raleigh.
6. To take some method for safety.
Nature instructs every creature how to shift for itself in
cases of danger. L'Estrange.

To SHIFT. v. a.
1. To change; to alter.
It was not levity, but absolute necessity, that made the fish
shift their condition. L'Estrange.
Come, assist me, muse obedient;
Let us try some new expedient;
Shift the scene for half an hour,
Time and place are in thy pow'r. Swift.
2. To transfer from place to place.
Pare saffron between the two St. Mary's days,
Or set or go shift it that knowest the ways. Tusser.
3. To put by some expedient out of the way.
I shifted him away,
And laid good 'scuses on your ecstasy. Shakes. Othello.
The wisdom of all these latter times, in princes affairs, is
rather fine deliveries, and shiftings of dangers and mischiefs,
when they are near, than solid and grounded courses to keep
them aloof. Bacon.
4. To change in position.
Neither use they sails, nor place their oars in order upon the
sides; but carrying the oar loose, shift it hither and thither at
pleasure. Raleigh.
Where the wind
Veers oft, as oft she steers and shifts her sail. Milton.
We strive in vain against the seas and wind;
Now shift your sails. Dryden's æn.
5. To change, as cloaths.
I would advise you to shift a shirt: the violence of action
hath made you reek as a sacrifice. Shakes. Cymbeline.
6. To dress in fresh cloaths.
As it were to ride day and night, and not to have patience
to shift me. Shak. Henry IV.
7. To SHIFT off. To defer; to put away by some expedient.
The most beautiful parts must be the most finished, the
colours and words most chosen: many things in both, which
are not deserving of this care, must be shifted off, content with
vulgar expressions. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Struggle and contrive as you will, and lay your taxes as you
please, the traders will shift it off from their own gain. Locke.
By various illusions of the devil they are prevailed on to
shift off the duties, and neglect the conditions, on which sal­
vation is promised. Rogers's Sermons.

SHIFT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Expedient found or used with difficulty; difficult means.
She redoubling her blows, drave the stranger to no other
shift than to ward and go back; at that time seeming the
image of innocency against violence. Sidney.
If I get down, and do not break my limbs,
I'll find a thousand shifts to get away. Shakes. K. John.
This perfect artifice and accuracy might have been omitted,
and yet they have made shift to move up and down in the
water. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Not any boast of skill, but extreme shift
How to regain my sever'd company,
Compell'd me to awake the courteous echo,
To give me answer from her mossy couch. Milton.
A fashionable hypocrisy shall be called good manners, so we
make a shift somewhat to legitimate the abuse. L'Estrange.
Those little animals provide themselves with wheat; but
they can make shift without it. Addison.
Our herbals are sufficiently stored with plants, and we have
made a tolerable shift to reduce them to classes. Baker.
2. Indirect expedient; mean refuge; last recourse.
The very custom of seeking so particular aid and relief at
the hands of God, doth, by a secret contradiction, withdraw
them from endeavouring to help themselves, even by those
wicked shifts, which they know can never have his allowance
whose assistance their prayers seek. Hooker.
To say, where the notions cannot fitly be reconciled, that
there wanteth a term, is but a shift of ignorance. Bacon.
Slow to resolve, but in performance quick;
So true, that he was aukward at a trick;
For little souls on little shifts rely. Dryden.
3. Fraud; artifice; stratagem.
Know ye not Ulysses' shifts?
Their swords less danger carry than their gifts. Denham.
4. Evasion; elusory practice.
As long as wit, by whetting itself, is able to find out any
shift, be it never so slight, whereby to escape out of the hands
of present contradiction, they are never at a stand. Hooker.
Of themselves, for the most part, they are so cautious and
wily-headed, especially being men of so small experience and
practice in law matters, that you would wonder whence they
borrow such subtilities and sly shifts. Spenser.
Here you see your commission; this is your duty, these are
your discouragements: never seek for shifts and evasions from
worldly afflictions: this is your reward, if you perform it;
this your doom, if you decline it. South.
5. A woman's linen.

SHI’FTER. n. s. [from shift.] One who plays tricks; a man
of artifice.
'T was such a shifter, that, if truth were known,
Death was half glad when he had got him down. Milton.

SHI’FTLESS. adj. [from shift.] Wanting expedients; wanting
means to act or live.


For the poor shiftless irrationals, it is a prodigious act of the
great Creator's indulgence, that they are all ready furnished
with such cloathing. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SHI’LLING. n. s. [sclling, Sax. and Erse; schelling, Dut.] A coin
of various value in different times. It is now twelve pence.
Five of these pence made their shilling, which they called
scilling, probably from scilingus, which the Romans used for
the fourth part of an ounce; and forty-eight of these scillings
made their pound, and four hundred of these pounds were a
legacy for a king's daughter, as appeareth by the last will of
king Alfred. Camden's Remains.
The very same shilling may at one time pay twenty men in
twenty days, and at another rest in the same hands one hun­
dred days. Locke.

SHILL-I-SHALL-I. A corrupt reduplication of shall I? The
question of a man hesitating. To stand shill-I-shall-I, is to
continue hesitating and procrastinating.
I am somewhat dainty in making a resolution, because when
I make it, I keep it: I don't stand shill-I shall-I then; if I say't,
I'll do't. Congreve's Way of the World.

SHI’LY. adv. [from shy.] Not familiarly; not frankly.

SHIN. n. s. [scina, Saxon; schien, German.] The forepart of
the leg.
I bruised my shin the other day with playing at sword and
dagger. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The shin bone, from the knee to the instep, is made by sha­
dowing one half of the leg with a single shadow. Peacham.
His leg, then broke,
Had got a deputy of oak;
For when a shin in fight is cropt,
The knee with one of timber's propt. Hudibras.
As when to an house we come,
To know if any one's at home,
We knock; so one must kick your shin,
Ere he can find your soul's within. Anonymous.

To SHINE. v. n. preterite I shone, I have shone; sometimes I
shined, I have shined. [scinan, Saxon; schijnen, Dutch.]
1. To have bright resplendence; to glitter; to glisten; to
gleam.
To-day the French,
All clinquant, all in gold, like heathen gods,
Shone down the English; and to-morrow
Made Britain India: ev'ry man that stood,
Shew'd like a mine. Shakespeare.
True paradise inclos'd with shining rock. Milton.
We can dismiss thee ere the morning shine. Milton.
Fair daughter, blow away these mists and clouds,
And let thy eyes shine forth in their full lustre. Denham.
The sun shines when he sees it. Locke.
2. To be without clouds.
The moon shines bright: in such a night as this,
When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees,
And they did make no noise. Shak. Merch. of Venico.
How bright and goodly shines the moon!
The moon! the sun: it is not moonlight now. Shakesp.
Two men stood by them in shining garments. Lu. xxiv. 4.
Clear pools greatly comfort the eyes when the sun is over­
cast, or when the moon shineth. Bacon.
3. To be glossy.
They are waxen fat, they shine. Jer. v. 28.
Fish with their fins and shining scales. Milton.
The colour and shining of bodies is nothing but the different
arrangement and refraction of their minute parts. Locke.
4. To be gay; to be splendid.
So proud she shined in her princely state,
Looking to heaven; for earth she did disdain,
And sitting high. Fairy Queen.
5. To be beautiful.
Of all th' enamel'd race, whose silv'ry wing
Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the Spring,
Or swims along the fluid atmosphere,
Once brightest shin'd this child of heat and air. Dunciad.
6. To be eminent or conspicuous.
If there come truth from them,
As upon thee, Macbeth, their speeches shine,
Why, by the verities on thee made good,
May they not be my oracles as well? Shakespeare.
Her face was veil'd; yet to my fancied sight
Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shin'd
So clear, as in no face with more delight. Milton.
Cato's soul
Shines out in every thing she acts or speaks;
While winning mildness and attractive smiles
Dwell in her looks, and, with becoming grace,
Soften the rigour of her father's virtues. Addison.
The reformation, in its first establishment, produced its
proper fruits, and distinguished the whole age with shining in­
stances of virtue and morality. Addison's Freeholder.
The courtier smooth, who forty years had shin'd
An humble servant to all human kind. Pope.
Few are qualified to shine in company; but it is in most
mens power to be agreeable. Swift.
7. To be propitious.
The Lord make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious.
Num. vi. 25.
8. To enlighten corporeally and externally.
The light of righteousness hath not shined unto us, and the
sun of righteousness rose not upon us. Wisd. v. 6.
Celestial light
Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers
Irradiate. Milton.

SHINE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Fair weather.
Be it fair or foul, or rain or shine. Dryden.
He will accustom himself to heat and cold, and shine and
rain; all which if a man's body will not endure, it will serve
him to very little purpose. Locke.
2. Brightness; splendour; lustre. It is a word, though not un­
analogical, yet ungraceful, and little used.
He that has inured his eyes to that divine splendour, which
results from the beauty of holiness, is not dazzled with the
glittering shine of gold, and considers it as a vein of the same
earth he treads on. Decay of Piety.
Say, in what mortal soil thou deign'st to grow?
Fair op'ning to some court's propitious shine,
Or deep with di'monds in the flaming mine? Pope.

SHI’NESS. n. s. [from shy.] Unwillingness to be tractable or
familiar.
An incurable shiness is the vice of Irish horses, and is hardly
ever seen in Flanders, because the Winter forces the breeders
there to house and handle their colts. Temple.
They were famous for their justice in commerce, but ex­
treme shiness to strangers: they exposed their goods with the
price marked upon them, and then retired. Arbuthnot.

SHI’NGLE. n. s. [schindel, Germ.] A thin board to cover houses.
The best to cleave, is the most useful for pales, laths,
shingles, and wainscot. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SHI’NGLES. n. s. Wants singul. [cingulum, Latin; zona morbus,
Plinio.] A kind of tetter or herpes that spreads itself round
the loins.
Such are used successfully in erysipelas and shingles, by a slen­
der diet of decoctions of farinaceous vegetables, and copious
drinking of cooling liquors. Arbuthnot on Diet.

SHI’NY. adj. [from shine.] Bright; splendid; luminous.
When Aldeboran was mounted high,
Above the shiny Cassiopeia's chain,
One knocked at the door, and in would fare. Fa. Queen.
The night
Is shiny, and they say we shall embattle
By th' second hour o' th' morn. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
While from afar we heard the cannons play,
Like distant thunder on a shiny day,
For absent friends we were asham'd to fear. Dryden.

SHIP. [scip, scp, Saxon; schap, Dutch.] A termination
noting quality or adjunct, as lordship; or office, as steward­
ship.

SHIP. n. s. [scip, Saxon; schippen, Dutch.] A ship may be
defined a large hollow building, made to pass over the sea
with sails. Watts.
All my followers to the eager foe
Turn back, and fly like ships before the wind. Shak. H. VI.
There made forth to us a small boat, with about eight per­
sons in it, whereof one of them had in his hand a tipstaff,
who made aboard our ship. Bacon.
Two other ships loaded with victuals were burnt, and some
of the men saved by their shipboats. Knolles.
Nor is indeed that man less mad than these,
Who freights a ship to venture on the seas,
With one frail interposing plank to save
From certain death, roll'd on by ev'ry wave. Dryden.
Instead of a ship, he should levy upon his country such a
sum of money, and return the same to the treasurer of the
navy: hence that tax had the denomination of ship-money,
by which accrued the yearly sum of two hundred thousand
pounds. Clarendon.
A ship-carpenter of old Rome could not have talked more
judiciously. Addison.

To SHIP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put into a ship.
My father at the road
Expects my coming, there to see me shipp'd. Shakesp.
The emperor, shipping his great ordnance, departed down
the river. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
All the timber whereof was cut down in the mountains of
Cilicia, and shipped in the bay of Attalia, from whence it was
by sea transported to Pelusium. Knolles.
A breeze from shore began to blow,
The sailors ship their oars, and cease to row;
Then hoist their yards a-trip, and all their sails
Let fall. Dryden.
2. To transport in a ship.
Andronicus, would thou wert shipt to hell,
Rather than rob me of the people's hearts. Shakespeare.


The sun no sooner shall the mountains touch,
But we will ship him hence. Shakesp. Hamlet.
In Portugal men spent with age, so as they cannot hope for
above a year of life, ship themselves away in a Brazil fleet.
Temple.
A single leaf can waft an army o'er,
Or ship off senates to some distant shore. Pope.
The canal that runs from the sea into the Arno gives a con­
venient carriage to all goods that are to be shipped off. Addis.

SHI’PBOARD. n. s. [ship and board. See BOARD.]
1. This word is seldom used but in adverbial phrases: a ship­
board, on shipboard, in a ship.
Let him go on shipboard, and the mariners will not leave
their starboard and larboard. Bramhall.
Friend,
What do'st thou make a shipboard? To what end? Dryden.
Ovid, writing from on shipboard to his friends, excused the
faults of his poetry by his misfortunes. Dryden.
2. The plank of a ship.
They have made all thy shipboards of fir-trees, and brought
cedars from Lebanon to make masts. Ezek. xxvii. 5.

SHI’PBOY. n. s. [ship and boy.] Boy that serves in a ship.
Few or none know me: if they did,
This shipboy's semblance hath disguis'd me quite. Shakesp.

SHI’PMAN. n. s. [ship and man.] Sailor; seaman.
I myself have the very points they blow,
All the quarters that they know
I' th' shipman's card. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Hiram sent in the navy shipmen that had knowledge of the
sea. 1 Kings ix. 27.

SHI’PMASTER. n. s. Master of the ship.
The shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, what
meanest thou, O sleeper! arise, call upon thy God. Jon. i. 6.

SHI’PPING. n. s. [from ship.]
1. Vessels of navigation.
Before Cæsar's invasion of this land, the Britons had not
any shipping at all, other than their boats of twigs covered
with hides. Raleigh.
The numbers and courage of our men, with the strength
of our shipping, have for many ages past made us a match for
the greatest of our neighbours at land, and an overmatch for
the strongest at sea. Temple.
Fishes first to shipping did impart;
Their tail the rudder, and their head the prow. Dryden.
2. Passage in a ship.
They took shipping and came to Capernaum, seeking for
Jesus. Jo. vi. 24.

SHI’PWRECK. n. s. [ship and wreck.]
1. The destruction of ships by rocks or shelves.
Bold were the men, which on the ocean first
Spread their new sails, when shipwreck was the worst. Waller.
We are not to quarrel with the water for inundations and
shipwrecks. L'Estrange.
This sea war cost the Carthaginians five hundred quinqui­
remes, and the Romans seven hundred, including their ship­
wrecks. Arbuthnot.
2. The parts of a shattered ship.
They might have it in their own country, and that by ga­
thering up the shipwrecks of the Athenian and Roman thea­
tres. Dryden.
3. Destruction; miscarriage.
Holding faith and a good conscience, which some having
put away, concerning faith, have made shipwreck. 1 Tim. i.

To SHI’PWRECK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To destroy by dashing on rocks or shallows.
Whence the sun 'gins his reflection,
Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break. Shakesp.
2. To make to suffer the dangers of a wreck.
Thou that can'st still the raging of the seas,
Chain up the winds, and bid the tempests cease,
Redeem my shipwreck'd soul from raging gusts
Of cruel passion and deceitful lusts. Prior.
A square piece of marble shews itself to have been a little
pagan monument of two persons who were shipwrecked. Addis.
3. To throw by loss of the vessel.
Shipwreck'd upon a kingdom, where no pity,
No friends, no hope! no kindred weep for me. Shakesp.

SHI’PWRIGHT. n. s. [ship and wright.] A builder of ships.
Why such impress of shipwrights, whose sore task
Does not divide the Sunday from the week. Shakesp.
A miserable shame it were for our shipwrights, if they did
not exceed all others in the setting up of our royal ships. Ral.
Vast numbers of ships in our harbours, and shipwrights in
our sea-port towns. Swift.
The Roman fleet, although built by shipwrights, and con­
ducted by pilots, both without experience, defeated that of
the Carthaginians. Arbuthnot.
As when a shipwright stands his workmen o'er,
Who ply the wimble some huge beam to bore,
Urg'd on all hands it nimbly spins about,
The grain deep piercing, 'till it scoops it out. Pope.

SHIRE. n. s. [scir, from sciran, to divide, Sax. skyre, Erse.]
A division of the kingdom; a county; so much of the king­
dom as is under one sheriff.
His blazing eyes, like two bright shining shields,
Did burn with wrath, and sparkled living fire;
As two broad beacons, set in open fields,
Send forth their flames far off to every shire. Fa. Queen.
The noble youths from distant shires resort. Prior.

SHIRT. n. s. [shiert, Danish; scrc, scric, Saxon.] The
under linen garment of a man.
Shift a shirt: the violence of action hath made you reek as
a sacrifice. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I take but two shirts out with me, and I mean not to sweat
extraordinarily. Shakesp. Henry IV.
When we lay next us what we hold most dear,
Like Hercules, envenom'd shirts we wear,
And cleaving mischiefs. Dryden.
Several persons in December had nothing over their shoul­
ders but their shirts. Addison on Italy.

To SHIRT. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover; to clothe as in
a shirt.
Ah! for so many souls, as but this morn
Were cloath'd with flesh, and warm'd with vital blood,
But naked now, or shirted but with air. Dryden.

SHI’RTLESS. adj. [from shirt.] Wanting a shirt.
Linsey-woolsey brothers,
Grave mummers! sleeveless some, and shirtless others. Pope.

SHI’TTAH. n. s. A sort of precious wood, of which Moses
made the greatest part of the tables, altars, and
planks belonging to the tabernacle. The wood is hard, tough,
smooth, without knots, and extremely beautiful. It grows in
Arabia. Calmett.
SHI’TTIM. n. s. A sort of precious wood, of which Moses
made the greatest part of the tables, altars, and
planks belonging to the tabernacle. The wood is hard, tough,
smooth, without knots, and extremely beautiful. It grows in
Arabia. Calmett.
I will plant in the wilderness the shittah-tree. Is. xli. 19.
Bring me an offering of badgers skins and shittim-wood. Ex.

SHI’TTLECOCK. n. s. [Commonly and perhaps as properly shut­
tlecock. Of shittle or shuttle the etymology is doubtful: Skin­
ner derives it from schutteln, German, to shake; or sceatan,
Saxon, to throw. He thinks it is called a cock from its fea­
thers. Perhaps it is properly shuttlecork, a cork driven to and
fro, as the instrument in weaving, and softened by frequent
and rapid utterance from cork to cock.] A cork stuck with
feathers, and driven by players from one to another with bat­
tledoors.
You need not discharge a cannon to break the chain of his
thoughts: the pat of a shittlecock, or the creaking of a jack,
will do his business. Collier.

SHIVE. n. s. [schyve, Dutch.]
1. A slice of bread.
Easy it is
Of a cut loaf to steal a shive. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
2. A thick splinter, or lamina cut off from the main substance.
Shavings made by the plane are in some things differing
from those shives, or thin and flexible pieces of wood, that are
obtained by borers. Boyle.

To SHI’VER. v. n. [schawren, German.] To quake; to
tremble; to shudder, as with cold or fear.
Any very harsh noise will set the teeth on edge, and make
all the body shiver. Bacon.
What religious palsy's this,
Which makes the boughs divest their bliss?
And that they might her footsteps straw,
Drop their leaves with shivering awe. Cleaveland.
Why stand we longer shivering under fear? Milton.
The man that shiver'd on the brink of sin,
Thus steel'd and harden'd, ventures boldly in. Dryden.
He described this march to the temple with so much horror,
that he shivered every joint. Addison.
Give up Laius to the realms of day,
Whose ghost, yet shiv'ring on Cocytus' sand,
Expects its passage to the farther strand. Pope.
Prometheus is laid
On icy Caucasus to shiver,
While vultures eat his growing liver. Swift.

To SHI’VER. v. n. [from shive.] To fall at once into many
parts or shives.
Had'st thou been aught but goss'mer, feathers, air,
So many fathom down precipitating,
Thou'd'st shiver'd like an egg. Shakes. King John.
Upon the breaking and shivering of a great state, you may
be sure to have wars. Bacon.
The natural world, should gravity once cease, or be with­
drawn, would instantly shiver into millions of atoms. Woodw.

To SHI’VER. v. a. To break by one act into many parts; to
shatter.
The ground with shiver'd armour strown. Milton.
Show'rs of granado's rain, by sudden burst
Disploding murd'rous bowels; fragments of steel
A thousand ways at once, the shiver'd orbs
Fly diverse, working torment. Philips.

SHI’VER. n. s. [from the verb.] One fragment of many into
which any thing is broken.
He would pound thee into shivers with his fist, as a sailor
breaks a bisket. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.


As brittle as the glory is the face;
For there it is crack'd in an hundred shivers. Shakespeare.
If you strike a solid body that is brittle, it breaketh not only
where the immediate force is, but breaketh all about into shi­
vers and fritters. Bacon's Nat. History.
Surging waves against a solid rock,
Though all to shivers dash'd, th' assault renew,
Vain batt'ry, and in froth or bubbles end. Milton.

SHI’VERY. adj. [from shiver.] Loose of coherence; incom­
pact; easily falling into many fragments.
There were observed incredible numbers of these shells
thus flatted, and extremely tender, in shivery stone. Woodward.
SHO

SHO’ADSTONE. n. s.
Shoadstone is a small stone, smooth without, of a dark liver co­
lour, and of the same colour within, only with the addi­
tion of a faint purple. It is a fragment broke of an iron
vein. Woodward on Fossils.
Certain tin-stones ly on the face of the ground which they
call shoad, as shed from the main load, and made somewhat
round by the water. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
The loads or veins of metal were by this action of the de­
parting water made easy to be found out by the shoads, or
trains of metallick fragments born off from them, and lying
in trains from those veins towards the sea, in the same course
that water falling thence would take. Woodward.

SHOAL. n s. [scole, Saxon.
1. A croud; a great multitude; a throng.
When there be great shoals of people, which go on to po­
pulate, without foreseeing means of sustentation: once in an
age they discharge a portion of their people upon other na­
tions. Bacon.
A league is made against such routs and sholes of people as
have utterly degenerated from nature Bacon.
The vices of a prince draw sholes of followers, when his vir­
tue leaves him the more eminent, because single. Decay of Piety.
A shoal of silver fishes glides
And plays about the barges. Waller.
God had the command of famine, whereby he could have
carried them off by shoals. Woodward.
Around the goddess roll
Broad hats, and hoods, and caps, a sable shoal,
Thick, and more thick the black blocade extends. Pope.
2. A shallow; a sand bank.
The haven's mouth they durst not enter, for the dangerous
shoals. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
He heaves them off the sholes. Dryden.
The depth of your pond should be six foot; and on the
sides some sholes for the fish to lay their spawn. Mortimer.

To SHOAL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To croud; to throng.
The wave-sprung entrails, about which fausens and fish
did shole. Chapman.
2. To be shallow; to grow shallow.
What they met
Solid, or slimy, as in raging sea,
Tost up and down, together crouded drove,
From each side shoaling tow'rds the mouth of hell. Milton.

SHOAL. adj. Shallow; obstructed or incumbered with banks.

SHOA’LINESS. n. s. [from shoaly.] Shallowness; frequency of
shallow places.

SHOA’LY. adj. [from shoal.] Full of shoals; full of shallow
places.
Those who live
Where, with his shoaly foords Vulturnus roars. Dryden.
The watchful heroe felt the knocks, and found
The tossing vessel sail'd on shoaly ground. Dryden.

SHOCK. n. s. [choc, French; schocken, Dutch.]
1. Conflict; mutual impression of violence; violent concourse.
Thro' the shock
Of fighting elements on all sides round
Environ'd, wins his way. Milton.
2. Concussion; external violence.
It is inconceptible how any such man that hath stood the
shock of an eternal duration, without corruption or altera­
tion, should after be corrupted or altered. Judge Hale.
These strong unshaken mounds resist the shocks
Of tides and seas tempestuous, while the rocks,
That secret in a long continu'd vein
Pass through the earth, the pon'drous pile sustain. Black.
Such is the haughty man, his tow'ring soul,
'Midst all the shocks and injuries of fortune,
Rises superior and looks down on Cæsar. Addison.
Long at the head of his few faithful friends,
He stood the shock of a whole host of foes. Addison.
The tender apples from their parents rent,
By stormy shocks must not neglected lye,
The prey of worms. Philips.
3. The conflict of enemies.
The adverse legions, not less hideous join'd
The horrid shock. Milton.
Those that run away are in more danger than the others
that stand the shock. L'Estrange.
The mighty force
Of Edward twice o'erturn'd their desp'rate king:
Twice he arose, and join'd the horrid shock. Philips.
4. Offence; impression of disgust.
Fewer shocks a statesman gives his friend. Young.
5. [Schocke, old Dutch.] A pile of sheaves of corn.
Corn tithed, sir parson, together to get,
And cause it on shocks to be by and by set. Tuss.
In a full age, like as a shock of corn cometh in, in his
season. Job.
Thou, full of days, like weighty shocks of corn,
In season reap'd, shall to thy grave be born. Sandys.
Behind the master walks, builds up the shocks,
Feels his heart heave with joy. Thomson.
6. [from shagg.] A rough dog.
I would fain know why a shock and a hound are not di­
stinct species. Locke.

To SHOCK. v. a. [schocken, Dutch.
1. To shake by violence.
These her princes are come home again:
Come the three corners of the world in arms,
And we will shock them. Shakesp. K. John.
2. To offend; to disgust.
Supposing verses are never so beautiful, yet if they contain
any thing that shocks religion or good manners, they are
Versus inopes rerum nugæquæ canoræ. Dryden.
Those who in reading Homer are shock'd that 'tis always a
lion, may as well be angry that 'tis always a man. Pope.
My son,
I bade him love, and bid him now forbear:
If you have any kindness for him, still
Advise him not to shock a father's will. Dryden.

To SHOCK. v. n. To be offensive.
The French humour, in regard of the liberties they take
in female conversations, is very shocking to the Italians, who
are naturally jealous. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

To SHOCK. v. n. [from the noun.] To build up piles of
sheaves.
Reap well, scatter not, gather clean that is shorn,
Bind fast, shock apace, have an eye to thy corn. Tusser.

SHOD. for shoed, the preterit and participle passive of to shoe.
Strong exeltreed cart that is clouted and shod. Tusser.

SHOE. n. s. plural shoes, anciently shoon. [sceo, seoe, Saxon;
schoe, Dutch.] The cover of the foot.
Your hose should be ungarter'd, your shoe untied, and every
thing about you demonstrating a careless desolation. Shakesp.
Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon,
For they are thrifty honest men. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
This hollow cylinder is fitted with a sucker, upon which
is nailed a good thick piece of tanned shoe-leather. Boyle.
Unknown and like esteem'd, and the dull swain
Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon,
And yet more medic'nal than that moly
That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave;
He call'd it hæmony. Milton.
I was in pain, pulled of my shoe, and some ease that gave
me. Temple.

To SHOE. v. a. preterit, I shod; participle passive shod. [from
the noun.]
1. To fit the foot witb a shoe.
The smith's note for shoeing and plough irons. Shakesp.
He doth nothing but talk of his horse; and makes it a
great appropriation to his own good parts, that he can shoe
him himself. Shakespeare.
Tell your master that the horses want shoeing. Swift.
2. To cover at the bottom.
The wheel compos'd of crickets bones,
And daintily made for the nonce,
For fear of rattling on the stones,
With thistle down they shod it. Drayt.

SHOE’BOY. n. s. [shoe and boy.] A boy that cleans shoes.
If I employ a shoeboy, is it in view to his advantage, or
my own convenience? Swift.
How each the publick good pursues,
Make all true patriots up to shoeboys,
Huzza their brethren. Swift.

SHOE’ING-HORN. n. s. [shoe and horn]
1. A horn used to facilitate the admission of the foot into a nar­
row shoe.
2. Any thing by which a transaction is facilitated; any thing
used as a medium. In contempt.
Most of our fine young ladies retain in their service super­
numerary and insignificant fellows which they use like whif­
flers, and commonly call shoeing-horns. Spectator.
I have been an arrant shoeing-horn for above these twenty
years. I served my mistress in that capacity above five of
the number before she was shod. Though she had many who
made their applications to her, I always thought myself the
best shoe in her shop. Spectator.

SHOEMA’KER. n. s. [shoe and maker.] One whose trade is to
make shoes.


A cobler or shoemaker may find some little fault with the
latchet of a shoe that an Appelles had painted, when the
whole figure is such, as none but an Appelles could paint. Watts.

SHOE’TYE. n s. [shoe and tye.] The ribband with which wo­
men tie their shoes.
Madam, I do as is my duty,
Honour the shadow of your shoetye. Hudibras.

SHOG. n. s. [from shock.] Violent concussion.
Another's diving bow he did adore,
Which, with a shog, casts all the hair before. Dryden.
He will rather have the primitive man to be produced, in a
kind of digesting balneum, where all the heavier lees may
subside, and a due æquilibrium be maintained, not disturbed
by any such rude and violent shogs that would ruffle and break
all the little stamina of the embryon. Bentley.

To SHOG. v. a. To shake; to agitate by sudden interrupted im­
pulses.
After it is washed, they put the remnant into a wooden
dish, the which they softly shog to and fro in the water, un­
til the earthy substance be flitted away. Carew.

SHONE. The preterite of shine.
All his father in him shone. Milton.

SHOOK. The preterite and in poetry participle passive of shake.
Taxallan shook by Montezuma's pow'rs,
Has, to resist his forces, call'd in ours. Dryden.

To SHOOT. v. a preterite, I shot; participle, shot or shotten. 
[scedtan, Saxon.]
1. To discharge any thing so as to make it fly with speed or vio­
lence.
Light
Shoots far into the bosom of dim night
A glimmering dawn. Milton.
2. To discharge from a bow or gun.
I owe you much, and like a witless youth,
That which I owe is lost; but if you please
To shoot an arrow that self way
Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt
To find both. Shakespeare.
This murtherous shaft that's shot
Hath not yet lighted; and our safest way
Is to avoid the aim. Shakespeare.
3. To let off.
The men shoot strong shoots with their bows. Abbot.
The two ends of a bow shot off, fly from one another. Boyle.
Men who know not hearts, should make examples;
Which like a warning-piece, must be shot off,
To fright the rest from crimes. Dryden.
4. To strike with any thing shot.
Not an hand shall touch the mount, but he shall be stoned
or shot thro'. Exod. xix. 13.
The liquid air his moving pinions wound,
And, in the moment, shoot him on the ground. Dryden.
5. To emit new parts, as a vegetable.
None of the trees exalt themselves, neither shoot up their
top among the thick boughs. Ezek. xxxi. 14.
A grain of mustard groweth up and shooteth out great
branches. Mark. iv. 32.
Tell like a tall old oak, how learning shoots,
To heaven her branches, and to hell her roots. Denham.
6. To emit; to dart or thrust forth.
Ye bucks, who pluck the flow'rs,
Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting. Dryden.
The last had a star upon its breast, which shot forth point­
ed beams of a peculiar lustre. Addison.
Fir'd by the torch of noon, to tenfold rage,
Th' infuriate hill forth shoots the pillar'd flame. Thomson.
7. To push suddenly.
I have laugh'd sometimes when I have reflected on those
men who have shot themselves into the world; some bolting
out upon the stage with vast applause, and some hissed off,
quitting it with disgrace. Dryden.
8. To push forward.
They that see me shoot out the lip, they shake the head. Ps.
9. To fit to each other by planing; a workman's term.
Strait lines in joiner's language are called a joint; that is
two pieces of wood that are shot, that is plained or else paired
with a pairing chissel. Moxon.
10. To pass through with swiftness.
Thus having said, she sinks beneath the ground,
With furious haste, and shoots the Stygian sound. Dryden.

To SHOOT. v. n.
1. To perform the act of shooting.
The archers have sorely grieved him and shot at him. Gen.
When he has shot his best, he is sure that none ever did
shoot better. Temple.
When you shoot, and shut one eye,
You cannot think he would deny
To lend the t'other friendly aid,
Or wink, as coward and afraid. Prior.
2. To germinate; to increase in vegetable growth.
Such trees as love the sun do not willingly descend far into
the earth; and therefore they are commonly trees that shoot
up much. Bacon.
Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth. Bacon.
The tree at once both upward shoots,
And just as much grows downward to the roots. Cleav.
The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees,
Shoots rising up, and spreads by slow degrees. Dryden.
Nor will the wither'd stock be green again,
But the wild olive shoots and shades the ungrateful plain. Dr.
New creatures rise,
A moving mass at first, and short of thighs;
Till shooting out with legs and imp'd with wings. Dryden.
The corn laid up by ants would shoot under ground, if
they did not bite off all the buds; and therefore it will pro­
duce nothing. Addison.
This valley of the Tirol lies enclosed on all sides by the
Alps, though its dominions shoot out into several branches
among the breaks of the mountains. Addison's Italy.
Express'd juices of plants, boiled into the consistence of a
syrup, and set into a cool place, the essential salt will shoot up­
on the sides of the vessels. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
A wild, where weeds and flow'rs promiscuous shoot,
Or garden, tempting with forbidden fruit. Pope.
3. To form itself into any shape.
If the menstruum be over charged, metals will shoot into
chrystals. Bacon.
Although exhaled and placed in cold conservatories, it will
chrystalize and shoot into glaceous bodies. Brown's Vulg. Er.
That rude mass will shoot itself into several forms, till it make
an habitable world: the steady hand of Providence being the
invisible guide of all its motions. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. To be emitted.
There shot a streaming lamp along the sky,
Which on the winged light'ning seem'd to fly. Dryden.
Tell them that the rays of light shoot from the sun to our
earth, at the rate of one hundred and eighty thousand miles
in the second of a minute, they stand aghast at such talk. Watts.
The grand ætherial bow
Shoots up immense. Thomson.
5. To protuberate; to jet out.
The land did shoot out with a very great promontory, bend­
ing that way. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
6. To pass as an arrow.
Thy words shoot thro' my heart,
Melt my resolves, and turn me all to love. Addison.
7. To become any thing suddenly.
Let me but live to shadow this young plant
From blites and storms: he'll soon shoot up a heroe. Dryd.
8. To move swiftly along.
A shooting star in autumn thwarts the night. Milton.
A shining harvest either host displays,
And shoots against the sun with equal rays. Dryden.
At first she flutters, but at length she springs,
To smoother flight, and shoots upon her wings. Dryden.
The broken air loud whistling as she flies,
She stops and listens, and shoots forth again,
And guides her pinions by her young ones cries. Dryden.
Heav'n's imperious queen shot down from high,
At her approach the brazen hinges fly,
The gates are forc'd. Dryden.
She downward glides,
Lights in Fleet-ditch, and shoots beneath the tides. Gay.
Where the mob gathers, swiftly shoot along,
Nor idly mingle in the noisy throng. Gay.
At the summons roll'd her eyes around,
Not half so swiftly shoots along in air,
The gliding light'ning. Pope.
9. To feel a quick pain.

SHOOT. n. s. [from the verb.)
1. The act or impression of any thing emitted from a distance.
The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot, insomuch as
the arrow, hath pierced a steel target two inches thick; but
the arrow if headed with wood, hath been known to pierce
thro' a piece of wood of eight inches thick. Bacon.
2. The act of striking, or endeavouring to strike with a missive
weapon discharged by any instrument.
The noise of thy cross-bow
Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost. Shakesp.
But come the bow; now mercy goes to kill,
And shooting well is then accounted ill.
Thus will I save my credit in the shoot,
Not wounding, pity would not let me do't. Shakespeare.
As a country fellow was making a shoot at a pigeon, he
trode upon a snake that bit him. L'Estrange.
3. [Scheuten, Dutch.] Branches issuing from the main stock.
They will not come just on the tops where they were
cut, but out of those shoots which were water boughs. Bacon.
I saw them under a green mantling vine,
Plucking ripe clusters from the tender shoots. Milton.
Prune off superfluous branches and shoots of this second
spring; but expose not the fruit without leaves sufficient. Evel.


The hook she bore,
To lop the growth of the luxuriant year,
To decent form the lawless shoots to bring,
And teach th'obedient branches where to spring. Pope.
Now, should my praises owe their truth
To beauty, dress, or paint, or youth,
'Twere grafting on an annual stock
That must our expectations mock;
And making one luxuriant shoot,
Die the next year for want of root. Swift.

SHOO’TER. n. s. [from shoot.] One that shoots; an archer;
a gunner.
The shooter ewe, the broad-leav'd sycamore. Fairfax.
We are shooters both, and thou dost deign
To enter combat with us, and contest
With thine own clay. Herbert.
The King with gifts a vessel stores;
And next, to reconcile the shooter God,
Within her hollow sides the sacrifice he stow'd. Dryden.

SHOP. n. s. [sceop, Saxon, a magazine; eschoppe, French;
shopa, low Latin.] Ainsworth.
1. A place where any thing is sold.
Our windows are broke down,
And we for fear compell'd to shut our shops. Shakespeare.
Your most grave belly thus answer'd;
True is it, my incorporate friends,
That I receive the general food at first,
Which you do live upon; and fit it is,
Because I am the store-house and the shop
Of the whole body. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In his needy shop a tortoise hung,
An alligator stuft, and other skins
Of ill-shap'd fishes; and about his shelves
A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shakespeare.
Scarce any sold in shops could be relied on as faithfully pre­
pared. Boyle.
His shop is his element, and he cannot with any enjoy­
ment of himself live out of it. South's Sermons.
2. A room in which manufactures are carried on.
We have divers mechanical arts and stuffs made by them;
and shops for such as are not brought into vulgar use. Bacon.

SHOPBOA’RD. n. s. [shop and board.] Bench on which any work
is done.
That beastly rabble, that came down
From all the garrets in the town,
And stalls, and shopboards, in vast swarms,
With new-chalk'd bills, and rusty arms. Hudibras.
It dwells not in shops or work-houses; nor till the late age
was it ever known, that any one served seven years to a
smith or a taylor, that he should commence doctor or divine
from the shopboard or the anvil; or from whistling to a team,
come to preach to a congregation. South's Sermons.

SHO’PBOOK. n. s. [shop and book.] Book in which a tradesman
keeps his accounts.
They that have wholly neglected the exercise of their un­
derstandings, will be as unfit for it as one unpractised in
figures to cast up a shopbook. Locke.

SHOPKEE’PER. n. s. [shop and keep.] A trader who sells in a
shop; not a merchant who only deals by wholesale.
Nothing is more common than to hear a shopkeeper desiring
his neighbour to have the goodness to tell him what is a
clock. Addison.

SHO’PMAN. n. s. [shop and man.] A petty trader.
Garth, gen'rous as his muse, prescribes and gives,
The shopman sells, and by destruction lives. Dryden.

SHORE. the preterit of shear.
I'm glad thy father's dead:
Thy match was mortal to him, and pure grief
Shore his old thread in twain. Shakespeare.

SHORE. n. s. [score, Saxon.]
1. The coast of the sea.
Sea cover'd sea;
Sea without shore. Milton.
2. The bank of a river. A licentious use.
Beside the fruitful shore of muddy Nile,
Upon a sunny bank outstretched lay,
In monstrous length a mighty crocodile. Spenser.
3. A drain; properly sewer.
4. [Schooren, Dutch; to prop.] The support of a building; a buttress.
When I use the word shore, I may intend thereby a coast
of land near the sea, or a drain to carry off water, or a prop
to support a building. Watts's Logick.

To SHORE. v. a. [schooren, Dutch.]
1. To prop; to support.
They undermined the wall, and as they wrought, shored it
up with timber. Knolles.
He did not much strengthen his own subsistence in court,
but stood there on his own feet, for the most of his allies
rather leaned upon him than shored him up. Wotton.
There was also made a shoring or under-propping act for
the benevolence; to make the sums which any person had a­
greed to pay, leviable by course of law. Bacon's Hen. VII.
2. To set on shore. Not in use.
I will bring these two blind ones aboard him; if he think
it fit to shore them again let him call me rogue. Shakespeare.

SHO’RELESS. adj. [from shore.] Having no coast.
This ocean of felicity is so shoreless and bottomless, that
all the saints and angels cannot exhaust it. Boyle.

SH’ORLING. n. s. [from shear, shore.] The felt or skin of a
sheep shorn.

SHORN. The participle passive of shear.
So rose the Danite strong,
Shorn of his strength. Milton
Vile shrubs are shorn for browze: the tow'ring height
Of unctuous trees are torches for the night. Dryden.
He plunging downward shot his radiant head;
Dispell'd the breathing air that broke his flight;
Shorn of his beams, a man to mortal sight. Dryden.

SHORT. adj. [sceort, Saxon.]
1. Not long; commonly not long enough.
Weak though I am of limb, and short of sight,
Far from a lynx, and not a giant quite,
I'll do what Mead and Cheselden advise,
To keep these limbs, and to preserve these eyes. Pope.
2. Not long in space or extent.
This less voluble earth,
By shorter flight to the east, had left him there. Milton.
Though short my stature, yet my name extends
To heaven itself, and earth's remotest ends. Pope.
3. Not long in time or duration.
They change the night into day: the light is short, because
of darkness Job xvii. 12.
Nor love thy life, nor hate, but what thou liv'st,
Live well, how long or short permit to heav'n. Milton.
Short were her marriage joys: for in the prime
Of youth her lord expir'd before his time. Dryden.
4. Repeated by quick iterations.
Her breath then short, seem'd loth from home to pass,
Which more it mov'd, the more it sweeter was. Sidney.
Thy breath comes short, thy darted eyes are fixt
On me for aid, as if thou wert pursu'd. Dryden.
My breath grew short, my beating heart sprung upward,
And leap'd and bounded in my heaving bosom. Smith.
5. Not attaining an end; not reaching the purposed point; not
adequate; not equal.
Immoderate praises, the foolish lover thinks short of his
mistress, though they reach far beyond the heavens. Sidney.
Some cottons here grow, but short in worth unto those of
Smyrna. Sandys.
The Turks give you a quantity rather exceeding than short
of your expectation. Sandys.
Since higher I fall short, on him who next
Provokes my envy. Milton.
I know them not; not therefore am I short
Of knowing what I ought. Milton's Paradise Reg.
To attain
The height and depth of thy eternal ways,
All human thoughts come short, supreme of things. Milton.
O glorious trial of exceeding love,
Engaging me to emulate! but short
Of thy perfection, how shall I attain. Milton.
To place her in Olympus' top a guest,
Among th' immortals, who with nectar feast;
That poor would seem, that entertainment short
Of the true splendor of her present court. Waller.
We err, and come short of science, because we are so fre­
quently misled by the evil conduct of our imaginations. Glan.
That great wit has fallen short in his account. More.
As in many things the knowledge of philosophers was short
of the truth, so almost in all things their practice fell short of
their knowledge: the principles by which they walked were as
much below those by which they judged, as their feet were be­
low their head. South's Sermons.
He wills not death should terminate their strife;
And wounds, if wounds ensue, be short of life. Dryden.
Virgil exceeds Theocritus in regularity and brevity, and
falls short of him in nothing but simplicity and propriety of
style. Pope
Where reason came short, revelation discovered on which
side the truth lay. Locke.
Defect in our behaviour, coming short of the utmost grace­
fulness, often escapes our observation. Locke.
If speculative maxims have not an actual universal assent
from all mankind, practical principles come short of an uni­
versal reception. Locke.
Men express their universal ideas by signs; a faculty which
beasts come short in. Locke.
The people fall short of those who border upon them, in
strength of understanding. Addison.
A neutral indifference falls short of that obligation they lie
under, who have taken such oaths. Addison.
When I made these, an artist undertook to imitate it; but
using another way of polishing them, he fell much short of
what I had attained to, as I afterwards understood. Newton.


It is not credible that the Phœnicians, who had established
colonies in the Persian gulph, stopt short, without pushing
their trade to the Indies. Arbuthnot.
Doing is expresly commanded, and no happiness allowed to
any thing short of it. South's Sermons.
The signification of words will be allowed to fall much short
of the knowledge of things. Baker.
6. Not far distant in time.
He commanded those, who were appointed to attend him,
to be ready by a short day. Clarendon.
7. Defective; imperfect.
8. Scanty; wanting.
The English were inferior in number, and grew short in
their provisions. Hayward.
They short of succours, and in deep despair,
Shook at the dismal prospect of the war. Dryden.
9. Not fetching a compass.
So soon as ever they were gotten out of the hearing of the
cock, the lion turned short upon him, and tore him to
pieces. L'Estrange.
He seiz'd the helm, his fellows cheer'd,
Turn'd short upon the shelves, and madly steer'd. Dryden.
For turning short, he struck with all his might
Full on the helmet of th' unwary knight. Dryden.
10. Not going so far as was intended.
As one condemn'd to leap a precipice,
Who sees before his eyes the depth below,
Stops short. Dryden.
11. Defective as to quantity.
When the fleece is shorn,
When their defenceless limbs the brambles tear,
Short of their wool, and naked from the sheer. Dryden.
12. Narrow; contracted.
Men of wit and parts, but of short thoughts and little me­
ditation, are apt to distrust every thing for a fancy. Burnet.
They, since their own short understandings reach
No farther than the present, think ev'n the wise
Like them disclose the secrets of their breasts. Rowe.
13. Brittle; friable.
His flesh is not firm, but short and tasteless. Walton.
Marl from Derbyshire was very fat, though it had so great
a quantity of sand, that it was so short, that, if you wet it,
you could not work it into a ball, or make it hold together.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
14. Not bending.
The lance broke short, the beast then bellow'd loud,
And his strong neck to a new onset bow'd. Dryden.

SHORT. n. s. [from the adjective.] A summary account.
The short and long is our play is prefer'd. Shakesp.
In short, she makes a man of him at sixteen, and a boy all
his life after. L'Estrange.
If he meet with no reply, you may conclude that I trust to
the goodness of my cause: the short on't is, 'tis indifferent to
your humble servant whatever your party says. Dryden.
From Medway's pleasing stream
To Severn's roar be thine:
In short, restore my love, and share my kingdom. Dryden.
The proprieties and delicacies of the English are known to
few: 'tis impossible even for a good wit to understand and
practise them, without the help of a liberal education and long
reading; in short, without wearing off the rust which he con­
tracted while he was laying in a stock of learning. Dryden.
The short is, to speak all in a word, the possibility of being
found in a salvable state cannot be sufficiently secured, with­
out a possibility of always persevering in it. Norris.
To see whole bodies of men breaking a constitution; in
short, to be encompassed with the greatest dangers from with­
out, to be torn by many virulent factions within, then to be
secure and senseless, are the most likely symptoms, in a state,
of sickness unto death. Swift.

SHORT. adv. [It is, I think, only used in composition.] Not
long.
Beauty and youth,
And sprightly hope and short-enduring joy. Dryden.
One strange draught prescribed by Hippocrates, for a short­
breathed man, is half a gallon of hydromel, with a little
vinegar. Arbuthnot.

To SHO’RTEN. v. a. [from short.]
1. To make short, either in time or space.
Because they see it is not generally fit, or possible, that
churches should frame thanksgivings answerable to each
petition, they shorten somewhat the reins of their censure.
Hooker.
Would you have been so brief with him, he would
Have been so brief with you, to shorten you,
For taking so the head, the whole head's length. Shakesp.
To shorten its ways to knowledge, and make each perception
more comprehensive, it binds them into bundles. Locke.
None shall dare
With shorten'd sword to stab in closer war,
But in fair combat. Dryden.
War, and luxury's more direful rage,
Thy crimes have brought, to shorten mortal breath,
With all the num'rous family of death. Dryden.
Whatever shortens the fibres, by insinuating themselves into
their parts, as water in a rope, contracts. Arbuthnot.
2. To contract; to abbreviate.
We shorten'd days to moments by love's art,
Whilst our two souls
Perceiv'd no passing time, as if a part
Our love had been of still eternity. Suckling.
3. To confine; to hinder from progression.
To be known, shortens my laid intent;
My boon I make it, that you know me not. Shakespeare.
Here where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my
chain, and can only see what is forbidden me to reach. Dryd.
4. To cut off; to defeat.
The Irish dwell altogether by their septs, so as they may
conspire what they will; whereas if there were English placed
among them, they should not be able to stir but that it should
be known, and they shortened according to their demerits. Spens.
5. To lop.
Dishonest with lopt arms the youth appears,
Spoil'd of his nose, and shorten'd of his ears. Dryden.

SHO’RTHAND. n. s. [short and hand.] A method of writing
in compendious characters.
Your follies and debauches change
With such a whirl, the poets of your age
Are tir'd, and cannot score them on the stage,
Unless each vice in shorthand they indite,
Ev'n as notcht 'prentices whole sermons write. Dryden.
Boys have but little use of shorthand, and should by no
means practise it, 'till they can write perfectly well. Locke.
In shorthand skill'd, where little marks comprise
Whole words, a sentence in a letter lies. Creech.
As the language of the face is universal, so 'tis very com­
prehensive: no laconism can reach it: 'tis the shorthand of the
mind, and crowds a great deal in a little room. Collier.

SHO’RTLIVED. adj. [short and live.] Not living or lasting
long.
Unhappy parent of a shortliv'd son!
Why loads he this embitter'd life with shame? Dryden.
The joyful shortliv'd news soon spread around,
Took the same train. Dryden.
Some vices promise a great deal of pleasure in the com­
mission; but then, at best, it is but shortlived and transient, a
sudden flash presently extinguished. Calamy's Sermons.
The frequent alterations in publick proceedings, the variety
of shortlived favourites that prevailed in their several turns un­
der the government of her successors, have broken us into
these unhappy distinctions. Addison's Freeholder.
A piercing torment that shortlived pleasure of your's must
bring upon me, from whom you never received any offence.
Addison's Spectator.
All those graces
The common fate of mortal charms may find;
Content our shortliv'd praises to engage,
The joy and wonder of a single age. Addison.
Admiration is a shortlived passion, that immediately decays
upon growing familiar with its object, unless it be still fed
with fresh discoveries. Addison.
In youth alone its empty praise we boast;
But soon the shortliv'd vanity is lost. Pope.
Then palaces shall rise; the joyful son
Shall finish what his shortliv'd sire begun. Pope.

SHO’RTLY. adv. [from short.]
1. Quickly; soon; in a little time.
I must leave thee, love, and shortly too. Shakesp.
Thou art no friend to God, or to the king:
Open the gates, or I'll shut thee out shortly. Shak. H. VI.
The armies came shortly in view of each other. Clarendon.
The time will shortly come, wherein you shall more rejoice
for that little you have expended for the benefit of others, than
in that which by so long toil you shall have saved. Calamy.
He celebrates the anniversary of his father's funeral, and
shortly after arrives at Cumæ. Dryden.
Ev'n he, whose soul now melts in mournful lays,
Shall shortly want the gen'rous tear he pays. Pope.
2. In a few words; briefly.
I could express them more shortly this way than in prose, and
much of the force, as well as grace of arguments, depends on
their conciseness. Pope.

SHO’RTNESS. n. s. [from short.]
1. The quality of being short, either in time or space.
I'll make a journey twice as far, t' enjoy
A second night of such sweet shortness, which
Was mine in Britain. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
They move strongest in a right line, which is caused by
the shortness of the distance. Bacon's Natural History.
I will not trouble my readers with the shortness of the time
in which I writ it. Dryden.


May they not justly to our climes upbraid
Shortness of night, and penury of shade? Prior.
2. Fewness of words; brevity; conciseness.
The necessity of shortness causeth men to cut off imperti­
nent discourses, and to comprise much matter in few words.
Hooker, b. v.
Sir, pardon me in what I have to say,
Your plainness and your shortness please me well. Shakesp.
3. Want of retenton.
Whatsoever is above these proceedeth of shortness of me­
mory, or of want of a stayed attention. Bacon.
4. Deficience; imperfection.
Another account of the shortness of our reason, and easi­
ness of deception, is the forwardness of our understanding's
assent to slightly examined conclusions. Glanv. Sceps.
From the instances I had given of human ignorance, to our
shortness in most things else, 'tis an easy inference. Glanv.
It may be easily conceived, by any that can allow for the
lameness and shortness of translations, out of languages and
manners of writing differing from ours. Temple.

SHO’RTRIBS. n. s. [short and ribs.] The bastard ribs; the ribs
below the sternum.
A gentleman was wounded in a duel: the rapier entered
into his right side, slanting by his shortribs under the mus­
cles. Wiseman's Surgery.

SHO’RTSIGHTED. adj. [short and sight.]
1. Unable by the convexity of the eye to see far.
Shortsighted men see remote objects best in old age, and
therefore they are accounted to have the most lasting eyes.
Newton's Opt.
2. Unable by intellectual sight to see far.
The foolish and shortsighted die with fear
That they go no where, or they know not where. Denham.
Other propositions were designed for snares to the short­
sighted and credulous. L'Estrange.

SHO’RTSIGHTEDNESS. n. s. [short and sight.]
1. Defect of sight, proceeding from the convexity of the eye.
2. Defect of intellectual sight.
Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness, that discovers the
minutest objects which are near at hand, but is not able to
discern things at a distance. Addison's Spectator.

SHO’RTWAISTED. adj. [short and waist.] Having a short
body.
Duck-legg'd, shortwaisted; such a dwarf she is,
That she must rise on tip-toes for a kiss. Dryden's Juv.

SHO’RTWINDED. adj. [short and wind.] Shortbreathed; asth­
matick; breathing by quick and faint reciprocations.
Sure he means brevity in breath; shortwinded. Shak. H. IV.
So shaken as we are, so wan with care,
Find we a time for frighted peace to pant,
And breathe shortwinded accents of new broils;
To be commenc'd in strands afar. Shakes. H. IV.
With this the Mede shortwinded old men eases,
And cures the lungs unsavory diseases. May's Virgil.

SHO’RTWINGED. adj. [short and wing.] Having short wings.
Hawks are divided into long and short winged.
Shortwing'd, unfit himself to fly,
His fear foretold foul weather. Dryden.

SHO’RY. adj. [from shore.] Lying near the coast.
There is commonly a declivity from the shore to the middle
part of the channel, and those shory parts are generally but
some fathoms deep. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

SHOT. The preterite and participle passive of shoot.
On the other side a pleasant grove
Was shot up high, full of the stately tree
That dedicated is to Olympick Jove. Fairy Queen.
Their tongue is as an arrow shot out, it speaketh deceit.
Jer. ix. 8.
The fortifier of Pendennis made his advantage of the com­
modiousness afforded by the ground, and shot rather at a safe
preserving the harbour from sudden attempts of little fleets,
than to withstand any great navy. Carew.
He only thought to crop the flow'r,
New shot up from a vernal show'r. Milton.
From before her vanish'd night,
Shot through with orient beams. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Sometimes they shot out in length like rivers, and sometimes
they flew into remote countries in colonies. Burnet.
The same metal is naturally shot into quite different figures,
as quite different kinds of them are of the same figure. Woodw.
Prone on ocean in a moment flung,
Stretch'd wide his eager arms, and shot the seas along. Pope.

SHOT. n. s. [schot, Dutch; from shoot.]
1. The act of shooting.
A shot unheard gave me a wound unseen. Sidney.
Proud death!
What feast is tow'rd in thy infernal cell,
That thou so many princes at a shot
So bloodily hast struck? Shakes. Hamlet.
2. The missive weapon emitted by any instrument.
I shall here abide the hourly shot
Of angry eyes. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
At this booty they were joyful, for that they were supplied
thereby with good store of powder and shot. Hayward.
Above one thousand great shot were spent upon the walls,
without any damage to the garrison. Clarendon.
He caused twenty shot of his greatest cannon to be made at
the king's army. Clarendon.
Impatient to revenge the fatal shot,
His right hand doubly to his left succeeds. Dryden.
3. The flight of a shot.
She sat over against him, a good way off, as it were a bow
shot. Gen. xxi. 16.
4. [Escot, French.] A sum charged; a reckoning.
A man is never welcome to a place, 'till some certain shot be
paid, and the hostess say welcome. Shakespeare.
As the fund of our pleasure, let each pay his shot;
Far hence be the sad, the lewd fop, and the fot. Ben. Johns.
Shepherd, leave decoying,
Pipes are sweet a Summer's day;
But a little after toying,
Women have the shot to pay. Dryden.
He touch'd the pence when others touch'd the pot;
The hand that sign'd the mortgage paid the shot. Swift.

SHOTE. n. s. [sceota, Saxon.] A fish.
The shote, peculiar to Devonshire and Cornwal, in shape
and colour resembleth the trout; howbeit, in bigness and good­
ness cometh far behind him. Carew.

SHO’TFREE. adj. [shot and free.] Clear of the reckoning.
Though I could 'scape shotfree at London, I fear the shot
here: here's no scoring but upon the pate. Shakesp. H. IV.

SHO’TTEN. adj. [from shoot.] Having ejected the spawn.
Go thy ways, old Jack; die when thou wilt, if good man­
hood be not forgot upon the earth, then am I a shotten her­
ring. Shak. Henry IV.
Ask for what price thy venal tongue was sold!
Tough wither'd treuffles, ropy wine, a dish
Of shotten herrings, or stale stinking fish. Dryden.

To SHOVE. v. a. [scufan, Saxon; schuyven, Dutch.]
1. To push by main strength.
The hand could pluck her back, that shov'd her on. Shak.
In the corrupted currents of this world,
Offence's gilded hand may shove by justice;
And oft the wicked prize itself
Buys out the law. Shakespeare.
I sent your grace
The parcels and particulars of our grief,
The which hath been with scorn shov'd from the court. Shak.
Of other care they little reck'ning make,
Than how to scramble at the shearers feast,
And shove away the worthy bidden guest. Milton.
There the British Neptune stood,
Beneath them to submit th' officious flood,
And with his trident shov'd them off the sand. Dryden.
Shoving back this earth on which I sit,
I'll mount. Dryd. Tyrannick Love.
A strong man was going to shove down St. Paul's cupola. Arb.
2. To drive a boat by a pole that reaches to the bottom of the
water.
3. To push; to rush against.
He used to shove and elbow his fellow-servants to get near
his mistress, when money was a-paying or receiving. Arbuthn.
Behold a rev'rend sire
Crawl through the streets, shov'd on or rudely press'd
By his own sons. Pope.
You've play'd and lov'd, and eat and drank your fill;
Walk sober off, before a sprightlier age
Come titt'ring on, and shove you from the stage. Pope.
Make nature still incroach upon his plan,
And shove him off as far as e'er we can. Pope.
Eager to express your love,
You ne'er consider whom you shove,
But rudely press before a duke. Swift.

To SHOVE. v. n.
1. To push forward before one.
The seamen towed, and I shoved 'till we arrived within
forty yards of the shore. Gulliver's Travels.
2. To move in a boat, not by oars but a pole.
He grasp'd the oar,
Receiv'd his guests aboard, and shov'd from shore. Garth.

SHOVE. n. s. [from the verb.] The act of shoving; a
push.
I was forced to swim behind, and push the boat forward
with one of my hands; and the tide favouring me, I could
feel the ground: I rested two minutes, and then gave the boat
another shove. Gulliver's Travels.

SHO’VEL. n. s. [scofl, Saxon; schoeffel, Dutch.] An instru­
ment consisting of a long handle and broad blade with raised
edges.
A handbarrow, wheelbarrow, shovel and spade. Tusser.
The brag of the Ottoman, that he would throw Malta
into the sea, might be performed at an easier rate than by the
shovels of his Janizaries. Glanv. Sceps.



To SHO’VEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To throw or heap with a shovel.
I thought
To die upon the bed my father dy'd,
To lie close by his honest bones; but now
Some hangman must put on my shrowd, and lay me
Where no priest shovels in dust. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
2. To gather in great quantities.
Ducks shovel them up as they swim along the waters; but
divers insects also devour them. Derham.

SHO’VELBOARD. n. s. [shovel and board.] A long board on
which they play by sliding metal pieces at a mark.
So have I seen, in hall of lord,
A weak arm throw on a long shovelboard;
He barely lays his piece. Dryden.

SHO’VELLER, or Shovelard. n. s. [from shovel.] A bird.
Shoveller, or spoonbill: the former name the more proper,
the end of the bill being broad like a shovel, but not concave
like a spoon, but perfectly flat. Grew's Musæum.
Pewets, gulls, and shovellers feed upon flesh, and yet are
good meat. Bacon.
This formation of the wizzon is not peculiar to the swan,
but common unto the platea, or shovelard, a bird of no musi­
cal throat. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SHOUGH. n. s. [from shock.] A species of shaggy dog; a shock.
In the catalogue ye be for men,
As hound and greyhounds, mungrels, spaniels, curs,
Shoughs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves are 'cleped
All by the name of dogs. Shak. Macbeth.

SHOULD. v. n. [scude, Dutch; sceoldan, Saxon.]
1. This is a kind of auxiliary verb used in the conjunctive
mood, of which the signification is not easily fixed.
2. I SHOULD go. It is my business or duty to go.
3. If I SHOULD go. If it happens that I go.
4. Thou SHOULD'ST go. Thou oughtest to go.
5. If thou SHOULD'ST go. If it happens that thou goest.
6. The same significations are found in all the other persons sin­
gular and plural.
Let not a desperate action more engage you
Than safety should. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
Some praises come of good wishes and respects, when by
telling men what they are, they represent to them what they
should be. Bacon.
To do thee honour I will shed their blood,
Which the just laws, if I were faultless, should. Waller.
So subjects love just kings, or so they should. Dryden.
I conclude, that things are not as they should be. Swift.
7. SHOULD be. A proverbial phrase of slight contempt or irony.
The girls look upon their father as a clown, and the boys
think their mother no better than she should be. Addison.
8. There is another signification now little in use, in which
should has scarcely any distinct or explicable meaning. It should
be differs in this sense very little from it is.
There is a fabulous narration, that in the northern coun­
tries there should be an herb that groweth in the likeness of a
lamb, and feedeth upon the grass. Bacon's Nat. History.

SHO’ULDER. n. s. [sculdre, Saxon; scholder, Dutch.]
1. The joint which connects the arm to the body.
I have seen better faces in my time,
Than stand on any shoulder that I see
Before me. Shakespeare.
If I have lifted up my hand against the fatherless, when I saw
my help in the gate, then let mine arm fall from my shoulder­
blade, and mine arm be broken from the bone. Job xxxi. 22.
It is a fine thing to be carried on mens shoulders; but give
God thanks that thou art not forced to carry a rich fool upon
thy shoulders, as those poor men do. Taylor.
The head of the shoulder-bone being round, is inserted into
so shallow a cavity in the scapula, that, were there no other
guards for it, it would be thrust out upon every occasion. Wise.
2. The upper joint of the foreleg.
We must have a shoulder of mutton for a property. Shakesp.
He took occasion, from a shoulder of mutton, to cry up the
plenty of England. Addison's Freeholder.
3. The upper part of the back.
Emily dress'd herself in rich array;
Fresh as the month, and as the morning fair,
Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair. Dryden.
4. The shoulders are used as emblems of strength, or the act of
supporting.
Ev'n as thou wilt, sweet Warwick, let it be;
For on thy shoulders do I build my seat. Shakesp. H. VI.
The king has cur'd me; and from these shoulders,
These ruin'd pillars, out of pity taken
A load would sink a navy. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
5. A rising part; a prominence.
When you rivet a pin into a hole, your pin must have a
shoulder to it thicker than the hole is wide, that the shoulder
slip not through the hole as well as the shank. Moxon.

To SHO’ULDER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To push with insolence and violence.
The rolling billows beat the ragged shore,
As they the earth would shoulder from her seat. Fairy Queen.
Dudman, a well-known foreland to most sailors, here
shoulders out the ocean, to shape the same a large bosom be­
tween itself. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
You debase yourself,
To think of mixing with th' ignoble herd:
What, shall the people know their god-like prince
Headed a rabble, and profan'd his person,
Shoulder'd with filth? Dryden.
So vast the navy now at anchor rides,
That underneath it the press'd waters fail,
And, with its weight, it shoulders off the tides. Dryden.
Around her numberless the rabble flow'd,
Should'ring each other, crowding for a view. Rowe's J. Shore.
When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend
The wretch, who living sav'd a candle's end;
Should'ring God's altar a vile image stands,
Belies his features, nay extends his hands. Pope.
2. To put upon the shoulder.
Archimedes's lifting up Marcellus's ships finds little more
credit than that of the giants shouldering mountains. Glanv.

SHO’ULDERBELT. n. s. [shoulder and belt.] A belt that comes
across the shoulder.
Thou hast an ulcer, which no leech can heal,
Though thy broad shoulderbelt the wound conceal. Dryden.

SHO’ULDERCLAPPER. n. s. [shoulder and clap.] One who af­
fects familiarity, or one that mischiefs privily.
A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough;
A back friend, a shoulderclapper, one that commands
The passages of alleys. Shak. Comedy of Errours.

SHO’ULDERSHOTTEN. adj. [shoulder and shot.] Strained in
the shoulder.
His horse waid in the back, and shouldershotten. Shakesp.

SHO’ULDERSLIP. n. s. [shoulder and slip.] Dislocation of the
shoulder.
The horse will take so much care of himself as to come off
with only a strain or a shoulderslip. Swift.

To SHOUT. v. n. [A word of which no etymology is known.]
To cry in triumph or exhortation.
They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for? Shakesp.
Shout unto God with the voice of triumph. Ps. xlvii. 1.
It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery. Ex. xxxii.
The shouting for thy summer fruits and harvest is fallen. Is.
He storms and shouts; but flying bullets now
To execute his rage appear too slow:
They miss, or sweep but common souls away;
For such a loss Opdam his life must pay. Waller.
There had been nothing but howlings and shoutings of poor
naked men, belabouring one another with snagged sticks. More.
All clad in skins of beasts the jav'lin bear,
And shrieks and shoutings rend the suff'ring air. Dryden.
What hinders you to take the man you love?
The people will be glad, the soldier shout;
And Bertran, though repining, will be aw'd. Dryden.

SHOUT. n. s. [from the verb.] A loud and vehement cry of
triumph or exhortation.
Thanks, gentle citizens:
This general applause, and chearful shout,
Argues your wisdom and your love to Richard. Shakespeare.
The Rhodians, seeing the enemy turn their backs, gave a
great shout in derision. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Then he might have dy'd of all admir'd,
And his triumphant soul with shouts expir'd. Dryden.

SHO’UTER. n. s. [from shout.] He who shouts.
A peal of loud applause rang out,
And thinn'd the air, 'till even the birds fell down
Upon the shouters heads. Dryden's Cleomenes.

To SHOW. v. a. pret. showed and shown; part. pass. shown. 
[sceawan, Saxon; schowen, Dutch. This word is frequently
written shew; but since it is always pronounced and often
written show, which is favoured likewise by the Dutch schowen,
I have adjusted the orthography to the pronunciation.]
1. To exhibit to view.
If I do feign,
O let me in my present wildness die,
And never live to shew th' incredulous word
The noble change that I have purposed. Shakes. H. IV.
Shew me a token for good, that they which hate me may see
it. Ps. lxxxvi. 17.
Wilt thou shew wonders to the dead? Shall the dead arise
and praise thee? Ps. lxxxviii. 10.
Men should not take a charge upon them that they are not
fit for, as if singing, dancing, and shewing of tricks, were
qualifications for a governor. L'Estrange.
2. To give proof of; to prove.
This I urge to show
Invalid that which thee to doubt it mov'd. Milton.
I'll to the citadel repair,
And show my duty by my timely care. Dryden.
Achates' diligence his duty shows. Dryden.
3. To publish; to make publick; to proclaim.
Ye are a chosen generation, that ye should shew forth the
praises of him who hath called you out of darkness. 1 Pet. ii.


4. To make known.
I raised thee up to shew in thee my power. Ex. ix. 16.
I shall no more speak in proverbs, but shew you plainly of
the Father. Jo. xvi. 25.
Nothing wants but that thy shape may show
Thy inward fraud. Milton.
5. To point the way; to direct.
She taking him for some cautious city patient, that came for
privacy, shews him into the dining-room. Swift.
6. To offer; to afford.
To him that is afflicted, pity should be shewed from his
friend. Job. vi. 14.
Felix, willing to shew the Jews a pleasure, left Paul bound.
Acts xxiv. 27.
Thou shalt utterly destroy them; make no covenant with
them, nor shew mercy unto them. Deutr. vii. 2.
7. To explain; to expound.
Forasmuch as knowledge and shewing of hard sentences,
and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same, Daniel let
him be called. Dan. v. 12.
8. To teach; to tell.
I'm sent to show thee what shall come. Milton.

To SHOW. v. n.
1. To appear; to look; to be in appearance.
She shews a body rather than a life,
A statue than a brother. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Just such she shows before a rising storm. Dryden.
Still on we press; and here renew the carnage,
So great, that, in the stream, the moon show'd purple.
Philips.
2. To have appearance.
My lord of York, it better shew'd with you,
When that your flock assembled by the bell,
Encircled you to hear with rev'rence
Your exposition on the holy text,
Than now to see you here an iron man,
Cheering a rout of rebels with your drum. Shak. Henry IV.

SHOW. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A spectacle; something publickly exposed to view for money.
I do not know what she may produce me; but, provided it
be a show, I shall be very well satisfied. Addison.
The dwarf kept the gates of the show room. Arbuthnot.
2. Superficial appearance.
Mild heav'n
Disapproves that care, though wise in show,
That with superfluous burden loads the day. Milton.
3. Ostentatious display.
Nor doth his grandeur and majestick show
Of luxury, though call'd magnificence,
Allure mine eye. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
Stand before her in a golden dream;
Set all the pleasures of the world to show,
And in vain joys let her loose spirits flow. Dryden.
The radiant sun
Sends from above ten thousand blessings down,
Nor is he set so high for show alone. Granville.
Never was a charge, maintained with such a show of gravity,
which had a slighter foundation. Atterbury.
4. Object attracting notice.
The city itself makes the noblest show of any in the world:
the houses are most of them painted on the outside, so that
they look extremely gay and lively. Addison.
5. Splendid appearance.
Jesus, rising from his grave,
Spoil'd principalities and pow'rs, triumph'd
In open show, and with ascension bright
Captivity led captive. Milton.
6. Semblance; likeness.
When devils will their blackest sins put on,
They do suggest at first with heav'nly shows. Shak. Othello.
He through pass'd the midst unmark'd,
In show plebeian angel militant. Milton.
7. Speciousness; plausibility.
The places of Ezechiel have some show in them; for there
the Lord commandeth the Levites, which had committed
idolatry, to be put from their dignity, and serve in inferior
ministries. Whitgifte.
The kindred of the slain forgive the deed;
But a short exile must for show precede. Dryden.
8. External appearance.
Shall I say O Zelmane? Alas, your words be against it.
Shall I say prince Pyrocles? Wretch that I am, your show is
manifest against it. Sidney.
Fierce was the fight on the proud Belgians side,
For honour, which they seldom sought before;
But now they by their own vain boasts were ty'd,
And forc'd, at least in shew, to prize it more. Dryden.
9. Exhibition to view.
I have a letter from her;
The mirth whereof's so larded with my matter,
That neither singly can be manifested,
Without the shew of both. Shakespeare.
10. Pomp; magnificent spectacle.
As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shews, men need
not be put in mind of them. Bacon.
11. Phantoms; not realities.
What you saw was all a fairy show;
And all those airy shapes you now behold,
Were human bodies once. Dryden.
12. Representative action.
Florio was so overwhelmed with happiness, that he could
not make a reply, but expressed in dumb show those sentiments
of gratitude that were too big for utterance. Addison.

SHO’WBREAD, or Shewbread. n. s. [show and bread.] Among the
Jews, they thus called loaves of bread that the priest of the week
put every Sabbath-day upon the golden table, which was in the
sanctum before the Lord. They were covered with leaves of
gold, and were twelve in number, representing the twelve
tribes of Israel. They served them up hot, and at the same
time took away the stale ones, and which could not be eaten
but by the priest alone. This offering was accompanied with
frankincense and salt. Calmet.
Set upon the table showbread before me. Ex. xxv. 30.

SHO’WER. n. s. [scheure, Dutch.]
1. Rain either moderate or violent.
If the boy have not a woman's gift,
To rain a shower of commanded tears,
An onion will do well for such a shift. Shakespeare.
The ancient cinnamon was, while it grew, the dryest; and
in showers it prospered worst. Bacon.
2. Storm of any thing falling thick.
I'll set thee in a shower of gold, and hail
Rich pearls upon them. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
With show'rs of stones he drives them far away;
The scatt'ring dogs around at distance bay. Pope.
3. Any very liberal distribution.
He and myself
Have travell'd in the great shower of your gifts,
And sweetly felt it. Shakesp. Timon.

To SHOWER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To wet or drown with rain.
Serve they as a flow'ry verge, to bind
The fluid skirts of that same wat'ry cloud,
Lest it again dissolve, and show'r the earth? Milton.
The sun more glad impress'd his beams,
Than in fair evening cloud, or humid bow,
When God hath show'r'd the earth. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Cæsar's favour,
That show'rs down greatness on his friends, will raise me
To Rome's first honours. Addison's Cato.
2. To pour down.
These, lull'd by nightingales, embracing slept;
And on their naked limbs the flow'ry roof
Shower'd roses, which the morn repair'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. To distribute or scatter with great liberality.
After this fair discharge, all civil honours having showered
on him before, there now fell out great occasion to action.
Wotton's Life of the Duke of Buckingham.

To SHO’WER. v. n. To be rainy.

SHO’WERY. adj. [from shower.] Rainy.
A hilly field, where the stubble is standing, set on fire in
the showery season, will put forth mushrooms. Bacon.
Murranus came from Anxur's show'ry height,
With ragged rocks and stony quarries white,
Seated on hills. Addison on Italy.
The combat thickens, like the storm that flies
From westward, when the show'ry winds arise. Addison.

SHO’WISH, or Showy. adj. [from show.]
1. Splendid; gaudy.
The escutcheons of the company are showish, and will look
magnificent. Swift.
2. Oftentatious.
Men of warm imaginations neglect solid and substantial
happiness for what is showy and superficial. Addison.

SHOWN. pret. and part. pass. of To show. Exhibited.
Mercy shown on man by him seduc'd. Milton.
SHR

SHRANK. The preterite of shrunk.
The children of Israel eat not of the sinew which shrank
upon the hollow of the thigh. Gen. xxxii. 32.

To SHRED. v. a. pret. shred. [screadan, Saxon.] To cut into
small pieces. Commonly used of cloath or herbs.
It hath a number of short cuts or shreddings, which may be
better called wishes than prayers. Hooker.
One gathered wild gourds, and shred them. 2 Kings iv. 39.
Where did you whet your knife to-night, he cries,
And shred the leeks that in your stomach rise? Dryd. Juv.

SHRED. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A small piece cut off.
Gold, grown somewhat churlish by recovering, is made
more pliant by throwing in shreds of tanned leather. Bacon.
The mighty Tyrian queen, that gain'd
With subtle shreds a tract of land,
Did leave it with a castle fair
To his great ancestor. Hudibras.


His panegyrick is made up of half a dozen shreds, like a
schoolboy's theme, beaten general topicks. Swift.
A beggar might patch up a garment with such shreds as the
world throws away. Pope.
2. A fragment.
They said they were an hungry; sigh'd forth proverbs,
That hunger broke stone walls; that dogs must eat:
And with these shreds they vented their complainings. Shak.
Shreds of wit and senseless rhimes
Blunder'd out a thousand times. Swift.

SHREW. n. s. [schryen, German, to clamour.] A peevish,
malignant, clamorous, spiteful, vexatious, turbulent woman.
[It appears in Robert of Gloucester, that this word signified an­
ciently any one perverse or obstinate of either sex.]
There dede of hem vor hunger a thousand and mo,
And yat nolde the screwen to none pes go. Robert of Gloucester.
Be merry, my wife has all;
For women are shrews both short and tall. Shak. H. IV.
By this reckoning he is more shrew than she. Shakespeare.
A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no
quiet in the house for her. L'Estrange.
Her sallow cheeks her envious mind did shew,
And ev'ry feature spoke aloud the shrew. Dryden.
Every one of them, who is a shrew in domestick life, is
now become a scold in politicks. Addis. Freeholder.

SHREWD. adj. [Contracted from shrewed.]
1. Having the qualities of a shrew; malicious; troublesome;
mischievous.
Her eldest sister is so curst and shrewd,
That 'till the father rids his hands of her,
Your love must live a maid. Shakespeare.
2. Maliciously sly; cunning; more artful than good.
It was a shrewd saying of the old monk, that two kind of
prisons would serve for all offenders, an inquisition and a bed­
lam: if any man should deny the being of a God, and the im­
mortality of the soul, such a one should be put into the first, as
being a desperate heretick; but if any man should profess to
believe these things, and yet allow himself in any known
wickedness, such a one should be put into bedlam. Tillotson.
A spiteful saying gratifies so many little passions, that it
meets with a good reception; and the man who utters it is
looked upon as a shrewd satirist. Addison.
Corruption proceeds from employing those who have
the character of shrewd worldly men, instead of such as have
had a liberal education, and trained up in virtue. Addison.
3. Bad; ill-betokening.
Scarce any man passes to a liking of sin in others, but by
first practising it himself; and consequently we may take it
for a shrewd indication, and sign, whereby to judge of those
who have sinned with too much caution, to suffer the world
to charge sins directly upon their conversation. South's Serm.
4. Painful; pinching; dangerous; mischievous.
Every of this number,
That have endur'd shrewd nights and days with us,
Shall share the good of our returned fortune. Shakespeare.
When a man thinks he has a servant, he finds a traitor that
eats his bread, and is readier to do him a mischief, and a
shrewd turn, than an open adversary. South's Sermons.
No enemy is so despicable but he may do a body a shrewd
turn. L'Estrange.

SHRE’WDLY. adv. [from shrewd.]
1. Mischievously; destructively.
This practice hath most shrewdly past upon thee. Shakesp.
At Oxford, his youth and want of experience in maritime
service, had somewhat been shrewdly touched, even before the
fluices of popular liberty were set open. Wotton.
2. Vexatiously. It is used commonly of slight mischief, or in
ironical expression.
The obstinate and schismatical are like to think them­
selves shrewdly hurt, forsooth, by being cut off from that body
which they choose not to be of. South's Sermons.
This last allusion rubb'd upon the sore;
Yet seem'd she not to winch, tho' shrewdly pain'd. Dryden.
3. With strong suspicion.
Four per cent. encreases not the number of lenders; as
any man at first hearing will shrewdly suspect it. Locke.

SHRE’WDNESS. n. s. [from shrewd.]
1. Sly cunning; archness.
Her garboiles, which not wanted shrewdness of policy too,
did you too much disquiet. Shakespeare.
The neighbours round admire his shrewdness,
For songs of loyalty and lewdness. Swift.
2. Mischievousness; petulance.

SHRE’WISH. adj. [from shrew.] Having the qualities of a shrew;
froward; petulantly clamorous.
Angelo, you must excuse us;
My wife is shrewish when I keep not hours. Shakespeare.

SHRE’WISHLY. adv. [from shrewish.] Petulantly; peevishly;
clamorously; frowardly.
He speaks very shrewishly; one would think his mother's
milk were scarce out of him. Shakespeare.

SHRE’WISHNESS. n. s. [from shrewish.] The qualities of a shrew;
frowardness; petulance; clamorousness.
I have no gift in shrewishness,
I am a right maid for my cowardice;
Let her not strike me. Shakespeare.

SHRE’WMOUSE. n. s. [screawa, Saxon.] A mouse of which
the bite is generally supposed venomous, and to which vulgar
tradition assigns such malignity, that she is said to lame the
foot over which she runs. I am informed that all these re­
ports are calumnious, and that her feet and teeth are equally
harmless with those of any other little mouse. Our ancestors
however looked on her with such terrour, that they are
supposed to have given her name to a scolding woman, whom
for her venom they call a shrew.

To SHRIEK. v. n. [skrieger, Danish; scricciolare, Italian.]
To cry out inarticulately with anguish or horrour; to
scream.
On top whereof ay dwelt the ghastly owl,
Shrieking his baleful note. Fa. Queen.
It was the owl that shriek'd, the fatal belman
Which gives the sternest good-night. Shakespeare.
Were I the ghost that walk'd,
I'd shriek, that even your ears should rift to hear me. Shak.
In a dreadful dream
I saw my lord so near destruction,
Then shriek't myself awake. Denham.
Hark! Peace!
At this she shriek'd aloud; the mournful train
Eccho'd her grief. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Why did you shriek out? Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

SHRIEK. n. s. [skrieg, Danish; scriccio, Italian.] An inarticu­
late cry of anguish or horrour.
Una hearing evermore
His rueful shrieks and groanings, often tore
Her guiltless garments, and her golden hair,
For pity of his pain. Fa. Queen.
Time has been my senses wou'd have cool'd,
To hear a night shriek, and my fell of hair
Wou'd at a dismal treatise rouse and stir
As life were in't. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
The corps of Almon, and the rest are shown,
Shrieks, clamours, murmurs, fill the frighted town. Dryd.

SHRIFT. n. s. [scift, Saxon.] Confession made to a priest.
A word out of use.
Off with
Bernardine's head: I will give a present shrift,
And will advise him for a better place. Shakespeare.
My lord shall never rest;
I'll watch him tame, and talk him out:
His bed shall seem a school, his board a shrift. Shakesp.
The duke's commands were absolute,
Therefore my lord, address you to your shrift,
And be yourself; for you must die this instant. Rowe.

SHRIGHT, for shrieked. Spenser.

SHRILL. [A word supposed to be made per onomatopœiam, in
imitation of the thing expressed, which indeed it images very
happily.] Sounding with a piercing, tremulous, or vibratory
sound.
Thy hounds shall make the welkin answer them,
And fetch shrill echoes from the hollow earth. Shakespeare.
I have heard
The cock that is the trumpet to the morn,
Doth with his lofty and shrill sounding throat
Awake the god of day. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Have I fall'n,
From the dread summit of this chalky bourn!
Look up a height, the shrill gorg'd lark so far
Cannot be seen or heard. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
Upsprings the lark,
Shrill voic'd and loud, the messenger of morn. Thomson.

To SHRILL. v. n. [from the adjective.] To pierce the ear
with sharp and quick vibrations of sound.
The sun of all the world is dim and dark;
O heavy herse,
Break we our pipes that shrill'd as loud as lark,
O careful verse. Spenser.
Hark how the minstrels 'gin to shrill aloud
Their merry musick that resounds from far,
The pipe, the tabor, and the trembling crowd
That well agree withouten breach or jar. Spenser.
A shrilling trumpet sounded from on high,
And unto battle bade themselves address. Shakespeare.
Here, no clarion's shrilling note
The muse's green retreat can pierce;
The grove, from noisy camps remote,
Is only vocal with my verse. Fenton's Ode to Lord Gower.
The females round,
Maids, wives, and matrons mix a shrilling sound. Pope.

SHRI’LLY. adv. [from shrill.] With a shrill noise.

SHRI’LLNESS. n. s. [from shrill.] The quality of being shrill.



SHRIMP. n. s. [schrumpe, a wrinkle, German; scrympe, Da­
nish.]
1. A small crustaceous vermiculated fish.
Of shell-fish there are wrinkles, shrimps, crabs. Carew.
Hawks and gulls can at a great height see mice on the
earth, and shrimps in the waters. Derham.
2. A little wrinkled man; a dwarf. In contempt.
It cannot be, this weak and writhled shrimp
Should strike such terrour in his enemies. Shakespeare.
He hath found,
Within the ground,
At last, no shrimp,
Whereon to imp
His jolly club. Ben. Johnson.

SHRINE. n. s. [scin, Saxon; scrinium, Latin.] A case in which
something sacred is reposited.
You living powers enclos'd in stately shrine
Of growing trees; you rural gods that wield
Your scepters here, if to your cares divine
A voice may come, which troubled soul doth yield. Sidney.
All the world come
To kiss this shrine, this mortal breathing saint. Shakespeare.
Come offer at my shrine and I will help thee. Shakesp.
They often plac'd
Within his sanctu'ry itself their shrines,
Abominations! and with cursed things
His holy rites profan'd. Milton.
Falling on his knees before her shrine,
He thus implor'd her pow'r. Dryden.
Lovers are in rapture at the name of their fair idol; they
lavish out all their incense upon that shrine, and cannot bear
the thought of admitting a blemish therein. Watts.

To SHRINK. v. n. preterite, I shrunk, or shrank; participle,
shrunken. [scrincan, Saxon.]
1. To contract itself into less room; to shrivel; to be drawn to­
gether by some internal power.
But to be still hot summer's tantlings, and
The shrinking slaves of winter. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
I am a scribbled form, drawn with a pen
Upon a parchment, and against this fire
Do I shrink up. Shakespeare's K. John.
I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will
shrink or draw into less room. Bacon's Nat. History.
Ill-weav'd ambition how much art thou shrunk!
When that this body did contain a spirit,
A kingdom for it was too small a bound:
But now two paces of the vilest earth
Is room enough. Shakespeare.
2. To withdraw as from danger.
The noise encreases,
She comes, and feeble nature now I find
Shrinks back in danger, and forsakes my mind. Dryden.
Am I become so monstrous, so disfigur'd,
That nature stands agast;
And the fair light which gilds this new made orb,
Shorn of his beams, shrinks in. Dryden.
Love is a plant of the most tender kind,
That shrinks and shakes with ev'ry ruffling wind. Granv.
All fibres have a contractile power, whereby they shorten;
as appears if a fibre be cut transversly, the ends shrink, and
make the wound gape. Arbuthnot.
Philosophy that touch'd the heav'ns before,
Shrinks to her hidden cause, and is no more. Pope.
3. To express fear, horrour, or pain, by shrugging, or con­
tracting the body.
There is no particular object so good, but it may have
the shew of some difficulty or unpleasant quality annexed to
it, in respect whereof the will may shrink and decline it. Hooker.
The morning cock crew loud,
And at the sound it shrunk in haste away,
And vanish'd from our sight. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
I'll embrace him with a soldier's arm,
That he shall shrink under my courtesy. Shakespeare.
When he walks, he moves like an engine,
And the ground shrinks before his treading. Shakespeare.
4. To fall back as from danger.
Many shrink, which at the first would dare,
And be the foremost men to execute. Daniel's Civil War.
I laugh, when those who at the spear are bold
And vent'rous, if that fail them, shrink and fear
To endure exile, ignominy, bonds. Milton.
If a man accustoms himself to slight those first motions to
good, or shrinkings of his conscience from evil, conscience will
by degrees grow dull and unconcerned. South's Sermons.
The sky shrunk upward with unusual dread,
And trembling Tyber div'd beneath his bed. Dryden.
The gold-fraught vessel which mad tempests beat,
He sees now vainly make to his retreat;
And, when from far the tenth wave does appear,
Shrinks up in silent joy, that he's not there. Dryden.
The fires but faintly lick'd their prey,
Then loath'd their impious food, and would have shrunk
away. Dryden.
Fall on: behold a noble beast at bay,
And the vile huntsmen shrink. Dryden.
Inuring children to suffer some pain, without shrinking, is
a way to gain firmness and courage. Locke.
What happier natures shrink at with affright,
The hard inhabitant contends is right. Pope.

To SHRINK. v. a. participle pass shrunk, shrank, or shrunken.
To make to shrink. Not in use.
O mighty Cæsar! d'ost thou lye so low?
Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils,
Shrunk to this little measure? Shakespeare.
The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon.
His youthful hose well sav'd, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank. Shakespeare.
If he lessens the revenue, he will also shrink the neces­
sity. Taylor.
Keep it from coming too long, lest it should shrink the corn
in measure. Mortimer.

SHRINK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Corrugation; contraction into less compass.
There is, in this, a crack, which seems a shrink, or con­
traction in the body since it was first formed. Woodward.
2. Contraction of the body from fear or horrour.
This publick death, receiv'd with such a chear,
As not a sigh, a look, a shrink bewrays
The least felt touch of a degenerous fear. Daniel's Civ. War.

SHRI’NKER. n. s. [from shrink.] He who shrinks.

SHRI’VALTY. n. s. Corrupted for SHE’RIFFALTY, which see.

To SHRIVE. v. a. [scrifan, Saxon.] To hear at confession.
What, talking with a priest, lord chamberlain?
Your friends at Pomfret they do need a priest,
Your honour hath no shriving work in hand. Shakespeare.
He shrives this woman,
Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech. Shakesp.
If he had the condition of a saint, and the complexion of
a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me. Shak.
Shrive but their title, and their moneys poize,
A laird and twenty pence pronounc'd with noise,
When constru'd but for a plain yeoman go,
And a good sober two pence, and well so. Cleaveland.

To SHRI’VEL. v. n. [schrompelen, Dutch.] To contract itself
into wrinkles.
Leaves, if they shrivel and fold up, give them drink. Evel.
If she smelled to the freshest nosegay, it would shrivel and
wither as it had been blighted. Arbuthnot.

To SHRI’VEL. v. a. To contract into wrinkles.
He burns the leaves, the scorching blast invades
The tender corn, and shrivels up the blades. Dryden.
When the fiery suns too fiercely play,
And shrivel'd herbs on with'ring stems decay.
The wary ploughman, on the mountain's brow,
Undams his watry stores. Dryden.

SHRI’VER. n. s. [from shrive] A confessor.
The ghostly father now hath done his shrift,
When he was made a shriver 'twas for shift. Shakesp.

SHROUD. n. s. [scrud, Saxon.
1. A shelter; a cover.
It would warm his spirits,
To hear from me you had left Antony,
And put yourself under his shroud, the universal land­
lord. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
By me invested with a vail of clouds,
And swaddled, as new-born, in sable shrouds,
For these a receptacle I design'd. Sandys.
The winds
Blow moist and keen, shattering the graceful locks
Of these fair spreading trees; which bids us seek
Some better shroud, some better warmth, to cherish
Our limbs benumb'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. The dress of the dead; a winding-sheet.
Now the wasted brands do glow;
Whilst the screech owl screeching loud,
Puts the wretch that lies in woe
In remembrance of a shroud. Shakespeare.
3. The sail ropes. It seems to be taken sometimes for the
sails.
I turned back to the mast of the ship; there I found my
sword among some of the shrouds. Sidney.
The visitation of the winds,
Who take the ruffian billows by the top,
Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them
With deafning clamours in the slipp'ry shrouds,
That with the hurley death itself awakes. Shakespeare.
The tackle of my heart is crackt and burnt;
And all the shrowds wherewith my life should sail,
Are turned to one little hair. Shakespeare.


A weather-beaten vessel holds
Gladly the port, tho' shrouds and takle torn. Milton.
The flaming shrouds so dreadful did appear,
All judg'd a wreck could no proportion bear. Dryden.
The cries of men are mix'd with rattling shrouds,
Seas dash on seas, and clouds encounter clouds. Dryden.
He summons strait his denizens of air;
The lucid squadrons round the sails repair:
Soft o'er the shrouds aerial whispers breathe,
That seem'd but zephyrs. Pope.

To SHROUD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To shelter; to cover from danger.
Under your beams I will me safely shroud. Fa. Queen.
He got himself with his fellows to the town of Mege, in
hope to shroud himself, until such time as the rage of the people
were appeased. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The governors of Corfu caused the suburbs, which were
very great, to be plucked down, for fear that the Turks shroud­
ing themselves in them, should with more ease besiege the
town. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud
four hundred horsemen. Raleigh.
Besides the faults men commit, with this immediate avowed
aspect upon their religion, there are others which slily shroud
themselves under the skirt of its mantle. Decay of Piety.
So Venus, from prevailing Greeks did shroud
The hope of Rome, and sav'd him in a cloud. Waller.
2. To dress for the grave.
If I die before thee shroud me
In one of these same sheets. Shakespeare's Othello.
The antient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number
of folds of linen, besmeared with gums, like serecloth. Bacon.
Whoever comes to shroud me, do not harm
That subtile wreath of hair about mine arm. Donne.
3. To clothe; to dress.
4. To cover or conceal.
That same evening, when all shrouded were
In careless sleep, all, without care or fear,
They fell upon the flock. Spenser.
Under this thick-grown brake we'll shroud ourselves,
For through this land anon the deer will come,
And in this covert will we make our stand,
Culling the principal. Shakespeare's Hen. VI.
Moon, slip behind some cloud: some tempest rise,
And blow out all the stars that light the skies,
To shroud my shame. Dryden.
Thither the loud tumultuous winds resort,
And on the mountain keep their boist'rous court,
That in thick show'rs her rocky summit shrouds,
And darkens all the broken view with clouds. Addison.
5. To defend; to protect.

To SHROUD. v. n. To harbour; to take shelter.
If your stray attendance be yet lodg'd,
Or shroud within these limits, I shall know
Ere morrow wake. Milton.

SHRO’VETIDE. n. s. [from shrove, the preterite of shrive.]
The time of confession; the day be­
fore Ash-wednesday or Lent, on which anciently they went to
confession.
SHRO’VETUESDAY. n. s. [from shrove, the preterite of shrive.]
The time of confession; the day be­
fore Ash-wednesday or Lent, on which anciently they went to
confession.
At shrovetide to shroving. Tusser.

SHRUB. n. s. [scribbe, Saxon.]
1. A bush; a small tree.
Trees generally shoot up in one great stem or body; and
then at a good distance from the earth spread into branches;
thus gooseberries and currans are shrubs; oaks and cherries
are trees. Locke.
He came unto a gloomy glade,
Cover'd with boughs and shrubs from heav'n's light. Fa. Q.
Th' humble shrub and bush with frizled hair. Milton.
All might have been as well brushwood and shrubs. More.
Comedy is a representation of common life, in low subjects,
and is a kind of juniper, a shrub belonging to the species of
cedar. Dryden.
I've liv'd
Amidst these woods, gleaning from thorns and shrubs
A wretched sustenance. Addison.
2. [A cant word.] Spirit, acid, and sugar mixed.

SHRU’BBY. adj. [from shrub.]
1. Resembling a shrub.
Plants appearing weathered, shrubby and curled, are the
effects of immoderate wet. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Full of shrubs; bushy.
Gentle villager.
What readiest way would bring me to that place?
Due west it rises from this shrubby point. Milton.
On that cloud-piercing hill
Plinlimmon, the goats their shrubby browze
Gnaw pendent. Philips.

To SHRUGG. v. n. [schricken, Dutch; to tremble.] To ex­
press horror or distatisfaction by motion of the shoulders or
whole body.
Like a fearful deer that looks most about when he comes
to the best feed, with a shrugging kind of tremor through all
her principal parts, she gave these words. Sidney.
The touch of the cold water made a pretty kind of shrug­
ging come over her body like the twinkling of the fairest
among the fixed stars. Sidney.
Be quick, thou wert best
To answer other business; shrug'st thou malice? Shakesp.
He grins, smacks, shrugs, and such an itch endures,
As prentices or school-boys which do know
Of some gay sport abroad, yet dare not go. Donne.
They grin, they shrug,
They bow, they snarl, they scratch, they hug. Swift.

To SHRUG. v. a. To contract or draw up.
He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities. Addison.
Zealots will shrug up their shoulders. Blount.
He shrug'd his sturdy back,
As if he felt his shoulders ake. Hudibras.

SHRUG. n. s. [from the verb.] A motion of the shoulders
usually expressing dislike or aversion.
And yet they ramble not to learn the mode,
How to be drest, or how to lisp abroad,
To return knowing in the Spanish shrug. Cleaveland.
As Spaniards talk in dialogues,
Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs. Hudibras.
Put on the critick's brow, and sit
At Will's, the puny judge of wit.
A nod, a shrug, a scornful smile,
With caution us'd may serve a while. Swift.

SHRUNK. The preterite and part. passive of shrink.
Leaving the two friends alone, I shrunk aside to the Banquet­
ing house where the pictures were. Sidney.
The wicked shrunk for fear of him, and all the workers of
iniquity were troubled. 1 Maccabees.

SHRU’NKEN. The part. passive of shrink.
She weighing the decaying plight,
And shrunken sinews of her chosen knight;
Would not a while her forward course pursue. Fa. Queen.
If there were taken out of mens minds, vain opinions, it
would leave the minds of a number of men, poor shrunken
things, full of melancholy. Bacon.
SHU

To SHU’DDER. v. a. [schuddren, Dutch.] To quake with
fear, or with aversion.
All the other passions fleet to air,
As doubtful thoughts, and rash embrac'd despair,
And shudd'ring fear. Shakespeare.
The fright was general; but the female band
With horror shudd'ring on a heap they run. Dryden.
I love,—alas! I shudder at the name,
My blood runs backward, and my fault'ring tongue
Sticks at the sound. Smith.
Cæsar will shrink to hear the words thou utter'st,
And shudder in the midst of all his conquests. Addison.
Youth's bold courage cools,
Each shudd'ring owns the genius of the schools. Dunciad.

To SHUFFLE. v. a. [sfeling, Saxon, a bustle, a tumult.]
1. To throw into disorder; to agitate tumultuously, so as that
one thing takes the place of another; to confuse; to throw
together tumultuously.
When the heavens shuffle all in one,
The torrid, with the frozen zone,
Then, sybil, thou and I will greet. Cleaveland.
From a new shuffling and disposition of the component
particles of a body, might not nature compose a body dissoluble
in water. Boyle.
In most things good and evil lie shuffled, and thrust up to­
gether in a confused heap; and it is study which must draw
them forth and range them. South's Sermons.
When lots are shuffled together in a lap or pitcher, what
reason can a man have to presume, that he shall draw a white
stone rather than a black. South's Sermons.
A glimpse of moonshine sheath'd with red,
A shuffled, sullen and uncertain light
That dances thro' the clouds and shuts again. Dryden.
Children should not lose the consideration of human nature
in the shufflings of outward conditions. The more they have,
the better humoured they should be taught to be. Locke.
We shall in vain, shuffling the little money we have from
one another's hands, endeavour to prevent our wants; decay
of trade will quickly waste all the remainder. Locke.
These vapours soon, miraculous event,
Shuffl'd by chance, and mix'd by accident. Blackmore.
Shuffl'd and entangl'd in their race,
They clasp each other. Blackmore.
He has shuffled the two ends of the sentence together, and
by taking out the middle, makes it speak just as he would
have it. Atterbury.
'Tis in no wise strange that such a one should believe, that
things were blindly shuffled and hurled about in the world;
that the elements were at constant strife with each other. Wood.


2. To remove, or put by with some artifice or fraud.
I can no other answer make, but thanks;
And oft good turns
Are shuffled off with such uncurrent pay. Shakespeare.
Her mother,
Now firm for doctor Caius, hath appointed
That he shall likewise shuffle her away. Shakespeare.
If any thing hits, we take it to ourselves; if it miscarries;
we shuffle it off to our neighbours. L'Estrange.
It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the
papers that were seiz'd. Dryden.
If, when a child is questioned for any thing, he persists to
shuffle it off with a falshood, he must be chastised. Locke.
3. To shake; to divest.
In that sleep of death, what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. Shakespeare.
4. To change the position of cards with respect to each other.
The motions of shuffling of cards or casting of dice, are
very light. Bacon.
We sure in vain the cards condemn,
Ourselves both cut and shuffl'd them. Prior.
5. To form tumultuously, or fraudulently.
They sent forth their precepts to convent them before a
court of commission, and there used to shuffle up a summary
proceeding by examination, without trial of jury. Bacon.
He shuffled up a peace with the cedar, in which the Bumeli­
ans were excluded. Howel.

To SHUFFLE. v. n.
1. To throw the cards into a new order.
A sharper both shuffles and cuts. L'Estrange.
Cards we play
A round or two, when us'd, we throw away,
Take a fresh pack, nor is it worth our grieving
Who cuts or shuffles with our dirty leaving. Granville.
2. To play mean tricks; to practise fraud; to evade fair ques­
tions.
I myself, leaving the fear of heaven on the left hand, and
hiding mine honour in my necessit, am fain to shuffle. Shak.
I have nought to do with that shuffling sect, that doubt
eternally, and question all things. Glanville's Defence.
The crab advised his companion to give over shuffling and
doubling, and practise good faith. L'Estrange.
It is an unhappiness that children should be so much ad­
dicted to the humour of shuffling. L'Estrange.
If a steward be suffered to run on, without bringing him to
a reckoning, such a sottish forbearance will teach him to
shuffle, and strongly tempt him to be a cheat. South.
To these arguments concerning the novelty of the earth,
there are some shuffling excuses made. Burn. Theory of the Earth.
Tho' he durst not directly break his appointment, he made
many a shuffling excuse. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
3. To struggle; to shift.
Your life, good master,
Must shuffle for itself. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
4. To move with an irregular gait.
Mincing poetry,
'Tis like the forc'd gait of a shuffling nag. Shakespeare.

SHUFFLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of disordering things, or making them take confu­
sedly the place of each other.
Is it not a firmer foundation for contentment, to believe
that all things were at first created, and are continually dis­
posed for the best, than that the whole universe is mere bung­
ling, nothing effected for any purpose, but all ill-favouredly
cobled and jumbled together, by the unguided agitation and
rude shuffles of matter. Bentley's Sermons.
2. A trick; an artifice.
The gifts of nature are beyond all shams and shuffles. L'Estr.

SHU’FFLECAP. n. s. [shuffle and cap.] A play at which mo­
ney is shaken in a hat.
He lost his money at chuck farthing, shufflecap, and all­
fours. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

SHU’FFLER. n. s. [from shuffle.] He who plays tricks or shuffles.

SHU’FFLINGLY. adv. [from shuffle.] With an irregular gait.
I may go shufflingly, for I was never before walked in
trammels; yet I shall drudge and moil at constancy, 'till I
have worn off the hitching in my pace. Dryden.

To SHUN. v. a. [ascunian, Saxon.] To avoid; to decline;
to endeavour to escape; to eschew.
Consider death in itself, and nature teacheth Christ to shun
it. Hooker.
The lark! shuns on lofty boughs to build,
Her humble nest lies silent in the field. Waller.
Birds and beasts can fly their foe:
So chanticleer, who never saw a fox,
Yet shun'd him as a sailor shuns the rocks. Dryden.
Cato will train thee up to great
And virtuous deeds: do but observe him well,
Thoul't shun misfortunes, or thou'lt learn to bear them. Addis.

SHU’NLESS. adj. [from shun.] Inevitable; unavoidable.
Alone he enter'd
The mortal gate of the city, which he painted
With shunless destiny. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To SHUT. v. a. preterite, I shut; part: passive, shut. [scittan,
Saxon; schutten, Dutch.]
1. To close so as to prohibit ingress or regress; to make not
open.
Kings shall shut their mouths at him. Isaiah lii. 15.
To a strong tower fled all the men and women, and shut
it to them, and gat them up to the top. Judges ix. 51.
We see more exquisitely with one eye shut than with both
open; for that the spirits visual unite more, and become
stronger. Bacon's Natural History.
She open'd, but to shut
Excell'd her pow'r; the gates wide open stood. Milton.
2. To inclose; to confine.
Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut
up unto the faith, which should afterwards be revealed.
Gal. iii.
They went in male and female of all flesh; and the Lord
shut him in. Gen. vii. 16.
3. To prohibit; to bar.
Shall that be shut to man, which to the beast
Is open? Milton.
4. To exclude.
On various seas, not only lost,
But shut from ev'ry shoar, and barr'd from ev'ry coast. Dryd.
5. To contract; not to keep expanded.
Harden not thy heart, nor shut thine hand from thy poor
brother. Deut. xv. 7.
6. To SHUT out. To exclude; to deny admission.
Beat in the reed,
The juster you drive it to shut off the rain. Tusser's Husb.
In such a night
To shut me out? pour on I will endure. Shakespeare.
Wisdom at one entrance quite shut out. Milton.
He in his walls confin'd,
Shut out the woes which he too well divin'd. Dryden's æn.
Sometimes the mind fixes itself with so much earnestness on
the contemplation of some objects, that it shuts out all other
thoughts. Locke.
7. To SHUT up. To close; to confine. Up is sometimes little
more than emphatical.
Thou hast known my soul in adversities; and not shut me
up into the hand of the enemy. Psalms xxxi. 8.
Woe unto you scribes; for you shut up the kingdom of hea­
ven against men. Matth. xxiii. 13.
Dangerous rocks shut up the passage. Raleigh.
What barbarous customs!
Shut up a desart shore to drowning men,
And drive us to the cruel seas. Dryden's æneid.
A loss at sea, a fit of sickness, are trifles, when we consi­
der whole families put to the sword, wretches shut up in dun­
geons. Addison's Spectator.
His mother shut up half the rooms in the house, in which
her husband or son had died. Addison.
Lucullus, with a great fleet, shut up Mithridates in Pi­
tany. Arbuthnot on Coins.
8. To SHUT up. To conclude;
The king's a bed,
He is shut up in measureless content. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Altho' he was patiently heard as he delivered his embassage;
yet, in the shutting up of all, he received no more but an inso­
lent answer. Knolles's History of the Turks.
To leave you blest, I would be more accurst,
Than death can make me; for death ends our woes,
And the kind grave shuts up the mournful scene. Dryden.
When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above
his master, if he has acted better. Collier of Envy.

To SHUT. v. n. To be closed; to close itself.

SHUT. Participial adjective. Rid; clear; free.
We must not pray in one breath to find a thief, and in the
next to get shut of him. L'Estrange.

SHUT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Close; act of shutting.
I sought him round his palace, made enquiry
Of all the slaves: but had for answer,
That since the shut of evening none had seen him. Dryden.
2. Small door or cover.
The wind gun is charged by the forcible compression of
air, the imprisoned air serving, by the help of little falls or
shuts within, to stop the vents by which it was admitted. Wilk.
In a very dark chamber, at a round hole, about one third
part of an inch broad, made in the shut of a window, I
placed a glass prism. Newton's Opticks.
There were no shuts or stopples made for the animal's ears,
that any loud noise might awaken it. Ray's Creation.

SHU’TTER. n. s. [from shut.]
1. One that shuts.


2. A cover; a door.
The wealthy,
In lofty litters born, read and write,
Or sleep at ease, the shutters make it night. Dryden's Juven.

SHU’TTLE. n. s. [schietspoele, Dutch; skutul, Islandick.] The
instrument with which the weaver shoots the cross threads.
I know life is a shuttle. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Like shuttles through the loom, so swiftly glide
My feather'd hours. Sandys.
What curious loom does chance by ev'ning spread!
With what fine shuttle weave the virgin's thread,
Which like the spider's net hangs o'er the mead! Blackm.

SHU’TTLECOCK. n. s. [See SHITTLECOCK.] A cork stuck
with feathers, and beaten backward and forward.
With dice, with cards, with balliards far unfit,
With shuttlecocks misseeming manly wit. Hubberd's Tale.

SHY. adj. [schowe, Dutch; schifo, Italian.]
1. Reserved; not familiar; not free of behaviour.
She is represented in such a shy retiring posture, and covers
her bosom with one of her hands. Addison's Guardian.
What makes you so shy, my good friend? There's no body
loves you better than I. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.
2. Cautious; wary; chary.
I am very shy of employing corrosive liquors in the prepa­
ration of medicines. Boyle.
We are not shy of assent to celestial informations, because
they were hid from ages. Glanv. Sceps.
We grant, although he had much wit,
H' was very shy of using it,
As being loth to wear it out,
And therefore bore it not about. Hudibras.
3. Keeping at a distance; unwilling to approach.
A shy fellow was the duke; and, I believe, I know the cause
of his withdrawing. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
The bruise imposthumated, and afterwards turned to a
stinking ulcer, which made every body shy to come near her.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
The horses of the army, having been daily led before me,
were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet, with­
out starting. Gulliver's Travels.
But when we come to seize th' inviting prey,
Like a shy ghost, it vanishes away. Norris.
4. Suspicious; jealous; unwilling to suffer near acquaintance.
Princes are, by wisdom of state, somewhat shy of their suc­
cessors; and there may be supposed in queens regnant a little
proportion of tenderness that way more than in kings. Wotton.
I know you shy to be oblig'd,
And still more loth to be oblig'd by me. Southern.

SI’BILANT. adj. [sibilans, Latin.] Hissing.
It were easy to add a nasal letter to each of the other pair
of lisping and sibilant letters. Holder's Elements of Speech.

SIBILA’TION. n. s. [from sibilo, Latin.] A hissing sound.
Metals, quenched in water, give a sibilation or hissing sound.
Bacon's Natural History.
A pipe, a little moistened on the inside, maketh a more
solemn sound than if the pipe were dry; but yet with a sweet
degree of sibilation or purling. Bacon's Nat. History.
SIC

SI’CAMORE. n. s. [sicamorus, Latin.] A tree.
Of trees you have the palm, olive, and sicamore. Peacham.

To SI’CCATE. v. a. [sicco, Latin.] To dry.

SICCA’TION. n. s. [from siccate.] The act of drying.

SICCI’FICK. adj. [siccus and fio, Latin.] Causing driness.

SI’CCITY. n. s. [siccité, Fr. siccitas, from siccus, Latin.] Dri­
ness; aridity; want of moisture.
That which is coagulated by a firy siccity will suffer coli­
quation from an aqueous humidity, as salt and sugar.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The reason some attempt to make out from the siccity and
driness of its flesh. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
In application of medicaments consider what degree of heat
and siccity is proper. Wiseman's Surgery.

SICE. n. s. [six, French.] The number six at dice.
My study was to cog the dice,
And dext'rously to throw the lucky sice;
To shun ames-ace, that swept my stakes away. Dryden.

SICH. adj. Such. See SUCH.
I thought the soul would have made me rich;
But now I wote it is nothing sich;
For either the shepherds been idle and still,
And led of their sheep what they will. Spenser's Pastorals.

SICK. adj. [seoc, Saxon; sieck, Dutch.]
1. Afflicted with disease.
'Tis meet we all go forth,
To view the sick and feeble parts of France. Shak. H. V.
In poison there is physick; and this news,
That would, had I been well, have made me sick,
Being sick, hath in some measure made me well. Shakesp.
Cassius, I am sick of many griefs. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
Ammon was so vexed, that he fell sick for Tamar. 2 Sa. iii.
Where's the stoick can his wrath appease,
To see his country sick of Pym's disease? Cleaveland.
Despair
Tended the sick, busiest from couch to couch. Milton.
A spark of the man-killing trade
Fell sick. Dryden's Pers.
Nothing makes a more ridiculous figure in a man's life,
than the disparity we often find in him sick and well. Pope.
2. Disordered in the organs of digestion; ill in the sto­
mach.
3. Corrupted.
What we oft do best,
By sick interpreters, or weak ones, is
Not ours, or not allow'd: what worst, as oft
Hitting a grosser quality, is cried up
For our best act. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
4. Disgusted.
I do not, as an enemy to peace,
Troop in the throngs of military men:
But rather shew a-while like fearful war,
To diet rank minds sick of happiness,
And purge th' obstructions, which begin to stop
Our very veins of life. Shakespeare.
He was not so sick of his master as of his work. L'Estrange.
Why will you break the sabbath of my days,
Now sick alike of envy and of praise? Pope.

To SICK. v. n. [from the noun.] To sicken; to take a
disease. Not in use.
A little time before
Our great grandsire Edward sick'd and died. Shakesp. H. IV.

To SI’CKEN. v. a. [from sick.]
1. To make sick; to disease.
Why should one earth, one clime, one stream, one breath,
Raise this to strength, and sicken that to death? Prior.
2. To weaken; to impair.
Kinsmen of mine have
By this so sicken'd their estates, that never
They shall abound as formerly. Shak. Henry VIII.

To SI’CKEN. v. n.
1. To grow sick; to fall into disease.
I know the more one sickens, the worse he is. Shakespeare.
The judges that sat upon the jail, and those that attended,
sickened upon it, and died. Bacon.
Meerly to drive away the time, he sicken'd,
Fainted, and died; nor would with ale be quicken'd. Milt.
2. To be satiated; to be filled to disgust.
Though the treasure
Of nature's germins tumble all together,
Even 'till destruction sicken, answer me
To what I ask you. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To be disgusted, or disordered with abhorrence.
The ghosts repine at violated night,
And curse th' invading sun, and sicken at the sight. Dryden.
4. To grow weak; to decay; to languish.
Ply'd thick and close, as when the fight begun,
Their huge unwieldy navy wastes away:
So sicken waining moons too near the sun,
And blunt their crescents on the edge of day. Dryden.
Abstract what others feel, what others think;
All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink. Pope.

SI’CKER. adj. [sicer, Welsh; seker, Dutch.] Sure; certain;
firm.
Being some honest curate, or some vicar,
Content with little, in condition sicker. Hubberd's Tale.

SI’CKER. adv. Surely; certainly.
Sicker thou's but a lazy loord,
And rekes much of thy swink,
That with fond terms and witless words,
To bleer mine eyes do'st think. Spenser.

SI’CKLE. n. s. [sicol, Saxon; sickel, Dutch, from secale, or
sicula, Latin.] The hook with which corn is cut; a reaping
hook.
God's harvest is even ready for the sickle, and all the fields
yellow long ago. Spenser on Ireland.
Time should never,
In life or death, their fortunes sever;
But with his rusty sickle mow
Both down together at a blow. Hudibras.
When corn has once felt the sickle, it has no more benefit
from the sunshine. South's Sermons.
O'er whom time gently shakes his wings of down,
'Till with his silent sickle they are mown. Dryden.

SI’CKLEMAN. n. s. [from sickle.] A reaper.
SI’CKLER. n. s. [from sickle.] A reaper.
You sunburnt sicklemen, of August weary,
Come hither from the furrow, and be merry.
Shakespeare.
Their sicklers reap the corn another sows. Sandys.

SI’CKLINESS. n. s. [from sickly.] Disposition to sickness; habi­
tual disease.
Impute
His words to wayward sickliness and age. Shakes. R. II.


Next compare the sickliness, healthfulness, and fruitfulness
of the several years. Graunt.

SI’CKLY. adv. [from sick.] Not in health.
We wear our health but sickly in his life,
Which in his death were perfect. Shakes. Macbeth.

SI’CKLY. adj. [from sick.]
1. Not healthy; not sound; not well; somewhat disordered.
I'm fall'n out with more headier will,
To take the indispos'd and sickly fit
For the sound man. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Bring me word, boy, if thy lord looks well;
For he went sickly forth. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
A pleasing cordial, Buckingham,
Is this thy vow unto my sickly heart. Shakes. R. III.
The moon grows sickly at the sight of day,
And early cocks have summon'd me away. Dryden.
Time seems not now beneath his years to stoop,
Nor do his wings with sickly feathers droop. Dryden.
Would we know what health and ease are worth, let us ask
one that is sickly, or in pain, and we have the price. Grew.
There affectation, with a sickly mien,
Shows in her cheek the roses of eighteen;
Practis'd to lisp, and hang the head aside,
Faints into airs, and languishes with pride. Pope.
When on my sickly couch I lay,
Impatient both of night and day,
Then Stella ran to my relief. Swift.
2. Faint; weak; languid.
To animate the doubtful fight,
Namur in vain expects that ray;
In vain France hopes the sickly light
Should shine near William's fuller day. Prior.

To SI’CKLY. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make diseased;
to taint with the hue of disease. Not in use.
The native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought. Shakespeare.

SI’CKNESS. n. s. [from sick.]
1. State of being diseased.
I do lament the sickness of the king,
As loth to lose him. Shakesp. Rich. III.
2. Disease; malady.
My people are with sickness much enfeebled,
My numbers lessen'd. Shakes. Henry V.
Himself took our infirmities, and bare our sicknesses. Mat.
When I say every sickness has a tendency to death, I mean
every individual sickness as well as every kind. Watts.
Trust not too much your now resistless charms;
Those age or sickness soon or late disarms. Pope.
3. Disorder in the organs of digestion.
SID

SIDE. n. s. [side, Saxon; sijde, Dutch.]
1. The parts of animals fortified by the ribs.
When two boars with rankling malice meet,
Their gory sides fresh bleeding fiercely fret. Fairy Queen.
The clamour much,
Ere the soft fearful people to the flood
Commit their woolly sides. Thomson.
2. Any part of any body opposed to any other part.
The tables were written on both their sides, on the one side
and on the other. Ex. xxxii. 15.
The force of these outward streams might well enough
serve for the turning of the screw, if it were so that both its
sides would equiponderate. Wilkins.
3. The right or left.
4. Margin; edge; verge.
Or where Hydaspes' wealthy side
Pays tribute to the Persian pride. Roscommon.
Poor wretch! on stormy seas to lose thy life;
For now the flowing tide
Had brought the body nearer to the side. Dryden.
The temple of Diana chaste,
A sylvan scene, with various greens was drawn,
Shades on the sides, and in the midst a lawn. Dryden.
I could see persons dressed in glorious habits, with garlands
upon their heads, lying down by the sides of fountains. Addis.
5. Any kind of local respect.
They looking back, all the eastern side beheld
Of Paradise. Milton.
If our substance be indeed divine,
And cannot cease to be, we are at worst
On this side nothing. Milton.
6. Party; interest; faction; sect.
To take the widow,
Exasperates, makes mad her sister Goneril;
And hardly shall I carry out my side,
Her husband being alive. Shakesp. King Lear.
Their weapons only
Seem'd on our side; but for their spirits and souls,
This word rebellion, it had froze them up,
As fish are in a pond. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Favour, custom, and at last number, will be on the side of
grace. Sprat.
Men he always took to be
His friends, and dogs his enemy;
Who never so much hurt had done him,
As his own side did falling on him. Hudibras.
In the serious part of poetry the advantage is wholly on
Chaucer's side. Dryden.
That person, who fills their chair, has justly gained the
esteem of all sides by the impartiality of his behaviour. Addis.
Let not our James, though foil'd in arms, despair,
Whilst on his side he reckons half the fair. Tickell.
Some valuing those of their own side, or mind,
Still make themselves the measure of mankind:
Fondly we think we honour merit then,
When we but praise ourselves in other men. Pope.
He from the taste obscene reclaims our youth,
And sets the passions on the side of truth;
Forms the soft bosom with the gentlest art,
And pours each human virtue in the heart. Pope.
7. Any part placed in contradistinction or opposition to another.
It is used of persons, or propositions respecting each other.
There began a sharp and cruel fight, many being slain and
wounded on both sides. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The plague is not easily received by such as continually are
about them that have it: on the other side, the plague taketh
soonest hold of those that come out of a fresh air. Bacon.
I am too well satisfied of my own weakness to be pleased
with any thing I have written; but, on the other side, my rea­
son tells me, that what I have long considered may be as just
as what an ordinary judge will condemn. Dryden.
My secret wishes would my choice decide;
But open justice bends to neither side. Dryden.
It is granted on both sides, that the fear of a Deity doth
universally possess the minds of men. Tillotson's Sermons.
Two nations still pursu'd
Peculiar ends, on each side resolute
To fly conjunction. Philips.

SIDE. adj. [from the noun.] Lateral; oblique; not direct;
being on either side.
They presume that the law doth speak with all indifferency,
that the law hath no side respect to their persons. Hooker.
Take of the blood, and strike it on the two side posts, and
on the upper door post of the houses. Ex. xii. 7.
People are sooner reclaimed by the side wind of a surprize,
than by downright admonition. L'Estrange.
One mighty squadron with a side wind sped. Dryden.
The parts of water, being easily separable from each other,
will, by a side motion, be easily removed, and give way to the
approach of two pieces of marble. Locke.
What natural agent could turn them aside, could impel
them so strongly with a transverse side blow against that tre­
mendous weight and rapidity, when whole worlds are a fall­
ing. Bentley's Sermons.
He not only gives us the full prospects, but several unex­
pected peculiarities, and side views, unobserved by any painter
but Homer. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
My secret enemies could not forbear some expressions,
which by a side wind reflected on me. Swift.

To SIDE. v. n. [from the noun.] To take a party; to engage
in a faction.
Vex'd are the nobles who have sided
In his behalf. Shakes. Coriolanus.
All rising to great place is by a winding stair; and if there
be factions, it is good to side a man's self whilst rising, and
balance himself when placed. Bacon.
As soon as discontents drove men into sidings, as ill humours
fall to the disaffected part, which causes inflammations, so did
all who affected novelties adhere to that side. King Charles.
Terms rightly conceived, and notions duly fitted to them,
require a brain free from all inclination to siding, or affection
to opinions for the authors sakes, before they be well under­
stood. Digby on Bodies.
Not yet so dully desperate
To side against ourselves with fate;
As criminals, condemn'd to suffer,
Are blinded first, and then turn'd over. Hudibras.
The princes differ and divide;
Some follow law, and some with beauty side. Granville.
It is pleasant to see a verse of an old poet revolting from its
original sense, and siding with a modern subject. Addison.
All side in parties, and begin th' attack. Pope.
Those who pretended to be in with the principles upon
which her majesty proceeded, either absented themselves where
the whole cause depended, or sided with the enemy. Swift.
The equitable part of those who now side against the court,
will probably be more temperate. Swift.

SI’DEBOARD. n. s. [side and board.] The side table on which
conveniencies are placed for those that eat at the other table.
At a stately sideboard by the wine
That fragrant smell diffus'd. Milt. Paradise Regain'd.
No sideboards then with gilded plate were dress'd,
No sweating slaves with massive dishes press'd. Dryden.


The snow white damask ensigns are display'd,
And glitt'ring salvers on the sideboard laid. King.
The shining sideboard, and the burnish'd plate,
Let other ministers, great Anne, require. Prior.
Scipio Africanus brought from Carthage to Rome, in silver
vessels, to the value of 11966 l. 15 s. 9 d. a quantity ex­
ceeded afterwards by the sideboards of many private tables.
Arbuthnot.

SI’DEBOX. n. s. [side and box.] Seat for the ladies on the side
of the theatre.
Why round our coaches crowd the white-glov'd beaus?
Why bows the fidebox from its inmost rows? Pope.

SI’DEFLY. n. s. An insect.
From a rough whitish maggot, in the intestinum rectum of
horses, the sidefly proceeds. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To SI’DLE. v. n. [from side.] To go with the body the nar­
rowest way.
The chaffering with dissenters is but like opening a few
wickets, and leaving them no more than one can get in at a
time, and that not without stooping and sidling, and squeezing
his body. Swift.
I passed very gently and sidling through the two principal
streets. Gulliver's Travels.
A fellow nailed up maps in a gentleman's closet, some
sidling, and others upside down, the better to adjust them to
the pannels. Swift.

SI’DELONG. adj. [side and long.] Lateral; oblique; not in
front; not direct.
She darted from her eyes a sidelong glance,
Just as she spoke, and, like her words, it flew;
Seem'd not to beg what she then bid me do. Dryden.
The deadly wound is in thy soul:
When thou a tempting harlot do'st behold,
And when she casts on thee a sidelong glance,
Then try thy heart, and tell me if it dance? Dryden.
The reason of the planets motions in curve lines is the
attraction of the sun, and an oblique or sidelong impulse. Locke.
The kiss snatch'd hasty from the sidelong maid. Thomson.

SI’DELONG. adv.
1. Laterally; obliquely; not in pursuit; not in opposition.
As if on earth
Winds under ground, or waters, forcing way,
Sidelong had push'd a mountain from his seat,
Half sunk with all his pines. Milton's Paradise Lost.
As a lion, bounding in his way,
With force augmented bears against his prey,
Sidelong to seize. Dryden's Ceyx and Alcyone.
2. On the side.
If it prove too wet, lay your pots sidelong; but shade those
which blow from the afternoon sun. Evelyn's Kalendar.

SI’DER. n. s. See CIDER.

SI’DERAL. adj. [from sidus, Latin.] Starry; astral.
These changes in the heav'ns, though slow, produc'd
Like change on sea, and land; sideral blast,
Vapour and mist, and exhalation hot,
Corrupt and pestilent! Milton's Paradise Lost.
The musk gives
Sure hopes of racy wine, and in its youth,
Its tender nonage, loads the spreading boughs
With large and juicy offspring, that defies
The vernal nippings and cold sideral blasts. Philips.

SI’DERATED. adj. [from sideratus, Latin.] Blasted; planet
struck.
Parts cauterized, gangrenated, siderated, and mortified,
become black; the radical moisture, or vital sulphur, suffer­
ing an extinction. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SIDERA’TION. n. s. [sideration, French; sideratio, Latin.]
A sudden mortification, or, as the common people call it,
a blast; or a sudden deprivation of sense, as in an apo­
plexy.
The contagious vapour of the very eggs produce a morti­
fication or sideration in the parts of plants on which they are
laid. Ray on the Creation.

SI’DESADDLE. n. s. [side and saddle.] A woman's seat on
horseback.

SI’DESMAN. n. s. [side and man.] An assistant to the church­
warden.
A gift of such goods, made by them with the consent of
the sidesmen or vestry, is void. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SI’DEWAYS. adv. [from side and way, or wise.] Laterally;
on one side.
SI’DEWISE. adv. [from side and way, or wise.] Laterally;
on one side.
The fair blossom hangs the head
Sideways, as on a dying bed;
And those pearls of dew she wears,
Prove to be presaging tears. Milton.
If in the third experiment the image of the sun should be
drawn out into an oblong form, either by a dilatation of every
ray, or by any other casual inequality of the refractions, the
same oblong image would, by a second refraction made side­
ways, be drawn out as much in breadth by the like dilatation
of the rays, or other casual inequality of the refraction side­
ways. Newton's Opt.

SIEGE. n. s. [siege, French.]
1. The act of besetting a fortified place; a leaguer.
Our castle's strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn: here let them lie,
'Till famine eat them up. Shakesp. Macbeth.
It seemed, by the manner of their proceeding, that the
Turks purposed rather by long siege than by assault to take
the town. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The more I see pleasures about me, so much more I feel
Torment within me, as from the hateful siege
Of contraries. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
2. Any continued endeavour to gain possession.
Beat away the busy meddling fiend,
That lays strong siege unto this wretch's soul,
And from his bosom purge this black despair. Shakes. H. VI.
Give me so much of your time, in exchange of it, as to
lay an amiable siege to the honesty of Ford's wife. Shakesp.
Love stood the siege, and would not yield his breast. Dryd.
3. [Siege, French.] Seat; throne. Obsolete.
Drawing to him the eyes of all around,
From lofty siege began these words aloud to sound. Fa. Qu.
4. Place; class; rank. Obsolete.
I fetch my life and being
From men of royal siege. Shakesp. Othello.
Your sum of parts
Did not together pluck such envy from him,
As did that one, and that in my regard
Of the unworthiest siege. Shakesp. Hamlet.
5. [Siege, French.] Stool.
It entereth not the veins, but taketh leave of the permeant
parts, as the mouths of the meseraicks, and accompanieth the
inconvertible portion unto the siege. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

To SIEGE. v. a. [sieger, Fr. from the noun.] To besiege. A
word not now in use.
Him he had long opprest with tort,
And fast imprisoned in sieged fort. Fairy Queen.

SIEVE. n. s. [from sift.] Hair or lawn strained upon a hoop,
by which flower is separated from bran, or fine powder from
coarse; a boulter; a searce.
Thy counsel
Falls now into my ears as profitless
As water in a sieve. Shakespeare.
In a sieve I'll thither sail,
And like a rat without a tail,
I'll do—I'll do—I'll do. Shakesp. Macbeth.
An innocent found a sieve, and presently fell to stopping
the holes. L'Estrange.
If life sunk through you like a leaky sieve,
Accuse yourself you liv'd not while you might. Dryden.

To SIFT. v. a. [siftan, Saxon; siften, Dutch.]
1. To separate by a sieve.
In the sifting of such favour all that came out could not be
expected to be pure meal, but must have a mixture of padar
and bran. Wotton.
2. To separate; to part.
When yellow sands are sifted from below,
The glitt'ring billows give a golden show. Dryden.
3. To examine; to try.
We have sifted your objections against those pre-eminences
royal. Hooker, Preface.
All which the wit of Calvin could from thence draw, by
sifting the very utmost sentence and syllable, is no more than
that certain speeches seem to intimate, that all Christian
churches ought to have their elderships. Hooker.
I fear me, if thy thoughts were sifted,
The king thy sovereign is not quite exempt
From envious malice of thy swelling heart. Shak. Hen. VI.
As near as I could sift him on that argument. Shakesp.
Opportunity I here have had
To try thee, sift thee, and confess have found thee
Proof against all temptation as a rock
Of adamant. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
One would think, that every member who embraces with
vehemence the principles of either of these parties, had
thoroughly sifted and examined them, and was secretly con­
vinced of their preference to those he rejects. Addison.

SI’FTER. n. s. [from sift.] He who sifts.
SIG

SIG was used by the Saxons for victory: Sigbert, famous for
victory; Sigward, victorious preserver; Sigard, conquering
temper: and almost in the same sense are Nicocles, Nicomya­
chus, Nicander, Victor, Victorinus, Vincentius, &c. Gibson.

To SIGH. v. n. [sican, sicettan, Saxon; suchten, Dutch.]
To emit the breath audibly, as in grief.
I lov'd the maid I married; never man
Sigh'd truer breath. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I'll not be made a soft and dull-ey'd fool,
To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
To Christian intercessors, Shakes. Merch. of Venice.
He sighed deeply in his spirit, and saith, why doth this ge­
neration seek after a sign? Mar. viii. 12.
For the oppression of the poor, for the sighing of the needy
will I arise. Ps xii. 5.


Happier he,
Who seeks not pleasure through necessity,
Than such as once on slipp'ry thrones were plac'd,
And chasing, sigh to think themselves are chas'd. Dryden.
The nymph too longs to be alone;
Leaves all the swains, and sighs for one. Prior.
Thus sighed he away the melancholy night. Arb. and Pope.

To SIGH. v. a. To lament; to mourn. Not in use.
Ages to come, and men unborn,
Shall bless her name, and sigh her fate. Prior.

SIGH. n. s. [from the verb.] A violent and audible emission of
the breath which has been long retained, as in sadness.
Full often has my heart swoln with keeping my sighs im­
prisoned; full often have the tears I drove back from mine
eyes, turned back to drown my heart. Sidney.
Love is a smoke rais'd with the fume of sighs;
Being purg'd, a fire sparkling in lovers eyes. Shakespeare.
What a sigh is there! The heart is sorely charg'd. Shakesp.
Laughing, if loud, ends in a deep sigh; and all pleasures
have a sting in the tail, though they carry beauty on the
face. Taylor.
In Venus' temple, on the sides were seen
Issuing sighs, that smok'd along the wall. Dryden.

SIGHT. n. s. [gesithe, Saxon; sicht, gesicht, Dutch.]
1. Perception by the eye; the sense of seeing.
If bees go forth right to a place, they must needs have
sight. Bacon.
O loss of sight, of thee I most complain!
Blind among enemies, O worse than chains,
Dungeon or beggary, decrepit age! Milton's Agonistes.
Things invisible to mortal sight. Milton.
'Tis still the same, although their airy shape
All but a quick poetick sight escape. Denham.
My eyes are somewhat dimish grown;
For nature, always in the right,
To your decays adapts my sight. Swift.
2. Open view; a situation in which nothing obstructs the eye.
Undaunted Hotspur
Brings on his army, eager unto fight,
And plac'd the same before the king in sight. Daniel.
æneas cast his wond'ring eyes around,
And all the Tyrrhene army had in sight,
Stretch'd on the spacious plain from left to right. Dryden.
I met Brutidius in a mortal fright;
He's dipt for certain, and plays least in sight. Dryd. Juven.
3. Act of seeing or beholding.
Nine things to sight required are;
The pow'r to see, the light, the visible thing,
Being not too small, too thin, too nigh, too far,
Clear space and time, the form distinct to bring. Davies.
Mine eye pursu'd him still, but under shade
Lost sight of him. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
What form of death could him affright,
Who unconcern'd, with stedfast sight,
Could view the surges mounting steep,
And monsters rolling in the deep! Dryden's Horace.
Having little knowledge of the circumstances of those St.
Paul writ to, it is not strange that many things lie concealed
to us, which they who were concerned in the letter under­
derstood at first sight. Locke.
4. Notice; knowledge.
It was writ as a private letter to a person of piety, upon
an assurance that it should never come to any one's sight but
her own. Wake.
5. Eye; instrument of seeing.
From the depth of hell they lift their sight,
And at a distance see superior light. Dryden.
6. Aperture pervious to the eye, or other point fixed to guide
the eye: as, the sights of a quadrant.
Their armed staves in charge, their beavers down,
Their eyes of fire sparkling through sights of steel. Shakesp.
7. Spectacle; show; thing wonderful to be seen.
Thus are my eyes still captive to one sight;
Thus all my thoughts are slaves to one thought still. Sidney.
Them seem'd they never saw a sight so fair
Of fowls so lovely, that they sure did deem
Them heavenly born. Spenser.
Not an eye
But is a-weary of thy common sight,
Save mine, which hath desir'd to see thee more. Shakesp.
Moses said, I will turn aside and see this great sight, why the
bush is not burnt. Ex. iii. 3.
I took a felucca at Naples to carry me to Rome, that I
might not run over the same sights a second time. Addison.
Not proud Olympus yields a nobler sight,
Though gods assembled grace his tow'ring height,
Than what more humble mountains offer here,
Where, in their blessings, all those gods appear. Pope.
Before you pass th' imaginary sights
Of lords and earls, and dukes and garter'd knights,
While the spread fan o'ershades your closing eyes,
Then give one flirt, and all the vision flies. Pope.

SI’GHTED. adj. [from sight.] Seeing in a particular manner.
It is used only in composition, as quicksighted, shortsighted.
As they might, to avoid the weather, pull the joints of the
coach up close, so they might put each end down, and remain
as discovered and open sighted as on horseback. Sidney.
The king was very quick sighted in discerning difficulties,
and raising objections, and very slow in mastering them. Claren.

SI’GHTFULNESS. n. s. [from sight and full.] Perspicuity; clear­
ness of sight. Not in use.
But still, although we fail of perfect rightfulness,
Seek we to tame these childish superfluities;
Let us not wink, though void of purest sightfulness. Sidney.

SI’GHTLESS. adj. [from sight.]
1. Wanting sight; blind.
The latent tracts, the giddy heights explore,
Of all who blindly creep, or sightless soar. Pope.
2. Not sightly; offensive to the eye; unpleasing to look at.
Full of unpleasing blots and sightless stains,
Patch'd with foul moles, and eye-offending marks. Shak.

SI’GHTLY. adj. [from sight.] Pleasing to the eye; striking to
the view.
It lies as sightly on the back of him,
As great Alcides shews upon an ass. Shakesp. K. John.
Their having two eyes and two ears so placed, is more
sightly and useful. More's Antidote against Atheism.
A great many brave sightly horses were brought out, and only
one plain nag that made sport. L'Estrange.
We have thirty members, the most sightly of all her majesty's
subjects: we elected a president by his height. Addison.

SI’GIL. n. s. [sigillum, Latin.] Seal.
Sorceries to raise th' infernal pow'rs,
And sigils fram'd in planetary hours. Dryd. Knight's Tale.

SIGN. n. s. [signe, French; signum, Latin.]
1. A token of any thing; that by which any thing is shown.
Signs must resemble the things they signify. Hooker.
Signs for communication may be contrived from any variety
of objects of one kind appertaining to either sense. Holder.
To express the passions which are seated in the heart by
outward signs, is one great precept of the painters, and very
difficult to perform. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
When any one uses any term, he may have in his mind a
determined idea which he makes it the sign of, and to which
he should keep it steadily annexed. Locke.
2. A wonder; a miracle.
If they will not hearken to the voice of the first sign, they
will not believe the latter sign. Ex. iv. 8.
Cover thy face that thou see not; for I have set thee for a
sign unto Israel. Ezek. xii. 6.
Compell'd by signs and judgments dire. Milton.
3. A picture hung at a door, to give notice what is sold within.
I found my miss, struck hands, and pray'd him tell,
To hold acquaintance still, where he did dwell;
He barely nam'd the street, promis'd the wine;
But his kind wife gave me the very sign. Donne.
Underneath an alehouse' paltry sign. Shakesp. H. VI.
True sorrow's like to wine,
That which is good does never need a sign. Suckling.
Wit and fancy are not employed in any one article so much
as that of contriving signs to hang over houses. Swift.
4. A monument; a memorial.
The fire devoured two hundred and fifty men, and they
became a sign. Num. xxvi. 10.
5. A constellation in the zodiack.
There stay until the twelve celestial signs
Have brought about their annual reckoning. Shakespeare.
Now did the sign reign, and the constellation was come,
under which Perkin should appear. Bacon's Henry VII.
After ev'ry foe subdu'd, the sun
Thrice through the signs his annual race shall run. Dryden.
6. Note of resemblance.
7. Ensign.
The ensign of Messiah blaz'd,
Aloft by angels borne, his sign in heaven. Milton.
8. Typical representation; symbol.
The holy symbols or signs are not barely significative; but
what they represent is as certainly delivered to us as the sym­
bols themselves. Brerewood.
9. A subscription of one's name: as, a sign manual.

To SIGN. v. a. [signo, Latin.]
1. To mark.
You sign your place and calling in full seeming
With meekness and humility; but your heart
Is cramm'd with arrogancy. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. [Signer, French.] To ratify by hand or seal.
Be pleas'd to sign these papers: they are all
Of great concern! Dryden's Cleomenes.
3. To betoken; to signify; to represent typically.
The sacraments and symbols are just such as they seem;
but because they are made to be signs of a secret mystery, they
receive the names of what themselves do sign. Taylor.

SI’GNAL. n. s. [signal, French; sennale, Spanish.] Notice
given by a sign; a sign that gives notice.


The weary sun hath made a golden set,
And, by the bright track of his firy car,
Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow. Shakesp. R. III.
Scarce the dawning day began to spring,
As at a signal giv'n, the streets with clamours ring. Dryden.

SI’GNAL. adj. [signal, French.] Eminent; memorable; re­
markable.
He was esteemed more by the parliament, for the signal acts
of cruelty committed upon the Irish. Clarendon.
The Thames frozen twice in one year, so as men to walk
on it, is a very signal accident. Swift.

SIGNA’LITY. n. s. [from signal.] Quality of something re­
markable or memorable.
Of the ways whereby they enquired and determined its sig­
nality, the first was natural, arising from physical causes. Brown.
It seems a signality in providence, in erecting your society in
such a juncture of dangerous humours. Glanv. Sceps. Pref.

To SI’GNALIZE. v. a. [signaler, French.] To make eminent;
to make remarkable.
Many, who have endeavoured to signalize themselves by
works of this nature, plainly discover that they are not ac­
quainted with the most common systems of arts and sciences.
Addison's Spectator.
Some one eminent spirit, having signalized his valour and
fortune in defence of his country, or by the practice of popu­
lar arts at home, becomes to have great influence on the
people. Swift.

SI’GNALLY. adv. [from signal.] Eminently; remarkably;
memorably.
Persons signally and eminently obliged, yet missing of the
utmost of their greedy designs in swallowing both gifts and
giver too, instead of thanks for received kindnesses, have be­
took themselves to barbarous threatnings. South's Sermons.

SIGNA’TION. n. s. [from signo, Latin.] Sign given; act of
betokening.
A horseshoe Baptista Porta hath thought too low a signa­
tion, he raised unto a lunary representation. Brown.

SI’GNATURE. n. s. [signature, Fr. signatura, from signo, Lat.]
1. A sign or mark impressed upon any thing; a stamp; a mark.
The brain being well furnished with various traces, signa­
tures, and images, will have a rich treasure always ready to
be offered to the soul. Watts.
That natural and indelible signature of God, which human
souls, in their first origin, are supposed to be stampt with,
we have no need of in disputes against atheism. Bentley.
Vulgar parents cannot stamp their race
With signatures of such majestick grace. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A mark upon any matter, particularly upon plants, by which
their nature or medicinal use is pointed out.
All bodies work by the communication of their nature, or
by the impression and signatures of their motions: the diffusion
of species visible, seemeth to participate more of the former,
and the species audible of the latter. Bacon's Nat. History.
Some plants bear a very evident signature of their nature
and use. More against Atheism.
Seek out for plants, and signatures,
To quack of universal cures. Hudibras.
Herbs are described by marks and signatures, so far as to
distinguish them from one another. Baker on Learning.
3. Proof; evidence.
The most despicable pieces of decayed nature are curiously
wrought with eminent signatures of divine wisdom. Glanv.
Some rely on certain marks and signatures of their election,
and others on their belonging to some particular church or
sect. Roger's Sermons.
4. [Among printers.] Some letter or figure to distinguish dif­
ferent sheets.

SI’GNATURIST. n. s. [from signature.] One who holds the
doctrine of signatures.
Signaturists seldom omit what the ancients delivered, draw­
ing unto inference received distinctions. Brown.

SI’GNET. n. s. [signette, French.] A seal commonly used for
the seal-manual of a king.
I've been bold,
For that I knew it the most gen'ral way,
To them to use your signet and your name. Shakes. Timon.
Here is the hand and seal of the duke: you know the cha­
racter, I doubt not, and the signet. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
Give thy signet, bracelets, and staff. Gen. xxxviii. 18.
He delivered him his private signet. Knolles.
He knew my pleasure to discharge his bands:
Proof of my life my royal signet made,
Yet still he arm'd. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
The impression of a signet ring. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SIGNI’FICANCE. n. s. [from signify.]
SIGNI’FICANCY. n. s. [from signify.]
1. Power of signifying; meaning.
Speaking is a sensible expression of the notions of the mind
by discriminations of utterance of voice, used as signs, having
by consent several determinate significancies. Holder.
If he declares he intends it for the honour of another, he
takes away by his words the significance of his action. Stillingfl.
2. Force; energy; power of impressing the mind.
The clearness of conception and expression, the boldness
maintained to majesty, the significancy and sound of words,
not strained into bombast, must escape our transient view upon
the theatre. Dryden.
As far as this duty will admit of privacy, our Saviour hath
enjoined it in terms of particular significancy and force. Atterb.
I have been admiring the wonderful significancy of that word
persecution, and what various interpretations it hath ac­
quired. Swift.
3. Importance; moment; consequence.
How fatal would such a distinction have proved in former
reigns, when many a circumstance of less significancy has been
construed into an overt act of high treason? Addison.

SIGNI’FICANT. adj. [signifiant, Fr. significans, Latin.]
1. Expressive of something beyond the external mark.
Since you are tongue-ty'd, and so loth to speak,
In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts. Shakes. H. VI.
2. Betokening; standing as a sign of something.
It was well said of Plotinus, that the stars were significant,
but not efficient. Raleigh.
3. Expressive or representative in an eminent degree; forcible to
impress the intended meaning.
Whereas it may be objected, that to add to religious duties
such rites and ceremonies as are significant, is to institute new
sacraments. Hooker.
Common life is full of this kind of significant expressions,
by knocking, beckoning, frowning, and pointing; and dumb
persons are sagacious in the use of them. Holder on Speech.
The Romans joined both devices, to make the emblem the
more significant; as, indeed, they could not too much extol the
learning and military virtues of this emperor. Addison.
4. Important; momentous. A low word.

SIGNI’FICANTLY. adv. [from significant.] With force of ex­
pression.
Christianity is known in Scripture by no name so signifi­
cantly as by the simplicity of the Gospel. South's Sermons.

SIGNIFICA’TION. n. s. [signification, French; significatio, Latin;
from signify.]
1. The act of making known by signs.
A lye is properly a species of injustice, and a violation of
the right of that person to whom the false speech is directed;
for all speaking, or signification of one's mind, implies an act
or address of one man to another. South.
2. Meaning expressed by a sign or word.
An adjective requireth another word to be joined with him,
to shew his signification. Accidence.
Brute animals make divers motions to have several significa­
tions, to call, warn, cherish, and threaten. Holder.

SIGNI’FICATIVE. adj. [significatif, Fr. from signify.]
1. Betokening by an external sign.
The holy symbols or signs are not barely significative, but
what by divine institution they represent and testify unto our
souls, is truly and certainly delivered unto us. Brerewood.
2. Forcible; strongly expressive.
Neither in the degrees of kindred they were destitute of
significative words; for whom we call grandfather, they called
ealdfader; whom we call great-grandfather, they called thirda­
fader. Camden's Remains.

SIGNI’FICATORY. n. s. [from signify.] That which signifies
or betokens.
Here is a double significatory of the spirit, a word and a
sign. Taylor.

To SI’GNIFY. v. a. [signifier, French; significo, Latin.]
1. To declare by some token or sign.
The maid from that ill omen turn'd her eyes,
Nor knew what signify'd the boding sign,
But found the pow'rs displeas'd. Dryden.
Those parts of nature, into which the chaos was divided,
they signified by dark and obscure names; as the night, tar­
tarus, and oceanus. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. To mean; to express.
Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more! It is a tale,
Told by an ideot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing! Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Stephano, signify
Within the house your mistress is at hand. Shakespeare.
3. To import; to weigh. This is seldom used but interroga­
tively, what signifies? or with much, little, or nothing.
Though he that sins frequently, and repents frequently,
gives reason to believe his repentances before God signify
nothing; yet that is nothing to us. Taylor.
What signifies the splendor of courts, considering the slavish
attendances that go along with it? L'Estrange.
He hath one way more, which although it signify little to
men of sober reason, yet unhappily hits the suspicious humour
of men, that governors have a design to impose. Tillotson.
If the first of these fail, the power of Adam, were it never
so great, will signify nothing to the present societies in the
world. Locke.


What signifies the people's consent in making and repealing
laws, if the person who administers hath no tie. Swift.
4. To make known.
I'll to the king, and signify to him,
That thus I have resign'd to you my charge. Shakes. R. III.
He sent and signified it by his angel unto John. Rev. i. 1.
The government should signify to the protestants of Ireland,
that want of silver is not to be remedied. Swift.

To SI’GNIFY. v. n. To express meaning with force.
If the words be but comely and signifying, and the sense
gentle, there is juice; but where that wanteth, the language is
thin. Ben. Johnson.

SI’GNIORY. n. s. [seignoria, Italian.] Lordship; dominion.
If ancient sorrow be most reverent,
Give mine the benefit of signiory,
And let my griefs frown on the upper hand. Shakes. R. III.
At that time
Through all the signiories it was the first,
And Prospero the prime duke. Shakesp. Tempest.
The earls, their titles and their signiories
They must restore again. Daniel's Civil War.
My brave progenitors, by valour, zeal,
Gain'd those high honours, princely signiories,
And proud prerogatives. West.

SI’GNPOST. n. s. [sign and post.] That upon which a sign hangs.
He should share with them in the preserving
A shed or signpost. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
This noble invention of our author's hath been copied by so
many signpost dawbers, that now 'tis grown fulsome, rather
by their want of skill than by the commonness. Dryden.

SI’KER. adv. The old word for sure, or surely. Spenser.

SI’KERNESS. n. s. [from siker.] Sureness; safety.
SIL

SI’LENCE. n. s. [silence, French; silentium, Latin.]
1. The state of holding peace.
Unto me men gave ear, and waited and kept silence at my
counsel. Job xxix. 21.
I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over
the man, but to be in silence. 1 Tim. ii. 12.
First to himself he inward silence broke. Milton.
2. Habitual taciturnity; not loquacity.
I think the best grace of wit will shortly turn into silence,
And discourse grow commendable in none but parrots. Shak.
3. Secrecy.
4. Stilness; not noise.
Here all their rage, and ev'n their murmurs cease,
And sacred silence reigns, and universal peace. Pope.
5. Not mention.
Thus fame shall be atchiev'd,
And what most merits fame in silence hid. Milton.

SI’LENCE. interj. An authoritative restraint of speech.
Sir, have pity; I'll be his surety.—
—Silence: one word more
Shall make me chide thee, if not hate thee. Shakespeare.

To SI’LENCE. v. a. [from the noun] To still; to oblige to
hold peace.
We must suggest the people, that to's pow'r
He wou'd have made them mules, silenc'd their pleaders, and
Dispropertied their freedoms. Shakespeare.
The ambassador is silenc'd. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
Silence that dreadful bell; it frights the isle
From her propriety. Shakespeare's Othello.
This passed as an oracle, and silenced those that moved
the question. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Thus could not the mouths of worthy martyrs be silenced,
who being exposed unto wolves, gave loud expressions of their
faith, and were heard as high as heaven. Brown's Vulgar Err.
This would silence all further opposition. Clarendon.
Since in dark sorrow I my days did spend,
I could not silence my complaints. Denham.
These dying lovers, and their floating sons,
Suspend the fight and silence all our guns. Waller.
Had they duly considered the extent of infinite knowledge
and power, these would have silenced their scruples, and they
had adored the amazing mystery. Rogers's Sermons.
If it please him altogether to silence me, so that I shall not
only speak with difficulty, but wholly be disabled to open my
mouth, to any articulate utterance; yet I hope he will give
me grace, even in my thoughts, to praise him. Wake.
The thund'rer spoke, nor durst the queen reply;
A reverend horror silenc'd all the sky. Pope's Iliad.

SI’LENT. adj. [silens, Latin.]
1. Not speaking; mute.
O my God, I cry in the day time, and in the night sea­
son I am not silent. Psalms xxii. 2.
Silent, and in face
Confounded long they sat as stricken mute. Milton.
Be not silent to me: lest if thou be silent, I become like
those that go down into the pit. Psalms xxviii. 1.
2. Not talkative; not loquacious.
Ulysses, adds he, was the most eloquent and most silent of
men; he knew that a word spoken never wrought so much good
as a word conceal'd. Notes on the Odyssey.
3. Still; having no noise.
Deep night, dark night, the silent of the night,
The time of night when Troy was set on fire,
The time when screech-owls cry, and ban-dogs howl. Shak.
Now is the pleasant time,
The cool, the silent, save where silence yields
To the night-warbling bird. Milton.
4. Wanting efficacy. I think an Hebraism.
Second and instrumental causes, together with nature itself,
without that operative faculty which God gave them, would
become silent, virtueless and dead. Raleigh's History.
The sun to me is dark,
And silent as the moon,
When she deserts the night,
Hid in her vacant interlunar cave. Milton.
5. Not mentioning.
This new created world, whereof in hell
Fame is not silent. Milton.

SI’LENTLY. adv. [from silent.]
1. Without speech.
When with one three nations join to fight,
They silently confess that one more brave. Dryden.
For me they beg, each silently
Demands thy grace, and seems to watch thy eye. Dryden.
2. Without noise.
You to a certain victory are led;
Your men all arm'd stand silently within. Dryden.
3. Without mention.
The difficulties remain still, till he can show who is meant
by right heir, in all those cases where the present possessor hath
no son: this he silently passes over. Locke.

SILI’CIOUS. adj. [from cilicium.] It should be therefore written
cilicious. Made of hair.
The silicious and hairy vests of the strictest orders of friars,
derive their institution from St. John and Elias. Brown.

SILI’CULOSE. adj. [silicula, Latin.] Husky; full of husks. Dict.

SILI’GINOSE. adj. [siliginosus, Latin.] Made of fine wheat. Dict.

SI’LIQUA. n. s. [Latin.]
1. [With gold finers.] A carat of which six make a scruple.
2. [Silique, French, with botanists.] The seed-vessel, husk, cod,
or shell of such plants as are of the pulse kind. Dict.

SI’LIQUOSE. adj. [from siliqua, Latin.] Having a pod, or
capsula.
SI’LIQUOUS. adj. [from siliqua, Latin.] Having a pod, or
capsula.
All the tetrapetalous siliquose plants are alkalescent. Arbuth.

SILK. n. s. [seolc, Saxon.]
1. The thread of the worm that turns afterwards to a butterfly.
The worms were hallow'd that did breed the silk;
And it was dy'd in mummy, which the skilful
Conserv'd of maiden's hearts. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. The stuff made of the worms thread.
Let not the creaking of shoes, or rustling of silks betray
thy poor heart to woman. Shakespeare.
He caused the shore to be covered with Persian silk for
him to tread upon. Knolles.
Without the worm, in Persian silks we shine. Waller.

SI’LKEN. adj. [from silk.]
1. Made of silk.
Men counsel and give comfort to that grief
Which they themselves not feel; but tasting it,
Their counsel turns to passion, which before
Would give preceptial medicine to rage;
Fetter strong madness in a silken thread;
Charm ach with air, and agony with words. Shakespeare.
Now, will we revel it
With silken coats, and caps, and golden rings. Shakespeare.
She weeps,
And words address'd seem tears dissolv'd,
Wetting the borders of her silken veil. Milton.
2. Soft; tender.
Full many a lady fair, in court full oft
Beholding them, him secretly envide,
And wisht that two such fans, so silken soft,
And golden fair, her love would her provide. Spenser.
All the youth of England are on fire,
And silken dalliance in the wardrobe lies. Shakesp. Hen. V.
For then the hills with pleasing shades are crown'd,
And sleeps are sweeter on the silken ground. Dryden.
Dress up virtue in all the beauties of oratory, and you will
find the wild passions of men too violent to be restrained by
such mild and silken language. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.
3. Dressed in silk.
Shall a beardless boy,
A cocker'd, silken wanton, brave our fields,
And flesh his spirit in a warlike soil,
Mocking the air with colours idly spread,
And find no check? Shakespeare's King John.

SILKME’RCER. n. s. [silk and mercer.] A dealer in silk.

SILKWEA’VER. n. s. [silk and weaver.] One whose trade is
to weave silken stuffs.
True English hate your monsieurs paltry arts;
For you are all silk-weavers in your hearts. Dryden.
The Chinese are ingenious silk-weavers. Watts.



SI’LKWORM. n. s. [silk and worm.] The worm that spins silk.
Grashoppers eat up the green of whole countries, and silk­
worms devour leaves swiftly. Bacon's Natural History.
Broad were the banners, and of snowy hue,
A purer web the silk-worm never drew. Dryden.

SI’LKY. adj. [from silk.]
1. Made of silk.
2. Soft; pliant.
These kind of knaves, in plainness,
Harbour more craft, and more corrupter ends
Than twenty silky ducking observants,
That stretch their duties nicely. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

SILL. n. s. [sl, Sax. sueil, French; sulle, Dutch; sulgan, to
sound, Gothick.] The timber or stone at the foot of the door.
The farmer's goose,
Grown fat with corn and sitting still,
Can scarce get o'er the barn-door sill:
And hardly waddles forth. Swift.

SI’LLABUB. n. s. [This word has exercised the etymologists.
Minshew thinks it corrupted from swillingbubbles. Junius
omits it. Henshaw, whom Skinner follows, deduces it from
the Dutch sulle, a pipe, and buyck, a paunch; because silla­
bubs are commonly drunk through a spout, out of a jug with
a large belly. It seems more probably derived from esil, in old
English vinegar, esil a bouc, vinegar for the mouth, vinegar
made pleasant.] Curds made by milking upon vinegar.
Joan takes her neat rubb'd pail, and now
She trips to milk the sand-red cow;
Where, for some sturdy foot-ball swain,
Joan strokes a sillabub or twain. Wotton.
A feast,
By some rich farmer's wife and sister drest,
Might be resembled to a sick man's dream,
Where all ideas huddling run so fast,
That sillabubs come first, and soups the last. King.

SI’LLILY. adv. [from silly.] In a silly manner; simply; foolishly.
I wonder, what thou and I
Did, till we lov'd? were we not wean'd till then,
But suck'd on childish pleasures sillily?
Or slumber'd we in the seven sleepers den? Donne.
We are caught as sillily as the bird in the net. L'Estrange.
Do, do, look sillily, good colonel; 'tis a decent melan­
choly after an absolute defeat. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

SI’LLINESS. n.s. [from silly.] Simplicity; weakness; harmless folly.
The sillyness of the person does not derogate from the dig­
nity of his character. L'Estrange.

SI’LLY. adj. [selig, German. Skinner.]
1. Harmless; innocent; inoffensive; plain; artless.
2. Weak; helpless.
After long storms,
In dread of death and dangerous dismay,
With which my silly bark was tossed sore,
I do at length descry the happy shore. Spenser.
3. Foolish; witless.
Perhaps their loves, or else their sheep,
Was that did their silly thoughts so busy keep. Milton.
The meanest subjects censure the actions of the greatest
prince; the silliest servants, of the wisest master. Temple.
I have no discontent at living here; besides what arises
from a silly spirit of liberty, which I resolve to throw off. Swift.
Such parts of writings as are stupid or silly, false or mista­
ken, should become subjects of occasional criticism. Watts.

SI’LLYHOW. n. s. [Perhaps from selig, happy, and heoft, the
head.] The membrane that covers the head of the fœtus.
Great conceits are raised, of the membranous covering
called the sillyhow, sometimes found about the heads of chil­
dren upon their birth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SILT. n. s. Mud; flime.
Several trees of oak and fir stand in firm earth below
the moor, near Thorny, in all probability covered by inunda­
tion, and the silt and moorish earth exaggerated upon them. Hale.

SI’LVAN. adj. [from silva, Latin.] Woody; full of woods.
Betwixt two rows of rocks, a silvan scene
Appears above, and groves for ever green. Dryden.

SI’LVER. n. s. [seolfer, Saxon; silver, Dutch.]
1. Silver is a white and hard metal, next in weight to
gold. Watts's Logick.
2. Any thing of soft splendour.
Pallas, piteous of her plaintive cries,
In slumber clos'd her silver-streaming eyes. Pope.
3. Money made of silver.

SI’LVER. adj.
1. Made of silver.
Put my silver cup in the sack's mouth. Gen. xliv. 2.
Hence had the huntress Dian her dread bow,
Fair silver-shafted queen for ever chaste. Milton.
The silver shafted goddess of the place. Pope's Odyssey.
3. White like silver.
Of all the race of silver-winged flies
Was none more favourable, nor more fair,
Than Clarion. Spenser.
Old Salisbury, shame to thy silver hair,
Thou mad misleader of thy brain-sick son. Shakespeare.
The great in honour are not always wise,
Nor judgment under silver tresses lies. Sandys.
Others on silver-lakes and rivers bath'd
Their downy breast. Milton.
3. Having a pale lustre.
So sweet a kiss the golden sun gives not
To those fresh morning drops upon the rose,
As thy eye beams, when their fresh rays have smote
The night of dew that on my cheeks down flows;
Nor shines the silver moon one half so bright,
Through the transparent bosom of the deep,
As doth thy face through tears of mine give light. Shakespeare.
4. Soft of voice. This phrase is Italian, voce argentina.
From all their groves, which with the heavenly noises,
Of their sweet instruments were wont to sound,
And th' hollow hills, from which their silver voices
Were wont redoubled ecchoes to rebound,
Did now rebound with nought but rueful cries,
And yelling shrieks thrown up into the skies. Spenser.
It is my love that calls upon my name,
How silver sweet sound lovers tongues by night,
Like softest musick to attending ears. Shakespeare.

To SI’LVER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover superficially with silver.
There be fools alive, I wis,
Silver'd o'er, and so was this. Shakespeare.
The splendour of silver is more pleasing to some eyes, than
that of gold; as in cloth of silver, and silver'd rapiers. Bacon.
Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding. Bacon.
A gilder shewed me a ring silver'd over with mercurial fumes,
which he was then to restore to its native yellow. Boyle.
2. To adorn with mild lustre.
Here retir'd the sinking billows sleep,
And smiling calmness silver'd o'er the deep. Pope.

SI’LVERBEATER. n. s. [silver and beat.] One that foliates sil­
ver.
Silverbeaters chuse the finest coin, as that which is most ex­
tensive under the hammer. Boyle.

SI’LVERLING. n. s.
A thousand vines, at a thousand silverlings, shall be for briars
and thorns. Isaiah vii. 23.

SI’LVERLY. adv. [from silver.] With the appearance of sil­
ver.
Let me wipe off this honourable dew
That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks. Shakespeare.

SI’LVERSMITH. n. s. [silver and smith.] One that works in
silver.
Demetrius a silversmith, made shrines for Diana. Acts xix.

SI’LVERTHISTLE. n. s. Plants.
SI’LVERWEED. n. s. Plants.

SI’LVERTREE. n. s. [conocarpodendron, Latin.] A plant.
The leaves throughout the year are of a fine silver colour;
it hath an apetalous flamineous flower, which is surrounded
by a number of long leaves immediately under the flower-cup,
which consists of five narrow leaves; these are succeeded by
cones, in shape like those of the larchtree; the seeds are each
of them included in a square cell. Miller.

SI’LVERY. adj. [from silver.] Besprinkled with silver.
A gritty stone, with small spangles of a white silvery talc
in it. Woodward on Fossils.
Of all th' enamel'd race whose silv'ry wing
Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring,
Once brightest shin'd this child of heat and air. Dunciad.
SIM

SI’MAR. n. s. [simarre, French.] A woman's robe.
The ladies dress'd in rich simars were seen,
Of Florence sattin, flower'd with white and green. Dryden.

SI’MILAR. adj. [similaire, French; from similis, Latin.]
SI’MILARY. adj. [similaire, French; from similis, Latin.]
1. Homogeneous; having one part like another.
Minerals appear to the eye to be perfectly similar, as metals;
or at least to consist but of two or three distinct ingredients,
as cinnabar. Boyle.
2. Resembling; having resemblance.
The laws of England, relative to those matters, were the
original and exemplar from whence those similar or parallel
laws of Scotland were derived. Hale's Hist. of Com. Law of En.

SIMILA’RITY. n. s. [from similar.] Likeness.
The blood and chyle are intimately mixed, and by attri­
tion attenuated; by which the mixture acquires a greater de­
gree of fluidity and similarity, or homogeneity of parts.
Arbuthnot.

SI’MILE. n. s. [simile, Latin.] A comparison by which any
thing is illustrated or aggrandized.
Their rhimes,
Full of protest, of oath, and big compare,
Want similes. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Lucentio slip'd me, like his greyhound,
Which runs himself, and catches for his master:
A good swift simile, but something currish. Shakespeare.


In argument,
Similes are like songs in love,
They much describe; they nothing prove. Prior.
Poets, to give a loose to a warm fancy, not only expatiate
in their similes, but introduce them too frequently. Garth.

SIMI’LITUDE. n. s. [similitude, French; similitudo, Latin.]
1. Likeness; resemblance.
Similitude of substance would cause attraction, where the
body is wholly freed from the motion of gravity; for then lead
would draw lead. Bacon's Natural History.
Our immortal souls, while righteous, are by God himself
beautified with the title of his own image and similitude. Ral.
Let us make man in our image, man
In our similitude, and let them rule
Over the fish and fowl. Milton.
Similitude to the Deity was not regarded in the things they
gave divine worship to, and looked on as symbols of the
god they worshipped. Stillingfleet.
If we compare the picture of a man, drawn at the years
of seventeen, with that of the same person at the years of
threescore, hardly the least trace or similitude of one face can
be found in the other. South's Sermons.
Fate some future bard shall join,
In sad similitude of griefs to mine,
Condemn'd whole years in absence to deplore,
And image charms he must behold no more. Pope.
2. Comparison; simile.
Plutarch, in the first of his tractates, by sundry similitudes,
shews us the force of education. Wotton.
Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods;
that is, all his comparisons were taken from the country. Dryd.

SI’MITAR. n. s. [See CI’METER.] A crooked or falcated
sword with a convex edge.

To SI’MMER. v. n. [A word made probably from the sound,
but written by Skinner, simber.] To boil gently; to boil
with a gentle hissing.
Place a vessel in warm sand, increasing the heat by de­
grees, till the spirit simmer or boil a little. Boyle.
Their vital heat and moisture may always not only simber
in one sluggish tenour, but sometimes boil up higher, and
seeth over; the fire of life being more than ordinarily kind­
led upon some emergent occasion.
More's Antidote against Atheism.

SI’MNEL. n. s. [simnellus, low Latin.] A kind of sweet bread
or cake.

SIMONI’ACK. n. s. [simoniaque, French; simoniacus, Latin.]
One who buys or sells preferment in the church.
If the bishop alleges that the person presented is a simo­
niac, or unlearned, they are to proceed to trial. Ayliffe.

SIMONI’ACAL. adj. [from simoniac.] Guilty of buying or sell­
ing ecclesiastical preferment.
Add to your criminals the simoniacal ladies, who seduce the
sacred order into the difficulty of breaking their troth. Spect.

SI’MONY. n. s. [simonie, French; simonia, Latin.] The crime of
buying or selling church preferment.
One that by suggestion
Tied all the kingdom; simony was fair play,
His own opinion was his law. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Many papers remain in private hands, of which one is of
simony; and I wish the world might see it, that it might un­
deceive some patrons, who think they have discharged that
great trust to God and man, if they take no money for a
living, though it may be parted with for other ends less justi­
fiable. Walton's Life of Bishop Sanderson.
No simony nor sinecure is known;
There works the bee, no honey for the drone. Garth.

To SIMPER. v. n. [from smbelan, Saxon, to keep holiday,
Skinner. He derives simmer from the same word, and con­
firms his etymology by writing it simber. It is perhaps de­
rived from simmer, as it may seem to imitate the dimples of
water gently boiling.] To smile; generally to smile foolish­
ly.
A made countenance about her mouth between simpering
and smiling, her head bowed somewhat down, seemed to lan­
guish with over much idleness. Sidney.
I charge you, O men, for the love you bear to women, as
I perceive by your simpering none of you hate them, to like
as much as pleases them. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Stars above simper and shine,
As having keys unto thy love, while poor I pine. Herbert.
Let then the fair one beautifully cry,
Drest in smiles of sweet Cecilia shine,
With simp'ring angels, palms and harps divine. Pope.

SI’MPER. n. s. [from the verb.] Smile; generally a foolish
smile.
The wit at his elbow stared him in the face, with so be­
witching a grin, that the whistler relaxed his fibres into a
kind of simper, and at length burst out into an open laugh. Add.
Great Tibbald nods: the proud Parnassian sneer,
The conscious simper, and the jealous leer,
Mix on his look. Pope's Dunciad.

SIMPLE. adj. [simplex, Latin; simple, French.]
1. Plain; artless; unskilled; undesigning; sincere; harmless.
Were it not to satisfy the minds of the simpler sort of men,
these nice curiosities are not worthy the labour which we be­
stow to answer them. Hooker.
They meet upon the way,
A simple husbandman in garments grey. Hubberd's Tale.
I am a simple woman, much too weak
T' oppose your cunning. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
O Ethelinda,
My heart was made to fit and pair with thine,
Simple and plain, and fraught with artless tenderness. Rowe.
2. Uncompounded; unmingled; single; only one; plain; not
complicated.
To make the compound pass for the rich metal simple, is
an adulteration or counterfeiting. Bacon.
Simple philosophically signifies single, but vulgarly foolish.
Watts.
Among substances some are called simple, some compound,
whether taken in a philosophical or vulgar sense. Watts.
If we take simple and compound in a vulgar sense, then all
those are simple substances which are generally esteemed uni­
form in their natures: so every herb is called a simple, and
every metal a mineral; though the chymist perhaps may find
all his several elements in each of them. Watts's Logicks.
Let Newton, pure intelligence, whom God
To mortals lent, to trace his boundless works,
From laws, sublimely simple, speak thy fame
In all philosophy. Thomson's Summer.
3. Silly; not wise; not cunning.
The simple believeth every word; but the prudent man
looketh well to his going. Prov. xv.
I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple
concerning evil. Rom. xvi. 19.
Dick, simple odes too many show
My servile complaisance to Cloe. Prior.

SIMPLE. n. s. [simple, French.] A single ingredient in a medi­
cine; a drug. It is popularly used for an herb.
Of simples in these groves that grow,
We'll learn the perfect skill;
The nature of each herb to know,
Which cures, and which can kill. Drayton's Q. of Cynthia.
Our foster nurse of nature is repose,
The which he lacks; that to provoke in him,
Are many simples operative, whose power
Will close the eye of anguish. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
He would ope his leathern scrip,
And shew me simples of a thousand names,
Telling their strange and vigorous faculties Milton.
What virtue is in this remedy lies in the naked simple itself,
as it comes over from the Indies. Temple.
Around its entries nodding poppies grow,
And all cool simples that sweet rest bestow;
Night from the plants their sleepy virtue drains,
And passing, sheds it on the silent plains. Dryden.
Med'cine is mine: what herbs and simples grow
In fields and forests, all their pow'rs I know,
And am the great physician call'd. Dryden.

To SIMPLE. v. n. To gather simples.
As once the foaming boar he chas'd,
Lascivious Circe well the youth survey'd,
As simpling on the flow'ry hills he stray'd. Garth.

SI’MPLESS. n. s. [simplesse, French.] Simplicity; silliness; folly.
An obsolete word.
Their weeds been not so nighly were,
Such simplesse mought them shend,
They been yclad in purple and pall,
They reign and rulen over all. Spenser's Pastorals.

SI’MPLENESS. n. s. [from simple.] The quality of being simple.
I will hear that play:
For never any thing can be amiss,
When simpleness and duty tender it. Shakespeare.
Such perfect elements may be found in these four known
bodies that we call pure ones; for they are least compounded,
and approach most to the simpleness of the elements. Digby.

SIMPLE’R. n. s. [from simple.] A simplist. An herbarist.

SI’MPLETON. n. s. [from simple.] A silly mortal; a trifler; a
foolish fellow. A low word.
A country farmer sent his man to look after an ox; the
simpleton went hunting up and down till he found him in a
wood. L'Estrange.
Those letters may prove a discredit, as lasting as mercenary
scribblers, or curious simpletons can make it. Pope.

SIMPLI’CITY. n. s. [simplicitas, Latin; simplicitè, French.]
1. Plainness; artlessness; not subtilty; not cunning; not deceit.
The sweet-minded Philoclea was in their degree of well
doing, to whom the not knowing of evil serveth for a ground
of virtue, and hold their inward powers in better form, with
an unspotted simplicity, than many who rather cunningly seek
to know what goodness is, than willingly take unto them­
selves the following of it. Sidney.


In low simplicity,
He lends out money gratis, and brings down
The rate of usance. Shakespeare.
Marquis Dorset, a man for his harmless simplicity, neither
misliked nor much regarded, was created Duke. Haywood.
Suspicion sleeps
At wisdom's gate, and to simplicity
Resigns her charge. Milton.
Of manners gentle, of affections mild;
In wit a man, simplicity a child. Pope.
Beauty is their own,
The feeling heart, simplicity of life,
And elegance and taste. Thomson's Summer.
The native elegance and simplicity of her manners, were ac­
companied with real benevolence of heart. Female Quixote.
2. Plainness; not subtilty; not abstruseness.
They keep the reverend simplicity of ancienter times. Hooker.
Those enter into farther speculations herein, which is the
itch of curiosity, and content not themselves with the sim­
plicity of that doctrine, within which this church hath con­
tained herself. Hammond's Fundamentals.
3. Plainness; not finery.
They represent our poet, when he left Mantua for Rome,
dressed in his best habit, too fine for the place whence he came,
and yet retaining part of its simplicity. Dryden.
4. Singleness; not composition; state of being uncompounded.
Mandrakes afford a papaverous and unpleasant odour in the
leaf or apple, as is discoverable in their simplicity and mixture.
Brown's Vulg. Errours.
We are led to conceive that great machine of the world, to
have been once in a state of greater simplicity than now it is, as
to conceive a watch once in its first and simple materials. Burnet.
5. Weakness; silliness.
Many that know what they should do, would nevertheless
dissemble it, and to excuse themselves, pretend ignorance and
simplicity, which now they cannot. Hooker.
How long ye simple ones will ye love simplicity? and fools
hate knowledge? Prov. i. 22.

SI’MPLIST. n. s. [from simple.] One skilled in simples.
A plant so unlike a rose, it hath been mistaken by some good
simplists for amomum. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

SI’MPLY. adv. [from simple.]
1. Without art; without subtlety; plainly; artlessly.
Accomplishing great things by things deem'd weak;
Subverting worldy strong and worldly wise,
By simply meek. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Of itself; without addition.
This question about the changing of laws concerneth only
such laws as are positive, and do make that now good or evil,
by being commanded or forbidden, which otherwise of itself
were not simply the one or the other. Hooker.
3. Merely; solely.
Under man, no creature in the world is capable of felicity
and bliss; because their chiefest perfection consisteth in that
which is best for them, but not in that which is simply best, as
ours doth. Hooker.
I will eat and drink, and sleep as soft
As captain shall; simply the thing I am
Shall make me live. Shakespeare.
To say, or to do ought with memory and imitation, no pur­
pose or respect should sooner move us, than simply the love of
God and of mankind. Milton.
4. Foolishly; sillily.

SI’MULAR. n. s. [from simulo, Latin.] One that counterfeits.
Hide thee, thou bloody hand,
Thou perjurer, thou simular of virtue,
That art incestuous. Shakespeare's King Lear.

SIMULA’TION. n. s. [simulation, French; simulatio from simulo,
Latin.] That part of hypocrisy which pretends that to be
which is not.
Simulation is a vice rising of a natural falseness, or fear­
fulness; or of a mind that hath some main faults; which
because a man must needs disguise, it maketh him practise
simulation. Bacon.
For the unquestionable virtues of her person and mind,
he well expressed his love in an act and time of no simula­
tion towards his end, bequeathing her all his mansion-houses,
and a power to dispose of his whole personal estate. Wotton.
For distinction sake, a deceiving by word is commonly
called a lie; and deceiving by actions, gestures, or behavi­
our, is called simulation or hypocrisy. South's Sermons.

SIMULTA’NEOUS. adj. [simultaneus, Latin.] Acting toge­
ther; existing at the same time.
If the parts may all change places at the same time, with­
out any respect of priority or posteriority to each other's
motion, why may not bullets, closely crouded in a box,
move by a like mutual and simultaneous exchange? Glanville.
SIN

SIN. n. s. [sn, Saxon.]
1. An act against the laws of God; a violation of the laws of
religion.
How hast thou the heart,
Being a divine, a ghostly confessor,
A sin absolver, and my friend profest,
To mangle me with that word banishment. Shakespeare.
But those that sleep, and think not on their sins,
Pinch them. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
Thou knowest, Lord, that I am pure from all sin with
man. Tob. iii. 14.
2. Habitual negligence of religion.
Sin, death, and hell, have set their marks upon him,
And all their ministers attend on him. Shakespeare.
Dishonest shame
Of nature's works: honour dishonourable!
Sin-bred! how have ye troubled all mankind? Milton.
Is there no means, but that a sin-sick land
Should be let blood with such a boist'rous hand? Daniel.
Vice or virtue chiefly imply the relation of our actions to
men in this world: sin and holiness rather imply their relation
to God and the other world. Watts's Logick.
Light from her thought, as summer's careless robe,
Fell each affection of this sin-worn globe. Brooke.
3. It is used by Shakespeare emphatically for a man enormously
wicked.
Thy ambition,
Thou scarlet sin, robb'd this bewailing land
Of noble Buckingham. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To SIN. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To neglect the laws of religion; to violate the laws of reli­
gion.
Stand in awe and sin not. Psalms iv. 4.
Many also have perish'd, err'd, and sinn'd for women. Esdr.
He shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that sin not
unto death. 1 John v. 16.
2. To offend against right.
I am a man,
More sinn'd against than sinning. Shakespeare.
And who but wishes to invert the laws
Of order, sins against th' eternal cause. Pope's Essay on Man.

SI’NWORM. n. s. [sin and worm.] A vile sinful creature.
I would not soil these pure ambrosial weeds,
With the rank vapours of the sin-worn mould. Milton.

SINCE. adv. [formed by contraction from sithence, or sith
thence, from sithe, Saxon.]
1. Because that.
Since the clearest discoveries we have of other spirits, be­
sides God and our own souls, are imparted by revelation,
the information of them should be taken from thence. Locke.
Since truth and constancy are vain,
Since neither love, nor sense of pain,
Nor force of reason can persuade,
Then let example be obey'd. Granville.
2. From the time that.
Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since
I was thine unto this day? Numb. xxii. 30.
He is the most improved mind since you saw him, that ever
was, without shifting into a new body. Pope.
3. Ago; before this.
About two years since, it so fell out, that he was brought
to a great lady's house. Sidney.
Spies held me in chase, that I was forc'd to wheel
Three or four miles about; else had I, sir,
Half an hour since, brought my report. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A law was made no longer since than the twenty eighth of
Henry the eighth. Davies's Hist. of Ireland.
How many ages since has Virgil writ? Roscommon.

SINCE. preposition. After; reckoning from some time past to the
time present.
He since the morning hour set out from heav'n. Milton.
If such a man arise, I have a model by which he may build a
nobler poem than any extant since the ancients. Dryden.

SINCE’RE. adj. [sincerus, Latin; sincere, French.]
1. Unhurt; uninjured.
He try'd a tough well chosen spear;
Th' inviolable body stood sincere. Dryden.
2. Pure; unmingled.
Pardon my tears, 'tis joy which bids them flow:
A joy which never was sincere till now;
That which my conquest gave, I could not prize,
Or 'twas imperfect till I saw your eyes. Dryden.
The pleasures of sense beasts taste sincere and pure always,
without mixture or allay, without being distracted in the pur­
suit, or disquieted in the use of them. Atterbury.
Animal substances differ from vegetable, in that being re­
duced to ashes, they are perfectly insipid, and in that there
is no sincere acid in any animal juice. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Honest; undissembling; uncorrupt.
This top proud fellow,
Whom from the flow of gall I name not, but
From sincere motions by intelligence
I do know to be corrupt. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
Nor troubled at these tidings from the earth,
Which your sincerest care could not prevent;
Foretold so lately what would come to pass,
When first this temper cross'd the gulf from hell. Milton.


In English I would have all Gallicisms avoided, that our
tongue may be sincere, and that we may keep to our own lan­
guage. Felton on the Classicks.

SINCE’RELY. adv. [from sincere.] Honestly; without hypocrisy;
with purity of heart.
The purer and perfecter our religion is, the worthier effects
it hath in them who stedfastly and sincerely embrace it. Hooker.
That you may, fair lady,
Perceive I speak sincerely, the king's majesty
Does purpose honour to you. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
In your whole reasoning, keep your mind sincerely intent in
the pursuit of truth. Watts's Logick.

SINCE’RENESS. n. s. [sincerité, French; from sincere.]
SINCE’RITY. n. s. [sincerité, French; from sincere.]
1. Honesty of intention; purity of mind.
Jesus Christ has purchased for us terms of reconciliation,
who will accept of sincerity instead of perfection; but then this
sincerity implies our honest endeavours to do our utmost. Rogers.
2. Freedom from hypocrisy.
In thy consort cease to fear a foe;
For thee she feels sincerity of woe. Pope's Odyssey.

SI’NDON. n. s. [Latin.] A fold; a wrapper.
There were found a book and a letter, both written in fine
parchment, and wrapped in sindons of linen. Bacon.

SI’NE. n. s. [sinus, Latin.] A right sine, in geometry, is a
right line drawn from one end of an arch perpendicularly upon
the diameter drawn from the other end of that arch; or it is
half the chord of twice the arch. Harris.
Whatever inclinations the rays have to the plane of inci­
dence, the sine of the angle of incidence of every ray, consi­
dered apart, shall have to the sine of the angle of refraction a
constant ratio. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

SI’NECURE. n. s. [sine, without, and cura, care, Latin.] An
office which has revenue without any employment.
A sinecure is a benefice without cure of souls. Ayliffe.
No symony nor sinecure were known,
Nor would the bee work honey for the drone. Garth.

SI’NEW. n. s. [senwe, Saxon; senewen, Dutch.]
1. A tendon; the ligament by which the joints are moved.
The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews. Shakesp. Julius Cœsar.
The rooted fibres rose, and from the wound
Black bloody drops distill'd upon the ground:
Mute and amaz'd, my hair with terror stood;
Fear shrunk my sinews, and congeal'd my blood. Dryden.
A sinew cracked, seldom recovers its former strength. Locke.
2. Applied to whatever gives strength or compactness: as, money
is the sinews of war.
Some other sinews there are, from which that overplus of
strength in persuasion doth arise. Hooker.
Such discouraging of men in the ways of an active con­
formity to the church's rules, cracks the sinews of government;
for it weakens and damps the spirits of the obedient. South.
In the principal figures of a picture the painter is to em­
ploy the sinews of his art; for in them consists the principal
beauties of his work. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. Muscle or nerve.
The feeling pow'r, which is life's root,
Through ev'ry living part itself doth shed
By sinews, which extend from head to foot;
And, like a net, all o'er the body spread. Davies.

To SINEW. v. a. [from the noun.] To knit as by sinews.
Not in use.
Ask the lady Bona for thy queen;
So shalt thou sinew both these lands together. Shak. H. VI.

SI’NEWED. adj. [from sinew.]
1. Furnished with sinews.
Strong sinew'd was the youth, and big of bone. Dryden.
2. Strong; firm; vigorous.
He will the rather do it, when he sees
Ourselves well sinewed to our defence. Shakes. King John.

SI’NEWSHRUNK. adj. [sinew and shrunk.] A horse is said to
be sinewshrunk when he has been over-ridden, and so fatigued
that he becomes gaunt-bellied by a stiffness and contraction of
the two sinews which are under his belly. Farriers Dict.

SI’NEWY. adj. [from sinew.]
1. Consisting of a sinew; nervous. The nerves and sinews are
in poetry often confounded, from nervus, Latin, which signi­
fies a sinew.
The sinewy thread my brain lets fall
Through every part,
Can tie those parts, and make me one of all. Donne.
2. Strong; nervous; vigorous; forcible.
And for thy vigour, bull-bearing Milo his addition yields
To sinewy Ajax. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Worthy fellows, and like to prove
Most sinewy swordsmen. Shakespeare.
The northern people are large, fair-complexioned, strong,
sinewy, and couragious. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Fainting as he reach'd the shore,
He dropt his sinewy arms: his knees no more
Perform'd their office. Pope's Odyssey.

SI’NFUL. adj. [sin and full.]
1. Alien from God; not holy; unsanctified.
Drive out the sinful pair,
From hallow'd ground th' unholy. Milton.
2. Wicked; not observant of religion; contrary to religion. It
is used both of persons and things.
Thrice happy man, said then the father grave,
Whose staggering steps thy steddy hand doth lead,
And shews the way his sinful soul to save,
Who better can the way to heaven aread? Fairy Queen.
It is great sin to swear unto a sin;
But greater sin to keep a sinful oath. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Nature herself, though pure of sinful thought,
Wrought in her so, that, seeing me, she turn'd. Milton.
The stoicks looked upon all passions as sinful defects and irre­
gularities, as so many deviations from right reason, making
passion to be only another word for perturbation. South.

SI’NFULLY. adv. [from sinful.] Wickedly; not piously; not
according to the ordinance of God.
All this from my remembrance brutish wrath
Sinfully pluckt, and not a man of you
Had so much grace to put it in my mind. Shakesp. R. III.
The humble and contented man pleases himself innocently
and easily, while the ambitious man attempts to please others
sinfully and difficulty, and perhaps unsuccessfully too. South.

SI’NFULNESS. n. s. [from sinful.] Alienation from God;
neglect or violation of the duties of religion; contrariety to
religious goodness.
I am sent
To shew thee what shall come in future days
To thee, and to thy offspring: good with bad
Expect to hear; supernal grace contending
With sinfulness of men. Milton.
Peevishness, the general fault of sick persons, is equally to
be avoided for the folly and sinfulness. Wake.

To SING. v. n. preterite I sang, or sung; participle pass. sung. 
[singan, Saxon; singia, Islandick; singhen, Dutch.]
1. To form the voice to melody; to articulate musically.
Orpheus with his lute made trees,
And the mountain tops that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing:
To his musick plants and flowers
Ever sprung, as sun and showers
There had made a lasting spring. Shakes. Henry VIII.
Then they for sudden joy did weep,
And some for sorrow sung. Shakes. King Lear.
They rather had beheld
Dissentious numbers pestering streets, than see
Our tradesmen singing in their shops, and going
About their functions friendly. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The morning stars sang together. Job.
Then shall the trees of the wood sing out at the presence of
the Lord. 1 Chro. xvi. 33.
Their airy limbs in sports they exercise,
Some in heroick verse divinely sing. Dryden.
2. To utter sweet sounds inarticulately.
The time of the singing of birds is come. Cant. ii. 12.
You will sooner bind a bird from singing than from flying. Bac.
Join voices all ye birds,
That singing up to heav'n's gate ascend. Milton.
And parrots, imitating human tongue,
And singing birds, in silver cages hung. Dryden's Ovid.
Oh! were I made, by some transforming pow'r,
The captive bird that sings within thy bow'r,
Then might my voice thy list'ning ears employ,
And I those kisses he receives enjoy. Pope's Summer.
3. To make any small or shrill noise.
A man may hear this shower sing in the wind. Shakespeare.
You leaden messengers,
Fly with false aim; pierce the still moving air,
That sings with piercing; do not touch my lord. Shakesp.
We hear this fearful tempest sing. Shakespeare.
4. To tell in poetry.
Bid her exalt her melancholy wing,
And rais'd from earth, and sav'd from passion, sing
Of human hope by cross event destroy'd,
Of useless wealth and greatness unenjoy'd. Prior.

To SING. v. a.
1. To relate or mention in poetry.
All the prophets in their age the times
Of great Messiah sing. Milton.
Arms and the man I sing. Dryden's æn.
Well might he sing the day he could not fear,
And paint the glories he was sure to wear. Smith.
2. To celebrate; to give praises to.
3. To utter harmoniously.
Incles, caddisses, cambricks, lawns, why
He sings them over as they were gods and goddesses. Shakes.
They that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, sing us
one of the songs of Zion. Ps. cxxxvii. 3.
How could we to his godhead sing
Forc'd hallelujahs? Milton.



To SINGE. v. a. [sængan, Saxon; senghen, Dutch.] To
scorch; to burn slightly or superficially.
They bound the doctor,
Whose beard they have sing'd off with brands of fire. Shak.
You sulph'rous and thought executing fires,
Singe my white head. Shakespeare.
Drake, in the vaunting stile of a soldier, would call this
enterprize the singeing of the king of Spain's beard. Bacon.
That neither was singed in the combustion of Phaeton, nor
overwhelmed by the inundation of Deucalion. Brown.
They leave a singed bottom all involv'd
With stench and smoke. Milton's Paradise Lost.
I singed the toes of an ape through a burning-glass, and he
never would endure it after. L'Estrange.
Thus riding on his curls he seem'd to pass
A rolling fire along, and singe the grass. Dryden.

SI’NGER. n. s. [from sing.] One that sings; one whose pro­
fession or business is to sing.
His filching was like an unskilful singer, he kept not time.
Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of
the sons of men. Eccl. ii. 8.
To the chief singer on my stringed instruments. Hab. iii.
Thy heart no ruder than the rugged stone,
I might, like Orpheus, with my num'rous moan
Melt to compassion: now my trait'rous song
With thee conspires to do the singer wrong. Waller.
Cockbirds amongst singing birds are ever the better singers,
because they are more lively. Bacon's Natural History.
The birds know how to chuse their fare;
To peck this fruit they all forbear:
Those cheerful singers know not why
They should make any haste to die. Waller.
The Grecian tragedy was at first nothing but a chorus of
singers. Dryden.

SI’NGINGMASTER. n. s. [sing and master.] One who teaches
to sing.
He employed an itinerant singingmaster to instruct them
rightly in the tunes of the psalms. Addison's Spectator.

SI’NGLE. adj. [singulus, Latin.]
1. One; not double; not more than one.
The words are clear and easy, and their originals are of
single signification without any ambiguity. South.
Some were single acts, though each compleat;
But ev'ry act stood ready to repeat. Dryden.
Then Theseus join'd with bold Pirithous came,
A single concord in a double name. Dryden.
High Alba,
A lonely desart, and an empty land,
Shall scarce afford, for needful hours of rest,
A single house to their benighted guest. Addison on Italy.
Where the poesy or oratory shines, a single reading is not
sufficient to satisfy a mind that has a true taste; nor can we
make the fullest improvement of them without proper re­
views. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Particular; individual.
As no single man is born with a right of controuling the
opinions of all the rest, so the world has no title to demand
the whole time of any particular person. Pope.
If one single word were to express but one simple idea, and
nothing else, there would be scarce any mistake. Watts.
3. Not compounded.
As simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single ideas to
compound, so propositions are distinguished: the English
tongue has some advantage above the learned languages, which
have no usual word to distinguish single from simple. Watts.
4. Alone; having no companion; having no assistant.
Servant of God, well hast thou fought
The better fight, who single hast maintain'd
Against revolted multitudes the cause of truth. Milton.
His wisdom such,
Three kingdoms wonder, and three kingdoms fear,
Whilst single he stood forth. Denham.
In sweet possession of the fairy place,
Single and conscious to myself alone,
Of pleasures to th' excluded world unknown. Dryden.
5. Unmarried.
Is the single man therefore blessed? no: as a walled town is
more worthier than a village, so is the forehead of a married
man more honourable than the bare brow of a batchelor. Shak.
Pygmalion
Abhorr'd all womankind, but most a wife;
So single chose to live, and shunn'd to wed,
Well pleas'd to want a consort of his bed. Dryden.
6. Not complicated; not duplicated.
To make flowers double is effected by often removing them
into new earth; as on the contrary, double flowers, by ne­
glecting and not removing, prove single. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
7. Pure; uncorrupt; not double minded; simple. A scriptural
sense.
The light of the body is the eye: if thine eye be single, thy
whole body shall be full of light. Mat. vi. 22.
8. That in which one is opposed to one.
He, when his country, threaten'd with alarms,
Shall more than once the Punick bands affright,
Shall kill the Gaulish king in single fight. Dryden's æn.

To SI’NGLE. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To chuse out from among others.
I saw him in the battle range about,
And how he singled Clifford forth. Shakes. Henry VI.
Every man may have a peculiar savour, which although
not perceptible unto man, yet sensible unto dogs, who hereby
can single out their master in the dark. Brown.
Do'st thou already single me? I thought
Gyves and the mill had tam'd thee. Milton's Agonistes.
Begin, auspicious boy, to cast about
Thy infant eyes, and with a smile thy mother single out. Dry.
Single the lowliest of the am'rous youth;
Ask for his vows, but hope not for his truth. Prior.
2. To sequester; to withdraw.
Yea simply, saith Basil, and universally, whether it be in
works of nature, or of voluntary choice, I see not any thing
done as it should be, if it be wrought by an agent singling it­
self from consorts. Hooker.
3. To take alone.
Many men there are, than whom nothing is more commend­
able when they are singled; and yet, in society with others,
none less fit to answer the duties which are looked for at their
hands. Hooker.
4. To separate.
Hardly they heard, which by good hunters singled are. Sidn.

SI’NGLENESS. n. s. [from single.] Simplicity; sincerity; honest
plainness.
It is not the deepness of their knowledge, but the singleness
of their belief, which God accepteth. Hooker.

SI’NGLY. adv. [from single.]
1. Individually; particularly.
If the injured person be not righted, every one of them is
wholly guilty of the injustice, and therefore bound to restitu­
tion singly and intirely. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
They tend to the perfection of human nature, and to make
men singly and personally good, or tend to the happiness of
society. Tillotson's Sermons.
2. Only; by himself.
Look thee, 'tis so; thou singly honest man,
Here take: the gods out of my misery
Have sent thee treasure. Shakes. Timon of Athens.
3. Without partners or associates.
Belinda
Burns to encounter two advent'rous knights,
At ombre singly to decide their doom. Pope.
4. Honestly; simply; sincerely.

SI’NGULAR. adj. [singulier, Fr. singularis, Latin.]
1. Single; not complex; not compound.
That idea which represents one particular determinate thing
is called a singular idea, whether simple, complex, or com­
pound. Watts.
2. [In grammar.] Expressing only one; not plural.
If St. Paul's speaking of himself in the first person singular
has so various meanings, his use of the first person plural has
a greater latitude. Locke.
3. Particular; unexampled.
So singular a sadness
Must have a cause as strange as the effect. Denham's Sophy.
Doubtless, if you are innocent, your case is extremely
hard, yet it is not singular. Female Quixote.
4. Having something not common to others. It is commonly
used in a sense of disapprobation, whether applied to persons
or things.
His zeal
None seconded, as singular and rash. Milton.
It is very commendable to be singular in any excellency, and
religion is the greatest excellency: to be singular in any thing that
is wise and worthy is not a disparagement, but a praise. Tillots.
5. Alone; that of which there is but one.
These busts of the emperors and empresses are all very
scarce, and some of them almost singular in their kind. Addis.

SINGULA’RITY. n. s. [singularite, Fr. from singular.]
1. Some character or quality by which one is distinguished from
others.
Pliny addeth this singularity to that soil, that the second year
the very falling down of the seeds yieldeth corn. Raleigh.
Though, according to the practice of the world, it be sin­
gular for men thoroughly to live up to the principles of their
religion, yet singularity in this matter is a singular commenda­
tion of it. Tillotson's Sermons.
I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of the
instrument: it is not unlike a violin. Addison on Italy.
2. Any thing remarkable; a curiosity.
Your gallery
Have we pass'd through, not without much content
In many singularities; but we saw not
That which my daughter came to look upon,
The statue of her mother. Shak. Winter's Tale.


3. Particular privilege or prerogative.
St. Gregory, being himself a bishop of Rome, and writing
against the title of universal bishop, saith thus: none of all
my predecessors ever consented to use this ungodly title; no
bishop of Rome ever took upon him this name of singu­
larity. Hooker.
4. Character or manners different from those of others.
The spirit of singularity in a few ought to give place to pub­
lick judgment. Hooker.
Singularity in sin puts it out of fashion, since to be alone in
any practice seems to make the judgment of the world against
it; but the concurrence of others is a tacit approbation of
that in which they concur. South.

To SI’NGULARIZE. v. a. [se singulariser, Fr. from singular.]
To make single.

SI’NGULARLY. adv. [from singular.] Particularly; in a man­
ner not common to others.
Solitude and singularity can neither daunt nor disgrace him,
unless we could suppose it a disgrace to be singularly good. South.

SI’NGULT. n. s. [singultus, Latin.] A sigh. Spenser.

SI’NISTER. adj. [sinister, Latin.]
1. Being on the left hand; left; not right; not dexter.
My mother's blood
Runs on the dexter cheek, and this sinister
Bounds in my sire's. Shak. Troilus and Cressida.
Captain Spurio, with his cicatrice, an emblem of war,
here on his sinister cheek. Shak. All's well that ends well.
But a rib, crooked by nature, bent, as now appears,
More to the part sinister from me drawn. Milton's Pa. Lost.
The spleen is unjustly introduced to invigorate the sinister
side, which, being dilated, would rather infirm and debi­
litate it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
In his sinister hand, instead of ball,
He plac'd a mighty mug of potent ale. Dryden.
2. Bad; perverse; corrupt; deviating from honesty; unfair.
Is it so strange a matter to find a good thing furthered by ill
men of a sinister intent and purpose, whose forwardness is not
therefore a bridle to such as favour the same cause with a better
and sincere meaning. Hooker.
The duke of Clarence was soon after by sinister means made
clean away. Spenser on Ireland.
When are there more unworthy men chosen to offices, when
is there more strife and contention about elections, or when
do partial and sinister affections more utter themselves, than
when an election is committed to many? Whitgifte.
He professes to have received no sinister measure from his
judge, but most willingly humbles himself to the determina­
tion of justice. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
Those may be accounted the left hands of courts; persons
that are full of nimble and sinister tricks and shifts, whereby
they pervert the plain courses of courts, and bring justice into
oblique lines and labyrinths. Bacon's Essays.
The just person has given the world an assurance, by the
constant tenor of his practice, that he makes a conscience of
his ways, and that he scorns to undermine another's interest
by any sinister or inferior arts. South.
3. [Sinistre, French.] Unlucky; inauspicious.
Tempt it again: that is thy act, or none:
What all the several ills that visit earth,
Brought forth by night, with a sinister birth,
Plagues, famine, fire, could not reach unto,
The sword, nor surfeits, let thy fury do. Ben. Johnson.

SI’NISTROUS. adj. [sinister, Latin.] Absurd; perverse;
wrong-headed.
A knave or fool can do no harm, even by the most
sinistrous and absurd choice. Bentley.

SI’NISTROUSLY. adv. [from sinistrous.]
1. With a tendency to the left.
Many in their infancy are sinistrously disposed, and divers
continue all their life left-handed, and have but weak and im­
perfect use of the right. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Perversely; absurdly.

To SINK v. n. pret I sunk, anciently sank; part. sunk or sunken. 
[sencan, Saxon; senken, German.]
1. To fall down through any medium; not to swim; to go to
the bottom.
Make his chronicle as rich with prize,
As is the oozy bottom of the sea
With sunken wreck and sumless treasuries. Shakesp. H. V.
In with the river sunk, and with it rose,
Satan, involv'd in rising mist; then sought
Where to lie hid. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. ix.
He swims or sinks, or wades, or creeps or flies. Milton.
The pirate sinks with his ill-gotten gains,
And nothing to another's use remains. Dryden.
Supposing several in a tempest will rather perish than work,
would it not be madness in the rest to chuse to sink together,
rather than do more than their share? Addison on the War.
2. To fall gradually.
The arrow went out at his heart, and he sunk down in his
chariot. 2 Kings ix. 24.
3. To enter or penetrate into any body.
David took a stone and slang it, and smote the Philistine,
that the stone sunk into his forehead. 1 Sa. xvii. 49.
4. To lose height; to fall to a level.
In vain has nature form'd
Mountains and oceans to oppose his passage;
He bounds o'er all, victorious in his march;
The Alps and Pyreneans sink before him. Addison's Cato.
5. To lose or want prominence.
What were his marks?—A lean cheek, a blue eye and
sunken. Shakesp. As you like it.
Deep dinted wrinkles on her cheeks she draws;
Sunk are her eyes, and toothless are her jaws. Dryden.
6. To be overwhelmed or depressed.
Our country sinks beneath the yoke;
It weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash
Is added to her wounds. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They arraign'd shall sink
Beneath thy sentence. Milton.
But if you this ambitious pray'r deny,
Then let me sink beneath proud Arcite's arms;
And, I once dead, let him possess her charms. Dryden.
7. To be received; to be impressed.
Let these sayings sink down into your ears. Lu. ix. 44.
Truth never sinks into these mens minds, nor gives any
tincture to them. Locke.
8. To decline; to decrease; to decay.
This republick has been much more powerful than it is at
present, as it is still likelier to sink than increase in its domi­
nions. Addison on Italy.
Let not the fire sink or slacken, but increase. Mortimer.
9. To fall into rest or indolence.
Would'st thou have me sink away
In pleasing dreams, and lose myself in love,
When every moment Cato's life's at stake? Addison's Cato.
10. To fall into any state worse than the former; to tend to
ruin.
Nor urg'd the labours of my lord in vain,
A sinking empire longer to sustain. Dryden's æn.

To SINK. v. a.
1. To put under water; to disable from swimming or floating.
A small flect of English made an hostile invasion, or incur­
sion, upon their havens and roads, and fired, sunk, and carried
away ten thousand ton of their great shipping, besides smaller
vessels. Bacon.
2. To delve; to make by delving.
At Saga in Germany they dig up iron in the fields by sink­
ing ditches two foot deep, and in the space of ten years the
ditches are digged again for iron since produced. Boyle.
Near Geneva are quarries of freestone, that run under the
lake: when the water is at lowest, they make within the bor­
ders of it a little square, inclosed within four walls: in this
square they sink a pit, and dig for freestone. Addison.
3. To depress; to degrade.
A mighty king I am, an earthly god;
I raise or sink, imprison or set free;
And life or death depends on my decree. Prior.
Trifling painters or sculptors bestow infinite pains upon the
most insignificant parts of a figure, 'till they sink the grandeur
of the whole. Pope's Essay on Homer.
4. To plunge into destruction.
Heav'n bear witness,
And if I have a conscience let it sink me,
Ev'n as the ax falls, if I be not faithful. Shakespeare.
5. To make to fall.
These are so far from raising mountains, that they over­
turn and fling down some before standing, and undermine
others, sinking them into the abyss. Woodward.
6. To bring low; to diminish in quantity.
When on the banks of an unlook'd-for stream,
You sunk the river with repeated draughts,
Who was the last in all your host that thirsted? Addison.
7. To crush; to overbear; to depress.
That Hector was in certainty of death, and depressed with
the conscience of an ill cause: if you will not grant the first of
these will sink the spirit of a hero, you'll at least allow the se­
cond may. Pope.
8. To lessen; to diminish.
They catch at all opportunities of ruining our trade, and
sinking the figure which we make. Addison on the War.
I mean not that we should sink our figure out of covetous­
ness, and deny ourselves the proper conveniences of our sta­
tion, only that we may lay up a superfluous treasure. Rogers.
9. To make to decline.
Thy cruel and unnatural lust of power
Has sunk thy father more than all his years,
And made him wither in a green old age. Rowe.
To labour for a sunk corrupted state. Lyttleton.
10. To suppress; to conceal; to intervert.
If sent with ready money to buy any thing, and you happen
to be out of pocket, sink the money, and take up the goods
on account. Swift's Rules to Servants.

SINK. n. s. [sinc, Saxon.]
1. A drain; a jakes.
Should by the cormorant belly be restrain'd,
Who is the sink o' th' body. Shakesp. Coriolanus.


Bad humours gather to a bile, or as divers kennels flow to
one sink, so in short time their numbers increased. Hayward.
Gather more filth than any sink in town. Granville.
Returning home at night, you'll find the sink
Strike your offended sense with double stink. Swift.
2. Any place where corruption is gathered.
What sink of monsters, wretches of lost minds,
Mad after change, and desperate in their states,
Wearied and gall'd with their necessities,
Durst have thought it? Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
Our soul, whose country's heav'n and God her father,
Into this world, corruption's sink, is sent;
Yet so much in her travail she doth gather,
That she returns home wiser than she went. Donne.

SI’NLESS. adj. [from sin.] Exempt from sin.
Led on, yet sinless, with desire to know,
What nearer might concern him, how this world
Of heav'n, and earth conspicuous, first began. Milton.
At that tasted fruit,
The sun, as from Thyestean banquet, turn'd
His course; else how had the world
Inhabited, though sinless, more than now
Avoided pinching cold, and scorching heat? Milton.
Infernal ghosts and hellish furies round
Environ'd thee; some howl'd, some yell'd, some shriek'd,
Some bent at thee their fiery darts, while thou
Satt'st unappal'd in calm and sinless peace. Milton.
No thoughts like mine his sinless soul profane,
Observant of the right. Dryden's Ovid.
Did God, indeed, insist on a sinless and unerring observance
of all this multiplicity of duties; had the Christian dispensa­
tion provided no remedy for our lapses, we might cry out with
Balaam, Alas! who should live, if God did this? Rogers.

SI’NLESSNESS. n. s. [from sinless.] Exemption from sin.
We may the less admire at his gracious condescensions to
those, the sinlessness of whose condition will keep them from
turning his vouchsafements into any thing but occasions of joy
and gratitude. Boyle's Seraphick Love.

SI’NNER. n. s. [from sin.]
1. One at enmity with God; one not truly or religiously
good.
Let the boldest sinner take this one consideration along with
him, when he is going to sin, that whether the sin he is about
to act ever comes to be pardoned or no, yet, as soon as it is
acted, it quite turns the balance, puts his salvation upon the
venture, and makes it ten to one odds against him. South.
2. An offender; a criminal.
Here's that which is too weak to be a sinner, honest water,
which ne'er left man i' th' mire. Shakespeare's Timon.
Over the guilty then the fury shakes
The sounding whip, and brandishes her snakes,
And the pale sinner with her sisters takes. Dryden's æn.
Thither, where sinners may have rest, I go,
Where flames refin'd in breasts seraphick glow. Pope.
Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it,
If folly grows romantick, I must paint it. Pope.

SI’NOFFERING. n. s. [sin and offering.] An expiation or sacri­
fice for sin.
The flesh of the bullock shalt thou burn without the camp:
it is a sinoffering. Ex. xxix. 14.

SI’NOPER, or Sinople. n. s. A species of earth; ruddle. Ains.

To SI’NUATE. v. a. [sinuo, Latin.] To bend in and out.
Another was very perfect, somewhat less with the margin,
and more sinuated. Woodward on Fossils.

SINUA’TION. n. s. [from sinuate.] A bending in and out.
The human brain is, in proportion to the body, much larger
than the brains of brutes, in proportion to their bodies, and
fuller of anfractus, or sinuations. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

SI’NUOUS. adj. [sinueux, French, from sinus, Latin.] Bending
in and out.
Try with what disadvantage the voice will be carried in an
horn, which is a line arched; or in a trumpet, which is a line
retorted; or in some pipe that were sinuous. Bacon.
These, as a line, their long dimension drew,
Streaking the ground with sinuous trace. Milt. Parad. Lost.
In the dissections of horses, in the concave or sinuous part of
the liver, whereat the gall is usually seated in quadrupeds, I
discover an hollow, long, and membranous substance.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SI’NUS. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A bay of the sea; an opening of the land.
Plato supposeth his Atlantis to have sunk all into the sea:
whether that be true or no, I do not think it impossible that
some arms of the sea, or sinus's, might have had such an ori­
ginal. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. Any fold or opening.

To SIP. v. a. [sipan, Saxon; sippen, Dutch.]
1. To drink by small draughts; to take at one apposition
of the cup to the mouth no more than the mouth will
contain.
Soft yielding minds to water glide away,
And sip with nymphs their elemental tea. Pope.
2. To drink in small quantities.
Find out the peaceful hermitage;
The hairy gown and mossy cell,
Where I may sit and rightly spell
Of ev'ry star that heav'n doth shew,
And every herb that sips the dew. Milton.
3. To drink out of.
The winged nation o'er the forest flies:
Then stooping on the meads and leafy bow'rs,
They skim the floods and sip the purple flow'rs. Dryden.

To SIP. v. n. To drink a small quantity.
She rais'd it to her mouth with sober grace;
Then sipping, offer'd to the next. Dryden's æn.

SIP. n. s. [from the verb.] A small draught; as much as the
mouth will hold.
Her face o' fire
With labour, and the thing she took to quench it
She would to each one sip. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
One sip of this
Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight,
Beyond the bliss of dreams. Milton.

SI’PHON. n. s. [s?f??; sipho, Lat. siphon, Fr.] A pipe through
which liquors are conveyed.
Beneath th' incessant weeping of these drains
I see the rocky siphons stretch'd immense,
The mighty reservoirs of harden'd chalk,
Of stiff compacted clay. Thomson's Autumn.

SI’PPER. n. s. [from sip.] One that sips.

SI’PPET. n. s. [from sip.] A small sop.

SIR. n. s. [sire, Fr. seignior, Ital. senor, Spanish; senior, Latin.]
1. The word of respect in compellation.
Speak on, sir,
I dare your worst objections: if I blush,
It is to see a nobleman want manners. Shakesp. H. VIII.
But, sirs, be sudden in the execution;
Withal obdurate; do not let him plead. Shakesp. R. III.
Sir king,
This man is better than the man he slew. Shakespeare.
At a banquet the ambassador desired the wise men to deliver
every one of them some sentence or parable, that he might re­
port to his king, which they did: only one was silent, which
the ambassador perceiving, said to him, sir, let it not displease
you; why do not you say somewhat that I may report? He
answered, report to your lord, that there are that can hold their
peace. Bacon's Apophthegms.
2. The title of a knight or baronet. This word was anciently
so much held essential, that the Jews in their addresses expressed
it in Hebrew characters.
Sir Horace Vere, his brother, was the principal in the
active part. Bacon's War with Spain.
The court forsakes him, and sir Balaam hangs. Pope.
3. It is sometimes used for man.
I have adventur'd
To try your taking of a false report, which hath
Honour'd with confirmation your great judgment,
In the election of a sir so rare. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. A title given to the loin of beef, which one of our kings
knighted in a fit of good humour.
He lost his roast-beef stomach, not being able to touch a
sir-loin which was served up. Addison.
And the strong table groans
Beneath the smoaking sir-loin, stretch'd immense
From side to side. Thomson's Autumn.
It would be ridiculous, indeed, if a spit which is strong
enough to turn a sir-loin of beef, should not be able to turn a
lark. Swift.

SIRE. n. s. [sire, French; senior, Latin.]
1. A father, in poetry.
He, but a duke, would have his son a king,
And raise his issue like a loving sire. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Cowards father cowards, and base things sire the base. Shak.
A virgin is his mother, but his sire
The pow'r of the Most High. Milton's Paradise Lost.
And now I leave the true and just supports
Of legal princes and of honest courts,
Whose sires, great part'ners in my father's cares,
Saluted their young king at Hebron crown'd. Prior.
Whether his hoary sire he spies,
While thousand grateful thoughts arise,
Or meets his spouse's fonder eye. Pope's Chorus to Brutus.
2. It is used in common speech of beasts: as, the horse had a
good sire, but a bad dam.
3. It is used in composition: as, grand-sire, great-grand-sire.

SI’REN. n. s. [Latin.] A goddess who enticed men by singing,
and devoured them; any mischievous enticer.
Oh train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note,
To drown me in thy sister's flood of tears:
Sing, siren, to thyself, and I will dote;
Spread o'er the silver waves thy golden hair,
And as a-bed I'll take thee, and there lie. Shakespeare.

SIRI’ASIS. n. s. [s??as??.] An inflammation of the brain
and its membrane, through an excessive heat of the sun. Dict.



SI’RIUS. n. s. [Latin.] The dogstar.

SIRO’CCO. n. s. [Italian; syrus ventus, Latin.] The south-east
or Syrian wind.
Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds,
Eurus and Zephyr, with their lateral noise,
Sirocco and Libecchio. Milton.

SI’RRAH. n. s. [sir, ha! Minshew.] A compellation of re­
proach and insult.
Go, sirrah, to my cell;
Take with you your companions: as you look
To have my pardon, trim it handsomely. Shakes. Tempest.
Sirrah, There's no room for faith, troth, or honesty in
this bosom of thine. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
It runs in the blood of your whole race, sirrah, to hate
our family. L'Estrange.
Guess how the goddess greets her son,
Come hither, firrah; no, begone. Prior.

SI’ROP. n. s. [Arabick] The juice of vegetables boiled
with sugar.
SI’RUP. n. s. [Arabick] The juice of vegetables boiled
with sugar.
Shall I, whose ears her mournful words did seize,
Her words in sirup laid of sweetest breath,
Relent. Sidney.
Not poppy, nor mandragora,
Nor all the drowsy sirups of the world
Shall ever med'cine thee to that sweet sleep,
Which thou owed'st yesterday. Shakespeare's Othello.
And first, behold this cordial jalap here,
That flames and dances in his crystal bounds,
With spirits of balm, and fragrant syrops mixt. Milton.
Those expressed juices contain the true essential salt of
the plant; for if they be boiled into the consistence of a sy­
rup, and set in a cool place, the essential salt of the plant
will shoot upon the sides of the vessels. Arbuthnot.

SI’RUPED. adj. [from sirup.] Sweet, like sirup; bedewed with
sweets.
Yet when there haps a honey fall,
We'll lick the syrupt leaves:
And tell the bees that their's is gall. Drayton's Q. of Cynthia.

SI’RUPY. adj. [from sirup.] Resembling sirup.
Apples are of a sirupy tenacious nature. Mortimer.

SISE. n. s. [contracted from assize.]
You said, if I returned next size in lent,
I should be in remitter of your grace. Donne.

SI’SKIN. n. s. A bird; a green finch.

SI’STER. n. s. sweoster, Saxon; zuster, Dutch.]
1. A woman born of the same parents; correlative to brother.
Her sister began to scold. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
I have said to corruption, thou art my father: to the worm,
thou art my mother and my sister. Job. xvii. 14.
2. One of the same faith; a christian. One of the same nature,
human being.
If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of food, and
you say unto them, depart in peace, be you warmed and fil­
led: notwithstanding you give them not those things which
are needful to the body, what doth it profit? James ii. 15.
3. A woman of the same kind.
He chid the sisters,
And bade them speak to him. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
4. One of the same kind; one of the same office.
The women, who would rather wrest the laws,
Than let a sister-plaintiff lose the cause,
As judges on the bench more gracious are,
And more attent to brothers of the bar,
Cry'd one and all, the suppliant should have right:
And to the grandame hag adjudg'd the knight. Dryden.
There grew two olives, closest of the grove,
With roots entwin'd, and branches interwove:
Alike their leaves, but not alike they smil'd
With sister-fruits: one fertile, one was wild. Pope.

SI’STER in law. n. s. A husband or wife's sister.
Thy sister in law is gone back unto her people: return thou
after thy sister in law. Ruth i. 15.

SI’STERHOOD. n. s. [from sister.]
1. The office or duty of a sister.
She abhorr'd
Her proper blood, and left to do the part
Of sisterhood, to do that of a wife. Daniel's Civil War.
2. A set of sisters.
3. A number of women of the same order.
I speak,
Wishing a more strict restraint
Upon the sisterhood, the votarists of Saint Clare. Shakesp.
A woman who flourishes in her innocence, amidst that
spite and rancour which prevails among her ex sperated sister­
hood, appears more amiable. Addison's Freeholder.

SI’STERLY. adj. [from sister.] Like a sister; becoming a
sister.
After much debatement,
My sisterly remorse confutes mine honour,
And I did yield to him. Shakespeare.
SIT

To SIT. v. n. preterite, I sat. [sitan, Gothick; sittan, Sax.
setten, Dutch.]
1. To rest upon the buttocks.
There were stays on each side of the sitting place. 1 Chron.
He sat for alms at the beautiful gate. Acts iii. 10.
Their wives do sit beside them carding wool. May's Virgil.
Aloft in awful state,
The godlike hero sat
On his imperial throne. Dryden.
2. To perch.
All new fashions be pleasant to me,
I will have them whether I thrive or thee,
Now I am a frisker, all men on me look,
What should I do but sit cock on the hoop?
What do I care if all the world me fail,
I will have a garment reach to my tail. Bourd.
3. To be in a state of rest, or idleness.
Shall your brethren go to war, and shall ye sit here? Num.
Why sit we here each other viewing idly. Milton.
4. To be in any local position.
I should be still
Plucking the grass to know where sits the wind:
Peering in maps for ports. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Those
Appointed to sit there had left their charge. Milton.
The ships are ready, and the wind sits fair. A. Philips.
5. To rest as a weight or burthen.
Your brother's death fits at your heart. Shakespeare.
When God lets loose upon us a sickness, if we fear to die,
then the calamity fits heavy on us. Taylor.
To toss and fling, and to be restless, only galls our sores,
and makes the burden that is upon us sit more uneasy. Tillotson.
Fear, the last of ills, remain'd behind,
And horrour, heavy sat on every mind. Dryden.
Our whole endeavours are intent to get rid of the present
evil, as the first necessary condition to our happiness. No­
thing, as we passionately think, can equal the uneasiness that
sits so heavy upon us. Locke.
6. To settle; to abide.
That this new comer shame,
There sit not and reproach us. Milton.
When Thetis blush'd, in purple not her own,
And from her face the breathing winds were blown;
A sudden silence sate upon the sea,
And sweeping oars, with struggling, urg'd their way. Dryd.
He to the void advanc'd his pace,
Pale horrour sat on each Arcadian face. Dryden.
7. To brood; to incubate.
As the partridge sitteth on eggs, and hatcheth them not, so
he that getteth riches not by right, shall leave them in the
midst of his days. Jer. xvii. 11.
The egg laid and sever'd from the body of the hen, hath
no more nourishment from the hen; but only a quickening
heat when she sitteth. Bacon's Natural History.
She mistakes a piece of chalk for an egg, and sits upon it in
the same manner. Addison.
8. To be adjusted; to be with respect to fitness or unfitness,
decorum or indecorum.
This new and gorgeous garment, majesty,
Sits not so easy on me as you think. Shakespeare.
Heav'n knows,
By what by-paths, and indirect crook'd ways
I met this crown; and I myself know well,
How troublesome it sate upon my head;
To thee it shall descend with better quiet. Shakespeare.
Your preferring that to all other considerations does, in the
eyes of all men, sit well upon you. Locke.
9. To be placed in order to be painted.
One is under no more obligation to extol every thing he
finds in the author he translates, than a painter is to make
every face that sits to him handsome. Garth.
10. To be in any situation or condition.
As a farmer cannot husband his ground so well, if he sit at
a great rent; so the merchant cannot drive his trade so well,
if he sit at great usury. Bacon.
Suppose all the church-lands were thrown up to the laity;
would the tenants sit easier in their rents than now? Swift.
11. To be fixed, as an assembly;
12. To be placed at the table.
Whether is greater he that sitteth at meat, or he that serv­
eth? Luke xxii. 27.
13. To exercise authority.
The judgment shall sit, and take away his dominion. Dan.
Asses are ye that sit in judgment. Judges v. 10.
Down to the golden Chersonese, or where
The Persian in Echatan sate. Milton.
One council sits upon life and death, the other is for taxes,
and a third for the distributions of justice. Addison.
Assert, ye fair ones, who in judgment sit,
Your ancient empire over love and wit. Rowe.
14. To be in any solemn assembly as a member.
Three hundred and twenty men sat in council daily. 1 Mac.
15. To SIT down. Down is little more than emphatical.
Go and sit down to meat. Luke xvii. 7.


When we sit down to our meal, we need not suspect the
intrusion of armed uninvited guests. Decay of Piety.
16. To SIT down. To begin a siege.
Nor would the enemy have sate down before it, till they
had done their business in all other places. Clarendon.
17. To SIT down. To rest; to cease satisfied.
Here we cannot sit down, but still proceed in our search,
and look higher for a support. Rogers.
18. To SIT down. To settle; to fix abode.
From besides Tanais, the Goths, Huns, and Getes sat
down. Spenser.
19. To SIT out. To be without engagement or employment.
They are glad, rather than sit out, to play very small
game, and to make use of arguments, such as will not prove
a bare inexpediency. Bp. Sanderson's Judgment.
20. To SIT up. To rise from lying to sitting.
He that was dead, sat up, and began to speak. Luke vii.
21. To SIT up. To watch; not to go to bed.
Be courtly,
And entertain, and feast, sit up, and revel;
Call all the great, the fair and spirited dames
Of Rome about thee, and begin a fashion
Of freedom. Ben. Johnson.
Some sit up late at winter-fires, and fit
Their sharp-edg'd tools. May.
Most children shorten that time by sitting up with the com­
pany at night. Locke.

To SIT. v. a.
1. To keep the seat upon.
Hardly the muse can sit the head-strong horse,
Nor would she, if she could, check his impetuous force. Prior.
2. [When the reciprocal pronoun follows sit, it seems to be an
active verb.] To place on a seat.
The happiest youth viewing his progress through,
What perils past, what crosses to ensue,
Would shut the book, and sit him down and die. Shakesp.
He came to visit us, and calling for a chair, sat him down,
and we sat down with him. Bacon.
Thus fenc'd,
But not at rest or ease of mind,
They sat them down to weep. Milton.
3. To be settled to do business.
The court was sat before sir Roger came, but the justices
made room for the old knight at the head of them. Addison.

SITE. n. s. [situs, Latin.]
1. Situation; local position.
The city self he strongly fortifies,
Three sides by site it well defenced has. Fairfax.
Manifold streams of goodly navigable rivers, as so many
chains, environed the same site and temple. Bacon.
If we consider the heart in its constituent parts, we shall
find nothing singular, but what is in any muscle. 'Tis only
the site and posture of their several parts that give it the form
and functions of a heart. Bentley.
Before my view appear'd a structure fair,
Its site uncertain if on earth or air. Pope.
2. It is taken by Thomson for posture, or situation of a thing
with respect to itself: but improperly.
And leaves the semblance of a lover fix'd
In melancholy site, with head declin'd,
And love-dejected eyes. Thomson's Spring.

SI’TFAST. n. s. [sit and fast.]
A hard knob growing under the saddle. Farrier's Dict.

SITH. adv. [sithe, Saxon.] Since; seeing that. Obsolete.
What ceremony of odours used about the bodies of the
dead! after which custom notwithstanding, sith it was their
custom, our Lord was contented that his own most precious
blood should be intombed. Hooker.
Not I, my lord; sith true nobility
Warrants these words in princely courtesie. Shakespeare.
I thank you for this profit, and from hence
I'll love no friend, sith love breeds such offence. Shakesp.

SITHE. n. s. [sithe, Saxon. This word is very variously writ­
ten by authors: I have chosen the orthography which is at
once most simple and most agreeable to etymology.] The
instrument of mowing; a crooked blade joined at right angles
to a long pole.
Let fame, that all hunt after in their lives,
Live registred upon our brazen tombs;
And then grace us in the disgrace of death:
When, spight of cormorant-devouring time,
Th' endeavour of this present breath may buy
That honour which shall 'bate his scythe's keen edge;
And make us heirs of all eternity. Shakespeare.
Time is commonly drawn upon tombs, in gardens, and other
places, an old man, bald, winged with a sithe, and an hour­
glass. Peacham on Drawing.
There rude impetuous rage does storm and fret;
And there, as master of this murd'ring brood,
Swinging a huge scithe, stands impartial death,
With endless business almost out of breath. Crashaw.
The milk-maid singeth blithe,
And the mower whets his scithe. Milton.
The brazen trumpets kindle rage no more;
But useless lances into sythes shall bend,
And the broad faulchion in a plough-share end. Pope.
Grav'd o'er their seats the form of time was found,
His scythe revers'd, and both his pinions bound. Pope.
But, Stella, say, what evil tongue
Reports you are no longer young?
That time sits with his sythe to mow
Where erst sat Cupid with his bow. Swift.
Echo no more returns the chearful sound
Of sharpening scythe. Thomson's Summer.

SI’THENCE. adv. [Now contracted to since. See SINCE.] Since;
in latter times.
This over-running and wasting of the realm was the begin­
ning of all the other evils which sithence have afflicted that
land. Spenser's State of Ireland.

SITHES. n. s. Times. Spenser.

SI’THNESS. adv. Since. Spenser.

SI’TTER. n. s. [from sit.]
1. One that sits.
The Turks are great sitters, and seldom walk; whereby
they sweat less, and need bathing more. Bacon.
2. A bird that broods.
The oldest hens are reckoned the best sitters; and the young­
est the best layers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SI’TTING. n. s. [from sit.]
1. The posture of sitting on a seat.
2. The act of resting on a seat.
Thou knowest my down-sitting and mine up rising. Psal.
3. A time at which one exhibits himself to a painter.
Few good pictures have been finished at one sitting; nei­
ther can a good play be produced at a heat. Dryden.
4. A meeting of an assembly.
I'll write you down;
The which shall point you forth at every sitting,
What you must say. Shakespeare.
I wish it may be at that sitting concluded, unless the ne­
cessity of the time press it. Bacon.
5. A course of study unintermitted.
For the understanding of any one of St. Paul's epistles, I
read it all through at one sitting. Locke.
6. A time for which one sits without rising.
What more than madness reigns,
When one short sitting many hundred drains,
And not enough is left him to supply
Board-wages, or a footman's livery. Dryden.
7. Incubation.
Whilst the hen is covering her eggs, the male bird takes
his stand upon a neighbouring bough, and amuses her with
his songs during the whole time of her sitting. Addison.

SI’TUATE. part. adj. [from situs, Latin.]
1. Placed with respect to any thing else.
He was resolved to chuse a war, rather than to have Bre­
tagne carried by France, being so great and opulent a duchy,
and situate so opportunely to annoy England. Bacon.
Within a trading town they long abide,
Full fairly situate on a haven's side. Dryden's Nun's Priest.
The eye is a part so artificially composed, and commodi­
ously situate, as nothing can be contrived better for use, orna­
ment, or security. Ray on the Creation.
2. Placed; consisting.
Earth hath this variety from heav'n,
Of pleasure situate in hill and dale. Milton's Parad. Lost.

SITUA’TION. n. s. [from situate; situation, French.]
1. Local respect; position.
Prince Cesarini has a palace in a pleasant situation, and
set off with many beautiful walks. Addison's Italy.
2. Condition; state.
Though this is a situation of the greatest ease and tranquilli­
ty in human life, yet this is by no means fit to be the subject
of all men's petitions to God. Roger's Sermons.
SIX

SIX. n. s. [six, French.] Twice three; one more than five.
No incident in the piece or play but must carry on the
main design; all things else are like six fingers to the hand,
when nature can do her work with five. Dryden.
That of six hath many respects in it, not only for the
days of the creation, but its natural consideration, as being a
perfect number. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SIX and seven. n. s. To be at six and seven, is to be in a state of
disorder and confusion.
All is uneven,
And every thing is left at six and seven. Shakespeare.
In 1588, there sat in the see of Rome a fierce thundring
friar, that would set all at six and seven, or at six and five, if
you allude to his name. Bacon.
What blinder bargain e're was driv'n,
Or wager laid at six and seven. Hudibras.
John once, turned his mother out of doors, to his great
sorrow; for his affairs went on at sixes and sevens. Arbuthnot.
The goddess would no longer wait;
But raising from her chair of state,
Left all below at six and seven,
Harness'd her doves and flew to heav'n. Swift.



SI’XPENCE. n. s. [six and pence.] A coin; half a shilling.
Where have you left the money that I gave you?
Oh!—sixpence that I had. Shakespeare.
The wisest man might blush,
If D—lov'd sixpence more than he. Pope.

SIXSCO’RE. adj. [six and score.] Six times twenty.
Sixscore and five miles it containeth in circuit. Sandys.
The crown of Spain hath enlarged the bounds thereof with­
in this last sixscore years, much more than the Ottomans. Bacon.

SIXTEE’N. adj. [sixtyne, Saxon.] Six and ten.
I have been begging sixteen years in court. Shakespeare.
It returned the voice thirteen times; and I have heard of
others that it would return sixteen times. Bacon.
If men lived but twenty years, we should be satisfied if they
died about sixteen or eighteen. Taylor.

SI’XTEENTH. adj. [sixteotha, Saxon.] The sixth after the tenth;
the ordinal of sixteen.
The first lot came forth to Jehoiarib, the sixteenth to Im­
mer. 1 Chron. xxiv. 14.

SIXTH. adj. [sixta, Saxon.] The first after the fifth; the
ordinal of six.
You are more clement than vile men,
Who of their broken debtors take
A sixth, letting them thrive again. Shakespeare.
There succeeded to the kingdom of England James the
sixth, then king of Scotland. Bacon.

SIXTH. n. s. [from the adjective.] A sixth part.
Only the other half would have been a tolerable seat for
rational creatures, and five sixths of the whole globe would
have been rendered useless. Cheyne's Philos. Principles.

SI’XTHLY. adv. [from six.] In the sixth place.
Sixthly, living creatures have more diversity of organs than
plants. Bacon.

SI’XTIETH. adj. sixteogotha, Saxon.] The tenth six times
repeated; the ordinal of sixty.
Let the appearing circle of the fire be three foot diameter,
and the time of one entire circulation of it the sixtieth part of
a minute, in a whole day there will be but 86400 such
parts. Digby on Bodies.

SI’XTY. adj. [sixtig, Saxon.] Six times ten.
When the boats were come within sixty yards of the pil­
lar, they found themselves all bound, and could go no far­
ther. Bacon.
Of which 7 times 9, or the year 63, is conceived to carry
with it the most considerable fatality. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
SIZ

SIZE. n. s. [perhaps rather cise, from incisa, Latin; or from
assise, French] Bulk; quantity of superficies; comparative
magnitude.
I ever narrified my friends,
With all the size that verity
Would without lapsing suffer. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If any decayed ship be new made, it is more fit to make her
a size less than bigger. Raleigh.
The distance judg'd for shot of ev'ry size,
The linstocks touch, the pond'rous ball expires. Dryden.
Objects near our view are thought greater than those of a
larger size, that are more remote. Locke.
The martial goddess,
Like thee, Telemachus, in voice and size,
With speed divine, from street to street she flies;
She bids the mariners prepare to stand. Pope's Odyssey.
2. [Assise, old French.] A settled quantity. In the following
passage it seems to signify the allowance of the table: whence
they say a sizer at Cambridge.
'Tis not in thee
To cut off my train, to scant my sizes,
And, in conclusion, to oppose the bolt
Against my coming in. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. Figurative bulk; condition.
This agrees too in the contempt of men of a less size and
quality. L'Estrange.
They do not consider the difference between elaborate dis­
courses, delivered to princes or parliaments, and a plain ser­
mon, intended for the middling or lower size of people.
Swift.
4. [Sisa, Italian.] Any viscous or glutinous substance.

To SIZE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To adjust, or arrange according to size.
The foxes weigh the geese they carry,
And ere they venture on a stream,
Know how to size themselves and them. Hudibras.
Two troops so match'd were never to be found,
Such bodies built for strength, of equal age,
In stature siz'd. Dryden's Knights Tale.
2. [From assise.] To settle; to six.
There was a statute for dispersing the standard of the ex­
chequer throughout England; thereby to size weights and
measures. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. To cover with glutinous matter; to besmear with size.

SI’ZED. adj. [from size.] Having a particular magnitude.
What my love is, proof hath made you know,
And as my love is siz'd, my fear is so. Shakespeare.
That will be a great horse to a Welshman, which is but a
small one to a Fleming; having, from the different breed
of their countries, taken several sized ideas, to which they
compare their great and their little. Locke.

SI’ZEABLE. adj. [from size.] Reasonably bulky.
He should be purged, sweated, vomited, and starved, till
he come to a sizeable bulk. Arbuthnot.

SIZER. or Servitor. n. s. A certain rank of students in the uni­
versities.
They make a scramble for degree:
Masters of all sorts and of all ages,
Keepers, sub-sisers, lackeys, pages. Bp. Corbet.

SI’ZERS. n. s. See SCISSARS.
A buttrice and pincers, a hammer and naile,
An apron and sizers for head and for taile. Tusser.

SI’ZINESS. n. s. [from sizy.] Glutinousness; viscosity.
In rheumatisms, the siziness passes off thick contents in the
urine, or glutinous sweats. Floyer on the Humours.
Cold is capable of producing a siziness and viscosity in the
blood. Arbuthnot.

SI’ZY. adj. [from size.] Viscous; glutinous.
The blood is sizy, the alkalescent salts in the serum produ­
cing coriaceous concretions. Arbuthnot on Diet.

SKA’DDLE. n. s. [sceathnisse, Saxon] Hurt; damage. Dict.

SKA’DDONS. n. s. The embryos of bees. Bailey.
SKE

SKEIN. n. s. [escaigne, French.] A knot of thread or silk
wound and doubled.
Why art thou then exasperate, thou idle immaterial skein
of sley'd silk, thou tassel of a prodigal's purse? Shakesp.
Our stile should be like a skein of silk, to be found by the
right thread, not ravell'd or perplexed. Then all is a knot,
a heap. Ben. Johnson.
Besides, so lazy a brain as mine is, grows soon weary when
it has so entangled a skein as this to unwind. Digby.

SKAI’NSMATE. n. s. [I suppose from skain, or skean, a knife,
and mate, a messmate.] It is remarkable that mes, Dutch,
is a knife.
Scurvy knave, I am none of his flirt gills;
I am none of his skainsmates. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

SKATE. n. s. [sceadda, Saxon.]
1. A flat sea fish.
2. A sort of shoe armed with iron, for sliding on the ice.
They sweep
On sounding skates a thousand different ways,
In circling poise swift as the winds. Thomson.

SKEAN. n. s. [Irish and Erse; sagene, Saxon.] A short sword;
a knife.
Any disposed to do mischief, may under his mantle privily
carry his head-piece, skean, or pistol, to be always ready. Spenser.
The Irish did not fail in courage or fierceness, but being
only armed with darts and skeines, it was rather an execution
than a fight upon them. Bacon's Henry VII.

SKEG n. s. A wild plum.

SKE’GGER. n. s.
Little salmons called skeggers, are bred of such sick salmon
that might not go to the sea, and though they abound yet
never thrive to any bigness. Walton's Angler.

SKE’LETON. n. s. [se?e?, Greek.]
1. [In anatomy.] The bones of the body preserved together
as much as can be in their natural situation. Quincey.
When rattling bones together fly,
From the four corners of the sky;
When sinews o'er the skeletons are spread,
Those cloth'd with flesh, and life inspires the dead. Dryden.
A skeleton, in outward figure,
His meagre corps, though full of vigour,
Would halt behind him were it bigger. Swift.
2. The compages of the principal parts.
The great structure itself, and its great integrals, the hea­
venly and elementary bodies, are framed in such a position
and situation, the great skeleton of the world. Hale.
The schemes of any of the arts or sciences may be ana­
lyzed in a sort of skeleton, and represented upon tables, with
the various dependencies of their several parts. Watts.

SKE’LLUM. n. s. [skelm, German.] A villain; a scoundrel. Skin.

SKEP. n. s. [scephen, lower Saxon, to draw.]
1. Skep is a sort of basket, narrow at the bottom, and wide
at the top to fetch corn in.
A pitchforke, a doongforke, seeve, skep, and a bin. Tusser.
2. In Scotland, the repositories where the bees lay their ho­
ney is still called skep.

SK’EPTICK. n. s. [s?p??a, Gr. sceptique, French.] One who
doubts, or pretends to doubt of every thing.
Bring the cause unto the bar; whose authority none must
disclaim, and least of all those scepticks in religion. Dec. of Piety.
Survey
Nature's extended face, then scepticks say,
In this wide field of wonders can you find
No art. Blackmore.
With too much knowledge for the scepticks side,
With too much weakness for the stoicks pride,
Man hangs between. Pope's Essay on Man.


The dogmatist is sure of every thing, and the seeptick be­
lieves nothing. Watts's Logick.

SKE’PTICAL. adj. [from skeptick.] Doubtful; pretending to
universal doubt.
May the Father of mercies confirm the sceptical and wa­
vering minds, and so prevent us that stand fast, in all our do­
ings, and further us with his continual help. Bentley.

SKE’PTICISM. n. s. [scepticisme, French, from sceptick.] Univer­
sal doubt; pretence or profession of universal doubt.
I laid by my natural diffidence and scepticism for a while, to
take up that dogmatick way. Dryden.

SKETCH. n. s. [schedula, Latin.] An outline; a rough draught;
a first plan.
I shall not attempt a character of his present majesty, hav­
ing already given an imperfect sketch of it. Addison.
As the lightest sketch, if justly trac'd,
Is by ill colouring but the more disgrac'd,
So by false learning is good sense defac'd. Pope.

To SKETCH. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To draw, by tracing the outline.
If a picture is daubed with many glaring colours, the vul­
gar eye admires it; whereas he judges very contemptuously of
some admirable design sketched out only with a black pen­
cil, though by the hand of Raphael. Watts's Logick.
2. To plan, by giving the first or principal notion.
The reader I'll leave in the midst of silence, to contemplate
those ideas which I have only sketch'd, and which every man
must finish for himself. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

SKE’WER. n. s. [skere, Danish.] A wooden or iron pin, used
to keep meat in form.
Sweet breeds and collops were with skewers prick'd
About the sides. Dryden's Iliad.
From his rug the skewer he takes,
And on the stick ten equal notches makes. Swift.
I once may overlook,
A skewer sent to table by my cook. King.
Send up meat well stuck with skewers, to make it look round;
and an iron skewer, when rightly employed, will make it look
handsomer. Swift's Directions to the Cook.

To SKEWER. v. a. [from the noun.] To fasten with skewers.
SKI

SKIFF. n. s. [esquife, French; scapha, Lat.] A small light boat.
If in two skiffs of cork, a loadstone and steel be placed with­
in the orb of their activities, the one doth not move, the other
standing still; but both steer into each other.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
In a poor skiff he pass'd the bloody main,
Choak'd with the slaughter'd bodies of his train. Dryden.
On Garrway cliffs
A savage race by shipwreck fed,
Lie waiting for the founder's skiffs,
And strip the bodies of the dead. Swift.

SKI’LFUL. adj. [skill and full.] Knowing; qualified with skill;
possessing any art; dexterous; able.
His father was a man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold and
silver. 2 Chron. ii. 14.
They shall call the husbandman to mourning, and such as
are skilful of lamentation, to wailing. Amos v. 16.
Will Vafer is skilful at finding out the ridiculous side of a
thing, and placing it in a new light. Tatler.
Say, Stella, feel you no content,
Reflecting on a life well spent;
Your skilful hand employ'd to save
Despairing wretches from the grave:
And then supporting with your store
Those whom you dragg'd from death before. Swift.
Instructors should not only be skilful in those sciences which
they teach; but have skill in the method of teaching, and
patience in the practice. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

SKI’LFULLY. adv. [from skilful.] With skill; with art; with
uncommon ability; dexterously.
As soon as he came near me, in fit distance, with much fury,
but with fury skilfully guided, he ran upon me. Sidney.
Ulysses builds a ship with his own hands, as skilfully as a
shipwright. Broome.

SKI’LFULNESS. n. s. [from skilful.] Art; ability; dextrous­
ness.
He fed them according to the integrity of his heart, and
guided them by the skilfulness of his hands. Psalms lxxviii. 72.

SKILL. n. s. [skil, Islandick.]
1. Knowledge of any practice or art; readiness in any pra­
ctice; knowledge; dexterity; artfulness.
Skill in the weapon is nothing without sack. Shakespeare.
You have
As little skill to fear, as I have purpose
To put you to't. Shakespeare.
Oft nothing profits more
Than self-esteem grounded on just and right,
Well manag'd; of that skill the more thou know'st,
The more she will acknowledge thee her head. Milton.
I will from wond'rous principles ordain
A race unlike the first, and try my skill again. Dryden.
Phocion the Athenian general, then ambassador from the
state, by his great wisdom and skill at negotiations, diverted
Alexander from the conquest of Athens, and restored the Athe­
nians to his favour. Swift.
2. Any particular art.
Learned in one skill, and in another kind of learning un­
skilful. Hooker.

To SKILL. v. n. [skilia, Islandick.]
1. To be knowing in; to be dextrous at.
They that skill not of so heavenly matter,
All that they know not, envy or admire. Spenser.
The overseers were all that could skill of instruments of
musick. 2 Chron. xxxiv. 12.
One man of wisdom, experience, learning, and direction,
may judge better in those things that he can skill of, than ten
thousand others that be ignorant. Whitgifte.
2. [Skilia, Islandick, signifies to distinguish.] To differ; to
make difference; to interest; to matter. Not in use.
Whether the commandments of God in scripture be gene­
ral or special, it skilleth not. Hooker.
What skills it, if a bag of stones or gold
About thy neck do drown thee? raise thy head,
Take stars for money; stars not to be told,
By any art: yet to be purchas'd.
None is so wastful as the scraping dame,
She loseth three for one; her soul, rest, fame. Herbert.
He intending not to make a summer business of it, but a
resolute war, without term prefixed, until he had recovered
France, it skilled not much when he began the war, especial­
ly having Calais at his back where he might winter. Bacon.

SKI’LLED. adj. [from skill.] Knowing; dextrous; acquainted
with.
Of these nor skilled nor studious. Milton.
Moses, in all the Egyptian arts was skill'd,
When heav'nly power that chosen vessel fill'd. Denham.
He must be very little skill'd in the world, who thinks that
a voluble tongue shall accompany only a good understand­
ing. Locke.

SKI’LLESS. adj. [from skill.] Wanting art. Not in use.
Nor have I seen
More that I may call men than you:
How features are abroad I'm skilless of. Shakespeare.
Jealously what might befal your travel,
Being skilless in these parts; which to a stranger
Unguided and unfriended, often prove
Rough and unhospitable. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Thy wit, that ornament to shape and love,
Mishapen in the conduct of them both,
Like powder in a skilless soldier's flask
Is set on fire. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

SKI’LLET. n. s. [escuellette, French.] A small kettle or boiler.
When light-wing'd toys
Of feather'd Cupid foil with wanton dullness
My speculative and offic'd instruments,
Let house-wives make a skillet of my helm,
And all indign and base adversities
Make head against my estimation. Shakespeare's Othello.
Break all the wax, and in a kettle or skillet set it over a
soft fire. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SKILT. n. s. [A word used by Cleaveland, of which I know
not either the etymology or meaning.]
Smeitymnus! ha! what art?
Syriack? Or Arabick? Or Welsh? What skilt?
Ape all the bricklayers that Babel built. Cleaveland.

To SKIM. v. a. [properly to scum, from scum; escume, French.]
1. To clear off from the upper part, by passing a vessel a little
below the surface.
My coz Tom, or his coz Mary,
Who hold the plough or skim the dairy,
My fav'rite books, and pictures sell. Prior.
2. To take by skimming.
She boils in kettles must of wine, and skims
With leaves the dregs that overflow the brims. Dryden.
His principal studies were after the works of Titian, whose
cream he has skimm'd. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The surface of the sea is covered with its bubbles, while
it rises, which they skim off into their boats, and afterwards
separate in pots. Addison.
Whilome I've seen her skim the cloated cream,
And press from spongy curds the milky stream. Gay.
3. To brush the surface slightly; to pass very near the surface.
Nor seeks in air her humble flight to raise,
Content to skim the surface of the seas. Dryden.
The swallow skims the river's watry face. Dryden.
A winged eastern blast just skimming o'er
The ocean's brow, and sinking on the shore. Prior.
4. To cover superficially. Improper.
Dang'rous flats in secret ambush lay,
Where the false tides skim o'er the cover'd land,
And seamen with dissembled depths betray. Dryden.



To SKIM. v. n. To pass lightly; to glide along.
Thin airy shapes o'er the furrows rise,
A dreadful scene! and skim before his eyes. Addison.
When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw,
The line too labours, and the words move slow;
Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o'er th' unbending corn, and skims along the main. Pope.
Such as have active spirits, who are ever skimming over the
surface of things with a volatile spirit, will fix nothing in their
memory. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
They skim over a science in a very superficial survey, and
never lead their disciples into the depths of it. Watts.
The boat, light skimming, stretch'd his oary wings. Thoms.

SKI’MBLESKAMBLE. adj. [A cant word formed by reduplica­
tion from scamble.] Wandering; wild.
A couching lion and a ramping cat,
And such a deal of skimbleskamble stuff,
As puts me from my faith. Shakespeare.

SKI’MMER. n. s. [from skim.] A shallow vessel with which
the scum is taken off.
Wash your wheat in three or four waters, stirring it round;
and with a skimmer, each time, take off the light. Mortimer.

SK’IMMILK. n. s. [skim and milk.] Milk from which the cream
has been taken.
Then cheese was brought: says Slouch, this e'en shall roll;
This is skimmilk, and therefore it shall go. King.

SKIN. n. s. [skind, Danish.]
1. The natural covering of the flesh. It consists of the cuticle,
outward skin, or scarf skin, which is thin and insensible, and
the cutis, or inner skin, extremely sensible.
The body is consumed to nothing, the skin feeling rough
and dry like leather. Harvey on Consumptions.
The priest on skins of off'rings takes his ease,
And nightly visions in his slumber sees. Dryden's æn.
2. Hide; pelt; that which is taken from animals to make parch­
ment or leather.
3. The body; the person.
We meet with many of these dangerous civilities, wherein
'tis hard for a man to save both his skin and his credit. L'Estr.

To SKIN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To flay; to strip or divest of the skin.
The beavers run to the door to make their escape, are there
intangled in the nets, seized by the Indians, and immediately
skinned. Ellis's Voyage.
2. To cover with the skin.
It will but skin and film the ulcerous place,
Whilst rank corruption, mining all within,
Infects unseen. Shakespeare.
Authority, though it err like others,
Has yet a kind of medicine in itself,
That skins the vice o' th' top. Shakesp. Meas. for Meas.
The wound was skinned; but the strength of his thigh was
not restored. Dryden.
It only patches up and skins it over, but reaches not to the
bottom of the sore. Locke.
The last stage of healing, or skinning over, is called cica­
trization. Sharp's Surgery.
3. To cover superficially.
What I took for solid earth was only heaps of rubbish,
skinned over with a covering of vegetables. Addison.

SKINK. n. s. [scenc, Saxon.]
1. Drink; any thing potable.
2. Pottage.
Scotch skink, which is a pottage of strong nourishment, is
made with the knees and sinews of beef, but long boiled: jel­
ly also of knuckles of veal. Bacon's Nat. History.

To SKINK. v. n. [scencan, Saxon.] To serve drink. Both
noun and verb are wholly obsolete.

SKI’NKER. n. s. [from skink.] One that serves drink.
I give thee this pennyworth of sugar, clapt even now into
my hand by an under skinker; one that never spake other Eng­
lish in his life, than eight shillings and six pence, and you are
welcome, sir. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Hang up all the poor hop-drinkers,
Cries old Sym, the king of skinkers. Ben. Johnson.
His mother took the cup the clown had fill'd:
The reconciler bowl went round the board,
Which, empty'd, the rude skinker still restor'd. Dryden.

SKI’NNED. adj. [from skin.] Having the nature of skin or lea­
ther; hard; callous.
When the ulcer becomes soul, and discharges a nasty ichor,
the edges in process of time tuck in, and, growing skinned and
hard, give it the name of callous. Sharp's Surgery.

SKI’NNER. n. s. [from skin.] A dealer in skins.

SKI’NNINESS. n. s. [from skinny.] The quality of being skinny.

SKI’NNY. adj. [from skin.] Consisting only of skin; wanting
flesh.
Her choppy singer laying
Upon her skinny lips. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Least the asperity of these cartilages of the windpipe should
hurt the gullet, which is tender, and of a skinny substance,
these annulary gristles are not made round; but where the gul­
let touches the windpipe, there, to fill up the circle, is only a
soft membrane, which may easily give way. Ray on the Creation.
His fingers meet
In skinny films, and shape his oary feet. Addison's Ovid.

To SKIP. v. n. [squittire, Italian; esquirer, French. I know
not whether it may not come from scape.]
1. To fetch quick bounds; to pass by quick leaps; to bound
lightly and joyfully.
Was not Israel a derision unto thee? Was he found among
thieves? For since thou spakest of him, thou skippedst for
joy. Jer. xlviii. 27.
The queen, bound with love's powerful'st charm,
Sat with Pigwiggen arm in arm:
Her merry maids, that thought to harm,
About the room were skipping. Drayton.
At spur or switch no more he skipt,
Or mended pace, than Spaniard whipt. Hudibras.
The earth-born race
O'er ev'ry hill and verdant pasture stray,
Skip o'er the lawns, and by the rivers play. Blackmore.
John skipped from room to room, ran up stairs and down
stairs, peeping into every cranny. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.
Thus each hand promotes the pleasing pain,
And quick sensations skip from vein to vein. Pope's Dunciod.
The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,
Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? Pope.
2. To pass without notice.
Pope Pius II. was wont to say, that the former popes did
wisely to set the lawyers a-work to debate, whether the dona­
tion of Constantine the Great to Sylvester of St. Peter's patri­
mony were good or valid in law or no; the better to skip over
the matter in fact, whether there was ever any such thing at all
or no. Bacon's Apophthegms.
A gentleman made it a rule, in reading, to skip over all sen­
tences where he spied a note of admiration at the end. Swift.

To SKIP. v. a. [esquirer, French.] To miss; to pass.
Let not thy sword skip one:
Pity not honour'd age for his white beard;
He is an usurer. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Although to engage very far in such a metaphysical specula­
tion were unfit, when I only endeavour to explicate fluidity,
yet we dare not quite skip it over, lest we be accused of over­
seeing it. Boyle.
They who have a mind to see the issue may skip these two
chapters, and proceed to the following. Burnet.

SKIP. n. s. [from the verb.] A light leap or bound.
He looked very curiously upon himself, sometimes fetching
a little skip, as if he had said his strength had not yet forsaken
him. Sidney.
You will make so large a skip as to cast yourself from the
land into the water. More's Antidote against Atheism.

SK’IPJACK. n. s. [skip and jack.] An upstart.
The want of shame or brains does not presently entitle
every little skipjack to the board's end in the cabinet. L'Estr.

SKI’PKENNEL. n. s. [skip and kennel.] A lackey; a footboy.

SKI’PPER. n. s. [schipper, Dutch.] A shipmaster or shipboy.
Are not you afraid of being drowned too? No, not I, says
the skipper. L'Estrange.
No doubt you will return very much improved.—Yes,
refined like a Dutch skipper from a whale-fishing. Congreve.

SKI’PPET. n. s. [Probably from skiff.] A small boat.
Upon the bank they sitting did espy
A dainty damsel, dressing of her hair,
By whom a little skippet floating did appear. Fairy Queen.

SKI’RMISH. n. s. [from ys and carm, Welsh, the shout of war:
whence ysgarm, and ysgarmes, old British words. Maes a naw
'sgarmes a wnan, says an ancient writer. Escarmouche, French.]
1. A slight fight: less than a set battle.
One battle, yes, a skirmish more there was
With adverse fortune fought by Cartismand;
Her subjects most revolt. Philips's Briton.
2. A contest; a contention.
There is a kind of merry war betwixt signior Benedick and
her: they never meet but there's a skirmish of wit. Shakesp.
These skirmishes expire not with the first propugners of the
opinions: they perhaps began as single duellers; but then they
soon have their partisans and abettors, who not only enhance,
but intail the feud to posterity. Decay of Piety.

To SKI’RMISH. v. n. [escarmoucher, French; from the noun.]
To fight loosely; to fight in parties before or after the shock
of the main battle.
Ready to charge, and to retire at will;
Though broken, scatter'd, fled, they skirmish still. Fairfax.
A gentleman volunteer, skirmishing with the enemy before
Worcester, was run through his arm in the middle of the
biceps with a sword, and shot with a musket-bullet in the same
shoulder. Wiseman's Surgery.
I'll pass by the little skirmishings on either side. Atterbury.

SKI’RMISHER. n. s. [from skirmish.] He who skirmishes. Ains.

To SKIRRE. v. a. [This word seems to be derived from scir,
Saxon, pure, clean; unless it shall be rather deduced from
s????.] To scour; to ramble over in order to clear.


Send out more horses, skirre the country round;
Hang those that talk of fear. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To SKIRRE. v. n. To scour; to scud; to run in haste.
We'll make them skirre away as swift as stones
Enforced from the old Assyrian slings. Shakesp. Henry V.

SKI’RRET. n. s. [sisarum, Latin.] A plant.
It produces its flowers in an umbel, which consists of seve­
ral leaves placed circularly, and expanded in form of a rose:
the empalement afterward becomes a fruit, composed of two
narrow seeds, that are gibbous, and furrowed on one side, but
plain on the other. The roots are shaped like long turneps,
and are joined to one head. Miller.
Skirrets are a sort of roots propagated by seed. Mortimer.

SKIRT. n. s. [skiorte, Swedish.]
1. The loose edge of a garment; that part which hangs loose
below the waist.
It's but a nightgown in respect of yours; cloth of gold and
cuts, side sleeves and skirts, round underborne with a bluish
tinsel. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
As Samuel turned about to go away, he laid hold upon the
shirt of his mantle, and it rent. 1 Sa. xv. 27.
2. The edge of any part of the dress.
A narrow lace, or a small skirt of ruffled linen, which runs
along the upper part of the stays before, and crosses the breast,
being a part of the tucker, is called the modesty-piece. Addison.
3. Edge; margin; border; extreme part.
He should seat himself at Athie, upon the skirt of that un­
quiet country. Spenser on Ireland.
Ye mists, that rise
From hill or steaming lake, dusky or grey,
'Till the sun paint your fleecy skirts with gold,
In honour to the world's great Author rise. Milton.
Though I fled him angry, yet recall'd
To life prolong'd, and promis'd race, I now
Gladly behold, though but his utmost skirts
Of glory, and far off his steps adore. Milt. Parad. Lost.
The northern skirts that join to Syria have entered into the
conquests or commerce of the four great empires; but that
which seems to have secured the other is the stony and sandy
desarts, through which no army can pass. Temple.
Upon the skirts
Of Arragon our squander'd troops he rallies. Dryden.

To SKIRT. v. a. [from the noun.] To border; to run along
the edge.
Temple skirteth this hundred on the waste side. Carew.
Of all these bounds,
With shadowy forests and with champions rich'd,
With plenteous rivers and wide skirted meads,
We make thee lady. Shakespeare.
The middle pair
Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold. Milton.
A spacious circuit on the hill there stood,
Level and wide, and skirted round with wood. Addison.

SKI’TTISH. adj. [skyc, Danish; schew, Dutch.]
1. Shy; easily frighted
A restiff skittish jade had gotten a trick of rising, starting,
and flying out at his own shadow. L'Estrange.
2. Wanton; volatile; hasty; precipitate.
Now expectation, tickling skittish spirits,
Sets all on hazard. Shakespeare.
He still resolv'd, to mend the matter,
T' adhere and cleave the obstinater;
And still the skittisher and looser,
Her freaks appear'd to sit the closer. Hudibras.
3. Changeable; fickle.
Some men sleep in skittish fortune's hall,
While others play the ideots in her eyes. Shakespeare.
Such as I am, all true lovers are;
Unstaid and skittish in all notions else,
Save in the constant image of the creature
That is belov'd. Shak. Twelfth Night.

SKI’TTISHLY. adv. [from skittish.] Wantonly; uncertainly;
fickly.

SKI’TTISHNESS. n. s. [from skittish.] Wantonness; fickle­
ness.

SKONCE. n. s. [See SCONCE.]
Reinard ransacketh every corner of his wily skonce, and
bestirreth the utmost of his nimble stumps to quit his coat
from their jaws. Carew.
SKR

SKREEN, n. s. [escran, escrein, French, which Minshew derives
from secerniculum, Latin. Nimis violenter ut solet, says Skin­
ner, which may be true as to one of the senses; but if the first
sense of skreen be a kind of coarse sieve or riddle, it may per­
haps come, if not from cribrum, from some of the descendants
of cerno.]
1. A riddle or coarse sieve.
A skuttle or skreen to rid soil fro' the corn. Tusser.
2. Any thing by which the sun or weather is kept off.
3. Shelter; concealment.
Fenc'd from day, by night's eternal skreen;
Unknown to heav'n, and to myself unseen. Dryden.

To SKREEN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To riddle; to sift. A term yet used among masons when
they sift sand for mortar.
2. To shade from sun or light, or weather.
3. To keep off light or weather.
The curtains closely drawn, the light to skreen:
Thus cover'd with an artificial night,
Sleep did his office. Dryden.
The waters mounted up into the air: their interposition be­
twixt the earth and the sun skreen and fence off the heat,
otherwise insupportable. Woodward's Natural History.
4. To shelter; to protect.
Ajax interpos'd
His sevenfold shield, and skreen'd Laertes' son,
When the insulting Trojans urg'd him sore. Philips.
He that travels with them is to skreen them, and get them
out when they have run themselves into the briars. Locke.
His majesty encouraged his subjects to make mouths at their
betters, and afterwards skreened them from punishment. Spect.
The scales, of which the scarf-skin is composed, are de­
signed to fence the orifices of the secretory ducts of the miliary
glands, and to skreen the nerves from external injuries. Cheyne.

SKUE. adj. [Of this word there is found no satisfactory deri­
vation.] Oblique; sidelong. It is most used in the adverb
askue.
Several have imagined that this skue posture of the axis is a
most unfortunate thing; and that if the poles had been erect
to the plane of the ecliptick, all mankind would have enjoyed
a very paradise. Bentley.

To SKULK. v. n. To hide; to lurk in fear or malice.
Discover'd, and defeated of your prey,
You skulk'd behind the fence, and sneak'd away. Dryden.

SKULL. n. s. [skiola, Islandick; skatti, Islandick, a head.]
1. The bone that incloses the head: it is made up of several
pieces, which, being joined together, form a considerable cavity,
which contain the brain as in a box, and it is proportionate
to the bigness of the brain. Its figure is round, and a little
depressed on its sides. The several pieces, of which the skull
is composed, are joined together by sutures, which makes it
less apt to break: these pieces or bones are six proper and two
common, and each is made up of two tables, or laminæ, be­
tween which there is a thin and spongious substance, made of
some bony fibres, which come from each lamina, called in
Greek d?p??e, and in Latin meditullium. In it are a great
many veins and arteries, which bring blood for the nourish­
ment of the bones. The tables are hard and solid, because in
them the fibres of the bones are close to one another. The
diploe is soft, because the bony fibres are at a greater distance
from one another. The external lamina is smooth, and co­
vered with the pericranium: the internal is likewise smooth;
but on it are several furrows, made by the pulse of the arteries
of the dura mater, whilst the cranium was soft and yield­
ing. Quincy.
Some lay in dead mens skulls; and in those holes,
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept,
As 'twere in scorn of eyes, reflecting gems. Shakes. R. III.
With redoubled strokes he plies his head;
But drives the batter'd skull within the brains. Dryden.
2. [Sceole, Saxon, a company.] A shoal. See SCULL.
Repair to the river where you have seen them swim in skulls
or shoals. Walton.

SKU’LLCAP. n. s. A headpiece.

SKU’LLCAP. n. s. [cassida, Latin.] A plant.
The florets are longish, one in each ala of the leaves: the
upper leaf is galeated like an helmet, with two auricles adjoin­
ing: the under leaf, for the most part, is divided into two:
the calyx, having a cover, contains a fruit resembling the heel
of a slipper or shoe. Miller.
SKY

SKY. n. s. [sky, Danish.]
1. The region which surrounds this earth beyond the atmo­
sphere. It is taken for the whole region without the earth.
The mountains their broad backs upheave
Into the clouds, their tops ascend the sky. Milton.
The maids of Argos, who with frantick cries,
And imitated lowings, fill'd the skies. Roscommon.
Raise all thy winds, with night involve the skies,
Sink, or disperse. Dryden's æn.
2. The heavens.
The thunderer's bolt you know,
Sky planted, batters all rebelling coasts. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
What is this knowledge but the sky stol'n fire,
For which the thief still chain'd in ice doth sit. Davies.
Wide is the fronting gate, and rais'd on high,
With adamantine columns threats the sky. Dryden.
3. The weather.
Thou wert better in thy grave, than to answer with thy un­
covered body this extremity of the skies. Shakesp. K. Lear.

SKY’EY. adj. [from sky. Not very elegantly formed.] Ethereal.
A breath thou art,
Servile to all the skiey influences,
That do this habitation, where thou keep'st,
Hourly afflict. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.



SKY’COLOUR. n. s. [sky and colour.] An azure colour; the
colour of the sky.
A solution as clear as water, with only a light touch of sky­
colour, but nothing near so high as the ceruleous tincture of
silver. Boyle.

SKY’COLOURED. adj. [sky and colour.] Blue; azure; like the
sky.
This your Ovid himself has hinted, when he tells us that
the blue water nymphs are dressed in skycoloured garments. Add.

SKY’DYED. adj. [sky and dye.] Coloured like the sky.
There figs, skydyed, a purple hue disclose. Pope.

SKY’ED. adj. [from sky.] Envelloped by the skies. This is un­
usual and unauthorised.
The pale deluge floats
O'er the sky'd mountain to the shadowy vale. Thomson.

SKY’ISH. adj. [from sky.] Coloured by the ether; approaching
the sky.
Of this flat a mountain you have made,
T' o'ertop old Pelion, or the skyish head
Of blue Olympus. Shakesp. Hamlet.

SKY’LARK. n. s. [sky and lark.] A lark that mounts and
sings.
He next proceeded to the skylark, mounting up by a proper
scale of notes, and afterwards falling to the ground with a
very easy descent. Spectator.

SKY’LIGHT. n. s. [sky and light.] A window placed in a room,
not laterally, but in the cieling.
A monstrous fowl dropt through the skylight, near his wife's
apartment. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scriblerus.

SKY’ROCKET. n. s. [sky and rocket.] A kind of firework,
which flies high and burns as it flies.
I considered a comet, or in the language of the vulgar a
blazing star, as a skyrocket discharged by an hand that is al­
mighty. Addison.
SLA

SLAB. n. s.
1. A puddle.
2. A plane of stone: as, a marble slab.

SLAB. adj. [A word, I suppose, of the same original with stabber,
or slaver.] Thick; viscous; glutinous.
Nose of Turk, and Tartar's lips;
Finger of birth-strangl'd babe,
Ditch-deliver'd by a drab;
Make the gruel thick and slab. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To SLA’BBER. v. n. [slabben, slabberen, Dutch.]
1. To let the spittle fall from the mouth; to drivel.
2. To shed or pour any thing.

To SLA’BBER. v. a.
1. To smear with spittle.
He slabbered me all over, from cheek to cheek, with his great
tongue. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.
2. To shed; to spill.
The milk pan and cream pot so slabber'd and soft,
That butter is wanting, and cheese is half lost. Tusser.

SLA’BBERER. n. s. [from slabber.] He who slabbers.

SLA’BBY. adj. [The same with slab.]
1. Thick; viscous.
In the cure of an ulcer, with a moist intemperies, slabby
and greasy medicaments are to be forborn, and drying to be
used. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Wet; floody.
When waggish boys the stunted besom ply,
To rid the slabby pavements, pass not by. Gay.

SLACK. adj. [sleac, Saxon; slaken, Islandick; yslack, Welsh;
laxus, Latin.]
1. Not tense; not hard drawn; loose.
The vein in the arm is that which Aretæus commonly
opens; and he gives a particular caution in this case to make
a slack compression, for fear of exciting a convulsion. Arbuthn.
2. Remiss; not diligent; not eager; not fervent.
Thus much help and furtherance is more yielded, in that, if
so be our zeal and devotion to Godward be slack, the alacrity
and fervour of others serveth as a present spur. Hooker.
Seeing his soldiers slack and timorous, he reproved them of
cowardice and treason. Knolles.
Nor were it just, would he resume that shape,
That slack devotion should his thunder 'scape. Waller.
Rebellion now began, for lack
Of zeal and plunder, to grow slack. Hudibras.
3. Not violent; not rapid.
Their pace was formal, grave, and slack:
His nimble wit out-ran the heavy pack. Dryden.
A handful of slack dried hops spoil many pounds, by taking
away their pleasant smell. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Relaxed; weak; not holding fast.
All his joints relax'd:
From his slack hand the garland wreath'd for Eve
Down dropp'd, and all the faded roses shed. Milton.

To SLACK. v. n. [from the adjective.
To SLA’CKEN. v. n. [from the adjective.
1. To be remiss; to neglect.
When thou shalt vow a vow unto the Lord, slack not to pay
it. Deutr. xxiii. 21.
2. To lose the power of cohesion.
The fire, in lime burnt, lies hid, so that it appears to be cold;
but water excites it again, whereby it slacks and crumbles into
fine powder. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
3. To abate.
Whence these raging fires
Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames. Milton.
4. To languish; to fail; to flag. Ainsworth.

To SLACK. v. a. 
To SLA’CKEN. v. a.
1. To loosen; to make less tight.
Ah generous youth, that wish forbear;
Slack all thy sails, and fear to come. Dryden.
Had Ajax been employ'd, our slacken'd sails
Had still at Aulis waited happy gales. Dryden.
2. To relax; to remit.
This makes the pulses beat, and lungs respire;
This holds the sinews like a bridle's reins,
And makes the body to advance, retire,
To turn or stop, as she them slacks or strains. Davies.
Taught power's due use to people and to kings,
Taught nor to slack nor strain its tender strings. Pope.
3. To ease; to mitigate. Philips seems to have used it by mis­
take for slake.
Men, having been brought up at home under a strict rule of
duty, always restrained by sharp penalties from lewd beha­
viour, so soon as they come thither, where they see laws more
slackly tended, and the hard restraint, which they were used
unto, now slacked, they grow more loose. Spenser.
If there be cure or charm
To respite or deceive, or slack the pain
Of this ill mansion. Milton's Paradise Lost.
On our account has Jove,
Indulgent, to all moons some succulent plant
Allow'd, that poor helpless man might slack
His present thirst, and matter find for toil. Philips.
4. To remit for want of eagerness.
My guards
Are you, great pow'rs, and th' unbated strength
Of a firm conscience; which shall arm each step
Ta'en for the state, and teach me slack no pace. Ben. Johns.
With such delay well pleas'd, they slack their course. Milt.
5. To cause to be remitted.
You may sooner by imagination quicken or slack a motion,
than raise or cease it; as it is easier to make a dog go slower
than make him stand still. Bacon.
This doctrine must supersede and slacken all industry and en­
deavour, which is the lowest degree of that which hath been
promised to be accepted by Christ; and leave nothing to us to
deliberate or attempt, but only to obey our fate. Hammond.
Extol not riches then, the toil of fools,
The wise man's cumbrance, if not snare; more apt
To slacken virtue, and abate her edge,
Than prompt her to do aught may merit praise. Milton.
Balls of this metal slack'd Atlanta's pace,
And on the am'rous youth bestow'd the race. Waller.
One conduces to the poet's aim, which he is driving on in
every line: the other slackens his pace, and diverts him from
his way. Dryden.
6. To relieve; to unbend.
Here have I seen the king, when great affairs
Gave leave to slacken and unbend his cares,
Attended to the chase by all the flow'r
Of youth, whose hopes a nobler prey devour. Denham.
7. To with-hold; to use less liberally.
He that so generally is good, must of necessity hold his vir­
tue to you, whose worthiness would stir it up where it wanted,
rather than slack it where there is such abundance. Shakesp.
8. To crumble; to deprive of the power of cohesion.
Some unslacked lime cover with ashes, and let it stand 'till
rain comes to slack the lime; then spread them together. Mort.
9. To neglect.
Why might not you, my lord, receive attendance
From those that she calls servants, or from mine?
—If then they chanc'd to slack ye,
We could controul them. Shakesp. King Lear.
This good chance, that thus much favoureth,
He slacks not. Daniel's Civil War.
Slack not the good presage, while heav'n inspires
Our minds to dare, and gives the ready fires. Dryden.
10. To repress; to make less quick or forcible.
I should be griev'd, young prince, to think my presence
Unbent your thoughts, and slacken'd 'em to arms. Addison.

SLACK. n. s. [from the verb To slack.] Small coal; coal
broken in small parts.

SLA’CKLY. adv. [from slack.]
1. Loosely; not tightly; not closely.
2. Negligently; remissly.
That a king's children should be so convey'd,
So slackly guarded, and the search so slow
That could not trace them. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.



SLA’CKNESS. n. s. [from slack.]
1. Looseness; not tightness.
2. Negligence; inattention; remissness.
It concerneth the duty of the church by law to provide, that
the looseness and slackness of men may not cause the com­
mandments of God to be unexecuted. Hooker.
These thy offices,
So rarely kind, are as interpreters
Of my behind-hand slackness. Shak. Winter's Tale.
From man's effeminate slackness it begins,
Who should better hold his place
By wisdom, and superior gifts receiv'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Want of tendency.
When they have no disposition to shoot out above their lips,
there is a slackness to heal, and a cure is very difficultly ef­
fected. Sharp's Surgery.
4. Weakness; not force; not intenseness.
Through the slackness of motion, or long banishment from
the air, it might gather some aptness to putrefy. Brerewood.

SLAG. n. s. The dross or recrement of metal.
Not only the calces but the glasses of metal may be of dif­
fering colours from the natural colour of the metal, as I have
observed about the glass or slag of copper. Boyle.

SLAIE. n. s. A weaver's reed. Ainsworth.

SLAIN. The participle passive of slay.
The slain of the Lord shall be many. Is. lxvi. 16.
The king grew vain,
Fought all his battles o'er again;
And thrice he routed all his foes, and thrice he slew the
slain. Dryden.

To SLAKE. v. a. [from slack, Skinner; from slock, Islandick,
to quench, Mr. Lye.]
1. To quench; to extinguish.
He did always strive
Himself with slaves to health for to restore,
And slake the heavenly fire that raged evermore. Fa. Queen.
If I digg'd up thy forefathers graves,
And hung their rotten coffins up in chains,
It could not slake mine ire, nor ease my heart. Shakes. H. VI.
She with her cold hand slakes
His spirits, the sparks of life, and chills his heart. Crashaw.
From lülus' head
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows, and on his temples fed:
Amaz'd, with running water we prepare
To quench the sacred fire, and slake his hair. Dryden.
The fragrant fruit from bending branches shake,
And with the crystal stream their thirst at pleasure slake.
Blackmore's Creation.
Coarse are his meals, the fortune of the chace;
A midst the running stream he slakes his thirst. Addis. Cato.
2. It is used of lime, so that it is uncertain whether the original
notion of To slack or slake lime be to powder or quench it.
That which he saw happened to be fresh lime, and gathered
before any rain had fallen to slake it. Woodward.

To SLAKE. v. n. [This is apparently from slack.] To grow
less tense; to be relaxed.
If she the body's nature did partake,
Her strength would with the body's strength decay;
But when the body's strongest sinews slake,
Then is the soul most active, quick, and gay. Davies.

To SLAM. v. a. [lema, Islandick; schlagen, Dutch.] To slaugh­
ter; to crush. A word not used but in low conversation.

To SLA’NDER. v. a. [esclaundrie, French; scandalum, Latin.]
To censure falsely; to belie.
Slander Valentine
With falshood, cowardice, and poor descent. Shakespeare.
He hath slandered thy servant unto the king. 2 Sa. xix. 27.
Give me leave to speak as earnestly in truly commending it,
as you have done in untruly and unkindly defacing and slander­
ing it. Whitgrifte.
Thou do'st with lies the throne invade,
By practice harden'd in thy slandering trade;
Obtending heav'n for whate'er ills befal,
And sputt'ring under specious names thy gall. Dryden.
Of all her dears she never slander'd one,
But cares not if a thousand are undone. Dryden.

SLA’NDER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. False invective.
When slanders do not live in tongues;
When cut-purses come not to throngs. Shak. K. Lear.
Since that, we hear he is in arms,
We think not so;
Yet charge the consul with our harms,
That let him go:
So in our censure of the state
We still do wander,
And make the careful magistrate
The mark of slander. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
2. Disgrace; reproach.
Thou slander of thy heavy mother's womb!
Thou loathed issue of thy father's loins. Shakesp. R. III.
3. Disreputation; ill name.
You shall not find me, daughter,
After the slander of most step-mothers,
Ill-ey'd unto you. Shakespeare.

SLA’NDERER. n. s. [from slander.] One who belies another;
one who lays false imputations on another.
In your servants suffer any offence against yourself rather
than against God: endure not that they should be railers or
slanderers, tell-tales or sowers of dissension. Taylor.
Thou shalt answer for this, thou slanderer. Dryden.

SLA’NDEROUS. adj. [from slander.]
1. Uttering reproachful falshoods.
What king so strong
Can tie the gall up in the slanderous tongue? Shakespeare.
To me belongs
The care to shun the blast of sland'rous tongues:
Let malice, prone the virtuous to defame,
Thus with vile censure taint my spotless name. Pope.
2. Containing reproachful falshoods; calumnious.
I was never able 'till now to choke the mouth of such de­
tractors, with the certain knowledge of their slanderous un­
truths. Spenser on Ireland.
We lay these honours on this man,
To ease ourselves of divers sland'rous loads. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
As by flattery a man opens his bosom to his mortal enemy,
so by detraction and a slanderous misreport he shuts the same to
his best friends. South.

SLA’NDEROUSLY. adv. [from slanderous.] Calumniously; with
false reproach.
I may the better satisfy them who object these doubts, and
slanderously bark at the courses which are held against that trai­
terous earl and his adherents. Spenser on Ireland.
They did slanderously object,
How that they durst not hazard to present
In person their defences. Daniel's Civil War.

SLANG. The preterite of sling.
David slang a stone, and smote the Philistine. 1 Sa. xvii.

SLANK. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SLANT. adj. [from slanghe, a serpent, Dutch. Skinner.]
Oblique; not direct; not perpendicular.
SLA’NTING. adj. [from slanghe, a serpent, Dutch. Skinner.]
Oblique; not direct; not perpendicular.
Late the clouds
Justling, or push'd with winds, rude in their shock,
Tine the slant lightning; whose thwart flame driv'n down,
Kindles the gummy bark of fir and pine.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
The sun round the globe describes th' æquator line,
By which wise means he can the whole survey
With a direct or with a slanting ray,
In the succession of a night and day. Blackmore.

SLA’NTLY. adv. [from slant.] Obliquely; not perpendi­
cularly; slope.
SLA’NTWISE. adv. [from slant.] Obliquely; not perpendi­
cularly; slope.
Some maketh a hollowness half a foot deep,
With fower sets in it, set slantwise asleep. Tusser's Husband.

SLAP. n. s. [schlap, German.] A blow. Properly with the
hand open, or with something rather broad than sharp.
The laugh, the slap, the jocund curse go round. Thomson.

SLAP. adv. [from the noun.] With a sudden and violent blow.
Peg's servants complained; and if they offered to come into
the warehouse, then strait went the yard slap over their
noddle. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

To SLAP. v. a. [from the noun.] To strike with a slap.
Dick, who thus long had passive sat,
Here stroak'd his chin, and cock'd his hat;
Then slapp'd his hand upon the board,
And thus the youth put in his word. Prior.

SLA’PDASH. interj. [from slap and dash.] All at once: as any
thing broad falls with a slap into the water, and dashes it about.
A low word.
And yet, slapdash, is all again
In ev'ry sinew, nerve, and vein. Prior.

To SLASH. v. a. [slasa, to strike, Islandick.]
1. To cut; to cut with long cuts.
2. To lash. Slash is improper.
Daniel, a sprightly swain, that us'd to slash
The vig'rous steeds that drew his lord's calash,
To Peggy's side inclin'd. King.

To SLASH. v. n. To strike at random with a sword; to lay
about him.
The knights with their bright burning blades
Broke their rude troops, and orders did confound,
Hewing and slashing at their idle shades. Fairy Queen.
Not that I'd lop the beauties from his book,
Like slashing Bentley with his desp'rate hook. Pope.

SLASH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Cut; wound.
Some few received some cuts and slashes that had drawn
blood. Clarendon.
2. A cut in cloath.
What! this a sleeve?
Here's snip and nip, and cut, and slish and slash,
Like to a censor in a barber's shop. Shakespeare.


Distinguish'd slashes deck the great,
As each excels in birth or state:
His oylet-holes are more and ampler;
The king's own body was a sampler. Prior.

SLATCH. n. s. [A sea term.] The middle part of a rope or
cable that hangs down loose. Bailey.

SLATE. n. s. [from slit: slate is in some counties a crack; or
from esclate, a tile, French.] A grey fossile stone, easily
broken into thin plates, which are used to cover houses, or to
write upon.
A square cannot be so truly drawn upon a slate as it is con­
ceived in the mind. Grew's Cosmol.
A small piece of a flat slate the ants laid over the hole of
their nest, when they foresaw it would rain. Addison's Spect.

To SLATE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover the roof; to tile.
Sonnets and elegies to Chloris,
Would raise a house about two stories,
A lyrick ode would slate. Swift.

SLA’TER. n. s. [from slate.] One who covers with slates or
tiles.

SLA’TTERN. n. s. [slaetti, Swedish.] A woman negligent,
not elegant or nice.
Without the raising of which sum,
You dare not be so troublesome
To pinch the slatterns black and blue,
For leaving you their work to do. Hudibras.
We may always observe, that a gossip in politicks is a slat­
tern in her family. Addison's Freeholder.
The sallow skin is for the swarthy put,
And love can make a slattern of a slut. Dryden.
Beneath the lamp her tawdry ribbans glare,
The new-scour'd manteau and the slattern air. Gay.

SLA’TY. adj. [from slate.] Having the nature of slate.
All the stone that is slaty, with a texture long, and parallel
to the site of the stratum, will split only lengthways, or hori­
zontally; and, if placed in any other position, 'tis apt to give
way, start, and burst, when any considerable weight is laid
upon it. Woodward on Fossils.

SLAVE. n. s. [esclave, French. It is said to have its original
from the Slavi, or Sclavonians, subdued and sold by the Ve­
netians.] One mancipated to a master; not a freeman; a
dependant.
The banish'd Kent, who in disguise
Follow'd his enemy king, and did him service
Improper for a slave. Shakesp. King Lear.
Thou elvish markt, abortive, rooting hog!
Thou that wast seal'd in thy nativity
The slave of nature, and the son of hell. Shakesp. R. III.
Of guests he makes them slaves
Inhospitably. Milton.
Slaves to our passions we become, and then
It grows impossible to govern men. Waller.
The condition of servants was different from what it is
now, they being generally slaves, and such as were bought and
sold for money. South.
Perspective a painter must not want; yet without subjecting
ourselves so wholly to it, as to become slaves of it. Dryden.
To-morrow, should we thus express our friendship,
Each might receive a slave into his arms:
This sun perhaps, this morning sun's the last,
That e'er shall rise on Roman liberty. Addison's Cato.

To SLAVE. v. n. [from the noun] To drudge; to moil; to
toil.
Had women been the makers of our laws,
The men should slave at cards from morn to night. Swift.

SLA’VER. n. s. [saliva, Latin; slæfa; Islandick.] Spittle
running from the mouth; drivel.
Mathiolus hath a passage, that a toad communicates its
venom not only by urine, but by the humidity and slaver of its
mouth, which will not consist with truth. Brown.
Of all mad creatures, if the learn'd are right,
It is the slaver kills, and not the bite. Pope.

To SLA’VER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be smeared with spittle.
Should I
Slaver with lips, as common as the stairs
That mount the capitol; join gripes with hands
Made hard with hourly falshood as with labour. Shakesp.
2. To emit spittle.
Miso came with scowling eyes to deliver a slavering good­
morrow to the two ladies. Sidney.
Why must he sputter, spawl, and slaver it,
In vain, against the people's fav'rite? Swift.

To SLA’VER. v. a. To smear with drivel.
Twitch'd by the slave he mouths it more and more,
'Till with white froth his gown is slaver'd o'er. Dryden.

SLA’VERER. n. s. [slabbaerd, Dutch; from slaver.] One who
cannot hold his spittle; a driveller; an ideot.

SLA’VERY. n. s. [from slave.] Servitude; the condition of a
slave; the offices of a slave.
If my dissentings were out of errour, weakness, or obsti­
nacy in me, yet no man can think it other than the badge and
method of slavery, by savage rudeness and importunate ob­
trusions of violence to have the mist of his errour dispelled.
King Charles.

SLA’UGHTER. n. s. [onslaugt, Saxon, from slægan, slegan,
to strike or kill.] Massacre; destruction by the sword.
Sinful Macduff,
They were all struck for thee!
Not for their own demerits, but for mine,
Fell slaughter on their souls. Shakesp. Macbeth.
On each hand slaughter and gigantick deeds. Milton.
The pair you see,
Now friends below, in close embraces join;
But when they leave the shady realms of night,
With mortal heat each other shall pursue:
What wars, what wounds, what slaughter shall ensue? Dryd.

To SLA’UGHTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To massacre; to
slay; to kill with the sword.
Your castle is surpriz'd, your wife and babes
Savagely slaughter'd. Shakesp. Macbeth.

SLA’UGHTERHOUSE. n. s. [slaughter and house.] House in
which beasts are killed for the butcher.
Away with me, all you whose souls abhor
Th' uncleanly savour of a slaughterhouse;
For I am stifl'd with the smell of sin. Shakespeare.

SLA’UGHTERMAN. n. s. [slaughter and man.] One employed
in killing.
The mad mothers with their howls confus'd
Do break the clouds; as did the wives of Jewry,
At Herod's bloody hunting slaughtermen. Shak. Hen. V.
Ten chas'd by one,
Are now each one the slaughterman of twenty. Shakespeare.
See, thou fight'st against thy countrymen;
And join'st with them, will be thy slaughtermen. Shak. H. VI.

SLA’UGHTEROUS. adj. [from slaughter.] Destructive; mur­
derous.
I have supt full with horrours:
Direness familiar to my slaughterous thoughts
Cannot once start me. Shakes. Macbeth.

SLA’VISH. adj. [from slave.] Servile; mean; base; depen­
dant.
A thing
More slavish did I ne'er, than answering
A slave without a knock. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
You have among you many a purchas'd slave,
Which, like your asses, and your dogs and mules,
You use in abject and in slavish part,
Because you bought them. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
I believe
That he, the supreme God, t' whom all things ill
Are but as slavish officers of vengeance,
Would send a glist'ring guardian, if need were,
To keep my life and honour unassail'd. Milton.
Those are the labour'd births of slavish brains;
Not the effect of poetry, but pains. Denham.
Slavish bards our mutual loves rehearse
In lying strains and ignominious verse. Prior.

SLA’VISHLY. adv. [from slavish.] Servilely; meanly.

SLA’VISHNESS. n. s. [from slavish.] Servility; meanness.

To SLAY. v. a. preter slew; part. pass. slain. [slahan, Gothick;
slean, Sax. slachten, Dutch, to strike.] To kill; to butcher;
to put to death.
Her father's brother
Would be her lord; or shall I say her uncle?
Or he that slew her brothers and her uncle? Shak. R. III.
Tyrant, shew thy face:
If thou be'st slain, and with no stroke of mine,
My wife and children's ghosts will haunt me still Shakesp.
The deadly-handed Clifford slew my steed. Shak. H. VI.
I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for
the word of God. Rev. vi. 2.
Thus there was killing of young and old, and slaying of
virgins and infants. 2 Mac. v. 13.
Slay and make ready. Gen. xliii. 16.
Wrath killeth the foolish man, and envy slayeth the silly
one. Job v. 2.
They slew ten thousand men. Judg. i. 4.
Of Trojan chiefs he view'd a numerous train;
All much lamented, all in battle slain. Dryden's æn.
Abraham
By blood and battles must his pow'r maintain,
And slay the monarchs, ere he rule the plain. Prior.

SLA’YER. n. s. [from slay.] Killer; murderer; destroyer.
Witness the guiltless blood poured oft on ground;
The crowned often slain, the slayer crown'd. Fairy Queen.
They flew those that were slayers of their countrymen. Abb.
The slayer of himself yet saw I there;
The gore congeal'd was clotted in his hair:
With eyes half clos'd and gaping mouth he lay;
And grim as when he breath'd his sullen soul away. Dryden.
SLE

SLEAVE. n. s. [Of this word I know not well the meaning:
sleave silk is explained by Gouldman floccus sericus, a lock of silk;
and the women still say sleave the silk, for untwist it. Ainsworth


calls a weaver's shuttle or reed a slay. To sley is to part a
twist into single fibres.]
I on a fountain light,
Whose brim with pinks was platted,
The banks with daffadillies dight
With grass like sleave was matted. Drayton's Cynthia.

SLEAZY. adj. [often written sleezy.] Weak; wanting sub­
stance. This seems to be of the same race with sleave, or from
to sley.

SLED. n. s. [slæd, Danish; sledde, Dutch.] A carriage drawn
without wheels.
The sled. the tumbril, hurdles, and the flail,
These all must be prepar'd. Dryden.

SLE’DDED. adj. [from sled.] Mounted on a sled.
So frown'd he once when in an angry parle,
He smote the sledded Polack on the ice. Shakespeare.

SLEDGE. n. s. [sleeg, Saxon; sleggia, Islandick.]
1. A large heavy hammer.
They him spying, both with greedy force,
At once upon him ran, and him beset,
With strokes of mortal steel, without remorse,
And on his shield like iron sledges bet. Fairy Queen.
The painful smith, with force of servent heat,
The hardest iron soon doth mollify,
That with his heavy sledge he can it beat,
And fashion to what he it list apply. Spenser.
The uphand sledge is used by under workmen, when the work
is not of the largest, yet requires help to batter and draw it
out: they use it with both their hands before them, and sel­
dom lift their hammer higher than their head. Moxon.
Aristotle ascribes it unto the swiftness of that motion; but
it would follow that the quick stroak of a light hammer should
be of greater efficacy, than any softer and more gentle striking
of a great sledge. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
2. A carriage without wheels, or with very low wheels; properly
a sled. See SLED.
In Lancashire, they use a sort of sledge made with thick
wheels, to bring their marl out, drawn with one horse. Mort.

SLEEK. n. s. [sleych, Dutch.] Smooth; nitid; glossy.
Let me have men about me that are fat,
Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep a-nights. Shakespeare.
Envy!
How eagerly ye follow my disgrace,
As if it fed ye; and how sleek and wanton
Y' appear in ev'ry thing may bring my ruin. Shakespeare.
Yet are the men more loose than they,
More kemb'd, and bath'd, and rub'd, and trim'd,
More sleek'd, more soft, and slacker limb'd. Ben. Johnson.
What time the groves were clad in green,
The fields all drest in flowers,
And that the sleek-hair'd nymphs were seen,
To seek them summer bowers. Drayton.
The purest pasteboard, with a sleek stone rub smooth, and
as even as you can. Peacham.
As in gaze admiring, oft he bow'd
His turret crest, and sleek enamel'd neck,
Fawning. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek,
That would have made Quintilian stare and gasp. Milton.
Thy head and hair are sleek,
And then thou kemb'st the tuzzes on thy cheek. Dryden.
So sleek her skin, so faultless was her make,
Ev'n Juno did unwilling pleasure take
To see so fair a rival. Dryden.

To SLEEK. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To comb smooth and even.
By dead Parthenope's dear tomb,
And fair Ligea's golden comb,
Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks,
Sleeking her soft alluring locks. Milton.
2. To render soft, smooth, or glossy.
Gentle my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks;
Be bright and jovial 'mong your guests to night. Shakesp.
She does sleek
With crumbs of bread and milk, and lies a-nights
In her neat gloves. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
A sheet of well sleeked marble paper did not cast any of its
distinct colours upon the wall. Boyle.
The persuasive rhetorick
That sleek'd his tongue, and won so much on Eve,
So little here, nay lost. Milton.
A cruise of fragrance, form'd of burnish'd gold,
Odour divine! whose soft refreshing streams
Sleek the smooth skin, and scent the snowy limbs. Pope.

SLEE’KLY. adv. [from sleek.] Smoothly; glossily.
Let their heads be sleekly comb'd, and their blue coats brush'd.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

To SLEEP. v. n. [stepan, Gothick; sleepan, Saxon; slaepen,
Dutch.]
1. To take rest, by suspension of the mental powers.
I've watch'd and travell'd hard:
Some time I shall sleep out; the rest I'll whistle. Shakesp.
Where's Pede?—go you, and where you find a maid,
That, ere she sleep, hath thrice her prayers said,
Rein up the organs of her fantasy;
Sleep she as sound as careless infancy;
But those that sleep, and think not on their sins,
Pinch them, arms, legs, backs, shoulders, sides, and shins.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
If the man be poor, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge. Deut.
Sleep on now, and take your rest; behold the hour is at
hand. Matth. xxvi. 45.
Peace, good reader! do not weep;
Peace! the lovers are asleep:
They, sweet turtles! folded lie,
In the last knot that love could tie.
Let them sleep, let them sleep on,
Till this stormy night be gone,
And the eternal morrow dawn,
Then the curtains will be drawn,
And they waken with that light,
Whose day shall never sleep in night. Crashaw.
Those who at any time sleep without dreaming, can never
be convinced that their thoughts are for four hours busy with­
out their knowing it. Locke.
2. To rest; to be motionless.
Steel, if thou turn thine edge, or cut not out the burly­
bon'd clown in chines of beef ere thou sleep in thy sheath, I
beseech Jove on my knees thou mayst be turned into hob­
nails. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!
Here will we sit, and let the sounds of musick
Creep in our ears. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
The giddy ship, betwixt the winds and tides,
Forc'd back and forwards, in a circle rides,
Stunn'd with the different blows; then shoots amain,
Till counterbuff'd the stops, and sleeps again. Dryden.
3. To live thoughtlessly.
We sleep over our happiness, and want to be rouzed into
a quick thankful sense of it. Atterbury.
4. To be dead; death being a state from which man will some
time awake.
If we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them
also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with him. 1 Thess.
A person is said to be dead to us, because we cannot raise
from the grave; though he only sleeps unto God, who can
raise from the chamber of death. Ayliffe's Parergon.
5. To be inattentive; not vigilant.
Heav'n will one day open
The king's eyes, that so long have slept upon
This bold, bad man. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
6. To be unnoticed, or unattended.
You ever
Have wish'd the sleeping of this business, never
Desir'd it to be stirr'd. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

SLEEP. n. s. [from the verb.] Repose; rest; suspension of the
mental powers; slumber.
Methought I heard a voice cry sleep no more!
Macbeth doth murder sleep; the innocent sleep;
Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care;
The birth of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course,
Chief nourisher in life's feast. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Cold calleth the spirits to succour; and therefore they can­
not so well close and go together in the head, which is ever
requisite to sleep. And for the same cause, pain and noise
hinder sleep; and darkness furthereth sleep. Bacon.
Beasts that sleep in winter, as wild bears, during their sleep
wax very fat, though they eat nothing. Bacon.
His fasten'd hands the rudder keep,
And fix'd on heav'n, his eyes repel invading sleep. Dryden.
Hermes o'er his head in air appear'd,
His hat adorn'd with wings disclos'd the god,
And in his hand the sleep compelling rod. Dryden.
Infants spend the greatest part of their time in sleep, and are
seldom awake but when hunger calls for the teat, or some pain
forces the mind to perceive it. Locke.

SLEE’PER. n. s. [from sleep.]
1. One who sleeps; one who is not awake.
Sound musick; come my queen, take hand with me,
And rock the ground whereon these sleepers be. Shakesp.
What's the business,
That such an hideous trumpet calls to parley
The sleepers of the house? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In some countries, a plant which shutteth in the night,
openeth in the morning, and openeth wide at noon; the in­
habitants say is a plant that sleepeth. There be sleepers enow
then; for almost all flowers do the like. Bacon.
Night is indeed the province of his reign;
Yet all his dark exploits no more contain
Than a spy taken, and a sleeper slain. Dryden.
He must be no great eater, drinker, nor sleeper, that will
discipline his senses, and exert his mind: every worthy un­
dertaking requires both. Grew.


2. A lazy inactive drone.
3. That which lies dormant, or without effect.
Let penal laws, if they have been sleepers of long, or if
grown unfit for the present time, be by wise judges confined
in the execution. Bacon.
4. A fish. Ainsworth.

SLEE’PILY. adv. [from sleepy.]
1. Drowsily; with desire to sleep.
2. Dully; lazily.
I rather chuse to endure the wounds of those darts, which
envy casteth at novelty, than to go on safely and sleepily in
the easy ways of ancient mistakings. Raleigh.
3. Stupidly.
He would make us believe that Luther in these actions
pretended to authority, forgetting what he had sleepily owned
before. Atterbury.

SLEE’PINESS. n. s. [from sleepy.] Drowsiness; disposition to
sleep; inability to keep awake.
Watchfulness precedes too great sleepiness, and is the most
ill boding symptom of a fever. Arbuthnot.

SLEE’PLESS. adj. [from sleep] Wanting sleep.
The field
To labour calls us, now with sweat impos'd,
Though after sleepless night. Milton's Paradise Lost.
While pensive poets painful vigils keep,
Sleepless themselves to give their readers sleep. Pope.

SLEE’PY. adj. [from sleep.]
1. Drowsy; disposed to sleep.
2. Not awake.
Why did you bring these daggers from the place?
They must lie there. Go, carry them and smear
The sleepy grooms with blood. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
She wak'd her sleepy crew,
And rising hasty, took a short adieu. Dryden.
3. Soporiferous; somniferous; causing sleep.
We will give you sleepy drinks, that your senses unintelli­
gent of our insufficience, may, though they cannot praise us,
as little accuse us. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Let such bethink them, if the sleepy drench
Of that forgetful lake benumb not still. Milton.
I sleeped about eight hours, and no wonder; for the phy­
sicians had mingled a sleepy potion in the wine. Gulliver.

SLEET. n. s. [perhaps from the Danish, slet.] A kind of smooth
small hail or snow, not falling in flakes, but single particles.
Now van to van the foremost squadrons meet,
The midmost battles hastning up behind,
Who view, far off, the storm of falling fleet,
And hear their thunder rattling in the wind. Dryden.
Perpetual sleet and driving snow
Obscure the skies, and hang on herds below.
Huge oxen stand inclos'd in wintry walls
Of snow congeal'd. Dryden.
Rains would have been poured down, as the vapours be­
came cooler; next sleet, then snow, and ice, and frost.
Cheyne.

To SLEET. v. n. [from the noun.] To snow in small par­
ticles, intermixed with rain.

SLEE’TY. adj. [from the noun.] Bringing sleet.

SLEEVE. n. s. [slif, Saxon.]
1. The part of a garment that covers the arms.
Once my well-waiting eyes espy'd my treasure,
With sleeves turn'd up, loose hair, and breast enlarged,
Her father's corn, moving her fair limbs, measure. Sidney.
The deep smock sleeve, which the Irish women use, they
say, was old Spanish; and yet that should seem rather to be
an old English fashion: for in armory, the fashion of the
Manche, which is given in arms, being nothing else but a
sleeve, is fashioned much like to that sleeve. And knights,
in ancient times, used to wear their mistress's or love's sleeve
upon their arms; sir Launcelot wore the sleeve of the fair
maid of Asteloth in a tourney. Spenser's Ireland.
Your hose should be ungarter'd, your sleeve unbutton'd,
your shoe untied, demonstrating a careless desolation. Shakesp.
You would think a smock a she-angel, he so chants to the
sleeve-band, and the work about the square on't. Shakespeare.
He was cloathed in cloth, with wide sleeves and a cape. Bacon.
In velvet white as snow the troop was gown'd,
Their hoods and sleeves the same. Dryden.
2. Sleeve, in some provinces, signifies a knot or skein of silk,
which is by some very probably supposed to be its meaning in
the following passage. [See SLEAVE.]
Methought I heard a voice cry, sleep no more!
Macbeth doth murder sleep; the innocent sleep;
Sleep that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care,
The birth of each day's life Shakespeare.
3. Sleeve, Dutch, signifies a cover; any thing spread over;
which seems to be the sense of sleeve in the proverbial phrase.
A brace of sharpers laugh at the whole roguery in their
sleeves. L'Estrange.
Men know themselves utterly void of those qualities which
the impudent sycophant ascribes to them, and in his sleeve
laughs at them for believing. South's Sermons.
John laughed heartily in his sleeve at the pride of the esquire,
Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
4. To hang on a sleeve; to make dependent.
It is not for a man which doth know, or should know
what orders, and what peaceable government requireth, to
ask why we should hang our judgment upon the church's
sleeve, and why in matters of orders more than in matters of
doctrine. Hooker.
5. [Lolligo, Latin.] A fish. Ainsworth.

SLEE’VED. adj. [from sleeve.] Having sleeves.

SLEE’VELESS. adj. [from sleeve.]
1. Wanting sleeves; having no sleeves.
His cloaths were strange, though coarse, and black, tho'
bare;
Sleeveless his jerkin was, and it had been
Velvet, but 'twas now, so much ground was seen,
Become tufftaffaty. Donne.
They put on long sleeveless coats of home-spun cotton.
Sandys.
Behold you isle by palmers, pilgrims trod,
Grave mummers! sleeveless some, and shirtless others. Pope.
2. Wanting reasonableness; wanting propriety; wanting so­
lidity. [This sense, of which the word has been long pos­
sessed, I know not well how it obtained; Skinner thinks it pro­
perly liveless or lifeless: to this I cannot heartily agree, though
I know not what better to suggest. Can it come from sleeve,
a knot, or skein and so signify unconnected, hanging ill to­
gether? or from sleeve, a cover; and therefore means plainly
absurd; foolish without palliation?]
This sleeveless tale of transubstantiation was brought into
the world by that other fable of the multipresence. Hall.
My landlady quarrelled with him for sending every one of
her children on a sleeveless errand, as she calls it. Spectator.

SLEIGHT. n. s. [slagd, cunning, Islandick.] Artful trick;
cunning artifice; dexterous practice; as sleight of hand; the
tricks of a juggler. This is often written, but less properly,
slight.
He that exhorted to beware of an enemy's policy, doth not
give counsel to be impolite; but rather to be all prudent
foresight, lest our simplicity be over-reached by cunning
sleights. Hooker.
Fair Una to the red cross knight
Betrothed is with joy;
Though false Duessa it to bar,
Her false sleights do employ. Fairy Queen.
Upon the corner of the moon,
There hangs a vap'rous drop, profound;
I'll catch it ere it come to ground;
And that distill'd by magick sleights,
Shall raise such artificial sprights,
As, by the strength of their illusion
Shall draw him on to his confusion. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Out stept the ample size
Of mighty Ajax, huge in strength; to him, Laertes' son,
That crafty one as huge in sleight. Chapman.
She could not so convey
The massy substance of that idol great,
What sleight had she the wardens to betray?
What strength to heave the goddess from her seat? Fairf.
In the wily snake
Whatever sleights, none would suspicious mark,
As from his wit, and native subtilty
Proceeding. Milton.
Doubtless the pleasure is as great
Of being cheated, as to cheat;
As lookers on feel most delight,
That least perceive the juggler's sleight. Hudibras.
Good humour is but a sleight of hand, or a faculty mak­
ing truths look like appearances, or appearances like truths.
L'Estrange.
When we hear death related, we are all willing to favour
the slight, when the poet does not too grossly impose upon
us. Dryden.
While innocent he scorns ignoble flight,
His honest friends preserve him by a sleight. Swift.

SLEINE. n. s. [This word is apparently misprinted for seine.]
Is a net of about forty fathoms in length, with which they
encompass a part of the sea, and draw the same on land by two
ropes fastned at its ends, together with such fish as lighteth
within his precinct. Carew.

SLE’NDER. adj. [slinder, Dutch.]
1. Thin; small in circumference compared with the length;
not thick.
So thick the roses bushing round
About her glow'd; half stooping to support
Each flow'r of slender stalk. Milton.
2. Small in the wait; having a fine shape.
What slender youth bedew'd with liquid odours,
Courts thee on roses in some pleasant cave. Milton.
Beauteous Helen shines among the rest,
Tall, slender, straight, with all the graces blest. Dryden.


3. Not bulky; flight; not strong.
Love in these labyrinths his slaves detains,
And mighty hearts are held in slender chains. Pope.
4. Small; inconsiderable; weak.
Yet they, who claim the general assent of the whole world
unto that which they teach, and do not fear to give very
hard and heavy sentence upon as many as refuse to embrace
the same, must have special regard, that their first founda­
tions and grounds be more than slender probabilities. Hooker.
Where joy most revels, grief doth most lament;
Grief joys, joy grieves, on slender accident. Shakespeare.
Positively to define that season, there is no slender difficul­
ty. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
It is a very slender comfort that relies upon this nice distin­
ction, between things being troublesome, and being evils;
when all the evil of affliction lies in the trouble it creates to
us. Tillotson.
5. Sparing; less than enough: as, a slender estate and slender
parts.
At my lodging,
The worst is this, that at so slender warning,
You're like to have a thin and slender pittance. Shakesp.
In obstructions inflammatory, the aliment ought to be cool,
slender, thin, diluting. Arbuthnot.
6. Not amply supplied.
The good Ostorius often deign'd
To grace my slender table with his presence. Philips.

SLE’NDERLY. adv. [from slender.]
1. Without bulk.
2. Slightly; meanly.
If the debt be not just, we know not what may be deemed
just, neither is it a sum to be slenderly regarded. Hayward.
If I have done well, it is that which I desired; but if slen­
derly and meanly, it is that which I could attain to. 2 Mac.

SLE’NDERNESS. n. s. [from slender.]
1. Thinness; smallness of circumference.
Small whistles give a sound because of their extreme slen­
derness, whereby the air is more pent than in a wider pipe.
Bacon's Natural History.
Their colours arise from the thinness of the transparent
parts of the feathers; that is from the slenderness of the very
fine hairs or capillamenta, which grow out of the sides of the
grosser lateral branches or fibres of those feathers. Newton.
2. Want of bulk or strength.
It is preceded by a spitting of blood, occasioned by its
acrimony, and too great a projectile motion, with slenderness
and weakness of the vessels. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. Slightness; weakness; inconsiderableness.
The slenderness of your reasons against the book, together
with the inconveniencies that must of necessity follow, have
procured a great credit unto it. Whitgifte.
4. Want of plenty.

SLEPT. The preterite of sleep.
Silence! coeval with eternity,
Thou wert ere nature first began to be,
'Twas one vast nothing all, and all slept fast in thee. Pope.

SLEW. The preterite of slay.
He slew Hamet, a great commander among the Numidians,
and chased Benchades and Amida, two of their greatest prin­
ces, out of the country. Knolles's History of the Turks.

To SLEY. v. n. [See to SLEAVE.] To part or twist into
threads.
Why art thou then exasperate, thou immaterial skein of
sley'd silk? Shakespeare.
SLI

To SLICE. v. n. [slitan, Saxon.]
1. To cut into flat pieces.
Their cooks make no more ado, but slicing it into little
gobbets, prick it on a prong of iron, and hang it in a fur­
nace. Sandys's Journey.
The residue were on foot, well furnished with jack and
skull, pikes and slicing swords, broad, thin, and of an excel­
lent temper. Hayward.
2. To cut into parts.
Nature lost one by thee, and therefore must
Slice one in two to keep her number just. Cleaveland.
3. To cut off.
When hungry thou stood'st staring, like an oaf,
I slic'd the luncheon from the barley loaf. Gay.
4. To cut; to divide.
Ambitious princes and tyrants slice the earth among them.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

SLICE. n. s. [slite, Saxon; from the verb.]
1. A broad piece cut off.
Hacking of trees in their bark, both downright and across.
so as you may make them rather in slices than in continued
hacks, doth great good to trees. Bacon.
You need not wipe your knife to cut bread; because in
cutting a slice or two it will wipe itself. Swift.
He from out the chimney took,
A flitch of bacon off the hook,
And freely, from the fattest side,
Cut out large slices to be fry'd. Swift.
2. A broad piece.
Then clap four slices of pilaster on't,
That lac'd with bits of rustick, makes a front. Pope.
3. A broad head fixed in a handle; a peel; a spatula.
The pelican hath a beak broad and flat, much like the slice
of apothecaries, with which they spread plaisters. Hakewill.
When burning with the iron in it, with the slice, clap the
coals upon the outside close together, to keep the heat in. Mox.

SLICK. adj. [slickt, Dutch. See SLEEK.]
Glass attracts but weakly; some slick stones, and thick glas­
ses indifferently. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SLID. The preterite of slide.
At first the silent venom slid with ease,
And seiz'd her cooler senses by degrees. Dryden's æneid.

SLI’DDEN. The participle passive of slide.
Why is this people slidden back, by a perpetual backslid­
ing? Jer. viii. 5.

To SLI’DDER. v. n. [slidderen, Dutch.] To slide with inter­
ruption.
Go thou from me to fate,
Now die: with that he dragg'd the trembling sire,
Slidd'ring through clotted blood. Dryden.

To SLIDE. v. n. slid, preterite; slidden, participle pass. [slidan,
slidende, sliding, Saxon; slijden, Dutch; ys-lithe, Welsh.]
1. To pass along smoothly; to slip; to glide.
Sounds do not only slide upon the surface of a smooth body,
but communicate with the spirits in the pores of the body.
Bacon's Natural History.
Ulysses, Stheneieus, Tisander slide
Down by a rope, Machaon was their guide. Denham.
2. To move without change of the foot.
Oh Ladon, happy Ladon, rather slide than run by her,
lest thou shouldst make her legs slip from her. Sidney.
Smooth sliding without step. Milton.
He that once sins, like him that slides on ice,
Goes swiftly down the slippery ways of vice:
Though conscience checks him, yet those rubs gone o'er,
He slides on smoothly, and looks back no more. Dryden.
3. To pass inadvertently.
Make a door and a bar for thy mouth: beware thou slide
not by it. Ecclus xxviii. 26.
4. To pass unnoticed.
In the princess I could find no apprehension of what I
said or did, but with a calm carelessness, letting every thing
slide justly, as we do by their speeches, who neither in mat­
ter nor person do any way belong unto us. Sidney.
5. To pass along by silent and unobserved progression.
Thou shalt
Hate all, shew charity to none;
But let the famisht flesh slide from the bone,
Ere thou relieve the beggar. Shakespeare.
Then no day void of bliss, of pleasure leaving,
Ages shall slide away without perceiving. Dryden.
Rescue me from their ignoble hands:
Let me kiss yours when you my wound begin,
Then easy death will slide with pleasure in. Dryden.
Their eye slides over the pages, or the words slide over their
eyes, and vanish like a rhapsody of evening tales. Watts.
6. To pass silently and gradually from good to bad.
Nor could they have slid into those brutish immoralities of
life, had they duly manured those first practical notions and
dictates of right reason. South.
7. To pass without difficulty or obstruction.
Such of them should be retained as slide easily of themselves
into English compounds, without violence to the ear. Pope.
Begin with sense, of ev'ry art the soul,
Parts answ'ring parts shall slide into a whole;
Nature shall join you, time shall make it grow
A work to wonder at. Pope.
8. To move upon the ice by a single impulse, without change
of feet.
The gallants dancing by the river side,
They bathe in summer, and in winter slide. Waller.
9. To fall by errour.
The discovering and reprehension of these colours cannot
be done but out of a very universal knowledge of things,
which so cleareth man's judgment, as it is the less apt to
slide into any errour. Bacon.
10. To be not firm.
Ye fair!
Be greatly cautious of your sliding hearts. Thomson.
11. To pass with a free and gentle course or flow.

To SLIDE. v. a. To put imperceptibly.
Little tricks of sophistry by sliding in, or leaving out such
words as entirely change the question, should be abandoned
by all fair disputants. Watts.

SLIDE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Smooth and easy passage.
We have some slides or relishes of the voice or strings, con­
tinued without notes, from one to another, rising or falling,
which are delightful. Bacon's Natural History.


Kings that have able men of their nobility shall find ease
in employing them, and a better slide into their business; for
people naturally bend to them. Bacon.
2. Flow; even course.
There be, whose fortunes are like Homer's verses, that have
a slide and easiness more than the verses of other poets. Bac.

SLI’DER. n. s. [from slide.] He who slides.

SLIGHT. adj. [slicht, Dutch.]
1. Small; worthless; inconsiderable.
Is Cæsar with Antonius priz'd so slight? Shakespeare.
Their arms, their arts, their manners I disclose,
Slight is the subject, but the praise not small,
If heav'n assist, and Phœbus hear my call. Dryden.
Slight is the subject, but not so the praise;
If she inspire, and he approve my lays. Pope.
2. Not important; not cogent; weak.
Some firmly embrace doctrines upon slight grounds, some
upon no grounds, and some contrary to appearance. Locke.
3. Negligent; not vehement; not done with effect.
The shaking of the head is a gesture of slight refusal. Bacon.
He in contempt
At one slight bound high overleap'd all bound. Milton.
4. Foolish; weak of mind.
No beast ever was so slight
For man, as for his God, to fight. Hudibras.
5. Not strong; thin; as a slight silk.

SLIGHT. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. Neglect; contempt; act of scorn.
People in misfortune construe unavoidable accidents into
flights or neglects. Clarissa.
2. Artifice; cunning practice. See SLEIGHT.
As boisterous a thing as force is, it rarely atchieves any
thing but under the conduct of fraud. Slight of hand has
done that, which force of hand could never do. South.
After Nic had bambouzled John a while, what with slight
of hand, and taking from his own score, and adding to John's,
Nic brought the balance to his own side. Arbuthnot.

To SLIGHT. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To neglect; to disregard.
Beware lest they transgress and slight that sole command.
Milton.
You cannot expect your son should have any regard for
one whom he sees you slight. Locke.
2. To throw carelessly, unless in this passage to slight be the
same with to sling.
The rogues slighted me into the river, with as little
remorse as they would have drowned puppies. Shakespeare.
3. [Slighten, Dutch.] To overthrow; to demolish. Junius,
Skinner, and Ainsworth.
4. To SLIGHT over. To treat or perform carelessly.
These men, when they have promised great matters, and
failed most shamefully, if they have the perfection of bold­
ness, will but slight it over, and no more ado. Bacon's Essays.
His death and your deliverance
Were themes that ought not to be slighted over. Dryden.

SLI’GHTER. n. s. [from slight.] One who disregards.

SLI’GHTINGLY. adv. [from slighting.] Without reverence;
with contempt.
If my sceptick speaks slightingly of the opinions he opposes,
I have done no more than became the part. Boyle.

SLI’GHTLY. adv. [from slight.]
1. Negligently; without regard.
Words, both because they are common, and do not so
strongly move the fancy of man, are for the most part but
slightly heard. Hooker.
Leave nothing sitting for the purpose
Untouch'd, or slightly handled in discourse. Shakespeare.
You were to blame
To part so slightly with your wife's first gift. Shakespeare.
The letter-writer dissembles his knowledge of this restriction,
and contents himself slightly to mention it towards the close of
his pamphlet. Atterbury.
2. Scornfully; contemptuously.
Long had the Gallick monarch uncontroul'd,
Enlarg'd his borders, and of human force
Opponent slightly thought. Philips.
3. Weakly; without force.
Scorn not the facil gates of hell too slightly barr'd. Milton.
4. Without worth.

SLI’GHTNESS. n. s. [from slight.]
1. Weakness; want of strength.
2. Negligence; want of attention; want of vehemence.
Where gentry, title, wisdom,
Cannot conclude but by the yea and no
Of gen'ral ignorance, it must omit
Real necessities, and give way the while
T'unstable slightness. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
What strong cries must they be that shall drown so loud a
clamour of impieties? and how does it reproach the slightness
of our sleepy heartless addresses? Decay of Piety.

SLI’LY. adv. [from sly.] Cunningly; with cunning secrecy;
with subtile covertness.
Were there a serpent seen with forked tongue,
That slily glided towards your majesty,
It were but necessary you were wak'd. Shakespeare.
He, closely false and slily wise,
Cast how he might annoy them most from far. Fairfax.
Satan, like a cunning pick-lock, slily robs us of our grand
treasure. Decay of Piety.
With this he did a herd of goats controul;
Which by the way he met, and slily stole:
Clad like a country swain Dryden.
May hypocrites,
That slily speak one thing, another think,
Hateful as hell, pleas'd with the relish weak,
Drink on unwarned, till by inchanting cups
Infatuate, they their wily thoughts disclose,
And through intemperance grow a while sincere. Philips.

SLIM. adv. [A cant word as it seems, and therefore not to be
used.] Slender; thin of shape.
A thin slim-gutted fox made a hard shift to wriggle his body
into a henroost; and when he had stuft his guts well, squeezed
hard to get out again; but the hole was too little. L'Estr.
I was jogg'd on the elbow by a slim young girl of seven­
teen. Addison.

SLIME. n. s. [slim, Saxon; sligm, Dutch.] Viscous mire; any
glutinous substance.
The higher Nilus swells
The more it promises: as it ebbs, the seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain. Shakespeare.
Brick for stone, and slime for mortar. Gen.
The vale of Siddim was full of slime-pits. Gen. xiv. 10.
God, out of his goodness, caused the wind to blow, to
dry up the abundant slime and mud of the earth, and make
the land more firm, and to cleanse the air of thick vapours
and unwholsome mists. Raleigh.
Some plants grow upon the top of the sea, from some con­
cretion of slime where the sun beateth hot, and the sea stir­
reth little. Bacon's Natural History.
And with Asphaltick slime, broad as the gate,
Deep to the roots of hell, the gather'd beach
They fasten'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Now dragon grown; larger than whom the sun
Engender'd in the Pythian vale on slime,
Huge Python! Milton's Paradise Lost.
O foul descent! I'm now constrain'd
Into a beast, to mix with bestial slime,
This essence to incarnate and imbrute. Milton.

SLI’MINESS. n. s. [from slimy.] Viscosity; glutinous mat­
ter.
By a weak fermentation a pendulous sliminess is produced,
which answers a pituitous state. Floyer.

SLI’MY. adj. [from slime.]
1. Overspread with slime.
My bended hook shall pierce
Their slimy jaws; and, as I draw them up,
I'll think them every one an Antony. Shakespeare.
Some lay in dead men's skulls; and in those holes,
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept,
As 'twere in scorn of eyes, reflecting gems,
That woo'd the slimy bottom of the deep,
And mock'd the dead bones that lay scatter'd by. Shak.
They have cobwebs about them, which is a sign of a slimy
dryness. Bacon.
The rest are all by bad example led,
And in their father's slimy tract they tread. Dryden.
Eels for want of exercise, are fat and slimy. Arbuthnot.
Shoals of slow house-bearing do snails creep
O'er the ripe fruitage, paring slimy tracks
In the sleek rind. Philips.
The swallow sweeps
The slimy pool to build his hanging house. Thomson.
2. Viscous; glutinous.
Then both from out hell-gates, into the waste,
Wide anarchy of chaos, damp and dark,
Hovering upon the waters, what they met
Solid or slimy, as in raging sea,
Tost up and down, together crowded drove. Milton.
From their groins they shed
A slimy juice by false conception bred. Dryden.
The astrological undertakers would raise men like vege­
tables, out of some fat and slimy soil, well digested by the
kindly heat of the sun, and impregnated with the influence
of the stars. Bentley.

SLI’NESS. n. s. [from sly.] Designing artifice.
By an excellent faculty in mimickry, my correspondent can
assume my air, and give my taciturnity a slyness, which di­
verts more than any thing I could say. Addison.

SLING. n. s. [slingan, Saxon; slingen, Dutch.]
1. A missive weapon made by a strap and two strings; the
stone is lodged in the strap, and thrown by loosing one of
the strings.
The arrow cannot make him flee: sling stones are turned
with him into stubble. Job xli. 28.


Dreads he the twanging of the archer's string?
Or singing stones from the Phœnician sling? Sandys.
Slings have so much greater swiftness than a stone thrown
from the hand, by how much the end of the sling is farther off
from the shoulder-joint, the center of motion. Wilkins.
The Tuscan king
Laid by the lance, and took him to the sling;
Thrice whirl'd the thong around his head, and threw
The heated lead, half melted as it flew. Dryden's æn.
Whirl'd from a sling, or from an engine thrown,
Amidst the foes, as flies a mighty stone,
So flew the beast. Dryden's Ovid.
2. A throw; a stroke.
'Till cram'd and gorg'd, nigh burst
With suck'd and glutted offal, at one sling
Of thy victorious arm, well-pleasing son. Milt. Par. Lost.
3. A kind of hanging bandage.

To SLING. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To throw by a sling.
2. To throw; to cast. Not very proper.
ætna's entrails fraught with fire,
That now casts out dark fumes and pitchy clouds,
Incenst, or tears up mountains by the roots,
Or slings a broken rock aloft in air. Addison.
3. To hang loosely by a string.
From rivers drive the kids, and sling your hook;
Anon I'll wash 'em in the shallow brook. Dryden.
4. To move by means of a rope.
Cœnus I saw amidst the shouts
Of mariners, and busy care to sling
His horses soon ashore. Dryden's Cleomenes.
They slung up one of their largest hogsheads, then rolled
it towards my hand, and beat out the top. Gulliver's Travels.

SLI’NGER. n. s. [from sling.] One who slings or uses the sling.
The slingers went about it, and smote it. 2 Kings iii. 25.

To SLINK. v. n. preter. slunk. [slingan, Saxon, to creep.] To
sneak; to steal out of the way.
We will slink away in supper-time, disguise us at my lodg­
ing, and return all in an hour. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
As we do turn our backs
From our companion, thrown into his grave,
So his familiars from his buried fortunes
Slink away. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
He, after Eve seduc'd, unminded slunk
Into the wood fast by. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Not far from hence doth dwell
A cunning man, hight Sidrophel,
To whom all people far and near
On deep importances repair;
When brass and pewter hap to stray,
And linen slinks out of the way. Hudibras.
She slunk into a corner, where she lay trembling 'till the
company went their way. L'Estrange.
He would pinch the children in the dark, and then slink into
a corner, as if no body had done it. Arbuthn. Hist. of J. Bull.
A weasel once made shift to slink
In at a corn-loft through a chink;
But having amply stuff'd his skin,
Could not get out as he got in. Pope's Epist. of Horace.
We have a suspicious, fearful, and constrained countenance,
often turning back, and slinking through narrow lanes. Swift.

To SLINK. v. a. To cast; to miscarry of. A low word.
To prevent a mare's slinking her foal, in snowy weather
keep her where she may have good spring-water to drink. Mort.

To SLIP. v. n. [slipan, Saxon; slippen, Dutch.]
1. To slide; not to tread firm.
If a man walks over a narrow bridge, when he is drunk, it
is no wonder that he forgets his caution while he overlooks his
danger; but he who is sober, and views that nice separation
between himself and the devouring deep, so that, if he should
slip, he sees his grave gaping under him, surely must needs take
every step with horrour and the utmost caution. South.
A skilful dancer on the ropes slips willingly, and makes a
seeming stumble, that you may think him in great hazard,
while he is only giving you a proof of his dexterity. Dryden.
If after some distinguish'd leap
He drops his pole, and seems to slip,
Straight gath'ring all his active strength,
He rises higher half his length. Prior.
2. To slide; to glide.
Oh Ladon, happy Ladon! rather slide than run by her, lest
thou shouldst make her legs slip from her. Sidney.
They trim their feathers, which makes them oily and slip­
pery, that the water may slip off them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To move or fly out of place.
Sometimes the ancle-bone is apt to turn out on either side,
by reason of relaxation, which though you reduce, yet, upon
the least walking on it, the bone slips out again. Wiseman.
4. To sneak; to slink.
From her most beastly company
I'gan refrain, in mind to slip away,
Soon as appear'd safe opportunity. Spenser.
When Judas saw that his host slipt away, he was sore
troubled. 1 Mac. ix. 7.
I'll slip down out of my lodging. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Thus one tradesman slips away,
To give his partner fairer play. Prior.
5. To glide; to pass unexpectedly or imperceptibly.
The banks of either side seeming arms of the loving earth,
that fain would embrace it, and the river a wanton nymph,
which still would slip from it. Sidney.
The blessing of the Lord shall slip from thee, without doing
thee any good, if thou hast not ceased from doing evil. Taylor.
Slipping from thy mother's eye thou went'st
Alone into the temple; there was found
Among the gravest rabbies disputant,
On points and questions fitting Moses' chair. Milton.
Thrice around his neck his arms he threw,
And thrice the flitting shadow slipp'd away,
Like winds or empty dreams that fly the day. Dryden.
Though with pale cheeks, wet beard, and dropping hair,
None but my Ceyx could appear so fair,
I would have strain'd him with a strict embrace;
But through my arms he slipt, and vanish'd from the place.
Dryden.
When a corn slips out of their paws, they take hold of it
again. Addison's Spectator.
Wise men watch every opportunity, and retrieve every
mispent hour which has slipped from them. Rogers.
I will impute no defect to those two years which have slipped
by since. Swift to Pope.
6. To fall into fault or errour.
If he had been as you,
And you as he, you would have slipt like him;
But he, like you, would not have been so stern. Shakespeare.
One slippeth in his speech, but not from his heart. Ecclus.
An eloquent man is known far and near; but a man of un­
derstanding knoweth when he slippeth. Ecclus. xxi. 7.
7. To creep by oversight.
Some mistakes may have slipt into it; but others will be pre­
vented by the names being now set at length. Adv. to Dunciad.
8. To escape; to fall away out of the memory.
By the hearer it is still presumed, that if they be let slip for
the present, what good soever they contain is lost, and that
without all hope of recovery. Hooker.
The mathematician proceeds upon propositions he has once
demonstrated; and though the demonstration may have slipt
out of his memory, he builds upon the truth. Addison.
Use the most proper methods to retain the ideas you have
acquired; for the mind is ready to let many of them slip, un­
less some pains be taken to fix them upon the memory. Watts.

To SLIP. v. a.
1. To convey secretly.
In his officious attendance upon his mistress he tried to slip
a powder into her drink. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.
2. To lose by negligence.
You are not now to think what's best to do,
As in beginnings; but what must be done,
Being thus enter'd; and slip no advantage
That may secure you. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
Let us not slip th' occasion, whether scorn
Or satiate fury yield it from our foe. Milton.
One ill man may not think of the mischief he could do, or
slip the occasion. L'Estrange.
To slip the market, when thus fairly offered, is great im­
prudence. Collier.
For watching occasions to correct others in their discourse,
and not to slip any opportunity of shewing their talents, scho­
lars are most blamed. Locke.
Thus far my author has slipt his first design; not a letter of
what has been yet said promoting any ways the trial. Atterb.
3. To part twigs from the main body by laceration.
The runners spread from the master-roots, and have little
sprouts or roots to them, which, being cut four or five inches
long, make excellent sets: the branches also may be slipped and
planted. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. To escape from; to leave slily.
This bird you aim'd at, though you hit it not.
— Oh, sir, Lucentio slipp'd me like his greyhound,
Which runs himself, and catches for his master. Shakesp.
5. To let loose.
On Eryx altars lays
A lamb new fallen to the stormy seas;
Then slips his haulsers, and his anchors weighs. Dryden.
6. To let a dog loose.
The impatient greyhound, slipt from far,
Bounds o'er the glebe, to course the fearful hare. Dryden.
7. To throw off any thing that holds one.
Forced to alight, my horse slipped his bridle, and ran
away. Swift.
8. To pass over negligently.
If our author gives us a list of his doctrines, with what
reason can that about indulgences be slipped over? Atterbury.



SLIP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of slipping; false step.
2. Errour; mistake; fault.
There put on him
What forgeries you please: marry, none so rank
As may dishonour him.
But, sir, such wanton, wild, and usual slips,
As are most known to youth and liberty. Shakespeare.
Of the promise there made, our master hath failed us, by slip
of memory, or injury of time. Wotton's Architecture.
This religious affection, which nature has implanted in
man, would be the most enormous slip she could commit.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
One casual slip is enough to weigh down the faithful service
of a long life. L'Estrange.
Alonzo, mark the characters;
And if th' impostor's pen have made a slip,
That shews it counterfeit, mark that and save me. Dryden.
Lighting upon a very easy slip I have made, in putting one
seemingly indifferent word for another, that discovery opened
to me this present view. Locke.
Any little slip is more conspicuous and observable in a
good man's conduct than in another's, as it is not of a piece
with his character. Addison's Spectator.
3. A twig torn from the main stock.
In truth, they are fewer, when they come to be discussed by
reason, than otherwise they seem, when by heat of conten­
tion they are divided into many slips, and of every branch an
heap is made. Hooker.
The slips of their vines have been brought into Spain. Abb.
Adoption strives with nature, and choice breeds
A native slip to us from foreign seeds. Shakespeare.
Thy mother took into her blameful bed
Some stern untutor'd churl, and noble stock
Was graft with crab-tree slip, whose fruit thou art. Shakes.
Trees are apparelled with flowers or herbs by boring holes
in their bodies, and putting into them earth holpen with muck,
and setting seeds or slips of violets in the earth. Bacon.
So have I seen some tender slip,
Sav'd with care from Winter's nip,
The pride of her carnation train,
Pluck'd up by some unheedy swain. Milton.
The lab'rer cuts
Young slips, and in the soil securely puts. Dryden.
They are propagated not only by the seed, but many also by
the root, and some by slips or cuttings. Ray on the Creation.
4. A leash or string in which a dog is held.
I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips,
Straining upon the start. Shakesp. Henry V.
God is said to harden the heart permissively, but not ope­
ratively, nor effectively; as he who only lets loose a grey­
hound out of the slip, is said to hound him at the hare. Bramh.
5. An escape; a desertion. I know not whether to give the slip,
be not originally taken from a dog that runs and leaves the
string or slip in the leader's hand.
The more shame for her goodyship,
To give so near a friend the slip. Hudibras.
The daw did not like his companion, and gave him the slip,
and away into the woods. L'Estrange.
Their explications are not your's, and will give you the
slip. Locke.
6. A long narrow piece.
Between these eastern and western mountains lies a slip of
lower ground, which runs across the island. Addison.

SLI’PBOARD. n. s. [slip and board.] A board sliding in grooves.
I ventured to draw back the slipboard on the roof, contrived
on purpose to let in air. Gulliver's Travels.

SLI’PKNOT. n. s. [slip and knot.] A bowknot; a knot easily
untied.
They draw off so much line as is necessary, and fasten the
rest upon the line-rowl with a slipknot, that no more line turn
off. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
In large wounds a single knot first; over this a little linen
compress, on which is to be made another single knot, and
then a slipknot, which may be loosened upon inflammation.
Sharp's Surgery.

SLI’PPER, or Slipshoe. n. s. [from slip.] A shoe without lea­
ther behind, into which the foot slips easily.
A gown made of the finest wool,
Which from our pretty lambs we pull;
Fair lined slippers for the cold,
With buckles of the purest gold;
A belt of straw and ivy buds,
With coral clasps, and amber studs. Raleigh.
If he went abroad too much, she'd use
To give him slippers, and lock up his shoes. King.
Thrice rung the bell, the slipper knock'd the ground,
And the press'd watch return'd a silver sound. Pope.

SLI’PPER. adj. [slipur, Saxon.] Slippery; not firm. Ob­
solete. Perhaps never in use but for poetical convenience.
A trustless state of earthly things, and slipper hope
Of mortal men, that swinke and sweat for nought. Spenser.

SLI’PPERINESS. n. s. [from slippery.]
1. State or quality of being slippery; smoothness; glibness.
We do not only fall by the slipperiness of our tongues, but
we deliberately discipline them to mischief. Gov. of the Tongue.
The schirrus may be distinguished by its want of inflamma­
tion in the skin, its smoothness, and slipperiness deep in the
breast. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Uncertainty; want of firm footing.

SLI’PPERY. adj. [slipur, Saxon; sliperig, Swedish.]
1. Smooth; glib.
They trim their feathers, which makes them oily and slip­
pery, that the water slips off. Mortimer.
Oily substances only lubricate and make the bowels slip­
pery. Arbuthnot.
2. Not affording firm footing.
Did you know the art o' th' court,
As hard to leave as keep; whose top to climb,
Is certain falling; or so slipp'ry, that
The fear's as bad as falling. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
His promise to trust to as slippery as ice. Tusser.
Their way shall be as slippery ways in the darkness. Jer. xxiii.
The slipp'ry tops of human state,
The gilded pinacles of fate. Cowley.
The higher they are raised, the giddier they are; the more
slippery is their standing, and the deeper the fall. L'Estrange.
The highest hill is the most slipp'ry place,
And fortune mocks us with a smiling face. Denham.
Beauty, like ice, our footing does betray;
Who can tread sure on the smooth slippery way? Dryden.
3. Hard to hold; hard to keep.
Thus surely bound, yet be not overbold,
The slipp'ry god will try to loose his hold;
And various forms assume, to cheat thy sight,
And with vain images of beasts affright. Dryden's Georg.
4. Not standing firm.
When they fall, as being slipp'ry standers,
The love that lean'd on them as slipp'ry too,
Doth one pluck down another, and together
Die in the fast. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.
5. Uncertain; changeable; mutable; instable.
Oh world, thy slippery turns! Friends now fast sworn,
Whose double bosoms seem to wear one heart,
Whose hours, whose bed, whose meal and exercise,
Are still together; who twine, as 'twere, in love
Unseparable, shall within this hour,
On a dissension of a doit, break out
To bitterest enmity. Shakespeare.
He looking down
With scorn or pity on the slippery state
Of kings, will tread upon the neck of fate. Denh. Sophy.
6. Not certain in its effect.
One sure trick is better than a hundred slippery ones. L'Estr.
7. [Lubrique, French.] Not chaste.
My wife is slippery. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

SLI’PPY. adv. [from slip.] Slippery; easily sliding. A bar­
barous provincial word.
The white of an egg is ropy, slippy, and nutritious. Floyer.

SLI’PSHOD. adj. [slip and shod.] Having the shoes not pulled
up at the heels, but barely slipped on.
The slipshod' prentice from his master's door
Had par'd the dirt, and sprinkled round the floor. Swift.

SLI’PSLOP. n. s. Bad liquor. A low word formed by redupli­
cation of slop.

SLISH. n. s. A low word formed by reduplicating slash.
What! this a sleeve?
Here's snip and nip, and slish and slash,
Like to a censor in a barber's shop. Shakespeare.

To SLIT. v. a. pret. and part. slit and slitted. [slitan, Saxon.]
To cut longwise.
To make plants medicinable slit the root, and infuse into it
the medicine; as hellebore, opium, scammony, and then bind
it up. Bacon's Nat. History.
The deers of Arginusa had their ears divided, occasioned at
first by slitting the ears. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Had it hit
The upper part of him, the blow
Had slit, as sure as that below. Hudibras.
We slit the preternatural body open. Wiseman's Surgery.
A liberty might be left to the judges to inflict death, or some
notorious mark, by slitting the nose, or brands upon the
cheeks. Temple.
If a tinned or plated body, which, being of an even thick­
ness, appears all over of an uniform colour, should be slit into
threads, or broken into fragments of the same thickness with
the plate, I see no reason why every thread or fragment should
not keep its colour. Newton's Opt.
He took a freak
To slit my tongue, and make me speak. Swift.

SLIT. n. s. [slit, Saxon.] A long cut, or narrow opening.
In St James's fields is a conduit of brick, unto which
joineth a low vault, and at the end of that a round house of
stone; and in the brick conduit there is a window, and in the


round house a slit or rift of some little breadth: if you cry out
in the rift, it will make a fearful roaring at the window. Bacon.
Where the tender rinds of trees disclose
Their shooting gems, a swelling knot there grows:
Just in that place a narrow slit we make,
Then other buds from bearing trees we take;
Inserted thus, the wounded rind we close. Dryden.
I found, by looking through a slit or oblong hole, which
was narrower than the pupil of my eyes, and held close to it
parallel to the prisms, I could see the circles much distincter,
and visible to a far greater number, than otherwise. Newton.

To SLIVE. v. a. [slifan, Saxon.] To split; to divide
longwise; to tear off longwise.
To SLI’VER. v. a. [slifan, Saxon.] To split; to divide
longwise; to tear off longwise.
Liver of blaspheming Jew,
Gall of goat, and slips of yew,
Sliver'd in the moons eclipse. Shakesp. Macbeth.

SLI’VER. n. s. [from the verb.] A branch torn off. Sliver, in
Scotland, still denotes a slice cut off: as, he took a large sliver
of the beef.
There on the pendant boughs, her coronet weed
Clamb'ring to hang, an envious sliver broke,
When down her weedy coronet and herself
Fell in the weeping brook. Shak. Ham'et.
SLO

SLOATS. n. s. Of a cart, are those underpieces which keep the
bottom together. Bailey.

SLO’BBER. n. s. [glavorio, Welsh.] Slaver. See SLAVER.

To SLOCK. v. n. [slock, to quench, Swedish and Scottish] To
slake; to quench.

SLOE. n. s. [sla, Saxon; slaae, Danish.] The fruit of the
blackthorn, a small wild plum.
The fair pomgranate might adorn the pine,
The grape the bramble, and the sloe the vine. Blackmore.
When you fell your underwoods, sow haws and slows in
them, and they will furnish you, without doing of your woods
any hurt. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SLOOP. n. s. A small ship.

To SLOP. v. a. [from lap, lop, slap.] To drink grosly and
greedily.

SLOP. n. s. [from the verb.] Mean and vile liquor of any
kind. Generally some nauscous or useless medicinal liquor.
The sick husband here wanted for neither slops nor doc­
tors. L'Estrange.
But thou, whatever slops she will have bought,
Be thankful. Dryden's Juvenal.

SLOP. n. s. [slop, Saxon; sloove, Dutch, a covering.] Trow­
sers; open breeches.
What said Mr. Dombledon about the sattin for my short
cloak and slops? Shakesp. Henry IV.

SLOPE. adj. [This word is not derived from any satisfactory
original. Junius omits it: Skinner derives it from slap, lax,
Dutch; and derives it from the curve of a loose rope. Per­
haps its original may be latent in loopen, Dutch, to run, slope
being easy to the runner.] Oblique; not perpendicular. It
is generally used of acclivity or declivity; forming an angle
greater or less with the plane of the horizon.
Where there is a greater quantity of water, and space
enough, the water moveth with a sloper rise and fall. Bacon.
Murm'ring waters fall
Down the slope hills, dispers'd, or in a lake,
That to the fringed bank with myrtle crown'd
Her crystal mirror holds, unite their streams. Milton.

SLOPE. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. An oblique direction; any thing obliquely directed.
2. Declivity; ground cut or formed with declivity.
Growing upon slopes is caused for that moss, as it cometh
of moisture, so the water must but slide, not be in a pool. Bac.
My lord advances with majestick mien,
And when up ten steep slopes you've dragg'd your thighs,
Just at his study door he'll bless your eyes. Pope.

SLOPE. adv. Obliquely; not perpendicularly.
Uriel
Return'd on that bright beam, whose point now rais'd
Bore him slope downward to the sun, now fall'n. Milton.

To SLOPE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To form to obliquity
or declivity; to direct obliquely.
Though bladed corn be lodg'd, and trees blown down,
Though palaces and pyramids do slope
Their heads to their foundations. Shakesp. Macbeth.
On each hand the flames
Driv'n backward slope their pointing spires, and rowl'd
In billows, leave i' th' midst a horrid vale. Milt. Par. Lost.
The star, that rose at evening bright,
Toward heav'n's descent had slop'd his westering wheel. Milt.
All night I slept, oblivious of my pain;
Aurora dawn'd, and Phœbus shin'd in vain:
Nor 'till oblique he slop'd his evening ray,
Had Somnus dry'd the balmy dews away. Pope's Odyssey.

To SLOPE. v. n. To take an oblique or declivous direction.
Betwixt the midst and these the gods assign'd
Two habitable seats for human kind;
And cross their limits cut a sloping way,
Which the twelve signs in beauteous order sway. Dryden.
Upstarts a palace, lo! th' obedient base
Slopes at its foot, the woods its sides embrace. Pope.
There is a strait hole in every ants nest half an inch deep,
and then it goes down sloping into a place where they have
their magazine. Addison's Spectator.

SLO’PENESS. n. s. [from slope.] Obliquity; declivity; not per­
pendicularity.
The Italians give the cover a graceful pendence of slopeness,
dividing the whole breadth into nine parts, whereof two shall
serve for the elevation of the highest ridge. Wotton's Architect.

SLO’PEWISE. adj. [slope and wise.] Obliquely; not perpendi­
cularly.
The Wear is a frith, reaching slopewise through the Ose
from the land to low water mark, and having in it a bent or
cod with an eye-hook; where the fish entering, upon their
coming back with the ebb, are stopped from issuing out again,
forsaken by the water, and left dry on the Ose. Carew.

SLO’PINGLY. adv. [from sloping.] Obliquely; not perpendi­
cularly.
These atoms do not descend always perpendicularly, but
sometimes slopingly. Digby on the Soul.

SLO’PPY. adj. [from slop.] Miry and wet: perhaps rather
slabby. See SLAB.

To SLOT. v. a. [slughen, Dutch.] To strike or clash
hard.

SLOT. n. s. [slod, Islandick.] The track of a deer.

SLOTH. n. s. [slæwth, slewth, Saxon. It might therefore be not
improperly written sloath, but that it seems better to regard
the orthography of the primitive slow.]
1. Slowness; tardiness.
These cardinals trifle with me: I abhor
This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome. Shak. Henry VIII.
2. Laziness; sluggishness; idleness.
False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand,
Hog in sloth, fox in stealth. Shakesp. King Lear.
They change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth. Milt.
Industry approach'd,
And rous'd him from his miserable sloth. Thomson's Autumn.
3. An animal.
The sloth is an animal of so slow a motion, that he will be
three or four days at least in climbing up and coming down a
tree; and to go the length of fifty paces on plain ground, re­
quires a whole day. Grew.

SLO’THFUL. adj. [sloth and full.] Idle; lazy; sluggish; in­
active; indolent; dull of motion.
He that is slothful in his work, is brother to him that is a
great waster. Prov. xviii. .
The desire of the slothful killeth him; for his hands refuse
to labour. Prov. xxi. 25.
To vice industrious; but to nobler deeds
Timorous and slothful. Milton.
Flora commands those nymphs and knights,
Who liv'd in slothful ease and loose delights,
Who never acts of honour durst pursue,
The men inglorious knights, the ladies all untrue. Dryden.
The very soul of the slothful does effectually but lie drowsing
in his body, and the whole man is totally given up to his
senses. L'Estrange.

SLO’THFULLY. adv. [from slothful.] With sloth.

SLO’THFULNESS. n. s. [from slothful.] Idleness; laziness; slug­
gishness; inactivity.
To trust to labour without prayer, argueth impiety and
prophaneness; it maketh light of the providence of God: and
although it be not the intent of a religious mind, yet it is the
fault of those men whose religion wanteth light of a mature
judgment to direct it, when we join with our prayer slothful­
ness and neglect of convenient labour. Hooker.
Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep, and an idle soul shall
suffer hunger. Prov. xix. 15.

SLOUCH. n. s. [sloff, Danish, stupid.]
1. A downcast look; a depression of the head. In Scotland,
an ungainly gait, as also the person whose gait it is.
Our doctor has every quality that can make a man useful;
but, alas! he hath a sort of slouch in his walk. Swift.
2. A man who looks heavy and clownish.
Begin thy carrols then, thou vaunting slouch;
Be thine the oaken staff, or mine the pouch. Gay.

To SLOUCH. v. n. [from the noun.] To have a downcast
clownish look.

SLO’VEN. n. s. [sloef, Dutch; yslyvn, Welsh, nasty, shabby.]
A man indecently negligent of cleanliness; a man dirtily
dressed.
The ministers came to church in handsome holiday apparel,
and that himself did not think them bound by the law of God
to go like slovens. Hooker.
Affect in things about thee cleanliness,
That all may gladly board thee as a flow'r:
Slovens take up their stock of noisomeness
Beforehand, and anticipate their last hour. Herbert.
For as when slovens do amiss
At others doors. Hudibras.


You laugh, half beau, half sloven if I stand;
My wig half powder, and all snuff my band. Pope.

SLO’VENLINESS. n. s. [from slovenly.] Indecent negligence of
dress; neglect of cleanliness.
Slovenliness is the worst sign of a hard student, and civility
the best exercise of the remiss; yet not to be exact in the
phrase of compliment, or gestures of courtesy. Wotton.

SLO’VENLY. adj. [from sloven.] Negligent of dress; negligent
of neatness; not neat; not cleanly.
æsop at last found out a slovenly lazy fellow, lolling at his
ease, as if he had nothing to do. L'Estrange.

SLO’VENLY. adv. [from sloven.] In a coarse inelegant manner.
As I hang my cloaths on somewhat slovenly, I no sooner
went in but he frowned upon me. Pope.

SLO’VENRY. n. s. [from sloven.] Dirtiness; want of neatness.
Our gayness and our gilt are all besmirch'd
With rainy marching in the painful field:
There's not a piece of feather in our host,
And time hath worn us into slovenry. Shakesp. H. V.

SLOUGH. n. s. [slog, Saxon.]
1. A deep miry place; a hole full of dirt.
The Scots were in a fallow field, whereinto the English
could not enter, but over a cross ditch and a slough; in pass­
ing whereof many of the English horse were plunged, and
some mired. Hayward.
The ways being foul, twenty to one,
He's here stuck in a slough, and overthrown. Milton.
A carter had laid his waggon fast in a slough. L'Estrange.
2. The skin which a serpent casts off at his periodical renovation.
Thy fates open their hands, let thy blood and spirit embrace
them; and to inure thyself to what thou art like to be, cast
thy humble slough, and appear fresh, Shak. Twelfth Night.
When the mind is quicken'd,
The organs, though defunct and dead before,
Break up their drowsy grave, and newly move,
With casted slough and fresh legerity. Shakespeare.
As the snake, roll'd in a flow'ry bank,
With shining checker'd slough, doth sting a child,
That for the beauty thinks it excellent. Shak. Hen. VI.
Oh let not sleep my closing eyes invade
In open plains, or in the secret shade,
When he, renew'd in all the speckl'd pride
Of pompous youth, has cast his slough aside;
And in his Summer liv'ry rolls along,
Erect and brandishing his forky tongue. Dryden.
The slough of an English viper, that is, the cuticula, they
cast off twice every year, at spring and fall: the separation
begins at the head, and is finished in twenty-four hours. Grew.
The body, which we leave behind in this visible world,
is as the womb or slough from whence we issue, and are
born into the other. Grew's Cosmol.
3. The part that separates from a foul sore.
At the next dressing I found a slough come away with the
dressings, which was the sordes. Wiseman on Ulcers.

SLO’UGHY. adj. [from slough.] Miry; boggy; muddy.
That custom should not be allowed of cutting scraws in low
grounds sloughy underneath, which turn into bog. Swift.

SLOW. adj. [slaw, sleaw, Saxon; sleeuw, Frisick.]
1. Not swift; not quick of motion; not speedy; not having
velocity; wanting celerity.
Me thou think'st not slow,
Who since the morning hour set out from heav'n,
Where God resides, and on mid-day arriv'd
In Eden, distance inexpressible. Milton.
Where the motion is so slow as not to supply a constant train
of fresh ideas to the senses, the sense of motion is lost. Locke.
2. Late; not happening in a short time.
These changes in the heav'ns, though slow, produc'd
Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast. Milton.
3. Not ready; not prompt; not quick.
I am slow of speech, and a slow tongue. Ex. iv. 10.
Mine ear shall not be slow, mine eye not shut. Milton.
The slow of speech make in dreams unpremeditated ha­
rangues, or converse readily in languages that they are but little
acquainted with. Addison.
4. Dull; inactive; tardy; sluggish.
Fix'd on defence, the Trojans are not slow
To guard their shore from an expected foe. Dryden.
5. Not hasty; acting with deliberation; not vehement.
The Lord is merciful, and slow to anger. Common Prayer.
He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding. Prov.
6. Dull; heavy in wit.
The politick and wise
Are sly slow things with circumspective eyes. Pope.

SLOW, in composition, is an adverb, slowly.
This slow-pac'd soul, which late did cleave
T' a body, and went but by the body's leave,
Twenty perchance or thirty mile a day,
Dispatches in a minute all the way
'Twixt heav'n and earth. Donne.
To the shame of slow-endeavouring art
Thy easy numbers flow. Milton.
This day's death denounc'd, if ought I see,
Will prove no sudden, but a slow-pac'd evil,
A long day's dying to augment our pain. Milton's Par. Lost.
For eight slow-circling years by tempests tost. Pope.
Some demon urg'd
T' explore the fraud with guile oppos'd to guile,
Slow-pacing thrice around th' insidious pile. Pope.

To SLOW. v. a. [from the adjective.] To omit by dilatoriness;
to delay; to procrastinate. Not in use.
Now do you know the reason of this haste?
—I would I knew not why it should be slow'd. Shakespeare.

SLO’WLY. adv. [from slow.]
1. Not speedily; not with celerity; not with velocity.
The gnome rejoicing bears her gift away,
Spreads his black wings, and slowly mounts to day. Pope.
2. Not soon; not early; not in a little time.
The poor remnant of human seed peopled their country
again slowly, by little and little. Bacon.
Our fathers bent their baneful industry
To check a monarchy that slowly grew;
But did not France or Holland's fate forsee,
Whose rising pow'r to swift dominion flew. Dryden.
We oft our slowly growing works impart,
While images reflect from art to art. Pope.
3. Not hastily; not rashly.
4. Not promptly; not readily.
5. Tardily; sluggishly.
The chapel of St. Laurence advances so very slowly, that 'tis
not impossible but the family of Medicis may be extinct before
their burial place is finished. Addison on Italy.

SLO’WNESS. n. s. [from slow.]
1. Smalness of motion; not speed; want of velocity; absence
of celerity or swiftness.
Providence hath confined these human arts, that what any
invention hath in the strength of its motion, is abated in the
slowness of it; and what it hath in the extraordinary quickness
of its motion, must be allowed for in the great strength that is
required unto it. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
Motion is the absolute mode of a body, but swiftness or
slowness are relative ideas. Watts.
2. Length of time in which any thing acts or is brought to pass;
not quickness.
Tyrants use what art they can to increase the slowness of
death. Hooker.
3. Dulness to admit conviction or affection.
Christ would not heal their infirmities, because of the hard­
ness and slowness of their hearts, in that they believed him
not. Bentley's Sermons.
4. Want of promptness; want of readiness.
5. Deliberation; cool delay.
6. Dilatoriness; procrastination.

SLO’WWORM. n. s. [slawrm, Saxon.] The blind worm; a
small viper, venomous, but scarcely mortal.
Though we have found formed snakes in the belly of the
cœcilia, or slowworm, yet may the viper emphatically bear the
name. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
SLU

To SLU’BBER. v. a. [Probably from lubber.]
1. To do any thing lazily, imperfectly, or with idle hurry.
Nature shewed she doth not like men, who slubber up mat­
ters of mean account. Sidney.
Bassanio told him, he would make some speed
Of his return: he answer'd, do not so,
Slubber not business for my sake. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
As they are slubbered over, the malignity that remains will
show itself in some chronick disease, or in some species of
the lues venerea. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. To stain; to daub. [This seems to be from slobber, slabber,
or slaver.]
You must be content to slubber the gloss of your new for­
tunes, with this more stubborn and boisterous expedition. Shak.
3. To cover coarsely or carelesly.
A man of secret ambitious ends, and proportionate coun­
sels, smothered under the habit of a scholar, and slubbered over
with a certain rude and clownish fashion, that had the sem­
blance of integrity. Wotton.

SLU’BBERDEGULLION. n. s. [I suppose a cant word without
derivation.] A paltry, dirty, sorry wretch.
Quoth she, although thou hast deserv'd,
Base slubberdegullion, to be serv'd
As thou did'st vow to deal with me,
If thou had'st got the victory. Hudibras.

SLUDGE. n. s. [I suppose from slog, slough, Saxon.] Mire;
dirt mixed with water.
The earth I made a mere soft sludge or mud. Mortimer.

SLUG. n. s. [slug, Danish, and slock, Dutch, signify a glutton,
and thence one that has the sloth of a glutton.]
1. An idler; a drone; a slow, heavy, sleepy, lazy wretch.
Fie, what a slug is Hastings, that he comes not! Shakesp.
2. An hindrance; an obstruction.
Usury dulls and damps all improvements, wherein money
would be stirring, if it were not for this slug. Bacon.


3. A kind of slow creeping snail.
4. [Slecg, an hammerhead, Saxon.] A cylindrical or oval piece
of metal shot from a gun.
When fractures are made with bullets or slugs, there the
scalp and cranium are driven in together. Wiseman's Surgery.
As, forc'd from wind-guns, lead itself can fly,
And pond'rous slugs cut swiftly through the sky. Pope.

To SLUG. v. n. [from the noun.] To lie idle; to play the
drone; to move slowly.
All he did was to deceive good knights,
And draw them from pursuit of praise and fame,
To slug in sloth and sensual delights,
And end their days with irrenowned shame. Fairy Queen.
He lay not all night slugging in a cabbin under his mantle,
but used commonly to keep others waking to defend their
lives. Spenser.
One went slugging on with a thousand cares. L'Estrange.

SLU’GGARD. n. s. [from slug.] An idler; a drone; an inactive
lazy fellow.
Cry mercy, lords, and watchful gentlemen,
That you have ta'en a tardy sluggard here. Shakesp. R. III.
Up, up, says avarice; thou snor'st again,
Stretchest thy limbs, and yawn'st, but all in vain:
The tyrant lucre no denial takes;
At his command th' unwilling sluggard wakes. Dryden.
Springhtly May commands our youth to keep
The vigils of her night, and breaks their sluggard sleep. Dry.

To SLU’GGARDIZE. v. a. [from sluggard.] To make idle; to
make dronish.
Rather see the wonders of the world abroad,
Than, living dully sluggardiz'd at home,
Wear out thy youth with shapeless idleness. Shakespeare.

SLU’GGISH. adj. [from slug.] Dull; drowsy; lazy; slothful;
idle; insipid; slow; inactive; inert.
Sluggish idleness, the nurse of sin,
Upon a slothful ass he chose to ride. Fairy Queen.
The dull billows, thick as troubled mire,
Whom neither wind out of their seat could force,
Nor tides did drive out of their sluggish source. Spenser.
One, bolder than the rest,
With his broad sword provok'd the sluggish beast. Waller.
Matter, being impotent, sluggish, and inactive, hath no
power to stir or move itself. Woodward.

SLU’GGISHLY. adv. [from sluggish.] Dully; not nimbly;
lazily; idly; slowly.

SLU’GGISHNESS. n. s. [from sluggish.] Dulness; sloth; lazi­
ness; idleness; inertness.
The most of mankind are inclined by her thither, if they
would take the pains; no less than birds to fly, and horses to
run; which, if they lose, it is thro' their own sluggishness, and
by that means become her prodigies, not her children. B. Johns.
It is of great moment to teach the mind to shake off its
sluggishness, and vigorously employ itself about what reason
shall direct. Locke.

SLUICE. n. s. [sluyse, Dutch; escluse, French; sclusa, Italian.]
A watergate; a floodgate; a vent for water.
Two other precious drops that ready stood,
Each in their crystal sluice, he ere they fell
Kiss'd, as the gracious signs of sweet remorse,
And pious awe, that fear'd to have offended. Milton.
Divine Alpheus, who, by secret sluice,
Stole under seas to meet his Arethuse. Milton.
If we receive them all, they were more than seven; if only
the natural sluices, they were fewer. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
As waters from her sluices, flow'd
Unbounded sorrow from her eyes:
And sent her wailings to the skies. Prior.

To SLUICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To emit by floodgates.
Like a traitor coward,
Sluic'd out his inn'cent soul through streams of blood. Shak.
Veins of liquid ore sluic'd from the lake. Milton.
You wrong me, if you think I'll sell one drop
Within these veins for pageants; but let honour
Call for my blood, I'll sluice it into streams;
Turn fortune loose again to my pursuit,
And let me hunt her through embattl'd foes
In dusty plains; there will I be the first. Dryd. Span. Fryar.

SLU’ICY. adj. [from sluice.] Falling in streams as from a sluice
or floodgate.
And oft whole sheets descend of sluicy rain,
Suck'd by the spongy clouds from off the main:
The lofty skies at once come pouring down,
The promis'd crop and golden labours drown. Dryden.

To SLU’MBER. v. n. [slumeran, Saxon; sluymeren, Dutch.]
1. To sleep lightly; to be not awake nor in profound sleep.
He that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep. Ps.
Conscience wakes despair that slumber'd. Milton.
2. To sleep; to repose. Sleep and slumber are often confounded.
God speaketh, yet man perceiveth it not: in a dream, in a
vision of the night, when deep sleep falleth upon men, in
slumberings upon the bed. Job xxxiii. 15.
Have ye chosen this place,
After the toil of battle, to repose
Your wearied virtue, for the use you find
To slumber here. Milton.
3. To be in a state of negligence and supineness.

To SLU’MBER. v. a.
1. To lay to sleep.
2. To stupify; to stun.
Then up he took the slumbered senseless corse,
And ere he could out of his swoon awake,
Him to his castle brought. Fairy Queen.
To honest a deed after it was done, or to slumber his con­
science in the doing, he studied other incentives. Wotton.

SLU’MBER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Light sleep; sleep not profound.
And for his dreams, I wonder he's so fond
To trust the mock'ry of unquiet slumbers. Shakesp. R. III.
From carelessness it shall fall into slumber, and from a slum­
ber it shall settle into a deep and long sleep; 'till at last, per­
haps, it shall sleep itself into a lethargy, and that such an one
that nothing but hell and judgment shall awaken it. South.
Labour and rest, that equal periods keep;
Obedient slumbers that can wake and weep. Pope.
2. Sleep; repose.
Boy! Lucius! fast asleep? It is no matter;
Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.
Love denies
Rest to my soul, and slumber to my eyes:
Three days I promis'd to attend my doom,
And two long days and nights are yet to come. Dryden.

SLU’MBEROUS. adj. [from slumber.]
SLU’MBERY. adj. [from slumber.]
1. Inviting to sleep; soperiferous; causing sleep.
The timely dew of sleep,
Now falling with soft slumb'rous weight, inclines
Our eyelids. Milton.
While pensive in the silent slumb'rous shade,
Sleep's gentle pow'rs her drooping eyes invade;
Minerva, life-like, on embodied air
Impress'd the form of Iphthema. Pope's Odyssey.
There every eye with slumb'rous chains she bound,
And dash'd the flowing goblets to the ground. Pope.
2. Sleepy; not waking.
A great perturbation in nature! to receive at once the be­
nefit of sleep, and do the effects of watching: in this slumbery
agitation, what have you heard her say? Shakesp. Macbeth.

SLUNG. The preterite and participle passive of sling.

SLUNK. The preterite and participle passive of slink.
Silence accompany'd; for beast, and bird,
They to their grassy couch, these to their nests,
Were slunk. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iv.
Back to the thicket slunk
The guilty serpent, and well might; for Eve,
Intent now wholly on her taste, nought else
Regarded. Milton's Paradise Lost.

To SLUR. v. a. [sloorig, Dutch, nasty; sloore, a slut.]
1. To sully; to soil; to contaminate.
2. To pass lightly; to balk; to miss.
The atheists laugh in their sleeves, and not a little triumph
to see the cause of theism thus betrayed by its professed friends,
and the grand argument slurred by them, and so their work
done to their hands. Cudworth.
Studious to please the genius of the times,
With periods, points, and tropes he slurs his crimes;
He robb'd not, but he borrow'd from the poor,
And took but with intention to restore. Dryden.
3. To cheat; to trick.
What was the publick faith found out for,
But to slur men of what they fought for? Hudibras.
Come, seven's the main,
Cries Ganymede: the usual trick:
Seven, slur a six; eleven, a nick. Prior.

SLUR. n. s. [from the verb.] Faint reproach; slight disgrace.
Here's an ape made a king for shewing tricks; and the fox
is then to put a slur upon him, in exposing him for sport to
the scorn of the people. L'Estrange.
No one can rely upon such an one, either with safety to
his affairs, or without a slur to his reputation; since he that
trusts a knave has no other recompence, but to be accounted
a fool for his pains. South's Sermons.

SLUT. n. s. [slodde, Dutch.]
1. A dirty woman.
Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou leap:
Where fires thou find'st unrak'd, and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry;
Our radiant queen hates sluts and sluttery. Shakespeare.
The sallow skin is for the swarthy put,
And love can make a slattern of a slut. Dryden.
The veal's all rags, the butter's turn'd to oil;
And thus I buy good meat for sluts to spoil. King.


2. A word of slight contempt to a woman.
Hold up, you sluts,
Your aprons mountant; you're not othable,
Although I know you'll swear. Shakes. Timon.
The frogs were ready to leap out of their skins for joy,
'till one crafty old slut in the company advised them to consi­
der a little better on't. L'Estrange.

SLU’TTERY. n. s. [from slut.] The qualities or practice of a slut.
Slutt'ry, to such neat excellence oppos'd,
Should make desire vomit emptiness. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Where fires thou find'st unrak'd, and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry;
Our radiant queen hates sluts and slutt'ry. Shakespeare.
These make our girls their sluttery rue,
By pinching them both black and blue;
And put a penny in their shoe,
The house for cleanly sweeping. Drayton.
A man gave money for a black, upon an opinion that his
swarthy colour was rather sluttery than nature, and the fault of
his master that kept him no cleaner. L'Estrange.

SLU’TTISH. adj. [from slut.] Nasty; not nice; not cleanly;
dirty; indecently negligent of cleanliness.
All preparations both for food and lodging such as would
make one detest niggardness, it is so sluttish a vice. Sidney.
Albeit the mariners do covet store of cabbins, yet indeed
they are but sluttish dens that breed sickness in peace, serving
to cover stealths, and in fight are dangerous to tear men with
their splinters. Raleigh's Essays.
Fortune's displeasure is but sluttish, if it smell so strongly as
thou speak'st of: I will henceforth eat no fish of fortune's but­
tering. Shakes. All's well that ends well.
The nastiness of that nation, and sluttish course of life, hath
much promoted the opinion, occasioned by their servile condi­
tion at first, and inferior ways of parsimony ever since. Brown.
Slothful disorder fill'd his stable,
And sluttish plenty deck'd her table. Prior.

SLU’TTISHLY. adv. [from sluttish.] In a sluttish manner;
nastily; dirtily.

SLU’TTISHNESS. n. s. [from sluttish.] The qualities or prac­
tice of a slut; nastiness; dirtiness.
That is only suitable in laying a foul complexion upon a
filthy favour, setting forth both in sluttishness. Sidney.
I look on the instinct of this noisome and troublesome crea­
ture, the louse, of searching out foul and nasty clothes to har­
bour and breed in, as an effect of divine providence, designed
to deter men and women from sluttishness and sordidness, and to
provoke them to cleanliness and neatness. Ray on the Creation.

SLY. adj. [slith, Saxon, slippery and metaphorically deceitful;
slægur, Islandick.] Meanly artful; secretly insidious; cunning.
For my sly wyles and subtile craftiness,
The title of the kingdom I possess. Hubberd's Tale.
And for I doubt the Greekish monarch sly,
Will use with him some of his wonted craft. Fairfax.
His proud step he scornful turn'd,
And with sly circumspection. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Envy is a cursed plant: some fibres of it are rooted almost
in every man's nature, and it works in a sly and imperceptible
manner. Watts.
It is odious in a man to look sly and leering at a wo­
man. Clarissa.

SLY’LY. adv. [from sly.] With secret artifice; insidiously.
SMA

To SMACK. v. n. [smæckan, Saxon; smaecken, Dutch.]
1. To have a taste; to be tinctured with any particular taste.
2. To have a tincture or quality infused.
All sects, all ages, smack of this vice, and he
To die for it! Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
He is but a bastard to the time,
That doth not smack of observation. Shakes. King John.
3. To make a noise by separation of the lips strongly pressed
together, as after a taste.
4. To kiss with a close compression of the lips, so as to be heard
when they separate.
She kiss'd with smacking lip the snoring lout;
For such a kiss demands a pair of gloves. Gay.
He gives a smacking buss. Pope.

To SMACK. v. a.
1. To kiss.
So careless flowers, strow'd on the waters face,
The curled whirlpools suck, smack, and embrace,
Yet drown them. Donne.
2. To make any quick smart noise.

SMACK. n. s. [smaeck, Dutch; from the verb.]
1. Taste; savour.
2. Tincture; quality from something mixed.
The child, that sucketh the milk of the nurse, learns his
first speech of her; the which, being the first inured to his
tongue, is ever after most pleasing unto him, insomuch, that
though he afterwards be taught English, yet the smack of the
first will always abide with him. Spenser.
Your lordship, though not clean past your youth, hath yet
some smack of age in you, some relish of the saltness of time,
and have a care of your health. Shakes. Henry IV.
It caused the neighbours to rue, that a petty smack only of
popery opened a gap to the oppression of the whole. Carew.
As the Pythagorean soul
Runs through all beasts, and fish and fowl,
And has a smack of ev'ry one,
So love does, and has ever done. Hudibras.
3. A pleasing taste.
Stack pease upon hovel;
To cover it quickly let owner regard,
Lest dove and the cadow there finding a smack,
With ill stormy weather do perish thy stack. Tusser.
4. A small quantity; a taste.
Trembling to approach
The little barrel, which he fears to broach,
H' essays the wimble, often draws it back,
And deals to thirsty servants but a smack. Dryden's Pers.
5. The act of parting the lips audibly, as after a pleasing taste.
6. A loud kiss.
He took
The bride about the neck, and kist her lips
With such a clamorous smack, that at the parting
All the church echo'd. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
I saw the lecherous citizen turn back
His head, and on his wife's lip steal a smack. Donne.
7. [Snacca, Saxon; sneckra, Islandick.] A small ship.

SMALL. adj. [small, Saxon; smal, Dutch; smaar, Islandick.]
1. Little in quantity; not great.
For a small moment have I forsaken thee, but with great
mercies will I gather thee. Is. liv. 7.
Death only this mysterious truth unfolds,
The mighty soul how small a body holds. Dryden's Juven.
All numeration is but still the adding of one unit more, and
giving to the whole together a distinct name, whereby to dis­
tinguish it from every smaller or greater multitude of units. Loc.
The ordinary smallest measure we have is looked on as an
unit in number. Locke.
The danger is less when the quantity of the fluids is too
small, than when it is too great; for a smaller quantity will
pass where a larger cannot, but not contrariwise. Arbuthnot.
Good cooks cannot abide fiddling work: such is the dress­
ing of small birds, requiring a world of cookery. Swift.
2. Slender; exile; minute.
After the earthquake a fire, and after the fire a still small
voice. 1 Kings xix. 12.
Your sin and calf I burnt, and ground it very small, 'till it
was as small as dust. Deutr. ix. 21.
Those wav'd their limber fans
For wings, and smallest lineaments exact. Milton.
Small grained sand is esteemed the best for the tenant, and
the large for the landlord and land. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. Little in degree.
There arose no small stir about that way. Acts xix. 23.
4. Little in importance; petty; minute.
Is it a small matter that thou hast taken my husband? Gen.
Narrow man being fill'd with little shares,
Courts, city, church, are all shops of small wares;
All having blown to sparks their noble fire,
And drawn their sound gold ingot into wire. Donne.
Some mens behaviour is like a verse, wherein every syllable
is measured: how can a man comprehend great matters that
breaketh his mind too much to small observations? Bacon.
5. Little in the principal quality, as small beer; not strong;
weak.
Go down to the cellar to draw ale or small beer. Swift.

SMALL. n. s. [from the adjective.] The small or narrow part
of any thing. It is particularly applied to the part of the leg
below the calf.
Her garment was cut after such a fashion, that though the
length of it reached to the ancles, yet in her going one might
sometimes discern the small of her leg. Sidney.
Into her legs I'd have love's issues fall,
And all her calf into a gouty small. Suckling.
His excellency, having mounted on the small of my leg, ad­
vanced forwards. Gulliver's Travels.

SMA’LLAGE. n. s. [from small age, because it soon withers.
Skinner.] A plant. It is a species of parsley, and a common
weed by the sides of ditches and brooks. Miller.
Smallage is raised by slips or seed, which is redish, and
pretty big, of a roundish oval figure; a little more full and
rising on one side than the other, and streaked from one end
to the other. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SMA’LLCOAL. n. s. [small and coal.] Little wood coals used
to light fires.
A smallcoal man, by waking one of these distressed gentle­
men, saved him from ten years imprisonment. Spectator.
When smallcoal murmurs in the hoarser throat,
From smutty dangers guard thy threaten'd coat. Gay.

SMA’LLCRAFT. n. s. [small and craft.] A little vessel below
the denomination of ship.
Shall he before me sign, whom t'other day
A smallcraft vessel hither did convey;
Where stain'd with prunes, and rotten figs, he lay. Dryd.



SMALLPO’X. n. s. [small and pox.] An eruptive distemper of
great malignity; variolæ.
He fell sick of the smallpox. Wiseman.

SMA’LLY. adv. [from small.] In a little quantity; with mi­
nuteness; in a little or low degree.
A child that is still, and somewhat hard of wit, is never
chosen by the father to be made a scholar, or else when he
cometh to the school, is smally regarded. Ascham.

SMA’LNESS. n. s. [from small.]
1. Littleness; not greatness.
The parts in glass are evenly spread, but are not so close as
in gold; as we see by the easy admission of light, and by the
smalness of the weight. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Littleness; want of bulk; minuteness; exility.
Whatsoever is invisible, in respect of the fineness of the bo­
dy, or the smalness of the parts, or subtilty of the motion, is
little enquired. Bacon's Natural History.
The smalness of the rays of light may contribute very much
to the power of the agent by which they are refracted. Newt.
3. Want of strength; weakness.

SMALT. n. s.
A beautiful blue substance, produced from two parts of
zaffre being fused with three parts common salt, and one part
potash. Hill on Fossils.
To make a light purple, mingle ceruse with logwood wa­
ter; and moreover turnsoil with lac mingled with smalt of bice.
Peacham.

SMA’RAGDINE. adj. [smaragdinus, Latin.] Made of emerald;
resembling emerald.

SMART. n. s. [smeorta, Saxon; smert, Dutch; smarta, Swe­
dish.]
1. Quick, pungent, lively pain.
Then her mind, though too late, by the smart, was brought
to think of the disease. Sidney.
2. Pain, corporal or intellectual.
Mishaps are master'd by advice discreet,
And counsel mitigates the greatest smart. Fairy Queen.
It increased the smart of his present sufferings, to compare
them with his former happiness. Atterbury.

To SMART. v. n. [smeortan, Saxon; smerten, Dutch.]
1. To feel quick lively pain.
When a man's wounds cease to smart, only because he has
lost his feeling, they are nevertheless mortal. South.
Human blood, when first let, is mild, and will not make
the eye or a fresh wound smart. Arbuthnot.
2. To feel pain of body or mind.
He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it. Prov.
No creature smarts so little as a fool.
Let peals of laughter, Codrus! round thee break,
Thou unconcern'd can'st hear the mighty crack. Pope.

SMART. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Pungent; sharp; causing smart.
How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience?
Shakespeare.
To the fair he fain would quarter show,
His tender heart recoils at every blow;
If unawares he gives too smart a stroke,
He means but to correct, and not provoke. Granville.
2. Quick; vigorous; active.
That day was spent in smart skirmishes, in which many
fell. Clarendon.
This sound proceeded from the nimble and smart percussions
of the ambient air, made by the swift and irregular motions of
the particles of the liquors. Boyle.
3. Producing any effect with force and vigour.
After show'rs,
The stars shine smarter, and the moon adorns,
As with unborrow'd beams, her sharpen'd horns. Dryden.
4. Acute; witty.
It was a smart reply that Augustus made to one that mini­
stred this comfort of the fatality of things: this was so far
from giving any ease to his mind, that it was the very thing
that troubled him. Tillotson.
5. Brisk; vivacious; lively.
You may see a smart rhetorician turning his hat in his hands,
during the whole course of his harangue. A deaf man would
think he was cheapening a beaver. Addison.

SMART. n. s. A fellow affecting briskness and vivacity. A
cant word.

SMA’RTLY. adv. [from smart.] After a smart manner; sharp­
ly; briskly; vigorously; wittily.
The art, order, and gravity of those proceedings, where
short, severe, constant rules were set, and smartly pursued,
made them less taken notice of. Clarendon.

SMA’RTNESS. n. s. [from smart.]
1. The quality of being smart; quickness; vigour.
What interest such a smartness in striking the air hath in
the production of sound, may in some measure appear by
the motion of a bullet, and that of a switch or other wand,
which produce no sound, if they do but slowly pass through
the air; whereas if the one do smartly strike the air, and the
other be shot out of a gun, the celerity of their percussions on
the air puts it into an undulating motion, which, reaching
the ear, produces an audible noise. Boyle.
2. Liveliness; briskness; wittiness.
I defy all the clubs to invent a new phrase, equal in wit,
humour, smartness or politeness, to my set. Swift.

SMATCH. n. s. [corrupted from smack.]
1. Taste; tincture; twang.
Thou art a fellow of a good respect;
Thy life hath had some smatch of honour in't. Shakespeare.
Some nations have a peculiar guttural or nasal smatch in their
language. Holder's Elements of Speech.
These salts have somewhat of a nitrons taste, but mixt with
a smatch of a vitriolick. Grew.
2. [Cœruleo, Latin.] A bird.

To SMA’TTER. v. n. [It is supposed to be corrupted from smack
or taste.]
1. To have a slight taste; to have a slight, superficial, and im­
perfect knowledge.
Such a practice gives a slight smattering of several sciences,
without any solid knowledge. Watts.
Since, by a little smattering in learning, and great conceit
of himself, he has lost his religion, may he find it again by
harder study and an humbler mind. Bentley.
2. To talk superficially or ignorantly.
In proper terms, such as men smatter,
When they throw out and miss the matter. Hudibras.
Of state affairs you cannot smatter;
Are aukward when you try to flatter. Swift.

SMA’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.] Superficial or slight know­
ledge.
All other sciences were extinguished during this empire, ex­
cepting only a smatter of judicial astrology. Temple.

SMA’TTERER. n. s. [from smatter.] One who has a slight or
superficial knowledge.
These few who preserve any rudiments of learning, are,
except one or two smatterers, the clergy's friends. Swift.
SME

To SMEAR. v. a. [smeran, Saxon; smeeren, Dutch.]
1. To overspread with something viscous and adhesive; to be­
smear.
If any such be here, that love this painting,
Wherein you see me smear'd,
If any think brave death outweighs bad life,
Let him wave thus. Shakespeare's Othello.
Then from the mountain hewing timber tall,
Began to build a vessel of huge bulk,
Smear'd round with pitch. Milton.
Smear'd as she was with black Gorgonean blood,
The fury sprang above the Stygian flood. Dryden.
2. To soil; to contaminate.
Why had I not, with charitable hand,
Took up a beggar's issue at my gates?
Who smeered thus, and mir'd with infamy,
I might have said no part of it is mine. Shakespeare.

SMEA’RY. adj. [from smear.] Dawby; adhesive.
A smeary foam works o'er my grinding jaws,
And utmost anguish shakes my lab'ring frame. Rowe.

SMEATH. n. s. A sea fowl.

To SMEETH. or smutch. v. a. [smithde, Saxon.] To smoke;
to blacken with smoke.

SME’GMATICK. adj. [s???a.] Soapy; detersive. Dict.

To SMELL. v. a. [Of this word the etymology is very obscure.
Skinner, the most acute of all etymologists, derives it from
smoel, warm, Dutch; because smells are encreased by
heat.]
1. To perceive by the nose.
Their neighbours hear the same musick, or smell the same
perfumes with themselves: for here is enough. Collier.
2. To find out by mental sagacity.
The horse smelt him out, and presently a crochet came in
his head how to countermine him. L'Estrange.

To SMELL. v. n.
1. To strike the nostrils.
The king is but a man as I am: the violet smells to him as
it doth to me; all his senses have but human conditions. Shak.
The daintiest smells of flowers are out of those plants whose
leaves smell not. Bacon's Natural History.
2. To have any particular scent.
Honey in Spain smelleth apparently of the rosemary or orange,
from whence the bee gathereth it. Bacon.
A work of this nature is not to be performed upon one leg,
and should smell of oil if duly handled. Brown.
If you have a silver saucepan, and the butter smells of smoak,
lay the fault upon the coals. Swift.
3. To have a particular tincture or smack of any quality.
My unsoil'd name, the austereness of my life,
Will so your accusation overweigh,
That you shall stifle in your own report,
And smell of calumny. Shakespeare.
Down with the nose, take the bridge quite away
Of him that his particular to forefend,
Smells from the general weal. Shakespeare.


A man so smelling of the people's lee,
The court receiv'd him first for charity. Dryden.
4. To practise the act of smelling.
Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereto, shall
be cut off. Exod. xxx. 38.
I had a mind to know, whether they would find out the
treasure, and whether smelling enabled them to know what is
good for their nourishment. Addison's Spectator.

SMELL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Power of smelling; the sense of which the nose is the organ.
Next, in the nostrils she doth use the smell,
As God the breath of life in them did give;
So makes he now this pow'r in them to dwell,
To judge all airs, whereby we breathe, and live. Davies.
2. Scent; power of affecting the nose.
The sweetest smell in the air is the white double violet,
which comes twice a-year. Bacon.
All sweet smells have joined with them some earthy or crude
odours. Bacon.
Pleasant smells are not confined unto vegetables, but found
in divers animals. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
There is a great variety of smells, though we have but a
few names for them: the smell of a violet and of musk, both
sweet, are as distinct as any two smells. Locke.

SME’LLER. n. s. [from smell.] He who smells.

SME’LLFEAST. n. s. [smell and feast.] A parasite; one who
haunts good tables.
The ant lives upon her own, honestly gotten; whereas the
fly is an intruder, and a common smellfeast that spunges upon
other people's trenchers. L'Estrange.

SMELT. The preterite and participle pass. of smell.

SMELT. n. s. [smelt, Saxon.] A small sea fish.
Of round fish there are brit, sprat, barn, smelts. Carew.

To SMELT. v. a. [smalta, Islandick; smelten, Dutch.] To
melt oar, so as to extract the metal.
A sort of earth, of a dusky red colour, found chiefly in
iron mines. Some of this earth contains as much iron as to
render it worth smelting. Woodward.

SME’LTER. n. s. [from smelt.] One who melts oar.
The smelters come up to the assayers. Woodward on Fossils.

To SMERK. v. a. [smercian, Saxon.] To smile wantonly.
Certain gentlemen of the gown, whose aukward, spruce,
prim, sneering, and smirking countenances have got good pre­
ferment by force of cringing. Swift.

SME’RKY. adj. Nice; smart; jaunty.
SMIRK. adj. Nice; smart; jaunty.
Seest, how bragg yon bullock bears,
So smirk, so smooth his pricked ears:
His horns been as brade as rainbow bent,
His dew-lap as lith as lass of Kent. Spenser.

SME’RLIN. n. s. A fish. Ainsworth.
SMI

SMI’CKET. n. s. [Diminutive of smock, smocket, smicket.] The
under garment of a woman.

To SMIGHT. For smite.
As when a griffon, seized of his prey,
A dragon fierce encountreth in his flight,
Through widest air making his idle way,
That would his rightful ravin rend away:
With hideous horror both together smight,
And souce so sore that they the heavens affray. Fa. Queen.

To SMILE. v. n. [smuylen, Dutch.]
1. To contract the face with pleasure; to express gladness by
the countenance.
I would, while it was smiling in my face,
Have pluckt my nipple from his boneless gums. Shakespeare.
The goddess of the mountain smiled upon her votaries, and
cheared them in their passage to her palace. Tatler.
'Twas what I said to Crags and Child,
Who prais'd my modesty, and smil'd. Pope.
2. To express slight contempt.
Our king replied, which some will smile at now, but ac­
cording to the learning of that time. Camden.
3. To look gay or joyous.
Let their heirs enrich their time
With smiling plenty and fair prosp'rous days. Shakespeare.
All things smil'd,
Birds on the branches warbling. Milton.
4. To be favourable; to be propitious.
Then let me not let pass
Occasion which now smiles. Milton.

SMILE. n. s. [from the verb.] A slight contraction of the face;
a look of pleasure, or kindness.
I frown upon him, yet he loves me still.—
—Oh that your frowns would teach my smiles such skill.
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Feast.
No man marks the narrow space
'Twixt a prison and a smile. Wotton.
Sweet intercourse
Of looks and smiles: for smiles from reason flow,
To brute denied, and are of love the food. Milton.

SMI’LINGLY. adv. [from smiling.] With a look of plea­
sure.
His flaw'd heart,
'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief,
Burst smilingly. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Carneades stopping him smilingly, told him, we are not so
forward to lose good company Boyle.

To SMILT. v. n. [corrupted from smelt, or melt.]
Having too much water, many corns will smilt, or have
their pulp turned into a substance like thick cream. Mortimer.

To SMIRCH. v. a. [from murk or murcky.] To cloud; to dusk;
to soil.
I'll put myself in poor and mean attire,
And with a kind of umber smirch my face. Shakespeare.
Like the shaven Hercules in the smirch worm-eaten ta­
pestry. Shakespeare.

To SMIRK. See SMERK.

SMIT. The participle passive of smite.
Fir'd with the views this glitt'ring scene displays,
And smit with passion for my country's praise,
My artless reed attempts this lofty theme,
Where sacred Isis rolls her ancient stream. Tickell.

To SMITE. v. a. preterite smote; participle pass. smit, smitten. 
[smitan, Saxon; smijten, Dutch.]
1. To strike; to reach with a blow.
So sweet a kiss the golden sun gives not
To those fresh morning drops upon the rose,
As thy eye beams, when their fresh rays have smote
The night of dew that on my cheeks down flows. Shak.
I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain. Ezek.
2. To kill; to destroy.
The servants of David had smitten of Benjamin's men, so
that three hundred and threescore died. 2 Sam. ii. 31.
God smote him for his errour, and he died. 2 Sam. vi.
3. To afflict; to chasten. A scriptural expression.
Let us not mistake God's goodness, nor imagine, because
he smites us, that we are forsaken by him. Wake.
4. To blast.
5. To affect with any passion.
I wander where the muses haunt,
Clear spring, or shady grove, or sunny hill,
Smit with the love of sacred song. Milton.
See what the charms that smite the simple heart,
Not touch'd by nature, and not reach'd by art. Pope.
Smit with the love of sister arts we came,
And met congenial, mingling flame with flame. Pope.

To SMITE. v. n. To strike; to collide.
The heart melteth, and the knees smite together. Nahum.

SMI’TER. n. s. [from smite.] He who smites.
I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to them
that pluck off the hair. Isa. l. 6.

SMITH. n. s. [smith, Saxon; smeth, German; smid, Dutch;
from smitan, Saxon, to beat.]
1. One who forges with his hammer; one who works in metals.
He doth nothing but talk of his horse, and can shoe him.
I am afraid, my lady, his mother, played false with a smith.
Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Lawless man, the anvil dares profane,
And forge that steel by which a man is slain:
Which earth at first for plough shares did afford;
Nor yet the smith had learn'd to form a sword. Tate.
The ordinary qualities observable in iron, or a diamond,
that make their true complex idea, a smith or a jeweler com­
monly knows better than a philosopher. Locke.
2. He that makes or effects any thing.
The doves repented, though too late,
Become the smiths of their own foolish fate. Dryden.

SMI’THCRAFT. n. s. [smithcræft, Sax.] The art of asmith.
Inventors of pastorage, smithcraft, and musick. Raleigh.

SMI’THERY. n. s. [from smith.] The shop of a smith.

SMI’THING. n. s. [from smith.] Smithing is an art manual, by
which an irregular lump, or several lumps of iron is wrought
into an intended shape. Moxon's Mechanical Exercise.

SMI’THY. n. s. [smiththe, Saxon.] The shop of a smith.
His blazing locks sent forth a crackling sound,
And hiss'd, like red hot iron, within the smithy drown'd.
Dryden.

SMITT. n. s. The finest of the clayey ore, made up into balls,
they use for marking of sheep, and call it smitt. Woodward.

SMI’TTEN. The participle passive of smite. Struck; blasted;
killed; affected with passion.
And the flax and the barley was smitten, but the wheat and
the rye not. Exod. ix. 31.
How agree the kettle and the earthen pot together? for if
the one be smitten against the other, it shall be broken. Ecclus.
The third part of the sun was smitten. Rev. viii. 12.
We did esteem him stricken, smitten of God and afflicted.
Isa. liii. 4.
Tempt not the Lord thy God, he said, and stood:
But Satan smitten with amazement fell. Milton.
By the advantages of a good person and a pleasing conver­
sation, he made such an impresson in her heart as could
not be effaced: and he was himself no less smitten with Con­
stantia. Addison.


SMO

SMOCK. n. s. [smoc, Saxon.]
1. The under garment of a woman; a shift.
Her body covered with a light taffeta garment, so cut, as
the wrought smock came through it in many places. Sidney.
How do'st thou look now? oh ill-starr'd wench!
Pale as thy smck! when we shall meet at compt;
This look of thine will hurl my soul from heav'n. Shakesp.
Their apparel was linnen breeches, and over that a smock
close girt unto them with a towel. Sandys.
Though Artemisia talks by fits,
Of councils, classicks, fathers, wits;
Reads Malbranche, Boyle, and Locke:
Yet in some things, methinks, she fails,
'Twere well, if she would pair her nails,
And wear a cleaner smock. Swift.
2. Smock is used in a ludicrous kind of composition for any thing
relating to women.
At smock treasn, matron, I believe you;
And if I were your husband; but when I
Trust to your cob-web bosoms any other,
Let me there die a fly, and feast you, spider. Ben. Johnson.
Plague on his smock-loyalty!
I hate to see a brave bold fellow fotted,
Made sour and senseless, turn'd to whey by love. Dryden.

SMOCKFA’CED. adj. [smock and face.] Palefaced; maidenly.]
Old chiefs reflecting on their former deeds,
Disdain to rust with batter'd invalids;
But active in the foremost ranks appear,
And leave young smockfac'd beaux to guard the rear. Fenton.

SMOKE. n. s. [ys-mwg, Welsh; smec, smoec, Saxon; smoock,
Dutch.] The visible effluvium, or sooty exhalation from
any thing burning.
She might utter out some smoke of those flames wherewith
else she was not only burned, but smothered. Sidney.
May you a better feast never behold,
You knot of mouth-friends: smoke, and lukewarm water,
Is your perfection. Shakespeare.
Stand off, and let me take the air,
Why should the smoke pursue the fair? Cleaveland.
He knew 'twas caused by smoke, but not by flame. Cowley.
All involv'd with stench and smoke.
As smoke that rises from the kindling fires, Milton.
Is seen this moment, and the next expires. Prior.
Smoke passing through flame cannot but grow red hot, and
red hot smoke can appear' no other than flame. Newton.

To SMOKE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To emit a dark exhalation by heat.
When the sun went down, a smoking furnace and a burn­
ing lamp passed between those pieces. Gen. xv. 17.
Brave Macbeth
Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel,
Which smoak'd with bloody execution,
Like valour's minion carved out his passage,
'Till he had fac'd the slaves. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Queen Margaret saw
Thy murd'rous faulchion smoking in his blood. Shakespeare.
To him no temple stood nor altar smok'd. Milton.
For Venus, Cytherea was invok'd,
Altars for Pallas to Athena smok'd. Granville.
2. To burn; to be kindled. A scriptural term.
The anger of the Lord shall smoak against that man. Deut.
3. To move with such swiftness as to kindle; to move very
fast so as to raise dust like smoke.
Aventinus drives his chariot round;
Proud of his steeds he smokes along the field;
His father's hydra fills the ample shield. Dryden's æn.
With hasty hand the ruling reins he drew,
He lash'd the coursers, and the coursers flew;
Beneath the bending yoke alike they held
Their equal pace, and smoak'd along the field. Pope.
4. To smell, or hunt out.
He hither came t'observe and smoke
What courses other riskers took. Hudibras.
I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers, and
wondred that none of the Middlesex justices took care to lay
some of them by the heels. Addison's Freeholder.
5. To use tobacco.
6. To suffer to be punished.
Maugre all the world will I keep safe,
Or some of you shall smoke for it in Rome. Shakespeare.

To SMOKE. v. a.
1. To scent by smoke, or dry in smoke.
Frictions of the back-bone with flannel, smoaked with pene­
trating aromatical substances, have proved effectual. Arbuthnot.
2. To smell out; to find out.
He was first smok'd by the old lord Lafea; when his dis­
guise and he is parted, tell me what a sprat you shall find him?
Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
Tom Tattle passes for an impertinent, and Will. Trippet
begis to be smoked, in case I continue this paper. Addis. Spect.
3. To sneer; to ridicule to the face.
Smoke the fellow there. Congreve.

To SMOKE-dry. v. a. [smoke and dry.] To dry by smoke.
Smoke-dry the fruit, but not if you plant them. Mortimer.

SMO’KER. n. s. [from smoke.]
1. One that dries or perfumes by smoke.
2. One that uses tobacco.

SMO’KELESS. adj. [from smoke.] Having no smoke.
Tenants with sighs the smokeless tow'rs survey,
And turn th' unwilling steed another way. Pope.

SMO’KY. adj. [from smoke.]
1. Emitting smoke; fumid.
O he's as tedious
As a tir'd horse, or as a railing wife,
Worse than a smoky house. Shakespeare.
Victorious to the top aspires,
Involving all the wood in smoky fires. Dryden.
2. Having the appearance or nature of smoke.
London appears in a morning drowned in a black cloud,
and all the day after smothered with smoky fog, the conse­
quence whereof proves very offensive to the lungs. Harvey.
If blast septentrional with brushing wings
Sweep up the smoky mists, and vapours damp,
Then woe to mortals. Philips.
3. Noisome with smoke.
Courtesy
Is sooner found in lowly sheds,
With smoky rafters, than in tap'stry halls
And courts of princes. Milton.
Morpheus, the humble god, that dwells
In cottages and smoky cells,
Hates gilded roofs and beds of down;
And though he fears no prince's frown,
Flies from the circle of a crown. Denham

SMOOTH. [smeth, smoeth, Saxon; mwyth, Welsh.]
1. Even on the surface; not rough; level; having no asperities.
Behold Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth
man. Gen. xxvii. 11.
Missing thee, I walk unseen,
On the dry smooth-shaven green,
To behold the wandring moon,
Riding near her highest noon. Milton.
The outlines must be smooth, imperceptible to the touch, and
even without eminences or cavities. Dryden.
Nor box nor limes, without their use,
Smooth-grain'd, and proper for the turner's trade:
Which curious hands may carve and steel with ease invade.
Dryden.
2. Evenly spread; glossy.
He for the promis'd journey bids prepare
The smooth-hair'd horses, and the rapid car. Pope.
3. Equal in pace; without starts or obstruction.
By the hand he took me rais'd,
And over fields and waters, as in air,
Smooth-sliding without step. Milton.
The fair-hair'd queen of love
Descends smooth-gliding from the courts above. Pope.
4. Flowing; soft; not harsh.
Smooth Adonis from his rock
Ran purple to the sea. Milton.
When sage Minerva rose,
From her sweet lips smooth elocution flows. Gay.
So, Dick adept, tuck back thy hair;
And I will pour into thy ear
Remarks, which none did e'er disclose,
In smooth-pac'd verse or hobling prose. Prior.
5. Bland; mild; adulatory.
The subtle fiend,
Though inly stung with anger and disdain,
Dissembled, and this answer smooth return'd. Milt. Par. Reg.
This smooth discourse and mild behaviour oft
Conceal a traitor. Addison.
He was smooth-tongued, gave good words, and seldom lost
his temper. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
The madding monarchs to compose
The Pylian prince, the smooth-speech'd Nestor, rose. Tickel.

To SMOOTH. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To level; to make even on the surface.
This man's a flatt'rer? if one be,
So are they all; for every greeze of fortune
Is smooth'd by that below. Shakespeare.
The carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smooth­
eth with the hammer him that smote the anvil. Isa. xli.
Now on the wings of winds our course we keep;
For God had smooth'd the waters of the deep. Pope's Odyss.
2. To work into a soft uniform mass.
It brings up again into the mouth that which it had swal­
lowed, and chewing it, grinds and smooths it, and afterwards
swallows it into another stomach. Ray on the Creation.
The board on which we sit
Is not so smooth as are thy verses, Swift.
3. To make easy; to rid from obstructions.
Thou, Abelard! the last sad office pay,
And smooth my passage to the realms of day. Pope.


4. To make flowing; to free from harshness.
In their motions harmony divine
So smooths her charming tones. Milton.
All your muse's softer art display,
Let Carolina smooth the tuneful lay;
Lull with Amelia's liquid name the Nine,
And sweetly flow through all the royal line. Pope.
5. To palliate; to soften.
Had it been a stranger, not my child,
To smooth his fault, I would have been more mild. Shakesp.
6. To calm; to mollify.
Now breathe we, lords; good fortune bids us pause,
And smooth the frowns of war with peaceful looks. Shakesp.
Each perturbation smooth'd with outward calm. Milton.
Smiling she seem'd, and full of pleasing thought,
From ocean as she first began to rise,
And smooth'd the ruffled seas, and clear'd the skies. Dryden.
7. To ease.
Restor'd it soon will be; the means prepar'd,
The difficulty smooth'd, the danger shar'd:
Be but yourself. Dryden.
8. To flatter; to soften with blandishments.
Because I cannot flatter and look fair,
Smile in men's faces, smooth, deceive and cog,
Duck with French nods, and apish courtesy,
I must be held a rancorous enemy. Shakespeare.

To SMO’OTHEN. v. a. [A bad word among mechanicks for
smooth.] To make even and smooth.
With edged grooving tools they cut down and smoothen the
extuberances left. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

SMO’OTHFACED. adj. [smooth and face.] Mild looking;
having a soft air.
O, shall I say I thank you, gentle wife?
—Not so, my lord; a twelve-month and a day,
I'll mark no words that smoothfac'd woers say. Shakespeare.
Let their heirs
Enrich their time to come with smoothfac'd peace,
With smiling plenty, and fair prosp'rous days. Shak. R. III.

SMO’OTHLY. adv. [from smooth.]
1. Not roughly; evenly.
2. With even glide.
The musick of that murm'ring spring
Is not so mournful as the strains you sing;
Nor rivers winding through the vales below
So sweetly warble, or so smoothly flow. Pope.
3. Without obstruction; easily; readily.
Had Joshua been mindful, the fraud of the Gibeonites could
not so smoothly have past unespied 'till there was no help. Hook.
4. With soft and bland language.

SMO’OTHNESS. n. s. [from smooth.]
1. Evenness on the surface; freedom from asperity.
The purling, which proceeds of inequality, is bred between
the smoothness of the inward surface of the pipe, which is wet,
and the rest that remaineth dry. Bacon's Natural History.
A countryman feeding his flock by the seaside, it was so de­
licate a fine day, that the smoothness of the water tempted him
to set up for a merchant. L'Estrange.
The nymph is all into a laurel gone,
The smoothness of her skin remains alone. Dryden.
2. Softness or mildness on the palate.
Fallacious drink! ye honest men beware,
Nor trust its smoothness; the third circling glass
Suffices virtue. Philips.
3. Sweetness and softness of numbers.
As French has more fineness and smoothness at this time, so
it had more compass, spirit, and force in Montaigne's age. Temp.
Virgil, though smooth, where smoothness is required, is so
far from affecting it, that he rather disdains it; frequently
using synalephas, and concluding his sense in the middle of his
verse. Dryden.
4. Blandness and gentleness of speech.
She is too subtle for thee; and her smoothness,
Her very silence, and her patience,
Speak to the people, and they pity her. Shakespeare.

SMOTE. The preterite of smite.
Death with a trident smote. Milton.

To SMO’THER. v. a. [smoran, Saxon.]
1. To suffocate with smoke, or by exclusion of the air.
She might give passage to her thoughts, and so as it were utter
out some smoke of those flames, wherewith else she was not
only burned but smothered. Sidney.
We smother'd
The most replenished sweet work of nature,
That from the prime creation e'er she fram'd. Shakespeare.
We are enow yet living in the field,
To smother up the English in our throngs. Shakesp. Hen. V.
She was warmed with the graceful appearance of the hero:
she smothered those sparkles out of decency, but conversation
blew them up into a flame. Dryden's æn. Dedication.
The helpless traveller, with wild surprise,
Sees the dry desart all around him rise,
And smother'd in the dusty whirlwind dies. Addison's Cato.
2. To suppress.
Lewd and wicked custom, beginning perhaps at the first
amongst few, afterwards spreading into greater multitudes,
and so continuing; from time may be of force, even in plain
things, to smother the light of natural understanding. Hooker.

SMO’THER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A state of suppression.
This unfortunate prince, after a long smother of discontent,
and hatred of many of his nobility and people, breaking forth
at times into seditions, was at last distressed by them. Bacon.
A man were better relate himself to a statue, than suffer his
thoughts to pass in smother. Bacon.
Nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know lit­
tle; and therefore men should procure to know more, and not
to keep their suspicions in smother. Bacon's Essays.
2. Smoke; thick dusk.
Thus must I from the smoke into the smother,
From tyrant duke into a tyrant brother. Shakespeare.
Where you disorder'd heap of ruin lies,
Stones rent from stones, where clouds of dust arise,
Amid' that smother Neptune holds his place. Dryd. æn.
The greater part enter only like mutes to fill the stage, and
spend their taper in smoke and smother. Collier on Fame.

To SMO’THER. v. n. [from the noun]
1. To smoke without vent.
Hay and straw have a very low degree of heat; but yet close
and smothering, and which drieth not. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. To be suppressed or kept close.
The advantage of conversation is such, that, for want of
company, a man had better talk to a post than let his thoughts
lie smoking and smothering. Collier of Friendship.

SMO’ULDERING. [This word seems a participle; but I know
not whether the verb smoulder be in use:
smoran, Saxon, to smother; smoel, Dutch, hot.] Burning
and smoking without vent.

SMO’ULDRY. [This word seems a participle; but I know
not whether the verb smoulder be in use:
smoran, Saxon, to smother; smoel, Dutch, hot.] Burning
and smoking without vent.
None can breathe, nor see, nor hear at will,
Through smouldry cloud of duskish stinking smoke,
That th' only breath him daunts who hath escap'd the
stroke. Fairy Queen.
In some close pent room it crept along,
And, smould'ring as it went, in silence fed;
'Till th' infant monster, with devouring strong,
Walk'd boldly upright with exalted head. Dryden.
SMU

SMUG. adj. [smuck, dress, smucken, to dress, Dutch.] Nice;
spruce; dressed with affectation of niceness, but without
elegance.
There I have a bankrupt for a prodigal, who dares scarce
shew his head on the Rialto; a beggar, that used to come so
smug upon the mart. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
He who can make your visage less horrid, and your person
more smug, is worthy some good reception. Spectator.

To SMU’GGLE. v. a. [smockelen, Dutch.] To import or
export goods without paying the customs.

SMU’GGLER. n. s. [from smuggle.] A wretch, who, in defiance
of justice and the laws, imports or exports goods either con­
traband or without payment of the customs.

SMU’GLY. adv. [from smug.] Neatly; sprucely.
Lilies and roses will quickly appear,
And her face will look wond'rous smugly. Gay.

SMU’GNESS. n. s. [from smug.] Spruceness; neatness.

SMUT. n. s. [smitta, Saxon; smette, Dutch.]
1. A spot made with foot or coal.
2. Must or blackness gathered on corn; mildew.
Farmers have suffered by smutty wheat, when such will
not sell for above five shillings a bushel; whereas that which is
free from smut will sell for ten. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. Obscenity.

To SMUT. v. a. [from the noun]
1. To stain; to mark with foot or coal.
He is far from being smutted with the soil of atheism. More.
A fuller had invitation from a collier to live with him: he
gave him a thousand thanks; but, says he, as fast as I make
any thing clean, you'll be smutting it again. L'Estrange.
The inside is so smutted with dust and smoke, that neither the
marble, silver, nor brass works shew themselves. Addis. on Italy.
I am wonderfully pleased to see my tenants play their inno­
cent tricks, and smutting one another. Addison.
2. To taint with mildew.
Mildew falleth upon corn, and smutteth it. Bacon.

To SMUT. v. n. To gather must.
White red-eared wheat is good for clays, and bears a very
good crop, and seldom smuts. Mortimer.

To SMUTCH. v. a. [from smut.] To black with smoke.
Has't smutch'd thy nose?
They say it's a copy out of mine. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Have you seen but a bright lily grow,
Before rude hands have touch'd it?
Ha' you mark'd but the fall o' the snow,
Before the soil hath smutch'd it? Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.

SMU’TTILY. adv. [from smutty.]
1. Blackly; smokily.
2. Obscenely.



SMU’TTINESS. n. s. [from smutty.]
1. Soil from smoke.
My vines and peaches, upon my best south walls, were apt
to a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and upon their fruits,
which were good for nothing. Temple.
2. Obsceneness.

SMU’TTY. adj. [from smut.]
1. Black with smoke or coal.
The smutty grain,
With sudden blaze diffus'd, inflames the air. Milton.
The smutty wainscot full of cracks. Swift.
He was a smutty dog yesterday, and cost me near two hours
to wash the ink off his face. Pope.
2. Tainted with mildew.
Smutty corn will sell dearer at one time than the clean at
another. Locke.
3. Obscene; not modest.
The place is a censure of a profane and smutty passage in the
Old Batchelor. Collier.
SNA

SNACK. n. s. [from snatch.] A share; a part taken by
compact.
If the master gets the better on't, they come in for their
snack. L'Estrange.
For four times talking, if one piece thou take,
That must be cantled, and the judge go snack. Dryden.
All my demurs but double his attacks;
At last he whispers, "Do, and we go snacks." Pope.

SNA’COT. n. s. A fish. Ainsworth.

SNA’FFLE. n. s. [snavel, Dutch, the nose.] A bridle which
crosses the nose.
The third o' th' world is your's, which with a snaffle
You may pace easy; but not such a wife. Shakespeare.
Sooth him with praise;
This, from his weaning, let him well be taught,
And then betimes in a soft snaffle wrought. Dryden's Georg.

To SNA’FFLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To bridle; to hold in
a bridle; to hold; to manage.

SNAG. n. s. [Of this word I know not the etymology or ori­
ginal.]
1. A jag, or sharp protuberance.
The one her other leg had lame,
Which with a staff, all full of little snags,
She did disport, and impotence her name. Fairy Queen.
The coat of arms,
Now on a naked snag in triumph born,
Was hung on high. Dryden's æn.
2. A tooth left by itself, or standing beyond the rest.
In China none hold women sweet,
Except their snags are black as jet:
King Chihu put nine queens to death,
Convict on statute, iv'ry teeth. Prior.

SNA’GGED. adj. [from snag.] Full of snags; full of sharp
protuberances; shooting into sharp points.
SNA’GGY. adj. [from snag.] Full of snags; full of sharp
protuberances; shooting into sharp points.
His stalking steps are stay'd
Upon a snaggy oak, which he had torn
Out of his mother's bowels, and it made
His mortal mace, wherewith his foemen he dismay'd. Spens.
Naked men belabouring one another with snagged sticks, or
dully falling together by the ears at fifty-cuffs. More.

SNAIL. n. s. [snœgl, Saxon; snegel, Dutch.]
1. A slimy animal which creeps on plants, some with shells on
their backs.
I can tell why a snail has a house.—Why?—Why, to put's
head in; not to give it away to his daughters, and leave his
horns without a case. Shakes. King Lear.
Fearful commenting
Is leaden servitor to dull delay;
Delay leads impotent and snail pac'd beggary. Shak. R. III.
The patch is kind enough, but a huge feeder:
Snail slow in profit, but he sleeps by day
More than the wild cat. Shakespeare.
Seeing the snail, which every where doth roam,
Carrying his own house still, still is at home,
Follow, for he is easy-pac'd, this snail
Be thine own palace, or the world's thy gaol. Donne.
A river snail-shell decayed, shewed spar within. Woodward.
There may be as many ranks of beings in the invisible
world superior to us, as we ourselves are superior to all the
ranks of being beneath us in this visible world, even though
we descend below the snail and the oyster. Watts.
2. A name given to a drone from the slow motion of a snail.
Why prat'st thou to thyself, and answer'st not?
Dromio, thou drone, thou snail, thou slug, thou sot! Shak.

SNA’IL-CLAVER, or Snail-trefoil. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SNAKE. n. s. [snaca, Saxon; snake, Dutch.] A serpent of the
oviparous kind, distinguished from a viper. The snake's bite
is harmless. Snake in poetry is a general name for a viper.
Glo'ster's shew beguiles him;
As the snake, roll'd in a flow'ry bank,
With shining checker'd slough, doth sting a child,
That for the beauty thinks it excellent. Shakes. Hen. VI.
We have scotch'd the snake, not kill'd it:
She'll close, and be herself; whilst our poor malice
Remains in danger of her former teeth. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The parts must have their outlines in waves, resembling the
gliding of a snake upon the ground: they must be smooth and
even. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Nor chalk, nor crumbling stones, the food of snakes
That work in hollow earth their winding tracks. Dryden.

SNA’KEROOT. n. s. [snake and root.] A species of birthwort
growing in Virginia and Carolina. See RATTLESNAKE­
ROOT.

SNA’KESHEAD Iris. n. s. [hermodactylus, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it hath a lily-shaped flower, of one
leaf, shaped exactly like an iris; but has a tuberose root,
divided into two or three dugs, like oblong bulbs. Miller.

SNA’KEWEED, or Bistort. n. s. [bistorta, Latin.] A plant.
It flowers in May; and, if the season proves moist, will
continue to produce new spikes of flowers 'till August: it
may be propagated by planting the roots in a moist shady bor­
der, and will soon furnish the ground with plants. Miller.

SNA’KEWOOD. n. s. [from snake and wood.]
What we call snakewood is properly the smaller branches of
the root of a tall strait tree growing in the island of Timor,
and other parts of the East. It has no remarkable smell; but
is of an intensely bitter taste. The Indians are of opinion,
that it is a certain remedy for the bite of the hooded serpent,
and from thence its name of lignum colubrinum, or snakewood.
We very seldom use it. Hill's Mat. Med.

SNA’KY. adj. [from snake.]
1. Serpentine; belonging to a snake; resembling a snake.
Venomous tongue, tipt with vile adder's sting,
Of that self kind with which the furies fell
Their snaky heads do comb. Spenser.
The true lovers knot had its original from nodus Hercula­
neus, or Hercules's knot, resembling the snaky complication in
the caduceus, or rod of Hermes. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
So to the coast of Jordan he directs
His easy steps, girded with snaky wiles. Milton's Par. Reg.
2. Having serpents.
Look, look unto this snaky rod,
And stop your ears against the charming god. Ben. Johnson.
In his hand.
He took caduceus, his snaky wand. Hubberd's Tale.
What was that snaky-headed gorgon shield
That wise Minerva wore, unconquer'd virgin,
Wherewith she freez'd her foes to congeal'd stone? Milton.
His flying hat was fasten'd on his head;
Wings on his heels were hung, and in his hand
He holds the virtue of the snaky wand. Dryden.

To SNAP. v. a. [The same with knap.]
1. To break at once; to break short.
If the chain of necessity be no stronger, but that it may be
snapped so easily in sunder; if his will was no otherwise deter­
mined from without himself, but only by the signification of
your desire, and my modest intreaty, then we may conclude,
human affairs are not always governed by absolute necessity.
Bramb. against Hobbs.
Light is broken like a body, as when 'tis snapped in pieces
by a tougher body. Digby.
Dauntless as death, away he walks;
Breaks the doors open, snaps the locks;
Searches the parlour, chamber, study,
Nor stops 'till he has culprit's body. Prior.
2. To strike with a knacking noise, snap, or sharp knap.
The bowzy fire
First shook from out his pipe the seeds of fire,
Then snapt his box. Dunciad.
3. To bite.
A gentleman passing by a coach, one of the horses snapt off
the end of his finger. Wiseman's Surgery.
All mungrel curs bawl, snarl, and snap, where the foe flies
before him. L'Estrange.
A notion generally received, that a lion is dangerous to all
women who are not virgins, may have given occasion to a
foolish report, that my lion's jaws are so contrived as to snap
the hands of any of the female sex, who are not thus qua­
lified. Addison's Spectator.
He snaps deceitful air with empty jaws,
The subtle hare darts swift beneath his paws. Gay.
4. To catch suddenly and unexpectedly.
Sir Richard Graham tells the marquis he would snap one of
the kids, and make some shift to carry him close to their
lodgings. Wotton.
Some with a noise and greasy light
Are snapt, as men catch larks at night. Butler.
You should have thought of this before you was taken;
for now you are in no danger to be snapt singing again. L'Estr.
Did I not see you, rascal, did I not!
When you lay snug to snap young Damon's goat? Dryden.
Belated seem on watch to lie,
And snap some cully passing by. Swift.


5. [Snappen, Dutch.] To treat with sharp language.
Capoch'd your rabbins of the synod,
And snapp'd their canons with a why not. Hudibras.
A surly ill-bred lord
That chides and snaps her up at every word. Granville.

To SNAP. v. n.
1. To break short; to fall asunder.
Note the ship's sicknesses, the mast
Shak'd with an ague, and the hold and waist
With a salt dropsy clogg'd; and our tacklings
Snapping, like to too high-stretch'd treble strings. Donne.
The backbone is divided into so many vertebres for com­
modious bending, and not one intire rigid bone, which, being
of that length, would have been often in danger of snapping in
sunder. Ray on the Creation.
If your steel be too hard, that is, too brittle, if it be a
spring, it will not bow; but with the least bending it will
snap asunder. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The makers of these needles should give them a due tem­
per; for if they are too soft they will bend, and if they
are too brittle they snap. Sharp's Surgery.
2. To make an effort to bite with eagerness.
If the young dace be a bait for the old pike, I see no rea­
son but I may snap at him. Shakesp. Henry IV.
We snap at the bait without ever dreaming of the hook
that goes along with it. L'Estrange.
Towzer snaps
At people's heels with frothy chaps. Swift.

SNAP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of breaking with a quick motion.
2. A greedy fellow.
He had no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning
snap, then at the board. L'Estrange.
3. A quick eager bite.
With their bills, thwarted crosswise at the end, they would
cut an apple in two at one snap. Carew.
4. A catch; a theft.

SNA’PDRAGON, or Calf's snout. n. s. [antirrhinum, Latin.]
1. A plant.
2. A kind of play, in which brandy is set on fire, and raisins
thrown into it, which those who are unused to the sport are
afraid to take out; but which may be safely snatched by a quick
motion, and put blazing into the mouth, which being closed,
the fire is at once extinguished.

SNA’PPER. n. s. [from snap.] One who snaps.
My father named me Autolicus, being letter'd under Mer­
cury; who, as I am, was likewise a snapper up of unconsi­
der'd trifles. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

SNA’PPISH. adj. [from snap.]
1. Eager to bite.
The snappish cur, the passenger's annoy,
Close at my heel with yelping treble flies. Swift.
They lived in the temple; but were such snappish curs, that
they frighted away most of the votaries. Spectator.
2. Peevish; sharp in reply.

SNA’PPISHLY. adv. [from snappish] Peevishly; tartly.

SNA’PPISHNESS. n. s. [from snappish.] Peevishness; tartness.

SNA’PSACK. n. s. [snappsack, Swedish.] A soldier's bag.

SNARE. n. s. [snara, Swedish and Islandick; snare, Danish;
snoor, Dutch.]
1. Any thing set to catch an animal; a gin; a net.
O poor hapless nightingale, thought I,
How sweet thou sing'st, how near the deadly snare. Milton.
2. Any thing by which one is intrapped or intangled.
This I speak for your own profit, not that I may cast a
snare upon you. 1 Cor. vii. 35.
A fool's mouth is his destruction, and his lips are the snare
of his soul. Prov. xviii. 7.
Propound to thyself a constant rule of living, which though
it may not be fit to observe scrupulously, lest it become a snare
to thy conscience, or endanger thy health, yet let not thy rule
be broken. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
For thee ordain'd a help, became thy snare. Milton.
Beauty, wealth, and wit,
And prowess, to the pow'r of love submit;
The spreading snare for all mankind is laid,
And lovers all betray, or are betray'd. Dryden.

To SNARE. v. a. [from the noun.] To intrap; to in­
tangle.
Glo'ster's shew
Beguiles him, as the mournful crocodile
With sorrow snares relenting passengers. Shakesp. H. VI.
The wicked is snared in the work of his own hands. Ps. ix.
Warn all creatures from thee
Henceforth, lest that too heav'nly form, pretended
To hellish falshood, snare them. Milton's Paradise Lost.

To SNARL. v. n. [snarren, Dutch.]
1. To growl as an angry animal; to gnarre.
What! were you snarling all before I came,
Ready to catch each other by the throat,
And turn you all your hatred now on me? Shakesp. R. III.
He is born with teeth!
And so I was; which plainly signify'd
That I should snarl, and bite, and play the dog. Shak. H. VI.
The she's even of the savage herd are safe:
All, when they snarl or bite, have no return
But courtship from the male. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Now, for the bare pick'd bone of majesty,
Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest,
And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace. Shakesp. K. John.
An angry cur
Snarls while he seeds. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
2. To speak roughly; to talk in rude terms.
'Tis malicious and unmanly to snarl at the little lapses of a
pen, from which Virgil himself stands not exempted. Dryden.
The honest farmer and his wife,
Two years declin'd from prime of life,
Had struggled with the marriage-noose,
As almost ev'ry couple does:
Sometimes my plague! sometimes my darling!
Kissing to-day, to-morrow snarling. Prior.
Where hast thou been snarling odious truths, and entertain­
ing company with discourse of their diseases? Congreve.

To SNARL. v. a. To intangle; to embarrass. I know not
that this sense is well authorised.
Confused snarled consciences render it difficult to pull out
thread by thread. Decay of Piety.

SNA’RLER. n. s. [from snarl.] One who snarls; a growling,
surly, quarrelsome, insulting fellow.
Should stupid libels grieve your mind,
You soon a remedy may find;
Lie down obscure, like other folks,
Below the lash of snarlers jokes. Swift.

SNA’RY. adj. [from snare.] Intangling; insidious.
Spiders in the vault their snary webs have spread. Dryden.

SNAST. n. s. The snuff of a candle.
It first burned fair, 'till some part of the candle was con­
sumed, and the sawdust gathering about the snast; but then it
made the snast big and long, and burn duskishly, and the candle
wasted in half the time of the wax pure. Bacon's Nat. History.

To SNATCH. v. a. [snacken, Dutch]
1. To seize any thing hastily.
A virtuous mind should rather wish to depart this world
with a kind of treatable dissolution, than to be suddenly cut off
in a moment; rather to be taken than snatched away from the
face of the earth. Hooker.
Death,
So snatch'd, will not exempt us from the pain. Milton.
Life's stream hurries all too fast:
In vain sedate reflections we would make,
When half our knowledge we must snatch, not take. Pope.
She snatch'd a sheet of Thule from her bed:
Sudden she flies, and whelms it o'er the pyre;
Down sink the flames. Pope's Dunciad.
They, sailing down the stream,
Are snatch'd immediate by the quick-ey'd trout
Of darting salmon. Thomson's Summer.
2. To transport or carry suddenly.
He had scarce performed any part of the office of a bishop
in the diocess of London, when he was snatched from thence,
and promoted to Canterbury. Clarendon.
Oh nature!
Inrich me with the knowledge of thy works,
Snatch me to heaven. Thomson's Autumn.

To SNATCH. v. n. To bite, or catch eagerly at something.
Lords will not let me: if I had a monopoly on't, they
would have part on't; nay, the ladies too will be snatching.
Shakesp. King Lear.
He shall snatch on the right hand, and be hungry. Is. ix. 20.
Lycus, swifter of his feet,
Runs, doubles, winds and turns, amidst the war;
Springs to the walls, and leaves his foes behind,
And snatches at the beam he first can find. Dryden's æn.

SNATCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A hasty catch.
2. A short fit of vigorous action.
After a shower to weeding a snatch;
More easily weed with the root to dispatch. Tusser.
3. A small part of any thing; a broken part.
She chaunted snatches of old tunes,
As one incapable of her own distress. Shakesp. Hamlet.
In this work attempts will exceed performances, it being
composed by snatches of time, as medical vacations would
permit. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
4. A broken or interrupted action; a short fit.
The snatches in his voice,
And burst of speaking, were as his. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
They move by fits and snatches; so that it is not conceivable
how they conduce unto a motion, which, by reason of its per­
petuity, must be regular and equal. Wilkins's Dædalus.
We have often little snatches of sunshine and fair weather
in the most uncomfortable parts of the year. Spectator.


5. A quip; a shuffling answer.
Come, leave your snatches, and yield me a direct answer.
Shakes. Measure for Measure.

SNA’TCHER. n. s. [from snatch.] One that snatches, or takes
any thing in haste.
They of those marches
Shall be a wall sufficient to defend
Our inland from the pilfering borderers.
—We do not mean the coursing snatchers only,
But fear the main intendment of the Scot. Shakesp. H. V.

SNA’TCHINGLY. adv. [from snatching.] Hastily; with inter­
ruption.
SNE

To SNEAK. v. n. [snican, Saxon; snige, Danish.]
1. To creep slily; to come or go as if afraid to be seen.
Once the eagle, England, being in prey,
To her unguarded nest the weazel, Scot,
Comes sneaking, and so sucks her princely eggs. Shakespeare.
Sneak not away, sir; for the friar and you
Must have a word anon: lay hold on him. Shakespeare.
Discover'd, and defeated of your prey,
You skulk'd behind the fence, and sneak'd away. Dryden.
I ought not to turn my back, and to sneak off in silence,
and leave the truth to lie baffled, bleeding, and slain. Watts.
He sneak'd into the grave,
A monarch's half and half a harlot's slave. Dunciad.
Are you all ready? Here's your musick here:
Author, sneak off; we'll tickle you, my dear. Moore.
2. To behave with meanness and servility; to crouch; to
truckle.
I need salute no great man's threshold, sneak to none of his
friends to speak a good word for me to my conscience. South.
Nothing can support minds drooping and sneaking, and in­
wardly reproaching them, from a sense of their own guilt, but
to see others as bad. South's Sermons.
When int'rest calls off all her sneaking train,
When all th' oblig'd desert, and all the vain,
She waits, or to the seaffold, or the cell,
When the last ling'ring friend has bid farewel. Pope.
Tom struts a soldier, open, bold, and brave;
Will sneaks a scriv'ner, an exceeding knave. Pope.

SNE’AKER. n. s. A large vessel of drink.
I have just left the right worshipful and his myrmidons about
a sneaker of five gallons. Spectator.

SNE’AKING. participial adj. [from sneak.]
1. Servile; mean; low.
2. Covetous; niggardly; meanly parcimonious.

SNE’AKINGLY. adv. [from sneaking.] Meanly; servilely.
Do all things like a man, not sneakingly:
Think the king sees thee still. Herbert.
While you sneakingly submit,
And beg our pardon at our feet,
Discourag'd by your guilty fears
To hope for quarter for your ears. Hudibras.

SNE’AKUP. n. s. [from sneak.] A cowardly, creeping, insi­
dious scoundrel. Obsolete.
The prince is a jack, a sneakup; and, if he were here, I
would cudgel him like a dog, if he would say so. Shak. H. IV.

To SNEAP. v. a. [This word seems a corruption of snib, or of
snap, to reprimand. Perhaps snap is in that sense from snib,
snibbe, Danish.
Men shulde him snibbe bitterly. Chaucer.]
1. To reprimand; to check.
2. To nip.
What may
Breed upon our absence, may there blow
No sneaping winds at home. Shakespeare.

SNEAP. n. s. [from the verb.] A reprimand; a check.
My lord, I will not undergo this sneap without reply: you
call honourable boldness impudent sauciness: if a man will
court'sy and say nothing, he is virtuous. Shakesp. Henry IV.

To SNEB. v. a. [Properly to snib. See SNEAP.] To check;
to chide; to reprimand.
Which made this foolish briar wax so bold,
That on a time he cast him to scold,
And snebbe the good oak, for he was old. Spenser. 

To SNEER. v. n. [This word is apparently of the same family
with snore and snort.]
1. To show contempt by looks: naso suspendere adunco.
2. To insinuate contempt by covert expressions.
The wolf was by, and the fox in a sneering way advised him
not to irritate a prince against his subjects. L'Estrange.
I could be content to be a little sneered at in a line, for the
sake of the pleasure I should have in reading the rest. Pope.
If there has been any thing expressed with too much seve­
rity, it will fall upon those sneering or daring writers of the
age against religion, who have left reason and decency. Watts.
3. To utter with grimace.
I have not been sneering fulsome lies, and nauscous flattery,
at a little tawdry whore. Congreve.
4. To show aukward mirth.
I had no power over one muscle in their faces, though they
sneered at every word spoken by each other. Tatler.

SNEER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A look of contemptuous ridicule.
Did not the sneer of more impartial men
At sense and virtue, balance all agen. Pope.
2. An expression of ludicrous scorn.
Socrates or Cæsar might have a fool's coat clapt upon them,
and in this disguise neither the wisdom of the one nor the
majesty of the other could secure them from a sneer. Watts.

To SNEEZE. v. n. [niesan, Saxon; niesen, Dutch.] To emit
wind audibly by the nose.
If one be about to sneeze, rubbing the eyes 'till tears run
will prevent it; for that the humour descending to the nostrils
is diverted to the eyes. Bacon.
If the pain be more intense and deeper within amongst
the membranes, there will be an itching in the palate and nos­
trils, with frequent sneezing. Wiseman's Surgery.
To thee Cupid sneez'd aloud;
And every lucky omen sent before,
To meet thee landing on the Spartan shore. Dryden.
If any thing oppress the head, it hath a power to free itself
by sneezing. Ray on the Creation.
Violent sneezing produceth convulsions in all the muscles of
respiration: so great an alteration can be produced only by
the tickling of a feather; and if the action of sneezing should
be continued by some very acrid substance, it will produce head­
ach, universal convulsions, fever, and death. Arbuthnot.
An officer put the sharp end of his half-pike a good way up
into my nostril, which tickled my nose like a straw, and made
me sneeze violently. Gulliver's Travels.

SNEEZE. n. s. [from the verb.] Emission of wind audibly by
the nose.
I heard the rack
As earth and sky would mingle; but
These flaws, though mortals fear them
As dangerous to the pillar'd frame of heav'n,
Are to the main as wholsome as a sneeze
To man's less universe, and soon are gone. Milt. Par. Reg.
We read in Godignus, that upon a sneeze of the emperor of
Monomotapa, there past acclamations successively through the
city. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SNE’EZEWORT. n. s. [ptarmica, Latin.] A plant.
It hath radiated flowers, whose disk consists of many florets;
but the borders are composed of half florets: the embryoes
are lodged in the flowercup, which is scaly, each of which
becomes one slender seed. Miller.

SNET. n. s. [Among hunters.] The fat of a deer. Dict.

SNEW. The old preterite of To snow. Dict.
SNI

To SNIB. v. a. [snibbe, Danish. See SNEAP.] To check; to
nip; to reprimand.
Asked for their pass by every squib,
That list at will them to revile or snib. Hubberd's Tale.

SNICK and Snee. n. s. A combat with knives.
Among the Dunkirkers, where snick and snee was in fashion,
a boatswain with some of our men drinking together, became
quarrelsome: one of our men beat him down; then kneeling
upon his breast, he drew out a knife, sticking in his fash, and
cut him from the ear towards the mouth. Wiseman's Surgery.

To SNI’CKER, or Snigger. v. n. To laugh slily, wantonly, or
contemptuously; to laugh in one's sleeve. Dict.

To SNIFF. v. n. [sniffa, Swedish.] To draw breath audibly up
the nose.
So then you look'd scornful, and snift at the dean,
As, who should say, now am I skinny and lean? Swift.

To SNI’GGLE. v. n.
Sniggling is thus performed: in a warm day, when the wa­
ter is lowest, take a strong small hook, tied to a string about a
yard long; and then into one of the holes, where an eel may
hide herself, with the help of a short stick put in your bait
leisurely, and as far as you may conveniently: if within the
sight of it, the eel will bite instantly, and as certainly gorge
it: pull him out by degrees, Walton's Angler.

To SNIP. v. a. [snippen, Dutch.] To cut at once with
sciffars.
The sinus should be laid open, which was snipt up about
two inches with a pair of probe-sciffars, and the incised lips
dressed. Wiseman's Surgery.
When tradesmen brought extravagant bills, sir Roger used
to bargain to cut off a quarter of a yard: he wore a pair of
scissars for this purpose, and would snip it off nicely. Arbuthnot.
Putting one blade of the sciffars up the gut, and the other up
the wound, snip the whole length of the fistula. Sharp.

SNIP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A single cut with sciffars.
What! this a sleeve?
Here's snip and nip, and cut, and slish and slash,
Like to a censor in a barber's shop. Shakespeare.
The ulcer would not cure farther than it was laid open;
therefore with one snip more I laid it open to the very end. Wise.
2. A small shred.
Those we keep within compass by small snips of emplast.
hoping to defend the parts about; but, in spite of all, they
will spread farther. 8 Wiseman's Surgery.


3. A share; a snack. A low word.
He found his friend upon the mending hand, which he was
glad to hear, because of the snip that he himself expected upon
the dividend. L'Estrange.

SNIPE. n. s. [sneppe, German; snite, Saxon; ysnit, Welsh.]
1. A small sen fowl with a long bill.
The external evident causes of the atra bilis are a high fer­
menting diet; as old cheese, birds feeding in fens, as geese,
ducks, woodcocks, snipes, and swans. Floyer.
2. A fool; a blockhead.
Thus do I ever make my fool my purse;
For I mine own gain'd knowledge should profane,
If I should time expend with such a snipe,
But for my sport and profit. Shakesp. Othello.

SNI’PPER. n. s. [from snip.] One that snips.

SNI’PPET. n. s. [from snip.] A small part; a share.
Witches simpling, and on gibbets
Cutting from malefactors snippets;
Or from the pill'ry tips of ears. Hudibras.

SNI’PSNAP. n. s. [A cant word formed by reduplication of snap.]
Tart dialogue.
Dennis and dissonance, and captious art,
And snipsnap short, and interruption smart. Pope's Dunciad.

SNITE. n. s. [snita, Saxon.] A snipe. This is perhaps the
true name; but snipe prevails.
Of tame birds Cornwal hath doves, geese, and ducks: of
wild, quail, rail, snite, and wood-dove. Carew.

To SNITE. v. a. [sntan, Saxon.] To blow the nose.
Nor would any one be able to snite his nose, or to sneeze;
in both which the passage of the breath through the mouth,
being intercepted by the tongue, is forced to go through the
nose. Grew's Cosmol.

SNI’VEL. n. s. [snavel, snevel, German.] Snot; the running
of the nose.

To SNI’VEL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To run at the nose.
2. To cry as children.
Funeral tears are hired out as mourning cloaks; and whe­
ther we go to our graves sniveling or singing, 'tis all mere
form. L'Estrange.
Away goes he sniveling and yelping, that he had dropt his
ax into the water. L'Estrange.

SNI’VELLER. n. s. [from snivel.] A weeper; a weak lamenter.
He'd more lament when I was dead,
Than all the snivellers round my bed. Swift.
SNO

To SNORE. v. n. [snorcken, Dutch.] To breathe hard through
the nose, as men in sleep.
I did unreverently blame the gods,
Who wake for thee, though thou snore for thyself. B. Johns.
Whose railing heroes, and whose wounded gods,
Makes some suspect he snores as well as nods. Roscominon.
He may lie quietly in his shades, and snore on to doomsday
for me; unless I see farther reason of disturbing his repose.
Stillingfleet.
Is not yonder Proteus' cave?
It is; and in it lies the god asleep;
And snoring by
We may descry
The monsters of the deep. Dryden's Albion.
'Twas Acme's and Septimius' life;
The lady sigh'd, the lover snor'd. Prior.
The giant, gorg'd with flesh, and wine, and blood,
Lay stretcht at length, and snoring in his den,
Belching raw gobbets from his maw, o'ercharg'd
With purple wine and cruddl'd gore confus'd. Addison.

SNORE. n. s. [snora, Saxon; from the verb.] Audible respira­
tion of sleepers through the nose.
The surfeited grooms
Do mock their charge with snores: I've drugg'd their possets.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To SNORT. v. n. [snorcken, Dutch.] To blow through the
nose as a high mettled horse.
The snorting of his horses was heard. Jer. viii. 16.
The fiery war-horse paws the ground,
And snorts and trembles at the trumpet's sound. Addison.
From their full racks the gen'rous steeds retire,
Dropping ambrosial foams and snorting fire. Addison's Ovid.
He with wide nostrils, snorting, skims the wave. Thomson.

SNOT. n. s. [snote, Saxon; snot, Dutch.] The mucus of
the nose.
Thus, when a greedy sloven once has thrown
His snot into the mess, 'tis all his own. Swift.

SNO’TTY. adj. [from snot.] Full of snot.
This squire South my husband took in a dirty snotty-nosed
boy. Arbuthnot.

SNOUT. n. s. [snuyt, Dutch.]
1. The nose of a beast.
His nose in the air, his snout in the skies. Tusser.
In shape a beagle's whelp throughout,
With broader forehead, and a sharper snout. Dryden.
2. The nose of a man, in contempt.
Her subtle snout
Did quickly wind his meaning out. Hudibras.
But when the date of Nock was out,
Off dropt the sympathetick snout. Hudibras.
What Ethiop lips he has,
How foul a snout, and what a hanging face! Dryd. Juven.
Charm'd with his eyes, and chin, and snout,
Her pocket-glass drew slily out;
And grew enamour'd with her phiz,
As just the counterpart of his. Swift.
3. The nosel or end of any hollow pipe.

SNO’UTED. adj. [from snout.] Having a snout.
Snouted and tailed like a boar, and footed like a goat. Grew.

SNOW. n. s. [snaw, Saxon; snee, Dutch.] The small par­
ticles of water frozen before they unite into drops. Locke.
Benaiah slew a lion in a pit, in time of snow. 2 Sa. xxiii.
Drought and heat consume snow waters. Job xxiv. 19.
He gives the Winter's snow her airy birth,
And bids her virgin fleeces clothe the earth. Sandys.

To SNOW. v. n. [snawan, Saxon; sneeuwen, Dutch.] To have
snow fall.

To SNOW. v. a. To scatter like snow.
If thou be'st born to see strange sights,
Ride ten thousand days and nights,
'Till age snow white hairs on thee. Donne.

SNO’WBALL. n. s. [snow and ball.] A round lump of con­
gelated snow.
They passed to the east-riding of Yorkshire, their company
daily increasing, like a snowball in rolling. Hayward.
His bulky folly gathers as it goes,
And, rolling o'er you, like a snowball grows. Dryden.
A snowball having the power to produce in us the ideas of
white, cold, and round, the powers, as they are in the snow­
ball, I call qualities; and as they are sensations in our under­
standings, ideas. Locke.

SNO’WBROTH. n. s. [snow and broth] Very cold liquor.
Angelo, a man whose blood
Is very snowbroth, one who never feels
The wanton stings and motions of the sense. Shakespeare.

SNO’WDROP. n. s. [nareissoleucoium, Latin.] An early flower.
The flower is, for the most part, composed of six leaves,
in form of a lily, which are sometimes equal, and sometimes
unequal and pendulous: the empalement becomes a roundish
fruit, which is divided into three cells, and full of roundish
seeds: to which may be anded, it hath a bulbous root. Miller.
When we tried the experiment with the leaves of those
purely white flowers that appear about the end of Winter,
called snowdrops, the event was not much unlike that newly
mentioned. Boyle on Colours.
The little shape, by magick pow'r,
Grew less and less, contracted to a flow'r;
A flow'r, that first in this sweet garden smil'd,
To virgins sacred, and the snowdrop styl'd. Tickell.

SNOW-WHITE. adj. [snow and white.] White as snow.
A snow-white bull shall on your shore be slain;
His offer'd entrails cast into the main. Dryden's æn.

SNO’WY. adj. [from snow.]
1. White like snow.
So shews a snowy dove trooping with crows,
As yonder lady o'er her fellows shews. Shakespeare.
Now I see thy jolly train:
Snowy headed Winter leads,
Spring and Summer next succeeds;
Yellow Autumn brings the rear;
Thou art father of the year. Rowe.
The blushing ruby on her snowy breast,
Render'd its panting whiteness more confest. Prior.
2. Abounding with snow.
These first in Crete
And Ida known; thence on the snowy top
Of cold Olympus rul'd the middle air. Milton's Par. Lost.
As when the Tartar from his Russian foe,
By Astracan, over the snowy plains,
Retires. Milton's Paradise Lost.
SNU

SNUB. n. s. [from snebbe, Dutch, a nose, or knubel, a joint of
the finger.] A jag; a snag; a knot in wood.
Lifting up his dreadful club on high,
All arm'd with ragged snubs and knotty grain,
Him thought at first encounter to have slain. Fairy Queen.

To SNUB. v. a. [Rather To snib. See SNEAP, SNEB, SNIB.]
1. To check; to reprimand.
2. To nip.
Near the seashores the heads and boughs of trees run out
far to landward; but toward the sea are so snubbed by the
winds, as if their boughs had been pared or shaven off. Ray.

To SNUB. v. n. [snuffen, Dutch.] To sob with convulsion.

To SNUDGE. v. n. [sniger, Danish.] To lie idle, close, or
snug.


Now he will fight it out, and to the wars;
Now eat his bread in peace,
And snudge in quiet; now he scorns increase;
Now all day spares. Herbert.

SNUFF. n. s. [snuf, Dutch, snot.]
1. Snot. In this sense it is not used.
2. The useless excrescence of a candle: whence moucher la
chandelle.
My great affliction,
If I could bear longer, and not fall
To quarrel with your opposeless wills,
My snuff and loathed part of nature should
Burn itself out. Shakesp. King Lear.
But dearest heart, and dearer image, stay!
Alas! true joys at best are dreams enough:
Though you stay here, you pass too fast away;
For even at first life's taper is a snuff. Donne.
The snuff-dishes shall be of pure gold. Ex. xxv. 38.
If the liquor be of a close and glutinous consistency, it may
burn without any snuff, as we see in camphire, and some other
bituminous substances; and most of the ancient lamps were of
this kind, because none have been found with such wicks. Wilk.
3. A candle almost burnt out.
Lamentable!
To hide me from the radiant sun, and solace
I' th' dungeon by a snuff. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. The fired wick of a candle remaining after the flame.
A torch, snuff and all, goes out in a moment, when dipped
into the vapour. Addison on Italy.
5. Resentment expressed by snifting; perverse resentment.
What hath been seen
Either in snuffs or packings of the duke's,
Or the hard rein which both of them have borne
Against the old kind king. Shakesp. King Lear.
Jupiter took snuff at the contempt, and punished him: he
sent him home again. L'Estrange.
6. Powdered tobacco taken by the nose.
Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew,
A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;
The gnomes direct to ev'ry atom just
The pungent grains of titillating dust. Pope.

To SNUFF. v. a. [snuffen, Dutch.]
1. To draw in with the breath.
A heifer will put up her nose, and snuff in the air against
rain. Bacon.
With delight he snuff'd the smell
Of mortal change on earth. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He snuffs the wind, his heels the sand excite;
But when he stands collected in his might,
He roars and promises a more successful fight. Dryden.
The youth,
Who holds the nearest station to the light,
Already seems to snuff the vital air,
And leans just forward on a shining spear. Dryden's æn.
My troops are mounted; their Numidian steeds
Snuff up the wind, and long to scour the desart. Addison.
My nag's greatest fault was snuffing up the air about Brack­
denstown, whereby he became such a lover of liberty, that I
could scarce hold him in. Swift.
2. To scent.
The cow looks up, and from afar can find
The change of heav'n, and snuffs it in the wind. Dryden.
For thee the bulls rebellow through the groves,
And tempt the stream, and snuff their absent loves. Dryden.
O'er all the blood-hound boasts superior skill,
To scent, to view, to turn, and boldly kill!
His fellows vain alarms rejects with scorn,
True to the master's voice, and learned horn:
His nostrils oft, if ancient fame sing true,
Trace the sly felon through the tainted dew:
Once snuff'd, he follows with unalter'd aim,
Nor odours lure him from the chosen game;
Deep-mouth'd he thunders, and inflam'd he views,
Springs on relentless, and to death pursues. Tickell.
3. To crop the candle.
The late queen's gentlewoman!
To be her mistress' mistress!
This candle burns not clear: 'tis I must snuff it,
And out it goes. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Against a communion-day our lamps should be better
dressed, and our lights snuffed, and our religion more active.
Taylor's worthy Communicant.
You have got
An office for your talents fit,
To snuff the lights, and stir the fire,
And get a dinner for your hire. Swift.

To SNUFF. v. n.
1. To snort; to draw breath by the nose.
The fury fires the pack, they snuff, they vent,
And feed their hungry nostrils with the scent. Dryd. æn.
Says Humpus, sir, my master bad me pray
Your company to dine with him to-day:
He snuffs, then follows, up the stairs he goes;
Never pulls off his hat, nor cleans his shoes. King.
2. To snift in contempt.
Ye said, what a weariness is it, and ye have snuff'd at it.
Mal. ii. 13.

SNU’FFBOX. n. s. [snuff and box.] The box in which snuff is
carried.
If a gentleman leaves a snuffbox on the table, and goeth
away, lock it up as part of your vails. Swift.
Sir Plume, of amber snuffbox justly vain,
And the nice conduct of a clouded cane. Pope.

SNU’FFERS. n. s. [from snuff.] The instrument with which
the candle is clipped.
When you have snuffed the candle, leave the snuffers open.
Swift's Directions to the Butler.

To SNU’FFLE. v. n. [snuffelen, Dutch.] To speak through
the nose; to breath hard through the nose.
A water-spaniel came down the river, shewing that he
hunted for a duck; and with a snuffing grace, disdaining that
his smelling force could not as well prevail through the water
as through the air, waited with his eye to see whether he could
espy the duck's getting up again. Sidney.
Bagpipes of the loudest drones,
With snuffling broken-winded tones,
Whose blasts of air in pockets shut,
Sound filthier than from the gut. Hudibras.
It came to the ape to deliver his opinion, who smelt and
snuffled, and considered on't. L'Estrange.
One clad in purple,
Eats and recites some lamentable rhyme;
Some senseless Phillis in a broken note,
Snuffling at nose, and croaking in his throat. Dryden.

To SNUG. v. n. [sniger, Dutch.] To lie close; to snudge.
There snugging well, he well appear'd content,
So to have done amiss, so to be shent. Sidney.
As the loving couple lay snugging together, Venus, to try if
the cat had changed her manners with her shape, turned a
mouse loose into the chamber. L'Estrange.

SNUG. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Close; free from any inconvenience.
They spy'd a country farm,
Where all was snug, and clean, and warm;
For woods before, and hills behind,
Secur'd it both from rain and wind. Prior.
2. Close; out of notice.
At Will's
Lie snug, and hear what criticks say. Swift.
3. Slily or insidiously close.
Did I not see you, rascal, did I not!
When you lay snug to snap young Damon's goat? Dryden.

To SNU’GGLE. v. n. [from snug.] To lie close; to lie warm.
SO

SO. adv. [swa, Saxon; soo, Dutch; so, German.]
1. In like manner. It answers to as either preceding or follow­
ing. Noting comparison.
As whom the fables feign of monstrous size,
Titanian or earthborn that warr'd on Jove,
So stretch'd out huge in length the arch fiend lay. Milton.
Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks
In Valombrosa, where th' Etrurian shades
High over-arch'd embow'r, so thick bestrewn
Abject and lost lay these. Milton.
Tir'd at first sight with what the muse imparts,
In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts;
So pleas'd at first the tow'ring Alps we try,
Mount o'er the vales, and seem to tread the sky. Pope.
As into air the purer spirits flow,
And sep'rate from their kindred dregs below,
So flew her soul to its congeneal place. Pope.
2. To such a degree.
Why is his chariot so long in coming? Judg. v. 28.
Can nothing great, and at the height,
Remain so long, but its own weight
Will ruin it? Or is't blind chance
That still desires new states t' advance. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
Amoret, my lovely foe,
Tell me where thy strength does lie;
Where the pow'r that charms us so,
In thy soul, or in thy eye? Waller.
I viewed in my mind, so far as I was able, the beginning
and progress of a rising world. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Since then our Arcite is with honour dead,
Why should we mourn that he so soon is freed. Dryden.
Upon our first going into a company of strangers, our be­
nevolence or aversion rises towards several particular persons,
before we have heard them speak, or so much as know who
they are. Addison's Spectator.
We think our fathers fools, so wise we're grown:
Our wiser sons, no doubt, will think us so. Pope.


3. In such a manner.
4. It is regularly answered by as or that, but they are sometimes
omitted.
So frown'd the mighty combatants, that hell
Grew darker at their frown. Milton.
There's no such thing, as that we beauty call,
It is meer cosenage all;
For though some long ago
Lik'd certain colours mingl'd so and so,
That doth not tie me now from chusing new. Suckling.
There is something equivalent in France and Scotland; so
as 'tis a very hard calumny upon our soil to affirm that so ex­
cellent a fruit will not grow here. Temple.
We may be certain that man is not a creature that hath
wings; because this only concerns the manner of his existence;
and we seeing what he is, may certainly know that he is not
so or so. Locke.
I shall minutely tell him the steps by which I was brought
into this way, that he may judge whether I proceeded ratio­
nally, if so be any thing in my example is worth his notice. Locke.
This gentleman is a person of good sense, and knows that
he is very much in sir Roger's esteem, so that he lives in the
family rather as a relation than dependent. Addison.
5. In the same manner.
Of such examples add me to the roll;
Me easily indeed mine may neglect,
But God's propos'd deliverance not so. Milton.
To keep up the tutor's authority, use him with great respect
yourself, and cause all your family to do so too. Locke.
According to the multifariousness of this immutability, so
are the possibilities of being. Norris.
6. Thus; in this manner.
Not far from thence the mournful fields appear,
So call'd from lovers that inhabit there. Dryden.
Does this deserve to be rewarded so?
Did you come here a stranger or a foe? Dryden.
It concerns every man, with the greatest seriousness, to
enquire into those matters whether they be so or not. Tillotson.
No nation ever complained they had too broad, too deep,
or too many rivers; they understand better than so, how to
value those inestimable gifts of nature. Bentley.
So when the first bold vessel dar'd the seas,
High on the stern the Thracian rais'd his strain. Pope.
Whether this be from an habitual motion of the animal spi­
rits, or from the alteration of the constitution, by some more
unaccountable way, this is certain that so it is. Locke.
7. Therefore; for this reason; in consequence of this.
The god, though loth, yet was constrain'd t'obey;
For longer time than that, no living wight,
Below the earth, might suffer'd be to stay:
So back again him brought to living light. Fairy Queen.
If he set industriously and sincerely to perform the com­
mands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it
shall prove successful to him, and so all that he hath to do is to
endeavour by prayer and use of the means, to qualify him­
self for this blessed condition. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Some are fall'n, to disobedience fall'n;
And so from heav'n to deepest hell. Milton's Paradise Lost.
God makes him in his own image an intellectual creature,
and so capable of dominion. Locke.
8. On these terms; noting a conditional petition: answered by
as.
O goddess! tell what I would say,
Thou know'st it, and I feel too much to pray,
So grant my suit, as I enforce my might,
In love to be thy champion. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Here then exchange we mutually forgiveness:
So may the guilt of all my broken vows,
My perjuries to thee be all forgotten;
As here my soul acquits thee of my death,
As here I part without an angry thought. Rowe.
So may kind rains their vital moisture yield,
And swell the future harvest of thy field. Pope.
9. Provided that; on condition that; modo.
Be not sad:
Evil into the mind of God or man
May come and go, so unapprov'd, and leave
No spot or blame behind. Milton's Paradise Lost.
So the doctrine be but wholsome and edifying, though there
should be a want of exactness in the manner of speaking or
reasoning, it may be overlooked. Atterbury.
Too much of love thy hapless friend has prov'd,
Too many giddy foolish hours are gone;
May the remaining few know only friendship:
So thou, my dearest, truest, best Alicia,
Vouchsafe to lodge me in thy gentle heart,
A partner there; I will give up mankind. Rowe.
10. In like manner; noting concession of one proposition and
assumption of another, answering to as.
As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive, so a
prince ought to consider the condition he is in when he enters
on it. Swift.
11. It sometimes answers to the word or sentence going before,
and returns the sense.
Who thinks his wife is virtuous, though not so,
Is pleas'd and patient till the truth he know. Denham.
Angling is something like poetry, men are to be born so.
Walton's Angler.
One may as well say, that the conflagration shall be only
national, as to say that the deluge was so. Burnet.
However soft within themselves they are,
To you they will be valiant by despair;
For having once been guilty, well they know
To a revengeful prince they still are so. Dryden.
He was great ere fortune made him so. Dryden.
I laugh at every one, said an old cynick, who laughs at
me. Do you so? replied the philosopher; then you live the
merriest life of any man in Athens. Addison.
They are beautiful in themselves, and much more so in that
noble language peculiar to that great poet. Addison.
Common-place books have been long used by industrious
young divines, and still continue so. Swift.
As to his using ludicrous expressions, my opinion is, that
they are not so. Pope.
The blest to-day is as completely so,
As who began a thousand years ago. Pope.
12. Thus it is; this is the state.
How sorrow shakes him!
So, now the tempest tears him up by th' roots,
And on the ground extends the noble ruin. Dryden.
13. At this point; at this time.
When
With wild wood-leaves and weeds I ha' strew'd his grave,
And on it said a century of prayers,
Such as I can, twice o'er, I'll weep and sigh;
And, leaving so his service, follow you. Shakespeare.
14. It notes a kind of abrupt beginning. Well.
O, so, and had you a council
Of ladies too? who was your speaker,
Madam? Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
15. It sometimes is little more than an expletive, though it im­
plies some latent or surd comparison.
An astringent is not quite so proper, where relaxing the
urinary passages is necessary. Arbuthnot.
16. A word of assumption; thus be it.
There is Percy; if your father will do me any honour, so;
if not, let him kill the next Percy himself. Shakespeare.
I will never bear a base mind: if it be my destiny, so: if
it be not, so. No man is too good to serve his prince. Shak.
17. A form of petition.
Ready are th' appellant and defendant,
The armourer and his man, to enter the lists,
So please your highness to behold the fight. Shakespeare.
18. So much as. However much. This is, I think, an irregular
expression.
So much as you admire the beauty of his verse, his prose
is full as good. Pope.
19. So so. An exclamation after some thing done or known.
I would not have thee linger in thy pain:
So so. Shakespeare's Othello.
So so; it works: now mistress, sit you fast. Dryden.
20. So so. [cosi cosi, Italian.] Indifferently; not much amiss nor
well.
He's not very tall; yet for his years he's tall;
His leg is but so so: and yet 'tis well. Shakespeare.
Deliver us from the nauseous repetition of As and So, which
some so so writers, I may call them so, are continually sound­
ing in our ears. Felton on the Classicks.
21. So then. Thus then it is that; therefore.
So then the Volscians stand; but as at first
Ready, when time shall prompt them, to make road
Upon's again. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
To a war are required a just quarrel, fufficient forces, and
a prudent choice of the designs: so then, I will first justify the
quarrel, balance the forces, and propound variety of designs.
Bacon's War with Spain.
SOA

To SOAK. v. n. [socian, Saxon.]
1. To lie steeped in moisture.
For thy conceit in soaking will draw in
More than the common blocks. Shakespeare.
2. To enter by degrees into pores.
Lay a heap of earth in great frosts upon a hollow vessel,
putting a canvass between, and pour water upon it, so as to
soak through: it will make a harder ice in the vessel, and less
apt to dissolve than ordinarily. Bacon.
Rain soaking into the strata, which lie near the surface,
bears with it all such moveable matter as occurs. Woodward.
3. To drink gluttonously and intemperately. This is a low term.
Let a drunkard see that his health decays, his estate wastes,
yet the habitual thirst after his cups drives him to the tavern,
though he has in his view the loss of health and plenty; the
least of which he confesses is far greater than the tickling of
his palate with a glass of wine, or the idle chat of a soaking
club. Locke.



To SOAK. v. a.
1. To macerate in any moisture; to steep; to keep wet till
moisture is imbibed; to drench.
Many of our princes
Lie drown'd and soak'd in mercenary blood:
So do our vulgar drench their peasant limbs
In blood of princes. Shakespeare's Hen. V.
Their land shall be soaked with blood. Isa. xxxiv. 7.
There deep Galesus soaks the yellow sands. Dryden.
Thou whose life's a dream of lazy pleasure:
'Tis all thy bus'ness, bus'ness how to shun
To bask thy naked body in the sun;
Suppling thy stiffen'd joints with fragrant oil;
Then in thy spacious garden walk a while,
To suck the moisture up and soak it in. Dryden.
Wormwood, put into the brine you soak your corn in, pre­
vents the birds eating it. Mortimer.
2. To drain; to exhaust. This seems to be a cant term.
Plants that draw much nourishment from the earth, and soak
and exhaust it, hurt all things that grow by them. Bacon.
A greater sparer than a saver; for though he had such
means to accumulate, yet his forts, and his garrisons, and his
feastings, wherein he was only sumptuous, could not but soak
his exchequer. Wotton.

SOAP. n. s. [sape, Saxon; sapo, Latin.] A substance used
in washing, made of a lixivium of vegetable alkaline ashes
and any unctuous substance.
Soap is a mixture of a fixed alkaline salt and oil; its vir­
tues are cleansing, penetrating, attenuating, and resolving;
and any mixture of any oily substance with salt may be called
a soap. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
He is like a refiner's fire, and like fullers soap. Malachi.
A bubble blown with water, first made tenacious by dis­
solving a little soap in it, after a while will appear tinged
with a great variety of colours. Newton's Opticks.
Soap-earth is found in great quantity on the land near the
banks of the river Hermus, seven miles from Smyrna. Woodw.
Soap-ashes are much commended, after the soap-boilers have
done with them, for cold or sour lands. Mortimer.
As rain-water diminishes their salt, so the moistening of
them with chamber-lee or soap-suds adds thereto. Mortimer.

SOAPBOI’LER. n. s. [soap and boil.] One whose trade is to
make soap.
A soapboiler condoles with me on the duties on castle-soap.
Addison's Spectator.

SOAPWORT. n. s. Is a species of campion. Miller.

To SOAR. v. n. [sorare, Italian.]
1. To fly aloft; to tower; to mount; properly to fly without
any visible action of the wings.
Feather'd soon and fledg'd,
They summ'd their pens, and soaring th' air sublime,
With clang despis'd the ground. Milton.
2. To mount intellectually; to tower with the mind.
'Tis but a base ignoble mind
That mounts no higher than a bird can soar. Shakespeare.
How high a pitch his resolution soars. Shakespeare.
Valour soars above
What the world calls misfortune and afflictions. Addison.
3. To rise high.
Who aspires must down as low
As high he soar'd. Milton.
Flames rise and sink by fits; at last they soar
In one bright blaze, and then descend no more. Dryden.
When swallows fleet soar high, and sport in air,
He told us that the welkin would be clear. Gay.

SOAR. n. s. [from the verb.] Towering flight.
Within soar
Of tow'ring eagles, to all the fowls he seems
A phœnix. Milton.
SOB

To SOB. v. n. [scob, gead, complaining, Saxon. Perhaps it is
a mere enomatopœia copied from the sound.] To heave au­
dibly with convulsive sorrow; to sigh with convulsion.
When thy warlike father, like a child,
Told the sad story of my father's death,
He twenty times made pause to sob and weep. Shakespeare.
As if her life and death lay on his saying,
Some tears she shed, with sighs and sobbings mixt,
As if her hopes were dead through his delaying. Fairfax.
She sigh'd, she sobb'd, and furious with despair,
She rent her garments, and she tore her hair. Dryden.
When children have not the power to obtain their desire,
they will, by their clamour and sobbing, maintain their title
to it. Locke on Education.
He sobbing sees
The glades, mild-opening to the golden day. Thomson.

SOB. n. s. [from the verb.] A convulsive sigh; a convulsive act
of respiration obstructed by sorrow.
Break heart, or choak with sobs my hated breath;
Do thy own work, admit no foreign death. Dryden.
There oft are heard the notes of infant woe,
The short thick sob, loud scream, and shriller squall. Swift.
A wond'rous bag with both her hands she binds:
There she collects the force of female lungs,
Sighs, sobs, and passions, and the war of tongues. Pope.

To SOB. v. a. To soak. A cant word.
The tree being sobbed and wet, swells. Mortimer.

SO’BER. adj. [sobrius, Latin; sobre, French.]
1. Temperate, particularly in liquours; not drunken.
Live a sober, righteous, and godly life. Common Prayer.
The vines give wine to the drunkard as well as to the sober
man. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.
No sober temperate person, whatsoever other sins he may
be guilty of, can look with complacency upon the drunken­
ness and sottishness of his neighbour. South's Sermons.
2. Not overpowered by drink.
A law there is among the Grecians, whereof Pittacus is au­
thor; that he which being overcome with drink did then strike
any man, should sufler punishment double, as much as if he
had done the same being sober. Hooker.
3. Not mad; right in the understanding.
Another, who had a great genius for tragedy, follow­
ing the fury of his natural temper, made every man and wo­
man in his plays stark raging mad: there was not a sober per­
son to be had; all was tempestuous and blustering. Dryden.
No sober man would put himself into danger, for the ap­
plause of escaping without breaking his neck. Dryden.
4. Regular; calm; free from inordinate passion.
This same young sober-blooded boy a man cannot make
him laugh. Shakespeare.
Cieca travelled all over Peru, and is a grave and sober wri­
ter. Abbot's Description of the World.
Young men likewise exhort to be sober minded. Tit. ii. 6.
The governour of Scotland being of great courage, and
sober judgment, amply performed his duty both before the battle
and in the field. Hayward.
These confusions disposed men of any sober understanding
to wish for peace. Clarendon.
Among them some sober men confessed, that as his maje­
sty's affairs then stood, he could not grant it. Clarendon.
To these, that sober race of men, whose lives
Religious, titled them the sons of God,
Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame
Ignobly to the trains and to the smiles
Of these fair atheists. Milton.
5. Serious; solemn; grave.
Petruchio shall
Offer me, disguis'd in sober robes,
To old Baptista as a schoolmaster. Shakespeare.
Come, civil night,
Thou sober-suited matron, all in black. Shakespeare.
Twilight grey
Had in her sober liv'ry all things clad. Milton.
What parts gay France from sober Spain,
A little rising rocky chain:
Of men born south or north th' hill,
Those seldom move; these ne'er stand still. Prior.
Swift and he despis'd the farce of state,
The sober follies of the wise and great. Pope.
See her sober over a sampler, or gay over a jointed baby. Pope.

To SO’BER. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make sober.
A little learning is a dang'rous thing;
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring;
There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,
And drinking largely sobers us again. Pope.

SO’BERLY. adv. [from sober.]
1. Without intemperance.
2. Without madness.
3. Temperately; moderately.
Let any prince think soberly of his forces, except his mili­
tia of natives be valiant soldiers. Bacon.
4. Cooly; calmly.
Whenever children are chastised, let it be done without pas­
sion, and soberly laying on the blows slowly. Locke.

SO’BERNESS. n. s. [from sober.]
1. Temperance in drink.
Keep my body in temperance, soberness, and chastity.
Common Prayer.
2. Calmness; freedom from enthusiasm; coolness.
A person noted for his soberness and skill in spagyrical prepa­
rations, made Helmont's experiment succeed very well. Boyle.
The soberness of Virgil might have shewn him the difference.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.

SOBRI’ETY. n. s. [from sobrieté, French; sobrius, Latin.]
1. Temperance in drink; soberness.
Drunkenness is more uncharitable to the soul, and in scrip­
ture is more declaimed against than gluttony; and sobriety hath
obtained to signify temperance in drinking. Taylor.
2. Present freedom from the power of strong liquour.
3. General temperance.
In setting down the form of common prayer, there was no
need that the book should mention either the learning of a fit,
or the unfitness of an ignorant minister, more than that he


which describeth the manner how to pitch a field, should
speak of moderation and sobriety in diet. Hooker.
4 Freedom from inordinate passion.
The libertine could not prevail on men of virtue and so­
briety to give up their religion. Rogers.
5. Calmness; coolness.
We will enquire with all sobriety and severity, whether
there be in the footsteps of nature, any such transmission of
immateriate virtues and what the force of imagination is.
Bacon's Natural History.
Sobriety in our riper years is the effect of a well concocted
warmth; but where the principles are only phlegm, what can
be expected but an insipid manhood, and stupid old infancy?
Dryden.
If sometimes Ovid appears too gay, there is a secret grace­
fulness of youth which accompanies his writings, though the
stayedness and sobriety of age be wanting. Dryden.
6. Seriousness; gravity.
Mirth makes them not mad;
Nor sobriety sad. Denham.
SOC

SO’CCAGE. n. s. [soc, French, a ploughshare; soccagium, barba­
rous Latin.] In law, is a tenure of lands for certain inferiour
or husbandly services to be performed to the lord of the fee.
All services due for land being knight's service, or soccage;
so that whatever is not knight's service, is soccage. This soc­
cage is of three kinds; a soccage of free tenure, where a man
holdeth by free service of twelve pence a-year for all manner
of services. Soccage of ancient tenure is of land of ancient
demesne, where no writ original shall be sued, but the writ
secundum consuetudinem manerii. Soccage of base tenure is where
those that hold it may have none other writ but the monstrave­
runt; and such sockmen hold not by certain service. Cowel.
The lands are not holden at all of her majesty, or not
holden in chief, but by a mean tenure in soccage, or by knight's
service. Bacon.

SO’CIABLE. adj. [sociable, French; sociabilis, Latin.]
1. Fit to be conjoined.
Another law toucheth them as they are sociable parts united
into one body; a law which bindeth them each to serve unto
other's good, and all to prefer the good of the whole before
whatsoever their own particular. Hooker.
2. Ready to unite in a general interest.
To make man mild, and sociable to man;
To cultivate the wild licentious savage
With wisdom, discipline. Addison's Cato.
3. Friendly; familiar; conversible.
Them thus employ'd, beheld
With pity heav'n's high King, and to him call'd
Raphael, the sociable spirit, that deign'd
To travel with Tobias. Milton.
4. Inclin'd to company.
In children much solitude and silence I like not, nor any
thing born before his time, as this must needs be in that so­
ciable and exposed age. Wotton.

SO’CIABLENESS. [from sociable.]
1. Inclination to company and converse.
Such as would call her friendship love, and feign
To sociableness a name profane. Donne.
The two main properties of man are contemplation and
sociableness, or love of converse. More.
2. Freedom of conversation; good fellowship.
He always used courtesy and modesty, disliked of none;
sometimes sociableness and fellowship well like'd by many. Hayw.

SO’CIABLY. adv. [from sociable.] Conversibly; as a compa­
nion.
Yet not terrible,
That I should fear; nor sociably mild,
As Raphael, that I should much confide;
But solemn and sublime. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SO’CIAL. adj. [socialis, Latin.]
1. Relating to a general or publick interest; relating to society.
To love our neighbour as ourselves is such a fundamental
truth for regulating human society, that by that alone one
might determine all the cases in social morality. Locke.
2. Easy to mix in friendly gaiety; companionable.
Withers adieu! yet not with thee remove
Thy martial spirit or thy social love. Pope.
3. Consisting in union or converse with another.
Thou in thy secrecy although alone,
Best with thy self accompany'd, seek'st not
Social communication. Milton.

SO’CIALNESS. [from social.] The quality of being social.

SOCI’ETY. n. s. [societe, French; societas, Latin.]
1. Union of many in one general interest.
2. Numbers united in one interest; community.
As the practice of piety and virtue is agreeable to our rea­
son, so is it for the interest of private persons and publick so­
cieties. Tillotson.
3. Company; converse.
To make society
The sweeter welcome, we will keep ourself
Till supper-time alone. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Whilst I was big in clamour, came there a man,
Who having seen me in my worser state,
Shunn'd my abhorr'd society. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
Solitude sometimes is best society,
And short retirement urges sweet return. Milton.
4. Partnership; union on equal terms
Among unequals what society can sort? Milton.
Heav'n's greatness no society can bear;
Servants he made, and those thou want'st not here. Dryden.

SOCK. n. s. [soccus, Latin; socc, Saxon; socke, Dutch.]
1. Something put between the foot and shoe.
Ere I lead this life long, I'll sow nether socks, and mend
them, and foot them too. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
A physician, that would be mystical, prescribeth for the
rheum to walk continually upon a camomile alley; mean­
ing he should put camomile within his socks. Bacon.
2. The shoe of the ancient comick actors, taken in poems for
comedy, and opposed to buskin or tragedy.
Then to the well trod stage anon,
If Johnson's learned sock be on,
Or sweetest Shakespeare, fancy's child,
Warble his native wood-notes wild. Milton.
Great Fletcher never treads in buskins here,
Nor greater Johnson dares in socks appear;
But gentle Simkin just reception finds
Amidst the monument of vanish'd minds. Dryden.
On two figures of actors in the villa Mathei at Rome, we
see the fashion of the old sock and larva. Addison.

SO’CKET. n. s. [souchette, French]
1. Any hollow pipe; generally the hollow of a candlestick.
Two goodly beacons set in watches stead,
Therein gave light, and flam'd continually;
For they of living fire most subtilly
Were made, and set in silver sockets bright. Fairy Queen.
She at your flames would soon take fire,
And like a candle in the socket
Dissolve. Hudibras.
The nightly virgin sees
When sparkling lamps their sputt'ring light advance,
And in the sockets oily bubbles dance. Dryden.
The stars amaz'd ran backward from the sight,
And, shrunk within their sockets, lost their light. Dryden.
Two dire comets
In their own plague, and fire have breath'd their last,
Or dimly in their sinking sockets frown. Dryden.
To nurse up the vital flame as long as the matter will last,
is not always good husbandry; it is much better to cover it
with an extinguisher of honour, than let it consume till it
burns blue, and lies agonizing within the socket, and at length
goes out in no perfume. Collier.
2. The receptacle of the eye.
His eye-balls in their hollow sockets sink;
Bereft of sleep he loths his meat and drink;
He withers at his heart, and looks as wan
As the pale spectre of a murder'd man. Dryden.
3. Any hollow that receives something inserted.
The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured; as in the
five brethren of the rose, and sockets of gillyflowers. Bacon.
Gomphosis is the connection of a tooth to its socket. Wise.
As the weight leans wholly upon the axis, the grating and
rubbing of these axes against the sockets wherein they are
placed, will cause some inaptitude and resistency to that rota­
tion of the cylinder which would otherwise ensue. Wilkins.
On either side the head produce an ear,
And sink a socket for the shining share. Dryden.

SOCKETCHISEL. n. s.
Carpenters, for their rougher work, use a stronger sort of
chisels, and distinguish them by the name of socketchisels; their
shank made with a hollow socket a-top, to receive a strong
wooden sprig made to fit into the socket. Moxon.

SOCLE. n. s. [With architects.] A flat square member, under
the bases of pedestals of statues and vases: it serves as a foot or
stand. Bailey.

SO’CMAN, or Soccager. n. s. [socasman, Saxon.] A sort of
tenant that holds lands and tenements by soccage tenure, of
which there are three kinds. See SOCCAGE. Cowel.

SO’COME. n. s. [In the old law, and in Scoland.] A custom of
tenants being obliged to grind their corn at their lord's mill.
Bailey.
SOD

SOD. n. s. [soed, Dutch.] A turf; a clod.
The sexton shall green sods on thee bestow;
Alas the sexton is thy banker now. Swift.
Here fame shall dress a sweeter sod,
Than fancy's feet have ever trod. Collins.

SOD. The preterite of seethe.
Never caldron sod
With so much fervour, fed with all the store
That could enrage it. Chapman.
Jacob sod pottage, and Esau came from the field faint.
Gen. xxv. 29.

SODA’LITY. n. s. [sodalitas, Latin.] A fellowship; a frater­
nity.


A new confraternity was instituted in Spain, of the slaves
of the blessed virgin, and this sodality established with large in­
dulgencies. Stillingfleet.

SO’DDEN. [The participle passive of seethe.] Boiled; seethed.
Can sodden water, their barley broth,
Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat? Shakespeare.
Sodden business! there's a stew'd phrase indeed. Shakesp.
Thou sodden-witted lord; thou hast no more brain than I
have in my elbows. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressiida.
Try it with milk sodden, and with cream. Bacon.
Mix it with sodden wines and raisins. Dryden.

To SO’DER. v. a. [souder, French; souderen, Dutch. It is ge­
nerally written solder, from soldare, Italian; solidare, Latin.]
To cement with some metallick matter.
He that smootheth with the hammer, encourageth him that
smote the anvil, saying, it is ready for sodering. Isa. xli.

SO’DER. n. s. Metallick cement.
Still the difficulty returns, how these hooks were made:
what is it that fastens this soder, and links these first principles
of bodies into a chain? Collier on Pride.

SOE. n. s. [sae, Scottish.] A large wooden vessel with hoops,
for holding water; a cowl.
A pump grown dry will yield no water; but pouring a little
into it first, for one bason full you may fetch up as many soe­
fills. More.

SOE’VER. adv. [so and ever.] A word properly joined with a
pronoun or adverb, as whosoever; whatsoever; howsoever.
What great thing soever a man proposed to do in his life,
he should think of atchieving it by fifty. Temple.
What love soever by an heir is shown,
Or you could ne'er suspect my loyal love. Dryden.
SOF

SO’FA. n. s. [I believe an eastern word.] A splended seat co­
vered with carpets.
The king leaped off from the sofa on which he sat, and
cried out, 'tis my Abdallah! Guardian.

SOFT. adj. [soft, Saxon; saft, Dutch.]
1. Not hard.
Hard and soft are names we give things, only in relation to
the constitutions of our own bodies; that being called hard,
which will put us to pain sooner than change figure, by the
pressure of any part of our bodies; and that soft, which chan­
ges the situation of its parts upon an easy touch. Locke.
Some bodies are hard, and some soft: the hardness is caused
by the jejuneness of the spirits, which if a greater degree,
make them not only hard, but fragil. Bacon.
Hot and cold were in one body fixt,
And soft with hard, and light with heavy mixt. Dryden.
2. Not rugged; not rough.
What went ye out for to see? a man clothed in soft raiment?
behold, they that wear soft raiment are in kings houses. Matth.
3. Ductile; not unchangeable of form.
Spirits can either sex assume; so soft
And uncompounded is their essence pure. Milton.
4. Facile; flexible; not resolute; yielding.
A few divines of so soft and servile tempers as disposed
them to so sudden acting and compliance. K. Charles.
One king is too soft and easy; another too fiery. L'Estrange.
5. Tender; timorous.
What he hath done famously, he did it to that end; tho'
soft conscienced men can be content to say, it was for his
country. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
However soft within themselves they are,
To you they will be valiant by despair. Dryden.
Curst be the verse, how well soe'er it flow,
That tends to make one worthy man my foe;
Give virtue scandal, innocence a fear,
Or from the soft ey'd virgin steal a tear. Pope.
6. Mild; gentle; kind; not severe.
Would my heart were flint like Edward's;
Or Edward's soft and pitiful like mine. Shakespeare.
Our torments may become as soft as now severe. Milton.
Yet soft his nature, though severe his lay,
His anger moral, and his wisdom gay. Pope.
7. Meek; civil; complaisant.
Say,
Thou art their soldier, and being bred in broils,
Hast not the soft way, which thou do'st confess
Were fit for thee to use, as they to claim
In asking their good loves. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
8. Placid; still; easy.
On her soft axle while she paces even,
She bears thee soft with the smooth air along. Milton.
There soft-extended, to the murmuring sound
Of the high porch, Ulysses sleeps profound. Pope.
9. Effeminate; viciously nice.
This sense is also mistress of an art
Which to soft people sweet perfumes doth sell;
Though this dear art doth little good impart,
Since they smell best, that do of nothing smell. Davies.
An idle and soft course of life is the source of criminal plea­
sures. Notes on the Odyssey.
10. Delicacy; elegantly tender.
Her form more soft and feminine Milton.
Less winning soft, less amiably mild. Milton.
11. Weak; simple.
The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam's, and in­
nocency itself did not secure him. Glanville.
12. Gentle; not loud; not rough.
Her voice was ever soft,
Gentle and low, an excellent thing in women. Shakespeare.
The Dorian mood of flutes and soft recorders. Milton.
When some great and gracious monarch dies,
Soft whispers first, and mournful murmurs rise
Among the sad attendants; then the sound
Soon gathers voice. Dryden.
Soft whispering thus to Nestor's son,
His head reclin'd, young Ithacus begun. Pope.
13. Smooth; flowing.
The folemn nightingale tun'd her soft lays. Milton
Soft were my numbers, who could take offence,
When smooth description held the place of sense. Pope.
Hark, the numbers soft and clear
Gently steal upon the ear. Pope.
14. Not forcible; not violent.
Sleep falls with soft slumb'rous weight. Milton.

SOFT. interj. Hold; stop; not so fast.
But soft, I pray you; did King Richard then
Proclaim my brother. Shakespeare's Hen. IV.
Oh, come in æmilia;
Soft, by and by, let me the curtains draw. Shakespeare.
But soft, my muse, the world is wide,
And all at once was not descry'd. Suckling.

To SO’FTEN. v. a. [from soft.]
1. To make soft; to make less hard.
Bodies, into which the water will enter, long seething will
rather soften than indurate. Bacon's Natural History.
Their arrow's point they soften in the flame,
And sounding hammers break its barbed frame. Gay.
2. To intenerate; to make less fierce or obstinate; to mollify.
I will soften stony hearts. Milton.
Our friends see not our faults, or conceal them, or soften
them by their representation. Addison.
I would correct the harsh expressions of one party by
softening and reconciling methods. Watts.
3. To make easy; to compose; to make placid; to mitigate;
to palliate; to alleviate.
Call round her tomb each object of desire,
Bid her be all that chears or softens life,
The tender sister, daughter, friend, and wife. Pope.
Musick the fiercest griefs can charm;
Musick can soften pain to ease,
And make despair and madness please. Pope.
4. To make less harsh.
He bore his great commission in his look,
But sweetly temper'd awe, and soften'd all he spoke. Dryd.

To SO’FTEN. v. n.
1. To grow less hard.
Many bodies, that will hardly melt, will soften; as iron in
The forge. Bacon's Natural History.
2. To grow less obdurate, cruel, or obstinate.
He may soften at the sight of the child;
The silence often of pure innocence
Persuades, when speaking fails. Shakespeare.

SO’FTLY. adv. [from soft.]
1. Without hardness.
2. Not violently; not forcibly.
Solid bodies, if very softly percussed, give no sound; as
when a man treadeth very softly upon boards. Bacon.
3. Not loudly.
Ahab rent his cloaths, and went softly. 1 Kings xxi. 27.
In this dark silence softly leave the town,
And to the general's tent direct your steps. Dryden.
4. Gently; placidly.
Death will dismiss me,
And lay me softly in my native dust,
To pay the forfeit of ill-manag'd trust. Dryden.
She with a wreath of myrtle crowns the head,
And softly lays him on a flow'ry bed. Dryden's æneid.
5. Mildly; tenderly.
The king must die;
Though pity softly plead within my soul,
Yet he must die, that I may make you great. Dryden.

SO’FTNER. n. s. [from soft.]
1. That which makes soft.
2. One who palliates.
Those softners, and expedient-mongers, shake their heads
so strongly, that we can hear their pockets jingle. Swift.

SO’FTNESS. n. s. [from soft.]
1. The quality of being soft.
2. Quality contrary to hardness.
Softness cometh by the greater quantity of spirits, which
ever induce yielding and cession; and by the more equal spread­


ing of the tangible parts, which thereby are more sliding and
following; as in gold. Bacon's Natural History.
3. Mildness; kindness.
A wise man, when there is a necessity of expressing any evil
actions, should do it by a word that has a secondary idea of
kindness or softness; or a word that carries in it rebuke and se­
verity. Watts's Logick.
4. Civility; gentleness.
Improve these virtues, with a softness of manners, and a
sweetness of conversation. Dryden.
5. Effeminacy; vicious delicacy.
So long as idleness is quite shut out from our lives, all the
sins of wantonness, softness, and effeminacy are prevented;
and there is but little room for temptation. Taylor.
He was not delighted with the softnesses of the court. Clarend.
6. Timorousness; pusilanimity.
This virtue could not proceed out of fear or softness; for he
was valiant and active. Bacon's Henry VII.
Saving a man's self, or suffering, if with reason, is virtue:
if without it, is softness, or obstinacy. Grew.
7. Quality contrary to harshness.
Softness of sounds is distinct from the exility of sounds. Bac.
8. Facility; gentleness; candour; easiness to be affected.
Such was the ancient simplicity and softness of spirit, which
sometimes prevailed in the world, that they whose words were
even as oracles amongst men, seemed evermore loth to give
sentence against any thing publickly received in the church of
God. Hooker.
9. Mildness; meekness.
For contemplation he and valour form'd,
For softness she and sweet attractive grace. Milton.
Her stubborn look
This softness from thy finger took. Waller.

SOHO. interj. A form of calling from a distant place.
SOI

To SOIL. v. a. [silian, Saxon; soelen, old German; souiller,
French.]
1. To foul; to dirt; to pollute; to stain; to sully.
A silly man in simple weeds forlorn,
And soiled with dust of the long dried way. Fairy Queen.
Although some hereticks have abused this text, yet the sun
is not soiled in passage. Bacon's Holy War.
If I soil
Myself with sin, I then but vainly toil. Sandys.
I would not soil these pure ambrosial weeds,
With the rank vapours of this sin-worm mould. Milton.
Bad fruit of knowledge, if this be to know,
Which leaves us naked thus, of honour void,
Of innocence, of faith, of purity,
Our wonted ornaments now soil'd and stain'd. Milton.
One who cou'd n't for a taste o'th' flesh come in,
Licks the soil'd earth,
While reeking with a mangled Ombit's blood. Tate.
If the eye-glass be tincted faintly with the smoke of a lamp
or torch, to obscure the light of the star, the fainter light
in the circumference of the star ceases to be visible, and the
star, if the glass be sufficiently soiled with smoke, appears
something more like a mathematical point. Newton.
An absent hero's bed they sought to soil,
An absent hero's wealth they made their spoil. Pope.
2. To dung; to manure.
Men now present, just as they soil their ground, not that
they love the dirt, but that they expect a crop. South.

SOIL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Dirt; spot; pollution; foulness.
By indirect ways
I met this crown; and I myself know well
How troublesome it sate upon my head:
To thee it shall descend with better quiet;
For all the soil of the atchievement goes
With me into the earth. Shakespeare's Henry. IV.
That would be a great soil in the new gloss of your mar­
riage. Shakespeare.
Vexed I am with passions,
Which give some soil perhaps to my behaviour. Shakespeare.
I would have the soil of her fair rape
Wip'd off. Shakespeare.
A lady's honour must be touch'd,
Which, nice as ermines, will not bear a soil. Dryden.
2. [Sol, French; solum, Latin.] Ground; earth, considered with
relation to its vegetative qualities.
Judgment may be made of waters by the soil whereupon
they run. Bacon's Natural History.
Her spots thou see'st
As clouds, and clouds may rain, and rain produce
Fruits in her soften'd soil. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The first cause of a kingdom's thriving is the fruitfulness
of the soil, to produce the necessaries and conveniencies of
life; not only for the inhabitants, but for exportation. Swift.
3. Land; country.
Dorset, that with a fearful soul
Leads discontented steps in foreign soil,
This fair alliance shall call home
To high promotions. Shakespeare.
O unexpected stroke, worse than of death!
Must I thus leave thee, paradise! thus leave
Thee, native soil! these happy walks and shades;
Fit haunts of gods. Milton.
4. Dung; compost.
The haven has been stopped up by the great heaps of dirt
that the sea has thrown into it; for all the soil on that side
of Ravenna has been left there insensibly by the sea. Addis.
Improve land by manure, dung, and other sort of soils.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

SOI’LINESS. n. s. [from soil.] Stain; soulness.
Make proof of the incorporation of silver and tin, whether
it yield no soiliness more than silver. Bacon.

SOI’LURE. n. s. [from soil.] Stain; pollution.
He merits well to have her,
Not making any scruple of her soilure. Shakespeare.

To SO’JOURN. v. n. [sejourner, French; seggiornare, Italian.]
To dwell any where for a time; to live as not at home; to
inhabit as not in a settled habitation. Almost out of use.
If, till the expiration of your month,
You will return and sojourn with my sister,
Dismissing half your train, come then to me. Shakespeare.
Th' advantage of his absence took the king,
And in the mean time sojourn'd at my father's. Shakesp.
How comes it he is to sojourn with you? how creeps ac­
quaintance? Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Here dwells he; though he sojourn every where
In progress, yet his standing house is here. Donne.
The sojourning of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hun­
dred and thirty years. Exod. xii. 40.
The soldiers first assembled at Newcastle, and there sojourned
three days. Hayward.
To sojourn in that land
He comes invited. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He who sojourns in a foreign country, refers what he sees
abroad to the state of things at home Atterbury.

SO’JOURN. n. s. [sejour, French, from the verb.] A temporary
residence; a casual and no settled habitation. This word was
anciently accented on the last syllable: Milton accents it indif­
ferently.
The princes, France and Burgundy,
Long in our court have made their am'rous sojourn. Shakesp.
Thee I revisit now,
Escap'd the Stygian pool, though long detain'd
In that obscure sojourn. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Scarce view'd the Galilean towns,
And once a-year Jerusalen, few days
Short sojourn. Milton's Paradise Regained.

SO’JOURNER. n. s. [from sojourn.] A temporary dweller.
We are strangers and sojourners, as were all our fathers:
our days on earth are as a shadow. 1 Chron. xxix. 16.
Waves o'erthrew
Busiris, and his Memphian chivalry,
While with perfidious hatred they pursu'd
The sojourners of Goshen. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Not for a night, or quick revolving year,
Welcome an owner, not a sojourner. Dryden.
SOL

To SO’LACE. v. a. [solacier, old French; solazzare, Italian;
solatium, Latin.] To comfort; to cheer; to amuse.
We will with some strange pastime solace them. Shakespeare.
The birds with song
Solac'd the woods. Milton.

To SOLACE. v. n. To take comfort; to be recreated. The
neutral sense is obsolete.
Give me leave to go;
Sorrow would solace, and my age would ease. Shak. H. VI.
One poor and loving child,
But one thing to rejoice and solace in,
And cruel death hath catch'd it from my sight. Shakespeare.
Were they to be rul'd, and not to rule,
This sickly land might solace as before. Shakesp. R. III.

SO’LACE. n. s. [solatium, Latin. Comfort; pleasure; allevia­
tion; that which gives comfort or pleasure; recreation;
amusement.
If we have that which is meet and right, although they be
glad, we are not to envy them this their solace; we do not
think it a duty of ours to be in every such thing their tor­
mentors. Hooker.
Therein sat a lady fresh and fair,
Making sweet solace to herself alone;
Sometimes she sung as loud as lark in air,
Sometimes she laugh'd, that nigh her breath was gone. F. Q.
Great joy he promis'd to his thoughts, and new
Solace in her return. Milton's Paradise Lost.
If I would delight my private hours
With musick or with poem, where so soon
As in our native language can I find
That solace? Milton's Paradise Regain'd.


Though sight be lost,
Life yet hath many solaces, enjoy'd
Where other senses want not their delights,
At home in leisure and domestick ease,
Exempt from many a care and chance, to which
Eye-sight exposes daily men abroad. Milton's Agonistes.
Through waters, and through flames I'll go,
Suff'rer and solace of thy woe. Prior.

SOLA’NDER. n. s. [soulandres, Fr.] A disease in horses. Dict.

SO’LAR. adj. [solaire, French; solaris, Latin.]
SO’LARY. adj. [solaire, French; solaris, Latin.]
1. Being of the sun.
The corpuscles that make up the beams of light be solary
effluviums, or minute particles of some ethereal substance,
thrusting on one another from the lucid body. Boyle.
Instead of golden fruits,
By genial show'rs and solar heat supply'd,
Unsuffereable Winter hath defac'd
Earth's blooming charms, and made a barren waste. Blackm.
2. Belonging to the sun.
They denominate some herbs solar, and some lunar. Bacon.
Scripture hath been punctual in other records, concerning
solary miracles. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. Born under or in the predominant influence of the sun.
The cock was pleas'd to hear him speak so fair,
And proud beside, as solar people are. Dryden.
4. Measured by the sun.
The rule to find the moon's age, on any day of any solar
month, cannot shew precisely an exact account of the moon,
because of the inequality of the motions of the sun and moon,
and the number of days of the solar months. Holder on Time.

SOLD. The preterite and participle passive of sell.

SOLD. n. s. [souldée, old French. Trevoux.] Military pay;
warlike entertainment.
But were your will her sold to entertain,
And number'd be amongst knights of maidenhead,
Great guerdon, well I wot, should you remain,
And in her favour high be reckoned. Fairy Queen.

SO’LDAN. n. s. [for sultan.] The emperor of the Turks.
They at the soldan's chair defy'd the best. Milton.

SO’LDANEL. n. s. [soldanella, Latin.] A plant.
It grows on the Alps, and several other mountainous places
of Italy, Germany, and Hungary. They are plants of humble
growth, seldom rising above six or eight inches high: their
round leaves grow close to the ground, from between which
the flower-stems arise, each of which have four or five flowers,
of a fine blue colour, or of a snow-white, which hang down,
and are shaped like bells. Miller.

To SO’LDER. v. a. [souder, Fr. soldare, Ital. solidare, Latin.]
See SODER.
1. To unite or fasten with any kind of metallick cement.
A concave sphere of gold, filled with water, and soldered up,
has, upon pressing the sphere with great force, let the water
squeeze through it, and stand all over its outside in multitudes
of small drops like dew, without bursting or cracking the body
of the gold. Newton's Opt.
2. To mend; to unite any thing broken.
It booteth them not thus to solder up a broken cause, wnere­
of their first and last discourses will fall asunder. Hooker.
Wars 'twixt you twain would be
As if the world should cleave, and that slain men
Should solder up the rift. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Thou visible god,
That sould'rest close impossibilities,
And mak'st them kiss! Shakesp. Timon.
Learn'd he was in med'c'nal lore;
For by his side a pouch he wore,
Replete with strange hermetick powder,
That wounds nine miles point-blank would solder. Hudibras.
The naked cynick's jar ne'er flames; if broken,
'Tis quickly solder'd, or a new bespoken. Dryd. jun. Juv.
At the Restoration the presbyterians, and other sects, did all
unite and solder up their several schemes, to join against the
church. Swift.

SO’LDER. n. s. [from the verb.] Metallick cement.
Goldsmiths say, the coarsest stuff
Will serve for solder well enough. Swift.

SO’LDERER. n. s. [from solder.] One that solders or mends.

SO’LDIER. n. s. [soldat, Fr. from solidarius, low Latin, of soli­
dus, a piece of money, the pay of soldier; souldée, French.]
1. A sighting man; a warriour. Originally one who served for pay.
Your sister is the better soldier. Shakes. King Lear.
Good Siward,
An older and a better soldier none. Shakesp. Macbeth.
A soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like a pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Ev'n in the cannon's mouth. Shakespeare.
This attempt
I'm soldier to, and will abide it with
A prince's courage. Shakes. Cymbeline.
I have not yet forgot I am a king:
If I have wrong'd thee, charge me face to face;
I have not yet forgot I am a soldier. Dryd. Don Sebastian.
2. It is generally used of the common men, as distinct from the
commanders.
It were meet that any one, before he came to be a captain,
should have been a soldier. Spenser on Ireland. 

SO’LDIERLIKE. adj. [soldier and like.] Martial; warlike;
military; becoming a soldier.
SO’LDIERLY. adj. [soldier and like.] Martial; warlike;
military; becoming a soldier.
Although at the first they had fought with beastly fury rather
than any soldierly discipline, practice had now made them com­
parable to the best. Sidney.
I will maintain the word with my sword to be a soldierlike
word, and a word of good command. Shakes. Henry IV.
They according to a soldierly custom, in cases of extremity,
by interchange of a kiss by every of them upon the swords of
others, sealed a resolution to maintain the place. Hayward.
Enemies as well as friends confessed, that it was as soldierly
an action as had been performed on either side. Clarendon.

SO’LDIERSHIP. n. s. [from soldier.] Military character; mar­
tial qualities; behaviour becoming a soldier.
Thy father and myself in friendship
First tried our soldiership: he did look far
Into the service of the time, and was
Discipled of the brav'st. Shak. All's well that ends well.
By sea you throw away
The absolute soldiership you have by land,
Distract your army, which doth most consist
Of war-mark'd footmen. Shakespeare.

SO’LDIERY. n. s. [from soldier.]
1. Body of military men; soldiers collectively.
The Memphian soldiery,
That swell'd the Erythrean wave, when wall'd,
The unfroze waters marvellously stood. Philips.
I charge not the soldiery with ignorance and contempt of
learning, without allowing exceptions. Swift.
2. Soldiership; martial skill.
Offering him, if he would exercise his courage in soldiery,
he would commit some charge unto him under his lieutenant
Philanax. Sidney.

SOLE. n. s. [solum, Latin.]
1. The bottom of the foot.
I will only be bold with Benedict for his company; for
from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot he is all
mirth. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
Tickling is most in the soles of the feet: the cause is the
rareness of being touched there. Bacon's Nat. History.
The soals of the feet have great affinity with the head and
the mouth of the stomach; as going wet-shod, to those that
use it not, affecteth both. Bacon's Natural History.
Such resting found the sole of unblest feet. Milton.
In the make of the camel's foot, the sole is flat and broad,
being very fleshy, and covered only with a thick, soft, and
somewhat callous skin; but very fit to travel in sandy places.
Ray on the Creation.
2. The foot.
To redeem thy woful parent's head
From tyrant's rage and ever-dying dread,
Hast wander'd through the world now long a day,
Yet ceasest not thy weary soles to lead. Fairy Queen.
3. The bottom of the shoe.
Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance.
—Not I, believe me: you have dancing shoes,
With nimble soles. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
A trade that, I hope, I may use with a safe conscience;
which is, indeed, sir, a mender of bad soles.
Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
On fortune's cap we are not the very button.—Nor the soles
of her shoe. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The caliga was a military shoe, with a very thick sole, tied
above the instep with leather thongs. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. The part of any thing that touches the ground.
The strike-block is a plane shorter than the jointer, having
its sole made exactly flat and straight, and is used for the shoot­
ing of a short joint. Maxon's Mech. Exer.
Elm is proper for mills, soles of wheels, and pipes. Mortim.
5. A kind of sea-fish.
Of flat fish, rays, thornbacks, soles, and flowks. Carew.

To SOLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To furnish with soles: as,
to sole a pair of shoes.
His feet were soled with a treble tuft of a close short tawney
down. Grew's Musæum.

SOLE. adj. [sol, old French; solus, Latin.]
1. Single; only.
Take not upon thee to be judge alone: there is no sole judge
but only one: say not to others, receive my sentence, when
their authority is above thine. Hooker.
Orpheus every where expressed the infinite and sole power of
one God, though he used the name of Jupiter. Raleigh.
To me shall be the glory sole among
Th' infernal pow'rs. Milton's Paradise Lost.


A rattling tempest through the branches went,
That stripp'd them bare, and one sole way they rent. Dryd.
He, sole in power, at the beginning said,
Let sea and air, and earth and heav'n be made:
And it was so; and when he shall ordain
In other sort, has but to speak again,
And they shall be no more. Prior.
2. [In law.] Not married.
Some others are such as a man cannot make his wife,
though he himself be sole and unmarried. Ayliffe.

SO’LECISM. n. s. [s??????s??.] Unfitness of one word to
another; impropriety in language. A barbarism may be in
one word, a solecism must be of more.
There is scarce a solecism in writing which the best author is
not guilty of, if we be at liberty to read him in the words of
some manuscript. Addison.

SO’LELY. adv. [from sole.] Singly; only.
You knew my father well, and in him me,
Left solely heir to all his lands. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
This night's great business
Shall to all our nights and days to come
Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. Shakespeare.
That the intemperate heat of the clime solely occasions this
complexion, experience admits not. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
This truth is pointed chiefly, if not solely, upon sinners of
the first rate, who have cast off all regard for piety. Atterbury.

SO’LEMN. adj. [solemnel, French; solemnis, Latin.]
1. Anniversary; observed once a year with religious ceremonies.
The worship of this image was advanced, and a solemn sup­
plication observed every year. Stillingfleet.
2. Religiously grave.
His holy rites and solemn feasts profan'd. Milton.
3. Awful; striking with seriousness.
Then 'gan he loudly through the house to call,
But no one care to answer to his cry;
There reigned a solemn silence over all. Fairy Queen.
To 'swage with solemn touches troubled thoughts. Milt.
Nor then the solemn nightingale ceas'd warbling. Milton.
4. Grave; affectedly serious.
When Steele reflects upon the many solemn strong barriers
to our succession of laws and oaths, he thinks all fear vanish­
eth: so do I, provided the epithet solemn goes for nothing;
because though I have heard of a solemn day, and a solemn cox­
comb, yet I can conceive no idea of a solemn barrier. Swift.

SO’LEMNESS. n. s. [solemnité, French; from solemn.]
SOLE’MNITY. n. s. [solemnité, French; from solemn.]
1. Ceremony or rite annually performed.
Great was the cause; our old solemnities
From no blind zeal or fond tradition rise;
But, sav'd from death, our Argives yearly pay
These grateful honours to the god of day. Pope.
2. Religious ceremony.
3. Awful ceremony or procession.
The lady Constance,
Some speedy messenger bid repair
To our solemnity. Shakesp. King John.
The moon, like to a silver bow,
New bent in heaven, shall behold the night
Of our solemnities. Shakespeare.
There may be great danger in using such compositions in
churches, at arraignments, plays, and solemnities. Bacon.
What fun'ral pomp shall floating Tiber see,
When rising from his bed he views the sad solemnity! Dryd.
Though the forms and solemnities of the last judgment may
bear some resemblance to those we are acquainted with here,
yet the rule of proceeding shall be very different. Atterbury.
4. Manner of acting awfully serious.
With much more skilful cruelty, and horrible solemnity, he
caused each thing to be prepared for his triumph of tyranny. Sid.
5. Gravity; steady seriousness.
The stateliness and gravity of the Spaniards shews itself in
the solemnity of their language. Addison's Spectator.
6. Awful grandeur; grave stateliness; sober dignity.
A diligent decency was in Polycletus, above others; to whom
though the highest praise be attributed by the most, yet some
think he wanted solemness. Wotton's Architecture.
7. Affected gravity.
Pr'ythee, Virgilia, turn thy solemness out o' door,
And go along with us. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
This speech ended with a solemnity of accent. Fem. Quixote.

SOLEMNIZA’TION. n. s. [from solemnize.] The act of solem­
nizing; celebration.
Soon followed the solemnization of the marriage between
Charles and Anne dutchess of Bretagne, with whom he re­
ceived the dutchy of Bretagne. Bacon's Henry VII.

To SO’LEMNIZE. v. a. [solemniser, French; from solemn.]
1. To dignify by particular formalities; to celebrate.
Dorilaus in a great battle was deprived of life; his obsequies
being no more solemnized by the tears of his partakers than the
blood of his enemies. Sidney.
Baptism to be administred in one place, and marriage solem­
nized in another. Hooker.
Then 'gan they sprinkle all the parts with wine,
And made great feast to solemnize that day. Fairy Queen.
The multitude of the celestial host were heard to solemnize
his miraculous birth. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
Their choice nobility and flower
Met from all parts to solemnize this feast. Milton's Agonist.
2. To perform religiously once a year.
What commandment the Jews had to celebrate their feast
of dedication is never spoken of in the law, yet solemnized
even by our Saviour himself. Hooker.

SO’LEMNLY. adv. [from solemn.]
1. With annual religious ceremonies.
2. With formal gravity and stateliness.
There are, in points of wisdom and sufficiency, that do
nothing or little very solemnly. Bacon's Essays.
3. With formal state.
Let him land,
And solemnly see him set on to London. Shakesp. H. V.
4. With affected gravity.
The ministers of state, who gave us law,
In corners, with selected friends, withdraw;
There in deaf murmurs solemnly are wise,
Whisp'ring like winds, ere hurricanes arise. Dryden.
5. With religious seriousness.
To demonstrate how much men are blinded by their own
partiality, I do solemnly assure the reader, that he is the only
person from whom I ever heard that objection. Swift.

To SOLI’CIT. v. a. [solicito, Latin.]
1. To importune; to intreat.
If you bethink yourself of any crime,
Unreconcil'd as yet to heav'n and grace,
Solicit for it straight. Shakesp. Othello.
We heartily solicit
Your gracious self to take on you the charge
And kingly government of this your land. Shak. R. III.
How he solicits heav'n
Himself best knows; but strangely visited people,
The mere despair of surgery, he cures. Shakespeare.
This in obedience hath my daughter shewn me,
And, more above, hath his solicitings,
As they fell out by time, by means and place,
All given to mine ear. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Did I request thee, Maker! from my clay,
To mold me man? Did I solicit thee
From darkness to promote me? Milt. Par. Lost, b. x.
The guardian of my faith so false did prove,
As to solicit me with lawless love. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
2. To call to action; to summon; to awake; to excite.
This supernatural soliciting
Cannot be ill, cannot be good. Shakes. Macbeth.
Solicit Henry with her wond'rous praise;
Bethink thee on her virtues that surmount
Her nat'ral graces, that extinguish art. Shakesp. H. VI.
That fruit solicited her longing eye. Milton.
Sounds and some tangible qualities solicit their proper senses,
and force an entrance to the mind. Locke.
He is solicited by popular custom to indulge himself in for­
bidden liberties. Rogers's Sermons.
3. To implore; to ask.
With that she wept again, 'till he again soliciting the conclu­
sion of her story, then must you, said she, know the story of
Amphialus. Sidney.
4. To attempt; to try to obtain.
I view my crime, but kindle at the view,
Repent old pleasures, and solicit new. Pope.
5. To disturb; to disquiet. A Latinism.
Solicit not thy thoughts with matters hid. Milton.
I find your love, and would reward it too;
But anxious fears solicit my weak breast. Dryd. Span. Fryar.

SOLICITA’TION. n. s. from solicit.]
1. Importunity; act of importuning.
I can produce a man
Of female seed, far abler to resist
All his solicitations, and at length
All his vast force, and drive him back to hell. Parad. Reg.
2. Invitation; excitement.
Children are surrounded with new things, which, by a con­
stant solicitation of their senses, draw the mind constantly to
them. Locke.

SOLI’CITOR. n. s. [from solicit.]
1. One who petitions for another.
Be merry, Cassio;
For thy solicitor shall rather die,
Than give thy cause away. Shakesp. Othello.
Honest minds will consider poverty as a recommendation in
the person who applies himself to them, and make the justice
of his cause the most powerful solicitor in his behalf. Addison.
2. One who does in Chancery the business which is done by
attorneys in other courts.
For the king's attorney and solicitor general, their continual
use for the king's service requires men every way fit. Bacon.



SOLI’CITOUS. adj. [solicitus, Latin.] Anxious; careful;
concerned. It has commonly about before that which causes
anxiety; sometimes for or of. For is proper before something
to be obtained.
Our hearts are pure, when we are not solicitous of the opi­
nion and censures of men, but only that we do our duty. Tayl.
Enjoy the present, whatsoever it be, and be not solicitous for
the future. Taylor's Rule of living holy.
The colonel had been intent upon other things, and not
enough solicitous to finish the fortifications. Clarendon.
In providing money for disbanding the armies, upon which
they were marvelously solicitous, there arose a question. Clarend.
They who were in truth zealous for the preservation of the
laws, were solicitous to preserve the king's honour from any
indignity, and his regal power from violation. Clarendon.
Laud attended on his majesty, which he would have been
excused from, if that design had not been in view, to accom­
plish which he was solicitous for his advice. Clarendon.
There kept their watch the legions, while the grand
In council sat, solicitous what chance
Might intercept their emperour sent. Milton's Par. Lost.
Without sign of boast, or sign of joy,
Solicitous and blank, he thus began. Milton's Parad. Reg.
No man is solicitous about the event of that which he has in
his power to dispose of. South's Sermons.
You have not only been careful of my fortune, the effect
of your nobleness, but you have been solicitous of my reputa­
tion, which is that of your kindness. Dryden.
The tender dame, solicitous to know
Whether her child should reach old age or no,
Consults the sage Tiresias. Addison.

SOLI’CITOUSLY. adv. [from solicitous.] Anxiously; carefully.
The medical art being conversant about the health and life
of man, doctrinal errours in it are to be solicitously avoided. Boyle.
He would surely have as solicitously promoted their learning,
as ever he obstructed it. Decay of Piety.

SOLI’CITUDE. n. s. [solicitudo, Latin.] Anxiety; careful­
ness.
In this, by comparison, we behold the many cares and great
labours of worldly men, their solicitude and outward shews,
and publick ostentation, their pride, and vanities. Raleigh.
If they would but provide for eternity with the same solici­
tude, and real care, as they do for this life, they could not fail
of heaven. Tillotson's Sermons.
They are to be known by a wonderful solicitude for the re­
putation of their friends. Tatler.

SOLI’CITRESS. n. s. [Feminine of solicitor.] A woman who
petitions for another.
I had the most earnest solicitress, as well as the fairest; and
nothing could be refused to my lady Hyde. Dryden.

SO’LID. adj. [solidus, Latin; solide, French.]
1. Not liquid; not fluid.
Land that ever burn'd
With solid, as the lake with liquid fire. Milton.
2. Not hollow; full of matter; compact; dense.
I hear his thund'ring voice resound,
And trampling feet that shake the solid ground. Dryden.
3. Having all the geometrical dimensions.
In a solid foot are 1728 solid inches, weighing 76 pound of
rain water. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. Strong; firm.
The duke's new palace is a noble pile built after this man­
ner, which makes it look very solid and majestick. Addison.
5. Sound; not weakly.
If persons devote themselves to science, they should be well
assured of a solid and strong constitution of body, to bear the
fatigue. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
6. Real; not empty; true; not fallacious.
This might satisfy sober and wise men, not with soft and
specious words, but with pregnant and solid reasons. K. Charles.
The earth may of solid good contain
More plenty than the sun. Milton.
7. Not light; not superficial; grave; profound.
These, wanting wit, affect gravity, and go by the name of
solid men; and a solid man is, in plain English, a solid solemn
fool. Dryden.

SO’LID. n. s. [In physick.] The part containing the fluids.
The first and most simple solids of our body are perhaps
merely terrestrial, and incapable of any change or disease. Arb.

SOLI’DITY. n. s. [solidite, Fr soliditas, Lat. from solid.]
1. Fulness of matter; not hollowness.
2. Firmness; hardness; compactness; density.
That which hinders the approach of two bodies, when
they are moving one towards another, I call solidity. Locke.
The stone itself, whether naked or invested with earth, is
not by its solidity secured, but washed down. Woodward.
3. Truth; not fallaciousness; intellectual strength; certainty.
The most known rules are placed in so beautiful a light, that
they have all the graces of novelty; and make the reader, who
was before acquainted with them, still more convinced of their
truth and solidity. Addison's Spectator.
His fellow-peers have attended to his elquence, and have
been convinced by the solidity of his reasoning. Prior.

SO’LIDLY. adv. [from solid.]
1. Firmly; densely; compactly.
2. Truly; on good grounds.
A complete brave man ought to know solidly the main end
he is in the world for. Digby.
I look upon this as a sufficient ground for any rational man
to take up his religion upon, and which I defy the subtlest
atheist in the world solidly to answer; namely, that it is good
to be sure. South.

SO’LIDNESS. n. s. [from solid.] Solidity; firmness; density.
It beareth misseltoe: the cause may be the closeness and
solidness of the wood and pith of the oak. Bacon.
It is built with that unusual solidness, that it seems he intended
to make a sacrifice to perpetuity, and to contest with the iron
teeth of time. Howel's Vocal Forest.

SOLIDU’NGULOUS. adj. [solidus and ungula, Latin] Whole­
hoofed.
It is set down by Aristotle and Pliny, that an horse and all
solidungulous or whole-hoofed animals have no gall, which we
find repugnant unto reason. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SOLIFI’DIAN. n. s. [solus and fides, Latin.] One who supposes
only faith, not works, necessary to justification.
It may be justly feared, that the title of fundamentals, being
ordinarily confined to the doctrines of faith, hath occasioned
that great scandal in the church of God, at which so many
myriads of solifidians have stumbled, and fallen irreversibly,
by conceiving heaven a reward of true opinions. Hammond.

SOLI’LOQUY. n. s. [soliloque, Fr. solus and loquor, Lat.] A dis­
course made by one in solitude to himself.
The whole poem is a soliloquy: Solomon is the person that
speaks: he is at once the hero and the author; but he tells us
very often what others say to him. Prior.
He finds no respite from his anxious grief,
Then seeks from his soliloquy relief. Garth's Dispensatory.
If I should own myself in love, you know lovers are always
allowed the comfort of soliloquy. Spectator.

SO’LIPEDE. n. s. [solus and pedes, Lat.] An animal whose feet
are not cloven.
Solipedes, or firm footed animals, as horses, asses, and
mules, are in mighty number. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SOLITA’IRE. n. s. [solitaire, French.]
1. A recluse; a hermit.
Often have I been going to take possession of tranquillity,
when your conversation has spoiled me for a solitaire. Pope.
2. An ornament for the neck.

SO’LITARILY. adv. [from solitary.] In solitude; with lone­
liness; without company.
How should that subsist solitarily by itself, which hath no
substance, but individually the very same whereby others sub­
sist with it. Hooker.
Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thine heritage,
which dwell solitarily in the wood. Mic. vii. 14.

SO’LITARINESS. n. s. [from solitary.] Solitude; forbearance
of company; habitual retirement.
There is no cause to blame the prince for sometimes hear­
ing them: the blame-worthiness is, that to hear them he rather
goes to solitariness than makes them come to company. Sidney.
You subject yourself to solitariness, the sly enemy that doth
most separate a man from well doing. Sidney.
At home in wholsome solitariness,
My piteous soul began the wretchedness
Of suitors at the court to mourn. Donne.

SO’LITARY. adj: [solitaire, French; solitarius, Latin.]
1. Living alone; not having company.
Those rare and solitary, these in flocks. Milton.
Satan explores his solitary flight. Milton.
Him fair Lavinia
Shall breed in groves to lead a solitary life. Dryden's æn.
2. Retired; remote from company.
In respect that it is solitary, I like it very well; but in respect
that it is private, it is a very vile life. Shakespeare.
3. Gloomy; difmal.
Let that night be solitary, let no joyful voice come therein. Job.
4. Single.
Nor did a solitary vengeance serve: the cutting off one head
is not enough; the eldest son must be involved. K. Charles.
Relations alternately relieve each other, their mutual con­
currences supporting their solitary instabilities. Brown.

SO’LITARY. n. s. [from the adjective.] One that lives alone;
an hermit.
You describe so well your heremitical state of life, that
none of the ancient anchorites could go beyond you, for a
cave, with a spring, or any of the accommodations that befit
a solitary. Pope's Letters.

SO’LITUDE. n. s. [solitude, French; solitudo, Latin.]
1. Lonely life; stare of being alone.
It had been hard to have put more truth and untruth toge­
ther, in few words, than in that speech; whosoever is delighted
with solitude, is either a wild beast or a god. Bacon.


What call'st thou solitude? Is not the earth
With various living creatures, and the air,
Replenish'd, and all these at thy command
To come, and play before thee? Milton's Paradise Lost.
Such only can enjoy the country who are capable of think­
ing when they are there: then they are prepared for solitude,
and in that solitude is prepared for them. Dryden.
2. A lonely place; a desert.

SO’LLAR. n. s. [solarium, low Latin.] A garret.
Some skilfully drieth their hops on a kel,
And some on a sollar, oft turning them wel. Tusser.

SO’LO. n. s. [Italian.] A tune played by a single instrument.

SO’LOMON's Loaf. n. s. A plant.

SO’LOMON's Seal. n. s. [polygonatum, Lat.] A plant.

SO’LSTICE. n. s. [solstice, French; solstitium, Latin.]
1. The point beyond which the sun does not go; the tropical
point; the point at which the day is longest in Summer, or
shortest in Winter.
2. It is taken of itself commonly for the Summer solstice.
The sun, ascending unto the northern signs, begetteth first
a temperate heat in the air, which by his approach unto the
solstice he intendeth, and by continuation increaseth the same
even upon declination Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Let the plowmen's prayer
Be for moist solstices, and Winters fair. May's Virgil.

SOLSTI’TIAL. adj. [solsticial, French; from solstice.]
1. Belonging to the solstice.
Observing the dog-days ten days before and after the equi­
noctial and solstitial points, by this observation alone, are ex­
empted a hundred days. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Happening at the solstice.
From the North to call
Decrepit Winter; from the South to bring
Solstitial Summer's heat. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The fields labour'd with thirst; Aquarius had not shed
His wonted showers, and Sirius parch'd with heat
Solstitial the green herbs. Philips.

SO’LVIBLE. adj. [from solve.] Possible to be cleared by reason
or inquiry.
Intellective memory I call an act of the intellective faculty,
because it is wrought by it, though I do not inquire how or
where, because it is not solvible. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

SO’LUBLE. adj. [solubilis, Latin.] Capable of dissolution or
separation of parts.
Sugar is a sal oleosum, being soluble in water and fusible in
fire. Arbuthnot.

SOLUBI’LITY. n. s. [from soluble.] Susceptiveness of separa­
tion of parts.
This cannot account for the indissolvable coherence of some
bodies, and the fragility and solubility of others. Glanv. Sceps.

To SOLVE. v. a. [solvo, Latin.] To clear; to explain; to
untie an intellectual knot.
He would solve high dispute
With conjugal caresses. Milton.
Do thou, my soul, the destin'd period wait,
When God shall solve the dark decrees of fate;
His now unequal dispensations clear,
And make all wise and beautiful appear. Tickell.
It is mere trifling to raise objections, merely for the
sake of answering and solving them. Watts.

SO’LVENCY. n. s. [from solvent] Ability to pay.

SO’LVENT. adj. [solvens, Latin.]
1. Having the power to cause dissolution.
When dissolved in water, it is not by the eye distin­
guishable from the solvent body, and appears as fluid. Boyle.
2. Able to pay debts contracted.

SO’LUND-GOOSE. n. s. A fowl.
A solund-goose is in bigness and feather very like a tame
goose, but his bill longer, and somewhat pointed; his wings
also much longer, being two yards over. Grew.
A Scot, when from the gallow-tree let loose,
Drops into Styx, and turns a soland-goose. Cleaveland.

SOLU’TION. n. s. [solution, French; solutio, Latin.]
1. Disruption; breach; disjunction; separation.
In all bodies there is an appetite of union, and evitation of
solution of continuity. Bacon's Nat. History.
2. Matter dissolved; that which contains any thing dissolved.
Aretæus, to procure sleep, recommends a solution of opium
in water to soment the forehead. Arbuthnot on Coins.
When salt of Tartar per deliquium, poured into the solution
of any metal, precipitates the metal, and makes it fall down
to the bottom of the liquor in the form of mud, does not this
argue that the acid particles are attracted more strongly by the
salt of tartar than by the metal, and by the stronger attraction
go from the metal to the salt of tartar? Newton's Opt.
3. Resolution of a doubt; removal of an intellectual difficulty.
Something yet of doubt remains,
Which only thy solution can resolve. Milton's Parad. Lost.
They give the reins to wand'ring thoughts,
'Till by their own perplexities involv'd
They ravel more, still less resolv'd,
But never find self-satisfying solution. Milton's Agonistes.
With hope and fear
The woman did the new solution hear;
The man diffides in his own augury,
And doubts. Dryden.
This will instruct you to give a plainer solution of any diffi­
culties that may attend the theme, and refute objections. Watts.

SO’LUTIVE. adj. [from solvo, Latin.] Laxative; causing re­
laxation.
Though it would not be so abstersive, opening, and solutive
as mead, yet it will be more lenitive in sharp diseases. Bacon.
SOM

SOMATO’LOGY. n. s. [s?a and ????.] The doctrine of
bodies.

SOME. A termination of many adjectives, which denote qua­
lity or property of any thing. It is generally joined with a
substantive: as gamesome. [saam, Dutch.]

SOME. adj. [som, sum, Saxon; sums, Gothick; sum, Germ.
som, Danish; som, sommig, Dutch.]
1. More or less, noting an indeterminate quantity.
We landed some hundred men, where we found some fresh
water. Raleigh.
2. More or fewer, noting an indeterminate number.
Let me leave some of the folk that are with me. Gen. xxxiii.
First go with me some few of you, and see the place, and
how it may be made convenient for you; and then send for
your sick. Bacon.
3. Certain persons. Some is often used absolutely for some people;
part.
Some to the shores do fly,
Some to the woods, or whither fear advis'd;
But running from, all to destruction hye. Daniel.
Not in the neighbouring moon as some have dream'd. Milt.
Your edicts some reclaim from sins,
But most your life and blest example wins. Dryden.
4. Some is opposed to some, or to others.
It may be that the queen's treasure, in so great occasions of
disbursements, is not always so ready; but being paid as it is,
now some, and then some, it is no great impoverishment to her
coffers. Spenser on Ireland.
5. It is added to a number, to show that the number is uncertain
and conjectural.
Being encountered with a strong storm some eight leagues
to the westward of Scilly, I held it the office of a commander
to take a port. Raleigh.
At the higher end of a creek Milbrook lurketh between
two hills, a village of some eighty houses. Carew.
Old mens spirits visual, contrary to those of purblind men,
unite not, but when the object is at some good distance. Bacon.
Sir Edward Poinings, after he had continued at Sluice some
good while, returned unto the king, then before Buloigne. Bac.
The number slain on the rebels part were some two thou­
sand. Bacon.
He bore away the prize to the admiration of some hun­
dreds. Addison.
Your good-natur'd gods, they say,
Descend some twice or thrice a day. Prior.
Paint, patches, jewels laid aside,
At night astronomers agree,
The evening has the day bely'd,
And Phyllis is some forty-three. Prior.
6. One; any without determining which.
The pilot of some small night founder'd skiff. Milton.

SO’MEBODY. n. s. [some and body.]
1. One; not nobody; a person indiscriminate and undetermined.
O that sir John were come, he would make this a bloody
day to somebody. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Jesus said somebody hath touched me; for I perceive that vir­
tue is gone out of me. Lu. viii. 46.
If there be a tacit league, it is against somewhat or
somebody: who should they be? Is it against wild beasts? No.
It is against such routs and shoals of people as have utterly
degenerated from the laws of nature. Bacon.
We must draw in somebody, that may stand
'Twixt us and danger. Denham's Sophy.
The hopes that what he has must come to somebody, and
that he has no heirs, have that effect, that he has every day
three or four invitations. Addison's Spectator.
2. A person of consideration.
Theudas rose up, boasting himself to be somebody. Acts v.

SO’MEDEAL. adv. [sumdeal, Saxon.] In some degree. Ob­
solete.
Siker now I see thou speak'st of spite,
All for thou lackest somedele their delight. Spenser.

SO’MERSAULT. n. s. [Somerset is the corruption. Sommer, a
beam, and sault, French, a leap.] A leap
by which a jumper throws himself from a beam, and turns
over his head.
SO’MERSET. n. s. [Somerset is the corruption. Sommer, a
beam, and sault, French, a leap.] A leap
by which a jumper throws himself from a beam, and turns
over his head.

SO’MEHOW. adj. [some and how.] One way or other; I know
not how.
The vesicular cells may be for receiving the arterial and
nervous juices, that, by their action upon one another, they
may be swelled somehow, so as to shorten the length of every
fibril. Cheyne.



SOMETHING. n. s. [sumthing, Saxon.]
1. Not nothing, though it appears not what; a thing or matter
indeterminate.
When fierce Bavar
Did from afar the British chief behold,
Betwixt despair and rage, and hope and pain,
Something within his warring bosom roll'd. Prior.
The force of the air upon the pulmonary artery is but
small, in respect of that of the heart; but it is still some­
thing. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
You'll say the whole world has something to do, something to
talk of, something to wish for, and something to be employed
about; but pray put all these somethings together, and what is
the sum total but just nothing. Pope's Letters.
Here she beholds the chaos dark and deep,
Where nameless somethings in their causes sleep. Pope.
2. More or less.
Something yet of doubt remains. Milton.
Years following years steal something ev'ry day,
At least they steal us from ourselves away. Pope.
3. Part.
Something of it arises from our infant state. Watts.
4. Distance not great.
I will acquaint you with the perfect spy o' th' time; for't
must be done to-night, and something from the palace. Shakesp.

SO’METHING. adv. In some degree.
The pain went away upon it; but he was something dis­
couraged by a new pain falling some days after upon his elbow
on the other side. Temple.

SO’METIME. adv. [some and time.] Once; formerly.
What art thou that usurp'st this time of night,
Together with that fair and warlike form,
In which the majesty of buried Denmark
Did sometime march? Shakesp. Hamblet.
Good sometime queen, prepare thee hence for France. Sh.

SO’METIMES. adv. [some and times.]
1. Not never; now and then; at one time or other.
'Twill render me more equal, sometime superior. Milton.
It is good that we sometimes be contradicted, and that we
always bear it well; for perfect peace cannot be had in this
world. Taylor.
2. At one time, opposed to sometimes, or to another time.
The body passive is better wrought upon at sometimes than
at others. Bacon's Natural History.
Sometimes the one, and sometimes the other, may be glanced
upon in these scripture descriptions. Burnet.
He writes not always of a piece, but sometimes mixes trivial
things with those of greater moment: sometimes also, though
not often, he runs riot, and knows not when he has said
enough. Dryden's Fables, Preface.

SO’MEWHAT. n. s. [some and what.]
1. Something; not nothing, though it be uncertain what.
Upon the sea somewhat methought did rise
Like blueish mists. Dryden's Indian Emperor.
He that shuts his eyes against a small light, on purpose to
avoid the sight of somewhat that displeases him, would, for
the same reason, shut them against the sun. Atterbury.
2. More or less.
Concerning every of these, somewhat Christ hath com­
manded, which must be kept 'till the world's end: on the con­
trary side, in every of them somewhat there may be added, as
the church judges it expedient. Hooker.
These salts have somewhat of a nitrous taste, but mixt with
a smatch of vitriolick. Grew.
3. Part greater or less.
Somewhat of his good sense will suffer in this transfusion,
and much of the beauty of his thoughts will be lost. Dryden.

SO’MEWHAT. adv. In some degree.
Holding of the breath doth help somewhat to cease the hic­
cough. Bacon's Natural History.
He is somewhat arrogant at his first entrance, and is too in­
quisitive through the whole; yet these imperfections hinder
not our compassion. Dryden.

SO’MEWHERE. adv. [some and where.] In one place or other;
not nowhere.
Hopeless and forelorn
They are return'd, and somewhere live obscurely. Denham.
Compressing two prisms hard together, that their sides,
which by chance were a very little convex, might somewhere
touch one another, I found the place in which they touched to
become absolutely transparent, as if they had there been one
continued piece of glass. Newton's Opt.
Does something still, and somewhere yet remain,
Reward or punishment? Prior.
Of the dead we must speak gently; and therefore, as Mr.
Dryden says somewhere, peace be to its manes. Pope.

SO’MEWHILE. n. s. [some and while.] Once; for a time. Out
of use.
Though under colour of the shepherds somewhile,
There crept in wolves full of fraud and guile,
That often devoured their own sheep,
And often the shepherd that did 'em keep. Spenser's Past.

SOMNI’FEROUS. adj. [somnifere, Fr. somnifer, Latin.] Causing
sleep; procuring sleep; soperiferous; dormitive.
I wish for some somniferous potion, that might force me to
sleep away the intermitted time, as it does with men in sor­
row. Walton's Angler.

SOMNI’FICK. adj. [somnus and facio, Latin.] Causing sleep.

SO’MNOLENCY. n. s. [somnolentia, Latin.] Sleepiness; incli­
nation to sleep.
SON

SON. n. s. [sunus, Gothick; suna, Saxon; sohn, German;
son, Swedish; sone, Dutch; syn, Sclavonian.]
1. A male born of one or begotten by one; correlative to father
or mother.
She had a son for her cradle, ere she had a husband for her
bed. Shakesp. King Lear.
Cast out this bondwoman and her son. Gen. xxi. 10.
He compares the affection of the Divine Being to the indul­
gence of a wise father, who would have his sons exercised with
labour and pain, that they may gather strength. Addison.
2. Descendant however distant: as, the sons of Adam.
I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings. Is. xix.
3. Compellation of an old to a young man, or of a confessor to
his penitent.
Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift;
Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. Shakespeare.
4. Native of a country.
Britain then
Sees arts her savage sons controul. Pope.
5. The second person of the Trinity.
If thou be the son of God, come down. Mat. xxvii. 40.
6. Product of any thing.
Our imperfections prompt our corruption, and loudly tell
us we are sons of earth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Earth's tall sons, the cedar, oak, and pine,
Their parents undecaying strength declare. Blackmore.
7. In scripture, sons of pride, and sons of light, denoting some
quality. 'Tis a Hebraism.
This new fav'rite
Of heav'n, this man of clay, son of despite. Milton.

SON-IN-LAW. n. s. One married to one's daughter.
If virtue no benighted beauty lack,
Your son-in-law is far more fair than black. Shak. Othello.
A foreign son-in-law shall come from far,
Whose race shall bear aloft the Latian name. Dryd. æn.

SO’NSHIP. n. s. [from son.] Filiation; the character of a son.
The apostle to the Hebrews makes afflictions not only in­
cident but necessary to Christianity, the badge and cognizance
of sonship. Decay of Piety.

SONA’TA. n. s. [Italian.] A tune.
He whistled a Scotch tune, and an Italian sonata. Addison.
Could Pedro, think you, make no trial
Of a sonata on his viol,
Unless he had the total gut,
Whence every string at first was cut. Prior.

SONG. n. s. [from gesungen, Saxon.]
1. Any thing modulated in the utterance.
Noise other than the sound of dance and song. Milton.
He first thinks fit no sonnetter advance
His censure farther than the song or dance. Dryden:
2. A poem to be modulated by the voice; a ballad.
Pardon, goddess of the night,
Those that slew thy virgin knight;
For the which, with songs of woe,
Round about his tomb they go! Shakespeare.
In her days ev'ry man shall sing
The merry songs of peace to all his neighbours. Sh. H. VIII.
3. A poem; lay; strain.
The bard that first adorn'd our native tongue,
Tun'd to his British lyre this ancient song. Dryden.
4. Poetry; poesy.
This subject for heroick song pleas'd me. Milton.
Names memorable long,
If there be force in virtue, or in song. Pope.
5. Notes of birds.
The lark, the messenger of day,
Saluted in her song the morning grey. Dryden.
6. An old SONG. A trifle.
I do not intend to be thus put off with an old song. More.
A hopeful youth, newly advanced to great honour, was
forced by a cobler to resign all for an old song. Addison.

SO’NGISH. adj. [from song.] Containing songs; consisting of
songs. A low word.
The songish part must abound in the softness and variety of
numbers, its intention being to please the hearing. Dryden.

SO’NGSTER. n. s. [from song.] A singer. Used of human
singers, it is a word of slight contempt.
The pretty songsters of the Spring with their various notes
did seem to welcome him as he passed. Howel.
Some songsters can no more sing in any chamber but their
own, than some clerks read in any book but their own L'Estr.
Either songster holding out their throats,
And folding up their wings, renew'd their notes. Dryden.



SO’NGSTRESS. n. s. [from song.] A female singer.
Through the soft silence of the listening night,
The sober-suited songstress trills her lay. Thomson's Summer.

SO’NNET. n. s. [sonnet, French; sonnetto, Italian.]
1. A short poem consisting of fourteen lines, of which the
rhymes are adjusted by a particular rule. It is not very suit­
able to the English language, and has not been used by any
man of eminence since Milton.
A book was writ of late call'd Tetrachordon,
And woven close, both matter, form, and stile;
The subject new: it walk'd the town a-while,
Numb'ring good intellects, now seldom por'd on:
Cries the stall-reader, Bless us, what a word on
A title-page is this! and some in file
Stand spelling false, while one might walk to Mile­
End-green. Why is it harder, sirs, than Gordon,
Colkitto, or Macdonnel, or Galasp?
Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek,
That would have made Quintilian stare and gasp:
Thy age like ours, soul of sir John Cheek,
Hated not learning worse than toad or asp,
When thou taught'st Cambridge and king Edward
Greek. Milton.
2. A small poem.
Let us into the city presently,
To sort some gentlemen well skill'd in musick;
I have a sonnet that will serve the turn. Shakespeare.

SONNETTE’ER. n. s. [sonnetier, French; from sonnet.] A small
poet, in contempt.
Assist me, sme extemporal god of rhime; for I am sure I
shall turn sonnetteer. Shakesp. Love's Labour's Lost.
He first thinks fit no sonnetteer advance
His censure farther than the song or dance. Dryden.
There are as many kinds of gardening as of poetry: your
makers of parterres and flower-gardens are epigrammatists and
sonnetteers in this art. Spectator.
What woful stuff this madrigal would be,
In some starv'd hackney sonnetteer or me?
But let a lord once own the happy lines,
How the wit brightens! how the style refines! Pope.

SONI’FEROUS. adj. [sonus and fero, Latin.] Giving or bring­
ing sound.
This will appear, let the subject matter of sounds be what
it will; either the atmosphere, or the etherial part thereof, or
soniferous particles of bodies. Derham.

SONORI’FICK. adj. [sonorus and facio, Lat.] Producing sound.
If he should ask me why a clock strikes, and points to the
hour; and I should say, it is by an indicating form and sono­
rifick quality, this would be unsatisfactory. Watts's Logick.

SONO’ROUS. adj. [sonore, French; sonorus, Latin.]
1. Loud sounding; giving loud or shrill sound. Bodies are dis­
tinguished as sonorous or unsonorous.
All the while
Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds;
At which the universal host up-sent
A shout that tore hell's concave. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. High sounding; magnificent of sound.
The Italian opera, amidst all the meanness and familiarity
of the thoughts, has something beautiful and sonorous in the
expression. Addison on Italy.

SONO’ROUSLY. adv. [from sonorous.] With high sound; with
magnificence of sound.

SONO’ROUSNESS. n. s. [from sonorous.]
1. The quality of giving sound.
Enquiring of a maker of viols and lutes of what age he
thought lutes ought to be, to attain their full and best season­
ing for sonorousness, he replied, that in some twenty years
would be requisite, and in others forty. Boyle.
2. Magnificence of sound.
SOO

SOON. adv. [suns, Gothick; sona, Saxon; saen, Dutch.]
1. Before long time be past; shortly after any time assigned or
supposed.
Nor did they not perceive their evil plight,
Yet to their gen'ral's voice they soon obey'd. Milton.
You must obey me, soon or late;
Why should you vainly struggle with your fate? Dryden.
2. Early; before any time supposed: opposed to late.
O boy! thy father gave thee life too soon,
And hath bereft thee of thy life too late. Shakes. Hen. VI.
Do this, that I may be restored to you the sooner. Heb. xiii.
How is it that you are come so soon to-day? Ex. ii. 18.
The earlier stayeth for the later, and not that the later
cometh sooner. Bacon's Nat. History.
3. Readily; willingly.
I would as soon see a river winding through woods and mea­
dows, as when it is tossed up in so many whimsical figures at
Versailles. Addison's Guardian.
4. It has in Sidney the signification of an adjective, whether
licentiously or according to the custom of his time.
He hath preserved Argalus alive, under pretence of having
him publickly executed after these wars, of which they hope
for a soon and prosperous issue. Sidney.
5. SOON as. Immediately; at the very time.
As soon as he came nigh unto the camp, he saw the calf and
the dance. Ex. xxxii. 19.
Nor was his virtue poison'd, soon as born,
With the too early thoughts of being king. Dryden.

SOONLY. adv. [from soon.] Quickly; speedily. This word I
remember in no other place; but if soon be, as it seems once
to have been, an adjective, soonly is proper.
A mason meets with a stone that wants no cutting, and,
soonly approving of it, places it in his work. More.

SO’OPBERRY. n. s. [sapindus, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a flower, which for the most part is composed of
four leaves, expanding in form of a rose; from whose four­
leaved empalement arises the pointal, which afterward becomes
a spherical fruit, inclosing a nut of the same form. Miller.

SOOT. n. s. [sot, Saxon; soot, Islandick; soet, Dutch.] Con­
densed or embodied smoke.
Soot, though thin spread in a field, is a very good com­
post. Bacon.
If the fire be not kept within the tunnel of the chimney,
and some appointed to sweep down the soot, the house will be in
danger of burning. Howel.
Oft they assay'd,
Hunger and thirst constraining; drugg'd as oft
With hatefullest disrelish, writh'd their jaws,
With soot and cinders fill'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Our houshold gods, that droop upon our hearths,
Each from his venerable face shall brush
The Macedonian soot, and shine again. Dryd. Cleomenes.

SO’OTED. adj. [from soot.] Smeared, manured, or covered with
soot.
The land was sooted before. Mortimer.

SO’OTERKIN. n. s. A kind of false birth fabled to be produced
by the Dutch women from sitting over their stoves.
When Jove was, from his teeming head,
Of wit's fair goddess brought to-bed,
There follow'd at his lying-in,
For after-birth, a sooterkin. Swift.

SOOTH. n. s. [soth, Saxon.] Truth; reality. Obsolete.
Sir, understand you this of me in sooth,
Th' youngest daughter, whom you hearken for,
Her father keeps from all access of suitors,
Until the eldest sister first be wed. Shakespeare:
That e'er this tongue of mine,
That laid the sentence of dread banishment
On yond proud man, should take it off again
With words of sooth. Shakes. Richard II.
He looks like sooth: he says he loves my daughter;
I think so too; for never gaz'd the moon
Upon the water, as he'll stand and read
My daughter's eyes. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
If I have any skill in soothsaying, as in sooth I have none,
it doth prognosticate that I shall change caps. Camden's Rem.
The very sooth of it is, that an ill habit has the force of an
ill fate. L'Estrange.
I did not mean to chide you;
For, sooth to say, I hold it noble in you
To cherish the distress'd. Rowe.

SOOTH. adj. [soth, Saxon.] Pleasing; delightful.
Some other means I have,
Which once of Melibæus old I learn'd,
The soothest shepherd that e'er pip'd on plains. Milton.

To SOOTH. v. a. [gefothian, Saxon.]
1. To flatter; to please with blandishments.
In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition. Shakespeare.
Can I sooth tyranny?
Seem pleas'd to see my royal master murder'd,
His crown usurp'd, a distaff in the throne? Dryden.
By his fair daughter is the chief confin'd,
Who sooths to dear delight his anxious mind;
Successless all her soft caresses prove,
To banish from his breast his country's love. Pope's Odyssey.
Thinks he that Memnon, soldier as he is,
Thoughtless and dull, will listen to his soothing? Rowe.
I've try'd the force of every reason on him,
Sooth'd and caress'd, been angry, sooth'd again;
Laid safety, life, and interest in his sight;
But all are vain, he scorns them all for Cato. Addis. Cato.
2. To calm; to soften; to mollify.
The beldame
Sooths her with blandishments, and frights with threats. Dry.
3. To gratify; to please.
This calm'd his cares; sooth'd with his future fame,
And pleas'd to hear his propagated name. Dryden.

SO’OTHER. n. s. [from sooth.] A flatterer; one who gains by
blandishments.
I cannot flatter: I defy
The tongues of soothers. Shakesp. Henry IV.

To SOOTHSA’Y. v. n. [sooth and say.] To predict; to foretell.
A damsel, possessed with a spirit of divination, met us,
which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying. Acts xvi.



SOOTHSAY’ER. n. s. [from soothsay.] A foreteller; a predicter;
a prognosticator.
Scarce was Musidorus made partaker of this oft blinding
light, when there were found numbers of scothsayers who af­
firmed strange and incredible things should be performed by
that child. Sidney.
A soothsayer bids you beware the ides of March. Shakesp.
He was animated to expect the papacy by the prediction of
a soothsayer, that one should succeed pope Leo, whose name
should be Adrian, an aged man of mean birth, and of great
learning and wisdom. Bacon's Henry VII.

SOO’TINESS. n. s. [from sooty.] The quality of being sooty; fu­
liginousness.

SOO’TY. adj. [from soot.]
1. Breeding soot.
By fire of sooty coal th' alchymist turns
Metals to gold. Milton.
2. Consisting of soot; fuliginous.
There may be some chymical way so to defecate this oil,
that it shall not spend into a sooty matter. Wilkins.
3. Black; dark; dusky.
All the grisly legions that troop
Under the sooty flag of Acheron;
Harpies and hydras and all monstrous forms. Milton.
Swift on his sooty pinions flits the gnome,
And in a vapour reach'd the gloomy dome. Pope.
SOP

SOP. n. s. [sop, Saxon; sopa, Spanish; soppe, Dutch.]
1. Any thing steeped in liquour to be eaten.
The bounded waters
Would lift their bosoms higher than the shores,
And make a sop of all this solid globe. Shakespeare.
Draw, you rogue; for though it be night, yet the moon
shines: I'll make a sop o'th' moonshine of you. Shakespeare.
Sops in wine, quantity for quantity, inebriate more than
wine of itself. Bacon's Natural History.
The prudent Sibyl had before prepar'd
A sop, in honey steep'd, to charm the guard,
Which mix'd with powerful drugs, she cast before
His greedy grinning jaws, just op'd to roar. Dryden.
Ill nature is not to be cured with a sop; but quarrelsome
men, as well as quarrelsome curs, are worse for fair usage.
L'Estrange.
2. Any thing given to pacify, from the sop given to Cerberus.
To Cerberus they give a sop,
His tripple barking mouth to stop. Swift.

To SOP. v. a. To steep in liquour.

SOPE. n. s. [See SOAP.]

SOPH. n. s. [from sophista, Latin.] A young man who has been
two years at the university.
Three Cambridge sophs, and three pert templars came,
The same their talents, and their tastes the same;
Each prompt to query, answer and debate,
And smit with love of poesy and prate. Pope's Dunciad.

SO’PHI. n. s. [Persian.] The emperor of Persia.
By this scimitar
That slew the sophi and a Persian prince. Shakespeare.
A fig for the sultan and sophi. Congreve.

SO’PHISM. n. s. [sophisma, Latin.] A fallacious argument; an
unsound subtilty; a fallacy.
When a false argument puts on the appearance of a true
one, then it is properly called a sophism or fallacy. Watts.

SO’PHIST. n. s. [sophista, Latin.] A professor of philosophy.
The court of Crœsus is said to have been much resorted by
the sophists of Greece in the happy beginning of his reign. Tem.

SO’PHISTER. n. s. [sophiste, French; sophista, Latin.]
1. A disputant fallaciously subtle; an artful but insidious logi­
cian.
A subtle traitor needs no sophister. Shakespeare's Hen. VI.
If a heathen philosopher bring arguments from reason,
which none of our atheistical sophisters can confute, for the
immortality of the soul, I hope they will so weigh the con­
sequences, as neither to talk, nor live, as if there was no such
thing. Denham.
Not all the subtle objections of sophisters and rabbies, against
the gospel, so much prejudiced the reception of it, as the re­
proach of those crimes with which they aspersed the assem­
blies of christians. Roger's Sermons.
2. A professor of philosophy; a sophist. This sense is antiqua­
ted.
Alcidimus the sophister hath many arguments to prove, that
voluntary and extemporal far excelleth premeditated speech.
Hooker.

SOPHI’STICAL. adj. [sophistique, Fr. from sophist.] Fallaci­
ously subtle; logically deceitful.
Neither know I whether I should prefer for madness, and
sophistical couzenage, that the same body of Christ should be
in a thousand places at once of this sublunary world. Hall.
When the state of the controversy is well understood, the
difficulty will not be great in giving answers to all his so­
phistical cavils. Stillingfleet.
That may seem a demonstration for the present, which to
posterity will appear a more sophistical knot. More.

SOPHI’STICALLY. adv. [from sophistical.] With fallacious
subtilty.
Bolingbroke argues most sophistically. Swift.

To SOPHI’STICATE. v. a. [sophistiquer, Fr from sophist] To
adulterate; tocorrupt with something spurious.
If the passions of the mind be strong, they easily sophisticate
the understanding, they make it apt to believe upon every slen­
der warrant, and to imagine infallible truth, where scarce any
probable shew appeareth. Hooker.
Here's three of us are sophisticated. Shakespeare.
Divers experiments succeeded not, because they were at
one time tried with genuine materials, and at another time
with sophisticated ones. Boyle.
The only persons amongst the heathens, who sophisticated
nature and philosophy, were the Stoicks; who affirmed a fa­
tal, unchangeable concatenation of causes, reaching even to
the elicite acts of man's will. South's Sermons.
Yet the rich cullies may their boasting spare;
They purchase but sophisticated ware:
'Tis prodigality that buys deceit,
Where both the giver and the taker cheat. Dryden.
The eye hath its coats and humours transparent and colour­
less, lest it should tinge and sophisticate the light that it lets in
by a natural jaundice. Bentley.

SOPHI’STICATE. part. adj. [from the verb.] Adulterate; not
genuine.
Since then a great part of our scientifical treasure is most
likely to be adulterate, though all bears the image and super­
scription of truth; the only way to know what is sophisticate
and what is not so, is to bring all to the examen of the touch­
stone. Glanville.
So truth, when only one supply'd the state,
Grew scarce and dear, and yet sophisticate. Dryden.

SOPHISTICA’TION. n. s. [sophistication, Fr. from sophisticate.]
Adulteration; not genuineness.
Sophistication is the act of counterfeiting or adulterating any
thing with what is not so good, for the sake of unlawful
gain. Quiney.
The drugs and simples sold in shops, generally are adulte­
rated by the fraudulent avarice of the sellers, especially if the
preciousness may make their sophistication very beneficial. Boyle.
Besides easy submission to sophistications of sense, we have in­
ability to prevent the miscarriages of our junior reasons. Glanv.

SOPHISTICA’TOR. n. s. [from sophisticate.] Adulterator; one
that makes things not genuine.

SO’PHISTRY. n. s. [from sophist.] Fallacious ratiocination.
His sophistry prevailed; his father believed. Sidney.
These men have obscured and confounded the natures of
things, by their false principles and wretched sophistry; tho'
an act be never so sinful, they will strip it of its guilt. South.

To S’OPORATE. v. n. [soporo, Latin.] To lay asleep. Dict.

SOPORI’FEROUS. adj. [sopor and fero.] Productive of sleep;
causing sleep; narcotick; opiate; dormitive; somniferous;
anodyne; sleepy.
The particular ingredients of those magical ointments are
opiate and soporiferous; for anointing of the forehead, neck,
feet, and back-bone, procures dead sleeps. Bacon.
While the whole operation was performing, I lay in a pro­
found sleep, by the force of that soporiferous medicine infused
into my liquor. Gulliver's Travels.

SOPORI’FEROUSNESS. n. s. [from soporiferous.] The quality of
causing sleep.

SOPORI’FICK. adj. [sopor and facio.] Causing sleep; opiate;
narcotick.
The colour and taste of opium are, as well as its soporifick
or anodyne virtues, mere powers depending on its primary
qualities. Locke.

SO’PPER. n. s. [from sop.] One that steeps any thing in liquor.
SOR

SO’RBILE. adj. [from sorbeo, Latin.] That may be drunk or
sipped.

SORBI’TION. n. s. [sorbitio, Latin.] The act of drinking or
sipping.

SORBS. n. s. [sorbum, Lat.] The berries of the sorb or service­
tree.

SO’RCERER. n. s. [sorcier, French; sortiarius, low Latin.] A
conjurer; an enchanter; a magician.
They say this town is full of cozenage,
As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye,
Drug-working sorcerers that change the mind,
Soul-killing witches that deform the body,
And many such like libertines of sin. Shakespeare.
The weakness of the power of witches upon kings and ma­
gistrates may be ascribed to the weakness of imagination; for
it is hard for a witch or a sorcerer to put on a belief that they
can hurt such. Bacon's Natural History.
He saw a sable sorcee arise,
All sudden gorgon's hiss and dragon's glare,
And ten horn'd fiends. Pope.
The Egyptian sorcerers contended with Moses; but the
wonders which Moses wrought did so far transcend the power
of magicians, as made them confess it was the finger of God.
Watts's Logick.



SO’RCERESS. n. s. [Female of sorcerer.] A female magician;
an enchantress.
Bring forth that sorceress condemn'd to burn. Shakesp.
Divers witches and sorceresses have fed upon man's flesh, to
aid their imagination with high and foul vapours. Bacon.
The snaky forceress that sat
Just by hell-gate, and kept the fatal key,
Ris'n, and with hideous outcry rush'd between. Milton.
How cunningly the sorceress displays
Her own transgressions, to upbraid me, mine. Milton.

SO’RCERY. n. s. Magick; enchantment; conjuration; witch­
craft; charms.
This witch Sycorax,
For mischiefs manifold, and sorceries terrible,
Was banish'd. Shakespeare.
Adders wisdom I have learn'd
To fence my ear against thy sorceries. Milton.
Actæon has long tracts of rich soil; but had the misfor­
tune in his youth to fall under the power of sorcery. Tatler.

SORD. n. s. [from sward.] Turf; grassy ground.
This is the prettiest low-born lass that ever ran on the
green sord. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
An altar of grassy sord. Milton.

SO’RDES. n. s. [Latin.] Foulness; dregs.
The sea washes off the soil and sordes wherein mineral mos­
ses were involved and concealed, and thereby renders them
more conspicuous. Woodward.

SO’RDET. n. s. sourdine, French; sordina, Italian.] A small
pipe put into the mouth of a trumpet to make it
sound lower or shriller. Bailey.
SO’RDINE. n. s. sourdine, French; sordina, Italian.] A small
pipe put into the mouth of a trumpet to make it
sound lower or shriller. Bailey.

SO’RDID. adj. [sordidus, Latin.]
1. Foul; gross; filthy; dirty.
There Charon stands
A sordid god, down from his hoary chin
A length of beard descends, uncomb'd, unclean. Dryden.
2. [Sordide, French.] Intellectually dirty; mean; vile; base.
It is strange since the priests office heretofore was always
splendid, that it is now looked upon as a piece of religion,
to make it low and sordid. South's Sermons.
3. [Sordide, French.] Covetous; niggardly.
He may be old,
And yet not sordid, who refuses gold. Denham.
If one should cease to be generous and charitable, because
another is sordid and ungrateful, it would be much in the
power of vice to extinguish christian virtues. L'Estrange.

SO’RDIDLY. adv. [from sordid.] Meanly; poorly; covetously;

SO’RDIDNESS. n. s. [from sordid.]
1. Meanness; baseness.
I omit the madnesses of Caligula's delights, and the exe­
erable sordidness of those of Tiberius. Cowley.
2. Nastiness; not neatness.
Providence deters people from sluttishness and sordidness,
and provokes them to cleanliness. Ray.

SORE. n. s. [sar, Saxon; saur, Danish.] A place tender and
painful; a place excoriated; an ulcer. It is not used of a
wound, but of a breach of continuity, either long continued
or from internal cause: to be a sore, there must be an exco­
riation; a tumour or bruise is not called a sore before some
disruption happen.
Let us hence provide
A salve for any sore that may betide. Shakespeare's Hen. VI.
It is a bad exchange to wound a man's own conscience, to
salve state sores. King Charles.
Receipts abound; but searching all thy store,
The best is still at hand to launce the sore,
And cut the head; for till the core be found
The secret vice is fed and gathers ground. Dryden.
By these all festring sores her councils heal,
Which time or has disclos'd, or shall reveal. Dryden.
Lice and flies, which have a most wonderful instinct to find
out convenient places for the hatching and nourishment of their
young, lay their eggs upon sores. Bentley.

SORE. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Tender to the touch.
We can ne'er be sure,
Whether we pain or not endure;
And just so far are sore and griev'd,
As by the fancy is believ'd. Hudibras.
While sore of battle, while our wounds are green,
Why should we tempt the doubtful dye again. Dryden.
It was a right answer of the physician to his patient, that
had sore eyes, if you have more pleasure in the taste of wine
than in the use of your sight, wine is good; but if the plea­
sure of seeing be greater to you than that of drinking, wine is
naught. Locke.
2. Tender in the mind; easily vexed.
Malice and hatred are very fretting and vexatious, and apt
to make our minds sore and uneasy; but he that can mode­
rate these affections will find ease in his mind. Tillotson.
Laugh at your friends, and if your friends are sore,
So much the better, you may laugh the more. Pope.
3. Violent with pain; afflictively vehement. See SORE. adverb.
Threescore and ten I can remember well,
Within the volume of which time I've seen
Hours dreadful, and things strange; but this sore night
Hath trifled former knowings. Shakespeare.
I will persevere in my course of loyalty, though the conflict
be sore between that and my blood. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
My loins are filled with a sore disease; and there is no whole
part in my body. Common Prayer.
Sore hath been their fight,
As likeliest was, when two such foes met arm'd. Milton.
Gentle lady, may thy grave
Peace and quiet ever have;
After this day's travel sore
Sweet rest seize thee evermore. Milton.
They are determin'd to live up to the holy rule, though
sore evils and great temporal inconveniencies should attend the
discharge of their duty. Atterbury.
4. Criminal. Out of use.
To lapse in fullness
Is sorer than to lie for need; and falshood
Is worse in kings than beggars. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
5. [From saur, French.]
The buck is called the first year a fawn; the second, a
pricket; the third, a sorel; and the fourth year, a sore. Shak.

SORE. adv. [This the etymologists derive from seer, Dutch; but
seer means only an intenseness of any thing; sore almost al­
ways includes pain.] With painful or dangerous vehemence;
a very painful degree; with afflictive violence or pertinacity.
It is now little used.
Thine arrows stick fast in me, and thy hand presseth me
sore. Common Prayer.
The knight, then lightly leaping to the prey,
With mortal steel him smote again so sore,
That headless his unweildy body lay. Fairy Queen.
He this and that, and each man's blow
Doth eye, defend, and shift, being laid to sore. Daniel.
Though iron hew and mangle sore,
Would wounds and bruises honour more. Hudibras.
Distrust shook sore their minds. Milton.
So that Palamon were wounded sore,
Arcite was hurt as much. Dryden's Knights Tale.
Sore-sigh'd the knight, who this long sermon heard:
At length, considering all, his heart he chear'd. Dryden.
How, Didius, shall a Roman sore repuls'd
Greet your arrival to this distant isle?
How bid you welcome to these shatter'd legions? A. Philips.

SO’REHON. n. s. [Irish and Scottish.] A kind of arbitrary
exaction or servile tenure, formerly in Scot­
land, as likewise in Ireland; whenever a chieftan had a mind
to revel, he came down among the tenants with his followers,
by way of contempt called in the lowlands giliwitfitts, and liv­
ed on free quarters; so that ever since, when a person obtrudes
himself upon another, stays at his house, and hangs upon him
for bed and board, he is said to sorn, or be a sorner. Macbean.
SORN. n. s. [Irish and Scottish.] A kind of arbitrary
exaction or servile tenure, formerly in Scot­
land, as likewise in Ireland; whenever a chieftan had a mind
to revel, he came down among the tenants with his followers,
by way of contempt called in the lowlands giliwitfitts, and liv­
ed on free quarters; so that ever since, when a person obtrudes
himself upon another, stays at his house, and hangs upon him
for bed and board, he is said to sorn, or be a sorner. Macbean.
They exact upon them all kind of services; yea, and the
very wild exactions, coignie, livery, and sorehon; by which
they poll and utterly undo the poor tenants and freeholders
under them. Spenser's Ireland.

SO’REL. n. s. [Diminutive of sore.]
The buck is called the first year a fawn; the second, a
pricket; the third, a sorel. Shakespeare.

SO’RELY. adv. [from sore.]
1. With a great degree of pain or distress.
Here's the smell of the blood still; all the perfumes of Ara­
bia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh! oh! oh!—What
a sigh is there? the heart is sorely overcharged. Shakespeare.
The warrior train,
Though most were sorely wounded, none were slain. Dryden.
2. With vehemence dangerous or afflictive.
I have done ill,
Of which I do accuse myself so sorely,
That I will enjoy no more. Shakespeare.

SO’RENESS. n. s. [from sore.] Tenderness of a hurt.
He that, whilst the soreness of his late pangs of conscience re­
mains, finds himself a little indisposed for sin, presently con­
cludes repentance hath had its perfect work. Decay of Piety.
My foot began to swell, and the pain asswaged, though it
left such a soreness, that I could hardly suffer the cloaths of
my bed. Temple.

SORI’TES. n. s. [s?e?t??.] Properly an heap. An argument
where one proposition is accumulated on another.
Chrysippus the Stoick invented a kind of argument, con­
sisting of more than three propositions, which is called sorites,
or a heap. Dryden.
Sorites is when several middle terms are chosen to connect
one another successively in several propositions, till the last
proposition connects its predicate with the first subject. Thus,
all men of revenge have their souls often uneasy; uneasy souls
are a plague to themselves; now to be one's own plague is
folly in the extreme. Watts's Logick.



SORO’RICIDE. n. s. [soror and cædo.] The murder of a sister.

SO’RRAGE. n. s. The blades of green wheat or barley. Dict.

SO’RRANCE. n. s. [In farriery.] Any disease or sore in horses.
Dict.

SO’RREL. n. s. [sure, Saxon; sorel, French] This plant agrees
with the dock in all its characters, and only differs in having
an acid taste. Miller.
Of all roots of herbs the root of sorrel goeth the farthest into
the earth. It is a cold and acid herb that loveth the earth, and
is not much drawn by the sun. Bacon.
Acid austere vegetables contract and strengthen the fibres,
as all kinds of sorrel, the virtues of which lie in acid astringent
salt, a sovereign antidote against the putrescent bilious alkali.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SO’RRILY. adv. [from sorry.] Meanly; poorly; despicably;
wretchedly; pitiably.
Thy pipe, O Pan, shall help though I sing sorrily. Sidney.

SO’RRINESS. n. s. [from sorry] Meanness; wretchedness; pi­
tiableness; despicableness.

SO’RROW. n. s. [sorg, Danish.] Grief; pain for something
past; sadness; mourning. Sorrow is not commonly understood
as the effect of present evil, but of lost good.
Sorrow is uneasiness in the mind, upon the thought of a
good lost, which might have been enjoyed longer; or the
sense of a present evil. Locke.
Sorrow on thee, and all the pack of you;
That triumph thus upon my misery! Shakespeare.
A world of woe and sorrow. Milton.
Some other hour I will to tears allow;
But having you, can show no sorrow now. Dryden.

To SORROW. v. n. [saurgan, Gothick; sorgian, Sax.] To
grieve; to be sad; to be dejected.
The miserable change, now at my end,
Lament, nor sorrow at. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
Where-ever sorrow is relief wou'd be,
If you do sorrow at my grief in love,
By giving love, your sorrow and my grief
Were both extermin'd. Shakespeare.
Now I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye
sorrowed to repentance. 2 Cor. vii. 9.
I neither fear to die nor desire to live; and having mastered
all grief in myself, I desire no man to sorrow for me. Hayw.
Send them forth, though sorrowing, yet in peace. Milton.
Sad the prince explores
The neighb'ring main, and sorrowing treads the shores. Pope.

SO’RROWED. adj. [from sorrow.] Accompanied with sorrow.
Out of use.
Now the publick body, which doth seldom
Play the recanter, feeling in itself
A lack of Timon's aid, hath sense withal
Of its own fall, restraining aid to Timon;
And sends forth us to make their sorrowed tender. Shakesp.

SO’RROWFUL. adj. [sorrow and full.]
1. Sad for something past; mournful; grieving.
Blessed are they which have been sorrowful for all thy
scourges; for they shall rejoice for thee, when they have seen
all thy glory. Tob. xiii. 14.
2. Deeply serious. Not in use.
Hannah said, no, my lord, I am a woman of a sorrowful
spirit: I have poured out my soul before the Lord. 1 Sam.
3. Expressing grief; accompanied with grief.
The things that my soul refused to touch are as my sorrow­
ful meat. Job. vi. 7.

SORRY. adj. [sarig, Saxon.]
1. Grieved for something past. It is generally used of slight or
casual miscarriages or vexations, but sometimes of greater
things. It does not imply any long continuance of grief.
O, forget
What we are sorry for ourselves in thee. Timon of Athens.
The king was sorry: nevertheless for the oath's sake he
commanded the Baptist's head to be given her. Matth. xiv. 9.
I'm sorry for thee, friend; 'tis the duke's pleasure. Shak.
We are sorry for the satire interspersed in some of these pieces,
upon a few people, from whom the highest provocations have
been received. Swift.
2. [From saur, filth, Islandick.] Vile; worthless; vexatious.
A salt and sorry rheum offends me:
Lend me thy handkerchief. Shakespeare's Othello.
How now, why do you keep alone?
Of sorriest fancies your companions making,
Using those thoughts, which should, indeed, have died
With them they think on. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
If the union of the parts consist only in rest, it would seem
that a bag of dust would be of as firm a consistence as that of
marble; and Bajazet's cage had been but a sorry prison. Glanv.
Coarse complexions,
And cheeks of sorry grain will serve to ply
The sampler, and to teize the housewife's wool. Milton.
How vain were all the ensigns of his power, that could not
support him against one slighting look of a sorry slave! L'Est.
If this innocent had any relation to his Thebais, the poet
might have found some sorry excuse for detaining the reader.
Dryden.
If such a slight and sorry business as that could produce one
organical body, one might reasonably expect, that now and
then a dead lump of dough might be leavened into an animal.
Bentley's Sermons.

SORT. n. s. [sorte, French.]
1. A kind; a species.
Disfigur'd more than spirit of happy sort. Milton.
A substantial and unaffected piety, not only gives a man a
credit among the sober and virtuous, but even among the vi­
cious sort of men. Tillotson.
These three sorts of poems should differ in their numbers,
designs, and every thought. Walsh.
Endeavouring to make the signification of specifick names
clear, they make their specifick ideas of the sorts of substances
of a few of those simple ideas found in them. Locke.
2. A manner; a form of being or acting.
Flowers in such sort worn, can neither be smelt nor seen
well by those that wear them. Hooker.
That I may laugh at her in equal sort
As she doth laugh at me, and makes my pain her sport.
Spenser's Sonnet.
Rheum and Shimshai wrote after this sort. Ezra iv. 8.
To Adam in what sort shall I appear? Milton.
3. A degree of any quality.
I have written the more boldly unto you, in some sort, as
putting you in mind. Rom. xv. 15.
I shall not be wholly without praise, if in some sort I have
copied his stile. Dryden.
4. A class, or order of persons.
The one being a thing that belongeth generally unto all,
the other, such as none but the wiser and more judicious sort
can perform. Hooker.
I have bought
Golden opinions from all sorts of people. Shakespeare.
Hospitality to the better sort, and charity to the poor, two
virtues that are never exercised so well as when they accompa­
ny each other. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. A company; a knot of people.
Mine eyes are full of tears: I cannot see;
And yet salt water blinds them not so much,
But they can see a sort of traitors here. Shakespeare.
6. Rank; condition above the vulgar.
Is signior Montanto returned from the wars?—I know none
of that name, lady; there was none such in the army of any
sort. Shakespeare's Much ado about Nothing.
7. [Sort, Fr. sortes, Latin.] A lot. Out of use.
Make a lott'ry,
And by decree, let blockish Ajax
Draw the sort to fight with Hector. Shakespeare.
8. A pair; a set.
The first sort by their own suggestion fell. Milton.

To SORT. v. a. [Sortiri, Lat. assortire, Italian.]
1. To separate into distinct and proper classes.
These they sorted into their several times and places; some
to begin the service of God with, and some to end; some to
be interlac'd between the divine readings of the law and pro­
phets. Hooker.
I come to thee for charitable licence,
To sort our nobles from our common men. Shakespeare.
A piece of cloth made of white and black threads though
the whole appear neither white nor black, but grey; yet each
remains what it was before, if the threads were pulled asunder,
and sorted each colour by itself. Boyle.
Shell-fish have been, by some of the ancients, compared
and sorted with the insects. Bacon's Natural History.
With this desire, she hath a native might
To find out ev'ry truth, if she had time;
Th' innumerable effects to sort aright,
And by degrees from cause to cause to climb. Davies.
The number of simple ideas, that make the nominal essence
of the lowest species, or first sorting of individuals, depends
on the mind of man. Locke.
The rays which differ in refrangibility may be parted and
sorted from one another, and that either by refraction, or by
reflexion. Newton's Opticks.
But grant that actions best discover man,
Take the most strong and sort them as you can;
The few that glare, each character must mark:
You balance not the many in the dark. Pope.
2. To reduce to order from a state of confusion.
Let me not be light;
For a light wife doth make a heavy husband;
And never be Bassanio so from me;
But God sort all! Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
3. To conjoin; to put together in distribution.
For, when she sorts things present with things past,
And thereby things to come doth oft foresee;
When she doth doubt at first, and chuse at first,
These acts her own, without her body be. Davies.


4. To cull; to chuse; to select.
Send his mother to his father's house,
That he may sort her out a worthy spouse. Chapman.

To SORT. v. n.
1. To be joined with others of the same species.
Nor do metals only sort and herd with metals in the earth,
and minerals with minerals; but both in common together.
Woodward.
2. To consort; to join.
The illiberality of parents towards their children, makes
them base and sort with any company. Bacon.
3. To suit; to fit.
A man cannot speak to a son but as a father; whereas a
friend may speak as the case requires, and not as it sorteth
with the person. Bacon.
They are happy whose natures sort with their vocations.
Bacon.
Among unequals, what society
Can sort, what harmony, or true delight?
Which must be mutual, in proportion due,
Giv'n, and receiv'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The Creator calling forth by name
His mighty angels, gave them several charge,
As sorted best with present things. Milton's Paradise Lost.
For diff'rent stiles with diff'rent subjects sort,
As several garbs with country, town, and court. Pope.
4. To terminate; to issue.
It sorted not to any fight of importance, but to a retreat.
Bacon's War with Spain.
5. To have success.
The slips of their vines have been brought into Spain, but
they have not sorted to the same purpose as in their native
country. Abbot's Description of the World.
It was tried in a blown bladder, whereunto flesh and a
flower were put, and it sorted not; for dry bladders will not
blow, and new bladders further putrefaction. Bacon.
6. To fall out. [from sort, a lot, or sortir, to issue, French.]
And so far am I glad it did so sort,
As this their jangling I esteem a sport. Shakespeare.
Princes cannot gather this fruit, except they raise some per­
sons to be companions; which many times sorteth to incon­
venience. Bacon.

SO’RTAL. adj. A word formed by Locke, but not yet received.
As things are ranked under names, into sorts or species only
as they agree to certain abstract ideas, the essence of each sort
comes to be nothing but that idea which the sortal, if I may
so call it from sort, as I do general from genus, name stands
for. Locke.

SO’RTANCE. n. s. [from sort.] Suitableness; agreement.
I have received
New dated letters from Northumberland,
Their cold intent, thus:
Here doth he wish his person, with such power
As might hold sortance with his quality,
The which he could not levy. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

SO’RTILEGE. n. s. [sortilege, Fr. sortilegium, Latin.] The act
or practice of drawing lots.

SO’RTMENT. n. s. [from sort.]
1. The act of sorting; distribution.
2. A parcel sorted or distributed.

To SOS. v. n. [A cant word.] To sit lazily on a chair; to fall
at once into a chair.
The winter sky began to frown,
Poor Stella must pack off to town;
From wholesome exercise and air,
To sossing in an easy chair. Swift.
SOT

SOT. n. s. [sot, Saxon; sot, French; sot, Dutch.]
1. A blockhead; a dull ignorant stupid fellow; a dolt.
Of Glo'ster's treachery,
And of the loyal service of his son,
When I inform'd him, then he call'd me sot;
And told me I had turn'd the wrong side out. Shakespeare.
This by his tongue being made his mistress' picture,
And then a mind put in't, either our braggs
Were crackt of kitchen trulls, or his description
Prov'd us unspeaking sots. Shakespeare.
Tell him that no history or antiquity can match his con­
duct; and presently the sot, because he knows neither history
nor antiquity, shall begin to measure himself by himself, which
is the only sure way for him not to fall short. South's Sermons.
2. A wretch stupified by drinking.
Every sign
That calls the staring sots to nasty wine. Roscommon.
A surly ill-bred lord,
That chides and snaps her up at every word:
A brutal sot; who while she holds his head,
With drunken filth bedaubs the nuptial bed. Granville.

To SOT. v. a. To stupify; to besot.
Pox on his loyalty!
I hate to see a brave bold fellow sotted,
Made sour and senseless, turn'd to whey by love;
A driveling hero, fit for a romance. Dryden's Span. Friar.
The potion
Turns his brain and stupifies his mind;
The sotted moon-calf gapes. Dryden.

To SOT. v. n. To tipple to stupidity.

SO’TTISH. adj. [from sot.]
1. Dull; stupid; senseless; infatuate; doltish.
All's but naught:
Patience is sottish, and impatience does
Become a dog that's mad. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
Upon the report of his approach, more than half fell away
and dispersed; the residue, being more desperate or more scottish,
did abide in the field, of whom many were slain. Hayward.
He gain'd a king
Ahaz his sottish conqueror. Milton.
'Tis sottish to offer at things that cannot be brought about.
L'Estrange.
How ignorant are sottish pretenders to astrology. Swift.
2. Dull with intemperance.

SO’TTISHLY. adv. [from sottish.] Stupidly; dully; sense­
lessly.
Northumberland sottishly mad with over great fortune, pro­
cured the King by his letters patent under the great seal, to
appoint the lady Jane to succeed him in the inheritance of
the crown. Hayward.
Atheism is impudent in pretending to philosophy, and su­
perstition sottishly ignorant in fancying that the knowledge of
nature tends to irreligion. Glanville.
So sottishly to lose the purest pleasures and comforts of this
world, and forego the expectation of immortality in another;
and so desperately to run the risk of dwelling with everlasting
burnings, plainly discovers itself to be the most pernicious
folly and deplorable madness in the world. Bentley.

SO’TTISHNESS. n. s. [from sottish.] Dullness; stupidity; in­
sensibility.
Few consider what a degree of sottishness and confirmed ig­
norance men may sin themselves into. South's Sermons.
No sober temperate person can look with any complacency
upon the drunkenness and sottishness of his neighbour. South.
The first part of the text, the folly and sottishness of Atheism,
will come home to their case; since they make such a noisy
pretence to wit and sagacity. Bentley's Sermons.
SOV

SO’VEREIGN. adj. [souverain, French; sovrano, Spanish.]
1. Supreme in power; having no superiour.
As teaching bringeth us to know that God is our supreme
truth; so prayer testifieth that we acknowledge him our sove­
reign good. Hooker.
You, my sovereign lady,
Causeless have laid disgraces on my head. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
None of us who now thy grace implore,
But held the rank of sovereign queen before,
Till giddy chance, whose malice never bears
That mortal bliss should last for length of years,
Cast us headlong from our high estate. Dryden.
Whether Esau, then, were a vassal to Jacob, and Jacob his
sovereign prince by birth right, I leave the reader to judge. Locke.
2. Supremely efficacious.
A memorial of their fidelity and zeal, a sovereign preserva­
tive of God's people from the venomous infection of heresy.
Hooker.
The most sovereign prescription in Galen is but empirick;
and to this preservative of no better report than a horse drench.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Love-wounded Protheus,
My bosom, as a bed,
Shall lodge thee, till thy wound be throughly heal'd,
And thus I search it with a sov'reign kiss. Shakespeare.
A water we call water of paradise, by that we do to it,
is made very sovereign for health. Bacon.
Like the scum starv'd men did draw
From parboil'd shoes and boots, and all the rest
Which were with any sovereign fatness blest. Donne.
Be cool, my friend, and hear my muse dispense
Some sovereign comforts drawn from common sense.
Dryden.

SO’VEREIGN. n. s. Supreme lord.
O, let my sovereign turn away his face,
And bid his ears a little while be deaf. Shakespeare.
By my sovereign, and his fate, I swear,
Renown'd for faith in peace, for force in war,
Oft our alliance other lands desir'd. Dryden.

SO’VEREIGNLY. adv. [from sovereign.] Supremely; in the
highest degree.
He was sovereignly lovely in himself. Boyle.

SO’VEREIGNTY. n. s. [souverainetè, French.] Supremacy; high­
est place; supreme power; highest degree of excellence.
Give me pardon,
That I, your vassal, have employed and pain'd
Your unknown sovereignty. Shakespeare.
Happy were England, would this virtuous prince
Take on his grace the sov'reignty thereof. Shakespeare.
To give laws unto a people, to institute magistrates and of­
ficers over them; to punish and pardon malefactors; to have


the sole authority of making war and peace, are the true
marks of sovereignty. Davies.
A mighty hunter thence he shall be stil'd
Before the Lord; as in despite of heav'n,
Or from heav'n, claiming second sov'reignty. Milton.
Nothing does so gratify a haughty humour, as this piece
of usurped sovereignty over our brethren. Govern. of the Tongue.
Jove's own tree,
That holds the woods in awful sov'reignty,
Requires a depth of lodging in the ground;
High as his topmost boughs to heav'n ascend,
So low his roots to hell's dominion tend. Dryden.
I well foresee, whene'er thy suit I grant,
That I my much lov'd sov'reignty shall want,
And her new beauty may thy heart invade. Dryden.
Let us above all things possess our souls with awful appre­
hensions of the majesty and sovereignty of God. Rogers.
Alexander's Grecian colonies in the Indies were almost ex­
terminated by Sandrocottus; Seleucus recovered the sovereignty
in some degree, but was forced to abandon to him the coun­
try along the Indus. Arbuthnot on Coins.
SOU

SOUGH. n. s. [from sous, French.] A subterraneous drain.
Yet could not such mines, without great pains, and charges,
if at all, be wrought; the delfs would be so flown with wa­
ters, it being impossible to make any addits or soughs to drain
them, that no gins or machines could suffice to lay and keep
them dry. Ray on the Creation.
Another of like sort, was found in sinking a sough-pit at
Haigh in Lancashire. Woodward.

SOUGHT. The preterite and participle pass. of seek.
I am sought of them that asked not for me: I am found of
them that sought me not. Isa. lxv. 1.
The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them
that have pleasure therein. Psal. cxi. 2.

SOUL. n. s. [sawel, Sax. sael, Dan. sual, Islandick; siel, Dutch.]
1. The immaterial and immortal spirit of man.
When death was overcome, he opened heaven as well to
the believing Gentiles as Jews: heaven till then was no recep­
tacle to the souls of either. Hooker.
Fie, fie, unreverent tongue! to call her bad,
Whose sov'reignty so oft thou hast preferr'd
With twenty thousand soul-confirming oaths. Shakespeare.
Perhaps, for want of food, the soul may pine;
But that were strange, since all things bad and good;
Since all God's creatures, mortal and divine;
Since God himself is her eternal food. Davies.
He remembered them of the promises, seals and oaths, which
by publick authority had passed for concluding this marriage,
that these being religious bonds betwixt God and their souls,
could not by any politick act of state be dissolved. Hayward.
Eloquence the soul, song charms the sense. Milton.
2. Vital principle.
They say this town is full of cozenage,
Drug-working forcerers that change the mind;
Soul-killing witches that deform the body;
And many such like libertines of sin. Shakespeare.
Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith,
To hold opinion with Pythagoras,
That souls of animals infuse themselves
Into the trunks of men. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Thou sun, of this great world both eye and soul. Milton.
Join voices all ye living souls! ye birds,
That singing up to heav'n-gate ascend,
Bear on your wings, and in your notes his praise. Milton.
In common discourse and writing, we leave out the words
vegetative, sensitive, and rational; and make the word soul
serve for all these principles. Watts.
3. Spirit; essence; quintessence; principal part.
He has the very soul of bounty. Shakespeare.
Charity the soul of all the rest. Milton.
4. Interiour power.
There is some soul of goodness in things evil,
Would men observingly distil it out. Shakespeare.
5. A familiar appellation expressing the qualities of the mind.
Three wenches where I stood, cry'd:
"Alas, good soul!" Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
This is a poor mad soul; and she says up and down the
town, that her eldest son is like you. Shakesp. Hen.IV.
The poor soul sat singing by a sycamore tree,
Sing all a green willow:
Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee. Shakesp.
Unenlarged souls are disgusted with the wonders of the mi­
croscope, discovering animals which equal not a peppercorn.
Watts.
6. Human being.
The moral is the case of every soul of us. L'Estrange.
Keep the poor soul no longer in suspense,
Your change is such as does not need defence. Dryden.
It is a republick; there are in it a hundred burgeois, and
about a thousand souls. Addison's Italy.
My state of health none care to learn;
My life is here no soul's concern. Swift.
7. Active power.
Earth, air and seas, through empty space would rowl,
And heav'n would fly before the driving soul. Dryden.
8. Spirit; fire; grandeur of mind.
9. Intelligent being in general.
Every soul in heav'n shall bend the knee. Milton.

SOU’LED. adj. [from soul.] Furnished with mind.
Griping, and still tenacious of thy hold,
Wou'd'st thou the Grecian chiefs, though largely soul'd,
Shou'd give the prizes they had gain'd before. Dryden.

SOU’LLESS. adj. [from soul.] Mean; low; spiritless.
Slave, soulless villain, dog, O rarely base! Shakespeare.

SOU’LSHOT. n. s. [soul and shot.] Something paid for a soul's re­
quiem among the Romanists.
In the Saxon times there was a funeral duty to be paid,
called pecunia sepulchralis & symbolum animæ, and a Saxon soul­
shot. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SOUND. adj. [sund, Saxon.]
1. Healthy; hearty; not morbid; not diseased; not hurt.
I am fall'n out with my more headier will,
To take the indispos'd and sickly fit
For the sound man. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He hath a heart as sound as a bell, and his tongue is the
clapper; for what his heart thinks, his tongue speaks. Shak.
He hath received him safe and sound. Luke xv. 27.
We can preserve
Unhurt our minds, and understanding sound. Milton.
The king visits all around,
Comforts the sick, congratulates the sound;
Honours the princely chiefs. Dryden.
But Capys, and the rest of sounder mind,
The fatal present to the flames design'd,
Or to the deep. Dryden.
When a word, which originally signifies any particular ob­
ject, is attributed to several other objects, on account of some
evident reference or relation to the original idea, this is pe­
culiarly called an analogical word; so a sound or healthy pulse,
a sound digestion, sound sleep, are all so called, with reference
to a sound and healthy constitution; but if you speak of sound
doctrine, or sound speech, this is by way of resemblance to
health, and the words are metaphorical. Watts's Logick.
2. Right; not erroneous.
Whom although to know be life, and joy to make mention
of his name; yet our soundest knowledge is to know that we
know him not as indeed he is, neither can know him: and
our safest eloquence concerning him is silence. Hooker.
Let my heart be sound in thy statutes, that I be not ashamed.
Psal. cxix. 80.
The rules are sound and useful, and may serve your devo­
tion. Wake.
3. Stout; strong; lusty.
The men are very strong and able of body; and therefore
either give sound strokes with their clubs wherewith they
fight, or else shoot strong shots with their bows. Abbot.
4. Valid; not failing.
They reserved their titles, tenures, and signiories whole
and sound to themselves. Spenser's Ireland.
5. Fast; hearty. It is applied to sleep.
New wak'd from soundest sleep,
Soft on the flow'ry herb I found me laid
In balmy sweat. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SOUND. adv. Soundly; heartily; completely fast.
The messenger approaching to him spake,
But his waste words return'd to him in vain;
So sound he slept that nought might him awake. Fa. Queen.

SOUND. n. s. [sonde, French.] A shallow sea, such as may be
sounded.
The sound of Denmark, where ships pay toll. Camden.
Wake,
Behold I come, sent from the Stygian sound,
As a dire vapour that had cleft the ground,
T'ingender with the night, and blast the day. Ben. Johnson.
Him young Thoosa bore, the bright increase
Of Phorcys, dreaded in the sounds and seas. Pope.

SOUND. n. s. [sonde, Fr.] A probe, an instrument used by chi­
rurgeons to feel what is out of reach of the fingers.
The patient being laid on a table, pass the sound till it meet
with some resistance. Sharp's Surgery.

To SOUND. v. a.
1. To search with a plummet; to try depth.
In this secret there is a gulf, which while we live we shall
never sound. Hooker.
You are, Hastings, much too shallow
To sound the bottom of the after-times. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
2. To try; to examine.
Has he never before sounded you in this business. Shakespeare.
Invites these lords, and those he meant to sound. Daniel.
I was in jest,
And by that offer meant to sound your breast. Dryden.
I've sounded my Numidians, man by man,
And find 'em ripe for a revolt. Addison's Cato.



To SOUND. v. n. To try with the sounding line.
The shipmen deemed that they drew near to some coun­
try and sounded and found it near twenty fathoms. Acts xxvii.
Beyond this we have no more a positive distinct notion of,
infinite space than a mariner has of the depth of the sea, where
having let down a large portion of his sounding-line, he reaches
no bottom. Locke.

SOUND. n. s. The cuttle-fish. Ainsworth.

SOUND. n. s. [son, French; sonus, Latin.]
1. Any thing audible; a noise; that which is perceived by the ear.
Heaps of huge words uphoarded hideously
With horrid sound, though having little sense,
And thereby wanting due intelligence,
Have marred the face of goodly poesy,
And made a monster of their fantasy. Spenser.
Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprights,
And shew the best of our delights;
I'll charm the air to give a sound,
While you perform your antick round. Shakes. Macbeth.
Dash a stone against a stone in the bottom of the water,
and it maketh a sound: so a long pole struck upon gravel in
the bottom of the water, maketh a sound. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The warlike sound of trumpets loud. Milton.
Whene'er he spoke his voice was heard around,
Loud as a trumpet with a silver sound. Dryden.
That which is conveyed into the brain by the ear is called
sound; though, 'till it affect the perceptive part, it be nothing
but motion. Locke.
2. Mere empty noise opposed to meaning.
He contented himself with doubtful and general terms,
which might make no ill sound in mens ears. Locke.
Let us consider this proposition as to its meaning; for it is
the sense and not sound that must be the principle. Locke.

To SOUND. v. n.
1. To make a noise; to emit a noise.
From you sounded out the word of the Lord. 1 Thes. i. 8.
Trumpet once more to sound at general doom. Milton.
That with one blast through the whole house does bound,
And first taught speaking-trumpets how to sound. Dryden.
Thither the silver sounding lyres
Shall call the smiling loves and young desires. Pope.
2. To exhibit by likeness of sound.
Why do you start, and seem to fear
Things that do sound so fair? Shakespeare.
They being told there was small hope of ease
To be expected to their evils from hence,
Were willing at the first to give an ear
To any thing that sounded liberty. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
This relation sounds rather like a chymical dream than a
philosophical truth. Wilkin's Math. Magic.

To SOUND. v. a.
1. To cause to make a noise; to play on.
And many nymphs about them flocking round,
And many tritons, which their horns did sound. Spenser.
Michael bid sound
Th' archangel trumpet. Milton.
Misenus lay; none so renown'd
The warrior trumpet in the field to sound;
With breathing brass to kindle fierce alarms,
And rouze to dare their fate in honourable arms. Dryden.
2. To betoken or direct by a sound.
Once Jove from Ida did both hosts survey,
And, when he pleas'd to thunder, part the fray;
Here heav'n in vain that kind retreat should sound,
The louder cannon had the thunder drown'd. Waller.
3. To celebrate by sound.
Sun, sound his praise. Milton.

SO’UNDBOARD. n. s. [sound and board.] Board which propa­
gates the sound in organs.
Try it without any soundboard along, only harpwise at one
end of the string. Bacon's Natural History.
As in an organ, from one blast of wind,
To many a row of pipes the soundboard breathes. Milton.

SO’UNDING. adj. [from sound.] Sonorous; having a magni­
ficent sound.
Obsolete words may then be revived, when more sounding
or more significant than those in practice. Dryden.

SO’UNDLY. adv. [from sound.]
1. Healthily; heartily.
2. Lustily; stoutly; strongly.
When Duncan is asleep,
Whereto the rather shall this hard day's journey
Soundly invite him. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They did ply
My feet and hands with cords, and to the mast
With other halfers made me soundly fast. Chapman's Odyssey.
Who had so often in your aid
So many ways been soundly paid;
came in at last for better ends. Hudibras.
Have no concern,
Provided Punch, for there's the jest,
Be soundly maul'd, and plague the rest. Swift.
Their nobility and gentry are one half ruined, banished, of
converted: they all soundly feel the smart of the last Irish
war. Swift.
3. Truly; rightly.
The wisest are always the readiest to acknowledge, that
soundly to judge of a law is the weightiest thing which any man
can take upon him. Hooker.
The doctrine of the church of England, expressed in the
thirty-nine articles, is so soundly and orthodoxly settled, as
cannot be questioned without extreme danger to our re­
ligion. Bacon.
4. Fast; closely.
Now when that idle dream was to him brought,
Unto that elfen knight he bad him fly,
Where he slept soundly, void of evil thought. Fairy Queen.
When the succession of ideas ceases, our perception of du­
ration ceases with it, which every one experiments whilst he
sleeps soundly. Locke.

SOU’NDNESS. n. s. [from sound.]
1. Health; heartiness.
I would I had that corporal soundness now,
As when thy father and myself in friendship
First tried our soldiership. Shakespeare.
2. Truth; rectitude; incorrupt state.
In the end, very few excepted, all became subject to the
sway of time: other odds there was none amongst them, saving
only that some fell sooner away, and some later from the sound­
ness of belief. Hooker.
Lesly is misled in his politicks; but he hath given proof of
his soundness in religion. Swift.
3. Strength; solidity.
This presupposed, it may stand then very well with strength
and soundness of reason, even thus to answer. Hooker.

SOUP. n. s. [soupe, French.] Strong decoction of flesh for
the table.
Spongy morells in strong ragousts are found,
And in the soup the slimy snail is drown'd. Gay's Trivia.
Let the cook daub the back of the footman's new livery, or,
when he is going up with a dish of soup, let her follow him
softly with a ladle-full. Swift.

SOUR. n. s. [sur, surig, Saxon; sur, Welsh.]
1. Acid; austere; pungent on the palate with astringency, as
vinegar, or unripe fruit.
All sour things, as vinegar, provoke appetite. Bacon.
Their drink is sour. Hos. iv. 18.
But let the bounds of licences be fix'd,
Not things of disagreeing natures mix'd,
Not sweet with sour, nor birds with serpents join'd. Dryden.
2. Harsh of temper; crabbed; peevish; morose; severe.
He was a scholar,
Lofty and sour to them that lov'd him not. Shakes. H VIII.
A man of pleasant and popular conversation, rather free than
sour and reserved. Wotton's Life of the Duke of Buckingham.
Tiberius, otherwise a very sour man, would punctually per­
form this rite unto others, and expect the same. Brown.
He said a sour thing to Laura the other day. Tatler.
Sullen and sour, with discontented mien
Jocasta frown'd. Pope.
3. Afflictive; painful.
Let me embrace these sour adversities;
For wise men say it is the wisest course. Shakesp. H. VI.
4. Expressing discontent.
The lord treasurer often looked on me with a sour counte­
nance. Gulliver's Travels.

SOUR. n. s. [from the adjective.] Acid substance.
A thousand sours to temper with one sweet,
To make it seem more dear and dainty. Spenser.

To SOUR. v. a.
1. To make acid.
His angelick nature had none of that carnal leven which
ferments to the souring of ours. Decay of Piety.
Thus kneaded up with milk, the new made man
His kingdom o'er his kindred world began;
'Till knowledge misapply'd, misunderstood,
And pride of empire, sour'd his balmy blood. Dryden.
One passion, with a different turn,
Makes wit inflame or anger burn:
So the sun's heat, with diff'rent pow'rs,
Ripens the grape, the liquor sours. Swift.
2. To make harsh.
Tufts of grass sour land. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. To make uneasy; to make less pleasing.
Hail, great king!
To sour your happiness, I must report
The queen is dead. Shakes. Cymbeline.
He brought envy, malice, and ambition into Paradise, which
soured to him the sweetness of the place. Dryden.
4. To make discontented.
Not my own disgrace
Hath ever made me sour my patient cheek,
Or bend one wrinkle on my sovereign's face. Shakespeare.


Three crabbed mouths had sour'd themselves to death,
Ere I could make thee open thy white hand. Shakespeare.

To SOUR. v. n.
1. To become acid.
Asses milk, when it sours in the stomach, and whey, turned
sour, will purge strongly. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To grow peevish or crabbed.
They keep out melancholy from the virtuous, and hinder
the hatred of vice from souring into severity. Addison.
If I turn my eyes from them, or seem displeased, they sour
upon it. Spectator.

SOURCE. n. s. [source, French.]
1. Spring; fountain; head.
Kings that rule
Behind the hidden sources of the Nile. Addison's Cato.
2. Original; first course.
This second source of men, while yet but few,
With some regard to what is just and right,
Shall lead their lives. Milton's Parad. Lost.
This is the true source and original of this mischief. South.
Of himself is none;
But that eternal Infinite, and One,
Who never did begin, who ne'er can end,
On him all beings, as their source, depend. Dryden.
3. First producer.
Famous Greece,
That source of art and cultivated thought,
Which they to Rome, and Romans hither brought. Waller.

SO’URISH. adj. [from sur.] Somewhat sour.
By distillation we obtain a sourish spirit, which will dissolve
coral. Boyle.

SO’URLY. adv. [from sour.]
1. With acidity.
2. With acrimony.
The stern Athenian prince
Then sourly smil'd. Dryden's Knight's Tale.

SO’URNESS. n. s. [from sour.]
1. Acidity; austereness of taste.
Sourness consisteth in some grossness of the body, and incor­
poration doth make the mixture of the body more equal,
which induceth a milder taste. Bacon's Natural History.
I' th' Spring, like youth, it yields an acid taste;
But Summer doth, like age, the sourness waste. Denham.
He knew
For fruit the grafted pear-tree to dispose,
And tame to plumbs the sourness of the sloes. Dryd. Virgil.
Of acid or sour one has a notion from taste, sourness being
one of those simple ideas which one cannot describe. Arbuthn.
Has life no sourness, drawn so near its end? Pope.
2. Asperity; harshness of temper.
Pelagius carped at the curious neatness of mens apparel in
those days, and, through the sourness of his disposition, spoke
somewhat too hardly thereof. Hooker.
He was never thought to be of that superstitious sourness,
which some men pretend to in religion. King Charles.
Her religion is equally free from the weakness of supersti­
tion and the sourness of enthusiasm: it is not of an uncom­
fortable melancholy nature. Addison's Freeholder.

SO’URSOP. n. s. [guanabanus, Latin.] Custard-apple.
It grows in several parts of the Spanish West-Indies, where
it is cultivated for its fruits. Miller.

SOUS. n. s. [sol, French.] A small denomination of money.

SOUSE. n. s. [sout, salt, Dutch.]
1. Pickle made of salt.
2. Any thing kept parboiled in salt-pickle.
And he that can rear up a pig in his house,
Hath cheaper his bacon, and sweeter his souse. Tusser.
All-saints, do lay for pork and souse,
For sprats and spurlings for your house. Tusser.

To SOUSE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To parboil, and steep in pickle.
Oyl, though it stink, they drop by drop impart;
But souse the cabbage with a bounteous heart. Pope.
2. To throw into water. A ludicrous sense.
They soused me into the Thames with as little remorse as
they drown blind puppies. Shakespeare.
Who those were that run away,
And yet gave out th' had won the day;
Although the rabble sous'd them for't,
O'er head and ears in mud and dirt. Butler.
They soused me over head and ears in water when a boy,
so that I am now one of the most case-hardened of the Iron­
sides. Addison's Guardian.

To SOUSE. v. n. [Of this word I know not the original.] To
fall as a bird on its prey.
Thus on some silver swan, or tim'rous hare,
Jove's bird comes sousing down from upper air;
Her crooked tallons truss the fearful prey,
Then out of sight she soars. Dryden's æn.
Jove's bird will souse upon the tim'rous hare,
And tender kids with his sharp talons tear. Dryden, jun.

To SOUSE. v. a. To strike with sudden violence, as a bird
strikes his prey.
The gallant monarch is in arms;
And like an eagle o'er his airy tow'rs,
To souse annoyance that comes near his nest. Shakespeare.

SOUSE. adv. With sudden violence. A low word.

SO’UTERRAIN. n. s. [souterrain, French.] A grotto or cavern
in the ground. Not English.
Defences against extremities of heat, as shade, grottoes,
or souterrains, are necessary preservatives of health. Arbuthnot.

SOUTH. n. s. [suth, Saxon; suyd, Dutch; sud, French.]
1. The part where the sun is to us at noon.
East and West have no certain points of heaven, but North
and South are fixed; and seldom the far southern people have
invaded the northern, but contrariwise. Bacon.
2. The southern regions of the globe.
The queen of the South. Bible.
From the North to call
Decrepit Winter, from the South to bring
Solstitial Summer's heat. Milton.
3. The wind that blows from the South.
All the contagion of the South light on you,
You shames of Rome, you! Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The North-east spends its rage, and now
Th' effusive South warms the wide air. Thomson's Spring.

SOUTH. adj. [from the noun.] Southern; meridional.
One inch of delay more is a south sea off discovery. Shakes.
How thy garments are warm, when he quieteth the earth
by the south wind. Job xxxvii. 17.
Mean while the south wind rose, and with black wings
Wide hovering, all the clouds together drove. Milton.

SOUTH. adv.
1. Towards the South.
His regiment lies half a mile
South from the mighty power of the king. Shak. R. III.
2. From the South.
Such fruits as you appoint for long keeping, gather in a fair
and dry day, and when the wind bloweth not south. Bacon.

SO’UTHING. adj. [from the noun.] Going towards the South.
I will conduct thee on thy way,
When next the southing sun inflames the day. Dryden.
Not far from hence, if I observ'd aright
The southing of the stars and polar light,
Sicilia lies. Dryden's æn.

SOUTHEA’ST. n. s. [South and East.] The point between the
East and South; the point of Winter sunrise.
The planting of trees warm upon a wall against the South,
or Southeast sun, doth hasten their ripening; and the Southeast
is found better than the Southwest. Bacon.
The three seas of Italy, the Inferiour towards the Southeast,
the Ionian towards the South, and the Adriatick on the North­
east side, were commanded by three different nations. Arbuth.

SO’UTHERLY. adj. [from South.]
1. Belonging to any of the points denominated from the South;
not absolutely southern.
2. Lying towards the South.
Unto such as live under the Pole that is only north which is
above them, that is only southerly which is below them. Brown.
Two other country bills give us a view of the most easterly,
westerly, and southerly parts of England. Graunt.
3. Coming from about the South.
I am but mad north, northwest: when the wind is southerly,
I know a hawk from a handsaw. Shakes. Hamlet.

SO’UTHERN. adj. [sutherne, Saxon; from South.]
1. Belonging to the South; meridional.
Why mourn I not for thee,
And with the southern clouds contend in tears? Shak. H. VI.
2. Lying towards the South.
3. Coming from the South.
Mens bodies are heavier when southern winds blow than
when northern. Bacon's Natural History.
Frowning Auster seeks the southern sphere,
And rots with endless rain th' unwholsome year. Dryden.

SO’UTHERNWOOD. n. s. [suthernwudu, Saxon; abrotanum, Lat.]
This plant agrees in most parts with the wormwood, from
which it is not easy to separate it. Miller.

SO’UTHMOST. adj. [from South.] Farthest toward the South.
Next Chemos, th' obscene dread of Moab's sons,
From Aroar to Nebo, and the wild
Of southmost Abarim. Milton.

SO’UTHSAY. n. s. [Properly soothsay.] Prediction.
All those were idle thoughts and fantasies,
Devices, dreams, opinions unsound,
Shews, visions, southsays, and prophecies,
And all that feigned is, as leasings, tales, and lies. Fa. Qu.

To SO’UTHSAY. v. n. [See SOOTHSAY.] To predict.
Young men, hovering between hope and fear, might easily
be carried into the superstition of southsaying by names. Camden.

SOUTHSAY’ER. n. s. [Properly soothsayer. See SOOTHSAYER.]
A predicter.

SO’UTHWARD. adv. [from South.] Towards the South.
Countries are more fruitful to the southward than in the
northern parts. Raleigh's History of the World.
A prisoner in a room twenty foot square, is at liberty to
walk twenty foot southward, but not northward. Locke.


Every life, from the dreary months,
Flies conscious southward. Thomson's Winter.

SOUTHWE’ST. n. s. [South and West.] Point between the South
and West; Winter sun-set.
Phenice is an haven of Crete, and lieth toward the South­
west. Acts xxvii. 12.
The planting of trees warm upon a wall against the South,
or Southeast sun, doth hasten their coming on and ripening;
and the Southeast is found to be better than the Southwest, tho'
the Southwest be the hotter coast. Bacon's Natural History.

SO’UVENANCE. n. s. [French.] Remembrance; memory.
A French word which with many more is now happily disused.
If thou wilt renounce thy miscreance,
Life will I grant thee for thy valiance,
And all thy wrongs will wipe out of my souvenance. Spens.
Gave wond'rous great countenance to the knight,
That of his way he had no souvenance,
Nor care of vow'd revenge. Spenser.
SOW

SOW. n. s. [sugn, Saxon; soeg, souwe, Dutch]
1. A female pig; the female of a boar.
Boars have great fangs, sows much less. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
A sow beneath an oak shall lye along,
And white herself, and white her thirty young. Dryden.
For which they scorn and hate them worse
Than dogs and cats do sow gelders. Hudibras.
The sow gelder's horn has something musical in it, but this
is seldom heard. Addison's Spectator.
2. Perhaps from sow might come swine, swina, Saxon.
And was't thou fain
To hovel thee with swine, and rogues forlorn,
In short and musty straw? Shakesp. King Lear.
3. An oblong mass of lead. Ainsworth.
4. An insect; a millepede. Ainsworth.

SO’WBREAD. n. s. [cyclamen, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a thick round fleshy root: the flowers arise singly
upon pedicles from the root, which consist of one leaf, divided
into five or six segments, which are reflexed almost to the bot­
tom, where they are divided: the pointal of the flower be­
comes a round membranaceous fruit, which contains roundish
seeds. Miller.

To SOW. v. n. [saian, Gothick; sawan, Saxon; saeyen,
Dutch.] To scatter seed in order to a harvest.
The one belongeth unto them that seek, the other unto them
that have found happiness: they that pray do but yet sow, they
that give thanks declare they have reaped. Hooker.
The vintage shall reach unto the sowing time. Leu. xxvi. 5.
They that sow in tears, shall reap in joy. Ps. cxxvi. 5.
He that soweth to his flesh, shall reap corruption; but he
that soweth to the spirit, shall reap life everlasting. Gal. vi. 8.
Sow to yourselves in righteousness, and reap in mercy. Hos.

To SOW. v. a. part. pass. sown.
1. To scatter in the ground in order to growth; to propagate by
seed.
Like was not to be found,
Save in that soil where all good things did grow,
And freely sprung out of the fruitful ground
As incorrupted nature did them sow. Fairy Queen.
From Ireland come I with my strength,
And reap the harvest which that rascal sow'd. Shakes. H. VI.
I sow my law in you, and it shall bring fruit in you. 2 Esdr.
Many plants, which grow in the hotter countries, being set
in the colder, will, being sown of seeds late in the Spring,
come up and abide most part of the Summer. Bacon.
The intellectual faculty is a goodly field, capable of great
improvement; and it is the worst husbandry in the world to
sow it with trifles or impertinencies. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
When to turn
The fruitful soil, and when to sow the corn,
I sing, Mecænas. Dryden's Georg.
The proud mother views her precious brood,
And happier branches, which she never sow'd. Dryden.
2. To spread; to propagate.
Frowardness is in his heart: he deviseth mischief continual­
ly, he soweth discord. Prov. vi. 14.
To sow a jangling noise of words unknown. Milton.
Since then they stand secur'd by being join'd:
It were worthy a king's head, to sow division,
And seeds of jealousy, to loose those bonds. Rowe.
Born to afflict my Marcia's family,
And sow dissention in the hearts of brothers. Addis. Cato.
3. To impregnate or stock with seed.
He shall give the rain of thy seed, that thou shalt sow the
ground withal. Is. xxx. 23.
4. To besprinkle.
He sow'd with stars the heav'n thick as a field. Milton.
Morn new sow'd the earth with orient pearl. Milton.

To SOW. v. a. For sew.
Some tree, whose broad smooth leaves together sow'd,
And girded on, may cover round. Milton.

To SOWCE. v. a. To throw into the water. See SOUSE.
He sowced me up to the middle in the pond. L'Estrange.

SO’WER. n. s. [from sow.]
1. He that sprinkles the seed.
A sower went forth to sow. Mat. xiii. 3.
It is thrown round, as grain by a skilful sower. Derham.
2. A scatterer.
Terming Paul and his doctrine a sower of words, a very bab­
bler or trifler. Hakewill on Providence.
3. A breeder; a promoter.
They are sowers of suits, which make the court swell, and
the country pine. Bacon.

SO’WINS. n. s. Flummery, somewhat sour'd and made of oatmeal.
These sowins, that is, flummery, being blended together,
produce good yeast. Mortimer's Husbandry.
See where Norah with the sowins comes. Swift.

To SOWL. v. a. [from sow, as hogs are pulled by dogs, Skinner;
from sole, a strap, a rein, Kennet.] To pull by the ears.
He'll go and sowl the porter of Rome-gates by th' ears. Shak.

SOWN. The participle of sow. It is barbarously used by Swift
for sewed.
An hundred and fifty of their beds, sown together, made up
the breadth and length. Gulliver.

SO’WTHISTLE. n. s. A weed.
Sowthistles though coneys eat, yet sheep and cattle will not
touch; the milk of which rubbed on warts weareth them
away, which sheweth it is corrosive. Bacon.
SPA

SPAAD. n. s. A kind of mineral.
English talc, of which the coarser sort is called plaister or
parget; the finer, spaad, earth-flax, or salamander's hair.
Woodward's Met. Foss.

SPACE. n. s. [spatium, Latin.]
1. Room; local extension.
Space is the relation of distance between any two bodies or
points. Locke.
Oh, undistinguish'd space of woman's wit!
A plot upon her virtuous husband's life,
And the exchange my brother. Shak. King Lear.
This which yields or fills all space. Milton.
Pure space is capable neither of resistance nor motion. Locke.
Space and motion can never be actually infinite: they have
a power only and a capacity of being increased without end;
so that no space can be assigned so vast, but still a larger may
be imagined; no motion so swift or languid, but a greater ve­
locity or slowness may still be conceived. Bentley.
2. Any quantity of place.
I would not be the villain that thou think'st
For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp,
And the rich East to boot. Shakes. Macbeth.
There was but two ways to escape; the one through the
woods about ten miles space to Walpo. Knolles.
In such a great ruin, where the fragments are great and
hard, it is not possible they should be so adjusted in their fall,
but that they would lie hollow, and many unfilled spaces would
be intercepted amongst them. Burnet.
Measuring first with careful eyes
The space his spear could reach, aloud he cries. Dryden.
3. Quantity of time.
Nine times the space that measures day and night
To mortal men, he with his horrid crew
Lay vanquish'd, rolling in the fiery gulph,
Confounded, though immortal. Milton.
In a lever the motion can be continued only for so short a
space, as may be answerable to that little distance betwixt the
fulciment and the weight. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
God may defer his judgments for a time, and give a people
a longer space of repentance: he may stay 'till the iniquities of
a nation be full; but sooner or later they have reason to expect
his vengeance. Tillotson's Sermons.
The lives of great men cannot be writ with any tolerable
degree of elegance or exactness, within a short space after their
decease. Addison's Freeholder.
4. A small time; a while.
Sith for me ye fight, to me this grace
Both yield, to stay your deadly strife a space. Fairy Queen.
Compassion quell'd
His best of man, and gave him up to tears
A space, 'till firmer thoughts restrain'd excess. Milton.

SPA’CIOUS. adj. [spacieux, Fr. spatiosus, Latin.] Wide;
extensive; roomy; not narrow.
The former buildings, which were but mean, contented
them not: spacious and ample churches they erected through­
out every city. Hooker.
Convey your pleasures in a spacious plenty;
And yet seem cold. Shakes.
Merab with spacious beauty fills the sight,
But too much awe chastis'd the bold delight. Cowley.
Like an English gen'ral will I die,
And all the ocean make my spacious grave:
Women and cowards on the land may lie;
The sea's a tomb that's proper for the brave. Dryden.

SPA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from spacious.] Roominess; wide ex­
tension.



SPA’DDLE. n. s. [Diminutive of spade.] A little spade.
Others destroy moles with a spaddle, waiting in the morn­
ings and evenings for them. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SPADE. n. s. [spad, Saxon; spade, Islandick and Dutch.]
1. The instrument of digging.
Take the air of the earth new turned up, by digging with
the spade, or standing by him that diggeth. Bacon.
Many learned men affirm, that some isthmes have been eat
through by the sea, and others cut by the spade. Brown.
His next advance was to the soldier's trade,
Where if he did not nimbly ply the spade,
His surly officer ne'er fail'd to crack
His knotty cudgel on his tougher back. Dryden.
Here nature never diff'rence made
Between the sceptre and the spade. Swift.
2. A deer three years old. Ainsworth.
3. A suit of cards.

SPA’DICEOUS. adj. [spadiceus, Latin.]
Of those five Scaliger beheld, though one was spadiceous, or
of a light red, and two inclining to red, yet was there not
any of this complexion among them. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SPADI’LLE. n. s. [spadille, or espadille, French.] The ace of
spades at ombre.

SPAGY’RICK. adj. [spagyricus, Lat. A word coined by Para­
celsus from spaher, a fearcher, Teutonick.] Chymical.

SPA’GYRIST. n. s. A chymist.
This change is so unexampled, that though among the more
curious spagyrists it be very well known, yet many naturalists
cannot easily believe it. Boyle.

SPAKE. The old preterite of speak.
So spake the archangel Michael, then paus'd. Milton.

SPALL. n. s. [espaule, French.] Shoulder. Out of use.
Their mighty strokes their haberions dismay'd,
And naked made each others manly spalles. Fairfax.

SPALT, or Spelt. n. s. A white, scaly, shining stone, frequently
used to promote the fusion of metals. Bailey.

SPAN. n. s. [span, sponne, Saxon; spanna, Ital. span, Dutch.]
1. The space from the end of the thumb to the end of the little
finger extended.
A foot, the length of it, is a sixth part of the statute; a
span, one eight; a palm, or hand's breadth, one twenty-fourth;
a thumb's breadth, or inch, one seventy-second; and a fore­
finger's breadth one ninety-sixth. Holder on Time.
Will you with counters sum
The vast proportion of his infinite?
And buckle in a waste most fathomless,
With spans and inches so diminutive
As fears and reasons? Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Sum how brief the life of man
Runs his erring pilgrimage,
That the stretching of a span
Buckles in his sum of age. Shakespeare.
When I removed the one, although but at the distance of
a span, the other would stand like Hercules's pillar. Brown.
2. Any short duration.
You have scarce time
To steal from spiritual leisure a brief span,
To keep your earthly audit. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
The virgin's part, the mother and the wife,
So well she acted in this span of life. Waller.
Then conscience, unrestrain'd by fears, began
To stretch her limits, and extend the span. Dryden.
Life's but a span, I'll ev'ry inch enjoy. Farqhuar.

To SPAN. v. a.
1. To measure by the hand extended.
Oft on the well-known spot I fix my eyes,
And span the distance that between us lies. Tickell.
2. To measure.
My surveyor is false; the o'er great cardinal
Hath shew'd him gold; my life is spann'd already. Shakesp.
This soul doth span the world, and hang content
From either pole unto the centre;
Where in each room of the well-furnish'd tent
He lies warm, and without adventure. Herbert.
Harry, whose tuneful and well-measur'd song
First taught our English musick how to span
Words with just note and accent, not to scan
With Midas' ears, counting short and long. Milton.

SPAN. The preterite of spin. See SPIN.
Together furiously they ran,
That to the ground came horse and man;
The blood out of their helmets span,
So sharp were their encounters. Drayton's Nymphid.

SPA’NCOUNTER. n. s. [from span, counter and farthing.] A
play at which money is thrown within a
span or mark.
SPA’NFARTHING. n. s. [from span, counter and farthing.] A
play at which money is thrown within a
span or mark.
Tell the king, that for his father's sake, Henry V. in whose
time boys went to spancounter for French crowns, I am content
he shall reign. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Boys shall not play
At spancounter or blowpoint, but shall pay
Toll to some courtier. Donne.
His chief solace is to steal down, and play at spanfarthing
with the page. Swift.

SPANG. n. s. [spange, Dutch.] This word seems to have sig­
nified a cluster of shining bodies.
The colours that shew best by candlelight are white, carna­
tion, and a kind of sea-water green; and ouches or spangs,
as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory. Bacon.

SPA’NGLE. n. s. [spange, German, a buckle, a locket: whence
oher spangen, ear-rings.]
1. A small plate or boss of shining metal.
2. Any thing sparkling and shining.
As hoary frost with spangles doth attire
The mossy branches of an oak half dead. Fairy Queen.
Thus in a starry night fond children cry
For the rich spangles that adorn the sky. Waller.
The twinkling spangles, the ornaments of the upper world,
lose their beauty and magnificence: vulgar spectators see them
but as a confused huddle of petty illuminants. Glanvil.
That now the dew with spangles deck'd the ground,
A sweeter spot of earth was never found. Dryden.

To SPA’NGLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To besprinkle with
spangles or shining bodies.
They never meet in grove or green,
By fountain clear, or spangled starlight sheen. Shakespeare.
What stars do spangle heaven with such beauty,
As those two eyes become that heavenly face. Shakespeare.
Unpin that spangled breastplate which you wear,
That th' eyes of busy fools may be stopt there. Donne.
Four faces each
Had, like a double Janus; all their shape
Spangled with eyes, more numerous than those
Of Argus. Milton's Par. Lost.
Then appear'd
Spangling the hemisphere, then first adorn'd
With the bright luminaries, that set and rose. Milton.
The spacious firmament on high,
With all the blue etherial sky,
And spangl'd heav'ns, a shining frame,
Their great Original proclaim. Addison's Spectator.

SPA’NIEL. n. s. [hispaniolus, Latin; espagneul, French.]
1. A dog used for sports in the field, remarkoble for sagacity and
obedience.
Divers days I followed his steps 'till I found him, having
newly met with an excellent spaniel belonging to his dead
companion. Sidney.
There are arts to reclaim the wildest men, as there are to
make spaniels fetch and carry: chide 'em often, and feed 'em
seldom. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. A low, mean, sneaking fellow; a courtier; a dedicator; a
pensioner; a dependant; a placeman.
I mean sweet words,
Low crooked curtesies, and base spaniel fawning. Shakesp.
I am your spaniel; and, Demetrius,
The more you beat me I will fawn on you. Shakespeare.

To SPA’NIEL. v. n. [from the noun.] To fawn on; to play
the spaniel.
The hearts
That spaniel'd me at heels, to whom I gave
Their wishes, do discandy and melt their sweets
On blossoming Cæsar. Shakespeare.

SPANISH Broom. n. s. [genista juncea, Lat.] A plant so called,
as being a native of Spain: it hath pliant branches, leaves placed
alternately, flowers of the pea-bloom kind, succeeded by
smooth pods, containing several kidney-shaped seeds in each.
Miller.

SPANISH Nut. n. s. [sisyrinchium, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a flower resembling the iris, from whence it differs
in having a double root, one lying over another, after the
same manner as those of crocus and gladiolus. Miller.

SPA’NKER. n. s. A small coin.
Your cure too costs you but a spanker. Denham.

SPA’NNER. n. s. The lock of a fusee or carabine. Bailey.
My prince's court is now full of nothing but buff-coats,
spanners, and musket-rests. Howel.

SPAR. n. s.
1. Marcasite.
Spar is a mixed body, consisting of crystal incorporated
sometimes with lac lunæ, and sometimes with other mineral,
stony, earthy, or metallick matter. Woodward.
Some stones, as spar of lead, dissolved in proper men­
struums, become salts. Newton's Opt.
2. [Sparre, Dutch.] A small beam; the bar of a gate.

To SPAR. v. n. To fight with prelusive strokes.

To SPAR. v. a. [sparran, Saxon; sperren, German.] To
shut; to close; to bar.
And if he chance come when I am abroad,
Sparre the yate fast for fear of fraud;
Ne for all his worst, nor for his best,
Open the door at his request. Spenser's Pastorals.
Six gates i' th' city with massy staples,
And corresponsive and fulfilling bolts,
Spar up the sons of Troy. Shakespeare.


Yet for she yode thereat half agast,
And Kiddie the door sparred after her fast. Spenser.

SPA’RABLE. n. s. [sparran, Saxon, to fasten.] Small nails.

SPA’RADRAP. n. s. [In pharmacy.] A cerecloth.
With application of the common sparadrap for issues, this
ulcer was by a fontanel kept open. Wiseman's Surgery.

To SPARE. v. a. [sparan, Saxon; spaeren, Dutch; espargne,
French.]
1. To use frugally; not to waste; not to consume.
Thou thy father's thunder didst not spare. Milton.
2. To have unemployed; to save from any particular use.
All the time he could spare from the necessary cares of his
weighty charge he bestowed on prayer, and serving of God:
he oftentimes spent the night alone in church-praying, his
head-piece, gorget, and gauntlets lying by him. Knolles.
He had no bread to spare. L'Estrange.
Only the foolish virgins entertained this foolish conceit, that
there might be an overplus of grace sufficient to supply their
want; but the wise knew not of any that they had to spare,
but supposed all that they had little enough. Tillotson.
Let a pamphlet come in a proper juncture, and every one
who can spare a shilling shall be a subscriber. Swift.
3. To do without; to loss willingly.
I could have better spar'd a better man. Shak. Hen. IV.
For his mind, I do not care,
That's a toy that I could spare;
Let his title be but great,
His clothes rich, and band sit neat. Ben. Johnson.
Sense of pleasure we may well
Spare out of life perhaps, and not repine;
But pain is perfect misery. Milton.
Now she might spare the ocean, and oppose
Your conduct to the fiercest of her foes. Waller.
The fair blessing we vouchsafe to send;
Nor can we spare you long, tho' often we may lend. Dryd.
4. To omit; to forbear.
We might have spar'd our coming. Milton.
Be pleas'd your politicks to spare;
I'm old enough, and can myself take care. Dryden.
5. To use tenderly; to forbear; to treat with pity; not to
afflict; not to destroy; to use with mercy.
Spare us, good Lord. Common Prayer.
Who will set the discipline of wisdom over mine heart,
that they spare me not for my ignorances? Ecclus xxiii. 2.
Doth not each look a flash of lightning feel!
Which spares the body's sheath, but melts the steel. Cleavel.
Dim sadness did not spare
Celestial visages. Milton.
Less pleasure take brave minds in battles won
Than in restoring such as are undone:
Tygers have courage, and the rugged bear;
But man alone can whom he conquers spare. Waller.
Spare me one hour! O spare me but a moment. Irene.
6. To grant; to allow; to indulge.
Set me in the remotest place,
That Neptune's frozen arms embrace;
Where angry Jove did never spare
One breath of kind and temperate air. Roscommon.
7. To forbear to inflict or impose.
Spare my remembrance; 'twas a guilty day;
And still the blush hangs here. Dryd. All for Love.
O spare this great, this good, this aged king,
And spare your soul the crime! Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Spare my sight the pain
Of seeing what a world of tears it costs you. Dryden.

To SPARE. v. n.
1. To live frugally; to be parcimonious; to be not liberal.
H' has wherewithal: in him
Sparing would show a worse sin than ill doctrine. Shakesp.
Those wants, which they rather feared than felt, would
well enough be overcome by sparing and patience. Knolles.
Our labours late and early every morning,
Midst Winter frosts, then clad and fed with sparing,
Rise to our toils. Otway.
God has not been so sparing to men to make them barely
two-legged creatures, and left it to Aristotle to make them
rational. Locke.
When they discover the passionate desire of fame in the am­
bitious man, they become sparing and saving in their commen­
dations; they envy him the satisfaction of an applause. Addis.
Now a reservoir to keep and spare,
The next a fountain spouting through his heir. Pope.
No statute in his favour says
How free or frugal I shall pass my days;
Who at some times spend, at others spare,
Divided between carelessness and care. Pope.
2. To forbear; to be scrupulous.
His soldiers spared not to say that they should be unkindly
dealt with, if they were defrauded of the spoil. Knolles.
In these relations, although he be more sparing, his prede­
cessors were very numerous. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
To pluck and eat my fill I spar'd not. Milton.
3. To use mercy; to forgive; to be tender.
Their king, out of a princely feeling, was sparing and com­
passionate towards his subjects. Bacon.

SPARE. adj.
1. Scanty; not abundant; parcimonious.
He was spare, but discreet of speech; better conceiving than
delivering; equally stout and kind Carew's Surv. of Cornwal.
Men ought to beware, that they use not exercise and a spare
diet both. Bacon's Natural History.
Join with thee calm peace and quiet;
Spare fast, that oft with gods doth diet. Milton.
The masters of the world were bred up with spare diet;
and the young gentlemen of Rome felt no want of strength,
because they ate but once a day. Locke.
2. Superfluous; unwanted.
If that no spare cloths he had to give,
His own coat he would cut, and it distribute glad. F. Q.
As any of our sick waxed well, he might be removed; for
which purpose there were set forth ten spare chambers. Bacon.
Learning seems more adapted to the female world than to
the male, because they have more spare time upon their hands,
and lead a more sedentary life. Addison's Spectator.
In my spare hours you've had your part;
Ev'n now my servile hand your sovereign will obeys. Norr.
3. Lean; wanting flesh; macilent.
O give me your spare men, and spare me the great ones. Sh.
If my name were liable to fear,
I do not know the man I should avoid
So soon as that spare Cassius. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare,
His arms clung to his ribs. Milton's Parad. Lost.

SPARE. n. s. [from the verb.] Parcimony; frugal use; husbandry.
Not in use.
Our victuals failed us, though we had made good spare of
them. Bacon.

SPA’RER. n. s. [from spare.] One who avoids expence.
By nature far from profusion, and yet a greater sparer than
a saver; for though he had such means to accumulate, yet his
forts, garrisons, and his feastings, wherein he was only sump­
tuous, could not but foak his Exchequer. Wotton.

SPA’RERIB. n. s. [spare and rib.] Some part cut off from the
ribs: as, a sparerib of pork.

SPARGEFA’CTION. n. s. [spargo, Lat.] The act of sprinkling.

SPA’RING. adj. [from spare.]
1. Scarce; little.
Of this there is with you sparing memory or none; but we
have large knowledge thereof. Bacon.
2. Scanty; not plentiful.
If much exercise, then use a plentiful diet; and if sparing
diet, then little exercise. Bacon.
Good air, solitary groves, and sparing diet, sufficient to
make you fancy yourself one of the fathers of the desert. Pope.
3. Parcimonious; not liberal.
Virgil being so very sparing of his words, and leaving so
much to be imagined by the reader, can never be translated as
he ought in any modern tongue. Dryden.
Though sparing of his grace, to mischief bent,
He seldom does a good with good intent. Dryden.

SPA’RINGLY. adv. [from sparing.]
1. Not abundantly.
Give us leave freely to render what we have in charge;
Or shall we sparingly shew you far off
The dauphin's meaning? Shakesp. Henry V.
The borders whereon you plant fruit-trees should be large,
and set with fine flowers; but thin and sparingly, lest they de­
ceive the trees. Bacon's Essays.
2. Frugally; parcimoniously; not lavishly.
Speech of touch towards others should be sparingly used;
for discourse ought to be as a field, without coming home to
any man. Bacon's Essays.
High titles of honour were in the king's minority sparingly
granted, because dignity then waited on desert. Hayward.
Commend but sparingly whom thou do'st love;
But less condemn whom thou do'st not approve. Denham.
The morality of a grave sentence, affected by Lucan, is
more sparingly rised by Virgil. Dryden.
3. With abstinence.
Christians are obliged to taste even the innocent pleasures of
life but sparingly. Atterbury.
4. Not with great frequency.
Our sacraments, which had been frequented with so much
zeal, were approached more sparingly. Atterbury's Sermons.
5. Cautiously; tenderly.

SPARK. n. s. [spearca, Saxon; sparke, Dutch.]
1. A small particle of fire, or kindled matter.
If any marvel how a thing, in itself so weak, could import
any great danger, they must consider not so much how small
the spark is that flieth up, as how apt things about it are to take
fire. Hooker.
I am about to weep; but thinking that
We are a queen, my drops of tears I'll turn
To sparks of fire. Shakespeare.


I was not forgetful of the sparks which some mens distem­
pers formerly studied to kindle in parliaments. K. Charles.
In this deep quiet, from what source unknown,
Those seeds of fire that fatal birth disclose:
And first, few scatt'ring sparks about were blown,
Big with the flames that to our ruin rose. Dryden.
Oh, may some spark of your celestial fire
The last, the meanest of your sons inspire. Pope.
2. Any thing shining.
We have, here and there, a little clear light, some sparks
of bright knowledge. Locke.
3. Any thing vivid or active.
If any spark of life be yet remaining,
Down, down to hell, and say, I sent thee thither. Shakesp.
4. A lively, showy, splendid, gay man. It is commonly used
ontempt.
How many huffing sparks have we seen, that in the same
day have been both the idols and the scorn of the same slaves?
L'Estrange.
A spark like thee, of the mankilling trade
Fell sick. Dryden.
As for the disputes of sharpers, we don't read of any pro­
visions made for the honours of such sparks. Collier.
The finest sparks, and cleanest beaux
Drip from the shoulders to the toes. Prior.
I who have been the poet's spark to day,
Will now become the champion of his play. Granville.
Unlucky as Fungoso in the play,
These sparks with aukward vanity display
What the fine gentlemen wore yesterday. Pope.

To SPARK. v. n. [from the noun.] To emit particles of fire;
to sparkle. Not in use.
Fair is my love,
When the rose in her cheek appears,
Or in her eyes the fire of love doth spark. Spenser.

SPA’RKFUL. adj. [spark and full.] Lively; brisk; airy.
Hitherto will our sparkful youth laugh at their great grand­
father's English, who had more care to do well than to speak
minion-like. Camden's Remains.

SPA’RKISH. adj. [from spark.]
1. Airy; gay. A low word.
Is any thing more sparkish and better humour'd than Venus's
accosting her son in the desarts of Libya? Walsh.
2. Showy; well dressed; fine.
A daw, to be sparkish, trick'd himself up with all the gay
feathers he could muster. L'Estrange.

SPA’RKLE n. s. [from spark.]
1. A spark; a small particle of fire.
He with repeated strokes
Of clashing flints, their hidden fires provokes;
Short flame succeeds, a bed of wither'd leaves
The dying sparkles in their fall receives:
Caught into life, in fiery fumes they rise,
And, fed with stronger food, invade the skies. Dryden.
2. Any luminous particle.
To detract from the dignity thereof, were to injure ev'n
God himself, who being that light which none can approach
unto, hath sent out these lights whereof we are capable, even
as so many sparkles resembling the bright fountain from which
they rise. Hooker.
When reason's lamp, which, like the sun in sky,
Throughout man's little world her beams did spread,
Is now become a sparkle which doth lie
Under the ashes, half extinct and dead. Davies.
Ah then! thy once lov'd Eloisa see!
It will be then no crime to gaze on me.
See from my cheek the transient roses die,
See the last sparkle languish in my eye. Pope.

To SPA’RKLE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To emit sparks.
2. To issue in sparks.
The bold design
Pleas'd highly those infernal states, and joy
Sparkled in all their eyes. Milton.
3. To shine; to glitter.
A hair seen in a microscope loses its former colour, and is
in a great measure pellucid, with a mixture of some bright
sparkling colours, such as appear from the refraction of dia­
monds. Locke.
Politulus is a fine young gentleman, who sparkles in all
the shining things of dress and equipage. Watts.

SPA’RKLINGLY. adv. [from sparkling.] With vivid and twink­
ling lustre.
Diamonds sometimes would look more sparklingly than they
were wont, and sometimes far more dull than ordinary. Boyle.

SPA’RKLINGNESS. n. s. [from sparkling.] Vivid and twinkling
lustre.
I have observed a manifestly greater clearness and spark­
lingness at some times than at others, though I could not re­
fer it to the superficial clearness or foulness of the stone. Boyle.

SPA’RROW. n. s. [spearwa, Saxon.] A small bird.
Dismay'd not this
Macbeth and Banquo? Yes,
As sparrows, eagles; or the hare, the lion. Shakespeare.
There is great probability that a thousand sparrows will fly
away at the sight of a hawk among them. Watts.

SPA’RROWHAWK, or sparhawk. n. s. [spearhafoc, Saxon.]
The female of the musket hawk. Hanmer.

SPA’RROWGRASS. n. s. [Corrupted from asparagus]
Your infant pease to sparrowgrass prefer,
Which to the supper you may best defer. King.

SPA’RRY. adj. [from spar.] Consisting of spar.
In which manner spar is usually found herein, and other
minerals; or such as are of some observable figure; of which
sort are the sparry striæ, or icicles called stalactitæ. Woodw.

SPASM. n. s. [spasme, Fr. s?s?a.] Convulsion; violent
and involuntary contraction of any part.
All the maladies
Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms
Of heart sick agony. Milton.
Wounds are subject to pain, inflammation, spasm. Wiseman.
Carminative things dilute and relax; because wind occa­
sions a spasm or convulsion in some part. Arbuthnot.

SPA’SMODICK. adj. [spasmodique, Fr. from spasm.] Convulsive.

SPAT. The preterite of spit.
And when he had spat on the ground, he anointed his eyes.
Gospel.

SPAT. n. s. The young shell-fish
A reticulated film found upon sea-shells, and usually sup­
posed to be the remains of the vesicles of the spat of some sort
of shell-fish. Woodward on Fossils.

To SPA’TIATE. v. n. [spatior, Latin.] To rove; to range;
to ramble at large.
Wonder causeth astonishment, or an immoveable posture
of the body, caused by the fixing of the mind upon one cogi­
tation, whereby it doth not spatiate and transcur. Bacon.
Confined to a narrow chamber, he could Spatiate at large
through the whole universe. Bentley.

To SPA’TTER. v. a. [spat, spit, Saxon.]
1. To sprinkle with dirt, or any thing offensive.
The pavement swam in blood, the walls around
Were spatter'd o'er with brains. Addison.
2. To throw out any thing offensive.
His forward voice now is to speak well of his friend; his
backward voice is to spatter foul speeches, and to detract. Shak.
3. To asperse; to defame.

To SPA’TTER. v. n. To spit; to spatter as at any thing nau­
seous taken into the mouth.
They fondly thinking to allay
Their appetite with gust, instead of fruit
Chew'd bitter ashes, which th' offended taste
With spattering noise rejected. Milton.

SPATTERDASHES. n. s. [spatter and dash.] Coverings for the
legs by which the wet is kept off.

SPA’TTLING Poppy. n. s. White behen. A plant which is a
species of campion. Miller.

SPA’TULA. n. s. [spatha, Spathula, Latin.] A spattle or slice.
Spatula is an instrument used by apothecaries and surgeons
in spreading plaisters or stirring medicines together. Quincy.
In raising up the hairy scalp smooth with my spatula, I could
discover no fault in the bone. Wiseman's Surgery.

SPA’VIN. n. s. [espavent, Fr. spavano, Italian.] his disease
in horses is a bony excrescence or crustas hard as a bone,
that grows on the inside of the hough, not far from the elbow,
and is generated of the same matter by which the bones or li­
gaments are nourished: it is at first like a tender gristle, but
by degrees comes to hardness. Farrier's Dict.
They've all new legs and lame ones; one would take it,
That never saw them pace before, the spavin,
And springhalt reign'd among them. Shakespeare.
If it had been a spavin, and the ass had petitioned for an­
other farrier, it might have been reasonable. L'Estrange.

SPAW. n. s. [from Spaw in Germany.] A place famous for
mineral waters; any mineral water.

To SPAWL. v. n. [spœtlian, to spit, Saxon.] To throw moi­
sture out of the mouth.
He who does on iv'ry tables dine,
His marble floors with drunken spawlings shine. Dryden.
What mischief can the dean have done him,
That Traulus calls for vengeance on him?
Why must he sputter, spawl, and slaver it,
In vain against the people's fav'rite. Swift.

SPAWL. n. s. spatl, Saxon.] Spittle; moisture ejected from
the mouth.
Of spittle she lustration makes;
Then in the spawl her middle finger dips,
Anoints the temple, forehead, and the lips. Dryden.

SPAWN. n. s. [spene, spenne, Dutch.]
1. The eggs of fish, or of frogs.
Masters of the people,
Your multiplying spawn how can he flatter
That's thousand to one good one? Shakespeare's Coriolanus.


God said, let the waters generate
Reptile, with spawn abundant, living soul! Milton.
These ponds, in spawning time abounded with frogs, and
a great deal of spawn. Ray on the Creation.
2. Any product or offspring. In contempt.
'Twas not the spawn of such as these
That dy'd with Punick blood the conquer'd seas,
And quasht the stern æacides. Roscommon.
This atheistical humour was the spawn of the gross supersti­
tions of the Romish church and count. Tillotson.

To SPAWN. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To produce as fishes do eggs.
Some report a sea-maid spawn'd him. Shakespeare.
2. To generate; to bring forth. In contempt.
What practices such principles as these may spawn, when
they are laid out to the sun, you may determine. Swift.

To SPAWN. v. n.
1. To issue as eggs from fish.
2. To issue; to proceed. In contempt.
It is so ill a quality, and the mother of so many ill ones that
spawn from it, that a child should be brought up in the greatest
abhorrence of it. Locke.

SPAW’NER. n. s. [from spawn.] The female fish.
The barbel, for the preservation of their seed, both the
spawner and the melter cover their spawn with sand. Walton.

To SPAY. v. a. [spado, Latin.] To castrate female animals.
Be dumb you beggars of the rythming trade,
Geld your loose wits, and let your muse be spay'd. Cleavel.
The males must be gelt, and the sows spay'd; the spay'd they
esteem as the most profitable, because of the great quantity of
fat upon the inwards. Mortimer's Husbandry.
SPE

To SPEAK. v. n. [Preterite, spake or spoke; participle passive,
spoken; specan, Saxon; spreken, Dutch.]
1. To utter articulate sounds; to express thoughts by words.
Speaking is nothing else than a sensible expression of the no­
tions of the mind, by several discriminations of utterance of
voice, used as signs, having by consent several determinate
significancies. Holder.
Hannah spake in her heart, only her lips moved, but her
voice was not heard. 1 Sam. i. 13.
2. To harangue; to make a speech.
Many of the nobility made themselves popular by speaking
in parliament, against those things which were most grateful
to his majesty, and which still passed notwithstanding their
contradiction. Clarendon.
Thersites, though the most presumptuous Greek,
Yet durst not for Achilles' armour speak. Dryden.
3. To talk for or against; to dispute
A knave should have some countenance at his friend's re­
quest. An honest man, sir, is able to speak for himself when
a knave is not. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
The general and his wife are talking of it;
And she speaks for you stoutly. Shakespeare's Othello.
When he had no power,
He was your enemy; still spake against
Your liberties and charters. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
4. To discourse; to make mention.
Were such things here as we do speak about?
Or have we eaten of the insane root,
That takes the reason prisoner. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Lot went out and spake unto his sons in law. Gen. xix. 14.
The fire you speak of,
If any flames of it approach my fortunes,
I'll quench it not with water, but with ruin. Ben. Johnson.
They could never be lost, but by an universal deluge which
has been spoken to already. Tillotson's Sermons.
Lucan speaks of a part of Cæsar's army that came to him,
from the Leman-lake, in the beginning of the civil war. Addis.
Had Luther spoke up to this accusation, yet Chrysostom's ex­
ample would have been his defence. Atterbury.
4. To give sound.
Make all your trumpets speak, give them all breath,
Those clam'rous harbingers of blood and death. Shakesp.
5. To SPEAK with. To address; to converse with.
Thou can'st not fear us, Pompey, with thy sails,
We'll speak with thee at sea. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
I spake with one that came from thence,
That freely render'd me these news for true. Shakespeare.
Nicholas was by a herald sent for to come into the great
bassa; Solyman disdaining to speak with him himself. Knotles.

To SPEAK. v. a.
1. To utter with the mouth; to pronounce.
Saul spake not any think that day. 1 Sam. xx. 26.
Mordecai had spoken good. Esth. vii. .
Consider of it, take advice, and speak your minds. Judges.
They sat down with him upon the ground, and none spake
a word. Job ii. 13.
When divers were hardened, and believed not, but spake evil
of that way before the multitude, he departed. Acts xix. 9.
You, from my youth,
Have known and try'd me, speak I more than truth? Sandys.
What you keep by you, you may change and mend,
But words once spoke can never be recall'd. Waller.
Under the tropick is our language spoke,
And part of Flanders hath receiv'd our yoke. Waller.
He no where speaks it out, or in direct terms calls them
substances. Locke.
Colours speak all languages, but words are understood only
by such a people or nation. Spectator.
2. To proclaim; to celebrate.
It is my father's musick
To speak your deeds, not little of his care
To have them recompensed. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
3. To address; to accost.
If he have need of thee, he will deceive thee, smile upon
thee, put thee in hope, speak thee fair, and say, what wantest
thou? Ecclus xiii. 6.
4. To exhibit.
Let heav'n's wide circuit speak
The Maker's high magnificence. Milton.

SPEA’KABLE. adj. [from speak.]
1. Possible to be spoken.
2. Having the power of speech.
Say,
How cam'st thou speakable of mute. Milton.

SPEA’KER. n. s. [from speak.]
1. One that speaks.
These fames grew so general, as the authors were lost in
the generality of speakers. Bacon's Henry VII.
In conversation or reading, find out the true sense, idea
which the speaker or writer affixes to his words. Watts's Logick.
Common speakers have only one set of ideas, and one set
of words to cloath them in; and these are always ready at the
mouth. Swift.
2. One that speaks in any particular manner.
Horace's phrase is torret jecur;
And happy was that curious speaker. Prior.
3. One that celebrates, proclaims, or mentions.
After my death, I wish no other herald,
No other speaker of my living actions
To keep mine honour from corruption. Shakespeare.
4. The prolocutor of the commons.
I have disabled myself like an elected speaker of the house. Dryd

SPEA’KING Trumpet. n.s. A stentorophonick instrument; a trum­
pet by which the voice may be propagated to a great distance.
That with one blast through the whole house does bound,
And first taught speaking trumpet how to sound. Dryden.

SPEAR. n s. [ys-per, Welsh; spere, Saxon; spere, Dutch; spare,
old French; sparum, low Lat.]
1. A long weapon with a sharp point, used in thrusting or throw­
ing; a lance.
Th' Egyptian, like a hill, himself did rear,
Like some tall tree; upon it seem'd a spear. Cowley.
Nor wanted in his grasp
What seem'd both shield and spear. Milton.
The flying spear
Sung innocent, and spent its force in air. Pope.
The rous'd up lion, resolute and slow,
Advances full on the protended spear. Thomson.
2. A lance generally with prongs, to kill fish.
The borderets watching, until they be past up into some nar­
row creek, below them, cast a strong corded net athwart the
stream, with which, and their loud shouting, they stop them
from retiring, until the ebb have abandoned them to the hunt­
er's mercy, who, by an old custom, share them with such in­
differency, as if a woman with child be present, the babe in
her womb is gratified with a portion: a point also observed
by the spear-hunters in taking of salmons. Carew.

To SPEAR. v. a. [from the noun.] To kill or pierce with a
spear.

To SPEAR. v. n. To shoot or sprout. This is commonly writ­
ten spire.
Let them not lie lest they should spear, and the air dry and
spoil the shoot. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SPEA’RGRASS. n. s. [spear and grass.] Long stiff grass.
Tickle our noses with speargrass to make them bleed; and
then beslubber our garments with it. Shakespeare's Henry IV.

SPEA’RMAN. n. s. [spear and man.] One who uses a lance in fight.
The spearman's arm by thee, great God, directed,
Sends forth a certain wound. Prior.

SPEA’RMINT. n. s. A plant; a species of mint.

SPEA’RWORT. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SPE’CIAL. adj. [special, Fr. specialis, Latin.]
1. Noting a sort or species.
A special idea is called by the schools a species. Watts.
2. Particular; peculiar.
Most commonly with a certain special grace of her own,
wagging her lips, and grinning instead of smiling. Sidney.
The several books of scripture having had each some seve­
ral occasion and particular purpose which caused them to be
written, the contents thereof are according to the exigence of
that special end whereunto they are intended. Hooker.


Of all men alive
I never yet beheld that special face,
Which I could fancy more than any other. Shakespeare.
Nought so vile that on the earth doth live,
But to the earth some special good doth give. Shakespeare.
Our Saviour is represented every where in scripture, as the
special patron of the poor and the afflicted, and as laying their
interests to heart more nearly than those of any other of his
members. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. Appropriate; designed for a particular purpose.
O Neal, upon his marriage with a daughter of Kildare,
was made denizen by a special act of parliament. Davies.
4. Extraordinary; uncommon.
That which necessity of some special time doth cause to be
enjoined, bindeth no longer than during that time, but doth
afterward become free. Hooker.
Though our charity should be universal, yet as it cannot
be actually exercised, but on particular times, so it should
be chiefly on special opportunities. Spratt's Sermons.
He bore
A paunch of the same bulk before;
Which still he had a special care
To keep well cramm'd with thrifty fare. Hudibras.
5. Chief in excellence.
The king hath drawn
The special head of all the land together. Shakes. Henry IV.

SPE’CIALLY. adv. [from special.]
1. Particularly above others.
Specially the day that thou stoodest before the Lord. Deutr.
A brother beloved, specially to me. Phil. xvi.
2. Not in a common way; peculiarly.
If there be matter of law that carries any difficulty, the jury
may, to deliver themselves from an attaint, find it specially.
Hale.

SPE’CIALTY. n. s. [specialité, French; from special.] Par­
ticularity.
SPECIA’LITY. n. s. [specialité, French; from special.] Par­
ticularity.
On these two general heads all other specialities are depen­
dent. Hooker.
The packet is not come,
Where that and other specialties are bound. Shakespeare.
Speciality of rule hath been neglected. Shakespeare.
When men were sure, that in case they rested upon a bare
contract without speciality, the other party might wage his law,
they would not rest upon such contracts without reducing the
debt into a speciality which accorded many suits. Hale.

SPE’CIES. n. s. [species, Latin.]
1. A sort; a subdivision of a general term.
A special idea is called by the schools a species; it is one
common nature that agrees to several singular individual be­
ings: so horse is a special idea or species as it agrees to Buce­
phalus, Trot, and Snowball. Watts.
2. Class of nature; single order of beings.
He intendeth only the care of the species or common natures,
but letteth loose the guard of individuals or single existencies.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
For we are animals no less,
Although of different species. Hudibras.
Thou nam'st a race which must proceed from me,
Yet my whole species in myself I see. Dryden.
A mind of superior or meaner capacities than human would
constitute a different species, though united to a human body
in the same laws of connexion: and a mind of human capa­
cities would make another species, if united to a different bo­
dy in different laws of connexion. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Appearance to the senses; any visible or sensible representa­
tion.
An apparent diversity between the species visible and audible
is, that the visible doth not mingle in the medium, but the
audible doth. Bacon.
It is a most certain rule, how much any body hath of co­
lour, so much hath it of opacity, and by so much the more
unfit it is to transmit the species. Ray on the Creation.
The species of the letters illuminated with blue were nearer
to the lens than those illuminated with deep red by about three
inches, or three and a quarter; but the species of the letters
illuminated with indigo and violet appeared so confused and
indistinct, that I could not read them. Newton's Opticks.
4. Representation to the mind.
Wit in the poet, or wit-writing is no other than the facul­
ty of imagination in the writer, which searches over all the
memory for the species or ideas of those things which it designs
to represent. Dryden.
5. Show; visible exhibition.
Shews and species serve best with the common people.
Bacon.
6. Circulating money.
As there was in the time of the greatest splendour of the Ro­
man empire, a less quantity of current species in Europe than
there is now, Rome possessed a much greater proportion of
the circulating species of its time than any European city.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
7. Simples that have place in a compound.

SPECI’FICAL. adj. [specifique, French; species and facio.]
SPECI’FICK. adj. [specifique, French; species and facio.]
1. That which makes a thing of the species of which it is.
That thou to truth the perfect way may'st know,
To thee all her specifick forms I'll show. Denham.
The understanding, as to the exercise of this power, is
subject to the command of the will, though as to the specifick
nature of its acts it is determined by the object. South.
By whose direction is the nutriment so regularly distribu­
ted into the respective parts, and how are they kept to their
specifick uniformities? Glanville.
These principles I consider not as occult qualities, supposed
to result from the specifick forms of things, but as general laws
of nature by which the things themselves are formed; their
truth appearing to us by phænomena, though their causes be
not yet discovered. Newton's Opticks.
As all things were formed according to these specifical plat­
forms, so their truth must be measured from their conformity
to them. Norris.
Specifick gravity is the appropriate and peculiar gravity or
weight, which any species of natural bodies have, and by
which they are plainly distinguishable from all other bodies of
different kinds. Quincey.
The specifick qualities of plants reside in their native spirit,
oil and essential salt: for the water, fixt salt and earth appear
to be the same in all plants. Arbuthnot.
Specifick difference is that primary attribute which distin­
guishes each species from one another, while they stand rank­
ed under the same general nature or genus. Though wine
differs from other liquids, in that it is the juice of a certain
fruit, yet this is but a general or generick difference; for it
does not distinguish wine from cyder or perry: the specifick
difference of wine therefore is its pressure from the grape; as
cyder is pressed from apples, and perry from pears. Watts.
2. [In medicine.] Appropriated to the cure of some particular
distemper. It is usually applied to the arcana, or medicines
that work by occult qualities.
The operation of purging medicines have been referred to
a hidden propriety, a specifical virtue, and the like shifts of
ignorance. Bacon's Natural History.
If she would drink a good decoction of sarsa, with the usual
specificks, she might enjoy a good health. Wiseman.

SPECI’FICALLY. adv. [from specifick.] In such a manner as to
constitute a species; acording to the nature of the species.
His faith must be not only living, but lively too; it must
be put into a posture by a particular exercise of those several
virtues that are specifically requisite to a due performance of
this duty. South's Sermons.
Human reason doth not only gradually, but specifically differ
from the fantastick reason of brutes, which have no conceit
of truth, as an aggregate of divers simple conceits, nor of
any other universal. Grew.
He must allow that bodies were endowed with the same af­
fections then as ever since; and that, if an ax head be sup­
posed to float upon water which is specifically lighter, it had been
supernatural. Bentley.

To SPECI’FICATE. v. a. [from species and facio.] To mark by
notation of distinguishing particularities.
Man, by the instituted law of his creation, and the common
influence of the divine goodness, is enabled to act as a reason­
able creature, without any particular, specificating, concurrent,
new imperate act of the divine special providence. Hale.

SPECI’FICATION, n.s. [from specifick; specification, Fr.]
1. Distinct notation; determination by a peculiar mark.
This specification or limitation of the question hinders the
disputers from wandering away from the precise point of en­
quiry. Watt's Improvement of the Mind.
2. Particular mention.
The constitution here speaks generally without the speci­
fication of any place. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To SPE’CIFY. v. a. [from species; specificer, Fr.] To mention;
to show by some particular marks of distinction.
As the change of such laws as have been specified is neces­
sary, so the evidence that they are such, must be great. Hooker.
St. Peter doth not specify what these waters were. Burnet.
He has there given us an exact geography of Greece, where
the countries, and the uses of their soils are specified. Pope.

SPE’CIMEN. n. s. [specimen, Latin.] A sample; a part of any
thing exhibited that the rest may be known.
Several persons have exhibited specimens of this art before
multitudes of beholders. Addison's Spectator.

SPE’CIOUS. adj. [specieux, Fr. speciosus, Latin.]
1. Showy; pleasing to the view.
The rest, far greater part,
Will deem in outward rites and specious forms,
Religion satisfy'd. Milton.
She next I took to wise,
O that I never had! fond wish too late!
Was in the vale of Sorec, Dalila,
That specious monster, my accomplish'd snare. Milton.


2. Plausible; superficially, not solidly right; striking at first
view.
Bad men boast
Their specious deeds on earth which glory excites,
Or close ambition varnish'd o'er with zeal. Milton.
Somewhat of specious they must have to recommend them­
selves to princes; for folly will not easily go down in its na­
tural form. Dryden.
Temptation is of greater danger, because it is covered with
the specious names of good nature and good manners. Rogers.
This is the only specious objection which our Romish adver­
saries urge against the doctrine of this church in the point of
celebacy. Atterbury.

SPE’CIOUSLY. adv. [from specious.] With fair appearance.
Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and unsincerity; especially to
that personated devotion under which any kind of impiety is
wont to be disguised, and put off more speciously. Hammond.

SPECK. n. s. [specec, Saxon] A small discoloration; a spot.
Every speck does not blind a man. Govern. of the Tongue.
Then are they happy, when
No speck is left of their habitual stains;
But the pure æther of the soul remains. Dryden's æneid.

To SPECK. v. a. To spot; to stain in drops.
Flow'r
Carnation, purple, azure, or speck'd with gold. Milton.

SPECKLE. n. s. [from speck.] Small speck; little spot.

To SPECKLE. v. a. [from the noun] To mark with small
spots.
So dreadfully he towards him did pass,
Forelifting up aloft his speckled breast,
And often bounding on the bruised grass,
As for great joy of his new comen guest. Fairy Queen.
Speckl'd vanity
Will sicken soon and die,
And leprous sin will melt from earthly mould. Milton.
Saw'st thou not late a speckl'd serpent rear
His gilded spires to climb on yon fair tree?
Before this happy minute I was he. Dryden.
The smiling infant in his hand shall take
The crested basilisk and speckled snake;
Pleas'd the green lustre of the scales survey,
And with their forky tongue and pointless sting shall play.
Pope's Messiah.
The tortoise here and elephant unite,
Transform'd to combs, the speckl'd and the white. Pope.

SPECKT, or speight, n. s. A woodpecker. Ainsworth.

SPE’CTACLE. n. s. [spectacle, Fr. spectaculum, Latin.]
1. A show; a gazing stock; any thing exhibited to the view as
eminently remarkable.
In open place produc'd they me,
To be a publick spectacle to all. Shakesp. Henry VI.
We are made a spectacle unto angels, and men. 1 Cor. iv. 9.
2. Any thing perceived by the sight.
Forth riding underneath the castle wall,
A dunghill of dead carcases he spy'd,
The dreadful spectacle of that sad house of pride. Fa. Queen.
When pronouncing sentence, seem not glad,
Such spectacles, though they are just, are sad. Denham.
3. [In the plural.] Glasses to assist the sight.
The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side. Shakespeare.
We have helps for the sight far above spectacles and glasses.
Bacon.
It is no fault in the spectacles that the blind man sees not.
Glanville's Apology.
Shakespeare was naturally learned: he needed not the spec­
tacles of books to read nature; he looked inwards and found
her there. Dryden on Dramatick Poesy.
The first spectacle-maker did not think that he was leading
the way to the discovery of new planets. Grew.
This is the reason of the decay of sight in old men, and
shews why their sight is mended by spectacles. Newton.
This day, then let us not be told,
That you are sick and I grown old;
Nor think on our approaching ills,
And talk of spectacles and pills. Swift.

SPE’CTACLED. adj. [from the noun.] Furnished with spec­
tacles.
All tongues speak of him, and the bleared sights
Are spectacled to see him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

SPECTA’TION. n. s. [spectatio, Latin.] Regard; respect.
This simple spectation of the lungs is differenced from that
which concomitates a pleurisy. Harvey.

SPECTA’TOR. n. s. [spectateur, Fr. spectator, Latin.] A looker
on; a beholder.
More
Than history can pattern, though devis'd
And play'd, to take spectators. Shakespeare.
If it proves a good repast to the spectators, the dish pays
the shot. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
An old gentleman mounting on horseback got up heavily;
but desired the spectators that they would count fourscore and
eight before they judged him. Dryden.
He mourns his former vigour lost so far,
To make him now spectator of a war. Dryden.
What pleasure hath the owner more than the spectator? Seed.

SPECTRE. n. s. [spectre, Fr. spectrum, Latin.] Apparition;
appearance of persons dead.
The ghosts of traitors from the bridge descend,
With bold fanatick spectres to rejoice. Dryden.
The very poetical use of the word for a spectre, doth imply
an exact resemblance to some real being it represents. Stilling.
These are nothing but spectres the understanding raises to
itself to flatter its own laziness. Locke.

SPECTA’TORSHIP. n. s. [from spectator.] Act of beholding.
Thou stand'st i' th' state of hanging, or of some death more
long in spectatorship, and crueller in suffering. Shakespeare.

SPE’CTRUM. n. s. [Latin.] An image; a visible form.
This prism had some veins running along within the glass,
from the one end to the other, which scattered some of the
sun's light irregularly, but had no sensible effect in encreasing
the length of the coloured spectrum. Newton's Opticks.

SPE’CULAR. n. s. [specularis, Latin.]
1. Having the qualities of a mirrour or looking glass.
It were but madness now t' impart
The skill of specular stone. Donne.
Quicksilver may by the fire alone, in glass-vessels, be turn­
ed into a red body; and from this red body may be obtained
a mercury, bright and specular as before. Boyle.
A speculum of metal without glass, made some years since
for optical uses, and very well wrought, produced none of
those rings; and thence I understood that these rings arise
not from specular surface alone, but depend upon the two sur­
faces of the plate of glass whereof the speculum was made,
and upon the thickness of the glass between them. Newton.
2. Assisting sight. Improper.
The hidden way
Of nature would'st thou know, how first she frames
All things in miniature? thy specular orb
Apply to well dissected kernels; lo!
In each observe the slender threads
Of first-beginning trees. Philips.

To SPE’CULATE. v. n. [speculer, Fr. speculor, Lat.] To meditate;
to contemplate; to take a view of any thing with the mind.
Consider the quantity, and not speculate upon an intrinse­
cal relation. Digby on Bodies.
As our news-writers record many facts which afford great
matter of speculation, their readers speculate accordingly, and
by their variety of conjectures become consummate statesmen.
Addison.

To SPE’CULATE. v. a. To consider attentively; to look through
with the mind.
Man was not meant to gape, or look upward with the
eye, but to have his thoughts sublime; and not only behold,
but speculate their nature with the eye of the understanding.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SPECULA’TION. n. s. [speculation, Fr. from speculate.]
1. Examination by the eye; view.
2. Examiner; spy. This word is found no where else, and
probably is here misprinted for speculator.
They who have, as who have not, whom their great
stars
Throne and set high? servants
Which are to France the spies and speculations,
Intelligent of our state. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. Mental view; intellectual examination; contemplation.
In all these things being fully persuaded, that what they did,
it was obedience to the will of God, and that all men should
do the like; there remained after speculation, practice where­
unto the whole world might be framed. Hooker.
Thenceforth to speculations high or deep,
I turn'd my thoughts; and with capacious mind
Consider'd all things visible. Milton.
News writers afford matter of speculation. Addison.
4. A train of thoughts formed by meditation.
From him Socrates derived the principles of morality, and
most part of his natural speculations. Temple.
5. Mental scheme not reduced to practice.
This terrestrial globe, which before was only round in spe­
culation, has since been surrounded by the fortune and boldness
of many navigators. Temple.
6. Power of sight. Not in use.
Thy bones are marrowless; thy blood is cold;
Thou hast no speculation in those eyes
Thou star'st with. Shakespeare.

SPE’CULATIVE. adj. [speculatif, Fr. from speculate.]
1. Given to speculation; contemplative.
If all other uses were utterly taken away, yet the mind of
man being by nature speculative and delighted with contem­
plation in itself, they were to be known even for meer know­
ledge sake. Hooker.
It encourages speculative persons who have no turn of mind
to encrease their fortunes. Addison.


2. Theoretical; notional; ideal; not practical.
Some take it for a speculative platform, that reason and na­
ture would that the best should govern, but no wise to create
a right. Bacon's holy War.

SPE’CULATIVELY. adv. [from speculative.]
1. Contemplatively; with meditation.
2. Ideally; notionally; theoretically; not practically.

SPECULA’TOR. n. s. [from speculate.]
1. One who forms theories.
He is dexterous in puzzling others, if they be not through­
paced speculators in those great theories. More.
2. [Speculateur, French.] An observer; a contemplator.
Although lapidaries and questuary enquirers affirm it, yet
the writers of minerals, and natural speculators, conceive the
stones which bear this name to be a mineral concretion. Brown.
3. A spy; a watcher.
All the boats had one speculator, to give notice when the
fish approached. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

SPE’CULATORY. adj. [from speculate.] Exercising speculation.

SPE’CULUM. n. s. [Latin.] A mirrour; a looking-glass;
that in which representations are formed by reflection.
A rough and coloured object may serve for a speculum, to
reflect the artificial rainbow. Boyle on Colours.

SPED. The preterite and part. passive of speed.
His horse full of windgalls, sped with the spavins, and rayed
with the yellows. Shakespeare.
Barbarossa, sped of that he desired, staid not long at Con­
stantinople, but shaped his course towards Italy. Knolles.
With all his harness soon the god was sped;
His flying hat, wings on his heels. Dryden.

SPEECH. n. s. [from speak.]
1. The power of articulate utterance; the power of expressing
thoughts by vocal words.
There is none comparable to the variety of instructive ex­
pressions by speech, wherewith a man alone is endowed, for the
communication of his thoughts. Holder on Speech.
Though our ideas are first acquired by various sensations
and reflections, yet we convey them to each other by the means
of certain sounds, or written marks, which we call words;
and a great part of our knowledge is both obtained and com­
municated by these means, which are called speech. Watts.
2. Language; words considered as expressing thoughts.
In speech be eight parts. Accidence.
The acts of God to human ears
Cannot without process of speech be told. Milton.
3. Particular language as distinct from others.
There is neither speech nor language, but their voices are
heard among them. Ps. Common Prayer.
4. Any thing spoken.
A plague upon your epileptick visage!
Smile you my speeches as I were a fool. Shakesp. K. Lear.
5. Talk; mention.
The duke did of me demand
What was the speech among the Londoners,
Concerning the French journey. Shakespeare.
Speech of a man's self ought to be seldom. Bacon's Essays.
6. Oration; harangue.
The constant design of these orators, in all their speeches,
was to drive some one particular point. Swift.
7. Liberty to speak.
I, with leave of speech implor'd, reply'd. Milton.

SPE’ECHLESS. adj. [from speech.]
1. Deprived of the power of speaking; made mute or dumb.
He fell down, foam'd at mouth, and was speechless. Shakesp.
The great god Pan hath broken his pipes, and Apollo's
priests are become speechless. Raleigh.
A single vision transports them: it finds them in the eager­
ness and height of their devotion; they are speechless for the
time that it continues, and prostrate when it departs. Dryden.
Speechless with wonder, and half dead with fear. Addison.
2. Mute; dumb.
I kneel'd before him;
'Twas very faintly he said rise: dismiss'd me
Thus, with his speechless hand. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
From her eyes.
I did receive fair speechless messages. Shakespeare.
He that never hears a word spoken, it is no wonder he re­
main speechless; as any one must do, who from an infant should
be bred up among mutes. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To SPEED. v. n. pret. and part. pass. sped and speeded. [spoeden,
Dutch.]
1. To make haste; to move with celerity.
So well they sped that they be come at length
Unto the place whereas the Paynim lay,
Devoid of outward sense and native strength,
Covered with charmed cloud from view of day. Fa. Queen.
Do you think me a swallow, an arrow, or a bullet? Have
I, in my poor and cold motion, the expedition of thought?
I speeded hither with the very extremest inch of possibility. Shak.
If pray'rs
Could alter high decrees, I to that place
Would speed before thee, and be louder heard. Milton.
See where Idwall speeds! a trusty soldier. A. Philips.
2. [Spedian, to grow rich, Saxon.] To have success.
Make me not sighted like the basilisk:
I've look'd on thousands, who have sped the better
By my regard, but kill'd none so. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Now if this suit lay in Bianca's pow'r,
How quickly should you speed. Shakespeare.
Macicaus shewed them what an offence it was rashly to de­
part out of the city, which might be unto them dangerous,
although they should speed never so well. Knolles.
When first this tempter cross'd the gulph from hell,
I told you then he should prevail, and speed
In his bad errand. Milton.
These were violators of the first temple, and those that pro­
faned and abused the second sped no better. South.
3. To have any condition good or bad.
Ships heretofore in seas like fishes sped,
The mightiest still upon the smallest fed. Waller.

To SPEED. v. a.
1. To dispatch in haste.
The tyrant's self, a thing unused, began
To feel his heart relent with meer compassion;
But not dispos'd to ruth or mercy then,
He sped him thence home to his habitation. Fairfax.
2. To furnish in haste.
3. To dispatch; to destroy; to kill.
With a speeding thrust his heart he found;
The lukewarm blood came rushing thro' the wound. Dryd.
A dire dilemma! either way I'm sped;
If foes, they write; if friends, they read me dead. Pope.
4. To mischief; to ruin.
5. To hasten; to put into quick motion.
She,
Hearing so much, will speed her foot again,
Led hither by pure love. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Satan, tow'rd the coast of earth beneath,
Down from th' ecliptick sped with hop'd success,
Throws his steep flight in many an airy wheel. Milton.
The priest reply'd no more,
But sped his steps along the hoarse resounding shore. Dryden.
6. To execute; to dispatch.
Judicial acts are all those writings and matters which re­
late to judicial proceedings, and are sped in open court at the
instance of one or both of the parties. Ayliffe's Parergon.
7. To assist; to help forward.
Lucina
Reach'd her midwife hands to speed the throws. Dryden.
Propitious Neptune steer'd their course by night
With rising gales, that sped their happy flight. Dryden.
Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul,
And waft a sigh from Indus to the Pole. Pope.
8. To make prosperous.
If any bring not this doctrine, receive him not into your
house, neither bid him God speed. St. Paul.
Timon is shrunk, indeed;
And he, that's once deny'd, will hardly speed. Shakesp.

SPEED. n. s. [spoed, Dutch.]
1. Quickness; celerity.
Earth receives
As tribute, such a sumless journey brought
Of incorporeal speed, her warmth and light;
Speed! to describe whose swiftness number fails. Milton.
We observe the horse's patient service at the plough,
his speed upon the highway, his docibleness, and desire of
glory. More.
2. Haste; hurry; dispatch.
When they strain to their utmost speed, there is still the
wonted distance between them and their aims: all their eager
pursuits bring them no acquests. Decay of Piety.
3. The course or pace of a horse.
He that rides at high speed, and with a pistol, kills a sparrow
flying. Shakesp. Henry IV.
4. Success; event.
The prince your son, with mere conceit and fear
Of the queen's speed, is gone. Shakespeare.
O Lord, I pray thee send me good speed. Gen. xxiv. 12.

SPE’EDILY. adv. [from speedy.] With haste; quickly.
Post speedily to your husband,
Shew him this letter. Shakesp. King Lear.
Send speedily to Bertran; charge him strictly
Not to proceed. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

SPE’EDINESS. n. s. [from speedy.] The quality of being
speedy.

SPE’EDWELL. n. s. [veronica, Latin.] Fluellin. A plant.
The leaves grow opposite by pairs: the calyx consists of one
leaf, which is divided into four parts, expanding in form of a
star: the flower consists of one leaf, divided into four seg­
ments, expanding in a circular order: when the flower decays,
the ovary becomes a membranaceous fruit, divided into two
cells, shaped like an heart, and filled with seeds, sometimes
small, and at other times large and thick. Miller.


In a scarcity in Silesia a rumour was spread of its raining
millet-seed; but 'twas found to be only the seeds of the ivy­
leaved speedwell, or small henbit. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SPE’EDY. adj. [from speed.] Quick; swift; nimble; quick of
dispatch.
How near's the other army?
—Near, and on speedy foot: the main descry
Stands on the hourly thought. Shakesp. King Lear.
Back with speediest sail
Zophiel, of cherubim the swiftest wing,
Came flying. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Let it be enough what thou hast done,
When spotted deaths ran arm'd through ev'ry street,
With poison'd darts, which not the good could shun,
The speedy could outfly, or valiant meet. Dryden.

SPELL. n. s. [spel, Saxon, a word.]
1. A charm consisting of some words of occult power. Thus
Horace uses words:
Sunt verba & voces quibus hunc lenire dolorem
Possis.
Start not; her actions shall be holy:
You hear my spell is lawful: do not shun her,
Until you see her die again; for then
You kill her double. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Some have delivered the polity of spirits, that they stand in
awe of charms, spells, and conjurations, letters, characters,
notes, and dashes. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms,
Had not spells
And black enchantments, some magician's art,
Arm'd thee or charm'd thee strong. Milton's Agonistes.
Begin, begin, the mystick spell prepare. Milton.
Yourself you so excel,
When you vouchsafe to breathe my thought,
That like a spirit with this spell
Of my own teaching, I am caught. Waller.
Mild Lucina
Then reach'd her midwife hands to speed the throes,
And spoke the pow'rful spells that babes to birth disclose. Dry.
2. A turn of work.
Their toil is so extreme as they cannot endure it above four
hours in a day, but are succeeded by spells: the residue of the
time they wear out at coytes and kayles. Carew.

To SPELL. v. a. [spellen, Dutch.]
1. To write with the proper letters.
In the criticism of spelling, the word satire ought to be with
i, and not with y; and if this be so, then it is false spelled
throughout. Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
2. To read by naming letters singly.
I never yet saw man,
How wise, how noble, young, how rarely featur'd,
But she would spell him backward; if fair fac'd,
She'd swear the gentleman should be her sister. Shakesp.
3. To charm.
I have you fast:
Unchain your spirits now with spelling charms,
And try if they can gain you liberty. Shak. Henry VI.
This gather'd in the planetary hour,
With noxious weeds, and spell'd with words of pow'r,
Dire stepdames in the magick bowl infuse. Dryden.

To SPELL. v. n.
1. To form words of letters.
What small knowledge was, in them did dwell;
And he a god, who could but read or spell. Dryden.
By passing on the vowels and consonants on the sides of
four dice, he has made this a play for his children, whereby
his eldest son in coats, has played himself into spelling. Locke.
The Latin, being written of the same character with the
mother-tongue, by the assistance of a speeling book, it is le­
gible. Spectator.
Another cause, which hath maimed our language, is a
foolish opinion that we ought to spell exactly as we speak. Swift.
2. To read.
If I read aught in heav'n,
Or heav'n write aught of fate, by what the stars,
Voluminous or single characters,
In their conjunction met, give me to spell,
Sorrows and labours, opposition, hate,
Attends thee. Milton's Paradise Lost.
When gowns, not arms, repell'd
The fierce Epirote, and the African bold,
Whether to settle peace, or to unfold
The drift of hollow states, hard to be spell'd. Milton.
And may at last my weary age
Find out the peaceful hermitage,
Where I may sit and rightly spell
Of every star that heav'n doth shew,
And every herb that sips the dew. Milton.
3. To read unskilfully.
As to his understanding, they bring him in void of all no­
tion, a rude unwritten blank; sent into the world only to read
and spell out a God in the works of creation. South.

To SPELT. v. n. To split; to break. A bad word.
Feed geese with oats, spelted beans, barley-meal, or ground
malt mixed with beer. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SPE’LTER. n. s. A kind of semi-metal.
Metals in fusion do not flame for want of a copious fume,
except spelter, which fumes copiously, and thereby flames. Newt.

To SPEND. v. a. [spendan, Saxon; spendere, Italian.]
1. To consume; to exhaust; to lay out.
Our cannons malice vainly shall be spent
Against th' invulnerable clouds. Shakespeare.
I will very gladly spend and be spent for you. 2 Cor. xii. 15.
There is oil in the dwelling of the wise, but a foolish man
spendeth it up. Prov. xxi. 20.
We must exasperate
Th' almighty Victor to spend all his rage. Milton.
Thus labour could at first begin a title of property in the
common things of nature, and spending it upon our uses bound
it. Locke.
Money is brought into England by nothing but spending
here less of foreign commodities than what we carry to market
can pay for. Locke.
2. To bestow as expence; to expend.
Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread?
Is. lv. 2.
Eleutherius, perceiving that he was unwilling to spend any
more time upon the debate, thought not fit to make any men­
tion to him of the proposed opinion. Boyle.
3. To effuse.
Coward dogs
Most spend their mouths, when what they seem to threaten
Runs far before them. Shakes. Henry V.
4. To squander; to lavish.
They bend their bows, they whirl their slings around;
Heaps of spent arrows fall, and strew the ground. Dryden.
The whole of our reflections terminate in this, what course
we are to take to pass our time; some to get, and others to
spend their estates. Wake.
5. To pass.
When we can intreat an hour to serve,
Would spend it in some words upon that business,
If you would grant the time. Shakes. Macbeth.
They spend their days in wealth, and in a moment go down
to the grave. Job xxi. 13.
He spends his life with his wife, and remembereth neither
father nor mother. 1 Esdr. iv. 21.
When he was of riper years, for his father accomplish­
ment, he spent a considerable part of his time in travelling. Pope.
6. To waste; to wear out.
In those pastoral pastimes a great many days were spent, to
follow their flying predecessors. Sidney.
The waves ascended and descended, 'till their violence being
spent by degrees, they settled at last. Burnet's Theo. of the Earth.
The winds are rais'd, the storm blows high;
Be it your care, my friends, to keep it up
In its full fury, and direct it right,
'Till it has spent itself on Cato's head. Addison's Cato.
7. To fatigue; to harrass.
Nothing but only the hope of spoil did relieve them, having
scarce clothes to cover their nakedness, and their bodies spent
with long labour and thirst. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Or come your shipping in our ports to lay,
Spent and disabled in so long a way? Dryden's æn.
Our walls are thinly mann'd, our best men slain;
The rest, an heartless number, spent with watching,
And harrass'd out with duty. Dryden.
Some spent with toil, some with despair oppress'd,
Leap'd headlong from the heights, the flames consum'd the
rest. Dryden's æn.
Thou oft hast seen me
Wrestling with vice and faction; now thou see'st me
Spent, overpower'd, despairing of success. Addison's Cato.

To SPEND. v. n.
1. To make expence.
Henceforth your tongue must spend at lesser rate,
Than in its flames to wrap a nation's fate. Dryden.
He spends as a person who knows that he must come to a
reckoning. South.
2. To prove in the use.
Butter spent as if it came from the richer soil. Temple.
3. To be lost or wasted.
The sound spendeth and is dissipated in the open air; but in
such concaves it is conserved and contracted. Bacon.
On mountains, it may be, many dews fall, that spend before
they come to the valleys. Bacon.
4. To be employed to any use.
There have been cups and an image of Jupiter made of
wild vines; for the vines that they use for wine are so often
cut, that their sap spendeth into the grapes. Bacon.

SPE’NDER. n. s. [from spend.]
1. One who spends.
Let not your recreations be lavish spenders of your time;
but healthful, short, and apt to refresh you. Taylor.


2. A prodigal; a lavisher.
Bishop Morton told the commissioners, who were to levy the
benevolence, if they met with any that were sparing, tell them
that they must needs have, because they laid up; and if they
were spenders, they must needs have, because it was seen in
their port and manner of living. Bacon's Henry VII.

SPE’NDTHRIFT. n. s. [spend and thrift.] A prodigal; a
lavisher.
Bitter cold weather starved both the bird and the spend­
thrift. L'Estrange.
Some fawning usurer does feed
With present sums th' unwary spendthrift's need. Dryden.
Most men, like spendthrift heirs, judge a little in hand bet­
ter than a great deal to come. Locke.
The son, bred in sloth, becomes a spendthrift, a profligate,
and goes out of the world a beggar. Swift.

SPE’RABLE. adj. [sperabilis, Latin.] Such as may be hoped.
We may cast it away, if it be found but a bladder, and
discharge it of so much as is vain and not sperable. Bacon.

SPERM. n. s. [sperme, Fr. sperma, Lat.] Seed; that by which
the species is continued.
Some creatures bring forth many young ones at a burthen,
and some but one: this may be caused by the quantity of sperm
required, or by the partitions of the womb which may sever
the sperm. Bacon.
There is required to the preparation of the sperm of animals
a great apparatus of vessels, many secretions, concoctions,
reflections, and circulations. Ray.

SPE’RMACETI. n. s. [Latin.] Corruptedly pronounced
parmasitty.
A particular sort of whale affords the oil whence this is
made; and that is very improperly called sperma, because it is
only the oil which comes from the head of which it can be
made. It is changed from what it is naturally, the oil itself
being very brown and rank. The peculiar property of it is
to shoot into flakes, not much unlike the crystallization of
salts; but in this state 'tis yellow, and has a certain rankness,
from which it is freed by squeezing it between warm metalline
plates in a press, and afterwards exposing the remainder to the
open air: at length it becomes perfectly pure, inodorous, flaky,
smooth, white, and in some measure transparent. Quincy.

SPERMA’TICAL. adj. [spermatique, Fr. from sperm.]
SPERMA’TICK. adj. [spermatique, Fr. from sperm.]
1. Seminal; consisting of seed.
The primordials of the world are not mechanical, but sper­
matical or vital. More's Divine Dialogues.
Metals and sundry meteors rude shapes have no need
of any particular principle of life, or spermatical form, distinct
from the rest or motion of the particles of the matter. More.
2. Belonging to the sperm.
The moisture of the body, which did before irrigate the
parts, is drawn down to the spermatical vessels. Bacon.
Two different sexes must concur to their generation: there
is in both a great apparatus of spermatick vessels, wherein the
more spirituous part of the blood is by many digestions and
circulations exalted into sperm. Ray on the Creation.

To SPE’RMATIZE. v. n. [from sperm.] To yield seed.
Aristotle affirming that women do not spermatize, and con­
fer a receptacle rather than essential principles of generation,
deductively includes both sexes in mankind. Brown.

SPERMATOCE’LE. n. s. [sp??a and ???.] A rupture caused
by the contraction of the seminal vessels, and the semen falling
into the scrotum. Bailey.

SPERMO’LOGIST. n. s. [spe?????.] One who gathers or
treats of seeds. Dict.

To SPERSE. v. a. [spersus, Latin.] To disperse; to scatter.
A word not now in use.
The wrathful wind,
Which blows cold storms, burst out of Scythian mew
That sperst those clouds, and in so short as thought
This dreadful shape was vanished to nought. Spenser.
He making speedy way through spersed air,
And through the world of waters wide and deep,
To Morpheus' house doth hastily repair. Fairy Queen.

To SPET. v. a. To bring or pour abundantly. [Spet in Scot­
land is a superabundance of water: as, that tide or fresh was
a high spet.]
Mysterious dame,
That ne'er art call'd, but when the dragon womb
Of Stygian darkness spets her thickest gloom,
And makes one blot of all the air,
Stop thy cloudy ebon chair. Milton.

To SPEW. v. a. [spewan, Saxon; speuwen, Dutch.]
1. To vomit; to eject from the stomach.
A swordfish small him from the rest did sunder,
That in his throat him pricking softly under
His wide abyss, him forced forth to spew,
That all the sea did roar like heaven's thunder,
And all the waves were stain'd with filthy hue. Spenser.
2. To eject; to cast forth.
When earth with slime and mud is cover'd o'er,
Or hollow places spew their wat'ry store. Dryden's Georg.
When yellow sands are sifted from below,
The glitt'ring billows give a golden show;
And when the souler bottom spews the black,
The Stygian dye the tainted waters take. Dryden.
3. To eject with loathing.
Keep my statutes, and commit not any of these abomina­
tions, that the land spew not you out. Lev. xviii. 28.
Contentious suits ought to be spewed out, as the surfeit of
courts. Bacon's Essays.

To SPEW. v. n. To vomit; to ease the stomach.
He could have haul'd in
The drunkards, and the noises of the inn;
But better 'twas that they should sleep or spew,
Than in the scene to offend or him or you. Ben. Johnson.

SPE’WY. adj. [from spew.] A provincial word.
The lower vallies in wet Winters are so spewy, that they
know not how to feed them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
SPH

To SPHA’CELATE. v. a. [from sphacelus, medical, Latin.] To
affect with a gangrene.
The long retention of matter sphacelates the brain. Sharp.

To SPHA’CELATE. v. n. To mortify; to suffer the gangrene.
The skin, by the great distension, having been rendered
very thin, will, if not taken away, sphacelate, and the rest
degenerate into a cancerous ulcer. Sharp's Surgery.

SPHA’CELUS. n. s. [sf?e?; sphacele, Fr.] A gangrene; a
mortification.
It is the ground of inflammation, gangrene, sphacelus. Wisem.

SPHERE. n. s. [sphere, French; sphæra, Latin.]
1. A globe; an orbicular body; a body of which the center is
at the same distance from every point of the circumference.
First the sun, a mighty sphere, he fram'd. Milton.
2. Any globe of the mundane system
What if within the moon's fair shining sphere,
What if in every other star unseen,
Of other worlds he happily should hear? Fairy Queen.
And then mortal ears
Had heard the musick of the spheres. Dryden.
3. A globe representing the earth or sky.
Two figures on the sides emboss'd appear;
Conon, and what's his name who made the sphere,
And shew'd the seasons of the sliding year. Dryden.
4. Orb; circuit of motion.
Half unsung, but narrower bound
Within the visible diurnal sphere. Milton.
5. Province; compass of knowledge or action; employment.
[From the sphere of activity ascribed to the power emanating
from bodies.]
To be call'd into a huge sphere, and not to be seen to move
in't. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Of enemies he could not but contract good store, while
moving in so high a sphere, and with so vigorous a lustre. K. C.
Every man, versed in any particular business, finds fault
with these authors, so far as they treat of matters within his
sphere. Addison's Freeholder.
Ye know the spheres and various tasks assign'd
By laws eternal to the æthereal kind. Pope.

To SPHERE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place in a sphere.
The glorious planet Sol,
In noble eminence enthron'd and spher'd
Amidst the rest, whose med'cinable eye
Corrects the ill aspects of planets evil. Shakespeare.
2. To form into roundness.
Light from her native East
To journey through the airy gloom began,
Spher'd in a radiant cloud; for yet the sun
Was not. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SPHE’RICAL. adj. [spherique, French; from sphere.]
SPHE’RICK. adj. [spherique, French; from sphere.]
1. Round; orbicular; globular.
What descent of waters could there be in a spherical and
round body, wherein there is nor high nor low. Raleigh.
Though sounds spread round, so that there is an orb or
spherical area of the sound, yet they go farthest in the fore­
lines from the first local impulsion of the air. Bacon.
By discernment of the moisture drawn up in vapours, we
must know the reason of the spherical figures of the drops. Glan.
A fluid mass necessarily falls into a spherical surface. Keil.
Where the central nodule was globular, the inner surface of
the first crust would be spherick; and if the crust was in all
parts of the same thickness, that whole crust would be sphe­
rical. Woodward on Fossils.
2. Planetary; relating to orbs of the planets.
We make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and
stars, as if we were villains by spherical predominance. Shakes.

SPHE’RICALLY. adv. [from spherical.] In form of a sphere.

SPHE’RICALNESS. n. s. [from sphere.] Roundness; ro­
tundity.
SPHE’RICITY. n. s. [from sphere.] Roundness; ro­
tundity.
Such bodies receive their figure and limits from such lets as
hinder them from attaining to that sphericalness they aim at. Dig.
Water consists of small, smooth, spherical particles: their
smoothness makes 'em slip easily upon one another; the sphe-


ricity keeps 'em from touching one another in more points than
one. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

SPHE’ROID. n. s. [sf?a and ?d; spheroide, Fr.] A body
oblong or oblate, approaching to the form of a sphere.
They are not solid particles, by the necessity they are under
to change their figures into oblong spheroids, in the capillary
vessels. Cheyn's Phil. Princ.

SPHEROI’DICAL. adj. [from spheroid.] Having the form of a
spheroid.
If these corpuscles be spheroidical, or oval, their shortest
diameters must not be much greater than those of light. Cheyne.

SPHE’RULE. n. s. [sphærula, Latin.] A little globe.
Mercury is a collection of exceeding small, vastly heavy
spherules. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.

SPHINX. n. s. [sf??.]
The sphinx was a famous monster in Egypt, that remained
by conjoined Nilus, having the face of a virgin, and the body
of a lion. Peacham on Drawing.
SPI

SPI’AL. n. s. [espial, Fr.] A spy; a scout; a watcher. Obsolete.
His ears be as spials, alarum to crie. Tusser's Husbandry.
He privy spials plac'd in all his way,
To weet what course he takes, and how he fares. Fa. Qu.
For he by faithful spial was assured
That Egypt's king was forward on his way. Fairfax.
Their trust towards them hath rather been as to good spials
and good whisperers, than good magistrates and officers. Bac.

SPICE. n. s. [espices, French.]
1. A vegetable production, fragrant to the smell and pungent to
the palate; an aromatick substance used in sauces.
Dang'rous rocks,
Which, touching but my gentle vessel's side,
Would scatter all the spices on the stream. Shakespeare.
Is not manhood, learning, gentleness, and virtue, the spice
and salt that seasons a man? Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
The traffick of the spice-merchants. 1 Kings x. 15.
Garlick, the northern spice, is in mighty request among
the Indians. Temple.
High sauces and rich spices are fetched from the Indies. Baker.
2. A small quantity, as of spice to the thing seasoned.
Think what they have done,
And then run stark mad; for all
Thy by-gone fooleries were but spices of it. Shakespeare.
It containeth singular relations, not without some spice or
sprinkling of all learning. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
So in the wicked there's no vice,
Of which the saints have not a spice. Hudibras.

To SPICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To season with spice; to
mix with aromatick bodies.
His mother was a votress of my order,
And in the spiced Indian air by night
Full often she hath golp'd by my side. Shakespeare.
These hymns may work on future wits, and so
May great-grand-children of thy praises grow;
And so, though not revive, embalm and spice
The world, which else would putrify with vice. Donne.
What though some have a fraught
Of cloves and nutmegs, and in cinnamon sail,
If thou hast wherewithal to spice a draught,
When griefs prevail? Herbert.

SPI’CER. n. s. [from spice.] One who deals in spice.
Names have been derived from occupations, as Salter and
Spicer. Camden.

SPI’CERY. n. s. [espiceries, French; from spice.]
1. The commodity of spices.
Their camels were loaden with spicery, and balm and
myrrh. Raleigh's History of the World.
She in whose body
The western treasure, eastern spicery,
Europe and Africk, and the unknown rest,
Were easily found. Donne.
2. A repository of spices.
The spicery, the cellar and its furniture, are too well known
to be here insisted upon. Addison on Italy.

SPICK and SPAN. [This word I should not have expected to
have found authorised by a polite writer. Span-new is used by
Chaucer, and is supposed to come from spannan, to stretch,
Sax. expandere, Lat. whence span. Span-new is therefore ori­
ginally used of cloath new extended or dressed at the clothiers,
and spick and span is newly extended on the spikes or tenters:
it is however a low word.] Quite new; now first used.
While the honour, thou hast got,
Is spick and span new, piping hot,
Strike her up bravely. Butler.
They would have these reduced to nothing, and then others
created spick and span new out of nothing. Burnet.
I keep no antiquated stuff;
But spick and span I have enough. Swift.

SPI’CKNEL. n. s. The herb maldmony or bearwort. Dict.

SPI’CY. adj. [from spice]
1. Producing spice; abounding with aromaticks.
For them the Idumæan balm did sweat.
And in hot Ceilon spicy forests grew. Dryden.
2. Aromatick; having the qualities of spice.
Off at sea north-east winds blow
Sabæan odour, from the spicy shore
Of Araby the blest, with such delay
Well pleas'd they slack their course, and many a league,
Chear'd with the greateful smell, old ocean smiles. Milton.
The regimen in this disease ought to be of spicy and cepha­
lick vegetables, to dispel the viscosity. Arbuthnot on Diet.
Under southern skies exalt their sails,
Led by new stars, and borne by spicy gales! Pope.

SPI’COSITY. n. s. [spica, Latin.] The quality of being spiked
like ears of corn; fulness of ears. Dict.

SPI’DER. n. s. [Skinner thinks this word softened from spinder,
or spinner, from spin: Junius, with his usual felicity, dreams
that it comes from sp??e??, to extend; for the spider extends
his web. Perhaps it comes from spieden, Dutch; speyden,
Danish, to spy, to lye upon the catch. Dor, dora, Saxon,
is a beetle, or properly an humble bee, or stingless bee. May not
spider be spy dor, the insect that watches the dor?] The ani­
mal that spins a web for flies.
More direful hap betide that hated wretch,
Than I can wish to adders, spiders, toads. Shakespeare.
The spider's web to watch we'll stand,
And when it takes the bee,
We'll help out of the tyrant's hand
The innocent to free. Drayton.
Insidious, restless, watchful spider,
Fear no officious damsel's broom;
Extend thy artful fabrick wider,
And spread thy banners round my room:
While I thy curious fabrick stare at,
And think on hapless poet's fate,
Like thee confin'd to noisome garret,
And rudely banish'd rooms of state. Dr. Littleton.
The spider's touch how exquisitely fine!
Feels at each thread, and lives along the line. Pope.

SPI’DERWORT. n. s. [phalangium, Latin.] A plant with a lily­
flower, composed of six petals. Miller.

SPI’GNEL. n. s. [meum, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it is an umbelliferous plant, with very
narrow leaves: the seeds are large, oblong, and striated. To
which may be added, it hath a perennial root. It is medi­
cinal. Miller.

SPI’GOT. n. s. [spijcker, Dutch.] A pin or peg put into the
faucet to keep in the liquor.
Base Hungarian wight, wilt thou the spigot wield. Shakes.
Take out the spigot, and clap the point in your mouth. Sw.

SPIKE. n. s. [spica, Latin.]
1. An ear of corn.
Drawn up in ranks and files, the bearded spikes
Guard it from birds as with a stand of pikes. Denham.
Suffering not the yellow beards to rear,
He tramples down the spikes, and intercepts the year. Dryd.
The gleaners,
Spike after spike, their sparing harvest pick. Thomson.
2. A long nail of iron or wood; a long rod of iron sharpened:
so called from its similitude to an ear.
For the body of the ships, no nation equals England for the
oaken timber; and we need not borrow of any other iron for
spikes, or nails to fasten them. Bacon.
The head of your medal would be seen to more advantage,
if it were placed on a spike of the tower. Dryden.
He wears on his head the corona radiata, another type of
his divinity: the spikes that shoot out represent the rays of the
sun. Addison.

SPIKE. n. s. The name of a plant. This is a smaller species
of lavender.
The oil of spike is much used by our artificers in their var­
nishes; but it is generally adulterated. Hid's Mat. Med.

To SPIKE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten with long nails.
Lay long planks upon them, pinned or spiked down to the
pieces of oak on which they lie. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
Lay long planks upon them, spiking or pinning them down
fast. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To set with spikes.
A youth, leaping over the spiked pales, was suddenly frighted
down, and in his falling he was catched by those spikes. Wisem.

SPI’KENARD. n. s. [spica nardi, Latin.] A plant, and the oil
or balsam produced from the plant.
There are three sorts of spikenard. 1. The Indian spike­
nard is most famous: it is a congeries of fibrous substances ad­
hering to the upper part of the root, of an agreeable aroma­
tick and bitterish taste: it grows plentifully in Java. It has
been known to the medical writers of all ages. 2. Celtick
spikenard is an oblong root, of an irregular figure, a fragrant
and aromatick but not very pleasant smell. It had its name
from Celtick Gaul, and is still found in great abundance on
the Alpine and Pyrenean mountains. 3. Mountain spike­
nard is a moderately large oblong root of a plant of the vale­
rian kind, its smell and qualities resembling those of the Cel­
tick spikenard. Hill's Mat. Med.


A woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard,
brake and poured it on his head. Mar. xiv. 3.
He cast into the pile bundles of myrrh, and sheaves of spike­
nard, enriching it with every spicy shrub. Spectator.

SPILL. n. s. [spijlen, Dutch.]
1. A small shiver of wood, or thin bar of iron.
The oysters, besides gathering by hand, have a peculiar
dredge, which is a thick strong net, fastened to three spills of
iron, and drawn at the boat's stern. Carew.
Have near the bunghole a little venthole, stopped with a
spill. Mortimer.
2. A small quantity of money. I know not whence derived.
The bishops, who consecrated this ground, were wont to
have a spill or sportule from the credulous laity. Ayliffe.

To SPILL. v. a. [spillan, Saxon; spillen, Dutch; spitla,
Islandick.]
1. To shed; to lose by shedding.
Be satisfied, dear God, with our true blood,
Which, as thou know'st, unjustly must be spilt. Shakesp.
Friend or brother,
He forfeits his own blood that spills another. Shak. Timon.
Themselves exact their cruelty,
And I constrained am this blood to spill. Daniel's Civil War.
They having spill'd much blood, and done much waste,
Subduing nations; and atchiev'd thereby
Fame in the world, high titles, and rich prey,
Shall change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth. Milton.
Sichæus' blood, by his false brother spilt,
I have reveng'd. Denham.
Medea must not draw her murth'ring knife,
And spill her childrens blood upon the stage. Roscommon.
Orbellan did disgrace
With treach'rous deeds our mighty mother's race;
And to revenge his blood, so justly spilt,
What is it less than to partake his guilt? Dryden.
Nor the Centaurs tale
Be here repeated; how, with lust and wine
Inflam'd, they fought and spilt their drunken souls
At feasting hour. Philips.
2. To destroy; to mischief.
Thus is our thought with pain of thistle tilled,
Thus be our noblest parts dried up with sorrow;
Thus is our mind with too much minding spilled. Sidney.
Why are ye so fierce and cruel?
Is it because your eyes have power to kill?
Then know that mercy is the Mighty's jewel,
And greater glory think to save than spill. Spenser.
Thou all-shaking thunder,
Crack nature's mould, all germins spill at once
That make ingrateful man. Shakes. King Lear.
Be not angry with these fires;
For then their threats will kill me:
Nor look too kind on my desires;
For then my hopes will spill me. Ben. Johnson.
All bodies are with other bodies fill'd;
But she receives both heav'n and earth together:
Nor are their forms by rash encounters spill'd;
For there they stand, and neither toucheth either. Davies.
3. To throw away.
This sight shall damp the raging ruffian's breast,
The poison spill, and half-drawn sword arrest. Tickell.

To SPILL. v. n.
1. To waste; to be lavish.
Thy father bids thee spare, and chides for spilling. Sidney.
2. To be shed; to be lost by being shed.
He was so topfull of himself, that he let it spill on all the
company: he spoke well indeed, but he spoke too long. Watts.

SPI’LLER. n. s. [I know not whence derived.] A kind of fish­
ing line.
In harbour they are taken by spillers made of a cord, to
which divers shorter are tied at a little distance, and to each
of these a hook is fastened with a bait: this spiller they sink in
the sea where those fishes have their accustomed haunt. Carew.

SPILTH. n. s. [from spill.] Any thing poured out or wasted.
Our vaults have wept with drunken spilth of wine. Shakesp.

To SPIN. v. a. preter. spun or span; part. spun. [spinnan, Sax.
spinnen, Dutch.]
1. To draw out into threads.
The women spun goats hair. Ex. xxxv. 26.
2. To form threads by drawing out and twisting any filamentous
matter.
You would be another Penelope; yet they say all the yarn
she spun, in Ulysses's absence, did but fill Ithaca full of moths.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The fates but only spin the coarser clue;
The finest of the wool is left for you. Dryden.
3. To protract; to draw out.
By one delay after another they spin out their whole lives,
'till there's no more future left before 'em. L'Estrange.
If his cure lies among the lawyers let nothing be said
against intangling property, spinning out causes, and squeezing
clients. Collier.
Why should Rome fall a moment ere her time?
No, let us draw her term of freedom out
In its full length, and spin it to the last. Addison's Cato.
4. To form by degrees; to draw out tediously.
I passed lightly over many particulars, on which learned and
witty men might spin out large volumes. Digby.
Men of large thoughts and quick apprehensions are not to
expect any thing here, but what, being spun out of my own
coarse thoughts, is fitted to men of my own size. Locke.
The lines are weak, another's pleas'd to say;
Lord Fanny spins a thousand such a day. Pope.

To SPIN. v. n.
1. To exercise the art of spinning.
We can fling our legs and arms upwards and downwards,
backwards, forwards, and round, as they that spin. More.
Ten thousand stalks their various blossoms spread;
Peaceful and lowly in their native soil,
They neither know to spin, nor care to toil. Prior.
For this Alcides learn'd to spin;
His club laid down, and lion's skin. Prior.
2. [Spingare, Italian.] To stream out in a thread or small
current.
Together furiously they ran,
That to the ground came horse and man;
The blood out of their helmets span,
So sharp were their encounters. Drayton's Nymphid.
3. To move round as a spindle.
Whether the sun, predominant in heav'n,
Rise on the earth, or earth rise on the sun,
He from the East his flaming road begin,
Or she from West her silent course advance
With inoffensive pace, that spinning sleeps
On her soft axle, while she paces ev'n
And bears thee soft with the smooth air along,
Solicit not thy thoughts. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. viii.
As when a shipwright stands his workmen o'er,
Who ply the wimble some huge beam to bore;
Urg'd on all hands it nimbly spins about,
The grain deep piercing 'till it scoops it out. Pope.

SPI’NACH. n. s. [spinachia, Latin.] A plant.
SPI’NAGE. n. s. [spinachia, Latin.] A plant.
It hath an apetalous flower, consisting of many stamina in­
cluded in the flower-cup, which are produced in spikes upon
the male plants which are barren; but the embryoes are pro­
duced from the wings of the leaves on the female plants,
which afterward become roundish or angular seeds, which, in
some sorts, have thorns adhering to them. Miller.
Spinage is an excellent herb crude, or boiled. Mortimer.

SPI’NAL. adj. [spina, Latin.] Belonging to the back bone.
All spinal, or such as have no ribs, but only a back bone,
are somewhat analogous thereto. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Those solids are entirely nervous, and proceed from the
brain, and spinal marrow, which by their bulk appear suffici­
ent to furnish all the stamina or threads of the solid parts. Arb.
Descending careless from his couch, the fall
Lux'd his joint neck and spinal marrow bruis'd. Philips.

SPI’NDLE. n. s. [spindl, spindel, Saxon.]
1. The pin by which the thread is formed, and on which it is
conglomerated.
Bodies fibrous by moisture incorporate with other thread,
especially if there be a little wreathing; as appeareth by the
twisting of thread, and twirling about of spindles. Bacon.
Sing to those that hold the vital sheers,
And turn the adamantine spindle round
On which the fate of gods and men is wound. Milton.
Upon a true repentance, God is not so fatally tied to the
spindle of absolute reprobation as not to keep his promise, and
seal merciful pardons. Dr. Jasper Maine.
So Pallas from the dusty field withdrew,
And when imperial Jove appear'd in view,
Resum'd her female arts, the spindle and the clew;
Forgot the scepter she so well had sway'd,
And with that mildness, she had rul'd, obey'd. Stepney.
Do you take me for a Roman matron,
Bred tamely to the spindle and the loom? A. Philips.
2. A long slender stalk.
The spindles must be tied up, and, as they grow in height,
rods set by them, lest by their hending they should break. Mort.
3. Any thing slender. In contempt.
Repose yourself, if those spindle legs of yours will carry you
to the next chair. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
The marriage of one of our heiresses with an eminent cour­
tier gave us spindle shanks and cramps. Tatler.

To SPI’NDLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To shoot into a long
small stalk.
Another ill accident in drought is the spindling of the corn,
which with us is rare, but in hotter countries common; inso­
much as the word calamity was first derived from calamus,
when the corn could not get out of the stalk. Bacon.
When the flowers begin to spindle, all but one or two of
the biggest, at each root, should be nipped off. Mortimer.



SPINDLESHA’NKED. adj. [spindle and shank.] Having small legs.
Her lawyer is a little rivelled, spindleshanked gentleman. Addis.

SPI’NDLETREE. n. s. Prickwood. A plant.

SPINE. n. s. [spina, Latin.] The back bone.
The rapier entered his right side, reaching within a finger's
breadth of the spine. Wiseman's Surgery.
There are who think the marrow of a man,
Which in the spine, while he was living, ran;
When dead, the pith corrupted, will become
A snake, and hiss within the hollow tomb. Dryden.

SPI’NEL. n. s. A sort of mineral. Spinel-ruby is of a bright
rosy red; it is softer than the rock or baloss ruby. Woodward.

SPI’NET. n. s. [espinette, French.] A small harpsichord, an
instrument with keys.
When miss delights in her spinnet,
A fiddler may his fortune get. Swift.

SPINI’FEROUS. adj. [spina and fero, Latin.] Bearing thorns.

SPI’NNER. n. s. [from spin.]
1. One skilled in spinning.
A practised spinner shall spin a pound of wool worth two
shillings for sixpence. Graunt.
2. A garden spider with long jointed legs.
Weaving spiders come not here:
Hence you long leg'd spinners, hence. Shakespeare.

SPI’NNING Wheel. n. s. [from spin.] The wheel by which, since
the disuse of the rock, the thread is drawn.
My spinning wheel and rake,
Let Susan keep for her dear sister's sake. Gay.

SPINNY. adj. I suppose small, slender. A barbarous word.
They plow it early in the year, and then there will come
some spinny grass that will keep it from scalding in summer.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

SPI’NOSITY. n. s. [spinosus, Latin.] Crabbedness; thorny or
briary perplexity.
Philosophy consisted of nought but dry spinosities, lean no­
tions, and endless altercations about things of nothing. Glanv.

SPI’NOUS. adj. [spinosus, Latin.] Thorny; full of thorns.

SPI’NSTER. n. s. [from spin.]
1. A woman that spins.
The spinsters and the knitters in the sun,
And the free maids that weave their thread with bones,
Do use to chant it. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
2. [In law.] The general term for a girl or maiden woman.
One Michael Cassio,
That never set a squadron in the field,
Nor the division of a battle knows
More than a spinster. Shakespeare's Othello.
I desire that a yearly annuity of twenty pounds shall be
paid to Rebecca Dingley of the city of Dublin, spinster, du­
ring her life. Swift.

SPI’NSTRY. n. s. [from spinster.] The work of spinning.

SPI’NY. adj. [spina, Latin.] Thorny; briary; perplexed;
difficult; troublesome.
The first attempts are always imperfect; much more in so
difficult and spiny an affair as so nice a subject. Digby.

SPI’RACLE. [spiraculum, Latin.] A breathing hole; a vent;
a small aperture.
Most of these spiracles perpetually send forth fire, more or
less. Woodward.

SPI’RAL. adj. [spirale, Fr. from spira, Latin.] Curve; wind­
ing; circularly involved.
The process of the fibres in the ventricles, running in spi­
ral lines from the tip to the base of the heart, shews that the
systole of the heart is a muscular constriction, as a purse is
shut by drawing the strings contrary ways. Ray.
Why earth or sun diurnal stages keep?
In spiral tracts why through the zodiack creep? Blackmore.
The intestinal tube affects a straight, instead of a spiral cy­
linder. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SPI’RALLY. adv. [from spiral.] In a spiral form.
The sides are composed of two orders of fibres running cir­
cularly or spirally from base to tip. Ray on the Creation.

SPI’RE. n. s. [spira, Latin; spira, Italian; spira, Swedish.]
1. A curve line; any thing wreathed or contorted; a curl; a
twist; a wreath.
His head
Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes;
With burnish'd neck of verdant gold, erect
Amidst his circling spires, that on the grass
Floated redundant. Milton.
A dragon's fiery form belied the god,
Sublime on radiant spires be rode. Dryden.
Air seems to consist of spires contorted into small spheres,
through the interstices of which the particles of light may free­
ly pass; it is light, the solid substance of the spires being very
small in proportion to the spaces they take up. Cheyne.
2. Any thing growing up taper; a round pyramid, so called per­
haps because a line drawn round and round in less and less
circles, would be a spire; a steeple.
With glist'ring and pinnacles adorn'd. Milton.
He cannot make one spire of grass more or less than he hath
made. Hale's Orig. of Mankind.
These pointed spires that wound the ambient sky,
Inglorious change! shall in destruction lie. Prior.
3. The top or uppermost point.
'Twere no less than a traducement to silence, that
Which to the spire and top of praises vouch'd,
Wou'd seem but modest. Shakespeare.

To SPIRE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To shoot up pyramidically.
It will grow to a great bigness; but it is not so apt to spire
up as the other sorts, being more inclined to branch into
arms. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. [Spiro, Latin.] To breathe. Not in use. Spenser.

SPI’RIT. n. s. [spiritus, Latin.]
1. Breath; wind in motion.
All purges have in them a raw spirit or wind, which is
the principal cause of tension in the stomach. Bacon.
The balmy spirit of the western breeze.
2. [Esprit, Fr.] An immaterial substance.
Spirit is a substance wherein thinking, knowing, doubting,
and a power of moving do subsist. Locke.
I shall depend upon your constant friendship; like the trust
we have in benevolent spirits, who, though we never see or
hear them, we think are constantly praying for us. Pope.
She is a spirit; yet not like air, or wind;
Nor like the spirits about the heart, or brain;
Nor like those spirits which alchymists do find,
When they in ev'ry thing seek gold in vain;
For she all natures under heav'n doth pass,
Being like those spirits which God's bright face do see,
Or like himself whose image once she was,
Though now, alas! she scarce his shadow be;
For of all forms she holds the first degree,
That are to gross material bodies knit;
Yet she herself is bodyless and free;
And though confin'd is almost infinite. Davies.
If we seclude space, there will remain in the world but
matter and mind, or body and spirit. Watts's Logick.
3. The soul of man.
The spirit shall return unto God that gave it. Bible.
Look, who comes here! a grave unto a soul,
Holding th' eternal spirit 'gainst her will
In the vile prison of afflicted breath. Shakespeare's K. John.
4. An apparition.
They were terrified, and supposed that they had seen a spi­
rit. Luke xxiv. 37.
Perhaps you might see the image, and not the glass; the
former appearing like a spirit in the air. Bacon.
Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all impres­
sions of spirits and goblins in the dark. Locke.
5. Temper; habitual disposition of mind.
He sits
Upon their tongues a various spirit, to rase
Quite out their native language. Milton.
That peculiar law of christianity which forbids revenge, no
man can think it grievous who considers the restless torment
of a malicious and revengeful spirit. Tillotson.
Nor once disturb their heav'nly spirits
With Scapin's cheats, or Cæsar's merits. Prior.
6. Ardour; courage; elevation; vehemence of mind.
'Tis well blown, lads;
This morning, like the spirit of a youth
That means to be of note, begins betimes. Shakespeare.
Farewel the big war,
The spirit stirring drum, th' ear piercing fise. Shakespeare.
7. Genius; vigour of mind.
More ample spirit than hitherto was wont,
Here needs me, whiles the famous ancestors
Of my most dreaded sovereign I recount,
By which all earthly princes she doth far surmount. Fa. Q.
To a mighty work thou goest, O king,
That equal spirits and equal pow'rs shall bring. Daniel.
A wild Tartar, when he spies
A man that's handsome, valiant, wise,
If he can kill him, thinks t' inherit
His wit, his beauty, and his spirit. Butler.
The noblest spirit or genius cannot deserve enough of man­
kind, to pretend to the esteem of heroick virtue. Temple.
A perfect judge will read each work of wit,
With the same spirit that its author writ:
Survey the whole, nor seek slight fault to find,
Where nature moves, and rapture warms the mind. Pope.
8. Turn of mind; power of mind moral or intellectual.
You were us'd
To say extremity was the trier of spirits,
That common chances common men could bear. Shakesp.
I ask but half thy mighty spirit for me. Cowley.
9. Intellectual powers distinct from the body.
These discourses made so deep impression upon the mind
and spirit of the prince, whose nature was inclined to adven­
tures, that he was transported with the thought of it. Clarendon.
In spirit perhaps he also saw
Rich Mexico, the seat of Montezume. Milton.


10. Sentiment; perception.
You are too great to be by me gainsaid:
Your spirit is too true, your fears too certain. Shakespeare.
11. Eagerness; desire.
God has changed mens tempers with the times, and made
a spirit of building succeed a spirit of pulling down. South.
12. Man of activity; man of life, fire and enterprise.
The watry kingdom is no bar
To stop the foreign spirits, but they come. Shakespeare
13. Persons distinguished by qualities of the mind. A French
word, happily growing obsolete.
Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I chuse
for my judges. Dryden.
14. That which gives vigour or cheerfulness to the mind; the
purest part of the body bordering, says Sydenham, on immate­
rialty. In this meaning it is commonly written with the plu­
ral termination.
Though thou didst but jest:
With my vex'd spirits I cannot take a truce,
But they will quake. Shakespeare's King John.
When I sit and tell
The warlike feats I've done, his spirits fly out
Into my story. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Alas! when all our lamps are burn'd,
Our bodies wasted, and our spirits spent,
When we have all the learned volumes turn'd,
Which yield men's wits both help and ornament;
What can we know, or what can we discern? Davies.
To sing thy praise, wou'd heav'n my breath prolong,
Infusing spirits worthy such a song,
Not Thracian Orpheus should transcend my lays. Dryden.
By means of the curious lodgment and inosculation of the
auditory nerves, the orgasms of the spirits should be allayed.
Derham.
In some fair body thus the secret soul
With spirits seeds, with vigour fills the whole;
Each motion guides, and ev'ry nerve sustains,
Itself unseen, but in the effects remains. Pope.
The king's party, called the cavaliers, began to recover
their spirits. Swift.
15. The likeness; essential qualities.
Italian pieces will appear best in a room where the windows
are high, because they are commonly made to a descending
light, which of all other doth set off mens faces in their
truest spirit. Wotton.
16. Any thing eminently pure and resined.
Nor doth the eye itself,
That most pure spirit of sense, behold itself. Shakespeare.
17. That which hath power or energy.
All bodies have spirits and pneumatical parts within them;
but the main difference between animate and inanimate are,
that the spirits of things animate are all continued within
themselves, and branched in veins as blood is; and the spirits
have also certain seats where the principal do reside, and where­
unto the rest do resort; but the spirits in things inanimate
are shut in and cut off by the tangible parts, as air in snow.
Bacon's Natural History.
18. An inflammable liquour raised by distillation.
What the chymists call spirit, they apply the name to so
many differing things, that they seem to have no settled notion
of the thing. In general, they give the name of spirit to any
distilled volatile liquour. Boyle.
All spirits, by frequent use, destroy, and at last extinguish
the natural heat of the stomach. Temple.
In distillations, what trickles down the sides of the receiver,
if it will not mix with water, is oil; if it will, it is spirit.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
19. It may be observed, that in the old poets spirit was com­
monly a monosyllable, being written spright or sprite.
The charge thereof unto a courteous spright
Commanded was. Spenser.

To SPI’RIT. v. a.
1. To animate or actuate as a spirit.
So talk'd the spirited sly snake. Milton's Par. Last.
2. To excite; to animate; to encourage.
He will be faint in any execution of such a counsel, unless
spirited by the unanimous decrees of a general diet. Temple.
Civil dissensions never fail of introducing and spiriting the
ambition of private men. Swift on the Cont. in Athens and Rome.
Many officers and private men spirit up and assist those ob­
stinate people to continue in their rebellion. Swift.
3. To draw; to entice.
In the southern coast of America, the southern point of the
needle varieth toward the land, as being disposed and spirited
that way, by the meridional and proper hemisphere. Brown.
The ministry had him spirited away, and carried abroad as
a dangerous person. Arbuthnot and Pope.

SPI’RITALLY. adv. [from spiritus, Latin.] By means of the
breath.
Conceive one of each pronounced spiritally, the other vo­
cally. Holder's Elements of Speech.

SPI’RITED. adj. [from spirit] Lively; vivacious; full of fire.


Dryden's translation of Virgil is noble and spirited. Pope.

SPI’RITEDNESS. n. s. [from spirited.] Disposition or make of
mind.
He showed the narrow spiritedness, pride, and ignorance of
pedants. Addison.

SPI’RITFULNESS. n. s. [from spirit and full.] Sprightliness;
liveliness.
A cocks crowing is, a tone that corresponds to singing, at­
testing his mirth and spiritfulness. Harvey.

SPI’RITLESS. adj. [from spirit] Dejected; low; deprived of
vigour; wanting courage; depressed.
A man so faint, so spiritless,
So dull, so dead in look, so woe begone,
Drew Priam's curtain. Shakespeare's Henry. IV.
Of their wonted vigour left them drain'd,
Exhausted, spiritless, afflicted, fall'n. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Nor did all Rome, grown spiritless, supply
A man that for bold truth durst bravely die. Dryden.
Art thou so base, so spiritless a slave?
Not so he bore the sate to which you doom'd him. Smith.

SPI’RITOUS. adj. [from spirit.]
1. Refined; defecated; advanced near to spirit.
More refin'd, more spiritous and pure,
As nearer to him plac'd, or nearer tending. Milton.
2. Fine; ardent; active.

SPI’RITOUSNESS. n. s. [from spiritous.] Fineness and activity
of parts.
They, notwithstanding the great thinness and spiritousness
of the liquor, did, before they broke, lift up the upper surface,
and for a moment form a thin film like a small hemisphere.
Boyle.

SPIRI’TUAL. adj. [spirituel, Fr. from spirit.]
1. Distinct from matter; immaterial; incorporeal.
Echo is a great argument of the spiritual essence of sounds;
for if it were corporeal, the repercussion should be created by
like instruments with the original sound. Bacon.
Both visibles and audibles in their working emit no corpo­
real substance into their mediums, but only carry certain spi­
ritual species. Bacon.
All creatures, as well spiritual as corporeal, declare their
absolute dependence upon the first author of all beings, the
only self-existent God. Bentley.
2. Mental; intellectual.
The same disaster has invaded his spirituals; the passions re­
bel; and there are so many governours, that there can be no
government. South.
3. Not gross; resined from external things; relative only to
the mind.
Some who pretend to be of a more spiritual and refined
religion, spend their time in contemplation, and talk much of
communion with God. Calamy's Sermons.
4. Not temporal; relating to the things of heaven; ecclesiastical.
Place man in some publick society, civil or spiritual. Hooker.
Thou art reverend,
Touching thy spiritual function, not thy life. Shakespeare.
I have made an offer to his majesty,
Upon our spiritual convocation,
As touching France, to give a greater sum
Than ever at one time the clergy did. Shakespeare.
Spiritual armour, able to resist
Satan's assaults. Milton.
The clergy's business lies among the laity; nor is there a
more effectual way to forward the salvation of mens souls,
than for spiritual persons to make themselves as agreeable as
they can in the conversations of the world. Swift.

SPIRI’TUALITY. n. s. [from spiritual.]
1. Incorporeity; immateriality; essence distinct from matter.
If this light be not spiritual, yet it approacheth nearest unto
spirituality; and if it have any corporality, then of all other
the most subtile and pure. Raleigh.
2. Intellectual nature.
A pleasure made for the soul; suitable to its spirituality, and
equal to all its capacities. South's Sermons.
3. [Spiritualié, Fr.] Acts independent of the body; pure acts
of the soul; mental refinement.
Many secret indispositions and aversions to duty will steal
upon the soul, and it will require both time and close applica­
tion of mind to recover it to such a frame, as shall disp se it
for the spiritualities of religion. South's Sermons.
4. That which belongs to any one as an ecclesiastick.
Of common right, the dean and chapter are guardians of
the spiritualities, during the vacancy of a bishoprick. Ayliffe.

SPI’RITUALTY. n. s. [from spiritual.] Ecclesiastical body.
We of the spiritualty
Will raise your highness such a mighty sum,
As never did the clergy at one time. Shakespeare.

SPIRITUALIZA’TION. n. s. [from spiritualize.] The act of
spiritualizing.

To SPI’RITUALIZE v. a. [spiritualiser, Fr. from spirit.] To re­
fine the intellect; to purify from the feculencies of the world.
This would take it much out of the care of the soul, to
spiritualize and replenish it with good works. Hammond.


We begin our survey from the lowest dregs of sense, and
so ascend to our more spiritualized selves. Glanville.
As to the future glory in which the body is to partake, that
load of earth which now engages to corruption, must be
calcined and spiritualized, and thus be clothed upon with
glory. Decay of Piety.
If man will act rationally, he cannot admit any competition
between a momentary satisfaction, and an everlasting happi­
ness, as great as God can give, and our spiritualized capa­
cities receive. Rogers's Sermons.

SPIRI’TUALLY. adv. [from spiritual] Without corporeal
grossness; with attention to things purely intellectual.
In the same degree that virgins live more spiritually than
other persons, in the same degree is their virginity a more ex­
cellent state. Taylor's Rule of holy Living.

SPIRI’TUOUS. adj. [spiritueux, Fr. from spirit.]
1. Having the quality of spirit, tenuity and activity of parts.
More refin'd, more spirituous and pure,
As to him nearer tending. Milton.
The most spirituous and most fragrant part of the plant
exhales by the action of the sun. Arbuthnot.
2. Lively; gay; vivid; airy.
It may appear airy and spirituous, and fit for the welcome
of chearful guests. Wotton's Architecture.

SPIRITUO’SITY. n. s. [from spirituous.] The quality of be­
ing spirituous; tenuity and activity.
SPIRITUOU’SNESS. n. s. [from spirituous.] The quality of be­
ing spirituous; tenuity and activity.

To SPIRT. v. n. [spruyten, Dutch, to shoot up, Skinner;
spritta, Swedish, to fly out. Lye.] To spring out in a sud­
den stream; to stream out by intervals.
Bottling of beer, while new and full of spirit, so that it spirt­
eth when the stopple is taken forth, maketh the drink more
quick and windy. Bacon's Natural History.
Thus the small jett, which hasty hands unlock,
Spirts in the gard'ner's eyes who turns the cock. Pope.

To SPIRT. v. a. To throw out in a jet.
When weary Proteus
Retir'd for shelter to his wonted caves,
His finny flocks about their shepherd play,
And rowling round him, spirt the bitter sea. Dryden.
When rains the passage hide,
Oft the loose stones spirt up a muddy tide
Beneath thy careless foot. Gay.

To SPI’RTLE. v. a. [A corruption of spirt.] To dissipate.
The terraqueous globe would, by the centrifugal force of
that motion, be soon dissipated and spirtled into the circum­
ambient space, was it not kept together by this noble contri­
vance of the Creator. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SPI’RY. adj. [from spire.]
1. Pyramidal.
Waste sandy valleys, once perplex'd with thorn,
The spiry firr, and shapely box adorn. Pope's Messiah.
In these lone walls, their days eternal bound,
These moss-grown domes with spiry turrets crown'd,
Where awful arches make a noon-day night,
And the dim windows shed a solemn light;
Thy eyes diffus'd a reconciling ray,
And gleams of glory brighten'd all the day. Pope.
2. Wreathed; curled.
Hid in the spiry volumes of the snake,
I lurk'd within the covert of a brake. Dryden.

SPISS. adj. [spissus, Latin.] Close; firm; thick.
From his modest and humble charity, virtues which rarely
cohabit with the swelling windiness of much knowledge, issued
this spiss and dense, yet polished; this copious, yet concise
treatise of the variety of languages. Brerewood.

SPI’SSITUDE. n. s. [from spissus, Latin.] Grossness; thickness.
Drawing wine or beer from the lees, called racking, it will
clarify the sooner; for though the lees keep the drink in heart,
and make it lasting, yet they cast up some spissitude. Bacon.
Spissitude is subdued by acrid things, and acrimony by in­
spissating. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SPIT. n. s. [spitan, Saxon; spit, Dutch; spedo, Italian.]
1. A long prong on which meat is driven to be turned before
the fire.
A goodly city is this Antium;
'Tis I that made thy widows: then know me not,
Lest that thy wives with spits, and boys with stones
In puny battle slay me. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
They may be contrived to the moving of sails in a chimney
corner, the motion of which may be applied to the turning
of a spit. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
With Peggy Dixon thoughtful sit,
Contriving for the pot and spit. Swift.
2. Such a depth of earth as is pierced by one action of the spade.
Where the earth is washed from the quick, face it with
the first spit of earth dug out of the ditch. Mortimer.

To SPIT. v. a. Preterite spat; participle pass. spit, or spitted. 
[from the noun.]
1. To put upon a spit.
I see my cousin's ghost
Seeking out Romeo, that did spit his body
Upon a rapier's point. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
2. To thrust through.
I spitted frogs, I crush'd a heap of emmets. Dryden.

To SPIT. v. a. [spœtan, Saxon; spytter, Danish.] To eject
from the mouth.
A large mouth, indeed,
That spits forth death, and mountains, rocks and seas.
Shakespeare's King John.
Commissions which compel from each
The sixth part of his substance, makes bold mouths,
Tongues spit their duties out, and cold hearts freeze
Allegiance in them. Shakespeare.

To SPIT. v. n. To throw out spittle or moisture of the mouth.
Very good orators, when they are here, will spit. Shakesp.
I dare meet Surrey,
And spit upon him whilst I say he lies. Shakesp. Rich. II.
You spit upon me last Wednesday,
You spurn'd me such a day. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
The watry kingdom, whose ambitious head
Spits in the face of heaven, is no bar
To stop the foreign spirits; but they come. Shakespeare.
He spat on the ground, made clay of the spittle, and anointed
the eyes of the blind man. John ix. 6.
A maid came from her father's house to one of the tribu­
nals of the Gentiles, and declaring herself a Christian, spit in
the judge's face. South.
A drunkard men abhor, and would even spit at him, were
it not for fear he should something more than spit at them.
South's Sermons.
Spit on your finger and thumb, and pinch the snuff till
the candle goes out. Swift's Rules for the Servants.

SPI’TTAL. n. s. [Corrupted from hospital.] A charitable foun­
dation. In use only in the phrases, a spittal sermon, and rob
not the spittal.

To SPI’TCHCOCK. v. a. To cut an eel in pieces and roast him.
Of this word I find no good etymology.
No man lards salt pork with orange peel,
Or garnishes his lamb with spitchcockt eel. King.

SPITE. n. s. [spijt, Dutch; despit, French.]
1. Malice; rancour; hate; malignity; malevolence.
This breeding rather spite than shame in her, or, if it were
a shame, a shame not of the fault, but of the repulse, she did
thirst for a revenge. Sidney.
Bewray they did their inward boiling spite,
Each stirring others to revenge their cause. Daniel.
Done all to spite
The great Creator; but their spite still serves
His glory to augment. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Be gone, ye criticks, and restrain your spite,
Codrus writes on, and will for ever write. Pope.
2. SPITE of, or In SPITE of. Notwithstanding; in definance of.
It is often used without any malignity of meaning.
Blessed be such a preacher, whom God made use of to speak
a word in season, and saved me in spite of the world, the devil,
and myself. South.
In spite of me I love, and see too late
My mother's pride must find my mother's fate. Dryden.
For thy lov'd sake, spite of my boding fears,
I'll meet the danger which ambition brings. Rowe.
My father's fate,
In spite of all the fortitude that shines
Before my face in Cato's great example,
Subdues my soul, and fills my eyes with tears. Addis. Cato.
In spite of all applications the patient grew worse every
day. Arbuthnot.

To SPITE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mischief; to treat maliciously; to vex; to thwart ma­
lignantly.
Beguil'd, divorced, wronged, spighted, slain,
Most detestable death, by thee. Shakespeare.
I'll sacrifice the lamb that I do love,
To spight a raven's heart within a dove. Shakespeare.
2. To fill with spite; to offend.
So with play did he a good while fight against the fight of
Zelmane, who, more spited with that courtesy, that one that
did nothing should be able to resist her, burned away with
choler any motions which might grow out of her own sweet
disposition. Sidney.
Darius, spited at the magi, endeavoured to abolish not only
their learning but their language. Temple.

SPI’TEFUL. adj. [spite and full.] Malicious; malignant.
The Jews were the deadliest and spitefullest enemies of
Christianity that were in the world, and in this respect their
orders to be shunned. Hooker.
All you have done
Hath been but for a wayward son,
Spightful and wrathful. Shakes. Macbeth.
Contempt is a thing made up of an undervaluing of a man,
upon a belief of his utter uselessness, and a spiteful endeavour
to engage the rest of the world in the same slight esteem of
him. South's Sermons.
The spiteful stars have shed their venom down,
And now the peaceful planets take their turn. Dryden.



SPI’TEFULLY. adv. [from spiteful.] Maliciously; malignantly.
Twice false Evadne, spitefully forsworn!
That fatal beast like this I would have torn. Waller.
Vanessa sat,
Scarce list'ning to their idle chat,
Further than sometimes by a frown,
When they grew pert, to pull them down;
At last she spitefully was bent
To try their wisdom's full extent. Swift.

SPI’TEFULNESS. n. s. [from spiteful.] Malice; malignity;
desire of vexing.
It looks more like spitefulness and ill-nature, than a diligent
search after truth. Keil against Burnet.

SPI’TTED. adj. [from spit.] Shot out into length.
Whether the head of a deer, that by age is more spitted,
may be brought again to be more branched. Bacon.

SPI’TTER. n. s. [from spit.]
1. One who puts meat on a spit.
2. One who spits with his mouth.
3. A young deer. Ainsworth.

SPI’TTLE. n. s. [Corrupted from hospital, and therefore better
written spital, or spittal.] Hospital. It is still retained in
Scotland.
To the spittle go,
And from the powd'ring tub of infamy
Fetch forth the lazar kite of Cressid's kind. Shakes. H. V.
This is it
That makes the waned widow wed again;
She whom the spittle house, and ulcerous sores,
Would cast the gorge at, this embalms and spices
To th' April-day again. Shakesp. Timon.
Cure the spittle world of maladies. Cleaveland.

SPI’TTLE. n. s. [spœtlian, Saxon.] Moisture of the mouth.
The saliva or spittle is an humour of eminent use. Ray.
Mænas and Atys in the mouth were bred,
And never hatch'd within the lab'ring head;
No blood from bitten nails those poems drew,
But churn'd like spittle from the lips they flew. Dryden.
The spittle is an active liquor, immediately derived from the
arterial blood: it is saponaceous. Arbuthnot.
A genius for all stations fit,
Whose meanest talent is his wit;
His heart too great, though fortune little,
To lick a rascal statesman's spittle. Swift.

SPI’TVENOM. n. s. [spit and venom.] Poison ejected from the
mouth.
The spitvenom of their poisoned hearts breaketh out to the
annoyance of others. Hooker.
SPL

SPLANCHNO’LOGY. n. s. [splanchnologie, French; sp???a and
???.] A treatise or description of the bowels. Dict.

To SPLASH. v. a. [plaska, Swedish. They have both an affi­
nity with plash.] To daub with dirt in great quantities.

SPLA’SHY. adj. [from splash.] Full of dirty water; apt to
daub.

SPLA’YFOOT. adj. [splay or display and foot.] Having the foot
turned inward.
Though still some traces of our rustick vein,
And splayfoot verse remain'd, and will remain. Pope.

SPLA’YMOUTH. n. s. [splay and mouth.] Mouth widened by
design.
All authors to their own defects are blind:
Had'st thou but Janus-like a face behind,
To see the people when splaymouths they make,
To mark their fingers pointed at thy back,
Their tongues loll'd out a foot. Dryden.

SPLEEN. n. s. [splen, Latin.]
1. The milt; one of the viscera, of which the use is scarcely
known. It is supposed the seat of anger and melancholy.
If the wound be on the left hypochondrium, under the
short ribs, you may conclude the spleen wounded. Wiseman.
2. Anger; spite; ill-humour.
If she must teem,
Create her child of spleen, that it may live
And be a thwart disnatur'd torment to her. Shakespeare.
Charge not in your spleen a noble person,
And spoil your nobler soul. Shakespeare.
Kind pity checks my spleen; brave scorn forbids
Those tears to issue, which swell my eye-lids. Donne.
All envy'd; but the Thestyan brethren show'd
The leat respect; and thus they vent their spleen aloud:
Lay down those honour'd spoils. Dryden.
In noble minds some dregs remain,
Not yet purg'd off, of spleen and sour disdain. Pope.
3. A fit of anger.
Brief as the lightning in the collied night,
That, in a spleen, unfolds both heav'n and earth;
And, ere a man hath power to say, behold!
The jaws of darkness do devour it up. Shakespeare.
4. Melancholy; hypochondriacal vapours.
Spleen, vapours, and small-pox above them all. Pope.
Bodies chang'd to recent forms by spleen. Pope.

SPLE’ENED. adj. [from spleen.] Deprived of the spleen.
Animals spleened grow salacious. Arbuthnot.

SPLE’ENFUL. adj. [spleen and full.] Angry; peevish; fretful;
melancholy.
The commons, like an angry hive of bees
That want their leader, scatter up and down;
Myself have calm'd their spleenful mutiny. Shak. H. VI.
The chearful soldiers, with new stores supply'd,
Now long to execute their spleenful will. Dryden.
If you drink tea upon a promontory that over-hangs the
sea, the whistling of the wind is better musick to contented
minds than the opera to the spleenful. Pope.

SPLE’ENLESS. adj. [from spleen.] Kind; gentle; mild. Ob­
solete.
Mean time flew our ships, and streight we fetcht
The syren's isle; a spleenless wind so stretcht
Her wings to waft us, and so urg'd our keel. Chapman.

SPLE’ENWORT. n. s. [spleen and wort.] Miltwaste. A plant.
The leaves and fruit are like those of the fern; but the pin­
nulæ are eared at their basis. Miller.
Safe pass'd the gnome through this fantastick band,
A branch of healing spleenwort in his hand. Pope.

SPLE’ENY. adj. [from spleen.] Angry; peevish.
What though I know her virtuous,
And well deserving; yet I know her for
A spleeny Lutheran, and not wholsome to
Our cause. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

SPLE’NDENT. adj. [splendens, Latin.] Shining; glossy; having
lustre.
They assigned them names from some remarkable qualities,
that is very observable in their red and splendent planets. Brown.
Metallick substances may, by reason of their great density,
reflect all the light incident upon them, and so be as opake and
splendent as it's possible for any body to be. Newton.

SPLE’NDID. adj. [splendide, Fr. splendidus, Latin.] Showy;
magnificent; sumptuous; pompous.
Unacceptable, though in heav'n, our state
Of splendid vassalage. Milton.
Deep in a rich alcove the prince was laid,
And slept beneath the pompous colonade:
Fast by his side Pisistratus lay spread,
In age his equal, on a splendid bed. Pope's Odyssey.

SPLE’NDIDLY. adv. [from splendid:] Magnificently; sump­
tuously; pompously.
Their condition, though it look splendidly, yet when you
handle it on all sides, it will prick your fingers. Taylor.
You will not admit you live splendidly, yet it cannot be
denied but that you live neatly and elegantly. More.
How he lives and eats,
How largely gives, how splendidly he treats. Dryden:
He, of the royal store
Splendidly frugal, sits whole nights devoid
Of sweet repose. Philips.

SPLE’NDOUR. n. s. [splendeur, French; splendor, Latin.]
1. Lustre; power of shining.
Splendour hath a degree of whiteness, especially if there be
a little repercussion; for a looking-glass, with the steel behind,
looketh whiter than glass simple. Bacon's Natural History.
The dignity of gold above silver is not much; the splen­
dour is alike, and more pleasing to some eyes, as in cloth of
silver. Bacon's Phys. Remarks.
The first symptoms are a chilness, a certain splendour or
shining in the eyes, with a little moisture. Arbuthnot.
2. Magnificence; pomp.
Romulus, being to give laws to his new Romans, found
no better way to procure an esteem and reverence to them,
than by first procuring it to himself by splendour of habit and
retinue. South's Sermons.
'Tis use alone that sanctifies expence,
And splendour borrows all her rays from sense. Pope.

SPLE’NETICK. adj. [splenetique, French.] Troubled with the
spleen; fretful; peevish.
Horace purged himself from these splenetick reflections in
odes and epodes, before he undertook his satyrs. Dryden.
This daughter silently lowers, t'other steals a kind look at
you, a third is exactly well behaved, and a fourth a splene­
tick. Tatler.
You humour me when I am sick;
Why not when I am splenetick? Pope.

SPLE’NICK. adj. [splenique, French; splen, Latin.] Belonging
to the spleen.
Suppose the spleen obstructed in its lower parts and splenick
anch, a potent heat causeth the orgasmus to boil. Harvey.
The splenick vein hath divers cells opening into it near its
extremities in human bodies; but in quadrupeds the cells open
into the trunks of the splenick veins. Ray on the Creation.

SPLE’NISH. adj. [from spleen.] Fretful; peevish.]
Yourselves you must engage,
Somewhat to cool your splenish rage,
Your grievous thirst, and to asswage,
That first you drink this liquor. Drayton.



SPLENITIVE. adj. [from spleen.] Hot; fiery; passionate. Not
in use.
Take thy fingers from my throat;
For though I am not splenitive and rash,
Yet I have in me something dangerous. Shakes. Hamlet.

SPLENT. n. s. [Or perhaps splint; spinella, Italian.]
Splents is a callous hard substance, or an insensible swelling,
which breeds on or adheres to the shank-bone, and when it
grows big spoils the shape of the leg. When there is but one,
it is called a single splent; but when there is another opposite to
it on the outside of the shank-bone, it is called a pegged or
pinned splent. Farrier's Dict.

To SPLICE. v. a. [splissen, Dutch; plico, Latin.] To join the
two ends of a rope without a knot.

SPLINT. n. s. [splinter, Dutch.] A thin piece of wood or other
matter used by chirurgeons to hold the bone newly set in its
place.
The ancients, after the seventh day, used splints, which
not only kept the members steady, but straight; and of these
some are made of tin, others of scabbard and wood, sowed up
in linnen cloths. Wiseman's Surgery.

To SPLINT. v. a. [from the noun.]
To SPLI’NTER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To secure by splints.
This broken joint intreat her to splinter, and this crack of
your love shall grow stronger than it was before. Shak. Othello.
2. To shiver; to break into fragments.

SPLI’NTER. n. s. [splinter, Dutch.]
1. A fragment of any thing broken with violence.
He was slain upon a course at tilt, one of the splinters of
Montgomery's staff going in at his bever. Bacon.
Amidst whole heaps of spices lights a ball,
And now their odours arm'd against them flie;
Some preciously by shatter'd porcelain fall,
And some by aromatick splinters die. Dryden.
2. A thin piece of wood.
A plain Indian fan, used by the meaner sort, made of the
small stringy parts of roots, spread out in a round flat form,
and so bound together with a splinter hoop, and strengthened
with small bars on both sides. Grew's Musæum.

To SPLI’NTER. v. n. [from the noun.] To be broken into
fragments.

To SPLIT. v. a. pret. split. [spletten, splitten, Dutch.]
1. To cleave; to rive; to divide longitudinally in two.
Do't, and thou hast the one half of my heart;
Do't not, thou split'st thine own. Shak. Winter's Tale.
Mine own tongue splits what it speaks. Shakespeare.
That self-hand
Hath, with the courage which the heart did lend it,
Splitted the heart. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Wer't thou serv'd up two in one dish, the rather
To split thy sire into a double father? Cleaveland.
When cold Winter split the rocks in twain,
He stript the bearsfoot of its leafy growth. Dryden.
A skull so hard, that it is almost as easy to split a helmet of
iron as to make a fracture in it. Ray on the Creation.
This effort is in some earthquakes so vehement, that it splits
and tears the earth, making cracks or chasms in it some
miles. Woodward.
2. To divide; to part.
Their logick has appeared the mere art of wrangling, and
their metaphysicks the skill of splitting an hair, of distinguish­
ing without a difference. Watt's Improv. of the Mind.
One and the same ray is by refraction disturbed, shattered,
dilated, and split, and spread into many diverging rays. Newt.
He instances Luther's sensuality and disobedience; two
crimes which he has dealt with, and to make the more solemn
shew he split 'em into twenty. Atterbury.
Oh, would it please the gods to split
Thy beauty, size, and years, and wit,
No age could furnish out a pair
Of nymphs so graceful, wise, and fair;
With half the lustre of your eyes,
With half your wit, your years, and size. Swift.
3. To dash and break on a rock.
God's desertion, as a full and violent wind, drives him in
an instant, not to the harbour, but on the rock where he will
be irrecoverably split. Decay of Piety.
Those who live by shores, with joy behold
Some wealthy vessel split or stranded nigh;
And from the rocks leap down for shipwreck'd gold,
And seek the tempests which the others fly. Dryden.
4. To divide; to break into discord.
In states notoriously irreligious, a secret and irresistible
power splits their counsels, and smites their most refined poli­
cies with frustration and a curse. South's Sermons.

To SPLIT. v. n.
1. To burst in sunder; to crack; to suffer disruption.
A huge vessel of exceeding hard marble split asunder by con­
gealed water. Boyle.
What is't to me,
Who never sail on her unfaithful sea,
If storms arise and clouds grow black,
If the mast split, and threaten wrack? Dryden.
The road that to the lungs this store transmits,
Into unnumber'd narrow channels splits. Blackmore.
Each had a gravity would make you split,
And shook his head at M—y as a wit. Pope.
2. To be broken against rocks.
After our ship did split,
When you, and the poor number sav'd with you,
Hung on our driving boat. Shakespeare.
These are the rocks on which the sanguine tribe of lovers
daily-split, and on which the politician, the alchymist, and pro­
jector are cast away. Addison's Spectator.
The seamen spied a rock, and the wind was so strong that
we were driven directly upon it, and immediately split. Gulliv.

SPLI’TTER. n. s. [from split] One who splits.
How should we rejoice, if, like Judas the first,
Those splitters of parsons in sunder should burst! Swift.

SPLU’TTER. n. s. Bustle; tumult. A low word.
SPO

To SPOIL v. a. [spolio, Latin; spolier, French.]
1. To rob; to take away by force.
Ye took joyfully the spoiling of your goods, knowing in
yourselves that ye have in heaven an enduring substance. Heb.
This mount
With all his verdure spoil'd, and trees adrist. Milton:
2. To plunder; to strip of goods.
Yielding themselves upon the Turks faith, for the safeguard
of their liberty and goods, they were most injuriously spoiled
of all that they had. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Thou shalt not gain what I deny to yield,
Nor reap the harvest, though thou spoil'st the field. Prior.
My sons their old unhappy sire despise,
Spoil'd of his kingdom, and depriv'd of eyes. Pope.
3. To corrupt; to mar; to make useless. [This is properly
spill, spillan, Saxon.]
Beware lest any man spoil you, through philosophy and vain
deceit. Col. ii. 8.
Spiritual pride spoils many graces. Taylor.

To SPOIL. v. n.
1. To practice robbery or plunder.
England was infested with robbers and outlaws, which,
lurking in woods, used often to break forth to rob and spoil.
Spenser on Ireland.
They which hate us spoil for themselves. Ps. xliv. 14.
2. To grow useless; to be corrupted.
He that gathered a hundred bushels of acorns, or apples,
had thereby a property in them: he was only to look that he
used them before they spoiled, else he robbed others. Locke.

SPOIL. n. s. [spolium, Latin.]
1. That which is taken by violence; that which is taken from
an enemy; plunder; pillage; booty.
The cry of Talbot serves me for a sword;
For I have loaden me with many spoils,
Using no other weapon but his name. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Where the cleaver chops the heifer's spoil,
Thy breathing nostril hold. Gay's Trivia.
2. The act of robbery; robbery; waste.
The man that hath not musick in himself,
Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils. Shakespeare.
Go and speed!
Havock, and spoil, and ruin are my gain. Milt. Parad. Lost.
3. Corruption; cause of corruption.
Company, villainous company, hath been the spoil of
me. Shakespeare.
4. The slough; the cast-off skin of a serpent.
Snakes, the rather for the casting of their spoil, live 'till they
be old. Bacon.

SPO’ILER. n. s. [from spoil.]
1. A robber; a plunderer; a pillager.
Such ruin of her manners Rome
Doth suffer now, as she's become
Both her own spoiler and own prey. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
Providence, where it loves a nation, concerns itself to own
and assert the interest of religion, by blasting the spoilers of re­
ligious persons and places. South's Sermons.
Came you, then, here, thus far, thro' waves, to conquer,
To waste, to plunder, out of meer compassion?
Is it humanity that prompts you on?
Happy for us, and happy for you spoilers,
Had your humanity ne'er reach'd our world! A. Philips.
2. One who mars or corrupts any thing.

SPO’ILFUL. adj. [spoil and full.] Wasteful; rapacious.
Having oft in battle vanquished
Those spoilful Picts, and swarming Easterlings,
Long time in peace his realm established. Fairy Queen.

SPOKE. n. s. [spaca, Saxon; speiche, German.] The bar of a
wheel that passes from the nave to the felly.
All you gods,
In general synod take away her power;
Break all the spokes and fellies of her wheel,
And bowl the round nave down the hill of heav'n. Shakes.


No heir e'er drove so fine a coach;
The spokes, we are by Ovid told,
Were silver, and the axle gold. Swift.

SPOKE. The preterite of speak.
They spoke best in the glory of their conquest. Sprat.

SPOKEN. Participle passive of speak.
Wouldst thou be spoken for to the king? 2 Kings iv. 13.
The original of these signs for communication is found in
viva voce, in spoken language. Holder's Elements of Speech.

SPO’KESMAN. n. s. [spoke and man.] One who speaks for
another.
'Tis you that have the reason.
—To do what?
—To be a spokesman from madam Silvia: Shakespeare.
He shall be thy spokesman unto the people. Ex. iv. 16.

To SPO’LIATE. v. a. [spolio, Lat.] To rob; to plunder. Dict.

SPOLIA’TION. n. s. [spoliation, French; spoliatio, Latin.] The
act of robbery or privation.
An ecclesiastical benefice is sometimes void de jure & facto,
and sometimes de facto, and not de jure; as when a man suf­
fers a spoliation by his own act. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SPO’NDEE. n. s. [spondée, French; spondœus, Latin.] A foot of
two long syllables.
We see in the choice of the words the weight of the stone,
and the striving to heave it up the mountain: Homer clogs the
verse with spondees, and leaves the vowels open. Broome.

SPO’NDYLE. n. s. [sp??d??; spondile, Fr. spondylus, Latin.]
A vertebra; a joint of the spine.
It hath for the spine or back-bone a cartilaginous substance,
without any spondyles, processes, or protuberances. Brown.

SPONGE. n. s. [spongia, Latin.] A soft porous substance sup­
posed by some the nidus of animals. It is remarkable for
sucking up water.
Sponges are gathered from the sides of rocks, being as a large
but tough moss. Bacon.
They opened and washed part of their sponges. Sandys.
Great officers are like sponges: they suck 'till they are full,
and, when they come once to be squeezed, their very heart's
blood come away. L'Estrange.

To SPONGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To blot; to wipe away
as with a sponge.
Except between the words of translation and the mind of
Scripture itself there be contradiction, very little difference
should not seem an intolerable blemish necessarily to be spunged
out. Hooker.

To SPONGE. v. n. To suck in as a sponge; to gain by mean
arts.
The ant lives upon her own honesty; whereas the fly is an
intruder, and a common smell-feast, that spunges upon other
people's trenchers. L'Estrange.
Here wont the dean, when he's to seek,
To spunge a breakfast once a week. Swift.

SPO’NGER. n. s. [from sponge.] One who hangs for a main­
tenance on others.
A generous rich man, that kept a splendid and open table,
would try which were friends, and which only trencher-flies
and spungers. L'Estrange.

SPO’NGINESS. n. s. [from spongy.] Softness and fulness of ca­
vities like a sponge.
The lungs are exposed to receive all the droppings from the
brain: a very fit cistern, because of their sponginess. Harvey.

SPO’NGIOUS. adj. [spongieux, French; from sponge.] Full of
small cavities like a sponge.
All thick bones are hollow or spongeous, and contain an
oleaginous substance in little vesicles, which by the heat of the
body is exhaled through these bones to supply their fibres. Chey.

SPO’NGY. adj. [from sponge.]
1. Soft and full of small interstitial holes.
The lungs are the most spongy part of the body, and there­
fore ablest to contract and dilate itself. Bacon's Nat. History.
A spongy excrescence groweth upon the roots of the laser­
tree, and upon cedar, very white, light, and friable, called
agarick. Bacon's Natural History.
The body of the tree being very spongy within, though hard
without, they easily contrive into canoes. More.
Into earth's spungy veins the ocean sinks,
Those rivers to replenish which he drinks. Denham.
Return, unhappy swain!
The spungy clouds are fill'd with gath'ring rain. Dryden.
Her bones are all very spongy, and more remarkably those of
a wild bird, which flies much, and long together. Grew.
2. Wet; drenched; soaked; full like a sponge.
When their drenched natures lie as in a death,
What cannot you and I perform upon
Th' unguarded Duncan? What not put upon
His spungy officers, who shall bear the guilt. Shakesp.

SPONK. n. s. A word in Edinburgh which denotes a match,
or any thing dipt in sulphur that takes fire: as, any sponks will
ye buy? Touchwood.

SPO’NSAL. adj. [sponsalis, Latin.] Relating to marriage.

SPO’NSION. n. s. [sponsio, Latin.] The act of becoming surety
for another.

SPO’NSOR. n. s. [Latin.] A surety; one who makes a promise
or gives security for another.
In the baptism of a male there ought to be two males and
one woman, and in the baptism of a female child two women
and one man; and these are called sponsors or sureties for their
education in the true Christian faith. Ayliffe's Parergon.
The sponsor ought to be of the same station with the person
to whom he becomes surety. Broome.

SPONTA’NEITY. n. s. [spontaneitas, school Lat. spontaneite, Fr.
from spontaneous.] Voluntariness; willingness; accord un­
compelled.
Necessity and spontaneity may sometimes meet together, so
may spontaneity and liberty; but real necessity and true liberty
can never. Bramh. against Hobbs.
Strict necessity they simple call;
It so binds the will, that things foreknown
By spontaneity not choice are done. Dryden.

SPONTA’NEOUS. adj. [spontanée, French; from sponte, Lat.]
Voluntary; not compelled; acting without compulsion or re­
straint; acting of itself; acting of its own accord.
Many analogal motions in animals, though I cannot call
them voluntary, yet I see them spontaneous: I have reason to
conclude, that these are not simply mechanical. Hale.
They now came forth
Spontaneous; for within them spirit mov'd
Attendant on their lord. Milton.
While John for nine-pins does declare,
And Roger loves to pitch the bar,
Both legs and arms spontaneous move,
Which was the thing I meant to prove. Prior.
Begin with sense, of ev'ry art the soul,
Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole;
Spontaneous beauties all around advance,
Start ev'n from difficulty, strike from chance,
Nature shall join you, time shall make it grow. Pope.

SPONTA’NEOUSLY. adv. [from spontaneous.] Voluntarily; of
its own accord.
This would be as impossible as that the lead of an edifice
should naturally and spontaneously mount up to the roof, while
lighter materials employ themselves beneath it. Bentley.
Whey turns spontaneously acid, and the curd into cheese as
hard as a stone. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SPONTA’NEOUSNESS. n. s. [from spontaneous.] Voluntariness;
freedom of will; accord unforced.
The sagacities and instincts of brutes, the spontaneousness of
many of their animal motions, are not explicable without
supposing some active determinate power connexed to and in­
herent in their spirits, of a higher extraction than the bare
natural modification of matter. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

SPOOL. n. s. [spuhl, German; spohl, Dutch.] A small piece of
cane or reed, with a knot at each end; or a piece of wood
turned in that form to wind yarn upon; a quill.

To SPOOM. v. n. [Probably from spume, or soam, as a ship
driven with violence spumes, or raises a foam.]
When virtue spooms before a prosperous gale,
My heaving wishes help to fill the sail. Dryden.

SPOON. n. s. [spaen, Dutch; spone, Danish; spoonn, Islandick.]
A concave vessel with a handle, used in eating liquids.
Would'st thou drown thyself,
Put but a little water in a spoon,
And it shall be as all the ocean,
Enough to stifle such a villain up. Shakesp. King John.
This is a devil, and no monster: I will leave him; I have
no long spoon. Shakesp. Tempest.
Or o'er cold coffee trifle with the spoon,
Count the slow clock, and dine exact at noon. Pope.

SPO’ONBILL. n. s. [spoon and bill.] A bird.
The shoveller, or spoonbill; the former name the more pro­
per, the end of the bill being broad like a shovel; but not
concave like a spoon, but perfectly flat. Grew's Musæum.
Ducks and geese have such long broad bills to quaffer in
water and mud; to which we may reckon the bill of the
spoonbill. Derham's Physico-Theology.

SPO’ONFUL. n. s. [spoon and full.]
1. As much as is generally taken at once in a spoon. A medical
spoonful is half an ounce.
Prescribe him, before he do use the receipt, that he take
such a pill, or a spoonful of liquor. Bacon.
2. Any small quantity of liquid.
Surely the choice and measure of the materials of which
the whole body is composed, and what we take daily by
pounds, is at least of as much importance as of what we take
seldom, and only by grains and spoonfuls. Arbuthnot.

SPO’ONMEAT. n. s. [spoon and meat.] Liquid food; nourish­
ment taken with a spoon.
We prescribed a slender diet, allowing only spoonmeats. Wise.
Wretched
Are mortals born to sleep their lives away!
Go back to what thy infancy began,
Eat pap and spoonmeat; for thy gugaws cry,
Be sullen, and refuse the lullaby. Dryden's Pers.


Diet most upon spoonmeats, as veal, or cock-broths. Harv.

SPOO’NWORT, or Scurvygrass. n. s. See SCURVYGRASS.

To SPOON. v. n. In sea language, is when a ship being un­
der sail in a storm cannot bear it, but is obliged to put right
before the wind. Bailey.

SPORA’DICAL. adj. [s??ad???; sporadique, French.]
A sporadical disease is an endemial disease, what in a parti­
cular season affects but few people. Arbuthnot.

SPORT. n. s. [spott, a make-game, Islandick.]
1. Play; diversion; game; frolick and tumultuous merriment.
Her sports were such as carried riches of knowledge upon
the stream of delight. Sidney.
As flies to wanton boys, are we to th' gods;
They kill us for their sport. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at me; then
let me be your jest. Shakespeare.
When their hearts were merry, they said, call for Samson,
that he may make us sport; and they called for him, and he
made them sport. Judg. xvi. 25.
As a mad-man who casteth fire-brands, arrows and death;
so is the man that deceiveth his neighbour, and saith, am not
I in sport? Prov. xxvi. 19.
The discourse of fools is irksome, and their sport is in the
wantonness of sin. Ecclus xxvii. 13.
2. Mock; contemptuous mirth.
They had his messengers in derision and made a sport of
his prophets. 1 Esdr. i. 51.
To make sport with his word, and to endeavour to render
it ridiculous, by turning that holy book into raillery, is a di­
rect affront to God. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. That with which one plays.
Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey
Of wrecking whirlwinds. Milton.
Commit not thy prophetick mind
To flitting leaves, the sport of every wind,
Lest they disperse in air. Dryden.
4. Play; idle gingle.
An author who should introduce such a sport of words upon
our stage, would meet with small applause. Broome.
5. Diversion of the field, as of fowling, hunting, fishing.
Now for our mountain sport, up to you hill,
Your legs are young. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The king, who was excessively affected to hunting, and
the sports of the field, had a great desire to make a great park
for red as well as fallow deer, between Richmond and Hamp­
ton court. Clarendon.

To SPORT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To divert; to make merry.
The poor man wept and bled, cried and prayed, while they
sported themselves in his pain, and delighted in his prayers as
the argument of their victory. Sidney.
Away with him, and let her sport herself
With that she's big with. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Against whom do ye sport yourselves? against whom make
ye a wide mouth, and draw out the tongue? Isa. lvii. 4.
What pretty stories these are for a man of his seriousness to
sport himself withal! Atterbury.
Let such writers go on at their dearest peril, and sport them­
selves in their own deceivings. Watts.
2. To represent by any kind of play.
Now sporting on thy lyre the love of youth,
Now virtuous age and venerable truth;
Expressing justly Sappho's wanton art
Of odes, and Pindar's more majestick part. Dryden.

To SPORT. v. n.
1. To play; to frolick; to game; to wanton.
They sporting with quick glance,
Shew to the sun their wav'd coats dropt with gold. Milton.
Larissa, as she sported at this play, was drowned in the ri­
ver Peneus. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
2. To trifle.
If any man turn religion into raillery, by bold jests, he ren­
ders himself ridiculous, because he sports with his own life. Till.

SPO’RTFUL. adj. [sport and full.] Merry; frolick; wanton;
ludicrous; done in jest.
How with a sportful malice it was follow'd,
May rather pluck on laughter than revenge. Shakespeare.
His highness, even in such a slight and sportful damage, had
a noble sense of just dealing. Wotton.
Down he alights among the sportful herd
Of those four-footed kinds. Milton.
Behold your own Ascanius, while he said,
He drew his glitt'ring helmet from his head,
In which the youth to sportful arms he led. Dryden.
They are no sportful productions of the soil, but did once
belong to real and living fishes; seeing each of them doth ex­
actly resemble some other shell on the sea shore. Bentley.
A catalogue of this may be had in Albericus Gentilis; which,
because it is too sportful, I forbear to mention. Baker.

SPORTFULLY. adv. [from sportful.] Wantonly; merrily.

SPO’RTFULNESS. n. s. [from sportful.] Wantonness; play;
merriment; frolick.
The otter got out of the river, and inweeded himself so, as
the ladies lost the further marking of his sportfulness. Sidney.

SPO’RTIVE. adj. [from sport.] Gay; merry; frolick; wan­
ton; playful; ludicrous.
I am not in a sportive humour now;
Tell me, and dally not, where is the money? Shakespeare.
Is it I
That drive thee from the sportive court, where thou
Was't shot at with fair eyes, to be the mark
Of smoky muskets? Shakespeare's All's well that ends well.
While thus the constant pair alternate said,
Joyful above them and around them play'd
Angels and sportive loves, a numerous crowd,
Smiling they clapt their wings, and low they bow'd. Prior.
We must not hope wholly to change their original tem­
pers, nor make the gay, pensive and grave; nor the melan­
choly, sportive, without spoiling them. Locke.
No wonder savages or subjects slain,
Were equal crimes in a despotick reign;
Both doom'd alike for sportive tyrants bled,
But subjects starv'd while savages were fed. Pope.

SPO’RTIVENESS. n. s. [from sportive.] Gaiety; play; wantonness.
Shall I conclude her to be simple, that has her time to be­
gin, or refuse sportiveness as freely as I have? Walton's Angler.

SPO’RTSMAN. n. s. [sport and man.] One who pursues the
recreations of the field.
Manilius lets us know the pagan hunters had Meleager for
their patron, as the Christians have their St. Hubert: he speaks
of the constellation which makes a good sportsman. Addison.

SPO’RTULE. n. s. [sportule, French; sportula, Latin.] An alms;
a dole.
The bishops, who consecrated the ground, had a spill or
sportule from the credulous laity. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SPOT. n. s. [spette, Danish; spotte, Flemish.]
1. A blot; a mark made by discoloration.
This three years day, these eyes, though clear
To outward view of blemish or of spot,
Bereft of sight, their seeing have forgot. Milton.
A long series of ancestors shews the native lustre with advan­
tage; but if he any way degenerate from his line, the least
spot is visible on ermine. Dryden.
2. A taint; a disgrace; a reproach.
3. I know not well the meaning of spot in this place, unless it
be a scandalous woman; a disgrace to her sex.
Let him take thee,
And hoist thee up to the shouting plebeians;
Follow his chariot, like the greatest spot
Of all thy sex. Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
4. A small extent of place.
That spot to which I point is paradise,
Adam's abode, those lofty shades his bow'r. Milton.
He, who with Plato, shall place beatitude in the knowledge
of God, will have his thoughts raised to other contemplations
than those who looked not beyond this spot of earth, and those
perishing things in it. Locke.
About one of these breathing passages is a spot of myrtles,
that flourish within the steam of these vapours. Addison.
Abdallah converted the whole mountain into a kind of gar­
den, and covered every part of it with plantations or spots of
flowers. The Guardian.
He that could make two ears of corn grow upon a spot of
ground where only one grew before, would deserve better of
mankind than the whole race of politicians. Gulliver.
5. Any particular place.
I would be busy in the world, and learn,
Not like a coarse and useless dunghill weed,
Fix'd to one spot, and rot just as I grow. Otway.
As in this grove I took my last farewel,
As on this very spot of earth I fell,
So she my prey becomes ev'n here. Dryden.
Here Adrian fell: upon that fatal spot
Our brother died. Granville
6. Upon the SPOT. Immediately; without changing place.
[Sur le champ.]
The lion did not chop him up immediately upon the spot;
and yet he was resolved he should not escape. L'Estrange.
It was determined upon the spot, according as the oratory
on either side prevailed. Swift.

To SPOT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To mark with discolarations; to maculate.
They are polluted off'rings, more abhorr'd
Than spotted livers in the sacrifice. Shakespeare.
Have you not seen a handkerchief,
Spotted with strawberries in your wife's hand? Shakespeare
But serpents now more amity maintain;
From spotted skins the leopard does refrain:
No weaker lion's by a stronger slain. Tate's Juvenal.
I counted the patches on both sides, and found the tory
patches to be about twenty stronger than the whig; but next
morning the whole puppet-show was filled with faces spotted
after the whiggish manner. Addison's Spectator.


2. To corrupt; to disgrace; to taint.
This vow receive, this vow of God's maintain,
My virgin life, no spotted thoughts shall stain. Sidney.
The people of Armenia have retained the christian faith,
from the time of the apostles; but at this day it is spotted with
many absurdities. Abbot's Descript. of the World.

SPO’TLESS. adj. [from spot]
1. Free from spots.
2. Free from reproah or impurity; immaculate; pure; un­
tainted.
So much fairer
And spotless shall mine innocence arise,
When the king knows my truth. Shakespeare.
I dare my life lay down, that the queen is spotless
In th' eyes of heaven. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
You grac'd the sev'ral parts of life,
A spotless virgin, and a faultless wife. Waller.
We sometimes wish that it had been our lot to live and con­
verse with Christ, to hear his divine discourses, and to ob­
serve his spotless behaviour; and we please ourselves perhaps
with thinking, how ready a reception we should have given
to him and his doctrine. Atterbury.
Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind,
Each pray'r accepted, and each wish resign'd. Pope.

SPO’TTER. n. s. [from spot.] One that spots; one that maculates.

SPO’TTY. adj. [from spot.] Full of spots; maculated.
The moon whose orb
Through optick glass the Tuscan artist views
In Valombrosa to descry new lands,
Rivers or mountains on her spotty globe. Milton.

SPOU’SAL. adj. [from spouse.] Nuptial; matrimonial; conju­
gal; connubial; bridal.
There shall we consummate our spousal rites. Shakespeare.
Hope's chast kiss wrongs no more joy's maidenhead,
Than spousal rites prejudice the marriage bed. Crashaw.
This other in her prime of love,
Spousal embraces vitiated with gold. Milton.
Sleep'st thou, careless of the nuptial day?
Thy spousal ornament neglected lies;
Arise, prepare the bridal train, arise. Pope's Odyssey.

SPOU’SAL. n. s. [espousailles, Fr. sponsalia, Latin.] Marriage;
nuptials.
As man and wife, being two, are one in love,
So be there 'twixt your kingdoms such a spousal,
That never may ill office, or fell jealousy
Thrust in between the paction of these kingdoms,
To make divorce of their incorporate league. Shakespeare.
The amorous bird of night
Sung spousal, and bid haste the ev'ning star,
On his hill top to light the bridal lamp. Milton.
The spousals of Hippolita the queen,
What tilts and tourneys at the feast were seen. Dryden.
ætherial musick did her death prepare,
Like joyful sounds of spousals in the air:
A radiant light did her crown'd temples gild. Dryden.

SPOUSE. n. s. [sponsa, sponsus, Latin; espouse, French.] One
joined in marriage; a husband or wife.
She is of good esteem;
Beside so qualified as may beseem
The spouse of any noble gentleman. Shakespeare.
At once farewel, O faithful spouse! they said;
At once th'encroaching rhinds their closing lips invade. Dryd.

SPOU’SED. adj. [from the noun.] Wedded; espoused; joined
together as in matrimony.
They led the vine
To wed her elm; she spous'd about him twins
Her marriageable arms. Milton.

SPOU’SELESS. adj. [from spouse.] Wanting a husband or wife.
To tempt the spouseless queen with am'rous wiles,
Resort the nobles from the neigh'bring isles. Pope.

SPOUT. n. s. [from spuyt, Dutch.]
1. A pipe, or mouth of a pipe or vessel out of which any thing
is poured.
She gasping to begin some speech, her eyes
Became two spouts. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
In whales that breathe, lest the water should get unto the
lungs, an ejection thereof is contrived by a fistula or spout at
the head. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If you chance it to lack,
Be it claret or sack,
I'll make this snout
To deal it about,
Or this to run out,
As it were from a spout. Ben. Johnson.
As waters did in storms, now pitch runs out,
As lead, when a fir'd church becomes one spout. Donne.
In Gaza they couch vessels of earth in their walls to gather
the wind from the top, and to pass it down in spouts into
rooms. Bacon.
Let the water be fed by some higher than the pool, and de­
livered into it by fair spouts, and then discharged by some
equality of bores that it stay little. Bacon.
In this single cathedral the very spouts are loaded with orna­
ments. Addison on Italy.
From silver spouts the grateful liquors glide,
And China's earth receives the smoking tide. Pope.
2. Water falling in a body; a cataract, such as is seen in the
hot climates when clouds sometimes discharge all their water
at once.
Not the dreadful spout,
Which shipmen do the hurricano call,
Constring'd in mass by the almighty sun,
Shall dizzy with more clamour Neptune's ear
In his descent, than shall my prompted sword
Falling on Diomede. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
The force of these motions pressing more in some places than
in others, there would fall not showers, but great spouts or
cascades of water. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

To SPOUT. v. a. [from the noun.] To pour with violence,
or in a collected body as from a spout.
We will bear home that lusty blood again,
Which here we came to spout against your town. Shakesp.
I intend two fountains, the one that sprinkleth or spouteth
water, the other a fair receipt of water. Bacon.
She swims in blood, and blood does spouting throw
To heav'n, that heav'n mens cruelties might know. Waller.
Next on his belly floats the mighty whale;
He twists his back, and rears his threatning tail:
He spouts the tide. Creech.

To SPOUT. v. n. To issue as from a spout.
They laid them down hard by the murmuring musick of
certain waters, which spouted out of the side of the hills. Sidney.
No hands cou'd force it thence, so fixt it stood,
Till out it rush'd, expell'd by streams of spouting blood. Dryd.
It spouts up out of deep wells, and flies forth at the tops of
them, upon the face of the ground. Woodward.
All the glittering hill
Is bright with spouting rills. Thomson's Autumn.
SPR

To SPRAIN. v. a. [Corrupted from strain.] To stretch the li­
gaments of a joint without dislocation of the bone.
Should the big last extend the shoe too wide,
The sudden turn may stretch the swelling vein,
Thy cracking joint unhinge, or ancle sprain. Gay.

SPRAIN. n. s. [from the verb.] Extension of ligaments with­
out dislocation of the joint.
I was in pain, and thought it was with some sprain at tennis.
Temple.

SPRAINTS. n. s. The dung of an otter. Dict.

SPRANG. The preterite of spring.
Mankind sprang from one common original; whence this
tradition would be universally diffused. Tillotson.

SPRAT. n. s. [sprot, Dutch.] A small sea fish.
So oft in feasts with costly changes clad,
To crammed maws a sprat new stomach brings. Sidney.
All-saints do lay for porke and sowse,
For sprats and spurlings for their house. Tusser.
Of round fish there are brit, sprat, barn, smelts. Carew.

To SPRAWL. v. n. [spradle, Danish; spartelen, Dutch.]
1. To struggle as in the convulsions of death.
Hang the child, that he may see it sprawl;
A sight to vex the father's soul. Shakespeare.
Some lie sprawling on the ground,
With many a gash and bloody wound. Hudibras.
2. To tumble with agitation and contortion of the limbs.
The birds were not fledged; but upon sprawling and strug­
gling to get clear of the flame, down they tumbled. L'Estrange.
Telamon hap'd to meet
A rising root that held his fasten'd feet;
So down he fell, whom sprawling on the ground,
His brother from the wooden gyves unbound. Dryden.
Hence, long before the child can crawl,
He learns to kick, and wince, and sprawl. Prior.
Did the stars do this feat once only, which gave beginning
to human race? who were there then in the world, to ob­
serve the births of those first men, and calculate their nativi­
ties, as they sprawled out of ditches? Bentley.
He ran, he leapt into a flood,
There sprawl'd a while, and scarce got out,
All cover'd o'er with slime. Swift.

SPRAY. n. s. [Of the same race with sprit and sprout.]
1. The extremity of a branch.
At sight whereof each bird that sits on spray.
And every beast that to his den was fled,
Come forth afresh out of their late dismay,
And to the light lift up their drooping head. Hubberd's Tale.
Thus droops this lofty pine, and hangs his sprays;
Thus Eleanor's pride dies in her younger days. Shakespeare.
In hewing Rutland, when his leaves put forth,
Clifford set his murth'ring knife to the root,
From whence that tender spray did sweetly spring. Shakesp.
The wind that whistles through the sprays,
Maintains the consort of the song;
And hidden birds with native lays,
The golden sleep prolong. Dryden.


2. The foam of the sea, commonly written spray.
Winds raise some of the salt with the spray. Arbuthnot.

To SPREAD. v. a. [spredan, Saxon; spreyden, Dutch.]
1. To extend; to expand; to make to cover or fill a larger space
than before.
He bought a field where he had spread his tent. Gen. xxxiii.
Rizpah spread sackloth for her upon the rock. 2. Sam. xxi.
Make the trees more tall, more spread, and more hasty than
they use to be. Bacon's Natural History.
Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish. Jer. x.
2. To cover by extension.
Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace,
And an unusual paleness spreads her face. Granville.
3. To cover over.
The workman melteth a graven image, and the goldsmith
spreadeth it over with gold. Isa. xl. 19.
4. To stretch; to extend.
Spread o'er the silver waves thy golden hair. Shakespeare.
He arose from kneeling, with his hands spread up to heaven,
and he blessed the congregation. 1 Kings viii. 54.
The stately trees fast spread their branches. Milton.
Deep in a rich alcove the prince was laid,
Fast by his side Pisistratus lay spread,
In age his equal, on a splendid bed. Pope.
5. To publish; to divulge; to disseminate.
They, when departed, spread abroad his fame in all that
country. Matth. ix. 31.
6. To emit as effluvia or emanations; to diffuse.
Their course thro' thickest constellations held,
They spread their bane. Milton.

To SPREAD. v. n. To extend or expand itself.
Can any understand the spreadings of the clouds, or the
noise of his tabernacle? Job xxxvi. 29.
The princes of Germany had but a dull fear of the great­
ness of Spain, upon a general apprehension only of their spread­
ing and ambitious designs. Bacon.
Plants, if they spread much, are seldom tall. Bacon.
Great Pan, who wont to chase the fair,
And lov'd the spreading oak, was there. Addison's Cato.
The valley opened at the farther end spreading forth into
an immense ocean. Addison.

SPREAD. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Extent; compass.
I have got a fine spread of improveable lands, and am al­
ready ploughing up some, fencing others. Addison.
2. Expansion of parts.
No flower hath that spread of the woodbind. Bacon.

SPREA’DER. n. s. [from spread.]
1. One that spreads.
By conforming ourselves we should be spreaders of a worse
infection than any we are likely to draw from Papists by our
conformity with them in ceremonies. Hooker.
2. Publisher; divulger; disseminator.
If it be a mistake, I desire I may not be accused for a spread­
er of false news. Swift.

SPRENT. part. [from sprene, to sprinkle, sprengan, sprenan,
Saxon; sprengen, Dutch.] Sprinkled. Obsolete.
O lips, that kiss'd that hand, with my tears sprent. Sidney.

SPRIG. n. s. [ysbrig, Welsh, so Davies: but it is probably
of the same race with spring.] A small branch; a spray.
The substance is true ivy, after it is taken down, the friends
of the family are desirous to have some sprig to keep. Bacon.
Our chilling climate hardly bears
A sprig of bays in fifty years;
While ev'ry fool his claim alledges,
As if it grew in common hedges. Swift.

SPRIG Chrystal. n. s.
In perpendicular fissures, chrystal is found in form of an
hexangular column, adhering at one end to the stone, and
near the other lessening gradually, till it terminates in a point:
this is called by lapidaries sprig or rock chrystal. Woodward.

SPRI’GGY. adj. [from sprig.] Full of small branches.

SPRIGHT. n. s. [Contraction of spirit, spiritus, Latin: it was
anciently written sprete or spryte; and spirit, as now written,
was long considered in verse as a monosyllable: this word
should therefore be spelled sprite, and its derivatives spritely,
spriteful; but custom has determined otherwise.]
1. Spirit; shade; soul; incorporeal agent.
She doth display
The gate with pearls and rubies richly dight,
Through which her words so wise do make their way,
To bear the message of her spright. Spenser.
Forth he called out of deep darkness dread,
Legions of sprights, the which like little flies,
Flutt'ring about his ever damned head,
Await whereto their service he applies. Fairy Queen.
While with heav'nly charity she spoke,
A streaming blaze the silent shadows broke;
The birds obscene to forests wing'd their flight,
And gaping graves received the guilty spright. Dryden.
Of these am I who thy protection claim,
A watchful sprite. Pope.
2. Walking spirit; apparition.
The ideas of goblins and sprights have no more to do with
darkness than light; yet let but a foolish maid inculcate these
often on the mind of a child, possibly he shall never be able to
separate them again. Locke.
3. Power which gives cheerfulness or courage.
O chastity, the chief of heav'nly lights,
Which mak'st us most immortal shape to wear,
Hold thou my heart, establish thou my sprights:
To only thee my constant course I bear,
Till spotless soul unto thy bosom fly,
Such life to lead, such death I vow to die. Sidney.
4. An arrow.
We had in use for sea fight short arrows called sprights,
without any other heads save wood sharpened; which were
discharged out of muskets, and would pierce through the sides
of ships where a bullet would not. Bacon's Natural History.

To SPRIGHT. v. a. To haunt as a spright. A ludicrous use.
I am sprighted with a fool. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

SPRI’GHTFUL. adj. [spright and full.] Lively; brisk; gay;
vigorous.
The spirit of the time shall teach me speed.—
—Spoke like a sprightful noble gentleman. Shakespeare.
Happy my eyes when they behold thy face:
My heavy heart will leave its doleful beating,
At sight of thee, and bound with sprightful joys. Otway.

SPRI’GHTFULLY. adv. [from sprightful.] Briskly; vigorously.
Norfolk, sprightfully and bold,
Stays but the summons of the appellant's trumpet. Shakesp.

SPRI’GHTLINESS. n. s. [from sprightly] Liveliness; briskness;
vigour; gaiety; vivacity.
The soul is clogged when she acts in conjunction with a
companion so heavy; but in dreams, observe with what a
sprightliness and alacrity does she exert herself. Addison.

SPRI’GHTLY. adj. [from spright.] Gay; brisk; lively; vigo­
rous; airy; vivacious.
Produce the wine that makes us bold,
And sprightly wit and love inspires. Dryden.
When now the sprightly trumpet, from afar,
Had giv'n the signal of approaching war. Dryden.
Each morn they wak'd me with a sprightly lay:
Of opening heav'n they sung, and gladsome day. Prior.
The sprightly Sylvia trips along the green;
She runs, but hopes she does not run unseen. Pope.

To SPRING. v. n. Preterite sprung or sprang, anciently sprong.
[springan, Sax. springen, Dutch.]
1. To arise out of the ground and grow by vegetative power.
All blest secrets,
All you unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
Spring with my tears; be aidant and remediate
In the good man's distress. Shakespeare.
To his musick, plants and flowers
Ever sprung, as sun and showers
There had made a lasting spring. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
To satisfy the desolate ground, and cause the bud of the
tender herb to spring forth. Job xxxviii. 27.
Other fell on good ground, and did yield fruit that sprang
up and encreased. Mark iv. 8.
Tell me, in what happy fields
The thistle springs, to which the lily yields? Pope.
2. To begin to grow.
That the nipples should be made with such persorations as
to admit passage to the milk, when drawn, otherwise to retain
it; and the teeth of the young not sprung, are effects of pro­
vidence. Ray.
3. To proceed as from seed.
Ye shall eat this year such things as grow of themselves;
and in the second year that which springeth of the same. 2 Kings.
Much more good of sin shall spring. Milton.
4. To come into existence; to issue forth.
Had'st thou sway'd as kings should do,
Giving no ground unto the house of York,
They never then had sprung like summer flies. Shakespeare.
Ev'n thought meets thought, ere from the lips it part,
And each warm wish springs mutual from the heart. Pope.
5. To arise; to appear.
When the day began to spring, they let her go. Judges.
To them which sat in the region and shadow of death, light
is sprung up. Matth. iv. 16.
6. To issue with effect or force.
Swift fly the years, and rise th' expected morn;
Oh spring to light: auspicious babe be born. Pope.
7. To proceed as from ancestors.
How youngly he began to serve his country,
How long continued; and what stock he springs of;
The noble house of Marcius. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Our Lord sprang out of Judea. Heb. vii. 14.
All these
Shall, like the brethren sprung of dragon's teeth,
Ruin each other, and he fall amongst 'em. Ben. Johnson.
Heroes of old, by rapine, and by spoil,
In scarch of same did all the world embroil;


Thus to their gods, each then ally'd his name,
This sprang from Jove, and that from Titan came. Granv.
8. To proceed as from a ground, cause, or reason.
They found new hope to spring
Out of despair. Milton.
Some have been deceived into an opinion, that the inheri­
tance of rule over men, and property in things, sprang from
the same original, and were to descend by the same rules.
Locke.
Do not blast my springing hopes
Which thy kind hand has planted in my soul. Rowe.
9. To grow; to thrive.
What makes all this but Jupiter the king,
At whose command we perish and we spring:
Then 'tis our best, since thus ordain'd to die,
To make a virtue of necessity. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
10. To bound; to leap; to jump.
Some strange commotion
Is in his brain; he bites his lip, and starts;
Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground,
Then lays his finger on his temple; strait
Springs out into fast gait, then stops again. Shak. H. VIII.
I sprang not more in joy at first hearing he was a man child,
than now in first seeing he had proved himself a man. Shakes.
He called for a light, and sprang in and fell before Paul. Acts.
When heav'n was nam'd, they loos'd their hold again;
Then sprung she forth, they follow'd her amain. Dryden.
Afraid to sleep;
Her blood all fever'd, with a furious leap
She sprung from bed. Dryden.
Nor lies she long; but as her fates ordain,
Springs up to life, and fresh to second pain,
Is sav'd to-day, to-morrow to be slain. Dryden.
See, aw'd by heaven, the blooming Hebrew flies
Her artful tongue, and more persuasive eyes;
And springing from her disappointed arms,
Prefers a dungeon to forbidden charms. Blackmore.
The mountain stag, that springs
From height to height, and bounds along the plains,
Nor has a master to restrain his course;
That mountain stag would Vanoe rather be,
Than be a slave. Philips's Briton.
11. To fly with elastick power.
A link of horsehair, that will easily slip, fasten to the end of
the stick that springs. Mortimer's Husbandry.
12. To rise from a covert.
My doors are hateful to my eyes,
Fill'd and damm'd up with gaping creditors,
Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring. Otway.
A covey of partridges springing in our front, put our in­
fantry in disorder. Addison.
13. To issue from a fountain.
Israel's servants digged in the valley, and found a well of
springing water. Gen. xxvi. 19.
Let the wide world his praises sing,
Where Tagus and Euphrates spring;
And from the Danube's frosty banks to those
Where from an unknown head great Nilus flows. Roscomm.
14. To proceed as from a source.
Fly, fly, prophane fogs! far hence fly away,
Taint not the pure streams of the springing day
With your dull influence: 'tis for you
To sit and scoule upon night's heavy brow. Crashaw.
15. To shoot; to issue with speed and violence.
Then shook the sacred shrine, and sudden light
Sprung thro' the vaulted roof, and made the temple bright:
The pow'r, behold! the pow'r in glory shone,
By her bent bow and her keen arrows known. Dryden.
The friendly gods a springing gale enlarg'd,
The fleet swift tilting o'er the surges flew,
Till Grecian cliffs appeared. Pope.

To SPRING. v a.
1. To start; to rouse game.
Thus I reclaim'd my buzzard love to fly
At what, and when, and how, and where I chose:
Now negligent of sport I lie;
And now, as other fawkners use,
I spring a mistress, swear, write, sigh, and dye,
And the game kill'd, or lost, go talk or lie. Donne.
That sprung the game you were to set,
Before you had time to draw the net. Hudibras.
A large cock-pheasant he sprung in one of the neighbouring
woods. Addison's Spectator.
Here I use a great deal of diligence before I can spring any
thing; whereas in town, whilst I am following one character,
I am crossed by another, that they puzzle the chace. Addison.
See how the well-taught pointer leads the way!
The scent grows warm; he stops, he springs the prey. Gay.
2. To produce to light.
The nurse, surpriz'd with fright,
Starts and leaves her bed, and springs a light. Dryden.
Thus man by his own strength to heav'n would soar,
And would not be oblig'd to God for more:
Vain, wretched creature, how art thou misled,
To think thy wit these godlike notions bred!
These truths are not the product of thy mind,
But dropt from heaven, and of a nobler kind:
Reveal'd religion first inform'd thy sight,
And reason saw not, 'till faith sprung the light. Dryden.
He that has such a burning zeal, and springs such mighty
discoveries, must needs be an admirable patriot. Collier.
3. To make by starting a plank.
People discharge themselves of burdensome reflections, as of
the cargo of a ship that has sprung a leak. L'Estrange.
No more accuse thy pen; but charge the crime
On native sloth, and negligence of time:
Beware the publick laughter of the town,
Thou spring'st a leak already in thy crown. Dryden.
Whether she sprung a leak, I cannot find,
Or whether she was overset with wind,
But down at once with all her crew she went. Dryden.
4. To discharge a mine.
Our miners discovered several of the enemies mines, who
have sprung divers others which did little execution. Tatler.
I sprung a mine, whereby the whole nest was overthrown.
Addison's Spectator.
5. To contrive as a sudden expedient; to offer unexpectedly.
The friends to the cause sprang a new project, and it was
advertised that the crisis could not appear 'till the ladies had
shewn their zeal against the pretender. Swift.
6. To produce hastily.
7. To pass by leaping. A barbarous use.
Unbeseeming skill
To spring the fence, to rein the prancing steed. Thomson.

SPRING. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The season in which plants spring and vegetate; the vernal
season.
Orpheus with his lute made trees,
And the mountain-tops, that freeze,
Bow themselves when he did sing:
To his musick, plants and flowers
Ever sprung, as sun and showers
There had made a lasting Spring. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
The Spring visiteth not these quarters so timely as the
eastern parts. Carew.
Come, gentle Spring, ethereal mildness come,
And from the bosom of yon dropping cloud
Upon our plains descend. Thomson's Spring.
2. An elastick body; a body which when distorted has the power
of restoring itself to its former state.
This may be better performed by the strength of some such
spring as is used in watches: this spring may be applied to one
wheel, which shall give an equal motion to both the wings.
Wilkins's Math. Magic.
The spring must be made of good steel, well tempered; and
the wider the two ends of the spring stand asunder, the milder
it throws the chape of the vice open. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
He that was sharp sighted enough to see the configuration of
the minute particles of the spring of a clock, and upon what
peculiar impulse its elastick motion depends, would no doubt
discover something very admirable. Locke.
3. Elastick force.
Heav'ns, what a spring was in his arm, to throw!
How high he held his shield, and rose at ev'ry blow! Dryd.
Bodies which are absolutely hard, or so soft as to be void of
elasticity, will not rebound from one another: impenetrability
makes them only stop. If two equal bodies meet directly
in vacuo, they will by the laws of motion stop where they
meet, lose their motion, and remain in rest, unless they be
elastick, and receive new motion from their spring. Newton.
The soul is gathered within herself, and recovers that spring
which is weakened, when she operates more in concert with
the body. Addison.
In adult persons, when the fibres cannot any more yield,
they must break, or lose their spring. Arbuthnot.
4. Any active power; any cause by which motion is produced or
propagated.
My heart sinks in me while I hear him speak,
And every slacken'd fibre drops its hold,
Like nature letting down the springs of life;
So much the name of father awes me still. Dryden.
Nature is the same, and man is the same; has the same
affections and passions, and the same springs that give them
motion. Rymer.
Our author shuns by vulgar springs to move
The hero's glory, or the virgin's love. Pope's Prol. to Cato.
5. A leap; a bound; a jump; a violent effort; a sudden struggle.
The pris'ner with a spring from prison broke:
Then stretch'd his feather'd fans with all his might,
And to the neighb'ring maple wing'd his flight. Dryden.
With what a spring his furious soul broke loose,
And left the limbs still quivering on the ground! Add. Cato.


6. A leak; a start of plank.
Each petty hand
Can steer a ship becalm'd; but he that will
Govern, and carry her to her ends, must know
His tides, his currents; how to shift his sails,
Where her springs are, her leaks, and how to stop 'em.
Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
7. A fountain; an issue of water from the earth.
Now stop thy springs; my sea shall suck them dry,
And swell so much the higher by their ebb. Shakesp. H. VI.
Springs on the tops of hills pass through a great deal of pure
earth, with less mixture of other waters. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
When in th' effects she doth the causes know,
And seeing the stream, thinks where the spring doth rise;
And seeing the branch, conceives the root below:
These things she views without the body's eyes. Davies.
He adds the running springs and standing lakes,
And bounding banks for winding rivers makes. Dryden.
Nile hears him knocking at his sevenfold gates,
And seeks his hidden spring, and fears his nephews fates. Dry.
He bathed himself in cold spring water in the midst of
Winter. Locke.
The water that falls down from the clouds, sinking into
beds of rock or clay, breaks out in springs, commonly at the
bottom of hilly ground. Locke.
8. A source; that by which any thing is supplied.
To that great spring, which doth great kingdoms move,
The sacred spring, whence right and honour streams;
Distilling virtue, shedding peace and love
In every place, as Cynthia sheds her beams. Davies.
I move, I see, I speak, discourse, and know,
Though now I am, I was not always so:
Then that from which I was, must be before,
Whom, as my spring of being, I adore. Dryden.
Rolling down through so many barbarous ages, from the
spring of Virgil, it bears along with it the filth of the Goths
and Vandals. Dryden.
He has a secret spring of spiritual joy, and the continual
feast of a good conscience within, that forbids him to be mi­
serable. Bentley.
9. Rise; beginning.
About the spring of the day Samuel called Saul to the top of
the house. 1 Sa. ix. 26.
10. Course; original.
The first springs of great events, like those of great rivers,
are often mean and little. Swift.

SPRING. adv. [from the noun.] With elastick vigour.
Before the bull she pictur'd winged love,
With his young brother sport, light fluttering
Upon the waves, as each had been a dove;
The one his bow and shafts, the other spring
A burning tead about his head did move,
As in their sire's new love both triumphing. Spenser.

SPRI’NGAL. n. s. A youth. Spenser.

SPRINGE. n. s. [from spring.] A gin; a noose which fastened
to any elastick body catches by a spring or jerk.
As a woodcock to my own springe, Osrick,
I'm justly kill'd with mine own treachery.
Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Let goats for food their loaded udders lend;
But neither springes, nets, nor snares employ. Dryden.
With hairy springes we the birds betray,
Slight lines of hair surprize the finny prey. Pope.

SPRI’NGER. n. s. [from spring.] One who rouses game.

SPRI’NGINESS. n. s. [from springy.] Elasticity; power of re­
storing itself.
Where there is a continued endeavour of the parts of a
body to put themselves into another state, the progress may be
much more slow, since it was a great while before the texture
of the corpuscles of the steel were so altered as to make them
lose their former springiness. Boyle.
The air is a thin fluid body, endowed with elasticity and
springiness, capable of condensation and rarefaction. Bentley.

SPRI’NGHALT. n. s. [spring and halt.] A lameness by which
the horse twiches up his legs.
They've all new legs, and lame ones; one would take it,
That never saw them pace before, the spavin
And springhalt reign'd among them. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

SPRI’NGTIDE. n. s. [spring and tide.] Tide at the new moon;
high tide.
Love, like springtides, full and high,
Swells in every youthful vein;
But each tide does less supply,
'Till they quite shrink in again:
If a flow in age appear,
'Tis but rain, and runs not clear. Dryd. Tyrannick Love.
Most people die when the moon chiefly reigns; that is, in
the night, or upon or near a springtide. Grew's Cosmol.

SPRI’NGLE. n. s. [from spring.] A springe; an elastick noose.
Woodcocks arrive first on the north coast, where every
plash-shoot serveth for springles to take them. Carew.

To SPRI’NGLE. v. n. Misprinted, I suppose, for sprinkle.
This is Timon's last,
Who, stuck and spangled with your slatteries,
Washes it off, and springles in your faces
Your reeking villany. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

SPRI’NGY. adj. [from springe.]
1. Elastick; having the power of restoring itself.
Had not the Maker wrought the springy frame,
Such as it is to fan the vital flame,
The blood, defrauded of its nitrous food,
Had cool'd and languish'd in th' arterial road;
While the tir'd heart had strove, with fruitless pain,
To push the lazy tide along the vein. Blackm. Creation.
This vast contraction and expansion seems unintelligible,
by feigning the particles of air to be springy and ramous, or
rolled up like hoops, or by any other means than a repulsive
power. Newton.
Though the bundle of fibres which constitute the muscles
may be small, the fibres may be strong and springy. Arbuthnot.
If our air had not been a springy body, no animal could
have exercised the very function of respiration; and yet the
ends of respiration are not served by that springiness, but by
some other unknown quality. Bentley's Sermons.
2. [From spring.] Full of springs or fountains. Not used.
Where the sandy or gravelly lands are springy or wet, rather
marl them for grass than corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To SPRI’NKLE. v. a. [sprinkelen, Dutch.]
1. To scatter; to disperse in small masses.
Take handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle
it towards the heaven. Ex. ix. 8.
2. To scatter in drops.
Sprinkle water of purifying upon them. Num. viii. 7.
3. To besprinkle; to wash, wet, or dust by sprinkling.
Let us draw near with a true heart, in full assurance of
faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Heb.
Wings he wore
Of many a colour'd plume sprinkled with gold. Milton.
The prince, with living water sprinkl'd o'er
His limbs and body; then approach'd the door,
Possess'd the porch. Dryden's æn.

To SPRI’NKLE. v. n. To perform the act of scattering in
small drops.
The priest shall sprinkle of the oil with his finger. Lev. xiv.
Baptism may well enough be performed by sprinkling, or ef­
fusion of water. Ayliffe's Parergon.
When dext'rous damsels twirl the sprinkling mop,
And cleanse the spatter'd sash, and scrub the stairs,
Know Saturday appears. Gay's Trivia.

To SPRIT. v. a. [sprttan, Saxon; spruyten, Dutch.] To
throw out; to eject with force. Commonly spirt.
Toads sometimes exclude or sprit out a dark and liquid
matter behind, and a venomous condition there may be per­
haps therein; but it cannot be called their urine. Brown.

To SPRIT. v. n. [sprttan, Saxon; spruyten, Dutch.] To
shoot; to germinate; to sprout.

SPRIT. n. s. [from the verb.] Shoot; sprout.
The barley, after it has been couched four days, will sweat
a little, and shew the chit or sprit at the root-end of the
corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SPRI’TSAIL. n. s. [sprit and sail.] The sail which belongs to
the boltsprit-mast. Dict.
Our men quitted themselves of the fireship, by cutting the
spritsail tackle off with their short hatchets. Wiseman.

SPRITE. n. s. [Contracted from spirit.] A spirit; an incorpo­
real agent.
The sprites of fiery termagants in flame
Mount up, and take a salamander's name. Pope.

SPRI’TEFULLY. adv. [See SPRIGHTFULLY.] Vigorously;
with life and ardour.
The Grecians spritefully drew from the darts the corse,
And hearst it, bearing it to fleet. Chapman's Iliads.

SPRONG. The preterite of spring. Obsolete.
Not mistrusting, 'till these new curiosities sprong up, that
ever any man would think our labour herein mispent, or the
time wastefully consumed. Hooker.

To SPROUT. v. n. [sprttan, Saxon; spruyten, Dutch.]
1. To shoot by vegetation; to germinate.
Try whether these things in the sprouting do increase
weight, by weighing them before they are hanged up; and
afterwards again, when they are sprouted. Bacon.
That leaf faded, but the young buds sprouted on, which after­
wards opened into fair leaves. Bacon's Natural History.
We find no security to prevent germination, having made
trial of grains, whose ends, cut off, have notwithstanding
sprouted. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Old Baucis is by old Philemon seen
Sprouting with sudden leaves of sprightly green. Dryden.
Hence sprouting plants enrich the plain and wood:
For physick some, and some design'd for food. Blackmore.
Envy'd Britannia, sturdy as the oak
Which on her mountain top she proudly bears,
Eludes the ax, and sprouts against the stroke,
Strong from her wounds, and greater by her wars. Prior.


Rub malt between your hands to get the come or sprouting
clean away. Mortime's Husbandry.
2. To shoot into ramifications.
Vitriol is apt to sprout with moisture. Bacon.
3. To grow.
Th' enliv'ning dust its head begins to rear,
And on the ashes sprouting plumes appear. Tickell.

SPROUT. n. s. [from the verb.] A shoot of a vegetable.
Stumps of trees, lying out of the ground, will put forth
sprouts for a time. Bacon.
Early ere the odorous breath of morn
Awakes the slumbering leaves, or tassel'd horn
Shakes the high thicket, haste I all about,
Number my ranks, and visit every sprout. Milton.
To this kid, taken out of the womb, were brought in the
tender sprouts of shrubs; and, after it had tasted, began to eat
of such as are the usual food of goats. Ray on the Creation.

SPRUCE. adj. [Skinner derives this word from preux, French;
but he proposes it with hesitation: Junius thinks it comes from
sprout; Casaubon trifles yet more contemptibly. I know not
whence to deduce it, except from pruce. In ancient books
we find furniture of pruce a thing costly and elegant, and
thence probably came spruce.] Nice; trim; neat without
elegance.
The tree
That wraps that crystal in a wooden tomb,
Shall be took up spruce, fill'd with diamond. Donne.
Thou wilt not leave me in the middle street,
Tho' some more spruce companion thou do'st meet. Donne.
Along the crisped shades and bow'rs
Revels the spruce and jocund Spring;
The graces, and the rosy-bosom'd hours,
Thither all their bounties bring. Milton.
I must not slip into too spruce a style for serious matters; and
yet I approve not that dull insipid way of writing practised by
many chymists. Boyle.
He put his band and beard in order,
The sprucer to accost and board her. Hudibras.
He is so spruce, that he can never be genteel. Tatler.
This Tim makes a strange figure with that ragged coat un­
der his livery: can't he go spruce and clean? Arbuthnot.

To SPRUCE. v. n. [from the noun.] To dress with affected
neatness.

SPRU’CEBEER. n. s. [from spruce, a kind of fir.] Beer tinc­
tured with branches of fir.
In ulcers of the kidneys sprucebeer is a good balsamick. Arb.

SPRU’CELEATHER. n. s. [Corrupted for Prussian leather.] Ains.
The leather was of Pruce. Dryden's Fables.

SPRU’CENESS. n. s. [from spruce.] Neatness without elegance.

SPRUNG. The preterite and participle passive of spring.
Tall Norway fir, their masts in battle spent,
And English oaks, sprung leaks, and planks, restore. Dryd.
Now from beneath Maleas' airy height,
Aloft she sprung, and steer'd to Thebes her flight. Pope.
Who sprung from kings shall know less joy than I. Pope.

SPRUNT. n. s. Any thing that is short and will not easily bend.
SPU

SPUD. n. s. A short knife.
My love to Sheelah is more firmly fixt,
Than strongest weeds that grow these stones betwixt:
My spud these nettles from the stones can part,
No knife so keen to weed thee from my heart. Swift.

SPU’LLERS of Yarn. n. s. Are such as are employed to see that
it be well spun, and fit for the loom. Dict.

SPUME. n. s. [spuma, Latin.] Foam; froth.
Materials dark and crude,
Of spirituous and fiery spume, 'till touch'd
With heaven's ray, and temper'd, they shoot forth
So beauteous, op'ning to the ambient light. Milton.
Waters frozen in pans, after their dissolution, leave a froth
and spume upon them, which are caused by the airy parts dif­
fused by the congealable mixture. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To SPUME. v. n. [spumo, Latin.] To foam; to froth.

SPU’MOUS. adj. [spumeus, Latin; from the noun.] Frothy;
foamy.
SPU’MY. adj. [spumeus, Latin; from the noun.] Frothy;
foamy.
The cause is the putrefaction of the body by unnatural heat:
the putrifying parts suffer a turgescence, and becoming airy
and spumous, ascend into the surface of the water. Brown.
Not with more madness, rolling from afar,
The spumy waves proclaim the wat'ry war;
And mounting upwards with a mighty roar,
March onwards, and insult the rocky shore. Dryden.
The spumous and florid state of the blood, in passing through
the lungs, arises from its own elasticity, and its violent motion,
the aerial particles expanding themselves. Arbuthnot.

SPUN. The preterite and part. pass. of spin.
The nymph nor spun, nor dress'd with artful pride;
Her vest was gather'd up, her hair was ty'd. Addison.

SPUNGE. n. s. [spongia, Latin.] A sponge. See SPONGE.
When he needs what you have glean'd, it is but squeezing
you, and, spunge, you shall be dry again. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Considering the motion that was impressed by the painter's
hand upon the spunge, compounded with the specifick gravity
of the spunge and the resistance of the air, the spunge did me­
chanically and unavoidably move in that particular line of
motion. Bentley's Sermons.

To SPUNGE. v. n. [Rather To sponge.] To hang on others for
maintenance.
This will maintain you, with the perquisite of spunging
while you are young. Swift to Gay.

SPU’NGINGHOUSE. n. s. [spunge and house.] A house to which
debtors are taken before commitment to prison, where the
bailiffs sponge upon them, or riot at their cost.
A bailiff kept you the whole evening in a spunginghouse. Sw.

SPU’NGY. adj. [from spunge.]
1. Full of small holes, and soft like a spunge.
Some English wool, vex'd in a Belgian loom,
And into cloth of spungy softness made,
Did into France or colder Denmark roam,
To ruin with worse air our staple trade. Dryden.
2. Wet; moist; watery.
There is no lady of more softer bowels,
More spungy to suck in the sense of fear. Shakespeare.
I saw Jove's hird, the Roman eagle, wing'd
From the spungy South to this part of the West,
There vanish'd in the sun-beams. Shakes. Cymbeline,
3. Drunken; wet with liquor.
What cannot we put upon
His spungy officers? Shakespeare.

SPUNK. n. s. Rotten wood; touchwood. See SPONK.
To make white powder, the best way is by the powder of
rotten willows: spunk, or touchwood prepared, might perhaps
make it russet. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SPUR. n. s. [spura, Sax. spore, Danish, Islandick, and Dutch;
esperon, French.]
1. A sharp point fixed in the rider's heel, with which he pricks
his horse to drive him forward.
He borrowing that homely armour for want of a better,
had come upon the spur to redeem Philoclea's picture. Sidney.
Whether the body politick be
A horse whereon the governour doth ride,
Who, newly in the seat, that it may know
He can command it, lets it straight feel the spur. Shakesp.
He presently set spurs to his horse, and departed with the
rest of the company. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Was I for this entitled, sir,
And girt with rusty sword and spur,
For fame and honour to wage battle? Hudibras.
2. Incitement; instigation.
Seeing then that nothing can move, unless there be some
end, the desire whereof provoketh unto motion, how should
that divine power of the soul, that spirit of our mind, ever stir
itself into action, unless it have also the like spur? Hooker.
What need we any spur, but our own cause,
To prick us to redress? Shakes. Julius Cæsar.
His laws are deep, and not vulgar; not made upon the spur
of a particular occasion, but out of providence of the future,
to make his people more and more happy. Bacon.
Reward is the spur of virtue in all good arts, all laudable
attempts; and emulation, which is the other spur, will never
be wanting, when particular rewards are proposed. Dryden.
The chief, if not only, spur to human industry and action,
is uneasiness. Locke.
The former may be a spur to the latter, 'till age makes him
in love with the study, without any childish bait. Cheyne.
3. A stimulus; a prick; any thing that galls and teazes.
Grief and patience, rooted in him both,
Mingle their spurs together. Shakes. Cymbeline.
4. The sharp points on the legs of a cock with which he fights.
Of birds the bill is of like matter with the teeth: as for
their spur, it is but a nail. Bacon.
Animals have natural weapons to defend and offend; some
talons, some claws, some spurs and beaks. Ray.
5. Any thing standing out; a snag.
The strong bas'd promontory
Have I made shake, and pluckt up by the spurs
The pine and cedar. Shakespeare.

To SPUR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To prick with the spur; to drive with the spur.
My friend, who always takes care to cure his horse of start­
ing fits, spurred him up to the very side of the coach. Addison.
Your father, when he mounted,
Rein'd 'em in strongly, and he spurr'd them hard. Dryden.
Who would be at the trouble of learning, when he finds his
ignorance is caressed? But when you brow-beat and maul
them, you make them men; for though they have no natural
mettle, yet, if they are spurred and kicked, they will mend
their pace. Collier on Pride.
2. To instigate; to incite; to urge forward.
Lovers break not hours,
Unless it be to come before their time:
So much they spur their expedition. Shakespeare.
Let the awe he has got upon their minds be so tempered with
the marks of good-will, that affection may spur them to their
duty. Locke.


3. To drive by force.
Love will not be spurr'd to what it loaths. Shakespeare.

To SPUR. v. n.
1. To travel with great expedition.
With backward bows the Parthians shall be there,
And, spurring from the fight, consess their fear:
A double wreath shall crown our Cæsar's brows. Dryden.
2. To press forward.
Ascanius took th' alarm, while yet he led,
And spurring on, his equals soon o'erpass'd. Dryd. æn.
Some bold men, though they begin with infinite ignorance
and errour, yet, by spurring on, refine themselves. Grew.

SPU’RGALLED. adj. [spur and gall.] Hurt with the spur.
I was not made a horse,
And yet I bear a burthen like an ass,
Spurgall'd and tir'd, by jaunting Bolingbroke. Shakespeare.
What! shall each spurgall'd hackney of the day,
Or each new pension'd sycophant, pretend
To break my windows, if I treat a friend. Pope.

SPURGE. n. s. [espurge, French; spurgie, Dutch, from purgo,
Latin.] A plant violently purgative. Spurge is a general
name in English for all milky purgative plants. Skinner.
The flower consists of one leaf, of the globous bell shape,
cut into several moon-shaped segments, and encompassed by
two little leaves, which seem to perform the office of a flower­
cup: the pointal is for the most part triangular, which rises
from the bottom of the flower, and becomes a fruit of the
same shape, divided into three cells, each containing an oblong
seed. Every part of the plant abounds with a milky juice.
There are seventy-one species of this plant, of which wart­
wort is one. The first sort, called broad-leaved spurge, is a
biennial plant, and used in medicine under the name of cata­
putia minor. The milky juice in these plants is used by some
to destroy warts; but particular care should be taken in the
application, because it is a strong caustick. Miller.
The leaves of cataputia, or spurge, being plucked upwards
or downwards, perform their operations by purge or vomit,
is a strange conceit, ascribing unto plants positional opera­
tions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SPURGE Laurel, or Mezereon. n. s. [thymelæa, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: the flower consists of one leaf; is, for
the most part, funnel-shaped, and cut into four segments;
from whose centre rises the pointal, which afterward becomes
an oval fruit, which is in some full of juice, but in others is
dry. In each is contained one oblong seed. It is a rough
purge. Miller.

SPU’RIOUS. adj. [spurius, Latin.]
1. Not genuine; counterfeit; adulterine.
The coin that shows the first is generally rejected as spu­
rious, nor is the other esteemed more authentick by the present
Roman medalists. Addison on Italy.
If any thing else has been printed, in which we really had
any hand, it is loaded with spurious additions. Swift.
2. Not legitimate; bastard.
Your Scipio's, Cæsar's, Pompey's, and your Cato's,
These gods on earth, are all the spurious brood
Of violated maids. Addison's Cato.

SPU’RLING. n. s. [esperlan, French.] A small sea-fish.
All-saints, do lay for porke and sowse,
For sprats and spurlings for your house. Tusser.

To SPURN. v. a. [spornan, Saxon.]
1. To kick; to strike or drive with the foot.
They suppos'd I could rend bars of steel,
And spurn in pieces posts of adamant. Shakes. Henry VI.
Say my request's unjust,
And spurn me back; but if it be not so,
Thou art not honest. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
You that did void your rheum upon my beard,
And foot me as you spurn a stranger cur
Over your threshold. Shak. Merchant of Venice.
He in the surging smoke
Uplifted spurn'd the ground. Milton.
So was I forc'd
To do a sovereign justice to myself,
And spurn thee from my presence. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Then will I draw up my legs, and spurn her from me with
my foot. Addison's Spectator.
A milk-white bull shall at your altars stand,
That threats a fight, and spurns the rising sand. Pope.
When Athens sinks by fates unjust,
When wild barbarians spurn her dust. Pope.
Now they, who reach Parnassus' lofty crown,
Employ their pains to spurn some others down. Pope.
2. To reject; to scorn; to put away with contempt; to disdain.
In wisdom I should ask your name;
But since thy outside looks so fair and warlike,
What safe and nicely I might well delay,
By rule of knighthood, I disdain and spurn. Shakespeare.
3. To treat with contempt.
Domesticks will pay a more chearful service, when they find
themselves not spurned, because fortune has laid them at their
masters feet. Locke.

To SPURN. v. n.
1. To make contemptuous opposition; to make insolent re­
sistance.
A son to blunt the sword
That guards the peace and safety of your person;
Nay more, to spurn at your most royal image. Shakesp.
I, Pandulph, do religiously demand
Why thou against the church, our holy mother,
So wilfully do'st spurn? Shakesp. King John.
Instruct me why
Vanoc should spurn against our rule, and stir
The tributary provinces to war. Philips's Briton.
2. To toss up the heels; to kick or struggle.
The drunken chairman in the kennel spurn,
The glasses shatters, and his charge o'erturns. Gay.

SPURN. n. s. [from the verb.] Kick; insolent and contemp­
tuous treatment.
The insolence of office, and the spurns
That patient merit of th' unworthy takes. Shakesp. Hamlet.

SPU’RNEY. n. s. A plant.

SPU’RRER. n. s. [from spur.] One who uses spurs.

SPU’RRIER. n. s. [from spur.] One who makes spurs.

SPU’RRY. n. s. [spergula, Latin.] A plant.
Spurry seed is sown in the low countries in Summer, the first
time in May, that it may flower in June and July; and in
August the seed is ripe. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To SPURT. v. n. [See To SPIRT.] To fly out with a quick
stream.
If from a puncture of a lancet, the manner of the spurting
out of the blood will shew it. Wiseman's Surgery.

SPU’RWAY. n. s. [spur and way.] A horseway; a bridle-road;
distinct from a road for carriages.

SPUTA’TION. n. s. [sputum, Latin.] The act of spitting.
A moist consumption receives its nomenclature from a moist
sputation, or expectoration: a dry one is known by its dry
cough. Harvey on Consumptions.

To SPU’TTER. v. n. [sputo, Latin.]
1. To emit moisture in small flying drops.
If a manly drop or two fall down,
It scalds along my cheeks, like the green wood,
That, sputt'ring in the flame, works outward into tears. Dry.
2. To fly out in small particles with some noise.
The nightly virgin, while her wheel she plies,
Foresees the storms impending in the skies,
When sparkling lamps their sputt'ring light advance,
And in the sockets oily bubbles dance. Dryden.
3. To speak hastily and obscurely, as with the mouth full; to
throw out the spittle by hasty speech.
A pinking owl sat sputtering at the sun, and asked him what
he meant to stand staring her in the eyes. L'Estrange.
They could neither of them speak their rage; and so fell
a sputtering at one another, like two roasting apples. Congreve.
Though he sputter through a session,
It never makes the least impression;
Whate'er he speaks for madness goes. Swift.

To SPU’TTER. v. a. To throw out with noise and hesi­
tation.
Thou do'st with lies the throne invade,
Obtending heav'n for whate'er ills befall;
And sputt'ring under specious names thy gall. Dryden.
In the midst of caresses, and without the least pretended in­
citement, to sputter out the basest accusations! Swift.

SPU’TTERER. n. s. [from sputter.] One that sputters.
SPY

SPY. n. s. [yspio, Welsh; espion, French; spie, Dutch; specula­
tor, Latin. It is observed by a German, that spy has been in
all ages a word by which the eye, or office of the eye, has been
expressed: thus the Arimaspians of old, fabled to have but one
eye, were so called from ari, which, among the nations of
Caucasus, still signifies one, and spi, which has been received
from the old Asiatick languages for an eye, sight, or one that
sees.] One sent to watch the conduct or motions of others;
one sent to gain intelligence in an enemy's camp or country.
We'll hear poor rogues
Talk of court news, and we'll talk with them too,
And take upon's the mystery of things,
As if we were God's spies. Shakesp. King Lear.
Spies of the Volscians
Held me in chace, that I was forc'd to wheel
Three or four miles about. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Every corner was possessed by diligent spies upon their
master and mistress. Clarendon.
I come no spy,
With purpose to explore, or to disturb,
The secrets of your realm. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Such command we had,
To see that none thence issu'd forth a spy,
Or enemy, while God was in his work. Milton.
Nothing lies hid from radiant eyes;
All they subdue become their spies:
Secrets, as chosen jewels, are
Presented to oblige the fair. Waller.


O'er my men I'll set my careful spies,
To watch rebellion in their very eyes. Dryden.
These wretched spies of wit must then confess,
They take more pains to please themselves the less. Dryden.
Those who attend on their state, are so many spies placed
upon them by the publick to observe them nearly. Atterbury.

To SPY. v. a. [See SPY. n. s.]
1. To discover by the eye at a distance, or in a state of conceal­
ment; to espy.
Light hath no tongue, but is all eye;
If it could speak as well as spy,
This were the worst that it could say,
That being well I fain would stay. Donne.
As tiger spy'd two gentle fawns. Milton.
A countryman spied a snake under a hedge, half frozen to
death. L'Estrange.
My brother Guyomar, methinks, I spy:
Haste in his steps, and wonder in his eye. Dryden.
One in reading skip'd over all sentences where he spy'd a
note of admiration. Swift.
2. To discover by close examination.
Let a lawyer tell he has spy'd some defect in an entail, how
solicitous are they to repair that errour. Decay of Piety.
3. To search or discover by artifice.
Moses sent to spy out Jaazer, and took the villages. Numb.

To SPY. v. n. To search narrowly.
It is my nature's plague
To spy into abuse; and oft my jealousy
Shapes faults that are not. Shakespeare's Othello.

SPY’BOAT. n. s. [spy and boat.] A boat sent out for intelli­
gence.
Giving the colour of the sea to their spyboats to keep them
from being discovered, came from the Veneti. Arbuthnot.
SQU

SQUAB. adj. [I know not whence derived.]
1. Unfeathered; newly hatched.
Why must old pidgeons, and they stale, be drest,
When there's so many squab ones in the nest. King.
2. Fat; thick and stout; awkwardly bulky.
The nappy ale goes round,
Nor the squab daughter nor the wife were nice,
Each health the youths began, Sim pledg'd it twice. Bettert.

SQUAB. n. s. A kind of sofa or couch; a stuffed cushion.
On her large squab you find her spread,
Like a fat corpse upon a bed. Swift.

SQUAB. adv. With a heavy sudden fall; plump and flat. A low
word.
The eagle took the tortoise up into the air, and dropt him
down, squab, upon a rock, that dashed him to pieces. L'Estr.

SQUA’BPIE. n. s. [squab, and pie.] A pie made of many ingre­
dients.
Cornwal squabpie, and Devon whitepot brings,
And Leister beans and bacon, food of kings. King.

To SQUAB. v. n. To fall down plump or flat; to squelsh or
squash.

SQUA’BBISH. adj. [from squab.] Thick; heavy; fleshy.
Diet renders them of a squabbish or lardy habit of body.
Harvey.

To SQUA’BBLE. v. n. [kiabla, Swedish.] To quarrel; to de­
bate peevishly; to wrangle; to fight.. A low word.
Drunk? and speak parrot? and squabble? swagger? oh,
thou invincible spirit of wine! Shakespeare's Othello.
I thought it not improper in a squabbling and contentious
age, to detect the vanity of confiding ignorance. Glanville.
If there must be disputes, is not squabbling less inconvenient
than murder? Collier on Duelling.
The sense of these propositions is very plain, though logi­
cians might squabble a whole day, whether they should rank
them under negative or affirmative. Watts's Logick.

SQUA’BBLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A low brawl; a petty quarrel.
In popular factions, pragmatick fools commonly begin the
squabble, and crafty knaves reap the benefit. L'Estrange.
A man whose personal courage is suspected, is not to drive
squadrons before him; but may be allowed the merit of some
squabble, or throwing a bottle at his neighbour's head. Arbuth.

SQUA’BBLER. n. s. [from squabble.] A quarrelsome fellow; a
brawler.

SQUA’DDRON. n. s. [escadron, Fr. squadrone, Italian, from
quadratus, Latin.]
1. A body of men drawn up square.
Those half rounding guards
Just met, and closing stood in squadron join'd. Milton.
2. A part of an army; a troop.
Nothing the Moors were more afraid of, than in a set battle
to fight with squadrons coming orderly on. Knolles.
Then beauteous Atys, with Iulus bred,
Of equal age, the second squadron led. Dryden.
3. Part of a fleet, a certain number of ships.
Rome could not maintain its dominion over so many pro­
vinces, without squadrons ready equipt. Arbuthnot.

SQUA’DRONED. adj. [from squadron.] Formed into squadrons.
They gladly thither haste; and by a choir
Of squadron'd angels hear his carol sung. Milt. Par. Lost.

SQUA’LID. adj. [squalidus, Latin.] Foul; nasty; filthy.
A doleful case desires a doleful song,
Without vain art or curious compliments,
And squalid fortune into baseness flowing,
Doth scorn the pride of wonted ornaments. Spenser.
Uncomb'd his locks, and squalid his attire,
Unlike the trim of love and gay desire. Dryden's Knights Tale.
All these Cocytus bounds with squalid reeds,
With muddy ditches and with deadly weeds. Dryden.

To SQUALL. v. n. [squala, Swedish.] To scream out as a
child or woman frighted.
In my neighbourhood, a very pretty prattling shoulder of
veal squalls out at the sight of a knife. Spectator.
I put five into my coat pocket, and as to the sixth I made a
countenance as if I would eat him alive. The poor man squal­
led terribly. Swift.
Cornelius sunk back on a chair; the guests stood astonished;
the infant squawl'd. Arbuthnot and Pope.

SQUALL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Loud scream.
There oft are heard the notes of infant woe,
The short thick sob, loud scream, and shriller squall. Swift.
2. Sudden gust of wind. A sailor's word.

SQUA’LLER. n. s. [from squall.] Screamer; one that screams.

SQUA’LOR. n. s. [Latin.] Coarseness; nastiness; want of
cleanliness and neatness.
Take heed that their new flowers and sweetness do not as
much corrupt as the others dryness and squalor. Ben. Johnson.
What can filthy poverty give else, but beggary, fulsome
nastiness, squalor, ugliness, hunger, and thirst? Burton.

SQUA’LLY. adj. [from squall] Windy; gusty. A sailor's word.

SQUA’MOUS. adj. [squameus, Latin.] Scaly; covered with scales.
The sea was replenished with fish, of the cartilaginous and
squamose, as of the testaceous and crustaceous kinds. Woodw.
Those galls and balls are produced, in the gems of oak, which
may be called squamous oak cones. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To SQUA’NDER. v. a. [verschwenden, Teutonick.]
1. To scatter lavishly; to spend profusely; to throw away in
idle prodigality.
We squander away some part of our fortune at play. Atterb.
They often squander'd, but they never gave. Savage.
Never take a favourite waiting maid, to insinuate how great
a fortune you brought, and how little you are allowed to
squander. Swift.
Then, in plain prose, were made two sorts of men,
To squander some, and some to hide agen. Pope.
True friends would rather see such thoughts as they com­
municate only to one another, than what they squander about
to all the world. Pope.
How uncertain it is, whether the years we propose to our­
selves shall be indulged to us, uncertain whether we shall have
power or even inclination to improve them better than those
we now squander away. Rogers.
2. To scatter; to dissipate; to disperse.
He hath an argosie bound to Tripolis, another to the In­
dies, and other ventures he hath squandered abroad. Shakespeare.
The troops we squander'd first, again appear
From sev'ral quarters, and enclose the rear. Dryden.
He is a successful warrior,
And has the soldiers hearts: upon the skirts
Of Arragon our squander'd troops he rallies. Dryden.

SQUA’NDERER. n. s. [from squander.] A spendthrift; a pro­
digal; a waster; a lavisher.
Plenty in their own keeping, teaches them from the begin­
ning, to be squanderers and wasters. Locke.

SQUARE. adj. [ysgwâr, Welsh; quadratus, Latin.]
1. Cornered; having right angles.
All the doors and posts were square, with the windows. Kings.
Water and air the varied form confound;
The straight looks crooked, and the square grows round. Prior.
2. Forming a right angle.
This instrument is for striking lines square to other lines or
streight sides, and try the squareness of their work. Moxon.
3. Cornered; having angles of whatever content; as three square,
five square.
Catching up in haste his three square shield,
And shining helmet, soon him buckled to the field. Spenser.
The clavicle is a crooked bone, in the figure of an S, one
end of which being thicker and almost three square, is inserted
into the first bone of the sternon. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. Parallel; exactly suitable.
She's a most triumphant lady, if report be square to her. Shak.
5. Strong; stout; well set. As, a square man.
6. Equal; exact; honest; fair. As, square dealing.
All have not offended;
For those that were, it is not square to take
On those that are, revenge; crimes, like to lands,
Are not inherited. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
7. [In geometry.] Square root of any number is that which,
multiplied by it self, produces the square, as 4 is the square root
of 16; because 4x4=16; and likewise 6 the square root of
36, as 6x6=36.



SQUARE. n. s. [quadra, Latin.]
1. A figure with right angles and equal sides.
Then did a sharped spire of diamond bright,
Ten feet each way in square appear to me,
Justly proportion'd up unto his height,
So far as archer might his level see. Spenser.
Rais'd of grassy turf their table was;
And on her ample square from side to side
All Autumn pil'd. Milton.
2. An area of four sides, with houses on each side.
The statue of Alexander VII. stands in the large square of
the town. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
3. Content of an angle.
In rectangle triangles the square which is made of the side
that subtendeth the right angle, is equal to the squares which
are made of the sides, containing the right angle. Brown.
4. A rule of instrument by which workmen measure or form
their angles.
5. Rule; regularity; exact proportion; justness of workman­
ship or conduct.
In St. Paul's time the integrity of Rome was famous: Co­
rinth many ways reproved: they of Galatia much more out
of square. Hooker.
The whole ordinance of that government was at first evil
plotted, and through other oversights came more out of square,
to that disorder which it is now come unto. Spenser's Ireland
I have not kept my square, but that to come
Shall all be done by th' rule. Shakes. Antony and Cleopatra.
Nothing so much setteth this art of influence out of square
and rule as education. Raleigh.
6. Squadron; troops formed square.
He alone
Dealt on lieutenantry, and no practice had
In the brave squares of war. Shakespeare.
Our superfluous lacqueys and our peasants,
Who in unnecessary action swarm
About our squares of battle, were enow
To purge this field of such a hilding foe. Shakespeare.
7. A square number is when another called its root can be exactly
found, which multiplied by itself produces the square. The
following example is not accurate.
Advance thy golden mountains to the skies,
On the broad base of fifty thousand rise;
Add one round hundred, and if that's not fair,
Add fifty more, and bring it to a square. Pope.
8. Quaternion; number four.
I profess
Myself an enemy to all other joys
Which the most precious square of sense possesses,
And find I am alone felicitate
In your love. Shakespeare.
9. Level; equality.
Men should sort themselves with their equals; for a rich
man that converses upon the square with a poor man, shall
certainly undoe him. L'Estrange.
We live not on the square with such as these,
Such are our betters who can better please. Dryden.
10. Quartile; the astrological situation of planets, distant ninety
degrees from each other.
To th' other five
Their planetary motions, and aspects,
In sextile, square, and trine and opposite
Of noxious efficacy. Milton's Paradise Lost.
11. Rule; conformity. A proverbial use.
I shall break no squares whether it be so or not. L'Estrange.
12. SQUARES go. The game proceeds. Chessboards being full
of squares.
One frog looked about him to see how squares went with
their new king. L'Estrange.

To SQUARE. v. a. [quadro, Latin; from the noun.]
1. To form with right angles.
He employs not on us the hammer and the chizzel, with an
intent to wound or mangle us, but only to square and fashion
our hard and stubborn hearts. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
2. To reduce to a square.
Circles to square, and cubes to double,
Wou'd give a man excessive trouble. Prior.
3. To measure; to reduce to a measure.
Stubborn criticks, apt, without a theme
For depravation, to square all the sex
By Cressid's rule. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
4. To adjust; to regulate; to mould; to shape.
Dreams are toys;
Yet for this once, yea superstitiously,
I will be squar'd by this. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
How frantickly I square my talk! Shakespeare.
Thou'rt said to have a stubborn soul,
That apprehends no further than this world,
And squar'st thy life accordingly. Shakespeare.
God has designed us a measure of our undertakings; his
word and law, by the proportions whereof we are to square
our actions. Decay of Piety.
The oracle was inforced to proclaim Socrates to be the
wisest man in the world, because he applied his studies to
the moral part, the squaring men's lives. Hammond.
His preaching much, but more his practice wrought;
A living sermon of the truths he taught;
For this by rules severe his life he squar'd,
That all might see the doctrine which they heard. Dryden.
This must convince all such who have, upon a wrong inter­
pretation, presumed to square opinions by theirs, and have in
loud exclamations shewn their abhorrence of university edu­
cation. Swift.
5. To accommodate; to fit.
Eye me, blest providence, and square my trial
To my proportion'd strength. Milton.
6. To respect in quartile.
O'er libra's sign a crowd of foes prevails,
The icy goat and crab that square the scales. Creech.
Some professions can equally square themselves to, and thrive
under all revolutions of government. South's Sermons.

To SQUARE. v. n.
1. To suit with; to fit with.
I set them by the rule, and, as they square,
Or deviate from undoubted doctrine, fare. Dryden.
His description squares exactly to lime. Woodward.
These marine bodies do not square with those opinions, but
exhibit phænomena that thwart them. Woodward.
2. To quarrel; to go to opposite sides. Obsolete.
Are you such fools
To square for this? would it offend you then
That both should speed! Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.
But they do square, that all their elves for fear
Creep into acorn cups, and hide them there. Shakespeare.

SQUA’RENESS. n. s. [from square.] The state of being square.
This instrument is for striking lines square to other lines or
straight lines, and try the squareness of their work. Moxon.
Motion, squareness, or any particular shape, are the acci­
dents of body. Watts's Logick.

SQUASH. n. s. [from quash.]
1. Any thing soft and easily crushed.
Not yet old enough for a man, nor young enough for a
boy; as a squash is before it is a peascod, or a coddling, when
it is almost an apple. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
2. [Melopepo.] A plant.
The characters are, it hath the whole appearance of a
pumpion or gourd; from which this differs in its fruit, which
is roundish, fleshy, streaked, angular, and for the most part
divided into five partitions, inclosing flat seeds adhering to a
spongy placenta. Miller.
Squash is an Indian kind of pumpion that grows apace.
Boyle.
3. Any thing unripe; any thing soft. In contempt.
How like I then was to this kernel,
This squash, this gentleman. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
4. A sudden fall.
Since they will overload my shoulders, I shall throw down
the burden with a squash among them. Arbuthnot.
5. A shock of soft bodies.
My fall was stopped by a terrible squash that sounded louder
than the cataract of Niagara. Gulliver's Travels.

To SQUASH. v. a. To crush into pulp.

To SQUAT. v. n. [quattare, Italian.] To sit cowering; to
sit close to the ground.

SQUAT. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Cowering; close to the ground.
Him there they found,
Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve. Milton.
Her dearest com'rades never caught her
Squat on her hams. Swift.
2. Short and thick; having one part close to another, as those
of an animal contracted and cowering.
The squill-insect is so called from some similitude to the
squill-fish: the head is broad and squat. Grew.
Alma in verse, in prose, the mind,
By Aristotle's pen defin'd,
Throughout the body squat or tall,
Is bonâ fide, all in all. Prior.

SQUAT. n. s.
1. The posture of cowering or lying close.
A stitch-fall'n cheek that hangs below the jaw;
Such wrinkles as a skilful hand would draw
For an old grandam ape, when with a grace
She sits at squat, and scrubs her leathern face. Dryden.
2. A sudden fall.
Bruises, squats and falls, which often kill others, can bring
little hurt to those that are temperate. Herbert.

SQUAT. n. s. A sort of mineral.
The squat consists of tin ore and spar incorporated. Woodw.

To SQUEAK. v. n. [sqwaka, Swedish.]
1. To set up a sudden dolorous cry; to cry out with pain.
2. To cry with a shrili acute tone.
The sheeted dead
Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets. Shakespeare.


Cart wheels squeak not when they are liquored. Bacon.
I see the new Arion sail,
The lute still trembling underneath thy nail:
At thy well sharpen'd thumb from shore to shore,
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden.
Blunderbusses planted in every loop-hole, go off constantly
at the squeaking of a fiddle and the thrumming of a guitar.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Who can endure to hear one of the rough old Romans
squeaking through the mouth of an eunuch? Addison.
How like brutes organs are to ours;
They grant, if higher pow'rs think fit,
A bear might soon be made a wit;
And that for any thing in nature,
Pigs might squeak love-odes, dogs bark satyr. Prior.
In florid impotence he speaks,
And as the prompter breathes, the puppet squeaks. Pope.
Zoilus calls the companions of Ulysses the squeaking pigs of
Homer. Pope's Odyssey.
3. To break silence or secrecy for fear or pain.
If he be obstinate, put a civil question to him upon the rack,
and he squeaks, I warrant him. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

SQUEAK. n. s. [from the verb.] A shrill quick cry; a cry of
pain.
Ran cow and calf, and family of hogs,
In panick horrour of pursuing dogs:
With many a deadly grunt and doleful squeak,
Poor swine! as if their pretty hearts wou'd break. Dryden.

To SQUEAL. v. n. [sqwala, Swedish.] To cry with a shrill
sharp voice; to cry with pain. Squeak seems a short sudden
cry, and squeal a cry continued.

SQUEA’MISH. adj. [for quawmish or qualmish, from qualm.]
Nice; fastidious; easily disgusted; having the stomach easily
turned; being apt to take offence without much reason. It is
used always in dislike either real or ironical.
Yet, for countenance sake, he seemed very squeamish in re­
spect of the charge he had of the princess Pamela. Sidney.
Quoth he, that honour's very squeamish,
That takes a basting for a blemish;
For what's more honourable than scars,
Of skin to tatters rent in wars? Hudibras.
His musick is rustick, and perhaps too plain,
The men of squeamish taste to entertain. Southern.
It is rare to see a man at once squeamish and voracious.
South.
There is no occasion to oppose the ancients and the mo­
derns, or to be squeamish on either side. He that wisely con­
ducts his mind in the pursuit of knowledge, will gather what
lights he can from either. Locke.

SQUEA’MISHNESS. n. s. [from squeamish.] Niceness; delicacy;
fastidiousness.
The thorough-pac'd politician must presently laugh at the
squeamishness of his conscience, and read it another lecture.
South's Sermons.
Upon their principles they may revive the worship of the
host of heaven; it is but conquering a little squeamishness of
stomach. Stillingfleet.
To administer this dose, fifty thousand operators, consider­
ing the squeamishness of some stomachs, and the peevishness of
young children, is but reasonable. Swift.

To SQUEEZE. v. a. [cwisan, Saxon; ys-gwasgu, Welsh.]
1. To press; to crush between two bodies.
It is applied to the squeezing or pressing of things downwards,
as in the presses for printing. Wilkins.
The sinking of the earth would make an extraordinary
convulsion of the air, and that crack must so shake or squeeze
the atmosphere, as to bring down all the remaining vapours.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
He reap'd the product of his labour'd ground,
And squeez'd the combs with golden liquor crown'd. Dryden.
None acted mournings forc'd to show,
Or squeeze his eyes to make the torrent flow. Dryden.
When Florio speaks, what virgin could withstand,
If gentle Damon did not squeeze her hand? Pope.
2. To oppress; to crush; to harass by extortion.
In a civil war people must expect to be crushed and squeezed
toward the burden. L'Estrange.
3. To force between close bodies.

To SQUEEZE. v. n.
1. To act or pass, in consequence of compression.
A concave sphere of gold fill'd with water and solder'd up,
upon pressing the sphere with great force, let the water squeeze
through it, and stand all over its outside in multitudes of small
drops, like dew, without bursting or cracking the body of the
gold. Newton's Opticks.
What crowds of these, impenitently bold,
In sounds and jingling syllables grown old,
Still run on poets, in a raging vein,
Ev'n to the dregs and squeezings of the brain. Pope.
2. To force way through close bodies.
Many a publick minister comes empty in; but when he has
crammed his guts, he is fain to squeeze hard before he can get
off. L'Estrange.

SQUEEZE. n. s. [from the verb.] Compression; pressure.
A subtile artist stands with wond'rous bag,
That bears imprison'd winds, of gentler sort
Than those that erst Laertes' son enclos'd:
Peaceful they sleep; but let the tuneful squeeze
Of lab'ring elbow rouse them, out they fly
Melodious, and with spritely accents charm. Philips.

SQUELCH. n. s. Heavy fall. A low ludicrous word.
He tore the earth which he had sav'd
From squelch of knight, and storm'd and rav'd. Hudibras.
So soon as the poor devil had recovered the squelch, away
he scampers, bawling like mad. L'Estrange.

SQUIB. n. s. [schieben, German, to push forward. This etymo­
logy, though the best that I have found, is not very probable.]
1. A small pipe of paper filled with wildfire. Used in sport.
The armada at Calais, sir Walter Raleigh was wont pret­
tily to say, were suddenly driven away with squibs; for it was
no more than a stratagem of fire-boats manless, and sent upon
them. Bacon's War with Spain.
The forest of the south, compareth the French valour to a
squib, or fire of flax, which burns and crackles for a time,
but suddenly extinguishes. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Lampoons, like squibs, may make a present blaze;
But time, and thunder, pay respect to bays. Waller.
Furious he begins his march,
Drives rattling o'er a brazen arch;
With squibs and crackers arm'd to throw
Among the trembling crowd below. Swift.
2. Any petty fellow.
Asked for their pass by every squib,
That list at will them to revile or snib. Spenser.
The squibs, in the common phrase, are called libellers. Tatler.

SQUILL. n. s. [squilla, scilla, Latin; squille, Fr.]
1. A plant.
It hath a large acrid bulbous root like an onion; the leaves
are broad; the flowers are like those of ornithogalum, or the
starry hyacinth: they grow in a long spike, and come out be­
fore the leaves. Miller.
Seed or kernels of apples and pears put into a squill, which
is like a great onion, will come up earlier than in the earth
itself. Bacon's Natural History.
'Twill down like oxymel of squills. Roscommon.
The self same atoms
Can, in the trufle, furnish out a feast;
And nauseate, in the scaly squill, the taste. Garth.
2. A fish.
3. An insect.
The squill-insect is so called from some similitude to the
squill-fish, in having a long body covered with a crust, com­
posed of several rings: the head broad and squat. Grew.

SQUI’NANCY. n. s. [squinance, squinancie, Fr. squinatia, Italian.]
An inflammation in the throat; a quinsey.
It is used for squinancies and inflammations of the throat;
whereby it seemeth to have a mollifying and lenifying virtue.
Bacon's Natural History.
In a squinancy there is danger of suffocation. Wiseman.

SQUINT. adj. [squinte, Dutch, oblique, transverse.] Look­
ing obliquely; looking not directly; looking suspiciously.
Where an equal poise of hope and fear
Does arbitrate the event, my nature is
That I incline to hope rather than fear,
And gladly banish squint suspicion. Milton.

To SQUINT. v. n. To look obliquely; to look not in a direct
line of vision.
Some can squint when they will; and children set upon a
table with a candle behind them, both eyes will move out­
wards, as affecting to see the light, and so induce squinting.
Bacon's Natural History.
Not a period of this epistle but squints towards another over
against it. Pope.

To SQUINT. v. a.
1. To form the eye to oblique vision.
This is the foul Flibertigibbet; he gives the web and the
pin, squints the eye, and makes the hairlip. Shakespeare.
2. To turn the eye obliquely.
Perkin began already to squint one eye upon the crown,
and another upon the sanctuary. Bacon's Henry VII.

SQUI’NTEYED. adj. [squint and eye.]
1. Having the sight directed oblique.
He was so squinteyed, that he seemed spitefully to look upon
them whom he beheld. Knolles's History of the Turks.
2. Indirect; oblique; malignant.
This is such a false and squinteyed praise,
Which seeming to look upwards on his glories,
Looks down upon my fears. Denham.

SQUINTIFE’GO. adj. Squinting. A cant word.
The timbrel and the squintifego maid
Of Isis awe thee; lest the gods for sin,
Should, with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin. Dryden.



To SQUINY. v. n. To look asquint. A cant word.
I remember thine eyes well enough:
Do'st thou squiny at me? Shakespeare's King Lear.

SQUIRE. n. s. [Contraction of esquire; escuyer, French. See
ESQUIRE.]
1. A gentleman next in rank to a knight.
He will maintain you like a gentlewoman.—Ay, that I will,
come cut and long tail under the degree of a squire. Shakesp.
The rest are princes, barons, knights, squires,
And gentlemen of blood. Shakespeare's Henry V.
2. An attendant on a noble warriour.
Old Butes' form he took, Anchises' squire
Now left to rule Ascanius. Dryden's ?neid.
Knights, squires, and steeds must enter on the stage. Pope.
3. An attendant at court.
Return with her—
I could as well be brought
To knee his throne, and squire-like pension beg,
To keep base life a-foot. Shakespeare's King Lear.

SQUI’RREL. n. s. [escurueil, French; sciurus, Latin.] A small
animal that lives in woods, remarkable for leaping from tree
to tree.
One chanc'd to find a nut,
In the end of which a hole was cut,
Which lay upon a hazel-root,
There scatter'd by a squirrel:
Which out the kernel gotten had;
When quoth this fay, dear queen be glad,
Let Oberon be ne'er so mad.
I'll set you safe from peril. Drayton.

To SQUIRT. v. a. To throw out in a quick stream. Of un­
certain etymology.
Sir Roger she mortally hated, and used to hire fellows to
squirt kennel water upon him as he passed along. Arbuthnot.

To SQUIRT. v. n. To prate; to let fly. Low cant.
You are so given to squirting up and down, and chattering,
that the world would say, I had chosen a jack-pudding for a
prime minister. L'Estrange.

SQUIRT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An instrument by which a quick stream is ejected.
He with his squirt-fire cou'd disperse
Whole troops. Hudibras.
There is war declared by a lord; his weapons are a pin to
scratch, and a squirt to bespatter. Pope.
2. A small quick stream.
Water those with squirts of an infusion of the medicine in
dunged water. Bacon's Natural History.

SQUI’RTER. n. s. [from squirt] One that plies a squirt.
The squirters were at it with their kennel water, for they
were mad for the loss of their bubble. Arbuthnot.
STA

To STAB. v. a. [staven, old Dutch.]
1. To pierce with a pointed weapon.
Be't lawful, that I invocate thy ghost,
To hear the lamentations of poor Anne,
Wife to thy Edward, to thy slaughter'd son;
Stabb'd by the self same hand that made these wounds. Shak.
Thou hid'st a thousand daggers in thy thoughts,
Which thou hast whetted on thy stony heart,
To stab at my frail life. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
None shall dare
With shorten'd sword to stab in closer war;
But in fair combat fight. Dryden's Knights Tale.
Killing a man with a sword or a hatchet, are looked on as
no distinct species of action; but if the point of the sword first
enter the body, it passes for a distinct species where it has a di­
stinct name; as in England, where it is called stabbing. Locke.
Porcius, think, thou seest thy dying brother
Stabb'd at his heart, and all besmear'd with blood,
Storming at thee! Addison's Cato.
2. To wound mortally or mischievously.
He speaks poinards, and every word stabs. Shakespeare.
What tears will then be shed!
Then, to compleat her woes, will I espouse
Hermione:—'twill stab her to the heart! A. Philips.

STAB. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A stab or wound with a sharp pointed weapon.
The elements
Of whom your swords are temper'd, may as well
Wound the loud winds, or with bemockt at stabs
Kill the still closing waters. Shakespeare.
Cleander,
Unworthy was thy fate, thou first of warriours,
To fall beneath a base assassin's stab. Rowe.
2. A dark injury; a sly mischief.
3. A stroke; a blow.
He had a suitable scripture ready to repell them all; every
pertinent text urged home being a direct stab to a temptation.
South's Sermons.

STA’BBER. n. s. [from stab.] One who stabs; a privy mur­
derer.

STABI’LIMENT. n. s. [from stabilis, Latin.] Support; firm­
ness; act of making firm.
They serve for stabiliment, propagation and shade. Derham.

STABI’LITY. n. s. [stabilité, Fr. from stabilitas, Latin.]
1. Stableness; steadiness; strength to stand.
By the same degrees that either of these happen, the sta­
bility of the figure is by the same lessened. Temple.
These mighty girders which the fabrick bind,
These ribs robust and vast in order join'd,
Such strength and such stability impart,
That storms above, and earthquakes under ground
Break not the pillars. Blackmore.
He began to try
This and that hanging stone's stability. Cotton.
2. Fixedness; not fluidity.
Since fluidness and stability are contrary qualities, we may
conceive that the firmness or stability of a body consists in this,
that the particles which compose it do so rest, or are intangled,
that there is among them a mutual cohesion. Boyle.
3. Firmness of resolution.

STA’BLE. adj. [stable, Fr. stabilis, Latin.]
1. Fixed; able to stand.
2. Steady; constant; fixed in resolution or conduct.
If man would be unvariable,
He must be like a rock or stone, or tree;
For ev'n the perfect angels were not stable,
But had a fall more desperate than we. Davies.
He perfect, stable; but imperfect we,
Subject to change. Dryden's Knights Tale.
3. Strong; fixed in state.
This region of chance and vanity, where nothing is stable,
nothing equal; nothing could be offered to-day but what to­
morrow might deprive us of. Rogers's Sermons.

STA’BLE. n. s. [stabulum, Latin.] A house for beasts.
I will make Rabbah a stable for camels. Ezra xxv. 5.

To STA’BLE. v. n. [stabulo, Latin.] To kennel; to dwell as
beasts.
In their palaces,
Where luxury late reign'd, sea monsters whelp'd
And stabled. Milton.

STA’BLEBOY. n. s. [stable and boy, or man.] One who at­
tends in the stable.
STA’BLEMAN. n. s. [stable and boy, or man.] One who at­
tends in the stable.
As soon as you alight at the inn, deliver your horses to the
stableboy. Swift.
If the gentleman hath lain a night, get the stablemen and the
scullion to stand in his way. Swift's Directions to the Butler.
I would with jockeys from Newmarket dine,
And to rough riders give my choicest wine;
I would caress some stableman of note,
And imitate his language and his coat. Bramston.

STA’BLENESS. n. s. [from stable.]
1. Power to stand.
2. Steadiness; constancy; stability.
The king becoming graces,
As justice, verity, temp'rance, stableness,
Bounty, persev'rance, I have no relish of them. Shakespeare.

STA’BLESTAND. n. s. [In law.] Is one of the four evidences or
presumptions, whereby a man is convinced to intend the
stealing of the king's deer in the forest: and this is when a
man is found at this standing in the forest with a cross bow
bent, ready to shoot at any deer; or with a long bow, or else
standing close by a tree with greyhounds in a leash ready to
slip. Cowel.
I'll keep my stablestand where I lodge my wife, I'll go in
couples with her. Shakespeare.

To STA’BLISH. v. a. [establir, Fr. stabilio, Latin.] To esta­
blish; to fix; to settle.
Then she began a treaty to procure,
And stablish terms betwixt both their requests. Fairy Queen.
Stop effusion of our Christian blood,
And stablish quietness on ev'ry side. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Comfort your hearts, and stablish you in every good work.
2 Thess. ii. 17.
Poor hereticks in love there be,
Which think to stablish dangerous constancy;
But I have told them, since you will be true,
You shall be true to them who're false to you. Donne.
His covenant sworn
To David, stablish'd as the days of heav'n. Milton.

STACK. n. s. [stacca, Italian.]
1. A large quantity of hay, corn, or wood, heaped up regularly
together.
Against every pillar was a stack of billets above a man's
height, which the watermen that bring wood down the Seine
laid there. Bacon's Natural History.
While the marquis and his servant on foot were chasing the
kid about the stack, the prince from horseback killed him with
a pistol. Wotton's Buckingham.
While the cock
To the stack or the barn-door
Stoutly struts his dame before. Milton.
Stacks of moist corn grow hot by fermentation. Newton.
An inundation, says the fable,
O'erflow'd a farmer's barn and stable;
Whole ricks of hay and stacks of corn
Were down the sudden current born. Swift.


2. A number of chimneys or funnels standing together.
A mason making a stack of chimneys, the foundation of the
house sunk. Wiseman's Surgery.

To STACK. v. a. [from the noun.] To pile up regularly in
ricks.
So likewise a hovel will serve for a room,
To stack on the pease. Tusser.
The prices of stacking up of wood I shall give you. Mort.

STACTE. n. s. An aromatick; the gum that distills from the
tree which produces myrrh.
Take sweet spices, stacte, and galbanum. Ex. xxx. 34.

STA’DLE. n. s. [stadel, Saxon, a foundation.]
1. Anything which serves for support to another.
2. A staff; a crutch.
He cometh on, his weak steps governing
And aged limbs on cypress stadle stout,
And with an ivy twine his waist is girt about. Fa. Queen.
3. A tree suffered to grow for coarse and common uses, as posts
or rails. Of this meaning I am doubtful.
Leave growing for staddles the likeliest and best,
Though seller and buyer dispatched the rest. Tusser.
Coppice-woods, if you leave in them staddles too thick, will
run to bushes and briars, and have little clean underwood. Bac.

To STA’DLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To furnish with stadles.
First see it well fenced, ere hewers begin;
Then see it well stadled without and within. Tusser.

STA’DTHOLDER. n. s. [stadt and houden, Dutch.] The chief
magistrate of the United Provinces.

STAFF. n. s. plur. staves. [stæf, Saxon; staff, Danish; staf,
Dutch.]
1. A stick with which a man supports himself in walking.
It much would please him,
That of his fortunes you would make a staff
To lean upon. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Grant me and my people the benefit of thy chastisements,
that thy rod as well as thy staff may comfort us. K. Charles.
Is it probable that he, who had met whole armies in battle,
should now throw away his staff, out of fear of a dog. Broome.
2. A prop; a support.
Hope is a lover's staff; walk hence with that,
And manage it against despairing thoughts. Shakespeare.
The boy was the very staff of my age, my very prop. Shak.
3. A stick used as a weapon; a club; the handle of an edged
or pointed weapon. A club properly includes the notion of
weight, and the staff of length.
I cannot strike at wretched kernes, whose arms
Are hir'd to bear their staves. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He that bought the skin ran greater risque than t'other that
sold it, and had the worse end of the staff. L'Estrange.
With forks and staves the felon they pursue. Dryden.
4. Any long piece of wood.
He forthwith from the glitt'ring staff unfurl'd
Th' imperial ensign. Milton.
To his single eye, that in his forehead glar'd
Like a full moon, or a broad burnish'd shield,
A forky staff we dext'rously apply'd,
Which, in the spacious socket turning round,
Scoopt out the big round gelly from its orb. Addison.
5. An ensign of an office; a badge of authority.
Methought this staff, mine office-badge in court,
Was broke in twain. Shakesp. Henry VI.
All his officers brake their staves; but at their return new
staves were delivered unto them. Hayward on Edward VI.
6. Stef, Islandick] [A stanza; a series of verses regularly dis­
posed, so as that, when the stanza is concluded, the same order
begins again.
Cowley found out that no kind of staff is proper for an
heroick poem, as being all too lyrical; yet though he wrote
in couplets, where rhyme is freer from constraint, he affects
half verses. Dryden.

STA’FFISH. adj. [from staff.] Stiff; harsh. Obsolete.
A wit in youth not over dull, heavy, knotty, and lumpish,
but hard, tough, and though somewhat staffish, both for learn­
ing and whole course of living, proveth always best. Ascham.

STA’FFTREE. n. s. A sort of ever green privet.

STAG. n. s. [Of this word I find no derivation.] The male red
deer; the male of the hind.
To the place a poor sequestred stag,
That from the hunter's aim had ta'en a hurt,
Did come to languish. Shakesp. As you like it.
The swift stag from under ground
Bore up his branching head. Milton.
Th' inhabitants of seas and skies shall change,
And fish on shore, and stags in air shall range. Dryden.
The stag
Hears his own feet, and thinks they sound like more,
And fears his hind legs will o'ertake his fore. Pope.

STAGE. n. s. [estage, French]
1. A floor raised to view on which any show is exhibited.
2. The theatre; the place of scenick entertainments.
And much good do't you then,
Brave plush and velvet men:
Can feed on ort; and, safe in your stage clothes,
Dare quit, upon your oaths,
The stagers and the stage wrights too. Ben. Johnson.
Those two Mytilene brethren, basely born, crept out of a
small galliot unto the majesty of great kings. Herein admire
the wonderful changes and chances of these worldly things,
now up, now down, as if the life of man were not of much
more certainty than a stage play. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
I maintain, against the enemies of the stage, that patterns
of piety, decently represented, may second the precepts. Dryd.
One Livius Andronicus was the first stage player in Rome.
Dryden's Juvenal, Dedication.
Knights, squires, and steeds must enter on the stage. Pope.
Among slaves, who exercised polite arts, none sold so dear
as stage players or actors. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. Any place where any thing is publickly transacted or per­
formed.
When we are born, we cry that we are come
To this great stage of fools. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. A place in which rest is taken on a journey; as much of a
journey as is performed without intermission. [Statio, Latin.]
I shall put you in mind where it was you promised to set out,
or begin your first stage; and beseech you to go before me my
guide. Hammond's Pract. Catech.
Our next stage brought us to the mouth of the Tiber. Add.
From thence compell'd by craft and age,
She makes the head her latest stage. Prior.
By opening a passage from Muscovy to China, and marking
the several stages, it was a journey of so many days. Baker.
5. A single step of gradual process.
The changes and vicissitude in wars are many; but chiefly
in the seats or stages of the war, the weapons, and the manner
of the conduct. Bacon's Essays.
We must not expect that our journey through the several
stages of this life should be all smooth and even. Atterbury.
To prepare the soul to be a fit inhabitant of that holy place
to which we aspire, is to be brought to perfection by gradual
advances through several hard and laborious stages of disci­
pline. Rogers's Sermons.
The first stage of healing, or the discharge of matter, is by
surgeons called digestion. Sharp's Surgery.

To STAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To exhibit publickly.
Out of use.
I love the people;
But do not like to stage me to their eyes:
Though it do well, I do not relish well
Their loud applause. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
The quick comedians
Extemp'rally will stage us, and present
Our Alexandrian revels. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

STA’GECOACH. n. s. [stage and coach.] A coach that keeps its
stages; a coach that passes and repasses on certain days for the
accommodation of passengers.
The story was told me by a priest, as we travelled in a
stagecoach. Addison.
When late their miry sides stagecoaches show,
And their stiff horses through the town move slow,
Then let the prudent walker shoes provide. Gay.

STA’GEPLAY. n. s. [stage and play.] Theatrical entertain­
ment.
This rough-cast unhewn poetry was instead of stageplays for
one hundred and twenty years. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.

STA’GER. n. s. [from stage.]
1. A player.
You safe in your stage clothes,
Dare quit, upon your oaths,
The stagers and the stage wrights too. Ben. Johnson.
2. One who has long acted on the stage of life; a practitioner;
a person of cunning.
I've heard old cunning stagers
Say, fools for argument use wagers. Hudibras.
One experienced stager, that had baffled twenty traps and
tricks before, discovered the plot. L'Estrange.
Some stagers of the wiser sort
Made all these idle wonderments their sport:
But he, who heard what ev'ry fool could say,
Would never fix his thought, but trim his time away. Dryd.
One cries out, these stagers
Come in good time to make more work for wagers. Dryd.
Be by a parson cheated!
Had you been cunning stagers,
You might yourselves be treated
By captains and by majors. Swift.

STA’GEVIL. n. s. A disease in horses. Dict.

STA’GGARD. n. s. [from stag.] A four year old stag. Ainsw.

To STA’GGER. v. n. [staggeren, Dutch.]
1. To reel; not to stand or walk steadily.
He began to appear sick and giddy, and to stagger; after
which he fell down as dead. Boyle.
He struck with all his might
Full on the helmet of th' unwary knight:
Deep was the wound; he stagger'd with the blow. Dryden.


Them revelling the Tentyrites invade,
By giddy heads and staggering legs betray'd:
Strange odds! where cropsick drunkards must engage
An hungry foe. Tate's Juvenal.
The immediate forerunners of an apoplexy are a vertigo,
staggering, and loss of memory. Arbuthnot.
2. To faint; to begin to give way.
The enemy staggers: if you follow your blow, he falls at
your feet; but if you allow him respite, he will recover his
strength. Addison.
3. To hesitate; to fall into doubt; to become less confident or
determined.
A man may, if he were fearful, stagger in this attempt. Shak.
He staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief;
but was strong in faith. Rom. iv. 20.
Three means to fortify belief are experience, reason, and
authority: of these the most potent is authority; for belief
upon reason, or experience, will stagger. Bacon.
No hereticks desire to spread
Their light opinions, like these Epicures;
For so their stagg'ring thoughts are comforted,
And other mens assent their doubt assures. Davies.
If thou confidently depend on the truth of this, without any
doubting or staggering, this will be accepted by God. Hamm.
But let it inward sink and drown my mind:
Falshood shall want its triumph: I begin
To stagger; but I'll prop myself within. Dryden.

To STA’GGER. v. a.
1. To make to stagger; to make to reel.
That hand shall burn in never-quenching fire,
That staggers thus my person. Shakesp. Richard II.
2. To shock; to alarm; to make less steady or confident.
The question did at first so stagger me,
Bearing a state of mighty moment in't. Shak. Henry VIII.
When a prince fails in honour and justice, 'tis enough to
stagger his people in their allegiance. L'Estrange.
Whosoever will read the story of this war, will find him­
self much staggered, and put to a kind of riddle. Howel.
The shells being lodged with the belemnites, selenites, and
other like natural fossils, it was enough to stagger a spectator,
and make him ready to entertain a belief that these were so
too. Woodward.

STA’GGERS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A kind of horse apoplexy.
His horse past cure of the fives, stark spoil'd with the stag­
gers. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
2. Madness; wild conduct; irregular behaviour. Out of use.
I will throw thee from my care for ever
Into the stggers, and the careless lapse
Of youth and ignorance. Shak. All's well that ends well.

STA’GNANCY. n. s. [from stagnant.] The state of being with­
out motion or ventilation.

STA’GNANT. adj. [stagnans, Latin.] Motionless; still; not
agitated; not flowing; not running.
What does the flood from putrefaction keep?
Should it be stagnant in its ample seat,
The sun would through it spread destructive heat. Blackm.
'Twas owing to this hurry and action of the water that the
sand now was cast into layers, and not to a regular settlement,
from a water quiet and stagnant. Woodward.
Immur'd and busied in perpetual sloth,
That gloomy slumber of the stagnant soul. Irene.

To STA’GNATE. v. n. [stagnum, Latin.] To lye motion­
less; to have no course or stream.
The water which now arises must have all stagnated at the
surface, and could never possibly have been refunded forth
upon the earth, had not the strata been thus raised up. Woodw.
The aliment moving through the capillary tubes stagnates,
and unites itself to the vessel through which it flows. Arbuthn.
Where creeping waters ooze,
Where marshes stagnate. Thomson.

STAGNA’TION. n. s. [from stagnate.] Stop of course; cessa­
tion of motion.
As the Alps surround Geneva on all sides, they form a vast
bason, where there would be a constant stagnation of vapours,
did not the north wind scatter them from time to time. Addison.
To what great ends subservient is the wind?
Behold, where e'er this active vapour flies,
It drives the clouds, and agitates the skies:
This from stagnation and corruption saves
Th' aerial ocean's ever-rolling waves. Blackmore's Creation.

STAID. participial adjective. [from stay.] Sober; grave; re­
gular; composed; not wild; not volatile.
Put thyself
Into a 'haviour of less fear, ere wildness
Vanquish my staider senses. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
This seems to our weaker view,
O'erlaid with black staid wisdom's hue. Milton.
I should not be a persuader to them of studying much in the
Spring, after three years that they have well laid their grounds;
but to ride out, with prudent and staid guides, to all the quar­
ters of the land. Milton on Education.
I am the more at ease in sir Roger's family, because it con­
sists of sober and staid persons. Addison.

STA’IDNESS. n. s. [from staid.] Sobriety; gravity; regularity;
contrariety to wildness.
The boiling blood of youth, fiercely agitating the fluid air,
hinders that serenity and fixed staidness which is necessary to so
severe an intentness. Glanv. Sceps.
If sometimes he appears too gay, yet a secret gracefulness
of youth accompanies his writings, though the staidness and
sobriety of age be wanting. Dryd. Preface to Ovid.

To STAIN. v. a. [ystaenio, Welsh, from ys and taenu.
Rhag Gwyar or Gnawd,
Afar ystaenawd. Taliessyn, an old British poet.]
1. To blot; to spot; to maculate.
Lend me a looking-glass;
If that her breath will mist or stain the stone,
Why then she lives. Shakespeare's King Lear.
From the gash a stream
His armour stain'd, ere while so bright. Milton.
Embrace again, my sons: be foes no more,
Nor stain your country with your children's gore. Dryden.
2. To disgrace; to spot with guilt or infamy.
Of honour void, of innocence, of faith, of purity,
Our wonted ornaments now soil'd and stain'd. Milton.

STAIN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Blot; spot; discoloration.
Nor death itself can wholly wash their stains;
But long contracted filth ev'n in the soul remains:
The reliques of inveterate vice they wear,
And spots of sin. Dryden's æn.
We no where meet with a more pleasing show than what
appears in the heavens at the rising and setting of the sun,
which is wholly made up of those different stains of light that
shew themselves in clouds of a different situation. Addison.
Swift trouts diversify'd with crimson stains,
And pikes, the tyrants of the wat'ry plains. Pope.
2. Taint of guilt or infamy.
To solemn actions of royalty and justice their suitable orna­
ments are a beauty: are they only in religion a stain? Hooker.
Our opinion, concerning the force and virtue which such
places have, is, I trust, without any blemish or stain of he­
resy. Hooker.
Then heav'n and earth renew'd, shall be made pure
To sanctity, that shall receive no stain. Milton's Par. Lost.
Ulysses bids his friends to cast lots; for if he had made the
choice himself, they whom he had rejected might have judged
it a stain upon them for want of merit. Broome.
3. Cause of reproach; shame.
Hereby I will lead her that is the praise, and yet the stain of
all womankind. Sidney.

STA’INER. n. s. [from stain.] One who stains; one who
blots.

STA’INLESS. adj. [from stain.]
1. Free from blots or spots.
The phenix wings are not so rare
For faultless length and stainless hue. Sidney.
2. Free from sin or reproach.
I cannot love him;
Yet I suppose him virtuous, know him noble,
Of great estate, of fresh and stainless youth. Shakespeare.

STAIR. n. s. [stæger, Saxon; steghe, Dutch.] Steps by which
we rise an ascent from the lower part of a building to the
upper. Stair was anciently used for the whole order of steps;
but stair now, if it be used at all, signifies, as in Milton, only
one flight of steps.
A good builder to a high tower will not make his stair up­
right, but winding almost the full compass about, that the
steepness be the more insensible. Sidney.
How many cowards, whose hearts are all as false
As stairs of sand, wear yet upon their chins
The beards of Hercules and frowning Mars! Shakespeare.
Slaver with lips as common as the stairs
That mount the Capitol. Shakesp.
I would have one only goodly room above stairs, of some
forty foot high. Bacon's Essays.
Sir James Tirrel repairing to the Tower by night, attended
by two servants, stood at the stair-foot, and sent these two
villains to execute the murder. Bacon.
There being good stairs at either end, they never went
through each other's quarters Clarendon.
The stairs were such as whereon Jacob saw
Angels ascending and descending. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Satan now on the lower stair,
That scal'd by steps of gold to heav'n gate,
Looks down with wonder at the sudden view
Of all this world. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Trembling he springs,
As terror had increas'd his feet with wings;
Nor staid for stairs; but down the depth he threw
His body: on his back the door he drew. Dryden.

STA’IRCASE. n. s. [stair and case.] The part of a fabrick that
contains the stairs.


To make a complete staircase is a curious piece of archi­
tecture. Wotton.
I cannot forbear mentioning a staircase, where the easiness of
the ascent, the disposition of the lights, and the convenient
landing, are admirably contrived. Addison on Italy.

STAKE. n. s. [staca, Saxon; staeck, Dutch; estaca, Spanish.]
1. A post or strong stick fixed in the ground.
The more I shaked the stake, which he had planted in the
ground of my heart, the deeper still it sunk into it. Sidney.
His credit in the world might stand the poor town in great
stead, as hitherto their ministers foreign estimation hath been
the best stake in their hedge. Hooker.
He wanted pikes to set before his archers;
Instead whereof sharp stakes, pluckt out of hedges,
They pitched in the ground. Shakesp. Henry VI.
In France the grapes that make the wine grow upon low
vines bound to small stakes, and the raised vines in arbors
make but verjuice. Bacon's Natural History.
Or sharpen stakes, or head the forks, or twine
The sallow twigs to tie the straggling vine. Dryden.
2. A piece of wood.
While he whirl'd in fiery circles round
The brand, a sharpen'd stake strong Dryas found,
And in the shoulder's joint inflicts the wound. Dryden.
3. Any thing placed as a palisade or fence.
That hollow I should know: what are you, speak?
Come not too near, you fall on iron stakes else. Milton.
4. The post to which a beast is tied to be baited.
We are at the stake,
And bay'd about with many enemies. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
Have you not set mine honour at the stake,
And baited it with all th' unmuzzled thoughts
That tyrannous heart can think? Shak. Twelfth Night.
5. Any thing pledged or wagered. I know not well whence it
has this meaning.
'Tis time short pleasure now to take,
Of little life the best to make,
And manage wisely the last stake. Cowley.
O then, what interest shall I make
To save my last important stake,
When the most just have cause to quake! Roscommon.
He ventures little for so great a stake. More.
Th' increasing sound is borne to either shore,
And for their stakes the throwing nations fear. Dryden.
The game was so contrived, that one particular cast took
up the whole stake; and when some others came up, you laid
down. Arbuthnot.
6. The state of being hazarded, pledged, or wagered.
When he heard that the lady Margaret was declared for it,
he saw plainly that his kingdom must again be put to the stake,
and that he must fight for it. Bacon's Henry VII.
Are not our liberties, our lives,
The laws, religion, and our wives,
Enough at once to lie at stake,
For cov'nant and the cause's sake? Hudibras.
Of my crown thou too much care do'st take;
That which I value more, my love's at stake. Dryden.
Hath any of you a great interest at stake in a distant part of
the world? Hath he ventured a good share of his fortune? Att.
Every moment Cato's life's at stake. Addis. Cato.
7. The stake is a small anvil, which stands upon a small iron
foot on the work-bench, to remove as occasion offers; or else
it hath a strong iron spike at the bottom let into some place of
the work-bench, not to be removed. Its office is to set small
cold work straight upon, or to cut or punch upon with the
cold chissel or cold punch. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To STAKE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fasten, support, or defend with posts set upright.
Stake and bind up your weakest plants and flowers against
the winds, before they in a moment prostrate a whole year's
labour. Evelyn's Kalendar.
2. To wager; to hazard; to put to hazard.
Is a man betrayed in his nearest concerns? The cause is, he
relied upon the services of a pack of villains, who designed
nothing but their own game, and to stake him while they play'd
for themselves. South.
Persons, after their prisons have been flung open, have
chosen rather to languish in their dungeons than stake their
miserable lives on the success of a revolution. Addison.
They durst not stake their present and future happiness on
their own chimerical imaginations. Addison.
I'll stake yon' lamb that near the fountain plays,
And from the brink his dancing shade surveys. Pope.

STALACTI’TES. n. s. [from ?a?a?.]
Stalactites is only spar in the shape of an icicle, accidentally
formed in the perpendicular fissures of the stone. Woodward.

STALA’CTICAL. adj. Resembling an icicle.
A cave was lined with those stalactical stones on the top and
sides. Derham's Physico-Theology.

STALAGMI’TES. n. s. Spar formed into the shape of drops.
Woodward's Meth. Foss.

STALE. adj. [stelle, Dutch.]
1. Old; long kept; altered by time. Stale is not used of per­
sons otherwise than in contempt.
This, Richard, is a curious case:
Suppose your eyes sent equal rays
Upon two distant pots of ale,
Not knowing which was mild or stale;
In this sad state your doubtful choice
Would never have the casting voice. Prior.
A stale virgin sets up a shop in a place where she is not
known. Spectator.
2. Used 'till it is of no use or esteem; worn out of regard or
notice.
The duke regarded not the muttering multitude, knowing
that rumours grow stale and vanish with time. Hayward.
About her neck a pacquet mail,
Fraught with advice, some fresh, some stale. Butler.
Many things beget opinion; so doth novelty: wit itself, if
stale, is less taking. Grew's Cosmol.
Pompey was a perfect favourite of the people; but his pre­
tensions grew stale for want of a timely opportunity of intro­
ducing them upon the stage. Swift.
They reason and conclude by precedent,
And own stale nonsense which they ne'er invent. Pope.

STALE. n. s. [from stælan, Saxon, to steal.]
1. Something exhibited or offered as an allurement to draw others
to any place or purpose.
His heart being wholly delighted in deceiving us, we could
never be warned; but rather one bird caught, served for a stale
to bring in more. Sidney.
Still as he went he crasty stales did lay,
With cunning trains him to entrap unwares;
And privy spials plac'd in all his way,
To weet what course he takes, and how he fares. Fa. Qu.
The trumpery in my house bring hither,
For stale to catch these thieves. Shakesp. Tempest.
Had he none else to make a stale but me?
I was the chief that rais'd him to the crown,
And I'll be chief to bring him down again. Shakes. H. VI.
A pretence of kindness is the universal stale to all base pro­
jects: by this men are robbed of their fortunes, and women
of their honour. Government of the Tongue.
It may be a vizor for the hypocrite, and a stale for the am­
bitious. Decay of Piety.
This easy fool must be my stale, set up
To catch the people's eyes: he's tame and merciful;
Him I can manage. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. In Shakespeare it seems to signify a prostitute.
I stand dishonour'd, that have gone about
To link my dear friend to a common stale. Shakespeare.
3. [From stale, adj.] Urine; old urine.
4. Old beer; beer somewhat acidulated.
5. [Stele, Dutch, a stick.] A handle.
It hath a long stale or handle, with a button at the end for
one's hand. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To STALE. v. a. [from the adjective] To wear out; to
make old.
Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Were I a common laugher, or did use
To stale with ordinary oaths my love
To every new protestor. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
A barren-spirited fellow, one that feeds
On abject orts and imitations;
Which, out of use, and stal'd by other men,
Begin his fashion. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

To STALE. v. n. [from the noun.] To make water.
Having ty'd his beast t' a pale,
And taken time for both to stale. Hudibras.

STA’LELY. adv. [from stale.] Of old; long time.
All your promis'd mountains
And seas I am so stalely acquainted with. Ben. Johnson.

STA’LENESS. n. s. [from stale.] Oldness; state of being long
kept; state of being corrupted by time.
The beer and wine, as well within water as above, have
not been palled; but somewhat better than bottles of the same
drinks and staleness, kept in a cellar. Bacon's Nat. History.
Provided our landlord's principles were sound, we did not
take any notice of the staleness of his provisions. Addison.

To STALK. v. n. [stealcan, Saxon.]
1. To walk with high and superb steps. It is used commonly in
a sense of dislike.
His monstrous enemy
With sturdy steps came stalking in his sight. Fairy Queen.
Shall your city call us lord,
In that behalf which we challeng'd it?
Or shall we give the signal to our rage,
And stalk in blood to our possession? Shakesp. K. John.
Unfold th' eternal door:
You see before the gate what stalking ghost
Commands the guard, what sentries keep the post. Dryden.


Bertran
Stalks close behind her, like a witch's fiend
Pressing to be employ'd. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
They pass their precious hours in plays and sports,
'Till death behind came stalking on unseen. Dryden.
With manly mien he stalk'd along the ground;
Nor wanted voice bely'd, nor vaunting sound. Dryden.
Then stalking through the deep
He fords the ocean, while the topmost wave
Scarce reaches up his middle side. Addison.
'Tis not to stalk about, and draw fresh air
From time to tiem. Addison's Cato.
Vexatious thought still found my flying mind,
Nor bound by limits, nor to place confin'd;
Haunted my nights, and terrify'd my days;
Stalk'd through my gardens, and pursu'd my ways,
Nor shut from artful bow'r, nor lost in winding maze. Pri.
Scornful turning from the shore
My haughty step, I stalk'd the valley o'er. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To walk behind a stalking horse or cover.
The king asked how far it was to a certain town: they said
six miles. Half an hour after he asked again: one said six
miles and a half. The king alighted out of his coach, and
crept under the shoulder of his led horse: and when some asked
his majesty what he meant, I must stalk, said he; for yonder
town is shy, and flies me. Bacon's Apophthegms.

STALK. n. s. [from the verb]
1. High, proud, wide, and stately step.
Behind it forth there leapt
An ugly fiend, more foul than dismal day;
The which with monstrous stalk behind him stept,
And ever as he went due watch upon him kept. Fa. Queen.
Great Milton next, with high and haughty stalks,
Unfetter'd in majestick numbers walks. Addison.
2. [Stele, Dutch.] The stem on which flowers or fruits grow.
A stock-gillyflower, gently tied on a stick, put into a steep
glass full of quicksilver, so that the quicksilver cover it; after
five days you will find the flower fresh, and the stalk harder
and less flexible than it was. Bacon.
Small store will serve, where store,
All seasons, ripe for use hangs on the stalk. Milton.
That amber attracts not basil is wholly repugnant unto
truth; for if the leaves thereof, or dried stalks, be stripped unto
small straws, they arise unto amber, wax, and other electricks,
no otherways than those of wheat and rye. Brown.
Roses unbid, and ev'ry fragrant flow'r,
Flew from their stalks to strew thy nuptial bow'r. Dryden.
3. The stem of a quill.
Viewed with a glass, they appear made up of little bladders,
like those in the plume or stalk of a quill. Grew.

STAL’KINGHORSE. n. s. [stalking and horse.] A horse either
real or fictitious by which a fowler shelters himself from the
sight of the game; a mask; a pretence.
Let the counsellor give counsel not for faction but for con­
science, forbearing to make the good of the state the stalking­
horse of his private ends. Hakewill on Providence.
Hypocrisy is the devil's stalkinghorse, under an affectation of
simplicity and religion. L'Estrange.

STA’LKY. adj. [from stalk.] Hard like a stalk.
It grows upon a round stalk, and at the top bears a great
stalky head. Mortimer.

STALL. n. s. [steal, Saxon; stal, Dutch; stalla, Italian.]
1. A crib in which an ox is fed, or where any horse is kept in
the stable.
A herd of oxen then he carv'd, with high rais'd heads,
forg'd all
Of gold and tin, for colour mixt, and bellowing from their
stall,
Rusht to their pastures. Chapman's Iliad.
Duncan's horses,
Beauteous and swift, the minions of the race,
Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out,
Contending 'gainst obedience. Shakes. Macbeth.
Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses. 1 Kings iv.
His fellow sought what lodging he could find;
At last he found a stall where oxen stood. Dryden.
2. A bench or form where any thing is set to sale.
Stalls, bulks, windows,
Are smother'd up, leads fill'd, and ridges hors'd
With variable complections; all agreeing
In earnestness to see him. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
They are nature's coarser wares that lie on the stall, exposed
to the transient view of every common eye. Glanv.
Bess Hoy first found it troublesome to bawl,
And therefore plac'd her cherries on a stall. King.
How pedlars stalls with glitt'ring toys are laid,
The various fairings of the country maid. Gay.
Harley, the nation's great support,
Returning home one day from court,
Observ'd a parson near Whitehall,
Cheap'ning old authors on a stall. Swift.
3. [Stall, Swedish; stal, Armorick.] A small hosue or shed in
which certain trades are practised.
All these together in one heap were thrown,
Like carcases of beasts in butcher's stall;
And in another corner wide were strown
The antique ruins of the Roman's fall. Fairy Queen.
4. The seat of a dignified clergyman in the choir.
The pope creates a canon beyond the number limited, and
commands the chapter to assign unto such canon a stall in the
choir and place in the chapter. Ayliffe's Parergon.
The dignified clergy, out of mere humility, have called their
thrones by the names of stalls. Warburton.

To STALL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To keep in a stall or stable.
For such encheason, if you go nie,
Few chimneys reeking you will espy;
The fat ox, that wont ligg in the stall,
Is now fast stalied in his crumenal. Spenser's Pastorals.
For my part, he keeps me rustically at home; or, to speak
more properly, sties me here at home unkept: for call you
that keeping, for a gentleman of my birth, that differs not
from the stalling of an ox? Shakespeare.
Nisus the forest pass'd,
And Alban plains, from Alba's name so call'd,
Where king Latinus then his oxen stall'd. Dryden.
2. [For install.] To invest.
Long may'st thou live to wail thy children's loss;
And see another as I see thee now,
Deck'd in thy rights, as thou art stall'd in mine. Shakesp.

To STALL. v. n.
1. To inhabit; to dwell.
We could not stall together in the world. Shakespeare.
2. To kennel.

STA’LLFED. adj. [stall and fed.] Fed not with grass but dry
feed.
Stallfed oxen, and crammed fowls, are often diseased in
their livers. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

STA’LLWORN. adj. [stall and worn.] Long kept in the stable.
But it is probably a mistake for stalworth, [stawelferth, Saxon,
stout.]
His stallworn steed the champion stout bestrode. Shakesp.

STA’LLION. n. s. [ysdalwyn,, an old Welch word: the one is
derived from the other; but which from which I cannot cer­
tainly tell. Wotton. Estallion, French; stallone, Italian; stal­
hengst, Dutch. Junius thinks it derived from stælan, to leap.]
A horse kept for mares.
The present defects are breeding without choice of stallions
in shape or size. Temple.
If fleet Dragon's progeny at last
Prove jaded, and in frequent matches cast,
No favour for the stallion we retain,
And no respect for the degen'rate strain. Dryden.
I will not ask him one of his Egyptians;
No, let him keep 'em all for slaves and stallions. Dryden.

STA’MINA. n. s. [Latin.]
1. The first principles of any thing.
2. The solids of a human body.
3. [In botany.] Those little fine threads or capillaments which
grow up within the flowers of plants, encompassing round the
style, and on which the apices grow at their extremities.

STA’MINEOUS. adj. [stamineus, Latin.]
1. Consisting of threads.
2. Stamineous flowers.
Stamineous flowers are so far imperfect as to want those
coloured leaves which are called petala, and consist only of the
stylus and the stamina; and such plants as do bear these stami­
neous flowers Ray makes to constitute a large genus of plants:
these he divides into such as, first, have their fruit or seed to­
tally divided from the flower; and these are such plants as are
said to be of different sexes: the reason of which is, that from
the said seed some plant shall arise with flowers and no fruit,
and others with fruit and no flowers; as hops, hemp, stinging
nettles. 2. Such as have their fruit only a little disjointed
from their flowers; as the ricinus, and the heliotropium tri­
conon. 3. Such as have their fruit immediately contiguous,
or adhering to their flower. 4. Such whose flowers adhere to
the top or uppermost of the seed; as the beta, asarum, and
alchimilla.

STA’MMEL. n. s. Of this word I know not the meaning.
Reedhood, the first that doth appear
In stammel: scarlet is too dear. Ben. Johnson.

To STA’MMER. v. n. [stamer, a stammerer, Saxon; stame­
len, stameren, to stammer, Dutch.] To speak with unna­
tural hesitation; to utter words with difficulty.
Sometimes to her news of myself to tell
I go about; but then is all my best
Wry words, and stamm'ring, or else doltish dumb:
Say then, can this but of enchantment come? Sidney.
I would thou could'st stammer, that thou might'st pour out
of thy mouth, as wine comes out of a narrow-mouth'd bottle,
either too much at once, or none at all. Shakespeare.


She stammers; oh what grace in lisping lies!
If she says nothing, to be sure she's wise. Dryden.
Lagean juice,
Which stammering tongues and stagg'ring feet produce. Dryd.
Cornelius hoped he would come to stammer like De­
mosthenes. Arbuthn. Mart. Scrib.
Your hearers would rather you should be less correct, than
perpetually stammering, which is one of the worst solecisms
in rhetorick. Swift.

STA’MMERER. n. s. [from stammer.] One who speaks with
hesitation.
A stammerer cannot with moderation hope for the gift of
tongues, or a peasant to become learned as Origen. Taylor.

To STAMP. v. a. [stampen, Dutch; stamper, Danish.]
1. To strike by pressing the foot hastily downwards.
If Arcite thus deplore
His suff'rings, Palamon yet suffers more:
He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground;
The hollow tow'r with clamours rings around. Dryden.
2. To pound; to beat as in a mortar.
I took the calf you had made, burnt it with fire, and stamped
and ground it very small. Deutr. ix. 21.
Some apothecaries, upon stamping of coloquintida, have
been put into a great scouring by the vapour only. Bacon.
3. [Estamper, French; stampare, Italian; estampar, Spanish.]
To impress with some mark or figure.
Height of place is intended only to stamp the endowments
of a private condition with lustre and authority. South.
Here swells the shelf with Ogilby the great;
There, stamp'd with arms, Newcastle shines complete.
Pope.
4. To fix a mark by impressing it.
Out of mere ambition, you have made
Your holy hat be stampt on the king's coin. Shakespeare.
These prodigious conceits in nature spring out of framing
abstracted conceptions, instead of those easy and primary no­
tions which nature stamps alike in all men of common sense.
Digby on Bodies.
There needs no positive law or sanction of God to stamp an
obliquity upon such a disobedience. South's Sermons.
No constant reason of this can be given, but from the na­
ture of man's mind, which hath this notion of a deity born
with it, and stamped upon it; or is of such a frame, that in
the free use of itself it will find out of God. Tillotson.
Though God has given us no innate ideas of himself,
though he has stampt no original characters on our minds,
wherein we may read his being; yet having furnished us with
those faculties our minds are endowed with, he hath not left
himself without witness. Locke.
Can they perceive the impressions from things without, and
be at the same time ignorant of those characters which nature
herself has taken care to stamp within? Locke.
What titles had they had, if nature had not
Strove hard to thrust the worst deserving first,
And stamp'd the noble mark of eldership
Upon their baser metal? Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
What an unspeakable happiness would it be to a man en­
gaged in the pursuit of knowledge, if he had but a power of
stamping his best sentiments upon his memory in indelible
characters? Watts.
5. To make by impressing a mark.
If two penny weight of silver, marked with a certain im­
pression, shall here in England be equivalent to three penny
weight marked with another impression, they will not fail to
stamp pieces of that fashion, and quickly carry away your
silver. Locke.
6. To mint; to form; to coin.
We are bastards all;
And that most venerable man, which
I did call my father, was I know not where
When I was stampt. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To STAMP. v. n. To strike the foot suddenly downward.
What a fool art thou,
A ramping fool, to brag, to stamp, and swear,
Upon my party! Thou cold-blooded slave,
Hast thou not spoke like thunder on my side? Shakespeare.
The men shall howl at the noise of the stamping of the hoofs
of his strong horses. Jer. xlvii. 3.
There is such an echo among the old ruins and vaults, that,
if you stamp but a little louder than ordinary, you hear the
sound repeated. Addison's Spectator.
He cannot bear th' astonishing delight,
But starts, exclaims, and stamps, and raves and dies. Dennis.
They got to the top, which was flat and even, and stamping
upon it, they found it was hollow. Gulliver's Travels.

STAMP. n. s. [estampe, French; stampa, Italian.]
1. Any instrument by which a hollow impression is made.
Some other nymphs, with colours faint
And pencil slow, may Cupid paint,
And a weak heart in time destroy:
She has a stamp, and prints the boy. Waller.
'Tis gold so pure,
It cannot bear the stamp without allay. Dryden.
2. A mark set on any thing; impression.
That sacred name gives ornament and grace;
And, like his stamp, makes basest metals pass:
'Twere folly now a stately pile to raise,
To build a playhouse, while you throw down plays. Dryd.
Ideas are imprinted on the memory; some by an object af­
fecting the senses only; others, that have more than once
offered themselves, have yet been little taken notice of; the
mind, intent only on one thing, not settling the stamp deep
into itself. Locke.
3. A thing marked or stamped.
The mere despair of surgery he cures;
Hanging a golden stamp about their necks,
Put on with holy prayers. Shakesp. Macbeth.
4. A picture cut in wood or metal; a picture made by impression;
a cut; a plate.
At Venice they put out very curious stamps of the several
edifices, which are most famous for their beauty and magni­
ficence. Addison on Italy.
5. A mark set upon things that pay customs to the government.
Indeed the paper stamp
Did very much his genius cramp;
And since he could not spend his fire,
He now intended to retire. Swift.
6. A character of reputation, good or bad, fixed upon any
thing.
The persons here reflected upon are of such a peculiar stamp
of impiety, that they seem formed into a kind of diabolical
society for the finding out new experiments in vice South.
Where reason or scripture is expressed for any opinion, we
may receive it as of divine authority; but it is not the strength
of our own persuasions which can give it that stamp. Locke.
7. Authority; currency; value derived from any suffrage or
attestation.
Of the same stamp is that which is obtruded upon us, that
an adamant suspends the attraction of the loadstone. Brown.
The common people do not judge of vice or virtue by mo­
rality, or the immorality, so much as by the stamp that is set
upon't by men of figure. L'Estrange.
8. Make; cast; form.
If speaking truth
In this fine age were not thought flatt'ry,
Such attribution should this Douglas have,
As not a soldier of this season's stamp
Should go so general current through the world. Shakesp.
When one man of an exemplary improbity charges another
of the same stamp in a court of justice, he lies under the dis­
advantage of a strong suspicion. L'Estrange.
Let a friend to the government relate to him a matter of
fact, he gives him the lye in every look; but if one of his
own stamp should tell him that the king of Sweden would be
suddenly at Perth, he hugs himself at the good news. Addison.

STA’MPER. n. s. [from stamp.] An instrument of pounding.
From the stamping-mill it passeth through the crazing-mill;
but of late times they mostly use wet stampers. Carew.

STAN, amongst our forefathers, was the termination of the
superlative degree: so Athelstan, most noble; Betstan, the best;
Leofstan, the dearest; Wistan, the wisest; Dunstan, the
highest. Gibson's Camden.

To STANCH. v. a. [estancher, French; stagnare, Italian.] To
stop blood; to hinder from running.
Iron or a stone, laid to the neck, doth stanch the bleeding
of the nose. Bacon's Natural History.
Of veins of earth medicinal are terra lemnia, terra sigillata,
communis, and bolus armenus; whereof terra lemnia is the
chief: the virtues of them are for curing of wounds, stanch­
ing of blood, and stopping of fluxes and rheums. Bacon.
Leeches, inwardly taken, fasten upon the veins, and occa­
sion an effusion of blood, which cannot be easily stanched.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He fought to hinder fighting, and assay'd
To stanch blood by breathing of the vein. Dryden.

To STANCH. v. n. To stop.
A woman touched the hem of his garment, and imme­
diately her issue stanched. Lu. viii. 44.

STANCH. adj. [This seems to come from the verb.]
1. Sound; such as will not run out.
What we endeavoured in vain may be performed by some
virtuoso, that shall have stancher vessels, and more sunny
days. Boyle.
2. Firm; sound of principle; trusty; hearty; determined.
The standing absurdity, without the belief of which no
man is reckoned a stanch churchman, is that there is a calf's­
head club. Addison.
In politicks, I hear, you're stanch,
Directly bent against the French. Prior.
Each staunch polemick stubborn as a rock,
Each fierce logician still expelling Locke,
Came whip and spur. Dunciad.


3. Strong; not to be broken.
If I knew
What hoop would hold us staunch from edge to edge
O' th' world, I would pursue it. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
You will lose their love: this is to be kept stanch, and
carefully watched. Locke.

STA’NCHION. n. s. [estançon, French.] A prop; a support.

STA’NCHLESS. adj. [from stanch.] Not to be stopped.
There grows,
In my most ill compos'd affection, such
A stanchless avarice, that, were I king,
I should cut off the nobles for their lands. Shakes. Macbeth.

To STAND. v. n. preterite I stood, I have stood. [standan,
Gothick and Saxon; staen, Dutch; stare, Italian; estar,
Spanish; stare, Latin.]
1. To be upon the feet; not to sit or lie down.
2. To be not demolished or overthrown.
What will they then? what but unbuild
A living temple, built by faith to stand? Milton.
3. To be placed as an edifice.
This poet's tomb stood on the other side of Naples, which
looks towards Vesuvio. Addison on Italy.
4. To remain erect; not to fall.
Chariot and charioteer lay overturn'd,
And fiery foaming steeds: what stood, recoil'd
O'erweary'd, through the faint satanick host
Defensive scarce, or with pale fear surpris'd
Fled ignominious. Milton's Paradise Lost.
5. To become erect.
The rooted fibres rose, and from the wound
Black bloody drops distill'd upon the ground:
Mute, and amaz'd, my hair with horror stood;
Fear shrunk my senses, and congeal'd my blood. Dryden.
Her hair stood up; convulsive rage possess'd
Her trembling limbs. Dryden's æn.
6. To stop; to halt; not to go forward.
The leaders, having charge from you to stand,
Will not go off until they hear you speak. Shakes. H. VI.
Sun in Gideon stand,
And thou moon in the vale of Ajalon. Milton.
Mortal, who this forbidden path
In arms presum'st to tread, I charge thee stand,
And tell thy name. Dryden's æn.
7. To be at a stationary point without progress or regression.
This nation of Spain runs a race still of empire, when all
other states of Christendom stand at a stay. Bacon.
Immense the pow'r, immense were the demand;
Say, at what part of nature will they stand? Pope.
8. To be in a state of firmness, not vacillation.
Commonwealths by virtue ever stood. Davies.
To stand or fall,
Free in thine own arbitrement it lies. Milton.
My mind on its own centre stands unmov'd,
And stable as the fabrick of the world,
Propt on itself. Dryden.
9. To be in any posture of resistance or defence.
Seeing how lothly opposite I stood
To his unnat'ral purpose, in fell motion
With his prepared sword he charges home
My unprovided body. Shakesp. King Lear.
From enemies heav'n keep your majesty;
And when they stand against you, may they fall. Shakesp.
10. To be in a state of hostility; to keep the ground.
If he would presently yield, Barbarossa promised to let him
go free; but if he should stand upon his defence, he threatened
to make him repent his foolish hardiness. Knolles.
The king granted the Jews to gather themselves together,
and stand for their life. Esth. viii. 11.
We are often constrained to stand alone against the strength
of opinion. Brown's Preface to Vulgar Errours.
It was by the sword they should die, if they stood upon de­
fence; and by the halter, if they should yield. Hayward.
11. Not to yield; not to fly; not to give way.
Who before him stood so to it? for the Lord brought his
enemies unto him. Ecclus xlvi. 3.
Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to
stand against the wiles of the devil. Eph. vi. 11.
Their lives and fortunes were put in safety, whether they
stood to it or ran away. Bacon's Henry VII.
12. To stay; not to fly.
At the soldierly word stand the flyers halted a little. Clarend.
13. To be placed with regard to rank or order.
Amongst liquids endued with this quality of relaxing, warm
water stands first. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Theology would truly enlarge the mind, were it studied
with that freedom and that sacred charity which it teaches: let
this therefore stand always chief. Watts.
14. To remain in the present state.
If meat make my brother offend, I will eat no flesh while
the world standeth. 1 Cor. viii. 13.
That sots and knaves should be so vain
To wish their vile resemblance may remain;
And stand recorded, at their own request,
To future days a libel or a jest. Dryden.
15. [Estar, Spanish.] To be in any particular state; to be: em­
phatically expressed.
The sea,
Aw'd by the rod of Moses so to stand,
Divided. Milton.
Accomplish what your signs foreshow:
I stand resign'd, and am prepar'd to go. Dryden's æn.
He struck the snakes, and stood again
New sex'd, and strait recover'd into man. Addison.
They expect to be favoured, who stand not possessed of any
one of those qualifications that belonged to him. Atterbury.
Some middle prices shew us in what proportion the value of
their lands stood, in regard to those of our own country. Arbuth.
God, who sees all things intuitively, does not want these
helps: he neither stands in need of logick nor uses it. Baker.
Persians and Greeks like turns of nature found,
And the world's victor stood subdu'd by sound. Pope.
Narrow capacities, imagining the great capable of being dis­
concerted by little occasions, frame their malignant fables ac­
cordingly, and stand detected by it, as by an evident mark of
ignorance. Pope's Essay on Homer.
16. Not to become void; to remain in force.
God was not ignorant that the judges, whose sentence in
matters of controversy he ordained should stand, oftentimes
would be deceived. Hooker.
A thing within my bosom tells me,
That no conditions of our peace can stand. Shakes. H. IV.
I will punish you, that ye may know that my words shall
surely stand against you for evil. Jer. xliv. 29.
My mercy will I keep for him, and my covenant shall stand
fast with him. Ps. lxxxix. 28.
17. To consist; to have its being or essence.
That could not make him that did the service perfect, as
pertaining to the conscience, which stood only in meats and
drinks. Heb. ix. 10.
18. To be with respect to terms of a contract.
The hirelings stand at a certain wages. Carew
19. To have a place.
If it stand
Within the eye of honour, be assured
My purse, my person, my extremest means,
Lie all unlock'd to your occasions. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
My very enemy's dog,
Though he had bit me, should have stood that night
Against my fire. Shakesp. King Lear.
A philosopher disputed with Adrian the emperor, and did it
but weakly: one of his friends, that stood by, said, Methinks
you were not like yourself last day in argument with the em­
peror; I could have answered better myself. Why, said the
philosopher, would you have me contend with him that com­
mands thirty legions? Bacon.
This excellent man, who stood not upon the advantage­
ground before, provoked men of all qualities. Clarendon.
Chariots wing'd
From th' armoury of God, where stand of old
Myriads. Milton.
We make all our addresses to the promises, hug and caress
them, and in the interim let the commands stand by ne­
glected. Decay of Piety.
20. To be in any state at the time present.
Opprest nature sleeps
This rest might yet have balm'd thy broken senses,
Which stand in hard cure. Shak. King Lear.
So it stands; and this I fear at last,
Hume's knavery will be the dutchess' wreck. Shak. H. VI.
Our company assembled, I said, My dear friends, let us
know ourselves, and how it standeth with us. Bacon.
Gardiner was made king's solicitor, and the patent, formerly
granted to Saint-John, stood revoked. Clarendon.
Why stand we longer shivering under fears? Milton.
As things now stand with us, we have no power to do good
after that illustrious manner our Saviour did. Calamy's Serm.
21. To be in a permanent state.
The broil doubtful long stood,
As two spent swimmers that do cling together,
And choke their art. Shakespeare.
I in thy persevering shall rejoice,
And all the blest stand fast. Milton.
22. To be with regard to condition or fortune.
I stand in need of one whose glories may
Redeem my crimes, ally me to his fame. Dryden.
23. To have any particular respect.
Here stood he in the dark, his sharp sword out,
Mumbling of wicked charms, conj'ring the moon
To stand's auspicious mistress. Shakesp. King Lear.
An utter unsuitableness disobedience has to the relation
which man necessarily stands in towards his Maker. South.
24. To be without action.
25. To depend; to rest; to be supported.
This reply standeth all by conjectures. Whitgifte.


The presbyterians of the kirk, less forward to declare their
opinion in the former point, stand upon the latter only. Sanders.
He that will know, must by the connexion of the proofs
see the truth and the ground it stands on. Locke.
26. To be with regard to state of mind.
Stand in awe and sin not: commune with your own heart
upon your bed, and be still. Psal. iv. 4.
I desire to be present, and change my voice, for I stand in
doubt of you. Gal. iv. 20.
27. To succeed; to be acquitted; to be safe.
Readers, by whose judgment I would stand or fall, would
not be such as are acquainted only with the French and Ita­
lian criticks. Addison's Spectator.
28. To be with respect to any particular.
Cæsar entreats,
Not to consider in what case thou stand'st
Further than he is Cæsar. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
To heav'n I do appeal,
I have lov'd my king and common-weal;
As for my wife, I know not how it stands. Shak. Henry VI.
29. To be resolutely of a party.
The cause must be presumed as good on our part as on theirs,
till it be decided who have stood for the truth, and who for er­
rour. Hooker.
Shall we sound him?
I think, he will stand very strong with us. Shakespeare.
Who will rise up or stand up for me against the workers of
iniquity? Psalm xciv. 16.
30. To be in the place; to be representative.
Chilon said, that kings friends and favourites were like cast­
ing counters; that sometimes stood for one, sometimes for ten.
Bacon.
I will not trouble myself, whether these names stand for
the same thing, or really include one another. Locke.
Their language being scanty, had no words in it to stand
for a thousand. Locke.
31. To remain; to be fixed.
Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be
strong. 1 Cor. xvi. 13.
How soon hath thy prediction, seer blest!
Measur'd this transient world, the race of time,
Till time stand fix'd. Milton.
32. To hold a course.
Behold on Latian shores a foreign prince!
From the same parts of heav'n his navy stands,
To the same parts on earth his army lands. Dryden.
Full for the port the Ithacensians stand,
And furl their sails, and issue on the land. Pope's Odyssey.
33. To have direction towards any local point.
The wand did not really stand to the metals, when placed
under it, or the metalline veins. Boyle.
34. To offer as a candidate.
He stood to be elected one of the proctors for the univer­
sity. Sanderson's Life.
35. To place himself; to be placed.
The fool hath planted in his memory
An army of good words; and I do know
A many fools that stand in better place,
Garnish'd like him, that for a tricksy word
Defy the matter. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venice.
He was commanded by the duke to stand aside and expect
his answer. Knolles's History of the Turks.
I stood between the Lord and you, to shew you the Lord's
word. Deuter. v. 5.
Stand by when he is going. Swift's Directions to the Butler.
36. To stagnate; not to flow.
Where Ufens glides along the lowly lands,
Or the black water of Pomptina stands. Dryden.
37. To be with respect to chance.
Yourself, renowned prince, then stood as fair
As any comer I have look'd on,
For my affection. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.
Each thinks he stands fairest for the great lot, and that he
is possessed of the golden number. Addison's Spectator.
He was a gentleman of considerable practice at the bar, and
stood fair for the first vacancy on the bench. Rowe.
38. To remain satisfied.
Though Page be a secure fool, and stand so firmly on his
wife's frailty, yet I cannot put off my opinion so easily. Shak.
39. To be without motion.
I'll tell you who time ambles withal, who time gallops with­
al.—Whom stands it still withal?—With lawyers in the va­
cation; for they sleep between term and term, and then they
perceive not how time moves. Shakespeare.
40. To make delay.
They will suspect they shall make but small progress, if,
in the books they read, they must stand to examine and un­
ravel every argument. Locke.
41. To insist; to dwell with many words, or much pertinacity.
To stand upon every point, and be curious in particulars,
belongeth to the first author of the story. 2 Maccab. ii. 30.
It is so plain that it needeth not to be stood upon. Bacon.
42. To be exposed.
Have I lived to stand in the taunt of one that makes fritters
of English. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
43. To persist; to persevere.
Never stand in a lie when thou art accused, but ask pardon
and make amends. Taylor's Rule of holy Living.
The emperor standing upon the advantage he had got by the
seisure of their fleet, obliged them to deliver. Gulliver's Travels.
Hath the prince a full commission,
To hear, and absolutely to determine
Of what conditions we shall stand upon? Shak. Henry IV.
44. To persist in a claim.
It remains,
To gratify his noble service, that
Hath thus stood for his country. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
45. To adhere; to abide.
Despair would stand to the sword,
To try what friends would do, or fate afford. Daniel.
46. To be consistent.
His faithful people, whatsoever they rightly ask, the same
shall they receive, so far as may stand with the glory of God
and their own everlasting good; unto either of which it is no
virtuous man's purpose to seek any thing prejudicial. Hooker.
Some instances of fortune cannot stand with some others;
but if you desire this, you must lose that. Taylor.
It stood with reason that they should be rewarded liberally
out of their own labours since they received pay. Davies.
Sprightly youth and close application will hardly stand to­
gether. Felton.
47. To STAND by. To support; to defend; not to desert.
The ass hoped the dog would stand by him, if set upon by
the wolf. L'Estrange.
If he meet with a repulse, we must throw off the fox's skin,
and put on the lion's: come, gentlemen, you'll stand by me.
Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Our good works will attend and stand by us at the hour of
death. Calamy.
48. To STAND by. To be present without being an actor.
Margaret's curse is fall'n upon our heads,
For standing by when Richard kill'd her son. Shakespeare.
49. To STAND by. To repose on; to rest in.
The world is inclined to stand by the Arundelian marble.
Pope's Essay on Homer.
50. To STAND for. To propose one's self a candidate.
How many stand for consulships?—three; but 'tis thought
of every one Coriolanus will carry it. Shakespeare.
If they were jealous that Coriolanus had a design on their
liberties when he stood for the consulship, it was but just that
they should give him a repulse. Dennis.
51. To STAND for. To maintain; to profess to support.
Those which stood for the presbytery thought their cause had
more sympathy with the discipline of Scotland, than the hie­
rarchy of England. Bacon.
Freedom we all stand for. Ben. Johnson.
52. To STAND off. To keep at a distance.
Stand off, and let me take my fill of death. Dryden.
53. To STAND off. Not to comply.
Stand no more off,
But give thyself unto my sick desires. Shakespeare.
54. To STAND off. To forbear friendship or intimacy.
Our bloods pour'd altogether
Would quite confound distinction; yet stand off
In differences so mighty. Shakespeare.
Such behaviour frights away friendship, and makes it stand
off in dislike and aversion. Collier of Friendship.
Though nothing can be more honourable than an acquaint­
ance with God, we stand off from it, and will not be tempted
to embrace it. Atterbury.
55. To STAND off. To have relief; to appear protuberant or
prominent.
Picture is best when it standeth off, as if it were carved;
and sculpture is best when it appeareth so tender as if it were
painted; when there is such a softness in the limbs, as if not
a chisel had hewed them out of stone, but a pencil had drawn
and stroaked them in oil. Wotton's Architecture.
56. To STAND out. To hold resolution; to hold a post; not
to yield a point.
King John hath reconcil'd
Himself to Rome; his spirit is come in,
That so stood out against the holy church. Shakespeare.
Pomtinius knows not you,
While you stand out upon these traiterous terms. Ben. John.
Let not men flatter themselves, that though they find it
difficult at present to combat and stand out against an ill pra­
ctice; yet that old age would do that for them, which they
in their youth could never find in their hearts to do for them­
selves. South's Sermons.
Scarce can a good natured man refuse a compliance with
the solicitations of his company, and stand out against the rai­
lery of his familiars. Rogers's Sermons.


57. To STAND out. Not to comply; to secede.
Thou shalt see me at Tullus' face:
What, art thou stiff? stand'st out? Shakespeare.
If the ladies will stand out, let them remember that the jury
is not all agreed. Dryden.
58. To STAND out. To be prominent or protuberant.
Their eyes stand out with fatness. Ps. lxxiii. 7.
59. To STAND to. To ply; to persevere.
Palinurus, cry'd aloud,
What gusts of weather from that gath'ring cloud
My thoughts presage! ere that the tempest roars,
Stand to your tackles, mates, and stretch your oars. Dryden.
60. To STAND to. To remain fixed in a purpose; to abide
by a contract or assertion.
He that will pass his land,
As I have mine, may set his hand
And heart unto this deed, when he hath read;
And make the purchase spread
To both our goods if he to it will stand. Herbert.
I still stand to it, that this is his sense, as will appear from
the design of his words. Stillingfleet.
As I have no reason to stand to the award of my enemies;
so neither dare I trust the partiality of my friends. Dryden.
61. To STAND under. To undergo; to sustain.
If you unite in your complaints,
And force them with a constancy, the cardinal
Cannot stand under them. Shakespeare's H. VIII.
62. To STAND up. To arise in order to gain notice.
When the accusers stood up, he brought none accusation of
such things as I supposed. Acts xxv. 18.
63. To STAND up. To make a party.
When we stood up about the corn, he himself stuck not to
call us the many-headed monster. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
64. To STAND upon. To concern; to interest.
Does it not stand me now upon? Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The king knowing well that it stood him upon: by how
much the more he had hitherto protracted the time, by so
much the sooner to dispatch with the rebels. Bacon.
It stands me much upon
T' enervate this objection. Hudibras.
Does it not stand them upon, to examine upon what grounds
they presume it to be a revelation from God. Locke.
65. To STAND upon. To value; to take pride.
Men stand very much upon the reputation of their under­
standings, and of all things hate to be accounted fools: the
best way to avoid this imputation is to be religious. Tillotson.
We highly esteem and stand much upon our birth, though
we derive nothing from our ancestors but our bodies; and it
is useful to improve this advantage, to imitate their good ex­
amples. Ray on the Creation.
66. To STAND upon. To insist.
A rascally, yea—forsooth, knave, to bear a gentleman in
hand, and then stand upon security. Shakespeare.

To STAND. v. a.
1. To endure; to resist without flying or yielding.
None durst stand him;
Here, there, and every where, enrag'd he flew. Shakespeare.
Love stood the siege, and wou'd not yield his breast. Dryd.
Oh! had bounteous heav'n
Bestow'd Hippolitus on Phædra's arms,
So had I stood the shock of angry fate. Smith's Phœd. and Hip.
That not for fame, but virtue's better end,
He stood the furious foe, the timid friend,
The damning critick. Pope.
2. To await; to abide; to suffer.
Bid him disband the legions,
Submit his actions to the publick censure,
And stand the judgment of a Roman senate. Addison's Cato.
3. To keep; to maintain with ground.
Turning at the length, he stood his ground,
And miss'd his friend. Dryden.

STAND. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A station; a place where on waits standing.
I have found you out a stand most fit,
Where you may have such 'vantage on the duke,
He shall not pass you. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
In this covert will we make a stand,
Culling the principal of all the deer. Shakespeare.
Then from his lofty stand on that high tree,
Down he alights among the sportful herds. Milton.
The princely hierarch
In their bright stand there left his pow'rs, to seize
Possession of the garden. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The male bird, whilst the hen is covering her eggs, gene­
rally takes his stand upon a neighbouring bough and diverts
her with his songs during her sitting. Addison's Spectator.
I took my stand upon an eminence which was appointed
for a general rendezvous of these female carriers, to look into
their several ladings. Addison's Spectator.
Three persons entered into a conspiracy to assassinate Timo­
leon, as he was offering up his devotions in a certain temple:
in order to it they took their several stands in the most con­
venient places. Addison.
When just as by her stand Arsaces past,
The window by design or chance sell down,
And to his view expos'd her blushing beauties. Rowe.
The urchin from his private stand
Took aim, and shot with all his strength. Swift.
2. Rank; post; station.
Father, since your fortune did attain
So high a stand; I mean not to descend. Daniel.
3. A stop; a halt.
A race of youthful and unhandled colts
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing;
If any air of musick touch their ears,
You shall perceive them make a mutual stand;
Their savage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze. Shakespeare.
The earl of Northampton followed the horse so closely,
that they made a stand, when he furiously charged and routed
them. Clarendon.
Once more the fleeting soul came back,
T' inspire the mortal frame,
And in the body took a doubtful stand,
Hov'ring like expiring flame,
That mounts and falls by turns. Dryden.
At every turn she made a little stand,
And thrust among the thorns her lily hand
To draw the rose. Dryden.
4. Stop; interruption.
The greatest part of trade is driven by young merchants,
upon borrowing at interest; so as, if the usurer either call in,
or keep back his money, there will ensue presently a great
stand of trade. Bacon.
Should this circulation cease, the formation of bodies would
be at an end, and nature at a perfect stand. Woodward.
5. The act of opposing.
We are come off
Like Romans; neither foolish in our stands,
Nor cowardly in retire. Shakespeare.
6. Highest mark; stationary point; point from which the next
motion is regressive.
Our sons but the same things can wish and do,
Vice is at stand and at the highest flow:
Then, satire, spread thy sails; take all the winds can blow.
Dryden.
In the beginning of summer the days are at a stand, with
little variation of length or shortness; because the diurnal
variation of the sun partakes more of a right line than of a
spiral. Dryden.
The sea, since the memory of all ages, hath continued at a
stand, without considerahle variation. Bentley.
7. A point beyond which one cannot proceed.
Every part of what we would,
Must make a stand at what your highness will. Shakespeare.
When fam'd Varelst this little wonder drew,
Flora vouchsav'd the growing work to view;
Finding the painter's science at a stand,
The goddess snatch'd the pencil from his hand:
And finishing the piece, she smiling said,
Behold one work of mine that ne'er shall fade. Prior.
8. Difficulty; perplexity; embarassment; hesitation.
A fool may so far imitate the mein of a wise man, as at
first to put a body to a stand what to make of him. L'Estrange.
The well-shap'd changeling is a man, has a rational soul, tho'
it appear not: this is past doubt. Make the ears a little longer,
then you begin to boggle: make the face yet narrower, and
then you are at a stand. Locke.
9. A frame or table on which vessels are placed.
Such squires are only fit for country towns,
To stink of ale, and dust a stand with clowns;
Who, to be chosen for the land's protectors,
Tope and get drunk before the wise electors. Dryden.
After supper a stand was brought in, with a brass vessel full
of wine, of which he that pleas'd might drink; but no li­
quour was forced. Dryden's Life of Cleomenes.

STA’NDARD. n. s. [estendart, French.]
1. An ensign in war, particularly the ensign of the horse.
His armies, in the following day,
On those fair plains their standards proud display. Fairfax.
Erect the standard there of ancient night,
Yours be the advantage all, mine the revenge. Milton.
Behold Camillus loaded home,
With standards well redeem'd and foreign foes o'ercome.
Dryden.
To their common standard they repair;
The nimble horsemen scour the fields of air. Dryden.
2. [From stand.] That which is of undoubted authority; that
which is the test of other things of the same kind.
The dogmatist gives the lie to all dissenting apprehenders,
and proclaims his judgment the fittest intellectual standard.
Glanville.


The heavenly motions are more stated than the terrestrial
models, and are both originals and standards. Holder.
These are our measures of length, but I cannot call them
standards; for standard measures must be certain and fixed.
Holder on Time.
When people have brought the question of right and wrong
to a false standard, there follows an envious malevolence.
L'Estrange.
The Romans made those times the standard of their wit,
when they subdued the world. Sprat.
From these ancient standards I descend to our own histori­
ans. Felton.
When I shall propose the standard whereby I give judg­
ment, any may easily inform himself of the quantity and mea­
sure of it. Woodward.
The court which used to be the standard of propriety, and
correctness of speech, ever since continued the worst school in
England for that accomplishment. Swift.
First follow nature, and your judgment frame,
By her just standard which is still the same. Pope.
3. That which has been tried by the proper test.
The English tongue, if refined to a certain standard, per­
haps might be fixed for ever. Swift.
In comely rank call ev'ry merit forth;
Imprint on ev'ry act its standard-worth. Prior.
4. A settled rate.
That precise weight and fineness, by law appropriated to
the pieces of each denomination, is called the standard. Locke.
The device of King Henry VII. was profound in making
farms of a standard, that is, maintained with such a proportion
of lands as may breed a subject to live in convenient plenty.
Bacon.
A standard might be made, under which no horse should be
used for draught: this would enlarge the breed of horses. Temp.
By the present standard of the coinage, sixty two shillings
is coined out of one pound weight of silver. Arbuthnot.
5. A standing stem or tree.
A standard of a damask rose with the root on, was set up­
right in an earthen pan, full of fair water, half a foot under
the water, the standard being more than two foot above it.
Bacon's Natural History.
Plant fruit of all sorts and standard, mural, or shrubs which
lose their leaf. Evelyn's Kalender.
In France part of their gardens is laid out for flowers,
others for fruits; some standards, some against walls. Temple.

STA’NDARDBEARER. n. s. [standard and bear.] One who
bears a standard or ensign.
They shall be as when a standardbearer fainteth. Isa. x. 18.
These are the standardbearers in our contending armies, the
dwarss and squires who carry the impresses of the giants or
knights. Spectator.

STA’NDCROP. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

STA’NDEL. n. s. [from stand.] A tree of long standing.
The Druinians were nettled to see the princely standel of
their royal oak return with a branch of willows. Howel.

STA’NDER. n. s. [from stand.]
1. One who stands.
2. A tree that has stood long.
The young spring was pitifully nipt and over-trodden by
very beasts; and also the fairest standers of all were rooted up
and cast into the fire. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
3. STA’NDER by. One present; a mere spectator.
Explain some statute of the land to the standers by. Hooker.
I would not be a stander by to hear
My sovereign mistress clouded so, without
My present vengeance taken. Shakespeare.
When a gentleman is disposed to swear, it is not for any
standers by to curtail his oaths. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
The standers by see clearly this event,
All parties say, they're sure, yet all dissent. Denham.
The standers by suspected her to be a duchess.. Addison.

STA’NDERGRASS. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

STA’NDING. part. adj. [from stand.]
1. Settled; established.
Standing armies have the place of subjects, and the govern­
ment depends upon the contented and discontented humours of
the soldiers. Temple.
Laugh'd all the pow'rs who favour tyranny,
And all the standing army of the sky. Dryden.
Money being looked upon as the standing measure of other
commodities, men consider it as a standing measure, though
when it has varied its quantity, it is not so. Locke.
Such a one, by pretending to distinguish himself from the
herd, becomes a standing object of raillery. Addison.
The common standing rules of the gospel are a more power­
ful means of conviction than any miracle. Atterbury.
Great standing miracle that heav'n assign'd!
'Tis only thinking gives this turn of mind. Pope.
2. Lasting; not transitory.
The landlord had swelled his body to a prodigious size, and
worked up his complexion to a standing crimson by his zeal.
Addison's Freeholder.
3. Stagnant; not running.
He turned the wilderness into a standing water. Psal. cvii.
This made their flowing shrink
From standing lake to tripping ebb. Milton.
4. Placed on feet.
There's his chamber,
His standing bed and truckle bed. Shakespeare.

STA’NDING. n. s. [from stand.]
1. Continuance; long possession of an office, character, or
place.
Nothing had been more easy than to command a patron of
a long standing. Dryden.
Although the ancients were of opinion that Egypt was for­
merly sea; yet this tract of land is as old, and of as long a
standing as any upon the continent of Africa. Woodward.
I wish your fortune had enabled you to have continued long­
er in the university, till you were of ten years standing. Swift.
2. Station; place to stand in.
Such ordnance as he brought with him, because it was fit­
ter for service in field than for battery, did only beat down the
battlements, and such little standings. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
His coming is in state, I will provide you a good standing to
see his entry. Bacon.
3. Power to stand.
I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing. Psal. lxix.
4. Rank; condition.
How this grace
Speaks his own standing? what a mental power
This eye shoots forth? how big imagination
Moves in this lip. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
5. Competition; candidateship.
His former standing for a proctor's place, and being disap­
pointed, must prove much displeasing. Walton.

STA’NDISH. n. s. [stand and dish.] A case for pen and ink.
A grubstreet patriot does not write to secure, but get some­
thing: should the government be overturned he has nothing
to lose but an old standish. Addison.
I bequeath to Dean Swift esq; my large silver standish, con­
sisting of a large silver plate, an ink-pot, and a sand-box. Swift.

STANG. n. s. [stæng, Saxon.] A perch.
These fields were intermingled with woods of half a stang,
and the tallest tree appeared to be seven feet high. Swift.

STANK. adj. Weak; worn out.
Diggon, I am so stiff and so stank,
That unneth I may stand any more,
And how the western wind bloweth sore,
Beating the withered leaf from the tree. Spenser.

STANK. The preterite of stink.
The fish in the river died, and the river stank. Exod. vii.

STA’NNARY. adj. [from stannum, Latin.] Relating to the
tinworks.
A steward keepeth his court once every three weeks: they
are termed stannary courts of the Latin stannum, and hold plea
of action of debt or trespass about white or black tin. Carew.

STA’NZA. n. s. [stanza, Ital. stance, Fr.] A number of lines
regularly adjusted to each other; so much of a poem as contains
every variation of measure or relation of rhyme. Stanza is
originally a room of a house, and came to signify a subdivi­
sion of a poem; a staff.
Horace confines himself strictly to one sort of verse or stanza
in every ode. Dryden.
In quatrains, the last line of the stanza is to be considered
in the composition of the first. Dryden.
Before his sacred name flies ev'ry fault,
And each exalted stanza teems with thought. Pope.

STAPLE. n. s. [estape, Fr. stapel, Dutch.]
1. A settled mart; an established emporium.
A staple of romance and lies,
False tears, and real perjuries. Prior.
The customs of Alexandria were very great, it having been
the staple of the Indian trade. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Tyre, Alexander the Great sacked, and establishing the
staple at Alexandria, made the greatest revolution in trade that
ever was known. Arbuthnot.
2. I know not the meaning in the following passage.
Henry II. granted liberty of coining to certain abbies, al­
lowing them one staple, and two puncheons at a rate. Camden.

STAPLE. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Settled; established in commerce.
Some English wool, vex'd in a Belgian loom,
And into cloth of spungy softness made:
Did into France or colder Denmark roam,
To ruin with worse ware our staple trade. Dryden.
2. According to the laws of commerce.
What needy writer would not solicit to work under such
masters, who will take off their ware at their own rates, and
trouble not themselves to examine whether it be staple or no?
Swift.



STA’PLE. n. s. [stapul, Saxon, a prop.] A loop of iron; a
bar bent and driven in at both ends.
I have seen staples of doors and nails born. Peacham.
The silver ring she pull'd, the door reclos'd:
The bolt, obedient to the silken cord,
To the strong staple's inmost depth restor'd,
Secur'd the valves. Pope's Odyssey.

STAR. n. s. [steorra, Saxon; sterre, Dutch.]
1. One of the luminous bodies that appear in the nocturnal sky.
Then let the pebbles on the hungry beech
Fillop the stars;
Murdering impossibility, to make
What cannot be, slight work. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
When an astronomer uses the word star in its strict sense, it
is applied only to the fixt stars; but in a large sense it includes
the planets. Watts.
Hither the Syracusan's art translates
Heaven's form, the course of things and human fates;
Th' included spirit serving the star deck'd signs,
The living work in constant motions winds. Hakewill.
As from a cloud his fulgent head,
And shape star bright, appear'd. Milton.
2. The pole-star.
Well, if you be not turn'd Turk, there is no more sailing
by the star. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
3. Configuration of the planets supposed to influence fortune.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes,
A pair of star crost lovers take their life. Shakespeare.
We are apt to do amiss, and lay the blame upon our stars
or fortune. L'Estrange.
4. A mark of reference; an asterisk.
Remarks worthy of riper observation, note with a marginal
star. Watts.

STAR of Bethlehem. n. s. [ornithogalum, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it hath a lily-flower, composed of six
petals, or leaves ranged circularly, whose centre is possessed by
the pointal, which afterwards turns to a roundish fruit, which
is divided into three cells, and filled with roundish seeds: to
which must be added, it hath a bulbous or tuberose root, in
which it differs from spiderwort. Miller.

STA’RAPPLE. n. s. A plant.
It hath an open bell-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf,
and cut into several segments towards the top; from whofe
cup arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a globular or
olive-shaped soft fleshy fruit, inclosing a stone of the same
shape. This plant grows in the warmest parts of America,
where the fruit is eaten by way of desert. It grows to the
height of thirty or forty feet, and has a strait smooth stem, re­
gularly beset with branches, which are adorned with leaves of
a shining green colour on their upper sides, but of a russet
colour underneath: from the setting on of the footstalks of the
leaves come out the flowers, which have no great beauty, but
are succeeded by the fruit, which is about the size of a large
apple, and of the same shape. Miller.

STA’RBOARD. n. s. [steorbord, Saxon.] Is the right-hand
side of the ship, as larboard is the left. Harris.
On shipboard the mariners will not leave their starboard and
larboard, because some one accounts it gibrish. Bramh.

STARCH. n. s. [from starc, Teutonick, stiff.] A kind of vis­
cous matter made of flower or potatoes, with which linen is
stiffened, and was formerly coloured.
Has he
Dislik'd your yellow starch, or said your doublet
Was not exactly Frenchified. Fletcher's Queen of Corinth.
With starch thin laid on, and the skin well stretched, pre­
pare your ground. Peacham on Drawing.

To STARCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To stiffen with starch.
Her goodly countenance I've seen
Set off with kerchief starch'd and pinners clean. Gay.

STA’RCHAMBER. n. s. [camera stellata, Latin.] A kind of
criminal court of equity. Now abolished.
I'll make a starchamber matter of it: if he were twenty sir
John Falstaffs, he shall not abuse Robert Shallow, esq; Shakes.

STA’RCHED. adj. [from starch.]
1. Stiffened with starch.
2. Stiff; precise; formal.
Does the Gospel any where prescribe a starched squeezed
countenance, a stiff formal gait, or a singularity of man­
ners. Swift.

STA’RCHER. n. s. [from starch.] One whose trade is to
starch.

STA’RCHLY. adv. [from starch.] Stiffly; precisely.

STA’RCHNESS. n. s. [from starch.] Stiffness; preciseness.

To STARE. v. n. [starian, Saxon; sterren, Dutch.]
1. To look with fixed eyes; to look with wonder, impudence,
confidence, stupidity, or horrour.
Her modest eyes, abashed to behold
So many gazers, as on her do stare,
Upon the lowly ground affixed are. Spenser.
Their staring eyes, sparkling with servent fire,
And ugly shapes, did nigh the man dismay,
That, were it not for shame, he would retire. Fa. Queen.
Look not big, nor stare nor fret:
I will be master of what is mine own. Shakespeare.
They were never satisfied with staring upon their masts,
sails, cables, ropes, and tacklings. Abbot.
I hear
The tread of many feet steering this way;
Perhaps my enemies, who come to stare
At my affliction, and perhaps t' insult. Milton's Agonistes.
A satyr that comes staring from the woods,
Must not at first speak like an orator. Waller.
And while he stares around with stupid eyes,
His brows with berries and his temples dies. Dryden.
What do'st thou make a shipboard?
Art thou of Bethlem's noble college free?
Stark staring mad, that thou should'st tempt the sea? Dryd.
Struggling, and wildly staring on the skies
With scarce recover'd sight. Dryden's æn.
Trembling the miscreant stood;
He star'd and roll'd his haggard eyes around. Dryden.
Break out in crackling flames to shun thy snare,
Or hiss a dragon, or a tyger stare. Dryden's Virgil.
Why do'st thou not
Try the virtue of that gorgon face,
To stare me into statue? Dryden.
I was unluckily prevented by the presence of a bear, which,
as I approached with my present, threw his eyes in my way,
and stared me out of my resolution. Addison's Guardian.
The wit at his elbow gave him a touch upon the shoulder,
and stared him in the face with so bewitching a grin, that the
whistler relaxed his fibres. Addison.
Narcissa
Has paid a tradesman once, to make him stare. Pope.
Gods! shall the ravisher display your hair,
While the fops envy and the ladies stare. Pope.
Through nature and through art she rang'd,
And gracefully her subject chang'd:
In vain; her hearers had no share
In all she spoke, except to stare. Swift.
2. To STARE in the face. To be undeniably evident.
Is it possible for people, without scruple to offend against
the law, which they carry about them in indelible characters,
and that stares them in the face, whilst they are breaking it? Locke.
3. To stand out.
Take off all the staring straws and jaggs in the hive, and
make them smooth. Mortimer's Husbandry.

STARE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Fixed look.
The balls of his broad eyes roll'd in his head,
And glar'd betwixt a yellow and a red:
He look'd a lion with a gloomy stare,
And o'er his eyebrows hung his matted hair. Dryden.
2. [Sturnus, Latin.] Starling. A bird.

STA’RER. n. s. [from stare.] One who looks with fixed eyes.
One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers, and of loud huzza's. Pope.

STA’RFISH. n. s. [star and fish.] A fish branching out into
several point.
This has a ray of one species of English starfish. Woodw.

STARGA’ZER. n. s. [star and gaze.] An astronomer, or astro­
loger. In contempt.
Let the astrologers, the stargazers, and the monthly progno­
sticators, stand up and save thee. Is. xlvii. 13.
A stargazer, in the height of his celestial observations,
stumbled into a ditch. L'Estrange.

STA’RHAWK. n. s. [astur, Latin.] A sort of hawk. Ainsw.

STARK. adj. [sterc, strac, Saxon; sterck, Dutch.]
1. Stiff; strong; rugged.
His heavy head devoid of careful cark,
Whose senses all were straight benumed and stark. Fa. Qu.
Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff
Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies. Shakes. H. IV.
The North is not so stark and cold. Ben. Johnson.
So soon as this spring is become stark enough, it breaks the
case in two, and slings the seed. Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. Deep; full.
Consider the stark security
The commonwealth is in now; the whole senate
Sleepy, and dreaming no such violent blow. Ben. Johnson.
3. Mere; simple; plain; gross.
To turn stark fools, and subjects fit
For sport of boys, and rabble wit. Hudibras.
He pronounces the citation stark nonsense. Collier.

STARK. adv. Is used to intend or augment the signification of a
word: as stark mad, mad in the highest degree. It is now
little used but in low language.
Then are the best but stark naught; for open suspecting
others, comes of secret condemning themselves. Sidney.
The fruitful-headed beast, amaz'd
At flashing beams of that sun-shiny shield,
Became stark blind, and all his senses doz'd,
That down he tumbled. Spenser.
Men and women go stark naked. Abbot.


He is stark mad, who ever says
That he hath been in love an hour. Donne.
Those seditious, that seemed moderate before, became
desperate, and those who were desperate seemed stark mad;
whence tumults, confused hollowings and howlings. Hayw.
Who, by the most cogent arguments, will disrobe him­
self at once of all his old opinions, and turn himself out stark
naked in quest of new notions? Locke.
In came squire South, all dressed up in feathers and ribbons,
stark staring mad, brandishing his sword. Arbuthnot.

STA’RKLY. adv. [from stark.] Stiffly; strongly.
As fast lock'd up in sleep as guiltless labour,
When it lies starkly in the traveller's bones. Shakespeare.

STA’RLESS. adj. [from star.] Having no light of stars.
A boundless continent,
Dark, waste, and wild, under the frown of night,
Starless expos'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.
Cato might give them furlo's for another world;
But we, like sentries, are oblig'd to stand
In starless nights, and wait th' appointed hour. Dryden.

STA’RLIGHT. n. s. [star and light] Lustre of the stars.
Now they never meet in grove or green,
By fountain clear or spangled starlight sheen. Shakespeare.
Nor walk by moon,
Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet. Milton.
They danc'd by starlight and the friendly moon. Dryden.

STA’RLIGHT. adj. Lighted by the stars.
Owls, that mark the setting sun, declare
A starlight evening and a morning fair. Dryden's Virg.

STA’RLIKE. adj. [star and like.]
1. Stellated; having various points resembling a star in lustre.
Nightshade-tree rises with a wooden stem, green-leaved,
and has starlike flowers. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Bright; illustrious.
The having turned many to righteousness shall confer a star­
like and immortal brightness. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
These reasons mov'd her starlike husband's heart;
But still he held his purpose to depart. Dryden.

STA’RLING. n. s. [stærling, Saxon.] A small singing bird.
I will have a starling taught to speak
Nothing but Mortimer, and give it him,
To keep his anger still in motion. Shak Henry IV.

STA’RPAVED. adj. [star and pave.] Studded with stars.
In progress through the road of heav'n starpav'd. Milton.

STA’RPROOF. adj. [star and proof.] Impervious to starlight.
Under the shady roof
Of branching elm starproof. Milton.

STAR-READ. n. s. [star and read.] Doctrine of the stars;
astronomy. Spenser.

STA’RRED. adj. [from star.]
1. Influenced by the stars with respect to fortune.
My third comfort,
Starr'd most unluckily, is from my breast
Hal'd out to murder. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. Decorated with stars.
That starr'd Ethiop queen, that strove
To set her beauty's praise above
The sea-nymphs. Milton.
He furious hurl'd against the ground
His sceptre starr'd with golden studs around. Pope.

STA’RRY. adj. [from star.]
1. Decorated with stars.
Daphne wond'ring mounts on high,
Above the clouds, above the starry sky! Pope.
2. Consisting of stars; stellar.
Such is his will, that paints
The earth with colours fresh,
The darkest skies with store
Of starry lights. Spenser.
Heav'n and earth's compacted frame,
And flowing waters, and the starry flame,
And both the radiant lights, one common soul
Inspires and feeds, and animates the whole. Dryden.
3. Resembling stars.
Tears had dimm'd the lustre of her starry eyes. Shak. Illust.

STA’RRING. adj. [stellans, Latin; from star.] Shining with
stellar light; blazing with sparkling light.
Such his fell glances as the fatal light
Of starring comets that look kingdoms dead. Crashaw.

STA’RSHOOT. n. s. [star and shoot.] An emission from a star.
I have seen a good quantity of that jelly, by the vulgar called
a starshoot, as if it remained upon the extinction of a falling
star. Boyle.

To START. v. n. [startzen, German.]
1. To feel a sudden and involuntary twitch or motion of the
animal frame, on the apprehension of danger.
Starting is an apprehension of the thing feared, and in that
kind it is a motion of shrinking; and likewise an inquisition,
in the beginning, what the matter should be, and in that kind
it is a motion of erection, and therefore, when a man would
listen suddenly to any thing, he starteth; for the starting is an
erection of the spirits to attend. Bacon's Natural History.
A shape appear'd
Bending to look on me: I started back;
It started back. Shakespeare.
I start as from some dreadful dream,
And often ask myself if yet awake. Dryden's Span. Fryar.
As his doubts decline,
He dreads just vengeance, and he starts at sin. Dryden.
He starts at every new appearance, and is always waking and
solicitous for fear of a surprize. Collier on Covetousness.
2. To rise suddenly.
Charm'd by these strings, trees starting from the ground
Have follow'd with delight the powerful sound. Roscommon.
They starting up beheld the heavy sight. Dryden.
The mind often works in search of some hidden idea,
though sometimes they start up in our minds of their own
accord. Locke.
Might Dryden bless once more our eyes,
New Blackmores and new Milbourns must arife;
Nay, should great Homer lift his awful head,
Zoilus again would start up from the dead. Pope.
3. To move with sudden quickness.
The flowers, call'd out of their beds,
Start and raise up their drowsy heads. Cleaveland.
A spirit fit to start into an empire,
And look the world to law. Dryden's Cleomenes.
She at the summons roll'd her eyes around,
And snatch'd the starting serpents from the ground. Pope.
4. To shrink; to winch.
What trick, what starting hole, can'st thou find out to hide
thee from this open shame? Shakesp. Henry IV.
With tryal fire touch me his finger end;
If he be chaste, the flame will back descend,
And turn him to no pain; but if he start,
It is the flesh of a corrupted heart. Shakespeare.
5. To deviate.
The lords and gentlemen take all the meanest sort upon
themselves; for they are best able to bring them in, whenso­
ever any of them starteth out. Spenser on Ireland.
I rank him with the prodigies of fame,
With things which start from nature's common rules,
With bearded infants, and with teeming mules. Creech.
Keep your soul to the work when ready to start aside, un­
less you will be a slave to every wild imagination. Watts.
6. To set out from the barrier at a race.
It seems to be rather a terminus a quo than a true principle,
as the starting post is none of the horse's legs. Boyle.
Should some god tell me, that I should be born
And cry again, his offer I should scorn;
Asham'd, when I have ended well my race,
To be led back to my first starting place. Denham.
When from the goal they start,
The youthful charioteers with heaving heart
Rush to the race. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
The clangor of the trumpet gives the sign;
At once they start, advancing in a line. Dryden.
7. To set out on any pursuit.
Fair course of passion, where two lovers start,
And run together, heart still yokt with heart. Waller.
People, when they have made themselves weary, set up
their rest upon the very spot where they started. L'Estrange.
When two start into the world together, he that is thrown
behind, unless his mind proves generous, will be displeased
with the other. Collier.

To START. v. a.
1. To alarm; to disturb suddenly.
Direness, familiar to my slaught'rous thoughts,
Cannot once start me. Shakespeare.
Being full of supper and distemp'ring draughts,
Upon malicious bravery do'st thou come
To start my quiet. Shakespeare's Othello.
The very print of a fox-foot would have started ye. L'Estr.
2. To make to start or fly hastily from a hiding place.
The blood more stirs
To rouze a lion than to start a hare. Shakespeare.
I started from its vernal bow'r
The rising game, and chac'd from flow'r to flow'r. Pope.
3. To bring into motion; to produce to view or notice; to pro­
duce unexpectedly.
Conjure with 'em!
Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Cæsar. Shakespeare.
It was unadvisedly done, when I was enforcing a weightier
design, to start and follow another of less moment. Sprat.
Insignificant cavils may be started against every thing that is
not capable of mathematical demonstration. Addison.
I was engaged in conversation upon a subject which the
people love to start in discourse. Addison's Freeholder.
4. To discover; to bring within pursuit.
The sensual men agree in pursuit of every pleasure they can
start. Temple.
5. To put suddenly out of place.
One, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the clavicle
from the sternon. Wiseman's Surgery.



START. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A motion of terrour; a sudden twitch or contraction of the
frame from fear or alarm.
These flaws and starts would well become
A woman's story at a Winter's fire,
Authoriz'd by her grandam. Shakespeare.
The fright awaken'd Arcite with a start;
Against his bosom bounc'd his heaving heart. Dryden.
2. A sudden rousing to action; excitement.
How much had I to do to calm his rage!
Now fear I this will give it start again. Shakes. Hamlet.
3. Sally; vehement eruption; sudden effusion.
Thou art like enough, through vassal fear,
Base inclination, and the start of spleen,
To fight against me under Percy's pay. Shakespeare.
Several starts of fancy off-hand, look well enough; but
bring them to the test, and there is nothing in 'em. L'Estrange.
Are they not only to disguise our passions,
To set our looks at variance with our thoughts,
To check the starts and sallies of the soul? Addison's Cato.
We were well enough pleased with this start of thought. Add.
4. Sudden fit; intermitted action.
Methought her eyes had crost her tongue;
For she did speak in starts distractedly. Shakespeare.
Thy forms are studied arts,
Thy subtile ways be narrow straits;
Thy curtesy but sudden starts;
And what thou call'st thy gifts are baits. Ben. Johnson.
Nature does nothing by starts and leaps, or in a hurry; but
all her motions are gradual. L'Estrange.
An ambiguous expression, a little chagrin, or a start of
passion, is not enough to take leave upon. Collier.
5. A quick spring or motion.
In strings, the more they are wound up and strained, and
thereby give a more quick start back, the more treble is the
sound; and the slacker they are, or less wound up, the baser is
the sound. Bacon's Natural History.
Both cause the string to give a quicker start. Bacon.
How could water make those visible starts upon freezing,
but by some subtile freezing principle which as suddenly shoots
into it. Grew's Cosmol. Sac.
6. First emission from the barrier; act of setting out.
You stand like greyhounds in the slips,
Straining upon the start. Shakesp. Henry V.
All leapt to chariot,
And every man then for the start cast in his proper lot. Chap.
If a man deal with another upon conditions, the start of
first performance is all. Bacon.
7. To get the START. To begin before another; to obtain ad­
vantage over another.
Get the start of the majestick world. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.
All pretorian courts, if any of the parties be laid asleep, un­
der pretence of arbitrement, and the other party, during that
time, doth cautelously get the start and advantage at common
law, yet the pretorian court will set back all things in statu
quo prius. Bacon's War with Spain.
Doubtless some other heart
Will get the start;
And, stepping in before,
Will take possession of the sacred store
Of hidden sweets. Crashaw.
Ere the knight could do his part,
The squire had got so much the start,
H' had to the lady done his errand,
And told her all his tricks aforehand. Hudibras.
She might have forsaken him, if he had not got the start of
her. Dryden's æn. Dedication.
The reason why the mathematicks and mechanick arts have
so much got the start in growth of other sciences, may be re­
solved into this, that their progress hath not been retarded by
that reverential awe of former discoverers. Glanville.
The French year has got the start of ours more in the works
of nature than the new stile. Addison.

STA’RTER. n. s. [from start.] One that shrinks from his
purpose.
Stand to it boldly, and take quarter,
To let thee see I am no starter. Hudibras.

STA’RTINGLY. adv. [from starting.] By sudden fits; with
frequent intermission.
Why do you speak so startingly and rash. Shak. Othello.

To STA’RTLE. v. n. [from start.] To shrink; to move on
seeling a sudden impression of alarm or terrour.
The startling steed was seiz'd with sudden fright,
And bounding o'er the pommel cast the knight. Dryden.
Why shrinks the soul
Back on herself, and startles at destruction? Addis. Cato.
My frighted thoughts run back,
And startle into madness at the sound. Addison's Cato.

To STA’RTLE. v. a. To fright; to shock; to impress with
sudden terrour, surprise, or alarm.
They would find occasions enough, upon the account of his
known affections to the king's service, from which it was not
possible to remove or startle him. Clarendon.
Wilmot had more scruples from religion to startle him, and
would not have attained his end by any gross act of wicked­
ness. Clarendon.
Such whisp'ring wak'd her, but with startled eye
On Adam. Milton.
To hear the lark begin his flight,
And singing startle the dull night
From his watch-tower in the skies,
'Till the dappled dawn doth rise. Milton.
The supposition that angels assume bodies needs not startle
us, since some of the most ancient and most learned fathers
seemed to believe that they had bodies. Locke.
Incest! Oh name it not!
The very mention shakes my inmost soul:
The gods are startled in their peaceful mansions,
And nature sickens at the shocking sound. Smith.
His books had been solemnly burnt at Rome as heretical:
some people, he found, were startled at it; so he was forced
boldly to make reprisals, to buoy up their courage. Atterbury.
Now the leaf
Incessant rustles, from the mournful grove
Oft startling such as studious walk below,
And slowly circles through the waving air. Thomson.

STA’RTLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Sudden alarm; shock; sud­
den impression of terrour.
After having recovered from my first startle, I was very well
pleased at the accident. Spectator.

STA’RTUP. n. s. [start and up.] One that comes suddenly into
notice.
That young startup hath all the glory of my overthrow. Sh.

To STARVE. v. n. [stearfan, Saxon; sterven, Dutch, to die.]
1. To perish; to be destroyed. Obsolete.
To her came message of the murderment,
Wherein her guiltless friends should hopeless starve. Fairfax.
2. To perish with hunger. It has with or for before the cause,
of less properly.
Were the pains of honest industry, and of starving with
hunger and cold, set before us, no body would doubt which
to chuse. Locke.
An animal that starves of hunger, dies feverish and deli­
rious. Arbuthnot.
3. To be killed with cold.
Have I seen the naked starve for cold,
While avarice my charity controll'd? Sandys.
4. To suffer extreme poverty.
Sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed:
What then! Is the reward of virtue bread? Pope.
5. To be destroyed with cold.
Had the seeds of the pepper-plant been born from Java to
these northern countries, they must have starved for want of
sun. Woodward's Natural History.

To STARVE. v. a.
1. To kill with hunger.
I cannot blame his cousin king,
That wish'd him on the barren mountains starv'd. Shakesp.
Hunger and thirst, or guns and swords,
Give the same death in different words:
To push this argument no further,
To starve a man in law is murther. Prior.
If they had died through fasting, when meat was at hand,
they would have been guilty of starving themselves. Pope.
2. To subdue by famine.
Thy desires
Are wolfish, bloody, starv'd, and ravenous. Shakespeare.
He would have worn her out by slow degrees,
As men by fasting starve th' untam'd desease. Dryden.
Attalus endeavoured to starve Italy, by stopping their con­
voy of provisions from Africa. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. To kill with cold.
From beds of raging fire to starve in ice
Their soft ethereal warmth, and there to pine
Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round. Milton's Par. Lost.
4. To deprive of force or vigour.
The powers of their minds are starved by difuse, and have
lost that reach and strength which nature fitted them to re­
ceive. Locke.

STA’RVELING. n. s. [from starve.] An animal thin and weak
for want of nourishment.
If I hang, I'll make a fat pair of gallows; for old sir John
hangs with me, and he's no starveling. Shakespeare.
Now thy alms is giv'n, the letter's read;
The body risen again, the which was dead;
And thy poor starveling bountifully fed. Donne.
The fat ones would be making sport with the lean, and
calling them starvelings. L'Estrange.
The thronging clusters thin
By kind avulsion; else the starv'ling brood,
Void of sufficient sustenance, will yield
A slender Autumn. Philips.


Poor starveling bard, how small thy gains!
How unproportion'd to thy pains! Swift.

STA’RWORT. n. s. [aster, Latin.] See ELECAMPANE.
It hath a fibrous root: the leaves for the most part intire,
and placed alternately on the branches: the stalks are branched;
the flowers radiated, specious, and have a scaly cup: the seeds
are inclosed in a downy substance. Miller.

STA’TARY. adj. [from status, Latin.] Fixed; settled.
The set and statary times of pairing of nails, and cutting
of hair, is but the continuation of ancient superstition. Brown.

STATE. n. s. [status, Latin.]
1. Condition; circumstances of nature or fortune.
I do not
Infer as if I thought my sister's state
Secure. Milton.
Relate what Latium was,
Declare the past and present state of things. Dryden's æn.
Like the papists is your poets state,
Poor and disarm'd. Pope.
2. Modification of any thing.
Keep the state of the question in your eye. Boyle.
3. Stationary point; crisis; height; point from which the next
movement is regression.
The deer that endureth the womb but eight months, and is
compleat at six years, cannot live much more than thirty, as
having passed two general motions; that is, its beginning and
increase; and having but two more to run through, that is, its
state and declination. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Tumours have their several degrees and times; as begin­
ning, augment, state, and declination: Wiseman.
4. [Estat, French.] Estate; signiory; possession.
Strong was their plot,
Their states far off, and they of wary wit. Daniel.
5. The community; the publick; the commonwealth.
If any thing more than your sport
Did move your greatness, and this noble state,
To call on him, he hopes it is no other
But for your health sake. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
A state's anger
Should not take knowledge either of fools or women.
Ben. Johnson't Catiline.
I hear her talk of state matters and the senate. Ben. Johns.
What he got by fortune,
It was the state that now must make his right. Daniel.
The state hath given you licence to stay on land for the space
of six weeks. Bacon.
It is better the kingdom should be in good estate, with par­
ticular loss to many of the people, than that all the people
should be well, and the state of the kingdom altogether
lost. Hayward.
It is a bad exchange to wound a man's own conscience,
thereby to salve state sores. King Charles.
For you we stay'd, as did the Grecian state
'Till Alexander came. Waller.
Since they all live by begging, it were better for the state
to keep them. Graunt.
These are the realms of unrelenting fate;
And awful Rhadamanthus rules the state:
He hears and judges. Dryden's æn.
6. Hence single state in Shakespeare for individuality.
My thought, whose murther yet is but fantastical,
Shakes so my single state of man, that function
Is smother'd in surmise. Shakesp. Macbeth.
7. A republick; a government not monarchical.
They feared nothing from a state so narrow in compass of
land, and so weak, that the strength of their armies has ever
been made up of foreign troops. Temple.
8. Rank; condition; quality.
Fair dame, I am not to you known,
Though in your state of honour I am perfect. Shakesp.
High state the bed is where misfortune lies. Fairfax.
9. Solemn pomp; appearance of greatness.
When in triumphant state the British muse,
True to herself, shall barb'rous aid refuse. Roscommon.
There kings receiv'd the marks of sov'reign pow'r:
In state the monarchs march'd, the lictors bore
The awful axes and the rods before. Dryden's æn.
Let my attendants wait: I'll be alone,
Where least of state, where most of love is shown. Dryden.
To appear in their robes would be a troublesome piece of
state. Collier.
At home surrounded by a servile crowd,
Prompt to abuse, and in detraction loud;
Abroad begirt with men, and swords, and spears,
His very state acknowledging his fears. Prior.
10. Dignity; grandeur.
She instructed him how he should keep state, and yet with
a modest sense of his misfortunes.
Bacon's Henry VII.
The swan rows her state with oary feet. Milton.
He was staid, and in his gait
Preserv'd a grave majestick state. Butler.
Such cheerful modesty, such humble state,
Moves certain love. Waller.
Can this imperious lord forget to reign,
Quit all his state, descend, and serve again. Pope's Statius.
11. A seat of dignity.
This chair shall be my state, this dagger my sceptre, and
this cushion my crown. Shakes. Henry IV.
As she affected not the grandeur of a state with a canopy,
she thought there was no offence in an elbow-chair. Arbuthn.
The brain was her study, the heart her state room. Arbuth.
12. A canopy; a covering of dignity.
Over the chair is a state made round of ivy, somewhat
whiter than ours; and the state is curiously wrought with
silver and silk. Bacon.
His high throne, under state
Of richest texture spread, at th' upper end
Was plac'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
13. A person of high rank. Obsolete.
She is a dutchess, a great state. Latymer.
14. The principal persons in the government.
The bold design
Pleas'd highly those infernal states. Milton.
15. Joined with another word it signifies publick.
I am no courtier, nor versed in state-affairs: my life hath
rather been contemplative than active. Bacon.
Council! What's that? a pack of bearded slaves,
The scavengers that sweep states nusances,
And are themselves the greatest. Dryden's Cleomenes.
I am accused of reflecting upon great states-folks. Swift.

To STATE. v. a. [constater, French.]
1. To settle; to regulate.
This is so stated a rule, that all casuists press it in all cases
of damage. Decay of Piety.
This is to state accounts, and looks more like merchandize
than friendship. Collier of Friendship.
He is capable of corruption who receives more than what
is the stated and unquestioned fee of his office. Addison.
2. To represent in all the circumstances of modification.
Many other inconveniences are consequent to this stating of
this question; and particularly that, by those which thus state
it, there hath never yet been assigned any definite number of
fundamentals. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Its present state stateth it to be what it now is. Hale.
Were our case stated to any sober heathen, he would never
guess why they who acknowledge the necessity of prayer, and
confess the same God, may not ask in the same form.
Decay of Piety.
To state it fairly, imitation is the most advantageous way
for a translator to shew himself, but the greatest wrong which
can be done to the memory of the dead. Dryden.
I pretended not fully to state, much less demonstrate, the
truth contained in the text. Atterbury.

STA’TELINESS. n. s. [from stately.]
1. Grandeur; majestick appearance; august manner; dignity.
We may collect the excellency of the understanding then by
the glorious remainders of it now, and guess as the stateliness
of the building by the magnificence of its ruins. South.
For stateliness and majesty what is comparable to a horse?
More's Antidote against Atheism.
2. Appearance of pride; affected dignity.
She hated stateliness; but wisely knew
What just regard was to her title due. Betterton.

STA’TELY. adj. [from state.]
1. August; grand; lofty; elevated; majestick; magnificent.
A statelier pyramid to her I'll rear,
Than Rhodope's or Memphis' ever was. Shak. Hen. VI.
These regions have abundance of high cedars, and other
stately trees casting a shade. Raleigh's History of the World.
Truth, like a stately dome, will not shew herself at the first
visit. South.
He many a walk travers'd
Of stateliest covert, cedar, pine, or palm. Milton.
2. Elevated in mien or sentiment.
He maintains majesty in the midst of plainness, and is stately
without ambition, which is the vice of Lucan. Dryden.

STA’TELY. adv. [from the adjective.] Majestically.
Ye that stately tread or lowly creep. Milton.

STA’TESMAN. n. s. [state and man.]
1. A politician; one versed in the arts of government.
It looks grave enough
To seem a statesman. Ben. Johnson's Epigr.
The corruption of a poet is the generation of a states­
man. Pope.
2. One employed in publick affairs.
If such actions may have passage free,
Bond-slaves and pagans shall our statesmen be. Shak. Othello.
It is a weakness which attends high and low; the statesman
who holds the helm, as well as the peasant who holds the
plough. South's Sermons.
A British minister must expect to see many friends fall off,
whom he cannot gratify, since, to use the phrase of a late states­
man, the pasture is not large enough. Addison.


Here Britain's statesmen oft the fall foredoom
Of foreign tyrants, and of nymphs at home. Pope.

STA’TESWOMAN. n. s. [state and woman.] A woman who
meddles with publick affairs. In contempt.
How she was in debt, and where she meant
To raise fresh sums: she's a great stateswoman! B. Johnson.
Several objects may innocently be ridiculed, as the passions
of our stateswomen. Addison.

STA’TICAL. adj. [from the noun.] Relating to the science
of weighing.
STA’TICK. adj. [from the noun.] Relating to the science
of weighing.
A man weigheth some pounds less in the height of Winter,
according to experience, and the statick aphorisms of Sanc­
torius. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If one by a statical engine could regulate his insensible per­
spiration, he might often, by restoring of that, foresee, pre­
vent, or shorten a fit of the gout. Arbuthnot on Diet.

STA’TICKS. n. s. [?a??; statique, Fr.] The science which
considers the weight of bodies.
This is a catholick rule of staticks, that if any body be bulk
for bulk heavier than a fluid, it will sink to the bottom; and if
lighter, it will float upon it, having part extant, and part im­
mersed, as that so much of the fluid as is equal in bulk to the
immersed part be equal in gravity to the whole. Bentley.

STA’TION. n. s. [station, French; statio, Latin.]
1. The act of standing.
Their manner was to stand at prayer, whereupon their
meetings unto that purpose on those days had the names of
stations given them. Hooker.
2. A state of rest.
All progression is performed by drawing on or impelling
forward some part which was before in station or at quiet,
where there are no joints. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. A place where any one is placed.
In station like the herald, Mercury,
New-lighted on a heav'n-kissing hill. Shakesp. Timon.
The seditious remained within their station, which, by rea­
son of the nastiness of the beastly multitude, might more fitly
be termed a kennel than a camp. Hayward.
The planets in their station list'ning stood. Milton.
To single stations now what years belong,
With planets join'd, they claim another song. Creech.
4. Post assigned; office.
Michael in either hand leads them out of Paradise, the fiery
serpent waving behind them, and the cherubims taking their
stations to guard the place. Milton.
5. Situation; position.
The fig and date, why love they to remain
In middle station and an even plain;
While in the lower marsh the gourd is found,
And while the hill with olive-shade is crown'd? Prior.
6. Employment; office.
No member of a political body so mean, but it may be
useful in some station or other. L'Estrange.
They believe that the common size of human understand­
ing is fitted to some station or other. Swift.
Whether those who are leaders of a party arrive at that
station more by a sort of instinct, or influence of the stars, than
by the possession of any great abilities, may be a point of much
dispute. Swift.
7. Character; state.
Far the greater part have kept their station. Milton.
8. Rank; condition of life.
I can be contented with an humbler station in the temple of
virtue, than to be set on the pinnacle. Dryden.

To STA’TION. v. a. [from the noun.] To place in a certain
post, rank, or place.

STA’TIONARY. adj. [from station.] Fixed; not progressive.
The same harmony and stationary constitution, as it hap­
pened in many species so doth it fall out in individuals. Brown.
Between the descent and ascent, where the image seemed
stationary, I stopped the prism, and fixed it in that posture, that
it should be moved no more. Newton's Opt.

STA’TIONER. n. s. [from station.]
1. A bookseller.
Some modern tragedies are beautiful on the stage, and yet
Tryphon the stationer complains they are seldom asked for in
his shop. Dryden.
With authors, stationers obey'd the call;
Glory and gain th' industrious tribe provoke,
And gentle dulness ever loves a joke. Pope's Dunciad.
2. A seller of paper.

STA’TIST. n. s. [from state.] A statesman; a politician; one
skilled in government.
I once did hold it, as our statists do,
A baseness to write fair; and labour'd much
How to forget that learning. Shakesp. Hamlet.
I do believe,
Statist though I am none, nor like to be,
That this shall prove a war. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Their orators thou then extoll'st, as those
The top of eloquence, statists indeed,
And lovers of their country. Milton's Paradise Reg.

STA’TUARY. n. s. [statuaire, French; from statua, Latin.]
1. The art of carving images or representations of life.
The northern nations, that overwhelmed it by their num­
bers, were too barbarous to preserve the remains of learning more
carefully than they did those of architecture and statuar. Temple.
2. One that practises or professes the art of making statues.
On other occasions the statuaries took their subjects from
the poets. Addison.
How shall any man, who hath a genius for history, under­
take such a work with spirit and chearfulness, when he consi­
ders that he will be read with pleasure but a very few years?
This is like employing an excellent statuary to work upon
mouldering stone. Swift.

STA’TUE. n. s. [statue, Fr. statua, Latin.] An image; a solid
representation of any living being.
The princess heard of her mother's statue, a piece many
years in doing, and now newly perform'd by that rare Italian
master. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
They spake not a word;
But like dumb statues, or unbreathing stones,
Star'd each on other. Shakespeare's Richard III.
Architects propounded unto Alexander to cut the mountain
Athos into the form of a statue, which in his right hand should
hold a town capable of containing ten thousand men, and in
his left a vessel to receive all the water that flowed from the
mountain. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
A statue of Polycletus, called the rule, deserves that name
for having so perfect an agreement in all its parts, that it is
not possible to find a fault in it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To STA’TUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To place as a statue.
Thou shalt be worshipp'd, kiss'd, lov'd and ador'd;
And were there sense in his idolatry,
My substance should be statued in thy stead. Shakespeare.

STA’TURE. n. s. [stature, Fr. statura, Latin.] The height of
any animal.
What stature we attain at seven years we sometimes double,
most times come short of at one and twenty. Brown.
A creature who might erect
His stature, and upright with front serene
Govern the rest. Milton.
Foreign men of mighty stature came. Dryden.
Thyself but dust, thy stature but a span;
A moment thy duration, foolish man! Prior.
We have certain demonstration from Egyptian mummies,
and Roman urns and rings, and measures and edifices, and
many other antiquities, that human stature has not diminished
for above two thousand years. Bentley's Sermons.

STA’TUTABLE. adj. [from statute.] According to statute.
I met with one who was three inches above five feet, the
statutable measure of that club. Addison's Guardian.

STA’TUTE. n. s. [statut, French; statutum, Latin.] A law;
an edict of the legislature.
Not only the common law, but also the statutes and acts of
parliament were specially intended for its benefit. Spenser.
Blood hath been shed,
Ere human statute purg'd the gen'ral weal. Shakespeare.
There was a statute against vagabonds; wherein note the
dislike the parliament had of goaling them as chargeable and
pesterous. Bacon.
Know the statutes of heaven and laws of eternity, those
immutable rules of justice. Tillotson's Sermons.
O queen, indulg'd by favour of the gods,
To build a town, with statutes to restrain
The wild inhabitant beneath thy reign. Dryden's æneid.

To STAVE. v. a. In the plural staves. [from staff.]
1. To break in pieces; used originally of barrels made of small
parts or staves.
If irreverent expression, or a thought too wanton are crept
into my verses, let them be stav'd or forfeited like contra­
banded goods. Dryden.
2. To push off as with a staff.
How can they escape the contagion of the writings, whom
the virulency of the calumnies have not staved off, from read­
ing. Ben. Johnson.
The condition of a servant staves him off to a distance; but
the gospel speaks nothing but allurement, attraction, and in­
vitation. South's Sermons.
3. To pour out by breaking the cask.
The feared disorders that might ensue thereof have been an
occasion that divers times all the wine in the city hath been
staved. Sandys's Travels.
4. To furnish with rundles or staves.
This was the shameful end of Aloysus Grittus, Solyman's
deputy in Hungary; who climbing too fast up the evil staved
ladder of ambition, suddenly fell, and never rose more. Knolles.

To STAVE. v. n. To fight with staves.
Equal shame and envy stirr'd
I' th' enemy, that one shou'd beard
So many warriours, and so stout,
As he had done, and stav'd it out. Hudibras.

To STAVE and Tail. v. a. To part dogs by interposing a staff,
and by pulling the tail.


The conquering foe they soon assail'd,
First Trulla stav'd, and Cerdon tail'd. Hubibras.

STAVES. n. s. The plural of staff.
All in strange manner arm'd,
Some rustick knives, some staves in fire warmed. Fairy Qu.
They tie teasils up in bundles or staves. Mortimer's Husband.

STA’VESACRE. n. s. Larkspur. A plant.

To STAY. v. n. [slaen, Dutch.]
1. To continue in a place; to forbear departure.
Macbeth, we stay upon your leisure. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
If she do bid me pack, I'll give her thanks,
As though she bid me stay by her a week. Shakespeare.
Would ye tarry for them till they were grown? would ye
stay for them from having husbands? Ruth i. 13.
Not after resurrection shall he stay
Longer on earth than certain times t'appear. Milton.
He did ordain that as many might depart as would; but as
many as would stay should have very good means to live from
the state. Bacon.
They flocked in such multitudes, that they not only stayed
for their resort, but discharged divers. Hayward.
Th' injur'd sea, which from her wonted place,
To gain some acres, avarice did force,
If the new banks neglected once decay,
No longer will from her old channel stay. Waller.
Stay, I command you, stay and hear me first. Dryden.
Nor must he stay at home, because he must he back again
by one and twenty. The father cannot stay any longer. Locke.
Every plant has its atmosphere, which hath various effects
on those who stay near them. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Servants sent on messages stay out longer than the message
requires. Swift.
2. To continue in a state.
The flames augment, and stay
At their full height, then languish to decay. Dryden.
3. To wait; to attend.
I'll tell thee my whole device
When I am in my coach, which stays for us. Shakespeare.
We for his royal presence only stay
To end the rites. Dryden.
I stay for Turnus, whose devoted head
Is owing to the living and the dead;
My son and I expect it from his hand. Dryden.
4. To stop; to stand still.
When she list pour out her larger spright,
She would command the hasty sun to stay,
Or backward turn his course. Fairy Queen.
Perkin Warbeck, finding that when matters once go down
the hill, they stay not without a new force, resolved to try
some exploit upon England. Bacon.
Satan
Throws his steep flight in many an airy wheel,
Nor stay'd, till on Niphates' top he lights. Milton.
5. To dwell; to be long.
Nor will I stay
On Amphix, or what deaths he dealt that day. Dryden.
I must stay a little on one action, which preferred the re­
lief of others to the consideration of yourself. Dryden.
6. To rest confidently.
Because ye trust in oppression, and stay thereon, this shall
be as a breach ready to fall. Isa. xxx. 12.
They call themselves of the holy city, and stay themselves
upon God. Isa. xlviii. 2.

To STAY. v. a.
1. To stop; to withold; to repress.
All that may stay their minds from thinking that true which
they heartily wish were false, but cannot think it so without
some scruple. Hooker.
The Syrens sang to allure them into danger; but Orpheus
sang so well that he staid them. Raleigh's History of the World.
He took nothing but a bit of bread to stay his stomach. Locke.
To stay these sudden gusts of passion
That hurry you from reason, rest assur'd
The secret of your love lives with me only. Rowe.
Stay her stomach with these half hundred plays, till I can
procure her a romance big enough to satisfy her great soul with
adventures. Pope.
Why cease we then the wrath of heaven to stay?
Be humbled all. Pope.
2. To delay; to obstruct; to hinder from progression.
The joyous time will not be stay'd
Unless she do him by the forelock take. Spenser.
Your ships are staid at Venice. Shakespeare.
Unto the shore, with tears, with sighs, with moan,
They him conduct; cursing the bounds that stay
Their willing fleet, that would have further gone. Daniel.
I will bring thee where no shadow stays
Thy coming, and thy soft embraces. Milton's Paradise Lost.
I was willing to stay my reader on an argument that appears
to me new. Locke.
3. To keep from departure.
If as a prisoner I were here, you might
Have then insisted on a conqueror's right,
And stay'd me here. Dryden.
4. [Estayer, French.] To prop; to support; to hold up.
On this determination we might stay ourselves without fur­
ther proceeding herein. Hooker.
Aaren and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side
and the other on the other. Exod. xvii. 12.
Sallows and reeds for vineyards useful found,
To stay thy vines. Dryden.

STAY. n. s. [estaye, French.]
1. Continuance in a place; forbearance of departure.
Determine,
Or for her stay or going; the affair cries haste. Shakespeare.
Should judges make a longer stay in a place than usually they
do; a day more in a county would be a very good addition.
Bacon.
Her long with ardent look his eye pursu'd,
Delighted! but desired more her stay. Milton.
The Thracian youth invades
Orpheus returning from th' Elysian shades,
Embrace the hero, and his stay implore. Waller.
So long a stay will make
The jealous king suspect we have been plotting. Denham.
What pleasure hop'st thou in my stay,
When I'm constrain'd and wish myself away? Dryden.
When the wine sparkles,
Make haste, and leave thy business and thy care,
No mortal int'rest can be worth thy stay. Dryden.
2. Stand; cessation of progression.
Bones, after full growth, continue at a stay; teeth stand at
a stay, except their wearing. Bacon.
Affairs of state seemed rather to stand at a stay, than to ad­
vance or decline. Hayward.
Made of sphere-metal, never to decay,
Until his revolution was at stay. Milton.
Almighty crowd! thou shorten'st all dispute;
Nor faith nor reason make thee at a stay,
Thou leap'st o'er all. Dryden's Medal.
3. A stop; an obstruction; a hindrance from progress.
His fell heart thought long that little way,
Griev'd with each step, tormented with each stay. Fairfax.
4. Restraint; prudence; caution.
Many just and temperate provisos, well shewed and fore­
tokened the wisdom, stay and moderation of the king. Bacon.
With prudent stay he long deferr'd
The rough contention. Philips.
5. A fixed state.
Who have before, or shall write after thee,
Their works though toughly laboured will be
Like infancy or age to man's firm stay,
Or early and late twilights to mid-day. Donne.
Alas, what stay is there in human state!
And who can shun inevitable fate? Dryden.
6. A prop; a support.
Obedience of creatures unto the law of nature is the stay
of the whole world. Hooker.
What surety of the world, what hope, what stay,
What this was once a king, and now is clay. Shakespeare.
My only strength, and stay! forlorn of thee,
Whither shall I betake me?—where subsist? Milton.
Trees serve as so many stays for their vines, which hang
like garlands from tree to tree. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
7. Tackling. [See STAYS.]
With stays and cordage last he rig'd a ship,
And roll'd on leavers, launch'd her in the deep. Pope.
8. [In the plural.] Boddice.
No stubborn stays her yielding shape embrace. Gay.
9. Steadiness of conduct.

STA’YED. part. adj. [from stay.]
1. Fixed; settled; serious; not volatile.
For her son,
In her own hand the crown she kept in store,
Till riper years he raught, and stronger stay. Fa. Queen.
Whatsoever is above these proceedeth of shortness of me­
mory, or of want of a stayed and equal attention. Bacon.
He was well stayed, and in his gate
Preserv'd a grave majestick state. Hudibras.
A stayed man and wife are seldom so indolent as not to find
consolation in each other. Pope.
2. Stopped.

STA’YEDLY. adv. [from stayed.] Composedly; gravely; pru­
dently; soberly; calmly; judiciously.

SLA’YEDNESS. n. s. [from stayed.]
1. Solidity; weight.
When substantialness combineth with delightfulness, and
currantness with stayedness, how can the language sound other
than most full of sweetness. Camden's Remains.


2. Composure; prudence; gravity; judiciousness.

STA’YER. n. s. [from stay.] One who stops, holds or supports.
May Jove, the guardian of the capitol,
He, the great stayer of our troops in rout,
Fulfil your hopes, and animate the cohorts. A. Philips.

STA’YLACE. n. s. [stay and lace.] A lace with which women
fasten their boddice.
A staylace from England should become a topick for censure
at visits. Swift.

STAYS. n. s. Without singular.
1. Boddice; a kind of stiff waistcoat made of whalebone, worn
by ladies.
2. Ropes in a ship to keep the mast from falling aft. All masts,
topmasts, and flagstaves have stays, except the spirtsail topmast:
the mainmast, foremast, with the masts belonging to them,
have also back stays, which help to keep the mast from pitch­
ing forward or overboard. Harris.
They were come upon the stays, when one of the sailors
descried a galley. Sidney.
3. Any support; any thing that keeps another extended.
Weavers stretch your stays upon the west. Dryden.
STE

STEAD. n. s. [sted, Saxon.]
1. Place. Obsolete.
Fly therefore, fly this fearful stead anon,
Lest thy fool hardize work thy sad confusion. Fairy Queen.
They nigh approached to the stead
Where as those maremaids dwelt. Spenser's Fairy Queen.
The term of life is limited,
Ne may a man prolong nor shorten it;
The soldier may not move from watchful stead,
Nor leave his stand until his captain bed. Fairy Queen.
2. Room; place which another had or might have.
If we had simply taken them clean away, or else removed
them, so as to place in their stead others, we had done worse.
Hooker.
There fell down many slain, and they dwelt in their steads
until the captivity. 1 Chron. v. 22.
Nor do the bold'st attempts bring forth
Events still equal to their worth;
But sometimes fail, and in their stead
Fortune and cowardice succeed. Butler.
Jealousy then fir'd his soul,
And his face kindled like a burning coal;
Now cold despair succeeding in her stead,
To livid paleness turns the glowing red. Dryden.
3. Use; help. To stand in stead; to be of great use; to help; to
advantage.
A compleat man hath some parts, whereof the want could
not deprive him of his essence; yet to have them standeth him
in singular stead, in respect of special uses. Hooker.
He makes his understanding the warehouse of lumber ra­
ther than a repository of truth, which will stand him in stead
when he has occasion for it. Locke.
The smallest act of charity shall stand us in great stead.
Atterbury's Sermons.
4. The frame of a bed.
The genial bed,
Sallow the feet, the borders and the sted. Dryden.

STEAD, sted, being in the name of a place that is distant from
any river, comes from the Saxon sted, std, a place; but if
it be upon a river or harbour, it is to be derived from stathe,
a shore or station for ships. Gibson's Camden.

To STEAD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To help; to advantage; to support; to assist. A word some­
what obsolete.
We are neither in skill, nor ability of power greatly to
stead you. Sidney.
It nothing steads us
To chide him from our eves. Shakespeare.
Rich garments, linnens, stuffs, and necessaries,
Which since have steaded much. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Madam, so it stead you I will write. Shakespeare.
Can you so stead me
As bring me to the sight of Isabella. Shakespeare.
Your friendly aid and counsel much may stead me. Rowe.
2. To fill the place of another. Obsolete.
We shall advise this wronged maid to stead up your ap­
pointment, and go in your place. Shakespeare.

STEA’DFAST. adj. [stead and fast.]
1. Fast in place; firm; fixed.
Such was this giant's fall, that seem'd to shake
This stedfast globe of earth, as it for fear did quake. F. Qu.
Laws ought to be like stony tables, plain, steadfast, and
immoveable. Spenser's State of Ireland.
2. Constant; resolute.
I hope her stubborn heart to bend,
And that it then more stedfast will endure. Spenser.
A generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit
was not stedfast with God. Psal. lxxviii. 8.
Be faithful to thy neighbour in his poverty; abide stedfast
unto him in the time of his trouble. Ecclus. xxii. 23.
Him resist stedfast in the faith. 1 Pet. v. 9.
What form of death could him affright,
Who unconcern'd, with stedfast sight
Cou'd view the surges mounting steep,
And monsters rolling in the deep? Dryden.

STEA’DFASTLY. adv. [from stedfast.] Firmly; constantly.
God's omniscience steadfastly grasps the greatest and most
slippery uncertainties. South's Sermons.
In general, stedfastly believe that whatever God hath re­
vealed is infallibly true. Wake's Preparation for Death.

STEA’DFASTNESS. n. s. [from steadfast.]
1. Immutability; fixedness.
So hard these heavenly beauties be enfir'd,
As things divine, least passions do impress,
The more of steadfast minds to be admir'd,
The more they stayed be on stedfastness. Spenser.
2. Firmness; constancy; resolution.

STEA’DILY. adv. [from steady.]
1. Without tottering; without shaking.
Sin has a tendency to bring men under evils. unless hin­
dered by some accident which no man can steadily build upon.
South's Sermons.
2. Without variation or irregularity.
So steadily does fickle fortune steer
Th' obedient orb that it should never err. Blackmore.

STEA’DINESS. n. s. [from steady.]
1. State of being not tottering nor easily shaken.
2. Firmness; constancy.
John got the better of his cholerick temper, and wrought
himself up to a great steadiness of mind, to pursue his interest
through all impediments. Arbuthnot.
3. Consistent unvaried conduct.
Steadiness is a point of prudence as well as of courage. L'Est.
A friend is useful to form an undertaking, and secure steadi­
ness of conduct. Collier of Friendship.

STEA’DY. adj. [stædig, Saxon.]
1. Firm; fixed; not tottering.
Their feet steady, their hands diligent, their eyes watchful,
and their hearts resolute. Sidney.
He sails 'tween worlds and worlds with steady wing. Milt.
Steer the bounding bark with steady toil,
When the storm thickens and the billows boil. Pope.
2. Not wavering; not fickle; not changeable with regard to re­
solution or attention.
Now clear I understand,
What oft my steadiest thoughts have search'd in vain. Milton.
Steady to my principles, and not dispirited with my af­
flictions, I have, by the blessing of God, overcome all dif­
ficulties. Dryden's æneid.
A clear sight keeps the understanding steady. Locke.

STEAK n. s. [styck, Islandick and Erse, a piece; steka, Swedish,
to boil.] A slice of flesh broiled or fried; a collop.
The surgeon protested he had cured him very well, and of­
fered to eat the first stake of him. Tatler.
Fair ladies who contrive
To feast on ale and steaks. Swift.

To STEAL. v. a. Preterite I stole, part. pass stolen. [stelan,
Saxon; stelon, Dutch.]
1. To take by theft; to take clandestinely; to take without right,
To steal generally implies secrecy, to rob, either secrecy or vio­
lence.
Thou ran'st a tilt in honour of my love,
And stol'st away the ladies hearts of France. Shakespeare.
There are some shrewd contents in yon same paper,
That steal the colour from Bassanio's cheek;
Some dear friend dead. Shakespeare's Merch. of Venicce.
How should we steal silver or gold? Gen. xliv. 8.
A schoolboy finding a bird's nest, shews it his companion
and he steals it. Shakespeare.
2. To withdraw or convey without notice.
The law of England never was properly applied to the Irish.
by a purposed plot of government, but as they could insinuate
and steal themselves under the same by their humble carriage
and submission. Spenser.
Let us shift away, there's warrant in that theft
Which steals itself when there's no mercy left. Shakespeare.
Variety of objects has a tendency to steal away the mind
from its steady pursuit of any subject. Watts.
3. To gain or effect by private means.
Young Lorenzo
Stole her soul with many vows of faith,
And ne'er a true one. Shakespeare.
Were it not that my fellow schoolmaster
Doth watch Bianca's steps so narrowly,
'Twere good to steal our marriage. Shakespeare.
They hate nothing so much as being alone, for fear some
affrighting apprehensions should steal or force their way in.
Calamy.

To STEAL. v. n.
1. To withdraw privily; to pass silently.
Fixt of mind to avoid further entreaty, and to fly all com­
pany, one night she stole away. Sidney.


My lord of Amiens and myself
Did steal behind him as he lay along
Under an oak. Shakespeare.
I cannot think it,
That he would steal away so guilty like,
Seeing you coming. Shakespeare's Othello.
The most peaceable way, if you take a thief, is to let him
shew what he is, and steal out of your company. Shakespeare.
At time that lover's flights doth still conceal,
Through Athens' gate have we devis'd to steal. Shakesp.
In my conduct shall your ladies come,
From whom you now must steal and take no leave. Shak.
Others weary of the long journey, lingering behind, were
stolen away; and they which were left, moiled with dirt and
mire. Knolles.
A bride
Should vanish from her cloaths into her bed,
As souls from bodies steal and are not spy'd. Donne.
The vapour of charcoal hath killed many; and it is the
more dangerous, because it cometh without any ill smell, and
stealeth on by little and little. Bacon's Natural History.
A soft and solemn breathing sound,
Rose like a steam of rich distill'd perfumes,
And stole upon the air, that even silence
Was took ere she was ware. Milton.
As wise artists mix their colours so,
That by degrees they from each other go;
Black steals unheeded from the neighb'ring white,
So on us stole our blessed change. Dryden.
At a time when he had no steward, he stole away. Swift.
Now his fierce eyes with sparkling fury glow,
Now sighs steal out when tears begin to flow. Pope.
2. To practise theft; to play the thief; to take any thing thievish­
ly; to have the habit of thieving.
Stealing is the taking from another what is his, without his
knowledge or allowance. Locke.
The good humour is to steal at a minute's rest.—Convey,
the wise it call; steal! a fico for the phrase! Shakespeare.

STEA’LER. n. s. [from steal.] One who steals; a thief.
The transgression is in the stealer. Shakespeare.

STEA’LINGLY. adv. [from stealing.] Slily; by invisible mo­
tion; by secret practice.
They were diverse motions, they did so stealingly slip one
into another, as the latter part was ever in hand before the
eye could discern the former was ended. Sidney.

STEA’LTH. n. s. [from steal.]
1. The act of stealing; theft.
The owner proveth the stealth to have been committed upon
him by such an outlaw, and to have been found in the posses­
sion of the prisoner. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The stealth of mutual entertainment
With character too gross is written on Juliet. Shakespeare.
In the secret dark that none reproves,
Their pretty stealths shall work, and snares shall spread.
Spenser.
The gods persuaded Mercury,
Their good observer, to his stealth. Chapman's Iliad.
2. The thing stolen.
On his back a heavy load he bare
Of nightly stealths, and pillage several. Fairy Queen.
Store of cabbins are but fluttish dens, that breed sickness in
peace, serving to cover stealths, and in fight are dangerous to
tear men with splinters. Raleigh.
3. Secret act; clandestine practice. By stealth means secretly;
clandestinely; with desire of concealment: but, like steal, is
often used in a good sense.
The wisdom of the same spirit borrowed from melody that
pleasure, which mingled with heavenly mysteries, causeth the
smoothness and softness of that which toucheth the ear, to
convey as it were by stealth the treasure of good things into
man's mind. Hooker.
I feel this youth's perfections,
With an invisible and subtile stealth,
To creep in at mine eyes. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
The monarch blinded with desire of wealth,
With steel invades his brother's life by stealth
Before the sacred altar. Dryden.
Let humble Allen, with an aukward shame,
Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. Pope.

STEA’LTHY. adj. [from stealth.] Done clandestinely; perform­
ed by stealth.
Now wither'd murder with his stealthy pace,
Moves like a ghost. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

STEAM. n. s. [steme, Saxon.] The smoke or vapour of any
thing moist and hot.
Sweet odours are, in such a company as there is steam and
heat, things of great refreshment. Bacon.
His offering soon propitious fire from heaven
Consum'd with nimble glance and grateful steam. Milton.
While the temple smoak'd with hallow'd steam,
They wash the virgin. Dryden.
Such the figure of a feast
Which, were it not for plenty and for steam,
Might be resembled to a sick man's dream. King.
Some it bears in steams up into the air, and this in such a
quantity as to be manifest to the smell, especially the sulphur.
Woodward's Natural History.

To STEAM. v. n. [steman, Saxon.]
1. To smoke or vapour with moist heat.
Scarcely had Phœbus in the gloomy east,
Got harnassed his fiery-footed team,
Ne rear'd above the earth his flaming crest
When the last deadly smoke aloft did steam. Fairy Queen.
See, see, my brother's ghost hangs hovering there,
O'er his warm blood, that steams into the air. Dryden.
O wretched we! Why were we hurry'd down
This lubrick and adult'rate age;
Nay, added fat pollutions of our own,
T' increase the steaming ordures of the stage? Dryden.
Let the crude humours dance
In heated brass, steaming with fire intense. Philips.
These minerals not only issue out at these larger exits, but
steam forth through the pores of the earth, occasioning ful­
phureous and other offensive stenches. Woodward.
2. To send up vapours.
Ye mists that rise from steaming lake. Milton.
3. To pass in vapours.
The dissolved amber plainly swam like a thin film upon the
liquour, whence it steamed away into the air. Boyle.

STEAN for stone. Spenser.

STEATO’MA. n. s. [?ea??a.]
If the matter in a wen resembles milk-curds, the tumour is
called atheroma; if like honey, meliceris; and if composed of
fat, steatoma. Sharp's Surgery.

STEED. n. s. [steda, Saxon.] A horse for state or war.
My noble steed I give him,
With all his trim belonging. Shak. Macbeth.
Impresses quaint, caparisons and steeds. Milton.
Stout are our men, and warlike are our steeds. Waller.
She thought herself the trembling dame who fled,
And him the grisly ghost that spurr'd th' infernal steed. Dryd.
Who, like our active African, instructs
The fiery steed, and trains him to his hand? Addison's Cato.
See! the bold youth strain up the threat'ning steep;
Hang o'er their coursers heads with eager speed,
And earth rolls back beneath the flying steed. Pope.

STEEL. n. s. [stal, Saxon; stael, Dutch.]
1. Steel is a kind of iron, refined and purified by the fire with
other ingredients, which renders it white, and its grain closer
and finer than common iron. Steel, of all other metals, is
that susceptible of the greatest degree of hardness, when well
tempered; whence its great use in the making of tools and
instruments of all kinds. Chambers.
Steel is made from the purest and softest iron, by keeping it
red-hot, stratified with coal-dust and wood-ashes, or other
substances that abound in the phlogiston, for several hours in
a close furnace. It may also be made by fusion, and several
other ways; but they are greatly in the wrong who prefer
steel to iron for medicinal purposes. Hill's Mat. Medica.
At her back a bow and quiver gay,
Stuff'd with steel-headed darts wherewith she quell'd
The savage beasts in her victorious play. Fairy Queen.
With mighty bars of long enduring brass
The steel-bound doors and iron gates he ties. Fairfax.
A looking-glass, with the steel behind, looketh whiter than
glass simple. Bacon's Natural History.
Diamonds, though hard bodies, will not ready strike fire
with steel, much less with one another; nor a flint easily with
a steel, if they both be wet; the sparks being then quenched
in their eruption. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure
As might the strokes of two such arms endure. Dryden.
2. It is often used metonymically for weapons or armour.
Brave Macbeth with his brandish'd steel
Which smok'd with bloody execution,
Carv'd out his passage till he had fac'd the slave. Shakespeare.
A grove of oaks,
Whose polish'd steel from far severely shines,
Are not so dreadful as this beauteous queen. Dryden.
He sudden as the word,
In proud Plexippus' bosom plunged the sword;
Toxeus amaz'd, and with amazement slow,
Stood doubting; and while doubting thus he stood,
Receiv'd the steel bath'd in his brother's blood. Dryden.
3. Chalybeate medicines.
After relaxing, steel strengthens the solids, and is likewise
an antiacid. Arbuthnot.
4. It is used proverbially for hardness: as heads of steel.

To STEEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To point or edge with steel.
Add proof unto mine armour with thy prayers,
And with thy blessings steel my lance's point. Shak. R. II.


2. To make hard or firm. It is used, if it be applied to the mind,
very often in a bad sense.
Lies well steel'd with weighty arguments. Shakespeare.
So service shall with steeled fingers toil,
And labour shall refresh itself with hope. Shakespeare's H. V.
From his metal was his party steel'd;
Which once in him rebated, all the rest
Turn'd on themselves, like dull and heavy lead. Shakesp.
O God of battles! steel my soldiers hearts,
Possess them not with fear. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Why will you fight against so sweet a passion,
And steel your heart to such a world of charms? Addison.
Man, foolish man!
Scarce know'st thou how thyself began;
Yet steel'd with study'd boldness, thou dar'st try
To send thy doubted reason's dazled eye
Through the mysterious gulph of vast immensity. Prior.
Let the steel'd Turk be deaf to matrons cries,
See virgins ravish'd with relentless eyes. Tickell.

STEE’LY. adj. [from steel.]
1. Made of steel.
Thy brother's blood the thirsty earth hath drunk,
Broach'd with the steely point of Clifford's lance. Shakesp.
Here smokes his forge, he bares his sinewy arm,
And early strokes the sounding anvil warm;
Around his shop the steely sparkles flew,
As for the steed he shap'd the bending shoe. Gay.
2. Hard; firm.
That she would unarm her noble heart of that steely resist­
ance against the sweet blows of love. Sidney.

STEE’LYARD. n. s. [steel and yard.] A kind of balance, in
which the weight is moved along an iron rod, and grows hea­
vier as it is removed sarther from the fulorum.

STEEN, or Stean. n. s. A vessel of clay or stone. Ainsworth.

STEEP. adj. [steap, Saxon.] Rising or descending with little
inclination.
He now had conquer'd Anxur's steep ascent. Addison.

STEEP. n. s. Precipice; ascent or descent approaching to per­
pendicularity.
As that Theban monster that propos'd
Her riddle, and him, who solv'd it not, devour'd;
That once found out and solv'd, for grief and spight
Cast herself headlong from the Ismenian steep. Milton.
As high turrets for their airy steep
Require foundations, in proportion deep;
And lofty cedars as far upwards shoot,
As to the neather heavens they drive the root;
So low did her secure foundation lie,
She was not humble, but humility. Dryden.
Instructs the beast to know his native force,
To take the bit between his teeth, and fly
To the next headlong steep of anarchy. Dryden.
We had on each side naked rocks and mountains, broken
into a thousand irregular steeps and precipices. Addison.
Leaning o'er the rails, he musing stood,
And view'd below the black canal of mud,
Where common shores a lulling murmur keep,
Whose torrents rush from Holborn's fatal steep. Gay.

To STEEP. v. a. [stippen, Dutch.] To soak; to macerate;
to imbue; to dip.
When his brother saw the red blood trail
Adown so fast, and all his armour steep,
For very fellness loud he 'gan to weep. Spenser.
He, like an adder, lurking in the weeds,
His wandring thought in deep desire does steep;
And his frail eye with spoil of beauty feeds. Fairy Queen.
A napkin steeped in the harmless blood
Of sweet young Rutland. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Present to her, as sometime Marg'ret
Did to thy father, steep'd in Rutland's blood,
A handkerchief; which, say to her, did drain
The purple tide from her sweet brother's body. Shakesp.
The conquering wine hath steep'd our sense
In soft and delicate Lethe. Shakespeare.
Many dream not to find, neither deserve,
And yet are steep'd in favours. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Four days will quickly steep themselves in night:
Four nights will quickly dream away the time. Shakespeare.
Most of the steepings are cheap things, and the goodness of
the crop is a great matter of gain. Bacon.
Whole droves of minds are by the driving god
Compell'd to drink the deep Lethean flood:
In large forgetful draughts to steep the cares
Of their past labours and their irksome years. Dryden.
Wheat steeped in brine twelve hours prevents the smuttiness.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

STEE’PLE. n. s. [steopl, stpel, Saxon.] A turret of a church
generally furnished with bells. A spire.
Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks; rage, blow!
You cataracts and hurricanoes spout
Till you have drench'd our steeples, drown'd the cocks.
Shakespeare.
What was found in many places, and preached for wheat
fallen on the ground from the clouds, was but the seed of ivy­
berries, and though found in steeples or high places, might be
conveyed thither or muted by birds. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A raven I saw yesterday steeple-high, just over your house.
L'Estrange.
They, far from steeples and their sacred sound,
In fields their fullen conventicles found. Dryden.

STEE’PLY. adv. [from steep.] With precipitous declivity.

STEE’PNESS. n. s. [from steep.] Precipitous declivity.
The craggedness or steepness of that mountain maketh many
parts of it inaccessible. Brerewood on Language.
Lord Lovel swam over Trent on horseback, but could not
recover the farther side, by reason of the steepness of the bank,
and so was drowned. Bacon's Henry VII.
Vineyards, meadows, and cornfields lie on the borders, and
run up all the sides of the Alps, where the barrenness of the
rocks, or the steepness of the ascent will suffer them. Addison.

STEE’PY. adj. [from steep.] Having a precipitous declivity.
A poetical word for steep.
Who hath dispos'd, but thou, the winding way,
Where springs down from the steepy craggs do beat. Wotton.
A prophet some, and some a poet cry,
From steepy Othrys' top to Pylus drove
His herd; and for his pains enjoy'd his love. Dryden.
No more, my goats, shall I behold you climb
The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow'ry thyme! Dryden.

STEER. n. s. [stre, steor, stiore, Saxon; stier, Dutch.]
A young bullock.
They think themselves half exempted from law and obedi­
ence; and having once tasted freedom, do, like a steer that
hath been long out of his yoke, grudge and repine ever after
to come under rule again. Spenser's Ireland.
Lacaon, Neptune's priest,
With solemn pomp then sacrific'd a steer. Dryden.
Nor has the steer,
At whose strong chest the deadly tiger hangs,
E'er plow'd for him. Thomson.

To STEER. v. a. [steoran, stran, Sax. stieren, Dutch.] To
direct; to guide in a passage.
A comely palmer, clad in black attire,
Of ripest years, and hairs all hoary gray,
That with a staff his feeble steps did steer,
Lest his long way his aged limbs should tire. Fairy Queen.
If a pilot cannot see the pole star it can be no fault in him
to steer his course by such stars as do best appear to him. K.Ch. 

To STEER. v. n. To direct a course.
As when a ship by skilful steersman wrought,
Nigh river's mouth, or foreland, where the wind
Veers oft, as oft so steers, and shifts her sail. Milton.
In a creature, whose thoughts are more than the sands, and
wider than the ocean, fancy and passion must needs run him
into strange courses, if reason, which is his only star and com­
pass be not that he steers by: Locke.

STEE’RAGE. n. s. [from steer.]
1. The act or practice of steering.
2. Direction; regulation of a course.
He that hath the steerage of my course,
Direct my suit. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Having got his vessel launched and set afloat, he committed.
the steerage of it to such as he thought capable of conducting
it. Spectator.
3. That by which any course is guided.
His costly frame
Inscrib'd to Phœbus, here he hung on high,
The steerage of his wings, and cut the sky. Dryden.
4. Regulation, or management of any thing.
You raise the honour of the peerage,
Proud to attend you at the steerage. Swift.
5. The stern or hinder part of the ship.

STEE’RSMATE. n. s. steer and man, or mate.] A pilot; one
who steers a ship.
STEE’RSMAN. n. s. steer and man, or mate.] A pilot; one
who steers a ship.
What pilot so expert but needs must wreck,
Embark'd with such a steersmate at the helm? Milton.
In a storm, though the vessel be pressed never so hard, a skil­
ful steersman will yet bear up against it. L'Estrange.
Through it the joyful steersman clears his way,
And comes to anchor in his inmost bay. Dryden.

STEGANO’GRAPHIST. n. s. [?e?a?? and ??f?.] He who
practises the art of secret writing. Bailey.

STEGANO’GRAPHY. n. s. [?e?a?? and ???.] The art of
secret writing by characters or cyphers, intelligible only to the
persons who correspond one with another. Bailey.

STEGNO’TICK. adj. [?e?????.] Binding; rendering co­
stive. Bailey.

STE’LE. n. s. [stela, Sax. stele, Dutch.] A stalk; a handle.

STE’LLAR. adj. [from stella.] Astral; relating to the stars.
In part shed down
Their stellar virtue, on all kinds that grow
On earth; made hereby apter to receive
Perfection from the sun's more potent ray. Milton.


Salt dissolved, upon fixation, returns to its affected cubes, and
regular figures of minerals, as the hexagonal of chrystal, and
stellar figure of the stone asteria. Glanville.

STE’LLATE. adj. [stellatus, Latin.] Pointed in the manner of
a painted star.
One making a regulus of antimony, without iron, found
his regulus adorned with a more conspicuous star than I have
seen in several stellate regulus's of antimony and mars. Boyle.

STELLA’TION. n. s. [from stella.] Emission of light as from a
star.

STELLI’FEROUS. adj. [stella and fero.] Having stars. Dict.

STE’LLION. n. s. [stellio, Latin.] A newt. Ainsworth.

STE’LLIONATE. n. s. [stellionat, French; stellionatus, Latin.]
A kind of crime which is committed [in law] by a deceitful
selling of a thing otherwise than it really is: as, if a man
should sell that for his own estate which is actually another
man's.
It discerneth of crimes of stellionate, and the inchoations
towards crimes capital, not actually committed. Bacon.

STEM. n. s. [stemma, Latin.]
1. The stalk; the twig.
Two lovely berries molded on one stem,
So with two seeming bodies, but one heart. Shakespeare.
After they are first shot up thirty foot in length, they spread
a very large top, having no bough nor twig in the trunk or
stem. Raleigh's History of the World.
Set them aslope a reasonable depth, and then they will put
forth many roots, and so carry more shoots upon a stem. Bacon.
This, ere it was in th' earth,
God made, and ev'ry herb, before it grew
On the green stem. Milt. Parad. Lost.
The stem thus threaten'd and the sap in thee,
Drops all the branches of that noble tree. Waller.
Farewell, you flow'rs, whose buds with early care
I watch'd, and to the chearful sun did rear:
Who now shall bind your steams? or, when you fall,
With fountain streams your fainting souls recall? Dryden.
The low'ring Spring with lavish rain
Beats down the slender stem and bearded grain. Dryden.
2. Family; race; generation. Pedigrees are drawn in the form
of a branching tree.
This is a stem
Of that victorious stock, and let us fear
His native mightiness. Shakespeare's Henry V.
I will assay her worth to celebrate,
And so attend ye toward her glittering state;
Where ye may all, that are of noble stem,
Approach. Milton.
Whosoever will undertake the imperial diadem, must have
of his own wherewith to support it; which is one of the rea­
sons that it hath continued these two ages and more in that
stem, now so much spoken of. Howel's Vocal Forest.
Do'st thou in hounds aspire to deathless fame?
Learn well their lineage and their ancient stem. Tickell.
3. [Stammen, Swedish.] The prow or forepart of a ship.
Orante's barque, ev'n in the hero's view,
From stem to stern, by waves was overborn. Dryden.

To STEM. v. a. [stæmma, Islandick.] To oppose a current;
to pass cross or forward notwithstanding the stream.
They on the trading flood,
Through the wide Ethiopian to the cape
Ply, stemming nightly tow'rd the Pole. Milt. Par. Lost.
Above the deep they raise their scaly crests,
And stem the flood with their erected breasts. Denham.
In shipping such as this, the Irish kern
And untaught Indian, on the stream did glide,
Ere sharp-keel'd boats to stem the flood did learn,
Or fin-like oars did spread from either side. Dryden.
At length Erasmus, that great injur'd name,
Stemm'd the wild torrent of a barb'rous age,
And drove those holy Vandals off the stage. Pope.

STENCH. n. s. [from stencan, Saxon.]
1. A stink; a bad smell.
Death, death; oh amiable and lovely death!
Thou odoriferous stench, sound rottenness,
Arise forth from thy couch of lasting night. Shakes. K. John.
So bees with smoke, and doves with noisome stench,
Are from their hives, and houses, driv'n away. Shakespeare.
Physicians by the stench of feathers cure the rising of the
mother. Bacon's Nat. History.
The ministery will be found the salt of the earth, the only
thing that keeps societies of men from stench and corruption.
South's Sermons.
The hoary Nar,
Corrupted with the stench of sulphur flows,
And into Tiber's streams th' infected current throws. Addis.
2. I find it used once for a good smell.
Black bulls and bearded goats on altars lie,
And clouds of sav'ry stench involve the sky. Dryden.

To STENCH. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To make to stink.
The foulness of the ponds only stencheth the water. Mortim.
2. [For staunch, corruptly.] To stop; to hinder to flow.
They had better skill to let blood than stench it. K. Charles.
Restringents to stench and incrassatives to thicken the blood.
Harvey on Consumptions.

STENO’GRAPHY. n. s. [?e?? and ??f?.] Short-hand.
O the accurst stenography of state!
The princely eagle shrunk into a bat. Cleaveland.

STENTOROPHO’NICK. adj. [from Stentor, the Homerical herald,
whose voice was as loud as that of fifty men, and f??, a
voice.] Loudly speaking or sounding.
Of this stentorophonick horn of Alexander there is a figure
preserved in the Vatican. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To STEP. v. n. [stœppan, Saxon; stuppen, Dutch.]
1. To move by a single change of the place of the foot.
Whosoever first after the troubling the water stepped in, was
made whole. Jo. v. 4.
One of our nation hath proceeded so far, that he was able,
by the help of wings, in a running pace to step constantly ten
yards at a time. Wilkins's Math. Mag.
2. To advance by a sudden progression.
Ventidius lately
Bury'd his father, by whose death he's stepp'd
Into a great estate. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
3. To move mentally.
When a person is hearing a sermon, he may give his
thoughts leave to step back so far as to recollect the several
heads. Watts.
They are stepping almost three thousand years back into the
remotest antiquity, the only true mirrour of that ancient
world. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
4. To go; to walk.
I am in blood
Stept in so far, that, should I wade no more,
Returning were as tedious as go o'er. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The old poets step in to the assistance of the medalist. Addis.
5. To take a short walk.
See where he comes: so please you, step aside;
I'll know his grievance. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
My brothers, when they saw me wearied out,
Stepp'd, as they said, to the next thicket-side
To bring me berries. Milton.
When your master wants a servant who happens to be
abroad, answer, that he had but just that minute stept out.
Swift's Directions to Servants.
6. To walk gravely and slowly.
Pyrrhus, the most ancient of all the bashaws, stept forth,
and, appealing unto his mercies, earnestly requested him to
spare his life. Knolles's History of the Turks.
When you stepp'd forth, how did the monster rage,
In scorn of your soft looks and tender age! Cowley.
Home the swain retreats,
His flock before him stepping to the fold. Thomson's Summer.

STEP. n. s. [stæp, Saxon; stap, Dutch.]
1. Progression by one removal of the foot.
Thou sound and firm-set earth,
Hear not my steps, which way they walk. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Ling'ring perdition, worse than any death
Can be at once, shall step by step attend
You and your ways. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Who was the first to explore th' untrodden path,
When life was hazarded in every step? Addison's Cato.
2. One remove in climbing; hold for the foot; a stair.
While Solyman lay at Buda, seven bloody heads of bishops,
slain in the battle, were all set in order upon a wooden step.
Knolles's History of the Turks.
The breadth of every single step or stair should be never less
than one foot, nor more than eighteen inches. Wotton.
Those heights where William's virtue might have staid,
And on the subject world look'd safely down,
By Marlbro' pass'd, the props and steps were made
Sublimer yet to raise his queen's renown. Prior.
It was a saying among the ancients, truth lies in a well;
and, to carry on this metaphor, we may justly say, that logick
does supply us with steps, whereby we may go down to reach
the water. Watts.
3. Quantity of space passed or measured by one removal of the
foot.
The gradus, a Roman measure, may be translated a step, or
the half of a passus or pace. Arbuthnot on Coins.
4. A small length; a small space.
There is but a step between me and death. 1 Sa. xx. 3.
5. Walk; passage.
O may thy pow'r, propitious still to me,
Conduct my steps to find the fatal tree
In this deep forest. Dryden's æn.
6. Progression; act of advancing.
To derive two or three general principles of motion from
phænomena, and afterwards to tell us how the properties and
actions of all corporeal things follow from those manifest
principles, would be a very great step in philosophy, though
the causes of those principles were not yet discovered. Newton.


One injury is best defended by a second, and this by a third:
by these steps the old masters of the palace in France became
masters of the kingdom; and by these steps a general, during
pleasure, might have grown into a general for life, and a ge­
neral for life into a kings Swift.
The querist must not proceed too swiftly towards the deter­
mination of his point, that he may with more ease draw the
learner to those principles step by step, from whence the final
conclusion will arise. Watts.
7. Footstep; print of the foot.
From hence Astrea took her flight, and here
The prints of her departing steps appear. Dryden's Virgil.
8. Gait; manner of walking.
Sudden from the golden throne
With a submissive step I hasted down;
The glowing garland from my hair I took,
Love in my heart, obedience in my look. Prior.
9. Action; instance of conduct.
The reputation of a man depends upon the first steps he
makes in the world. Pope.

STEP, in composition, signifies one who is related only by mar­
riage. [Steop, Saxon, from stepan, to deprive or make an or­
phan: for the Saxons not only said a step-mother, but a step­
daughter, or step-son; to which it indeed, according to this
etymology, more properly belongs: but as it is now seldom
applied but to the mother, it seems to mean, in the mind of
those who use it, a woman who has stepped into the vacant
place of the true mother.]
How should their minds chuse but misdoubt, lest this disci­
pline, which always you match with divine doctrine as her
natural and true sister, be sound unto all kinds of knowledge
a step-mother. Hooker.
His wanton step-dame loved him the more;
But when she saw her offered sweets refuse,
Her love she turn'd to hate. Fairy Queen.
You shall not find me, daughter,
After the slander of most step-mothers,
Ill-ey'd unto you. Shakes. Cymbeline.
A father cruel, and a step-dame false. Shakespeare.
Cato the elder, being aged, buried his wife, and married
a young woman: his son came to him, and said, Sir, what
have I offended, that you have brought a step-mother into your
house? The old man answered, Nay, quite the contrary, son;
thou pleasest me so well, as I would be glad to have more
such. Bacon.
The name of step-dame, your practis'd art,
By which you have estrang'd my father's heart,
All you have done against me, or design,
Shows your aversion, but begets not mine. Dryd. Aurengz.
A step-dame too I have, a cursed she,
Who rules my hen-peck'd fire, and orders me. Dryden.
Any body would have guessed miss to have been bred up
under the influence of a cruel step-dame, and John to be the
fondling of a tender mother. Arbuthn. Hist. of John Bull.

STE’PPINGSTONE. n. s. [step and stone.] Stone laid to catch
the foot, and save it from wet or dirt.
Like steppingstones to save a stride,
In streets where kennels are too wide. Swift.

STERCORA’CEOUS. adj. [stercoraceus, Latin.] Belonging to
dung; partaking of the nature of dung.
Green juicy vegetables, in a heap together, acquire a heat
equal to that of a human body; then a putrid stercoraceous
taste and odour, in taste resembling putrid flesh, and in smell
human fæces. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

STERCORA’TION. n. s. [from stercora, Latin.] The act of
dunging; the act of manuring with dung.
The first help is stercoration: the sheeps dung is one of the
best, and next the dung of kine, and that of horses. Bacon.
Stercoration is seasonable. Evelyn's Kalendar.
The exteriour pulp of the fruit serves not only for the secu­
rity of the seed, whilst it hangs upon the plant, but, after it is
fallen upon the earth, for the stercoration of the soil, and pro­
motion of the growth, though not the first germination of the
seminal plant. Ray on the Creation.

STEREO’GRAPHY. n. s. [?e?e? and ??f?; stereographie, Fr.]
The art of drawing the forms of solids upon a plane. Harris.

STEREO’METRY. n. s. [?ee? and ?et??; stereometrie, French.]
The art of measuring all sorts of solid bodies. Harris.

STE’RIL. adj. [sterile, French; sterilis, Latin] Barren; un­
fruitful; not productive; wanting fecundity.
Our elders say,
The barren, touched in this holy chase,
Shake off their steril curse. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Thy sea marge steril, and rocky hard. Shakes. Tempest.
In very steril years corn sown will grow to another kind.
Bacon's Natural History.
To separate seeds, put them in water: such as are corrupted
and steril swim. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
She is grown steril and barren, and her births of animals
are now very inconsiderable. More's Antidote against Atheism.
When the vegetative stratum was once washed off by rains,
the hills would have become barren, the strata below yield­
ing only mere sterile and mineral matter, such as was inept for
the formation of vegetables. Woodward.

STERI’LITY. n. s. [sterilite, French; sterilitas, from sterilis,
Latin.] Barrenness; want of fecundity; unfruitfulness.
Spain is thin sown of people, by reason of the sterility of
the soil, and because their natives are exhausted by so many
employments in such vast territories. Bacon's War with Spain.
An eternal sterility must have possessed the world, where all
things had been fastened everlastingly with the adamantine
chains of specifick gravity, if the Almighty had not said, Let
the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the
fruit-tree yielding fruit. Bentley's Sermons.
He had more frequent occasion for repetition than any poet;
yet one cannot ascribe this to any sterility of expression, but to
the genius of his times, which delighted in these reiterated
verses. Pope's Essay on Homer.

To STE’RILIZE. v. a. [from steril.] To make barren; to de­
prive of fecundity, or the power of production.
May we not as well suppose the sterlizing the earth was
suspended for some time, 'till the deluge became the execu­
tioner of it? Woodward's Natural History.
Go! sterilize the fertile with thy rage. Savage.

STE’RLING. adj. [Of this word many derivations have been
offered; the most probable of which is that offered by Cam­
den, who derives it from the Easterlings, who were employed
as coiners.]
1. An epithet by which genuine English money is discriminated.
The king's treasure of store, that he left at his death,
amounted unto eighteen hundred thousand pounds sterling.
Bacon's Henry VII.
Several of them would rather chuse to count out a sum in
sesterces than in pounds sterling. Addison.
2. Genuine; having past the test.
There is not one single witty phrase in this collection,
which hath not received the stamp and approbation of one
hundred years: he may therefore be secure to find them all
genuine, sterling, and authentick. Swift's Polite Conversation.

STE’RLING. n. s. [sterlingum, low Lat. from the adjective.]
1. English coin; money.
This visionary various projects tries,
And knows that to be rich is to be wise:
By useful observation he can tell
The sacred charms that in true sterling dwell;
How gold makes a patrician of a slave,
A dwarf an Atlas, a Thersites brave. Garth.
Great name, which in our rolls recorded stands,
Leads honours, and protects the learned bands,
Accept this offering to thy bounty due,
And Roman wealth in English sterling view. C. Arbuthnot.
2. Standard rate.

STERN. adj. [strn, Saxon.]
1. Severe of countenance; truculent of aspect.
Why look you still so stern and tragical. Shakes. H. VI.
I would outstare the sternest eyes that look,
Outbrave the heart most daring on the earth,
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear,
Yea, mock the lion when he roars for prey,
To win thee, lady. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
It shall not be amiss here to present the stern but lively coun­
tenance of this so famous a man. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Gods and men
Fear'd her stern frown, and she was queen o' th' woods. Milt.
2. Severe of manners; harsh; unrelenting; cruel.
My sometime general,
I've seen thee stern, and thou hast oft beheld
Heart hard'ning spectacles. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Women are soft, mild, pitiful, and flexible;
Thou stern, obdurate, flinty, rough, remorseless. Shakesp.
The common executioner,
Whose heart th' accustom'd sight of death makes hard,
Falls not the ax upon the humbled neck,
But first begs pardon: will you sterner be
Than he that deals and lives by bloody drops? Shakespeare.
Did this in Cæsar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cry'd, Cæsar hath wept;
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
Then shall the war, and stern debate and strife
Immortal, be the bus'ness of my life;
And in thy fane the dusty spoils among,
High on the burnish'd roof, my banner shall be hung. Dryd.
How stern as tutors, and as uncles hard,
We lash the pupil and defraud the ward. Dryden's Pers.
3. Hard; afflictive.
If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
Thou shouldst have said, Go, porter, turn the key,
All cruels else subscrib'd. Shakesp. King Lear.

STERN. n. s. [steor, Saxon. Of the same original with steer.]
1. The hind part of the ship where the rudder is placed.
Let a barbarous Indian, who had never seen a ship, view the
separate and disjointed parts, as the prow and stern, the ribs,
masts, ropes, and shrouds, he would form but a very lame
idea of it. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.


They turn their heads to sea, their sterns to land. Dryd.
2. Post of management; direction.
The king from Eltam I intend to send,
And sit at chiefest stern of publick weal. Shakes. H. VI.
3. The hinder part of any thing.
She all at once her beastly body raised,
With doubled forces high above the ground,
Though wrapping up her wreathed stern around. Fa. Queen.

STE’RNAGE. n. s. [from stern.] The steerage or stern. Not
used.
Grapple your minds to sternage of this navy,
And leave your England as dead midnight still. Shakespeare.

STE’RNLY. adj. [from stern.] In a stern manner; severely;
truculently.
Sternly he pronounc'd
The rigid interdiction. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Yet sure thou art not, nor thy face the same,
Nor thy limbs moulded in so soft a frame;
Thou look'st more sternly, do'st more strongly move,
And more of awe thou bear'st, and less of love. Dryden.

STE’RNNESS. n. s. [from stern.]
1. Severity of look.
Of stature huge, and eke of courage bold,
That sons of men amaz'd their sternness to behold. Spenser.
How would he look to see his work so noble
Wildly bound up! or how
Should I, in these my borrow'd flaunts, behold
The sternness of his presence! Shakespeare.
2. Severity or harshness of manners.
I have sternness in my soul enough
To hear of soldiers work. Dryden's Cleomenes.

STE’RNON. n. s. [????.] The breast-bone.
A soldier was shot in the breast through the sternon. Wiseman.

STERNUTA’TION. n. s. [sternutatio, Latin.] The act of
sneezing.
Sternutation is a convulsive shaking of the nerves and mus­
cles, first occasioned by an irritation of those in the nostrils.
Quincy.
Concerning sternutation, or sneezing, and the custom of
saluting upon that motion, it is generally believed to derive its
original from a disease wherein sternutation proved mortal,
and such as sneezed died. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

STERNU’TATIVE. adj. [sternutatif, Fr. from sternuto, Latin.]
Having the quality of sneezing.

STERNU’TATORY. n. s. [sternutatoire, Fr. from sternuto, Lat.]
Medicine that provokes to sneeze.
Physicians, in persons near death, use sternutatories, or such
medicines as provoke unto sneezing; when if the faculty arise,
and sternutation ensueth, they conceive hopes of life. Brown.

STE’VEN. n. s. [stefen, Saxon.] A cry, or loud clamour.
Ne sooner was out, but swifter than thought,
Fast by the hide, the wolf Lowder caught;
And had not Roffy renne to the steven,
Lowder had been slain thilke same even. Spenser.

To STEW. v. a. [estuver, French; stoven, Dutch.]
To seeth any thing in a slow moist heat.
Ere I was risen from the place, that show'd
My duty kneeling, came a reeking post,
Stew'd in his haste, half breathless. Shakesp. King Lear.
I bruised my skin with playing at sword and dagger with a
master of fence, three veneys for a dish of stew'd prunes. Shak.

To STEW. v. n. To be seethed in a slow moist heat.

STEW. n. s. [estuve, French; stufa, Italian; estufa, Spanish.]
1. A bagnio; a hot-house.
As burning ætna from his boiling stew
Doth belch out flames, and rocks in pieces broke,
And ragged ribs of mountains molten new,
Enwrapt in coal-black clouds and filthy smoke. Fa. Queen.
The Lydians were inhibited by Cyrus to use any ar­
mour, and give themselves to baths and stews. Abbot.
2. A brothel; a house of prostitution. [This signification is by
some imputed to this, that there were licensed brothels near
the stews or fishponds in Southwark; but probably stew, like
bagnio, took a bad signification from bad use.]
There be that hate harlots, and never were at the stews; that
abhor falshood, and never brake promise. Ascham.
My business in this state
Made me a looker-on here in Vienna,
Where I have seen corruption boil and bubble,
'Till it o'er-run the stew. Shakespeare.
With them there are no stews, no dissolute houses, no cur­
tesans. Bacon's New Atlantis.
Her, though seven years she in the stews had laid,
A nunnery durst receive and think a maid
And though in childbirth's labour she did lie,
Midwives would swear 'twere but a tympany. Donne.
What mod'rate fop would rake the park or stews,
Who among troops of faultless nymphs can chuse? Roscom.
Making his own house a stews, a bordel, and a school of
lewdness, to instill the rudiments of vice into the unwary
flexible years of his poor children. South's Sermons.
3. [Stowen, Dutch, to store.] A storepond; a small pond where
fish are kept for the table.

STE’WARD. n. s. [stiward, Saxon.]
1. One who manages the affairs of another.
There sat yclad in red,
Down to the ground, a comely personage,
That in his hand a white rod managed;
He steward was, hight diet, ripe of age,
And in demeanour sober, and in council sage. Fa. Queen.
Whilst I have gold, I'll be his steward still. Shak. Timon.
Take on you the charge
And kingly government of this your land;
Not as protector, steward, substitute,
Or lowly factor for another's gain. Shakes. Richard III.
How is it that I hear this of thee? Give an account of thy
stewardship; for thou mayest be no longer steward. Lu. xvi.
When a steward defrauds his lord, he must connive at the
rest of the servants while they are following the same prac­
tice. Swift.
What can be a greater honour than to be chosen one of the
stewards and dispensers of God's bounty to mankind? What
can give a generous spirit more complacency than to consider,
that great numbers owe to him, under God, their subsistence,
and the good conduct of their lives? Swift.
2. An officer of state.
The duke of Suffolk is the first, and claims
To be high steward. Shakespeare.

STE’WARDSHIP. n. s. [from steward.] The office of a
steward.
The earl of Worcester
Hath broke his staff, resign'd his stewardship. Shakesp. R. II.
Shew us the hand of God
That hath dismiss'd us from our stewardship. Shakespeare.
If they are not employed to such purposes, we are false to
our trust, and the stewardship committed to us, and shall be
one day severely accountable to God for it. Calamy's Sermons.
STI

STI’BIAL. adj. [from stibium, Latin.] Antimonial.
The former depend upon a corrupt incinerated melancholy,
and the latter upon an adust stibial or eruginous sulphur. Harv.

STI’CADOS. n. s. [sticadis, Latin.] An herb. Ainsworth.

STICK. n. s. [sticca, Saxon; stecco, Italian; steck, Dutch.] A
piece of wood small and long.
Onions as they hang will shoot forth, and so will the herb
orpin, with which in the country they trim their houses, bind­
ing it to a lath or stick set against a wall. Bacon's Nat. History.
Some strike from clashing flints their fiery seed,
Some gather sticks the kindled flames to feed. Dryden.

To STICK. v. a. preterite stuck; participle pass. stuck. [stican,
Saxon.] To fasten on so as that it may adhere.
Two troops in fair array one moment show'd;
The next, a field with fallen bodies strow'd:
The points of spears are stuck within the shield,
The steeds without their riders scour the field,
The knights unhors'd. Dryden.
Would our ladies, instead of sticking on a patch against
their country, sacrifice their necklaces against the common
enemy, what decrees ought not to be made in their fa­
vour? Addison.
Oh for some pedant reign,
Some gentle James to bless the land again;
To stick the doctor's chair unto the throne,
Give law to words, or war with words alone. Pope.

To STICK. v. n.
1. To adhere; to unite itself by its tenacity or penetrating
power.
I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick unto thy scales. Ez.
The green caterpillar breedeth in the inward parts of roses
not blown, where the dew sticketh. Bacon.
Though the sword be put into the sheath, we must not suf­
fer it there to rust, or stick so fast as that we shall not be able
to draw it readily, when need requires. Raleigh.
2. To be inseparable; to be united with any thing. Generally
in an ill sense.
Now does he feel
His secret murthers sticking on his hands. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He is often stigmatized with it, as a note of infamy, to stick
by him whilst the world lasteth. Sanderson.
In their quarrels they proceed to calling names, 'till they
light upon one that is sure to stick. Swift.
3. To rest upon the memory painfully.
The going away of that which had staid so long, doth yet
stick with me. Bacon's Natural History.
4. To stop; to lose motion.
I shudder at the name!
My blood runs backward, and my fault'ring tongue
Sticks at the sound. Smith's Phædra and Hippolitus.
5. To resist emission.
Wherefore could I not pronounce amen?
I had most need of blessing, and amen
Stuck in my throat. Shakesp. Macbeth.


6. To be constant; to adhere with firmness.
The knave will stick by thee, I can assure thee that: he will
not out, he is true bred. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
The first contains a sticking fast to Christ, when the Chris­
tian profession is persecuted; and the second a rising from sin,
as he rose, to a new Christian life. Hammond.
Some stick to you, and some to t'other side. Dryden.
They could not but conclude, that to be their interest, and
being so convinced, pursue it and stick to it. Tillotson.
The advantage will be on our side, if we stick to its essen­
tials. Addison's Freeholder.
7. To be troublesome by adhering.
I am satisfied to trifle away my time, rather than let it stick
by me. Pope's Letters.
8. To remain; not to be lost.
Proverbial sentences are formed into a verse, whereby they
stick upon the memory. Watts.
9. To dwell upon; not to forsake.
If the matter be knotty, the mind must stop and buckle to
it, and stick upon it with labour and thought, and not leave
it 'till it has mastered the difficulty. Locke.
Every man, besides occasional affections, has beloved stu­
dies which the mind will more closely stick to. Locke.
10. To cause difficulties or scruple.
This is the difficulty that sticks with the most reasonable
of those who, from conscience, refuse to join with the Revo­
lution. Swift.
11. To scruple; to hesitate.
It is a good point of cunning for a man to shape the answer
he would have in his own words and propositions; for it makes
the other party stick the less. Bacon.
The church of Rome, under pretext of exposition of Scrip­
ture, doth not stick to add and alter. Bacon.
Rather than impute our miscarriages to our own corruption,
we do not stick to arraign providence itself. L'Estrange.
Every one without hesitation supposes eternity, and sticks
not to ascribe infinity to duration. Locke.
That two bodies cannot be in the same place is a truth
that no body any more sticks at, than at this maxim, that it is
impossible for the same thing to be, and not to be. Locke.
To stick at nothing for the publick interest is represented as
the refined part of the Venetian wisdom. Addison on Italy.
Some stick not to say, that the parson and attorney forged a
will. Arbuthnot.
12. To be stopped; to be unable to proceed.
If we should fail.
—We fail!
But screw your courage to the sticking place,
And we'll not fail. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
They never doubted the commons; but heard all stuck in
the lords house, and desired the names of those who hindered
the agreement between the lords and commons. Clarendon.
He threw: the trembling weapon pass'd
Through nine bull-hides, each under other plac'd
On his broad shield, and stuck within the last. Dryden.
13. To be embarrassed; to be puzzled.
Where they stick, they are not to be farther puzzled by
putting them upon finding it out themselves. Locke.
They will stick long at part of a demonstration, for want of
perceiving the connexion of two ideas, that, to one more
exercised, is as visible as any thing. Locke.
Souls a little more capacious can take in the connexion of
a few propositions; but if the chain be prolix, here they stick
and are confounded. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
14. To STICK out. To be prominent with deformity.
His flesh is consumed away that it cannot be seen, and his
bones that were not seen stick out. Job xxxiii. 21.
15. To STICK out. To be unemployed.

To STICK. v. a. [stician, Saxon; steken, Dutch.]
1. To stab; to pierce with a pointed instrument.
The Heruli, when their old kindred fell sick, stuck them
with a dagger. Grew.
2. To fix upon a pointed body.
3. To fasten by transfixion.
Her death!
I'll stand betwixt: it first shall pierce my heart:
We will be stuck together on his dart. Dryd. Tyran. Love.
4. To set with something pointed.
A lofty pile they rear;
The fabrick's front with cypress twigs they strew,
And stick the sides with boughs of baleful yew. Dryden.

STI’CKINESS. n. s. [from sticky.] Adhesive quality; viscosity;
glutinousness; tenacity.

To STI’CKLE. v. n. [from the practice of prizefighters, who
placed seconds with staves or sticks to interpose occasionally.]
1. To take part with one side or other.
Fortune, as she's wont, turn'd fickle,
And for the foe began to stickle. Hudibras.
2. To contest; to altercate; to contend rather with obstinacy
than vehemence.
Let them go to't, and stickle,
Whether a conclave, or a conventicle. Cleaveland.
Heralds stickle, who got who,
So many hundred years ago. Hudibras.
3. To trim; to play fast and loose; to act a part between op­
posites.
When he sees half of the Christians killed, and the rest in
a fair way of being routed, he stickles betwixt the remainder of
God's host and the race of fiends. Dryden's Juv. Dedication.

STI’CKLEBAG. n. s. [Properly stickleback, from stick, to prick.]
The smallest of fresh-water fish.
A little fish called a sticklebag, without scales, hath his body
fenced with several prickles. Walton's Angler.

STI’CKLER. n. s. [from stickle.]
1. A sidesman to fencers; a second to a duellist; one who stands
to judge a combat.
Basilius came to part them, the stickler's authority being un­
able to persuade cholerick hearers; and part them he did. Sidn.
Basilius, the judge, appointed sticklers and trumpets,
whom the others should obey. Sidney.
Our former chiefs, like sticklers of the war,
First fought t' inflame the parties, then to poise:
The quarrel lov'd, but did the cause abhor;
And did not strike to hurt, but made a noise. Dryden.
2. An obstinate contender about any thing.
Quercetanus, though the grand stickler for the tria prima,
has this concession of the irresolubleness of diamonds. Boyle.
The inferior tribe of common women have, in most reigns,
been the professed sticklers for such as have acted against the
true interest of the nation. Addison's Freeholder.
The tory or high church clergy were the greatest sticklers
against the exorbitant proceedings of king James II. Swift.
All place themselves in the list of the national church,
though they are great sticklers for liberty of conscience. Swift.

STI’CKY. adj. [from stick.] Viscous; adhesive; glutinous.
Herbs which last longest are those of strong smell and with
a sticky stalk. Bacon's Natural History.

STIFF. adj [stif, Saxon; stiff, Danish; styf, Swedish; stifur,
Islandick; stijf, Dutch.]
1. Rigid; inflexible; resisting flexure; not flaccid; not limber;
not easily flexible; not pliant.
They rising on stiff pinions tower
The mid aerial sky. Milton.
The glittering robe
Hung floating loose, or stiff with mazy gold. Thomson.
2. Not soft; not giving way; not fluid; not easily yielding to
the touch.
Still less and less my boiling spirits flow;
And I grow stiff as cooling metals do. Dryd. Indian Emp.
Mingling with that oily liquor, they were wholly incorpo­
rate, and so grew more stiff and firm, making but one sub­
stance. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
3. Strong; not easily resisted.
On a stiff gale
The Theban swan extends his wings. Denham.
4. Hardy; stubborn; not easily subdued.
How stiff is my vile sense,
That I stand up, and have ingenious feeling
Of my huge sorrows! Better I were distract! Shakespeare.
5. Obstinate; pertinacious.
We neither allow unmeet nor purpose the stiff defence of
any unnecessary custom heretofore received. Hooker.
Yield to others when there is cause; but it is a shame to
stand stiff in a foolish argument. Taylor.
A war ensues, the Cretans own their cause,
Stiff to defend their hospitable laws. Dryden.
6. Harsh; not written with ease; constrained.
7. Formal; rigorous in certain ceremonies; not disengaged in
behaviour; starched; affected.
The French are open, familiar, and talkative; the Italians
stiff, ceremonious, and reserved. Addison on Italy.
8. In Shakespeare it seems to mean strongly maintained, or as­
serted with good evidence.
This is stiff news. Shakespeare.

To STI’FFEN. v. a. [stifian, Saxon.]
1. To make stiff; to make inflexible; to make unpliant.
When the blast of war blows in our ears,
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood,
Disguise fair nature with hard favour'd rage. Shakes. H. V.
He stiffened his neck, and hardened his heart from turning
unto the Lord. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 13.
The poor, by them disrobed, naked lie,
Veil'd with no other covering but the sky;
Expos'd to stiff'ning frosts, and drenching showers,
Which thicken'd air from her black bosom pours. Sandys.
Her eyes grow stiffen'd, and with sulphur burn. Dryden.
2. To make obstinate.
Her stiff'ning grief,
Who saw her children slaughter'd all at once,
Was dull to mine. Dryden and Lee.

To STI’FFEN. v. n.
1. To grow stiff; to grow rigid; to become unpliant.
Aghast, astonish'd, and struck dumb with fear,
I stood; like bristles rose my stiff'ning hair. Dryden.


Fix'd in astonishment I gaze upon thee,
Like one just blasted by a stroke from heaven,
Who pants for breath, and stiffens yet alive;
In dreadful looks, a monument of wrath. Addison's Cato.
2. To grow hard; to be hardened.
The tender soil, then stiffening by degrees,
Shut from the bounded earth the bounding seas. Dryden.
3. To grow less susceptive of impression; to grow obstinate.
Some souls, we see,
Grow hard and stiffen with adversity. Dryden.

STIFFHEA’RTED. adj. [stiff and heart.] Obstinate; stub­
born; contumacious.
They are impudent children, and stiffhearted. Ezek. ii.

STI’FFLY. adv. [from stiff.] Rigidly; inflexibly; stubbornly.
In matters divine, it is still maintained stiffly, that they have
no stiffnecked force. Hooker.
I commended them that stood so stiffly for the Lord. 2 Esdr.
The Indian fig of itself multiplieth from root to root, the
plenty of the sap and the softness of the stalk making the bough,
being overloaden and not stiffly upheld, to weigh down. Bacon.

STI’FFNECKED. adj. [stiff and neck.] Stubborn; obstinate;
contumacious.
An infinite charge to her majesty, to send over such an
army as should tread down all that standeth before them on
foot, and lay on the ground all the stiffnecked. Spenser.
This stiffneck'd pride, nor art nor force can bend,
Nor high-flown hopes to reason's lure descend. Denham.

STI’FFNESS. n. s. [from stiff.]
1. Rigidity; inflexibility; hardness; ineptitude to bend.
The stiffness and dryness of iron to melt, must be holpen by
moistening or opening it. Bacon.
The willow bows and recovers, the oak is stubborn and in­
flexible; and the punishment of that stiffness is one branch of
the allegory. L'Estrange.
2. Ineptitude to motion.
The pillars of this frame grow weak,
My sinews slacken, and an icy stiffness
Benumbs my blood. Denham.
3. Tension; not laxity.
To try new shrouds, one mounts into the wind,
And one below, their ease or stiffness notes. Dryden.
4. Obstinacy; stubbornness; contumaciousness.
The vices of old age have the stiffness of it too; and as
it is the unfittest time to learn in, so the unfitness of it to un­
learn will be found much greater. South's Sermons.
Firmness or stiffness of the mind is not from adherence to
truth, but submission to prejudice. Locke.
These hold their opinions with the greatest stiffness; being
generally the most fierce and firm in their tenets. Locke.
5. Unpleasing formality; constraint.
All this religion sat easily upon him, without any of that
stiffness and constraint, any of those forbidding appearances
which disparage the actions of the sincerely pious. Atterbury.
6. Rigorousness; harshness.
There fill yourself with those most joyous sights;
But speak no word to her of these sad plights,
Which her too constant stiffness doth constrain. Spenser.
7. Manner of writing, not easy but harsh and constrained.
Rules and critical observations improve a good genius,
where nature leadeth the way, provided he is not too scrupu­
lous; for that will introduce a stiffness and affectation, which
are utterly abhorrent from all good writing. Felton.

To STIFLE. v. a. [estoufer, French.]
1. To oppress or kill by closeness of air; to suffocate.
Where have you been broiling?
—Among the croud i' th' abbey, where a finger
Cou'd not be wedg'd in more; I am stifled
With the mere rankness of their joy. Shakespeare.
Pray'r against his absolute decree,
No more avails than breath against the wind;
Blown stifling back on him that breathes it forth. Milton.
That part of the air that we drew out, left the more room
for the stifling steams of the coals to be received into it. Boyle.
Stifled with kisses a sweet death he dies. Dryden.
At one time they keep their patients so close and warm, as
almost to stifle them with care; and all on a sudden, the
cold regimen is in vogue. Baker.
I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the
room. Swift's Account of Partridge's Death.
2. To keep in; to hinder from emission.
Whilst bodies become coloured by reflecting or transmitting
this or that sort of rays more copiously than the rest, they stop
and stifle in themselves the rays which they do not reflect or
transmit. Newton's Opticks.
3. To extinguish by hindering communication.
4. To extinguish by artful or gentle means.
Every reasonable man will pay a tax with chearfulness for
stifling a civil war in its birth. Addison's Freeholder.
5. To suppress; to conceal.
If 't prove thy fortune, Polydore, to conquer,
Trust me, and let me know thy love's success,
That I may ever after stifle mine. Otway's Orphan.
These conclusions have been acknowledged by the disputers
themselves, till with labour and study they had stifled their first
convictions. Rogers.
You excel in the art of stifling and concealing your resent­
ment. Swift.

STI’GMA. n. s. [stigma, Latin.]
1. A brand; a mark with a hot iron.
2. A mark of infamy.

STIGMA’TICAL. adj. [from stigma.] Branded or marked
with some token of infamy.
STI’GMATICK. adj. [from stigma.] Branded or marked
with some token of infamy.
Foul stigmatick, that's more than thou can'st tell. Shak.
Thou'rt like a foul mishapen stigmatick,
Mark'd by the destinies to be avoided. Shakespeare.
He is deformed, crooked, old and ere,
Vicious, ungentle, foolish, blunt, unkind,
Stigmatical in making, worse in mind. Shakespeare.

To STI’GMATIZE. v. a. [stigmatiser, French, from stigma.]
To mark with a brand; to disgrace with a note of re­
proach.
Men of learning who take to business, discharge it with
greater honesty than men of the world; because the former in
reading have been used to find virtue extolled and vice stig­
matized, while the latter have seen vice triumphant and virtue
discountenanced. Addison.
Sour enthusiasts affect to stigmatize the finest and most ele­
gant authors both ancient and modern, as dangerous to reli­
gion. Addison's Freeholder.
The privileges of juries should be ascertained, and who­
ever violates them stigmatized by publick censure. Swift.

STI’LAR. adj. [from stile.] Belonging to the stile of a
dial.
At fifty one and a half degrees, which is London's latitude,
make a mark, and laying a ruler to the center of the plane and
to this mark, draw a line for the stilar line. Moxon.

STILE. n. s. [stigele, from stigan, Sax. to climb.]
1. A set of steps to pass from one enclosure to another.
There comes my master and another gentleman from Frog­
mare over the stile this way. Shakespeare.
If they draw several ways, they be ready to hang themselves
upon every gate or stile they come at. L'Estrange.
The little strutting pile,
You see just by the church-yard stile. Swift.
2. [Stile, Fr.] A pin to cast the shadow in a sun dial.
Erect the stile perpendicularly over the substilar line, so as
to make an angle with the dial plane equal to the elevation of
the pole of your place. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

STI’LETTO. n.s. [Italian; stilet, Fr.] A small dagger, of which
the blade is not edged but round, with a sharp point.
When a senator should be torn in pieces, he hired one,
who entering into the senate-house, should assault him as an
enemy to the state; and stabbing him with stilettoes leave him
to be torn by others. Hakewill on Providence.

To STILL. v. a. [stillan, Sax. stillen, Dutch.]
1. To silence; to make silent.
Is this the scourge of France?
Is this the Talbot so much fear'd abroad,
That with his name the mothers still their babes. Shakesp.
2. To quiet; to appease.
In all refrainings of anger, it is the best remedy to make a
man's self believe, that the opportunity of revenge is not yet
come; but that he foresees a time for it, and so to still him­
self in the mean time, and reserve it. Bacon.
3. To make motionless.
He having a full sway over the water, had power to still
and compose it, as well as to move and disturb it. Woodward.
The third fair morn now blaz'd upon the main,
Then glassy smooth lay all the liquid plain,
The winds were hush'd, the billows scarcely curl'd,
And a dead silence still'd the watry world. Pope.

STILL. adj. [stil, Dutch.]
1. Silent; uttering no noise. It is well observed by Junius, that
st is the sound commanding silence.
We do not act, that often jest and laugh:
'Tis old but true, still swine eat all the draugh. Shakesp.
Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes,
And still conclusion, shall acquire no honour,
Demuring upon me. Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.
The storm was laid, the winds retir'd,
Obedient to thy will;
The sea that roar'd at thy command,
At thy command was still. Addison.
2. Quiet; calm.
Atin when he spied
Thus in still waves of deep delight to wade,
Fiercely approaching to him loudly cry'd. Fairy Queen.
From hence my lines and I depart,
I to my soft still walks, they to my heart;
I to the nurse, they to the child of art. Donne.
Religious pleasure moves gently, and therefore constantly.
It does not affect by rapture, but is like the pleasure of health,
which is still and sober. South's Sermons.


Hope quickens all the still parts of life, and keeps the mind
awake in her most remiss and indolent hours. Addison.
Silius Italicus has represented it as a very gentle and still
river, in the beautiful description he has given of it. Addison.
How all things listen, while thy muse complains;
Such silence waits on philomela's strains,
In some still ev'ning, when the whisp'ring breeze
Pants on the leaves, and dies upon the trees. Pope.
3. Motionless.
Gyrecia sit still, but with no still pensiveness. Sidney.
Though the body really moves, yet not changing perceive­
able distance with other bodies, as fast as the ideas of our minds
follow in train, the thing seems to stand still, as we find in
the hands of clocks. Locke.
That in this state of ignorance, we short-sighted creatures
might not mistake true felicity, we are endowed with a power
to suspend any particular desire. This is standing still where
we are not sufficiently assured. Locke.
This stone, O Sysiphus, stands still;
Ixion rests upon his wheel. Pope.

STILL. n. s. Calm; silence.
Herne the hunter,
Sometime a keeper here in Windsor forest,
Doth all the winter time at still of mid-night,
Walk round about an oak with ragged horns.
Shakespeare.
He had never any jealousy with his father, which might give
occasion of altering court or council upon the change; but all
things pass'd in a still. Bacon's Henry VII.

STILL. adv. [stille, Saxon.]
1. To this time; till now.
It hath been anciently reported, and is still received, that
extreme applauses of great multitudes have so rarified the air,
that birds flying over have fallen down. Bacon.
Thou, O matron!
Here dying to the shore hast left thy name:
Cajeta still the place is call'd from thee,
The nurse of great æneas' infancy. Dryden's æneid.
2. Nevertheless; notwithstanding.
The desire of fame betrays the ambitious man into inde­
cencies that lessen his reputation; he is still afraid lest any of
his actions should be thrown away in private. Addison.
3. In an encreasing degree.
As God sometimes addresses himself in this manner to the
hearts of men; so, if the heart will receive such motions by a
ready compliance, they will return more frequently, and still
more and more powerfully. South.
The moral perfections of the Deity, the more attentively
we consider them, the more perfectly still shall we know them.
Atterbury.
4. Always; ever; continually.
Unless God from heaven did by vision still shew them what
to do, they might do nothing. Hooker.
My brain I'll prove the female to my soul;
My soul, the father; and these two beget
A generation of still-breeding thoughts. Shakespeare.
Whom the disease of talking still once possesseth, he can ne­
ver hold his peace. Ben. Johnson.
He told them, that if their king were still absent from them,
they would at length crown apes. Davies on Ireland.
Chymists would be rich, if they could still do in great quan­
tities, what they have sometimes done in little. Boyle.
Trade begets trade, and people go much where many people
are already gone: so men run still to a crowd in the streets,
though only to see. Temple.
The fewer still you name, you wound the more,
Bond is but one; but Harpax is a score. Pope.
5. After that
In the primitive church, such as by fear being compelled to
sacrifice to strange gods, after repented, and kept still the of­
fice of preaching the gospel. Whitgifte.
6. In continuance.
I with my hand at midnight held your head;
And, like the watchful minutes to the hour,
Still and anon chear'd up the heavy time,
Saying, what want you? Shakespeare's King John.

STILL. n. s. [from distil.] A vessel for distillation; an alem­
bick.
Nature's confectioner, the bee,
Whose suckets are moist alchimy;
The still of his refining mold,
Minting the garden into gold. Cleaveland.
In distilling hot spirits, if the head of the still be taken off,
the vapour which ascends out of the still will take fire at the
flame of a candle, and the flame will run along the vapour
from the candle to the still. Newton's Opticks.
This fragrant spirit is obtained from all plants in the least
aromatick, by a cold still, with a heat not exceeding that of
summer. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To STILL. v. a. [from distil.] To distil; to extract or ope­
rate upon by distillation.

To STILL. v. n. [stillo, Latin.] To drop; to fall in drops.
Out of use.
His sceptre 'gainst the ground he threw,
And tears still'd from him which mov'd all the crew. Chapm.
Short thick sobs, whose thund'ring volleys float,
And roul themselves over her lubric throat
In panting murmurs, still'd out of her breast,
That ever-bubbling spring. Crashaw.

STILLATI’TIOUS. adj. [stillatitius, Latin.] Falling in drops;
drawn by a still.

STI’LLATORY. n. s. [from still or distil.]
1. An alembick; a vessel in which distillation is performed.
In all stillatories, the vapour is turned back upon itself, by
the encounter of the sides of the stillatory. Bacon.
2. The room in which stills are placed; laboratory.
All offices that require heat, as kitchins, stillatories, stoves,
should be meridional. Wotton's Architecture.
These are nature's stillatories, in whose caverns the ascend­
ing vapours are congealed to that universal aquavitæ, that good
fresh water. More's Antidote against Atheism.

STI’LLBORN. adj. [still and born.] Born lifeless; dead in the
birth.
Grant that our hopes, yet likely of fair birth,
Should be stillborn; and that we now possest
The utmost man of expectation; we are
A body strong enough to equal with the king. Shak.
Many casualties were but matter of sense, as whether a child
were abortive or stillborn. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
The pale assistants on each other star'd,
With gaping mouths for issuing words prepar'd:
The stillborn sounds upon the palate hung,
And dy'd imperfect on the falt'ring tongue. Dryden.
I know a trick to make you thrive;
O, 'tis a quaint device!
Your stillborn poems shall revive,
And scorn to wrap up spice. Swift.

STI’LLICIDE. n. s. [stillicidium, Latin.] A succession of
drops.
The stillicides of water, if there be water enough to follow,
will draw themselves into a small thread; because they will
not discontinue. Bacon's Natural History.

STILLICI’DIOUS. adj. [from stillicide.] Falling in drops.
Crystal is found sometimes in rocks, and in some places not
unlike the stirious or stillicidious dependencies of ice. Brown.

STI’LLNESS. n. s. [from still.]
1. Calm; quiet.
How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!
Here will we sit, and let the sounds of musick
Creep in our ears; soft stillness and the night
Become the touches of sweet harmony. Shakespeare.
When black clouds draw down the lab'ring skies,
And horrid stillness first invades the ear;
And in that silence we the tempest fear. Dryden.
Virgil, to heighten the horrour of æneas' passing by this
coast, has prepared the reader by Cajeta's funeral and the still­
ness of the night. Dryden.
If a house be on fire, those at next door may escape, by the
stillness of the weather. Swift.
2. Silence; taciturnity.
The gravity and stillness of your youth
The world hath noted. Shakespeare's Othello.

STI’LLSTAND. n. s. [still and stand.] Absence of motion.
The tide swell'd up unto his height,
Then makes a stillstand, running neither way. Shakespeare.

STI’LLY. adv. [from still.]
1. Silently; not loudly.
From camp to camp, through the foul womb of night,
The hum of either army stilly sounds. Shakesp. Henry V.
2. Calmly; not tumultuously.

STILTS. n. s. [styltor, Swedish; stelten, Dutch; stœlcan.] Sup­
ports on which boys raise themselves when they walk.
Some could not be content to walk upon the battlements,
but they must put themselves upon stilts. Howel's Eng. Tears.
The heron and such like fowl live of fishes, walk on long
stilts like the people in the marshes. More's Ant. against Atheism.
Men must not walk upon stilts. L'Estrange.

To STI’MULATE. v. a. [stimulo, Latin.]
1. To prick.
2. To prick forward; to excite by some pungent motive.
3. [In physick.] To excite a quick sensation, with a deriva­
tion towards the part.
Extreme cold stimulates, producing first a rigour, and then
a glowing heat; those things which stimulate in the extreme
degree excite pain. Arbuthnot on Diet.
Some medicines lubricate, and others both lubricate and
stimulate. Sharp.

STIMULA’TION. n. s. [stimulatio, Latin.] Excitement; pun­
gency.
Some persons, from the secret stimulations of vanity or envy,
despise a valuable book, and throw contempt upon it by whole­
sale. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.



To STING. v. a. Preterite, I stung, participle passive stang,
and stung. [stingan, Saxon; stungen, sore pricked, Islan­
dick.]
1. To pierce or wound with a point darted out, as that of wasps
or scorpions.
The snake, rolled in a flow'ry bank,
With shining checker'd slough, doth sting a child
That for the beauty thinks it excellent. Shakespeare.
That snakes and vipers sting and transmit their mischief by
the tail is not easily to be justified, the poison lying about the
teeth and communicated by the bite. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. To pain acutely.
His unkindness
That stript her from his benediction, turn'd her
To foreign casualties, gave her dear right,
To his doghearted daughters: these things sting him
So venomously, that burning shame detains him
From his Cordelia. Shakespeare.
No more I wave
To prove the hero.—Slander stings the brave. Pope.

STING. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sharp point with which some animals are armed, and which
is commonly venomous.
Serpents have venomous teeth, which are mistaken for their
sting. Bacon's Natural History.
His rapier was a hornet's sting,
It was a very dangerous thing:
For if he chanc'd to hurt the king,
It would be long in healing. Drayton.
2. Any thing that gives pain.
The Jews receiving this book originally with such sting in
it, shews that the authority was high. Forbes.
3. The point in the last verse.
It is not the jerk or sting of an epigram, nor the seeming
contradiction of a poor antithesis. Dryden.

STI’NGILY. adv. [from stingy.] Covetously.

STI’NGINESS. n. s. [from stingy.] Avarice; covetousness; nig­
gardliness.

STI’NGLESS. adj. [from sting.] Having no sting.
He hugs this viper when he thinks it stingless. Decay of Piety.

STI’NGO. n. s. [from the sharpness of the taste.] Old beer. A
cant word.

STI’NGY. adj. [A low cant word. In this word, with its de­
rivatives, the g is pronounced as in gem.] Covetous; nig­
gardly; avaricious.
A stingy narrow hearted fellow that had a deal of choice
fruit, had not the heart to touch it till it began to be rotten.
L'Estrange.
He relates it only by parcels, and wont give us the whole,
which forces me to bespeak his friends to engage him to lay
aside that stingy humour, and gratify the publick at once.
Arbuthnot's History of J. Bull.

To STINK. v. n. Preterite I stunk or stank. [stinian, Saxon;
stincken, Dutch.] To emit an offensive smell, commonly a
smell of putrefaction.
John, it will be stinking law for his breath. Shakespeare.
When the children of Ammon saw that they stank before
David, they sent and hired Syrians. 2 Sam. x. 6.
What a fool art thou, to leave thy mother for a nasty stink­
ing goat? L'Estrange.
Most of smells want names; sweet and stinking serve our
turn for these ideas, which is little more than to call them
pleasing and displeasing. Locke.
Chloris, this costly way to stink give o'er,
'Tis throwing sweet into a common shore;
Not all Arabia would sufficient be,
Thou smell'st not of thy sweets, they stink of thee. Granv.

STINK. n. s. [from the verb.] Offensive smell.
Those stinks which the nostrils straight abhor are not most
pernicious, but such airs as have some similitude with man's
body, and so betray the spirits. Bacon's Natural History.
They share a sin; and such proportions fall,
That, like a stink, 'tis nothing to them all. Dryden.
By what criterion do ye eat, d'ye think?
If this is priz'd for sweetness, that for stink. Pope.

STI’NKARD. n. s. [from stink.] A mean stinking paltry fellow.

STI’NKER. n. s. [from stink.] Something intended to offend by
the smell.
The air may be purified by burning of stinkpots or stinkers
in contagious lanes. Harvey.

STI’NKINGLY. adv. [from stinking.] With a stink.
Can'st thou believe thy living is a life,
So stinkingly depending? Shakespeare.

STI’NKPOT. n. s. [stink and pot.] An artificial composition
offensive to the smell.
The air may be purified by fires of pitch-barrels, especially
in close places, by burning of stinkpots. Harvey.

To STINT. v. a. [stynta, Swed. stunta, Islandick.] To bound;
to limit; to confine; to restrain; to stop.
The reason hereof is the end which he hath proposed, and
the law whereby his wisdom hath stinted the effects of his
power in such sort, that it doth not work infinitely, but cor­
respondently unto that end for which it worketh. Hooker.
Then hopeless, heartless, 'gan the cunning thief,
Persuade us die, to stint all further strife. Fairy Queen.
Nature wisely stints our appetite,
And craves no more than undisturb'd delight. Dryden.
I shall not go about to extenuate the latitude of the curse
upon the earth, or stint it only to the production of weeds, but
give it its full scope in an universal diminution of the fruitful­
ness of the earth. Woodward.
A supposed heathen deity might be so poor in his attributes,
so stinted in his knowledge, that a Pagan might hope to con­
ceal his perjury from his notice. Addison.
Few countries, which, if well cultivated, would not sup­
port double their inhabitants, and yet fewer where one third
are not extremely stinted in necessaries. Swift.

STINT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Limit; bound; restraint.
We must come at the length to some pause: for if every
thing were to be desired for some other without any stint, there
could be no certain end proposed unto our actions, we should
go on we know not whither. Hooker.
Touching the stint or measure thereof, rites and ceremonies,
and other external things of the like nature being hurtful unto
the church, either in respect of their quality, or in regard of
their number; in the former there could be no doubt or dif­
ficulty what would be done; their deliberation in the latter
was more difficult. Hooker.
The exteriours of mourning, a decent funeral, and black
habits are the usual stints of common husbands. Dryden.
2. A proportion; a quantity assigned.
Our stint of woe
Is common; every day, a sailor's wife,
The masters of some merchant, and the merchant
Have just our theme of woe. Shakespeare.
He that gave the hint,
This letter for to print,
Must also pay the stint. Denham.
How much wine drink you in a day? my stint in company
is a pint at noon. Swift.

STI’PEND. n. s. [stipendium, Latin.] Wages; settled pay.
All the earth,
Her kings and tetrarchs are their tributaries;
People and nations pay them hourly stipends. Ben. Johnson.
St. Paul's zeal was expressed in preaching without any offer­
ings or stipend. Taylor.

STIPE’NDIARY. adj. [stipendiarius, Latin.] Receiving salaries;
performing any service for a stated price.
His great stipendiary prelates came with troops of evil ap­
pointed horsemen not half full. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Place rectories in the remaining churches, which are now
served only by stipendiary curates. Swift.

STIPE’NDIARY. n. s. [stipendiaire, Fr. stipendiarius, Latin.] One
who performs any service for a settled payment.
This whole country is called the kingdom of Tunis; the
king whereof is a kind of stipendary unto the Turk. Abbot.

STI’PTICK. adj. [????.] Having the power to staunch
blood; astringent. This by analogy should be
written styptick.
STI’PTICAL. adj. [????.] Having the power to staunch
blood; astringent. This by analogy should be
written styptick.
There is a sowr stiptick salt diffused through the earth, which
passing a concoction in plants, becometh milder. Brewn.
From spirit of salt, carefully dephlegmed and removed into
lower glasses, having gently abstracted the whole, there re­
mained in the bottom, and the neck of the retort, a great
quantity of a certain dry and stiptical substance, mostly of a
yellowish colour. Boyle.
In an effusion of blood, having dossils ready dipt in the royal
stiptick, we applied them. Wiseman's Surgery.

To STI’PULATE. v. n. [stipulor, Latin; stipuler, Fr.] To
contract; to bargain; to settle terms.
The Romans very much neglected their maritime affairs;
for they stipulated with the Carthaginians to furnish them
with ships for transport and war. Arbuthnot.

STIPULA’TION. n. s. [stipulation, Fr. from stipulate.] Bargain;
We promise obediently to keep all God's commandments;
the hopes given by the gospel depend on our performance of
that stipulation. Rogers's Sermons.

To STIR. v. a. [stirian, Saxon; stooren, Dutch.]
1. To move; to remove from its place.
My foot I had never yet in five days been able to stir but as
it was lifted. Temple.
Other spirits
Shoot through their tracts, and distant muscles fill:
This sov'reign, by his arbitrary nod,
Restrains or sends his ministers abroad,
Swift and obedient to his high command
They stir a finger, or they lift a hand. Blackmore.
2. To agitate; to bring into debate.
Preserve the right of thy place, but stir not questions of ju­
risdiction, and rather assume thy right in silence than voice it
with claims. Bacon.


One judgment in parliament, that cases of that nature ought
to be determined according to the common law, is of greater
weight than many cases to the contrary, wherein the question
was not stirred: yea, even though it should be stirred and the
contrary affirmed. Hale.
3. To incite; to instigate; to animate.
With him is come the mother queen;
An Até stirring him to blood and strife. Shakespeare.
If you stir these daughters hearts
Against their father, fool me not so much
To bear it tamely. Shakespeare's King Lear.
The soldiers love her brother's memory;
And for her sake some mutiny will stir. Dryden.
4. To STIR up. To incite; to animate; to instigate.
This would seem a dangerous commission, and ready to stir
up all the Irish in rebellion. Spenser's Ireland.
The greedy thirst of royal crown,
That knows no kindred, no regards, no right,
Stirred Porrex up to put his brother down. Spenser.
God stirred him up another adversary. 1 Kings xi. 23.
The words of Judas were very good, and able to stir them
up to valour. 2 Maccab. xiv. 17.
Having overcome and thrust him out of his kingdom, he
stirred up the Christians and Numidians against him. Knolles.
The vigorous spirit of Montrose stirred him up to make
some attempt whether he had any help or no. Clarendon.
The improving of his own parts and happiness stir him up
to so notable a design. More's Antid. against Atheism.
To stir up vigour in him, employ him in some constant
bodily labour. Locke.
Thou with rebel insolence did'st dare
To own and to protect that hoary ruffian,
To stir the factious rabble up to arms. Rowe.
The use of the passions is to stir it up, and put it upon action,
to awake the understanding and to enforce the will. Addison.
5. To STIR up. To put in action.
Hell is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming; it stir­
reth up the dead for thee. Isa. xiv. 9.
Such mirth the jocund flute or gamesome pipe
Stirs up among the loose unletter'd hinds. Milton.

To STIR. v. n.
1. To move one's self; to go out of the place; to change place.
No power he had to stir nor will to rise. Fairy Queen.
They had the semblance of great bodies behind on the other
side of the hill, the falshood of which would have been ma­
nifest as soon as they should move from the place where they
were, and from whence they were therefore not to stir.
Clarendon.
2. To be in motion; not to be still; to pass from inactivity to
motion.
The great Judge of all knows every different degree of hu­
man improvement, from these weak stirrings and tendencies
of the will, which have not yet formed themselves into regu­
lar purposes, to the last entire consummation of a good habit.
Addison's Spectator.
3. To become the object of notice.
If they happen to have any superiour character, they fancy
they have a right to talk freely upon every thing that stirs or
appears. Watts.
4. To rise in the morning. This is a colloquial and familiar
use.
If the gentlewoman that attends the general's wife be stir­
ring, tell her, there's one Cassio entreats of her a little favour
of speech. Shakespeare's Othello.

STIR. n. s. [stur, Runick, a battle; ystwrf, noise, Welsh.]
1. Tumult; bustle.
What halloing and what stir is this to-day?
These are my mates, that make their wills their law,
Have some unhappy passenger in chace. Shakespeare.
He hath spun a fair thread, to make all this stir for such a
necessity as no man ever denied. Bp. Bramhall.
Tell, said the soldier, miserable sir,
Why all these words, this clamour and this stir,
Why do disputes in wrangling spend the day? Denham.
Silence is usually worse than the fiercest and loudest accusa­
tions; since it proceeds from a kind of numbness or stupidity
of conscience, and an absolute dominion obtained by sin over
the soul, so that it shall not so much as dare to complain or
make a stir. South's Sermons.
The great stirs of the disputing world are but the conflicts
of the humours. Glanville.
After all this stir about them they are good for nothing. Til.
Consider, after so much stir about genus and species, how
few words we have yet settled definitions of. Locke.
2. Commotion; publick disturbance; tumultuous disorder; se­
ditious uproar.
Whensoever the earl shall die, all those lands are to come
unto her majesty; he is like to make a foul stir there, though
of himself of no power, yet through supportance of some
others who lie in the wind. Spenser's Ireland.
He did make these stirs, grieving that the name of Christ
was at all brought into those parts. Abbot.
Being advertised of some stirs raised by his unnatural sons
in England, he departed out of Ireland without striking a blow.
Davies.
Raphael, thou hear'st what stir on earth,
Satan from hell 'scap'd through the darksome gulf
Hath rais'd in paradise, and how disturb'd
This night the human pair. Milton.
3. Agitation; conflicting passion.
He did keep
The deck, with glove or hat, or handkerchief,
Still waving, as the stirs and fits of's mind
Could best express how slow his soul sail'd on,
How swift his ship. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

STI’RIOUS. adj. [from stiria, Latin.] Resembling icicles.
Chrystal is found sometimes in rocks, and in some places
not much unlike the stirious or stillicidious dependencies of
ice. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

STIRP. n. s. [stirps, Latin.] Race; family; generation. Not
used.
Sundry nations got footing in that land, of the which there
yet remain divers great families and stirps. Spenser.
Democracies are less subject to sedition than when there
are stirps of nobles. Bacon.
All nations of might and fame resorted hither; of whom
we have some stirps and little tribes with us at this day. Bacon.

STI’RRER. n. s. [from stir.]
1. One who is in motion; one who puts in motion.
2. A riser in the morning
Come on; give me your hand, sir; an early stirrer. Shak.
3. An inciter; an instigator.
4. STIRRER up. An inciter; an instigator.
A perpetual spring, not found elsewhere but in the Indies
only, by reason of the sun's neighbourhood, the life and stirrer
up of nature in a perpetual activity. Raleigh.
Will it not reflect on thy character, Nic, to turn barreter
in thy old days; a stirrer up of quarrels betwixt thy neigh­
bours? Arbuthnot.

STI’RRUP. n. s. [stigerap, stirap, from stigan, Saxon, to
climb, and rap, a cord.] An iron hoop suspended by a strap,
in which the horseman sets his foot when he mounts or rides.
Neither is his manner of mounting unseemly, though he
lack stirrups; for in his getting up, his horse is still going,
whereby he gaineth way: and therefore the stirrup was called
so in scorn, as it were a stay to get up, being derived of the
old English word sty; which is to get up, or mount. Spenser.
Hast thou not kiss'd my hand, and held my stirrup? Shak.
His horse hipped with an old mothy saddle, the stirrups of
no kindred. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Between the stirrup and the ground,
Mercy I ask'd, mercy I found. Camden's Remains.
At this the knight began to chear up,
And raising up himself on stirrup,
Cry'd out Victoria. Hudibras.

To STITCH. v. a. [sticke, Danish; sticken, Dutch.]
1. To sew, to work on with a needle.
2. To join; to unite, generally with some degree of clumsiness
or inaccuracy.
Having stitched together these animadversions touching ar­
chitecture and their ornaments, contemplative spirits are as
restless as active. Wotton.
3. To STITCH up. To mend what was rent.
It is in your hand as well to stitch up his life again, as it was
before to rent it. Sidney.
I with a needle and thread stitch'd up the artery and the
wound. Wiseman's Surgery.

To STITCH. v. n. To practise needlework.

STITCH n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A pass of the needle and thread through any thing.
2. [From stician, Saxon.] A sharp lancinating pain.
If you desire the spleen, and will laugh yourself into stitches,
follow me; yond gull Malvolio is turned heathen, a very re­
negado. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
A simple bloody sputation of the lungs is differenced from a
pleurisy, which is ever painful, and attended with a stitch.
Harvey on Consumption.
3. In Chapman it seems to mean furrows or ridges, and perhaps
has the same meaning in the following passage of Dryden,
which otherwise I do not understand.
Many men at plow he made, and drave earth here and
there,
And turn'd up stitches orderly. Chapman's Iliads.
A stitch-fall'n cheek, that hangs below the jaw,
Such wrinkles as a skilful hand would draw,
For an old grandam ape. Dryden.

STI’TCHERY. n. s. [from stitch.] Needlework. In contempt.
Come lay aside your stitchery; play the idle housewife with
me this afternoon. Shakespeare's Othello.

STITCHWORT. n. s. Camomile. Ainsworth.

STI’THY. n. s. [stedie, Islandick; stith, hard, Saxon.]
1. An anvil; the iron body on which the smith forges his work.
My imaginations are as foul
As Vulcan's stithy. Shakespeare's Hamlet.



To STIVE. v. a. [Supposed of the same original with stew.]
1. To stuff up close.
You would admire, if you saw them stive it in their ships.
Sandys's Journey.
2. To make hot or sultry.
His chamber was commonly stived with friends or suitors of
one kind or other. Wotton.
STO

STOAT. n. s. A small stinking animal.

STO’CAH. n. s. [Irish; stochk, Erse.] An attendant; a wallet­
boy; one who runs at a horseman's foot; a horseboy.
He holdeth himself a gentleman, and scorneth to work,
which he saith is the life of a peasant; but thenceforth be­
cometh an horseboy, or a stocah to some kern, inuring himself
to his sword, and the gentlemanly trade of stealing. Spenser.

STOCCA’DO. n. s. [stoccato, from stocco, a rapier, Italian.] A
thrust with the rapier.
I have heard the Frenchman hath good skill in his rapier.
—You stand on distance, your passes, stoccado's, and I know not
what. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

STOCK. n. s. [stoc, Saxon; stock, Dutch; estoc, French.]
1. The trunk; the body of a plant.
That furious beast
His precious horn, sought of his enemies,
Strikes in the stock, ne thence can be releas'd. Fa. Queen.
There is hope of a tree, if cut down, that it will sprout
again, though the root wax old in the earth, and the stock die
in the ground. Job xiv. 8.
2. The trunk into which a graft is inserted.
The cion over-ruleth the stock quite; and the stock is but
passive only, and giveth aliment but no motion to the graft.
Bacon's Natural History.
As fruits, ungrateful to the planter's care,
On savage stocks inserted, learn to bear;
The surest virtues thus from passions shoot,
Wild nature's vigour working at the root. Pope.
3. A log; a post.
That they kept thy truth so pure of old,
When all our fathers worshipp'd stocks and stones,
Forget not. Milton.
Why all this fury? What's the matter,
That oaks must come from Thrace to dance?
Must stupid stocks be taught to flatter?
And is there no such wood in France? Prior.
4. A man proverbially stupid.
What tyranny is this, my heart to thrall,
And eke my tongue with proud restraint to tie,
That neither I may speak nor think at all,
But like a stupid stock in silence die? Spenser.
While we admire
This virtue and this moral discipline,
Let's be no stoicks, nor no stocks. Shakespeare.
5. The handle of any thing.
6. A support of a ship while it is building.
Fresh supplies of ships,
And such as fitted since the fight had been,
Or new from stocks were fall'n into the road. Dryden.
7. [Stocco, a rapier, Italian.] A thrust; a stoccado.
To see thee here, to see thee there; to see thee pass thy
puncto, thy stock, thy reverse. Shakespeare.
8. Something made of linen; a cravat; a close neckcloth. An­
ciently a stocken.
His lackey with a linen stock on one leg, and a kersey boot­
hose on the other. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
9. A race; a lineage; a family.
Say what stock he springs of.—
—The noble house of Marcius. Shakes. Coriolanus.
His early virtues to that ancient stock
Gave as much honour as from thence he took. Waller.
The like shall sing
All prophesy, that of the royal stock.
Of David, so I name this king, shall rise
A son, the woman's seed. Milton.
Thou hast seen one world begin, and end,
And man, as from a second stock, proceed. Milton.
To no human stock
We owe this fierce unkindness; but the rock,
That cloven rock produc'd thee. Waller.
Thy mother was no goddess, nor thy stock
From Dardanus; but in some horrid rock,
Perfidious wretch, rough Caucasus thee bred. Denham.
10. The principal; capital store; fund already provided.
Prodigal men
Feel not their own stock wasting. Ben. Johns. Catiline.
Let the exportation of home commodities be more in value
than the importation of foreign; so the stock of the kingdom
shall yearly increase; for then the balance of trade must be
returned in money or bullion. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
A king, against a storm, must foresee to a convenient stock
of treasure. Bacon.
'Tis the place where God promises and delights to dispense
larger proportions of his favour, that he may fix a mark of
honour on his sanctuary, and recommend it to the sons of
men, upon the stock of their own interest as well as his own
glory. South.
Some honour of your own acquire;
Add to that stock, which justly we bestow,
Of those blest shades to whom you all things owe. Dryden.
Yet was she not profuse; but fear'd to waste,
And wisely manag'd that the stock might last;
That all might be supply'd, and she not grieve,
When crouds appear'd, she had not to relieve;
Which to prevent, she still increas'd her store;
Laid up, and spar'd, that she might give the more. Dryden.
Beneath one law bees live,
And with one common stock their traffick drive:
All is the state's, the state provides for all. Dryden's Georg.
If parents die without actually transferring their right
to another, why does it not return to the common stock
of mankind? Locke.
When we brought it out it took such a quantity of air into
its lungs, that it swelled almost twice as big as before; and it
was perhaps on this stock of air that it lived a minute longer
the second time. Addison on Italy.
Be ready to give, and glad to distribute, by setting apart
something out of thy stock for the use of some charities. Atterb.
Of those stars, which our imperfect eye
Has doom'd and fix'd to one eternal sky,
Each by a native stock of honour great,
May dart strong influence, and diffuse kind heat. Prior.
They had law-suits; but, though they spent their income,
they never mortgaged the stock. Arbuthnot.
11. Quantity; store; body.
A great benefit such a natural history, as may be confided
in, will prove to the whole stock of learned mankind. Glanv.
Nor do those ills on single bodies prey;
But oftner bring the nation to decay,
And sweep the present stock and future hope away. Dryd.
He proposes to himself no small stock of fame in future ages,
in being the first who has undertaken this design. Arbuthnot.
12. A fund established by the government, of which the value
rises and falls by artifice or chance.
An artificial wealth of funds and stocks was in the hands of
those who had been plundering the publick. Swift.
Statesman and patriot ply alike the stocks,
Peeress and butler share alike the box. Pope.

To STOCK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To store; to fill sufficiently.
If a man will commit such rules to his memory, and stock
his mind with portions of Scripture answerable to all the heads
of duty, his conscience can never be at a loss. South.
I, who before with shepherds in the groves,
Sung to my oaten pipe their rural loves,
Manur'd the glebe, and stock'd the fruitful plain. Dryden.
The world begun to be stocked with people, and human in­
dustry drained those uninhabitable places. Burnet.
Springs and rivers are by large supplies continually stocked
with water. Woodward.
2. To lay in store.
3. To put in the stocks. See STOCKS.
Call not your stocks for me: I serve the king,
On whose employment I was sent to you:
You shall do small respect, shew too bold malice
Against the grace and person of my master,
Stocking his messenger. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. To STOCK up. To extirpate.
The wild boar not only spoils her branches, but stocks up
her roots. Decay of Piety.

STO’CKDOVE. n. s. Ringdove.
Stockdoves and turtles tell their am'rous pain,
And, from the lofty elms, of love complain. Dryden.

STO’CKFISH. n. s. [stockevisch, Dutch.] Dried cod, so called
from its hardness.

STOCKGI’LLYFLOWER. n. s. [leucoium, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: the flower is composed, for the most
part, of four leaves, which are placed in form of a cross: out
of the flower-cup rises the pointal, which becomes a long flat
pod, divided into two cells by an intermediate partition, to
which the valves adhere on both sides, and are furnished with
flat smooth seeds, which are orbicular, and bordered round
their edges: to which may be added, the flowers are specious,
and sweet smelling. Miller.
The stockgillyflowers are commonly biennial plants, and
there are many different species of them, including the various
sorts of wallflowers, of which the common sort grows on the
walls of ruinous houses, and is used in medicine. The Rave­
nal wallflower is remarkable for the beauty and sweetness of
its flower. Hill.

STO’CKING. n. s. The covering of the leg.
In his first approach before my lady he will come to her in
yellow stockings, and 'tis a colour she abhors. Shakespeare.
By the loyalty of that town he procured shoes, stockings,
amd money for his soldiers. Clarendon.


Unless we should expect that nature should make jerkins
and stockings grow out of the ground, what could she do better
than afford us so fit materials for cloathing as the wool of
sheep? More's Antidote against Atheism.
He spent half a day to look for his odd stocking, when he
had them both upon a leg. L'Estrange.
See how he rolls his stockings! Spectator.
At am'rous Flavio is the stocking thrown,
That very night he longs to lie alone. Pope.
The families of farmers live in filth and nastiness, without
a shoe or stocking to their feet. Swift.

To STO’CKING. v. a. [from the noun.] To dress in stockings.
Stocking'd with loads of fat town-dirt, he goes. Dryden.

STO’CKJOBBER. n. s. [stock and job.] A low wretch who gets
money by buying and selling shares in the funds.
The stockjobber thus from 'Change-alley goes down,
And tips you the freeman a wink;
Let me have but your vote to serve for the town,
And here is a guinea to drink. Swift.

STO’CKISH. adj. [from stock.] Hard; blockish.
The poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods;
Since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage,
But musick for the time doth change his nature. Shakesp.

STO’CKLOCK. n. s. [stock and lock.] Lock fixed in wood.
There are locks for several purposes; as street-door-locks,
called stocklocks; chamber-door-locks, called spring-locks, and
cupboard-locks. Maxon's Mech. Exer.

STOCKS. n. s. [Commonly without singular.] Prison for the
legs.
Fetch forth the stocks:
As I have life and honour, there shall he sit 'till noon. Shak.
Tom is whipt from tything to tything, stock-punish'd, and
imprisoned. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I have sat in the stocks for the puddings he hath stol'n, other­
wise he had been executed. Shakesp. Two Gent. of Verona.
Matrimony is expressed by a young man standing, his legs
being fast in a pair of stocks. Peacham.
The stocks hinder his legs from obeying the determination of
his mind, if it would transfer his body to another place. Locke.

STOCKSTI’L. adj. [stock and still.] Motionless as logs.
Our preachers stand stockstill in the pulpit, and will not so
much as move a finger to set off the best sermon. Addison.

STO’ICK. n. s. [?????; stoique, Fr.] A philosopher who followed
the sect of Zeno; holding the neutrality of external things.
While we admire
This virtue, and this moral discipline,
Let's be no stoicks, nor no stocks, I pray. Shakespeare.

STOKE, stoak, seem to come from the Saxon stocce, signifying
the stock or body of a tree. Gibson's Camden.

STOLE. n. s. [stola, Latin.] A long vest.
Over all a black stole she did throw,
As one that inly mourned. Fairy Queen.
The solemn feast of Ceres now was near,
When long white linen stoles the matrons wear. Dryden.

STOLE. The preterite of steal.
A factor stole a gem away. Pope.

STOLEN. Participle passive of steal.
Stolen waters are sweet, and bread eaten in secret is plea­
sant. Prov. ix. 17.

STOLI’DITY. n. s. [stolidus, Lat. stolidité, French.] Stupidity;
want of sense.
These are the fools in the text, indocile untractable fools,
whose stolidity can baffle all arguments. Bentley.

STO’MACH. n. s. [estomach, French; stomachus, Latin.]
1. The ventricle in which food is digested.
If you're sick at sea,
Or stomach qualm'd at land, a dram of this
Will drive away distemper. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
This filthy simile, this beastly line,
Quite turns my stomach. Pope.
2. Appetite; desire of food.
Tell me, what is't that takes from thee
Thy stomach, pleasure, and thy golden sleep? Shakespeare.
Will fortune never come with both hands full,
But write her fair words still in foulest letters?
She either gives a stomach, and no food,
Such are the poor in health; or else a feast,
And takes away the stomach; such the rich,
That have abundance and enjoy it not. Shakes. Hen. IV.
As appetite or stomach to meat is a sign of health in the
body, so is this hunger in the soul a vital quality, an evidence
of some life of grace in the heart; whereas decay of appetite,
and the no manner of stomach, is a most desperate progno­
stick. Hammond.
3. Inclination; liking.
He which hath no stomach to this fight,
Let him depart. Shakes. Henry V.
The unusual distance of time made it subject to every man's
note, that it was an act against his stomach, and put upon him
by necessity of state. Bacon's Henry VII.
The very trade went against his stomach. L'Estrange.
4. [Stomachus, Latin.] Anger; resolution.
Disdain he called was, and did disdain
To be so call'd, and who so did him call:
Stern was his look, and full of stomach vain,
His portance terrible, and stature tall. Fairy Queen.
Is't near dinner-time?—I would it were,
That you might kill your stomach on your meat,
And not upon your maid. Shak. Two Gent. of Verona.
Instead of trumpet and of drum,
That makes the warrior's stomach come. Butler.
5. Sullenness; resentment.
Some of the chiefest laity professed with greater stomach
their judgments, that such a discipline was little better than
popish tyranny disguised under a new form. Hooker.
Arius, a subtile witted and a marvellous fair-spoken man,
was discontented that one should be placed before him in
honour, whose superior he thought himself in desert, because
through envy and stomach prone unto contradiction. Hooker.
They plainly saw, that when stomach doth strive with wit,
the match is not equal. Hooker.
Whereby the ape in wond'rous stomach wox,
Strongly encouraged by the crafty fox. Hubberd's Tale.
That nobles should such stomachs bear!
I myself fight not once in forty year. Shakes. Henry VI.
It stuck in the camel's stomach, that bulls should be armed
with horns, and that a creature of his size should be left de­
fenceless. L'Estrange.
Not courage but stomach that makes people break rather
than they will bend. L'Estrange.
This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and
stomach, the will, where the fault lies, must be bent. Locke.
6. Pride; haughtiness.
He was a man
Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
Himself with princes. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To STO’MACH. v. a. [stomachor, Latin.] To resent; to
remember with anger and malignity.
Believe not all; or, if you must believe,
Stomach not all. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Jonathan loved David, and the people applauded him; only
Saul stomached him, and therefore hated him. Hall's Contempl.
The lion began to shew his teeth, and to stomach the af­
front. L'Estrange's Fables.

To STO’MACH. v. n. To be angry.
Let a man, though never so justly, oppose himself unto
those that are disordered in their ways, and what one amongst
them commonly doth not stomach at such contradiction, storm
at reproof, and hate such as would reform them? Hooker.

STO’MACHED. adj. [from stomach.] Filled with passions of re­
sentment.
High stomach'd are they both, and full of ire;
In rage deaf as the sea, hasty as fire. Shakespeare.

STO’MACHER. n. s. [from stomach.] An ornamental covering
worn by women on the breast.
Golden quoiss and stomochers,
For my lads to give their dears. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Instead of a stomacher, a girding of sackcloth. Is. iii. 24.
Thou marry'st every year
The lyrick lark and the grave whispering dove,
The sparrow that neglects his life for love,
The houshold bird with the red stomacher. Donne.

STO’MACHFUL. adj. [stomachosus, Latin; stomach and full.]
Sullen; stubborn; perverse.
A stomachful boy put to school, the whole world could not
bring to pronounce the first letter. L'Estrange.
Obstinate or stomachful crying should not be permitted, be­
cause it is another way of encouraging those passions which
'tis our business to subdue. Locke.

STO’MACHFULNESS. n. s. [from stomachful.] Stubbornness;
sullenness; obstinacy.

STOMA’CHICAL. adj. [stomachique, Fr.] Relating to the sto­
mach; pertaining to the stomach.
STOMA’CHICK. adj. [stomachique, Fr.] Relating to the sto­
mach; pertaining to the stomach.
An hypochondriack consumption is an extenuation, occa­
sioned by an infarction and obstruction of the stomachick ves­
sels through melancholy humours. Harvey.
By a catarrh the stomachical ferment is vitiated. Floyer.

STOMA’CHICK. n. s. [from stomach.] A medicine for the stomach.

STO’MACHOUS. adj. [from stomach.] Stout; angry; sullen;
obstinate. Obsolete.
That stranger knight in presence came,
And goodly salved them; but nought again
Him answered, as courtesy became;
But with stern looks, and stomachous disdain,
Gave signs of grudge and discontentment vain. Fa. Queen.

STOND. n. s. [for stand.]
1. Post; station.
On th' other side, th' assieged castle's ward
Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintain. Fairy Queen.
2. Stop; indisposition to proceed.
There be not stonds nor restiveness in a man's nature; but
the wheels of his mind keep way with the wheels of his
fortune. Bacon's Essays.



STONE. n. s. [stains, Gothick; stan, Saxon; steen, Dutch.]
1. Stones are bodies insipid, hard, not ductile or malleable, nor
soluble in water. Woodward's Meth. Foss.
We understand by the term stones fossile bodies, solid, not
ductile under the hammer, fixed in the fire, not easily melted
in it, and not to be dissolved by water. Stones are arranged
under two distinct series, the softer and the harder. Of the
softer stones there are three general distinctions. 1. The fo­
liaceous or flaky, as talk. 2. The fibrose, as the asbestus.
3. The granulated, as the gypsum. Of the harder stones there
are also three general distinctions. 1. The opake stones, as
limestone. 2. The semi-pellucid, as agate. 3. The pellu­
cid, as crystal and the gems. Hill's Mat. Med.
Should I go to church, and see the holy edifice of stone,
And not bethink me strait of dang'rous rocks! Shakespeare.
The English used the stones to reinforce the pier. Hayward.
2. Piece of stone cut for building.
He shall bring forth the head stone with shoutings. Zech. iv.
3. Gem; precious stone.
I thought I saw
Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl,
Inestimable stones, unvalu'd jewels. Shakesp. Rich. III.
4. Any thing made of stone.
Lend me a looking-glass;
If that her breath will mist or stain the stone,
Why then she lives. Shakespeare.
5. Calculous concretion in the kidneys or bladder; the disease
arising from a calculus.
A specifick remedy for preventing of the stone I take to be
the constant use of alehoof-ale. Temple.
A gentleman supposed his difficulty in urining proceeded
from the stone. Wiseman's Surgery.
6. The case which in some fruits contains the seed.
To make fruits without core or stone is a curiosity. Bacon.
7. Testicle.
8. A weight containing fourteen pounds.
Does Wood think that we will sell him a stone of wool for
his counters? Swift.
9. STONE is used by way of exaggeration.
What need you be so boist'rous rough?
I will not struggle, I will stand stone still. Shakesp. K. John.
And there lies Whacum by my side,
Stone dead, and in his own blood dy'd. Hudibras.
The fellow held his breath, and lay stone still, as if he was
dead. L'Estrange.
She had got a trick of holding her breath, and lying at her
length for stone dead. L'Estrange.
The cottages having taken a country-dance together, had
been all out, and stood stone still with amazement. Pope.
10. To leave no STONE unturned. To do every thing that can
be done for the production or promotion of any effect.
Women, that left no stone unturn'd
In which the cause might be concern'd,
Brought in their children's spoons and whistles,
To purchase swords, carbines, and pistols. Hudibras.
He crimes invented, left unturn'd no stone
To make my guilt appear, and hide his own. Dryden.

STONE. adj. Made of stone.
Present her at the leet,
Because she bought stone jugs, and no seal'd quarts. Shakesp.

To STONE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To pelt or beat or kill with stones.
These people be almost ready to stone me. Ex. xvii. 4.
Crucifixion was a punishment unknown to the Jewish laws,
among whom the stoning to death was the punishment for
blasphemy. Stephens's Sermons.
2. To harden.
Oh perjur'd woman! thou do'st stone my heart;
And mak'st me call what I intend to do,
A murder, which I thought a sacrifice. Shakesp. Othello.

STO’NEBREAK. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

STO’NECHATTER. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

STO’NECROP. n. s. A sort of tree.
Stonecrop tree is a beautiful tree, but not common. Mortim.

STO’NECUTTER. n. s. [from stone and cutter.] One whose trade
is to hew stones.
A stonecutter's man had the vesiculæ of his lungs so stuffed
with dust, that, in cutting, the knife went as if through a heap
of sand. Derham's Physico-Theology.
My prosecutor provided me a monument at the stonecutter's,
and would have erected it in the parish-church. Swift.

STO’NEFERN. n. s. A plant. Ainsworth.

STO’NEFLY. n. s. An insect. Ainsworth.

STO’NEFRUIT. n. s. [stone and fruit.] Fruit of which the
seed is covered with a hard shell enveloped in the pulp.
We gathered ripe apricocks and ripe plums upon one tree,
from which we expect some other sorts of stonefruit. Boyle.

STO’NEHAWK. n. s. A kind of hawk. Ainsworth.

STO’NEHORSE. n. s. [stone and horse.] A horse not castrated.
Where there is most arable land, stonehorses or geldings are
more necessary. Mortimer's Husbandry.

STO’NEPIT. n. s. [stone and pit.] A quarry; a pit where
stones are dug.
There's one found in a stonepit. Woodward.

STO’NEPITCH. n. s. [from stone and pitch.] Hard inspissated
pitch.
The Egyptian mummies are reported to be as hard as stone­
pitch. Bacon's Nat. History.

STO’NEPLOVER. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

STO’NESMICKLE. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

STO’NEWORK. n. s. [stone and work.] Building of stone.
They make two walls with flat stones, and fill the space
with earth, and so they continue the stonework. Mortimer.

STO’NINESS. n. s. [from stony.] The quality of having many
stones.
The name Hexton owes its original to the stoniness of the
place. Hearne.
Small gravel or stoniness is found therein. Mortimer.

STO’NY adj. [from stone.]
1. Made of stone.
Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass,
Can be retentive to the strength of spirit. Shak. Jul. Cæs.
With love's light wings did I o'erperch these walls;
For stony limits cannot hold love out. Shak. Rom. and Jul.
Nor slept the winds
Within their stony caves, but rush'd abroad
From the four hinges of the world, and fell
On the vext wilderness, whose tallest pines,
Though rooted deep as high and sturdiest oaks,
Bow'd their stiff necks, loaden with stormy blasts,
Or torn up sheer. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Here the marshy grounds approach your fields,
And there the soil a stony harvest yields. Dryden's Virgil.
As in spires he stood, he turn'd to stone;
The stony snake retain'd the figure still his own. Dryden.
They suppose these bodies to be only water petrified, or
converted into these sparry or stony icicles. Woodward.
2. Abounding with stones.
From the stony Mænalus
Bring your flocks, and live with us. Milton.
3. Petrifick.
Now let the stony dart of senseless cold
Pierce to my heart, and pass through every side. F. Queen.
4. Hard; inflexible; unrelenting.
The stony hardness of too many patrons hearts, not touched
with any feeling in this case. Hooker.
Thou art come to answer
A stony adversary, an inhuman wretch
Uncapable of pity. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
Eight yards of uneven ground is threescore and ten miles
a-foot with me, and the stony hearted villains know it. Shakes.
At this sight
My heart is turn'd to stone; and while 'tis mine,
It shall be stony. Shakes. Henry VI.
I will clear their senses dark,
What may suffice, and soften stony hearts
To pray, repent, and bring obedience due. Milt. Par. Lost.
Indiff'rence, clad in wisdom's guise,
All fortitude of mind supplies;
For how can stony bowels melt,
In those who never pity felt? Swift.

STOOD. The preterite of To stand.
Adam, at the news,
Heart-struck with chilling gripe of sorrow stood. Milton.

STOOL. n. s. [stols, Gothick; stol, Saxon; stoel, Dutch.]
1. A seat without a back, so distinguished from a chair.
If a chair be defined a seat for a single person, with a back
belonging to it, then a stool is a seat for a single person with­
out a back. Watts's Logick.
Thou fearful fool,
Why takest not of the same fruit of gold?
Ne sittest down on that same silver stool,
To rest thy weary person in the shadow cold? Fa. Queen.
Now which were wise, and which were fools?
Poor Alma sits between two stools:
The more she reads, the more perplext. Prior.
2. Evacuation by purgative medicines.
There be medicines that move stools, and not urine; some
other urine, and not stools: those that purge by stool, are such
as enter not at all, or little, into the mesentery veins; but
either at the first are not digestible by the stomach, and there­
fore move immediately downwards to the guts; or else are af­
terwards rejected by the mesentery veins, and so turn likewise
downwards to the guts. Bacon's Natural History.
The peristaltick motion, or repeated changes of contraction
and dilatation, is not in the lower guts, else one would have a
continual needing of going to stool. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. STOOL of Repentance, or cutty stool, in the kirks of Scotland, is
somewhat analogous to the pillory. It is elevated above the con­
gregation. In some places there may be a seat in it; but it is ge­
nerally without, and the person stands therein who has been guil­
ty of fornication, for three Sundays in the forenoon; and after


sermon is called upon by name and surname, the beadle or kirk­
officer bringing the offender, if refractory, forwards to his post;
and then the preacher proceeds to admonition. Here too are
set to publick view adulterers; only these are habited in a coarse
canvas, analogous to a hairy or monastick vest, with a hood
to it, which they call the sack or sackcloth, and that every
Sunday throughout a year, or longer.
Unequal and unreasonable judgment of things brings many
a great man to the stool of repentance. L'Estrange.

STO’OLBALL. n. s. [stool and ball.] A play where balls are
driven from stool to stool.
While Betty dances on the green,
And Susan is at stoolball seen. Prior.

To STOOP. v. n. [stupian, Saxon; stuypen, Dutch.]
1. To bend down; to bend forward.
Like unto the boughs of this tree he bended downward,
and stooped toward the earth. Raleigh.
2. To lean forward standing or walking.
When Pelopidas and Ismenias were sent to Artaxerxes,
Pelopidas did nothing unworthy; but Ismenias let fall his ring
to the ground, and, stooping for that, was thought to make his
adoration. Stillingfleet.
He stooping open'd my left side, and took
From thence a rib. Milton.
3. To yield; to bend; to submit
I am the son of Henry the fifth,
Who made the dauphin and the French to stoop. Shakesp.
Mighty in her ships stood Carthage long,
And swept the riches of the world from far;
Yet stoop'd to Rome, less wealthy, but more strong. Dryd.
4. To descend from rank or dignity.
He that condescended so far, and stooped so low, to invite
and to bring us to heaven, will not refuse us a gracious recep­
tion there. Boyle's Seraphick Love.
Where men of great wealth stoop to husbandry, it multi­
plieth riches exceedingly. Bacon.
5. To yield; to be inferiour.
Death his death-wound shall then receive,
And stoop inglorious. Milton.
These are arts, my prince,
In which your Zama does not stoop to Rome. Addison.
6. To sink from resolution or superiority; to condescend.
They, whose authority is required unto the satisfying of
your demand, do think it both dangerous to admit such con­
course of divided minds, and unmeet that their laws, which,
being once solemnly established, are to exact obedience of all
men and to constrain thereunto, should so far stoop as to hold
themselves in suspence from taking any effect upon you, 'till
some disputer can persuade you to be obedient. Hooker.
7. To come down on prey as a falcon.
The bird of Jove stoop'd from his airy tour,
Two birds of gayest plume before him drove. Milton.
8. To alight from the wing.
Satan ready now
To stoop with wearied wings and willing feet,
On the bare outside of this world. Milton.
Twelve swans behold in beauteous order move,
And stoop with closing pinions from above. Dryden.
9. To sink to a lower place.
Cow'ring low
With blandishment, each bird stoop'd on his wing. Milton.

STOOP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Act of stooping; inclination downward.
2. Descent from dignity or superiority.
Can any loyal subject see
With patience such a stoop from sovereignty?
An ocean pour'd upon a narrow brook? Dryden.
3. Fall of a bird upon his prey.
Now will I wander through the air,
Mount, make a stoop at ev'ry fair. Waller.
An eagle made a stoop at him in the middle of his exalta­
tion, and carried him away. L'Estrange.
4. [Stoppa, Saxon; stoope, Dutch.] A vessel of liquor.
Come, lieutenant, I have a stoop of wine; and here with­
out are a brace of gallants, that would fain have a measure to
the health of Othello. Shakesp. Othello.
There's nothing more in me, sir, but may be squeez'd out
without racking, only a stoop or two of wine. Denham.
A caldron of fat beef, and stoop of ale,
On the huzzaing mob shall more prevail,
Than if you give them, with the nicest art,
Ragousts of peacocks brains, or filbert tart. King.

STO’OPINGLY. adv. [from stooping.] With inclination downwards.
Nani was noted to tread softly, to walk stoopingly, and raise
himself from benches with laborious gesture. Wotton.

To STOP. v. a. [estouper, Fr. stoppare, Ital. stoppen, Dutch.]
1. To hinder from progressive motion.
From the oracle
They will bring all; whose spiritual counsel had
Shall stop or spur me. Shakespeare.
Can any dresses find a way
To stop th' approaches of decay,
And mend a ruin'd face? Dorset.
2. To hinder from any change of state, whether to better or worse.
3. To hinder from action.
As the truth of Christ is in me, no man shall stop me of this
boasting. 2 Cor. xi. 10.
4. To put an end to the motion or action of any thing.
Friend, 'tis the duke's pleasure,
Whose disposition, all the world well knows,
Will not be rubb'd nor stopp'd. Shakes. King Lear.
Almon falls, pierc'd with an arrow from the distant war:
Fix'd in his throat the flying weapon stood,
And stopp'd his breath, and drank his vital blood. Dryden.
5. To suppress.
Every bold sinner, when about to engage in the commission
of any known sin, should arrest his confidence, and stop the
execution of his purpose with this question: Do I believe that
God has denounced death to such a practice, or do I not? South.
He, on occasion of stopping my play, did me a good office
at court, by representing it as long ago designed. Dryden.
6. To regulate musical strings with the fingers.
In instruments of strings, if you stop a string high, where­
by it hath less scope to tremble, the sound is more treble, but
yet more dead. Bacon's Natural History.
7. To close any aperture.
Smite every fenced city, stop all wells of water, and mar
land with stones. 2 Kings iii. 19.
They pulled away the shoulder, and stopped their ears, that
they should not hear. Zech. vii. 11.
A hawk's bell, the holes stopped up, hang by a thread within
a bottle-glass, and stop the glass close with wax. Bacon.
His majesty stopped a leak that did much harm. Bacon.
Stoppings and suffocations are dangerous in the body. Bacon.
They first raised an army with this design, to stop my mouth
or force my consent. King Charles.
Celsus gives a precept about bleeding, that when the blood
is good, which is to be judged by the colour, that immediately
the vein should be stopped. Arbuthnot.
8. To obstruct; to encumber.
Mountains of ice that stop th' imagin'd way. Milton.

To STOP. v. n. To cease to go forward.
Some strange commotion
Is in his brain: he bites his lip, and starts;
Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground,
Then lays his finger on his temple; strait
Springs out into fast gait, then stops again. Shak. H. VIII.
When men pursue their thoughts of space, they stop at the
confines of body, as if space were there at an end. Locke.
If the rude throng pour on with furious pace,
And hap to break thee from a friend's embrace,
Stop short, nor struggle through. Gay.

STOP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Cessation of progressive motion.
Thought's the slave of time, and life time's fool;
And time, that takes survey of all the world,
Must have a stop. Shakespeare.
The marigold, whose courtier's face
Ecchoes the sun, and doth unlace
Her at his rise, at his full stop
Packs and shuts up her gawdy shop,
Mistakes her cue, and doth display. Cleaveland.
A lion, ranging for his prey, made a stop on a sudden at a
hideous yelling noise, which startled him. L'Estrange.
2. Hindrance of progress; obstruction.
In weak and tender minds we little know what misery this
strict opinion would breed, besides the stops it would make in
the whole course of all mens lives and actions. Hooker.
These gates are not sufficient for the communication be­
tween the walled city and its suburbs, as daily appears by the
stops and embarrasses of coaches near both these gates. Graunt.
My praise the Fabii claim,
And thou great hero, greatest of thy name,
Ordain'd in war to save the sinking state,
And, by delays, to put a stop to fate. Dryden's æn.
Occult qualities put a stop to the improvement of natural
philosophy, and therefore have been rejected. Newton's Opt.
Brokers hinder trade, by making the circuit which the mo­
ney goes larger, and in that circuit more stops, so that the re­
turns must necessarily be slower and scantier. Locke.
Female zeal, though proceeding from so good a principle,
if we may believe the French historians, often put a stop to the
proceedings of their kings, which might have ended in a re­
formation. Addison's Freeholder.
3. Hindrance of action.
'Tis a great step towards the mastery of our desires to give
this stop to them, and shut them up in silence. Locke.
4. Cessation of action.
Look you to the guard to-night:
Let's teach ourselves that honourable stop,
Not to outsport discretion. Shakespeare.
5. Interruption.
Thou art full of love and honesty,
And weigh'st thy words before thou giv'st them breath;
Therefore these stops of thine fright me the more. Shakesp.


6. Prohibition of sale.
If they should open a war, they foresee the consumption
France must fall into by the stop of their wine and salts, wholly
taken off by our two nations. Temple.
7. That which obstructs; obstacle; impediment.
The proud Duessa, full of wrathful spight
And fierce disdain to be affronted so,
Inforc'd her purple beast with all her might,
That stop out of the way to overthrow. Fairy Queen.
On indeed they went: but O! not far;
A fatal stop travers'd their headlong course. Daniel.
Blessed be that God who cast rubs, stops, and hindrances in
my way, when I was attempting the commission of such a
sin. South's Sermons.
So melancholy a prospect should inspire us with zeal to op­
pose some stop to the rising torrent, and check this overflowing
of ungodliness. Rogers.
8. Instrument by which the sounds of wind musick are regulated.
You would play upon me, you would seem to know my
stops; you would pluck out the heart of my mystery. Shakesp.
Blest are those,
Whose blood and judgment are so well commingl'd,
That they are not a pipe for fortune's finger,
To sound what stop the please. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The harp
Had work, and rested not; the solemn pipe,
And dulcimer, all organs of sweet stop. Milt. Par. Lost.
The sound
Of instruments, that made melodious chime,
Was heard of harp and organ; and who mov'd
Their stops, and chords, was seen; his volant touch
Instinct through all proportions, low and high,
Fled, and pursu'd transverse the resonant fugue. Milton.
A variety of strings may be observed on their harps, and of
stops on their tibiæ; which shews the little foundation that
such writers have gone upon, who, from a short passage in a
classick author, have determined the precise shape of the an­
cient musical instruments, with the exact number of their pipes,
strings, and stops. Addison on Italy.
9. Regulation of musical chords by the fingers.
The further a string is strained, the less superstraining goeth
to a note; for it requireth good winding of a string before it
will make any note at all: and in the stops of lutes, the higher
they go, the less distance is between the frets. Bacon.
10. The act of applying the stops in musick.
Th' organ-sound a time survives the stop,
Before it doth the dying note give up. Daniel's Civil War.
11. A point in writing, by which sentences are distinguished.
Even the iron-pointed pen,
That notes the tragick dooms of men,
Wet with tears still'd from the eyes
Of the flinty destinies,
Would have learn'd a softer style,
And have been asham'd to spoil
His life's sweet story by the haste
Of a cruel stop ill-plac'd. Crashaw.

STO’PCOCK. n. s. [stop and cock.] A pipe made to let out
liquor, stopped by a turning cock.
No man could spit from him without it, but would drivel
like some paralytick or fool; the tongue being as a stopcock to
the air, 'till upon its removal the spittle is driven away. Grew.

STO’PPAGE. n. s. [from stop.] The act of stopping; the state
of being stopped.
The effects are a stoppage of circulation by too great a
weight upon the heart, and suffocation. Arbuthnot.
The stoppage of a cough, or spitting, increases phlegm in
the stomach. Floyer on the Humours.

STO’PPLE, or Stopper. n. s. [from stop.] That by which any
hole or the mouth of any vessel is filled up.
Bottles swinged, or carried in a wheel-barrow upon rough
ground, fill not full, but leave some air; for if the liquor
come close to the stopple, it cannot flower. Bacon.
There were no shuts or stopples made for the ears, that any
loud or sharp noise might awaken it, as also a soft and gentle
murmur provoke it to sleep. Ray on the Creation.

STO’RAXTREE. n. s. [styrax, Latin.]
1. A tree.
The flower consists of one leaf, shaped like a funnel, and
cut into several segments, out of whose flower-cup rises the
pointal, which is fixed like a nail in the forepart of the flower:
this afterwards becomes a roundish fleshy fruit, including one
or two seeds in hard shells. Miller.
2. A resinous and odoriferous gum.
I yielded a pleasant odour like the best myrrh, as galbanum,
and sweet storax. Ecclus xxiv. 15.

STORE. n. s. [stôr, in old Swedish and Runick, is much, and
is prefixed to other words to intend their signification; stor,
Danish; stoor, Islandick, is great. The Teutonick dialects
nearer to English seem not to have retained this word.]
1. Large number; large quantity; plenty.
The ships are fraught with store of victuals, and good quan­
tity of treasure. Bacon.
None yet, but store hereafter from the earth
Up hither like aereal vapours flew,
Of all things transitory and vain, when sin
With vanity had fill'd the works of men. Milt. Par. Lost.
Jove, grant me length of life, and years good store
Heap on my bended back. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. A stock accumulated; a supply hoarded.
We liv'd
Supine amidst our flowing store,
We slept securely, and we dreamt of more. Dryden.
Thee, goddess, thee, Britannia's isle adores:
How has she oft exhausted all her stores,
How oft in fields of death thy presence sought?
Nor thinks the mighty prize too dearly bought. Addison.
Their minds are richly fraught
With philosophick stores. Thomson.
3. The state of being accumulated; hoard.
Is not this laid up in store with me, and sealed up among
my treasures? Deutr. xxxii. 34.
Divine Cecilia came,
Inventress of the vocal frame:
The sweet enthusiast from her sacred store
Enlarg'd the former narrow bounds,
And added length to solemn sounds. Dryden.
4. Storehouse; magazine.
Sulphurous and nitrous foam,
Concocted and adusted, they reduc'd
To blackest grain, and into store convey'd. Milton.

STORE. adj. Hoarded; laid up; accumulated.
What floods of treasure have flowed into Europe by that
action, so that the cause of Christendom is raised since twenty
times told: of this treasure the gold was accumulate and store
treasure; but the silver is still growing. Bacon's Holy War.

To STORE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish; to replenish.
Wise Plato said the world with men was stor'd,
That succour each to other might afford. Denham.
Her face with thousand beauties blest;
Her mind with thousand virtues stor'd;
Her pow'r with boundless joy confest,
Her person only not ador'd. Prior.
2. To stock against a future time.
Some were of opinion that it were best to stay where they
were, until more aid and store of victuals were come; but
others said the enemy were but barely stored with victuals, and
therefore could not long hold out. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
One having stored a pond of four acres with carps, tench,
and other fish, and only put in two small pikes, at seven years
end, upon the draught, not one fish was left, but the two
pikes grown to an excessive bigness. Hole.
The mind reflects on its own operations about the ideas
got by sensation, and thereby stores itself with a new set of
ideas, which I call ideas of reflection. Locke.
To store the vessel let the care be mine,
With water from the rocks and rosy wine,
And life-sustaining bread. Pope's Odyssey.
3. To lay up; to hoard.
Let the main part of the corn be a common stock, laid in
and stored up, and then delivered out in proportion. Bacon.

STO’REHOUSE. n. s. [store and house.] Magazine; treasury;
place in which things are hoarded and reposited against a fu­
ture time.
By us it is willingly confessed, that the Scripture of God is
a storehouse abounding with inestimable treasures of wisdom
and knowledge, in many kinds over and above things in this
kind barely necessary. Hooker.
They greatly joyed merry tales to feign,
Of which a storehouse did with her remain. Fairy Queen.
Suffer us to famish, and their storehouses cramm'd with
grain! Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto the Egyp­
tians. Gen. xli. 56.
To these high pow'rs a storehouse doth pertain,
Where they all arts and gen'ral reasons lay;
Which in the soul, ev'n after death, remain,
And no Lethean flood can wash away. Davies.
My heart hath been a storehouse long of things
And sayings laid up, portending strange events. Parad. Reg.
The image of God was resplendent in man's practical
understanding, namely that storehouse of the soul, in which
are treasured up the rules of action and the seeds of morality.
South's Sermons.
As many different sounds as can be made by single articula­
tions, so many letters there are in the storehouse of nature. Hold.

STO’RER. n. s. [from store.] One who lays up.

STO’RIED. adj. [from story.] Adorned with historical pictures.
Let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloisters pale,
And love the high embowed roof,
With antick pillar massy proof,
And storied windows richly dight,
Casting a dim religious light. Milton.


Some greedy minion or imperious wife,
The trophy'd arches, story'd halls invade. Pope.

STORK. n. s. [storc, Saxon.] A bird of passage famous for
the regularity of its departure.
Its beak and legs are long and red; it feeds upon serpents,
frogs, and insects: its plumage would be quite white, were
not the extremity of its wings, and also some part of its head
and thighs black: it sits for thirty days and lays but four eggs.
Formerly they would not eat the stork; but at present it is
much esteemed for the deliciousness of its flesh: they go away
in the middle of August, and return in spring. Calmet.
The stork in the heaven knoweth her appointed times. Jer.

STO’RKSBILL. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

STORM. n. s. [ystorm, Welsh; storm, Saxon; storm, Dutch;
stormo, Italian.]
1. A tempest; a commotion of the elements.
O turn thy rudder hitherward a while,
Here may thy storm-beat vessel fafely ride. Spenser.
We hear this fearful tempest sing,
Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm. Shakespeare.
Them she upstays, mindless the while
Herself, though fairest unsupported flower,
From her best prop so far and storm so nigh. Milton.
Sulphurous hail shot after us in storm. Milton.
Then stay my child! storms beat and rolls the main;
Oh, beat those storms and roll the seas in vain. Pope.
2. Assault on a fortified place.
How by storm the walls were won,
Or how the victor sack'd and burnt the town. Dryden.
3. Commotion; sedition; tumult; clamour; bustle.
Whilst I in Ireland nourish a mighty band,
I will stir up in England some black storm. Shakespeare.
Her sister
Began to scold and raise up such a storm,
That moral ears might hardly endure the din. Shakesp.
4. Affliction; calamity; distress.
5. Violence; vehemence; tumultuous force.
As oft as we are delivered from those either imminent or
present calamities, against the storm and tempest whereof we
all instantly craved favour from above, let it be a question
what we should render unto God for his blessings, universally,
sensibly, and extraordinarily bestowed. Hooker.

To STORM. v. a. [from the noun.] To attack by open force.
From ploughs and harrows sent to seek renown,
They fight in fields, and storm the shaken town. Dryden.
There the brazen tow'r was storm'd of old,
When Jove descended in almighty gold. Pope.

To STORM. v. n.
1. To raise tempests.
So now he storms with many a sturdy stoure,
So now his blustering blast each coast doth scoure. Spenser.
2. To rage; to fume; to be loudly angry.
Hoarse, and all in rage,
As mock'd they storm. Milton's Paradise Lost.
When you return, the master storms, the lady scolds. Swift.
While thus they rail, and scold, and storm,
It passes but for common form. Swift.

STO’RMY. adj. [from storm.]
1. Tempestuous.
Bellowing clouds burst with a stormy sound,
And with an armed winter strew the ground. Addison's Italy.
The tender apples from their parents rent
By stormy shocks, must not neglected lie. Philips.
2. Violent; passionate.
The stormy sultan rages at our stay. Irene.

STO’RY. n. s. stœr, Saxon; storie, Dutch; storia, Italian;
???a.]
1. History; account of things past.
The fable of the dividing of the world between the three
sons of Saturn, arose from the true story of the dividing of the
earth between the three brethren the sons of Noah. Raleigh.
Thee I have heard relating what was done
Ere my remembrance: now hear me relate
My story which perhaps thou hast not heard. Milton.
To king Artaxerxes, thy servants Rathumnus the story­
writer, and Smellius the scribe. 1 Esdr. ii. 17.
The four great monarchies make the subject of ancient
story, and are related by the Greek and Latin authors. Temple.
Governments that once made such a noise, as founded up­
on the deepest counsels and the strongest force; yet by some
slight miscarriage which let in ruin upon them, are now so
utterly extinct, that nothing remains of them but a name;
nor are there the least traces of them to be found but only in
story. South's Sermons.
2. Small tale; petty narrative; account of a single incident.
In the road between Bern and Soleurre, a monument erect­
ed by the republick of Bern, tells us the story of an English­
man not to be met with in any of our own writers. Addison.
3. An idle or trifling tale; a petty fiction.
These flaws and starts, would well become
A woman's story at a winter's fire,
Authoris'd by her grandame. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This scene had some bold Greek or British bard
Beheld of old, what stories had we heard
Of fairies, satyrs, and the nymphs their dames,
Their feasts, their revels, and their am'rous flames. Denham.
My maid left on the table one of her story-books, which I
found full of strange impertinence, of poor servants who came
to be ladies. Swift.
4. [stor, place, Saxon.] A floor; a flight of rooms.
Avoid enormous heights of seven stories, as well as irre­
gular forms, and the contrary fault of low distended fronts.
Wotton.
Sonnets or elegies to Chloris,
Might raise a house about two stories;
A lyrick ode wou'd slate; a catch
Would tile; an epigram would thatch, Swift.

To STORY. v. a. [from the noun]
1. To tell in history; to relate.
How worthy he is, I will leave to appear hereafter, rather
than story him in his own hearing. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
'Tis not vain or fabulous
What the sage poets, taught by th' heav'nly muse,
Story'd of old in high immortal verse,
Of dire chimera's and enchanted isles,
And rifted rocks; whose entrance leads to hell. Milton.
It is storied of the brazen Colossus, in the island of Rhodes,
that it was seventy cubits high; the thumbs of it being so big,
that no man could grasp one of them about with both his arms.
Wilkins.
Recite them, nor in erring pity fear,
To wound with storied griefs the filial ear. Pope.
2. To range one under another.
Because all the parts of an undisturbed fluid are of equal
gravity, or gradually placed or storied according to the differ­
ence of it; any concretion that can be supposed to be natu­
rally and mechanically made in such a fluid, must have a like
structure of its several parts; that is, either be all over of a
similar gravity, or have the more ponderous parts nearer to
its basis. Bentley's Sermons.

STO’RYTELLER. n. s. [story and tell.] One who relates tales;
An historian. In contempt.
In such a satire all would seek a share,
And every fool will fancy he is there;
Old storytellers too must pine and die,
To see their antiquated wit laid by;
Like her, who miss'd her name in a lampoon,
And griev'd to find herself decay'd so soon. Dryden.
Company will be no longer pestered with dull, dry, tedi­
ous storytellers. Swift's Polite Conversation.

STOVE. n. s. [stoo, Islandick, a fire place; stofoa, Saxon;
estuve, French; stove, Dutch.]
1. A hot house; a place artificially made warm.
Fishermen who make holes in the ice, to dip up such fish
with their nets as resort thither for breathing, light on swallows
congealed in clods, of a slimy substance, and carrying them
home to their stoves, the warmth recovereth them to life and
flight. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
The heat which arises out of the lesser spiracles brings forth
nitre and sulphur; some of which it affixes to the tops and
sides of the grotto's, which are usually so hot as to serve for
natural stove or sweating vaults. Woodward.
The most proper place for unction is a stove. Wiseman.
2. A place in which fire is made, and by which heat is commu­
nicated.
If the season prove exceeding piercing, in your great house
kindle some charcoals; and when they have done smoaking,
put them into a hole sunk a little into the floor, about the
middle of it. This is the safest stove. Evelyn.

To STOVE v. a. [from the noun.] To keep warm in a house
artificially heated.
For December, January, and the latter part of November,
take such things as are green all winter; orange trees, lemon
trees, and myrtles, if they be stoved; and sweet marjoram
warm set. Bacon.

To STOUND. v. n. [stunde, I grieved, Islandick.]
1. To be in pain or sorrow. Out of use.
2. For stun'd. Spenser.

STOUND. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Sorrow; grief; mishap. Out of use. The Scots retain it.
Begin and end the bitter baleful stound,
If less than that I fear. Fair. Queen.
The fox his copesmate sound,
To whom complaining his unhappy stound,
He with him far'd some better chance to find. Hubberd.
2. Astonishment; amazement.
Thus we stood as in a stound,
And wet with tears, like dew, the ground. Gay.
3. Hour; time; season. Spenser.

STOUR. n. s. [stur, Runick, a battle; steoran, Saxon, to dis­
turb.] Assault; incursion; tumult. Obsolete.
And he that harrow'd hell with heavy stour,
The faulty souls from thence brought to his heavenly bowr.
Fairy Queen.


Love, that long since has to thy mighty powre
Per force subdu'd my poor captived heart,
And raging now therein with restless stowre,
Do'st tyrannize in every weaker part. Spenser.
The giant struck so mainly merciless,
That cou'd have overthrown a stonny tower,
And were not heavenly grace that him did bless,
He had been pouldered all as thin as flower,
But he was wary of that deadly stowre. Fairy Queen.

STOUT. n. s. [stout, Dutch; stolz, proud, German; stautan,
Gothick, is to strike.]
1. Strong; lusty; valiant.
When I was young,
I do remember how my father said,
A stouter champion never handled sword. Shakes. Hen. VI.
Some captain of the land or fleet,
Stout of his hands, but of a soldier's wit;
Cries, I have sense to serve my turn, in store,
And he's a rascal who pretends to more. Dryden.
2. Brave; bold; intrepid.
The stout-hearted are spoiled, they have slept their sleep.
Psal. lxxvi. 5.
He lost the character of a bold, stout, and magnanimous
man, which he had been long reputed to be. Clarendon.
3. Obstinate; pertinacious; resolute; proud.
The lords all stand,
To clear their cause, most resolutely stout. Daniel.
There virtue and stout honour pass'd the guard,
Those only friends that could not be debar'd. Bathurst.
4. Strong; firm.
The stoutest vessel to the storm gave way,
And suck'd through loosen'd planks the rushing sea. Dryden.

STOUT. n. s. A cant name for strong beer.
Should but his muse descending drop
A slice of bread and mutton chop,
Or kindly, when his credit's out,
Surprise him with a pint of stout;
Exalted in his mighty mind,
He flies and leaves the stars behind. Swift.

STOU’TLY. adv. [from stout] Lustily; boldly; obstinately.

STOU’TNESS. n. s. [from stout]
1. Strength; valour.
2. Boldness; fortitude.
His bashfulness in youth was the very true sign of his virtue
and stoutness after. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
3. Obstinacy; stubborness.
Come all to ruin, let
Thy mother rather feel thy pride, than fear
Thy dangerous stoutness: for I mock at death
With as stout heart as thou. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

ToSTOW. v. a. [stow, Sax. stoe, old Frisick, a place; stowen,
Dutch; to lay up.] To lay up; to reposite in order; to lay
in the proper place.
Foul thief! where hast thou stow'd my daughter? Shak.
I'th'holsters of the saddle-bow,
Two aged pistols he did stow. Hudibras.
Some stow their oars, or stop the leaky sides. Dryden.
All the patriots of their ancient liberties were beheaded,
stowed in dungeons, or condemned to work in the mines. Ad.
The goddess shov'd the vessel from the shores,
And stow'd within its womb the naval stores. Pope.

STOW’AGE. n. s. [from stow.]
1. Room for laying up.
In every vessel there is stowage for immense treasures, when
the cargo is pure bullion, or merchandize of as great a value.
Addison on the State of the War.
2. The state of being laid up.
'Tis plate of rare device, and jewels
Of rich and exquisite form, their value's great;
And I am something curious, being strange,
To have them in safe stowage. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

STOWE, stoe. Whether singly or jointly are the same with the
Saxon stow, a place. Gibson's Camden.
STR

STRA’BISM. n. s. [strabisme, Fr. ?a?s??.] A squinting; act
of looking asquint.

To STRA’DDLE. v. n. [Supposed to come from striddle or stride.]
To stand or walk with the feet removed far from each other
to the right and left.
Let man survey himself, divested of artificial charms, and
he will find himself a forked stradling animal, with bandy legs.
Arbuthnot and Pope.

To STRA’GGLE. [Of this word no etymology is known;
it is probably a frequentative of stray, from stravviare, Italian,
of extraviam, Latin.]
1. To wander without any certain direction; to rove; to
ramble.
But stay, like one that thinks to bring his friend
A mile or two, and sees the journey's end:
I straggle on too far. Suckling.
Having passed the Syrens, they came between Scylla and
Charybdis, and the straggling rocks, which seemed to cast out
great store of flames and smoke. Raleigh.
A wolf spied out a straggling kid, and pursued him. L'Estr.
Children, even when they endeavour their utmost, cannot
keep their minds from straggling. Locke.
2. To wander dispersedly.
He likewise enriched poor straggling soldiers with great
quantity. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
They found in Burford some of the straggling soldiers, who
out of weariness stayed behind. Clarendon.
From straggling mountaineers for publick good,
To rank in tribes, and quit the savage wood;
Houses to build, and them contiguous make,
For cheerful neighbourhood and safety's sake. Tate.
3. To exuberate; to shoot too far.
Were they content to prune the lavish vine,
Of straggling branches, and improve the wine,
Trim off the small superfluous branches on each side of the
hedge that straggle too far out. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. To be dispersed; to be apart from any main body; to stand
single.
Wide was his parish, not contracted close
In streets, but here and there a straggling house;
Yet still he was at hand. Dryden.

STRA’GGLER. n. s. [from straggle.]
1. A wanderer; a rover; one who forsakes his company; one
who rambles without any settled direction.
The last should keep the countries from passage of stragglers
from those parts, whence they use to come forth, and often­
times use to work much mischief. Spenser's Ireland.
Let's whip these stragglers o'er the seas again,
Lash hence these over-weening rags of France,
These famish'd beggars. Shakespeare's Richard III.
His pruning hook corrects the vines,
And the loose stragglers to their ranks confines. Pope.
Bottles missing are supposed to be half stolen by stragglers,
and the other half broken. Swift.
2. Any thing that pushes beyond the rest, or stands single.
Let thy hand supply the pruning knife,
And crop luxuriant stragglers, nor be loth
To strip the branches of their leafy growth. Dryden.

STRAIGHT. adj. [strack, old Dutch. It is well observed by
Ainsworth, that for not crooked we ought to write straight, and
for narrow strait; but for streight, which is sometimes found,
there is no good authority.]
1. Not crooked; right.
Beauty made barren the swell'd boast
Of him that best could speak; feature, laming
The shrine of Venus, or straight-pight Minerva.
Shakespeare.
A hunter's horn and cornet is oblique; yet they have like­
wise straight horns; which, if they be of the same bore with
the oblique, differ little in sound, save that the straight require
somewhat a stronger blast. Bacon's Natural History.
There are many several sorts of crooked lines; but there
is one only which is straight Dryden.
Water and air the varied form confound;
The straight looks crooked, and the square grows round.
Prior.
When I see a strait staff appear crooked while half under
the water, the water gives me a false idea. Watts's Logick.
2. Narrow; close. This should properly be strait, estroit, Fr.
[See STRAIT.]
Queen Elizabeth used to say of her instructions to great of­
ficers, that they were like to garments, strait at the first put­
ting on, but did by and by wear loose enough. Bacon.

STRAIGHT. adv. [strax, Danish; strack, Dutch.] Immedi­
ately; directly. This sense is naturally derived from the ad­
jective, as a straight line is the shortest line between two points.
If the devil come and roar for them,
I will not send them. I will after straight,
And tell him so. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Those stinks which the nostrils straight abhor and expel, are
not the most pernicious. Bacon's Natural History.
With chalk I first describe a circle here,
Where the ætherial spirits must appear:
Come in, come in; for here they will be strait:
Around, around the place I fumigate. Dryden.
I know thy generous temper well,
Fling but the appearance of dishonour on it,
It straight takes fire, and mounts into a blaze. Addison.

To STRAI’GHTEN. v. a. [from straight.] To make not
crooked; to make straight.
A crooked stick is not straightened except it be as far bent
on the clean contrary side. Hooker.
Of our selves being so apt to err, the only way which we
have to straighten our paths is, by following the rule of his
will, whose footsteps naturally are right. Hooker.

STRAI’GHTNESS. n. s. [from straight.] Rectitude; the con­
trary to crookedness.
Some are for masts, as fir and pine, because of their length
and straightness. Bacon's Natural History.

STRAI’GHTWAYS. adv. [straight and way. Immediately,
straight.


Let me here for ay in peace remain,
Or straightway on that last long voyage fare. Fairy Queen.
Soon as he entred was, the door straightway
Did shut. Fairy Queen.
Thus stands my state, 'twixt Cade and York distrest;
Like to a ship, that, having 'scap'd a tempest,
Is straitway claim'd and boarded with a pirate. Shakesp.
Blood will I draw on thee, thou art a witch,
And straightway give thy soul to him thou serv'st.
Shakespeare.
The Turks straightway breaking in upon them, made a
bloody fight. Knolles.
As soon as iron is out of the fire, it deadeth straightways.
Bacon's Natural History.
The sound of a bell is strong; continueth some time after
the percussion; but ceaseth straightways if the bell or string be
touched. Bacon's Natural History.
The sun's power being in those months greater, it then
straightways hurries steams up into the atmosphere. Woodward.

To STRAIN. v. a. [estreindre, French.]
1. To squeeze through something.
Their aliment ought to be light, rice boiled in whey and
strained. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To purify by filtration.
Earth doth not strain water so finely as sand. Bacon.
3. To squeeze in an embrace.
I would have strain'd him with a strict embrace;
But through my arms he slipt and vanish'd. Dryden.
Old Evander, with a close embrace,
Strain'd his departing friend; and tears o'erflow his face.
Dryden's æneid.
4. To sprain; to weaken by too much violence.
The jury make no more scruple to pass against an English­
man and the queen, though it be to strain their oaths, than to
drink milk unstrained. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Prudes decay'd about may tack,
Strain their necks with looking back. Swift.
5. To put to its utmost strength.
By this we see in a cause of religion, to how desperate ad­
ventures men will strain themselves for relief of their own
part, having law and authority against them. Hooker.
Too well I wote my humble vaine,
And how my rhimes been rugged and unkempt;
Yet as I con my cunning I will strain. Spenser.
Thus mine enemy fell,
And thus I set my foot on's neck;—even then
The princely blood flows in his cheek, he sweats,
Strains his young nerves, and puts himself in posture
That acts my words. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
My earthly by his heavenly overpower'd,
Which it had long stood under, strain'd to th' height
In that celestial colloquy sublime,
As with an object that excels the sense,
Dazled and spent, sunk down. Milton's Parad. Lost.
The lark and linnet sing with rival notes;
They strain their warbling throats,
To welcome in the spring. Dryden.
Nor yet content, she strains her malice more,
And adds new ills to those contriv'd before. Dryden.
It is the worst sort of good husbandry for a father not to
strain himself a little for his son's breeding. Locke.
Our words flow from us in a smooth continued stream,
without those strainings of the voice, motions of the body, and
majesty of the hand, which are so much celebrated in the ora­
tors of Greece and Rome. Atterbury.
Strain'd to the root, the stooping forest pours
A rustling shower of yet untimely leaves. Thomson.
6. To make strait or tense.
A bigger string more strained, and a lesser string less strained,
may fall into the same tone. Bacon.
Thou, the more he varies forms, beware
To strain his fetters with a stricter care. Dryden's Virgil.
7. To push beyond the proper extent.
See they suffer death,
But in their deaths remember they are men,
Strain not the laws to make their torture grievous. Addison.
There can be no other meaning in this expression, how­
ever some may pretend to strain it. Swift.
8. To force; to constrain; to make uneasy or unnatural.
The lark sings so out of tune,
Straining harsh discords and unpleasing strains. Shakespeare.
He talks and plays with Fatima, but his mirth
Is forc'd and strain'd: in his looks appears
A wild distracted fierceness. Denham.

To STRAIN. v. n. To make violent efforts.
To build his fortune I will strain a little,
For 'tis a bond in men. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
You stand like greyhounds in the slips,
Straining upon the start. Shakesp. Hen. V.
They strain,
That death may not them idly find t' attend
Their certain last, but work to meet their end. Daniel.
Straining with too weak a wing,
We needs will write epistles to the king. Pope.
2. To be filtred by compression.
Cæsar thought that all sea sands had natural springs of fresh
water: but it is the sea water; because the pit filled according
to the measure of the tide, and the sea water passing or strain­
ing through the sands leaveth the saltness behind them. Bacon.

STRAIN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An injury by too much violence.
Credit is gained by custom, and seldom recovers a strain;
but if broken, is never well set again. Temple.
In all pain there is a deformity by a solution of continuity,
as in cutting; or a tendency to solution, as in convulsions or
strains. Grew.
2. [stenge, Saxon.] Race; generation; descent. Spenser.
Thus far I can praise him; he is of a noble strain,
Of approv'd valour. Shakespeare.
Twelve Trojan youths, born of their noblest strains,
I took alive: and, yet enrag'd, will empty all their veins
Of vital spirits. Chapman's Iliad.
Why do'st thou falsly feign
Thyself a Sidney? from which noble strain
He sprung, that could so far exalt the name
Of love. Waller.
Turn then to Pharamond, and Charlemagne,
And the long heroes of the Gallick strain. Prior.
3. Hereditary disposition.
Amongst these sweet knaves and all this courtesy! the strain
of man's bred out into baboon and monkey. Shakespeare.
Intemperance and lust breed diseases, which propagated,
spoil the strain of a nation. Tillotson.
4. A stile or manner of speaking.
According to the genius and strain of the book of Proverbs,
the words wisdom and righteousness are used to signify all re­
ligion and virtue. Tillotson's Sermons.
In our liturgy are as great strains of true sublime eloquence,
as are any where to be found in our language. Swift.
Macrobius speaks of Hippocrates' knowlege in very lofty
strains. Baker.
5. Song; note; sound.
Wilt thou love such a woman? what, to make thee an in­
strument, and play false strains upon thee. Shakespeare.
Orpheus self may heave his head
From golden slumber on a bed
Of heap'd Elysian flowers, and hear
Such strains as would have won the ear
Of Pluto, to have quite set free
His half-regain'd Eurydice. Milton.
Their heav'nly harps a lower strain began,
And in soft musick mourn the fall of man. Dryden.
When the first bold vessel dar'd the seas,
High on the stern the Thracian rais'd his strain,
While Argo saw her kindred trees
Descend from Pelion to the main. Pope's St. Cecilia.
6. Rank; character.
But thou who lately of the common strain,
Wert one of us, if still thou do'st retain
The same ill habits, the same follies too,
Still thou art bound to vice, and still a slave. Dryden.
7. Turn; tendency.
Because hereticks have a strain of madness, he applied her
with some corporal chastisements, which with respite of time
might haply reduce her to good order. Hayward.
8. Manner of violent speech or action.
You have shew'd to-day your valiant strain,
And fortune led you well. Shakesp. King Lear.
Such take too high a strain at the first, and are magna­
nimous more than tract of years can uphold, as was Scipio
Africanus, of whom Livy saith, ultima primis cedebant. Bacon.

STRAI’NER. n. s. [from strain.] An instrument of filtration.
The excrementitious moisture passeth in birds through a
finer and more delicate strainer than it doth in beasts; for
feathers pass through quills, and hair through skin. Bacon.
Shave the goat's shaggy beard, lest thou too late
In vain should'st seek a strainer to dispart
The husky terrene dregs from purer must. Philips.
The stomach and intestines are the press, and the lacteal ves­
sels the strainers to separate the pure emulsion from its feces. Arb.
These when condens'd, the airy region pours
On the dry earth, in rain or gentle showers,
Th' insinuating drops sink through the sand,
And pass the porous strainers of the land. Blackmore.

STRAIT. adj. [estroit, French; stretto, Italian.]
1. Narrow; close; not wide.
Witnesses, like watches go
Just as they're set, too fast or slow;
And where in conscience they're streight lac'd,
'Tis ten to one that side is cast. Hudibras.
2. Close; intimate.
He, forgetting all former injuries, had received that naughty
Plexirtus into a straight degree of favour, his goodness being as
apt to be deceived, as the other's craft was to deceive. Sidney.


3. Strict; rigorous.
Therefore hold I strait all thy commandments; and all false
ways I utterly abhor. Psalms, Common Prayer.
Fugitives are not relieved by the profit of their lands in Eng­
land, for there is a straighter order taken. Spenser.
He now, forsooth, takes on him to reform
Some certain edicts, and some strait decrees
That lay too heavy on the commonwealth. Shakespeare.
4. Difficult; distressful.
Proceed no straiter 'gainst our uncle Glo'ster,
Than from the evidence of good esteem,
He be approv'd in practice culpable. Shakesp. Henry VI.
5. It is used in opposition to crooked, but is then more properly
written straight. [See STREIGHT.]
A bell or a cannon may be heard beyond a hill which in­
tercepts the sight of the sounding body, and sounds are pro­
pagated as readily through crooked pipes as through streight
ones. Newton's Opticks.

STRAIT. n. s.
1. A narrow pass, or frith.
Plant garrisons to command the streights and narrow passa­
ges. Spenser.
Honour travels in a streight so narrow,
Whereone but goes abreast. Shakespeare's Troil. and Cressida.
Fretum Magellanicum, or Magellan's Straits. Abbot.
They went forth unto the straits of the mountain. Judith.
The Saracens brought together with their victories their
language and religion into all that coast of Africk, even from
Egypt to the streights of Gibraltar. Brerewood on Languages.
2. Distress; difficulty.
The independent party which abhorred all motions towards
peace, were in as great streights as the other how to carry on
their designs. Clarendon.
It was impossible to have administred such advice to the king,
in the streight he was in, which being pursued might not have
proved inconvenient. Clarendon.
Thyself
Bred up in poverty, and streights at home,
Lost in a desart here, and hunger-bit. Milton's Paradise Reg.
Thus Adam, sore beset! reply'd,
O heav'n! in evil streight this day I stand
Before my Judge. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Let no man who owns a Providence grow desperate under
any calamity or strait whatsoever, but compose the anguish of
his thoughts upon this one consideration, that he comprehends
not those strange unaccountable methods by which Provi­
dence may dispose of him. South's Sermons.
Some modern authors observing what straits they have been
put to in all ages, to find out water enough for Noah's flood,
say, Noah's flood was not universal, but a national inundation.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
'Tis hard with me, whatever choice I make,
I must not merit you, or must forsake:
But in this streight, to honour I'll be true,
And leave my fortune to the gods and you. Dryden.
Cæsar sees
The streights to which you're driven, and as he knows
Cato's high worth, is anxious for your life. Addison's Cato.
Ulysses made use of the pretence of natural infirmity to con­
ceal the straits he was in at that time in his thoughts. Broome.

To STRAIT. v. a. [from the noun.] To put to difficulties.
If your lass
Interpretation should abuse, and call this
Your lack of love or bounty; you were straited
For a reply, at least, if you make care
Of happy holding her. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

To STRAI’TEN. v. a. [from strait.]
1. To make narrow.
The city of Sion has a secure haven, yet with something a
dangerous entrance, straitened on the north side by the sea­
ruined wall of the mole Sandys's Journey.
If this be our condition, thus to dwell
In narrow circuit, straiten'd by a foe,
Subtile or violent. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Whatever straitens the vessels, so as the channels become
more narrow, must heat; therefore strait cloaths and cold
baths, heat. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. To contract; to confine.
The straitning and confining the profession of the common
law, must naturally extend and enlarge the jurisdiction of the
church. Clarendon.
The landed man finds him aggrieved by the falling of his
rents, and the streightning of his fortune, whilst the monied
man keeps up his gain. Locke.
Feeling can give us a notion of all ideas that enter at the
eye, except colours; but it is very much streightened and con­
fined to the number, bulk, and distance of its objects. Addison.
The causes which straiten the British commerce, will en­
large the French. Addison's State of the War.
3. To make tight; to intend.
Stretch them at their length,
And pull the streighten'd cords with all your strength. Dryd.
Morality, by her false guardians drawn,
Chicane in furs, and casuistry in lawn,
Gasps, as they straiten at each end the cord,
And dies when dulness gives her page the word. Dunciad.
4. To deprive of necessary room.
Waters when straitned as in the falls of bridges, give a roar­
ing noise. Bacon's Natural History.
He could not be streightned in room or provisions, or com­
pelled to fight. Clarendon.
Several congregations find themselves very much straitned,
and if the mode encrease, I wish it may not drive many ordi­
nary women into meetings. Addison's Spectator.
5. To distress; to perplex.
Men by continually striving and fighting to enlarge their
bounds, and encroaching upon one another, seem to be strait­
ned for want of room. Roy.

STRAI’TLY. adv. [from strait.]
1. Narrowly.
2. Strictly; rigorously.
Those laws he straitly requireth to be observed without
breach or blame. Hooker.
3. Closely; intimately.

STRAI’TNESS. n. s. [from strait.]
1. Narrowness.
The town was hard to besiege, and uneasy to come unto,
by reason of the straitness of all the places 2 Maccab. xii.
It is a great errour, and a narrowness or straitness of mind,
if any man think that nations have nothing to do one with an­
other, except there be an union in sovereignty, or a conjun­
ction in pact. Bacon's Holy War.
The straitness of my conscience will not give me leave to
swallow down such camels. King Charles.
2. Strictness; rigour.
If his own life answer the straitness of his proceeding, it
shall become him well. Shakespeare.
Among the Romans, the laws of the twelve tables did ex­
clude the females from inheriting, and had many other strait­
nesses and hardships which were successively remedied. Hale.
3. Distress; difficulty.
4. Want; scarcity.
The straitness of the conveniences of life amongst them had
never reached so far, as to the use of fire, till the Spaniards
brought it amongst them. Locke.

STRAITLA’CED. adj. [strait and lace.] Stiff; constrained; with­
out freedom.
Let nature have scope to fashion the body as she thinks best;
we have few well-shaped that are straitlaced, or much tamper'd
with. Locke on Education.

STRAKE. The obsolete preterite of strike. Struck.
Did'st thou not see a bleeding hind
Whose right haunch earst my stedfast arrow strake. Spenser.
Fearing lest they should fall into the quick-sands, they strake
sail, and so were driven. Acts xxvii. 17.

STRAND. n. s. [strand, Saxon; strande, Dutch; strend, Islan­
dick.] The verge of the sea or of any water.
I saw sweet beauty in her face;
Such as the daughter of Agenor had,
That made great Jove to humble him to her hand,
When with his knees he kiss'd the Cretan strand. Shakesp.
Some wretched lines from this neglected hand,
May find my hero on the foreign strand,
Warm'd with new fires. Prior.

To STRAND. v. a. [from the noun.] To drive or force upon
the shallows.
Tarchon's alone was lost, and stranded stood,
Stuck on a bank, and beaten by the flood. Dryden's æneid.
I have seen of both those kinds from the sea, but so few
that they can only be such as have strayed from their main re­
sidence, and been accidentally intercepted and stranded by great
storms. Woodward on Fossils.
Some from the stranded vessel force their way,
Fearful of fate they meet it in the sea;
Some who escape the fury of the wave,
Sicken on earth, and sink into a grave. Prior.

STRANGE. adj. [estrange, French; extraneus, Latin.]
1. Foreign; of another country.
I do not contemn the knowledge of strange and divers
tongues. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
The natural subjects of the state should bear a sufficient pro­
portion to the strange subjects that they govern. Bacon.
2. Not domestick.
As the man loves least at home to be,
That hath a sluttish house, haunted with sprites;
So she, impatient her own faults to see,
Turns from herself, and in strange things delights. Davies.
3. Wonderful; causing wonder.
It is evident, and it is one of the strangest secrets in sounds,
that the whole sound is not in the whole air only; but is also
in every small part of the air. Bacon's Natural History.
Sated at length, ere long I might perceive
Strange alteration in me. Milton.


It is strange they should be so silent in this matter, when
there were so many occasions to speak of it, if our Saviour had
plainly appointed such an infallible judge of controversies. Till.
Strange to relate, from young Iülus' head
A lambent flame arose, which gently spread
Around his brows, and on his temples fed. Dryden's æn.
Strange to relate, the flames, involv'd in smoke
Of incense, from the sacred altar broke. Dryden's æn.
3. Odd; irregular; not according to the common way.
Desire my man's abode, where I did leave him:
He's strange and peevish. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
A strange proud return you may think I make you, madam,
when I tell you it is not from every body I would be thus
obliged. Suckling.
4. Unknown; new.
Long custom had inured them to the former kind alone, by
which the latter was new and strange in their ears. Hooker.
Here is the hand and seal of the duke: you know the cha­
racter, I doubt not; and the signet is not strange to you. Shak.
Joseph saw his brethren, but made himself strange unto
them. Gen. lxii. 7.
Here passion first I felt,
Commotion strange! Milton.
5. Remote.
She makes it strange, but she would be best pleas'd
To be so anger'd with another letter. Shakespeare.
6. Uncommonly good or bad.
This made David to admire the law of God at that strange
rate, and to advance the knowledge of it above all other know­
ledge. Tillotson.
7. Unacquainted.
They were now, like sand without lime, ill bound toge­
ther, at a gaze, looking strange one upon another, not know­
ing who was faithful. Bacon.

STRANGE. interj. An expression of wonder.
Strange! what extremes should thus preserve the snow,
High on the Alps, or in deep caves below. Waller.
Strange! that fatherly authority should be the only original
of government, and yet all mankind not know it. Locke.

To STRANGE. v. n. [from the adjective.] To wonder; to be
astonished.
Were all the assertions of Aristotle such as theology pro­
nounceth impieties, which we strange not at from one, of
whom a father saith, Nec Deum coluit, nec curavit. Glanv.

STRA’NGELY. adv. [from strange.]
1. With some relation to foreigners.
As by strange fortune
It came to us, I do in justice charge thee
That thou commend it strangely to some place,
Where chance may nurse or end it. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
2. Wonderfully; in a way to cause wonder, but with a degree of
dislike.
My former speeches have but hit your thoughts,
Which can interpret farther: only, I say,
Things have been strangely borne. Shakesp. Macbeth.
How strangely active are the arts of peace,
Whose restless motions less than wars do cease;
Peace is not freed from labour, but from noise;
And war more force, but not more pains, employs. Dryden.
We should carry along with us some of those virtuous qua­
lities, which we were strangely careless if we did not bring from
home with us. Sprat's Sermons.
In a time of affliction the remembrance of our good deeds
will strangely cheer and support our spirits. Calamy.

STRA’NGENESS. n. s. [from strange.]
1. Foreignness; the state of belonging to another country.
If I will obey the Gospel, no distance of place, no strange­
ness of country can make any man a stranger to me. Sprat.
2. Uncommunicativeness; distance of behaviour.
Ungird thy strangeness, and tell me what I shall vent to my
lady. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
Will you not observe
The strangeness of his alter'd countenance? Shakes. H. VI.
3. Remoteness from common apprehension; uncouthness.
Men worthier than himself
Here tend the savage strangeness he puts on;
And undergo, in an observing kind,
His humourous predominance. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
This raised greater tumults and boilings in the hearts of
men, than the strangeness and seeming unreasonableness of all
the former articles. South's Sermons.
4. Mutual dislike.
In this peace there was an article that no Englishman should
enter into Scotland, and no Scottishman into England, with­
out letters commendatory: this might seem a means to con­
tinue a strangeness between the nations; but it was done to
lock in the borderers. Bacon.
5. Wonderfulness; power of raising wonder.
If a man, for curiosity or strangeness sake, would make a
puppet pronounce a word, let him consider the motion of the
instruments of voice, and the like sounds made in inanimate
bodies. Bacon's Natural History.

STRA’NGER. n. s. [estranger, French.]
1. A foreigner; one of another country.
I am a most poor woman, and a stranger,
Born out of your dominions; having here
No judge indiff'rent. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Your daughter hath made a gross revolt;
Tying her duty, beauty, wit and fortunes
To an extravagant and wheeling stranger
Of here and every where. Shakespeare.
There is no place in Europe so much frequented by strangers,
whether they are such as come out of curiosity, or such who
are obliged to attend the court of Rome. Addison on Italy.
Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear,
And strangers to the sun yet ripen here. Granville.
After a year's inter-regnum from the death of Romulus, the
senate of their own authority chose a successor, and a stranger,
merely upon the fame of his virtues. Swift.
2. One unknown.
Strangers and foes do sunder, and not kiss. Shakespeare.
You did void your rheum upon my beard,
And foot me, as you spurn a stranger cur
Over your threshold. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
We ought to acknowledge, that no nations are wholly
aliens and strangers the one to the other. Bacon.
That stranger guest the Taphean realm obeys. Pope.
They came, and near him plac'd the stranger guest. Pope.
3. A guest; one not a domestick.
He will vouchsafe
This day to be our guest: bring forth and pour
Abundance, fit to honour and receive
Our heavenly stranger. Milton.
4. One unacquainted.
My child is yet a stranger in the world;
She hath not seen the change of fourteen years. Shakesp.
I was no stranger to the original: I had also studied Virgil's
design, and his disposition of it. Dryden.
5. One not admitted to any communication or fellowship.
I unspeak my detraction; here abjure
The taints and blames upon myself,
For strangers to my nature. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To STRA’NGER. v. a. [from the noun.] To estrange; to
alienate.
Will you with those infirmities she owes,
Dower'd with our curse, and stranger'd with our oath,
Take her or leave her? Shakespeare.

To STRA’NGLE. v. a. [strangulo, Latin.]
1. To choak; to fuffocate; to kill by intercepting the breath.
His face is black and full of blood;
His eye-balls farther out, than when he liv'd;
Staring full ghastly, like a strangled man. Shakes. H. VI.
Shall I not then be stifled in the vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,
And there be strangled ere my Romeo comes? Shakespeare.
Do'st thou not know that thou hast strangled thine hus­
bands? Tob. iii. 8.
The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and
strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey. Neh.
So heinous a crime was the sin of adultery, that our Saxon
ancestors compelled the adulteress to strangle herself; and he
who debauched her was to be hanged over her grave. Ayliffe.
2. To suppress; to hinder from birth or appearance.
By th' clock, 'tis day;
And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp:
Is't night's predominance, or the day's shame? Shak. Macb.

STRA’NGLER. n. s. [from strangle.] One who strangles.
The band that seems to tie their friendship together, will be
the very strangler of their amity. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.

STRA’NGLES. n. s. [from strangle.] Swellings in a horse's throat.

STRANGULA’TION. n. s. [from strangle.] The act of strangling;
fuffocation; the state of being strangled.
A spunge is mischievous, not in itself, for its powder is
harmless; but because, being received into the stomach, it
swelleth, and, occasioning its continual distension, induceth a
strangulation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The reduction of the jaws is difficult, and, if they be not
timely reduced, there happen paralysis and strangulation. Wise.

STRA’NGURY. n. s. [?a??a; strangurie, French.] A diffi­
culty of urine attended with pain.

STRAP. n. s. [stroppe, Dutch; stroppa, Italian] A narrow
long slip of cloath or leather.
These cloaths are good enough to drink in, and so be these
boots too; an' they be not, let them hang themselves in their
own straps. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
I found but one husband, a lively cobler, that kicked and
spurred all the while his wife was carrying him on; and had
scarce passed a day without giving her the discipline of the
strap. Addison's Spectator.

STR’APPADO n. s. Chastisement by blows.
Were I at the strappado, or all the racks in the world, I
would not tell you on compulsion. Shakespeare.

STRA’PPING. adj. Vast; large; bulky. Used of large men
or women in contempt.



STRATA. n. s. [The plural of stratum, Latin.] Beds; layers.
A philosophical term.
The terrestrial matter is disposed into strata, or layers, placed
one upon another; in like manner as any earthy sediment,
settling down from a fluid, will naturally be. Woodward.
With how much wisdom are the strata laid,
Of different weight and of a different kind,
Of sundry forms for sundry ends design'd! Blackmore.

STRA’TAGEM. n. s. [?a???a; stratageme, French.]
1. An artifice in war; a trick by which an enemy is deceived.
John Talbot, I did send for thee,
To tutor thee in stratagems of war. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Ev'ry minute now
Should be the father of some stratagem. Shakes. Henry IV.
2. An artifice; a trick by which some advantage is obtained.
Rouse up your courage, call up all your counsels,
And think on all those stratagems which nature
Keeps ready to encounter sudden dangers. Denham's Sophy.
Those oft are stratagems which errours seem;
Nor is it Homer nods, but we who dream. Pope.

To STRA’TIFY. v. a. [stratifier, Fr. from stratum, Lat.] To
range in beds or layers. A chymical term.

STRA’TUM. n. s. [Latin.] A bed; a layer. A term of phi­
losophy.
Another was found in a perpendicular fissure of a stratum of
stone in Langron iron-mine, Cumberland. Woodward.
Drill'd through the sandy stratum, every way
The waters with the sandy stratum rise. Thomson.

STRAW. n. s. [streow, Saxon; stroo, Dutch.]
1. The stalk on which corn grows, and from which it is
threshed.
I can counterfeit the deep tragedian,
Tremble and start at wagging of a straw,
Intending deep suspicion. Shakesp. Richard III.
Plate sin with gold,
And the strong lance of justice hurtless breaks;
Arm it in rags, a pigmy's straw doth pierce it. Shakespeare.
Apples in hay and straw ripened apparently; but the apple
in the straw more. Bacon's Natural History.
My new straw hat, that's trimly lin'd with green,
Let Peggy wear. Gay's Pastorals.
More light he treads, more tall he seems to rise,
And struts a straw breadth nearer to the skies. Tickell.
2. Any thing proverbially worthless.
Thy arms, thy liberty, beside
All that's on th' outside of thy hide,
Are mine by military law,
Of which I will not bate one straw. Hudibras.
'Tis not a straw matter whether the main cause be right or
wrong. L'Estrange.

STRA’WBERRY. n. s. [fragaria, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a perennial fibrose root: the leaves are veined, grow­
ing upon each footstalk; the stalks trail upon the ground: the
cup of the flower consists of one leaf, divided into ten equal
parts, and expands in form of a star: the flower consists, for
the most part, of five leaves, expanded in form of a rose, and
having many stamina in the middle, round the base of the ova­
ry: the fruit is globose or oval, and consists of a fleshy eat­
able pulp, full of protuberances. The species are seven. Mill.
The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen best,
Neighbour'd by fruit of baser quality. Shak. Henry V.
Content with food, which nature freely bred,
On wildings and on strawberries they fed. Dryden.
Strawberries, by their fragrant smell, seem to be cordial:
the seeds obtained by shaking the ripe fruit in Winter, are an
excellent remedy against the stone. The juice of strawberries
and limmons in spring-water is an excellent drink in bilious
severs. Arbuthnot on Diet.

STRA’WBERRY Tree. n. s. [arbutus, Latin.]
It is ever green, the leaves roundish and serrated on the
edges: the flowers consist of one leaf, and shaped like a pitcher:
the fruit is of a fleshy substance, and very like a strawberry;
divided into five cells, which contain many small seeds. Miller.

STRA’WBUILT. adj. [straw and built.] Made up of straw.
They on the smoothed plank,
The suburb of their strawbuilt citadel,
New rubb'd with balm, expatiate. Milton.

STRA’WCOLOURED. adj. [straw and colour.] Of a light
yellow.
I will discharge it in your strawcolour'd beard. Shakespeare.

STRA’WWORM. n. s. [straw and worm.] A worm bred in straw.

STRA’WY. adj. [from straw.] Made of straw; consisting of
straw.
There the strawy Greeks, ripe for his edge,
Fall down before him, like the mower's swath. Shakespeare.
In a field of corn, blown upon by the wind, there will ap­
pear waves of a colour differing from that of the rest; the
wind, by depressing some of the ears, and not others, makes
the one reflect more from the lateral and strawy parts than the
rest. Boyle on Colours.

To STRAY. v. n. [stroe, Danish, to scatter; stravviare, Italian,
to wander.]
1. To wander; to rove.
My eye, descending from the hill, surveys
Where Thames among the wanton valley strays. Denham.
Lo, the glad gales o'er all her beauties stray,
Breathe on her lips, and in her bosom play. Pope.
2. To rove out of the way; to range beyond the proper limits.
What grace hath thee now hither brought this way?
Or doen thy feeble feet unweeting hither stray. Fai. Queen.
No: where can I stray,
Save back to England? all the world's my way. Shakesp.
Hath not else his eye
Stray'd his affection in unlawful love? Shakespeare.
She doth stray about
By holy crosses, where she kneeling prays
For happy wedlock hours. Shakespeare.
Wand'rest thou within this lucid orb,
And stray'd from those fair fields of light above,
Amidst this new creation want'st a guide
To reconduct thy steps? Dryden.
3. To err; to deviate from the right.
We have erred and strayed. Common Prayer.

STRAY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Any creature wandering beyond its limits; any thing lost by
wandering.
She hath herself not only well defended,
But taken and impounded as a stray
The king of Scots. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Should I take you for a stray,
You must be kept a year and day. Hudibras.
When he has traced his talk through all its wild rambles,
let him bring home his stray; not like the lost sheep with joy,
but with tears of penitence. Government of the Tongue.
Seeing him wander about, I took him up for a stray. Dryd.
He cries out, neighbour, hast thou seen a stray
Of bullocks and of heifers pass this way? Addison.
2. Act of wandering.
I would not from your love make such a stray,
To match you where I hate. Shakespeare.

STREAK. n. s. [strice, Saxon; streke, Dutch; stricia, Ital.]
A line of colour different from that of the ground.
The West yet glimmers with some streaks of day;
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn. Shak. Macbeth.
What mean those colour'd streaks in heav'n,
Distended, as the brow of God appeas'd? Milton.
The night comes on, we eager to pursue
'Till the last streaks of dying day withdrew,
And doubtful moonlight did our rage deceive. Dryden.
Ten wildings have I gather'd for my dear;
How ruddy, like your lips, their streaks appear! Dryden.
While the fantastick tulip strives to break
In two-fold beauty, and a parted streak. Prior.

To STREAK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To stripe; to variegate in hues; to dapple.
Mark what Jacob did;
When all the yeanlings which were streak'd and pied,
Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shak Merchant of Venice.
A mule, admirably streaked and dapp'ed with white and
black. Sandys's Journey.
To-morrow, ere fresh morning streak the East,
With first approach of light we must be ris'n,
And at our pleasant labour, to reform
You flow'ry arbours. Milton.
Now let us leave this earth, and lift our eye
To the large convex of yon' azure sky:
Behold it like an ample curtain spread,
Now streak'd and glowing with the morning red;
Anon at noon in flaming yellow bright,
And chusing sable for the peaceful night. Prior.
2. To stretch. Obsolete.
She lurks in midst of all her den, and streaks
From out a ghastly whirlpool all her necks;
Where, glotting round her rock, to fish she falls. Chapman.

STRE’AKY. adj. [from streak.] Striped; variegated by hues.
When the hoary head is hid in snow,
The life is in the leaf, and still between
The fits of falling snows appears the streaky green. Dryden.

STREAM. n. s. [stream, Sax. straum, Islandick; stroom, Dut.]
1. A running water; the course of running water; current.
As plays the sun upon the glassy stream,
Twinkling another counterfeited beam. Shakes. Hen. VI.
He brought streams out of the rock, and caused waters to
run down like rivers. Ps. lxxviii. 16.
Had their cables of iron chains had any great length, they
had been unportable; and, being short, the ships must have
sunk at an anchor in any stream of weather. Raleigh.
Thus from one common source our streams divide;
Ours is the Trojan, yours th' Arcadian side. Dryden.
Divided interests, while thou think'st to sway,
Draw like two brooks thy middle stream away. Dryden.


2. Any thing issuing from a head, and moving forward with con­
tinuity of parts.
The breath of the Lord is like a stream of brimstone. Is.
You, Drances, never want a stream of words. Dryden.
The stream of beneficence hath, by several rivulets which
have since fallen into it, wonderfully enlarged its current. Att.
3. Any thing forcible and continued.
The very stream of his life, and the business he hath helmed,
must give him a better proclamation. Shakespeare.
It is looked upon as insolence for a man to adhere to his
own opinion, against the current stream of antiquity. Locke.

To STREAM. v. n. [streyma, Islandick.]
1. To flow; to run in a continuous current.
On all sides round
Streams the black blood, and smokes upon the ground. Pope.
2. To flow with a current; to pour out water in a stream; to
be overflown.
Then grateful Greece with streaming eyes would raise
Historick marbles to record his praise. Pope.
3. To issue forth with continuance.
Now to impartial love, that god most high,
Do my sighs stream. Shakes. All's well that ends well.

To STREAM. v. a. To mark with colours or embroidery in
long tracks.
The herald's mantle is streamed with gold. Bacon.

STRE’AMER. n. s. [from stream.] An ensign; a flag; a pen­
non; any thing flowing loosely from a stock.
His brave fleet
With silken streamers, the young Phœbus fanning. Shakes.
The rosy morn began to rise,
And wav'd her saffron streamer through the skies. Dryden.
Brave Rupert from afar appears,
Whose waving streamers the glad general knows. Dryden.
The man of sense his meat devours;
But only smells the peel and flow'rs:
And he must be an idle dreamer,
Who leaves the pie, and gnaws the streamer. Prior.

STRE’AMY. adj. [from stream.]
1. Abounding in running water.
Arcadia,
However streamy now, adust and dry,
Deny'd the goddess water: where deep Melas,
And rocky Cratis flow, the chariot smoak'd
Obscure with rising dust. Prior.
2. Flowing with a current.
Before him flaming his enormous shield,
Like the broad sun, illumin'd all the field;
His nodding helm emits a streamy ray. Pope's Iliad.

STREET. n. s. [stræt, Saxon; straz, German; strada, Spa­
nish and Ital. streede, Danish; straet, Dutch; stratum, Lat.]
1. A way, properly a paved way, between two rows of houses.
He led us through fair streets; and all the way we went there
were gathered people on both sides, standing in a row. Bacon.
The streets are no larger than allies. Sandys.
When night
Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine;
Witness the streets of Sodom. Milton.
The Italians say the ancients always considered the situation
of a building, whether it were high or low, in an open square,
or in a narrow street, and more or less deviated from their rule
of art. Addison on Italy.
When you tattle with some crony servant in the same street,
leave your own street-door open. Swift.
2. Proverbially, a publick place.
That there be no leading into captivity, and no complain­
ing in our streets. Psalm cxliv. 14.
Our publick ways would be so crowded, that we should want
street-room. Addison's Spectator.
Let us reflect upon what we daily see practised in the world,
and can we believe, if an apostle of Christ appeared in our
streets, he would retract his caution, and command us to be
conformed to the world? Rogers's Sermons.

STRE’ETWALKER. n. s. [street and walk.] A common prosti­
tute that offers herself to sale in the open street.

STRENGTH. n. s. [strength, Saxon.]
1. Force; vigour; power of the body.
Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty, which will change
To wither'd, weak, and grey. Milton.
Th' insulting Trojan came,
And menac'd us with force, our fleet with flame:
Was it the strength of this tongue-valiant lord,
In that black hour, that sav'd you from the sword? Dryden.
2. Power of endurance; firmness; durability; toughness;
hardness.
Not founded on the brittle strength of bones. Milton.
3. Vigour of any kind; power of any kind.
The allies, after a successful Summer, are too apt, upon the
strength of it, to neglect their preparations for the ensuing
campaign. Addison.
4. Power of mind; force of any mental faculty.
Aristotle's large views, acuteness and penetration of thought,
and strength of judgment, few have equalled. Locke.
He enjoyed the greatest strength of good-sense, and the most
exquisite taste of politeness. Addison.
5. Potency of liquours.
6. Fortification; fortress.
The rashness of talking should not only be retarded by the
guard of our heart, but senced in by certain strengths placed
in the mouth. Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
He thought
This inaccessible high strength to have seiz'd. Milton.
Betray'd in all his strengths, the wood beset;
All instruments, all arts of ruin met. Denham.
7. Support; maintenance of power.
What they boded would be a mischief to us, you are pro­
viding shall be one of our principal strengths. Sprat's Sermons.
8. Armament; force; power.
What is his strength by land? Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
Nor was there any other strength designed to attend about
his highness than one regiment. Clarendon.
9. Persuasive prevalence; argumentative force.
This presupposed, it may then stand very well with strength
and soundness of reason, thus to answer. Hooker.

To STRENGTH. v. a. To strengthen. Not used.
Edward's happy-order'd reign, most fertile breeds
Plenty of mighty spirits, to strength his state. Daniel.

To STRE’NGTHEN. v. a. [from strength.]
1. To make strong.
2. To confirm; to establish.
Let us rise up and build: so they strengthened their hands for
this work. Neh. ii. 18.
Authority is by nothing so much strengthened and confirmed
as by custom; for no man easily distrusts the things which he
and all men have been always bred up to. Temple.
Thee, bold Longinus! all the Nine inspire,
And bless your critick with a poet's fire:
An ardent judge, who, zealous in his trust,
With warmth gives sentence, yet is always just;
Whose own example strengthens all his laws,
And is himself that great sublime he draws. Pope.
3. To animate; to fix in resolution.
Charge Joshua, and encourage him and strengthen him. Deut.
4. To make to increase in power or security.
Let noble Warwick, Cobham, and the rest,
With powerful policy strengthen themselves. Shakesp. H. VI.
They sought the strengthening of the heathen. 1 Mac. vi.

To STRE’NGTHEN. v. n. To grow strong.
Oh men for flatt'ry and deceit renown'd!
Thus when y' are young ye learn it all like him,
'Till as your years increase, that strengthens too,
T' undo poor maids. Otway's Orphan.

STRE’NGTHENER. n. s. [from strengthen: by contraction
strengthner.]
STRE’NGTHNER. n. s. [from strengthen: by contraction
strengthner.]
1. That which gives strength; that which makes strong.
Garlick is a great strengthner of the stomach upon decays of
appetite or indigestion. Temple.
2. [In medicine.] Strengtheners add to the bulk and firmness of
the solids: cordials are such as drive on the vital actions; but
these such as confirm the stamina. Quincy.

STRE’NGTHLESS. adj. [from strength]
1. Wanting strength; deprived of strength.
Yet are these feet, whose strengthless stay is numb,
Unable to support this lump of clay. Shakesp. Henry VI.
As the wretch, whose fever-weaken'd joints,
Like strengthless hinges, buckle under life,
Impatient of his fit, breaks like a fire
Out of his keeper's arms. Shakes. Henry IV.
2. Wanting potency; weak. Used of liquours.
This liquor must be inflammable or not, and yet subtile and
pungent, which may be called spirit; or else strengthless or in­
sipid, which may be named phlegm. Boyle.

STRE’NUOUS. adj. [strenuus, Latin.]
1. Brave; bold; active; valiant.
Nations grown corrupt
Love bondage more than liberty;
Bondage with ease than strenuous liberty. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Zealous; vehement.
He resolves to be strenuous for taking off the test, against
the maxims of all wise Christian governments, which always
had some established religion, leaving at best a toleration to
others. Swift to Pope.
Citizens within the bills of mortality have been strenuous
against the church and crown. Swift.

STRE’NUOUSLY. adv. [from strenuous.]
1. Vigorously; actively.
Many can use both hands, yet will there divers remain that
can strenuously make use of neither. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. Zealously; vehemently; with ardour.
Writers dispute strenuously for the liberty of conscience, and
inveigh largely against all ecclesiasticks under the name of
high church. Swift.

STRE’PEROUS. adj. [strepo, Latin.] Loud; noisy.
Porta conceives, because in a streperous eruption it riseth
against fire, it doth therefore resist lightning. Brown.



STRESS. n. s. [stece, Saxon violence; or from distress.]
1. Importance; important part.
A body may as well lay too little as too much stress upon a
dream; but the less we heed them the better. L'Estrange.
The stress of the fable lies upon the hazard of having a
numerous stock of children. L'Estrange.
This, on which the great stress of the business depends,
would have been made out with reasons sufficient. Locke.
Consider how great a stress he laid upon this duty, while
upon earth, and how earnestly he recommended it. Atterbury.
2. Violence; force, either acting or suffered.
By stress of weather driv'n,
At last they landed. Dryden's æn.
Though the faculties of the mind are improved by exercise,
yet they must not be put to a stress beyond their strength. Locke.

To STRESS. v. a. [Evidently from distress.] To distress; to
put to hardships or difficulties.
Stirred with pity of the stressed plight
Of this sad realm. Fairy Queen.

To STRETCH. v. a. [strecan, Saxon; strecken, Dutch.]
1. To extend; to spread out to a distance.
The stretching out of his wings shall fill the breadth of thy
land. Is. viii. 8.
Stretch thine hand unto the poor. Ecclus vii. 32.
Take thy rod, and stretch out thine hand. Ex. vii. 19.
2. To elongate, or strain to a greater space.
3. To expand; to display.
Leviathan on the deep,
Stretch'd like a promontory, sleeps. Milton.
What more likely to stretch forth the heavens, and lay the
foundation of the earth, than infinite power? Tillotson.
4. To strain to the utmost.
This kiss, if it durst speak,
Would stretch thy spirits up into the air. Shak. K. Lear.
5. To make tense.
So the stretch'd cord the skackl'd dancer tries. Smith.
6. To carry by violence farther than is right: as, to stretch a text.

To STRETCH. v. n.
1. To be extended.
Idolatry is a horrible sin, yet doth repentance stretch unto
it. Whitgifte.
A third is like the former: a fourth? start eye!
What! will the line stretch out to th' crack of doom? Shak.
This to rich Ophir's rising morn is known,
And stretch'd out far to the burnt swarthy zone. Cowley.
Your dungeon stretching far and wide beneath. Milton.
2. To bear extension without rupture.
The inner membrane, that involved the liquors of the egg,
because it would stretch and yield, remained unbroken. Boyle.
3. To sally beyond the truth.
What an allay do we find to the credit of the most probable
event, that is reported by one who uses to stretch? Gov. Tongue.

STRETCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Extension; reach; occupation of more space.
At all her stretch her little wings she spread,
And with her feather'd arms embrac'd the dead:
Then flickering to his pallid lips, she strove
To print a kiss. Dryden's Ceyx and Alcyo.
Disruption, as strong as they are, the bones would be in
some danger of, upon a great and sudden stretch or contortion,
if they were dry. Ray on the Creation.
2. Force of body extended.
He thought to swim the stormy main,
By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain. Dryden's æn.
3. Effort; struggle: from the act of running.
Those put a lawful authority upon the stretch to the abuse of
power, under the colour of prerogative. L'Estrange.
Upon this alarm we made incredible stretches towards the
South, to gain the fastnesses of Preston. Addison.
4. Utmost extent of meaning.
Quotations, in their utmost stretch, can signify no more than
that Luther lay under severe agonies of mind. Atterbury.
5. Utmost reach of power.
This is the utmost stretch that nature can,
And all beyond is fulsome, false, and vain. Granville.

STRE’TCHER. n. s. [from stretch.]
1. Any thing used for extension.
Tooth in the stretching course two inches with the stretcher
only. Moxon.
2. The timber against which the rower plants his feet.
This fiery speech inflames his fearful friends,
They tug at ev'ry oar, and ev'ry stretcher bends. Dryden.

To STREW. v. a. [The orthography of this word is doubtful:
it is generally written strew, and I have followed custom; but
Skinner likewise proposes strow, and Junius writes straw.
Their reasons will appear in the word from which it may be
derived. Strawan, Gothick; stroyen, Dutch; streawian, Sax.
strawen, German; strôer, Danish. Perhaps strow is best, being
that which reconciles etymology with pronunciation.]
1. To spread by being scattered.
The snow which does the top of Pindus strew,
Did never whiter shew. Spenser.
Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?
The birds of heav'n shall vindicate their grain. Pope.
2. To spread by scattering.
I thought thy bride-bed to have deck'd, sweet maid,
And not have strew'd thy grave. Shakes. Hamlet.
Here be tears of perfect moan,
Wept for thee in Helicon;
And some flowers and some bays,
For thy herse, to strew the ways. Milton.
3. To scatter loosely.
The calf he burnt in the fire, ground it to powder, and
strawed it upon the water, and made Israel drink of it. Ex.
With furies and nocturnal orgies fir'd,
Whom ev'n the savage beasts had spar'd, they kill'd,
And strew'd his mangled limbs about the field. Dryden.

STRE’WMENT. n. s. [from strew.] Any thing scattered in
decoration.
Her death was doubtful.—For charitable prayers,
Shards, flints, and pebbles should be thrown on her;
Yet here she is allow'd her virgin chants,
Her maiden strewments, and the bringing home
Of bell and burial. Shakes. Hamlet.

STRIæ. n. s. [Latin.] In natural history, the small chan­
nels in the shells of cockles and scallops.
The salt, leisurely permitted to shoot of itself in the liquor,
exposed to the open air, did shoot into more fair crystalline
striæ, than those that were gained out of the remaining part
of the same liquor by a more hasty evaporation. Boyle.

STRI’ATE. adj. [from striæ, Latin; strie, French.] Formed
in striæ.
STRI’ATED. adj. [from striæ, Latin; strie, French.] Formed
in striæ.
These effluviums fly by striated atoms and winding par­
ticles, as Des Cartes conceiveth, or glide by streams attracted
from either pole unto the equator. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Des Cartes imagines this earth once to have been a sun, and
so the centre of a lesser vortex, whose axis still kept the same
posture, by reason of the striate particles finding no fit pores
for their passages, but only in this direction. Ray.
Crystal, when incorporated with the fibrous talcs, shews, if
broke, a striated or fibrous texture, like those talcs. Woodw.

STRI’ATURE. n. s. [from striæ; strieure, Fr.] Disposition of striæ.
Parts of tuberous hæmatitæ shew several varieties in the
crusts, striature, and texture of the body. Woodward.

STRICK. n. s. [????; strix, Latin.] A bird of bad omen.
The ill fac'd owl, death's dreadful messenger,
The hoarse night-raven, trump of doleful drere,
The leather-winged bat, day's enemy,
The rueful strick, still waiting on the bier. Fairy Queen.

STRI’CKEN. The ancient participle of strike.
The cunningest mariners were so conquered by the storm,
as they thought it best with stricken sails to yield to be go­
verned by it. Sidney.
That shall I shew, as sure as hound
The stricken deer doth challenge by the bleeding wound. F Q.
Abraham and Sarah were old, and well stricken in age. Gen.
With blindness were these stricken. Wisd. xix. 17.
Parker and Vaughan, having had a controversy touching
certain arms, were appointed to run some courses, when
Parker was stricken into the mouth at the first course. Bacon.
Though the earl of Ulster was of greater power than any
other subject in Ireland, yet was he so far stricken in years, as
that he was unable to manage the martial affairs. Davies.

STRI’CKLE, or Strickless, or Stritchel. n. s. That which strikes
the corn to level it with the bushel. Ainsworth.

STRICT. adj. [strictus, Latin.]
1. Exact; accurate; rigorously nice.
Thou'lt fall into deception unaware,
Not keeping strictest watch. Milton.
As legions in the field their front display,
To try the fortune of some doubtful day,
And move to meet their foes with sober pace,
Strict to their figure, though in wider space. Dryden.
He checks the bold design;
And rules as strict his labour'd works confine,
As if the Stagyrite o'erlook'd each line. Pope.
2. Severe; rigorous; not mild; not indulgent.
Implore her, in my voice, that she make friends
To the strict deputy. Shakes. Measure for Measure.
Thy will
By nature free, not over-rul'd by sate
Inextricable, or strict necessity. Milton.
If a strict hand be kept over children from the beginning,
they will in that age be tractable; and if, as they grow up, the
rigour be, as they deserve it, gently relaxed, former restraints
will increase their love. Locke.
Numa the rites of strict religion knew;
On ev'ry altar laid the incense due. Prior.
3. Confined; not extensive.
As they took the compass of their commission stricter or
larger, so their dealings were more or less moderate. Hooker.
4. Close; tight.
The god, with speedy pace,
Just thought to strain her in a strict embrace. Dryden.


The fatal noose performed its office, and with most strict
ligature squeezed the blood into his face. Arbuthnot.
5. Tense; not relaxed.
We feel our fibres grow strict or lax according to the state
of the air. Arbuthnot.

STRI’CTLY. adv. [from strict.]
1. Exactly; with rigorous accuracy.
The other parts being grosser, composed not only water,
strictly so called, but the whole mass of liquid bodies. Burnet.
Charge him strictly
Not to proceed, but wait my farther pleasure. Dryden.
2. Rigorously; severely; without remission or indulgence.
In the discharge of thy place, set before thee the best ex­
amples; and after a time set before thee thine own, and exa­
mine thyself strictly whether thou didst not best at first. Bacon.
God may with the greatest justice strictly require endeavours
from us, and without any inconsistency with his goodness
inflict penalties on those who are wanting. Rogers's Sermons.
A weak prince again disposed the people to new attempts,
which it was the clergy's duty to endeavour to prevent, if some
of them had not proceeded upon a topick that, strictly fol­
lowed, would enslave all mankind. Swift.
3. Closely; with tenseness.

STRI’CTNESS. n. s. [from strict]
1. Exactness; rigorous accuracy; nice regularity.
I could not grant too much or distrust too little to men,
that pretended singular piety and religious strictness. K. Charles.
Such of them as cannot be concealed connive at, though in
the strictness of your judgment you cannot pardon. Dryden.
Who were made privy to the secrets of heaven, but such as
performed his revealed will at an higher rate of strictness than
the rest? South.
Though in strictness our Saviour might have pleaded exemp­
tion from the Jewish tribute, he exerted his divine power in a
miracle to pay it. Rogers.
2. Severity; rigour.
These commissioners proceeded with such strictness and seve­
rity as did much obscure the king's mercy. Bacon's Hen. VII.
3. Closeness; tightness; not laxity.

STRI’CTURE. n. s. [from strictura, Latin, a spark.]
1. A stroke; a touch.
The God of nature implanted in their vegetable natures
certain passive strictures, or signatures of that wisdom which
hath made and ordered all things with the highest reason. Hale.
2. Contraction; closure by contraction.
As long as there is thirst, with a free passage by urine, and
stricture of the vessels, so long is water safely taken. Arbuthnot.
3. A slight touch upon a subject; not a set discourse.

STRIDE. n. s. [stræde, Saxon.] A long step; a step taken
with great violence; a wide divarication of the legs.
I'll speak between the change of man and boy,
With a reed voice, and turn two mincing steps
Into a manly stride. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
The monster moved on with horrid strides. Milton.
Her voice theatrically loud,
And masculine her stride. Swift.

To STRIDE. v. n. preter. I strode or strid; part. pass. stridden. 
[from the noun.]
1. To walk with long steps.
Mars in the middle of the shining shield
Is grav'd, and strides along the liquid field. Dryden.
To Jove, or to thy father Neptune, pray,
The brethren cry'd, and instant strode away. Pope.
2. To stand with the legs far from each other.

To STRIDE. v. a. To pass by a step.
See him stride
Vallies wide. Arbuthnot.

STRI’DULOUS. adj. [stridulus, Latin] Making a small noise.
It arises from a small and stridulous noise, which, being
firmly rooted, maketh a divulsion of parts. Brown.

STRIFE. n. s. [from strive]
1. Contention; contest; discord.
I and my people were at great strife with the children of
Ammon. Judg. xii. 2.
Some preach Christ even of envy and strife, and some of
good-will. Phil. i. 15.
He is proud, knowing nothing; but doating about questions
and strife of words. 1 Tim. vi. 4.
These vows, thus granted, rais'd a strife above
Betwixt the god of war and queen of love:
She granting first, had right of time to plead;
But he had granted too, and would recede. Dryden.
2. Opposition of nature or appearance; contrariety; contrast.
Artificial strife
Lives in those touches, livelier than life. Shakespeare.
How passion's well accorded strife
Makes all the harmony of life. Johnson.

STRI’FEFUL. adj. [strife and full.] Contentious; discordant.
Th' ape was strifeful and ambitious,
And the fox guileful and most covetous. Hubberd's Tale.
I know not what new creation may creep forth from the
strifeful heap of things, into which, as into a second chaos,
we are fallen. Dr. Maine.

STRI’GMENT. n. s. [strigmentum, from stringo, Lat. to scrape.]
Scraping; recrement.
Many, besides the strigments and sudorous adhesions from
mens hands, acknowledge that nothing proceedeth from gold
in its usual decoction. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To STRIKE. v. a. preter. I struck or strook; part. pass. struck,
strucken, stricken. [astrican, Saxon; streichen, German; ad­
strykia, Islandick; stricker, Danish.]
1. To act upon by a blow; to hit with a blow.
He at Philippi kept
His sword e'en like a dancer, while I struck
The lean and wrinkled Cassius. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopat.
We will deliver you the cause,
Why I, that did love Cæsar when I struck him,
Proceeded thus. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
I must
But wail his fall, whom I myself struck down. Shak. Macb.
2. To dash; to throw by a quick motion.
The blood strike on the two side-posts. Ex. xii. 7.
3. To notify by the sound of a hammer on a bell.
The Windsor bell hath struck twelve. Shakesp.
A judicious friend moderates the pursuit, gives the signal
for action, presses the advantage, and strikes the critical
minute. Collier of Friendship.
4. To stamp; to impress.
The memory in some men is very tenacious; but yet there
seems to be a constant decay of all our ideas, even of those
which are struck deepest, and in minds the most retentive. Loc.
5. To punish; to afflict.
To punish the just is not good, nor to strike princes for
equity. Prov. xvii. 26.
6. To contract; to lower; to vale. It is only used in the phrases
to strike sail, or to strike a flag.
How many nobles then would hold their places,
That must strike sail to spirits of vile sort! Shakes. H. IV.
To this all differing passions and interests should strike sail,
and like swelling streams, running different courses, should
yet all make haste into the sea of common safety. Temple.
They strike sail where they know they shall be mastered,
and murder where they can with safety. Dryden.
Now, did I not so near my labours end,
Strike sail, and hast'ning to the harbour tend,
My song to flow'ry gardens might extend. Dryden.
7. To alarm; to put into emotion.
The rest, struck with horror stood,
To see their leader cover'd o'er with blood. Waller.
Jack Straw at London-stone, with all his rout,
Struck not the city with so loud a shout. Dryden.
His virtues render our assembly awful,
They strike with something like religious fear. Addis. Cato.
Did'st thou but view him right, should'st see him black
With murder, treason, sacrilege, and crimes
That strike my soul with horror but to name them. Addison.
We are no sooner presented to any one we never saw be­
fore, but we are immediately struck with the idea of a proud,
a reserved, an affable or a good natured man. Addison.
Nice works of art strike and surprise us most upon the first
view; but the better we are acquainted with them, the less
we wonder. Atterbury.
Court virtues bear, like gems, the highest rate,
Born where heav'n's influence scarce can penetrate;
In life's low vale, the soil the virtues like,
They please as beauties, here as wonders strike. Pope.
8. [Fædus ferire.] To make a bargain.
Sign but his peace, he vows he'll ne'er again
The sacred names of fops and beaus profane:
Strike up the bargain quickly; for I swear,
As times go now, he offers very fair. Dryden.
I come to offer peace; to reconcile
Past enmities; to strike perpetual leagues
With Vanoc. A. Philips's Briton.
9. To produce by a sudden action.
The court paved, striketh up a great heat in summer, and
much cold in winter. Bacon.
Waving wide her myrtle wand,
She strikes an universal peace through sea and land. Milton.
Take my caduceus!
With this the infernal ghosts I can command,
And strike a terror through the Stygian strand. Dryden.
10. To affect suddenly in any particular manner.
When verses cannot be understood, nor a man's good wit
seconded with the forward child understanding; it strikes a
man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room. Shakesp.
Strike her young bones,
Ye taking airs, with lameness. Shakespeare.
He that is stricken blind cannot forget
The precious treasure of his eye-sight lost. Shakespeare.
So ceas'd the rival crew, when Purcell came,
They sung no more, or only sung his fame;
Struck dumb, they all admir'd. Dryden.
Humility disarms envy, and strikes it dead. Collier.
Then do not strike him dead with a denial,
But hold him up in life. Addison's Cato.


11. To cause to sound by blows. With up only emphatical.
The drums presently striking up a march, they plucked up
their ensigns, and forward they go. Knolles.
Strike up the drums, and let the tongue of war
Plead for our int'rest, and our being here. Shakespeare.
12. To forge; to mint.
Some very rare coins struck of a pound weight, of gold and
silver, Constantine sent to Chilperick. Arbuthnot.
13. It is used in the participle, I know not well how, for ad­
vanced in years.
The king
Is wise and virtuous, and his noble queen
Well struck in years; fair and not jealous. Shakespeare.
14. To STRIKE off. To erase from a reckoning or account.
Deliver Helen, and all damage else
Shall be struck off. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
I have this while with leaden thoughts been prest;
But I shall in a more convenient time
Strike off this score of absence. Shakespeare's Othello.
Ask mens opinions: Scoto now shall tell
How trade encreases, and the world goes well:
Strike off his pension by the setting sun,
And Britain, if not Europe, is undone. Pope.
15. To STRIKE off. To separate as by a blow.
Germany had stricken off that which appeared corrupt in
the doctrine of the church of Rome; but seemed nevertheless
in discipline still to retain therewith great conformity. Hooker.
They followed so fast that they overtook him, and with­
out further delay struck off his head. Knolles.
He was taken prisoner by Surinas, lieutenant-general for
the king of Parthia, who stroke off his head. Hakewell.
A mass of water would be quite struck off and separate
from the rest, and tost through the air like a flying river.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
16. To STRIKE out. To produce by collision.
My thoughtless youth was wing'd with vain desires;
My manhood long misled by wand'ring fires,
Follow'd false lights; and when their glimpse was gone,
My pride struck out new sparkles of her own. Dryden.
17. To STRIKE out. To blot; to efface.
By expurgatory animadversions, we might strike out great
numbers of hidden qualities, and having once a conceded list,
with more safety attempt their reasons. Brown.
To methodize is as necessary as to strike out.
18. To STRIKE out. To bring to light.
19. To STRIKE out. To form at once by a quick effort.
Whether thy hand strike out some free design,
Where life awakes and dawns at ev'ry line,
Or blend in beauteous tints the colour'd mass,
And from the canvass call the mimick face. Pope.

To STRIKE. v. n.
1. To make a blow.
I in mine own woe charm'd,
Could not find death, where I did hear him groan;
Nor feel him where he struck. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
It pleased the king
To Strike at me upon his misconstruction;
When he tript me behind. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He wither'd all their strength before he strook. Dryden.
2. To collide; to clash.
Holding a ring by a thread in a glass, tell him that holdeth
it, it shall strike so many times against the side of the glass,
and no more. Bacon's Natural History.
3. To act by repeated percussion.
Bid thy mistress when my drink is ready,
She strike upon the bell. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Those antique minstrels, sure, were Charles like kings,
Cities their lutes, and subjects hearts their strings;
On which with so divine a hand they strook,
Consent of motion from their breath they took. Waller.
4. To sound by the stroke of a hammer.
Cæsar, 'tis strucken eight. Shakespeare.
Deep thoughts will often suspend the senses so far, that about
a man clocks may strike and bells ring, which he takes no no­
tice of. Grew.
5. To make an attack.
Is not the king's name forty thousand names?
Arm, arm, my name; a puny subject strikes
At thy great glory. Shakespeare's Richard II.
When by their designing leaders taught
To strike at power, which for themselves they sought:
The vulgar gull'd into rebellion arm'd,
Their blood to action by their prize was warm'd. Dryden.
6. To act by external influx.
Consider the red and white colours in porphyre; hinder light
but from striking on it, and its colours vanish. Locke.
7. To sound with blows.
Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up,
His sword did ne'er leave striking in the field. Shakespeare.
8. To be dashed upon shallows; to be stranded.
The admiral galley wherein the emperor was, struck upon a
sand, and there stuck fast. Knolles.
9. To pass with a quick or strong effect.
Now and then a glittering beam of wit or passion strikes
through the obscurity of the poem: any of these effect a pre­
sent liking, but not a lasting admiration. Dryden.
10. To pay homage, as by lowering the sail.
We see the wind sit sore upon our sails;
And yet we strike not, but securely perish. Shakespeare.
I'd rather chop this hand off at a blow,
And with the other fling it at thy face,
Than bear so low a sail, to strike to thee. Shakespeare.
The interest of our kingdom is ready to strike to that of
your poorest fishing towns: it is hard you will not accept our
services. Swift.
11. To be put by some sudden act or motion into any state; to
break forth.
It struck on a sudden into such reputation, that it scorns any
longer to sculk, but owns itself publickly. Gov. of the Tongue.
12. To STRIKE in with. To conform; to suit itself to; to
join with at once.
Those who by the prerogative of their age, should frown
youth into sobriety, imitate and strike in with them, and
are really vitious that they may be thought young. South.
They catch at every shadow of relief, strike in at a venture
with the next companion, and so the dead commodity be ta­
ken off, care not who be the chapman. Norris.
The cares or pleasures of the world strike in with every
thought. Addison.
He immediately struck in with them, but described this
march to the temple with so much horrour, that he shivered
every joint. Addison's Freeholder.
13. To STRIKE out. To spread or rove; to make a sudden ex­
cursion.
In this plain was the last general rendezvous of mankind;
and from thence they were broken into companies and dis­
persed, the several successive generations, like the waves of
the sea over-reaching one another, and striking out farther and
farther upon the land. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
When a great man strikes out into a sudden irregularity, he
needs not question the respect of a retinue. Collier of Popularity.

STRIKE. n. s. A bushel; a dry measure of capacity.
Wing, cartnave and bushel, peck, strike ready at hand.
Tusser's Husbandry.

STRI’KEBLOCK. n. s. Is a plane shorter than the jointer, ha­
ving its sole made exactly flat and straight, and is used for the
shooting of a short joint. Moxon's Mechanical Exercise.

STRI’KER. n. s. [from strike.] One that strikes
A bishop then must be blameless, not given to wine, no
striker. 1 Tim. iii. 3.
He thought with his staff to have struck the striker. Sandys.
The striker must be dense, and in its best velocity. Digby.

STRI’KING. part. adj. [from strike.] Affecting; surprising.

STRING. n. s. [string, Saxon; streng, German and Danish;
string he Dutch; stringo, Latin.]
1. A slender rope; a small cord; any slender and flexible band;
a riband; any thing tied.
Any lower bullet hanging upon the other above it, must be
conceived, as if the weight of it were in that point where its
string touches the upper. Wilkins's Dedalus.
Round Ormond's knee thou ty'st the mystick string,
That makes the knight companion to the king. Prior.
2. A thread on which any things are filed.
Their priests pray by their beads, having a string with a
hundred of nutshels upon it; and the repeating of certain
words with them they account meritorious. Stillingfleet.
3. Any set of things filed on a line.
I have caught two of these dark undermining vermin, and
intend to make a string of them, in order to hang them up in
one of my papers. Addison's Spectator.
4. The chord of a musical instrument.
The string that jars
When rudely touch'd, ungrateful to the sense,
With pleasure feels the master's flying fingers,
Swells into harmony, and charms the hearers. Rowe.
By the appearance they make in marble, there is not one
string-instrument that seems comparable to our violins. Addis.
5. A small fibre.
Duckweed putteth forth a little string into the water, from
the bottom. Bacon.
In pulling broom up, the least strings left behind will grow.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
6. A nerve; a tendon.
The most piteous tale which in recounting,
His grief grew puissant, and the strings of life
Began to crack: Shakespeare's King Lear.
The string of his tongue loosed. Mark xxvii. 35.
7. The nerve of the bow.
The wicked bend their bow, they make ready their arrows
upon the string. Psalm xi. 2.
8. Any concatenation or series, as a string of propositions.
9. To have two STRINGS to the bow. To have two views or
two expedients; to have double advantage, or double secu­
rity.


No lover has that pow'r
T' enforce a desperate amour,
As he that has two strings to's bow,
And burns for love and money too. Hudibras.

To STRING. v. a. Preterite I strung, part. pass. strung. [from
the noun.]
1. To furnish with strings.
Has not wise nature strung the legs and feet
With firmest nerves, design'd to walk the street? Gay.
2. To put a stringed instrument in tune.
Here the muse so oft her harp has strung,
That not a mountain rears its head unsung. Addison.
3. To file on a string.
Men of great learning or genius are too full to be exact;
and therefore chuse to throw down their pearls in heaps before
the reader, rather than be at the pains of stringing them. Spect.
4. To make tense.
Toil strung the nerves, and purified the blood. Dryden.

STRI’NGED. adj. [from string.] Having strings; produced by
strings.
Praise him with stringed instruments and organs. Psalms.
Divinely warbl'd voice,
Answering the stringed noise,
As all their souls in blissful rapture took. Milton.

STRI’NGENT. adj. [stringens, Latin.] Binding; contracting.

STRI’NGHALT. n. s. [string and halt.]
Stringhalt is a sudden twitching and snatching up of the
hinder leg of a horse much higher than the other, or an in­
voluntary or convulsive motion of the muscles that extend or
bend the hough. Farrier's Dict.

STRI’NGLESS. adj. [from string.] Having no strings.
Nothing; all is said;
His tongue is now a stringless instrument,
Words, life, and all, old Lancaster hath spent. Shakespeare.

STRI’NGY. adj. [from string.] Fibrous; consisting of small
threads.
A plain Indian fan, made of the small stringy parts of roots
spread out in a round flat form. Grew.

To STRIP. v. a. [streopen, Dutch; bestripte, stripped, Sax.]
1. To make naked; to deprive of covering.
They began to strip her of her cloaths when I came in
among them. Sidney.
They stript Joseph out of his coat. Gen. xxxvii. 23.
Scarce credible it is how soon they were stript and laid na­
ked on the ground. Hayward.
Hadst thou not committed
Notorious murder on those thirty men
At Askelon, who never did thee harm,
Then like a robber strip'dst them of their robes. Milton.
You cloath all that have no relation to you, and strip your
master that gives you food. L'Estrange.
A rattling tempest through the branches went,
That stript them bare. Dryden's Knights Tale.
He saw a beauteous maid
With hair dishevel'd, issuing through the shade,
Stript of her cloaths. Dryden.
He left the pillagers, to rapine bred,
Without controul to strip and spoil the dead. Dryden.
The bride was put in form to bed;
He follow'd stript. Swift.
2. To deprive; to divest.
The apostle in exhorting men to contentment, although
they have in this world no more than bare food and raiment,
giveth us to understand that those are even the lowest of things
necessary, that if we should be stript of all these things, with­
out which we might possibly be, yet these must be left. Hooker.
We strip and divest ourselves of our own will, and give our­
selves entirely up to the will of God. Duppa.
It is difficult to lead another by words into the thoughts of
things, stripped of those specifick differences we give them. Locke.
One would imagine these to be the expressions of a man
blessed with ease and affluence, not of one just stript of all those
advantages. and plunged in the deepest miseries; and now sit­
ting naked upon a dunghil. Atterbury.
3. To rob; to plunder; to pillage.
That which lays a man open to an enemy, and that which
strips him of a friend, equally attacks him in all those interests
that are capable of being weakned by the one and supported by
the other. South's Sermons.
4. To peel; to decorticate.
If the leaves or dried stocks be stripped into small straws,
they arise unto amber, wax, and other electerics, no other
ways than those of wheat or rye. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
5. To deprive of all.
When some fond easy fathers strip themselves before they
lie down to their long sleep, and settle their whole estates
upon their sons, has it not been seen that the father has been
requited with beggary? South's Sermons.
6. To take off covering.
He stript off his cloaths. 1 Sam. xix. 24.
Logick helps us to strip off the outward disguise of things,
and to behold and judge of them in their own nature. Watts.
7. To cast off.
His unkindness
That stript her from his benediction, turn'd her
To foreign casua'ties, gave her dear rights
To her doghearted daughters: these things sting him. Shakes.
8. To separate from something adhesive or connected.
Amongst men who examine not scrupulously their own ideas,
and strip them not from the marks men use for them, but
confound them with words, there must be endless dispute.
Locke.

STRIP. n. s. [Probably for stripe.] A narrow shred.
These two apartments were hung in close mourning, and
only a strip of bays round the other rooms. Swift.

To STRIPE. v. a. [strepen, Dutch.] To variegate with lines
of different colours.

STRIPE. n. s. [strepe, Dutch.]
1. A lineary variation of colour. This seems to be the original
notion of the word.
Gardeners may have three roots among an hundred that
are rare, as purple and carnation of several stripes. Bacon.
2. A shred of a different colour.
One of the most valuable trimmings of their cloaths was a
long stripe sowed upon the garment, called latus clavus. Arbuth.
3. A weal; or discolouration made by a lash or blow.
Cruelty marked him with inglorious stripes. Thomson.
4. A blow; a lash.
A body cannot be so torn with stripes, as a mind with re­
membrance of wicked actions. Hayward.
To those that are yet within the reach of the stripes and
reproofs of their own conscience; I would address that they
would not seek to remove themselves from that wholsome
discipline. Decay of Piety.

STRI’PLING. n. s. [Of uncertain etymology.] A youth; one
in the state of adolescence.
'Thwart the lane,
He, with two striplings, lads, more like to run
The country base, than to commit such slaughter,
Made good the passage. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Now a stripling cherub he appears,
Not of the prime, yet such as in his face
Youth smil'd cœlestial. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Compositions on any important subjects are not matters to
be wrung from poor striplings, like blood out of the nose, or
the plucking of untimely fruit. Milton on Education.
As when young striplings whip the top for sport,
On the smooth pavement of an empty court;
The wooden engine whirls. Dryden's æneid.
As every particular member of the body is nourished with
a several qualified juice, so children and striplings, old men and
young men must have divers diets. Arbuthnot on Alimemts.

To STRIVE. v.n. Preterite I strove, anciently I strived; part.
pass. striven. [streven, Dutch; estriver, French.]
1. To struggle; to labour; to make an effort.
The immutability of God they strive unto, by working
after one and the same manner. Hooker.
Many brave young minds have, through hearing the praises
and eulogies of worthy men, been stirred up to affect the like
commendations, and so strive to the like deserts. Spenser.
Strive with me in your prayers to God for me. Rom. xv.
So have I strived to preach the gospel. Rom. xv. 20.
2. To contest; to contend; to struggle in opposition to another:
with against or with before the person opposed.
Do as adversaries do in law,
Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends. Shakespeare.
Thou art caught, because thou hast striven against the Lord.
Jer. l. 24.
Strive for the truth unto death. Ecclus iv. 28.
Why dost thou strive against him? Job xxxiii. 13.
Charge them that they strive not about words to no profit.
2 Tim. ii. 14.
Avoid contentions and strivings about the law. Tit. iii. 9.
This is only warrantable conflict for the trial of our faith;
so that these strivings are not a contending with superior powers.
L'Estrange.
Thus does every wicked man that contemns God, who
can save or destroy him who strives with his Maker. Tillotson.
Now private pity strove with publick hate,
Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate. Denham.
If intestine broils alarm the hive,
For two pretenders oft for empire strive,
The vulgar in divided factions jar;
And murm'ring sounds proclaim the civil war. Dryden.
3. To vie; to be comparable to; to emulate; to contend in ex­
cellence.
Nor that sweet grove
Of Daphne by Orontes, and the inspir'd
Castalian spring, might with this paradise
Of Eden strive. Milton's Parad. Lost.

STRI’VER. n. s. [from strive.] One who labours; one who
contends.

STRO’KAL. n. s. An instrument used by glass makers. Bailey.

STROKE. or Strook. Old preterite of strike, now commonly struck.


He hoodwinked with kindness, least of all men knew who
stroke him. Sidney.

STROKE. n. s. [from strook, the preterite of strike]
1. A blow; a knock; a sudden act of one body upon another.
Th' oars were silver,
Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made
The water which they beat to follow faster,
As amorous of their strokes. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
2. A hostile blow.
As cannons overcharg'd with double cracks,
So they redoubled strokes upon the foe. Shakespeare.
He entered and won the whole kingdom of Naples, without
striking stroke. Bacon.
His white-man'd steeds that bow'd beneath the yoke,
He chear'd to courage with a gentle stroke,
Then urg'd his fiery chariot on the foe,
And rising, shook his lance in act to throw. Dryden.
Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure,
As might the strokes of two such arms endure. Dryden.
I had a long design upon the ears of Curl, but the rogue
would never allow me a fair stroke at them, though my pen­
knife was ready. Swift.
3. A sudden disease or affliction.
Take this purse, thou whom the heav'ns plagues
Have humbled to all strokes. Shakesp. King Lear.
4. The sound of the clock.
What is't o'clock?—
Upon the stroke of four. Shakespeare's Richard III.
5. The touch of a pencil.
Oh, lasting as those colours may they shine!
Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line. Pope.
6. A touch; a masterly or eminent effort.
Another in my place would take it for a notable stroke of
good breeding, to compliment the reader. L'Estrange.
The boldest strokes of poetry, when managed artfully, most
delight the reader. Dryden's State of Innocence.
As he purchased the first success in the present war, by for­
cing, into the service of the confederates, an army that was
raised against them, he will give one of the finishing strokes to
it, and help to conclude the great work. Addison.
A verdict more puts me in possession of my estate, I que­
stion not but you will give it the finishing stroke. Arbuthnot.
Isiodore's collection was the great and bold stroke, which
in its main parts has been discovered to be an impudent for­
gery. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
7. An effect suddenly or unexpectedly produced.
8. Power; efficacy.
These having equal authority for instruction of the young
prince, and well agreeing, bare equal stroke in divers facul­
ties. Hayward.
Perfectly opacous bodies can but reflect the incident beams,
those that are diaphanous refract them too, and that refraction
has such a stroke in the production of colours, generated by
the trajection of light through drops of water, that exhibit a
rainbow through divers other transparent bodies. Boyle.
He has a great stroke with the reader when he condemns any
of my poems, to make the world have a better opinion of
them. Dryden.
The subtile effluvia of the male seed have the greatest stroke
in generation. Ray.

To STROKE. v. a. [stracan, Saxon.]
1. To rub gently with the hand by way of kindness or endear­
ment; to sooth.
Thus children do the silly birds they find
With stroaking hurt, and too much cramming kill. Sidney.
The senior weaned, his younger shall teach,
More stroken and made of, when ought it doth aile,
More gentle ye make it for yoke or the paile. Tusser.
Thy praise or dispraise is to me alike,
One doth not stroke me, nor the other strike. Ben. Johns.
He set forth a proclamation stroaking the people with fair
promises, and humouring them with invectives against the
king and government. Bacon.
He dry'd the falling drops, and yet more kind,
He strok'd her cheeks. Dryden.
Come, let us practise death,
Stroke the grim lion till he grow familiar. Dryden.
She pluck'd the rising flow'rs, and fed
The gentle beast, and fondly stroak'd his head. Addison.
2. To rub gently in one direction.
When the big-udder'd cows with patience stand,
Waiting the strokings of the damsel's hand. Gay.

To STROLL. v. n. To wander; to ramble; to rove; to be
a vagrant.
She's mine, and thine, and strolling up and down. Granv.
Your wine lock'd up, your butler stroll'd abroad. Pope.
These mothers strole, to beg sustenance for their helpless in­
fants. Swift.

STRO’LLER. n.s. [from stroll.] A vagrant; a wanderer; a va­
gabond.
Two brother-hermits, saints by trade,
Disguis'd in tatter'd habits, went
To a small village down in Kent;
Where, in the strollers canting strain,
They begg'd from door to door in vain. Swift.
The men of pleasure, who never go to church, form their
ideas of the clergy from a few poor strollers they often observe
in the streets. Swift.

STROND. n. s. [from strand.] The beach; the bank of the
water.
So looks the strond whereon th' imperious flood
Hath left a witness'd usurpation. Shakespeare's H. IV.

STRONG. adj. [strang, Saxon.]
1. Vigorous; forceful; of great ability of body.
Though 'gan the villain wax so fierce and strong,
That nothing may sustain his furious force,
He cast him down to ground, and all along
Drew him through dirt and mire. Fairy Queen.
The strong-wing'd Mercury should fetch thee up,
And set thee by Jove's side. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
That our oxen may be strong to labour. Psal. cxliv. 14.
The Marsian and Sabellian race,
Strong limb'd and stout. Dryden.
Orses the strong to greater strength must yield;
He, with Parthenius, were by Rapo kill'd. Dryden.
2. Fortified; secure from attack.
Within Troy's strong immures
The ravish'd Helen with wanton Paris sleeps. Shakespeare.
An army of English engaged in the midst, between an army
of a greater number, fresh and in vigour on the one side, and
a town strong in fortification, and strong in men on the other.
Bacon's War with Spain.
It is no matter how things are, so a man observe but the
agreement of his own imaginations, and talk conformably, it
is all truth: such castles in the air will be as strong holds of
truth as the demonstrations of Euclid. Locke.
3. Powerful; mighty.
While there was war between the houses of Saul and David,
Abner made himself strong for Saul. 2 Sam. iii. 6.
The merchant-adventurers being a strong companh, and
well underset with rich men and good order, held out bravely.
Bacon.
Those that are strong at sea may easily bring them to what
terms they please. Addison.
The weak, by thinking themselves strong, are induced to
proclaim war against that which ruins them; and the strong,
by conceiting themselves weak, are thereby rendered as useless
as if they really were so. South's Sermons.
4. Supplied with forces.
When he was not six and twenty strong,
Sick in the world's regard, wretched and low,
My father gave him welcome to the shore. Shak. Hen. IV.
He was, at his rising from Exeter, between six and seven
thousand strong. Bacon.
In Britain's lovely isle a shining throng
War in his cause, a thousand beauties strong. Tickell.
5. Hale; healthy.
Better is the poor being sound and strong in constitution,
than a rich man afflicted in his body. Ecclus xxx. 14.
6. Forcibly acting in the imagination.
This is one of the strongest examples of a personation that
ever was. Bacon.
7. Ardent; eager; positive; zealous.
Her mother, ever strong against that match,
And firm for doctor Caius, hath appointed,
That he shall shuffle her away. Shakesp. Mer. Wives of Wind.
In choice of committees for ripening business for the
council, it is better to chuse indifferent persons, than to make
an indifferency, by putting in those that are strong on both
sides. Bacon.
The knight is a much stronger tory in the country than in
town, which is necessary for the keeping up his interest. Add.
8. Full; having any quality in a great degree; affecting the
sight or smell forcibly.
Add with Cecropian thyme strong-scented centaury. Dryd.
By mixing such powders we are not to expect a strong and
full white, such as is that of paper; but some dusky obscure
one, such as might arise from a mixture of light and dark­
ness, or from white and black, that is, a grey or dun, or rus­
set brown. Newton's Opticks.
Thus shall there be made two bows of colours, an interior
and stronger, by one reflexion in the drops, and an exterior
and fainter by two; for the light becomes fainter by every
reflexion. Newton's Opticks.
9. Potent; intoxicating.
Get strong beer to rub your horses heels. Swift.
10. Having a deep tincture; affecting the taste forcibly.
Many of their propositions favour very strong of the old
leaven of innovations. King Charles.
11. Affecting the smell powerfully.
The prince of Cambay's daily food
Is asps, and basilisk and toad,
Which makes him have so strong a breath,
Each night he stinks a queen to death. Hudibras.


The heat of a human body, as it grows more intense,
makes the urine smell more strong. Arbuthnot.
12. Hard of digestion; not easily nutrimental.
Strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age. Hebr.
13. Furnished with abilities for any thing.
I was stronger in prophecy than in criticism. Dryden.
14. Valid; confirmed.
In process of time, an ungodly custom grown strong, was
kept as a law. Wisdom xiv. 16.
15. Violent; vehement; forcible.
In the days of his flesh he offered up prayers, with strong
crying and tears. Heb. v. 7.
The scriptures make deep and strong impressions on the minds
of men: and whosoever denies this, as he is in point of reli­
gion atheistical, so in understanding brutish. J. Corbet.
16. Cogent; conclusive.
Messengers
Of strong prevailment in unharden'd youth. Shakespeare.
What strong cries must they be that shall drown so loud a
clamour of impieties. Decay of Piety.
Produce your cause; bring forth your strong reasons. Isa.
17. Able; skilful; of great force of mind.
There is no English soul
More stronger to direct you than yourself,
If with the sap of reason you would quench,
Or but allay the fire of passion. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
18. Firm; compact; not soon broken.
Full on his ankle fell the pond'rous stone,
Burst the strong nerves, and crash'd the solid bone. Pope.
19. Forcibly written; comprising much meaning in few words.

STRONGFI’STED. adj. [strong and fist.] Stronghanded.
John, who was pretty strongfisted, gave him such a squeeze
as made his eyes water. Arbuthnot.

STRO’NGHAND. n. s. [strong and hand.] Force; violence.
When their captain dieth, if the seniory should descend to
his child, and an infant, another would thrust him out by
stronghand, being then unable to defend his right. Spenser.
They wanting land wherewith to sustain their people, and
the Tuscans having more than enough, it was their meaning
to take what they needed by stronghand. Raleigh.

STRO’NGLY. adv. [from strong.]
1. Powerfully; forcibly.
The colewort is an enemy to any plant, because it draw­
eth strongly the fattest juice of the earth. Bacon's Natural History.
The dazzling light
Had flash'd too strongly on his aking sight. Addison.
Water impregnated with salt attenuates strongly. Arbuthnot.
When the attention is strongly fixed to any subject, all that
is said concerning it makes a deeper impression. Watts.
2. With strength; with firmness; in such a manner as to last;
in such a manner as not easily to be forced.
Great Dunsinane he strongly fortifies. Shakespeare.
Let the foundations be strongly laid. Ezra vi. 3.
3. Vehemently; forcibly; eagerly.
All these accuse him strongly. Shakespeare.
The ruinous consequences of Wood's patent have been
strongly represented by both houses. Swift.

STRO’NGWATER. n. s. [strong and water.] Distilled spirits.
Metals receive in readily strongwaters; and strongwaters
do readily pierce into metals and stones: and some will touch
upon gold, that will not touch upon silver. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

STROOK. The preterite of strike, used in poetry for struck.
A sudden tempest from the desart flew,
With horrid wings, and thunder'd as it blew:
Then whirling round, the quoins together strook. Sandys.
That conqu'ring look
When next beheld, like light'ning strook
My blasted soul, and made me bow. Waller.
He, like a patient angler, ere he strook,
Would let them play a while upon the hook. Dryden.

STROPHE. n. s. [strophe, Fr. ??f.] A stanza.

STROVE. The preterite of strive.
Having quite lost the way of nobleness, he strove to climb
to the height of terribleness. Sidney.

To STROUT. v. n. [strussen, German.] To swell with an ap­
pearance of greatness; to walk with affected dignity; to strut.
This is commonly written strut, which seems more proper.

To STROUT. v. a. To swell out; to puff out; to enlarge by
affectation.
I will make a brief list of the particulars in an historical
truth nowise strouted, nor made greater by language. Bacon.

To STROW. v. n. [See to STREW.]
1. To spread by being scattered.
Angel forms lay entranc'd,
Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks
In Valombrosa. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To spread by scattering; to besprinkle.
All the ground
With shiver'd armour strown. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Come, shepherds come, and strow with leaves the plain;
Such funeral rites your Daphnis did ordain. Dryden.
With osier floats the standing water strow,
With massy stones make bridges if it flow. Dryden.
3. To spread.
There have been three years dearth of corn, and every
place strow'd with beggars. Swift.
4. To scatter; to throw at random.
Synah, can I tell thee more?
And of our ladies bowre;
But little need to strow my store,
Suffice this hill of our. Spenser.
The tree in storms
The glad earth about her strows,
With treasure from her yielding boughs. Waller.
Possession kept the beaten road,
And gatherd all his brother strow'd. Swift.

To STROWL. v. n. To range; to wander. [See STROLL]
'Tis she who nightly strowls with saunt'ring pace. Gay.

To STROY. v. a. [For destroy.]
Dig garden, stroy mallow, now may you at ease. Tusser.

STRUCK. The old preterite and participle passive of strike.
This message bear: the Trojans and their chief
Bring holy peace, and beg the king's relief;
Struck with so great a name, and all on fire,
The youth replies; whatever you require. Dryden.
In a regular plantation, I can place myself in its several
centers, so as to view all the walks struck from them. Spectator.
High on his car Sesostris struck my view,
Whom scepter'd slaves in golden harness drew. Pope.
Some to conceit alone their taste confine,
And glitt'ring thoughts struck out at ev'ry line. Pope.

STRU’CKEN. The old participle passive of strike.
Down fell the duke, his joints dissolv'd asunder,
Blind with the light, and strucken dead with wonder. Fairs.
All liquours strucken make round circles, and dash. Bacon.
Silent, and in face
Confounded, long they sat, as strucken mute. Milton.

STRU’CTURE [structure, Fr. structura, from structus, Latin.]
1. Act of building; practice of building.
His son builds on, and never is content,
Till the last farthing is in structure spent. Dryden.
2. Manner of building; form; make.
Several have gone about to inform them, but for want of
insight into the structure and constitution of the terraqueous
globe, have not given satisfaction. Woodward.
3. Edifice; building.
Ecbatana her structure vast there shews,
And Hecatompylos her hundred gates. Milton.
High on a rock of ice the structure lay. Pope.
There stands a structure of majestick frame. Pope.

STRUDE. or Strode. n. s. A stock of breeding mares. Bailey.

To STRU’GGLE. v. n. [Of uncertain etymology.]
1. To labour; to act with effort.
2. To strive; to contend; to contest.
No man is guilty of an act of intemperance but he might
have forborn it; not without some trouble from the strugglings
of the contrary habit, but still the thing was possible. South.
In the time of Henry VIII. differences of religion tore the
nation into two mighty factions, and, under the name of Papist
and Protestant, struggled in her bowels with many various
events. Temple.
I repent, like some despairing wretch,
That boldly plunges in the frightful deep,
Then pants, and struggles with the whirling waves;
And catches every slender reed to save him. Smith.
3. To labour in difficulties; to be in agonies or distress.
Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still,
Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill. Dryden.
'Tis wisdom to beware
And better shun the bait, than struggle in the snare. Dryden.
If men struggle through as many troubles to be miserable as
to be happy; my readers may be persuaded to be good. Spect.
He struggling groans beneath the cruel hands
Even of the clowns he feeds. Thomson.

STRU’GGLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Labour; effort.
2. Contest; contention.
When, in the division of parties, men only strove for the
first place in the prince's favour, an honest man might look
upon the struggle with indifference. Addison.
It began and ended without any of those unnatural struggles
for the chair, which have disturbed the peace of this great
city. Atterbury.
3. Agonv; tumultuous distress.

STRUMA. n. s. [Latin.] A glandular swelling; the king's evil.
A gentlewoman had a struma about the instep, very hard
and deep about the tendons. Wiseman's Surgery.

STRU’MOUS. adj. [from struma.] Having swelling in the glands.
How to treat them when strumous, scirrhous, or cancerous.
Wiseman:

STRU’MPET. n. s. A whore; a prostitute. Of doubtful original.
Stropo vieux mot palliardise. Stuprum, Lat. Trevoux.
How like a younker or a prodigal
The skarfed bark puts from her native bay,


Hugg'd and embraced by the strumpet wind!
How like a prodigal doth she return,
Lean, rent, and beggar'd by the strumpet wind. Shakesp.
Ne'er could the strumpet,
With all her double vigour, art and nature,
Once stir my temper, but this virtuous maid
Subdues me quite. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
If to preserve this vessel for my lord
From any other, foul, unlawful touch,
Be not to be a strumpet, I am none. Shakespeare's Othello.
Common fame is as false and impudent as a common strum­
pet. L'Estrange.
Honour had his due;
Before the holy priest my vows were ty'd:
So came I not a strumpet but a bride. Dryden.

To STRU’MPET. v. a. To make a whore; to debauch.
If we two be one, and thou play false,
I do digest the poison of thy flesh,
Being strumpeted by the contagion. Shakespeare.

STRUNG. The preterite and participle passive of string.
The strung bow points out the Cynthian queen. Gay.

To STRUT. v. n. [strussen, German.]
1. To walk with affected dignity; to swell with stateliness.
Adore our errours, laugh at's while we strut
To our confusion. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
Does he not hold up his head and strut in his gait? Shakesp.
Though thou strut and paint,
Yet art thou both shrunk up and old. Ben. Johnson.
The false syren
Struts on th waves, and shews the brute below. Dryden.
We will be with you ere the crowing cock
Salutes the light, and struts before his feather'd flock. Dryd.
2. To swell; to protuberate.
The goats with strutting dugs shall homeward speed. Dryd.
The pow'r appeas'd, with winds suffic'd the sail,
The bellying canvass strutted with the gale. Dryden.
As thy strutting bags with money rise,
The love of gain is of an equal size. Dryden.

STRUT. n. s. [from the verb.] An affectation of stateliness in
the walk.
Certain gentlemen of the gown, by smirking countenances
and an ungainly strut in their walk, have got preferment.
Swift.
STU

STUB. n. s. [steb, Sax. stubbe, Danish; stob, Dutch; stipes,
Latin.]
1. A thick short stock left when the rest is cut off.
Dametas guided the horses so ill, that the wheel coming
over a great stub of a tree, overturned the coach. Sidney.
All about, old stocks and stubs of trees,
Whereon nor fruit nor leaf was ever seen,
Did hang upon the ragged rocky knees. Fairy Queen.
To buy at the stub is the best for the buyer,
More timely provision, the cheaper is fire. Tusser.
Upon cutting down of an old timber tree, the stub hath put
out sometimes a tree of another kind. Bacon's Nat. History.
We here
Live on tough roots and stubs, to thirst inur'd,
Men to much misery and hardships born. Milton.
Prickly stubs instead of trees are found,
Or woods with knots and knares deform'd and old;
Headless the most, and hideous to behold. Dryd. Knights Tale.
2. A log; a block.
You shall have more adoe to drive our dullest and laziest
youth, our stocks and stubs, from the infinite desire of such a
happy narture, than we have now to haul our choicest wits to
that asinine feast of sow-thistles and brambles. Milton.

To STUB. v. a. [from the noun.] To force up; to extirpate.
His two tusks serve for fighting and feeding; by the help
whereof he stubs up edible roots out of the ground, or tears
off the bark of trees. Grew's Musæum.
The other tree was griev'd,
Grew scrubby, dry'd a-top, was stunted;
So the next parson stubb'd and burnt it. Swift.

STU’BBED. adj. [from stub.] Truncated; short and thick.
A pain he in his head-piece feels,
Against a stubbed tree he reels,
And up went poor Hobgoblin's heels. Drayton.
To spight the coy nymphs,
Hang upon our stubbed horns
Garlands, ribbons, and fine poesies. Ben. Johnson.

STU’BBEDNESS. n. s. [from stubbed.] The state of being short,
thick, and truncated.

STU’BBLE. n. s. [estouble, Fr. stoppel, Dutch; stipula, Latin.]
The stalks of corn left in the field by the reaper.
This suggested
At some time, when his soaring insolence
Shall reach the people, will be the fire
To kindle their dry stubble, and their blaze
Shall darken him for ever. Shakespeare.
If a small red flower in the stubble-fields, called the winco­
pipe, open in the morning, you may be sure of a fair day.
Bacon.
His succeeding years afford him little more than the stubble
of his own harvest. Dryden.
Thrice happy Duck, employ'd in threshing stubble,
Thy toil is lessen'd and thy profits double. Swift.
After the first crop is off they plow in the wheat stubble.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

STU’BBORN. adj. [This word, of which no obvious etymo­
logy appears, is derived by Minshew from stoutborn, referred
by Junius to ??ßa?, and deduced better by Mr. Lye, from
stub, perhaps from stub-horn.]
1. Obstinate; inflexible; contumacious.
The queen is obstinate,
Stubborn to justice, apt t' accuse it, and
Disdainful to be tried by't. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
You stubborn antient knave, you reverend braggart,
We'll teach you.— Shakespeare's King Lear.
He believed he had so humbled the garrison, that they would
be no longer so stubborn. Clarendon.
2. Persisting; persevering; steady.
All this is to be had only from the epistles themselves, with
stubborn attention, and more than common application. Locke.
3. Stiff; not pliable; inflexible; not easily admitting impression.
Strifeful Atin in their stubborn mind,
Coals of contention and hot vengeance tin'd. Spenser.
Love softens me, and blows up fires which pass
Through my tough heart, and melt the stubborn mass. Dryd.
I'll not flatter this tempestuous king,
But work his stubborn soul a nobler way. Dryden.
Take a plant of stubborn oak,
And labour him with many a sturdy stroak. Dryden.
4. Hardy; firm.
Patience under torturing pain,
Where stubborn stoicks would complain. Swift.
5. Harsh; rough; rugged.
We will not oppose any thing that is hard and stubborn, but
by a soft answer deaden their force. Burnet.
6. In all its uses it commonly implies something of a bad qua­
lity.

STU’BBORNLY. adv. [from stubborn.] Obstinately; contuma­
ciously; inflexibly.
Stubbornly he did repugn the truth,
About a certain question in the law. Shakesp. H. VI.
He wilfully neglects his book, and stubbornly refuses any
thing he can do. Locke.
So close they cling, so stubbornly retire,
Their love's more violent than the chymist's fire. Garth.

STU’BBORNNESS. n. s. [from stubborn.] Obstinacy; vicious
stoutness; contumacy; inflexibility.
Happy is your grace,
That can translate the stubbornness of fortune
Into so quiet and so sweet a style. Shakesp. As you like it.
He chose a course least subject to envy, between stiff stub­
bornness and filthy flattery. Hayward.
Patriots, in peace, assert the people's right,
With noble stubbornness resisting might. Dryden.
Stubbornness, and an obstinate disobedience, must be mas­
tered with blows. Locke.
It failed, partly by the accidents of a storm, and partly by
the stubbornness or treachery of that colony for whose relief it
was designed. Swift.

STU’BBY. adj. [from stub.] Short and thick; short and strong.
The base is surrounded with a garland of black and stubby
bristles. Grew's Musæum.

STU’BNAIL. n. s. [stub and nail.] A nail broken off; a short
thick nail.

STU’CCO. n. s. [Ital. stuc, Fr.] A kind of fine plaster for walls.
Palladian walls, Venetian doors,
Grotesco roofs, and stucco floors. Pope.

STUCK. The preterite and participle passive of stick.
I had a pass with rapier, scabbard and all, and he gives me
the stuck in with such a mortal motion, that it is inevitable.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
What more infamous brands have records stuck upon any,
than those who used the best parts for the worst ends?
Decay of Piety.
The partners of their crime will learn obedience,
When they look up and see their fellow-traitors
Stuck on a fork. Addison.
When the polypus from forth his cave,
Torn with full force, reluctant beats the wave,
His ragged claws are stuck with stones and sands. Pope.
Stuck o'er with titles, and hung round with strings,
That thou may'st be by kings, or whores of kings. Pope.

STUCKLE. n. s. [stook, Scottish.] A number of sheaves laid toge­
ther in the field to dry. Ainsworth.

STUD. n. s. [studu, Saxon.]
1. A post; a stake. In some such meaning perhaps it is to be
taken in the following passage, which I do not understand.
A barn in the country, that hath one single stud, or one
height of studs to the roof, is two shillings a foot. Mortimer.
2. A nail with a large head driven for ornament; any ornamen­
tal knob or protuberance.


Handles were to add,
For which he now was making studs. Chapman's Iliad.
A belt of straw, and ivy buds,
With coral clasps and amber studs. Raleigh.
Crystal and myrrhine cups emboss'd with gems,
And studs of pearl. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Upon a plane are several small oblong studs, placed regularly
in a quincunx order. Woodward on Fossils.
A desk he had of curious work,
With glitt'ring studs about. Swift.
3. [Stode, Saxon; stod, Islandick, is a stallion.] A collection
of breeding horses and mares.
In the studs of Ireland, where care is taken, we see horses
bred of excellent shape, vigour, and size. Temple.

To STUD. v. a. [from the noun.] To adorn with studs or
shining knobs.
Thy horses shall be trapp'd,
Their harness studded all with gold and pearl. Shakespeare.
A silver studded ax, alike bestow'd. Dryden's æn.

STU’DENT. n. s. [studens, Latin.] A man given to books; a
scholar; a bookish man.
Keep a gamester from dice, and a good student from his
book. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
This grave advice some sober student bears,
And loudly rings it in his fellow's ears. Dryden's Pers.
A student shall do more in one hour, when all things concur
to invite him to any special study, than in four at a dull sea­
son. Watts's Logick.
I slightly touch the subject, and recommend it to some
student of the profession. Arbuthnot on Coins.

STU’DIED. adj. [from study.]
1. Learned; versed in any study; qualified by study.
He died
As one that had been studied in his death,
To throw away the dearest thing he ow'd,
As 'twere a careless trifle. Shakespeare.
I am well studied for a liberal thanks,
Which I do owe you. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
It will be fit that some man, reasonably studied in the law,
go as chancellor. Bacon.
2. Having any particular inclination. Out of use.
A prince should not be so loosely studied as to remember so
weak a composition. Shakespeare.

STU’DIER. n. s. [from study.] One who studies.
Lipsius was a great studier of the stoical philosophy: upon
his death-bed his friend told him, that he needed not use ar­
guments to persuade him to patience, the philosophy which he
had studied would furnish him; he answers him, Lord Jesus,
give me Christian patience. Tillotson.
There is a law of nature, as intelligible to a rational crea­
ture and studier of that law, as the positive laws of common­
wealths. Locke.

STU’DIOUS. adj. [studieux, French; studiosus, Latin.]
1. Given to books and contemplation; given to learning.
A proper remedy for wandering thoughts, he that shall
propose, would do great service to the studious and contempla­
tive part of mankind. Locke.
2. Diligent; busy.
Studious to find new friends, and new allies. Tickell.
3. Attentive to; careful.
The people made
Stout for the war, and studious of their trade. Dryden.
There are who, fondly studious of increase,
Rich foreign mold on their ill-natur'd land
Induce. Philips.
4. Contemplative; suitable to meditation.
Let my due feet never fail
To walk the studious cloister's pale. Milton.
Him for the studious shade
Kind nature form'd. Thomson's Summer.

STU’DIOUSLY. adv. [from studious.]
1. Contemplatively; with close application to literature.
2. Diligently; carefully; attentively.
On a short pruning hook his head reclines,
And studiously surveys his gen'rous wines. Dryden's æn.
All of them studiously cherished the memory of their hon­
ourable extraction. Atterbury.

STU’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from studious.] Addiction to study.

STU’DY. n. s. [estude, French; studium, Latin.]
1. Application of mind to books and learning.
Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace. Temp.
Engage the mind in study by a consideration of the divine
pleasures of truth and knowledge. Watts.
2. Perplexity; deep cogitation.
Th' idea of her life shall sweetly creep
Into his study of imagination. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.
The king of Castile, a little confused, and in a study, said,
that can I not do with my honour. Bacon's Henry VII.
3. Attention; meditation; contrivance.
What can happen
To me above this wretchedness? All your studies
Make me a curse like this. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Just men they seem'd, and all their study bent
To worship God aright, and know his works. Milton.
4. Any particular kind of learning.
Studies serve for delight in privateness and retiring, for or­
nament in discourse, and for ability in the judgment and dis­
position of business. Bacon's Essays.
5. Apartment set off for literary employment.
Get me a taper in my study, Lucius. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.
Knock at the study, where, they say, he keeps,
To ruminate strange plots. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
Let all studies and libraries be towards the East. Wotton.
Some servants of the king visited the lodgings of the accused
members, and sealed up their studies and trunks. Clarendon.
Both adorn'd their age;
One for the study, t'other for the stage. Dryden.

To STU’DY. v. n. [studeo, Latin; estudier, French.]
1. To think with very close application; to muse.
I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable. Swift.
2. To endeavour diligently.
Study to be quiet, and do your own business. 1 Thes. iv. 11.

To STU’DY. v. a.
1. To apply the mind to.
Nothing lovelier can be found
In woman, than to study household good. Milton.
If a gentleman be to study any language, it ought to be
that of his own country. Locke.
2. To consider attentively.
He hath studied her well, and translated her out of honesty
into English. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Study thyself: what rank, or what degree,
The wise Creator has ordain'd for thee. Dryden's Pers.
You have studied every spot of ground in Flanders, which
has been the scene of battles and sieges. Dryden.
3. To learn by application.
You could, for a need, study a speech of some dozen lines,
which I would set down. Shakesp. Hamlet.

STUFF. n. s. [stoffe, Dutch; estoffe, French.]
1. Any matter or body.
Let Phidias have rude and obstinate stuff to carve: though
his art do that it should, his work will lack that beauty, which
otherwise in fitter matter it might have had. Hooker.
The workman on his stuff his skill doth show,
And yet the stuff gives not the man his skill. Davies.
Of brick, and of that stuff, they cast to build
A city and tow'r. Milton.
Pierce an hole near the inner edge, because the triangle
hath there most substance of stuff. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. Materials out of which any thing is made.
Thy verse swells with stuff so fine and smooth,
That thou art even natural in thine art. Shakesp. Timon.
Cæsar hath wept;
Ambition should be made of sterner stuff. Shakes. Jul. Cæs.
Success or loss, what is or is not, serves
As stuff for these two to make paradoxes. Shakespeare.
Thy father, that poor rag,
Must be thy subject, who in spight put stuff
To some she-beggar, and compounded thee
Poor rogue hereditary. Shakespeare's Timon.
Degrading prose explains his meaning ill,
And shews the stuff, and not the workman's skill. Roscom.
3. Furniture; goods.
Fare away to get our stuff aboard. Shakespeare.
He took away looks, and gave away the king's stuff. Hayw.
Groaning waggons loaded high
With stuff. Cowley's Davideis.
4. That which fills any thing.
With some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart. Shakespeare.
5. Essence; elemental part.
Though in the trade of war I have slain men,
Yet do I hold it very stuff o' th' conscience
To do no contriv'd murther. Shakesp. Othello.
6. Any mixture or medicine.
I did compound for her
A certain stuff, which, being ta'en, would seize
The present power of life. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
7. Cloth or texture of any kind.
8. Textures of wool thinner and slighter than cloath.
Let us turn the wools of the land into cloaths and stuffs of
our own growth, and the hemp and flax growing here into
linen cloth and cordage. Bacon's Advice to Villiert.
9. Matter or thing. In contempt.
O proper stuff!
This is the very painting of your fear. Shakes. Macbeth.
Such stuff as madmen
Tongue and brain not. Shakespeare.
At this fusty stuff
The large Achilles, on his prest bed lolling,
From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause. Shakesp.
Please not thyself the flatt'ring crowd to hear,
'Tis fulsome stuff to feed thy itching ear. Dryden's Pers.


Anger would indite
Such woful stuff as I or Shadwell write. Dryden's Juven.
To-morrow will be time enough
To hear such mortifying stuff. Swift.
The free things that among rakes pass for wit and spirit,
must be shocking stuff to the ears of persons of delicacy. Clariss.
10. It is now seldom used in any sense but in contempt or
dislike.

To STUFF. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fill very full with any thing.
When we've stuff'd
These pipes, and these conveyances of blood,
With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls. Shakespeare.
If I find him comforting the king,
It will stuff his suspicion more fully. Shakespeare.
Though plenteous, all too little seems
To stuff this maw, this vast unhide-bound corps. Milton.
What have we more to do than to stuff our guts with these
figs? L'Estrange.
This crook drew hazel-boughs adown,
And stuff'd her apron wide with nuts so brown. Gay.
2. To fill to uneasiness.
With some oblivious antidote
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart. Shakespeare.
3. To thrust into any thing.
Put roses into a glass with a narrow mouth, stuffing them
close together, but without bruising, and they retain smell and
colour fresh a year. Bacon's Natural History.
4. To fill by being put into any thing.
Grief fills the room up of my absent child,
Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me,
Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form. Shakespeare.
With inward arms the dire machine they load,
And iron bowels stuff the dark abode. Dryden's æn.
A bed,
The stuffing leaves, with hides of bears o'erspread. Dryden.
5. To swell out by something thrust in.
I will be the man that shall make you great.—I cannot
perceive how, unless you give me your doublet, and stuff me
out with straw. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The gods for sin
Should with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin. Dryden.
Officious Baucis lays
Two cushions stuff'd with straw, the seat to raise. Dryden.
6. To fill with something improper or superfluous.
It is not usual among the best patterns to stuff the report of
particular lives with matter of publick record. Wotton.
Those accusations are stuffed with odious generals, that the
proofs seldom make good. Clarendon.
For thee I dim these eyes, and stuff this head
With all such reading as was never read. Pope.
7. To obstruct the organs of scent or respiration.
These gloves the count sent me; they are an excellent per­
fume.—I am stufft, cousin, I cannot smell. Shakespeare.
8. To fill meat with something of high relish.
She went for parsly to stuff a rabbet. Shakespeare.
He aim'd at all, yet never could excel
In any thing but stuffing of his veal. King's Cookery.
9. To form by stuffing.
An eatern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sen­
tence, and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and
placed upon the tribunal. Swift.

To STUFF. v. n. To feed gluttonously.
Wedg'd in a spacious elbow-chair,
And on her plate a treble share,
As if she ne'er could have enough,
Taught harmless man to cram and stuff. Swift.

STU’FFING. n. s. [from stuff.]
1. That by which any thing is filled.
Rome was a farrago out of the neighbouring nations; and
Greece, though one monarchy under Alexander, yet the
people that were the stuffing and materials thereof, existed
before. Hale.
2. Relishing ingredients put into meat.
Arrach leaves are very good in pottage and stuffings. Mort.

STUKE, or Stuck. n. s. [stuc, French; stucco, Italian.] A com­
position of lime and marble, powdered very fine, commonly
called plaister of Paris, with which figures and other ornaments
resembling sculpture are made. Bailey.

STULM. n. s. A shaft to draw water out of a mine. Bailey.

STULTI’LOQUENCE. n. s. [stultus and loquentia, Lat.] Foolish
talk. Dict.

STUM. n. s. [stum, Swedish, supposed to be contracted from
mustum, Latin.]
1. Wine yet unfermented; the cremor or froth on must.
An unctuous clammy vapour, that arises from the stum of
grapes, when they lie mashed in the vat, puts out a light,
when dipped into it. Addison on Italy.
2. New wine used to raise fermentation in dead and vapid wines.
Let our wines without mixture or stum be all fine,
Or call up the master, and break his dull noddle. B. Johns.
3. Wine revived by a new fermentation.
Drink ev'ry letter on't in stum,
And make it brisk champaigne become. Hudibras.

To STUM. v. a. [from the noun.] To renew wine by mixing
fresh wine and raising a new fermentation.
Vapid wines are put upon the lees of noble wines to give
them spirit, and we stum our wines to renew their spirits. Floy.

To STU’MBLE. v. n. [This word Junius derives from stump,
and says the original meaning is to strike or trip against a
stump. I rather think it comes from tumble.]
1. To trip in walking.
When she will take the rein, I let her run;
But she'll not stumble. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
A headstall being restrained to keep him from stumbling,
hath been often burst. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
As we pac'd along
Upon the giddy footing of the hatches,
Methought that Glo'ster stumbled; and, in falling,
Struck me, that sought to stay him, overboard. Shakesp.
The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know not at
what they stumble. Prov. iv. 19.
Cover'd o'er with blood,
Which from the patriot's breast in torrents flow'd,
He faints: his steed no longer hears the rein;
But stumbles o'er the heap his hand had slain. Prior.
2. To slip; to err; to slide into crimes or blunders.
He that loveth his brother, abideth in the light, and there is
none occasion of stumbling in him. 1 Jo. ii. 10.
This my day of grace
They who neglect and scorn, shall never taste;
But hard be harden'd, blind be blinded more,
That they may stumble on, and deeper fall. Milton.
3. To strike against by chance; to light on by chance.
This extreme dealing had driven her to put herself with a
great lady of that country, by which occasion she had stumbled
upon such mischances as were little for the honour of her or
her family. Sidney.
What man art thou, that, thus bescreen'd in night,
So stumblest on my counsel. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
A mouse, bred in a chiest, dropped out over the side, and
stumbled upon a delicious morsel. L'Estrange.
Ovid stumbled, by some inadvertency, upon Livia in a
bath. Dryden.
Many of the greatest inventions have been accidentally
stumbled upon by men busy and inquisitive. Ray.
Write down p and b, and make signs to him to endeavour
to pronounce them, and guide him by shewing him the motion
of your own lips; by which he will, with a little endeavour,
stumble upon one of them. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To STU’MBLE. v. a.
1. To obstruct in progress; to make to trip or stop.
2. To make to boggle; to offend.
Such terms amus'd them all,
And stumbled many. Milton's Paradise Lost.
One thing more stumbles me in the very foundation of this
bypothesis. Locke.

STU’MBLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A trip in walking.
2. A blunder; a failure.
One stumble is enough to deface the character of an hon­
ourable life. L'Estrange.

STU’MBLER. n. s. [from stumble.] One that stumbles.
Be sweet to all: is thy complexion sour?
Then keep such company; make them thy allay:
Get a sharp wise, a servant that will low'r;
A stumbler stumbles least in rugged way. Herbert.

STU’MBLINGBLOCK. n. s. [from stumble.] Cause of stumbling;
cause of errour; cause of offence.
STU’MBLINGSTONE. n. s. [from stumble.] Cause of stumbling;
cause of errour; cause of offence.
We preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock,
and unto the Greeks foolishness. 1 Cor. i. 23.
This stumblingstone we hope to take away. Burnet.
Shakespeare is a stumblingblock to these rigid criticks. Spectat.

STUMP. n. s. [stumpe, Danish; stompe, Dutch; stompen, Dan.
to lop.] The part of any solid body remaining after the rest
is taken away.
He struck so strongly, that the knotty sting
Of his huge tail he quite in sunder cleft;
Five joints thereof he hew'd, and but the stump him left. Spens.
Your colt's tooth is not cast yet.—Not while I have a
stump. Shakespeare.
He through the bushes scrambles;
A stump doth trip him in his pace;
Down comes poor Hob upon his face,
Amongst the briers and brambles. Drayton's Nymphid.
Who, 'cause they're wasted to the stumps,
Are represented best by rumps. Hudibras.
A coach-horse snapt off the end of his finger, and I dressed
the stump with common digestive. Wiseman's Surgery.
A poor ass, now wore out to the stumps, fell down under his
load. L'Estrange.
Against a stump his tusks the monster grinds,
And in the sharpen'd edge new vigour finds. Dryden.


A tongue might have some resemblance to the stump of a
feather. Grew's Musæum.
Worn to the stumps in the service of the maids, 'tis thrown
out of doors, or condemned to kindle a fire. Swift.

STU’MPY. adj. [from stump.] Full of stumps; hard; stiff;
strong. A bad word.
They burn the stubble, which, being so stumpy, they seldom
plow in. Mortimer.

To STUN. v. a. [stunan, Saxon, gestun, noise.]
1. To confound or dizzy with noise.
An universal hubbub wild
Of stunning sounds, and voices all confus'd,
Assaults his ear. Milton.
Still shall I hear, and never quit the score,
Stunn'd with hoarse Codrus' Theseid o'er and o'er. Dryden.
Too strong a noise stuns the ear, and one too weak does
not act upon the organ. Cheyne.
So Alma, weary'd of being great,
And nodding in her chair of state,
Stunn'd and worn out with endless chat,
Of Will did this, and Nan said that. Prior.
Shouts as thunder loud afflict the air,
And stun the birds releas'd. Prior.
The Britons, once a savage kind,
Descendents of the barbarous Huns,
With limbs robust, and voice that stuns,
You taught to modulate their tongues,
And speak without the help of lungs. Swift.
2. To make senseless or dizzy with a blow.
One hung a pole-ax at his saddle-bow,
And one a heavy mace to stun the foe. Dryden.

STUNG. The preterite and participle passive of sting.
To both these sisters have I sworn my love:
Each jealous of the other, as the stung
Are of the adder. Shakes. King Lear.
With envy stung, they view each other's deeds,
The fragrant work with diligence proceeds. Dryden's æn.

STUNK. The preterite of stink.

To STUNT. v. a. [stunta, Islandick.] To hinder from growth.
Though this usage stunted the girl in her growth, it gave
her a hardy constitution; she had life and spirit. Arbuthnot.
There he stopt short, nor since has writ a tittle,
But has the wit to make the most of little;
Like stunted hide-bound trees, that just have got
Sufficient sap at once to bear and rot. Pope.
The tree grew scrubby, dry'd a-top and slunted,
And the next parson stubb'd and burnt it. Swift.

STUPE. n. s. [stupa, Latin.] Cloath or flax dipped in warm
medicaments, and applied to a hurt or fore.
A fomentation was by some pretender to surgery applied
with coarse woollen stupes, one of which was bound upon his
leg. Wiseman's Surgery.

To STUPE. v. a. [from the noun.] To foment; to dress with stupes.
The escar divide, and stupe the part affected with wine. Wisem.

STUPEFA’CTION. n. s. [stupefaction, Fr stupefactus, Lat] Insen­
sibility; dulness; stupidity; sluggishness of mind; heavy folly.
All resistance of the dictates of conscience brings a hard­
ness and stupefaction upon it. South.
She sent to ev'ry child
Firm impudence, or stupefaction mild;
And strait succeeded, leaving shame no room,
Cibberian forehead, or Cimmerian gloom. Dunciad.

STUPEFA’CTIVE. adj. [from stupefactus, Latin; stupefactif, Fr.]
Causing insensibility; dulling; obstructing the senses; narco­
tick; opiate.
It is a gentle fomentation, and hath a very little mixture,
of some stupefactive. Bacon's Natural History.
Opium hath a stupefactive part, and a heating part; the one
moving sleep, the other a heat. Bacon.

STUPE’NDOUS. adj. [stupendus, Lat.] Wonderful; amazing;
astonishing.
All those stupendous acts deservedly are the subject of a his­
tory, excellently written in Latin by a learned prelate. Claren.
Great joy was at their meeting, and at sight
Of that stupendous bridge his joy increas'd. Milton.
Portents and prodigies their souls amaz'd;
But most, when this stupendous pile was rais'd. Dryden.
Mortals, fly this curst detested race:
A hundred of the same stupendous size,
A hundred Cyclops live among the hills. Addison.
Our numbers can scarce give us an idea of the vast quantity
of systems in this stupendous piece of architecture. Cheyne.

STU’PID. adj. [stupide, French; stupidus, Latin.]
1. Dull; wanting sensibility; wanting apprehension; heavy;
sluggish of understanding.
O that men should be so stupid grown
As to forsake the living God. Milton.
Men, boys and women, stupid with surprise,
Where e'er she passes, fix their wond'ring eyes. Dryden.
If I by chance succeed,
Know, I am not so stupid, or so hard,
Not to feel praise, or fame's deserv'd reward. Dryden.
With wild surprise
A moment stupid, motionless he stood. Thomson.
2. Performed without skill or genius.
Wit, as the chief of virtue's friends,
Disdains to serve ignoble ends:
Observe what loads of stupid rhimes
Oppress us in corrupted times. Swift.

STUPI’DITY. n. s. [stupidité, Fr. stupiditas, Latin.] Dulness;
heaviness of mind; sluggishness of understanding.
Shadwel alone, of all my sons, is he
Who stands confirm'd in full stupidity. Dryden.

STU’PIDLY. adv. [from stupid.]
1. With suspension or inactivity of understanding.
That space the evil one abstracted stood
From his own evil, and for the time remain'd
Stupidly good. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Dully; without apprehension.
On the shield there was engraven maps of countries, which
Ajax could not comprehend, but looked on as stupidly as his
fellow-beast the lion. Dryden's Fables, Dedicat.

STU’PIFIER. n. s. [from stupify.] That which causes stu­
pidity.

To STU’PIFY. v. a. [stupefacio, Latin. This word should
therefore be spelled stupefy; but the authorities are against it.]
To make stupid; to deprive of sensibility; to dull.
It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stupified. Bac.
Those
Will stupify and dull the sense a while. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Pounce it into the quicksilver, and so proceed to the stupi­
fying. Bacon.
Consider whether that method, used to quiet some con­
sciences, does not stupefy more. Decay of Piety.
The fumes of his passion do as really intoxicate his discern­
ing faculty, as the fumes of drink discompose and stupify the
brain of a man overcharged with it. South.
Envy, like a cold poison, benumbs and stupifies; and con­
scious of its own impotence, folds its arms in despair. Collier.

STU’POR. n. s. [Latin; stupeur, French.] Suspension or dimi­
nution of sensibility.
A pungent pain in the region of the kidneys, a stupor, or
dull pain in the thigh and colick, are symptoms of an inflam­
mation of the kidneys. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To STU’PRATE. v. a. [stupro, Latin.] To ravish; to violate.

STUPRA’TION. n. s. [stupratio, from stupro, Lat.] Rape; vio­
lation.
Stupration must not be drawn into practice. Brown.

STU’RDILY. adv. [from sturdy.]
1. Stoutly; hardily.
2. Obstinately; resolutely.
Then withdraw
From Cambridge, thy old nurse; and, as the rest,
Here toughly chew and sturdily digest
Th' immense vast volumes of our common law. Donne.

STU’RDINESS. n. s. [from sturdy.]
1. Stoutness; hardiness.
Sacrifice not his innocency to the attaining some little skill
of bustling for himself, by his conversation with vitious boys,
when the chief use of that sturdiness, and standing upon his
own legs, is only for the preservation of his virtue. Locke.
2. Brutal strength

STU’RDY. adv. [esourdi, French.]
1. Hardy; stout; brutal; obstinate. It is always used of men
with some disagreeable idea of coarseness or rudeness.
This must be done, and I would fain see
Mortal so sturdy as to gainsay. Hudibras.
A sturdy hardened sinner shall advance to the utmost pitch
of impiety with less reluctance than he took the first steps,
whilst his conscience was yet vigilant and tender. Atterbury.
Aw'd by that house, accustom'd to command,
The sturdy kerns in due subjection stand,
Nor bear the reins in any foreign hand. Dryden.
2. Strong; forcible.
The ill-apparelled knight now had gotten the reputation of
some sturdy lout, he had so well defended himself. Sidney.
Ne ought his sturdy strokes might stand before,
That high trees overthrew, and rocks in pieces tore. F. Q.
3. Stiff; stout.
He was not of any delicate contexture, his limbs rather
sturdy than dainty. Wotton.
Sturdiest oaks
Bow'd their stiff necks, loaden with stormy blasts,
Or torn up sheer. Milton's Par. Reg.

STU’RGEON. n. s. [sturio, tursio, Latin.] A sea-fish.
It is part of the scutellated bone of a sturgeon, being flat, of
a porous or cellular constitution on one side, the cells being
worn down, and smooth on the other. Woodward.

STURK. n. s. [strc, Saxon.] A young ox or heifer. Bailey.
Thus they are still called in Scotland.

To STUT. v. n. [stutten, to hinder, Dutch.] To speak
with hesitation; to stammer.
To STU’TTER. v. n. [stutten, to hinder, Dutch.] To speak
with hesitation; to stammer.
Divers stut: the cause is the refrigeration of the tongue, where­
by it is less apt to move; and therefore naturals stut. Bacon.



STU’TTER. n. s. [from stut.] One that speaks with hesita­
tion; a stammerer.
STU’TTERER. n. s. [from stut.] One that speaks with hesita­
tion; a stammerer.
Many stutters are very cholerick, choler inducing a dryness
in the tongue. Bacon's Natural History.

STY. n. s. [stige, Saxon.]
1. A cabbin to keep hogs in.
Tell Richmond,
That in the sty of this most bloody boar,
My son George Stanley is frank'd up in hold. Shakes. R. III.
When her hogs had miss'd their way,
Th' untoward creatures to the sty I drove,
And whistl'd all the way. Gay.
May thy black pigs lie warm in little sty,
And have no thought to grieve them 'till they die. King.
2. Any place of bestial debauchery.
They all their friends and native home forget,
To roll with pleasure in a sensual sty. Milton.
With what ease
Might'st thou expel this monster from his throne,
Now made a sty. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.

To STY. v. a. [from the noun.] To shut up in a sty.
Here you sty me
In this hard rock, while you do keep from me
The rest of th' island. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To STY. v. n. To soar; to ascend. Spenser.

STY’GIAN. adj. [stygius, Latin.] Hellish; infernal; pertain­
ing to Styx, one of the poetical rivers of hell.
At that so sudden blaze the Stygian throng
Bent their aspect. Milton.

STYLE. n. s. [stylus, Latin.]
1. Manner of writing with regard to language.
Happy
That can translate the stubbornness of fortune
Into so quiet, and so sweet a style. Shakespeare.
Their beauty I will rather leave to poets, than venture upon
so tender and nice a subject with my severer style. More.
Proper words in proper places, make the true definition of
a stile. Swift.
Let some lord but own the happy lines,
How the wit brightens, and the style refines. Pope.
2. Manner of speaking appropriate to particular characters.
No style is held for base, where love well named is. Sidney.
There was never yet philosopher,
That could endure the toothach patiently,
However they have writ the style of gods,
And make a pish at chance and sufferance. Shakespeare.
3. Title; appellation.
Ford's a knave, and I will aggravate his stile; thou shalt
know him for knave and cuckold. Shakespeare.
The king gave them in his commission the style and appella­
tion which belonged to them. Clarendon.
O virgin! or what other name you bear
Above that style; O more than mortal fair!
Let not an humble suppliant sue in vain. Dryden's æn.
Propitious hear our pray'r,
Whether the style of Titan please thee more,
Whose purple rays th' Achæmenes adore. Pope's Statius.
4. Course of writing. Unusual.
While his thoughts the ling'ring day beguile,
To gentle Arcite let us turn our style. Dryden.
5. A pointed iron used anciently in writing on tables of wax.
6. Any thing with a sharp point, as a graver; the pin of a dial.
Placing two stiles or needles of the same steel, touched
with the same loadstone, when the one is removed but half a
span, the other would stand like Hercules's pillars. Brown.
7. The stalk which rises from amid the leaves of a flower.
Style is the middle prominent part of the flower of a plant,
which adheres to the fruit or seed: 'tis usually slender and
long, whence it has its name. Quincy.
The figure of the flower-leaves, stamina, apices, stile, and
seed-vessel. Ray.
8. STYLE of Court, is properly the practice observed by any court
in its way of proceeding. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To STYLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To call; to term; to
name.
The chancellor of the Exchequer they had no mind should
be styled a knight. Clarendon.
Err not that so shall end
The strife which thou call'st evil, but we style
The strife of glory. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Fortune's gifts, my actions
May stile their own rewards. Denham's Sophy.
Whoever backs his tenets with authorities, thinks he ought
to carry the cause, and is ready to stile it impudence in any one
who shall stand out. Locke.
His conduct might have made him stil'd
A father, and the nymph his child. Swift.

STY’PTICK. adj. [??p???; styptique, Fr. This is usually writ­
ten stiptick. See STIPTICK.] The same as astringent; but
generally expresses the most efficacious sort of astringents, or
those which are applied to stop hæmorrhages. Quincy.
Fruits of trees and shrubs contain phlegm, oil, and an
essential salt, by which they are sharp, sweet, sour or styptick.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.

STYPTI’CITY. n. s. [Properly stipticity.] The power of stanch­
ing blood.
Catharticks of mercurials precipitate the viscidities by their
stypticity, and mix with all animal acids. Floyer.

To STY’THY. v. a. [See STITHY.] To sorge on an anvil.
By the forge that stythy'd Mars his helm,
I'll kill thee every where, yea, o'er and o'er. Shakespeare.

SUA’SIBLE. adj. [from suadeo, Latin.] Easy to be persuaded.

SUA’SIVE. adj. [from suadeo, Lat.] Having power to persuade.
It had the passions in perfect subjection; and though its
command over them was but suasive and political, yet it had
the force of coaction, and despotical. South's Sermons.

SUA’SORY. adj. [suasorius, Latin.] Having tendency to per­
suade.

SUA’VITY. n. s. [suavité, French; suavitas, Latin.]
1. Sweetness to the senses.
She desired them for rarity, pulchritude, and suavity. Brown.
2. Sweetness to the mind.
SUB

SUB, in composition, signifies a subordinate degree.

SUBA’CID. adj. [sub and acidus, Latin.] Sour in a small de­
gree.
The juice of the stem is like the chyle in the animal body,
not sufficiently concocted by circulation, and is commonly sub­
acid in all plants. Arbuthnot on Aliment.

SUBA’CRID. adj. [sub and acrid.] Sharp and pungent in a small
degree.
The green choler of a cow tasted sweet, bitter, subacrid, or
a little pungent, and turned syrup of violets green. Floyer.

To SUBA’CT. v. a. [subactus, Latin.] To reduce; to subdue.
Tangible bodies have no pleasure in the confort of air, but
endeavour to subact it into a more dense body. Bacon.

SUBA’CTION. n. s. [subactus, Latin.] The act of reducing to
any state, as of mixing two bodies completely, or beating any
thing to a very small powder.
There are of concoction two periods: the one assimilation,
or absolute conversion and subaction; the other maturation;
whereof the former is most conspicuous in living creatures, in
which there is an absolute conversion and assimilation of the
nourishment into the body. Bacon's Natural History.

SU’BALTERN. adj. [subalterne, French.] Inferiour; subordi­
nate; that which in different respects is both superiour and in­
feriour. It is used in the army of all officers below a captain.
There had like to have been a duel between two subalterns,
upon a dispute which should be governor of Portsmouth. Add.
Love's subalterns, a duteous band,
Like watchmen round their chief appear;
Each had his lanthorn in his hand,
And Venus, mask'd, brought up the rear. Prior.
One, while a subaltern officer, was every day complaining
against the pride of colonels towards their officers; yet after
he received his commission for a regiment, he confessed the
spirit of colonelship was coming fast upon him, and it daily
increased to his death. Swift.
This sort of universal ideas, which may either be considered
as a genus or species, is called subaltern. Watts.

SUBALTE’RNATE. adj. [subalternus, Latin.] Succeeding by
turns. Dict.

SUBASTRI’NGENT. adj. [sub and astringent.] Astringent in a
small degree.

SUBBE’ADLE. n. s. [sub and beadle.] An under beadle.
They ought not to execute those precepts by simple messen­
gers, or subbeadles, but in their own persons. Ayliffe's Parerg.

SUBCELE’STIAL. adj. [sub and celestial.] Placed beneath the
heavens.
The most refined glories of subcelestial excellencies are but
more faint resemblances of these. Glanv. Sceps.

SUBCHA’NTER. n. s. [sub and chanter; succentor, Lat.] The
deputy of the precentor in a cathedral.

SUBCLA’VIAN. adj. [sub and clavus, Latin.]
Subclavian is applied to any thing under the armpit or shoul­
der, whether artery, nerve, vein, or muscle. Quincy.
The liver, though seated on the right side, yet, by the sub­
clavian division, doth equi-distantly communicate its activity
unto either arm. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The chyle first mixeth with the blood in the subclavian
vein, and enters with it into the heart, where it is very im­
perfectly mixed, there being no mechanism nor fermentation
to convert it into blood, which is effected by the lungs. Arb.

SUBCONSTELLA’TION. n. s. [sub and constellation.] A subordi­
nate or secondary constellation.
As to the picture of the seven stars, if thereby be meant
the pleiades, or subconstellation upon the back of Taurus, with
what congruity they are described in a clear night an ordinary
eye may discover. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUBCO’NTRARY. adj. [sub and contrary.] Contrary in an in­
feriour degree.
If two particular propositions differ in quality, they are sub­
contraries; as, some vine is a tree: some vine is not a
tree. These may be both true together, but they can never
be both false. Watts.



SUBCONTRA’CTED. part. adj. [sub and contracted.] Contracted
after a former contract.
Your claim,
I bar it in the interest of my wife;
'Tis she is subcontracted to this lord,
And I her husband contradict your banes. Shakesp. K. Lear.

SUBCUTA’NEOUS. adj. [sub and cutaneous.] Lying under the
skin.

SUBDE’ACON. n. s. [subdeaconus, Latin.]
In the Romish church they have a subdeacon, who is the
deacon's servant. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SUBDE’AN. n. s. [subdecanus, Lat.] The vicegerent of a dean.
Whenever the dean and chapter confirm any act, that such
confirmation may be valid, the dean must join in person, and
not in the person of a deputy or subdean only. Ayliffe.

SUBDECU’PLE. adj. [sub and decuplus, Lat.] Containing one
part of ten.

SUBDERISO’RIOUS. adj. [sub and derisor.] Scoffing or ridi­
culing with tenderness and delicacy.
This subderisorious mirth is far from giving any offence to us:
it is rather a pleasant condiment of our conversation. More.

SUBDITI’TIOUS. adj. [subdititius, Latin.] Put secretly in the
place of something else.

To SUBDIVE’RSIFY. v. a. [sub and diversify.] To diversify
again what is already diversified.
The same wool one man felts into a hat, another weaves it
into cloth, another into arras; and these variously subdiversi­
fied according to the fancy of the artificer. Hale.

To SU’BDIVIDE. v. a. [subdiviser, French; sub and divide.]
To divide a part into yet more parts.
In the rise of eight, in tones, there be two beemols, or half
notes; so as if you divide the tones equally, the eight is but
seven whole and equal notes; and if you subdivide that into
half notes, as in the stops of a lute, it maketh the number
thirteen. Bacon's Nat. History.
When Brutus and Cassius were overthrown, soon after An­
tonius and Octavianus brake and subdivided. Bacon.
The glad father glories in his child,
When he can subdivide a fraction. Roscommon.
When the progenies of Cham and Japhet swarmed into
colonies, and those colonies were subdivided into many others,
in time their descendants lost the primitive rites of divine
worship, retaining only the notion of one deity. Dryden.

SUBDIVI’SION. n. s. [subdivision, French; from subdivide.]
1. The act of subdividing
When any of the parts of any idea are farther divided, in
order to a clear explication of the whole, this is called a sub­
division; as when a year is divided into months, each month
into days, and each day into hours, which may be farther sub­
divided into minutes and seconds. Watts's Logick.
2. The parts distinguished by a second division.
How can we see such a multitude of souls cast under so
many subdivisions of misery, without reflecting on the absur­
dity of a government that sacrifices the happiness of so many
reasonable being to the glory of one? Addison.
In the decimal table the subdivisions of the cubit, as span,
palm, and digit, are deduced from the shorter cubit. Arbuthn.

SU’BDOLOUS. adj. [subdolus, Latin.] Cunning; subtle; sly.

To SUBDU’CE. v. a. [subduco, subductus, Latin.]
To SUBDU’CT. v. a. [subduco, subductus, Latin.]
1. To withdraw; to take away.
Or nature fail'd in me, and left some part
Not proof enough such object to sustain;
Or from my side subducting, took perhaps
More than enough. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. To substract by arithmetical operation.
Take the other operation of arithmetick, subduction: if out
of that supposed infinite multitude of antecedent generations
we should subduce ten, the residue must be less by ten than it
was before, and yet still the quotient must be infinite. Hale.

SUBDU’CTION. n. s. [from subduct]
1. The act of taking away.
Possibly the Divine Beneficence subducting that influence,
which it communicated from the time of their first creation,
they were kept in a state of immortality 'till that moment of
the subduction. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
2. Arithmetical substraction.
Suppose we take the other operation of arithmetick, subduc­
tion: if out of that infinite multitude of antecedent genera­
tions we should subduct ten, the residue must be less by ten
than it was before that subduction, and yet still the quotient be
infinite. Hale.

To SUBDU’E. v. a. [from subdo, or subjugo, Latin.]
1. To crush; to oppress; to sink; to overpower.
Nothing could have subdu'd nature
To such a lowness, but his unkind daughters. Shakespeare.
Them that rose up against me, hast thou subdued under me.
2 Sa. xxii. 40.
If aught were worthy to subdue
The soul of man. Milton.
2. To conquer; to reduce under a new dominion.
Be fruitful, and replenish the earth, and subdue it. Gen. i. 28.
Augustus Cæsar subdued Egypt to the Roman empire. Peach.
To overcome in battle, and subdue
Nations, and bring home spoils. Milton.
The Romans made those times the standard of their wit,
when they subdued the world. Sprat.
3. To tame; to subact.
Nor is't unwholsome to subdue the land
By often exercise; and where before
You broke the earth, again to plow. May's Virgil.

SUBDU’EMENT. n. s. [from subdue.] Conquest. A word not
used, nor worthy to be used.
I have seen thee,
As hot as Perseus, spur thy Phrygian steed,
Bravely despising forfeits and subdemnts. Shakespeare.

SUBDU’ER. n. s. [from subdue] Conquerour; tamer.
Great god of might, that reigneth in the mind,
And all the body to thy hest dost frame;
Victor of gods, subduer of mankind,
That do'st the lions and fell tyers tame,
Who can express the glory of thy might? Spenser.
Their curious eye
Discerns their great subduer's awful mien
And corresponding features fair. Philips.
Figs are great subduers of acrimony, useful in hoarseness
and coughs, and extremely emollient. Arbuthnot.

SUBDU’PLE. adj. [subdupl, Fr. sub and duplus, Latin.]
Containing one part of two.
SUBDU’PLICATE. adj. [subdupl, Fr. sub and duplus, Latin.]
Containing one part of two.
As one of these under pulleys doth abate half of that heavi­
ness which the weight hath in itself, and cause the power to
be in a subduple proportion unto it, so two of them do abate
half of that which remains, and cause a subquadruple propor­
tion, and three a subsextuple. Wilins's Math. Mag.
The motion generated by the forces in th whole passage of
the body or thing through that space, shall be in a subduplicte
proportion of the forces. Newton's Opt.

SUBJA’CENT. adj. [subjacens, Latin.] Lying under.
The superficial parts of rocks and mountains are washed
away by rains, and borne down upon the subjacent plains. Wood.

To SUBJE’CT. v. a. [subjectus, Latin.]
1. To put under.
The angel led them direct, and down the cliff as fast
To the subjected plain. Milton.
The medal bears each form and name:
In one short view, subjected to our eye,
Gods, emp'rors, heroes, sages, beauties lie. Pope.
2. To reduce to submission; to make subordinate; to make
submissive.
Think not, young warriors, your diminish'd name
Shall lose of lustre, by subjecting rage
To the cool dictates of experienc'd age. Dryden.
3. To enslave; to make obnoxious.
I live on bread like you, feel want like you,
Taste grief, need friends, like you. subjected thus,
How can you say to me, I am a king? Shakesp. Rich. II.
I see thee, in that fatal hour,
Subjected to the victor's cruel pow'r,
Led hence a slave. Dryden.
The blind will always be led by those that see, or fall into
the ditch: and he is the most subjected, the most enslaved, who
is so in his understanding. Locke.
4. To expose; to make liable.
If the vessels yield, it subjects the person to all the inconve­
niencies of an erroneous circulation. Abuthnot.
5. To submit; to make accountable.
God is not bound to subject his ways of operation to the
scrutiny of our thoughts, and confine himself to do nothing
but what we must comprehend. Locke.
6. To make subservient.
Subjected to his service angel-wings. Milton.

SU’BJECT. adj. [subjectus, Latin.]
1. Placed or situated under.
Th' eastern tower,
Whose height commands, as subject, all the vale
To see the fight. Shakesp. Troitus and Cressida.
2. Living under the dominion of another.
Esau was never subject to Jacob, but founded a distinct people
and government, and was himself prince over them. Locke.
3. Exposed; liable; obnoxious.
Most subject is the fattest soil to weeds;
And he the noble image of my youth
Is overspread with them. Shakespeare.
All human things are subject to decay,
And when fate summons, monarchs must obey. Dryden.
4. Being that on which any action operates, whether intellectual
or material.
I enter into the subject matter of my discourse. Dryden.

SU’BJECT. n. s. [sujet, French.]
1. One who lives under the dominion of another.
Every subject's duty is the king's,
But every subject's soul is his own. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Never subject long'd to be a king,
As I do long and wish to be a subject. Shakesp. Henry VI.


The subject must obey his prince, because God commands
it, human laws require it.
Those I call subjects which are governed by the ordinary
laws and magistrates of the sovereign. Davies.
Were subjects so but only by their choice,
And not from birth did forc'd dominion take,
Our prince alone would have the publick voice. Dryden.
2. That on which any operation either mental or material is per­
formed.
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn, and near approaches
The subject of our watch. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This subject for heroick song pleas'd me. Milton.
Here he would have us fix our thoughts; nor are they too
dry a subject for our contemplation. Decay of Piety.
I will not venture on so nice a subject with my severer style.
More.
Make choice of a subject beautiful and noble, which being
capable of all the graces that colours, and elegance of design
can give, shall afford a perfect art, an ample field of matter
wherein to expatiate. Dryden.
The subject of a proposition is that concerning which any
thing is affirmed or denied. Watts's Logick.
My real design is, that of publishing your praises to the
world; not upon the subject of your noble birth. Swift.
3. That in which any thing inheres or exists
Anger is certainly a kind of baseness, as it appears well in
the weakness of those subjects in whom it reigns, children, wo­
men, old folks, sick folks. Bacon.
4. [In Grammar.] The nominative case to a verb, is called by
Grammarians the subject of the verb. Clarke's Lat. Gram.

SUBJECTION. n. s. [from subject.]
1. The act of subduing.
After the conquest of the kingdom and subjection of the re­
bels, enquiry was made who there were that fighting against
the king had saved themselves by flight. Hale.
2. [Sujettion, Fr.] The state of being under government.
Because the subjection of the body to the will is by natural
necessity, the subjection of the will unto God voluntary; we
therefore stand in need of direction after what sort our wills
and desires may be rightly conformed to his. Hooker.
How hard it is now for him to frame himself to subjection,
that having once set before his eyes the hope of a kingdom,
hath found encouragement. Spenser.
Both in subjection now to sensual appetite. Milton.

SUBJE’CTIVE. adj. [from subject.] Relating not to the object
but the subject.
Certainty, according to the schools, is distinguished into
objective and subjective: objective is when the proposition is
certainly true in itself; and subjective, when we are certain of
the truth of it. Watts.

SUBINGRE’SSION. n. s. [sub and ingressus, Latin.] Secret en­
trance.
The pressure of the ambient air is strengthened upon the ac­
cession of the air sucked out; which, forceth the neigh­
bouring air to a violent subingression of its parts. Boyle.

To SUBJOI’N. v. a. [sub and joindre, French; subjungo, Latin.]
To add at the end; to add afterwards.
He makes an excuse from ignorance, the only thing that
could take away the fault; namely, that he knew not that
he was the high-priest, and subjoins a reason. South's Sermons.

SUBITA’NEOUS. adj. [subitaneus, Latin.] Sudden; hasty.

To SU’BJUGATE. v. a. [subjuguer, Fr. subjugo, Latin.] To
conquer; to subdue; to bring under dominion by force.
O fav'rite virgin that hast warm'd the breast,
Whose sov'reign dictates subjugate the east! Prior.
He subjugated a king, and called him his vassal. Baker.

SUBJUGA’TION. n. s. [from subjugate.] The act of subduing.
This was the condition of the learned part of the world, af­
ter their subjugation by the Turks. Hale.

SUBJU’NCTION. n. s. [from subjungo, Latin.] The state
of being subjoined; the act of subjoining.
The verb undergoes in Greek a different formation; and
in dependence upon, or subjunction to some other verb. Clarke.

SU’BJUNCTIVE. adj. [subjunctivus, Latin; subjonctif, Fr.]
1. Subjoined to something else.
2. [In Grammar.]
The verb undergoes in Greek a different formation, to sig­
nify the same intentions as the indicative, yet not absolutely
but relatively to some other verb, which is called the subjun­
ctive mood. Clarke.

SU’BLAPSARY. adj. [sub and lapsus, Latin.] Done after the
fall of man.

SUBLA’TION. n. s. [sublatio, Latin.] The act of taking away.

SUBLEVA’TION. n. s. [sublevo, Latin.] The act of raising on
high.

SUBLI’MABLE. adj. [from sublime.] Possible to be sublimed.

SUBLI’MABLENESS. n. s. [from sublimable.] Quality of admit­
ting sublimation.
He obtained another concrete as to taste and smell, and easy
sublimableness, as common salt armoniack. Boyle.

SU’BLIMATE. n. s. [from sublime.]
1. Any thing raised by fire in the retort.
Enquire the manner of subliming, and what metals endure
subliming, and what body the sublimate makes. Bacon.
2. Quicksilver raised in the retort.
The particles of mercury uniting with the acid particles of
spirit of salt compose mercury sublimate, and with the particles
of sulphur, cinnaber. Newton's Opticks.

To SU’BLIMATE. v. a. [from sublime.]
1. To raise by the force of chemical fire.
2. To exalt; to heighten; to elevate.
Not only the gross and illiterate souls, but the most aerial
and sublimated are rather the more proper fuel for an immate­
rial fire. Decay of Piety.
The precepts of Christianity are so excellent and refined, and
so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt, as
shews flesh and blood never revealed it. Decay of Piety.

SUBLIMA’TION. n. s. [sublimation, Fr. from sublimate.]
1. A chemical operation which raises bodies in the vessel by the
force of fire.
Sublimation differs very little from distillation, excepting that
in distillation, only the fluid parts of bodies are raised, but
in this the solid and dry; and that the matter to be distilled
may be either solid or fluid, but sublimation is only concerned
about solid substances. There is also another difference, name­
ly, that rarefaction, which is of very great use in distillation,
has hardly any room in sublimation; for the substances which
are to be sublimed being solid are incapable of rarefaction;
and so it is only impulse that can raise them. Quincy.
Separation is wrought by weight, as in the settlement of
liquors, by heat, by precipitation or sublimation; that is a cal­
ling of the several parts up or down, which is a kind of at­
traction. Bacon's Natural History.
Since oil of sulphur per campanam is of the same nature
with oil of vitriol, may it not be inferred that sulphur is a
mixture of volatile and fixed parts so strongly cohering by at­
traction, as to ascend together by sublimation. Newt. Opt.
2. Exaltation; elevation; act of heightning or improving.
She turns
Bodies to spirits, by sublimation strange. Davies.
Shall he pretend to religious attainments, who is defective
and short in moral, which are but the rudiments and first
draught of religion, as religion is the perfection, refinement,
and sublimation of morality? South.

SUBLI’ME. adj. [sublimis, Latin.]
1. High in place; exalted aloft.
They sum'd their pens, and soaring th' air sublime
With clang despis'd the ground. Milton.
Sublime on these a tow'r of steel is rear'd,
And dire Tisiphone there keeps the ward. Dryden.
2. High in excellence; exalted by nature.
My earthly strained to the height
In that celestial colloquy sublime. Milton.
Can it be, that souls sublime
Return to visit our terrestrial clime;
And that the gen'rous mind releas'd by death,
Can cover lazy limbs? Dryden.
3. High in stile or sentiment; lofty; grand.
Easy in stile, thy work in sense sublime. Prior.
4. Elevated by joy.
All yet left of that revolted rout,
Heav'n-fall'n, in station stood or just array,
Sublime with expectation. Milton.
Their hearts were jocund and sublime,
Drunk with idolatry, drunk with wine. Milton.
5. Haughty; proud.
He was sublime, and almost tumorous in his looks and ges­
tures. Wotton. 

SUBLI’ME. n. s. The grand or lofty stile. The sublime is a
Gallicism, but now naturalized.
Longinus strengthens all his laws,
And is himself the great sublime he draws. Pope.
The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magni­
ficence of the words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the
phrase; the perfect sublime arises from all three together. Addis.

To SUBLI’ME. v. a. [sublimer, Fr. from the adjective.]
1. To raise by a chemical fire.
Study our manuscripts, those myriads
Of letters, which have past 'twixt thee and me,
Thence write our annals, and in them lessons be
To all, whom love's subliming fire invades. Donne.
2. To raise on high.
Although thy trunk be neither large nor strong,
Nor can thy head, not helpt, itself sublime,
Yet, like a serpent, a tall tree can climb. Denham.
3. To exalt; to heighten; to improve.
Flow'rs, and then fruit,
Man's nourishment, by gradual scale sublim'd
To vital spirits aspire. Milton.
The fancies of most are moved by the inward springs of the
corporeal machine, which even in the most sublimed intellectu­
als is dangerously influential. Glanville.


Art being strengthened by the knowledge of things, may
pass into nature by slow degrees, and so be sublimed into a pure
genius which is capable of distinguishing betwixt the beauties
of nature and that which is low in her. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Meanly they seek the blessing to confine,
And force that sun but on a part to shine;
Which not alone the southern wit sublimes,
But ripens spirits in cold northern climes. Pope.

To SUBLI’ME. v. n. To rise in the chemical vessel by the force
of fire.
The particles of sal ammoniack in sublimation carry up the
particles of antimony, which will not sublime alone. Newt. Opt.
This salt is fixed in a gentle fire, and sublimes in a great
one. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SUBLI’MELY. adv. [from sublime.] Loftily; grandly.
This fustian's so sublimely bad;
It is not poetry, but prose run mad. Pope.

SUBLI’MITY. n. s. [from sublime; sublimité, Fr. sublimitas, Lat.]
1. Height of place; local elevation.
2. Height of nature; excellence.
As religion looketh upon him who in majesty and power
is infinite, as we ought we account not of it, unless we esteem
it even according to that very height of excellency which our
hearts conceive, when divine sublimity itself is rightly consi­
dered. Hooker.
In respect of God's incomprehensible sublimity and purity,
this is also true, that God is neither a mind, nor a spirit like
other spirits, nor a light such as can be discerned. Raleigh.
3. Loftiness of style or sentiment.
Milton's distinguishing excellence lies in the sublimity of his
thoughts, in the greatness of which he triumphs over all the
poets, modern and ancient, Homer only excepted. Addison.

SUBLI’NGUAL. adj. [sublingual, French; sub and lingua, Lat.]
Placed under the tongue.
Those subliming humours should be intercepted, before they
mount to the head, by sublingual pills. Harvey on Consumption.

SUBLU’NAR. adj. [sublunaire, Fr. sub and luna, Latin.] Si­
tuated beneath the moon; earthly; terrestrial;
of this world.
SU’BLUNARY. adj. [sublunaire, Fr. sub and luna, Latin.] Si­
tuated beneath the moon; earthly; terrestrial;
of this world.
Dull sublunary lovers, love,
Whose soul is sense, cannot admit
Of absence, 'cause it doth remove
The thing which elemented it. Donne.
Night measur'd, with her shadowy cone,
Half way up hill this vast sublunar vault. Milton.
Through seas of knowledge we our course advance,
Discov'ring still new worlds of ignorance;
And these discov'ries make us all confess
That sublunary science is but guess. Denham.
The celestial bodies above the moon being not subject to
chance, remained in perpetual order, while all things sublunary
are subject to change. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Ovid had warn'd her to beware
Of strolling gods, whose usual trade is,
Under pretence of taking air,
To pick up sublunary ladies. Swift.

SU’BMARINE. adj. [sub and mare.] Lying or acting under the
sea.
This contrivance may seem difficult, because these subma­
rine navigators will want winds and tides for motion, and the
sight of the heavens for direction. Wilkins.
Not only the herbaceous and woody submarine plants, but
also the lithophyta affect this manner of growing, as I obser­
ved in corals. Ray on the Creation.

To SUBME’RGE. v. a. [submerger, Fr. submergo, Lat.] To
drown; to put under water.
So half my Egypt were submerg'd and made
A cistern for scal'd snakes. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.

SUBME’RSION. n. s. [submersion, Fr. from submersus, Latin.]
The act of drowning; state of being drowned.
The great Atlantick island is mentioned in Plato's Timæus,
almost contiguous to the western parts of Spain and Africa,
yet wholly swallowed up by that ocean: which if true, might
afford a passage from Africa to America by land before that
submersion. Hale's Origination of Mankind.

To SUBMI’NISTER. v. a. [subministro, Latin.] To sup­
ply; to afford. A word not much
in use.
To SUBMI’NISTRATE. v. a. [subministro, Latin.] To sup­
ply; to afford. A word not much
in use.
Some things have been discovered, not only by the industry
of mankind, but even the inferiour animals have subministred
unto man the invention of many things, natural, artificial,
and medicinal. Hale's Original of Mankind.
Nothing subministrates apter matter to be converted into
pestilent seminaries, than steams of nasty folks. Harvey.

To SUBMI’NISTER. v. n. To subserve.
Our passions, as fire and water, are good servants, but bad
masters, and subminister to the best and worst of purposes.
L'Estrange.

SUBMI’SS. adj. [from submissus, Lat.] Humble; submissive;
obsequious.
King James mollified by the bishop's submiss and eloquent
letters, wrote back, that though he were in part moved by his
letters, yet he should not be fully satisfied except he spake
with him. Bacon's Henry VII.
Nearer his presence, Adam, though not aw'd,
Yet with submiss approach, and reverence meek,
As to a superior nature, bowed low. Milton's Par. Lost.
Rejoicing, but with awe,
In adoratin at his feet I fell
Submiss: he rear'd me. Milton.

SUBMI’SSION. n. s. [soumission, Fr. from submissus, Latin.]
1. Delivery of himself to the power of another
Submission, Dauphin! 'tis a meer French word,
We English warriors wot not what it means. Shakespeare.
2. Acknowledgement of inferiority or dependance; humble or
suppliant behaviour.
In all submissin and humility,
York doth present himself unto your highness. Shakespeare.
Great prince, by that submissin you'll gan more
Than e'er your haughty courage won before. Halifax.
3. Acknowledgment of a fault; confession of errour.
Be not as extreme in submission, as in offence. Shakespeare.
4. Obsequiousness; resignation; obedience.
No duty in religion is more justly required by God Almigh­
ty than a perfect submission to his will in all things. Temple.

SUBMI’SSIVE. adj. [submissus, Lat.] Humble; testifying sub­
mission or inferiority.
On what submissive message art thou sent? Shakespeare.
Her at his feet submissive in distress
He thus with peaceful words uprais'd. Milton.
Sudden from the golden throne,
With a submissive step I hasted down;
The glowing garland from my hair I took,
Love in my heart, obedience in my look. Prior.

SUBMI’SSIVELY. adv. [from submissive.] Humbly; with con­
fession of inferiority.
The goddess,
Soft in her tone, submissively replies. Dryden's æneid.
Speech ev'n there submissively withdraws
From rights of subjects, and the poor man's cause;
Then pompous silence reigns, and stills the noisy laws.
Pope.

SUBMI’SSIVENESS. n. s. [from submissive.] Humility; confes­
sion of fault, or inferiority.
If thou sin in wine and wantonness,
Boast not thereof, nor make thy shame thy glory;
Frailty gets pardon by submissiveess,
But he that boasts, shuts that out of his story:
He makes flat war with God, and doth defy,
With his poor clod of earth, the spacious sky. Herbert.

SUBMI’SSLY. adv. [from submiss.] Humbly; with submission.
Humility consists, not in wearing mean cloaths, and going
softly and submissly, but in hearty mean opinion of thy self.
Taylor.

To SUBMI’T. v. a. [soumetire, Fr. submitto, Latin.]
1. To let down; to sink.
Sometimes the hill submits itself a while
In small descents, which do its height beguile,
And sometimes mounts, but so as billows play,
Whose rise not hinders, but makes short our way. Dryden.
Neptune stood,
With all his hosts of waters at command,
Beneath them to submit th' officious flood,
And with his trident shov'd them off the sand. Dryden.
2. To subject; to resign without resistance to authority.
Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands.
Gen. xvi. 9.
Will ye submit your neck, and chuse to bend
The supple knee? Milton.
3. To leave to discretion; to refer to judgment.
Whether the condition of the clergy be able to bear a hea­
vy burden, is submitted to the house. Swift.

To SUBMI’T. v. n. To be subject; to acquiesce in the autho­
rity of another; to yield.
To thy husband's will
Thine shall submit: he over thee shall rule. Milton.
Our religion requires from us, not only to forego pleasure,
but to submit to pain, affliction, disgrace, and even death.
Rogers's Sermons.

SUBMU’LTIPLE. n. s. A submultiple number or quantity is
that which is contained in another number, a certain number
of times exactly: thus 3 is submultiple of 21, as being contained
in it seven times exactly. Harris.

SUBOCTA’VE. adj. [sub and octavus, Lat. and octuple.] Con­
taining one part of eight.
SUBOCTU’PLE. adj. [sub and octavus, Lat. and octuple.] Con­
taining one part of eight.
As one of these under pulleys abates half of that heaviness
of the weight, and causes the power to be in a subduple propor­
tion, so two of them abate half of that which remains, and
cause a subquadruple proportion, three a subsextuple, four a
suboctuple. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
Had they erected the cube of a foot for their principal con­
cave, and geometrically taken its suboctave, the congius, from
the cube of half a foot, they would have divided the con­
gius into eight parts, each of which would have been regu­


larly the cube of a quarter foot, their well-known palm:
this is the course taken for our gallon, which has the pint
for its suboctave. Arbuthnot on Coins.

SUBO’RDINACY. n. s. [from subordinate.] Subordinacy is the
proper and analogical word.
SUBO’RDINACY. n. s. [from subordinate.] Subordinacy is the
proper and analogical word.
1. The state of being subject.
Pursuing the imagination through all its extravagancies, is
no improper method of correcting, and bringing it to act in
subordinacy to reason. Spectator.
2. Series of subordination.
The subordinancy of the government changing hands so
often, makes an unsteddiness in the pursuit of the publick in­
terests. Temple.

SUBO’RDINATE. adj. [sub and ordinatus, Latin.]
1. Inferiour in order; in nature; in dignity or power.
It was subordinate, not enslaved to the understanding; not
as a servant to a master, but as a queen to her king, who
acknowledges a subjection, and yet retains a majesty.
South's Sermons.
Whether dark presages of the night proceed from any latent
power of the soul, during her abstraction, or from any ope­
ration of subordinate spirits, has been a dispute. Addison.
2. Descending in a regular series.
The two armies were assigned to the leading of two ge­
nerals, rather courtiers than martial men, yet assisted with sub­
ordinate commanders of great experience. Bacon.
His next subordinate
Awak'ning, thus to him in secret spake. Milton.
These carry such plain characters of disagreement or affinity,
that the several kinds and subordinate species of each are easily
distinguished. Woodward.

To SUBO’RDINATE. v. a. [sub and ordino, Latin.] To range
under another. Not in use, but proper and elegant.
If I have subordinated picture and sculpture to architecture
as their mistress, so there are other inferior arts subordinate to
them. Wotton.

SUBO’RDINATELY. adv. [from subordinate.] In a series regu­
larly descending.
It being the highest step of ill, to which all others subordi­
nately tend, one would think it could be capable of no im­
provement. Decay of Piety.

SUBORDINA’TION. n. s. [subordination, Fr. from subordinate.]
1. The state of being inferior to another.
Nor can a council national decide,
But with subordination to her guide. Dryden.
2. A series regularly descending.
If we would suppose a ministry, where every single person
was of distinguished piety, and all great officers of state and
law diligent in chusing persons, who in their several subordi­
nations would be obliged to follow the examples of their supe­
riors, the empire of irreligion would be soon destroyed. Swift.

To SUBO’RN. v. a. [suborner, Fr. suborno, Latin.]
1. To procure privately; to procure by secret collusion.
His judges were the self-same men by whom his accusers
were suborned. Hooker.
Fond wretch, thou know'st not what thou speak'st,
Or else thou art suborn'd against his honour
In hateful practice. Shakespeare.
Reason may meet
Some specious object, by the foe suborn'd;
And fall into deception. Milton.
His artful bosom heaves dissembl'd sighs;
And tears suborn'd fall dropping from his eyes. Prior.
2. To procure by indirect means.
Behold
Those who by ling'ring sickness lose their breath,
And those who by despair suborn their death. Dryden.

SUBORNA’TION. n. s. [subornation, Fr. from suborn.] The crime
of procuring any to do a bad action.
Thomas earl of Desmond was, through false subornation
of the Queen of Edward IV. brought to his death at Tredagh
most unjustly. Spenser's Ireland.
You set the crown
Upon the head of this forgetful man,
And for his sake wear the detested blot
Of murd'rous subornation. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
The fear of punishment in this life will preserve men from
few vices, since some of the blackest often prove the surest
steps to favour; such as ingratitude, hypocrisy, treachery, and
subornation. Swift.

SUBO’RNER. n. s. [suborneur, Fr. from suborn.] One that
procures a bad action to be done.

SUBPOE’NA. n. s. [sub and pœna, Latin.] A writ command­
ing attendance in a court under a penalty.

SUBQUADRU’PLE. adj. [sub and quadruple.] Containing one
part of four.
As one of these under pulleys abates half of that heavi­
ness the weight hath in itself, and causes the power to be in
a subduple proportion unto it, so two of them abate half of
that which remains, and cause a subquadruple proportion.
Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

SUBQUINTU’PLE. adj. [sub and quintuple.] Containing one
part of five.
If unto the lower pulley there were added another, then
the power would be unto the weight in a subquintuple propor­
tion. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

SUBRE’CTOR. n. s. [sub and rector.] The rector's vicegerent.
He was chosen subrector of the college. Walton.

SUBRE’PTION. n. s. [subreption, Fr. subreptus, Lat.] The act of
obtaining a favour by surprize or unfair representation. Dict.

SUBREPTI’TIOUS. adj. [surreptice, French; surreptitius, Latin.]
Fraudulently obtained from a superior, by concealing some
truth, which, if known, would have prevented the grant.
Bailey.

To SUBSCRI’BE. v. a. [souscrire, Fr. subscribo, Latin.]
1. To give consent to, by underwriting the name.
They united by subscribing a covenant, which they pretend­
ed to be no other than had been subscribed in the reign of
King James, and that his Majesty himself had subscribed it;
by which imposition people of all degrees engaged themselves
in it. Clarendon.
The reader sees the names of those persons by whom this
letter is subscribed. Addison.
2. To attest by writing the name.
Their particular testimony ought to be better credited, than
some other subscribed with an hundred hands. Whitgifte.
3. To contract; to limit. Not used.
The king gone to night! subscrib'd his pow'r!
Confin'd to exhibition! all is gone. Shakespeare.

To SUBSCRI’BE. v. n.
1. To give consent.
Osius, with whose hand the Nicene creed was set down,
and framed for the whole Christian world to subscribe unto,
so far yielded in the end, as even with the same hand to ratify
the Arrians confession. Hooker.
Advise thee what is to be done,
And we will all subscribe to thy advice. Shakespeare.
If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
Thou should'st have said, go porter, turn the key,
All cruels else subscrib'd. Shakespeare's King Lear.
So spake much humbled Eve; but fate
Subscrib'd not: nature first gave signs, impress'd
On bird, beast, air. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. To promise a stipulated sum for the promotion of any under­
taking.

SUBSCRI’BER. n. s. [from subscriptio, Lat.]
1. One who subscribes.
2. One who contributes to any undertaking.
Let a pamphlet come out upon a demand in a proper jun­
cture, every one of the party who can spare a shilling shall
be a subscriber. Swift.

SUBSCRI’PTION. n. s. [from subscriptio, Latin.]
1. Any thing underwritten.
The man asked, are ye Christians? We answered we were;
fearing the less because of the cross we had seen in the sub­
scription. Bacon.
2. Consent or attestation given by underwriting the name.
3. The act or state of contributing to any undertaking.
The work he ply'd;
Stocks and subscriptions pour on ev'ry side. Pope.
South-sea subscriptions take who please,
Leave me but liberty. Pope.
4. Submission; obedience. Not in use.
I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness;
I never gave you kingdom, call'd you children,
You owe me no subscription. Shakespeare's King Lear.

SUBSE’CTION. n. s. [sub and sectio, Latin.] A subdivision of
a larger section into a lesser. A section of a section. Dict.

SU’BSEQUENCE. n. s. [from subsequor, Latin.] The state of
following; not precedence.
By this faculty we can take notice of the order of precedence
and subsequence in which they are past. Grew.

SUBSE’CUTIVE. adj. [from subsequor.] Following in train.

SUBSEPTU’PLE. adj. [sub and septuplus, Latin.] Containing
one of seven parts.
If unto this lower pully there were added another, then the
power would be unto the weight in a subquintuple proportion;
if a third, a subseptuple. Wilkins.

SU’BSEQUENT. adj. [subsequent, Fr. subsequens, Latin. This
word is improperly pronounced long in the second syllable by
Shakespeare.] Following in train; not preceding.
In such indexes, although small pricks
To their subsequent volumes, there is seen
The baby figure of the giant mass
Of things to come, at large. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
The subsequent words come on before the precedent va­
nish. Bacon.
Why does each consenting sign
With prudent harmony combine
In turns to move, and subsequent appear
To gird the globe and regulate the year? Prior.


This article is introduced as subsequent to the treaty of
Munster, made about 1648, when England was in the utmost
confusion. Swift.

SUBSE’QUENTLY. adv. [from subsequent.] Not so as to go be­
fore; so as to follow in train.
To men in governing most things fall out accidentally, and
come not into any compliance with their preconceived ends;
but they are forced to comply subsequently, and to strike in
with things as they fall out, by postliminious after-applica­
tions of them to their purposes. South's Sermons.

To SUBSE’RVE. v. a. [subservio, Latin.] To serve in sub­
ordination; to serve instrumentally.
Not made to rule,
But to subserve where wisdom bears command. Milton.
It is a greater credit to know the ways of captivating na­
ture, and making her subserve our purposes, than to have learn­
ed all the intrigues of policy. Glanville.
The memory hath no special part of the brain devoted to
its own service, but uses all those parrs which subserve our sen­
sations, as well as our thinking powers. Walsh.

SUBSE’RVIENCE. n. s. [from subserve.] Instrumental fitness
or use.
SUBSE’RVIENCY. n. s. [from subserve.] Instrumental fitness
or use.
Wicked spirits may by their cunning, carry farther in a
seeming confederacy or subserviency to the designs of a good
angel. Dryden.
We cannot look upon the body, wherein appears so much
fitness, use, and subserviency to infinite functions, any other­
wise than as the effect of contrivance. Bentley.
There is an immediate and agil subservience of the spirits to
the empire of the soul. Hale's Originat. of Mankind.
There is a regular subordination and subserviency among all
the parts to beneficial ends. Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

SUBSE’RVIENT. adj. [subserviens, Latin.] Subordinate; in­
strumentally useful.
Philosophers and common heathens believed one God, to
whom all things are referred; but under this God they wor­
shipped many inferior and subservient gods. Stillingfleet.
These ranks of creatures are subservient one to another,
and the most of them serviceable to man. Ray.
While awake, we feel none of those motions continually
made in the disposal of the corporeal principles subservient here­
in. Grew.
Sense is subservient unto fancy, fancy unto intellect. Grew.
We are not to consider the world as the body of God; he
is an uniform being, void of organs, members or parts, and
they are his creatures subordinate to him, and subservient to
his will. Newton's Opticks.
Most criticks, fond of some subservient art,
Still make the whole depend upon a part;
They talk of principles, but notions prize,
And all to one lov'd folly sacrifice. Pope.

SUBSE’XTUPLE. adj. [sub and sextuplus, Latin.] Containing
one part of six.
One of these under pullies abates half of that heaviness the
weight hath, and causes the power to be in a subduple propor­
tion unto it, two of them a subquadruple proportion, three
a subsextuple. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

To SUBSI’DE. v. n. [subsido, Latin.] To sink; to tend down­
wards.
He shook the sacred honours of his head
With terror trembled heav'ns subsiding hill,
And from his shaken curls ambrosial dews distill. Dryden.
Now Jove suspends his golden scales in air,
Weighs the mens wits against the lady's hair;
The doubtful beam long nods from side to side:
At length the wits mount up, the hairs subside. Pope.

SUBSI’DENCE. n. s. [from subside.] The act of sinking; ten­
dency downward.
SUBSI’DENCY. n. s. [from subside.] The act of sinking; ten­
dency downward.
This gradual subsidency of the abyss would take up a con­
siderable time. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
This miscellany of bodies being determined to subsidence
merely by their different specifick gravities, all those which
had the same gravity subsided at the same time. Woodward.
By the alternate motion of those air-bladders, whose sur­
faces are by turns freed from mutual contact, and by a sud­
den subsidence meet again by the ingress and egress of the air,
the liquor is still farther attenuated. Arbuthnot.

SUBSI’DIARY. adj. [subsidiaire, Fr. subsidiarius, Lat. from sub­
sidy.] Assistant; brought in aid.
Bitter substances burn the blood, and are a sort of subsidia­
ry gall. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SU’BSIDY. n. s. [subside, Fr. subsidium, Latin.] Aid, common­
ly such as is given in money.
They advised the king to send speedy aids, and with much
alacrity granted a great rate of subsidy. Bacon.
'Tis all the subsidy the present age can raise. Dryden.
It is a celebrated notion of a patriot, that a house of com­
mons should never grant such subsidies as give no pain to the
people, lest the nation should acquiesce under a burden they
did not feel. Addison.

To SUBSI’GN. v. a. [subsigno, Latin.] To sign under.
Neither have they seen any deed before the conquest, but
subsigned with crosses and single names without surnames. Camd.

To SUBSI’ST. v. n. [subsister, Fr. subsisto, Latin.]
1. To continue; to retain the present state or condition.
Firm we subsist, but possible to swerve. Milton.
The very foundation was removed, and it was a moral im­
possibility that the republick could subsist any longer. Swift.
2. To have means of living; to be maintained.
He shone so powerfully upon me, that like the heat of a
Russian summer, he ripened the fruits of poetry in a cold
climate; and gave me wherewithal to subsist in the long win­
ter which succeeded. Dryden.
Let us remember those that want necessaries, as we our­
selves should have desired to be remembred, had it been our
sad lot to subsist on other mens charity. Atterbury.
3. To inhere; to have existence.
Though the general natures of these qualities are sufficient­
ly distant from one another, yet when they come to subsist in
particulars, and to be clothed with several accidents, then the
discernment is not so easy. South's Sermons.

SUBSI’STENCE, or Subsistency. n.s. [subsistance, Fr. from subsist.]
1. Real being.
The flesh, and the conjunction of the flesh with God be­
gan both at one instant, his making and taking to himself our
flesh was but one act; so that in Christ there is no personal
subsistence but one, and that from everlasting. Hooker.
We know as little how the union is dissolved, that is the
chain of these differing subsistencies that compound us, as how
it first commenced. Glanville.
Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were
of some creatures existing. Stillingfleet.
2. Competence; means of supporting life.
His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable
subsistence out of the plunder of his province Addison.

SUBSI’STENT. adj. subsistens, Latin.] Having real being.
Such as deny spirits subsistent without bodies, will with dif­
ficulty affirm the separate existence of their own. Brown.
These qualities are not subsistent in those bodies, but are
operations of fancy begotten in something else. Bentley.

SU’BSTANCE. n. s. [substance, Fr, substantia, Latin.]
1. Being; something existing; something of which we can say
that it is.
Since then the soul works by herself alone,
Springs not from sense, nor humours well agreeing,
Her nature is peculiar, and her own;
She is a substance, and a perfect being. Davies.
The strength of gods,
And this empyreal substance cannot fail. Milton.
2. That which supports accidents.
What creatures there inhabit, of what mold,
And substance. Milton.
Every being is considered as subsisting in and by itself, and
then it is called a substance; or it subsists in and by another, and
then it is called a mode or manner of being. Watts.
3. The essential part.
It will serve our turn to comprehend the substance, without
confining ourselves to scrupulous exactness in form. Digby.
This edition is the same in substance with the Latin. Burn.
They are the best epitomes, and let you see with one cast
of the eye the substance of a hundred pages. Addison.
4. Something real, not imaginary; something solid, not empty.
Shadows to night
Have struck more terror to the soul of Richard,
Than can the substance of ten thousand soldiers
Arm'd in proof and led by shallow Richard. Shakespeare.
He the future evil shall no less
In apprehension than in substance feel. Milton.
Heroick virtue did his actions guide,
And he the substance, not th' appearance chose:
To rescue one such friend he took more pride,
Than to destroy whole thousands of such foes. Dryden.
5. Body; corporeal nature.
Between the parts of opake and coloured bodies are many
spaces, either empty or replenished with mediums of other
densities; as water between the tinging corpuscles wherewith
any liquor is impregnated, air between the aqueous globules
that constitute clouds or mists, and for the most part spaces
void of both air and water; but yet perhaps not wholly void
of all substance between the parts of hard bodies. Newton.
The qualities of plants are more various than those of ani­
mal substances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. Wealth; means of life.
He hath eaten me out of house and home, and hath
put all my substance into that fat belly of his, but I will have
some of it out again. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our
substance, but not for our own interest. Swift.

SUBSTA’NTIAL. adj. [substantielle, Fr. from substance.]
1. Real; actually existing.
If this atheist would have his chance to be a real and sub­
stantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar. Bentley.


2. True; solid; real; not merely seeming.
O blessed! blessed night! I am afraid,
Being in night, all this is but a dream;
Too flattering sweet to be substantial. Shakespeare.
To give thee being, I lent
Out of my side to thee, nearest my heart,
Substantial life. Milton.
If happiness be a substantial good,
Not fram'd of accidents, nor subject to them,
I err'd to seek it in a blind revenge. Denham.
Time, as a river, hath brought down to us what is more
light and superficial, while things more solid and substantial
have been immersed. Glanville.
The difference betwixt the empty vanity of ostentation, and
the substantial ornaments of virtue. L'Estrange.
Observations are the only sure grounds whereon to build a
lasting and substantial philosophy. Woodward.
A solid and substantial greatness of soul, looks down with
neglect on the censures and applauses of the multitude. Addison.
3. Corporeal; material.
Now shine these planets with substantial rays?
Does innate lustre gild their measur'd days? Prior.
The sun appears flat like a plate of silver, the moon as big
as the sun, and the rainbow a large substantial arch in the sky,
all which are gross falshoods. Watts.
4. Strong; stout; bulky.
Substantial doors,
Cross-barr'd and bolted fast, fear no assault. Milton.
5. Responsible; moderately wealthy.
Trials of crimes and titles of right shall be made by verdict
of a jury, chosen out of the honest and most substantial free­
holders. Spenser on Ireland.
The merchants, and substantial citizens, cannot make up
more than a hundred thousand families. Addison on the War.

SUBSTA’NTIALS. n. s. [Without singular.] Essential parts.
Although a custom introduced against the substantials of an
appeal be not valid, as that it should not be appealed to a supe­
rior, but to an inferior judge, yet a custom may be introduced
against the accidentals of an appeal. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SUBSTANTIA’LITY. n. s. [from substantial.]
1. The state of real existence.
2. Corporeity; materiality.
Body cannot act on any thing but by motion; motion can­
not be received but by quantity and matter: the soul is a
stranger to such gross substantiality, and owns nothing of these.
Glanv. Sceps.

SUBSTA’NTIALLY. adv. [from substantial.]
1. In manner of a substance; with reality of existence.
In him his Father shone substantially express'd. Milton.
2. Strongly; solidly.
Having so substantially provided for the North, they promised
themselves they should end the war that Summer. Clarendon.
3. Truly; solidly; really; with fixed purpose.
The laws of this religion would make men, if they would
truly observe them, substantially religious towards God, chaste
and temperate. Tillotson.
4. With competent wealth.

SUBSTA’NTIALNESS. n. s. [from substantial.]
1. The state of being substantial.
2. Firmness; strength; power of holding or lasting.
When substantialness combineth with delightfulness, fulness
with fineness, how can the language which consisteth of these
sound other than most full of sweetness? Camden's Remains.
In degree of substantialness next above the dorique, sustain­
ing the third, and adorning the second story. Wotton.

To SUBSTA’NTIATE. v. a. [from substance.] To make to
exist.
The accidental of any act is said to be whatever advenes to
the act itself already substantiated. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SU’BSTANTIVE. n. s. [substantif, French; substantivum, Latin.]
A noun betokening the thing, not a quality.
Claudian perpetually closes his sense at the end of a verse,
commonly called golden, or two substantives and two adjec­
tives with a verb betwixt them. Dryden.

SUBSTA’NTIVE. adj. [substantivus, Latin.]
1. Solid; depending only on itself. Not in use.
He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was
to maintain itself, without any aid of the foreigner. Bacon.
2. Betokening existence.
One is obliged to join many particulars in one proposition, be­
cause the repetition of the substantive verb would be tedious. Arb.

To SU’BSTITUTE. v. a. [substituer, Fr. substitutus, from sub
and statuo, Latin.] To put in the place of another.
In the original designs of speaking, a man can substitute none
for them that can equally conduce to his honour. Gov. of Tongue.
If a swarthy tongue
Is underneath his humid palate hung,
Reject him and substitute another. Dryden.
Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of
others. Congreve.

SU’BSTITUTE. n. s. [substitut, Fr. from the verb.] One placed
by another to act with delegated power.
Were you sworn to the duke, or to the deputy?
—To him and his substitutes. Shakespeare.
You've taken up,
Under the counterfeited zeal of God,
The subjects of his substitute, my father,
And here upswarm'd them. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Hast thou not made me here thy substitute,
And these inferior far beneath me set? Milton.
Providence delegates to the supreme magistrate the same
power for the good of men, which that supreme magistrate
transfers to those several substitutes who act under him. Addis.

SUBSTITU’TION. n. s. [substitution, Fr. from substitute.] The
act of placing any person or thing in the room of another; the
state of being placed in the room of another.
He did believe
He was the duke, from substitution,
And executing th' outward face of royalty,
With all prerogative. Shakesp. Tempest.
Nor sal, sulphur, or mercury can be separated from any
perfect metals; for every part, so separated, may easily be re­
duced into perfect metal without substitution of that which chy­
mists imagine to be wanting. Bacon's Phys. Rem.

To SUBSTRA’CT. v. a. [subtraho, Lat. soustraction, French.]
1. To take away part from the whole.
2. To take one number from another.

SUBSTRA’CTION. n. s. [soubstraire, soubstraction, French.]
1. The act of taking away part from the whole.
I cannot call this piece Tully's nor my own, being much
altered not only by the change of the style, but by addition
and substraction. Denham.
2. [In arithmetick.] The taking of a lesser number out of a
greater of like kind, whereby to find out a third number,
being or declaring the inequality, excess, or difference be­
tween the numbers given. Cocker's Arithmetick.

SUBSTRU’CTION. n. s. [substructio, from sub and struc, Latin.]
Underbuilding.
To found our habitation firmly, examine the bed of earth
upon which we build, and then the underfillings, or substruc­
tion, as the ancients called it. Wotton's Architecture.

SUBSTY’LAR. adj. [sub and stylus.] Substylar line is, in dialing,
a right line, whereon the gnomon or style of a dial is erected
at right angles with the plane. Dict.
Erect the style perpendicularly over the substilar line, so as
to make an angle with the dial-plane equal to the elevation of
the pole of your place. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

SUBSU’LTIVE. adj. [subsultus, Latin.] Bounding; moving
by starts.
SUBSU’LTORY. adj. [subsultus, Latin.] Bounding; moving
by starts.

SUBSU’LTORILY. adv. [from subsultory.] In a bounding
manner.
The spirits spread even, and move not subsultorily; for that
will make the parts close and pliant. Bacon's Natural History.

SUBTA’NGENT. n. s. In any curve, is the line which deter­
mines the intersection of the tangent in the axis prolonged. Dict.

To SUBTE’ND. v. a. [sub and tendo, Latin.] To be extended
under.
In rectangles and triangles the square, which is made of the
side that subtendeth the right angle, is equal to the squares
which are made of the sides containing the right angel. Brown.
From Aries rightways draw a line, to end
In the same round, and let that line subtend
An equal triangle: now since the lines
Must three times touch the round, and meet three signs,
Where e'er they meet in angles, those are trines. Creech.

SUBTE’NSE. n. s. [sub and tensus, Latin.] The chord of an
arch; that which is extended under any thing.

SU’BTER. [Latin.] In composition, signifies under.

SUBTERFLU’ENT. adj. [subterfluo, Latin.] Running under.
SUBTE’RFLUOUS. adj. [subterfluo, Latin.] Running under.

SUBTERFU’GE. n. s. [supterfuge, French; subter and fugio, Lat.]
A shift; an evasion; a trick.
The king cared not for subterfuges, but would stand envy,
and appear in any thing that was to his mind. Bacon.
Notwithstanding all their sly subterfuges and studied evasions,
yet the product of all their endeavours is but as the birth of
the labouring mountains, wind and emptiness. Glanv.
Affect not little shifts and subterfuges to avoid the force of
an argument. Watts.

SUBTERRA’NEAL. adj. [sub and terra, Lat. sousterraine, Fr.
Subterranean or subterraneous is the word
now used.] Lying under the earth; placed
below the surface.
SUBTERRA’NEAN. adj. [sub and terra, Lat. sousterraine, Fr.
Subterranean or subterraneous is the word
now used.] Lying under the earth; placed
below the surface.
SU’BTERRANEOUS. adj. [sub and terra, Lat. sousterraine, Fr.
Subterranean or subterraneous is the word
now used.] Lying under the earth; placed
below the surface.
SU’BTERRANY. adj. [sub and terra, Lat. sousterraine, Fr.
Subterranean or subterraneous is the word
now used.] Lying under the earth; placed
below the surface.
Metals are wholly subterrany, whereas plants are part above
earth, and part under. Bacon's Natural History.
In subterranies, as the fathers of their tribes, are brimstone
and mercury. Bacon's Natural History.
The force
Of subterranean wind transports a hill
Torn from Pelorus, or the shatter'd side
Of thund'ring ætna, whose combustible
And fuel'd entrails thence conceiving fire,
Sublim'd with mineral fury, aid the winds. Milton.


Alteration proceeded from the change made in the neigh­
bouring subterraneal parts by that great conflagration. Boyle.
Tell by what paths, what subterranean ways,
Back to the fountain's head the sea conveys
The refluent rivers. Blackmore.
Let my soft minutes glide obscurely on,
Like subterraneous streams, unheard, unknown. Norris.
This subterraneous passage was not at first designed so much
for a highway as for a quarry. Addison.
Rous'd within the subterranean world,
Th' expanding earthquake unresisted shakes
Aspiring cities. Thomson.

SUBTERRA’NITY. n. s. [sub and terra, Lat.] A place under
ground. Not in use.
We commonly consider subterranities, not in contempla­
tions, sufficiently respective unto the creation. Brown.

SU’BTILE. adj. [subtile, Fr. subtilis, Lat. This word is often
written subtle.]
1. Thin; not dense; not gross.
From his eyes the fleeting fair
Retir'd, like subtle smoke dissolv'd in air. Dryden's Georg.
Deny Des Cart his subtile matter,
You leave him neither fire nor water. Prior.
Is not the heat conveyed through the vacuum by the vibra­
tions of a much subtiler medium than air, which, after the air
was drawn out, remained in the vacuum? Newton's Opt.
2. Nice; fine; delicate; not coarse.
But of the clock which in our breasts we bear,
The subtile motions we forget the while. Davies.
Thou only know'st her nature, and her pow'rs;
Her subtile form thou only can'st define. Davies.
I do distinguish plain
Each subtile line of her immortal face. Davies.
3. Piercing; acute.
Pass we the slow disease and subtile pain,
Which our weak frame is destin'd to sustain;
The cruel stone, the cold catarrh. Prior.
4. Cunning; artful; sly; subdolous. In this sense it is now
commonly written subtle.
Arrius, a priest in the church of Alexandria, a subtile
witted and a marvellous fair spoken man, was discontented
that one should be placed before him in honour, whose superior
he thought himself in desert, because through envy and sto­
mach prone unto contradiction. Hooker.
Think you this York
Was not incensed by his subtle mother,
To taunt and scorn you? Shakesp. Richard III.
O subtile love, a thousand wiles thou hast
By humble suit, by service, or by hire,
To win a maiden's hold. Fairfax.
A woman, an harlot and subtile of heart. Prov. vii. 10.
Nor thou his malice, and false guile, contemn:
Subtile he needs must be, who could seduce
Angels. Milton's Paradise Lost.
5. Deceitful.
Like a bowl upon a subtle ground,
I've tumbled past the throw. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
6. Refined; acute beyond exactness.
Things remote from use, obscure and subtle. Milton.

SU’BTILELY. adv. [from subtile.]
1. Finely; not grossly.
The constitution of the air appeareth more subtilly by worms
in oak-apples than to the sense of man. Bacon.
In these plaisters the stone should not be too subtilely pow­
dered; for it will better manifest its attraction in more sensible
dimensions. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The opakest bodies, if subtilely divided, as metals dissolved
in acid menstruums, become perfectly transparent. Newton.
2. Artfully; cunningly.
By granting this, add the reputation of loving the truth sin­
cerely to that of having been able to oppose it subtilely. Boyle.
Others have sought to ease themselves of affliction by dis­
puting subtilly against it, and pertinaciously maintaining that
afflictions are no real evils. Tillotson's Sermons.

SU’BTILENESS. n. s. [from subtile.]
1. Fineness; rareness.
2. Cunning; artfulness.

To SUBTI’LIATE. v. a. [from subtile.] To make thin.
A very dry and warm or subtiliating air opens the surface of
the earth. Harvey on the Plague.

SUBTILIA’TION. n. s. [subtiliation, French; from subtiliate.]
The act of making thin.
By subtiliation and rarefaction the oil contained in grapes,
if distilled before it be fermented, becomes spirit of wine. Boyle.

SU’BTILTY. n. s. [subtilité, French; from subtile.]
1. Thinness; fineness; exility of parts.
The subtilties of particular sounds may pass through small
crannies not confused, but its magnity not so well. Bacon.
How shall we this union well express?
Nought ties the soul, her subtilty is such. Davies.
The corporeity of all bodies being the same, and subtilty in
all bodies being essentially the same thing, could any body by
subtilty become vital, then any degree of subtilty would pro­
duce some degree of life. Grew's Cosmol.
Bodies the more of kin they are to spirit in subtilty and re­
finement, the more spreading and self-diffusive are they. Norris.
2. Nicety.
Whatsoever is invisible, in respect of the fineness of the
body, or subtilty of the motion, is little enquired. Bacon.
3. Refinement; too much acuteness.
You prefer the reputation of candour before that of sub­
tilty. Boyle.
Intelligible discourses are spoiled by too much subtilty in nice
divisions. Locke.
Greece did at length a learned race produce,
Who needful science mock'd, and arts of use;
Mankind with idle subtilties embroil,
And fashion systems with romantick toil. Blackmore.
They give method, and shed subtilty upon their author. Bak.
4. Cunning; artifice; slyness.
Finding force now faint to be,
He thought grey hairs afforded subtilty. Sidney.
The rudeness and barbarity of savage Indians knows not so
perfectly to hate all virtues as some mens subtilty. K. Charles.
Sleights proceeding
As from his wit and native subtlety. Milton.

SUBTILIZA’TION. n. s. [from subtilize.]
1. Subtilization is making any thing so volatile as to rise readily
in steam or vapour. Quincy.
Fluids have their resistances proportional to their densities,
so that no subtilization, division of parts, or refining can alter
these resistances. Cheyne's Phil. Princ.
2. Refinement; superfluous acuteness.

To SU’BTILIZE. v. a. [subtilizer, French; from subtile.]
1. To make thin; to make less gross or coarse.
Chyle, being mixed with the choler and pancreatick juices,
is further subtilized, and rendered so fluid and penetrant, that
the thinner and finer part easily finds way in at the streight ori­
fices of the lacteous veins. Ray on the Creation.
Body cannot be vital; for if it be, then is it so either as
subtilized or organized, moved or endowed with life. Grew.
2. To refine; to spin into useless niceties.
The most obvious verity is subtilized into niceties, and spun
into a thread indiscernible by common opticks. Glanville.

To SUBTI’LIZE. v. n. To talk with too much refinement.
Qualities and moods some modern philosophers have sub­
tilized on. Digby on Bodies.

SU’BTLE. adj. [Written often for subtile, especially in the sense
of cunning.] Sly; artful; cunning.
Some subtle headed fellow will put some quirk, or devise
some evasion, whereof the rest will take hold. Spenser.
Shall we think the subtle witted French
Conj'rers and sorc'rers, that, afraid of him,
By magick verse have thus contriv'd his end? Shak. H. VI.
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field. Milton.
The Arabians were men of a deep and subtle wit. Sprat.

SU’BTLY. adv. [from subtle.]
1. Slily; artfully; cunningly.
Thou see'st how subtly to detain thee I devise;
Inviting thee to hear, while I relate. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. Nicely; delicately.
In the nice bee, what sense so subtly true,
From pois'nous herbs extracts the healing dew! Pope.

To SU’BTRACT. v. a. [subtractio, Latin. They who derive it
from the Latin write subtract; those who know the French
original, write substract, which is the common word.] To
withdraw part from the rest.
Reducing many things unto charge, which, by confusion,
became concealed and subtracted from the crown. Davies.
What is subtracted or subducted out of the extent of the
divine perfection, leaves still a quotient infinite. Hale.
The same swallow, by the subtracting daily of her eggs,
lay nineteen successively, and then gave over. Ray.

SUBTRA’CTION. n. s. See SUBSTRACTION.

SU’BTRAHEND. n. s. [subtrahendum, Lat.] The number to be
taken from a larger number.

SUBTRI’PLE. adj. [subtriple, Fr. sub and triplus, Latin.] Con­
taining a third or one part of three.
The power will be in a subtriple proportion to the weight.
Wilkins's Math. Magic.

SUBVENTA’NEOUS. adj. [subventaneus, Lat.] Addle; windy.
Suitable unto the relation of the mares in Spain, and their
subventaneous conceptions from the western wind. Brown.

To SU’BVERSE. v. a. [subversus, Latin.] To subvert. Spenser
uses subverst in the same sense.
Empires subvers'd, when ruling fate has struck
Th' unalterable hour. Thomson's Autumn.

SUBVE’RSION. n. s. [subversion, Fr. subversus, Latin.] Over­
throw; ruin; destruction.
These seek subversion of thy harmless life. Shak. H. VI.
It is far more honourable to suffer, than to prosper in their
ruin and subversion. King Charles.
These things refer to the opening and shutting the abyss,
with the dissolution or subversion of the earth. Burnet.


Laws have been often abused, to the oppression and the sub­
version of that order they were intended to preserve. Rogers.

SUBVE’RSIVE. adj. [from subvert.] Having tendency to over­
turn.
Lying is a vice subversive of the very ends and design of
conversation. Rogers.

To SU’BVERT. v. a. [subvertir, French; subverto, Latin.]
1. To overthrow; to overturn; to destroy; to turn upside
down.
God, by things deem'd weak,
Subverts the worldly strong and worldly wise. Milton.
No proposition can be received for divine revelation, if
contradictory to our clear intuitive knowledge; because this
would subvert the principles of all knowledge. Locke.
Trees are subverted or broken by high winds. Mortimer.
2. To corrupt; to confound.
Strive not about words to no purpose, but to the subverting
of the hearers. 2 Tim. ii. 14.

SUBVE’RTER. n. s. [from subvert.] Overthrower; destroyer.
O traytor! worse than Simon was to Troy;
O vile subverter of the Gallick reign,
More false than Gano was to Charlemagne. Dryden.

SU’BURB. n. s. [suburbium, Latin.]
1. Building without the walls of a city.
There's a trim rabble let in: are all these your faithful
friends o' th' suburbs? Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
What can be more to the disvaluation of the power of the
Spaniard, than to have marched seven days in the heart of his
countries, and lodged three nights in the suburbs of his prin­
cipal city? Bacon's War with Spain.
2. The confines; the outpart.
The suburbs of my jacket are so gone,
I have not left one skirt to sit upon. Cleaveland.
They on the smoothed plank,
The suburb of their strawbuilt citadel,
Expatiate. Milton.
When our fortunes are violently changed, our spirits
are unchanged, if they always stood in the suburbs and expec­
tation of sorrows. Taylor.

SUBU’RBAN. adj. [suburbanus, Latin; from suburb.] Inhabit­
ing the suburb.
Poor clinches the suburban muse affords,
And Panton waging harmless war with words. Dryden.

SUBWG’RKER. n. s. [sub and worker.] Underworker; subor­
dinate helper.
He that governs well leads the blind; but he that teaches
gives him eyes: and it is glorious to be a subworker to grace,
in freeing it from some of the inconveniences of original
sin. South.
SUC

SUCCEDA’NEOUS. adj. [succedaneus, Lat.] Supplying the place
of something else.
Nor is ætius strictly to be believed when he prescribeth the
stone of the otter as a succedaneous unto castoeum. Brown.
I have not discovered the menstruum: I will present a suc­
cedaneous experiment made with a common liquor. Boyle.

SUCCEDA’NEUM. n. s. [Latin.] That which is put to serve
for something else.

To SU’CCEED. v. n. [succeder, French; succedo, Latin.]
1. To follow in order.
If I were now to die,
'Twere to be most happy; for I fear,
My soul hath her consent so absolute,
That not another comfort like to this
Succeeds in unknown fate. Shakes. Othello.
Those of all ages to succeed will curse my head. Milton.
2. To come into the place of one who has quitted.
Workmen let it cool by degrees in such relentings of neal­
ing heats, lest it should shiver in pieces by a violent succeeding
of air in the room of the fire. Digby on Bodies.
Enjoy 'till I return
Short pleasures; for long woes are to succeed. Milton.
If the father left only daughters, they equally succeeded to
him in copartnership, without prelation or preference of the
eldest to a double portion. Hale.
Revenge succeeds to love, and rage to grief. Dryden.
While these limbs the vital spirit feeds,
While day to night, and night to day succeeds,
Burn -off'rings morn and ev'ning shall be thine,
And fires eternal in thy temples shine. Dryden.
These dull harmless makers of lampoons are yet of dangerous
example to the publick: some witty men may succeed to their
designs, and, mixing sense with malice, blast the reputation
of the most innocent. Dryden.
The pretensions of Saul's family, who received his crown
from the immediate appointment of God, ended with his reign;
and David, by the same title, succeeded in his throne, to the
exclusion of Jonathan. Locke.
3. To obtain one's wish; to terminate an undertaking in the
desired effect.
'Tis almost impossible for poets to succeed without ambition:
imagination must be raised by a desire of fame to a desire of
pleasing. Dryden.
This address I have long thought owing; and if I had
never attempted, I might have been vain enough to think I
might have succeeded. Dryden.
A knave's a knave to me in ev'ry state;
Alike my scorn, if he succeed or fail:
Sporus at court, or Japhet in a jail. Pope.
4. To terminate according to wish.
If thou deal truly, thy doings shall prosperously succeed to
thee. Tob. iv. 6.
This was impossible for Virgil to imitate, because of the
severity of the Roman language: Spencer endeavoured it in
Sheperd's Kalendar; but neither will it succeed in English. Dry.
5. To go under cover.
Please that silvan scene to take,
Where whistling winds uncertain shadows make;
Or will you to the cooler cave succeed,
Whose mouth the curling vines have overspread. Dryden.

To SU’CCEED. v. a.
1. To follow; to be subsequent or consequent to.
In that place no creature was hurtful unto man, and those
destructive effects they now discover succeeded the curse, and
came in with thorns and briars. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. To prosper; to make successful.
Now frequent trines the happier lights among,
And high-rais'd Jove from his dark prison freed,
Those weights took off that on his planet hung,
Will gloriously the new laid works succeed. Dryden.
Succeed my wish, and second my design,
The fairest Deiopeia shall be thine,
And make thee father of a happy line. Dryden's æn.

SUCCE’EDER. n. s. [from succeed.] One who follows; one who
comes into the place of another.
Why should calamity be full of words?
—Windy attorneys to their client woes,
Airy succeeders of intestate joys,
Poor breathing orators of miseries! Shakes. R. III.
Now this great succeeder all repairs,
He builds up strength and greatness for his heirs,
Out of the virtues that adorn'd his blood. Daniel.
Nature has so far imprinted it in us, that should the
envy of predecessors deny the secret to succeeders, they yet
would find it out. Suckling.
They make one man's particular fancies, perhaps fail­
ings, confining laws to others, and convey them to their suc­
ceeders, who afterwards misname all unobsequiousness as pre­
sumption. Boyle.

SU’CCESS. n. s. [succes, French; successus, Latin.]
1. The termination of any affair happy or unhappy. Success
without any epithet is commonly taken for good success.
For good success of his hands, he asketh ability to do of him
that is most unable. Wisd. xiii. 19.
Perplex'd and troubled at his bad success
The tempter stood. Milton.
Not Lemuel's mother with more care
Did counsel or instruct her heir;
Or teach, with more success, her son
The vices of the time to shun. Waller.
Every reasonable man cannot but wish me success in this at­
tempt, because I undertake the proof of that which it is every
man's interest that it should be true. Tillotson's Sermons.
Whilst malice and ingratitude confess,
They've strove for ruin long without success. Garth.
Gas sulphuris may be given with success in any disease of the
lungs. Arbuthnot on Diet.
Military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a
people. Atterbury's Sermons.
2. Succession. Obsolete.
All the sons of these five brethren reigned
By due success, and all their nephews late,
Even thrice eleven descents, the crown retained. Spenser.

SUCCE’SSFUL. adj. [success and full.] Prosperous; happy;
fortunate.
They were terrible alarms to persons grown wealthy by a
long and successful imposture, by persuading the world that men
might be honest and happy, though they never mortified any
corrupt appetites. South's Sermons.
H' observ'd the illustrious throng,
Their names, their fates, their conduct and their care
In peaceful senates and successful war. Dryden.
The early hunter
Blesses Diana's hand, who leads him safe
O'er hanging cliffs; who spreads his net successful,
And guides the arrow through the panther's heart. Prior.

SUCCE’SSFULLY. adv. [from successful.] Prosperously; luckily;
fortunately.
He is too young, yet he looks successfully. Shakespeare.
They would want a competent instrument to collect and
convey their rays successfully, or so as to imprint the species
with any vigour on a dull prejudicate faculty. Hammond.
The rule of imitating God can never be successfully pro­
posed but upon Christian principles; such as that this world is
a place not of rest, but of discipline. Atterbury.


A reformation successfully carried on in this great town,
would in time spread itself over the whole kingdom. Swift.
Bleeding, when the expectoration goes on successfully, sup­
presseth it. Arbuthnot on Diet.

SUCCE’SSFULNESS. n. s. [from successful.] Happy conclusion;
desired event; series of good fortune.
An opinion of the successfulness of the work is as necessary
to found a purpose of undertaking it, as the authority of com­
mands, or the persuasiveness of promises. Hammond.

SUCCE’SSION. n. s. [succession, French; successio, Latin.]
1. Consecution; series of one thing or person following an­
other.
St. Augustine, having reckoned up a great number of the
bishops of Rome, saith, in all this order of succession of bishops
there is not one found a Donatist. Hooker.
Reflection on appearances of several ideas, one after an­
other, in our minds, furnishes us with the idea of suc­
cession. Locke.
Let a cannon-bullet pass through a room, and take with it
any limb of a man, it is clear that it must strike successively
the two sides of the room, touch one part of the flesh first,
and another after, and so in succession. Locke.
2. A series of things or persons following one another.
These decays in Spain have been occasioned by so long a
war with Holland; but most by two successions of inactive
princes. Bacon.
The smallest particles of matter may cohere by the strong­
est attractions, and compose bigger particles of weaker virtue;
and many of these may cohere and compose bigger particles,
whose virtue is still weaker; and so on for divers successions,
until the progression end in the biggest particles, on which the
operations in chymistry and the colours of natural bodies de­
pend. Newton's Opt.
3. A lineage; an order of descendants.
Cassibelan,
And his succession, granted Rome a tribute. Shakes. Cymbel.
A long succession must ensue;
And his next son the clouded ark of God
Shall in a glorious temple enshrine. Milt Par. Lost.
4. The power or right of coming to the inheritance of an­
cestors.
What people is so void of common sense,
To vote succession from a native prince? Dryden.

SUCCE’SSIVE. adj. [successif, French.]
1. Following in order; continuing a course or consecution un­
interrupted.
Three with fiery courage he assails,
And each successive after other quails,
Still wond'ring whence so many kings should rise. Daniel.
God hath set
Labour and rest, as day and night, to men
Successive. Milt. Par. Lost.
God, by reason of his eternal indivisible nature, is by one
single act of duration present to all the successive portions of
time, and all successively existing in them. South.
Send the successive ills through ages down,
And let each weeping father tell his son. Prior.
2. Inherited by succession. Not in use.
Countrymen,
Plead my successive title with your swords.
Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.
The empire being elective, and not successive, the emperors,
in being, made profit of their own times. Raleigh.

SUCCE’SSIVLEY. adv. [successivement, Fr. from successive.] In
uninterrupted order; one after another.
Three sons he left,
All which successively by turns did reign. Fairy Queen.
Is it upon record? or else reported
Successively from age to age? Shakesp. Richard III.
That king left only by his six wives three children, who
reigned successively, and died childless. Bacon.
We that measure times by first and last,
The sight of things successively do take,
When God on all at once his view doth cast,
And of all times doth but one instant make. Davies.
I inclined the paper to the rays very obliquely, that the most
refrangible rays might be more copiously reflected than the
rest, and the whiteness at length changed successively into blue,
indigo, and violet. Newton's Opt.
No such motion of the same atom can be all of it existent
at once: it must needs be made gradually and successively, both
as to place and time, seeing that body cannot at the same in­
stant be in more places than one. Bentley's Sermons.

SUCCE’SSIVENESS. n. s. [from successive.] The state of being
successive.
All the notion we have of duration is partly by the successive­
ness of its own operations, and partly by those external mea­
sures that it finds in motion. Hale.

SUCCE’SSLESS. adj. [from success.] Unlucky; unfortunate;
failing of the event desired.
The hopes of thy successless love resign. Dryden.
The Bavarian duke,
Bold champion! brandishing his Noric blade,
Best temper'd steel, successless prov'd in field. Philips.
Passion unpity'd, and successless love,
Plant daggers in my heart. Addison's Cato.
Successless all her soft caresses prove,
To banish from his breast his country's love. Pope.

SU’CCESSOUR. n. s. [successeur, French; successor, Latin. This
is sometimes pronounced succssour, with the accent in the
middle.] One that follows in the place or character of an­
other; correlative to predecessour.
This king by this queen had a son of tender age, but of
great expectation, brought up in the hope of themselves, and
already acceptation of the inconstant people, as successor of his
father's crown. Sidney.
The successor of Moses in prophecies. Ecclu. xlvi. 1.
The fear of what was to come from an unacknowledged
successour to the crown, clouded much of that prosperity then,
which now shines in chronicle. Clarendon.
The second part of confirmation is the prayer and benedic­
tion of the bishop, the successour of the apostles in this office.
Hammond on Fundamentals.
The surly savage offspring disappear,
And curse the bright successor of the year;
Yet crafty kind with daylight can dispense. Dryden.
Whether a bright successor, or the same. Tate.
The descendants of Alexander's successors cultivated naviga­
tion in some lesser degree. Arbuthnot.

SUCCI’NCT. adj. [succinct, French; succinctus, Latin.]
1. Tucked or girded up; having the cloaths drawn up to dis­
engage the legs.
His habit fit for speed succinct. Milton's Par. Lost.
His vest succinct then girding round his waist,
Forth rush'd the swain. Pope.
Four knaves in garbs succinct. Pope.
2. Short; concise; brief.
A strict and succinct stile is that where you can take nothing
away without loss, and that loss manifest. Ben. Johnson.
Let all your precepts be succinct and clear,
That ready wits may comprehend them soon. Roscommon.

SUCCI’NCTLY. adv. [from succinct.] Briefly; concisely; with­
out superfluity of diction.
I shall present you very succinctly with a few reflections that
most readily occur. Boyle.
I'll recant, when France can shew me wit
As strong as ours, and as succinctly writ. Roscommon.

SU’CCORY. n. s. [cichorium, Latin.] A plant.
It is one of the milky plants, with a plain radiated flower:
the flowers are produced from the sides of the branches, at the
setting off of the branches upon short footstalks: the cup of
the flower is like a contracted seed-vessel: the seeds are angu­
lar, umbilicated, and shaped somewhat like a wedge. Miller.
A garden-sallad
Of endive, radishes, and succory. Dryden.
The medicaments to diminish the milk are lettuce, purslane,
endive, and succory. Wiseman of Tumours.

To SU’CCOUR. v. a. [secourir, French; succurro, Lat.] To
help; to assist in difficulty or distress; to relieve.
As that famous queen
Of Amazons, whom Pyrrhus did destroy,
Did shew herself in great triumphant joy,
To succour the weak state of sad afflicted Troy. Fa. Qu
A grateful beast will stand upon record, against those that in
their prosperity forget their friends, that to their loss and
hazard stood by and succoured them in their adversity. L'Estr.

SU’CCOUR. n. s. [from the verb; secours, French.]
1. Aid; assistance; relief of any kind; help in distress.
My father,
Flying for succour to his servant Banister,
Being distress'd, was by that wretch betray'd. Shakespeare.
Here's a young maid with travel oppress'd,
And faints for succour. Shakespeare.
2. The person or things that bring help.
Fear nothing else but a betraying of succours which reason
offereth. Wisd. xvii. 12.
Our watchful general had discern'd from far
The mighty succour which made glad the foe. Dryden.

SU’CCOURER. n. s. [from succour.] Helper; assistant; reliever.
She hath been a succourer of many. Ro. xvi. 2.

SU’CCOURLESS. adj. [from succour.] Wanting relief; void of
friends or help.
Succourless and sad,
She with extended arms his aid implores. Thomson.

SU’CCULENCY. n. s. [from succulent.] Juiciness.

SU’CCULENT. adj. [succulent, French; succulentus, Latin.]
Juicy; moist.
These plants have a strong, dense, and succulent moisture,
which is not apt to exhale. Bacon.
Divine Providence has spread her table every where, not
with a juiceless green carpet, but with succulent herbage and
nourishing grass, upon which most beasts feed. More.


On our account has Jove,
Indulgent, to all lands some succulent plant
Allotted, that poor helpless man might slack
His present thirst. Philips.

To SUCCU’MB. v. n. [succumbo, Latin; succomber, French.]
To yield; to sink under any difficulty. Not in use, except
among the Scotch.
To their wills we must succumb,
Quocunque trahunt, 'tis our doom. Hudibras.

SUCCU’SSATION. n. s. [succusso, Latin.] A trot.
They move two legs of one side together, which is toluta­
tion or ambling, or lift one foot before and the cross foot be­
hind, which is succussation or trotting. Brown's Vulgar Err.
They rode, but authors do not say
Whether tolutation or succussation. Butler.

SUCCU’SSION. n. s. [succussio, Latin.]
1. The act of shaking.
When any of that risible species were brought to the doctor,
and when he considered the spasms of the diaphragm, and all
the muscles of respiration, with the tremulous succussion of the
whole human body, he gave such patients over. Mart. Scrib.
2. [In physick.] Is such a shaking of the nervous parts as is pro­
cured by strong stimuli, like sternutatories, friction, and the
like, which are commonly used in apoplectick affections.

SUCH. pronoun. [sulleiks, Gothick; sulk, Dutch; swilc, Saxon.]
1. Of that kind; of the like kind. With as before the thing
to which it relates, when the thing follows: as, such a power
as a king's; such a gift as a kingdom.
'Tis such another fitchew! marry, a perfum'd one. Shakes.
Can we find such a one as this, in whom the spirit of God
is? Gen. xli. 38.
The works of the flesh are manifest, such are drunkenness,
revelings, and such like. Gal. v. 21.
You will not make this a general rule to debar such from
preaching of the Gospel as have thro' infirmity fallen. Whitgift.
Such another idol was Manah, worshipped between Mecca
and Medina, which was called a rock or stone. Stillingfleet.
Such precepts as tend to make men good, singly considered,
may be distributed into such as enjoin piety towards God, or
such as require the good government of ourselves. Tillotson.
If my song be such,
That you will hear and credit me too much,
Attentive listen. Dryden.
Such are the cold Riphean race, and such
The savage Scythian. Dryden's Virg. Georg.
As to be perfectly just is an attribute in the Divine Nature,
to be so to the utmost of our abilities is the glory of a man:
such an one, who has the publick administration, acts like the
representative of his Maker. Addison.
You love a verse, take such as I can send. Pope.
2. The same that. With as.
This was the state of the kingdom of Tunis at such time as
Barbarossa, with Solyman's great fleet, landed in Africk. Knoll.
3. Comprehended under the term premised.
That thou art happy, owe to God;
That thou continu'st such, owe to thyself. Milton.
To assert that God looked upon Adam's fall as a sin, and
punished it as such, when, without any antecedent sin, he
withdrew that actual grace, upon which it was impossible for
him not to fall, highly reproaches the essential equity of the
Divine Nature.
South.
No promise can oblige a prince so much,
Still to be good, as long to have been such. Dryden.
4. A manner of expressing a particular person or thing.
I saw him yesterday
With such and such. Shakesp. Hamlet.
If you repay me not on such a day,
In such a place, such sum or sums, as are
Express'd in the condition, let the forfeit
Be an equal pound of your flesh. Shak Merch. of Venice.
I have appointed my servants to such and such place. 1 Sam.
Scarce this word death from sorrow did proceed,
When in rush'd one, and tells him such a knight
Is new arriv'd. Daniel's Civil War.
Himself overtook a party of the army, consisting of three
thousand horse and foot, with a train of artillery, which he left
at such a place, within three hours march of Berwick. Clarend.
The same sovereign authority may enact a law, command­
ing such or such an action to-day, and a quite contrary law for­
bidding the same to-morrow. South's Sermons.
Those artists who propose only the imitation of such or such
a particular person, without election of those ideas before­
mentioned, have often been reproached for that omission.
Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To SUCK. v. a. [sucan, Saxon; sugo, suctum, Latin; succer,
French.]
1. To draw by making a rarefaction of the air.
2. To draw in with the mouth.
The cup of astonishment thou shalt drink, and suck it out.
Ezek. xxiii. 34.
We'll hand in hand to the dark mansions go,
Where, sucking in each other's latest breath,
We may transfuse our souls. Dryden.
Still she drew
The sweets from ev'ry flow'r, and suck'd the dew. Dryden.
Transfix'd as o'er Castalia's streams he hung,
He suck'd new poisons with his triple tongue. Pope's Statius.
3. To draw the teat of a female.
Desire, the more he suck'd, more sought the breast,
Like dropsy folk still drink to be a-thirst. Sidney.
A bitch will nurse young foxes in place of her puppies, if
you can get them once to suck her so long that her milk may
go through them. Locke.
Did a child suck every day a new nurse, it would be no
more affrighted with the change of faces at six months old than
at sixty. Locke.
4. To draw with the milk.
Thy valiantness was mine, thou suck'dst it from me;
But own thy pride thyself. Shakes. Coriolanus.
5. To empty by sucking.
A fox lay with whole swarms of flies sucking and galling of
him. L'Estrange.
Bees on tops of lilies feed,
And creep within their bells to suck the balmy seed. Dryden.
6. To draw or drain.
I can suck melancholy out of a song, as a weazel sucks
eggs. Shakespeare.
Pumping hath tir'd our men;
Seas into seas thrown, we suck in again. Donne.
A cubical vessel of brass is filled an inch and a half in half
an hour; but because it sucks up nothing as the earth doth,
take an inch for half hour's rain. Burnet.
Old ocean, suck'd through the porous globe,
Had long ere now forsook his horrid bed. Thomson.

To SUCK. v. n.
1. To draw by rarefying the air.
Continual repairs, the least defects in sucking pumps are con­
stantly requiring. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To draw the breast.
Such as are nourished with milk find the paps, and suck at
them; whereas none of those that are not designed for that
nourishment ever offer to suck. Ray on the Creation.
I would
Pluck the young sucking cubs from the she-bear,
To win thee, lady. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that
I should suck? Job iii. 12.
A nursing father beareth with the sucking child. Numb. xi.
3. To draw; imbibe.
The crown had sucked too hard, and now being full, was
like to draw less. Bacon's Henry VIII.
All the under passions,
As waters are by whirl-pools suck'd and drawn,
Were quite devoured in the vast gulph of empire. Dryden.

SUCK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of sucking.
I hoped, from the descent of the quick-silver in the tube,
upon the first suck, that I should be able to give a nearer
guess at the proportion of force betwixt the pressure of the air
and the gravity of quick-silver. Boyle.
2. Milk given by females.
They draw with their suck the disposition of their nurses.
Spenser.
I have given suck and know
How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me. Shakespeare.
Those first unpolish'd matrons
Gave suck to infants of gigantick mold. Dryden.
It would be inconvenient for birds to give suck. Ray.

SU’CKER. n. s. [suceur, French; from suck.]
1. Any thing that draws.
2. The embolus of a pump.
Oil must be poured into the cylinder that the sucker may
slip up and down in it more smoothly. Boyle.
The ascent of waters is by suckers or forcers, or something
equivalent thereunto Wilkins's Dædalus.
3. A round piece of leather, laid wet on a stone, and drawn
up in the middle, rarifies the air within, which pressing upon
its edges, holds it down to the stone.
One of the round leathers wherewith boys play, called
suckers, not above an inch and half diameter, being well soak­
ed in water, will stick and pluck a stone of twelve pounds up
from the ground. Grew's Musæum.
4. A pipe through which any thing is sucked.
Mariners aye ply the pump,
So they, but chearful, unfatigu'd, still move
The draining sucker. Philips.
5. A young twig shooting from the stock. This word was per­
haps originally surcle, [surculus, Latin.]
The cutting away of suckers at the root and body, doth
make trees grow high. Bacon's Natural History.


Out of this old root a sucker may spring, that with a little
shelter and good seasons, may prove a mighty tree. Ray.

SU’CKET. n. s. [from suck] A sweet meat.
Nature's confectioner, the bee,
Whose suckets are moist alchimy;
The still of his refining mold,
Minting the garden into gold. Cleaveland.

SU’CKINGBOTTLE. n. s. [suck and bottle.] A bottle which to
children supplies the want of a pap.
He that will say, children join these general abstract specu­
lations with their suckingbottles, has more zeal for his opinion,
but less sincerity. Locke.

To SUCKLE. v. a. [from suck.] To nurse at the breast.
The breast of Hecuba,
When she did suckle Hector, look'd not lovelier. Shakespeare.
She nurses me up and suckles me. L'Estrange.
Two thriving calves she suckles twice a-day. Dryden.
The Roman soldiers bare on their helmets the first history
of Romulus, who was begot by the god of war, and suckled
by a wolf. Addison on Italy.

SU’CKLING. n. s. [from suck.] A young creature yet fed by the
pap.
I provide a suckling,
That ne'er had nourishment but from the teat. Dryden.
Young animals participate of the nature of their tender
aliment, as sucklings of milk. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SU’CTION. n. s. [from suck; succion, Fr.] The act of sucking.
Sounds exteriour and interiour may be made by suction, as
by emission of the breath. Bacon.
Though the valve were not above an inch and a half in dia­
meter, yet th weight kept up by suction, or supported by the
air, and what was cast out of it weighed about ten pounds.
Boyle.
Cornelius regulated the suction of his child. Arbuthnot.
SUD

SUDA’TION. n. s. [sudo, Latin.] Sweat.

SU’DATORY. n. s. [sudo, Latin.] Hot house; sweating bath.

SU’DDEN. adj. [soudain, French; soden, Saxon.]
1. Happening without previous notice; coming without the
common preparatives; coming unexpectedly.
We have not yet set down this day of triumph;
To-morrow, in my judgment, is too sudden. Shakespeare.
There was never any thing so sudden but Cæsar's thrasoni­
cal brag, of I came, saw and overcame. Shakespeare.
Herbs sudden flower'd,
Opening their various colours. Milton.
2. Hasty; violent; rash; passionate; precipitate. Not in use.
I grant him
Sudden, malicious, smacking of ev'ry sin. Shakespeare.

SU’DDEN. n. s.
1. Any unexpected occurrence; surprise Not in use.
Parents should mark the witty excuses of their children at
suddains and surprisals, rather than pamper them. Wotton.
2. On or of a SUDDEN, or upon a Sudden. Sooner than was ex­
pected; without the natural or commonly accustomed prepara­
tives.
Following the flyers at the very heels,
With them he enters, who upon the sdden
Clapt to their gates. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
How art thou lost, how on a sudden lost? Milton.
They keep their patients so warm as almost to stifle them,
and all on a sudden the cold regimen is in vogue. Baker.
When you have a mind to leave your master, grow rude
and saucy of a sudden, and beyond your usual behaviour. Swift.

SU’DDENLY. adv. [from sudden.] In an unexpected manner;
without preparation; hastily.
You shall find three of your Argosies
Are richly come to harbour suddenly. Shakespeare.
If thou can'st accuse,
Do it without invention suddenly. Shakesp. Henry VI.
If elision of the air made the sound, the touch of the bell or
string could not extinguish so suddenly that motion. Bacon.
To the pale foes they suddenly draw near,
And summon them to unexpected fight. Dryden.
She struck the warlike spear into the ground,
Which sprouting leaves did suddenly enclose,
And peaceful olives shaded as they rose. Dryden.

SU’DDENNESS. n. s. [from sudden.] State of being sudden; un­
expected presence; manner of coming or happening unex­
pectedly.
All in the open hall amazed stood,
At suddeness of that unwary sight,
And wond'red at his breathless hasty mood. Fairy Queen.
He speedily run forward, counting his suddenness his most
advantage that he might overtake the English. Spenser.
The rage of people is like that of the sea, which once
breaking bounds, overflows a country with that suddenness and
violence as leaves no hopes of flying. Temple.

SUDORI’FICK. [sudorifique, Fr. sudor and facio, Latin.] Pro­
voking or causing sweat.
Physicians may do well when they provoke sweat in bed by
bottles, with a decoction of sudorifick herbs in hot water.
Bacon.
Exhaling the most liquid parts of the blood by sudorifick or
watery evaporations brings it into a morbid state. Arbuthnot.

SUDORI’FICK. n. s. A medicine promoting sweat.
As to sudorificks, consider that the liquid which goes off by
sweat is often the most subtile part of the blood. Arbuthnot.

SU’DOROUS. adj. [from sudor, Latin.] Consisting of sweat.
Beside the strigments and sudorous adhesions from mens
hands, nothing proceedeth from gold in the usual decoction
thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUDS. n. s. [from seodan, to seeth; whence sodden, Saxon.]
1. A lixivium of soap and water.
2. To be in the SUDS. A familiar phrase for being in any difficulty.

To SUE. v. a. [suiver, French.]
1. To prosecute by law.
If any sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him
have thy cloke also. Mat. v. 40.
2. To gain by legal procedure.
Nor was our blessed Saviour only our propitiation to die
for us, but he is still our advocate, continually interceding
with his Father in the behalf of all true penitents, and suing
out a pardon for them in the court of heaven. Calamy.

To SUE. v. n. To beg; to entreat; to petition.
Full little knowest thou that hast not try'd,
What hell it is in suing long to bide. Hubberd's Tale.
If me thou deign to serve and sue,
At thy command lo all these mountains be. Spenser.
When maidens sue,
Men give like gods. Shakespeare
We were not born to sue but command. Shakespeare.
Ambassadors came unto him as far as the mouth of the Eu­
phrates, suing unto him for peace. Knolles.
For this, this only favour let me sue,
Refuse it not: but let my body have
The last retreat of human kind, a grave. Dryden's æneid.
Despise not then, that in our hands bear we
These holy boughs, and sue with words of pray'r. Dryden.
'Twill never be too late,
To sue for chains, and own a conqueror. Addison's Cato.
The fair Egyptian
Courted with freedom now the beauteous slave,
Now falt'ring sued, and threatning now did rave. Blackm.
By adverse destiny constrain'd to sue
For counsel and redress, he sues to you. Pope's Odyssey.

SU’ET. n. s. [suet, an old French word, according to Skinner.]
A hard fat, particularly that about the kidneys.
The steatoma being suet, yields not to escaroticks. Wisem.

SU’ETY. adj. [from suet.] Consisting of suet; resembling suet.
If the matter forming a wen, resembles fat or a suety sub­
stance, it is called steatoma. Sharp's Surgery.
SUF

To SU’FFER. v. a. [suffero, Latin; souffrir, French.]
1. To bear; to undergo; to feel with sense of pain.
A man of great wrath shall suffer punishment. Prov. xix.
A woman suffered many things of physicians, and spent all
she had. Mark v. 26.
Obedience impos'd,
On penalty of death, and suffering death. Milton.
2. To endure; to support; not to sink under.
Our spirit and strength entire
Strongly to suffer and support our pains. Milton.
3. To allow; to permit; not to hinder.
He wond'red that your Lordship
Would suffer him to spend his youth at home. Shakespeare.
Oft have I seen a hot o'erweening cur,
Run back and bite, because he was withheld:
Who being suffered, with the bear's fell paw,
Hath clapt his tail betwixt his legs and cry'd. Shakespeare.
My duty cannot suffer
T' obey in all your daughter's hard commands. Shakespeare.
Rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him. Lev.
I suffer them to enter and possess. Milton.
He that will suffer himself to be informed by observation,
will find few signs of a soul a customed to much thinking in a
new born child. Locke.
4. To pass through; to be affected by.
The air now must suffer change. Milton.

To SU’FFER v. n.
1. To undergo pain or inconvenience.
My breast I arm to overcome by suffering. Milton.
Prudence and good breeding are in all stations necessary;
and most young men suffer in the want of them. Locke.
2. To undergo punishment.
The father was first condemned to suffer upon a day ap­
pointed, and the son afterwards the day following. Clarendon.
He thus
Was forc'd to suffer for himself and us!
Heir to his father's sorrows with his crown. Dryden.
3. To be injured.
Publick business suffers by private infirmities, and king­
doms fall into weaknesses by the diseases or decays of those that
manage them. Temple.

SU’FFERABLE. adj. [from suffer.] Tolerable; such as may be
endured.


It is sufferable in any to use what liberty they list in their
own writing, but the contracting and extending the lines and
sense of others would appear a thankless office. Wotton.

SU’FFERABLY. adv. [from sufferable.] Tolerably; so as to be
endured.
An infant Titan held she in her arms;
Yet sufferably bright, the eye might bear
The ungrown glories of his beamy hair. Addison.

SU’FFERANCE. n. s. [from suffer, souffrance, French.]
1. Pain; inconvenience; misery.
He must not only die,
But thy unkindness shall the death draw out
To ling'ring sufferance. Shakespeare's Measure for Measure.
How much education may reconcile young people to pain
and sufferance, the examples of Sparta shew. Locke on Education.
2. Patience; moderation.
He thought t'have slain her in his fierce despight,
But hasty heat tempering with sufferance wise,
He staid his hand. Fairy Queen.
He hath given excellent sufferance and vigorousness to the
sufferers, arming them with strange courage. Taylor.
And should I touch it nearly, bear it
With all the suff'rance of a tender friend. Otway's Orphan.
3. Toleration; permission; not hindrance.
In process of time, somewhiles by sufferance, and some­
whiles by special leave and favour, they erected to themselves
oratories not in any sumptuous or stately manner. Hooker.
Most wretched man
That to affections does the bridle lend;
In their beginning they are weak and wan,
But soon through sufferance grow to fearful end. Fairy Queen.
Some villains of my court
Are in consent and sufferance in this. Shakespeare.
Both gloried to have 'scap'd the Stygian flood,
As gods, and by their own recover'd strength;
Not by the suff'rance of supernal pow'r. Milton's Par. Lost.

SU’FFERER. n. s. [from suffer.]
1. One who endures or undergoes pain or inconvenience.
This evil on the Philistines is fall'n,
The sufferers then will scarce molest us here,
From other hands we need not much to fear. Milton.
And when his love was bounded in a few,
That were unhappy that they might be true,
Made you the fav'rite of his last sad times,
That is, a suff'rer in his subjects crime. Dryden.
She returns to me with joy in her face, not from the sight of
her husband, but from the good luck she has had at cards;
and if she has been a loser, I am doubly a sufferer by it: she
comes home out of humour, because she has been throwing
away my estate. Addison's Spectator.
The history of civil wars and rebellions does not make such
deep and lasting impressions, as events of the same nature in
which we or our friends have been sufferers. Addison.
2. One who allows; one who permits.

SU’FFERING. n. s. [from suffer.] Pain suffered.
Rejoice in my sufferings for you. Col. i. 24.
With what strength, what steadiness of mind,
He triumphs in the midst of all his sufferings? Addison.
We may hope the sufferings of innocent people, who have
lived in that place which was the scene of rebellion, will se­
cure from the like attempts. Addison.
It increased the smart of his present sufferings to compare
them with his former happiness. Atterbury.

To SUFFI’CE. v. n. [suffire, French; sufficio, Latin.] To be
enough; to be sufficient; to be equal to the end or purpose.
If thou ask me why, sufficeth, my reasons are good. Shakesp.
A strong and succulent moisture is able, without drawing
help from the earth, to suffice the sprouting of the plant. Bac.
To recount almighty works
What words or tongue of seraph can suffice,
Or heart of man suffice to comprehend. Milton's Par. Lost.
The indolency we have, sufficing for our present happiness,
we desire not to venture the change: being content; and that
is enough. Locke.
He lived in such temperance, as was enough to make the
longest life agreeable; and in such a course of piety, as suf­
ficed to make the most sudden death so also. Pope.

To SUFFI’CE. v a.
1. To afford; to supply.
Thou king of horned floods, whose plenteous urn
Suffices fatness to the fruitful corn,
Shall share my morning song and evening vows. Dryden.
The pow'r appeas'd, with winds suffic'd the sail;
The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden.
2. To satisfy.
Israel, let it suffice you of all your abominations. Ezek.
Parched corn she did eat and was sufficed, and left. Ruth.
Let it suffice thee that thou know'st us happy. Milton.
When the herd suffic'd, did late repair
To ferny heaths, and to the forest lare. Dryden.
He our conqueror left us this our strength,
That we may so suffice his vengeful ire. Milton.

SUFFI’CIENCY. n. s. [suffisance, Fr. from sufficient.]
1. State of being adequate to the end proposed.
'Tis all mens office to speak patience
To those that wring under the load of sorrow;
But no man's virtue nor sufficiency
To be so moral, when he shall endure
The like himself. Shakespeare.
His sufficiency is such, that he and pbestows offesses, his plenty
being unexhausted. Boyle.
2. Qualification for any purpose.
I am not so confident of my own sufficiency, as not willing­
ly to admit the counsel of others. King Charles.
The bishop, perhaps an Irishman, being made judge by
that law, of the sufficiency of the ministers, may dislike the
Englishman as unworthy. Spenser's Ireland.
Their pensioner De Wit was a minister of the greatest au­
thority and sufficiency ever known in their state. Temple.
3. Competence; enough.
An elegant sufficiency, content. Thomson.
4. Supply equal to want.
The most proper subjects of dispute, are questions not of the
very highest importance, nor of the meanest kind; but rather
the intermediate questions between them: and there is a large
sufficiency of them in the sciences. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.
5. It is used by Temple for that conceit which makes a man think
himself equal to things above him: and is commonly com­
pounded with self.
Sufficiency is a compound of vanity and ignorance. Temple.

SUFFI’CIENT. adj. [suffisant, Fr. sufficiens, Latin.]
1. Equal to any end or purpose; enough; competent; not deficient.
Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. Mat. vi. 34.
Heaven yet retains
Number sufficient to possess her realms. Milton.
Man is not sufficient of himself to his own happiness. Tillot.
It is sufficient for me, if, by a discourse something out of
the way, I shall have given occasion to others to cast about
for new discoveries. Locke.
She would ruin me in silks, were not the quantity that goes
to a large pin-cushion sufficient to make her a gown and petti­
coat. Addison.
Sufficient benefice is what is competent to maintain a man
and his family, and maintain hospitality; and likewise to pay
and satisfy such dues belonging to the bishop. Ayliffe's Parergon.
Seven months are a sufficient time to correct vice in a Ya­
hoo. Swift.
2. Qualified for any thing by fortune or otherwise.
In saying he is a good man, understand me, that he is suf­
ficient. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice.

SUFFI’CIENTLY. adv. [from sufficient.] To a sufficient degree;
enough.
If religion did possess sincerely and sufficiently the hearts of all
men, there would need be no other restraint from evil. Hooker.
Seem I to thee sufficiently possess'd
Of happiness? Milton.
All to whom they are proposed, are by his grace sufficiently
moved to attend and assent to them; sufficiently, but not irre­
sistibly; for if all were irresistibly moved, all would embrace
them, and if none were sufficiently moved, none would em­
brace them. Rogers's Sermons.

SUFFISANCE [French.] Excess; plenty. Obsolete.
There him rests in riotous suffisance
Of all his gladfulness and kingly joyance. Spenser.

To SU’FFOCATE. v. a. [suffoquer, Fr. suffoco, Latin.] To
choak by exclusion or interception of air.
Let gallows gape for dog, let man go free,
And let not hemp his windpipe sufficate. Shakespeare.
This chaos, when degree is suffocate,
Follows the choaking. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
Air but momentally remains in our bodies, only to re­
frigerate the heart, which being once performed, lest being
self-heated again, it should suffocate that part, it hasteth back
the same way it passed. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
A swelling discontent is apt to suffocate and strangle without
passage. Collier of Friendship.
All involv'd in smoke, the latent foe
From every cranny suffocated falls. Thomson.

SUFFOCA’TION. n. s. [suffocation, Fr. from suffocate.] The act
of choaking; the state of being choaked.
Diseases of stoppings and suffocations are dangerous. Bacon.
White consists in an equal mixture of all the primitive co­
lours, and black in a suffocation of all the rays of light. Cheyne.
Mushrooms are best corrected by vinegar; some of them
being poisonous, operate by suffocation, in which the best re­
medy is wine or vinegar and salt, and vomiting as soon as
possible. Arbuthnot on Diet.

SU’FFOCATIVE. adj. [from suffocate.] Having the power to choak.
From rain, after great frosts in the winter, glandulous tu­
mours, and suffocative catarrhs proceed. Arbuthnot on Air.

SU’FFRAGAN. n. s. [suffragant, Fr. suffraganeus, Latin.] A
bishop considered as subject to his metropolitan.
Suffrogan bishops shall have more than one riding apparitor.
Ayliffe's Parergon.


Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, insolently took upon
him to declare five articles void, in his epistle to his suffra­
gans. Hale.

To SU’FFRAGATE. v. n. [suffragor, Latin.] To vote with;
to agree in voice with.
No tradition could universally prevail, unless there were
some common congruity of somewhat inherent in nature,
which suits and suffragates with it, and closeth with it. Hale.

SU’FFRAGE. n. s. [suffrage, Fr. suffragium, Latin.] Vote;
voice given in a controverted point.
Noble confederates, thus far is perfect,
Only your suffrages I will expect
At the assembly for the chusing of consuls. Ben. Johnson.
They would not abet by their suffrages or presence the de­
signs of those innovations. King Charles.
The fairest of our island dare not commit their cause against
you to the suffrage of those who most partially adore them.
Addison.
Fabius might joy in Scipio, when he saw
A beardless consul made against the law;
And join his suffrage to the votes of Rome. Dryden.
This very variety of sea and land, hill and dale, is extreme­
ly agreeable, the ancients and moderns giving their suffra­
ges unanimously herein. Woodward's Natural History.
Lactantius and St. Austin confirm by their suffrage the ob­
servation made by the heathen writers. Atterbury.

SUFFRA’GINOUS. adj. [suffrago, Latin.] Belonging to the
knee joint of beasts.
In elephants, the bought of the forelegs is not directly back­
ward, but laterally, and somewhat inward; but the hough or
suffraginous flexure behind, rather outward. Brown.

SUFFUMIGA’TION. n. s. [suffumigation, Fr. suffumigo, Lat.]
Operation of fumes raised by fire.
If the matter be so gross as it yields not to remedies, it may
be attempted by suffumigation. Wiseman's Surgery.

SUFFU’MIGE. n. s. [suffumigo, Lat.] A medical fume.
For external means, drying suffumiges or smoaks are pre­
scribed with good success; they are usually composed out of
frankincense, myrrh, and pitch. Harvey.

To SUFFU’SE. v. a. [suffusus, Latin.] To spread over with
something expansible, as with a vapour or a tincture.
Suspicions, and fantastical surmise,
And jealousy suffus'd with jaundice in her eyes. Dryden.
To that recess,
When purple light shall next suffuse the skies,
With me repair. Pope.
Instead of love-enliven'd cheeks,
With flowing rapture bright, dark looks succeed,,
Suffus'd and glaring with untender fire. Thomson.

SUFFU’SION. n. s. [suffusion, French; from suffuse.]
1. The act of overspreading with any thing.
2. That which is suffused or spread.
A drop serene hath quench'd their orbs,
Or dim suffusion veil'd. Milton.
The disk of Phœbus, when he climbs on high
Appears at first but as a bloodshot eye;
And when his chariot downward draws to bed,
His ball is with the same suffusion red. Dryden.
To those that have the jaundice or like suffusion of eyes,
objects appear of that colour. Ray.
SUG

SUG. n. s. [sugo, Latin, to suck.]
Many have sticking on them sugs, or trout-lice, which is
a kind of worm like a clove or pin, with a big head, and
sticks close to him and sucks his moisture. Walton.

SU’GAR. n. s. [suere, French; saccharum, Latin.]
1. The native salt of the sugar-cane, obtained by the expression
and evaporation of its juice. Quincy.
All the blood of Zelmane's body stirred in her, as wine
will do when sugar is hastily put into it. Sidney.
Lumps of sugar lose themselves, and twine
Their subtile essence with the soul of wine. Crashaw.
A grocer in London gave for his rebus a sugar-loaf stand­
ing upon a flat steeple. Peacham.
Saccharum candidum shoots into angular figures, by placing
a great many slender sticks a-cross a vessel of liquid sugar.
Grew's Musæum.
If the child must have sugar-plums when he has a mind,
rather than be out of humour: why, when he is grown up,
must he not be satisfied too with wine? Locke.
In a sugar-baker's drying room, where the air was heated,
fifty four degrees beyond that of a human body, a sparrow
died in two minutes. Arbuthnot on Air.
A piece of some geniculated plant, seeming to be part of
a sugar-cane. Woodward on Fossils.
2. Any thing proverbially sweet.
Your fair discourse has been as sugar,
Making the hard way sweet and delectable. Shakespeare.
3. A chymical dry chrystallization.
Sugar of lead, though made of that insipid metal, and sour
salt of vinegar, has in it a sweetness surpassing that of com­
mon sugar. Boyle.

To SU’GAR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To impregnate or season with sugar.
Short thick sobs
In panting murmurs, still'd out of her breast,
That ever-bubbling spring, the sugar'd nest
Of her delicious soul, that there does lie,
Bathing in streams of liquid melody. Crashaw.
2. To sweeten.
Thou would'st have plung'd thyself
In general riot, and never learn'd
The icy precepts of respect, but followed
The sugar'd game before thee. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
With devotion's visage,
And pious actions we do sugar o'er
The devil himself. Shakespeare.
His glosing fire his errand daily said,
And sugar'd speeches whisper'd in mine ear. Fairfax.
Who casts out threats, no man deceives,
But flatt'ry still in sugar'd words betrays,
And poison in high tasted meats conveys. Denham.

SU’GGARY. adj. [from sugar.] Sweet; tasting of sugar.
With the sugg'ry sweet thereof allure
Chaste ladies ears to phantasies impure. Spenser.

To SU’GGEST. v. a. [suggero, suggestum, Lat. suggerer, Fr.]
1. To hint; to intimate; to insinuate good or ill; to tell pri­
vately.
Are you not asham'd?
What spirit suggests this imagination? Shakespeare.
I could never have suffered greater calamities, by denying
to sign that justice my conscience suggested to me. K. Charles.
These Romish casuists speak peace to the consciences of
men, by suggesting something to them, which shall satisfy
their minds notwithstanding a known, actual, avowed con­
tinuance of their sins. South's Sermons.
Some ideas make themselves way, and are suggested to the
mind by all the ways of sensation and reflexion. Locke.
Reflect upon the different state of the mind in thinking,
which those instances of attention, reverie and dreaming natu­
rally enough suggest. Locke.
Search for some thoughts thy own suggesting mind,
And others dictated by heav'nly pow'r,
Shall rise spontaneous. Pope's Odyssey.
This the feeling heart
Wou'd naturally suggest. Thomson.
2. To seduce; to draw to ill by insinuation. Out of use.
When devils will their blackest sins put on,
They do suggest at first with heav'nly shows. Shakespeare.
Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested,
I nightly lodge her in an upper tower. Shakespeare.
3. To inform secretly. Out of use.
We must suggest the people, in what hatred
He still hath held them, that to's pow'r he would
Have made them mules. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

SUGGE’STION. n. s. [[suggestion, Fr. from suggest.] Private
hint; intimation; insinuation; secret notification.
It allayeth all base and earthly cogitations, banisheth and
driveth away those evil secret suggestions which our invisible
enemy is always apt to minister. Hooker.
I met lord Bigot and lord Salisbury,
And other more going to seek the grave
Of Arthur, who, they say, is kill'd to night
On your suggestion. Shakespeare's King John.
He was a man
Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
Himself with princes: one that by suggestion
Tied all the kingdom. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
The native and untaught suggestions of inquisitive children.
Locke.
Another way is letting the mind, upon the suggestion of any
new notion, run after similies. Locke.

To SU’GGILATE. v. a. [suggillo, Latin.] To beat black and
blue; to make livid by a bruise.
The head of the os humeri was bruised, and remained
suggilated long after. Wiseman's Surgery.
SUI

SU’ICIDE. n. s. [suicidium, Latin.] Self-murder; the horrid
crime of destroying one's self.
Child of despair, and suicide my name. Savage.
To be cut off by the sword of injured friendship is the most
dreadful of all deaths, next to suicide. Clarissa.

SUI’LLAGE. n. s. [souillage, French.] Drain of filth. Obso­
lete.
When they have chosen the plot, and laid out the limits
of the work, some Italians dig wells and cisterns, and other
conveyances for the suillage of the house. Wotton.

SUING. n. s. [This word seems to come from suer, to sweat,
French; it is perhaps peculiar to Bacon.] The act of soaking
through any thing.
Note the percolation or suing of the verjuice through the
wood; for verjuice of itself would never have passed through
the wood. Bacon.



SUIT. n. s. [suite, French.]
1. A set; a number of things correspondent one to the other.
We, ere the day, two suits of armour sought,
Which borne before him, on his steed he brought. Dryd.
2. Cloaths made one part to answer another.
What a beard of the general's cut, and a horrid suit of the
camp will do among foaming bottles and ale-wash'd wits is won­
derful. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Him all repute
For his device in handsoming a suit;
To judge of lace, pink, panes, print, cut and plait,
Of all the court to have the best conceit. Donne.
His majesty was supplied with three thousand suits of cloaths,
with good proportions of shoes and stockings. Clarendon.
3. Consecution; series; regular order.
Every five and thirty years the same kind and suite of wea­
thers comes about again; as great frost, great wet, great
droughts, warm winters, summers with little heat; and they
call it the prime. Bacon.
4. Out of SUITS. Having no correspondence. A metaphor, I
suppose, from cards.
Wear this for me; one out of suits with fortune,
That would give more, but that her hand lacks means. Shak.
5. [Suite, French.] Retinue; company. Obsolete.
Plexirtus's ill-led life, and worse gotten honour, should have
tumbled together to destruction, had there not come in Ty­
deus and Telenor, with fifty in their suite to his defence. Sidney.
6. [From To Sue.] A petition; an address of entreaty.
Mine ears against your suits are stronger than
Your gates against my force. Shakespeare.
She gallops o'er a courtier's nose;
And then dreams be of smelling out a suit. Shakespeare.
Had I a suit to Mr. Shallow, I would humour his men with
the imputation of being near their master. Shakespeare.
Many shall make suit unto thee. Job xi. 19.
My mind, neither with pride's itch, nor yet hath been
Poison'd with love to see or to be seen;
I had no suit there, nor new suit to shew:
Yet went to court. Donne.
7. Courtship.
He that hath the steerage of my course,
Direct my suit. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
Their determinations are to return to their home and to
trouble you with no more suit, unless you may be won by
some other sort than your father's imposition. Shakespeare.
8. In Spenser it seems to signify pursuit; prosecution.
High amongst all knights hast hung thy shield,
Thenceforth the suit of earthly conquest shoone,
And wash thy hands from guilt of bloody field: Spenser.
9. [In law.] Suit is sometimes put for the instance of a cause,
and sometimes for the cause itself deduced in judgment. Ayliffe.
All that had any suits in law came unto them. Susanna.
Wars are suits of appeal to the tribunal of God's justice,
where there are no superiors on earth to determine the cause.
Bacon's War with Spain.
Involve not thyself in the suits and parties of great person­
ages. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
To Alibech alone refer your suit,
And let his sentence finish your dispute. Dryden.
John Bull was flatered by the lawyers that his suit would
not last above a year, and that before that time he would be
in quiet possession of his business. Arbuthnot.

To SUIT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fit; to adapt to something else.
Suit the action to the word, the word to the action, with
this special observance, that you o'erstep not the modesty of
nature. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The matter and manner of their tales, and of their telling,
are so suited to their different educations and humours, that
each would be improper in any other. Dryden.
2. To be fitted to; to become.
Compute the gains of his ungovern'd zeal,
Ill suits his cloth the praise of railing well. Dryden.
Her purple habit sits with such a grace
On her smooth shoulders, and so suits her face. Dryden.
If different sects should give us a list of those innate practi­
cal principles, they would set down only such as suited their
distinct hypotheses. Locke.
Raise her notes to that sublime degree,
Which suits a song of piety and thee. Prior.
3. To dress; to clothe.
Such a Sebastian was my brother too,
So went he suited to his watry tomb:
If spirits can assume both form and suit,
You come to fright us. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Be better suited;
These weeds are memories of those misfortunes:
I pr'ythee put them off to worser hours. Shakespeare.
I'll disrobe me
Of these Italian weeds, and suit myself
As do's a Briton peasant. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To SUIT. v. n. To agree; to accord.
The one intense, the other still remiss,
Cannot well suit with either; but soon prove
Tedious alike. Milton.
The place itself was suiting to his care,
Uncouth and savage as the cruel fair. Dryden.
Pity does with a noble nature suit. Dryden.
Constraint does ill with love and beauty suit. Dryden.
This he says, because it suits with his hypothesis, but proves
it not. Locke.
Give me not an office
That suits with me so ill; thou know'st my temper. Addis.

SUI’TABLE. adj. [from suit.] Fitting; according with; agree­
able to.
Through all those miseries, in both there appeared a kind
of nobleness not suitable to that affliction. Sidney.
What he did purpose, it was the pleasure of God that So­
lomon his son should perform, in manner suitable to their pre­
sent and ancient state. Hooker.
To solemn acts of royalty and justice, their suitable or­
naments are a beauty; are they only in religion a stain? Hook.
It is very suitable to the principles of the Roman Church;
for why should not their science as well as service be in an
unknown tongue? Tillotson.
As the blessings of God upon his honest industry had been
great, so he was not without intentions of making suitable re­
turns in acts of charity. Atterbury.
Expression is the dress of thought, and still
Appears more decent, as more suitable;
A vile conceit in pompous words express'd,
Is like a clown in regal purple dress'd. Pope.

SUI’TABLENESS. n. s. [from suitable.] Fitness; agreeableness.
In words and styles, suitableness makes them acceptable and
effective. Glanville.
With ordinary minds, it is the suitableness, not the evi­
dence of a truth that makes it to be yielded to; and it is
seldom that any thing practically convinces a man that does
not please him first. South's Sermons.
He creates those sympathies and suitablenesses of nature that
are the foundation of all true friendship, and by his providence
brings persons so affected together. South's Sermons.
Consider the laws themselves, and their suitableness or un­
suitableness to those to whom they are given. Tillotson.

SUI’TABLY. adv. [from suitable.] Agreeably; according to.
Whosoever speaks upon a certain occasion may take any
text suitable thereto; and ought to speak suitably to that text.
South's Sermons.
Some rank deity, whose filthy face
We suitably o'er stinking stables place. Dryden.

SUIT Covenant. [In law.] Is where the ancestor of one man
has covenanted with the ancestor of another to sue at his court.
Bailey.

SUIT Court. [In law.] Is the court in which tenants owe at­
tendance to their lord. Bailey.

SUIT Service. [In law.] Attendance which tenants owe to the
court of their lord. Bailey.

SUI’TER. n. s. [from suit.]
SUI’TOR. n. s. [from suit.]
1. One that sues; a petitioner; a supplicant.
As humility is in suiters a decent virtue, so the testification
thereof, by such effectual acknowledgments, not only argueth
a sound apprehension of his supereminent glory and majesty
before whom we stand, but putteth also into his hands a kind
of pledge or bond for security against our unthankfulness. Hook.
She hath been a suitor to me for her brother,
Cut off by course of justice. Shakes. Meas. for Measure.
My piteous soul began the wretchedness
Of suitors at court to mourn, Donne.
Not only bind thine own hands, but bind the hand of suit­
ors also from offering. Bacon.
Yet their port
Not of mean suitors; nor important less
Seem'd their petition, than when the ancient pair,
Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore
The race of mankind drown'd, before the shrine
Of Themis stood devout. Milton's Paradise Lost.
I challenge nothing;
But I'm an humble suitor for these prisoners. Denham.
My lord, I come an humble suitor to you. Rowe.
2. A woer; one who courts a mistress.
I would I could find in my heart that I had not a hard heart;
for truly I love none.
—A dear happiness to women! they would else have been
troubles with a pernicious suitor. Shakespeare.
He passed a year at Goodby under the counsels of his mo­
ther, and then became a suitor at London to sir Roger Ashton's
daughter. Wotton's Life of the Duke of Buckingham.
By many suitors sought, she mocks their pains,
And still her vow'd virginity maintains. Dryden.
He drew his seat, familiar, to her side,
Far from the suitor train, a brutal crowd. Pope'e Odyssey.



SUI’TRESS. n. s. [from suiter.] A female supplicant.
'Twere pity
That could refuse a boon to such a suitress;
Y'have got a noble friend to be your advocate. Rowe.
SUL

SU’LCATED. adj. [sulcus, Latin.] Furrowed.
All are much chopped and sulcated by their having lain ex­
posed on the top of the clay to the weather, and to the ero­
sion of the vitriolick matter mixed amongst the clay.
Woodward.

SULL. n. s. A plough. Ainsworth.

SU’LLEN. adj. [Of this word the etymology is obscure.]
1. Gloomily angry; sluggishly discontented.
Wilmot continued still sullen and perverse, and every day
grew more insolent. Clarendon.
A man in a jail is sullen and out of humour at his first com­
ing in. L'Estrange.
Forc'd by my pride, I my concern suppress'd;
Pretended drowsiness, and wish of rest;
And sullen I forsook th' imperfect feast. Prior.
If we sit down sullen and inactive, in expectation that God
should do all, we shall find ourselves miserably deceived. Rog.
2. Mischievous; malignant.
Such sullen planets at my birth did shine,
They threaten every fortune mixt with mine. Dryden.
The sullen fiend her sounding wings display'd,
Unwilling left the night, and sought the nether shade. Dryd.
3. Intractable; obstinate.
Things are as sullen as we are, and will be what they are,
whatever we think of them. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. Gloomy; dark; cloudy; dismal.
Why are thine eyes fixt to the sullen earth,
Gazing at that which seems to dim thy sight? Shak. H. VI.
Night with her sullen wings to double shade,
The desart fowls in their clay nests were couch'd,
And now wild beasts came forth the woods to roam. Milt.
A glimpse of moon-shine, streak'd with red;
A shuffled, sullen, and uncertain light,
That dances through the clouds, and shuts again. Dryden.
No cheerful breeze this sullen region knows;
The dreaded East is all the wind that blows. Pope.
5. Heavy; dull; sorrowful.
Be thou the trumpet of our wrath,
And sullen presage of your own decay. Shakes. K. John.

SU’LLENLY. adv. [from sullen.] Gloomily; malignantly; in­
tractably.
To say they are framed without the assistance of some prin­
ciple that has wisdom in it, and that they come to pass from
chance, is sullenly to assert a thing because we will assert it.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
He in chains demanded more
Than he impos'd in victory before:
He sullenly reply'd, he could not make
These offers now. Dryden's Indian Emperor.
The gen'ral mends his weary pace,
And sullenly to his revenge he sails;
So glides some trodden serpent on the grass,
And long behind his wounded volume trails. Dryden.

SU’LLENNESS. n. s. [from sullen.] Gloominess; moroseness;
sluggish anger; malignity; intractability.
Speech being as rare as precious, her silence without sullen­
ness, her modesty without affectation, and her shamefastness
without ignorance. Sidney.
To fit my sullenness,
He to another key his stile doth dress. Donne.
In those vernal seasons, when the air is calm and pleasant,
it were an injury and sullenness against nature not to go out,
and see her riches. Milton.
Quit not the world out of any hypocrisy, sullenness, or
superstition, but out of a sincere love of true knowledge and
virtue. More.
With these comforts about me, and sullenness enough to use
no remedy, monsieur Zulichem came to see me. Temple.

SU’LLENS. n. s. [Without singular.] Morose temper; gloomi­
ness of mind. A burlesque word.
Let them die that age, and sullens have. Shakespeare.

SU’LLIAGE. n. s. [from sully.] Pollution; filth; stain of dirt;
foulness.
Require it to make some restitution to his neighbour for
what it has detracted from it, by wiping off that sulliage it has
cast upon his fame. Government of the Tongue.
Calumniate stoutly; for though we wipe away with never
so much care the dirt thrown at us, there will be left some sul­
liage behind. Decay of Piety.

To SU’LLY. v. a. [souiller, French.] To soil; to tarnish; to
dirt; to spot.
Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding. Bacon.
The falling temples which the gods provoke,
And statues sully'd yet with sacrilegious smoke. Roscommon.
He's dead, whose love had sully'd all your reign,
And made you empress of the world in vain. Dryden.
Lab'ring years shall weep their destin'd race,
Charg'd with ill omens, sully'd with disgrace. Prior.
Let there be no spots to sully the brightness of this solem­
nity. Atterbury's Sermons.
Ye walkers too, that youthful colours wear,
Three sullying trades avoid with equal care;
The little chimney-sweeper skulks along,
And marks with sooty stains the heedless throng. Gay.

SU’LLY. n. s. [from the verb.] Soil; tarnish; spot.
You laying these light sullies on my son,
As 'twere a thing a little soil'd i' th' working. Shakesp.
A noble and triumphant merit breaks through little spots and
sullies in his reputation. Addison's Spectator.

SU’LPHUR. n. s. [Latin.] Brimstone.
In his womb was hid metallick ore,
The work of sulphur. Milton.
Sulphur is produced by incorporating an oily or bituminous
matter with the fossil and salt. Woodward.
Thence nitre, sulphur, and the fiery steam
Of fat bitumen. Thomson.

SULPHU’REOUS. adj. [sulphureus, Latin.] Made of brim­
stone; having the qualities of brimstone;
containing sulphur; impregnated with sulphur.
SU’LPHUROUS. adj. [sulphureus, Latin.] Made of brim­
stone; having the qualities of brimstone;
containing sulphur; impregnated with sulphur.
My hour is almost come,
When I to sulphurous and tormenting flames
Must render up myself. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Dart and javelin, stones and sulphurous fire. Milton.
Is not the strength and vigour of the action between light
and sulphureous bodies, observed above, one reason why sul­
phureous bodies take fire more readily, and burn more vehe­
mently than other bodies do? Newton's Opt.
The fury heard, while on Cocytus' brink,
Her snakes unty'd sulphureous waters drink. Pope.
No sulphureous glooms
Swell'd in the sky, and sent the lightning forth. Thomson.

SULPHU’REOUSNESS. n. s. [from sulphureous.] The state of
being sulphureous.

SU’LPHURWORT. n. s. The same with HOGSFENEL.

SU’LPHURY. adj. [from sulphur.] Partaking of sulphur.

SU’LTAN. n. s. [Arabick.] The Turkish emperour.
By this scimitar,
That won three fields of sultan Solyman. Shakespeare.

SU’LTANA. n. s. [from sultan.] The queen of an Eastern
emperour.
SU’LTANESS. n. s. [from sultan.] The queen of an Eastern
emperour.
Turn the sultana's chambermaid. Cleaveland.
Lay the tow'ring sultaness aside. Irene.

SU’LTANRY. n. s. [from sultan.] An Eastern empire.
I affirm the same of the sultanry of the Mamalukes, where
slaves, bought for money, and of unknown descent, reigned
over families of freemen. Bacon.

SU’LTRINESS. n. s. [from sultry.] The state of being sultry;
close and cloudy heat.

SU’LTRY. adj. [This is imagined by Skinner to be corrupted
from sulphury, or sweltry.] Hot without ventilation; hot
and close; hot and cloudy.
It is very sultry and hot. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The sultry breath
Of tainted air had cloy'd the jaws of death. Sandys.
Such as born beneath the burning sky,
And sultry sun betwixt the tropicks lie. Dryden's æn.
Our foe advances on us,
And envies us even Lybia's sultry desarts. Addison's Cato.
Then would sultry heats and a burning air have scorched
and chapped the earth, and galled the animal tribes in houses
or dens. Cheyne.
SUM

SUM. n. s. [summa, Latin; somme, French.]
1. The whole of any thing; many particulars aggregated to a total.
We may as well conclude so of every sentence, as of the
whole sum and body thereof. Hooker.
How precious are thy thoughts unto me, O God! how great
is the sum of them. Ps. cxxxix. 17.
Th' Almighty Father, where he sits
Shrin'd in his sanctuary of heav'n secure,
Consulting on the sum of things, foreseen
This tumult, and permitted all, advis'd. Milton.
Such and no less is he, on whom depends
The sum of things. Dryden.
Weighing the sum of things with wise forecast,
Solicitous of publick good. Philips.
2. Quantity of money.
I did send to you
For certain sums of gold, which you deny'd me. Shakesp.
Britain, once despis'd, can raise
As ample sums as Rome in Cæsar's days. C. Arbuthnot.
3. [Somme, Fr.] Compendium; abridgment; the whole abstracted.
This, in effect, is the sum and substance of that which they
bring by way of opposition against those orders, which we
have common with the church of Rome. Hooker.
They replenished the hearts of the nearest unto them with
words of memorable consolation, strengthened men in the
fear of God, gave them wholsome instructions of life, and
confirmed them in true religion: in sum, they taught the
world no less virtuously how to die, than they had done before
how to live. Hooker.


This having learn'd, thou hast attain'd the sum
Of wisdom. Milton.
In sum, no man can have a greater veneration for Chaucer
than myself. Dryden.
Thy sum of duty let two words contain;
Be humble, and be just. Prior.
In sum, the Gospel, considered as a law, prescribes every
virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin. Rogers.
4. The amount; the result of reasoning or computation.
I appeal to the readers, whether the sum of what I have said
be not this. Tillotson.
5. Height; completion.
Thus I have told thee all my state, and brought
My story to the sum of earthly bliss,
Which I enjoy. Milt. Paradise Lost.
In saying ay or no, the very safety of our country, and the
sum of our well-being, lies. L'Estrange.

To SUM. v. a. [sommer, French; from the noun.]
1. To compute; to collect particulars into a total; to cast up.
It has up emphatical.
You cast th' event of war,
And summ'd th' account of chance. Shak. Henry IV.
The high priest may sum the silver brought in. 2 Kings xxii.
In sickness time will seem longer without a clock than with
it; for the mind doth value every moment, and then the hour
doth rather sum up the moments than divide the day. Bacon.
He that would reckon up all the accidents preferments de­
pend upon, may as well undertake to count the sands, or sum
up infinity. South. 
2. To comprise; to comprehend; to collect into a narrow
compass.
So lovely fair!
That what seem'd fair in all the world, seem'd now
Mean, or in her summ'd up, in her contain'd. Milton.
To conclude, by summing up what I would say concerning
what I have, and what I have not been, in the following pa­
per I shall not deny that I pretended not to write an accurate
treatise of colours, but an occasional essay. Boyle.
Go to the ant, thou sluggard, in few words sums up the
moral of this fable. L'Estrange.
This Atlas must our sinking state uphold;
In council cool, but in performance bold:
He sums their virtues in himself alone,
And adds the greatest, of a loyal son. Dryden's Aurengz.
A fine evidence summ'd up among you! Dryden.
4. [In falconry.] To have feathers full grown.
With prosperous wing full summ'd. Milton.

SU’MACH-TREE. n. s. [sumach, French.]
The flower consists of five leaves in a circular order, in form
of a rose; from whose flower-cup rises the pointal, which after­
ward becomes a vessel, containing one seed: the flowers grow
in bunches, and the leaves either winged or have three lobes.
The flowers are used in dying, and the branches for tanning,
in America. Miller.

SU’MLESS. adj. [from sum.] Not to be computed.
Make his chronicle as rich with prize,
As is the ouzy bottom of the sea
With sunken wreck and sumless treasuries. Shak. Hen. V.
A sumless journey of incorporeal speed. Milton.
Above, beneath, around the palace shines,
The sumless treasure of exhausted mines. Pope.

SU’MMARILY. adv. [from summary.] Briefly; the shortest way.
The decalogue of Moses declareth summarily those things
which we ought to do; the prayer of our Lord, whatsoever
we should request or desire. Hooker.
While we labour for these demonstrations out of Scripture,
and do summarily declare the things which many ways have
been spoken, be contented quietly to hear, and do not think
my speech tedious. Hooker.
When the parties proceed summarily, and they chuse the
ordinary way of proceeding, the cause is made plenary. Ayl.

SU’MMARY. adj. [sommaire, French; from sum.] Short; brief;
compendious.
The judge
Directed them to mind their brief,
Nor spend their time to shew their reading,
She'd have a summary proceeding. Swift.

SU’MMARY. n. s. [from the adj.] Compendium; abridgment.
We are enforc'd from our most quiet sphere
By the rough torrent of occasion;
And have the summary of all our griefs,
When time shall serve, to shew in articles. Shakes. H. IV.
In that comprehensive summary of our duty to God, there is
no express mention thereof. Rogers.

SU’MMER. n. s. [sumer, Saxon; somer, Dutch.]
1. The season in which the sun arrives at the hither solstice.
Sometimes hath the brightest day a cloud;
And, after Summer, evermore succeeds
The barren Winter with his nipping cold. Shakes. H. VI.
Can't such things be,
And overcome us like a Summer's cloud,
Without our special wonder? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Two hundred loaves of bread, and an hundred bunches of
raisins, and an hundred of Summer fruits. 2 Sa. xvi.
He was sitting in a Summer parlour. Judg. iii. 20.
In all the liveries deck'd of Summer's pride. Milton.
They marl and sow it with wheat, giving it a Summer fal­
lowing first, and next year sow it with pease. Mortimer.
Dry weather is best for most Summer corn. Mortimer.
The dazzling roofs,
Resplendent as the blaze of Summer noon,
Or the pale radiance of the midnight moon. Pope.
Child of the sun,
See sultry Summer comes. Thomson's Summer.
2. [Trabs summaria.] The principal beam of a floor.
Oak, and the like true hearty timber, may be better trusted
in cross and transverse works for summers, or girders, or bind­
ing beams. Wotton.
Then enter'd sin, and with that sycamore,
Whose leaves first shelter'd man from drought and dew,
Working and winding slily evermore,
The inward walls and summers cleft and tore;
But grace shor'd these, and cut that as it grew. Herbert.

To SU’MMER. v. n. [from the noun.] To pass the Summer.
The fowls shall summer upon them, and all the beasts shall
winter upon them. Is. xviii. 6.

To SU’MMER. v. a. To keep warm.
Maids well summer'd, and warm kept, are like flies at Bar­
tholomew-tide, blind, though they have their eyes. Shakesp.

SU’MMERHOUSE. n. s. [from Summer and house.] An apart­
ment in a garden used in the Summer.
I'd rather live
With cheese and garlick, in a windmill, far,
Than feed on cates, and have him talk to me,
In any summerhouse in Christendom. Shakes. Henry IV.
With here a fountain, never to be play'd,
And there a summerhouse, that knows no shade. Pope.
There is so much virtue in eight volumes of Spectators, such
a reverence of things sacred, so many valuable remarks for
our conduct in life, that they are not improper to lie in par­
lours or summerhouses, to entertain our thoughts in any mo­
ments of leisure. Watts.

SU’MMERSAULT. n. s. [soubresault, French. Somerset is a
corruption.] A high leap in which the
heels are thrown over the head.
SU’MMERSET. n. s. [soubresault, French. Somerset is a
corruption.] A high leap in which the
heels are thrown over the head.
Some do the summersault,
And o'er the bar like tumblers vault. Hudibras.
Frogs are observed to use divers summersaults. Walton.
The treasurer cuts a caper on the strait rope: I have seen
him do the summerset upon a trencher fixed on the rope, which
is no thicker than a common packthread. Gulliver's Travels.

SU’MMIT. n. s. [summitas, Lat.] The top; the utmost height.
Have I fall'n or no?
—From the dread summit of this chalky bourn!
Look up a-height, the shrill-gorg'd lark so far
Cannot be seen or heard. Shakes. King Lear.
ætna's heat, that makes the summit glow,
Enriches all the vales below. Swift.

To SU’MMON. v. a. [summoneo, Latin.]
1. To call with authority; to admonish to appear; to cite.
Catesby, sound lord Hastings,
And summon him to-morrow to the Tower. Shak. R. III.
The course of method summaneth me to discourse of the in­
habitants. Carew's Survey of Cornwal.
The tirsan is assisted by the governour of the city, where
the feast is celebrated, and all the persons of both sexes are
summoned to attend. Bacon.
Rely on what thou hast of virtue, summon all. Milton.
Nor trumpets summon him to war,
Nor drums disturb his morning sleep. Dryden.
Love, duty, safety, summon us away;
'Tis nature's voice, and nature we obey. Pope.
2. To excite; to call up; to raise. With up emphatical.
When the blast of war blows in our ears,
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Shakes. Henry V.

SU’MMONER. n. s. [from summon.] One who cites; one who
summons.
Close pent-up guilts
Rive your concealing continents, and ask
These dreadful summoners grace. Shakesp. King Lear.

SU’MMONS. n. s. [from the verb.] A call of authority; admo­
nition to appear; citation.
What are you?
Your name, your quality, and why you answer
This present summons? Shakes. King Lear.
He sent to summon the feditious, and to offer pardon; but
neither summons nor pardon was any thing regarded. Hayw.
The sons of light
Hasted, resorting to the summons high,
And took their seats. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Strike your sails at summons, or prepare
To prove the last extremities of war. Dryden.

SU’MPTER. n. s. [sommier, French; somaro, Italian.] A horse
that carries the cloaths or furniture.


Return with her!
Peruade me rather to be a slave and sumpter
To this detested groom. Shakesp. King Lear.
With full force his deadly bow he bent,
And feather'd fates among the mules and sumpters sent. Dry.
Two sumpter mules, bred of large Flanders mares.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

SU’MPTION. n. s. [from sumptus, Latin.] The act of taking.
The sumption of the mysteries does all in a capable sub­
ject. Taylor.

SU’MPTUARY. adj. [sumptuarius, Latin.] Relating to ex­
pence; regulating the cost of life.
To remove that material cause of sedition, which is want
and poverty in the estate, serveth the opening and well
balancing of trade, the banishing of idleness, the repressing of
waste and excess by sumptuary laws. Bacon.

SUMPTUO’SITY. n. s. [from sumptuous.] Expensiveness; cost­
liness.
He added sumptuosity, invented jewels of gold and stone, and
some engines for the war. Raleigh.

SU’MPTUOUS. adj. [sumptuosus, from sumptus, Lat.] Cost­
ly; expensive; splendid.
We see how most Christians stood then affected, how joy­
ful they were to behold the sumptuous stateliness of houses
built unto God's glory. Hooker.
We are too magnificent and sumptuous in our tables and
attendance. F. Atterbury.

SU’MPTUOUSLY. adv. [from sumptuous.] Expensively; with
great cost.
This monument five hundred years hath stood,
Which I have sumptuously re-edified. Shak Titus Andronicus.
Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, in a famine, sold all the
rich vessels and ornaments of the church, to relieve the poor
with bread; and said, there was no reason that the dead tem­
ples of God should be sumptuously furnished, and the living
temples suffer penury. Bacon's Apophthegms.
A good employment will make you live tolerably in Lon­
don, or sumptuously here. Swift. 

SU’MPTUOUSNESS. n. s. [from sumptuous.] Expensiveness;
costliness.
I will not fall out with those that can reconcile sumptuous­
ness and charity. Boyle.
SUN

SUN. n. s. [sunno, Gothick; sunna, sunne, Saxon; son, Dut.]
1. The luminary that makes the day.
Doth beauty keep which never sun can burn,
Nor storms do turn? Sidney.
Bid her steal into the pleached bow'r,
Where honeysuckles, ripen'd by the sun,
Forbid the sun to enter. Shakespeare.
Though there be but one sun existing in the world, yet the
idea of it being abstracted, so that more substances might each
agree in it, it is as much a sort as if there were as many suns
as there are stars. Locke.
2. A sunny place; a place eminently warmed by the sun.
This place has choice of sun and shade. Milton.
3. Any thing eminently splendid.
I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignty to
posterity, and all succeeding kings. King Charles.
4. Under the SUN. In this world. A proverbial expression.
There is no new thing under the sun. Eccl. i. 9.

To SUN. v. a. [from the noun.] To insolate; to expose to the
sun; to warm in the sun.
The cry to shady delve him brought at last,
Where Mammon earst did sun his treasury. Fairy Queen.
What aim'st thou at? delicious fare;
And then to sun thyself in open air. Dryden's Pers.

SU’NBEAM. n. s. [sun and beam.] Ray of the sun.
The Roman eagle, wing'd
From the spungy South to this part of the West,
Vanish'd in the sunbeams. Shakes. Cymbeline.
Gliding through the ev'n
On a sunbeam. Milton's Paradise Lost.
There was a God, a being distinct from this visible world;
and this was a truth wrote with a sunbeam, legible to all man­
kind, and received by universal consent. South.

SU’NBEAT. part. adj. [sun and beat.] Shone on by the sun.
Its length runs level with th' Atlantic main,
And wearies fruitful Nilus to convey
His sunbeat waters by so long a way. Dryden's Juv. Sat.

SU’NBRIGHT. adj. [sun and bright.] Resembling the sun in
brightness.
Gathering up himself out of the mire,
With his uneven wings did fiercely fall
Upon his sunbright shield. Fairy Queen.
Now would I have thee to my tutor:
How and which way I may bestow myself,
To be regarded in her sunbright eye. Shakespeare.
High in the midst, exalted as a God,
Th' apostate in his sunbright chariot sat,
Idol of majesty divine! inclos'd
With flaming cherubims, and golden shields. Milton.

SUNBU’RNING. n. s. [sun and burning.] The effect of the sun
upon the face.
If thou can'st love a fellow of this temper, Kate, whose
face is not worth sunburning, let thine eye be thy cook. Shakes.
The heat of the sun may darken the colour of the skin,
which we call sunburning. Boyle.

SU’NBURNT. participial adj. [sun and burnt.] Tanned; dis­
coloured by the sun.
Where such radiant lights have shone,
No wonder if her cheeks be grown
Sunburnt with lustre of her own. Cleaveland.
Sunburnt and swarthy though she be,
She'll fire for Winter-nights provide. Dryden.
How many nations of the sunburnt soil
Does Niger bless? how many drink the Nile? Blackmore.
One of them, older and more sunburnt than the rest, told
him he had a window in his line of life. Addison.

SU’NCLAD. part. adj. [sun and clad.] Clothed in radiance;
bright.

SU’NDAY. n. s. [sun and day.] The day anciently dedicated to
the sun; the first day of the week; the Christian sabbath.
If thou wilt needs thrust thy neck into a yoke, wear the
print of it, and sigh away Sundays. Shakespeare.
An' she were not kin to me, she would be as fair on Friday
as Helen is on Sunday. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
At prime they enter'd on the Sunday morn;
Rich tap'stry spread the streets. Dryden.

To SU’NDER. v. a. [sndrian, Saxon.] To part; to separate;
to divide.
Vexation almost stops my breath,
That sundred friends greet in the hour of death. Shakesp.
It is sundred from the main land by a sandy plain. Carew.
She that should all parts to reunion bow,
She that had all magnetick force alone,
To draw and fasten sundred parts in one. Donne.
A sundred clock is piecemeal laid,
Not to be lost, but by the maker's hand
Repolish'd, without error then to stand. Donne.
When both the chiefs are sunder'd from the fight,
Then to the lawful king restore his right. Dryden's Virgil.
Th' enormous weight was cast,
Which Crantor's body sunder'd at the waist. Dryden.
Bears, tigers, wolves, the lion's angry brood,
Whom heav'n endu'd with principles of blood,
He wisely sundred from the rest, to yell
In forests. Dryden.
Bring me lightning, give me thunder;
—Jove may kill, but ne'er shall sunder. Granville.

SU’NDER. n. s. [sunder, Saxon.] Two; two parts.
He breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder. Ps.

SU’NDEW. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SUNDI’AL. n. s. [dial and sun.] A marked plate on which the
shadow points the hour.
All your graces no more you shall have,
Than a sundial in a grave. Donne.
The body, though it really moves, yet not changing per­
ceivable distance, seems to stand still; as is evident in the
shadows of sundials. Locke.

SU’NDRY. adj. [sunder, Saxon.] Several; more than
one.
That law, which, as it is laid up in the bosom of God, we
call eternal, receiveth, according unto the different kind of
things which are subject unto it, different and sundry kinds of
names. Hooker.
Not of one nation was it peopled, but of sundry people of
different manners. Spenser.
He caused him to be arrested upon complaint of sundry
grievous oppressions. Davies.
How can she several bodies know,
If in herself a body's form she bear?
How can a mirrour sundry faces show,
If from all shapes and forms it be not clear? Davies.
I have composed sundry collects, as the Adventual, Quadra­
gesimal, Paschal or Pentecostal. Sanderson.
Sundry foes the rural realm surround. Dryden.
Sundry in all manual arts are as wonderful. Locke.

SU’NFLOWER. n. s. [corona solis, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it hath a squamous cup; the flowers
are radiated like the great starwort; the embryoes of the seeds
are distinguished by little imbricated leaves in the disk; the
top of the ovary is crowned with two small leaves; the seeds
are pushed out from the bottom of the flower, leaving a va­
cuity which appears very like a honeycomb. Miller.

SU’NFLOWER, Little. n. s. [helianthemum, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: the flower-cup consists of three leaves;
the flower, for the most part, of five leaves, placed orbicu­
larly, and expanded in form of a rose; the pointal of the flower
becomes a globular fruit, which divides into three parts, having
three cells, which are filled with roundish seeds fixed to small
capillaments. Miller.



SUNG. The preterite and participle passive of sing.
A larger rock then heaving from the plain,
He whirl'd it round, it sung across the main. Pope.
From joining stones the city sprung,
While to his harp divine Amphion sung. Pope.

SUNK. The preterite and participle passive of sink.
We have large caves: the deepest are sunk six hundred
fathom, and some digged and made under great hills. Bacon.
Thus we act and thus we are,
Or toss'd by hope or sunk by care. Prior.
Sunk in Thalestris' arms the nymph he found. Pope.
His spirit quite sunk with those reflections that solitude and
disappointments bring, he is utterly undistinguished and for­
gotten. Swift.

SU’NLESS. adj. [from sun.] Wanting sun; wanting warmth.
He thrice happy on the sunless side,
Beneath the whole collected shade reclines. Thomson.

SU’NLIKE. adj. [sun and like.] Resembling the sun.
The quantity of light in this bright luminary, and in the
sunlike fixt stars, must be continually decreasing. Cheyne.

SU’NNY. adj. [from sun.]
1. Resembling the sun; bright.
She saw Duessa sunny bright,
Adorn'd with gold and jewels shining clear. Fairy Queen.
The eldest, that Fidelia hight,
Like sunny beams threw from her crystal face. Fai. Queen.
My decay'd fair
A sunny look of his would soon repair. Shakespeare.
The chemist seeds
Perpetual flames, whose unresisted force
O'er sand and ashes and the stubborn flint
Prevailing, turns into a fusile sea,
That in his furnace bubbles sunny red. Philips.
2. Exposed to the sun; bright with the sun.
About me round I saw
Hill, dale, and shady woods, and sunny plains,
And liquid lapse of murm'ring streams. Milton's Par. Lost.
Him walking on a sunny hill he found,
Back'd on the North and West by a thick wood. Milton.
The filmy gossamer now flits no more,
Nor halcyons bask on the short sunny shore. Dryden.
But what avail her unexhausted stores,
Her blooming mountains and her sunny shores,
With all the gifts that heaven and earth impart,
The smiles of nature, and the charms of art,
While proud oppression in her vallies reigns,
And tyranny usurps her happy plains? Addison.
3. Coloured by the sun.
Her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece. Shakespeare.

SU’NRISE. n. s. [sun and rising.] Morning; the appear­
ance of the sun.
SUNRI’SING. n. s. [sun and rising.] Morning; the appear­
ance of the sun.
Send out a pursuivant
To Stanley's regiment; bid him bring his power
Before sunrising. Shakesp. Richard III.
In those days the giants of Libanus mastered all nations,
from the sunrising to the sunset. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
They intend to prevent the sunrising. Walton's Angler.
We now believe the Copernican system; yet, upon ordi­
nary occasions, we shall still use the popular terms of sunrise
and sunset. Bentley.

SU’NSET. n. s. [sun and set.] Close of the day; evening.
When the sun sets the air doth drizzle dew;
But for the sunset of my brother's son
It rains downright. Shakespeare.
The stars are of greater use than for men to gaze on after
sunset. Raleigh.
At sunset to their ship they make return,
And snore secure on deck 'till rosy morn. Dryden.
He observant of the parting ray,
Eyes the calm sunset of thy various day
Through fortune's cloud. Pope.

SU’NSHINE. n. s. [sun and shine.] Action of the sun; place
where the heat and lustre of the sun are powerful.
That man that sits within a monarch's heart,
And ripens in the sunshine of his favour,
Would he abuse the count'nance of the king,
Alack, what mischiefs might be set abroach,
In shadow of such greatness? Shakesp. Henry IV.
He had been many years in that sunshine, when a new comet
appeared in court. Clarendon.
Sight no obstacle found here, nor shade,
But all sunshine, as when his beams at noon
Culminate from th' equator. Milton.
I that in his absence
Blaz'd like a star of the first magnitude,
Now in his brighter sunshine am not seen. Denham's Sophy.
Nor can we this weak show'r a tempest call,
But drops of heat that in the sunshine fall. Dryden.
The cases prevent the bees getting abroad upon every sun­
shine day. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The more favourable you are to me, the more distinctly I
see my faults: spots and blemishes are never so plainly disco­
vered as in the brightest sunshine. Pope.

SU’NSHINY. adj. [from sunshine. It was anciently accented on
the second syllable.]
1. Bright with the sun.
About ten in the morning, in sunshiny weather, we took
several sorts of paper stained. Boyle.
2. Bright like the sun.
The fruitful-headed beast, amaz'd
At flashing beams of that sunshiny shield,
Became stark blind, and all his senses daz'd,
That down he tumbled. Fairy Queen.
SUP

To SUP. v. a. [super, Norman French; supan, Saxon; soepen,
Dutch.] To drink by mouthfuls; to drink by little at a time;
to sip.
Then took the angry witch her golden cup,
Which still she bore replete with magick arts,
Death and despair did many thereof sup. Spenser.
There find a purer air
To feed my life with; there I'll sup
Balm and nectar in my cup. Crashaw.
We saw it smelling to every thing set in the room, and when
it had smelt to them all, it supped up the milk. Ray.
He call'd for drink; you saw him sup
Potable gold in golden cup. Swift.

To SUP. v. n. [souper, French.] To eat the evening meal.
You'll sup with me?
—Anger's my meat; I sup upon myself,
And so shall starve with feeding. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I have supt full with horrours;
Direness, familiar to my slaught'rous thoughts,
Cannot once start me. Shakesp. Macbeth.
When they had supped, they brought Tobias in. Tob. viii.
I see all the pilgrims in the Canterbury tales as distinctly as
If I had supped with them. Dryden.
Late returning home, he supp'd at ease. Dryden.

To SUP. v. a. To treat with supper.
He's almost supp'd; why have you left the chamber. Shak.
Sup them well, and look unto them all. Shakespeare.
Let what you have within be brought abroad,
To sup the stranger. Chapman's Odyssey.

SUP. n. s. [from the verb.] A small draught; a mouthful of
liquour.
Tom Thumb had got a little sup,
And Tomalin scarce kist the cup. Drayton.
A pigeon saw the picture of a glass with water in't, and
flew eagerly up to't for a sup to quench her thirst. L'Estrange.
The least transgression of your's, if it be only two bits and
one sup more than your stint, is a great debauch. Swift.

SUPER, in composition, notes either more than another, or more
than enough, or on the top.

SU’PERABLE. adj. [superabilis, Lat. superable, French.] Con­
querable; such as may be overcome.

SU’PERABLENESS. n. s. [from superable.] Quality of being
conquerable.

To SUPERABOU’ND. v. n. [super and abound] To be exube­
rant; to be stored with more than enough.
This case returneth again at this time, except the clemency
of his majesty superabound. Bacon.
She superabounds with corn, which is quickly convertible to
coin. Howel.

SUPERABU’NDANCE. n. s. [super and abundance.] More than
enough; great quantity.
The precipitation of the vegetative terrestrial matter at the
deluge amongst the sand, was to retrench the luxury and super­
abundance of the productions of the earth. Woodward.

SUPERABU’NDANT. adj. [super and abundant.] Being more
than enough.
So much superabundant zeal could have no other design than
to damp that spirit raised against Wood. Swift.

SUPERABU’NDANTLY. adv. [from superabundant.] More than
sufficiently.
Nothing but the uncreated Infinite can adequately fill and
superabundantly satisfy the desire. Cheyne.

To SUPERA’DD. v, n. [superaddo, Latin.] To add over and
above; to join any thing so as to make it more.
The peacock laid it extremely to heart that he had not the
nightingale's voice superadded to the beauty of plumes. L'Estr.
The schools dispute, whether in morals the external action
superadds any thing of good or evil to the internal elicit act of
the will; but certainly the enmity of our judgments is wrought
up to an high pitch before it rages in an open denial. South.
The strength of any living creature, in those external mo­
tions, is something distinct from and superadded unto its natu­
ral gravity. Wilkins's Math. Mag.

SUPERADDI’TION. n. s. [super and addition.]
1. The act of adding to something else.
The fabrick of the eye, its safe and useful situation, and the
superaddition of muscles, are a certain pledge of the existence
of God. More.
2. That which is added.
Of these, much more than of the Nicene superadditions, it


may be affirmed, that being the explications of a father of the
church, and not of a whole universal council, they were not
necessary to be explicitly acknowledged. Hammond.
An animal, in the course of hard labour, seems to be nothing
but vessels: let the same animal continue long in rest, it will
perhaps double its weight and bulk: this superaddition is no­
thing but fat. Arbuthnot.

SUPERADVE’NIENT. adj. [superadveniens, Latin.]
1. Coming to the increase or assistance of something.
The soul of man may have matter of triumph, when he has
done bravely by a superadvenient assistance of his God. More.
2. Coming unexpectedly.

To SUPERA’NNUATE. v. a. [super and annus, Lat.] To im­
pair or disqualify by age or length of life.
If such depravities be yet alive, deformity need not despair,
nor will the eldest hopes be ever superannuated. Brown.
When the sacramental test was put in execution, the justices
of peace through Ireland, that had laid down their commis­
sions, amounted only to a dozen, and those of the lowest for­
tune, and some of them superannuated. Swift.

To SUPERA’NNUATE. v. n. To last beyond the year. Not in use.
The dying of the roots of plants that are annual, is by the
over-expence of the sap into stalk and leaves, which being
prevented, they will superannnate. Bacon's Natural History.

SUPERANNUA’TION. n. s. [from superannuate.] The state of
being disqualified by years.

SUPE’RB. adj. [superbe, French; superbus, Latin.] Grand;
pompous; lofty; august; stately; magnificent.

SUPE’RB-LILY. n. s. [methonica, Lat.] A flower.

SUPERCA’RGO. n. s. [super and cargo.] An officer in the ship
whose business is to manage the trade.
I only wear it in a land of Hectors,
Thieves, supercargo's, sharpers. Pope.

SUPERCELE’STIAL. adj. [super and celestial] Placed above the
firmament.
I dare not think that any supercelestial heaven, or whatso­
ever else, not himself, was increate and eternal. Raleigh.
Many were for fetching down I know not what supercelestial
waters for the purpose. Woodward's Nat. History.

SUPERCI’LIOUS. adj. [from supercilium, Latin.] Haughty;
dogmatical; dictatorial; arbitrary; despotick; overbearing.
Those who are one while courteous, within a small time
after are so supercilious, fierce, and exceptious, that they are
short of the true character of friendship. South.
Several supercilious criticks will treat an author with the
greatest contempt, if he fancies the old Romans wore a
girdle. Addison.

SUPERCI’LIOUSLY. adv. [from supercilious.] Haughtily; dog­
matically; contemptuously.
He, who was a punctual man in point of honour, received
this address superciliously enough, sent it to the king without
performing the least ceremony. Clarendon.

SUPERCI’LIOUSNESS. n. s. [from supercilious.] Haughtiness;
contemptuousness.

SUPERCONCE’PTION. n. s. [super and conception.] A concep­
tion made after another conception.
Those superconceptions, where one child was like the father,
the other like the adulterer, seem idle. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUPERCO’NSEQUENCE. n. s. [super and consequence.] Remote
consequence.
Not attaining the deuteroscopy, and second intention of the
words, they omit their superconsequences and coherences. Brown.

SUPERCRE’SCENCE. n. s. [super and cresco, Lat.] That which
grows upon another growing thing.
Wherever it groweth it maintains a regular figure, like
other supererescences, and like such as, living upon the stock of
others, are termed parasitical plants. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUPERE’MINENCE. n. s. [super and emineo, Latin.] Uncom­
mon degree of eminence; eminence
above others though eminent.
SUPERE’MINENCY. n. s. [super and emineo, Latin.] Uncom­
mon degree of eminence; eminence
above others though eminent.
The archbishop of Canterbury, as he is primate over all
England and metropolitan, has a supereminency, and even some
power over the archbishop of York. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SUPERE’MINENT. adj. [super and eminent.] Eminent in a
high degree.
As humility is in suiters a decent virtue, so the testifica­
tion thereof by such effectual acknowledgments not only ar­
gueth a sound apprehension of his supereminent glory and ma­
jesty before whom we stand, but putteth also into his hands a
kind of pledge or bond for security against our unthankful­
ness. Hooker.

To SUPERE’ROGATE. v. n. [super and erogatio, Lat.] To do
more than duty requires.
So by an abbey's skeleton of late,
I heard an eccho supererogate
Through imperfection, and the voice restore,
As if she had the hiccup o'er and o'er. Cleaveland.
Aristotle acted his own instructions, and his obsequious sec­
tators have supererogated in observance. Glanv. Sceps.

SUPEREROGA’TION. n. s. [from supererogate.] Performance of
more than duty requires.
There is no such thing as works of supererogation; that no
man can do more than needs, and is his duty to do, by way of
preparation for another world. Tillotson's Sermons.

SUPERE’ROGATORY. adj. [from supererogate.] Performed be­
yond the strict demands of duty.
Supererogatory services, and too great benefits from subjects
to kings, are of dangerous consequence. Howel.

SUPERE’XCELLENT. adj. [super and excellent.] Excellent be­
yond common degrees of excellence.
We discern not the abuse: suffer him to persuade us that
we are as gods, something so superexcellent, that all must reve­
rence and adore. Decay of Piety.

SUPEREXCRE’SCENCE. n. s. [super and excrescence.] Something
superfluously growing.
As the escar separated between the scarifications, I rubbed
the superexcrescence of flesh with the vitriol stone. Wiseman.

To SUPERFE’TATE. v. n. [super and fœtus, Latin.] To con­
ceive after conception.
The female brings forth twice in one month, and so is said
to superfetate, which, saith Aristotle, is because her eggs are
hatched in her one after another. Grew's Musæum.

SUPERFETA’TION. n. s. [superfetation, French; from superfe­
tate.] One conception following another, so that both are in
the womb together, but come not to their full time for delivery
together. Quincy.
Superfetation must be by abundance of sap in the bough
that putteth it forth. Bacon's Natural History.
If the superfetation be made with considerable intermission,
the latter most commonly becomes abortive; for the first being
confirmed, engrosseth the aliment from the other. Brown.

SU’PERFICE. n. s. [superficie, Fr. superficies, Latin.] Outside;
surface.
Then if it rise not to the former height
Of superfice, conclude that soil is light. Dryden.

SUPERFI’CIAL. adj. [superficiel, Fr. from superficies, Latin.]
1. Lying on the surface; not reaching below the surface.
That, upon the superficial ground, heat and moisture cause
putrefaction, in England is found not true. Bacon.
From these phænomena several have concluded some general
rupture in the superficial parts of the earth. Burnet.
There is not one infidel living so ridiculous as to pretend to
solve the phænomena of sight, or cogitation, by those fleeting
superficial films of bodies. Bentley.
2. Shallow; contrived to cover something.
This superficial tale
Is but a preface to her worthy praise. Shakes. Henry VI.
3. Shallow; not profound; smattering, not learned.
That knowledge is so very superficial, and so ill-grounded,
that it is impossible for them to describe in what consists the
beauty of those works. Dryden.

SUPERFICIA’LITY. n. s. [from superficial.] The quality of
being superficial.
By these salts the colours of bodies receive degrees of
lustre or obscurity, superficiality or profundity. Brown.

SUPERFI’CIALLY. adv. [from superficial]
1. On the surface; not below the surface.
2. Without penetration; without close heed.
Perspective hath been with some diligence inquired; but
the nature of sounds in general hath been superficially ob­
served. Bacon's Natural History.
His eye so superficially surveys
These things, as not to mind from whence they grow,
Deep under ground. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Without going deep; without searching to the bottom of
things.
You have said well;
But on the cause and question now in hand,
Have gloz'd but superficially. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
I have laid down superficially my present thoughts. Dryden.

SUPERFI’CIALNESS. n. s. [from superficial.]
1. Shallowness; position on the surface.
2. Slight knowledge; false appearance; show without substance.

SUPERFI’CIES. n. s. [Latin.] Outside; surface; superfice.
He on her superficies stretch'd his line. Sandys.
A convex mirrour makes objects in the middle to come out
from the superficies: the painter must, in respect of the light and
shadows of his figures, give them more relievo. Dryden.

SUPERFI’NE. adj. [super and fine.] Eminently fine.
Some, by this journey of Jason, understand the mystery of
the philosopher's stone: to which also other superfine chymists
draw the twelve labours of Hercules. L'Estrange.
If you observe your cyder, by interposing it between a
candle and your eye, to be very transparent, it may be called
superfine. Mortimer's Husbandry.

SUPERFLU’ITANCE. n. s. [super and fluito, Latin.] The act
of floating above.
Sperma ceti, which is a superfluitance on the sea, is not the
sperm of a whale. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUPERFLU’ITANT. adj. [superfluitans, Lat.] Floating above.
A chalky earth, beaten and steeped in water, affordeth a
cream or fatness on the top, and a gross subsidence at the bot­
tom: out of the cream, or superfluitance, the finest dishes are
made; out of the residence, the coarser. Brown.



SUPERFLU’ITY. n. s. [superfluité, Fr. from superfluous.] More
than enough; plenty beyond use or necessity.
Having this way eased the church, as they thought, of su­
perfluity, they went on till they had plucked up even those
things which also had taken a great deal deeper root. Hooker.
They are as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that
starve with nothing; therefore it is no mean happiness to be
seated in the mean: superfluity comes sooner by white hairs,
but competency lives longer. Shakespeare.
A quiet mediocrity is still to be preferred before a troubled
superfluity. Suckling.
Like the sun, let bounty spread her ray,
And shine that superfluity away. Pope.

SUPE’RFLUOUS. adj. [super and fluo, Lat. superflu, Fr.] Exu­
berant; more than enough; unnecessary; offensive by being
more than sufficient.
I think it superfluous to use any words of a subject so praised
in itself as it needs no praises. Sidney.
When a thing ceaseth to be available unto the end which
gave it being, the continuance of it must then appear superflu­
ous. Hooker.
Our superfluous lacqueys and our peasants,
Who in unnecessary action swarm
About our squares of battle. Shakespeare's Henry V.
A proper title of a peace, and purchas'd
At a superfluous rate. Shakespeare.
As touching the ministring to the saints, it is superfluous to
write. 2 Cor. ix. i.
Horace will our superfluous branches prune,
Give us new rules, and set our harp in tune. Roscommon.
If ye know,
Why ask ye, and superfluous begin
Your message, like to end as much in vain? Milton.

SUPE’RFLUOUSNESS. n. s. [from superfluous.] The state of be­
ing superfluous.

SU’PERFLUX. n. s. [super and fluxus, Latin.] That which is
more than is wanted.
Take physick, pomp;
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,
That thou may'st shake the superflux to them. Shakespeare.

SUPERHU’MAN. adj. [super and humanus, Latin.] Above the
nature or power of man.

SUPERIMPREGNA’TION. n. s. [super and impregnation.] Su­
perconception; superfetation.

SUPERINCU’MBENT. n. s. [super and incumbens, Latin.] Ly­
ing on the top of something else.
It is sometimes so extremely violent, that it forces the su­
perincumbent strata; breaks them all throughout, and thereby
perfectly undermines and ruins their foundations.
Woodward.

To SUPERINDU’CE. v. a. [super and induco, Latin.]
1. To bring in as an addition to something else.
Relation is not contained in the real existence of things,
but something extraneous and superinduced. Locke.
In children, savages, and ill-natured people, learning not ha­
ving cast their native thoughts into new moulds, nor by super­
inducing foreign doctrines, confounded those fair characters na­
ture had written, their innate notions might lie open. Locke.
2. To bring on as a thing not originally belonging to that on
which it is brought.
To superinduce any virtue upon a person, take the living
creature in which that virtue is most eminent. Bacon.
Custom and corruption superinduce upon us a kind of neces­
sity of going on as we began. L'Estrange.
Father is a notion superinduced to the substance or man, and
refers only to an act of that thing called man, whereby he con­
tributed to the generation of one of his own kind, let man
be what it will. Locke.
Long custom of sinning superinduces upon the soul new and
absurd desires, like the distemper of the soul, feeding only up­
on filth and corruption. South's Sermons.

SUPERINDU’CTION. n. s. [from super and induce.] The act of
superinducing.
A good inclination is but the first rude draught of virtue;
the superinduction of ill habits quickly deface it. South.

SUPERINJE’CTION. n. s. [super and injection.] An injection
succeeding upon another. Dict.

SUPERINSTITU’TION. n. s. [super and institution.] [In law.]
One institution upon another; as if A be instituted and ad­
mitted to a benefice upon a title, and B be instituted and ad­
mitted by the presentation of another. Bailey.

To SUPERINTE’ND. v. a. [super and intend.] To oversee;
to overlook; to take care of others with authority.
The king will appoint a council who may superintend
the works of this nature, and regulate what concerns the co­
lonies. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
This argues design, and a superintending wisdom, power
and providence in this special business of food. Derham.
Angels, good or bad, must be furnished with prodigious
knowledge, to oversee Persia and Grecia of old; or if any
such superintend the affairs of Great Britain now. Watts.

SUPERINTE’NDENCE. n. s. [from super and intend.] Supe­
riour care; the act of overseeing with
authority.
SUPERINTE’NDENCY. n. s. [from super and intend.] Supe­
riour care; the act of overseeing with
authority.
Such an universal superintendency has the eye and hand of
providence over all, even the most minute and inconsiderable
things. South's Sermons.
The divine providence, which hath a visible respect to the
being of every man, is yet more observable in its superinten­
dency over societies. Grew.
An admirable indication of the divine superintendence and
management. Derham.

SUPERINTE’NDENT. n. s. [superintendant, Fr. from superintend.]
One who overlooks others authoritatively.
Next to Brama, one Deuendre is the superintendent deity,
who hath many more under him. Stillingfleet.
The world pays a natural veneration to men of virtue, and
rejoice to see themselves conducted by those who act under
the care of a supreme being, and who think themselves ac­
countable to the great Judge and Superintendent of human af­
fairs. Addison.

SUPERIO’RITY. n. s. [from superiour.] Pre-eminence; the qua­
lity of being greater or higher than another in any respect.
Bellarmine makes the formal act of adoration to be sub­
jection to a superiour; but he makes the mere apprehension
of excellency to include the formal reason of it; whereas mere
excellency without superiority doth not require any subjection
but only estimation. Stillingfleet.
The person who advises, does in that particular exercise
a superiority over us, thinking us defective in our conduct or
understanding. Addison's Spectator.

SUPE’RIOUR. adj. [superieur, Fr. superior, Latin.]
1. Higher; greater in dignity or excellence; preferable or pre­
ferred to another.
In commending another you do yourself right; for he that
you commend is either superiour to you in that you commend,
or inferiour; if he be inferiour, if he be to be commended,
you much more: if he be superiour, if he be not to be com­
mended, you much less glorious. Bacon.
Although superior to the people, yet not superior to their
own voluntary engagements once passed from them. Taylor.
Heaven takes part with the oppressed, and tyrants are upon
their behaviour to a superior power. L'Estrange.
Superior beings above us, who enjoy perfect happiness, are
more steadily determined in their choice of good than we, and
yet they are not less happy or less free than we are. Locke.
He laughs at men of far superiour understandings to his,
for not being as well dressed as himself. Swift.
2. Upper; higher locally.
By the refraction of the second prism, the breadth of the
image was not encreased, but its superiour part, which in the
first prism suffered the greater refraction, and appeared violet
and blue, did again in the second prism suffer a greater refra­
ction than its inferiour part which appeared red and yellow.
Newton's Opticks.
3. Free from emotion or concern; unconquered.
From amidst them forth he pass'd,
Long way through hostile scorn; which he sustain'd
Superior, nor of violence fear'd ought. Milton.
Here passion first I felt,
Commotion strange! in all enjoyments else
Superior and unmov'd. Milton.
There is not in earth a spectacle more worthy than a great
man superiour to his sufferings. Addison's Spectator.

SUPE’RIOUR. n. s. One more excellent or dignified than an­
other.
Those under the great officers of state, have more frequent
opportunities for the exercise of benevolence than their supe­
riours. Addison's Spectator.

SUPERLA’TION. n. s. [superlatio, Latin.] Exaltation of any
thing beyond truth or propriety.
There are words that as much raise a style as others can
depress it; superlation and overmuchness amplifies: it may
be above faith, but not above a mean. Ben. Johnson.

SUPE’RLATIVE. adj. [superlatif, Fr. superlativus, Latin.]
1. Implying or expressing the highest degree.
It is an usual way to give the superlative unto things of emi­
nence; and when a thing is very great, presently to define it
to be the greatest of all. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Some have a violent and turgid manner of talking and think­
ing; they are always in extremes, and pronounce concerning
every thing in the superlative. Watts.
2. Rising to the highest degree.
The high court of parliament in England is superlative.
Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Martyrdoms I reckon amongst miracles; because they seem
to exceed the strength of human nature; and I may do the like
of superlative and admirable holiness. Bacon.
The generality of its reception is with many the persuading
argument of its superlative desert; and common judges mea­
sure excellency by numbers. Glanville.


Ingratitude and compassion never cohabit in the same breast;
which shews the superlative malignity of this vice, and the
baseness of the mind in which it dwells. South's Sermons.

SUPE’RLATIVELY. adv. [from superlative.]
1. In a manner of speech expressing the highest degree.
I shall not speak superlatively of them; but that I may truly
say, they are second to none in the Christian world. Bacon.
2. In the highest degree.
Tiberius was bad enough in his youth; but superlatively
and monstrously so in his old age. South's Sermons.
The Supreme Being is a spirit most excellently glorious, su­
perlatively powerful, wise and good, Creator of all things. Bent.

SUPE’RLATIVENESS. n. s. [from superlative.] The state of be­
ing in the highest degree.

SUPERLU’NAR adj. [super and luna.] Not sublunary; placed
above the moon; not of this world.
The mind, in metaphysicks, at a loss,
May wander in a wilderness of moss;
The head that turns at superlunar things,
Pois'd with a tail, may steer on Wilkins' wings. Dunciad.

SUPE’RNAL. adj. [supernus, Latin.]
1. Having an higher position; locally above us.
By heaven and earth was meant the solid matter and sub­
stance, as well of all the heavens and orbs supernal, as of the
globe of the earth and waters which covered it Raleigh.
2. Relating to things above; placed above; cælestial; heaven­
ly.
That supernal Judge that stirs good thoughts
In any breast of strong authority,
To look into the bolts and stains of right, Shakespeare.
He with frequent intercourse
Thither will send his winged messengers,
On errands of supernal grace. Milton.
Both glorying to have 'scap'd the Stygian flood,
As gods, and by their own recover'd strength,
Not by the suff'rance of supernal pow'r. Milton.

SUPERNA’TANT. adj. [supernatans, Latin.] Swimming
above.
Whilst the substance continued fluid, I could shake it with
the supernatant menstruum, without making between them any
true union. Boyle.

SUPERNATA’TION. n. s. [from supernato, Latin.] The act of
swimming on the top of any thing.
Touching the supernation of bodies, take of aquafortis
two ounces, of quicksilver two drams, the dissolution will not
bear a flint as big as a nutmeg. Bacon's Nat. History.
Bodies are differenced by supernatation, as floating on wa­
ter; for chrystal will sink in water, as carrying in its own
bulk a greater ponderosity than the space of any water it doth
occupy; and will therefore only swim in molten metal and
quicksilver. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUPERNA’TURAL. adj. [super and natural.] Being above the
powers of nature.
There resteth either no way unto salvation, or if any, then
surely a way which is supernatural, a way which could never
have entered into the heart of a man, as much as once to
conceive or imagine, if God himself had not revealed it ex­
traordinarily; for which cause we term it the mystery or se­
cret way of salvation. Hooker.
When supernatural duties are necessarily exacted, natural
are not rejected as needless. Hooker.
The understanding is secured by the perfection of its own
nature, or by supernatural assistance. Tillotson.
What mists of providence are these,
Through which we cannot see?
So saints by supernatural power set free
Are left at last in martyrdom to die. Dryden.

SUPERNA’TURALLY. adv. [from supernatural.] In a manner
above the course or power of nature.
The Son of God came to do every thing in miracle, to love
supernaturally, and to pardon infinitely, and even to lay down
the Sovereign while he assumed the Saviour. South's Sermons.

SUPERNU’MERARY. adj. [supernumeraire, Fr super and numerus,
Lat.] Being above a stated, a necessary, an usual, or a round
number.
Well if thrown out, as supernumerary
To my just number found! Milton's Paradise Lost.
In sixty three years there may be lost eighteen days, omit­
ting the intercalation of one day every fourth year, allowed
for this quadrant or six hours supernumerary. Brown.
The odd or supernumerary six hours are not accounted in
the three years after the leap-year. Holder.
The produce of this tax is adequate to the services for which
it is designed, and the additional tax is proportioned to the su­
pernumerary expence this year. Addison's Freeholder.
Antiochus Eupator began to augment his fleet; but the Ro­
man senate ordered his supernumerary vessels to be burnt.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
A supernumerary canon is one who does not receive any of
the profits or emoluments of the church, but only lives and
serves there on a future expectation of some prebend. Ayliffe.

SU’PERPLANT. n. s. [super and plant.] A plant growing up­
on another plant.
No superplant is a formed plant but misletoe. Bacon.

To SUPERPO’NDERATE. v. a. [super and pondero, Latin.] To
weigh over and above. Dict.

SUPERPROPO’RTION. n. s. [super and proportio, Latin.] Over­
plus of proportion.
No defect of velocity, which requires as great a superpropor­
tion in the cause, can be overcome in an instant. Digby.

SUPERPURGA’TION. n. s. [superpurgation, Fr. super and purga­
tion.] More purgation than enough.
There happening a superpurgation, he declined the repeating
of that purge. Wiseman's Surgery.

SUPERREFLE’XION. n. s. [super and reflexion.] Reflexion of
an image reflected.
Place one glass before and another behind, you shall see
the glass behind with the image within the glass before, and
again the glass before in that, and divers such superreflexions,
till the species speciei at last die. Bacon's Natural History.

SUPERSA’LIENCY. n. s. [super and salio, Latin; this were
better written supersiliency.] The act of leaping upon any thing.
Their coition is by supersaliency, like that of horses.
Brown.

To SUPERSCRI’BE. v. a. [super and scribo, Latin.] To in­
scribe upon the top or outside.
Fabretti and others believe, that by the two fortunes were
only meant in general the goddess who sent prosperity or af­
flictions, and produce in their behalf an ancient monument,
superscribed. Addison.

SUPERSCRI’PTION. n. s. [super and scriptio, Latin.]
1. The act of superscribing.
2. That which is written on the top or outside.
Doth this churlish superscription
Portend some alteration in good will. Shakespeare's H. VI.
Read me the superscription of these letters; I know not
which is which. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
Let me love her my fill
No superscriptions of fame,
Of honour or good name,
No thought but to improve
The gentle and quick approaches of my love. Suckling.
I learn of my experience, not by talk,
How counterfeit a coin they are who friends
Bear in their superscription; in prosperous days
They swarm, but in adverse withdraw their head. Milton.
It is enough her stone
May honour'd be with superscription
Of the sole lady, who had pow'r to move
The great Northumberland. Waller.

To SUPERSE’DE. v. a. [super and sedeo, Latin.] To make
void or inefficacious by superiour power; to set aside.
Passion is the drunkenness of the mind; and therefore in
its present workings not controlable by reason; for as much
as the proper effect of it is, for the time, to supersede the work­
ings of reason. South's Sermons.
In this genuine acceptation of chance, nothing is supposed
that can supersede the known laws of natural motion.
Bentley.

SUPERSE’DEAS. [In law.] Is a writ which lieth in divers
and sundry cases; in all which it signifies a command or request
to stay or forbear the doing of that which in appearance of law
were to be done, were it not for the cause whereupon the writ
is granted: for example, a man regularly is to have surety of
peace against him of whom he will swear that he is afraid; and
the justice required hereunto cannot deny him: yet if the
party be formerly bound to the peace, in chancery or else­
where, this writ lieth to stay the justice from doing that,
which otherwise he might not deny. Cowel.
The far distance of this county from the court, hath here­
tofore afforded it a supersedeas from takers and purveyours.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

SUPERSE’RVICEABLE. adj. [super and serviceable.] Over offi­
cious; more than is necessary or required.
A glass-gazing, superserviceable finical rogue. Shakespeare.

SUPERSTI’TION. n. s. [superstition, Fr. superstitio, Latin.]
1. Unnecessary fear or scruples in religion; observance of unne­
cessary and uncommanded rites or practices; religion without
morality.
They the truth
With superstitions and traditions taint. Milton.
A rev'rent fear, such superstition reigns
Among the rude, ev'n then possess'd the swains. Dryden.
2. False religion; reverence of beings not proper objects of re­
verence; false worship.
They had certain questions against him of their own super­
stition. Acts xxv. 19.
3. Over-nicety; exactness too scrupulous.

SUPERSTI’TIOUS. adj. [superstitieux, Fr. superstitiosus, Latin.]
Addicted to superstition; full of idle fancies or scruples with
regard to religion.


At the kindling of the fire, and lighting of candles, they
say certain prayers, and use some other superstitious rites, which
shew that they honour the fire and the light. Spenser.
Have I
Been out of fondness superstitious to him?
And am I thus rewarded? Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Nature's own work it seem'd, nature taught art,
And to a superstitious eye the haunt
Of wood-gods and wood-nymphs. Milton.
A venerable wood,
Where rites divine were paid, whose holy hair
Was kept and cut with superstitious care. Dryden.
2. Over accurate; scrupulous beyond need.

SUPERSTI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from superstitious.] In a supersti­
tious manner.
There reigned in this island a king, whose memory of all
others we most adore; not superstitiously, but as a divine in­
strument. Bacon.
Neither of these methods should be too scrupulously, and
superstitiously pursued. Watts's Logick.

To SUPERSTRAI’N. v. a. [super and strain.] To strain be­
yond the just stretch.
In the straining of a string, the further it is strained, the
less superstraining goeth to a note. Bacon.

To SUPERSTRU’CT. v. a. [superstruo, superstructus, Latin.]
To build upon any thing.
Two notions of fundamentals may be conceived, one signi­
fying that whereon our eternal bliss is immediately superstruct­
ed, the other whereon our obedience to the faith of Christ is
founded. Hammond.
If his habit of sin have not corrupted his principles, the vi­
tious Christian may think it reasonable to reform, and the
preacher may hope to superstruct good life upon such a foun­
dation. Hammond's Fundamentals.
This is the only proper basis on which to superstruct first
innocency and then virtue. Decay of piety.

SUPERSTRU’CTION. n. s. [from superstruct.] An edifice raised
on any thing.
I want not to improve the honour of the living by impair­
ing that of the dead; and my own profession hath taught me
not to erect new superstructions upon an old ruin. Denham.

SUPERSTRU’CTIVE. adj. [from superstruct.] Built upon some­
thing else.
He that is so sure of his particular election, as to resolve
he can never fall, must necessarily resolve, that what were
drunkenness in another, is not so in him, and nothing but
the removing his fundamental error can rescue him from the
superstructive, be it never so gross. Hammond.

SUPERSTRU’CTURE. n. s. [super and structure.] That which
is raised or built upon something else.
He who builds upon the present, builds upon the narrow
compass of a point; and where the foundation is so narrow,
the superstructure cannot be high and strong too. South's Sermons.
Purgatory was not known in the primitive church, and is
a superstructure upon the Christian religion. Tillotson.
You have added to your natural endowments the superstruc­
tures of study. Dryden.

SUPERSUBSTA’NTIAL. adj. [super and substantial.] More than
substantial.

SUPERVACA’NEOUS. adj. [supervacaneus, Lat.] Superflu­
ous; needless; unnecessary; serving to no purpose. Dict.

SUPERVACA’NEOUSLY. adv. [from the adjective.] Needlessly.

SUPERVACA’NEOUSNESS. n. s. [from the adjective.] Need­
lessness. Bailey.

To SUPERVE’NE. v. n. [supervenio, Lat.] To come as an
extraneous addition.
Such a mutual gravitation can never supervene to matter, un­
less impressed by a divine power. Bentley's Sermons.

SUPERVE’NIENT. adj. [superveniens, Latin.] Added; addi­
tional.
If it were unjust to murder John, the supervenient oath did
not extenuate the fact, or oblige the jurer unto it. Brown.
That branch of belief was in him supervenient to Christian
practice, and not all Christian practice built on that. Ham.

SUPERVE’NTION. n. s. [from supervene.] The act of superve­
ning.

To SUPERVI’SE. v. a. [super and visus, Latin.] To over­
look; to oversee; to intend.
M. Bayle speaks of the vexation of the supervising of the
press, in terms so feeling that they move compassion. Congreve.

SUPERVI’SOR. n. s. [from supervise.] An overseer; an inspec­
tor; a superintendant.
A supervisor may signify an overseer of the poor, an inspec­
tor of the customs, a surveyor of the high ways, a supervi­
sor of the excise. Watts's Logick.
How satisfy'd, my lord!
Would you be supervisor, grossly gape on? Shakespeare.
I am informed of the author and supervisors of this pam­
phlet. Dryden.

To SUPERVI’VE. v. n. [super and vivo, Lat.] To overlive;
to outlive.
Upon what principle can the foul be imagined to be natu­
rally mortal, or what revolutions in nature will it not be able
to resist and supervive. Clarke.

SUPINA’TION. n. s. [supination, Fr from supino, Latin.] The
act of lying with the face upward.

SUPI’NE. adj. [supinus, Latin.]
1. Lying with the face upward.
Upon these divers positions in man, wherein the spine can
only be at right lines with the thigh, arise those remarkable
postures, prone, supine, and erect. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
At him he lanc'd his spear, and pierc'd his breast;
On the hard earth the Lycian knock'd his head,
And lay supine; and forth the spirit fled. Dryden.
What advantage hath a man by this erection above other
animals, the faces of most of them being more supine than
ours. Ray on the Creation.
2. Leaning backwards with exposure to the sun.
If the vine,
On rising ground be plac'd or hills supine,
Extend thy loose battalions. Dryden.
3. Negligent; careless; indolent; drousy; thoughtless; inat­
tentive.
These men suffer by their absence, silence, negligence, or
supine credulity. King Charles.
Supine amidst our flowing store
We slept securely. Dryden.
Supine in Sylvia's snowy arms he lies,
And all the busy cares of life defies. Tatler.
He became pusillanimous and supine, and openly exposed to
any temptation. Woodward.

SU’PINE. n. s. [supin, French; supinum, Latin.] In Grammar
a term signifying a particular kind of verbal noun.

SUPI’NELY. adv. [from supine.]
1. With the face upward.
2. Drowsily; thoughtlessly; indolently.
Who on the beds of sin supinely lie,
They in the summer of their age shall die. Sandys.
The old imprison'd king,
Whose lenity first pleas'd the gaping crowd;
But when long try'd, and found supinely good,
Like æsop's log, they leapt upon his back. Dryden.
He panting on thy breast supinely lies,
While with thy heav'nly form he feeds his famish'd eyes.
Dryden's Lucretius.
Beneath a verdant laurel's shade,
Horace, immortal bard, supinely laid. Prior.
Wilt thou then repine
To labour for thyself? and rather chuse
To lie supinely, hoping heaven will bless
Thy slighted fruits, and give thee bread unearn'd Philips.

SUPI’NENESS. n. s. [from supine.]
1. Posture with the face upward.
2. Drowsiness; carelessness; indolence.
When this door is open to let dissenters in, considering
their industry and our supineness, they may in a very few years
grow to a majority in the house of commons. Swift.

SUPI’NITY. n. s. [from supine.]
1. Posture of lying with the face upwards.
2. Carelessness; indolence; thoughtlessness.
The fourth cause of errour is a supinity or neglect of enquiry,
even in matters wherein we doubt, rather believing than go­
ing to see. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUPPEDA’NEOUS. adj. [sub and pes, Latin.] Placed under the
feet.
He had slender legs, but encreased by riding after meals;
that is, the humour descended upon their pendulosity, they
having no support or suppedaneous stability. Brown.

SU’PPER. n. s. [souper, French. See SUP.] The last meal
of the day; the evening repast.
To-night we hold a solemn supper. Shakespeare.
I'll to my book:
For yet, ere supper-time must I perform
Much business. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Th' hour of supper comes unearn'd. Milton.

SU’PPERLESS. adj. [from supper.] Wanting supper; fasting
at night.
Suppose a man's going supperless to bed, should introduce
him to the table of some great prince. Spectator.
She ey'd the bard, where supperless he sat,
And pin'd. Pope.

To SUPPLA’NT. v. a. [supplanter, French; sub and planta,
Latin.]
1. To trip up the heels.
His legs entwining
Each other, till supplanted down he fell;
A monstrous serpent on his belly prone. Milton.
The thronging populace with hasty strides
Obstruct the easy way; the rocking town
Supplants their footsteps; to and fro they reel. Philips.


2. To displace by stratagem; to turn out.
It is Philoclea his heart is set upon; it is my daughter I
have borne to supplant me. Sidney.
Upon a just survey, take Titus' part,
And so supplant us for ingratitude. Shakespeare.
3. To displace; to overpower; to force away.
If it be fond, call it a woman's fear;
Which fear, if better reasons can supplant,
I will subscribe, and say, I wrong'd the duke. Shakespeare.

SUPPLA’NTER. n. s. [from supplant.] One that supplants; one
that displaces.

SUPPLE. adj. [souple, French.]
1. Pliant; flexible.
The joints are more supple to all feats of activity in youth
than afterwards. Bacon.
Will ye submit your necks, and chuse to bend
The supple knee? Milton's Parad. Lost.
And sometimes went, and sometimes ran
With supple joints, as lively vigour led. Milton.
No women are apter to spin linen well than the Irish, who
labouring little in any kind with their hands, have their fingers
more supple and soft than other women of the poorer condi­
tion in England. Temple.
2. Yielding; soft; not obstinate.
When we've stuff'd
These pipes and these conveyances of blood
With wine and feeding, we have suppler souls
Than in our priestlike fasts. Shakespeare.
Ev'n softer than thy own, of suppler kind,
More exquisite of taste, and more than man refin'd. Dryden.
If punishment reaches not the mind, and makes not the
will supple, it hardens the offender. Locke.
3. Flattering; fawning; bending.
There is something so supple and insinuating in this ab­
surd unnatural doctrine, as makes it extremely agreeable to a
prince's ear. Addison.
4. That which makes supple.
Each part depriv'd of supple government,
Shall stiff, and stark, and cold appear, like death. Shakesp.

To SUPPLE. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make pliant; to make soft; to make flexible.
Poultices allaying pain, drew down the humours, and sup­
pled the parts, thereby making the passages wider. Temple.
To supple a carcass, drench it in water. Arbuthnot.
2. To make compliant.
Knaves having by their own importunate suit,
Convinc'd or suppl'd them, they cannot chuse,
But they must blab. Shakespeare's Othello.
A mother persisting till she had bent her daughter's mind,
and suppled her will, the only end of correction, she establish­
ed her authority thoroughly ever after. Locke on Education.

To SUPPLE. v. n. To grow soft; to grow pliant.
The stones
Did first the rigour of their kind expel,
And suppled into softness as they fell. Dryden.

SU’PPLEMENT. n. s. [supplement, Fr. supplementum, Latin.]
Addition to any thing by which its defects are supplied.
Unto the word of God, being in respect of that end for
which God ordained it, perfect, exact, and absolute in itself,
we do not add reason as a supplement of any maim or defect
therein, but as a necessary instrument, without which we
could not reap by the scriptures perfection that fruit and bene­
fit which it yieldeth. Hooker.
His blood will atone for our imperfection, his righteousness
be imputed in supplement to what is lacking in ours. Rogers.

SUPPLEME’NTAL. adj. [from supplement.] Additional; such
as may supply the place of what is lost
or wanting.
SUPPLEME’NTARY. adj. [from supplement.] Additional; such
as may supply the place of what is lost
or wanting.
Supplemental acts of state were made to supply defects of
laws; and so tonnage and poundage were collected. Clarendon.
Divinity would not then pass the yard and loom, nor preach­
ing be taken in as an easier supplementary trade, by those that
disliked the pains of their own. Decay of Piety.
Provide his brood next Smithfield fair,
With supplemental hobby horses;
And happy be their infant courses. Prior.

SU’PPLENESS. n. s. [souplesse, Fr. from supple.]
1. Pliantness; flexibility; readiness to take any form.
The fruit is of a pleasant taste, caused by the suppleness and
gentleness of the juice, being that which maketh the boughs
also so flexible. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Readiness of compliance; facility.
Study gives strength to the mind, conversation grace; the
first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness. Temple.
A compliance and suppleness of their wills, being by a steady
hand introduced by parents, will seem natural to them, pre­
venting all occasions of struggling. Locke.

SU’PPLETORY. n. s. [suppletorium, Latin.] That which is to
fill up deficiencies.
That suppletory of an implicit belief is by Romanists con­
ceived sufficient for those not capable of an explicit. Hamm.

SU’PPLIANT. adj. [suppliant, Fr.] Entreating; beseeching;
precatory; submissive.
To those legions your levy
Must be suppliant. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
To bow and sue for grace with suppliant knee. Milton.
The rich grow suppliant, and the poor grow proud;
Those offer mighty gain, and these ask more. Dryden.
Constant to his first decree,
To bow the haughty neck, and raise the suppliant knee.
Prior.

SU’PPLIANT. n. s. [from the adjective.] An humble petitioner;
one who begs submissively.
A petition from a Florentine I undertook,
Vanquish'd thereto by the fair grace and speech
Of the poor suppliant Shakespeare.
When corn was given them gratis, you repin'd;
Scandal'd the suppliants for the people, call'd them
Time-pleasers, flatterers. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
Hourly suitors come:
The east with incense and the west with gold,
Will stand like suppliants to receive her doom. Dryden.
Spare this life, and hear thy suppliant's prayer. Dryden.

SU’PPLICANT. n. s. [from supplicate.] One that entreats or
implores with great submission; an humble petitioner.
The prince and people of Nineveh assembling themselves as
a main army of supplicants, God did not withstand them.
Hooker.
The wise supplicant, though he prayed for the condition he
thought most desirable, yet left the event to God. Rogers.
Abraham, instead of indulging the supplicant in his desire
of new evidence, refers him to what his brethren had. Atterbury.

To SU’PPLICATE. v. n. [supplier, Fr. supplico, Lat. from sup­
plex.] To implore; to entreat; to petition submissively and
humbly.
Many things a man cannot with any comeliness say or do,
a man cannot brook to supplicate or beg. Bacon.
Thither the kingdoms and the nations come,
In supplicating crowds to learn their doom. Addison.

SUPPLICA’TION. n. s. [supplication, Fr. from supplicate.]
1. Petition humbly delivered; entreaty.
My lord protector will come this way by and by, and then
we may deliver our supplications in the quill. Shakespeare.
My mother bows,
As if Olympus to a mole-hill should
In supplication nod. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. Petitionary worship; the adoration of a suppliant or petitioner.
Praying with all prayer and supplication, with all perseve­
rance and supplication for all saints. Eph. vi. 18.
Bend thine ear
To supplication; hear his sighs though mute. Milton.
These prove the common practice of the worship of ima­
ges in the Roman church, as to the rites of supplication and
adoration, to be as extravagant as among the heathens. Stilling.
We should testify our dependence upon God, and our con­
fidence of his goodness by constant prayers and supplications
for mercy. Tillotson.

To SUPPLY’. v. a. [suppleo, Lat. suppleer, French.]
1. To fill up as any deficiencies happen
Out of the fry of these rakehell horseboys are their kearn
supplied and maintained. Spenser.
2. To give something wanted; to yield; to afford.
They were princes that had wives, sons, and nephews; and
yet all these could not supply the comfort of friendship. Bacon.
I wanted nothing fortune could supply,
Nor did she slumber 'till that hour deny. Dryden.
3. To relieve.
Although I neither lend nor borrow,
Yet, to supply the ripe wants of my friend,
I'll break a custom. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. To serve instead of.
Burning ships the banish'd sun supply,
And no light shines but that by which men die. Waller.
5. To give or bring, whether good or bad.
Nearer care supplies
Sighs to my breast, and sorrow to my eyes. Prior.
6. To fill any room made vacant.
Upstart creatures to supply our vacant room. Milton.
The sun was set; and Vesper, to supply
His absent beams, had lighted up the sky. Dryden.
7. To accommodate; to furnish.
While trees the mountain-tops with shades supply,
Your honour, name, and praise shall never die. Dryden.
The reception of light must be supplied by some open form
of the fabrick. Wotton.
My lover, turning away several old servants, supplied me
with others from his own house. Swift.

SUPPLY’. n. s. [from the verb.] Relief of want; cure of defi­
ciencies.
I mean that now your abundance may be a supply for their
want, that their abundance also may be a supply for your want.
2 Cor. viii. 14.


Art from that fund each just supply provides,
Works without show, and without pomp presides. Pope.

To SUPPO’RT. v. a. [supporter, French; supportare, Ital.]
1. To sustain; to prop; to bear up.
Stooping to support each flow'r of tender stalk. Milton.
The palace built by Picus, vast and proud,
Supported by a hundred pillars stood. Dryden.
The original community of all things appearing from this
donation of God, the sovereignty of Adam, built upon his pri­
vate dominion, must fall, not having any foundation to sup­
port it. Locke.
2. To endure any thing painful without being overcome.
Strongly to suffer and support our pains. Milton.
Could'st thou support that burden? Milton.
This fierce demeanour, and his insolence,
The patience of a god could not support. Dryden.
3. To endure.
She scarce awake her eyes could keep,
Unable to support the fumes of sleep. Dryden.
None can support a diet of flesh and water without acids, as
salt, vinegar, and bread, without falling into a putrid fever.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To sustain; to keep from fainting.
With inward consolations recompens'd,
And oft supported. Milton.

SUPPO’RT. n. s. [support, French; from the verb.]
1. Act or power of sustaining.
Though the idea we have of a horse or stone be but the col­
lection of those several sensible qualities which we find united
in them, yet, because we cannot conceive how they should
subsist alone, we suppose them existing in and supported by
some common subject, which support we denote by the name
substance, though it be certain we have no clear idea of that
support. Locke.
2. Prop; sustaining power.
3. Necessaries of life.
4. Maintainance; supply.

SUPPO’RTABLE. adj. [supportable, French; from support.]
Tolerable; to be endured. It may be observed that Shake­
speare accents the first syllable.
As great to me, as late; and, supportable
To make the dear loss, have I means much weaker
Than you may call to comfort you. Shak. Tempest.
Alterations in the project of uniting Christians might be
very supportable, as things in their own nature indifferent. Sw.
I wish that whatever part of misfortunes they must bear,
may be rendered supportable to them. Pope.

SUPPO’RTABLENESS. n. s. [from supportable.] The state of
being tolerable.

SUPPO’RTANCE. n. s. [from support.] Maintenance; sup­
port. Both these words are obsolete.
SUPPORTA’TION. n. s. [from support.] Maintenance; sup­
port. Both these words are obsolete.
Give some supportance to the bending twigs. Shakespeare.
His quarrel he finds scarce worth talking of, therefore draw
for the supportance of his vow. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
The benefited subject should render some small portion of
his gain, for the supportation of the king's expence. Bacon.

SUPPO’RTER. n. s. [from support.]
1. One that supports.
You must walk by us upon either hand,
And good supporters are you. Shakes. Meas. for Measure.
Because a relation cannot be founded in nothing, and the
thing here related as a supporter, or a support, is not represented
to the mind by any distinct idea. Locke.
2. Prop; that by which any thing is borne up from falling.
More might be added of helms, crests, mantles, and sup­
porters. Camden.
The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured. Bacon.
We shall be discharged of our load; but you, that are de­
signed for beams and supporters, shall bear. L'Estrange.
There is no loss of room at the bottom, as there is in a
building set upon supporters. Mortimer's Husbandry.
3. Sustainer; comforter.
The saints have a companion and supporter in all their mise­
ries. South's Sermons.
4. Maintainer; defender.
The beginning of the earl of Essex I must attribute in great
part to my lord of Leicester; but yet as an introducer or sup­
porter, not as a teacher. Wotton.
All examples represent ingratitude as sitting in its throne,
with pride at its right hand, and cruelty at its left; worthy
supporters of such a reigning impiety. South.
Love was no more, when loyalty was gone,
The great supporter of his awful throne. Dryden.

SUPPO’SABLE. adj. [from suppose.] That may be supposed.
Invincible ignorance is, in the far greatest number of men,
ready to be confronted against the necessity of their believing
all the severals of any supposable catalogue. Hammond.

SUPPO’SAL. n. s. [from suppose.] Position without proof; ima­
gination; belief.
Young Fortinbras,
Holding a weak supposal of our worth,
Thinks our state to be out of frame. Shakespeare.
Little can be looked for towards the advancement of natu­
ral theory, but from those that are likely to mend our prospect:
the defect of events, and sensible appearances, suffer us to pro­
ceed no further towards science, than to imperfect guesses and
timorous supposals. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
Interest, with a Jew, never proceeds but upon supposal at
least of a firm and sufficient bottom. South.
Artful men endeavour to entangle thoughtless women by
bold supposals and offers. Clarissa.

To SUPPO’SE. v. a. [supposer, French; suppono, Latin.]
1. To lay down without proof; to advance by way of argument
or illustration without maintaining the truth of the position.
Suppose some so negligent that they will not be brought to
learn by gentle ways, yet it does not thence follow that the
rough discipline of the cudgel is to be used to all. Locke.
2. To admit without proof.
This is to be entertained as a firm principle, that when we
have as great assurance that a thing is, as we could possibly,
supposing it were, we ought not to make any doubt of its
existence. Tillotson.
3. To imagine; to believe without examination.
Tell false Edward, thy supposed king,
That Lewis of France is sending over maskers. Shakesp.
Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the king's
sons; for Ammon only is slain. 2 Sa. xiii. 32.
I suppose we should compel them to a quick result. Milton.
4. To require as previous to itself.
This supposeth something, without evident ground. Hale.
One falshood always supposes another, and renders all you
can say suspected. Female Quixote.

SU’PPOSE. n. s. [from the verb.] Supposition; position without
proof; unevidenced conceit.
That we come short of our suppose so far,
That after sev'n years siege, yet Troy-walls stand? Shakesp.
Is Egypt's safety, and the king's, and your's,
Fit to be trusted on a bare suppose
That he is honest? Dryden's Cleomenes.

SUPPO’SER. n. s. [from suppose.] One that supposes.
Thou hast by marriage made thy daughter mine,
While counterfeit supposers bleer'd thine eyne. Shakespeare.

SUPPOSI’TION. n. s. [supposition, French; from suppose.] Po­
sition laid down; hypothesis; imagination yet unproved.
In saying he is a good man, understand me that he is suffi­
cient; yet his means are in supposition. Shakespeare.
Sing, syren, for thyself, and I will dote;
Spread o'er the silver waves thy golden hairs,
And as a bed I'll take thee, and there lye;
And in that glorious supposition think
He gains by death, that hath such means to die. Shakesp.
This is only an infallibility upon supposition, that if a thing
be true, it is impossible to be false. Tillotson.
Such an original irresistible notion is neither requisite upon
supposition of a Deity, nor is pretended to by religion. Bentley.

SUPPOSITI’TIOUS. adj. [from suppositus, supposititius, Lat.] Not
genuine; put by a trick into the place or character belonging
to another.
The destruction of Mustapha was so fatal to Solyman's line,
as the succession of the Turks from Solyman is suspected to be
of strange blood; for that Selymus II. was thought to be sup­
posititious. Bacon.
It is their opinion that no man ever killed his father; but
that, if it should ever happen, the reputed son must have been
illegitimate, supposititious, or begotten in adultery. Addison.
Some alterations in the globe tend rather to the benefit of
the earth, and its productions, than their destruction, as all
these supposititious ones manifestly would do. Woodward.

SUPPOSITI’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from supposititious.] State of
being counterfeit.

SUPPO’SITIVELY. adv. [from suppose.] Upon supposition.
The unreformed sinner may have some hope suppositively, if
he do change and repent: the honest penitent may hope posi­
tively. Hammond.

SUPPO’SITORY. n. s. [suppositoire, Fr. suppositorium, Latin.]
A kind of solid clyster.
Nothing relieves the head more than the piles, therefore sup­
positories of honey, aloes, and rock-salt ought to be tried. Arb.

To SU’PPRESS. v. a. [supprimo, suppressus, Lat. supprimer, Fr.]
1. To crush; to overpower; to overwhelm; to subdue; to re­
duce from any state of activity or commotion.
Glo'ster would have armour out of the Tower,
To crown himself king and suppress the prince. Shak. H. VI.
Every rebellion, when it is suppressed, doth make the sub­
ject weaker, and the prince stronger. Davies on Ireland.
Sir William Herbert, with a well armed and ordered com­
pany, set sharply upon them; and oppressing some of the for­
wardest of them by death, suppressed the residue by fear. Hayw.
2. To conceal; not to tell; not to reveal.
Things not reveal'd, which th' invisible King,
Only omniscient, hath suppress'd in night. Milton.
Still she suppresses the name, and this keeps him in a pleasing
suspense; and, in the very close of her speech, she indirectly
mentions it. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.


3. To keep in; not to let out.
Well did'st thou, Richard, to suppress thy voice;
For had the passions of thy heart burst out,
I fear we should have seen decypher'd there
More ranc'rous spight, more furious raging broils. Shakesp.

SUPPRE’SSION. n. s. [suppression, Fr. suppressio, Lat. from suppress.]
1. The act of suppressing.
2. Not publication.
You may depend upon a suppression of these verses. Pope.

SUPPRE’SSOR. n. s. [from suppress.] One that suppresses,
crushes, or conceals.

To SU’PPURATE. v. a. [from pus puris, Lat. suppurer, Fr.]
To generate pus or matter.
This disease is generally fatal: if it suppurates the pus, it is
evacuated into the lower belly, where it produceth putrefac­
tion. Arbuthnot on Diet.

To SU’PPURATE. v. n. To grow to pus.

SUPPURA’TION. n. s. [suppuration, French; from suppurate.]
1. The ripening or change of the matter of a tumour into pus.
If the inflammation be gone too far towards a suppuration,
then it must be promoted with suppuratives, and opened by
incision. Wiseman.
This great attrition must produce a great propensity to the
putrescent alkaline condition of the fluids, and consequently
to suppurations. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The matter suppurated.
The great physician of souls sometimes cannot cure with­
out cutting us: sin has festered inwardly, and he must launce
the imposthume, to let out death with the suppuration. South.

SU’PPURATIVE. adj. [suppuratif, French; from suppurate.]
Digestive; generating matter.

SUPPUTA’TION. n. s. [supputation, French; supputo, Latin.]
Reckoning; account; calculation; computation.
From these differing properties of day and year arise diffi­
culties in carrying on and reconciling the supputation of time in
long measures. Holder on Time.
The Jews saw every day their Messiah still farther removed
from them; that the promises of their doctors, about his speedy
manifestations, were false; that the predictions of the prophets,
whom they could now no longer understand, were covered
with obscurity; that all the supputations of time either termi­
nated in Jesus Christ, or were without a period. West.

To SUPPU’TE. v. a. [from supputo, Latin.] To reckon; to
calculate.

SU’PRA, [Latin] in composition, signifies above, or before.

SUPRALA’PSARY. adj. [supra and lapsus, Latin.] Antecedent
to the fall of man.

SUPRAVU’LGAR. adj. [supra and vulgar.] Above the vulgar.
None of these motives can prevail with a man to furnish
himself with supravulgar and noble qualities. Collier.

SUPRE’MACY. n. s. [from supreme.] Highest place; highest
authority; state of being supreme.
No appeal may be made unto any one of higher power, in
as much as the order of your discipline admitteth no standing
inequality of courts, no spiritual judge to have any ordinary
superior on earth, but as many supremacies as there are parishes
and several congregations. Hooker.
As we under heav'n are supreme head,
So, under him, that great supremacy,
Where we do reign, we will alone uphold. Shakes. K. John.
I am asham'd that women
Seek for rule, supremacy, and sway,
When they are bound to serve, love, and obey. Shakesp.
Put to proof his high supremacy,
Whether upheld by strength, or chance, or fate. Milton.
Henry VIII. had no intention to change religion: he con­
tinued to burn protestants after he had cast off the pope's
supremacy. Swift.
You're formed by nature for this supremacy, which is already
granted from the distinguishing character of your writing.
Dryden to Dorset.
To deny him this supremacy is to dethrone the Deity, and
give his kingdom to another. Rogers.
From some wild curs that from their masters ran,
Abhorring the supremacy of man,
In woods and caves the rebel race began. Dryden.

SUPRE’ME. adj. [supremus, Latin.]
1. Highest in dignity; highest in authority. It may be observed
that superiour is used often of local elevation, but supreme only
of intellectual or political.
As no man serveth God, and loveth him not; so neither
can any man sincerely love God, and not extremely abhor that
sin which is the highest degree of treason against the supreme
Guide and Monarch of the whole world, with whose divine
authority and power it investeth others. Hooker.
The god of soldiers,
With the consent of supreme Jove, inform
Thy thoughts with nobleness. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
This strength, the seat of Deity supreme. Milton.
The monarch oak, the patriarch of the trees,
Shoots rising up, and spreads by slow degrees;
Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state, and in three more decays. Dryden.
2. Highest; most excellent.
My soul akes
To know, when two authorities are up,
Neither supreme, how soon confusion
May enter 'twixt the gap of both. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
No single virtue we could most commend,
Whether the wife, the mother, or the friend;
For she was all in that supreme degree,
That as no one prevail'd, so all was she. Dryden.
To him both heav'n
The right had giv'n,
And his own love bequeath'd supreme command. Dryden.

SUPRE’MELY. adv. [from the adjective.] In the highest de­
gree.
The starving chemist in his golden views
Supremely blest, the poet in his muse. Pope.
SUR

SUR. [sur, French.] In composition, means upon or over and
above.

SU’RADDITION. n. s. [sur and addition.] Something added to
the name.
He serv'd with glory and admir'd success,
So gain'd the suraddition, Leonatus. Shak. Cymbeline.

SU’RAL. adj. [from sura, Latin.] Being in the calf of the
leg.
He was wounded in the inside of the calf of his leg, into
the sural artery. Wiseman's Surgery.

SU’RANCE. n. s. [from sure.] Warrant; security; assu­
rance.
Give some surance that thou art revenge;
Stab them, or tear them on thy chariot-wheels. Shakesp.

To SURBA’TE. v. a. [solbatir, French.] To bruise and batter
the feet with travel; to harrass; to fatigue.
Their march they continued all that night, the horsemen
often alighting, athat the foot might ride, and others taking
many of them behind them; however they could not but be
extremely weary and surbated. Clarendon.
Chalky land surbates and spoils oxens feet. Mortimer.

SURBE’T. The participle passive of surbeat.
A bear and tyger being met
In cruel fight on Lybick ocean wide,
Espy a traveller with feet surbet,
Whom they in equal prey hope to divide. Fairy Queen.

To SURCE’ASE. v. n. [sur and cesser, French; cesso, Latin.]
1. To be at an end; to stop; to cease; to be no longer in use
or being.
Small favours will my prayers increase:
Granting my suit, you give me all;
And then my prayers must needs surcease;
For I have made your godhead fall. Donne.
2. To leave off; to practise no longer; to refrain finally.
To fly altogether from God, to despair, that creatures unwor­
thy shall be able to obtain any thing at his hands, and under
that pretence to surcease from prayers, as bootless or fruitless
offices, were to him no less injurious than pernicious to our
own souls. Hooker.
Nor did the British squadrons now surcease
To gall their foes o'erwhelm'd. Philips.

To SURCEA’SE. v. a. To stop; to put to an end. Obsolete.
All pain hath end, and every war hath peace;
But mine no price, nor prayer, may surcease. Spenser.

SURCEA’SE. n. s. Cessation; stop.
It might very well agree with your principles, if your dis­
cipline were fully planted, even to send out your writs of sur­
cease unto all courts of England for the most things handled in
them. Hooker.

SURCHA’RGE. n. s. [surcharge, French; from the verb.] Over­
burthen; more than can be well born.
The air, after receiving a charge, doth not receive a sur­
charge, or greater charge, with like appetite as it doth the
first. Bacon's Natural History.
An object of surcharge or excess destroyeth the sense; as
the light of the sun, the eye; a violent sound near the ear,
the hearing. Bacon's Natural History.
The moralists make this raging of a lion to be a surcharge
of one madness upon another. L'Estrange.

To SURCHA’RGE. v. a. [surcharger, French.] To overload;
to overburthen.
They put upon every portion of land a reasonable rent,
which they called Romescot, the which might not surcharge
the tenant or freeholder. Spenser on Ireland.
Tamas was returned to Tauris, in hope to have suddenly
surprised his enemy, surcharged with the pleasures of so rich a
city. Knolles's History of the Turks.
More remov'd,
Lest heav'n surcharg'd with potent multitude,
Might hap to move new broils. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He ceas'd, discerning Adam with such joy
Surcharg'd, as had, like grief, been dew'd in tears
Without the vent of words. Milton's Paradise Lost.


When graceful sorrow in her pomp appears,
Sure she is dress'd in Melesinda's tears:
Your head reclin'd, as hiding grief from view,
Droops like a rose surcharg'd with morning dew. Dryden.

SURCHA’RGER. n. s. [from surcharge.] One that overburthens.

SURCI’NGLE. n. s. [sur and cingulum, Latin.]
1. A girth with which the burthen is bound upon a horse.
2. The girdle of a cassock.
Justly he chose the surcingle and gown. Marvel.

SU’RCLE. n. s. [surculus, Latin.] A shoot; a twig; a sucker.
Not in general use.
It is an arboreous excrescence, or superplant, which the
tree cannot assimilate, and therefore sprouteth not forth in
boughs and surcles of the same shape unto the tree. Brown.
The basilica dividing into two branches below the cubit,
the outward sendeth two surcles unto the thumb. Brown.

SU’RCOAT. n. s. [surcot, old French; sur and coat.] A short
coat worn over the rest of the dress.
The honourable habiliments, as robes of state, parliament­
robes, the surcoat, and mantle. Camden.
The commons were besotted in excess of apparel, in wide
surcoats reaching to their loins. Camden.
That day in equal arms they fought for fame;
Their swords, their shields, their surcoats were the same. Dry.

SURD. adj. [surdus, Latin.]
1. Deaf; wanting the sense of hearing.
2. Unheard; not perceived by the ear.
3. Not expressed by any term.

SURE. adj. [seure, French.]
1. Certain; unfailing; infallible.
The testimony of the Lord is sure, and giveth wisdom unto
the simple. Psalm xix. 7.
Who knows,
Let this be good, whether our angry foe
Can give it, or will ever? How he can,
Is doubtful; that he never will, is sure. Milt. Parad. Lost.
2. Certainly doomed.
Our coin beyond sea is valued according to the silver in it:
sending it in bullion is the safest way, and the weightiest is sure
to go. Locke.
3. Confident; undoubting; certainly knowing.
Friar Laurence met them both;
Him he knew well, and guess'd that it was she;
But, being mask'd, he was not sure of it. Shakespeare.
Let no man seek what may befall;
Evil he may be sure. Milton.
The youngest in the morning are not sure
That 'till the night their life they can secure. Denham.
While sore of battle, while our wounds are green,
Why would we tempt the doubtful dye agen?
In wars renew'd, uncertain of success,
Sure of a share, as umpires of the peace. Dryden.
If you find nothing new in the matter, I am sure much less
will you in the stile. Wake.
Be silent always, when you doubt your sense;
And speak, though sure, with seeming diffidence. Pope.
4. Safe; firm; certain; past doubt or danger.
Thy kingdom shall be sure unto thee, after that thou shalt
have known that the heavens do rule. Dan. iv. 26.
He bad me make sure of the bear, before I sell his skin. L'Est.
They would make others on both sides sure of pleasing, in
preference to instruction. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
They have a nearer and surer way to the felicity of life, by
tempering their passions, and reducing their appetites. Temple.
A peace cannot fail us, provided we make sure of Spain.
Temple.
Revenge is now my joy; he's not for me,
And I'll make sure he ne'er shall be for thee. Dryden.
I bred you up to arms, rais'd you to power,
All to make sure the vengeance of this day,
Which even this day has ruin'd. Dryd. Spanish Fryar.
Make Cato sure, and give up Utica,
Cæfar will ne'er refuse thee such a trifle. Addison's Cato.
They have reason to make all actions worthy of observa­
tion, which are sure to be observed. Atterbury.
5. Firm; stable; not liable to failure.
Thou the garland wear'st successively;
Yet though thou stand'st more sure than I could do,
Thou art not firm enough. Shakesp. Henry IV.
I wish your horses swift and sure of foot,
And so I do commend you to their backs. Shakes. Macbeth.
Virtue, dear friend, needs no defence;
The surest guard is innocence. Roscommon.
Partition firm and sure the waters to divide. Milton.
Doubting thus of innate principles, men will call pulling
up the old foundations of knowledge and certainty: I per­
suade myself that the way I have pursued, being conformable
to truth, lays those foundations surer. Locke.
To prove a genuine birth,
On female truth assenting faith relies:
Thus manifest of right, I build my claim,
Sure founded on a fair maternal fame. Pope's Odyssey.
6. To be SURE. Certainly. This is a vitious expression: more
properly be sure.
Objects of sense would then determine the views of all such,
to be sure, who conversed perpetually with them. Atterbury.
Though the chymist could not calcine the caput mortuum,
to obtain its fixed salt, to be sure it must have some. Arbuthnot.

SURE. adv. [surement, French.] Certainly; without doubt;
doubtless. It is generally without emphasis; and, notwith­
standing its original meaning, expresses rather doubt than as­
sertion.
Something, sure, of state
Hath puddled his clear spirit. Shakespeare.
Her looks were flush'd, and sullen was her mien,
That sure the virgin goddess, had she been
Aught but a virgin, must the guilt have seen. Addison.
Sure the queen would wish him still unknown:
She loaths, detests him, flies his hated presence. Smith.
Sure, upon the whole, a bad author deserves better usage
than a bad critick. Pope.

SUREFO’OTED. adj. [sure and foot.] Treading firmly; not
stumbling.
True earnest sorrows, rooted miseries,
Anguish in grain, vexations ripe and blown,
Surefooted griefs, solid calamities. Herbert.

SU’RELY. adv. [from sure.]
1. Certainly; undoubtedly; without doubt. It is often used
rather to intend and strengthen the meaning of the sentence,
than with any distinct and explicable meaning.
In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. Gen.
Thou surely hadst not come sole fugitive. Milton.
He that created something out of nothing, surely can raise
great things out of small. South.
The curious have thought the most minute affairs of Rome
worth notice; and surely the consideration of their wealth is
at least of as great importance as grammatical criticisms. Arb.
2. Firmly; without hazard.
He that walketh righteously, walketh surely.

SU’RENESS. n. s. [from sure.] Certainty.
He diverted himself with the speculation of the seed of co­
ral; and for more sureness he repeats it. Woodward.

SU’RETISHIP. n. s. [from surety.] The office of a surety or
bondsman; the act of being bound for another.
Hath not the greatest slaughter of armies been effected by
stratagem? And have not the fairest estates been destroyed by
suretiship? South.
Idly, like prisoners, which whole months will swear
That only suretiship hath brought them there. Donne.
If here not clear'd, no suretyship can bail
Condemned debtors from th' eternal gaol. Denham.

SU’RETY. n. s. [sureté, French.]
1. Certainty; indubitableness.
There the princesses determining to bathe, thought it was so
privileged a place as no body durst presume to come thither;
yet, for the more surety, they looked round about. Sidney.
Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger. Gen. xv.
2. Foundation of stability; support.
We our state
Hold, as you your's, while our obedience holds;
On other surety none. Milton.
3. Evidence; ratification; confirmation.
She call'd the saints to surety,
That she would never put it from her finger,
Unless she gave it to yourself. Shakespeare.
4. Security against loss or damage; security for payment.
There remains unpaid
A hundred thousand more, in surety of the which
One part of Acquitain is bound to us. Shakespeare.
5. Hostage; bondsman; one that gives security for another;
one that is bound for another.
That you may well perceive I have not wrong'd you,
One of the greatest in the Christian world
Shall be my surety. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
I will be surety for him; of my hand shalt thou require him.
Gen. xliii. 9.
Yet be not surety, if thou be a father;
Love is a personal debt: I cannot give
My children's right, nor ought he take it. Herbert.
All, in infancy, are by others presented with the desires
of the parents, and intercession of sureties, that they may be
early admitted by baptism into the school of Christ. Hammond.

SU’RFACE. n. s. [sur and face, French.] Superficies; outside;
superfice. It is accented by Milton on the last syllable.
Which of us who beholds the bright surface
Of this ethereous mold, whereon we stand. Milton.
All their surfaces shall be truly plain, or truly spherical, and
look all the same way, so as together to compose one even
surface. Newton's Opt.
Errours like straws upon the surface flow;
He who would search for pearls must dive below. Dryden.

To SU’RFEIT. v. a. [from sur and faire, French, to do more than
enough, to overdo.] To feed with meat or drink to satiety
and sickness; to cram overmuch.


The surfeited grooms
Do mock their charge with snores. Shakespeare.

To SU’RFEIT. v. n. To be fed to satiety and sickness.
The commonwealth is sick of their own choice;
Their over-greedy love hath surfeited. Shakesp. Henry IV.
They are as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that
starve with nothing. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Take heed lest your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting
and drunkenness. Luke xxi. 34.
Though some had so surfeited in the vineyards, and with
the wines, that they had been left behind, the generosity of
the Spaniards sent them all home. Clarendon.
They must be let loose to the childish play they fancy,
which they should be weaned from, by being made to surfeit of
it. Locke.

SU’RFEIT. n. s. [from the verb.] Sickness or satiety caused
by overfulness.
When we are sick in fortune, often the surfeits of our own
behaviour, we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon
and stars. Shakesp. King Lear.
How ill white hairs become a fool and jester!
I have long dream'd of such a kind of man,
So surfeit swell'd, so old, and so profane. Shakesp. H. IV.
Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made;
Now shall he try his friends that flatter'd him. Shak. R. II.
Thou'st years upon thee, and thou art too full
Of the wars surfeits to go rove with one
That's yet unbruis'd. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Why, disease, do'st thou molest
Ladies, and of them the best?
Do not men grow sick of rites,
To thy altars, by their nights
Spent in surfeits? Ben. Johnson.
Surfeits many times turn to purges, both upwards and
downwards. Bacon's Natural History.
Peace, which he lov'd in life, did lend
Her hand to bring him to his end;
When age and death call'd for the score,
No surfeits were to reckon for. Crashaw.
Our father
Has ta'en himself a surfeit of the world,
And cries, it is not safe that we should taste it. Otway.

SU’RFEITER. n. s. [from surfeit.] One who riots; a glutton.
I did not think
This am'rous surfeiter would have donn'd his helm
For such a petty war. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.

SU’RFEITWATER. n. s. [surfeit and water.] Water that
cures surfeits.
A little cold-distilled poppywater, which is the true surfeit­
water, with ease and abstinence, often ends distempers in the
beginning. Locke.

SURGE. n. s. [from surgo, Latin.] A swelling sea; wave roll­
ing above the general surface of the water; billow; wave.
The realm was left, like a ship in a storm, amidst all the
raging surges, unruled and undirected of any. Spenser.
The wind-shak'd surge, with high and monstrous main,
Seems to cast water on the burning bear,
And quench the guards of the ever-fired pole:
I never did like molestation view
On the enchafed flood. Shakesp. Othello.
He trod the water,
Whose enmity he flung aside, and breasted
The surge most swoln that met him. Shakesp. Tempest.
It was formerly famous for the unfortunate loves of Hero
and Leander, drowned in the uncompassionate surges. Sandys.
The sulph'rous hail
Shot after us in storm, o'erblown, hath laid
The fiery surge, that from the precipice
Of heav'n receiv'd us falling. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He sweeps the skies, and clears the cloudy North:
He flies aloft, and with impetuous roar
Pursues the foaming surges to the shore. Dryden.
Thetis, near Ismena's swelling flood,
With dread beheld the rolling surges sweep
In heaps his slaughter'd sons into the deep. Pope.

To SURGE. v. n. [from surgo, Latin.] To swell; to rise
high.
From midst of all the main
The surging waters like a mountain rise. Fairy Queen.
He, all in rage, his sea-god sire besought,
Some cursed vengeance on his son to cast;
From surging gulfs two monsters straight were brought. F. Q.
Up from the bottom turn'd by furious winds
And surging waves, as mountains, to assault
Heav'n's height, and with the centre mix the pole. Milton.
Not with indented wave,
Prone on the ground, as since; but on his rear,
Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd
Fold above fold, a surging maze! Milton's Parad. Lost.
Surging waves against a solid rock,
Though all to shivers dash'd, th' assault renew,
Vain batt'ry, and in froth or bubbles end. Milton.

SU’RGEON. n s. [Corrupted by conversation from chirurgeon.]
One who cures by manual operation; one whose duty is to
act in external maladies by the direction of the physician.
The wound was past the cure of a better surgeon than my­
self, so as I could but receive some few of her dying words. Sid.
I meddle with no woman's matters; but withal, I am a sur­
geon to old shoes. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
He that hath wounded his neighbour, is tied to the expences
of the surgeon, and other incidences. Taylor.
Though most were sorely wounded, none were slain:
The surgeons soon despoil'd them of their arms,
And some with salves they cure. Dryden.

SU’RGEONRY. n. s. [for chirurgery.] The act of curing by
manual operation.
SU’RGERY. n. s. [for chirurgery.] The act of curing by
manual operation.
It would seem very evil surgery to cut off every unsound
part of the body, which, being by other due means reco­
vered, might afterwards do good service. Spenser.
But strangely visited people,
The mere despair of surgery, he cures. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They are often tarr'd over with the surgery of our sheep,
and would you have us kiss tar? Shakespeare.

SU’RGY. adj. [from surge.] Rising in billows.
What cause hath led you to the Spartan court?
Do publick or domestick cares constrain
This toilsome voyage o'er the surgy main? Pope.

SU’RLILY. adv. [from surly.] In a surly manner.

SU’RLINESS. n. s. [from surly.] Gloomy moroseness; sour
anger.
Thus pale they meet; their eyes with fury burn;
None greets; for none the greeting will return;
But in dumb surliness, each arm'd with care,
His foe profest, as brother of the war. Dryden.

SU’RLING. n. s. [from surly.] A sour morose fellow. Not used.
These sour surlings are to be commended to sieur Gau­
lard. Camden.

SU’RLY. adj. [from sur, sour, Saxon.] Gloomily morose;
rough; uncivil; sour; silently angry.
'Tis like you'll prove a jolly surly groom,
That take it on you at the first so roundly. Shakespeare.
That surly spirit, melancholy,
Had bak'd thy blood, and made it heavy thick,
Which else runs tickling up and down the veins,
Making that ideot laughter keep mens eyes,
And strain their cheeks to idle merriment. Shakes. K. John.
Against the Capitol I met a lion,
Who glar'd upon me, and went surly by,
Without annoying me. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Repuls'd by surly grooms, who wait before
The sleeping tyrant's interdicted door. Dryden.
What if among the courtly tribe
You lost a place, and sav'd a bribe?
And then in surly mood came here
To fifteen hundred pounds a year,
And fierce against the whigs harangu'd? Swift.
The zephyrs floating loose, the timely rains,
Now soften'd into joy the surly storms. Thomson's Summer.

To SURMI’SE. v. a. [surmise, French.] To suspect; to image
imperfectly; to imagine without certain knowledge.
Man coveteth what exceedeth the reach of sense, yea some­
what above capacity of reason, somewhat divine and heavenly,
which with hidden exultation it rather surmiseth than con­
ceiveth; somewhat it seeketh, and what that is directly it
knoweth not; yet very intentive desire thereof doth so incite
it, that all other known delights and pleasures are laid aside,
and they give place to the search of this but only suspected
desire. Hooker.
Of questions and strifes of words cometh envy, railings,
and evil surmisings. 1 Tim. vi. 4.
Surmise not
His presence to these narrow bounds confin'd. Milton.
It wasted nearer yet, and then she knew
That what before she but surmis'd, was true. Dryden.
This change was not wrought by altering the form or posi­
tion of the earth, as was surmised by a very learned man, but
by dissolving it. Woodward.

SURMI’SE. n. s. [surmise, French.] Imperfect notion; suspi­
cion; imagination not supported by knowledge.
To let go private surmises, whereby the thing itself is not
made better or worse; if just and allowable reasons might lead
them to do as they did, then are these censures frustrate. Hook.
They were by law of that proud tyrannes,
Provok'd with wrath, and envy's false surmise,
Condemned to that dungeon merciless,
Where they should live in woe, and die in wretchedness. F. Q.
Aaron is gone; and my compassionate heart
Will not permit my eyes once to behold
The thing, whereat it trembles by surmise. Shakespeare.
My thought, whose murthering yet is but fantastical,
Shakes fo my single state of man, that function
Is smother'd in surmise. Shakesp. Macbeth.
We double honour gain
From his surmise prov'd false. Milton.


No sooner did they espy the English turning from them,
but they were of opinion that they fled towards their shipping:
this surmise was occasioned, for that the English ships removed
the day before. Hayward.
Hence guilty joys, distastes, surmises,
False oaths, false tears, deceits, disguises. Pope.
No man ought to be charged with principles he actually
disowns, unless his practices contradict his profession; not
upon small surmises. Swift.

To SURMO’UNT. v. a. [surmonter, French.]
1. To rise above.
The mountains of Olympus, Atho, and Atlas, over-reach
and surmount all winds and clouds. Raleigh.
2. To conquer; to overcome.
Though no resistance was made, the English had much ado
to surmount the natural difficulties of the place the greatest part
of one day. Hayward.
He hardly escaped to the Persian court; from whence, if
the love of his country had not surmounted its base ingratitude
to him, he had many invitations to return at the head of the
Persian fleet; but he rather chose a voluntary death. Swift.
3. To surpass; to exceed.
What surmounts the reach
Of human sense, I shall delineate so,
By lik'ning spiritual to corporeal forms,
As may express them best. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SURMO’UNTABLE. adj. [from surmount.] Conquerable; su­
perable.

SU’RMULLET. n. s. [mugil, Lat.] A sort of fish. Ainsworth.

SU’RNAME. n. s. [surnom, French.]
1. The name of the family; the name which one has over and
above the Christian name.
Many which were mere English joined with the Irish against
the king, taking on them Irish habits and customs, which
could never since be clean wiped away; of which sort be most
of the surnames that end in an, as Hernan, Shinan, and Mun­
gan, which now account themselves natural Irish. Spenser.
He, made heir not only of his brother's kingdom, but of
his virtues and haughty thoughts, and of the surname also of
Barbarossa, began to aspire unto the empire of all that part of
Africk. Knolles's History of the Turks.
The epithets of great men, monsieur Boileau is of opinion,
were in the nature of surnames, and repeated as such. Pope.
2. An appellation added to the original name.
Witness may
My surname Coriolanus: the painful service,
The extreme dangers, and the drops of blood
Shed for my thankless country, are requited
But with that surname. Shak. Coriolanus.

To SU’RNAME. v. a. [surnommer, Fr. from the noun.] To
name by an appellation added to the original name.
The people of Rome have by common voice,
In election for the Roman empire,
Chosen Andronicus, surnamed Pius. Shak. Titus Andronicus.
Another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and
surname himself by the name of Israel. Is. xliv. 5.
Pyreicus, only famous for counterfeiting earthen pitchers,
a scullery, rogues together by the ears, was sirnamed Rupo­
graphus. Peacham on Drawing.
How he, surnam'd of Africa, dismiss'd
In his prime youth the fair Iberian maid. Milton.
God commanded man what was good; but the devil sur­
named it evil, and thereby baffled the command. South.

To SURPA’SS. v. a. [surpasser, French.] To excel; to exceed;
to go beyond in excellence.
The climate's delicate,
Fertile the isle, the temple much surpassing
The common praise it bears. Shak. Winter's Tale.
O, by what name, for thou above all these,
Above mankind, or aught than mankind higher,
Surpassest far my naming! how may I
Adore thee, author of this universe? Milton.
Achilles, Homer's hero, in strength and courage surpassed
the rest of the Grecian army. Dryden.
A nymph of late there was,
Whose heav'nly form her fellows did surpass,
The pride and joy of fair Arcadia's plains. Dryden.
Under or near the Line are mountains, which, for bigness
and number, surpass those of colder countries, as much as
the heat there surpasses that of those countries. Woodward.

SURPA’SSING. participial adj. [from surpass.] Excellent in an
high degree.
O thou! that with surpassing glory crown'd,
Look'st from thy sole dominion like the god
Of this new world. Milton's Paradise Lost.
His miracles proved him to be sent from God, not more by
that infinite power that was seen in them, than by that sur­
passing goodness they demonstrated to the world. Calamy.

SU’RPLICE. n. s. [surpelis, surplis, Fr. superpellicium, Lat.] The
white garb which the clergy wear in their acts of ministration.
It will wear the surplice of humility over the black gown of
a big heart. Shakes. All's well that ends well.
The cinctus gabinus is a long garment, not unlike a sur­
plice, which would have trailed on the ground, had it hung
loose, and was therefore gathered about the middle with a
girdle. Addison.

SU’RPLUS. n. s. [sur and plus, French.] A supernume­
rary part; overplus; what remains when use
is satisfied.
SURPLU’SAGE. n. s. [sur and plus, French.] A supernume­
rary part; overplus; what remains when use
is satisfied.
If then thee list my offered grace to use,
Take what thou please of all this surplusage;
If thee list not, leave have thou to refuse. Spenser.
That you have vouchsaf'd my poor house to visit,
It is a surplus of your grace. Shakespeare.
When the price of corn falleth, men give over surplus til­
lage, and break no more ground. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
We made a substance so disposed to fluidity, that by so small
an agitation as only the surplusage of that which the ambient
air is wont to have about the middle even of a Winter's day,
above what it hath in the first part. Boyle.
The officers spent all, so as there was no surplusage of trea­
sure; and yet that all was not sufficient. Davies.
Whatsoever degrees of assent one affords a proposition be­
yond the degrees of evidence, it is plain all that surplusage of
assurance is owing not to the love of truth. Locke.

SURPRI’SAL. n. s. [surprise, French; from the verb.]
SURPRI’SE. n. s. [surprise, French; from the verb.]
1. The act of taking unawares; the state of being taken unawares.
Parents should mark heedfully the witty excuses of their
children, especially at suddains and surprisals; but rather mark
than pamper them. Wotton.
This let him know,
Lest, wilfully transgressing, he pretend
Suprisal, unadmonish'd, unforewarn'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
I set aside the taking of St. Jago and St. Domingo in His­
paniola, as surprizes rather than encounters. Bacon.
This strange surprisal put the knight
And wrathful squire into a fright. Hudibras.
There is a vast difference between them, as vast as between
inadvertency and deliberation, between surprize and set pur­
pose. South.
2. A dish, I suppose, which has nothing in it.
Few care for carving trifles in disguise,
Or that fantastick dish some call surprise. King's Cookery.
3. Sudden confusion or perplexity.

To SURPRI’SE. v. a. [surpris, French, from surprendre.]
1. To take unawares; to fall upon unexpectedly.
The castle of Macduff I will surprise,
Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o' th' sword
His wife, his babes. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Now do our ears before our eyes,
Like men in mists,
Discover who'd the state surprize,
And who resists. Ben. Johnson.
Bid her well beware,
Lest, by some fair appearing good surpris'd,
She dictate false, and misinform the will. Milton.
How shall he keep, what, sleeping or awake,
A weaker may surprise, a stronger take? Pope.
Who can speak
The mingled passions that surpriz'd his heart! Thomson.
2. To astonish by something wonderful.
People were not so much frighted as surprized at the bigness
of the camel. L'Estrange.
3. To confuse or perplex by something sudden.
Up he starts, discover'd and surpris'd. Milton.

SURPRI’SING. participial adj. [from surprise.] Wonderful;
raising sudden wonder or concern.
The greatest actions of a celebrated person, however sur­
prising and extraordinary, are no more than what are expected
from him. Addison's Spectator.

SURPRI’SINGLY. adv. [from surprising.] To a degree that
raises wonder; in a manner that raises wonder.
If out of these ten thousand, we should take the men that
are employed in publick business, the number of those who
remain will be surprizingly little. Addison.

SU’RQUEDRY. n. s. [sur and cuider, old Fr. to think.] Over­
weening; pride; insolence. Obsolete.
They overcommen, were deprived
Of their proud beauty, and the one moiety
Transform'd to fish for their bold surquedry. Fairy Queen.
Late-born modesty
Hath got such root in easy waxen hearts,
That men may not themselves their own good parts
Extol, without suspect of surquedry. Donne.

SURREBU’TTER. n. s. [In law.] A second rebutter; answer
to a rebutter. A term in the courts.

SURREJOI’NDER. n. s. [surrejoindre, French.] [In law.] A
second defence of the plaintiff's action, opposite to the rejoin­
der of the defendant, which the civilians call triplicatio. Bailey.

To SURRE’NDER. v. a. [surrendre, old French.]
1. To yield up; to deliver up.
Solemn dedication of churches serve not only to make them
publick, but further also to surrender up that right which


otherwise their founders might have in them, and to make
God himself their owner. Hooker.
2. To deliver up an enemy.
Ripe age bade him surrender late,
His life and long good fortune unto final fate. Fairfax.
He willing to surrender up the castle, forbade his soldiers to
have any talk with the enemy. Knolles.

To SURRE’NDER. v. n. To yield; to give ones self up.
This mighty Archimedes too surrenders now. Glanville.

SURRE’NDER. n. s. [from the verb.]
SURRE’NDRY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of yielding.
Our general mother, with eyes
Of conjugal attraction unreprov'd,
And meek surrender, half-embracing lean'd
On our first father. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Having mustered up all the forces he could, the clouds above
and the deeps below, he prepares for a surrender; asserting,
from a mistaken computation, that all these will not come up
to near the quantity requisite. Woodward.
Juba's surrender
Would give up Africk unto Cæsar's hands. Addison.
2. The act of resigning or giving up to another.
If our father carry authority with such disposition as he
bears, this last surrender of his will but offend us. Shakespeare.
That hope quickly vanished upon the undoubted intelli­
gence of that surrender. Clarendon.
As oppressed states made themselves homagers to the Ro­
mans to engage their protection, so we should have made an
entire surrendry of ourselves to God, that we might have gain­
ed a title to his deliverances. Decay of Piety.
In passing a thing away by deed of gift, are required a sur­
render on the giver's part, of all the property he has in it; and
to the making of a thing sacred, this surrender by its right
owner is necessary. South's Sermons.

SURRE’PTION. n. s. [surreptus, Latin.] Surprise; sudden and
unperceived invasion.
Sins compatible with a regenerate estate, are sins of a sud­
den surreption. Hammond.

SURREPTI’TIOUS. adj. [surreptitius, Latin.] Done by
stealth; gotten or produced fraudulently.
Scaliger hath not translated the first; perhaps supposing it
surreptitious, or unworthy so great an assertion. Brown.
The Masorites numbred not only the sections and lines, but
even the words and letters of the Old Testament, the better to
secure it from surreptitious practices. Govern. of the Tongue.
A correct copy of the Dunciad, the many surreptitious ones
have rendered necessary. Letter to Publ. of Pope's Dunciad.

SURREPTI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from surreptitious.] By stealth;
fraudulently.
Thou hast got it more surreptitiously than he did, and with
less effect. Govern. of the Tongue.

To SU’RROGATE. v. a. [surrogo, Latin.] To put in the place
of another.

SU’RROGATE. n. s. [surrogatus, Latin.] A deputy; a dele­
gate; the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge.

To SURROU’ND. v. a. [surronder, Fr.] To environ; to en­
compass; to enclose on all sides.
Yelling monsters that with ceaseless cry
Surround me, as thou sawest. Milton.
Cloud and ever-during dark
Surrounds me, from the cheerful ways of men
Cut off. Milton.
Bad angels seen
On wing under the burning cope of hell,
'Twixt upper, neather, and surrounding fires. Milton.
As the bodies that surround us diversly affect our organs,
the mind is forced to receive the impressions. Locke.

SURSO’LID. [In algebra.] The fourth multiplication or power
of any number whatever taken as the root. Trevoux.

SURSO’LID Problem. [In mathematicks.] That which cannot
be resolved but by curves of a higher nature than a conick
section. Harris.

SURTOU’T. n. s. [French.] A large coat worn over all the
rest.
The surtout if abroad you wear,
Repels the rigour of the air;
Would you be warmer, if at home
You had the fabrick, and the loom? Prior.
Sir Roger she mortally hated, and used to hire fellows to
squirt kennel-water upon him, so that he was forced to wear
a surtout of oiled cloth, by which means he came home pretty
clean, except where the surtout was a little scanty. Arbuthnot.

To SURVE’NE. v. a. [survenir, Fr.] To supervene; to come
as an addition.
Hippocrates mentions a suppuration that survenes lethargies,
which commonly terminates in a consumption. Harvey.

To SURVE’Y. v. a. [surveoir, old French.]
1. To overlook; to have under the view; to view as from a
higher place.
Round he surveys, and well might where he stood,
So high above. Milton.
Though with those streams he no resemblance hold,
Whose foam is amber and their gravel gold;
His genuine and less guilty wealth t'explore,
Search not his bottom, but survey his shore. Denham.
2. To oversee as one in authority.
3. To view as examining.
The husbandman's self came that way,
Of custom to survey his ground,
And his trees of state incompass round. Spenser.
Early abroad he did the world survey,
As if he knew he had not long to stay. Waller.
With such alter'd looks
All pale and speechless, he survey'd me round. Dryden.

SURVE’Y. n. s. [from the verb.] View; prospect.
Her stars in all their vast survey
Useless besides! Milton.
Under his proud survey the city lies,
And like a mist beneath a hill doth rise. Denham.
No longer letted of his prey,
He leaps up at it with enrag'd desire,
O'erlooks the neighbours with a wide survey,
And nods at ev'ry house his threat'ning fire. Dryden.

SURVEY’OR. n. s. [from survey.]
1. An overseer; one placed to superintend others.
Were't not madness then,
To make the fox surveyor of the fold? Shakesp. Henry VI.
Bishop Fox was not only a grave counsellor for war or peace,
but also a good surveyor of works. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. A measurer of land.
Should we survey
The plot of situation, and the model;
Question surveyors, know our own estate,
How able such a work to undergo,
To weigh against his opposite. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Decempeda was a measuring rod for taking the dimensions
of buildings; from hence came decempedator, for a surveyor,
used by Cicero. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

SURVEY’ORSHIP. n. s. [from surveyor.] The office of a sur­
veyor.

To SUR’VIEW. v. a. [surveoir, old French.] To overlook;
to have in view. Not in use.
That turret's frame most admirable was,
Like highest heaven compassed round,
And lifted high above this earthly mass,
Which it surview'd, as hills do lower ground. Fairy Queen.

To SURVI’VE. v. n. [supervivo, Latin; survivre, Fr.]
1. To live after the death of another.
Those that survive, let Rome reward with love. Shak.
Try pleasure,
Which when no other enemy survives,
Still conquers all the conquerors. Denham.
2. To live after any thing.
Now that he is dead, his immortal fame surviveth, and flou­
risheth in the mouths of all people. Spenser.
The love of horses which they had alive,
And care of chariots after death survive. Dryden.
The rhapsodies, called the characteristicks, would never
have survived the first edition, if they had not discovered so
strong a tincture of infidelity. Watts.
3. To remain alive.
No longer now that golden age appears,
When patriarch-wits surviv'd a thousand years;
Now length of fame, our second life, is lost,
And bare threescore is all ev'n that can boast;
Our sons their father's failing language see,
And such as Chaucer is, shall Dryden be. Pope.

To SURVI’VE. v. a. To outlive.
I'll assure her of
Her widowhood, be it that she survives me,
In all my lands and leases whatsoever. Shakespeare.

SURVI’VER. n. s. [from survive.] One who outlives another.
Your father lost a father,
That father, his; and the survivor bound
In filial obligation, for some term,
To do obsequious sorrow. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Although some died, the father beholding so many descents,
the number of survivors must still be very great. Brown.
I did discern
From his survivors, I could nothing learn. Denham.
Her majesty is heir to the survivor of the late king. Swift.

SURVI’VERSHIP. n. s. [from surviver.] The state of outliving
another.
Such offices granted in reversion were void, unless where
the grant has been by survivership. Ayliffe's Parergon.
SUS

SUSCEPTIBI’LITY. n. s. [from susceptible.] Quality of admit­
ting; tendency to admit.
The susceptibility of those influences, and the effects thereof
is the general providential law whereby other physical beings
are governed. Hale.

SUSCE’PTIBLE. adj. [susceptible, Fr. Prior has accented
this improperly on the first syllable.] Capable of admit­
ting.


He moulded him platonically to his own idea, delighting
first in the choice of the materials, because he found him sus­
ceptible of good form. Wotton.
In their tender years they are more susceptible of virtuous
impressions than afterwards, when solicited by vulgar incli­
nations. L'Estrange.
Children's minds are narrow, and usually susceptible but of
one thought at once. Locke on Education.
Blow with empty words the susceptible flame. Prior.

SUSCE’PTION. n. s. [susceptus, Latin.] Act of taking.
A canon, promoted to holy orders, before he is of a law­
ful age for the susception of orders, shall have a voice in the
chapter. Ayliffe's Parergon.

SUSCE’PTIVE. adj. [from susceptus, Lat. this word is more ana­
logical, though less used than susceptible.] Capable to admit.
Since our nature is so susceptive of errours on all sides, it is
fit we should have notices given us how far other persons may
become the causes of false judgments. Watts's Logick.

SUSCI’PIENCY. n. s. [from suscipient.] Reception; admission.

SUSCI’PIENT. n. s. [suscipiens, Latin.] One who takes; one
that admits or receives.

To SU’SCITATE. v. n. [susciter, French; suscito, Lat.] To
rouse; to excite.
It concurreth but unto predisposed effects, and only susci­
tates those forms whose determinations are seminal, and pro­
ceed from the idea of themselves. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SUSCITA’TION. n. s. [suscitation, Fr. from suscitate.] The act
of rousing or exciting.

To SUSPE’CT. v. a. [suspicio, suspectum, Lat.]
1. To ima ine with a degree of fear and jealousy what is not
known.
Nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know
little; and therefore men should remedy suspicion by procu­
ring to know more. Bacon.
Let us not then suspect our happy state,
As not secure. Milton.
From her hand I could suspect no ill. Milton.
2. To imagine guilty without proof.
Though many poets may suspect themselves for the partiali­
ty of parents to their youngest children, I know myself too
well to be ever satisfied with my own conceptions. Dryden.
Some would persuade us that body and extension are the
same thing, which change the signification of words, which I
would not suspect them of, they having so severely condemn­
ed the philosophy of others. Locke.
3. To hold uncertain.
I cannot forbear a story which is so well attested, that I
have no manner of reason to suspect the truth. Addison.

To SUSPE’CT. v. n. To imagine guilt.
If I suspect without cause, why then let me be your jest.
Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

SUSPE’CT. part. adj. [suspect, French.] Doubtful.
Sordid interests or affectation of strange relations are not
like to render your reports suspect or partial. Glanville.

SUSPE’CT. n. s. [from the verb.] Suspicion; imagination with­
out proof. Obsolete.
No fancy mine, no other wrong suspect,
Make me, O virtuous shame, thy laws neglect. Sidney.
The sale of offices and towns in France,
If they were known, as the suspect is great,
Would make thee quickly hop without a head. Shakespeare.
My most worthy master, in whose breast
Doubt and suspect, alas, are plac'd too late,
You should have fear'd false times, when you did feast. Shak.
There be so many false prints of praise, that a man may
justly hold it a suspect. Bacon.
Nothing more jealous than a favourite towards the wain­
ing-time and suspect of satiety. Wotton.
They might hold sure intelligence
Among themselves, without suspect t'offend. Daniel.
If the king ends the differences, and takes away the sus­
pect, the case will be no worse than when two duellists enter
the field. Suckling.

To SUSPE’ND. v. a. [suspendre, French; suspendo, Latin.]
1. To hang; to make to hang by any thing.
As 'twixt two equal armies fate
Suspends uncertain victory;
Our souls, which to advance our state,
Were gone out, hung 'twixt her and me. Donne.
It is reported by Ruffinus, that in the temple of Serapis,
there was an iron chariot suspended by loadstones; which stones
removed, the chariot fell and was dashed to pieces. Brown.
2. To make to depend upon.
God hath in the scripture suspended the promise of eternal
life upon this condition, that without obedience and holiness
of life no man shall ever see the Lord. Tillotson.
3. To interrupt; to make to stop for a time.
The harmony
Suspended hell, and took with ravishment
The thronging audience. Milton.
The guard nor fights nor flies; their fate so near,
At once suspends their courage and their fear. Denham.
This is the hinge on which turns the liberty of intellectual
beings, in their steady prosecution of true felicity, that they
can suspend this prosecution in particular cases, till they have
looked before them. Locke.
4. To delay; to hinder from proceeding,.
Suspend your indignation against my brother, till you can
derive from him better testimony of his intent. Shakespeare.
His answer did the nymph attend;
Her looks, her sighs, her gestures all did pray him;
But Godfrey wisely did his grant suspend,
He doubts the worst, and that a while did stay him. Fairf.
To themselves I left them;
For I suspend their doom. Milton.
The reasons for suspending the play were ill founded. Dryden.
The British dame, famed for resistless grace,
Contends not now but for the second place;
Our love suspended, we neglect the fair,
For whom we burn'd, to gaze adoring here. Granvil.
A man may suspend his choice from being determined for or
against the thing proposed, till he has examined whether it be
really of a nature to make him happy or no. Locke.
5. To debar for a time from the execution of an office or enjoy­
ment of a revenue.
Good men should not be suspended from the exercise of their
ministry, and deprived of their livelihood for ceremonies,
which are on all hands acknowledged indifferent. Sanderson.
The bishop of London was summoned for not suspending
Dr. Sharp. Swift.

SUSPE’NSE. n. s. [suspens, French; suspensus, Latin.]
1. Uncertainty; delay of certainty or determination; indeter­
mination.
Till this be done, their good affection towards the safety of
the church is acceptable; but the way they prescribe us to pre­
serve it by, must rest in suspense. Hooker.
Such true joy's suspense
What dream can I present to recompense? Waller.
Ten days the prophet in suspense remain'd,
Would no man's fate pronounce; at last constrain'd
By Ithacus, he solemnly design'd
Me for the sacrifice. Denham.
In propositions, where though the proofs in view are of most
moment, yet there are sufficient grounds to suspect that there
is fallacy, or proofs as considerable to be produced on the
contrary side, there suspense or dissent are often voluntary. Locke.
2. Act of withholding the judgment.
Whatever necessity determines to the pursuit of real bliss,
the same necessity establishes suspense, deliberation and scrutiny,
whether its satisfaction misleads from our true happiness. Locke.
3. Privation for a time; impediment for a time.
4. Stop in the midst of two opposites.
For thee the fates, severely kind, ordain
A cool suspense from pleasure or from pain. Pope.

SUSPE’NSE. adj. [suspensus, Latin.]
1. Held from proceeding.
The self-same orders allowed, but yet established in more
wary and suspense manner, as being to stand in force till God
should give the opportunity of some general conference what
might be best for every of them afterwards to do; had both
prevented all occasion of just dislike which others might take,
and reserved a greater liberty unto the authors themselves, of
entring unto further consultation afterwards. Hooker.
The great light of day yet wants to run
Much of his race, though steep, suspense in heav'n
Held by thy voice. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Held in doubt; held in expectation.
This said, he sat; and expectation held
His looks suspense, awaiting who appear'd
To second or oppose. Milton.

SUSPE’NSION. n. s. [suspension, Fr. from suspend]
1. Act of making to hang on any thing.
2. Act of making to depend on any thing.
3. Act of delaying.
Had we had time to pray,
With thousand vows and tears we should have sought,
That sad decree's suspension to have wrought. Waller.
4. Act of withholding or balancing the judgment.
In his Indian relations, wherein are contained incredible
accounts, he is surely to be read with suspension; these are
they which weakned his authorities with former ages, for he
is seldom mentioned without derogatory parentheses. Brown.
The mode of the will, which answers to dubitation, may
be called suspension; and that which in the santastick will is
obstinacy, is constancy in the intellectual. Grew.
5. Interruption; temporary cessation.
Nor was any thing done for the better adjusting things in
the time of that suspension, but every thing left in the same
state of unconcernedness as before. Clarendon.

SUSPENSORY. adj. [suspensoire, Fr. suspensus, Lat.] That by
which a thing hangs.
There are several parts peculiar to brutes which are wanting
in man, as the seventh or suspensory muscle of the eye. Ray.



SUSPI’CION. n. s. [suspicion, Fr. suspicio, Lat.] The act of
suspecting; imagination of something ill without proof.
This suspicion Miso for the hoggish shrewdness of her brain,
and Mopsa for a very unlikely envy she hath stumbled upon.
Sidney.
Suspicions amongst thoughts are like bats amongst birds, they
ever fly by twilight; they are to be repressed, or at the least
well guarded, for they cloud the mind. Bacon.
Suspicion all our lives shall be stuck full of eyes;
For treason is but trusted like a fox,
Who ne'er so tame, so cherish'd and lock'd up,
Will have a wild trick of his ancestors. Shakespeare.
Though wisdom wake, suspicion sleeps
At wisdom's gate; and to simplicity
Resigns her charge, while goodness thinks no ill
Where no ill seems. Milton's Parad. Lost.

SUSPI’CIOUS. adj. [suspiciosus, Latin.]
1. Inclined to suspect; inclined to imagine ill without proof.
Nature itself, after it has done an injury, will for ever be
suspicious, and no man can love the person he suspects.
South's Sermons.
A wise man will find us to be rogues by our faces; we have
a suspicious, fearful, constrained countenance, often turning
and slinking through narrow lanes. Swift.
2. Liable to suspicion; giving reason to imagine ill.
They, because the light of his candle too much drowned
theirs, were glad to lay hold on so colourable matter, and
exceeding forward to traduce him as an author of suspicious
innovations. Hooker.
I spy a black suspicious threat'ning cloud,
That will encounter with our glorious sun. Shakespeare.
Authors are suspicious, nor greedily to be swallowed, who
pretend to deliver antipathies, sympathies and the occult ab­
strusities of things. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
His life
Private, unactive, calm, contemplative,
Little suspicious to any king. Milton.
Many mischievous insects are daily at work, to make people
of merit suspicious of each other. Pope.

SUSPI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from suspicious.]
1. With suspicion.
2. So as to raise suspicion.
His guard entering the place, found Plangus with his sword
in his hand, but not naked, but standing suspiciously enough,
to one already suspicious. Sidney.

SUSPI’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from suspicious.] Tending to suspicion.
To make my estate known seemed impossible, by reason
of the suspiciousness of Miso, and my young mistress. Sidney.

SUSPIRA’TION. n. s. [suspiratio from suspiro, Latin.] Sigh; act
of fetching the breath deep.
Not customary suits of solemn black,
Nor windy suspiration of forc'd breath
That can denote me truly. Shakespeare.
In deep suspirations we take more large gulphs of air to cool
our heart, overcharged with love or sorrow. More.

To SUSPI’RE. v. n. [suspiro, Latin.]
1. To sigh; to fetch the breath deep.
2. It seems in Shakespeare to mean only, to begin to breath; per­
haps mistaken for respire.
Since the birth of Cain, the first male child,
To him that did but yesterday suspire,
There was not such a gracious creature born. Shakespeare.

To SUSTAI’N. v. a. [soustenir, Fr. sustineo, Latin.]
1. To bear; to prop; to hold up.
The largeness and lightness of her wings and tail sustain her
without lassitude. More.
Vain is the force of man,
To crush the pillars that the pile sustain. Dryden's æneid.
2. To support; to keep from sinking under evil.
The admirable curiosity and singular excellency of this de­
sign will sustain the patience, and animate the industry of him
who shall undertake it. Holder.
If he have no comfortable expectations of another life to su­
stain him under the evils in this world, he is of all creatures
the most miserable. Tillotson.
3. To maintain; to keep.
What food
Will he convey up thither to sustain
Himself and army? Milton.
But it on her, not she on it depends;
For she the body doth sustain and cherish. Davies.
My labour will sustain me. Milton.
4. To help; to relieve; to assist.
They charged on pain of perpetual displeasure, neither to
entreat for him, or any way sustain him. Shakespeare.
His sons who seek the tyrant to sustain,
And long for arbitrary lords again,
He dooms to death, asserting publick right. Dryden's æn.
5. To bear; to endure.
Were it I thought death menac'd would ensue
This my attempt, I would sustain alone
The worst, and not persuade thee. Milton.
Can Ceyx then sustain to leave his wife,
And unconcern'd forsake the sweets of life. Dryden.
Shall Turnus then such endless toil sustain,
In fighting fields, and conquer towns in vain. Dryden.
The mind stands collected within herself, and sustains the
shock with all the force which is natural to her; but a heart
in love has its foundations sapped. Addison.
6. To bear without yielding.
Sacharissa's beauty's wine,
Which to madness doth incline;
Such a liquor as no brain
That is mortal can sustain Waller.
7. To suffer; to bear as inflicted.
If you omit
The offer of this time, I cannot promise,
But that you shall sustain more new disgraces,
With these you bear already. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

SUSTAI’NABLE. adj. [soustenable, Fr. from sustain.] That may
be sustained.

SUSTAI’NER. n. s. [from sustain.]
1. One that props; one that supports.
2. One that suffers; a sufferer.
Thyself hast a sustainer been
Of much affliction in my cause. Chapman's Iliad.

SU’STENANCE. n. s. [soustenance, Fr.]
1. Support; maintenance.
Scarcely allowing himself fit sustenance of life, rather than
he would spend those goods for whose sake only he seemed to
joy in life. Sidney.
There are unto one end sundry means; as for the sustenance
of our bodies many kinds of food, many sorts of raiment to
clothe our nakedness. Hooker.
Is then the honour of your daughter of greater moment to
her, than to my daughter her's, whose sustenance it was? Add.
2. Necessaries of life; victuals.
The experiment cost him his life for want of sustenance. L'E.
The ancients were inventers of all arts necessary to life and
sustenance, as plowing and sowing. Temple.

SUSTENTA’TION. n. s. [sustentation, Fr. from sustento, Latin.]
1. Support; preservation from falling.
These steams once raised above the earth, have their ascent
and sustentation aloft promoted by the air. Boyle.
2. Support of life; use of victuals.
A very abstemious animal, by reason of its frigidity, and
latitancy in the winter, will long subsist without a visible susten­
tation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
3. Maintenance.
When there be great shoals of people, which go on to
populate, without foreseeing means of life and sustentation; it
is of necessity that once in an age they discharge a portion of
their people upon other nations. Bacon.

SUSURRA’TION. n. s. [from susurro, Latin.] Whisper; soft
murmur.

SUTE. n. s. [for suite] Sort.
Touching matters belonging to the church of Christ, this
we conceive that they are not of one sute. Hooker.

SU’TLER. n. s. [soeteler, Dutch; sudler, German.] A man that
sells provisions and liquour in a camp.
I shall sutler be
Unto the camp, and profits will accrue. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Send to the sutler's; there you're sure to find
The bully match'd with rascals of his kind. Dryden.

SU’TURE. n. s. [sutura, Latin.]
1. A manner of sewing or stitching, particularly of stitching
wounds.
Wounds, if held in close contact for some time, reunite by
inosculation: to maintain this situation, several sorts of sutures
have been invented; those now chiefly described are the inter­
rupted, the glovers, the quill'd, the twisted and the dry su-
tures, but the interrupted and twisted are almost the only
useful ones. Sharp's Surgery.
2. Suture is a particular articulation: the bones of the cranium
are joined to one another by four sutures. Quincy.
Many of our vessels degenerate into ligaments, and the
sutures of the skull are abolished in old age. Arbuthnot.
SWA

SWAB. n. s. [swabb, Swedish.] A kind of mop to clean
floors.

To SWAB. v. a. [swebban, Saxon.] To clean with a mop.
It is now used chiefly at sea.
He made him swab the deck. Shelvock's Voyage.

SWA’BBER. n. s. [swabber, Dutch.] A sweeper of the deck.
The master, the swabber, the boatswain and I,
Lov'd Mall, Meg, and Marrian, and Margery. Shak.
Was any thing wanting to the extravagance of this degene­
rate age, but the making a tarpawlin and a swabber the hero of
a tragedy. Dennis.

To SWA’DDLE. v. a. [swedan, Saxon.]
1. To swathe; to bind in cloaths, generally used of binding new­
born children.
Invested by a veil of clouds,
And swadled as new-born in sable shrouds;
For these a receptacle I design'd. Sandys.


How soon doth man decay!
When cloths are taken from a chest of sweets,
To swaddle infants, whose young breath
Scarce knows the way;
Those clouts are little winding sheets,
Which do consign and send them unto death. Herbert.
They swaddled me up in my night-gown with long pieces of
linen, 'till they had wrapt me in about an hundred yards of
swathe. Addison.
2. To beat; to cudgel. A low ludicrous word.
Great on the bench, great in the saddle,
That could as well bind o'er as swaddle. Hudibras.

SWA’DDLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Cloaths bound round the
body.
I begged them to uncase me: no, no, say they; and upon
that carried me to one of their houses, and put me to bed in
all my swaddles. Addison.

SWA’DDLINGBAND. n. s. [from swadle.] Cloath wrapped
round a new-born child.
SWA’DDLINGCLOATH. n. s. [from swadle.] Cloath wrapped
round a new-born child.
SWA’DDLINGCLOUT. n. s. [from swadle.] Cloath wrapped
round a new-born child.
From thence a fairy thee unweeting reft,
There as thou slept'st in tender swaddlingband,
And her base elfin brood, there for thee left,
Such men do changelings call, so changed by fairies theft.
Fairy Queen.
That great baby you see there is not yet out of his swadling­
cluts. Shakesp. Hamlet.
The swadlingbands were purple, wrought with gold. Dryd.

To SWAG. v. n. [sigan, Saxon; sweigia, Islandick.] To
sink down by its weight; to lay heavy.
They are more apt, in swagging down, to pierce with their
points, than in the jacent posture, and crevice the wall. Wott.
Being a tall fish, and with his sides much compressed, he
hath a long fin upon his back, and another answering to it on
his belly; by which he is the better kept upright, or from
swagging on his sides. Grew.

To SWAGE. v. a. [from asswage.] To ease; to soften; to mi­
tigate.
Apt words have pow'r to swage
The tumours of a troubled mind,
And are as balm to fester'd wounds. Milton.
Nor wanting pow'r to mitigate and swage,
With solemn touches, troubled thoughts, and chase
Anguish, and doubt, and fear from mortal minds. Milton.
I will love thee,
Though my distracted senses should forsake me,
I'd find some intervals, when my poor heart
Should swage itself, and be let loose to thine. Otway.

To SWA’GGER. v. n. [swadderen, Dutch, to make a noise;
swegan, Saxon.] To bluster; to bully; to be turbulently and
tumultuously proud and insolent.
Drunk? squabble? swagger? and discourse fustian with
one's own shadow? Oh thou invincible spirit of wine! Shak.
'Tis the gage of one that I should fight withal, if he be
alive; a rascal that swagger'd with me last night. Shakespeare.
Oft a terrible oath, with a swaggering accent sharply twang'd
off, gives manhood more approbation than proof itself. Shak.
The lesser size of mortals love to swagger for opinions, and
to boast infallibility of knowledge. Glanv. Sceps.
Many such asses in the world huff, look big, stare, dress,
cock, and swagger at the same noisy rate. L'Estrange.
He chuck'd,
And scarcely deign'd to set a foot to ground,
But swagger'd like a lord. Dryden.
Confidence, how weakly soever founded, hath some effect
upon the ignorant, who think there is something more than
ordinary in a swaggering man that talks of nothing but de­
monstration. Tillotson.
To be great, is not to be starched, and formal, and superci­
lious; to swagger at our footmen, and browbeat our infe­
riors. Collier on Pride.
What a pleasure is it to be victorious in a cause? to swag­
ger at the bar? for a lawyer I was born, and a lawyer I will
be. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

SWA’GGERER. n. s. [from swagger.] A blusterer; a bully; a
turbulent noisy fellow.
He's no swaggerer, hostess; a tame cheater: you may stroke
him as gently as a puppy greyhound. Shakesp. Henry IV.

SWA’GGY. adj. [from swag.] Dependent by its weight.
The beaver is called animal ventricosum, from his swaggy
and prominent belly. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SWAIN. n. s. [swein, Saxon and Runick.]
1. A young man.
That good knight would not so nigh repair,
Himself estranging from their joyance vain,
Whose fellowship seem'd far unfit for warlike swain. F. Q.
2. A country servant employed in husbandry.
It were a happy life
To be no better than a homely swain. Shak. Henry VI.
3. A pastoral youth.
Blest swains! whose nymphs in ev'ry grace excel;
Blest nymphs! whose swains those graces sing so well. Pope.

SWA’INMOTE. n. s. [swainmotus, law Lat.] A court touching
matters of the forest, kept by the charter of the forest thrice
in the year. This court of swainmote is as incident to a forest,
as the court of piepowder is to a fair. The swainmote is a
court of freeholders within the forest. Cowel.

To SWALE. v. a. [swelan, Saxon, to kindle.] To waste or
blaze away; to melt: as, the candle swales.
To SWEAL. v. a. [swelan, Saxon, to kindle.] To waste or
blaze away; to melt: as, the candle swales.

SWA’LLET. n. s. Among the tin-miners, water breaking in
upon the miners at their work. Bailey.

SWA’LLOW. n. s. [swalewe, Saxon.] A small bird of pas­
sage, or, as some say, a bird that lies hid and sleeps in the
Winter.
The swallow follows not Summer more willingly than we
your lordship. Shak. Timon of Athens.
Daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares. Shakespeare.
The swallows make use of celandine, and the linnet of
euphragia. More.
When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air,
He told us that the welkin would be clear. Gay.
The swallow sweeps
The slimy pool, to build hanging house
Intent. Thomson's Spring.

To SWA’LLOW. v. a. [swelgan, Saxon; swelgen, Dutch.]
1. To take down the throat.
I swallow down my spittle. Job vii. 19.
If little faults
Shall not be wink'd at, how shall we stretch our eye,
Whose capital crimes chew'd, swallow'd, and digested,
Appear before us? Shakespeare's Henry V.
Men are, at a venture, of the religion of the country; and
must therefore swallow down opinions, as silly people do em­
piricks pills, and have nothing to do but believe that they will
do the cure. Locke.
2. To receive without examination.
Consider and judge of it as a matter of reason, and not
swallow it without examination as a matter of faith. Locke.
3. To engross; to appropriate.
Far be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy. 2 Sa.
Homer excels all the inventors of other arts in this, that he
has swallowed up the honour of those who succeeded him. Pope.
4. To absorb; to take in; to sink in any abyss; to engulph.
Though you untie the winds, and let them fight
Against the churches, though the yesty waves
Confound and swallow navigation up. Shakespeare.
I may be pluck'd into the swallowing womb
Of this deep pit, poor Bassianus' grave. Shak. Tit. Andron.
Death is swallowed up in victory. 1 Cor. xv. 54.
If the earth open her mouth and swallow them up, ye shall
understand that these men have provoked the Lord. Num. xvi.
In bogs swallow'd up and lost. Milton.
He hid many things from us, not that they would swallow
up our understanding, but divert our attention from what is
more important. Decay of Piety.
Nature would abhor
To be forced back again upon herself,
And like a whirlpool swallow her own streams.
Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
Should not the sad occasion swallow up
My other cares, and draw them all into it? Addison.
Cities overturn'd,
And late at night in swallowing earthquake sunk. Thomson.
5. To devour; to destroy.
The necessary provision for life swallows the greatest part of
their time. Locke.
Corruption swallow'd what the liberal hand
Of bounty scatter'd. Thomson's Autumn.
6. To be lost in any thing; to be given up.
The priest and the prophet are swallowed up of wine. Is.

SWA’LLOW. n. s. [from the verb.] The throat; voracity.
Had this man of merit and mortification been called to ac­
count for his ungodly swallow, in gorging down the estates of
helpless widows and orphans, he would have told them that it
was all for charitable uses. South.

SWA’LLOWTAIL. n. s. A species of willow.
The shining willow they call swallowtail, because of the
pleasure of the leaf. Bacon's Natural History.

SWA’LLOWWORT. n. s. A plant.

SWAM. The preterite of swim.

SWAMP. n. s. [swamms, Gothick; swam, Saxon; suamm,
Islandick; swamme, Dutch; suomp, Danish; swamp, Swedish.]
A marsh; a bog; a fen.

SWA’MPY. adj. [from swamp.] Boggy; fenny.
Swampy fens breathe destructive myriads. Thomson.

SWAN. n. s. [swan, Saxon; suan, Danish; swaen, Dutch.]
The swan is a large water-fowl, that has a long and very
straight neck, and is very white, excepting when it is young.
Its legs and feet are black, as is its bill, which is like that of
a goose, but something rounder, and a little hooked at the
lower end of it: the two sides below its eyes are black and
shining like ebony. Swans use wings like sails, which catch
the wind, so that they are driven along in the water. They


feed upon herbs and some sort of grain like a goose, and some
are said to have lived three hundred years. There is a species
of swans with the feathers of their heads, towards the breast,
marked at the ends with a gold colour inclining to red. The
swan is reckoned by Moses among the unclean creatures; but
it was consecrated to Apollo the god of musick, because it was
said to sing melodiously when it was near expiring; a tradition
generally received, but fabulous. Calmet.
With untainted eye
Compare her face with some that I shall show,
And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. Shakespeare.
Let musick sound, while he doth make his choice;
Then if he lose, he makes a swan like end. Shakespeare.
I have seen a swan,
With bootless labour, swim against the tide,
And spend her strength with over-matching waves. Shakesp.
The birds easy to be drawn are planipedes, or water-fowl,
as the mallard, goose, and swan. Peacham on Drawing.
The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry,
Old feeble men with fainter groans reply;
A jarring sound results, and mingles in the sky,
Like that of swans remurm'ring to the floods. Dryden.
The idea, which an Englishman signifies by the name swan,
is a white colour, long neck, black beak, black legs, and whole
feet, and all these of a certain size, with a power of swim­
ming in the water, and making a certain kind of noise. Locke.

SWA’NSKIN. n. s. [swan and skin.] A kind of soft flannel,
imitating for warmth the down of a swan.

SWAP. adv. [ad suipa, to do at a snatch, Islandick.] Hastily;
with hasty violence: as, he did it swap. A low word.

To SWAP. v. a. To exchange. See To SWOP.

SWARD. n. s. [sward, Swedish.]
1. The skin of bacon.
2. The surface of the ground: whence green sward, or green
sword.
Water, kept too long, loosens and softens the sward, makes
it subject to rushes and coarse grass. Note on Tusser.
The noon of night was past, when the foe
Came dreadless o'er the level swart, that lies
Between the wood and the swift streaming Ouse. A. Philips.
To plant a vineyard in July, when the earth is very dry
and combustible, plow up the swarth, and burn it. Mortimer.

SWARE. The preterite of swear.

SWARM. n. s. [swearm, Saxon; swerm, Dutch.]
1. A great body or number of bees or other small animals, par­
ticularly those bees that migrate from the hive.
A swarm of bees that cut the liquid sky,
Upon the topmost branch in clouds alight. Dryden's æn.
2. A multitude; a croud.
From this swarm of fair advantages,
You grip'd the general sway into your hand,
Forgot your oath to us at Doncaster. Shakespeare.
If we could number up those prodigious swarms that had
settled themselves in every part of it, they would amount to
more than can be found. Addison on Italy.

To SWARM. v. n. [swearman, Saxon; swermen, Dutch.]
1. To rise as bees in a body, and quit the hive.
All hands employ'd,
Like labouring bees on a long Summer's day;
Some sound the trumpet for the rest to swarm. Dryden.
Swarm'd on a rotten stick the bees I spy'd. Gay.
When bees hang in swarming time, they will presently rise,
if the weather hold. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To appear in multitudes; to croud; to throng.
The merciless Macdonel,
The multiplying villanies of nature
Do swarm upon. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Our superfluous lacqueys, and our peasants,
Who in unnecessary action swarm
About our squares of battle. Shakesp. Henry V.
What a multitude of thoughts at once
Awaken'd in me swarm, while I consider
What from within I feel myself, and hear
What from without comes often to my ears. Milton.
Then mounts the throne, high plac'd before the shrine;
In crowds around the swarming people join. Dryden's æn.
3. To be crouded; to be over-run; to be thronged.
These garrisons you have now planted throughout all Ire­
land, and every place swarms with soldiers. Spenser.
Her lower region swarms with all sort of fowl, her rivers
with fish, and her seas with whole shoals. Howel.
Those days swarmed with fables, and from such grounds
took hints for fictions, poisoning the world ever after. Brown.
4. To breed multitudes.
Not so thick swarm'd once the soil
Bedropp'd with blood of Gorgon. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SWART. adj. [swarts, Gothick; sweart, Saxon; swart,
Dutch.]
SWARTH. adj. [swarts, Gothick; sweart, Saxon; swart,
Dutch.]
1. Black; darkly brown; tawney.
A nation strange, with visage swart,
And courage fierce, that all men did affray,
Through the world then swarmed in every part. F. Queen.
A man
Of swarth complexion, and of crabbed hue,
That him full of melancholy did shew. Fairy Queen.
Whereas I was black and swart before;
With those clear rays which she infus'd on me,
That beauty am I blest with; which you see. Shak. H. VI.
No goblin, or swart fairy of the mine,
Hath hurtful power o'er true virginity. Milton.
2. In Milton it seems to signify black; gloomy; malignant.
Ye valleys low,
On whose fresh lap the swart star sparely looks. Milton.

To SWART. v. a. [from the noun.] To blacken; to
dusk.
THe heat of the sun may swart a living part, or even black
a dead or dissolving flesh. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SWA’RTHILY. adv. [from swarthy.] Blackly; duskily; taw­
nily.

SWA’RTHINESS. n. s. [from swarthy] Darkness of complexion;
tawniness.

SWA’RTHY. adj. [See SWART.] Dark of complexion; black;
dusky; tawney.
Set me where, on some pathless plain,
The swarthy Africans complain. Roscommon.
Though in the torrid climates the common colour is black
or swarthy, yet the natural colour of the temperate climates is
more transparent and beautiful. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Here swarthy Charles appears, and there
His brother with dejected air. Addison.
Did they know Cato, our remotest kings
Would pour embattled multitudes about him;
Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains,
Doubling the native horrour of the war,
And making death more grim. Addison's Cato.

SWASH. n. s. [A cant word.] A figure, whose circumference
is not round, but oval; and whose moldings lie not at right
angles, but oblique to the axis of the work. Moxon.

To SWASH. v. n. To make a great clatter or noise: whence
swashbuckler.
We'll have a swashing and a martial outside,
As many other mannish cowards have,
That do outface it with their semblances. Shakespeare.
Draw, if you be men: Gregory, remember thy swashing
blow. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.

SWA’SHER. n. s. [from swash.] One who makes a show of
valour or force of arms.
I have observed these three swashers; three such anticks do
not amount to a man. Shakes. Henry V.

SWATCH. n. s. A swathe. Not in use.
One spreadeth those bands so in order to lie,
As barlie in swatches may fill it thereby. Tusser.

SWATH. n. s. [swade, Dutch.]
1. A line of grass cut down by the mower.
With tossing and raking, and setting on cox,
Grasse, lately in swathes, is meat for an ox. Tusser.
The strawy Greeks, ripe for his edge,
Fall down before him, like the mower's swath. Shakesp.
As soon as your grass is mown, if it lie thick in the swath,
neither air nor sun can pass freely through it. Mortimer.
2. A continued quantity.
An affection'd ass, that cons state without book, and utters
it by great swaths. Shak. Twelfth Night.
3. [Swedan, to bind, Saxon.] A band; a fillet.
An Indian comb, a stick whereof is cut into three sharp and
round teeth four inches long: the other part is left for the
handle, adonred with fine straws laid along the sides, and
lapped round about it in several distinct swaths. Grew.
They swaddled me up in my night-gown with long pieces of
linen, which they folded about me, 'till they had wrapped me
in above an hundred yards of swathe. Addison's Spectator.

To SWATHE. v. a. [swedan, Saxon.] To bind, as a child
with bands and rollers.
Thrice hath this Hotspur, Mars in swathing cloaths,
This infant warrious, and his enterprizes,
Discomfited great Douglas. Shak. Henry IV.
He had two sons; the eldest of them at three years old,
I' th' swathing cloaths the other, from their nursery
Were stol'n. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Their children are never swathed, or bound about with any
thing, when they are first born; but are put naked into the bed
with their parents to lie. Abbot's Descript. of the World.
Swath'd in her lap the bold nurse bore him out,
With olive branches cover'd round about. Dryden.
Master's feet are swath'd no longer,
If in the night too oft he kicks,
Or shows his loco-motive tricks. Prior.

To SWAY. v. a. [schweben, German, to move.]
1. To wave in the hand; to move or weild with facility: as, to
sway the scepter.
Glancing fire out of the iron play'd,
As sparkles from the anvil rise,
When heavy hammers on the wedge are sway'd. Fa. Queen.


2. To biass; to direct to either side.
Heav'n forgive them, that so much have sway'd
Your majesty's good thoughts away from me. Shakespeare.
I took your hands; but was, indeed,
Sway'd from the point, by looking down on Cæsar. Shakes.
The only way t' improve our own,
By dealing faithfully with none;
As bowls run true by being made
On purpose false, and to be sway'd. Hudibras.
3. To govern; to rule; to overpower; to influence.
The lady's mad; yet if 'twere so,
She could not sway her house, command her followers,
With such a smooth, discreet, and stable bearing. Shakesp.
The will of man is by his reason sway'd;
And reason says, you are the worthier maid. Shakespeare.
On Europe thence, and where Rome was to sway
The world. Milton's Paradise Lost.
A gentle nymph, not far from hence,
That with moist curb sways the smooth Severn stream,
Sabrina is her name. Milton.
Take heed lest passion sway
Thy judgment to do ought, which else free will
Would not admit. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The judgment is swayed by passion, and stored with lubri­
cous opinions, instead of clearly conceived truths. Glanv.
This was the race
To sway the world, and land and sea subdue. Dryden.
With these I went,
Nor idle stood with unassisting hands,
When savage beasts, and mens more savage bands,
Their virtuous toil subdu'd; yet those I sway'd
With pow'rful speech: I spoke, and they obey'd. Dryden.
When examining these matters, let not temporal and little
advantages sway you against a more durable interest. Tillotson.

To SWAY. v. n.
1. To hang heavy; to be drawn by weight.
In these personal respects, the balance sways on our part. Bac.
2. To have weight; to have influence.
The example of sundry churches, for approbation of one
thing, doth sway much; but yet still as having the force of an
example only, and not of a law. Hooker.
3. To bear rule; to govern.
The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear,
Shall never sagg with doubt, nor shake with fear. Shakesp.
Had'st thou sway'd as kings should do,
They never then had sprung like summer flies. Shakesp.
Aged tyranny sways not as it hath power, but as it is suf­
fered. Shakesp. King Lear.
Here thou shalt monarch reign;
There did'st not: there let him still victor sway. Milton.

SWAY. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The swing or sweep of a weapon.
To strike with huge two-handed sway. Milton.
2. Any thing moving with bulk and power.
Are not you mov'd, when all the sway of earth
Shakes like a thing unfirm? Shak. Julius Cæsar.
Expert
When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway
Of battle. Milton.
3. Power; rule; dominion.
This sort had some fear that the filling up the seats in the
consistory, with so great number of laymen, was but to please
the minds of the people, to the end they might think their
own sway somewhat. Hooker.
In the end, very few excepted, all became subject to the
sway of time: other odds there was none, saving that some
fell sooner, and some later, from the soundness of belief. Hook.
Only retain
The name and all th' addition to a king;
The sway, revenue, execution of th' hest,
Beloved sons, be yours. Shakes. King Lear.
Her father counts it dangerous
That she should give her sorrow so much sway,
And in his wisdom hastes our marriage,
To stop the inundation of her tears. Shakespeare.
Too truly Tamerlane's successors they;
Each thinks a world too little for his sway. Dryd. Aurengz.
When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway,
The post of honour is a private station. Addison's Cato.
4. Influence; direction.
An evil mind in authority doth not only follow the sway of
the desires already within it, but frames to itself new desires,
not before thought of. Sidney.
They rush along, the rattling woods give way,
The branches bend before their sweepy sway. Dryden.
SWE

To SWEAR. v. n. preter. swore or sware; part. pass. sworn. 
[swaran, Gothick; swerian, Saxon; sweeren, Dutch.]
1. To obtest some superiour power; to utter an oath.
If a man vow a vow unto the Lord, or swear an oath to
bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word. Num.
Thee, thee an hundred languages shall claim,
And savage Indians swear by Anna's name. Tickel.
2. To declare or promise upon oath.
We shall have old swearing
That they did give the rings away to men;
But we'll outface them, and outswear them too. Shakespeare.
I gave my love a ring, and made him swear
Never to part with it; and here he stands,
I dare be sworn for him, he would not leave it,
Nor pluck it from his finger. Shakespeare.
I would have kept my word;
But, when I swear, it is irrevocable. Shakes. Henry VI.
Jacob said, swear to me; and he sware unto him. Gen.
Bacchus taken at Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes, which
he so esteemed, that, as Plutarch reports, he sware he had rather
lose all his father's images than that table. Peacham.
3. To give evidence upon oath.
At what ease
Might corrupt minds procure knaves as corrupt
To swear against you? Shak. Henry VIII.
4. To obtest the great name profanely.
Because of swearing the land mourneth. Jer. xxiii. 10.
Obey thy parents, keep thy word justly;
Swear not. Shakes. King Lear.
None so nearly disposed to scoffing at religion as those who
have accustomed themselves to swear on trifling occasions. Till.

To SWEAR. v. a.
1. To put to an oath.
Moses took the bones of Joseph; for he had straitly sworn
the children of Israel. Ex. xiii. 19.
Swom ashore, man, like a duck; I can swim like a duck,
I'll be sworn. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Let me swear you all to secrecy;
And, to conceal my shame, conceal my life. Dryden.
2. To declare upon oath.
3. To obtest by an oath.
Now by Apollo, king, thou swear'st thy gods in vain.
—O vassal! miscreant! Shakespeare.

SWE’ARER. n. s. [from swear.] A wretch who obtests the great
name wantonly and profanely.
And must they all be hang'd that swear and lie?
—Every one.
—Who must hang them?
—Why, the honest men.
—Then the liars and swearers are fools; for there are liars and
swearers enow to beat the honest men and hang them up. Shak.
Take not his name, who made thy mouth, in vain:
It gets thee nothing, and hath no excuse:
Lust and wine plead a pleasure, avarice a gain;
But the cheap swearer through his open sluice
Lets his soul run for nought. Herbert.
Of all men a philosopher should be no swearer; for an oath,
which is the end of controversies in law, cannot determine
any here, where reason only must induce. Brown.
It is the opinion of our most refined swearers, that the same
oath or curse cannot, consistently with true politeness, be re­
peated above nine times in the same company by the same per­
son. Swift's Polite Conversation.

SWEAT. n. s. [sweat, Saxon; sweet, Dutch.]
1. The matter evacuated at the pores by heat or labour.
Sweat is salt in taste; for that part of the nourishment
which is fresh and sweet, turneth into blood and flesh; and
the sweat is that part which is excerned. Bacon.
Some insensible effluvium, exhaling out of the stone, comes
to be checked and condensed by the air on the superficies of it,
as it happens to sweat on the skins of animals. Boyle.
Soft on the flow'ry herb I found me laid
In balmy sweat. Milton.
When Lucilius brandishes his pen,
And flashes in the face of guilty men,
A cold sweat stands in drops on ev'ry part,
And rage succeeds to tears, revenge to smart. Dryden.
Sweat is produced by changing the balance between the
fluids and solids, in which health consists, so as that projectile
motion of the fluids overcome the resistance of the solids. Arb.
2. Labour; toil; drudgery.
This painful labour of abridging was not easy, but a mat­
ter of sweat and watching. 2 Mac. ii. 26.
The field
To labour calls us, now with sweat impos'd. Milton.
What from Johnson's oil and sweat did flow,
Or what more easy nature did bestow
On Shakespeare's gentler muse, in thee full grown
Their graces both appear. Denham.
3. Evaporation of moisture.
Beans give in the mow; and therefore those that are to be
kept are not to be thrashed 'till March, that they have had a
thorough sweat in the mow. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To SWEAT. v. n. preterite swet, sweated; particip. pass. sweaten. 
[from the noun.]
1. To be moist on the body with heat or labour.
Shall I say to you,
Let them be free, marry them to your heirs?
Why sweat they under burdens? Shak. Merch. of Venice.


Mistress Page at the door, sweating and blowing, and look­
ing wildly, would needs speak with you. Shakespeare.
When he was brought again to the bar, to hear
His knell rung out, his judgment, he was stirr'd
With such an agony, he sweat extremely. Shak. H. VIII.
About this time in autumn, there reigned in the city and
other parts of the kingdom a disease then new; which, of the
accidents and manner thereof they called the sweating sick­
ness. Bacon's Henry VII.
A young tall squire
Did from the camp at first before him go;
At first he did, but scarce could follow strait,
Sweating beneath a shield's unruly weight. Cowley.
2. To toil; to labour; to drudge.
How the drudging goblin swet
To earn his cream-bowl duly set;
When in one night, ere glimpse of morn,
His shadowy flail hath thresh'd the corn. Milton.
Our author, not content to see
That others write as carelessly as he;
Though he pretends not to make things complete,
Yet, to please you, he'd have the poets sweat. Waller.
3. To emit moisture.
Wainscots will sweat so that they will run with water.
Bacon.
In cold evenings there will be a moisture or sweating upon
the stool. Mortimer.

To SWEAT. v. a. To emit as sweat.
Grease that's sweaten
From the murtherer's gibbet, throw
Into the flame. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
For him the rich Arabia sweats her gum. Dryden.

SWEA’TER. n. s. [from sweat] One who sweats.

SWEA’TY. adj. [from sweat.]
1. Covered with sweat; moist with sweat.
The rabblement houted and clap'd their chop'd hands, and
threw up their sweaty night-caps. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
First-fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf. Milton.
2. Consisting of sweat.
And then, so nice, and so genteel,
Such cleanliness from head to heel;
No humours gross, or frowsy steams,
No noisome whiffs, or sweaty streams. Swift.
3. Laborious; toilsome.
Those who labour
The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,
Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleening armour,
Acknowledge Vulcan's aid. Prior.

To SWEEP. v. a. [swapan, Saxon.]
1. To drive away with a besom.
2. To clean with a besom.
What woman, having ten pieces of silver, if she lose one,
doth not sweep the house, and seek diligently 'till she find it?
Lu. xv. 8.
3. To carry with pomp.
Let frantick Talbot triumph for a while,
And, like a peacock, sweep along his tail. Shak. H. VI.
4. To drive or carry off with celerity and violence.
Though I could,
With barefac'd power, sweep him from my sight,
And bid my will avouch it; yet I must not. Shakespeare.
The river of Kishon swept them away. Judges v.
The blustering winds striving for victory, swept the snow
from off the tops of those high mountains, and cast it down
unto the plains in such abundance, that the Turks lay as men
buried alive. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Flying bullets now
To execute his rage appear too slow;
They miss or sweep but common souls away;
For such a loss Opdam his life must pay. Waller.
My looking is the fire of pestilence,
That sweeps at once the people and the prince. Dryden.
I have already swept the stakes, and with the common good
fortune of prosperous gamesters can be content to sit. Dryden.
Is this the man who drives me before him
To the world's ridge, and sweeps me off like rubbish? Dryd.
Fool! time no change of motion knows;
With equal speed the torrent flows
To sweep fame, pow'r, and wealth away:
The past is all by death possest,
And frugal fate that guards the rest,
By giving, bids them live, to day. Fenton.
A duke holding in a great many hands, drew a huge heap
of gold; but never observed a sharper, who under his arm
swept a great deal of it into his hat. Swift.
5. To pass over with celerity and force.
6. To rub over.
Their long descending train
With rubies edg'd, and sapphires swept the plain. Dryden.
7. To strike with long stroke.
Descend ye nine; descend and sing;
The breathing instruments inspire,
Wake into voice each silent string,
And sweep the sounding lyre. Pope.

To SWEEP. v. n.
1. To pass with violence, tumult, or swiftness.
Haste me to know it, that I with wings as swift
As meditation or the thoughts of love
May sweep to my revenge. Shakespeare.
A poor man that oppresseth the poor, is like a sweeping rain
which leaveth no food. Prov. xxviii. iii.
Before tempestuous winds arise,
Stars shooting through the darkness gild the night
With sweeping glories and long trails of light. Dryden.
2. To pass with pomp; to pass with an equal motion.
She sweeps it through the court with troops of ladies,
More like an empress than duke Humphrey's wife. Shak.
In gentle dreams I often will be by,
And sweep along before your closing eye. Dryden.
3. To move with a long reach.
Nor always errs; for oft the gauntlet draws
A sweeping stroke along the crackling jaws. Dryden.

SWEEP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of sweeping.
2. The compass of any violent or continued motion.
A door drags when by its ill hanging on its hinges, or by
the ill boarding of the room the bottom edge of the door rides
in its sweep upon the floor. Moxon's Mechan. Exercise.
Lion-hearted Richard like a torrent swell'd
With wintry tempests, that disdains all mounds,
Breaking away impetuous, and involves
Within its sweep, trees, houses, men. Philips.
3. Violent destruction.
In countries subject to great epidemical sweeps, men may
live very long, but where the proportion of the chronical dis­
temper is great, it is not likely to be so. Graunt.
4. Direction of any motion not rectilinear.
Having made one incision a little circularly, begin a second,
bringing it with an opposite sweep to meet the other. Sharp.

SWEE’PINGS. n. s. [from sweep.] That which is swept away.
Should this one broomstick enter the scene, covered with
dust, though the sweepings of the finest lady's chamber, we
should despise its vanity. Swift.

SWEE’PNET. n. s. [sweep and net.] A net that takes in a great
compass.
She was a sweepnet for the Spanish ships, which happily fell
into her net. Camden.

SWEE’PSTAKE. n. s. [sweep and stake.] A man that wins
all.
Is't writ in your revenge,
That sweepstake you will draw both friend and foe,
Winner and loser. Shakespeare.

SWEE’PY. adj. [from sweep.] Passing with great speed and vio­
lence over a great compass at once.
They rush along, the rattling woods give way,
The branches bend before their sweepy sway. Dryden.

SWEET. adj. [swete, Sax. soet, Dutch.]
1. Pleasing to any sense.
Sweet expresses the pleasant perceptions of almost every sense:
sugar is sweet, but it hath not the same sweetness as musick;
nor hath musick the sweetness of a rose, and a sweet prospect
differs from them all: nor yet have any of these the same
sweetness as discourse, counsel, or meditation hath; yet the
royal Psalmist saith of a man, we took sweet counsel together;
and of God, my meditation of him shall be sweet. Watts.
2. Luscious to the taste.
This honey tasted still is ever sweet. Davies.
3. Fragrant to the smell.
Balm his foul head with warm distilled waters,
And burn sweet wood to make the lodging sweet. Shakesp.
Where a rainbow hangeth over or toucheth, there breath­
eth a sweet smell; for that this happeneth but in certain mat­
ters which have some sweetness which the dew of the rainbow
draweth forth. Bacon.
Shred very small with thime sweet-margory and a little win­
ter savoury. Walton's Angler.
The balmy zephyrs, silent since her death,
Lament the ceasing of a sweeter breath. Pope.
The streets with treble voices ring,
To sell the bounteous product of the spring;
Sweet-smelling flow'rs, and elders early bud. Gay.
4. Melodious to the ear.
The dulcimer, all organs of sweet stop. Milton.
Her speech is grac'd with sweeter sound
Than in another's song is found. Waller.
No more the streams their murmurs shall forbear
A sweeter musick than their own to hear;
But tell the reeds, and tell the vocal shore,
Fair Daphne's dead, and musick is no more. Pope.


5. Pleasing to the eye.
Heav'n bless thee!
Thou hast the sweetest face I ever look'd on. Shakespeare.
6. Not salt.
The white of an egg, or blood mingled with salt water, ga­
thers the saltness and maketh the water sweeter; this may be
by adhesion. Bacon's Natural History.
The sails drop with rain,
Sweet waters mingle with the briny main. Dryden.
7. Not sour.
Time changeth fruits from more sour to more sweet; but
contrariwise liquors, even those that are of the juice of fruit,
from more sweet to more sour. Bacon's Natural History.
Trees whose fruit is acid last longer than those whose fruit
is sweet. Bacon.
When metals are dissolved in acid menstruums, and the
acids in conjunction with the metal act after a different man­
ner, so that the compound has a different taste, much milder
than before, and sometimes a sweet one; is it not because the
acids adhere to the metallick particles, and thereby lose much
of their activity. Newton's Opticks.
8. Mild; soft; gentle.
Let me report to him
Your sweet dependency, and you shall find
A conqu'ror that will pray in aid for kindness. Shakesp.
The Peleiades shedding sweet influence. Milton.
Mercy has, could mercy's self be seen,
No sweeter look than this propitious queen. Waller.
9. Grateful; pleasing.
Sweet interchange of hill and valley. Milton.
Euryalus,
Than whom the Trojan host
No fairer face or sweeter air could boast. Dryden's æneid.
10. Not stale; not stinking: as, that meat is sweet.

SWEET. n. s.
1. Sweetness; something pleasing.
Pluck out
The multitudinous tongue, let them not lick
The sweet which is their poison. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
What softer sounds are these salute the ear,
From the large circle of the hemisphere,
As if the center of all sweets met here! Ben. Johnson.
Hail! wedded love,
Perpetual fountain of domestick sweets! Milton.
Taught to live
The easiest way; nor with perplexing thoughts
To interrupt the sweet of life. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Now since the Latian and the Trojan brood
Have tasted vengeance, and the sweets of blood,
Speak. Dryden's æneid.
Can Ceyx then sustain to leave his wife,
And unconcern'd forsake the sweets of life? Dryden.
We have so great an abhorrence of pain, that a little of it
extinguishes all our pleasures; a little bitter mingled in our
cup leaves no relish of the sweet. Locke.
Love had ordain'd that it was Abra's turn
To mix the sweets, and minister the urn. Prior.
2. A word of endearment.
Sweet! leave me here a while
My spirits grow dull, and fain I would beguile
The tedious day with sleep. Shakespeare.
Wherefore frowns my sweet?
Have I too long been absent from these lips? Ben. Johnson.
3. A perfume.
As in perfumes,
'Tis hard to say what scent is uppermost;
Nor this part musick or civet can we call,
Or amber, but a rich result of all:
So she was all a sweet. Dryden.
Flowers
Innumerable, by the soft south-west
Open'd, and gather'd by religious hands,
Rebound their sweets from th' odoriferous pavement. Prior.

SWEE’TBREAD. n. s. The pancreas of the calf.
Never tie yourself always to eat meats of easy digesture, as
veal, pullets, or sweetbreads. Harvey on Consumption.
Sweetbreed and collops were with skewers prick'd
About the sides; imbibing what they deck'd. Dryden.
When you roast a breast of veal, remember your sweet­
heart the butler loves a sweetbread. Swift.

SWEE’TBRIAR. n. s. [sweet and briar.] A fragrant shrub.
For March come violets and peach-tree in blossom, the cor­
nelian-tree in blossom, and sweetbriar. Bacon.

SWEE’TBROOM. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

SWEE’TCICELY. n. s. [Myrrhus.] A plant.
The characters are; it is an umbelliferous plant, with a
rose-shaped flower, consisting of several unequal petals or
flower-leaves that are placed circularly, and rest upon the em­
palement, which turns to a fruit, composed of two feeds re­
sembling a bird's bill, channelled and gibbous on one side, but
plain on the other. Miller.

To SWEE’TEN. v. a. [from sweet.]
1. To make sweet.
The world the garden is, she is the flow'r
That sweetens all the place; she is the guest
Of rarest price. Sidney.
Here is the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Ara­
bia will not sweeten this little hand. Shakespeare.
Give me an ounce of civet to sweeten my imagination.
Shakespeare's King Lear.
With fairest flow'rs Fidele,
I'll sweeten thy sad grave. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Be humbly minded, know your post;
Sweeteen your tea, and watch your toast. Swift.
2, To make mild or kind.
All kindnesses descend upon such a temper, as rivers of
fresh waters falling into the main sea; the sea swallows them
all, but is not changed or sweetened by them. South's Sermons.
3. To make less painful.
She the sweetness of my heart, even sweetens the death
which her sweetness brought upon me. Sidney.
Thou shalt secure her helpless sex from harms,
And she thy cares will sweeten with her charms. Dryden.
Interest of state and change of circumstances may have
sweetened these reflections to the politer sort, but impressions
are not so easily worn out of the minds of the vulgar. Addison.
Thy mercy sweet'ned ev'ry soil,
Made ev'ry region please;
The hoary Alpin hills it warm'd,
And smooth'd the Tyrrhene seas. Addison's Spectator.
4. To palliate; to reconcile.
These lessons may be gilt and sweetened as we order pills
and potions, so as to take off the disgust of the remedy. L'Estr.
5. To make grateful or pleasing.
I would have my love
Angry sometimes, to sweeten off the rest
Of her behaviour. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
6. To soften; to make delicate.
Corregio has made his memory immortal, by the strength
he has given to his figures, and by sweetening his lights and
shadows, and melting them into each other so happily, that
they are even imperceptible. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To SWEE’TEN. v. n. To grow sweet.
Where a wasp hath bitten in a grape, or any fruit, it will
sweeten hastily. Bacon's Natural History.

SWEE’TENER. n. s. [from sweeten.]
1. One that palliates; one that represents things tenderly.
But you who, till your fortune's made,
Must be a sweet'ner by your trade,
Must swear he never meant us ill. Swift.
Those softners, sweetners, and compounders, shake their
heads so strongly, that we can hear their pockets jingle. Swift.
2. That which contemporates acrimony.
Powder of crabs eyes and claws, and burnt egg-shells are
prescribed as sweetners of any sharp humours. Temple.

SWEE’THEART. n. s. [sweet and heart.] A lover or mistress.
Mistress retire yourself
Into some covert; take your sweethearts
And pluck o'er your brows. Shakespeare.
Sweetheart, you are now in an excellent good temperality,
and your colour, I warrant you, is as red as any rose. Shak.
One thing, Sweetheart, I will ask,
Take me for a new-fashion'd mask. Cleaveland.
A wench was wringing her hands and crying; she had new­
ly parted with her sweetheart. L'Estrange.
Pry'thee, sweetheart, how go matters in the house where
thou hast been? L'Estrange.
She interprets all your dreams for these,
Foretells th' estate, when the rich uncle dies,
And sees a sweetheart in the sacrifice. Dryden's Juvenal.

SWEE’TING. n. s. [from sweet.]
1. A sweet luscious apple.
A child will chuse a sweeting because it is presently fair and
pleasant, and refuse a runnet, because it is then green, hard
and sour. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
2. A word of endearment.
Trip no further, pretty sweeting;
Journeys end in lovers meeting. Shakespeare.

SWEE’TISH. adj. [from sweet.] Somewhat sweet.
They esteemed that blood pituitous naturally, which abound­
ed with an exceeding quantity of sweetish chyle. Floyer.

SWEE’TLY. adv. [from sweet.] In a sweet manner; with sweet­
ness.
The best wine for my beloved goeth down sweetly. Cant.
He bore his great commission in his look;
But sweetly temper'd awe, and soften'd all he spoke. Dryden.
No poet ever sweetly sung,
Unless he were like Phœbus young;
Nor ever nymph inspir'd to rhyme,
Unless like Venus in her prime. Swift.

SWEE’TMEAT. n. s. [sweet and meat.] Delicacies made of
fruits preserved with sugar.


Mopsa, as glad as of sweetmeats to go of such an errand,
quickly returned. Sidney.
Why all the charges of the nuptial feast,
Wine and deserts, and sweetmeats to digest. Dryden.
There was plenty, but the dishes were ill sorted; whole
pyramids of sweetmeats for boys and women, but little solid
meat for men. Dryden.
Make your transparent sweetmeats truly nice,
With Indian sugar and Arabian spice. King's Cookery.
If a child cries for any unwholsome fruit, you purchase his
quiet by giving him a less hurtful sweetmeat: this may preserve
his health, but spoils his mind. Locke.
At a lord mayor's feast, the sweetmeats do not make their
appearance till people are cloyed with beef and mutton.
Addison.
They are allowed to kiss the child at meeting and parting;
but a professor, who always stands by, will not suffer them to
bring any presents of toys or sweetmeats. Gulliver's Travels.

SWEE’TNESS. n. s. [from sweet.] The quality of being sweet
in any of its senses; fragrance; melody; lusciousness; delici­
ousness; agreeableness; delightfulness; gentleness of man­
ners; mildness of aspect.
She the sweetness of my heart, even sweetning the death
which her sweetness brought upon me. Sidney.
The right form, the true figure, the natural colour that is
fit and due to the dignity of a man, to the beauty of a wo­
man, to the sweetness of a young babe. Ascham.
O our lives sweetness!
That we the pain of death would hourly bear,
Rather than die at once. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Where a rainbow toucheth, there breatheth forth a sweet
smell: for this happeneth but in certain matters, which have
in themselves some sweetness, which the gentle dew of the rain­
bow draweth forth. Bacon.
Serene and clear harmonious Horace flows,
With sweetness not to be exprest in prose. Roscommon.
Suppose two authors equally sweet, there is a great distin­
ction to be made in sweetness; as in that of sugar and that of
honey. Dryden.
This old man's talk, though honey flow'd
In every word, would now lose all its sweetness. Addison.
Leave such to tune their own dull rhymes, and know
What's roundly smooth, or languishingly slow;
And praise the easy vigor of a line,
Where Denham's strength and Waller's sweetness join. Pope.
A man of good education, excellent understanding, and
exact taste; these qualities are adorned with great modesty
and a most amiable sweetness of temper. Swift.

SWEE’TWILLIAM. n. s. Plants. They are a species of gilli­
flowers. [See CLOVE GILLIFLOWERS.]
SWEE’TWILLOW. n. s. Plants. They are a species of gilli­
flowers. [See CLOVE GILLIFLOWERS.]

SWEE’TWILLOW. n. s. Gale or Dutch myrtle.
The leaves are placed alternately on the branches: it hath
male flowers which are produced at the wings of the leaves;
are naked, and grow in a longish spike: the fruit, which is
produced in separate trees, is of a conical figure, and squa­
mose, containing one seed in each scale. Miller.

To SWELL. v. n. Participle pass. swollen. [swellan, Sax. swellen,
Dutch.]
1. To grow bigger; to grow turgid; to extend the parts.
Propitious Tyber smooth'd his wat'ry way,
He roll'd his river back, and pois'd he stood,
A gentle swelling and a peaceful flood. Dryden's æneid.
2. To tumify by obstruction.
But strangely visited people,
All swol'n and ulc'rous; pitiful to the eye,
The meer despair of surgery he cures. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so
that their cloaths waxed not old, and their feet swelled not.
Nehem. ix. 21.
Swol'n in his breast; his inward pains encrease,
All means are us'd, and all without success. Dryden.
3. To be exasperated.
My pity hath been balm to heal their wounds,
My mildness hath allay'd their swelling griefs. Shakespeare.
4. To look big.
Here he comes, swelling like a turkey-cock. Shakespeare.
Peleus and Telephus exil'd and poor,
Forget their swelling and gigantick words. Roscommon.
5. To protuberate.
This iniquity shall be as a breach ready to fall, swelling out
in a high wall. Isa. xxx. 13.
6. To rise into arrogance; to be elated.
In all things else above our humble fate,
Your equal mind yet swells not into state. Dryden.
7. To be inflated with anger.
I will help every one from him that swelleth against him, and
will set him at rest. Psalms xii. 6.
We have made peace of enmity
Between these swelling wrong incensed peers. Shakespeare.
The hearts of princes kiss obedience,
So much they love it; but to stubborn spirits
They swell and grow as terrible as storms. Shakespeare.
8. To grow upon the view.
O for a muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest heaven of invention!
A kingdom for a stage, princes to act,
And monarchs to behold the swelling scene. Shakespeare.
9. It implies commonly a notion of something wrong.
Your youth admires
The throws and swellings of a Roman soul,
Cato's bold flights, th' extravagance of virtue. Addison.
Immoderate valour swells into a fault. Addison's Cato.

To SWELL. v. a.
1. To cause to rise or encrease; to make tumid.
Wind, blow the earth into the sea,
Or swell the curled waters 'bove the main. Shakespeare.
You who supply the ground with seeds of grain,
And you who swell those seeds with kindly rain. Dryden.
2. To aggravate; to heighten.
It is low ebb with his accuser, when such peccadillos are put
to swell the charge. Atterbury.
3. To raise to arrogance.
All these miseries proceed from the same natural causes,
which have usually attended kingdoms swolen with long plenty,
pride, and excess. Clarendon.

SWELL. n. s. [from the verb.] Extension of bulk.
The swan's down-feather
That stands upon the swell at full of tide,
And neither way inclines. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
The king of men, swoln with pride,
Refus'd his presents, and his prayers deny'd. Dryden.

SWE’LLING. n. s. [from swell.]
1. Morbid tumour.
2. Protuberance; prominence.
The superficies of such plates are not even, but have many
cavities and swellings, which how shallow soever do a little vary
the thickness of the plate. Newton's Opticks.
3. Effort for a vent.
My heart was torn in pieces to see the husband suppressing
and keeping down the swellings of his grief. Tatler.

To SWELT. v. n. To puff in sweat, if that be the meaning.
Chearful blood in faintness chill did melt,
Which like a fever fit through all his body swelt. Fa. Queen.

To SWE’LTER. v. n. [This is supposed to be corrupted from
sultry.]
1. To be pained with heat.
If the sun's excessive heat
Makes our bodies swelter,
To an osier hedge we get
For a friendly shelter;
There we may
Think and pray,
Before death
Stops our breath. Walton's Angler.

To SWE’LTER. v. a. To parch, or dry up with heat.
Some would always have long nights and short days; others
again long days and short nights; one climate would be scorch­
ed and sweltered with everlasting dog-days, while an eternal
December blasted another. Bentley's Sermons.

SWE’LTRY. adj. [from swelter.] Suffocating with heat.

SWEPT. The participle and preterite of sweep.

To SWERD. v. n. To breed a green turf. [See to SWARD.]
The clays that are long in swerding, and little subject to
weeds, are the best land for clover. Mortimer.

To SWERVE. v. n. [swerven, Saxon and Dutch.]
1. To wander; to rove.
A maid thitherward did run,
To catch her sparrow which from her did swerve. Sidney.
The swerving vines on the tall elms prevail,
Unhurt by southern show'rs or northern hail. Dryden.
2. To deviate; to depart from rule, custom or duty.
That which angels do clearly behold, and without any
swerving observe, is a law celestial and heavenly. Hooker.
Howsoever these swervings are now and then incident into
the course of nature, nevertheless so constantly the laws of
nature are by natural agents observed, that no man denieth;
but those things which nature worketh are wrought either al­
ways, or for the most part after one and the same manner.
Hooker.
The ungodly have laid a snare for me; but yet I swerve
not from thy commandments. Common Prayer.
Were I crown'd the most imperial monarch,
Thereof most worthy, were I the fairest youth
That ever made the eye swerve,
I would not prize them without her love. Shakespeare.
There is a protection very just which princes owe to their
servants, when, in obedience to their just commands, upon
extraordinary occasions, in the execution of their trusts, they
swerve from the strict letter of the law. Clarendon.
Till then his majesty had not in the least swerved from that
act of parliament. Clarendon.
Annihilation in the course of nature, defect and swerving
in the creature without the sin of man would immediately
follow. Hakewill on Providence.


Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve. Milton.
Many who, through the contagion of ill example, swerve
exceedingly from the rules of their holy faith, yet would up­
on such an extraordinary warning be brought to comply with
them. Atterbury's Sermons.
3. To ply; to bend.
Now their mightiest quell'd, the battle swerv'd
With many an inroad gor'd. Milton.
4. [I know not whence derived.] To climb on a narrow body.
Ten wildings have I gather'd for my dear,
Upon the topmost branch, the tree was high,
Yet nimbly up from bough to bough I swerv'd. Dryden.
She fled, returning by the way she went,
And swerv'd along her bow with swift ascent. Dryden.
SWI

SWIFT. adj. [swift, Saxon.]
1. Moving far in a short time; quick; fleet; speedy; nimble;
rapid.
Thou art so far before,
That swiftest wing of recompence is slow
To overtake thee. Shakespeare.
Yet are these feet, whose strengthless stay is numb,
Unable to support this lump of clay,
Swift-winged with desire to get a grave. Shakespeare.
Men of war, whose faces were like the faces of lions, and
as swift as the roes upon the mountains. 1 Chron. xii. 8.
We imitate and practise to make swifter motions than any
out of other muskets. Bacon.
To him with swift ascent he up return'd. Milton.
Things that move so swift as not to affect the senses di­
stinctly, with several distinguishable distances of their motion,
and so cause not any train of ideas in the mind, are not per­
ceived to move. Locke.
It preserves the ends of the bones from incalescency, which
they, being solid bodies, would contract from any swift mo­
tion. Ray.
Thy stumbling founder'd jade can trot as high
As any other Pegasus can fly;
So the dull eel moves nimbler in the mud,
Than all the swift fin'd racers of the flood. Dorset.
Clouded in a deep abyss of light,
While present, too severe for human sight,
Nor staying longer than one swift-wing'd night. Prior.
Mantiger made a circle round the chamber, and the swift­
footed martin pursued him. Arbuthnot.
There too my son,——ah once my best delight,
Once swift of foot, and terrible in fight. Pope's Odyssey.
Swift they descend, with wing to wing conjoin'd,
Stretch their broad plumes, and float upon the wind. Pope.
2. Ready.
Let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak. Ja. i. 19.
He made intricate seem straight,
To mischief swift. Milton.

SWIFT. n. s. [from the quickness of their flight.]
1. A bird like a swallow; a martinet.
Swifts and swallows have remarkably short legs, and their
toes grasp any thing very strongly. Derham.
2. The current of a stream.
He can live in the strongest swifts of the water. Walton.

SWI’FTLY. adv. [from swift.] Fleetly; rapidly; nimbly; with
celerity; with velocity.
These move swiftly, and at great distance; but then they
require a medium well disposed, and their transmission is ea­
sily stopped. Bacon's Natural History.
Pleas'd with the passage, we slide swiftly on,
And see the dangers which we cannot shun. Dryden.
In decent order they advance to light;
Yet then too swiftly fleet by human sight,
And meditate too soon their everlasting flight. Prior.

SWI’FTNESS. n. s. [from swift.] Speed; nimbleness; rapidity;
quickness; velocity; celerity.
Let our proportions for these wars
Be soon collected, and all thing thought upon,
That may with reasonable swiftness add
More feathers to our wings. Shakespeare's Henry V.
We may outrun
By violent swiftness that which we run at;
And lose by over running. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Speed to describe whose swiftness number fails. Milton.
Exulting, till he finds their nobler sense
Their disproportion'd speed does recompense;
Then curses his conspiring feet, whose scent
Betrays that safety which their swiftness lent. Denham.
Such is the mighty swiftness of your mind,
That like the earth's, it leaves our sense behind. Dryden.

To SWIG. v. n. [swiga, Islandick.] To drink by large draughts.

To SWILL. v. a. [swilgan, Saxon.]
1. To drink luxuriously and grossly.
The wretched, bloody, and usurping boar
That spoil'd your summer fields and fruitful vines,
Swills your warm blood like wash, and makes his trough
In your embowel'd bosoms. Shakespeare's Richard III.
The most common of these causes are an hereditary dispo­
sition, swilling down great quantities of cold watery liquors.
Arbuthnot on Diet.
Such is the poet, fresh in pay,
The third night's profits of his play;
His morning draughts till noon can swill,
Among his brethren of the quill. Swift.
2. To wash; to drench.
As fearfully as doth a galled rock
O'erhang and jutty his confounded base,
Swill'd with the wild and wasteful ocean. Shakespeare.
With that a German oft has swill'd his throat,
Deluded, that imperial Rhine bestow'd
The generous rummer. Philips.
3. To inebriate.
I should be loth
To meet the rudeness and swill'd insolence
Of such late wassailers. Milton.
He drinks a swilling draught; and lin'd within,
Will supple in the bath his outward skin. Dryden.

SWILL. n. s. [from the verb.] Drink, luxuriously poured down.
Give swine such swill as you have. Mortimer.
Thus as they swim, in mutual swill the talk
Reels fast from theme to theme. Thomson.

SWILLER. n. s. [from swill.] A luxurious drinker.

To SWIM. v. n. Preterite swam, swom, or swum. [swimman,
Saxon; swemmen, Dutch.]
1. To float on the water; not to sink.
I will scarce think you have swam in a gondola. Shakespeare.
We have ships and boats for going under water, and brook­
ing of seas; also swimming-girdles and supporters. Bacon.
2. To move progressively in the water by the motion of the
limbs.
Leap in with me into this angry flood,
And swim to yonder point. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
I have ventur'd,
Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders,
These many summers in a sea of glory;
But far beyond my depth. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
The soldiers counsel was to kill the prisoners, lest any of
them should swim out and escape. Acts xxvii. 42.
The rest driven into the lake, where seeking to save their
lives by swimming, they were slain in coming to land by the
Spanish horsemen, or else in their swimming shot by the har­
quebusiers. Knolles.
Animals swim in the same manner as they go, and need
no other way of motion for natation in the water, then for
progression upon the land. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The frighted wolf now swims among the sheep,
The yellow lion wanders in the deep:
The stag swims faster than he ran before. Dryden.
Blue Triton gave the signal from the shore,
The ready Nereids heard and swam before,
To smooth the seas. Dryden.
3. To be conveyed by the stream.
With tenders of our protection of them from the fury of
those who would soon drown them, if they refused to swim
down the popular stream with them. King Charles.
I swom with the tide, and the water under me was buoyant.
Dryden.
4. To glide along with a smooth or dizzy motion.
She with pretty and with swimming gate
Follying, her womb then rich with my young squire
Would imitate. Shakespeare.
A hovering mist came swimming o'er his sight,
And seal'd his eyes in everlasting night. Dryden.
My slack hand dropt, and all the idle pomp,
Priests, altars, victims swam before my sight! Smith.
The fainting soul stood ready wing'd for flight,
And o'er his eye-balls swum the shades of night. Pope.
5. To be dizzy; to be vertiginous.
I am taken with a grievous swimming in my head, and such
a mist before my eyes, that I can neither hear nor see. Dryd.
6. To be floated.
When the heavens are filled with clouds, when the earth
swims in rain, and all nature wears a lowring countenance, I
withdraw myself from these uncomfortable scenes into the vi­
sionary worlds of art. Addison's Spectator.
Sudden the ditches swell, the meadows swim. Thomson.
7. To have abundance of any quality; to flow in any thing.
They now swim in joy,
Ere long to swim at large, and laugh; for which
The world a world of tears must weep. Milton.

To SWIM. v. a. To pass by swimming.
Sometimes he thought to swim the stormy main,
By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain. Dryden.

SWIMM. n. s. [from the verb.] The bladder of fishes by which
they are supported in the water.
The braces have the nature and use of tendons, in contract­
ing the swim, and thereby transfusing the air out of one blad­
der into another, or discharging it from them both. Grew.



SWI’MMER. n. s. [from swim.]
1. One who swims.
Birds find ease in the depth of the air, as swimmers do in a
deep water. Bacon.
Latirostrous and flat billed birds, being generally swimmers,
the organ is wisely contrived for action. Brown.
Life is oft preserv'd
By the bold swimmer, in the swift illapse
Of accident disastrous. Thomson.
2. The swimmer is situated in the fore legs of a horse, above
the knees, and upon the inside, and almost upon the back
parts of the hind legs, a little below the ham: this part is with­
out hair, and resembles a piece of hard dry horn. Farrier's Dict.

SWI’MMINGLY. adv. [from swimming.] Smoothly; without
obstruction. A low word.
John got on the battlements, and called to Nick, I hope
the cause goes on swimmingly. Arbuthnot.

SWINE. n. s. [swin, Saxon; swyn, Dutch. It is probably the
plural of some old word, and is now the same in both num­
bers.] A hog; a pig. A creature remarkable for stupidity
and nastiness.
O monstrous beast! how like a swine he lies! Shakesp.
He will be swine drunk; and in his sleep he does little harm,
save to his bedcloaths. Shakespeare.
Who knows not Circe,
The daughter of the Sun? whose charmed cup
Whoever tasted, lost his upright shape,
And downward fell into a groveling swine. Milton.
Had the upper part, to the middle, been of human shape,
and all below swine, had it been murder to destroy it? Locke.
How instinct varies in the grov'ling swine,
Compar'd, half reas'ning elephant, with thine! Pope.

SWI’NEBREAD. n. s. A kind of plant; truffles. Bailey.

SWI’NEHERD. n. s. [swin and hrd, Saxon.] A keeper of
hogs.
There swineherd, that keepeth the hog. Tusser.
The whole interview between Ulysses and Eumeus has
fallen into ridicule: Eumeus has been judged to be of the
same rank and condition with our modern swineherds. Broome.

SWI’NEPIPE. n. s. A bird of the thrush kind. Bailey.

To SWING. v. n. [swingan, Saxon.]
1. To wave too and fro hanging loosely.
I tried if a pendulum would swing faster, or continue swing­
ing longer in our receiver, in case of exsuction of the air,
than otherwise. Boyle.
If the coach swung but the least to one side, she used to
shriek so loud, that all concluded she was overturned. Arbuthn.
Jack hath hanged himself: let us go see how he swings. Arb.
When the swinging signs your ears offend
With creaking noise, then rainy floods impend. Gay.
2. To fly backward and forward on a rope.

To SWING. v. a. preterite swang, swung.
1. To make to play loosely on a string.
2. To whirl round in the air.
His sword prepar'd
He swang about his head, and cut the winds. Shakespeare.
Take bottles and swing them: fill not the bottles full, but
leave some air, else the liquor cannot play nor flower. Bacon.
Swinging a red-hot iron about, or fastening it unto a wheel
under that motion, it will sooner grow cold. Brown.
Swing thee in the air, then dash thee down,
To th' hazard of thy brains and shatter'd sides. Milton.
3. To wave loosely.
If one approach to dare his force,
He swings his tail, and swiftly turns him round. Dryden.

SWING. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Motion of any thing hanging loosely.
In casting of any thing, the arms, to make a greater swing,
are first cast backward. Bacon's Natural History.
Men use a pendulum, as a more steady and regular motion
than that of the earth; yet if any one should ask how he
certainly knows that the two successive swings of a pendulum
are equal, it would be very hard to satisfy him. Locke.
2. A line on which any thing hangs loose.
3. Influence or power of a body put in motion.
The ram that batters down the wall,
For the great swing and rudeness of his poize,
They place before his hand that made the engine. Shakesp.
In this encyclopœdia, and round of knowledge, like the great
wheels of heaven, we're to observe two circles, that, while we
are daily carried about, and whirled on by the swing and rapt
of the one, we may maintain a natural and proper course in
the sober wheel of the other. Brown.
The descending of the earth to this orbit is not upon that
mechanical account Cartesius pretends, namely, the strong
swing of the more solid globuli that overflow it. More.
4. Course; unrestrained liberty; abandonment to any motive.
Facts unjust
Commit, even to the full swing of his lust. Chapman.
Take thy swing;
For not to take, is but the self-same thing. Dryden.
Let them all take their swing
To pillage the king,
And get a blue ribband instead of a string. Swift.
5. Unrestrained tendency.
Where the swing goeth, there follow, fawn, flatter, laugh,
and lie lustily at other mens liking. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
These exuberant productions only excited and fomented his
lusts; so that his whole time lay upon his hands, and gave him
leisure to contrive and with full swing pursue his follies. Wood.
Those that are so persuaded, desire to be wise in a way that
will gratify their appetites, and so give up themselves to the
swing of their unbounded propensions. Glanv. Sceps. Preface.
Were it not for these, civil government were not able to
stand before the prevailing swing of corrupt nature, which
would know no honesty but advantage. South.

To SWINGE. v. a. [swingan, Saxon.]
1. To whip; to bastinade; to punish.
Sir, I was in love with my bed: I thank you, you swing'd
me for my love, which makes me the bolder to chide you for
your's. Shakes. Two Gent. of Verona.
This very rev'rend letcher, quite worn out
With rheumatisms, and crippled with his gout,
Forgets what he in youthful times has done,
And swinges his own vices in his son. Dryd. jun. Juvenal.
The printer brought along with him a bundle of those pa­
pers, which, in the phrase of the whig-coffcehouses, have
swinged off the Examiner. Swift.
2. To move as a lash. Not in use.
He, wroth to see his kingdom fail,
Swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail. Milton.

SWINGE. n. s. [from the verb.] A sway; a sweep of any thing
in motion. Not in use.
The shallow water doth her force infringe,
And renders vain her tail's impetuous swinge. Waller.

SWI’NGEBUCKLER. n. s. [swinge and buckler.] A bully; a
man who pretends to feats of arms.
You had not four such swingebucklers in all the inns of court
again. Shakesp. Henry IV.

SWI’NGER. n. s. [from swing.] He who swings; a hurler.

SWI’NGING. adj. [from swinge.] Great; huge. A low word.
The countryman seeing the lion disarmed, with a swinging
cudgel broke off the match. L'Estrange.
A good swinging sum of John's readiest cash went towards
building of Hocus's countryhouse. Arbuthnot.

SWI’NGINGLY. adv [from swinging.] Vastly; greatly.
Henceforward he'll print neither pamphlets nor linen,
And, if swearing can do't, shall be swingingly maul'd. Swift.

To SWI’NGLE. v. n. [from swing.]
1. To dangle; to wave hanging.
2. To swing in pleasure.

SWI’NISH. adj. [from swine.] Befitting swine; resembling
swine; gross; brutal.
They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase
Soil our addition. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Swinish gluttony
Ne'er looks to heav'n amidst his gorgeous feast;
But, with besotted base ingratitude,
Crams and blasphemes his feeder. Milton.

To SWINK. v. n. [swincan, Saxon.] To labour; to toil; to
drudge. Obsolete.
Riches, renown, and principality,
For which men swink and sweat incessantly. Fairy Queen.
For they do swink and sweat to feed the other,
Who live like lords of that which they do gather. Hub. Tale.

To SWINK. v. a. To overlabour.
The labour'd ox
In his loose traces from the furrow came,
And the swink'd hedger at his supper sat. Milton.

SWINK. n. s. [swinc, Saxon.] Labour; toil; drudgery. Ob­
solete.
Ah, Piers, been thy teeth on edge, to think
How great sport they gaynen with little swinke? Spenser.
Thou's but a lazy loorde,
And rekes much of thy swinke. Spenser.

SWITCH. n. s. A small flexible twig.
Fetch me a dozen crabtree slaves, and strong ones; these
are but switches. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
When a circle 'bout the wrist
Is made by beadle exorcist,
The body feels the spur and switch. Hudibras.
Mauritania, on the fifth medal, leads a horse with something
like a thread; in her other hand she holds a switch. Addison.

To SWITCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To lash; to jerk.
Lay thy bridle's weight
Most of thy left side; thy right horse then switching, all thy
throat
Spent in encouragements, give him; and all the rein let
float. Chapman's Iliad.

SWI’VEL. n. s. Something fixed in another body so as to turn
round in it.


SWO

SWO’BBER. n. s. [See SWABBER.]
1. A sweeper of the deck.
Cubb'd in a cabbin, on a mattress laid,
On a brown george with lousy swobbers fed. Dryden.
2. Four privileged cards that are only incidentally used in betting
at the game of whist.
The clergyman used to play at whist and swobbers: playing
now and then a sober game at whist for pastime, it might be
pardoned; but he could not digest those wicked swobbers. Swift.

SWO’LLEN. The participle passive of swell.
SWOLN. The participle passive of swell.
Unto his aid she hastily did draw
Her dreadful beast, who, swoln with blood of late,
Came ramping forth with proud presumptuous gait. F. Qu.
When thus the gather'd storms of wretched love
In my swoln bosom with long war had strove,
At length they broke their bounds: at length their force
Bore down whatever met its stronger course;
Laid all the civil bonds of manhood waste,
And scatter'd ruin as the torrent past. Prior.
Whereas at first we had only three of these principles, their
number is already swoln to five. Baker on Learning.

SWOM. The preterite of swim.
I swom with the tide, and the water was buoyant under
me. Dryden.

To SWOON. v. n. [aswunan, Saxon.] To suffer a suspension
of thought and sensation; to faint.
So play the foolish throngs with one that swoons;
Come all to help him, and so stop the air
By which he should revive. Shakespeare.
If thou stand'st not i' th' state of hanging, or of some death
more long in spectatorship, and crueler in suffering, behold
now presently, and swoon for what's to come upon thee. Shak.
We see the great and sudden effect of smells in fetching
men again, when they swoon. Bacon.
The most in years swoon'd first away for pain;
Then, scarce recover'd, spoke. Dryden.
The woman finds it all a trick,
That he could swoon when she was sick;
And knows that in that grief he reckon'd
On black-ey'd Susan for his second. Prior.
There appeared such an ecstacy in his action, that he seemed
ready to swoon away in the surprize of joy. Tatler.

SWOON. n. s. [from the verb.] A lipothymy; a fainting fit.

To SWOOP. v. a. [I suppose formed from the sound.]
1. To fall at once as a hawk upon his prey.
A fowl in Madagascar, called a ruck, the feathers of whose
wings are twelve paces, can with as much ease swoop up an
elephant as our kites do a mouse. Wilkins.
This mould'ring piecemeal in your hands did fall,
And now at last you came to swoop it all. Dryden.
2. To prey upon; to catch up.
The physician looks with another eye on the medicinal herb
than the grazing ox, which swoops it in with the common
grass. Glanv. Sceps.

SWOOP. n. s. [from the verb.] Fall of a bird of prey upon his
quarry.
All my pretty ones?
Did you say all? What, all? O hellkite! all!
What, all my pretty chickens and their dam,
At one fell swoop? Shakes. Macbeth.
The eagle fell into the fox's quarters, and carried away a
whole litter of cubs at a swoop. L'Estrange.

To SWOP. v. a. [Of uncertain derivation.] To change; to
exchange one thing for another. A low word.
When I drove a thrust home, he put it by,
And cried, as in derision, spare the stripling;
Oh that insulting word! I would have swopp'd
Youth for old age, and all my life behind,
To have been then a momentary man. Dryden's Cleomenes.

SWORD. n. s. [sweord, Saxon; sweerd, Dutch.]
1. A weapon used either in cutting or thrusting; the usual
weapon of fights hand to hand.
Old unhappy traitor, the sword is out
That must destroy thee. Shakesp. King Lear.
Each man took his sword, and slew all the males. Gen.
Euryalus is the only peer that is described with a sword,
which he gives to Ulysses to repair his injury. Broome.
2. Destruction by war.
The sword without, and terrour within. Deut. xxxii. 25.
3. Vengeance of justice.
4. Emblem of authority.
This I, her sword bearer, do carry,
For civil deed and military. Hudibras.

SWO’RDED. adj. [from sword.] Girt with a sword.
The sworded seraphim
Are seen in glitt'ring ranks with wings display'd. Milton.

SWO’RDER. n. s. [from sword.] A cut-throat; a soldier. In
contempt.
A Roman sworder and banditto slave
Murther'd sweet Tully. Shakes. Henry VI.
Cæsar will
Unstate his happiness, and be stag'd to th' shew
Against a sworder. Shakespeare.

SWO’RDFISH. n s. A fish with a long sharp bone issuing from
his head.
A swordfish small him from the rest did sunder,
That in his throat him pricking softly under,
His wide abyss him forced forth to spew. Spenser.
Malpighi observed the middle of the optick nerve of the
swordfish to be a large membrane, folded, according to its
length, in many doubles, like a fan. Derham's Physico-Theol.
Our little fleet was now engag'd so far,
That, like the swordfish in the whale, they fought;
The combat only seem'd a civil war,
'Till through their bowels we our passage wrought. Dryd.

SWO’RDGRASS. n. s. A kind of sedge; glader. Ainsw.

SWO’RDKNOT. n. s. [sword and knot.] Ribband tied to the
hilt of the sword.
Wigs with wigs, swordknots with swordknots strive,
Beaus banish beaus, and coaches coaches drive. Pope.

SWO’RDLAW. n. s. Violence; the law by which all is yielded
to the stronger.
So violence
Proceeded, and oppression, and swordlaw,
Through all the plain, and refuge none was found. Milton.

SWO’RDMAN. n. s. [sword and man.] Soldier; fighting man.
Worthy fellows, and like to prove most sinewy sword­
men. Shak All's well that ends well.
At Lecca's house,
Among your swordmen, where so many associates
Both of thy mischief and thy madness met. Ben. Johnson.
Essex was made lieutenant-general of the army, the darling
of the swordmen. Clarendon.

SWO’RDPLAYER. n. s. [sword and play.] Gladiator; sencer;
one who exhibits in publick his skill at the weapons by fight­
ing prizes.
These they called swordplayers, and this spectacle a sword­
fight. Hakewill on Providence.

SWORE. The preterite of swear.
How soon unsay
What feign'd submission swore. Milton.

SWORN. The participle passive of swear.
What does else want credit, come to me,
And I'll be sworn 'tis true. Shakespeare.
I am sworn brother, sweet,
To grim necessity; and he and I
Will keep a league 'till death. Shak. Richard II.
They that are mad against me, are sworn against me. Ps.
He refused not the civil offer of a pharisee, though his sworn
enemy; and would eat at the table of those who sought his
ruin. Calamy's Sermons.
To shelter innocence,
The nation all elects some patron-knight,
Sworn to be true to love, and slave to fame,
And many a valiant chief enrols his name. Granville.

SWUM. Preterite and participle passive of swim.
Air, water, earth,
By fowl, fish, beast, was flown, was swum, was walk'd
Frequent. Milton's Paradise Lost.

SWUNG. Preterite and participle passive of swing.
Her hand within her hair she wound,
Swung her to earth, and dragg'd her on the ground. Addis.

SYB. adj. [Properly sib, sib, Saxon.] Related by blood. The
Scottish dialect still retains it.
If what my grandsire to me said be true,
Siker I am very syb to you. Spenser's Pastorals.
SYC

SY’CAMINE. n. s. A tree.
SY’CAMORE. n. s. A tree.
Sycamore is our acer majus, one of the kinds of maples: it
is a quick grower. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Under the grove of sycamore
I saw your son. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
If ye had faith as a grain of mustard-seed, ye might say
unto this sycamine-tree, be thou plucked up, and it should
obey you. Lu. xvii. 6.
I was no prophet, but an herdman, and a gatherer of syca­
more fruit. Amos vii. 14.
Go to yonder sycamore-tree, and hide your bottle of drink
under its hollow root. Walton's Angler.
Sycamores with eglantine were spread;
A hedge about the sides, a covering over head. Dryden.

SY’COPHANT. n. s. [s??f????; sycophanta, Latin.] A flat­
terer; a parasite.
Accusing sycophants, of all men, did best sort to his na­
ture; but therefore not seeming sycophants, because of no evil
they said, they could bring any new or doubtful thing unto
him, but such as already he had been apt to determine; so as
they came but as proofs of his wisdom, fearful and more se­
cure, while the fear he had figured in his mind had any possi­
bility of event. Sidney.


Men know themselves void of those qualities which the
impudent sycophant, at the same time, both ascribes to them,
and in his sleeve laughs at them for believing. South.

To SY’COPHANT. v. n. [s??fa???; from the noun.] To
play the sycophant. A low bad word.
His sycophanting arts being detected, that game is not to be
played the second time; whereas a man of clear reputation,
though his barque be split, has something left towards setting
up again. Government of the Tongue.

SYCOPHA’NTICK. adj. [from sycophant.] Flattering; parasi­
tical.

To SY’COPHANTISE. v. n. [s??fa???; from sycophant.] To
play the flatterer. Dict.
SYL

SYLLA’BICAL. adj. [from syllable.] Relating to syllables; con­
sisting of syllables.

SYLLA’BICALLY. adv. [from syllabical.] In a syllabical manner.

SYLLA’BICK. adj. [syllabique, French; from syllable.] Relating
to syllables.

SY’LLABLE. n. s. [s???a; syllabe, French.]
1. As much of a word as is uttered by the help of one vowel, or
one articulation.
I heard
Each syllable that breath made up between them. Shakesp.
There is that property in all letters of aptness to be con­
joined in syllables and words, through the voluble motions of
the organs from one stop or figure to another, that they mo­
dify and discriminate the voice without appearing to discon­
tinue it. Holder's Elements of Speech.
2. Any thing proverbially concise.
Abraham, Job, and the rest that lived before any syllable of
the law of God was written, did they not sin as much as we
do in every action not commanded? Hooker.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He hath told so many melancholy stories, without one syl­
lable of truth, that he hath blunted the edge of my fears. Swift.

To SY’LLABLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To utter; to pro­
nounce; to articulate. Not in use.
Airy tongues that syllable mens names
On sands and shores, and desart wildernesses. Milton.

SY’LLABUB. n. s. [Rightly SILLABUB, which see.] Milk and
acids.
No syllabubs made at the milking pail,
But what are compos'd of a pot of good ale. Beaumont.
Two lines would express, all they say in two pages: 'tis
nothing but whipt syllabub and froth, without any solidity.
Felton on the Classicks.

SY’LLABUS. n. s. [s???a?.] An abstract; a compendium
containing the heads of a discourse.

SY’LLOGISM. n. s. [s??????s??; syllogisme, French.] An
argument composed of three propositions: as, every man thinks;
Peter is a man, therefore Peter thinks.
Unto them a piece of rhetorick is a sufficient argument of
logick, an apologue of æsop beyond a syllogism in Barbara.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
What a miraculous thing should we count it, if the flint
and the steel, instead of a few sparks, should chance to knock
out definitions and syllogisms? Bentley.

SYLLOGI’STICAL. adj. [s?????????; from syllogism.] Re­
taining to a syllogism; consisting of a
syllogism.
SYLLOGI’STICK. adj. [s?????????; from syllogism.] Re­
taining to a syllogism; consisting of a
syllogism.
Though we suppose subject and predicate, and copula, and
propositions and syllogistical connexions in their reasoning,
there is no such matter; but the intire business is at the same
moment present with them, without deducing one thing from
another. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Though the terms of propositions may be complex, yet
where the composition of the whole argument is thus plain,
simple, and regular, it is properly called a simple syllogism,
since the complexion does not belong to the syllogistick form of
it. Watts's Logick.

SYLLOGI’STICALLY. adv. [from syllogistical.] In the form of
a syllogism.
A man knows first, and then he is able to prove syllogisti­
cally; so that syllogism comes after knowledge, when a man
has no need of it. Locke.

To SY’LLOGIZE. v. n. [syllogiser, French; s??????e??.] To
reason by syllogism.
Logick is, in effect, an art of syllogizing. Baker.
Men have endeavoured to transform logick into a kind of
mechanism, and to teach boys to syllogize, or frame arguments
and refute them, without real knowledge. Watts.

SY’LVAN. adj. [Better silvan.] Woody; shady; relating to
woods.
Cedar and pine, and fir and branching palm,
A sylvan scene! and as the ranks ascend,
Shade above shade, a woody theatre
Of stateliest view. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Eternal greens the mossy margin grace,
Watch'd by the sylvan genius of the place. Pope.

SY’LVAN. n. s. [sylvain, French.] A wood-god, or satyr.
When the sun begins to fling
His flaring beams, me, goddess, bring
To arched walks of twilight groves,
And shadows brown, that sylvan loves,
Of pine or monumental oak. Milton.
Her private orchards wall'd on ev'ry side;
To lawless sylvans all access deny'd. Pope.
SYM

SY’MBOL. n. s. [symbole, French; s?????; symbolum,
Latin.]
1. An abstract; a compendium; a comprehensive form.
Beginning with the symbol of our faith, upon that the au­
thor of the gloss enquires into the nature of faith. Baker.
2. A type; that which comprehends in its figure a representation
of something else.
Salt, as incorruptible, was the symbol of friendship; which,
if it casually fell, was accounted ominous, and their amity of
no duration. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Words are the signs and symbols of things; and as, in ac­
counts, ciphers and figures pass for real sums, so words and
names pass for things themselves. South's Sermons.
The heathens made choice of these lights as apt symbols of
eternity, because, contrary to all sublunary beings, though
they seem to perish every night, they renew themselves every
morning. Addison on ancient Medals.

SYMBO’LICAL. adj. [symbolique, French; s??ß????; from
symbol.] Representative; typical; expressing by signs.
By this incroachment idolatry first crept in, men convert­
ing the symbolical use of idols into their proper worship, and
receiving the representation of things unto them as the sub­
stance and thing itself. Brown.
The sacrament is a representation of Christ's death, by such
symbolical actions as himself appointed. Taylor.

SYMBO’LICALLY. adv. [from symbolical.] Typically; by re­
presentation.
This distinction of animals was hieroglyphical, in the in­
ward sense implying an abstinence from certain vices, symboli­
cally intimated from the nature of those animals. Brown.
It symbolically teaches our duty, and promotes charity by a
real signature and a sensible sermon. Taylor.

SYMBOLIZA’TION. n. s. [from symbolize.] The act of symbo­
lizing; representation; resemblance.
The hierogliphical symbols of Scripture, excellently in­
tended in the species of things sacrificed in the dreams of Pha­
roah, are oftentimes racked beyond their symbolizations.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To SYMBOLI’ZE. v. n. [symboliser, French; from symbol.] To
have something in common with another by representative
qualities.
Our king finding himself to symbolize in many things with
that king of the Hebrews, honoured him with the title of
this foundation. Bacon.
The pleasing of colour symbolizeth with the pleasing of any
single tone to the ear; but the pleasing of order doth symbolize
with harmony. Bacon's Natural History.
Aristotle and the schools have taught, that air and water,
being symbolizing elements, in the quality of moisture, are
easily transmutable into one another. Boyle.
They both symbolize in this, that they love to look upon
themselves through multiplying glasses. Howel.
I affectedly symbolized in careless mirth and freedom with
the libertines, to circumvent libertinism. More.
The soul is such, that it strangely symbolizes with the thing
it mightily desires. South's Sermons.

To SYMBOLI’ZE. v. a. To make representative of some­
thing.
Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colours.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

SYMME’TRIAN. n. s. [from symmetry.] One eminently stu­
dious of proportion.
His face was a thought longer than the exact symmetrians
would allow. Sidney.

SYMME’TRICAL. adj. [from symmetry.] Proportionate; having
parts well adapted to each other.

SYMME’TRIST. n. s. [from symmetry.] One very studious or
observant of proportion.
Some exact symmetrists have been blamed for being too true.
Wotton's Architecture.

SY’MMETRY. n. s. [symmetrie, French; s? and ??t??.]
Adaptation of parts to each other; proportion; harmony;
agreement of one part to another.
She by whose lines proportion should be
Examin'd, measure of all symmetry;
Whom had that ancient seen, who thought souls made
Of harmony, he would at next have said
That harmony was she. Donne.
And in the symmetry of her parts is found
A pow'r, like that of harmony in sound. Waller.


Symmetry, equality, and correspondence of parts, is the
discernment of reason, not the object of sense. More.
Nor were they only animated by him, but their measure
and symmetry were owing to him. Dryden.

SYMPATHE’TICAL. adj. [sympathetique, Fr. from sympathy.]
Having mutual sensation; being affected
either by what happens to the other; feeling in consequence of
what another feels.
SYMPATHE’TICK. adj. [sympathetique, Fr. from sympathy.]
Having mutual sensation; being affected
either by what happens to the other; feeling in consequence of
what another feels.
Hereupon are grounded the gross mistakes, in the cure of
diseases, not only from the last medicine and sympathetick re­
ceipts, but amulets, charms, and all incantatory applications.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.
United by this sympathetick bond,
You grow familiar, intimate, and fond. Roscommon.
To confer at the distance of the Indies by sympathetick con­
veyances, may be as usual to future times as to us in a literary
correspondence. Glanv. Sceps.
To you our author makes her soft request,
Who speak the kindest, and who write the best:
Your sympathetick hearts she hopes to move,
From tender friendship and endearing love. Prior.
All the ideas of sensible qualities are not inherent in the in­
animate bodies; but are the effects of their motion upon our
nerves, and sympathetical and vital passions produced within
ourselves. Bentley.

SYMPATHE’TICALLY. adv. [from sympathetick.] With sym­
pathy; in consequence of sympathy.

To SY’MPATHIZE. v. n. [sympatiser, French; from sympathy.]
To feel with another; to feel in consequence of what ano­
ther feels; to feel mutually.
The men sympathize with the mastiffs in robustious and
rough coming on. Shakespeare.
The thing of courage,
As rouz'd with rage, with rage doth sympathize. Shakesp.
Nature, in awe to him,
Had doff'd her gaudy trim,
With her great master so to sympathize. Milton.
Green is a pleasing colour, from a blue and a yellow mixed
together, and by consequence blue and yellow are two colours
which sympathize. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The limbs of his body is to every one a part of himself:
he sympathizes, and is concerned for them. Locke.
Their countrymen were particularly attentive to all their
story, and sympathized with their heroes in all their adven­
tures. Addison's Spectator.
Though the greatness of their mind exempts them from
fear, yet none condole and sympathize more heartily than they.
Collier on Kindness.

SY’MPATHY. n. s. [sympathie, French; s???e?a.] Fel­
lowfeeling; mutual sensibility; the quality of being affected
by the affection of another.
A world of earthly blessings to my soul,
If sympathy of love unite our thoughts. Shakesp. H. VI.
You are not young; no more am I: go to, then, there's
sympathy: you are merry, so am I; ha! ha! then there's
more sympathy: you love sack, and so do I; would you desire
better sympathy? Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
But what it is,
The action of my life is like it, which I'll keep,
If but for sympathy. Shakes. Cymbeline.
If there was a sympathy in choice,
War, death, or sickness did lay siege to it. Shakespeare.
I started back;
It started back: but pleas'd I soon return'd;
Pleas'd it return'd as soon, with answering looks
Of sympathy and love. Milton's Paradise Lost.
They saw, but other sight instead, a crowd
Of ugly serpents: horror on them fell,
And horrid sympathy. Milton.
Or sympathy, or some connat'ral force,
Pow'rful at greatest distance to unite,
With secret amity, things of like kind,
By secretest conveyance. Milt. Paradise Lost.
There never was any heart truly great and generous, that
was not also tender and compassionate: it is this noble quality
that makes all men to be of one kind; for every man would
be a distinct species to himself, were there no sympathy among
individuals. South's Sermons.
Can kindness to desert, like your's, be strange?
Kindness by secret sympathy is ty'd;
For noble souls in nature are ally'd. Dryden.
There are such associations made in the minds of most men,
and to this might be attributed most of the sympathies and an­
tipathies observable in them. Locke.

SYMPHO’NIOUS. adj. [from symphony.] Harmonious; agree­
ing in sound.
Up he rode,
Follow'd with acclamation and the sound
Symphonious of ten thousand harps, that tun'd
Angelick harmonies. Milton.

SY’MPHONY. n. s. [symphonie, French; s? and f??.] Con­
cert of instruments; harmony of mingled sounds.
A learned searcher from Pythagoras's school, where it was a
maxim that the images of all things are latent in numbers, de­
termines the comeliest proportion between breadths and
heights, reducing symmetry to symphony, and the harmony of
sound to a kind of harmony in sight. Wotton.
Speak ye who best can tell, ye sons of light,
Angels! for ye behold him, and with songs
And choral symphonies, day without night,
Circle his throne rejoicing. Milton's Par. Lost.
The trumpets sound,
And warlike symphony is heard around;
The marching troops through Athens take their way;
The great earl-marshal orders their array. Dryden.

SY’MPHYSIS. n. s. [s? and f?.]
Symphysis, in its original signification, denotes a connas­
cency, or growing together; and perhaps is meant of those
bones which in young children are distinct, but after some
years unite and consolidate into one bone. Wiseman.

SYMPO’SIACK. adj. [symposiaque, French; s???s?a?.] Re­
lating to merry makings; happening where company is drink­
ing together.
By desiring a secrecy to words spoke under the rose, we
only mean in society and compotation, from the ancient cus­
tom of symposiack meetings to wear chaplets of roses about
their heads. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
In some of those symposiack disputations amongst my ac­
quaintance, I affirmed that the dietetick part of medicine de­
pended upon scientifick principles. Arbuthnot.

SY’MPTOM. n. s. [symptome, French; s?p??a.]
1. Something that happens concurrently with something else,
not as the original cause, nor as the necessary or constant
effect.
2. A sign; a token.
Ten glorious campaigns are passed, and now, like the sick
man, we are expiring with all sorts of good symptoms. Swift.

SYMPTOMA’TICAL. adj. [symptomatique, French; from symp­
tom.] Happening concurrently, or oc­
casionally.
SYMPTOMA’TICK. adj. [symptomatique, French; from symp­
tom.] Happening concurrently, or oc­
casionally.
Symptomatical is often used to denote the difference between
the primary and secondary causes in diseases; as a sever from
pain is said to be symptomatical, because it arises from pain
only; and therefore the ordinary means in fevers are not in
such cases to be had recourse to, but to what will remove the
pain; for when that ceases, the fever will cease, without any
direct means taken for that. Quincy.
By fomentation and a cataplasm the swelling was discussed;
and the fever, then appearing but symptomatical, lessened as the
heat and pain mitigated. Wiseman's Surgery.

SYMPTOMA’TICALLY. adv. [from symptomatical.] In the na­
ture of a symptom.
The causes of a bubo are vicious humours abounding in
the blood, or in the nerves, excreted sometimes critically,
sometimes symptomatically. Wiseman.
SYN

SYNAGO’GICAL. adj. [from synagogue.] Pertaining to a syna­
gogue.

SY’NAGOGUE. n. s. [synagogue, French; s??a???.] An
assembly of the Jews to worship.
Go, Tubal, and meet me at our synagogue. Shakesp.
As his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sab­
bath. Gospel.

SYNALE’PHA. n. s. [s??a???f.] A contraction or exci­
sion of a syllable in a Latin verse, by joining together two
vowels in the scanning or cutting off the ending vowel; as,
ill' ego. Bailey.
Virgil, though smooth, is far from affecting it: he fre­
quently uses synalepha's, and concludes his sense in the middle
of his verse. Dryden.

SYNARTHRO’SIS. n. s. [s? and ??.] A close conjunction
of two bones.
There is a conspicuous motion where the conjunction is
called diarthrosis, as in the elbow; an obscure one, where the
conjunction is called synarthrosis, as in the joining of the car­
pus to the metacarpus. Wiseman's Surgery.

SYNCHONDRO’SIS. n. s. [s? and ??d.]
Synchondrosis is an union by gristles of the sternon to the
ribs. Wiseman.

SYNCHRO’NICAL. adj. [s and ??.] Happening together
at the same time.
It is difficult to make out how the air is conveyed into the
left ventricle of the heart, the systole and diastole of the heart
and lungs being far from synchronical. Boyle.

SY’NCHRONISM. n. s. [s? and ??.] Concurrence of
events happening at the same time.
The coherence and synchronism of all the parts of the Mo­
saical chronology, after the Flood, bears a most regular testi­
mony to the truth of his history. Hale.

SY’NCHRONOUS. adj. [s? and ?.] Happening at the
same time.


The variations of the gravity of the air keep both the solids
and fluids in an oscillatory motion, synchronous and proportional
to their changes. Arbuthnot on Air.

SY’NCOPE. n. s. [syncope, French; s???p.]
1. Fainting fit.
The symptoms attending gunshot wounds are pain, fever,
delirium, and syncope. Wiseman.
2. Contraction of a word by cutting off part.

SY’NCOPIST. n. s. [from syncope.] Contractor of words.
To outshine all the modern syncopists, and thoroughly con­
tent my English readers, I intend to publish a Spectator that
shall not have a single vowel in it. Spectator.

To SYNDI’CATE. v. n. [syndiquer, French; s? and d?.]
To judge; to pass judgment on; to censure. An unusual
word.
Aristotle undertook to censure and syndicate his master and
all law makers before him. Hakewill on Providence.

SY’NDROME. n. s. [s??d??.] Concurrent action; concur­
rence.
All things being linked together by an uninterrupted chain
of causes, every single motion owns a dependance on such a
syndrome of prerequired motors. Glanville's Sceps.

SYNE’CDOCHE. n. s. [synecdoche, French; s??ed?.] A
figure by which part is taken for the whole, or the whole for
part.
Because they are instruments of grace in the hand of God,
and by these his holy spirit changes our hearts; therefore the
whole work is attributed to them by a synecdoche; that is, they
do in this manner the work for which God ordained them.
Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

SYNECDO’CHICAL. adj. [from synecdoche.] Expressed by a sy­
necdoche; implying a synecdoche.
Should I, Lindamer, bring you into hospitals, and shew
you there how many souls, narrowly lodged in synecdochical
bodies, see their earthen cottages moulder away to dust, those
miserable persons, by the loss of one limb after another, sur­
viving but part of themselves, and living to see themselves
dead and buried by piecemeal? Boyle's Seraphick Love.

SYNNEURO’SIS. n. s. [s? and ?e??.]
Synneurosis is when the connexion is made by a ligament.
Of this in symphysis we find instances, in the connexion of the
ossa pubis together, especially in women, by a ligamentous
substance. In articulations it is either round, as that which
unites the head of the os femoris to the coxa; or broad, as
the tendon of the patella, which unites it to the os tibiæ.
Wiseman's Surgery.

SY’NOD. n. s. [synode, French; s??d.]
1. An assembly, particularly of ecclesiasticks. A provincial
synod is commonly used, and a general council.
The glorious gods sit in hourly synod about thy particular
prosperity. Shakesp. Goriolanus.
Since the mortal and intestine jars
'Twixt thy seditious countrymen and us,
It hath in solemn synod been decreed,
T' admit no traffick to our adverse towns. Shakespeare.
The opinion was not only condemned by the synod, but im­
puted to the emperor as extreme madness. Bacon.
Flea-bitten synod, an assembly brew'd
Of clerks and elders ana, like the rude
Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. Cleaveland.
Well have ye judg'd, well ended long debate,
Synod of gods! and, like to what ye are,
Great things resolv'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Let us call to synod all the blest,
Through heav'n's wide bounds. Milton.
The second council of Nice he saith I most irreverently call
that wise synod; upon which he falls into a very tragical ex­
clamation, that I should dare to reflect so much dishonour on
a council. Stillingfleet.
Parent of gods and men, propitious Jove!
And you bright synod of the pow'rs above,
On this my son your gracious gifts bestow. Dryden.
2. Conjunction of the heavenly bodies.
Howe'er love's native hours are set,
Whatever starry synod met,
'Tis in the mercy of her eye,
If poor love shall live or die. Crashaw.
Their planetary motions and aspects
Of noxious efficacy, and when to join
In synod unbenign. Milton.
As the planets and stars have, according to astrologers, in
their great synods, or conjunctions, much more powerful in­
fluences on the air than are ascribed to one or two of them out
of that aspect; so divers particulars, which, whilst they lay
scattered among the writings of several authors, were in­
considerable, when they come to be laid together, may of­
tentimes prove highly useful to physiology in their conjunc­
tions. Boyle.

SY’NODAL. adj. [synodique, French; from synod.]
SYNO’DICAL. adj. [synodique, French; from synod.]
SYNO’DICK. adj. [synodique, French; from synod.]
1. Relating to a synod; transacted in a synod.
St. Athanasius writes a synodical epistle to those of Antioch,
to compose the differences among them upon the ordination
of Paulinus. Stillingfleet.
2. [Synodique, French.] Reckoned from one conjunction with
the sun to another.
The diurnal and annual revolutions of the sun, to us are
the measures of day and year; and the synodick revolution of
the moon measures the month. Holder.
The moon makes its synodical motion about the earth in
twenty-nine days twelve hours and about forty-four minutes.
Locke's Elements of Natural Philosophy.

SYNO’DICALLY. adv. [from synodical.] By the authority of a
synod or publick assembly.
It shall be needful for those churches synodically to determine
something in those points. Saunderson.

SYNO’NYMA. n. s. [Latin; s????????.] Names which signify
the same thing.

To SYNO’NOMISE. v. a. [from synonyma.] To express the same
thing in different words.
This word fortis we may synonymise after all these fashions,
stout, hardy, valiant, doughty, couragious, adventurous, brave,
bold, daring, intrepid. Camden's Remains.

SYNONYMO’US. adj. [synonyme, Fr. s????????.] Expressing the
same thing by different words.
These words consist of two propositions which are not dis­
tinct in sense, but one and the same thing variously expressed;
for wisdom and understanding are synonymous words here. Tillot.
Fortune is but a synonymous word for nature and necessity.
Bentley's Sermons.
When two or more words signify the same thing, as wave
and billow, mead and meadow, they are usually called synony­
mous words. Watts's Logick.

SYNO’NYMY. n. s. [s???????a.] The quality of expressing by
different words the same thing.

SYNO’PSIS. n. s. [s?????.] A general view; all the parts
brought under one view.

SYNO’PTICAL. adj. [from synopsis.] Affording a view of many
parts at once.
We have collected so many synoptical tables, calculated
for his monthly use. Evelyne's Kalendar.

SYNTA’CTICAL. adj. [from syntaxis, Latin.]
1. Conjoined; fitted to each other.
2. Relating to the construction of speech.

SY’NTAX. n. s. [s?ta???.]
SYNTA’XIS. n. s. [s?ta???.]
1. A system; a number of things joined together.
They owe no other dependance to the first than what is
common to the whole syntax of beings. Glanville.
2. That part of Grammar which teaches the construction of
words.
I can produce a hundred instances to convince any reason­
able man that they do not so much as understand common
Grammar and syntax. Swift.

SYNTHE’SIS. n. s. [s?es??.] The act of joining, opposed to
analysis.
The synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and
established as principles, and by them explaining the phæno­
mena proceeding from them, and proving the explanations.
Newton's Opticks.

SYNTHE’TICK. adj. s??et??.] Conjoining; compounding;
forming composition.
Synthetick method is that which begins with the parts, and
leads onward to the knowledge of the whole; it begins with
the most simple principles and general truths, and proceeds by
degrees to that which is drawn from them or compounded of
them; and therefore it is called the method of composition.
Watts's Logick.

SY’PHON. n. s. [This should be written siphon; s?f??.] A
tube; a pipe.
Take your glass, syphon, or crane, and draw it off from
its last fæces into small bottles. Mortimer.
SYR

SY’RINGE. n. s. [s????.] A pipe through which any liquour
is squirted.
The heart seems not designed to be the fountain or conser­
vatory of the vital flame, but as a machine to receive the blood
from the veins and force it out by the arteries through the
whole body as a syringe doth any liquor, though not by the
same artifice. Ray.

To SY’RINGE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To spout by a syringe.
A flux of blood from the nose, mouth, and eye was stopt by
the syringing up of oxycrate. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. To wash with a syringe.

SY’RINGOTOMY. n. s. [s??? and t?t??a.] The act or practice
of cutting fistulas or hollow fores.



SY’RTIS. n. s. [Latin.] A quick sand; a bog.
A boggy syrtis, neither sea, nor good dry land. Milton.
SYS

SY’STEM. n. s. [systeme, Fr. s???a.]
1. Any complexure or combination of many things acting toge­
ther.
2. A scheme which reduces many things to regular dependence
or co-operation.
3. A scheme which unites many things in order.
Aristotle brings morality into system, by treating of happiness
under heads, and ranges it in classes according to its different
objects, distinguishing virtues into their several kinds which
had not been handled systematically before. Baker.
The best way to learn any science is to begin with a regu­
lar system, or a short and plain scheme of that science well
drawn up into a narrow compass. Watts.

SYSTEMA’TICAL. adj. [systematique, Fr. s????at??; from
system.] Methodical; written or formed with regular subordi­
nation of one part to another.
It will be necessary, in a discourse about the formation of
the world, to give you a brief account of some of the most
principal and systematical phænomena that occur in it. Bentley.
Now we deal much in essays, and unreasonably despise
systematical learning; whereas our fathers had a just value for
regularity and systems. Watts.

SYSTEMA’TICALLY. adv. [from systematical.] In form of a
system.
I treat of the usefulness of writing books of essay, in com­
parison of that of writing systematically. Boyle.
Aristotle brings morality into system, and ranges it into
classes according to its different objects, distinguishing virtues
into their several kinds, which had not been handled systema­
tically before. Baker.

SY’STOLE. n. s. [systole, Fr. s????.]
1. [In anatomy.] The contraction of the heart.
The systole resembles the forcible bending of a spring, and
the diastole its flying out again to its natural site. Ray.
2. [Systole, French.] In Grammar, the shortening of a long syl­
lable.




T

T A consonant, which, at the beginning and end
of words, has always the same sound nearly
approaching to the d; but before an i, when
followed by a vowel, has the sound of an ob­
scure s: as, nation, salvation, except when s
precedes t: as, Christian, question.

TAB

TA’BBY. n. s. [tabi, tabino, Italian; tabis, French.] A kind
of waved silk.
Brocades, and tabies, and gauses. Swift.

TA’BBY. adj. Brinded; brindled; varied with different co­
lours.
A tabby cat sat in the chimney-corner. Addison.
On her tabby rival's face,
She deep will mark her new disgrace. Prior.

TABEFA’CTION. n. s. [tabefacio, Latin.] The act of wasting
away.

To TA’BEFY. v. n. [tabefacio, Latin.] To waste; to be ex­
tenuated by disease. In the following example it is impro­
perly a verb active.
Meat eaten in greater quantity than is convenient tabefies
the body. Harvey on Consumptions.

TA’BARD. n. s. [taberda, low Latin; tabard, Fr.] A long
gown; a herald's coat.
TA’BERD. n. s. [taberda, low Latin; tabard, Fr.] A long
gown; a herald's coat.

TA’BERDER. n. s. [from taberd.] One who wears a long
gown.

TA’BERNACLE. n. s. [tabernacle, Fr. tabernaculum, Lat.]
1. A temporary habitation; a casual dwelling.
They sudden rear'd
Cœlestial tabernacles, where they slept
Fann'd with cool winds. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
2. A sacred place; a place of worship.
The greatest conqueror did not only compose his divine
odes, but set them to musick: his works, though consecrated
to the tabernacle, became the national entertainment, as well
as the devotion of his people. Addison's Spect. No. 405.

To TA’BERNACLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To enshrine; to
house.
The word was made flesh, and tabernacled amongst us,
and we beheld his glory. John i. 14.

TA’BID. adj. [tabide, Fr. tabidus, Lat.] Wasted by disease;
consumptive.
In tabid persons milk is the best restorative, being chyle
already prepared. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

TA’BIDNESS. n. s. [from tabid.] Consumptiveness; state of be­
ing wasted by disease.

TA’BLATURE. n. s. [from table.] Painting on walls or ceilings.

TA’BLE. n. s. [table, Fr. tabula, Latin.]
1. Any flat or level surface.
Upon the castle hill there is a bagnio paved with fair tables
of marble. Sandys.
2. A horizontal surface raised above the ground, used for meals
and other purposes.
We may again
Give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights. Shakespeare.
Help to search my house; if I find not what I seek, let
me for ever be your table sport. Shakespeare.
Children at a table never asked for any thing, but content­
edly took what was given them. Locke on Education.
This shuts them out from all table conversation, and the
most agreeable intercourses. Addison's Spectator.
Nor hath the fruit in it any core or kernel; and differing
from other apples, yet is a good table fruit. Mortimer.
The nymph the table spread,
Ambrosial cates, with nectar, rosy red. Pope.
3. The persons sitting at table, or partaking of entertainment.
Give me some wine, fill full,
I drink to th' general joy of the whole table. Shakespeare.
4. The fare or entertainment itself: as, he keeps a good table.
5. A tablet; a surface on which any thing is written or en­
graved.
He was the writer of them in the tables of their hearts.
Hooker, b. iii.
'Twas pretty, though a plague,
To see him every hour; to sit and draw
His arched brows, his hawking eye, his curls,
In our hearts table. Shakespeare.
All these true notes of immortality
In our heart's table we shall written find. Davies.
I prepar'd to pay in verses rude
A most detested act of gratitude:
Ev'n this had been your elegy which now
Is offer'd for your health, the table of my vow. Dryden.
There are books extant which the atheist must allow of as
proper evidence; even the mighty volumes of visible nature,
and the everlasting tables of right reason; wherein if they do
not wilfully shut their eyes, they may read their own folly
written by the finger of God in a much plainer and more
terrible sentence, than Belshazzar's was by the hand upon
the wall. Bentley's Sermons.
Among the Romans, the judge or prætor granted admini­
stration, not only according to the tables of the testament,
but even contrary to those tables. Ayliffe's Parergon.
By the twelve tables, only those were called into succession
of their parents that were in the parent's power. Ayliffe.
6. [Tableau, Fr.] A picture, or any thing that exhibits a view
of any thing.
I never lov'd myself,
Till now, infixed, I beheld myself
Drawn in the flatt'ring table of her eye. Shakespeare.
His Jalysus or Bacchus he so esteemed, that he had rather
lose all his father's images than that table. Peacham.
Saint Anthony has a table that hangs up to him from a
poor peasant, who fancied the saint had saved his neck. Addis.
7. An index; a collection of heads; a catalogue; a syllabus.
It might seem impertinent to have added a table to a book
of so small a volume, and which seems to be itself but a ta-
ble: but it may prove advantagious at once to learn the whole
culture of any plant. Evelyn's Kalender.
Their learning reaches no farther than the tables of con­
tents. Watts.
8. A synopsis; many particulars brought into one view.
I have no images of ancestors,
Wanting an ear, or nose; no forged tables
Of long descents, to boast false honours from. B. Johnson.
9. The palm of the hand.
Mistress of a fairer table
Hath not history nor fable. Benj. Johnson.
10. Draughts; small pieces of wood shifted on squares.
Monsieur the nice,
When he plays at tables, chides the dice. Shakespeare.
We are in the world like men playing at tables; the chance
is not in our power, but to play it, is; and when it is fallen
we must manage it as we can. Taylor.
11. To turn the TABLES. To change the condition or fortune
of two contending parties: a metaphor taken from the vicis­
situde of fortune at gaming tables.
They that are honest would be arrant knaves if the tables
were turned. L'Estrange.
If it be thus, the tables would be turned upon me; but I
should only fail in my vain attempt. Dryden.

To TA’BLE. v. n. [from the noun.] To board; to live at the
table of another.
He lost his kingdom, was driven from the society of men
to table with the beasts, and to graze with oxen. South.
You will have no notion of delicacies if you table with
them; they are all for rank and foul feeding. Felton.

To TA’BLE. v. a. To make into a catalogue; to set down.
I could have looked on him without admiration, though
the catalogue of his endowments had been tabled by his side,
and I to peruse him by items. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

TA’BLEBEER. n. s. [table and beer.] Beer used at victuals;
small beer.

TA’BLEBOOK. n. s. [table and book.] A book on which any
thing is graved or written without ink.
What might you think,
If I had play'd the desk or table-book. Shakesp. Hamlet.


Nature wipes clean the table-book first, and then pourtrays
upon it what she pleaseth. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Put into your table-book whatsoever you judge worthy. Dry.
Nature's fair table-book, our tender souls,
We scrawl all o'er with old and empty rules,
Stale memorandums of the schools. Swift's Miscel.

TA’BLECLOTH. n. s. [table and cloth.] Linen spread on a table.
I will end with Odo holding master doctor's mule, and
Anne with her tablecloth. Camden's Remains.

TA’BLEMAN. n. s. A man at draughts.
In clericals the keys are lined, and in colleges they use to
line the tablemen. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

TA’BLER. n. s. [from table.] One who boards. Ains.

TA’BLETALK. n. s. [table and talk.] Conversation at meals
or entertainments; table discourse.
Let me praise you while I have a stomach.
—No, let it serve for tabletalk. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
His fate makes tabletalk, divulg'd with scorn,
And he a jest into his grave is born. Dryden's Juvenal.
He improves by the tabletalk, and repeats in the kitchen
what he learns in the parlour. Guardian, No. 165.
No fair adversary would urge loose table-talk in controversy,
and build serious inferences upon what was spoken but in
jest. Atterbury.

TA’BLET. n. s. [from table.]
1. A small level surface.
2. A medicine in a square form.
It hath been anciently in use to wear tablets of arsenick,
or preservatives, against the plague; as they draw the venom
to them from the spirits. Bacon.
3. A surface written on or painted.
It was by the authority of Alexander, that through all
Greece the young gentlemen learned, before all other things,
to design upon tablets of boxen wood. Dryden.
The pillar'd marble, and the tablet brass,
Mould'ring, drop the victor's praise. Prior.

TA’BOUR. n. s. [tabourin, tabour, old French.] A small
drum; a drum beaten with one stick to accompany a pipe.
If you did but hear the pedlar at door, you would never
dance again after a tabour and pipe. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
The shepherd knows not thunder from a tabour,
More than I know the sound of Marcius' tongue
From every meaner man. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Morrice-dancers danced a maid marian, and a tabour and
pipe. Temple.

To TA’BOUR. v. n. [taborer, old French, from the noun.] To
strike lightly and frequently.
And her maids shall lead her as with the voice of doves,
tabouring upon their breasts. Nah. ii. 7.

TA’BOURER. n. s. [from tabour.] One who beats the tabour.
Would I could see this tabourer. Shakespeare.

TA’BOURET. n. s. [from tabour.] A small drum or tabour.
They shall depart the manor before him with trumpets,
tabourets, and other ministrelsey. Spectat. No. 607.

TA’BOURINE. n. s. [French.] A tabour; a small drum.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear,
Make mingle with our rattling tabourines,
That heav'n and earth may strike their sounds together,
Applauding our approach. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.

TA’BRERE. n. s. Tabourer. Obsolete.
I saw a shole of shepherds outgo,
Before them yode a lusty tabrere,
That to the merry hornpipe plaid,
Whereto they danced. Spenser's Pastorals.

TA’BRET. n. s. A tabour.
Wherefore didst thou steal away, that I might have sent
thee away with mirth and with tabret. Gen. xxxi. 27.

TA’BULAR. n. s. [tabularis, Lat.]
1. Set down in the form of tables or synopses.
2. Formed in squares; made into laminæ.
All the nodules that consist of one uniform substance were
formed from a point, as the crusted ones, nay, and most of
the spotted ones, and indeed all whatever, except those that
are tabular and plated. Woodward on Fossils.

To TA’BULATE. v. a. [tabula, Lat.] To reduce to tables or
synopses.

TA’BULATED. adj. [tabula, Lat.] Having a flat surface.
Many of the best diamonds are pointed with six angles,
and some tabulated or plain, and square. Grew's Musæum.

TA’CHE. n. s. [from tack.] Any thing taken hold of; a catch;
a loop; a button.
Make fifty taches of gold, and couple the curtains together
with the taches. Exod. xxv. 6.

TAC

TA’CHYGRAPHY. n. s. [ta? and ???f?.] The art or prac­
tice of quick writing.

TA’CIT. n. s. [tacite, Fr. tacitus, Latin.] Silent; implied;
not expressed by words.
As there are formal and written leagues respective to cer­
tain enemies, so is there a natural and tacit confederation
amongst all men, against the common enemy of human so­
ciety, pirates. Bacon's holy War.
In elective governments there is a tacit covenant, that the
king of their own making shall make his makers princes.
L'Estrange.
Captiousness not only produces misbecoming expressions
and carriage, but is a tacit reproach of some incivility. Locke.

TA’CITLY. adv. [from tacit.] Silently; without oral expres­
sion.
While they are exposing another's weaknesses, they are
tacitly aiming at their own commendations. Addison.
Indulgence to the vices of men can never be tacitly implied,
since they are plainly forbidden in scripture. Rogers's Serm.

TACITU’RNITY. n. s. [Taciturnité, French; taciturnitas, Lat.]
Habitual silence.
The secretest of natures
Have not more gift in taciturnity. Shakespeare.
Some women have some taciturnity,
Some nunneries some grains of chastity. Donne.
Too great loquacity, and too great taciturnity by fits. Arb.

To TACK. v. a. [tacher. Breton.]
1. To fasten to any thing.
Of what supreme almighty pow'r
Is thy great arm, which spans the East and West,
And tacks the centre to the sphere. Herbert.
True freedom you have well defin'd:
But living as you list, and to your mind,
And loosely tack'd, all must be left behind. Dryden.
The symmetry of cloaths fancy appropriates to the wearer,
tacking them to the body as if they belonged to it. Grew.
Frame with sticks driven into the ground, so as to be co­
vered with the hair-cloth, or a blanket tacked about the edges.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
If a corner of a hanging wants a nail to fasten it, tack it
up. Swift.
2. To join; to unite; to stitch together.
There's but a shirt and an half in all my company; and
the half shirt is two napkins tack'd together, and thrown over
the shoulders like a herald's coat without sleeves. Shakesp.
I tack'd two plays together for the pleasure of variety.
Dryden.
They serve every turn that shall be demanded, in hopes of
getting some commendam tacked to their sees, to the great
discouragement of the inferior clergy. Swift.

To TACK. v. n. [probably from tackle.] To turn a ship.
This verseriam they construe to be the compass, which is
better interpreted the rope that turns the ship; as we say,
makes it tack about. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
Seeing Holland fall into closer measures with us and Swe­
den, upon the triple alliance, they have tacked some points
nearer France. Temple.
On either side they nimbly tack,
Both strive to intercept and guide the wind. Dryden.
They give me signs
To tack about, and steer another way. Addison.

TACK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A small nail.
2. The act of turning ships at sea.
At each tack our little fleet grows less,
And, like maim'd fowl, swim lagging on the main. Dryd.
3. To hold TACK. To last; to hold out. Tack is still re­
tained in Scotland, and denotes hold or persevering cohesion.
Martilmas beefe doth bear good tacke,
When countrey folke do dainties lacke. Tusser.
If this twig be made of wood
That will hold tack, I'll make the fur
Fly 'bout the ears of that old cur. Hudibras, p. i.

TA’CKLE. n. s. [tacel, Welsh, an arrow.]
1. An arrow.
The takil smote and in it went. Chaucer.
2. Weapons; instruments of action.
She to her tackle fell,
And on the knight let fall a peal
Of blows so fierce, and press'd so home,
That he retir'd. Hudibras, p. i.
Being at work without catching any thing, he resolved to
take up his tackle and be gone. L'Estrange's Fables.
3. [Taeckel, a rope, Dutch.] The ropes of a ship.
After at sea a tall ship did appear,
Made all of Heben and white ivory,
The sails of gold, of silk the tackle were,
Mild was the wind, calm seem'd the sea to be. Spenser.
At the helm
A seeming mermaid steers; the silken tackles
Swell with the touches of those flower-soft hands
That yarely frame the office. Shakespeare.
Thou hast a grim appearance, and thy face
Bears a command in't; though thy tackle's torn,
Thou shew'st a noble vessel. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
A stately ship
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim,
Sails fill'd, and streamers waving,
Courted by all the winds that hold them play. Milton.


Ere yet the tempest roars
Stand to your tackle, mates, and stretch your oars. Dryden.
If he drew the figure of a ship, there was not a rope
among the tackle that escaped him. Addison's Spectator.

TA’CKLED. adj. [from tackle.] Made of ropes tacked together.
My man shall
Bring thee cords, made like a tackled stair,
Which to the high top-gallant of my joy
Must be my convoy in the secret night. Shakespeare.

TA’CKLING. n. s. [from tackle.]
1. Furniture of the mast.
They wondered at their ships and their tacklings. Abbot.
Tackling, as sails and cordage, must be foreseen, and laid
up in store. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Red sheets of lightning o'er the seas are spread,
Our tackling yield, and wrecks at last succeed. Garth.
2. Instruments of action: as, fishing tackling, kitchen tackling.
I will furnish him with a rod, if you will furnish him with
the rest of the tackling, and make him a fisher. Walton.

TA’CTICAL. adj. [ta????, t?tt?; tactique, Fr.] Relating
to the art of ranging a battle.
TA’CTICK. adj. [ta????, t?tt?; tactique, Fr.] Relating
to the art of ranging a battle.

TAC’TICKS. n. s. [ta???.] The art of ranging men in the
field of battle.
When Tully had read the tacticks, he was thinking on the
bar, which was his field of battle. Dryden.

TA’CTILE. adj. [tactile, Fr. tactilis, tactum, Lat.] Susceptible
of touch.
We have iron, sounds, light, figuration, tactile qualities;
some of a more active, some of a more passive nature. Hale.

TACTI’LITY. n. s. [from tactile.] Perceptibility by the touch.

TA’CTION. n. s. [taction, Fr. tactio, Lat.] The act of touching.

TA’DPOLE. n. s. [tad, toad, and pola, a young one, Saxon.]
A young shapeless frog or toad, consisting only of a body
and a tail; a porwiggle.
I'll broach the tadpole on my rapier's point. Shakespeare.
Poor Tom eats the toad and the tadpole. Shakespeare.
The result is not a perfect frog but a tadpole, without any
feet, and having a long tail to swim with. Ray.
A black and round substance began to dilate, and after
awhile the head, the eyes, the tail to be discernable, and at
last become what the ancients called gyrinus, we a porwigle
or tadpole. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.

TA’EN, the poetical contraction of taken.

TA’FFETA. n. s. [taffetas, Fr. taffetar, Spanish.] A thin silk.
All hail, the richest beauties on the earth!
—Beauties no richer than rich taffata. Shakespeare.
Never will I trust to speeches penn'd;
Taffata phrases, silken terms precise,
Three pil'd hyperboles. Shakesp. Love's Labour lost.
Some think that a considerable diversity of colours argues
an equal diversity of nature, but I am not of their mind for
not to mention the changeable taffety, whose colours the phi­
losophers call not real, but apparent. Boyle on Colours.

TAG. n. s. [tag, Islandish, the point of a lance.]
1. A point of metal put to the end of a string.
2. Any thing paltry and mean.
If tag and rag be admitted, learned and unlearned, it is
the fault of some, not of the law. Whitgift.
Will you hence
Before the tag return, whose rage doth rend
Like interrupted waters. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The tag-rag people did not clap him and hiss him. Shak.
He invited tag, rag, and bob-tail, to the wedding. L'Estr.

TA’GTAIL. n. s. [tag and tail.] A worm which has the tail of
another colour.
They feed on tag worms and lugges. Carew.
There are other worms; as the marsh and tagtail. Walton.

To TAG. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To fit any thing with an end: as, to tag a lace.
2. To append one thing to another.
His courteous host
Tags every sentence with some fawning word,
Such as my king, my prince, at least my lord. Dryden.
'Tis tagg'd with rhyme, like Berecynthian Atys,
The mid-part chimes with art, which never flat is. Dryd.
3. The word is here improperly used.
Compell'd by you to tag in rhimes
The common slanders of the times. Swift.
4. To join: this is properly to tack.
Resistance, and the succession of the house of Hanover,
the whig writers perpetually tag together. Swift's Miscel.

TAI

TAIL. n. s. [tægl, Saxon.]
1. That which terminates the animal behind; the continua­
tion of the vertebræ of the back hanging loose behind.
Oft have I seen a hot o'er-weening our,
Run back and bite, because he was with-held,
Who, having suffer'd with the bear's fell paw,
Hath clapt his tail betwixt his legs and cry'd. Shakespeare.
This sees the cub, and does himself oppose,
And men and boats his active tail confounds. Waller.
The lion will not kick, but will strike such a stroke with
his tail, that will break the back of his encounterer. More.
Rouz'd by the lash of his own stubborn tail,
Our lion now will foreign foes assail. Dryden.
The tail fin is half a foot high, but underneath level with
the tail. Grew.
2. The lower part.
The Lord shall make thee the head, and not the tail; and
thou shalt be above, and not beneath. Deut. xxviii. 13.
3. Any thing hanging long; a cat-kin.
Duretus writes a great praise of the distilled water of those
tails that hang upon willow trees. Harvey on Consumptions.
4. The hinder part of any thing.
With the helm they turn and steer the tail. Butler.
5. To turn TAIL. To fly; to run away.
Would she turn tail to the heron, and fly quite out another
way; but all was to return in a higher pitch. Sidney.

To TAIL. v. n. To pull by the tail.
The conquering foe they soon assail'd,
First Trulla stav'd and Cerdon tail'd. Hudibras, b. i.

TA’ILED. adj. [from tail.] Furnished with a tail.
Snouted and tailed like a boar, footed like a goat. Grew.

TA’ILLAGE. n. s. [tailler, French.]
Taillage originally signifies a piece cut out of the whole;
and, metaphorically, a share of a man's substance paid by
way of tribute. In law, it signifies a roll or tax. Cowel.

TAILLE. n. s.
Taille, the fee which is opposite to fee-simple, because it is
so minced or pared, that it is not in his free power to be dis­
posed of who owns it; but is, by the first giver, cut or di­
vided from all other, and tied to the issue of the donee.
This limitation, or taille, is either general or special. Taille
general is that whereby lands or tenements are limited to a
man, and to the heirs of his body begotten; and the reason
of this term is, because how many soever women the tenant,
holding by this title, shall take to his wives, one after an­
other, in lawful matrimony, his issue by them all have a pos­
sibility to inherit one after the other. Taile special is that
whereby lands or tenements be limited unto a man and his
wife, and the heirs of their two bodies begotten. Cowel.

TAI’LOR. n. s. [tailleur, from tailler, French, to cut.] One
whose business is to make cloaths.
I'll entertain a score or two of tailors,
To study fashions to adorn my body. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Here's an English tailor come for stealing out of a French
hose: come tailor, you may roast your goose. Shakespeare.
The knight came to the tailor's to take measure of his
gown. Camden.
The world is come now to that pass, that the tailor and
shoemaker may cut out what religion they please. Howel.
They value themselves for this outside fashionableness of
the tailor's making. Locke on Education.
It was prettily said by Seneca, that friendship should not
be unript, but unstitcht, though somewhat in the phrase of a
tailor. Collier.
In Covent-Garden did a tailor dwell,
That sure a place deserv'd in his own hell. King.

To TAINT. v. a. [teindre, French.]
1. To imbue or impregnate with any thing.
The spaniel struck
Stiff by the tainted gale, with open nose
Draws full upon the latent prey. Thomson.
2. To stain; to fully.
We come not by the way of accusation
To taint that honour every good tongue blesses. Shakesp.
Sirens taint
The minds of all men, whom they can acquaint
With their attractions. Chapman's Odyssey, b. xii.
They the truth
With superstitions and traditions taint. Milton.
Those pure immortal elements
Eject him tainted now, and purge him off
As a distemper. Milton.
3. To infect.
Nothing taints sound lungs sooner than inspiring the breath
of consumptive lungs. Harvey on Consumptions.
Salts in fumes contract the vesicles, and perhaps the taint­
ed air may affect the lungs by its heat. Arbuthnot on Air.
With wholesome herbage mixt, the direful bane
Of vegetable venom taints the plain. Pope.
4. To corrupt.
A sweet-bread you found it tainted or fly-blown. Swift.
The yellow tinging plague
Internal vision taints. Thomson's Spring.
5. A corrupt contraction of attaint.

To TAINT. v. n. To be infected; to be touched.
Till Birnam wood remove to Dunsinane
I cannot taint with fear. Shakesp. Macbeth.

TAINT. n. s. [teinte, Fr. from the verb.]
1. A tincture; a stain.
2. An insect.
There is found in the Summer a spider called a taint, of a
red colour, and so little that ten of the largest will hardly
outweigh a grain. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.


As killing as the canker to the rose,
Or taint worm to the weaning herds that graze. Milton.
3. Infection.
A father that breeds his son at home, can keep him better
from the taint of servants than abroad. Locke on Education.
But is no rank, no station, no degree,
From this contagious taint of sorrow free. Prior.
4. A spot; a soil; a blemish.
Her offence
Must be of such unnatural degree,
That monsters it; or your forevouch'd affection
Fall'n into taint. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Now I
Unspeak mine own detraction; here abjure
The taints and blames I laid upon myself. Shakespeare.
My hellhounds shall lick up the draff and filth,
Which man's polluting sin with taint hath shed
On what was pure. Milton.

TA’INTLESS. adj. [from taint.] Free from infection.
No humours gross, or frowzy steams,
Could from her taintless body flow. Swift's Miscel.

TA’INTURE. n. s. [tinctura, Lat. teinture, French.] Taint;
tinge; defilement.
See here the tainture of thy nest,
And look thyself be faultless. Shakespeare.

TAK

To TAKE. v. a. preterite took, part. pass. taken, sometimes
took; taka, Islandish; ey tek, I take; ey took, I took.]
1. To receive what is offered.
Then took I the cup at the Lord's hand, and made all the
nations to drink. Jer. xxv. 17.
They refuse to take the cup at thine hand to drink. Jer.
Be thou advis'd, thy black design forsake;
Death, or this counsel, from Lucippus take. Waller.
An honest man may take a knave's advice,
But idiots only may be cozen'd twice. Dryden.
Madam, were I as you, I'd take her counsel. Philips.
Distress'd myself, like you, confin'd I live,
And therefore can compassion take and give. Dryden.
2. To seize what is not given.
In fetters one the barking porter ty'd,
And took him trembling from his sovereign's side. Dryden.
3. To receive.
No man shall take the nether or upper milstone to pledge.
Deut. xxiv. 6.
4. To receive with good or ill will.
For, what we know must be,
Why should we, in our peevish opposition,
Take it to heart. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
I will frown as they pass by, and let them take it as they
list. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
La you! if you speak ill of the devil, how he takes it at
heart. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Damasco, without any more ado, yielded unto the Turks;
which the bassa took in so good part, that he would not suffer
his soldiers to enter it. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The king being in a rage, took it grievously that he was
mocked. 2 Mac. vii. 39.
The queen hearing of a declination of monarchy, took it
so ill as she would never after hear of the other's suit. Bacon.
A following hath ever been a thing civil, and well taken in
monarchies, so it be without too much popularity. Bacon.
The diminution of the power of the nobility they took
very heavily. Clarendon.
I hope you will not expect from me things demonstrated
with certainty; but will take it well that I should offer at a
new thing. Graunt.
If I have been a little pilfering, I take it bitterly of thee to
tell me of it. Dryden.
The sole advice I could give him in conscience, would be
that which he would take ill, and not follow. Swift.
5. To lay hold on; to catch by surprize or artifice.
Who will believe a man that hath no house, and lodgeth
wheresoever the night taketh him? Ecclus. xxxvi. 26.
They silenced those who opposed them, by traducing them
abroad, or taking advantage against them in the house. Clar.
Men in their loose unguarded hours they take,
Not that themselves are wise, but others weak. Pope.
6. To snatch; to seize.
I am contented to dwell on the Divine Providence, and
take up any occasion to lead me to its contemplation. Hale.
7. To make prisoner.
Appoint a meeting with this old fat fellow,
Where we may take him, and disgrace him for it. Shak.
King Lear hath lost, he and his daughter ta'en. Shak.
This man was taken of the Jews, and should have been
killed. Acts xxii. 27.
They entering with wonderful celerity on every side, slew
and took three hundred Janizaries. Knolles.
8. To captivate with pleasure; to delight; to engage.
More than history can pattern, though devis'd
And play'd to take spectators. Shakespeare.
I long
To hear the story of your life, which must
Take the ear strangely. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Let her not take thee with her eyelids. Prov. vi. 25.
Yet notwithstanding, taken by Perkin's amiable behaviour,
he entertained him as became the person of Richard duke of
York. Bacon's Henry VII.
Their song was partial, but the harmony
Suspended hell, and took with ravishment
The thronging audience. Milton.
If I renounce virtue, though naked, then I do it yet more
when she is thus beautified on purpose to allure the eye, and
take the heart. Decay of Piety.
This beauty shines through some mens actions, sets off all
that they do, and takes all they come near. Locke.
Cleombrotus was so taken with this prospect, that he had
no patience. Wake.
9. To surprize; to catch.
Wise men are overborn when taken at a disadvantage.
Collier of Confidence.
10. To entrap; to catch in a snare.
Take us the foxes, that spoil the vines. 2 Cant. xv.
11. To understand in any particular sense or manner.
The words are more properly taken for the air or æther
than the heavens. Raleigh.
You take me right, Eupolis; for there is no possibility of
an holy war. Bacon's holy War.
I take it, andiron brass, called white brass, hath some
mixture of tin to help the lustre. Bacon.
Why, now you take me; these are rites
That grace love's days, and crown his nights:
These are the motions I would see. Benj. Johnson.
Give them one simple idea, and see that they take it right,
and perfectly comprehend it. Locke.
Charity taken in its largest extent, is nothing else but the
sincere love of God and our neighbour. Wake.
12. To exact.
Take no usury of him or increase. Lev. xxv. 36.
13. To get; to have; to appropriate.
And the king of Sodom said unto Abram, give me the
persons, and take the goods to thyself. Gen. xiv. 21.
14. To use; to employ.
This man always takes time, and ponders things maturely
before he passes his judgment. Watts.
15. To blast; to infect.
Strike her young bones,
You taking airs with lameness. Shakespeare.
16. To judge in favour of.
The nicest eye could no distinction make
Where lay the advantage, or what side to take. Dryden.
17. To admit any thing bad from without.
I ought to have a care
To keep my wounds from taking air. Hudibras, p. iii.
18. To get; to procure.
Striking stones they took fire out of them. 2 Mac. x. 3.
19. To turn to; to practise.
If any of the family be distressed, order is taken for their
relief: if any be subject to vice, or take ill courses, they are
reproved. Bacon's New Atlantis.
20. To close in with; to comply with.
Old as I am, I take thee at thy word,
And will to-morrow thank thee with my sword. Dryden.
She to her country's use resign'd your sword,
And you, kind lover, took her at her word. Dryden.
I take thee at thy word. Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother.
Where any one thought is such, that we have power to
take it up or lay it by, there we are at liberty. Locke.
21. To form; to fix.
Resolutions taken upon full debate, were seldom prosecuted
with equal resolution. Clarendon.
22. To catch in the hand; to seize.
He put forth a hand, and took me by a look of my head.
Ezek. viii. 3.
I took not arms till urg'd by self defence. Dryden.
23. To admit; to suffer.
Yet thy moist clay is pliant to command;
Now take the mould; now bend thy mind to feel
The first sharp motions of the forming wheel. Dryden.
24. To perform any action.
Peradventure we shall prevail against him, and take our re­
venge on him. Jer. xx. 10.
Uzzah put forth his hand to the ark, and took hold of it,
for the oxen shook it. 2 Sam. vi. 6.
Taking my leave of them, I went into Macedonia. 2 Cor.
Before I proceed, I would be glad to take some breath.
Bacon's holy War.
His wind he never took whilst the cup was at his mouth,
but justly observed the rule of drinking with one breath.
Hakewill on Providence.
Then call'd his brothers,
And her to whom his nuptial vows were bound;


A long sigh he drew,
And his voice failing, took his last adieu. Dryden's Fab.
The Sabine Clausus came,
And from afar, at Dryops took his aim. Dryden's æn.
Her lovers names in order to run o'er,
The girl took breath full thirty times and more. Dryden.
Heighten'd revenge he should have took;
He should have burnt his tutor's book. Prior.
The husband's affairs made it necessary for him to take a
voyage to Naples. Addison's Spectator.
I took a walk in Lincoln's Inn Garden. Tatler.
The Carthaginian took his seat, and Pompey entered with
great dignity in his own person. Tatler.
I am possessed of power and credit, can gratify my favou­
rites, and take vengeance on my enemies. Swift.
25. To receive into the mind.
When they saw the boldness of Peter and John, they took
knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus. Acts iv.
It appeared in his face, that he took great contentment in
this our question. Bacon.
Doctor Moore, in his Ethicks, reckons this particular in­
clination, to take a prejudice against a man for his looks,
among the smaller vices in morality, and names it a proso­
polepsia. Addison's Spect. No. 86.
A student should never satisfy himself with bare attendance
on lectures, unless he clearly takes up the sense. Watts.
26. To go into.
When news were brought that the French king besieged
Constance, he posted to the sea-coast to take ship. Camden.
Tygers and lions are not apt to take the water. Hate.
27. To go along; to follow; to persue.
The joyful short-liv'd news soon spread around,
Took the same train. Dryden.
Observing still the motions of their flight,
What course they took, what happy signs they shew. Dry.
28. To swallow; to receive.
Consider the insatisfaction of several bodies, and of their
appetite to take in others. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Turkeys take down stones, having found in the gizzard of
one no less than seven hundred. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
29. To swallow as a medicine.
Tell an ignoramus in place to his face that he has a wit
above all the world, and as fulsome a dose as you give him
he shall readily take it down, and admit the commendation,
though he cannot believe the thing. South.
Upon this assurance he took physick. Locke.
The glutinous mucilage that is on the outsides of the seeds
washed off causes them to take. Mortimer's Husb.
30. To choose one of more.
Take to thee from among the cherubim
Thy choice of flaming warriors. Milton.
Either but one man, or all men are kings: take which you
please it dissolves the bonds of government. Locke.
31. To copy.
Our phænix queen was pourtray'd too so bright,
Beauty alone cou'd beauty take so right. Dryden.
32. To convey; to carry; to transport.
Carry sir John Falstaff to the fleet,
Take all his company along with him. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He sat him down in a street; for no man took them into
his house to lodging. Judges xix. 15.
33. To fasten on; to seize.
Wheresoever he taketh him he teareth him; and he foam­
eth. Mark ix. 18.
No temptation hath taken you, but such as is common to
man. 1 Cor. x. 13.
When the frost and rain have taken them they grow dan­
gerous. Temple.
At first they warm, then scorch, and then they take,
Now with long necks from side to side they feed;
At length grown strong their mother-size forsake,
And a new colony of flames succeed. Dryden.
No beast will eat sour grass till the frost hath taken it. Mort.
In burning of stubble, take care to plow the land up round
the field, that the fire may not take the hedges. Mortimer.
34. Not to refuse; to accept.
Take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, he shall be
surely put to death. Num. xxxv. 31.
Thou tak'st thy mother's word too far, said he,
And hast usurp'd thy boasted pedigree. Dryden.
He that should demand of him how begetting a child gives
the father absolute power over him, will find him answer
nothing: we are to take his word for this. Locke.
Who will not receive clipped money whilst he sees the
great receipt of the exchequer admits it, and the bank and
goldsmiths will take it of him. Locke.
35. To adopt.
I will take you to me for a people, and I will be to you a
God. Exod. vi. 7.
36. To change with respect to place.
When he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them
to the host. Luke x. 35.
He put his hand into his bosom; and when he took it out,
it was leprous. Exod. iv. 6.
If you slit the artery, thrust a pipe into it, and cast a strait
ligature upon that part containing the pipe, the artery will
not beat below the ligature; yet do but take it off, and it
will beat immediately. Ray.
Lovers flung themselves from the top of the precipice into
the sea, where they were sometimes taken up alive. Addison.
37. To separate.
A multitude, how great soever, brings not a man any
nearer to the end of the inexhaustible stock of number, where
still there remains as much to be added as if none were taken
out. Locke.
The living fabrick now in pieces take,
Of every part due observation make;
All which such art discovers. Blackmore.
38. To admit.
Let not a widow be taken into the number under three­
score. 1 Tim. v. 9.
Though so much of heav'n appears in my make,
The foulest impressions I easily take. Swift.
39. To persue; to go in.
He alone,
To find where Adam shelter'd, took his way. Milton.
To the port she takes her way,
And stands upon the margin of the sea. Dryden.
Give me leave to seize my destin'd prey,
And let eternal justice take the way. Dryden.
It was her fortune once to take her way
Along the sandy margin of the sea. Dryden.
40. To receive any temper or disposition of mind.
They shall not take shame. Mic. ii. 6.
Thou hast scourged me, and hast taken pity on me. Tob.
They take delight in approaching to God. Isa. lviii. 2.
Take a good heart, O Jerusalem. Bar. iv. 30.
Men die in desire of some things which they take to heart.
Bacon.
Few are so wicked as to take delight
In crimes unprofitable. Dryden.
Children, if kept out of ill company, will take a pride to
behave themselves prettily, perceiving themselves esteemed.
Locke on Education.
41. To endure; to bear.
I can be as quiet as any body with those that are quarrel­
some, and be as troublesome as another when I meet with
those that will take it. L'Estrange.
Won't you then take a jest? Spectator, No. 422.
He met with such a reception as those only deserve who
are content to take it. Swift's Miscel.
42. To draw; to derive.
The firm belief of a future judgment, is the most forcible
motive to a good life; because taken from this consideration
of the most lasting happiness and misery. Tillotson.
43. To leap; to jump over.
That hand which had the strength, ev'n at your door,
To cudgel you, and make you take the hatch. Shakesp.
44. To assume.
Fit you to the custom,
And take t'ye as your predecessors have,
Your honour with your form. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I take liberty to say, that these propositions are so far from
having an universal assent, that to a great part of mankind
they are not known. Locke.
45. To allow; to admit.
Take not any term, howsoever authorized by the language
of the schools, to stand for any thing till you have an idea of
it. Locke.
Chemists take, in our present controversy, something for
granted which they ought to prove. Boyle.
46. To receive with fondness.
I lov'd you still, and took your weak excuses,
Took you into my bosom. Dryden.
47. To carry out for use.
He commanded them that they should take nothing for
their journey, save a staff. Mar. vi. 8.
48. To suppose; to receive in thought; to entertain in opinion.
This I take it
Is the main motive of our preparations. Shakespeare.
The spirits that are in all tangible bodies are scarce known.
Sometimes they take them for vacuum, whereas they are
the most active of bodies. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The farmer took himself to have deserved as much as any
man, in contributing more, and appearing sooner, in their
first approach towards rebellion. Clarendon.
Is a man unfortunate in marriage? Still it is because he
was deceived; and so took that for virtue and affection which
was nothing but vice in a disguise. South.
Our depraved appetites cause us often to take that for
true imitation of nature which has no resemblance of it.
Dryden.
So soft his tresses, fill'd with trickling pearl,
You'd doubt his sex, and take him for a girl. Tate.


Time is taken for so much of infinite duration, as is mea­
sured out by the great bodies of the universe. Locke.
They who would advance in knowledge, should lay down
this as a fundamental rule, not to take words for things. Locke.
Few will take a proposition which amounts to no more than
this, that God is pleased with the doing of what he himself
commands for an innate moral principle, since it teaches so
little. Locke.
Some tories will take you for a whig, some whigs will take
you for a tory. Pope.
As I take it, the two principal branches of preaching are,
to tell the people what is their duty, and then to convince
them that it is so. Swift.
49. To direct.
Where injur'd Nisus takes his airy course,
Hence trembling Scylla flies and shuns his foe. Dryden.
50. To separate for one's self from any quantity; to remove
for one's self from any place.
I will take of them for priests. Isa. lxvi. 21.
Hath God assayed to take a nation from the midst of an­
other. Deut. iv. 34.
I might have taken her to me to wife. Gen. xii. 19.
Enoch walked with God, and he was not, for God took
him. Gen. v. 24.
The Lord took of the spirit that was upon him, and gave
it unto the seventy elders.
Four heifers from his female store he took. Dryden.
51. Not to leave; not to omit.
The discourse here is about ideas, which he says are real
things, and we see in God: in taking this along with me, to
make it prove any thing to his purpose, the argument must
stand thus. Locke.
Young gentlemen ought not only to take along with them
a clear idea of the antiquities on medals and figures, but
likewise to exercise their arithmetick in reducing the sums of
money to those of their own country. Arbuthnot on Coins.
52. To receive payments.
Never a wife leads a better life than she does; do what
she will, take all, pay all. Shakespeare.
53. To obtain by mensuration.
The knight coming to the taylor's to take measure of his
gown, perceiveth the like gown cloth lying there. Camden.
With a two foot rule in his hand measuring my walls, he
took the dimensions of the room. Swift.
54. To withdraw.
Honeycomb, on the verge of threescore, took me aside,
and asked me whether I would advise him to marry? Spectat.
55. To seize with a transitory impulse; to affect so as not to
last.
Tiberius, noted for his niggardly temper, only gave his
attendants their diet; but once he was taken with a fit of
generosity, and divided them into three classes. Arbuthnot.
56. To comprise; to comprehend.
We always take the account of a future state into our
schemes about the concerns of this world. Atterbury.
Had those who would persuade us that there are innate
principles, not taken them together in gross, but considered
separately the parts, they would not have been so forward to
believe they were innate. Locke.
57. To have recourse to.
A sparrow took a bush just as an eagle made a stoop at an
hare. L'Estrange.
The cat presently takes a tree, and sees the poor fox torn
to pieces. L'Estrange.
58. To produce; or suffer to be produced.
No purposes whatsoever which are meant for the good of
that land will prosper, or take good effect. Spenser.
59. To catch in the mind.
These do best who take material hints to be judged by history Locke.
60. To hire; to rent.
If three ladies, like a luckless play,
Takes the whole house upon the poet's day. Pope.
61. To engage in; to be active in.
Question your royal thoughts, make the case yours;
Be now the father, and propose a son;
Behold yourself so by a son disdain'd;
And then imagine me taking your part,
And in your pow'r so silencing your son. Shak. Henry IV.
62. To suffer; to support.
In streams, my boy, and rivers take thy chance,
There swims, said he, thy whole inheritance. Addison.
Now take your turn; and, as a brother shou'd,
Attend your brother to the Stygian flood. Dryden's æn.
63. To admit in copulation.
Five hundred asses yearly took the horse,
Producing mules of greater speed and force. Sandys.
64. To catch eagerly.
Drances took the word; who grudg'd, long since,
The rising glories of the Daunian prince. Dryden.
65. To use as an oath or expression.
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain. Exod.
66. To seize as a disease.
They that come abroad after these shewers are commonly
taken with sickness. Bacon.
I am taken on the sudden with a swimming in my head.
Dryden.
67. To TAKE away. To deprive of.
If any take away from the book of this prophecy, God
shall take away his part out of the book of life. Rev. xx. 19.
The bill for taking away the votes of bishops was called a
bill for taking away all temporal jurisdiction. Clarendon.
Many dispersed objects breed confusion, and take away
from the picture that grave majesty which gives beauty to the
piece. Dryden.
You should be hunted like a beast of prey,
By your own law I take your life away. Dryden.
The fun'ral pomp which to your kings you pay,
Is all I want, and all you take away. Dryden's æn.
One who gives another any thing, has not always a right
to take it away again. Locke.
Not foes nor fortune takes this pow'r away,
And is my Abelard less kind than they. Pope.
68. To TAKE away. To set aside; to remove.
If we take away all consciousness of pleasure and pain, it
will be hard to know wherein to place personal identity.
Locke.
69. To TAKE care. To be careful; to be solicitous for; to
superintend.
Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn.
Doth God take care for oxen? 1 Cor. ix. 9.
70. To TAKE care. To be cautious; to be vigilant.
71. To TAKE course. To have recourse to measures.
They meant to take a course to deal with particulars by re­
concilements, and cared not for any head. Bacon.
The violence of storming is the course which God is forced
to take for the destroying, but cannot, without changing the
course of nature, for the converting of sinners. Hammond.
72. To TAKE down. To crush; to reduce; to suppress.
Do you think he is now so dangerous an enenty as he is
counted, or that it is so hard to take him down as some sup­
pose? Spenser on Ireland.
Take down their mettle, keep them lean and bare. Dryd.
Lacqueys were never so saucy and pragmatical as now, and
he should be glad to see them taken down. Addison.
73. To TAKE down. To swallow; to take by the mouth.
We cannot take down the lives of living creatures, which
some of the Paracelsians say, if they could be taken down,
would make us immortal: the next for subtilty of operation,
to take bodies putrefied, such as may be easily taken. Bacon.
74. To TAKE from. To derogate; to detract.
It takes not from you, that you were born with principles
of generosity; but it adds to you that you have cultivated
nature. Dryden.
75. To TAKE from. To deprive of.
Conversation will add to their knowledge, but be too apt
to take from their virtue. Locke.
Gentle gods take my breath from me. Shakespeare.
I will smite thee, and take thine head from thee. 1 Sam.
76. To TAKE heed. To be cautious; to beware.
Take heed of a mischievous man. Ecclus. xi. 33.
Take heed lest passion
Sway thy judgment to do ought. Milton.
Children to serve their parents int'rest live,
Take heed what doom against yourself you give. Dryden.
77. To TAKE heed to. To attend.
Nothing sweeter than to take heed unto the commandments
of the Lord. Ecclus. xxiii. 27.
78. To TAKE in. To comprise; to comprehend.
These heads are sufficient for the explication of this whole
matter; taking in some additional discourses, which make
the work more even. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
This love of our country takes in our families, friends,
and acquaintance. Addison.
The disuse of the tucker has enlarged the neck of a fine
woman, that at present it takes in almost half the body. Add.
Of these matters no satisfactory account can be given by
any mechanical hypothesis, without taking in the superinten­
dence of the great Creator. Derham's Physico-Theol.
79. To TAKE in. To admit.
An opinion brought into his head by course, because he
heard himself called a father, rather than any kindness that
he found in his own heart, made him take us in. Sidney.
A great vessel full being drawn into bottles, and then the
liquor put again into the vessel, will not fill the vessel again
so full as it was, but that it may take in more. Bacon.
Porter was taken in not only as a bed-chamber servant, but
as an useful instrument for his skill in the Spanish. Wotton.
Let fortune empty her whole quiver on me,
I have a soul, that, like an ample shield,
Can take in all; and verge enough for more. Dryden.
The sight and touch take in from the same object different
ideas. Locke.
There is the same irregularity in my plantations: I take
in none that do not naturally rejoice in the soil. Spectator.


80. To TAKE in. To win.
He sent Asan-aga with the Janizaries, and pieces of great
ordnance, to take in the other cities of Tunis. Knolles.
Should a great beauty resolve to take me in with the artil­
lery of her eyes, it would be as vain as for a thief to set
upon a new robbed passenger. Suckling.
Open places are easily taken in, and towns not strongly
fortified make but a weak resistance. Felton on the Classicks.
81. To TAKE in. To receive.
We went before, and sailed unto assos, there intending
to take in Paul. Acts xx. 13.
That which men take in by education is next to that which
is natural. Tillotson's Sermons.
As no acid is in an animal body but must be taken in by
the mouth, so if it is not subdued it may get into the blood.
Arbuthnot on Aliments.
82. To TAKE in. To receive mentally.
Though a created understanding can never take in the ful­
ness of the divine excellencies, yet so much as it can receive
is of greater value than any other object. Hale.
The idea of extension joins itself so inseparably with all
visible qualities, that it suffers to see no one without taking in
impressions of extension too. Locke.
It is not in the power of the most enlarged understanding
to frame one new simple idea in the mind, not taken in by
the ways afore-mentioned. Locke.
A man can never have taken in his full measure of know­
ledge before he is burried off the stage. Addison's Spect.
Let him take in the instructions you give him in a way
suited to his natural inclination. Watts.
Some bright genius can take in a long train of propositions.
Watts.
83. To TAKE oath. To swear.
The king of Babylon is come to Jerusalem, and hath
taken of the king's seed, and of him taken an oath. Ezek.
We take all oath of secrecy, for the concealing of those in­
ventions which we think fit to keep secret. Bacon.
84. To TAKE off. To invalidate; to destroy; to remove.
You must forsake this room and go with us;
Your power and your command is taken off,
And Cassio rules in Cyprus. Shakespeare's Othello.
The cruel ministers
Took off her life. Shakespeare.
If the heads of the tribes can be taken off, and the misled
multitude return to their obedience, such an extent of mercy
is honourable. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Sena loseth its windiness by decocting; and subtile or win­
dy spirits are taken off by incension or evaporation. Bacon.
To stop schisms, take off the principal authors by winning
and advancing them, rather than enrage them by violence. Bac.
What taketh off the objection is, that in judging scandal we
are to look to the cause whence it cometh. Bishop Sanderson.
The promises, the terrors, or the authority of the com­
mander, must be the topick whence that argument is drawn;
and all force of these is taken off by this doctrine. Hammond.
It will not be unwelcome to these worthies, who endea­
vour the advancement of learning, as being likely to find a
clear progression when so many untruths are taken off. Brown.
This takes not off the force of our former evidence. Still.
If the mark, by hindering its exportation, makes it less va­
luable, the melting pot can easily take it off. Locke.
A man's understanding failing him, would take off that
presumption most men have of themselves. Locke.
It shews virtue in the fairest light, and takes off from the
deformity of vice. Addison.
When we would take off from the reputation of an action,
we ascribe it to vain glory. Addison.
This takes off from the elegance of our tongue, but ex­
presses our ideas in the readiest manner. Addison.
The justices decreed, to take off a halfpeny in a quart from
the price of ale. Swift's Miscel.
How many lives have been lost in hot blood, and how
many likely to be taken off in cold. Blount to Pope.
Favourable names are put upon ill ideas, to take off the
odium. Watts.
85. To TAKE off. To with-hold; to withdraw.
He perceiving that we were willing to say somewhat, in
great courtesy took us off, and condescended to ask us ques­
tions. Bacon.
Your present distemper is not so troublesome, as to take
you off from all satisfaction. Wake.
There is nothing more resty and ungovernable than our
thoughts: they will not be directed what objects to pursue,
nor be taken off from those they have once fixed on; but run
away with a man in pursuit of those ideas they have in view,
let him do what he can. Locke.
Keep foreign ideas from taking off our minds from its pre­
sent pursuit. Locke.
86. To TAKE off. To swallow.
Were the pleasure of drinking accompanied, the moment
a man takes off his glass, with that sick stomach which, in
some men, follows not many hours after, nobody would ever
let wine touch his lips. Locke.
87. To TAKE off. To purchase.
Corn, in plenty, the labourer will have at his own rate,
else he'll not take it off the farmer's hands for wages. Locke.
The Spaniards having no commodities that we will take
off, above the value of one hundred thousand pounds per an­
num, cannot pay us. Locke.
There is a project on foot for transporting our best wheaten
straw to Dunstable, and obliging us to take off yearly so ma­
ny ton of straw hats. Swift's Miscel.
88. To TAKE off. To copy.
Take off all their models in wood. Addison.
89. To TAKE off. To find place for.
The multiplying of nobility brings a state to necessity;
and, in like manner, when more are bred scholars than pre­
ferments can take off. Bacon's Essays.
90. To TAKE off. To remove.
When Moses went in, he took the vail off until he came
out. Exod. xxxiv. 34.
If any would reign and take up all the time, let him take
them off and bring others on. Bacon.
He has taken you off, by a peculiar instance of his mercy,
from the vanities and temptations of the world. Wake.
91. To TAKE order with. To check; to take course with.
Though he would have turned his teeth upon Spain, yet
he was taken order with before it came to that. Bacon.
92. To TAKE out. To remove from within any place.
Griefs are green;
And all thy friends which thou must make thy friends
Have but their stings and teeth newly ta'en out. Shakesp.
93. To TAKE part. To share.
Take part in rejoicing for the victory over the Turks. Pope.
94. To TAKE place. To prevail; to have effect.
Where arms take place, all other pleas are vain;
Love taught me force, and force shall love maintain. Dry.
The debt a man owes his father takes place, and gives the
father a right to inherit. Locke.
95. To TAKE up. To borrow upon credit or interest.
The smooth pates now wear nothing but high shoes; and
if a man is through with them in honest taking up, they stand
upon security. Shakespeare.
We take up corn for them, that we may eat and live. Neh.
When Winter shuts the seas, she to the merchant goes,
Rich crystals of the rock she takes up there,
Huge agat vases, and old china ware. Dryden's Juvenal.
I have anticipated already, and taken up from Boccace be­
fore I come to him. Dryden's Fables.
Men, for want of due payment, are forced to take up the
necessaries of life at almost double value. Swift.
96. To be ready for; to engage with.
His divisions
Are, one power against the French,
And one against Glendower; perforce, a third
Must take up us. Shakesp. Henry IV.
97. To TAKE up. To apply to the use of.
We took up arms not to revenge ourselves,
But free the commonwealth. Addison.
98. To TAKE up. To begin.
They shall take up a lamentation for me. Ezek. xxv. 17.
Princes friendship, which they take up upon the accounts
of judgment and merit, they most times lay down out of hu­
mour. South's Serm.
99. To TAKE up. To fasten with a ligature passed under.
A large vessel opened by incision must be taken up before
you proceed. Sharp.
100. To TAKE up. To engross; to engage.
Take my esteem,
If from my heart you ask, or hope for more,
I grieve the place is taken up before. Dryden.
I intended to have left the stage, to which my genius ne­
ver much inclined me, for a work which would have taken
up my life in the performance. Dryden's Juvenal.
Over-much anxiety in worldly things takes up the mind,
hardly admitting so much as a thought of heaven. Duppa.
To understand fully his particular calling in the common­
wealth, and religion, which is his calling, as he is a man,
takes up his whole time. Locke.
Every one knows that mines alone furnish these: but
withal, countries stored with mines are poor; the digging
and resining of these metals taking up the labour, and wast­
ing the number of the people. Locke.
We were so confident of success, that most of my fellow­
soldiers were taken up with the same imaginations. Addison.
The following letter is from an artist, now taken up with
this invention. Addison.
There is so much time taken up in the ceremony, that be­
fore they enter on their subject the dialogue is half ended.
Addison on ancient Medals.
The affairs of religion and war took up Constantine so
much, that he had not time to think of trade. Arbuthnot.


When the compass of twelve books is taken up in these,
the reader will wonder by what methods our author could
prevent being tedious. Pope's Essay on Homer.
101. To TAKE up. To have final recourse to.
Arnobius asserts, that men of the finest parts and learning,
rhetoricians, lawyers, physicians, despising the sentiments
they had been once fond of, took up their rest in the Christian
religion. Addison on the Christian Religion.
102. To TAKE up. To seize; to catch; to arrest.
Though the sheriff have this authority to take up all such
stragglers, and imprison them; yet shall he not work that
terror in their hearts that a marshal will, whom they know
to have power of life and death. Spenser.
I was taken up for laying them down. Shakespeare.
You have taken up,
Under the counterfeited zeal of God,
The subjects of his substitute, and here upswarm'd them.
Shakespeare.
103. To TAKE up. To admit.
The ancients took up experiments upon credit, and did
build great matters upon them. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
104. To TAKE up. To answer by reproving; to reprimand.
One of his relations took him up roundly, for stooping so
much below the dignity of his profession. L'Estrange.
105. To TAKE up. To begin where the former left off.
The plot is purely fiction; for I take it up where the his­
tory has laid it down. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
Soon as the evening shades prevail,
The moon takes up the wond'rous tale,
And nightly to the list'ning earth
Repeats the story of her birth. Addison's Spect.
106. To TAKE up. To lift.
Take up these cloaths here quickly:
Where's the cowlstaff? Shakespeare.
The least things are taken up by the thumb and forefinger;
when we would take up a greater quantity, we would use the
thumb and all the fingers. Ray.
Milo took up a calf daily on his shoulders, and at last ar­
rived at firmness to bear the bull. Watts.
107. To TAKE up. To occupy.
The people by such thick throngs swarmed to the place,
that the chambers which opened towards the scaffold were
taken up. Hayward.
All vicious enormous practices are regularly consequent,
where the other hath taken up the lodging. Hammond.
Committees, for the convenience of the common-council
who took up the Guild-hall, sat in Grocer's-hall. Clarendon.
When my concernment takes up no more room than my­
self, then so long as I know where to breathe, I know also
where to be happy. South's Sermons.
These things being compared, notwithstanding the room
that mountains take up on the dry land, there would be at
least eight oceans required. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
When these waters were annihilated, so much other mat­
ter must be created to take up their places. Burnet.
Princes were so taken up with wars, that few could write
or read besides those of the long robes. Temple.
The buildings about took up the whole space. Arbuthnot.
108. To TAKE up. To accommodate; to adjust.
I have his horse to take up the quarrel. Shakespeare.
The greatest empires have had their rise from the pretence
of taking up quarrels, or keeping the peace. L'Estrange.
109. To TAKE up. To comprise.
I prefer in our countryman the noble poem of Palemon
and Arcite, which is perhaps not much inferior to the Ilias,
only it takes up seven years. Dryden's Fables.
110. To TAKE up. To adopt; to assume.
God's decrees of salvation and damnation have been taken
up by some of the Romish and Reformed churches, affixing
them to mens particular entities, absolutely considered. Hamm.
The command in war is given to the strongest, or
to the bravest; and in peace taken up and exercised by the
boldest. Temple.
Assurance is properly that confidence which a man takes up
of the pardon of his sins, upon such grounds as the scripture
lays down. South's Sermons.
The French and we still change, but here's the curse,
They change for better, and we change for worse.
They take up our old trade of conquering,
And we are taking their's to dance and sing. Dryden.
He that will observe the conclusions men take up, must be
satisfied they are not all rational. Locke.
Celibacy, in the church of Rome, was commonly forced,
and taken up, under a bold vow. Atterbury.
Lewis Baboon had taken up the trade of clothier, without
serving his time. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
Every man takes up those interests in which his humour en­
gages him. Pope.
If those proceedings were observed, morality and religion
would soon become fashionable court virtues, and be taken
up as the only methods to get or keep employments. Swift.
111. To TAKE up. To collect; to exact a tax.
This great bassa was born in a poor country village, and in
his childhood taken from his Christian parents, by such as
take up the tribute children. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
112. To TAKE upon. To appropriate to; to assume; to ad­
mit to be imputed to.
If I had no more wit than he, to take a fault upon me that
he did, he had been hang'd for't. Shakespeare.
He took not on him the nature of angels, but the seed of
Abraham. Heb. ii. 16.
For confederates, I will not take upon me the knowledge
how the princes of Europe, at this day, stand affected to­
wards Spain. Bacon's War with Spain.
Would I could your suff'rings bear;
Or once again could some new way invent,
To take upon myself your punishment. Dryden.
She loves me, ev'n to suffer for my sake;
And on herself would my refusal take. Dryden.
113. To TAKE upon. To assume; to claim authority.
These dangerous, unsafe lunes i' th' king! beshrew
them,
He must be told on't, and he shall; the office
Becomes a woman best: I'll take't upon me. Shakespeare.
Look that you take upon you as you should. Shakespeare.
This every translator taketh upon himself to do. Felton.

To TAKE. v. n.
1. To direct the course; to have a tendency to.
The inclination to goodness, if it issue not towards men,
it will take unto other things. Bacon.
The king began to be troubled with the gout; but the de­
fluxion taking also into his breast, wasted his lungs. Bacon.
All men being alarmed with it, and in dreadful suspence
of the event, some took towards the park. Dryden.
To shun thy lawless lust the dying bride,
Unwary, took along the river's side. Dryden.
2. To please; to gain reception.
An apple of Sodom, though it may entertain the eye with
a florid white and red, yet fills the hand with stench and foul­
ness: fair in look and rotten at heart, as the gayest and most
taking things are. South's Sermons.
Words and thoughts, which cannot be changed but for
the worse, must of necessity escape the transient view upon
the theatre; and yet without these a play may take. Dryden.
Eacg wit may praise it for his own dear sake,
And hint he writ it, if the thing shou'd take. Addison.
The work may be well performed, but will never take if
it is not set off with proper scenes. Addison's Freeholder.
May the man grow wittier and wiser by finding that this
stuff will not take nor please; and since by a little smattering
in learning, and great conceit of himself, he has lost his re­
ligion, may he find it again by harder study and an humbler
mind. Bentley.
3. To have the intended or natural effect.
In impressions from mind to mind, the impression taketh,
but is overcome by the mind passive before it work any ma­
nifest effect. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 901.
The clods, expos'd to Winter winds, will bake,
For putrid earth will best in vineyards take. Dryden.
4. To catch; to fix.
When flame taketh and openeth, it giveth a noise. Bacon.
5. To TAKE after. To learn of; to resemble; to imitate.
Beasts, that converse
With man, take after him, as hogs
Get pigs all th' year, and bitches dogs. Hudibras, p. i.
We cannot but think that he has taken after a good pat­
tern. Atterbury.
6. To TAKE in. To inclose.
Upon the sea-coast are parcels of land that would pay well
for the taking in. Mortimer's Husb.
7. To TAKE in. To lessen; to contract: as, he took in his
sails.
8. To TAKE in. To cheat; to gull: as, the cunning ones
were taken in. A low vulgar phrase.
9. To TAKE in hand. To undertake.
Till there were a perfect reformation, nothing would pros­
per that they took in hand. Clarendon, b. viii.
10. To TAKE in with. To resort to.
Men once placed take in with the contrary faction to that
by which they enter. Bacon's Essays.
11. To TAKE notice. To observe.
12. To TAKE notice. To shew by any act that observation is
made.
Some laws restrained the extravagant power of the nobili­
ty, the diminution whereof they took very heavily, though
at that time they took little notice of it. Clarendon.
13. To TAKE on. To be violently affected.
Your husband is in his old tunes again; he so takes on yon­
der with me husband, that any madness I ever yet beheld
seemed but tameness to this distemper. Shakespeare.
In horses, the smell of a dead horse maketh them fly
away, and take on as if they were mad. Bacon's Nat. Hist.


14. To TAKE on. To grieve; to pine.
How will my mother, for a father's death,
Take on with me, and ne'er be satisfy'd? Shakesp.
15. To TAKE to. To apply to; to be fond of.
Have him understand it as a play of older people, and he
will take to it of himself. Locke.
Miss Betsey won't take to her book. Swift.
The heirs to titles and large estates could never take to their
books, yet are well enough qualified to sign a receipt for half
a year's rent. Swift's Miscel.
Fear took hold upon them there, and pain, as of a woman
in travail. Psal. xlviii. 6.
They sent forth spies, which should feign themselves just
men, that they might take hold of his words. Luke xx. 20.
16. To TAKE to. To betake to; to have recourse.
If I had taken to the church, I should have had more sense
than to have turned myself out of my benefice by writing
libels. Dryden.
The callow storks with lizzard and with snake
Are fed, and soon as e'er to wing they take,
At sight those animals for food pursue. Dryden.
Men of learning who take to business, discharge it gene­
rally with greater honesty than men of the world. Addison.
17. To TAKE up. To stop.
The mind of man being naturally timorous of truth, and
yet averse to that diligent search necessary to its discovery, it
must needs take up short of what is really so. Glanville.
This grated harder upon the hearts of men, than the
strangeness of all the former articles that took up chiefly in
speculation. South.
Sinners at last take up, and settle in a contempt of all re­
ligion, which is called sitting in the seat of the scornful.
Tillotson's Sermons.
18. To TAKE up. To reform.
This rational thought wrought so effectually, that it made
him take up, and from that time prove a good husband. Locke.
19. To TAKE up with. To be contented with.
The ass takes up with that for his satisfaction, which he
reckoned upon before for his misfortune. L'Estrange.
The law and gospel call aloud for active obedience, and
such a piety as takes not up with idle inclinations, but shows
itself in solid instances of practice. South.
I could as easily take up with that senseless assertion of the
Stoicks, that virtues and vices are real bodies and distinct ani­
mals, as with this of the atheist, that they can all be derived
from the power of mere bodies. Bentley.
A poor gentleman ought not to be curate of a parish, ex­
cept he be cunninger than the devil. It will be difficult to
remedy this, because whoever had half his cunning would
never take up with a vicarage of ten pounds. Swift.
In affairs which may have an extensive influence on our
future happiness, we should not take up with probabilities.
Watts's Logick.
20. To TAKE up with. To lodge; to dwell.
Who would not rather take up with the wolf in the
woods, than make such a clutter in the world? L'Estrange.
Are dogs such desirable company to take up with? South.
His name and credit shall you undertake,
And in my house you shall be friendly lodg'd:
In 1643, the parliament took upon them to call an assembly
of divines, to settle some church controversies, of which
many were unfit to judge. Sanderson.
I take not on me here as a physician:
Nor do I, as an enemy to peace,
Troop in the throngs of military men:
But rather
To purge th' obstructions, which begins to stop
Our very veins of life. Shakesp. Henry IV.
21. To TAKE with. To please.
Our gracious master is a precedent to his own subjects, and
seasonable memento's may be useful; and being discretely
used, cannot but take well with him. Bacon.

TA’KEN, the participle pass. of take.
Thou art taken in thy mischief, because thou art bloody.
2 Sam. xvi. 8.
He who letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way.
2 Thess. ii. 7.
It concerns all who think it worth while to be in earnest
with their immortal souls, not to abuse themselves with a
false confidence: a thing so easily taken up, and so hardly
laid down. South's Sermons.
Scaliger, comparing the two great orators, says, that no­
thing can be taken from Demosthenes, nor added to Tully.
Denham.
Though he that is full of them thinks it rather an ease
than oppression to speak them out, yet his auditors are per­
haps as much taken up with themselves. Gov. of the Tongue.
The object of desire once ta'en away,
'Tis then not love, but pity which we pay. Dryden.

TA’KER. n. s. [from take.] He that takes.
He will hang upon him like a disease,
He is sooner caught than the pestilence,
And the taker runs presently mad. Shakespeare.
The dear sale beyond the seas encreased the number of
takers, and the takers jarring and brawling one with another,
and foreclosing the fishes, taking their kind within harbour,
decreased the number of the taken. Carew.
The far distance of this county from the court hath here­
tofore afforded it a supersedeas from takers and surveyors.
Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Berry coffee and the leaf tobacco, of which the Turks are
great takers, condense the spirits, and make them strong.
Bacon.
Few like the Fabii or the Scipio's are,
Takers of cities, conquerors in war. Denham.
He to betray us did himself betray,
At once the taker, and at once the prey. Denham.
Seize on the king, and him your prisoner make,
While I, in kind revenge, my taker take. Dryden.
Rich cullies may their boasting spare,
They purchase but sophisticated ware:
'Tis prodigality that buys deceit,
Where both the giver and the taker cheat. Dryden.

TA’KING. n. s. [from take.] Seizure; distress.
What a taking was he in, when your husband asked who
was in the basket. Shakespeare.
She saw in what a taking,
The knight was by his furious quaking. Butler.

TAL

TALE. n. s. [tale, from tellan, to tell, Saxon.]
1. A narrative; a story. Commonly a slight or petty account
of some trifling or fabulous incident: as, a tale of a tub.
This story prepared their minds for the reception of any
tales relating to other countries. Watts.
2. Oral relation.
My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,
And ev'ry tongue brings in a sev'ral tale,
And every tale condemns me for a villain. Shakespeare.
Life is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
Signifying nothing. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Hermia, for aught I could read,
Could ever hear by tale or history,
The course of true love never did run smooth. Shakesp.
We spend our years as a tale that is told. Psal. xc. 9.
3. [Talan, to count, Saxon.] Number reckoned.
Number may serve your purpose with the ignorant, who
measure by tale and not by weight. Hooker.
For ev'ry bloom his trees in Spring afford,
An autumn apple was by tale restor'd. Dryden's Virgil.
Both number twice a day the milky dams,
And once she takes the tale of all the lambs. Dryden.
The herald for the last proclaims
A silence, while they answer'd to their names,
To shun the fraud of musters false;
The tale was just. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
Reasons of things are rather to be taken by weight than
tale. Collier on Cloaths.
4. Reckoning; numeral account.
In packing, they keep a just tale of the number that every
hogshead containeth. Carew.
Money b'ing the common scale
Of things by measure, weight and tale;
In all th' affairs of church and state,
'Tis both the balance and the weight. Butler.
Then twelve returned upon the principal pannel, or the
tales, are sworn to try the same according to their evidence.
Hale.
5. Information; disclosure of any thing secret.
From hour to hour we ripe and ripe,
And then from hour to hour we rot and rot;
And thereby hangs a tale. Shakespeare.
Birds live in the air freest, and are aptest by their voice to
tell tales what they find, and by their flight to express the
same. Bacon.

TALEBE’ARING. n. s. [tale and bear.] The act of informing;
officious or malignant intelligence.
The said Timothy was extremely officious about their mis­
tress's person, endeavouring, by flattery and talebearing, to
set her against the rest of the servants. Arbuthnot.

TALEBE’ARER. n. s. [tale and bear.] One who gives officious
or malignant intelligence.
The liberty of a common table is a tacit invitation to all
intruders; as buffoons, spies, talebearers, flatterers. L'Estr.
In great families, some one false, paultry talebearer, by
carrying stories from one to another, shall inflame the minds,
and discompose the quiet of the whole family. South.

TA’LENT. n. s. [talentum, Lat.]
A talent signified so much weight, or a sum of money, the
value differing according to the different ages and countries.
Arbuthnot.
Five talents in his debt,
His means most short, his creditors most straight. Shakesp.


Two tripods cast in antick mould,
With two great talents of the finest gold. Dryden.
2. Faculty; power; gift of nature. A metaphor borrowed
from the talents mentioned in the holy writ.
Many who knew the treasurer's talent in removing preju­
dice, and reconciling himself to wavering affections, believed
the loss of the duke was unseasonable. Clarendon.
He is chiefly to be considered in his three different talents,
as a critick, satyrist, and writer of odes. Dryden.
'Tis not my talent to conceal my thoughts,
Or carry smiles and sunshine in my face,
When discontent sits heavy at my heart. Addison's Cato.
They are out of their element, and logick is none of their
talent. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
Persons who possess the true talent of raillery are like
comets; they are seldom seen, and all at once admired and
feared. Female Quixote.
3. Quality; nature. An improper and mistaken use.
Though the nation generally was without any ill talent to
the church in doctrine or discipline, yet they were not with­
out a jealousy that popery was not enough discountenanced.
Clarendon.
It is the talent of human nature to run from one extreme
to another. Swift.

TA’LISMAN. n. s. [I know not whence derived: t??es?a,
Skinner.] A magical character.
If the physicians would forbid us to pronounce gout, rheu­
matism, and stone, would that serve like so many talismans
to destroy the diseases. Swift.
Of talismans and sigils knew the power,
And careful watch'd the planetary hour. Pope.

TALISMA’NICK. adj. [from talisman.] Magical.
The figure of a heart bleeding upon an altar, or held in
the hand of a Cupid, has always been looked upon as talis­
manick in dresses of this nature. Addison's Spect.

To TALK. v. n. [taelen, Dutch.]
1. To speak in conversation; to speak fluently and familiarly;
not in set speeches; to converse.
I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you; but I
will not eat with you. Shakespeare.
Now is this vice's dagger become a squire, and talks as
familiarly of John of Gaunt as if he had been sworn brother
to him; and he never saw him but once. Shakesp. Henry IV.
The princes refrained talking, and laid their hand on their
mouth. Job xxix. 9.
The children of thy people still talk against thee. Ezek.
If I talk much, they shall lay their hands upon their mouth.
Wisd. viii. 12.
Here free from court-compliances he walks,
And with himself, his best adviser, talks. Waller.
As God remembers that we are but flesh, unable to bear
the nearer approaches of divinity, and so talks with us as once
with Moses through a cloud; so he forgets not that he breath­
ed into us breath of life, a vital active spirit. Decay of Piety.
Mention the king of Spain, he talks very notably; but if
you go out of the Gazette you drop him. Addison.
2. To prattle; to speak impertinently.
Hypocrites austerely talk
Of purity. Milton.
My heedless tongue has talk'd away this life. Rowe.
3. To give account.
The crystalline sphere, whose balance weighs
The trepidation talk'd. Milton.
The natural histories of Switzerland talk much of the fall
of these rocks, and the great damage done. Addison.
We will consider whether Adam had any such heir as our
author talks of. Locke.
4. To speak; to reason; to confer.
Let me talk with thee of thy judments. Jer. xii. 1.
Will ye speak wickedly for God, and talk deceitfully for
him? Job xiii. 7.
It is difficult task to talk to the purpose, and to put life and
perspicuity into our discourses. Collier on Pride.
Talking over the things which you have read with your
companions fixes them upon the mind. Watts.

TALK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Oral conversation; fluent and familiar speech.
We do remember; but our argument
Is all too heavy to admit much talk. Shakespeare.
Perceiving his soldiers dismayed, he forbad them to have
any talk with the enemy. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
How can he get wisdom that driveth oxen, is occupied in
their labours, and whose talk is of bullocks? Ecclus. xxxviii.
This ought to weigh with those whose reading is designed
for much talk and little knowledge. Locke.
In various talk th' instructive hours they past,
Who gave the ball, or paid the visit last. Pope.
2. Report; rumour.
I hear a talk up and down of raising our money, as a means
to retain our wealth, and keep our money from being carried
away. Locke.
3. Subject of discourse.
What delight to be by such extoll'd,
To live upon their tongues and be their talk,
Of whom to be despis'd were no small praise? Milton.

TALK. n. s. [talc, Fr.]
Stones composed of plates are generally parallel, and flexi­
ble and elastick: as, talk, cat-silver or glimmer, of which
there are three sorts, the yellow or golden, the white or sil­
very, and the black. Woodward's Fossils.
Venetian talk kept in a heat of a glass furnace; after all the
remaining body, though brittle and discoloured, had not lost
much of its bulk, and seemed nearer of kin to talk than mere
earth. Boyle.

TA’LKATIVE. adj. [from talk.] Full of prate; loquacious.
If I have held you overlong, lay hardly the fault upon my
old age, which in its disposition is talkative. Sidney.
This may prove an instructive lesson to the disaffected, not
to build any hopes on the talkative zealots of their party.
Addison.
I am ashamed I cannot make a quicker progress in the
French, where everybody is so courteous and talkative. Add.
The coxcomb bird so talkative and grave,
That from his cage cries cuckold, whore, and knave;
Though many a passenger he rightly call,
You hold him no philosopher at all. Pope.

TA’LKATIVENESS. n. s. [from talkative.] Loquacity; garru­
lity; fulness of prate.
We call this talkativeness a feminine vice; but he that shall
appropriate loquacity to women, may perhaps sometimes
need to light Diogenes's candle to seek a man. Gov. Tongue.
Learned women have lost all credit by their impertinent
talkativeness and conceit. Swift.

TA’LKER. n. s. [from talk.]
1. One who talks.
Let me give for instance some of those writers or talkers
who deal much in the words nature or fate. Watts.
2. A loquacious person; a pratler.
Keep me company but two years,
Thou shalt not know the sound of thine own tongue.
—Farewel, I'll grow a talker for this jeer. Shakespeare.
If it were desirable to have a child a more brisk talker,
ways might be found to make him so; but a wise father had
rather his son should be useful when a man, than pretty com­
pany. Locke on Education.
3. A boaster; a bragging fellow.
The greatest talkers in the days of peace, have been the
most pusillanimous in the day of temptation. Taylor.

TA’LKY. adj. [from talk.] Consisting of talk; resembling talk.
The talky flakes in the strata were all formed before the
subsidence, along with the sand. Woodward on Fossils.

TALL. adj. [tâl, Welsh.]
1. High in stature.
Bring word, how tall she is. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Two of nobler shape,
Erect and tall. Milton.
2. High; lofty.
Winds rush'd abroad
From the four hinges of the world, and fell
On the vext wilderness, whose tallest pines,
Though rooted deep as high, and sturdiest oaks
Bow'd their stiff necks. Milton's Par. Reg. b. iv.
May they encrease as fast, and spread their boughs,
As the high fame of their great owner grows:
May he live long enough to see them all
Dark shadows cast, and as his palace tall!
Methinks I see the love that shall be made,
The lovers walking in that am'rous shade. Waller.
3. Sturdy; lusty.
I'll swear thou art a tall fellow of thy hands, and that thou
wilt not be drunk; but I know thou art no tall fellow of thy
hands, and that thou wilt be drunk; but I would thou wouldst
be a tall fellow of thy hands. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

TA’LLAGE. n. s. [taillage, French.] Impost; excise.
The people of Spain were better affected unto Philip than
to Ferdinando, because he had imposed upon them many
taxes and tallages. Bacon's Henry VII.

TA’LLOW. n. s. [talge, Danish.] The grease or fat of an ani­
mal; suet.
She's the kitchen wench and all grease; and I know not
what use to put her to, but to make a lamp of her, and run
from her by her own light. I warrant her rags, and the tal­
low in them, will burn a Lapland winter. Shakespeare.
In Cuba and Hispaniola are killed divers thousands, whereof
the Spaniards only take the tallow or the hide. Abbot.
Snuff the candles close to the tallow, which will make
them run. Swift.

To TA’LLOW. v. a. [from the noun.] To grease; to smear
with tallow.

TA’LLOWCHANDLER. n. s. [tallow and chandelier, Fr.] One
who makes candles of tallow, not of wax.


Nastiness, and several nasty trades, as tallowchandlers,
butchers, and neglect of cleansing of gutters, are great oc­
casions of a plague. Harvey on the Plague.

TA’LLY. n. s. [from tailler, to cut, Fr.]
1. A stick notched or cut in conformity to another stick, and
used to keep accounts by.
So right his judgment was cut fit,
And made a tally to his wit. Hudibras, p. iii.
The only talents in esteem at present are those of Ex­
change-Alley; one tally is worth a grove of bays. Garth.
Have you not seen a baker's maid
Between two equal panniers fway'd?
Her tallies useless lie and idle,
If plac'd exactly in the middle. Prior.
From his rug the skew'r he takes,
And on the stick ten equal notches makes;
With just resentment flings it on the ground,
There take my tally of ten thousand pound. Swift.
2. Any thing made to suit another.
So suited in their minds and persons,
That they were fram'd the tallies for each other:
If any alien love had interpos'd,
It must have been an eye-sore to beholders. Dryden.

To TA’LLY. v. a. [from the noun.] To fit; to suit; to cut
out for any thing.
Nor sister either had, nor brother;
They seem'd just tally'd for each other. Prior.
They are not so well tallied to the present juncture. Pope.

To TA’LLY. v. n. To be fitted; to conform; to be suitable.
I found pieces of tiles that exactly tallied with the chan­
nel. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

TA’LMUD. n. s. The book containing the Jewish tradi­
tions, the rabbinical constitutions and expli­
cations of the law.
THA’LMUD. n. s. The book containing the Jewish tradi­
tions, the rabbinical constitutions and expli­
cations of the law.

TA’LNESS. n. s. [from tall.] Height of stature; procerity.
An hideous giant, horrible and high,
That with his talness seem'd to threat the sky. Fairy Qu.
The eyes behold so many naked bodies, as for talness of
stature could hardly be equalled in any country. Hayward.

TA’LON. n. s. [talon, French.] The claw of a bird of prey.
It may be tried, whether birds may not be made to have
greater or longer talons. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Upward the noble bird directs his wing,
And tow'ring round his master's earth-born foes,
Swift he collects his fatal stock of ire,
Lifts his fierce talon high, and darts the forked fire. Prior.

TAM

TA’MARIND tree. n. s. [tamarindus, Lat.]
The flower of the tamarind tree consists of several leaves,
which are so placed as to resemble a papilionaceous one in
some measure; but these expand circularly, from whose
many leaved flower-cup rises the pointal, which afterward
becomes a flat pod, containing many flat angular seeds sur­
rounded with an acid blackish pulp. Miller.
Lenitives are cassia, tamarinds, manna. Wiseman's Surgery.
Lay me reclin'd
Beneath the spreading tamarind that shakes,
Fan'd by the breeze its fever-cooling fruit. Thomson.

TA’MARISK. n. s. [tamarisce, Lat.]
The flowers of the tamarisk are rosaceous, consisting of
several leaves, which are placed orbicularly; from whose
flower-cup rises the pointal, which afterward becomes a pod,
somewhat like those of the sallow, which opens into two
parts, and contains several downy seeds. Miller.
Tamarisk is a tree that grows tall, and its wood is medi­
cinal. Mortimer's Husbandry.

TA’MBARINE. n. s. [tambourin, Fr.] A tabor; a small drum.
Calliope with muses moe,
Soon as thy oaten pipe began to sound,
Their ivory lutes and tambar nes forego. Spenser's Past.

TAME. adj. [tame, Saxon; taem, Dutch; tam, Danish.]
1. Not wild; domestick.
Thales the Milesian said, That of all wild beats a tyrant
is the worst, and of all tame beasts a flatterer. Addison.
2. Crushed; subdued; depressed; dejected; spiritless; heart­
less.
If you should need a pin,
You could not with more tame a tongue desire it. Shakesp.
And now their pride and mettle is asleep,
Their courage with hard labour tame and dull. Shakesp.
A most poor man made tame to fortune's blows,
Who by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. Shakesp. King Lear.
Praise him each savage furious beast,
That on his stores do daily feast;
And you tame slaves of the laborious plough,
Your weary knees to your Creator bow. Roscommon.
3. Spiritless; unanimated: as, a tame poem. A low phrase.

To TAME. v. n. [gatamgan, Gothick; temean, Saxon; tam­
men, Dutch.]
1. To reduce from wildness; to reclaim; to make gentle.
Those that tame wild horses,
Pace 'em not in their hands to make 'em gentle;
But stop their mouths with stubborn bits. Shakespeare.
2. To subdue; to crush; to depress; to conquer.
If the heavens do not their visible spirits
Send quickly down to tame the offences,
Humanity must perforce prey on itself. Shakesp. King Lear.
They cannot tame
Or overcome their riches! not by making
Baths, orchards, fish-pools, letting in of seas
Here, and then there forcing them out again. B. Johnson.
A puling cuckold, would drink up
The lees and dregs of a flat tamed piece. Shakespeare.
A race unconquer'd, by their clime made bold,
The Caledonians arm'd with want and cold,
Have been kept for you to tame. Waller.

TA’MEABLE. adj. [from tame.] Susceptive of taming.
Ganzas are supposed to be great fowls, of a strong flight,
and easily tameable; divers of which may be so brought up as
to join together in carrying the weight of a man. Wilkins.

TA’MELY. adj. [from tame.] Not wildly; meanly; spiritlesly.
True ob dience, of this madness cur'd,
Stoop tamely to the foot of majesty. Shakesp. Henry IV.
What courage tamely could to death consent,
And not by striking first the blow prevent. Dryden.
Once a champion of renown,
So tamely can you bear the ravish'd crown? Dryden.
Has he given way?
Did he look tamely on and let them pass? Addison.
Can you love and reverence your prelate, whom you tamely
suffer to be abused. Swift.

TA’MENESS. n. s. [from tame.]
1. The quality of being tame; not wildness.
2. Want of spirits; timidity.
Such a conduct must appear rather like tameness than beau­
ty, and expose his authority to insults. Rogers.

TA’MER. n. s. [from tame.] Conqueror; subduer.
He, great tamer of all human art,
Dulness! whose good old cause I yet defend. Pope.

TA’MINY. n. s. A woollen stuff.

TA’MKIN. n. s. The stopple of the mouth of a great gun.

To TA’MPER. v. a. [of uncertain derivation, derived by Skin­
ner from tempero, Latin.]
1. To be busy with physick.
'Tis in vain
To tamper with your crazy brain,
Without trepanning of your skull
As often as the moon's at full. Hudibras, p. ii.
He tried washes to bring him to a better complexion but
there was no good to be done; the very tampering cast him
into a disease. L'Estrange's Fables.
2. To meddle; to have to do without fitness or necessity.
That key of knowledge, which should give us entrance
into the recesses of religion, is by so much tampering and
wrenching made useless. Decay of Piety.
'Tis dang'rous tampering with a muse,
The profits small, and you have much to lose:
For though true with adorns your birth or place,
Degenerate lines degrade the attainted race. Roscommon.
Earl Waltheof being overtaken with wine, engaged in a
conspiracy; but repenting next morning, repaired to the king,
and discovered the whole matter: notwithstanding which he
was beheaded upon the defeat of the conspiracy, for having
but thus far tampered in it. Addison's Freeholder.
3. To deal; to practise with.
Others tamper'd
For Fleetwood, Desborough, and Lambert. Hudibras.

TAN

To TAN. v. a. [tannen, Dutch; tannen, French.]
1. To impregnate or imbue with bark.
A human skull covered with the skin, having been buried
in some limy soil, was tanned or turned into a kind of lea­
ther. Grew's Mus.
Black cattle produce tallow, hides, and beef; but the
greatest part of the hides are exported raw for want of bark
to tan them. Swift.
They sell us their bark at a good price for tanning our hides
into leather. Swift's Miscel.
2. To imbrown by the sun.
His face all tann'd with scorching sunny ray,
As he had travell'd many a Summer's day
Through boiling sands of Araby and Ind. Fa. Qu. b. i.
Like sun parch'd quarters on the city gates,
Such is thy tann'd skin's lamentable state. Donne.
A brown for which heaven would disband
The galaxy, and stars be tann'd. Cleaveland.

TANE for taken, ta'en.
Two trophees tane from th' East and Western shore,
And both those nations twice triumphed o'er. May's Virg.

TANG. n. s. [tanghe, Dutch, acrid.]
1. A strong taste; a taste left in the mouth.
Sin taken into the soul, is like a liquor poured into a ves­
sel; so much of it as it fills it also seasons: so that although


the body of the liquor should be poured out again, yet still it
leaves that tang behind it. South's Sermons.
It is strange that the soul should never once recal over any
of its pure native thoughts, before it borrowed any thing
from the body; never bring into the waking man's view any
other ideas but what have a tang of the cask, and derive their
original from that union. Locke.
2. Relish; taste. A low word.
There was not the least tang of religion, which is indeed
the worst affection in any thing he said or did. Atterbury.
3. Something that leaves a sting or pain behind it.
She had a tongue with a tang,
Would cry to a sailor, go hang. Shakesp. Tempest.
4. Sound; tone: this is mistaken for tone or twang.
There is a pretty affectation in the Allemain, which gives
their speech a different tang from ours. Holder.

To TANG. v. n. [This is, I think, mistaken for twang.] To
ring with.
Be opposite with a kinsman, surly with thy servants; let
thy tongue tang arguments of state; put thyself into the trick
of singularity. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

TA’NGENT. n. s. [tangent, Fr. tangens, Lat.]
Tangent, in trigonometry, is a right line perpendicularly
raised on the extremity of a radius, and which touches a
circle so as not to cut it; but yet intersects another line with­
out the circle called a secant that is drawn from the centre,
and which cuts the are to which it is a tangent. Trevoux.
Nothing in this hypothesis can retain the planets in their
orbs, but they would immediately desert them and the neigh­
bourhood of the sun, and vanish away in tangents to their
several circles into the mundane space. Bentley's Serm.

TANGIBI’LITY. n. s. [from tangible.] The quality of being
perceived by the touch.

TA’NGIBLE. adj. [from tango, Lat.] Perceptible by the touch.
Tangible bodies have no pleasure in the consort of air, but
endeavour to subact it into a more dense body. Bacon.
By the touch, the tangible qualities of bodies are discern­
ed, as hard, soft, smooth. Locke.

To TA’NGLE. v. a. [See entangle.]
1. To implicate; to knit together.
2. To ensnare; to entrap.
She means to tangle mine eyes too.
'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eye-balls, nor your cheek of cream. Shakesp.
I do, quoth he, perceive
My king is tangl'd in affection to
A creature of the queen's, lady Anne Bullen. Shakespeare.
You must lay lime to tangle her desires
By wailful sonnets, whose composed rhimes
Shall be full fraught with serviceable vows. Shakespeare.
If thou retire, the dauphin, well appointed,
Stands with the snares of war to tangle thee. Shakesp.
Now ly'st victorious
Among thy slain self-kill'd,
Not willingly, but tangl'd in the fold
Of dire necessity. Milton's Agonistes.
Skill'd to retire, and in retiring draw
Hearts after them, tangl'd in amorous nets. Milton.
With subtile cobweb cheats,
They're catch'd in knotted law-like nets;
In which when once they are entangl'd,
The more they stir, the more they're tangl'd. Hudibras.
3. To embroil; to embarrass.
When my simple weakness strays,
Tangled in forbidden ways:
He, my shepherd! is my guide,
He's before me, on my side. Crashaw.

To TA’NGLE. v. n. To be entangled.
Shrubs and tangling bushes had perplex'd
All path of man or beast.

TA’NGLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A knot of things mingled in
one another.
He leading swiftly rowl'd
In tangles, and made intricate seem strait,
To mischief swift. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Sport with Amaryllis in the shade,
Or with the tangles of Neæra's hair. Milton.

TA’NIST. n. s. [an Irish word; an taanisther, Erse.]
Presently after the death of any of their captains, they
assemble themselves to chuse another in his stead, and nomi­
nate commonly the next brother, and then next to him do
they chuse next of the blood to be tanist, who shall next suc­
ceed him in the said captainry. Spenser on Ireland.

TA’NISTRY. n. s. [from tanish.]
The Irish hold their lands by tanistry, which is no more
than a personal estate for his life-time that is tanist, by reason
he is admitted thereunto by election. Spenser on Ireland.
If the Irish be not permitted to purchase estates of free­
holds, which might descend to their children, must they not
continue their custom of tanistry? which makes all their
possessions uncertain. Davies on Ireland.
By the Irish custom of tanistry, the chieftains of every
country, and the chief of every sept, had no longer estate
than for life in their chieferies; and when their chieftains
were dead, their sons, or next heirs, did not succeed them,
but their tanists, who were elective, and purchased their elec­
tions by strong hand. Davies on Ireland.

TANK. n. s. [tanque, Fr.] A large cistern or bason.
Handle your pruning-knife with dexterity; go tightly to
your business: you have cost me much, and must earn it:
here's plentiful provision, rascal; fallading in the garden and
water in the tank; and in holy days, the licking of a platter
of rice when you deserve it. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

TA’NKARD. n. s. [tanquaerd, French; tankaerd, Dutch; tan­
caird, Irish.] A large vessel with a cover, for strong drink.
Hath his tankard touch'd your brain?
Sure they're fall'n asleep again. Benj. Johnson.
Marius was the first who drank out of a silver tankard,
after the manner of Bacchus. Arbuthnot on Coins.
When any calls for ale, fill the largest tankard cup top
full. Swift.

TA’NNER. n. s. [from tan.] One whose trade is to tan leather.
Tanners use that lime which is newly drawn out of the
kiln, and not slacked with water or air. Moxon.

TA’NSY. n. s. [tanacetum, Lat.]
The tansy hath a flosculous flower, consisting of many flo­
rets, divided into several segments sitting on the embrio, and
contained in a squamous and hemispherical empalement; the
embrio afterward becomes a seed not at all downy; to these
notes must be added thick flowers into a gathered head.
Miller.

TA’NTALISM. n. s. [from tantalize.] A punishment like that
of Tantalus.
A lively representation of a person lying under the torments
of such a tantalism, or platonick hell. Addison's Spectat.

To TA’NTALIZE. v. a. [from Tantalus, whose punishment
was to starve among fruits and water which he could not
touch.] To torment by the shew of pleasures which cannot
be reached.
Thy vain desires, at strife
Within themselves, have tantaliz'd thy life. Dryden.
The maid once sped was not suffered to tantalize the male
part of the commonwealth. Addison.

TA’NTIVY. adv. [from the note of a hunting horn, so expres­
sed in articulate sounds; from tantâ vi, says Skinner.] To
ride tantivy is to ride with great speed.

TA’NTLING. n. s. [from Tantalus.] One seized with hopes of
pleasure unattainable.
Hard life,
To be still hot Summer's tantlings, and
The shrinking slaves of Winter. Shakespeare.

TA’NTAMOUNT. n. s. [French.] Equivalent.
If one third of our coin were gone, and so men had equally
one third less money than they have, it must be tantamount;
and what I 'scape of one third less, another must make up.
Locke.

TAP

To TAP. v. a. [tappen, Dutch; tapper, French.]
1. To touch lightly; to strike gently.
2. [Tappen, Dutch.] To pierce a vessel; to broach a vessel.
It is used likewise of the liquor.
That blood, already like the pelican,
Hast thou tapt out, and drunkenly carouzed. Shakespeare.
He has been tapping his liquors, while I have been spilling
my blood. Addison.
Wait with patience till the tumour becomes troublesome,
and then tap it with a lancet. Sharp's Surgery.

TAP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A gentle blow.
This is the right fencing grace, tap for tap, and so part
fair. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Each shakes her fan with a smile, then gives her right­
hand woman a tap upon the shoulder. Addison's Spect.
As at hot cockles once I laid me down,
And felt the weighty hand of many a clown,
Buxoma gave a gentle tap. Gay's Pastorals.
2. A pipe at which the liquor of a vessel is let out.
A gentleman was inclined to the knight of Gascoigne's
distemper, upon hearing the noise of a tap running. Derham.

TAPROOT. n. s. [tap and root.] The principal stem of the
root.
Some put under the trees raised of seed, about four inches
below the place where they sow their seeds, a small piece of
tile to stop the running down of the taproot, which occasions
it to branch when it comes to the tile. Mortimer's Husb.

TAPE. n. s. [tæppan, Saxon.] A narrow fillet or band.
Will you buy any tape, or lace for your cap,
My dainty duck, my dear-a? Shakespeare.
This pouch that's ty'd with tape
I'll wager, that the prize shall be my due. Gay.
On once a flock bed, but repair'd with straw,
With tape ty'd curtains never meant to draw. Pope.



TA’PER. n. s. [taper, Saxon.] A wax candle; a light.
Get me a taper in my study, Lucius:
When it is lighted come and call me. Shakespeare.
My daughter and little son we'll dress
With rounds of waxen tapers on their heads,
And rattles in their hands. Shakespeare.
If any snatch the pure taper from my hand, and hold it to
the devil, he will only burn his own fingers, but shall not
rob me of the reward of my good intention. Taylor.
There the fair light,
Like hero's taper in the window plac'd,
Such fate from the malignant air did find,
As that exposed to the boist'rous wind. Waller.
To see this fleet
Heav'n, as if there wanted lights above,
For tapers made two glaring comets rise. Dryden.

TA’PER. adj. [from the form of a taper.] Regularly narrowed
from the bottom to the top; pyramidal; conical.
Her taper fingers, and her panting breast,
He praises. Dryden.
From the beaver the otter differs in his teeth, which are
canine; and in his tail, which is feline, or a long taper.
Grew's Musæum.

To TA’PER. v. n. To grow smaller.
The back is made tapering in form of a pillar, the lower
vertebres being the broadest and largest; the superior lesser
and lesser, for the greater stability of the trunk. Ray.
Such be the dog,
With tap'ring tail, that nimbly cuts the wind. Tickell.

TA’PESTRY. n. s. [tapesterie, tapisserie, tapis, Fr. tapetum, Lat.]
Cloth woven in regular figures.
In the desk
That's covered o'er with Turkish tapestry,
There is a purse of ducats. Shakespeare.
The casements are with golden tissue spread,
And horses hoofs, for earth, on silken tap'stry tread. Dryd.
One room is hung with tapestry, in which are wrought
the figures of the great persons of the family. Addison.

TA’PET. n. s. [tapetia, Lat.] Worked or figured stuff.
To their work they sit, and each doth chuse
What story she will for her tapet take. Spenser.

TA’PSTER. n. s. [from tap.] One whose business is to draw
beer in an alehouse.
The oath of a lover is no stronger than the word of a tap­
ster; they are both the confirmers of false reckonings. Shak.
Though you change your place, you need not change
your trade: I'll be your tapster still. Shakespeare.
The world is come now to that pass, that the vintner and
tapster may broach what religion they please; and the apothe­
cary may mingle her as he pleases. Howel.
Though the painting grows decay'd,
The house will never lose its trade;
Nay, though the treacherous tapster Thomas
Hangs a new angel two doors from us,
In hopes that strangers may mistake it. Swift.

TAR

TAR. n. s. [tare, Saxon; tarre, Dutch; tiere, Danish.] Li­
quid pitch; the turpentine of the pine or fir drained out by
fire.
Then, foaming tar, their bridles they would champ,
And trampling the fine element would fiercely ramp. Spens.
A man will not lose a hog for a halfpennyworth of tar.
Camden's Remains.
Some stir the melted tar. Thomson's Summer.

TAR. n. s. [from tar used in ships.] A sailor; a seaman in
contempt.
In senates bold, and fierce in war,
A land commander, and a tar. Swift's Miscel.

To TAR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To smear over with tar.
2. To teaze; to provoke. [ta??tt?.]
There has been much to do on both sides; and the na­
tion holds it no sin to tarre them on to controversy. Shakesp.
Two curs shall tame each other; pride alone
Must tar the mastiffs on, as 'twere the bone. Shakespeare.

TARA’NTULA. n. s. [Italian; tarentule, French.] An insect
whose bite is only cured by musick.
This word, lover, did no less pierce poor Pyrocles than
the right tune of musick toucheth him that is sick of the ta­
rantula. Sidney.
He that uses the word tarantula, without having any idea
of what it stands for, means nothing at all by it. Locke.

TARDA’TION. n. s. [tardo, Latin.] The act of hindering or
delaying.

TA’RDIGRADOUS. adj. [tardigradus, Lat.] Moving slowly.
It is but a slow and tardigradous animal, preying upon ad­
vantage, and otherways may be escaped. Brown.

TA’RDILY. adv. [from tardy.] Slowly; sluggishly.
He was indeed the glass,
Wherein the noble youth did dress themselves;
Speaking thick, which nature made his blemish,
Became the accents of the valiant:
For those that could speak slow and tardily,
Would turn their own perfection to abuse,
To seem like him. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

TA’RDITY. n. s. [tarditas from tardus, Latin; tardiveté, Fr.]
Slowness; want of velocity.
Suppose there may be some observable tardity in the motion
of light, and then ask how we should arrive to perceive it?
Digby.
Our explication includes time in the notions of velocity
and tardity. Digby on the Soul.

TA’RDINESS. n. s. [from tardy.] Slowness; sluggishness; un­
willingness to action or motion.
A tardiness in nature,
Which often leaves the history unspoke,
That it intends to do. Shakesp. King Lear.

TA’RDY. adj. [tardus, Lat. tardif, Fr.]
1. Slow; not swift.
Nor should their age by years be told,
Whose souls, more swift than motion, climb,
And check the tardy flight of time. Sandy's Paraph.
2. Sluggish; unwilling to action or motion.
Behold that navy which a while before
Provok'd the tardy English close to fight;
Now draw their beaten vessels close to shore,
As larks lie dar'd to shun the hobbies flight. Dryden.
When certain to o'ercome, inclin'd to save,
Tardy to vengeance, and with mercy brave. Prior.
3. Dilatory; late; tedious.
You shall have letters from me to my son
In your behalf, to meet you on the way;
Be not ta'en tardy by unwise delay. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Death he as oft accus'd
Of tardy execution, since denounc'd
The day of his offence. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
The tardy plants in our cold orchards plac'd,
Reserve their fruit for the next age's taste:
There a small grain in some few months will be
A firm, a lofty and a spacious tree. Waller.
Tardy of aid, unseal thy heavy eyes,
Awake, and with the dawning day arise. Dryden.
You may freely censure him for being tardy in his pay­
ments. Arbuthnot.
4. Unwary. A low word.
Yield, scoundrel base, quoth she, or die,
Thy life is mine, and liberty:
But if thou think'st I took thee tardy,
And dar'st presume to be so hardy,
To try thy fortune o'er a-fresh,
I'll wave my title to thy flesh. Hudibras, p. i.
5. Criminal; offending. A low word.
If they take them tardy, they endeavour to humble them
by way of reprizal: those slips and mismanagements are
usually ridiculed. Collier on Pride.

To TA’RDY. v. a. [tarder, Fr. from the adjective.] To de­
lay; to hinder.
I chose
Camillo for the minister, to poison
My friend Polixenes; which had been done,
But that the good mind of Camillo tardied
My swift command. Shaksp. Winter's Tale.

TARE. n. s. [from teeren, Dutch, to consume. Skinner.] A
weed that grows among corn.
Through hatred of tares the corn in the field of God is
plucked up. Hooker, b. v.
The liberal contributions such teachers met with served to
invite more labourers, where their seed time was their har­
vest, and by sowing tares they reaped gold. Decay of Piety.
My country neighbours begin not to think of being in ge­
neral, which is being abstracted from all its inferior species,
before they come to think of the fly in their sheep, or the
tares in their corn. Locke.

TARE. n. s. [French.] A mercantile word denoting the weight
of any thing containing a commodity; also the allowance
made for it.

TARE, preterite of tear.
The women beat their breasts, their cheeks they tare.
Dryden.

TARGE. n. s. [targa, Saxon; targe, Italian; targe, French;
tarian, Welsh, which seems the original of the
rest; an taargett, Erse.] A kind of buckler or shield born on
the left arm. It seems to be commonly used for a defensive
weapon less in circumference than a shield.
TARGET. n. s. [targa, Saxon; targe, Italian; targe, French;
tarian, Welsh, which seems the original of the
rest; an taargett, Erse.] A kind of buckler or shield born on
the left arm. It seems to be commonly used for a defensive
weapon less in circumference than a shield.
Glancing on his helmet made a large
And open gash therein, were not his targe
That broke the violence. Fa. Qu.
I took all their
Seven points in my target. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Henceforward will I bear
Upon my target three fair shining suns. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
The arms she useth most is the target to shroud herself un­
der, and fence away the blow. Howel's England's Tears.
Those leaves
They gather'd, broad as Amazonian targe. Milton.


The Greeks the gates approach'd, their targets cast
Over their heads, some scaling ladders plac'd
Against the walls. Derham.

TA’RGUM. n. s. [] A paraphrase on the pentateuch
in the Chaldee language.

TA’RIFF. n. s. [perhaps a Spanish word; tarif, Fr.] A car­
tel of commerce.
This branch of our trade was regulated by a tariff, or de­
claration of the duties of import and export. Addison.

TARN. n. s. [tiorn, Islandick.] A bog; a fen; a marsh; a
pool; a quagmire.

To TA’RNISH. v. a. [ternir, French.] To sully; to soil; to
make not bright.
Let him pray for resolution, that he may discover nothing
that may discredit the cause, tarnish the glory, and weaken
the example of the suffering. Collier.
Low waves the rooted forest, vex'd, and sheds
What of its tarnish'd honours yet remain. Thomson.

To TA’RNISH. v. n. To lose brightness.
If a fine object should tarnish by having a great many see
it, or the musick should run mostly into one man's ears,
these satisfactions would be made inclosure. Collier of Envy.

TARPA’WLING. n. s. [from tar.]
1. Hempen cloath smeered with tar.
Some the gall'd ropes with dauby marling bind,
Or searcloth masts with strong tarpawling coats. Dryden.
2. A sailor in contempt.
Was any thing wanting to the extravagance of this age,
but the making a living tarpawlin and a swabber the hero of
a tragedy. Dennis.

TA’RRAGON. n. s. A plant called herb-dragon.

TA’RRIANCE. n. s. [from tarry.] Stay; delay; perhaps sojourn.
Dispatch me hence:
Come, answer not; but do it presently,
I am impatient of my tarriance. Shakespeare.

TA’RRIER. n. s. [This should be written terrier, from terre,
French, the earth.]
1. A sort of small dog, that hunts the fox or otter out of his hole.
The fox is earthed; but I shall send my two tarriers in
after him. Dryden.
2. One that tarries or stays.

To TA’RRY. v. n. [targir, French.]
1. To stay; to continue in a place.
Tarry I here, I but attend on death;
But fly I hence, I fly away from life. Shakespeare.
2. To delay; to be long in coming.
Thou art my deliverer, make no tarrying, O God. Psal.
Who hath woe and redness of eyes? they that tarry long
at the wine. Prov. xxiii. 30.
Tarry ye here for us until we come again. Exod. xxiv. 14.
I yet am tender, young, and full of fear,
And dare not die, but fain would tarry here. Dryden.

To TA’RRY. v. a. To wait for.
I will go drink with you, but I cannot tarry dinner. Shak.

TA’RSEL. n. s. A kind of hawk.
Hist! Romeo, hist! O for a falkner's voice;
To lure this tarsel gentle back again. Shakespeare.
A falc'ner Henry is, when Emma hawks;
With her of tarsels and of lures he talks. Prior.

TA’RSUS. n. s. [In anatomy; tarse, Fr.] The space betwixt
the lower end of the focil bones of the leg, and the beginning of
the five long bones that are jointed with, and bear up, the toes:
it comprises seven bones and the three ossa cuneiformia. Dict.
An obscure motion, where the conjunction is called synan­
throsis; as, in joining the tarsus to the metatarsus. Wiseman.

TART. adj. [teart, Saxon; taertig, Dutch.]
1. Sour; acid; acidulated; sharp of taste.
2. Sharp; keen; severe.
Why so tart a favour
To trumpet such good tidings? Shakespeare.
When his humours grew tart, as being now in the lees of
favour, they brake forth into certain sudden excesses. Wotton.

TART. n. s. [tarte, French; tarta, Italian; taart, Danish;
A small pie of fruit.
Figures, with divers coloured earths, under the windows
of the house on that side near which the garden stands, be
but toys; you may see as good sights in tarts. Bacon's Essays.

TA’RTANE. n. s. [tartana, Italian; tartane, Fr.] A vessel
much used in the Mediterranean, with one mast and a three­
cornered sail.
I set out from Marseilles to Genoa in a tartane, and ar­
rived late at a small French port called Cassis. Addison.

TA’RTAR. n. s. [tartarus, Lat.]
1. Hell. A word used by the old poets, now obsolete.
With this the damned ghosts he governeth,
And furies rules, and tartare tempereth. Spenser.
He's in tartar limbo worse than hell;
A devil in an everlasting garment hath him,
One whose hard heart is button'd up with steel. Shakesp.
2. [Tartre, Fr.] Tartar is what sticks to wine casks, like a hard
stone, either white or red, as the colour of the wine from
whence it comes: the white is preferable, as containing less
dross or earthy parts: the best comes from Germany, and is
the tartar of the rhenish wine. Quincy.
The fermented juice of grapes is partly turned into liquid
drops or lees, and partly into that crust or dry feculency that
is commonly called tartar; and this tartar may by the fire
be divided into five differing substances, four of which are
not acid, and the other not so manifestly acid as the tartar
itself. Boyle.

TARTA’REAN. adj. [tartarus, Lat.] Hellish.
His throne mix'd with tartarean sulphur. Milton.

TARTA’REOUS. n. s. [from tartar.]
1. Consisting of tartar.
In fruits, the tartareous parts of the sap are thrown upon
the fibres designed for the stone, and the oily upon the seed
within it. Grew's Cosmol.
2. Hellish.
The spirit of God downward purg'd
The black tartareous cold infernal dregs,
Adverse to life. Milton.

To TA’RTARIZE. v. a. [from tartar.] To impregnate with
tartar.

TA’RTAROOS. adj. [from tartar.] Containing tartar; consist­
ing of tartar.

TA’RTLY. adv. [from tart.]
1. Sharply; sourly; with acidity.
2. Sharply; with poignancy; with severity.
Seneca, an ingenious and sententious writer, was by Ca­
ligula called arena sine calce, sand without lime. Walker.
3. With sourness of aspect.
How tartly that gentleman looks!
—He is of a very melancholy disposition. Shakespeare.

TA’RTNESS. n. s. [from tart.]
1. Sharpness; sourness; acidity.
Of these sweets put in three gallons, more or less, into an
hogshead, as the tartness of your cyder requires. Mortimer.
2. Sourness of temper; poignancy of language.
They cannot be too sweet for the king's tartness. Shakesp.

TAS

TASK. n. s. [tasche, French; tassa, Italian.]
1. Something to be done imposed by another.
Relieves me from my task of servile toil
Daily in the common prison else enjoin'd me. Milton.
2. Employment; business.
His mental powers were equal to greater tasks. Atterbury.
No happier task these faded eyes pursue,
To read and weep is all they now can do. Pope.
3. To TAKE to task. To reprove; to reprimand.
A holy man took a soldier to task upon the subject of his
profession. L'Estrange.
He discovered some remains of his nature when he met
with a foot-ball, for which Sir Roger took him to task. Addis.

To TASK. v. a. [tascu, Welsh, or from the noun.] To bur­
then with something to be done.
He depos'd the king,
Soon after that depriv'd him of his life,
And, in the neck of that, task'd the whole state. Shakesp.
Forth he goes,
Like to a harvestman, that's task'd to mow,
Or all, or lose his hire. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Some things of weight,
That task our thoughts, concerning us and France. Shak.
I have drunk but one cup to-night, and that was craftily
qualified too; and behold what innovation it makes here. I
am unfortunate in the infirmity, and dare not task my weak­
ness with any more. Shakesp. Othello.
Divert thy thoughts at home,
There task thy maids, and exercise the loom. Dryden.

TA’SKER. n. s. [task and master.] One who imposes
tasks.
TA’SKMASTER. n. s. [task and master.] One who imposes
tasks.
All is, if I have grace to use it so,
As ever in my great taskmaster's eye. Milton.
The service of sin is perfect slavery; and he who will pay
obedience to the commands of it, shall find it an unreason­
able taskmaster, and an unmeasurable exactor. South.
Hear, ye sullen powers below;
Hear, ye taskers of the dead. Dryden and Lee.

TA’SSEL. n. s. [tasse, French; tassellus, low Latin.] An orna­
mental bunch of silk, or glittering substances.
Then took the squire an horn of bugle small,
Which hung adown his side in twisted gold,
And tassels gay. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Their heads are tricked with tassels and flowers. Sandys.

TA’SSEL. n. s. An herb.
TA’ZEL. n. s. An herb.

TA’SSELED. adj. [from tassel.] Adorned with tassels.
Early ere the odorous breath of morn
Awakes the slumb'ring leaves, or tassel'd horn
Shakes the high thicket, haste I all about. Milton.

TA’SSES. n. s. Armour for the thighs. Ains.

TA’STABLE. adj. That may be tasted; savoury; relishing.
Their distilled oils are fluid, volatile and tastable. Boyle.

To TASTE. v. a. [taster, to try, French.]
1. To perceive and distinguish by the palate.
The ruler of the feast tasted the water made wine. John ii.
2. To try by the mouth; to eat at least in a small quantity.
Bold deed to taste it under ban to touch. Milton.


3. To essay first.
Roscetes was seldom permitted to eat any other meat but
such as the prince before tasted of. Knolles.
Thou and I marching before our troops
May taste fate to them, mow them out a passage. Dryden.
4. To feel; to have perception of.
He should taste death for every man. Heb. ii. 9.

To TASTE. v. n.
1. To try by the mouth to eat.
Of this tree we may not taste nor touch. Milton.
2. To have a smack; to produce on the palate a particular sen­
sation.
When the mouth is out of taste, it maketh things taste
bitter and loathsome, but never sweet. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
When kine feed upon wild garlick, their milk tasteth of
it. Bacon.
If your butter tastes of brass, it is your master's fault, who
will not allow a silver saucepan. Swift.
3. To distinguish intellectually.
Scholars when good sense describing,
Call it tasting and imbibing. Swift.
4. To relish intellectually; to approve.
Thou, Adam, wilt taste no pleasure. Milton.
5. To be tinctured, or receive some quality or character.
Ev'ry idle, nice, and wanton reason
Shall, to the king, taste of this action. Shakespeare.
6. To try the relish of any thing.
The body's life with meats and air is fed,
Therefore the soul doth use the tasting pow'r
In veins, which through the tongue and palate spread,
Distinguish ev'ry relish sweet and sour. Davies.
7. To have perception of.
Cowards die many times before their deaths;
The valiant never taste of death but once. Shakespeare.
The tasting of death touched the righteous also, and there
was a destruction of the multitude in the wilderness. Wisd.
8. To take enjoyment.
What hither brought us? not hope here to taste
Of pleasure. Milton.
Of nature's bounty men forbore to taste,
And the best portion of the earth lay waste. Waller.
9. To enjoy sparingly.
This fiery game your active youth maintain'd,
Not yet by years extinguish'd, though restrain'd;
You season still with sports your serious hours,
For age but tastes of pleasures, youth devours. Dryden.

TASTE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of tasting; gustation.
Best of fruits, whose taste gave elocution. Milton.
2. The sense by which the relish of any thing on the palate is
perceived.
Bees delight more in one flower than another, and there­
fore have taste. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Delicacies of taste, sight, smell. Milton.
The tardy plants in our cold orchards plac'd,
Reserve their fruit for the next age's taste. Waller.
nsibility; perception.
I have almost forgot the taste of fears:
The time has been, my senses would have cool'd
To hear a night shriek. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Musick in the close,
As the last taste of sweets is sweetest last. Shakesp. R. II.
4. That sensation which all things taken into the mouth give
particularly to the tongue, the papillæ of which are the prin­
cipal instruments hereof. Quincy.
Manna was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it
was like wafers made with honey. Exod. xvi. 31.
Though there be a great variety of tastes, yet, as in smells,
they have only some few general names. Locke.
5. Intellectual relish or discernment.
Seeing they pretend no quarrel at other psalms which are
in like manner appointed to be daily read, why do these so
much offend and displease their tastes? Hooker.
Sion's songs to all true tastes excelling,
Where God is prais'd aright. Milton.
I have no taste
Of popular applause. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
As he had no taste of true glory, we see him equipped like
an Hercules, with a club and a lion's skin. Addison.
This metaphor would not have been so general, had there
not been a conformity between the mental taste and that sen­
sitive taste which gives us a relish of every flavour. Addison.
Your way of life, in my taste, will be the best. Pope.
I see how ill a taste for wit and sense prevails in the world.
Swift.
Pleasure results from a sense to discern, and a taste to be
affected with beauty. Seed's Sermons.
6. An essay; a trial; an experiment. Not in use.
I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote as an essay
or taste of my virtue. Shakespeare.
7. A small portion given as a specimen.
They thought it not safe to resolve, till they had a taste of
the people's inclination. Bacon's Henry VII.
Besides the prayers mentioned, I shall give only a taste of
some few recommended to devout persons in the manuals and
offices. Stillingfleet.

TA’STED. adj. [from taste.] Having a particular relish.
Coleworts prosper exceedingly, and are better tasted, if
watered with salt water. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 460.

TA’STER. n. s. [tasteur, Fr. from taste.]
1. One who takes the first essay of food.
Fair hope! our earlier heav'n! by thee
Young time is taster to eternity. Crashaw.
Says the fly, Are not all places open to me? Am not I
the taster to princes in all their entertainments. L'Estrange.
Thy tutor be thy taster, ere thou eat,
There's poison in thy drink, and in thy meat. Dryden.
2. A dram cup. Ains.

TA’STEFUL. adj. [taste and full.] High relished; savoury.
Not tasteful herbs that in these gardens rise,
Which the kind soil with milky sap supplies,
Can move. Pope.

TA’STELESS. adj. [from taste.]
1. Having no power of perceiving taste.
2. Having no relish or power of stimulating the palate; in­
sipid.
By depurating chemical oils, and reducing them to an ele­
mentary simplicity, they could never be made tasteless. Boyle.
3. Having no power of giving pleasure; insipid.
The understanding cannot, by its natural light, discover
spiritual truths; and the corruption of our will and affections
renders them tasteless and insipid to us. Rogers's Serm.
4. Having no intellectual gust.
If by his manner of writing he is heavy and tasteless, I
throw aside his criticisms. Addison's Spect.

TA’STELESSNESS. n. s. [from tasteless.]
1. Insipidity; want of relish.
2. Want of perception of taste.
3. Want of intellectual relish.

To TA’TTER. v. a. [totæran, Saxon.] To tear; to read; to
make ragged. Tattered is perhaps more properly an adjective.
Through tatter'd cloaths small vices do appear,
Robes and furr'd gowns hide all. Shakesp. King Lear.
An apothecary late I noted
In tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,
Culling of simples. Shakesp. Rome and Juliet.
Where wav'd the tatter'd ensigns of Ragfair,
A yawning ruin hangs. Pope.
In the land of liberty little tyrants rag'd,
Tore from cold wintry limbs the tatter'd weed. Thomson.

TA’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.] A rag; a fluttering rag.
This fable holds from him that sits upon the throne, to
the poor devil that has scarce a tatter. L'Estrange.

TATTERDEMA’LION. n. s. [tatter and I know not what.] A
ragged fellow.
As a poor fellow was trudging along in a bitter cold morn­
ing with never a rag, a spark that was warm clad called to
this tatterdemalion, how he could endure this weather?
L'Estrange.

To TA’TTLE. v. n. [tateren, Dutch.] To prate; to talk idly;
to use many words with little meaning.
He stands on terms of honourable mind,
Ne will be carried with every common wind
Of court's inconstant mutability,
Ne after every tattling fable fly. Hubberd's Tale.
The one is too like an image, and says nothing; and the
other too like my lady's eldest son, evermore tattling. Shak.
Excuse it by the tattling quality of age, which is always
narrative. Dryden.
The world is forward enough to tattle of them. Locke.
Their language is extremely proper to tattle in; it is made
up of so much repetition and compliment. Addison.

TA’TTLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Prate; idle chat; tristing
talk.
They asked her, how she lik'd the play?
Then told the tattle of the day. Swift's Miscel.
Such tattle often entertains
My lord and me. Swift.
A young academick shall dwell upon trade and politicks in
a dictatorial stile, while at the same time persons well skilled
in those different subjects hear the impertinent tattle with a
just contempt. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

TA’TTLER. n. s. [from tattle.] An idle talker; a prater.
Going from house to house, tatlers, busy bodies, which
are the canker and rust of idleness, as idleness is the rust of
time, are reproved by the apostle. Taylor.

TATTO’O. n. s. [perhaps from tapotez tous, Fr. to strike.] The
beat of drum by which soldiers are warned to their quarters.
All those whose hearts are loose and low,
Start if they hear but the tatto. Prior.

TAV

TA’VERN. n. s. [taverne, Fr. taberna, Latin.] A house where
wine is sold, and drinkers are entertained.
Enquire at London, 'mong the taverns there;
For there they say he daily doth frequent,
With unrestrained loose companions. Shakesp. Rich. II.


You shall be called to no more payments; fear no more
tavern bills, which are often the sadness of parting, as the
procuring of mirth. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
To reform the vices of this town, all taverns and alehouses
should be obliged to dismiss their company by twelve at night,
and no woman suffered to enter any tavern or alsehouse. Sw.

TA’VERNER. n. s. [from tavern man or keep; taberna­
rius, Latin; tavernier, French.] One
who keeps a tavern.
TA’VERNKEEPER. n. s. [from tavern man or keep; taberna­
rius, Latin; tavernier, French.] One
who keeps a tavern.
TA’VERNMAN. n. s. [from tavern man or keep; taberna­
rius, Latin; tavernier, French.] One
who keeps a tavern.
After local names, the most in number have been derived
from occupations; as tailor, archer, taverner. Camden.

TAUGHT, preterite and part. passive of teach.
All thy children shall be taught of the Lord. Isa. liv. 13.
How hast thou satisfy'd me, taught to live. Milton.

To TAUNT. v. a. [tanser, Fr. Skinner. Tanden, Dutch, to
shew teeth. Minshew.]
1. To reproach; to insult; to revile; to ridicule; to treat
with insolence and contumelies.
When I had at my pleasure taunted her,
She in mild terms begg'd my patience. Shakespeare.
The bitterness and stings of taunting jealousy,
Vexatious days, and jarring joyless nights,
Have driv'n him forth. Rowe's Jane Shore.
2. To exprobrate; to mention with upbraiding.
Rail thou in Fulvia's phrase, and taunt my faults
With such full licence. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

TAUNT. n. s. [from the verb.] Insult; scoff; reproach; ridi­
cule.
With scoffs and scorns, and contumelious taunts,
In open market-place produc'd they me,
To be a publick spectacle. Shakesp. Henry VI.
He would avoid such bitter taunts,
As in the time of death he gave our father. Shakespeare.
Julian thought it more effectual to persecute the Christians
by taunts and ironies, than by tortures. Gov. of the Tongue.
He by vile hands to common use debas'd,
Shall send them flowing round his drunken feast,
With sacrilegious taunt, and impious jest. Prior.

TA’UNTER. n. s. [from taunt.] One who taunts, reproaches,
or insults.

TA’UNTINGLY. adv. [from taunting.] With insult; scoffingly;
with contumely and exprobration.
It tauntingly replied
To th' discontented members, th' mutinous parts,
That envied his receipt. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The wanton goddess view'd the warlike maid
From head to foot, and tauntingly she said. Prior.

TAURICO’RNOUS. adj. [taurus and cornu, Latin.] Having
horns like a bull.
Their descriptions must be relative, or the tauricornous
picture of the one the same with the other. Brown.

TAUTOLO’GICAL. adj. [tautologique, Fr. from tautology.] Re­
peating the same thing.

TAUTO’LOGIST. n. s. [from tautology.] One who repeats te­
diously.

TAUTO’LOGY. n. s. [ta??????a; tautologie, Fr. tat?
and ???.] Repetition of the same words, or of the same
sense in different words.
All science is not tautology; the last ages have shewn us,
what antiquity never saw, in a dream. Glanville's Sceps.
Saint Andre's feet ne'er kept more equal time,
Not ev'n the feet of thy own Psyche's rhime;
Though they in numbers as in sense excel,
So just, so like tautology, they fell. Dryden.
Every paper addressed to our beautiful incendiaries, hath
been filled with different considerations, that enemies may
not accuse me of tautology. Addison's Freeholder.

TAW

To TAW. v. a. [touwen, Dutch; tawian, Saxon.] To dress
white leather commonly called alum leather, in contradistinc­
tion from tan leather, that which is dressed with bark.

TAW. n. s. A marble to play with.
Trembling I've seen thee
Mix with children as they play'd at taw;
Nor fear the marbles as they bounding flew,
Marbles to them, but rolling rocks to you. Swift.

TA’WDRINESS. n. s. [from tawdry.] Tinsel finery; finery too
ostentatious.
A clumsy beau makes his ungracefulness appear the more
ungraceful by his tawdriness of dress. Clarissa.

TA’WDRY. adj. [from Stawdrey, Saint Awdrey, or Saint Ethel­
dred, as the things bought at Saint Etheldred's fair. Hen­
shaw, Skinner.] Meanly shewy; splendid without cost; fine
without grace; shewy without elegance. It is used both of
things and of persons wearing them.
Bind your fillets fast,
And gird in your waste,
For more fineness, with a tawdrie lace. Spenser's Past.
He has a kind of coxcomb upon his crown, and a few
tawdry feathers. L'Estrange.
Old Romulus and father Mars look down,
Your herdsman primitive, your homely clown,
Is turn'd a beau in a loose tawdry gown. Dryden's Juv.
He rails from morning to night at essenced sops and tawdry
courtiers. Addison's Spect. No. 128.
Her eyes were wan and eager, her dress thin and tawdry,
her mien genteel and childish. Addison's Spect.

TA’WER. n. s. [from taw.] A dresser of white leather.

TA’WNY. adj. [tané, tanné, Fr.] Yellow, like things tanned.
This child of fancy that armado hight,
For interim to our studies shall relate,
In high born words, the worth of many a knight
From tawny Spain, lost in the world's debate. Shakespeare.
Eurus his body must be drawn the colour of the tawny
Moor, upon his head a red sun. Peacham.
The tawny lion pawing to get free. Milton.
Whilst they make the river Senaga to bound the Moors,
so that on the south side they are black, on the other only
tawny, they seem not to derive it from the sun. Brown.
Where's the worth that sets this people up
Above your own Numidia's tawny sons? Addison's Cato.

TAX. n. s. [tâsg, Welsh; taxe, French; taxe, Dutch.]
1. An impost; a tribute imposed; an excise: a tallage.
He says Horace, being the son of a tax gatherer or collec­
tor, smells everywhere of the meanness of his birth. Dryden.
With wars and taxes others waste their own,
And houses burn, and houshold gods deface,
To drink in bowls which glittering gems enchase. Dryden.
The tax upon tillage was two shillings in the pound in ara­
ble land, and four in plantations: this tax was often levied
in kind upon corn, and called decumæ or tithes. Arbuthnot.
2. [Taxo, Lat.] Charge; censure.
He could not without grief of heart, and without some tax
upon himself and his ministers for the not executing the laws,
look upon the bold licence of some pamphlets. Clarendon.

To TAX. v. a. [taxer, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To load with imposts.
Jehoiakim gave the silver and gold to Pharaoh, but he taxed
the land to give the money. 2 Kings xxiii. 35.
2. [Taxo, Lat.] To charge; to censure; to accuse. It has of
or with before the fault imputed, and is used both of persons
and things.
How many hath he killed? I promised to eat all of his
killing.—Niece, you tax signior Benedick too much; but
he'll be meet with you. Shakespeare.
I am not justly to be taxed with any presumption for med­
dling with matters wherein I have no dealing. Raleigh.
Tax not divine disposal, wisest men
Have err'd, and by bad women been deceiv'd. Milton.
They cannot tax others omissions towards them without a
tacit reproach of their own. Decay of Piety.
He taxed not Homer nor Virgil for interesting their gods
in the wars of Troy and Italy; neither would he have taxed
Milton for his choice of a supernatural argument. Dryden.
Mens virtues I have commended as freely as I have taxed
their crimes. Dryden.
He call'd him back aloud, and tax'd his fear;
And sure enough he heard, but durst not hear. Dryden.
Like some rich and mighty murderer,
Too great for prison which he breaks with gold,
Who fresher for new mischief does appear,
And dares the world to tax him with the old. Dryden.
If this be chance, it is extraordinary; and I dare not call
it more, for fear of being taxed with superstition. Dryden.
If he taxes both of long delay,
My guilt is less, who sooner came away. Dryden.
This salutation cannot be taxed with flattery, since it was
directed to a prince, of whom it had been happy for Rome if
he had never been born, or if he had never died. Addison.

TA’XABLE. adj. [from tax.] That may be taxed.

TAXA’TION. n. s. [taxation, Fr. taxatio, Lat. from tax.]
1. The act of loading with taxes; impost; tax.
The subjects could taste no sweeter fruits of having a king
than grievous taxations to some vain purposes; laws made ra­
ther to find faults than to prevent faults. Sidney, b. ii.
I bring no overture of war, no taxation of homage; my
words are as full of peace as matter. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
He daily such taxations did exact,
As were against the order of the state. Daniel.
Various news I heard,
Of old mismanagements, taxations new;
All neither wholly false, nor wholly true. Pope.
2. Accusation; scandal.
My father's love is enough to honour; speak no more of
him, you'll be whipt for taxation one of these days. Shakesp.

TA’XER. n. s. [from tax.] He who taxes.
These rumours begot scandal against the king, taxing him
for a great taxer of his people. Bacon's Henry VII.

TEA

TEA. n. s. [a word, I suppose, Chinese; thé, Fr.] A Chinese
plant, of which the infusion has lately been much drunk in
Europe.
The muses friend, tea, does our fancy aid,
Repress those vapours which the head invade. Waller.


One has a design of keeping an open tea table. Addison.
I have filled a tea pot, and received a dish of it. Addison.
He swept down a dozen tea dishes. Spectator.
Nor will you encourage the common tea table talk. Spect.
Green leaves of tea contain a narcotick juice, which exudes
by roasting: this is performed with great care before it is ex­
posed to sale. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Here living tea pot stands; one arm held out,
One bent; the handle this, and that the spout. Pope.
The mistress of the tea shop may give half an ounce. Sw.
The fear of being thought pedants hath taken many young
divines off from their severer studies, which they have exchang­
ed for plays, in order to qualify them for tea tables. Swift.
When you sweep, never stay to pick up tea spoons. Swift.

To TEACH. v. a. preter. and part. pass. taught, sometimes
teached, which is now obsolete. [tæcan, Sax.]
1. To instruct; to inform.
The Lord will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in
his paths. Isa. ii. 3.
Teach us by what means to shun
Th' inclement seasons. Milton.
2. To deliver any doctrine or art, or words to be learned.
Moses wrote this song, and taught it. Deut. xxxi. 22.
In vain they worship me, teaching for doctrines the com­
mandments of men. Mat. xv. 9.
They teach all nations what of him they learn'd. Milton.
3. To show; to exhibit so as to impress upon the mind.
He is a good divine that follows his own instructions; I
can easier teach twenty what were good to be done, than to
be one of the twenty to follow my own teaching. Shakesp.
If some men teach wicked things, it must be that others
should practise them. South's Sermons.
4. To tell; to give intelligence.
Huswives are teached, instead of a clocke,
How winter night passeth by crowing of cocke. Tusser.

To TEACH. v. n. To perform the office of an instructor.
I have labour'd,
And with no little study, that my teaching,
And the strong course of my authority,
Might go one way. Shakespeare.
I am too sudden bold
To teach; a teacher ill beseemeth me. Shakespeare.
The heads judge for reward, the priests teach for hire, and
the prophets divine for money. Mic. iii. 11.

TE’ACHABLE. adj. [from teach.] Docile; susceptive of instruc­
tion.
We ought to bring our minds free, unbiassed, and teach­
able to learn our religion from the word of God. Watts.

TE’ACHABLENESS. n. s. [from teachable.] Docility; willing­
ness to learn; capacity to learn.

TE’ACHER. n. s. [from teach.]
1. One who teaches; an instructor; preceptor.
Nature is no sufficient teacher what we should do that may
attain unto life everlasting. Hooker, b. ii.
I went into the temple, there to hear
The teachers of our law, and to propose
What might improve my knowledge or their own. Milton.
These were notions born with us; such as we were taught
without the help of a teacher. South's Sermons.
Imperious with a teacher's air,
Boastful he claims a right to wisdom's chair. Blackmore.
2. One who without regular ordination assumes the ministry.
Dissenting teachers are under no incapacity of accepting
civil and military employments. Swift.
3. A preacher; one who is to deliver doctrine to the people.
For the choice of a governor more sufficient, the teachers
in all the churches assembled themselves. Raleigh.
Wolves shall succeed for teachers. Milton.
He may teach his diocese who ceases to be able to preach
to it; for he may do it by appointing teachers, and by a
vigilant exacting from them the instruction of their flocks.
South.

TEAD or tede. n. s. [tœda, Lat.] A torch; a flambeau. Not
in use.
A bushy tead a groom did light,
And sacred lamp in secret chamber hide. Fairy Queen.
Hymen is awake,
And long since ready from his mask to move,
With his bright tead that flames with many a flake.
Spenser's Epithalamium.

TEAGUE. n. s. A name of contempt used for an Irishman.

TEAL. n. s. [teelingh, Dutch.] A wild fowl.
Some serve for food to us, and some but to feed themselves;
amongst the first sort we reckon the dip-chick, coots, teal,
wigeon. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

TEAM. n. s. [temo, the team of a carriage, Latin; tme,
Saxon, a yoke.]
1. A number of horses or oxen drawing at once the same car­
riage.
Thee a ploughman all unweeting found,
As he his toilsome team that way did guide,
And brought thee up in ploughman's state to bide. F. Qu.
We fairies that do run
By the triple Hecate's team,
From the presence of the sun,
Following darkness like a dream,
Now are frolick. Shakesp. Midsummer Night's Dream.
Making such difference betwixt wake and sleep,
As is the diff'rence betwixt day and night,
The hour before the heav'nly harness'd team
Begins his golden progress in the East. Shakesp. Henry IV.
I am in love; but a team of horse shall not pluck that from
me, nor who 'tis I love. Shakespeare.
After the declining sun
Had chang'd the shadows, and their task was done,
Home with their weary team they took their way. Roscom.
He heav'd with more than human force to move
A weighty stone, the labour of a team. Dryden.
In stiff clays they may plow one acre of wheat with a
team of horse. Mortimer's Husb.
2. Any number passing in a line.
Like a long team of snowy swans on high,
Which clap their wings, and cleave the liquid sky. Dryden.

TEAR. n. s. [ea in this word is pronounced ee; tear, Saxon;
taare, Danish.]
1. The water which violent passion forces from the eyes.
She comes; and I'll prepare
My tear stain'd eyes to see her miseries. Shakespeare.
The pretty vaulting sea refus'd to drown me,
Knowing, that thou would'st have me drown'd on shore
With tears as salt as sea, through thy unkindness. Shak.
Cromwell, I did not think to shed a tear
In all my miseries; but thou hast forc'd me.
Lets dry our eyes. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Tears are the effects of compression of the moisture of the
brain upon dilation of the spirits. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
She silently a gentle tear let fall. Milton.
2. Any moisture trickling in drops.
Let Araby extol her happy coast,
Her fragrant flow'rs, her trees with precious tears,
Her second harvests. Dryden.

TEAR. n. s. [from the verb.] A rent; a fissure.

To TEAR. pret. tore, anciently tare, part. pass. torn; [tæran,
Saxon; tara, Swedish.]
1. To pull in pieces; to lacerate; to rend; to separate by vio­
lent pulling.
Come seeling night,
And with thy bloody and invisible hand
Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond
Which keeps me pale. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The one went out from me; and I said, Surely he is torn
in pieces, and I saw him not since. Gen. xliv. 28.
John tore off lord Strutt's servants cloaths: now and then
they came home naked. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
Ambassadors sent to Carthage were like to be torn to pieces
by the populace. Arbuthnot.
2. To laniate; to wound with any sharp point drawn along.
Old with dust deform'd their hoary hair,
The women beat their breasts, their cheeks they tare. Shak.
Neither shall men tear themselves for them in mourning to
comfort them for the dead. Jer. xvi. 7.
3. To break by violence.
In the midst a tearing groan did break
The name of Antony. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
As storms the skies, and torrents tear the ground,
Thus rag'd the prince, and scatter'd death around. Dryden.
Blush rather, that you are a slave to passion,
Which, like a whirlwind, tears up all your virtues,
And gives you not the leisure to consider. A. Philips.
4. To divide violently; to shatter.
It is not as much reason to say, that God destroys fatherly
authority, when he suffers one in possession of it to have his
government torn in pieces, and shared by his subjects. Locke.
5. To pull with violence; to drive violently.
He roar'd, he beat his breast, he tore his hair. Dryden.
From harden'd oak, or from a rock's cold womb,
At least thou art from some fierce tygress come;
Or on rough seas from their foundation torn,
Got by the winds, and in a tempest born. Dryden.
6. To take away by sudden violence.
Solyman
Rhodes and Buda from the Christians tore. Waller.
The hand of fate
Has torn thee from me, and I must forget thee. Addison.

To TEAR. v. n. [tieren, Dutch.] To fume; to rave; to rant
turbulently.
All men transported into outrages for small trivial matters,
fall under the inuendo of this bull, that ran tearing mad for
the pinching of a mouse. L'Estrange's Fables.

TE’ARER. n. s. [from to tear.] He who rends or tears.

TE’ARFALLING. adj. [tear and fall.] Tender; shedding tears.
I am in
So far in blood, that sin will pluck on sin,
Tearfalling pity dwells not in this eye. Shakespeare.



TE’ARFUL. adj. [tear and full.] Weeping; full of tears.
Is't meet that he
Should leave the helm, and, like a fearful lad,
With tearful eyes add water to the sea? Shakespeare.
This clears the cloudy front of wrinkled care,
And drie, the tearful sluices of despair:
Charm'd with that virtuous draught th' exalted mind
All sense of woe delivers to the wind. Pope's Odyssey.
On Celadon her eye
Fell tearful, wetting her disorder'd cheek. Thomson.

To TEASE. v. a. [tæsan, Saxon.]
1. To comb or unravel wool or flax.
2. To scratch cloth in order to level the nap.
3. To torment with importunity; to vex with assiduous imper­
tinence.
Not by the force of carnal reason,
But indefatigable teasing. Butler.
My friends always tease me about him, because he has no
estate. Spectator, No. 475.
After having been present in publick debates, he was teased
by his mother to inform her of what had passed. Addison.
We system-makers can sustain
The thesis, which you grant was plain;
And with remarks and comments tease ye,
In case the thing before was easy. Prior.

TE’ASEL. n. s. [tæsl, Saxon; dipsacus, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of the teasel hath no proper calyx, but leaves
representing the perianthium encompassing the bottom of the
head: the little flowers which are produced singly from be­
tween the scales, are collected into an head somewhat like a
bee-hive; these are succeeded by longish four-cornered seeds:
the species are three: one is called carduus fullonum, and is
of singular use in raising the knap upon woollen cloth. Miller.

TE’ASER. n. s. [from tease.] Any thing that torments by in­
cessant importunity.
A fly buzzing at his ear, makes him deaf to the best ad­
vice. If you would have him come to himself, you must
take off his little teaser, which holds his reason at bay. Collier.

TEAT. n. s. [teth, Welsh; tit, Saxon; tette, Dutch; teton,
French.] The dug of a beast; anciently the pap of a wo­
man.
Even at thy teat thou hadst thy tyranny. Shakespeare.
Snows cause a fruitful year, watering the earth better than
rain; for the earth sucks it as out of the teat. Bacon.
When we perceive that bats have teats, we infer, that they
suckle their younglings with milk. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
It more pleas'd my sense
Than smell of sweetest fennel, or the teats
Of ewe or goat dropping with milk at even. Milton.
Infants sleep, and are seldom awake but when hunger calls
for the teat. Locke.
The goat, how bright amidst her fellow stars,
Kind Amalthea, reach'd her teat distent
With milk, thy early food. Prior.

TE’CHILY. adv. [from techy.] Peevishly; fretfully; frowardly.

TE’CHINESS. n. s. [from techy.] Peevishness; fretfulness.

TE’CHNICAL. adj. [te????; technique, Fr.] Belonging to
arts; not in common or popular use.
In technical words, or terms of art, they refrain not from
calling the same substance sometimes the sulphur, and some­
times the mercury of a body. Locke.

TE’CHY. adj. Peevish; fretful; irritable; easily made an­
gry; froward.
I cannot come to Cressid but by Pandar,
And he is as techy to be woo'd to wooe,
As she is stubborn-chaste against all sute. Shakespeare.
When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple, and felt
it bitter, pretty fool, to see it techy, and fall out with the
dug. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

TECTO’NICK. adj. [te????.] Pertaining to building. Bailey.

TED

To TED. v. a. [teadan, Saxon, to prepare.] To lay grass
newly mown in rows.
The smell of grain, or tedded grass or kine,
Or dairy, each rural sight, each rural sound. Milton.
Hay-makers following the mowers, and casting it abroad,
they call tedding. Mortimer's Husb.
Prudent his fall'n heaps
Collecting, cherish'd with the tepid wreaths
Of tedded grass, and the sun's mellowing beams,
Rivall'd with artful heats. Philips.

TE’DDER or tether. n. s. [tudder, Dut. tindt, a rope, Islandick.]
1. A rope with which a horse is tied in the field that he may
not pasture too wide. Teigher, Erse.
2. Any thing by which one is restrained.
We lived joyfully, going abroad within our tedder. Bacon.
We shall have them against the wall; we know the length
of their tedder, they cannot run far from us. Child.

TE DEUM. n. s. An hymn of the church, so called from
the two first words of the Latin.
The choir,
With all the choicest musick of the kingdom,
Together sung te deum. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Te deum was sung at Saint Paul's after the victory. Bacon.

TE’DIOUS. adj. [tedieux, Fr. tœdium, Latin.]
1. Wearisome by continuance; troublesome; irksome.
That I be not further tedious unto thee, hear us of thy
clemency a few words. Acts xxiv. 4.
The one intense, the other still remiss,
Cannot well suit with either, but soon prove
Tedious alike. Milton.
Pity only on fresh objects stays,
But with the tedious sight of woes decays. Dryden.
2. Wearisome by prolixity.
They unto whom we shall seem tedious are in nowise in­
jured by us, because it is in their own hands to spare that
labour which they are not willing to endure. Hooker, b. i.
3. Slow. Ains.
Chief mastery to dissect
With long and tedious havock fabled knights. Milton.

TE’DIOUSLY. adv. [from tedious.] In such a manner as to
weary.

TE’DIOUSNESS. n. s. [from tedious.]
1. Wearisomeness by continuance.
2. Wearisomeness by prolixity.
In vain we labour to persuade them, that any thing can
take away the tediousness of prayer, except it be brought to
the same measure and form which themselves assign. Hooker.
3. Prolixity; length.
Since brevity's the soul of wit,
And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes,
I will be brief. Shakesp. Hamlet.
4. Uneasiness; tiresomeness; quality of wearying.
In those very actions whereby we are especially perfected
in this life we are not able to persist; forced we are with very
weariness, and that often, to interrupt them; which tedious­
ness cannot fall into those operations that are in the state of
bliss when our union with God is compleat. Hooker, b. i.
More than kisses, letters mingle souls,
For thus friends absent speak: this ease controuls
The tediousness of my life. Donne.
She distastes them all within a while;
And in the sweetest finds a tediousness. Davies.

TEE

To TEEM. v. n. [team, Saxon, offspring.]
1. To bring young.
If she must teem,
Create her child of spleen, that it may live,
And be a thwart disnatur'd torment to her. Shakespeare.
2. To be pregnant; to engender young.
Have we more sons? or are we like to have?
Is not my teeming date drunk up with time,
And wilt thou pluck my fair son from mine age? Shakesp.
When the rising Spring adorns the mead,
Teeming buds and cheerful greens appear. Dryden.
There are fundamental truths the basis upon which a great
many others rest: these are teeming truths, rich in store, with
which they furnish the mind, and, like the lights of heaven,
give light and evidence to other things. Locke.
3. To be full; to be charged as a breeding animal.
We live in a nation where there is scarce a single head that
does not teem with politicks. Addison.

To TEEM. v. a.
1. To bring forth; to produce.
What's the newest grief?
Each minute teems a new one. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Common mother, thou
Whose womb unmeasurable, and infinite breast,
Teems and feeds all. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
The earth obey'd; and strait
Op'ning her fertile womb, teem'd at a birth
Innumerous living creatures. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
The deluge wrought such a change, that the earth did not
then teem forth its increase, as formerly, of its own accord,
but required culture. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
2. To pour A low word, imagined by Skinner to come from
tommen, Danish, to draw out; to pour. The Scots retain it:
as, teem that water out; hence Swift took this word.
Teem out the remainder of the ale into the tankard, and
fill the glass with small beer. Swift's Directions to the Butler.

TE’EMFUL. adj. [teamful, Saxon.]
2. Pregnant; prolifick.
2. Brimful. Ains.

TE’EMER. n. s. [from teem.] One that brings young.

TE’EMLESS. adj. [from teem.] Unfruitful; not prolifick.
Such wars, such waste, such fiery tracks of dearth,
Their zeal has left, and such a teemless earth. Dryden.

TEEN. n. s. [tinan, Saxon, to kindle; tenen, Flemish, to vex;
teonan, Saxon, injuries.] Sorrow; grief.
Arrived there
That barehead knight, for dread and doleful teen
Would fain have fled, ne durst approachen near. Fa. Qu.
Fry not in heartless grief and doleful teen. Spenser.
My heart bleeds
To think o' th' teene that I have turn'd you to. Shakesp.
Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen,
And each hour's joy wreck'd with a week of teen. Shak.



To TEEN. v. a. [from tinan, to kindle, Saxon.] To excite;
to provoke to do a thing. Spenser.

TEENS. n. s. [from teen for ten.] The years reckoned by the
termination teen; as, thirteen, fourteen.
Our author would excuse these youthful scenes,
Begotten at his entrance, in his teens;
Some childish fancies may approve the toy,
Some like the muse the more for being a boy. Granville.

TEETH, the plural of tooth.
Who can open the doors of his face? his teeth are terrible
round about. Job xli. 14.

To TEETH. v. n. [from the noun.] To breed teeth; to be at
the time of dentition.
When the symptoms of teething appear, the gums ought
to be relaxed by softening ointment. Arbuthnot on Diet.

TE’GUMENT. n. s. [tegumentum, Latin.] Cover; the outward
part. This word is seldom used but in anatomy or physicks.
Clip and trim those tender strings in the fashion of beard,
or other hairy teguments. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
Proceed by section, dividing the skin, and separating the
teguments. Wiseman's Surgery.
In the nutmeg another tegument is the mace between the
green pericarpium and the hard shell. Ray on the Creation.

To TEH-HE. v. n. [a cant word made from the sound.] To
laugh with a loud and more insolent kind of cachinnation;
to titter.
They laugh'd and teh-he'd with derision,
To see them take your deposition. Hudibras, p. iii.

TEIL tree. n. s. [tilia, Latin.] The same with linden or lime
tree: which see.
A teiltree and an oak have their substance in them when
they cast their leaves. Isa. vi. 13.

TEINT. n. s. [teinte, French.] Colour; touch of the pencil.
Glazed colours have a vivacity which can never be imita­
ted by the most brilliant colours, because the different teints
are simply laid on, each in its place, one after another. Dryd.

TEL

TE’LARY. adj. [tela, a web, Lat.] Spinning webs.
The pictures of telary spiders, and their position in the
web, is commonly made lateral, and regarding the horizon;
although we shall commonly find it downward, and their
heads respecting the center. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. v.

TE’LESCOPE. n. s. [telescope, Fr. t?? and s?p??.] A
long glass by which distant objects are viewed.
The telescope discovers to us distant wonders in the hea­
vens, and shews the milky way, and the bright cloudy spots,
in a very dark sky, to be a collection of little stars. Watts.

TELESCO’PICAL. adj. [from telescope.] Belonging to a tele­
scope; seeing at a distance.

To TELL. v. a. preterite and part. pass. told. [tellan, Saxon;
taelen, tellen, Dutch; talen, Danish.]
1. To utter; to express; to speak.
I will not eat till I have told mine errand. Gen. xxiv. 33.
Thy message which might else in telling wound,
And in performing end us. Milton.
2. To relate; to rehearse; to speak.
I will declare what wise men have told from their fathers,
and have not hid. Job xv. 18.
When Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and the in­
terpretation, he worshipped. Judg. vii. 13.
He longer will delay to hear thee tell
His generation. Milton.
You must know; but break, O break my heart,
Before I tell my fatal story out,
Th' usurper of my throne is my wife! Dryden.
The rest are vanish'd, none repass'd the gate,
And not a man appears to tell their fate. Pope's Odyssey.
3. To teach; to inform.
He gently ask'd where all the people be,
Which in that stately building wont to dwell,
Who answer'd him full soft, he could not tell. Fa. Qu.
I told him of myself; which was as much
As to have ask'd him pardon. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Tell me now, what lady is the same,
To whom you swore a secret pilgrimage,
That you to day promis'd to tell me of. Shakespeare.
The fourth part of a shekel of silver will I give to the man
of God to tell us our way. 1 Sam. ix. 8.
Saint Paul telleth us, we must needs be subject not only
for fear, but also for conscience sake. Bishop Sanderson.
Tell me how may I know him, how adore. Milton.
4. To discover; to betray.
They will tell it to the inhabitants. Num. xiv. 14.
5. To count; to number.
Here lies the learned Savile's heir,
So early wise, and lasting fair;
That none, except her years they told,
Thought her a child, or thought her old. Waller.
Numerous sails the fearful only tell;
Courage from hearts, and not from numbers grows. Dryd.
A child can tell twenty before he has any idea of infinite.
Locke.
She doubts if two and two make four,
Though she has told them ten times o'er. Prior.
6. To make excuses. A low word.
Tush, never tell me, I take it much unkindly,
That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse,
As if the strings were thine, should'st know of this. Shak.

To TELL. v. n.
1. To give an account; to make report.
I will compass thine altar, O Lord, that I may publish
with the voice of thanksgiving, and tell of all thy wondrous
works. Psal. xxvi. 7.
Ye that live and move, fair creatures tell,
Tell, if ye saw, how came I thus, how here? Milton.
2. To TELL on. To inform of. A doubtful phrase.
David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tid­
ings to Gath, saying, lest they should tell on us, saying, so
did David. 1 Sam. xxvii. 11.

TE’LLTALE. n. s. [tell and tale.] One who gives malicious in­
formation; one who carries officious intelligence.
You speak to Casca, and to such a man
That is no flearing telltale. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
What shall these papers lie like telltales here? Shakesp.
Let not the heav'ns hear these telltale women
Rail on the Lord's anointed. Shakespeare.
'Tis done; report displays her telltale wings,
And to each ear the news and tidings brings. Fairfax.
And to the telltale sun descry
Our conceal'd solemnity. Milton.
Eurydice and he are prisoners here,
But will not long be so: this telltale ghost
Perhaps will clear them both. Dryden and Lee.
A telltale out of school
Is of all wits the greatest fool. Swift.

TE’LLER. n. s. [from tell.]
1. One who tells or relates.
2. One who numbers; a numberer.
3. A teller is an officer of the exchequer, of which there are
four in number: their business is to receive all monies due to
the king, and give the clerk of the pell a bill to charge him
therewith: they also pay all persons any money payable to
them by the king, by warrant from the auditor of the re­
ceipt: they also make books of receipts and payments, which
they deliver the lord treasurer. Cowel.

TEM

TEMERA’RIOUS. adj. [temeraire, Fr. temerarius, Lat.]
1. Rash; heady.
Resolution without foresight is but a temerarious folly; and
the consequences of things are the first point to be taken into
consideration. L'Estrange.
2. Careless; heedless.
Should he find upon one single sheet of parchment, an
oration written full of profound sense, adorned with elegant
phrase, the wit of man could not persuade him that this was
done by the temerarious dashes of an unguided pen. Ray.

TEME’RITY. n. s. [temeritas, Latin.] Rashness; unreasonable
contempt of danger.
The figures are bold even to temerity. Cowly.

To TE’MPER. v. a. [tempero, Lat. temperer, Fr.]
1. To mix so as that one part qualifies the other.
I shall temper so
Justice with mercy, as may illustrate most
Them fully satisfy'd, and Thee appease. Milton.
2. To compound; to form by mixture.
If you could find out but a man
To bear a poison, I would temper it;
That Romeo should upon receipt thereof
Soon sleep in quiet. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
3. To mingle.
Prepare the sixth part of an ephah and the third part of an
hin of oil, to temper with the fine flour. Ezek. xlvi. 14.
The good old knight, with a mixture of the father and
master of the family, tempered the inquiries after his own af­
fairs with kind questions relating to themselves. Addison.
4. To beat together to a proper consistence.
Th' uncivil kerns of Ireland are in arms,
And temper clay with blood of Englishmen. Shakespeare.
The potter tempering soft earth, fashioneth every vessel
with much labour. Wisd. xv. 7.
5. To accommodate; to modify.
Thy sustenance serving to the appetite of the eater, tem­
pered itself to every man's liking. Wisd. xvi. 21.
These soft fires with kindly heat
Of various influence soment and warm,
Temper or nourish. Milton.
6. To soften; to mollify; to assuage; to sooth; to calm.
Solon, in his laws to the Athenians, laboured to tem­
per their warlike courages with sweet delights of learning and
sciences: so that as much as the one excelled in arms, the
other exceeded in knowledge. Spenser on Ireland.
With this she wonts to temper angry Jove,
When all the gods he threats with thund'ring dart. Spens.
Now will I to that old Andronicus,
And temper him with all the art I have. Shakespeare.
Woman! Nature made thee
To temper man: we had been brutes without you. Otway.


7. To form metals to a proper degree of hardness.
The sword
Of Michael from the armoury of God
Was given him temper'd so, that neither keen
Nor solid might resist that edge. Milton.
In the tempering of steel, by holding it but a minute or
two longer or lesser in the other competent heat, gives it very
differing tempers as to brittleness or toughness. Boyle.
Repeated peals they hear,
And, in a heav'n serene, refulgent arms appear;
Red'ning the skies, and glitt'ring all around,
The temper'd metals clash, and yield a silver sound. Dryd.
8. To govern. A latinism.
With which the damned ghosts he governeth,
And furies rules, and Tartare tempereth. Hubberd's Tale.

TE’MPER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Due mixture of contrary qualities.
Nothing better proveth the excellency of this soil and tem­
per than the abundant growing of the palm trees. Raleigh.
Health itself is but a kind of temper, gotten and preserved
by a convenient mixture of contrarieties. Arbuthnot.
2. Middle course; mean or medium.
If the estates of some bishops were exorbitant before the
reformation, the present clergy's wishes reach no further than
that some reasonable temper had been used instead of paring
them so quick. Swift's Miscel.
3. Constitution of body.
This body would be increased daily, being supplied from
above and below, and having done growing, it would be­
come more dry by degrees, and of a temper of greater consis­
tency and firmness. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. Disposition of mind.
Remember with what mild
And gracious temper he both heard, and judg'd,
Without wrath or reviling. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
This will keep their thoughts easy and free, the only tem­
per wherein the mind is capable of receiving new informa­
tions. Locke on Education.
5. Constitutional frame of mind.
The brain may devise laws for the blood, but a hot temper
leaps o'er a cold decree. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Our hearts,
Of brothers temper, do receive you in
With all kind love. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
6. Calmness of mind; moderation.
Restore yourselves unto your tempers, fathers,
And without perturbation hear me speak. Benj. Johnson.
Teach me, like thee, in various nature wise,
To fall with dignity, with temper rise. Pope.
7. State to which metals are reduced, particularly as to hard­
ness.
Here draw I
A sword, whose temper I intend to stain
With the best blood that I can meet withal. Shakesp.
Ithuriel with his spear
Touch'd lightly; for no falshood can endure
Touch of cœlestial temper, but returns
Of force to its own likeness: up he starts,
Discover'd, and surpriz'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
These needles should have a due temper; for if they are
too soft, the force exerted to carry them through the flesh
will bend them; if they are too brittle they snap. Sharp.

TE’MPERAMENT. n. s. [temperamentum, Lat. temperament, Fr.]
1. Constitution; state with respect to the predominance of any
quality.
Bodies are denominated hot and cold in proportion to the
present temperament of that part of our body to which they
are applied. Locke.
2. Medium; due mixture of opposites.
The common law has wasted and wrought out those dis­
tempers, and reduced the kingdom to its just state and tem­
perament. Hale.

TEMPERAME’NTAL. adj. [from temperament.] Constitutional.
That temperamental dignotions, and conjecture of preva­
lent humours, that may be collected from spots in our nails,
we concede. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Intellectual representations are received with as unequal a
fate upon a bare temperamental relish or disgust. Glanville.

TE’MPERANCE. n. s. [temperantia, Lat.]
1. Moderation; opposed to gluttony and drunkenness.
Well observe
The rule of not too much; by temperance taught
In what thou eat'st and drink'st; seeking from thence
Due nourishment, no gluttonous delight. Milton.
Temperance, that virtue without pride, and fortune without
envy, gives indolence of body and tranquillity of mind;
the best guardian of youth and support of old age. Temple.
Make temperance thy companion; so shall health
Sit on thy brow. Dodsley's Agriculture.
2. Patience; calmness; sedateness; moderation of passion.
His senseless speech and doted ignorance,
When as the noble prince had marked well;
He calm'd his wrath with goodly temperance. Fa. Qu.
What, are you chaf'd?
Ask God for temp’rance, that's th' appliance only
Which your disease requires. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

TE’MPERATE. adj. [temperatus, Lat.]
1. Not excessive; moderate in degree of any quality.
Use a temperate heat, for they are ever temperate heats that
digest and mature; wherein we mean temperate, according to
the nature of the subject; for that may be temperate to fruits
and liquors which will not work at all upon metals. Bacon.
His sleep
Was airy, light, from pure digestion bred,
And temp’rate vapours bland. Milton.
2. Moderate in meat and drink.
I advised him to be temperate in eating and drinking. Wisem.
3. Free from ardent passion.
So hot a speed with such advice dispos'd;
Such temp'rate order in so fierce a course
Doth want example. Shakespeare.
She's not froward, but modest as the dove:
She is not hot, but temperate as the morn. Shakespeare.
From temperate inactivity we are unready to put in execu­
tion the suggestions of reason. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TE’MPERATELY. adv. [from temperate.]
1. Moderately; not excessively.
By winds that temperately blow,
The bark should pass secure and slow. Addison.
2. Calmly; without violence of passion.
Temp’rately proceed to what you would
Thus violently redress. Shakespeare.
3. Without gluttony or luxury.
God esteems it a part of his service if we eat or drink;
so it be temperately, and as may best preserve health. Taylor.

TE’MPERATENESS. n. s. [from temperate.]
1. Freedom from excesses; mediocrity.
2. Calmness; coolness of mind.
Langley's mild temperateness,
Did tend unto a calmer quietness. Daniel's Civil War.

TE’MPERATURE. n. s. [temperatura, tempero, Latin; tempera­
ture, French.]
1. Constitution of nature; degree of any qualities.
It lieth in the same climate, and is of no other temperature
than Guinea. Abbot's Description of the World.
Birds that change countries at certain seasons, if they come
earlier, shew the temperature of weather. Bacon.
Memory depends upon the consistence and the temperature
of the brain. Watts.
2. Mediocrity; due balance of contrarieties.
As the world's sun doth effects beget
Diff'rent, in divers places ev'ry day;
Here Autumn's temperature, there Summer's heat,
Here flow'ry Spring-tide, and there Winter gray. Davies.
If, instead of this variation of heat, we suppose an equa­
lity, or constant temperature of it before the deluge, the case
would be much altered. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3. Moderation; freedom from predominant passion.
In that proud port which her so goodly graceth,
Most goodly temperature you may descry. Spenser.

TE’MPERED. adj. [from temper.] Disposed with regard to the
passions.
When was my lord so much ungently tempered,
To stop his ears against admonishment? Shakespeare.

TE’MPEST. n. s. [tempeste, Fr. tempestas, Lat.]
1. The utmost violence of the wind; the names by which the
wind is called according to the gradual encrease of its force
seems to be, a breeze; a gale; a gust; a storm; a tempest.
I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds
Have riv'd the knotty oaks. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Some have been driven by tempest to the south. Abbot.
What at first was call'd a gust, the same
Hath now a storm's, anon a tempest's name. Donne.
We, caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurl'd
Each on his rock transfix'd. Milton.
With clouds and storms
Around thee thrown, tempest o'er tempest roll'd,
Thou humblest nature with thy northern blast. Thomson.
2. Any tumult; commotion; perturbation.
The tempest in my mind
Doth from my senses take all feeling else,
Save what beats there. Shakespeare's King Lear.

To TE’MPEST. v. a. [from the noun.] To disturb as by a
tempest.
Part huge of bulk,
Wallowing unweildy, enormous in their gait,
Tempest the ocean. Milton.
Leviathan, in dreadful sport,
Tempest the loosen'd brine. Thompson.

TE’MPEST-BEATEN. v. a. [tempest and beat.] Shattered with
storms.
In the calm harbour of her gentle breast,
My tempest-beaten soul may safely rest. Dryden's Aureng.

TE’MPEST-TOST. adj. [tempest and tost.] Driven about by
storms.


Though his bark cannot be lost,
Yet it shall be tempest-tost. Shakesp. Macbeth.

TEMPESTI’VITY. n. s. [tempestivus, Lat.] Seasonableness.
Since their dispersion the constitutions of countries admit
not such tempestivity of harvest. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TEMPE’STUOUS. adj. [tempestueux, Fr. from tempest.] Stormy;
turbulent.
Tempestuous fortune hath spent all her spight,
And thrilling sorrow thrown his utmost dart. Fairy Qu.
Which of them rising with the sun or falling
Should prove tempestuous. Milton.
Her looks grow black as a tempestuous wind,
Some raging thoughts are rowling in her mind. Dryden.
Pompey, when dissuaded from embarking because the wea­
ther was tempestuous, replied, My voyage is necessary, my
life is not so. Collier on the Value of Life.

TE’MPLAR. n. s. [from the Temple, an house near the Thames,
anciently belonging to the knights templars, originally from
the temple of Jerusalem.] A student in the law.
Wits and templars ev'ry sentence raise,
And wonder with a foolish face of praise. Pope's Epist.

TE’MPLE. n. s. [temple, Fr. templum, Lat.]
1. A place appropriated to acts of religion.
The honour'd gods
Throng our large temples with the shews of peace. Shak.
Here we have no temple but the wood, no assembly but
hornbeasts. Shakespeare's As you like it.
Most sacrilegious murther hath broke ope
The lord's anointed temple, and stole thence
The life o' th' building. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
This guest of Summer,
The temple haunting martlet. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. [Tempora, Latin.] The upper part of the sides of the head
where the pulse is felt.
Her sunny locks
Hang on her temples like a golden fleece. Shakespeare.
We may apply intercipients of mastich upon the temples;
frontals also may be applied. Wiseman's Surgery.
To procure sleep, he uses the scratching of the temples and
ears; that even mollifies wild beasts. Arbuthnot.
The weapon enter'd close above his ear,
Cold through his temples glides the whizzing spear. Pope.

TE’MPLET. n. s. A piece of timber in a building.
When you lay any timber on brick-work, as linteols over
windows, or templets under girders, lay them in loom. Moxon.

TE’MPORAL. adj. [temporal, Fr. temporalis, low Latin.]
1. Measured by time; not eternal.
As there they sustain temporal life, so here they would learn
to make provision for eternal. Hooker.
2. Secular; not ecclesiastical.
This sceptre shews the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,
Wherein doth sit the dread of kings. Shakespeare.
All the temporal lands, which men devout
By testament have given to the church,
Would they strip from us. Shakesp. Henry V.
All temporal power hath been wrested from the clergy, and
much of their ecclesiastick. Swift.
3. Not spiritual.
Call not every temporal end a defiling of the intention, but
only when it contradicts the ends of God, or when it is prin­
cipally intended: for sometimes a temporal end is part of our
duty; and such are all the actions of our calling. Taylor.
Our petitions to God with regard to temporals, must be
that medium of convenience proportioned to the several con­
ditions of life. Rogers's Serm.
4. [Temporal, Fr.] Placed at the temples, or upper part of the
head.
Copious bleeding, by opening the temporal arteries, are the
most effectual remedies for a phrensy. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

TEMPORA’LITY. n. s. [temporalité, Fr. from temporal.] Se­
cular possessions; not ecclesiastick rights.

TE’MPORALS. n. s. [temporalité, Fr. from temporal.] Se­
cular possessions; not ecclesiastick rights.
Such revenues, lands, and tenements, as bishops have had
annexed to their sees by the kings and others from time to
time, as they are barons and lords of the parliament. Cowel.
The residue of these ordinary finances is casual, as the
temporalities of vacant bishopricks, the profits that grow by
the tenures of lands. Bacon.

TE’MPORALLY. adv. [from temporal.] With respect to this
life.
Sinners who are in such a temporally happy condition, owe
it not to their sins, but wholly to their luck. South.

TE’MPORALTY. n. s. [from temporal.]
1. The laity; secular people.
The pope sucked out inestimable sums of money, to the
intolerable grievance of clergy and temporalty. Abbot.
2. Secular possessions.
The king yielded up the point, reserving the ceremony of
homage from the bishops, in respect of the temporalities, to
himself. Ayliffe.

TEMPORA’NEOUS. adj. [temporis, Lat.] Temporary. Dict.

TE’MPORARINESS. [from temporary.] The state of being tem­
porary; not perpetuity.

TE’MPORARY. adj. [tempus, Lat.] Lasting only for a limited
time.
These temporary truces were soon made and soon broken;
he desired a straiter amity. Bacon's Henry VII.
The republick threatened with danger, appointed a tem­
porary dictator, who, when the danger was over, retired
again into the community. Addison.

To TE’MPORIZE. v. n. [temporiser, Fr. tempus, Lat.]
1. To delay; to procrastinate.
If Cupid hath not spent all his quiver in Venice, thou wilt
quake for this shortly.
—I look for an earthquake too then.
—Well, you will temporize with the hours. Shakespeare.
The earl of Lincoln deceived of the country's concourse,
in which case he would have temporized, resolved to give the
king battle. Bacon's Henry VII.
2. To comply with the times or occasions.
They might their grievance inwardly complain,
But outwardly they needs must temporize. Daniel.
3. To comply: this is improper.
The dauphin is too wilful opposite,
And will not temporize with my entreaties:
He flatly says, he'll not lay down his arms. Shakespeare.

TEMPORI’ZER. n. s. [temporiseur, Fr. from temporize.] One
that complies with times or occasions; a trimmer.
I pronounce thee a hovering temporizer, that
Canst with thine eyes at once see good and evil,
Inclining to them both. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

TEMSE BREAD. n. s. [temsen, Dutch; tamiser, Fr. tame­
sare, Italian, to sift; tems, Dutch; ta­
mis, French; tamiso, Italian, a sieve.] Bread made of flower
better sifted than common.
TEMSED BREAD. n. s. [temsen, Dutch; tamiser, Fr. tame­
sare, Italian, to sift; tems, Dutch; ta­
mis, French; tamiso, Italian, a sieve.] Bread made of flower
better sifted than common.

To TEMPT. v. a. [tento, Lat. tenter, Fr.]
1. To sollicit to ill; to incite by presenting some pleasure or
advantage to the mind; to entice.
'Tis not the king that sends you to the Tower:
My lady Gray tempts him to this harsh extremity. Shak.
You ever gentle gods, take my breath from me;
Let not my worser spirit tempt me again
To die before you please. Shakesp. King Lear.
Come together, that Satan tempt you not. 1 Cor. vii. 5.
He that hath not wholly subdued himself, is quickly tempt­
ed and overcome in small things. Bishop Taylor.
Fix'd on the fruit she gaz'd, which to behold
Might tempt alone. Milton.
The devil can but tempt and deceive; and if he cannot
destroy so, his power is at an end. South.
O wretched maid!
Whose roving fancy would resolve the same
With him, who next should tempt her easy fame. Prior.
2. To provoke.
I'm much too vent'rous
In tempting of your patience. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
With-hold
Your talons from the wretched and the bold;
Tempt not the brave and needy to despair:
For, though your violence shou'd leave 'em bare
Of gold and silver, swords and darts remain. Dryden.
3. It is sometimes used without any notion of evil; to sollicit;
to draw.
Still his strength conceal'd
Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall. Milton.
The rowing crew,
To tempt a fare, clothe all their tilts in blue. Gay.
4. To try; to attempt.
This from the vulgar branches must be torn,
And to fair Proserpine the present born,
Ere leave be giv'n to tempt the nether skies. Dryden.

TEMPTA’TION. n. s. [tentation, Fr. from tempt.]
1. The act of tempting; sollicitation to ill; enticement.
All temptation to transgress repel. Milt.
2. The state of being tempted.
When by human weakness, and the arts of the tempter,
you are led into temptations, prayer is the thread to bring
you out of this labyrinth. Duppa.
3. That which is offered to the mind as a motive to ill.
Set a deep glass of rhenish wine on the contrary casket;
for if the devil be within, and that temptation without, he
will choose it. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Dare to be great without a guilty crown;
View it, and lay the bright temptation down:
'Tis base to seize on all. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

TE’MPTABLE. adj. [from tempt.] Liable to temptation; ob­
noxious to bad influence.
If the parliament were as temptable as any other assembly,
the managers must fail for want of tools to work with. Swift.

TE’MPTER. n. s. [from tempt.]
1. One who sollicits to ill; an enticer.
These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues.
Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Is this her fault or mine?
The tempter or the tempted, who sins most?
Not she; nor doth she tempt. Shak. Meas. for Measure.


Those who are bent to do wickedly, will never want
tempters to urge them on. Tillotson.
My work is done:
She's now the tempter to ensnare his heart. Dryden.
2. The infernal sollicitor to evil.
The experience of our own frailties, and the watchfulness
of the tempter, discourage us. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Foretold what would come to pass,
When first this tempter cross'd the gulf from hell. Milton.
To this high mountain's top the tempter brought
Our Saviour. Milton's Par. Reg. b. iii.

TE’MULENCY. n. s. [temulentia, Lat.] Inebriation; intoxica­
tion by liquor.

TE’MULENT. adj. [temulentus, Lat.] Inebriated; intoxicated
as with strong liquors.

TEN

TEN. adj. [tn, Saxon; tien, Dutch.] The decimal number;
twice five; the number by which we multiply numbers into
new denominations.
Thou shalt have more
Than two tens to a score. Shakesp. King Lear.
Ten hath been extolled as containing even, odd, long, and
plain, quadrate and cubical numbers; and Aristotle observed,
that Barbarians as well as Greeks used a numeration unto
ten. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
With twice ten sail I cross'd the Phrygian sea,
Scarce seven within your harbour meet. Dryden.
There's a proud modesty in merit,
Averse from begging; and resolv'd to pay
Ten times the gift it asks. Dryden's Cleomenes.
From the soft lyre,
Sweet flute, and ten string'd instrument, require
Sounds of delight. Prior.
Although English is too little cultivated, yet the faults are
nine in ten owing to affectation. Swift's Miscel.

TE’NABLE. adj. [tenable, French.] Such as may be maintain­
ed against opposition; such as may be held against attacks.
The town was strong of itself, and wanted no industry to
fortify and make it tenable. Bacon's War with Spain.
Sir William Ogle seized upon the castle, and put it into a
tenable condition. Clarendon.
Infidelity has been driven out of all its outworks: the
atheist has not found his post tenable, and is therefore retired
into deism. Addison's Spect. No. 186.

TENA’CIOUS. adj. [tenax, Lat.]
1. Grasping hard; inclined to hold fast; not willing to let go,
with of before the thing held.
A resolute tenacious adherence to well chosen principles,
makes the face of a governor shine in the eyes of those that
see his actions. South.
Griping, and still tenacious of thy hold,
Wou'd'st thou the Grecian chiefs, though largely soul'd,
Shou'd give the prises they had gain'd. Dryden.
You reign absolute over the hearts of a stubborn and free­
born people, tenacious to madness of their liberty. Dryden.
True love's a miser; so tenacious grown,
He weighs to the least grain of what's his own. Dryden.
Men are tenacious of the opinions that first possess them.
Locke.
He is tenacious of his own property, and ready to invade
that of others. Arbuthnot.
2. Retentive.
The memory in some is very tenacious; but yet there seems
to be a constant decay of all our ideas, even of those which
are struck deepest, and in minds the most retentive. Locke.
3. [Tenace, French.] Having parts disposed to adhere to each
other; cohesive.
Three equal round vessels filled, the one with water, the
other with oil, the third with molten pitch, and the liquors
stirred alike to give them a vortical motion; the pitch by its
tenacity will lose its motion quickly, the oil being less tena­
cious will keep it longer, and the water being less tenacious
will keep it longest, but yet will lose it in a short time. Newt.
4. Niggardly; close-fifted; meanly parcimonious. Ains.

TENA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from tenacious.] With disposition to
hold fast.
Some things our juvenile reasons tenaciously adhere to,
which yet our maturer judgments disallow of. Glanville.

TENA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [from tenacious.] Unwillingness to
quit, resign, or let go.

TENA’CITY. n. s. [tenacitas, tenacité, Fr. tenax, Latin.] Vis­
cosity; glutinousness; adhesion of one part to another.
If many contiguous vortices of molten pitch were each of
them as large as those which some suppose to revolve about
the sun and fixed stars, yet these and all their parts would,
by their tenacity and stiffness, communicate their motion to
one another till they all rested among themselves. Newton.
Substances, whose tenacity exceeds the powers of digestion,
will neither pass, nor be converted into aliment. Arbuthnot.

TE’NANCY. n. s. [tenanche, old French; tenentia, law Latin;
from tenant.] Temporary possession of what belongs to an­
other.
This duke becomes seized of favour by descent, though
the condition of that estate be commonly no more than a
tenancy at will. Wotton.

TE’NANT. n. s. [tenant, French.]
1. One that holds of another; one that on certain conditions
has temporary possession and use of that which is in reality
the property of another: correlative to landlord.
I have been your tenant,
And your father's tenant, these fourscore years. Shakesp.
Such is the mould that the blest tenant feeds
On precious fruits, and pays his rent in weeds. Waller.
Jupiter had a farm long for want of a tenant. L'Estrange.
His cheerful tenants bless their yearly toil,
Yet to their lord owe more than to the soil. Pope.
The tenants of a manor fall into the sentiments of their
lord. Watts.
The father is a tyrant over slaves and beggars, whom he
calls his tenants. Swift.
2. One who resides in any place.
The bear, rough tenant of these shades. Thomson.

To TE’NANT. v. a. [from the noun.] To hold on certain
conditions.
Sir Roger's estate is tenanted by persons who have served
him or his ancestors. Addison's Spect. N. 107.

TE’NANTABLE. adj. [from tenant.] Such as may be held by
a tenant.
The ruins that time, sickness, or melancholy shall bring,
must be made up at your cost; for that thing a husband is
but tenant for life in what he holds, and is bound to leave
the place tenantable to the next that shall take it. Suckling.
That the soul may not be too much incommoded in her
house of clay, such necessaries are secured to the body as may
keep it in tenantable repair. Decay of Piety.

TE’NANTLESS. adj. [from tenant.] Unoccupied; unpossessed.
O thou, that dost inhabit in my breast,
Leave not the mansion so long tenantless;
Lest growing ruinous the building fall,
And leave no memory of what it was. Shakespeare.

TE’NANT-SAW. n. s. [corrupted, I suppose, from tenon-saw.]
See TENON.

TENCH. n. s. [tince, Saxon; tinca, Lat.] A pond fish.
Having stored a very great pond with carps, tench, and
other pond fish, and only put in two small pikes, this pair of
tyrants in seven years devoured the whole. Hale.

To TEND. v. a. [contracted from attend.]
1. To watch; to guard; to accompany as an assistant or de­
fender.
Nymphs of Mulla which, with careful heed,
The silver scaly trouts did tend full well. Spenser's Epithal.
Go thou to Richard, and good angels tend thee. Shak.
Him lord pronounc'd; and O! indignity
Subjected to his service angel wings,
And flaming ministers to watch and tend
Their earthy charge. Milton.
He led a rural life, and had command
O'er all the shepherds, who about those vales
Tended their numerous flocks. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
There is a pleasure in that simplicity, in beholding princes
tending their flocks. Pope.
Our humbler province is to tend the fair;
To save the powder from too rude a gale,
Nor let th' imprison'd essences exhale. Pope.
Cic'ly had won his heart;
Cic'ly, the western lass, that tends the kee. Gay.
2. To attend; to accompany.
Despair
Tended the sick, busiest from couch to couch. Milton.
Those with whom I now converse,
Without a tear will tend my herse. Swift.
3. To be attentive to.
Unsuck'd of lamb or kid that tend their play. Milton.

To TEND. v. n. [tendo, Lat.]
1. To move towards a certain point or place.
They had a view of the princess at a mask, having over­
heard two gentlemen tending towards that sight. Wotton.
To these abodes our fleet Apollo sends:
Here Dardanus was born, and hither tends. Dryden.
2. [Tendre, French.] To be directed to any end or purpose;
to aim at.
Admiration seiz'd
All heav'n, what this might mean and whither tend. Milt.
Factions gain their power by pretending common safety,
and tending towards it in the directest course. Temple.
The laws of our religion tend to the universal happiness of
mankind. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. To contribute.
Many times that which we ask would, if it should be
granted, be worse for us, and perhaps tend to our destruc­
tion; and then God by denying the particular matter of our
prayers, doth grant the general matter of them. Hammond.
4. [From attend.] To wait; to expect. Out of use.
The bark is ready, and the wind at help;
Th' associates tend. Shakespeare's Hamlet.


5. To attend; to wait as dependants or servants.
She deserves a lord,
That twenty such rude boys might tend upon,
And call her hourly mistress. Shakespeare.
Give him tending,
He brings great news. Shakespeare.
Was he not companion with the riotous knights,
That tend upon my father. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. To attend as something inseparable.
Threefold vengeance tend upon your steps! Shakesp.

TE’NDANCE. n. s. [from tend.]
1. Attendance; state of expectation.
Unhappy wight born to disastrous end,
That doth his life in so long tendance spend. Hubberd.
2. Person; attendant. Out of use.
His lobbies fill with tendance,
Rain sacrificial whisp'rings in his car. Shakespeare.
3. Attendance; act of waiting.
She purpos'd,
By watching, weeping, tendance, to
O'ercome you with her shew. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
4. Care; act of tending.
Nature does require
Her times of preservation, which, perforce,
I her frail son, amongst my brethren mortal,
Must give my tendance to. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
They at her coming sprung,
And touch'd by her fair tendance gladlier grew. Milton.

TE’NDENCE. n. s. [from tend.]
TE’NDENCY. n. s. [from tend.]
1. Direction or course towards any place or object.
It is not much business that distracts any man; but the
want of purity, constancy, and tendency towards God. Taylor.
Writings of this kind, if conducted with candour, have
a more particular tendency to the good of their country than
any other compositions. Addison's Freeholder, No. 40.
We may acquaint ourselves with the powers and proper­
ties, the tendencies and inclinations, of body and spirit. Watts.
All of them are innocent, and most of them had a moral
tendency, to soften the virulence of parties, or laugh out of
countenance some vice or folly. Swift.
2. Direction or course toward any inference or result; drift.
These opinions are of so little moment, that, like motes
in the sun, their tendencies are little noticed. Locke.

TE’NDER. adj. [tendre, French.]
1. Soft; easily impressed or injured.
The earth brought forth the tender grass. Milton.
From each tender stalk she gathers. Milton.
2. Sensible; easily pained; soon sore.
Unneath may she endure the flinty street,
To tread them with her tender feeling feet. Shakespeare.
Leah was tender eyed, but Rachael was well-favoured.
Gen. xxix. 17.
Our bodies are not naturally more tender than our faces;
but by being less exposed to the air, they become less able to
endure it. L'Estrange.
The face when we are born is no less tender than any other
part of the body: it is use alone hardens it, and makes it
more able to endure the cold. Locke on Education.
3. Effeminate; emasculate; delicate.
When Cyrus had overcome the Lydians, that were a
warlike nation, and devised to bring them to a more peace­
able life, instead of their short warlike coat he clothed them
in long garments like women, and instead of their warlike
musick appointed to them certain lascivious lays, by which
their minds were so mollified and abated, that they forgot
their former fierceness, and became most tender and effemi­
nate. Spenser on Ireland.
4. Exciting kind concern.
I love Valentine;
His life's as tender to me as my soul. Shakespeare.
5. Compassionate; anxious for another's good.
The tender kindness of the church it well beseemeth to
help the weaker sort, although some few of the perfecter and
stronger be for a time displeased. Hooker, b. v.
This not mistrust but tender love injoins. Milton.
Be tender hearted and compassionate towards those in want,
and ready to relieve them. Tillotson's Sermons.
6. Susceptible of soft passions.
Your tears a heart of flint
Might tender make, yet nought
Herein they will prevail. Spenser.
7. Amorous; lascivious.
What mad lover ever dy'd,
To gain a soft and gentle bride?
Or for a lady tender hearted,
In purling streams or hemp departed? Hudibras, p. iii.
8. Expressive of the softer passions.
9. Careful not to hurt, with of.
The civil authority should be tender of the honour of God
and religion. Tillotson's Sermons.
As I have been tender of every particular person's reputa­
tion, so I have taken care not to give offence. Addison.
10. Gentle; mild; unwilling to pain.
Thy tender hefted nature shall not give
Thee o'er to harshness; her eyes are fierce, but thine
Do comfort and not burn. Shakesp. King Lear.
You, that are thus so tender o'er his follies,
Will never do him good. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
11. Apt to give pain.
In things that are tender and unpleasing, break the ice by
some whose words are of less weight, and reserve the more
weighty voice to come in as by chance. Bacon.
12. Young; weak: as, tender age.
When yet he was but tender bodied, a mother should not
fell him. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

To TE’NDER. v. a. [tendre, French.]
1. To offer; to exhibit; to propose to acceptance.
Some of the chiefest laity professed with greater stomach
their judgments, that such a discipline was little better than
popish tyranny, disguised and tendered unto them. Hooker.
I crave no more than what your highness offer'd;
Nor will you tender less. Shakesp. King Lear.
All conditions, all minds, tender down
Their service to lord Timon. Shakespeare.
Owe not all creatures by just right to thee
Duty and service, not to stay till bid,
But tender all their pow'r? Milton's Par. Regain'd.
2. To hold; to esteem.
Tender yourself more dearly;
Or, not to crack the wind of the poor phrase,
Wringing it thus, you'll tender me a fool. Shakespeare.
3. [From the adjective.] To regard with kindness. Not in
use.
I thank you, madam, that you tender her:
Poor gentlewoman, my master wrongs her much. Shak.

TE’NDER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Offer; proposal to acceptance.
Then to have a wretched puling fool,
A whining mammet, in her fortune's tender,
To answer I'll not wed. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
Think yourself a baby;
That you have ta'en his tenders for true pay,
Which are not sterling. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The earl accepted the tenders of my service. Dryden.
To declare the calling of the Gentiles by a free, unlimited
tender of the gospel to all. South's Sermons.
Our tenders of duty every now and then miscarry. Addison.
2. [From the adjective.] Regard; kind concern.
Thou hast shew'd thou mak'st some tender of my life,
In this fair rescue thou hast brought to me. Shakespeare.

TE’NDER-HEARTED. adj. [tender and heart.] Of a soft com­
passionate disposition.

TE’NDERLING. n. s. [from tender.]
1. The first horns of a deer.
2. A fondling; one who is made soft by too much kindness.

TE’NDERLY. adv. [from tender.] In a tender manner; mildly;
gently; softly; kindly; without harshness.
Tenderly apply to her
Some remedies for life. Shakespeare.
She embrac'd him, and for joy
Tenderly wept. Milton.
They are the most perfect pieces of Ovid, and the style
tenderly passionate and courtly. Pref. to Ovid.
Marcus with blushes owns he loves,
And Brutus tenderly reproves. Pope.

TE’NDERNESS. n. s. [tendresse, Fr. from tender.]
1. The state of being tender; susceptibility of impressions.
Pied cattle are spotted in their tongues, the tenderness of
the part receiving more easily alterations than other parts of
the flesh. Bacon.
The difference of the muscular flesh depends upon the
hardness, tenderness, moisture, or driness of the fibres. Arbuth.
2. State of being easily hurt; soreness.
A quickness and tenderness of sight could not endure bright
sun-shine. Locke.
Any zealous for his country, must conquer that tenderness
and delicacy which may make him afraid of being spoken ill
of. Addison.
There are examples of wounded persons, that have roared
for anguish at the discharge of ordnance, though at a great
distance; what insupportable torture then should we be under
upon a like concussion in the air, when all the whole body
would have the tenderness of a wound. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Susceptibility of the softer passions.
Weep no more, lest I give cause
To be suspected of more tenderness
Than doth become a man. Shakespeare.
Well we know your tenderness of heart,
And gentle, kind, effeminate remorse
To your kindred. Shakesp. Richard III.


With what a graceful tenderness he loves!
And breathes the softest, the sincerest vows! Addison.
4. Kind attention; anxiety for the good of another.
Having no children, she did with singular care and tender­
ness intend the education of Philip and Margaret. Bacon.
5. Scrupulousness; caution.
My conscience first receiv'd a tenderness,
Scruple, and prick, on certain speeches utter'd
By th' bishop of Bayon. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Some are unworthily censured for keeping their own, whom
tenderness how to get honestly teacheth to spend discreetly;
whereas such need no great thriftiness in preserving their own
who assume more liberty in exacting from others. Wotton.
True tenderness of conscience is nothing else but an awful
and exact sense of the rule which should direct it; and while
it steers by this compass, and is sensible of every declination
from it, so long it is properly tender. South.
6. Cautious care.
There being implanted in every man's nature a great ten­
derness of reputation, to be careless of it is looked on as a
mark of a degenerous mind. Government of the Tongue.
7. Soft pathos of expression.

TE’NDINOUS. adj. [tendineux, Fr. tendinis, Latin.] Sinewy;
containing tendons; consisting of tendons.
Nervous and tendinous parts have worse symptoms, and are
harder of cure than fleshy ones. Wiseman.

TE’NDON. n. s. [tendo, Latin.] A sinew; a ligature by which
the joints are moved.
A struma in her instep lay very hard and big amongst the
tendons. Wiseman's Surgery.
The entrails these embrace in spiral strings,
Those clasp th' arterial tubes in tender rings;
The tendons some compacted close produce,
And some thin fibres for the skin diffuse. Blackmore.

TE’NDRIL n. s. [tendrillon, French.] The clasp of a vine, or
other climbing plant.
In wanton ringlets wav'd,
As the vine curls her tendrils; which imply'd
Subjection. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
So may thy tender blossoms fear no blite;
Nor goats with venom'd teeth thy tendrils bite. Dryden.
The tendrils or claspers of plants are given only to such as
have weak stalks, and cannot raise up or support themselves.
Ray on the Creation.

TENE’BRICOSE. adj. [tenebricosus, tenebrosus, Latin.] Dark;
gloomy.
TE’NEBROUS. adj. [tenebricosus, tenebrosus, Latin.] Dark;
gloomy.

TENEBRO’SITY. n. s. [tenebræ, Lat.] Darkness; gloom.

TE’NEMENT. n. s. [tenement, Fr. tenementum, law Latin.] Any
thing held by a tenant.
What reasonable man will not think that the tenement shall
be made much better, if the tenant may be drawn to build
himself some handsome habitation thereon, to ditch and in­
close his ground? Spenser on Ireland.
'Tis policy for father and son to take different sides;
For then lands and tenements commit no treason. Dryden.
Who has informed us, that a rational soul can inhabit no
tenement, unless it has just such a sort of frontispiece. Locke.
Treat on, treat on, is her eternal note,
And lands and tenements glide down her throat. Pope.

TE’NENT. n. s. See TENET.

TENE’RITY. n. s. [teneritas, tener, Lat.] Tenderness. Ains.

TENE’SMUS. n. s.
The stone shutting up the orifice of the bladder, is attend­
ed with a tenesmus, or needing to go to stool. Arbuthnot.

TE’NET. n. s. [from tenet, Latin, he holds. It is sometimes
written tenent, or they hold.] Position; principle; opinion.
That all animals of the land are in their kind in the sea,
although received as a principle, is a tenet very questionable.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
While, in church matters, profit shall be the touch-stone
for faith and manners, we are not to wonder if no gainful
tenet be deposited. Decay of Piety.
This savours of something ranker than socinianism, even
the tenents of the fifth monarchy, and of sovereignty founded
only upon saintship. South's Sermons.
They wonder men should have mistook
The tenets of their master's book. Prior. 

TE’NNIS. n. s. [this play is supposed by Skinner to be so named
from the word tenez, take it, hold it, or there it goes, used
by the French when they drive the ball.] A play at which a
ball is driven with a racket.
The barber's man hath been seen with him, and the old
ornament of his cheek hath already stuffed tennis balls. Shak.
There was he gaming, there o'ertook in's rowse,
There falling out at tennis. Shakesp. Hamlet.
A prince, by a hard destiny, became a tennis ball long to
the blind goddess. Howel's Vocal Forest.
It can be no more disgrace to a great lord to draw a fair
picture, than to play at tennis with his page. Peacham.
The inside of the uvea is blacked like the walls of a tennis
court, that the rays falling upon the retina may not, by be­
ing rebounded thence upon the uvea, be returned again;
for such a repercussion would make the sight more con­
fused. More's Antidote against Atheism.
We conceive not a tennis ball to think, and consequently
not to have any volition, or presence of motion to rest.
Locke.
We have no exedra for the philosophers adjoining to our
tennis court, but there are alebouses. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To TE’NNIS. v. a. [from the noun.] To drive as a ball.
Those four garisons issuing forth upon the enemy, will so
drive him from one side to another, and tennis him amongst
them, that he shall find no where safe to keep his feet in, nor
hide himself. Spenser on Ireland.

TE’NON. n. s. [French.] The end of a timber cut to be fit­
ted into another timber.
Such variety of parts, solid with hollow; some with cavi­
ties as mortises to receive, others with tenons to fit them. Ray.
The tenant-saw being thin, hath a back to keep it from
bending. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

TE’NOUR. n. s. [tenor, Lat. tenour, Fr.]
1. Continuity of state; constant mode; manner of continuity;
general currency.
We might perceive his words interrupted continually with
sighs, and the tenor of his speech not knit together to one
constant end, but dissolved in itself, as the vehemency of the
inward passion prevailed. Sidney.
When the world first out of chaos sprang,
So smil'd the days, and so the tenor ran
Of their felicity: a spring was there,
An everlasting spring, the jolly year
Led round in his great circle, no winds breath
As now did smell of Winter or of death. Crashaw.
Still I see the tenor of man's woe
Hold on the same, from woman to begin. Milton.
Does not the whole tenor of the divine law positively re­
quire humility and meekness to all men. Sprat.
Inspire my numbers,
Till I my long laborious work complete,
And add perpetual tenor to my rhimes,
Deduc'd from nature's birth to Cæsar's times. Dryden.
This success would look like chance if it were not perpe­
tual, and always of the same tenor. Dryden.
Can it be poison! poison's of one tenor,
Or hot, or cold. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
There is so great an uniformity amongst them, that the
whole tenor of those bodies thus preserved clearly points forth
the month of May. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
In such lays as neither ebb nor flow,
Correctly cold, and regularly low,
That shunning faults, one quiet tenor keep,
We cannot blame indeed—but we may sleep. Pope.
2. Sense contained; general course or drift.
Has not the divine Apollo said,
Is't not the tenor of his oracle,
That king Leontes shall not have an heir,
Till his lost child be found? Shak. Winter's Tale.
By the stern brow and waspish action,
Which she did use as she was writing of it,
It bears an angry tenor. Shakesp. As you like it.
Bid me tear the bond.
—When it is paid according to the tenor. Shakespeare.
Reading it must be repeated again and again with a close
attention to the tenor of the discourse, and a perfect neglect
of the divisions into chapters and verses. Locke.
3. A sound in musick.
The treble cutteth the air too sharp to make the sound
equal; and therefore a mean or tenor is the sweetest part.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 173.

TENSE. adj. [tensus, Lat.] Stretched; stiff; not lax.
For the free passage of the sound into the ear, it is requi­
site that the tympanum be tense, and hard stretched, other­
wise the laxness of the membrane will certainly dead and
damp the sound. Holder.

TENSE. n. s. [temps, Fr. tempus, Lat.]
[In grammar.] Tense, in strict speaking, is only a variation
of the verb to signify time. Clarke.
As foresight, when it is natural, answers to memory, so
when methodical it answers to reminiscence, and may be
called forecast; all of them expressed in the tenses given to
verbs. Memory saith, I did see; reminiscence, I had seen;
foresight, I shall see; forecast, I shall have seen. Grew.
Ladies, without knowing what tenses and participles are,
speak as properly and as correctly as gentlemen. Locke.
He should have the Latin words given him in their first
case and tense, and should never be left to seek them himself
from a dictionary. Watts.

TE’NSENESS. n. s. [from tense.] Contraction; tension: the
contrary to laxity.


Should the pain and tenseness of the part continue, the
operation must take place. Sharp's Surgery.

TE’NSIBLE. adj. [tensus, Lat.] Capable of being extended.
Gold is the closest, and therefore the heaviest, of metals,
and is likewise the most flexible and tensible. Bacon.

TE’NSILE. adj. [tensilis, Lat.] Capable of extension.
All bodies ductile and tensile, as metals, that will be drawn
into wires, have in them the appetite of not discontinuing.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 845.

TE’NSION. n. s. [tension, Fr. tensus, Lat.] The act of stretch­
ing; not laxation; the state of being stretched; not laxity.
It can have nothing of vocal sound, voice being raised by
stiff tension of the larynx; and on the contrary, this sound by
a relaxed posture of the muscles thereof. Holder.
Still are the subtle strings in tension found,
Like those of lutes, to just proportion wound,
Which of the air's vibration is the force. Blackmore.

TE’NSIVE adj. [tensus, Lat.] Giving a sensation of stiffness or
contraction.
From choler is a hot burning pain; a beating pain from
the pulse of the artery; a tensive pain from distention of the
parts by the fulness of humours. Floyer on Humours.

TE’NSURE. n. s. [tensus, Lat.] The act of stretching, or state
of being stretched; the contrary to laxation or laxity.
This motion upon pressure, and the reciprocal thereof,
motion upon tensure, we call motion of liberty, which is,
when any body being forced to a preternatural extent, restor­
eth itself to the natural. Bacon.

TENT. n. s. [tente, French; tentorium, Lat.]
1. A soldier's moveable lodging-place, commonly made of can­
vas extended upon poles.
The Turks, the more to terrify Corfu, taking a hill not
far from it, covered the same with tents. Knolles.
Because of the same craft he wrought with them; for by
occupation they were tent makers. Acts xviii. 23.
2. Any temporary habitation; a pavilion.
He saw a spacious plain, whereon
Were tents of various hue: by some were herds
Of cattle grazing. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
To Chassis' pleasing plains he took his way,
There pitch'd his tents, and there resolv'd to stay. Dryden.
3. [Tente, French.] A roll of lint put into a sore.
Modest doubt is call'd
The beacon of the wise; the tent that searches
To th' bottom of the worst. Shak. Troil. and Cressida.
A declining orifice keep open by a small tent dipt in some
medicaments, and after digestion withdraw the tent and heal
it. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. [Vino tinto, Spanish.] A species of wine deeply red, chiefly
from Gallicia in Spain.

To TENT. v. n. [from the noun.] To lodge as in a tent; to
tabernacle.
The smiles of knaves
Tent in my cheeks, and schoolboy's tears take up
The glasses of my sight. Shakespeare.

To TENT. v. a. To search as with a medical tent.
I'll tent him to the quick; if he but blench,
I know my course. Shakesp. Hamlet.
I have some wounds upon me, and they smart.
—Well might they fester 'gainst ingratitude,
And tent themselves with death. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Some surgeons, possibly against their own judgments, keep
wounds tented, often to the ruin of their patient. Wiseman.

TENTA’TION. n. s. [tentation, French; tentatio, Lat.] Trial;
temptation.
The first delusion satan put upon Eve, and his whole ten­
tation, when he said ye shall not die, was in his equivocation,
you shall not incur present death. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TE’NTATIVE. adj. [tentative, effort, Fr. tento, Latin.] Try­
ing; essaying.

TE’NTED. adj. [from tent.] Covered with tents.
These arms of mine till now have us'd
Their dearest action in the tented field. Shak. Othello.
The foe deceiv'd, he pass'd the tented plain,
In Troy to mingle with the hostile train. Pope's Odyssey.

TE’NTER. n. s. [tendo, tentus, Lat.]
1. A hook on which things are stretched.
2. To be on the TENTERS. To be on the stretch; to be in
difficulties; to be in suspense.
In all my past adventures,
I ne'er was set so on the tenters;
Or taken tardy with dilemma,
That ev'ry way I turn does hem me. Hudibras, p. ii.

To TE’NTER. v. a. [from the noun.] To stretch by hooks.
A blown bladder pressed riseth again, and when leather or
cloth is tentered, it springeth back. Bacon's N. Hist. No. 12.

To TE’NTER. v. n. To admit; extension.
Woollen cloth will tenter, linen scarcely. Bacon.

TENTH. adj. [teowa, Saxon.] First after the ninth; ordinal of
ten.
It may be thought the less strange if others cannot do as
much at the tenth or twentieth trial, as we did after much
practice. Boyle.

TENTH. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The tenth part.
Of all the horses,
The treasure in the field atchiev'd, and city,
We render you the tenth. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
By decimation and a tithed death,
If thy revenges hunger for that food
Which nature loaths, take thou the destin'd tenth. Shak.
To purchase but the tenth of all their store,
Would make the mighty Persian monarch poor. Dryden.
Suppose half an ounce of silver now worth a bushel of
wheat; but should there be next year a scarcity, five ounces
of silver would purchase but one bushel: so that money would
be then nine tenths less worth in respect of food. Locke.
2. Tithe.
With cheerful heart
The tenth of thy increase bestow, and own
Heav'n's bounteous goodness, that will sure repay
Thy grateful duty. Philips.
3. Tenths are that yearly portion or tribute which all livings
ecclesiastical yield to the king. The bishop of Rome pre­
tended right to this revenue by example of the high priest of
the Jews, who had tenths from the Levites, till by Henry the
eighth they were annexed perpetually to the crown. Cowel.

TE’NTHLY. adv. [from tenth.] In the tenth place.

TENTI’GINOUS. adj. [tentiginis, Lat.] Stiff; stretched.

TE’NTWORT. n. s. A plant. Ains.

TENUIFO’LIOUS. adj. [tenuis and folium, Lat.] Having thin
leaves.

TENU’ITY. n. s. [tenuité, French; tenuitas, from tenuis, Lat.]
Thinness; exility; smallness; minuteness; not grossness.
Firs and pines mount of themselves in height without side
boughs; partly heat, and partly tenuity of juice, sending the
sap upwards. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 533.
The tenuity and contempt of clergymen will soon let them
see what a poor carcass they are, when parted from the in­
fluence of that supremacy. King Charles.
Consider the divers figurings of the brain; the strings or
filaments thereof; their difference in tenuity, or aptness for
motion. Glanville's Sceps.
Aliment circulating through an animal body, is reduced
to an almost imperceptible tenuity, before it can serve animal
purposes. Arbuthnot.
At the height of four thousand miles the æther is of that
wonderful tenuity, that if a small sphere of common air, of
an inch diameter, should be expanded to the thinness of that
æther, it would more than take up the orb of Saturn, which
is many million times bigger than the earth. Bentley.

TE’NUOUS. adj. [tenuis, Lat.] Thin; small; minute.
Another way of their attraction is by a tenuous emanation,
or continued effluvium, which after some distance retracteth
unto itself. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. ii.

TENURE. n. s. [teneo, Lat. tenure, Fr. tenura, law Latin.]
Tenure is the manner whereby tenements are holden of
their lords. In Scotland are four tenures; the first is pura
eleemosina, which is proper to spiritual men, paying nothing
for it, but devota animarum suffragia; the second they call
feu, which holds of the king, church, barons, or others,
paying a certain duty called feudi firma; the third is a hold­
ing in blanch by payment of a penny, rose, pair of gilt
spurs, or some such thing, if asked; the fourth is by service
of ward and relief, where the heir being minor is in the cus­
tody of his lord, together with his lands, &c. and land
holden in this fourth manner is called feudum de hauberk or
haubert, feudum militare or loricatum. Tenure in gross is
the tenure in capite; for the crown is called a seignory in
gross, because a corporation of and by itself. Cowel.
The service follows the tenure of lands; and the lands were
given away by the kings of England to those lords. Spenser.
The uncertainty of tenure, by which all worldly things are
held, ministers very unpleasant meditation. Raleigh.
Man must be known, his strength, his state,
And by that tenure he holds all of fate. Dryden.

TEP

TEPEFA’CTION. n. s. [tepefacio, Latin.] The act of warming
to a small degree.

TE’PID. adj. [tepidus, Latin.] Lukewarm; warm in a small
degree.
The tepid caves, and fens, and shores,
Their brood as numerous hatch. Milton.
He with his tepid rays the rose renews,
And licks the dropping leaves, and dries the dews. Dryden.
Such things as relax the skin are likewise sudorifick; as
warm water, friction, and tepid vapours. Arbuthnot.

TEPI’DITY. n. s. [from tepid.] Lukewarmness. Ains.

TE’POR. n. s. [tepor, Lat.] Lukewarmness; gentle heat.
The small pox, mortal during such a season, grew more
favourable by the tepor and moisture in April. Arbuthnot.

TER

TERATO’LOGY. n. s. [t??a and ????.] Bombast, affecta­
tion of false sublimity. Bailey. 

TERCE. n. s. [tierce, Fr. triens, Latin.] A vessel containing
forty-two gallons of wine; the third part of a butt or pipe.
Ainsw.



TEREBI’NTHINATE. adj. [terebinthine, Fr. terebinthum, Lat.]
Consisting of turpentine; mixed with
turpentine.
TEREBI’NTHINE. adj. [terebinthine, Fr. terebinthum, Lat.]
Consisting of turpentine; mixed with
turpentine.
Salt serum may be evacuated by urine, by terebinthinates;
as tops of pine in all our ale. Floyer.

To TE’REBRATE. v. a. [terebro, Latin.] To bore; to perfo­
rate; to pierce.
Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's trisulk, to burn,
discuss, and terebrate. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. ii.
Earth-worms are completely adapted to their way of life,
for terebrating the earth, and creeping. Derham.

TEREBRA’TION. n. s. [from terebrate.] The act of boring or
piercing.
Terebration of trees makes them prosper better; and also
it maketh the fruit sweeter and better. Bacon.

TERGE’MINOUS. adj. [tergeminus, Lat.] Threefold.

TERGIVERSA’TION. n. s. [tergum and verso, Lat.]
1. Shift; subterfuge; evasion.
Writing is to be preferred before verbal conferences, as
being freer from passions and tergiversations. Bishop Bramhall.
2. Change; fickleness.
The colonel, after all his tergiversations, lost his life in the
king's service. Clarendon.

TERM. n. s. [terminus, Latin.]
1. Limit; boundary.
Corruption is a reciprocal to generation; and they two are
as nature's two terms or boundaries, and the guides to life
and death. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 328.
2. [Terme, Fr.] The word by which a thing is expressed. A
word of art.
To apply notions philosophical to plebeian terms, or to
say, where the notions cannot fitly be reconciled, that there
wanteth a term or nomenclature for it, be but shifts of igno­
rance. Bacon.
Those parts of nature into which the chaos was divided,
they signified by dark and obscure names, which we have ex­
pressed in their plain and proper terms. Burnet.
In painting, the greatest beauties cannot always be expres­
sed for want of terms. Dryden.
Had the Roman tongue continued vulgar, it would have
been necessary, from the many terms of art required in trade
and in war, to have made great additions to it. Swift.
3. Words; language.
Would curses kill, as doth the mandrakes groan,
I would invent as bitter searching terms,
As curst, as harsh, as horrible to hear. Shakespeare.
God to satan first his doom apply'd,
Though in mysterious terms. Milton.
4. Condition; stipulation.
Well, on my terms thou wilt not be my heir? Dryden.
Enjoy thy love, since such is thy desire,
Live though unhappy, live on any terms. Dryden.
Did religion bestow heaven without any terms or conditions,
indifferently upon all, there would be no infidel. Bentley.
We flattered ourselves with reducing France to our own
terms by the want of money, but have been still disappointed
by the great sums imported from America. Addison.
5. [Termine, old French.] Time for which any thing lasts; a
limited time.
I am thy father's spirit,
Doom'd for a certain term to walk the night. Shakespeare.
Why should Rome fall a moment ere her time:
No; let us draw her term of freedom out
In its full length, and spin it to the last. Addison.
6. [In law.] The time in which the tribunals, or places of
judgment, are open to all that list to complain of wrong,
or to seek their right by course of law or action; the rest
of the year is called vacation. Of those terms there are
four in every year, during which matters of justice are dis­
patched: one is called Hillary term, which begins the twenty­
third of January, or, if that be Sunday, the next day fol­
lowing, and ends the twenty-first of February; another is
called Easter term, which begins eighteen days after Easter,
and ends the Monday next after Ascension-day; the third is
Trinity term, beginning the Friday next after Trinity Sun­
day, and ending the Wednesday-fortnight after; the fourth
is Michaelmas term, beginning the sixth of November, or, if
that be Sunday, the next day after, and ending the twenty­
eighth of November. Cowel.
The term suiters may speed their business: for the end of
these sessions delivereth them space enough to overtake the
beginning of the terms. Carew.
Too long vacation hasten'd on his term. Milton.
Those men employed as justices daily in term time consult
with one another. Hale.
What are these to those vast heaps of crimes
Which terms prolong. Dryden.

To TERM. v. a. [from the noun.] To name; to call.
Men term what is beyond the limits of the universe ima­
ginary space, as if no body existed in it. Locke.

TE’RMAGANCY. n. s. [from termagant.] Turbulence; tumul­
tuousness.
By a violent termagancy of temper, she may never suffer
him to have a moment's peace. Barker.

TE’RMAGANT. adj. [tr and magan, Saxon, eminently
powerful.]
1. Tumultuous; turbulent.
'Twas time to counterfeit, or that hot termagant Scot had
paid me scot and lot too. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
2. Quarrelsome; scolding; surious.
The eldest was a termagant, imperious, prodigal, profli­
gate wench. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.

TE’RMAGANT. n. s. A scold; a brawling turbulent woman.
It appears in Shakespeare to have been anciently used of
men.
I could have such a fellow whipt for o'erdoing termagant;
it outherod's Herod. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
For zeal's dreadful termagant,
That teaches saints to tear and rant. Hudibras, p. iii.
She threw his periwig into the fire: well, said he, thou
art a brave termagant. Tatler, No. 54.
The sprites of fiery termagants in flame
Mount up, and take a salamander's name. Pope.

TE’RMER. n. s. [from term.] One who travels up to the term.
Nor have my title leaf on posts or walls,
Or in cleft sticks, advanced to make calls
For termers, or some clerk-like serving man. B. Johnson.

TE’RMINABLE. adj. [from terminate.] Limitable; that admits
of bounds.

To TE’RMINATE. v. a. [termino, Lat. terminer, Fr.]
1. To bound; to limit.
Bodies that are solid, separable, terminated and moveable,
have all sorts of figures. Locke.
2. To put an end to: as, to terminate any difference.

To TE’RMINATE. v. n. To be limited; to end; to have an
end; to attain its end.
That God was the maker of this visible world was evi­
dent from the very order of causes; the greatest argument by
which natural reason evinces a God: it being necessary in
such a chain of causes to ascend to, and terminate in, some
first; which should be the original of motion, and the cause
of all other things, but itself be caused by none. South.
The wisdom of this world, its designs and efficacy, termi­
nate on this side heaven. South's Sermons.
Ere I the rapture of my wish renew,
I tell you then, it terminates in you. Dryden's Aurengzebe.

TERMINA’TION. n. s. [from terminate.]
1. The act of limiting or bounding.
2. Bound; limit.
Its earthly and salinous parts are so exactly resolved, that
its body is left imporous, and not discreted by atomical ter­
minations. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
3. End; conclusion.
4. [In grammar; terminatio, Latin; terminaison, Fr.] End of
words as varied by their significations.
Those rude heaps of words and terminations of an un­
known tongue, would have never been so happily learnt by
heart without some smoothing artifice. Watts.
5. Word; term. Not in use.
She speaks poniards, and every word stabs; if her breath
were as terrible as her terminations, there were no living near
her, she would insect to the North star. Shakespeare.

TERMI’NTHUS. n. s. [t??????.] A tumour.
Terminthus is of a blackish colour; it breaks, and within
a day the pustule comes away in a slough Wiseman.

TE’RMLESS. adj. [from term.] Unlimited; boundless.
These betraying lights look not up towards termless joys,
nor down towards endless sorrows. Raleigh.

TE’RMLY. adv. [from term.] Term by term; every term.
The sees or allowances that are termly given to these de­
puties I pretermit. Bacon.
The clerks are partly rewarded by that means also, be­
sides that termly see which they are allowed. Bacon.

TE’RNARY. adj. [ternaire, Fr. ternarius, Lat.] Proceeding by
threes; consisting of three.

TE’RNARY. n. s. [ternarius, Lat. ternio, Lat.] The num­
ber three.
TE’RNION. n. s. [ternarius, Lat. ternio, Lat.] The num­
ber three.
These nineteen consonants stood in such confused order,
some in ternaries, some in pairs, and some single. Holder.

TE’RRACE. n. s. [terrace, French; terraccia, Italian.] A small
mount of earth covered with grass.
He made her gardens not only within the palaces, but
upon terrasses raised with earth over the arched roofs, planted
with all sorts of fruits. Temple.
Fear broke my slumbers, I no longer stay,
But mount the terrace, thence the town survey. Dryden.

To TE’RRACE. v. a. [from the noun.]
The reception of light into the body of the building must
now be supplied, by terracing any story which is in danger of
darkness. Wotton's Architecture.
Clermont's terrac'd height and Esher's groves. Thomson.

TERRA’QUEOUS. adj. [terra and aqua, Latin.] Composed of
land and water.


The terraqueous globe is, to this day, nearly in the same
condition that the universal deluge left it. Woodward.

TERRE’NE. adj. [terrenus, Lat.] Earthly; terrestrial.
They think that the same rules of decency which serve for
things done unto terrene powers, should universally decide
what is fit in the service of God. Hooker, b. v.
Our terrene moon is now eclips'd,
And it portends alone the fall of Antony. Shakespeare.
God set before him a mortal and immortal life, a nature
cœlestial and terrene; but God gave man to himself. Raleigh.
Over many a tract
Of heav'n they march'd, and many a province wide,
Tenfold the length of this terrene. Milton's Par. Lost.

TE’RRE-BLUE. n. s. [terre and bleu, Fr.] A sort of earth.
Terre-blue is a light, loose, friable kind of lapis armenus.
Woodward's Meth. Fossils.

TE’RRE-VERTE. n. s. [French.] A sort of earth.
Terre-verte owes its colour to a slight admixture of copper.
Woodward's Meth. Fossils.
Terre-verte, or green earth, is light; it is a mean betwixt
yellow ochre and ultramarine. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

TE’RREOUS. adj. [terreus, Lat.] Earthy; consisting of earth.
There is but little similitude betwixt a terrecus humidity
and plantal germinations. Glanville's Scep.
According to the temper of the terreous parts at the bot­
tom, variously begin intumescencies. Brown's Vulgar. Err.

TERRE’STRIAL. adj. [terrestris, Lat.]
1. Earthly; not cœlestial.
Far passing th' height of men terrestrial,
Like an huge giant of the Titan race. Spenser.
Terrestrial heav'n! danc'd round by other heav'ns
That shine, yet bear their bright officious lamps,
Light above light. Milton.
Thou brought'st Briareus with his hundred hands,
So call'd in heav'n; but mortal men below
By his terrestrial name ægeon know. Dryden.
2. Consisting of earth; terreous. Improper.
I did not confine these observations to land or terrestrial
parts of the globe, but extended them to the fluids. Woodw.

To TERRE’STRIFY. v. a. [terrestris and facio, Latin.] To re­
duce to the state of earth.
Though we should affirm, that heaven were but earth ce­
lestified, and earth but heaven terrestrified; or, that each
part above had an influence on its divided affinity below;
yet to single out these relations is a work to be effected by
revelation. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

TERRE’STRIOUS. adj. [terrestris, Lat. terrestre, Fr.] Ter­
reous; earthy; consisting of earth.
This variation proceedeth from terrestrious eminences of
earth respecting the needle. Brown.

TE’RRIBLE. adj. [terrible, Fr. from terribilis, Lat.]
1. Dreadful; formidable; causing fear.
Was this a face to be expos'd
In the most terrible and nimble stroke
Of quick, cross lightning. Shakesp. King Lear.
Fit love for gods
Not terrible, though terrour be in love. Milton.
Thy native Latium was thy darling care,
Prudent in peace, and terrible in war. Prior.
2. Great so as to offend: a colloquial hyperbole.
Being indispos'd by the terrible coldness of the season, he
reposed himself till the weather should mend. Clarendon.
I began to be in a terrible fear of him, and to look upon
myself as a dead man. Tillotson.

TE’RRIBLENESS. n. s. [from terrible.] Formidableness; the
quality of being terrible: dreadfulness.
Having quite lost the way of nobleness, he strove to climb
to the height of terribleness. Sidney, b. ii.
Their terribleness is owing to the violent contusion and la­
ceration of the parts. Sharp's Surgery.

TE’RRIBLY. n. s. [from terrible.]
1. Dreadfully; formidably; so as to raise fear.
The polish'd steel gleams terribly from far,
And every moment nearer shows the war. Dryden.
2. Violently; very much.
The poor man squalled terribly. Gulliver's Travels.

TE’RRIER. n. s. [terrier, Fr. from terra, earth.]
1. A dog that follows his game under-ground.
The fox is earth'd, but I shall send my two terriers in
after him. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. [Terrier, Fr.] A survey or register of lands.
King James's canons require that the bishops procure a
terrier to be taken of such lands. Ayliffe.
3. [From terebro, Lat.] A wimble; auger or borer. Ains.

TERRI’FICK. adj. [terrificus, Latin.] Dreadful; causing ter­
rour.
The serpent, subtlest beast of all the field,
Of huge extent sometimes, with brazen eyes
And hairy mane terrifick. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
The British navy through ocean vast
Shall wave her double cross, t' extremest climes
Terrifick. Philips.

To TE’RRIFY. v. a. [terror and sacio, Latin.] To fright; to
shock with fear; to make afraid.
Thou scarest me with dreams, and terrifiest me through
visions. Job vii. 14.
Simon slandered Onias, as if he had terrified Heliodorus.
2 Mac. iv. 1.
In nothing terrified by your adversaries. Phil. i. 28.
Neither doth it beseem this most wealthy state to be terri­
fied from that which is right with any charges of war. Knolles.
The amazing difficulty of his account will rather terrify
than inform him, and keep him from setting heartily about
such a task as he despairs ever to go through with. South.
Meteors for various purposes to form;
The breeze to cheer, to terrify the storm. Blackmore.

TE’RRITORY. n. s. [territorium, law Latin; territoire, Fr.]
Land; country; dominion; district.
Linger not in my territories longer than swiftest expedition
will give thee time to leave our royal court. Shakespeare.
They erected a house within their own territory, half way
between their fort and the town. Hayward.
He saw wide territory spread
Before him, towns, and rural works between. Milton.
Ne'er did the Turk invade our territory,
But fame and terror doubl'd still their files. Denham.
Arts and sciences took their rise, and flourished only in
those small territories. where the people were free. Swift.

TE’RROUR. n. s. [terror, Lat. terrour, Fr.]
1. Fear communicated.
Amaze and terrour seiz'd the rebel host. Milton.
The thunder when to roll
With terrour through the dark aerial hall. Milton.
2. Fear received.
It is the cowish terrour of his spirit
That dares not undertake. Shakesp. King Lear.
They shot thorough both the walls of the town and the
bulwark also, to the great terrour of the defendants. Knolles.
They with conscious terrours vex me round. Milton.
O sight
Of terrour, foul and ugly to behold,
Horrid to think, how horrible to feel. Milton.
The pleasures and terrours of the main. Blackmore.
3. The cause of fear.
Lords of the street, and terrours of the way. Anonym.
Those enormous terrours of the Nile. Prior.
So spake the griesly terrour. Milton.

TERSE. adj. [ters, Fr. tersus, Lat.]
1. Smooth.
Many stones precious and vulgar, although terse and smooth,
have not this power attractive. Brown's Vulgar Err.
2. Cleanly written; neat; elegant without pompousness.
To raw numbers and unfinish'd verse,
Sweet sound is added now to make it terse. Dryden.
These accomplishments in the pulpit appear by a quaint,
terse, florid style, rounded into periods without propriety or
meaning. Swift's Miscel.

TE’RTIAN. n. s. [tertiana, Lat.] Is an ague intermitting but
one day, so that there are two fits in three days.
Tertians of a long continuance do most meance this symp­
tom. Harvey on Consumptions.

To TE’RTIATE. v. a. [tertio, tertius, Lat.] To do any thing
the third time.

TES

TESSE’LLATED. adj. [tessella, Lat.] Variegated by squares.
Van Helmont produced a stone very different from the tes­
sellated pyrites. Woodward on Fossils.

TEST. n. s. [test, Fr. testa, Italian.]
1. The cupel by which refiners try their metals.
2. Trial; examination: as by the cupel.
All thy vexations
Were but my trials of thy love, and thou
Hast strangely stood the test. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Let there be some more test made of my metal,
Before so noble and so great a figure
Be stampt upon it. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
They who thought worst of the Scots, did not think there
would be no fruit or discovery from that test. Clarendon.
What use of oaths, of promise, or of test,
Where men regard no God but interest. Waller.
Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of fortune
Like purest gold, that, tortur'd in the furnace,
Comes out more bright, and brings sorth all its weight. Add.
3. Means of trial.
Whom should my muse then fly to, but the best
Of kings for grace; of poets for my test. B. Johnson.
To be read herself she need not fear;
Each test, and every light, her muse will bear. Dryden.
4. That with which any thing is compared in order to prove
its genuineness.
Unerring Nature, still divinely bright,
One clear, unchang'd and universal light,
Life, force, and beauty, must to all impart,
At once the source, and end, and test of art. Pope.


5. Discriminative characteristick.
Our penal laws no sons of yours admit,
Our test excludes your tribe from benefit. Dryden.
6. Judgment; distinction.
Who would excel, when few can make a test,
Betwixt indiff'rent writing and the best? Dryden.
7. It seems to signify any vessel that holds fire.
Your noble race
We banish not, but they forsake the place:
Our doors are open: True, but ere they come,
You toss your 'censing test, and fume the room. Dryden.

TESTA’CEOUS. adj. [testaceus, Lat. testacée, Fr.]
1. Consisting of shells; composed of shells.
2. Having continous; not jointed shells; opposed to crustaceous.
Testaceous, with naturalists, is a term given only to such
fish whose strong and thick shells are entire, and of a piece;
because those which are joined, as the lobsters, are crusta­
ceous: but in medicine all preparations of shells, and sub­
stances of the like kind, are thus called. Quincy.
Several shells were found upon the shores, of the crusta­
ceous and testaceous kind. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
The mineral particles in these shells is plainly to be distin­
guished from the testaceous ones, or the texture and substance
of the shell. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

TE’STAMENT. n. s. [testament. Fr. testamentum, Lat.]
1. A will; any writing directing the disposal of the possessions
of a man deceased.
He bringeth arguments from the love which always the
testator bore him, imagining that these, or the like proofs,
will convict a testament to have that in it which other men
can nowhere by reading find. Hooker, b. iii.
All the temporal lands, which men devout
By testament have given to the church,
Would they strip from us. Shakesp. Henry V.
He ordained by his last testament, that his æneis should be
burnt. Dryden.
2. The name of each of the volumes of the holy scripture.

TESTAME’NTARY. adj. [testamentaire, French; testamentarius,
Lat.] Given by will; contained in wills.
How many testamentary charities have been defeated by the
negligence or fraud of executors? by the suppression of a
will? the subornation of witnesses, or the corrupt sentence
of a judge? Atterbury's Sermons.

TE’STATE. adj. [testatus, Lat.] Having made a will.
By the canon law, the bishop had the lawful distribution
of the goods of persons dying testate and intestate. Ayliffe.

TESTA’TOR. n. s. [testator, Lat. testateur, French.] One who
leaves a will.
He bringeth arguments from the love or good-will which
always the testator bore him. Hooker, b. iii.
The same is the case of a testator giving a legacy by kind­
ness, or by promise and common right. Taylor.

TESTA’TRIX. n. s. [Latin.] A woman who leaves a will.

TE’STED. adj. [from test.] Tried by a test.
Not with fond shekels of the tested gold. Shakespeare.

TE’STER. n. s. [teste, French, a head: this coin probably be­
ing distinguished by the head stamped upon it.]
1. A sixpence.
Come manage me your caliver: hold, there is a tester for
thee. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.
A crown goes for sixty pence, a shilling for twelve pence,
and a tester for sixpence. Locke.
Those who bore bulwarks on their backs,
And guarded nations from attacks,
Now practise ev'ry pliant gesture,
Op'ning their trunk for ev'ry tester. Swift's Miscel.
Young man your days can ne'er be long,
In flow'r of age you perish for a song;
Plums and directors, Shylock and his wife,
Will club their testers now to take thy life. Pope.
2. The cover of a bed.

TE’STICLE. n. s. [testiculus, Lat.] Stone.
That a bever, to escape the hunter, bites off his testicles
or stones, is a tenent very antient. Brown's Vulg. Err.
The more certain sign from the pains reaching to the
groins and testicles. Wiseman's Surgery.

TESTIFICA’TION. n. s. [testificatio, Lat. from testify.] The
act of witnessing.
When together we have all received those heavenly myste­
ries wherein Christ imparteth himself unto us, and giveth
visible testification of our blessed communion with him, we
should, in hatred of all heresies, factions, and schisms, de­
clare openly ourselves united. Hooker, b. v.
In places solemnly dedicated for that purpose, is a more
direct service and testification of our homage to God. South.

TESTIFICA’TOR. n. s. [from testificor, Latin.] One who wit­
nesses.

TE’STIFIER. n. s. [from testify.] One who testifies.

To TE’STIFY. v. n. [testificor, Lat.] To witness; to prove;
to give evidence.
Jesus needed not that any should testify of man; for he
knew what was in man. John ii. 25.
One witness shall not testify against any, to cause him to
die. Num. xxxv. 30.
Heaven and earth shall testify for us, that your put us to
death wrongfully. 1 Mac. ii. 47.
Th' event was dire,
As this place testifies. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.

To TE’STIFY. v. a. To witness; to give evidence of any
point.
We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen:
and ye receive not our witness. John iii. 11.

TE’STILY. adv. [from testy.] Fretfully; peevishly; morosely.

TESTIMO’NIAL. n. s. [testimonial, Fr. testimonium, Lat.] A
writing produced by any one as an evidence for himself.
Hospitable people entertain all the idle vagrant reports, and
send them out with passports and testimonials, and will have
them pass for legitimate. Government of the Tongue.
It is possible to have such testimonials of divine authority as
may be sufficient to convince the more reasonable part of
mankind, and pray what is wanting in the testimonies of
Jesus Christ? Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
A clerk does not exhibit to the bishop letters missive or te­
stimonial, testifying his good behaviour. Ayliffe.

TE’STIMONY. n. s. [testimonium, Latin.]
1. Evidence given; proof.
The proof of every thing must be by the testimony of such
as the parties produce. Spenser.
If I bring you sufficient testimony, my ten thousand ducats
are mine. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
I could not answer it to the world, if I gave not your
lordship my testimony of being the best husband. Dryden.
I must bear this testimony to Otway's memory, that the
passions are truly touched in his Venice Preserved. Dryden.
2. Publick evidences.
By his prescript a sanctuary is fram'd,
An ark and in the ark his testimony;
The records of his covenant. Milton.
3. Open attestation; profession.
Thou for the testimony of truth hast born
Universal reproach. Milton.

To TE’STIMONY. v. a. To witness. A word not used.
Let him be but testimonied in his own bringings forth, and
he shall appear a scholar, a statesman, and a soldier. Shakesp.

TE’STINESS. n. s. [from testy.] Moroseness.
Testiness is a disposition or aptness to be angry. Locke.

TESTU’DINATED. adj. [testudo, Lat.] Roofed; arched.

TESTUDI’NEOUS. adj. [testudo, Lat.] Resembling the shell of
a tortoise.

TE’STY. adj. [testie, Fr. testurdo, Italian.] Fretful; peevish;
apt to be angry.
Lead these testy rivals so astray,
As one come not within another's way. Shakespeare.
Must I stand and crouch under your testy humour? Shak.
King Pyrrhus cur'd his splenetick
And testy courtiers with a kick. Hudibras, p. ii.
Averse or testy in nothing they desire. Locke.
In all thy humours, whether grave or mellow,
Thou'rt such a touchy, testy, pleasing fellow;
Hast so much wit, and mirth, and spleen about thee,
There is no living with thee, nor without thee. Tatler.

TET

TE’TCHY. adj. Froward; peevish: a corruption of testy or
touchy.
A grievous burthen was thy birth to me,
Tetchy and wayward was thy infancy. Shak. Rich. III.
A silly school-boy, coming to say my lesson to the world,
that peevish and tetchy master. Graunt.

TETE A TETE. n. s. [French.] Cheek by jowl.
Long before the squire and dame
Are tête à tête. Prior.
Deluded mortals, whom the great
Chuse for companions tête à tête;
Who at their dinners, en famille,
Get leave to sit whene'er you will. Swift's Miscel.

TE’THER. n. s. [See TEDDER.] A string by which horses are
held from pasturing too wide.
Hamlet is young,
And with a larger tether he may walk
Than may be given you. Shakespeare.
Fame and censure with a tether,
By fate are always link'd together. Swift's Miscel.
Imagination has no limits; but where it is confined, we
find the shortness of our tether. Swift.

To TE’THER. v. a. [from the noun.] To tie up.

TETRA’GONAL. adj. [te?????.] Four square.
From the beginning of the disease, reckoning on unto the
seventh day, the moon will be in a tetragonal or quadrate
aspect, that is, four signs removed from that wherein the
disease began; in the fourteenth day it will be an opposite
aspect, and at the end of the third septenary tetragonal again.
Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

TETRAPE’TALOUS. adj. [t?ssa?e? and ?ta???.] Are such
flowers as consist of four leaves round the style: plants having
a tetrapetalous flower constitute a distinct kind. Miller.


All the tetrapetalous siliquose plants are alkalescent. Arbuth.

TE’TRARCH. n. s. [tetrarcha, Lat. tetraque, Fr. te?????.]
A Roman governor of the fourth part of a province.
All the earth,
Her kings and tetrarchs, are their tributaries:
People and nations pay them hourly stipends. B. Johnson.

TETRA’RCHATE. n. s. [te?a??a.] A Roman govern­
ment.
TE’TRARCHY. n. s. [te?a??a.] A Roman govern­
ment.

TETRA’STICK. n. s. [te??????.] An epigram or stanza of
four verses.
The tetrastick obliged Spenser to extend his sense to the
length of four lines, which would have been more closely
confined in the couplet. Pope.

TE’TRICAL. adj. [tetricus, Latin; tetrique, Fr.] Froward;
perverse; sour.
TE’TRICOUS. adj. [tetricus, Latin; tetrique, Fr.] Froward;
perverse; sour.
In this the tetrical bassa finding him to excel, gave him as
a rare gift to Solyman. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

TE’TTER. n. s. [teter, Saxon.] A scab; a scurf; a ringworm.
A most instant tetter bark'd about
Most lazar like, with vile and loathsome crust,
All my smooth body. Shakesp. Hamlet.
A scabby tetter on their pelts will stick. Dryden.

TEW. n. s. [towe, a hempen rope, Dutch.]
1. Materials for any thing. Skinner.
2. An iron chain. Ains.

To TEW. v. a. [tawian, Saxon.] To work; to beat so as to
soften.

TE’WEL. n. s. [tuyau or tuyal, French.]
In the back of the forge, against the fire-place, is fixed a
thick iron plate, and a taper pipe in it above five inches long,
called a tewel, or tewel iron, which comes through the back
of the forge; into this tewel is placed the bellows. Moxon.

To TE’WTAW. v. a. [formed from tew by reduplication.] To
beat; to break.
The method and way of watering, pilling, breaking, and
tewtawing, of hemp and flax, is a particular business. Mort.

TEXT. n. s. [texte, Fr. textus, Lat.]
1. That on which a comment is written.
We expect your next
Shou'd be no comment but a text,
To tell how modern beasts are vext. Waller.
2. A sentence of scripture.
In religion
What errour but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text. Shakespeare.
His mind he should fortify with some few texts, which are
home and apposite to his case. South's Sermons.

TE’XTILE. adj. [textilis, Latin.] Woven; capable of being
woven.
The placing of the tangible parts in length or tranverse,
as in the warp and woof of textiles. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The materials of them were not from any herb, as other
textiles, but from a stone called amiantus. Wilkins.

TE’XTMAN. n. s. [text and man.] A man ready in quotation
of texts.
Mens daily occasions require the doing of a thousand
things, which it would puzzle the best textman readily to
bethink himself of a sentence in the Bible, clear enough to
satisfy a scrupulous conscience of the lawfulness of. Sanderson.

TE’XTRINE. adj. [textrina, Lat.] Relating to weaving.
It is a wonderful artifice how newly hatched maggots, not
the parent animal, because she emits no web, nor hath any
textrine art, can convolve the stubborn leaf, and bind it with
the thread it weaves from its body. Derham.

TE’XTUARY. adj. [from text.]
1. Contained in the text.
He extends the exclusion unto twenty days, which in the
textuary sense is fully accomplished in one. Brown.
2. Serving as a text; authoritative.
I see no ground why his reason should be textuary to ours,
or that God intended him an universal headship. Glanville.

TE’XTUARIST. n. s. [textuaire, Fr. from text.] One ready in
the text of scripture; a divine well versed
in scripture.
TE’XTUARY. n. s. [textuaire, Fr. from text.] One ready in
the text of scripture; a divine well versed
in scripture.

TE’XTURE. n. s. [textus, Lat.]
1. The act of weaving.
Skins, although a natural habit unto all before the inven­
tion of texture, was something more unto Adam. Brown.
2. A web; a thing woven.
Others, far in the grassy dale,
Their humble texture weave. Thomson's Spring.
3. Manner of weaving with respect either to form or matter.
Under state of richest texture spread. Milton.
A veil of richest texture wrought she wears. Pope.
4. Disposition of the parts of bodies; combination of parts.
Spirits not in their liquid texture mortal wound
Receive, no more than can third air. Milton.
While the particles continue entire, they may compose bo­
dies of the same nature and texture now, with water and
earth composed of entire particles in the beginning. Newton.

THA

THAN. adv. [thanne, Saxon.] A particle placed in comparison
after the comparative adverb.
Were we not better to fall once with virtue,
Than draw a wretched and dishonour'd breath. B. Johnson.
More true delight in that small ground,
Than in possessing all the earth was found. Daniel.
I never met with a more unhappy conjuncture of affairs
than in the business of that unfortunate earl. King Charles.
He lov'd her more than plunder. Congreve.
I love you for nothing more than for the just esteem you
have for all the sons of Adam. Swift.

THANE. n. s. [thegn, Saxon.] An old title of honour, per­
haps equivalent to baron.
By Sinel's death I know I'm thane of Glamis;
But how of Cawdor? the thane of Cawdor lives. Shakesp.

To THANK. v. a. [thancian, Saxon; dancken, Dutch; than­
ken, German.]
1. To return acknowledgments for any favour or kindness.
The forlorn soldier, that so nobly fought,
He would have well become this place, and grac'd
The thankings of a king. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
For your stubborn answer
The king shall know it, and, no doubt, thank you. Shak.
We thank God always for you. 2 Thes. i. 3.
He was so true a father of his country,
To thank me for defending ev'n his foes,
Because they were his subjects. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
2. It is used often in a contrary or ironical sense.
Ill fare our ancestor impure,
For this we may thank Adam. Milton.
Weigh the danger with the doubtful bliss,
And thank yourself, if ought should fall amiss. Dryden.
That Portugal hath yet no more than a suspension of arms;
they may thank themselves, because they came so late into
the treaty; and, that they came so late, they may thank the
whigs, whose false representations they believed. Swift.

THANK. n. s. [thancs, Saxon; dancke, Dutch.] Acknow­
ledgment paid for favour or kindness; expression
of gratitude. Thanks is commonly used of verbal acknow­
ledgment, gratitude of real repayment. It is seldom used in
the singular.
THANKS. n. s. [thancs, Saxon; dancke, Dutch.] Acknow­
ledgment paid for favour or kindness; expression
of gratitude. Thanks is commonly used of verbal acknow­
ledgment, gratitude of real repayment. It is seldom used in
the singular.
The poorest service is repaid with thanks. Shakespeare.
Happy be Theseus, our renowned duke.
—Thanks, good Egeus, what's the news? Shakespeare.
The fool saith, I have no thank for all my good deed; and
they that eat my bread speak evil of me. Ecclus. xx. 16.
He took bread, and gave thanks to God in presence of
them all. Acts xxvii. 35.
Thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory. 1 Cor. xv.
Some embrace suits which never mean to deal effectually
in them; but they will win a thank, or take a reward. Bacon.
For this to th' infinitely good we owe
Immortal thanks. Milton.

THA’NKFUL. adj. [thancful, Saxon.] Full of gratitude; ready
to acknowledge good received.
Be thankful unto him, and bless his name. Psal. c. 4.
In favour, to use men with much difference is good; for
it maketh the persons preferred more thankful, and the rest
more officious. Bacon's Essays.
Live, thou great encourager of arts;
Live ever in our thankful hearts. Dryden.

THA’NKFULLY. adv. [from thankful.] With lively and grate­
ful sense of good received.
Here is better than the open air; take it thankfully. Shak.
If you have liv'd, take thankfully the past;
Make, as you can, the sweet remembrance last. Dryden.
Out of gold how to draw as many distinct substances as I
can separate from vitriol, I shall very thankfully learn. Boyle.

THA’NKFULNESS. n. s. [from thankful.] Gratitude; lively
sense or ready acknowledgment of good received.
He scarcely would give me thanks for what I had done,
for fear that thankfulness might have an introduction of re­
ward. Sidney, b. ii.
Will you give me this maid your daughter?
—As freely, son, as God did give her me.
—Sweet prince, you learn me noble thankfulness. Shakesp.
The celebration of these holy mysteries being ended, re­
tire with all thankfulness of heart for having been admitted to
that heavenly feast. Taylor.
Thankfulness and submission make us happy. L'Estrange.

THA’NKLESS. adj. [from thank.]
1. Unthankful; ungrateful; making no acknowledgment.
Least so great good, as he for her had wrought,
Should die unknown, and buried be in thankless thought.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
May he feel
How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is,
To have a thankless child. Shakesp. King Lear.
Blest in thy genius, in thy love too blest!
One grateful woman to thy fame supply'd,
What a whole thankless land to his deny'd. Pope.
2. Not deserving, or not likely, to gain thanks.
The contracting and extending the lines and sense of others,


if the first authors might speak for themselves, would appear
a thankless office. Wotton.
Wage still their wars,
And bring home on thy breast more thankless scars. Crashaw.

THA’NKLESSNESS. n. s. [from thankless.] Ingratitude; Failure
to acknowledge good received.
Not t' have written then, seems little less
Than worst of civil vices, thanklessness. Donne.

THANKO’FFERING. n. s. [thank and offering.] Offering paid
in acknowledgment of mercy.
A thousand thank-offerings are due to that providence which
has delivered our nation from these absurd iniquities. Watts.

THANKSGI’VING. n. s. [thanks and give.] Celebration of
mercy.
These sacred hymns Christianity hath peculiar to itself, the
other being songs too of praise and thanksgiving, wherewith as
we serve God so the Jews likewise. Hooker, b. v.
tude; meritorious.
Of old there were songs of praise and thanksgiving unto
God. Neh. xii. 46.
We should acknowledge our obligations to God for the
many favours we receive, by continual praises and thanks­
givings. Tillotson's Sermons.

THA’NKWORTHY. adj. [thank and worthy.] Deserving grati­
This is thankworthy, if a man endure grief. 1 Pet. ii. 19.
If love be compell'd, and cannot chuse,
How can it grateful, or thank-worthy prove? Davies.

THARM. n. s. [thearm, Saxon; darm, Dutch, the gut.] In­
testines twisted for several uses.

THAT, pronoun. [thata, Gothick; thæt, Saxon; dat, Dutch.]
1. Not this, but the other.
He wins me by that means I told you. Shakespeare.
Octavia, not only that,
That were excuseable, that and thousands more
Of semblable import, but he hath wag'd
New wars against Pompey. Shakespeare.
2. Which; relating to an antecedent thing.
You'll rue the time
That clogs me with this answer. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Nothing they but dust can show,
Or bones that hasten to be so. Cowley.
3. Who; relating to an antecedent person.
Saints that taught and led the way to heav'n. Tickel.
4. It sometimes serves to save the repetition of a word or words
foregoing.
I'll know your business, that I will. Shaksp. Henry IV.
They said, what is that to us? see thou to that. Matth.
Ye defraud, and that your brethren. 1 Cor. vi. 8.
Yet for all that, when they be in the land of their ene­
mies I will not cast them away. Lev. xxvi. 44.
They weep as if they meant
That way at least proud Nabas to prevent. Cowley.
This runick subject will occur upon that of poetry. Temple.
What is inviting in this sort of poetry proceeds not so
much from the idea of a country life itself, as from that of
its tranquillity. Pope.
5. Opposed to this as the other to one.
This is not fair; nor profitable that;
Nor t'other question proper for debate. Dryden's Persius.
In this scale gold, in t'other fame does lie,
The weight of that mounts this so high. Cowley.
6. When this and that relate to foregoing words, this is referred
like hic or cecy to the latter, and that like ille or cela to the
former.
7. Such as.
By religion is meant a living up to those principles, that is,
to act conformably to our best reason, and to live as becomes
those who believe a God and a future state. Tillotson.
8. That which; what.
Sir, I think the meat wants that I have.
—Basting. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
9. The thing.
The Nazarite hath vowed, besides that that his hand shall
get. Num. vi. 21.
He made that art which was a rage. Cowley.
10. The thing which then was.
Secure proud Nabas slept,
And dreamt, vain man, of that day's barb'rous sport. Cowley.
11. By way of eminence.
This is that Jonathan, the joy and grace,
That Jonathan in whom does mixt remain
All that fond mothers wish. Cowley.
Hence love himself, that tyrant of my days. Cowley.
12. In THAT. As being.
Things are preached not in that they are taught, but in
that they are published. Hooker, b. v.

THAT. conjunction.
1. Because.
It is not that I love you less
Than when before your feet I lay:
But to prevent the sad increase
Of hopeless love, I keep away. Waller.
Forgive me that I thus your patience wrong. Cowley.
2. Noting a consequence.
That he should dare to do me this disgrace,
Is fool or coward writ upon my face? Dryden.
The custom and familiarity of these tongues do sometimes
so far influence the expressions in these epistles, that one may
observe the force of the Hebrew conjugations. Locke.
3. Noting indication.
We answered, that we held it so agreeable, as we both
forgot dangers past and sears to come, that we thought an
hour spent with him was worth years of our former life.
Bacon's New Atlantis.
4. Noting a final end.
Treat it kindly, that it may
Wish at least with us to stay. Cowley.

THATCH. n. s. [thace, Saxon, straw, Skinner, from thac, a
roof, in Islandick thak. Mr. Lye.] Straw laid upon the top
of a house to keep out the weather.
Hard by a stye, beneath a roof of thatch
Dwelt Obloquy, who in her early days
Baskets of fish at Billingsgate did watch,
Cod, whiting, oyster, mackrel, sprat, or plaise. Swift.
A plough-boy, who has never seen any thing but thatch­
ed houses, naturally imagines that thatch belongs to the very
nature of a house. Watts.
Then came rosy Health from her cottage of thatch. Smart.

To THATCH. v. a. [thaccian, Saxon.] To cover as with straw.
Make false hair, and thatch
Your poor thin roofs with burthens of the dead. Shakesp.
Moss groweth chiefly upon ridges of houses tiled or thatch­
ed. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 537.
Then Rome was poor, and there you might behold
The palace thatch'd with straw. Dryden.
Sonnets or elegies to Chloris
Might raise a house above two stories:
A lyrick ode would slate, a catch
Would tile, an epigram would thatch. Swift.
On the cottage thatch'd, or lordly roof
Keen fastening. Thomson.

THA’TCHER. n. s. [from thatch.] One whose trade is to cover
houses with straw.
You merit new employments daily;
Our thatcher, ditcher, gard'ner, baily. Swift.
Ash is universal timber; it serves the soldier, seaman, car­
penter, thatcher, and husbandman. Mortimer.

To THAW. v. n. [thawan, Saxon; degen, Dutch.]
1. To grow liquid after congelation; to melt.
When thy melted maid
His letter at thy pillow hath laid:
If thou begin'st to thaw for this,
May my name step in. Donne.
It on firm land
Thaws not but gathers heap, and ruin seems
Of ancient pile; all else deep snow and ice. Milton.
Having let that ice thaw of itself, and frozen the liquor a
second time, we could not discern any thing. Boyle.
2. To remit the cold which had caused frost.

To THAW. v. a. To melt what was congealed.
Bring me the fairest creature northward born,
Where Phœbus' fire scarce thaws the isicles. Shakespeare.
Think not that Cæsar bears such rebel blood,
That will be thaw'd from the true quality
With that which melteth fools. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
My love is thaw'd,
Which, like a waxen image 'gainst a fire,
Bears no impression of the thing it was. Shakespeare.
Burnish'd steel, that cast a glare
From far, and seem'd to thaw the freezing air. Dryden.
She can unlock
The clasping charm, and thaw the numbing spell. Milton.
Her icy heart is thaw'd. Granville.

THAW. n. s. [from the verb.] Liquefaction of any thing con­
gealed; warmth such as liquifies congelation.
I was the prince's jester, and duller than a great thaw.
Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.
A man of my kidney, that am as subject to heat as but­
ter; a man of continual dissolution and thaw. Shakespeare.
Hardens his stubborn heart, but still as ice
More harden'd after thaw. Milton.
That cold country where discourse doth freeze in the air
all Winter, and may be heard in the next Summer, or at a
great thaw. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
When sharp frosts had long constrain'd the earth,
A kindly thaw unlocks it with cold rain,
First the tender blade peeps. Dryden.

THE

THE, article. [de, Dutch.]
1. The article noting a particular thing.
Your son has paid a soldier's debt;
He only liv'd but till he was a man,
The which no sooner had his prowess confirm'd,
In the unshrinking station where he fought,
But like a man he dy'd. Shakespeare's Macbeth.


He put him in mind of the long pretence he had to be
groom of the bed chamber, for the which he could not chuse
but say, that he had the queen's promise. Clarendon, b. viii.
Unhappy slave, and pupil to a bell,
Unhappy till the last, the kind releasing knell. Cowley.
I'll march the muses Hannibal. Cowley.
The fair example of the heav'nly lark,
Thy fellow poet, Cowley, mark;
Above the stars let thy bold musick sound,
Thy humble nest build on the ground. Cowley.
The fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world. Milton.
Night shades the groves, and all in silence lie,
All but the mournful philomel and I. Pope.
2. Before a vowel e is commonly cut off in verse.
Who had th' especial engines been to rear
His fortunes up unto the state they were. Daniel.
Th' adorning thee with so much art
Is but a barb'rous skill,
'Tis like the pois'ning of a dart,
Too apt before to kill. Cowley.
3. Sometimes he is cut off.
In this scale worth, in t' other gold does lie. Cowley.
4. In the following passage the is used according to the French
idiom.
As all the considerable governments among the Alps are
commonwealths, so it is a constitution the most adapted of
any to the poverty of these countries. Addison on Italy.

THEA’TRAL. adj. [theatral, Fr. theatralis, Lat.] Belonging to
a theatre.

THE’ATRE. n. s. [theatre, Fr. theatrum, Lat.]
1. A place in which shews are exhibited; a playhouse.
This wise and universal theatre,
Presents more woful pageants than the scene
Wherein we play. Shakesp. As you like it.
When the boats came within sixty yards of the pillar, they
found themselves all bound, yet so as they might go about,
so as they all stood as in a theatre beholding this light. Bacon.
2. A place rising by steps like a theatre.
Shade above shade, a woody theatre
Of stateliest view. Milton.
In the midst of this fair valley stood
A native theatre, which rising slow,
By just degrees o'erlook'd the ground below. Dryden.

THEA’TRICK. adj. [theatrum, Latin.] Scenick; suiting a
theatre; pertaining to a theatre.
THEA’TRICAL. adj. [theatrum, Latin.] Scenick; suiting a
theatre; pertaining to a theatre.
Theatrical forms stickle hard for the prize of religion: a
distorted countenance is made the mark of an upright heart.
Decay of Piety.
Load some vain church with old theatrick state,
Turn arcs of triumph to a garden gate. Pope.

THEA’TRICALLY. adv. [from theatrical.] In a manner suiting
the stage.
Dauntless her look, her gesture proud,
Her voice theatrically loud. Swift's Miscel.

THEE, the oblique singular of thou.
Poet and saint, to thee alone were giv'n
The two most sacred names of earth and heav'n. Cowley.

THEFT. n. s. [from thief.]
1. The act of stealing.

THEFT is an unlawful felonious taking away of another
man's goods against the owner's knowledge or will. Cowel.
His thefts were too open, his filching was like an unskilful
singer, he kept not time. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Their nurse Euriphile,
Whom for the theft I wedded, stole these children. Shak.
2. The thing stolen.
If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether
ox, ass, or sheep, he shall restore double. Exod. xxii. 4.

THEIR. n. s. [theora, of them, Saxon.] Of them: the pro­
noun possessive, from they.
The round world should have shook
Lions into civil streets, and citizens into their dens. Shak.
For the Italians, Dante had begun to file their language in
verse before Boccace, who likewise received no little help
from his master Petrarch; but the reformation of their prose
was wholly owing to Boccace. Dryden.
2. Theirs is used when any thing comes between the possessive
and substantive.
Prayer we always have in our power to bestow, and they
never in theirs to refuse. Hooker, b. v.
They gave the same names to their own idols which the
Egyptians did to theirs. Raleigh.
The penalty to thy transgression due,
And due to theirs which out of thine will grow. Milton.
Nothing but the name of zeal appears,
'Twixt our best actions and the worst of theirs. Denham.
Vain are our neighbours hopes, and vain their cares,
The fault is more their languages than their's. Roscommon.
Which established law of theirs seems too strict at first,
because it excludes all secret intrigues. Dryden.
And reading wish, like theirs, our fate and fame. Pope.

THEM, the oblique of they.
The materials of them were not from any herb. Wilkins.

THEME. n. s. [theme, Fr. from ??a.]
1. A subject on which one speaks or writes.
Every object of our idea is called a theme, whether it be a
being or not being. Watts.
Two truths are told,
As happy prologues to the swelling act
Of the imperial theme. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When a soldier was the theme, my name
Was not far off. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
O! could I flow like thee, and make thy stream
My great example, as it is my theme:
Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull;
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full. Denham.
Whatever near Eurota's happy stream,
With laurels crown'd, had been Apollo's theme. Roscommon.
Though Tyber's streams immortal Rome behold,
Though foaming Hermus swells with tides of gold,
From heav'n itself though seven-fold Nilus flows,
And harvests on a hundred realms bestows;
These now no more shall be the muse's themes,
Lost in my fame, as in the sea their streams. Pope.
2. A short dissertation written by boys on any topick.
3. The original word whence others are derived.
Let scholars daily reduce the words to their original or
theme, to the first case of nouns, or first tense of verbs. Watts.

THEMSE’LVES. n. s. [See THEY and SELF.]
1. These very persons.
Whatsoever evil befalleth in that, themselves have made
themselves worthy to suffer it. Hooker, b. v.
2. The oblique case of they and selves.
They open to themselves at length the way. Milton.
Waken children out of sleep with a low call, and give them
kind usage till they come perfectly to themselves. Locke.

THEN. adv. [than, Gothick; than, Saxon; dan, Dutch.]
1. At that time.
The then bishop of London, Dr. Laud, attended on his
majesty throughout that whole journey. Clarendon.
Thee, then a boy, with my arms I laid. Dryden.
2. Afterwards; immediately afterwards; soon afterwards.
If an herb be cut off from the roots in Winter, and then
the earth be trodden down hard, the roots will become very
big in Summer. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 437.
3. In that case; in consequence.
Had not men been fated to be blind,
Then had our lances pierc'd the treach'rous wood. Dryden.
Had fate so pleas'd I had been eldest born,
And then without a crime the crown had worn. Dryden.
If all this be so, then man has a natural freedom. Locke.
4. Therefore; for this reason.
If then his providence
Out of our evil seek to bring forth good. Milton.
Now then be all thy weighty cares away,
Thy jealousies and fears, and, while you may,
To peace and soft repose give all the day. Dryden.
5. At another time: as now and then, at one time and other.
Now shaves with level wing the deep, then soars. Milton.
One while the master is not aware of what is done, and
then in other cases it may fall out to be his own act. L'Estr.
6. That time: it has here the effect of a noun.
Till then who knew
The force of those dire arms? Milton.

THENCE. n. s. [contracted, according to Minshew, from there
hence.]
1. From that place.
Fast by the oracle of God; I thence
Invoke thy aid. Milton.
Surat he took, and thence preventing fame,
By quick and painful marches thither came. Dryden.
2. From that time.
There shall be no more thence an infant of days. Isa. lxv.
3. For that reason.
Not to sit idle with so great a gift
Useless, and thence ridiculous about him. Milton's Agonist.
4. From thence is a barbarous expression, thence implying the
same.
From thence; from him, whose daughter
His tears proclaim'd his parting with her; thence
We have cross'd. Shakespeare.
There plant eyes, all must from thence
Purge and disperse. Milton.

THE’NCEFORTH. adv. [thence and forth.]
1. From that time.
Thenceforth this land was tributary made
T' ambitious Rome. Spenser.
They shall be placed in Leinster, and have land given them
to live upon, in such sort as shall become good subjects, to
labour thenceforth for their living. Spenser on Ireland.
Wrath shall be no more
Thenceforth, but in thy presence joy entire. Milton.
2. From thenceforth is a barbarous corruption crept into later
books.


Avert
His holy eyes; resolving from thenceforth
To leave them to their own polluted ways. Milton.
Men grow acquainted with these self-evident truths upon
their being proposed; but whosoever does so, finds in him­
self that he then begins to know a proposition which he
knew not before, and which from thenceforth he never ques­
tions. Locke.

THENCEFO’RWARD. adv. [thence and forward.] On from that
time.

THE’OCRACY. n. s. [theocratie, Fr. ? and ?a??.] Go­
vernment immediately superintended by God.
The characters of the reign of Christ are chiefly justice,
peace, and divine presence or conduct, which is called the­
ocracy. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

THEOCRA’TICAL. adj. [theocratique, Fr. from theocracy.] Re­
lating to a government administered by God.
The government is neither human nor angelical, but pe­
culiarly theocratical. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

THEO’DOLITE. n. s. A mathematical instrument for taking
heights and distances.

THE’OGONY. n. s. [theogonie, Fr. e?????a.] The generation
of the gods. Bailey.

THEOLO’GIAN. n. s. [theologien, Fr. theologus, Latin.] A di­
vine; a professor of divinity.
Some theologians defile places erected only for religion by
defending oppressions. Hayward.
They to their viands fell: nor seemingly
The angel, nor in mist, the common gloss
Of theologians, but with keen dispatch
Of real hunger. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

THEOLO’GICAL. adj. [theologique, Fr. theologia, Lat.] Relating
to the science of divinity.
Although some pens have only symbolized the same from
the mystery of its colours, yet are there other affections
might admit of theological allusions. Brown.
They generally are extracts of theological and moral sen­
tences, drawn from ecclesiastical and other authors. Swift.

THEOLO’GICALLY. adv. [from theological.] According to the
principles of theology.

THEO’LOGIST. n. s. [theologus, Lat.] A divine; one studious
in the science of divinity.
THEO’LOGUE. n. s. [theologus, Lat.] A divine; one studious
in the science of divinity.
The cardinals of Rome, which are theologues, friars, and
schoolmen, call all temporal business, of wars, embassages,
shirrery, which is under-sheriffries. Bacon's Essays.
A theologue more by need than genial bent;
Int'rest in all his actions was discern'd. Dryden.
It is no more an order, according to popish theologists, than
the prima tonsura, they allowing only seven ecclesiastical
theologists. Ayliffe's Parergon.

THE’OLOGY. n. s. [theologie, Fr. e?????a.] Divinity.
The whole drift of the scripture of God, what is it but
only to teach theology? Theology, what is it but the science of
things divine? Hooker, b. iii.
She was most dear to the king in regard of her knowledge
in languages, in theology, and in philosophy. Hayward.
The oldest writers of theology were of this mind. Tillotson.

THE’OMACHIST. n. s. He who fights against the gods. Bailey.

THE’OMACHY. n. s. [? and ?a.] The fight against the
gods by the giants. Bailey.

THEO’RBO. n. s. [tiorba, Italian; tuorbe, Fr.] A large lute
for playing a thorough bass, used by the Italians. Bailey.
He wanted nothing but a song,
And a well tun'd theorbo hung
Upon a bough, to ease the pain
His tugg'd ears suffer'd, with a strain. Butler.

THE’OREM. n. s. [theoreme, Fr. e????a.] A position laid
down as an acknowledged truth.
Having found this the head theorem of all their discourses,
who plead for the change of ecclesiastical government in
England, we hold it necessary that the proofs thereof be
weighed. Hooker, b. ii.
The chief points of morality are no less demonstrable than
mathematicks; nor is the subtilty greater in moral theorems
than in mathematical. More's divine Dialogues.
Many observations go to the making up of one theorem,
which, like oaks fit for durable buildings, must be of many
years growth. Graunt.
Here are three theorems, that from thence we may draw
some conclusions. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

THEOREMA’TICAL. adj. [from theorem.] Comprised in the­
orems; consisting in theorems.
THEOREMA’TICK. adj. [from theorem.] Comprised in the­
orems; consisting in theorems.
THEORE’MICK. adj. [from theorem.] Comprised in the­
orems; consisting in theorems.
Theoremick truth, or that which lies in the conceptions we
have of things, is negative or positive. Grew.

THEORE’TICAL. adj. [theoretique, French; from e???t??.] Speculative; depending on theory or specu­
lation; terminating in theory or speculation; not practical.
THEORE’TICK. adj. [theoretique, French; from e???t??.] Speculative; depending on theory or specu­
lation; terminating in theory or speculation; not practical.
THEO’RICAL. adj. [theorique, Fr. from e???a.] Speculative; depending on theory or specu­
lation; terminating in theory or speculation; not practical.
THEO’RICK. adj. [theorique, Fr. from e???a.] Speculative; depending on theory or specu­
lation; terminating in theory or speculation; not practical.
When he speaks,
The air, a charter'd libertine, is still;
And the mute wonder lurketh in mens ears,
To steal his sweet and honied sentences:
So that the act and practick part of life
Must be the mistress to this theorique. Shakespeare.
The theorical part of the inquiry being interwoven with
the historical conjectures, the philosophy of colours will be
promoted by indisputable experiments. Boyle on Colours.
For theoretical learning and sciences there is nothing yet
complete. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

THEO’RICK. n. s. [from the adjective.] A speculatist; one who
knows only speculation, not practice.
The bookish theorick,
Wherein the toged consuls can propose
As masterly as he; meer prattle, without practice,
Is all his soldiership. Shakespeare's Othello.

THEORE’TICALLY. adj. [from theoretick.] Speculatively; not
practically.
THEO’RICALLY. adj. [from theorick.] Speculatively; not
practically.

THE’ORST. n. s. [from theory.] A speculatist; one given to
speculation.
The greatest theorists have given the preference to such a
form of government as that which obtains in this kingdom.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 51.

THE’ORY. n. s. [theorie, Fr. e???a.] Speculation; not prac­
tice; scheme; plan or system yet subsisting only in the mind.
If they had been themselves to execute their own theory in
this church, they would have seen being nearer at hand. 
Hooker, b. v.
In making gold, the means hitherto propounded to effect
it are in the practice full of errour, and in the theory full of
unsound imagination. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 326.
Practice alone divides the world into virtuous and vicious;
but as to the theory and speculation of virtue and vice, man­
kind are much the same. South's Sermons.

THERAPE’UTICK. adj. [e?ape???.] Curative; teaching or
endeavouring the cure of diseases.
Therapeutick or curative physick restoreth the patient into
sanity, and taketh away diseases actually affecting. Brown.
The practice and therapeutick is distributed into the conser­
vative, preservative, and curative. Harvey.
Medicine is justly distributed into prophylactick, or the art
of preserving health; and therapeutick, or the art of restoring
it. Watts.

THERE. adv. [thar, Gothick; thær, Saxon; daer, Dutch;
der, Danish.]
1. In that place.
If they come to sojourn at my house,
I'll not be there. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Exil'd by thee from earth to deepest hell,
In brazen bonds shall barb'rous discord dwell;
Gigantick pride, pale terror, gloomy care,
And mad ambition shall attend her there. Pope.
2. It is opposed to here.
To see thee fight, to see thee traverse, to see thee here, to
see thee there. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Could their relishes be as different there as they are here,
yet the manna in heaven will suit every palate. Locke.
Darkness there might well seem twilight here. Milton.
3. An exclamation directing something at a distance.
Your fury hardens me.
A guard there; seize her. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
4. It is used at the beginning of a sentence with the appearance
of a nominative case, but serves only to throw the nomina­
tive behind the verb: as, a man came, or there came a man.
It adds however some emphasis, which, like many other
idioms in every language, must be learned by custom, and
can hardly be explained. It cannot always be omitted with­
out harshness; as, in old times there was a great king.
For reformation of errour there were that thought it a part
of Christian charity to instruct them. Hooker.
There cannot in nature be a strength so great, as to make
the least moveable to pass in an instant, or all together,
through the least place. Digby on the Soul.
There have been that have delivered themselves from their
ills by their good fortune or virtue. Suckling.
In human actions there are no degrees described, but a la­
titude is indulged. Bishop Taylor.
Wherever there is sense or perception, there some idea is
actually produced. Locke.
5. In composition it means that: as thereby, by that.

THE’REABOUT. adv. [there and about, thereabouts is there­
fore less proper.]
THE’REABOUTS. adv. [there and about, thereabouts is there­
fore less proper.]
1. Near that place.
One speech I lov'd; 'twas æneas's tale to Dido; and
thereabout of it especially, where he speaks of Priam's slaugh­
ter. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Nearly; near that number, quantity, or state.
Between the twelfth of king John and thirty-sixth of king
Edward the third, containing one hundred and fifty years or
thereabouts, there was a continual bordering war. Davies.
Find a house to lodge a hundred and fifty persons, whereof
twenty or thereabout may be attendants. Milton.


Some three months since, or thereabout,
She found me out. Suckling.
Water is thirteen times rarer, and its resistance less than
that of quicksilver thereabouts, as I have found by experi­
ments with pendulums. Newton's Opticks.
3. Concerning that matter.
As they were much perplexed thereabout, two men stood
by. Luke xxiv. 4.

THEREA’FTER. adv. [there and after.] According to that;
accordingly.
When you can draw the head indifferent well, proportion
the body thereafter. Peacham.
If food were now before thee set,
Wou'dst thou not eat? thereafter as I like
The giver. Milton.

THEREA’T. adj. [there and at.]
1. At that; on that account.
Every errour is a stain to the beauty of nature; for which
cause it blusheth thereat, but glorieth in the contrary. Hooker.
2. At that place.
Wide is the gate, and broad is the way that leadeth to
destruction, and many go in thereat. Mat. vii. 13.

THEREBY’. adv. [there and by.] By that; by means of that;
in consequence of that.
Some parts of our liturgy consist in the reading of the
word of God, and the proclaiming of his law, that the people
may thereby learn what their duties are towards him. Hooker.
Therewith at last he forc'd him to untie
One of his grasping feet, him to defend thereby. Fa. Qu.
Being come to the height, they were thereby brought to an
absolute necessity. Davies on Ireland.
Dare to be true; nothing can need a lie,
A fault, which needs it most, grows two thereby. Herbert.
If the paper be placed beyond the focus, and then the red
colour at the lens be alternately intercepted and let pass, the
violet on the paper will not suffer any change thereby. Newton.

THE’REFORE. adv. [there and fore.]
1. For that; for this; for this reason; in consequence.
This is the latest parley we will admit;
Therefore to our best mercy give yourselves. Shakespeare.
Falstaff is dead,
And we must yern therefore. Shakesp. Henry V.
Therefore shall a man leave father and mother and cleave
to his wife. Gen. ii. 24.
The herd that seeks after sensual pleasure is soft and un­
manly; and therefore I compose myself to meet a storm. Lucas.
He blushes; therefore he is guilty. Spectator.
The wrestlers sprinkled dust on their bodies to give better
hold: the glory therefore was greater to conquer without
powder. West's Pindar.
2. In return for this; in recompence for this or for that.
We have forsaken all and followed thee, what shall we
have therefore? Mat. xix. 27.

THEREFRO’M. adv. [there and from.] From that; from this.
Be ye therefore very couragious to do all that is written in
the law, that ye turn not aside therefrom, to the right hand
or to the left. Jos. xxiii. 6.
The leaves that spring therefrom grow white. Mortimer.

THEREI’N. adv. [there and in.] In that; in this.
Therein our letters do not well agree. Shakespeare.
The matter is of that nature, that I find myself unable to
serve you therein as you desire. Bacon.
All the earth
To thee, and to thy race, I give: as lords
Possess it, and all things that therein live. Milton.
After having well examined them, we shall therein find
many charms. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

THEREINT’O. adv. [there and into.] Into that.
Let not them that are in the countries enter thereinto. Luke.
Though we shall have occasion to speak of this, we will
now make some entrance thereinto. Bacon.

THEREO’F. adv. [there and of.] Of that; of this.
Considering how the case doth stand with this present age,
full of tongue and weak of brain, behold we yield to the
stream thereof. Hooker, b. i.
'Tis vain to think that lasting which must end;
And when 'tis past, not any part remains
Thereof, but the reward which virtue gains. Denham.
I shall begin with Greece, where my observations shall be
confined to Athens, though several instances might be brought
from other states thereof. Swift.

THEREO’N. adv. [there and on.] On that.
You shall bereave yourself
Of my good purposes, and put your children
To that destruction which I'll guard them from,
If thereon you rely. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Peter called to mind the word that Jesus said; and when
he thought thereon he wept. Mark xiv. 72.
Its foundation is laid thereon. Woodward.

THE’REOUT. adv. [there and out.] Out of that.
Thereout a strange beast with seven heads arose,
That towns and castles under her breast did cour. Spenser.

THERETO’. adv. [there and to, or unto.] To that.
THEREUNTO’. adv. [there and to, or unto.] To that.
Is it in regard then of sermons only, that apprehending
the gospel of Christ we yield thereunto our unfeigned assent
as to a thing infallibly true. Hooker, b. v.
This sort of base people doth not for the most part rebel of
themselves, having no heart thereunto, but are by force drawn
by the grand rebels into their action. Spenser on Ireland.
Next thereunto did grow a goodly tree. Fairy Queen.
That whereby we reason, live and be
Within ourselves we strangers are thereto. Davies.
A larger form of speech were safer than that which punc­
tually prefixeth a constant day thereto. Brown.
What might his force have done, being brought thereto,
When that already gave so much to do? Daniel.
That it is the appointment of God, might be argument
enough to persuade us thereunto. Tillotson's Sermons.

THEREUPO’N. adv. [there and upon.]
1. Upon that; in consequence of that.
Grace having not in one thing shewed itself, nor for some
few days, but in such sort so long continued, our manifold
sins striving to the contrary, what can we less thereupon con­
clude, than that God would at least-wise, by tract of time,
teach the world, that the thing which he blesseth cannot but
be of him. Hooker, b. iv.
He hopes to find you forward
And thereupon he sends you this good news. Shakespeare.
Let that one article rank with the rest;
And thereupon give me your daughter. Shakesp. Henry V.
Though grants of extraordinary liberties made by a king
to his subjects do no more diminish his greatness than when
one torch lighteth another, yet many times inconveniencies
do arise thereupon. Davies on Ireland.
Children are chid for having failed in good manners, and
have thereupon reproofs and precepts heaped upon them. Locke.
Solon finding the people engaged in two violent factions,
of the poor and the rich, and in great confusion thereupon,
made due provisions for settling the balance of power. Swift.
2. Immediately.

THEREU’NDER. adv. [there and under.] Under that.
Those which come nearer unto reason, find paradise under
the equinoctial line, judging that thereunder might be found
most pleasure and the greatest fertility. Raleigh.

THEREWI’TH. adv. [there and with.]
1. With that.
Germany had stricken off that which appeared corrupt in
the doctrine of the church of Rome, but seemed in discipline
still to retain therewith very great conformity. Hooker, b. iv.
All things without, which round about we see,
We seek to know, and have therewith to do. Davies.
Therewith at last he forc'd him to untie
One of his grasping feet, him to defend thereby. Spenser.
2. Immediately.

THEREWITHA’L. adv. [there and withal.]
1. Over and above.
Therewithal the execrable act
On their late murther'd king they aggravate. Daniel.
2. At the same time.
Well, give her that ring, and give therewithal
That letter. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
3. With that.
His hideous tail then hurled he about,
And therewithal enwrapt the nimble thighs
Of his froth-foamy steed. Spenser.

THERI’ACAL. adj. [???a; from theriaca, Lat.] Medici­
nal; physical.
The virtuous bezoar is taken from the beast that feedeth
upon the mountains, where there are theriacal herbs. Bacon.

THERMO’METER. n. s. [thermometre, Fr. e??? and ??­
t???.] An instrument for measuring the heat of the air, or
of any matter.
The greatest heat is about two in the afternoon, when the
sun is past the meridian, as is evident from the thermometer,
or observations of the weather-glass. Brown.

THERMOME’TRICAL. adj. [from thermometer.] Relating to the
measure of heat.
His heat raises the liquor in the thermometrical tubes. Cheyne.

THE’RMOSCOPE. n. s. [thermoscope, Fr. e??? and s?p??.]
An instrument by which the degrees of heat are discovered;
a thermometer.
By the trial of the thermoscope, fishes have more heat than
the element which they swim in. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

THESE, pronoun, the plural of this.
1. Opposed to those.
Did we for these barbarians plant and sow
On these, on these our happy fields bestow? Dryden.
2. These relates to the persons or things last mentioned; and
those to the first.
More rain falls in June and July than in December and
January; but it makes a much greater shew upon the earth
in these months than in those, because it lies longer upon it.
Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. iv.



THE’SIS. n. s. [these, Fr. ?s??.] A position; something laid
down; affirmatively or negatively.
The truth of what you here lay down,
By some example should be shewn.
An honest, but a simple pair,
May serve to make this thesis clear. Prior.

THE’SMOTHETE. n. s. [thesmothete, Fr. es???t??; es??
and t????.] A lawgiver.

THE’URGY. n. s. [e???a.] The power of doing supernatural
things by lawful means, as by prayer to God. Bailey.

THEW. n. s. [theaw, Saxon.]
1. Quality; manners; customs; habit of life; form of beha­
viour.
Home report these happy news,
For well yee worthy been for worth and gentle thewes.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
From mother's pap I taken was unfit,
And streight deliver'd to a fairy knight,
To be upbrought in gentle thewes and martial might.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
2. In Shakespeare it seems to signify brawn, or bulk, from the
Saxon theow, the thigh, or some such meaning.
Nature crescent does not grow alone
In thews and bulk; but, as this temple waxes,
The inward service of the mind and soul
Grows wide withal. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Will you tell me, master Shallow, how to chuse a man?
Care I for the limbs, the thewes, the stature, bulk and big
semblance of a man? give me the spirit, master Shallow.
Shakespeare's Henry IV.

THE’WED. adj. [from thew.] Educated; habituated; accus­
tomed.
But he was wise and wary of her will,
And ever held his hand upon his heart;
Yet would not seem so rude, and thewed in ill,
As to despise so courteous seeming part. Fairy Qu. b. ii.

THEY. n. s. in the oblique case them, the plural of he or she. 
[thi, Saxon.]
1. The men; the women; the persons.
They are in a most warlike preparation. Shak. Coriolanus.
Why do you keep alone?
Of sorriest fancies your companions making,
Using those thoughts, which should indeed have died
With them they think on. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The Spaniard
Must now confess, if they have any goodness,
The trial just and noble. Shakespeare.
They cat on beds of silk and gold,
At ivory tables, or wood sold
Dearer than it. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
They know
To joy the friend and grapple with the foe. Prior.
2. Those men; those women: opposed to some others.
Only they,
That come to hear a merry play,
Will be deceiv'd. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
'Tis remarkable, that they
Talk most who have the least to say. Prior.
3. It is used indefinitely; as the French on dit.
There, as they say, perpetual night is found
In silence brooding on th' unhappy ground. Dryden.

THI

THI’BLE. n. s. A slice; a scummer; a spatula. Ains.

THICK. adj. [thicce, Saxon; dick, Dutch; dyck, Danish;
thickur, Islandick.]
1. Not thin.
2. Dense; not rare; gross; crass.
God caused the wind to blow, to dry up the abundant
slime of the earth, make the land more firm, and cleanse the
air of thick vapours and unwholesome mists. Raleigh.
To warm milk pour spirit of nitre; the milk presently
after will become thicker than it was. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Not clear; not transparent; muddy; feculent.
Why hast thou lost the fresh blood in thy cheeks,
And given my treasures and my rights of thee,
To thick ey'd musing and curs'd melancholy? Shakesp.
A fermentation makes all the wine in the vessel thick or
foul; but when that is past, it grows clear of itself. Temple.
Encumber'd in the mud, their oars divide
With heavy stroaks the thick unwieldy tide. Addison.
4. Great in circumference; not slender.
My little finger shall be thicker than his loins. 1 Kings xii.
Thou art waxen fat; thou art grown thick, covered with
fatness. Deut. xxxii. 15.
5. Frequent; in quick succession; with little intermission.
They charged the defendants with their small shot and
Turky arrows as thick as hail. Knolles.
Favours came thick upon him, liker main showers than
sprinkling drops or dews; for the next St. George's day he
was knighted, made gentleman of the king's bed-chamber,
and an annual pension given him. Wotton.
This being once a week, came too thick and too often
about. Spelman.
His pills as thick as handgranado's flew,
And where they fell as certainly they slew. Roscommon.
6. Close; not divided by much space; crowded.
It brought them to a hollow cave,
Amid the thickest woods. Fairy Qu. b. i.
The people were gathered thick together. Luke xi. 29.
Not thicker billows beat the Libyan main,
Nor thicker harvests on rich Hermus rise,
Than stand these troops. Dryden's æn.
He fought secure of fortune as of fame;
Still by new maps the island might be shewn:
Conquests he strew'd where'er he came,
Thick as the galaxy with stars is sown. Dryden.
Objects of pain or pleasure do not lie thick enough toge­
ther in life to keep the soul in constant action. Addison.
7. Not easily pervious; set with things close to each other.
He through a little window cast his sight,
Though thick of bars that gave a scanty light. Dryden.
The speedy horse
Watch each entrance of the winding wood,
Black was the forest, thick with beech it stood. Dryden.
Next the proud palace of Salerno stood
A mount of rough ascent, and thick with wood. Dryden.
Bring it near some thick-headed tree. Mortimer.
8. Coarse; not thin.
It tasteth a little of the wax, which in a pomegranate, or
some such thick-coated fruit, it would not. Bacon.
Thick-leaved weeds amongst the grass will need more dry­
ing than ordinary grass. Mortimer's Husbandry.
9. Without proper intervals of articulation.
Speaking thick, which nature made his blemish,
Became the accents of the valiant,
To seem like him. Shakesp. Henry IV.

THICK. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The thickest part or time when any thing is thickest.
Achimetes having with a mine suddenly blown up a great
part of the wall of the Spanish station, in the thick of the
dust and smoak presently entered his men. Knolles.
2. THICK and thin. Whatever is in the way.
Through perils both of wind and limb,
Through thick and thin she followed him. Hudibras.
When first the down appears upon his chin,
For a small sum to swear through thick and thin. Dryden.

THICK. adv. [It is not always easy to distinguish the adverb
from the adjective.]
1. Frequently; fast.
'Tis some disaster,
Or else he would not send so thick. Denham's Sophy.
I hear the trampling of thick beating feet;
This way they move. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
2. Closely.
The neighb'ring plain with arms is cover'd o'er;
The vale an iron harvest seems to yield,
Of thick sprung lances in a waving field. Dryden.
A little plat of ground thick sown, is better than a great
field which lies fallow. Norris's Miscel.
3. To a great depth.
If you apply it thick spread, it will eat to the bone. Wisem.
Cato has piercing eyes, and will discern
Our frauds, unless they're cover'd thick with art. Addison.
4. THICK and threefold. In quick succession; in great numbers.
They came thick and threefold for a time, till one expe­
rienced stager discovered the plot. L'Estrange's Fab.

To THI’CKEN. v. a. [from thick.]
1. To make thick.
2. To make close; to fill up interstices.
Waters evaporated and mounted up into the air, thicken
and cool it. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3. To condense; to concrete.
The white of an egg gradually dissolves by heat, exceed­
ing a little the heat of a human body; a greater degree of
heat will thicken it into a white, dark-coloured, dry, viscous
mass. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. To strengthen; to confirm.
'Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream;
And this may help to thicken other proofs,
That do demonstrate thinly. Shakesp. Othello.
5. To make frequent.
6. To make close or numerous.

To THI’CKEN. v. n.
1. To grow thick.
2. To grow dense or muddy.
Thy lustre thickens
When he shines by. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
3. To concrete; to be consolidated.
Water stopt gives birth
To grass and plants, and thickens into earth. Prior.
4. To grow close or numerous.
The press of people thickens to the court,
Th' impatient crowd devouring the report. Dryden.
He saw the crowd thickening, and desired to know how
many there were. Tatler.


5. To grow quick.
The combat thickens, like the storm that flies
From westward when the show'ry kids arise,
Or patt'ring hail comes pouring on the main,
When Jupiter descends in harden'd rain. Addison.

THI’CKET. n. s. [thiccetu, Saxon.] A close knot or tuft of
trees; a close wood or copse.
I drew you hither,
Into the chiefest thicket of the park. Shakespeare.
Within a thicket I repos'd; and found
Let fall from heav'n a sleep interminate. Chapman.
Chus, or any of his, could not in haste creep through
those desart regions, which the length of one hundred and
thirty years after the flood had fortified with thickets, and
permitted every bush and briar, reed and tree, to join them­
selves into one main body and forest. Raleigh.
How often, from the steep
Of echoing hill, or thicket, have we heard
Cœlestial voices, to the midnight air,
Sole, or responsive, each to other's note,
Singing their great Creator? Milton.
My brothers stept to the next thicket side
To bring me berries. Milton.
Now Leda's twins
Their trembling lances brandish'd at the foe;
Nor had they miss'd, but he to thickets fled,
Conceal'd from aiming spears, not pervious to the steed.
Dryden.
I've known young Juba rise before the sun,
To beat the thicket where the tyger slept,
Or seek the lion in his dreadful haunts. Addison's Cato.

THI’CKLY. adv. [from thick.] Deeply; to a great quantity.
Mending cracked receivers, having thickly overlaid them
with diachylon, we could not perceive leaks. Boyle.

THI’CKNESS. n. s. [from thick.]
1. The state of being thick; density.
2. Quantity of matter interposed; space taken up by matter
interposed.
In the darkened room, against the hole at which the light
entered, I could easily see through the whole thickness of my
hand the motions of a body placed beyond it. Boyle.
3. Quantity laid on quantity to some considerable depth.
Poll a tree, and cover it some thickness with clay on the
top, and see what it will put forth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
4. Consistence; grossness; not rareness; spissitude.
Nitre mingled with water to the thickness of honey, and
anointed on the bud after the vine is cut, it will sprout
forth. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 444.
Diseases imagined to come from the thickness of blood,
come often from the contrary cause. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
5. Imperviousness; closeness.
The banks of the river and the thickness of the shades drew
into them all the birds of the country. Addison.
6. Want of sharpness; want of quickness.
A person found in himself, being at some times subject to
a thickness of hearing, the like effect. Holder.
What you write is printed in large letters; otherwise be­
tween the weakness of my eyes and thickness of hearing, I
should lose the greatest pleasure. Swift.

THI’CK-SCULLED. adj. Dull; stupid.
Pleas'd to hear their thick-scull'd judges cry,
Well mov'd! oh finely said! Dryden.
This downright fighting fool, this thick-scull'd hero,
This blunt unthinking instrument of death,
With plain dull virtue has outgone my wit. Dryden.

THI’CKSET. adj. [thick and set.] Close planted.
His eye-balls glare with fire, suffus'd with blood,
His neck shoots up a thickset thorny wood;
His bristled back a trench impal'd appears,
And stands erected, like a field of spears. Dryden.
The world is so thickset with the numerous productions of
the creatures, that besides the apparent beauty of things view­
ed by all, there are those secret graces in every part of na­
ture, which some few alone have the skill to discern. Grew.

THI’CKSKIN. n. s. [thick and skin.] A coarse gross man; a
numskul.
The shallow'st thickskin of that barren sort,
Who Pyramus presented in their sport,
Forsook his scene and enter'd in a brake. Shakespeare.

THIEF. n. s. [thiubs, Gothick; theif, Saxon; dief, Dutch.
It was anciently written thieof, and so appeareth to have been
of two syllables; thie was wont to be taken for thrist, so
that thie of is he that takes of or from a man his thie, that is,
his thrift or means whereby he thrives.]
1. One who takes what belongs to another: the thief steals by
secrecy, and the robber by violence; but these senses are con­
founded.
Take heed, have open eye; for thieves do foot by night.
Shakespeare.
This he said because he was a thief, and had the bag. John.
Can you think I owe a thief my life,
Because he took it not by lawless force?
Am I obliged by that t' assist his rapines,
And to maintain his murders? Dryden.
2. An excrescence in the snuff of a candle.
Their burning lamps the storm ensuing show,
Th' oil sparkles, thieves about the snuff do grow. May.

THIEF-CATCHER. n. s. [thief and catch.] One whose business is to detect thieves,
and bring them to justice.
THIEF-LEADER. n. s. [thief and lead.] One whose business is to detect thieves,
and bring them to justice.
THIEF-TAKER. n. s. [thief and take.] One whose business is to detect thieves,
and bring them to justice.
A wolf passed by as the thief-leaders were dragging a fox
to execution. L'Estrange.
My ev'nings all I would with sharpers spend,
And make the thief-catcher my bosom friend. Bramston.

To THIEVE. v. n. [from thief.] To steal; to practise theft.

THI’EVERY. n. s. [from thieve.]
1. The practice of stealing.
Ne how to scape great punishment and shame,
For their false treason and vile thievery. Spenser.
Master, be one of them; 'tis an honourable kind of
thievery. Shakespeare.
Do villainy, do, since you profess to do't,
Like workmen; I'll example you with thievery. Shakesp.
He makes it a help unto thievery; for thieves having a de­
sign upon a house, make a fire at the four corners thereof,
and cast therein the fragments of loadstone, which raiseth
fume. Brown's Vulg. Errours, b. ii.
Amongst the Spartans, thievery was a practice morally good
and honest. South.
2. That which is stolen.
Injurious time now, with a robber's haste,
Crams his rich thiev'ry up he knows not how. Shakesp.

THI’EVISH. adj. [from thief.]
1. Given to stealing; practising theft.
What, would'st thou have me go and beg my food?
Or with a base and boist'rous sword enforce
A thievish living on the common road. Shakespeare.
O thievish night,
Why should'st thou, but for some felonious end,
In thy dark lanthorn thus close up the stars,
That nature hung in heav'n, and fill'd their lamps
With everlasting oil, to give due light
To the misled and lonely traveller? Milton.
The thievish God suspected him, and took
The hind aside, and thus in whispers spoke;
Discover not the theft. Addison.
2. Secret; sly.
Four and twenty times the pilot's glass
Hath told the thievish minutes how they pass. Shakesp.

THI’EVISHLY. adv. [from thievish.] Like a thief.
They lay not to live by their worke,
But thievishly loiter and lurke. Tusser's Husb.

THI’EVISHNESS. n. s. [from thievish.] Disposition to steal;
habit of stealing.

THIGH. n. s. [theoh, Saxon; thieo, Islandick; die, Dutch.]
The thigh includes all between the buttocks and the knee.
The thigh bone is the longest of all the bones in the body:
its fibres are close and hard: it has a cavity in its middle: it
is a little convex and round on its foreside, but a little hol­
low, with a long and small ridge on its backside. Quincy.
He touched the hollow of his thigh, and it was out of
joint. Gen. xxxii. 25.
The flesh dissolved, and left the thigh bone bare. Wiseman.

THILK. pronoun. [thilc, Saxon.] That same. Obsolete.
I love thilk lass: alas, why do I love!
She deigns not my good will, but doth reprove,
And of my rural musick holdeth scorn. Spenser's Past.

THILL. n. s. [thille, Saxon, a piece of timber cut.] The
shafts of a waggon; the arms of wood between which the
last horse is placed.
More easily a waggon may be drawn in rough ways if the
fore wheels were as high as the hinder wheels, and if the
thills were fixed under the axis. Mortimer's Husb.

THILL-HORSE. n. s. [thill and horse.] The last horse; the
horse that goes between the shafts.

THI’LLER. n. s. [thill and horse.] The last horse; the
horse that goes between the shafts.
Whose bridle and saddle, whitlether and nal,
With collars and harneiss for thiller and al. Tusser.
What a beard hast thou got? thou hast got more hair on
thy chin, than Dobbin my thill horse has on his tail. Shak.

THI’MBLE. n. s. [This is supposed by Minshew to be corrupted
from thumb bell.] A metal cover by which women secure their
fingers from the needle when they sew.
Your ladies and pale visag'd maids,
Like Amazons, come tripping after drums;
Their thimbles into armed gantlets change,
Their needles to lances. Shakesp. King John.
Examine Venus and the Moon,
Who stole a thimble or a spoon. Hudibras, p. i.
Veins that run perpendicular to the horizon, have valves
sticking to their sides like so many thimbles; which, when
the blood presses back, stop its passage, but are compressed
by the forward motion of the blood. Cheyne.



THIME. n. s. [thymus, Lat. thym, Fr.] A fragrant herb from
which the bees are supposed to draw honey. This should be
written thyme, which see.
Fair marigolds, and bees alluring thyme. Spenser.

THIN. adj. [thinn, Saxon; thunnur, Islandick; dunn, Dutch.]
1. Not thick.
Beat gold into thin plates, and cut it into wires. Exod.
2. Rare; not dense.
The hope of the ungodly is like thin froth, that is blown
away with the wind. Wisd. v. 14.
In the day when the air is more thin, the sound pierceth
better; but when the air is more thick, as in the night, the
sound spendeth and spreadeth abroad less. Bacon.
Understand the same
Of fish within their wat'ry residence;
Not hither summon'd, since they cannot change
Their element, to draw the thinner air. Milton.
The waters of Boristhenes are so thin and ight, that they
swim upon the top of the stream of the river Hypanis.
More.
To warm new milk pour any alkali, the liquor will re­
main at rest, though it appear somewhat thinner. Arbuthnot.
3. Not close; separate by large spaces.
He pleas'd the thin and bashful audience
Of our well-meaning, frugal ancestors. Roscommon.
Thou art weak, and full of art is he;
Else how could he that host seduce to sin,
Whose fall has left the heav'nly nation thin? Dryden.
Northward, beyond the mountains we will go,
Where rocks lie cover'd with eternal snow,
Thin herbage in the plains, and fruitless fields,
The sand no gold, the mine no silver yields. Dryden.
Thin on the tow'rs they stand; and ev'n those few,
A feeble, fainting, and dejected crew. Dryden.
Already Cæsar
Has ravag'd more than half the globe; and sees
Mankind grown thin by his destructive sword. Addison.
4. Not closely compacted or accumulated.
Seven thin ears blasted with the east wind sprung up. Gen.
Remove the swelling epithets, thick laid
As varnish on a harlot's cheek; the rest
Thin sown with ought of profit or delight. Milton.
Thin leaved arbute hazle-graffs receives,
And planes huge apples bear that bore but leaves. Dryden.
5. Exile; small.
I hear the groans of ghosts;
Thin, hollow sounds, and lamentable screams. Dryden.
6. Not coarse; not gross in substance.
7. Not abounding.
Spain is thin sown of people, by reason of the sterility of
the soil and the natives being exhausted in such vast territo­
ries as they possess. Bacon.
Ferrara is very large, but extremely thin of people. Addison.
8. Not fat; not bulky; lean; slim; slender.
A slim thin gutted fox made a hard shift to wriggle his
body into a hen-roost, and when he had stuffed his guts well,
the hole was too little to get out again. L'Estrange.

THIN. adv. Not thickly.
Fame is the spur, that the clear spirit doth raise,
That last infirmity of noble mind,
To scorn delights, and live laborious days;
But the fair guerdon when we hope to find,
And think to burst out into sudden blaze,
Comes the blind fury with th' abhorred sheers,
And slits the thin spun life. Milton.
A country gentlewoman, if it be like to rain, goes not
abroad thin clad. Locke.

To THIN. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To make thin or rare; not to thicken.
The serum of the blood is neither acid nor alkaline: oil of
vitriol thickens, and oil of tartar thins it a little. Arbuthnot.
2. To make less close or numerous.
The bill against root and branch never passed till both
houses were sufficiently thinned and overawed. King Charles.
T' unload the branches, or the leaves to thin
That suck the vital moisture of the vine. Dryden.
'Tis Cæsar's sword has made Rome's senate little,
And thinn'd its ranks. Addison's Cato.
3. To attenuate.
The vapours by the solar heat
Thinn'd and exhal'd rise to their airy seat. Blackmore.

THI’NLY. adv. [from thin.] Not thickly; not closely; not
densely; not numerously.
It is commonly opinioned, that the earth was thinly inha­
bited before the flood. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vi.

THINE, pronoun. [thein, Gothick; thin, Saxon; dijn, Dutch.]
Belonging or relating to thee; the pronoun possessive of thou.
It is used for thy when the substantive is divided from it: as,
this is thy house; thine is this house; this house is thine.
Thou hast her, France; let her be thine, for we
Have no such daughter. Shakesp. King Lear.

THINK. n. s. [thing, Saxon; ding, Dutch.]
1. Whatever is; not a person. A general word.
Do not you chide; I have a thing for you.
—You have a thing for me?
It is a common thing—
—Ha?
——To have a foolish wife. Shakesp. Othello.
The great master he found busy in packing up his things
against his departure. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
The remnant of the meat-offering is a thing most holy.
Lev. ii. 3.
Says the master, you devour the same things that they
would have eaten, mice and all. L'Estrange.
A thing by neither man or woman priz'd,
And scarcely known enough to be despis'd. Dryden.
I should blush to own so rude a thing,
As it is to shun the brother of my king. Dryden.
Wicked men, who understand any thing of wisdom, may
see the imprudence of worldly and irreligious courses. Tillotson.
2. It is used in contempt.
I have a thing in prose, begun above twenty-eight years
ago, and almost finished: it will make a four shilling vo­
lume. Swift.
3. It is used of persons in contempt, or sometimes with pity.
See, sons, what things you are! how quickly nature
Falls to revolt, when gold becomes her object?
For this the foolish over-careful fathers
Have broke their sleeps with thought, their brains with
care. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Never any thing was so unbred as that odious man. Congr.
The poor thing sighed, and with a blessing expressed with
the utmost vehemence turned from me. Addison.
I'll be this abject thing no more.
Love give me back my heart again. Granville.
4. It is used by Shakespeare once in a sense of honour.
I lov'd the maid I married; never man
Sigh'd truer breath: but that I see thee here,
Thou noble thing! more dances my wrapt heart. Shakesp.

To THINK. v. n. preter. thought. [thankgan, Gothick;
thencean, Saxon; dencken, Dutch.]
1. To have ideas; to compare terms or things; to reason; to
cogitate; to perform any mental operation.
Thinking, in the propriety of the English tongue, signifies
that sort of operation of the mind about its ideas, wherein
the mind is active; where it, with some degree of voluntary
attention, considers any thing. Locke.
What am I? or from whence? for that I am
I know, because I think; but whence I came,
Or how this frame of mine began to be,
What other being can disclose to me? Dryden.
Those who perceive dully, or retain ideas in their minds
ill, will have little matter to think on. Locke.
It is an opinion that the soul always thinks, and that it has
the actual perception of ideas in itself constantly, and that
actual thinking is as inseparable from the soul, as actual ex­
tension is from the body. Locke.
These are not matters to be slightly and superficially thought
upon. Tillotson's Sermons.
His experience of a good prince must give great satisfac­
tion to every thinking man. Addison's Freeholder.
2. To judge; to conclude; to determine.
Let them marry to whom they think best; only to their
father's tribe shall they marry. Num. xxxvi. 6.
I fear we shall not find
This long desired king such as was thought. Daniel.
3. To intend.
Thou thought'st to help me, and such thanks I give,
As one near death to those that wish him live. Shakespeare.
4. To imagine; to fancy.
Something since his coming forth is thought of, which
Imports the kingdom so much fear and danger,
That his return was most requir'd. Shakesp. King Lear.
Edmund, I think, is gone,
In pity of his misery, to dispatch
His nighted life. Shakesp. King Lear.
We may not be startled at the breaking of the exterior
earth; for the face of nature hath provoked men to think of
and observe such a thing. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Those who love to live in gardens, have never thought of
contriving a winter garden. Spectator, No. 477.
5. To muse; to meditate.
You pine, you languish, love to be alone,
Think much, speak little, and in speaking sigh. Dryden.
6. To recollect; to observe.
We are come to have the warrant.
—Well thought upon; I have it here about me. Shakesp.
Think upon me, my God, for good, according to all that
I have done. Neh. v. 19.
7. To judge; to conclude.
If your general acquaintance be among ladies, provided
they have no ill reputation, you think you are safe. Swift.


Still the work was not complete,
When Venus thought on a deceit. Swift's Miscel.
The opinions of others whom we know and think well of
are no ground of assent. Locke.
8. To consider; to doubt.
Any one may think with himself, how then can any
thing live in Mercury and Saturn. Bentley's Sermons.

To THINK. v. a.
1. To imagine; to image in the mind; to conceive.
Royal Lear,
Whom I have ever honour'd as my king,
And as my patron thought on in my prayer. Shakespeare.
Charity thinketh no evil. 1 Cor. xiii. 5.
2. To believe; to esteem.
Me thought I saw the grave where Laura lay. Sidney.
Me thinketh the running of the foremost is like that of
Ahimaaz. 2 Sam. xviii. 27.
Nor think superfluous others aid. Milton.
3. To THINK much. To grudge.
He thought not much to clothe his enemies. Milton.
If we consider our infinite obligations to God, we have no
reason to think much to sacrifice to him our dearest interests
in this world. Tillotson's Sermons.
4. To THINK scorn. To disdain.
He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone. Esth. iii.

THI’NKER. n. s. [from think.] One who thinks in a certain
manner.
No body is made any thing by hearing of rules, or laying
them up in his memory; practice must settle the habit: you
may as well hope to make a good musician by a lecture in
the art of musick, as a coherent thinker, or strict reasoner,
by a set of rules. Locke.
If a man had an ill-favoured nose, deep thinkers would im­
pute the cause to the prejudice of his education. Swift.

THI’NKING. n. s. [from think.] Imagination; cogitation;
judgment.
He put it by once; but, to my thinking, he would fain
have had it. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
If we did think,
His contemplations were above the earth,
And fix'd on spiritual objects, he should still
Dwell in his musings; but I am afraid
His thinkings are below the moon, nor worth
His serious considering. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I heard a bird so sing,
Whose musick, to my thinking, pleas'd the king. Shakesp.
I was a man, to my thinking, very likely to get a rich wi­
dow. Addison's Guard. No. 97.

THI’NLY. n. s. [from thin.]
1. Not thickly.
2. Not closely; not numerously.
It is opinioned, that the earth was thinly inhabited before
the flood. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Our walls are thinly mann'd; our best men slain:
The rest, an heartless number, spent with watching. Dryd.

THI’NNESS. n. s. [from thin.]
1. The contrary to thickness; exility; tenuity.
Tickling is most in the soles, arm-holes and sides, be­
cause of the thinness of the skin. Bacon.
No breach, but an expansion,
Like gold to airy thinness beat. Donne.
Transparent substances, as glass, water, air, &c. when
made very thin by being blown into bubbles, or otherwise
formed into plates, do exhibit various colours according to
their various thinness, although at a greater thickness they
appear very clear and colourless. Newton's Opticks.
Such depend upon a strong projectile motion of the blood,
and too great thinness and delicacy of the vessels. Arbuthnot.
2. Paucity; scarcity.
The buzzard
Invites the feather'd Nimrods of his race,
To hide the thinness of their flock from sight,
And all together make a seeming goodly flight. Dryden.
In country villages pope Leo the seventh indulged a
practice through the thinness of the inhabitants, which opened
a way for pluralities. Ayliffe's Parergon.
3. Rareness; not spissitude.
Those pleasures that spring from honour the mind can nau­
seate, and quickly fell the thinness of a popular breath. South.

THIRD. adj. [thriththa, Saxon.] The first after the second;
the ordinal of three.
This is the third time: I hope good luck lies in odd num­
bers. Shakespeare.

THIRD. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. The third part.
To thee and thine hereditary ever,
Remain this ample third of our fair kingdom. Shakesp.
Men of their broken debtors take a third,
A sixth, a tenth, letting them thrive again. Shakespeare.
The protestant subjects of the abbey make up a third of
its people. Addison.
No sentence can stand that is not confirmed by two thirds
of the council. Addison.
Such clamours are like the feigned quarrels of combined
cheats, to delude some third person. Decay of Piety.
2. The sixtieth part of a second.
Divide the natural day into twenty-four equal parts, an
hour into sixty minutes, a minute into sixty seconds, a second
into sixty thirds. Holder on Time.

THI’RDBOROUGH. n. s. [third and borough.] An under-con­
stable.

THI’RDLY. adv. [from third.] In the third place.
First, metals are more durable than plants; secondly, they
are more solid; thirdly, they are wholly subterrany. Bacon.

To THIRL. v. a. [thirlian, Sax.] To pierce; to perforate. Ains.

THIRST. n. s. [thrst, Saxon; dorst, Dutch.]
1. The pain suffered for want of drink; want of drink.
But fearless they persue, nor can the flood
Quench their dire thirst; alas! they thirst for blood. Denh.
Thus accurs'd,
In midst of water I complain of thirst. Dryden.
Thirst and hunger denote the state of spittle and liquor of
the stomach. Thirst is the sign of an acrimony commonly
alkalescent or muriatick. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Eagerness; vehement desire.
Not hope of praise, nor thirst of worldly good,
Enticed us to follow this emprize. Fairfax, b. ii.
Thou hast allay'd the thirst I had of knowledge. Milton.
Say is't thy bounty, or thy thirst of praise. Granville.
This is an active and ardent thirst after happiness, or after
a full, beatifying object. Cheyne.
3. Draught.
The rapid current, through veins
Of porous earth with kindly thirst up drawn,
Rose a fresh fountain. Milton.

To THIRST. v. n. [thrstan, Saxon; dersten, Dutch.]
1. To feel want of drink; to be thirsty or athirst.
They shall not hunger nor thirst. Isa. xlix. 10.
The people thirsted there for water. Exod. xvii. 3.
They as they thirsted scoop the brimming stream. Milt.
2. To have a vehement desire for any thing.
They knew how the ungodly were tormented, thirsting in
another manner than the just. Wisd. xi. 9.
My soul thirsteth for the living God. Psal. xlii. 2.
Till a man hungers and thirsts after righteousness, till he
feels an uneasiness in the want of it, his will will not be de­
termined to any action in pursuit of this confessed, greater
good. Locke.
But furious thirsting thus for gore,
The sons of men shall ne'er approach thy shore. Pope.

To THIRST. v. a. To want to drink.
Untam'd and fierce the tyger still remains:
For the kind gifts of water and of food,
He seeks his keeper's flesh, and thirsts his blood. Prior.

THI’RSTINESS. n. s. [from thirst.] The state of being thirsty.
Next they will want a sucking and soaking thirstiness, or a
fiery appetite to drink in the lime. Wotton.

THI’RSTY. adj. [thurstig, Saxon.]
1. Suffering want of drink; pained for want of drink.
Thy brother's blood the thirsty earth hath drank,
Broach'd with the steely point of Clifford's lance. Shakesp.
Give me a little water to drink, for I am thirsty. Judg. iv.
Unworthy was thy fate,
To fall beneath a base assassin's stab,
Whom all the thirsty instruments of death
Had in the field of battle sought in vain. Rowe.
2. Possessed with any vehement desire: as, blood thirsty.

THIRTE’EN. adj. [threotine, Saxon.] Ten and three.
Speaking at the one end, I heard it return the voice thir­
teen times. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 249.

THIRTE’ENTH. adj. [from thirteen; threoteotha, Saxon.] The
third after the tenth.
The thirteenth part difference bringeth the business but to
such a pass, that every woman may have an husband. Graunt.

THI’RTIETH. adj. [from thirty; thrittegotha, Saxon.] The
tenth thrice told; the ordinal of thirty.
Henry shall espouse the lady Margaret ere the thirtieth of
May next ensuing. Shakespeare's Henry VI. p. ii.
A thirtieth part of the sun's revolution. Hale.
More will wonder at so short an age,
To find a blank beyond the thirtieth page. Dryden.

THI’RTY. adj. [thrittig, Saxon.] Thrice ten.
I have slept fifteen years.
—Ay, and the time seems thirty unto me. Shakespeare.
The Claudian aqueduct ran thirty-eight miles. Addison.

THIS. pronoun. [this, Saxon.]
1. That which is present; what is now mentioned.
Bardolph and Nim had more valour than this, yet they
were both hang'd; and so would this be, if he durst steal. Shak.
Come a little nearer this ways. Shakespeare.
Within this three mile may you see it coming;
I say a moving grove. Shakesp. Macbeth.


Must I endure all this? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
This same shall comfort us concerning our toil. Gen. v. 29.
This is not the place for a large reduction. Hale.
There is a very great inequality among men as to their in­
ternal endowments, and their external conditions, in this
life. Calamy's Sermons.
2. The next future.
Let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak yet but this
once: peradventure ten shall be found there. Gen. xviii. 32.
3. This is used for this time.
By this the vessel half her course had run. Dryden.
4. The last past.
I have not wept this forty years; but now
My mother comes afresh into my eyes. Dryden.
5. It is often opposed to that.
As when two winds with rival force contend,
This way and that, the wav'ring sails they bend,
While freezing Boreas and black Eurus blow,
Now here, now there, the reeling vessel throw. Pope.
According as the small parts of matter are connected to­
gether after this or that determinate manner, a body of this
or that denomination is produced. Boyle.
Do we not often hear of this or that young heir? are not
his riches and his lewdnesses talkt of together? South's Serm.
This way and that the impatient captives tend,
And pressing for release the mountains rend. Dryden.
6. When this and that respect a former sentence, this relates to
the latter, that to the former member.
Their judgment in this we may not, and in that we need
not, follow. Hooker.
7. Sometimes it is opposed to the other.
Consider the arguments which the author had to write
this, or to design the other, before you arraign him. Dryden.
With endless pain this man persues
What, if he gain'd, he could not use:
And t'other fondly hopes to see
What never was, nor e'er shall be. Prior.

THI’STLE. n. s. [thistel, Saxon; diestel, Dutch; carduus, Lat.]
A prickly weed growing in corn fields.
The leaves of the thistle grow alternately on the branches,
and are prickly; and the heads are, for the most part, squa­
mose and prickly. Miller.
Hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs. Shakesp.
Get you some carduus benedictus, and lay it to your
heart.——There thou prick'st her with a thistle. Shakesp.
Thorns also and thistles it shall bring thee forth. Milton.
Tough thistles choak'd the fields, and kill'd the corn,
And an unthrifty crop of weeds was born. Dryden.
Rie grass will kill thistles. Mortimer's Husb.

THI’STLE, golden. n. s. A plant.
The golden thistle hath the appearance of a thistle: the
flower consists of many half florets, which rest on the em­
brios; each of these are separated by a thin leaf, and on the
top of each embrio is fastened a little leaf. Miller.

THI’STLY. adj. [from thistle.] Overgrown with thistles.
Wide o'er the thistly lawn as swells the breeze,
A whitening shower of vegetable down
Amusive floats. Thomson's Summer.

THI’THER. adv. [thither, Saxon.]
1. To that place: it is opposed to hither.
We're coming thither. Shakespeare.
When, like a bridegroom from the East, the sun
Sets forth; he thither, whence he came, doth run. Denham.
There Phœnix and Ulysses watch the prey;
And thither all the wealth of Troy convey. Dryden.
2. To that end; to that point.

THI’THERTO. adv. [thither and to.] To that end; so far.

THI’THERWARD. adv. [thither and ward.] Towards that
place.
Ne would he suffer sleep once thitherward
Approach, albe his drowsy den were next. Fairy Qu.
Madam, he's gone to serve the duke of Florence:
We met him thitherward, for thence we came. Shakesp.
By quick instinctive motion, up I sprung,
As thitherward endeavouring. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
The foolish beasts went to the lion's den, leaving very
goodly footsteps of their journey thitherward, but not the
like of their return. L'Estrange.
A tuft of daisies on a flow'ry lay
They saw, and thitherward they bent their way. Dryden.

THO. adv. [thonne, Saxon.]
1. Then. Spenser.
2. Tho' contracted for though.

To THOLE. v. n. To wait awhile.

THONG. n. s. [thrang, throng, Saxon.] A strap, or string of
leather.
The Tuscan king
Laid by the lance and took him to the sling;
Thrice whirl'd the thong about his head, and threw
The heated lead half melted as it flew. Dryden's æn.
The ancient cestus only consisted of so many large thongs
about the hand, without any lead at the end. Addison.
The smiths and armourers on palfreys ride,
And nails for loosen'd spears, and thongs for shields pro­
vide. Dryden's Knight's Tale.

THORA’CICK. adj. [from thorax.] Belonging to the breast.
The chyle grows grey in the thoracick duct. Arbuthnot.

THO’RAL. adj. [from thorus, Lat.] Relating to the bed.
The punishment of adultery, according to the Roman
law, was sometimes made by a thoral separation. Ayliffe.

THORN. n. s. [thaurns, Gothick; thorn, Saxon; doorne,
Dutch.]
1. A prickly tree of several kinds.
Thorns and thistles shall it bring forth. Gen. iii. 18.
2. A prickle growing on the thorn bush.
The most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge. Mic. vii.
Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose. Milton.
3. Any thing troublesome.
The guilt of empire; all its thorns and cares
Be only mine. Southern's Spartan Dame.

THO’RNAPPLE. n. s. A plant.
The thornapple is of two sorts; the greater, which rises
up with a strong round stalk, and the lesser differs from the
other in the smallness of the leaves. Mortimer.

THO’RNBACK. n. s. A sea-fish.
The thornback when dried tastes of sal ammoniac. Arbuth.

THO’RNBUT. n. s. A sort of sea-fish, Ains. which he distin­
guishes from thornback. A birt or turbot.

THO’RNY. adj. [from thorn.]
1. Full of thorns; spiny; rough; prickly.
Not winding ivy, nor the glorious bay;
He wore, sweet head, a thorny diadem. Randolph.
The boar's eye-balls glare with fire,
His neck shoots up a thickset thorny wood;
His bristled back a trench impal'd appears. Dryden.
The wiser madmen did for virtue toil
A thorny, or at best a barren soil. Dryden.
They on the bleaky top
Of rugged hills, the thorny bramble crop. Dryden.
2. Pricking; vexatious.
No dislike against the person
Of our good queen, but the sharp thorny points
Of my alleged reasons drive this forward. Shakespeare.
3. Difficult; perplexing.
By how many thorny and hard ways they are come there­
unto, by how many civil broils. Spenser on Ireland.

THO’ROUGH. prepos. [the word through extended into two syl­
lables.]
1. By way of making passage or penetration.
2. By means of.
Mark Antony will follow
Thorough the hazards of this untrod state,
With all true faith. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

THO’ROUGH. adj. [The adjective is always written thorough,
the preposition commonly through.]
1. Complete; full; perfect.
The Irish horseboys, in the thorough reformation of that
realm, should be cut off. Spenser.
He did not desire a thorough engagement till he had time to
reform some whom he resolved never more to trust. Clarendon.
A thorough translator must be a thorough poet. Dryden.
A thorough practice of subjecting ourselves to the wants of
others, would extinguish in us pride. Swift.
2. Passing through.
Let all three sides be a double house, without thorough
lights on the sides. Bacon.

THORO’UGHFARE. n. s. [thorough and fare.] A passage through;
a passage without any stop or let.
Th' Hyrcanian deserts are as thoroughfares now
For princes to come view fair Portia. Shakespeare.
His body is a passable carcase if he be not hurt: it is a
thoroughfare for steel, if it be not hurt. Shakespeare.
Hell, and this world, one realm, one continent
Of easy thoroughfare. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
The ungrateful person is a monster, which is all throat
and belly; a kind of thoroughfare, or common shore for the
good things of the world to pass into. South's Sermons.
The courts are fill'd with a tumultuous din
Of crouds, or issuing forth, or ent'ring in:
A thoroughfare of news; where some devise
Things never heard; some mingle truth with lies. Dryden.

THO’ROUGHLY. adv. [from thorough.] Completely; fully.
Look into this business thoroughly. Shakespeare.
We can never be grieved for their miseries who are tho­
roughly wicked, and have thereby justly called their calamities
on themselves. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
One would think that every member of the community,
who embraces with vehemence the principles of either par­
ty, had thoroughly sifted and examined them. Addison.
They had forgotten their solemn vows as thoroughly as if
they had never made them. Atterbury's Sermons.

THO’ROUGHSPED. adj. [thorough and sped.] Finished in prin­
ciples; thoroughpaced.


Our thoroughsped republick of whigs, which contains the
bulk of all hopers, pretenders, and professors, are most highly
useful to princes. Swift.

THOROUGHPA’CED. adj. [thorough and pace.] Perfect in what
is undertaken; complete; thoroughsped. Generally in a
bad sense.
When it was proposed to repeal the test clause, the ablest
of those who were reckoned the most stanch and thoroughpaced
whigs fell off at the first mention of it. Swift.

THOROUGHSTI’CH. adv. [thorough and stitch.] Completely;
fully. A low word.
Perseverance alone can carry us thoroughstitch. L'Estrange.

THORP. n. s.
Thorp, throp, threp, trep, trop, are all from the Saxon
thop, which signifies a village. Gibson's Camden.

THOSE. pron. the plural of that.
Make all our trumpets speak, give them all breath,
Those clam'rous harbingers of blood and death. Shakesp.
The fibres of this muscle act as those of others. Cheyne.
Sure there are poets which did never dream
Upon Parnassus, nor did taste the stream
Of Helicon, we therefore may suppose
Those made not poets, but the poets those. Denham.

THOU. n. s. [thu, Saxon; du, Dutch; in the oblique cases sin­
gular thee, the, Saxon; in the plural ye, ge, Saxon; in the
oblique cases plural you, eow, Saxon.]
1. The second pronoun personal.
Is this a dagger which I see before me,
The handle tow'rd my hand? Come let me clutch thee.
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to fight. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I am as like to call thee so again,
To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too,
If thou wilt lend this money lend it not
As to thy friend. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Thou, if there be a thou in this base town,
Who dares with angry Eupolis to frown;
Who at enormous villany turns pale,
And steers against it with a full-blown sail. Dryden.
2. It is used only in very familiar or very solemn language.
When we speak to equals or superiors we say you; but in so­
lemn language, and in addresses of worship, we say thou.

To THOU. v. a. [from thou.] To treat with familiarity.
Taunt him with the licence of ink; if thou thou'st him
some thrice, it shall not be amiss. Shakespeare.

THOUGH. conjunction. [theah, Saxon; thauh, Gothick.]
1. Notwithstanding that; although.
Not that I so affirm, though so it seem. Milton.
The sound of love makes your soft heart afraid,
And guard itself, though but a child invade. Waller.
I can desire to perceive those things that God has prepared
for those that love him, though they be such as eye hath not
seen, ear heard, nor hath it entered into the heart of man to
conceive. Locke.
Though the name of abstracted ideas is attributed to uni­
versal ideas, yet this abstraction is not great. Watts's Logick.
2. As THOUGH. As if; like as if.
In the vine were three branches; and it was as though it
budded. Gen. xl. 10.
3. It is used in the end of a sentence in familiar language:
however; yet.
You shall not quit Cydaria for me:
'Tis dangerous though to treat me in this sort,
And to refuse my offers, though in sport. Dryden.
A good cause wou'd do well though;
It gives my sword an edge. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

THOUGHT, the preterite and part. pass. of think.
I told him what I thought. Shakespeare's Othello.
Are my friends embark'd?
Can any thing be thought of for their service?
Whilst I yet live, let me not live in vain. Addison.
No other tax could have been thought of, upon which so
much money would have been immediately advanced. Addis.

THOUGHT. n. s. [from the preterite of to think.]
1. The operation of the mind; the act of thinking.
2. Idea; image formed in the mind.
Sulph'rous and thought executing fires
Singe my white head. Shakespeare's King Lear.
For our instruction to impart
Things above earthly thought. Milton.
3. Sentiment; fancy; imagery.
Thought, if translated truly, cannot be lost in another lan­
guage; but the words that convey it to our apprehension,
which are the image and ornament of that thought, may be
so ill-chosen as to make it appear unhandsome. Dryden.
One may often find as much thought on the reverse of a
medal as in a canto of Spenser. Addison on ancient Medals.
Thoughts come crouding in so fast upon me, that my only
difficulty is to choose or to reject. Dryden.
The thoughts of a soul that perish in thinking. Locke.
4. Reflection; particular consideration.
Why do you keep alone?
Of sorriest fancies your companions making,
Using those thoughts which should indeed have died
With them they think on. Shakesp. Macbeth.
5. Conception; preconceived notion.
Things to their thought
So unimaginable as hate in heaven. Milton.
6. Opinion; judgment.
He that is ready to slip, is as a lamp despised in the thought
of him that is at ease. Job xii. 5.
They communicated their thoughts on this subject to each
other; and therefore their reasons are little different. Dryden.
Thus Bethel spoke, who always speaks his thought,
And always thinks the very thing he ought. Pope.
7. Meditation; serious consideration.
Pride, of all others the most dangerous fault,
Proceeds from want of sense or want of thought. Roscommon.
Nor was godhead from her thought. Milton.
8. Design; purpose.
The thoughts I think towards you are thoughts of peace,
and not evil. Jer. xxix. 11.
9. Silent contemplation.
Who is so gross
That cannot see this palpable device?
Yet who so bold, but says, he sees it not?
Bad is the world; and all will come to nought,
When such ill dealings must be seen in thought. Shakesp.
10. Sollicitude; care; concern.
Let us return, lest he leave caring for the asses and take
thought for us. 1 Sam. ix. 5.
Hawis was put in trouble, and died with thought and an­
guish before his business came to an end. Bacon's Henry VII.
Adam took no thought, eating his fill. Milton.
11. Expectation.
The main descry
Stands on the hourly thought. Shakesp. King Lear.
12. A small degree; a small quantity.
His face was a thought longer than the exact symmetrians
would allow. Sidney.
If our own be but equal, the law of common indulgence
alloweth us to think them at the least half a thought the bet­
ter, because they are our own. Hooker, b. iv.
A needle pierced through a globe of cork, cut away by
degrees, will swim under water, yet not sink unto the bot­
tom: if the cork be a thought too light to sink under the sur­
face, the water may be attenuated with spirits of wine. Br.
My giddiness seized me, and though I now totter, yet I
think I am a thought better. Swift.

THO’UGHTFUL. adj. [thought and full.]
1. Contemplative; full of reflection; full of meditation.
On these he mus'd within his thoughtful mind,
And then resolv'd what Faunus had divin'd. Dryden.
2. Attentive; careful.
Thoughtful of thy gain, I all the live-long day
Consume in meditation deep. Phillips.
3. Promoting meditation; favourable to musing.
Unspotted long with human blood:
War, horrid war, your thoughtful walks invades,
And steel now glitters in the muses shades. Pope.
4. Anxious; sollicitous.
In awful pomp, and melancholy state,
See settled reason on the judgment-seat;
Around her croud distrust, and doubt and fear,
And thoughtful foresight, and tormenting care. Prior.

THO’UGHTFULLY. adv. [from thoughtful.] With thought or
consideration; with sollicitude.

THO’UGHTFULNESS. n. s. [from thoughtful.]
1. Deep meditation.
2. Anxiety; sollicitude.

THO’UGHTLESS. adj. [from thought.]
1. Airy; gay; dissipated.
2. Negligent; careless.
It is something peculiarly shocking to see gray hairs with­
out remorse for the past, and thoughtless of the future. Rogers.
3. Stupid; dull.
His goodly fabrick fills the eye,
And seems design'd for thoughtless majesty:
Thoughtless as monarch oaks that shade the plain,
And spread in solemn state supinely reign. Dryden.

THO’UHTLESSLY. adv. [from thought.] Without thought;
carelesly; stupidly.
In restless hurries thoughtlessly they live,
At substance oft unmov'd, for shadows grieve. Garth.

THO’UGHTLESSNESS. n. s. [from thoughtless.] Want of thought;
absence of thought.

THO’UGHTSICK. adj. [thought and sick.] Uneasy with reflec­
tion.
Heav'n's face doth glow
With tristful visage; and, as 'gainst the doom,
Is thoughtsick at the act. Shakesp. Hamlet.

THO’USAND. adj. or n. s. [thusend, Saxon; duysend, Dutch.]
1. The number of ten hundred.


About three thousand years ago, navigation of the world
for remote voyages was greater than at this day. Bacon.
2. Proverbially, a great number.
So fair, and thousand, thousand times more fair
She seem'd, when she presented was to sight. Fa. Qu.
For harbour at a thousand doors they knock'd,
Not one of all the thousand but was lock'd. Dryden.
Search the herald's roll,
Where thou shalt find thy famous pedigree,
Drawn from the root of some old Tuscan tree,
And thou, a thousand off, a fool of long degree. Dryden.
Though he regulates himself by justice, he finds a thousand
occasions for generosity and compassion. Addison's Spect.
How many thousands pronounce boldly on the affairs of the
publick, whom God nor men never qualified for such judg­
ment. Watts.

THO’USANDTH. adj. [from thousand.] The hundredth ten
times told; the ordinal of a thousand.
He that will divide a minute into a thousand parts, and
break but a part of a thousandth part in the affairs of love, it
may be said of him, that Cupid hath clapt him o' th' shoulder,
but I'll warrant him heart whole. Shakesp. As you like it.
Such is the poet's lot: what luckier fate
Does on the works of grave historians wait:
More time they spend, in greater toils engage,
Their volumes swell beyond the thousandth page. Dryden.
The French hugonots are many thousand witnesses to the
contrary; and I wish they deserved the thousandth part of the
good treatment they have received. Swift's Miscel.

THOWL. n. s. A piece of timber by which oars are kept in
their places when a rowing. Ains

THR

THRALL. n. s. [thræl, Saxon.]
1. A slave; one who is in the power of another.
No thralls like them that inward bondage have. Sidney.
But sith she will the conquest challenge need,
Let her accept me as her faithful thrall. Spenser.
Look gracious on thy prostrate thrall. Shakespeare.
The two delinquents
That were the slaves of drink, and thralls of sleep. Shak.
I know I'm one of nature's little kings;
Yet to the least and vilest things am thrall. Davies.
That we may so suffice his vengeful ire,
Or do him mightier service, as his thralls
By right of war, whate'er his business be. Milton.
2. Bondage; state of slavery or confinement.
And laid about him, till his nose
From thrall of ring and cord broke loose. Hudibras, p. i.

To THRALL. v. a. Spenser. [from the noun.] To enslave;
to bring into the power of another.
Let me be a slave t' atchieve the maid,
Whose sudden sight hath thrall'd my wounded eye. Shak.
Statesmen purge vice with vice, and may corrode
The bad with bad, a spider with a toad.
For so ill thralls not them, but they tame ill,
And make her do much good against her will. Donne.
The author of nature is not thralled to the laws of na­
ture. Drummond.

THRA’LDOM. n. s. [from thrall.] Slavery; servitude.
How far am I inferior to thee in the state of the mind?
and yet know I that all the heavens cannot bring me to such
thraldom. Sidney, b. i.
He swore with sobs,
That he would labour my delivery.
—Why, so he doth, when he delivers you
From this earth's thraldom to the joys of heav'n. Shakesp.
This country, in a great part desolate, groaneth under the
Turkish thraldom. Sandys.
He shall rule, and she in thraldom live. Dryden.
They tell us we are all born slaves; life and thraldom we
entered into together, and can never be quit of the one till
we part with the other. Locke.

THRA’PPLE. n. s. The windpipe of any animal. They still
retain it in the Scottish dialect.

To THRASH. v. a. [tharscan, Saxon; derschen, Dutch.]
1. To beat corn to free it from the chaff. This is written va­
riously thrash or thresh, but thrash is agreeable to etymology.
First thrash the corn, then after burn the straw. Shakesp.
Gideon threshed wheat to hide it. Judg. viii. 11.
Here be oxen for burnt sacrifice, and threshing instruments
for wood. 2 Sam. xxiv. 22.
In the sun your golden grain display,
And thrash it out, and winnow it by day. Dryden.
This is to preserve the ends of the bones from an inca­
lescency, which they being hard bodies would contract from
a swift motion; such as that of running or threshing. Ray.
Out of your clover well dried in the sun, after the first
threshing, get what seed you can. Mortimer.
2. To beat; to drub.
Thou scurvy valiant ass! thou art here but to thrash Tro­
jans, and thou art brought and sold among those of any wit
like a Barbarian slave. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.

To THRASH. v. n. To labour; to drudge.
I rather wou'd be Mevius, thresh for rhimes
Like his, the scorn and scandal of the times,
Than that Philippick fatally divine,
Which is inscrib'd the second, should be mine. Dryden.

THRA’SHER. n. s. [from thrash.] One who thrashes corn.
Our soldiers, like a lazy thrasher with a flail,
Fell gently down, as if they struck their friends. Shakesp.
Not barely the plowman's pains, the reaper's and thresher's
toil, and the baker's sweat, is to be counted into the bread
we eat: the labour of those employed about the utensils must
all be charged. Locke.

THRA’SHING-FLOOR. n. s. An area on which corn is beaten.
In vain the hinds the threshing-floor prepare,
And exercise their flails in empty air. Dryden.
Delve of convenient depth your threshing-floor
With temper'd clay, then fill and face it o'er. Dryden.

THRASO’NICAL. adj. [from Thraso, a boaster in old comedy.]
Boastful; bragging.
His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his general
behaviour vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical. Shakespeare.
There never was any thing so sudden but the fight of two
rams, and Cæsar's thrasonical brag of, I came, saw, and
overcame. Shakesp. As you like it.

THRAVE. n. s. [thraf, Saxon.]
1. A herd; a drove. Out of use.
2. The number of two dozen.

THREAD. n. s. [thræd, Saxon; draed, Dutch.]
1. A small line; a small twist.
Let not Bardolph's vital thread be cut
With edge of penny cord and vile reproach. Shakespeare.
Though the slender thread of dyed silk looked on single
seem devoid of redness, yet when numbers of these threads
are brought together, their colour becomes notorious. Boyle.
He who sat at a table but with a sword hanging over his
head by one single thread or hair, surely had enough to check
his appetite. South's Sermons.
The art of pleasing is the skill of cutting to a thread, be­
twixt flattery and ill-manners. L'Estrange.
2. Any thing continued in a course; uniform tenor.
The eagerness and trembling of the fancy doth not always
regularly follow the same even thread of discourse, but strikes
upon some other thing that hath relation to it. Burnet.
The gout being a disease of the nervous parts, makes it
so hard to cure; diseases are so as they are more remote in
the thread of the motion of the fluids. Arbuthnot.

THRE’ADBARE. adj. [thread and bare.]
1. Deprived of the nap; wore to the naked threads.
Threadbare coat, and cobbled shoes he ware. Fa. Qu.
The clothier means to dress the commonwealth, and set a
new nap upon it: so he had need; for 'tis threadbare. Shak.
Will any freedom here from you be borne,
Whose cloaths are threadbare, and whose cloaks are torn?
Dryden's Juvenal.
He walk'd the streets, and wore a threadbare cloak;
He din'd and supp'd at charge of other folk. Swift.
2. Worn out; trite.
A hungry lean-fac'd villain,
A mere anatomy, a mountebank,
A threadbare juggler, and a fortune-teller. Shakespeare.
Many writers of moral discourses run into stale topicks and
threadbare quotations, not handling their subject fully and
closely. Swift.
If he understood trade, he would not have mentioned this
threadbare and exploded project. Child on Trade.

To THREAD. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To pass through with a thread.
The largest crooked needle, with a ligature of the size of
that I have threaded it with in taking up the spermatick ves­
sels. Sharp's Surgery.
2. To pass through; to pierce through.
Thus out of season threading dark-ey'd night. Shakesp.
Being prest to th' war,
Ev'n when the nave of the state was touch'd,
They would not thread the gates. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

THRE’ADEN. adj. [from thread.] Made of thread.
Behold the threaden sails,
Borne with th' invisible and creeping wind,
Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow'd sea. Shak.

To THREAP. v. a. A country word denoting to argue much
or contend. Ains.

THREAT. n. s. [from the verb.] Menace; denunciation of
ill.
There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats. Shakesp.
The emperor perceiving that his threats were little regard­
ed, regarded little to threaten any more. Hayward.
Do not believe
Those rigid threats of death: ye shall not die. Milton.

To THREAT. v. a. [threatian, Saxon: threat is seldom
used but in poetry.]
To THRE’ATEN. v. a. [threatian, Saxon: threat is seldom
used but in poetry.]


1. To menace; to denounce evil.
Death to be wish'd
Though threaten'd, which no worse than this can bring.
Milton.
2. To menace; to terrify, or attempt to terrify, by denouncing
evil.
What threat you me with telling of the king?
Tell him and spare not. Shakesp. Richard III.
That it spread no further, straitly threaten them that they
speak henceforth to no man in this name. Acts iv. 18.
The void profound
Wide gaping, and with utter loss of being
Threatens him. Milton.
æneas their assault undaunted did abide,
And thus to Lausus, loud with friendly threat'ning cry'd.
Dryden's Virgil.
This day black omens threat the brightest fair,
That e'er deserv'd a watchful spirit's care. Pope.
3. To menace by action.
Void of fear,
He threaten'd with his long protended spear. Dryden.
The noise increases as the billows roar,
When rowling from afar they threat the shore. Dryden.

THR’EATENER. n. s. [from threaten.] Menacer; one that
threatens.
Be stirring as the time; be fire with fire;
Threaten the threatener, and outface the brow
Of bragging horrour. Shakesp. King John.
The fruit, it gives you life
To knowledge by the threat'ner? Milton's Par. Lost.

THRE’ATENINGLY. adv. [from threaten.] With menace; in
a threatening manner.
The honour that thus flames in your fair eyes,
Before I speak, too threat'ningly replies. Shakespeare.

THR’EATFUL. adj. [threat and full.] Full of threats; mina­
cious.
Like as a warlike brigandine applide
To fight, lays forth her threatful pikes afore,
The engines which in them sad death do hide. Spenser.

THREE. adj. [thrie, Saxon; dry, Dutch; tri, Welsh and
Erse; tres, Lat.] Two and one.
Prove this a prosp'rous day, the three-nook'd world
Shall bear the olive freely. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
If you speak three words, it will three times report you the
whole three words. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 249.
Great Atreus sons, Tydides fixt above,
With three-ag'd Nestor. Creech's Manilius.
Jove hurls the three-fork'd thunder from above. Addison.
These three and three with osier bands we ty'd. Pope.
Down to these worlds I trod the dismal way,
And dragg'd the three-mouth'd dog to upper day. Pope.
A strait needle, such as glovers use, with a three-edged
point, useful in sewing up dead bodies. Sharp.
2. Proverbially a small number.
Away, thou three-inch'd fool; I am no beast. Shakesp.
A base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, filthy,
worsted stocking knave. Shakesp. King Lear.

THRE’EFOLD. adj. [threofeald, Saxon.] Thrice repeated;
consisting of three.
A threefold cord is not easily broken. Ecclus. iv. 12.
By a threefold justice the world hath been governed from
the beginning: by a justice natural, by which the parents and
elders of families governed their children, in which the obe­
dience was called natural piety: again, by a justice divine,
drawn from the laws of God; and the obedience was called
conscience: and lastly, by a justice civil, begotten by both the
former; and the obedience to this we call duty. Raleigh.
A threefold off'ring to his altar bring,
A bull, a ram, a boar. Pope's Odyssey.

THRE’EPENCE. n. s. [three and pence.] A small silver coin va­
lued at thrice a penny.
A threepence bow'd would hire me,
Old as I am to queen it. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Laying a caustick, I made an escar the compass of a three­
pence, and gave vent to the matter. Wiseman's Surgery.

THRE’EPENNY. adj. [triobolaris, Lat.] Vulgar; mean.

THRE’EPILE. n. s. [three and pile.] An old name for good
velvet.
I, in my time, woe threepile, but am out of service. Shak.

THREEPI’LED. adj. Set with a thick pile; in another place
it seems to mean piled one on another.
Thou art good velvet; thou'rt a threepil'd piece: I had as
lief be English kersey, as be pil'd as thou art. Shakespeare.
Threepil'd hyberboles; spruce affectation. Shakespeare.

THREESCO’RE. adj. [three and score.] Thrice twenty; sixty.
Threescore and ten I can remember well. Shakespeare.
Their lives before the flood were abbreviated after, and
contracted unto hundreds and threescores. Brown.
By chace our long-liv'd fathers earn'd their food;
Toil strung the nerves, and purify'd the blood:
But we their sons, a pamper'd race of men,
Are dwindl'd down to threescore years and ten. Dryden.

THRENO’DY. n. s. [????d?a.] A song of lamentation.

THRE’SHER. n. s. properly thrasher.
Here too the thresher brandishing his flail,
Bespeaks a master. Dodsley.

THRE’SHING. See To THRASH.
The careful ploughman doubting stands,
Left on the threshing floor his sheaves prove chaff. Milton.
Gideon was taken from threshing, as well as Cincinnatus
from the plough, to command armies. Locke on Education.

THRE’SHOLD. n. s. [threscwald, Saxon.] The ground or step
under the door; entrance; gate; door.
Fair marching forth in honourable wise,
Him at the threshold met she well did enterprize. Spenser.
Many men, that stumble at the threshold,
Are well foretold that danger lurks within. Shakespeare.
Not better
Than still at hell's dark threshold t' have sat watch,
Unnam'd, undreaded, and thy self half starv'd? Milton.
Before the starry threshold of Jove's court
My mansion is, where those immortal shapes
Of bright aereal spirits live inspher'd
In regions mild, of calm and serene air. Milton.
There sought the queen's apartment, stood before
The peaceful threshold, and besieg'd the door. Dryden.

THREW, preterite of throw.
A broken rock the force of Pyrrhus threw:
Full on his ankle fell the pond'rous stone,
Burst the strong nerves, and crash'd the solid bone. Pope.

THRICE. adv. [from three.]
1. Three times.
Thrice he assay'd it from his foot to draw,
And thrice in vain to draw it did assay,
It booted nought to think, to rob him of his prey. Spenser.
Thrice within this hour
I saw him down; thrice up again and fighting. Shakesp.
2. A word of amplification.
Thrice noble lord, let me entreat of you
To pardon me. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Thrice, and four times happy those
That under Ilian walls before their parents dy'd. Dryden.

To THRID. v. a. [this is corrupted from thread; in French
enfilér.] To slide through a narrow passage.
Some thrid the mazy ringlets of her hair,
Some hang upon the pendents of her ear. Pope.

THRIFT. n. s. [from thrive.]
1. Profit; gain; riches gotten; state of prospering.
He came out with all his clowns, horst upon such cart
jades, and so furnished, as I thought with myself if that
were thrift, I wisht none of my friends or subjects ever to
thrive. Sidney, b. ii.
You some permit
To second ills with ills, each worse than other,
And make them dreaded to the doer's thrift. Shakespeare.
Had I but the means
To hold a rival place with one of them,
I have a mind presages me such thrift,
That I should be fortunate. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Should the poor be flatter'd?
No; let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp,
And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee,
Where thrift may follow fawning. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Parsimony; frugality; good husbandry.
The rest unable to serve any longer, or willing to fall to
thrift, prove very good husbands. Spenser on Ireland.
Out of the present sparing and untimely thrift, there grow
many future inconveniences and continual charge in repairing
and re-edifying such imperfect slight-built vessels. Raleigh.
Thus heaven, though all-sufficient, shows a thrift
In his œconomy, and bounds his gift. Dryden.
3. A plant.
The thrift is a plant with a flower gathered into an almost
spherical head, furnished with a common scaly empalement:
this head is composed of several clove-gilliflower flowers,
consisting of several leaves in a proper empalement, shaped
like a funnel; in like manner the pointal rises out of the
same empalement, and afterwards turns to an oblong seed,
wrapt up in the empalement, as in an husk. Miller.

THRI’FTILY. adv. [from thrifty.] Frugally; parsimoniously.
Cromartie after fourscore went to his country-house to live
thriftily, and save up money to spend at London. Swift.

THRI’FTINESS. n. s. [from thrifty.] Frugality; husbandry.
If any other place you have,
Which asks small pains but thriftiness to save. Hubberd.
Some are censured for keeping their own, whom tender­
ness how to get honestly teacheth to spend discreetly; whereas
such need no great thriftiness in preserving their own, who
assume more liberty in exacting from others. Wotton.

THRI’FTLESS. adj. [from thrift.] Profuse; extravagant.
They in idle pomp and wanton play
Consumed had their goods and thriftless hours,
And thrown themselves into these heavy stowers. Spenser.


He shall spend mine honour with his shame,
As thriftless sons their scraping fathers gold. Shakespeare.

THRI’FTY. adj. [from thrift.]
1. Frugal; sparing; not profuse; not lavish.
Though some men do, as do they would,
Let thrifty do, as do they should. Tusser.
Nature never lends
The smallest scruple of her excellence,
But like a thrifty goddess she determines
Herself the glory of a creditor,
Thanks and use. Shakespeare.
Lest he should neglect his studies
Like a young heir, the thrifty goddess,
For fear young master should be spoil'd,
Would use him like a younger child. Swift.
I am glad he has so much youth and vigour left, of which
he hath not been thrifty; but wonder he has no more discre­
tion. Swift.
2. Well-husbanded.
I have five hundred crowns,
The thrifty hire I sav'd under your father. Shakespeare.

To THRILL. v. a. [thrlian. Saxon; drilla, Swedish.] To
pierce; to bore; to penetrate; to drill.
The cruel word her tender heart so thrill'd,
That sudden cold did run through every vein,
And stormy horrour all her senses fill'd
With dying fit, that down she sell for pain. Fairy Qu.
He pierced through his chaffed chest
With thrilling point of deadly iron brand,
And lanc'd his lordly heart. Fairy Qu. b. i.
A servant that he bred, thrill'd with remorse,
Oppos'd against the act; bending his sword
To his great master. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Nature, that heard such sound,
Beneath the hollow round
Of Cynthia's seat, the airy region thrilling,
Now was almost won,
To think her part was done. Milton.

To THRILL. v. n.
1. To have the quality of piercing.
The knight his thrillant spear again assay'd,
In his brass-plated body to emboss. Fairy Qu. b. i.
With that, one of his thrillant darts he threw,
Headed with ire and vengeable despite. Fairy Qu. b. ii.
2. To pierce or wound the ear with a sharp sound.
The piteous maiden, careful, comfortless,
Does throw out thrilling shrieks, and shrieking cries.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. To feel a sharp tingling sensation.
To seek sweet safety out,
In vaults and prisons; and to thrill and shake,
Ev'n at the crying of our nation's crow,
Thinking his voice an armed Englishman. Shakespeare.
Art thou not horribly afraid? Doth not thy blood thrill at
it? Shakesp. Henry IV. p. i.
4. To pass with a tingling sensation.
A faint cold fear thrills through my veins,
That almost freezes up the heat of life. Shakespeare.
A sudden horror chill
Ran through each nerve, and thrill'd in ev'ry vein. Addison.

To THRIVE. v. n. pret. throve. and sometimes less properly
thrived. part. thriven. [Of this word there is found no satis­
factory etymology: in the northern dialect they use throdden,
to make grow; perhaps throve was the original word, from
throa, Islandick, to encrease.] To prosper; to grow rich; to
advance in any thing desired.
He came forth with his clowns horst on poor cart-jades,
and so furnished, that if this be thrift, I wish my subjects
never thrive. Sidney.
The better thou thrivest, the gladder am I. Tusser.
If lord Percy thrive not, ere the king
Dismiss his power, he means to visit us. Shakespeare.
It grew amongst bushes, where commonly plants do not
thrive. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 620.
They by vices thrive,
Sail on smooth seas, and at their port arrive. Sandys.
O son! why sit we here, each other viewing
Idly, while Satan, our great author, thrives
In other worlds, and happier seat provides
For us, his offspring dear? Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Those who have resolved upon the thriving sort of piety,
seldom embark all their hopes in one bottom. Decay of Piety.
A careful shepherd not only turns his flock into a common
pasture, but with particular advertence observes the thriving
of every one. Decay of Piety.
Growth is of the very nature of some things: to be and
to thrive is all one with them; and they know no middle
season between their spring and their fall. South's Serm.
Experienc'd age in deep despair was lost,
To see the rebel thrive, the loyal crost. Dryden.
Seldom a thriving man turns his land into money to make
the greater advantage. Locke.
The thriven calves in meads their food forsake,
And render their sweet souls before the plenteous rack.
Dryden's Virgil.
A little hope—but I have none.
On air the poor camelions thrive,
Deny'd ev'n that my love can live. Granville.
Such a care hath always been taken of the city charities,
that they have thriven and prospered gradually from their in­
fancy, down to this very day. Atterbury's Sermons.
In the fat age of pleasure, wealth and ease,
Sprung the rank weed, and thriv'd with large increase.
Pope's Essay on Criticism.
Diligence and humility is the way to thrive in the riches
of the understanding, as well as in gold. Watts's Logick.

THRI’VER. n. s. [from thrive.] One that prospers; one that
grows rich.
He had so well improved that little stock his father left, as
he was like to prove a thiver in the end. Hayward.

THRI’VINGLY. adv. [from thriving.] In a prosperous way.

THRO'. contracted by barbarians from through.
What thanks can wretched fugitives return,
Who scatter'd thro' the world in exile mourn. Dryden.

THROAT. n. s. [throte, throta, Saxon.]
1. The forepart of the neck; the passages of nutriment and
breath.
The gold, I give thee, will I melt and pour
Down thy ill-uttering throat. Shakespeare.
Wherefore could I not pronounce, amen?
I had most need of blessing, and amen
Stuck in my throat. Shakespeare's Macbeath.
2. The main road of any place.
Her honour, and her courage try'd,
Calm and intrepid in the very throat
Of sulphurous war, on Teniers dreadful field. Thomson.
3. To cut the THROAT. To murder; to kill by violence.
These bred up amongst the Englishmen, when they be­
come kern, are made more fit to cut their throats. Spenser.
A trumpeter that was made prisoner, when the soldiers
were about to cut his throat, says, why should you kill a man
that kills nobody? L'Estrange.

THRO’ATPIPE. n. s. [throat and pipe.] The weason; the wind­
pipe.

THRO’ATWORT. n. s. [throat and wort.] A plant.
The throatwort hath a funnel-shaped flower, consisting of
one leaf, and cut into several parts at the top, whose empale­
ment becomes a membranaceous fruit, often triangular, and
divided into three cells, full of small seeds. Miller.

To THROB. v. n. [from ???e?, Minshew and Junius; form­
ed in imitation of the sound, Skinner; perhaps contracted
from throw up.]
1. To heave; to beat; to rise as the breast with sorrow or
distress.
Here may his head live on my throbbing breast. Shakesp.
My heart throbs to know one thing:
Shall Banquo's issue ever reign? Shakesp. Macbeth.
'Twas the clash of swords: my troubled heart
Is so cast down, and sunk amidst its sorrows,
It throbs with fear, and akes at every sound. Addison.
How that warm'd me! How my throbbing heart
Leapt to the image of my father's joy,
When you shou'd strain me in your folding arms. Smith.
2. To beat; to palpitate.
In the depending orifice there was a throbbing of the arte­
rial blood, as in an aneurism, the blood being choaked in
by the contused flesh. Wiseman's Surgery.

THROB. n. s. [from the verb.] Heave; beat; stroke of pal­
pitation.
She sigh'd from bottom of her wounded breast,
And after many bitter throbs did throw,
With lips full pale, and fault'ring tongue opprest. Fa. Qu.
Thou talk'st like one who never felt
Th' impatient throbs and longing of a soul,
That pants and reaches after distant good. Addison's Cato.

THROE. n. s. [from throwian, to suffer, Saxon.]
1. The pain of travail; the anguish of bringing children: it is
likewise written throw.
Lucina lent not me her bed,
But took me in my throes. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
My womb pregnant, and now excessive grown,
Prodigious motion felt and rueful throes. Milton.
Not knowing 'twas my labour, I complain
Of sudden shootings, and of grinding pains,
My throes come thicker and my cries increas'd. Dryden.
Reflect on that day, when earth shall be again in travail
with her sons, and at one fruitful throe bring forth all the
generations of learned and unlearned, noble and ignoble
dust. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Any extreme agony; the final and mortal struggle.
O man! have mind of that most bitter throe,
For as the tree does fall so lies it ever low. Fairy Qu.
To ease them of their griefs,
Their fears of hostile strokes, their aches, losses,


Their pangs of love, with other incident throes,
That nature's fragile vessel doth sustain
In life's uncertain voyage, I will do
Some kindnets to them. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

To THROE. v. a. [from the noun.] To put in agonies.
The setting of thine eye and cheek proclaim a birth,
Which throes thee much to yield. Shakesp. Tempest.

THRONE. n. s. [thronus, Lat. ???.]
1. A royal seat; the seat of a king.
Boundless intemperance hath been
Th' untimely emptying of the happy throne,
And full of many kings. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Th' eternal father from his throne beheld
Their multitude. Milton.
Stonehenge once thought a temple, you have sound
A throne where kings were crown'd. Dryden.
2. The seat of a bishop.
In those times the bishops preached on the steps of the
altar standing, having not as yet assumed the state of a throne.
Ayliffe's Parergon.

To THRONE. v. a. [from the noun.] To enthrone; to set on
a royal seat.
They have, as who have not, whom their great stars
Thron'd and set high? Shakespeare.
True image of the father, whether thron'd
In the bosom of bliss and light of light,
Conceiving or remote from heav'n, enshrin'd
In fleshly tabernacle and human form. Milton.
O prince! O chief of many throned powers. Milton.
Thron'd in glass and nam'd it Caroline. Pope.

THRONG. n. s. [thrang, Saxon, from thringan, to press.] A
croud; a multitude pressing against each other.
Let us on heaps go offer up our lives:
We are enow yet living in the field,
To smother up the English in our throngs. Shakespeare.
A throng
Of thick short sobs in thund'ring volleys float,
And roul themselves over her lubrick throat
In panting murmurs. Crashaw.
This book, the image of his mind,
Will make his name not hard to find.
I wish the throng of great and good
Made it less eas'ly understood. Waller.
With studious thought observ'd th' illustrious throng,
In nature's order as they pass'd along;
Their names, their fates. Dryden's æn.

To THRONG. v. n. [from the noun.] To croud; to come in
tumultuous multitudes.
I have seen
The dumb men throng to see him, and the blind
To hear him speak. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
His mother could not longer bear the agitations of so many
passions as throng'd upon her, but fell upon his neck, crying
out, my son. Tatler, No. 55.

To THRONG. v. a. To oppress or incommode with crouds or
tumults.
I'll say, thou hast gold:
Thou wilt be throng'd too shortly. Shakespeare.
The multitude throng thee and press thee. Luke viii. 45.
All access was throng'd, the gates
Thick swarm'd. Milton.

THRO’STLE. n. s. [throstle, Saxon.] The thrush; a small
singing bird.
The throstle with his note so true,
The wren with little quill. Shakespeare.
The black-bird and throstel with their melodious voices bid
welcome to the cheerful spring. Walton's Angler.

THRO’TTLE. n. s. [from throat.] The windpipe.
At the upper extreme it hath no larinx or throttle to qua­
lify the sound. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To THRO’TTLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To choak; to suf­
focate; to kill by stopping the breath.
I have seen them shiver and look pale,
Make periods in the midst of sentences,
Throttle their practis'd accents in their fears,
And, in conclusion, dumbly have broke off. Shakespeare.
As when Antæus in Irassa strove
With Jove's Alcides, and oft soil'd still rose,
Receiving from his mother earth new strength,
Fresh from his fall and fiercer grapple join'd,
Throttled at length in th' air, expir'd and sell. Milton.
His throat half throttl'd with corrupted phlegm,
And breathing through his jaws a belching steam. Dryden.
The throttling quinsey 'tis my star appoints,
And rheumatism I send to rack the joints. Dryden.
Throttle thyself with an ell of strong tape,
For thou hast not a groat to attone for a rape. Swift.

THROVE, the preterite of thrive.
England never throve so well, nor was there ever brought
into England so great an increase of wealth since. Locke.

THROUGH. prep. [thurh, Saxon; door, Dutch; durch, Ger­
man.]
1. From end to end of.
He hath been so successful with common heads, that he
hath led their belief through all the works of nature. Brown.
A simplicity shines through all he writes. Dryden.
Fame of th' asserted sea through Europe blown,
Made France and Spain ambitious of his love. Dryden.
2. Nothing passage.
Through the gate of iv'ry he dismiss'd
His valiant offspring. Dryden's æn.
The same thing happened when I removed the prism out
of the sun's light, and looking through it upon the hole shin­
ing by the light of the clouds beyond it. Newton.
3. By transmission.
Through these hands this science has passed with great ap­
plause. Temple.
Material things are presented only through their senses;
they have a real influx on these, and all real knowledge of
material things is conveyed into the understanding through
these senses. Cheyne's Phil. Principles.
4. By means of.
The strong through pleasure soonest falls, the weak through
smart. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Something you may deserve of him through me. Shak.
By much slothfulness the building decayeth, and through
idleness of the hands the house droppeth through. Ecclus. x.
You will not make this a general rule to debar such from
preaching the gospel, as have through infirmity fallen. Whitgist.
Some through ambition, or through thirst of gold,
Have slain their brothers, and their country sold. Dryden.
To him, to him 'tis giv'n
Passion, and care, and anguish to destroy:
Through him soft peace and plenitude of joy
Perpetual o'er the world redeem'd shall flow. Prior.

THROUGH. adv.
1. Frome one end or side to the other.
You'd be so lean, that blasts of January
Would blow you through and through. Shakespeare.
Inquire how metal may be tinged through and through, and
with what, and into what colours? Bacon.
Pointed satire runs him through and through. Oldham.
To understand the mind of him that writ, is to read the
whole letter through, from one end to the other. Locke.
2. To the end of any thing.
Every man brings such a degree of this light into the
world with him, that though it cannot bring him to heaven,
yet it will carry him so far, that if he follows it faithfully he
shall meet with another light, which shall carry him quite
through. South's Sermons.

THRO’UGHBRED. adj. [through and bred, commonly thorough­
bred.] Completely educated; completely taught.
A through-bred soldier weighs all present circumstances and
all possible contingents. Grew's Cosmol.

THROUGHLI’GHTED. adj. [through and light.] Lighted on both
sides.
That the best pieces be placed where are the fewest lights;
therefore not only rooms windowed on both ends, called
throughlighted, but with two or more windows on the same
side are enemies to this art. Wotton's Architecture.

THRO’UGHLY. adv. [from through. It is commonly written
thoroughly, as coming from thorough.]
1. Completely; fully; entirely; wholly.
The sight so throughly him dismay'd,
That nought but death before his eyes he saw. Spenser.
Rice must be throughly boiled in respect of its hardness. Bac.
No less wisdom than what made the world can throughly
understand so vast a design. Tillotson.
2. Without reserve; sincerely.
Though it be somewhat singular for men truly and throughly
to live up to the principles of their religion, yet singularity in
this is a singular commendation. Tillotson's Sermons.

THROUGHO’UT. prep. [through and out.] Quite through; in
every part of.
Thus it fareth even clean throughout the whole controversy
about that discipline which is so earnestly urged. Hooker.
There followed after the defeat an avoiding of all Spanish
forces throughout Ireland. Bacon.
O for a clap of thunder, as loud
As to be heard throughout the universe,
To tell the world the fact, and to applaud it. B. Johnson.
Impartially inquire how we have behaved ourselves through­
out the course of this long war. Atterbury's Sermons.

THROUGHO’UT. adv. Everywhere; in every part.
Subdue it, and throughout dominion hold
Over fish of the sea and fowl of the air. Milton.
His youth and age
All of a piece throughout, and all divine. Dryden.

THROUGHPA’CED. adj. [through and pace.] Perfect; complete.
He is very dextrous in puzzling others, if they be not
throughpaced speculators in those great theories. More.

To THROW. preter. threw. part. pass. thrown. v. a. [thrawan, Saxon.]


1. To fling; to cast; to send to a distant place by any projec­
tile force.
Preianes threw down upon the Turks fire and scalding oil.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
His head shall be thrown to thee over the wall. 2 Sam. xx.
Shimei threw stones at him and cast dust. 2 Sam. xvi. 13.
A poor widow threw in two mites, which make a far­
thing. Mark xii. 42.
He fell
From heav'n, they fabled, thrown by angry Jove
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements. Milton.
Calumniate stoutly; for though we wipe away with never
so much care the dirt thrown at us, there will be left some
sulliage behind. Decay of Piety.
Ariosto, in his voyage of Astolpho to the moon, has a fine
allegory of two swans, who, when time had thrown the
writings of many poets into the river of oblivion, were ever
in a readiness to secure the best, and bear them aloft into the
temple of immortality. Dryden.
When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw,
The line too labours, and the words move slow. Pope.
The air-pump, barometer, and quadrant, were thrown
out to those busy spirits, as tubs and barrels are to a whale,
that he may let the ship sail on while he diverts himself with
those innocent amusements. Addison's Spect.
2. To toss; to put with any violence or tumult. It always
comprises the idea of haste, force or negligence.
To threats the stubborn sinner oft is hard,
Wrap'd in his crimes against the storm prepar'd;
But when the milder beams of mercy play,
He melts, and throws his cumb'rous cloak away. Dryden.
The only means for bringing France to our conditions, is
to throw in multitudes upon them, and overpower them with
numbers. Addison's State of the War.
Labour casts the humours into their proper channels, throws
off redundancies, and helps nature. Addison's Spect.
Make room for merit, by throwing down the worthless and
depraved part of mankind from those conspicuous stations to
which they have been advanced. Addison's Spect. No. 126.
The island Inarime contains, within the compass of eighteen
miles, a wonderful variety of hills, vales, rocks, fruitful
plains, and barren mountains, all thrown together in a most
romantick confusion. Berkley to Pope.
3. To lay carelesly, or in haste.
His majesty departed to his chamber, and threw himself
upon his bed, lamenting with much passion, and abundance
of tears, the loss of an excellent servant. Clarendon.
At th' approach of night,
On the first friendly bank he throws him down,
Or rests his head upon a rock till morn. Addison's Cato.
4. To venture at dice.
Learn more than thou trowest,
Set less than thou throwest. Shakesp. King Lear.
5. To cast; to strip off.
There the snake throws the enamell'd skin,
Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in. Shakespeare.
6. To emit in any manner.
To arms; for I have thrown
A brave defiance in king Henry's teeth. Shak. Henry IV.
One of the Greek orator's antagonists reading over the
oration that procured his banishment, and seeing his friends
admire it, asked them, if they were so much affected by the
bare reading, how much more they would have been alarm­
ed if they had heard him actually throwing out such a storm
of eloquence. Addison.
There is no need to throw words of contempt on such a
practice; the very description of it carries reproof. Watts.
7. To spread in haste.
O'er his fair limbs a flow'ry vest he threw,
And issu'd like a god to mortal view. Pope's Odyssey.
8. To overturn in wrestling.
If the sinner shall not only wrestle with this angel, but
throw him too, and win so complete a victory over his con­
science, that all these considerations shall be able to strike no
terrour into his mind, he is too strong for grace. South.
9. To drive; to send by force.
Myself distrest, an exile and unknown,
Debarr'd from Europe, and from Asia thrown,
In Libyan desarts wander thus alone. Dryden's æn.
When seamen are thrown upon any unknown coast in Ame­
rica, they never venture upon the fruit of any tree, unless
they observe it marked with the pecking of birds. Addison.
Poor youth! how canst thou throw him from thee?
Lucia, thou know'st not half the love he bears thee. Add.
10. To make to act at a distance.
Throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make th' aerial blue
An indistinct regard. Shakesp. Othello.
11. To repose.
In time of temptation be not busy to dispute, but rely upon
the conclusion, and throw your self upon God, and contend
not with him but in prayer. Taylor's holy living.
12. To change by any kind of violence.
A new title, or an unsuspected success, throws us out of
ourselves, and in a manner destroys our identity. Addison.
To throw his language more out of prose, Homer affects
the compound epithets. Pope.
13. To turn. [tornare, Lat.] Ains.
14. To THROW away. To lose; to spend in vain.
He warms 'em to avoid the courts and camps,
Where dilatory fortune plays the jilt
With the brave, noble, honest, gallant man,
To throw herself away on fools and knaves. Otway.
In vain on study time away we throw,
When we forbear to act the things we know. Denham.
A man had better throw away his care upon any thing else
than upon a garden on wet or moist ground. Temple.
Had we but lasting youth and time to spare,
Some might be thrown away on fame and war. Dryden.
He sigh'd, breath'd short, and wou'd have spoke,
But was too fierce to throw away the time. Dryden.
The next in place and punishment are they
Who prodigally throw their souls away;
Fools who, repining at their wretched state,
And loathing anxious life, suborn'd their fate. Dryden.
In poetry the expression beautifies the design; if it be vi­
cious or unpleasing, the cost of colouring is thrown away
upon it. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The well-meaning man should rather consider what op­
portunities he has of doing good to his country, than throw
away his time in deciding the rights of princes. Addison.
She threw away her money upon roaring bullies, that went
about the streets. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
15. To THROW away. To reject.
He that will throw away a good book because it is not
gilded, is more curious to please his eye than understanding.
Taylor.
16. To THROW by. To reject; to lay aside as of no use.
It can but shew
Like one of Juno's disguises; and,
When things succeed, be thrown by, or let fall. B. Johns.
He that begins to have any doubt of his tenets, received
without examination, ought, in reference to that question,
to throw wholly by all his former notions. Locke.
17. To THROW down. To subvert; to overturn.
Must one rash word, th' infirmity of age,
Throw down the merit of my better years:
This the reward of a whole life of service? Addison.
18. To THROW off. To expel.
The salts and oils in the animal body, as soon as they pu­
trefy, are thrown off, or produce mortal distempers. Arbuth.
19. To THROW off. To reject; to renounce: as, to throw off
an acquaintance.
'Twou'd be better
Cou'd you provoke him to give you th' occasion,
And then to throw him off. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Can there be any reason why the houshold of God alone
should throw off all that orderly dependence and duty, by
which all other houses are best governed? Sprat.
20. To THROW out. To exert; to bring forth into act.
She throws out thrilling shrieks and shrieking cries. Spens.
The gods in bounty work up storms about us,
That give mankind occasion to exert
Their hidden strength, and throw out into practice
Virtues which shun the day Addison.
21. To THROW out. To distance; to leave behind.
When e'er did Juba, or did Portius, show
A virtue that has cast me at a distance,
And thrown me out in the pursuits of honour? Addison.
22. To THROW out. To eject; to expel.
The other two whom they had thrown out they were con­
tent should enjoy their exile. Swift.
23. To THROW out. To reject; to exclude.
The oddness of the proposition taught others to reflect a
little; and the bill was thrown out. Swift.
24. To THROW up. To resign angrily.
Bad games are thrown up too soon,
Until they're never to be won. Hudibras, p. iii.
Experienced gamesters throw up their cards when they
know the game is in the enemy's hand, without unnecessary
vexation in playing it out. Addison's Freeholder.
Life we must not part with foolishly: it must not be thrown
up in a pet, nor sacrificed to a quarrel. Collier.
25. To THROW up. To emit; to eject; to bring up.
Judge of the cause by the substances the patient throws up.
Arbuthnot.

To THROW. v. n.
1. To perform the act of casting.
2. To cast dice.
3. To THROW about. To cast about; to try expedients.
Now unto despair I 'gin to grow,
And mean for better wind about to throw. Hubberd.

THROW. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A cast; the act of casting or throwing.


He heav'd a stone, and rising to the throw
He sent it in a whirlwind at the foe;
A tow'r assaulted by so rude a stroke,
With all its lofty battlements had shook. Addison.
2. A cast of dice; the manner in which the dice fall when they
are cast.
If Hercules and Lichas play at dice
Which is the better man, the greater throw
May turn by fortune from the weaker hand:
So is Alcides beaten by his page. Shakespeare.
If they err finally, it is like a man's missing his cast when
he throws dice for his life; his being, his happiness, and all,
is involved in the errour of one throw. South's Sermons.
Suppose any particular order of the alphabet to be assign­
ed, and the twenty-four letters cast at a venture, so as to
fall in a line; it is many million of millions odds to one
against any single throw, that the assigned order will not be
cast. Bentley's Sermons.
3. The space to which any thing is thrown.
I have ever narrified my friends,
Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground
I've tumbled past the throw; and in his praise
Have, almost, stamp'd the leasing. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The Sirenum Scopuli are two or three sharp rocks that
stand about a stone's throw from the south side of the island.
Addison.
4. Stroke; blow.
So fierce he laid about him, and dealt blows
On either side, that neither mail could hold,
Ne shield desend the thunder of his throws. Fa. Queen.
5. Effort; violent fally.
Your youth admires
The throws and swellings of a Roman soul;
Cato's bold flights, the extravagance of virtue. Addison.
6. The agony of childbirth: in this sense it is written throe.
See THROE.
The most pregnant wit in the world never brings forth
any thing great without some pain and travail, pangs and
throws before the delivery. South's Sermons.
But when the mother's throws begin to come,
The creature, pent within the narrow room,
Breaks his blind prison. Dryden.
Say, my friendship wants him
To help me bring to light a manly birth;
Which to the wand'ring world I shall disclose;
Or if he fail me, perish in my throws. Dryden.

THRO’WER. n. s. [from throw.] One that throws.
Antigonus,
Since fate, against thy better disposition,
Hath made thy person for the thrower out
Of my poor babe;
Places remote enough are in Bohemia,
There weep, or leave it crying. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

THRUM. n. s. [thraum, Islandick, the end of any thing..]
1. The ends of weavers threads.
2. Any coarse yarn.
There's her thrum hat, and her muffler too. Shakespeare.
O fates, come, come,
Cut thread and thrum,
Quail, crush, conclude and quell. Shakespeare.
All moss hath here and there little stalks, besides the low
thrum. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 537.
Wou'd our thrum-cap'd ancestors find fault
For want of sugar tongs, or spoons for salt. King.

To THRUM. v. a. To grate; to play coarsly.
Blunderbusies planted in every loop-hole, go off constant­
ly at the squeaking of a fiddle and the thrumming of a guit­
tar. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

THRUSH. n. s. [thrisc, Saxon.]
1. A small singing bird.
Of singing birds they have linnets, goldsinches, black­
birds and thrushes. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Pain, and a fine thrush, have been severally endeavouring
to call off my attention; but both in vain. Pope.
2. [From thrust: as we say, a push; a breaking out.] By this
name are called small, round, superficial ulcerations, which
appear first in the mouth; but as they proceed from the ob­
struction of the emissaries of the saliva, by the lentor and
viscosity of the humour, they may affect every part of the
alimentary duct except the thick guts: they are just the same
in the inward parts as scabs in the skin, and fall off from the
inside of the bowels like a crust: the nearer they approach
to a white colour the less dangerous. Arbuthnot on Dict.

To THRUST. v. a. [trusito, Lat.]
1. To push any thing into matter, or between close bodies.
Thrust in thy sickle and reap. Rev. xiv. 15.
2. To push; to remove with violence; to drive. It is used of
persons or things.
They should not only not be thrust out, but also have
estates and grants of their lands new made to them. Spenser.
When the king comes, offer him no violence,
Unless he seek to thrust you out by force. Shakespeare.
Lock up my doors; and when you hear the drum,
Clamber not you up to the casements then,
Nor thrust your head into the publick streets. Shakespeare.
When the ass saw the angel, she thrust herself unto the
wall, and crusht Balaam's foot. Num. xxii. 22.
On this condition will I make a covenant with you, that
I may thrust out all your right eyes. 1 Sam. xi. 2.
She caught him by the feet; but Gehazi came near to
thrust her away. 2 Kings iv. 27.
Thou shalt stone him that he die; because he hath sought
to thrust thee away from the Lord. Deut. xiii. 10.
The prince shall not take of the people's inheritance, by
oppression to thrust them out. Isa. xlvi. 18.
Thou Capernaum, which art exalted to heaven, shalt be
thrust down to hell. Luke x. 15.
The sons of Belial shall be as thorns thrust away. 2 Sam.
Rich, then lord chancellor, a man of quick and lively de­
livery of speech, but as of mean birth so prone to thrust for­
wards the ruin of great persons, in this manner spake. Hayw.
They
In hate of kings shall cast anew the frame,
And thrust out Collatine that bore their name. Dryden.
To justify his threat, he thrusts aside
The croud of centaurs; and redeems the bride. Dryden.
3. To stab.
Phineas thrust both of them through. Num. xxv. 8.
4. To compress.
He thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of
it. Judg. vi. 38.
5. To impel; to urge.
We make guilty of our disasters, the sun, the moon, and
stars, as if we were villains on necessity, and all that we are
evil in, by a divine thrusting on. Shakesp. King Lear.
6. To obtrude; to intrude.
Who's there, I say? How dare you thrust yourselves
Into my private meditations? Shakesp. Henry VIII.
I go to meet
The noble Brutus, thrusting this report
Into his ears. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Should he not do as rationally, who, upon this assurance,
took physick from any one who had taken on himself the
name of physician, or thrust himself into that employment.
Locke.

To THRUST. v. n.
1. To make a hostile push; to attack with a pointed weapon.
2. To squeeze in; to put himself into any place by violence.
I'll be a Spartan while I live on earth;
But when in heav'n, I'll stand next Hercules,
And thrust between my father and the god. Dryden.
3. To intrude.
Not all,
Who like intruders thrust into their service,
Participate their sacred influence. Rowe.
4. To push forwards; to come violently; to throng; to press.
Young, old, thrust there,
In mighty concourse. Chapman's Odyssey.
The miserable men which shrunk from the work were
again beaten forward, and presently slain, and fresh men still
thrust on. Knolles's Hist of the Turks.

THRUST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Hostile attack with any pointed weapon.
Zelmane hearkening to no more, began with such witty
fury to pursue him with blows and thrusts, that nature and
virtue commanded him to look to his safety. Sidney.
That thrust had been mine enemy indeed,
But that my coat is better than thou know'st. Shakespeare.
Polites Pyrrhus, with his lance, pursues,
And often reaches, and his thrusts renews. Dryden.
2. Assault; attack.
There is one thrust at your pure, pretended mechanism.
More's Divine Dialogues.

THRU’STER. n. s. [from thrust.] He that thrusts.

THRU’STLE. n. s. [from thrush.] Thrush; throstle.
No thrustles shrill the bramble bush forsake;
No chirping lark the welkin sheen invokes. Gay.

To THRYFA’LLOW. v. a. [thrice and fallow.] To give the third
plowing in summer.
Thryfallow betime for destroying of weed,
Lest thistle and docke fal a blooming and seed. Tusser.

THU

THUMB. n. s. [thuma, Saxon.] The short strong finger an­
swering to the other four.
Here I have a pilot's thumb,
Wreck'd as homeward he did come. Shakesp. Macbeth.
When he is dead you will wear him in thumb rings, as the
Turks did Scanderbeg. Dryden.
Every man in Turkey is of some trade: Sultan Achmet
was a maker of ivory rings, which the Turks wear upon their
thumbs when they shoot their arrows. Broome.
It is divided into four fingers bending forwards, and one
opposite bending backwards called the thumb, to join with
them severally or united, whereby it is fitted to lay hold of
objects. Ray on the Creation.



THU’MB-BAND. n. s. [thumb and band.] A twist of any ma­
terials made thick as a man's thumb.
Tie thumb-bands of hay round them. Mortimer.

To THUMB. v. n. To handle aukwardly.

THUMBSTAL. n. s. [thumb and stall.] A thimble.

THUMP. n. s. [thombo, Italian.] A hard heavy dead dull blow
with something blunt.
And blund'ring still with smarting rump,
He gave the knight's steed such a thump
As made him reel. Hudibras, p. i.
Before, behind, the blows are dealt; around
Their hollow sides the rattling thumps resound. Dryden.
Their thumps and bruises might turn to account, if they
could beat each other into good manners. Addison.
The watchman gave so great a thump at my door, that I
awaked at the knock. Tatler.

To THUMP. v. a. To beat with dull heavy blows.
Those bastard Britons whom our fathers
Have in their land beaten, bobb'd, and thump'd. Shakesp.

To THUMP. v. n. To fall or strike with a dull heavy blow.
A stone
Levell'd so right, it thump'd upon
His manly paunch, with such a force
As almost beat him off his horse. Hudibras, p. i.
A watchman at midnight thumps with his pole. Swift.

THU’MPER. n. s. [from thump.] The person or thing that
thumps.

THU’NDER. n. s. [thunder, thunor, Saxon; dunder, Swe­
dish; dender, Dutch; tonnere, Fr.]
Thunder is a most bright flame rising on a sudden, mov­
ing with great violence, and with a very rapid velocity,
through the air, according to any determination, upwards
from the earth, horizontally, obliquely, downwards, in a
right line, or in several right lines, as it were in serpentine
tracts, joined at various angles, and commonly ending with
a loud noise or rattling. Muschenbrock.
2. In popular and poetick language thunder is commonly the
noise, and lightning the flash; though thunder is sometimes
taken for both.
I do not bid the thunder bearer shoot,
Nor tell tales of thee to high-judging Jove. Shakespeare.
No more, thou thunder master, shew
Thy spite on mortal flies. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The revenging gods
'Gainst parricides all the thunder bend. Shakespeare.
The thunder
Wing'd with red light'ning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now
To bellow through the vast and boundless deep. Milton.
3. Any loud noise or tumultuous violence.
So fierce he laid about him, and dealt blows
On either side, that neither mail could hold
Ne shield defend the thunder of his throws. Spenser.
Here will we face this storm of insolence,
Nor fear the noisy thunder; let it roll,
Then burst, and spend at once its idle rage. Rowe.

To THU’NDER. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To make thunder.
His nature is too noble for the world:
He would not flatter Neptune for his trident,
Nor Jove for's power to thunder. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To make a loud or terrible noise.
So soon as some few notable examples had thundered a duty
into the subjects hearts, he soon shewed no baseness of suspi­
cion. Sidney, b. ii.
His dreadful name late through all Spain did thunder,
And Hercules' two pillars standing near,
Did make to quake and fear. Spenser.
His dreadful voice no more
Would thunder in my ears. Milton.
Like a black sheet the whelming billow spread,
Burst o'er the float, and thunder'd on his head. Pope.

To THU’NDER. v. a.
1. To emit with noise and terrour.
Oracles severe,
Were daily thunder'd in our general's ear,
That by his daughter's blood we must appease
Diana's kindled wrath. Dryden.
2. To publish any denunciation or threat.
An archdeacon, as being a prelate, may thunder out an
ecclesiastical censure. Ayliffe.

THU’NDERBOLT. n. s. [thunder and bolt, as it signifies an ar­
row.]
1. Lightning; the arrows of heaven.
If I had a thunderbolt in mine eye, I can tell who should
down. Shakespeare.
Let the lightning of this thunderbolt, which hath been so
severe a punishment to one, be a terrour to all. K. Charles.
My heart does beat,
As if 'twere forging thunderbolts for Jove. Denham.
Who can omit the Gracchi, who declare
The Scipio's worth, those thunderbolts of war? Dryden.
The most remarkable piece in Antonine's pillar, is Jupiter
Pluvius sending down rain on the fainting army of Marcus Au­
relius, and thunderbolts on his enemies; which is the greatest
confirmation of the story of the Christian legion. Addison.
2. Fulmination; denunciation properly ecclesiastical.
He severely threatens such with the thunderbolt of excom­
munication. Hakewill on Providence.

THU’NDERCLAP. n. s. [thunder and clap.] Explosion of thun­
der.
The kindly bird that bears Jove's thunderclap,
One day did scorn the simple scarabee,
Proud of his highest service, and good hap,
That made all other fowls his thralls to be. Spenser.
When some dreadful thunderclap is nigh,
The winged fire shoots swiftly through the sky;
Strikes and consumes ere scarce it does appear,
And, by the sudden ill, prevents the fear. Dryden.
When suddenly the thunderclap was heard,
It took us unprepar'd, and out of guard. Dryden.

THU’NDERER. n. s. [from thunder.] The power that thun­
ders.
How dare you, ghosts,
Accuse the thunderer, whose bolt you know,
Sky-planted, batters all rebelling coasts? Shakespeare.
Had the old Greeks discover'd your abode,
Crete had'nt been the cradle of their god;
On that small island they had look'd with scorn,
And in Great Britain thought the thunderer born. Waller.
When the bold Typheus
Forc'd great Jove from his own heav'n to fly,
The lesser gods that shar'd his prosp'rous state,
All suffer'd in the exil'd thunderer's fate. Dryden.

THU’NDEROUS. adj. [from thunder.] Producing thunder.
Look in and see each blissful deity,
How he before the thunderous throne doth lie. Milton.

THU’NDERSHOWER. n. s. [thunder and shower.] A rain ac­
companied with thunder.
The conceit is long in delivering, and at last it comes like
a thundershower, full of sulphur and darkness, with a terrible
crack. Stillingfleet.
In thundershowers the winds and clouds are oftentimes con­
trary to one another, especially if hail falls, the sultry wea­
ther below directing the wind one way, and the cold above
the clouds another. Derham's Physico-Theol.

THU’NDERSTONE. n. s. [thunder and stone.] A stone fabulously
supposed to be emitted by thunder; thunderbolt.
Fear no more the light'ning flash,
Nor th' all-dreaded thunderstone. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To THU’NDERSTRIKE. v. a. [thunder and strike.] To blast or
hurt with lightning.
I remained as a man thunderstricken, not daring, nay not
able, to behold that power. Sidney.
The overthrown he rais'd, and as a herd
Of goats, or tim'rous flock, together throng'd,
Drove them before him thunderstruck. Milton.
With the voice divine
Nigh thunderstruck, th' exalted man, to whom
Such high attest was giv'n, a while survey'd
With wonder. Milton's Par. Reg. b. i.
'Tis said that thunderstruck Enceladus
Lies stretch'd supine. Addison.

THURI’FEROUS. adj. [thurifer, Lat.] Bearing frankincense.

THURIFICA’TION. n. s. [thuris and facio, Latin.] The act of
fuming with incense; the act of burning incense.
The several acts of worship which were required to be
performed to images are processions, genuflections, thurifica­
tions, deosculations, and oblations. Stillingfleet.

THU’RSDAY. n. s. [thorsgday, Danish; from thor. Thor was
the son of Odin, yet in some of the northern parts they wor­
shipped the supreme deity under his name, attributing the
power over all things, even the inferior deities, to him. Stil­
lingfleet.] The fifth day of the week.

THUS. adv. [thus, Saxon.]
1. In this manner; in this wise.
It cannot be that they who speak thus, should thus judge.
Hooker, b. v.
The knight him calling, asked who he was,
Who lifting up his head, him answered thus. Fa. Qu.
I return'd with similar proof enough,
With tokens thus, and thus. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
To be thus is nothing;
But to be safely thus. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I have sinned against the Lord, and thus and thus have I
done. Jos. vii. 23.
That the principle that sets on work these organs, is no­
thing else but the modification of matter thus or thus posited,
is false. Judge Hale.
Beware, I warn thee yet, to tell thy griefs
In terms becoming majesty to hear:
I warn thee thus, because I know thy temper
Is insolent. Dryden's Don Sebastian.


Thus in the triumphs of soft peace I reign. Dryden.
All were attentive to the godlike man,
When from his lofty couch he thus began. Dryden's æn.
2. To this degree; to this quantity.
A counsellor of state in Spain said to his master, I will tell
your majesty thus much for your comfort, your majesty hath
but two enemies; whereof the one is all the world, and the
other your own ministers. Bacon.
He said thus far extend, thus far thy bounds. Milton.
Thus much concerning the first earth, and its production
and form. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
No man reasonably pretends to know thus much, but he
must pretend to know all things. Tillotson's Sermons.
This you must do to inherit life; and if you have come
up thus far, firmly persevere in it. Wake.

To THWACK. v. a. [thaccian, Saxon.] To strike with some­
thing blunt and heavy; to thresh; to bang; to belabour.
He shall not stay;
We'll thwack him hence with distaffs. Shakespeare.
Nick fell foul upon John Bull, to snatch the cudgel he had
in his hand, that he might thwack Lewis with it. Arbuthnot.
These long fellows, as sightly as they are, should find
their jackets well thwack'd. Arbuthnot.

THWACK. n. s. [from the verb.] A heavy hard blow.
But Talgol first with a hard thwack
Twice bruis'd his head, and twice his back. Hudibras.
They place several pots of rice, with cudgels in the neigh­
bourhood of each pot; the monkeys descend from the trees,
take up the arms, and belabour one another with a storm of
thwacks. Addison's Freeholder, No. 50.

THWART. adj. [thwr, Saxon; dwars, Dutch.]
1. Transverse; cross to something else.
This else to several spheres thou must ascribe,
Mov'd contrary with thwart obliquities. Milton.
2. Perverse; inconvenient; mischievous.

To THWART. v. a.
1. To cross; to lie or come cross any thing.
Swift as a shooting star
In Autumn thwarts the night. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
You stream of light, a thousand ways
Upward and downward thwarting and convolv'd. Thomson.
2. To cross; to oppose; to traverse; to contravene.
Some sixteen months and longer might have staid,
If crooked fortune had not thwarted me. Shakespeare.
Lesser had been
The thwartings of your dispositions, if
You had not shew'd how you were dispos'd
Ere they lack'd power to cross you. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The understanding and will never disagreed; for the pro­
posals of the one never thwarted the inclinations of the other.
South's Sermons.
The rays both good and bad, of equal pow'r,
Each thwarting other made a mingled hour. Dryden.
In vain did I the godlike youth deplore,
The more I begg'd, they thwarted me the more. Addison.
Neptune aton'd, his wrath shall now refrain,
Or thwart the synod of the gods in vain. Pope's Odyssey.

To THWART. v. n. To be opposite.
It is easy to be imagined what reception any proposition
shall find, that shall at all thwart with these internal ora­
cles. Locke.

THWA’RTINGLY. adv. [from thwarting.] Oppositely; with
opposition.

THY

THY. pronoun. [thin, Saxon.] Of thee; belonging to thee;
relating to thee.
Whatever God did say,
Is all thy clear and smooth uninterrupted way. Cowley.
Th' example of the heav'nly lark,
Thy fellow poet Cowley mark. Cowley.
These are thy works, parent of good. Milton.

THYSE’LF. pronoun reciprocal. [thy and self.]
1. It is commonly used in the oblique cases, or following the
verb.
Come high or low,
Thyself and office destly show. Shakesp. Macbeth.
It must and shall be so; content thyself. Shakespeare.
2. In poetical or solemn language it is sometimes used in the
nominative.
These goods thyself can on thyself bestow. Dryden.

THYINE wood. n. s. A precious wood.
The merchandize of gold and all thyine wood are departed
from thee. Rev. xviii. 12.

THYME. n. s. [thym, Fr. thymus, Lat.] A plant.
The thyme hath a labiated flower, consisting of one leaf,
whose upper-lip is erect, and generally split in two, and the
under-lip is divided into three parts; out of the flower-cup
arises the pointal, accompanied by four embrios, which after­
ward become so many seeds, inclosed in a husk, which be­
fore was the flower-cup; to these marks must be added hard
ligneous stalks, and the flowers gathered into heads. Miller.
No more, my goats, shall I behold you climb
The steepy cliffs, or crop the flow'ry thyme. Dryden.

TI’AR. n. s. [tiare, Fr. tiara, Lat.] A dress for the head;
a diadem.
TIA’RA. n. s. [tiare, Fr. tiara, Lat.] A dress for the head;
a diadem.
His back was turn'd, but not his brightness hid;
Of beaming sunny rays a golden tiar
Circled his head. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iii.
This royal robe, and this tiara wore
Old Priam, and this golden scepter bore
In full assemblies. Dryden's æn.
A tiar wreath'd her head with many a fold,
Her waste was circled with a zone of gold. Pope.
Fairer she seem'd, distinguish'd from the rest,
And better mien disclos'd, as better drest:
A bright tiara round her forehead ty'd,
To juster bounds confin'd its rising pride. Prior.

TIC

To TICE. v. a. [from entice.] To draw; to allure.
Lovely enchanting language, sugar-cane,
Honey of roses, whither wilt thou flie?
Hath some fond lover tic'd thee to thy bane?
And wilt thou leave the church, and love a stie? Herbert.

TICK. n. s. [This word seems contracted from ticket, a tally
on which debts are scored.]
1. Score; trust.
If thou hast the heart to try't,
I'll lend thee back thyself awhile,
And once more for that carcase vile
Fight upon tick. Hudibras, p. i.
When the money is got into hands that have bought all
that they have need of, whoever needs any thing else must
go on tick, or barter for it. Locke.
You would see him in the kitchen weighing the beef and
butter, paying ready money, that the maids might not run a
tick at the market. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
2. [Tique, Fr. teke, Dutch.] The louse of dogs or sheep.
Would the fountain of your mind were clear again, that I
might water an ass at it! I had rather be a tick in a sheep,
than such a valiant ignorance. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
3. The case which holds the feathers of a bed.

To TICK. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To run on score.
2. To trust; to score.
The money went to the lawyers; council wont tick. Arb.

TI’CKEN. n. s. The same with tick. A sort of strong
linen for bedding. Bailey.
TI’CKING. n. s. The same with tick. A sort of strong
linen for bedding. Bailey.

TI’CKET. n. s. [etiquet, Fr.] A token of any right or debt
upon the delivery of which admission is granted, or a claim
acknowledged.
There should be a paymaster appointed, of special trust,
which should pay every man according to his captain's ticket,
and the account of the clerk of his band. Spenser.
In a lottery with one prize, a single ticket is only enriched,
and the rest are all blanks. Collier on Envy.
Let fops or fortune fly which way they will,
Disdains all loss of tickets or codille. Pope.

To TI’CKLE. v. a. [titillo, Lat.]
1. To affect with a prurient sensation by slight touches.
Dissembling courtesy! How fine this tyrant
Can tickle where she wounds. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The mind is moved in great vehemency only by tickling
some parts of the body. Bacon.
There is a sweetness in good verse, which tickles even
while it hurts; and no man can be heartily angry with him
who pleases him against his will. Dryden.
It is a good thing to laugh at any rate; and if a straw can
tickle a man, it is an instrument of happiness. Dryden.
2. To please by slight gratifications.
Dametas, that of all manners of stile could best conceive
of golden eloquence, being withal tickled by Musidorus's
praises, had his brain so turned, that he became slave to that
which he that sued to be his servant offered to give him. Sidney.
Expectation tickling skittish spirits
Sets all on hazard. Shakespeare.
Such a nature
Tickled with good success, disdains the shadow
Which it treads on at noon. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I cannot rule my spleen;
My scorn rebels, and tickles me within. Dryden.
Dunce at the best; in streets but scarce allow'd
To tickle, on thy straw, the stupid crowd. Dryden.
A drunkard, the habitual thirst after his cups, drives to the
tavern, though he has in his view the loss of health, and
perhaps of the joys of another life, the least of which is such
a good as he confesses is far greater than the tickling of his
palate with a glass of wine. Locke.

To TI’CKLE. v. n. To feel titillation.
He with secret joy therefore
Did tickle inwardly in every vein,
And his false heart, fraught with all treason's store,
Was fill'd with hope, his purpose to obtain. Spenser.



TI’CKLE. adj. [I know not whence to deduce the sense of this
word.] Tottering; unfixed; unstable; easily overthrown.
When the last O Neal began to stand upon some tickle
terms, this fellow, called baron of Dunganon, was set up
to beard him. Spenser on Ireland.
Thy head stands so tickle on thy shoulders, that a milk­
maid, if she be in love, may sigh it off. Shakespeare.
The state of Normandy
Stands on a tickle point, now they are gone. Shakespeare.

TI’CKLISH. adj. [from tickle.]
1. Sensible to titillation; easily tickled.
The palm of the hand, though it hath as thin a skin as
the other parts, yet is not ticklish, because it is accustomed
to be touched. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 766.
2. Tottering; uncertain; unfixed.
Ireland was a ticklish and unsettled state, more easy to re­
ceive distempers and mutations than England was. Bacon.
Did it stand upon so ticklish and tottering a foundation as
some mens fancy hath placed it, it would be no wonder
should it frequently vary. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. i.
3. Difficult; nice.
How shall our author hope a gentle fate,
Who dares most impudently not translate;
It had been civil in these ticklish times,
To fetch his fools and knaves from foreign climes. Swift.

TI’CKLISHNESS. n. s. [from ticklish.] The state of being tick­
lish.

TI’CKTACK. n. s. [trictac, Fr.] A game at tables. Bailey.

TID

TID. adj. [tdder, Saxon.] Tender; soft; nice.

To TI’DDLE. v. a. [from tid.] To use tenderly; to fondle.
To TI’DDER. v. a. [from tid.] To use tenderly; to fondle.

TIDE. n. s. [td, Saxon; tijd, Dutch and Islandick.]
1. Time; season; while.
There they alight in hope themselves to hide
From the fierce heat, and rest their weary limbs a tide.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
They two forth passing,
Received those two fair brides, their love's delight,
Which, at the appointed tide,
Each one did make his bride. Spenser.
What hath this day deserv'd,
That it in golden letter should be set,
Among the high tides in the kalendar. Shakesp. K. John.
At New-year's tide following the king chose him master of
the horse. Wotton.
2. Alternate ebb and flow of the sea.
That motion of the water called tides is a rising and falling
of the sea: the cause of this is the attraction of the Moon,
whereby the part of the water in the great ocean which is
nearest the Moon, being most strongly attracted, is raised
higher than the rest; and the part opposite to it being least
attracted, is also higher than the rest; and these two oppo­
site rises of the surface of the water in the great ocean fol­
lowing the motion of the Moon from East to West, and
striking against the large coasts of the continents, from thence
rebounds back again, and so makes floods and ebbs in nar­
row seas and rivers. Locke.
3. Flood.
As in the tides of people once up there want not stirring
winds to make them more rough, so this people did light
upon two ringleaders. Bacon's Henry VII.
4. Stream; course.
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man,
That ever lived in the tide of times. Shakespeare.
The rapid currents drive
Towards the retreating sea their furious tide. Milton.
But let not all the gold which Tagus hides,
And pays the sea in tributary tides,
Be bribe sufficient to corrupt thy breast,
Or violate with dreams thy peaceful rest. Dryden.
Continual tide
Flows from th' exhilarating fount. Philips.

To TIDE. v. a. [from the noun.] To drive with the stream.
Their images, the relicks of the wreck,
Torn from the naked poop, are tided back
By the wild waves, and rudely thrown ashore. Dryden.

To TIDE. v. n. To pour a flood; to be agitated by the tide.
When, from his dint, the foe still backward shrunk,
Wading within the Ouse, he dealt his blows,
And sent them, rolling, to the tiding Humber. Philips.

TI’DEGATE. n. s. [tide and gate.] A gate through which the
tide passes into a bason. Bailey.

TI’DESMAN. n. s. [tide and man.] A tidewaiter or custom­
house officer, who watches on board of merchant ships till
the duty of goods be paid and the ships unloaded. Bailey.

TI’DEWAITER. n. s. [tide and wait.] An officer who watches
the landing of goods at the customhouse.
Employments will be in the hands of Englishmen; nothing
left for Irishmen but vicarages and tidewaiters places. Swift.

TI’DILY. adv. [from tidy.] Neatly; readily.

TI’DINESS. n. s. [from tidy.] Neatness; readiness.

TI’DINGS. n. s. [tidan, Saxon, to happen, to betide; tidende,
Islandick.] News; an account of something that has hap­
pened.
When her eyes she on the dwarf had set,
And saw the signs that deadly tidings spake,
She fell to ground for sorrowful regret. Fairy Qu. b. i.
I shall make my master glad with these tidings. Shakesp.
They win
Great numbers of each nation to receive,
With joy, the tidings brought from heav'n. Milton.
Portius, thy looks speak somewhat of importance:
What tidings dost thou bring? methinks I see
Unusual gladness sparkling in thy eyes. Addison.
The messenger of these glad tidings, by whom this cove­
nant of mercy was proposed and ratified, was the eternal son
of his bosom. Rogers's Sermons.

TI’DY. adj. [tidt, Islandick.]
1. Seasonable.
If weather be faire and tidie, thy grain
Make speedilie carriage, for feare of a raine. Tusser.
2. Neat; ready.
Whenever by yon barley-mow I pass,
Before my eyes will trip the tidy lass. Gay's Past.
3. It seems to be here put by mistake for untidy.
Thou whorson tidy Bartholomew boar pig, when wilt thou
leave fighting. Shakesp. Henry IV.

TIE

To TIE. v. a. [tian, tigan, Saxon.]
1. To bind; to fasten with a knot.
Tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from
them. 1 Sam. vi. 7.
Thousands of men and women, tied together in chains,
were, by the cruel Turks, enforced to run as fast as their
horses. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
2. To knit; to complicate.
We do not tie this knot with an intention to puzzle the
argument; but the harder it is tied, we shall feel the pleasure
more sensibly when we come to loose it. Burnet.
3. To hold; to fasten.
In bond of virtuous love together tied,
Together serv'd they, and together died. Fairfax.
The intermediate ideas tie the extremes fo firmly together,
and the probability is so clear, that assent necessarily follows
it. Locke.
Certain theorems resolve propositions which depend on
them, and are as firmly made out from thence, as if the
mind went afresh over every link of the whole chain that
ties them to first self-evident principles. Locke.
4. To hinder; to obstruct.
Death that hath ta'n her hence to make me wail,
Ties up my tongue and will not let me speak. Shakesp.
Melantius stay,
You have my promise, and my hasty word
Restrains my tongue, but ties not up my sword. Waller.
Honour and good-nature may tie up his hands; but as
these would be very much strengthened by reason and prin­
ciple, so without them they are only instincts. Addison.
5. To oblige; to constrain; to restrain; to confine.
Although they profess they agree with us touching a pre­
script form of prayer to be used in the church, they have de­
clared that it shall not be prescribed as a thing whereunto
they will tie their ministers. Hooker, b. v.
It is the cowish terrour of his spirit,
That dares not undertake; he'll not feel wrongs
Which tie him to an answer. Shakesp. King Lear.
Cannot God make any of the appropriate acts of worship
to become due only to himself? cannot he tie us to perform
them to him. Stillingfleet.
They tie themselves so strictly to unity of place, that you
never see in any of their plays a scene change in the middle
of an act. Dryden.
Not tied to rules of policy, you find
Revenge less sweet than a forgiving mind. Dryden.
No one seems less tied up to a form of words. Locke.
The mind should, by several rules, be tied down to this, at
first, uneasy task; use will give it facility. Locke.
They have no uneasy expectations of what is to come,
but are ever tied down to the present moment. Atterbury.
A healthy man ought not to tie himself up to strict rules,
nor to abstain from any sort of food in common use. Arbuth.
6. It may be observed of tie, that it has often the particles up
and down joined to it, which are, for the most part, little
more than emphatical.

TIE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Knot; fastening.
2. Bond; obligation.
The rebels that had shaken off the great yoke of obe­
dience, had likewise cast away the lesser tie of respect. Bacon.
No forest, cave, or savage den,
Holds more pernicious beasts than men;
Vows, oaths, and contracts, they devise,
And tell us they are sacred ties. Waller.


'Tis not the coarser tie of human law
That binds their peace, but harmony itself
Attuning all their passions into love. Thomson's Spring.

TIER. n. s. [tiere, tieire, old Fr. tuyer, Dutch.] A row; a
rank.
Fornovius, in his choler, discharged a tier of great ord­
nance amongst the thickest of them. Knolles.

TIERCE. n. s. [tiers, tiercier, Fr.] A vessel holding the third
part of a pipe.
Go now deny his tierce. Benj. Johnson.
Wit, like tierce claret, when't begins to pall,
Neglected lies, and 's of no use at all;
But in its full perfection of decay
Turns vinegar, and comes again in play. Dorset.

TI’ERCET. n. s. [from tiers, Fr.] A triplet; three lines.

TIFF. n. s. [A low word, I suppose without etymology.]
1. Liquor; drink.
I, whom griping penury surrounds,
And hunger, sure attendant upon want,
With scanty offals, and small acid tiff,
Wretched repast! my meagre corps sustain. Phillips.
2. A fit of peevishness or sullenness; a pet.

To TIFF. v. n. o be in a pet; to quarrel. A low word.

TI’FFANY. n. s. [tiffer, to dress up, old Fr. Skinner.] Very
thin silk.
The smoak of sulphur will not black a paper, and is com­
monly used by women to whiten tiffanies. Brown.

TIGE. n. s. [in architecture.] The shaft of a column from the
astragal to the capital. Bailey.

TI’GER. n. s. [tigre, Fr. tigris, Latin.] A fierce beast of the
leonine kind.
When the blast of war blows in your ear,
Then imitate the action of the tiger:
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Shakesp. H. V.
Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear,
The arm'd rhinoceros, or Hyrcanian tiger;
Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves
Shall never tremble. Shakesp. Macbeth.
This tiger-footed rage, when it shall find
The harm of unskain'd swiftness will, too late,
Tie leaden pounds to's heels. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Tigris, in the medals of Trajan, is drawn like an old
man, and by his side a tiger. Peacham on Drawing.
Has the steer,
At whose strong chest the deadly tiger hangs,
E'er plow'd for him. Thomson's Spring.

TIGHT. adj. [dicht, Dutch.]
1. Tense; close; not loose.
If the centre holes be not very deep, and the pikes fill
them not very tight, the strength of the string will alter the
centre holes. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.
I do not like this running knot, it holds too tight; I may
be stifled all of a sudden. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.
Every joint was well grooved; and the door did not move
on hinges, but up and down like a sash, which kept my closet
so tight that very little water came in. Gulliver's Travels.
2. Free from fluttering rags; less than neat.
A tight maid ere he for wine can ask,
Guesses his meaning and unoils the flask. Dryden's Juv.
The girl was a tight clever wench as any. Arbuthnot.
O Thomas, I'll make a loving wife;
I'll spin and card, and keep our children tight. Gay.
Drest her again gentcel and neat,
And rather tight than great. Swift.

To TI’GHTEN. v. a. [from tight.] To straiten; to make close.

TI’GHTER. n. s. [from tighten.] A ribband or string by which
women straiten their cloaths.

TI’GHTLY. adv. [from tight.]
1. Closely; not loosely.
2. Neatly; not idly.
Hold, sirrah, bear you these letters tightly;
Sail, like my pinnace, to these golden shores. Shakespeare.
Handle your pruning-knife with dexterity: tightly, I say,
go tightly to your business; you have cost me much. Dryden.

TI’GHTNESS. n. s. [from tight.] Closeness; not looseness.
The bones are inflexible, which arises from the greatness
of the number of corpuscles that compose them, and the
firmness and tightness of their union. Woodward on Fossils.

TI’GRESS. n. s. [from tiger.] The female of the tiger.
It is reported of the tigress, that several spots rise in her
skin when she is angry. Addison's Spect. N. 81.

TIKE. n. s. [tik, Swedish; teke, Dutch; tique, Fr.]
1. The louse of dogs or sheep. See TICK.
Lice and tikes are bred by the sweat close kept, and some­
what aresied by the hair. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 696.
2. It is in Shakespeare the name of a dog, in which sense it is
used in Scotland. [from tijk, Runick, a little dog.]
Avaunt, you curs!
Hound or spaniel, brache or hym,
Or bobtail tike, or trundle tail. Shakesp. K. Lear.

TIL

TILE. n. s. [tigle, Saxon; tegel, Dutch; tuile, Fr. tegola,
Italian.] Thin plates of baked clay used to cover houses.
The roof is all tile, or lead, or stone. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Earth turned into brick serveth for building as stone doth;
and the like of tile. Bacon's Physical Remains.
In at the window he climbs, or o'er the tiles. Milton.
Worse than all the clatt'ring tiles, and worse
Than thousand padders was the poet's curse. Dryden.
Tile pins made of oak or fir they drive into holes made
in the plain tiles, to hang them upon their lathing. Moxon.

To TILE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover with tiles.
Moss groweth chiefly upon ridges of houses tiled or thatch­
ed. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 537.
Sonnets or elegies to Chloris
Might raise a house above two stories;
A lyrick ode wou'd slate; a catch
Wou'd tile, an epigram wou'd thatch. Swift's Miscel.
2. To cover as tiles.
The rafters of my body, bone,
Being still with you, the muscle, sinew and vein,
Which tile this house, will come again. Donne.

TI’LER. n. s. [tuilier, Fr. from tile.] One whose trade is to
cover houses with tiles.
A Flemish tiler, falling from the top of a house upon a
Spaniard, killed him; the next of the blood prosecuted his
death; and when he was offered pecuniary recompence, no­
thing would serve him but lex talionis: whereupon the judge
said to him, he should go up to the top of the house, and
then fall down upon the tiler. Bacon's Apophth.

TI’LING. n. s. [from tile.] The roof covered with tiles.
They went upon the house-top, and let him down through
the tiling with his couch before Jesus. Luke v. 19.

TILL. n. s. A money box.
They break up counters, doors and tills,
And leave the empty chests in view. Swift.

TILL. prep. [til, Saxon.] To the time of.
Unhappy slave, and pupil to a bell,
Unhappy till the last, the kind releasing knell. Cowley.

TILL now. To the present time.
Pleasure not known till now. Milton.

TILL then. To that time.
The earth till then was desert. Milton.

TILL. conjunction.
1. To the time.
Wood and rocks had ears
To rapture, till the savage clamour drown'd
Both harp and voice. Milton.
The unity of place we neither find in Aristotle, Horace,
or any who have written of it, till in our age the French
poets first made it a precept of the stage. Dryden.
2. To the degree that.
Meditate so long till you make some act of prayer to God,
or glorification of him. Taylor.
Goddess, spread thy reign till Isis elders reel. Pope.

To TILL. v. a. [tlian, Saxon; tenlen, Dutch.] To culti­
vate; to husband: commonly used of the husbandry of the
plow.
This paradise I give thee, count it thine,
To till, and keep, and of the fruit to eat. Milton.
Send him from the garden forth, to till
The ground whence he was taken. Milton's Par. Lost.

TI’LLABLE. adj. [from till.] Arable; fit for the plow.
The tillable fields are so hilly, that the oxen can hardly
take sure footing. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

TI’LLAGE. n. s. [from till.] Husbandry; the act or practice of
plowing or culture.
Tillage will enable the kingdom for corn for the natives,
and to spare for exportation. Bacon.
A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
First-fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf. Milton.
Incite them to improve the tillage of their country, to re­
cover the bad soil, and to remedy the waste. Milton.
Bid the laborious hind,
Whose harden'd hands did long in tillage toil,
Neglect the promis'd harvest of the soil. Dryden.
That there was tillage Moses intimates; but whether be­
stowed on all, or only upon some parts of that earth, as also
what sort of tillage that was, is not expressed. Woodward.

TI’LLER. n. s. [from till.]
1. Husbandman; ploughman.
They bring in sea-sand partly after their nearness to the
places, and partly by the good husbandry of the tiller. Carew.
Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the
ground. Gen. iv. 2.
The worm that gnaws the ripening fruit, sad guest!
Canker or locust hurtful to infest
The blade; while husks elude the tiller's care,
And eminence of want distinguishes the year. Prior.
2. A till; a small drawer.
Search her cabinet, and thou shalt find
Each tiller there with love epistles lin'd. Dryden's Juv.



TI’LLYFALLY. adj. [A word used formerly when any thing
said was rejected as trifling or impertinent.
TI’LLYVALLEY. adj. [A word used formerly when any thing
said was rejected as trifling or impertinent.
Am not I consanguinious? am not I of her blood? tilly­
valley lady. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Tillyfally, sir John, never tell me; your ancient swaggerer
comes not in my doors. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.

TI’LMAN. n. s. [till and man.] One who tills; an husband­
man.
Good shepherd, good tilman, good Jack and good Gil,
Makes husband and huswise their coffers to fil. Tusser.

TILT. n. s. [tld, Saxon.]
1. A tent; any covering over head.
The roof of linnen
Intended for a shelter!
But the rain made an ass
Of tilt and canvas,
And the snow which you know is a melter. Denham.
2. The cover of a boat.
It is a small vessel, like in proportion to a Gravesend tilt­
boat. Sandys.
The rowing crew,
To tempt a fare, clothe all their tilts in blue. Gay.
3. A military game at which the combatants run against each
other with lances on horseback.
His study is his tilt-yard, and his loves
Are brazen images of canonized saints. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He talks as familiarly of John of Gaunt, as if he had
been sworn brother to him; and he never saw him but once
in the tilt-yard, and then he broke his head. Shak. H. IV.
Images representing the forms of Hercules, Apollo, and
Diana, he placed in the tilt-yard at Constantinople. Knolles.
The spousals of Hippolite the queen,
What tilts and tourneys at the feast were seen. Dryden.
In tilts and tournaments the valiant strove,
By glorious deeds to purchase Emma's love. Prior.
4. A thrust.
His majesty seldom dismissed the foreigner till he had en­
tertained him with the slaughter of two or three of his liege
subjects, whom he very dextrously put to death with the tilt
of his lance. Addison's Freeholder, No. 10.

To TILT. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To cover like a tilt of a boat.
2. To carry as in tilts or tournaments.
Ajax interpos'd
His sevenfold shield, and screen'd Laertes' son,
When the insulting Trojans urg'd him sore
With tilted spears. Philips.
3. To point as in tilts.
Now horrid slaughter reigns,
Sons against fathers tilt the fatal lance,
Careless of duty, and their native grounds
Distain with kindred blood. Philips.
4. [Tillen, Dutch.] To turn up so as to run out.

To TILT. v. n.
1. To run in tilts.
To describe races and games,
Or tilting furniture, emblazon'd shields. Milton.
2. To fight with rapiers.
Friends all but even now; and then, but now—
Swords out and tilting one at other's breasts,
In opposition bloody. Shakesp. Othello.
Scow'ring the watch grows out of fashion wit:
Now we set up for tilting in the pit,
Where 'tis agreed by bullies, chicken-hearted,
To fright the ladies first, and then be parted. Dryden.
It is not yet the fashion for women of quality to tilt. Collier.
Satire's my weapon, but I'm too discreet
To run a muck, and tilt at all I meet;
I only wear it in a land of Hectors. Pope.
3. To rush as in combat.
Some say the spirits tilt so violently, that they make holes
where they strike. Collier.
4. To play unsteadily.
The floating vessel swam
Uplifted; and secure with beaked prow
Rode tilting o'er the waves. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
The fleet swift tilting o'er the surges flew,
Till Grecian cliffs appear'd. Pope's Odyssey.
5. To fall on one side.
As the trunk of the body is kept from tilting forward by
the muscles of the back, so from falling backward by those
of the belly. Grew's Cosmol. b. i.

TI’LTER. n. s. [from tilt.] One who tilts; one who fights.
A puisny tilter, that spurs his horse on one side, breaks his
staff like a noble goose. Shakesp. As you like it.
He us'd the only antique philters,
Deriv'd from old heroick tilters. Hudibras, p. iii.
If war you chuse, and blood must needs be spilt here,
Let me alone to match your tilter. Granville.

TILTH. n. s. [from till.] Husbandry; culture.
Bourn, bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none;
No use of metal, corn, or wine, or oil. Shakesp. Tempest.
Her plenteous womb
Expresseth its full tilth and husbandry. Shakespeare.

TILTH. adj. [from till.] Arable; tilled.
He beheld a field,
Part arable and tilth; whereon were sheaves
New reap'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

TIM

TI’MBER. n. s. [tmbrian, Saxon, to build.]
1. Wood fit for building.
I learn'd of lighter timber cotes to frame,
Such as might save my sheep and me from shame. Spenser.
For the body of the ships no nation doth equal England
for the oaken timber wherewith to build them; but there
must be a great providence used, that our ship timber be not
unnecessarily wasted. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
The straw was laid below,
Of chips and sere wood was the second row;
The third of greens, and timber newly fell'd. Dryden.
There are hardly any countries that are destitute of timber
of their own growth. Woodward.
Upon these walls they plant quick and timber trees, which
thrive exceedingly. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Who set the twigs, shall he remember,
That is in haste to sell the timber?
And what shall of thy woods remain,
Except the box that threw the main? Prior.
2. The main trunk of a tree.
We take
From every tree, lop, bark, and part o' th' timber,
And though we leave it with a root thus hackt,
The air will drink the sap. Shakespeare.
3. The main beams of a fabrick.
4. Materials ironically.
Such dispositions are the very errors of human nature, and
yet they are the fittest timber to make politicks of, like to
knee timber, that is good for ships to be tossed, but not for
houses that shall stand firm. Bacon.

To TI’MBER. v. n. [from the noun.] To light on a tree. A
cant word.
The one took up in a thicket of brush-wood, and the other
timbered upon a tree hard by. L'Estrange's Fables.

To TI’MBER. v. a. To furnish with beams or timber.

TI’MBERED. adj. [from timber; timbrè, Fr.] Built; formed;
contrived.
He left the succession to his second son; not because he
thought him the best timbered to support it. Wotton.
Many heads that undertake learning were never squared
nor timbered for it. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.

TI’MBERSOW. n. s. A worm in wood.
Divers creatures, though they be somewhat loathsome to
take, are of this kind; as earth worms, timbersows, snails.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 692.

TI’MBREL. n. s. [timbre, Fr. tympanum, Latin.] A kind of
musical instrument played by pulsation.
The damsels they delight,
When they their timbrels smite,
And thereunto dance and carrol sweet. Spenser's Epithal.
In their hands sweet timbrels all upheld on hight. Fa. Q.
Praise with timbrels, organs, flutes;
Praise with violins and lutes. Sandys's Paraph.
For her through Egypt's fruitful clime renown'd,
Let weeping Nilus hear the timbrel sound. Pope's Statius.

TIME. n. s. [tima, Saxon; tym, Erse.]
1. The measure of duration.
This consideration of duration, as set out by certain pe­
riods, and marked by certain measures or epochas, is that
which most properly we call time. Locke.
Time is like a fashionable host,
That slightly shakes his parting guest by th' hand,
But with his arms out-stretch'd, as he would fly,
Grasps the incomer. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Come what come may,
Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shakesp.
Nor will polished amber, although it send forth a gross ex­
halement, be found a long time defective upon the exactest
scale. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
Time, which consisteth of parts, can be no part of infinite
duration, or of eternity; for then there would be infinite
time past to day, which to morrow will be more than infinite.
Time is therefore one thing, and infinite duration is another.
Grew's Cosmol. b. i.
2. Space of time.
Daniel desired that he would give him time, and that he
would shew him the interpretation. Dan. ii. 16.
He for the time remain'd stupidly good. Milton.
No time is allowed for digressions. Swift.
3. Interval.
Pomanders, and knots of powders, you may have conti­
nually in your hand; whereas perfumes you can take but at
times. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 929.
4. Season; proper time.
To every thing there is a season, and a time to every pur­
pose. Ecclus. iii. 1.


They were cut down out of time, whose foundation was
overflown with a flood. Job xxii. 16.
He found nothing but leaves on it; for the time of figs was
not yet. Mar. xi. 13.
Knowing the time, that it is high time to awake out of
sleep. Rom. xiii. 11.
Short were her marriage joys; for in the prime
Of youth her lord expir'd before his time. Dryden.
I hope I come in time, if not to make,
At least, to save your fortune and your honour:
Take heed you steer your vessel right. Dryden.
The time will come when we shall be forced to bring our
evil ways to remembrance, and then consideration will do us
little good. Calamy's Sermons.
5. A considerable space of duration; continuance; process of
time.
Fight under him, there's plunder to be had;
A captain is a very gainful trade:
And when in service your best days are spent,
In time you may command a regiment. Dryden's Juvenal.
In time the mind reflects on its own operations about the
ideas got by sensation, and thereby stores itself with a new
set of ideas, ideas of reflection. Locke.
One imagines, that the terrestrial matter which is shower­
ed down along with rain enlarges the bulk of the earth, and
that it will in time bury all things under-ground. Woodward.
I have resolved to take time, and, in spite of all misfor­
tunes, to write you, at intervals, a long letter. Swift.
6. Age; particular part of time.
When that company died, what time the fire devoured two
hundred and fifty men. Num. xxvi. 10.
They shall be given into his hand until a time and times.
Dan. vii. 25.
If we should impute the heat of the season unto the co­
operation of any stars with the sun, it seems more favourable
for our times to ascribe the same unto the constellation of
leo. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.
The way to please being to imitate nature, the poets and
the painters, in ancient times, and in the best ages, have stu­
died her. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
7. Past time.
I was the man in th' moon when time was. Shakespeare.
8. Early time.
Stanley at Bosworth field, though he came time enough to
save his life, yet he staid long enough to endanger it. Bacon.
If they acknowledge repentance and a more strict obe­
dience to be one time or other necessary, they imagine it is
time enough yet to set about these duties. Rogers.
9. Time considered as affording opportunity.
The earl lost no time, but marched day and night. Clarend.
He continued his delights till all the enemies horse were
passed through his quarters; nor did then pursue them in any
time. Clarendon, b. viii.
Time is lost, which never will renew,
While we too far the pleasing path pursue,
Surveying nature. Dryden's Virgil.
10. Particular quality of the present.
Comets, importing change of times and states,
Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky. Shakespeare.
All the prophets in their age, the times
Of great Messiah sing. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
If any reply, that the times and manners of men will not
bear such a practice, that is an answer from the mouth of a
professed time-server. South's Sermons.
11. Particular time.
Give order, that no sort of person
Have, any time, recourse unto the princes. Shakespeare.
The worst on me must light, when time shall be. Milt.
A time will come when my maturer muse,
In Cæsar's wars a nobler theme shall chuse. Dryden.
These reservoirs of snow they cut, distributing them to se­
veral shops, that from time to time supply Naples. Addison.
12. Hour of childbirth.
She intended to stay till delivered; for she was within one
month of her time. Clarendon.
The first time I saw a lady dressed in one of these petti­
coats, I blamed her for walking abroad when she was so near
her time; but soon I found all the modish part of the sex as
far gone as herself. Addison's Spect. No. 127.
13. Repetition of any thing, or mention with reference to re­
petition.
Four times he cross'd the car of night. Milton.
Every single particle would have a sphere of void space
around it many hundred thousand million million times bigger
than the dimensions of that particle. Bentley.
Lord Oxford I have now the third time mentioned in this
letter expects you. Swift.
14. Musical measure.
Musick do I hear!
Ha, ha! keep time. How sour sweet musick is
When time is broke and no proportion kept. Shakespeare.
You by the help of tune and time
Can make that song which was but rime. Waller.
On their exalted wings
To the cœlestial orbs they climb,
And with th' harmonious spheres keep time. Denham.
Heroes who o'ercome, or die,
Have their hearts hung extremely high;
The strings of which in battle's heat
Against their very corslets beat;
Keep time with their own trumpet's measure,
And yield them most excessive pleasure. Prior.

To TIME. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To adapt to the time; to bring or do at a proper time.
There is no greater wisdom than well to time the begin­
nings and onsets of things. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The timing of things is a main point in the dispatch of all
affairs. L'Estrange.
This 'tis to have a virtue out of season.
Mercy is good, but kings mistake its timing. Dryden.
A man's conviction should be strong, and so well timed,
that worldly advantages may seem to have no share in it. Add.
2. To regulate as to time.
To the same purpose old Epopeus spoke,
Who overlook'd the oars, and tim'd the stroke. Addison.
3. To measure harmonically.
He was a thing of blood, whose every motion
Was tim'd with dying cries. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

TI’MEFUL. adj. [time and full.] Seasonable; timely; early.
If this arch-politician find in his pupils any remorse, any
feeling of God's future judgments, he persuades them that
God hath so great need of mens souls, that he will accept
them at any time, and upon any condition; interrupting, by
his vigilant endeavours, all offer of timeful return towards
God. Raleigh's Hist. of the World, b. i.

TI’MELESS. adj. [from time.]
1. Unseasonable; done at an improper time.
Nor fits it to prolong the heav'nly feast
Timeless, indecent, but retire to rest. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Untimely; immature; done before the proper time.
A pack of sorrows, which would press you down,
If unprevented, to your timeless grave. Shakespeare.
Noble Gloster's death,
Who wrought it with the king, and who perform'd
The bloody office of his timeless end. Shakesp. Rich. II.

TI’MELY. adj. [from time.] Seasonable; sufficiently early.
The West glimmers with some streaks of day,
Now spurs the lated traveller apace
To gain the timely inn. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Happy were I in my timely death;
Could all my travels warrant me they live. Shakespeare.
Lest heat should hinder us, his timely care
Hath unbesought provided. Milton.
I'll to my charge,
And show my duty by my timely care. Dryden.

TI’MELY. adv. [from time.] Early; soon.
The beds i' th' East are soft, and thanks to you,
That call'd me timelier than my purpose hither. Shakesp.
Sent to forewarn
Us timely of what else might be our loss. Milton.
Timely advis'd, the coming evil shun;
Better not do the deed, than weep it done. Prior.

TI’MEPLEASER. n. s. [time and please.] One who complies
with prevailing notions whatever they be.
Scandal, the suppliants for the people, call them
Timepleasers, flatterers, foes to nobleness. Shakespeare.

TI’MESERVING. adj. [time and serve.] Meanly complying with
present power.
If such by trimming and timeserving, which are but two
words for the same thing, abandon the church of England;
this will produce confusion. South's Sermons.

TI’MID. adj. [timide, Fr. timidus, Lat.] Fearful; timorous;
wanting courage; wanting boldness.
Poor is the triumph o'er the timid hare. Thomson.

TIMI’DITY. n. s. [timidité, Fr. timiditas, Latin; from timid.]
Fearfulness; timorousness; habitual cowardice.
The hare figured pusillanimity and timidity from its tem­
per. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TI’MOROUS. adj. [timor, Latin.] Fearful; full of fear and
scruple.
Propossessed heads will ever doubt it, and timorous beliefs
will never dare to try it. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. ii.
The infant flames, whilst yet they were conceal'd
In tim'rous doubts, with pity I beheld;
With easy smiles dispell'd the silent fear,
That durst not tell me what I dy'd to hear. Prior.

TI’MOROUSLY. adv. [from timorous.] Fearfully; with much
fear.
We would have had you heard
The traitor speak, and tim'rously confess
The manner and the purpose of his treasons. Shakespeare.


Though they had ideas enough to distinguish gold from a
stone, and metal from wood, yet they but timorously ventured
on such terms which should pretend to signify their real
essences. Locke.
Let dastard souls be timorously wise:
But tell them, Pyrrhus knows not how to form
Far-fancy'd ills, and dangers out of sight. A. Phillips.

TI’MOROUSNESS. n. s. [from timorous.] Fearfulness.
The clergy, through the timorousness of many among them,
were refused to be heard by their council. Swift.

TI’MOUS. adj. [from time.] Early; timely; not innate.
By a wise and timous inquisition, the peccant humours and
humourists must be discovered, purged, or cut off. Bacon.

TIN

TIN. n. s. [ten, Dutch.]
1. One of the primitive metals called by the chemists ju­
piter.
Quicksilver, lead, iron, and tin, have opacity or black­
ness. Peacham on Blazoning.
Tin ore sometimes holds about one-sixth of tin. Woodward.
2. Thin plates of iron covered with tin.

To TIN. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with tin.
To keep the earth from getting into the vessel, he employ­
ed a plate of iron tinned over and perforated. Boyle.
The cover may be tinned over only by nailing of single tin
plates over it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
New tinning a saucepan is chargeable. Swift.

TI’NCAL. n. s. A mineral.
The tincal of the Persians seems to be the chrysocolla of
the ancients, and what our borax is made of. Woodward.

To TINCT. v. a. [tinctus, Lat. teint, Fr.]
1. To stain; to colour; to spot; to die.
Some bodies have a more departible nature than others in
colouration; for a small quantity of saffron will tinct more
than a very great quantity of wine. Bacon.
Some were tincted blue, some red, others yellow. Brown.
I distilled some of the tincted liquor, and all that came
over was as limpid as rock water. Boyle.
Those who have preserved an innocence, would not suffer
the whiter parts of their soul to be discoloured or tincted by
the reflection of one sin. Decay of Piety.
2. To imbue with a taste.
We have artificial wells made in imitation of the natural,
as tincted upon vitriol, sulphur, and steel. Bacon.

TINCT. n. s. [from the verb.] Colour; stain; spot.
That great med'cine hath
With his tinct gilded thee. Shakespeare.
Of evening tinct
The purple streaming amethyst is thine. Thomson.
The first scent of a vessel lasts, and the tinct the wool first
appears of. Benj. Johnson.

TI’NCTURE. n. s. [teinture, Fr. tinctura from tinctus, Lat.]
1. Colour or taste superadded by something.
The sight must be sweetly deceived by an insensible pas­
sage from bright colours to dimmer, which Italian artizans
call the middle tinctures. Wotton's Architecture.
Hence the morning planet gilds her horn,
By tincture or reflection they augment
Their small peculiar. Milton.
'Tis the fate of princes that no knowledge
Come pure to them, but passing through the eyes
And ears of other men, it takes a tincture
From every channel. Denham.
That beloved thing engrosses him, and, like a coloured
glass before his eyes, casts its own colour and tincture upon
all the images of things. South.
To begin the practice of an art with a light tincture of the
rules, is to expose ourselves to the scorn of those who are
judges. Dryden.
Malignant tempers, whatever kind of life they are en­
gaged in, will discover their natural tincture of mind. Addis.
Few in the next generation who will not write and read,
and have an early tincture of religion. Addison.
Sire of her joy and source of her delight;
O! wing'd with pleasure take thy happy flight,
And give each future morn a tincture of thy white. Prior.
All mannders take a tincture from our own,
Or come discolour'd through our passions shown. Pope.
Have a care lest some darling science so far prevail over
your mind, as to give a sovereign tincture to all your other
studies, and discolour all your ideas. Watts.
2. Extract of some drug made in spirits; an infusion.
In tinctures drawn from vegetables, the superfluous spirit of
wine distilled off leaves the extract of the vegetable. Boyle.

To TI’NCTURE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To imbue or impregnate with some colour or taste.
The bright sun compacts the precious stone,
Imparting radiant lustre like his own:
He tinctures rubies with their rosy hue,
And on the saphire spreads a heavenly blue. Blackmore.
A little black paint will tincture and spoil twenty gay co­
lours. Watts.
2. To imbue the mind.
Early were our minds tinctured with a distinguishing sense
of good and evil; early were the seeds of a divine love, and
holy fear of offending, sown in our hearts. Atterbury.

To TIND. v. a. [tendgan, Gothick; tendan, Saxon.] To
kindle; to set on fire.

TI’NDER. n. s. [tndre, tendre, Saxon.] Any thing eminently
inflammable placed to catch fire.
Strike on the tinder ho!
Give me a taper. Shakesp. Othello.
To these shameless pastimes were their youth admitted,
thereby adding, as it were, fire to tinder. Hakewill.
Where sparks and fire do meet with tinder,
Those sparks more fire will still engender. Suckling.
Whoever our trading with England would hinder,
To inflame both the nations do plainly conspire;
Because Irish linen will soon turn to tinder,
And wool it is greasy, and quickly takes fire. Swift.

TI’NDERBOX. n. s. [tinder and box.] The box for holding tin­
der.
That worthy patriot, once the bellows,
And tinderbox of all his fellows. Hudibras, p. iii.
He might even as well have employed his time in catching
moles, making lanterns and tinderboxes. Atterbury's Sermons.

TINE. n. s. [tinne, Islandick.]
1. The tooth of a harrow; the spike of a fork.
In the southern parts of England they destroy moles by
traps that fall on them, and strike sharp tines or teeth through
them. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. Trouble; distress.
The root whereof, and tragical effect,
Vouchsafe, O thou the mournful'st muse of nine,
That wont'st the tragick stage for to direct,
In funeral complaints and wailful tine. Spenser's Muipotmos.

To TINE. v. a. [tnan, Saxon.]
1. To kindle; to light; to set on fire.
Strifeful Atin in their stubborn mind
Coals of contention and hot vengeance tin'd. Fa. Qu.
The clouds
Justling or push'd with winds, rude in their shock,
Tine the slant light'ning; whose thwart flame driv'n down,
Kindles the gummy bark of fir. Milton.
The priest with holy hands was seen to tine
The cloven wood, and pour the ruddy wine. Dryden.
2. [tinan, Saxon, to shut.] To shut.

To TINE. v. n.
1. To rage; to smart. Spenser.
2. To fight.
Eden stain'd with blood of many a band
Of Scots and English both, that tined on his strand. Spens.

To TINGE. v. a. [tingo, Lat.] To impregnate or imbue with
a colour or taste.
Sir Roger is something of an humourist; and his virtues as
well as imperfections are tinged by a certain extravagance,
which makes them particularly his. Addison's Spect.
A red powder mixed with a little blue, or a blue with a
little red, doth not presently lose its colour; but a white pow­
der mixed with any colour is presently tinged with that co­
lour, and is equally capable of being tinged with any colour
whatever. Newton's Opticks.
If the eye be tinged with any colour, as in the jaundice,
so as to tinge pictures in the bottom of the eye with that co­
lour, all objects appear tinged with the same colour. Newton.
Still lays some useful bile aside,
To tinge the chyle's insipid tide;
Else we should want both gibe and satire,
And all be burst with pure good-nature. Prior.
The infusions of rhubarb and saffron tinge the urine with
a high yellow. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

TI’NGENT. adj. [tingens, Lat.] Having the power to tinge.
This wood, by the tincture it afforded, appeared to have
its coloured part genuine; but as for the white part, it ap­
pears much less enriched with the tingent property. Boyle.

TI’NGLASS. n. s. [tin and glass.] Bismuth.

To TI’NGLE. v. n. [tingelen, Dutch.]
1. To feel a sound, or the continuance of a sound, in the ears.
This is perhaps rather tinkle.
When our ear tingleth, we usually say that somebody is
talking of us; which is an ancient conceit. Brown.
2. To feel a sharp quick pain with a sensation of motion.
The pale boy senator yet tingling stands. Pope.
3. To feel either pain or pleasure with a sensation of motion.
The sense of this word is not very well ascertained.
They suck pollution through their tingling veins. Tickell.
In a palsy, sometimes the sensation or feeling is either to­
tally abolished, or dull with a sense of tingling. Arbuthnot.

To TINK. v. n. [tinnio, Latin; tincian, Welsh] To make a
sharp shrill noise.

TI’NKER. n. s. [from tink, because their way of proclaiming
their trade is to beat a kettle, or because in their tink they
make a tinkling noise.] A mender of old brass.
Am not I old Sly's son, by education a cardmaker, and
now by present profession a tinker. Shakespeare.


My copper medals by the pound
May be with learned justice weigh'd:
To turn the balance, Otho's head
May be thrown in: and for the mettle
The coin may mend a tinker's kettle. Prior.

To TI’NKLE. v. n. [tinter, Fr. tinnio, Latin.]
1. To make a sharp quick noise; to clink.
The daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with
stretched out necks, making a tinkling with their feet. Isa.
His feeble hand a javelin threw,
Which flutt'ring, seem'd to loiter as it flew:
Just, and but barely, to the mark it held,
And faintly tinkl'd on the brazen shield. Dryden's æn.
The sprightly horse
Moves to the musick of his tinkling bells. Dodsley's Agr.
2. It seems to have been improperly used by Pope.
The wand'ring streams that shine between the hills,
The grots that echo to the tinkling rills. Pope.
3. To hear a low quick noise.
With deeper brown the grove was overspread,
A sudden horrour seiz'd his giddy head,
And his ears tinkled, and the colour fled. Dryden.

T’INMAN. n. s. [tin and man.] A manufacturer of tin, or iron
tinned over.
Didst thou never pop
Thy head into a tinman's shop. Prior.

TI’NPENNY. n. s. A certain customary duty anciently paid to
the tithingmen. Bailey.

TI’NWORM. n. s. An insect. Bailey.

TI’NNER. n. s. [from tin; tin, Saxon.] One who works in
the tin mines.
The Cornish men, many of them could for a need live
under-ground, that were tinners. Bacon's Henry VII.

TI’NSEL. n. s. [etincelle, Fr.]
1. A kind of shining cloth.
A tinsel vail her amber locks did shrowd,
That strove to cover what it could not hide. Fairfax.
Its but a night-gown in respect of your's; cloth of gold
and cuts, underborne with a bluish tinsel. Shakespeare.
By Thetis' tinsel slipper'd feet,
And the songs of sirens sweet. Milton.
2. Any thing shining with false lustre; any thing shewy and of
little value.
For favours cheap and common who would strive;
Yet scatter'd here and there I some behold,
Who can discern the tinsel from the gold? Dryden.
If the man will too curiously examine the superficial tinsel
good, he undeceives himself to his own cost. Norris.
No glittering tinsel of May fair,
Could with this rod of Sid compare. Swift.
Ye tinsel insects, whom a court maintains,
That counts your beauties only by your stains,
Spin all your cobwebs o'er the eyes of day,
The muse's wing shall brush you all away. Pope.

To TI’NSEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To decorate with cheap
ornaments; to adorn with lustre that has no value.
Hence you phantastick postillers in song,
My text defeats your art, 'tis nature's tongue,
Scorns all her tinsoil'd metaphors of pelf,
Illustrated by nothing but herself. Cleaveland.
She, tinsell'd o'er in robes of varying hues,
With self-applause her wild creation views,
Sees momentary monsters rise and fall,
And with her own fool's colours gilds them all. Pope.

TINT. n. s. [teinte, Fr. tinta, Ital.] A dye; a colour.
Whether thy hand strike out some free design,
Where life awakes, and dawns at ev'ry line;
Or blend in beauteous tint the colour'd mass,
And from the canvas call the mimick face. Pope.

TI’NY. adj. [tint, tynd, Danish.] Little; small; puny. A
burlesque word.
Some pigeons, Davy, and any pretty little tiny kickshaws.
Shakesp. Henry IV.
When that I was a little tiny boy,
A foolish thing was but a toy. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
But ah! I fear thy little fancy roves,
On little females and on little loves;
Thy pigmy children, and thy tiny spouse,
The baby playthings that adorn thy house. Swift.

TIP

TIP. n. s. [tip, tipken, Dutch.] Top; end; point; extre­
mity.
The tip no jewel needs to wear,
The tip is jewel of the ear. Sidney, b. ii.
They touch the beard with the tip of their tongue, and
wet it. Bacon's Nat. Hist. N. 494.
Thrice upon thy fingers tip,
Thrice upon thy rubied lip. Milton.
All the pleasure dwells upon the tip of his tongue. South.
She has fifty private amours, which nobody yet knows any
thing of but herself, and thirty clandestine marriages that
have not been touched by the tip of the tongue. Addison.
I no longer look upon lord Plausible as ridiculous, for ad­
miring a lady's fine tip of an ear and pretty elbow. Pope.

To TIP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To top; to end; to cover on the end.
In his hand a reed
Stood waving, tipp'd with fire. Milton's Par. Lost.
With truncheon tipp'd with iron head,
The warriour to the lists he led. Hudibras, p. i.
How would the old king smile
To see you weigh the paws, when tipp'd with gold,
And throw the shaggy spoils about your shoulders. Addison.
Quarto's, octavo's shape the less'ning pyre,
And last a little Ajax tips the spire. Pope's Dunciad.
Behold the place, where if a poet
Shin'd in description, he might show it;
Tell how the moon-beam trembling falls,
And tips with silver all the walls. Pope's Horace.
Tipt with jet,
Fair ermines spotless as the snows they press. Thomson.
2. To strike slightly; to tap.
She writes love letters to the youth in grace,
Nay, tips the wink before the cuckold's face. Dryden.
The pert jackanapes tipped me the wink, and put out his
tongue at his grandfather. Tatler, No. 86.
A third rogue tips me by the elbow. Swift.
Their judgment was, upon the whole,
That lady is the dullest soul;
Then tipt their forehead in a jeer,
As who should say, she wants it here. Swift.
When I saw the keeper frown,
Tipping him with half a crown,
Now, said I, we are alone,
Name your heroes one by one. Swift.

TI’PPET. n. s. [tæppet, Sax.] Something worn about the neck.
His turban was white, with a small red cross on the top:
he had also a tippet of fine linnen. Bacon.

To TI’PPLE. v. n. [tepel, a dug, old Teutonick.] To drink
luxuriously; to waste life over the cup.
Let us grant it is not amiss to sit,
And keep the turn of tippling with a slave,
To reel the streets at noon. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

To TI’PPLE. v. a. To drink in luxury or excess.
While his canting drone-pipe scan'd
The mystick figures of her hand,
He tipples palmestry, and dines
On all her fortune-telling lines. Cleaveland.
To a short meal he makes a tedious grace,
Before the barley-pudding comes in place;
Then bids fall on; himself for saving charges
A peel'd slic'd onion eats, and tipples verjuice. Dryden.
If a slumber haply does invade
My weary limbs, my fancy's still awake,
Thoughtful of drink, and eager in a dream,
Tipples imaginary pots of ale. Philips.

TI’PPLE. n. s. [from the verb.] Drink; liquor.
While the tipple was paid for, all went merrily on. L'Estr.

TI’PPLED. adj. [from tipple.] Tipsy; drunk.
Merry, we sail from the East,
Half tippled at a rainbow feast. Dryden.

TI’PPLER. n. s. [from tipple.] A sottish drunkard; an idle
drunken fellow.

TI’PSTAFF. n. s. [tip and staff.]
1. An officer with a staff tipped with metal.
2. The staff itself so tipt.
One had in his hand a tipstaff of a yellow cane, tipped at
both ends with blue. Bacon.
One had in his hand a tipstaff of a yellow cane, tipped at
both ends with blue. Bacon.

TI’PSY. adj. [from tipple.] Drunk; overpowered with excess
of drink.
The riot of the tipsy bacchanals,
Tearing the Thracian singer in their rage. Shakespeare.
Welcome joy and feast,
Midnight shout and revelry,
Tipsy dance and jollity. Milton.

TI’PTOE. n. s. [tip and toe.] The end of the toe.
Where the fond ape himself uprearing high,
Upon his tiptoes stalketh stately by. Spens. Hubberd's Tale.
He that outlives this day and comes safe home,
Will stand a tiptoe when this day is nam'd,
And rouze him at the name of Crispian. Shakespeare.
Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountains tops. Shakespeare.
Religion stands on tiptoe in our land,
Ready to pass to the American strand. Herbert.
Ten ruddy wildings in the wood I found,
And stood on tiptoes from the ground. Dryden.

TIRE. n. s. [tuyr, Dutch.]
1. Rank; row.
Your lowest tire of ordnance must lie four foot clear above
water, when all loading is in, or else those your best pieces


will be of small use at sea, in any grown weather that makes
the billows to rise. Raleigh's Essays.
Stood rank'd of seraphim another row,
In posture to displode their second tire
Of thunder. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
In all those wars there were few triremes, most of them
being of one tire of oars of fifty banks. Arbuthnot.
2. [Corrupted from tiar or tiara, or attire.] A head-dress.
On her head she wore a tire of gold,
Adorn'd with gems and ouches. Fairy Queen.
Here is her picture: let me see;
If I had such a tire, this face of mine
Were full as lovely as is this of hers. Shakespeare.
The judge of torments, and the king of tears,
Now fills a burnish'd throne of quenchless fire,
And for his old fair robes of light he wears
A gloomy mantle of dark flame, the tire
That crowns his hated head on high, appears. Crashaw.
When the fury took her stand on high,
A hiss from all the snaky tire went round. Pope.
3. Furniture; apparatus.
Saint George's worth
Enkindles like desire of high exploits:
Immediate sieges, and the tire of war
Rowl in thy eager mind. Philips.
When they first peep forth of the ground, they shew their
whole tire of leaves, then flowers, next seeds. Woodward.

TIR

To TIRE. v. a. [tirian, Saxon.]
1. To fatigue; to make weary; to harrass; to wear out with
labour or tediousness.
Tir'd with toil, all hopes of safety past,
From pray'rs to wishes he descends at last. Dryden.
For this a hundred voices I desire,
To tell thee what a hundred tongues wou'd tire;
Yet never could be worthily exprest,
How deeply thou art seated in my breast. Dryden's Persius.
2. It has often out added to intend the signification.
Often a few that are stiff do tire out a greater number
that are more moderate. Bacon's Essays.
A lonely way
The cheerless Albion wander'd half a day;
Tir'd out, at length a spreading stream he 'spy'd. Tickell.
3. [From attire or tire, from tiara.] To dress the head.
Jezebel painted her face and tired her head. 2 Kings ix. 30.

To TIRE. v. n. [teorian, Saxon.] To fail with weariness.

TI’REDNESS. n. s. [from tired.] State of being tired; weari­
ness.
It is not through the tiredness of the age of the earth, but
through our own negligence that it hath not satisfied us boun­
tifully. Hakewill on Providence.

TI’RESOME. adj. [from tire.] Wearisome; fatiguing; te­
dious.
Since the inculcating precept upon precept will prove tire­
some to the reader, the poet must sometimes relieve the sub­
ject with a pleasant and pertinent digression. Addison.
Nothing is so tiresome as the works of those criticks who
write in a dogmatick way, without language, genius, or
imagination. Addison's Spect. No. 253.

TI’RESOMENESS. n. s. [from tiresome.] Act or quality of be­
ing tiresome.

TI’REWOMAN. n. s. [tire and woman.] A woman whose busi­
ness is to make dresses for the head.
Why should they not value themselves for this outside
fashionableness of the tirewoman's making, when their parents
have so early instructed them to do so. Locke on Education.

TI’RINGHOUSE. n. s. [tire and house, or room.] The room in
which players dress for the stage.
TI’RINGROOM. n. s. [tire and house, or room.] The room in
which players dress for the stage.
This green plot shall be our stage, this hawthorn brake
our tiringhouse. Shakespeare.
Man's life's a tragedy; his mother's womb,
From which he enters, is the tiringroom;
This spacious earth the theatre, and the stage
That country which he lives in; passions, rage,
Folly, and vice, are actors. Wotton.

TI’RWIT. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

TIS

'TIS, contracted for it is.
'Tis destiny unshunable. Shakespeare.

TI’SICK. n. s. [corrupted from phthisick.] Consumption; mor­
bid waste.

TI’SICAL. adj. [for phthisical.] Consumptive.

TI’SSUE. n. s. [tissue, Fr. tisan, to weave, Norman Saxon.]
Cloth interwoven with gold or silver.
In their glittering tissues emblaz'd
Holy memorials, acts of zeal and love,
Recorded eminent. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
A robe of tissue, stiff with golden wire;
An upper vest, once Helen's rich attire;
From Argos by the fam'd adultress brought,
With golden flow'rs and winding foliage wrought. Dryden.

To TI’SSUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To interweave; to va­
riegate.
The chariot was covered with cloth of gold tissued upon
blue. Bacon's New Atlantis.
They have been always frank of their blessings to counte­
nance any great action; and then, according as it should
prosper, to tissue upon it some pretence or other. Wotton.
Mercy will sit between,
Thron'd in cœlestial sheen,
With radiant feet the tissued clouds down steering. Milton.

TIT

TIT. n. s.
1. A small horse: generally in contempt.
No storing of pasture with baggagely tit,
With ragged, with aged, and evil at hit. Tusser.
Thou might'st have ta'en example
From what thou read'st in story;
Being as worthy to sit
On an ambling tit,
As thy predecessor Dory. Denham.
2. A woman: in contempt.
What does this envious tit, but away to her father with a
tale. L'Estrange.
A willing tit that will venture her corps with you. Dryden.
Short pains for thee, for me a son and heir.
Girls cost as many throes in bringing forth;
Beside, when born, the tits are little worth. Dryden.
3. A titmouse or tomtit. A bird.

TITBI’T. n. s. [properly tidbit; tid, tender, and bit.] Nice
bit; nice food.
John pampered esquire South with titbits till he grew wan­
ton. Arbuthnot.

TI’THEABLE. adj. [from tithe.] Subject to the payment of
tithes; that of which tithes may be taken.
The popish priest shall, on taking the oath of allegiance
to his majesty, be entitled to a tenth part or tithe of all
things titheable in Ireland belonging to the papists, within
their respective parishes. Swift.

TITHE. n. s. [teotha, Saxon, tenth.]
1. The tenth part; the part assigned to the maintenance of the
ministry.
Many have made witty invectives against usury: they say,
that it is pity the devil should have God's part, which is the
tithe. Bacon.
Sometimes comes she with a tithe pig's tail,
Tickling the parson as he lies asleep,
Then dreams he of another benefice. Shakespeare.
2. The tenth part of any thing.
I have searched man by man, boy by boy; the tithe of a
hair was never lost in my house before. Shakespeare.
Since the first sword was drawn about this question,
Ev'ry tithe soul 'mongst many thousand dismes
Hath been as dear as Helen. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
3. Small part; small portion.
Offensive wars for religion are seldom to be approved, un­
less they have some mixture of civil tithes. Bacon.

To TITHE. v. a. [teothian, Saxon.] To tax; to pay the
tenth part.
When I come to the tithing of them, I will tithe them one
with another, and will make an Irishman the tithingman.
Spenser on Ireland.
By decimation and a tithed death,
If thy revenges hunger for that food
Which nature loaths, take thou the destin'd tenth. Shak.
When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of
thine increase, the third year, the year of tithing, give unto
the Levite, stranger, fatherless and widow. Deut. xxvi. 12.

To TITHE. v. n. To pay tithe.
For lambe, pig, and calf, and for other the like,
Tithe so as thy cattle the lord do not strike. Tusser.

TI’THER. n. s. [from tithe.] One who gathers tithes.

TI’THYMAL. n. s. [tithymalle, French; tithymallus, Lat.] An
herb. Ains.

TI’THING. n. s. [tithinga, law Latin, from tithe.]
1. Tithing is the number or company of ten men with their
families knit together in a society, all of them being bound
to the king for the peaceable and good behaviour of each of
their society: of these companies there was one chief person,
who, from his office, was called (toothingman) tithingman;
but now he is nothing but a constable. Cowel.
Poor Tom, who is whipt from tithing to tithing, and stock
punished and imprisoned. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. Tithe; tenth part due to the priest.
Though vicar be bad, or the parson evil,
Go not for thy tithing thyself to the devil. Tusser.

TI’THINGMAN. n. s. [tithing and man.] A petty peace officer;
an under-constable.
His hundred is not at his command further than his prince's
service; and also every tithingman may control him. Spenser.

To TI’TILLATE. v. n. [titillo, Lat.] To tickle.
Just where the breath of life his nostrils drew,
A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw;
The gnomes direct to ev'ry atom just,
The pungent grains of titillating dust. Pope.



TITILLA’TION. n. s. [titillation, French; titillatio, Lat. from
titillate.]
1. The act of tickling.
Tickling causeth laughter: the cause may be the emission
of the spirits, and so of the breath, by a flight from titilla­
tion. Bacon.
2. The state of being tickled.
In sweets the acid particles seem so attenuated in the oil as
only to produce a small and grateful titillation. Arbuthnot.
3. Any flight or petty pleasure.
The delights which result from these nobler entertainments
our cool thoughts need not be ashamed of, and which are
dogged by no such sad sequels as are the products of those
titillations, that reach no higher than the senses. Glanville.

TI’TLARK. n. s. A bird.
The smaller birds do the like in their seasons; as the
leverock, titlark, and linnet. Walton.

TI’TLE. n. s. [titelle, old Fr. titulus, Lat.]
1. A general head comprising particulars.
Three draw the experiments of the former four into titles
and tables for the better drawing of observations; these we
call compilers. Bacon.
Among the many preferences that the laws of England
have above others, I shall single out two particular titles,
which give a handsome specimen of their excellencies above
other laws in other parts or titles of the same. Hale.
2. An appellation of honour.
To leave his wife, to leave his babes,
His mansion, and his titles, in a place
From whence himself does fly? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Man over men
He made not lord: such title to himself
Reserving. Milton.
3. A name; an appellation.
My name's Macbeth.
—The devil himself could not pronounce a title
More hateful to mine ear. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Ill worthy I such title should belong
To me transgressor. Milton.
4. The first page of a book, telling its name and generally its
subject; an inscription.
This man's brow, like to a title leaf,
Foretels the nature of a tragick volume. Shakespeare.
Our adversaries encourage a writer who cannot furnish out
so much as a title page with propriety. Swift.
5. A claim of right.
Let the title of a man's right be called in question; are
we not bold to rely and build upon the judgment of such as
are famous for their skill in the laws? Hooker.
Is a man impoverished by purchase? it is because he paid
his money for a lye, and took a bad title for a good. South.
'Tis our duty
Such monuments, as we can build, to raise;
Lest all the world prevent what we should do,
And claim a title in him by their praise. Dryden.
To revenge their common injuries, though you had an
undoubted title by your birth, you had a greater by your
courage. Dryden.
Conti would have kept his title to Orange. Addison.
O the discretion of a girl! she will be a slave to any thing
that has not a title to make her one. Southern.

To TI’TLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To entitle; to name; to
call.
To these, that sober race of men, whose lives
Religious, titled them the sons of God,
Shall yield up all their virtue, all their fame,
Ignobly! Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

TI’TLELESS. adj. [from title.] Wanting a name or appella­
tion. Not in use.
He was a kind of nothing, titleless,
Till he had forg'd himself a name o' th' fire
Of burning Rome. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

TI’TLEPAGE. n. s. [title and page.] The page containing the
title of a book.
We should have been pleased to have seen our own names
at the bottom of the titlepage. Dryden.

TI’TMOUSE. or tit. n. s. [tijt, Dutch, a chick or small bird;
titlingier, Islandick, a little bird: tit signifies little in the
Teutonick dialects.] A small species of birds.
The nightingale is sovereign of song,
Before him fits the titmouse silent be,
And I unfit to thrust in skilful throng,
Should Colin make judge of my foolerie. Spenser.
The titmouse and the peckers hungry brood,
And Progne with her bosom stain'd in blood. Dryden.

To TI’TTER. v. n. [formed, I suppose, from the sound.] To
laugh with restraint; to laugh without much noise.
In flow'd at once a gay embroider'd race,
And titt'ring push'd the pedants off the place. Dunciad.

TI’TTER. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A restrained laugh.
2. I know not what it signifies in Tusser.
From wheat go and rake out the titters or tine,
If eare be not forth, it will rise again fine. Tusser.

TI’TTLE. n. s. [I suppose from tit.] A small particle; a point;
a dot.
In the particular which concerned the church, the Scots
would never depart from a title. Clarendon, b. viii.
Angels themselves disdaining
T' approach thy temple, give thee in command
What to the smallest tittle thou shalt say
To thy adorers. Paradise Regain'd, b. i.
They thought God and themselves linked together in so
fast a covenant, that although they never performed their
part, God was yet bound to make good every tittle of his.
South's Sermons.
Ned Fashion hath been bred about court, and understands
to a tittle all the punctilios of a drawing-room. Swift.

TI’TTLETATTLE. n. s. [A word formed from tattle by a ludi­
crous reduplication.] Idle talk; prattle; empty gabble.
As the foe drew near
With love, and joy, and life and dear,
Our don, who knew this tittletattle,
Did, sure as trumpet, call to battle. Prior.
For every idle tittletattle that went about, Jack was suspect­
ed for the author. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

To TI’TTLETATTLE. v. n. [from tattle.] To prate idly.
You are full in your tittletattlings of Cupid: here is Cupid,
and there is Cupid: I will tell you now what a good old wo­
man told me. Sidney, b. ii.

TITUBA’TION. n. s. [titubo, Lat.] The act of stumbling.

TI’TULAR. adj. [titulaire, Fr. from titulus, Lat.] Nominal;
having or conferring only the title.
They would deliver up the kingdom to the king of Eng­
land to shadow their rebellion, and to be titular and painted
head of those arms. Bacon's Henry VII.
Thrones, virtues, powers,
If these magnifick titles yet remain,
Not merely titular. Milton.
Both Valerius and Austin were titular bishops. Ayliffe.

TITULA’RITY. n. s. [from titular.] The state of being titular.
Julius, Augustus, and Tiberius, with great humility re­
ceived the name of imperator; but their successors retain the
same even in its titularity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TI’TULARY. adj. [titulaire, Fr. from titulus, Lat.]
1. Consisting in a title.
The malecontents of his kingdom have not been base nor
titulary impostors, but of an higher nature. Bacon's H. VII.
2. Relating to a title.
William the conqueror, howsoever he used the power of a
conqueror to reward his Normans, yet mixed it with a titu­
lary pretence, grounded upon the confessor's will. Bacon.

TI’TULARY. n. s. [from the adj.] One that has a title or right.
The persons deputed for the celebration of these masses
were neither titularies nor perpetual curates, but persons en­
tirely conductitious. Ayliffe's Parergon.

TI’VY. adj. [A word expressing speed, from tantivy, the note
of a hunting horn.]
In a bright moon-shine while winds whistle loud,
Tivy, tivy, tivy, we mount and we fly,
All rocking in a downy white cloud:
And lest our leap from the sky should prove too far,
We slide on the back of a new-falling star. Dryden.

TO

To. adv. [to, Saxon; te, Dutch.]
1. A particle coming between two verbs, and noting the second
as the object of the first.
The delay of our hopes teaches us to mortify our desires.
Smallridge.
2. It notes the intention.
Ambitious fool! with horny hoofs to pass
O'er hollow arches of resounding brass,
To rival thunder. Dryden's æn.
She rais'd a war
In Italy, to call me back. Dryden's All for Love.
Urg'd by despair, again I go to try
The fate of arms, resolv'd in fight to die. Dryden.
I have done my utmost to lead my life so pleasantly as to
forget all misfortunes. Pope.
3. After an adjective it notes its object.
We ready are to try our fortunes
To the last man. Shakesp. Henry IV. p. ii.
The lawless sword his childrens blood shall shed,
Increast for slaughter, born to beg their bread. Sandys.
4. Noting futurity.
It is not blood and bones that can be conscious of their
own hardness and redness; and we are still to seek for some­
thing else in our frame that receives those impressions. Bentley.
5. To and again. Backward and forward.
To and fro. Backward and forward.
Ismay binds and looseth souls condemn'd to woe,
And sends the devils on errands to and fro. Fairfax, b. ii.
The spirits perverse
With easy intercourse pass to and fro,
To tempt or punish mortals. Milton.


Dress it not till the seventh day, and then move the joint
to and fro. Wiseman's Surgery.
Masses of marble, originally beat off from the strata of
the neighbouring rocks, rolled to and again till they were
rounded to the form of pebbles. Woodward on Fossils.
The winds in distant regions blow,
Moving the world of waters to and fro. Addison.

To. preposition.
1. Noting motion towards: opposed to from.
With that she to him afresh, and surely would have put
out his eyes. Sidney, b. ii.
Tybalt fled;
But by and by comes back to Romeo,
And to't they go like light'ning. Shakespeare.
Give not over so; to him again, intreat him,
Kneel down before him. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
She's coming; to her coz. Shakespeare.
I'll to him again in the name of Brook; he'll tell me all
his purpose. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
I'll to the woods among the happier brutes:
Come, let's away. Smith.
2. Noting accord or adaptation.
Thus they with sacred thought
Mov'd on in silence to soft pipes. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
3. Noting address or compellation.
To you, my noble lord of Westmorland.
—I pledge your grace. Shakesp. Henry V.
Here's to you all, gentlemen, and let him that's good-na­
tur'd in his drink pledge me. Denham's Sophy.
Now, to you, Raymond: can you guess no reason
Why I repose such confidence in you? Dryden.
4. Noting attention or application.
Turn out, you rogue! how like a beast you lie:
Go buckle to the law. Dryden's Juvenal.
Sir Roger's kindness extends to their childrens children.
Addison.
5. Noting addition or accumulation.
Wisdom he has, and to his wisdom courage;
Temper to that, and unto all success. Denham's Sophy.
6. Noting a state or place whither any one goes.
Take you some company and away to horse. Shakesp.
He sent his coachman's grandchild to prentice. Addison.
7. Noting opposition.
No foe unpunish'd in the fighting field,
Shall dare thee foot to foot with sword and shield. Dryden.
8. Noting amount.
There were to the number of three hundred horse, and as
many thousand foot English. Bacon's War with Spain.
9. Noting proportion; noting amount.
Enoch whose days were, though many in respect of ours,
yet scarce as three to nine in comparison of theirs with whom
he lived. Hooker, b. iv.
With these bars against me,
And yet to win her—all the world to nothing. Shakesp.
Twenty to one offend more in writing too much than too
little; even as twenty to one fall into sickness rather by over­
much fulness than by any lack. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
The burial must be by the smallness of the proportion as
fifty to one; or it must be holpen by somewhat which may
fix the silver never to be restored when it is incorporated.
Bacon's Physical Remains.
With a funnel filling bottles; to their capacity they will
all be full. Benj. Johnson.
Physicians have two women patients to one man. Graunt.
When an ambassador is dispatched to any foreign state, he
shall be allowed to the value of a shilling a day. Addison.
Among the ancients the weight of oil was to that of wine
as nine to ten. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Supposing them to have an equal share, the odds will be
three to one on their side. Swift.
10. Noting possession or appropriation.
Still a greater difficulty upon translators rises from the pe­
culiarities every language hath to itself. Felton.
11. Noting perception.
The flow'r itself is glorious to behold,
Sharp to the taste. Dryden's Virgil.
12. Noting the subject of an affirmation.
I trust, I may not trust thee; for thy word
Is but the vain breath of a common man:
Believe me, I do not believe thee, man;
I have a king's oath to the contrary. Shakesp. King John.
12. In comparison of.
All that they did was piety to this. Benj. Johnson.
There is no fool to the sinner, who every moment ventures
his soul. Tillotson.
13. As far as.
Some Americans, otherwise of quick parts, could not count
to one thousand, nor had any distinct idea of it, though they
could reckon very well to twenty. Locke.
Coffee exhales in roasting to the abatement of near one­
fourth of its weight. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
14. Noting intention.
This the consul sees, yet this man lives!
Partakes the publick cares; and with his eye
Marks and points out each man of us to slaughter. B. Joh.
15. After an adjective it notes the object.
Draw thy sword in right.
I'll draw it as apparent to the crown,
And in that quarrel use it to the death. Shakespeare.
Fate and the dooming gods are deaf to tears. Dryden.
All were attentive to the godlike man,
When from his lofty couch he thus began. Dryden.
16. Noting obligation.
Almanzor is taxed with changing sides, and what tie has
he on him to the contrary: he is not born their subject, and
he is injured by them to a very high degree Dryden.
17. Respecting.
He's walk'd the way of nature;
And to our purposes he lives no more. Shakespeare.
The effects of such a division are pernicious to the last de­
gree, not only with regard to those advantages which they
give the common enemy, but to those private evils which
they produce in every particular. Addison's Spect. No. 125.
18. Noting consequence.
Factions carried too high are much to the prejudice of the
authority of princes. Bacon.
Under how hard a fate are women born,
Priz'd to their ruin, or expos'd to scorn! Waller.
Thus, to their fame, when finish'd was the fight,
The victors from their lofty steeds alight. Dryden.
Oh frail estate of human things,
Now to our cost your emptiness we know. Dryden.
A British king obliges himself by oath to execute justice in
mercy, and not to exercise either to the total exclusion of
the other. Addison.
It must be confessed to the reproach of human nature, that
this is but too just a picture of itself. Broome's Odyssey.
19. Towards.
She stretch'd her arms to heav'n. Dryden.
20. Noting presence.
She still beareth him an invincible hatred, and revileth him
to his face. Swift.
21. Noting effect.
He was wounded transverse the temporal muscle, and
bleeding almost to death. Wiseman.
By the disorder in the retreat great numbers were crowded
to death. Clarendon.
Ingenious to their ruin, ev'ry age
Improves the act and instruments of rage. Waller.
To prevent the aspersion of the Roman majesty, the of­
fender was whipt to death. Dryden.
The abuse reigns chiefly in the country, as I found to my
vexation when I was last there in a visit I made to a neigh­
bour. Swift.
I read my ruin in ev'ry cringing bow and fawning smile.
Why with malignant elogies encrease
The peoples fears, and praise me to my ruin? Smith.
22. After a verb to notes the object.
Give me some wine; fill full.
I drink to th' general joy of the whole table,
And to our dear friend Banquo. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Had the methods of education been directed to their right
end, this so necessary could not have been neglected. Locke.
Many of them have exposed to the world the private mis­
fortunes of families. Pope.
23. Noting the degree.
This weather-glass was so placed in the cavity of a small
receiver, that only the slender part of the pipe, to the height
of four inches, remained exposed to the open air. Boyle.
Tell her thy brother languishes to death. Addison.
A crow though hatched under a hen, and who never has
seen any of the works of its kind, makes its nest the same,
to the laying of a stick with all the nests of that species.
Addison.
If he employs his abilities to the best advantage, the time
will come when the supreme governour of the world shall
proclaim his worth before men and angels. Addison's Spect.
24. Before day, to notes the present day; before morrow, the
day next coming; before night, either the present night, or
night next coming.
Banquo, thy soul's flight,
If it find heav'n must find it out to night. Shakespeare.
To day they chas'd the boar. Otway.
This ought rather to be called a full purpose of committing
sin to day, than a resolution of leaving it to morrow. Calamy.
25. To day, to night, to morrow, are used, not very properly,
as substantives in the nominative and other cases.
To morrow, and to morrow, and to morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusky death. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The father of Solomon's house will have private conference
with one of you the next day after to morrow. Bacon.


To day is ours, why do we fear?
To day is ours, we have it here;
Let's banish bus'ness, banish sorrow,
To the gods belongs to morrow. Cowley.
To morrow will deliver all her charms
Into my arms, and make her mine for ever. Dryden.
For what to morrow shall disclose,
May spoil what you to night propose:
England may change, or Cloe stray;
Love and life are for to day. Prior.

TOAD. n. s. [athe, Saxon.] An animal resembling a frog;
but the frog leaps, the toad crawls: the toad is accounted
venomous, I believe truly.
From th' extreamest upward of thy head,
To the descent and dust below thy foot,
A most toad-spotted traitor. Shakesp. K. Lear.
I had rather be a toad,
And live upon the vapour of a dungeon,
Than keep a corner in the thing I love
For others use. Shakespeare's Othello.
In the great plague there were seen, in divers ditches about
London, many toads that had tails three inches long, whereas
toads usually have no tails. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
In hollow caverns vermin make abode,
The hissing serpent, and the swelling toad. Dryden.

TO’ADFISH. n. s. A kind of sea-fish.

TO’ADFLAX. n. s. A plant.

TO’ADSTONE. n. s. [toad and stone.] A concretion supposed to
be found in the head of a toad.
The toadstone presumed to be found in the head of that
animal, is not a thing impossible. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TO’ADSTOOL. n. s. [toad and stool.] A plant like a mushroom.
The grifly todestool grown there mought I see,
And loathing paddocks lording on the same. Spenser.
Another imperfect plant like a mushroom, but sometimes
as broad as a hat, called toadstool, is not esculent. Bacon.

To TOAST. v. a. [torreo, tostum, Lat.]
1. To dry or heat at the fire.
Put up thy sword betime,
Or I'll so maul you and your toasting iron. Shakespeare.
His breath stinks with eating toasted cheese. Shakespeare.
The earth whereof the grass is soon parched with the sun,
and toasted, is commonly forced earth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
To allure mice I find no other magick, than to draw out
a piece of toasted cheese. Brown.
2. To name when a health is drunk. To toast is used com­
monly when women are named.
Several popish gentlemen toasted many loyal healths. Add.
We'll try the empire you so long have boasted;
And if we are not prais'd, we'll not be toasted. Prior.

TOAST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Bread dried before the fire.
You are both as rheumatick as two dry toasts; you cannot
one bear with another's confirmities. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Every third day take a small toast of manchet, dipped in
oil of sweet almonds new drawn, and sprinkled with loaf
sugar. Bacon's Physical Remains.
2. Bread dried and put into liquor.
Where's then the saucy boat
Co-rival'd greatness? or to harbour fled,
Or made a toast for Neptune? Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
Some squire, perhaps, you take delight to rack;
Whose game is whisk, whose treat a toast in sack. Pope.
3. A celebrated woman whose health is often drunk.
I shall likewise mark out every toast, the club in which
she was elected, and the number of votes that were on her
side. Addison's Guard. No. 107.
Say, why are beauties prais'd and honour'd most,
The wise man's passion, and the vain man's toast?
Why deck'd with all that land and sea afford,
Why angels call'd, and angel-like ador'd? Pope.

TO’ASTER. n. s. [from toast.] He who toasts.
We simple toasters take delight
To see our women's teeth look white;
And ev'ry saucy ill-bred fellow
Sneers at a mouth profoundly yellow. Prior.

TOB

TOBA’CCO. n. s. [from Tobaco or Tobago in America.]
The flower of the tobacco consists of one leaf, is funnel­
shaped, and divided at the top into five deep segments, which
expand like a star; the ovary becomes an ablong roundish
membranaceous fruit, which is divided into two cells by an
intermediate partition, and is filled with small roundish
seeds. Miller. 
It is a planet now I see;
And, if I err not, by his proper
Figure, that's like a tobacco-stopper. Hudibras, p. ii.
Bread or tobacco may be neglected; but reason at first re­
commends their trial, and custom makes them pleasant. Locke.
Salts are to be drained out of the clay by water, before it
be fit for the making tobacco-pipes or bricks. Woodward.

TOB’ACCONIST. n. s. [from tobacco.] A preparer and vender of
tobacco.

TOD. n. s. [totte haar, a lock of hair, German. Skinner. I
believe rightly.]
1. A bush; a thick shrub.
Within the ivie tod,
There shrouded was the little god;
I heard a busy bustling. Spenser's Pastorals,
2. A certain weight of wool, twenty eight pounds.
Every eleven weather tods, every tod yields a pound and
odd shillings. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

TOE. n. s. [ta, Saxon; teen, Dutch.] The divided extremi­
ties of the feet; the fingers of the feet.
Come all you spirits,
And fill me from the crown to th' toe, topful
Of direct cruelty. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Sport that wrinkled care derides,
And laughter holding both his sides;
Come and trip it as you go,
On the light fantastick toe. Milton.
Last to enjoy her sense of feeling,
A thousand little nerves she sends
Quite to our toes, and fingers ends. Prior.

TOFO’RE. adv. [toforan, Saxon.] Before. Obsolete.
It is an epilogue to make plain
Some obscure precedence that hath tofore been sain. Shak.
So shall they depart the manor with the corn and the bacon
tofore him that hath won it. Spectator, No. 607.

TOFT. n. s. [toftum, law Latin.] A place where a messuage
has stood. Cowel and Ains.

TO’GED. adj. [togatus, Lat.] Gowned; dressed in gowns.
The bookish theorick,
Wherein the toged consuls can propose
As masterly as he; meer prattle, without practice,
Is all his soldiership. Shakespeare's Othello.

TOGE’THER. adv. [togæthere, Saxon.]
1. In company.
We turn'd o'er many books together. Shakespeare.
Both together went into the wood. Milton.
2. Not apart; not in separation.
That king joined humanity and policy together. Bacon.
3. In the same place.
She lodgeth heat and cold, and moist and dry,
And life and death, and peace and war together. Davies.
4. In the same time.
While he and I live together, I shall not be thought the
worst poet. Dryden.
5. Without intermission.
The Portuguese expected his return for almost an age toge­
ther after the battle. Dryden.
They had a great debate concerning the punishment of
one of their admirals, which lasted a month together. Addison.
6. In concert.
The subject is his confederacy with Henry the eighth, and
the wars they made together upon France. Addison on Italy.
7. In continuity.
Some tree's broad leaves together sew'd,
And girded on our loins, may cover round. Milton.
8. TOGETHER with. In union with; in a state of mixture
with.
Take the bad together with the good. Dryden's Juvenal.

TOI

To TOIL. v. n. [tilian, Saxon; tuylen, Dutch.] To labour;
perhaps originally, to labour in tillage.
This Percy was the man nearest my soul;
Who, like a brother, toil'd in my affairs,
And laid his love and life under my foot. Shakespeare.
Others ill-fated are condemn'd to toil
Their tedious life, and mourn their purpose blasted
With fruitless act. Prior.
He views the main that ever toils below. Thomson.

To TOIL. v. a.
1. To labour; to work at.
Toil'd out my uncouth passage, forc'd to ride
Th' untractable abyss. Milton.
2. To weary; to overlabour.
Then, toil'd with works of war, retir'd himself
To Italy. Shakespeare's Richard II.

TOIL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Labour; fatigue.
They live to their great, both toil and grief, where the
blasphemies of Arians are renewed. Hooker, b. v.
Not to irksome toil, but to delight
He made us. Milton.
2. [Toile, toiles, Fr. tela, Latin.] Any net or snare woven or
meshed.
She looks like sleep,
As she would catch another Antony
In her strong toil of grace. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
He had so placed his horsemen and footmen in the woods,
that he shut up the Christians as it were in a toil. Knolles.
All great spirits
Bear great and sudden change with such impatience
As a Numidian lion, when first caught,
Endures the toil that holds him. Denham's Sophy.
A fly falls into the toil of a spider. L'Estrange.
Fantastick honour, thou hast fram'd a toil
Thyself, to make thy love thy virtues spoil. Dryden.



TO’ILET. n. s. [toilette, Fr.] A dressing table.
The merchant from the exchange returns in peace,
And the long labours of the toilet cease. Pope.

TO’ILSOME. n. s. [from toil.] Laborious; weary.
This were it toilsome, yet with thee were sweet. Milton.
While here we dwell,
What can be toilsome in these pleasant walks? Milton.
Absent or dead, still let a friend be dear,
A sigh the absent claims, the dead a tear;
Recal those nights that clos'd thy toilsome days,
Still hear thy Parnel in his living lays. Pope.

TO’ILSOMENESS. n. s. [from toilsome.] Wearisomeness; labo­
riousness.

TO’KEN. n. s. [taikns, Gothick; tacn, Saxon; teycken, Dutch.]
1. A sign.
Shew me a token for good, that they which hate me may
see it. Psal. lxxxvi. 17.
2. A mark.
Wheresoever you see ingratitude, you may as infallibly
conclude, that there is a growing stock of ill-nature in that
breast, as you may know that man to have the plague upon
whom you see the tokens. South's Sermons.
3. A memorial of friendship; an evidence of remembrance.
Here is a letter from queen Hecuba,
A token from her daughter, my fair love. Shakespeare.
Whence came this?
This is some token from a newer friend. Shakespeare.
Pigwiggen gladly would commend
Some token to queen Mab to send,
Were worthy of her wearing. Drayton's Nymphid.

To TOKEN. v. a. [from the noun.] To make known. Not
in use.
What in time proceeds,
May token to the future our past deeds. Shakespeare.

TOL

TOLD. pret. and part. pass. of tell. Mentioned; related.
The acts of God to human ears
Cannot, without process of speech, be told. Milton.

To TOLE. v. a. [This seems to be some barbarous provincial
word.] To train; to draw by degrees.
Whatever you observe him to be more frighted at than he
should, tole him on to by insensible degrees, till at last he
masters the difficulty. Locke.

TO’LERABLE. adj. [tolerable, Fr. tolerabilis, Lat.]
1. Supportable; that may be endured or supported.
Yourselves, who have sought them, ye so excuse, as that
ye would have men to think ye judge them not allowable,
but tolerable only, and to be borne with, for the furtherance
of your purposes, till the corrupt estate of the church may
be better reformed. Hooker.
It shall be more tolerable for Sodom in the day of judgment
than for that city. Mat. x. 15.
Cold and heat scarce tolerable. Milton.
There is nothing of difficulty in the external performance,
but what hypocrisy can make tolerable to itself. Tillotson.
2. Not excellent; not contemptible; passable.
The reader may be assured of a tolerable translation. Dryd.
Princes have it in their power to keep a majority on their
side by any tolerable administration, till provoked by conti­
nual oppressions. Swift.

TO’LERABLENESS. n. s. [from tolerable.] The state of being
tolerable.

TO’LERABLY. adv. [from tolerable.]
1. Supportably; in a manner that may be endured.
2. Passably; neither well nor ill; moderately well.
Sometimes are found in these laxer strata bodies that are
still tolerably firm. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. iii.
The person to whom this head belonged laughed frequent­
ly, and on particular occasions had acquitted himself tolerably
at a ball. Addison's Spect. No. 275.

TO’LERANCE. n. s. [tolerantia, Lat. tolerance, Fr.] Power of
enduring; act of enduring.
Diogenes one frosty morning came into the market-place
shaking, to shew his tolerance; many of the people came
about him, pitying him: Plato passing by, and knowing he
did it to be seen, said, if you pity him indeed, let him alone
to himself. Bacon's Apophth.
There wants nothing but consideration of our own eternal
weal, a tolerance or endurance of being made happy here,
and blessed eternally. Hammond's Fundamentals.

To TO’LERATE. v. a. [tolero, Lat. tolerer, Fr.] To allow so
as not to hinder; to suffer.
Inasmuch as they did resolve to remove only such things
of that kind as the church might best spare, retaining the re­
sidue; their whole counsel is, in this point, utterly con­
demned, as having either proceeded from the blindness of
those times, or from negligence, or from desire of honour
and glory, or from an erroneous opinion that such things
might be tolerated for a while. Hooker, b. iv.
We shall tolerate flying horses, harpies, and satyrs; for
these are poetical fancies, whose shaded moralities requite
their substantial falsities. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. v.
Men should not tolerate themselves one minute in any
known sin. Decay of Piety.
Crying should not be tolerated in children. Locke.
We are fully convinced that we shall always tolerate them,
but not that they will tolerate us. Swift.

TOLERA’TION. n. s. [tolero, Latin.] Allowance given to that
which is not approved.
I shall not speak against the indulgence and toleration grant­
ed to these men. South's Sermons.

TOLL. n. s. [This word seems derived from tollo, Lat. toll,
Saxon; tol, Dutch; told, Danish; toll, Welsh; taille, Fr.]
An excise of goods; a seizure of some part for permission of
the rest.
Toll, in law, has two significations: first, a liberty to buy
and sell within the precincts of a manor, which seems to
import as much as a fair or market; secondly, a tribute or
custom paid for passage. Cowel.
Empson and Dudley the people esteemed as his horse­
leaches, bold men, that took toll of their master's grist. Bac.
The same Prusias joined with the Rhodians against the
Byzantines, and stopped them from levying the toll upon
their trade into the Euxine. Arbuthnot.

To TOLL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To pay toll or tallage.
I will buy me a son-in-law in a fair, and toll for him: for
this I'll none of him. Shakesp. All's well that ends well.
Where, when, by whom, and what y' were sold for,
And in the open market toll'd for? Hudibras, p. ii.
2. To take toll or tallage.
The meale the more yeeldeth, if servant be true,
And miller that tolleth takes none but his due. Tusser.
3. [I know not whence derived.] To sound as a single bell.
The first bringer of unwelcome news
Hath but a losing office; and his tongue
Sounds ever after as a sullen bell,
Remember'd tolling a departed friend. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Our going to church at the tolling of a bell, only tells us
the time when we ought to go to worship God. Stillingfleet.
Toll, toll,
Gentle bell, for the soul
Of the pure ones. Denham.
You love to hear of some prodigious tale,
The bell that toll'd alone, or Irish whale. Dryden.
They give their bodies due repose at night:
When hollow murmurs of their ev'ning bells
Dismiss the sleepy swains, and toll them to their cells. Dry.
All the bells tolled in different notes. Pope.
With horns and trumpets now to madness swell,
Now sink in sorrows with a tolling bell. Pope's Dunciad.
The maid asks who the bell toll'd for? Swift.

To TOLL. v. a. [tollo, Lat.]
1. To ring a bell.
When any one dies, then by tolling or ringing of a bell
the same is known to the searchers. Graunt.
2. To take away; to vacate; to annul. A term only used in
the civil law: in this sense the o is short, in the former long.
An appeal from sentence of excommunication does not
suspend it, but then devolves it to a superior judge, and tolls
the presumption in favour of a sentence. Ayliffe.
3. To take away. Obsolete.
The adventitious moisture which hangeth loose in a body,
betrayeth and tolleth forth the innate and radical moisture
along with it. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 365.

TO’LLBOOTH. n. s. [toll and booth.] A prison. Ains.

To TO’LLBOOTH. v. a. To imprison in a tollbooth.
To these what did he give? why a hen,
That they might tollbooth Oxford men. Bishop Corbet.

TOLLGA’THERER. n. s. [toll and gather.] The officer that
takes toll.

TO’LSEY. n. s. The same with tolbooth. Dict.

TOLUTA’TION. n. s. [toluto, Latin.] The act of pacing or
ambling.
They move per latera, that is, two legs of one side toge­
ther, which is tolutation or ambling. Brown's Vulgar Err.
Authors have not writ
Whether tolutation or succussation. Butler.

TOM

TOMB. n. s. [tombe, tombeau, Fr. tumba, low Lat.] A mo­
nument in which the dead are enclosed.
Methinks, I see thee, now thou art below,
As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Shakespeare.
Time is drawn upon tombs an old man bald, winged, with
a sithe and an hour-glass. Peacham on Drawing.
Poor heart! she slumbers in her silent tomb,
Let her possess in peace that narrow room. Dryden.
The secret wound with which I bleed
Shall lie wrapt up, ev'n in my herse,
But on my tomb-stone thou shalt read
My answer to thy dubious verse. Prior.

To TOMB. v. a. [from the noun.] To bury; to entomb.
Souls of boys were there,
And youths, that tomb'd before their parents were. May.



TO’MBLESS. adj. [from tomb.] Wanting a tomb; wanting a
sepulchral monument.
Lay these bones in an unworthy urn,
Tombless, with no remembrance over them. Shakespeare.

TO’MBOY. n. s. [Tom a diminutive of Thomas, and boy.] A
mean fellow; sometimes a wild coarse girl.
A lady
Fasten'd to an empery, to be partner'd
With tomboys, hir'd with that self-exhibition
Which your own coffers yield! Shakesp. Cymbeline.

TOME. n. s. [Fr. t???.]
1. One volume of many.
2. A book.
All those venerable books of scripture, all those sacred
tomes and volumes of holy writ, are with such absolute per­
fection framed. Hooker.

TOMTI’T. n. s. [See TI’TMOUSE.] A titmouse; a small bird.
You would fancy him a giant when you looked upon him,
and a tomtit when you shut your eyes. Spectator.

TON

TON. n. s. [tonne, Fr. See TUN.] A measure or weight.
Spain was very weak at home, or very slow to move,
when they suffered a small fleet of English to fire, sink, and
carry away, ten thousand ton of their great shipping. Bacon.

TON. In the names of places, are derived from the Saxon
tun, a hedge or wall, and this seems to be from dun,
a hill, the towns being anciently built on hills for the sake of
defence and protection in times of war. Gibson's Camden.
TUN. In the names of places, are derived from the Saxon
tun, a hedge or wall, and this seems to be from dun,
a hill, the towns being anciently built on hills for the sake of
defence and protection in times of war. Gibson's Camden.

TONE. n. s. [ton, Fr. tonus, Lat.]
1. Note; sound.
Sounds called tones are ever equal. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The strength of a voice or sound makes a difference in the
loudness or softness, but not in the tone. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
In their motions harmony divine
So smooths her charming tones, that God's own ear
Listens delighted. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
2. Accent; sound of the voice.
Palamon replies,
Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes. Dryden.
3. A whine; a mournful cry.
Made children, with your tones, to run for't
As bad as bloody-bones, or Lunsford. Hudibras, p. iii.
4. A particular or affected sound in speaking.
5. Elasticity; power of extension and contraction.
Drinking too great quantities of this decoction may weaken
the tone of the stomach. Arbuthnot.

TONG. n. s. [See TONGS.] The catch of a buckle. This
word is usually written tongue, but, as its office is to hold, it
has probably the same original with tongs, and should there­
fore have the same orthography.
Their hilts were burnish'd gold, and handle strong
Of mother pearl, and buckled with a golden tong. Fa. Q.

TONGS. n. s. [tang, Saxon; tang, Dutch.] An instrument
by which hold is taken of any thing: as of coals in the fire.
Another did the dying brands repair
With iron tongs, and sprinkled oft the same
With liquid waves. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
They turn the glowing mass with crooked tongs;
The fiery work proceeds. Dryden's æn.
Get a pair of tongs like a smith's tongs, stronger and tooth­
ed. Mortimer's Husbandry.

TONGUE. n. s. [tung, Saxon; tonghe, Dutch.]
1. The instrument of speech in human beings.
My conscience hath a thousand several tongue,
And ev'ry tongue brings in a sev'ral tale,
And ev'ry tale condemns me for a villain. Shakespeare.
Who with the tongue of angels can relate. Milton.
The terror of thy power or potent tongue. Milton.
They are tongue-valiant, and as bold as Hercules where
there's no danger. L'Estrange's Fables.
My ears still ring with noise, I'm vext to death,
Tongue kill'd, and have not yet recover'd breath. Dryden.
Tongue-valiant hero, vaunter of thy might,
In threats the foremost; but the lag in fight. Dryden.
There have been female Pythagoreans, notwithstanding
that philosophy consisted in keeping a secret, and the disciple
was to hold her tongue five years together. Addison's Guard.
I should make but a poor pretence to true learning, if I
had not clear ideas under the words my tongue could pro­
nounce. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
2. The organ by which animals lick.
Hiss for hiss returned with forked tongue
To forked tongue. Milton.
3. Speech; fluency of words.
Tongue-doughty giant, how dost thou prove? Milton.
Much tongue and much judgment seldom go together; for
talking and thinking are too quite differing faculties. L'Estr.
Parrots, imitating human tongue,
And singing-birds in silver cages hung. Dryden.
First in the council-hall to steer the state,
And ever foremost in a tongue debate. Dryden's æn.
Though they have those sounds ready at their tongue's end,
yet there are no determined ideas. Locke.
4. Speech, as well or ill used.
Give me thy hand; I am sorry I beat thee: but, while
thou liv'st, keep a good tongue in thy head. Shakespeare.
On evil days though fallen and evil tongues. Milton.
5. A language.
The Lord shall bring a nation against thee, whose tongue
thou shalt not understand. Deut. xxvii. 49.
With wond'rous gifts endu'd,
To speak all tongues and do all miracles. Milton.
An acquaintance with the various tongues is nothing but a
relief against the mischiefs which the building of Babel in­
troduced. Watts.
6. Speech as opposed to thoughts.
Let us not love in word, neither in tongue, but in deed
and in truth. 1 John iii. 18.
7. A nation distinguished by their language. A scriptural term.
The Lord shall destroy the tongue of the Egyptian sea. Isa.
8. A small point: as, the tongue of a balance.
9. To hold the TONGUE. To be silent.
'Tis seldom seen that senators so young
Know when to speak, and when to hold their tongue. Dryd.
Whilst I live I must not hold my tongue,
And languish out old age in his displeasure. Addison.

To TONGUE. v. a. [from the noun.] To chide; to scold.
But that her tender shame
Will not proclaim against her maiden loss,
How might she tongue me. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.

To TONGUE. v. n. To talk; to prate.
'Tis still a dream; or else such stuff, as madmen
Tongue, and brain not. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

TO’NGUED. adj. [from tongue.] Having a tongue.
Tongu'd like the night-crow. Donne.

TO’NGUELESS. adj. [from tongue.]
1. Wanting a tongue; speechless.
What tongueless blocks, would they not speak? Shakesp.
Our grave,
Like Turkish mute, shall have a tongueless mouth. Shak.
That blood, like sacrificing Abel's, cries,
Even from the tongueless caverns of the earth,
To me, for justice. Shakesp. Richard II.
2. Unnamed; not spoken of.
One good deed, dying tongueless,
Slaughters a thousand waiting upon that. Shakespeare.

TO’NGUEPAD. n. s. [tongue and pad.] A great talker.
She who was a celebrated wit at London is, in that dull
part of the world, called a tonguepad. Tatler.

TONGUETI’ED. adj. [tongue and tie.] Having an impediment
of speech.
Love, and tonguety'd simplicity,
In least speak most to my capacity. Shakespeare.
They who have short tongues, or are tonguetied, are apt
to fall short of the appulse of the tongue to the teeth, and
oftner place it on the gums, and say t and d instead of th and
dh; as moder for mother. Holder's Elements of Speech.
He spar'd the blushes of the tonguety'd dame. Tickel.

TO’NICK. adj. [tonique, Fr. te???.]
TO’NICAL. adj. [tonique, Fr. te???.]
1. Being extended; being elastick.
Station is no rest, but one kind of motion, relating unto
that which physicians, from Galen, do name extensive or
tonical. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
2. Relating to tones or sounds.

TO’NNAGE. n. s. [from ton.] A custom or impost due for mer­
chandise brought or carried in tons from or to other nations,
after a certain rate in every ton. Cowel.
Tonnage and poundage upon merchandizes were collected,
refused to be settled by act of parliament. Clarendon.

TO’NSIL. n. s. [tonsille, Fr. tonsillæ, Lat.]
Tonsils or almonds are two round glands placed on the sides
of the basis of the tongue, under the common membrane of
the fauces, with which they are covered; each of them hath
a large oval sinus, which opens into the fauces, and in it
there are a great number of lesser ones, which discharge
themselves, through the great sinus, of a mucous and slippery
matter, into the fauces, larynx, and œsophagus, for the
moistening and lubricating these parts. Quincy.

TO’NSURE. n. s. [tonsure, Fr. tonsura, Lat.] The act of clip­
ping the hair; the state of being shorn.
The vestals, after having received the tonsure, suffered
their hair to come again, being here full grown, and gather­
ed under the veil. Addison.

TOO

TOO. adv. [to, Saxon.]
1. Over and above; overmuch; more than enough. It is used
to augement the signification of an adjective or adverb to a
vicious degree.
Groundless prejudices and weaknesses of conscience, in­
stead of tenderness, mislead too many others, too many,
otherwise good men. Sprat's Sermons.
It is too much to build a doctrine of so mighty consequence
upon so obscure a place of scripture. Locke.
These ridiculous stories abide with us too long, and too far
influence the weaker part of mankind. Watts.


2. It is sometimes doubled to encrease its emphasis; but this
reduplication always seems harsh, and is therefore laid aside.
Oh, that this too too solid flesh would melt. Shakespeare.
Sometimes it would be full, and then
Oh! too too soon decrease again;
Eclips'd sometimes, that 'twou'd so fall,
There wou'd appear no hope at all. Suckling.
3. Likewise; also.
See what a scourge is laid upon your hate;
And I, for winking at your discords too,
Have lost a brace of kinsmen. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Let on my cup no wars be found,
Lest those incite to quarrels too,
Which wine itself enough can do. Oldham.
The arriving to such a disposition of mind as shall make a
man take pleasure in other mens sins, is evident from the text
and from experience too. South's Sermons.
It is better than letting our trade fall for want of current
pledges, and better too than borrowing money of our neigh­
bours. Locke.
Let those eyes that view
The daring crime, behold the vengeance too. Pope.

TOOK, the preterite, and sometimes the participle passive of
take.
Thy soldiers
All levied in my name, have in my name
Took their discharge. Shakesp. King Lear.
He is God in his friendship as well as in his nature, and
therefore we sinful creatures are not took upon advantages,
nor consumed in our provocations. South's Sermons.
Suddenly the thunder-clap
Took us unprepar'd. Dryden.
The same device enclosed the ashes of men or boys, maids
or matrons; for when the thought took, though at first it re­
ceived its rise from such a particular occasion, the ignorance
of the sculptors applied it promiscuously. Addison.
This took up some of his hours every day. Spectator.
The riders would leap them over my hand; and one of
the emperor's hunstmen, upon a large courser, took my foot,
shoe and all. Swift.
Leaving Polybus, I took my way
To Cyrrha's temple. Pope's Statius.

TOOL. n. s. [tol, tool, Saxon.]
1. Any instrument of manual operation.
In mulberries the sap is towards the bark only, into which
if you cut a little it will come forth; but if you pierce it
deeper with a tool it will be dry. Bacon.
Arm'd with such gard'ning tools as art, yet rude,
Guiltless of fire had form'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
The ancients had some secret to harden the edges of their
tools. Addison.
2. A hireling; a wretch who acts at the command of another.
He'd choose
To talk with wits in dirty shoes;
And scorn the tools with stars and garters,
So often seen caressing Chartres. Swift.

To TOOT. v. n. [Of this word, in this sense, I know not the
derivation: perhaps totan, Saxon, contracted from towetan,
to know or examine.] To pry; to peep; to search narrowly
and slily. It is still used in the provinces, otherwise obsolete.
I cast to go a shooting,
Long wand'ring up and down the land,
With bow and bolts on either hand,
For birds and bushes tooting. Spenser's Past.

TOOTH. n. s. plural teeth. [toth, Saxon; tand, Dutch.]
The teeth are the hardest and smoothest bones of the body;
they are formed in the cavities of the jaws, and about the
seventh or eighth month after birth they begin to pierce the
edge of the jaw, tear the periosteum and gums, which being
very sensible create a violent pain: the dentes incisivi, or fore
teeth of the upper jaw, appear first, and then those of the
lower jaw, because they are the thinnest and the sharpest;
after them come out the canini or eye teeth, and last of all
the molares or grinders, because they are thickest and bluntest:
about the seventh year of age they are thrust out by new
teeth which then begin to sprout, and if these teeth be lost
they never grow again; but some have been observed to shed
their teeth twice: about the one-and-twentieth year the two
last of the molares spring up, and they are called dentes sa­
pientiæ, Quincy.
Avaunt, you curs!
Be thy mouth or black or white,
Tooth that poisons if it bite. Shakesp. King Lear.
Desert deserves with characters of brass
A forted residence against the tooth of time,
And razure of oblivion. Shakespeare.
The teeth alone among the bones continue to grow in
length during a man's whole life, as appears by the unsightly
length of one tooth when its opposite happens to be pulled
out. Ray on the Creation.
2. Taste; palate.
These are not dishes for thy dainty tooth;
What, hast thou got an ulcer in thy mouth?
Why stand'st thou picking? Dryden.
3. A tine, prong, or blade, of any multifid instrument.
The priests servant came while the flesh was in seething,
with a flesh hook of three teeth. 1 Sam. ii. 13.
I made an instrument in fashion of a comb, whose teeth,
being in number sixteen, were about an inch and an half
broad, and the intervals of the teeth about two inches wide.
Newton's Opticks.
4. The prominent part of wheels, by which they catch upon
correspondent parts of other bodies.
The edge whereon the teeth are is always made thicker
than the back, because the back follows the edge. Moxon.
In clocks, though the screws and teeth be never so smooth,
yet if they be not oiled will hardly move, though you clog
them with never so much weight; but apply a little oil they
whirl about very swiftly with the tenth part of the force. Ray.
5. TOOTH and nail. With one's utmost violence; with every
means of attack or defence.
A lion and bear were at tooth and nail which should carry
off a fawn. L'Estrange's Fables.
6. To the TEETH. In open opposition.
It warms the very sickness in my heart,
That I shall live and tell him to his teeth,
Thus diddest thou. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The action lies
In his true nature, and we ourselves compell'd,
Ev'n to the teeth and forehead of our faults,
To give in evidence. Shakespeare.
The way to our horses lies back again by the house, and
then we shall meet 'em full in the teeth. Dryden.
7. To cast in the TEETH. To insult by open exprobration.
A wise body's part it were not to put out his fire, because
his fond and foolish neighbour, from whom he borrowed
wherewith to kindle it, might cast him therewith in the teeth,
saying, were it not for me thou wouldst freeze, and not be
able to heat thyself. Hooker, b. iv.
8. In spite of the teeth. Notwithstanding threats expressed by
shewing teeth; notwithstanding any power of injury or de­
fence.
The guiltiness of my mind drove the grossness of the fop­
pery into a received belief, in despight of the teeth of all rhime
and reason, that they were fairies. Shakespeare.
The only way is not to grumble at the lot they must bear
in spite of their teeth. L'Estrange.

To TOOTH. v. a. [from tooth.]
1. To furnish with teeth; to indent.
Then saws were tooth'd, and sounding axes made. Dryd.
The point hooked down like that of an eagle; and both
the edges toothed, as in the Indian crow. Grew's Musæum.
Get a pair of tongs like a smith's tongs, stronger and
toothed at the end. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To lock in each other.
It is common to tooth in the stretching course two inches
with the stretcher only. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

TOOTHA’CH. n. s. [tooth and ach.] Pain in the teeth.
There never yet was the philosopher
That could endure the toothach patiently,
However at their ease they talk'd like gods. Shakespeare.
He that sleeps feels not the toothach. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
I have the toothach.
—What, sigh for the toothach!
Which is but an humour or a worm. Shakespeare.
One was grown desperate with the toothach. Temple.

TO’OTHDRAWER. n. s. [tooth and draw.] One whose business
is to extract painful teeth.
Nature with Scots, as toothdrawers, hath dealt,
Who use to string their teeth upon their belt. Cleaveland.
When the teeth are to be dislocated, a toothdrawer is con­
sulted. Wiseman's Surgery.

TO’OTHED. adj. [from tooth.] Having teeth.

TO’OTHLESS. adj. [from tooth.] Wanting teeth; deprived of
teeth.
Deep-dinted wrinkles on her cheek she draws,
Sunk are her eyes, and toothless are her jaws. Dryden.
They are fed with flesh minced small, having not only a
sharp head and snout, but a narrow and toothless snout. Ray.

TO’OTHPICK. n. s. [tooth and pick.] An instrument by
which the teeth are cleansed from any
thing sticking between them.
TO’OTHPICKER. n. s. [tooth and pick.] An instrument by
which the teeth are cleansed from any
thing sticking between them.
I will fetch you a toothpicker from the farthest inch of Asia.
Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.
He and his toothpick at my worship's mess. Shakespeare.
Preserve my woods, whereof, if this course hold, there
will hardly be found in some places enough to make a tooth­
pick. Howel's England's Tears.
Lentisck excels; if toothpicks of the lentisck be wanting,
of a quill then make a toothpick. Sandys.


Lentise is a beautiful ever-green, and makes the best tooth­
pickers. Mortimer's Husbandry.

TO’OTHSOME. adj. [from tooth.] Palatable; pleasing to the
taste.
Some are good to be eaten while young, but nothing tooth­
some as they grow old. Carew

TO’OTHSOMENESS. n. s. [from toothsome.] Pleasantness to the
taste.

TO’OTHWORT. n. s. [dentaria, Lat.] A plant.
The toothwort hath a fleshy root, which is scaly, and cut
in, as it were, with teeth: the flower consists of our leaves,
placed in form of a cross; this is succeeded by a long pod,
divided into two cells by an intermediate partition, and when
ripe twisted up like a screw, and discharges the seeds with
violence. Miller.

TOP

TOP. n. s. [topp, Welsh; top, Saxon; top, Dutch and Da­
nish; topper, a crest, Islandick.]
1. The highest part of any thing.
I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats,
And see my wealthy Andrew dock'd in sand,
Vailing her high top lower than her ribs. Shakespeare.
He wears upon his baby brow the round
And top of sovereignty. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Here Sodom's tow'rs raise their proud tops on high,
The tow'rs as well as men outbrave the sky. Cowley.
Thou nor on the top of old Olympus dwell'st. Milton.
That government which takes in the consent of the greatest
number of the people, may justly be said to have the broadest
bottom; and if it terminate in the authority of one single
person, it may be said to have the narrowest top, and so
makes the firmest pyramid. Temple.
Sysiphus no sooner carries his stone up to the top of the
hill but it tumbles to the bottom. Addison.
So up the steepy hill with pain
The weighty stone is rowl'd in vain;
Which having touch'd the top recoils,
And leaves the labourer to renew his toils. Granville.
Marine bodies are found upon hills, and at the bottom
only such as have fallen down from their tops. Woodward.
2. The surface; the superficies.
Plants that draw much nourishment from the earth hurt
all things that grow by them, especially such trees as spread
their roots near the top of the ground. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Shallow brooks that flow'd so clear,
The bottom did the top appear. Dryden.
3. The highest place.
He that will not set himself proudly at the top of all things,
but will consider the immensity of this fabrick, may think,
that in other mansions there may be other and different intel­
ligent beings. Locke.
What must he expect, when he seeks for preferment, but
universal opposition, when he is mounting the ladder, and
every hand ready to turn him off when he is at the top? Sw.
4. The highest person.
How would you be,
If he, which is the top of judgment, should
But judge you as you are? Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
5. The utmost degree.
Zeal being the top and perfection of so many religious af­
fections, the causes of it must be most eminent. Sprat.
If you attain the top of your desires in fame, all those who
envy you will do you harm; and of those who admire you
few will do you good. Pope.
The top of my ambition is to contribute to that work. Pope.
6. The highest rank.
Take a boy from the top of a grammar school, and one of
the same age bred in his father's family, and bring them into
good company together, and then see which of the two will
have the more manly carriage. Locke on Education.
7. The crown of the head.
All the stor'd vengeance of heaven fall
On her ingrateful top! Shakesp. King Lear.
Arm'd, say you?
—Arm'd, my lord.
From top to toe? Shakespeare.
'Tis a per'lous boy,
Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable;
He's all the mother's from the top to toe. Shakespeare.
8. The hair on the crown of the head; the forelock.
Let's take the instant by the forward top;
For we are old, and on our quick'st decrees
Th' inaudible and noiseless foot of time
Steals, ere we can effect them. Shakespeare.
9. The head of a plant.
The buds made our food are called heads or tops; as cab­
bage heads. Watt's Logick.
10. [Top, Danish.] An inverted conoid which children set to
turn on the point, continuing its motion with a whip.
Since I pluckt geese, play'd truant, and whipt top, I knew
not what it was to be beaten till lately. Shakespeare.
For as whipp'd tops, and bandied balls,
The learned hold, are animals:
So horses they affirm to be
Mere engines made by geometry. Hudibras, p. i.
As young striplings whip the top for sport
On the smooth pavement of an empty court,
The wooden engine flies and whirls about,
Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout. Dryden.
Still humming on their drowsy course they keep,
And lash'd so long, like tops, are lash'd asleep. Pope.
A top may be used with propriety in a similitude by a Vir­
gil, when the sun may be dishonoured by a Mævius. Broome.
11. Top is sometimes used as an adjective to express lying on
the top, or being at the top.
The top stones laid in clay are kept together. Mortimer.

To TOP. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To rise aloft; to be eminent.
Those long ridges of lofty and topping mountains which
run East and West, stop the evagation of the vapours to the
North and South in hot countries. Derham's Physico-Theol.
Some of the letters distinguish themselves from the rest,
and top it over their fellows; these are to be considered as
letters and as cyphers. Addison on ancient Medals.
2. To predominate.
The thoughts of the mind are uninterruptedly employed
by the determinations of the will, influenced by that topping
uneasiness while it lasts. Locke.
3. To do his best.
But write thy best and top, and in each line
Sir Formal's oratory will be thine. Dryden.

To TOP. v. a.
1. To cover on the top; to tip; to defend or decorate with
something extrinsick on the upper part.
The glorious temple rear'd
Her pile, far off appearing like a mount
Of alabaster, topp'd with golden spires. Milton's Par. Reg.
To him the fairest nymphs do show
Like moving mountains topt with snow. Waller.
There are other churches in the town, and two or three
palaces, which are of a more modern make, and built with
a good fancy; I was shown the little notre dame; that is
handsomely designed, and topp'd with a cupola. Addison.
Top the bank with the bottom of the ditch. Mortimer.
2. To rise above.
A gourd planted close by a large pine, climbing by the
boughs twined about them, till it topped and covered the tree.
L'Estrange.
3. To outgo; to surpass.
He's poor in no one fault, but stor'd with all.
——Especially, in pride.
——And topping all others in boasting. Shakespeare.
So far he topp'd my thought,
That I in forgery of shapes and tricks
Come short of what he did. Shakespeare.
I am, cries the envious, of the same nature with the rest:
why then should such a man top me? where there is equality
of kind, there should be no distinction of privilege. Collier.
4. To crop.
Top your rose trees a little with your knife near a leaf
bud. Evelyn's Kalendar.
5. To rise to the top of.
If ought obstruct thy course, yet stand not still,
But wind about till thou hast topp'd the hill. Denham.
6. To perform eminently: as, he tops his part. This word, in
this sense, is seldom used but on light or ludicrous occasions.

TO’PFUL. adj. [top and full.] Full to the top; full to the
brim.
Fill me, from the crown to the toe, topful
Of direct cruelty. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
'Tis wonderful
What may be wrought out of their discontent;
Now that their souls are topful of offence. Shakespeare.
Till a considerable part of the air was drawn out of the
receiver, the tube continued topful of water as at first. Boyle.
One was ingenious in his thoughts and bright in his lan­
guage; but so topful of himself, that he let it spill on all the
company. Watts's Improvement of the Mind, p. i.
Fill the largest tankard-cup topfull. Swift.

TOPGA’LLANT. n. s. [top and gallant.]
1. The highest sail.
2. It is proverbially applied to any thing elevated.
A rose grew out of another, like honeysuckles, called top
and topgallants. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 646.
I dare appeal to the consciences of topgallant sparks. L'Estr.

TOPHE’AVY. adj. [top and heavy.] Having the upper part too
weighty for the lower.
A roof should not be too heavy nor too light; but of the
two extremes a house topheavy is the worst. Wotton's Arch.
Topheavy drones, and always looking down,
As over-ballasted within the crown,
Mutt'ring betwixt their lips some mystick thing. Dryden.


As to stiff gales topheavy pines bow low
Their heads, and lift them as they cease to blow. Pope.

TO’PKNOT. n. s. [top and knot.] A knot worn by women on
the top of the head.
This arrogance amounts to the pride of an ass in his trap­
pings; when 'tis but his master's taking away his topknot to
make an ass of him again. L'Estrange.

TO’PMAN. n. s. [top and man.] The sawer at the top.
The pit-saw enters the one end of the stuff, the topman at
the top, and the pitman under him, the topman observing to
guide the saw exactly in the line. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

TO’PMOST. n. s. [An irregular superlative formed from top.]
Uppermost; highest.
A swarm of bees,
Unknown from whence they took their airy flight,
Upon the topmost branch in clouds alight. Dryden's æn.
From steep to steep the troops advanc'd with pain,
In hopes at last the topmost cliff to gain;
But still by new ascents the mountain grew,
And a fresh toil presented to their view. Addison.
Men pil'd on men with active leaps arise,
And build the breathing fabrick to the skies;
A sprightly youth above the topmost row,
Points the tall pyramid, and crowns the show. Addison.

TOPPRO’UD. adj. [top and proud.] Proud in the highest de­
gree.
This top-proud fellow,
By intelligence I do know
To be corrupt and treasonous. Shakespeare.

TOPSA’IL. n. s. [top and sail.] The highest sail.
Contarenus meeting with the Turk's gallies, which would
not vail their topsails, fiercely assailed them. Knolles.
Strike, strike the topsail; let the main-sheet fly,
And furl your sails. Dryden's Fables.

TOPA’RCH. n. s. [t?p and a?.] The principal man in
a place.
They are not to be conceived potent monarchs, but to­
parchs, or kings of narrow territories. Brown's Vulgar Err.

TO’PARCHY. n. s. [from toparch.] Command in a small di­
strict.

TO’PAZ. n. s. [topase, Fr. topazius, low Lat.] A yellow gem.
The golden stone is the yellow topaz. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Can blazing carbuncles with her compare?
The tophas sent from scorched Meroe?
Or pearls presented by the Indian sea? Sandys's Paraph.
With light's own smile the yellow topaz burns. Thomson.

To TOPE. v. n. [topff, German, an earthen pot; toppen,
Dutch, to be mad. Skinner prefers the latter etymology;
toper, Fr.] To drink hard; to drink to excess.
If you tope in form and treat,
'Tis the sour sauce to the sweet meat,
The fine you pay for being great. Dryden.

TO’PER. n. s. [from tope.] A drunkard.

TOPHA’CEOUS. adj. [from tophus, Lat.] Gritty; stony.
Acids mixed with them precipitate a tophaceous chalky
matter, but not a cheesy substance. Arbuthnot.

TOPHET. n. s. [ Heb. a drum.] Hell; a scriptural name.
The pleasant valley of Hinnom, tophet thence
And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. Milton.
Fire and darkness are here mingled with all other ingre­
dients that make that tophet prepared of old. Burnet.

TO’PICAL. adj. [from t?p.]
1. Relating to some general head.
2. Local; confined to some particular place.
An argument from authority is but a weaker kind of
proof; it being but a topical probation, and an inartificial ar­
gument, depending on naked asseveration. Brown.
Evidences of fact can be no more than topical and pro­
bable. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
3. Applied medicinally to a particular part.
A woman, with some unusual hemorrhage, is only to be
cured by topical remedies. Arbuthnot.

TO’PICALLY. adv. [from topical.] With application to some
particular part.
This topically applied becomes a phænigmus, or rubifying
medicine, and is of such fiery parts, that they have of them­
selves conceived fire and burnt a house. Brown's Vulgar Err.

TO’PICK. n. s. [topique, Fr. t?p.]
1. A general head; something to which other things are re­
ferred.
Let them argue over all the topicks of divine goodness and
human weakness, and whatsoever other pretences sinking sin­
ners catch at to save themselves by, yet how trifling must be
their plea! South's Sermons.
I might dilate on the difficulties, the temper of the people,
the power, arts, and interest of the contrary party; but
those are invidious topicks, too green in remembrance. Dryd.
The principal branches of preaching are, to tell the people
what is their duty, and then convince them that it is so: the
topicks for both are brought from scripture and reason. Swift.
All arts and sciences have some general subjects, called
topicks, or common places; because middle terms are bor­
rowed, and arguments derived from them for the proof of
their various propositions. Watts's Logick.
2. Things as are externally applied to any particular part.
In the cure of strumæ, the topicks ought to be discutient.
Wiseman's Surgery.

TO’PLESS. adj. [from top.] Having no top.
He sent abroad his voice,
Which Pallas far off echo'd; who did betwixt them hoise
Shrill tumult to a topless height. Chapman's Iliad.

TOPO’GRAPHER. n. s. [t?p and ???f?.] One who writes
descriptions of particular places.

TOPO’GRAPHY. n. s. [topographie, Fr. t?p and ???f?.]
Description of particular places.
That philosophy gives the exactest topography of the extra­
mundane spaces. Glanville's Scep.
The topography of Sulmo in the Latin makes but an auk­
ward figure in the version. Cromwell.

TO’PPING. adj. [from top.] Fine; noble; gallant. A low
word.
The topping fellow I take to be the ancestor of the fine fel­
low. Tatler.

TO’PPINGLY. adj. [from topping.] Fine; gay; gallant; shewy.
An obsolete word.
These toppinglie ghests be in number but ten,
As welcome to dairie as beares among men. Tusser.

To TO’PPLE. v. n. [from top.] To fall forward; to tumble
down.
Though bladed corn be lodged and trees blown down;
Though castles topple on their warders heads. Shakespeare.
The wisest aunt telling the saddest tale,
Sometime for three-foot stool mistaketh me;
Then slip I from her quite, down topples she. Shakespeare.

TOPSYTU’RVY. adv. [This Skinner fancies to top in turf.]
With the bottom upward.
All suddenly was turned topsyturvy, the noble lord eftsoons
was blamed, the wretched people pitied, and new counsels
plotted. Spenser on Ireland.
If we without his help can make a head
To push against the kingdom; with his help
We shall o'erturn it topsyturvy down. Shakesp. Henry IV.
God told man what was good, but the devil surnamed it
evil, and thereby turned the world topsy-turvy, and brought
a new chaos upon the whole creatlon. South's Sermons.
Man is but a topsyturvy creature; his head where his heels
should be, grovelling on the earth. Swift.

TOR

TOR. n. s. [tor, Saxon.]
1. A tower; a turret.
2. A high pointed rock or hill, whence tor in the initial syllable
of some local names.

TORCH. n. s. [torche, French; torcia, Italian; intortitium, low
Latin.] A wax light generally supposed to be bigger than a
candle.
Basilius knew, by the wasting of the torches, that the
night also was far wasted. Sidney.
Here lies the dusky torch of Mortimer,
Choak'd with ambition of the meaner sort. Shakespeare.
They light the nuptial torch, and bid invoke
Hymen. Milton.
Never was known a night of such distraction;
Noise so confus'd and dreadful: torches gliding
Like meteors, by each other in the streets. Dryden.
I'm weary of my part;
My torch is out; and the world stands before me
Like a black desart at th' approach of night. Dryden.

TO’RCHBEARER. n. s. [torch and bear.] One whose office is to
carry a torch.
He did in a genteel manner chastise their negligence, with
making them, for that night, the torchbearers. Sidney, b. i.

TO’RCHLIGHT. n. s. [torch and light.] Light kindled to supply
the want of the sun.
When the emperor Charles had clasped Germany almost
in his fist, he was forced to go from Isburg, and, as if in a
mask, by torchlight, to quit every foot he had gotten. Bacon.
If thou like a child didst fear before,
Being in the dark, where thou didst nothing see;
Now I have brought thee torchlight fear no more. Davies.

TO’RCHER. n. s. [from torch.] One that gives light.
Ere the horses of the sun shall bring
Their fiery torcher his diurnal ring. Shakespeare.

TORE. preterite, and sometimes participle passive of tear.
Upon his head an old Scotch cap he wore,
With a plume feather all to pieces tore. Spenser.

TORE. v. a. [Of this word I cannot guess the meaning.]
Proportion according to rowen or tore upon the ground;
the more tore the less hay will do. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To TORME’NT. n. s. [tourmenter, Fr.]
1. To put to pain; to harrass with anguish; to excruciate.
No sleep close up that deadly eye of thine,
Unless it be while some tormenting dream
Affrights thee with a hell of ugly devils. Shakespeare.
I am glad to be constrain'd to utter what
Torments me to conceal. Shakesp. Cymbeline.


Art thou come to torment us before the time? Mat. viii.
2. To teaze; to vex with importunity.
3. To put into great agitation. [tormente, Fr. a great storm.]
They soaring on main wing
Tormented all the air. Milton.

TO’RMENT. n. s. [tourment, French.]
1. Any thing that gives pain.
They brought unto him all sick people that were taken
with divers diseases and torments, and he healed them. Mat.
2. Pain; misery; anguish.
3. Penal anguish; torture.
No prisoners there, inforc'd by torments, cry;
But fearless by their old tormentors lie. Sandys's Paraph.
Not sharp revenge, not hell itself can find
A fiercer torment than a guilty mind,
Which day and night doth dreadfully accuse,
Condemns the wretch, and still the charge renews. Dryd.

TORME’NTOR. n. s. [from torment.]
1. One who torments; one who gives pain.
He called to me for succour, desiring me at least to kill
him, to deliver him from those tormentors. Sidney, b. ii.
Let his tormenter conscience find him out. Milton.
The commandments of God being conformable to the
dictates of right reason, man's judgment condemns him when
he violates any of them; and so the sinner becomes his own
tormentor. South's Sermons.
2. One who inflicts penal tortures.
No prisoners there, enforc'd by torments, cry,
But fearless by their old tormentors lie. Sandys on Job.
Hadst thou full pow'r to kill,
Or measure out his torments by thy will;
Yet, what could'st thou, tormentor, hope to gain,
Thy loss continues unrepaid by pain. Dryden's Juv.
The ancient martyrs passed through such new inventions
and varieties of pain as tired their tormentors. Addison.

TO’RMENTIL. n. s. [tormentille, Fr. tormentilla, Lat.] Sept­
foil. A plant.
The root has been used for tanning of leather, and account­
ed the best astringent in the whole vegetable kingdom. Miller.
Refresh the spirits externally by some epithemata of balm,
bugloss, with the powder of the roots of tormentil. Wiseman.

TORN, part. pass. of tear.
Ye shall not eat any flesh that is torn of beasts. Exod. xxii.

TORNA’DO. n. s. [tornado, Spanish.] A hurricane; a whirl­
wind.
Nimble coruscations strike the eye,
And bold tornado's bluster in the sky. Garth.

TORPE’DO. n. s. [Lat.] A fish which while alive, if touched
even with a long stick, benumbs the hand that so touches it,
but when dead is eaten safely.

TO’RPENT. adj. [torpeus, Latin.] Benumbed; struck motion­
less; not active; incapable of motion.
A comprehensive expedient to assist the frail and torpent
memory through so multifarious an employment. Evelyn.

TO’RPID. adj. [torpidus, Latin.] Numbed; motionless; slug­
gish; not active.
Without heat all things would be torpid and without mo­
tion. Ray on the Creation.
The sun awakes the torpid sap. Thomson's Spring.

TO’RPIDNESS. n. s. [from torpid.] The state of being torpid.
Though the object about which it is exercised be poor,
little, and low, yet a man hath this advantage by the exer­
cise of this faculty about it, that it keeps it from rest and
torpidness, it enlargeth and habituates it for a due improve­
ment even about nobler objects. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

TO’RPITUDE. n. s. [from torpid.] State of being motionless;
numbness; sluggishness.
Some, in their most perfect state, subsist in a kind of tor­
pitude or sleeping state. Derham.

TO’RPOR. n. s. [Latin.] Dulness; numbness; inability to
move; dulness of sensation.
Motion discusses the torpor of solid bodies, which, beside
their motion of gravity, have in them a natural appetite not
to move at all. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 763.

TORREFA’CTION. n. s. [torrefaction, Fr. torrefacio, Latin.]
The act of drying by the fire.
When torrefied sulphur makes bodies black, why does tor­
refaction make sulphur itself black. Boyle on Colours.
If it have not a sufficient insolation it looketh pale; if it
be sunned too long it suffereth torrefaction. Brown.

To TO’RREFY. v. a. [torrifier, Fr. torrefacio, Lat.] To dry
by the fire.
In the sulphur of bodies torrified consist the principles of
inflammability. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The Africans are more peculiarly scorched and torrefied
from the sun by addition of dryness from the soil. Brown.
Divers learned men assign, for the cause of blackness, the
sooty steam of adust, or torrefied sulphur. Boyle on Colours.
Torrefied sulphur makes bodies black; I desire to know
why torrefaction makes sulphur itself black? Boyle.
Another clister is composed of two heminæ of white wine,
half a hemina of honey, ægyptian nitre torrefied a qua­
drant. Arbuthnot on Coins.

TO’RRENT. n. s. [torrent, Fr. torrens, Lat.]
1. A sudden stream raised by summer showers.
The near in blood,
Forsake me like the torrent of a flood. Sandys on Job.
Will no kind flood, no friendly rain,
Disguise the marshal's plain disgrace;
No torrents swell the low Mohayne,
The world will say he durst not pass. Prior.
2. A violent and rapid stream; tumultuous current.
Not far from Caucasus are certain steep falling torrents,
which wash down many grains of gold, as in many other
parts of the world; and the people there inhabiting use to
set many fleeces of wool in these descents of waters, in which
the grains of gold remain, and the water passeth through,
which Strabo witnesseth to be true. Raleigh.
The memory of those who, out of duty and conscience,
opposed that torrent which did overwhelm them, should not
lose the recompence due to their virtue. Clarendon.
When shrivell'd herbs on with'ring stems decay,
The wary ploughman, on the mountain's brow,
Undams his wat'ry stores, huge torrents flow,
Temp'ring the thirsty fever of the field. Dryden's Georg.
Erasmus, that great injur'd name,
Stemm'd the wild torrent of a barb'rous age. Pope.

TO’RRENT. adj. [torrens, Lat.] Rolling in a rapid stream.
Fierce Phlegeton,
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. Milton.

TO’RRID. adj. [torride, Fr. torridus, Lat.]
1. Parched; dried with heat.
Galen's commentators mention a twofold dryness; the one
concomitated with a heat, which they call a torrid tabes;
the other with a coldness, when the parts are consumed
through extinction of their native heat. Harvey on Consump.
2. Burning; violently hot.
This with torrid heat,
And vapours as the Libyan air adust,
Began to parch that temperate clime. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. It is particularly applied to the regions or zone between the
tropicks.
Columbus first
Found a temp'rate in a torrid zone;
The fev'rish air fann'd by a cooling breeze. Dryden.
Those who amidst the torrid regions live,
May they not gales unknown to us receive?
See daily show'rs rejoice the thirsty earth,
And bless the flow'ry buds succeeding birth. Prior.

TO’RSEL. n. s. [torse, Fr.] Any thing in a twisted form.
When you lay any timber on brickwork, as torsels for
mantle trees to lie on, or lintols over windows, lay them in
loam. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.

TO’RSION. n. s. [torsio, Lat.] The act of turning or twisting.

TORT. n. s. [tort, Fr. tortum, low Latin.] Mischief; injury;
calamity. Obsolete.
Then gan triumphant trumpets sound on high,
That sent to heaven the echoed report
Of their new joy, and happy victory
Against him that had been long opprest with tort,
And fast imprisoned in sieged fort. Fa. Qu. b. i.
He dreadless bad them come to court,
For no wild beasts should do them any tort. Spenser.
Your disobedience and ill managing
Of actions, lost for want of due support,
Refer I justly to a further spring,
Spring of sedition, strife, oppression, tort. Fairfax, b. i.

TO’RTILE. n. s. [tortilis, Lat.] Twisted; wreathed.

TO’RTION. n. s. [from tortus, Latin.] Torment; pain. Not
in use.
All purgers have a raw spirit or wind, which is the prin­
cipal cause of tortion in the stomach and belly. Bacon.

TO’RTIOUS. adj. [from tort.] Injurious; doing wrong. Spens.

TO’RTIVE. adj. [from tortus, Lat.] Twisted; wreathed.
Knots by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain
Tortive and errant from his course of growth. Shakespeare.

TO’RTOISE. n. s. [tortue, French.]
1. An animal covered with a hard shell: there are tortoises
both of land and water.
In his needy shop a tortoise hung,
An alligator stuft. Shakespeare.
A living tortoise being turned upon its back, not being able
to make use of its paws for the returning of itself, because
they could only bend towards the belly, it could help itself
only by its neck and head; sometimes one side, sometimes
another, by pushing against the ground, to rock itself as in a
cradle, to find out where the inequality of the ground might
permit it to roll its shell. Ray on the Creation.
2. A form into which the ancient soldiers used to throw their
troops, by bending down and holding their bucklers above
their heads so that no darts could hurt them.


Their targets in a tortoise cast, the foes
Secure advancing, to the turrets rose. Dryden's æn.

TORTUO’SITY. n. s. [from tortuous.] Wreath; flexure.
These the midwife contriveth unto a knot close unto the
body of the infant, from whence ensueth that tortuosity, or
complicated nodosity, called the navel. Brown's Vulgar Err.

TO’RTUOUS. adj. [tortueux, Fr. from tortuosus, tortus, Lat.]
1. Twisted; wreathed; winding.
So vary'd he, and of his tortuous train
Curl'd many a wanton wreath. Milton.
Aqueous vapours, like a dry wind, pass through so long
and tortuous a pipe of lead. Boyle.
2. Mischievous. [Thus I explain it, on supposition that it is
derived from tort, wrong; but it may mean crooked: as we
say, crooked ways for bad practices, crooked being regularly
enough opposite to right. This in some copies is tortious,
and therefore from tort.]
Ne ought he car'd whom he endamaged
By tortuous wrong, or whom bereav'd of right. Fa. Qu.

TO’RTURE. n. s. [torture, Fr. tortura, Lat.]
1. Torments judicially inflicted; pain by which guilt is punish­
ed, or confession extorted.
Hecate
Then led me trembling through those dire abodes,
And taught the tortures of th' avenging gods. Dryden.
2. Pain; anguish; pang.
Better be with the dead,
Than on the torture of the mind to lie
In restless extasy. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Ghastly spasm or racking torture. Milton.

To TO’RTURE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To punish with tortures.
Hipparchus my enfranchis'd bondman,
He may at pleasure whip, or hang, or torture. Shakespeare.
The scourge inexorable and the torturing hour. Milton.
2. To vex; to excruciate; to torment.
Still must I cherish the dear, sad remembrance
At once to torture, and to please my soul. Addison's Cato.
3. To keep on the stretch.
The bow tortureth the string continually, and thereby
holdeth it in a continual trepidation. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

TO’RTURER. n. s. [from torture.] He who tortures; tormenter.
I play the torturer by small and small,
To lengthen out the worst that must be spoken. Shakesp.
When king Edward the second was amongst his torturers,
the more to disgrace his face, they shaved him, and washed
him with cold water; the king said, well, yet I will have
warm water, and so shed abundance of tears. Bacon's Apoph.
Turning our tortures into horrid arms
Against the torturer. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.

TO’RVITY. n. s. [torvitas, Lat.] Sourness; severity of coun­
tenance.

TO’RVOUS. adj. [torvus, Lat.] Sour of aspect; stern; severe
of countenance.
That torvous sour look produced by anger, and that gay
and pleasing countenance accompanying love. Derham.

T’ORY. n. s. [A cant term, derived, I suppose, from an Irish
word signifying a savage.] One who adheres to the antient
constitution of the state, and the apostolical hierarchy of the
church of England, opposed to a whig.
The knight is more a tory in the country than the town,
because it more advances his interest. Addison.
To confound his hated coin, all parties and religions join
whigs, tories. Swift.

TOS

To TOSE. v. n. [Of the same original with teize.] To comb
wool.

To TOSS. v. a. [tassen, Dutch; tasser, French, to accumu­
late; Minshew. esa?, to dance; Meric Casaubon. Tosen,
German, to make a noise; Skinner: perhaps from to us, a
word used by those who would have any thing thrown to
them.]
1. To throw with the hand, as a ball at play.
With this she seem'd to play, and as in sport,
Toss'd to her love in presence of the court. Dryden.
A shepherd diverted himself with tossing up eggs and catch­
ing them again. Addison.
2. To throw with violence.
Back do I toss these treasons to thy head. Shakespeare.
Vulcano's discharge forth with the fire not only metallick
and mineral matter but huge stones, tossing them up to a very
great height in the air. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. iv.
3. To lift with a sudden and violent motion.
Behold how they toss their torches on high,
How they point to the Persian abodes. Dryden.
I call'd to stop him, but in vain:
He tost his arm aloft, and proudly told me,
He would not stay. Addison's Cato.
So talk too idle buzzing things;
Toss up their heads, and stretch their wings. Prior.
4. To agitate; to put into violent motion.
The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed
to and fro. Prov. xxi. 6.
Things will have their first or second agitation; if they
be not tossed upon the arguments of counsel, they will be
tossed upon the waves of fortune, and be full of inconstancy,
doing and undoing. Bacon's Essays.
Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers tost,
And flutter'd into rags. Milton.
I have made several voyages upon the sea, often been tossed
in storms. Addison's Spect. No. 489.
5. To make restless; to disquiet.
She did love the knight of the red cross,
For whose dear sake so many troubles her did toss. F. Qu.
Calm region once,
And full of peace, now tost and turbulent. Milton.
6. To keep in play; to tumble over.
That scholar should come to a better knowledge in the
Latin tongue than most do, that spend four years in tossing all
the rules of grammar in common schools. Ascham.

To TOSS. v. n.
1. To fling; to winch; to be in violent commotion.
Dire was the tossing! deep the groans! despair
Tended the sick, busiest from couch to couch. Milton.
Galen tells us of a woman patient of his whom he found
very weak in bed, continually tossing and tumbling from one
side to another, and totally deprived of her rest. Harvey.
To toss and fling, and to be restless, only frets and enrages
our pain. Tillotson.
And thou, my sire, not destin'd by thy birth,
To turn to dust and mix with common earth,
How wilt thou toss and rave, and long to die,
And quit thy claim to immortality. Addison's Ovid.
2. To be tossed.
Your mind is tossing on the sea,
There where your argosies
Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shakespeare.
3. To TOSS up. To throw a coin into the air, and wager on
what side it shall fall.
I'd try if any pleasure could be found,
In tossing up for twenty thousand pound. Brampston.

TOSS. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of tossing.
The discus that is to be seen in the hand of the celebrated
Castor at Don Livio's is perfectly round; nor has it any
thing like a sling fastened to it, to add force to the toss. Add.
2. An affected manner of raising the head.
His various modes from various fathers follow;
One taught the toss, and one the new French wallow:
His sword-knot this, his cravat that design'd. Dryden.
There is hardly a polite sentence in the following dialogues
which doth not require some suitable toss of the head. Swift.

TO’SSEL. n. s. See TASSEL.
Tie at each lower corner a handful of hops with a piece
of packthread to make a tossel, by which you may conve­
niently lift the bag when full. Mortimer's Husbandry.

TO’SSER. n. s. [from toss.] One who throws; one who flings
and writhes.

TO’SSPOT. n. s. [toss and pot.] A toper and drunkard.

TOST. preterite and part. pass. of toss.
In a troubled sea of passion tost. Milton.

TOT

TO’TAL. adj. [totus, Lat. total, Fr.]
1. Whole; complete; full.
They set and rise;
Lest total darkness should by night regain
Her old possession, and extinguish life. Milton.
If all the pains that, for thy Britain's sake,
My past has took, or future life may take,
Be grateful to my queen; permit my pray'r,
And with this gift reward my total care. Prior.
2. Whole; not divided.
Either to undergo
Myself the total crime; or to accuse
My other-self, the partner of my life. Milton's Par. Lost.

TOTA’LITY. n. s. [totalité, Fr.] Complete sum; whole quan­
tity.

TO’TALLY. adv. [from total.] Wholly; fully; completely.
The sound interpreters expound this image of God, of na­
tural reason; which, if it be totally or mostly defaced, the
right of government doth cease. Bacon's holy War.
Charity doth not end with this world, but goes along with
us into the next, where it will be perfected: but faith and
hope shall then totally fail; the one being changed into sight,
the other into enjoyment. Atterbury's Sermons.

T'O’THER, contracted for the other.

To TOTTER. v. n. [tateren, to stagger, Dutch.] To shake
so as to threaten a fall.
What news, in this our tott'ring state?
—It is a reeling world indeed, my lord;
And I believe will never stand upright. Shakespeare.
As a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence. Psal.
The foes already have possess'd the wall,
Troy nods from high, and totters to her fall. Dryden.



TO’TTERY. adj. [from totter.] Shaking; unsteady; dizzy.
Neither of those words is used.
TO’TTY. adj. [from totter.] Shaking; unsteady; dizzy.
Neither of those words is used.
Siker thy head very tottie is,
So on thy corbe shoulder it leans amisse. Spenser's Past.

TOU

To TOUCH. v. a. [toucher, Fr. tœtsen, Dutch.]
1. To reach with any thing, so as that there be no space be­
tween the thing reached and the thing brought to it.
He so light was at legerdemain,
That what he touch'd came not to light again. Spenser.
Ye shall not eat nor touch it lest ye die. Gen. iii. 3.
He brake the withs as a thread of tow is broken when it
toucheth the fire. Judg. xvi. 9.
2. To come to; to attain.
He that is begotten of God keepeth himself, and that
wicked one toucheth him not. 1 John v. 18.
Their impious folly dar'd to prey
On herds devoted to the god of day;
The god vindictive doom'd them never more,
Ah men unbless'd! to touch that natal shore. Pope's Odys.
3. To try as gold with a stone.
When I have suit,
Wherein I mean to touch your love indeed,
It shall be full of poize and difficulty,
And fearful to be granted. Shakespeare's Othello.
4. To affect; to relate to.
In ancient times was publickly read first the scripture, as,
namely, something out of the books of the prophets of God;
some things out of the apostles writings; and, lastly, out of
the holy evangelists some things which touched the person of
our lord Jesus Christ. Hooker, b. v.
The quarrel toucheth none but us alone;
Betwixt ourselves let us decide it then. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
What of sweet
Hath touch'd my sense, flat seems to this. Milton.
5. To move; to strike mentally; to melt.
I was sensibly touched with that kind impression. Congreve.
The tender fire was touch'd with what he said,
And flung the blaze of glories from his head,
And bid the youth advance. Addison's Ovid.
6. To delineate or mark out.
Nature affords at least a glimm'ring light:
The lines, though touch'd but faintly, are drawn right.
Pope.
7. To censure; to animadvert upon.
Doctor Parker, in his sermon before them, touched them
for their living so near, that they went near to touch him for
his life. Hayward.
8. To infect; to seize slightly.
Pestilent diseases are bred in the Summer; otherwise those
touched are in most danger in the Winter. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
9. To bite; to wear; to have an effect on.
Its face must be very flat and smooth, and so hard, that a
file will not touch it, as smiths say, when a file will not eat,
or race it. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.
10. To strike a musical instrument.
They touch'd their golden harps, and prais'd. Milton.
One dip the pencil, and one touch the lyre. Pope.
11. To influence by impulse; to impel forcibly.
No decree of mine,
To touch with lightest moment of impulse
His free will. Milton.
12. To treat of perfunctorily.
This thy last reasoning words touch'd only. Milton.
13. To TOUCH up. To repair, or improve by slight strokes,
or little emendations.
What he saw was only her natural countenance touched up
with the usual improvements of an aged coquette. Addison.

To TOUCH. v. n.
1. To be in a state of junction so that no space is between
them.
2. To fasten on; to take effect on.
Strong waters pierce metals, and will touch upon gold that
will not touch upon silver. Bacon.
3. To TOUCH at. To come to without stay.
The next day we touched at Sidon. Acts xxvii. 3.
Oh fail not to touch at Peru;
With gold there our vessel we'll store. Cowley.
Civil law and history are studies which a gentleman should
not barely touch at, but constantly dwell upon. Locke.
A fishmonger lately touched at Hammersmith. Spectator.
4. To TOUCH on. To mention slightly.
The shewing by what steps knowledge comes into our
minds, it may suffice to have only touched on. Locke.
It is an use no-body has dwelt upon; if the antiquaries
have touched upon it they immediately quitted it. Addison.
5. To TOUCH on or upon. To go for a very short time.
He touched upon the Moluccoes. Abbot's Des. of the World.
Which monsters, lest the Trojan's pious host
Should bear, or touch upon th' inchanted coast,
Propitious Neptune steer'd their course by night. Dryden.
I made a little voyage round the lake, and touched on the
several towns that lie on its coasts. Addison on Italy.
6. To TOUCH on or upon. To mention slightly.
It is impossible to make observations in art or science which
have not been touched upon by others. Addison's Spectator.

TOUCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Reach of any thing so that there is no space between the
things reaching and reached.
2. The sense of feeling.
O dear son Edgar,
Might I but live to see thee in my touch,
I'd say, I had eyes again. Shakesp. King Lear:
The spirit of wine, or chemical oils, which are so hot in
operation, are to the first touch cold. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
By touch the first pure qualities we learn,
Which quicken all things, hot, cold, moist and dry;
By touch, hard, soft, rough, smooth, we do discern;
By touch, sweet pleasure, and sharp pain we try. Davies.
The spiders touch how exquisitely fine!
Feels at each thread, and lives along the line. Pope.
The fifth sense is touch, a sense over the whole body. Locke.
3. The act of touching.
The touch of the cold water made a pretty kind of shrug­
ging come over her body, like the twinkling of the fairest
among the fixed stars. Sidney, b. ii.
The time was once when thou unurg'd wou'd'st vow,
That never touch was welcome to thy hand
Unless I touch'd. Shakespeare.
With one virtuous touch
Th' archchemick sun produces precious things. Milton.
4. Examination as by a stone.
To-morrow, good sir Michell, is a day
Wherein the fortune of ten thousand men
Must bide the touch. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Ah Buckingham, now do I ply the touch,
To try if thou be current gold indeed. Shakespeare.
Albeit some of these articles were merely devised, yet the
duke being of base gold, and fearing the touch, subscribed
that he did acknowledge his offences. Hayward.
5. Test; that by which any thing is examined.
The law-makers rather respected their own benefit than
equity, the true touch of all laws. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
6. Proof; tried qualities.
Come my sweet wife, my dearest mother, and
My friends of noble touch! when I am forth,
Bid me farewel, and smile. Shakespeare.
7. [Touche, Fr.] Single act of a pencil upon the picture.
Artificial strife
Lives in those touches, livelier than life. Shakespeare.
It will be the more difficult for him to conceive when he
has only a relation given him, without the nice touches which
make the graces of the picture. Dryden.
Never give the least touch with your pencil, till you have
well examined your design. Dryden.
8. Feature; lineament.
Thus Rosalind of many parts
By heav'nly synod was devis'd;
Of many faces, eyes and hearts,
To have the touches dearest priz'd. Shakesp. As you like it.
A son was copy'd from his voice so much,
The very same in ev'ry little touch. Dryden.
9. Act of the hand upon a musical instrument.
Here let the sounds of musick
Creep in our ears; soft stilness and the night
Become the touches of sweet harmony. Shakespeare.
10. Power of exciting the affections.
Not alone
The death of Fulvia, with more urgent touches,
Do strongly speak t' us. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Nor wanted power to mitigate and swage,
With solemn touches, troubled thoughts. Milton.
11. Something of passion or affection.
He which without our nature could not on earth suffer for
the world, doth now also, by means thereof, both make inter­
rcession to God for sinners, and exercise dominion over all men,
with a true, natural, and a sensible touch of mercy. Hooker.
He loves us not:
He wants the natural touch. Shakespeare.
12. Particular relation; sensible relation.
Speech of touch towards others should be sparingly used;
for discourse ought to be as a field, without coming home to
any man. Bacon's Essays.
13. [Touche, Fr.] A stroke.
Our kings no sooner fall out, but their mints make war
upon one another; one meets sometimes with very nice
touches of raillery. Addison on ancient Medals.
Another smart touch of the author we meet with in the
fifth page, where, without any preparation, he breaks out
all on a sudden into a vein of poetry. Addison.
Though its error may be such,
As Knags and Burgess cannot hit
It yet may feel the nicer touch
Of Wicherley's or Congreve's wit. Prior.


He gave the little wealth he had
To build a house for fools and mad;
To shew by one satyrick touch,
No nation wanted it so much. Swift.
14. Animadversion; censure.
I never bare any touch of conscience with greater regret.
King Charles.
Soon mov'd with touch of blame, thus Eve,
What words have pass'd thy lips, Adam, severe. Milton.
15. Exact performance of agreement.
Touch kept is commended, yet credit to keepe
Is pay and dispatch him, yer ever ye sleepe. Tusser.
Quoth Hudibras, thou offer'st much,
But art not able to keep touch. Hudibras, p. i.
I keep touch both with my promise to Philopolis, and with
my own usual frugality in these kind of collations. More.
He was not to expect that so perfidious a creature should
keep touch with him. L'Estrange.
16. A small quantity intermingled.
Madam, I have a touch of your condition,
That cannot brook the accent of reproof. Shakespeare.
This coming still nearer to an aspiration, a touch of it
may perhaps be an ingredient in the rough guttural pronun­
ciation of the Welsh and Irish. Holder's Elements of Speech.
17. A hint; slight notice given.
The king your master knows their disposition very well;
a small touch will put him in mind of them. Bacon.
18. A cant word for a slight essay.
Print my preface in such a form as, in the booksellers
phrase, will make a sixpenny touch. Swift.

TO’UCHABLE. adj. [from touch.] Tangible; that may be
touched.

TO’UCH-HOLE. n. s. [touch and hole.] The hole through which
the fire is conveyed to the powder in the gun.
In a piece of ordnance, if you speak in the touch-hole, and
another lay his ear to the mouth of the piece, the sound is
far better heard than in the open air. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

TO’UCHINESS. n. s. [from touching.] Peevishness; irascibility.
My friends resented it as a motion not guided with such
discretion as the touchiness of those times required. K. Charles.

TO’UCHING. prep. [This word is originally a participle of
touch.] With respect, regard, or relation to.
Touching things which belong to discipline, the church
hath authority to make canons and decrees, even as we read
in the apostles times it did. Hooker, b. iii.
Touching our person, seek we no revenge;
But we our kingdom's safety must so tender,
Whose ruin you three sought, that to her laws
We do deliver you. Shakespeare's Henry V.
The heavens and the earth remained in the same state in
which they were created, as touching their substances, though
there was afterwards added multiplicity of perfection in re­
spect of beauty. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Touching the debt, he took himself to be acquitted thereof.
Hayward.
Socrates chose rather to die than renounce or conceal his
judgment touching the unity of the Godhead. South.

TO’UCHING. adj. [from touch.] Pathetick; affecting; moving.

TO’UCHINGLY. adv. [from touch.] With feeling emotion; in
a pathetick manner.
This last fable shows how touchingly the poet argues in
love affairs. Garth.

TOUCHMENOT. n. s. An herb. Ains.

TO’UCHSTONE. n. s. [touch and stone; pierre de touche, Fr.]
1. Stone by which metals are examined.
Chilon would say, that gold was tried with the touchstone,
and men with gold. Bacon's Apophth.
If he intends to deal clearly, why does he make the touch­
stone faulty, and the standard uncertain. Collier.
2. Any test or criterion.
Is not this their rule of such sufficiency, that we should use
it as a touchstone to try the orders of the church? Hooker.
The work, the touchstone of the nature, is;
And by their operations things are known. Davies.
Money serves for the touchstone of common honesty. L'Est.
Time is the surest judge of truth: I am not vain enough
to think I have left no faults in this, which that touchstone
will not discover. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

TO’UCHWOOD. n. s. [touch and wood.] Rotten wood used to
catch the fire struck from the flint.
A race of resolute stout trees they are, so abounding with
metal and heat, that they quickly take fire, and become
touchwood. Howel's Vocal Forest.
To make white powder, the powder of rotten willows is
best; spunk, or touchwood prepared might make it russet. Br.

TO’UCHY. adj. [from touch.] Peevish; irritable; irascible;
apt to take fire. A low word.
You are upon a touchy point, and therefore treat so nice a
subject with proportionable caution. Collier on Pride.
You are so touchy, and take things so hotly, I am sure there
must be some mistake in this. Arbuthnot's Hist. of J. Bull.

TOUGH. adj. [toh, Saxon.]
1. Yielding without fracture; not brittle.
Of bodies some are fragile, and some are tough, and not
fragile. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Stiff; not easily flexible.
The bow he drew,
And almost join'd the horns of the tough eugh. Dryden.
Fate with nature's law would strive,
To shew plain-dealing once an age may thrive;
And when so tough a frame she could not bend,
Exceeded her commission to befriend. Dryden.
3. Not easily injured or broken.
O sides you are too tough!
Will you yet hold? Shakespeare.
A body made of brass the crone demands
For her lov'd nursling, strung with nerves of wire,
Tough to the last, and with no toil to tire. Dryden.
4. Viscous; clammy; ropy.

To TO’UGHEN. v. n. [from tough.] To grow tough.
Hops off the kiln lay three weeks to cool, give and
toughen, else they will break to powder. Mortimer's Husb.

TO’UGHNESS. n. s. [from tough.]
1. Not brittleness; flexibility.
To make an induration with toughness, and less fragility,
decoct bodies in water for three days; but they must be such
into which the water will not enter. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
A well-temper'd sword is bent at will,
But keeps the native toughness of the steel. Dryden.
2. Viscosity; tenacity; clamminess; glutionousness.
In the first stage the viscosity or toughness of the fluids should
be taken off by diluents. Arbuthnot on Diet.
3. Firmness against injury.
I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdur­
able toughness. Shakesp. Othello.

TOUPE’T. n. s. [Fr.] A curl; an artificial lock of hair.
Remember second-hand toupees and repaired ruffles. Swift.

TOUR. n. s. [tour, French.]
1. Ramble; roving journey.
I made the tour of all the king's palaces. Addison.
Were it permitted, he'd make the tour of the whole system
of the fun. Arbuthnot and Pope's Mart. Scrib.
2. Turn; revolution. In both these senses it is rather French
than English.
First Ptolemy his scheme cœlestial wrought,
And of machines a wild provision brought;
Orbs centrick and eccentrick he prepares,
Cycles and epicycles, solid spheres
In order plac'd, and with bright globes inlaid,
To solve the tours by heavenly bodies made. Blackmore.
3. In Milton it is probably tow'r; soar; elevation.
The bird of Jove stoop'd from his airy tour,
Two birds of gayest plume before him drove. Milton.

TO’URNAMENT. n. s. [tournamentum, low Lat.]
TO’URNEY. n. s. [tournamentum, low Lat.]
1. Tilt; just; military sport; mock encounter.
They might under the pretence
Of tilts and tournaments,
Provide them horse and armour for defence. Daniel.
For justs, tourneys, and barriers, the glories of them are
the chariots, wherein challengers make their entry. Bacon.
Whence came all those justs, tiltings, and tournaments, so
much in use in these parts. Temple's Miscel.
He liv'd with all the pomp he cou'd devise,
At tilts and tournaments obtain'd the prize,
But found no favour in his lady's eyes. Dryden.
The spousals of Hippolita the queen,
What tilts and tourneys at the feast were seen. Dryden.
2. Milton uses it simply for encounter; shock of battle.
With cruel tournament the squadrons join!
Where cattle pastur'd late, now scatter'd lies
With carcasses, and arms, th' insanguin'd field. Milton.

To TOURNEY. v. n. [from the noun.] To tilt in the lists.
An elfin born of noble state,
Well could he tourney, and in lists debate. F. Qu. b. ii.

TO’URNIQUET. n. s. [French.] A bandage used in amputa­
tions, straitened or relaxed by the turn of a handle.
If the orifice does not readily appear, loosen the tourniquet,
and the effusion of blood will direct you to it. Sharp.

To TOUSE. v. a. [probably of the same original with taw,
teize, tose.] To pull; to tear; to haul; to drag: whence
touser or towzer, the name of a mastiff.
As a bear whom angry curs have touz'd,
Having off shak'd them and escap'd their hands,
Becomes more fell, and all that him withstands
Treads down and overthrows. Spenser.
Take him hence; to th' rack with him: we'll towze you
Joint by joint, but we will know his purpose. Shakespeare.
To towze such things as flutter
To honest Bounce is bread and butter. Swift.

TOW

TOW. n. s. [tow, Saxon.] Flax or hemp beaten and combed
into a filamentous substance.


Tow twisted round the handle of an instrument makes it
easier to be held. Sharp.

To TOW. v. a. [teon, teohan, Saxon, to lead; toghen, old
Dutch.] To draw by a rope, particularly through the water.
Thou knew'st too well
My heart was to thy rudder ty'd by th' string,
And thou should'st tow me after. Shak. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The seamen towed, and I shoved, till we arrived. Swift.

TOWA’RD. prep. [toward, Saxon.]
TOWA’RDS. prep. [toward, Saxon.]
1. In a direction to.
He set his face toward the wilderness. Num. xxiv. 1.
The currents drive,
Tow'rds the retreating sea, their furious tide. Milton.
2. Near to: as, the danger now comes towards him.
3. With respect to; touching; regarding.
We brought them to as great peace between themselves,
as love towards us for having made the peace. Sidney, b. ii.
Repent you not,
As that the sin hath brought you to this shame,
Which sorrow's always tow'rds ourselves, not heav'n?
Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
His heart relented towards her. Milton.
By our law, no good is to be left undone towards all, not
the good of the tongue, the hand, the heart. South's Sermons.
4. With tendency to.
This was the first alarm England received towards any
trouble, after it had enjoyed for so many years the most un­
interrupted prosperity. Clarendon, b. ii.
5. Nearly; little less than.
I am towards nine years older since I left you. Swift.

TOWA’RD. adv. [It is doubtful whether in this use the word
be adverb or adjective.] Near; at hand; in a
state of preparation.
TOWA’RDS. adv. [It is doubtful whether in this use the word
be adverb or adjective.] Near; at hand; in a
state of preparation.
What might be toward that this sweaty haste
Doth make the night joint labourer with the day. Shakesp.

TOWA’RD. adj. Ready to do or learn; not froward.

TO’WARDLINESS. n. s. [from towardly.] Docility; compli­
ance; readiness to do or to learn.
The beauty and towardliness of these children moved her
brethren to envy. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

TO’WARDLY. adj. [from toward.] Ready to do or learn; do­
cile; compliant with duty.
Some young towardly noblemen or gentlemen were usually
sent as assistants or attendants. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.

TO’WARDNESS. n. s. [from toward.] Docility.
Parents will not throw away the towardness of a child,
and the expence of education upon a profession, the labour of
which is encreased, and the rewards are vanished. South.

TO’WEL. n. s. [touaille, French; touaglio, Italian.] A cloath
on which the hands are wiped.
His arm must be kept up with a napkin or towel. Wiseman.
Th' attendants water for their hands supply,
And having wash'd, with silken towels dry. Dryden's æn.

TO’WER. n. s. [tor, Saxon; tour, Fr. torre, Italian; turris,
Latin.]
1. A high building; a building raised above the main edifice.
Let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach
unto heaven. Gen. xi. 4.
2. A fortress; a citadel.
3. A high head-dress.
Lay trains of amorous intrigues
In towers, and curls, and perriwigs. Hudibras, p. iii.
4. High flight; elevation.

To TO’WER. v. n. To soar; to fly or rise high.
On th' other side an high rock tow'red still. Spenser.
No marvel
My lord protector's hawks do tower so well. Shakesp.
Circular base of rising folds that tower'd
Fold above fold a surging maze. Milton.
Tow'ring his height, and ample was his breast. Dryden.
The crooked plough, the share, the tow'ring height
Of waggons, and the cart's unweildy weight;
These all must be prepar'd. Dryden's Georg.
All those sublime thoughts which tower above the clouds,
and reach as high as heaven itself, take their rise, not one jot
beyond those ideas which sense or reflection have offered for
the contemplation of the mind. Locke.

TO’WER-MUSTARD. n. s. [turritis, Lat.] A plant.
The flower of the tower-mustard consists of four leaves,
expanding in form of a cross, out of whose empalement rises
the pointal, which afterward becomes a long, smooth pod,
growing for the most part upright, and opening into two
parts, in each of which are many smooth seeds. Miller.

TO’WERED. adj. [from tower.] Adorned or defended by towers.
Might she the wise Latona be,
Or the tow'red Cybele. Milton's Arcades.

TO’WERY. adj. [from tower.] Adorned or guarded with towers.
Here naked rocks, and empty wastes were seen,
There tow'ry cities and the forests green. Pope.
Rise, crown'd with lights, imperial Salem rise!
Exalt thy tow'ry head, and lift thy eyes! Pope's Messiah.
With his tow'ry grandeur swell their state. Thomson.

TOWN. n. s. [tun, Saxon; tuyn, Dutch; from tinan, Saxon,
shut.]
1. Any walled collection of houses.
She let them down by a cord; for her house was upon the
town wall. Jos. ii. 15.
2. Any collection of houses larger than a village.
Speak the speech trippingly on the tongue: but if you
mouth it, as many of our players do, I had as lieve the town
crier had spoke the lines. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Into whatsoever city or town ye enter, enquire who in it is
worthy, and there abide? Mat. x. 11.
Before him towns and rural works between. Milton.
My friend this insult sees,
And flies from towns to woods. Broome.
3. In England, any number of houses to which belongs a re­
gular market, and which is not a city or see of a bishop.
4. The court end of London.
A virgin whom her mother's care
Drags from the town to wholesome country air. Pope.
5. The people who live in the capital.
He all at once let down,
Stuns with his giddy larum half the town. Pope.
6. It is used by the inhabitants of every town or city: as we
say, a new family is come to town.
There is some new dress or new diversion just come to
town. Law.

TO’WNCLERK. n. s. [town and clerk.] An officer who manages
the publick business of a place.
The townclerk appeased the people. Acts xix. 35.

TOWNHO’USE. n. s. [town and house.] The hall where publick
business is transacted.
A townhouse built at one end will front the church that
stands at the other. Addison on Italy.

TO’WNSHIP. n. s. [town and ship.] The corporation of a town;
the district belonging to a town.
I am but a poor petitioner of our whole township. Shakesp.
They had built houses, planted gardens, erected townships,
and made provision for their posterity. Raleigh.

TO’WNSMAN. n. s. [town and man.]
1. An inhabitant of a place.
Here come the townsmen on procession,
Before your highness to present the man. Shakespeare.
In the time of king Henry the sixth, in a fight between
the earls of Ormond and Desmond, almost all the townsmen
of Kilkenny were slain. Davies on Ireland.
They marched to Newcastle, which being defended only
by the townsmen, was given up to them. Clarendon, b. viii.
I left him at the gate firm to your interest,
T' admit the townsmen at their first appearance. Dryden.
2. One of the same town.

TO’WNTALK. n. s. [town and talk.] Common prattle of a
place.
If you tell the secret, in twelve hours it shall be towntalk.
L'Estrange.

TO’XICAL. adj. [toxicum, Lat.] Poisonous; containing poison.

TOY

TOY. n. s. [toyen, tooghen, to dress with many ornaments,
Dutch.]
1. A petty commodity; a trifle; a thing of no value.
Might I make acceptable unto her that toy which I had
found, following an acquaintance of mine at the plough. Sidn.
They exchange for knives, glasses and such toys, great
abundance of gold and pearl. Abbot.
Because of old
Thou thyself doatd'st on womankind, admiring
Their shape, their colour, and attractive grace:
None are, thou think'st, but taken with such toys. Milton.
O virtue! virtue! what art thou become,
That men should leave thee for that toy a woman. Dryden.
2. A plaything; a bauble.
To dally thus with death is no fit toy,
Go find some other play-fellows, mine own sweet boy.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
What a profusion of wealth laid out in coaches, trappings,
tables, cabinets, and the like precious toys. Addison.
In Delia's hand this toy is fatal found,
Nor could that fabled dart more surely wound. Pope.
3. Matter of no importance.
'Tis a cockle or a walnut shell,
A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby's cap. Shakespeare.
4. Folly; trifling practice; silly opinion.
The things which so long experience of all ages hath con­
firmed and made profitable, let us not presume to condemn
as follies and toys, because we sometime know not the cause
and reason of them. Hooker, b. iv.
5. Play; sport; amorous dalliance.
Ye sons of Venus, play your sports at will;
For greedy pleasure, careless of your toys,
Thinks more upon her paradise of joys. Spenser's Epithal.
So said he, and forbore not glance or toy
Of amorous intent. Milton.


6. Odd story; silly tale.
I never may believe
These antick fables, nor these fairy toys. Shakespeare.
7. Frolick; humour; odd fancy.
Shall that which hath always received this construction, be
now disguised with a toy of novelty. Hooker, b. v.
The very place puts toys of desperation,
Without more motive, into every brain,
That looks so many fathoms to the sea,
And hears it roar beneath. Shakesp. Hamlet.

To TOY. v. n. [from the noun.] To trifle; to dally amour­
ously; to play.

TO’YISH. adj. [from toy.] Trifling; wanton.

TO’YISHNESS. n. s. [from toyish.] Nugacity; wantonness.
Your society will discredit that toyishness of wanton fancy,
that plays tricks with words, and frolicks with the caprices
of frothy imagination. Glanville's Sceps.

TO’YSHOP. n. s. [toy and shop.] A shop where playthings and
little nice manufactures are sold.
Fans, silks, ribbands, laces, and gewgaws, lay so thick
together, that the heart was nothing else but a toyshop. Add.
With varying vanities from every part,
They shift the moving toyshop of their heart. Pope.

To TOZE. v. a. [See TOWSE and TEASE.] To pull by vio­
lence or impetuosity.
Think'st thou, for that I insinuate, or toze from thee thy
business, I am therefore no courtier. Shakespeare.

TRA

TRACE. n. s. [trace, Fr. traccia, Italian.]
1. Mark left by any thing passing; footsteps.
These as a line their long dimension drew,
Streaking the ground with sinuous trace. Milton.
2. Remain; appearance of what has been.
The people of these countries are reported to have lived
like the beasts among them, without any traces of orders,
laws, or religion. Temple.
There are not the least traces of it to be met, the greatest
part of the ornaments being taken from Trajan's arch, and
set up to the conqueror. Addison on Italy.
The shady empire shall retain no trace
Of war, or blood, but in the Sylvan chace. Pope.
3. [From tirasser, French; tirasses, traces.] Harness for beasts
of draught.
Her waggon spokes made of long spinner's legs;
The cover, of the wings of grashoppers;
The traces, of the smallest spider's web. Shakespeare.
The labour'd ox
In his loose traces from the furrow came. Milton.
While lab'ring oxen, spent with toil and heat,
In their loose traces from the field retreat. Pope.
Twelve young mules,
New to the plough, unpractis'd in the trace. Pope's Odys.

To TRACE. v. a. [tracer, Fr. tracciare, Italian.]
1. To follow by the footsteps, or remaining marks.
I feel thy power to trace the ways
Of highest agents. Milton.
You may trace the deluge quite round the globe in profane
history; and every one of these people have a tale to tell
concerning the restauration. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
They do but trace over the paths beaten by the ancients,
or comment, critick, or flourish upon them. Temple.
To this haste of the mind a not due tracing of the argu­
ments to their true foundation is owing. Locke.
2. To follow with exactness.
That servile path thou nobly dost decline,
Of tracing word by word, and line by line. Denham.
3. To mark out.
He allows the soul power to trace images on the brain, and
perceive them. Locke.
His pen can trace out a true quotation. Swift.
4. To walk over.
Men as they trace,
Both feet and face one way are wont to lead. Fa. Qu.
We do trace this alley up and down. Shakespeare.

TRA’CER. n. s. [from trace.] One that traces.
Ambassadors should not be held the tracers of a plot of
such malice. Howel.

TRACK. n. s. [trac, old French; traccia, Italian.]
1. Mark left upon the way by the foot or otherwise.
Following the track of Satan. Milton.
Hung by the neck and hair, and dragg'd around,
The hostile spear yet sticking in his wound,
With tracks of blood inscrib'd the dusty ground. Dryden.
Consider the exterior frame of the globe, if we may find
any tracks or footsteps of wisdom in its constitution. Bentley.
2. A road; a beaten path.
With track oblique sidelong he works his way. Milton.
Behold Torquatus the same track persue,
And next, the two devoted Decii view. Dryden's æn.

To TRACK. v. a. [from the noun.] To follow by the foot­
steps or marks left in the way.
As shepherd's cur that in dark evening's shade
Hath tracked forth some savage beast's treade. Fa. Queen.
He was not only a professed imitator of Horace, but a
learned plagiary in all the others; you track him everywhere
in their snow. Dryden.

TRA’CKLESS. adj. [from track.] Untrodden; marked with no
footsteps.
Lost in trackless fields of shining day,
Unable to discern the way,
Which Nassau's virtue only cou'd explore. Prior.

TRACT. n. s. tractus, Lat.]
1. Any kind of extended substance.
2. A region; a quantity of land.
Only there are some tracts which, by high mountains, are
barred from air and fresh wind. Raleigh.
Heav'n hides nothing from thy view,
Nor the deep tract of hell. Milton.
Monte Circeio, by Homer called insula æea, is a very
high mountain joined to the main land by a narrow tract of
earth. Addison.
3. Continuity; any thing protracted, or drawn out to length.
The myrtle flourisheth still; and wonderful it is that for
so long a tract of time she should still continue fresh. Howel.
Your bodies may at last turn all to spirit,
Improv'd by tract of time, and wing'd ascend
Ethereal as we. Milton.
As in tract of speech a dubious word is easily known by
the coherence with the rest, and a dubious letter by the whole
word; so may a deaf person, having competent knowledge
of language, by an acute sagacity by some more evident
word discerned by his eye, know the sense. Holder.
4. Course; manner of process; unless it means, in this place,
rather, discourse; explanation.
The tract of every thing
Would, by a good discourser, lose some life
Which action's self was tongue to. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
5. It seems to be used by Shakespeare for track.
The weary sun hath made a golden set,
And, by the bright tract of his fiery car,
Gives signal of a goodly day to-morrow. Shakespeare.
6. [Tractatus, Lat.] A treatise; a small book.
The church clergy at that time writ the best collection of
tracts against popery that ever appeared. Swift.

TRA’CTABLE. adj. [tractabilis, Lat. traitable, Fr.]
1. Manageable; docile; compliant; obsequious; practicable;
governable.
For moderation of those affections growing from the very
natural bitterness and gall of adversity, the scripture much
alledgeth contrary fruit, which affliction likewise hath, when­
soever it falleth on them that are tractable, the grace of God's
holy spirit concurring therewith. Hooker, b. v.
Noble Ajax, you are as strong, as valiant, as wise, no
less noble, much more gentle, and altogether more tractable.
Shakesp. Troilas and Cressida.
Tractable obedience is a slave
To each incensed will. Shakesp. Henry VII.
If thou dost find him tractable to us,
Encourage him, and tell him all our reasons;
If he be leaden, icy, cold, unwilling,
Be thou so too. Shakesp. Rich. III.
As those who are bent to do wickedly will never want
tempters to urge them on in an evil course; so those who
yield themselves tractable to good motions, will find the spirit
of God more ready to encourage them. Tillotson's Sermons.
If a strict hand be kept over children from the beginning,
they will in that age be tractable, and quietly submit to it.
Locke on Education.
2. Palpable; such as may be handled.
The other measures are of continued quantity visible, and
for the most part tractable; whereas time is always transient,
neither to be seen nor felt. Holder on Time.

TRA’CTABLENESS. n. s. [from tractable.] The state of being
tractable; compliance; obsequiousness.
It will be objected, that whatsoever I fansy of childrens
tractableness, yet many will never apply. Locke.

TRA’CTATE. n. s. [tractatus, Latin.] A treatise; a tract; a
small book.
Though philosophical tractates make enumeration of au­
thors, yet are their reasons usually introduced. Brown.
We need no other evidence than Glanville's tractate. Hale.

TRA’CTION. n. s. [from tractus, Lat.] The act of drawing;
the state of being drawn.
The malleus being fixed to an extensible membrane, fol­
lows the traction of the muscle, and is drawn inwards to
bring the terms of that line nearer in proportion as it is
curved, and so gives a tension to the tympanum. Holder.

TRA’CTILE. n. s. [tractus, Lat.] Capable to be drawn out or
extended in length; ductile.
The consistences of bodies are very divers; fragile, tough;
flexible, inflexible; tractile, or to be drawn forth in length,
intractile. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 839.

TRACTI’LITY. adj. [from tractile.] The quality of being trac­
tile.


Silver, whose ductility and tractility are much inferiour to
those of gold, was drawn out to so slender a wire, that a
single grain amounted to twenty-seven feet. Derham.

TRADE. n. s. [tratta, Italian.]
1. Traffick; commerce; exchange of goods for other goods,
or for money.
Whosoever commands the sea, commands the trade; who­
soever commands the trade of the world, commands the
riches of the world, and consequently the world itself. Ral.
Trade increases in one place and decays in another. Temple.
2. Occupation; particular employment whether manual or
mercantile; distinguished from the liberal arts or learned pro­
fessions.
Appoint to every one that is not able to live of his
freehold a certain trade of life; the which trade he shall be
bound to follow. Spenser on Ireland.
How dizzy! half way down
Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade. Shakesp.
I'll mountebank their loves, and come home belov'd
Of all the trades in Rome. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Fear and piety,
Instruction, manners, mysteries, and trades,
Decline to your confounding contraries. Shakespeare.
The rude Equicolæ
Hunting their sport, and plund'ring was their trade. Dryd.
Fight under him; there's plunder to be had;
A captain is a very gainful trade. Dryden's Juv.
The whole division that to Mars pertains,
All trades of death, that deal in steel for gains. Dryden.
The emperor Pertinax applied himself in his youth to a
gainful trade; his father, judging him fit for a better em­
ployment, had a mind to turn his education another way;
the son was obstinate in pursuing so profitable a trade, a sort
of merchandise of wood. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. Instruments of any occupation.
The shepherd bears
His house and houshold gods, his trade of war,
His bow and quiver, and his trusty our. Dryden's Virgil.
4. Any employment not manual; habitual exercise.
Call some of young years to train them up in that trade;
and so fit them for weighty affairs. Bacon.

To TRADE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To traffick; to deal; to hold commerce.
He commanded these servants to be called, to know how
much every man had gained by trading. Luke xix. 15.
Delos, a sacred place, grew a free port, where nations
warring with one another resorted with their goods, and
traded. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Maximinus traded with the Goths in the product of his
estate in Thracia. Arbuthnot.
2. To act merely for money.
Saucy and overbold! how did you dare
To trade and traffick with Macbeth,
In riddles and affairs of death? Shakesp Macbeth.
3. Having a trading wind.
They on the trading flood ply tow'rd the pole. Milton.

To TRADE. v. a. To sell or exchange in commerce.
They were thy merchants: they traded the persons of
men and vessels of brass in thy market. Ezek. xxvii. 13.

TRADE-WIND. n. s. [trade and wind.] The monsoon; the
periodical wind between the tropicks.
Thus to the eastern wealth through storms we go,
But now, the Cape once doubled, fear no more;
A constant trade-wind will securely blow,
And gently lay us on the spicey shore. Dryden.
His were the projects of perpetuum mobiles, and of in­
creasing the trade-wind by vast plantations of reeds. Arbuth.
Comfortable is the trade-wind to the equatorial parts, with­
out which life would be both short and grievous. Cheyne.

TRA’DED. adj. [from trade.] Versed; practised.
Trust not those cunning waters of his eyes;
For villainy is not without such a rheum:
And he long traded in it makes it seem
Like rivers of remorse and innocence. Shakespeare.
Eyes and ears,
Two traded pilots 'twixt the dangerous shores
Of will and judgment. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

TRA’DER. n. s. [from trade.]
1. One engaged in merchandise or commerce.
Pilgrims are going to Canterbury with rich offerings, and
traders riding to London with fat purses. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Now the victory's won,
We return to our lasses like fortunate traders,
Triumphant with spoils. Dryden.
Many traders will necessitate merchants to trade for less
profit, and consequently be more frugal. Child on Trade.
That day traders sum up the accounts of the week. Swift.
2. One long used in the methods of money getting; a practi­
tioner.

TRA’DESFOLK. n. s. [trade and folk.] People employed in
trades.
By his advice victuallers and tradesfolk would soon get all
the money of the kingdom into their hands. Swift.

TRA’DESMAN. n. s. [trade and man.] A shopkeeper. A mer­
chant is called a trader, but not a tradesman; and it seems
distinguished in Shakespeare from a man that labours with his
hands.
I live by the awl, I meddle with no tradesmen's matters.
Shakespeare.
They rather had beheld
Dissentious numbers pest'ring streets; than see
Our tradesmen singing in their shops, and going
About their functions. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Order a trade thither and thence so as some few merchants
and tradesmen, under colour of furnishing the colony with ne­
cessaries, may not grind them. Bacon.
Tradesmen might conjecture what doings they were like to
have in their respective dealings. Graunt.
M. Jordain would not be thought a tradesman, but order­
ed some silk to be measured out to his partner's friends: now
I give up my shop. Prior.
From a plain tradesman with a shop, he is now grown a
very rich country gentleman. Arbuth. Hist. of J. Bull.
Domesticks in a gentleman's family have more opportunities
of improving their minds, than the ordinary tradesmen. Swift.
Boastful and rough, your first son is a squire;
The next a tradesman, meek and much a liar. Pope's Ep.

TRA’DEFUL. adj. [trade and full.] Commercial; busy in traf­
fick.
Ye tradeful merchants that with weary toil
Do seek most precious things to make your gain,
And both the Indies of their treasure spoil,
What needeth you to seek so far in vain. Spenser.

TRADI’TION. n. s. [tradition, Fr. traditio, Lat.]
1. The act or practise of delivering accounts from mouth to
mouth without written memorials; communication from age
to age.
To learn it we have tradition; namely, that so we be­
lieve, because both we from our predecessors, and they from
theirs, have so received. Hooker, b. iii.
2. Any thing delivered orally from age to age.
They the truth
With superstitions and traditions taint,
Left only in those written records pure. Milton.
Our old solemnities
From no blind zeal, or fond tradition rise;
But sav'd from death, our Argives yearly pay
These grateful honours to the God of day. Pope's Statius.

TRADI’TIONAL. adj. [from tradition.]
1. Delivered by tradition; descending by oral communication;
transmitted by the foregoing to the following age.
Whence may we have the infallible traditional sense of
scripture, if not from the heads of their church? Tillotson.
If there be any difference in natural parts, it should seem
the advantage lies on the side of children born from wealthy
parents, the same traditional sloth and luxury which render
their body weak, perhaps refining their spirits. Swift.
2. Observant of traditions, or idle rites. Not used, nor proper.
God forbid
We should infringe the holy privilege
Of sanctuary!
—You are too senseless obstinate, my lord;
Too ceremonious and traditional. Shakesp. Rich. II.

TRADI’TIONALLY. adv. [from traditional.]
1. By transmission from age to age.
There is another channel wherein this doctrine is tradi­
tionally derived from Saint John, namely, from the clergy of
Asia. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. From tradition without evidence of written memorials.
It crosseth the proverb, and Rome might well be built in
a day, if that were true which is traditionally related by
Strabo, that the great cities Anchiale and Tarsus were built
by Sardanapalus both in one day. Brown's Vulgar Err.

TRADI’TIONARY. adj. [from tradition.] Delivered by tradi­
tion.
Suppose the same traditionary strain
Of rigid manners in the house remain,
Inveterate truth, an old plain Sabine's heart. Dryden.
Oral tradition is more uncertain, especially if we may take
that to be the traditionary sense of texts of scripture. Tillotson.
The fame of our Saviour, which in so few years had gone
through the whole earth, was confirmed and perpetuated by
such records as would preserve the traditionary account of him
to after-ages. Addison on the Christian Religion.

TRA’DITIVE. adj. [traditive, Fr. from trade, Latin.] Trans­
mitted or transmissible from age to age.
Suppose we on things traditive divide,
And both appeal to scripture to decide. Dryd. H. and Pant.

To TRADU’CE. v. a. [traduco, Lat. traduire, Fr.]
1. To censure; to condemn; to represent as blameable; to
calumniate; to decry.
The best stratagem that Satan hath, who knoweth his
kingdom to be no one way more shaken than by the publick
devout prayers of God's church, is by traducing the form and
manner of them, to bring them into contempt, and so slack
the force of all mens devotion towards them. Hooker, b. v.


Those particular ceremonies which they pretend to be so
scandalous, we shall more thoroughly sift, when other things
also traduced in the publick duties of the church are, toge­
ther with these, to be touched. Hooker, b. iv.
Whilst calumny has such potent abetters, we are not to
wonder at its growth; as long as men are malicious and de­
signing they will be traducing. Gov. of the Tongue.
From that preface he took his hint; though he had the
baseness not to acknowledge his benefactor, but instead of it
to traduce me in libel. Dryden's Fab.
2. To propagate; to encrease by deriving one from another.
None are so gross as to contend for this,
That souls from bodies may traduced be;
Between whose natures no proportion is,
When root and branch in nature still agree. Davies.
From these only the race of perfect animals were propa­
gated and traduced over the earth. Hale.
Some believe the soul is made by God, some by angels,
and some by the generant: whether it be immediately creat­
ed or traduced hath been the great ball of contention to the
latter ages. Glanville's Sceps.

TRADU’CEMENT. n. s. [from traduce.] Censure; obloquy.
Rome must know
The value of her own: 'twere a concealment
Worse than a theft, no less than a traducement,
To hide your doings. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

TRADU’CER. n. s. [from traduce.] A false censurer; a calum­
niator.

TRADU’CIBLE. adj. [from traduce.] Such as may be derived.
Though oral tradition might be a competent discoverer of
the original of a kingdom, yet such a tradition were incom­
petent without written monuments to derive to us the origi­
nal laws, because they are of a complex nature, and there­
fore not orally traducible to so great a distance of ages. Hale.

TRADU’CTION. n. s. [from traduce.]
1. Derivation from one of the same kind; propagation.
The patrons of traduction accuse their adversaries of af­
fronting the attributes of God; and the asserters of creation
impeach them of violence to the nature of things. Glanville.
If by traduction came thy mind,
Our wonder is the less to find
A soul so charming from a stock so good;
Thy father was transfus'd into thy blood. Dryden.
2. Tradition; transmission from one to another.
Touching traditional communication and traduction of
truths connatural and engraven, I do not doubt but many of
them have had the help of that derivation. Hale.
3. Conveyance.
Since America is divided on every side by considerable seas,
and no passage known by land, the traduction of brutes could
only be by shipping: though this was a method used for the
traduction of useful cattle from hence thither, yet it is not
credible that bears and lions should have so much care used
for their transportation. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
4. Transition.
The reports and fugues have an agreement with the figures
in rhetorick of repetition and traduction. Bacon.

TRA’FFICK. n. s. [trafique, Fr. traffico, Italian.]
1. Commerce; merchandising; large trade; exchange of com­
modities.
Traffick's thy god. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
My father
A merchant of great traffick through the world. Shakesp.
As the first of these was, for his great wisdom, stiled the
English Solomon, he followed the example of that wise king
in nothing more than by advancing the traffick of his people.
Addison's Freeholder, No. 41.
2. Commodities; subject of traffick.
You'll see a draggled damsel
From Billingsgate her fishy traffick bear. Gay.

To TRA’FFICK. v. n. [trafiquer, Fr. trafficare, Italian.]
1. To practise commerce; to merchandise; to exchange com­
modities.
They first plant for corn and cattle, and after enlarge them­
selves for things to traffick withal. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
2. To trade meanly or mercenarily.
Saucy and overbold! how did you dare
To trade and traffick with Macbeth,
In riddles and affairs of death? Shakesp. Macbeth.
How hast thou dar'd to think so vilely of me,
That I would condescend to thy mean arts,
And traffick with thee for a prince's ruin? Rowe.

TRA’FFICKER. n. s. [trafiqueur, Fr. from traffick.] Trader;
merchant.
Your Argosies with portly sail,
Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood,
Do overpeer the petty traffickers
That curtsy to them. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
In it are so many Jews very rich, and so great traffickers,
that they have most of the English trade in their hands. Add.

TRA’GACANTH. n. s. [tragacantha, Lat.] A sort of gum to
which this name has been given, because it proceeds from
the incision of the root or trunk of a plant so called. Trevoux.

TRAGE’DIAN. n. s. [from tragedy; tragœdus, Lat.]
1. A writer of tragedy.
Many of the poets themselves had much nobler con­
ceptions of the Deity, than to imagine him to have any
thing corporeal; as in these verses out of the ancient trage­
dian. Stillingfleet.
2. An actor of tragedy.
I can counterfeit the deep tragedian;
Speak, and look back, and pry on ev'ry side,
Tremble and start at wagging of a straw,
Intending deep suspicion. Shakesp. Rich. III.
To well-lung'd tragedian's rage
They recommend their labours of the stage. Dryden.

TRA’GEDY. n. s. [tragedie, Fr. tragœdia, Lat.]
1. A dramatick representation of a serious action.
Thousands more, that yet suspect no peril,
Will now conclude their plotted tragedy. Shakespeare.
All our tragedies are of kings and princes; but you never
see a poor man have a part unless it be as a chorus, or to fill
up the scenes, to dance, or to be derided. Taylor's holy living.
Imitate the sister of painting, tragedy; which employs the
whole forces of her art in the main action. Dryden.
An anthem to their god Dionysus, whilst the goat stood at
his altar to be sacrificed, was called the goat-song or tra­
gedy. Rymer's Tragedies of the last Age.
There to her heart sad tragedy addrest
The dagger, wont to pierce the tyrant's breast. Pope.
2. Any mournful or dreadful event.
I shall laugh' at this,
That they, who brought me in my master's hate,
I live to look upon their tragedy. Shakesp. Rich. III.
I look upon this now done in England as another act of
the same tragedy which was lately begun in Scotland. K. Ch.

TRA’GICAL. adj. [tragicus, Lat. tragique, Fr.]
TRA’GICK. adj. [tragicus, Lat. tragique, Fr.]
1. Relating to tragedy.
The root whereof and tragical effect,
Vouchsafe, O thou the mournfull'st muse of nine,
That wont'st the tragick stage for to direct,
In funeral complaints and wailful tine
Reveal to me. Spenser's Muiopotmos.
Thy Clarence he is dead that stabb'd my Edward;
And the beholders of this tragick play,
Th' adulterer Hastings, Rivers, Vaughan, Gray,
Untimely smother'd in their dusky graves. Shakesp. R. III.
2. Mournful; calamitous; sorrowful; dreadful.
A dire induction I am witness to;
And will to France, hoping the consequence
Will prove as bitter, black, and tragical. Shakespeare.
The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day,
Is crept into the bosom of the sea:
And now loud howling wolves arouse the jades,
That drag the tragick melancholy night. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Why look you still so stern and tragical? Shakespeare.
So tragical and merited a fate
Shall swallow those who God and justice hate. Sandys.
I now must change those notes to tragick. Milton.
The tale of this song is a pretty tragical story; and pleases
because it is a copy of nature. Addison.
Bid them dress their bloody altars
With every circumstance of tragick pomp. Rowe.

TRA’GICALLY. adv. [from tragical.]
1. In a tragical manner; in a manner befitting tragedy.
Juvenal's genius was sharp and eager; and as his provo­
cations were great, he has revenged them tragically. Dryden.
2. Mournfully; sorrowfully; calamitously.

TRA’GICALNESS. n. s. [from tragical.] Mournfulness; cala­
mitousness.
Like bold Phatons we despise all benefits of the father of
light, unless we may guide his chariot, and we moralize the
fable as well in the tragicalness of the event as in the inso­
lence of the undertaking. Decay of Piety.

TRAGICO’MEDY. n. s. [tragicomedie, Fr. from tragedy and co­
medy.] A drama compounded of merry and serious events.
On the world's stage, when our applause grows high,
For acting here life's tragi-comedy,
The lookers-on will say we act not well,
Unless the last the former scenes excel. Denham.
The faults of that drama are in the kind of it, which is
tragi-comedy; but it was given to the people. Dryden.
We have often had tragi-comedies upon the English theatre
with success: but in that sort of composition the tragedy and
comedy are in distinct scenes. Gay.

TRAGICO’MICAL. adj. [tragicomique, Fr. tragical and comical.]
1. Relating to tragi-comedy.
The whole art of the tragi-comical farce lies in interweav­
ing the several kinds of the drama, so that they cannot be
distinguished. Gay's What d'ye call it.
2. Consisting of a mixture of mirth with sorrow.



TRAGICO’MICALLY. adv. [from tragicomical.] In a tragicomi­
cal manner.
Laws my Pindarick parents matter'd not,
So I was tragicomically got. Brampston.

To TRAJE’CT. v. a. [trajectus, Latin.] To cast through; to
throw.
The disputes of those assuming confidents, that think so
highly of their attainments, are like the controversy of those
in Plato's den, who having never seen but the shadow of an
horse trajected, eagerly contended, whether its neighing pro­
ceeded from its appearing mane or tail. Glanville's Sceps.
If there are different kinds of æther, they have a different
degree of rarity; by which it becomes so fit a medium for
trajecting the light of all cœlestial bodies. Grew's Cosm. b. i.
If the sun's light be trajected through three or more cross
prisms successively, those rays which in the first prism are re­
fracted more than others, are in all the following prisms re­
fracted more than others in the same proportion. Newton.

TRAJE’CT. n. s. [trajet, Fr. trajectus, Latin.] A ferry; a
passage for a water-carriage.
What notes and garments he doth give thee,
Bring to the traject, to the common ferry,
Which trades to Venice. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

TRAJE’CTION. n. s. [trajectio, Lat.]
1. The act of darting through.
Later astronomers have observed the free motion of such
comets as have, by a trajection through the æther, wandered
through the cœlestial or interstellar part of the universe. Boyle.
2. Emission.
The trajections of such an object more sharply pierce the
martyred soul of John, than afterwards did the nails the cru­
cified body of Peter. Brown's Vulgar Err. b. vii.

To TRAIL. v. a. [trailler, Fr.]
1. To hunt by the track.
2. To draw along the ground.
Beat thou the drum, that it speak mournfully:
Trail your steel pikes. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Faintly he staggered through the hissing throng,
And hung his head, and trail'd his legs along. Dryden.
3. To draw after in a long floating or waving body.
What boots the regal circle on his head,
That long behind he trails his pompous robe,
And, of all monarchs, only grasps the globe? Pope.
4. [Treglen, Dutch.] To draw; to drag.
Because they shall not trail me through their streets
Like a wild beast, I am content to go. Milton's Agonistes.
Thrice happy poet, who may trail
Thy house about thee like a snail;
Or harness'd to a nag, at ease
Take journies in it like a chaise;
Or in a boat, whene'er thou wilt,
Canst make it serve thee for a tilt. Swift.

To TRAIL. v. n. To be drawn out in length.
When his brother saw the red blood trail
Adown so fast, and all his armour steepe,
For very felness loud he 'gan to weep. Fairy Qu. b. ii.
Since the flames pursu'd the trailing smoke,
He knew his boon was granted. Dryden's Knight's Tale.
From o'er the roof the blaze began to move,
And trailing vanish'd in th' Idean grove.
It swept a path in heav'n, and shone a guide,
Then in a steaming stench of sulphur dy'd. Dryden's æn.

TRAIL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Scent left on the ground by the animal persued; track fol­
lowed by the hunter.
See but the issue of my jealousy: if I cry out thus upon
no trail, never trust me when I open again. Shakespeare.
How chearfully on the false trail they cry!
Oh, this is counter, you false Danish dogs. Shakespeare.
I do think, or else this brain of mine
Hunts not the trail policy so sure
As I have us'd to do, that I have found
The very cause of Hamlet's lunacy. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Any thing drawn to length.
From thence the fuming trail began to spread,
And lambent glories danc'd about her head. Dryden's æn.
When light'ning shoots in glitt'ring trails along:
It shines, 'tis true, and gilds the gloomy night;
But when it strikes, 'tis fatal. Rowe's Royal Convert.
3. Any thing drawn behind in long undulations.
And round about her work she did empale
With a fair border wrought of sundry flow'rs,
Enwoven with an ivy winding trail. Spenser's Muiopotmos.
A sudden star it shot through liquid air,
And drew behind a radiant trail of hair. Pope.

To TRAIN. v. a. [trainer, Fr.]
1. To draw along.
In hollow cube he train'd
His devilish enginry. Milton.
2. To draw; to entice; to invite.
If but twelve French
Were there in arms, they would be as a call
To train ten thousand English to their side. Shakespeare.
2. To draw by artifice or stratagem.
For that cause I train'd thee to my house. Shakespeare.
Oh train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note!
To drown me in thy sister's flood of tears.
Sing, Syren, to thyself, and I will doat:
Spread o'er the silver waves thy golden hair,
And as a bed I'll take thee, and there lie. Shakespeare.
3. To draw from act to act by persuasion or promise.
We did train him on,
And his corruption being ta'en from us,
We as the spring of all shall pay for all. Shak. H. IV.
4. To educate; to bring up: commonly with up.
I can speak English,
For I was train'd up in the English court. Shakespeare.
A most rare speaker,
To nature none more bound; his training such
That he may furnish and instruct great teachers. Shakesp.
A place for exercise and training up of youth in the fashion
of the heathen. 2 Mac. iv. 9.
Call some of young years to train them up in that trade,
and so fit them for weighty affairs. Bacon.
Spirits train'd up in feast and song. Milton.
The first Christians were by great hardships trained up for
glory. Tillotson's Sermons.
5. To breed, or form to any thing.
Abram armed his trained servants born in his house, and
pursued. Gen. xiv. 14.
The warrior horse here bred he's taught to train. Dryd.
The young soldier is to be trained on to the warfare of
life; wherein care is to be taken that more things be not re­
presented as dangerous than really are so. Locke.

TRAIN. n. s. [train, Fr.]
1. Artifice; stratagem of enticement.
He cast by treaty and by trains
Her to persuade. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Their general did with due care provide,
To save his men from ambush and from train. Fairfax.
This mov'd the king,
To lay to draw him in by any train. Daniel's Civil War.
Swol'n with pride into the snare I fell
Of fair fallacious looks, venereal trains,
Soft'ned with pleasure and voluptuous life. Milton's Agon.
Now to my charms
And to my wily trains! I shall ere long
Be well stock'd with as fair a herd as graz'd
About my mother Circe. Milton.
The practice begins of crafty men upon the simple and
good; these easily follow and are caught, while the others
lay trains and pursue a game. Temple.
2. The tail of a bird.
Contracting their body, and being forced to draw in their
fore parts to establish the hinder in the elevation of the train,
if the fore parts do part and incline to the ground, the hin­
der grow too weak, and suffer the train to fall. Brown.
The bird guideth her body with her train, and the ship is
steered with the rudder. Hakewill.
Th' other, whose gay train
Adorns him colour'd with the florid hue
Of rainbows and starry eyes. Milton.
Rivers now stream and draw their humid train. Milton.
The train steers their flights, and turns their bodies like
the rudder of a ship; as the kite, by a light turning of his
train, moves his body which way he pleases. Ray.
3. The part of a gown that falls behind upon the ground.
A thousand pounds a year, for pure respect!
That promises more thousands: honour's train
Is longer than his fore skirts. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Costly followers are not to be liked, lest while a man
makes his train longer he makes his wings shorter. Bacon.
4. A series; a consecution.
Distinct gradual growth in knowledge carries its own light
with it, in every step of its progression, in an easy and or­
derly train. Locke.
If we reflect on what is observable in ourselves, we shall
find our ideas always passing in train, one going and another
coming, without intermission. Locke.
They laboured in vain so far to reach the apostle's mean­
ing, all along in the train of what he said. Locke.
Some truths result from any ideas, as soon as the mind
puts them into propositions; other truths require a train of
ideas placed in order, a due comparing of them, and deduc­
tions made with attention. Locke.
What would'st thou have me do? consider well
The train of ills our love would draw behind it. Addison.
The author of your beings can by a glance of the eye, or
a word speaking, enlighten your mind, and conduct you to a
train of happy sentiments. Watts.
5. Process; method; state of procedure.
If things were once in this train, if virtue were establish­
ed as necessary to reputation, and vice not only loaded with
infamy, but made the infallible ruin of all mens pretensions,
our duty would take root in our nature. Swift.


6. A retinue; a number of followers or attendants.
My train are men of choice and rarest parts,
That in the most exact regard support
The worships of their names. Shakespeare.
Our fire walks forth, without more train
Accompany'd than with his own complete
Perfections. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
Thou should'st be seen
A goddess among gods, ador'd, and serv'd
By angels numberless, thy daily train. Milton's Par. Lost.
Fairest of stars, last in the train of night,
If better thou belong not to the dawn. Milton's Par. Lost.
He comes not with a train to move our fear. Dryden.
The king's daughter, with a lovely train
Of fellow nymphs, was sporting on the plain. Addison.
He would put a check to the fury of war, that a stop
might be put to those sins which are of its train. Smalridge.
7. An orderly company; a procession.
Who the knights in green, and what the train
Of ladies dress'd with daisies on the plain? Dryden.
8. The line of powder reaching to the mine.
Since first they fail'd in their designs,
To take in heav'n by springing mines;
And with unanswerable barrels
Of gun-powder, dispute their quarrels;
Now take a course more practicable,
By laying trains to fire the rabble. Hudibras, p. iii.
Shall he that gives fire to the train pretend to wash his
hands of the hurt that's done by the playing of the mine!
L'Estrange's Fables.
9. TRAIN of artillery. Cannons accompanying an army.
With an army abundantly supplied with a train of artillery,
and all other provisions necessary, the king advanced towards
Scotland. Clarendon, b. ii.

TRAINBA’NDS. n. s. [train and band: I suppose for trained
band.] The militia; the part of a community trained to mar­
tial exercise.
He directed the trainbands of Westminster and Middlesex,
which consisted of the most substantial housholders, to at­
tend. Clarendon.
Give commission
To some bold man, whose loyalty you trust,
And let him raise the trainbands of the city. Dryden.
A council of war was called, wherein we agreed to re­
treat: but before we could give the word, the trainbands,
taking advantage of our delay, fled first: Addison's Freeholder.

TRAINO’IL. n. s. [train and oil.] Oil drawn by coction from
the fat of the whale.

TRA’INY. adj. [from train.] Belonging to train oil. A bad word.
Here steams ascend,
Where the huge hogsheads sweat with trainy oil. Gay.

To TRAIPSE. v. a. [A low word, I believe, without any ety­
mology.] To walk in a careless or sluttish manner.
Two slip-shod muses traipse along,
In lofty madness, meditating song. Pope.

TRAIT. n. s. [trait, Fr.] A stroke; a touch. Scarce English.
By this single trait Homer marks an essential difference be­
tween the Iliad and Odyssey; that in the former the people
perished by the folly of their kings; in this by their own
folly. Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

TRA’ITOR. n. s. [traitre, Fr. traditor, Lat.] One who be­
ing trusted betrays.
The law laid that grievous punishment upon traitors, to
forfeit all their lands to the prince, that men might be terri­
fied from committing treasons. Spenser on Ireland.
If you flatter him, you are a great traitor to him. Bacon.
I'll put him thus far into the plot, that he should be se­
cured as a traitor; but when I am out of reach, he shall be
released Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
There is no difference, in point of morality, whether a
man calls me traitor in one word, or says I am one hired to
betray my religion and sell my country. Swift.

TRA’ITORLY. adj. [from traitor.] Treacherous; perfidious.
These traitorly rascals miseries are to be smil'd at, their
offences being so capital. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

TRA’ITOROUS. adj. [from traitor.] Treacherous; perfidious;
faithless.
What news with him, that trait'rous wight? Daniel.
Pontinius knows not you,
While you stand out upon these traitorous terms. B. Johns.
The traitorous or treacherous, who have misled others, he
would have severely punished, and the neutrals noted. Bacon.
More of his majesty's friends have lost their lives in this
rebellion than of his traiterous subjects. Addison's Freeholder.

TRA’ITOROUSLY. adv. [from traitorous.] In a manner suiting
traitors; perfidiously; treacherously.
Good duke Humphry traiterously is murther'd
By Suffolk. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Thou bitter sweet! whom I had laid
Next me, me traiteously hast betray'd;
And unsuspected half invisibly
At once fled into him, and stay'd with me. Donne.
They had traitorously endeavoured to subvert the funda­
mental laws, deprive the king of his regal power, and to
place on his subjects a tyrannical power. Clarendon.

TRA’ITRESS. n. s. [from traitor.] A woman who betrays.
I, what I am, by what I was, o'ercome:
Traitress, restore my beauty and my charms,
Nor steal my conquest with my proper arms. Dryden.
Nor did my traitress wife these eye-lids close,
Nor decently in death my limbs compose. Pope's Odyssey:
By the dire fury of a traitess wife,
Ends the sad evening of a stormy life. Pope's Odyssey.

TRALATI’TIOUS. adj. [from translatus, Lat.] Metaphorical;
not literal.

TRALATI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from tralatitious.] Metaphorically;
not literally; not according to the first intention of the
word.
Language properly is that of the tongue directed to the ear
by speaking; written language is tralatitiously so called, be­
cause it is made to represent to the eye the same words which
are pronounced. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To TRALI’NEATE. v. n. [trans and line.] To deviate from
any direction.
If you tralineate from your father's mind,
What are you else but of a bastard kind?
Do, as your progenitors have done,
And by their virtues prove yourself their son. Dryden.

TRA’MMEL. n. s. [tramail, Fr. trama, tragula, Lat.]
1. A net in which birds or fish are caught.
The trammel differeth not much from the shape of the
bunt, and serveth to such use as the wear and haking. Carew.
2. Any kind of net.
Her golden locks she roundly did upty
In braided trammels, that no looser hairs
Did out of order stray about her dainty ears. Fairy Qu.
3. A kind of shackles in which horses are taught to pace.
I may go shuffingly at first, for I was never before walked
in trammels; yet I shall drudge at constancy, till I have worn
off the hitching in my pace. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

To TRA’MMEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To catch; to inter­
cept.
If th' assassination
Could trammel up the consequence, and catch
With its surcease success. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To TRA’MPLE. v. a. [tampe, Danish.] To tread under foot
with pride, contempt, or elevation.
Cast not your pearls before swine, lest they trample them
under their feet. Mat. vii. 6.
My strength shall trample thee as mire. Milton.

To TRA’MPLE. v. n.
1. To tread in contempt.
Diogenes trampled on Plato's pride with greater of his
own. Government of the Tongue.
Your country's gods I scorn,
And trample on their ignominious altars. Rowe.
2. To tread quick and loudly.
I hear his thund'ring voice resound,
And trampling feet that shake the solid ground. Dryden.

TRA’MPLER. n. s. [from trample.] One that tramples.

TRANA’TION. n. s. [trano, Latin.] The act of swimming
over.

TRANCE. n. s. [transe, Fr. transitus, Lat. It might there­
fore be written transe.] An extasy; a state in which the soul
is rapt into visions of future or distant things; a temporary
absence of the soul from the body.
Gynecia had been in such a trance of musing, that Zel­
mane was fighting with the lion before she knew of any lion's
coming. Sidney, b. i.
Rapt with joy resembling heavenly madness,
My soul was ravisht quite as in a trance. Spenser's Sonnet.
Abstract as in a trance methought I saw. Milton.
Sudden he starts,
Shook from his tender trance. Thomson's Spring.

TRA’NCED. adj. [from trance.] Lying in a trance or extasy.
His grief grew puissant, and the strings of life
Began to crack. Twice then the trumpets sounded,
And there I left him tranc'd. Shakesp. King Lear.

TRA’NGRAM. n. s. [A cant word.] An odd intricately con­
trived thing.
What's the meaning of all these trangrams and gimcracks?
what are you going about, jumping over my master's hedges,
and running your lines cross his grounds? Arbuthnot.

TRA’NNEL. n. s. A sharp pin.
With a small trannel of iron, or a large nail grounded to
a sharp point, they mark the brick. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

TRA’NQUIL. adj. [tranquille, Fr. tranquillus, Latin.] Quiet;
peaceful; undisturbed.
I had been happy
So I had nothing known. Oh now, for ever
Farewel the tranquil mind! farewel content! Shakespeare.

TRANQUI’LLITY. n. s. [tranquillitas, Latin; tranquillite, Fr.]
Quiet; peace of mind; peace of condition; freedom from
perturbation.


Leave off,
To let a weary wretch from her due rest,
And trouble dying souls tranquillity. Fairy Qu. b. ii.
You can scarce imagine any hero passing from one stage of
life to another with so much tranquillity, so easy a transition,
and so laudable a behaviour. Pope.

To TRANSA’CT. v. a. [transactus, Lat.]
1. To manage; to negotiate; to conduct a treaty or affairs.
2. To perform; to do; to carry on.
It cannot be expected they should mention particulars which
were transacted amongst some few of the disciples only, as
the transfiguration and the agony. Addison.

TRANSA’CTION. n. s. [transaction, Fr. from transact.] Nego­
tiation; dealing between man and man; management; af­
fairs; things managed.
It is not the purpose of this discourse to set down the par­
ticular transactions of this treaty. Clarendon, b. viii.

TRANSANIMA’TION. n. s. [trans and anima.] Conveyance of
the soul from one body to another.
If the transanimation of Pythagoras were true, that the
souls of men transmigrating into species answering their for­
mer natures, some men cannot escape that very brood whose
sire Satan entered. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. vii.

To TRANSCE’ND. v. a. [transcendo, Latin.]
1. To pass; to overpass.
It is a dangerous opinion to such popes, as shall transcend
their limits and become tyrannical. Bacon.
To judge herself, she must herself transcend,
As greater circles comprehend the less. Davies.
2. To surpass; to outgo; to exceed; to excel.
This glorious piece transcends what he could think;
So much his blood is nobler than his ink. Waller.
These are they
Deserve their greatness and unenvy'd stand,
Since what they act transcends what they command. Denh.
High though her wit, yet humble was her mind,
As if she cou'd not, or she wou'd not find,
How much her worth transcended all her kind. Dryden.
3. To surmount; to rise above.
Make disquisition whether these unusual lights be meteoro­
logical impressions not transcending the upper region, or whe­
ther to be ranked among celestial bodies. Howel.

To TRANSCE’ND. v. n. To climb. Not in use.
To conclude, because things do not easily sink, they do
not drown at all, the fallacy is a frequent addition in human
expressions, which often give distinct accounts of proximity,
and transcend from one unto another. Brown.

TRANSCE’NDENCE. n. s. [from transcend.]
TRANSCE’NDENCY. n. s. [from transcend.]
1. Excellence; unusual excellence; supereminence.
2. Exaggeration; elevation beyond truth.
It is true greatness to have in one the frailty of a man, and
the security of a God: this would have done better in poesy,
where transcendencies are more allowed. Bacon's Essays.

TRANSCE’NDENT. adj. [transcendens, Lat. transcendant, Fr.]
Excellent; supremely excellent; passing others.
Thou, whose strong hand, with so transcendent worth,
Holds high the rein of fair Parthenope. Crashaw.
There is, in a lawgiver, a habitual and ultimate intention
of a more excellent and transcendent nature. Bishop Sanderson.
If thou beest he—But O! how fal'n, how chang'd
From him who in the happy realms of light,
Cloath'd with transcendent brightness, didst outshine
Myriads, though bright. Milton.
Oh charming princess! Oh transcendent maid! A. Phillips.
The right our Creator has to our obedience is of so high
and transcendent a nature, that it can suffer no competition;
his commands must have the first and governing influence on
all our actions. Roger's Sermons.

TRANSCENDE’NTAL. adj. [transcendentalis, low Lat.]
1. General; pervading many particulars.
2. Supereminent; passing others.
Though the Deity perceiveth not pleasure nor pain, as we
do; yet he must have a perfect and transcendental perception
of these, and of all other things. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii.

TRANSCE’NDENTLY. adv. [from transcendent.] Excellently;
supereminently.
The law of Christianity is eminently and transcendently
called the word of truth. South's Sermons.

To TRA’NSCOLATE. v. a. [trans and colo, Latin.] To strain
through a sieve or colander.
The lungs are, unless pervious like a spunge, unfit to im­
bibe and transcolate the air. Harvey.

To TRANSCRI’BE. v. a. [transcribo, Lat. transcrire, Fr.] To
copy; to write from an exemplar.
He was the original of all those inventions from which
others did but transcribe copies. Clarendon.
The most rigid exactors of mere outward purity do but
transcribe the folly of him who pumps very laboriously in a
ship, yet neglects to stop the leak. Decay of Piety.
If we imitate their repentance as we transcribe their faults,
we shall be received with the same mercy. Rogers.

TRANSCRI’BER. n. s. [from transcribe.] A copier; one who
writes from a copy.
A coin is in no danger of having its characters altered by
copiers and transcribers. Addison.

TRA’NSCRIPT. n. s. [transcript, Fr. transcriptum, Latin.] A
copy; any thing written from an original.
The Grecian learning was but a transcript of the Chaldean
and Egyptian; and the Roman of the Grecian. Glanville.
The decalogue of Moses was but a transcript, not an ori­
ginal. South's Sermons.
Dictate, O mighty Judge! what thou hast seen
Of cities and of courts, of books and men,
And deign to let thy servant hold the pen.
Through ages thus I may presume to live,
And from the transcript of thy prose receive
What my own short-liv'd verse can never give. Prior.

TRANSCRI’PTION. n. s. [transcription, Fr. from transcriptus,
Lat.] The act of copying.
The ancients were but men; the practice of transcription
in our days was no monster in their's: plagiary had not its
nativity with printing, but began in times when thefts were
difficult. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
The corruptions that have crept into it by many transcrip­
tions was the cause of so great difference. Brerewood.

TRANSCRI’PTIVELY. adv. [from transcript.] In manner of a
copy.
Not a few transcriptively subscribing their names to other
mens endeavours, transcribe all they have written. Brown.

To TRANSCU’R. v. n. [transcurro, Lat.] To run or rove to
and fro.
By fixing the mind on one object, it doth not spatiate and
transcur. Bacon.

TRANSCU’RSION. n. s. [from transcursus, Lat.] Ramble; pas­
sage through; passage beyond certain limits; extraordinary
deviation.
In a great whale, the sense and the affects of any one part
of the body instantly make a transcursion throughout the
whole. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
I have briefly run over transcursions, as if my pen had been
posting with them. Wotton's Life of Buckingham.
His philosophy gives them transcursions beyond the vortex
we breathe in, and leads them through others which are only
known in an hypothesis. Glanville's Scep.
I am to make often transcursions into the neighbouring
forests as I pass along. Howel.
If man were out of the world, who were then left to view
the face of heaven, to wonder at the transcursion of comets.
More's Antidote against Atheism.

TRANSE. n. s. [transe, Fr. See TRANCE.] A temporary ab­
sence of the soul; an ecstasy.
Abstract as in a transe, methought I saw,
Though sleeping, where I lay, and saw the shape
Still glorious before whom awake I stood. Milton.

TRANSELEMENTA’TION. n. s. [trans and element.] Change of
one element into another.
Rain we allow; but if they suppose any other transelemen­
tation, it neither agrees with Moses's philosophy, nor Saint
Peter's. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

TRANSE’XION. n. s. [trans and sexus, Lat.] Change from one
sex to another.
It much impeacheth the iterated transexion of hares, if that
be true which some physicians affirm, that transmutation of
sexes was only so in opinion, and that those transseminated
persons were really men at first. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To TRA’NSFER. v. a. [transferer, Fr. transfero, Lat.]
1. To convey, or make over, from one to another.
He that tranfers the laws of the Lacedemonians to the
people of Athens, should find a great absurdity and inconve­
nience. Spenser's State of Ireland.
Was't not enough you took my crown away,
But cruelly you must my love betray?
I was well pleas'd to have transferr'd my right,
And better chang'd your claim of lawless might. Dryden.
The king,
Who from himself all envy would remove,
Left both to be determin'd by the laws,
And to the Grecian chiefs transferr'd the cause. Dryden.
This was one perverse effect of their sitting at ease under
their vines and fig-trees, that they forget from whence that
ease came, and transferred all the honour of it upon them­
selves. Atterbury's Sermons.
Your sacred aid religious monarchs own,
When first they merit, then ascend the throne:
But tyrants dread you, lest your just decree
Transfer the power and set the people free. Prior.
By reading we learn not only the actions and the senti­
ments of distant nations, but transfer to ourselves the know­
ledge and improvements of the most learned men. Watts.


2. To remove; to transport.
The king was much moved with this unexpected accident,
because it was stirred in such a place where he could not with
fafety transfer his own person to suppress it. Bacon's H. VII.
He thirty rowling years the crown shall wear,
Then from Lavinium shall the seat transfer. Dryden.

TRANSFIGURA’TION. n. s. [transfiguration, Fr.]
1. Change of form.
In kinds where the discrimination of sexes is obscure, these
transformations are more common, and in some without
commixture; as in caterpillars or silkworms, wherein there
is a visible and triple transfiguration. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. The miraculous change of our blessed Saviour's appearance
on the mount.
It cannot be expected that other authors should mention par­
ticulars which were transacted amongst some of the disciples;
such as the transfiguration and the agony in the garden. Addis.
Did Raphael's pencil never chuse to fall?
Say, are his works transfigurations all? Blackmore.

To TRANSFI’GURE. v. a. [transfigurer, French; trans and
figura, Lat.] To transform; to change with respect to out­
ward appearance.
Jesus was tranfigured before them, and his face did shine
as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light. Matth.
I am the more zealous to tranfigure your love into devo­
tion, because I have observed your passion to have been ex­
tremely impatient of confinement. Boyle.
The nuptial right his outrage strait attends,
The dow'r desir'd is his transfigur'd friends:
The incantation backward she repeats,
Inverts her rod, and what she did defeats. Garth.

To TRANSFI’X. v. a. [transfixus, Lat.] To pierce through.
Amongst these mighty men were women mix'd;
The bold Semiramis, whose sides transfix'd
With son's own blade, her foul reproaches spoke. Fa. Qu.
With linked thunderbolts
Transfix us to the bottom of this gulph. Milton's P. Lost.
Diana's dart
In an unhappy chace transfix'd her heart. Dryden's Homer.
Nor good Eurytion envy'd him the prize,
Though he transfix'd the pigeon in the skies. Dryden.
Till fate shall with a single dart
Transfix the pair it cannot part. Fenton.

To TRANSFO’RM. v. a. [transformer, Fr. trans and forma,
Latin.] To metamorphose; to change with regard to exter­
nal form.
She demanded of him, whether the goddess of those woods
had such a power to transform every-body. Sidney, b. i.
Love is blind, and lovers cannot see
The pretty follies that themselves commit;
For if they could, Cupid himself would blush
To see me thus transformed to a boy. Shakespeare.
As is the fable of the lady fair,
Which for her lust was turn'd into a cow;
When thirsty to a stream she did repair,
And saw herself transform'd she wist not how. Davies.

To TRANSFO’RM. v. n. To be metamorphosed.
His hair transforms to down, his fingers meet
In skinny films and shape his oary feet. Addison.

TRANSFORMA’TION. n. s. [from transform.] Change of shape;
act of changing the form; state of being changed with re­
gard to form.
Something you have heard
Of Hamlet's transformation; so I call it,
Since not th' exterior, nor the inward man,
Resembles that it was. Shakesp. Hamlet.
What beast could'st thou be, that were not subject to a
beast?
And what a beast art thou already, and seest not thy loss
in transformation! Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
The mensuration of all manner of curves, and their mu­
tual transformation, are not worth the labour of those who
design either of the three learned professions. Watts.

TRANSFRETA’TION. n. s. [trans and fretum, Latin.] Passage
over the sea.
Since the last transfretation of king Richard the second,
the crown of England never sent over numbers of men suf­
ficient to defend the small territory. Davies on Ireland.

To TRANSFU’SE. v. a. [transfusus, Lat.] To pour out of one
into another.
Between men and beasts there is no possibility of social
communion; because the well-spring of that communion is
a natural delight which man hath to tranfuse from himself
into others, and to receive from others into himself, espe­
cially those things wherein the excellency of this kind doth
most consist. Hooker, b. i.
Transfus'd on thee his ample spirit rests. Milton.
When did his muse from Fletcher scenes purloin,
As thou whose Eth'ridge dost transfuse to thine?
But so transfus'd, as oil and waters flow,
His always floats above, thine sinks below. Dryden.
Where the juices are in a morbid state, if one could sup­
pose all the unfound juices taken away and sound juices im­
mediately transfused, the sound juices would grow morbid. Arb.

TRANSFU’SION. n. s. [transfusion, Fr. transfusus, Lat.] The
act of pouring out of one into another.
The crooked part of the pipe was placed in a box, to
prevent the loss of the quicksilver that might fall aside in the
transfusion from the vessel into the pipe. Boyle.
Poesy is of so subtile a spirit, that in the pouring out of
one language into another it will all evaporate; and if a new
spirit be not added in the tranfusion, there will remain nothing
but a caput mortuum. Denham.
Something must be lost in all transfusion, that is, in all
translations, but the sense will remain. Dryden.
What noise have we had about transplantation of diseases
and transfusion of blood. Baker's Reflections on Learning.

To TRANSGRE’SS. v. a. [transgresser, French; transgressus,
Latin.]
1. To pass over; to pass beyond.
Long stood the noble youth oppress'd with awe,
And stupid at the wond'rous things he saw,
Surpassing common faith, transgressing nature's law. Dryd.
2. To violate; to break.
Let no man doubt but that every thing is well done, be­
cause the world is ruled by so good a guide as transgresseth
not his own law, than which nothing can be more absolute,
perfect, and just. Hooker, b. i.
This sorrow we must repeat as often as we transgress the
divine commandments. Wake's Preparation for Death.

To TRANSGRE’SS. v. n. To offend by violating a law.
I would not marry her, though she were endowed with all
Adam had left him before he transgressed. Shakespeare.
Achan transgressed in the thing accursed. 1 Chron. ii. 7.
He upbraideth us with our offending the law, and object­
eth to our infamy the transgressings of our education. Wisd.

TRANSGRE’SSION. n. s. [transgression, Fr. from transgress.]
1. Violation of a law; breach of a command.
Shall I abuse this consecrated gift
Of strength, again returning with my hair
After my great transgression: so requite
Favour renew'd, and add a greater sin. Milton.
All accusation still is founded upon some law; for where
there is no law, there can be no transgression; and where
there can be no transgression, there ought to be no accusa­
tion. South's Sermons.
2. Offence; crime; fault.
What's his fault?
—The flat transgression of a school-boy, who, being over­
joy'd with finding a bird's nest, shews it his companion, and
he steals it.
—Wilt thou make a trust a transgression? The trangression
is in the stealer. Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.
Teach us, sweet madam, for our rude transgression
Some fair excuse. Shakesp. Love's Labour lost.

TRANGRE’SSIVE. adj. [from transgress.] Faulty; culpable;
apt to break laws.
Though permitted unto his proper principles, Adam per­
haps would have sinned without the suggestion of Satan, and
from the transgressive infirmities of himself might have erred
alone, as well as the angels before him. Brown.

TRANGRE’SSOR. n. s. [transgresseur, French, from transgress.]
Lawbreaker; violator of command; offender.
He intended the discipline of the church should be applied
to the greatest and most splendid transgressors, as well as to
the punishment of meaner offenders. Clarendon.
I go to judge
On earth these thy transgressors; but thou know'st
Whoever judg'd, the worst on me must light
When time shall be. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Ill-worthy I, such title should belong
To me transgressor! who for thee ordain'd
A help, became thy snare. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

TRA’NSIENT. adj. [transiens, Lat.] Soon past; soon pas­
sing; short; momentary; not lasting; not durable.
How soon hath thy prediction, seer blest!
Measur'd this transient world, the race of time,
Till time stand fix'd. Milton.
He that rides post through a country, may, from the tran­
sient view, tell how in general the parts lie. Locke.
Love hitherto a transient guest,
Ne'er held possession in his breast. Swift.
What is loose love? a transient gust,
A vapour fed from wild desire. Pope.

TRA’NSIENTLY. adv. [from tansient.] In passage; with a
short passage; not extensively.
I touch here but transiently, without any strict method, on
some few of those many rules of imitating nature which Ari­
stotle drew from Homer. Dryden.

TRA’NSIENTNESS. n. s. [from transient.] Shortness of conti­
nuance; speedy passage.


It were to be wished that all words of this sort, as they
resemble the wind in sury and impetuousness, so they might
do also in transientness and sudden expiration. Dec. of Piety.

TRANSI’LIENCE. n. s. [from transilio, Lat.] Leap from thing
to thing.
TRANSI’LIENCY. n. s. [from transilio, Lat.] Leap from thing
to thing.
By unadvised transiliency leaping from the effect to its re­
motest cause, we observe not the connection of more imme­
diate causalities. Glanville's Scep.

TRA’NSIT. n. s. [transitus, Latin.] In astronomy, the passing
of any planet just by or under any fixt star; or of the moon
in particular, covering or moving close by any other pla­
net. Harris.

TRANSI’TION. n. s. [transitio, Latin.]
1. Removal; passage.
Heat and cold have a virtual transition without communi­
cation of substance, but moisture not. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
As for the mutation of sexes, and transition into one an­
other, we cannot deny it in hares, it being observable in
man. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iii.
I have given some intimations of the changes which hap­
pen in the interior parts of the earth, I mean the transitions
and removes of metals and minerals there. Woodward.
2. Change.
The spots are of the same colour throughout, there being
an immediate transition from white to black, and not declin­
ing gradually, and mixing as they approach. Woodward.
You can scarce imagine any hero passing from one stage
of life to another with so easy a transition, and so laudable a
behaviour. Pope.
As once inclos'd in woman's beauteous mould;
Thence, by a soft transition we repair,
From earthly vehicles to these of air. Pope.
3. [Transition, Fr.] Passage in writing or conversation from
one subject to another.
Then with transition sweet new speech resumes. Milton.
Covetousness was none of his faults, but described as a
veil over the true meaning of the poet, which was to saty­
rize his prodigality and voluptuousness, to which he makes a
transition. Dryden.

TRA’NSITIVE. adj. [transitivus, Lat.]
1. Having the power of passing.
One cause of cold is the contact of cold bodies; for cold
is active and transitive into bodies adjacent, as well as heat.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 70.
2. [In grammar.]
A verb transitive is that which signifies an action, con­
ceived as having an effect upon some object; as ferio terram,
I strike the earth. Clarke's Latin Grammar.

TRA’NSITORILY. adv. [from transitory.] With speedy eva­
nescence; with short continuance.

TRA’NSITORINESS. n. s. [from transitory.] Speedy evanescence.

TRA’NSITORY. n. s. [transitoire, Fr. transitorius, from tran­
seo, Latin.] Continuing but a short time; speedily vanish­
ing.
If we love things have sought; age is a thing
Which we are fifty years in compassing:
If transitory things, which soon decay,
Age must be loveliest at the latest day. Donne.
Religion prefers those pleasures which flow from the pre­
sence of God evermore, infinitely before the transitory plea­
sures of this world. Tillotson's Sermons.

To TRANSLA’TE. v. n. [translatus, Lat.]
1. To transport; to remove.
Since our father is translated unto the gods, our will is
that they that are in our realm live quietly. 2 Mac. xi. 23.
By faith Enoch was translated that he should not see death.
Heb. xi. 5.
Those argent fields
Translated saints or middle spirits hold. Milton.
Of the same soil their nursery prepare
With that of their plantation, lest the tree
Translated should not with the soil agree. Dryden.
The gods their shapes to winter birds translate,
But both obnoxious to their former fate. Dryden.
To go to heaven is to be translated to that kingdom you
have longed for; to enjoy the glories of eternity. Wake.
2. It is particularly used of the removal of a bishop from one
see to another.
Fisher, bishop of Rochester, when the king would have
translated him from that poor bishoprick to a better, he re­
fused, saying, he would not forsake his poor little old wife,
with whom he had so long lived. Camden's Remains.
3. To transfer from one to another; to convey.
I will translate the kingdom from the house of Saul, and
set up the throne of David. 2 Sam. iii. 10.
Because of unrighteous dealings the kingdom is translated
from one people to another. Ecclus. x. 8.
Lucian affirms the souls of usurers, after their death, to
be metempsychosed, or translated into the bodies of asses,
there to remain for poor men to take their pennyworths out
of their bones and sides with the cudgel and spur. Peacham.
As there are apoplexies from inveterate gouts, the regimen
must be to translate the morbifick matter upon the extremi­
ties of the body. Arbuthnot.
Perverse mankind! whose wills, created free,
Charge all their woes on absolute decree;
All to the dooming gods their guilt translate,
And follies are miscall'd the crimes of fate. Pope.
4. To change.
One do I personate of Timon's frame,
Whom fortune with her iv'ry hand wafts to her,
Whose present grace to present slaves and servants
Translates his rivals. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
Happy is your grace,
That can translate the stubbornness of fortune
Into so quiet and so sweet a style. Shakesp. As you like it.
5. [Translater, old Fr.] To interpret in another language; to
change into another language retaining the sense.
I can construe the action of her familiar stile, and the
hardest voice of her behaviour, to be englished right, is, I
am Sir John Falstaff's.
—He hath studied her well, and translated her out of ho­
nesty into English. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Nor word for word too faithfully translate. Roscommon.
Read this ere you translate one bit
Of books of high renown. Swift.
Were it meant that in despite
Of art and nature such dull clods should write,
Bavius and Mævius had been sav'd by fate
For Settle and for Shadwell to translate. Duke.
6. To explain. A low colloquial use.
There's matter in these sighs, these profound heaves
You must translate; 'tis fit we understand them. Shakesp.

TRANSLA’TION. n. s. [translatio, Lat. translation, Fr.]
1. Removal; act of removing.
His disease was an asthma; the cause a metastasts or trans­
lation of humours from his joints to his lungs. Harvey.
Translations of morbifick matter arise in acute distempers.
Arbuthnot.
2. The removal of a bishop to another see.
If part of the people be somewhat in the election, you
cannot make them nulls or cyphers in the privation or trans­
lation. Bacon's War with Spain.
The king, the next time the bishop of London came to
him, entertained him with this compellation, my lord's grace
of Canterbury, you are very welcome; and gave order for
all the necessary forms for the translation. Clarendon.
3. The act of turning into another language; interpretation.
A book of his travels hath been honoured with translation
into many languages. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. i.
Nor ought a genius less than his that writ,
Attempt translation; for transplanted wit;
All the defects ef air and soil doth share,
And colder brains like colder climates are. Denham.
4. Something made by translation; version.
Of both translations, the better I acknowledge that which
cometh nearer to the very letter of the very original verity.
Hooker, b. v.

TRANSLA’TOR. n. s. [translateur, old Fr. from translate.] One
that turns any thing into another language.
A new and nobler way thou dost persue,
To make translations and translators too. Denham.
No translation our own country ever yet produced, hath
come up to that of the Old and New Testament; and I am
persuaded, that the translators of the Bible were masters of
an English stile much fitter for that work than any we see in
our present writings, the which is owing to the simplicity
that runs through the whole. Swift.

TRANSLA’TORY. n. s. [from translate.] Transferring.
The translatory is a lie that transfers the merit of a man's
good action to another more deserving. Arbuthnot.

TRANSLOCA’TION. n. s. [trans and locus, Latin.] Removal of
things reciprocally to each others places.
There happened certain translocations at the deluge, the
matter constituting animal and vegetable substances being dis­
solved, and mineral matter substituted in its place, and thereby
like translocation of metals in some springs. Woodward.

TRANSLU’CENCY. n. s. [from translucent.] Diaphaneity; tran­
sparency.
Lumps of rock crystal heated red hot, then quenched in
fair water, exchanged their translucency for whiteness, the ig­
nition and extinction having cracked each lump into a mul­
titude of minute bodies. Boyle on Colours.

TRANSLU’CENT. adj. [trans and lucens or lucidus Lat.]
Transparent; diaphanous; clear;
giving a passage to the light.
TRANSLU’CID. adj. [trans and lucens or lucidus Lat.]
Transparent; diaphanous; clear;
giving a passage to the light.
In anger the spirits ascend and wax eager; which is seen
in the eyes, because they are translucid. Bacon.
Wherever fountain or fresh current flow'd
Against the eastern ray, translucent, pure,
With touch ætherial of heav'n's fiery rod,
I drank. Milton.
The golden ewer a maid obsequious brings,
Replenish'd from the cool translucent springs. Pope's Odys.



TRA’NSMARINE. adj. [transmarinus, Latin.] Lying on the
other side of the sea; found beyond sea.
If she had not been drained this way, she might have made
herself mistress of Timaurania, her next transmarine neigh­
bour. Howel's Vocal Forest.

To TRA’NSMEW. v. a. [transmuto, Lat. transmuer, French]
To transmute; to transform; to metamorphose; to change.
Obsolete.
When him list the rascal routs appall,
Men into stones therewith he could transmew,
And stones to dust, and dust to nought at all. Fa. Queen.

TRA’NSMIGRANT. adj. [transmigrans, Lat.] Passing into an­
other country or state.
Besides an union in sovereignty, or a conjunction in pacts,
there are other implicit confederations, that of colonies or
transmigrants towards their mother nation. Bacon's holy War.

To TRA’NSMIGRATE. v. n. [transmigro, Lat.] To pass from
one place or country into another.
This complexion is maintain'd by generation; so that
strangers contract it not, and the natives which transmigrate
omit it not without commixture. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
If Pythagoras's transanimation were true, that the souls of
men transmigrating into species answering their former natures,
some men must live over many serpents. Brown's Vulg. Err.
Their souls may transmigrate into each other. Howel.
Regard
The port of Luna, says our learned bard;
Who, in a drunken dream, beheld his soul
The fifth within the transmigrating roll. Dryden.

TRANSMIGRA’TION. n. s. [transmigration, Fr. from transmi­
grate.] Passage from one place or state into another.
The sequel of the conjunction of natures in the person
of Christ is no abolishment of natural properties appertaining
to either substance, no transition or transmigration thereof out
of one substance into another. Hooker, b. v.
Seeing the earth of itself puts forth plants without seed,
plants may well have a transmigration of species. Bacon.
From the opinion of the metempsychosis, or transmigra­
tion of the souls of men into the bodies of beasts, most suit­
able unto their human condition, after his death, Orpheus
the musician became a swan. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Easing their passage hence, for intercourse
Of transmigration, as their lot shall lead. Milton.
'Twas taught by wise Pythagoras,
One soul might through more bodies pass:
Seeing such transmigration there,
She thought it not a sable here. Denham.
When thou wert form'd, heav'n did a man begin,
But the brute soul by chance was shuffled in:
In woods and wilds thy monarchy maintain,
Where valiant beasts, by force and rapine, reign.
In life's next scene, if transmigration be,
Some bear or lion is reserv'd for thee. Dryden's Aureng.

TRANSMI’SSION. n. s. [transmission, Fr. transmissus, Latin.]
The act of sending from one place to another, or from one
person to another.
If there were any such notable transmission of a colony
hither out of Spain, the very chronicles of Spain would not
have omitted so memorable a thing. Spenser on Ireland.
Operations by transmission of spirits is one of the highest
secrets in nature. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 236.
In the transmission of the sea-water into the pits, the water
riseth; but in the transmission of the water through the vessels
it falleth. Bacon.
These move swiftly, but then they require a medium well
disposed, and their transmission is easily stopped. Bacon.
The uvea has a musculous power, and can dilate and con­
tract that round hole in it called the pupil, for the better
moderating the transmission of light. More.
Languages of countries are lost by transmission of colonies
of a different language. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
This enquiry will be of use, as a parallel discovery of the
transmission of the English laws into Scotland. Hale.
Their reflexion or transmission depends on the constitution
of the air and water behind the glass, and not the striking of
the rays upon the parts of the glass. Newton's Opticks.

TRANSMI’SSIVE. adj. [from transmissus, Lat.] Transmitted;
derived from one to another.
And still the fire inculcates to his son
Transmissive lessons of the king's renown. Prior.
Itself a sun; it with transmissive light
Enlivens worlds deny'd to human sight. Prior.
Then grateful Greece with streaming eyes would raise
Historick marbles to record his praise;
His praise eternal on the faithful stone,
Had with transmissive honour grac'd his son. Pope.

To TRANSMI’T. v. a. [transmitto, Lat. transmettre, Fr.] To
send from one person or place to another.
By means of writing, former ages transmit the memorials
of ancient times and things to posterity. Hale.
He sent orders to his friend in Spain to sell his estate, and
tansmit the money to him. Addison's Spect. No. 198.
Thus flourish'd love, and beauty reign'd in state,
Till the proud Spaniard gave this glory's date:
Past is the gallantry, the fame remains,
Transmitted safe in Dryden's lofty scenes. Granville.
Shine forth, ye planets, with distinguish'd light;
Again transmit your friendly beams to earth,
As when Britannia joy'd for Anna's birth. Prior.

TRANSMI’TTAL. n. s. [from transmit.] The act of transmit­
ting; transmission.
Besides the transmittal to England of two-thirds of the re­
venues of Ireland, they make our country a receptacle for
their supernumerary pretenders to offices. Swift.

TRANSMU’TABLE. adj. [transmuable, Fr. from transmute.]
Capable of change; possible to be changed into another na­
ture or substance.
It is no easy matter to demonstrate that air is so much as
convertible into water; how transmutable it is unto flesh may
be of deeper doubt. Brown's Vulg. Err. b. iii.
The fluids and solids of an animal body are easily trans­
mutable into one another. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

TRANSMU’TABLY. adv. [from transmute.] With capacity of
being changed into another substance or nature.

TRANSMUTA’TION. n. s. [transmutation, Fr. transmutatio, from
transmuto, Latin.] Change into another nature or substance.
The great aim of alchemy is the transmutation of base me­
tals into gold.
Am not I old Sly's son, by birth a pedlar, by education a
cardmaker, by transmutation a bear herd. Shakespeare.
The transmutation of plants one into another, is inter mag­
nalia naturæ, for the transmutation of species is, in the vulgar
philosophy, pronounced impossible; but seeing there appear
some manifest instances of it, the opinion of impossibility is
to be rejected, and the means thereof to be found out. Bac.
The conversion into a body merely new, and which was
not before; as silver to gold, or iron to copper, is better
called, for distinction sake, transmutation. Bacon.
The same land suffereth sundry transmutations of owners
within one term. Bacon's Office of Alienation.
The changing of bodies into light, and light into bodies,
is very conformable to the course of nature, which seems
delighted with transmutations. Water, which is a very fluid
tasteless salt, she changes by heat into vapour, which is a
sort of air, and by cold into ice, which is a hard, pellucid,
brittle, fusible stone; and this stone returns into water by
heat, and water returns into vapour by cold. Newton.
The supposed change of worms into flies is no real trans­
mutation; but most of those members, which at last be­
come visible to the eye, are existent at the beginning, arti­
ficially complicated together. Bentley's Sermons.

To TRANSMU’TE. v. n. [transmuto, Lat. transmuer, French.]
To change from one nature or substance to another.
Suidas thinks, that by the golden fleece was meant a gol­
den book of parchment which is of sheeps-skin, and there­
fore called golden, because it was taught therein how other
metals might be transmuted. Raleigh.
That metals may be transmuted one into another I am not
satisfied of the fact. Ray on the Creation.
Patience sov'reign o'er transmuted ill. Van. of hu. Wishes.

TRANSMU’TER. n. s. [from transmute.] One that transmutes.

TRA’NSOM. n. s. [transenna, Lat.]
1. A thwart beam or lintel over a door.
2. [Among mathematicians.] The vane of an instrument called
a cross staff, being a piece of wood fixed across with a square
socket upon which it slides. Bailey.

TRANSPA’RENCY. n. s. [transparence, Fr. from transparent.]
Clearness; diaphaneity; translucence; power of transmitting
light.
A poet of another nation would not have dwelt so long
upon the clearness and transparency of the stream; but in
Italy one seldom sees a river that is extremely bright and lim­
pid, most of them being muddy. Addison.
Another cause is the greater transparency of the vessels oc­
casioned by the thinness and delicacy of their coats. Arbuth.

TRANSPA’RENT. n. s. [transparent, Fr. trans and appareo,
Latin.] Pervious to the light; clear; pellucid; diaphanous;
translucent; not opaque.
Nor shines the silver moon one half so bright,
Through the transparent bosom of the deep,
As doth thy face through tears of mine give light,
Thou shin'st in every tear that I do weep. Shakespeare.
Wait upon him with whom you speak with your eye; for
there be many wise men that have secret hearts and tran­
sparent countenances. Bacon's Essays, No. 23.
Each thought was visible that roll'd within,
As through a crystal case the figur'd hours are seen;
And heav'n did this transparent veil provide,
Because she had no guilty thought to hide. Dryden.
Her bosom appeared all of chrystal, and so wonderfully
transparent, that I saw every thought in her heart. Addison.
Transparent forms, too sine for mortal sight,
Their fluid bodies half-dissolv'd in light. Pope.



TRANSPI’CUOUS. adj. [trans and specio, Latin.] Transparent;
pervious to the sight.
What if that light,
Sent from her through the wide transpicuous air,
To the terrestrial moon be as a star. Milton.
Now thy wine's transpicuous, purg'd from all
Its earthy gross, yet let it feed awhile
On the fat refuse. Philips.

To TRANSPI’ERCE. v. n. [transpercer, Fr. trans and pierce.]
To penetrate; to make way through; to permeate.
A mind, which through each part infus'd doth pass,
Fashions and works, and wholly doth transpierce
All this great body of the universe. Raleigh's H. of the W.
His forceful spear, which, hissing as it flew,
Pierc'd through the yielding planks of jointed wood:
The sides transpierc'd return a rattling sound,
And groans of Greeks inclos'd came issuing through the
wound. Dryden's æn.

TRANSPIRA’TION. n. s. [transpiration, Fr.] Emission in va­
pour.
That a bullet dipped in oil, by preventing the transpiration
of air, will carry farther, and pierce deeper, my experience
cannot discern. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. ii.
The tranpiration of the obstructed fluids is imagined to be
one of the ways that an inflammation is removed. Sharp.

To TRANSPI’RE. v. a. [transpiro, Lat. transpirer, French.]
To emit in vapour.

To TRANSPI’RE. v. n. [transpirer, Fr.]
1. To be emitted by insensible vapour.
The nuts when fresh got are full of a soft pulpy matter,
which in time transpires, and passes through the shell.
Woodward on Fossils.
2. To escape from secresy to notice: a sense lately innovated
from France, without necessity.

To TRANSPLA’CE. v. a. [trans and place.] To remove; to
put into a new place.
It was transplaced from the left side of the Vatican unto a
more eminent place. Wilkins's Math. Magick.

To TRANSPLA’NT. v. a. [trans and planto, Lat. transplan­
ter, Fr.]
1. To remove and plant in a new place.
The noblest fruits transplanted in our isle,
With early hope and fragrant blossoms smile. Roscommon.
Salopian acres flourish with a growth,
Peculiar stil'd the Ottley; be thou first
This apple to transplant. Phillips.
If any transplant themselves into plantations abroad, who
are schismaticks or outlaws, such are not fit to lay the foun­
dation of a new colony. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
2. To remove.
Of light the greater part he took
Transplanted from her cloudy shrine, and plac'd
In the sun's orb. Milton.
He prospered at the rate of his own wishes, being trans­
planted out of his cold barren diocese of Saint David's into a
warmer climate. Clarendon.

TRANSPLANTA’TION. n. s. [transplantation, Fr.]
1. The act of transplanting or removing to another soil.
It is confessed, that love changed often doth nothing; nay,
it is nothing; for love where it is kept fixed to its first ob­
ject, though it burn not, yet it warms and cherishes, so as it
needs no transplantation, or change of soil, to make it fruit­
ful. Suckling.
2. Conveyance from one to another.
What noise have we had for some years about transplanta­
tion of diseases, and transfusion of blood. Baker.
3. Removal of men from one country to another.
Most of kingdoms have throughly felt the calamities of
forcible transplantations, being either overwhelmed by new
colonies that fell upon them, or driven, as one wave is driven
by another to seek new seats, having lost their own. Raleigh.
This appears a replication to what Menelaus had offered
concerning the transplantation of Ulysses to Sparta. Broome.

TRANSPLA’NTER. n. s. [from transplant.] One that trans­
plants.

To TRANSPO’RT. v. a. [trans and porto, Latin; transporter,
French.]
1. To convey by carriage from place to place.
I came hither to transport the tidings. Shakespeare.
Why should she write to Edmund! might not you
Transport her purposes by word. Shakespeare.
Impose upon men the transportation of rivers from one end
of the world to the other, which, among other uses, were
made to transport men. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
A subterranean wind transports a hill
Torn from Pilorus. Milton.
In the disturbances of a state, the wise Pomponius tran­
sported all the remaining wisdom and virtue of his country
into the sanctuary of peace and learning. Dryden.
2. To carry into banishment: as a felon.
We return after being tansported, and are ten times greater
rogues than before. Swift.
3. To sentence as a felon to banishment.
4. To hurry by violence of passion.
You are transported by calamity
Thither where more attends you, and you slander
The helms o'th' state. Shakespeare.
They laugh as if transported with some fit
Of passion. Milton.
I shew him once transported by the violence of a sudden
passion. Dryden.
If an ally not immediately concerned contribute more than
the principal party, he ought to have his share in what is
conquered; or if his romantick disposition transport him so
far as to expect little or nothing, they should make it up in
dignity. Swift.
5. To put into ecstasy; to ravish with pleasure.
Here transported I behold, tranported touch. Milton.
Those on whom Christ bestowed miraculous cures were so
transported with them, that their gratitude supplanted their
obedience. Decay of Piety.

TRA’NSPORT. n. s. [transport, Fr. from the verb.]
1. Transportation; carriage; conveyance.
The Romans neglected their maritime affairs; for they
stipulated with the Carthaginians to furnish them with ships
for transport and war. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. A vessel of carriage; particularly a vessel in which soldiers
are conveyed.
Nor dares his transport vessel cross the waves,
With such whose bones are not compos'd in graves. Dryd.
Some spoke of the men of war only, and others added
the transports. Arbuthnot on Coins.
3. Rapture; ecstasy.
A truly pious mind receives a temporal blessing with gra­
titude, a spiritual one with ecstasy and transport. South's Serm.

TRANSPO’RTANCE. n. s. [from transport.] Conveyance; car­
riage; removal.
O, be thou my Charon,
And give me swift transportance to those fields,
Where I may wallow in the lilly beds
Propos'd for the deserver! Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

TRANSPORTA’TION. n. s. [from transport.]
1. Removal; conveyance; carriage.
Sir Francis Cottington and Mr. Endymion Porter had been
sent before to provide a vessel for their transportation.
Wotton's Life of Buckingham.
Some were not so solicitous to provide against the plague,
as to know whether we had it from the malignity of our own
air, or by transportation. Dryden.
2. Banishment for felony.
3. Ecstatick violence of passion.
All pleasures that affect the body must needs weary, be­
cause they transport, and all transportation is a violence; and
no violence can be lasting but determines upon the falling of
the spirits. South.

TRANSPO’RTER. n. s. [from transport.] One that transports.
The pilchard merchant may reap a speedy benefit by dis­
patching, saving, and selling to the transporters. Carew.

TRANSPO’SAL. n. s. [from transpose.] The act of putting things
in each other's place. Swift.

To TRANSPO’SE. v. a. [transposer, French; transpositum,
Latin.]
1. To put each in the place of other.
The letters of Elizabetha regina transposed signify, O Eng­
land's sovereign, thou hast made us happy. Camden's Rem.
Transpose the propositions, making the medius terminus
the predicate of the first and the subject of the second. Locke.
2. To put out of place.
That which you are my thoughts cannot transpose;
Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell. Shakesp.

TRANSPOSI’TION. n. s. [transposition, Fr. from transpose.]
1. The act of putting one thing in the place of another.
2. The state of being put out of one place into another.
The common centre of gravity in the terraqueous globe is
steady, and not liable to any accidental transposition, nor hath
it ever shifted its station. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. i.

To TRANSSHA’PE. v. a. [trans and shape.] To transform; to
bring into another shape.
I'll tell thee how Beatrice prais'd thy wit: I said thou hadst
a fine wit; right, said she, a fine little one; nay, said I, he
hath the tongues; that I believe, said she; for he swore a
thing to me on Monday night which he forswore on Tuesday
morning; there's a double tongue: thus did she transhape
thy particular virtues. Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.

To TRANSUBSTA’NTIATE. v. a. [transubstantier, Fr.]
To change to another substance.
O self traitor, I do bring
The spider love which transubstantiates all,
And can convert manna to gall. Donne.
Nor seemingly, but with keen dispatch
Or real hunger, and concoctive heat
To transubstantiate; what redounds, transpires
Through spirits with ease. Milton.



TRANSUBSTANTIA’TION. n. s. [transubstantiation, Fr.] A mi­
raculous operation believed in the Romish church, in which
the elements of the eucharist are supposed to be changed into
the real body and blood of CHRIST.
How is a Romanist prepared easily to swallow, not only
against all probability, but even the clear evidence of his
senses, the doctrine of transubstantiation? Locke.

TRANSUDA’TION. n. s. [from transude.] The act of passing in
sweat, or perspirable vapour, through any integument.
The drops proceeded not from the transudation of the
liquors within the glass. Boyle.

To TRANSU’DE. v. n. [trans and sudo, Latin.] To pass
through in vapour.
Purulent fumes cannot be transmitted throughout the body
before the maturation of an aposthem, nor after, unless the
humour break; because they cannot transude through the bag
of an aposthem. Harvey on Consumptions.

TRANSVE’RSAL. adj. [transversal, Fr. trans and versalis, Lat.]
Running crosswise.
An ascending line, direct, as from son to father, or grand­
father, is not admitted by the law of England; or in the
transversal line, as to the uncle or aunt, great-uncle or great­
aunt. Hale.

TRANSVE’RSALLY. adv. [from transversal.] In a cross direc­
tion.
There are divers subtile enquiries and demonstrations con­
cerning the several proportions of swiftness and distance in an
arrow shot vertically, horizontally, or transversally. Wilkins.

TRANSVE’RSE. adj. [transversus, Latin.] Being in a cross
direction.
His violent touch
Fled and pursu'd transvese the resonant fugue. Milton.
Part in strait lines, part in transverse are found,
One forms a crooked figure, one a round;
The entrails these embrace in spiral strings,
Those clasp th' arterial tubes in tender rings. Blackmore.
What natural agent could impel them so strongly with a
transverse side-blow against that tremendous weight and rapi­
dity, when whole worlds are a falling! Bentley's Sermons.

TRANSVE’RSELY. adv. [from transverse.] In a cross direc­
tion.
At Stonehenge the stones lie transversely upon each other.
Stillingfleet.
In all the fibres of an animal there is a contractile power;
for if a fibre be cut transversely, both the ends shrink and
make the wound gape. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

TRANSU’MPTION. n. s. [trans and sumo, Latin.] The act of
taking from one place to another.

TRAN’TERS. n. s. Men who carry fish from the sea-coasts to
sell in the inland countries. Bailey.

TRAP. n. s. [trappe, Saxon; trape, Fr. trappola, Italian.]
1. A snare set for thieves or vermin.
Die as thou shouldest, but do not die impatiently, and like
a fox catched in a trap. Taylor's holy living.
The trap springs and catches the ape by the fingers. L'Estr.
2. An ambush; a stratagem to betray or catch unawares.
And lurking closely, in await now lay,
How he might any in his trap betray. Spenser.
God and your majesty
Protect mine innocence, or I fall into
The trap is laid for me. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
They continually laid traps to ensnare him, and made sini­
ster interpretations of all the good he did. Calamy.
He seems a trap for charity to lay,
And cons by night his lesson for the day. Dryden.
3. A play at which a ball is driven with a stick.
Unruly boys learn to wrangle at trap, or rook at span-far­
thing. Locke on Education.
He that of feeble nerves and joints complains,
From nine-pins, coits, and from trap-ball abstains. King.

To TRAP. v. a. [trappan, Saxon.]
1. To ensnare; to catch by a snare or ambush; to take by
stratagem.
My brain, more busy than the lab'ring spider,
Weaves tedious snares to trap mine enemies. Shakesp.
If you require my deeds, with ambush'd arms
I trapp'd the foe, or tir'd with false alarms. Dryden.
2. [See TRAPPING.] To adorn; to decorate.
The steed that bore him
Was trapp'd with polish'd steel, all shining bright,
And covered with th' atchievements of the knight. Spenser.
To spoil the dead of weed is sacrilege:
But leave these reliques of his living might
To deck his hearse and trap his tomb black steed. Fa. Qu.
Lord Lucius presented to you four milk-white horses trapt
in silver. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

TRAPDO’OR. n. s. [trap and door.] A door opening and shut­
ting unexpectedly.
The arteries which carry from the heart to the several
parts have valves which open outward like trapdoors, and give
the blood a free passage; and the veins, which bring it back
to the heart, have valves and trapdoors which open inwards,
so as to give way into the blood to run into the heart. Ray.

To TRAPE. v. a. [commonly written to traipse: probably of
the same original with drab.] To run idly and sluttishly about.
It is used only of women.

TRAPES. n. s. [I suppose from trape.] An idle slatternly woman.
He found the sullen trapes
Possest with th' devil, worms, and claps. Hudibras, p. iii.
From door to door I'd sooner whine and beg,
Than marry such a trapes. Gay's What d'ye call it.

TRA’PSTICK. n. s. [trap and stick.] A stick with which boys
drive a wooden ball.
A foolish swoop between a couple of thick bandy legs and
two long trapsticks that had no calfs. Spect. N. 559.

TRAPE’ZIUM. n. s. [t?ap?????; trapese, French.] A quadri­
lateral figure, whose four sides are not equal, and none of its
sides parallel. Dict.
Two of the lateral trapezia are as broad. Woodward.

TRAPEZO’ID. n. s. [t?ap????? and ed; trapesoide, Fr.] An
irregular figure, whose four sides are not parallel. Dict.

TRA’PPINGS. n. s. [This word Minshew derives from drap,
French, cloath.]
1. Ornaments appendant to the saddle.
Caparisons and steeds,
Bases and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights
At joust and tournament. Milton.
2. Ornaments; dress; embellishments; external, superficial,
and trifling decoration.
These indeed seem,
But I have that within which passeth shew;
These but the trappings and the suits of woe. Shakespeare.
He has fair words, rich trappings, and large promises; but
works only for his master. L'Estrange.
The points of honour poets may produce,
Trappings of life, for ornament, not use. Dryden.
Such pageantry be to the people shown;
There boast thy horse's trappings, and thy own. Dryden.
Draw him strictly so,
That all who view the piece may know
He needs no trappings of fictitious fame. Dryden.
In ships decay'd no mariner confides,
Lur'd by the gilded stern and painted sides;
Yet at a ball unthinking fools delight,
In the gay trappings of a birth-day night. Swift.

TRASH. n. s. [tros, Islandick; drusen, German.]
1. Any thing worthless; dross; dregs.
Lay hands upon these traitors, and their trash. Shakesp.
Look what a wardrobe here is for thee!
—Let it alone, thou fool, it is but trash. Shakespeare.
Who steals my purse, steals trash; 'tis something, no­
thing;
'Twas mine, 'tis his; and has been slave to thousands.
But he that filches from me my good name,
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed. Shakespeare's Othello.
More than ten Hollenshed's, or Hall's, or Stow's,
Of trivial houshold trash he knows; he knows
When the queen frown'd or smil'd. Donne.
The collectors only consider, the greater fame a writer is
in possession of, the more trash he may bear to have tacked
to him. Swift.
Weak foolish man! will heav'n reward us there
With the same trash mad mortals wish for here? Pope.
2. A worthless person.
I suspect this trash
To be a party in this injury. Shakespeare's Othello.
3. Matter improper for food, frequently eaten by girls in the
green sickness.
O that instead of trash thou'dst taken steel. Garth.
4. I believe that the original signification of trash is the loppings
of trees, from the verb.

To TRASH. v. a.
1. To lop; to crop.
Being once perfected how to grant suits,
How to deny them; whom t' advance, and whom
To trash for overtopping. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. To crush; to humble.
Not such as was fit to be imposed on hard-hearted Jews,
to encumber and trash them, but such as becomes an inge­
nuous people. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.

TRA’SHY. adj. [from trash.] Worthless; vile; useless.
A judicious reader will discover in his closet that trashy
stuff, whose glittering deceived him in the action. Dryden.

To TRA’VAIL. v. n. [travailler, Fr.]
1. To labour; to toil.
2. To be in labour; to suffer the pains of childbirth.
I travail not, nor bring forth children. Isa. xxiii. 4.
She being with child cried, travailing in birth, and pained
to be delivered. Rev. xii. 2.
His heart is in continual labour; it travails with the obli­
gation, and is in pangs till it be delivered. South's Serm.



To TRA’VAIL. v. a. To harrass; to tire.
As if all these troubles had not been sufficient to travail
the realm, a great division fell among the nobility. Hayward.
A gleam of light turn'd thitherward in haste
His travell'd steps. Milton.

TRA’VAIL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Labour; toil; fatigue.
As every thing of price, so this doth require travail. Hook.
Such impotent persons as are unable for strong travail, are
yet able to drive cattle to and fro to their pasture. Spenser.
2. Labour in childbirth.
In the time of her travail twins were in her. Gen. xxxviii.
To procure easy travails of women, the intention is to
bring down the child, but not too fast. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

TRAVE, TRAVE’L, OR TRAVI’SE. n. s. A wooden frame for
shoeing unruly horses. Ainsworth.

To TRA’VEL. v. n. [This word is generally supposed origi­
nally the same with travail, and to differ only as particular
from general: in some writers the word is written alike in
all its senses; but it is more convenient to write travail for
labour, and travel for journey.]
1. To make journeys: it is used for sea as well as land, though
sometimes we distinguish it from voyage, a word appropriated
to the sea.
In the forest shall ye lodge, O ye travelling companies of
Dedanim. Isa. xxi. 13.
Raphael deign'd to travel with Tobias. Milton.
Fain wou'd I travel to some foreign shore,
So might I to myself myself restore. Dryden.
If others believed he was an Egyptian from his knowledge
of their rites, it proves at least that he travelled there. Pope.
2. To pass; to go; to move.
By th' clock 'tis day;
And yet dark night strangles the travelling lamp. Shakesp.
Time travels in divers paces, with divers persons; I'll tell
you who time ambles withal, who time trots withal. Shakesp.
Thus flying East and West, and North and South,
News travell'd with increase from mouth to mouth. Pope.
3. To make journeys of curiosity.
Nothing tends so much to enlarge the mind as travelling,
that is, making a visit to other towns, cities, or countries,
beside those in which we were born and educated. Watts.
4. To labour; to toil. This should be rather travail.
If we labour to maintain truth and reason, let not any
think that we travel about a matter not needful. Hooker.
I've watch'd and travell'd hard;
Some time I shall sleep out; the rest I'll whistle. Shakesp.

To TRA’VEL. v. a.
1. To pass; to journey over.
Thither to arrive I travel thus profound. Milton.
2. To force to journey.
There are other privileges granted unto most of the cor­
porations, that they shall not be charged with garrisons, and
they shall not be travelled forth of their own franchises. Spens.

TRA’VEL. n. s. [travail, Fr. from the noun.]
1. Journey; act of passing from place to place.
Love had cut him short,
Confin'd within the purlieus of his court.
Three miles he went, nor farther could retreat,
His travels ended at his country-seat. Dryden.
Mingled send into the dance
Moments fraught with all the treasures,
Which thy eastern travel views. Prior.
2. Journey of curiosity or instruction.
Let him spend his time no more at home,
Which would be great impeachment to his age,
In having known no travel in his youth. Shakespeare.
Travel in the younger sort is a part of education; in the
elder a part of experience. Bacon's Essays, No. 18.
A man not enlightened by travel or reflexion, grows as
fond of arbitrary power, to which he hath been used, as of
barren countries, in which he has been born and bred. Addis.
3. Labour; toil. This should be travail: as in Daniel.
He wars with a retiring enemy,
With much more travail than with victory. Daniel.
What think'st thou of our empire now, though earn'd
With travel difficult. Milton.
4. Labour in childbirth. This sense belongs rather to travail.
Thy mother well deserves that short delight,
The nauseous qualms of ten long months and travel to
requite. Dryden's Virg.
4. TRAVELS. Account of occurrences and observations of a
journey into foreign parts.
A book of his travels hath been honoured with the transla­
tion of many languages. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Histories engage the soul by sensible occurrences; as also
voyages, travels, and accounts of countries. Watts.

TRA’VELLER. n. s. [travailleur, Fr. from travel.]
1. One who goes a journey; a wayfarer.
The weary traveller wand'ring that way
Therein did often quench his thirsty heat Fairy Qu. b. ii.
A little ease to these my torments give,
Before I go where all in silence mourn,
From whose dark shores no travellers return. Sandys.
This was a common opinion among the Gentiles, that the
gods sometimes assumed human shape, and conversed upon
earth with strangers and travellers. Bentley's Sermons.
2. One who visits foreign countries.
Farewel monsieur traveller; look you lisp and wear strange
suits, and disable all the benefits of your own country. Shak.
The traveller into a foreign country knows more by the
eye, than he that stayeth at home can by relation of the tra­
veller. Bacon's New Atlantis.
They are travellers newly arrived in a strange country, we
should therefore not mislead them. Locke.

TRA’VELTAINTED. adj. [travel and tainted.] Harrassed; fa­
tigued with travel.
I have foundered nine score and odd posts: and here, tra­
veltainted as I am, have, in my pure and immaculate valour,
taken Sir John Coleville. Shakesp. Heny IV. p. ii.

TRA’VERS. adv. [French.] Athwart; across. Not used.
He swears brave oaths, and breaks them bravely, quite
travers, athwart the heart of his lover. Shakespeare.

TRA’VERSE. adv. [a travers, French.] Crosswise; athwart.
Bring water from some hanging grounds, in long furrows;
and from those drawing it traverse to spread. Bacon.
The ridges of the fallow field lay traverse. Hayward.

TRAVE’RSE. prep. Through crosswise.
He through the armed files
Darts his experienc'd eye, and soon traverse
The whole battalion views their order due. Milton.

TRA’VERSE. adj. [tranvesus, Lat. traverse, Fr.] Lying across;
lying athwart.
The paths cut with traverse trenches much encumbered
the carriages until the pioneers levelled them. Hayward.
Oak being strong in all positions, may be trusted in cross
and traverse work for Summers. Wotton's Architect.

TRA’VERSE. n. s.
1. Any thing laid or built cross.
The Tirsan cometh with all his generation; and if there be
a mother from whom the whole lineage descended, there is a
traverse placed in a loft where she sitteth. Bacon.
Some wind instruments are blown at a small hole in the
side, which straiteneth the breath at the first entrance; the
rather in respect of their traverse and stops above the hole,
which performeth the fipple's part. Bacon.
2. Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs; cross acci­
dent; thwarting obstacle. This is a sense rather French
than English.
A just and lively picture of human nature in its actions,
passions, and traverses of fortune. Dryden.
He sees no defect in himself, but is satisfied that he should
have carried on his designs well enough, had it not been for
unlucky traverses not in his power. Locke.

To TRA’VERSE. v. a. [traverser, Fr. It was anciently ac­
cented on the last syllable.]
1. To cross; to lay athwart.
Myself, and such
As slept within the shadow of your power,
Have wander'd with our traverst arms, and breath'd
Our sufferance vainly. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
The parts should be often traversed or crossed by the flow­
ing of the folds which loosely encompass them, without sit­
ting too straight. Dryden's Dufesnoy.
2. To cross by way of opposition; to thwart with obstacles.
This treatise has, since the first conception thereof, been
often traversed with other thoughts. Wotton.
You save th' expence of long litigious laws,
Where suits are travers'd, and so little won,
That he who conquers is but last undone. Dryden.
John Bull thought himself now of age to look after his
own affairs; Frog resolved to traverse this new project, and
to make him uneasy in his own family. Arbuthnot.
3. To oppose so as to annul. A law term.
Without a good skill in history, and a new geography to
understand him aright, one may lose himself in taversing the
decree. Baker's Reflections on Leaning.
4. To wander over; to cross.
He many a walk travers'd
Of stateliest covert, cedar, pine, or palm. Milton.
The lion smarting with the hunter's spear,
Though deeply wounded, no way yet dismay'd;
In sullen fury traveses the plain,
To find the vent'rous foe. Prior.
Believe me, prince, there's not an African
That traverses our vast Numidian desarts
In quest of prey, and lives upon his bow,
But better practises these boasted virtues. Addison's Cato.
What seas you travers'd and what fields you fought! Pope.
5. To survey; to examine thoroughly.
My purpose is to traverse the nature, principles, and pro­
perties, of this detestable vice, ingratitude. South's Sermons.

To TRA’VERSE. v. n. To use a posture of opposition in
fencing.


To see thee fight, to see thee traverse, to see thee here,
to see thee there. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

TRA’VESTY. adj. [travesti, Fr.] Dressed so as to be made ri­
diculous; burlesqued.

TRAUMA’TICK. ad. [t?a??a??.] Vulnerary.
I deterged and disposed the ulcer to incarn, and to do so I
put the patient into a traumatick decoction. Wiseman's Surgery.

TRAY. n. s. [tray, Swedish.] A shallow wooden vessel in
which meat or fish is carried.
Sift it into a tray, or bole of wood. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
No more her care shall fill the hollow tray,
To fat the guzzling hogs with floods of whey. Gay.

TRA’YTRIP. n. s. A kind of play, I know not of what kind.
Shall I play my freedom at traytrip, and become thy bond
slave. Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.

TRE

TRE’ACHEROUS. adj. [from treachery.] Faithless; perfidious;
guilty of deserting or betraying.
He bad the lion to be remitted
Unto his seat, and those same treacherous vile
Be punish'd for their presumptuous guile. Hubberd's Tale.
Desire in rapture gaz'd awhile,
And saw the treach'rous goddess smile. Swift.

TRE’ACHEROUSLY. adv. [from treacherous.] Faithlessly; per­
fidiously; by treason; by stratagem.
Then 'gan Carausius tyrannize anew,
And him Alectus treacherously slew,
And took on him the robe of emperor. Fairy Qu. b. ii.
Thou hast slain
The flower of Europe for his chivalry,
And treacherously hast thou vanquish'd him. Shakespeare.
Let others freeze with angling reeds,
Or treacherously poor fish beset,
With strangling snare, or winding net. Donne.
I treated, trusted you, and thought you mine;
When, in requital of my best endeavours,
You treacherously practis'd to undo me,
Seduc'd my only child, and stole her. Otway.
They bid him strike, to appease the ghost
Of his poor father treacherously lost. Dryden's Juvenal.

TRE’ACHEROUSNESS. n. s. [from treacherous.] The quality of
being treacherous; perfidiousness.

TRE’ACHERY. n. s. [tricherie, French.] Perfidy; breach of
faith.

TREA’CHETOR. n. s. [from tricher, tricheur, Fr.] A traitor;
one who betrays; one who violates his
faith or allegiance.
TRE’ACHOUR. n. s. [from tricher, tricheur, Fr.] A traitor;
one who betrays; one who violates his
faith or allegiance.
Good Claudius with him battle fought,
In which the king was by a treachetour
Disguised slain. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Where may that treachour then be found,
Or by what means may I his footing tract. Fairy Queen.

TRE’ACLE. n. s. [triacle, Fr. triackle, Dutch; theriaca, Lat.]
1. A medicine made up of many ingredients.
The physician that has observed the medicinal virtues of
teacle, without knowing the nature of each of the sixty odd
ingredients, may cure many patients with it. Boyle.
Treacle water has much of an acid in it. Floyer.
2. Molosses; the spume of sugar.

To TREAD. v. n. pret. trod. part. pass. trodden. [trudan, Go­
thick; tredan, Saxon; treden, Dutch.]
1. To set the foot.
He ne'er drinks,
But Timon's silver treads upon his lip. Shakespeare.
Those which perfume the air most, being trodden upon
and crushed, are burnet, wild thyme, and water mint;
therefore set whole alleys of them, to have the pleasure when
you walk or tread. Bacon's Essays.
Those dropping gums
Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease. Milton.
Where'er you tread the blushing flow'rs shall rise. Pope.
2. To trample; to set the feet in scorn or malice.
Thou
Must, as a foreign recreant, be led
With manacles along our street, or else
Triumphantly tread on thy country's ruin,
And bear the palm. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Thou shalt tread upon their high places. Deut. xxxiii. 29.
3. To walk with form or state.
When he walks, he moves like an engine,
And the ground shrinks before his treading. Shakespeare.
Ye that stately tread or lowly creep. Milton.
4. To copulate as birds.
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws;
When turtles tread Shakespeare.
What distance between the treading or coupling, and the
laying of the egg? Bacon's Nat. Hist.
They bill, they tread, Alcyone compress'd,
Seven days sits brooding on her floating nest. Dryden.

To TREAD. v. a.
1. To walk on; to feel under the foot.
Would I had never tod this English earth,
Or felt the flatteries that grow upon it! Shakespeare.
He dy'd obedient to severest law;
Forbid to tread the promis'd land he saw. Prior.
2. To press under the foot.
Tread the snuff out on the floor to prevent stinking. Swift.
3. To beat; to track.
Full of briars is this working world.
—They are but burs: if we walk not in the trodden paths,
our very petticoats will catch them. Shakesp. As you like it.
4. To walk on in a formal or stately manner.
Methought she trod the ground with greater grace. Dry.
5. To crush under foot; to trample in contempt or hatred.
Through thy name will we tread them under that rise
against us. Psal. xliv. 5.
Why was I rais'd the meteor of the world,
Hung in the skies, and blazing as I travell'd,
'Till all my fires were spent; and then cast downward
To be trod out by Cæsar? Dryden's All for Love.
6. To put in action by the feet.
They tread their wine-presses and suffer thirst. Job xxiv.
7. To love as the male bird the female.
He feather'd her and trod her. Dryden's Fables.

TREAD. n. s. [from the verb.] Footing; step with the foot.
If the streets were pav'd with thine eyes,
Her feet were much too dainty for such tread. Shakespeare.
The quaint mazes in the wanton green,
For want of tread, are undistinguishable. Milton.
High above the ground
Their march was, and the passive air upbore
Their nimble tread. Milton.
The dancer on the rope, with doubtful tread,
Gets wherewithal to cloath and buy him bread. Dryden.
How wert thou wont to walk with cautious tread,
A dish of tea, like milk-pail, on thy head! Swift.
2. Way; track; path.
Cromwell is the king's secretary: further,
Stands in the gap and tread for more preferment. Shakesp.
3. The cocks part in the egg.

TRE’ADER. n. s. [from tread.] He who treads.
The treaders shall tread out no wine in their presses. Isa.

TRE’ADLE. n. s. [from tread.]
1. A part of an engine on which the feet act to put it in mo­
tion.
The farther the fore-end of the treadle reaches out beyond
the fore-side of the lathe, the greater will the sweep of the
fore-end of the treadle be, and consequently the more revo­
lutions is made at one tread. Moxon's Mech. Exercises.
2. The sperm of the cock.
Whether it is not made out of the garm, or treadle of the
egg, seemeth of lesser doubt. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
At each end of the egg is a treadle, formerly thought to
be the cock's sperm. Derham.

TRE’ASON. n. s. [trahison, French.] An offence committed
against the dignity and majesty of the commonwealth: it is
divided into high treason and petit treason. High treason is
an offence against the security of the commonwealth, or of
the king's majesty, whether by imagination, word, or deed;
as to compass or imagine treason, or the death of the prince,
or the queen consort, or his son and heir-apparent; or to de­
flower the king's wife, or his eldest daughter unmarried,
or his eldest son's wife; or levy war against the king in his
realm, or to adhere to his enemies by aiding them; or to
counterfeit the king's great seal, privy seal, or money; or
knowingly to bring false money into this realm counterfeited
like the money of England, and to utter the same; or to
kill the king's chancellor, treasurer, justice of the one bench,
or of the other; justices in Eyre, justices of assize, justices
of oyer and terminer, when in their place and doing their
duty; or forging the king's seal manual, or privy signet; or
diminishing or impairing the current money: and, in such
treason, a man forfeits his lands and goods to the king: and
it is called treason paramount. Petit treason is when a servant
kills his master, a wife her husband; secular or religious kills
his prelate: this treason gives forfeiture to every lord within
his own fee: both treasons are capital. Cowel.
Man disobeying,
Disloyal breaks his fealty, and sins
Against the high supremacy of heaven:
To expiate his treason hath nought left. Milton.
He made the overture of thy treasons to us. Shakespeare.
Athaliah cried, treason, treason. 2 Kings xi. 14.

TRE’ASONABLE. adj. [from treason.] Having the nature or
guilt of treason. Treasonous is out of use.
TRE’ASONOUS. adj. [from treason.] Having the nature or
guilt of treason. Treasonous is out of use.
Him by proofs as clear as founts in July
I know to be corrupt and treasonous. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Against the undivulg'd pretence I fight
Of treas'nous malice. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Most mens heads had been intoxicated with imaginations
of plots, and treasonable practices. Clarendon.
Were it a draught for June when she banquets,
I wou'd not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton.
A credit to run ten millions in debt without parliamentary
security is dangerous, illegal, and perhaps treasonable. Swift.



TRE’ASURE. n. s. [tresor, Fr. thesaurus, Latin.] Wealth
hoarded; riches accumulated.
An inventory, importing
The several parcels of his plate, his treasure,
Rich stuffs. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
They built treasure cities. Exod. i. 11.
He used his laws as well for collecting of treasure, as for
correcting of manners. Bacon.
Gold is treasure as well as silver, because not decaying,
and never sinking much in value. Locke.

To TRE’ASURE. v. a. [from the noun.] To hoard; to repo­
sit; to lay up.
After thy hardness and impenitent heart thou treasurest up
unto thyself wrath against the day of wrath. Rom. ii. 5.
Practical principles are treasured up in man's mind, that,
like the candle of the Lord in the heart of every man, dis­
covers what he is to do, and what to avoid. South.
No, my remembrance treasures honest thoughts,
And holds not things like thee; I scorn thy friendship.
Rowe.
Some thought it mounted to the lunar sphere,
Since all things lost on earth are treasur'd there. Pope.

TRE’ASURER. n. s. [from treasure; tresorier, Fr.] One who
has care of money; one who has charge of treasure.
This is my treasurer, let him speak
That I have reserv'd nothing. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Before the invention of laws, private affections in supreme
rulers made their own fancies both their treasurers and hang­
men, weighing in this balance good and evil. Raleigh.

TRE’ASURERSHIP. n. s. [from treasurer.] Office or dignity of
treasurer.
He preferred a base fellow, who was a suitor for the trea­
surership, before the most worthy. Hakewill.

TRE’ASUREHOUSE. n. s. [treasure and house.] Place where
hoarded riches are kept.
Let there be any grief or disease incident to the soul of
men, for which there is not in this treasurehouse a present
comfortable remedy to be found. Hooker, b. v.
Thou silver treasurehouse,
Tell me once more, what title dost thou bear? Shakesp.
Gather together into your spirit, and its treasurehouse, the
memory, not only all the promises of God, but also the for­
mer senses of the divine favours. Taylor's holy living.

TRE’ASURY. n. s. [from treasure; tresorerie, Fr.] A place in
which riches are accumulated.
And make his chronicle as rich with prize,
As is the ouzy bottom of the sea
With sunken wreck and sumless treasuries. Shakespeare.
Thy sumptuous buildings
Have cost a mass of publick treasury. Shakesp. Henry VI.
And yet I know not how conceit may rob
The treasury of life, when life itself
Yields to the theft. Shakespeare's King Lear.
He had a purpose to furnish a fair case in that university
with choice collections from all parts, like that famous trea­
sury of knowledge at Oxford. Wotton.
The state of the treasury the king best knows. Temple.
Physicians, by treasuries of just observations, grow to skill
in the art of healing. Watts.

To TREAT. v. a. [traiter, Fr. tracto, Lat.]
1. To negociate; to settle.
To treat the peace, a hundred senators
Shall be commissioned. Dryden's æn.
2. [Tracto, Lat.] To discourse on.
3. To use in any manner, good or bad.
He treated his prisoner with great harshness. Spectator.
Since living virtue is with envy curs'd,
And the best men are treated like the worst;
Do thou, just goddess, call our merits forth,
And give each deed th' exact, intrinsick worth. Pope.
4. To handle; to manage; to carry on.
Zeuxis and Polygnotus treated their subjects in their pic­
tures, as Homer did in his poetry. Dryden.
5. To entertain with expence.

To TREAT. v. n. [traiter, Fr. trahtian, Saxon.]
1. To discourse; to make discussions.
Of love they treat till th' ev'ning star appear'd. Milton.
Absence, what the poets call death in love, has given oc­
casion to beautiful complaints in those authors who have treat­
ed of this passion in verse. Addison's Spect.
2. To practise negotiation.
The king treated with them. 2 Mac. xiii. 22.
3. To come to terms of accommodation.
Inform us, will the emp'ror treat? Swift.
4. To make gratuitous entertainments.

TREAT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An entertainment given.
This is the ceremony of my fate;
A parting treat, and I'm to die in state. Dryden.
He pretends a great concern for his country, and insight
into matters: now such professions, when recommended by
a treat, dispose an audience to hear reason. Collier.
What tender maid but must a victim fall
For one man's treat, but for another's ball? Pope.
2. Something given at an entertainment.
Dry figs and grapes, and wrinkled dates were set,
In canisters t' enlarge the little treat. Dryden.
The King of gods revolving in his mind
Lycaon's guilt and his inhuman treat. Dryden.

TRE’ATABLE. adj. [traitable, Fr.] Moderate; not violent.
A virtuous mind should rather wish to depart this world
with a kind of treatable dissolution, than be suddenly cut off
in a moment, rather to be taken than snatched away. Hooker.
The heats or the colds of seasons are less treatable than
with us. Temple.

TRE’ATISE. n. s. [tractatus, Latin.] Discourse; written trac­
tate.
The time has been my fell of hair
Wou'd at a dismal treatise rouze, and stir
As life were in't. Shakespeare.
Besides the rules given in this treatise to make a perfect
judgment of good pictures, there is required a long conver­
sation with the best pieces. Dryden's Dufrenoy.

TRE’ATMENT. n. s. [traitment, French.] Usage; manner of
using good or bad.
Scarce an humour or character which they have not used;
all comes wasted to us: and were they to entertain this age,
they could not now make such plenteous treatment. Dryden.
Accept such treatment as a swain affords. Pope.

TREATY. n. s. [traité, Fr.]
1. Negotiation; act of treating.
She began a treaty to procure;
And stablish terms betwixt both their requests. Fa. Qu.
2. A compact of accommodation relating to publick affairs.
A peace was concluded, being rather a bargain than a
treaty. Bacon's Henry VII.
Echion
Let fall the guiltless weapon from his hand,
And with the vest a peaceful treaty makes. Addison's Ovid.
3. For entreaty: supplication; petition; solicitation.
He cast by treaty and by trains
Her to persuade. Spenser.
I must
To the young man send humble treaties, doge,
And palter in the shift of lowness. Shakespeare.

TRE’BLE. adj. [Triple, Fr. triplus, triplex, Lat.]
1. Threefold; triple.
Some I see,
That twofold balls and treble sceptres carry. Shakespeare.
Who can
His head's huge doors unlock, whose jaws with great
And dreadful teeth in treble ranks are set. Sandys.
All his malice serv'd but to bring forth
Infinite goodness, grace, and mercy shewn
On man by him seduc'd; but on himself
Treble confusion, wrath, and vengeance pour'd. Milton.
A lofty tow'r, and strong on ev'ry side
With treble walls. Dryden's æn.
The pious Trojan then his jav'lin sent,
The shield gave way; through treble plates it went
Of solid brass. Dryden's æn.
2. Sharp of sound. A musical term.
The sharper or quicker percussion of air causeth the more
treble sound, and the lower or heavier the more base sound.
Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 179.

To TRE’BLE. v. a. [from the adjective; triplico, Lat. tripler,
Fr.] To multiply by three; to make thrice as much.
She conceiv'd, and trebling the due time,
Brought forth this monstrous mass. Spenser.
I would not be ambitious in my wish,
To wish myself much better; yet for you,
I would be trebled twenty times myself,
A thousand times more fair. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Aquarius shines with feebler rays,
Four years he trebles, and doubles six score days. Creech.

To TRE’BLE. v. n. To become threefold.
Whoever annually runs out, as the debt doubles and trebles
upon him, so doth his inability to pay it. Swift.

TRE’BLE. n. s. A sharp sound.
The treble cutteth the air so sharp, as it returneth too swift
to make the sound equal; and therefore a mean or tenor is
the sweetest. Bacon.
The lute still trembles underneath thy nail:
At thy well-sharpen'd thumb from shore to shore,
The trebles squeak for fear, the bases roar. Dryden.

TRE’BLENESS. n. s. [from treble.] The state of being treble.
The just proportion of the air percussed towards the base­
ness or trebleness of tones, is a great secret in sounds. Bacon.

TRE’BLY. adv. [from treble.] Thrice told; in threefold num­
ber or quantity.
His jav'lin sent,
The shield gave way; through treble plates it went
Of solid brass, of linnen trebly roll'd. Dryden's æn.


The seed being so necessary for the maintenance of the
several species, it is in some doubly and trebly defended. Ray.

TREE. n. s. trie, Islandick; tree, Danish.]
1. A large vegetable rising, with one woody stem, to a con­
siderable height.
Trees and shrubs, of our native growth in England, are
distinguished by Ray. 1. Such as have their flowers disjoint­
ed and remote from the fruit; and these are, 1. Nuciferous
ones; as, the walnut tree, the hazel-nut tree, the beach,
the chesnut, and the common oak. 2. Coniferous ones;
of this kind are the Scotch firs, male and female; the pine,
the common alder tree, and the birch tree. 3. Bacciferous;
as, the juniper and yew trees. 4. Lanigerous ones; as, the
black, white, and trembling poplar, willows, and osiers of
all kinds. 5. Such as bear their seeds, having an imperfect
flower, in leasy membranes; as, the horse-bean. 6. Such
as have their fruits and flowers contiguous; of these some are
pomiferous; as, apples and pears; and some bacciferous; as,
the sorb or service tree, the white or hawthorn, the wild
rose, sweet brier, currants, the great bilbery bush, honey­
suckle, joy. Pruniferous ones, whose fruit is pretty large
and soft, with a stone in the middle; as, the black-thorn or
sloe tree, the black and white bullace tree, the black cherry,
&c. Bacciferous ones; as, the strawberry tree in the
west of Ireland, misletoe, water elder, the dwarf, a large
laurel, the viburnum or way-fairing tree, the dog-berry tree,
the sea black thron, the berry-bearing elder, the privet bar­
berry, common elder, the holy, the buckthorn, the berry­
bearing heath, the bramble, and spindle tree or prickwood.
Such as have their fruit dry when ripe; as, the bladder nut
tree, the box tree, the common elm and ash, the maple, the
gaule or sweet willow, common heath, broom, dyers wood,
furze or gorse, the lime tree, &c. Miller.
Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish,
A forked mountain, or blue promontory
With trees upon't, that nod unto the world,
And mock our eyes with air. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Who can bid the tree unfix his earth-bound root. Shak.
It is pleasant to look upon a tree in Summer covered with
green leaves, decked with blossoms, or laden with fruit, and
casting a pleasant shade: but to consider how this tree sprang
from a little seed, how nature shaped and fed it till it came
to this greatness, is a more rational pleasure. Burnet.
Trees shoot up in one great stem, and at a good distance
from the earth, spread into branches: thus gooseberries are
shrubs, and oaks are trees. Locke.
2. Any thing branched out.
Vain are their hopes who fancy to inherit,
By trees of pedigrees, or fame or merit:
Though plodding heralds through each branch may trace
Old captains and dictators of their race. Dryden.

TREE germander. n. s. A plant.

TREE of life. n. s. [lignum vitæ, Latin.] An evergreen: the
wood is esteemed by turners. Miller.

TREE primrose. n. s. A plant.

TREEN. old plur. of tree.
Well run greenhood, got between
Under the sand-bag he was seen;
Lowting low like a for'ster green,
He knows his tackle and his treen. Benj. Johnson.

TREEN. adj. Wooden; made of wood. Obsolete.
Sir Thomas Rookesby, being controlled for first suffering
himself to be served in treen cups, answered, these homely
cups pay truly for that they contain: I had rather drink out
of treen and pay gold and silver, than drink out of gold and
silver and make wooden payments. Camden.

TRE’FOIL. n. s. [trifolium, Lat.] A plant.
The trefoil hath a papilionaceous flower, consisting of the
standard, the wings and keel coming out of the empalement
together with the pointal covered with its fringed sheath: it
becomes a capsule hidden in the empalement, and full of
seeds shaped like a kidney, adhering close to the capsule when
ripe: some have flowers consisting of one leaf, and filled
with kidney-shaped seeds: to this must be added, that the
leaves grow by threes, seldom by four or fives, on a common
footstalk. Miller.
Hope, by the ancients, was drawn in the form of a sweet
and beautiful child, standing upon tiptoes, and a trefoil, or
three-leaved grass in her hand. Peacham on Drawing.
Some sow trefoil or rye-grass with their clover. Mortimer.

TRE’ILLAGE. n. s. [French.]
Treillage is a contexture of pales to support espalliers,
making a distinct inclosure of any part of a garden. Trevoux.
There are as many kinds of gardening as of poetry:
makers of flower-gardens are epigrammatists and sonneteers,
contrivers of bowers, grotto's, treillages, and cascades, are
romance writers. Spectator, No. 477.

TRE’LLIS. n. s. [French.] Is a structure of iron, wood,
or osier, the parts crossing each other like a lattice. Trevoux.

To TRE’MBLE. v. n. [trembler, Fr. tremo, Lat.]
1. To shake as with fear or cold; to shiver; to quake; to
shudder.
My compassionate heart
Will not permit my eyes once to behold
The thing, whereat it trembles by surmise. Shakespeare.
God's name
And power thou tremblest at. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Shew your slaves how cholerick you are,
And make your bondmen tremble. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble,
Touches us not with pity. Shakesp. King Lear.
They shall fear and tremble. Jer. xxxiii. 9.
When he heard the king, he fell into such a trembling that
he could hardly speak. Clarendon.
Frighted Turnus trembl'd as he spoke. Dryden's æn.
He shook the sacred honours of his head,
With terror trembl'd heav'n's subsiding hill,
And from his shaken curls ambrosial dews distil. Dryden.
Ye powers, revenge your violated altars,
That they who with unhallow'd hands approach
May tremble. Rowe.
2. To quiver; to totter.
Sinai's grey top shall tremble. Milton.
We cannot imagine a mass of water to have stood upon
the middle of the earth like one great drop, or a trembling
jelly, and all the places about it dry. Burnet.
3. To quaver; to shake as a sound.
Winds make a noise unequally, and sometimes when ve­
hement tremble at the height of their blast. Bacon.

TRE’MBLINGLY. adv. [from trembling.] So as to shake or
quiver.
Tremblingly she stood,
And on the sudden dropt. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Say what the use, were finer opticks giv'n,
Or touch, if tremblingly alive all o'er,
To smart and agonize at every pore? Pope.

TREME’NDOUS. adj. [tremendus, Latin.] Dreadful; horrible;
astonishingly terrible.
There stands an altar where the priest celebrates some
mysteries sacred and tremendous. Tatler, No. 57.
In that portal shou'd the chief appear,
Each hand tremendous with a brazen spear. Pope's Odyssey.

TRE’MOUR. n. s. [tremor, Lat.]
1. The state of trembling.
He fell into an universal tremour of all his joints, that
when going his legs trembled under him. Harvey.
By its styptick and stimulating quality it affects the nerves,
occasioning tremours. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Quivering or vibratory motion.
These stars do not twinkle when viewed through telescopes
which have large apertures: for the rays of light which pass
through divers parts of the aperture tremble each of them
apart, and by means of their various, and sometimes con­
trary tremors fall at one and the same time upon different
points in the bottom of the eye. Newton.

TRE’MULOUS. adj. [tremulus, Lat.]
1. Trembling; fearful.
The tender tremulous christian is easily distracted and amazed
by them. Decay of Piety.
2. Quivering; vibratory.
Breath vocalized, that is, vibrated or undulated, impresses
a swift tremulous motion in the lips, tongue or palate, which
breath passing smooth does not. Holder.
As thus th' effulgence tremulous I drink,
The lambent light'nings shoot across the sky. Thomson.

TRE’MULOUSNESS. n. s. [from tremulous.] The state of qui­
vering.

TREN. n. s. A fish spear. Ains.

To TRENCH. v. a. [trancher, Fr.]
1. To cut.
Safe in a ditch he bides,
With twenty trenched gashes on his head. Shakespeare.
This weak impress of love is as a figure
Trench'd in ice, which with an hour's heat
Dissolves to water, and doth lose his form. Shakespeare.
2. To cut or dig into pits or ditches.
Pioneers with spades and pickax arm'd,
Forerun the royal camp to trench a field. Milton.
Trench the ground, and make it ready for the Spring.
Evelyn.
First draw thy faulchion, and on ev'ry side
Trench the black earth a cubit long and wide. Pope.
The trenching plough or coulter is useful in pasture-ground,
to cut out the sides of trenches or drains. Mortimer.

TRENCH. n. s. [tranche, Fr.]
1. A pit or ditch.
On that coast build,
And with a trench enclose the fruitful field. Dryden's æn.
When you have got your water up to the highest part of
the land, make a small trench to carry some of the water in,
keeping it always upon a level. Mortimer's Husb.
2. Earth thrown up to defend soldiers in their approach to a
town, or to guard a camp.


The citizens of Corioli have issued forth
And given to Lartius and to Marcius battle:
I saw our party to the trenches driven,
And then I came away. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
William carries on the trench,
Till both the town and castle yield. Prior.

TRE’NCHANT. adj. [trenchant, Fr.] Cutting; sharp.
He fiercely took his trenchant blade in hand,
With which he struck so furious and so fell,
That nothing seem'd the puissance could withstand. F. Q.
Against a vanquish'd foe, their swords
Were sharp and trenchant, not their words. Hudibras.

TEE’NCHER. n. s. [from trench; trenchoir, Fr.]
1. A piece of wood on which meat is cut at table.
No more
I'll scrape trencher, nor wash dish. Shakesp. Tempest.
My estate deserves an heir more rais'd,
Than one which holds a trencher. Shak. Timon of Athens.
When we find our dogs, we set the dish or trencher on the
ground. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Their homely fare dispatch'd; the hungry band
Invade their trenchers next, and soon devour. Dryden.
Many a child may have the idea of a square trencher, or
round plate, before he has any idea of infinite. Locke.
2. The table.
How often hast thou,
Fed from my trencher, kneel'd down at the board,
When I have feasted. Shakesp. Henry VI.
3. Food; pleasures of the table.
It could be no ordinary declension of nature that could
bring some men, after an ingenuous education, to place their
summum bonum upon their trenchers, and their utmost felicity
in wine. South's Sermons.

TRE’NCHERFLY. n. s. [trencher and fly.] One that haunts ta­
bles; a parasite.
He found all people came to him promiscuously, and he
tried which of them were friends, and which only trencher­
flies and spungers. L'Estrange.

TRE’NCHERMAN. n. s. [trencher and man.] A feeder; an eater.
Palladius assured him, that he had already been more fed
to his liking than he could be by the skilfullest trenchermen of
Media. Sidney.
You had musty victuals, and he hath holp to eat it: he's
a very valiant trencherman; he hath an excellent stomach.
Shakesp. Much ado about nothing.

TRE’NCHERMATE. n. s. [trencher and mate.] A table compa­
nion; a parasite.
Because that judicious learning of the ancient sages doth not
in this case serve the turn, these trenchermates frame to them­
selves a way more pleasant; a new method they have of
turning things that are serious into mockery, an art of con­
tradiction by way of scorn. Hooker, b. v.

To TREND. v. n. To tend; to lie in any particular direc­
tion. It seems a corruption of tend.
The scouts to several parts divide their way,
To learn the natives names, their towns explore
The coasts and trendings of the crooked shore. Dryden.

TRE’NTALS. n. s. [trente, Fr.]
Trentals or trigintals were a number of masses, to the tale
of thirty, said on the same account, according to a certain
order instituted by Saint Gregory. Ayliffe's Parergon.

TRE’NDLE. n. s. [trendel, Saxon.] Any thing turned round.
Now improperly written trundle.

TREPA’N. n. s. [trepan, Fr.]
1. An instrument by which chirurgeons cut out round pieces of
the skull.
2. A snare; a stratagem by which any one is ensnared. [Of
this signification Skinner assigns for the reason, that some
English ships in queen Elizabeth's reign being invited, with
great shew of friendship, into Trapani, a part of Sicily, were
there detained.]
But what a thoughtless animal is man,
How very active in his own trepan. Roscommon.
Can there be any thing of friendship in snares, hooks, and
trepans. South's Sermons.
During the commotion of the blood and spirits, in which
passion consists, whatsoever is offered to the imagination in
favour of it, tends only to deceive the reason: it is indeed a
real trepan upon it, feeding it with colours and appearances
instead of arguments. South's Sermons.

To TREPA’N. v. a. [from the noun; trepaner, Fr.]
1. To perforate with the trepan.
A putrid matter flowed forth her nostrils, of the same smell
with that in trepanning the bone. Wiseman's Surgery.
Few recovered of those that were trepanned. Arbuthnot.
2. To catch; to ensnare.
They trepann'd the state, and fac'd it down
With plots and projects of our own. Hudibras, p. iii.
Those are but trepanned who are called to govern, being
invested with authority but bereaved of power, which is no­
thing else but to mock and betray them into a splendid and
magisterial way of being ridiculous. South's Sermons.

TREPHI’NE. n. s. A small trepan; a smaller instrument of
perforation managed by one hand.
I shewed a trepan and trephine, and gave them liberty to
try both upon a skull. Wiseman's Surgery.

TREPIDA’TION. n. s. [trepidatio, Lat.]
1. The state of trembling.
The bow tortureth the string continually, and holdeth it
in a continual trepidation. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 137.
All objects of the senses which are very offensive, cause
the spirits to retire; upon which the parts, in some degree,
are destitute; and so there is induced in them a trepidation
and horror. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 793.
Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears,
Men reckon what it did and meant;
But trepidation of the spheres,
Though greater far, is innocent. Donne.
They pass the planets sev'n, and pass the fix'd,
And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs
The trepidation talk'd, and that first-mov'd. Milton.
2. State of terrour.
Because the whole kingdom stood in a zealous trepidation
of the absence of such a prince, I have been the more de­
sirous to research the several passages of the journey. Wotton.
His first action of note was in the battle of Lepanto;
where the success of that great day, in such trepidation of the
state, made every man meritorious. Wotton.

To TRE’SPASS. v. n. [trespasser, Fr.]
1. To transgress; to offend.
If they shall confess their trespass which they trespassed
against me, I will remember my covenant. Lev. xxvi. 43.
They not only contradict the general design and particular
expresses of the gospel, but trespass against all logick. Norris.
2. To enter unlawfully on another's ground.
Their morals and œconomy,
Most perfectly they made agree:
Each virtue kept its proper bound,
Nor trespass'd on the other's ground. Prior.

TRE’SPASS. n. s. [trespas, Fr.]
1. Transgression; offence.
Your purpos'd low correction
Is such, as basest, and the meanest wretches
For pilf'rings, and most common trespass
Are punish'd with. Shakesp. King Lear.
The trespass money and sin money was the priests. 2 Kings.
He shall bring his trespass offering for his sin. Lev. v. 6.
Will God incense his ire
For such a petty trespass? Milton.
2. Unlawful entrance on another's ground.

TRE’SPASSER. n. s. [from trespass.]
1. An offender; a transgressor.
2. One who enters unlawfully on another's ground.
If I come upon another's ground without his licence, or
the licence of the law, I am a trespasser, for which the owner
may have an action of trespass against me. Walton.

TRE’SSED. adj. [from tressé, French.] Knotted or curled.
Nor this nor that so much doth make me mourn,
But for the lad, whom long I lov'd so dear,
Now loves a lass that all his love doth scorn,
He plunged in pain his tressed locks doth tear. Spenser.

TRE’SSES. n. s. without a singular. [tresse, Fr. treccia, Italian.]
A knot or curl of hair.
Hung be the heav'ns with black, yield day to night!
Comets, importing change of times and states,
Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky. Shakespeare.
Her swelling breast
Naked, met his under the flowing gold
Of her loose tresses hid. Milton.
Adam had wove
Of choicest flow'rs a garland to adorn
Her tresses, and her rural labours crown. Milton.
Fair tresses man's imperial race ensnare,
And beauty draws us with a single hair. Pope.
Then cease, bright nymph! to mourn the ravish'd hair,
Which adds new glory to the shining sphere!
Not all the tresses that fair hair can boast,
Shall draw such envy as the lock you lost. Pope.

TRE’STLE. n. s. [tresteau, Fr.]
1. The frame of a table.
2. A moveable form by which any thing is supported.

TRET. n. s. [Probably from tritus, Lat.] An allowance made
by merchants to retailers, which is four pounds in every hun­
dred weight, and four pounds for waste or refuse of a com­
modity. Bailey.

TRE’THINGS. n. s. [trethingi, low Latin, from trethu, Welsh,
to tax.] Taxes; imposts.

TREVE’T. n. s. [thriefet, Saxon; trepied, Fr.] Any thing
that stands on three legs: as, a stool.

TREY. n. s. [tres, Lat. trois, Fr.] A three at cards.
White-handed mistress, one sweet word with thee.
——Honey, milk, and sugar; there is three.
—Nay then, two treys; metheglin, wort, and malmsey.
Shakesp. Love's Labour lost.



TRI

TRI’ABLE. adj. [from try.]
1. Possible to be experimented; capable of trial.
For the more easy understanding of the experiments triable
by our engine, I insinuated that notion, by which all of them
will prove explicable. Boyle.
2. Such as may be judicially examined.
No one should be admitted to a bishop's chancellorship
without good knowledge in the civil and canon laws, since
divers causes triable in the spiritual court are of weight. Ayliffe.

TRI’AD. n. s. [trias, Lat. triade, Fr.] Three united.

TRI’AL. n. s. [from try.]
1. Test; examination.
With trial fire touch me his finger end;
If he be chaste the flame will back descend,
And turn him to no pain; but if he start,
It is the flesh of a corrupted heart. Shakespeare.
2. Experience; act of examining by experience.
I leave him to your gracious acceptance,
Whose trial shall better publish his commendation. Shak.
Skilful gardeners make trial of the seeds by putting them
into water gently boiled; and if good, they will sprout within
half an hour. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 520.
3. Experiment; experimental knowledge.
Others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings. Heb.
4. Judicial examination.
Trial is used in law for the examination of all causes, civil
or criminal, according to the laws of our realm: the trial is
the issue, which is tried upon the inditement, not the indite­
ment itself. Cowel.
He hath resisted law,
And therefore law shall scorn him further trial
Than the severity of publick power. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
5. Temptation; test of virtue.
Lest our trial, when least sought,
May find us both perhaps far less prepar'd,
The willinger I go. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
No such company as then thou saw'st
Intended thee; for trial only brought,
To see how thou could'st judge of fit and meet. Milton.
Every station is exposed to some trials, either temptations
that provoke our appetites, or disquiet our fears. Rogers.
6. State of being tried.
Good shepherd, tell this youth what 'tis to love?
—It is to be all made of sighs and tears;
It is to be made all of faith and service,
All humbleness, all patience and impatience;
All purity, all trial, all observance. Shakesp. As you like it.

TRIA’NGLE. n. s. [triangle, Fr. triangulum, Lat.] A figure
of three angles.
The three angles of a triangle are equal to two right ones.
Locke.

TRIA’NGULAR. adj. [triangularis, Lat.] Having three angles.
The frame thereof seem'd partly circular,
And part triangular; O work divine!
These two the first and last proportions are. Fairy Qu.
Though a round figure be most capacious for the honey,
and most convenient for the bee; yet did she not chuse that,
because then there must have been triangular spaces left void.
Ray on the Creation.

TRIBE. n. s. [tribu, Fr. tribus, Lat. from trev, b and v being
labials of promiscuous use in the ancient British words; trev
from tir ef, his lands, is supposed to be Celtick, and used be­
fore the Romans had any thing to do with the British govern­
ment; to prove which Mr. Rowland offers many reasons,
which he mentions by imagining that centuriæ is derived from
trev, supposing it to be the same with our centrev, importing
a hundred trevs or tribes.]
1. A distinct body of the people as divided by family or for­
tune, or any other characteristick.
I ha' been writing all this night unto all the tribes
And centuries for their voices, to help Catiline
In his election. Benj. Johnson's Cataline.
If the heads of the tribes can be taken off, and the misled
multitude will see their error, such extent of mercy is ho­
nourable. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
Who now shall rear you to the sun, or rank
Your tribes, and water from th' ambrosial fount. Milton.
Straggling mountaineers, for publick good,
To rank in tribes, and quit the savage wood,
Houses to build. Tate.
I congratulate my country upon the increase of this happy
tribe of men, since, by the present parliament, the race of
freeholders is spreading into the remotest corners. Addison.
2. It is often used in contempt.
Folly and vice are easy to describe,
The common subjects of our scribbling tribe. Roscommon.

TRI’BLET or TRIBO’ULET. n. s. A goldsmith's tool for mak­
ing rings. Ains.

TRIBULA’TION. n. s. [tribulation, Fr.] Persecution; distress;
vexation; disturbance of life.
Tribulation being present causeth sorrow, and being immi­
nent breedeth fear. Hooker, b. v.
The just shall dwell,
And after all their tribulations long,
See golden days, fruitful of golden deeds. Milton.
Death becomes
His final remedy; and after life
Try'd in sharp tribulation, and refin'd
By faith, and faithful works. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Our church taught us to pray, that God would, not only
in all time of our tribulation, but in all time of our wealth,
deliver us. Atterbury's Sermons.

TRIBU’NAL. n. s. [tribunal, Latin and French.]
1. The seat of a judge.
I' th' market-place, on a tribunal silver'd,
Cleopatra and himself in chairs of gold
Were publickly enthron'd. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
He sees the room
Where the whole nation does for justice come,
Under whose large roof flourishes the gown,
And judges grave on high tribunals frown. Waller.
Here the tribunal stood. Dryden's æn.
There is a necessity of standing at his tribunal, who is in­
finitely wise and just. Grew's Cosmol. b. iii.
2. A court of justice.
Summoning arch-angels to proclaim
Thy dread tribunal. Milton.

TRI’BUNE. n. s. [tribun, tribunus, Lat.]
1. An officer of Rome chosen by the people.
These are the tribunes of the people,
The tongues o' th' common mouth: I do despise them.
Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
2. The commander of a Roman legion.

TRIBUNI’TIAL. adj. [tribunitius, Lat.] Suiting a tribune;
relating to a tribune.
TRIBUNI’TIOUS. adj. [tribunitius, Lat.] Suiting a tribune;
relating to a tribune.
Let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribunitious man­
ner; for that is to clamour counsels, not to inform. Bacon.
Oh happy ages of our ancestors,
Beneath the kings and tribunitial powers
One jail did all their criminals restrain. Dryden's Juvenal.

TRI’BUTARY. adj. [tributaire, Fr. tributarius, Lat.]
1. Paying tribute as an acknowledgement of submission to a
master.
Thenceforth this land was tributary made
T' ambitious Rome, and did their rule obey,
Till Arthur all that reckoning did defray:
Yet oft the Briton kings against them strongly sway'd.
Fairy Queen, b. ii.
The two great empires of the world I know;
And since the earth none larger does afford,
This Charles is some poor tributary lord. Dryden.
Around his throne the sea-born brothers stood,
That swell with tributary urns his flood. Pope.
2. Subject; subordinate.
These he, to grace his tributary gods,
By course commits to several government,
And gives them leave to wear their saphire crowns,
And wield their little tridents. Milton's Comus.
O'er Judah's king ten thousand tyrants reign,
Legions of lust, and various pow'rs of ill
Insult the master's tributary will. Prior.
3. Paid in tribute.
Nor flatt'ry tunes these tributary lays. Concanen.

TRI’BUTARY. n. s. [from tribute.] One who pays a stated
sum in acknowledgement of subjection.
All the people therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and
serve thee. Deut. xx. 11.
The Irish lords did only promise to become tributaries to
king Henry the second: and such as only pay tribute, are
not
properly subjects but sovereigns. Davies.

TRI’BUTE. n. s. [tribut, Fr. tributum, Lat.] Payment made
in acknowledgement; subjection.
The Lord's tribute of the sheep was six hundred. Numb.
They that received tribute money said, Doth not your ma­
ster pay tribute? Mat. xvii. 2.
She receives
As tribute her warmth and light. Milton.
To acknowledge this was all he did exact;
Small tribute, where the will to pay was act. Dryden.

TRICOMA’NES. n. s. A plant.
A branch of some capillary plant, resembling the common
trichomanes, only the pinnæ are larger in a dusky grey slaty
stone. Woodward.

TRICE. n. s. [I believe this word comes from trait, Fr. cor­
rupted by pronunciation.] A short time; an instant; a stroke.
If they get never so great spoil at any time, the same they
waste in a trice, as naturally delighting in spoil, though it do
themselves no good.
Just in the nick the cook knock'd thrice,
And all the waiters in a trice
His summons did obey:
Each serving man with dish in hand,
March'd boldly up like our train'd band,
Presented, and away. Suckling.


He could raise scruples dark and nice,
And after solve them in a trice. Hudibras, p. i.
So when the war had rais'd a storm,
I've seen a snake in human form,
All stain'd with infamy and vice,
Leap from the dunghil in a trice. Swift.
It seems incredible at first, that all the blood in our bodies
should circulate in a trice, in a very few minutes; but it
would be more surprising if we knew the short periods of the
great circulation of water. Bentley's Sermons.

TRICHO’TOMY. n. s. Division into three parts.
Some disturb the order of nature by dichotomies, trichoto­
mies, sevens, twelves: let the subject with the design you
have in view determine the number of parts into which you
divide it. Watts.

TRICK. n. s. [treck, Dutch.]
1. A sly fraud.
Sir Thomas Moor said, that a trick of law had no less
power than the wheel of fortune, to lift men up, or cast
them down. Raleigh.
A bantering droll took a journey to Delphos, to try if he
could put a trick upon Apollo. L'Estrange's Fables.
Such a one thinks to find some shelter in my friendship,
and I betray him: he comes to me for counsel and I shew
him a trick. South.
He swore by Stix,
Whate'er she wou'd desire, to grant;
But wise Ardelia knew his tricks. Swift.
2. A dexterous artifice.
Gather the lowest and leaving the top,
Shall teach thee a trick for to double thy crop. Tusser.
And now, as oft in some distemper'd state,
On one nice trick depends the gen'ral fate. Pope.
3. A vicious practice.
Suspicion shall be stuck full of eyes:
For treason is but trusted like a fox,
Who ne'er so tame, so cherish'd and lock'd up,
Will have a wild trick of his ancestors. Shakespeare.
I entertain you with somewhat more worthy than the stale
exploded trick of fulsom panegyricks. Dryden.
Some friends to vice pretend,
That I the tricks of youth too roughly blame. Dryden.
4. A juggle; an antick; any thing done to cheat jocosely, or
to divert.
A rev'rend prelate stopp'd his coach and six,
To laugh a little at our Andrew's tricks. Prior.
5. An unexpected effect.
So fellest foes who broke their sleep,
To take the one the other, by some chance,
Some trick not worth an egg, shall grow dear friends.
Shakesp. Coriolanus.
6. A practice; a manner; a habit.
I spoke it but according to the trick: if you'll hang me
you may. Shakespeare.
The trick of that voice I well remember. Shakespeare.
Behold,
Although the print be little, the whole matter
And copy of the father; eye, nose, lip,
The trick of 's frown, his forehead. Shak. Winter's Tale.
7. A number of cards laid regularly up in play: as, a trick of
cards.

To TRICK. v. a. [from the noun; tricker, Fr.]
1. To cheat; to impose on; to defraud.
It is impossible that the whole world should thus conspire
to cheat themselves, to put a delusion on mankind, and trick
themselves into belief. Stephen's Sermons.
2. To dress; to decorate; to adorn; properly to knot. [trica,
in low Latin, signifies a knot of hair; treccia, Italian: hence
trace. Matt. Westmonasteriensis says of Godiva of Coventry,
that she rode tricas capitis & crines dissolvens.]
And trick them up in knotted curls anew. Drayton.
They turned the imposture upon the king, and gave out,
that to defeat the true inheritor he had tricked up a boy in the
likeness of Edward Plantagenet. Bacon's Henry VII.
Horridly trickt
With blood of fathers, mothers, daughters, sons,
Bak'd and impasted with the parching fires. Shakesp.
This pillar is but a medley, or a mass of all the precedent
ornaments, making a new kind by stealth; and though the
most richly tricked, yet the poorest in this, that he is a bor­
rower of all his beauty. Wotton's Architect.
Their heads are trickt with tassels and flowers. Sandys.
Woful shepherds, weep no more,
For Lycidas, your sorrow, is not dead:
Sunk, though he be, beneath the wat'ry floor;
So sinks the Day-star in the ocean bed,
And yet anon repairs his drooping head,
And tricks his beams, and with new spangled ore,
Flames in the forehead of the morning sky. Milton.
A daw that had a mind to be sparkish, tricked himself up
with all the gay feathers he could muster. L'Estrange's Fab.
Love is an airy good, opinion makes,
That tricks and dresses up the gawdy dream. Dryden.
People lavish it profusely in tricking up their children in
fine cloaths, and yet starve their minds. Locke.
3. To perform by slight of hand, or with a light touch.
The colours and the ground prepare:
Dip in the rainbow, trick her off in air,
Chuse a firm cloud before it fall. Pope.

To TRICK. v. n. To live by fraud.
Thus they jog on, still tricking, never thriving,
And murd'ring plays, which they call reviving. Dryden.

TRI’CKER. n. s. [This is often written trigger; I know not
which is right.] The catch which being pulled disengages
the cock of the gun, that it may give fire.
Pulling aside the tricker we observed, that the force of the
spring of the lock was not sensibly abated by the absence of
the air. Boyle.
As a goose
In death contracts his talons close;
So did the knight, and with one claw
The tricker of his pistol draw. Hudibras, p. i.

TRI’CKING. n. s. [from trick.] Dress; ornament.
Get us properties and tricking for our fairies. Shakespeare.

TRI’CKISH. adj. [from trick.] Knavishly artful; fraudulently
cunning; mischievously subtle.
All he says is in a loose, slippery, and trickish way of rea­
soning. Pope.

To TRI’CKLE. v. n. [Of this word I find no etymology that
seems well authorised or probable.] To fall in drops; to rill
in a slender stream.
He, prick'd with pride,
Forth spurred fast; adown his courser's side
The red blood trickling, stain'd the way. Fa. Qu. b. i.
Fast beside there trickled softly down
A gentle stream, whose murm'ring wave did play
Amongst the pumy stones, and made a sound
To lull him soft asleep that by it lay. Fa. Qu. b. ii.
Some noises help sleep; as, the blowing of the wind, and
trickling of water, as moving in the spirits a gentle atten­
tion, which stilleth the discursive motion. Bacon.
He wakened by the trickling of his blood. Wiseman.
Beneath his ear the fast'ned arrow stood,
And from the wound appear'd the trickling blood. Dryden.
All at once his grief and rage appear'd,
And floods of tears ran trickling down his beard. Dryden.
He lay stretch'd along, his eyes fixt upward,
And ever and anon a silent tear
Stole down, and trickled from his hoary beard. Dryden.
The emblems of honour wrought on the front in the brittle
materials above-mentioned, trickled away under the first im­
pressions of the heat. Addison's Freeholder, No. 28.
Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo! Henly stands,
Tuning his voice and balancing his hands:
How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue!
How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung. Pope.
They empty heads console with empty sound.
No more, alas! the voice of fame they hear,
The balm of dulness trickling in their ear. Pope's Dunciad.
Subdu'd,
The frost resolves into a trickling thaw. Thomson's Winter.

TRI’CKSY. adj. [from trick.] Pretty. This is a word of en­
dearment.
The fool hath planted in his memory
An army of good words; and I do know
A many fools that stand in better place,
Garnish'd like him, that for a tricksy word
Defy the matter. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
All this service have I done since I went.
—My tricksy spirit! Shakespeare's Tempest.

TRICO’RPORAL. adj. [tricorpus, Lat.] Having three bodies

TRIDE. adj. [among hunters; tride, French.] Short and
ready. Bailey.

TRI’DENT. n. s. [trident, Fr. tridens, Lat.] A three forked
sceptre of Neptune.
His nature is too noble for the world:
He would not flatter Neptune for his trident. Shakespeare.
Can'st thou with fisgigs pierce him to the quick?
Or in his skull thy barbed trident stick? Sandys on Job.
He lets them wear their saphire crowns,
And wield their little tridents. Milton.
Several find a mystery in every tooth of Neptune's trident.
Addison on ancient Medals.

TRI’DENT. adj. Having three teeth.

TRI’DING. n. s. [trithinga, Saxon.] The third part of a coun­
try or shire. Bailey.

TRIDUAN. adj. [from triduum, Lat.]
1. Lasting three days.
2. Happening every third day.

TRIE’NNIAL. adj. [triennis, Lat. triennal, Fr.]
1. Lasting three years.
I passed the bill for triennial parliaments. King Charles.


Richard the third, though he came in by blood, yet the
short time of his triennial reign he was without any, and
proved one of my best lawgivers. Howel's England's Tears.
2. Happening every third year.

TRI’ER. n. s. [from try.]
1. One who tries experimentally.
The ingenious triers of the German experiment found,
that their glass vessel was lighter when the air had been drawn
out than before by an ounce and very near a third. Boyle.
2. One who examines judicially.
Courts of justice are bound to take notice of acts of par­
liament, and whether they are truly pleaded or not; and
therefore they are the triers of them. Hale.
There should be certain triers or examiners appointed by
the state to inspect the genius of every particular boy. Spect.
3. Test; one who brings to the test.
You were used
To say, extremity was the trier of spirits;
That common chances common men could bear. Shakesp.

To TRI’FALLOW. v. a. [tres, Latin, and fealga, Saxon, a
harrow.] To plow land the third time before sowing. Bailey.
The beginning of August is the time of trifallowing, or
last plowing, before they sow their wheat. Mortimer.

TRI’FID. adj. [among botanists.] Cut or divided into three
parts. Bailey.

TRIFI’STULARY. adj. [tres and fistula, Latin.] Having three
pipes.
Many of that species whose trifistulary bill or crany we
have beheld. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To TRI’FLE. v. n. [tryfelen, Dutch.]
1. To act or talk without weight or dignity; to act with levity;
to talk with folly.
When they saw that we ought to abrogate such popish ce­
remonies as are unprofitable, or else might have other more
profitable in their stead, they trifle and they beat the air about
nothing which toucheth us, unless they mean that we ought
to abrogate all popish ceremonies. Hooker.
2. To mock; to play the fool.
Do not believe,
That, from the sense of all civility,
I thus would play and trifle with your reverence. Shakesp.
3. To indulge light amusement.
4. To be of no importance.
'Tis hard for every trifling debt of two shillings to be
driven to law. Spenser.

To TRI’FLE. v. a. To make of no importance. Not in
use.
Threescore and ten I can remember well,
Within the volume of which time I've seen
Hours dreadful and things strange; but this sore night
Hath trifled former knowings. Shakesp. Macbeth.

TRI’FLE. n. s. [from the noun.] A thing of no moment.
The instruments of darkness tell us truths;
Win us with honest trifles, to betray us
In deepest consequence. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Old Chaucer doth of Topas tell,
Mad Rabelais of Pantagruel,
A later third of Dowsabell,
With such poor trifles playing:
Others the like have labour'd at,
Some of this thing, and some of that,
And many of they know not what,
But that they must be saying. Drayton's Nymphid.
The infinitely greatest confessed good is neglected, to sa­
tisfy the successive uneasiness of our desires pursuing trifles.
Locke.

TRI’FLER. n. s. [trifelaar, Dutch.] One who acts with levity;
one that talks with folly.
A man cannot tell whether Apelles or Albert Durer
were the more triflers, whereof the one would make a per­
sonage by geometrical proportions, the other by taking the
best parts out of divers faces to make one excellent. Bacon.
Shall I, who can enchant the boist'rous deep,
Bid Boreas halt, make hills and forests move,
Shall I be baffled by this trifler, love. Granville.
As much as systematical learning is decried by some vain
triflers of the age, it is the happiest way to furnish the mind
with knowledge. Watts.

TRI’FLING. adj. [from trifle.] Wanting worth; unimportant;
wanting weight.
To a soul supported with an assurance of the divine fa­
vour, the honours or afflictions of this life will be equally
trifling and contemptible. Rogers's Sermons.

TRI’FLINGLY. adv. [from trifling.] Without weight; with­
out dignity; without importance.
Those who are carried away with the spontaneous current
of their own thoughts, must never humour their minds in
being thus triflingly busy. Locke.

TRI’FORM. adj. [triformis, Lat.] Having a triple shape.
The moon her monthly round
Still ending, still renewing through mid heav'n,
With borrow'd light her countenance triform
Hence fills, and empties, to enlighten th' earth. Milton.

TRI’GGER. n. s. [derived by Junius from trigue, Fr. from in­
tricare, Lat.]
1. A catch to hold the wheel on steep ground.
2. The catch that being pulled looses the cock of the gun.
The pulling the trigger of the gun with which the murder
is committed, has no natural connection with those ideas that
make up the complex one, murder. Locke.

TRINGI’NTALS. n. s. [from triginta, Latin, thirty.]
Trentals or tringintals were a number of masses to the tale
of thirty, instituted by Saint Gregory. Ayliffe.

TRI’GLYPH. n. s. [In architecture.] A member of the frize
of the Dorick order set directly over every pillar, and in cer­
tain spaces in the intercolumnations. Harris.
The Dorick order has now and then a sober garnishment
of lion's heads in the cornice, and of triglyphs and metopes
always in the frize. Wotton.

TRI’GON. n. s. [trigone, Fr.] A triangle. A term in astro­
logy.
The ordinary height of a man ninety-six digits, the an­
cient Egyptians estimated to be equal to that mystical cubit
among them stiled passus Ibidis, or the trigon that the Ibis
makes at every step, consisting of three latera, each thirty­
two digits. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

TRI’GONAL. adj. [from trigon.] Triangular; having three
corners.
A spar of a yellow hue shot into numerous trigonal pointed
shoots of various sizes, found growing to one side of a per­
pendicular fissure of a stratum of free-stone in digging.
Woodward on Fossils.

TRIGONO’METRY. n. s. [trigonometrie, Fr.]
Trigonometry is the art of measuring triangles, or of cal­
culating the sides of any triangle sought, and this is plain or
spherical. Harris.
On a discovery of Pythagoras all trigonometry, and conse­
quently all navigation, is founded. Guardian.

TRIGONOME’TRICAL. adj. [from trigonometry.] Pertaining to
trigonometry.

TRILA’TERAL. adj. [trilateral, French; tres and latus, Lat.]
Having three sides.

TRILL. n. s. [trillo, Italian.] Quaver; tremulousness of mu­
sick.
Long has a race of heroes fill'd the stage,
That rant by note, and through the gamut rage,
In songs and airs express their martial fire
Combat in trills, and in a fugue expire. Addison.

To TRILL. v. a. [from the noun.] To utter quavering.
Through the soft silence of the listening night
The sober-suited songstress trills her lay. Thomson.

To TRILL. v. n.
1. To trickle; to fall in drops or slender streams.
Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration
of grief?
I, she took 'em; read 'em in my presence;
And now and then an ample tear trill'd down
Her delicate cheek. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. To play in tremulous vibrations of sound.
Am I call'd upon the grave debate,
To judge of trilling notes and tripping feet. Dryden.

TRI’LLION. n. s. [A word invented by Locke: trilion, Fr.]
A million of millions of millions; a million twice multiplied
by a million.

TRILU’MINAR. adj. [triluminaris, Latin.] Having three
lights. Dict.
TRILU’MINOUS. adj. [triluminaris, Latin.] Having three
lights. Dict.

TRIM. adj. [getrmmeth, Saxon, completed.] Nice; smug;
dressed up.
Tone paine in cottage doth take,
When t'other trim bowers do make. Tusser's Husb.
A trim exploit, a manly enterprize,
To conjure tears up in a poor maid's eyes
With your derision. Shak. Midsummer Night's Dream.
The Dorick order has, in comparison of those that fol­
low, a more masculine aspect, and little trimmer than the
Tuscan that went before, save a sober garnishment now and
then of lions heads in the cornice, and of triglyphs and me­
topes always in the frize. Wotton's Architect.
Dost thou not blush to live so like a beast,
So trim, so dissolute, so loosely drest. Dryden's Persius.

To TRIM. v. a. [trimman, Saxon, to build.]
1. To fit out.
Malicious censurers ever,
As rav'nous fishes do a vessel follow
That is new trimm'd. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
2. To dress; to decorate.
Our youth got me to play the woman's part,
And I was trim'd in Julia's gown. Shakespeare.
Pennyroyal and orpin they use in the country to trim their
houses, binding it with a lath against a wall. Bacon.
Two arts attend architecture, like her principal gentle­
women, to dress and trim her, picture and sculpture. Wotton.


The victim ox that was for altars prest,
Trimm'd with white ribbons and with garlands drest,
Sunk of himself. Dryden's Georg.
3. To shave; to clip.
Mephibosheth had neither dressed his feet, nor trimmed his
beard. 2 Sam. xix. 24.
Clip and trim those tender strings like a beard. Brown.
The barber may trim religion as he pleases. Howel.
Trim off the small superfluous branches. Mortimer.
4. To make neat; to adjust.
I found her trimming up the diadem
On her dead mistress. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Go, sirrah, to my cell, as you look
To have my pardon, trim it handsomely. Shakespeare.
Yet are the men more loose than they!
More kemb'd, and bath'd, and rubb'd, and trimm'd
More sleek, more soft, and slacker limb'd. Benj. Johnson.
To blast the living, gave the dead their due,
And wreaths, herself had tainted, trimm'd anew. Tickell.
When workmen fit a piece into other work, they say they
trim in a piece. Mozon's Mech. Exercises.
Each muse in Leo's golden days
Starts from her trance, and trims her wither'd bays. Pope.
5. To balance a vessel.
Sir Roger put his coachman to trim the boat. Spectator.
6. It has often up emphatical.
He gave you all the duties of a man,
Trimm'd up your praises with a princely tongue,
Spoke your deservings like a chronicle. Shakespeare.

To TRIM. v. n. To balance; to fluctuate between two par­
ties.
If such by trimming and time-serving, which are but two
words for the same thing, betray the church by nauseating
her pious orders, this will produce confusion. South's Serm.
For men to pretend that their will obeys that law, while
all besides their will serves the faction; what is this but a
gross, fulsome juggling with their duty, and a kind of trim­
ming it between God and the devil. South's Sermons.
He who heard what ev'ry fool cou'd say,
Wou'd never fix his thought, but trim his time away.
Dryden's Hind and Panther.

TRIM. n. s. Dress; geer; ornaments.
They come like sacrifices in their trim,
And to the five-ey'd maid of smoaky war,
All hot, and bleeding, will we offer them. Shakespeare.
Forget
Your laboursome and dainty trims, wherein
You made great Juno angry. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The goodly London in her gallant trim,
The phœnix daughter of the vanquish'd old,
Like a rich bride does to the ocean swim,
And on her shadow rides in floating gold. Dryden.

TRI’MLY. adv. [from trim.] Nicely; neatly.
Her yellow golden hair
Was trimly woven, and in tresses wrought. Fairy Queen.
The mother, if of the houshold of our lady, will have her
son cunning and bold, in making him to live trimly. Ascham.

TRI’MMER. n. s. [from trim.] One who changes sides to ba­
lance parties; a turncoat.
The same bat taken after by a weazel begged for mercy:
no, says the weazle, no mercy to a mouse: well, says t'other,
but you may see by my wings that I am a bird; and so the
bat 'scaped in both by playing the trimmer. L'Estrange's Fab.
To confound his hated coin,
All parties and religions join,
Whigs, tories, trimmers. Swift.
2. A piece of wood inserted.
Before they pin up the frame of ground-plates, they must
fit in the summer and the girders, and all the joists and the
trimmers for the stair-case. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.

TRI’MMING. n. s. [from trim.] Ornamental appendages to a
coat or gown.
Judgment without vivacity of imagination is too heavy,
and like a dress without fancy; and the last without the first
is too gay, and but all trimming. Garth's Pref. to Ovid.

TRI’NAL. adj. [trinus, Lat.] Threefold.
Like many an angel's voice,
Singing before th' eternal majesty,
In their trinal triplicity on high. Fa. Qu. b. i.
That far-beaming blaze of majesty,
Wherewith he wont at heav'n's high council table
To sit the midst of trinal unity,
He laid aside. Milton.

TRINE. n. s. [trine, Fr. trinus, Latin.] An aspect of planets
placed in three angles of a trigon, in which they are supposed
by astrologers to be eminently benign.
To th' other five,
Their planetary motions, and aspects,
In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite,
Of noxious efficacy. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Now frequent trines the happier lights among,
And high-rais'd Jove from his dark prison freed,
Those weights took off that on his planet hung,
Will gloriously the new-laid works succeed. Dryden.
From Aries right-ways draw a line, to end
In the same round, and let that line subtend
An equal triangle; now since the lines
Must three times touch the round, and meet three signs,
Where'er they meet in angles those are trines. Creech.

To TRINE. v. a. [from the noun.] To put in a trine aspect.
This advantage age from youth has won,
As not to be outridden, though outrun;
By fortune he was now to Venus trin'd,
And with stern Mars in Capricorn was join'd. Dryden.

TRI’NITY. n. s. [trinitas, Lat. trinité, Fr.] The incompre­
hensible union of the three persons in the Godhead.
Touching the picture of the trinity, I hold it blasphemous
and utterly unlawful. Peacham.
In my whole essay there is not any thing like an objection
against the trinity. Locke.

TRI’NKET. n. s. [This Skinner derives somewhat harshly from
trinquet, Fr. trinchetto, Ital. a topsail. I rather imagine it
corrupted from tricket, some petty finery or decoration.]
1. Toys; ornaments of dress; superfluities of decoration.
Beauty and use can so well agree together, that of all the
trinkets wherewith they are attired, there is not one but serves
to some necessary purpose. Sidney, b. ii.
We'll see your trinkets here forthcoming all. Shakesp.
They throng who should buy first, as if my trinkets had
been hallowed. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Let her but have three wrinkles in her face,
Soon will you hear the sawcy steward say,
Pack up with all your trinkets and away. Dryden's Juv.
She was not hung about with toys and trinkets, tweezer­
cases, pocket-glasses. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
How Johnny wheedl'd, threat'n'd, fawn'd,
Till Phyllis all her trinkets pawn'd. Swift.
2. Things of no great value; tackle; tools.
What husbandlie husbands except they be fooles,
But handsom have storehouse for trinkets and tooles. Tuss.
Go with all your servants and trinkets about you. L'Estr.

TRIO’BOLAR. adj. [triobolaris, Latin.] Vile; mean; worth­
less.
Turn your libel into verse, and then it may pass current
amongst the balladmongers for a triobolar ballad. Cheynel.

To TRIP. v. a. [treper, Fr. trippen, Dutch.]
1. To supplant; to throw by striking the feet from the ground
by a sudden motion.
He conjunct
Tripp'd me behind. Shakespeare.
Be you contented,
To have a son set your decrees at naught,
To trip the course of law, and blunt the sword
That guards the peace and safety of your person. Shakesp.
2. To strike the feet from under the body.
I tript up thy heels and beat thee. Shakespeare.
The words of Hobbes's defence trip up the heels of his
cause; I had once resolved. To resolve presupposeth deli­
beration, but what deliberation can there be of that which
is inevitably determined by causes without ourselves. Bramhall.
3. To catch; to detect.
These women
Can trip me, if I err; who, with wet cheeks,
Were present when she finish'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To TRIP. v. n.
1. To fall by losing the hold of the feet.
Virgil is so exact in every word, that none can be changed
but for a worse: he pretends sometimes to trip, but it is to
make you think him in danger when most secure. Dryden.
2. To fail; to err; to be deficient.
Saint Jerome, who pardons not over-easily his adversaries,
if any where they chance to trip, presseth him as thereby
making all sorts of men God's enemies. Hooker, b. v.
Many having used their utmost diligence to secure a reten­
tion of the things committed to the memory, cannot cer­
tainly know where it will trip and fail them. South.
Will shines in mixed company, making his real ignorance
appear a seeming one: our club has caught him tripping, at
which times they never spare him. Addison's Spect. No. 105.
Several writers of uncommon erudition would expose my
ignorance, if they caught me tripping in a matter of so great
moment. Addison's Spect. No. 228.
3. To stumble; to titubate.
I may have the idea of a man's drinking till his tongue
trips, yet not know that it is called drunkenness. Locke.
4. To run lightly.
In silence sad,
Trip we after the night's shade. Shakespeare.
The old saying is, the third pays for all; the triplex, sir,
is a good tripping measure. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.


He throws his arm, and with a long-drawn dash
Blends all together; then distinctly trips
From this to that; then quick returning skips
And snatches this again, and pauses there. Crashaw.
On old Lycæus or Cyllene hoar,
Trip no more in twilight ranks,
Though Erymanth your loss deplore,
A better soil shall give you thanks. Milton's Arcades.
She bounded by, and tripp'd so light,
They had not time to take a steady sight. Dryden.
To the garden walk she took her way,
To sport and trip along in cool of day. Dryden.
Stay, nymph, he cry'd, I follow not a foe;
Thus from the lion trips the trembling doe. Dryden.
Well thou dost to hide from common sight
Thy close intrigues, too bad to bear the light:
Nor doubt I, but the silver-footed dame
Tripping from sea on such an errand came. Dryden.
He'll make a pretty figure in a triumph,
And serve to trip before the victor's chariot. Addison.
The lower plaits of the drapery in antique figures in sculp­
ture and painting, seem to have gathered the wind when the
person is in a posture of tripping forward. Addison.
In Britain's isles, as Heylin notes,
The ladies trip in petticoats. Prior.
They gave me instructions how to slide down and trip up
the steepest slopes. Pope.
5. To take a short voyage.

TRIP. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A stroke or catch by which the wrestler supplants his anta­
gonist.
O thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be,
When time hath sow'd a grizzel on thy case?
Or will not else thy craft so quickly grow,
That thine own trip shall be thine overthrow? Shakesp.
He stript for wrestling, smears his limbs with oil,
And watches with a trip his foe to foil. Dryden's Georg.
It was a noble time when trips and Cornish hugs could
make a man immortal. Addison on ancient Medals.
2. A stumble by which the foothold is lost.
3. A failure; a mistake.
He saw his way, but in so swift a pace,
To chuse the ground might be to lose the race:
They then, who of each trip th' advantage take,
Find but those faults which they want wit to make. Dryd.
4. A short voyage or journey.
I took a trip to London on the death of the queen. Pope.

TRI’PARTITE. adj. [tripartite, Fr. tripartitus, Latin.] Di­
vided into three parts; having three correspondent copies.
Our indentures tripartite are drawn. Shakesp. Henry IV.

TRIPE. n. s. [tripe, Fr. trippa, Italian and Spanish.]
1. The intestines; the guts.
How say you to a fat tripe finely broil'd?
—I like it well. Shakespeare.
In private draw your poultry, clean your tripe. King.
2. It is used in ludicrous language for the human belly.

TIR’PEDAL. adj. [tres and pes, Lat.] Having three feet.

TRIPE’TALOUS. adj. [tres and ?ta???.] Having a flower
consisting of three leaves.

TRI’PHTHONG. n. s. [triphthongue, Fr. tres and f???.] A
coalition of three vowels to form one sound: as, eau; eye.

TRI’PLE. adj. [triple, Fr. triplex, triplus, Lat.]
1. Threefold; consisting of three conjoined.
See in him
The triple pillar of the world transform'd
Into a strumpet's stool. Shakesp. Antony and Cleopatra.
O night and shades,
How are ye join'd with hell in triple knot,
Against th' unarmed weakness of one virgin,
Alone and helpless! Milton.
Thrice happy pair! so near ally'd
In royal blood and virtue too:
Now love has you together ty'd,
May none this triple knot undo. Waller.
By thy triple shape as thou art seen
In heav'n, earth, hell, grant this. Dryden.
Strong Alcides, after he had slain
The triple Geryon, drove from conquer'd Spain
His captive herds. Dryden's æn.
Out bounc'd the mastiff of the triple head;
Away the hare with double swiftness fled. Swift.
2. Treble; three times repeated.
We have taken this as a moderate measure betwixt the
highest and lowest; but if we had taken only a triple pro­
portion, it would have been sufficient. Burnet.
If then the atheist can have no imagination of more senses
that five, why doth he suppose that a body is capable of
more! If we had double or triple as many, there might still
be the same suspicion for a greater number without end.
Bentley's Sermons.

To TRI’PLE. v. a. [from the adjective.
1. To treble; to make thrice as much, or as many.
To what purpose should words serve, when nature hath
more to declare than groans and strong cries; more than
streams of bloody sweat; more than his doubled and tripled
prayers can express. Hooker, b. v.
If these halfpence should gain admittance, in no long space
of time his limited quantity would be tripled upon us. Swift.
2. To make threefold.
Time, action, place, are so preserv'd by thee,
That e'en Corneille might with envy see
Th' alliance of his tripled unity. Dryden.

TRI’PLET. n. s. [from triple.]
1. Three of a kind.
There sit C—nts, D—ks, and Harrison,
How they swagger from their garrison;
Such a triplet could you tell
Where to find on this side hell. Swift.
2. Three verses rhyming together: as,
Waller was smooth, but Dryden taught to join
The varying verse, the full resounding line,
The long majestick march and energy divine. Pope.
Some wretched lines from this neglected hand
May find my Hero on the foreign strand,
Warm with new fires, and pleas'd with new command.
Prior.
I frequently make use of triplet rhymes, because they
bound the sense, making the last verse of the triplet a pin­
darick. Dryden's æn.

TRI’PLICATE. adj. [from triplex, Lat.] Made thrice as much.
Triplicate ratio, in geometry, is the ratio of cubes to each
other; which ought to be distinguish'd from triple. Harris.
All the parts, in height, length, and breadth, bear a du­
plicate or triplicate proportion one to another. Grew.

TRIPLICA’TION. n. s. [from triplicate.] The act of trebling
or adding three together.
Since the margin of the visible horizon in the heavenly
globe is parallel with that in the earthly, accounted but one
hundred and twenty miles diameter; sense must needs mea­
sure the azimuths, or verticle circles, by triplication of the
same diameter of one hundred and twenty. Glanville's Sceps.

TRIPLI’CITY. n. s. [triplicité, Fr. from triplex, Lat.] Treble­
ness; state of being threefold.
Like many an angel's voice,
Singing before th' eternal majesty,
In their trinal triplicity on high. Fairy Qu. b. i.
It was a dangerous triplicity to a monarchy, to have the
arms of a foreigner, the discontents of subjects, and the title
of a pretender to meet. Bacon's Henry VII.
Affect not duplicities nor triplicities, nor any certain num­
ber of parts in your division of things. Watts's Logick.

TRI’PMADAM. n. s. An herb.
Tripmadam is used in salads. Mortimer's Husb.

TRI’POD. n. s. [tripus, Latin.] A seat with three feet, such as
that from which the priestess of Apollo delivered oracles.
Two tripods cast in antick mould,
With two great talents of the finest gold. Dryden's æn.

TRI’POLY. n. s. [I suppose from the place whence it is brought.]
A sharp cutting sand.
In polishing glass with sand, putty, or tripoly, it is not to
be imagined that those substances can by grating and fretting
the glass bring all its least particles to an accurate polish.
Newton's Opticks.

TRI’POS. n. s. A tripod. See TRIPOD.
Welcome all that lead or follow,
To the oracle of Apollo;
Here he speaks out of his pottle,
Or the tripos, his tower bottle. Benj. Johnson.
Craz'd fool, who would'st be thought an oracle,
Come down from off the tripos, and speak plain. Dryden.

TRI’PPER. n. s. [from trip.] One who trips.

TRI’PPING. adj. [from trip.] Quick; nimble.
The clear sun of the fresh wave largely drew,
As after thirst; which made their flowing shrink
From standing lake, to tripping ebb; that stole
With soft foot tow'rds the deep. Milton's Par. Lost.

TRI’PPING. n. s. [from trip.] Light dance.
Back, shepherds, back, enough your play,
Here be without duck or nod,
Other trippings to be trod,
Of lighter toes. Milton.

TRI’PTOTE. n. s. [triptoton, Lat.]
Triptote is a noun used but in three cases. Clark.

TRIPU’DIARY. adj. [tripudium, Lat.] Performed by dancing.
Claudius Pulcher underwent the like success when he con­
tinued the tripudiary augurations. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TRIPUDIA’TION. n. s. [tripudium, Lat.] Act of dancing.

TRI’PPINGLY. adv. [from tripping.] With agility; with swift
motion.
This ditty after me
Sing, and dance it trippingly. Shakespeare.
Speak the speech trippingly on the tongue: but if you
mouth it as many of our players do, I had as lieve the town­
crier had spoke my lines. Shakesp. Hamlet.



TRIRE’ME. n. s. [triremis, Lat.] A galley with three benches
of oars on a side.

TRISE’CTION. n. s. [tres and sectio, Lat.] Division into three
equal parts: the trisection of an angle is one of the deside­
rata of geometry.

TRI’STFUL. adj. [tristis, Lat.] Sad; melancholy; gloomy;
sorrowful. A bad word.
Heav'n's face doth glow
With tristful visage; and, as 'gainst the doom,
I thought sick at the act. Shakesp. Hamlet.

TRISU’LC. n. s. [trisulcus, Lat.] A thing of three points.
Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's trisulc, to burn,
discuss, and terebrate. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TRISYLLA’BICAL. adj. [tresyllabe, Fr. from trisyllable.] Con­
sisting of three syllables.

TRISY’LLABLE. n. s. [trisyllaba, Latin.] A word consisting
of three syllables.

TRITE. adj. [tritus, Latin.] Worn out; stale; common;
not new.
These duties cannot but appear of infinite concern when
we reflect how uncertain our time is: this may be thought
so trite and obvious a reflection, that none can want to be
reminded of it. Rogers's Sermons.
She gives her tongue no moment's rest,
In phrases batter'd, stale, and trite,
Which modern ladies call polite. Swift.

TRI’TENESS. n. s. [from trite.] Staleness; commonness.

TRITHE’ISM. n. s. [tritheisme, Fr. t?e? and e?.] The opi­
nion which holds three distinct gods.

TRI’TURABLE. adj. [triturable, Fr. from triturate.] Possible
to be pounded or comminuted.
It is not only triturable and reducible to powder by contri­
tion, but will not subsist in a violent fire. Brown.

TRITURA’TION. n. s. [trituration, Fr. trituro, Lat.] Re­
duction of any substances to powder upon a stone with a
muller, as colours are ground: it is also called levigation.
He affirmeth, that a pumice stone powdered is lighter
than one entire; that abatement can hardly be avoided in
trituration. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

TRI’VET. n. s. [See TREVET.] Any thing supported by three
feet.
The best at horse-race he ordain'd a lady for his prize,
Generally praiseful; fair and young, and skill'd in house­
wiferies,
Of all kind fitting; and withal a trivet, that enclos'd
Twenty-two measures. Chapman's Iliad.
The trivet table of a foot was lame,
A blot which prudent Baucis overcame,
Who thrusts beneath the limping leg a sherd. Dryden.

TRI’VIAL. n. s. [trivial, Fr. trivialis, Lat.]
1. Vile; worthless; vulgar; such as may be picked up in the
highway.
Be subjects great, and worth a poet's voice,
For men of sense despise a trivial choice. Roscommon.
2. Light; trifling; unimportant; inconsiderable. This use is
more frequent, though less just.
This argues conscience in your grace,
But the respects thereof are nice and trivial,
All circumstances well considered. Shakesp. Rich. III.
See yon mad fools, who, for some trivial right,
For love, or for mistaken honour, fight. Dryden.
Were they only some slight and trivial indiscretions, to
which the example of the world exposed us, it might per­
haps not much concern our religion. Rogers's Serm.
In ev'ry work regard the writer's end;
And if the means be just, the conduct true,
Applause, in spite of trivial faults, is due. Pope.
The ancient poets are like many modern ladies: let an
action be never so trivial in itself, they always make it ap­
pear of the utmost importance. Pope.

TRI’VIALLY. adv. [from trivial.]
1. Commonly; vulgarly.
Money is not the finews of war, as is trivially said, where
the sinews of mens arms, in effeminate people, fail. Bacon.
2. Lightly; inconsiderably.

TRI’VIALNESS. n. s. [from trivial.]
1. Commonness; vulgarity.
2. Lightness; unimportance.

TRI’UMPH. n. s. [triumphus, Lat. triomphe, Fr.]
1. Pomp with which a victory is publickly celebrated.
Hence will I drag thee headlong by the heels
Unto a dunghil, which shall be thy grave;
And there cut off thy most ungracious head,
Which I will bear in triumph to the king. Shakespeare.
In ancient times the triumphs of the generals from victory,
and the great donatives upon disbanding the armies, were
things able to enflame all mens courage. Bacon.
2. State of being victorious.
Sublime with expectation when to see
In triumph issuing forth their glorious chief. Milton.
Hercules, from Spain,
Arriv'd in triumph, from Geryon slain. Dryden's æn.
3. Victory; conquest.
Eros has
Packt cards with Cæsar, and false play'd my glory
Unto an enemy's triumph. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Each order bright
Sung triumph, and him sung victorious king. Milton.
Turn arcs of triumph to a garden-gate. Pope.
If fools admire, or whining coxcombs toast,
The vain coquets the trifling triumphs boast. Logie.
4. Joy for success.
Great triumph and rejoicing was in heav'n. Milton.
5. A conquering card now called trump. See TRUMP.

To TRI’UMPH. v. n. [triumpho, Lat. triompher, Fr. This
word is always accented in prose on the first syllable, but in
poetry sometimes on the last.]
1. To celebrate a victory with pomp; to rejoice for victory.
The triumphing of the wicked is short, and the joy of the
hypocrite is but for a moment. Job xx. 5.
Your victory, alas, begets my fears;
Can you not then triumph without my tears. Dryden.
2. To obtain victory.
This great commander sought many times to persuade So­
lyman to forbear to use his forces any farther against the
Christians, over whom he had sufficiently triumphed, and
turn them upon the Persians. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Then all this earthy grossness quit,
Attir'd with stars, we shall for ever sit,
Triumphing over death, and chance, and time. Milton.
There fix thy faith and triumph o'er the world;
For who can help, or who can save besides? Rowe.
While blooming youth and gay delight
Sit on thy rosey cheeks confest,
Thou hast, my dear, undoubted right
To triumph o'er this destin'd breast. Prior.
3. To insult upon an advantage gained.
How ill beseeming is it in thy sex
To triumph, like an Amazonian trull. Shakespeare.
Sorrow on all the pack of you,
That triumph thus upon my misery. Shakespeare.
Our grand foe,
Who now triumphs, and in th' excess of joy
Sole reigning, holds the tyranny of heav'n. Milton.

TRIU’MPHAL. adj. [triomphal, Fr. triumphalis, Lat. from
triumph.] Used in celebrating victory.
He left only triumphal garments to the general. Bacon.
Ye so near heav'n's door,
Triumphal with triumphal act have met. Milton.
Steel could the works of mortal pride confound,
And hew triumphal arches to the ground. Pope.
Lest we should for honour take
The drunken quarrel of a rake;
Or think it seated in a scar,
Or a proud triumphal car. Swift.

TRIU’MPHAL. n. s. [triumphalia, Lat. triumphal ornaments.]
A token of victory. Not in use.
He to his crew that sat consulting brought
Joyless triumphals of his hop'd success.
Milton's Paradise Regain'd.

TRIU’MPHANT. adj. [triumphans, Lat. triumphant, Fr.]
1. Celebrating a victory.
Captives bound to a triumphant car. Shakespeare.
It was drawn as a triumphant chariot, which at the same
time both follows and triumphs. South's Sermons.
2. Rejoicing as for victory.
Think you, but that I know our state secure,
I would be so triumphant as I am? Shakesp. Rich. III.
Off with the traitor's head;
And now to London with triumphant march,
There to be crowned. Shakesp. Henry VI. p. iii.
Successful beyond hope, to lead ye forth
Triumphant out of this infernal pit. Milton.
3. Victorious; graced with conquest.
He speedily through all the hierarchies
Intends to pass triumphant, and give laws. Milton.
Athena, war's triumphant maid,
The happy son will, as the father, aid. Pope's Odyssey.

TRIU’MPHANTLY. adv. [from triumphant.]
1. In a triumphant manner in token of victory; joyfully as for
victory.
Victory with little loss doth play
Upon the dancing banners of the French;
Who are at hand triumphantly display'd. Shakespeare.
Through armed ranks triumphantly she drives,
And with one glance commands ten thousand lives. Gran.
2. Victoriously; with success.
Thou must, as a foreign recreant, be led
With manacles along our street; or else
Triumphantly tread on thy country's ruin,
And bear the palm. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
3. With insolent exultation.
A mighty governing lye goes round the world, and has
almost banished truth out of it; and so reigning triumphantly


in its stead, is the source of most of those confusions that
plague the universe. South's Sermons.

TRIU’MPHER. n. s. [from triumph.] One who triumphs.
These words become your lips, as they pass through
them,
And enter in our ears, like great triumphers,
In their applauding gates. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
August was dedicated to Augustus by the senate, because
in the same month he was the first time created consul, and
thrice triumpher in Rome. Peacham on Drawing.

TRIU’MVIRATE. n. s. [triumviratus or triumviri, Lat. trium­
virat, Fr.] A coalition or concurrence of
three men.
TRIUMVIRI. n. s. [triumviratus or triumviri, Lat. trium­
virat, Fr.] A coalition or concurrence of
three men.
Lepidus of the triumvirate
Should be depos'd. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The triumviri, the three corner cap of society. Shakespeare.
During that triumvirate of kings, Henry the eighth of
England, Francis the first of France, and Charles the fifth
emperor of Germany, none of the three could win a palm
of ground but the other two would balance it. Bacon's Essays.
With these the Piercies them confederate,
And, as three heads conjoin in one intent,
And instituting a triumvirate,
Do part the land in triple government. Daniel's Civil War.
From distant regions fortune sends
An odd triumvirate of friends. Swift.

TRI’UNE. adj. [tres and unus, Lat.] At once three and one.
We read in scripture of a triune Deity, of God made flesh
in the womb of a virgin, and crucified by the Jews. Burnet.

To TROAT. v. a. [with hunters.] To cry as a buck does at
rutting time. Dict.

TRO’CAR. n. s. [trocar corrupted from trois quart, French.]
A chirurgical instrument.
The handle of the trocar is of wood, the canula of silver,
and the perforator of steel. Sharp's Surgery.

TROCHA’ICAL. adj. [trochaïque, Fr. trochaicus, Lat.] Consist­
ing of trochees.

TROCHA’NTERS. n. s. [t???a??e?.] Two processes of the
thigh bone, called rotator major and minor, in which the
tendons of many muscles terminate. Dict.

TRO’CHEE. n. s. [trochæus, Lat. trochée, Fr. t???.] A
foot used in Latin poetry, consisting of a long and short syl­
lable.

TROCHI’LICKS. n. s. [t???????, t????, a wheel.] The
science of rotatory motion.
There succeeded new inventions and horologies, composed
by trochilicks, or the artifice of wheels, whereof some are
kept in motion by weight, others without. Brown.
It is requisite that we rightly understand some principles in
trochilicks, or the art of wheel instruments; as chiefly the
relation betwixt the parts of a wheel and those of a balance,
the several proportions in the semidiameter of a wheel being
answerable to the sides of a balance. Wilkins's Dædalus.

TRO’CHINGS. n. s. The branches on a deer's head. Ains.

TROCHI’SCH. n. s. [t???s?; trochisque, Fr. trochiscus,
Latin.] A kind of tablet or lozenge.
The trochisks of vipers, so much magnified, and the flesh
of snakes some ways condited and corrected. Bacon.

TRODE, the preterite of tread.
They trode the grapes and made merry. Judges ix. 27.

TRODE. n. s. [from trode, pret. of tread.] Footing.
The trode is not so tickle. Spenser.
They never set foot on that same trode,
But baulke their right way, and strain abroad. Spenser.

TROD. participle passive of tread.
TRO’DDEN. participle passive of tread.
Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles. Luke xxi.
Thou, infernal serpent, shalt not long
Rule in the clouds; like an autumnal star,
Or light'ning, thou shalt fall from heav'n trod down
Under his feet. Milton's Par. Reg. b. iv.
Ev'n the rough rocks with tender myrtle bloom,
And trodden weeds send out a rich perfume. Addison.

TRO’GLODYTE. n. s. [t?????d??.] One who inhabits caves
of the earth.
Procure me a troglodyte footman, who can catch a roe at
his full speed. Arbuth. and Pope's Mart. Scrib.

To TROLL. v. a. [trollen, to roll, Dutch; perhaps from
trochlea, Lat. a thing to turn round.] To move circularly;
to drive about.
With the phant'sies of hey troll,
Troll about the bridal bowl,
And divide the broad-bread cake,
Round about the bride's stake. Benj. Johnson's Underwoods.

To TROLL. v. n.
1. To roll; to run round.
How pleasant on the banks of Styx,
To troll it in a coach and six. Swift.
2. To fish for a pike with a rod which has a pulley towards
the bottom, which I suppose gives occasion to the term.
Nor drain I ponds the golden carp to take,
Nor trowle for pikes, dispeoplers of the lake. Gay.

TRO’LLOP. n. s. [A low word, I know not whence derived.]
A slatternly, loose woman.

TRO’LMYDAMES. n. s. [Of this word I know not the meaning.]
A fellow I have known to go about with trolmydames: I
knew him once a servant of the prince. Shak. Winter's Tale.

TROOP. n. s. [troupe, Fr. troppa, Italian; troope, Dutch;
trop, Swedish; troppa, low Latin.]
1. A company; a number of people collected together.
That which should accompany old age,
As honour, love, obedience, troops of friends,
I must not look to have. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Saw you not a blessed troop
Invite me to a banquet, whose bright faces
Cast thousand beams upon me like the sun. Shakespeare.
As the mind, by putting together the repeated ideas of
unity, makes the collective mode of any number, as a score,
or a gross; so by putting together several particular substances,
it makes collective ideas of substances, as a troop, an army. Locke.
2. A body of soldiers.
æneas seeks his absent foe,
And sends his slaughter'd troops to shades below. Dryden.
3. A small body of cavalry.

To TROOP. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To march in a body.
I do not, as an enemy to peace,
Troop in the throngs of military men,
But rather shew a while like fearful war. Shakespeare.
They anon
With hundreds, and with thousands, trooping came,
Attended. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
Armies at the call of trumpet
Troop to their standard. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
2. To march in haste.
Yonder shines Aurora's harbinger,
At whose approach ghosts, wand'ring here and there,
Troop home to churchyards. Shakespeare.
The dry streets flow'd with men,
That troop'd up to the king's capacious court. Chapman.
3. To march in company.
I do invest you jointly with my power,
Preheminence, and all the large effects
That troop with majesty. Shakesp. King Lear.

TRO’OPER. n. s. [from troop.] A horse soldier A trooper
fights only on horseback; a dragoon marches on horseback,
but fights either as a horseman or footman.
Custom makes us think well of any thing: what can be
more indecent now than for any to wear boots but troopers
and travellers? yet not many years since it was all the fashion.
Grew.

TROPE. n. s. [t?p; trope, Fr. tropus, Lat.] A change of
a word from its original signification; as, the clouds foretel
rain for foreshew.
For rhetorick he could not ope
His mouth, but out there flew a trope. Hudibras.
If this licence be included in a single word, it admits of
tropes; if in a sentence, of figures. Dryden.

TRO’PHIED. adj. [from trophy.] Adorned with trophies.
Some greedy minion, or imperious wife,
The trophy'd arches, story'd halls invade. Pope.

TRO’PHY. n. s. [tropæum, trophæum, Latin.] Something taken
from an enemy, and shewn or treasured up in proof of victory.
What trophy then shall I most fit devise,
In which I may record the memory
Of my love's conquest, peerless beauty's prize
Adorn'd with honour, love, and chastity? Spenser.
To have borne
His bruised helmet and his bended sword,
Before him through the city, he forbids;
Giving all trophy, signal, and ostent,
Quite from himself to God. Shakesp. Henry V.
There lie thy bones,
Till we with trophies do adorn thy tomb. Shakespeare.
Twice will I not review the morning's rise,
Till I have torn that trophy from thy back,
And split thy heart for wearing it. Shakespeare.
In ancient times the trophies erected upon the place of the
victory, the triumphs of the generals upon their return, the
great donatives upon the disbanding of the armies, were
things able to enflame all mens courage. Bacon's Essays.
Around the posts hung helmets, darts, and spears,
And captive chariots, axes, shields, and bars,
And broken beaks of ships, the trophies of their wars. Dry.
The tomb with manly arms and trophies grace,
To shew posterity Elpenor was. Pope's Odyssey, b. xi.

TRO’PICAL. adj. [from trope.]
1. Rhetorically changed from the original meaning.
A strict and literal acceptation of a loose and tropical ex­
pression was a second ground. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The words are tropical or figurative, and import an hyper­
bole, which is a way of expressing things beyond what really
and naturally they are in themselves. South's Sermons.


The foundation of all parables is, some analogy or simili­
tude between the tropical or allusive part of the parable, and
the thing intended by it. South's Sermons.
2. [From tropick.] Placed near the tropick; belonging to the
tropick.
The pine apple is one of the tropical fruits. Salmon.

TRO’PICK. n. s. [tropique, Fr. tropicus, Lat.] The line at
which the sun turns back, of which the North has the tro­
pick of Cancer, and the South the tropick of Capricorn.
Under the tropick is our language spoke,
And part of Flanders hath receiv'd our yoke. Waller.
Since on ev'ry sea, on ev'ry coast,
Your men have been distress'd, your navy tost,
Sev'n times the sun has either tropick view'd,
The Winter banish'd, and the Spring renew'd. Dryden.

TROPOLO’GICAL. n. s. [tropologique, Fr. t??p and ???.]
Varied by tropes; changed from the original import of the
words.

TROPO’LOGY. n. s. [t??p and ???.] A rhetorical mode
of speech including tropes, or a change of some word from
the original meaning.
Not attaining the deuterology and second intention of words,
they omit their superconsequences, coherences, figures, or
tropologies, and are not persuaded beyond their literalities.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TRO’SSERS. n. s. [trousses, Fr.] Breeches; hose. See TROUSE.
You rode like a kern of Ireland; your French hose off,
and in your strait trossers. Shakesp. Henry V.

To TROT. v. n. [trotter, Fr. trotten, Dutch.]
1. To move with a high jolting pace.
Poor Tom, that hath made him proud of heart, to ride
on a bay trotting horse, over four inch'd bridges, to course
his own shadow for a traitor. Shakesp. King Lear.
Whom doth time trot withal?
—He trots hard with a young maid, between the contract
of her marriage and the day it is solemniz'd: if the interim
be but a sevennight time's pace, is so hard that it seems
the length of seven years. Shakesp. As you like it.
Take a gentle trotting horse, and come up and see your
old friends. Dennis.
2. To walk fast, in a ludicrous or contemptuous sense.

TROT. n. s. [trot, Fr. from the verb.]
1. The jolting high pace of a horse.
His honesty is not
So loose or easy, that a ruffling wind
Can blow away, or glitt'ring look it blind:
Who rides his sure and even trot,
While the world now rides by, now lags behind. Herbert.
Here lieth one who did most truly prove,
That he could never die while he could move;
So hung his destiny, never to rot
While he might still jog on and keep his trot. Milton.
The virtuoso's saddle will amble when the world is upon
the hardest trot. Dryden.
2. An old woman. In contempt. I know not whence derived.
Give him gold enough, and marry him to an old trot with
ne'er a tooth in her head: why, nothing comes amiss, so
money comes withal. Shak. Taming of the Shrew.
How now bold-face, cries an old trot; sirrah, we eat our
own hens, and what you eat you steal. L'Estrange.

TROTH. n. s. [trouth, old English; treoth, Saxon.] Truth;
faith; fidelity.
Saint Withold met the night-mare,
Bid her light and her troth plight. Shakespeare.
Stephen assails the realm, obtains the crown,
Such tumults raising as torment them both:
Th' afflicted state, divided in their troth
And partial faith, most miserable grown,
Endures the while. Daniel's Civil War.
In troth, thou'rt able to instruct grey hairs,
And teach the wily African deceit. Addison's Cato.

TRO’THLESS. adj. [from troth.] Faithless; treacherous.
Thrall to the faithless waves and trothless sky. Fairfax.

TRO’THPLIGHT. adj. [troth and plight.] Betrothed; affianced.
This, your son in law,
Is trothplight to your daughter. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

To TRO’UBLE. v. a. [troubler, Fr.]
1. To disturb; to perplex.
An hour before the worshipp'd sun
Pear'd through the golden window of the East,
A troubled mind drew me to walk abroad. Shakespeare.
But think not here to trouble holy rest. Milton.
Never trouble yourself about those faults which age will
cure. Locke on Education.
2. To afflict; to grieve.
It would not trouble me to be slain for thee, but much it
torments me to be slain by thee. Sidney, b. ii.
They pertinaciously maintain that afflictions are no real
evils, and therefore a wise man ought not to be troubled at
them. Tillotson's Sermons.
Though it is in vain to be troubled for that which I cannot
chuse, yet I cannot chuse but be afflicted. Tillotson's Sermons.
3. To distress; to make uneasy.
Be not dismay'd nor troubled at these tidings. Milton.
He was sore troubled in mind, and much distressed. 1 Mac.
4. To busy; to engage overmuch.
Martha, thou art careful, and troubled about many things.
Luke. x. 41.
5. To give occasion of labour to. A word of civility or slight
regard.
I will not trouble myself to prove that all terms are not de­
finable, from that progress in infinitum which it will lead us
into. Locke.
6. To teize; to vex.
The boy so troubles me;
'Tis past enduring. Shakespeare.
7. To disorder; to put into agitation or commotion.
A woman mov'd is like a fountain troubled;
Muddy, ill seeming, thick, bereft of beauty. Shakespeare.
An angel went down into the pool and troubled the water;
whosoever first after the troubling stepped in was made whole.
John v. 4.
God looking forth will trouble all his host. Milton.
Hear how she the ear employs;
Their office is the troubled air to take. Davies.
Seas are troubled when they do revoke
Their flowing waves into themselves again. Davies.
It is not bare agitation, but the sediment at the bottom
that troubles and defiles the water. South.
The best law in our days is that which continues our
judges during their good behaviour, without leaving them to
the mercy of such who might, by an undue influence, trouble
and pervert the course of justice. Addison's Guard. No. 99.
Thy force alone their fury can restrain,
And smooth the waves, or swell the troubl'd main. Dryden.
8. To mind with anxiety.
He had credit enough with his master to provide for his
own interest, and troubled not himself for that of others. Clar.
9. [In low language.] To sue for a debt.

TRO’UBLE. n. s. [trouble, French.]
1. Disturbance; perplexity.
They all his host derided, while they stood
A while in trouble. Milton.
2. Affliction; calamity.
Double, double, toil and trouble,
Fire burn and cauldron bubble. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Molestation; obstruction; inconvenience.
Take to thee from among the cherubim
The choice of flaming warriours, lest the fiend
Some new trouble raise. Milton.
4. Uneasiness; vexation.
I have dream'd
Of much offence and trouble, which my mind
Knew never till this irksome night. Milton.

TRO’UBLE-STATE. n. s. [trouble and state.] Disturber of a
community; publick makebate.
Those fair baits these trouble-states still use,
Pretence of common good, the king's ill course,
Must be cast forth. Daniel's Civil War.

TRO’UBLER. n. s. [from trouble.] Disturber; confounder.
Unhappy falls that hard necessity,
Quoth he, the troubler of my happy peace,
And vowed foe of my felicity. Fairy Qu. b. i.
Heav'ns hurl down their indignation
On thee, thou troubler of the poor world's peace! Shak.
The best temper of minds desireth good name and true
honour; the lighter, popularity and applause; the more de­
praved, subjection and tyranny; as is seen in great conquerors
and troublers of the world, and more in arch-hereticks. Bac.
Spain,
Whose chief support and sinews are of coin,
Our nation's solid virtue did oppose
To the rich troublers of the world's repose. Waller.
The sword justly drawn by us can scarce safely be sheath­
ed, till the power of the great troubler of our peace be pared,
as to be under no apprehensions for the future. Atterbury.

TRO’UBLESOME. adj. [from trouble.]
1. Full of molestation; vexatious; uneasy; afflictive.
Heav'n knows
By what bye-paths and indirect crooked ways
I met this crown; and I myself know well
How troublesome it sat upon my head:
To thee it shall descend with better quiet. Shakespeare.
He must be very wise that can forbear being troubled at
things very troublesome. Tillotson's Sermons.
Though our passage through this world be rough and
troublesome, yet the trouble will be but short, and the rest and
contentment at the end will be an ample recompence. Atterb.
2. Burdensome; tiresome; wearisome.
My mother will never be troublesome to me. Pope.
3. Full of teizing business.
All this could not make us accuse her, though it made us
almost pine away for spight, to lose any of our time in so
troublesome an idleness. Sidney.


4. Slightly harrassing.
They eas'd the putting off
These troublesome disguises which we wear. Milton.
Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow,
Being so troublesome a bedfellow. Shakesp. Henry IV.
5. Unseasonably engaging; improperly importuning.
She of late is lightened of her womb,
That her to see should be but troublesome. Fa. Qu. b. i.
6. Importunate; teizing
Two or three troublesome old nurses, never let me have
a quiet night's rest with knocking me up. Arbuthnot.

TRO’UBLESOMELY. adv. [from troublesome.] Vexatiously;
wearisomely; unseasonably; importunately.
Though men will not be so troublesomely critical as to cor­
rect others in the use of words; yet where truth is concern­
ed, it can be no fault to desire their explication. Locke.

TRO’UBLESOMENESS. n. s. [from troublesome.]
1. Vexatiousness; uneasiness.
The lord treasurer, he complained of the troublesomeness
of the place, for that the exchequer was so empty: the chan­
cellor answered, be of good cheer, for now you shall see the
bottom of your business at the first. Bacon.
2. Importunity; unseasonableness.

TRO’UBLOUS. adj. [from trouble.] Tumultuous; confused;
disordered; put into commotion. An elegant word, but
disused.
He along would fly
Upon the streaming rivers, sport to find;
And oft would dare tempt the troublous wind. Spenser.
Soon as they this mock king did espy,
Their troublous strife they stinted by and by. Hubb. Tale.
No other noise, nor people's troublous cries,
As still are wont't annoy the walled town,
Might there be heard. Fairy Queen, b. i.
As a tall ship tossed in troublous seas,
Whom raging winds threaten to make the prey
of the rough rocks. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Then, masters, look to see a troublous world. Shakesp.
Only one supply
In four years troublous and expensive reign. Daniel.

TRO’VER. n. s. [trouver, French.] In the common law, is an
action which a man hath against one that having found any
of his goods refuseth to deliver them upon demand. Cowel.

TROUGH. n. s. [trog, troh, Saxon; troch, Dutch; trou,
Danish; traug, Islandick; truogo, Italian.] Any thing hol­
lowed and open longitudinally on the upper side.
The bloody boar
That spoil'd your summer fields and fruitful vines,
Swills your warm blood like wash, and makes his trough
In your embowel'd bosoms. Shakesp. Rich. III.
They had no ships but big troughs, which they call ca­
noes. Abbot's Description of the World.
Where there is a good quick fall of rain water, lay a half
trough of stone, of a good length, three foot deep, with one
end upon the high ground, the other upon the low; cover
the trough with brakes a good thickness, and cast sand upon
the top of the brakes, the lower end of the trough will run
like a spring of water. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 29.
Some log, perhaps, upon the water swam,
An useless drift, which rudely cut within,
And hollow'd, first a floating trough became,
And cross some riv'let passage did begin. Dryden.
The water dissolves the particles of salt mixed in the stone,
and is conveyed by long troughs and canals from the mines to
Hall, where it is received in vast cisterns and boiled off. Add.

To TROUL. v. n. [trollen, to roll, Dutch.] See TROLL.
1. To move volubly.
Bred only, and completed, to the taste
Of lustful appetence; to sing, to dance,
To dress, and troul the tongue, and roll the eye. Milton.
2. To utter volubly.
Let us be jocund. Will you troul the catch
You taught me while-ere. Shakespeare's Tempest.

To TROUNCE. v. a. [derived by Skinner from tronc or tronson,
French, a club.] To punish by an indictment or informa­
tion.
More probable, and like to hold
Than hand, or seal, or breaking gold;
For which so many, that renounc'd
Their plighted contracts have been trounc'd. Hudibras.
If you talk of peaching, I'll peach first: I'll trounce you
for offering to corrupt my honesty. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

TROUSE. n. s. [trousse, Fr. truish, Erse.] Breeches; hose.
See TROSSERS.
TRO’USERS. n. s. [trousse, Fr. truish, Erse.] Breeches; hose.
See TROSSERS.
The leather quilted jack serves under his shirt of mail, and
to cover his trouse on horseback. Spenser on Ireland.
The unsightliness and pain in the leg may be helped by
wearing a laced stocking; a laced trouse will do as much for
the thigh. Wiseman's Surgery.

TROUT. n. s. [truht, Saxon; trocta, truta, trutta, Lat.]
1. A delicate spotted fish inhabiting brooks and quick streams.
aThe pond will keep trout and salmon in their seasonable
plight, but not in their reddish grain. Carew.
Worse than the anarchy at sea,
Where fishes on each other prey;
Where ev'ry trout can make as high rants
O'er his inferiours as our tyrants. Swift.
2. A familiar phrase for an honest, or perhaps for a silly fellow.
Here comes the trout that must be caught with tickling.
Shakespeare.

To TROW. v. n. [treothian, Saxon; troe, Danish.] To think;
to imagine; to conceive. A word now difused, and rarely
used in ancient writers but in familiar language.
What handsomeness, trow you, can be observed in that
speech, which is made one knows not to whom? Sidney.
Is there any reasonable man, trow you, but will judge it
meeter that our ceremonies of Christian religion should be
Popish than Turkish or Heathenish. Hooker, b. iv.
Lend less than thou owest,
Learn more than thou trowest. Shakesp. King Lear.
To-morrow next
We will for Ireland; and 'tis time, I trow. Shakespeare.
O rueful day! rueful indeed, I trow. Gay.

TROW. interject. [for I trow, or trow you.] An exclamation of
enquiry.
Well, if you be not turn'd Turk, there is no more sailing
by the star.
—What means the fool, trow? Shakespeare.

TRO’WEL. n. s. [truelle, Fr. trulla, Lat.]
A trowel is a tool to take up the mortar with, and spread
it on the bricks; with which also they cut the bricks to such
lengths as they have occasion, and also stop the joints. Moxon.
Fair princess, you have lost much good sport.
—Sport! of what colour?
—What colour, madam? how shall I answer you?
—As wit and fortune will.
—Or as the destinies decree.
—Well said, that was laid on with a trowel. Shakespeare.
This was dext'rous at his trowel,
That was bred to kill a cow well. Swift.

TROY-WE’IGHT. n. s. [from Troies, Fr.] A kind of weight
by which gold and bread are weighed,
consisting of these denominations: a pound = 12 ounces;
ounce = 20 pennyweights; pennyweight = 24 grains.
TROY. n. s. [from Troies, Fr.] A kind of weight
by which gold and bread are weighed,
consisting of these denominations: a pound = 12 ounces;
ounce = 20 pennyweights; pennyweight = 24 grains.
The English physicians make use of troyweight after the
following manner.

Grains
	20			Scruple
	60				3				Drachm
	480				24				8				Ounce
	5760			288				96				12		Pound

The Romans left their ounce in Britain, now our averdu­
pois ounce, for our troy ounce we had elsewhere. Arbuthnot.

TRU’ANT. n. s. [truand, Old Fr. treuwant, Dutch, a vagabond.]
An idler; one who wanders idly about, neglecting his duty
or employment. To play the truant is, in schools, to stay
from school without leave.
For my part I may speak it to my shame,
I have a truant been to chivalry. Shakespeare.
Though myself have been an idle truant,
Omitting the sweet benefit of time,
To cloath mine age with angel-like perfection;
Yet hath Sir Protheus made fair advantage of his days.
Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Providence would only initiate mankind into the know­
ledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to our industry, that
we might not live like idle loiterers and truants. More.
Our ships are laden with the Trojan store,
And you like truants come too late ashore. Dryden's æn.

TRUANT. adj. Idle; wandering from business; lazy; loi­
tering.
What keeps you from Wertemberg?
—A truant disposition, good my lord. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He made a blushing cital of himself,
And chid his truant youth with such a grace,
As if he master'd there a double spirit,
Of teaching, and of learning instantly. Shakespeare.
Where thou seest a single sheep remain
In shades aloof, or couch'd upon the plain,
Or late to lag behind with truant pace,
Revenge the crime, and take the traytor's head. Dryden.

To TRUANT. v. n. [truander, to beg about a country, French;
truwanten, old German.] To idle at a distance from duty;
to loiter; to be lazy.
'Tis double wrong to truant with your bed,
And let her read it in thy looks at board. Shakespeare.

TRU’ANTSHIP. n. s. [trualté, Old Fr. from truant; truandise in
Chaucer is beggery.] Idleness; negligence; neglect of study
or business.
The master should not chide with him if the child have
done his diligence, and used no truantship. Ascham.



TRU’BTAIL. n. s. A short squat woman. Ainsworth.

TRUBS. n. s. [tuber, Lat.] A sort of herb. Ains.

TRUCE. n. s. [truga, low Lat. tregua, Italian; truie, old Fr.]
1. A temporary peace; a cessation of hostilities.
Leagues and truces made between superstitious persons,
and such as serve God aright. Hooker, b. v.
They pray in vain to have sin pardoned, which seek not
also to prevent sin by prayer, even every particularsin, by
prayer against all sin, except men can name some trans­
gression wherewith we ought to have truce. Hooker.
All this utter'd
With gentle breath, calm look, knees humbly bent,
Could not make truce with the unruly spleen
Of Tybalt, deaf to peace. Shakespeare.
This token serveth for a flag of truce
Betwixt ourselves, and all our followers. Shakespeare.
Men shall be lovers of their own selves, without natural
affection, truce breakers. 2 Tim. iii. 3.
Least the truce with treason should be mixt,
'Tis my concern to have the tree betwixt. Dryden.
Shadwel till death true dulness would maintain;
And in his father's right, and realm's defence,
Ne'er wou'd have peace with wit, nor truce with sense. Dryd.
2. Cessation; intermission; short quiet.
There he may find
Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain
The irksome hours. Milton.

TRUCIDA’TION. n. s. [from trucido, Lat.] The act of killing.

To TRUCK. v. n. [troquer, Fr. truccare, Italian; trocar, Spa­
nish; deduced by Salmasius from t???e??, to get money.] To
traffick by exchange; to give one commodity for another.

To TRUCK. v. a. To give in exchange; to exchange.
The Indians truck gold for glasses. L'Estrange.
Go, miser! go; for lucre sell thy soul,
Truck wares for wares, and trudge from pole to pole;
That men may say, when thou art dead and gone,
See, what a vast estate he left his son. Dryden.
I see nothing left us, but to truck and barter our goods like
the wild Indians, with each other. Swift.

TRUCK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Exchange; traffick by exchange.
It is no less requisite to maintain a truck in moral offices,
than in the common business of commerce. L'Estrange.
Love is covetous; I must have all of you: heart for heart
is an equal truck. Dryden.
2. [t???] Wooden wheels for carriage of cannon. Ains.

TRU’CKLEBED, or trundlebed. n. s. [properly troclebed; from
trochlea, Latin, or t????.] A bed that runs on wheels under
a higher bed.
There's his chamber, his house, his castle, his standing
bed and trucklebed. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
If he that is in battle slain,
Be in the bed of honour lain;
He that is beaten may be said,
To lie in honour's trucklebed. Hudibras, p. i.

To TRU’CKLE. v. n. [This word is, I believe, derived from
trucklebed, which is always under another bed.] To be in a
state of subjection or inferiority; to yield; to creep.
Shall our nation be in bondage thus
Unto a land that truckles under us. Cleaveland.
For which so many a legal cuckold
Has been run down in courts and truckl'd. Hudibras.
Men may be stiff and obstinate upon a wrong ground, and
ply and truckle too upon as false a foundation. L'Estrange.
Religion itself is forced to truckle to worldly policy. Norris.
His zeal was not to lash our crimes,
But discontent against the times:
For had we made him timely offers,
To raise his post or fill his coffers:
Perhaps he might have truckled down,
Like other brethren of his gown. Swift.
They were subdued and insulted by Alexander's captains,
and continued under several revolutions, a small truckling
state, of no name till they fell under the Romans. Swift.

TRU’CULENCE. n. s. [truculentia, Lat.]
1. Savageness of manners.
2. Terribleness of aspect.

TRUCULENT. adj. [truculentus, Lat.]
1. Savage; barbarous.
A barbarous Scythia where the savage and truculent inha­
bitants transfer themselves from place to place in waggons, as
they can find pasture, and live upon milk, and flesh roasted
in the sun at the pomels of their saddles. Ray.
2. Terrible of aspect.
3. Destructive; cruel.
Pestilential seminaries, according to their grossness or sub­
tilty, cause more or less truculent plagues, some of such ma­
lignity, that they enecate in two hours. Harvey on the Plague.

To TRUDGE. v. n. [truggiolare, Italian.] To travel laboriously;
to jog on; to march heavily on.
No man is secure, but night-walking heralds,
That trudge between the king and mistress Shore. Shakesp.
No sooner was he fit to trudge,
But both made ready to dislodge. Hudibras, p. iii.
Away they trudged together, and about midnight got to
their journey's end. L'Estrange's Fables.
Go, miser! go; for lucre sell thy soul,
Truck wares for wares, and trudge from pole to pole;
That men may say, when thou art dead and gone,
See, what a vast estate he left his son! Dryden.
Once a poor rogue, 'tis true, I trod the street,
And trudg'd to Rome upon my naked feet:
Gold is the greatest god. Dryden's Juvenal.
He that will know the truth, must leave the beaten track,
which none but servile minds trudge continually in. Locke.

TRUE. adj. [treowa, truwa, Saxon.]
1. Not false; not erroneous; agreeing with fact, or with the
nature of things.
Of those he chose he flasest two,
And fittest for to forge true seeming lies. Fairy Qu. b. i.
Teeth hadst thou in thy head when thou wast born,
And, if the rest be true which I have heard,
Thou cam'st into the world with thy legs forward. Shak.
A new commandment I write, which thing is true in him
and in you. 1 John ii. 8.
What you said had not been true,
If spoke by any else but you. Cowley.
2. Not false; agreeing with our own thoughts.
3. Pure from the crime of falsehood; veracious.
4. Genuine; not counterfeit.
The darkness is past, and the true light now shineth. 1 Joh.
Among unequals what society
Can sort? What harmony or true delight? Milton.
Religion, as it is the most valuable thing in the world, so
it gives the truest value to them who promote the practice of
it by their example and authority. Atterbury.
5. Faithful; not perfidious; steady.
My revenge is now at Milford, would I had wings to fol­
low it! come and be true. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
So young and so untender?
—So young my lord, and true.
—Let it be so; thy truth then be thy dower. Shakesp.
Do not see
My fair rose wither; yet look up; behold,
That you in pity may dissolve to dew,
And wash him fresh again with true love tears. Shakesp.
The first great work
Is, that yourself may to yourself be true. Roscommon.
I'll rather die
Deserted, than oblige thee with a fact
Pernicious to thy peace, chiefly assur'd
Remarkably so late of thy so true,
So faithful, love unequal'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
When this fire is kindled, both sides inflame it: all re­
gard of merit is lost in persons employed, and these only
chosen that are true to the party. Temple.
Smil'd Venus, to behold her own true knight
Obtain the conquest, though he lost the fight. Dryden.
True to the king her principles are found;
Oh that her practice were but half so sound!
Stedfast in various turns of state she stood,
And seal'd her vow'd affection with her blood. Dryden.
The truest hearts for Voiture heav'd with sighs:
Voiture was wept by all the brightest eyes. Pope.
True to his charge the bard preserv'd her long
In honour's limits, such the pow'r of song. Pope.
6. Honest; not fraudulent.
The thieves have bound the true man: now could thou
and I rob the thieves and go merrily to London, it would be
argument for a week. Shakesp. Henry IV.
If king Edward be as true and just,
As I am subtle, false, and treacherous,
This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up. Shakesp.
7. Exact; truly conformable to a rule.
If all those great painters, who have left us such fair plat­
forms, had rigorously observed it, they had made things more
regularly true, but withal very unpleasing. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
He drew
A circle regularly true. Prior.
Tickel's first book does not want its merit; but I was
disappointed in my expectation of a translation nicely true to
the original; whereas in those parts where the greatest exact­
ness seems to be demanded, he has been the least careful. Arb.
8. Rightful.
They seize the sceptre;
Then lose it to a stranger, that the true
Anointed King Messiah might be born
Bar'd of his right. Milton.

TRUEBO’RN. n. s. [true and born.] Having a right by birth.
Where'er I wander, boast of this I can,
Though banish'd, yet a trueborn Englishman. Shakespeare.
Let him that is a trueborn gentleman,
And stands upon the honour of his birth,
From off this briar pluck a white rose with me. Shakesp.



TRUEBRE’D. adj. [true and bred.] Of a right breed.
Two of them I know to be as truebred cowards as ever
turned back. Shakespeare.
Bauble do you call him? he's a substantial truebred beast,
bravely forehanded. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

TRUEHE’ARTED. n. s. [true and heart.] Honest; faithful.
I have known no honester or truehearted man: fare thee
well. Shkaespeare.

TRU’ELOVE. n. s. An herb, called herba Paris.

TRUELO’VEKNOT. n. s. [true, love, and knot.] Lines
drawn through each other with ma­
ny involutions, considered as the emblem of interwoven af­
fection.
TRUELO’VERSKNOT. n. s. [true, love, and knot.] Lines
drawn through each other with ma­
ny involutions, considered as the emblem of interwoven af­
fection.
I'll carve your name on barks of trees
With trueloveknots, and flourishes,
That shall infuse eternal spring. Hudibras, p. ii.

TRU’ENESS. n. s. [from true.] Sincerity; faithfulness.
The even carriage between two factions proceedeth not
always of moderation, but of a trueness to a man's self, with
end to make use of both. Bacon's Essays.

TRUEPE’NNY. n. s. [true and penny.] A familiar phrase for an
honest fellow.
Say'st thou so? art thou there, truepenny?
Come on. Shakespeare.

TRU’FFLE. n. s. [trufle, truffe, French.]
In Italy, the usual method for the finding of truffles, or
subterraneous mushrooms, called by the Italians tartusali, and
in Latin tubera terræ, is by tying a cord to the hind leg of a
pig, and driving him, observing where he begins to root. Ray.

TRUG. n. s. a hod for mortar. Ainsw.

TRULL. n. s. [trulla, Italian.]
1. A low whore; a vargant strumpet.
I'm sure, I scar'd the dauphin and his trull. Shakespeare.
A trull who sits
By the town wall, and for her living knits. Dryden.
So Mævius, when he drain'd his skull,
To celebrate some suburb trull;
His similies in order set,
And ev'ry crambo he cou'd get;
Before he could his poem close,
The lovely nymph had lost her nose. Swift.
2. It seems to have had first at least a neutral sense: a girl; a
lass; a wench.
Among the rest of all the route
A passing proper lasse,
A white-hair'd trull, of twenty years,
Or neere about there was:
In stature passing all the rest,
A gallant girl for hewe;
To be compar'd with townish nymphs,
So fair she was to viewe. Turberville.

TRU’LY. adv. [from true.]
1. According to truth; not falsely; faithfully; honestly.
They thought they might do it, not only willingly, be­
cause they loved him; and truly, because such indeed was the
mind of the people; but safely, because she who ruled the
king was agreed thereto. Sidney, b. ii.
No untruth can avail the patron long; for things most
truly are most behoovefully spoken. Hooker.
Wisdom alone is truly fair. Milton.
2. Really; without fallacy.
3. Exactly; justly.
Right reason is nothing else but the mind of man judging
of things truly, and as they are in themselves. South.
4. Indeed.
I have not undertaken it out of any wanton pleasure in
mine own pen; nor truly without often pondering with my­
self beforehand what censures I might incur. Wotton.

TRUMP. n. s. [trompe, Dutch, and old Fr. tromba, Italian.]
1. A trumpet; an instrument of warlike musick.
Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up,
His sword did ne'er leave striking in the field. Shakesp.
Yet first to those ychain'd in sleep,
The wakeful trump of doom must thunder through the
deep. Milton.
I heard
The neighing coursers and the soldiers cry,
And sounding trumps that seem'd to tear the sky. Dryden.
Beneath this tomb an infant lies,
To earth whose body lent,
Hereafter shall more glorious rise,
But not more innocent.
When the archangel's trump shall blow,
And souls to bodies join,
What crowds shall wish their lives below
Had been as short as thine. Wesley.
2. [Corrupted from triumph. Latimer, in a Christmas sermon,
exhibited a game at cards, and made the ace of hearts
triumph. Fox.] A winning card; a card that has particular
privileges in a game.
Him Basto follow'd, but his fate more hard,
Gain'd but one trump and one plebeian card. Pope.
Now her heart with pleasure jumps,
She scarce remembers what is trumps. Swift.
3. To put to or upon the TRUMPS. To put to the last expedient.
We are now put upon our last trump; the fox is earth'd,
but I shall send my two terriers in after him. Dryden.

To TRUMP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To win with a trump card.
2. To TRUMP up. [from tromper, Fr. to cheat.] To devise; to
forge.

TRU’MPERY. n. s. [tromperie, French, a cheat.]
1. Something fallaciously splendid; something of less value
than it seems.
The trumpery in my house bring hither,
For state to catch these thieves. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. Falsehood; empty talk.
Breaking into parts the story of the creation, and deliver­
ing it over in a mystical sense, wrapping it up mixed with
other their own trumpery, they have sought to obscure the
truth thereof. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
3. Something of no value; trifles.
Embrio's and idiots, eremits and friars,
White, black, and grey, with all their trumpery. Milton.
Another cavity of the head was stuffed with billetdoux,
pricked dances, and other trumpery of the same nature. Addison.

TRU’MPET. n. s. [trompette, French and Dutch.]
1. An instrument of martial musick sounded by the breath.
What's the business?
That such a hideous trumpet calls to parley
The sleepers of the house. Shakespeare.
If any man of quality will maintain upon Edmund earl of
Gloster, that he is a manifold traitor, let him appear by the
third sound of the trumpet. Shakesp. King Lear.
He blew
His trumpet, heard in Oreb since perhaps
When God descended, and perhaps once more
To sound at gen'ral doom. Th' angelick blast
Filled all the regions. Milton.
The last loud trumpet's wond'rous sound
Shall through the rending tombs rebound,
And wake the nations under ground. Roscommon.
Things of deep sense we may in prose unfold,
But they move more in lofty numbers told;
By the loud trumpet which our courage aids,
We learn that sound, as well as sense, persuades. Waller.
The trumpet's loud clangor
Excites us to arms,
With shrill notes of anger,
And mortal alarms. Dryden.
Every man is the maker of his own fortune, and must be
in some measure the trumpet of his fame. Tatler.
No more the drum
Provokes to arms, or trumpet's clangor shrill
Affrights the wives. Philips.
Let the loud trumpet sound,
Till the roofs all around,
The shrill echoes rebound. Pope.
2. In military stile, a trumpeter.
He wisely desired, that a trumpet might be first sent for a
pass. Clarendon, b. viii.
Among our forefathers, the enemy, when there was a king
in the field, demanded by a trumpet in what part he resided,
that they might avoid firing upon the royal pavilion. Addison.
3. One who celebrates; one who praises.
Glorious followers, who make themselves as trumpets of
the commendation of those they follow, taint business for
want of secrecy, and export honour from a man, and make
him a return in envy. Bacon.
That great politician was pleased to have the greatest wit
of those times in his interests, and to be the trumpet of his
praises. Dryden.

TRUMPET-FLOWER. n. s. [bignonia, Lat.] It hath a tubulous
flower consisting of one leaf, which opens at top like two
lips: these flowers are succeeded by pods, which are divided
into two cells, and contain several winged seeds. Miller.

To TRU’MPET. v. a. [trompetter, Fr. from the noun.] To
publish by sound of trumpet; to proclaim.
That I did love the Moor to live with him,
My downright violence to form my fortunes
May trumpet to the world. Shakesp. Othello.
Why so tart a favour
To trumpet such good tidings? Shakespeare.
They went with sound of trumpet; for they did nothing
but publish and trumpet all the reproaches they could devise
against the Irish. Bacon's War with Spain.

TRU’MPETER. n. s. [from trumpet.]
1. One who sounds a trumpet.
Trumpeters,
With brazen din blast you the city's ear,
Make mingle with our rattling tabourines. Shakespeare.
As they returned, a herald and trumpeter from the Scots
overtook them. Hayward.


Their men lie securely intrench'd in a cloud,
And a trumpeter hornet to battle sounds loud. Dryden.
An army of trumpeters would give as great a strength as
this confederacy of tongue warriors, who, like those military
musicians, content themselves with animating their friends to
battle. Addison's Freeholder, No. 28.
2. One who proclaims, publishes, or denounces.
Where there is an opinion to be created of virtue or great­
ness, these men are good trumpeters. Bacon's Essays.
How came so many thousands to fight, and die in the same
rebellion? why were they deceived into it by those spiritual
trumpeters, who followed them with continual alarms of dam­
nation if they did not venture life, fortune and all, in that
which those impostors called the cause of God. South.
3. A fish. Ainsw.

TR’UMPET-TONGUED. adj. [trumpet and tongue.] Having
tongues vociferous as a trumpet.
This Duncan's virtues
Will plead, like angels, trumpet-tongu'd against
The deep damnation of his taking off. Shakesp Macbeth.

To TRU’NCATE. v. a. [trunco, Lat.] To maim; to lop; to
cut short.

TRUNCATION. n. s. [from truncate.] The act of lopping or
maiming.

TRU’NCHEON. n. s. [tronçon, French.]
1. A short staff; a club; a cudgel.
With his tuncheon he so rudely stroke
Cymocles twice, that twice him forc'd his foot revoke. F. Q.
Set limb to limb, and thou art far the lesser;
Thy hand is but a finger to my fist;
Thy leg is a stick compared with this truncheon. Shakesp.
The English slew divers of them with plummets of lead
tied to a truncheon or staff by a cord. Hayward.
One with a broken truncheon deals his blows. Dryden.
2. A staff of command.
The hand of Mars
Beckon'd with fiery truncheon my retire. Shakespeare.
No ceremony that to great ones 'longs,
The marshal's truncheon, nor the judge's robe,
Become them with one half so good a grace,
As mercy does. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

To TRU’NCHEON. v. a. [from the noun.] To beat with a
truncheon.
Captain, thou abominable cheater! If captains were of
my mind, they would truncheon you out of taking their names
upon you before you earn'd them. Shakespeare.

TRUNCHEONEE’R. n. s. [from truncheon.] One armed with a
truncheon.
I mist the meteor once, and hit that woman, who cried
out, chibs! when I might see from far some forty truncheoneers
draw to her succour. Shakesp. Henry VIII.

To TRU’NDLE. v. n. [trondeler, Picard French; trendl, a
bowl, Saxon.] To roll; to bowl along.
In the four first it is heaved up by several spondees inter­
mixed with proper breathing places, and at last trundles down
in a continued line of dactyls. Addison's Spect. No. 253.

TRU’NDLE. n. s. [trendl, Saxon.] Any round rolling thing.

TRU’NDLE-TAIL. n. s. Round tail.
Avaunt you curs!
Hound or spaniel, brache or hym,
Or bobtail tike, or trundle-tail. Shakesp. King Lear.

TRUNK. n. s. [truncus, Lat. tronc, Fr.]
1. The body of a tree.
He was
The ivy, which had hid my princely trunk,
And suckt my verdure out on't. Shakespeare.
About the mossy trunk I wound me soon;
For high from ground the branches would require
Thy utmost reach. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
Creeping 'twixt 'em all, the mantling vine
Does round their trunks her purple clusters twine. Dryden.
Some of the largest trees have seeds no bigger than some
diminutive plants, and yet every seed is a perfect plant with
a trunk, branches, and leaves, inclosed in a shell. Bentley.
2. The body without the limbs of an animal.
The charm and venom which they drunk,
Their blood with secret filth infected hath,
Being diffused through the senseless trunk. Fairy Qu. b. ii.
Thou bring'st me happiness and peace, son John;
But health, alack, with youthful wings is flown
From this bare, wither'd trunk. Shakesp. Henry IV.
3. The main body of any thing.
The large trunks of the veins discharge the refluent blood
into the next adjacent trunk, and so on to the heart. Ray.
4. [Tronc, French.] A chest for cloaths; a small chest com­
monly lined with paper.
Neither press, coffer, chest, trunk, well, vault, but he
hath an abstract for the remembrance of such places. Shak.
Some odd fantastick lord would fain
Carry in trunks, and all my drudgery do. Dryden.
Where a young man learned to dance, there happened to
stand an old trunk in the room, the idea of which had so
mixed itself with the turns of all his dances, that, though
he could dance excellently well, yet it was only whilst that
trunk was there; nor could he perform well in any other
place, unless that, or some such other trunk, had its due po­
sition in the room. Locke.
Your poem sunk,
And sent in quires to line a trunk:
If still you be dispos'd to rhyme,
Go try your hand a second time. Swift.
5. [Trompe, Fr.] The proboscis of an elephant, or other animal.
Leviathian that at his gills
Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out a sea. Milton.
When elephant 'gainst elephant did rear
His trunk, and castles justled in the air,
My sword thy way to victory had shown. Dryden.
6. A long tube through which pellets of clay are blown.
In rolls of parchment trunks, the mouth being laid to the
one end and the ear to the other, the sound is heard much
farther than in the open air. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
In a shooting trunk, the longer it is to a certain limit,
the swifter and more forcibly the air drives the pellet. Ray.

To TRUNK. v. a. [trunco, Lat.] To truncate; to main; to
lop. Obsolete.
Large streams of blood out of the trunked stock
Forth gushed, like water streams from riven rock. Fairy Q.

TRU’NKED. adj. [from trunk] Having a trunk.
She is thick set with strong and well trunked trees. Howel.

TRUNK-HOSE. n. s. [trunk and hose.] Large breeches formerly
worn.
The short trunk-hose shall show thy foot and knee
Licentious, and to common eye-sight free;
And with a bolder stride, and looser air,
Mingl'd with men, a man thou must appear. Prior.

TRU’NNIONS. n. s. [trognons, Fr.] The knobs or bunchings of
a gun, that bear it on the cheeks of a carriage. Bailey.

TRU’SION. n. s. [trudo, Lat.] The act of thrusting or pushing.
By attraction we do not understand drawing, pumping,
sucking, which is really pulsion and trusion. Bentley.

TRUSS. n. s. [trousse, Fr.]
1. A bandage by which ruptures are restrained from lapsing.
A hernia would succeed, and the patient be put to the
trouble of wearing a truss. Wiseman's Surgery.
2. Bundle; any thing thrust close together.
All as a poor pedler he did wend,
Bearing a truss of trifles at his back,
As belles and babies, and glasses in his packe. Spenser.
The rebels first won the plain at the hill's foot by assault,
and then the even ground on the top, by carrying up great
trusses of hay before them, to dead their shot. Carew.
An ass was wishing for a mouthful of fresh grass to knap
upon, in exchange for a heartless truss of straw. L'Estrange.
The fair one devoured a truss of sallet, and drunk a full
bottle to her share. Addison's Spect. No. 410.
3. Trouse; breeches. Obsolete.

To TRUSS. v. a. [trousser, French.] To pack up close together.
What in most English writers useth to be loose and un­
right, in this author, is well grounded, finely framed, and
strongly trussed up together. Spenser.
Some of them send the scriptures before, truss up bag and
baggage, make themselves in a readiness, that they may fly
from city to city. Hooker, b. ii.
You might have trussed him and all his apparel into an
eelskin. Shakespeare's Henry IV. p. ii.

TRUST. n. s. [traust, Runick.]
1. Confidence; reliance on another.
What a fool is honesty! and trust, his sworn brother, a
very simple gentleman. Shakespeare.
My misfortunes may be of use to credulous maids, never
to put too much trust in deceitful men. Swift.
2. Charge received in confidence.
In my wretched case 'twill be more just
Not to have promis'd, than deceive your trust. Dryden.
His trust was with th' eternal to be deemed
Equal in strength. Milton.
3. Confident opinion of any event.
4. Credit given without examination.
Most take things upon trust, and misemploy their assent by
lazily enslaving their minds to the dictates of others. Locke.
5. Credit without payment.
Ev'n such is time, who takes on trust
Our youth, our joys, our all we have,
And pays us but with age and dust. Raleigh.
6. Something committed to one's faith.
They cannot see all with their own eyes; they must com­
mit many great trusts to their ministers. Bacon.
Thou the sooner
Temptation found'st, or over potent charms,
To violate the sacred trust of silence
Deposited within thee. Milton's Agonistes.
7. Deposit; something committed to charge, of which an ac­
count must be given.
Although the advantages one man possesseth more than
another, may be called his property with respect to other
men, yet with respect to God they are only a trust. Swift.


8. Fidelity; supposed honesty.
Behold, I commit my daughter unto thee of special trust;
wherefore do not entreat her evil. Tob. x. 12.
9. State of him to whom something is entrusted.
I serve him truly, that will put me in trust. Shak. King Lear.
Being transplanted out of his cold barren diocese he was
left in that great trust with the king. Clarendon.
Expect no more from servants than is just,
Reward them well if they observe their trust. Denham.

To TRUST. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To place confidence in; to confide in.
I'd be torn in pieces ere I'd trust a woman
With wind. Benj. Jonson.
2. To believe; to credit.
Give me your hand: trust me you look well. Shakesp.
3. To admit in confidence to the power over any thing.
When you lie down, with a short prayer commit yourself
into the hands of your faithful Creator; and when you have
done, trust him with yourself as you must do when you are
dying. Taylor.
4. To commit with confidence.
Give me good fame, ye pow'rs, and make me just,
This much the rogue to publick ears will trust:
In private then:——When wilt thou, mighty Jove,
My wealthy uncle from this world remove? Dryden.
Whom with your pow'r and fortune, Sir, you trust,
Now to suspect is vain. Dryden.
5. To venture confidently.
Fool'd by thee to trust thee from my side. Milton.
6. To sell upon credit.

To TRUST. v. n.
1. To be confident of something future.
I trust to come unto you, and speak face to face. 2 John.
From this grave, this dust,
My God shall raise me up I trust. Raleigh.
2. To have confidence; to rely; to depend without doubt.
The isles shall wait upon me, and on mine arm shall they
trust. Isa. li. 5.
The Lord is a buckler to all that trust in him. 2 Sam. xxii.
Sin never shall hurt them more who rightly trust
In this his satisfaction. Milton.
3. To be credulous; to be won to confidence.
Well you may fear too far
—Safer than trust too far. Shakespeare.
4. To expect.
The simplicity of the goat shews us what an honest man
is to trust to that keeps a knave company. L'Estrange.

TRUSTEE’. n. s. [from trust.]
1. One entrusted withy any thing.
Having made choice of such a confessor that you may trust
your soul with, sincerely open your heart to him, and look
upon him only as he is a trustee from God, commissioned by
him as his ministerial deputy, to hear, judge, and absolve
you. Taylor's Guide to a Penitent.
2. One to whom something is committed for the use and be­
hoof of another.
You are not the trustees of the publick liberty: and if you
have not right to petition in a crowd, much less to intermed­
dle in the management of affairs. Dryden.

TRU’STER. n. s. [from trust.] One who trusts.
Nor shall you do mine ear that violence,
To make it truster of your own report
Against yourself. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

TRU’STINESS. n. s. [from trusty.] Honesty; fidelity; faithfulness.
If the good qualities which lie dispersed among other crea­
tures, innocence in a sheep, trustiness in a dog, are singly so
commendable, how excellent is the mind, which ennobles
them into virtues. Grew's Cosmol. b. ii.

TRU’STLESS. n. s. [from trust.] Unfaithful; unconstant; not
to be trusted. A word elegant, but out of use.
I beheld this fickle trustless state,
Of vain world's glory, flirting to and fro. Spenser.

TRU’STY. adj. [from trust.]
1. Honest; faithful; true; fit to be trusted.
This dastard, at the battle of Poictiers,
Before we met, or that a stroke was given,
Like to a trusty 'squire, did run away. Shakespeare.
This trusty servant
Shall pass between us. Shakesp. King Lear.
He removeth away the speech of the trusty, and taketh
away the understanding of the aged. Job xii. 26.
Guyomar his trusty slave has sent. Dryd. Indian Emperor.
These prodigious treasures which flow'd in to him, he bu­
ried under-ground by the hands of his most trusty slaves. Add.
2. Strong; stout; such as will not fail.
When he saw no power might prevail,
His trusty sword he called to his aid. Fairy Q.
The neighing steeds are to the chariot ty'd,
The trusty weapon sits on ev'ry side. Dryden's æn.

TRUTH. n. s. [treowtha, Saxon.]
1. The contrary to falsehood; conformity of notions to things.
Truth is the joining or separating of signs, as the things
signified agree or disagree. Locke.
That men are pubescent at the year of twice seven is ac­
counted a punctual truth. Brown.
Persuasive words, impregn'd
With reason to her seeming and with truth. Milton.
This clue leads them through the mizmaze of opinions
and authors to truth and certainty. Locke.
2. Conformity of words to thoughts.
Shall truth fail to keep her word? Milton.
And lend a lie the confidence of truth. Anonymous.
3. Purity from falsehood.
So young and so untender?
—So young, my lord, and true.
—Let it be so, thy truth then be thy dower. Shakesp.
4. Fidelity; constancy.
The thoughts of past pleasure and truth,
The best of all blessings below. Song.
5. Honesty; virtue.
The money I tender for him in the court;
If this will not suffice, it must appear
That malice bears down truth. Shakespeare.
6. It is used sometimes by way of concession.
She said, truth, Lord: yet the dogs eat of the crumbs
which fall. Matth. xv. 27.
7. Exactness; conformity to rule.
Ploughs to go true depend much upon the truth of the iron
work. Mortimer's Husbandry.
8. Reality.
In truth, what should any prayer, framed to the minister's
hand, require, but only so to be read as behoveth. Hooker
9. Of a TRUTH, or in TRUTH. In reality.
Of a truth, Lord, the kings of Assyria have destroyed the
nations. 2 Kings xix. 17.

TRUTINA’TION. n. s. [trutina, Lat.] The act of weighing;
examination by the scale.
Men may mistake if they distinguish not the sense of levity
unto themselves, and in regard of the scale or decision of tru­
tination. Brown's Vulgar Errours, b. iv.

To TRY. v. a. [trier, French.]
1. To examine; to make experiment of.
Some among you have beheld me fighting,
Come try upon yourselves what you have seen me. Shak.
He cannot be a perfect man,
Not being tried and tutor'd in the world. Shakespeare.
Doth not the ear try words, and the mouth taste meat? Job.
2. To experience; to assay; to have knowledge or experience of.
Thou know'st only good; but evil hast not try'd. Milt.
Some to far Oaxis shall be sold,
Or try the Libyan heat, or Scythian cold. Dryden.
With me the rocks of Scylla you have try'd,
Th' inhuman Cyclops, and his den defy'd;
What greater ills hereafter can you bear? Dryden.
3. To examine as a judge.
4. To bring before a judicial tribunal.
5. To bring to a decision, with out emphatical.
Nicanor hearing of their couragiousness to fight for their
country, durst not try the matter by the sword. 2 Mac. xiv.
I'll try it out, and give no quarter. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
6. To act on as a test.
The fire sev'n times tried this;
Sev'n times tried that judgment is,
Which did never chuse amiss. Shakespeare.
7. To bring as to a test.
The trying of your faith worketh patience. Jam. i. 3.
They open to themselves at length the way
Up hither under long obedience try'd. Milton.
8. To essay; to attempt.
Let us try advent'rous work. Milton.
9. To purify; to refine.
After life
Try'd in sharp tribulation and refin'd
By faith and faithful works. Milton.

To TRY. v. n. To endeavour; to attempt.

TUB. n. s. [tobbe, tubbe, Dutch.]
1. A large open vessel of wood.
In the East Indies, if you set a tub of water open in a
room where cloves are kept, it will be drawn dry in twenty­
four hours. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 78.
They fetch their precepts from the Cynick tub. Milton.
Skilful coopers hoop their tubs
With Lydian and with Phrygian dubs. Hudibras.
2. A state of salivation. I know not well why so called.
Season the slaves
For tubs and baths, bring down the rose-cheek'd youth
To th' tub-fast, and the diet. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

TUBE. n. s. [tube, Fr. tubus, Lat.] A pipe; a siphon; a long
body.
There bellowing engines with their fiery tubes
Dispers'd æthereal forms and down they fell. Roscom.
Aspot like which astrnomer
Trhough his glaz'd optick tube yet never saw. Milton.
This bears up part of it out at the surface of the earth,
the rest through the tubes and vessels of the vegetables there­
on. Woodward's Nat. Hist. p. iii.



TU’BERCLE. n. s. [tubercule, Fr. from tuberculum, Latin.] A
small swelling or excrescence on the body; a pimple.
A consumption of the lungs, without an ulceration, arrives
through a schirrosity, or a crude tubercle. Harvey on Consump.

TUBE’ROSE. n. s. A flower.
The stalks of tuberose run up four foot high more or less, the
common way of planting them is in pots in March, in good
earth. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Eternal spring, with smiling verdure here,
Warms the mild air, and crowns the youthful year,
The tuberose ever breathes and violets blow. Garth's Dispens.

TU’BEROUS. adj. [tubereux, Fr. from tuber, Latin.] Having pro­
minent knots or excrescences.
Parts of tuberous hæmatitæ shew several varieties in the
crusts, striature, and constitution of the body. Woodward.

TU’BULAR. adj. [from tubus, Lat.] Resembling a pipe or trunk;
consisting of a pipe; long and hollow; fistular.
He hath a tubular or pipe-like snout resembling that of the
hippocampus, or horse-fish. Grew's Museum.

TU’BULE. n. s. [tubulus, Latin.] A small pipe, or fistular
body.
As the ludus Helmontii, and the other nodules have in
them sea-shells that were incorporated with them during the
time of their formation at the deluge, so these stones had then
incorporated with them testaceous tubules, related to the si­
phunculi or rather the vermiculi marini. Woodw. on Fossils.

TU’BULATED. adj. [from tubulus, Lat.] Fistular; longitu­
dinally hollow.
TU’BULOUS. adj. [from tubulus, Lat.] Fistular; longitu­
dinally hollow.
The teeth are tubulated for the conveyance of the poison
into the wound they make; but their hollowness doth not
reach to the top of the tooth. Derham's Physico-Theol.

TUCK. n. s. [tweca Welsh, a knife; estoc, French; stocco,
Italian.]
1. A long narrow sword.
If he by chance escape your venom'd tuck,
Our purpose may hold there. Shakesp. Hamlet.
These being prim'd, with force he labour'd
To free's sword from retentive scabbard;
And after many a painful pluck,
From rusty durance he bail'd tuck. Hudibras, p. i.
2. A kind of net.
The tuck is narrower meashed, and therefore scarce lawful
with a long bunt in the midst. Carew.

To TUCK. v. n. [from trucken, German.] To press. Skinner.
1. To crush together; to hinder from spreading.
She tucked up her vestments, like a Spartan virgin, and
marched directly forwards to the utmost summit of the pro­
montory. Addison.
The sex, at the same time they are letting down their
stays, are tucking up their petticoats, which grow shorter and
shorter every day. Addison's Guardian.
The following age of females first tucked up their garments
to the elbows, and exposed their arms to the air. Addison.
Dick adept! tuck back thy hair,
And I will pour into thy ear. Prior.
2. To inclose, by tucking cloaths round.
Make his bed after different fashions, that he may not feel
every little change, who is not to have his maid always to lay
all things in print and tuck him in warm. Locke on Education.

To TUCK. v. n. To contract. A bad word.
An ulcer discharging a nasty thin ichor, the edges tuck in,
and growing skinned and hard, give it the name of a callous
ulcer. Sharp's Surgery.

TU’CKER. n. s. A small piece of linen that shades the breast of
women.
A female ornament by some called a tucker, and by others
the neck-piece, being a slip of fine linen or muslin, used to
run in a small kind of ruffle round the uppermost verge of the
stays. Addison's Guardian.

TU’CKETSONANCE. n. s. A word apparently derived from the
French, but which I do not certainly understand; tucquet is a
hat, and toquer is to strike.
Let the trumpets sound,
The tucksetsonance and the note to mount. Shakes. Hen. V.

TU’EL. n. s. [tuyeau, French.] The anus. Skinner.

TU’ESDAY. n. s. [tuesdag, Saxon; tuv, Saxon, is Mars.] The
third day of the week.

TU’FTAFFETY. n. s. [from tufted and taffety.] A villous kind
of silk.
His cloaths were strange, tho' coarse, and black, tho'
bare:
Sleeveless his jerkin was, and it had been
Velvet: but it was now, so much ground was seen,
Become tufftaffaty. Donne.

TUFT. n. s. [tuffe, French.]
1. A number of threads or ribbands, flowery leaves, or any small
bodies joined together.
Upon sweet brier, a fine tuft or brush of moss of divers
colours, you shall ever find full of white worms. Bacon.
It is notorious for its goatish smell, and tufts not unlike
the beard of that animal. More's Antidote against Atheism.
A tuft of daisies on a flow'ry lay. Dryden.
Near a living stream their mansion place
Edg'd round with moss and tufts of matted grass. Dryden.
The male among birds often appears in a crest, comb, a
tuft of feathers, or a natural little plume, erected like a
pinacle on the top of the head. Addison's Spectator, No 265.
2. A cluster; a plump.
Going a little aside into the wood, where many times be­
fore she delighted to walk, her eyes were saluted with a tuft
of trees so close set together, as with the shade the moon gave
through it, it might breed a fearful kind of devotion to look
upon it. Sidney.
My house is at the tuft of olives hard by. Shakespeare.
With high woods the hills were crown'd;
With tufts the valleys, and each fountain side,
With borders long the rivers. Milton's Par. Lost.
In bow'r and field he sought, where any tuft
Of grove, or garden-plot more pleasant,
Their tendance, or plantation for delight. Milton's P. L.
Under a tuft of shade, that on a green
Stood whisp'ring soft, by a fresh fountain side
They sat them down. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.

To TUFT. v. a. To adorn with a tuft; a doubtful word, not
authorised by any competent writer.
Sit beneath the shade
Of solemn oaks, that tuft the swelling mounts,
Thrown graceful round. Thomson.

TU’FTED. adj. [from tuft.] Growing in tufts or clusters.
There does a sable cloud
Turn forth her silver lining on the night,
And cast a gleam over this tufted grove. Milton.
Towers and battlements it sees,
Bosom'd high in tufted trees,
Where perhaps some beauty lies
The cynosure of neighbouring eyes. Milton.
'Midst the desert fruitful fields arise,
That crown'd with tufted trees and springing corn,
Like verdant isles the sable waste adorn. Pope.

TU’FTY. adj. [from tuft.] Adorned with tufts. A word of no
authority.
Let me strip thee of thy tufty coat,
Spread thy ambrosial stores. Thomson's Summer.

To TUG. v. a. [tigan, teogan, Saxon.]
1. To pull with strength long continued in the utmost exertion;
to draw.
No more tug one another thus, nor moil yourselves;
receive
Prise equal; conquests crown ye both: the lists to others
leave. Chapman's Iliads.
These two massy pillars
With horrible confusion to and fro
He tugg'd, he shook, till down they came, and drew
Upon the heads of all that sat beneath,
The whole roof after them, with burst of thunder. Milton.
Take pains the genuine meaning to explore,
There sweat, there strain, tug the laborious oar. Rosc.
2. To pull; to pluck.
Priest, beware thy beard;
I mean to tug it, and to cuff you soundly. Shak. Hen. VI.
There leaving him to his repose
Secured from the pursuit of foes,
And wanting nothing but a song,
And a well tun'd theorbo hung
Upon a bough, to ease the pain
His tugg'd ears suffer'd, with a strain. Hudibras, p. i.

To TUG. v. n.
1. To pull; to draw.
The meaner sort will tug lustily at one oar. Sandys.
Lead your thoughts to the galleys, there those wretched
captives are chained to the oars they tug at. Boyle.
There is such tugging and pulling this way and that way.
More's Antidote against Atheism.
Thus galley-slaves tug willing at their oar,
Content to work in prospect of the shore;
But would not work at all, if not constrained before. Dryd.
We have been tugging a great while against the stream, and
have almost weathered our point; a stretch or two more will
do the work; but if instead of that we slacken our arms, and
drop our oars, we shall be hurried back to the place from
whence we set out. Addison on the State of War.
2. To labour; to contend; to struggle.
Cast your good counsels
Upon his passion; let myself and fortune
Tug for the time to come. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
His face is black and full of blood,
His hands abroad display'd, as one that graspt
And tugg'd for life. Shakesp. Hen. VI. p. ii.
They long wrestled and strenuously tugg'd for their liberty
with a no less magnanimous than constant pertinacy. How.
Go now with some daring drug,
Bait thy disease, and while they tug,
Thou to maintain the cruel strife,
Spend the dear treasure of thy life. Crashaw.



TUG. n. s. [from the verb.] Pull performed with the utmost
effort.
Downward by the feet he drew
The trembling dastard: at the tug he falls,
Vast ruins come along, rent from the smoking walls. Dryd.

TU’GGER. n. s. [from tug.] One that tugs or pulls hard.

TUI’TION. n. s. [tuitio from tueor, Lat.] Guardianship; su­
perintendent care; care of a guardian or tutor.
A folly for a man of wisdom, to put himself under the
tuition of a beast. Sidney, b. ii.
They forcibly endeavour to cast the churches, under my
care and tution, into the moulds they have fashioned to their
designs. King Charles.
If government depends upon religion, this shews the pesti­
lential design of those that attempt to disjoin the civil and ec­
clesiastical interests, setting the latter wholly out of the tuition
of the former. South's Sermons.
When so much true life is put into them, freely talk with
them about what most delights them, that they may perceive
that those under whose tuition they are, are not enemies to
their satisfaction. Locke.

TU’LIP. n. s. [tulipe, Fr. tulipa, Lat.] A flower.
It hath a lilly flower, composed of six leaves, shaped some­
what like a pitcher; the pointal rising in the middle of the
flower is surrounded with stamina, and afterwards becomes
an oblong fruit, which opens into three parts, and is divided
into three cells, full of plain seeds, resting upon one another
in a double row. To these may be added a coated root, with
fibres on the lower part. The properties of a good tulip, ac­
cording to the characteristicks of the best florists of the pre­
sent age, are, 1. It should have a tall stem. 2. The flower
should consist of six leaves, three within, and three without,
the former being larger than the latter. 3. Their bottom
should be proportioned to their top; their upper part should
be rounded off, and not terminate in a point. 4. The leaves
when opened should neither turn inward nor bend outward,
but rather stand erect; the flower should be of a middling
size, neither over large nor too small. 5. The stripes should
be small and regular, arising quite from the bottom of the
flower. The chives should not be yellow, but of a brown
colour. They are generally divided into three classes, viz.
præcoces, or early flowers; media's, or middling flowers; and
ferotines, or late flowers. The early blowing tulips are not
near so fair, nor rise half so high as the late ones, but are
chiefly valued for appearing so early in the spring. Their
roots should be taken up and spread upon mats in a shady
place to dry; after which they should be cleared from their
filth, and put up in a dry place until the season for planting.
Miller.
The tulip opens with the rising, and shuts with the setting
sun. Hakewill.
Why tulips of one colour produce some of another, and
running thro' all, still escape a blue. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TU’LIPTREE. A tree.

To TU’MBLE. v. n. [tomber, Fr. tommelen, Dutch; tombo­
lare, Italian.]
1. To fall; to come suddenly to the ground.
Though the treasure
Of nature's germins tumble all together,
Answer me. Shakespeare.
2. To fall in great quantities tumultuously.
When riches come by the course of inheritance and testa­
ments, they come tumbling upon a man. Bacon.
To stand or walk, to rise or tumble,
As matter and as motion jumble. Prior.
Sisyphus lifts his stone up the hill; which carried to the
top, it immediately tumbles to the bottom. Addison's Spectator.
3. To roll about.
I saw at the bottom of one tree a gentleman bound with
many garters hand and foot, so as well he might tumble and
toss. Sidney, b. ii.
Glo'ster stumbled, and in falling struck me
Into the tumbling billows of the main. Shakesp. Rich. III.
4. To play tricks by various librations of the body.
Reform our sense, and teach the men t'obey;
They'll leave their tumbling, if you lead the way. Rowe.

To TU’MBLE, v. a.
1. To turn over; to throw about by way of examination.
When it came to the ears of Maximilian, and tumbling it
over and over in his thoughts, that he should at one blow be
defeated of the marriage of his daughter and his own, he lost
all patience. Bacon's Henry VII.
A man by tumbling his thoughts, and forming them into ex­
pressions, gives them a new fermentation, which works them
into a finer body. Collier on Pride.
They tumbled all their little quivers o'er,
To chuse propitious shafts. Prior.
2. To throw by chance or violence.
The mind often sets itself on work in search of some hid­
den ideas; though sometimes they are rouzed and tumbled out
of their dark cells into open day-light by some turbulent
passions. Locke's Works.
3. To throw down.
Wilt thou still be hammering treachery,
To tumble down thy husband and thyself,
From top of honour to disgrace's feet? Shakespeare.
King Lycurgus, while he fought in vain,
His friend to free, was tumbled on the plain. Dryden.
If a greater force than his holds him fast, or tumbles him
down, he is no longer free. Locke.

TU’MBLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A fall.
A country-fellow got an unlucky tumble from a tree: why,
says a passenger, I could have taught you a way to climb, and
never hurt yourself with a fall. L'Estrange.

TU’MBLER. n. s. [from tumble.] One who shews postures by
various contortions of body, or feats of activity.
What strange agility and activeness do common tumblers
and dancers on the rope attain to by continual exercise?
Wilkins's Math. Magick.
Nic. bounced up with a spring equal to that of the nimblest
tumblers or rope-dancers. Arbuthnot.
Never by tumbler thro' the hoops was shown,
Such skill in passing all, and touching none. Pope.

TU’MBREL. n. s. [tombereau, French.] A dungcart.
Twifallow once ended, get tumbrel and man,
And compass that fallow as soon as ye can. Tuss. Hush.
My corps is in a tumbril laid, among
The filth and ordure, and inclos'd with dung;
That cart arrest, and raise a common cry,
For sacred hunger of my gold I die. Dryden.
What shall I do with this beastly tumbril? go lie down and
sleep, you sot. Congreve.
To convince the present little race how unequal all their
measures were to an antediluvian, in respect of the insects which
now appear for men, he sometimes rode in an open tumbril.
Tatler.

TUMFFA’CTION. n. s. [tumefactio, Latin.] Swelling.
The common signs and effects of weak fibres, are paleness,
a weak pulse, tumefactions in the whole body. Arbuthnot.

To TUME’FY. v. a. [tumefacio, Lat.] To swell; to make to
swell.
I applied three small causticks triangular about the tumified
joint. Wiseman's Surgery.
A fleshy excrescence, exceeding hard and tumefied, sup­
posed to demand extirpation. Sharp's Surgery.

TU’MID. adj. [tumidus, Lat.]
1. Swelling; puffed up.
2. Protuberant; raised above the level.
So high as heav'd the tumid hills, so low
Down sunk a hollow bottom broad and deep,
Capacious bed of waters. [Milton.
3. Pompous; boastful; puffy; falsely sublime.
Though such expressions may seem tumid and aspiring; yet
cannot I scruple to use seeming hyperboles in mentioning felici­
ties, which make the highest hyperboles but seeming ones. Boyle.

TU’MOUR. n. s. [tumor, Latin.]
1. A morbid swelling.
Tumour is a disease, in which the parts recede from their
natural state by an undue encrease of their bigness. Wiseman.
Having dissected this swelling vice, and seen what it is that
feeds the tumour, if the disease be founded in pride, the abating
that is the most natural remedy. Govern. of the Tongue.
2. Affected pomp; false magnificence; puffy grandeur; swell­
ing mien; unsubstantial greatness.
His stile was rich of phrase, but seldom in bold metaphors;
and so far from the tumour, that it rather wants a little eleva­
tion. Wotton.
It is not the power of tumour and bold looks upon the pas­
sions of the multitude. L'Estrange.

TU’MOROUS. adj. [from tumour.]
1. Swelling; protuberant.
Who ever saw any cypress or pine, small below and above,
and tumorous in the middle, unless some diseased plant. Wotton.
2. Fastuous; vainly pompous; falsely magnificent.
According to their subject, these stiles vary; for that which
is high and lofty, declaring excellent matter, becomes vast
and tumorous, speaking of petty and inferior things. B. Johns.
His limbs were rather sturdy than dainty, sublime and al­
most tumorous in his looks and gestures. Wotton.

To TUMP, among gardeners, to fence trees about with earth.

To TU’MULATE. v. n. [tumulo, Latin.] To swell. This
seems to be the sense here, but I suspect the word to be wrong.
Urinous spirits, or volatile alkalies, are such enemies to
acid, that as soon as they are put together, they tumulate and
grow hot, and continue to fight till they have disarmed or
mortified each other. Boyle.

TU’MULOSE. adj. [tumulosus, Lat.] Full of hills. Bailey.

TUMULO’SITY. n. s. [tumulus, Lat.] Hilliness. Bailey.

TU’MULT. n. s. [tumulte, Fr. tumultus, Latin.]
1. A promiscuous commotion in a multitude.
A tumult is improved into a rebellion, and a government
overturned by it. L'Estrange.
With ireful taunts each other they oppose,
Till in loud tumult all the Greeks arose. Pope.


2. A multitude put into wild commotion.
3. A stir; an irregular violence; a wild commotion.
What stir is this? what tumults in the heav'ns?
Whence cometh this alarum and this noise? Shakespeare.
Tumult and confusion all embroil'd. Milton.
This piece of poetry, what can be nobler than the idea it
gives us of the supreme Being thus raising a tumult among the
elements, and recovering them out of their confusion, thus
troubling and becalming nature. Addison's Spectator.

TUMU’LTUARILY. adv. [from tumultuary.] In a tumultuary
manner.

TUMU’LTUARINESS. n. s. [from tumultuary.] Turbulence;
inclination or disposition to tumults or commotions.
The tumultuariness of the people, or the factiousness of
presbyters, gave occasion to invent new models. K. Charles.

TUMU’LTUARY. adj. [tumultuaire, Fr. from tumult.]
1. Disorderly; promiscuous; confused.
Perkin had learned, that people under command used to
consult, and after to march in order, and rebels contrariwise;
and observing their orderly, and not tumultuary arming,
doubted the worst. Bacon's Henry VII.
My followers were at that time no way proportionable to
hazard a tumultuary conflict. K. Charles.
Is it likely, that the divided atoms should keep the same
ranks in such a variety of tumultuary agitations in that liquid
medium. Glanv. Scep.
2. Restless; put into irregular commotion.
Men who live without religion, live always in a tumultuary
and restless state. Atterbury's Sermons.

To TUMU’LTUATE. v. n. [tumultuor, Lat.] To make a tumult.

TUMULTUA’TION. n. s. [from tumultuate.] Irregular and con­
fused agitation.
That in the sound the contiguous air receives many strokes
from the particles of the liquor, seems probable by the sudden
and eager tumultuation of its parts. Boyle's Works.

TUMULTU’OUS. adj. [from tumult; tumultueux, Fr.]
1. Put into violent commotion; irregularly and confusedly
agitated.
The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud
Hurry'd him aloft. Milton.
His dire attempt; which nigh the birth
Now rowling, boils in his tumultuous breast,
And like a devilish engine back recoils
Upon himself. Milton's Parad. Lost.
The vital blood, that had forsook my heart,
Returns again in such tumultuous tides,
It quite o'ercomes me. Addison's Cato.
2. Violently carried on by disorderly multitudes.
Many civil broils, and tumultuous rebellions, they fairly
overcame, by reason of the continual presence of their King,
whose only person oftentimes contains the unruly people from
a thousand evil occasions. Spenser's State of Ireland.
3. Turbulent; violent.
Nought rests for me in this tumultuous strife,
But to make open proclamation. Shakespeare.
Furiously running in upon him with tumultuous speech, he
violently raught from his head his rich cap of sables. Knolles.
4. Full of tumults.
The winds began to speak louder, and as in a tumultuous
kingdom, to think themselves fittest instruments of command­
ment. Sidney, b. ii.

TUMU’LTUOUSLY. adv. [from tumultuous.] By act of the
multitude; with confusion and violence.
It was done by edict, not tumultuously; the sword was not
put into the people's hand. Bacon's Holy War.

TUN. n. s. [tunne, Sax. tonne, Dut. tonne, tonneau, Fr.]
1. A large cask.
As when a spark
Lights on a heap of powder, laid
Fit for the tun, some magazine to store
Against a rumour'd war. Milton.
2. A pipe; the measure of two hogsheads.
3. Any large quantity proverbially.
I have ever follow'd thee with hate,
Drawn tuns of blood out of thy country's breast. Shakesp.
4. A drunkard. In burlesque.
Here's a tun of midnight-work to come,
Og from a treason-tavern rolling home. Dryden.
5. The weight of two thousand pounds.
6. A cubick space in a ship, supposed to contain a tun.
7. Dryden has used it for a perimetrical measure, I believe with­
out precedent or propriety.
A tun about was every pillar there;
A polish'd mirrour shone not half so clear. Dryden.

To TUN. v. a. [from the noun.] To put into casks; to
barrel.
If in the must, or wort, while it worketh, before it be tunned,
the burrage stay a time, and be often changed with fresh, it
will make a sovereign drink for melancholy. Bacon.
The same fermented juice degenerating into vinegar, yields
an acid and corroding spirit. The same juice tunned up, arms
itself with tartar. Boyle's Works.

TU’NABLE. adj. [from tune.] Harmonious; musical.
A cry more tunable
Was never hallo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn. Shakesp.
Hard are the ways of truth, and rough to walk,
Smooth on the tongue discours'd, pleasing to th' ear,
And tunable as sylvan pipe or song. Milton.
All tunable sounds, whereof human voice is one, are made
by a regular vibration of the sonorous body, and undulation
of the air, proportionable to the acuteness or gravity of the
tone. Holder.
Several lines in Virgil are not altogether tunable to a mo­
dern ear. Garth's Pref. to Ovid.

TU’NABLENESS. n. s. [from tunable.] Harmony; Melodious­
ness.

TU’NABLY. adv. [from tunable.] Harmoniously; melodiously.

TUNE. n. s. [toon, Dut. ton, Swed. tuono, Ital. tone, Fr. to­
nus, Lat.]
1. Tune is a diversity of notes put together. Locke.
Came he to sing a raven's note,
Whose dismal tune bereft my vital pow'rs. Shakesp.
Tunes and airs have in themselves some affinity with the af­
fections; as merry tunes, doleful tunes, solemn tunes, tunes
inclining mens minds to pity, warlike tunes; so that tunes
have a predisposition to the motion of the spirits. Bacon.
Keep unsteddy nature to her law,
And the low world in measur'd motion draw
After the heav'nly tune, which none can hear
Of human mould with gross unpurged ear. Milton.
That sweet song you sung one starry night,
The tune I still retain, but not the words. Dryden.
The disposition in the siddle to play tunes. Arb. & Pope.
2. Sound; note.
Such a noise arose
As the shrouds make at sea in a stiff tempest,
As loud, and to as many tunes. Shakespeare.
3. Harmony; order; concert of parts.
A continual parliament I thought would but keep the com­
monweal in tune, by preserving laws in their due execution
and vigour. K. Charles.
4. State of giving the due founds, as the fiddle is in tune, or out
of tune.
5. Proper state for use or application; right disposition; fit
temper; proper humour.
A child will learn three times as much when he is in tune,
as he will with double the time and pains, when he goes auk­
wardly, or is dragged unwillingly to it. Locke.
6. State of any thing with respect to order.
Distressed Lear, in his better tune, remembers what we are
come about. Shakespeare.

To TUNE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To put into such a state, as that the proper sounds may be
produced.
Their golden harps they took,
Harps ever tun'd, that glitter'd by their side. Milton.
Tune your harps,
Ye angels, to that sound; and thou, my heart,
Make room to entertain thy flowing joy. Dryden.
2. To sing harmoniously.
Fountains, and ye that warble as ye flow,
Melodious murmurs, warbling tune his praise. Milton.
Rouze up, ye Thebans; tune your Io Pæans;
Your king returns, the Argians are o'ercome. Dryden.
Leave such to tune their own dull rhymes, and know
What's roundly smooth, and languishingly slow. Pope.

To TUNE. v. n.
1. To form one sound to another.
The winds were hush'd, no leaf so small
At all was seen to stir;
Whilst tuning to the waters fall,
The small birds sang to her. Drayt. Q. of Cynthia.
All sounds on fret or stop
Temper'd soft tunings, intermix'd with voice. Milton.
2. To utter with the voice inarticulate harmony.

TU’NEFUL. adj. [tune and full.] Musical; harmonious.
I saw a pleasant grove,
With chant of tuneful birds resounding love. Milton.
Earth smiles with flow'rs renewing, laughs the sky,
And birds to lays of love their tuneful notes apply. Dryd.
For thy own glory sing our sov'reign's praise,
God of verses and of days?
Let all thy tuneful sons adorn
Their lasting works with William's name. Prior.
Poets themselves must fall, like those they sung,
Deaf the prais'd ear, and mute the tuneful tongue. Pope.

TU’NELESS. adj. [from tune.] Unharmonious; unmusical.
When in hand my tuneless harp I take,
Then do I more augment my foes despight. Spenser.
Swallow, what dost thou
With thy tuneless serenade. Cowley.

TU’NER. n. s. [from tune.] One who tunes.
The pox of such antick, lisping, affected phantasies, these
new tuners of accents. Shakespeare.



TU’NICK. n. s. [tunique, Fr. tunica, Lat.]
1. Part of the Roman dress.
The tunicks of the Romans, which answer to our waist­
coats, were without ornaments, and with very short sleeves.
Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. Covering; integument; tunicle.
Lohocks and syrups abate and demulce the hoarseness of a
cough, by mollifying the ruggedness of the intern tunick of
the gullet. Harvey on Cons.
Their fruit is locked up all winter in their gems, and well
fenced with neat and close tunicks. Derham's Physico-Theology.
The dropsy of the tunica vaginalis is owing to a preterna­
tural discharge of that water continually separating on the
internal surface of the tunick. Sharp.

TU’NICLE. n. s. [from tunick.] Cover; integument.
The humours and tunicles are purely transparent, to let in
the light and colour unsoiled. Ray.
One single grain of wheat, barley, or rye, shall contain
four or five distinct plants under one common tunicle; a very
convincing argument of the providence of God. Bentley.

TU’NNAGE. n. s. [from tun.]
1. Content of a vessel measured by the tun.
The consideration of the riches of the ancients leads to
that of their trade, and to enquire into the bulk and tunnage
of their shipping. Arbuthnot.
2. Tax laid on a tun; as to levy tunnage and poundage.

TU’NNEL. n. s.
1. The shaft of a chimney; the passage for the smoke.
It was a vault ybuilt for great dispence,
With many ranges rear'd along the wall,
And one great chimney, whose long tunnel thence
The smoak forth threw. Fairy Queen.
The water being rarified, and by rarification resolved into
wind, will force up the smoke, which otherwise might linger
in the tunnel, and oftentimes reverse. Wotton's Arch.
2. A funnel; a pipe by which liquor is poured into vessels.
For the help of the hearing, make an instrument like a
tunnel, the narrow part of the bigness of the hole of the ear,
and the broader end much larger. Bacon.
3. A net wide at the mouth, and ending in a point, and so re­
sembling a funnel or tunnel.

To TU’NNEL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To form like a tunnel.
The Phalænæ tribe inhabit the tunnelled, convolved leaves.
Derham's Physico-Theology.
2. To catch in a net.
3. This word is used by Derham for to make net-work; to re­
ticulate.
Some birds not only weave the fibrous parts of vegetables,
and curiously tunnel them into nests, but artificially suspend
them on the twigs of trees. Derham.

TU’NNY. n. s. [tonnen, Ital. thynnus, Lat.] A sea-fish.
Some fish are boiled and preserved fresh in vinegar, as tonny
and turbot. Carew.

TUP. n. s. [I know not of what original.] A ram. This word
is yet used in Staffordshire, and in other provinces.

To TUP. v. n. To but like a ram.

TU’RBAN. n. s. [A Turkish word.] The cover worn by
the Turks on their heads.
TUR’BANT. n. s. [A Turkish word.] The cover worn by
the Turks on their heads.
TU’RBAND. n. s. [A Turkish word.] The cover worn by
the Turks on their heads.
Gates of monarchs
Arch'd are so high, that giants may jet through,
And keep their impious turbands on, without
Good morrow to the sun. Shakespeare.
His hat was in the form of a turban, not so huge as the
Turkish turbans. Bacon.
From utmost Indian isle, Taprobane,
Dusk faces with white silken turbants wreath'd. Milton.
I see the Turk nodding with his turbant. Howel.
Some for the pride of Turkish courts design'd,
For folded turbants finest Holland bear. Dryden.

TU’RBANED. adj. [from turban.] Wearing a turban.
A turban'd Turk
That beat a Venetian, and traduc'd the state,
I took by the throat. Shakespeare.

TU’RBARY. n. s. [turbaria, low Lat. from turf.] The right of
digging turf. Skinner.

TU’RBID. adj. [turbidus, Latin.] Thick; muddy; not clear.
Though lees make the liquid turbid, yet they refine the
spirits. Bacon.
The brazen instruments of death discharge
Horrible flames, and turbid streaming clouds
Of smoke sulphureous, intermix'd with these
Large globous irons fly. Philips.
The ordinary springs, which were before clear, fresh, and
limpid, become thick and turbid, as long as the earthquake
lasts. Woodw. Nat. Hist.

TU’RBIDNESS. n. s. [from turbid.] Muddiness; thickness.

TU’RBINATED. adj. [turbinatus, Latin.]
1. Twisted; spiral.
Let mechanism here produce a spiral and turbinated motion
of the whole moved body without an external director. Bentley.
2. Among botanists plants are called turbinated, as some parts
of them resemble, or are of a conical figure. Dictionary.

TURBINA’TION. n. s. [from turbinated.] The art of spinning
like a top.

TU’RBITH. n. s. [turpethus, Latin.] Yellow precipitate.
I sent him twelve grains of turbith mineral, and purged it
off with a bitter draught. I repeated the turbith once in three
days; and the ulcers shell'd soon off. Wiseman's Surgery.

TU’RBOT. n. s. [turbot, French and Dutch.] A delicate fish.
Some fish are preserved fresh in vinegar, as turbot. Carew.
Of fishes you shall find in arms the whale, the salmon, the
turbot. Peacham.
Nor oysters of the Lucrine lake
My sober appetite would wish,
Nor turbot. Dryden.

TU’RBULENCE. n. s. [turbulence, Fr. turbulentia, Latin.]
TU’RBULENCY. n. s. [turbulence, Fr. turbulentia, Latin.]
1. Tumult; confusion.
I have dream'd
Of bloody turbulence; and this whole night
Hath nothing been but forms of slaughter. Shakespeare.
Oft-times noxious where they light
On man, beast, plant, wasteful and turbulent,
Like turbulencies in the affairs of men,
Over whose heads they roar, and seem to point.
They oft foresignify and threaten ill. Milton.
I come to calm thy turbulence of mind,
If reason will resume her sov'reign sway. Dryden.
2. Tumultuousness; liableness to confusion.
You think this turbulence of blood,
From stagnating preserves the flood,
Which thus fermenting by degrees,
Exalts the spirits, sinks the lees. Swift.

TU’RBULENT. ad. [turbulentus, Lat.]
1. Raising agitation; producing commotion.
From the clear milky juice allaying
Thirst, and refresh'd; nor envy'd them the grape,
Whose heads that turbuleut liquor fills with fumes. Milton.
2. Exposed to commotion; liable to agitation.
Calm region once,
And full of peace; now tost, and turbulent! Milton.
3. Tumultuous; violent.
What wondrous sort of death has heav'n design'd
For so untam'd, so turbulent a mind? Dryden.
Nor need we tell what anxious cares attend
The turbulent mirth of wine, nor all the kinds
Of maladies that lead to death's grim cave,
Wrought by intemperance. Dryden.
Men of ambitious and turbulent spirits, that were dissatisfied
with privacy, were allowed to engage in matters of state. Bentl.

TURBU’LENTLY. adv. [from turbulent.] Tumultuously; vio­
lently.

T’URCISM. n. s. [turcismus, low Latin.] The religion of the
Turks.
Methinks I am at Mecca, and hear a piece of turcism
preached to me by one Mahomet's priests. Dr. Maine.
He is condemned immediately, as preferring Turcism to
Christianity. Atterbury.

TU’RCOIS. n. s. [turcois, Dutch.] A precious stone.

TURD. n. s. [turd, Saxon.] Excrement.

TURF. n. s. [trf, Saxon; torf, Dutch; torf, Swedish.] A
clod covered with grass; a part of the surface of the ground.
Where was this lane?
Close by the battle, ditch'd, and wall'd with turf. Shakesp.
Turf and peats are cheap fuels, and last long. Bacon.
Could that divide you from near ushering guides?
They left me weary on a grassy turf. Milton.
Then living turfs upon his body lay. Dryden.
Each place some monument of thee should bear;
I with green turfs would grateful altars raise. Dryden.
Their bucklers ring around,
Their trampling turns the turf, and shakes the solid ground.
Dryden's æn.
The ambassador every morning religiously saluted a turf of
earth dug out of his own native soil, to remind him that all
the day he was to think of his country. Addison.
His flock daily crops
Their verdant dinner from the mossy turf,
Sufficient. Philips.
Yet shall thy grave with rising flow'rs be drest,
And the green turf lie lightly on thy breast. Pope.

To TURF. v. a. [from the noun.] To cover with turfs
The face of the bank next the sea is turfed. Mortimer.

TU’RFINESS. n. s. [from turf.] The state of abounding with
turfs.

TU’RFY. adj. [from turf.] Full of turfs.

TU’RGENT. adj. [turgens, Lat.] Swelling; protuberant; tu­
mid.
Where humours are turgent, it is necessary not only to
purge them, but also to strengthen the infested parts. Gov. Ton.
The clusters clear,
White o'er the turgent film the living dew. Thomson.



TURGE’SCENCE. n. s. [turgescens, Lat.]
TURGE’SCENCY. n. s. [turgescens, Lat.]
1. The act of swelling; the state of being swollen.
The instant turgescence is not to be taken off, but by me­
dicines of higher natures. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

TU’RGID. adj. [turgidus, Lat.]
1. Swelling; bloated; filling more room than before.
A bladder, moderately fill'd with air, and strongly tied,
held near the fire grew turgid and hard; and brought nearer,
suddenly broke with a vehement noise. Boyle.
The spirits embroil'd with the malignity, and drowned in
the blood turgid and tumified by the febril fermentation, are
by phlebotomy relieved. Harvey on Consumptions.
Disburthen thou thy sapless wood
Of its rich progeny; the turgid fruit
Abounds with mellow liquor. Philips.
Those channels turgid with th' obstructed tide
Stretch their small holes and make their meshes wide. Bla.
2. Pompous; tumid; fastuous; vainly magnificent.
Some have a violent and turgid manner of talking and
thinking; whatsoever they judge of is with a tincture of this
vanity. Watts's Logick.

TURGI’DITY. n. s. [from turgid.] State of being swollen.
The fore-runners of an apoplexy are dulness, slowness of
speech, vertigos, weakness, wateryness, and turgidity of the
eyes. Arbuthnot on Diet.

TU’RKEY. n. s. [gallina turcica, Lat.] A large domestick fowl
brought from Turkey.
Here he comes swelling like a turkey-cock. Shakesp.
The turkey-cock hath swelling gills, the hen less. Bacon.
So speeds the wily fox,
Who lately filch'd the turkey's callow care. Gay.

TU’RKOIS. n. s. [turquoise, French, from turkey.] A blue stone
numbered among the meaner precious stones, now discovered
to be a bone impregnated with cupreous particles.
Those bony bodies found among copper-ores are tinged
with green or blue: the turcois stone, as it is commonly stiled
by lapidaries, is part of a bone so tinged. Woodward.

TU’RKSCAP. n. s. An herb. Ains.

TURM. n. s. [turmæ, Lat.] A troop. Not in use.
Legions and cohorts, turms of horse and wings. Milton.

TURMERICK. n. s. [turmerica, Lat.] An Indian root which
makes a yellow die.

TU’RMOIL. n. s. [derived by Skinner from tremouille, French,
a mil-hopper, more probably derived from moil, to labour.]
Trouble; disturbance; harrassing uneasiness; tumultuous mo­
lestation. Little in use.
He seeks, with torment and turmoil,
To force me live and will not let me die. Spenser.
There I'll rest, as after much turmoil
A blessed soul doth in elysium. Shakespeare.
Blinded greatness ever in turmoil,
Still seeking happy life, makes life a toil. Daniel.
Happy when I, from this turmoil set free,
That peaceful and divine assemby see. Denham.

To TURMOI’L. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To harrass with commotion. Out of use.
That is not fault of will in those godly fathers, but the
troublous occasions wherewith that wretched realm hath con­
tinually been turmoiled. Spenser.
It is her fatal misfortune above all othercountries, to be mi­
serably tossed and turmoiled with thesestorms of affliction. Spens.
Haughty Juno, who with endless broil,
Did earth, and heav'n and Jove himself turmoil,
At length aton'd, her friendly pow'r shall join. Dryden.
2. To weary; to keep in unquietness.
Having newly left those grammatic shallows, where they
stuck unreasonably to learn a few words, on the sudden are
transported to be tost and turmoil'd with their unballasted
wits in fathomless aud unquiet deeps of controversy. Milton.

To TURN. v. a. [turnan, Sax. tourner, Fr. from torno, Lat.]
1. To put into a circular or vertiginous motion; to move
round; to revolve.
She would have made Hercules turn the spit; yea and
have cleft his club to make the fire too. Shakesp.
He turn'd me about with his finger and thumb, as one
would set up a top. Shakespeare.
Here's a knocking, indeed: if a man were porter of hell­
gate he should have old turning the key. Shakesp.
They in numbers that compute
Days, months and years, towards his all-chearing lamp
Turn swift their various motions, or are turn'd
By his magnetic beam. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. To put the upperside downwards; to shift with regard to the
sides.
When the hen has laid her eggs so that she can cover them,
what care does she take in turning them frequently, that all
parts may partake of the vital warmth? Addison.
3. To change with respect to position.
Expert
When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway
Of battle. Milton.
He bid his angels turn ascanse the poles. Milton.
4. To change the state of the ballance.
You weigh equally, a feather will turn the scale. Shakesp.
If I survive, shall Troy the less prevail,
A single soul's too light to turn the scale. Dryden.
5. To bring the inside out.
He called me sot;
And told me I had turn'd the wrong side out. Shakesp.
The vast abyss
Up from the bottom turn'd by furious winds. Milton.
6. To change as to the posture of the body, or direction of the
look.
His gentle dumb expression turn'd at length
The eye of Eve to mark his play. Milton.
The rage of thirst and hunger now supprest,
The monarch turns him to his royal guest. Pope's Odyss.
7. To form on a lathe by moving round. [torno, Lat.]
As the placing one foot of a pair of compasses on a plane,
and moving about the other foot, describes a circle with the
moving point; so any substance, pitched steddy on two points,
as on an axis, and moved about, also describes a circle con­
centric to the axis: and an edge-tool set steddy to that part
of the outside of the substance, will in a circumvolution of
that substance, cut off all the parts that lie farther off the axis,
and make the outside also concentric to the axis. This is the
whole sum of turning. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The whole lathe is made strong, because the matter it
turns being metal, is heavier than wood, and with forceable
coming about, would, if the lathe were slight, make it tremble,
and so spoil the work. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
8. To form; to shape.
His whole person is finely turned, and speaks him a man
of quality. Tatler, No 75.
What nervous arms he boasts, how firm his tread,
His limbs how turn'd, how broad his shoulders spread! Pope.
9. To transform, to metamorphose; to transmute.
My throat of war be turn'd
To the virgin's voice that babies lulls asleep. Shakesp.
This mock of his
Hath turn'd his balls to gunstones. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Turn the council of Ahitophel into foolishness. 2 Sa. xv.
Impatience turns an ague into a fever, a fever to the plague,
fear into despair, anger into rage, loss into madness, and sorrow
to amazement. Taylor's Rule of living Holy.
O goodness! that shall evil turn to good. Milton.
Of sooty coal th' empirick alchemist
Can turn, or holds it possible to turn
Mettals of drossiest ore to perfect gold. Milton.
10. To make of another colour.
The choler of a hog turned syrup of violets green. Floyer.
11. To change; to alter.
Disdain not me although I be not fair:
Doth beauty keep which never sun can burn,
Nor storms do turn. Sidney.
Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world
Could turn so much the constitution
Of any constant man. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
12. To make a reverse of fortune.
Fortune confounds the wise,
And when they least expect it, turns the dice. Dryden.
13. To translate.
The bard whom pilser'd pastorals renown;
Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown,
Just writes to make his barrenness appear. Pope.
14. To change to another opinion, or party, worse or better;
to convert; to pervert.
15. To change with regard to inclination or temper.
Turn thee unto me, and have mercy upon me. Ps. xxv.
16. To alter from one effect or purpose to another.
That unreadiness which they find in us, they turn it to the
soothing up themselves in that accursed fancy. Hooker.
When a storm of sad mischance beats upon our spirits, turn
it into advantage, to serve religion or prudence. Taylor.
God will make these evils the occasion of a greater good,
by turning them to advantage in this world, or increase of
our happiness in the next. Tillotson.
17. To betake.
Sheep, and great cattle, it seems indifferent which of these
two were most turned to. Temple.
18. To transfer.
These came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of
Saul to him. 1 Chron. xii. 23.
Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten
gods. Lev. xix. 4.
19. To fall upon.
The destruction of Demetrius, son to Philip II. of Mace­
don, turned upon the father, who died of repentance. Bacon.
20. To make to nauseate.
This beastly line quite turns my stomach. Pope.
21. To make giddy.
Eastern priests in giddy circles run,
And turn their heads to imitate the sun. Pope.


22. To infatuate; to make mad.
My aking head can scarce support the pain,
This cursed love will surely turn my brain:
Feel how it shoots. Theocrit.
Alas! she raves; her brain, I fear, is turn'd. Rowe.
23. To direct to, or from any point.
The sun
Was bid turn reins from th' equinoctial road. Milton.
A man, though he turns his eyes towards an object, yet
he may chuse whether he will curiously survey it. Locke.
Unless he turns his thoughts that way, he will no more have
clear and distinct ideas of the operations of his mind, than he
will have of a clock, who will not turn his eyes to it.
Locke.
They turn away their eyes from a beautiful prospect. Add.
24. To direct to a certain purpose or propension.
My thoughts are turn'd on peace.
Already have our quarrels fill'd the world
With widows and with orphans. Addison's Cato.
This turns the busiest spirits from the old notions of honour
and liberty to the thoughts of traffick. Addison.
His natural magnanimity turn'd all his thoughts upon some­
thing more valuable than he had in view. Addison.
He turn'd his parts rather to books and conversation, than
to politicks. Prior.
He is still to spring from one of a poetical disposition, from
whom he might inherit a soul turn'd to poetry. Pope.
25. To double in.
Thus a wise taylor is not pinching,
But turns at ev'ry seam an inch in. Swift.
26. To revolve; to agitate in the mind.
Turn these ideas about in your mind, and take a view of
them on all sides. Watts.
27. To drive from a perpendicular edge; to blunt.
Quick wits are more quick to enter speedily, than able to
pierce far; like sharp tools whose edges be very soon turn'd.
Ascham.
28. To drive by violence; to expel.
Rather turn this day out of the week;
This day of shame. Shakespeare.
They turn'd weak people and children unable for service,
out of the city. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
He now was grown deform'd and poor,
And fit to be turn'd out of door. Hudibras, p. iii.
If I had taken to the church, I should have had more sense
than to have turn'd myself out of my benefice by writing li­
bels on my parishioners. Dryden's Preface to Fables.
'Twould be hard to imagine that God would turn him out
of paradise, to till the ground, and at the same time advance
him to a throne. Locke.
A great man in a peasant's house, finding his wife hand­
some, turn'd the good man out of his dwelling. Addison.
29. To apply.
They all the sacred mysteries of heaven
To their own vile advantages shall turn. Milton.
When the passage is open, land will be turned most to
great cattle; when shut, to sheep. Temple.
30. To reverse; to repeal.
God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon
thee. Deut. xxx.
31. To keep passing in a course of exchange or traffick.
These are certain commodities, and yield the readiest money
of any that are turn'd in this kingdom, as they never fail of
a price abroad. Temple.
A man must guard, if he intends to keep fair with the
world, and turn the penny. Collier of Popularity.
32. To adapt the mind.
However improper he might have been for studies of a
higher nature, he was perfectly well turn'd for trade. Addison.
33. To put towards another.
I will send my fear before thee, and make all thine enemies
turn their backs unto thee. Exod. xxiii. 27.
34. To retort; to throw back.
Luther's conscience, by his instigations, turns these very
reasonings upon him. Atterbury.
35. To TURN away. To dismiss from service; to discard.
She did nothing but turn up and down, as she had hoped
to turn away the fancy that master'd her, and hid her face as if
she could have hidden herself from her own fancies. Sidney.
Yet you will be hanged for being so long absent, or be
turn'd away. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
She turn'd away one servant for putting too much oil in
her sallad. Arbuthnot.
36. To TURN back. To return to the hand from which it was
received.
We turn not back the silks upon the merchant,
When we have spoil'd them. Shak. Troilus and Cressida.
37. To TURN off. To dismiss contemptuously.
Having brought our treasure
Then take we down his load, and turn him off,
Like to the empty ass, to shake his ears. Shakespeare.
The murmurer is turn'd off, to the company of those dole­
ful creatures that inhabit the ruins of Babylon. Gov. of Tong.
He turn'd off his former wife to make room for this mar­
riage. Addison.
38. To TURN off. To give over; to resign.
The most adverse chances are like the ploughing and
breaking the ground, in order to a more plentiful harvest.
And yet we are not so wholly turned off to that reversion, as
to have no supplies for the present; for besides the comfort of
so certain an expectation in another life, we have promises
also for this. Decay of Piety.
39. To TURN off. To deflect.
The institution of sports was intended by all governments
to turn off the thoughts of the people from busying themselves
in matters of state. Addison's Freeholder.
40. To TURN over. To transfer.
Excusing himself and turning over the fault to fortune;
then let it be your ill fortune too. Sidney.
41. To TURN to. To have recourse to a book.
He that has once acquired a prudential habit, doth not, in
his business, turn to these rules. Grew.
Helvicus's tables may be turn'd to on all occasions. Locke.
42. To be TURNED of. To advance to an age beyond. An
odd ungrammatical phrase.
Narcissus now his sixteenth year began,
Just turned of boy, and on the verge of man. Ovid's Met.
When turned of forty they determined to retire to the
country. Addison.
Irus, though now turned of fifty, has not appeared in the
world since five and twenty. Addison.
43. To TURN over. To refer.
After he had saluted Solyman, and was about to declare the
cause of his coming, he was turn'd over to the Bassa's. Knolles.
'Tis well the debt no payment does demand,
You turn me over to another hand. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
44. To TURN over. To examine one leaf of a book after an­
other.
Some conceive they have no more to do than to turn over
a concordance. Swift's Miscellanies.
45. To TURN over. To throw off the ladder.
Criminals condemned to suffer
Are blinded first, and then turn'd over. Butler.

To TURN. v. n.
1. To move round; to have a circular or vertiginous motion.
Such a light and mettl'd dance
Saw you never;
And by lead-men for the nonce,
That turn round like grindlestones. Ben. Johnson.
The gate on golden hinges turning. Milton.
The cause of the imagination that things turn round, is,
for that the spirits themselves turn, being compressed by the
vapour of the wine; for every liquid body, upon compression,
turneth, as we see in water: and it is all one to the sight,
whether the visual spirits move, or the object moveth, or the
medium moveth. And we see that long turning round breed­
eth the same imagination. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. To shew regard or anger, by directing the look towards any
thing.
Pompey turned upon him and bad him be quiet. Bacon.
The understanding turns inwards on itself, and reflects on
its own operations. Locke.
Turn, mighty monarch, turn, this way:
Do not refuse to hear. Dryden.
3. To move the body round.
Nature wrought so, that seeing me she turn'd. Milton.
He said, and turning short with speedy pace,
Casts back a scornful glance and quits the place. Dryden.
4. To move from its place.
The ancle-bone is apt to turn out on either side, by rea­
son of relaxation of the tendons upon the least walking. Wisem.
5. To change posture.
If one with ten thousand dice, should throw five thousand
sises once or twice, we might say he did it by chance; but
if, with almost an infinite number he should, without failing,
throw the same sises, we should certainly conclude he did it by
art, or that these dice could turn upon no other side. Cheyne.
6. To have a tendency or direction.
There is not a more melancholy object than a man who
has his head turned with religious enthusiasm. Addison.
His cares all turn upon Astyanax,
Whom he has lodg'd within the citadel. A. Philips.
7. To move the face to another quarter.
The night seems doubled with the fear she brings.
The morning, as mistaken, turns about,
And all her early fires again go out. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
8. To depart from the way; to deviate.
My lords turn in, into your servant's house. Gen. xix. 2.
Virgil, suppose in describing the fury of his heroe in a battle,
when endeavouring to raise our concernment to the highest
pitch, turns short on the sudden into some similitude, which
diverts attention from the main subject. Dryden.


9. To alter; to be changed; to be transformed.
Your bodies may at last turn all to spirit. Milton.
A storm of sad mischance will turn into something that is
good, if we list to make it so. Taylor.
This suspicion turned to jealousy, and jealousy to rage;
then she disdains and threatens, and again is humble. Dryd.
Socrates meeting Alcibiades going to his devotions, and
observing his eyes fixed with great seriousness, tells him that
he had reason to be thoughtful, since a man might bring
down evils by his prayers, and the things which the gods
send him at his request might turn to his destruction. Addison.
For this I suffer'd Phœbus' steeds to stray,
And the mad ruler to misguide the day,
When the wide earth to heaps of ashes turn'd,
And heav'n itself the wand'ring chariot burn'd. Pope.
Rather than let a good fire be wanting, enliven it with the
butter that happens to turn to oil. Swift.
10. To become by a change.
Cygnets from grey turn white; hawks from brown turn
more white. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Oil of vitriol and petroleum, a drachm of each, will turn
into a mouldy substance. Boyle.
They turn viragos too; the wrestler's toil
They try. Dryden's Juvenal.
In this disease, the gall will turn of a blackish colour, and
the blood verge towards a pitchy consistence. Arbuthnot.
11. To change sides.
I turn'd, and try'd each corner of my bed,
To find if sleep were there, but sleep was lost. Dryden.
As a man in a fever turns often, although without any hope
of ease, so men in the extremest misery fly to the first ap­
pearance of relief, though never so vain. Swift's Intellig.
12. To change the mind, conduct, or determination.
Turn from thy fierce wrath. Exod. xxxii. 12.
Turn at my reproof: behold I will pour out my spirit. Prov.
He'll relent and turn from his displeasure. Milton.
13. To change to acid. Used of milk.
Has friendship such a faint and milky heart,
It turns in less than two nights? Shak. Timon of Athens.
Asses milk turneth not so easily as cows. Bacon.
14. To be brought eventually.
Let their vanity be flattered with things that will do them
good; and let their pride set them on work on something
which may turn to their advantage. Locke on Education.
Christianity directs our actions so, as every thing we do
may turn to account at the great day. Addison's Spect.
For want of due improvement, these useful inventions have
not turned to any great account. Baker's Reflect. on Learning.
15. To depend on, as the chief point.
When a man once perceives how far ideas agree or dis­
agree, he will be able to judge of what other people say.
The question turns upon this point; when the presbyterians
shall have got their share of employments, whether they
ought not, by their own principles, to use the utmost of their
power to reduce the whole kingdom to an uniformity. Swift.
Conditions of peace certainly turn upon events of war. Sw.
The first platform of the poem, which reduces into one
important action all the particulars upon which it turns. Pope.
16. To grow giddy.
I'll look no more,
Lest my brain turn, and the deficient sight
Topple down headlong. Shakespeare's King Lear.
17. To have an unexpected consequence or tendency.
If we repent seriously, submit contentedly and serve him
faithfully, afflictions shall turn to our advantage. Wake.
18. To TURN away. To deviate from a proper course.
The turning away of the simple shall slay him. Prov.
In some springs of water if you put wood, it will turn
into the nature of stone. Bacon.
19. To return; to recoil.
His foul esteem
Sticks no dishonour on our front, but turns
Foul on himself. Milton.
20. To be directed to, or from any point.
Forthwith from dance to sweet repast they turn. Milton.
21. To TURN off. To divert one's course.
The peaceful banks which profound silence keep,
The little boat securely passes by
But where with noise the waters creep,
Turn off with care, for treacherous rocks are near. Norris.

TURN. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of turning; gyration.
2. Meander; winding way.
Fear misled the youngest from his way;
But Nisus hit the turns. Dryden.
After a turbulent and noisy course among the rocks, the
Teverne falls into the valley, and after many turns and
windings glides peaceably into the Tiber. Addison.
3. A walk too and fro.
My good and gracious lord of Canterbury:
Come, you and I must walk a turn together. Shakespeare.
Nothing but the open air will do me good, I'll take a turn
in your garden. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
Upon a bridge somewhat broader than the space a man
takes up in walking, laid over a precipice, desire some emi­
nent philosopher to take a turn or two upon it. Collier.
4. Change; vicissitude; alteration.
An admirable facility musick hath to express and represent
to the mind, more inwardly than any other sensible mean,
the very standing, rising, and falling; the very steps and
inflections every way; the turns and varieties of all passions
whereunto the mind is subject. Hooker.
Oh, world, thy slippery turns! friends now fast sworn,
On a dissension of a doit, break out
To bitterest enmity. Shakespeare.
The state of christendom might by this have a turn. Bacon.
The King with great nobleness and bounty, which virtues
had their turns in his nature, restored Edward Stafford. Bacon.
This turn hath made amends! thou hast fulfill'd
Thy words, Creator bounteous. Milton.
This turn's too quick to be without design;
I'll sound the bottom of 't ere I believe. Dryden.
Too well the turns of mortal chance I know,
And hate relentless of my heavenly foe. Pope's Odyss.
An English gentleman should be well versed in the history
of England, that he may observe the several turns of state,
and how produced. Locke.
5. Manner of proceeding; change from the original intention or
first appearance.
The Athenians were offered liberty, but the wise turn they
thought to give the matter, was a sacrifice of the author. Swift.
6. Chance; hap.
Every one has a fair turn to be as great as he pleases. Col.
7. Occasion; incidental opportunity.
An old dog, falling from his speed, was loaden at every turn
with blows and reproaches. L'Estrange.
8. Time at which any thing is to be had or done.
Myself would be glad to take some breath, and desire that
some of you would take your turn to speak. Bacon.
His turn will come to laught at you again. Denham.
The spiteful stars have shed their venom down,
And now the peaceful planets take their turn. Dryden.
Though they held the power of the civil sword unlawful,
whilst they were to be governed by it, yet they esteemed it
very lawful when it came to their turn to govern. Atterb.
A saline constitution of the fluids is acid, alkaline, or mu­
riatic: of these in their turns. Arbuthnot.
The nymph will have her turn to be
The tutor, and the pupil, he. Swift.
9. Actions of kindness or malice.
Lend this virgin aid,
Thanks are half lost when good turns are delay'd. Fairfax.
Some malicious natures place their delight in doing ill
turns. L'Estrange's Fab. b. 102.
Shrewd turns strike deeper than ill words. South.
10. Reigning inclination.
This is not to be accomplished but by introducing religion
to be the turn and fashion of the age. Swift.
11. A step off the ladder at the gallows.
They, by their skill in palmistry,
Will quickly read his destiny;
And make him glad to read his lesson,
Or take a turn for it at the session. Butler.
12. Convenience.
Diogenes' dish did never serve his master for more turns,
notwithstanding that he made it his dish, cup, cap, measure,
and water-pot, than a mantle doth an Irishman. Spenser.
They never found occasion for their tourn,
But almost starv'd did much lament and mourn. Hubberd.
His going I could frame to serve my turn;
Save him from danger, do him love and honour. Shakesp.
My daughter Catharine is not for your turn. Shakespeare.
To perform this murder was elect;
A base companion, few or none could miss,
Who first did serve their turn, and now serves his. Dan.
They tried their old friends of the city, who had served
their turns so often, and set them to get a petition. Clarendon.
This philosophy may pass with the most sensual, while
they pretend to be reasonable; but whenever they have a
mind to be otherwise, to drink or to sleep, will serve the
turn. Temple's Miscellanies.
13. The form; cast; shape; manner.
Our young men take up some cry'd up English poet,
without knowing wherein his thoughts are improper to his
subject, or his expressions unworthy of his thoughts, or the
turn of both is unharmonious. Dryden.
Seldom any thing raises wonder in me, which does not give
my thought a turn that makes my heart the better. Addison.
Female virtues are of a domestick turn. The family is the
proper province for private women to shine in. Addison.
An agreeable turn appears in her sentiments upon the most
ordinary affairs of life. Addison.


Wit doth not consist so much in advancing things new, as
in giving things known an agreeable turn. Addison's Spect.
Before I made this remark, I wondered to see the Roman
poets, in their description of a beautiful man, so often men­
tion the turn of his neck and arms. Addison.
A young man of a sprightly turn in conversation, had an in­
ordinate desire of appearing fashionable. Spectator.
Books give the same turn to our thoughts and reasoning,
that good company does to our conversation. Swift's Mis.
The very turn of voice, the good pronunciation, and the
alluring manner which some teachers have attained, will en­
gage the attention. Watts.
14. The manner of adjusting the words of a sentence.
The turn of words, in which Ovid excells all poets, are
sometimes a fault or sometimes a beauty, as they are used
properly or improperly. Dryden.
The three first stanzas are rendered word for word with
the original, not only with the same elegance, but the same
short turn of expression peculiar to the sapphick ode. Addison.
The first coin being made of brass gave the denomination
to money among the Romans, and the whole turn of their
expressions is derived from it. Arbuthnot.
15. By TURNS. One after another.
They feel by turns the bitter change
Of fierce extremes; extremes by change more fierce. Milt.
The challenge to Dametas shall belong,
Menalcas shall sustain his under-song;
Each in his turn your tuneful numbers bring;
By turns the tuneful muses love to sing. Dryden's Virg.
By turns put on the suppliant, and the lord;
Threaten'd this moment, and the next implor'd. Prior.

TU’RNBENCH. n. s. [turn and bench.] A term of turners.
Small work in metal is turn'd in an iron lathe called a
turnbench, which they screw in a vice, and having fitted their
work upon a small iron axle, with a drill barrel, fitted upon a
square shank, at the end of the axis, next the left-hand, they
with a drill-bow, and drill-string, carry it about. Moxon.

TU’RNCOAT. n. s. [turn and coat.] One who forsakes his party
or principles; a renegade;
Courtesy itself must turn to disdain, if you come in her
presence—Then is courtesy a turncoat. Shakesp.

TU’RNER. n. s. [from turn.] One whose trade is to turn in a
lathe.
Nor box, nor limes without their use are made,
Smooth-grain'd and proper for the turner's trade. Dryden.
Some turners, to shew their dexterity in turning, turn long
and slender pieces of ivory, as small as an hay-stalk. Moxon.

TU’RNING. v. a. [from turn.] Flexure; winding; meander.
I ran with headlong haste
Thro' paths and turnings often trod by day. Milton.

TU’RNINGNESS. n. s. [from turning.] Quality of turning; ter­
giversation; subterfuge.
So nature formed him, to all turningness of sleights; that
though no man had less goodness, no man could better find
the places whence arguments might grow of goodness. Sidn.

TU’RNIP. n. s. A white esculent root.
The flower consists of four leaves, which are placed in form
of a cross; out of the flower cup rises the pointal, which af­
terward turns to a pod, divided into two cells by an interme­
diate partition, to which the valves adhere on both sides, and
are full of roundish seeds: a carneous and tuberose root. Mil.
November is drawn with bunches of parsnips and turnips in
his right-hand. Peacham on Drawing.
The goddess rose amid the inmost round,
With wither'd turnip-tops her temples crown'd. Gay.
Turnips hide their swelling heads below. Gay's Past.

TURNPI’KE. n. s. [turn and pike, or pique.]
1. A cross of two bars armed with pikes at the end, and turn­
ing on a pin, fixed to hinder horses from entering.
2. Any gate by which the way is obstructed.
The gates are shut, and the turnpikes locked. Arbuthnot.

TU’RNSICK. adj. [turn and sick.] Vertiginous; giddy.
If a man see another turn swiftly and long; or if he look
upon wheels that turn, himself waxeth turnsick. Bacon.

TURNSO’L. n. s. [Heliotropium, Lat.] A plant.
The flower consists of one leaf shaped like a funnel, having
its centre wrinkled and folded, and its brim cut into ten seg­
ments alternately unequal: these flowers are collected into a
long reflected spike, resembling a scorpion's tail; each flower
is succeeded by four naked gibbose seeds. Miller.

TU’RNSPIT. n. s. [turn and spit.] He that anciently turned a
spit, instead of which jacks are now generally used.
I give you joy of the report
That he's to have a place at court;
Yes, and a place he will grow rich in,
A turnspit in the royal kitchen. Swift's Miscel.

TU’RNSTILE. n. s. [turn and stile.] A turnpike.
A turnstile is more certain
Than, in events of war, dame Fortune. Hudibras.
Twirling turnstiles interrupt the way,
The thwarting passenger shall force them round. Gay.

TU’RPENTINE. n. s. [turpentina, Italian; terebinthina, Lat.] The
gum exuded by the pine, the juniper, and other trees of that
kind.
As the turpentine tree I stretched out my branches. Ecclus.
Vertgrease grinded with turpentine, put into a pot, and as
you use it warm it. Peacham on Drawing.

TU’RQUOISE. n. s. See Turkois.
One shew'd me a ring, he had of your daughter for a
monkey.—Out upon her! it was my turquoise, I had it when
I was a bachelor. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.

TU’RPITUDE. n. s. [turpitude, Fr. turpitudo, from turpis, Lat.]
Essential deformity of words, thoughts or actions; inherent
vileness; badness.
How would'st thou have paid
My better service, when my turpitude
Thou thus dost crown with gold. Shakespeare.
Decency imports a certain measure of one thing to another;
the preservation of which is properly that rule by which every
thing ought to act; and consequently the violation of it im­
plies a turpitude or indecency. South's Sermons.

TU’RRET. n. s. [turris, Lat.] A small eminence raised above
the rest of the building; a little tower.
Discourse I pr'y thee, on this turret's top. Shakespeare.
All things well ordered, he withdrew with speed
Up to a turret high, two ports between,
That so he might be near at every need,
And overlook the lands and furrows green. Fairfax.
Make Windsor hills in lofty numbers rise,
And lift her turrets nearer to the skies. Pope. Winds. For.

TU’RRETED. adj. [from turret.] Formed like a tower; rising
like a tower.
Take a turreted lamp of tin, in the form of a square; the
height of the turret being thrice as much as the length of the
lower part, whereupon the lamp standeth. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

TU’RTLE. n. s. [turtle, Saxon; tortorelle, French;
tortarella, Italian; turtur, Latin.]
TU’RTLEDOVE. n. s. [turtle, Saxon; tortorelle, French;
tortarella, Italian; turtur, Latin.]
1. A species of dove.
When shepherds pipe on oaten straws,
And merry larks are ploughmens clocks:
When turtles tread. Shak. Love's Lab. Lost.
We'll teach him to know turtles from jays. Shak.
Take me an heifer and a turtle dove. Gen. xv. 9.
Galen propos'd the blood of turtles dropt warm from their
wings. Wiseman.
2. It is used among sailors and gluttons for a tortoise.

TUSH. interj. [Of this word I can find no credible etymology.]
An expression of contempt.
Tush, say they, how should God perceive it: is there
knowledge in the most high? Psalm lxxiii.
Sir Thomas Moor found fault with his lady's continual
chiding, saying; the consideration of the time, for it was
sent, should restrain her. Tush, tush, my lord, said she, look,
here is one step to heaven-ward, shewing him a friar's girdle.
I fear me, quoth Sir Thomas, this one step will not bring
you up a step higher. Camden's Remains.
Tush never tell me, I take it much unkindly
That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse,
As if the strings were thine, should know of this. Shak.

TUSK. n. s. [txaf, Saxon; tosken, old Frisick.] The long
teeth of a pugnacious animal; the fang; the holding tooth.
Some creatures have over-long, or out-growing teeth,
called fangs, or tusks; as boars and pikes. Bacon.
The boar depended upon his tusks. L'Estrange.
As two boars,
With rising bristles, and with frothy jaws,
Their adverse breasts with tusks oblique they wound. Dryd.
A monstrous boar
Whetting his tusks, and churning hideous foam. Smith.

TU’SKED. adj. [from tusk.] furnished with tusks.
TU’SKY. adj. [from tusk.] furnished with tusks.
Into the naked woods he goes,
And seeks the tusky boar to tear. Dryden.
Of those beasts no one was horned and tusked too: the
superfluous blood not sufficing to feed both. Grew.

TU’SSUCK. n. s. [diminitive of tuzz.] A tuft of grass or twigs.
The first is remarkable for the several tussucks or bunches of
thorns, wherewith it is armed round. Grew.

TUT. interj. [This seems to be the same with tush.]
A particle noting contempt.
Tut, tut! grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle. Shak.
Tut, tut! here's a mannerly forbearance. Shakesp.

TUTANAG. n. s.
Tutanage is the Chinese name for spelter, which we er­
roneously apply to the metal of which canisters are made,
that are brought over with the tea from China. It being a
coarse pewter made with the lead carried from England and
tin got in the kingdom of Quintang. Woodward.

TU’TELAGE. n. s. [tutelle, tutelageforeign, Fr. tutela, Lat.] Guardian­
ship; state of being under guardian.
If one in the possession of lands die, and leave a minor to
succeed to him, his tutelage belongeth to the king. Drummond.
He accoupled the ambassage with an article in the nature
of a request, that the French king might, according unto his


right of seigniory or tutelage; dispose of the marriage of the
young duchess of Britany. Bacon.

TU’TELAR. adj. [tutela, Lat.] Having the charge or guar­
dianship of any person or thing; protecting;
defensive; guardian.
TU’TELARY. adj. [tutela, Lat.] Having the charge or guar­
dianship of any person or thing; protecting;
defensive; guardian.
According to the traditions of the magicians the tutelary
spirits, will not remove at common appellations, but at the
proper names of things, whereunto they are protectors. Brown.
Temperance, that virtue without pride, and fortune without
envy, that gives indolence of body, with an equality of mind;
the best guardian of youth and support of old age: the pre­
cept of reason, as well as religion, and physician of the soul
as well as the body; the tutelar goddess of health, and uni­
versal medicine of life. Temple.
These tutelar genii who presided over the several people
committed to their charge, were watchful over them. Dryd.
But you, O Grecian chiefs, reward my care,
Sure I may plead a little to your grace:
Enter'd the town; I then unbarr'd the gates,
When I remov'd the tutelary fates. Dryden.
Ye tutelar gods who guard this royal fabric. Rowe.

TUTOR. n. s. [tutor, Lat. tuteur, Fr.] One who has the care
of another's learning and morals; a teacher or instructor.
When I am as I have been,
Approach me, and thou shalt be as thou wast,
The tutor and the feeder of my riots;
Till then I banish thee on pain of death. Shakesp.
Ah, tutor, look where bloody Clifford comes. Shakesp.
When nobles are the tailors tutors;
No hereticks burnt but wenches suiters. Butler.
A primitive Christian, that coming to a friend to teach him
a psalm, began, I said I will look to my ways, that I offend
not with my tongue; upon which he stop'd his tutor, saying,
this is enough if I learn it. Government of the Tougue.
His body thus adorn'd, he next design'd
With lib'ral arts to cultivate his mind:
He sought a tutor of his own accord,
And study'd lessons he before abhorr'd. Dryden.
No science is so speedily learned by the noblest genius with­
out a tutor. Watts.

To TUTOR. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To instruct; to teach; to document.
This boy is forest born,
And hath been tutor'd in the rudiments
Of many desperate studies by his uncle. Shakesp.
He cannot be a perfect man,
Not being tried and tutor'd in the world. Shakesp.
The cock has his spurs, and he strikes his feet inward
with singular strength and order; yet he does not this by any
syllogistical method, but is merely tutored by instinct. Hale.
2. To treat with superiority or severity.
I hardly yet have learn'd
T'insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my knee:
Give sorrow leave a while to tutor me
To this submission. Shakesp. Rich. II.
I take a review of my little boys mounted upon hobby­
horses, and of little girls tutoring their babies. Addison.

TU’TORAGE. n. s. [from tutor.] The authority or solemnity of
a tutor.
Children care not for the company of their parents or
tutors, and men will care less for theirs, who would make
them children by usurping a tutorage. Govern. of the Tongue.

TU’TORESS. n. s. [from tutor.] Directress; instructress; go­
verness.
Fidelia shall be your tutoress. Moore's Foundling.

TUTTY. n. s. [tutia, low Lat. tuthie, Fr.] A sublimate of zinc
or calamine collected in the furnace. Ainsw.

TU’TSAN, or parkleaves. n. s. [androsæmum, Lat.] A plant.

TUZ. n. s. [I know not whether it is not a word merely of
cant.] A lock or tuft of hair.
With odorous oil thy head and hair are sleek;
And then thou kemp'st the tuzzes on thy cheek;
Of these thy barbers take a costly care. Dryden.

TWAIN. adj. [twgen, batwa, both twain, Saxon.] Two. An
old word, not now used but ludicrously.
'Tis not the tryal of a woman's war,
The bitter clamour of two eager tongues,
Can arbitrate this cause betwixt us twain. Shakesp.
Such smiling rogues as these,
Like rats, oft bite the holy cords in twain,
Too intricate t' unloose. Shakesp. King Lear.
Of my condition take no care;
It fits not; thou and I long since are twain. Milton.
When old winter split the rocks in twain;
He strip'd the bears-foot of its leafy growth. Dryden.
The trembling widow, and her daughters twain,
This woeful cackling cry with horror heard. Dryden.

To TWANG. v. n. [A word formed from the sound.] To
sound with a quick sharp noise.
A thousand twanging instruments
Will hum about mine ears. Shakesp. Tempest.
His quiver o'er his shoulders Phœbus threw,
His bow twang'd, and his arrows rattled as they flew. Dryd.
With her thund'ring voice she menac'd high;
And every accent twang'd with smarting sorrow. Dryden.
The twanging bows
Send showers of shafts, that on their barbed points
Alternate ruin bear. Philips.
Sounds the tough horn and twangs the quiv'ring string.
Pope.

To TWANG. v. a. To make to sound sharply.
A swaggering accent sharply twang'd off, gives manhood
approbation. Shak. Twelfth Night.

TWANG. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sharp quick sound.
They by the sound and twang of nose,
If all be sound within, disclose. Butler's Hudibras.
So swells each wind-pipe; ass intones to ass,
Harmonic twang of leather, horn and brass. Pope.
2. An affected modulation of the voice.
If he be but a person in vogue with the multitude, he can
make popular, rambling, incoherent stuff, seasoned with twang
and tautology, pass for high rhetorick. South's Sermons.
He has such a twang in his discourse, and ungraceful way
of speaking thro' his nose, that one can hardly understand
him. Arbuthnot.

TWANG. interj. A word making a quick action, accompanied
with a sharp sound. Little used, and little deserving to be
used.
There's one, the best in all my quiver,
Twang! thro' his very heart and liver. Prior.

TWA’NGLING. adj. [from twang.] Contemptibly noisy.
She did call me rascal, filder,
And twangling jack, with twenty such vile terms. Shak.

To TWANK. v. n. [Corrupted from twang.] To make to
sound.
A freeman of London has the privilege of disturbing a whole
street with twanking of a brass kettle. Addison.

’TWAS. Contracted from it was.
If he asks who bid thee, say 'twas I. Dryd.

To TWA’TTLE. v. n. [schwatzen, German.] To prate; to
gabble; to chatter.
It is not for every twattling gossip to undertake. L'Estrange.

TWAY. For TWAIN.
Gyon's angry blade so fierce did play
On th' other's helmet, which as Titan shone,
That quit it clove his plumed crest in tway. Fairy Q.

TWA’YBLADE. n. s. [Ophris, Lat.] It hath a polypetalous
flower, consisting of six dissimilar leaves, of which the five
upper ones are so disposed, as to represent in some measure an
helmet, the under one being headed and shaped like a man.
The empalement becomes a fruit, perforated with three
windows, to which adhere valves, pregnant with very small
seeds like dust. Miller.

To TWEAG. v. a. [It is written tweag by Skinner, but tweak
by other writers; twacken, German.] To
pinch; to squeeze betwixt the fingers.
To TWEAK. v. a. [It is written tweag by Skinner, but tweak
by other writers; twacken, German.] To
pinch; to sqeeze betwixt the fingers.
Who calls me villain, breaks my pate across,
Tweaks me by the nose. Shakesp.
To rouse him from lethargick dump,
He tweak'd his nose. Butler.
Look in their face, they tweak'd your nose. Swift.

TWEAGUE. n. s. [from the verb.] Perplexity; ludicrous
distress. A low word.
TWEAK. n. s. [from the verb.] Perplexity; ludicrous
distress. A low word.
This put the old fellow in a rare tweague. Arbuthnot.

To TWEE’DLE. v. a. [I know not whence deriv'd.] To handle
lightly. It seems in the following passage misprinted for
wheedle.
A fidler brought in with him a body of lusty young fellows,
whom he had tweedled into the service. Addison.

TWEE’ZERS. n. s. [etuy, French.] Nippers, or small pincers,
to pluck off hairs.
There hero's wits are kept in pond'rous vases,
And beaus in snuff-boxes and tweezer-cases. Pope.

TWELFTH. adj. twelfta, Saxon.] Second after the tenth; the
ordinal of twelve.
He found Elisha plowing with twelve yoke of oxen, and
he with the twelfth. 1 Kings. xix. 9.
Supposing, according to the standard, five shillings were
to weigh an ounce, wanting about sixteen grains, whereof
one twelfth were copper, and eleven twelfths silver, it is plain
here the quantity of silver gives the value. Locke.

TWE’LFTHTIDE. n. s. The twelfth day after Christmas.
Plough-munday, next after that twelfthtide,
Bids out with the plough. Tuss. Husb.

TWELVE. adj. [twelf, Sax.] Two and ten; twice six.
Thou hast beat me out twelve several times. Shak. Coriolanus.
Had we no quarrel else to Rome, but that
Thou art thence banish'd, we would muster all,
From twelve to twenty. Shak.


What man talk'd with you yesternight
Out at your window betwixt twelve and one. Shakespeare.
On his left hand twelve reverend owls did fly:
So Romulus, 'tis sung, by Tyber's brook,
Presage of sway from twice six vultures, took. Dryden.

TWE’LVEMONTH. n. s. [twelve and month.] A year, as con­
sisting of twelve months.
I shall laugh at this a twelvemonth hence. Shakesp.
This year or twelvemonth, by reason that the moon's months
are shorter than those of the sun, is about eleven days shorter
than the sun's year. Holder.
Taking the shoots of the past spring and pegging them
down in very rich earth perfectly consumed, watering them
upon all occasions, by this time twelvemonth they will be
ready to remove. Evelyn.
In the space of about a twelvemonth I have run out of a
whole thousand pound upon her. Addison.
Not twice a twelvemonth you appear in print. Pope.

TWE’LVEPENCE. n. s. [twelve and pence.] A shilling.

TWE’LVEPENNY. adj. [twelve and penny.] Sold for a shilling.
I would wish no other revenge, from this rhyming judge
of the twelvepenny gallery. Dryd.

TWE’LVESCORE. n. s. [twelve and score.] Twelve times twenty;
two hundred and forty.
Twelvescore virago's of the Spartan race. Dryden.

TWE’NTIETH. adj. [twenteogotha, Saxon.] Twice tenth; or­
dinal of twenty.
This year,
The twentieth from the firing the capitol,
As fatal too to Rome, by all predictions. Ben. Johnson.
The quantity of the fifteenth should be turned to a twentieth.
Bacon.
Why was not I the twentieth by descent
From a long restive race of droning kings? Dryden.
This crown now must be raised, and coined one twentieth
lighter; which is nothing but changing the denomination,
calling that a crown now, which yesterday was but a part,
viz. nineteen twentieths. Locke.

TWENTY. adj. [twentig, Saxon.]
1. Twice ten.
At least nineteen in twenty of these perplexing words might
be changed into easy ones. Swift.
2. A proverbial or indefinite number.
Maximilian, upon twenty respects, could not have been the
man. Bacon's Henry VII.

TWI’BIL. n. s. [twy for two and bill, bipennis, Lat.] A halbert.
Ains.

TWICE. adv. [twigith, Saxon; twees, Dutch.]
1. Two times.
Upon his crest he struck him so,
That twice he reeled, ready twice to fall. Fairy Q.
He twice essay'd to cast his son in gold;
Twice from his hands he drop'd the forming mould. Dryd.
2. Doubly.
A little sum you mourn, while most have met
With twice the loss, and by as vile a cheat. Dryden.
3. It is often used in composition.
Life is tedious as a twice told tale,
Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man. Shakesp.
Twice-born Bacchus burst the thund'rer's thigh,
And all the gods that wander thro' the sky. Creech.
Extol the strength of a twice-conquer'd race. Dryden.
And what so tedious as a twice-told tale. Pope.

To TWIDLE. v. a. [This is commonly written tweedle.] To
touch lightly. A low word.
With my fingers upon the stupe, I pressed close upon it,
and twidled it in, first one side, then the other. Wiseman.

TWIG. n. s. twig, twigga, Saxon; twyg, Dutch.] A small
shoot of a branch; a switch tough and long.
The Britons had boats made of willow twigs, covered on
the outside with hides, and so had the Venetians. Raleigh.
They chose the fig-tree, such as spread her arms,
Branching so broad and long, that in the ground
The bended twigs take root. Milton.
Can'st thou with a weak angle strike the whale,
His huge jaw with a twig or bulrush bore? Sandys.
If they cut the twigs at evening, a plentiful and pleasant
juice comes out. More.
The tender twig shoots upwards to the skies. Dryden.
From parent bough
A cyon meetly fever: after force
A way into the crabstocks close wrought grain
By wedges, and within the living wound
Inclose the foster twig, around which spread
The binding clay. Philips.

TWI’GGEN. adj. [from twig.] Made of twigs.
I'll beat the knave with a twiggen bottle. Shakesp.
The sides and rim sewed together after the manner of
twiggen work. Grew.

TWIGGY. adj. [from twig.] Full of twigs.

TWI’LIGHT. n. s. tweelicht, Dutch; tweoneleoht, Saxon.]
The dubious or faint light before sunrise, and after sunset;
obscure light; uncertain view.
Her twilights were more clear than our mid-day. Donne.
Suspicions amongst thoughts, are like bats amongst birds,
they ever fly by twilight. Certainly they are to be well
guarded. Bacon.
A faint weak love of virtue, and of good,
Reflects from her on them, which understood
Her worth; and though she have shut in all day
The twilight of her memory doth stay. Donne.
He that saw hell in's melancholy dream,
And in the twilight of his phancy's theme
Scar'd from his sins, repented in a fright,
Had he view'd Scotland, had turn'd proselyte. Cleveland.
Ambrosial night, with clouds exhal'd
From that high mount of God, whence light and shade
Spring both, the face of brightest heav'n had chang'd
To grateful twilight. Milton's Par. Lost.
When the sun was down
They just arriv'd by twilight at a town. Dryden.
In the greatest part of our concernment he has afforded us
only the twilight of probability, suitable to our state of medio­
crity. Locke.

TWI’LIGHT. adj.
1. Not clearly or brightly illuminated; obscure; deeply shaded.
When the sun begins to fling
His flaring beams, me goddess bring
To arched walks of twilight groves. Milton.
O'er the twilight groves, and dusky caves,
Long-sounding isles, and intermingled graves,
Black melancholy sits, and round her throws
A death-like silence, and a dead repose. Pope.
2. Seen by twilight.
On old Lycæus or Cyllene hoar
Trip no more in twilight ranks. Milton.

TWIN. n. s. [twinn, Saxon; tweelingen, Dutch.]
1. Children born at a birth. It is therefore seldom used in the
singular; though sometimes it is used for one of twins.
In this mystery of ill opinions, here's the twin brother of
thy letter; but let thine inherit first, for mine never shall. Sh.
In bestowing
He was most princely: ever witness for him
Those twins of learning Ipswich and Oxford. Shakesp.
If that moment of the time of birth be of such moment,
whence proceedeth the great difference of the constitutions of
twins, which, tho' together born, have strange and contrary
fortunes. Drummond.
The divided dam
Runs to the summons of her hungry lamb;
But when the twin cries halves, she quits the first. Cleveland.
They came twins from the womb, and still they live
As if they would go twins too to the grave. Otway.
Fair Leda's twins, in time to stars decreed,
One fought on foot, one curb'd the fiery steed. Dryden.
Had there been the same likeness in all men, as sometimes
in twins, it would have given occasion to confusion. Grew.
2. Gemini, the sign of the zodiack.
This, when the sun retires,
First shines, and spreads black night with feeble fires,
Then parts the twins and crab. Creech.
When now no more, th' alternate twins are fir'd.
Short is the doubtful empire of the night. Thomson.

To TWIN. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To be born at the same birth.
He that is approv'd in this offence,
Though he had twinn'd with me both at a birth,
Shall lose me. Shakesp. Othello.
2. To bring two at once.
Ewes yearly by twinning rich masters do make. Tusser.
3. To be paired; to be suited.
Hath nature given them eyes,
Which can distinguish 'twixt
The fiery orbs above and the twinned stones
Upon the humbl'd beach. Shakesp.
O how inscrutable! his equity
Twins with his power. Sandys.

TWINBO’RN. adj. [twin and born.] Born at the same birth.
Our sins lay on the King; he must bear all.
O hard condition and twinborn with greatness. Shakesp.

To TWINE. v. a. [twinan, Saxon; twynan, Dutch.]
1. To twist or complicate so as to unite, or form one body or
substance out of two or more.
Thou shalt make an hanging of blue, and fine twined linen,
wrought with needlework. Exod. xxvi. 36.
2. I know not whether this is from twine or twin.
By original lapse, true liberty
Is lost, which always with right reason dwells,
Twin'd, and from her hath no dividual being. Milton.
3. To unite itself.
Lumps of sugar lose themselves, and twine
Their subtile essence with the soul of wine. Crashaw.



To TWINE. v. n.
1. To convolve itself; to wrap itself closely about.
Let wreaths of triumph now my temples twine,
The victor cry'd, the glorious prize is mine! Pope.
2. To unite by interposition of parts.
Friends now fast sworn, who twine in love
Unseparable, shall, within this hour,
On a dissension of a doit, break out
To bitterest enmity. Shakespeare.
3. To wind; to make flexures.
As rivers, though they bend and twine,
Still to the sea their course incline.
Or as philosophers who find
Some fav'rite system to their mind,
In ev'ry point to make it fit,
Will force all nature to submit. Swift.
The deer rustles thro' the twining brake. Thomson.

TWINE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A twisted thread.
Not any damsel, which her vaunteth most
In skilful knitting of soft silken twine. Spenser.
A pointed sword hung threat'ning o'er his head,
Sustain'd but by a slender twine of thread. Dryden.
2. Twist; convolution.
Nor all the gods beside
Longer dare abide,
Not Typhon huge ending in snaky twine. Milton.
Welcome joy and feast,
Braid your locks with rosy twine,
Dropping odours, dropping wine. Milton.
3. Embrace; act of convolving itself round.
Everlasting hate
The vine to ivy bears, but with am'rous twine
Clasps the tall elm. Philips.

To TWINGE. v. a. [twingen, German; twinge, Danish.]
1. To torment with sudden and short pain.
The gnat charg'd into the nostrils of the lion, and there
twing'd him till he made him tear himself, and so master'd
him. L'Estrange.
2. To pinch; to tweak.
When a man is past his sense,
There's no way to reduce him thence,
But twinging him by th' ears and nose,
Or laying on of heavy blows. Hudibras.

TWINGE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Short sudden sharp pain.
The wickedness of this old villain startles me, and gives me
a twinge for my own sin, though far short of his. Dryd.
2. A tweak; a pinch.
How can you fawn upon a master that gives you so many
blows and twinges by the ears. L'Estrange.

TWINK. n. s. [See TWINKLE.] The motion of an eye;
a moment. Not in use.
She hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss
She vied so fast, protesting oath on oath,
That in a twink she won me to her love. Shakespeare.

To TWI’NKLE, v. n. [twinclian, Saxon.]
1. To sparkle; to flash irregularly; to shine with intermitted
light; to shine faintly; to quiver.
At first I did adore a twinkling star,
But now I worship a celestial sun. Shakespeare.
As plays the sun upon the glassey streams,
Twinkling another counterfeited beam,
So seems this gorgeous beauty. Shakespeare.
Some their forked tails stretch forth on high,
And tear the twinkling stars from trembling sky. Fairfax.
God comprises all the goods we value in the creatures, as
the sun doth the light that twinkles in the stars. Boyle.
The star of love,
That twinkles you to fair Almeyda's bed. Dryden.
Think you your new French proselytes are come
To starve abroad, because they starv'd at home,
Your benefices twinkl'd from afar. Dryden.
So weak your charms, that like a winter's night,
Twinkling with stars, they freeze me while they light. Dryd.
These stars do not twinkle when viewed through telescopes
which have large apertures: for the rays of light which pass
through divers parts of the aperture, tremble each of them
apart; and by means of their various, and sometimes contrary
tremors, fall at one and the same time upon different points
in the bottom of the eye. Newton.
2. To open and shut the eye by turns.
The owl fell a moping and twinkling. L'Estrange.
3. To play irregularly.
His eyes will twinkle, and his tongue will roll,
As tho' he beck'ned, and call'd back his soul. Donne.

TWI’NKLE. n. s. [from the verb.]
TWI’NKLING. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A sparkling intermitting light; a motion of the eye.
Suddenly, with twinkle of her eye,
The damsel broke his misintended dart. Spenser.
I come, I come; the least twinkle had brought me to thee.
Dryden's Dan Sebastian.
2. A short space, such as is taken up by a motion of the eye.
Money can thy wants at will supply,
Shields, steeds, and arms, and all things for thee meet,
It can pourvey in twinkling of an eye. Fairy Queen.
These false beauties of the stage are no more lasting than
a rainbow; when the actor gilds them no longer with his
reflection, they vanish in a twinkling. Dryden.
The action, passion, and manners of so many persons in
a picture, are to be discerned in the twinkling of an eye, if
the sight could travel over so many different objects all at
once. Dryden.

TWI’NLING. n. s. [diminutive of twin.] A twin lamb; a
lamb of two brought at a birth.
Twinlings increase bring. Tusser's Husb.

TWI’NNER. n. s. [from twin.] A breeder of twins.
Ewes yeerely by twinning rich maisters do make,
The lambe of such twinners for breeders go take. Tusser.

To TWIRL. v. a. [from whirl.] To turn round; to move by
a quick rotation.
Wool and raw silk by moisture incorporate with other
thread; especially if there be a little wreathing, as appeareth
by the twisting and twirling about of spindles. Bacon.
Dextrous damsels twirl the sprinkling mop. Gay.
See ruddy maids,
Some taught with dextrous hand to twirl the wheel. Dodst.

TWIRL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Rotation; circular motion.
2. Twist; convolution.
The twirl on this is different from that of the others; this
being an heterostropha, the twirls turning from the right­
hand to the left. Woodward on Fossils.

To TWIST. v. a. [getwisan, Saxon; twisten, Dutch.]
1. To form by complication; to form by convolution.
Do but despair,
And if thou want'st a cord, the smallest thread
That ever spider twisted from her womb,
Will strangle thee. Shakespeare.
To reprove discontent, the ancients feigned, that in hell
stood a man twisting a rope of hay; and still he twisted on,
suffering an ass to eat up all that was finished. Taylor.
Would Clotho wash her hands in milk,
And twist our thread with gold and silk;
Would she in friendship, peace, and plenty,
Spin out our years to four times twenty,
And should we both in this condition,
Have conquer'd love, and worse ambition,
Else these two passions by the way,
May chance to shew us scurvy play. Prior.
The task were harder to secure my own
Against the pow'r of those already known;
For well you twist the secret chains that bind
With gentle force the captivated mind. Lyttleton.
2. To contort; to writhe.
Either double it into a pyramidical, or twist it into a ser­
pentine form. Pope.
3. To wreath; to wind; to encircle by something round
about.
There are pillars of smoke twisted about with wreaths of
flame. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. To form; to weave.
If thou dost love fair Hero, cherish it,
And thou shalt have her: was't not to this end
That thou began'st to twist so fine a story? Shakespeare.
5. To unite by intertexture of parts.
All that know how prodigal
Of thy great soul thou art, longing to twist
Bays with that joy, which so early kist
Thy youthful temples, with what horror we
Think on the blind events of war. Waller.
6. To unite; to insinuate.
When avarice twists itself, not only with the practice of
men, but the doctrines of the church; when ecclesiasticks
dispute for money, the mischief seems fatal. Decay of Piety.

To TWIST. v. n. To be contorted; to be convolved.
In an ileus, commonly called the twisting of the guts, is a
circumvolution or insertion of one part of the gut within the
other. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
Deep in her breast he plung'd the shining sword:
Th'Inachians view the slain with vast surprize,
Her twisting volumes, and her rolling eyes. Pope.

TWIST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Any thing made by convolution, or winding two bodies
together.
Minerva nurs'd him
Within a twist of twining ofiers laid. Addison.


2. A single string of a cord.
Winding a thin string about the work, hazards its break­
ing by the fretting of the several twists against one another.
Maxon's Mech. Exer.
3. A cord; a string.
Through these labyrinths, not my grov'ling wit,
But thy silk twist, let down from heav'n to me,
Did both conduct and teach me, how by it
To climb to thee. Herbert.
About his chin the twist
He ty'd, and soon the strangl'd soul dismiss'd. Dryden.
4. Contortion; writhe.
Not the least turn or twist in the fibres of any one animal,
which does not render them more proper for that particular
animal's way of life than any other cast or texture. Addison.
5. The manner of twisting.
Jack shrunk at first sight of it; he found fault with the
length, the thickness, and the twist. Arbuthnot.

TWI’STER. n. s. [from twist.] One who twists; a ropemaker.
To this word I have annexed some remarkable lines, which
explain twist in all its senses.
When a twister a-twisting will twist him a twist,
For the twisting of his twist, he three twines doth intwist;
But if one of the twines of the twist do untwist,
The twine that untwisteth untwisteth the twist.
Untwirling the twine that untwisteth between,
He twirls with his twister the two in a twine;
Then twice having twisted the twines of the twine,
He twitcheth the twine he had twined in twain.
The twain that in twining before in the twine,
As twins were intwisted, he now doth untwine,
'Twixt the twain interwisting a twine more between,
He, twirling his twister, makes a twist of the twine. Wallis.

To TWIT. v. a. [edwitan, Saxon.] To sneer; to flout; to
reproach.
When approaching the stormy stowers,
We mought with our shoulders bear off the sharp showers,
And sooth to saine, nought seemeth sike strife,
That shepherds so twiten each other's life. Spenser.
When I protest true loyally to her,
She twits me with my falshood to my friend. Shakespeare.
æsop minds men of their errors without twitting them for
what's amiss. L'Estrange.
This these scoffers twitted the Christians with. Tillotson.
Galen bled his patients, till by fainting they could bear no
longer; for which he was twitted in his own time. Baker.

To TWITCH. v. a. [twiccian, Saxon.] To vellicate; to
pluck with a quick motion; to snatch; to pluck with a hasty
motion.
He rose, and twitch'd his mantle blue,
To-morrow to fresh woods, and pastures new. Milton.
Twitch'd by the sleeve he mouths it more and more.
Dryden's Juvenal.
With a furious leap
She sprung from bed, disturbed in her mind,
And fear'd at ev'ry step a twitching spright behind. Dryd.
Thrice they twitch'd the diamond in her ear. Pope.

TWITCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A quick pull; a sudden vellication.
But Hudibras give him a twitch,
As quick as light'ning in the breech. Hudibras.
The lion gave one hearty twitch, and got his feet out
of the trap, but left his claws behind. L'Estrange.
2. A painful contraction of the fibres.
Other confed'rate pairs
Contract the fibres, and the twitch produce,
Which gently pushes on the grateful food
To the wide stomach, by its hollow road. Blackmore.
Mighty physical their fear is,
For soon as noise of combat near is,
Their heart descending to their breeches,
Must give their stomachs cruel twitches. Prior.
A fit of the stone is the cure, from the inflammation and
pain occasioning convulsive twitches. Sharp.

TWI’TCHGRASS. n. s. A plant.
Twitch-grass is a weed that keeps some land loose, hollow,
and draws away the virtue of the ground. Mortimer.

To TWI’TTER. v. n.
1. To make a sharp tremulous intermitted noise.
This must be done,
Swallows twitter on the chimney-tops. Dryden.
They twitter chearful, till the vernal months
Invite them back. Thomson.
2. To be suddenly moved with any inclination. A low word.
A widow which had a twittering toward a second husband,
took a gossipping companion to manage the jobb. L'Estr.

TWI’TTER. n. s. Any motion or disorder of passion; such as
a violent fit of laughing, or fit of fretting.
The ancient errant knights
Won all their ladies hearts in fights,
And cut whole giants into fritters,
To put them into amorous twitters. Hudibras.
The moon was in a heavy twitter, that her cloaths never
fitted her. L'Estrange.

TWITTLETWA’TTLE. n. s. [A ludicrous reduplication of
twattle.] Tattle; gabble. A vile word.
Insipid twittletwatles, frothy jests, and jingling witticisms,
inure us to a misunderstanding of things. L'Estrange.

'TWIXT. A contraction of betwixt.
Twilight, short arbiter 'twixt day and night. Milton.

TWO. adj. [twai, Gothick; twu, Saxon.]
1. One and one.
Between two hawks, which flies the higher pitch;
Between two dogs, which hath the deeper mouth;
Between two blades, which bears the better temper;
Between two horses, which doth bear him best;
Between two girls, which hath the merriest eye,
I have some shallow spirit of judgment. Shakespeare.
Three words it will three times report, and then the two
latter for some times. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Fifteen chambers were to lodge us two and two together.
Bacon.
They lay
By two and two across the common way. Dryden.
2. It is used in composition.
Next to the raven's age, the Pylian king
Was longest liv'd of any two-legg'd thing. Dryden.
A rational animal better described man's essence, than a
two-legged animal, with broad nails, and without feathers.
Locke's Works.
The two-shap'd Ericthonius had his birth
Without a mother, from the teeming earth. Addison.
Her register was a two-leaved book of record, one page
containing the names of her living, and the other of her de­
ceased members. Ayliffe.

TWO’EDGED. adj. [two and edge.] Having an edge on either
side.
Clarissa drew, with tempting grace,
A twoedg'd weapon from her shining case. Pope.

TWO’FOLD. adj. [two and fold.] Double.
Our prayer against sudden death importeth a twofold desire,
that death when it cometh may give us some convenient re­
spite, or if that be denied us of God, yet we may have wis­
dom to provide always before hand. Hooker.
Through mirksom air her ready way she makes,
Her twofold team, of which two black as pitch,
And two were brown, yet each to each unlike,
Did softly swim away. Fairy Queen.
O thou! the earthly author of my blood,
Whose youthful spirit in me regenerate,
Doth now with twofold vigour lift me up,
To reach at victory above my head,
Add proof unto mine armour with thy prayers,
And with thy blessings steel my lance's point. Shakesp.
Our twofold seas wash either side. Dryden.
Time and place taken for distinguishable portions of space
and duration, have each of them a twofold acceptation. Locke.
Ewes, that erst brought forth but single lambs,
Now dropp'd their twofold burdens. Prior.
Holiness may be taken in a twofold sense; for that external
holiness, which belongs to persons or things, offered to God;
or for those internal graces which sanctify our natures. Atterb.

TWO’FOLD. adv. Doubly.
A proselyte you make twofold more the child of hell than
yourselves. Matth. xxiii. 15.

TWO’HANDED. adj. [two and hand.] Large; bulky; enor­
mous of magnitude.
With huge twohanded sway,
Brandish'd aloft, the horrid edge came down,
Wide wasting. Milton's Par. Lost.
If little, then she's life and soul all o'er;
An Amazon, the large twohanded whore. Dryden.

TWO’PENCE. n. s. A small coin, valued at twice a penny.
You all shew like gilt twopences to me. Shakespeare.

To TYE. v. a. To bind. See TIE.

TYE. n. s. See TIE. A knot; a bond or obligation.
Lay your
Command upon me; to the which my duties
Are with a most indissoluble tye
For ever knit. Shakespeare.
I have no tye upon you to be true,
But that which loosen'd your's, my love to you. Dryden.
Honour's a sacred tye, the law of kings,
The noble mind's distinguishing perfection,
That aids and strengthens virtue where it meets her,
And imitates her actions where she is not. Addis. Cato.
It ought not to be sported with;
Lend me aid, I now conjure thee, lend,
By the soft tye and sacred name of friend. Pope.

TY’GER. n. s. See TIGER.

TYMBAL. n. s. [tymbal, French.] A kind of kettle-drum.
Yet gracious charity! indulgent guest!
Were not thy pow'r exerted in my breast;


My speeches would send up unheeded pray'r:
The scorn of life would be but wild despair:
A tymbal's sound were better than my voice,
My faith were form, my eloquence were noise. Prior.

TYKE. n. s. [See TIKE.] Tyke in Scottish still denotes a
dog, or one as contemptible and vile as a dog, and from
thence perhaps comes teague.
Base tyke, call'st thou me host? now,
By this hand, I swear I scorn the term. Shakespeare.

TYMPANI’TES. n. s. [t??pa??t??, from t??pa??t?, to
sound like a drum.] That particular sort of dropsy that swells
the belly up like a drum, and is often cured by tapping.

TY’MPANUM. n. s. A drum; a part of the ear, so called
from its resemblance to a drum.
The three little bones in meatu auditorio, by firming the
tympanum, are a great help to the hearing. Wiseman.

TY’MPANY. n. s. [from tympanum, Lat.] A kind of obstructed
flatulence that swells the body like a drum.
Hope, the christian grace, must be proportioned and at­
temperate to the promise; if it exceed that temper and pro­
portion, it becomes a tumour and tympany of hope. Hamm.
He does not shew us Rome great suddenly,
As if the empire were a tympany,
But gives it natural growth, tells how and why
The little body grew so large and high. Suckling.
Others that affect
A lofty stile, swell to a tympany. Roscommon.
Pride is no more than an unnatural tympany, that rises in a
bubble, and spends itself in a blast? L'Estrange.
Nor let thy mountain-belly make pretence
Of likeness; thine's a tympany of sense.
A tun of man in thy large bulk is writ,
But sure thou'rt but a kilderkin of wit. Dryden.
The air is so rarified in this kind of dropsical tumour as
makes it hard and tight like a drum, and from thence it is
called a tympany. Arbuthnot.

TYNY. adj. Small.
He that has a little tyny wit,
Must make content with his fortunes sit. Shakespeare.

TYPE. n. s. [type, Fr. typus, Lat. tp??.]
1. Emblem; mark of something.
Clean renouncing
The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings,
Short bolster'd breeches, and those types of travel,
And understanding again the honest men. Shakespeare.
Thy emblem, gracious queen, the British rose,
Type of sweet rule, and gentle majesty. Prior.
2. That by which something future is prefigured.
Informing them by types
And shadows of that destin'd seed to bruise
The serpent, by what means he shall atchieve
Mankind's deliverance. Milton.
The Apostle shews the Christian religion to be in truth
and substance what the Jewish was only in type and shadow.
Tillotson's Sermons.
3. A stamp; a mark not in use.
Thy father bears the type of King of Naples,
Yet not so wealthy as an English yeoman Shakespeare.
What good is cover'd with the face of heav'n
To be discovered, that can do me good?
—Th' advancement of your children, gentle lady,
—Up to some scaffold, there to lose their heads;
—No, to the dignity and height of fortune,
The high imperial type of this earth's glory. Shakespeare.
4. A printing letter.

TY’PICK. n. s. [typique, Fr. typicus, Lat.] Emblematical;
figurative of something else.
TY’PICAL. n. s. [typique, Fr. typicus, Lat.] Emblematical;
figurative of something else.
The Levitical priesthood was only typical of the christian;
which is so much more holy and honourable than that, as
the institution of Christ is more excellent than that of Mo­
ses. Atterbury.
Hence that many coursers ran,
Hand-in-hand, a goodly train,
To bless the great Eliza's reign;
And in the typic glory show
What fuller bliss Maria shall bestow. Prior.

TY’PICALLY. adv. [from typical.] In a typical manner.
This excellent communicativeness of the divine nature is
typically represented, and mysteriously exemplified by the Por­
phyrian scale of being. Norris.

TY’PICALNESS. n. s. [from typical] The state of being ty­
pical.

To TY’PIFY. v. a. [from type.] To figure; to shew in em­
blem.
The resurrection of Christ hath the power of a pattern to
us, and is so typified in baptism, as an engagement to rise to
newness of life. Hammond.
Our Saviour was typified indeed by the goat that was slain;
at the effusion of whose blood, not only the hard hearts of
his enemies relented, but the stony rocks and vail of the
temple were shattered. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

TYPO’GRAPHER. ad. [tp?? and ??f?.] A printer.

TYPOGRA’PHICAL. adj. [from typography.]
1. Emblematical; figurative.
2. Belonging to the printer's art.

TYPOGRA’PHICALLY. adv. [from typographical.]
1. Emblematically; figuratively.
2. After the manner of printers.

TYPO’GRAPHY. n. s. [typographie, Fr. typographia, Lat.]
1. Emblematical, figurative, or hieroglyphical representation.
Those diminutive and pamphlet treatises daily published
amongst us, are pieces containing rather typography than ve­
rity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
2. The art of printing.

TYRA’NNESS. n. s. [from tyrant.] A she tyrant.
They were by law of that proud tyranness,
Provok'd with wrath and envy's false surmise. Fairy Qu.
The tyranness doth joy to see
The huge massacres which her eyes do make. Spenser.

TYRA’NNICAL. n. s. [tyrannus, Latin; tyrannique, French;
t?a?????.] Suiting a tyrant; acting like
a tyrant; cruel; despotick; imperious.
TYRA’NNICK. n. s. [tyrannus, Latin; tyrannique, French;
t?a?????.] Suiting a tyrant; acting like
a tyrant; cruel; despotick; imperious.
Charge him home that affects
Tyrannic power. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
You have contriv'd to take
From Rome all season'd office, and to wind
Yourself into a power tyrannical. Shakespeare.
Domitian had been tyrannical; and in his time many
noble houses were overthrown by false accusations. Bacon.
Our sects a more tyrannick power assume,
And would for scorpions change the rods of Rome. Rose.
Subdue and quell, o'er all the earth,
Brute violence, and proud tyrannick pow'r. Milton.
If the spirit of a subject be rebellious, in a prince it will be
tyrannical and intolerable. Taylor.
She hath recourse
To tears and prayers, again she feels the smart
Of a fresh wound from the tyrannick dart. Denham.
And by the nobles, by his commons curse,
Th' oppressor rul'd tyrannick where he durst;
Stretch'd o'er the poor and church his iron rod,
And treats alike his vassals and his God. Pope.

TYRA’NNICALLY. adv. [from tyrannical.] In manner of a
tyrant.

TYRA’NNICIDE. n. s. [tyrannus and cædo, Latin.] The act of
killing a tyrant.

To TY’RANNISE. v. n. [tyraniser, Fr. from tyrant.] To play
the tyrant; to act with rigour and imperiousness.
While we trust in the mercy of God thro' Christ Jesus, fear
will not be able to tyrannise over us. Hooker.
Then gan Carausius tyrannise anew,
And gainst the Romans bent their proper power,
And so Alectus treacherously slew,
And took on him the robe of Emperor. Fairy Queen.
I made thee miserable,
What time I threw the people's suffrages
On him, that thus doth tyrannise o'er me. Shakespeare.
A crew, whom like ambition joins
With him, or under him to tyrannise. Milton.
Beauty had crown'd you, and you must have been
The whole world's mistress, other than a queen;
All had been rivals, and you might have spar'd,
Or kill'd and tyrannis'd without a guard. Waller.
He does violence to his own faculties, tyrannises over his
own mind, and usurps the prerogative that belongs to truth
alone, which is to command assent by its own authority.
Locke's Works.

TY’RANNOUS. adj. [from tyrant.] Tyrannical; despotick;
arbitrary; severe; cruel; imperious. Not in use.
It is strange to see the unmanlike cruelty of mankind, who,
not content with their tyrannous ambition, to have brought the
others virtuous patience under them, think their masterhood
nothing without doing injury to them. Sidney.
Lately grown into a loathing and detestation of the unjust
and tyrannous rule of Harold an usurper. Spenser.
Betwixt two charming words, comes in my father,
And, like the tyrannous breathing of the north,
Shakes all our buds from blowing. Shakespeare.
Subjection to his empire tyranous. Milton.
'Tis excellent
To have a giant's strength; but it is tyrannnous
To use it like a giant. Shakespeare.
Fear you his tyrannous passion more, alas!
Than the queen's life. Shakespeare.
After the death of this tyrannous and ambitious king, these
writings came abroad Temple.

TY’RANNY. n. s. [tyrannis, Latin; t??a???; tyrannie, Fr.]
1. Absolute monarchy imperiously administered.
Our grand foe,
Who now triumphs, and, in th' excess of joy,
Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heav'n. Milton.


The cities fell often under tyrannies, which spring natu­
rally out of popular governments. Temple.
2. Unresisted and cruel power.
Boundless intemperance
In nature is a tyranny; it hath been
Th'untimely emptying of the happy throne,
And fall of many kings. Shakespeare.
3. Cruel government; rigorous command.
Bleed, bleed, poor country!
Great tyranny lay thou thy basis sure,
For goodness dares not check thee. Shakespeare.
Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, and husbands to jea­
lousy. Bacon.
God in judgment just,
Subjects him from without to violent lords;
Who oft as undeservedly inthral
His outward freedom; tyranny must be. Milton.
4. Severity; rigour; inclemency.
The tyranny o' the open night's too rough
For nature to endure. Shakespeare's King Lear.

TYRA’NT. n. s. [t?a??; tyrannus, Latin. Rowland
contends that this word, with the correspondent Greek and
Latin, is derived from tir, Welch and Erse, land, and rhan­
ner, Welch, to share, q. d. tirhanner, a sharer, or divider of
and among his vassals.]
1. An absolute monarch governing imperiously.
2. A cruel despotick and severe master; an oppressor.
Love to a yielding heart is a king, but to a resisting is a
tyrant. Sidney, b. i.
I would not be the villain that thou think'st,
For the whole space that's in the tyrant's grasp,
And the rich east to boot. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Dissembling courtesy! how fine this tyrant
Can tickle where she wounds! Shakesp. Cymb.
The house of woe, and dungeon of our tyrant. Milton.
Consider those grand agents and lieutenants of the devil, by
whom he scourges and plagues the world under him, to wit,
tyrants; and was there ever any tyrant who was not also false
and perfidious! South's Sermons.
Thou meant'st to kill a tyrant, not a king. Dryden.
When tyrant custom had not shackl'd man,
But free to follow nature was the mode. Thomson.

TYRE. n. s. [Properly tire.] See TIRE.
I have seen her beset and bedecked all over with emeralds
and pearls, ranged in rows about the tyre of her head.
Hakewill on Providence.

TYRO. n. s. [Properly tiro, as in the Latin.] One yet not
master of his art; one in his rudiments.
There stands a structure on a rising hill,
Where tyro's take their freedom out to kill. Garth's Disp.




V

V Has two powers, expressed in modern English by
two characters, V consonant and U vowel, which
ought to be considered as two letters; but as
they were long confounded while the two
uses were annexed to one form, the old custom
still continues to be followed.
U, the vowel, has two sounds; one clear, expressed at other
times by eu, as obtuse; the other close, and approaching to
the Italian u, or English oo, as obtund.
V, the consonant, has a sound nearly approaching to those
of b and f. With b it is by the Spaniards and Gascons always
confounded, and in the Runick alphabet is expressed by the
same character with f, distinguished only by a diacritical
point. Its sound in English is uniform. It is never mute.
VAC

VA’CANCY. n. s. [from vacant.]
1. Empty space; vacuity.
How is't
That thus you bend your eye on vacancy,
And with th'incorporal air do hold discourse? Sh. Hamlet.
2. Chasm; space unfilled.
The reader finds a wide vacancy, and knows not how to
transport his thoughts to the next particular, for want of
some connecting idea. Watts's Logick.
3. [Vacance, Fr.] State of a post or employment when it is un­
supplied.
In the vacancy of a bishop, the guardian of the spiritualities
was summon'd to parliament in the bishop's room. Ayliffe.
4. [Vacances, Fr.] Time of leisure; relaxation; intermission;
time unengaged.
If, sometimes, each other's eyes we meet,
Those little vacancies from toil are sweet. Dryd. St. of In.
The daily intervals of time and vacancies from necessary
labour, together with the one day in seven in the christian
world, allow sufficient time. Watts.
5. Listlessness; emptiness of thought.
When alone, or in company, they sit still without doing
any thing, I like it worse; for all dispositions to idleness or
vacancy, even before they are habits, are dangerous. Wotton.

VA’CANT. adj. [vacant, Fr. vacans, Latin.]
1. Empty; unfilled; void.
Why should the air so impetuously rush into the cavity of
the receiver, if there were before no vacant room to re­
ceive it. Boyle's Works.
A better race to bring into their vacant room. Milton.
2. Free; unencumbered; uncrouded.
Religion is the interest of all; but philosophy of those
only that are at leisure, and vacant from the affairs of the
world. More's Divine Dialogues.
A very little part of our life is so vacant from uneasinesses,
as to leave us free to the attraction of remoter good. Locke.
3. Not filled by an incumbent, or possessor.
Lest the fiend invade vacant possession. Milton.
Others when they allowed the throne vacant, thought the
succession should immediately go to the next heir. Swift.
4. Being at leisure; disengaged.
They which have the government, scatter the army
abroad, and place them in villages to take their victuals of
them, at such vacant times as they lie not in camp. Spenser.
Sir John Berkley was the more vacant for that service, by
the reduction of Barnstaple. Clarendon.
The memory relieves the mind in her vacant moments,
and prevents any chasms of thought, by ideas of what is
past. Addison.
5. Thoughtless; empty of thought; not busy.
The wretched slave,
Who, with a body fill'd, and vacant mind,
Gets him to rest, cramm'd with distressful bread. Shakes.
The duke had a pleasant and vacant face, proceeding from
a singular assurance in his temper. Wotton's Buck.
Some vain amusement of a vacant soul. Irene.

To VA’CATE. v. a. [vaco, Latin.]
1. To annul; to make void; to make of no authority.
That after-act vacating the authority of the precedent, tells
the world that some remorse touched even Strafford's most
implacable enemies. K. Charles.
2. To make vacant; to quit possession of.
3. To defeat; to put an end to.
He vacates my revenge;
For while he trusts me, 'twere so base a part
To fawn, and yet betray. Dryden.

VACA’TION. n. s. [vacation, Fr. vacatio, Latin.]
1. Intermission of juridical proceedings, or any other stated
employments; recess of courts or senates.
Vacation is all that time which passes between term and
term, at London. Cowel.
As these clerks want not their full task of labour during
the open term, so there is for them whereupon to be occupied
in the vacation only. Bacon Off. of Alienat.
2. Leisure; freedom from trouble or perplexity.
Benefit of peace, quiet, and vacation for piety, have ren­
dered it necessary in every christian commonwealth, by laws
to secure propriety. Hammond's Fundamentals.

VA’CCARY. n. s. [vacca, Latin.] a cow-house; a cow-pas­
ture. Bailey.

VACI’LLANCY. n. s. [vacillans, from vacillo, Lat. vacillant, Fr.]
A state of wavering; fluctuation; inconstancy. Not much
in use.
I deny that all mutability implies imperfection, though some
does, as that vacillancy in human souls, and such mutations
as are found in corporeal matter. More's Divine Dialogues.

VACILLA’TION. n. s. [vacillatio, from vacillo, Lat. vacillation,
Fr.] The act or state of reeling or staggering.
The muscles keep the body upright, and prevent its falling,
by readily assisting against every vacillation. Derham.

VA’CUIST. n. s. [from vacuum.] A philosopher that holds a
vacuum: opposed to a plenist.
Those spaces, which the vacuists would have to be empty,
because they are manifestly devoid of air, the plenists do not
prove replenished with subtle matter. Boyle.

VACUA’TION. n. s. [vacuus, Latin.] The act of emptying. Dict.

VACU’ITY. n. s. [vacuitas, from vacuus, Lat. vacuit&aecute;, Fr.]
1. Emptiness; State of being unfilled.
Hunger is such a state of vacuity, as to require a fresh sup­
ply of aliment. Arbuthnot.
2. Space unfilled; space unoccupied.
In filling up vacuities, turning out shadows and ceremo­
nies, by explicit prescription of substantial duties, which
those shadows did obscurely represent. Hammond's Fund.
He, that seat soon failing, meets
A vast vacuity. Milton.
Body and space are quite different things, and a vacuity is
interspersed among the particles of matter. Bentley.
God, who alone can answer all our longings, and fill every
vacuity of our soul, should intirely possess our heart. Rogers.
3. Inanity; want of reality.
The soul is seen, like other things, in the mirror of its
effects: but if they'll run behind the glass to catch at it,
their expectations will meet with vacuity and emptiness. Glanv.

VA’CUOUS. adj. [vacuus, Lat. vacu&eumul;, Fr.] Empty; unfilled.
Boundless the deep, because I AM who fill
Infinitude: nor vacuous the space. Milton's Par. Lost.

VA’CUUM. n. s. [Latin.] Space unoccupied by matter.
Our enquiries about vacuum, or space and atoms, will
shew us some good practical lessons. Watts.

To VADE. v. n. [vado, Latin.] To vanish; to pass away. Spen­
ser. A word useful in poetry, but not received.
Be ever gloried here thy sovereign name,
That thou may'st smile on all which thou hast made;
Whose frown alone can shake this earthly frame,
And at whose touch the hills in smoak shall vade. Wotton.
VAG

VA’GABOND. adj. [vagabundus, low Latin. vagabond, Fr.]
1. Wandering without any settled habitation; wanting a
home.


Let them pronounce the steep Tarpeian death;
Vagabond exile: yet I wou'd not buy
Their mercy at the price of one fair word. Shakes. Cor.
A vagabond debtor may be cited in whatever place or ju­
risdiction he is found. Ayliffe's Parergon.
2. Wandering; vagrant.
This common body,
Like to a vagabond flag upon the stream,
Goes to, and back, lacquying the varying tide. Shakes.
Their prayers by envious winds
Blown vagabond or frustrate. Milton.

VA’GABOND. n. s. [from the adj.]
1. A vagrant; a wanderer, commonly, in a sense of reproach.
We call those people wanderers and vagabonds, that have
no dwelling place. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Reduced, like Hannibal, to seek relief
From court to court, and wander up and down
A vagabond in Afric. Addison's Cato.
2. One that wanders illegally, without a settled habitation.
Vagabond is a person without a home. Watts.

VAGA’RY. n. s. [from vagus, Latin.] A wild freak; a capri­
cious frolick.
They chang'd their minds,
Flew off, and into strange vagaries fell,
As they wou'd dance. Milton's Par. Lost. b. vi. l. 613.
Would your son engage in some frolic, or take a vagary,
were it not better he should do it with, than without your
knowledge? Locke on Education, § 97.

VAGINOPE’NNOUS. n. s. [vagina and penna, Latin.] Sheath­
winged; having the wings covered with hard cases.

VAGO’US. adj. [vagus, Lat. vague, Fr.] Wandering; un­
settled. Not in use.
Such as were born and begot of a single woman, thro' a
vagous lust, were called Sporii. Ayliffe.

VA’GRANCY. n. s. [from vagrant.] A state of wandering;
unsettled condition.

VA’GRANT. adj. Wandering; unsettled; vagabond; unfixed
in place.
Do not oppose popular mistakes and surmises, or vagrant
and fictitious stories. More's Divine Dialogues.
Take good heed what men will think and say;
That beauteous Emma vagrant courses took,
Her father's house, and civil life forsook. Prior.
Her lips no living bard, I weet,
May say how red, how round, how sweet;
Old Homer only could indite
Their vagrant grace, and soft delight:
They stand recorded in his book,
When Helen smil'd, and Hebe spoke. Prior.

VA’GRANT. n. s. [vagant, Fr.] A sturdy beggar; wan­
derer; vagabond; man unsettled in habitation. In an ill sense.
Vagrants and outlaws shall offend thy view,
Train'd to assault, and disciplin'd to kill. Prior.
You'll not the progress of your atoms stay,
Nor to collect the vagrants find a way. Blackmore.
To relieve the helpless poor; to make sturdy vagrants re­
lieve themselves; to hinder idle hands from being mischie­
vous, are things of evident use. F. Atterbury.
Ye vagrants of the sky,
To right or left, unheeded, take your way. Pope.

VAGUE. adj. [vague, Fr. vagus, Latin.]
1. Wandering; vagrant; vagabond.
Gray encouraged his men to set upon the vague villains,
good neither to live peaceably, nor to fight. Hayward.
2. Unfixed; unsettled; undetermined; indefinite.
The perception of being, or not being, belongs no more
to these vague ideas, signified by the terms, whatsoever and
thing, than it does to any other ideas. Locke.
VAI

VAIL. n. s. [voile, French. This word is now frequently
written veil, from velum, Latin; and the verb veil, from the
verb velo; but the old orthography commonly derived it, I
believe rightly, from the French.]
1. A curtain; a cover thrown over any thing to be concealed.
While they supposed to lie hid in their secret sins, they
were scattered under a dark vail of forgetfulness. Wisdom.
2. A part of female dress, by which the face and part of the
shape is concealed.
3. Money given to servants. It is commonly used in the plural.
See VALE.

To VAIL. v. a. To cover. See VEIL.

To VAIL. v. a. [avaller le bonet, French.]
1. To let fall; to suffer to descend.
They stifly refused to vail their bonnets, which is reckoned
intollerable contempt by seafarers. Carew.
The virgin 'gan her beavoir vale,
And thank'd him first, and thus began her tale. Fairfax.
2. To let fall in token of respect.
Certain of the Turks gallies, which would not vail their
top-sails, the Venetians fiercely assailed. Knolles's Hist.
They had not the ceremony of veiling the bonnet in salu­
tations; for, in medals, they still have it on their heads. Add.
3. To fall; to let sink in fear, or for any other interest.
That furious Scot,
'Gan vail his stomach, and did grace the shame
Of those that turn'd their backs. Shakespeare.

To VAIL. v. n. To yield; to give place; to shew respect by
yielding. In this sense, the modern writers have ignorantly
written veil.
Thy convenience must veil to thy neighbour's necessity;
and thy very necessities must yield to thy neighbour's ex­
tremity. South.

VAIN. adj. [vain, Fr. vanus, Latin.]
1. Fruitless; ineffectual.
Let no man speak again
To alter this; for counsel is but vain. Shakespeare.
Vain is the force of man,
To crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden.
2. Empty; unreal; shadowy.
Before the passage horrid Hydra stands,
Gorgons, Geryon with his triple frame,
And vain chimera, vomits empty flame. Dryden's æn.
Unmov'd his eyes, and wet his beard appears;
And shedding vain, but seeming real tears. Dryden.
3. Meanly proud; proud of petty things.
No folly like vain glory; nor any thing more ridiculous
than for a vain man to be still boasting of himself. L'Estran.
He wav'd a torch aloft, and, madly vain,
Sought godlike worship from a servile train. Dryden.
The minstrels play'd on ev'ry side,
Vain of their art, and for the mastery vy'd. Dryden.
To be vain is rather a mark of humility than pride.
Vain men delight in telling what honours have been done
them, what great company they have kept, and the like;
by which they plainly confess, that these honours were more
than their due, and such as their friends would not believe,
if they had not been told: whereas a man truly proud, thinks
the honours below his merit, and scorns to boast. Swift.
Ah friend! to dazzle let the vain design;
To raise the thought, and touch the heart, be thine. Pope.
View this marble, and be vain no more. Pope.
4. Shewy; oftentatious.
Load some vain church with old theatrick state. Pope.
5. Idle; worthless; unimportant.
Both all things vain, and all who in vain things
Built their fond hopes of glory, or lasting fame,
Or happiness. Milton's Paradise Lost.
He heard a grave philosopher maintain,
That all the actions of our life were vain,
Which with our sense of pleasure not conspir'd. Denham.
To your vain answer will you have recourse,
And tell 'tis ingenite active force. Blackmore.
6. False; not true.
7. In VAIN. To no purpose; to no end; ineffectually; with­
out effect.
He tempts in vain. Milton.
Providence and nature never did any thing in vain. L'Estr.
Strong Halys stands in vain; weak Phlegys flies. Dryd.
The philosophers of old did in vain enquire whether sum­
mum bonum consisted in riches, bodily delights, virtue, or
contemplation. Locke.
If we hope for what we are not likely to possess, we act
and think in vain, and make life a greater dream and shadow
than it really is. Addison's Spectator.
If from this discourse one honest man shall receive satis­
faction, I shall think that I have not written nor lived in
vain. West on the Resurrection.

VAINGLO’RIOUS. adj. [vanus and gloriosus, Latin.] Boasting
without performances; proud in disproportion to desert.
Vain-glorious man, when flutt'ring wind does blow,
In his light wings is lifted up to sky. Fairy Queen.
Strength to glory aspires
Vain-glorious, and through infamy seeks fame. Milton.
This his arrogant and vain-glorious expression witnesseth. Hale.

VAINGLO’RY. n. s. [vana gloria, Latin.] Pride above merit;
empty pride; pride in little things.
He had nothing of vain-glory, but yet kept state and ma­
jesty to the height; being sensible, that majesty maketh the
people bow, but vain-glory boweth to them. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Expose every blast of vain-glory, every idle thought, to be
chastened by the rod of spiritual discipline. Taylor.
This extraordinary person, out of his natural aversion to
vain-glory, wrote several pieces, which he did not assume the
honour of. Addison.
A monarch's sword, when mad vain-glory draws;
Not Waller's wreath can hide the nation's scar. Pope.

VAI’NLY. adv. [from vain.]
1. Without effect; to no purpose; in vain.
Our cannons malice vainly shall be spent
Against th' invulnerable clouds of heav'n. Shakesp.
In weak complaints you vainly waste your breath;
They are not tears that can revenge his death. Dryden.
2. Proudly; arrogantly.
My forepast proofs, howe'er the matter fall,


Shall tax my fears of little vanity,
Having vainly fear'd too little. Shakespeare.
Humility teaches us to think neither vainly nor vauntingly
of ourselves. Delany.
3. Idly; foolishly.
Nor vainly hope to be invulnerable. Milton.
If Lentulus be ambitious, he shall be vainly credulous;
presuming his advancement to be decreed by the Sybilline
oracles. Grew's Cosmol.

VA’INNESS. n. s. [from vain.] The state of being vain. Pride;
falshood; emptiness.
I hate ingratitude more in a man,
Than lying, vainness, babbling. Shakespeare.

VA’IVODE. n. s. [waiwod, a governor, Sclavonian.] A prince
of the Dacian provinces.
VAL

VA’LANCE. n. s. [from Valencia, whence the use of them
came. Skinner.] The fringes or drapery hanging round the
tester and stead of a bed.
My house
Is richly furnished with plate and gold;
Valance of Venice, gold in needlework. Shakespeare.
Thrust the valance of the bed, that it may be full in
sight. Swift.

To VALA’NCE. v. a. [from the noun.] To decorate with dra­
pery. Not in use.
Old friend, thy face is valanc'd since
I saw thee last; com'st thou to beard me. Shakes.

VALE. n. s. [val, Fr. vallis, Latin.]
1. A low ground; a valley; a place between two hills. Vale
is a poetical word.
In Ida vale: who knows not Ida vale?
An hundred shepherds woned. Spenser.
Met in the vale of Arde. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Anchises, in a flow'ry vale,
Review'd his muster'd race, and took the tale. Dryden.
2. [From avail, profit; or vale, farewell. If from avail, it must
be written vail, as Dryden writes. If from vale, which I
think is right, it must be vale.] Money given to servants.
Since our knights and senators account
To what their sordid, begging vails amount;
Judge what a wretched share the poor attends,
Whose whole subsistence on those alms depends. Dryden.
His revenue, besides vales, amounted to thirty pounds. Swift.

VALEDI’CTION. n. s. [valedico, Lat.] A farewel. Ainsw.
A valediction forbidding to weep. Donne.

VALEDI’CTORY. adj. [from valedico, Lat.] Bidding farewel.

VA’LENTINE. n. s. A sweetheart, chosen on Valentine's day.
Now all nature seem'd in love,
And birds had drawn their valentines. Wotton.

VALE’RIAN. n. s. [valeriana, Lat. valerian, Fr.] A plant.
The leaves grow by pairs opposite upon the stalks; the
flower consists of one leaf, divided into five segments; these
are succeeded by oblong flat seeds. Miller.

VA’LET. n. s. [valet, French.] A waiting servant.
Giving cast-clothes to be worn by valets, has a very
ill effect upon little minds. Addison.

VALETUDINA’RIAN. adj. [valetudinaire, Fr. valetudo, Lat.]
Weakly; sickly; infirm of health.
VALETU’DINARY. adj. [valetudinaire, Fr. valetudo, Lat.]
Weakly; sickly; infirm of health.
Physic, by purging noxious humours, prevents sickness in
the healthy, or recourse thereof in the valetudinary. Browne.
Shifting from the warmer vallies, to the colder hills, or
from the hills to the vales, is a great benefit to the valetudi­
narian, feeble part of mankind. Derham.
Cold of winter, by stopping the pores of perspiration,
keeps the warmth more within; whereby there is a greater
quantity of spirits generated in healthful animals, for the case
is quite otherwise in valetudinary ones. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
Valetudinarians must live where they can command and
scold. Swift.

VA’LIANCE. n. s. [from valiant; vaillance, Fr.] Valour; per­
sonal puissance; fierceness; bravery.
With stiff force he shook his mortal lance,
To let him weet his doughty valiance. Spenser.

VA’LIANT. adj. [vaillant, French.] Stout; personally puis­
sant; brave.
Only be thou valiant for me, and fight the Lord's bat­
tles. 1 Sam. xviii. 17.
A son of Jesse, a mighty valiant man. 1 Sam. xvi. 18.

VA’LIANTLY. adv. [from valiant.] Stoutly; with personal
strength; with personal bravery.
Farewel, kind lord; fight valiantly to-day:
Thou art fram'd of the firm truth of valour. Shakes.
It was the duty of a good soldier valiantly to withstand his
enemies, and not to be troubled with any evil hap. Knolles.

VA’LIANTNESS. n. s. [from valiant.] Valour; personal bra­
very; puissance; fierceness; stoutness.
Thy valientness was mine; thou suck'dst it from me. Sh.
Achimetes having won the top of the walls, by the valiant­
ness of the desendants was forced to retire. Knolles.
Shew not thy valiantness in wine. Ecclus, xxxi. 25.

VA’LID. adj. [valide, Fr. validus, Latin.]
1. Strong; powerful; efficacious; prevalent.
Perhaps more valid arms,
Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us, and worse our foes. Milton.
2. Having force; prevalent; weighty; conclusive.
A difference in their sentiments as to particular questions,
is no valid argument against the general truth believed by
them, but rather a clearer and more solid proof of it. Stephens.

VALI’DITY. n. s. [validit&aecute;. Fr. from valid.]
1. Force to convince; certainty.
You are persuaded of the validity of that famous verse,
'Tis expectation makes a blessing dear. Pope.
2. Value. A sense not used.
To thee and thine,
Remain this ample third of our fair kingdom;
No less in space, validity, and pleasure,
Than that conferr'd on Gonerill. Shakespeare.

VA’LLANCY. n. s. [from valance.] A large wig that shades the
face.
But you, loud Sirs, who through your curls look big,
Criticks in plume and white vallancy wig. Dryden.

VA’LLEY. n. s. [vall&aecute;e, Fr. vailis, Latin.] A low ground; a
hollow between hills.
Live with me, and be my love,
And we will all the pleasure prove,
That hills and vallies yield. Raleigh.
Vallies are the intervals betwixt mountains. Woodward.
Sweet interchange of hill and valley. Milton.

VA’LOROUS. adj. [from valour.] Brave; stout; valiant.
The famous warriors of the antique world
Us'd trophies to erect in stately wise,
In which they would the records have enroll'd,
Of their great deeds and valorous emprise. Spenser.
Captain Jamy is a marvellous valorous gentleman. Shakes.

VA’LOUR. n. s. [valour, Fr. valor, Latin. Ains.] Personal
bravery; strength; prowess; puissance; stoutness.
That I may pour the spirits in thine ear,
And chastise, with the valour of my tongue,
All that impedes thee. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Here I contest
As hotly and as nobly with thy love,
As ever in ambitious strength I did
Contend against thy valour. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
When valour preys on reason,
It eats the sword it fights with. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleo.
An innate valour appeared in him, when he put himself
upon the soldiers defence, as he received the mortal stab. Howel.
For contemplation he, and valour form'd;
For softness she, and sweet attractive grace. Milton.
Such were these giants; men of high renown!
For, in those days, might only shall be admir'd,
And valour, and heroic virtue, call'd. Milton.
Valour gives awe, and promises protection to those who
want heart or strength to desend themselves. This makes
the authority of men among women; and that of a master­
buck in a numerous herd. Temple's Miscel.

VA’LUABLE. adj. [valable, Fr. from value.]
1. Precious; being of great price.
2. Worthy; deserving regard.
A just account of that valuable person, whose remains lie
before us. F. Atterbury's Serm.
The value of several circumstances in story, lessens very
much by distance of time; though some minute circumstances
are very valuable. Swift's Thoughts.

VALUA’TION. n. s. [from value.]
1. Value set upon any thing.
No reason I, since of your lives you set
So slight a valuation, should reserve
My crack'd one to more care. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Take out of men's minds false valuations, and it would
leave the minds of a number of men, poor shrunken
things. Bacon.
The writers expressed not the valuation of the denarius,
without regard to its present valuation. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. The act of setting a value; appraisement.
Humility in man consists not in denying any gift that is in
him, but in a just valuation of it, rather thinking too
meanly than too highly. Ray on the Creation.

VALUA’TOR. n. s. [from value.] An appraiser; one who sets
upon any thing its price.
What valuators will the bishops make use of? Swift.

VA’LUE. n. s. [value, Fr. valor, Lat.]
1. Price; worth.
Ye are physicians of no value. Job xiii.
2. High rate.
Cæsar is well acquainted with your virtues,
And therefore sets this value on your life:
Let him but know the price of Cato's friendship,
And name your terms. Addison's Cato.
3. Rate; price equal to the worth of the thing bought.
He sent him money; it was with this obliging testimony,
that his design was not to pay him the value of his pictures,
because they were above any price. Dryden.



To VA’LUE. v. a. [valoir, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To rate at a certain price.
When the country grows better inhabited, the tithes and other
obventions will be more augmented, and better valued. Spenser.
A mind valuing his reputation at the due price, will repute
all dishonest gain much inferior thereunto. Carew's Survey.
God alone values right the good. Milton.
2. To rate highly; to have in high esteem.
Some of the finest treatises in dialogue, many very valued
pieces of French, Italian, and English appear. Addison.
He values himself upon the compassion with which he re­
lieved the afflicted. Atterbury's Sermons.
To him your orchard's early fruits are due,
A pleasing off'ring, when 'tis made by you;
He values these. Pope.
3. To appraise; to estimate.
If he be poorer than estimation, the priest shall value
him. Lev. xxvii. 8.
4. To be worth; to be equal in worth to.
The peace between the French and us not values
The cost that did conclude it. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
5. To take account of.
If a man be in sickness, the time will seem longer without
a clock than with; for the mind doth value every mo­
ment. Bacon.
6. To reckon at, with respect to number or power.
The queen is valued thirty thousand strong:
Her faction will be full as strong as ours. Shakespeare.
7. To consider with respect to importance; to hold important.
The king must take it ill,
So slightly valued in his messenger. Shakespear's K. Lear.
Neither of them valued their promises, according to rules
of honour or integrity. Clarendon, b. viii.
8. To equal in value; to countervail.
It cannot be valued with the gold of ophir. Job. xxviii. 16.
9. To raise to estimation.
She ordered all things, resisting the wisdom of the wisest,
by making the possessor thereof miserable; valuing the folly
of the most foolish, by making the success prosperous. Sidney.
Some value themselves to their country by jealousies of the
crown. Temple.
Vanity, or a desire of valuing ourselves by shewing others
faults. Temple.

VA’LUELESS. adj. [from value.] Being of no value.
A counterfeit
Resembling majesty; which, touch'd and tried,
Proves valueless. Shakespeare's K. John.

VA’LUER. n. s. [from value.] He that values.

VALVE. n. s. [valva, Latin.]
1. A folding door.
Swift through the valves the visionary fair
Repass'd. Pope's Odyss. b. iv.
2. Any thing that opens over the mouth of a vessel.
This air, by the opening of the valve, and forcing up of
the sucker, may be driven out. Boyle's Works.
3. [In anatomy.] A kind of membrane, which opens in cer­
tain vessels to admit the blood, and shuts to prevent its
regress.
The arteries, with a contractile force, drive the blood still
forward; it being hindered from going backward by the
valves of the heart. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

VA’LVULE. n. s. [valvule, Fr.] A small valve.

VAMP. n. s. The upper leather of a shoe. Ainsworth.

To VAMP. v. a. [This is supposed probably enough by Skinner
to be derived from avant, Fr. before; and to mean laying
on a new outside.] To piece an old thing with some new
part.
You wish
To vamp a body with a dangerous physick,
That's sure of death without. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
This opinion hath been vamped up by Cardan. Bentley.
I had never much hopes of your vampt play. Swift.

VA’MPER. n. s. [from vamp.] One who pieces out an old
thing with something new.
VAN

VAN. n. s. [from avant, French.]
1. The front of an army; the first line.
Before each van prick forth the airy knights. Milton.
The foe he had survey'd,
Arrang'd, as to him they did appear,
With van, main battle, wings and rear. Hudibras.
Van to van the foremost squadrons meet,
The midmost battles hast'ning up behind. Dryden.
2. [van. Fr. vannus, Latin.] Any thing spread wide by which
a wind is raised; a fan.
The other token of their ignorance of the sea was an oar,
they call it a corn-van. Notes on Odyss.
3. A wing with which the air is beaten.
His sail-broad vans
He spreads for flight, and in the surging smoke
Up-lifted, spurns the ground. Milton's Par. Lost.
A fiery globe
Of angels on full sail of wing drew nigh,
Who on their plumy vans receiv'd him soft
From his uneasy station, and upbore,
As on a floating couch, through the blithe air. Milton.
His disabled wing unstrung:
He wheel'd in air, and stretch'd his vans in vain;
His vans no longer could his flight sustain. Dryden.
The vanes are broad on one side, and narower on the other;
both which minister to the progressive motion of the bird. Derh.

VA’NCOURIER. n. s. [avantcourier. French.] A harbinger; a
precussor.

VANE. n. s. [vaene, Dutch.] A plate hung on a pin to turn
with the wind.
A man she wou'd spell backward;
If tall, a lance ill-headed;
If speaking, why a vane blown with all winds. Shakesp.

VA’NGUARD. n. s. [avant garde, French.] The front, or first
line of the army.
The king's vant-guard maintained fight against the whole
power of the enemies. Bacon.
Vanguard to right and left the front unfold. Milton.

VANI’LLA. n. s. [vanille, French.] A plant. It hath an ano­
malous flower, consisting of six leaves, five of which are
placed in a circular order, and the middle one is concave:
the empalement becomes an horned, soft, fleshy fruit, filled
with very small seeds. The fruit of those plants is used to
scent chocolate. Miller.
When mixed with vanillios, or spices, it acquires the good
and bad qualities of aromatic oils. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

To VA’NISH. v. n. [vanesco, Latin. evanouir, Fr.]
1. To lose perceptible existence.
High honour is not only gotten and born by pain and dan­
ger, but must be nursed by the like, or else vanisheth as soon
as it appears to the world. Sidney.
Whither are they vanish'd?
—Into the air; and what seem'd corporal
Melted as breath into the wind. Shakespeare.
While fancy brings the vanish'd piles to view,
And builds imaginary Rome anew. Pope.
2. To pass away from the sight; to disappear
Now I have taken heart, thou vanishest. Shakesp.
He cut the cleaving sky,
And in a moment vanish'd from her eye. Pope's Odyss.
3. To pass away; to be lost.
All these delights will vanish. Milton.
That spirit of religion and seriousness, by which we had
distinguished ourselves, vanished all at once, and a spirit of
infidelity and prophaneness started up. Atterbury.

VA’NITY. n. s. [vanitas, Lat. vanit&aecute;, Fr.]
1. Emptiness; uncertainty; inanity.
2. Fruitless desire; fruitless endeavour.
Vanity possesseth many, who are desirous to know the cer­
tainty of things to come. Sidney.
Thy pride,
And wand'ring vanity, when least was safe,
Rejected my forewarning. Milton.
3. Trifling labour.
To use long discourse against those things which are both
against scripture and reason, might rightly be judged a
vanity in the answerer, not much inferior to that of the
inventor. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
4. Falshood; untruth.
Here I may well shew the vanity of that which is reported
In the story of Walsingham. Sir J. Davies.
5. Empty pleasure; vain pursuit; idle shew; unsubstantial en­
joyment; petty object of pride.
Were it not strange if God should have made such store
of glorious creatures on earth, and leave them all to be con­
sumed in secular vanity, allowing none but the baser sort to
be employed in his own service. Hooker.
I must
Bestow upon the eyes of this young couple
Some vanity of mine art. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Cast not her serious wit on idle things;
Maks her free will slave to vanity. Davies.
Sin, with vanity, had fill'd the works of men. Milton.
The eldest equal the youngest in the vanity of their dress;
and no other reason can be given of it, but that they equal,
if not surpass them, in the vanity of their desires. South.
Think not when woman's transient breath is fled,
That all her vanities at once are dead;
Succeeding vanities she still regards,
And though she plays no more, o'erlooks the cards. Pope.
6. Ostentation; arrogance.
The ground-work thereof is true, however they, through
vanity, whilst they would not seem to be ignorant, do there­
upon build many forged histories of their own antiquity. Spenser.
Whether it were out of the same vanity, which possessed
all those learned philosophers and poets, that Plato also pub­
lished, not under the right authors names, those things which
he had read in the scriptures; or fearing the severity of the
Areopagite, and the example of his master Socrates, I can­
not judge. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.


7. Petty pride; pride exerted upon slight grounds; pride ope­
rating on small occasions
Can you add guilt to vanity, and take
A pride to hear the conquests which you make. Dryden.
'Tis an old maxim in the schools,
That vanity's the food of fools;
Yet now and then your men of wit
Will condescend to take a bit. Swift's Miscel.

To VAN. v. a. [from vannus, Lat. vanner, Fr.] To fan;
to winnow Not in use.
The corn, which in vanning lieth lowest is the best. Bacon.

To VA’NQUISH. v. a. [vaincre, French.]
1. To conquer; to overcome; to subdue.
Wert't not a shame, that, whilst you live at jar,
The fearful French, whom you late vanquished,
Should make a start o'er seas, and vanquish you? Shakes.
They subdued and vanquished the rebels in all encoun­
ters. Clarendon, b. viii.
The gods the victor, Cato the vanquish'd chose:
But you have done what Cato could not do,
To chuse the vanquish'd, and restore him too. Dryden.
2. To confute.
This bold assertion has been fully vanquished in a late reply
to the bishop of Meaux's treatise. F. Atterbury.

VA’NQUISHER. n. s. [from vanquish.] Conqueror; subduer.
He would pawn his fortunes
To hopeless restitution, so he might
Be call'd your vanquisher. Shakespeare.
I shall rise victorious, and subdue
My vanquisher; spoil'd of his vaunted spoil. Milton.
Troy's vanquisher, and great Achilles son. A. Philips.

VA’NTAGE. n. s. [from advantage.]
1. Gain; profit.
What great vantage do we get by the trade of a pastor? Sydn.
2. Superiority; state in which one had better means of action
than another.
With the vantage of mine own excuse,
Hath he excepted most against my love. Shakespeare.
He had them at vantage, being tired and harrassed with a
long march. Bacon.
The pardoned person must not think to stand upon the
same vantage of ground with the innocent. South.
3. Opportunity; convenience.
Be assur'd, Madam, 'twill be done
With his next vantage. Shakespeare's Cynebeline.

To VA’NTAGE. v. a. [from advantage.] To profit.
We yet of present peril be afraid;
For needless fear did never vantage none. Fairy Queen.

VA’NTBRASS. n. s. [avant bras, Fr.] Armour for the arm.
I'll hide my silver beard in a gold beaver,
And in my vantbrace put this wither'd brawn. Shakes.
Put on vantbrass, and greves, and gauntlet. Milton.
VAP

VA’PID. adj. [vapidus, Latin.] Dead; having the spirit eva­
porated; spiritless; maukish; flat.
Thy wines let feed a-while
On the fat refuse; lest too soon disjoin'd,
From spritely it to sharp or vapid change. Philips.
The effects of a vapid and viscous constitution of blood,
are stagnation, acrimony, and putrefaction. Arbuthnot.

VA’PIDNESS. n. s. [from vapid.] The state of being spiritless
or maukish; maukishness.

VAPORA’TION. n. s. [vaporation, Fr. vaporation, Lat. from va­
pour.] The act of escaping in vapours.

VA’PORER. n. s. [from vapour.] A boaster; a braggart.
This shews these vaporers, to what scorn they expose them­
selves. Government of the Tongue.

VA’PORISH. adj. [from vapour.] Vaporous; Splenetick; hu­
moursome.
Pallas grew vap'rish once and odd,
She would not do the least right thing. Swift.

VA’POROUS. adj. [vaporeux, Fr. from vapour.]
1. Full of vapours or exhalations; fumy.
The vaporous night approaches. Shakespeare.
It proceeded from the nature of the vapourish place. Sandys.
This shifting our abode from the warmer and more va­
porous air of the vallies, to the colder and more subtile air of
the hills, is a great benefit to the valetudinarian part. Derham.
2. Windy; flatulent.
If the mother eat much beans, or such vaporous food,
it endangereth the child to become lunatick. Bacon.
Some more subtile corporeal element, may so equally bear
against the parts of a little vaporous moisture, as to form it
into round drops. More's Antidote against Atheism.
The food which is most vaporous and perspirable, is the
most easily digested. Arbuthnot.
A little tube, jetting out from the extremity of an artery,
may carry off these vaporous steams of the blood. Cheyne.

VA’POUR. n. s. [vapeur, Fr. vapor, Latin.]
1. Any thing exhalable; any thing that mingles with the air.
Vapour, and mist, and exhalation hot. Milton.
When first the sun too pow'rful beams displays,
It draws up vapours which obscure its rays:
But ev'n those clouds at last adorn its way,
Reflect new glories, and augment the day. Pope.
2. Wind; flatulence.
In the Thessalian witches, and the meetings of witches
that have been recorded, great wonders they tell, of carry­
ing in the air, transforming themselves into other bodies.
These fables are the effects of imagination: for ointments,
if laid on any thing thick, by stopping of the pores, shut in
the vapours, and send them to the head extremely. Bacon.
3. Fume; steam.
The morning is the best, because the imagination is not
clouded by the vapours of meat. Dryden.
In distilling hot spirits, if the head of the still be taken off,
the vapour which ascends out of the still will take fire at the
flame of a candle, and the flame will run along the vapour
from the candle to the still. Newton's Optics.
For the imposthume, the vapour of vinegar, and any thing
which creates a cough, are proper. Arbuthnot on Dict.
4. Mental fume; vain imagination; fancy unreal.
If his sorrow bring forth amendment, he hath the grace of
hope, though it be clouded over with a melancholy vapour,
that it be not discernible even to himself. Hammond.
5. [In the plural.] Diseases caused by flatulence, or by diseased
nerves; hypochondriacal maladies; melancholy; spleen.
To this we must ascribe the spleen, so frequent in studious
men, as well as the vapours to which the other sex are so
often subject. Addison's Spectator, No. 115.

To VA’POUR v. n. [vaporo, Latin.]
1. To pass in a vapour, or fume; to emit fumes; to fly off in
evaporations.
When thou from this world wilt go,
The whole world vapours in thy breath. Donne.
Swift running waters vapour not so much as standing
waters. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 767.
2. To bully; to brag;
Not true, quoth he? Howe'er you vapour,
I can what I affirm make appear. Hudibras.
These are all the mighty powers
You vainly boast, to cry down ours;
And what in real value's wanting,
Supply with vapouring and ranting. Hudibras.
That I might not be vapour'd down by insignificant testi­
monies, I used the name of your society to annihilate all
such arguments. Glanville's Pref. to Scep.
Be you to us but kind;
Let Dutchmen vapour, Spaniards curse,
No sorrow we shall find. E. Dorset's Song.

To VA’POUR. v. a. To effuse, or scatter in fumes or va­
pour.
Break off this last lamenting kiss,
Which sucks two souls, and vapours both away. Donne.
He'd laugh to see one throw his heart away,
Another sighing vapour forth his soul,
A third to melt himself in tears. B. Johnson.
Opium loseth some of his poisonous quality, if vapoured
out, and mingled with spirit of wine. Bacon.
It must be holpen by somewhat which may fix the silver,
never to be restored, or vapoured away, when incorporated
into such a mass of gold. Bacon.
VAR

VA’RIABLE. adj. [variable, Fr. variabilis, Latin.] Change­
able; mutable; inconstant.
O swear not by th' inconstant moon,
That monthly changes in her circled orb;
Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. Shakespeare.
Haply countries different,
With variable objects, shall expel
This something settled matter in his heart. Shakesp.
By the lively image of other creatures, did those ancients
represent the variable passions of mortals; as by serpents were
signified deceivers. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
His heart I know how variable, and vain,
Self-left. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi. l. 92.

VA’RIABLENESS. n. s. [from variable.]
1. Changeableness; mutability.
You are not solicitous about the variableness of the wea­
ther, or the change of seasons. Addison.
2. Levity; inconstancy.
Censurers subject themselves to the charge of variableness
in judgment. Clarissa.

VA’RIABLY. adv. [from variable.] Changeably; mutably; in­
constantly; uncertainly.

VA’RIANCE. n. s. [from vary.] Discord; disagreement; dis­
sention.
I am come to set a man at variance against his father. Matth.
A cause of law, by violent course,
Was, from a variance, now a war become. Daniel's C. War.
Not so as to set any one doctrine of the gospel at variance
with others, which are all admirably consistent. Sprat.
She runs, but hopes she does not run unseen:
While a kind glance at her pursuer flies,
How much at variance are her feet and eyes? Pope.


If the learned would not sometimes submit to the ignorant;
the old to the weaknesses of the young; there would be no­
thing but everlasting variance in the world. Swift.
Many bleed,
By shameful variance betwixt man and man. Thomson.

VARIA’TION. n. s. [variatio, Lat. variation, French.]
1. Change; mutation; difference from itself.
After much variation of opinions, the prisoner was acquitted
of treason, but by most voices found guilty of felony. Hayw.
The operation of agents will easily admit of intention and
remission, but the essences of things are conceived not capable
of any such variation. Locke.
The fame of our writers is confined to these two islands,
and it is hard it should be limited in time as much as place,
by the perpetual variations of our speech. Swift.
There is but one common matter, which is diversified by
accidents; and the same numerical quantity, by variations of
texture, may constitute successively all kinds of body. Bent.
2. Difference; change from one to another.
In some other places are more females born than males;
which, upon this variation of proportion, I recommend to
the curious. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
Each sea had its peculiar shells, and the same variation of
soils; this tract affording such a terrestrial matter as is pro­
per for the formation of one sort of shell-fish; that of
another. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3. Successive change.
Sir Walter Blunt,
Stain'd with the variation of each soil
Betwixt that Holmedon and this seat of ours. Shakesp.
4. [In grammar.] Change of termination of nouns.
The rules of grammar, and useful examples of the va­
riation of words, and the peculiar form of speech, are often
appointed to be repeated. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.
5. Change in natural phenomenons.
The duke run a long course of calm prosperity, without
any visible eclipse or wane in himself, amidst divers variations
in others. Wotton's Life of Buckingham.
6. Deviation.
If we admit a variation from the state of his creation, that
variation must be necessarily after an eternal duration, and
therefore within the compass of time. Hale.
I may seem sometimes to have varied from his sense; but
the greatest variations may be fairly deduced from him. Dryd.
7. Variation of the compass; deviation of the magnetick needle
from an exact parallel with the meridian.

VA’RICOUS. adj. [varicosus, Latin.] Diseased with dilation.
There are instances of one vein only being varicous, which
may be destroyed by tying it above and below the dila­
tation. Sharpe.

To VA’RIEGATE. v. a. [variegatus, school Latin.] To di­
versify; to stain with different colours.
The shells are filled with a white spar, which variegates
and adds to the beauty of the stone. Woodward on Fossils.
They had fountains of variegated marble in their rooms. Arb.
Ladies like variegated tulips show;
'Tis to the changes half the charms we owe:
Such happy spots the nice admirers take,
Fine by defect, and delicately weak. Pope's Epist.

VARIEGA’TION. n. s. [from variegate.] Diversity of colours.
Plant your choice tulips in natural earth, somewhat im­
poverished with very fine sand; else they will soon lose their
variegations. Evelyn's Kalend.

VARI’ETY. n. s. [variet&aecute;, Fr. varietas, Latin.]
1. Change; succession of one thing to another; intermixture
of one thing with another.
All sorts are here that all th' earth yields;
Variety without end. Milton's Par. Lost.
Variety is nothing else but a continued novelty. South.
If the sun's light consisted of but one sort of rays, there
would be but one colour in the whole world, nor would it be
possible to produce any new colour by reflections or refrac­
tions; and by consequence that the variety of colours depends
upon the composition of light. Newton's Opticks.
2. One thing of many by which variety is made. In this sense
it has a plural.
The inclosed warmth, which the earth hath in itself, stirred
up by the heat of the sun, assisteth nature in the speedier
procreation of those varieties, which the earth bringeth
forth. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
3. Difference; dissimilitude.
There is a variety in the tempers of good men, with rela­
tion to the different impressions they receive from different
objects of charity. F. Atterbury.
4. Variation; deviation; change from a former state.
It were a great vanity to reject those reasons drawn from
the nature of things, or to go about to answer those reasons
by suppositions of a variety in things, from what they now
appear. Hale's Origin. of Mankind.

VA’RIOUS. adj. [varius, Latin.]
1. Different; several; manifold.
Then were they known to men by various names,
And various idols, through the heathen world. Milton.
2. Changeable; uncertain; unfixed; unlike itself.
The names of mixed modes want standards in nature,
whereby to adjust their signification; therefore they are very
various and doubtful. Locke.
2. Unlike each other.
He in derision sets
Upon their tongues a various spirit,
To rase quite out their native language. Milton.
Vast crowds of vanquish'd nations march along,
Various in arms, in habit, and in tongue. Dryden.
Various of temper, as of face or frame,
Each individual: his great end the same. Pope.
So many and so various laws are given. Milton.
4. Variegated; diversified.
Herbs sudden flower'd,
Opening their various colours. Milton.

V’ARIOUSLY. adv. [from various.] In a various manner.
Having been variously tossed by fortune, directed his course
to a safe harbour. Bacon.
Various objects from the sense,
Variously representing. Milton.
Those various squadrons, variously design'd,
Each vessel freighted with a several load;
Each squadron waiting for a several wind;
All find but one, to burn them in the road. Dryden.
Different aliments, while they repair the fluids and solids, act
variously upon them according to their different natures. Arbuth.

VARIX. [Lat. varice. Fr.] A dilatation of the vein.
In ulcers of the legs, accompanied with varices or dila­
tations of the veins, the varix can only be assisted by the
bandage. Sharpe.

VA’RLET. n. s. [varlet, old French, now valet.]
1. Anciently a servant or footman.
Such lords ill example do give,
Where varlets and drabs so may live. Tusser's Husbandry.
They spy'd
A varlet running towards them hastily. Spenser.
2. A scoundrel; a rascal. This word has deviated from its
original meaning, as fur in Latin.
I am the veriest varlet that ever chew'd. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Where didst thou leave these varlets? Shakespeare.
Thou, varlet, dost thy master's gains devour;
Thou milk'st his ewes, and often twice an hour. Dryden.
When the Roman legions were in a disposition to mutiny,
an impudent varlet, who was a private centinel, resolved to
try the power of his eloquence. Addson.

VA’RLETRY. n. s. [from varlet.] Rabble; croud; populace.
Shall they hoist me up,
And shew me to the shouting varletry
Of cens'ring Rome? Shakesp. Ant. and Cleo.

VA’RNISH. n. s. [vernis, Fr. vernix, Latin.]
1. A matter laid upon wood, metal, or other bodies, to make
them shine.
We'll put on those shall praise your excellence,
And set a double varnish on the fame. Shakesp.
The fame of Cicero had not borne her age so well,
if it had not been joined with some vanity? Like unto var­
nish, that makes cielings not only shine, but last. Bacon.
This the blue varnish that the green endears,
The sacred rust of twice ten hundred years. Pope.
2. Cover; palliation.

To VARNISH. v. a. [vernisser, vernir, Fr. from the noun.]
1. To cover with something shining.
O vanity!
To set a pearl in steel so meanly varnished. Sidney.
Clamber not you up to the casements,
Nor thrust your head into the publick street,
To gaze on christian fools with varnish'd faces. Shakes.
2. To cover; to conceal with something ornamental.
Specious deeds on earth, which glory excites;
Or close ambition varnish'd o'er with zeal. Milton.
His manly heart was still above
Dissembled hate, or varnish'd love. Dryd.
Men espouse the well-endow'd opinions in fashion, and
then seek arguments to make good their beauty, or varnish
over and cover their deformity. Locke's Works.
3. To palliate; to hide with colour of rhetorick.
To varnish all their errors, and secure
The ills they act, and all the world endure. Denham.
Cato's voice was ne'er employ'd
To clear the guilty, and to varnish crimes. Addison.
Speak the plain truth, and varnish not your crimes! Philips.

VA’RNISHER. n. s. [from varnish.]
1. One whose trade is to varnish.
An oil obtained of common oil, may probably be of good
use to surgeons and varnishers. Boyle's Works.
2. A disguiser; an adorner.
Modest dulness lurks in thought's disguise;
Thou varnisher of fools, and cheat of all the wise. Pope.



VA’RVELS. n. s. [vervelles, Fr.] Silver rings about the leg of
a hawk, on which the owner's name is engraved. Dict.

To VARY. v. a. [vario, Lat. varier, French.]
1. To change; to make unlike itself.
Let your ceaseless change
Vary to our great creator still new praise. Milton.
2. To change to something else.
Gods that never change their state,
Vary oft their love and hate. Waller.
We are to vary the customs, according to the time and
country where the scene of action lies. Dryden.
The master's hand, which to the life can trace
The airs, the lines, and features of the face;
May, with a free and bolder stroke, express
A vary'd posture, or a flatt'ring dress. Sir J. Denham.
He varies ev'ry shape with ease,
And tries all forms that may Pomona please. Pope.
3. To make of different kinds.
God hath divided the genius of men according to the dif­
ferent affairs of the World; and varied their inclinations,
according to the variety of actions to be performed. Browne.
4. To diversify; to variegate.
God hath here
Vary'd his bounty so with new delights. Milton.

To VA’RY. v. n.
1. To be changeable; to appear in different forms.
Darkling stands
The varying shore o'th' world. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleo.
So varied he, and of his tortuous train
Curl'd many a wanton wreath. Milton.
2. To be unlike each other.
Those who made laws, had their minds polished above
the vulgar: and yet unaccountably the public constitutions of
nations vary. Collier on Pride.
3. To alter; to become unlike itself.
He had a strange interchanging of large and inexpected
pardons, with several executions; which could not be im­
puted to any inconstancy, but to a principle he had set unto
himself, that he would vary and try both ways in turn. Bac.
That each from other differs, first confess;
Next, that he varies from himself no less. Pope's Epist.
4. To deviate; to depart.
The crime consists in violating the law, and varying from
the right rule of reason. Locke.
5. To succeed each other.
While fear and anger, with alternate grace,
Pant in her breast, and vary in her face. Addison's Cato.
6. To disagree; to be at variance.
In judgment of her substance thus they vary,
And vary thus in judgment of her seat;
For some her chair up to the brain do carry,
Some sink it down into the stomach's heat. Sir J. Davies.
7. To shift colours.
Will the falcon stooping from above,
Smit with her varying plumage, spare the dove?
Admires the jay the infect's gilded wings? Pope.

VA’RY, n. s. [from the verb.] Change; alteration. Not in
use.
Such smiling rogues as these sooth every passion;
Renege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks,
With every gale and vary of their masters. Shakespeare.
VAS

VA’SCULAR. adj. [from vasculum, Latin.]
1. Consisting of vessels; full of vessels.
Nutrition of the solids is performed by the circulating
liquid in the smallest vascular solids. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

VASCULI’FEROUS. adj. [vasculum and fero, Latin.] Such plants
as have, besides the common calyx, a peculiar vessel to con­
tain the seed, sometimes divided into cells; and these have
always a monopetalous flower, either uniform or dif­
form. Quincy.

VA’SE. n. s. [vase, Fr. vasa, Latin.] A vessel; generally a
vessel rather for show than use.
The toilet stands unveil'd,
Each silver vase in mystick order laid. Pope.

VA’SSAL. n. s. [vassal, Fr. vassallo, Italian.]
1. One who holds by the will of a superior lord.
Every petty prince, vassal to the emperor, can coin what
money he pleaseth. Swift's short View of Ireland.
The vassals are invited to bring in their complaints to the
viceroy, who imprisons and chastises their masters. Addison.
2. A subject; a dependant.
She cannot content the lord with performance of his disci­
pline, that hath at her side a vassal, whom Satan hath
made his vicegerent, to cross whatsoever the faithful should
do. Hooker, b. viii. §. 34.
Such as they thought fit for labour, they received as vassals;
but imparted not the benefit of laws, but every one made his
will a law unto his own vassal. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The common people were free subjects to the king, not
slaves and vassals to their pretended lords. Sir J. Davies.
The mind hath not reason to remember, that passions
ought to be her vassals, not her masters. Raleigh.
Vassals of his anger, when the scourge
Inexorable, and the torturing hour
Calls us to penance. Milton.
As all his vassals eagerly desir'd;
With mind averse, he rather underwent
His people's will, than gave his own consent. Dryden.
He subjugated a king, and called him his vassal. Baker.
3. A servant; one who acts by the will of another.
I am his fortune's vassal, and I send him
The greatness he has got. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.
4. A slave; a low wretch.
Thou swear'st thy Gods in vain
O vassal! miscreant! Shakesp. K. Lear.

VA’SSALLAGE. n. s. [vasselage, Fr. from vassal.] The state of
a vassal; tenure at will; servitude; slavery; dependance.
He renounc'd the vassalage
Of Rome again. Fairy Queen.
All my pow'rs do their bestowing lose,
Like vassalage at unawares encountring
The eye of majesty. Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.
They wou'd have brought the Achæans from the condition
of followers and dependents unto meer cassalage. Raleigh.
Let us not then pursue,
By sorce impossible, by leave obtain'd
Unacceptable, though in heav'n our state
Of splendid vassalage. Milton's Par. Lost.
Curs'd vassalage,
First idoliz'd till love's hot fire be o'er;
Then slaves to those who courted us before. Dryden.

VAST. adj. [vaste, Fr. vastus, Latin.]
1. Large; great.
What the parliament meant to attempt with those vast
numbers of men, every day levied. Clarendon, book i.
That is an ample and capacious mind, which takes in vast
and sublime ideas without pain. Watts.
His open stores,
Though vast, were little to his ampler heart. Thomson.
2. Viciously great; enormously extensive or capacious.
The vicious language is vast, and gaping, swelling, and
irregular; when it contends to be high, full of rock, moun­
tain, and pointedness. B. Johnson.
They view'd the vast unmeasurable abyss. Milton.
Others with vast Typhean rage more fell,
Rend up rocks. Milton.

VAST. n. s. [vastum, Latin.] An empty waste.
They shook hands, as over a vast; and embrac'd, as from
the ends of oppos'd winds. Shakespeare.
Through the vast of heav'n it sounded. Milton.
The wat'ry vast,
Secure of storms, your royal brother past. Pope.

VASTA’TION. n. s. [vastatio, from vasto, Latin.] Waste; de­
population.
This wild-fire made the saddest vastations, in the many fatal
outrages which these eager contentions occasion. Decay of Piety.

VASTI’DITY. n. s. [vastitas, Lat. from vasty.] Wideness; im­
mensity. A barbarous word.
Perpetual durance,
Through all the world's vastidity. Shakespeare.

VA’STLY. adv. [from vast.] Greatly; to a great degree.
Holland's resolving upon its own defence, without our share
in the war, would leave us to enjoy the trade of the world,
and thereby grow vastly both in strength and treasures. Temple.
It is vastly the concern of government, and of themselves
too, whether they be morally good or bad. South.

VA’STNESS. n. s. [from vast.] Immensity; enormous greatness.
Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheav'd
His vastness. Milton's Par. Lost.
She by the rocks compell'd to stay behind,
Is by the vastness of her bulk confin'd. Waller.
When I compare this little performance with the vastness
of my subject, methinks I have brought but a cockle-shell of
water from the ocean. Glanville.
Ariosto observed not moderation in the vastness of his
draught. Dryden.
Hence we may discover the cause of the vastness of the
ocean. Bentley's Sermons.

VA’STY. adj. [from vast.] Large; enormously great.
I can call spirits from the vasty deep. Shakespeare.
VAT

VAT. n. s. [vat, Dutch, fat, Saxon.] A vessel in which li­
quors are kept in the immature state.
Plumpy Bacchus, with pink eyne,
In thy vats our cares be drown'd. Shakesp.
Let him produce his vats and tubs in opposition to heaps
of arms and standards. Addison.
Wouldst thou thy vats with gen'rous juice should froth,
Respect thy orchats. Philips.

VA’TICIDE. n. s. [vates and cædo, Latin.] A murderer of poets.
The caitiff vaticide conceiv'd a prayer. Pope's Dunciad.

To VATI’CINATE. v. n. [vaticinor, Latin.] To prophesy; to
practise prediction.
The most admired of all prophane prophets, whose predic­
tions have been so much cried up, did vaticinate here. Howel.



VA’VASOUR. n. s. [vavasseur, Fr.] One who himself holding
of a superior lord, has others holding under him.
Names have been taken of civil honours, as king, knight,
valvasor, or vavasor, squire. Camden.
VAU

VA’UDEVIL. n. s. [vaudeville, Fr.] A song common among
the vulgar, and sung about the streets, Trev. A ballad; a
trivial strain.

VAULT. n. s. [voulte, Fr. volta, Ital. voluta, low Latin.]
1. A continued arch.
O, you are men of stone:
Had I your tongues and eyes, I'd use them so
That heaven's vault should crack. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The word signifies an orb or sphere. And this shews us
both the form of the Mosaical abyss, which was included
within this vault: and the form of the habitable earth, which
was the outward surface of this vault, or the cover of the
abyss. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
2. A cellar.
Creep into the kill-hole.
He will seek there; neither press, well, vault, but he hath
an abstract for the remembrance of. Shakesp.
The wine of life is drawn, and the meer lees
Is left this vault to brag of. Shakesp.
Whether your fruitful fancy lies
To banish rats that haunt our vault. Swift.
3. A cave; a cavern.
The silent vaults of death, unknown to light,
And hell itself, lie naked to his sight. Sandys.
4. A repository for the dead.
Shall I not be stifled in the vault,
To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in. Shakes.

To VAULT. v. a. [voûter, Fr. from the noun.]
To arch; to shape of a vault.
Hath nature given them eyes
To see this vaulted arch, and the rich cope
Of sea and land, which can distinguish 'twixt
The fiery orbs above, and the twinn'd stones
Upon th' humbl'd beach? Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. To cover with an arch.
Over-head the dismal hiss
Of fiery darts in flaming vollies flew;
And flying vaulted either host with fire. Milton

To VAULT. v. n. voltiger, Fr. volteggiare, Italian.
1. To leap; to jump.
Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself,
And falls on th' other. Shakespear's Macbeth.
The pretty vaulting sea refus'd to drown me,
Knowing that thou would'st have me drown'd on shore. Sh.
He is vaulting variable ramps
In your despite, upon your purse. Shakesp.
If I could win a lady by vaulting into my saddle with my
armour on, I should quickly leap into a wife. Shakesp.
Leaning on his lance, he vaulted on a tree. Dryden.
If a man shou'd leap a garret, or vault down the monu­
ment, wou'd he leave the memory of a hero behind
him? Collier on Duelling.
Lucan vaulted upon Pegasus with all the heat and intre­
pidity of youth. Addison.
2. To play the tumbler, or posture-master.

VAULT. n. s. [from the verb.] A leap; a jump.

VAU’LTAGE. n. s. [from vault.] Arched cellar. Not in use.
He'll call you to so hot an answer for it,
That caves and womby vaultages of France
Shall chide your trespass, and return your mock
In second accent to his ordnance. Shakesp. Hen. V.

VA’ULTED. adj. [from vault.] Arched; concave.
Restore the lock! she cries, and all around
Restore the lock! the vaulted roofs rebound. Pope.

VA’ULTER. n. s. [from vault.] A leaper; a jumper; a tum­
bler.

VA’ULTY. adj. [from vault.] Arched; concave. A bad word.
I will kiss thy detestable bones,
And put my eye-balls in thy vaulty brows,
And ring these fingers with thy houshold worms. Shakesp.
I'll say that is not the lark, whose notes do beat
The vaulty heav'ns so high above our heads. Shakesp.

VA’UNMURE. n. s. [avant mur, Fr.] A false wall; a work
raised before the main wall.
With another engine named the warwolfe, he pierced
with one stone, and cut, as even as a thread, two vaunt­
mures. Camden's Remains.
This warlike captain, daily attempting the vanmures, in
the end by force obtained the same; and so possessed of the
place, desperately kept it 'till greater help came running in,
who, with wonderful expedition, clapt up a strong covering
betwixt the wall and the vanmure. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

To VAUNT. v. a. [vanter, Fr.] To boast; to display with
ostentation.
Not that great champion
Whom famous poets verse so much doth vaunt;
And hath for twelve huge labours high extoll'd,
So many furies and sharp hits did haunt. Fairy Queen.
Not any damsel which her vaunteth most,
In skilful knitting of soft silken twine. Spenser.
My vanquisher spoil'd of his vaunted spoil. Milton.

To VAUNT. v. n.
1. To play the braggart; to talk with ostentation; to make
vain show; to boast.
You say, you are a better soldier;
Let it appear so; make your vaunting true. Shakesp.
The illusions of magick were put down, and their vaunt­
ing in wisdom reproved with disgrace. Wisdom xvii. 7.
So spake th' apostate angel, though in pain;
Vaunting aloud, but rack'd with deep despair. Milton.
Pride which prompts a man to vaunt and overvalue what
he is, does incline him to disvalue what he has. Gov. of Tongue.
2. I scarcely know in what sense Dryden has used this word, un­
less it be miswritten for vaults.
'Tis he: I feel him now in ev'ry part;
Like a new world he vaunts about my heart. Dryden.

VAUNT. n. s. [from the verb.] Brag; boast; vain ostentation.
Sir John Perrot bent his course not to that point, but ra­
ther quite contrary, in scorn, and in vain vaunt of his own
counsels. Spenser.
Him I seduc'd with other promises and other vaunts. Milton.
Such vaunts who can with patience read,
Who thus describes his hero when he's dead?
In heat of action slain, he scorns to fall,
But still maintains the war, and fights at all. Granville.

VAUNT. n. s. [from avant, Fr.] The first part. Not used.
Our play
Leaps o'er the vaunt and firstlings. Shakesp:

VA’UNTER. n. s. [vauteur, Fr. from vaunt.] Boaster; braggart;
man given to vain ostentation.
Some feign
To menage steeds, as did this vaunter; but in vain. Spenser.
Tongue-valiant hero, vaunter of thy might;
In threats the foremost, but the lag in fight. Dryden.

VA’UNTFUL. adj. [vaunt and full.] Boastful; ostentatious.
Whiles all the heavens on lower creatures smil'd,
Young Clarion, with vauntful lustihed,
After his guise did cast abroad to fare. Spenser.

VA’UNTINGLY. adv. [from vaunting.] Boastfully; ostenta­
tiously.
I heard thee say, and vauntingly thou spak'st it,
That thou wert cause of noble Glo'ster's death. Shakesp.

VA’WARD. n. s. [van and ward] Fore part
Since we have the vaward of the day,
My love shall hear the music of my hounds. Shakesp.
Marcius,
Their bands i'th' vaward are the Antiates
Of their best trust. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He desired nothing more than to have confirmed his au­
thority in the minds of the vulgar, by the present and ready
attendance of the vayvod. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

U’BERTY. n. s. [ubertas, Latin.] Abundance; fruitfulness.

UBICA’TION. n. s. [from ubi, Latin.] Local relation; where­
ness. A scholastick term.
UBI’ETY. n. s. [from ubi, Latin.] Local relation; where­
ness. A scholastick term.
Relations, ubications, duration, the vulgar philosophy ad­
mits to be something; and yet to enquire in what place they
are, were gross. Glanville.

UBI’QUITARY. adj. [from ubique, Latin.] Existing every where.
For wealth and an ubiquitary commerce, none can exceed
her. How.

UBI’QUITARY. n. s. [from ubique, Latin.] One that exists
every where.
How far wide is Aquinas, which saith, by the same reason
that an angel might be in two places, he might be in as many
as you will? See now, either Xavier is every where, or else
the carcass of a friar is more subtle than the nature of an
angel. To conclude, either Aquinas is false, or the papists
ubiquitaries. Hall.

UBI’QUITY. n. s. [from ubique, Latin.] Omnipresence; exis­
tence at the same time in all places.
In the one there is attributed to God death, whereof di­
vine nature is not capable; in the other ubiquity unto man,
which human nature admitteth not. Hooker.
Pem she hight,
A solemn wight,
As you should meet,
In any street,
In that ubiquity. B. Johnson.
Could they think that to be infinite and immense, the ubi­
quity of which they could thrust into a corner of their
closet. South.
UDD

U’DDER. n. s. [uder, Saxon; uder, Dutch. uber, Lat.] The
breast or dugs of a cow, or other large animal.
A lionness, with udders all drawn dry,
Lay couching head on ground. Shakesp.
Sithence the cow
Produc'd an ampler store of milk; the she-goat,
Not without pain, dragg'd her distended udder. Prior.

U’DDERED. adj. [from udder.] Furnished with udders.
Marian soft could stroke the udder'd cow. Gay.



VEAL. n. s. [veel, a calf, veeler, vesler, to bring forth a calf, old
French; vitellus, Latin.] The flesh of a calf killed for the table.
Would'st thou with mighty beef augment thy meal?
Seek Leadenhall; St. James's sends thee veal. Gay.

VE’CTION. n. s. [vectio, vectito, Latin.] The act of car­
rying, or being carried. VE’CTITATION. n. s. [vectio, vectito, Latin.] The act of car­
rying, or being carried.
Enervated lords are softly lolling in their chariots; a species
of vectitation seldom used amongst the antients. Arbuthnot.

VE’CTURE. [vectura, Latin.] Carriage.
Three things one nation selleth unto another; the com­
modity as nature yieldeth it, the manufacture and the vecture
or carriage. Bacon's Essays.

To VEER. v. n. [virer, French.] To turn about.
If a wild uncertainty prevail,
And turn your veering heart with ev'ry gale;
You lose the fruit of all your former care,
For the sad prospect of a just despair. Roscommon.
Nigh rivers mouth, where wind
Veers oft, as oft he steers and shifts her sail. Milton.
I have no taste of the noisy praise
Of giddy crouds, as changeable as winds;
Servants to change, and blowing with the tide
Of swol'n success; but veering with its ebb. Dryden.
A-head the master pilot steers
And as he leads, the following navy veers. Dryden.
It is a double misfortune to a nation given to change,
when they have a sovereign that is prone to fall in with all
the turns and veerings of the people. Addison's Freeholder.
The wind veered about to north-west. Derham.

To VEER. v. a.
1. To let out.
As it is a great point of art, when our matter requires it,
to enlarge and veer out all sail; so to take it in and contract
it, is of no less praise when the argument doth ask it. B. Johns.
2. To turn; to change.
I see the haven nigh at hand,
To which I mean my weary course to bend;
Veer the main-sheet, and bear up with the land. Spenser.
Sailing farther, it veers its lilly to the west, and regardeth
that quarter, wherein the land is nearer or greater. Brown.
VEG

VEGETABI’LITY. n. s. [from vegetable.] Vegetable nature;
the quality of growth without sensation.
The coagulating spirits of salts, and lapidifical juice of
the sea, entering the parts of the plant, overcomes its vege­
tability, and converts it unto a lapideous substance. Browne.

VE’GETABLE. n. s. [vegetabilis, school Lat. vegetabile, Fr.]
Any thing that has growth without sensation, as plants.
Vegetables are organized bodies consisting of various parts,
containing vessels furnished with different juices; and taking in
their nourishment from without, usually by means of a root,
by which they are fixed to the earth, or to some other body,
as in the generality of plants; sometimes by means of pores
distributed over the whole surface, as in sub-marine
plants. Hill's Materia Medica.
Let brutes and vegetables that cannot drink,
So far as drought and nature urges, think. Waller.
In vegetables it is the shape, and in bodies, not propagated
by seed, it is the colour we most fix on. Locke.
Other animated substances are called vegetables, which
have within themselves the principle of another sort of life
and growth, and of various productions of leaves, flowers
and fruit, such as we see in plants, herbs, trees. Watts.

VE’GETABLE. adj. [vegetabilis, Latin.]
1. Belonging to a plant.
The vegetable world, each plant and tree,
From the fair cedar on the craggy brow,
To creeping moss. Prior.
Both mechanisms are equally curious, from one uniform
juice to extract all the variety of vegetable juices; or from
such variety of food to make a fluid very near uniform to the
blood of an animal. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The well shower'd earth
Is deep enrich'd with vegetable life. Thomson.
2. Having the nature of plants.
Amidst them stood the tree of life,
High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit
Of vegetable gold. Milton's Par. Lost.
That vegetative terrestrial hath been ever the standing fund,
out of which is derived the matter of all animal and vegetable
bodies. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

To VE’GETATE. v. n. [vegeto, Latin.] To grow as plants; to
shoot out; to grow without sensation
Rain-water may be endued with some vegetating or pro­
lifick virtue, derived from some saline or oleose particles. Ray.
As long as the seeds remained lodged in a natural soil,
they would soon vegetate, and send forth a new set of
trees. Woodward.
See dying vegetables life sustain;
See life dissolving vegetate again. Pope's Essay on Man.

VEGETA’TION. n. s. [from vegeto, Latin.]
1. The power of producing the growth of plants.
The exterior surface consisted of a terrestrial matter proper
for the nourishment of plants, being little entangled with
mere mineral matter, that was unfit for vegetation. Woodward.
The sun, deep-darting to the dark retreat
Of vegetation, sets the steaming power
At large. Thomson's Spring.
Love warbles through the vocal groves,
And vegetation paints the plain. Anonymous.
2. The power of growth without sensation.
Plants, though beneath the excellency of creatures en­
dued with sense, yet exceed them in the faculty of vegetation
and of fertility. Hooker.
These pulsations I attribute to a plastick nature, or vital
principle, as the vegetation of plants must also be. Ray.

VE’GETATIVE. adj. [vegetatif, Fr. from vegetate]
1. Having the quality of growing without life.
Creatures vegetative and growing, have their seeds in
themselves. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
2. Having the power to produce growth in plants.
Homer makes deities of the vegetative faculties, and vir­
tues of the field. Broome's Notes on Odyss.

VE’GETATIVENESS. n. s. [from vegetative.] The quality of
producing growth.

VEGE’TE. adj. [vigetus, Latin.] Vigorous; active; spritely.
The soul was vegete, quick and lively; full of the youth­
fulness and spriteliness of youth. South.
The faculties in age must be less vegete and nimble than in
youth. Wallis.

VE’GETIVE. adj. [from vegeto, Latin.] Vegetable; having the
nature of plants.
Nor rent off, but cut off ripe bean with a knife,
For hindering stalke of hir vegetive life. Tuss. Husbandry.

VE’GETIVE. n. s. [from the adjective.] A vegetable.
Hence vegetives receive their fragrant birth,
And clothe the naked bosom of the earth. Sandys.
The tree still panted in th' unfinish'd part,
Not wholly vegetive; and heav'd her heart. Dryden.
VEH

VE’HEMENCE. n. s. [vehementia, Latin.
VE’HEMENCY. n. s. [vehementia, Latin.
1. Violence; force.
Universal hubbub wild,
Of stunning sounds and voices all confus'd,
Assaults his ear with loudest vehemence. Milton.
2. Ardour; mental violence; terrour.
Think ye are men; deem it not impossible for you to err:
sift impartially your own hearts, whether it be force of reason,
or vehemency of affection, which hath bred, and still doth
feed these opinions in you. Hooker's Pref.
The best persuasions
Fail not to use; and with what vehemency
Th' occasion shall instruct you. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Would it apply well to the vehemence of your affection,
that I should win what you would enjoy? Shakesp.
The extremity of the condition produced some earnestness
and vehemency of expression more than ordinary. Clarendon.
This pure cause would kindle my rap'd spirits
To such a flame of sacred vehemence,
That dumb things wou'd be mov'd to sympathize. Milton.
He hurries on his action with variety of events, and ends
it in less compass than two months. This vehemence of his
is most suitable to my temper. Dryden.
Marcus is over-warm; his fond complaints
Have so much earnestness and passion in them,
I hear him with a secret kind of horror,
And tremble at his vehemence of temper. Addison's Cato.

VEHEMENT. adj. [vehement, Fr. vehemens, Latin.]
1. Violent; forcible.
A strong imagination hath more force upon light and subtile
motions, than upon motions vehement or ponderous. Bacon.
Gold will endure a vehement fire for a long time, without
any change. Grew.
2. Ardent; eager; fervent.
By their vehement instigation,
In this just suit come I to move your grace. Shakesp.
I Find
In all things else delight indeed; but such,
As us'd or not, works in the mind no change,
Nor vehement desire. Milton's Par. Lost.

VE’HEMENTLY. adv. [from vehement.]
1. Forcibly.
2. Pathetically; urgently.
The christian religion inculcates kindness more vehe­
mently, and forbids malice and hatred more strictly than any
religion did before. Tillotson.

VE’HICLE. n. s. [vehiculum, Latin.]
1. That in which any thing is carried.
Evil spirits might very properly appear in vehicles of flame,
to terrify and surprize. Addison's Guardian.
2. That part of a medicine which serves to make the principal
ingredient potable.
That the meat descends by one passage; the drink, or
moistening vehicle by another, is a popular tenent. Brown.
3. That by means of which any thing is conveyed.


The gaiety of a diverting word, serves as a vehicle to con­
vey the force and meaning of a thing. L'Estrange.
VEI

To VEIL. v. n. [velo, Lat. See VAIL.]
1. To cover with a veil, or any thing which conceals the
face.
Her face was veil'd; yet to my fancied sight,
Love, sweetness, goodness in her person shin'd. Milton.
It became the Jewish fashion when they went to pray, to
veil their heads and faces. Boyle.
2. To cover; to invest.
I descry,
From yonder blazing cloud that veils the hill,
One of the heav'nly host. Milton.
3. To hide; to conceal.
Of darkness visible so much be lent,
As half to shew, half veil the deep intent. Pope's Dunciad.

VEIL. n. s. [velum, Latin.]
1. A cover to conceal the face.
To feed his fiery lustful eye,
He snatch'd the veil that hung her face before. Fairy Queen.
The Paphian queen from that fierce battle borne,
With gored hand, and veil so rudely torn,
Like terror did among the immortals breed. Waller.
The famous painter cou'd allow no place
For private sorrow in a prince's face:
Yet, that his piece might not exceed belief,
He cast a veil upon supposed grief. Waller.
As veils transparent cover, but not hide,
Such metaphors appear when right apply'd.
When through the phrase we plainly see the sense,
Truth with such obvious meanings will dispense. Granville.
She accepts the hero, and the dame
Wraps in her vail, and frees from sense of shame. Pope.
2. A cover; a disguise.
I will pluck the borrow'd veil of modesty from the so
seeming Mrs. Page; divulge Page himself for a secure and
wilful Acteon. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Knock on my heart; for thou hast skill to find
If it sound solid, or be fill'd with wind;
And thro' the veil of words thou view'st the naked mind. Dry.
The ill-natured man exposes those failings in human na­
ture, which the other would cast a veil over. Addison.

VEIN. n. s. [veine, Fr. vena, Latin.]
The veins are only a continuation of the extreme capillary
arteries reflected back again towards the heart, and uniting
their channels as they approach it, till at last they all form
three large veins; the cava descendens, which brings the blood
back from all the parts above the heart; the cava ascendens,
which brings the blood from all the parts below the heart;
and the porta, which carries the blood to the liver. The
coats of the veins are the same with those of the arteries,
only the muscular coat is as thin in all the veins, as it is in
the capillary arteries; the pressure of the blood against the
sides of the veins being less than that against the sides of
the arteries. In the veins there is no pulse, because the blood
is thrown into them with a continued stream, and because it
moves from a narrow channel to a wider. The capillary
veins unite with one another, as the capillary arteries. In
all the veins perpendicular to the horizon, excepting those of
the uterus and of the porta, are small membranes or
valves; like so many half thimbles stuck to the side of
the veins, with their mouths towards the heart. In the
motion of the blood towards the heart, they are pressed close
to the side of the veins; but if blood should fall back, it
must fill the valves; and they being distended, stop up the
channel, so that no blood can repass them. Quincy.
When I did first impart my love to you,
I freely told you all the wealth I had
Ran in my veins; I was a gentleman. Shakespeare.
Horror chill
Ran through his veins, and all his joints relax'd. Milton.
2. Hollow; cavity.
Found where casual fire
Had wasted woods, on mountain, or in vale,
Down to the veins of earth. Milton's Par. Lost.
Let the glass of the prisms be free from veins, and their
sides be accurately plane, and well polished, without those
numberless waves or curls, which usually arise from sand­
holes. Newton's Opticks.
3. Course of metal in the mine.
There is a vein for the silver. Job xxviii. 1.
Part hidden veins digg'd up, nor hath this earth
Entrails unlike, of mineral and stone. Milton.
It is in men as in soils, where sometimes there is a vein of
gold which the owner knows not of. Swift's Thoughts.
4. Tendency or turn of the mind or genius.
We ought to attempt no more than what is in the com­
pass of our genius, and according to our vein. Dryden.
5. Favourable moment; time when any inclination is predo­
minant.
Artizans have not only their growths and perfections, but
likewise their veins and times. Wotton's Architecture.
6. Humour; temper.
I put your grace in mind
Of what you promis'd me.
I am not in the giving vein to-day. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Certainly he that hath a satirical vein, as he maketh
others afraid of his wit, so he had need to be afraid of
others. Bacon.
They among themselves in pleasant vein
Stood scoffing. Milton's Par. Lost.
Speak'st thou in earnest or in jesting vein? Dryden.
The currier struck the usurer upon the right vein. L'Estra.
7. Continued disposition.
The vein I have had of running into speculations of this
kind, upon a greater scene of trade, have cost me this pre­
sent service. Temple.
8. Current; continued production.
He can open a vein of true and noble thinking. Swift.
9. Strain; quality.
Now somewhat sing, whose endless souvenance
Among the shepherds may aye remain;
Whether thee list, thy loved lass advance,
Or honour Pan with higher hymns of praise. Spenser.
10. Streak; variegation, as the veins of the marble

VE’INED. adj. [veineux, Fr. from vein.]
VE’INY. adj. [veineux, Fr. from vein.]
1. Full of veins.
2. Streaked; variegated.
The root of an old white thorn will make very fine
boxes and combs, and many of them are very finely
veined. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Effulgent, hence the veiny marble shines. Thomson.
VEL

VELLE’ITY. n. s. [velleït&aecute;, Fr. velleitas, from velle, Latin.]
Velleity is the school-term used to signify the lowest degree
of desire. Locke.
The wishing of a thing is not properly the willing of it;
but it is that which is called by the schools an imperfect vel­
leity, and imports no more than an idle, un-operative com­
placency in, and desire of the end, without any considera­
tion of the means. South.

To VE’LLICATE. v. a. [vellico, Latin.] To twitch; to
pluck; to act by stimulation.
Those smells are all strong, and do pull and vellicate the
sense. Bacon.
Convulsions arising from something vellicating a nerve in
its extremity, are not very dangerous. Arbuthnot.

VELLICA’TION. n. s. [vellicatio, Lat.] Twitching; stimulation.
All purgers have a kind of twitching and vellication, be­
sides the griping, which cometh of wind. Bacon.
There must be a particular motion and vellication imprest
upon the nerves, else the sensation of heat will not be
produced. Watt's Improvement of the Mind.

VE’LLUM. n. s. [velin, Fr. velamen, Latin; rather vitulinum,
low Latin.] The skin of a calf dressed for the writer.
The skull was very thin, yielding to the least pressure of
my finger, as a piece of vellum. Wiseman.

VELO’CITY. n. s. [velocit&aecute;, Fr. velocitas, Latin.] Speed; swift­
ness; quick motion.
Had the velocities of the several planets been greater or
less than they are now, at the same distances from the sun;
or had their distances from the sun, or the quantity of the
sun's matter, and consequently his attractive power, been
greater or less than they are now, with the same velocities:
they would not have revolved in concentric circles, but
moved in hyperbola's or parabola's, or in ellipses very ec­
centric. Bentley's Sermons.

VE’LVET. n. s. [veluto, Ital. villus, Latin. velours, Fr.] Silk
with a short fur or pile upon it.
Clad in white veloet all their troop they led,
With each an oaken chaplet on his head. Dryden.
The different ranging the superficial parts of bodies, as of
velvet, watered silk, we think probably is nothing but the
different refraction of their insensible parts. Locke.

VE’LVET. adj.
1. Made of velvet.
This was moulded on a porringer,
A velvet dish. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
2. Soft; delicate.
Through the velvet leaves the wind,
All unseen, 'gan passage find. Shakes.
Poor deer, quoth he, thou mak'st a testament
As worldlings do, giving thy sum of more
To that which had too much. Then being alone
Left and abandon'd of his velvet friends;
'Tis right, quoth he; thus misery doth part
The flux of company. Shakesp.

To VE’LVET. v. n. To paint velvet.
Verditure, ground with a weak gum arabic water, is the
palest green that is, but good to velvet upon black in any
drapery. Peacham on Drawing.

VE’LURE. n. s. [velours, Fr.] Velvet. An old word.
His horse with one girt, six times pieced, and a woman's
crupper of velure, pieced with packthread. Shakesp.
VEN



VE’NAL. adj. [venal, Fr. venalis, Latin.]
1. Mercenary; prostitute.
This verse be thine, my friend, nor thou refuse
This, from no venal or ungrateful muse. Pope.
1. [from vein.] Contained in the veins. A technical word.
It is unreasonable to affirm, that the cool venal blood
should be heated so high in the interval of two pulses. Ray.

VENA’LITY. n. s. [venalit&aecute;, Fr. from venal.] Mercenariness;
prostitution.

VENA’TICK. adj. [venaticus, Latin.] Used in hunting.

VENA’TION. n. s. [venatio, Latin.] The act or practice of
hunting.
The manner of their venation we shall find to be other­
ways than by sawing away of trees. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To VEND. v. a. [vendre, Fr. vendo, Lat.] To sell; to offer
to sale.
He had a great parcel of glasses packed up, which not hav­
ing the occasion he expected to vend, and make use of, lay
by him. Boyle.

VENDEE. n. s. [from vend.] One to whom any thing is sold.
If a vicar sows his glebe, or if he sells his corn, and the
vendee cuts it, he must pay the tithes to the parson. Ayliffe.

VE’NDER. n. s. [vendeur, Fr. from vend.] A seller.
Where the consumption of commodity is, the venders seat
themselves. Graunt.
Those make the most noise who have the least to sell, which
is very observable in the venders of card-matches. Addison.

VE’NDIBLE. adj. [vendibilis, Latin.] Saleable; marketable.
Silence only is commendable
In a neat's tongue dried, and a maid not vendible. Shakesp.
This so profitable and vendible a merchandize, riseth not
to a proportionable enhancement with other less beneficial
commodities. Carew.
The ignorant mine-man, aiming only at the obtaining a
quantity of such a metal as may be vendible under such a de­
terminate name, has neither the design nor skill to make nice
separations of the heterogeneous bodies. Boyle.

VE’NDIBLENESS. n. s. [from vendible.] The state of being saleable.

VENDITA’TION. n. s. [venditatio, from vendito, Latin.] Boast­
ful display.
Some, by a cunning protestation against all reading, and
venditation of their own naturals, think to divert the sagacity
of their readers from themselves, and cool the scent of their
own fox-like thefts; when yet they are so rank as a man may
find whole pages together usurped from one author. B. Johnson.

VENDI’TION. n. s. [venditio, Fr. vendition, Latin.] Sale; the
act of selling.

To VENE’ER. v. a. [among cabinet-makers.] To make a kind
of marquetry or inlaid work, whereby several thin slices of
fine woods of different sorts are fastened or glued on a ground
of some common wood. Bailey.

VE’NEFICE. n. s. [veneficium, Latin.] The practice of poisoning.

VENEFI’CIAL. adj. from veneficium, Latin.] Acting by poison;
bewitching.
The magical virtues of misselto, and conceived efficacy
unto veneficial intentions, seemeth a Pagan relique derived
from the antient Druides. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VENEFI’CIOUSLY. adv. [from veneficium, Latin.] By poison or
witchcraft.
Lest witches should draw or prick their names therein,
and veneficiously mischief their persons, they broke the
shell. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VE’NEMOUS. adj. [from venin, Fr.] Poisonous. Commonly,
though not better, venomous.
The barbarians saw the venemous beast hang on his
hand. Acts xxviii. 4.

To VENENATE. v. a. [veneno, Latin.] To poison; to in­
fect with poison.
These miasms entering the body, are not so energic, as to
venenate the entire mass of blood in an instant. Harvey.
By giving this in fevers after calcination, whereby the ve­
nenate parts are carried off. Woodward on Fossils.

VENENA’TION. n. s. [from venenate.] Poison; venom.
This venenation shoots from the eye; and this way a basi­
lisk may impoison. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VENE’NE. adj. [veneneux, Fr. from venenum, Latin.] Poi­
sonous; venemous.
VENENO’SE. adj. [veneneux, Fr. from venenum, Latin.] Poi­
sonous; venemous.
Dry air opens the surface of the earth to disincarcerate ve­
nene bodies, or to attract or evacate them hence. Harvey.
Malphigi, in his treatise of galls, under which he com­
prehends all preternatural and morbose tumours of plants, de­
monstrates that all such tumours, where any insects are
found, are raised up by some venenose liquor, which, toge­
ther with their eggs, such insects shed upon the leaves. Ray.

VE’NERABLE. adj. [venerable, Fr. venerabilis, Latin.] To
be regarded with awe; to be treated with reverence.
As by the ministry of saints, it pleased God there to shew
some rare effect of his power; or in regard of death, which
those saints have suffered for the testimony of Jesus Christ,
did thereby make the places where they died venerable. Hooker.
To make the passage easy, safe, and plain,
That leads us to this venerable wall. Fairfax.
Ye lamps of heav'n! he said, and lifted high
His hands, now free. Thou venerable sky!
Inviolable pow'rs, ador'd with dread,
Be all of you adjur'd. Dryden's æn. II.

VE’NERABLY. adj. [from venerable.] In a manner that excites
reverence.
The Palatine, proud Rome's imperial set,
An awful pile! stands venerably great.
Thither the kingdoms and the nations come. Addison.

To VE’NERATE. v. a. [venerer, Fr. veneror, Latin.] To re­
verence; to treat with veneration; to regard with awe.
When baseness is exalted, do not bate
The place its honour for the person's sake:
The shrine is that which thou dost venerate,
And not the beast that bears it on its back. Herbert.
The lords and ladies here approaching paid
Their homage, with a low obeisance made;
And seem'd to venerate the sacred shade. Dryden.
A good clergyman must love and venerate the gospel that
he teaches, and prefer it to all other learning. Clarissa.

VENERA’TION. n. s. [veneration, Fr. veneratio, Lat.] Reverend
regard; awful respect.
Theology is the comprehension of all other knowledge,
directed to its true end, i. e. the honour and veneration of
the creator, and the happiness of mankind. Locke.
We find a secret awe and veneration for one who moves
above us in a regular and illustrious course of virtue. Addison.

VENERA’TOR. n. s. [from venerate.] Reverencer.
If the state of things, as they now appear, involve a re­
pugnancy to an eternal existence, the arguments must be
conclusive to those great priests and venerators of nature. Hale.

VENE’REAL. adj. [venereus, Latin.]
1. Relating to love.
These are no venereal signs;
Vengeance is in my heart, death in my hand. Shakes.
Then swol'n with pride, into the snare I fell,
Of fair fallacious looks, venereal trains,
Soften'd with pleasure and voluptuous life. Milton.
They are averse to venereal pleasure. Addison.
2. Consisting of copper, called venus by chemists.
Blue vitriol, how venereal and unsophisticated soever, rub­
bed upon the whetted blade of a knife, will not impart its
latent colour. Boyle.

VENE’REOUS. adj. [from venery.] Libidinous; lustful.
The male is lesser than the female, and very venereous. Derh.

VE’NERY. n. s. [venerie, from vener, Fr.]
1. The sport of hunting.
To the woods she goes to serve her turn,
And seek her spouse, that from her still does fly,
And follows other game and venery. Fairy Queen.
Describing beasts of venery and fishes, he hath sparingly in­
serted the vulgar conditions thereof. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
The Norman demolished many churches and chapels in
New Forest, to make it fitter for his pleasure and ve­
nery. Howel.
2. [From Venus.] The pleasures of the bed.
Contentment, without the pleasure of lawful venery, is
continence; of unlawful, chastity. Grew's Cosmol.

VE’NEY. n. s. A bout; a turn.
I bruis'd my shin with playing at sword and dagger, three
veneys for a dish of stewed prunes. Shakespeare.

VENESE’CTION. n. s. [vena and sectio, Latin.] Blood-letting;
the act of opening a vein; phlebotomy.
If the inflammation be sudden, after evacuation by lenient
purgatives, or a clyster and venesection, have recourse to ano­
dynes. Wiseman's Surgery.

To VENGE. v. a. [venger, French.] To avenge; to punish.
You are above,
You justices, that these our nether crimes,
So speedily can venge. Shakes.

VE’NGEABLE. adj. [from venge.] Revengeful; malicious.
A thrillant dart he threw,
Headed with ire, and vengeable despite. Spenser.

VE’NGEANCE. n. s. [vengeance, French.]
1. Punishment; penal retribution; avengement.
The right conceit which they had, that to perjury ven­
geance is due, was not without good effect as touching their
lives, who feared the wilful violation of oaths. Hooker.
All the stor'd vengeances of heaven fall
On her ingrateful top! Shakespeare's K. Lear.
The souls of all that I had murder'd
Came to my tent, and every one did threat
To-morrow's vengeance on the head of Richard. Shakesp.
Let me see thy vengeance on them. Jer. xi. 20.
Resolutions of future reforming do not always satisfy
thy justice, nor prevent thy vengeance for former miscar­
riages. K. Charles.
Jove's and Latona's son his wrath express'd,
In vengeance of his violated priest. Dryden.
The chorus interceeded with heaven for the innocent, and
implored its vengeance on the criminal. Addison's Spectator.


2. It is used in familiar language. To do with a vengeance, is to
do with vehemence; what a vengeance, emphatically what?
Till the day appear, of respiration to the just,
And vengeance to the wicked. Milton.
When the same king adventured to murmur, the pope
could threaten to teach him his duty with a vengeance. Raleigh.
Asmodeus the fishy fume
Drove, though enamour'd, from the spouse
Of Tobit's son, and with a vengeance sent
From Medea post to Egypt, there fast bound. Milton.
But what a vengeance makes thee fly
From me too, as thine enemy? Hudibras.

VE’NGEFUL. adj. [from vengeance and full.] Vindictive; re­
vengeful; retributive.
Doubt not but God
Hath wiselier arm'd his vengeful ire. Milton.
Dissembling for her sake his rising cares,
And with wise silence pond'ring vengeful wars. Prior.

VE’NIABLE. adj. [veniel, Fr. from venia, Latin.]
VE’NIAL. adj. [veniel, Fr. from venia, Latin.]
1. Pardonable; susceptive of pardon; excusable.
If they do nothing 'tis a venial slip. Shakespeare.
More veniable is a dependence upon potable gold, whereof
Paracelsus, who died himself at forty-seven, gloried that he
could make other men immortal. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
What horror will invade the mind,
When the strict judge, who would be kind,
Shall have few venial faults to find? Roscommon.
While good men are in extirpating mortal sins, I should
rally the world out of indecencies and venial transgres­
sions. Addison.
2. Permitted; allowed.
No more of talk where God, or angel-guest,
With man, as with his friend, familiar us'd
To sit indulgent, and with him partake
Rural repast; permitting him the while
Venial discourse unblam'd. Milton's Par. Lost.

VE’NIALNESS. n. s. [from venial.] State of being excusable.

VENISON. n. s. [venaison, French.] Game; beast of chase;
the flesh of deer.
Shall we kill us venison?
And yet it irks me, the poor dappled fools
Shou'd have their round haunches gor'd. Shakespeare.
We have a hot venison pasty to dinner. Shakespeare.
In the records of Ireland, no mention is made of any
park, though there be vert and venison within this
land. Davies's Hist. of Ireland.
He for the feast prepar'd,
In equal portions with the ven'son shar'd. Dryden.

VENOM. n. s. [venin, French.] Poison.
Your eyes, which hitherto hath borne in them
The fatal balls of murthering basilisks:
The venom of such looks we fairly hope
Have lost their quality. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Beware of yonder dog;
Look, when he fawns, he bites; and, when he bites,
His venom tooth will rankle to the death. Shakes. Rich. III.
Like some tall tree, the monster of the wood,
O'ershading all that under him would grow,
He sheds his venom on the plants below. Dryden.

To VENOM. v. a. To infect with venom.

VENOMOUS. adj. [from venom.]
1. Poisonous.
Thy tears are salter than a younger man's,
And venomous to thy eyes. Shakesp. Coriolanue.
2. Malignant; mischievous.
A posterity not unlike their majority of mischievous pro­
genitors; a venomous and destructive progeny. Brown.
This falsity was broached by Cochleus, a venomous writer;
one careless of truth or falshood. Addison.

VE’NOMOUSLY. adv. [from venomous.] Poisonously; mischie­
vously; malignantly.
His unkindness,
That strip'd her from his benediction, turn'd her
To foreign casualties. These things sting him
So venomously, that burning shame detains him
From his Cordelia. Shakesp. K. Lear.
His praise of foes is venomously nice;
So touch'd, it turns a virtue to a vice. Dryden.

VE’NOMOUSNESS. n. s. [from venomous.] Poisonousness; ma­
lignity.

VENT. n. s. [fente, French.]
1. A small aperture; a hole; a spiracle; passage at which any
thing is let out.
On her breast
There is a vent of blood, and something blown;
The like is on her arm. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
They at once their reeds
Put forth, and to a narrow vent apply'd
With nicest touch. Milton's Par. Lost.
Have near the bung-hole a little vent-hole stopped with a
spile. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Scarce any countries that are much annoyed with earth­
quakes, that have not one of these fiery vents, disgorging
that fire, whereby it gains an exit. Woodward.
To draw any drink, be not at the trouble of opening a vent;
or if you take out the vent, stay not to put it in. Swift.
Full o'er their heads the swelling bag he rent,
And all the furies issued at the vent. Pope.
2. Passage out of secrecy to publick notice.
It failed by late setting-out, and some contrariety of wea­
ther, whereby the particular design took vent before­
hand. Wotton.
3. The act of opening.
The farmer's cades mature,
Now call for vent; his lands exhaust, permit
T'indulge a-while. Philips.
4. Emission; passage.
The smother'd fondness burns within him;
When most it swells and labours for a vent,
The sense of honour, and desire of fame,
Drive the big passion back into his heart. Addison's Cato.
5. Discharge; means of discharge.
Had, like grief, been dew'd in tears,
Without the vent of words. Milton.
Land-floods are a great improvement of land, where a
vent can be had. Mortimer's Husbandry.
6. [vente, Fr. venditio, Lat.] Sale.
For the mart, it was alledged that the vent for English
cloaths would hereby be open in all times of war. Hayward.
By this war there is no vent for any commodity but of
wool. Temple's Miscellany.
He drew off a thousand copies of a treatise, which not
one in threescore can understand, can hardly exceed the vent
of that number. Pope's Letters.

To VENT. v. a. [venter, French, from the noun; sventare,
Italian.]
1. To let out at a small aperture.
2. To let out; to give way to.
Hunger broke stone walls; that the gods sent not
Corn for the rich men only: with these shreds
They vented their complainings. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
When men are young, and have little else to do, they
might vent the overflowings of their fancy that way. Denham.
Lab'ring still, with endless discontent,
The queen of heav'n did thus her fury vent. Dryden.
3. To utter; to report.
Had it been vented and imposed in some of the most learned
ages, it might then, with some pretence of reason, have
been said to be the invention of some crafty statesman. Stephens.
4. To emit; to pour out.
Revoke thy doom,
Or whilst I can vent clamour from my throat,
I'll tell thee thou dost evil. Shakespear's K. Lear.
5. To publish.
Their sectators did greatly enrich their inventions, by
venting the stolen treasures of divine letters, alter'd by profane
additions, and disguised by poetical conversions. Raleigh.
6. To sell; to carry to sale.
This profitable merchandize not rising to a proportionable
enhancement with other less beneficial commodities, they
impute to the owners not venting and venturing the
same. Carew.
Therefore did those nations vent such spice, sweet gums
and pearls, as their own countries yielded. Raleigh.

To VENT. v. n. To snuff. As he venteth into the air. Spenser.

VE’NTAIL. n. s. [from vantail, Fr.] That part of the helmet
made to lift up. Spenser.

VENTA’NNA. n. s. [Spanish.] A window.
What after pass'd
Was far from the ventanna, when I sate;
But you were near, and can the truth relate. Dryden.

VENTER. n. s. [Latin.]
1. Any cavity of the body, chiefly applied to the head, breast and
abdomen, which are called by anatomists the three venters.
2. Womb; mother.
A has issue B a son, and C a daughter, by one venter;
and D a son by another venter. If B purchases in fee, and
dies without issue, it shall descend to the sister, and not to
the brother of the half blood. Hale.

VE’NTIDUCT. n. s. [ventus and ductus, Latin.] A passage for
the wind.
Having been informed of divers ventiducts, I wish I had
had the good fortune, when I was at Rome, to take notice
of these organs. Boyle.

To VE’NTILATE. v. a. [ventilo, Latin.]
1. To fan with wind.
In close, low, and dirty alleys, the air is penn'd up, and
obstructed from being ventilated by the winds. Harvey.
Miners, by perflations with large bellows, letting down
tubes, and sinking new shafts, give free passage to the air,
which ventilates and cools the mines. Woodward.
2. To winnow; to fan.
3. To examine; to discuss.


Nor is the right of the party, nor the judicial process in
right of that party so far perempted; but that the same may
be begun again, and ventilated de novo. Ayliffe.

VE’NTILATION. n. s. [ventilatio, Lat. from ventilate.]
1. The act of fanning; the state of being fanned.
The soul, worn with too frequent culture, must lie fallow,
till it has recruited its exhausted salts, and again enriched it­
self by the ventilations of the air. Addison.
2. Vent; utterance. Not in use.
To his secretary Doctor Mason, whom he let lie in a pal­
let near him, for natural ventilation of his thoughts, he would
break out into bitter eruptions. Wotton's Buckingham.
3. Refrigeration.
Procure the blood a free course, ventilation and transpira­
tion by suitable and ecphractic purges. Harvey.

VENTILA’TOR. n. s. [from ventilate.] An instrument contrived
by Dr. Hale to supply close places with fresh air.

VE’NTRICLE. n. s. [ventricule, Fr. ventriculus, Latin.]
1. The stomach.
Whether I will or not, while I live, my heart beats, and
my ventricle digests what is in it. Hale.
2. Any small cavity in an animal body, particularly those of
the heart.
Know'st thou how blood, which to the heart doth flow,
Doth from one ventricle to the other go? Donne.
The heart being a muscular part, the sides are composed
of two orders of fibres running spirally from base to top,
contrarily one to the other; and so being drawn or con­
tracted, constringe the ventricles, and strongly force out the
blood. Ray.
The mixture of blood and chyle, after its circulation
through the lungs, being brought back into the left ventricle
of the heart, is drove again by the heart into the aorta,
through the whole arterial system. Arbuthnot.

VENTRI’LOQUIST. n. s. [ventriloque, Fr. venter and loquor, Lat.]
One who speaks in such a manner as that the sound seems
to issue from his belly.

VE’NTURE. n. s. [avanture, Fr.]
1. A hazard; an undertaking of chance and danger.
When he reads
Thy personal venture in the rebel's fight,
His wonders and his praises do contend
Which should be thine or his. Shakesp. Macbeth.
For a man to doubt whether there be any hell, and there­
upon to live so as if absolutely there were none; but when
he dies to find himself confuted in the flames, this must be
the height of woe and disappointment, and a bitter conviction
of an irrational venture, and absurd choice. South.
I, in this venture, double gains pursue,
And laid out all my stock to purchase you. Dryden.
When infinite happiness is put in one scale, against infinite
misery in the other; if the worst that comes to the pious
man, if he mistakes, be the best that the wicked can attain
to, if he be in the right, who can, without madness, run
the venture? Locke.
2. Chance; hap.
The king resolved with all speed to assail the rebels, and
yet with that providence and surety, as should leave little to
venture or fortune. Bacon.
3. The thing put to hazard; a stake.
My ventures are not in one bottom trusted,
Nor to one place. Shakesp. Mer. of Venice.
On such a full sea are we now a-float:
And we must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Thrice happy you, that look as from the shore,
And have no venture in the wreck to see. Daniel.
4. At a VENTURE. At hazard; without much consideration;
without any thing more than the hope of a lucky chance.
You have made but an estimate of those lands at a venture,
so as it should be hard to build any certainty of charge
upon it. Spenser.
A bargain at a venture made,
Between two partners in a trade. Hudibras.
A covetous and an envious man joined in a petition to
Jupiter, who ordered Apollo to tell them that their desire
should be granted at a venture. L'Estrange.
Here was no scampering away at a venture, without fear
or wit. L'Estrange.
If Ahab be designed for death, though a soldier in the
enemy's army draws a bow at a venture, yet the sure, un­
erring directions of providence shall carry it in a direct course
to his heart. South.

To VE’NTURE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To dare.
A man were better rise in his suit; for he that would have
ventered at first to have lost the suitor, will not in the con­
clusion lose both the suitor and his own former favour. Bacon.
Origen mentioning their being cast out of Jerusalem, ven­
tures to assure them that they would never be re-established,
since they had committed that horrid crime against the saviour
of the world. Addison on the Christian Religion.
2. To run a hazard.
Nor is indeed that man less mad than these,
Who freights a ship to venture on the seas,
With one frail interposing plank to save
From certain death, roll'd on by ev'ry wave. Dryden.
I am so overjoy'd, I can scarce believe I am at liberty;
like a bird that has often beaten her wing in vain against her
cage, dare hardly venture out, though she see it open. Dryden.
3. To VE’NTURE at. To engage in; or make attempts
without any security of success,
upon mere hope.
To VE’NTURE on or upon. To engage in; or make attempts
without any security of success,
upon mere hope.
That slander is found a truth now; and held for certain,
The king will venture at it. Shakespeare.
It were a matter of great profit, save that it is too con­
jectural to venture upon, if one could discern what corn,
herbs, or fruits are like to be in plenty and scarcity, by some
signs in the beginning of the year. Bacon.
I never yet the tragic strain essay'd,
Deterr'd by that inimitable maid:
And when I venture at the comic stile,
Thy scornful lady seems to mock my toil. Waller.
Though they had ideas enough to distinguish gold from a
stone, yet they but timorously ventured on such terms as
aurietas and saxietas. Locke.
Turco-Papismus I would desire him to read, before he
ventures at capping of characters. Atterbury.

To VE’NTURE. v. a.
1. To expose to hazard.
In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft,
I shot his fellow of the self-same flight;
By vent'ring both, I oft found both. Shakesp.
2. To put or send on a venture.
The fish ventured for France, they pack in staunch hog­
sheads, so as to keep them in their pickle. Carew.

VE’NTURER. n. s. [from venture.] He who ventures.

VE’NTUROUS. adj. [from venture.] Daring, bold, fearless;
ready to run hazards.
Charles was guided by mean men, who would make it their
master-piece of favour to give venturous counsels, which no
great or wise man would. Bacon.
He paus'd not, but with vent'rous arm
He pluck'd, he tasted. Milton's Par. Lost.
The vent'rous humour of our mariners costs this island
many brave lives every year. Temple.
Savage pirates seek through seas unknown,
The lives of others, vent'rous of their own. Pope.

V’ENTUROUSLY. adv. [from venturous.] Daringly; fearlessly;
boldly.
Siege was laid to the fort by the Lord Gray, then deputy,
with a smaller number than those were within the fort; ven­
turously indeed; but haste was made to attack them before
the rebels came in to them. Bacon.

VE’NTUROUSNESS. n. s. [from venturous.] Boldness; willing­
ness to hazard.
Her coming into a place where the walls and cielings were
whited over, much offended her sight, and made her repent
her vent'rousness. Boyle on Colours.

VE’NUS' basin. n. s. Plants.
VE’NUS' comb. n. s. Plants.
VE’NUS' hair. n. s. Plants.
VE’NUS' looking-glass. n. s. Plants.
VE’NUS' navel-wort. n. s. Plants.
VER

VERA’CITY. n. s. [verax, Latin.]
1. Moral truth; honesty of report.
2. Physical truth; consistency of report with fact. Less proper.
When they submitted to the most ignominious and cruel
deaths, rather than retract their testimony, there was no reason
to doubt the veracity of those facts which they related. Addison.

VERA’CIOUS. adj. [verax, Latin.] Observant of truth.

VERB. n. s. [verbe, Fr. verbum, Lat.] A part of speech signi­
fying existence, or some modification thereof, as action, pas­
sion. And withal some disposition or intention of the mind
relating thereto, as of affirming, denying interrogating,
commanding. Clarke's Latin Grammar.
Men usually talk of a noun and a verb. Shakes.

VE’RBAL. adj. [verbal, Fr. verbalis, Latin.]
1. Spoken, not written.
2. Oral; uttered by mouth.
Made she no verbal quest?—
—Yes; once or twice she heav'd the name of father
Pantingly forth, as if it prest her heart. Shakespeare.
3. Consisting in mere words.
If young African for fame,
His wasted country freed from Punick rage,
The deed becomes unprais'd, the man at least;
And loses, though but verbal, his reward. Milton.
Being at first out of the way to science, in the progress
of their inquiries they must lose themselves, and the truth,
in a verbal labyrinth. Glanville.
It was such a denial or confession of him as would appear
in preaching: but this is managed in words and verbal pro­
fession. South.


4. Verbose; full of words. Out of use.
I am sorry
You put me to forget a lady's manners,
By being so verbal. Shakesp.
5. Minutely exact in words.
6. Literal; having word answering to word.
Neglect the rules each verbal critick lays,
For not to know some trifles is a praise. Pope.
Whosoever offers at verbal translation, shall have the mis­
fortune of that young traveller, who lost his own language
abroad, and brought home no other instead of it. Denham.
The verbal copier is incumber'd with so many difficulties at
once, that he can never disentangle himself from all. Dryden.
7. [verbal, Fr. in grammar.] A verbal noun is a noun derived
from a verb.

VERBA’LITY. n. s. [from verbal.] Mere bare words.
Sometimes he will seem to be charmed with words of
holy scripture, and to fly from the letter and dead verbality,
who must only start at the life and animated materials
thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VE’RBALLY. adv. [from verbal.]
1. In words; orally.
The manner of our denying the deity of Christ here pro­
hibited, was by words and oral expressions verbally to
deny it. South's Sermons.
2. Word for word.
'Tis almost impossible to translate verbally, and well, at
the same time. Dryden.

VERBATIM. adv. [Latin.] Word for word.
Think not, although in writing I preferr'd
The manner of thy vile outragious crimes,
That therefore I have forg'd, or am not able
Verbatim to rehearse the method of my pen. Shakesp.
See the transcripts of both charters verbatim in Mat.
Paris. Hale.

To VE’RBERATE. v. a. [verbero, Lat.] To beat; to strike.

VERBERA’TION. n. s. [verberation, Fr. from verberate.] Blows;
beating.
Riding or walking against great winds is a great exercise,
the effects of which are redness and inflammation; all the
effects of a soft press or verberation. Arbuthnot.

VERBO’SE. adj. [verbosus, Lat.] Exuberant in words; pro­
lix; tedious by multiplicity of words.
Let envy
Ill-judging and verbose, from Lethe's lake,
Draw tuns unmeasurable. Prior.
They ought to be brief, and not too verbose in their way of
speaking; and to propound the matter of their argument in
a mild and gentle manner. Ayliffe's Parergon.

VERBO’SITY. n. s. [verbosit&aecute;, Fr. from verbose.] Exuberance
of words; much empty talk.
He draweth out the thread of his verbosity
Finer than the staple of his argument. Shakesp.
To give an hint more of the verbosities of this philosophy,
a short view of a definition or two will be sufficient evi­
dence. Glanville.
Homer is guilty of verbosity, and of a tedious prolix
manner of speaking: he is the greatest talker of all an­
tiquity. Broome.

VE’RDANT. n. s. [verdoiant, Fr. viridans, Lat.] Green. This
word is so lately naturalized, that Skinner could find it only
in a dictionary.
Each odorous bushy shrub
Fenc'd up the verdant wall. Milton.

VE’RDERER. n. s. [verdier, Fr. viridarius, low Lat.] An of­
ficer in the forest.

VE’RDICT. n. s. [verum dictum, Latin.]
1. The determination of the jury declared to the judge.
Before the jury go together, 'tis all to nothing what the
verdict shall be. Spenser.
2. Declaration; decision; judgment; opinion.
Deceived greatly they are, who think that all they whose
names are cited amongst the favourers of this cause, are on
any such verdict agreed. Hooker.
These were enormities condemned by the most natural
verdict of common humanity; and so very gross and foul,
that no man could pretend ignorance avoided. South.

VE’RDIGRISE. n. s. The rust of brass, which in time being
consumed and eaten with tallow, turneth into green; in
Latin ærugo; in French vert de gris, or the hoary
green. Peacham.
Brass turned into green, is called verdigrise. Bacon.

VE’RDITURE. n. s.
Verditure ground with a weak gum arabic water, is the
faintest and palest green. Peacham.

VE’RDURE. n. s. [verdure, Fr.] Green; green colour.
Its verdure clad
Her universal face with pleasant green. Milton.
Let twisted olive bind those laurels fast,
Whose verdure must for ever last. Prior.

VE’RDUROUS. adj. [from verdure.] Green; covered with
green; decked with green.
Higher than their tops
The verd'rous wall of paradise up-sprung;
Which to our general sire gave prospect large. Miltno.
There the lowing herds chew verd'rous pasture. Philips.

VERECU’ND. adj. [verecond, old French; verecundus, Latin.]
Modest; bashful. Dict.

VERGE. n. s. [verge, Fr. virga, Latin.]
1. A rod, or something in form of a rod, carried as an emblem
of authority. The mace of a dean.
Suppose him now a dean compleat,
Devoutly lolling in his seat;
The silver verge, with decent pride,
Stuck underneath his cushion side. Swift.
2. [vergo, Latin.] The brink; the edge; the utmost border.
Would the inclusive verge
Of golden metal, that must round my brow,
Were red-hot steel to sear me to the brain. Shakesp.
I say, and will in battle prove,
Or here, or elsewhere, to the furthest verge,
That ever was survey'd by English eye. Shakesp.
You are old,
Nature in you stands on the very verge
Of her confine. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Serve they as a flow'ry verge to bind
The fluid skirts of that same watry cloud,
Lest it again dissolve and show'r the earth. Milton.
Let fortune empty her whole quiver on me,
I have a soul, that, like an ample shield,
Can take in all, and verge enough for more. Dryden.
Every thing great, within the verge of nature, or out of it,
has a proper part assigned it in this poem. Addison.
Then let him chuse a damsel young and fair,
To bless his age, and bring a worhty heir,
To sooth his care, and, free from noise and strife,
Conduct him gently to the verge of life. Pope.
3. In law.
Verge is the compass about the king's court, bounding the
jurisdiction of the lord steward of the king's houshold, and of
the coroner of the king's house, and which seems to have
been 12 miles round. Verge hath also another signification,
and is used for a stick, or rod, whereby one is admitted te­
nant, and, holding it in his hand, sweareth fealty to the
lord of a manor; who, for that reason, is called tenant by
the verge. Cowel.
Fear not; whom we raise,
We will make fast within a hallow'd verge. Shakesp.

To VERGE. v. n. [vergo, Lat.] To tend; to bend downwards.
They serve indifferently for vowels in respect of the aper­
ture, and for consonants in respect of the pene-appulse; and
so much the more verging either way, according to the re­
spective occasions. Holder.
The nearer I find myself verging to that period of life
which is to be labour and sorrow, the more I prop myself
upon those few supports that are left. Swift.
Such are indicated, when the juices of a human body verge
to putrefaction. Arbuthnot.
Man,
Perhaps acts second to some sphere unknown;
Touches some wheel, or verges to some goal;
'Tis but a part we see, and not the whole. Pope.

VE’RGER. n. s. [from verge.] He that carries the mace before
the dean.
I can tip the verger with half a crown, and get into the
best seat. Farquhar.

VERI’DICAL. adj. [veridicus, Latin.] Telling truth. Dict.

VERIFICATION. n. s. [from verify.] Confirmation by argu­
ment or evidence.
In verification of this we will mention a phenomenon of
our engine. Boyle.

To VE’RIFY. v. n. [verifier, Fr.] To justify against chage of
falshood; to confirm; to prove true.
What seemeth to have been uttered concerning sermons,
and their efficacy or necessity, in regard of divine matter,
must consequently be verified in sundry other kinds of teach­
ing, if the matter be the same in all. Hooker.
This is verified by a number of examples, that whatsoever
is gained by an abusive treaty, ought to be restored. Bacon.
So shalt thou best fulfill, best verify
The prophets old, who fung thy endless reign. Milton.
So spake this oracle, then verify'd,
When Jesus, son of Mary, second Eve,
Saw Satan fall. Milton's Par. Lost.
Though you may mistake a year;
Though your prognosticks run too fast,
They must be verify'd at last. Swift.
Spain shall have three kings; which is now wonderfully
verified; for besides the king of Portugal, there are now
two rivals for Spain. Swift's Merlin's Prophecy.

VE’RILY. adj. [from very.]
1. In truth; certainly.
Verily 'tis better to be lowly born,
Than to be perk'd up in a glist'ring grief. Shakespeare.


2. With great confidence.
It was verily thought, that had it not been for four great
disfavourers of that voyage, the enterprize had suc­
ceeded. Bacon.
By repealing the sacramental test, we are verily persuaded
the consequence will be an entire alteration of religion
among us. Swift on the Sacramental Test.

VERISI’MILAR. adj. [verisimilis, Latin.] Probable; likely.

VERISIMI’LITUDE. n. s. [verisimilitudo, Latin.] Probability;
likelihood; resemblance of truth.
VERISIMI’LITY. n. s. [verisimilitudo, Latin.] Probability;
likelihood; resemblance of truth.
Touching the verisimility or probable truth of this rela­
tion, several reasons seem to overthrow it. Brown.
A noble nation, upon whom if not such verities, at least
such verisimilities of fortitude were placed. Brown's Vul. Er.
Verisimilitude and opinion are an easy purchase; but true
knowledge is dear and difficult. Like a point, it requires an
acuteness to its discovery: while verisimilitude, like the ex­
panded superficies, is obvious, sensible, and affords a large
and easy field for loose enquiry. Glanville.
The plot, the wit, the characters, the passions, are exalted
as high as the imagination of the poet can carry them, with
proportion to verisimility. Dryden's Essay on Dramatick Poetry.
Though Horace gives permission to painters and poets to
dare every thing, yet he encourages neither to make things
out of nature and verisimility. Dryden.

VE’RITABLE. adj. [veritable, Fr.] True; agreeable to fact.
Indeed! is't true?
—Most veritable; therefore look to't well. Shakesp.
The presage of the year succeeding made from insects in
oak-apples, is I doubt too indistinct, nor veritable from
event. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VERITY. n. s. [verit&aecute;, Fr. veritas, Latin.]
1. Truth; consonance to the reality of things.
If any refuse to believe us disputing for the verity of religion
established, let them believe God himself thus miraculously
working for it. Hooker.
I saw their weapons drawn; there was a noise;
That's verity. Shakespeare's Tempest.
The precipitancy of disputation, and the stir and noise of
passions that usually attend it, must needs be prejudicial to
verity; its calm insinuations can no more be heard in such a
bustle, than a whistle among a croud of sailors in a
storm. Glanville.
It is a proposition of eternal verity, that none can govern
while he is despised. We may as well imagine that there
may be a king without majesty, a supreme without so­
vereignty. South.
2. A true assertion; a true tenet.
And that age, which my grey hairs make seem more than
it is, hath not diminished in me the power to protect an un­
deniable verity. Sidney.
Wherefore should any man think, but that reading itself
is one of the ordinary means, whereby it pleasetn God, of
his gracious goodness, to instil that celestial verity, which
being but so received, is nevertheless effectual to save
souls. Hooker.
If there come truth from them,
Why by the verities on thee made good,
May they not be my oracles as well? Shakesp.
Must virtue be preserved by a lie?
Virtue and truth do ever best agree;
By this it seems to be a verity,
Since the effects so good and virtuous be. Davies.
3. Moral truth; agreement of the words with the thoughts.

VE’RJUICE. n. s. [verjus, French.] Acid liquor expressed from
crab-apples. It is vulgarly pronounced varges.
Hang a dog upon a crab-tree, and he'll never love
verjuice. L'Estrange.
The barley-pudding comes in place:
Then bids fall on; himself, for saving charges,
A peel'd slic'd onion eats, and tipples verjuice. Dryden.
The native verjuice of the crab, deriv'd
Through th' infix'd graff, a grateful mixture forms
Of tart and sweet. Philips.

VERMICE’LLI. n. s. [Italian.] A paste rolled and broken in
the form of worms.
With oysters, eggs, and vermicelli,
She let him almost burst his belly. Prior.

VERMI’CULAR. adj. [vermiculus, Latin.] Acting like a worm;
continued from one part to another of the same body.
By the vermicular motion of the intestines, the grosser
parts are derived downwards, while the siner are squeez'd
into the narrow orisices of the lacteal vessels. Cheyne.

To VERMI’CULATE. v. a. [vermicul&aecute;, Fr. vermiculatus, Lat.]
To inlay; to work in chequer work, or pieces of divers
colours. Bailey.

VERMICULA’TION. n. s. [from vermiculate.] Continuation of
motion from one part to another.
My heare moves naturally by the motion of palpitation;
my guts by the motion of vermiculation. Hale.

VE’RMICULE. n. s. [vermiculus, vermis, Latin.] A little grub,
worm.
I saw the shining oak-ball ichneumon strike its terebra into
an oak-apple, to lay its eggs therein: and hence are many ver­
micules seen towards the outside of these apples. Derham.

VERMI’CULOUS. adj. [vermiculosus, Lat.] Full of grubs.

VE’EMIFORM. adj. [vermiforme, Fr. vermis and formo, Lat.]
Having the shape of a worm.

VE’RMIFUGE. n. s. [from vermis and fugo, Lat.] Any medi­
cine that destroys or expels worms.

VE’RMIL. n. s. [vermeil, vermillon, Fr.]
VERMI’LION. n. s. [vermeil, vermillon, Fr.]
1. The cochineal; a grub of a particular plant.
2. Factitious or native cinnabar; sulphur mixed with mercury.
This is the usual, though not primitive signification.
The imperfect metals are subject to rust, except mer­
cury, which is made into ve million by solution or cal­
cination. Bacon.
The fairest and most principal red is vermillion, called in
Latin minium. It is a poison, and found where great store of
quicksilver is. Peacham.
3. Any beautiful red colour.
How the red roses flush up in her checks,
And the pure snow with goodly vermil stain,
Like crimson dy'd in grain. Spenser.
There grew a goodly tree him fair beside,
Loaden with fruit and apples rosie red,
As they in pure vermillion had been dy'd,
Whereof great virtues over all were read. Fairy Queen.
Simple colours are strong and sensible, though they are
clear as vermillion. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To VERMI’LION. v. a. [from the noun.] To die red.
A sprightly red vermilions all her face,
And her eyes languish with unusual grace. Granville.

VE’RMINE. n. s. [vermine, Fr. vermis, Latin.] Any noxious
animal. Used commonly for small creatures.
What is your study?—
—How to prevent the fiend, and to kill vermin. Shakesp.
The head of a wolf, dried and hanged up in a dove­
house, will scare away vermin, such as weazels and pole­
cats. Bacon.
An idle person only lives to spend his time, and eat the
fruits of the earth, like a vermin or a wolf. Taylor.
The stars determine
You are my prisoners, base vermin. Hudibras.
A weazle taken in a trap, was charg'd with misdemeanors,
and the poor vermin stood much upon her innocence. L'Estr.
Great injuries these vermin, mice and rats, do in the
field. Mortimer's Husbandry.
He that has so little wit
To nourish vermin, may be bit. Swift.

To VE’RMINATE. v. n. [from vermin] To breed vermine.

VERMINA’TION. n. s. [from verminate.] Generation of ver­
mine.
Redi discarding anomalous generation, tried experiments
relating to the vermination of serpents and flesh. Derham.

VE’RMINOUS. adj. [from vermine.] Tending to vermine; dis­
posed to breed vermine.
A wasting of childrens flesh depends upon some obstruction
of the entrails, or verminous disposition of the body. Harvey.

VERMI’PAROUS. adj. [vermis and pario, Lat.] Producing
worms.
Hereby they confound the generation of vermiparous ani­
mals with oviparous. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VERNA’CULAR. adj. [vernaculus, Latin.] Native; of one's
own country.
London weekly bills number deep in consumptions; the
same likewise proving inseparable accidents to most other
diseases; which instances do evidently bring a consumption
under the notion of a vernacular disease to England. Harvey.
The histories of all our former wars are transmitted to us
in our vernacular idiom. I do not find in any of our chro­
nicles, that Edward the third ever reconnoiter'd the enemy,
though he often discovered the posture of the French, and as
often vanquished them. Addison.

VE’RNAL. adj. [vernus, Latin.] Belonging to the spring.
With the year
Seasons return; but not to me returns,
Or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose. Milton.

VE’RNANT. n. s. [vernans, Lat.] Flourishing as in the spring.
Else had the spring
Perpetual smil'd on earth, with vernant flow'rs,
Equal in days and nights. Milton's Par. Lost.

VERN’ILITY. n. s. [verna, Lat.] Servile carriage; the sub­
missive fawning behaviour of a slave. Bailey.

VE’RREL. See FERRULE.

VERSABI’LITY. n. s. [versabilis, Lat.] Aptness to be turn'd
or wound any way. Dict.
VE’RSABLENESS. n. s. [versabilis, Lat.] Aptness to be turn'd
or wound any way. Dict.

VERSAL. adj. [A cant word for universal.] Total; whole.
Some for brevity,
Have cast the versal world's nativity. Hudibras.

VE’RSATILE. adj. [versatilis, Lat.]
1. That may be turned round.


2. Changeable; variable.
One colour to us standing in one place, hath a contrary
aspect in another; as in those versatile representations in the
neck of a dove, and folds of scarlet. Glanville.
3. Easily applied to a new task.

VE’RSATILENESS. n. s. [from versatile.] The quality of be­
ing versatile.
VERSATI’LITY. n. s. [from versatile.] The quality of be­
ing versatile.

VERSE. n. s. [vers, Fr. versus, Latin.]
1. A line consisting of a certain succession of sounds, and num­
ber of syllables.
Thou hast by moonlight at her window sung,
With feigning voice, verses of feigning love. Shakesp.
2. [verset, Fr.] A section or paragraph of a book.
Thus far the questions proceed upon the construction of
the first earth; in the following verses they proceed upon the
demolition of that earth. Burnet.
3. Poetry; lays; metrical language.
Verse embalms virtue: and tombs and thrones of rhymes
Preserve frail transitory fame as much
As spice doth body from air's corrupt touch. Donne.
If envious eyes their hurtful rays have cast,
More pow'rful verse shall free thee from the blast. Dryden.
Whilst she did her various pow'r dispose;
Virtue was taught in verse, and Athens' glory rose. Prior.
You compose
In splay-foot verse, or hobbling prose. Prior.
4. A piece of poetry.
Let this verse, my friend, be thine. Pope.

To VERSE. v. a. [from the noun.] To tell in verse; to relate
poetically.
In the shape of Corin sate all day,
Playing on pipes of corn, and versing love. Shakesp.

To be VE’RSED. v. n. [versor, Lat.] To be skilled in; to be
acquainted with.
She might be ignorant of their nations, who was not versed
in their names, as not being present at the general survey of
animals, when Adam assigned unto every one a name con­
cordant unto its nature. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
This, vers'd in death, th' infernal knight relates,
And then for proof fulfill'd their common fates. Dryden.

VE’RSEMAN. n. s. [verse and man.] A poet; a writer in
verse.
The god of us versemen, you know, child, the sun. Prior.

VE’RSICLE. n. s. [versiculus, Lat.] A little verse.

VERSIFICA’TION. n. s. [versification, Fr. from versify.] The
art or practice of making verses.
Donne alone had your talent, but was not happy to ar­
rive at your versification. Dryden.
Some object to his versification; which is in poetry, what
colouring is in painting, a beautiful ornament. But if the
proportions are just, though the colours should happen to be
rough, the piece may be of inestimable value. Granville.

VERSIFICA’TOR. n. s. [versificateur, Fr. versificator, Lat.]
A versifier; a maker of verses with or
without the spirit of poetry.

VE’RSIFIER. n. s. [versificateur, Fr. versificator, Lat.]
A versifier; a maker of verses with or
without the spirit of poetry.
Statius, the best versificator next Virgil, knew not how to
design after him. Dryden.
In Job and the Psalms we shall find more sublime ideas,
more elevated language, than in any of the heathen versifiers
of Greece or Rome. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To VE’RSIFY. v. n. [versifier, Fr. versificor, Latin.] To make
verses.
You would wonder to hear how soon even children will
begin to versify. Sidney.
To follow rather the Goths in rhyming, than the Greeks
in true versifying, were even to eat acorns with swine, when
we may freely eat wheat bread among men. Ascham.
I'll versify in spite, and do my best,
To make as much waste paper as the rest. Dryden.

To VE’RSIFY. v. a. To relate in verse.
Unintermix'd with fictious fantasies,
I'll versify the truth, not poetize. Daniel.

VE’RSION. n. s. [version, Fr. versio, Latin.]
1. Change; transformation.
Springs, the antients thought to be made by the version of
air into water. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Change of direction.
Comets are rather gazed upon, than wisely observed in
their effects; that is, what kind of comet, for magnitude,
colour, version of the beams, produceth what kind of
effects. Bacon.
3. Translation.
This exact propriety of Virgil I particularly regarded; but
must confess, that I have not been able to make him appear
wholly like himself. For where the original is close, no ver­
sion can reach it in the same compass. Dryden.
4. The act of translating.

VERT. n. s. vert, Fr.
Vert, in the laws of the forest, signifies every thing that
grows, and bears a green leaf within the forest, that may
cover and hide a deer. Cowel.
I find no mention in all the records of Ireland, of a
park or free warren, notwithstanding the great plenty of vert
and venison. Sir J. Davies.

VE’RTEBRAL. adj. [from vertebræ, Lat.] Relating to the
joints of the spine.
The carotid, vertebral, and splenick arteries are not only
variously contorted, but here and there dilated, to moderate
the motion of the blood. Ray on the Creation.

VE’RTEBRE. n. s. [vertebre, Fr. vertebra, Latin.] A joint of
the back.
The several vertebres are so elegantly compacted together,
that they are as strong as if they were but one bone. Ray.

VE’RTEX n. s. [Latin.]
1. Zenith; the point over head.
These keep the vertex; but betwixt the bear
And shining zodiack, where the planets err,
A thousand figur'd constellations roll. Creech.
2. A top of a hill.
Mountains especially abound with different species of vege­
tables; every vertex or eminence affording new kinds. Derham.

VE’RTICAL. adj. [vertical, Fr. from vertex.]
1. Placed in the zenith.
'Tis raging noon; and vertical the sun
Darts on the head direct his forceful rays. Thomson.
2. Placed in a direction perpendicular to the horizon.
From these laws, all the rules of bodies ascending or de­
scending in vertical lines may be deduced. Cheyne.

VERTICA’LITY. n. s. [from vertical.] The state of being in the
zenith.
Unto them the sun is vertical twice a year; making two
distinct summers in the different points of the vertica­
lity. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VE’RTICALLY. adv. [from vertical.] In the zenith.
Although it be not vertical unto any part of Asia, yet it
vertically passeth over Peru and Brasilia. Brown.

VERTICI’LLATE. adj. [from verticillum, Latin.]
Verticillate plants are such as have their flowers intermixt
with small leaves growing in a kind of whirls about the
joints of a stalk, as penny-royal, horehound, &c. Quincy.

VERTI’CITY. n. s. [from vertex.] The power of turning;
circumvolution; rotation.
Those stars do not peculiarly glance on us, but carry a
common regard unto all countries, unto whom their verticity
is also common. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
We believe the verticity of the needle, without a certificate
from the days of old. Glanville.
Whether they be globules, or whether they have a ver­
ticity about their own centers, that produce the idea of white­
ness in us, the more particles of light are reflected from a
body, the whiter does the body appear. Lacke.

VE’RTIGINOUS. adj. [vertiginosus, Latin.]
1. Turning round; rotatory.
This vertiginous motion gives day and night successively
over the whole earth, and makes it habitable all around. Bentley.
2. Giddy.
These extinguish candles, make the workmen faint and
vertiginous; and, when very great, suffocates and kills
them. Woodward.

VERTI’GO. n. s. [Latin.] A giddiness; a sense of turning in
the head.
Vertigo is the appearance of visible objects that are without
motion, as if they turned round, attended with a fear of fall­
ing, and a dimness of sight. Quincy.
The forerunners of an apoplexy are dulness, vertigo's,
tremblings. Arbuthnot.
That old vertigo in his head,
Will never leave him till he's dead. Swift.

VE’RVAIN. n. s. [verveine, Fr. verbena, Lat.] A plant.
VE’RVINE. n. s. [verveine, Fr. verbena, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a labiated flower, consisting of one leaf, whose
upper lip is upright, and commonly divided into two; but
the under lip is cut into three parts; so that at first sight it
appears like a flower with five leaves. These are succeeded by
four naked seeds, which fill the calyx. The flowers generally
grow in spikes, but not in whorles, round the stalks. Miller.
The night-shade strows to work him ill,
Therewith the vervain, and her dill,
That hindreth witches of their will. Drayton.
Some scatt'ring pot-herbs here and there he found,
Which cultivated with his daily care,
And bruis'd with vervain, were his frugal fare. Dryden.

VE’RVAIN mallow. n. s. A plant.
It hath the whole habit of the mallow or althæa; but dif­
fers from it in having its leaves deeply divided. Miller.

VE’RVELES. n. s. [vervelle, Fr.] Labels tied to a hawk. Ains.

VE’RY. adj. [veray, or vrai, French; whence veray in an­
tient English.]
1. True; real.
Why do I pity him,
That with his very heart despiseth me. Shakespeare.
In very deed, as the Lord liveth. 1 Sam. xxv. 34.


O that in very deed we might behold it. Dryd. and Lee.
2. Having any qualities, commonly bad, in an eminent de­
gree.
Those who had drunk of Circe's cup, were turned into
very beasts. Davies.
There, where very desolation dwells,
By grots and caverns shagg'd with horrid shades,
She may pass on. Milton.
3. To note the things emphatically, or eminently.
'Tis an ill office for a gentleman;
Especially against his very friend. Shakesp.
Was not my love
The verier wag o'th' two? Shakespeare.
We can contain ourselves,
Were he the veriest antick in the world. Shakesp.
In a seeing age, the very knowledge of former times passes
but for ignorance in a better dress. South.
The pictures of our great grandmothers in Queen Eliza­
beth's time, are cloathed down to the very wrists, and up to
the very chin. Addison's Guardian.
4. Same.
Women are as roses, whose fair flower
Being once display'd, doth fall that very hour. Shakesp.
The cocks beat the partridge, which she laid to heart:
but finding these very cocks cutting one another, she com­
forted herself. L'Estrange.
So catholick a grace is charity, that whatever time is
the special opportunity of any other christian grace, that
very time is also the special opportunity of charity. Spratt.

VE’RY. adv. In a great degree; in an eminent degree.
The Greek orator was so very famous for this, that his an­
tagonist reading over the oration which had procured his ba­
nishment, asked them, if they were so much affected by the
bare reading of it, how much more they would have been
alarmed, had they heard him? Addison.
VES

To VE’SICATE. v. a. [vesica, Latin.] To blister.
Celsus proposes, that in all these internal wounds, the ex­
ternal parts be vesiccated, to make more powerful revulsion
from within. Wiseman's Surgery.
I saw the cuticula vesicated, and shining with a burning
heat. Wiseman.

VESICA’TION. n. s. [from vesicate.] Blistering; separation of
the cuticle.
I applied some vinegar prepared with litharge, defending
the vesication with pledgets. Wiseman's Surgery.

VESI’CATORY. n. s. [vesicatorium, technical Latin.] A blister­
ing medicine.

VE’SICLE. n. s. [vesicula, Latin.] A small cuticle, filled or
inflated.
Nor is the humour contained in smaller veins, but in a
vesicle, or little bladder. Browne's Vulgar Errours.
The lungs are made up of such air pipes and vesicles in­
terwoven with blood-vessels, to purify, ferment, or supply
the sanguineous mass with nitro-aerial particles. Ray.

VESI’CULAR. adj. [from vesicula, Lat.] Hollow; full of small
interstices.
A muscle is a bundle of vesicular threads, or of solid fila­
ments, involved in one common membrane. Cheyne.

VE’SPER. n. s. [Latin.] The evening star; the evening.
These signs are black Vesper's pageants. Shakesp.

VE’SPERS n. s. [without the singular, from vesperus, Latin.]
The evening service of the Romish church.

VE’SPERTINE. adj. [vespertinus, Latin.] Happening or coming
in the evening; pertaining to the evening.

VE’SSEL. n. s. [vasselle, Fr. vas, Lat.]
1. Any thing in which liquids, or other things, are put.
For Banquo's issue have I fill'd my mind;
Put rancours in the vessel of my peace,
Only for them. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If you have two vessel to fill, and you empty one to fill
the other, there still remains one vessel empty. Burnet.
2. The containing parts of an animal body.
Of these elements are constituted the smallest fibres; of
those fibres the vessels; of those vessels the organs of the
body. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. Any vehicle in which men or goods are carried on the water.
The sons and nephews of Noah, who peopled the isles,
had vessels to transport themselves. Raleigh's Essays.
The vessel is represented as stranded. The figure before
it seems to lift it off the shallows. Addison on Medals.
From storms of rage, and dangerous rocks of pride,
Let thy strong hand this little vessel guide;
It was thy hand that made it: through the tide
Impetuous of this life, let thy command
Direct my course, and bring me safe to land. Prior.
Now secure the painted vessel glides;
The sun-beams trembling on the floating tides. Pope.
4. Any capacity; any thing containing.
I have my fill
Of knowledge, what this vessel can contain. Milton.

To VE’SSEL. v. a. [from the noun.] To put into a vessel; to barrel.
Take earth, and vessel it; and in that set the seed. Bacon.

VE’SSETS. n. s. A kind of cloth commonly made in Suf­
folk. Bailey.

VE’SSICNON. n. s. [among horsemen] A windgall, or soft
swelling on the inside and outside of a horse's hoof. Dict.

VEST. n. s. [vestris, Lat.] An outer garment.
Over his lucid arms
A military vest of purple flow'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
When the queen in royal habit's drest,
Old mystick emblems grace th' imperial vest. Smith.

To VEST. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To dress; to deck; to enrobe.
The verdant fields with those of heav'n may vie,
With ether vested, and a purple sky. Dryden.
Light! Nature's resplendent robe;
Without whose vesting beauty all were wrapt
In gloom. Thomson.
2. To dress in a long garment.
Just Simeon, and prophetic Anna spoke,
Before the altar and the vested priest. Milton.
3. To make possessor of; to invest with.
To settle men's consciences, 'tis necessary that they know
the person, who by right is vested with power over them. Locke.
Had I been vested with the monarch's pow'r,
Thou must have sigh'd, unlucky youth! in vain. Prior.
4. To place in possession.
The militia their commissioners positively required to be
entirely vested in the parliament. Clarendon.
Empire and dominion was vested in him, for the good and
behoof of others. Locke.

VE’STAL. n. s. [vestalis, Latin.] A virgin consecrated to
Vesta; a pure virgin.
Women are not
In their best fortunes strong; but want will perjure
The ne'er-touch'd vestal. Shakespeare.
How happy is the blameless vestal's lot?
The world forgetting, by the world forgot. Pope.

VE’STAL. adj. [vestalis, Latin.] Denoting pure virginity.
Her vestal livery is but sick and green,
And none but fools do wear it. Shakespeare.

VE’STIBULE. n. s. [vestibulum, Lat.] The porch or first en­
trance of a house.

VE’STIGE. n. s. [vestigium, Lat.] Footstep; mark left be­
hind in passing.
The truth passes so slightly through men's imaginations,
that they must use great subtilty to track its vestiges. Harvey.

VE’STMENT. n. s. [vestimentum, Latin.] Garment; part of
dress.
Were it not better that the love which men bear unto
God, should make the least things that are employed in his
service amiable, than that their over-scrupulous dislike of so
mean a thing as a vestment, should from the very service of
God withdraw their hearts and affections. Hooker.
Heaven then would seem thy image, and reflect
Those sable vestments, and that bright aspect. Waller.
The sculptors could not give vestments suitable to the qua­
lity of the persons represented. Dryden.

VE’STRY. n. s. [vestiaire, Fr. vestiarium, Latin.]
1. A room appendant to the church, in which the sacerdotal
garments, and consecrated things are reposited.
Bold Amycus, from the robb'd vestry brings
The chalices of heav'n; and holy things
Of precious weight. Dryden.
2. A parochial assembly commonly convened in the vestry.
The common-council are chosen every year, so many for
every parish, by the vestry, and common convention of the
people of that parish. Clarendon.
Go with me where paltry constables will not summon us
to vestries. Blount to Pope.

VE’STURE. n. s. [vesture, old Fr. vestura, Italian.]
1. Garment; robe.
Her breasts half hid, and half were laid to show;
Her envious vesture greedy sight repelling. Fairfax.
What, weep you when you but behold
Our Cæsar's vesture wounded? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
To bear my lady's train, lest the base earth
Should from her vesture chance to steal a kiss. Shakesp.
Here ruddy brass, and gold refulgent blaz'd;
There polish'd chests embroider'd vestures grac'd. Pope.
2. Dress; habit; external form.
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
But this muddy vesture of decay
Doth grosly close us in, we cannot hear it. Shakesp.
Rocks, precipices, and gulfs, apparell'd with a vesture of
plants, would resemble mountains and vallies. Bentley.
VET

VETCH. n. s. [vicia, Lat.] A plant with a papilionaceous flower;
from the empalement arises the pointal, which becomes a
pod full of roundish or angular seeds: to which must be ad­
ded, that the leaves grow by pairs on a middle rib, ending
in a tendril.


Where vetches, pulse, and tares have stood,
And stalks of lupines grew. Dryden.
An ervum is a sort of vetch, or small pea. Arbuthnot.

VE’TCHY. n. s. [from vetch.] Made of vetches; abounding in
vetches; consisting of vetch or pease-straw.
If to my cottage thou wilt resort,
There may'st thou ligge in a vetchy bed,
'Till fairer fortune shew forth his head. Spenser.

VE’TERAN. n. s. [veteranus, Latin.] An old soldier; a man
long practised in any thing.
We were forced to uncover, or be regarded as veterans in
the beau monde. Addison.
The Arians, for the credit of their faction, took the eldest,
the best experienced, the most wary, and the longest­
practised veterans they had amongst them. Hooker.
If king Charles II. had made war upon France, he might
have conquered it by the many veterans, which had been
inured to service in the civil wars. Addison.
Ensigns that pierc'd the foe's remotest lines,
The hardy veteran with tears resigns. Addison.

VE’TERAN. adj. Long practised in war; long experienced.
There was a mighty strong army of land-forces, to the
number of fifty thousand veteron soldiers Bacon.
The British youth shall hail thy wise command;
Thy temper'd ardour, and thy veteran skill. Thomson.

VETERINARIAN. n. s. [veterinarius, Lat.] One skilled in the
diseases of cattle
That a horse has no gall, is not only swallowed by com­
mon farriers, but also receiv'd by good veterinarians, and
some who have laudably discoursed upon horses. Brown.

To VEX. v. a. [vexo, Latin.]
1. To plague; to torment; to harrass.
Do you think
The king will suffer but the little finger
Of this man to be vex'd? Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Do poor Tom some charity, whom the foul fiend vexes. Shak.
When she pressed him daily, so that his soul was vexed
unto death, he told her all his heart. Judges xvi. 16.
Still may the dog the wand'ring troops constrain
Of airy ghosts, and vex the guilty train. Dryden.
You are the cause of all my care:
Your eyes ten thousand dangers dart;
Ten thousand torments vex my heart;
I love, and I despair. Prior.
2. To disturb; to disquiet.
Alack, 'tis he; why, he was met even now,
As mad as the vext sea; singing aloud. Shakesp.
Rang'd on the banks beneath our equal oars,
White curl the waves, and the vex'd ocean roars. Pope.
3. To trouble with slight provocations.

VEXA’TION. n. s. [from vex.]
1. The act of troubling.
O that husband,
My supreme crown of grief, and those repeated vexations
of it. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
2. The state of being troubled; uneasiness; sorrow.
Vexation almost stops my breath,
That sundred friends greets in the hour of death. Shakesp.
Passions too violent, instead of heightening our pleasures,
afford us nothing but vexation and pain. Temple.
3. The cause of trouble or uneasiness.
Your children were vexation to your youth;
But mine shall be a comfort to your age. Shakesp.
4. An act of harrassing by law.
Albeit the party grieved thereby, may have some reason to
complain of an untrue charge, yet may he not well call it
an unjust vexation. Bacon.
5. A slight teazing trouble.

VEXA’TIOUS. adj. [from vexation.]
1. Afflictive; troublesome; causing trouble.
Consider him maintaining his usurped title, by continual
vexatious wars against the kings of Judah. South.
Vexatious thought still found my flying mind,
Nor bound by limits, nor to place confin'd;
Haunted my nights, and terrify'd my days;
Stalk'd through my gardens, and pursu'd my ways;
Nor shut from artful bow'r, nor lost in winding maze. Prior.
2. Full of trouble; full of uneasiness.
He leads a vexatious life, who in his noblest actions is so
gored with scruples, that he dares not make a step without
the authority of another. Digby.
3. Teazing; slightly troublesome.

VEXA’TIOUSLY. adv. [from vexatious.] Troublesomely; un­
easily.

VEXA’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from vexatious.] Troublesomeness; un­
easiness.

VEXER. [from vex.] He who vexes.
UGL

U’GLILY. adv. [from ugly.] Filthily; with deformity; in such
a manner as to raise dislike.

U’GLINESS. n. s. [from ugly.]
1. Deformity; contrariety to beauty.
All that else seem'd fair and fresh in sight,
Was turned now to dreadful ugliness. Spenser.
She takes her topicks from the advantages of old age and
ugliness. Dryden.
2. Turpitude; loathsomeness; moral depravity.
Their dull ribaldry cannot but be very nauseous and offen­
sive to any one, who does not, for the sake of the sin itself,
pardon the ugliness of its circumstances. South.

U’GLY. adj. [This word was antiently written ougly; whence
Mr. Dier ingeniously deduces it from ouphlike; that is, like
an ouph, elf, or goblin. In Saxon oga is terrour; and in
Gothic ogan is to fear.] Deformed; offensive to the sight;
contrary to beautiful.
If Cassio do remain,
He hath a daily beauty in his life,
That makes me ugly. Shakespeare.
O, I have pass'd a miserable night,
So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams. Shakesp.
Was this the cottage, and the safe abode
Thou toldst me of? What grim aspects are these,
These ugly-headed monsters? Milton.

VI’AL. n. s. [f?a?.] A small bottle.
Edward's seven sons
Were as sev'n vials of his sacred blood. Shakesp.
You Gods! look down,
And from your sacred vials pour your grace
Upon my daughter's head. Shakesp.
Take thou this vial, being then in bed,
And this distilled liquor drink thou off. Shakesp.
Another lamp burnt in an old marble sepulchre belong­
ing to some of the antient Romans inclosed in a glass
vial. Wilkins.
I placed a thin vial, well stopped up, within the smoke of
the vapour, but nothing followed. Addison.
Chemical waters, that are each transparent, when separate,
ferment into a thick troubled liquor, when mixed in the same
vial. Addison.

To VI’AL. v. a. To inclose in a vial.
This she with precious vial'd liquors heals;
For which the shepherds at the festivals
Carol her goodness loud in rustick lays. Milton.

VI’AND. n. s. [viande, Fr. vivanda, Ital.] Food; meat dressed.
The belly only like a gulf remain'd,
I' th' midst of the body idle and unactive,
Still cupboarding the viand. Shakesp.
No matter, since
They've left their viands behind, for we have stomachs.
Wilt please you taste of what is here? Shakesp.
These are not fruits forbidden; no interdict
Defends the touching of these viands pure;
Their taste no knowledge works, at least of evil. Milton.
From some sorts of food less pleasant to the taste, persons
in health, and in no necessity of using such viands, had better
to abstain. Ray.
The tables in fair order spread;
Viands of various kinds allure the taste,
Of choicest sort and savour; rich repast! Pope.

VIA’TICUM. n. s. [Latin.]
1. Provision for a journey.
2. The last rites used to prepare the passing soul for its depar­
ture.
VIB

To VI’BRATE. v. a. [vibro, Latin.]
1. To brandish; to move to and fro with quick motion.
2. To make to quiver.
Breath vocalized, that is vibrated or undulated, may dif­
ferently affect the lips, and impress a swift tremulous mo­
tion, which breath passing smooth doth not. Holder.

To VI’BRATE. v. n.
1. To play up and down, or to and fro.
The air, compressed by the fall and weight of the quick­
silver, would repel it a little upwards, and make it vibrate
a little up and down. Boyle.
Do not all fixed bodies, when heated beyond a certain
degree, emit light, and shine? And is not this emission
performed by the vibrating motions of their parts? Newton.
2. To quiver.
The whisper, that to greatness still too near,
Perhaps, yet vibrates on his sovereign's ear. Pope.

VIBRA’TION. n. s. [from vibro, Latin.] The act of moving,
or being moved with quick reciprocations, or returns; the
act of quivering.
It sparkled like the coal upon the altar, with the fervours
of piety, the heats of devotion, and the sallies and vibrations
of an harmless activity. South.
Do not the rays of light, in falling upon the bottom of
the eye, excite vibrations in the tunica retina? Which vibra­
tions being propagated along the solid fibres of the optic
nerves into the brain, cause the sense of seeing. Newton.
Mild vibrations sooth the parted soul,
New to the dawning of celestial day. Thomson.
VIC



VI’CAR. n. s. [vicarius, Latin.]
1. The incumbent of an appropriated or impropriated benefice.
Procure the vicar
To stay for me at church, 'twixt twelve and one,
To give our hearts united ceremony. Shakesp.
Yours is the prize;
The vicar my defeat, and all the village see. Dryden.
A landed youth, whom his mother would never suffer to
look into a book for fear of spoiling his eyes, upon hear­
ing the clergy decried, what a contempt must he entertain,
not only for his vicar at home, but for the whole order. Swift.
2. One who performs the functions of another; a substitute.
An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict
his suffragans, but his vicar-general may do the same. Ayliffe.

VI’CARAGE. n. s. [from vicar.] The benefice of a vicar.
This gentleman lived in his vicarage to a good old age,
and having never deserted his flock, died vicar of Bray. Swift.

VICA’RIOUS. adj. [vicarius, Latin.] Deputed; delegated; act­
ing in the place of another.
The soul in the body is but a subordinate efficient, and
vicarious and instrumental in the hands of the Almighty,
being but his substitute in this regiment of the body. Hale.
What can be more unnatural, than for a man to rebel
against the vicarious power of God in his soul. Norris.

VI’CARSHIP. n. s. [from vicar.] The office of a vicar.

VICE. n. s. [vitium, Latin.]
1. The course of action opposite to virtue; depravity of man­
ners; inordinate life.
No spirit more gross to love
Vice for itself. Milton.
The foundation of error will lie in wrong measures of pro­
bability; as the foundation of vice in wrong measures of
good. Locke.
2. A fault; an offence. It is generally used for an habitual
fault, not for a single enormity.
No vice, so simple, but assumes
Some mark of virtue on its outward parts. Shakesp.
Yet my poor country
Shall have more vices than it had before;
More suffer by him that shall succeed. Shakesp.
Ungovern'd appetite, a brutish vice. Milton.
I cannot blame him for inveighing so sharply against the
vices of the clergy in his age. Dryden.
3. The fool, or punchinello of old shows.
I'll be with you again
In a trice, like to the old vice,
Your need to sustain;
Who with dagger of lath, in his rage and his wrath,
Cries, ah, ha! to the devil. Shakespeare.
His face made of brass, like a vice in a game. Tusser.
4. [Vijs, Dutch.] A kind of small iron press with screws, used by
workmen.
He found that marbles taught him percussion; bottle-screws,
the vice; whirligigs, the axis in peritrochio. Arbuth. and Pope.
5. Gripe; grasp.
If I but fist him once; if he come but within my
vice. Shakespeare.
6. [Vice, Latin.] It is used in composition for one, qui vicem gerit,
who performs, in his stead, the office of a superiour, or who has
the second rank in command: as a viceroy; vice-chancellor.

To VICE. v. a. [from the noun.] To draw.
With all confidence he swears,
As he had seen't, or been an instrument
To vice you to't, that you have touch'd his queen
Forbiddenly. Shakespeare's Winter Tale.

VI’CEADMIRAL. n. s. [vice and admiral.]
1. The second commander of a fleet.
The foremost of the fleet was the admiral: the rear­
admiral was Cara Mahometes, an arch-pirate. The vice­
admiral in the middle of the fleet with a great squadron of
gallies, struck sail directly. Knolles.
2. A naval officer of the second rank.

VI’CEADMIRALTY. n. s. [from vice-admiral.] The office of a
vice-admiral.
The vice-admiralty is exercised by Mr. Trenanion. Carew.

VICEA’GENT. n. s. [vice and agent.] One who acts in the
place of another.
A vassal Satan hath made his vice-agent, to cross whatever
the faithful ought to do. Hooker.

VI’CED. adj. [from viced.] Vitious; corrupt.
Be as a planetary plague, when Jove
Will o'er some high-vic'd city hang his poison
In the sick air. Shakesp.

VICEGE’RENT. n. s. [vicem gerens, Lat.] A lieutenant;
one who is instrusted with the power of the superiour, by
whom he is deputed.
All percepts concerning kings are comprehended in these;
remember thou art a man; remember thou art God's
vicegerent. Bacon.
Employ it in unfeigned piety towards God; in unshaken
duty to his vicegerent; in hearty obedience to his church. Sprat.
Great Father of the gods, when for our crimes
Thou send'st some heavy judgment on the times;
Some tyrant king, the terrour of his age,
The type and true vicegerent of thy rage,
Thus punish. Dryden.
Thou great vicegerent of the king;
In all affairs thou sole director. Swift.

VICEGE’RENT. adj. [vicegerens, Lat.] Having a delegated
power; acting by substitution.
Whom send I to judge thee? Whom but thee,
Vicegerent son! To thee I have transferr'd
All judgment, whether in heav'n, or earth, or hell. Milton.

VICEGE’RENCY. n. s. [from vicegernt.] The office of a vice­
gerent; lieutenancy; deputed power.
The authority of conscience stands founded upon its vice­
gerency and deputation under God. South.

VICECHA’NCELLOR. n. s. [vicecancellarius, Latin.] The second
magistrate of the universities.

VI’CENARY. adj. [vicenarius, Lat.] Belonging to twenty. Bailey.

VI’CEROY. n. s. [viceroi, French.] He who governs in place
of the king with regal authority.
Shall I, for lucre of the rest unvanquish'd,
Detract so much from that prerogative,
As to be call'd but viceroy of the whole? Shakesp.
Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, was wont to say, that the go­
vernment of Peru was the best place the king of Spain gave,
save that it was somewhat too near Madrid. Bacon.
We are so far from having a king, that even the viceroy
is generally absent four fifths of his time. Swift.

VI’CEROYALTY. n. s. [from viceroy.] Dignity of a viceroy.
These parts furnish out vice-royalties for the grandees; but
in war are incumbrances to the kingdom. Addison.

VI’CETY. n. s. [Of this word I know not well the meaning or
original: a nice thing is now called in vulgar language, point
vice, from the French perhaps, point de vice; whence the
barbarous word vicety may be derived.] Nicety; exactness.
A word not used.
Here is to the fruit of Pem,
Grafted upon Stub his stem;
With the peakish nicety,
And old Sherewood's vicety. B. Johnson.

VICI’NITY. n. s. [vicinus, Latin.]
1. Nearness; State of being near.
The position of things is such, that there is a vicinity be­
tween agents and patients, that the one incessantly invades
the other. Hale.
The abundance and vicinity of country seats. Swift.
2. Neighbourhood.
He shall find out and recall the wandering particles home,
and fix them in their old vicinity. Rogers.
Gravity alone must have carried them downwards to the
vicinity of the sun. Bentley.

VI’CINAGE. n. s. [vicinia, Lat.] Neighbourhood; places adjoin­
ing.

VICI’NAL. adj. [vicinus, Lat.] Near; neighbouring.
VICI’NE. adj. [vicinus, Lat.] Near; neighbouring.
Opening other vicine passages might obliterate any track;
as the making of one hole in the yielding mud, defaces the
print of another near it. Glanville.

VI’CIOUS. adj. [from vice.] See VITIOUS. Devoted to vice;
not addicted to virtue.
He heard this heavy curse,
Servants of servants on his vicious race. Milton.

VICI’SSITUDE. [vicissitudo, Latin.]
1. Regular change; return of the same things in the same
succession.
It makes through heav'n
Grateful vicissitude, like day and night. Milton.
The rays of light are alternately disposed to be reflected or
refracted for many vicissitudes. Newton.
This succession of things upon the earth, is the result of
the vicissitude of seasons, and is as constant as is the cause of
that vicissitude, the sun's declination. Woodward.
2. Revolution; change.
During the course of the war, did the vicissitudes of good
and bad fortune affect us with humility or thankfulness. Atterb.
Verse sweetens toil, however rude the sound.
All at her work the village maiden sings;
Nor as she turns the giddy wheel around,
Revolves the sad vicissitude of things. Giffard.

VI’CONTIELS. In law vicontiel rents are certain farms, for
which the sheriff pays a rent to the king, and makes what
profit he can of them. Vicontiel writs are such writs as are
triable in the country court, before the sheriff. Bailey.

VI’CTIM. n. s. [victima, Latin.]
1. A sacrifice; something slain for a sacrifice.
All that were authors of so black a deed,
Be sacrific'd as victims to his ghost. Denham.
And on the victim pour the ruddy wine. Dryden.
Clitumnus' waves, for triumphs after war,
The victim ox, and snowy sheep prepare. Addison.


2. Something destroyed.
Behold where age's wretched victim lies;
See his head trembling, and his half-clos'd eyes. Prior.

VI’CTOR. n. s. [victor, Lat.] Conqueror; vanquisher; he
that gains the advantage in any contest. Victor is seldom
used with a genitive, and never but with regard to some single
action or person. We rarely say Alexander was victor of
Darius, though we say he was victor at Arbela; but we never
say he was victor of Persia.
This strange race more strange conceits did yield;
Who victor seem'd, was to his ruin brought;
Who seem'd o'erthrown, was mistress of the field. Sidney.
Some time the flood prevails, and then the wind,
Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast,
Yet neither conqueror, nor conquered. Shakesp.
Although the victor, we submit to Cæsar. Shakesp.
Say where and when
Their fight; what stroke shall bruise the victor's heel. Milt.
Our Hebrew songs and harps in Babylon,
That pleas'd so well our victors ear, declare
That rather Greece from us these arts deriv'd. Milton.
Their hearts at last the vanquish'd re-assume,
And now the victors fall. Denham.
In love the victors from the vanquish'd fly;
They fly that wound, and they pursue that die. Waller.
Fortune's unjust; she ruins oft the brave,
And him who should be victor, makes the slave. Dryden.
Lose not a thought on me, I'm out of danger;
Heaven will not leave me in the victor's hand. Addison.

VICTO’RIOUS. adj. [victorieux, Fr.]
1. Conquering; having obtained conquest; superiour in contest.
Victory doth more often fall by errour of the vanquished,
than by the valour of the victorious. Hayward.
The great son return'd victorious with his saints. Milton.
That happy sun, said he, will rise again,
Who twice victorious did our navy see:
And I alone must view him rise in vain,
Without one ray of all his star for me. Dryden.
2. Producing conquest.
Sudden these honours shall be snatch'd away,
And curs'd for ever this victorious day. Pope.
3. Betokening conquest.
Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths;
Our bruised arms hung up for monuments. Shakesp.

VICTO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from victorious.] With conquest; suc­
cessfully; triumphantly.
That grace will carry us, if we do not wilfully betray our
succours, victoriously through all difficulties. Hammond.

VICTO’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from victorious.] The state or quality
of being victorious.

VI’CTORY. n. s. [victoria, Lat.] Conquest; success in con­
test; triumph.
At his nurse's tears
He whin'd and roar'd away your victory,
That pages blush'd at him. Shakesp.
Then to the heav'n of heav'ns he shall ascend
With victory, triumphing o'er his foes. Milton.
Obedience is a complicated act of virtue, and many graces
are exercised in one act of obedience. It is an act of humi­
lity, of mortification and self-denial, of charity to God, of
care of the publick, of order and charity to ourselves. It is a great
instance of a victory over the most refractory passions. Taylor.

VI’CTRESS. n. s. [from victor.] A female that conquers.
I'll lead thy daughter to a conqueror's bed;
And she shall be sole victress; Cæsar's Cæsar. Shakesp.

VI’CTUAL. n. s. [victuailles, Fr. vittonaglia, Ital.] Provision
of food; stores for the support of life; meat;
sustenance.
VI’CTUALS. n. s. [victuailles, Fr. vittonaglia, Ital.] Provision
of food; stores for the support of life; meat;
sustenance.
He landed in these islands, to furnish himself with victuals
and fresh water. Abbot's Descrip. of the World.
You had musty victuals, and he hath holp to eat it: he
hath an excellent stomach. Shakesp.
He was not able to keep that place three days for lack of
victual. Knolles.
They, unprovided of tackling and victual, are forced to
sea by a storm. K. Charles.

To VI’CTUAL. v. a. [from the noun.] To store with provi­
sion for food.
Talbot, farewel;
I must go victual Orleans forthwith. Shakes.

VI’CTUALLER. n. s. [from victuals.] One who provides victuals.
They planted their artillery against the haven, to impeach
supply of victuals; yet the English victuallers surceased not
to bring all things necessary. Hayward.
Their conquest half is to the victualler due. King.

VIDE’LICET. adv. [Latin.] To wit; that is. This word is
generally written viz.

VIDU’ITY. n. s. [from viduus, Lat.] Widowhood.
VIE

To VIE. v. a. [Of this word the etymology is very uncertain.]
1. To show, or practice in competition.
They vie power and expence with those that are too
high. L'Estrange.
You vie happiness in a thousand easy and sweet di­
versions. Evelyn.
2. In this passage the meaning seems to be, to add; to accu­
mulate.
She hung about my neck, and kiss on kiss
She vied so fast,
That in a twink she won me to her love. Shakesp.

To VIE. v. n. To contest; to contend; to strive for su­
periority.
In a trading nation, the younger sons may be placed in
such a way of life, as may enable them to vie with the best
of their family. Addison.
The wool, when shaded with Ancona's dye,
May with the proudest Tyrian purple vie. Addison.
Now voices over voices rise;
While each to be the loudest vies. Swift.

To VIEW. v. a. [veu, Fr. from veoir, or voir.]
1. To survey; to look on by way of examination.
Go, and view the country. Jos. vii. 2.
Th' almighty father bent down his eye,
His own works and their works at once to view. Milton.
View not this spire, by measures giv'n,
To buildings rais'd by common hands. Prior.
Whene'er we view some well-proportion'd dome;
No single parts unequally surprize;
All comes united to th' admiring eyes. Pope.
2. To see; to perceive by the eye.
With eyes aghast
View'd first their lamentable lot. Milton.
No more I hear, no more I view,
The phantom flies me, as unkind as you. Pope.

VIEW. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Prospect.
You should tread a course
Pretty, and full of view; yea, haply, near
The residence of Posthumus. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Vast and indefinite views, which drown all apprehensions of
the uttermost objects, are condemned by good authors. Wotton.
The walls of Pluto's palace are in view. Dryden.
Cut wide views through mountains to the plain,
You'll wish your hill, or shelter'd hill again. Pope.
2. Sight; power of beholding.
Some safer resolution I've in view. Milton.
I go, to take for ever from your view,
Both the lov'd object, and the hated too. Dryden.
These things duly weigh'd, will give us a clear view into
the state of human liberty. Locke.
Instruct me other joys to prize,
With other beauties charm my partial eyes;
Full in my view set all the bright abode,
And make my soul quit Abelard for God. Pope.
3. Act of seeing.
Th' unexpected sound
Of dogs and men, his wakeful ear does wound;
Rouz'd with the noise, he scarce believes his ear,
Willing to think th' illusions of his fear
Had giv'n this false alarm; but straight his view
Confirms that more than all he fears is true. Denham.
Objects near our view are thought greater than those of
a larger size, that are more remote. Locke.
4. Sight; eye.
She was not much struck with those objects that now pre­
sented themselves to her view. Female Quixote.
5. Survey; examination by the eye.
Time never will renew,
While we too far the pleasing path pursue,
Surveying nature with too nice a view. Dryden.
6. Intellectual survey.
If the mind has made this inference by finding out the in­
termediate ideas, and taking a view of the connection of
them, it has proceeded rationally. Locke.
7. Space that may be taken in by the eye; reach of sight.
The fame through all the neighb'ring nations flew,
When now the Trojan navy was in view. Dryden.
8. Appearance; show.
In that accomplish'd mind,
Helpt by the night, new graces find;
Which, by the splendour of her view,
Dazzl'd before we never knew. Waller.
9. Display; exhibition to the sight or mind.
To give a right view of this mistaken part of liberty,
would any one be a changeling, because he is less determined
by wise considerations than a wise man? Locke.
10. Prospect of interest.
No man sets himself about any thing, but upon some view
or other, which serves him for a reason. Locke.
11. Intention; design.
He who sojourns in a foreign country, refers what he
sees to the state of things at home; with that view he makes
all his reflections. Atterbury.
With a view to commerce, in returning from his expedi­
tion against the Parthians, he passed through Egypt. Arbuthnot.



VI’EWLESS. adj. [from view.] Unseen; not discernible by
the sight.
To be imprison'd in the viewless winds,
And blown with restless violence about
The pendant world. Shakesp.
Each stair mysteriously was meant, nor stood
There always, but drawn up to heav'n sometimes
Viewless. Milton's Par. Lost.
Swift through the valves the visionary fair
Repass'd, and viewless mix'd with common air. Pope.
Light-bounding from the earth, at once they rise;
Their feet half viewless quiver in the skies. Pope.
VIG

VIGESIMA’TION. n. s. [vegesimus, Latin.] The act of putting
to death every twentieth man. Bailey.

VI’GIL. n. s. [vigilia, Latin.]
1. Watch; devotions performed in the customary hours of rest.
So they in heaven their odes and vigils tun'd. Milton.
Shrines! where their vigils pale-ey'd virgins keep,
And pitying saints, whose statues learn to weep. Pope.
2. A fast kept before a holiday.
He that out-lives this day, and sees old age,
Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours,
And say to-morrow is St. Crispian. Shakesp.
3. Service used on the night before a holiday.
No altar is to be consecrated without reliques, which
placed before the church door, the vigils are to be celebrated
that night before them. Stillingfleet.
The rivals call my muse another way,
To sing their vigils for th' ensuing day. Dryden.
4. Watch; forbearance of sleep.
Though Venus and her son shou'd spare
Her rebel heart, and never teach her care;
Yet Hymen may perforce her vigils keep,
And for another's joy suspend her sleep. Waller.
Nothing wears out a fine face like the vigils of the card­
table, and those cutting passions which attend them. Addison.

VI’GILANCE. n. s. [vigilance, Fr. vigilantia, Lat.]
VI’GILANCY n. s. [vigilance, Fr. vigilantia, Lat.]
1. Forbearance of sleep.
Ulysses yielded unseasonably to sleep, and the strong pas­
sion for his country should have given him vigilance. Broome.
2. Watchfulness; circumspection; incessant care.
Shall Henry's conquest, Bedford's vigilance,
Your deeds of war, and all our counsel die? Shakesp.
No post is free, no place,
That guard and most unusual vigilance
Does not attend my taking. Shakesp. K. Lear.
In this their military care, there were few remarkable oc­
casions under the duke, saving his continual vigilancy, and vo­
luntary hazard of his person. Wotton.
Of these the vigilance
I dread; and to elude, thus wrapp'd in mist
Of midnight vapour, glide obscure. Milton.
We are enabled to subdue all other creatures; and use
for our behoof the strength of the ox, the sagacity and vigi­
lancy of the dog. Ray.
3 Guard; watch.
In at this gate none pass
The vigilance here plac'd, but such as come
Well known from heav'n. Milton.

VI’GILANT. adj. [vigilans, Latin.] Watchful; circumspect;
diligent; attentive.
They have many prayers, but every of them very short,
as if they were darts thrown out with a kind of sudden
quickness; lest that vigilant and erect attention of mind,
which in prayer is very necessary, should be wasted or dulled
through continuance. Hooker.
Take your places, and be vigilant:
If any noise or soldier you perceive,
Let us have knowledge. Shakespeare.
The treasurer, as he was vigilant in such cases, had notice
of the clerk's expiration so soon, that he procured the king
to send a message to the master of the rolls. Clarend.

VI’GILANTLY. adv. [from vigilant.] Watchfully; atten­
tively; circumspectly.
Thus in peace, either of the kings so vigilantly observed
every motion of the others, as if they had lived upon the
alarm. Hayward.

VI’GOOUS. adj. [from vigor, Latin.] Forcible; not weaken­
ed; full of strength and life.
Fam'd for his valour young;
At sea successful, vigorous and strong! Waller.
Their appetite is not dull'd by being gratified, but returns
always fresh and vigorous. Atterbury.

VI’GOROUSLY. adv. [from vigour.] With force; forcibly;
without weakness.
The prince had two giant ships;
With his one so vigorously he press'd,
And flew so home, they could not rise again. Dryden.
If the fire burns bright and vigorously, it is no matter by
what means it was at first kindled. South.
That prince whose cause you espouse so vigorously, is the
principal in the war, and you but a second. Swift.

VI’GOROUSNESS. n. s. [from vigour.] Force; strength.
He hath given excellent sufferance and vigorousness to the
sufferers, arming them with strange courage, heroical forti­
tude, invincible resolution, and glorious patience. Taylor.

VI’GOUR n. s. [vigor, Lat.]
1. Force; strength.
Sometimes went and sometimes ran,
With supple joints, as lively vigour led. Milton.
Shame to be overcome,
Wou'd utmost vigour raise, and rais'd unite. Milton.
Pernicious fire wither'd all their strength,
And of their wonted vigour left them drain'd. Milton.
The mind and spirit remains
Invincible, and vigour soon returns. Milton.
No deep within her gulf can hold
Immortal vigour. Milton.
The vigour of this arm was never vain:
Witness these heaps of slaughter. Dryden.
2. Mental force; intellectual ability.
3. Energy; efficacy.
In the fruitful earth
His beams, unactive else, their vigour find. Milton.
How does Cartesius all his sinews strain,
The earth's attractive vigour to explain? Blackmore.
VIL

VILE. adj. [vil, Fr. vilis, Lat.] Base; mean; worthless;
sordid; despicable.
Our case were miserable, if that wherewith we most en­
deavour to please God, were in his sight so vile and despicable
as men's disdainful speech would make it. Hooker.
I disdaining scorn'd, and craved death,
Rather than I would be so vile esteem'd. Shakesp.
He to-day that sheds his blood with me,
Shall be my brother; be he ne'er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition. Shakesp.
The inhabitants account gold but as a vile thing. Abbot.
That sinful creature man elected is,
And in our place the heavens possess he must;
Vile man, begot of clay, and born of dust. Fairfax.
A spontaneous production is against matter of fact; a thing
without example not only in man, but the vilest of weeds. Bentl.
2. Morally impure; wicked.
Restor'd by thee, vile as I am, to place
Of new acceptance. Milton.

VI’LED. adj. [from vile, whence revile.] Abusive; scurrilous;
defamatory.
He granted life to all except to one, who had used vil'd
speeches against king Edward. Hayward.

VI’LELY. adv. [from vile.] Basely; meanly; shamefully.
The Volscians vilely yielded the town. Shakesp.
How can I
Forget my Hector, treated with dishonour,
Depriv'd of funeral rites, and vilely dragg'd,
A bloody corse, about the walls of Troy. A. Philips.

VI’LENESS. n. s. [from vile.]
1. Baseness; meanness; despicableness.
His vileness us shall never awe:
But here our sports shall be:
Such as the golden world first saw,
Most innocent and free. Drayton.
Reflect on the essential vileness of matter, and its impo­
tence to conserve its own being. Creech.
Considering the vileness of the clay, I wondered that no
tribune of that age durst ever venture to ask the potter,
what dost thou make? Swift.
2. Moral or intellectual baseness.
Then, vileness of mankind!
Could one, alas! repeat me good or great,
Wash my pale body, or bewail my fate? Prior.

To VI’LIFY. v. a. [from vile.] To debase; to defame; to
make contemptible.
Tomalin could not abide,
To hear his sovereign vilify'd. Drayton.
Their maker's image
Forsook them, when themselves they vilify'd
To serve ungovern'd appetite; and took
His image whom they serv'd. Milton.
The displeasure of their prince, those may expect, who would
put in practice all methods to vilify his person. Addison.
Many passions dispose us to depress and vilify the merit of
one rising in the esteem of mankind. Addison.

VILL. n. s. [ville, Fr. villa, Latin.] A village; a small col­
lection of houses. Little in use.
This book gives an account of the manurable lands in
every manor, town, or vill. Hale.

VI’LLA. n. s. [villa, Lat.] A country seat.
The antient Romans lay the foundations of their villas and
palaces within the very borders of the sea. Addison.
All vast possessions; just the same the case,
Whether you call them villa, park, or chace. Pope.



VI’LLAGE. n. s. [village, Fr.] A small collection of houses
in the country, less than a town.
Beggars, with roaring voices, from low farms,
Or pelting villages, sheep coats, and mills,
Inforce their charity. Shakespeare.
The early village cock
Hath twice done salutation to the morn. Shakesp.
You have many enemies, that know not
Why they are so; but, like the village curs,
Bark when their fellows do. Shakespeare.
The country villages were burnt down to the ground. Knolles.
Those village-words give us a mean idea of the thing. Dryd.
Seam'd o'er with wounds which his own fabre gave,
In the vile habit of a village slave. Pope.

VI’LLAGER. n. s. [from village.] An inhabitant of the village.
Brutus had rather be a villager,
Than to repute himself a son of Rome
Under such hard conditions. Shakesp.
When once her eye
Hath met the virtue of this magick dust,
I shall appear some harmless villager,
Whom thrift keeps up about his country geer. Milton.
If there are conveniencies of life, which common use
reaches not, it is not reason to reject them, because every
villager doth not know them. Locke.

VI’LLAGERY. n. s. [from village.] District of villages.
Robin Goodfellow, are you not he,
That fright the maidens of the villagery? Shakesp.

VI’LLAIN. n. s. [vilain, Fr. villanus, low Latin.]
1. One who held by a base tenure.
The Irish inhabiting the lands fully conquered, being in
condition of slaves and villains, did render a greater revenue,
than if they had been made the king's free subjects. Davies.
2. A wicked wretch.
We were prevented by a dozen armed knights, or rather
villains, who, using this time of their extreme feebleness, all
together set upon them.
O villain! villain! his very opinion in the letter. Ab­
horred villain! unnatural, detested, brutish villain! Shakesp.
What in the world,
That names me traitor, villain-like he lies. Shakesp.
He was stabbed to the heart by the hand of a villain, upon
the mere impious pretence of his being odious to the parlia­
ment. Clarendon.
Calm thinking villains, whom no saith could fix;
Of crooked counsels, and dark politicks. Pope.

VI’LLANAGE. n. s. [from villain.]
1. The state of a villain; base servitude.
They exercise most bitter tyranny,
Upon the parts brought into their bondage:
No wretchedness is like to sinful villanage. Fairy Queen.
Upon every such surrender and grant, there was but one
freeholder, which was the lord himself; all the rest were but
tenants in villanage, and were not fit to be sworn in
juries. Davies.
2. Baseness; infamy.
If in thy smoke it ends, their glories shine;
But infamy and villanage are thine. Dryden.

To VI’LLANIZE. v. a. [from villain.] To debase; to degrade;
to defame.
Were virtue by descent, a noble name
Could never villanize his father's fame;
But, as the first, the last of all the line,
Would, like the sun, ev'n in descending shine. Dryden.
These are the fools, whose stolidity can bassle all argu­
ments; whose glory is in their shame, in the debasing and
villanizing of mankind to the condition of beasts. Bentley.

VI’LLANOUS. adj. [from villain.]
1. Base; vile; wicked.
2. Sorry.
Thou art my son; I have partly thy mother's word, partly
my own opinion; but chiefly a villanous trick of thine eye
doth warrant me. Shakesp.
3. It is used by Shakespeare to exaggerate any think detestable.
We shall lose our time,
And all be turn'd to barnacles or apes,
With foreheads villanous low. Shakesp. Tempest.

VI’LLANOUSLY. adv. [from villainous.] Wickedly; basely.
The wandering Numidian falsified his faith, and villanously
slew Selymes the king, as he was bathing himself. Knolles.

VI’LLANOUSNESS. n. s. [from villanous.] Baseness; wicked­
ness.

VILLANY. n. s. [from villain; villonnie, old French.]
1. Wickedness; baseness; depravity.
Trust not those cunning waters of his eyes;
For villainy is not without such a rheum:
And he, long traded in it, makes it seem
Like rivers of remorse and innocence. Shakesp.
He is the prince's jester; and the commendation is not
in his wit, but in his villany. Shakesp.
2. A wicked action; a crime.
No villany, or flagitious action was ever yet committed;
but a lie was first or last the principal engine to effect it. South.
Such villainies rous'd Horace into wrath;
And 'tis more noble to pursue his path,
Than an old tale. Dryden.

VILLA’TICK. adj. [villaticus, Lat.] Belonging to villages.
Evening dragon came,
Assailant on the perched roosts,
And nests in order rang'd,
Of tame villatick fowl. Milton.

VI’LLI. n. s. [Latin.]
In anatomy, are the same as fibres; and in botany, small
hairs like the grain of plush or shag, with which, as a kind
of excrescence, some trees do abound. Quincy.

VI’LLOUS. adj. [villosus, Lat.] Shaggy; rough.
The liquor of the stomach, which with fasting grows
sharp, and the quick sensation of the inward villous coat of
the stomach, seem to be the cause of the sense of hunger. Arb.

VIMI’NEOUS. adj. [vimineus, Latin.] Made of twigs.
As in the hive's vimineous dome,
Ten thousand bees enjoy their home;
Each does her studious action vary,
To go and come, to fetch and carry. Prior.
VIN

VI’NCIBLE. adj. [from vinco, Lat.] Conquerable; supe­
rable.
He not vincible in spirit, and well assured that shortness of
provision would in a short time draw the seditious to shorter
limits, drew his sword. Hayward.
Because 'twas absolutely in my power to have attended
more heedfully, there was liberty in the principle, the mistake
which influenced the action was vincible. Norris.

VI’NCIBLENESS. n. s. [from vincible.] Liableness to be over­
come. Dict.

VI’NCTURE. n. s. [vinctura, Lat.] A binding. Bailey.

VINDE’MIAL. adj. [vindemia, Latin.] Belonging to a vintage.

To VINDE’MIATE. v. n. [vindemia, Latin.] To gather the
vintage.
Now vindemiate, and take your bees towards the expiration
of this month. Evelyn.

VINDEMIA’TION. n. s. [vindemia, Lat.] Grape-gathering. Bailey.

To VI’NDICATE. v. a. [vindico, Lat.]
1. To justify; to support; to maintain.
Where the respondent denies any proposition, the opponent
must directly vindicate and confirm that proposition; i. e. he
must make that proposition the conclusion of his next syl­
logism. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
2. To revenge; to avenge.
We ought to have added, how far an holy war is to be
pursued; whether to enforce a new belief, and to vindicate
or punish infidelity? Bacon.
Man is not more inclinable to obey God than man; but
God is more powerful to exact subjection, and to vindicate
rebellion. Pearson on the Creed.
The more numerous the offenders are, the more his
justice is concerned to vindicate the affront. Tillotson.
Assemble ours, and all the Theban race,
To vindicate on Athens thy disgrace. Dryden.
3. To assert; to claim with efficacy.
Never any touch'd upon this way, which our poet justly
has vindicated to himself. Dryden's Pref. to Ovid.
The beauty of this town, without a fleet,
From all the world shall vindicate her trade. Dryden.
4. To clear; to protect.
God's ways of dealing with us, are by proposition of ter­
rors and promises. To these is added the authority of the
commander, vindicated from our neglect by the interpo­
sition of the greatest signs and wonders, in the hands of his
prophets, and of his son. Hammond.
I may assert eternal providence,
And vindicate the ways of God to man. Milton.

VINDICA’TION. n. s. [vindication, Fr. from vindicate.] De­
fence; assertion; justification.
This is no vindication of her conduct. She still acts a
mean part, and, through fear, becomes an accomplice, in en­
deavouring to betray the Greeks. Broome.

VI’NDICATIVE. adj. [from vindicate.] Revengeful; given to
revenge.
He, in heat of action,
Is more vindicative than jealous love. Shakesp.
Publick revenges are for the most part fortunate; but in
private revenges it is not so. Vindicative persons live the life
of witches, who, as they are mischievous, so end they un­
fortunate. Bacon.
The fruits of adusted choler, and the evaporations of a
vindicative spirit. Howel.
Do not too many believe no zeal to be spiritual, but what
is censorious or vindicative? Whereas no zeal is spiritual,
that is not also charitable. Sprat's Sermons.
Distinguish betwixt a passion purely vindicative, and those
counsels where divine justice avenges the innocent. L'Estrange.



VINDICA’TOR. n. s. [from vindicate.] One who vindicates;
an assertor.
He treats tyranny, and the vices attending it, with the ut­
most rigour; and consequently a noble soul is better pleas'd
with a jealous vindicator of Roman liberty, than with a
temporizing poet. Dryden.

VI’NDICATORY. adj. [from vindicator.]
1. Punitory; performing the office of vengeance.
The afflictions of Job were no vindicatory punishments to
take vengeance of his sins, but probatory chastisements to
make trial of his graces. Bramhall's Answer to Hobbs.
2. Defensory; justificatory.

VINDI’CTIVE. adj. [from vindicta, Latin.] Given to revenge;
revengeful.
I am vindictive enough to repel force by force. Dryden.
Augustus was of a nature too vindictive, to have contented
himself with so small a revenge. Dryden.

VINE. n. s. [vinea, Latin.] The plant that bears the grape.
The flower consists of many leaves placed in a regular
order, and expanding in form of a rose: the ovary, which is
situated in the bottom of the flower, becomes a round
fruit, full of juice, and contains many small stones in each.
The tree is climbing, sending forth claspers at the joints, by
which it fastens itself to what plant stands near it, and the fruit
is produced in bunches. The species are, 1. The wild vine,
commonly called the claret grape. 2. The July grape. 3. The
Corinth grape, vulgarly called the currant grape. 4. The
parsley leav'd grape. 5. The miller's grape. This is called
the Burgundy in England: the leaves of this sort are very
much powdered with white in the spring, from whence it
had the name of miller's grape. 6. Is what is called in Bur­
gundy Pineau, and at Orleans, Auverna: it makes very good
wine. 7. The white chasselas, or royal muscadine: it is a
large white grape; the juice is very rich. 8. The black
chasselas, or black muscadine; the juice is very rich. 9. The
red chasselas, or red muscadine. 10. The burlake grape.
11. The white mustat, or white Frontiniac. 12. The red
Frontiniac. 13. The black Frontiniac. 14. The damask
grape. 15. The white sweet water. 16. The black sweet
water. 17. The white muscadine. 18. The raisin grape.
19. The Greek grape. 20. The pearl grape. 21. The
St. Peter's grape, or hesperian. 22. The malmsey grape.
23. The malmsey muscadine. 24. The red Hamburgh
grape. 25. The black Hamburgh, or warmer grape. 26. The
Switzerland grape. 27. The white muscat, or Frontiniac of
Alexandria; called also the Jerusalem muscat and gross mus­
cat. 28. The red muscat, or Frontiniac of Alexandria.
29. The white melie grape. 30. The white morillon.
31. The Alicant grape. 32. The white Auvernat. 33. The
grey Auvernat. 34. The raisin muscat. The late duke of
Tuscany, who was very curious in collecting all the sorts of
Italian and Greek grapes into his vineyards, was possessed of
upwards of three hundred several varieties. Miller.
The vine-prop elm, the poplar never dry. Fairy Queen.
In her days every man shall eat in safety,
Under his own vine, what he plants. Shakes.
The captain left of the poor to be vine-dressers. 2 Kings xxv.
Depending vines the shelving cavern screen,
With purple clusters blushing through the green. Pope.

VI’NEGAR. n. s. [vinaigre, Fr.]
1. Wine grown sour.
Vinegar is made by setting the vessel of wine against the
hot sun; and therefore vinegar will not burn, much of the
finer parts being exhaled. Bacon.
Heav'n's blest beam turns vinegar more sour. Pope.
2. Any thing really or metaphorically sour.
Some laugh like parrots at a bag-piper,
And others of such vinegar aspect,
That they'll not show their teeth in way of smile. Shakesp.

VI’NNEWED, or Vinney. adj. Mouldy. Ainsworth.

VI’NEYARD. n. s. [wingeard, Saxon.] A ground planted with
vines.
Let us not live in France; let us quit all,
And give our vineyards to a barb'rous people. Shakesp.
Though some had so surfeited in the vineyards, and with
the wines, that they had been left behind, the generosity of
the Spaniards sent them all home again. Clarendon.

VI’NOUS. adj. [from vinum, Latin.] Having the qualities of
wine; consisting of wine.
The motion of the oily drops may be in part due to some
partial solution made by the vinous spirit. Boyle.
Water will imbibe
The small remains of spirit, and acquire
A vinous flavour. Philips.

VI’NTAGE. n. s. [vinage, Fr.] The produce of the vine for
the year.
The best wines are in the driest vintages. Bacon.
Our first success in war make Bacchus crown,
And half the vintage of the year our own. Waller.

VI’NTAGER. n. s. [from vintage.] He who gathers the vin­
tage. Ainsworth.

VI’NTNER. n. s. [from vinum, Lat.] One who sells wine.
The vintner may draw what religion he pleases. Howel.
The vintner, by mixing poison with his wines, destroys
more lives than any malignant disease. Swift.

VI’NTRY. n. s. The place where wine is sold. Ainsworth.
VIO

VI’OL. n. s. [violle, Fr. viola, Ital.] A stringed instrument of
musick.
My tongue's use is to me no more,
Than an unstringed viol, or a harp. Shakesp.
To strain a string, stop it with the finger, as in the necks
of lutes and viols. Bacon.
Loud o'er the rest Cremona's trump doth sound;
Me softer airs befit, and softer strings
Of lute, or viol, still more apt for mournful things. Milton.

VI’OLABLE. adj. [from violabilis, Lat.] Such as may be vio­
lated or hurt.

VIOLA’CEOUS. adj. [from viola, Lat.] Resembling violets.

To VIOLATE. v. a. [violo, Lat.]
1. To injure; to hurt.
I question thy bold entrance,
Employ'd to violate the sleep of those
Whose dwelling God hath planted here in bliss. Milton.
Kindness for man, and pity for his fate,
May mix with bliss, and yet not violate. Dryden.
Cease
To know what known will violate thy peace. Pope.
2. To infringe; to break any thing venerable.
Some of violated vows
'Twixt the souls of friend and friend. Shakespeare.
Those offences which are by their special qualities breaches
of supernatural laws, do also, for that they are generally evil,
violate in general that principle of reason, which willeth uni­
versally to fly from evil. Hooker.
3. To injure by irreverence.
I would violate my own arm rather than a church. Brown.
Forbid to violate the sacred fruit. Milton.
4. To ravish; to deflower.
The Sabines violated charms
Obscur'd the glory of his rising arms. Prior.

VIOLA’TION. n. s. [violatio, Lat.]
1. Infringement or injury of something sacred.
Their right conceit that to perjury vengeance is due, was
not without good effect, as touching the course of their lives,
who feared the wilful violation of oaths. Hooker.
Men, who had no other guide but their reason, considered
the violation of an oath to be a great crime. Addison.
2. Rape; the act of deflowering.
If your pure maidens fall into the hand
Of hot and forcing violation. Shakes.

VIOLA’TOR. n. s. [violator, Lat.]
1. One who injures or infringes something sacred.
May such places, built for divine worship, derive a blessing
upon the head of the builders, as lasting as the curse that
never fails to rest upon the sacrilegious violators of them. South.
2. A ravisher.
Angelo is an adult'rous thief,
An hypocrite, a virgin violator. Shakes.
How does she subject herself to the violator's upbraidings
and insults. Clarissa.

VI’OLENCE. n. s. [violentia, Latin.]
1. Force; strength applied to any purpose.
To be imprison'd in the viewless wind,
And blown with restless violence about. Shakesp.
All the elements
At least had gone to wreck, disturb'd and torn
With violence of this conflict, had not soon
Th' eternal hung his golden scales. Milton.
2. An attack; an assault; a murder.
A noise did scare me from the tomb;
And she, too desperate, would not go with me:
But, as it seems, did violence on herself. Shakesp.
3. Outrage; unjust force.
Griev'd at his heart, when looking down he saw
The whole earth fill'd with violence; and all flesh
Corrupting each their way. Milton's Par. Lost.
4. Eagerness; vehemence.
That seal
You ask with such violence, the king
With his own hand gave me. Shakesp.
5. Injury; infringement.
We cannot, without offering violence to all records, divine
and human, deny an universal deluge. Burnet.
6. Forcible defloration.

VI’OLENT. adj. [violentus, Lat.]
1. Forcible; acting with strength.
A violent cross wind blows. Milton.
2. Produced or continued by force.
The posture we find them in, according to his doctrine,
must be look'd upon as unnatural and violent; and no violent
state can be perpetual. Burnet.
3. Not natural, but brought by force.
Conqueror death discovers them scarce men;
Violent or shameful death their due reward. Milton.


4. Unjustly assailant; murderous.
Some violent hands were laid on Humphry's life. Shakesp.
A foe subtile or violent. Milton.
5. Unseasonably vehement.
We might be reckoned fierce and violent, to tear away
that, which, if our mouths did condemn, our consciences
would storm and repine thereat. Hooker.
The covetous extortioner should remember, that such vio­
lents shall not take heaven, but hell by force. Decay of Piety.
6. Extorted; not voluntary.
Vows made in pain, are violent and void. Milton.

VI’OLENTLY. adv. [from violent.] With force; forcibly; ve­
hemently.
Temp'rately proceed to what you would
Thus violently redress. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Flame burneth more violently towards the sides, than in the
midst. Bacon.
Antient privileges must not, without great necessities, be
revoked, nor forfeitures be exacted violently, nor penal laws
urged rigorously. Taylor's Rule of living holy.

VI’OLET. n. s. [violette, Fr. viola, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a polypetalous anomalous flower, somewhat re­
sembling the papilionaceous flower; for its two upper petals
represent the standard, the two side ones the wings; but the
lower one, which ends in a tail, resembles the iris. Out of
the empalement arises the pointal, which becomes a three-cor­
nered fruit opening into three parts, and full of roundish
seeds. There are nine species. Miller.
When daisies pied, and violets blue,
Do paint the meadows much bedight. Shakesp.
Sweet echo, sweetest nymph that liv'st unseen,
By slow Meander's margent green,
And in the violet-embroider'd vale. Milton.
It alters not our simple idea, whether we think that blue
be in the violet itself, or in our mind only; and only the
power of producing it by the texture of its parts, to be in
the violet itself. Locke.

VI’OLIN. n. s. [violon, Fr. from viol.] A fiddle; a stringed
instrument of musick.
Praise with timbrels, organs, flutes;
Praise with violins, and lutes. Sandys.
Sharp violins proclaim
Their jealous pangs, and desperation,
For the fair disdainful dame. Dryden.

VI’OLIST. n. s. [from viol.] A player on the viol.

VIOLONCE’LLO. n. s. [Italian.] A stringed instrument of
musick.

VI’PER. n. s. [vipera, Lat.]
1. A serpent of that species which brings its young alive, of
which most are poisonous.
A viper came out of the heat, and fastened on his
hand. Acts xxviii. 3.
He'll gall of asps with thirsty lips suck in;
The viper's deadly teeth shall pierce his skin. Sandys.
Viper-catchers have a remedy, in which they place such
great confidence, as to be no more afraid of the bite of a
viper, than of a common puncture. This is no other than
axungia viperina, presently rubbed into the wound. Derham.
2. Any thing mischievous.
Where is this viper,
That would depopulate the city, and
Be every man himself? Shakesp. Coriolanus.

VI’PERINE. n. s. [viperinus, Lat.] Belonging to a viper.

VI’PEROUS. adj. [vipereus, Lat. from viper.] Having the qua­
lities of a viper.
My tender years can tell,
Civil dissention is a vip'rous worm,
That gnaws the bowels of the commonwealth. Shakesp.
We are peremptory to dispatch
This viperous traitor. Shakesp.
Some vip'rous critick may bereave
Th' opinion of thy worth for some defect. Daniel's Musoph.

VIPER's bugloss. n. s. [echium, Lat.] A plant.
The characters are, the cup of the flower is large, and
divided into five long slender segments; the flower consists of
one leaf, is shaped like a funnel, and somewhat inflected,
having its upper part stretched, but in a greater length than
the lower: the upper part, or galea of the flower, is divided
into two; and the lower part, or beard, into three parts: in
the middle of the flower are produced five stamina (or
threads) which are reflexed. Each flower is succeeded by
four seeds, which are in form of a viper's head. Miller.

VIPER'S grass. n. s. [scorzonera, Lat.] A plant.
It hath a semi-flosculous flower, consisting of many half
florets, which rest upon the embryoes, which are included in
one common empalement, which is scaly: the embryoes af­
terwards become oblong seeds, which are furnished with
down. Miller.
VIR

VIRA’GO. n. s. [Latin.]
1. A female warriour; a woman with the qualities of a man.
Melpomene represented like a virago or manly lady, with
a majestick and grave countenance. Peacham.
To arms! to arms! the fierce virago cries,
And swift as lightening to the combat flies. Pope.
2. It is commonly used in detestation for an impudent turbulent
woman.

VI’RFLAY. n. s. [virelay, virelai, Fr.] A sort of little an­
cient French poem, that consisted only of two rhymes and
short verses, with stops. L'Acad.
The mournful muse in mirth now list ne mask,
As she was wont in youngth and summer days;
But if thou algate lust like virelays,
And looser songs of love to undersong. Spenser.
The band of flutes began to play,
To which a lady sung a virelay:
And still at ev'ry close she would repeat
The burden of the song, the daisy is so sweet. Dryden.

VI’RENT. adj. [virens, Lat.] Green; not faded.
In these, yet fresh and virent, they carve out the figures
of men and women. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VI’RGE. n. s. [virga, Lat. better verge, from verge, French.]
A dean's mace.
Suppose him now a dean compleat,
Devoutly lolling in his seat;
The silver virge, with decent pride,
Stuck underneath his cushion side. Swift.

VI’RGIN. n. s. [vierge, Fr. virgo, Lat.]
1. A maid; a woman unacquainted with men.
This aspect of mine hath fear'd the valiant;
The best regarded virgins of our clime
Have lov'd it too. Shakesp.
Senseless bauble!
Art thou a fœdary for this act, and look'st
So virgin-like without? Shakesp. Cymbeline.
The damsel was very fair, and a virgin. Gen. xxiv. 16.
Angelo is an adult'rous thief,
An hypocrite, a virgin violator. Shakespeare.
Much less can that have any place,
At which a virgin hides her face. Cowley.
2. A woman not a mother. Unusual.
Likest to Ceres in her prime,
Yet virgin of Proserpina from Jove. Milton.
3. Any thing untouched or unmingled.
Tapers of white wax, commonly called virgin wax, burn
with less smoke than common yellow wax. Boyle.
I have found virgin earth in the peat-marshes of
Cheshire. Woodward.
Below the upper was a deep bed of sand only, which I
weighed, together with the virgin-mould. Derham.
4. The sign of the zodiack in which the sun is in August.
Thence down amain by Leo and the Virgin. Milton.

VI’RGIN. adj. Befitting a virgin; suitable to a virgin; maidenly.
Can you blame her then, being a maid, yet rosed over
with the virgin crimson of modesty, if she deny the appear­
ance of a naked blind boy. Shakes. Hen. V.
What says the silver with her virgin hue? Shakes.
With ease a brother o'ercame
The formal decencies of virgin-shame. Cowley.

To VI’RGIN. v. n. [a cant word.] To play the virgin.
A kiss
Long as my exile, sweet as my revenge!
I carried from thee, my dear; and my true lip
Hath virgin'd it e'er since. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

VI’RGINAL. adj. [from virgin.] Maiden; maidenly; per­
taining to a virgin.
On the earth more fair was never seen,
Of chastity and honour virginal. Fairy Queen.
Tears virginal
Shall be to me even as the dew to fire;
And beauty, that the tyrant oft reclaims,
Shall to my flaming wrath be oil and flax. Shakesp.
Purity is a special part of this superstructure, restraining
of all desires of the flesh within the known limits of conju­
gal or virginal chastity. Hammond's Fundamentals.

To VI’RGINAL. v. n. To pat; to strike as on the virginal.
A cant word.
Still virginalling upon thy palm. Shakesp.

VI’RGINAL. n. s. [more usually virginals.] A musical instru­
ment so called, because commonly used by young ladies.
The musician hath produced two means of straining strings.
The one is stopping them with the finger, as in the necks of
lutes and viols; the other is the shortness of the string, as in
harps and virginals. Bacon.

VIRGI’NITY. n. s. [virginitas, Lat.] Maidenhead; unacquain­
tance with man.
You do impeach your modesty too much,
To trust the opportunity of night,
And the ill counsel of a desart place,
With the rich worth of your virginity. Shakesp.
Natural virginity of itself is not a state more acceptable to
God; but that which is chosen in order to the conveniencies
of religion, and separation from worldly incumbrances. Taylor.

VI’RILE. n. s. [virilis, Lat.] Belonging to man; not puerile;
not feminine.



VIRI’LITY. n. s. [virilit&aecute;, Fr. virilitas, Lat. from virile.]
1. Manhood; character of man.
The lady made generous advances to the borders of
virility. Rambler.
2. Power of procreation.
The great climacterical was past, before they begat chil­
dren, or gave any testimony of their virility; for none begat
children before the age of sixty-five. Brown.

VIRMI’LION. n. s. Properly vermilion. A red colour.
ægle, the fairest Nais of the flood,
With a vermilion dye his temples stain'd. Roscommon.

VI’RTUAL. adj. [virtuel, Fr. from virtue.] Having the effi­
cacy without the sensible or material part.
Metalline waters have virtual cold in them. Put there­
fore wood into smith's water, and try whether it will not
harden. Bacon.
Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without commu­
nication of substance. Bacon.
Love not the heav'nly spirits? And how their love
Express they? by looks only? or, do they mix
Irradiance? virtual, or immediate touch? Milton.
Every kind that lives,
Fomented by his virtual pow'r, and warm'd. Milton.
Neither an actual or virtual intention of the mind, but only
that which may be gathered from the outward acts. Stillingfleet.

VIRTUA’LITY. n. s. [from virtual.] Efficacy.
In one grain of corn there lieth dormant a virtuality of
many other, and from thence sometimes proceed an hundred
ears. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VI’RTUALLY. adv. [from virtual.] In effect, though not formally.
They are virtually contained in other words still con­
tinued. Hammond's Fundamentals.
Such is our constitution, that the bulk of the people vir­
tually give their approbation to every thing they are bound to
obey. Addison.

To VI’RTUATE. v. a. [from virtue.] To make efficacious.
Potable gold should be endued with a capacity of being
assimilated to the innate heat, and radical moisture; or at
least virtuated with a power of generating the said essen­
tials. Harvey.

VI’RTUE. n. s. [virtus, Lat.]
1. Moral goodness.
Either I'm mistaken, or there is virtue in that Falstaff. Shakes.
If there's a power above us,
And that there is, all nature cries aloud
Through all her works, he must delight in virtue,
And that which he delights in must be happy. Addison.
Virtue only makes our bliss below. Pope.
The character of prince Henry is improved by Shakespear;
and through the veil of his vices and irregularities, we see a
dawn of greatness and virtue. Shakesp. illustrated.
2. A particular moral excellence.
In Belmont is a lady,
And she is fair, and, fairer than that word,
Of wond'rous virtues. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
Remember all his virtues,
And shew mankind that goodness is your care. Addison.
3. Medicinal quality.
All blest secrets,
All you unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
Be aidant and remediate. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The virtuous bezoar is taken from the beast that feedeth
upon the mountains; and that without virtue from those that
feed in the vallies. Bacon.
4. Medicinal efficacy.
An essay writer must practise the chymical method, and
give the virtue of a full draught in a few drops. Addison.
5. Efficacy; power.
If neither words, nor herbs will do, I'll try stones; for
there's a virtue in them. L'Estrange.
Where there is a full purpose to please God, there, what
a man can do, shall, by virtue thereof, be accepted. South.
They are not sure, by virtue of syllogism, that the con­
clusion certainly follows from the premises. Locke.
This they shall attain, partly in virtue of the promise made
by God; and partly in virtue of piety. Atterbury.
He used to travel through Greece, by virtue of this fable,
which procured him reception in all the towns. Addison.
6. Acting power.
Jesus knowing that virtue had gone out of him, turned
him about. Mark v. 30.
7. Secret agency; efficacy, without visible or material action.
She moves the body, which she doth possess;
Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue's touch. Davies.
8. Bravery; valour.
Trust to thy single virtue; for thy soldiers
Took their discharge. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The conquest of Palestine, with singular virtue they per­
formed, and held that kingdom some few generations. Raleigh.
9. Excellence; that which gives excellence.
In the Greek poets, as also in Plautus, the oeconomy of
poems is better observed than in Terence; who thought the
sole grace and virtue of their fable, the sticking in of sen­
tences, as ours do the forcing in of jests. B. Johnson.
10. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy.
Thrones, domination, princedoms, virtues, pow'rs. Milt.
A winged virtue through th' etherial sky,
From orb to orb unwearied dost thou fly. Tickell.

VI’RTUELESS. adj. [from virtue.]
1. Wanting virtue; deprived of virtue.
2. Not having efficacy; without operating qualities.
All second causes, together with nature herself, without
that operative faculty which God gave them, would become
altogether silent, virtueless, and dead. Raleigh.
Virtueless she wisht all herbs and charms,
Wherewith false men increase their patients harms. Fairfax.
Some would make those glorious creatures virtueless. Hakewill.

VIRTUO’SO. n. s. [Italian.] A man skilled in antique or na­
tural curiosities; a man studious of painting, statuary, or
architecture.
Methinks those generous virtuosi dwell in a higher region
than other mortals. Glanville.
Virtuoso, the Italians call a man who loves the noble arts,
and is a critick in them. And amongst our French painters,
the word vertueux is understood in the same signification. Dryd.
This building was beheld with admiration by the virtuosi
of that time. Tatler, No. 52.
Showers of rain are now met with in every water-work;
and the virtuoso's of France covered a little vault with arti­
ficial snow. Addison.

VI’RTUOUS. adj. [from virtue.]
1. Morally good.
If his occasion were not virtuous,
I should not urge it half so faithfully. Shakespeare.
Virtuous and holy, be thou conqueror. Shakespeare.
What she wills to do or say,
Is wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best. Milton.
Favour'd of heav'n, who finds
One virtuous rarely found,
That in domestick good combines:
Happy that house! his way to peace is smooth. Milton.
2. [Applied to women.] Chaste.
Mistress Ford, the modest wife, the virtuous creature, that
hath the jealous fool to her husband! Shakesp.
3. Done in consequence of moral goodness.
Nor love is always of a vicious kind,
But oft to virtuous acts inflames the mind. Dryden.
4. Efficacious; powerful.
With one virtuous touch, th' arch-chemic sun,
Produces, with terrestrial humour mix'd,
Here in the dark, so many precious things. Milton.
5. Having wonderful or eminent properties.
Out of his hand,
That virtuous steel he rudely snatch'd away. Fairy Queen.
Lifting up his virtuous staff on high,
He smote the sea, which calmed was with speed. Spenser.
He own'd that virtuous ring and glass. Milton.
6. Having medicinal qualities.
Some observe that there is a virtuous bezoar, and another
without virtue; the virtuous is taken from the beast that
feedeth where there are theriacal herbs; and that without
virtue, from those that feed where no such herbs are. Bacon.
The ladies sought around
For virtuous herbs, which, gather'd from the ground,
They squezz'd the juice; and cooling ointment made. Dryd.

VI’RTUOUSLY. ado. [from virtuous.] In a virtuous manner;
according to the rules of virtue.
The Gods are my witnesses, I desire to do virtuously. Sidney.
In sum, they taught the world no less virtuously how to
die, than they had done before how to live. Hooker.
They that mean virtuously, and yet do so,
The devil their virtue tempts not, they tempt heav'n. Shak.
Not from grey hairs authority doth flow,
Nor from bald heads, nor from a wrinkled brow;
But our past life, when virtuously spent,
Must to our age those happy fruits present. Denham.
The coffeeman has a little daughter four years old, who
has been virtuously educated. Addison.

VI’RTUOUSNESS. n. s. [from virtuous.] The state or character
of being virtuous.
Many other adventures are intermeddled; as the love of
Britomert, and virtuousness of Belphæbe; and the lascivious­
ness of Helenora. Spenser.

VI’RULENCE. n. s. [from virulent.] Mental poison; malig­
nity; acrimony of temper; bitterness.
VI’RULENCY. n. s. [from virulent.] Mental poison; malig­
nity; acrimony of temper; bitterness.
Disputes in religion are managed with virulency and bitter­
ness. Decay of Piety.
It instils into their minds the utmost virulence, instead of
that charity which is the perfection and ornament of reli­
gion. Addison.
The whigs might easily have maintained a majority among
the clergy, if they had not too much encouraged this in­
temperance of speech, and virulence of pen, in the most pro­
stitute of their party. Swift.



VI’RULENT. adj. [virulent, Fr. virulentus, Lat.]
1. Poisonous; venemous.
2. Poisoned in the mind; bitter; malignant.

VI’RULENTLY. adv. [from virulent.] Malignantly; with bit­
terness.
VIS

VI’SAGE. n. s. [visage, Fr. visaggio, Italian.] Face; counte­
nance; look. It is now rarely used but with some ideas of
dislike or horrour.
Phebe doth behold
Her silver visage in the watry glass,
Decking with liquid pearl the bladed grass. Shakesp.
When she shall hear this of thee, with her nails
She'll flea thy wolfish visage. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Whereto serves mercy,
But to confront the visage of offence. Shakesp. Hamlet.
With hostile frown,
And visage all inflam'd, first thus began. Milton.
By the rout, that made the hideous roar,
His goary visage down the stream was sent;
Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore. Milton.
Love and beauty still that visage grace;
Death cannot fright 'em from their wonted place. Waller.

To VI’SCERATE. v. a. [viscera, Latin.] To embowel; to ex­
entrate.

VI’SCID. adj. [viscidus, Latin.] Glutinous; tenacious.

VISCI’DITY. n. s. [from viscid.]
1. Glutinousness; tenacity; ropiness.
This motion in some human creatures may be weak, in
respect to the viscidity of what is taken, so as not to be able
to propel it. Arbuthnot.
2. Glutinous concretion.
Catharticks of mercurials precipitate the viscidities by their
stypticity. Floyer.

VISCO’SITY. n. s. [viscosit&aecute;, Fr. from viscous.]
1. Glutinousness; tenacity.
The air being mixed with the animal fluids, determines
their condition as to rarity, density, viscosity, tenuity. Arbuth.
2. A glutinous substance.
A tenuous emanation, or continued effluvium, after some
distance, retracteth unto itself, as is observable in drops of
syrups, and seminal viscosities. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

VI’SCOUNT. n. s. [vicecomes, Lat.]
Viscount signifies as much as sheriff; between which two
words there is no other difference, but that the one comes
from our conquerors the Normans, and the other from our
ancestors the Saxons. Viscount also signifies a degree of no­
bilty next to an earl, which is an old name of office, but a
new one of dignity, never heard of amongst us, till Henry
VI. his days. Cowel.

VISCOU’NTESS. n. s. [from viscount. Viscount and viscountess
are pronounced vicount and vicountess.] The lady of a vis­
count; a peeress of the fourth order.

VI’SCOUS. adj. [visqueux, Fr. viscosus, Lat.] Glutinous; sticky;
tenacious.
The cause of the scouring virtue of nitre is, that it hath
a subtle spirit, which severeth and divideth any thing that is
foul and viscous. Bacon.
Holly is of so viscous a juice as they make bird-lime of
the bark. Bacon.

VISIBI’LITY. n. s. [visibilit&aecute;, Fr. from visible.]
1. The state or quality of being perceptible by the eye.
The colours of outward objects brought into a darkened
room, do much depend for their visibility, upon the dimness
of the light they are beheld by. Boyle.
2. State of being apparent, or openly discoverable; conspi­
cuousness.
They produced this as an instance against the perpetual
visibility of the church, and he brings it to prove that it ceased
to be a true church. Stillingfleet.
In these, the visibility and example of our virtues will
chiefly consist. Rogers's Sermons.

VI’SIBLE. n. s. [visible, Fr. visibilis, Lat.]
1. Perceptible by the eye.
Visibles work upon a looking-glass, which is like the pupil
of the eye; and audibles upon the places of echo, which re­
semble the cavern of the ear. Bacon.
On this mount he appeared; under this tree
Stood visible;
Here with him at this fountain talk'd. Milton.
Each thought was visible, that roll'd within,
As through a crystal case the figur'd hours are seen. Dryden.
A long series of ancestors shews the native lustre with
great advantage; but if he degenerate from his line, the least
spot is visible on ermine. Dryden.
2. Discovered to the eye.
If that the heavens do not their visible spirits
Send quickly down to tame the vile offences,
Humanity must perforce prey on itself,
Like monsters of the deep. Shakesp. K. Lear.
3. Apparent; open; conspicuous.
The factions at court were greater, or more visible than
before. Clarendon.

VI’SIBLENESS. n. s. [from visible.] State or quality of being
visible.

VI’SIBLY. adv. [from visible.] In a manner perceptible by the
eye.
The day being visibly governed by the sun, is a little
longer than the revolution of the equator; so much as is
occasioned by the advance of the sun in his annual contrary
motion along the ecliptick. Holder.
By the head we make known more visibly our supplications,
our threatnings; enough to see the face, and to understand
the mind at half a word. Dryden.

VI’SION. n. s. [vision, Fr. visio, Latin.]
1. Sight; the faculty of seeing.
Anatomists, when they have taken off from the bottom of
the eye that outward and most thick coat called the dura
mater, can then see through the thinner coats, the pictures
of objects lively painted thereon. And these pictures, pro­
pagated by motion along the fibres of the optick nerves into
the brain, are the cause of vision. Newton's Opticks.
These theorerns being admitted into optics, there would be
scope enough of handling that science voluminously, after a
new manner; not only by teaching those things which tend
to the perfection of vision, but also by determining mathe­
matically all kinds of phenomena of colours which could be
produced by refractions. Newton's Opticks.
2. The act of seeing.
Vision in the next life is the perfecting of faith in this;
or faith here is turned into vision there, as hope into en­
joying. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
3. A supernatural appearance; a spectre; a phantom.
The day seems long, but night is odious;
No sleep, but dreams; no dreams, but visions strange. Sidney.
Last night the very gods shew'd me a vision. Shakesp.
God's mother deigned to appear to me;
And, in a vision, full of majesty,
Will'd me to leave my base vocation. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Him God vouchsaf'd,
To call by vision, from his father's house,
Into a land which he will shew him. Milton's Par. Lost.
4. A dream; something shewn in a dream. A dream happens
to a sleeping, a vision may happen to a waking man. A
dream is supposed natural, a vision miraculous; but they are
confounded.
His dream returns; his friend appears again:
The murd'rers come; now help, or I am slain!
'Twas but a vision still, and visions are but vain. Dryden.
The idea of any thing in our mind, no more proves the
existence of that thing, than the visions of a dream make a
true history. Locke.

VI’SIONARY. adj. [visionnaire, Fr. from vision.]
1. Affected by phantoms; disposed to receive impressions on
the imagination.
No more these scenes my meditation aid,
Or lull to rest the visionary maid. Pope's Eloisa to Abelard.
2. Imaginary; not real; seen in a dream; perceived by the
imagination only.
The hounds at nearer distance hoarsly bray'd;
The hunter close pursu'd the visionary maid. Dryden.
If you have any skill in dreams, let me know whether I
have the same place in the real heart, that I had in the vi­
sionary one. Addison.
Our victories only led us to further visionary prospects;
advantage was taken of the sanguine temper which success
had wrought the nation up to. Swift.

VI’SIONARY. n. s. [visionaire, Fr] One whose imagination is
disturbed.
VI’SIONIST. n. s. [visionaire, Fr] One whose imagination is
disturbed.
The lovely visionary gave him perpetual uneasiness. Fem. Quix.

To VI’SIT. v. a. [visiter, Fr. visito, Lat.]
1. To go to see.
You must go visit the lady that lies in.—I visit her with
my prayers; but I cannot go thither. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Virgins visited by angel pow'rs. Pope.
2. [In scriptural language.] To send good or evil judi­
cially.
When God visiteth, what shall I answer him? Job xxxi. 14.
Thou shalt be visited of the Lord with thunder. Isa. xxix. 6.
When I visit, I will visit their sin upon them. Ex. xxxii. 34.
God visit thee in good things. Judith xiii. 20.
That venerable body is in little concern after what manner
their mortal enemies intend to treat them, whenever God
shall visit us with so fatal an event. Swift.
3. To salute with a present.
Samson visited his wife with a kid. Judges xv. 1.
4. To come to a survey, with judicial authority.
The bishop ought to visit his diocese every year in
person. Ayliffe.

To VI’SIT. v. n. To keep up the intercourse of ceremonial
salutations at the houses of each other.

VI’SIT. n. s. [visite, Fr. from the verb.] The act of going to
see another.
In a designed or accidental visit, let some one take a book,
which may be agreeable, and read in it. Watts.



V’ISITABLE. adj. [from visit.] Liable to be visited.
All hospitals built since the reformation, are visitable by the
king or lord chancellor. Ayliffe's Parergon.

VI’SITANT. n. s. [from visit.] One who goes to see another.
He alone
To find where Adam shelter'd, took his way,
Not unperceiv'd of Adam, who to Eve,
While the great visitant approach'd, thus spake. Milton.
One visit begins an acquaintance; and when the visitant
comes again, he is no more a stranger. South.
Edward the first, who had been a visitant in Spain, upon
action in the holy land, fixed both our pounds by the measures
of the East. Arbuthnot on Coins.
Griev'd that a visitant so long shou'd wait
Unmark'd, unhonour'd, at a monarch's gate,
Instant he flew. Pope's Odyssey. b. i. l. 160.

VISITA’TION. n. s. [visito, Latin.]
1. The act of visiting.
He comes not
Like to his father's greatness; his approach,
So out of circumstance and sudden, tells us,
'Tis not a visitation fram'd, but forc'd
By need and accident. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
What would you with the princess?—
—Nothing but peace and gentle visitation. Shakespeare.
2. Object of visits.
O flow'rs,
My early visitation, and my last. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. [Visitation, Fr.] Judicial visit or perambulation.
The bishop ought to visit his diocese every year in person,
unless he omits the same because he would not burthen his
churches; and then ought to send his arch-deacon, which
was the original of the arch-deacon's visitation. Ayliffe.
4. Judicial evil sent by God; state of suffering judicial evil.
That which thou dost not understand when thou readest,
thou shalt understand in the day of thy visitation. For many
secrets of religion are not perceived till they be felt, and are
not felt but in the day of a great calamity. Taylor.
5. Communication of divine love.
The most comfortable visitations God hath sent men from
above, have taken especially the times of prayer as their most
natural opportunities. Hooker.

VISITATO’RIAL. adj. [from visitor.] Belonging to a judicial
visitor.
Some will have it, that an archdeacon does of common
right execute this visitatorial power in his archdeaconry: but
others say that an archdeacon has a visitatorial power only of
common right per modum simplicis scrutinii, as being bishop's
vicar. Ayliffe's Parergon.

VI’SITER. n. s. [from visit.]
1. One who comes to see another.
Here's ado to lock up honesty and honour from the access
of gentle visitors. Shakespeare.
You see this confluence, this great flood of visiters. Shakes.
Consumptives of this degree entertain their visiters with
strange rambling discourses of their intent of going here and
there. Harvey.
I have a large house, yet I should hardly prevail to find one
visiter, if I were not able to hire him with a bottle of
wine. Swift to Gay.
2. [Visiteur, Fr.] An occasional judge; one who regulates
the disorders of any society.
The visiters expell'd the orthodox; they, without scruple
or shame, possess'd themselves of their colleges. Walton.
To him you must your sickly state refer;
Your charter claims him as your visiter. Garth.
Whatever abuses have crept into the universities, might be
reformed by strict injunctions to the visitors and heads of
houses. Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.

VI’SNOMY. n. s. [corrupted from physiognomy.] Face; counte­
nance. Not in use.
Twelve gods do sit around in royal state,
And Jove in midst with awful majesty,
To judge the strife between them stirred late:
Each of the gods by his like visnomy
Eath to be known, but Jove above them all,
By his great looks and pow'r imperial. Spenser.

VI’SIVE. adj. [visif, Fr. visus, Lat.] Formed in the act of
seeing.
This happens when the axis of the visive cones, diffused
from the object, fall not upon the same plane; but that
which is conveyed into one eye is more depressed or elevated
than that which enters the other. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VI’SOR. n. s. [This word is variously written visard, visar,
visor, vizard, vizor. I prefer visor, as nearest the Latin
visus, and concurring with visage, a kindred word; visiere,
French.] A mask used to disfigure and disguise.
I fear, indeed, the weakness of my government before,
made you think such a mask would be grateful unto me;
and my weaker government since, makes you pull off the
visor. Sidney.
This loutish clown is such that you never saw so ill­
favoured a visar; his behaviour such, that he is beyond the
degree of ridiculous. Sidney.
By which deceit doth mask in visor fair,
And cast her colours dyed deep in grain,
To seem like truth, whose shape she well can fain. Spenser.
But that thy face is, vizor-like, unchanging,
Made impudent with use of evil deeds,
I wou'd essay, proud queen, to make thee blush. Shakesp.
One visor remains,
And that is Claudio; I know him by his bearing. Shakesp.
The Cyclops, a people of Sicily, remarkable for cruelty,
might, perhaps, in their wars use a head-piece, or
vizor. Broome's Odyss. Notes.

VI’SORED. v. n. [from visor.] Masked.
Hence with thy brew'd enchantments, foul deceiver!
Hast thou betray'd my credulous innocence
With visor'd falshood, and base forgery. Milton.

VI’STA. n. s. [Italian.] View; prospect through an avenue.
In St. Peter's, when a man stands under the dome, if he
looks upwards, he is astonished at the spacious hollow of the
cupola, that makes one of the beautifullest vista's that the
eye can pass through. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
The finish'd garden to the view
Its vista's opens, and its alleys green. Thomson's Spring.

VI’SUAL. adj. [visuel, French.] Used in sight; exercising the
power of sight; instrumental to sight.
An eye thrust forth so as it hangs a pretty distance by the
visual nerve, hath been without any power of sight; and
yet, after being replaced, recovered sight. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The air,
No where so clear, sharpen'd his visual ray
To objects distant far. Milton's Par. Lost.
Then purg'd with euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve; for he had much to see. Milton.
Inward light, alas,
Puts forth no visual beam! Milton's Agonistes.
VIT

VI’TAL. adj. [vitalis, Latin.]
1. Contributing to life; necessary to life.
His heart, broken with unkindness and affliction, stretched
so far beyond his limits with this excess of comfort, as it
was able no longer to keep safe his vital spirits. Sidney.
All nature laughs, the groves are fresh and fair;
The sun's mild lustre warms the vital air. Pope.
2. Relating to life.
Let not Bardolph's vital thread be cut
With edge of penny cord, and vile reproach. Shakespeare.
On the rock a scanty measure place
Of vital flax, and turn the wheel a-pace. Dryden.
3. Containing life.
Spirits that live throughout;
Vital in every part; not as frail man,
In intrails, heart, or head, liver, or reins,
Cannot but by annihilating die. Milton's Par. Lost.
On the watry calm,
His brooding wings the spirit of God outspreads;
And vital virtue infus'd, and vital warmth
Throughout the fluid mass. Milton's Par. Lost.
4. Being the seat of life.
The dart flew on, and pierc'd a vital part. Pope.
5. So disposed as to live. Little used, and rather Latin than
English.
Phythagoras and Hippocrates not only affirm the birth of the
seventh month to be vital, that of the eighth mortal; but
the progression thereto to be measured by rule. Brown.
6. Essential; chiefly necessary.
Know grief's vital part
Consists in nature, not in art. Bp. Corbet.

VITA’LITY. n. s. [from vital.] Power of subsisting in life.
Whether that motion, vitality and operation were by in­
cubation, or how else, the manner is only known to
God. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
For the security of species produced only by seed, provi­
dence hath endued all seed with a lasting vitality, that if by
any accident it happen not to germinate the first year, it will
continue its fæcundity twenty or thirty years. Ray.

VI’TALLY. adv. [from vital.] In such a manner as to give
life.
The organical structure of human bodies, whereby they
are fitted to live and move, and be vitally informed by the
soul, is the workmanship of a most wise, powerful, and
beneficent maker. Bentley.

VI’TALS. n. s. [Without the singular.] Parts essential to life.
By fits my swelling grief appears,
In rising sighs, and falling tears,
That show too well the warm desires,
The silent, slow, consuming fires,
Which on my inmost vitals prey,
And melt my very soul away. Phillips.

VITE’LLARY. n. s. [from vitellus, Latin.] The place where
the yolk of the egg swims in the white.


A greater difficulty in the doctrine of eggs is, how the
sperm of the cock attaineth into every egg; since the vitellary,
or place of the yolk, is very high. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

To VI’TIATE. v. a. [vitio, Latin.] To deprave; to spoil;
to make less pure.
The sun in his garden gives him the purity of visible ob­
jects, and of true nature, before she was vitiated by
luxury. Evelyn's Kalend.
The organs of speech are managed by so many muscles,
that speech is not easily destroyed, though often somewhat
vitiated as to some particular letters. Holder.
Spirits encountering foul bodies, and exciting a fermentation
of those vitiated humours, precipitate into putrid fevers. Harvey.
This undistinguishing complaisance will vitiate the taste of
the readers, and misguide many of them in their judgments,
where to approve and where to censure. Garth.
A transposition of the order of the sacramental words,
in some men's opinion, vitiates baptism. Ayliffe's Parergon.

VITIA’TION. n. s. [from vitiate.] Depravation; corruption.
The foresaid extenuation of the body is imputed to the
blood's vitiation by malign, putrid vapours smoking through­
out the vessels. Harvey on Consumptions.

To VITILI’TIGATE. v. n. [vitiosus and litigo, Lat.] To
contend in law.

VITILITIGA’TION. n. s. [from vitilitigate.] Contention; ca­
villation.
I'll force you by right ratiocination,
To leave your vitilitigation. Hudibras.

VITIO’SITY. n. s. [from vitiosus, Lat.] Depravity; corruption.
He charges it wholly upon the corruption, perverseness,
and vitiosity of man's will, as the only cause that rendered
all the arguments his doctrine came cloathed with, un­
successful. South's Sermons.

VI’TIOUS. adj. [vicieux, Fr. vitiosus, Latin.]
1. Corrupt; wicked; opposite to virtuous. It is rather ap­
plied to habitual faults, than criminal actions.
Make known
It is no vitious blot, murder, or foulness
That hath depriv'd me of your grace. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Witness th' irreverent son
Of him who built the ark; who, for the shame
Done to his father, heard his heavy curse,
'Servant of servants,' on his vitious race. Milton.
Wit's what the vitious fear, the virtuous shun;
By fools 'tis hated, and by knaves undone. Pope.
No troops abroad are so ill disciplin'd as the English;
which cannot well be otherwise, while the common soldiers
have before their eyes the vitious example of their leaders. Swift.
2. Corrupt; having physical ill qualities.
When vitious language contends to be high, it is full of
rock, mountain, and pointedness. B. Johnson.
Here from the vicious air and sickly skies,
A plague did on the dumb creation rise. Dryden.

VI’TIOUSLY. adv. [from vitious.] Not virtuously; corruptly.

VI’TIOUSNESS. n. s. [from vitious.] Corruptness; state of be­
ing vitious.
When we in our vitiousness grow hard,
The wise gods feal our eyes. Shakespeare.
What makes a governor justly despised is vitiousness and ill
morals. Virtue must tip the preacher's tongue, and the
ruler's scepter with authority. South.

VI’TREOUS. adj. [vitr&aecute;, Fr. vitreus, Lat.] Glassy; consist­
ing of glass; resembling glass.
The hole answers to the pupil of the eye; the crystalline
humour to the lenticular glass; the dark room to the cavity
containing the vitreous humour, and the white paper to the
retina. Ray on the Creation.
When the phlegm is too viscous, or separates into too
great a quantity, it brings the blood into a morbid state: this
viscous phlegm seems to be the vitreous petuite of the an­
tients. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

VI’TREOUSNESS. n. s. [from vitreous.] Resemblance of glass.

VI’TRIFICABLE. adj. [from vitrificate.] Convertible into glass.

To VITRI’FICATE. v. a. [vitrum and facio, Lat.] To
change into glass.
We have metals vitrificated, and other materials, besides
those of which you make glass. Bacon.

VITRIFICA’TION. n. s. [vitrification, Fr. from vitrificate.] Pro­
duction of glass; act of changing, or state of being changed
into glass.
For vitrification likewise, what metals will endure it? Also,
because vitrification is accounted a kind of death of metals,
what vitrification will admit of turning back again, and
what not? Bacon's Physical Remarks.
If the heat be more fierce, it maketh the grosser part itself
run and melt; as in the making of ordinary glass; and in
the vitrification of earth in the inner parts of furnaces; and
in the vitrification of brick and metals. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Upon the knowledge of the different ways of making
minerals and metals capable of vitrification, depends the art
of making counterfeit or fictitious gems. Boyle on Colours.

To VI’TRIFY. v. a. [vitrifier, Fr. vitrum and facio, Lat.] To
change into glass.
Metals will vitrify; and perhaps some portion of the
glass of metal vitrified, mixed in the pot of ordinary glass
metal, will make the whole mass more tough. Bacon.
Iron-slag, vitrified, has in it cortices incompassing one
another, like those in agats. Woodward.

To VI’TRIFY. v. n. To become glass; to be changed into
glass.
Chymists make vessels of animal substances calcined, which
will not vitrify in the fire; for all earth which hath any salt
or oil in it, will turn to glass. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

VI’TRIOL. n. s. [vitriol, Fr. vitriolum, Lat.]
Vitriol is produced by addition of a metallick matter with
the fossil acid salt. Woodward.
I rubbed it with the vitriol-stone. Wiseman's Surgery.

VI’TRIOLATE. adj. [vitriol&aecute;, Fr. from vitriolum, Lat.] Im­
pregnated with vitriol; consisting of vitriol.
VI’TRIOLATED. adj. [vitriol&aecute;, Fr. from vitriolum, Lat.] Im­
pregnated with vitriol; consisting of vitriol.
Iron may be dissolved by any tart, salt, or vitriolated
water. Bacon.
The water having dissolved the imperfectly calcined body,
the vitriolate corpuscles swimming in the liquor, by their oc­
cursions constituted little masses of vitriol, which gave the
water they impregnated a fair vitriolate colour. Boyle.

VITRIO’LICK. adj. [vitriolique, Fr. from vitriolum, Lat.] Re­
sembling vitriol; containing vitriol.
VITRI’OLOUS. adj. [vitriolique, Fr. from vitriolum, Lat.] Re­
sembling vitriol; containing vitriol.
Copperose of Mars, by some called salt of steel, made by
the spirits of vitriol or sulphur, will, after ablution, be at­
tracted by the loadstone: and therefore whether those shoot­
ing salts partake but little of steel, and be not rather the vi­
triolous spirits fixed unto salt by the effluvium or odour of
steel, is not without good question. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
These salts have somewhat of a nitrous taste, but mix'd
with a smatch of a vitriolick. Grew's Musæum:
By over-fermentation, or long-keeping, wine becomes
sharp as in hock, like the vitriolick acidity. Floyer.

VI’TULINE. adj. [vitulinus, Lat.] Belonging to a calf, or to
veal. Bailey.

VITU’PERABLE. adj. [vituperabilis, Lat.] Blame worthy. Ains.

To VITU’PERATE. v. a. [vituperer, Fr. vitupera, Latin.] To
blame; to censure.

VITUPERA’TION. n. s. [vituperatio, Lat.] Blame; censure.
Such a writing ought to be clean, and free from any cavil
or vituperation of rasure. Ayliffe's Parergon.
VIV

VIVA’CIOUS. adj. [vivax, Lat.]
1. Long-lived.
Though we should allow them their perpetual calm and
equability of heat, they will never be able to prove, that
therefore men would be so vivacious as they would have us
believe. Bentley.
2. Spritely; gay; active; lively.

VIVA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [vivacit&aecute;, Fr. from vivacious.]
VIVA’CITY. n. s. [vivacit&aecute;, Fr. from vivacious.]
1. Liveliness; Spriteliness.
They are esteemed very hot in operation, and will, in a
convenient air, survive some days the loss of their heads and
hearts; so vigorous is their vivacity. Boyle.
He had a great vivacity in his countenance. Dryden.
2. Longævity; length of life.
Fables are rais'd concerning the vivacity of deer; for nei­
ther are their gestation nor increment such as may afford an
argument of long life. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VI’VARY. n. s. [vivarium, Lat.] A warren. Ainsworth.

VIVE. adj. [vif, Fr. vivus, Latin.] Lively; forcible; pressing.
By a vive and forcible perswasion, he mov'd him to a war
upon Flanders. Bacon.

VI’VENCY. n. s. [vivo, Latin.] Manner of supporting or con­
tinuing life, or vegetation.
Although not in a distinct and indisputable way of vivency,
or answering in all points the property of plants, yet in in­
ferior and descending constitutions, they are determined by
seminalities. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VI’VES. n. s. A distemper among horses.
Vives is much like the strangies; and the chief difference
is, that for the most part the strangles happen to colts and
young horses while they are at grass, by feeding with their
heads downwards; by which means the swelling inclines
more to the jaws; but the vives happens to horses at any
age and time, and is more particularly seated in the glands
and kernels under the ears. Farriers Dict.

VI’VID. adj. [vividus, Latin.]
1. Lively; quick; striking.
The liquor, retaining its former vivid colour, was grown
clear again. Boyle.
To make these experiments the more manifest, such bodies
ought to be chosen as have the fullest and most vivid colours,
and two of those bodies compared together. Newton.
Ah! what avail his glossy varying dyes?
The vivid green his shining plumes unfold,
His painted wings, and breast that flames with gold. Pope.


2. Spritely; active.
Body is a fit workhouse for sprightly, vivid faculties to ex­
cise and exert themselves in. South.
Where the genius is bright, and the imagination vivid,
the power of memory may lose its improvement. Watts.

VI’VIDLY. adv. [from vivid.] With life; with quickness;
with strength.
In the moon we can with excellent telescopes discern many
hills and vallies, whereof some are more, and some less
vividly illustrated; and others have a fainter, others a deeper
shade. Boyle on Colours.
Sensitive objects affect a man, in the state of this present
life, much more warmly and vividly than those which affect
only his nobler part, his mind. South.

VI’VIDNESS. n. s. [from vivid.] Life; vigour; quickness.

VIVI’FICAL. adj. [vivificus, Lat.] Giving life. Bailey.

To VIVI’FICATE. v. a. [vivifico, Lat.]
1. To make alive; to inform with life; to animate.
2. To recover from such a change of form as seems to destroy
the essential properties.

VIVIFICA’TION. n. s. [vivification, Fr. from vivificate.] The
act of giving life.
If that motion be in a certain order, there followeth vi­
vification and figuration. Bacon.

VIVI’FICK. adj. [vivifique, Fr. vivificus, Latin] Giving life;
making alive.
Without the sun's salutary and vivifick beams, all motion
would cease, and nothing be left but darkness and death. Ray.

To VI’VIFY. v. a. [vivifier, Fr. vivus and facio, Lat.] To
make alive; to animate; to endue with life.
It hath been observed by the antients, that there is a
worm that breedeth in old snow, of a reddish colour, and
dull of motion; which would shew, that snow hath in it a
secret warmth, else it could hardly vivify. Bacon.
Sitting on eggs doth vivify, not nourish. Bacon.
Gut-worms, as soon as vivified, creep into the stomach
for nutriment. Harvey on Consumptions.

VIVI’PAROUS. adj. [vivus and pario, Lat.] Bringing the young
alive; opposed to oviparous.
When we perceive that batts have teats, it is not unrea­
sonable to infer, they give suck; but whereas no other flying
animals have these parts, we cannot from them infer a vivi­
parous exclusion. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Their species might continue, though they had been vivi­
parous; yet it would have brought their individuals to very
small numbers. More's Antidote against Atheism.
If birds had been viviparous, the burthen of their womb
had been so great and heavy, that their wings would have
failed them. Ray on the Creation.

VI’XEN. n. s.
Vixen or fixen is the name of a she-fox; otherwise ap­
plied to a woman whose nature and condition is thereby com­
pared to a she fox. Verstegan.
O! when she's angry, she's keen and shrewd;
She was a vixen, when she went to school;
And though she be but little, she is fierce. Shakesp.
See a pack of spaniels, called lovers, in a hot pursuit of a
two-legg'd vixen, who only flies the whole loud pack, to be
singled out by one. Wycherly.
VIZ

VIZ. n. s. [This word is videlicet, written with a contraction.]
To wit; that is. A barbarous form of an unnecessary word.
That which so oft by sundry writers
Has been apply'd t' almost all fighters,
More justly may b' ascrib'd to this,
Than any other warrior, viz.
None ever acted both parts bolder,
Both of a chieftain and a soldier. Hudibras.
The chief of all signs which the Almighty endued man with,
is humane voice, and the several modifications thereof by the
organs of speech, viz. the letters of the alphabet, form'd by
the several motions of the mouth. Holder.
Let this be done relatively, viz. one thing greater or
stronger, casting the rest behind, and rendering it less sensible
by its opposition. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

VI’ZARD. n. s. [visiere, Fr. See VISOR.] A mask used for
disguise.
Let the suits of the maskers be graceful, and such as be­
come the person when the vizards are off. Bacon.
æschylus
Brought vizards in a civiler disguise. Roscommon.
A lye is like a vizard, that may cover the face indeed,
but can never become it. South.
Ye shall know them by their fruits, not by their well or ill
living; for they put on the vizard of seeming sanctity. Atterb.
He mistook it for a very whimsical sort of mask, but upon
a nearer view he found, that she held her vizard in her
hand. Addison.

To VI’ZARD. v. a. [from the noun.] To mask.
Degree being vizarded,
Th' unworthiest shews as fairly in the mask. Shakesp.

VI’ZIER. n. s. [properly Wazir.] The prime minister of the
Turkish empire.
He made him vizier, which is the chief of all the
bassa's. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
This grand vizier presuming to invest
The chief imperial city of the west;
With the first charge compell'd in haste to rise,
His treasure, tents and cannon left a prize. Waller.

U’LCER. n. s. [ulcere, Fr. ulcus, Latin.] A sore of continu­
ance; not a new wound.
Thou answer'st, she is fair;
Pour'st in the open ulcer of my heart
Her eyes, her hair, her cheek, her gait, her voice! Shakesp.
My ulcers swell,
Corrupt and smell. Sandy's Paraphrase.
Intestine stone and ulcer, colick pangs. Milton.
While he was dressing that opening, other abscesses were
raised, and from the several apostemations sinuous ulcers were
made. Wiseman's Surgery.

To U’LCERATE. v. a. [ulcerer, Fr. ulcero, Latin.] To disease
with sores
Some depend upon the intemperament of the part ulcerated;
others upon the continual afflux of lacerative humours. Harvey.
An acrid and purulent matter mixeth with the blood, in
such as have their lungs ulcerated. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

ULCERA’TION. n. s. [ulceration, Fr. ulceratio, from ulcero, Lat.]
1. The act of breaking into ulcers.
2. Ulcer; sore.
The effects of mercury on ulcerations are manifest. Arbuth.

UL’CEROUS. adj [ulcerosus, Latin.] Afflicted with sores.
Strangely visited people,
All swoln and ulc'rous he cures. Shakesp. Macbeth.
An ulcerous disposition of the lungs, and an ulcer of the
lungs, may be appositely termed causes of a pulmonique con­
sumption. Harvey on Consumptions.

U’LCEROUSNESS. n. s. [from ulcerous.] The state of being ul­
cerous.

U’LCERED. adj. [ulcer&aecute;, Fr. from ulcer.] Grown by time from
a hurt to an ulcer.
æsculapius went about with a dog and a she-goat; the
first for licking ulcered wounds, and the goat's milk for the
diseases of the stomach. Temple.

ULI’GINOUS. adj. [uliginosus, Latin.] Slimy; muddy.
The uliginous lacteous matter taken notice of in the coral
fishings upon the coast of Italy, was only a collection of the
corallin particles. Woodward.

U’LTIMATE. adj. [ultimus, Latin.] Intended in the last re­
sort; being the last in the train of consequences.
I would be at the worst; worst is my port,
My harbour, and my ultimate repose. Milton.
Many actions apt to procure fame, are not conductive to
this our ultimate happiness. Addison.
The ultimate allotment of God to men, is really a conse­
quence of their own voluntary choice, in doing good or
evil. Rogers's Sermons.

U’LTIMATELY. adv. [from ultimate.] In the last consequence.
Charity is more extensive than either of the two other
graces, which center ultimately in ourselves; for we believe,
and we hope for our own sakes: but love, which is a more
disinterested principle, carries us out of ourselves, into desires
and endeavours of promoting the interests of other be­
ings. Atterbury.
Trust in our own powers, ultimately terminates in the
friendship of other men, which there advantages assure
to us. Rogers's Sermons.

ULTI’MITY. n. s. [ultimus, Latin.] The last stage; the last
consequence. A word very convenient, but not in use.
Alteration of one body into another, from crudity to per­
fect concoction, is the ultimity of that process. Bacon.

U’LTRAMARINE. n. s. [ultra and marinus, Latin.] One of
the noblest blue colours used in painting, produced by calci­
nation from the stone called lapis lazuli. Hill.
Others, notwithstanding they are brown, cease not to be
soft and faint, as the blue of ultramarine. Dryden.

ULTRAMARINE. adj. [ultra marinus, Lat.] Being beyond
the sea; foreign. Ainsworth.

ULTRAMO’NTANE. adj. [ultramontain, Fr. ultra montanus, Lat.]
Being beyond the mountains.

ULTRAMU’NDANE. adj. [ultra and mundus, Lat.] Being be­
yond the world.

ULTRO’NEOUS. adj. [ultro, Lat.] Spontaneous; voluntary.
UMB

U’MBEL n. s. In botany, the extremity of a stalk or branch
divided into several pedicles or rays, beginning from the same
point, and opening so as to form an inverted cone. Dict.

UMBE’LLATED. adj. In botany, is said of flowers when many
of them grow together in umbels. Dict.

UMBELLI’FEROUS. adj. [umbel and fero, Lat.] In botany,
being a plant that bears many flowers, growing upon many
footstalks, proceeding from the same centre; and chiefly
appropriated to such plants whose flowers are composed of five
leaves, as fennel and parsnip. Dict.

U’MBER. n. s.
1. Umber is a sad colour; which grind with gum-water, and
lighten it with a little ceruse, and a shive of saffron. Peacham.


I'll put myself in poor and mean attire,
And with a kind of umber smirch my face. Shakespeare.
Umbre is very sensible and earthy; there is nothing but
pure black which can dispute with it. Dryden.
The umbres, ochres, and minerals sound in the fissures,
are much finer than those found in the strata. Woodward.
2. A fish. [thymallus, Lat.]
The umber and grayling differ as the herring and pilcher
do: but though they may do so in other nations, those in
England differ nothing but in their names. Walt. Angler.

U’MBERED. adj. [from umber or umbra, Lat.] Shaded;
clouded.
From camp to camp, through the foul womb of night,
Fire answers fire; and through their paly flames
Each battle sees the other's umber'd face. Shakesp. Hen V.

UMBI’LICAL. adj. [umbilicale, Fr. from umbilicus, Lat.] Be­
longing to the navel.
Birds are nourished by umbilical vessels, and the navel is
manifest a day or two after exclusion. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
In a calf, the umbilical vessels terminate in certain bodies
divided into a multitude of carneous papiliæ, received into
so many sockets of the cotyledons growing on the womb. Ray.

U’MBLES. n. s. [umbles, Fr.] A deer's entrails. Dict.

U’MBO. n. s. [Latin.] The point, or prominent part of a
buckler.
Thy words together ty'd in small hanks,
Close as the Macedonian phalanx;
Or like the umbo of the Romans,
Which fiercest foes could break by no means. Swift.

U’MBRAGE. n. s. [ombrage, Fr.]
1. Shade; skreen of trees;
O, might I here
In solitude live savage; in some glade
Obscur'd, where highest woods, impenetrable
To star, or sun-light, spread their umbrage broad,
And brown as evening! Milton's Par. Lost.
Men swelt'ring run
To grotts and caves, and the cool umbrage seek
Of woven arborets. Philips.
2. Shadow; appearance.
The rest are umbrages quickly dispelled; the astrologer
subjects liberty to the motions of heaven. Bramh. against Hobbs.
The opinion carries no shew of truth nor umbrage of rea­
son of its side. Woodward.
Such a removal of the metal out of one part of the mass,
and collecting of it in another, has misled some, and given
umbrage to an opinion, that there is a growth of metal in
ore exposed to the air. Woodward on Fossils.
3. Resentment; offence; suspicion of injury.
Although he went on with the war, yet it should be but
with his sword in his hand, to bend the stiffness of the other
party to accept of peace: and so the king should take no
umbrage of his arming and prosecution. Bacon.

UMBRA’GEOUS. adj. [ombragieux, Fr.] Shady; yielding
shade.
Umbrageous grots and caves of cool recess. Milton.
Walk daily in a pleasant, airy, and umbrageous garden. Harvey.
The stealing shower is scarce to patter heard,
Beneath th' umbrageous multitude of leaves. Thomson.

UMBRA’GEOUSNESS. n. s. [from umbrageous] Shadiness.
The exceeding umbrageousness of this tree, he compareth
to the dark and shadowed life of man; through which the
sun of justice being not able to pierce, we have all remained
in the shadow of death, till it pleased Christ to climb the
tree of the cross, for our enlight'ning and redemption. Raleigh.

UMBRA’TILE. adj. [umbratilis, Latin.] Being in the shade.

UMBRE’L. n. s. [from umbra, Lat.] A skreen used in hot
countries to keep off the sun, and in others
to bear off the rain.
UMBRE’LLA. n. s. [from umbra, Lat.] A skreen used in hot
countries to keep off the sun, and in others
to bear off the rain.
I can carry your umbrella, and fan your ladyship. Dryden.
Good housewives
Desended by th' umbrella's oily shed,
Safe through the wet on clinking pattens tread. Gay.

UMBRIE’RE. n. s. The visor of the helmet. Spenser.

UMBRO’SITY. n. s. [umbrosus, Lat.] Shadiness; exclusion of
light.
Oiled paper becometh more transparent, and admits the
visible rays with much less umbrosity. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
UMP

U’MPIRAGE. n. s. [from umpire.] Arbitration; friendly deci­
sion of a controversy.

U’MPIRE. n. s. [This word Minshew, with great applause
from Skinner, derives from un pere, Fr. a father.] An arbi­
trator; one who, as a common friend, decides disputes.
Give me some present counsel; or, behold,
'Twixt my extremes and me, this bloody knife
Shall play the umpire; arbitrating that,
Which the commission of thy years and art
Could to no issue of true honour bring. Shakesp.
Just death, kind umpire of men's miseries,
With sweet enlargement doth dismiss me hence. Shakesp.
The learned Sennertus, in that book, takes not upon him
to play the advocate for the chymists, but the umpire betwixt
them and the peripateticks. Boyle.
The vast distance that sin had put between the offending
creature and the offended Creator, required the help of some
great umpire and intercessor, to open him a new way of access
to God; and this Christ did for us as mediator. South.
The jealous sects, that dare not trust their cause
So far from their own will as from the laws,
You for their umpire and their synod take. Dryden.
UNA

UN. A Saxon privative or negative particle answering to in of
the Latins, and a of the Greeks, on, Dutch. It is placed
almost at will before adjectives and adverbs. All the in­
stances of this kind of composition cannot therefore be in­
serted; but I have collected a number sufficient, perhaps
more than sufficient, to explain it.

UNABA’SHED. adj. [from abashed.] Not shamed; not confused
by modesty.
Earless on high, stood unabash'd Defoe,
And Tutchin flagrant from the scourge below. Pope.

UNA’BLE. adj. [from able.]
1. Not having ability.
The Amalekites set on them, supposing that they had been
weary, and unable to resist. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Zeal mov'd thee:
To please thy gods thou didst it; gods unable
T' acquit themselves, and prosecute their foes. Milton.
The prince unable to conceal his pain,
Gaz'd on the fair,
And sigh'd, and look'd, and sigh'd again. Dryden.
I intended to put it in practice, though far unable for the
attempt of such a poem. Dryden.
Man, under the disadvantages of a weak and fallen na­
ture, was unable even to form an idea of happiness worthy
his reasonable ambition. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Weak; impotent.
A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable;
Beyond all manner of so much I love you. Shakespeare.

UNABO’LISHED. adj. [from abolished.] Not repealed; remain­
ing in force.
The number of needless laws unabolished, doth weaken the
force of them that are necessary. Hooker.

UNACCE’PTABLE. adj. [from acceptable.] Not pleasing; not
such as is well received.
The marquis at that time was very unacceptable to his
countrymen. Clarendon.
Tis as indecent as unacceptable, and all men are willing to
slink out of such company, the sober for the hazards, and
jovial for the unpleasantness. Government of the Tongue.
Every method for deterring others from the like practices
for the future, must be unacceptable and displeasing to the
friends of the guilty. Addison's Freeholder.
If he shrinks from an unacceptable duty, there is a secret
reserve of infidelity at the bottom. Rogers's Sermons.

UNACCE’PTABLENESS. n. s. [from unacceptable.] State of not
pleasing.
This alteration arises from the unacceptableness of the sub­
ject I am upon. Collier on Pride.

UNACCE’PTED. adj. [from accepted.] Not accepted.
By turns put on the suppliant, and the Lord
Offer'd again the unaccepted wreath,
And choice of happy love, or instant death. Prior.

UNACC’ESSIBLENESS. n. s. [from accessibleness.] State of not
being to be attained or approached.
Many excellent things are in nature, which, by reason of
the remoteness from us, and unaccessibleness to them, are not
within any of our faculties to apprehend. Hale.

UNACCO’MMODATED. adj. [from accommodated.] Unfurnished
with external convenience.
Unaccommodated man is no more than such a poor, bare,
forked animal as thou art. Shakesp.

UNACCO’MPANIED. adj. [from accompanied.] Not attended.
Seldom one accident, prosperous or adverse, cometh un­
accompanied with the like. Hayward.

UNACCO’MPLISHED. adj. [from accomplished.] Unfinish'd; in­
complete.
Beware of death, thou canst not die unperjur'd,
And leave an unaccomplish'd love behind.
Thy vows are mine. Dryden.
The gods dismay'd at his approach, withdrew,
Nor durst their unaccomplish'd crime pursue. Dryden.

UNACCO’UNTABLE. adj. [from accountable.]
1. Not explicable; not to be solved by reason; not reducible
to rule.
I shall note difficulties, which are not usually observed,
though unaccountable. Glanville.
The folly is so unaccountable, that enemies pass upon us
for friend. L'Estrange.
There has been an unaccountable disposition of late, to fetch
the fashion from the French. Addison.


What is yet more unaccountable, would he complain of
their resisting his omnipotence. Rogers's Sermons.
The Chinese are an unaccountable people, strangely com­
pounded of knowledge and ignorance. Baker's Reflect. on Learn.
The manner whereby the soul and body are united, and
how they are distinguished, is wholly unaccountable to us. Swift.
2. Not subject; not controlled.

UNACCO’UNTABLY. adv. Strangely.
The boy proved to be the son of the merchant, whose heart
had so unaccountably melted at the sight of him. Addison.

UNA’CCURATE. adj. [from accurate.] Not exact.
Gallileo using an unaccurate way, defined the air to be in
weight to water but as one to four hundred. Boyle.

UNA’CCURATENESS. n. s. [from unaccurate.] Want of exact­
ness.
It may be much more probably maintained than hitherto,
as against the unaccurateness and unconcludingness of the ana­
lytical experiments vulgarly to be relied on. Boyle.

UNACCU’STOMED. adj. [from accustomed.]
1. Not used; not habituated.
I was chastised as a bullock unaccustomed to the yoke. Jer. xxxi.
The necessity of air to the most of animals unaccustomed to
the want of it, may best be judged of by the following ex­
periments. Boyle.
2. New; not usual.
I'll send one to Mantua,
Where that same banish'd runagate doth live,
Shall give him such an unaccustom'd dram,
That he shall soon keep Tibalt company. Shakesp.
Their pristine worth
The Britons recollect, and gladly change
Sweet native home, for unaccustom'd air. Philips.
An old word ought never to be fixed to an unaccustomed
idea, without just and evident necessity. Watts's Logick.

UNACKNO’WLEDGED. adj. [from acknowledge.] Not owned.
The fear of what was to come from an unknown, at
least an unacknowledged successor to the crown, clouded much
of that prosperity. Clarendon.

UNACQUA’INTANCE. n. s. [from acquaintance.] Want of fami­
liarity; want of knowledge.
The first is an utter unacquaintance with his master's de­
signs, in these words; the servant knoweth not what his
master doth. South.

UNACQUA’INTED. adj. [from acquainted.]
1. Not known; unusual; not familiarly known.
She greatly grew amazed at the sight,
And th' unacquainted light began to fear. Fairy Queen.
2. Not having familiar knowledge.
Festus, an infidel, a Roman, one whose ears were un­
acquainted with such matter, heard him, but could not reach
unto that whereof he spake. Hooker.
Where else
Shall I inform my unacquainted feet
In the blind mazes of this tangled world? Milton.
Art thou a courtier,
Or I a king? My ears are unacquainted
With such bold truths, especially from thee. Denham.
Youth, that with joys had unacquainted been,
Envy'd grey hairs, that once good days had seen. Dryden.
Let us live like those who expect to die, and then we shall
find that we fear'd death only because we were unacquainted
with it. Wake's Preparation for Death.

UNA’CTIVE. adj. [from active.]
1. Not brisk; not lively.
Silly people commend tame, unactive children, because
they make no noise, nor give them any trouble. Locke.
2. Having no employment.
Man hath his daily work of body, or mind,
Appointed, which declares his dignity;
While other animals unactive range,
And of their doings God takes no account. Milton.
3. Not busy; not diligent.
His life,
Private, unactive, calm, contemplative;
Little suspicious to any king. Paradise Regain'd.
An homage which nature commands all understandings to
pay to virtue; and yet it is but a faint, unactive thing; for
in defiance of the judgment, the will may still remain as
much a stranger to virtue as before. South's Sermons.
4. Having no efficacy.
In the fruitful earth
His beams, unactive else, their vigour find. Milton.

UNA’CTUATED. adj. Not actuated.
The peripatetick matter is a mere unactuated power. Glanv.

UNADMI’RED. adj. Not regarded with honour.
Oh! had I rather unadmir'd remain'd,
In some lone isle, or distant northern land;
Where the gilt chariot never marks the way. Pope.

UNADO’RED. adj. Not worshipped.
Nor was his name unheard, or unador'd
In antient Greece. Milton.

UNADO’RNED. adj. Not decorated; not embellished.
The earth, till then
Desert, and bare, unsightly, unadorn'd,
Brought forth the tender grass. Milton's Par. Lost.
But hoary winter, unadorn'd and bare,
Dwells in the dire retreat, and freezes there. Addison.

UNADVE’NTUROUS. adj. Not adventurous.
The wisest, unexperienc'd, will be ever
Timorous and loth, with novice modesty,
Irresolute, unhardy, unadvent'rous. Milton's Par. Regain'd.

UNADVI’SED. adj.
1. Imprudent; indiscreet.
Madam, I have unadvis'd
Deliver'd you a paper that I should not. Shakesp.
2. Done without due thought; rash.
This contract to-night
Is too rash, too unadvis'd, too sudden,
Too like the light'ning, which doth cease to be,
Ere one can say, it lightens. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
These prosperous proceedings were turned back by the un­
advised forwardness of divers chief counsellors, in making
sudden and unreasonable alterations. Hayward.
Specifick conformities can be no unadvised productions;
but are regulated by the immediate efficiency of some know­
ing agent. Glanville.

UNADVI’SEDLY. adv. Imprudently; rashly; indiscreetly.
A strange kind of speech unto christian ears; and such,
as I hope they themselves do acknowledge unadvisedly ut­
tered. Hooker.
What man's wit is there able to sound the depth of those
dangerous and fearful evils, whereinto our weak and impo­
tent nature is inclinable to sink itself, rather than to shew
an acknowledgment of error in that which once we have
unadvisedly taken upon us to defend, against the stream of a
contrary publick resolution. Hooker.
What is done cannot be now amended;
Men shall deal unadvisedly sometimes,
Which after-hours give leisure to repent of. Shakesp.
A word unadvisedly spoken on the one side, or misunder­
stood on the other, has raised such an aversion to him, as in
time has produced a perfect hatred of him. South.

UNADU’LTERATED. adj. Genuine; not spoiled by spurious
mixtures.
I have only discovered one of those channels, by which
the history of our Saviour might be conveyed pure and un­
adulterated. Addison on the Christian Religion.

UNAFFE’CTED. n. s.
1. Real; not hypocritical.
They bore the king
To lie in solemn state, a publick sight:
Groans, cries, and howlings fill the crouded place,
And unaffected sorrow sat on ev'ry face. Dryden.
2. Free from affectation; open; candid; sincere.
The maid improves her charms,
With inward greatness, unaffected wisdom,
And sanctity of manners. Addison's Cato.
Of softest manners, unaffected mind;
Lover of peace, and friend of human kind. Pope's Epist.
3. Not formed by too rigid observation of rules; not la­
boured.
Men divinely taught, and better teaching
The solid rules of civil government,
In their majestic, unaffected stile,
Than all the oratory of Greece and Rome. Milton.
4. Not moved; not touched.

UNAFFE’CTEDLY. adv. Really; without any attempt to pro­
duce false appearances.
He was always unaffectedly cheerful; no marks of any
thing heavy at his heart broke from him. Locke.

UNAFFE’CTING. adj. Not pathetick; not moving the passions.

UNAFFLI’CTED. adj. Free from trouble.
My unafflicted mind doth feed
On no unholy thoughts for benefit. Daniel's Musophilus.

UNAGREE’ABLE. adj. Inconsistent; unsuitable.
Advent'rous work! yet to thy pow'r and mine
Not unagreeable, to found a path
Over this main, from hell to that new world. Milton.

UNAGREE’ABLENESS. n. s. Unsuitableness to; inconsistency with.
Papias, a holy man, and scholar of St. John, having de­
livered the milennium, men chose rather to admit a doctrine,
whose unagreeableness to the gospel oeconomy rendered it
suspicious, than think an apostolick man could seduce
them. Decay of Piety.

UNAI’DABLE. adj. Not to be helped.
The congregated college have concluded,
That labouring art can never ransom nature
From her unaidable estate. Shakespeare.

UNAI’DED. adj. Not assisted; not helped.
Their number, counting those th' unaided eye
Can see, or by invented tubes descry,
The widest stretch of human thought exceeds. Blackmore.



UNAI’MING. adj. Having no particular direction.
The noisy culverin, o'ercharg'd, lets fly,
And bursts, unaiming, in the rended sky:
Such frantick flights are like a madman's dream,
And nature suffers in the wild extreme. Granville.

UNA’KING adj. Not feeling or causing pain.
Shew them th' unaking scars which I would hide,
As if I had received them for the hire
Of their breath only. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNA’LIENABLE. adj. Not to be transferred.
Hereditary right should be kept sacred, not from any un­
alienable right in a particular family, but to avoid the con­
sequences that usually attend the ambition of competitors. Swift.

UNALLA'YED. adj. Not impaired by bad mixtures.
Unallayed satisfactions are joys too heavenly to fall to
many men's shares on earth. Boyle.

UNALLI’ED. adj.
1. Having no powerful relation.
2. Having no common nature; not congenial.
He is compounded of two very different ingredients,
spirit and matter; but how such unallied and disproportioned
substances should act upon each other, no man's learning
yet could tell him. Collier on Pride.

UNA’LTERABLE. adj. Unchangeable; immutable.
The law of nature, consisting in a fixed, unalterable rela­
tion of one nature to another, is indispensable. South.
They fixt unalterable laws,
Settling the same effect on the same cause. Creech.
The truly upright man is inflexible in his uprightness,
and unalterable in his purpose. Atterbury.

UNA’LTERABLENESS. n. s. Immutability; unchangeableness.
This happens from the unalterableness of the corpuscles,
which constitute and compose those bodies. Woodward.

UNA’LTERABLY. adv. Unchangeably; immutably.
Retain unalterably firm his love intire. Milton's Par. Lost.
The day and year are standard measures, because they are
unalterably constituted by those motions. Holder on Time.

UNA’LTERED. adj. Not changed; not changeable.
It was thought in him an unpardonable offence to alter
any thing; in us intolerable that we suffer any thing to re­
main unaltered. Hooker.
To whom our Saviour, with unalter'd brow;
Thy coming hither, though I know thy scope,
I bid not, or forbid. Paradise Regain'd.
To shew the truth of my unalter'd breast,
Know that your life was giv'n at my request. Dryden.
Since these forms begin, and have their end,
On some unalter'd cause they sure depend. Dryden.
Grains and nuts pass often through animals unalter'd. Arbuth.
Amongst the shells that were fair, unaltered, and free from
such mineral insinuations, there were some which could not
be match'd by any species of shell-fish now found upon the
sea shores. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

UNAMA’ZED. adj. Not astonished; free from astonishment.
Though at the voice much marvelling; at length
Not unamaz'd, she thus in answer spake. Milton.

UNAMBI’TIOUS. adj. Free from ambition.
My humble muse, in unambitious strains,
Paints the green forests, and the flow'ry plains. Pope.
I am one of those unambitious people, who will love you
forty years hence. Pope.

UNAME’NDABLE. adj. [inemendabilis, Lat.] Not to be changed
for the better.
He is the same man; so is every one here that you know:
mankind is unamendable. Pope to Swift.

UNA’MIABLE. adj. Not raising love.
Those who represent religion in an unamiable light, are
like the spies sent by Moses, to make a discovery of the land
of promise, when, by their reports, they discouraged the
people from entering upon it. Addison's Spectator.
These men are so well acquainted with the unamiable part
of themselves, that they have not the confidence to think
they are really beloved. Addison's Spectator.
Nor are the hills unamiable, whose tops
To heav'n aspire. Philips.

UNANALY’SED. adj. Not resolved into simple parts.
Some large crystals of refined and unanalysed nitre, ap­
peared to have each of them six flat sides. Boyle.

UNA’NCHORED. adj. Not anchored.
A port there is, inclos'd on either side,
Where ships may rest, unanchor'd, and unty'd. Pope.

UNANE’LED. adj. [un and knell.] Without the bell rung.
This sense I doubt.
Thus was I, sleeping, by a brother's hand
Cut off ev'n in the blossoms of my sin,
Unhousel'd, unanointed, unanel'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNA’NIMATED. adj. Not enlivened; not vivified.
Look on those half lines as the imperfect products of a
hasty muse: like the frogs in the Nile, part kindled into life,
and part a lump of uninformed, unanimated matter. Dryden.

UNANI’MITY. n. s. [unanimit&aecute;, Fr.] Agreement in design or opinion.
An honest party of men acting with unanimity, are of
infinitely greater consequence, than the same party aiming
at the same end by different views. Addison.

UNA’NIMOUS. adj. [unanime, Fr. unanimis, Lat] Being of
one mind; agreeing in design or opinion.
They wont to meet
So oft in festivals of joy, and love
Unanimous, as sons of one great sire,
Hymning th' eternal father. Milton's Par. Lost.
With those which Minio's fields and Phyrgi gave,
All bred in arms, unanimous and brave. Dryden.

UNA’NIMOUSLY. adv. [from unanimous.] With one mind.
This particular is unanimously reported by all the antient
christian authors. Addison on the Christian Religion.

UNANO’INTED. adj.
1. Not anointed.
2. Not prepared for death by extreme unction.
Thus was I, sleeping, by a brother's hand
Cut off ev'n in the blossoms of my sin,
Unhousel'd, unanointed, unanel'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNA’NSWERABLE. adj. Not to be refuted.
This is a manifest and unanswerable argument. Raleigh.
I shall not conclude it false, though I think the emergent
difficulties, which are its attendants, unanswerable. Glanville.
The pye's question was wisely let fall without a reply, to
intimate that it was unanswerable. L'Estrange.
These speculations are strong intimations, not only of the
excellency of a human soul, but of its independence on the
body; and if they do not prove, do at least confirm, these
two great points, which are established by many other rea­
sons that are unanswerable. Addison's Spectator.
As to the excuse drawn from the demands of creditors, if
it be real, it is unanswerable. Atterbury's Sermons.

UNA’NSWERABLY. adv. Beyond confutation.
It will put their little logick hard to it, to prove, that
there can be any obedience, where there is no command.
And therefore it unanswerably follows, that the abettors of
the forementioned principle plead conscience in a direct and
bare-faced contradiction to God's express command. South.

UNA’NSWERED. adj.
1. Not opposed by a reply.
Unanswer'd left thou boast. Milton's Par. Lost.
Must I tamely bear
This arrogance unanswer'd! Thou'rt a traitor. Addison.
2. Not confuted.
All these reasons, they say, have been brought, and were
hitherto never answer'd; besides a number of merriments
and jests unanswer'd likewise. Hooker.
3. Not suitably returned.
Quench, Corydon, thy long unanswer'd fire;
Mind what the common wants of life require. Dryden.

UNAPPA’LLED. adj. Not daunted; not impress'd by fear.
If my memory must thus be thralled
To that strange stroke, which conquered all my senses;
Can thoughts still thinking so rest unappalled? Sidney.
Infernal ghosts
Environ'd thee; some howl'd, some yell'd, some shriek'd;
Some bent at thee their fiery darts; while thou
Sat'st unappall'd in calm and sinless peace. Milton.
As a lion, unappall'd with fear,
Springs on the toils, and rushes on the spear. Dryden.
Does this appear like guilt? When thus serene,
With eyes erect, and visage unappall'd,
Fixt on that awful face, I stand the charge;
Amaz'd, not fearing. Smith's Phæd. and Hypolitus.

UNAPPA’RRELLED. adj. Not dressed; not cloathed.
In Peru, though they were an unapparelled people, and
had some customs very barbarous, yet the government of
the Incas had many parts of civilty. Bacon's Holy Wars.
Till our souls be unapparelled
Of bodies, they from bliss are banished. Donne.

UNAPPA’RENT. adj. Obscure; not visible.
Thy potent voice he hears,
And longer will delay to hear thee tell
His generation, and the rising birth
Of nature, from the unapparent deep. Milton.

UNAPPEA’SABLE. adj. Not to be pacified; implacable.
The unappeasable rage of Hildebrand and his successors,
never left persecuting him, by raising one rebellion upon
another. Raleigh's Essays.
I see thou art implacable; more deaf
To pray'rs than winds to seas; yet winds to seas
Are reconcil'd at length, and seas to shore.
Thy anger, unappeasable, still rages,
Eternal tempest never to be calm'd. Milton.

UNAPPE’ASED. adj. Not pacified.
Sacrifice his flesh,
That so the shadows be not unappeas'd. Shakesp.
His son forgot, his empress unappeas'd;
How soon the tyrant with new love is seiz'd. Dryden.



UNA’PPLLICABLE. adj. [from apply.] Such as cannot be applied.
Gratitude, by being confined to the few, has a very nar­
row province to work on, being acknowledged to be unap­
plicable, and so consequently ineffectual to all others. Hammond.
Their beloved earl of Manchester appeared now as un­
applicable to their purposes as the other. Clarendon.
The singling out, and laying in order those intermediate
ideas, that demonstratively shew the equality or inequality of
unapplicable quantities, has produced discoveries. Locke.

UNAPPREHE’NDED. adj. Not understood.
They of whom God is altogether unapprehended, are but
few in number, and for grossness of wit such, that they
hardly seem to hold the place of human being. Hooker.

UNAPPREHE’NSIVE. adj. [from apprehend.]
1. Not intelligent; not ready of conception.
The same temper of mind makes a man unapprehensive and
insensible of any misery suffered by others. South.
2. Not suspecting.

UNAPPROA’CHED. adj. Inaccessible.
God is light,
And never but in unapproached light
Dwelt from eternity. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNAPPRO’VED. adj. [from approve.] Not approved.
Evil into the mind
May come and go so unapprov'd, and leave
No spot behind. Milton.

UNA’PT. adj. [from apt.]
1. Dull; not apprehensive.
2. Not ready; not propense.
I am a soldier, and unapt to weep. Shakesp.
My blood hath been too cold and temperate,
Unapt to stir at these indignities. Shakespeare.
3. Unfit; not qualified.
Fear doth grow from an apprehension of deity indued with
irresistible power to hurt; and is, of all affections (anger ex­
cepted) the unaptest to admit any conference with rea­
son. Hooker.
A longing after sensual pleasures is a dissolution of the
spirit of a man, and makes it loose, soft and wandering,
unapt for noble, wise, or spiritual employments. Taylor.
4. Improper; unfit; unsuitable.

UNA’PTLY. adv. [from unapt.] Unfitly; improperly.
He swims on his back; and the shape of his back seems
to favour it, being very like the bottom of a boat: nor do
his hinder legs unaptly resemble a pair of oars. Grew.

UNA’PTNESS. n. s. [from unapt.]
1. Unfitness; unsuitableness.
Men's apparel is commonly made according to their con­
ditions; and their conditions are often governed by their gar­
ments: for the person that is gowned, is by his gown put in
mind of gravity, and also restrained from lightness by the very
unaptness of his weed. Spenser.
2. Dulness; want of apprehension.
That unaptness made you minister
Thus to excuse yourself. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
3. Unreadiness; disqualification; want of propension.
The mind, by being engaged in a task beyond its strength,
like the body, strained by lifting at a weight too heavy, has
often its force broken, and thereby gets an unaptness, or
an aversion to any vigorous attempt ever after. Locke.

UNA’RGUED. adj. [from argue.]
1. Not disputed.
What thou bid'st,
Unargu'd I obey; so God ordains. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Not censured.
Not that his work liv'd in the hands of foes,
Unargu'd then, and yet hath fame from those. B. Johnson.

To UNA’RM. v. a. [from arm.] To disarm; to strip of ar­
mour; to deprive of arms.
Unarm, unarm, and do not fight to-day. Shakesp.
Unarm me, Eros; the long day's task is done,
And we must sleep. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Galen would not leave unto the world too subtle a theory
of poisons; unarming thereby the malice of venemous
spirits. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNA’RMED. adj. [from unarm.] Having no armour; having no
weapons.
On the western coast
Rideth a puissant navy: To our shores
Throng many doubtful, hollow-hearted friends,
Unarm'd, and unresolv'd to beat them back. Shakesp.
He all unarm'd
Shall chase thee with the terror of his voice
From thy demoniack holds, possession foul;
Thee and thy legions, yelling they shall fly,
And beg to hide them in a herd of swine. Milton.
Though unarm'd I am,
Here, without my sword or pointed lance,
Hope not, base man, unquestion'd hence to go. Dryden.
Whereas most other creatures are furnished with weapons
for their defence; man is born altogether unarmed. Grew.

UNARRA’IGNED. adj. Not brought to a trial.
As lawful lord, and king by just descent,
Should here be judg'd, unheard, and unarraign'd. Daniel.

UNARRA’YED. adj. Not dressed.
As if this infant world yet unarray'd,
Naked and bare, in nature's lap were laid. Dryden.
Half unarray'd, he ran to his relief,
So hasty and so artless was his grief. Dryden.

UNA’RTFUL. adj.
1. Having no art, or cunning.
A chearful sweetness in his looks he has,
And innocence unartful in his face. Dryden's Juvenal.
2. Wanting skill.
How unartful would it have been to have set him in a
corner, when he was to have given light and warmth to all
the bodies round him? Cheyne's Phil. Prin.

UNA’RTFULLY. adv. In an unartful manner.
In the report, although it be not unartfully drawn, and is
perfectly in the spirit of a pleader, there is no great skill re­
quired to detect the many mistakes. Swift's Miscellany.

UNARTIFI’CIALLY. adv. Contrarily to art.
Not a feather is unartificially made, misplaced, redundant,
or defective. Derham's Physico-Theology.

UNA’SKED. adj. Not sought by solicitation.
With what eagerness, what circumstance
Unask'd, thou tak'st such pains to tell me only
My son's the better man. Denham's Sophy.
The bearded corn ensu'd
From earth unask'd, nor was that earth renew'd. Dryden.
How, or why
Shou'd all conspire to cheat us with a lye?
Unask'd their pains, ungrateful their advice;
Starving their gain, and martyrdom their price. Dryden.

UNASPI’RING. adj. Not ambitious.
To be modest and unaspiring, in honour preferring one
another. Rogers.

UNASSA’ILED. adj. Not attacked; not assaulted.
As I intend, Clifford, to thrive to-day,
It grieves my soul to leave thee unassail'd. Shakespeare.
I believe
That he, the supreme good, t' whom all things ill
Are but as slavish officers of vengeance,
Would send a glist'ring guardian, if need were,
To keep my life and honour unassail'd. Milton's Comus.

UNASSA’ILABLE. adj. Exempt from assault.
In the number, I do but know one,
That unassailable holds on his rank,
Unshak'd of motion. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

UNASSA’YED. adj. Unattempted.
What is faith, love, virtue unassay'd
Alone, without exterior help sustain'd. Milton.

UNASSI’STED. adj. Not helped.
Its victories were the victories of reason, unassisted by the
force of human power, and as gentle as the triumphs of
light over darkness. Addison's Freeholder.
What unassisted reason could not discover, that God has set
clearly before us in the revelation of the gospel: a felicity
equal to our most enlarged desires; a state of immortal and
unchangeable glory. Rogers's Sermons.

UNASSI’STING. adj. Giving no help.
With these I went, a brother of the war;
Nor idle stood, with unassisting hands,
When savage beasts, and men's more savage bands,
Their virtuous toil subdu'd: yet these I sway'd. Dryden.

UNASSU’MING. adj. Not arrogant.
Unassuming worth in secret liv'd,
And died neglected. Thomson's Winter.

UNASSU’RED. adj.
1. Not confident.
The ensuing treatise, with a timorous and unassured coun­
tenance, adventures into your presence. Glanville.
2. Not to be trusted.
The doubts and dangers, the delays and woes;
The feigned friends, the unassured foes,
Do make a lover's life a wretch's hell. Spenser.

UNATTA’INABLE. adj. Not to be gained or obtained; being
out of reach.
Praise and prayer are God's due worship; which are unattain­
able by our discourse, simply considered, without the benefit of
divine revelation. Dryden's Religio Laici.
I do not expect that men should be perfectly kept from
error; that is more than human nature can, by any means,
be advanced to: I aim at no such unattainable privilege; I
only speak of what they should do. Locke.

UNATTA’INABLENESS. n. s. State of being out of reach.
Desire is stopped by the opinion of the impossibility, or un­
attainableness of the good proposed. Locke.

UNATTEMPTED. adj. Untried; not assayed.
He left no means unattempted of destroying his son. Sidney.
Not that I have the power to clutch my hand,
When his fair angels would salute my palm;
But that my hand, as unattempted yet,
Like a poor beggar, raileth on the rich. Shakesp.


It pursues
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme. Milton.
Leave nothing unattempted to destroy
That perjur'd race. Denham.
Shall we be discouraged from any attempt of doing good,
by the possibility of our failing in it? How many of the best
things would, at this rate, have been left unattempted? Atterb.

UNATTE’NDED. adj. Having no retinue, or attendants.
Your constancy
Hath left you unattended. Shakesp. Macbeth.
With goddess-like demeanor forth she went,
Not unattended. Milton's Par. Lost.
Such unattended generals can never make a revolution in
Parnassus. Dryden.

UNATTE’NDING. adj. Not attending.
Ill is lost that praise,
That is address'd to unattending ears. Milton.
Ev'ry nymph of the flood, her tresses rending,
Throws off her armlet of pearl in the main;
Neptune in anguish his charge unattending,
Vessels are found'ring, and vows are in vain. Dryden.

UNATTE’NTIVE. adj. Not regarding.
Man's nature is so unattentive to good, that there can scarce
be too many monitors. Government of the Tongue.
Such things are not accompanied with show, and there­
fore seldom draw the eyes of the unattentive. Tatler, No. 55.

UNATTO’NED. adj. Not expiated.
Could you afford him such a bribe as that,
A brother's blood yet unatton'd? Rowe.

UNAVA’ILABLE. adj. Useless; vain with respect to any pur­
pose.
When we have endeavoured to find out the strongest
causes, wherefore they should imagine that reading is so un­
available, the most we can learn is, that sermons are the or­
dinance of God, the scriptures dark, and the labour of read­
ing easy. Hooker.

UNAVA’ILING. adj. Useless; vain.
Since my inevitable death you know,
You safely unavailing pity show:
'Tis popular to mourn a dying foe. Dryden's Aurengzebe.
Supine he tumbles on the crimson sands,
Before his helpless friends and native bands,
And spreads for aid his unavailing hands. Pope.

UNAVOI’DABLE. adj.
1. Inevitable; not to be shunned.
Oppression on one side, and ambition on the other, are
the unavoidable occasions of war. Dryden.
It is unavoidable to all, to have opinions, without certain
proofs of their truth. Locke.
Single acts of transgression will, through weakness and
surprize, be unavoidable to the best guarded. Rogers.
The merits of Christ will make up the unavoidable defi­
ciencies of our service; will prevail for pardon to our sincere
repentance. Rogers.
All sentiments of worldly grandeur vanish at that unavoid­
able moment, which decides the destiny of men. Clarissa.
2. Not to be missed in ratiocination.
That something is of itself, is self-evident, because we see
things are; and the things that we see must either have had
some first cause of their being, or have been always, and of
themselves: one of them is unavoidable. Tillotson.
I think it unavoidable for every rational creature, that will
examine his own or any other existence, to have the notion
of an eternal, wise being, who had no beginning. Locke.

UNAVOI’DABLENESS. n. s. Inevitability.
How can we conceive it subject to material impressions?
and yet the importunity of pain, and unavoidableness of sen­
sations, strongly persuade that we are so. Glanville.

UNAVO’IDABLY. adv. Inevitably.
The most perfect administration must unavoidably produce
opposition from multitudes who are made happy by it. Addison.

UNAVO’IDED. adj. Inevitable.
We see the very wreck that we must suffer;
And unavoided is the danger now. Shakesp.
Rare poems ask rare friends;
Yet satyrs, since the most of mankind be
Their unavoided subject, fewest see. B. Johnson.

UNAU’THORISED. adj. Not supported by authority; not pro­
perly commissioned.
To kiss in private?
An unauthorized kiss. Shakespeare's Othello.
It is for you to ravage seas and land,
Unauthoriz'd by my supreme command. Dryden.

UNAWA’RE. adv. [from aware, or wary.]
UNAWA’RES. adv. [from aware, or wary.]
1. Without thought; without previous meditation.
It is my father's face,
Whom, in this conflict, I unawares have kill'd. Shakesp.
Firm we subsist; yet possible to swerve,
And fall into deception unaware. Milton.
A pleasant beverage he prepar'd before,
Of wine and honey mix'd; with added store
Of opium: to his keeper this he brought,
Who swallow'd unawares the sleepy draught,
And snor'd secure. Dryden.
'Tis a sensation like that of a limb lopp'd off; one is trying
every minute unawares to use it, and finds it is not. Pope.
2. Unexpectedly; when it is not thought of; suddenly.
Take heed lest you fall unawares into that inconvenience
you formerly found fault with. Spenser.
Lest destruction come upon him at unawares, and let his net
that he hath hid, catch himself. Psalm xxxvi. 8.
My hand, unawares to me, was, by the force of that
endeavour it just before employed to sustain the fallen weight,
carried up with such violence, that I bruised it. Boyle.
He breaks at unawares upon our walks,
And, like a midnight wolf, invades the fold. Dryden.
Though we live never so long, we are still surprized: we
put the evil day far from us, and then it catches us unawares,
and we tremble at the prospect. Wake.

UNA’WED. adj. Unrestrained by fear or reverence.
The raging and fanatic distemper of the house of com­
mons must be attributed to the want of such good ministers
of the crown, as, being unawed by any guilt of their own,
could have watched other mens. Clarendon.
Unforc'd by punishment, unaw'd by fear,
His words were simple, and his soul sincere. Dryden.
UNB

UNBA’CKED. adj.
1. Not tamed; not taught to bear the rider.
Then I beat my tabor;
At which, like unback'd colts, they prick'd their ears,
Advanc'd their eyelids, lifted up their noses,
As they smelt musick. Shakesp. Tempest.
A well wayed horse will safely convey thee to thy journey's
end, when an unbacked filly may give thee a fall. Suckling.
They flinch like unback'd fillies. Dennis's Letters.
2. Not countenanced; not aided.
Let the weight of thine own infamy
Fall on thee unsupported, and unback'd. Daniel's Civil War.

UNBA’LANCED. adj. Not poised; not in equipoise.
Let earth unbalanc'd from her orbit fly,
Planets and suns run lawless through the sky. Pope.

UNBA’LLASTED. adj. Not kept steady by ballast; un­
steady.
They having but newly left those grammatick flats, where
they stuck unreasonably, to learn a few words with lamen­
table construction; and now on the sudden transported under
another climate, to be tost and turmoiled with their unballasted
wits, in fathomless and unquiet deeps of controversy, do,
for the most part, grow into hatred of learning. Milton.
As at sea th' unballast vessel rides,
Cast to and fro, the sport of winds and tides:
So in the bounding chariot toss'd on high,
The youth is hurry'd headlong through the sky. Addison.

UNB’ANDED. adj. [from band.] Wanting a string, or band.
Your hose should be ungarter'd, your bonnet unbanded,
and every thing demonstrating a careless desolation. Shakesp.

To UNB’AR. v. a. [from bar.] To open, by removing the
bars; to unbolt.
'Tis not secure, this place or that to guard,
If any other entrance stand unbarr'd. Denham.
These rites the king refus'd,
Deaf to their cries; nor would the gates unbar
Of sacred peace, or loose th' imprison'd war. Dryden.

UNBA’RBED. adj. [barba, Lat.] Not shaven. Out of use.
Must I go shew them my unbarbed sconce?
Must my base tongue give to my noble heart
A lie? Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNBA’RKED. adj. [from bark.] Decorticated; stripped of the
bark.
A branch of a tree, unbarked some space at the bottom,
and so set in the ground, hath grown. Bacon.

UNBA’SHFUL. adj. Impudent; shameless.
Nor did I with unbashful forehead wooe
The means of weakness and debility. Shakespeare.

UNBA’TED. adj. [from bate.] Not repressed; not blunted.
Where is the horse, that doth untread again
His tedious measures with th' unbated fire
That he did pace them first? Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.

UNBA’THED. adj. [from bath.] Not wet.
Fierce Pasimond, their passage to prevent,
Thrust full on Cymon's back in his descent;
The blade return'd unbath'd, and to the handle bent. Dryd.

UNBA’TTERED. adj. Not injured by blows.
I cannot strike at wretched kernes, whose arms
Are hir'd to bear their staves: or thou, Macbeth;
Or else my sword, with an unbatter'd edge,
I sheath again undeeded. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

UNBEA’RING. adj. Bringing no fruit.


He with his pruning hook disjoins
Unbearing branches from their head,
And grafts more happy in their stead. Dryden.

To UNBA’Y. v. a. To set open; to free from the restraint of
mounds.
I ought now to loose the reins of my affections, to unbay
the current of my passion, and love on without boundary or
measure. Norris's Miscellany.

UNBEA’TEN. adj.
1. Not treated with blows.
His mare was truer than his chronicle;
For she had rode five miles unspurr'd, unbeaten,
And then at last turn'd tail towards Neweaton. Bp. Corbet.
2. Not trodden.
We must tread unbeaten paths, and make a way where we
do not find one; but it shall be always with a light in our
hand. Bacon.
If your bold muse dare tread unbeaten paths. Roscommon.
Virtue, to crown her fav'rites, loves to try
Some new, unbeaten passage to the sky. Swift.

UNBECO’MING. adj. Indecent; unsuitable; indecorous.
Here's our chief guest.——
—If he had been forgotten,
It had been as a gap in our great feast,
And all things unbecoming. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
No thought of flight,
None of retreat, no unbecoming deed
That argu'd fear. Milton's Par. Lost.
I should rather believe that the nose was the seat of
wrath in beasts than in mankind; and that it was unbecoming
of any but Pan, who had very much of the beast in him,
to wrinkle up his nose in anger. Dryden.
My grief lets unbecoming speeches fall:
I should have dy'd, and not complain'd at all. Dryden.
This petulancy in conversation prevails among some of
that sex, where it appears the most unbecoming and un­
natural. Addison's Freeholder.
Men of wit, learning, and virtue, might strike out every
offensive or unbecoming passage from plays. Swift.
Such proceed upon debates without unbecoming warmth. Swift.

UNBECO’MINGNESS. n. s. Indecency; indecorum.
If words are sometimes to be used, they ought to be grave,
kind and sober, representing the ill or unbecomingness of the
fault. Locke.

To UNBE’D. v. a. To raise from a bed.
Eels unbed themselves, and stir at the noise of thun­
der. Walton's Angler.

UNBEFI’TTING. adj. Not becoming; not suitable.
Love is full of unbefitting strains,
All wanton as a child, skipping in vain. Shakesp.
Far be it that I should write thee sin, or blame!
Or think thee unbefitting holiest place. Milton.
He might several times have made peace with his discon­
tented subjects upon terms not at all unbefitting his dignity or
interest; but he rather chose to sacrifice the whole alliance
to his private passion. Swift.

To UNBEGE’T. v. n. To deprive of existence.
Wishes each minute he could unbeget
Those rebel sons, who dare t' usurp his seat. Dryden.

UNBEGO’T. adj. [from begot.]
UNBEGO’TTEN. adj. [from begot.]
1. Eternal; without generation.
Why should he attribute the same honour to matter,
which is subject to corruption, as to the eternal, unbegotten,
and immutable God? Stillingfleet.
2. Not yet generated.
God omnipotent, must'ring
Armies of pestilence; and they shall strike
Your children yet unborn, and unbegot. Shakesp.
In thy pow'r
It lies yet, ere conception, to prevent
The race unblest, to being yet unbegot. Milton's Par. Lost.
Where a child finds his own parents his perverters, better
were it for him to have been unborn and unbegot, than ask a
blessing of those whose conversation breathes nothing but a
curse. South's Sermons.

To UNBEGUI’LE. v. a. To undeceive; to set free from the
influence of any deceit.
Then unbeguile thyself, and know with me,
That angels, though on earth employ'd they be,
Are still in heav'n. Donne.
Their comeliness unbeguiled the vulgar of the odd opinion
the loyalists had formerly infused into them, by their con­
cionatory invectives. Howel's Vocal Forest.

UNBEHE’LD. adj. Unseen; not discoverable to the sight.
These then, though unbeheld in deep of night,
Shine not in vain. Milton.

UNBELI’EF. n. s.
1. Incredulity.
'Tis not vain or fabulous,
What the sage poets, taught by th' heav'nly muse,
Storied of old in high immortal verse,
Of dire chimæra's, and enchanted isles,
And rifted rocks, whose entrance leads to hell;
For such there be, but unbelief is blind. Milton.
I'm justly plagu'd by this your unbelief,
And am myself the cause of my own grief. Dryden.
Such an universal acquaintance with things will keep you
from an excess of credulity and unbelief; i. e. a readiness to
believe, or to deny every thing at first hearing. Watts.
2. Infidelity; irreligion.
Where profess'd unbelief is, there can be no visible church
of Christ; there may be where sound belief wanteth. Hooker.

To UNBELIE’VE. v. a.
1. To discredit; not to trust.
Heav'n shield your grace from woe,
As I, thus wrong'd, hence unbelieved go. Shakesp.
So great a prince and favourite so suddenly metamorphosed
into travellers with no greater train, was enough to make
any man unbelieve his five senses. Wotton's Buckingham.
2. Not to think real or true.
Nor less than sight and hearing could convince,
Of such an unforeseen and unbeliev'd offence. Dryden.

UNBELIE’VER. n. s. An infidel; one who believes not the
scripture of God.
The antient fathers being often constrained to shew, what
warrant they had so much to rely upon the scriptures, endea­
voured still to maintain the authority of the books of God,
by arguments such as unbelievers themselves must needs think
reasonable, if they judged thereof as they should. Hooker.
What endless war wou'd jealous nations tear,
If none above did witness what they swear?
Sad fate of unbelievers, and yet just,
Among themselves to find so little trust. Waller.
In the new testament, religion is usually expressed by faith
in God and Christ, and the love of them. Hence it is that
true christians are so frequently called believers; and wicked
and ungodly men unbelievers. Tillotson.
He pronounces the children of such parents as were, one
of them a christian, and the other an unbeliever, holy, on ac­
count of the faith and holiness of that one. Atterbury.
Men always grow vicious before they become unbelievers;
but if you would once convice profligates by topicks drawn
from the view of their own quiet, reputation, and health,
their infidelity would soon drop off. Swift's Miscellanies.

UNBELIE’VING. adj. Infidel.
No pause,
No stay of slaughter found his vigorous arm;
But th' unbelieving squadrons turn'd to flight,
Smote in the rear. Phillips.
This wrought the greatest confusion in the unbelieving
Jews, and the greatest conviction in the Gentiles. Addison.
In the days of the apostle, when all who prosessed them­
selves disciples of Christ were converts of conscience, this
severe censure might be restrained to the unbelieving part of
mankind. Rogers's Sermons.

UNBELO’VED. adj. Not loved.
Whoe'er you are, not unbelov'd by heav'n,
Since on our friendly shore your ships are driv'n. Dryden.

To UNBE’ND. v. a. To relax; to remit; to ease.
You unbend your noble strength, to think
So brain-sickly of things. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
It is lawful to relax and unbend our bow, but not to suffer
it to be unready, or unstrung. Taylor's Holy Living.
Here have I seen the king, when great affairs
Gave leave to slacken and unbend his cares,
Attended to the chace by all the flow'r of youth. Denham.
From those great cares when ease your soul unbends,
Your pleasures are design'd to noble ends. Dryden.
I must be in the battle; but I'll go
With empty quiver, and unbended bow. Dryden.

UNBE’NDING. adj.
1. Not suffering flexure.
Not so, when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o'erth' unbending corn, and skims along the main. Pope.
2. Devoted to relaxation.
Since what was omitted in the acting is now kept in, I
hope it may entertain your lordship at an unbending hour. Rowe.

UNBENE’VOLENT. adj. Not kind.
A religion which not only forbids, but by its natural in­
fluence sweetens all bitterness and asperity of temper, and cor­
rects that selfish narrowness of spirit, which inclines men to
a fierce, unbenevolent behaviour. Rogers's Sermons.

UNBE’NEFICED. adj. Not preferred to a benefice.
More vacant pulpits wou'd more converts make;
All wou'd have latitude enough to take:
The rest unbenefic'd your sects maintain. Dryden.

UNBENI’GHTED. adj. Never visited by darkness.
Beyond the polar circles; to them day
Had unbenighted shone, while the low sun,
To recompence his distance, in their sight
Had rounded still the horizon. Milton's Par. Lost.



UNBENI’GN. adj. Malignant; malevolent.
To th' other five
Their planetary motions, and aspects,
In sextile, square, and trine, and opposite,
Of noxious efficacy; and when to join
In synod unbenign. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 661.

UNBE’NT. adj.
1. Not strained by the string.
Apollo heard, and conqu'ring his disdain,
Unbent his bow, and Greece inspir'd again. Dryden.
2. Having the bow unstrung.
Why hast thou gone so far,
To be unbent when thou hast ta'en thy stand,
Th' elected deer before thee? Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. Not crushed; not subdued.
But thou, secure of foul, unbent with woes,
The more thy fortune frowns, the more oppose. Dryden.
4. Relaxed; not intent.
Be not always on affairs intent,
But let thy thoughts be easy and unbent:
When our mind's eyes are disengag'd and free,
They clearer, farther, and distinctly see. Denham.

UNBESEE’MING. adj. Unbecoming.
No emotion of passion transported me by the indignity of his
carriage, to do or say any thing unbeseeming myself. K. Charles.
Far be the spirit of the chance from them;
Uncomely courage, unbeseeming skill. Thomson.

UNBESO’UGHT. adj. Not intreated.
Lest heat should injure us, his timely care
Hath, unbesought, provided; and his hands
Cloath'd us unworthy; pitying while he judg'd. Milton.

UNBESTO’WED. adj. Not given; not disposed of.
He had now but one son and one daughter unbestowed. Bacon.

UNBETRA’YED. adj. Not betrayed.
Many being privy to the fact,
How hard is it to keep it unbetray'd? Daniel's Civil War.

UNBEWA’ILED. adj. Not lamented.
Let determin'd things to destiny
Hold unbewail'd their way. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

To UNBEWI’TCH. v. a. [from witch.] To free from fascination.

To UNBI’ASS. v. a. To free from any external motive; to
disentangle from prejudice.
That our understandings may be free to examine, and rea­
son unbiassed give its judgment; being that whereon a right
direction of our conduct to true happiness depends; it is in
this we should employ our chief care. Locke.
The standing evidences of the gospel, every time they are
consider'd, gain upon sincere, unbiass'd minds. Atterbury.
The truest service a private man may do his country, is
by unbiassing his mind, as much as possible, between the rival
powers. Swift.
Where's the man who counsel can bestow,
Unbiass'd, or by favour, or by spite;
Not dully prepossess'd, nor blindly right. Pope.

UNBI’ASSEDLY. adj. Without external influence; without pre­
judice.
I have sought the true meaning; and have unbiassedly em­
braced what, upon a fair enquiry, appeared so to me. Locke.

UNBI’D. adj.
UNBI’DDEN. adj.
1. Uninvited.
Unbidden guests
Are often welcomest when they are gone. Shakesp.
2. Uncommanded; spontaneous.
Thorns also and thistles it shall bring thee forth
Unbid. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x. l. 204.
Roses unbid, and ev'ry fragrant flow'r,
Flew from their stalks, to strow thy nuptial bow'r. Dryden.
Unbidden earth shall wreathing ivy bring,
And fragrant herbs the promises of spring. Dryden.

UNBI’GOTTED. adj. Free from bigotry.
Erasmus, who was an unbigotted Roman Catholick, was
so much transported with this passage of Socrates, that he
could scarce forbear looking upon him as a saint, and desiring
him to pray for him. Addison.

To UNBI’ND. v. a. [from bind.] To loose; to untie.
His own woe's author, whoso bound it finds,
As did Pyrocles, and it willfully unbinds. Fairy Queen.
Ye Latin dames,
If there be here, who dare maintain
My right, nor think the name of mother vain,
Unbind your sillets, loose your flowing hair,
And orgies, and nocturnal rites prepare. Dryden.
On the sixth instant it was thought fit to unbind his
head. Tatler, No. 55.

To UNBI’SHOP. v. a. [from bishop.] To deprive of episcopal orders.
I cannot look upon Titus as so far unbishoped yet, but
that he still exhibits to us all the essentials of jurisdiction. South.

UNBI’TTED. adj. [from bit.] Unbridled; unrestrained.
We have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal
stings, our unbitted lusts; whereof I take this love to be a
sect or cyon. Shakesp. Othello.

UNBLA’MABLE. adj. Not culpable; not to be charged with
a fault.
Much more could I say concerning this unblamable inequa­
lity of fines and rates. Bacon.
He lov'd his people, him they idoliz'd;
And thence proceeds my mortal hatred to him;
That thus unblamable to all beside,
He err'd to me alone. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

UNBLAMABLY. adv. Without taint of fault.
Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily, and justly,
and unblameably we behaved ourselves. 1 Thess. ii. 10.

UNBLA’MED. adj. Blameless; free from fault.
Shall spend your days in joy unblam'd, and dwell
Long time in peace. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii. l. 22.
unblam'd, abundance crown'd the royal board,
What time this dome rever'd her prudent lord,
Who now is doom'd to mourn. Pope's Odyssey.

UNBLE’MISHED. adj. Free from turpitude; free from reproach;
free from deformity.
O welcome, pure-ey'd faith, white-handed hope;
Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings,
And thou unblemish'd form of chastity. Milton's Comus.
Under this stone lies virtue, youth,
Unblemish'd probity, and truth. Waller.
Is none worthy to be made a wife
In all this town? Suppose her free from strife,
Rich, fair, and fruitful; of unblemish'd life. Dryden.
They appointed, out of these new converts, men of the
best sense, and of the most unblemish'd lives, to preside over
these several assemblies. Addison.

UNBLE’NDED. adj. Not mingled.
None can boast a knowledge depurate from defilement,
within this atmosphere of flesh; it dwells no where in un­
blended proportions on this side the empyreum. Glanville.

UNBLEN’CHED. adj. Not disgraced; not injured by any soil.
There, where very desolation dwells,
She may pass on with unblench'd majesty:
Be it not done in pride, or in presumption. Milton.

UNBLE’ST. adj.
1. Accursed; excluded from benediction.
It is a shameful and unblessed thing, to take the scum of
people, and wicked, condemned men, to be the people
with whom you plant. Bacon.
2. Wretched; unhappy.
In thy pow'r
It lies yet, ere conception, to prevent
The race unblest, to being yet unbegot. Milton.
What is true passion, if unblest it dies?
And where is Emma's joy, if Henry flies? Prior.

UNBLOO’DIED. adj. Not stained with blood.
Who finds the partridge in the puttock's nest,
But may imagine how the bird was dead,
Although the kite soar with unbloodied beak. Shakesp.

UNBLOO’DY. adj. Not cruel; not shedding blood; not stained
with blood.
Under the ledge of Atlas lies a cave,
The venerable feat of holy hermits,
Who there, secure in separated cells,
From the purling streams, and savage fruits,
Have wholesome bev'rage, and unbloody feasts. Dryden.

UNBLO’WN. adj. Having the bud yet unexpanded.
Ah! my poor princes! Ah! my tender babes!
My unblown flowers, new-appearing sweets! Shakesp.

UNBLU’NTED. adj. Not becoming obtuse.
A sword, whose weight without a blow might slay;
Able, unblunted, to cut hosts away. Cowley's Davideis.

UNBO’DIED. adj.
1. Incorporeal; immaterial.
If we could conceive of things as angels and unbodied
spirits do, without involving them in those clouds language
throws upon them, we should seldom be in danger of such
mistakes as are perpetually committed. Watts's Logick.
2. Freed from the body.
She hath the bonds broke of eternal night;
Her soul unbodied of the burdenous corpse. Spenser.
All things are but alter'd, nothing dies;
And here and there th' unbody'd spirit flies. Dryden.

UNBO’ILED. ad. Not sodden.
A quarter of a pint of rice unboiled, will arise to a pint
boiled. Bacon.

To UNBO’LT. v. a. To set open; to unbar.
I'll call my uncle down;
He shall unbolt the gates. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

UNBO’LTED. adj. Coarse; gross; not refined, as flour by
bolting or sifting.
I will tread this unbolted villain into mortar, and daub the
wall of a jakes with him. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

UNBO’NNETTED. adj. Wanting a hat or bonnet.
This night, wherein
The lion, and the belly-pinched wolf
Keep their fur dry; unbonnetted he runs,
And bids what will, take all. Shakesp. K. Lear.



UNBOO’KISH. adj.
1. Not studious of books.
2. Not cultivated by erudition.
As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad;
And his unbookish jealousy must construe
Poor Cassio's smiles, gestures, and light behaviour,
Quite in the wrong. Shakespeare's Othello.

UNBO’RN. adj. Not yet brought into life; future; being to
come.
Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortune's womb,
Is coming tow'rd me. Shakesp. Richard II.
The woes to come, the children yet unborn
Shall feel this day, as sharp to them as thorn. Shakesp.
Never so much as in a thought unborn,
Did I offend you. Shakesp. As you like it.
He on the wings of cherubim
Up-lifted, in paternal glory rode
Far into chaos, and the world unborn. Milton's Par. Lost.
To what wretched state reserv'd!
Better end here unborn! Why is life giv'n
To be thus wasted from us? Milton's Par. Lost.
A queen, from whom
The souls of kings unborn for bodies wait. Dryden.

UNBO’RROWED. adj. Genuine; native; one's own.
But the luxurious father of the fold,
With native purple, and unborrow'd gold,
Beneath his pompous fleece shall proudly sweat. Dryden.
In substances, especially those which the common and unbor­
row'd names of any language are applied to, some remarkable,
sensible qualities, serve to distinguish one from another. Locke.

UNBO’TTOMED. adj.
1. Without bottom; bottomless.
The dark, unbottom'd, infinite abyss. Milton.
2. Having no solid foundation.
This is a special act of christian hope, to be thus unbot­
tomed of ourselves, and fastened upon God, with a full re­
liance, trust, and dependance on his mercy. Hammond.

To UNBO’SOM. v. a.
1. To reveal in confidence.
I lov'd thee, as too well thou knew'st;
Too well, unbosom'd all my secrets to thee,
Not out of levity, but overpower'd
By thy request, who could deny thee nothing. Milton.
Do we unbosom all our secrets to him, and hide nothing
that passeth in the depth of our hearts from him? Atterbury.
2. To open; to disclose.
Should I thence, hurried on viewless wing,
Take up a weeping on the mountains wild,
The gentle neighbourhood of grove and spring
Would soon unbosom all their echo's mild. Milton.

UNBO’GHT. adj.
1. Obtained without money.
The unbought dainties of the poor. Dryden's Horace.
2. Not finding any purchaser.
The merchant will leave our native commodities unbought
upon the hands of the farmer, rather than export them to a
market, which will not afford him returns with profit. Locke.

UNBO’UND. adj.
1. Loose; not tied.
2. Wanting a cover.
He that has complex ideas, without particular names for
them, would be in no better case than a bookseller, who had
volumes that lay unbound, and without titles; which he could
make known to others, only by shewing the loose sheets. Locke.
3. Preterite of unbind.
Some from their chains the faithful dogs unbound. Dryden.

UNBO’UNDED. adj.
1. Infinite; interminable.
Long were to tell what I have done;
I voyag'd the unreal, vast, unbounded deep
Of horrible confusion. Milton.
The wide, th' unbounded prospect lies before me;
But shadows, clouds, and darkness rest upon it. Addison.
2. Unlimitted; unrestrained.
He was a man
Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking
Himself with princes. Shakespeare.
He had given his curiosity its full, unbounded range, and exa­
min'd not only in contemplation, but by sensitive experiment,
whatever could be good for the sons of men. Decay of Piety.

UNBOU’NDEDLY. adv. Without bounds; without limits.
So unboundedly mischievous is that petulant member, that
heaven and earth are not wide enough for its range, but it
will find work at home too. Government of the Tongue.

UNBOU’NDEDNESS. n. s. Exemption from limits.
Finitude, applied to created things, imports the proportions
of the several properties of these things to one another. Infini­
tude, the unboundedness of these degrees of properties. Cheyne.

UNBO’WED. adj. Not bent.
He knits his brow, and shews an angry eye,
And passeth by with stiff, unbowed knee,
Disdaining duty that to us belongs. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

To UNBO’WEL. v. n. To exenterate; to eviscerate.
In this chapter I'll unbowel the state of the question. Hakewill.
It is now become a new species of divinity, to branch out
with fond distinctions our holy faith, which the pious sim­
plicity of the first christians received to practice; not to read
upon as an anatomy, unbowel and dissect to try experi­
ments. Decay of Piety.

To UNBRA’CE. v. a.
1. To loose; to relax.
With whose reproach and odious menace,
The knight emboiling in his haughty heart,
Knit all his forces, and gan soon unbrace
His grasping hold. Fairy Queen, b. 2. c. 4. st. 9.
Somewhat of mournful sure my ears does wound;
Drums unbraced, with soldiers broken cries. Dryden.
Nought shall the psaltry and the harp avail,
When the quick spirits their warm march forbear,
And numbing coldness has unbrac'd the ear. Prior.
Wasting years, that wither human race,
Exhaust thy spirits, and thy arms unbrace. Pope's Iliad.
2. To make the clothes loose.
Is it physical,
To walk unbrac'd, and suck up the humours
Of the dank morning? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Hamlet, with his doublet all unbrac'd;
No hat upon his head, his stockings loose. Shakesp.

UNBRE’ATHED. v. a. Not exercised.
They now have toil'd their unbreath'd memories,
With this same play against our nuptials. Shakesp.

UNBRE’ATHING. adj. Unanimated.
They spake not a word;
But like dumb statues, or unbreathing stones,
Star'd each on other, and look'd deadly pale. Shakesp.

UNBRE’D. adj.
1. Not instructed in civility; ill educated.
Unbred minds must be a little sent abroad. Gov. of Tongue.
Children learn from unbred or debauched servants, un­
towardly tricks. Locke on Education.
Sure never any thing was so unbred as that odious
man. Congreve's Way of the World.
2. Not taught.
A warriour dame,
Unbred to spinning, in the loom unskill'd. Dryden.

UNBREE’CHED. adj. Having no breeches.
Looking on my boy's face, methoughts I did recoil
Twenty-three years, and saw myself unbreech'd,
In my green velvet coat. Shakespeare's Winter Tale.

UNBRI’BED. adj. Not influenced by money or gifts; not hired.
The soul gave all:
Unbrib'd it gave; or, if a bribe appear,
No less than heav'n. Dryden.
To succour the distress'd;
Unbrib'd by love; unterrify'd by threats. A. Phillips.

UNBRI’DLED. adj. Licentious; not restrained.
This is not well, rash and unbridled boy,
To fly the favours of so good a king. Shakesp.
We have considered religious zeal, which transgresses in
unbridled excess. Spratt's Sermons.
To what licence
Dares thy unbridled boldness run itself? B. Johnson.

UNBRO’KE. adj. [from break.]
UNBRO’KEN. adj. [from break.]
1. Not violated.
God pardon all oaths, that are broke to me;
God keep all vows unbroke, are made to thee. Shakesp.
Some married persons, even in their marriage, do please
God, by preserving their faith unbroken. Taylor.
He first broke peace in heav'n, and faith, till then
Unbroken. Milton.
2. Not subdued; not weakened.
From his seat the Pylian prince arose:
Two centuries already he fulfill'd;
And now began the third, unbroken yet. Dryden.
How broad his shoulders spread! by age unbroke! Pope.
3. Not tamed.
A lonely cow,
Unworn with yokes, unbroken to the plow. Addison.

UNBR’OTHERLIKE. adj. Ill suiting with the character of a
brother.
UNBRO’THERLY. adj. Ill suiting with the character of a
brother.
Victor's unbrotherlike heat towards the eastern churches, fo­
mented that difference about Easter into a schism. Decay of Piety.

UNBRU’ISED. adj Not bruised; not hurt.
On Dardan plains,
The fresh, and yet unbruised Greeks do pitch
Their brave pavillions. Shakesp.
Thou'st years upon thee, and thou art too full
Of the war's surfeits, to go rove with one
That's yet unbruis'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Care keeps his watch in ev'ry old man's eye:
And where care lodgeth, sleep will never lie;
But where unbruised youth, with unstuft brain,
Doth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign. Shakes.



To UNBU’CKLE. v. a. To loose from buckles.
We have been down together in my sleep,
Unbuckling helms; fisting each other's throat,
And wak'd half dead with nothing. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He that unbuckles this, till we do please
To doff't for our purpose, shall hear a storm. Shakesp.
His starry helm unbuckled, shew'd him prime
In manhood, where youth ended. Milton's Par. Lost.
All unbuckling the rich mail they wore,
Laid their bright arms along the fable shore. Pope.

To UNBUILD. v. a. To raze; to destroy.
This is the way to kindle, not to quench;
T' unbuild the city, and to lay all flat. Shakespeare.
What will they then but unbuild
His living temples, built by faith to stand;
Their own faith, not another's? Milton's Par. Lost.

UNBUI’LT. adj. Not yet erected.
Built walls you shun, unbuilt you see. Dryden.

UNBU’RIED. adj. Not interred; not honoured with the rites
of funeral.
Why suffer'st thou thy sons, unburied yet,
To hover on the dreadful shore of Styx? Shakesp.
The moss which groweth upon the skull of a dead man
unburied, will stauch blood potently. Bacon.
The hardest ingredient to come by, is the moss upon the
skull of a dead man unburied. Bacon.
Him double cares attend,
For his unburied soldiers, and his friend. Dryden.
Breathless he lies; and his unbury'd ghost,
Depriv'd of funeral rites, pollutes your host. Dryden.
The wand'ring ghosts
Of king's unbury'd on the wasted coasts. Pope's Statius.

UNBU’RNED. adj.
UNBU’RNT. adj.
1. Not consumed; not wasted; not injured by fire.
Creon denies the rites of fun'ral fires to those,
Whose breathless bodies yet he calls his foes;
Unburn'd, unburied, on a heap they lie. Dryden.
2. Not heated with fire.
Burnt wine is more hard and astringent, than wine un­
burnt. Bacon's Nat. Hist. No. 898.

UNBU’RNING. adj. Not consuming by heat.
What we have said of the unburning fire called light,
streaming from the flame of a candle, may easily be applied
to all other light deprived of sensible heat. Digby.

To UNBU’RTHEN. v. a.
1. To rid of a load.
We'll shake all cares and business from our age,
Conferring them on younger strengths; while we
Unburden'd crawl tow'rd death. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. To throw off.
Sharp Buckingham unburthens with his tongue
The envious load that lies upon his heart. Shakesp.
3. To disclose what lies heavy on the mind.
From your love I have a warranty
T' unburthen all my plots and purposes,
How to get clear of all the debts I owe. Shakesp.

To UNBU’TTON. v. a. To loose any thing buttoned.
Thou art fat-witted with drinking old sack, and unbutton­
ing thee after supper. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Many catch cold on the breast, by leaving their doublets
unbuttoned. Harvey on Consumptions.
His silk waistcoat was unbuttoned in several places. Addison.
UNC

UNCALCI’NED. adj. Free from calcination.
A saline substance, subtler than sal ammoniack, carried up
with it, uncalcined gold in the form of subtile exhala­
tions. Boyle.

UNCA’LLED. adj. Not summoned; not sent for; not demanded.
Basilius had servants, who, though they came not un­
called, yet at call were ready. Sidney.
He, bolder now, uncall'd before her stood. Milton.
Mild Lucina came uncall'd, and stood
Beside the struggling boughs, and heard the groan,
Then reach'd her midwife hand to speed the throes. Dryden.

To UNCA’LM. adj. To disturb.
What strange disquiet has uncalm'd your breast,
Inhuman fair, to rob the dead of rest? Dryden.

UNCA’NCELLED. adj. Not erased; not abrogated.
I only mourn my yet uncancell'd score;
You put me past the pow'r of paying more. Dryden.

UNCANO’NICAL. adj. Not agreeable to the canons.

UNCA’PABLE. adj. [incapable, Fr. incapax, Lat.] Not capable;
not susceptible.
Thou art come to answer
A stony adversary, an inhuman wretch,
Uncapable of pity, void and empty
From any dram of mercy. Shakesp. Mer. of Venice.
He who believes himself uncapable of pardon, goes on
without any care of reforming. Hammond.
This, whilst they are under the deceit of it, makes them
uncapable of conviction; and they applaud themselves as zea­
lous champions for truth, when indeed they are contending
for error. Locke.

UNCA’RED for. adj. Not regarded; not attended to.
Their kings, to better their worldly estate, left their own
and their people's ghostly condition uncared for.

UNCA’RNATE. adj. Not fleshly.
Nor need we be afraid to ascribe that to the incarnate son,
which sometimes is attributed unto the uncarnate fa­
ther. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To UNCA’SE. v. a.
1. To disengage from any covering.
See Pompey is uncasing for the combat. Shakesp.
Thou shalt be master, Tranio, in my stead.
'Tis hatch'd, and shall be so: Tranio, at once
Uncase thee; take my colour'd hat and cloak. Shakesp.
Partly by his voice, and partly by his ears, was disco­
ver'd; and consequently uncased, well laughed at, and well
cudgell'd. L'Estrange.
Uncase me, and do with me what you please. Addison.
2. To flay.
All men him uncased 'gan deride. Hubberd's Tale.

UNCA’UGHT. adj. Not yet catched.
Let him fly far;
Not in this land shall he remain uncaught,
And found dispatch'd. Shakesp. K. Lear.
His bosom glows with treasures yet uncaught. Gay.

UNCA’USED. adj. Having no precedent cause.

UNCA’UTIOUS. adj. Nat wary; heedless.
Unforeseen, they say, is unprepar'd:
Uncautious Arcite thought himself alone. Dryden.

UNCE’LEBRATED. adj. Not solemnized.
Thus was the first day, ev'n and morn;
Nor pass'd uncelebrated, nor unsung
By the celestial choirs. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii. l. 253.

UNCE’NSURED. adj. Exempt from publick reproach.
How difficult must it be for any ruler to live uncensured,
where every one of the community is thus qualified for mo­
delling the constitution? Addison's Freeholder.
Fear most to tax an honourable fool,
Whose right it is uncensur'd to be dull. Pope.
To be uncensured, and to be obscure, is the same
thing. Pope's Letters.

UNCE’RTAIN. adj. [incertain, Fr. incertus, Lat.]
1. Doubtful; not certainly known.
That sacred pile, so vast, so high,
That whether 'tis a part of earth or sky,
Uncertain seems; and may be thought a proud
Aspiring mountain, or descending cloud. Denham.
2. Doubtful; not having certain knowledge.
Man, without the protection of a superior being, is secure
of nothing that he enjoys, and uncertain of every thing that
he hopes for. Tillotson.
Condemned on Caucasus to lie,
Still to be dying, not to die;
With certain pain, uncertain of relief,
True emblem of a wretched lover's grief. Granville.
3. Not sure in the consequence.
I must be married to my brother's daughter,
Or else my kingdom stands on brittle glass:
Murther her brothers, and then marry her!
Uncertain way of gain! Shakespeare's Richard III.
Ascanius young, and eager of his game,
Soon bent his bow, uncertain in his aim:
But the dire fiend the fatal arrow guides,
Which pierc'd his bowels through his panting sides. Dryden.
In the bright air the fauchion shone,
Or whistling slings dismiss'd th' uncertain stone. Gay.
The search of our future being, is but a needless, anxious,
and uncertain haste to be knowing, sooner than we can,
what, without all this solicitude, we shall know a little
later. Pope.
4. Unsettled; unregular.
As the form of our publick service is not voluntary, so
neither are the parts thereof uncertain; but they are all set
down in such order, and with such choice, as hath, in the
wisdom of the church, seemed best. Hooker.

UNCE’RTAINED. adj. Made uncertain. A word not used.
The diversity of seasons are not so uncertained by the sun
and moon alone, who always keep one and the same course,
but that the stars have also their working therein. Raleigh.

UNCE’RTAINLY. adv. Not surely; not certainly.
They that are past all hope of good, are past
All fear of ill: and yet if he be dead,
Speak softly, or uncertainly. Denham's Sophy.
Go, mortals, now, and vex yourselves in vain
For wealth, which so uncertainly must come:
When what was brought so far, and with such pain,
Was only kept to lose it nearer home. Dryden.
Names must be of very unsteady meaning, if the ideas be
referred to standards without us, that cannot be known at
all, or but very imperfectly and uncertainly. Locke.



UNCE’RTAINTY. n. s.
1. Dubiousness; want of knowledge.
All great concernments must delays endure;
Rashness and haste make all things unsecure;
And if uncertain thy pretensions be,
Stay till fit time wear out uncertainty. Denham.
You common cry of curs, whose breath I hate,
Here then remain with your uncertainty;
Let ev'ry feeble rumour shake your hearts. Shakesp.
That which makes doubtfulness and uncertainty in the sig­
nification of some, more than other words, is the difference
of ideas they stand for. Locke.
2. Contingency; want of certainty.
God's omniscience is a light shining into every dark cor­
ner, stedfastly grasping the greatest and most slippery uncer­
tainties. South's Sermons.
3. Something unknown.
Our shepherd's case is every man's case, that quits a moral
certainty for an uncertainty, and leaps from the honest busi­
ness he was brought up to, into a trade he has no
skill in. L'Estrange.

To UNCHA’IN. v. a. To free from chains.
Minerva thus to Perseus lent her shield,
Secure of conquest, sent him to the field:
The hero acted what the queen ordain'd;
So was his fame complete, and Andromede unchain'd. Prior.

UNCHA’NGEABLE. adj. Immutable; not subject to varia­
tion.
If the end for which a law provideth, be perpetually ne­
cessary; and the way whereby it provideth perpetually also
most apt, no doubt but that every such law ought for ever to
remain unchangeable. Hooker, b. iii. §. 10.

UNCHA’NGED. adj.
1. Not altered.
When our fortunes are violently changed, our spirits are
unchanged. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
More safe I sing with mortal voice; unchang'd
To hoarse, or mute. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Not alterable.
Dismiss thy fear,
And heav'n's unchang'd decrees attentive hear:
More pow'rful gods have torn thee from my side. Dryden.
Honour unchang'd, a principle profest,
Fixt to one side, but mod'rate to the rest. Pope.

UNCHA’NGEABLENESS. n. s. Immutability.
This unchangeableness of colour I am now to describe. Newt.

UNCHA’NGEABLY. adv. Immutably; without change.
All truth is unchangeably the same; that proposition, which
is true at any time, being so for ever. South.
Her first order, disposition, frame,
Must then subsist unchangeably the same. Blackmore.

UNCHA’NGING. adj. Suffering no alteration.
But that thy face is, vizor-like, unchanging,
Made impudent with use of evil deeds,
I would essay, proud queen, to make thee blush. Shakesp.
True expression, like th' unchanging sun,
Clears and improves whate'er it shines upon:
It gilds all objects, but it alters none. Pope. 

To UNCHA’RGE. v. a. To retract an accusation.
Even his mother shall uncharge the practice,
And call it accident. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNCHA’RITABLE. adj. Contrary to charity; contrary to the
universal love prescribed by christianity.
All the rich mines of learning ransack'd are
To furnish ammunition for this war;
Uncharitable zeal our reason whets,
And double edges on our passion sets. Denham.
This fills the minds of weak men with uncharitable in­
terpretations of those actions of which they are not compe­
tent judges. Addison's Freeholder, No. 37.

UNCHA’RITABLENESS. n. s. Want of charity.
The penitence of the criminal may have number'd him
among the saints, when our unretracted uncharitableness
may send us to unquenchable flames. Govern. of the Tongue.
Heaven and hell are the proper regions of mercy and un­
charitableness. Atterbury.

UNCHA’RITABLY. adv. In a manner contrary to cha­
rity.
I did not mean the cutting off all that nation with the
sword; which, far be it from me that I should ever think so
desperately, or wish so uncharitably. Spenser.
Urge neither charity nor shame to me;
Uncharitably with me have you dealt,
And shamefully my hopes by you are butcher'd. Shakesp.
Men, imprudently and uncharitably often, employ their
zeal for persons. Sprat.

UNCHA’RY. adj. Not wary; not cautious.
I've said too much unto a heart of stone,
And laid my honour too unchary out. Shakespeare.

UNCHA’STE. adj. Lewd; libidinous; not continent; not
chaste; not pure.
One, that in divers places I had heard before blazed, as
the most impudently unchaste woman of all Asia. Sidney.
In my master's garments,
Which he inforc'd from me, away he posts
With unchaste purpose, to violate
My lady's honour. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
He hath given her his monumental ring, and thinks him­
self made in the unchaste composition. Shakespeare.
Whosoever is unchaste, cannot reverence himself; and the
reverence of a man's self is, next religion, the chiefest bridle
of all vices. Bacon.
Lust, by unchaste looks,
Lets in defilement to the inward parts. Milton.
If she thinks to be separated by reason of her husband's
unchaste life, then the man will be uncurably ruined. Taylor.

UNCHA’STITY. n. s. Lewdness; incontinence.
That generation was more particularly addicted to intem­
perance, sensuality, and unchastity. Woodward.
When the sun is among the horned signs, he may pro­
duce such a spirit of unchastity, as is dangerous to the honour
of your worships families. Arbuthnot.

UNCHEE’RFULNESS. n. s. Melancholy; gloominess of temper.
Many, by a natural uncheerfulness of heart, love to indulge
this uncomfortable way of life. Addison's Spectator.

UNCHE’CKED. adj. Unrestrained; not fluctuated.
What news on the Ryalto?
—Why, yet it lives there uncheck'd, that Anthonio hath
a ship of rich lading wreck'd. Shakesp. Mer. of Venice.
Apt the mind, or fancy, is to rove
Uncheck'd, and of her roving is no end. Milton.
Thee on the wing thy uncheck'd vigour bore,
To wanton freely, or securely soar. Smith to J. Phillips.

UNCHE’WED. adj. Not masticated.
He fills his famish'd maw, his mouth runs o'er
With unchew'd morsels, while he churns the gore. Dryden.

To UNCHI’LD. v. a. To deprive of children.
He hath widow'd and unchilded many a one,
Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shakesp.

UNCHRI’STIAN. adj.
1. Contrary to the laws of christianity.
It's uncharitable, unchristian, and inhuman, to pass a pe­
remptory sentence of condemnation upon a try'd friend,
where there is any room left for a more favourable judg­
ment. L'Estrange.
These unchristian fishers of men, are fatally caught in
their own nets. South.
I cou'd dispense with the unphilosophicalness of this their
hypothesis, were it not unchristian. Norris.
2. Unconverted; infidel.
Whereupon grew a question, whether a christian soldier
might herein do as the unchristian did, and wear as they
wore. Hooker.

UNCHRI’STIANNESS. adj. Contrariety to christianity.
The unchristianness of those denials might arise from a
displeasure to see me prefer my own divines before their mi­
nisters. K. Charles.

UNCIRCUMCI’SED. adj. Not circumcised; not a Jew.
Th' uncircumcis'd smil'd grimly with disdain. Cowley.

UNCIRCUMCI’SION. n. s. Omission of circumcision.
God, that gives the law that a Jew shall be circumcised,
thereby constitutes uncircumcision an obliquity; which, had
he not given that law, had never been such. Hammond.

UNCIRCUMSCRI’BED. adj. Unbounded; unlimited.
Though I, unscircumscrib'd myself, retire,
And put not forth my goodness. Milton's Par. Lost.
An arbitrary prince is the master of a non-resisting peo­
ple; for where the power is uncircumscribed, the obedience
ought to be unlimited. Addison.
The sovereign was flattered by a set of men into a per­
suasion, that the regal authority was unlimited and uncir­
cumscrib'd. Addison's Freeholder, No. 2.

UNCI’RCUMSPECT. adj. Not cautious; not vigilant.
Their uncircumspect simplicity had been used, especially in
matters of religion. Hayward.

UNCIRCUMSTA’NTIAL. adj. Unimportant. A bad word.
The like particulars, although they seem uncircumstantial,
are oft set down in holy scripture. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

UNCI’VIL. adj. [incivil, Fr. incivilis, Lat.] Unpolite; not agree­
able to rules of elegance, or complaisance.
Your undutiful, uncivil, and uncharitable dealing in this
your book, hath detected you. Whitgift.
They love me well, yet I have much to do,
To keep me from uncivil outrages. Shakesp.
My friends are so unreasonable, that they would have me
be uncivil to him. Spectator, No. 475.

UNCI’VILLY. adv. Unpolitely; not complaisantly.
Somewhat in it he would not have done, or desired un­
done, when he broke forth as desperately, as before he
had done uncivilly. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

UNCI’VILIZED. adj.
1. Not reclaimed from barbarity.


But we, brave Britons, foreign laws despis'd,
And kept unconquer'd, and unciviliz'd:
Fierce for the liberties of wit, and bold,
We still defy'd the Romans, as of old. Pope.
2. Coarse; indecent.
Several, who have been polished in France, make use of
the most coarse, unciviliz'd words in our language. Addison.

UNCLA’RIFIED. adj. Not purged; not purified.
One ounce of whey unclarified; one ounce of oil of vi­
triol, make no apparent alteration. Bacon's Phys Remarks.

To UNCLA’SP. v. a. To open what is shut with clasps.
Thou know'st no less, but all: I have unclasp'd
To thee the book, ev'n of my secret soul. Shakesp.
Prayer can unclasp the girdles of the north, saying to a
mountain of ice, be thou removed hence, and cast into the
sea. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

UNCLA’SSICK. Not classick.
Angel of dulness, sent to scatter round
Her magick charms o'er all unclassick ground. Pope.

U’NCLE. n. s. [oncle, Fr.] The father's or mother's brother.
Hamlet punishes his uncle rather for his own death, than the
murther of his father. Shakespeare Illustrated.

UNCLEA’N. n. s.
1. Foul; dirty; filthy.
Charon,
A sordid god: down from his hoary chin
A length of beard descends, uncomb'd, unclean. Dryden.
Priests are patterns for the rest;
The gold of heav'n, who bear the God impress'd:
But when the precious coin is kept unclean,
The sov'reign's image is no longer seen.
If they be foul, on whom the people trust,
Well may the baser brass contract a rust. Dryden.
2. Not purified by ritual practices.
3. Foul with sin.
Besides how vile, contemptible, ridiculous,
What act more execrably unclean, profane? Milton.
What agonies must he endure? What difficulties over­
come, before he can cleanse himself from the pollutions of
sin, and be a fit inhabitant of that holy place, where no
unclean thing shall enter? Rogers's Sermons.
4. Lewd; unchaste.
Let them all encircle him about,
And, fairy-like too, pinch the unclean knight,
And ask him, why that hour of fairy revel,
In their so sacred paths he dares to tread,
In shape profane. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
Some tree, whose broad, smooth leaves together sow'd,
And girded on our loins, may cover round
Those middlle parts; that this new comer, shame,
There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. Milton.

UNCLEA’NLINESS. n. s. Want of cleanliness.
This profane liberty and uncleanliness, the archbishop re­
solv'd to reform. Clarendon.

UNCLE’ANLY. adj.
1. Foul; filthy; nasty.
Civet is of a baser birth than tar;
The very uncleanly flux of a cat. Shakespeare.
2. Indecent; unchaste.
'Tis pity that these harmonious writers have ever indulged
any thing uncleanly or impure to defile their paper. Watts.

UNCLEA’NNESS. n. s.
1. Lewdness; incontinence.
In St. Giles's I understood that most of the vilest and most
miserable houses of uncleanness were. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
2. Want of cleanliness; nastiness.
Be not curious nor careless in your habit; be not trouble­
some to thyself, or to others, by unhandsomeness, or un­
cleanness. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
3. Sin; wickedness.
I will save you from all your uncleannesses. Ez. xxxvi. 29.
4. Want of ritual purity.

UNCLE’ANSED. adj. Not cleansed.
Pond earth is a good compost, if the pond have been long
uncleansed: so the water be not too hungry. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To UNCLE’W. v. a. [from clew.] To undo.
If I should pay you for't as 'tis extoll'd,
It would unclew me quite. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

To UNCLE’NCH. v. a. To open the closed hand.
The hero so his enterprize recalls;
His fist unclenches, and the weapon falls. Garth.

UNCLI’PPED. adj. Whole; not cut.
As soon as there began a distinction between clipped and
unclipped money, bullion arose. Locke.

To UNCLO’ATH. v. a. To strip; to make naked.
The boughs and branches are never uncloathed and left
naked. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Poor orphans minds are left as uncloath'd and naked alto­
gether, as their bodies. Atterbury.
Cover the couch over with thick woollen clothes, the
warmth whereof will make it come presently; which once
perceived, forthwith uncloath it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
To a distinct knowledge of things, we must uncloath them
of all these mixtures, that we may contemplate them naked,
and in their own nature. Watts's Logick.

To UNCLO’G. v. a.
1. To disencumber; to exonerate.
Could I meet 'em
But once a day, it would unclog my heart
Of what lies heavy to't. Shakespeare.
2. To set at liberty.
Then air, because unclog'd in empty space,
Flies after fire, and claims the second place. Dryden.

To UNCLOI’STER. v. n. To set at large.
Why did I not, uncloister'd from the womb,
Take my next lodging in a tomb? Norris.

To UNCLO’SE. v. a. To open.
Soon as thy letters trembling I unclose,
That well-known name awakens all my woes. Pope.

UNCLO’SED. adj. Not separated by inclosures.
The king's army would, through those unclosed parts, have
done them little harm. Clarendon.

UNCLO’UDED. adj. Free from clouds; clear from obscurity;
not darkened.
The father unfolding bright
Tow'rd the right hand his glory on the son
Blaz'd forth unclouded deity. Milton's Par. Lost.
True virtues, with unclouded light,
All great, all royal, shine divinely bright. Roscommon.
Blest with temper, whose unclouded ray,
Can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day. Pope.

UNCLO’UDEDNESS. n. s. Openness; freedom from gloom.
The love I would persuade, makes nothing more condu­
cive to it, than the greatest uncloudedness of the eye, and the
perfectest illustration of the object; which is such, that the
clearest reason is the most advantageous light it can desire to
be seen by. Boyle.

UNCLO’UDY adj. Free from a cloud.
Now night in silent state begins to rise,
And twinkling orbs bestrow th' uncloudy skies;
Her borrow'd lustre growing Cynthia lends. Gay.

To UNCLU’TCH. v. a. To open.
If the terrors of the Lord could not melt his bowels, unclutch
his griping hand, or disseize him of his prey; yet sure it must
discourage him from grasping of heaven too. Decay of Piety.

To UNCOI’F. v. a. To pull the cap off.
Yonder are two apple-women scolding, and just ready to
uncoif one another. Arbuthnot and Pope.

To UNCO’IL. v. a. [from coil.] To open from being coiled or
wrapped one part upon another.
The spiral air-vessels are like threads of cobweb, a little
uncoiled. Derham's Physico-Theology.

UNCOI’NED. adj. Not coined.
While thou liv'st, Kate, take a fellow of plain, uncoined
constancy. Shakespeare's Hen. V.
An ounce of coined standard silver, must be of equal va­
lue to an ounce of uncoined standard silver. Locke.

UNCOLLE’CTED. adj. Not collected; not recollected.
Asham'd, confus'd, I started from my bed,
And to my soul yet uncollected said;
Into thyself, fond Solomon! return;
Reflect again, and thou again shalt mourn. Prior.

UNCO’LOURED. adj. Not stained with any colour, or die.
Out of things uncoloured and transparent, we can represent
unto you all several colours. Bacon.
Whether to deck with clouds the uncolour'd sky,
Or wet the thirsty earth with falling show'rs;
Rising, or falling, still advance his praise. Milton.

UNCO’MBED. adj. Not parted or adjusted by the comb.
They might perceive his head
To be unarmed, and curled, uncombed hairs,
Upstarting stiff. Fairy Queen, b. 1. c. 9. st. 22.
Their locks are beds of uncomb'd snakes, that wind
About their shady brows in wanton rings. Crashaw.
Thy locks uncomb'd, like a rough wood appear. Dryden.

UNCO’MEATABLE. adj. Inaccessible; unattainable. A low,
corrupt word.

UNCO’MELINESS. n. s. Want of grace; want of beauty.
The ruined churches are so unhandsomely patched, and
thatched, that men do even shun the places, for the uncome­
liness thereof. Spenser's Ireland.
He prais'd women's modesty, and gave orderly, well­
behaved reproof to all uncomeliness. Shakesp.
Those arches which the Tuscan writers call di terzo, and
di quarto acuto, because they always concur in an acute angle,
both for the natural imbecillity of the angle itself, and like­
wise for their very uncomeliness, ought to be exiled from judi­
cious eyes. Wotton's Architecture.
Forgetting that duty of modest concealment which they
owed to the father of their country, in case they had disco­
vered any real uncomeliness. K. Charles.
The beauty or uncomeliness in good and ill breeding, will
make deeper impressions on them, in the examples of others,
than from any rules. Locke.



UNCO’MELY. adj. Not comely; wanting grace.
Though he thought inquisitiveness an uncomely guest, he
could not but ask who she was. Sidney.
Neither is the same accounted an uncomely manner of rid­
ing: for great warriors say, they never saw a more comely
man than the Irishman, nor that cometh on more bravely in
his charge. Spenser's Ireland.
Many, who troubled them most in their counsels, durst
not go thither, for fear of uncomely affronts. Clarendon.
Uncomely courage, unbeseeming skill. Thomson's Autumn.

UNCO’MFORTABLE. adj.
1. Affording no comfort; gloomy; dismal; miserable.
He much complaineth of his own uncomfortable exile,
wherein he sustained many most grievous indignities, and en­
dured the want of sundry, both pleasures and honours, be­
fore enjoyed. Hooker.
Christmass is in the most dead, uncomfortable time of the
year, when the poor people would suffer very much, if they
had not good cheer to support them. Addison.
Ours is melancholy and uncomfortable portion here below!
A place, where not a day passes, but we eat our bread with
sorrow and cares: the present troubles us, the future amazes;
and even the past fills us with grief and anguish. Wake.
The sun ne'er views th' uncomfortable seats,
When radiant he advances or retreats. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Receiving no comfort; melancholy.

UNCO’MFORTABLENESS. n. s. Want of cheerfulness.
The want of just dispositions to the holy sacrament, may
occasion this uncomfortableness. Taylor's Worthy Communicant.

UNCO’MFORTABLY. adv. Without cheerfulness.

UNCOMMA’NDED. adj. Not commanded.
It is easy to see what judgment is to be passed upon all
those affected, uncommanded, absurd austerities of the Romish
profession. South.

UNCO’MMON. adj. Not frequent; not often found or known.
Some of them are uncommon, but such as the reader must
assent to, when he sees them explained. Addison.

UNCO’MMONLY. adv. Not frequently; to an uncommon degree.

UNCO’MMONNESS. n. s. Infrequency.
Our admiration of the antiquities about Naples and Rome,
does not so much arise out of their greatness as uncom­
monness. Addison.

UNCOMPA’CT. adj. Not compact; not closely cohering.
These rivers were not streams of running matter; for
how could a liquid, that lay hardening by degrees, settle in
such a furrowed, uncompact surface? Addison.

UNCOMMU’NICATED. adj. Not communicated.
There is no such mutual infusion as really causeth the same
natural operations or properties to be made common unto
both substances; but whatsoever is natural to deity, the same
remaineth in Christ uncommunicated unto his manhood; and
whatsoever natural to manhood, his deity thereof is unca­
pable. Hooker.

UNCO’MPANIED. adj. Having no companion.
Thence she fled, uncompanied, unsought. Fairfax.

UNCOMPA’SSIONATE. adj. Having no pity.
Neither deep groans, nor silver-shedding tears,
Could penetrate her uncompassionate fire. Shakesp.
Hero and Leander were drowned in the uncompassionate
surges. Sandys's Journey.
If thou in strength all mortals dost exceed;
In uncompassionate anger do not so. Milton's Agonistes.

UNCOMPE’LLED. adj. Free from compulsion.
The amorous needle, once joined to the loadstone, would
never, uncompelled, forsake the inchanting mineral. Boyle.
Keep my voyage from the royal ear,
Nor, uncompell'd, the dangerous truth betray,
Till twice six times descends the lamp of day. Pope.

UNCOMPLAISA’NT. adj. Not civil; not obliging.
A natural roughness makes a man uncomplaisant to others,
so that he has no deserence for their inclinations. Locke.

UNCOMPLE’AT. adj. Not perfect; not finished.
Various incidents do not make different fables, but are
only the uncompleat and unfinished parts of the same fable. Pope.

UNCOMPO’UNDED. adj.
1. Simple; not mixed.
Hardness may be reckoned the property of all uncompounded
matter. Newton's Opticks.
Your uncompounded atoms, you
Figures in numbers infinite allow;
From which, by various combination, springs
This unconfin'd diversity of things. Blackmore.
2. Simple; not intricate.
The substance of the faith was comprised in that uncom­
pounded style, but was afterwards prudently enlarged, for the
repelling heretical invaders. Hammond's Fundamentals.

UNCOMPRE’SSED. adj. Free from compression.
We might be furnished with a reply, by setting down the
differing weight of our receiver, when emptied, and when
full of uncompressed air. Boyle.

UNCOMPREHE’NSIVE. adj.
1. Unable to comprehend.
2. In Shakespeare it seems to signify incomprehensible.
The providence, that's in a watchful state,
Knows almost every grain of Pluto's gold;
Finds bottom in th' uncomprehensive deep. Shakesp.

UNCONCE’IVABLE. adj. Not to be understood; not to be com­
prehended by the mind.
In the communication of motion by impulse, we can have
no other conception, but of the passing of motion out of one
body into another; which is as obscure and unconceivable, as
how our minds move or stop our bodies by thought. Locke.
Those atoms wond'rous small must be,
Small to an unconceivable degree;
Since though these radiant spoils dispers'd in air,
Do ne'er return, and ne'er the sun repair. Blackmore.

UNCONCE’IVABLENESS. n. s. Incomprehensibility.
The unconceivableness of something they find in one, throws
men violently into the contrary hypothesis, though altoge­
ther as unintelligible. Locke.

UNCONCE’IVED. adj. Not thought; not imagined.
Vast is my theme, yet unconceiv'd, and brings
Untoward words, scarce loosen'd yet from things. Creech.

UNCONCE’RN. n. s. Negligence; want of interest; freedom
from anxiety; freedom from perturbation.
Such things had been charged upon us by the malice of
enemies, the want of judgment in friends, and the unconcern
of indifferent persons. Swift.

UNCONCE’RNED. adj.
1. Having no interest.
An idle person is like one that is dead, unconcerned in the
changes and necessities of the world. Taylor.
The earth's motion is to be admitted, notwithstanding
the seeming contrary evidence of unconcerned senses. Glanville.
It seems a principle in human nature, to incline one way
more than another, even in matters where we are wholly
unconcerned. Swift.
2. Not anxious; not disturbed; not affected.
See the morn,
All unconcern'd with our unrest, begins
Her rosy progress smiling. Milton's Par. Lost.
You call'd me into all your joys, and gave me
An equal share; and in this depth of misery
Can I be unconcerned? Denham's Sophy.
The virgin from the ground
Upstarted fresh, already clos'd the wound;
And unconcern'd for all she felt before,
Precipitates her flight along the shore. Dryden.
Happy mortals, unconcern'd for more,
Confin'd their wishes to their native shore. Dryden.
We shall be easy and unconcerned at all the accidents of
the way, and regard only the event of the journey. Rogers.

UNCONCE’RNEDLY. adv. Without interest or affection; with­
out anxiety; without perturbation.
Not the most cruel of our conquering foes,
So unconcern'dly can relate our woes,
As not to lend a tear. Denham.
Death was denounc'd, that frightful sound,
Which ev'n the best can hardly bear:
He took the summons, void of fear,
And unconcern'dly cast his eyes around,
As if to find and dare the griesly challenger. Dryden.
Is heaven, with its pleasures for evermore, to be partee
with so unconcernedly? Is an exceeding and eternal weight of
glory too light in the balance against the hopeless death of the
atheist, and utter extinction. Bentley.

UNCONCE’RNEDNESS. n. s. Freedom from anxiety, or pertur­
bation.
No man, having done a kindness to another, would think
himself justly dealt with, in a total neglect, and unconcerned­
ness of the person who had received that kindness. South.

UNCONCE’RNING. adj. Not interesting; not affecting; not be­
longing to one.
Things impossible in their nature, or unconcerning to us,
cannot beget it. Decay of Piety.
The science of medals, which is charged with so many
unconcerning parts of knowledge, and built on such mean ma­
terials, appears ridiculous to those that have not exa­
mined it. Addison on Antient Medals.

UNCONCE’RNMENT. n. s. The state of having no share.
Being privileged by an happy unconcernment in those legal
murders, you may take a sweeter relish of your own in­
nocence. South.

UNCONCLU’DENT. adj. Not decisive; inferring no plain or
certain conclusion or consequence.
UNCONCLU’DING. adj. Not decisive; inferring no plain or
certain conclusion or consequence.
Our arguments are inevident and unconcludent. Hale.
He makes his understanding only the warehouse of other
men false and unconcluding reasonings, rather than a repository
of truth for his own use. Locke.

UNCONCLU’DINGNESS. n. s. Quality of being unconcluding.


Either may be much more probably maintained than hi­
thereto, as against the unaccurateness and the unconcludingness
of the analytical experiments vulgarly relied on. Boyle.

UNCONCO’CTED. adj. Not digested; not matured.
We swallow cherry - stones, but void them uncon­
cocted. Browne's Vulgar Errours.
In theology, I put as great a difference between our new
lights and antient truths, as between the sun and an uncon­
cocted, evanid meteor. Glanville.
Did she extend the gloomy clouds on high,
Where all th' amazing fireworks of the sky,
In unconcocted seeds fermenting lie. Blackmore.

UNCONDE’MNED. adj. Not condemned.
It was a familiar and uncondemned practice amongst the
Greeks and Romans, to expose, without pity, their inno­
cent infants. Locke.

UNCONDI’TIONAL. adj. Absolute; not limited by any terms.
O pass not, Lord! an absolute decree,
Or bind thy sentence unconditional;
But in thy sentence our remorse foresee,
And, in that foresight, this thy doom recal. Dryden.
Our Saviour left a power in his church to absolve men
from their sins; but this was not an absolute and unconditional
power vested in any, but founded upon repentance, and on
the penitent's belief in him alone. Ayliffe's Parergon.

UNCONFI’NED. adj.
1. Free from restraint.
I wonder at it.
That shews thou art unconfin'd. Shakespeare.
Chaucer has refined on Boccace, and has mended the
stories he has borrowed: though prose allows more liberty of
thought, and the expression is more easy when unconfined by
numbers. Our countryman carries weight, and yet wins
the race at disadvantage. Dryden.
Poets, a race long unconfin'd and free,
Still fond and proud of savage liberty,
Receiv'd his laws. Pope's Essay on Criticism.
2. Having no limits; unbounded.
If that which men esteem their happiness, were, like the
light, the same sufficient and unconfined good, whether ten
thousand enjoy the benefit of it, or but one, we should see
men's good will and kind endeavours would be as uni­
versal. Spectator, No. 601.
Blest with a taste exact, yet unconfin'd;
A knowledge both of books and human kind. Pope.

UNCONFI’NABLE. adj. Unbounded.
You rogue! you stand upon your honour! why, thou un­
confinable baseness, it is as much as I can do to keep mine
honour. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.

UNCONFI’RMED. adj.
1. Not fortified by resolution; not strengthened; raw; weak.
The unexpected speech.
The king had made upon the new-rais'd sorce,
In th' unconfirm'd troops, much fear did breed. Daniel.
2. Not strengthened by additional testimony.
He would have resign'd
To him his heav'nly office, nor was long
His witness unconfirm'd. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
3. Not settled in the church by the rite of confirmation.

UNCONFO’RM. adj. Unlike; dissimilar; not analagous.
Not unconform to other shining globes. Milton.

UNCONFO’RMABLE. adj. Inconsistent; not conforming.
Unto those general rules, they know we do not defend,
that we may hold any thing unconformable. Hooker.
Moral good, is an action conformable to the rule of our
duty. Moral evil, is an action unconformable to it, or a ne­
glect to fulfil it. Watts's Logick.

UNCONFO’RMITY. n. s. Incongruity; inconsistency.
The moral goodness or evil of men's actions, which consist
in their conformity or unconformity to right reason, must be
eternal, necessary, and unchangeable. South.

UNCONFU’SED. adj. Distinct; free from confusion.
It is more distinct and unconfused than the sensitive me­
mory. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
If in having our ideas in the memory ready at hand, con­
sists quickness of parts; in this of having them unconfused,
and being able nicely to distinguish one thing from another,
consists the exactness of judgment. Locke.

UNCONFU’SEDLY. adv. Without confusion.
Every one finds that he knows, when any idea is in his
understanding, and that, when more than one are there, he
knows them, distinctly and unconfusedly, from one an­
other. Locke.

UNCO’NFUTABLE. adj. Irrefragable; not to be convicted of
errour.
One political argument they boasted of as unconfutable,
that from the marriages of ecclesiasticks, would ensue po­
verty in many of the children, and thence a disgrace and bur­
den to the church. Sprat's Sermons.

UNCONGE’ALED. adj. Not concreted by cold.
By exposing wine, after four months digestion in horse­
dung, unto the extremity of cold, the aqueous parts will
freeze, but the spirit retire, and be found uncongealed in the
center. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNCO’NJUGAL. adj. Not consistent with matrimonial faith;
not befitting a wife or husband.
My name
To all posterity may stand defam'd;
With malediction mention'd, and the blot
Of falshood most unconjugal traduc'd. Milton's Agonistes.

UNCONNE’CTED. adj. Not coherent; not joined by proper
transitions or dependence of parts; lax; loose; vague.
Those who contemplate only the fragments broken off
from any science, dispersed in short, unconnected discourses,
can never survey an entire body of truth. Watts.

UNCONNI’VING. adj. Not forbearing penal notice.
To that hideous place not so confin'd,
By rigour unconniving; but that oft
Leaving my dolorous prison, I enjoy
Large liberty, to round this globe of earth. Milton.

UNCO’NQUERABLE. adj. Not to be subdued; insuperable;
not to be overcome; invincible.
Louis was darting his thunder on the Alps, and causing
his enemies to feel the force of his unconquerable arms. Dryden.
Spadillio, first unconquerable lord!
Led off two captive trumps, and swept the board. Pope.

UNCO’NQUERABLY. adv. Invincibly; insuperably.
The herds of Iphyclus, detain'd in wrong;
Wild, furious herds, unconquerably strong. Pope.

UNCO’NQUERED. adj.
1. Not subdued; not overcome.
To die so tamely,
O'ercome by passion and misfortune,
And still unconquer'd by my foes, sounds ill. Denham.
Unconquer'd yet, in that forlorn estate,
His manly courage overcame his fate. Dryden.
2. Insuperable; invincible.
These brothers had a-while served the king of Pontus;
and in all his affairs, especially of war, whereunto they were
only apt, they had shewed as unconquered courage, so rude a
faithfulness. Sidney.
What was that snaky-headed gorgon shield,
That wise Minerva wore, unconquer'd virgin!
Wherewith she freez'd her foes to congeal'd stone,
But rigid looks, and chaste austerity,
And noble grace, that dash'd brute violence,
With sudden adoration and blank awe? Milton.
Unconquer'd lord of pleasure and of pain. Johnson.

UNCO’NSCIONABLE. adj.
1. Exceeding the limits of any just claim or expectation.
A man may oppose an unconscionable request for an unjusti­
fiable reason. L'Estrange.
2. Forming unreasonable expectations.
You cannot be so unconscionable as to charge me for not
subscribing of my name, for that would reflect too grossly
upon your own party, who never dare it. Dryden.
3. Enormous; vast. A low word.
His giantship is gone somewhat crest-fall'n,
Stalking with less unconscionable strides,
And lower looks, but in a sultry chafe. Milton's Agonistes.
4. Not guided or influenced by conscience.
How infamous is the false, fraudulent, and unconscionable?
hardly ever did any man of no conscience continue a man of
any credit long. South.

UNCO’NSCIONABLENESS. n. s. Unreasonableness of hope or
claim.

UNCO’NSCIONABLY. adv. Unreasonably.
Indeed 'tis pity you should miss
Th' arrears of all your services;
And for th' eternal obligation,
Y' have laid upon th' ungrateful nation,
Be used so unconscionably hard,
As not to find a just reward. Hudibras, p. ii. cant. 3.
This is a common vice; though all things here
Are sold, and sold unconscionably dear. Dryden's Juvenal.

UNCONSCIOUS. adj. Having no mental perception.
unconscious causes only still impart
Their utmost skill, their utmost power exert;
Those which can freely chuse, discern, and know,
Can more or less of art and care bestow. Blackmore.
A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke,
Untam'd, unconscious of the galling yoke. Pope.

UNCO’NSECRATED. adj. Not sacred; not dedicated; not de­
voted.
The sin of Israel had even unconsecrated and prosaned that
sacred edifice, and robbed it of its only defence. South.

UNCONSE’NTED. adj. Not yielded.
We should extend it even to the weaknesses of our natures,
to our proneness to evil: for however these, unconsented to,
will not be imputed to us, yet are they matter of
sorrow. Wake's Preparation for Death.

UNCONSI’DERED. adj. Not considered; not attended to.
Love yourself; and in that love,
Not unconsidered leave your honour. Shakespeare.


It will not be unconsidered, that we find no open track in
this labyrinth. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNCO’NSONANT. adj. Incongruous; unfit; inconsistent.
It seemeth a thing unconsonant, that the world should ho­
nour any other as the Saviour, but him whom it honoureth
as the creator of the world. Hooker.

UNCO’NSTANT. adj. [inconstant, Fr. inconstans, Lat.] Fickle;
not steady; changeable; mutable.
More unconstant than the wind; who woos
Ev'n now the frozen bosom of the north;
And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,
Turning his face to the dew-dropping south. Shakesp.
Th' unconstant skies
Do change their course as sev'ral winds arise. May's Virgil.

UNCONSTRA’INED. adj. Free from compulsion.
Will you, with free and unconstrained soul,
Give me your daughter? Shakespeare.
These be the miseries which our first parents brought upon
all mankind, unto whom God, in his creation, gave a free
and unconstrained will. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Made for his use, yet he has form'd us so,
We unconstrain'd, what he commands us, do. Dryden.
His highness is return'd.—
And unconstrain'd? But with what change
Of countenance did he receive the message? Denham.

UNCONSTRA’INEDLY. adv. Without force suffered.
Such a patron has frankly, generously, and unconstrainedly
relieved me. South's Sermons.

UNCONSTRA’INT. n. s. Freedom from constraint; ease.
Mr. Dryden writ more like a scholar; and though the
greatest master of poetry, he wanted that easiness, that air of
freedom and unconstraint, which is more sensibly to be per­
ceived, than described. Felton on the Classicks.

UNCONSU’LTING. adj. [inconsultus, Lat.] Heady; rash; im­
provident; imprudent.
It was the fair Zelmane, Plexirtus's daughter, whom un­
consulting affection, unfortunately born to mewards, had made
borrow so much of her natural modesty, as to leave her more
decent rayments. Sidney.

UNCONTE’STED. adj. Certain; past dispute.

UNCONSU’MED. adj. Not wasted; not destroyed by any wast­
ing power.
Hope never comes,
That comes to all, but torture without end
Still urges, and a fiery deluge fed
With ever-burning sulphur unconsum'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
Fixedness, or a power to remain in the fire unconsumed,
is an idea that always accompanies our complex idea, signi­
fied by the word gold. Locke.

UNCONSU’MMATE. adj. Not consummated.
Acron came to the fight,
Who left his spouse betroth'd, and unconsummate night. Dryd.

UNCONTE’MNED. adj. Not despised.
Which of the peers
Have uncontemn'd gone by him, or at least
Stood not neglected? Shakesp. Hen. VIII.

UNCONTE’NTED. adj. Not contented; not satisfied.
Permit me, chief,
To lead this uncontented gift away. Dryden.

UNCONTE’NTINGNESS. n. s. Want of power to satisfy.
The decreed uncontentingness of all other goods, is richly
repaired by its being but an aptness to prove a rise to our
love's settling in God. Boyle.

UNCONTE’STABLE. adj. Indisputable; not controvertible.
Where is the man that has uncontestible evidence of the
truth of all that he holds, or of the falshood of all he con­
demns. Locke.

UNCONTE’STED. adj. Not disputed; evident.
'Tis by experience uncontested found,
Bodies orbicular, when whirling round,
Still shake off all things on their surface plac'd. Blackmore.

UNCONTRI’TE. adj. Not religiously penitent.
The priest, by absolving an uncontrite sinner, cannot make
him contrite. Hammond's Practical Catechism.

UNCO’NTROVE’RTED. adj. Not disputed; not liable to de­
bate.
One reason of the uncontroverted certainty of mathematical
science is, because 'tis built upon clear and settled significa­
tions of names. Glanville.

UNCONTRO’ULABLE. adj.
1. Resistless; powerful beyond opposition.
Gaza mourns,
And all that band them to resist
His uncontroulable intent. Milton.
2. Indisputable; irrefragable.
The pension was granted, by reason of the king of Eng­
land's uncontroulable title to England. Hayward.
This makes appear the error of those, who think it an
uncontroulable maxim, that power is always safer lodged in
many hands, than in one; those many are as capable of
enslaving as a single person. Swift.

UNCONTRO’ULABLY. adv.
1. Without possibility of opposition.
2. Without danger of refutation.
Since this light was to rest within them, and the judgment
of it wholly to remain in themselves, they might safely and
uncontroulably pretend it greater or less. South.
Uncontroulably, and under general consent, many opinions
are passant, which, upon due examination, admit of
doubt. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

UNCONTRO’ULED. adj.
1. Unresisted; unopposed; not to be overruled.
Should I try the uncontrouled worth
Of this pure cause, 'twould kindle my rap'd spirits
To such a flame of sacred vehemence,
That dumb things would be mov'd to sympathize. Milton.
O'er barren mountains, o'er the flow'ry plain,
Extends thy uncontroul'd and boundless reign. Dryden.
The British navy, uncontroul'd,
Shall wave her double cross t' extremest clime
Terrific, and return with odorous spoils. Phillips.
2. Not convinced; not refuted.
That Julius Cæsar was so born, is an uncontrouled re­
port. Hayward.

UNCONTRO’ULEDLY. adv. Without controul; without oppo­
sition.
Mankind avert killing, and being killed; but when the
phantasm honour has once possessed the mind, no reluctance
of humanity is able to make head against it; but it com­
mands uncontrouledly. Decay of Piety.

UNCONVE’RSABLE. adj. Not suitable to conversation; not
social.
Faith and devotion are traduced and ridiculed, as mo­
rose, unconversable qualities. Rogers's Sermons.

UNCONVE’RTED. adj. Not persuaded of the truth of christianity.
Salvation belongeth unto none, but such as call upon the
name of our Lord Jesus Christ: which nations, as yet uncon­
verted, neither do, nor possibly can do, till they believe. Hooker.
The unconverted heathens, who were pressed by the many
authorities that confirmed our Saviour's miracles, accounted
for them after the same manner. Addison on the Christ. Relig.
The apostle reminds the Ephesians of the guilt and misery
of their former unconverted estate, when aliens from the com­
monwealth of Israel. Rogers's Sermons.

UNCONVI’NCED. adj. Not convinced.
A way not to be introduced into the seminaries of those,
who are to propagate religion, or philosophy, amongst the
ignorant and unconvinced. Locke.

To UNCO’RD. v. a. To loose a thing bound with cords.

UNCORRE’CTED. adj. Inaccurate; not polished to exactness.
I have written this too hastily and too loosely: it comes
out from the first draught, and uncorrected. Dryden.

UNCORRU’PT. adj. Honest; upright; not tainted with wicked­
ness; not influenced by iniquitous interest.
The pleasures of sin, and this world's vanities, are cen­
sured with uncorrupt judgment. Hooker.
Men alledge they can ne'er can find
Those beauties in a female mind,
Which raise a flame that will endure,
For ever uncorrupt and pure. Swift.

UNCORRU’PTED. adj. Not vitiated; not depraved.
Such a hero never springs,
But from the uncorruped blood of kings. Roscommon.
Man, yet new,
No rule but uncorrupted reason knew,
And with a native bent did good pursue. Dryden.
Nothing is more valuable than the records of antiquity: I
wish we had more of them, aed more uncorrupted. Locke.

UNCORRU’PTNESS. n. s. Integrity; uprightness.
In doctrine, shew uncorruptness, gravity, sincerity. Tit. ii. 7.

To UNCO’VER. v. a.
1. To divest of a covering.
After you are up, uncover your bed, and open the cur­
tains to air it. Harvey.
Seeing an object several millions of leagues, the very instant
it is uncovered, may be shewn to be a mistake in matter of
fact. Locke.
2. To deprive of cloaths.
Thou wert better in thy grave, than to answer, with thy
uncovered body, this extremity of the skies. Shakesp. K. Lear.
3. To strip of the roof.
Porches and schools,
Uncover'd, and with scaffolds cumber'd stood. Prior.
4. To shew openly; to strip of a veil, or concealment.
He cover'd; but his robe
Uncover'd more: so rose the Danite strong,
Shorn of his strength. Milton's Par. Lost.
There will certainly come some day or other, to uncover
every soul of us. Pope's Letters.
5. To bare the head, as in the presence of a superiour.
Rather let my head dance on a bloody pole,
Than stand uncover'd to the vulgar groom. Shakesp.



UNCO’UNSELLABLE. adj. Not to be advised.
It would have been uncounsellable to have march'd to
any distance, and have left such an enemy at their backs.
Clarendon.

UNCO’UNTABLE. adj. Innumerable.
Those uncountable, glorious bodies, were not set in the
firmament for no other end than to adorn it. Raleigh.

UNCO’UNTERFEIT. adj. Genuine; not spurious.
True zeal is not any one single affection of the soul, but
a strong mixture of many holy affections, filling the heart
with all pious intentions; all, not only uncounterfeit, but
most fervent. Sprat's Sermons.

To UNCO’UPLE. v. a. To loose dogs from their couples.
Uncouple in the western valley, go;
Dispatch, I say, and find the forester. Shaksp.
The hunt is up, the morn is bright and gray;
The fields are fragrant, and the woods are green;
Uncouple here, and let us make a bay. Shakesp.
The land on which they fought, th' appointed place,
In which th' uncoupled hounds began the chace. Dryden.

UNCO’URTEOUS. adj. Uncivil; unpolite.
In behaviour some will say, ever sad, surely sober, and
somewhat given to musing, but never uncourteous. Sidney.

UNCO’URTEOUSLY. adv. Uncivilly; unpolitely.
Though somewhat merrily, yet uncourteously he railed
upon England, objecting extreme beggary, and mere bar­
barousness unto it. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

UNCO’URTLINESS. n. s. Unsuitableness of manners to a court;
inelegance.
The quakers presented an address, which, notwithstanding
the uncourtliness of their phrases, the sense was very
honest. Addison.

UNCO’URTLY. adj. Inelegant of manners; uncivil.
The lord treasurer not entering into those refinements of
paying the publick money upon private consideration, hath
been so uncourtly as to stop it. Swift.

UNCO’UTH. adj. [uncuth, Saxon.] Odd; strange; unusual.
A very uncouth sight was to behold,
How he did fashion his untoward pace;
For as he forward mov'd his footing old,
So backward still was turn'd his wrinkled face. Fairy Queen.
The lovers standing in this doleful wise,
A warrior bold unwares approached near,
Uncouth in arms yclad, and strange disguise. Fairfax.
I am surprized with an uncouth fear;
A chilling sweat o'erruns my trembling joints;
My heart suspects more than mine eye can see. Shakesp.
The trouble of thy thoughts this night
Affects me equally; nor can I like
This uncouth dream, of evil sprung, I fear. Milton.
Say on;
For I that day was absent, as befel,
Bound on a voyage uncouth, and obscure,
Far on excursion toward the gates of hell. Milton.
It was so uncouth a sight, for a fox to appear without a tail,
that the very thought made him weary of his life. L'Estrange.
The secret ceremonies I conceal,
Uncouth, perhaps unlawful to reveal. Dryden.
I am more in danger to misunderstand his true meaning,
than if I had come to him with a mind unpossessed by
doctors of my fect, whose reasonings will of course make
all chime that way, and make the genuine meaning of the
author seem harsh, strained, and uncouth to me. Locke.
He made that a pleasant study, which, in the hands of
Bartolus and Baldus, was uncouth and rugged. Baker.

UNCO’UTHLY. adv. Oddly; strangely.
Venetians do not more uncouthly ride,
Than did their lubber state mankind bestride. Dryden.

UNCO’UTHNESS. n. s. Oddness; strangeness.
To deny himself in the lesser instances, that so when the
greater come, they may not have the disadvantage of un­
couthness, and perfect strangeness, to enhance their difficulty,
must be acknowledged reasonable. Decay of Piety.

To UNCREA’TE. v. a. To annihilate; to reduce to nothing;
to deprive of existence.
Who created thee, lamenting learn;
Who can uncreate thee thou shalt know. Milton.
Light dies before her uncreating word.
Thus at her felt approach, and secret might,
Art after art goes out, and all is night. Pope's Dunciad.

UNCREA’TED. adj.
1. Not yet created.
How hast thou disturb'd
Heav'n's blessed peace, and into nature brought
Misery, uncreated till the crime
Of thy rebellion? Milton.
2. [Incr&aecute;e, Fr.] Not produced by creation.
What cause within, or what without is found,
That can a being uncreated bound? Blackmore.
The next paragraph proves, that the idea we have of
God is God himself; it being something, as he says, un­
created. Locke.

UNCRE’DITABLENESS. n. s. Want of reputation.
To all other disswasives, we may add this of the uncredi­
tableness: the best that can be said is, that they use wit
foolishly, whereof the one part devours the other. Dec. of Piety.

UNCRO’PPED. adj. Not cropped; not gathered.
Thy abundance wants
Partakers, and uncropp'd falls to the ground. Milton.

UNCRO’SSED. adj. Uncancelled.
Such gain the cap of him, that makes them fine,
Yet keeps his book uncross'd. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

UNCRO’UDED. adj. Not straitened by want of room.
An amphitheatre,
On its publick shows, unpeopled Rome,
And held uncrouded nations in its womb. Addison.

To UNCRO’WN. v. a. To deprive of a crown; to deprive of
sovereignty.
He hath done me wrong;
And therefore I'll uncrown him ere't be long. Shakesp.
Ye pow'rs!
See a sacred king uncrown'd;
See your offspring, Albion, bound. Dryden's Albion.

U’NCTION. n. s. [unction, Fr.]
1. The act of anointing.
The unction of the tabernacle, the table, the laver, the
altar of God, with all the instruments apperataining thereunto,
made them for ever holy. Hooker, b. v. s. 20.
2. Unguent; ointment.
The king himself the sacred unction made;
As king by office, and as priest by trade. Dryden.
3. The act of anointing medically.
Such as are of hot constitutions, should use bathing in
hot water, rather than unctions. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
4. Any thing softening, or lenitive.
Mother,
Lay not that flattering unction to your soul,
That not your trespass, but my madness speaks. Shakesp.
5. The rite of anointing in the last hours.
Their extreme unction, administered as the dying man's
viaticum, which St. James mentioned as the ceremony of his
recovery, may be added. Hammond's Fundamentals.
6. Any thing that excites piety and devotion.

UNCTUO’SITY. n. s. [from unctuous.] Fatness; oiliness.
Fuliginous exhalations contain an unctuosity in them, and
arise from the matter of fuel. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

U’NCTUOUS. adj. Fat; clammy; oily.
Dry up thy harrow'd veins, and plough-torn leas,
Whereof ingrateful man, with liqu'rish draughts,
And morsels unctuous, greases his pure mind,
That from it all consideration slips. Shakespeare.
A wand'ring fire,
Compact of unctuous vapour, which the night
Condenses, and the cold environs round,
Kindled through agitation to a flame. Milton's Par. Lost.
The trees were unctuous fir, and mountain ash. Dryden.
Whether they unctuous exhalations are,
Fir'd by the sun, or seeming so alone. Dryden.
Th' infernal winds,
Dilating, and with unctuous vapour fed,
Disdain'd their narrow cells. Philips.
Camphire, oil-olive, linseed-oil, spirit of turpentine, and
amber, are fat, sulphureous, unctuous bodies. Newton.

U’NCTUOUSNESS. n. s. Fatness; oiliness; clamminess; greasiness.
A great degree of unctuousness is not necessary to the pro­
duction of the like effects. Boyle.

UNCU’LLED. adj. Not gathered.
A sweaty reaper from his tillage brought
First fruits, the green ear, and the yellow sheaf,
Uncull'd, as came to hand. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNCU’LPABLE. adj. Not blamable.
Those canons do bind, as they are edicts of nature; which
the Jews observing as yet unwritten, and thereby framing
such church orders, as in their law were not prescribed, are
notwithstanding in that respect unculpable. Hooker.

UNCU’CKOLDED. adj. Not made a cuckold.
As it is a heart-breaking to see a handsome man loose­
wiv'd, so it is a deadly sorrow to behold a foul knave un­
cuckolded. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNCU’LTIVATED. adj. [incultus, Lat.]
1. Not cultivated; not improved by tillage.
Our isle, indeed, too fruitful was before;
But all uncultivated lay,
Out of the solar walk. Dryden.
God gave the world to men in common; but since he
gave it for their benefit, it cannot be supposed he meant it
should always remain common and uncultivated. Locke.
2. Not instructed; not civilized.
The first tragedians found that serious stile
Too grave for their uncultivated age. Roscommon.
These are instances of nations, where uncultivated nature
has been left to itself, without the help of letters. Locke.

UNCU’MBERED. adj. Not burthened; not embarrassed.
Lord of yourself, uncumber'd with a wife. Dryden.



UNCU’RBABLE. adj. That cannot be curbed, or checked.
So much uncurbable her garboiles, Cæsar,
Made out of her impatience, which not wanted
Shrewdness of policy. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNCU’RBED. adj. Licentious; not restrained.
With srank, and with uncurbed plainness,
Tell us the Dauphin's mind. Shakesp. Hen. V.

To UNCU’RL. v. a. To loose from ringlets, or convolutions.
There stands a rock; the raging billows roar
Above his head in storms; but when 'tis clear,
Uncurl their ridgy backs, and at his seet appear. Dryden.
The lion's foe lies prostrate on the plain,
He sheaths his paws, uncurls his angry mane;
And, pleas'd with bloodless honours of the day,
Walks over, and disdains th' inglorious prey. Dryden.
The furies sink upon their iron beds,
And snakes uncurl'd hang list'ning round their heads. Pope.

To UNCU’RL. v. n. To fall from the ringlets.
My fleece of woolly hair now uncurls,
Even as an adder, when she doth unrowl
To do some fatal execution? Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.

UNCU’RLED. adj. Not collected into ringlets.
Alike in feature both, and garb appear;
With honest faces, though uncurled hair. Dryden.
But since, alas! frail beauty must decay;
Curl'd or uncurl'd, since locks will turn to grey;
What then remains, but well our pow'r to use,
And keep good humour still, whate'er we lose? Pope.

UNCU’RRENT. adj. Not current; not passing in common pay­
ment.
Your voice, like a piece of uncurrent gold, is not crack'd
within the ring. Shakesp. Hamlet.
I can no other answer make but thanks;
And thanks, and ever thanks: and oft good turns
Are shuffled off with such uncurrent pay. Shakespeare.

To UNCU’RSE. v. a. To free from any execration.
Uncurse their souls; their peace is made
With head, and not with hands. Shakesp. Richard II.

UNCU’RST. adj. Not execrated.
Sir John Hotham unreproached, unthreatened, uncursed by
any language or secret imprecation of mine, not long after
pays his own and his eldest son's heads. K. Charles.
Heav'n sure has kept this spot of earth uncurst,
To shew how all things were created first. Waller.

UNCU’T. adj. Not cut.
We must resign! heav'n his great soul doth claim,
In storms as loud as his immortal fame:
His dying groans, his last breath shake our isle,
And trees uncut fall for his fun'ral pile. Waller.
UND

To UNDA’M. v. a. To open; to free from the restraint of mounds.
When the fiery suns too siercely play,
And shrivell'd herbs on with ring stems decay;
The wary ploughman on the mountains's brow,
Undamns his watry stores. Dryden's Georgicks.

UNDA’MAGED. adj. Not made worse; not impaired.
Plants will frequent changes try,
Undamag'd, and their marriageable arms
Conjoin with others. Philips.

UNDA’UNTED. adj. Unsubdued by fear; not depressed.
Bring forth men children only;
For thy undaunted metal should compose
Nothing but males. Shakesp. Macbeth.
With him went
Harman, who did the twice fir'd Harry save,
And in his burning ship undaunted fought. Dryden.
Mirror of antient faith in early youth!
Undaunted worth, inviolable truth!
No foe unpunish'd in the fighting field,
Shall dare thee. Dryden.

UNDA’UNTEDNESS. n. s. Boldness; bravery; intrepidity.
Luther took up a brisker air of assurance, and shewed a
particular undauntedness in the cause of truth, when it had
so mighty an opposer. Atterbury.
The art of war, which they admired in him, and his un­
dauntedness under dangers, were such virtues as these islanders
were not used to. Pope.

UNDA’UNTEDLY. adv. Boldly; intrepidly; without fear.
It shall bid his soul go out of his body undauntedly, and lift
up its head with confidence, before saints and angels. South.

UNDA’ZZLED. adj. Not dimmed, or confused by splendour.
Here matter new to gaze the devil met
Unduzzled. Milton's Par. Lost. b. iii. l. 614.
As undazzled and untroubled eyes, as eagles can be sup­
posed to cast on glow-worms, when they have been newly
gazing on the sun. Boyle.

To UNDE’AF. v. a. To free from deafness.
Though Richard my life's counsel would not hear,
My death's sad tale may yet undeaf his ear. Shakesp.

UNDEBA’UCHED. adj. Not corrupted by debauchery.
When the world was bucksome, fresh and young,
Her sons were undebauch'd, and therefore strong. Dryden.

UNDE’CAGON. n. s. [from undecim, Lat. and ????a, Gr.] A
figure of eleven angles or sides.

UNDECA’YING. adj. Not suffering diminution or declension.
The fragrant myrtle, and the juicy vine,
Their parents undecaying strength declare,
Which with fresh labour, and unweary'd care,
Supplies new plants. Blackmore on the Creation.

UNDECA’YED. adj. Not liable to be diminished, or im­
paired.
How fierce in fight, with courage undecay'd!
Judge if such warriors want immortal aid. Dryden.
If in the melancholy shades below,
The flames of friends and lovers cease to glow;
Yet mine shall sacred last; mine undecay'd
Burn on through life, and animate my shade. Pope.

To UNDECE’IVE. v. a. To set free from the influence of a
fallacy.
All men will try, and hope to write as well,
And, not without much pains, be undeceiv'd. Roscommon.
My muse enraged, from her urn,
Like ghosts of murder'd bodies does return
T' accuse the murderers, to right the stage,
And undeceive the long-abused age. Denham.
So far as truth gets ground in the world, so far sin loses it.
Christ saves the world by undeceiving it. South.
Our coming judgments do in part undeceive us, and rectify
the grosser errors. Glanville.

UNDECE’IVABLE. adj. Not liable to deceive.
It serves for more certain computation, by how much it
is a larger and more comprehensive period, and under a more
undeceivable calculation. Holder on Time.

UNDECE’IVED. adj. Not cheated; not imposed on.
All of a tenour was their after life;
No day discolour'd with domestick strife:
No jealousy, but mutual truth believ'd;
Secure repose, and kindness undeceiv'd. Dryden.

UNDECI’DED. adj. Not determined; not settled.
For one thing, which we have left to the order of the
church, they had twenty which were undecided by the express
word of God, Hooker,
To whose muse we owe that sort of verse,
Is undecided by the men of skill. Roscommon.
Aristotle has left undecided the duration of the action. Dryd.
When two adverse winds engage with horrid shock,
Levying their equal force with utmost rage,
Long undecided lasts the airy strife. Philips.

To UNDE’CK. v. a. To deprive of ornaments.
I find myself a traitor;
For I have given here my soul's consent,
T' undeck the pompous body of a king. Shakespeare.

UNDE’CKED. adj. Not adorned; not embellished.
Eve was undeck'd, save with herself. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNDECI’SIVE. adj. Not decisive; not conclusive.
Two nations differing about the antiquity of their lan­
guage, made appeal to an undecisive experiment, when they
agreed upon the trial of a child brought up among the wild
inhabitants of the desert. Glanville.

UNDECLI’NED. adj.
1. Not grammatically varied by termination.
2. Not deviating; not turned from the right way.
In his track my wary feet have stept;
His undeclined ways precisely kept. Sandy's Paraphase.

UNDE’DICATED. adj.
1. Not consecrated; not devoted.
2. Not inscribed to a patron.
I should let this book come forth undedicated, were it not
that I look upon this dedication as a duty. Boyle.

UNDEE’DED. adj. Not signalized by action.
My sword, with an unbatter'd edge,
I sheath again undeeded. Shakesp. Macbeth.

UNDEFA’CED. adj. Not deprived of its form; not disfigured.
Those arms, which for nine centuries had brav'd
The wrath of time on antick stone engrav'd;
Now torn by mortars, stand yet undefac'd,
On nobler trophies by thy valour rais'd. Granville.

UNDEFE’ASIBLE. adj. Not defeasible; not to be vacated or
annulled.

UNDEFI’LED. adj. Not polluted; not vitiated; not corrupted.
Virtue weareth a crown for ever, having gotten the
victory, striving for undefiled rewards. Wisdom iv. 3.
Whose bed is undefil'd, and chaste, pronounc'd. Milton.
Her Arethusian stream remains unsoil'd,
Unmix'd with foreign filth, and undefil'd;
Her wit was more than man, her innocence a child. Dryden.

UNDEFI’NED. adj. Not circumscribed, or explained by a de­
finition.
There is no such way to give defence to absurd doctrines,
as to guard them round with legions of obscure, doubtful,
undefined words. Locke.

UNDEFI’NABLE. adj. Not to be marked out, or circumscribed
by a definition.


That which is indefinite, though it hath bounds, as not
being infinite, yet those bounds to us are undefinable. Grew.
Why simple ideas are undefinable is, that the several terms
of a definition, signifying several ideas, they can all, by no
means, represent an idea, which has no composition at
all. Locke.

UNDEFO’RMED. adj. Not deformed; not disfigured.
The sight of so many gallant fellows, with all the pomp
and glare of war, yet undeform'd by battles, may possibly in­
vite your curiosity. Pope.

UNDEFI’ED. adj. Not set at defiance; not challenged.
False traitor, thou broken hast
The law of arms, to strike foe undefied;
But thou thy treason's fruit, I hope, shalt taste
Right sour, and feel the law, the which thou hast de­
fac'd. Fairy Queen, b. II. c. viii. st. 31.
Tarifa
Changed a blunt cane for a steel-pointed dart,
And meeting Ozmyn next,
Who wanting time for treason to provide,
He basely threw it at him, undefy'd. Dryden.

UNDELI’BERATED. adj. Not carefully considered.
The prince's undeliberated throwing himself into that en­
gagement, transported him with passion. Clarendon.

UNDELI’GHTED. adj. Not pleased; not touched with plea­
sure.
The fiend
Saw undelighted all delight; all kind
Of living creatures, new to sight. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNDELI’GHTFUL. adj. Not giving pleasure.
He could not think of involving himself in the same unde­
lightful condition of life. Clarendon.

UNDEMO’LISHED. adj. Not razed; not thrown down.
She undemolish'd stood, and ev'n 'till now
Perhaps had stood. Philips.
They stood by, and suffered Dunkirk to lie unde­
molished. Swift.

UNDEMO’NSTRABLE. adj. Not capable of fuller evidence.
Out of the precepts of the law of nature, as of certain,
common, and undemonstrable principles, man's reason doth
necessarily proceed unto certain more particular determina­
tions: which particular determinations being found out ac­
cording unto the reason of man, they have the names of hu­
man laws. Hooker.

UNDENI’ABLE. adj. Such as cannot be gainsaid.
That age which my grey hairs make seem more than it is,
hath not diminished in me the power to protect an undeniable
verity. Sidney.
Of those of the second class, we have a plain and unde­
niable certainty. Woodward's Natural History.

UNDENI’ABLY. adv. So plainly, as to admit no contra­
diction.
This account was differently related by the antients; that
is, undeniably rejected by the moderns. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
I grant that nature all poets ought to study: but then this
also undeniably follows, that those things which delight all
ages, must have been an imitation of nature. Dryden.

UNDEPLO’RED. adj. Not lamented.
Rise, wretched widow! rise; nor undeplor'd
Permit my ghost to pass the Stygian ford;
But rise prepar'd to mourn thy perish'd lord. Dryden.

UNDEPRA’VED. adj. Not corrupted.
Knowledge dwelt in our undepraved natures, as light in
the sun; it is now hidden in us like sparks in a flint. Glanville.

UNDEPRI’VED. adj. Not divested by authority; not stripped
of any possession.
He, undepriv'd, his benefice forsook. Dryden.

U’NDER. preposition. [undar, Gothick; under, Saxon; onder,
Dutch.]
1. In a state of subjection to.
When good Saturn, banish'd from above,
Was driven to hell, the world was under Jove, Dryden.
Every man is put under a necessity, by his constitution, as
an intelligent being, to be determined by his own judgment,
what is best for him to do; else he would be under the de­
termination of some other than himself, which is want of
liberty. Locke.
2. In the state of pupillage to.
To those that live
Under thy care, good rules and patterns give. Denham.
The princes respected Helim, and made such improvements
under him, that they were instructed in learning. Guardian.
3. Beneath; so as to be covered, or hidden.
Fruit put in bottles, and the bottles let down into wells
under water, will keep long. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
If it stood always under this form, it would have been
under fire, if it had not been under water. Burnet.
Thy bees lodge under covert of the wind. Dryden.
Many a good poetick vein is buried under a trade, and
never produces any thing for want of improvement. Locke.
4. Below in place; not above. This is the sense of under sail;
that is, having the sails spread alost.
As they went under sail by him, they held up their hands
and made their prayers. Sidney.
By that fire that burn'd the Carthage queen,
When the false Trojan under sail was seen. Shakespeare.
Misseltoe hath been found to put forth under the boughs,
and not only above the boughs; so it cannot be any thing
that falleth upon the bough. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Be gather'd now, ye waters, under heav'n. Milton.
5. In a less degree than.
Medicines take effect sometimes under, and sometimes
above, the natural proportion of their virtue. Hooker.
If you write in your strength, you stand revealed at first;
and should you write under it, you cannot avoid some pecu­
liar graces. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
6. For less than.
We are thrifty enough not to part with any thing service­
able to our bodies, under a good consideration; but make
little account of what is most beneficial to our souls. Ray.
7. Less than; below.
Man, once fallen, was nothing but a total pollution, and
not to be reformed by any thing under a new creation. South.
These men of forehead love to insure a cause, and seldom
talk under certainty and demonstration. Collier on Confidence.
There are several hundred parishes in England under
twenty pounds a year, and many under ten. Swift.
8. By the show of.
That which spites me more than all the wants,
He does it under name of perfect love. Shakespeare.
'Tis hard to bind any syllogism so close upon the mind,
as not to be evaded under some plausible distinction. Baker.
9. With less than.
Several young men could never leave the pulpit under half
a dozen conceits. Swift.
10. In the state of inferiority to; noting rank or order of pre­
cedence.
It was too great an honour for any man under a
duke. Addison's Spectator, No. 122.
11. In a state of being loaded with.
He shall but bear them, as the ass bears gold,
To groan and sweat under the business. Shakespeare.
He holds the people
Of no more soul, nor fitness for the world,
Than camels in their war; who have their provender
Only for bearing burthens, and sore blows
For sinking under them. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
12. In a state of oppression by, or subjection to.
After all, they have not been able to give any considerable
comfort to the mind, under any of the great pressures of
this life. Tillotson's Sermons.
At any rate we desire to be rid of the present evil, which
we are apt to think nothing absent can equal; because, under
the present pain, we find not ourselves capable of any, the
least degree of happiness. Locke.
Women and childen did not shew the least signs of com­
plaint, under the extremity of torture. Collier.
Illustrious parent! now some token give,
That I may Clymene's proud boast believe,
Nor longer under false reproaches grieve. Addison.
13. In a state in which one is seized or overborn.
The prince and princess must be under no less amaze­
ment. Pope's Letters.
14. In a state of being liable to, or limited by.
That which we move for our better instruction's sake,
turneth unto choler in them; they answer fumingly. Yet
in this their mood, they cast forth somewhat, wherewith,
under pain of greater displeasure, we must rest contented. Hooker.
The greate part of mankind is slow of apprehension; and
therefore, in many cases, under a necessity of seeing with
other men's eyes. South's Sermons.
A generation sprung up amongst us, that flattered princes
that they have a divine right to absolute power, let the
laws and conditions under which they enter upon their autho­
rity, be what they will. Locke.
It is not strange to find a country half unpeopled, where
so great a proportion of both sexes is tied under such vows
of chastity. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
Things of another world are under the disadvantage of
being distant, and therefore operate but faintly. Atterbury.
15. In a state of depression, or dejection by.
There is none but he,
Whose being I do fear; and, under him,
My genius is rebuk'd, as Antony's was by Cæsar. Shakesp.
16. In the state of bearing, or being known by.
This faction, under the name of Puritan, became very
turbulent, during the reign of Elizabeth. Swift.
The raising of silver coin, has been only by coining it
with less silver in it, under the same denomination. Locke.
17. In the state of.


If they can succeed without blood, as under the present
disposition of things, it is very possible they may, it is to be
hoped they will be satisfied. Swift.
18. Not having reached or arrived to; noting time.
Three sons he dying left under age;
By means whereof, their uncle Vortigern
Usurp'd the throne during their pupillage. Fairy Queen.
19. Represented by.
Morpheus is represented by the antient statuaries under the
figure of a boy asleep, with a bundle of poppy in his
hand. Addison.
20. In a state of protection.
Under savour, there are other materials for a common­
wealth, besides stark love and kindness. Collier.
21. With respect to.
Mr. Duke may be mentioned under the double capacity of
a poet and a divine. Felton on the Classicks.
22. Attested by.
Cato major, who had with great reputation borne all the
great offices of the commonwealth, has left us an evidence,
under his own hand, how much he was versed in country
affairs. Locke on Education.
23. Subjected to; being the subject of.
To describe the revolutions of nature, will require a steady
eye; especially so to connect the parts, and present them all
under one view. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Memory is the storehouse of our ideas. For the narrow
mind of man, not being capable of having many ideas under
view at once, it was necessary to have a repository to lay
them up. Locke.
The thing under proof is not capable of demonstration,
and must be submitted to the trial of probabilities. Locke.
Distinct conceptions, that answer their verbal distinctions,
serve to clear any thing in the subject under consideration. Locke.
I rather suspect my own judgment, than believe a fault to
be in that poem, which lay so long under Virgil's correction,
and had his last hand put to it. Addison.
24. In the next stage of subordination.
This is the only safe guard, under the spirit of God, that
dictated these sacred writings, that can be relied on. Locke.
25. In a state of relation that claims protection.

U’NDER. adv.
1. In a state of subjection.
Ye purpose to keep under the children of Judah for bond­
men and bond-women. 2 Chron. xxviii. 10.
2. Less: opposed to over or more.
He kept the main stock without alteration, under or
over. Addison's Spectator, No. 264.
3. It has a signification resembling that of an adjective; infe­
riour; subject; subordinate. But, perhaps, in this sense it
should be considered as united to the following word.
I will fight
Against my canker'd country with the spleen
Of all the under fiends. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. It is much used in composition, in several senses, which the
following examples will explain.

UNDERA’CTION. n. s. Subordinate action; action not essen­
tial to the main story.
The least episodes, or underactions, interwoven in it, are
parts necessary, or convenient to carry on the main design. Dryd.

To UNDERBEA’R. v. a. [under and bear.]
1. To support; to endure.
What reverence he did throw away on slaves?
Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles,
And patient underbearing of his fortune. Shakespeare.
2. To line; to guard. Out of use.
The dutchess of Milan's gown; not like your cloth of gold,
set with pearls, down-sleeves, side-sleeves, and skirts round,
underborne with a bluish tinsel. Shakesp. Much Ado about Noth.

UNDERBEA’RER. n. s. [under and bearer.] In funerals, those
that sustain the weight of the body, distinct from those who
are bearers of ceremony, and only hold up the pall.

To UNDERBI’D. v. a. [under and bid.] To offer for any
thing less than it is worth.

UNDERCLE’RK. n. s. [under and clerk.] A clerk subordinate
to the principal clerk.
Coleby, one of his under-swearers, was tried for robbing
the treasury, where he was an underclerk. Swift.

To UNDERDO’. v. n. [under and do.]
1. To act below ones abilities.
You overact, when you should underdo;
A little call yourself again, and think. B. Johnson.
2. To do less than is requisite.
Nature much ostener overdoes than underdoes: You shall
find twenty eggs with two yolks, for one that hath none. Grew.

UNDERFA’CTION. n. s. [under and faction.] Subordnate fac­
tion; subdivision of a faction.
Christianity loses by contests of underfactions. Decay of Piety.

UNDERFE’LLOW. n. s. [under and fellow.] A mean man; a
sorry wretch.
They carried him to a house of a principal officer, who
with no more civility, though with much more business than
those underfellows had shewed, in captious manner put inter­
rogatories unto him. Sidney.

UNDERFI’LLING. n. s. [under and fill.] Lower part of an
edifice.
To found our habitation firmly, first examine the bed of
earth upon which we will build, and then the underfillings,
or substruction, as the antients called it. Wotton's Architecture.

To UNDERFO’NG. v. a. [under and fangan, Saxon.] To take
in hand.
Thou, Menalcas, that by thy treachery
Didst underfong my lady to wexe so light,
Shouldst well be known for such thy villainy. Spenser.

To UNDERF’URNISH. v. a. [under and furnish.] To supply
with less than enough.
Can we suppose God would underfurnish man for the state
he designed him, and not afford him a soul large enough to
pursue his happiness? Collier on Kindness.

To UNDERGI’RD. v. a. [under and gird.] To bind below; to
round the bottom.
When they had taken it up, they used helps, undergirding
the ship. Acts xxvii. 17.

To U’NDERGO. v. a. [under and go.]
1. To suffer; to sustain; to endure evil.
With mind averse, he rather underwent
His people's will, than gave his own consent. Dryden.
2. To support; to hazard. Not in use.
I have mov'd certain Romans,
To undergo with me, an enterprize
Of honourable, dang'rous consequence. Shakespeare.
Such they were, who might presume t' have done
Much for the king, and honour of the state,
Having the chiefest actions undergone. Daniel's Civil War.
3. To sustain; to be the bearer of; to possess. Not in use.
Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace;
As infinite as man may undergo;
Shall, in the general censure, take corruption
From that particular fault. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
4. To sustain; to endure without fainting.
It rais'd in me
An undergoing stomach, to bear up
Against what should ensue. Shakesp. Tempest.
5. To pass through.
I carried on my enquiriess to try whether this rising world,
when finish'd, would continue always the same; or what
changes it would successively undergo, by the continued
action of the same causes. Burnet's Theory of tho Earth.
Bread put into the stomach of a dying man, will vndergo
the alteration that is merely the effect of heat. Arbuthnot.
6. To be subject to.
Claudio undergoes my challenge, and either I must shortly
hear from him, or I will subscribe him a coward. Shakesp.

UNDERGRO’UND. n. s. [under and ground.] Subterraneous
space.
They have promised to shew your highness
A spirit rais'd from depth of underground. Shakesp.
Wash'd by streams
From underground, the liquid ore he drains
Into fit molds prepared. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNDERGRO’WTH. n. s. [under and growth.] That which grows
under the tall wood.
So thick entwin'd,
As one continued brake, the undergrowth
Of shrubs, and tangling bushes, had perplex'd
All path of man, or beast, that pass'd that way. Milton.

UNDERHA’ND. adv. [under and hand.]
1. By means not apparent; secretly.
These multiplied petitions of worldly things in prayer,
have, besides their direct use, a service, whereby the church
underhand, through a kind of heavenly fraud, taketh there­
with the souls of men, as with certain baits. Hooker.
2. Clandestinely; with fraudulent secrecy.
She underhand dealt with the principal men of that country,
that they should persuade the king to make Plangus his
associate. Sidney.
They, by their precedents of wit,
T' out-fast, out-loiter, and out-sit,
Can order matters underhand,
To put all business to a stand. Hudibras.
It looks, as if I had desired him underhand to write so ill
against me; but I have not brib'd him to do me this
service. Dryden.
Such mean revenge, committed underhand,
Has ruin'd many an acre of good land. Dryden.
Wood is still working underhand to force his halfpence
upon us. Swift.
I'll hasten to my Roman soldiers,
Inflame the mutiny, and underhand
Blow up their discontents. Addison's Cato.



UNDERHA’ND. adj. Secret; clandestine; sly.
I had notice of my brother's purpose, and have, by under­
hand means, laboured to dissuade him. Shakespeare.
I should take it as a very great favour from some of my
underhand detractors, if they would break all measures with
me. Addison's Spectator, No. 262.

UNDERLA’BOURER. n. s. [under and labourer.] A subordinate
workman.
About the carriage of one stone for Amasis, the distance
of twenty days journey, for three years were employed two
thousand chosen men, governors, besides many underla­
bourers. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

UNDERI’VED. adj. [from derived.] Not borrowed.
The ideas it is busied about should be, sometimes at least,
those more congenial ones, which it had in itself, underived
from the body. Locke.

To UNDERLA’Y. v. a. [under and lay.] To strengthen by some­
thing laid under.

UNDERLE’AF. n. s. [under and leaf.] A species of apple. See
APPLE.
The underleaf, whose cyder is best at two years, is a
plentiful bearer. Mortimer's Art of Husbandry.

To UNDERLI’NE. v. a. [under and line.] To mark with lines
below the words.
By meer chance in appearance, though underlined with a
providence, they had a full sight of the infanta. Wotton.

U’NDERLING. n. s. [from under.] An inferiour agent; a sorry,
mean fellow.
The great men, by ambition never satisfied, grew factious;
and the underlings, glad indeed to be underlings to them they
hated least, to preserve them from such they hated most. Sidney.
Hereby the heads of the Septs are made stronger, whom
it should be a most special policy to weaken, and to set up
and strengthen divers of their underlings against them. Spenser.
The fault is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings. Shakesp.
O'er all his brethren he shall reign as king,
Yet every one shall make him underling. Milton.
They may print this letter, if the underlings at the post­
office take a copy of it. Pope and Swift.
A sort of underling auxiliars to the difficulty of a work,
are commentators and criticks, who frighten many by their
number and bulk.

To UNDERMI’NE. v. a. [under and mine.]
1. To dig cavities under any thing, so that it may fall, or be
blown up; to sap.
Though the foundation on a rock were laid,
The church was undermin'd and then betray'd. Denham.
An injudicious endeavour to exalt Virgil, is much the same,
as if one should think to raise the superstructure by undermining
the foundation. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.
2. To excavate under.
A vast rock undermin'd from one end to the other, and a
highway running through it, as long and as broad as the
mall. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
3. To injure by clandestine means.
Making the king's sword strike whom they hated, the
king's purse reward whom they loved; and, which is worst
of all, making the royal countenance serve to undermine the
royal sovereignty. Sidney.
They, knowing Eleanor's aspiring humour,
Have hir'd me to undermine the dutchess. Shakesp.
The father secure,
Ventures his filial virtue,
Against whate'er may tempt, whate'er seduce,
Allure or terrify, or undermine. Milton.
The undermining smile becomes habitual; and the drift of
his plausible conversation, is only to flatter one, that he may
betray another. Dryden.
He should be warn'd who are like to undermine him, and
who to serve him. Locke on Education.

UNDERMI’NER. n. s. [from undermine.]
1. He that saps; he that digs away the supports.
The enemies and underminers thereof are Romish Ca­
tholicks. Bacon.
2. A clandestine enemy.
When I perceiv'd all set on enmity,
As on my enemies, where-ever chanc'd,
I us'd hostility, and took their spoil,
To pay my underminers in their coin. Milton's Agonistes.
The most experienced disturbers and underminers of govern­
ment, have always laid their first train in contempt, endea­
vouring to blow it up in the judgment and esteem of the
subject. South's Sermons.

U’NDERMOST. adj. [This is a kind of superlative, anomalously
formed from under.]
1. Lowest in place.
Using oil of almonds, we drew up with the undermost stone
a much greater weight. Boyle.
2. Lowest in state or condition.
It happens well for the party that is undermost, when a work
of this nature falls into the hands of those, who content
themselves to attack their principles, without exposing their
persons. Addison's Freeholder, No. 19.
This opinion, taken up by other sectaries, was to last no
longer than they were undermost. Atterbury.

UNDERNE’ATH. adv. [Compounded from under and neath; of
which we still retain the comparative nether, but in adverbial
sense use beneath.] In the lower place; below; under; be­
neath.
Forthwith up to the clouds
With him I flew, and underneath beheld
The earth outstretch'd immense, a prospect wide. Milton.
And as I awake, sweet musick breathe
Above, about, or underneath;
Sent by some spirit to mortals good. Milton.
Or sullen Mole that runneth underneath;
Or Severn swift, guilty of maidens death. Milton.
The monster caught in open day,
Inclos'd, and in despair to fly away,
Howls horrible from underneath. Dryden.
The slate did not lie flat upon it, but left a free passage
underneath. Addison.

UNDERNE’ATH. prep. Under.
Fellows in arms,
Bruis'd underneath the yoke of tyranny,
Thus far into the bowels of the land
Have we march'd on. Shakesp.
Pray God, she prove not masculine ere long!
If underneath the standard of the French
She carry armour, as she hath begun. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Underneath this stone doth lie,
As much beauty as could die;
Which in life did harbour give,
To more virtue than could live. B. Johnson.
What is, hath been; what hath been shall ensue;
And nothing underneath the sun is new. Sandys's Paraphrase.
The north and south, and each contending blast,
Are underneath his wide dominion cast. Dryden.

UNDERO’FFICER. n. s. [under and officer.] An inferiour officer;
one in subordinate authority.
This certificate of excommunication by bishops, of all
others, is most in use; and would be more so, were it not
for the manifold abuses about its execution committed by
underofficers. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To U’NDERPIN. v. a. [under and pin.] To prop; to support.
Victors, to secure themselves against disputes of that kind,
underpin their acquest jure belli. Hale's Common Law.

UNDE’ROGATORY. adj. Not derogatory.
Of our happiness the apostle gives a negative description;
and to create in us apprehensions underogatory from what we
shall possess, exalts them above all that we can fancy. Boyle.

U’NDERPART. n. s. [under and part.] Subordinate, or un­
essential part.
The English will not bear a thorough tragedy, but are pleased
that it should be lightened wth underparts of mirth. Dryden.

UNDERFE’TTICOAT. n. s. [under and petticoat.] The petticoat
worn next the body.
They go to bed as tired with doing nothing, as I after
quilting a whole under-petticoat. Spectator, No. 606.

U’NDERPLOT. n. s. [under and plot.]
1. A series of events proceeding collaterally with the main story
of a play, and subservient to it.
In a tragi-comedy, there is to be but one main design;
and though there be an underplot, yet it is subservient to the
chief fable. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
2. A clandestine scheme.
The husband is so misled by tricks, and so lost in a crooked
intrigue, that he still suspects an underplot. Addison.

To UNDERPRA’ISE. v. a. [under and praise.] To praise below
desert.
In underpraising thy deserts,
Here find the first deficience of our tongue. Dryden.

To UNDERPRI’ZE. v. a. [under and prize.] To value at less
than the worth.
How far
The substance of my praise doth wrong this shadow
In underprizing it; so far this shadow
Doth limp behind the substance. Shakespeare.

To UNDERPRO’P. v. a. [under and prop.] To support; to sustain.
Here am I left to underprop the land,
Who, weak with age, cannot support myself. Shakesp.
There was made a shoring or underproping act for the be­
nevolence; to make the sums not brought in, to be leviable
by course of law. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Thou that art us'd t' attend the royal throne,
And underprop the head that bears the crown. Fenton.

UNDERPROPO’RTIONED. adj. [under and proportion.] Having
too little proportion.
To be haughty, and to make scanty and underproportioned
returns of civility, plainly tells people, they must be very
mannerly. Collier on Pride.



UNDERPU’LLER. n. s. [under and puller.] Inferiour or sub­
ordinate puller.
The mystery of seconds and thirds is such a master-piece,
that no description can reach. These underpullers in destruction
are such implicit mortals as are not to be matched. Collier.

To UNDERRA’TE. v. a. [under and rate.] To rate too low.

UNDERRA’TE. n. s. [from the verb.] A price less than is
usual.
The useless brute is from Newmarket brought,
And at an underrate in Smithfield bought,
To turn a mill. Dryden.

To UNDERSA’Y. v. n. [under and say.] To say by way of de­
rogation. Not in use.
They say, they con to heaven the highway;
But I dare undersay,
They never set foot on that same trade,
But balke their right way, and strain abroad. Spenser.

UNDERSE’CRETARY. n. s. [under and secretary.] An inferiour
or subordinate secretary.
The Jews have a tradition, that Elias sits in heaven, and
keeps a register of all men's actions, good or bad. He hath
his under-secretaries for the several nations, that takes minutes
of all that passes. Bacon's Theory of the Earth.

To UNDERSE’LL. v. a. [under and sell.] To defeat, by selling
for less; to sell cheaper than another.
Their stock being rated at six in the hundred, they
may, with great gain, undersell us, our stock being rated
at ten. Child's Discourse of Trade.

UNDERSE’RVANT. n. s. [under and servant.] A servant of the
lower class.
Besides the nerves, the bones, as underservants, with the
muscles, are employed to raise him up. Grew's Cosmology.

To U’NDERSET. v. a. [under and set.] To prop; to sup­
port.
The merchant-adventurers, being a strong company, and
well underset with rich men, and good order, held out
bravely. Bacon's Hen. VII.

UNDERSE’TTER. n. s. [from underset.] Prop; pedestal; sup­
port.
The four corners thereof had undersetters. 1 Kings vii. 30.

UNDERSE’TTING. n. s. [from underset.] Lower part; pedestal.
Their undersettings, or pedestals, are, in height, a third
part of the column. Wotton's Architecture.

UNDERSHE’RIFF. n. s. [under and sheriff.] The deputy of the
sheriff.
Since 'tis my doom, love's undershrieve,
Why this reprieve?
Why doth my she advowson fly? Cleveland's Poems.

UNDERSHE’RIFFRY. n. s. [from undersheriff.] The business,
or office of an undersheriff.
The cardinals of Rome call all temporal business, of wars
and embassages, shirreria, which is undersheriffries; as if
they were but matters for undersheriffs and catchpoles; though
many times those undersheriffries do more good than their
high speculations. Bacon.

UNDERSHOO’T. part. adj. [under and shoot.] Moved by water
passing under it.
The imprisoned water payeth the ransom of driving an
undershoot wheel for his enlargement. Carew's Surv. of Cornwall.

UNDERSO’NG. n. s. [under and song.] Chorus; burthen of a song.
So ended she; and all the rest around
To her redoubled that her undersong. Spenser.
The challenge to Damætas shall belong;
Menalcas shall sustain his undersong;
Each in his turn your tuneful numbers bring. Dryden.

To UNDERSTA’ND. v. a. preterite understood. [understan­
dan, Saxon.]
1. To comprehend fully; to have knowledge of.
The Ulysses of Ovid upbraids his ignorance, that he un­
derstood not the shield for which he pleaded. Dryden.
2. To conceive.
His sin might have been greater in that respect: but
that it was not so to be understood, appears by the opposi­
tion. Stillingfleet.
The most learned interpreters understood the words of sin,
and not of Abel. Locke.

To UNDERSTA’ND. v. n.
1. To have use of the intellectual faculties; to be an intelli­
gent or conscious being.
I have given thee a wise and understanding heart. Chronicles.
2. To be informed.
I understood of the evil Eliashib did. Neh. xiii. 7.
I understand by Sanga, you have been
Solicited against the commonwealth
By one Umbrenus. B. Johnson's Cataline.
All my soul be
Imparadis'd in you, in whom alone
I understand, and grow, and see. Donne.

UNDERSTA’NDING. n. s. [from understand.]
1. Intellectual powers; faculties of the mind, especially those
of knowledge and judgment.
I speak as my understanding instructs me, and as mine ho­
nesty puts it to utterance. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
Make him of quick understanding in the fear of the Lord. Isaiah.
It maketh day-light understanding, out of darkness. Bacon.
When she rates things, and moves from ground to ground,
The name of reason she obtains by this:
But when by reason she the truth hath found,
And standeth fix'd, she understanding is. Davies.
Life and sense,
Fancy and understanding: whence the soul
Reason receives, and reason is her being. Milton.
God is to the understanding of man, as the light of the
sun is to our eyes, its first and most glorious object. Tillotson.
2. Skill.
The understandings of a senate are often enslaved by three
or four leaders. Swift.
Right understanding consists in the perception of the visible
or probable agreement or disagreement of ideas. Locke.
Very mean people have raised their minds to a great sense
and understanding of religion. Locke.
3. Intelligence; terms of communication.
He hoped the loyalty of his subjects would concur with
him in the preserving of a good understanding between him
and his people. Clarendon.
We have got into some understanding with the enemy, by
means of Don Diego. Arbuthnot.

UNDERSTA’NDING. adj. Knowing; skilful.
The present physician is a very understanding man, and
well read. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

UNDERSTA’NDINGLY. adv. [from understand.] With know­
ledge.
Sundays may be understandingly spent in theology. Milton.

UNDERSTOO’D. pret. and part. passive of understand.

UNDERSTRA’PPER. n. s. [under and strap.] A petty fellow;
an inferior agent.
Every understrapper perk'd up, and expected a regiment,
or his son must be a major. Swift.

To UNDERTA’KE. v. a. preterite undertook; participle passive
undertaken. [underfangen, German.]
1. To attempt; to engage in.
The task he undertakes
Is numbring sands, and drinking oceans dry. Shakesp.
Hence our gen'rous emulation came;
We undertook, and we perform'd the same. Roscommon.
Fiercer than cannon, and than rocks more hard,
The English undertake th' unequal war. Dryden.
Of dangers undertaken, fame atchiev'd,
They talk by turns. Dryden.
2. To assume a character. Not in use.
His name and credit shall you undertake,
And in my house you shall be friendly lodg'd. Shakesp.
3. To engage with; to attack.
It is not fit your lordship should undertake every companion,
that you give offence to. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
You'll undertake her no more? Shakespeare.
4. To have the charge of.
To th' waterside I must conduct your grace,
Then give my charge up to Sir Nicholas Vaux,
Who undertakes you to your end. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.

To UNDERTA’KE. v. n.
1. To assume any business or province.
O Lord, I am oppressed, undertake for me. Isa. xxxviii. 34.
I undertook alone to wing th' abyss. Milton.
2. To venture; to hazard.
It is the cowish terror of his spirit,
That dare not undertake. Shakesp. K. Lear.
3. To promise; to stand bound to some condition.
If the curious search the hills after rains, I dare undertake
they will not lose their labour. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

UNDERTA’KEN. part. passive of undertake.

UNDERTA’KER. n. s. [from undertake.]
1. One who engages in projects and affairs.
Antrim was naturally a great undertaker. Clarendon.
Undertakers in Rome purchase the digging of fields, and
arrive at great estates by it. Addison.
This serves to free the enquiry from the perplexities that
some undertakers have encumber'd it with. Woodward.
Oblige thy fav'rite undertakers
To throw me in but twenty acres. Prior.
2. One who engages to build for another at a certain price.
Should they build as fast as write,
'Twould ruin undertakers quite. Swift's Miscellany.
3. One who manages funerals.

UNDERTA’KING. n. s. [from undertake.] Attempt; enterprize;
engagement.
Mighty men they are called; which sheweth a strength sur­
passing others: and men of renown, that is, of great under­
taking and adventurous actions. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
If this seem too great an undertaking for the humour of our
age, then such a sum of money ought to lie ready for taking
off all such pieces of cloth as shall be brought in. Temple.



UNDERTE’NANT. n. s. [under and tenant.] A secondary te­
nant; one who holds from him that holds from the
owner.
Settle and secure the undertenants; to the end there may
be a repose and establishment of every subject's estate, lord
and tenant. Davies's Hist. of Ireland.

UNDERTOO’K. part. passive of undertake.

UNDERVALUA’TION. n. s. [under and value.] Rate not equal
to the worth.
There is often failing by an undervaluation; for in divers
children their ingenerate powers are of slow disclosure. Wotton.

To UNDERVA’LUE. v. a. [under and value.]
1. To rate low; to esteem lightly; to treat as of little worth.
Her name is Portia, nothing undervalu'd
To Cato's daughter. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
My chief delight lay in discharging the duties of my sta­
tion; so that in comparison of it, I undervalu'd all ensigns of
authority. Atterbury.
2. To depress; to make low in estimation; to despise.
I write not this with the least intention to undervalue the
other part of poetry. Dryden.
In a kingdom grown glorious by the reputation of a sove­
reign, multitudes lessen and undervalue it. Addison.
Schooling Luther is an undervaluing term, and would
make one think that Erasmus had a mean opinion of him.
Atterbury.

UNDERVA’LUE. n. s. [from the verb.] Low rate; vile
price.
The unskilfulness, carelessness, or knavery of the traders,
added much to the undervalue and discredit of these commo­
dities abroad. Temple.

UNDERVA’LUER. n. s. [from undervalue.] One who esteems
lightly.
An undervaluer of money was Sir Henry Wotton. Walton.

UNDERWE’NT. preterite of undergo.

U’NDERWOOD. n. s. [under and wood.] The low trees that
grew among the timber.
When you fell underwood, sow haws and sloes. Mortimer.

U’NDERWORK. n. s. [under and work.] Subordinate business;
petty affairs.
Those that are proper for war, fill up the laborious part of
life, and carry on the underwork of the nation. Addison.

To UNDERWO’RK. v. a. preterite underworked, or underwrought;
participle passive underworked, or underwrought.
1. To destroy by clandestine measures.
Thou from loving England art so far,
That thou hast underwrought its lawful king,
To cut off the sequence of posterity. Shakespeare.
2. To labour less than enough.
Apelles said of Protogenes, that he knew not when to give
over. A work may be overwrought as well as under­
wrought. Dryden.

UNDERWO’RKMEN. n. s. [under and workman.] An inferiour,
or subordinate labourer.
Underworkmen are expert enough at making a single wheel
in a clock, but are utterly ignorant how to adjust the several
parts. Swift.

To UNDERWRI’TE. v. a. [under and write.] To write under
something else.
He began first with his pipe, and then with his voice,
thus to challenge Dorus, and was by him answered in the
underwritten sort. Sidney.
What addition and change I have made, I have here
underwritten. Sanderson.

UNDERWRI’TER. n. s. [from underwrite.] An insurer; so
called from writing his name under the conditions.

UNDESCRI’BED. adj Not described.
They urge, that God left nothing in his word undescribed,
whether it concerned the worship of God, or outward
polity. Hooker.
This is such a singular practice, that I had rather leave it
undescribed, than give it its proper character. Collier on Pride.

UNDESCRI’ED. adj. Not seen; unseen; undiscovered.

UNDESE’RVED. adj.
1. Not merited; not obtained by merit.
This victory, obtained with great, and truely not unde­
served, honour to the two princes, the whole estates, with one
consent, gave the crown to Musidorus. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Not incurred by fault.
The same virtue which gave him a disregard of fame,
made him impatient of an undeserved reproach. Addison.

UNDESE’RVEDLY. adv. [from undeserved.] Without desert,
whether of good or ill.
Our desire is to yield them a just reason, even of the least
things, wherein undeservedly they have but as much as dreamed
that we do amiss. Hooker, b. v. §. 7.
He which speaketh no more than edifieth, is undeservedly
reprehended for much speaking. Hooker, b. v. §. 32.
These oft as undeservedly inthral
His outward freedom. Milton's Par. Lost.
Science distinguishes a man of honour from one of those
athletick brutes, whom undeservedly we call heroes. Dryden.

UNDESE’RVER. n. s. One of no merit.
You see how men of merit are sought after; the unde­
server may sleep, when the man of action is called on. Shakesp.

UNDESE’RVING. adj.
1. Not having merit; not having any worth.
It exerts itself promiscuously towards the deserving and the
undeserving, if it relieves alike the idle and the indigent. Addison.
Shall we repine at a little misplaced charity, when an all­
wise being showers down every day his benefits on the un­
thankful and undeserving. Atterbury.
Who lose a length of undeserving days,
Would you usurp the lover's dear-bought praise? Pope.
2. Not meriting any particular advantage or hurt. With of.
I was carried to mislike, then to hate; lastly to destroy this
son undeserving destruction. Sidney.
My felicity is in retaining the good opinion of honest men,
who think me not quite undeserving of it. Pope.

UNDESI’GNED. adj. Not intended; not purposed.
Great effects by inconsiderable means are sometimes brought
about; and those so wholly undesigned by such as are the im­
mediate actors. South.
Where you conduct find,
Use and convenience; will you not agree,
That such effects could not be undesign'd,
Nor could proceed, but from a knowing mind? Blackmore.

UNDESI’GNING. adj.
1. Not acting with any set purpose.
Could atoms, which, with undirected flight,
Roam'd through the void, and rang'd the realms of night,
In order march, and to their posts advance,
Led by no guide, but undesigning chance? Blackmore.
2. Having no artful or fraudulent schemes; sincere.
He looks upon friendship, gratitude, and sense of honour,
as terms to impose upon weak, undesigning minds. South.

UNDESI’RABLE. adj. Not to be wished; not pleasing.
To add what wants
In female sex, the more to draw his love,
And render me more equal; and perhaps,
A thing not undesirable, some time
Superior; for inferior, who is free? Milton's Par. Lost.

UNDESI’RED adj. Not wished; not solicited.
O goddess-mother, give me back to fate;
Your gift was undesir'd, and came too late. Dryden.

UNDESI’RING. adj. Negligent; not wishing.
The baits of gifts and money to despise,
And look on wealth with undesiring eyes:
When thou canst truly call these virtues thine,
Be wise, and free, by heav'n's consent and mine. Dryden.

UNDESTRO’YABLE. adj. Indestructible; not susceptive of de­
struction.
Common glass, once made, so far resists the violence of
the fire, that most chymists think it a body more undestroyable
than gold itself. Boyle.

UNDESTRO’YED. adj. Not destroyed.
The essences of those species are preserved whole and un­
destroyed, whatever changes happen to any, or all of the in­
dividuals. Locke.

UNDETE’RMINABLE. adj. Impossible to be decided.
On either side the fight was fierce, and surely undetermina­
ble without the death of one of the chiefs. Wotton.
Rather an heir had no such right by divine institution,
than that God should give such a right, but yet leave it
doubtful and undeterminable who such heir is. Locke.

UNDETE’RMINATE. adj.
1. Not settled; not decided; contingent.
Surely the Son of God could not die by chance, nor the
greatest thing that ever came to pass in nature, be left to an
undeterminate event. South.
2. Not fixed.
Fluid, slippery, and underminate it is of itself. More.

UNDETE’RMINATENESS. n. s. [from undeterminate.]
UNDETERMINA’TION. n. s. [from undeterminate.]
1. Uncertainty; indecision.
He is not left barely to the undetermination, incertainty
and unsteadiness of the operation of his faculties, without a
certain, secret, predisposition of them to what is right. Hale.
2. The state of not being fixed, or invincibly directed.
The idea of a free agent is undeterminateness to one part,
before he has made choice. More's Divine Dialogues.

UNDETE’RMINED. adj.
1. Unsettled; undecided.
He has left his succession as undetermined, as if he had said
nothing about it. Locke.
Extended wide
In circuit, undetermin'd square or round. Milton.
2. Not limited; not regulated.
It is difficult to conceive that any such thing should be as
matter, undetermined by something called form. Hale.

UNDEVO’TED. adj. Not devoted.
The lords Say and Brooke, two popular men, and most
undevoted to the church, positively refused to make any such
protestation. Clarendon, b. ii.



UNDIA’PHANOUS. adj. Not pellucid; not transparent.
When the materials of glass melted, with calcined tin,
have composed a mass undiaphanous and white, this white
enamel is the basis of all concretes, that goldsmiths employ in
enamelling. Boyle on Colours.

UNDI’D. the preterite of undo.
This so undid all I had done before:
I could attempt, and he endure no more. Roscommon.

UNDIGE’STED. adj. Not concocted.
Ambition, the disease of virtue, bred
Like surfeits from an undigested fulness,
Meets death in that which is the means of life. Denham.
The glaring sun breaks in at ev'ry chink;
Yet plung'd in sloth we lie, and snore supine,
As fill'd with fumes of undigested wine. Dryden.
Meat remaining in the stomach undigested, dejection of
appetite, wind coming upwards, are signs of a phlegmatick
constitution. Arbuthnot on Diet.

UNDI’GHT. preterite put off. It is questionable whether it
have a present tense.
From her fair head her fillets she undight,
And laid her stole aside. Fairy Queen.

UNDI’NTED. adj. Not impressed by a blow.
I must rid all the sea of pirates: this 'greed upon,
To part with unhackt edges, and bear back
Our barge undinted. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNDIMI’NISHED. adj. Not impaired; not lessened.
I still accounted myself undiminished of my largest conces­
sions. K. Charles.
Think not, revolted spirit! thy shape the same,
Or undiminish'd brightness, to be known
As when thou stood'st in heav'n, upright and pure. Milton.
Sergius, who a bad cause bravely try'd,
All of a piece, and undiminish'd, dy'd. Dryden.
The deathless muse, with undiminish'd rays,
Through distant times the lovely dame conveys. Addison.
When sacrilegious hands had rased the church, even to
the foundation, these charities they suffered to stand undimi­
nish'd, untouch'd. Atterbury.

UNDI’PPED. [un and dip.] Not dipped; not plunged.
I think thee
Impenetrably good; but, like Achilles,
Thou had'st a soft Egyptian heel undip'd,
And that has made thee mortal. Dryden's Cleomenes.

UNDIRE’CTED. adj. Not directed.
The realm was left, like a ship in a storm, amidst all the
raging surges, unruled and undirected of any: for they to whom
she was committed, fainted or forsook their charge. Spenser.
Could atoms, which, with undirected flight,
Roam'd through the void, and rang'd the realms of night,
Of reason destitute, without intent,
In order march. Blackmore on the Creation.

UNDISCE’RNIBLE. adj. Not to be discerned; invisible.
I shou'd be guiltier than my guiltiness,
To think I should be undiscernible,
When I pereceive your grace. Shakespeare.
The apostle knowing that the distinction of these characters
was undiscernible by men in this life, admonishes those, who
had the most comfortable assurances of God's favour, to be
nevertheless apprehensive. Rogers's Sermons.

UNDISCE’RNIBLY. adj. Invisibly; imperceptibly.
Many secret indispositions will undiscernibly steal upon the
soul, and it will require time and close application to recover
it to the spiritualities of religion. South's Sermons.

UNDISCE’RNED. adj. Not observed; not discovered; not
descried.
Our profession, though it leadeth us into many truths
undiscerned by others, yet doth disturb their communica­
tions. Browne's Vulg. Errours.
Broken they break, and rallying they renew,
In other forms, the military shew:
At last in order undiscern'd they join,
And march together in a friendly line. Dryden.

UNDISCE’RNEDLY. adv. So as to be undiscovered.
Some associated particles of salt-petre, by lurking undiscern­
edly in the fixed nitre, had escaped the analysing violence of
the fire. Boyle.

UNDISCE’RNING. adj. Injudicious; incapable of making due
distinction.
Undiscerning muse, which heart, which eyes,
In this new couple dost thou prize? Donne.
His long experience informed him well of the state of
England; but of foreign transactions, he was entirely undis­
cerning and ignorant. Clarendon.
Thus her blind sister, fickle fortune, reigns,
And undiscerning scatters crowns and chains. Pope.

UNDISCO’RDING. adj. Not disagreeing; not jarring in musick.
We on earth, with undiscording voice,
May rightly answer that melodious noise;
As once we did, 'till disproportion'd sin
Jarr'd against nature's chime. Milton.

UNDI’SCIPLINED. adj.
1. Not subdued to regularity and order.
To be dispensed withal is an argument of natural infirmity,
if it be necessary; but if it be not, it signifies an undisciplined
and unmortified spirit. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
Divided from those climes where art prevails;
Undisciplin'd by precepts of the wise;
Our inborn passions will not brook controul;
We follow nature. Philips.
2. Untaught; uninstructed.
A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantages in
the field, in an orderly way, than skuffle with an undisci­
plin'd rabble. K. Charles.
Dry is a man of a clear head, but few words; and gains
the same advantage over Puzzle, that a small body of regu­
lar troops would gain over a numberless, undisciplin'd mi­
litia. Spectator, No. 477.

UNDISCO’VERABLE. adj. Not to be found out.
He was to make up his accounts, and by an easy, undisco­
verable cheat, he could provide against the impending
distress. Rogers.

UNDISCO’VERED. adj. Not seen; not descried; not found out.
Coming into the falling of a way, which led us into a
place, of each side whereof men might easily keep them­
selves undiscovered, I was encompassed suddenly by a great
troop of enemies. Sidney.
When the griefs of Job were exceeding great, his words
accordingly to open them were many: howbeit, still unto
his seeming they were undiscovered. Hooker.
Time glides, with undiscover'd haste;
The future but a length behind the past. Dryden.
By your counsels we are brought to view
A rich and undiscover'd world in you. Dryden.
In such passages I discover'd some beauty yet undisco­
ver'd. Dryden.

UNDISCREE’T. adj. Not wise; imprudent.
If thou be among the undiscreet, observe the time.
Ecclus xxvii.

UNDISGUI’SED. adj. Open; artless; plain; exposed to view.
If thou art Venus,
Disguis'd in habit, undisguis'd in shape;
O help us, captives, from our chains t'scape. Dryden.
If once they can dare to appear openly and undisguised,
when they can turn the ridicule upon seriousness and piety,
the contagion spreads like a pestilence. Rogers's Sermons.

UNDISHO’NOURED. adj. Not dishonoured.
Keep then fair league and truce with thy true bed:
I live distained, thou undishonoured. Shakespeare.

UNDISMA’YED. adj. Not discouraged; not depressed with
fear.
He in the midst thus undismay'd began. Milton's P. Lost.
He aim'd a blow against his undismay'd adversary. Arbuth.
Though oft repuls'd, again
They rally undismay'd. Philips.

UNDISOBLI’GING. adj. Inoffensive.
All this he would have expatiated upon, with connexions
of the discourses, and the most easy, undisobliging tran­
sitions. Broome's Notes on the Iliad.

UNDISPE’RSED. adj. Not scattered.
We have all the redolence of the perfumes we burn upon
his altars; the smoke doth vanish ere it can reach the sky;
and whilst it is undispersed, it but clouds it. Boyle.

UNDISPO’SED. adj. Not bestowed.
The employments were left undisposed of, to keep alive
the hopes of impatient candidates. Swift.

UNDISPU’TED. adj. Incontrovertible; evident.
You, by an undisputed title, are the king of poets. Dryden.
That virtue and vice tend to make these men happy, or
miserable, who severally practise them, is a proposition of
undoubted, and by me undisputed, truth. Atterbury.

UNDISSE’MBLED. adj.
1. Openly declared.
2. Honest, not feigned.
Ye are the sons of a clergy, whose undissembled and unli­
mited veneration for the holy scriptures, hath not hindered
them from paying an inferiour, but profound regard to the
best interpreters of it, the primitive writers. Atterbury.

UNDI’SSIPATED. adj. Not scattered; not dispersed.
Such little primary masses as our proposition mentions,
may remain undissipated. Boyle.

UNDISSO’LVING. adj. Never melting.
Not cold Scythia's undissolving snows,
Nor the parch'd Lybian sands thy husband bore,
But mild Parthenope. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

UNDISTE’MPERED. adj.
1. Free from disease.
2. Free from perturbation.
Some such laws may be considered, in some parliament
that shall be at leisure, from the urgency of more pressing
affairs, and shall be cool and undistempered. Temple.



UNDISTI’NGUISHABLE. adj.
1. Not to be distinctly seen.
These things seem small and undistinguishable,
Like far off mountains turned into clouds. Shakespeare.
The quaint mazes in the wanton green,
For lack of tread, are undistinguishable. Shakespeare.
Its lineaments are destroy'd, and the materials mixt in an
undistinguishable confusion. Rogers.
2. Not to be known by any peculiar property.
No idea can be undistinguishable from another, from which
it ought to be different. Locke.

UNDISTI’NGUISHED. adj.
1. Not marked out by objects or intervals.
'Tis longer since the creation of angels than of the world,
by seven hundred years: whereby we would mark out so
much of that undistinguish'd duration, as we suppose would
have admitted seven hundred annual revolutions of the
sun. Locke.
2. Not seen, or not to be seen otherwise than confusedly; not
separately and plainly descried.
'Tis like the milky way, all over bright;
But sown so thick with stars, 'tis undistinguish'd light. Dryden.
Wrinkles undistinguish'd pass,
For I'm asham'd to use a glass. Swift.
3. Admitting nothing between; having no intervenient space.
Oh undistinguish'd space of woman's will! Shakespeare.
The undistinguish'd seeds of good and ill,
Heav'n, in his bosom, from our knowledge hides. Dryden.
4. Not marked by any particular property.
Sleep to those empty lids
Is grown a stranger; and day and night,
As undistinguish'd by my sleep, as sight. Denham.
5. Not treated with any particular respect.
Sad chance of war! now destitute of aid,
Falls undistinguish'd by the victor spade. Pope.

UNDISTI’NGUISHING. adj. Making no difference.
The promiscuous and undistinguishing distribution of good
and evil, which was necessary for carrying on the designs of
providence in this life, will be rectified in another. Addison.
Undistinguishing complaisance will vitiate the taste of the
readers. Garth.
2. Not to be plainly discerned.

UNDISTRA’CTED. adj. Not perplexed by contrariety of thoughts
or desires.
When Enoch had walked with God, he was so far from
being tired with that lasting assiduity, that he admitted him
to a more immediate, and more undistracted communion with
himself. Boyle.

UNDISTRA’CTEDLY. adv. Without disturbance from contra­
riety of sentiments.
St. Paul tells us, that there is difference betwixt married
and single persons; the affections of the latter being at liberty
to devote themselves more undistractedly to God. Boyle.

UNDISTRA’CTEDNESS. n. s. Freedom from interruption by
different thoughts.
The strange confusions of this nation disturb that calmness
of mind, and undistractedness of thoughts. Boyle.

UNDISTU’RBED. adj.
1. Free from perturbation; calm; tranquil.
To our high-rais'd phantasy present
That undisturbed song of pure content. Milton.
The peaceful cities of th' Ausonian shore,
Lull'd in their ease, and undisturb'd before,
Are all on fire. Dryden.
A state, where our imitation of God shall end in the un­
disturbed fruition of him to all eternity. Atterbury.
To be undisturbed in danger, sedately to consider what is
fittest to be done, and to execute it steadily, is a complex
idea of an action, which may exist. But to be undisturbed
in danger, without using one's reason, is as real an idea as
the other. Locke.
2. Not interrupted by any hindrance or molestation.
Nature stints our appetite,
And craves no more than undisturb'd delight;
Which minds, unmix'd with cares and fears, obtain;
A soul serene, a body void of pain. Dryden.
Unvex'd with quarrels, undisturb'd with noise,
The country king his peaceful realm enjoys. Dryden.
The English, undisturb'd, submiss obey. Philips.
3. Not agitated.
A good conscience is a port which is land-lock'd on every
side, where no winds can possibly invade. There a man
may not only see his own image, but that of his maker,
clearly reflected from the undisturb'd and silent waters. Dryden.

UNDISTU’RBEDLY. adv. Calmly; peacefully.
Our minds are so weak, that they have need of all the
assistances can be procured, to lay before them undisturbedly
the thread and coherence of any discourse. Locke.

UNDIVI’DABLE. adj. Not separable; not susceptive of division.
The best actors in the world for tragedy, pastoral, scene
undividable, or poem unlimited. Shakesp. Hamlet.
How comes it, husband,
That thou art thus estranged from thyself?
Thyself, I call it, being strange to me;
That undividable, incorporate,
Am better than thy dear self's better part. Shakespeare.

UNDIVI’DED. adj. Unbroken; whole; not parted.
Love is not divided between God and God's enemy: we
must love God with all our heart; that is, give him a whole
and undivided affection. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
He extends through all extent;
Spreads undivided, operates unspent. Pope.

UNDIVU’LGED. adj. Secret; not promulgated.
Let the great gods
Find out their enemies now. Tremble, thou wretch,
That hast within thee undivulged crimes,
Unwhipp'd of justice. Shakesp. K. Lear.

To UND’O. v. a. preterite undid; participle passive undone.
 [from do.]
1. To ruin; to bring to destruction.
As this immoderate favour of the multitude did him no
good, so will it undo so many as shall trust unto it. Hayward.
Subdued, undone, they did at last obey,
And change their own for their invader's way. Roscommon.
Where, with like haste, though several ways they run,
Some to undo, and some to be undone. Denham.
Hither ye come, dislike, and so undo
The players, and disgrace the poet too. Denham.
When I behold the charming maid,
I'm ten times more undone; while hope and fear,
With variety of pain distract me. Addison's Cato.
2. To loose; to open what is shut or fastened; to unravel.
They false and fearful do their hands undo;
Brother, his brother; friend doth friend forsake. Sidney.
Pray undo this button. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
We implore thy powerful hand,
To undo the charmed band
Of true virgin here distress'd. Milton.
Were men so dull, they cou'd not see
That Lyce painted, should they flee,
Like simple birds, into a net,
So grossly woven and ill-set;
Her own teeth would undo the knot,
And let all go that she had got. Waller.
3. To change any thing done to its former state; to recall, or
annul any action.
They may know, that we are far from presuming to
think that men can better any thing which God hath done,
even as we are from thinking, that men should presume to
undo some things of men, which God doth know they can­
not better. Hooker.
It was a torment
To lay upon the damn'd, which Sycorax
Could not again undo. Shakespeare's Tempest.
We seem ambitious God's whole work t' undo;
Of nothing he made us, and we strive too,
To bring ourselves to nothing back. Donne.
They make the Deity do and undo, go forward and back­
wards. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
By granting me so soon,
He has the merit of the gift undone. Dryden.
Without this our repentance is not real, because we have
not done what we can to undo our fault. Tillotson.
Now will this woman, with a single glance,
Undo what I've been labouring all this while. Addison.
When in time the martial maid
Found out the trick that Venus play'd,
She shakes her helm; she knits her brows,
And, fir'd with indignation, vows,
Tomorrow e'er the setting sun,
She'd all undo, that she had done. Swift.

UNDO’ING. adj. Ruining; destructive.
The great and undoing mischief which befalls men, is by
their being misrepresented. South.

UNDO’ING. n. s. Ruin; destruction; fatal mischief.
To the utter undoing of some, many things by strictness of
law may be done, which equity and honest meaning for­
biddeth. Hooker.
False lustre could dazzle my poor daughter to her un­
doing. Addison's Guardian.
Fools that we are, we know that ye deceive us;
Yet act, as if the fraud was pleasing to us,
And our undoing joy. Rowe's Royal Convert.

UNDO’NE. adj. [from undo.]
1. Not done; not performed.
Do you smell a fault?
I cannot wish the fault undone, the
Issue of it being so proper. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
2. Ruined; brought to destruction.
Already is the work begun;
And we rest all undone, till all be done. Daniel's Civ. War.


There was no opportunity to call either of these two great
persons to account for what they had done, or what they had
left undone. Clarendon.

UNDO’UBTED. adj. Indubitable; indisputable; unquestion­
able.
His fact, till now, came not to an undoubted proof. Shakesp.
Thou, spirit, who ledst this glorious cremite
Into the desart, his victorious field,
Against the spiritual foe, and brought'st him thence,
By proof th' undoubted son of God, inspire. Milton.
The relations of your trials may be received as undoubted
records of certain events, and as securely be depended on, as
the propositions of Euclid. Glanville.
Made the world tremble with a num'rous host,
And of undoubted victory did boast. Waller.
Though none of these be strict demonstration, yet we have
an undoubted assurance of them, when they are proved by the
best arguments that the nature of the thing will bear. Tillotson.

UNDO’UBTEDLY. adv. Indubitably; without question; with­
out doubt.
Some fault undoubtedly there is in the very resemblance of
idolaters. Hooker.
This cardinal, undoubtedly
Was fashion'd to much honour. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Undoubtedly God will relent, and turn
From his displeasure. Milton's Par. Lost.
The original is undoubtedly one of the greatest this age has
produced. Dryden.
He that believes the christian doctrine, if he adhere to it,
and live accordingly, shall undoubtedly be saved. Tillotson.

UNDO’UBTING. adj. Admitting no doubt.
They to whom all this is revealed, and received with an
undoubting faith, if they do not presently set about so easy
and so happy a task, must acknowledge themselves in the
number of the blind. Hammond.

UNDRA’WN. adj. Not pulled by any external force.
Forth rush'd
The chariot of paternal deity undrawn,
Flashing thick flames, wheel within wheel;
Itself instinct with spirit, but convoy'd
By four cherubick shapes. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNDRE’ADED. adj. Not feared.
Better far,
Than still at hell's dark threshold t'have sat watch,
Unnam'd, undreaded, and thyself half starv'd. Milton.

UNDRE’AMED. adj. Not thought on.
A course more promising,
Than a wild dedication of yourselves
To unpath'd waters, undream'd shores; most certain
To miseries enough. Shaksp. Winter Tale.

To UNDRE’SS. v. a. [from dress.]
1. To divest of cloaths; to strip.
Undress you, and come now to bed. Shakespeare.
All were stol'n aside,
To counsel and undress the bride. Suckling.
Her fellows press'd,
And the reluctant nymph by force undress'd. Addison's Ovid.
2. To divest of ornaments, or the attire of ostentation.
Undress'd at evening, when she found
Their odours lost, their colours past,
She chang'd her look. Prior.

U’NDRESS. n. s. A loose or negligent dress.
Reform her into ease,
And put her in undress to make her please. Dryden.

UNDRE’SSED. adj.
1. Not regulated.
Thy vineyard lies half prun'd, and half undress'd. Dryden.
2. Not prepared for use.
The common country people wore perones, shoes of un­
dressed leather. Arbuthnot on Coins.

UNDRI’ED. adj. Not dried.
Their titles in the field were try'd:
Witness the fresh laments, and fun'ral tears undry'd. Dryden.
Four pounds of undried hops, thorough ripe, will make
one of dry. Mortimer's Husbandry.

UNDRI’VEN. adj. Not impelled either way.
As wint'ry winds contending in the sky,
With equal force of lungs their titles try;
The doubtful rack of heav'n
Stands without motion, and the tide undriv'n. Dryden.

UNDRO’SSY. adj. Free from recrement.
When a noontide sun, with summer beams
Darts through a cloud, her watry skirts are edg'd
With lucid amber, or undrossy gold. Philips.

UNDU’BITABLE. adj. Not admitting doubt; unquestionable.
Let that principle, that all is matter, and that there is no­
thing else, be received for certain and undubitable, and it will
be easy to be seen, what consequences it will lead us
into. Locke.

UNDU’E. adj. [indu&eumul;, Fr.]
1. Not right; not legal.
That proceeding being at that time taxed for rigorous and
undue; in matter and manner, makes it very probable there
was some greater matter against her. Bacon.
2. Not agreeable to duty.
He will not prostitute his power to mean and undue ends,
nor stoop to little and low arts of courting the people. Atterb.

U’NDULARY. adj. [from undulo, Lat.]
Playing like waves;
playing with intermissions.
The blasts and undulary breaths thereof maintain no cer­
tainty in their course. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

To U’NDULATE. v. a. [from undulo, Lat.] To drive back­
ward and forward; to make to play as waves.
Breath vocalized, i. e. vibrated and undulated, may in a
different manner affect the lips, or tongue, or palate, and
impress a swift, tremulous motion, which breath alone passing
smooth doth not. Holder's Elements of Speech.

To U’NDULATE. v. n. To play as waves in curls.
Through undulating air the sounds are sent,
And spread o'er all the fluid element. Pope.

UNDULA’TION. n. s. [from undulate.] Waving motion.
Worms and leeches will move both ways; and so will
most of those animals, whose bodies consist of round and an­
nulary fibres, and move by undulation, that is, like the
waves of the sea. Browne's Vulgar Errours.
All tuneable sounds are made by a regular vibration of the
sonorous body, and undulation of the air, proportionable to
the acuteness and gravity of the tone. Holder.
Two parallel walls beat the sound back on each other, till
the undulation is quite worn out. Addison.

U’NDULATORY adj. [from undulate.] Moving in the manner
of waves.
A constant undulatory motion is perceived by looking through
telescopes. Arbuthnot on Air.

UNDU’LY. adv. Not properly; not according to duty.
Men unduely exercise their zeal against persons; not only
against evil persons, but against those that are the most vene­
rable. Sprat's Sermons.

UNDU’TEOUS. adj. Not performing duty; irreverent; disobe­
dient.
She and I, long since contracted,
Are now so sure, that nothing can dissolve us.
And this deceit loses the name of craft,
Of disobedience, or unduteous title. Shakesp.
In Latium safe he lay,
From his unduteous son, and his usurping sway. Dryden.

UNDU’TIFUL. adj. Not obedient; not reverent.
England thinks it no good policy to have that realm planted
with English, lest they should grow so undutiful as the Irish,
and become more dangerous. Spenser's Ireland.
No man's reason did ever dictate to him, that it is fit for
a creature not to love God; to be undutiful to his great so­
vereign, and ungrateful to his best benefactor. Tillotson.

UNDU’TIFULLY. adv. [from undutiful.] Not according to duty.
The fish had long in Cæsar's ponds been sed,
And from its lord undutifully fled. Dryden's Juvenal.

UNDU’TIFULNESS. n. s. Want of respect; irreverence; dis­
obedience.
I would have thought they would rather have held in, and
staid all the other from undutifulness, than need to be forced
thereunto themselves. Spenser's Ireland.
Forbidding undutifulness to superiours, sedition and rebel­
lion against magistracy. Tillotson.

UNDY’ING. adj. Not destroyed; not perishing.
Driven down
To chains of darkness, and th' undying worm. Milton.
UNE

UNEA’RNED. adj. Not obtained by labour or merit.
As I am honest Puck,
If we have unearned luck,
Now to 'scape the serpent's tongue,
We will make amends ere long. Shakespeare.
Our work is brought to little, though begun
Early, and th' hour of supper comes unearn'd. Milton.
Wilt thou rather chuse
To lie supinely, hoping heav'n will bless
Thy slighted fruits, and give thee bread unearn'd! Philips.

UNEA’RTHED. adj. Driven from the hold.
The mighty robber of the fold,
Is from his craggy, winding haunts unearth'd. Thomson.

UNEA’RTHLY. adj. Not terrestrial.
The sacrifice
How ceremonious, solemn, and unearthly
It was i' th' offering! Shakesp. Winter Tale.

UNE’ASILY. adv. Not without pain.
He lives uneasily under the burden. L'Estrange.
They make mankind their enemy by their unjust actions,
and consequently live more uneasily in the world than other
men. Tillotson.

UNE’ASINESS. n. s. Trouble; perplexity; state of disquiet.
Not a subject
Sits in heart-grief and uneasiness,
Under the sweet shade of your government. Shakespeare.


The same uneasiness which ev'ry thing
Gives to our nature, life must also bring. Denham.
We may be said to live like those who have their hope in
another life, if we bear the uneasinesses that befall us here
with constancy. Atterbury.
Men are dissatisfied with their station, and create to them­
selves all the uneasiness of want. They fancy themselves poor,
and under this persuasion feel all the disquiet of real po­
verty. Rogers's Sermons.
His Majesty will maintain his just authority over them;
and whatever uneasiness they may give themselves, they can
create none in him. Addison's Freeholder.
The libels against his grandfather, that fly about his very
court, give him uneasiness. Swift.

UNE’ASY. adj.
1. Painful; giving disturbance.
The wisest of the Gentiles forbad any libations to be made
for dead infants, as believing they passed into happiness
through the way of mortality, and for a few months wore an
uneasy garment. Taylor's Rule of Holy Lsving.
On a tottering pinacle the standing is uneasy, and the fall
deadly. Decay of Piety.
His present thoughts are uneasy, because his present state
does not please him. L'Estrange.
Uneasy life to me,
Still watch'd and importun'd, but worse for thee. Dryden.
2. Disturbed; not at ease.
Happy low! lie down;
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. Shakespeare.
Uneasy justice upward flew,
And both the sisters to the stars withdrew. Dryden.
The passion and ill language proceeded from a gall'd and
uneasy mind. Tillotson.
It is such a pleasure as makes a man restless and uneasy,
exciting fresh desires. Addison.
One would wonder how any person should desire to be
king of a country, in which the established religion is directly
opposite to that he professes. Were it possible for such a one
to accomplish his designs, his own reason might tell him,
there could not be a more uneasy prince, nor a more unhappy
people. Addison's Freeholder.
If we imagine ourselves intitled to any thing we have not,
we shall be uneasy in the want of it; and that uneasiness will
expose us to all the evil persuasions of poverty. Rogers.
The soul, uneasy and confin'd from home,
Rests and expatiates in a life to come. Pope.
3. Constraining; cramping.
Some servile imitators
Prescribe at first such strict, uneasy rules,
As they must ever slavishly observe. Roscommon.
4. Not unconstrained; not disengaged.
In conversation, a solicitous watchfulness about one's be­
haviour, instead of being mended, will be constrained, un­
easy, and ungraceful. Locke.
5. Peevish; difficult to please.
A sour, untractable nature, makes him uneasy to those who
approach him. Addison's Spectator, No. 469.
6. Difficult. Out of use.
We will, not appearing what we are, have some question
with the shepherd: from his simplicity, I think it not uneasy
to get the cause of my son's resort thither. Shakesp.
This swift business
I must uneasy make; lest too light winning
Make the prize light. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Divers things, knowable by the bare light of nature, are
yet so uneasy to be satisfactorily understood, that, let them be
delivered in the clearest expressions, the notions themselves
will appear obscure. Boyle.

UNEA’TEN. adj. Not devoured.
Though they had but two horses left uneaten, they had
never suffered a summons to be sent to them. Clarendon.

UNE’ATH. adv. [from eath, eath, Saxon; easy.]
1. Not easily. Out of use.
Uneath may she endure the flinty street,
To tread them with her tender feeling feet. Shakesp.
2. It seems in Spenser to signify the same as beneath. Under;
below.
A roaring, hideous sound,
That all the air with terror filled wide,
And seem'd uneath to shake the stedfast ground. Fairy Queen.

UNE’DIFYING. adj. Not improving in good life.
Our practical divinity is as found and affecting, as that of
our popish neighbours is flat and unedifying. Atterbury.

UNELE’CTED. adj. Not chosen.
Putting him to rage,
You should have ta'en th' advantage of his choler,
And pass'd him unelected. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNELI’GIBLE. adj. Not worthy to be chosen.
Both extremes, above or below the proportion of our cha­
racter, are dangerous; and 'tis hard to determine which is
most uneligible. Rogers's Sermons.

UNEMPLO’YED. adj.
1. Not busy; at leisure; idle.
Other creatures, all day long
Rove idle, unemploy'd, and less need rest. Milton's Par. Lost.
Wilt thou then serve Philistines with that gift,
Which was expresly given thee to annoy them?
Better at home lie bedrid, not only idle,
Inglorious, unemploy'd, with age out-worn. Milton.
Our wise creator has annexed to several objects, and to the
ideas we receive of them, as also, to several of our thoughts,
a concomitant pleasure, that those faculties which we are en­
dowed with, might not remain idle and unemployed. Locke.
2. Not engaged in any particular work.
Pales unhonour'd, Ceres unemploy'd,
Were all forgot. Dryden.
Men, soured with poverty, and unemploy'd, easily give into
any prospect of change. Addison.

UNE’MPTIABLE. adj. Not to be emptied; inexhaustible.
Whatsoever men or angels know, it is as a drop of that
unemptiable fountain of wisdom, which hath diversly imparted
her treasures. Hooker.

UNENDO’WED. adj. Not invested; not graced.
A man rather unadorned with any parts of quickness, and
unendowed with any notable virtues, than notorious for any
defect of understanding. Clarendon.
Aspiring, factious, fierce and loud,
With grace and learning unendow'd. Swift.

UNENGA’GED. adj. Not engaged; not appropriated.
When we have sunk the only unengaged revenues left, our
incumbrances must remain perpetual. Swift.

UNENJOY’ED. adj. Not obtained; not possessed.
Each day's a mistress, unenjoy'd before;
Like travellers, we're pleas'd with seeing more. Dryden.

UNENJO’YING. adj. Not using; having no fruition.
The more we have, the meaner is our store;
Th' unenjoying, craving wretch is poor. Creech.

UNENLI’GHTENED. adj. Not illuminated.
Moral virtue natural reason, unenlightened by revelation,
prescribes. Atterbury.

UNENLA’RGED. adj. Not enlarged; narrow, contracted.
Unenlarged souls are disgusted with the wonders which the
microscope has discovered concerning the shape of little ani­
mals, which equal not a pepper-corn. Watts.

UNENSLA’VED. adj. Free; not enthralled.
By thee
She sits a sov'reign, unenslav'd and free. Addison.

UNENTERTA’INING. adj. Giving no delight; giving no enter­
tainment.
It was not unentertaining to observe by what degrees I
ceased to be a witty writer. Pope.

UNE’NVIED. adj. Exempt from envy.
The fortune, which no body sees, makes a man happy
and unenvied. Bacon.
This loss
Thus far at least recover'd, hath much more
Establish'd in a safe, unenvied throne,
Yielded with full consent. Milton's Par. Lost.
These unenvied stand;
Since what they act, transcends what they command. Denham.
What health promotes, and gives unenvy'd peace,
Is all expenceless, and procur'd with ease. Blackmore.
Beneath our humble cottage let us haste,
And here, unenvy'd, rural dainties taste. Pope's Odyssey.

UNENTO’MBED. adj. Unburied; uninterred.
Think'st thou unentomb'd to cross the floods? Dryden.

UNE’QUABLE. adj. Different from itself; diverse.
March and September, the two equinoxes, are the most
unsettled and unequable of seasons. Bentley's Sermons.

UNE’QUAL. adj. [inæqualis, Lat.]
1. Not even.
There sits deformity to mock my body;
To shape my legs of an unequal size. Shakespeare.
You have here more than one example of Chaucer's un­
equal numbers. Dryden.
2. Not equal; inferiour.
Among unequals, what society? Milton.
To bliss unknown my lofty soul aspires;
My lot unequal to my vast desires. Arbuthnot.
3. Partial; not bestowing on both the same advantages.
When to conditions of unequal peace,
He shall submit, then may he not possess
Kingdom nor life. Denham.
4. [Inegal, Fr.] Disproportionate; ill matched.
Unequal work we find,
Against unequal arms to fight in pain. Milton.
From his strong arm I saw his rival run,
And in a croud th' unequal combat shun. Dryden.
Fierce Belinda on the baron flies,
Nor fear'd the chief th' unequal fight to try. Pope.
5. Not regular; not uniform.
So strong, yet so unequal pulses beat. Dryden.



UNE’QUALABLE. adj. Not to be equalled; not to be pa­
ralelled.
Christ's love to God is silial and unequalable. Boyle.

UNE’QUALIED. adj. Unparallelled; unrivalled in excellence.
By those unequalled and invaluable blessings, he manifested
how much he hated sin, and how much he loved sinners. Boyle.
Dorinda came, divested of the scorn,
Which the unequall'd maid so long had worn. Roscommon.

UNE’QUALLY. adv. In different degrees; in disproportion one
to the other.
When we view some well-proportion'd dome,
No single parts unequally surprize;
All comes united to th' admiring eyes. Pope.

UNE’QUALNESS. n. s. Inequality; state of being unequal.

UNE’QUITABLE. adj. Not impartial; not just.
We force him to stand to those measures which we think
too unequitable to press upon a murderer. Decay of Piety.

UNEQUI’VOCAL. adj. Not equivocal.
This conceit is erroneous, making putrefactive generations
correspondent unto seminal productions, and conceiving un­
equivocal effects, and univocal conformity unto the effi­
cient. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNE’RRABLENESS. n. s. Incapacity of errour.
How much more than possible that has been, the many
innovations of that church witness; and consequently the
danger of presuming upon the unerrableness of a guide.
Decay of Piety.

UNE’RRING. adj. [inerrans, Lat.]
1. Committing no mistake.
The irresistible infirmities of our nature, make a perfect
and unerring obedience impossible. Rogers's Sermons.
Fast in chains constrain the various God;
Who bound obedient to superior force,
Unerring will prescribe your destin'd course. Pope.
His javelin threw,
Hissing in air th' unerring weapon flew. Dryden.
2. Incapable of failure; certain.
The king a mortal shaft lets fly
From his unerring hand. Denham.
Is this th' unerring power? the ghost reply'd;
Nor Phœbus flatter'd; nor his answers ly'd. Dryden.
Lovers of truth, for truth's sake; there is this one unerring
mark, the not entertaining any proposition, with greater
assurance than the proofs it is built upon will warrant. Locke.

UNE’RRINGLY. adv. Without mistake.
What those figures are, that should be mechanically adapt­
ed, to fall so unerringly into regular compositions, is beyond
our faculties to conceive. Glanville.

UNESCHE’WABLE. adj. Inevitable; unavoidable; not to be
escaped.
He gave the mayor sufficient warning to shift for safety, if
an uneschewable destiny had not haltered him. Carew.

UNESPI’ED. adj. Not seen; undiscovered; undescried.
Treachery, guile, and deceit, are things which may for a
while, but do not long go unespied. Hooker.
From living eyes her open shame to hide,
And live in rocks and caves long unespy'd. Fairy Queen.
Nearer to view his prey, and unespy'd
To mark what of their state he more might learn. Milton.
The second shaft came swift and unespy'd;
And pierc'd his hand, and nail'd it to his side. Dryden.

UNESSE’NTIAL. adj.
1. Not being of the last importance; not constituting essence.
Tillotson was moved rather with pity, than indignation,
towards the persons of those who differed from him in the
unessential parts of christianity. Addison's Freeholder.
2. Void of real being.
The void profound
Of unessential night receives him next. Milton.

UNESTA’BLISHED. adj. Not established.
From plain principles, doubt may be fairly solved, and not
clapped up from petitionary foundations unestablished. Brown.

UNE’VEN. adj.
1. Not even; not level.
These high wild hills, and rough, uneven ways,
Draw out our miles, and make them wearisome. Shakesp.
Some said it was best to fight with the Turks in that
uneven, mountain country, where the Turks chief strength
consisting in the multitude of his horsemen, should stand
him in small stead. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
They made the ground uneven about their nest, insomuch
that the state did not lie flat. Addison.
Not suiting each other; not equal.
The Hebrew verse consists of uneven feet. Peacham.

UNE’VENNESS. n. s.
Surface not level; inequality of surface.
This softness of the foot, which yields to the ruggedness
and unevenness of the roads, renders the feet less capable of
being worn, than if they were more solid. Ray on the Creation.
That motion which can continue long in one and the same
part of the body, can be propagated a long way from one
part to another, supposing the body homogeneal; so that the
motion may not be reflected, refracted, interrupted or dis­
ordered by any unevenness of the body. Newton.
2. Turbulence; changeable state.
Edward II. though an unfortunate prince, and by reason
of the troubles and unevenness of his reign, the very law
itself had many interruptions; yet it held its current in that
state his father had left it in. Hale.
3. Not smoothness.
Notwithstanding any such unevenness or indistinctness in
the style of those places, concerning the origin and form of
the earth. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

UNE’VITABLE. adj. [inevitabilis, Lat. inevitable, Fr.] Inevi­
table; not to be escaped.
So jealous is she of my love to her daughter, that I never
yet begin to open my mouth to the unevitable Philoclea, but
that her unwished presence gave my tale a conclusion, before
it had a beginning. Sidney. 

UNEXA’CTED. adj. Not exacted; not taken by force.
All was common, and the fruitful earth
Was free, to give her unexacted birth. Dryden.

UNEXA’MINED. adj. Not enquired; not tried; not discussed.
Yet within these five hours Hastings liv'd
Untainted, unexamin'd, free at liberty. Shakespeare.
They utter all they think, with a violence and indispo­
sition, unexamin'd, without relation to person, place, or
fitness. B. Johnson.
The most pompous seeming knowledge, that is built on
the unexamined prejudices of sense, stands not. Glanville.

UNEXA’MPLED. adj. Not known by any precedent or ex­
ample.
Charles returned with unexampled love from Algiers. Raleigh.
O unexampl'd love!
Love no where to be found less than divine. Milton.
God vouchsaf'd Enoch an unexampled exemption from
death. Boyle.
Your twice-conquer'd vassals,
First, by your courage, then your clemency,
Here humbly vow to sacrifice their lives,
The gift of this your unexampled mercy,
To your command. Denham's Sophy.
I tune my pipe afresh, each night and day,
Thy unexampled goodness to extoll. Philips.

UNEXCE’PTIONABLE. adj. Not liable to any objection.
Personal prejudices should not hinder us from pursuing,
with joint hands and hearts, the unexceptionable design of
this pious institution. Atterbury.

UNEXCO’GITABLE. adj. Not to be found out.
Wherein can man resemble his unexcogitable power and
perfectness. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

UNE’XECUTED. adj. Not performed; not done.
Leave unexecuted your own renowned knowledge. Shakesp.

UNEXCI’SED. adj. Not subject to the payment of excise.

UNEXE’MPLIFIED. adj. Not made known by instance or
example.
Those wonders a generation returned with so unexemplified
an ingratitude, that it is not the least of his wonders, that
he would vouchsafe to work any of them. Boyle.
This being a new, unexemplify'd kind of policy, must pass
for the wisdom of this particular age, scorning the examples
of all former ages. South.

UNEXERCI’SED. adj. Not practised; not experienced.
Messapus, with his ardour, warms
A heartless train, unexercis'd in arms. Dryden.
Abstract ideas are not so obvious to the yet unexercised mind,
as particular ones. Locke.

UNEXE’MPT. adj. Not free by peculiar privilege.
You invert the cov'nants of her trust,
And harshly deal like an ill borrower,
With that which you receiv'd on other terms,
Scorning the unexempt condition
By which all mortal frailty must subsist. Milton.

UNEXHAU’STED. adj. [inexhaustus, Lat.] Not spent; not drain­
ed to the bottom.
What avail her unexhausted stores?
While proud oppression in her vallies reigns. Addison.

UNEXPA’NDED. adj. Not spread out.
Every fœtus bears a secret hoard;
With sleeping, unexpanded issue stor'd. Blackmore.

UNEXPE’CTED. adj. Not thought on; sudden; not provided
against.
Have wisdom to provide always beforehand, that those
evils overtake us not, which death unexpected doth use to
bring upon careless men; and although it be sudden in it­
self, nevertheless, in regard of our prepared minds, it may
not be sudden. Hooker, b. v. §. 46.
Sith evils, great and unexpected, do cause oftentimes even
them to think upon divine power with fearfullest suspicions,
which have been otherwise the most sacred adorers thereof;
how should we look for any constant resolution of mind in
such cases, saving only where unseigned affection to God,
hath bred the most assured confidence to be assisted by his
hand? Hooker, b. v. §. 1.


O unexpected stroke! worse than death!
Must I thus leave thee, paradise? Milton's Par. Lost.
Them unexpected joy surpriz'd,
When the great ensign of Messiah blaz'd. Milton.
Their unexpected loss and plaints out-breath'd. Milton.
Some amazement;
But such as sprung from wonder, not from fear,
It was so unexpected. Denham's Sophy.
To the pale foes they suddenly draw near,
And summon them to unexpected fight. Dryden.
Deep was the wound; he stagger'd with the blow,
And turn'd him to his unexpected foe. Dryden.
When Barcelona was taken by a most unexpected accident
of a bomb lighting on the magazine, then the Catalonians
revolted. Swift.

UNEXPE’CTEDLY. adv. Suddenly; at a time unthought of.
Of the seems to hide his face,
But unexpectedly returns. Milton's Agonistes.
A most bountiful present, when I was most in want of it,
came most seasonably and unexpectedly to my relief. Dryden.
If the concernment be poured in unexpectedly upon us, it
overflows us. Dryden.
You have fairer warning than others, who are unexpectedly
cut off. Wake.
My heart was filled with a deep melancholy, to see several
dropping unexpectedly in the midst of mirth. Addison.
Though you went away so unexpectedly, yet we have inform­
ed ourselves of every thing that hath happened to you. Gay.

UNEXPE’CTEDNESS. n. s. Suddenness; unthought of time or
manner.
He describes the unexpectedness of his appearance. Watts.

UNEXPE’RIENCED. adj. Not versed; not acquainted by trial
or practice.
The wisest, unexperienc'd, will be ever
Timorous and loth, with novice modesty,
Irresolute, unhardy, unadvent'rous. Milton.
Long use may strengthen men against many such incon­
veniences, which, to unexperienc'd persons, may prove very
hazardous. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
The pow'rs of Troy;
Not a raw and unexperienc'd train,
But a firm body of embattl'd men. Dryden.
These reproaches are the extravagant speeches of those un­
experienced in the things they speak against. Tillotson.
Unexperienced young men, if unwarned, take one thing
for another. Locke.
The smallest accident intervening, often produces such
changes, that a wise man is just as much in doubt of events,
as the most ignorant and unexperienced. Swift.

UNEXPE’DIENT. adj. Inconvenient; not fit.
The like would not be unexpedient after meat, to assist and
cherish nature in her first concoction, and send their minds
back to study in good tune. Milton on Education.

UNEXPE’RT. adj. [inexpertus, Lat.] Wanting skill or knowledge.
Receive the partner of my inmost soul:
Him you will find in letters, and in laws
Not unexpert. Prior.

UNEXPLO’RED. adj.
1. Not searched out.
Oh! say what stranger cause, yet unexplor'd,
Could make a gentle belle reject a lord? Pope.
2. Not tried; not known.
Under thy friendly conduct will I fly,
To regions unexplor'd. Dryden.

UNEXPO’SED. adj. Not laid open to censure.
They will endeavour to diminish the honour of the best
treatise, rather than suffer the little mistakes of the author
to pass unexposed. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

UNEXPRE’SSIBLE. adj. Ineffable; not to be uttered.
What unexpressible comfort does overflow the pious soul,
from a conscience of its own innocency. Tillotson.

UNEXPRE’SSIVE. adj.
1. Not having the power of uttering or expressing. This is the
natural and analogical signification.
2. Inexpressible; unutterable; ineffable; not to be expressed.
Improper, and out of use.
Run, run, Orlando, carve on every tree
The fair, the chaste, and inexpressive she. Shakespeare.
With nectar pure his ouzy locks he laves,
And hears the unexpressive, nuptial song,
In the blest kingdoms, meek, of joy and love. Milton.
The helmed cherubim,
And sworded seraphim,
Are seen in glitt'ring ranks, with wings display'd,
Harping in loud and solemn quire,
With inexpressive notes to heaven's new-born heir. Milton.

UNEXTE’NDED. adj. Occupying no assignable space; having
no dimensions.
How inconceivable is it, that a spiritual, i. e. an unextended
substance, should represent to the mind an extended one, as a
triangle? Locke.

UNEXTI’NGUISHABLE. adj. [inextinguible, Fr.] Unquenchable;
not to be put out.
Pain of unextinguishable fire
Must exercise us, without hope of end. Milton.
What native, unextinguishable beauty must be impressed
through the whole, which the defædation of so many parts
by a bad printer, and a worse editor, could not hinder from
shining forth? Bentley.

UNEXTI’NGUISHED. adj. [inextinctus, Lat.]
1. Not quenched; not put out.
The souls, whom that unhappy flame invades,
Make endless moans, and, pining with desire,
Lament too late their unextinguish'd fire. Dryden.
Ev'n o'er your cold, your ever-sacred urn,
His constant flame, shall unextinguish'd burn. Lyttleton.
2. Not extinguishable.
An ardent thirst of honour; a soul unsatisfied with all it
has done, and an unextinguish'd desire of doing more. Dryden.
UNF

UNFA’DED. adj. Not withered.
A lovely flow'r,
Unfaded yet, but yet unfed below,
No more to mother earth, or the green stem shall owe. Dryd.

UNFA’DING. adj. Not liable to wither.
For her th' unfading rose of Eden blooms,
And wings of seraphs shed divine perfumes. Pope.

UNFA’ILING. adj. Certain; not missing.
Nothing the united voice of all history proclaims so loud,
as the certain, unfailing curse, that has pursued and overtook
sacrilege. South's Sermons.
Thou, secure of my unfailing word,
Compose thy swelling soul, and sheath the sword. Dryden.

UNFA’IR. adj. Disingenuous; subdolous; not honest.
You come, like an unfair merchant, to charge me with
being in your debt. Swift.

UNFA’ITHFUL. adj.
1. Perfidious; treacherous.
If you break one jot of your promise, I will think you
the most atheistical break-promise, and the most unworthy,
that may be chosen out of the gross band of the un­
faithful. Shakespeare.
My feet, through wine, unfaithful to their weight,
Betray'd me tumbling from a tow'ry height. Pope.
2. Impious; infidel.
Thence shall come
To judge th' unfaithful dead; but to reward
His faithful, and receive them into bliss. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNFA’ITHFULLY. adv. Treacherously; perfidiously.
There is danger of being unfaithfully counselled; and more
for the good of them that counsel, than for him that is
counselled. Bacon.

UNFA’ITHFULNESS. n. s. Treachery; perfidiousness.
As the obscurity of what some writers deliver, makes it
very difficult to be understood; so the unfaithfulness of too
many others, makes it unfit to be relied on. Boyle.

UNFA’LLOWED. adj. Not fallowed.
Th' unfallow'd glebe
Yearly o'ercomes the granaries with stores
Of golden wheat. Phillips.

UNFAMI’LIAR. adj. Unaccustomed; such as is not com­
mon.
The matters which we handle, seem, by reason of new­
ness, dark, intricate, unfamiliar. Hooker, b. i.
Chaucer's uncouth, or rather unfamiliar, language, deters
many readers. Warton's Spenser.

UNFA’SHIONABLE. adj. Not modish; not according to the
reigning custom.
A man writes good sense, but he has not a happy manner
of expression. Perhaps he uses obsolete and unfashionable
language. Watts's Logick.

UNFA’SHIONABLENESS. n. s. Deviation from the mode.
Natural unfashionableness is much better than apish, affected
postures. Locke.

UNFA’SHIONED. adj.
1. Not modified by art.
Mark but how terribly his eyes appear;
And yet there is something roughly noble there;
Which, in unfashion'd nature, looks divine,
And, like a gem, does in the quarry shine. Dryden.
2. Having no regular form.
A lifelefs lump, unfashion'd and unfram'd,
Of jarring seeds, and justly chaos nam'd. Dryden.

UNFA’SHIONABLY. adv. [from unfashionable.]
1. Not according to the fashion.
2. Unartfully.
Deform'd, unfinish'd, sent before my time
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up;
And that so lamely and unfashionably,
That dogs bark at me. Shakespeare's Rich. III.

To UNFA’STEN. v. a. To loose; to unfix.
He had no sooner unfastened his hold, but that a wave
forcibly spoiled his weaker hand of hold. Sidney, b. ii.


His foes are so enrooted with his friends,
That plucking to unfix an enemy,
He doth unfasten so, and shake a friend. Shakespeare.
Then in the key-hole turns
Th' intricate wards, and every bolt and bar
Of massy iron, or solid rock, with ease
Unfastens. Milton's Par. Lost. b. ii. l. 876.

UNFA’THERED. adj. Fatherless; having no father.
They do observe
Unfather'd heirs, and loathly births of nature. Shakesp.

UNFA’THOMABLE. n. s.
1. Not to be sounded by a line.
In the midst of the plain a beautiful lake, which the in­
habitants thereabouts pretend is unfathomable. Addison.
Beneath unfathomable depths they faint,
And secret in their gloomy caverns pant. Addison's Ovid.
2. That of which the end or extent cannot be found.
A thousand parts of our bodies may be diversified in all
the dimensions of solid bodies; which overwhelms the fancy
in a new abyss of unfathomable number. Bentley's Sermons.

UNFA’THOMABLY. adv. So as not to be sounded.
Cover'd pits, unfathomably deep. Thomson.

UNFA’THOMED. adj. Not to be sounded.
The Titan race
He sing'd with light'ning, rowl within the unfathom'd space.
Dryden.

UNFATI’GUED. adj. Unwearied; untired.
Over dank, and dry,
They journey toilsome, unfatigu'd with length
Of march. Phillips.

UNFA’VOURABLY. adv.
1. Unkindly; unpropitiously.
2. So as not to countenance, or support.
Bacon speaks not unfavourably of this. Glanville.

UNFEA’RED. adj.
1. Not affrighted; intrepid; not terrified.
Just men
Though heaven should speak with all his wrath at once,
That with his breath the hinges of the world
Did crack, we should stand upright and unfear'd. B. Johnson.
2. Not dreaded; not regarded with terrour.

UNFE’ASIBLE. adj. Impracticable.

UNFE’ATHERED. adj. Implumous; naked of feathers.
The mother nightingale laments alone;
Whose nest some prying churl had found, and thence
By stealth convey'd th' unfeather'd innocence. Dryden.

UNFE’ATURED. adj. Deformed; wanting regularity of fea­
tures.
Visage rough,
Deform'd, unfeatur'd, and a skin of buff. Dryden.

UNFE’D. adj. Not supplied with food.
Each bone might through his body well be read,
And every sinew seen through his long fast;
For nought he car'd, his carcass long unfed. Fairy Queen.
A grisly foaming wolf unfed. Roscommon.

UNFEE’D. adj. Unpaid.
It is like the breath of an unfeed lawyer; you gave me no­
thing for't. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

UNFEE’LING. adj. Insensible; void of mental sensibility.
Dull, unfeeling, barren ignorance,
Is made my goaler to attend on me. Shakesp. Rich. II.
Unlucky Welsted! thy unfeeling master,
The more thou ticklest, gripes his fist the faster. Pope.

UNFE’IGNED. adj. Not counterfeited; not hypocritical; real;
sincere.
Here I take the like unfeigned oath,
Never to marry her. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
Thousand decencies that daily flow
From all her words and actions, mix'd with love,
And sweet compliance, which declare unfeigned
Union of mind. Milton's Par. Lost.
Sorrow unfeign'd, and humiliation meek. Milton.
Employ it in unfeigned piety towards God. Sprat.

UNFE’IGNEDLY. adv. Really; sincerely; without hypocrisy.
He pardoneth all them that truly repent, and unfeignedly
believe his holy gospel. Common Prayer.
How should they be unfeignedly just, whom religion doth
not cause to be such; or they religious, which are not found
such by the proof of their just actions? Hooker.
Prince dauphin, can you love this lady?—
—I love her most unfeignedly. Shakesp. K. John.
Thou hast brought me and my people unfeignedly to repent
of the sins we have committed. K. Charles.

UNFE’LT. adj. Not felt; not perceived.
All my treasury
Is but yet unfelt thanks, which, more enrich'd,
Shall be your love and labour's recompence. Shakespeare.
Her looks, from that time infus'd
Sweetness into my heart, unfelt before. Milton's Par. Lost.
'Tis pleasant, safely to behold from shore
The rowling ships, and hear the tempest roar;
Not that another's pain is our delight,
But pains unfelt produce the pleasing sight. Dryden.

UNFE’NCED. adj.
1. Naked of fortification.
I'd play incessantly upon these jades;
Even till unfenced desolation
Leave them as naked as the vulgar air. Shakespeare.
2. Not surrounded by any inclosure.

UNFERME’NTED. adj. Not fermented.
All such vegetables must be unfermented; for fermenta­
tion changes their nature. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

UNFE’RTILE. adj. Not fruitful; not prolifick.
Peace is not such a dry tree, such a sapless, unfertile thing,
but that it might fructify and increase. Decay of Piety.

To UNFE’TTER. v. a. To unchain; to free from shackles.
Unfetter me with speed,
I see you troubled that I bleed. Dryden.
This most useful principle may be unfetter'd, and restored
to its native freedom of exercise. Addison's Spectator.
The soul in these instances is not entirely loose and un­
fetter'd from the body. Addison's Spectator.
Th' unfetter'd mind by thee sublim'd. Thomson.

UNFI’GURED. adj. Representing no animal form.
In unfigured paintings the noblest is the imitation of mar­
bles, and of architecture, as arches, freezes. Wotton.

UNFI’LLED. adj. Not filled; not supplied.
Come not to table, but when thy need invites thee; and
if thou beest in health, leave something of thy appetite un­
filled. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
The air did not precisely fill up the vacuities of the vessel,
since it left so many unfilled. Boyle.
The throne of my forefathers
Still stands unfill'd. Addison's Cato.

UNFI’RM. adj.
1. Weak; feeble.
Our fancies are more giddy and unfirm
Than women's are. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
So is the unfirm king
In three divided; and his coffers sound
With hollow poverty and emptiness. Shakespeare.
2. Not stable.
Take the time, while stagg'ring yet they stand,
With feet unfirm, and prepossess the strand. Dryden.

UNFI’LIAL. adj. Unsuitable to a son.
You offer him a wrong,
Something unfilial. Shakespeare.
Teach the people, that to hope for heaven is a mercenary,
legal, and therefore unfilial, affection. Boyle.

UNFI’NISHED. adj. Incomplete; not brought to an end; not
brought to perfection; imperfect; wanting the last hand.
It is for that such outward ornament
Was lavish'd on their sex, that inward gifts
Were left for haste unfinish'd. Milton.
I dedicate to you a very unfinished piece. Dryden.
His hasty hand left his pictures so unfinished, that the beauty
in the picture faded sooner than in the person after whom it
was drawn. Spectator, No. 83.
This collection contains not only such pieces as come under
our review, but many others, even unfinished. Swift.

UNFI’T. adj.
1. Improper; unsuitable.
They easily perceive how unfit that were for the present,
which was for the first age convenient enough. Hooker.
Neither can I think you would impose upon me an unfit
and over-ponderous argument. Milton on Education.
2. Unqualified.
Unfit he was for any worldly thing,
And eke unable once to stir or go. Spenser.
Old as I am, for ladies love unfit,
The pow'r of beauty I remember yet. Dryden.
A genius that can hardly take in the connection of three
propositions, is utterly unfit for speculative studies. Watts.

To UNFI’T. v. a. To disqualify.
Those excellencies, as they qualified him for dominion,
so they unfitted him for a satisfaction or acquiescence in
his vassals. Government of the Tongue.

UNFI’TTING. adj. Not proper.
Although monosyllables, so rife in our tongue, are unfitting
for verses, yet are they the most fit for expressing briefly the
first conceits of the mind. Camden.

UNFI’TLY. adv. Not properly; not suitably.
Others, reading to the church those books which the apostles
wrote, are neither untruly nor unfitly said to preach. Hooker.
The kingdom of France may be not unfitly compared to a
body that hath all its blood drawn up into the arms, breast
and back. Howel.

UNFI’TNESS. n. s.
1. Want of qualifications.
In setting down the form of common prayer, there was
no need that the book should mention either the learning
of a fit, or the unfitness of an ignorant minister. Hooker.


It is looked upon as a great weakness, and unfitness for
business, for a man to be so open, as really to think not
only what he says, but what he swears. South.
2. Want of propriety.

To UNFI’X. v. a.
1. To loosen; to make less fast.
Plucking to unfix an enemy,
He doth unfasten a friend. Shakespeare's Hen. IV.
Who can impress the forest, bid the tree
Unfix his earth-bound root? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. To make fluid.
Stiff with eternal ice, and hid in snow,
The mountain stands; nor can the rising sun
Unfix her frosts, and teach them how to run. Dryden.

UNFI’XED. adj.
1. Wandering; crratick; inconstant; vagrant.
So vast the noise, as if not fleets did join;
But lands unfix'd, and floating nations strove. Dryden.
Her lovely looks a sprightly mind disclose,
Quick as her eyes, and as unfix'd as those. Pope.
2. Not determined.
Irresolute on which she shou'd rely:
At last unfix'd in all, is only fix'd to die. Dryden.

UNFLE’DGED. adj. That has not yet the full furniture of fea­
thers; young; not completed by time; not having at­
tained full growth.
The friends thou hast, and their adoption try'd,
Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel:
But do not dull thy palm with entertainment
Of each new-hatch'd, unfledg'd comrade. Shakespeare.
In those unfledg'd days was my wife a girl. Shakespeare.
Unfledg'd actors learn to laugh and cry. Dryden.

UNFLE’SHED. adj. Not fleshed; not seasoned to blood;
raw.
Nature his limbs only for war made fit;
With some less foe thy unflesh'd valour try. Cowley.
As a generous, unflesh'd hound, that hears
From far the hunter's horn and chearful cry,
So will I haste. Dryden's Cleomenes.

UNFO’ILED. adj. Unsubdued; not put to the worst.
The usurped powers thought themselves secure in the
strength of an unfoiled army of sixty thousand men, and in a
revenue proportionable. Temple.

To UNFO’LD. v. a.
1. To expand; to spread; to open.
I saw on him rising
Out of the water, heav'n above the clouds
Unfold her crystal doors; thence on his head
A perfect dove descend. Paradise Regain'd.
Invade his hissing throat, and winding spires,
'Till stretch'd in length th' unfolded foe retires. Dryden.
Ah, what avail!
The vivid green his shining plumes unfold. Pope.
Sloth unfolds her arms, and wakes;
List'ning envy drops her snakes. Pope's St. Cecilia.
2. To tell; to declare.
What tidings with our cousin Buckingham?—
—Such as my heart doth tremble to unsold. Shakesp.
Unfold to me why you are heavy. Shakespeare.
Unfold the passion of my love;
Surprize her with discourse of my dear faith. Shakesp.
Helen, to you our minds we will unfold. Shakespeare.
How comes it thus? Unfold, celestial guide! Milton.
Things of deep sense we may in prose unfold;
But they move more, in lofty numbers told. Roscommon.
3. To discover; to reveal.
Time shall unfold what plaited cunning hides,
Who covers saults, at last with shame derides. Shakesp.
If the object be seen through two or more such convex or
concave glasses, every glass shall make a new image, and the
object shall appear in the place, and of the bigness of the last
image; which consideration unfolds the theory of microscopes
and telescopes. Newton's Opticks.
4. To display; to set to view.
We are the inhabitants of the earth, and endowed with
understanding; doth it then properly belong to us, to exa­
mine and unfold the works of God? Burnet.

UNFO’LDING. adj. Directing to unfold.
The unfolding star calls up the shepherd. Shakespeare.

To UNFOO’L. v. a. To restore from folly.
Have you any way to unfool me again? Shakespeare.

UNFORBI’D. adj. Not prohibited.
UNFORBI’DDEN. adj. Not prohibited.
If unforbid thou may'st unfold
What we, not to explore the secrets, ask
Of his eternal empire. Milton's Par. Lost.
These are the unforbidden trees; and here we may let
loose the reins, and indulge our thoughts. Norris.
A good man not only forbears those gratifications, which
are forbidden by reason and religion, but even restrains
himself in unforbidden instances. Atterbury.

UNFORBI’DDENNESS. n. s. The state of being unforbidden.
The bravery you are so severe to, is no where expressly
prohibited in scripture; and this unforbiddenness they think
sufficient to evince, that the sumptuousness you condemn is
not in its own nature sinful. Boyle.

UNFO’RCED. adj.
1. Not compelled; not constrained.
This gentle and unforc'd accord of Hamlet
Sits smiling to my heart. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Unforc'd by punishment, unaw'd by fear;
His words were simple, and his soul sincere. Dryden.
2. Not impelled.
No more can impure man retain and move
In that pure region of a worthy love,
Than earthly substance can, unforc'd, aspire,
And leave his nature to converse with fire. Donne.
3. Not feigned.
Upon these tidings they broke forth into such unforced and
unfeigned passions, as it plainly appeared that good-nature did
work in them. Hayward.
4. Not violent.
Windsor the next above the valley swells
Into my eye, and doth itself present
With such an easy and unforc'd ascent,
That no stupendous precipice denies
Access, no horror turns away our eyes. Denham.
5. Not contrary to case.
If one arm is streched out, the body must be somewhat
bow don the opposite side, in a situation which is unforc'd. Dryd.

UNFO’RCIBLE. adj. Wanting strength.
The same reason which causeth to yield that they are of
some force in the one, will constrain to acknowledge, that
they are not in the other altogether unforcible. Hooker.

UNFOREBO’DING. adj. Giving no omens.
Unnumbered birds glide through th' aerial way,
Vagrants of air, and unforebeding stray. Pope's Odyssey.

UNFOREKNOWS. adj. Not foreseen by prescience.
Which had no less prov'd certain, unforcknown. Milton.

UNFOR SKINED. adj. Circumcised.
Won by a Philistine from the unforeskin'd race. Milton.

UNFORESEE’N. adj. Not known before it happened.
Unforeseen, they say, is unprepar'd. Dryden.

UNFORFEITED. adj. Not forfeited.
This was the antient, and is yet the unforfeited glory of
our religion. Rogers's Sermons.

UNFORGO’TTEN. adj. Not lost to memory.
The thankful remembrance of so great a benefit received,
shall for ever remain unforgotten. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

UNFORGI’VING. adj. Relentless; implacable.
The sow with her broad snout for rooting up
Th' intrusted seed, was judg'd to spoil the crop;
The covetous churl, of unforgiving kind,
Th' offender to the bloody priest resign'd. Dryden.

UNFO’RMED. adj. Not modified into regular shape.
All putrefaction being a dissolution of the first form, is a
mere confusion, and unformed mixture of the parts. Bacon.
The same boldness discovers itself in the several adventures
he meets with during his passage through the regions of un­
formed matter. Spectator, No. 309.

UNFORSA’KEN. adj. Not deserted.
They extend no farther to any sort of sins continued in or
unforsaken, than as they are reconcileable with sincere endea­
vours to forsake them. Hammond's Fundamentals.

UNF’ORTIFIED. adj.
1. Not secured by walls or bulwarks.
Their weak heads, like towns unfortify'd,
'Twixt sense and nonsense daily change their side. Pope.
2. Not strengthened; infirm; weak; feeble.
It shews a will most incorrect to heav'n;
A heart unfortify'd, a mind impatient;
An understanding simple, and unschool'd. Shakespeare.
3. Wanting securities.
They will not restrain a secret mischief, which, consider­
ing the unfortify'd state of mankind, is a great defect. Collier.

UNFO’RTUNATE. adj. Not successful; unprosperous; want­
ing luck; unhappy.
All things religiously taken in hand, are prosperously ended;
because whether men in the end have that which religion did
allow to desire, or that which it teacheth them contentedly
to suffer, they are in neither event unfortunate. Hooker.
Whosoever will live altogether out of himself, and study
other men's humours, shall never be unfortunate. Raleigh.
Vindictive persons live the life of wicthes, who, as they
are mischievous, end unfortunate. Bacon.
He that would hunt a hare with an elephant, is not un­
fortunate for missing the mark, but foolish for chusing such an
unapt instrument. Taylor.
The virgins shall on feastful days
Visit his tomb with flowers, only bewailing
His lot unfortunate in nuptial choice,
From whence captivity and loss of eyes. Milton's Agonistes.



UNFO’RTUNATELY adv. Unhappily; without good luck.
Unconsulting affection unfortunately born to mewards,
made Zelmane borrow so much of her natural modesty, as
to leave her more decent raiments. Sidney.
Most of these artists unfortunately miscarry'd, by falling
down and breaking their arms. Wilkins.
She kept her countenance when the lid remov'd,
Disclos'd the heart, unfortunately lov'd. Dryden.

UNFO’RTUNATENESS. adj. [from unfortunate.] Ill luck. Not
in use.
O me, the only subject of the destinies displeasure, whose
greatest fortunateness is more unfortunate, than my sister's
greatest unfortunateness. Sidney.

UNFO’UGHT. adj. [un and fought.] Not fought.
They used such diligence in taking the passages, that it
was not possible they should escape unfought with Knolles.

UNFOU’LED. adj. Unpolluted; uncorrupted; not soiled.
The humour and tunicles are purely transparent, to let
in light unfoul'd and unsophisticated by any inward tincture.
More.

UNFOU’ND. adj. Not found; not met with.
Somewhat in her excelling all her kind,
Excited a desire till then unknown;
Somewhat unfound, or found in her alone. Dryden.

UNFRA’MABLE. adj. Not to be moulded.
The cause of their disposition so unframable unto societies,
wherein they live, is for that they discern not aright what
force these laws ought to have. Hooker.

UNFRA’MED. adj. Not formed; not fashioned.
A lifeless lump, unfashion'd and unfram'd,
Of jarring seeds, and justly chaos nam'd. Dryden.

UNFRE’QUENT. adj. Uncommon; not happening often.
Part thereof is visible unto any situation; but being only
discoverable in the night, and when the air is clear, it be­
comes unfrequent. Browne's Vulgar Errours.

To UNFREQUE’NT. v. a. To leave; to cease to frequent. A
bad word.
Glad to shun his hostile gripe,
They quit their thefts, and unfrequent the fields. Philips.

UNFRE’QUENTED. adj. Rarely visited; rarely entered.
Many unfrequented plots there are,
Fitted by kind for rape and villainy. Shakespeare.
Retiring from the pop'lar noise, I seek
This unfrequented place to find some ease. Milton.
How well your cool and unfrequented shade
Suits with the chaste retirements of a maid? Roscommon.
Can he not pass an astronomick line,
Nor farther yet in liquid æther roll,
'Till he has gain'd some unfrequented place? Blackmore.
With what caution does the hen provide herself a nest in
places unfrequented, and free from noise. Addison.

UNFREQUE’NTLY. adj. Not commonly.
They, like Judas, desire death, and not unfrequently pur­
sue it. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNFRIE’NDED. adj. Wanting friends; uncountenanced; un­
supported.
These parts to a stranger,
Unguided and unfriended, often prove
Rough and unhospitable. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
Great acts require great means of enterprize;
Thou art unknown, unfriended, low of birth. Milton.
O God!
Who me unfriended brought'st, by wond'rous ways,
The kingdom of my fathers to possess. Dryden.

UNFRIE’NDLINESS. n. s. [from unfriendly.] Want of kind­
ness; want of favour.
You might be apt to look upon such disappointments as
the effects of an unfriendliness in nature or fortune to your
particular attempts. Boyle.

UNFRIE’NDLY. adj. Not benevolent; not kind.
What signifies an unfriendly parent or brother? 'Tis friend­
ship only that is the cement which effectively combines man­
kind. Government of the Tongue.
This fear is not that servile dread, which flies from God
as an hostile, unfriendly being, delighting in the misery of his
creatures. Rogers's Sermons.

UNFRO’ZEN. adj. Not congealed to ice.
Though the more aqueous parts will, by the loss of their
motion, be turned into ice, yet the more subtile parts re­
main unfrozen. Boyle.

UNFRUI’TFUL. adj.
1. Not prolifick.
Ah! hopeless, lasting flames! like those that burn
To light the dead, and warm th' unfruitful urn. Pope.
2. Not fructiferous.
The naked rocks are not unfruitful there;
Their barren tops with luscious food abound. Waller.
3. Not fertile.
Lay down some general rules for the knowing of fruitful
and unfruitful soils. Mortimer's Husbandry.
4. Not producing good effects.

UNFULFI’LLED. adj. Not fulfilled.
Fierce desire,
Still unfulfilled with pain of longing, pines. Milton.

To UNFU’RL. v. a. To expand; to unfold; to open.
The next motion is that of unfurling the fan, in which
are several little flirts and vibrations. Addison.
Her ships anchor'd, and her sails unfurl'd
In either Indies. Prior.
His sails by Cupid's hand unfurl'd,
To keep the fair, he gave the world. Prior.

To UNFU’RNISH. v. a.
1. To deprive; to strip; to divest.
Thy speeches
Will bring me to consider that which may
Unfurnish me of reason. Shakespeare's Winter Tale.
2. To leave naked.
The Scot on his unfurnish'd kingdom
Came pouring like a tide into a breach. Shakesp.

UNFU’RNISHED. adj.
1. Not accommodated with utensils, or decorated with orna­
ments.
It derogates not more from the goodness of God, that he
has given us minds unfurnish'd with those ideas of himself,
than that he hath sent us into the world with bodies un­
clothed. Locke.
I live in the corner of a vast unfurnish'd house. Swift.
2. Unsupplied.
UNG

UNGA’IN. adj. [ungeng, Saxon.] Aukward; uncouth.
UNGA’INLY. adj. [ungeng, Saxon.] Aukward; uncouth.
An ungainly strut in their walk. Swift.

UNGA’LLED. adj. Unhurt; unwounded.
Let the stricken deer go weep,
The hart ungalled play;
For some must watch, while some must sleep;
So runs the world away. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

UNGA’RTERED. adj. Being without garters.
You child at Sir Protheus, for going ungartered. Shakesp.

UNGA’THERED. adj. Not cropped; not picked.
We wonder'd why she kept her fruit so long:
For whom so late the ungather'd apples hung. Dryden.

UNGE’NERATED. adj. Unbegotten; having no beginning.
Millions of souls must have been ungenerated, and have
had no being. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

UNGENERA’TIVE. adj. Begetting nothing.
He is a motion ungenerative, that's infallible. Shakespeare.

UNGE’NEROUS. adj.
1. Not noble; not ingenuous; not liberal.
To look into letters already opened or dropped, is held
an ungenerous act. Pope.
2. Ignominious.
The victor never will impose on Cato
Ungenerous terms. His enemies confess
The virtues of humanity are Cæsar's. Addison.

UNGE’NIAL. adj. Not kind or favourable to nature.
The northern shires have a more cloudy, ungenial air,
than any part of Ireland. Swift to Pope.
Sullen seas wash th' ungenial pole. Thomson.

UNGE’NTLE. adj. Harsh; rude; rugged.
Smile, gentle heav'n! or strike, ungentle death!
For this world frowns, and Edward's sun is clouded. Shakesp.
He is
Vicious, ungentle, foolishly blunt, unkind. Shakespeare.
Love, to thee I sacrifice
All my ungentle thoughts. Denham's Sophy.

UNGE’NTLEMANLY. adj. Illiberal; not becoming a gentle­
man.
The demeanor of those under Waller, was much more un­
gentlemanly and barbarous. Clarendon, b. viii.
This he contradicts in the almanack published for the pre­
sent year, and in an ungentlemanly manner. Swift.

UNGE’NTLENESS. n. s. Harshness; rudeness; severity.
Reward not thy sheepe, when ye take off his cote,
With twitches and patches as broad as a groat:
Let not such ungentleness happen to thine. Tusser.

UNGE’NTLY. adv. Harshly; rudely.
You've ungently, Brutus,
Stole from my bed. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
Why speaks my father so ungently? Shakesp. Tempest.
Nor was it ungently received by Lindamira. Arbuth. and Pope.

UNGE’NTLENESS. n. s. Unkindness; incivility.
You have done me much ungentleness
To shew the letter that I writ to you. Shakespeare.

UNGEOME’TRICAL. adj. Not agreeable to the laws of geo­
metry.
All the attempts before Sir Isaac Newton, to explain the
regular appearances of nature, were ungeometrical, and all of
them inconsistent and unintelligible. Cheyne.

UNGI’LDED. adj. Not overlaid with gold.
You, who each day can theatres behold,
Like Nero's palace, shining all with gold,
Our mean, ungilded stage will scorn. Dryden.



To UNGI’RD. v. a. To loose any thing bound with a girdle.
The man ungirded his camels, and gave them straw and
provender. Gen. xxiv. 32.
The blest parent
Ungirt her spacious bosom, and discharg'd
The pond'rous birth. Prior.

UNGI’RT. adj. Loosely dressed.
One tender foot was bare, the other shod;
Her robe ungirt. Waller.
Mulciber assigns the proper place
For Carians, and th' ungirt Numidian race. Dryden.

UNGLO’RIFIED. adj. Not honoured; not exalted with praise
and adoration.
Lest God should be any way unglorified, the greatest part
of our daily service consisteth, according to the blessed apo­
stle's own precise rule, in much variety of psalms and hymns;
that out of so plentiful a treasure, there might be for every
man's heart to chuse out for his own sacrifice. Hooker.

UNGLO’VED. adj. Having the hand naked.
When we were come near to his chair, he stood up, hold­
ing forth his hand ungloved, and in posture of blessing. Bacon.

UNGI’VING. adj. Not bringing gifts.
In vain at shrines th' ungiving suppliant stands:
This 'tis to make a vow with empty hands. Dryden.

To UNGLU’E. v. a. To loose any thing cemented.
Small rains relax and unglue the earth, to give vent to in­
flamed atoms. Harvey on the Plague.
She stretches, gapes, unglues her eyes,
And asks if it be time to rise. Swift.

To UNGO’D. v. a. To divest of divinity.
Were we wak'ned by this tyranny,
T'ungod this child again, it could not be
I should love her, who loves not me. Donne.
Thus men ungodded may to places rise,
And sects may be preferr'd without disguise. Dryden.

UNGO’DLILY. adv. Impiously; wickedly.
'Tis but an ill essay of that godly fear, to use that very
gospel so irreverently and ungodlily. Government of the Tongue.

UNGO’DLINESS. n. s. Impiety; wickedness; neglect of God.
How grossly do many of us contradict the plain precepts of
the gospel by our ungodliness and worldly lusts? Tillotson.

UNGO’DLY. adj.
1. Wicked; negligent of God and his laws.
His just, avenging ire,
Had driven out th' ungodly from his sight,
And the habitations of the just. Milton's Par. Lost.
The sinner here intended is the ungodly sinner: he who for­
gets or defies his God. Rogers.
2. Polluted by wickedness.
Let not the hours of this ungodly day
Wear out in peace. Shakespeare.

UNGO’RED. adj. Unwounded; unhurt.
I stand aloof, and will no reconcilement;
'Till by some elder masters of known honour,
I have a voice and precedent of peace,
To keep my name ungor'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNGO’RGED. adj. Not filled; not sated.
The hell-hounds, as ungorged with flesh and blood,
Pursue their prey. Dryden.
Oh ungor'd appetite! Oh ravenous thirst
Of a son's blood. Smith's Phædra and Hippolytus.

UNGO’VERNABLE. adj.
1. Not to be ruled; not to be restrained.
They'll judge every thing by models of their own; and
thus are rendered unmanagable by any authority, and ungo­
vernable by other laws, but those of the sword. Glanville.
2. Licentious; wild; unbridled.
So wild and ungovernable a poet, cannot be translated lite­
rally; his genius is too strong to bear a chain. Dryden.
He was free from any rough, ungovernable passions, which
hurry men on to say and do very offensive things. Atterbury.

UNGO’VERNED. adj.
1. Being without government.
The estate is yet ungovern'd. Shakesp. Rich. III.
It pleaseth God above,
And all good men of this ungovern'd isle. Shakespeare.
2. Not regulated; unbridled; licentious.
Seek for him,
Lest his ungovern'd rage dissolve the life
That wants the means to lead it. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Themselves they vilify'd
To serve ungovern'd appetite. Milton's Par. Lost.
Nor what to bid, or what forbid, he knows;
Th' ungovern'd tempest to such fury grows. Dryden.
From her own back the burthen would remove,
And lays the load on his ungovern'd love. Dryden.

UNG’OT. adj.
1. Not gained; not acquired.
2. Not begotten.
He is as free from touch or soil with her,
As she from one ungot. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
His loins yet full of ungot princes; all
His glory in the bud. Waller.

UNGRA’CEFUL. adj. Wanting elegance; wanting beauty.
Rophael answer'd heav'n,
Nor are thy lips ungraceful, sire of men. Milton.
A solicitous watchfulness about one's behaviour, instead of
being mended, it will be constrained, uneasy, and ungrace­
ful. Locke.
He enjoyed the greatest strength of good sense, and the
most exquisite taste of politeness. Without the first learning is
but an incumbrance; and without the last is ungraceful. Addison.

UNGRA’CEFULNESS. n. s. Inelegance; awkwardness.
To attempt the putting another genius upon him, will
be labour in vain; and what is so plaistered on, will have al­
ways hanging to it the ungracefulness of constraint. Locke.

UNGRA’CIOUS. adj.
1. Wicked; odious; hateful.
He, catching hold of her ungracious tongue,
Thereon an iron lock did fasten firm and strong. Spenser.
I'll in the mature time,
With this ungracious paper strike the sight
Of the death-practis'd duke. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Do not, as some ungracious pastors do,
Shew me the steep and thorny way to heav'n;
Whilst he, a puft and reckless libertine,
Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads,
And recks not his own rede. Shakesp. Hamlet.
To the gods alone
Our future offspring, and our wives are known;
Th' audacious strumpet, and ungracious son. Dryden.
2. Offensive; unpleasing.
Show me no parts which are ungracious to the sight, as all
pre-shortenings usually are. Dryden.
3. Unacceptable; not favoured.
They did not except against the persons of any, though
several were most ungracious to them. Clarendon.
Any thing of grace towards the Irish rebels, was as ungra­
cious at Oxford, as at London. Clarendon.
Neither is it rare to observe among excellent and learned
divines, a certain ungracious manner, or an unhappy tone of
voice, which they never have been able to shake off. Swift.

UNGRA’NTED. adj. Not given; not yielded; not bestowed.
This only from your goodness let me gain,
And this ungranted, all rewards are vain. Dryden.

UNGRA’TEFUL. adj.
1. Making no returns, or making ill returns for kindness.
No person is remarkably ungrateful, who was not also in­
sufferably proud. South.
2. Making no returns for culture.
Most when driv'n by winds, the flaming storm
Of the long files destroys the beauteous form;
Nor will the wither'd stock be green again;
But the wild olive shoots, and shades th'ungrateful plain. Dryd.
3. Unpleasing; unacceptable.
It cannot be ungrateful, or without some pleasure to poste­
rity, to see the most exact relation of an action so full of
danger. Clarendon.
What is in itself harsh and ungrateful, must make harsh
and ungrateful impressions upon us. Atterbury.

UNGRA’TEFULLY. adv.
1. With ingratitude.
When call'd distant war,
His vanquish'd heart remain'd a victim here:
Oriana's eyes that glorious conquest made;
Nor was his love ungratefully repaid. Granville.
We often receive the benefit of our prayers, when yet we
ungratefully charge heaven with denying our petitions. Wake.
2. Unacceptably; unpleasing.

UNGRA’TEFULNESS. n. s.
1. Ingratitude; ill return for good.
Can I, without the detestable stain of ungratefulness, ab­
stain from loving him, who, far exceeding the beautifulness
of his shape with the beautifulness of his mind, is content so to
abase himself as to become Dametas's servant for my sake. Sidn.
2. Unacceptableness; unpleasing quality.

UNGRA’VELY. adv. Without seriousness.
His present portance
Gibingly, and ungravely, he did fashion. Shakespeare.

UNGROU’NDED. odj. Having no foundation.
Ignorance, with an indifferency for truth, is nearer to it
than opinion with ungrounded inclination, which is the great
source of errour. Locke.
This is a confidence the most ungrounded and irrational.
For upon what ground can a man promise himself a future
repentance, who cannot promise himself a futurity? South.

UNGRU’DGINGLY. adv. Without ill will; willingly; heartily;
cheerfully.
If, when all his art and time is spent,
He say 'twill ne'er be found, yet be content;
Receive from him the doom ungrudgingly,
Because he is the mouth of destiny. Donne.



UNGUA’RDED. adj.
1. Undefended.
Proud art thou met? Thy hope was to have reach'd
The throne of God unguarded, and his side
Abandon'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi. l. 133.
All through th' unguarded gates with joy resort,
To see the slighted camp, the vacant port. Denham.
No door there was th' unguarded house to keep,
On creaking hinges turn'd, to break his sleep. Dryden.
2. Careless; negligent.
All the evils that proceed from an untied tongue, and an
unguarded, unlimited will, we put upon the accounts of
drunkenness. Taylor.
The spy, which does this treasure keep,
Does she ne'er say her pray'rs, nor sleep?
Or have not gold and flatt'ry pow'r,
To purchase one unguarded hour? Prior.
With an unguarded look she now devour'd
My nearer face; and now recall'd her eye,
And heav'd, and strove to hide a sudden sigh. Prior.
It was intended only to divert a few young ladies, of good
sense and good humour enough to laugh not only at their sex's
little unguarded follies, but at their own. Pope.
Are we not encompassed by multitudes, who watch every
careless word, every unguarded action of our lives? Rogers.

UNGUI’DED. adj. Not directed; not regulated.
The blood weeps from my heart, when I do shape,
In forms imaginary, th' unguided days,
And rotten times that you shall look upon,
When I am sleeping with my ancestors. Shakespeare.
Can unguided matter keep itself to such exact conformi­
ties, as not in the least spot to vary from the species? Glanville.
They resolve all into the accidental, unguided motions of
blind matter. Locke.
Nature, void of choice,
Does by unguided motion things produce,
Regardless of their order. Blackmore on the Creation.

U’NGUENT. n. s. [unguentum, Lat.] Ointment.
Pre-occupation of mind ever requireth preface of speech,
like a fomentation to make the unguent enter. Bacon.
There is an intercourse between the magnetick unguent and
the vulnerated body. Glanville.
With unguents smooth, the lucid marble shone. Pope.

UNGUE’SSED. adj. Not attained by conjecture.
He me sent, for cause to me unguess'd. Fairy Queen.
UNH

UNHA’BITABLE. adj. [inhabitable, Fr. inhabitabilis, Lat.] Not
capable to support inhabitants; uninhabitable.
The night and day was always a natural day of twenty-four
hours, in all places remote from the unhabitable poles of the
world, and winter and summer always measured a year. Holder.
Though the course of the sun be curbed between the tro­
picks, yet are not those parts directly subject to his perpendi­
cular beams, unhabitable, or extremely hot. Ray.

UNHA’CKED. adj. Not cut; not hewn; not notched with
cuts.
With a blessed, and unvex'd retire,
With unhack'd swords, and helmets all unbruis'd,
We will bear home that lusty blood again. Shakespeare.
Part with unhack'd edges, and bear back
Our targe undinted. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

To UNHA’LLOW. v. a. To deprive of holiness; to profane;
to desecrate.
Perhaps the fact
Is not so heinous now, foretasted fruit;
Profan'd first by the serpent; by him first
Made common, and unhallow'd, ere our taste. Milton.
The vanity unhallows the virtue. L'Estrange.
This one use left such an indelible sacredness upon them,
that the impiety of the design could be no sufficient reason to
unhallow and degrade them to common use. South.

UNHA’LLOWED. adj. Unholy; profane.
Thy currish spirit
Govern'd a wolf, who hang'd for human slaughter:
Ev'n from the gallows did his fell soul fleet;
And while thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam
Infus'd itself in thee. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
I had not unlock'd my lips
In this unhallow'd air, but that this jugler
Would think to charm my judgment, as mine eyes,
Obtruding false rules, pranck'd in reason's garb. Milton.
Nor shall presume to violate these bands,
Or touch thy person with unhallow'd hands. Dryden.
Here cease thy flight, nor with unhallow'd lays
Touch the fair fame of Albion's golden days. Pope.

To UNHA’ND. v. a. To loose from the hand.
Still am I call'd. Unhand me, gentlemen. Shakespeare.
Unhand me, traitors. Denham's Sophy.

UNHA’NDLED. adj. Not handled; not touched.
A race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Cardinal Campeius
Hath left the cause o' th' king unhandled. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.

UNHA’NDSOME. n. s.
1. Ungraceful; not beautiful.
I was glad I had done so good a deed for a gentlewoman
not unhandsome, whom before I had in like sort helped. Sidney.
She that so far the rest out-shin'd;
Silvia the fair, while she was kind,
Seems only not unhandsome now. Waller.
As I cannot admit that there is any thing unhandsome or ir­
regular; so much less can I grant that there is any thing in­
commodious in the globe. Woodward.
2. Illiberal; disingenuous.

UNHA’NDSOMELY. adv. [from unhandsome.]
1. Inelegantly; ungracefully.
The ruined churches are so unhandsomely patched and
thatched, that men do even shun the places for the uncomeli­
ness thereof. Spenser.
2. Disingenuously; illiberally.
He raves, Sir; and to cover my disdain,
Unhandsomely would his denial seign. Dryden.

UNHA’NDSOMENESS. n. s. [from unhandsome.]
1. Want of beauty.
The sweetness of her countenance did give such a grace
to what she did, that it did make handsome the unhandsomeness
of it; and make the eye force the mind to believe, that there
was a praise in that unskilfulness. Sidney, b. ii.
2. Want of elegance.
Be not troublesome to thyself, or to others, by unhandsome­
ness or uncleanness. Taylor.
3. Illiberalness; disingenuity.

UNHA’NDY. adj. Awkward; not dexterous.

UNHA’NGED. adj. Not put to death by the gallows.
There live not three good men unhang'd in England. Shakes.

UNHA’P. n. s. Missluck; ill fortune.
She visited that place, where first she was so happy as to
see the cause of her unhap. Sidney.

UNHA’PPIED. [This word seems a participle from unhappy,
which yet is never used as a verb.] Made unhappy.
You have misled a prince,
A happy gentleman in blood and lineament,
By you unhappied, and disfigur'd clean. Shakespeare.

UNHA’PPILY. adv. [from unhappy.] Miserably; unfortunately;
wretchedly; calamitously.
You hold a fair assembly: you do well, lord.
You are a churchman, or I'll tell you, cardinal,
I should judge now most unhappily. Shakespeare.
He was unhappily too much used as a check upon the lord
Coventry. Clarendon.
I unweeting have offended,
Unhappily deceiv'd! Milton's Par. Lost.
There is a day a coming, when all these witty fools shall
be unhappily undeceived. Tillotson's Sermons.

UNHA’PPINESS. n. s.
1. Misery; inselicity.
If ever he have child, abortive be it,
Prodigious, and untimely brought to light,
And that be heir to his unhappiness. Shakespeare.
The real foundation of our unhappiness would be laid in our
reason, and we should be more miserable than the beasts, by
how much we have a quicker apprehension. Tillotson.
It is our great unhappiness, when any calamities fall upon
us, that we are uneasy, and dissatisfied. Wake.
2. Calamity; distress.
She hath often dream'd of unhappiness, and waked herself
with laughing. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
3. Misfortune; ill luck.
St. Austin hath laid down a rule to this purpose, though
he had the unhappiness not to follow it always himself. Burnet.

UNHA’PPY. adj. Wretched; miserable; unfortunate; cala­
mitous; distressed.
Desire of wand'ring this unhappy morn. Milton.
You know not, while you here attend,
Th' unworthy fate of your unhappy friend:
Breathless he lies, and his unbury'd ghost
Depriv'd of funeral rites. Dryden.

To UNHA’RBOUR. v. a. To drive from shelter.

UNHA’RBOURED. adj. Affording no shelter.
'Tis chastity:
She that has that is clad in complete steel;
And, like a quiver'd nymph, with arrows keen,
May trace huge forests, and unharbour'd heaths,
Infamous hills, and sandy perilous wilds. Milton.

UNHA’RDENED. adj. Not confirmed; not made hard.
Messengers
Of strong prevailment in unharden'd youth. Shakespeare.

UNHA’RDY. adj. Feeble; tender; timorous.
The wisest, unexperienc'd, will be ever
Tim'rous and loth, with novice modesty;
Irresolute, unhardy, undavent'rous. Milton.



UNHA’RMED. adj. Unhurt; not injured.
In strong proof of chastity well armed,
From love's weak, childish bow she lives unharm'd. Shakes.
Though great light be insufferable to our eyes; yet
the highest degree of darkness does not disease them, for
causing no disorderly motion, it leaves that curious organ un­
harmed. Locke.
The Syrens once deluded, vainly charm'd;
Ty'd to the mast, Ulysses sail'd unharm'd. Granville.

UNHA’RMFUL. adj. Innoxious; innocent.
Themselves unharmful, let them live unharm'd;
Their jaws disabled, and their claws disarm'd. Dryden.

UNHARMO’NIOUS. adj.
1. Not symmetrical; disproportionate.
Those pure, immortal elements, that know
No gross, no unharmonious mixture foul,
Eject him, tainted now, and purge him off. Milton.
2. Unmusical; ill-sounding.
His thoughts are improper to his subject, his expressions
unworthy of his thoughts, or the turn of both is unharmo­
nious. Dryden.
That barbarous custom of abbreviating words, to fit them
to the measure of verses, has formed harsh, unharmonious
sounds. Swift.

To UNHA’RNESS. v. a.
1. To loose from the traces.
The sweating steers unharness'd from the yoke,
Bring back the crooked plough. Dryden.
The mules unharness'd range beside the main. Pope.
If there were six horses, the postillion always unharnessed
four, and placed them on a table. Swift.
2. To disarm; to divest of armour.

UNHA’ZARDED. adj. Not adventured; not put in danger.
Here I shou'd still enjoy thee day and night
Whole to myself, unhazarded abroad,
Fearless at home. Milton's Agonistes, l. 807.

UNHA’TCHED. adj.
1. Not disclosed from the eggs.
2. Not brought to light.
Some unhatch'd practice
Hath puddled his clear spirit. Shakespeare.

UNHEA’LTHFUL. adj. Morbid; unwholesome.
The diseases which make years unhealthful, are spotted
fevers; and the unhealthful season is the autumn. Graunt.
At every sentence set his life at stake,
Though the discourse were of no weightier things,
Than sultry summers, or unhealthful springs. Dryden.

UNHEA’LTHY. adj. Sickly; wanting health.
No body would have a child cramm'd at breakfast, who
would not have him dull and unhealthy. Locke on Education.
He, intent on somewhat that may ease
Unhealthy mortals, and with curious search
Examines all the properties of herbs. Philips.

To UNHEA’RT. v. a. To discourage; to depress.
To bite his lip,
And hum at good Cominius, much unhearts me. Shakesp.

UNHEA’RD. adj.
1. Not perceived by the ear.
For the noise of drums and timbrels loud,
Their childrens cries unheard. Milton's Par. Lost.
2. Not vouchsafed an audience.
What pangs I feel, unpitied and unheard! Dryden.
3. Unknown in celebration.
Nor was his name unheard, or unador'd. Milton.
4. UNHEARD of. Obscure; not known by fame.
Free from hopes or fears, in humble ease,
Unheard of may I live and die in peace. Granville.
5. UNHEARD of. Unprecedented.
There is a foundation laid for the most unheard of confusion
that ever was introduced into a nation. Swift.

UNHEA’TED. adj. Not made hot.
Neither salts, nor the distilled spirits of them can penetrate
the narrow pores of unheated glass. Boyle.

UNHEE’DED. adj. Disregarded; not thought worthy of no­
tice.
True experiments may, by reason of the easy mistake of
some unheeded circumstance, be unsuccessfully tried. Boyle.
He of his fatal guile gave proof unheeded. Milton.
Her hair
In a simple knot was ty'd above;
Sweet negligence! unheeded bait of love. Dryden.
The triumph ceas'd—tears gush'd from ev'ry eye,
The world's great victor pass'd unheeded by. Pope.

UNHEE’DING. adj. Negligent; careless.
I have not often seen him; if I did,
He pass'd unmark'd by my unheeding eyes. Dryden.

UNHEE’DY. adj. Precipitate; sudden.
Learning his ship from those white rocks to save,
Which all along the southern sea-coast lay,
Threat'ning unheedy wreck, and rash decay,
He nam'd Albion. Fairy Queen, b. ii. c. 1.
Nor hath love's mind of any judgment taste;
Wings and no eyes, figure unheedy haste. Shakesp.
So have I seen some tender slip,
Sav'd with care from winter's nip;
The pride of her carnation train
Pluck'd up by some unheedy swain. Milton.

To UNHE’LE. v. a. To uncover; to expose to view. Spenser.

UNHE’LPED. adj. Unassisted; having no auxiliary; unsupported.
Unhelp'd I am, who pity'd the distress'd,
And none oppressing, am by all oppress'd. Dryden.

UNHE’LPFUL. adj. Giving no assistance.
I bewail good Glo'ster's case
With sad, unhelpful tears. Shakesp. Hen. VII.

UNHE’WN. part. adj. Not hewn.
In occasions of merriment, this rough-cast, unhewn poetry,
was instead of stage plays. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

UNHI’DEBOUND. adj. Lax of maw; capacious.
Though plenteous, all too little seems
To stuff this maw, this vast, unhidebound corps. Milton.

To UNHI’NGE. v. a.
1. To throw from the hinges.
2. To displace by violence.
For want of cement, ribs of rock disjoin'd
Without an earthquake, from their base would start,
And hills unhing'd, from their deep roots depart. Blackmore.
3. To disorder; to confuse.
Rather than not accomplish my revenge,
Just or unjust, I would the world unhinge. Waller.
If God's providence did not order it, cheats would not
only justle private men out of their rights, but unhinge states,
and run all into confusion. Ray on the Creation.

UNHO’LINESS. n. s. Impiety; profaneness; wickedness.
Too foul and manifest was the unholiness of obtruding upon
men remission of sins for money. Raleigh.

UNHO’LY. adj.
1. Profane; not hallowed.
Doth it follow that all things now in the church are unholy,
which the Lord hath not himself precisely instituted? Hooker.
2. Impious; wicked.
We think not ourselves the holier, because we use it; so
neither should they with whom no such thing is in use, think
us therefore unholy, because we submit ourselves unto that,
which, in a matter so indifferent, the wisdom of authority
and law have thought comely. Hooker.
From the paradise of God,
Without remorse, drive out the sinful pair,
From hallow'd ground th' unholy. Milton's Par. Lost.
Far other dreams my erring soul employ;
Far other raptures of unholy joy. Pope.

UNHO’NOURED. adj.
1. Not regarded with veneration; not celebrated.
Unhonour'd though I am, at least, said she,
Not unreveng'd that impious act shall be. Dryden.
Pales unhonour'd, Ceres unemploy'd,
Were all forgot. Dryden.
2. Not treated with respect.
Griev'd that a visitant so long shou'd wait,
Unmark'd, unhonour'd, at a monarch's gate. Pope.

To UNHOO’P. v. a. To divest of hoops.
Unhoop the fair sex, and cure this fashionable tympany got
among them. Addison's Spectator, No. 127.

UNHO’PED. adj. Not expected; greater than hope had
promised.
UNHO’PED for. adj. Not expected; greater than hope had
promised.
With unhop'd success
Th'embassadors return with promis'd peace. Dryden.
Heav'n has inspir'd with a sudden thought,
Whence your unhop'd-for safety may be wrought. Dryden.

UNHO’PEFUL. adj. Such as leaves no room to hope.
Benedict is not the unhopefullest husband that I know: thus
far I can praise him; he is of approved valour. Shakesp.
I thought the rousing style I wrote in, might prove no un­
hopeful way to procure somewhat considerable from those
great masters of chymical arcana. Boyle.

To UNHO’RSE. v. a. To beat from an horse; to throw from
the saddle.
He would unhorse the lustiest challenger. Shakespeare.
The emperor rescued a noble gentleman, whom, unhorsed
and sore wounded, the enemy was ready to have slain. Knolles.
On a fourth he flies, and him unhorses too. Daniel.
They are forc'd
To quit their boats, and fare like men unhors'd. Waller.
The knights unhors'd may rise from off the plain,
And fight on foot, their honour to regain, Dryden.

UNHO’SPITABLE. adj. [inhospitalis, Lat.] Affording no kindness
or entertainment to strangers; cruel; barbarous.
The cruel nation, covetous of prey,
Stain'd with my blood th' unhospitable coast. Dryden.

UNHO’STILE. adj. Not belonging to an enemy.
The high-prancing steeds
Spurn their dismounted riders; they expire
Indignant, by unhostile wounds destroy'd. Philips.



To UNHOU’SE. v. a. To drive from the habitation.
Seek true religion: O where? Mirreus!
Thinking her unhous'd here, and fled from us,
Seek her at Rome. Donne.
Death unawares with his cold, kind embrace,
Unhous'd thy virgin soul from her fair biding place. Milton.

UNHOU’SED. adj.
1. Homeless; wanting a house.
Call the creatures,
Whose naked natures live in all the spight
Of wreakful heav'n; whose bare, unhoused trunks,
To the conflicting elements expos'd,
Answer meer nature. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
2. Having no settled habitation.
But that I love the gentle Desdemona,
I would not my unhoused, free condition
Put into circumscription and confine. Shakesp. Othello.
Hear this,
You unhous'd, lawless, rambling libertines. Southern.

UNHOU’SELLED. adj. Having not the sacrament.
Thus was I sleeping, by a brother's hand,
Of life, of crown, of queen at once dispatch'd;
Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,
Unhousell'd, unanointed, unanell'd. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNHO’MBLED. adj. Not humbled; not touched with shame
or confusion.
Should I of these the liberty regard,
Who, freed as to their antient patrimony,
Unhumbled, unrepented, unreformed,
Headlong would follow. Milton's Par. Regain'd.

UNHU’RT. adj. Free from harm.
Of fifteen hundred, eight hundred were slain in the field;
and of the remaining seven hundred, two men only came off
unhurt. Bacon's War with Spain.
I tread more lightly on the ground;
My nimble feet from unhurt flow'rs rebound;
I walk in air. Dryden's State of Innocence.
Supported by thy care,
Through burning climes I pass'd unhurt,
And breath'd in tainted air. Addison's Spectator.
The stars shall fade away;
But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,
Unhurt, amidst the war of elements,
The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds. Addison.

UNHU’RTFUL. adj. Innoxious; harmless; doing no harm.
You hope the duke will return no more, or
You imagine me too unhurtful an opposite. Shakespeare.
Flames unhurtful, hovering, dance in air. Blackmore.

UNHU’RTFULLY. adv. Without harm; innoxiously.
We laugh at others as innocently and as unhurtfully, as
at ourselves. Pope to Swift.
UNI

U’NICORN. n. s. [unicornis, unus and cornu, Lat.]
1. A beast, whether real or fabulous, that has only one horn.
Wert thou the unicorn, pride and wrath would confound
thee. Shakespeare's Timon of Athens.
Unicorns may be betray'd with trees,
Bears with glasses, men with flatterers. Shakespeare.
Nature in cornigerous animals hath placed the horns in­
verted upwards, as in the rhinoceros, Indian ass, and unicorn
beetles. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
It is not of consequence, that because Dioscorides hath
made no mention of unicorns horn, there is therefore no such
thing in nature. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Some unicorns we will allow even among insects, as those
nasicornous beetles described by Muffetus. Brown.
Will the fierce unicorn thy voice obey,
Stand at the crib, and feed upon the hay? Sandys.
2. A bird.
Of the unicorn bird, the principal marks are these; headed
and footed like the dunghill cock, tailed like a goose, horned
on his forehead, with some likeness, as the unicorn is pictured;
spur'd on his wings, bigger than a swan. Grew.

U’NIFORM. adj. [unus and forma.]
1. Keeping its tenour; similar to itself.
Though when confusedly mingled, as in this stratum, it
may put on a face never so uniform and alike, yet it is in
reality very different. Woodward.
2. Conforming to one rule; acting in the same manner; agree­
ing with each other.
The only doubt is about the manner of their unity, how
far churches are bound to be uniform in their ceremonies,
and what way they ought to take for that purpose. Hooker.
Creatures of what condition soever, though each in dif­
ferent manner, yet all with uniform consent, admire her, as
the mother of their peace and joy. Hooker.
Numbers, being neither uniform in their designs, nor direct
in their views, neither could manage nor maintain the power
they got. Swift.

UNIFO’RMITY. n. s. [uniformit&aecute;, Fr.]
1. Resemblance to itself; even tenour.
There is no uniformity in the design of Spenser; he aims
at the accomplishment of no one action. Dryden.
Queen Elizabeth was remarkable for that steadiness and
uniformity which ran through all her actions. Addison.
2. Conformity to one pattern; resemblance of one to another.
The unity of that visible body and church of Christ, con­
sisteth in that uniformity, which all the several persons there­
unto belonging have, by reason of that one Lord, whose
servants they all profess themselves; that one faith which they
all acknowledge; that one baptism wherewith they are all
initiated. Hooker, b. iii.

U’NIFORMLY. adv. [from uniform.]
1. Without variation; in an even tenour.
That faith received from the apostles, the church, though
dispersed throughout the world, doth notwithstanding keep
as safe, as if it dwelt within the walls of some one house,
and as uniformly hold, as if it had but one only heart and
soul. Hooker, b. v.
The capillamenta of the nerves are each of them solid
and uniform; and the vibrating motion of the æthereal me­
dium may be propagated along them from one end to the
other uniformly, and without interruption. Newton's Opticks.
2. Without diversity of one from another.

UNIMA’GINABLE. adj. Not to be imagined by the fancy;
not to be conceived.
Things to their thought
So unimaginable, as hate in heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost.
The skilful organist plies his grave-fancied descant in lofty
fugues, or the whole symphony, with artful and unimaginable
touches, adorns and graces the well-studied chords of some
choice composer. Milton on Education.
An infinite succession of the generations of men, without
any permanent foundation, is utterly unimaginable. Tillotson.

UNIMA’GINABLY. adv. To a degree not to be imagined.
Little commissures, where they adhere, may not be porous
enough to be pervious to the unimaginably subtle corpuscles,
that make up the beams of light. Boyle.

UNI’MITABLE. adj. [inimitable, Fr. inimitabilis, Lat.] Not to
be imitated.
Both these are unimitable. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.

UNIMMO’RTAL adj. Not immortal; mortal.
They betook them several ways,
Both to destroy, or unimmortal make
All kinds. Milton.

UNIMPA’IRABLE. adv. Not liable to waste or diminution.
If the superior be unimpairable, it is a strong presumption,
that the inferiors are likewise unimpaired. Hakewill.

UNIMPA’IRED. adj. Not diminished; not worn out.
Yet unimpair'd with labours, or with time,
Your age but seems to a new youth to climb. Dryden.
If our silver and gold diminishes, our publick credit con­
tinues unimpaired. Addison on the State of the War.

UNIMPLO’RED. adj. Not solicited.
If answerable stile I can obtain
Of my celestial patroness, who deigns
Her nightly visitation unimplor'd. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNIMPO’RTANT. adj. Assuming no airs of dignity.
A free, unimportant, natural, easy manner; diverting others
just as we diverted ourselves. Pope to Swift.

UNIMPORTU’NED. adj. Net solicited; not teazed to com­
pliance.
Who ever ran
To danger unimportun'd, he was then
No better than a sanguine, virtuous man. Donne.

UNIMPRO’VABLE. adj. Incapable of melioration.

UNIMPRO’VABLENESS. n. s. [from unimprovable.] Quality of
not being improveable.
This must be imputed to their ignorance and unimprovable­
ness in knowledge, being generally without literature. Ham.

UNIMPRO’VED. adj.
1. Not made more knowing.
Not a mask went unimprov'd away. Pope.
2. Not taught; not meliorated by instruction.
Young Fortinbrass,
Of unimproved mettle hot and full. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Shallow, unimproved intellects, are confident pretenders to
certainty. Glanville.

UNINCREA’SABLE. adj. Admitting no increase.
That love, which ought to be appropriated to God, re­
sults chiefly from an altogether, or almost unincreasable eleva­
tion and vastness of affection. Boyle.

UNINDI’FFERENT. adj. Partial; leaning to a side.
His opinion touching the catholick church was as unindiffe­
rent, as, touching our church, the opinion of them that fa­
vour this pretended reformation is. Hooker, b. iv.

UNINDU’STRIOUS. adj. Not diligent; not laborious.
Pride we cannot think so sluggish or unindustrious an agent,
as not to find out expedients for its purpose. Decay of Piety.

UNINFLA’MMABLE. adj. Not capable of being set on fire.
The uninflammable spirit of such concretes, may be pretend­
ed to be but a mixture of phlegm and salt. Boyle.

UNINLFLA’MED. adj. Not set on fire.
When weak bodies come to be inflamed, they gather a
much greater heat than others have uninflamed. Bacon.



UNINFO’RMED. adj.
1. Untaught; uninstructed.
Nor uninform'd
Of nuptial sanctity, and marriage rites. Milton's P. Lost.
No uninformed minds can represent virtue so noble to us,
that we necessarily add splendour to her. Pope.
2. Unanimated; not enlivened.

UNINGE’NUOUS. adj. Illiberal; disingenuous.
Did men know how to distinguish between reports and
certainties, this stratagem would be as unskilful, as it is un­
ingenuous. Decay of Piety.

UNINHA’BITABLE. adj. Unfit to be inhabited.
If there be any place upon earth of that nature that para­
dise had, the same must be found within that supposed un­
inhabitable burnt zone, or within the tropicks. Raleigh.
Had not the deep been form'd, that might contain
All the collected treasures of the main;
The earth had still o'erwhelm'd with water stood,
To man an uninhabitable flood. Blackmore.

UNINHA’BITABLENESS. n. s. Incapacity of being inhabited.
Divers radicated opinions, such as that of the uninhabitable­
ness of the torrid zone, of the solidity of the celestial part of
the world, are generally grown out of request. Boyle.

UNINHA’BITED. adj. Having no dwellers.
The whole island is now uninhabited. Sandys.
Uninhabited, untill'd, unsown
It lies, and breeds the bleating goat alone. Pope.
I cast anchor on the leeside of the island, which seemed
to be uninhabited. Gulliver's Travels.

UNI’NJURED. adj. Unhurt; suffering no harm.
You may as well spread out the unsun'd heaps
Of misers treasure by an outlaw's den,
And tell me it is safe; as bid me hope
Danger will let a helpless maiden pass,
Uninjur'd in this wild, surrounding waste. Milton.
Then in full age, and hoary holiness
Retire, great teacher! to thy promis'd bliss:
Untouch'd thy tomb, uninjur'd be thy dust,
As thy own fame among the future just. Prior.

UNINSCRI’BED. adj. Having no inscription.
Make sacred Charles's tomb for ever known;
Obscure the place, and uninscrib'd the stone.
Oh fact accurst! Pope.

UNINSPI’RED. adj. Not having received any supernatural in­
struction or illumination.
Thus all the truths that men, uninspired, are enlightened
with, came into their minds. Locke.
My pastoral muse her humble tribute brings,
And yet not wholly uninspir'd she sings. Dryden.

UNINSTRU’CTED. adj. Not taught; not helped by institution.
That fool intrudes, raw in this great affair,
And uninstructed how to stem the tide. Dryden.
It will be a prejudice to none but widows and orphans,
and others uninstructed in the arts and management of more
skilful men. Locke.
It is an unspeakable blessing to be born in those parts
where wisdom flourishes; though there are even in these
parts, several poor, uninstructed persons. Addison.
Though we find few amongst us, who profess themselves
Anthropomorphites, yet we may find, amongst the ignorant
and uninstructed christians, many of that opinion. Locke.

UNINSTRU’CTIVE. adj. Not conferring any improvement.
Were not men of abilities thus communicative, their wis­
dom would be in a great measure useless, and their experience
uninstructive. Addison.

UNINTE’LLIGENT. adj. Not knowing; not skilful; not hav­
ing any consciousness.
We will give you sleepy drinks, that your senses may be
unintelligent of our insufficience. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
The visible creation is far otherwise apprehended by the
philosophical enquirer, than the unintelligent vulgar. Glanville.
This conclusion, if men allow'd of, they would not de­
stroy ill-formed productions. Ay, but these monsters. Let
them be so; what will your drivelling, unintelligent, untract­
able changeling be? Locke.
Why then to works of nature is assign'd
An author unintelligent and blind;
When ours proceed from choice? Blackmore.
The obvious products of unintelligent nature. Bentl.

UNINTELLIGIBI’LITY. n. s. Quality of not being intelligible.
Credit the unintellegibility of this union and motion. Glanville.
If we have truly proved the unintelligibility of it in all other
ways, this argumentation is undeniable. Burnet.

UNINTELLI’GIBLE. adj. [inintelligible, Fr.] Not such as can
be understood
The Latin, three hundred years before Tully, was as un­
intelligible in his time, as the English and French of the same
period are now. Swift.
Did Thetis
These arms thus labour'd for her son prepare;
For that dull soul to stare with stupid eyes,
On the learn'd unintelligible prize! Dryden.
This notion must be despised as harmless, unintelligible en­
thusiasm. Roger's Sermons.

UNINTE’LLIGIBLY. adv. In a manner not to be under­
stood.
Sound is not unintelligibly explained by a vibrating motion
communicated to the medium. Locke.
To talk of specifick differences in nature, without refe­
rence to general ideas, is to talk unintelligibly. Locke.

UNINTE’NTIONAL. adj. Not designed; happening without de­
sign.
Besides the unintentional deficiencies of my style, I have
purposely transgressed the laws of oratory, in making my pe­
riods over-long Boyle.

UNI’NTERESSED. adj. Not having interest.
UNI’NTERESTED. adj. Not having interest.
The greatest part of an audience is always uninteressed,
though seldom knowing. Dryden.

UNINTERMI’TTED. adj. Continued; not interrupted.
This motion of the heavenly bodies seems to be partly con­
tinued and uninterrupted, as that motion of the first moveable
partly interpolated and interrupted. Hale's Origin.

UNINTERMI’XED. adj. Not mingled.
Unintermix'd with fictious fantasies,
I verify the truth, not poetize. Daniel's Civil War.

UNINTERRU’PTED. adj. Not broken; not interrupted.
Thy constant quiet fills my peaceful breast
With unmixt joy, uninterrupted rest. Roscommon.
Governments so divided among themselves in matters of
religion, maintain uninterrupted union and correspondence,
that no one of them is for invading the rights of another. Addis.
The hills rise insensibly, and leave the eye a vast, uninter­
rupted prospect. Addison.
The uninterrupted stitch in superficial wounds, is re­
jected. Sharp's Surgery.

UNINTERRU’PTEDLY. adv. Without interruption.
The will thus determined, never lets the understanding
lay by the object; but all the thoughts of the mind, and
powers of the body are uninterruptedly employ'd. Locke.

INTRE’NCHED. adj. Not intrenched.
It had been cowardice in the Trojans, not to have at­
tempted any thing against an army that lay unsortified and un­
intrenched. Pope.

UNINVE’STIGABLE. adj. Not to be searched out.
The number of the works of this visible world being un­
investigable by us, afford us a demonstrative proof of the un­
limited extent of the creator's skill. Ray.

UNINVI’TED. adj. Not asked.
His honest friends, at thirsty hour of dusk,
Come uninvited. Philips.

UNJOI’NTED. adj.
1. Disjoined; separated.
I hear the sound of words; their sense the air
Dissolves unjointed ere it reach my ear. Milton's Agonistes.
2. Having no articulation.
They are all three immoveable or unjointed, of the thick­
ness of a little pin. Grew's Musæum.

U’NION. n. s. [unio, Lat.]
1. The act of joining two or more, so as to make them
one.
Adam, from whose dear side I boast me sprung,
And gladly of our union hear thee speak,
One heart, one soul in both! Milton's Par. Lost.
One kingdom, joy, and union without end. Milton.
2. Concord; conjunction of mind or interests.
The experience of those profitable emanations from God,
most commonly are the first motive of our love; but when
we once have tasted his goodness, we love the spring for its
own excellency, passing from considering ourselves, to an
union with God. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
3. A pearl. Not in use.
The king shall drink to Hamlet's better breath;
And in the cup an union shall he throw,
Richer than that which four successive kings
In Denmark's crown have worn. Shakesp. Hamlet.
4. [In law.] Union is a combining or consolidation of two churches
in one, which is done by the consent of the bishop, the patron,
and incumbent. And this is properly called an union: but
there are two other sorts, as when one church is made sub­
ject to the other, and when one man is made prelate of both,
and when a conventual is made cathedral. Touching union
in the first signification, there was a statute, an. 37 Hen.
VIII. chap. 21. that it should be lawful in two churches,
whereof the value of the one is not above six pounds in the
king's books, of the first fruits, and not above one mile
distant from the other. Union in this signification is perso­
nal, and that is for the life of the incumbent; or real, that
is, perpetual, whosoever is incumbent. Cowel.

UNI’PAROUS. adj. [unus and pario.] Bringing one at a
birth.
Others make good the paucity of their breed with the du­
ration of their days, whereof there want not examples in
animals uniparous. Brown's Vulgar Errours.



U’NISON. adj. [unus and sonus, Lat.] Sounding alone.
Sounds intermix'd with voice
Choral, or unison. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.

U’NISON. n. s.
1. A string that has the same sound with another.
When moved matter meets with any thing like that, from
which it received its primary impress, it will in like manner
move it, as in musical strings tuned Glanville.
2. A single unvaried note.
Lost was the nation's sense, nor could be found,
While a long, solemn unison went round. Dunciad, b. iv.

U’NIT. n. s. [unus, unitus, Lat] One; the least number;
or the root of numbers.
If any atom should be moved mechanically, without attrac­
tion, 'tis above a hundred million millions odds to an unit,
that it would not strike upon any other atom, but glide
through an empty interval without contact. Bentley's Sermons.
Units are the integral parts of any large number. Watts.

To UNI’TE. v. a. [unitus, Lat.]
1. To join two or more into one.
The force which wont in two to be dispersed,
In one alone right hand he now unites. Fairy Queen.
Whatever truths
Redeem'd from error, or from ignorance,
Thin in their authors, like rich veins of ore,
Your works unite, and still discover more. Dryden.
A proposition for uniting both kingdoms was begun. Swift.
2. To make to agree.
The king proposed nothing more than to unite his king­
dom in one form of worship. Clarendon.
3. To make to adhere.
The peritonæum, which is a dry body, may be united
with the musculous flesh. Wiseman's Surgery.
4. To join.
In the lawful name of marrying,
To give our hearts united ceremony. Shakespeare.
Let the ground of the picture be well united with colours
of a friendly nature. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. To join in interest.
Unto their assembly, mine honour be not thou united. Genesis.

To UNI’TE. v. n.
1. To join in an act; to concur; to act in concert.
If you will now unite in your complaints,
And force them with a constancy, the cardinal
Cannot stand under them. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
2. To coalesce; to be cemented; to be consolidated.
3. To grow into one.

UNI’TEDLY. adv. With union; so as to join.
The eyes, which are of a watry nature, ought to be
much painted, and unitedly on their lower parts; but boldly
touch'd above by the light and shadows. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

UNI’TER. n. s. The person or thing that unites.
Suppose an uniter of a middle constitution, that should par­
take of some of the qualities of both. Glanville's Scept.

UNI’TION. n. s. [union, Fr. from unite.] The act or power
of uniting; conjunction; coalition. A word proper, but
little used.
As long as any different substance keeps off the unition,
hope not to cure a wound. Wiseman's Surgery.

U’NITIVE. adj. [from unite.] Having the power of unit­
ing.
That can be nothing else but the unitive way of reli­
gion, which consists of the contemplation and love of
God. Norris.

U’NITY. n. s. [unitas, Lat.]
1. The state of being one.
Those hereticks introduced a plurality of Gods; and so
made the profession of the unity part of the symbolum, that
should discriminate the orthodox from them. Hammond.
The production of one being the destruction of another,
although they generate, they increase not; and must not be
said to multiply, who do not transcend an unity. Brown.
Man is to beget
Like of his like; his image multiply'd:
In unity defective; which requires
Collateral love, and dearest amity. Milton's Par. Lost.
Whatever we can consider as one thing, suggests to the
understanding the idea of unity. Locke.
2. Concord; conjunction.
That which you hear, you'll swear
You see, there is such unity in the proofs. Shakespeare.
We, of all christians, ought to promote unity among our­
selves and others. Sprat's Sermons.
3. Agreement; uniformity.
To the avoiding of dissension, it availeth much, that
there be amongst them an unity, as well in ceremonies as in
doctrine. Hooker, b. iv.
4. Principle of dramatick writing, by which the tenour of the
story, and propriety of representation is preserved.
The unities of time, place, and action, are exactly ob­
served. Dryden's Pref. to All for Love.
Although in poetry it be absolutely necessary that the unities
of time, place, and action should be thoroughly understood,
there is still something more essential, that elevates and asto­
nishes the fancy. Addison.
5. [In law.]
Unity of possession is a joint possession of two rights by se­
veral titles. For example, I take a lease of land from one
upon a certain rent; afterwards I buy the fee-simple. This
is an unity of possession, whereby the lease is extinguished;
by reason that I, who had before the occupation only for my
rent, am become lord of the same, and am to pay my rent
to none. Cowel.

UNJU’DGED. adj. Not judicially determined.
Causes unjudg'd disgrace the loaded file,
And sleeping laws the king's neglect revile. Prior.

UNIVE’RSAL. adj. [universalis, Lat.]
1. General; extending to all.
All sorrowed: if all the world could have seen't, the woe
had been universal. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
Appetite, an universal wolf,
So doubly seconded with will and power,
Must make perforce an universal prey,
And last eat up itself. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
This excellent epistle, though, in the front of it, it bears a
particular inscription, yet in the drift of it is universal, as
designing to convince all mankind of the necessity of seeking
for happiness in the gospel. South.
2. Total; whole.
From harmony, from heav'nly harmony,
This universal frame began. Dryden.
3. Not particular; comprising all particulars.
From things particular
She doth abstract the universal kinds. Davies.
An universal was the object of imagination, and there was
no such thing in reality. Arbuthnot and Pope.

UNIVE’RSAL. n. s. The whole; the general system of the uni­
verse. Not in use.
To what end had the angel been set to keep the entrance
into paradise after Adam's expulsion, if the universal had
been paradise. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Plato calleth God the cause and original, the nature and
reason of the universal. Raleigh.

UNIVERSA’LITY. n. s. [universalitas, school Lat.] Not parti­
cularity; generality; extension to the whole.
This catalogue of sin, is but of sin under a limitation; an
universality of sin under a certain kind; that is, of all sins of
direct and personal commission. South's Sermons.
The universality of the deluge I insist upon: and that ma­
rine bodies are found in all parts of the world. Woodward.
A special conclusion cannot be inferred from a moral uni­
versality, nor always from a physical one; though it may be
always inferred from an universality that is metaphysical. Watts.

UNIVE’RSALLY. adv. [from universal.] Throughout the whole;
without exception.
Those offences which are breaches of supernatural laws,
violate in general that principle of reason which willeth uni­
versally to fly from evil. Hooker.
There best beheld, where universally admir'd. Milton.
What he borrows from the antients, he repays with usury
of his own, in coin as good, and as universally valuable. Dryd.
This institution of charity-schools universally prevailed. Addis.

U’NIVERSE. n. s. [univers, Fr. universum, Lat.] The general
system of things.
Creeping murmur, and the poring dark,
Fills the wide vessel of the universe. Shakespeare.
God here sums up all into man; the whole into a part;
the universe into an individual. South's Sermons.
Father of heav'n!
Whose word call'd out this universe to birth. Prior.

UNIVE’RSITY. n. s. [universitas, Lat.] A school, where all
the arts and faculties are taught and studied.
While I play the good husband at home, my son and ser­
vants spend all at the university. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.
The universities, especially Aberdeen, flourished under many
excellent scholars, and very learned men. Clarendon.

UNI’VOCAL. adj. [univocus, Lat.]
1. Having one meaning.
Univocal words are such as signify but one idea, or but one
sort of thing: equivocal words are such as signify two or
more different ideas, or different sorts of objects. Watts.
2. Certain; regular; persuing always one tenour.
This conceit makes putrefactive generations correspon­
dent unto seminal productions; and conceives inequivocal
effects, and univocal conformity unto the efficient. Brown.

UNI’VOCALLY. adv. [from univocal.]
1. In one term; in one sense.
How is sin univocally distinguished into venial and mortal,
if the venial be not sin? Hall.
It were too great presumption to think, that there is any
thing in any created nature, that can bear any perfect resem­
blance of the incomprehensible perfection of the divine na­


ture: very being itself does not predicate univocally touching
God, and any created being, and intellect, and will, as we
attribute them to him. Hale.
2. In one tenour.
All creatures are generated univocally by parents of their own
kind; there is no such thing as spontaneous generation. Ray.

UNJO’YOUS. adj. Not gay; not cheerful.
Morn late rising o'er the drooping world,
Lifts her pale eye unjoyous. Thomson's Winter.

UNJU’ST. adj. [injuste, Fr. injustus, Lat] Iniquitous; contrary
to equity; contrary to justice. It is used both of persons
and things.
I should forge
Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal,
Destroying them for wealth. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The Piercies,
Finding his usurpation most unjust,
Endeavour'd my advancement to the throne. Shakesp.
He that is unjust in the least, is unjust also in much. Luke xvi.
Succeeding kings just recovery of their right, from unjust
usurpations and extortions, shall never be prejudiced by any
act of mine. K. Charles.
Th' unjust the just hath slain. Milton.
He who was so unjust as to do his brother an injury, will
scarce be so just to condemn himself for it. Locke.

UNJU’STIFIABLE. adj. Not to be defended; not to be justi­
fied.
If these reproaches, which aim only at ostentation of wit,
be so unjustifiable, what shall we say to those that are drawn,
that are founded in malice? Government of the Tongue.
In a just and honourable war we engaged; not out of am­
bition, or any other unjustifiable motive, but for the defence
of all that was dear to us. Atterbury.
If we could look into effects, we might pronounce boldly:
but for a man to give his opinion of what he sees but in part,
is an unjustifiable piece of rashness. Addison.

UNJU’STIFIABLENESS. n. s. The quality of not being justifiable.
He wished them to consider of the illegality of all those
commissions, and of the unjustifiableness of all the proceed­
ings which had been by virtue of them. Clarendon.

UNJU’STIFIABLY. adv. In a manner not to be defended.

UNJU’STLY. adj. In a manner contrary to right.
If aught against my life
Thy country sought of thee, it sought unjustly. Milton.
Whom, but for voting peace, the Greeks pursue,
Accus'd unjustly, then unjustly slew. Denham.
Your choler does unjustly rise,
To see your friends pursue your enemies. Dryden.
Moderation the one side very justly disowns, and the other
as unjustly pretends to. Swift.
UNK

UNKE’MPT. adj. Not combed. Obsolete.
Thenot, to that I chose thou dost me tempt;
But ah! too well I wot my humble vaine,
And how my rhimes been rugged and unkempt. Spenser.

To UNKE’NNEL. v. a.
1. To drive from his hole.
Search, seek, find out. I warrant we'll unkennel the fox.
Let me stop this way first. So, now uncape. Shakespeare.
I warrant you, colonel, we'll unkennel him. Dryden.
2. To rouse from its secrecy, or retreat.
If his occult guilt
Do not itself unkennel in one speech,
It is a damned ghost that we have seen. Shakesp.

UNKE’NT. adj. [un and ken, to know.] Unknown. Obsolete.
Go, little book, thyself present,
As child whose parent is unkent,
To him, that is the president
Of nobleness and chivalrie. Spenser.

UNKE’PT. adj.
1. Not kept; not retained.
2. Unobserved; unobeyed.
Many things kept generally heretofore, are now in like
sort generally unkept, and abolished, every where. Hooker.

UNKI’ND. adj. Not favourable; not benevolent.
In nature there's no blemish but the mind;
None can be call'd deform'd, but the unkind. Shakesp.
To the noble mind
Rich gifts wax poor, when givers prove unkind. Shakesp.
To Nimrod our author seems a little unkind; and says,
that he, against right, enlarged his empire. Locke.
A real joy I never knew,
Till I believ'd thy passion true;
A real grief I ne'er can find,
'Till thou prov'st perjur'd or unkind. Prior.

UNKI’NDLY. adj. [un and kind.]
1. Unnatural; contrary to nature.
They, with their filthiness,
Polluted this same gentle soil long time,
That their own mother loath'd their beastliness,
And 'gan abhor her brood's unkindly crime,
All were they born of her own native slime. Fairy Queen.
All works of nature,
Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mix'd. Milton.
2. Malignant; unfavourable.
The goddess, that in rural shrine,
Dwell'st here with Pan, or Sylvan, by blest song
Forbidding every bleak, unkindly fog,
To touch the prosperous growth of this tall wood. Milton.

UNKI’NDLY. adv. Without kindness; without affection.
The herd, unkindly wise,
Or chaces him from thence, or from him flies. Denham.
If we unkindly part,
Will not the poor fond creature break her heart. Dryden.

UNKI’NDNESS. n. s. [from unkind.] Malignity; ill-will; want
of affection.
Take no unkindness of his hasty words. Shakespeare.
His unjust unkindness, that in all reason should have quench'd
her love, hath, like an impediment in the current, made it
more violent and unruly. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
After their return, the duke executed the same authority in
conferring all favours, and in revenging himself upon those
who had manifested any unkindness towards him. Clarendon.
Eve—As one who loves, and some unkindness meets,
With sweet, austere composure, thus reply'd. Milton.
Christ, who was the only person to have resented this un­
kindness, finds an extenuation of it. South's Sermons.
She sigh'd, she wept, she low'd; 'twas all she cou'd;
And with unkindness seem'd to tax the God. Dryden.

To UNKI’NG. v. a. To deprive of royalty.
God save king Henry, unking'd Richard says,
And send him many years of sunshine days. Shakespeare.
It takes the force of law: how then, my lord!
If as they would unking my father now,
To make you way. Southern.

UNKI’SSED. adj. Not kissed.
Foul words are but foul wind, and foul wind is but foul
breath, and foul breath is noisome; therefore I will depart
unkist. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.

UNKNI’GHTLY. adj. Unbecoming a knight.
With six hours hard riding through wild places, I overgot
them a little before night, near an old ill-favoured castle, the
place where I perceived they meant to perform their unknightly
errand. Sidney, b. ii.

To UNKNI’T. v. a.
1. To unweave; to separate.
Would he had continued to his country
As he began, and not unknit himself
The noble knot he made. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
2. To open.
Unknit that threat'ning, unkind brow,
And dart not scornful glances from those eyes. Shakesp.

U’NKLE. v. a. [oncle, French.] The brother of a father or
mother. See UNCLE.
The English power is near, led on by Malcolm,
His uncle Siward, and the good Macduff. Shakespeare.
Give me good fame, ye pow'rs! and make me just:
Thus much the rogue to publick ears will trust:
In private then:—when wilt thou, mighty Jove!
My wealthy uncle from this world remove? Dryden.

To UNKNO’W. v.a. To cease to know.
It's already known;
Oh! can you keep it from yourselves, unknow it? Smith.

UNKNO’WABLE. adj. Not to be known.
Distinguish well between knowables and unknowables. Watts.

UNKNO’WING. adj.
1. Ignorant; not knowing.
Let me speak to th' yet unknowing world,
How these things came about. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Though unknowing persons may accuse others, yet can they
never the more absolve themselves. Decay of Piety.
Unknowing I prepar'd thy bridal bed;
With empty hopes of happy issue fed. Dryden.
Unknowing he requires it; and when known,
He thinks it his; and values it, 'tis gone. Dryden.
His hounds, unknowing of his change, pursue
The chace, and their mistaken master slew. Dryden.
Proteus, mounting from the hoary deep,
Surveys his charge, unknowing of deceit. Pope.
2. Not practised; not qualified.
So Lybian huntsmen, on some sandy plain,
From shady coverts rouz'd, the lion chace:
The kingly beast roars out with loud disdain,
And slowly moves, unknowing to give place. Dryden.
These were they, whose souls the furies steel'd,
And curs'd, with hearts unknowing how to yield. Pope.

UNKNO’WINGLY. adv. Ignorantly; without knowledge.
The beauty I behold has struck me dead:
Unknowingly she strikes, and kills by chance. Dryden.
They are like the Syrians, who were first smitten with
blindness, and unknowingly led out of their way, into the ca­
pital of their enemy's country. Addison's Freeholder.



UNKNO’WN. adj.
1. Not known.
'Tis not unknown to you,
How much I have disabled my estate. Shakespeare.
Many are the trees of God, that grow
In paradise, and various, yet unknown
To us. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Here may I always on this downy grass,
Unknown, unseen, my easy minutes pass. Roscommon.
If any chance has hither brought the name
Of Palamedes, not unknown to fame,
Accus'd and sentenc'd for pretended crimes. Dryden.
Though incest is indeed a deadly crime,
You are not guilty, since unknown 'twas done,
And known, had been abhorr'd. Dryden's Don Schastian.
At fear of death, that saddens all
With terrors round, can reason hold her throne?
Despise the known, nor tremble at th' unknown. Pope.
2. Greater than is imagined.
The planting of hemp and flax would be an unknown ad­
vantage to the kingdom. Bacon.
3. Not having cohabitation.
I am yet
Unknown to woman; never was forsworn. Shakespeare.
4. Without communication.
We stopped at a little inn, where the man of the house,
formerly a servant in the knight's family, to do honour to
his old master, had, unknown to Sir Roger, put him up in a
sign-post. Addison's Spectator, No. 122.
UNL

UNLA’BOURED. adj.
1. Not produced by labour.
Unlaboured harvests shall the fields adorn,
And cluster'd grapes shall blush on ev'ry thorn. Dryden.
2. Not cultivated by labour.
Not eastern monarchs on their nuptial day,
In dazzling gold and purple shine so gay,
As the bright natives of th' unlabour'd field,
Unvers'd in spinning, and in looms unskill'd. Blackmore.
3. Spontaneous; voluntary.
Their charms, if charms they have, the truth supplies,
And from the theme unlabour'd beauties rise. Tickell.

To UNLA’CE. v. a.
1. To loose any thing fastened with strings.
He could not endure so cruel case,
But thought his arms to leave, and helmet to unlace.
Spenser.
A little river roll'd,
By which there sat a knight with helm unlac'd,
Himself refreshing with the liquid cold. Fairy Queen, b. i.
The helmet from my brow unlac'd. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To loose a lady's dress.
Can I forget, when they in prison placing her,
With swelling heart, in spite, and due disdainfulness,
She lay for dead, till I help'd with unlacing her. Sidney.
Unlace yourself, for that harmonious chime
Tells me from you that now it is bed-time. Donne.
3. To make loose; to put in danger of being lost. Not in
use.
You unlace your reputation,
And spend your rich opinion for the name of a night­
brawler. Shakespeare's Othello.

To UNLA’DE. v. a.
1. To remove from the vessel which carries.
He's a foolish seaman,
That, when his ship is sinking, will not
Unlade his hopes into another bottom. Denham.
2. To exonerate that which carries.
The vent'rous merchant, who design'd for far,
And touches on our hospitable shore,
Charm'd with the splendour of this northern star,
Shall here unlade him, and depart no more. Dryden.
3. To put out. Used of a vessel.
We landed at Tyre; for there the ship was to unlade her
burden. Acts xxi. 3.

UNLA’ID. adj.
1. Not placed; not fixed.
Whatsoever we do behold now in this present world, it
was inwrapped within the bowels of divine mercy, written
in the book of eternal wisdom, and held in the hands of
omnipotent power, the first foundations of the world being
as yet unlaid. Hooker, b. v.
2. Not pacified; not stilled.
No evil thing that walks by night,
Blue, meagre hag, or stubborn unlaid ghost,
Hath hurtful pow'r o'er true virginity. Milton.

UNLAME’NTED. adj. Not deplored.
After six years spent in outward opulency, and inward
murmur that it was not greater, he died unlamented by
any. Clarendon.
Thus unlamented pass the proud away,
The pride of fools, and pageant of a day. Pope.

To UNLA’TCH. v. a. To open by lifting up the latch.
My worthy wife
The door unlatch'd; and, with repeated calls,
Invites her former lord within my walls. Dryden.

UNLA’WFUL. adj. Contrary to law; not permitted by the
law.
Before I be convict by course of law,
To threaten me with death is most unlawful. Shakesp.
It is an unlawful thing for a Jew to come unto one of
another nation. Acts x. 28.
Shew me when it is our duty, and when unlawful to take
these courses, by some general rule of a perpetual, never­
failing truth. South.
The secret ceremonies I conceal,
Uncouth, perhaps, unlawful to reveal. Dryden.

UNLA’WFULLY. adv.
1. In a manner contrary to law or right.
He that gains all that he can lawfully this year, next year
will be tempted to gain something unlawfully. Taylor.
2. Illegitimately; not by marriage.
I had rather my brother die by the law, than my son
should be unlawfully born. Shakespeare.
Give me your opinion, what part I, being unlawfully
born, may claim of the man's affection, who begot me. Addis.

UNLA’WFULNESS. n. s. Contrariety to law; state of being
not permitted.
If those alledged testimonies of scripture did indeed con­
cern the matter to such effect as was pretended, that which
they should infer were unlawfulness. Hooker.
The original reason of the unlawfulness of lying is, that it
carries with it an act of injustice, and a violation of the
right of him, to whom we were obliged to signify our
minds. South's Sermons.

To UNLE’ARN. v. a. To forget, or disuse what has been
learned.
Antisthenes, being asked of one, what learning was most
necessary for man's life? answered, to unlearn that which is
naught. Bacon.
This were to imply, that all books in being should be de­
stroyed; and that all the age should take new pains to un­
learn those habits which have cost them so much labour. Holder.
The government of the tongue is a piece of morality
which sober nature dictates, which yet our greatest scholars
have unlearnt. Decay of Piety.
Some cyders have by art, or age, unlearn'd
Their genuine relish, and of sundry wines
Assum'd the flavour. Philips.
What they thus learned from him in one way, they did
not unlearn again in another. Atterbury.
A wicked man is not only obliged to learn to do well,
but unlearn his former life. Rogers's Sermons.

UNLE’ARNED adj.
1. Ignorant; not informed; not instructed.
This selected piece, which you translate,
Foretells your studies may communicate,
From darker dialect of a strange land,
Wisdom that here th' unlearn'd shall understand. D'avenant.
And by succession of unlearned times,
As bards began, so monks rung on the chimes. Roscommon.
Some at the bar, with subtilty defend
The cause of an unlearned, noble friend. Dryden.
Though unlearned men well enough understood the words
white and black, yet there were philosophers found, who
had subtlety enough to prove that white was black. Locke.
2. Not gained by study; not known.
Mere words, or such things chiefly as were better un­
learned. Milton on Education.
3. Not suitable to a learned man.
I will prove those verses to be very unlearned, neither sa­
vouring of poetry, wit, or invention. Shakespeare.

UNLE’ARNEDLY. Ignorantly; grossly.
He, in his epistle, plainly affirmeth, they think unlearnedly,
who are of another belief. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

UNLEA’VENED. adj. Not fermented; not mixed with fer­
menting matter.
They baked unleavened cakes of the dough, for it was not
leavened. Exod. ii. 39.
Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new
lump, as ye are unleavened. 1 Cor. v. 7.

UNLE’ISUREDNESS. n. s. Business; want of time; want of
leisure. Not in use.
My essay touching the scripture having been written partly
in England, partly in another kingdom, it were strange if
there did not appear much unevenness, and if it did not be­
tray the unleisuredness of the wandering author. Boyle.

UNLE’SS. conjunct. Except; if not; supposing that not.
Let us not say, we keep the commandments of the one,
when we break the commandments of the other: for, unless
we observe both, we obey neither. Hooker.
Unless I look on Sylvia in the day,
There is no day for me to look upon. Shakespeare.


What hidden strength,
Unless the strength of heav'n, if you mean that. Milton.
For sure I am, unless I win in arms,
To stand excluded from Emilia's charms;
Nor can my strength avail, unless by thee,
Endu'd with force, I gain the victory. Dryden.
The commendation of adversaries is the greatest triumph
of a writer, because it never comes unless extorted. Dryden.
No poet ever sweetly sung,
Unless he were, like Phœbus, young;
Nor ever nymph inspir'd to rhyme,
Unless, like Venus, in her prime. Swift.

UNLE’SSONED. adj. Not taught.
The full sum of me
Is an unlesson'd girl, unschool'd, unpractis'd;
Happy in this, she is not yet so old
But she may learn. Shakespeare.

UNLE’TTERED. adj. Unlearned; untaught.
When the apostles of our Lord were ordained to alter the
laws of heathenish religion, St. Paul excepted, the rest were
unschooled and unlettered men. Hooker, b. iv.
Such as the jocund flute, or gamesome pipe
Stirs up among the loose, unletter'd hinds,
Who thank the gods amiss. Milton.
Th' unletter'd christian, who believes in gross,
Plods on to heav'n, and ne'er is at a loss. Dryden.

UNLE’VELLED. adj. Not cut even.
All unlevell'd the gay garden lies. Tickell.

UNLIBI’DINOUS. adj. Not lustful.
In those hearts
Love unlibidinous reign'd; nor jealousy
Was understood, the injur'd lover's hell. Milton.

UNLI’CENSED. adj. Having no regular permission.
Ask what boldness brought him hither
Unlicensed. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
Warn the thoughtless, self-confiding train,
No more, unlicens'd, thus to brave the main. Pope.

UNLI’CKED. adj. Shapeless; not formed: from the opinion that
the bear licks her young to shape.
Shape my legs of an unequal size,
To disproportion me in every part,
Like to a chaos, or unlick'd bear-whelp. Shakespeare.
Those unlickt bear-whelps. Donne.
The bloody bear, an independent beast,
Unlick'd to form, in groans her hate exprest. Dryden.

UNLI’GHTED. adj. Not kindled; not set on fire.
There lay a log unlighted on the earth:
For th' unborn chief the fatal sisters came,
And rais'd it up, and toss'd it on the flame. Dryden.
The sacred wood, which on the altar lay,
Untouch'd, unlighted glows. Prior.

UNLI’GHTSOME. adj. Dark; gloomy; wanting light.
First the sun,
A mighty sphere! he fram'd, unlightsome first,
Though of æthereal mould. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNLI’KE. adj.
1. Dissimilar; having no resemblance.
Where cases are so unlike as theirs and ours, I see not how
that which they did, should induce, much less inforce us to
the same practice. Hooker, b. v.
So the twins humours, in our Terence, are
Unlike; this harsh and rude, that smooth and fair. Denham.
Unlike the niceness of our modern dames;
Affected nymphs, with new affected names. Dryden.
Our ideas, whilst we are awake, succeed one another, not
much unlike the images in the inside of a lanthorn. Locke.
Some she disgrac'd, and some with honours crown'd;
Unlike successes equal merits found. Pope.
2. Improbable; unlikely; not likely.
Make not impossible that which but seems unlike. Shakesp.
What befel the empire of Almaigne were not unlike to
befal to Spain, if it should break. Bacon.

UNLI’KELIHOOD. [from unlikely.] Improbability.
UNLI’KELINESS. [from unlikely.] Improbability.
The work was carried on, amidst all the unlikelihoods and
discouraging circumstances imaginable; the builders holding
the sword in one hand, to defend the trowel working with
the other. South's Sermons.
There are degrees herein, from the very neighbourhood of
demonstration, quite down to improbality and unlikeliness,
even to the confines of impossibility. Locke.

UNLI’KELY. adj.
1. Improbable; not such as can be reasonably expected.
Suspicion Mopsa; for a very unlikely envy she hath stum­
bled upon. Sidney.
2. Not promising any particular event.
My advice and actions both have met
Success in things unlikely. Denham's Sophy.
This collection we thought not only unlikely to reach the
future, but unworthy of the present age. Swift.
Effects are miraculous and strange, when they grow by un­
likely means. Hooker.

UNLI’KELY. adv. Improbably.
The pleasures we are to enjoy in that conversation, not
unlikely may proceed from the discoveries each shall communi­
cate to another, of God and nature. Pope.

UNLI’KENESS. n. s. Dissimilitude; want of resemblance.
Imitation pleases, because it affords matter for enquiring
into the truth or falshood of imitation, by comparing its like­
ness, or unlikeness with the original. Dryden.

UNLI’MITALLE. adj. Admitting no bounds.
He tells us 'tis unlimited and unlimitable. Locke.

UNLI’MITED. adj.
1. Having no bounds; having no limits.
So unlimited is our impotence to recompence or repay
God's dilection, that it fetters our very wishes. Boyle.
It is some pleasure to a finite understanding, to view unli­
mited excellencies, which have no bounds, though it cannot
comprehend them. Tillotson.
2. Undefined; not bounded by proper exceptions.
With gross and popular capacities, nothing doth more pre­
vail than unlimited generalities, because of their plainness at
the first sight; nothing less, with men of exact judgment,
because such rules are not safe to be trusted over far. Hooker.
3. Unconfined; not restrained.
All the evils that can proceed from an untied tongue, and
an unguarded, unlimited will, we put upon the accounts of
drunkenness. Taylor.
Ascribe not unto God such an unlimited exercise of mercy,
as may destroy his justice. Rogers's Sermons.
Husbands are counselled not to trust too much to their
wives owning the doctrine of unlimited conjugal fidelity. Arb.

UNLI’MITEDLY. adv. Boundlessly; without bounds.
Many ascribe too unlimitedly to the force of a good mean­
ing, to think that it is able to bear the stress of whatsoever
commissions they shall lay upon it. Decay of Piety.

UNLI’NEAL. Not coming in the order of succession.
They put a barren scepter in my gripe,
Thence to be wrench'd with an unlineal hand,
No son of mine succeeding. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To UNLI’NK. v. a. To untwist; to open.
About his neck
A green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself;
Who with her head, nimble in threats, approach'd
The opening of his mouth; but suddenly
Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself. Shakespeare.

UNLI’QUIFIED. adj. Unmelted; undissolved.
These huge, unwieldy lumps remained in the melted mat­
ter, rigid and unliquified, floating in it like cakes of ice
in a river. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

To UNLO’AD. v. a.
1. To disburden; to exonerate.
Like an ass, whose back with ingots bows,
Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey,
And death unloadeth thee. Shakesp. Meas. for Measure.
Vain man forbear, of cares unload thy mind;
Forget thy hopes, and give thy fears to wind. Creech.
Some to unload the fertile branches run. Pope.
2. To put off any thing burdensome.
To you duke Humphry must unload his grief. Shakesp.
Nor can my tongue unload my heart's great burthen. Shak.

To UNLO’CK. v. a.
1. To open what is shut with a lock.
I have seen her unlock her closet, take forth paper. Shakesp.
She springs a light,
Unlocks the door, and ent'ring out of breath,
The dying saw, and instruments of death. Dryden.
2. To open in general.
My purse, my person, my extremest means,
Lie all unlock'd to your occasions. Shakesp. Mer. of Venice.
I had not thought to have unlock'd my lips
In this unhallow'd air, but that this jugler
Would think to charm my judgment, as mine eyes,
Obtruding false rules, pranck'd in reason's garb. Milton.
I yielded, and unlock'd her all my heart,
Who with a grain of manhood well resolv'd,
Might easily have shook off all her snares. Milton.
Sand is an advantage to cold clays, in that it warms them,
and unlocks their binding qualities. Mortimer's Husbandry.
A lixivium of quick-lime unlocks the salts that are entangled
in the viscid juices of some scorbutick persons. Arbuthnot.
Thy forests, Windsor! and thy green retreats
Invite my lays. Be present, sylvan maids!
Unlock your springs, and open all your shades. Pope.

UNLO’CKED. adj. Not fastened with a lock.

UNLOO’KED. adj. Unexpected; not foreseen.
UNLOO’KED for adj. Unexpected; not foreseen.
Yet perhaps had their number prevailed, if the king of
Pontus had not come unlook'd for to their succour. Sidney.
How much unlook'd for is this expedition! Shakespeare.
God, I pray him
That none of you may live your natural age,
But by some unlook'd accident cut off. Shakespeare.


Whatsoever is new is unlooked for; and ever it mends some,
and pares others. Bacon.
From that high hope, to what relapse
Unlook'd for are we fall'n. Paradise Regain'd.
Your affairs I have recommended to the king, but with un­
look'd success. Denham.
Nor fame I slight, nor for her favours call;
She comes unlook'd for, if she comes at all. Pope.

UNLOO’SABLE. adj. [A word rarely used.] Not to be loosed.
Whatever may be said of the unloosable mobility of atoms,
yet divers parts of matter may compose bodies, that need no
other cement to unite them, than the juxta-position, and
resting together of their parts, whereby the air, and other
fluids that might dissipate them, are excluded. Boyle.

To UNLOO’SE. v. a. To loose. A word perhaps barbarous
and ungrammatical, the particle prefixed implying negation;
so that to unloose, is properly to bind.
York, unloose your long imprison'd thoughts,
And let thy tongue be equal with thy heart. Shakespeare.
The weak, wanton Cupid,
Shall from your neck unloose his am'rous fold;
And, like a dew-drop from the lion's mane,
Be shook to air. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
Turn him to any cause of policy;
The gordian knot of it he will unloose,
Familiar as his garter. Shakesp. Hen. V.
It rested in you,
T' unloose this tied-up justice, when you pleas'd. Shakesp.
The latchet of his shoes I am not worthy to stoop down
and unloose. Mark i. 7.
He that should spend all his time in tying inextricable
knots, only to baffle the industry of those that should attempt
to unloose them, would be thought not much to have served
his generation. Decay of Piety.

To UNLOO’SE. v. n. To fall in pieces; to lose all union and
connexion.
Without this virtue, the publick union must unloose; the
strength decay; and the pleasure grow faint. Collier.

UNLO’VED. adj. Not loved.
As love does not always reflect itself, Zelmane, though
reason there was to love Palladius, yet could not ever perswade
her heart to yield with that pain to Palladius, as they feel,
that feel unloved love. Sidney, b. ii.
What though I be not fortunate;
But miserable most to love unlov'd! Shakespeare.
He was generally unloved, as a proud and supercilious
person. Clarendon, b. viii.

UNLO’VELINESS. n. s. Unamiableness; inability to create love.
The old man, growing only in age and affection, follow­
ed his suit with all means of unhonest servants, large pro­
mises, and each thing else that might help to countervail his
own unloveliness. Sidney, b. ii.

UNLO’VELY. adj. That cannot excite love. There seems by
this word generally more intended than barely negation. See
UNLOVELINESS.

UNLO’VING. adj. Unkind; not fond.
Thou, blest with a goodly son,
Didst yield consent to disinherit him;
Which argu'd thee a most unloving father. Shakespeare.

UNLU’CKILY. adv. Unfortunately; by ill luck.
Things have fallen out so unluckily,
That we have had no time to move our daughter. Shakesp.
An ant dropt unluckily into the water. L'Estrange.
A fox unluckily crossing the road, drew off a considerable
detachment. Addison's Freeholder, No 3.

UNLU’CKY. adj.
1. Unfortunate; producing unhappiness. This word is gene­
rally used of accidents flightly vexatious.
You may make an experiment often, without meeting with
any of those unlucky accidents which make such experiments
miscarry. Boyle.
2. Unhappy; miserable; subject to frequent misfortunes.
Then shall I you recount a rueful case,
Said he; the which with this unlucky eye
I late beheld. Fairy Queen, b. i.
3. Slightly mischievous; mischievously waggish.
His friendship is counterfeit, seldome to trust;
His doings unluckie, and ever unjust. Tusser.
Why, cries an unlucky wag, a less bag might have
served. L'Estrange.
A lad, th' unluckiest of his crew,
Was still contriving something bad, but new. King.
4. Ill-omen'd; inauspicious.
When I appear, see you avoid the place,
And haunt me not with that unlucky face. Dryden.

UNLU’STROUS. adj. Wanting splendour; wanting lustre.
Should I join gripes with hands
Made hard with hourly falshood, as with labour;
Then glad myself with peeping in an eye,
Base and unlustrous as the smoaky light
That's fed with stinking tallow. Shakespeare.

To UNLU’TE. v. a. To separate vessels closed with chymical
cement.
Our antimony thus handled, affordeth us an ounce of sul­
phur, of so sulphureous a smell, that upon the unluting the
vessels, it infected the room with a scarce supportable
stink. Boyle.
UNM

UNMA’DE. adj.
1. Not yet formed; not created.
Thou wast begot in Demogorgon's hall,
And saw'st the secrets of the world unmade. Fairy Queen.
Then might'st thou tear thy hair,
And fall upon the ground as I do now,
Taking the measure of an unmade grave. Shakespeare.
2. Deprived of form or qualities.
The first earth was perfectly unmade again, taken all to
pieces, and framed a-new. Woodward's Nat. Hist.
3 Omitted to be made.
You may the world of more defects upbraid,
That other works by nature are unmade;
That she did never at her own expence
A palace rear. Blackmore.

UNMA’IMED. adj. Not deprived of any essential part.
An interpreter should give his author entire and unmaimed;
the diction and the verfification only are his proper pro­
vince. Pope's Preface to the Iliad.

UNMA’KABLE. adj. Not possible to be made.
If the principles of bodies are unalterable, they are also
unmakable by any but a divine power. Grew's Cosmology.

To UNMA’KE. v. a. To deprive of former qualities before
possessed. To deprive of form or being.
They've made themselves, and their fitness now
Does unmake you. Shakesp. Macbeth.
God does not make or unmake things, to try experi­
ments. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Empire! thou poor and despicable thing,
When such as these make, or unmake a king. Dryden.
Bring this guide of the light within to the trial. God,
when he makes the prophet, does not unmake the man. Locke.

To UNMA’N. v. a.
1. To deprive of the constituent qualities of a human being, as
reason.
What, quite unmann'd in folly? Shakesp. Macbeth.
Gross errors unman, and strip them of the very principles of
reason, and sober discourse. South's Sermons.
2. To emasculate.
3. To break into irresolution; to deject.
Her clamours pierce the Trojans ears,
Unman their courage, and augment their fears. Dryden.
Ulysses veil'd his pensive head;
Again unman'd, a shower of sorrows shed. Pope.

UNMA’NAGEABLE. adj.
1. Not manageable; not easily governed.
They'll judge every thing by models of their own, and
thus are rendered unmanageable by any authority but that of
absolute dominion. Glanville.
None can be concluded unmanageable by the milder me­
thods of government, till they have been thoroughly tried
upon him; and if they will not prevail, we make no excuses
for the obstinate. Locke.
2. Not easily wielded.

UNMA’NAGED. adj.
1. Not broken by horsemanship.
Like colts, or unmanaged horses, we start at dead bones
and lifeless blocks. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
2. Not tutored; not educated.
Savage princes flash out sometimes into an irregular greatness
of thought, and betray, in their actions, an unguided force,
and unmanaged virtue. Felton on the Classicks.

UNMA’NLIKE. adj.
UNMA’NLY. adj.
1. Unbecoming a human being.
It is strange to see the unmanlike cruelty of mankind, who,
not content with their tyrannous ambition, to have brought
the others virtuous patience under them, think their master­
hood nothing, without doing injury to them. Sidney.
Where the act is unmanly, or the expectation contradictious
to the attributes of God, our hopes we ought never to en­
tertain. Collier against Despair.
2. Unsuitable to a man; effeminate.
By the greatness of the cry, it was the voice of man;
though it were a very unmanlike voice, so to cry. Sidney.
New customs,
Though never so ridiculous,
Nay, let them be unmanly, yet are follow'd. Shakespeare.
This is in thee a nature but affected;
A poor unmanly melancholy, sprung
From change of fortune. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
My servitude, ignoble,
Unmanly, ignominious, infamous. Milton's Agonistes.
Think not thy friend can ever feel the soft
Unmanly warmth, and tenderness of love. Addison.


Unmanly dread invades the French astony'd,
And streight their useless arms they quit. Philips.

UNMA’NNERED. adj. Rude; brutal; uncivil.
You have a slanderous, beastly, unwash'd tongue,
In your rude mouth, and savouring yourself,
Unmanner'd lord. B. Johnson's Catiline.
If your barking dog disturb her ease,
Th' unmanner'd malefactor is arraign'd. Dryden's Juvenal.

UNMA’NNERLINESS. n. s. Breach of civility; ill behaviour.
A sort of unmannerliness is apt to grow up with young peo­
ple, if not early restrain'd; and that is a forwardness to in­
terrupt others speaking. Locke on Education.

UNMA’NNERLY. adj. Ill bred; not civil; not complaisant.
Sweetheart,
I were unmannerly to take you out,
And not to kiss you. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
He call'd them untaught knaves, unmannerly,
To bring a slovenly, unhandsome coarse
Betwixt the wind and his nobility. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
He will prove the weeping philosoper, when he grows old,
being so full of unmannerly sadness in his youth. Shakespeare.
Bare-faced ribaldry is both unmannerly in itself, and ful­
some to the reader. Dryden.
A divine dares hardly shew his person among fine gentle­
men; or, if he fall into such company, he is in continual
apprehension that some pert man of pleasure should break an
unmannerly jest, and render him ridiculous. Swift.

UNMA’NNERLY. adv. Uncivilly.
Forgive me,
If I have us'd myself unmannerly. Shakespeare.

UNMANU’RED. adj. Not cultivated.
The land,
In antique times was savage wilderness;
Unpeopl'd, unmanur'd, unprov'd, unprais'd. Fairy Queen.

UNMA’RKED. adj. Not observed; not regarded.
I got a time, unmarked by any, to steal away, I cared not
whither, so I might escape them. Sidney.
This place unmark'd, though oft I walk'd the green,
In all my progress I had never seen. Dryden.
Entring at the gate, conceal'd in clouds,
He mix'd, unmark'd, among the busy throng,
Borne by the tide, and pass'd unseen along. Dryden.
Unmark'd, unhonour'd at a monarch's gate. Pope.

UNMA’RRIED. adj. Having no husband, or no wife.
Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants,
but not always best subjects, for they are light to run
away. Bacon.
Husbands and wives, boys and unmarry'd maids. Dryden.

To UNMA’SK. v. a.
1. To strip of a mask.
2. To strip of any disguise.
With full cups they had unmask'd his soul. Roscommon.
Though in Greek or Latin they amuse us, yet a translation
unmasks them, whereby the cheat is transparent. Glanville.

To UNMA’SK. v. n. To put off the mask.
My husband bids me; now I will unmask.
This is that face was worth the looking on. Shakespeare.

UNMA’SKED. adj. Naked; open to the view.
O I am yet to learn a statesman's art;
My kindness, and my hate unmask'd I wear,
For friends to trust, and enemies to fear. Dryden.

UNMA’STERABLE. adj. Unconquerable; not to be sub­
dued.
The fætor is unmasterable by the natural heat of man; not
to be dulcified by concoction, beyond unsavoury condi­
tion. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNMA’STERED. adj.
1. Not subdued.
2. Not conquerable.
Weigh what loss your honour may sustain, if you
Or lose your heart, or your chaste treasure open
To his unmaster'd importunity. Shakesp. Hamlet.
He cannot his unmaster'd grief sustain,
But yields to rage, to madness and disdain. Dryden.

UNMA’TCHABLE. adj. Unparalelled; unequalled.
The soul of Christ, that saw in this life the face of God,
was, through so visible presence of Deity, filled with all
manner of graces and virtues in that unmatchable degree of
perfection; for which, of him we read it written, that God
with the oil of gladness anointed him. Hooker, b. v.
Most radiant, exquisite, and unmatchable beauty, tell me,
if this be the lady of the house. Shakespeare.
England breeds very valiant creatures; their mastiffs are
of unmatchable courage. Shakesp. Hen. V.

UNMA’TCHED. adj. Matchless; having no match, or equal.
That glorious day, which two such navies saw,
As each, unmatch'd, might to the world give law;
Neptune, yet doubtful whom he should obey,
Held to them both the trident of the sea. Dryden.

UNME’ANING. adj. Expressing no meaning.
With round, unmeaning face. Pope.

UNME’ANT. adj. Not intended.
The flying spear was after Ilus sent:
But Rhætus happen'd on a death unmeant. Dryden.

UNME’ASURABLE. adj. Boundless; unbounded.
Common mother! thou
Whose womb unmeasurable, and infinite breast
Teems and feeds all. Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
You preserved the lustre of that noble family, which the
unmeasurable profusion of ancestors had eclipsed. Swift.

UNMEA’SURED. adj.
1. Immense; infinite.
Does the sun dread th' imaginary sign,
Nor farther yet in liquid æther roll,
'Till he has gain'd some unfrequented place,
Lost to the world, in vast, unmeasur'd space. Blackmore.
2. Not measured; plentiful.
From him all perfect good, unmeasur'd out, descends. Milton.

UNME’DITATED. adj. Not formed by previous thought.
Neither various style,
Nor holy rapture, wanted they, to praise
Their maker, in fit strains pronounc'd, or sung
Unmeditated. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.

UNME’DLED with. adj. Not touched; not altered.
The flood-gate is opened and closed for six days, conti­
nuing other ten days unmedled with. Carew.

UNMEE’T. adj. Not fit; not proper; not worthy.
Madam was young, unmeet the rule of sway. Spenser.
I am unmeet;
For I cannot flatter thee in pride. Shakespeare.
O my father!
Prove you that any man with me convers'd
At hours unmeet, refuse me, hate me. Shakespeare.
Alack! my hand is sworn
Ne'er to pluck thee from thy thorn;
Vow, alack! for youth unmeet,
Youth so apt to pluck a sweet. Shakespeare.
Its fellowship unmeet for thee,
Good reason was thou freely should'st dislike. Milton.
That muse desires the last, the lowest place,
Who, though unmeet, yet touch'd the trembling string
For the fair fame of Anne. Prior.

UNME’LLOWED. adj. Not fully ripened.
His years but young, but his experience old;
His head unmellow'd, but his judgment ripe. Shakespeare.

UNME’LTED. adj. Undissolved by heat.
Snow on ætna does unme'ted lie,
Whence rowling flames, and scatter'd cinders fly. Waller.

UNME’NTIONED. adj. Not told; not named.
They left not any error in government unmentioned or un­
pressed, with the sharpest and most pathetical expressions. Clar.
Oh let me here sink down
Into my grave, unmention'd and unmourn'd! Southern.

UNME’RCHANTABLE. adj. Unsaleable; not vendible.
They feed on salt, unmerchantable pilchard. Carew.

UNME’RCIFUL. adj.
1. Cruel; severe; inclement.
For the humbling of this unmerciful pride in the eagle,
providence has found out a way. L'Estrange.
The pleasant lustre of flame delights children at first; but
when experience has convinced them, by the exquisite pain it
has put them to, how cruel and unmerciful it is, they are
afraid to touch it. Locke.
Whatsoever doctrine represents God as unjust and unmer­
ciful, cannot be from God, because it subverts the very foun­
dation of religion. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Unconscionable; exorbitant.
Not only the peace of the honest, unwriting subject was
daily molested, but unmerciful demands were made of his ap­
plause. Pope.

UNME’RCIFULLY. adv. Without mercy; without tenderness.
A little warm fellow fell most unmercifully upon his Gallick
majesty. Addison.

UNME’RCIFULNESS. n. s. Inclemency; cruelty; want of tenderness.
Consider the rules of friendship, lest justice turn into un­
mercifulness. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

UNME’RITED. adj. Not deserved; not obtained otherwise
than by favour.
This day, in whom all nations shall be blest,
Favour unmerited by me, who sought
Forbidden knowledge by forbidden means. Milton.
A tottering pinnacle unmerited greatness is. Gov. Tongue.

UNME’RITABLE. adj. Having no desert. Not in use.
Your love deserves my thanks; but my desert
Unmeritable, shuns your high request. Shakespeare.

UNME’RITEDNESS. n. s. State of being undeserved.
As to the freeness or unmeritedness of God's love; we
need but consider, that we so little could at first deserve his
love, that he loved us even before we had a being. Boyle.

UNMI’LKED. adj. Not milked.
The ewes still folded, with distended thighs,
Unmilk'd, lay bleating in distressful cries. Pope.



UNMI’NDED. adj. Not heeded; not regarded.
He was
A poor, unminded outlaw, sneaking home;
My father gave him welcome to the shore. Shakespeare.
He, after Eve seduc'd, unminded, slunk
Into the wood. Milton.

UNMI’NDFUL. adj. Not heedful; not regardful; negligent;
inattentive.
Worldly wights in place
Leave off their work, unmindful of this law,
To gaze on them. Fairy Queen.
I shall let you see, that I am not unmindful of the things
you would have me remember. Boyle.
Who now enjoys thee, credulous, all gold;
Who always vacant, always amiable,
Hopes thee; of flattering gales
Unmindful. Milton.
Unmindful of the crown that virtue gives,
After this mortal change, to her true servants,
Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats. Milton.
He, not unmindful of his usual art,
First in dissembled fire attempts to part;
Then roaring beasts he tries. Dryden's Virgil.
When those who dislike the constitution, are so very zea­
lous in their offers for the service of their country, they are
not wholly unmindful of their party, or themselves. Swift.

To UNMI’NGLE. v. a. To separate things mixed.
It will unmingle the wine from the water; the wine ascend­
ing, and the water descending. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

UNMI’NGLED. adj. Pure; not vitiated by any thing ming­
led.
As easy may'st thou fall
A drop of water in the breaking gulph,
And take unmingled thence your drop again,
Without addition or diminishing. Shakespeare.
Springs on high hills, are pure and unmingled. Bacon.
His cup is full of pure and unmingled sorrow. Taylor.
Vessels of unmingled wine,
Mellifluous, undecaying, and divine. Pope.

UNMI’NGLEABLE. adj. Not susceptive of mixture. Not used.
The sulphur of the concrete loses by the fermentation, the
property of oil being unmingleable with water. Boyle.
The unmingleable liquors retain their distinct surfaces. Boyle.

UNMI’RY. adj. Not fouled with dirt.
Pass, with safe, unmiry feet,
Where the rais'd pavement leads athwart the street. Gay.

UNMI’TIGATED. adj. Not softened.
With publick accusation, uncovered slander, unmitigated
rancour. Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing.

UNMI’XED. adj. Not mingled with any thing; pure; not
corrupted by additions.
UNMI’XT. adj. Not mingled with any thing; pure; not
corrupted by additions.
Thy commandment all alone shall live
Within the book and volume of my brain,
Unmixt with baser matter. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
It exhibits a mixture of new conceits and old; whereas
the instauration gives the new, unmixed otherwise than with
some little aspersion of the old. Bacon.
Thy constant quiet fills my peaceful breast,
With unmix'd joy, uninterrupted rest. Roscommon.
What is glory but the blaze of fame,
The people's praise, if always praise unmixt? Milton.
Thy Arethusan stream remains unsoil'd;
Unmixt with foreign filth, and undefil'd. Dryden.
Together out they fly,
Inseparable now, the truth and lie:
And this or that unmixt, no mortal ear shall find. Pope.

UNMO’ANED. adj. Not lamented.
Fatherless distress was left unmoan'd;
Your widow dolours likewise be unwept. Shakespeare.

UNMOI’ST. adj. Not wet.
Volatile Hermes, fluid and unmoist,
Mounts on the wings of air. Philips.

UNMOI’STENED. adj. Not made wet.
The incident light that meets with a grosser liquor, will
have its beams more or less interruptedly reflected, than they
would be if the body had been unmoistened. Boyle.

UNMOLE’STED. adj. Free from disturbance; free from exter­
nal troubles.
The fowls of the air, and the beasts of the field, are sup­
plied with every thing, unmolested by hopes or fears. Rogers.
Cleopatra was read o'er,
While Scot, and Wake, and twenty more,
That teach one to deny one'sself,
Stood unmolested on the shelf. Prior.
Safe on my shore each unmolested swain,
Shall tend the flocks, or reap the bearded grain. Pope.

To UNMOO’R. v. a.
1. To loose from land, by taking up the anchors.
We with the rising morn our ships unmoor'd,
And brought our captives, and our stores aboard. Pope.
2. Prior seems to have taken it for casting anchor.
Soon as the British ships unmoor,
And jolly long-boat rows to shore. Prior.

UNMO’RALIZED. adj. Untutored by morality.
This is censured as the mark of a dissolute and unmoralized
temper. Norris.

UNMO’RTGAGED. adj. Not mortgaged.
Is there one God unsworn to my destruction?
The least, unmortgag'd hope? for, if there be,
Methinks I cannot fall. Dryden's All for Love.
This he has repeated so often, that at present there is scarce
a single gabel unmortgaged. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

UNMO’RTIFIED. adj. Not subdued by sorrow and severities.
If our conscience reproach us with unmortified sin, our hope
is the hope of an hypocrite. Rogers's Sermons.

UNMO’VEABLE. adj. Such as cannot be removed or altered.
Wherein consists the precise and unmoveable boundaries of
that species. Locke.

UNMO’VED. adj.
1. Not put out of one place into another.
Vipers that do sly
The light, oft under unmov'd stalls do lie. May's Virgil.
Nor winds, nor winter's rage o'erthrows
His bulky body, but unmov'd he grows. Dryden.
Chess-men, standing on the same squares of the chess­
board, we say they are all in the same place, or unmoved;
though, perhaps, the chess-board hath been carried out of
one room into another. Locke.
2. Not changed in resolution.
Among innumerable false, unmov'd,
Unshaken, unseduc'd. Milton.
3. Not affected; not touched with any passion.
Cæsar, the world's great master and his own,
Unmov'd, superior still in ev'ry state,
And scarce detested in his country's fate. Pope.
4. Unaltered by passion.
I meant to meet
My fate with face unmov'd, and eyes unwet. Dryden.

UNMO’VING. adj.
1. Having no motion.
The celestial bodies, without impulse, had continued un­
active, unmoving heaps of matter. Cheyne's Phil. Prin.
2. Having no power to raise the passions; unaffecting.

To UNMO’ULD. v. a. To change as to the form.
Its pleasing poison
The visage quite transforms of him that drinks,
And the inglorious likeness of a beast
Fixes instead, unmoulding reason's mintage,
Character'd in the face. Milton.

UNMO’URNED. adj. Not lamented; not deplored.
O let me here sink down
Into my grave unmention'd and unmourn'd. Southern.

To UNMU’ZZLE. v. a. To loose from a muzzle.
Now unmuzzle your wisdom. Shakespeare.
Have you not set mine honour at the stake,
And baited it with all th' unmuzzl'd thoughts
Thy tyrannous heart can think? Shakesp. Twelfth Night.

To UNMU’FFLE. v. a. To put off a covering from the face.
Unmuffle, ye faint stars! and thou, fair moon,
That wont'st to love the traveller's benizon,
Stoop thy pale visage through an amber cloud,
And disinherit chaos, that reigns here
In double night, of darkness and of shades. Milton.

UNMU’SICAL. adj. Not harmonious; not pleasing by sound.
Let argument bear no unmusical sound,
Nor jars interpose, sacred friendship to grieve. B. Johnson.
One man's ambition wants satisfaction, another's avarice,
a third's spleen; and this discord makes up the very unmu­
sical harmony of our murmurs. Decay of Piety.
UNN

UNNA’MED. adj. Not mentioned.
Author of evil, unknown till thy revolt,
Unnam'd in heav'n. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.

UNNA’TURAL. adj.
1. Contrary to the laws of nature; contrary to the common
instincts.
Her offence
Must be of such unnatural degree,
That monsters it. Shakesp. K. Lear.
People of weak heads on the one hand, and vile affections
on the other, have made an unnatural divorce between being
wise and good. Glanville's Scepf.
'Tis irreverent and unnatural, to scoff at the infirmities of
old age. L'Estrange.
2. Acting without the affections implanted by nature.
Rome, whose gratitude
Tow'rds her deserving children, is enroll'd
In Jove's own book, like an unnatural dam,
Should now eat up her own. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
If the tyrant were, to a son so noble, so unnatural,
What will he be to us? Denham's Sophy.


3. Forced; not agreeable to the real state of persons or
things.
They admire only glittering trifles, that in a serious poem
are nauseous, because they are unnatural. Would any man,
who is ready to die for love, describe his passion like Nar­
cissus? Dryden.
In an heroic poem, two kinds of thoughts are carefully to
be avoided; the first, are such as are affected and unnatural;
the second, such as are mean and vulgar. Addison.

UNNA’TURALNESS. n. s. Contrariety to nature.
The God, which is the God of nature, doth never teach
unnaturalness. Sidney.

UNNA’TURALLY. adv. In opposition to nature.
All the world have been frighted with an apparition of
their own fancy, or they have most unnaturally conspired to
cozen themselves. Tillotson.

UNNA’VIGABLE. adj. Not to be passed by vessels; not to be
navigated.
Pindar's unnavigable song,
Like a swift stream from mountains pours along. Cowley.
Some who the depths of eloquence have found,
In that unnavigable stream were drown'd. Dryden.
Let wit her sails, her oars let wisdom lend;
The helm let politick experience guide:
Yet cease to hope thy short-liv'd bark shall ride
Down spreading fate's unnavigable tide. Prior.
The Indian seas were believ'd to be unnavigable. Arbuthnot.

UNNE’CESSARILY. adv. Without necessity; without need;
needlessly.
To abrogate, without constraint of manifest harm thereby
arising, had been to alter unnecessarily, in their judgment,
the antient, received custom of the whole church. Hooker.
'Tis highly imprudent in the greatest of men, unnecessarily
to provoke the meanest. L'Estrange.
These words come in without any connexion with the
story, and consequently unnecessarily. Broome.

UNNE’CESSARINESS. n. s. Needlessness.
These are such extremes as afford no middle for industry to
exist, hope being equally out-dated by the desperateness or
unnecessariness of an undertaking. Decay of Piety.

UNNE’CESSARY. adj. Needless; not wanted; useless.
The doing of things unnecessary, is many times the cause
why the most necessary are not done. Hooker, b. v.
Thou whoreson zed; thou unnecessary letter. Shakespeare.
Let brave spirits, fitted for command by sea or land, not
be laid by, as persons unnecessary for the time. Bacon.
Lay that unnecessary fear aside;
Mine be the care new people to provide. Dryden.
Unnecessary coinage, as well as unnecessary revival of words,
runs into affectation; a fault to be avoided on either
hand. Dryden.
They did not only shun persecution, but affirmed, that
it was unnecessary for their followers to bear their religion
through such fiery trials. Addison.
The reader can easily discover how the plot will be unra­
velled at last; but the unnecessary intricacies in unravelling it,
still remain to be accounted for. Shakesp. Illustrated.

UNNE’IGHBOURLY. adj. Not kind; not suitable to the duties
of a neighbour.
Parnassus is but a barren mountain, and its inhabitants
make it more so, by their unneighbourly deportment. Garth.

UNNE’IGHBOURLY. adv. In a manner not suitable to a neigh­
bour; with malevolence; with mutual mischief.
These two christian armies might combine
The blood of malice in a vein of league,
And not to spend it so unneighbourly. Shakespeare.

UNNE’RVATE. adj. Weak; feeble. A bad word.
Scaliger calls them fine and lively in Musæus; but abject,
unnervate, and unharmonious in Homer. Broome.

To UNNE’RVE. v. a. To weaken; to enfeeble.
The precepts are often so minute and full of circumstances,
that they weaken and unnerve his verse. Addison.

UNNE’RVED. adj. Weak; feeble.
Pyrrhus at Priam drives, in rage strikes wide;
But with the whiff and wind of his fell sword,
Th' unnerv'd father falls. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

UNNE’TH. adv. [This is from un and eath, Saxon, easy; and
ought therefore to be written uneath.] Scarce­
ly; hardly; not without difficulty. Obsolete.
UNNE’THES. adv. [This is from un and eath, Saxon, easy; and
ought therefore to be written uneath.] Scarce­
ly; hardly; not without difficulty. Obsolete.
Diggon, I am so stiffe and stanke,
That unneth I may stand any more;
And how the western wind bloweth sore,
Beating the wither'd leaf from the tree. Spenser.
A shepherd's boy,
When winter's wasteful spight was almost spent,
Led forth his flocke, that had been long ypent;
So faint they waxe, and feeble in the fold,
That now unnethes their feet could 'em uphold. Spenser.

UNNO’BLE. adj. Mean; ignominious; ignoble.
I have offended reputation;
A most unnoble swerving. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNNO’TED. adj. Not observed; not regarded; not heeded;
not celebrated.
They may jest,
'Till their own scorn return to them unnoted. Shakespeare.
He drew his seat familiar to her side,
Far from the suitor train, a brutal crowd;
Where the free guest unnoted might relate,
If haply conscious of his father's fate. Pope.
A shameful fate now hides my hopeless head,
Unwept, unnoted, and for ever dead. Pope's Odyssey.

UNNU’MBERED. adj. Innumerable.
The skies are painted with unnumber'd sparks;
They are all fire, and every one doth shine. Shakespeare.
Our bodies are but the anvils of pain and diseases, and our
minds the hives of unnumbered cares and passions. Raleigh.
Of various forms, unnumber'd spectres, more
Centaurs, and double shapes, besiege the door. Dryden.
Pitchy and dark the night sometimes appears;
Our joy and wonder sometimes she excites,
With stars unnumber'd. Prior.
UNO

UNOBSE’QUIOUSNESS. n. s. Incompliance; disobedience.
They make one man's particular failings, confining laws
to others; and convey them, as such, to their succeeders,
who are bold to misname all unobsequiousness to their incogi­
tancy, presumption. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNOBE’YED. adj. Not obeyed.
Not leave
Unworshipp'd, unobey'd, the throne supreme. Milton.

UNOBJE’CTED. adj. Not charged as a fault, or contrary argu­
ment.
What will he leave unobjected to Luther, when he makes
it his crime that he defied the devil. Atterbury.

UNOBNO’XIOUS. adj. Not liable; not exposed to any hurt.
So unobnoxious now, she hath buried both;
For none to death sins, that to sin is loth. Donne.
In fight they stood
Unwearied, unobnoxious to be pain'd. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNOBSE’RVABLE. adj. Not to be observed; not discover­
able.
A piece of glass reduced to powder, the same which, when
entire, freely transmitted the beams of light, acquiring by
contusion, a multitude of minute surfaces, reflects, in a con­
fused manner, little and singly unobservable images of the
lucid body, that from a diaphanous, it degenerates into a
white body. Boyle on Colours.

UNOBSE’RVANT. adj.
1. Not obsequious.
2. Not attentive.
The unobservant multitude may have some general, con­
fused apprehensions of a beauty, that gilds the outside frame
of the universe. Glanville.

UNOBSE’RVED. adj. Not regarded; not attended to; not heed­
ed; not minded.
The motion in the minute parts of any solid body, which
is the principal cause of violent motion, though unobserved,
passeth without sound. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
They the son of God, our Saviour meek,
Sung victor; and from heav'nly feast refresh'd,
Brought on his way with joy; he, unobserv'd,
Home to his mother's house private return'd. Milton.
Every unwonted meteor is portentous, and the appearance
of any unobserved star, some divine prognostick. Glanville.
Such was the Boyne, a poor, inglorious stream,
That in Hibernian vales obscurely stray'd,
And, unobserv'd, in wild meanders play'd. Addison.
Had I err'd in this case, it had been a well-meant mistake,
and might have pass'd unobserved. Atterbury.

UNOBSE’RVING. adj. Inattentive; not heedful.
His similitudes are not placed, as our unobserving criticks
tell us, in the heat of any action; but commonly in its de­
clining. Dryden.

UNOBSTRU’CTED. adj. Not hindered; not stopped.
Unobstructed matter flies away,
Ranges the void, and knows not where to stay. Blackmore.

UNOBSTRU’CTIVE. adj. Not raising any obstacle.
Why should he halt at either station? why
Not forward run in unobstructive sky? Blackmore.

UNOBTA’INED. adj. Not gained; not acquired.
As the will doth now work upon that object by desire,
which is motion towards the end, as yet unobtained: so like­
wise upon the same hereafter received, it shall work also by
love. Hooker.

UNO’BVIOUS. adj. Not readily occurring.
Of all the metals, not any so constantly discloseth its un­
obvious colour, as copper. Boyle on Colours.

UNO’CCUPIED. adj. Unpossessed.
If we shall discover further to the north pole, we shall find
all that tract not to be vain, useless, or unoccupied. Ray.
The fancy hath power to create them in the sensories, then
unoccupied by external impressions. Grew's Cosmology.



UNO’FFERED. adj. Not proposed to acceptance.
For the sad business of Ireland, he could not express a
greater sense, there being nothing left on his part unoffered or
undone. Clarendon.

UNOFFE’NDING. adj.
1. Harmless; innocent.
Thy unoffending life I could not save;
Nor weeping could I follow to thy grave. Dryden.
2. Sinless; pure from fault.
If those holy and unoffending spirits, the angels, veil their
faces before the throne of his majesty; with what awe should
we, sinful dust and ashes, approach that infinite power we
have so grievously offended. Rogers's Sermons.

To UNO’IL. v. a. To free from oil.
A tight maid, ere he for wine can ask,
Guesses his meaning, and unoils the flask. Dryden.

UNO’PENING. adj. Not opening.
Benighted wanderers, the forest o'er,
Curse the sav'd candle, and unopening door. Pope.

UNO’PERATIVE. adj. Producing no effects.
The wishing of a thing is not properly the willing of it;
but an imperfect velleity, and imports no more than an idle,
unoperative complacency in the end, with a direct abhorrence
of the means. South's Sermons.

UNOPPO’SED. adj. Not encountered by any hostility or ob­
struction.
Proud, art thou met? thy hope was to have reach'd
The height of thy aspiring unoppos'd,
The throne of God unguarded. Milton's Par. Lost.
To every nobler portion of the town,
The curling billows roll their restless tide:
In parties now they struggle up and down,
As armies, unoppos'd, for prey divide. Dryden.
The people, like a headlong torrent go,
And ev'ry dam they break or overflow:
But unoppos'd they either lose their force,
Or wind in volumes to their former course. Dryden.

UNO’RDERLY. Disordered; irregular.
Since some ceremonies must be used, every man would
have his own fashion; whereof what other would be the
issue, but infinite distraction, and unorderly confusion in the
church. Sanderson.

UNO’RDINARY. adj. Uncommon; unusual.
I do not know how they can be excused from murder, who
kill monstrous births, because of an unordinary shape, with­
out knowing whether they have a rational soul or no. Locke.

UNO’RGANIZED. adj. Having no parts instrumental to the
nourishment of the rest.
It is impossible for any organ to regulate itself: much less
may we refer this regulation to the animal spirits, an un­
organized fluid. Grew's Cosmology.

UNORI’GINAL. adj. Having no birth; ungenerated.
UNORI’GINATED. adj. Having no birth; ungenerated.
I toil'd out my uncouth passage, forc'd to ride
Th' untractable abyss, plung'd in the womb
Of unoriginal night, and chaos wild. Milton's Par. Lost.
In scripture, Jehovah signifies, that God is underived,
unoriginated, and self-existent. Stephen's Sermons.

UNO’RTHODOX. adj. Not holding pure doctrine.
A fat benefice became a crime against its incumbent; and
he was sure to be unorthodox, that was worth the plun­
dering. Decay of Piety.

UNO’WED. adj. Having no owner.
England now is left
To tug and scramble, and to part by th' teeth
The unowed interest of proud, swelling state. Shakespeare.

UNO’WNED. adj.
1. Having no owner.
2. Not acknowledged.
Of night or loneliness it recks me not;
I fear the dread events that dog them both,
Least some ill-greeting touch attempt the person
Of our unowned sister. Milton.
Oh happy, unown'd youths! your limbs can bear
The scorching dog-star, and the winter's air;
While the rich infant, nurs'd with care and pain,
Thirsts with each heat, and coughs with ev'ry rain. Gay.
UNP

To UNPA’CK. v. a.
1. To disburden; to exonerate.
I, the son of a dear father murther'd,
Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words. Shakesp.
2. To open any thing bound together.
He had a great parcel of glasses packed up, which, when
he had unpacked, a great many cracked of themselves. Boyle.

UNPA’CKED. adj. Not collected by unlawful artifices.
The knight
Resolv'd to leave him to the fury
Of justice, and an unpack'd jury. Hudibras.

UNPA’ID. adj.
1. Not discharged.
Receive from us knee tribute not unpaid. Milton.
Nor hecatomb unslain, nor vows unpaid;
On Greeks, accurs'd, this dire confusion bring. Dryden.
What can atone, oh ever-injur'd shade!
Thy fate unpity'd, and thy rites unpaid? Pope.
2. Not receiving dues or debts.
How often are relations neglected, and tradesmen unpaid,
for the support of this vanity? Collier.
Th' embroider'd suit, at least, he deem'd his prey;
That suit, an unpaid taylor snatch'd away. Pope.
3. UNPA’ID for. That for which the price is not yet given;
taken on trust.
Richer, than doing nothing for a bauble;
Prouder, than rustling in unpaid for silk. Shakespeare.

UNPA’INED. adj. Suffering no pain.
Too unequal work we find,
Against unequal arms to fight in pain;
Against unpain'd, impassive. Milton's Par. Lost.

UNPA’INFUL. adj. Giving no pain.
That is generally called hard, which will put us to pain,
sooner than change figure; and that soft, which changes the
situation of its parts, upon an easy and unpainful touch. Locke.

UNPA’LATABLE. adj. Nauscous; disgusting.
The man who laugh'd but once to see an ass
Mumbling to make the cross-grain'd thistles pass,
Might laugh again to see a jury chaw
The prickles of unpalatable law. Dryden.
A good man will be no more disturbed at the me­
thods of correction, than by seeing his friend take unpala­
table physick. Collier on Kindness.

UNPA’RAGONED. adj. Unequalled; unmatched.
Either your unparagon'd mistress is dead, or she's out-priz'd
by a trisle. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

UNPARA’LLELED. adj. Not matched; not to be matched;
having no equal.
I have been
The book of his good acts, whence men have read
His fame, unparallelled, haply amplified. Shakespeare.
Who had thought this clime had held
A deity so unparallell'd? Milton's Arcades.
The father burst out again in tears, upon receiving this in­
stance of an unparallelled fidelity from one, who he thought
had given herself up to the possession of another. Addison.
O fact unparallell'd! O Charles! O best of kings!
What stars their black, disastrous influence shed
On thy nativity? Phillips.

UNPA’RDONABLE. adj. [impardonable, Fr.] Irremissible.
It was thought in him an unpardonable offence to alter any
thing; in us as intolerable, that we suffer any thing to remain
unaltered. Hooker.
Oh, tis a fault too unpardonable. Shakespeare.
The kinder the master, the more unpardonable is the
traitor. L'Estrange.
Consider how unpardonable the refusal of so much grace
must render us. Rogers's Sermons.

UNPA’RDONABLY. adv. Beyond forgiveness.
Luther's conscience turns these reasonings upon him, and
infers, that Luther must have been unpardonably wicked in
using masses for fifteen years. Atterbury.

UNPA’RDONED. adj.
1. Not forgiven.
How know we that our souls shall not this night be required,
laden with those unpardoned sins, for which we proposed to
repent tomorrow. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Not discharged; cancelled by a legal pardon.
My returning into England unpardoned, hath destroyed
that opinion. Raleigh.

UNPA’RDONING. adj. Not forgiving.
Curse ou th' unpard'ning prince, whom tears can draw
To no remorse; who rules by lion's law;
And deaf to pray'rs, by no submission bow'd,
Rends all alike, the penitent and proud. Dryden.

UNPA’RLIAMENTARINESS. n. s. Contrariety to the usage or
constitution of parliament.
Sensible he was of that disrespect; reprehending them for
the unparliamentariness of their remonstrance in print. Clar.

UNPA’RLIAMENTARY. adj. Contrary to the rules of parlia­
ment.
The secret of all this unprecedented proceeding in their
masters, they must not impute to their freedom in debate,
but to that unparliamentary abuse of setting individuals upon
their shoulders, who were hated by God and man. Swift.

UNPA’RTED. adj. Undivided; not separated.
Too little it eludes the dazzl'd sight,
Becomes mix'd blackness, or unparted light. Prior.

UNPA’RTIAL. adj. Equal; honest. Not in use.
Clear evidence of truth, after a serious and unpartial exa­
mination. Sanderson.

UNPA’RTIALLY. adv. Equally; indifferently.
Deem it not impossible for you to err; sift unpartially your
own hearts, whether it be force of reason, or vehemency of
affection, which hath bred these opinions in you. Hooker.



UNPA’SSABLE. adj. Admitting no passage.
Every country, which shall not do according to these
things, shall be made not only unpassable for men, but most
hateful to wild beasts. Esth. xvi 24.
They are vast and unpassable mountains, which the labour
and curiosity of no mortal has ever yet known. Temple.
Making a new standard for money, must make all mo­
ney which is lighter than that standard, unpassable. Locke.
You swell yourself as though you were a man of learning
already; you are thereby building a most unpassable barrier
against all improvement. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

UNPA’SSIONATE. adj. Free from passion; calm; impar­
tial.
UNPA’SSIONATED. adj. Free from passion; calm; impar­
tial.
He attended the king into Scotland, and was sworn a
counsellor in that kingdom; where, as I have been instructed
by unpassionate men, he did carry himself with singular sweet­
ness. Wotton's Buckingham.
More sober heads have a set of misconceits, which are as
absurd to an unpassionated reason, as those to our unbiassed
senses. Glanville's Sceps. c. 13.
The rebukes, which their faults will make hardly to be
avoided, should not only be in sober, grave, and unpassionate
words, but also alone and in private. Locke on Education.

UNPA’SSIONATELY. adv. Without passion.
Make us unpassionately to see the light of reason and re­
ligion. K. Charles.

UNPA’THED. adj. Untracked; unmarked by passage.
A course more promising,
Than a wild dedication of yourselves
To unpath'd waters, undream'd shores; most certain
To miseries enough. Shakesp. Winter Tale.

UNPA’WNED. adj. Not given to pledge.
He roll'd his eyes, that witness'd huge dismay,
Where yet, unpawn'd, much learned lumber lay. Pope.

To UNPA’Y. v. a. To undo. A low ludicrous word.
Pay her the debt you owe her, and unpay the villainy you
have done her: the one you may do with sterling money,
and the other with current repentance. Shakespeare.

UNPEA’CEABLE. adj. Quarrelsome; inclined to disturb the
tranquillity of others.
Lord, purge out of all hearts those unpeaceable, rebellious,
mutinous, and tyrannizing, cruel spirits; those prides and
haughtinesses, judging and condemning, and despising of
others. Hammond's Fundamentals.
The design is to restrain men from things, which make
them miserable to themselves, unpeaceable and troublesome to
the world. Tillotson.

To UNPE’G. v. a. To open any thing closed with a peg.
Unpeg the basket on the house's top;
Let the birds fly. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNPE’NSIONED. adj. Not kept in dependance by a pension.
Could pension'd Boileau lash in honest strain
Flatt'rers and bigots, ev'n in Louis' reign;
And I not strip the gilding off a knave,
Unplac'd, unpension'd, no man's heir or slave? Pope.

To UNPE’OPLE. v. a. To depopulate; to deprive of inhabi­
tants.
The land
In antique times was savage wilderness,
Unpeopl'd, unmanur'd. Fairy Queen.
Shall war unpeople this my realm? Shakespeare.
To few unknown
Long after; now unpeopl'd, and untrod. Milton.
The lofty mountains feed the savage race,
Yet few, and strangers in th' unpeopl'd place. Dryden.
He must be thirty-five years old, a doctor of the faculty,
and eminent for his religion and honesty; that his rashness
and ignorance may not unpeople the commonwealth. Addison.

UNPERCE’IVED. adj. Not observed; not heeded; not sensibly
discovered; not known.
The ashes, wind unperceived shakes off. Bacon.
He alone
To find where Adam shelter'd, took his way,
Not unperceiv'd of Adam. Milton's Par. Lost.
Thus daily changing, by degrees I'd waste,
Still quitting ground, by unperceiv'd decay,
And steal myself from life, and melt away. Dryden.
Unperceiv'd the heav'ns with stars were hung. Dryden.
Oft in pleasing tasks we wear the day,
While summer suns roll unperceiv'd away. Pope.

UNPERCE’IVEDLY. adv. So as not to be perceived.
Some oleaginous particles, unperceivedly, associated them­
selves to it. Boyle.

UNPE’RFECT. adj. [imperfait, Fr. imperfectus, Lat.] Incomplete.
Apelles' picture of Alexander at Ephesus, and his Venus,
which he left at his death unperfect in Chios, were the
chiefest. Peacham on Drawing.

UNPE’RFECTNESS. n. s. Imperfection; incompleteness.
Virgil and Horace spying the unperfectness in Ennius and
Plautus, by true imitation of Homer and Euripides, brought
poetry to perfectness. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

UNPERFO’RMED. adj. Undone; not done.
A good law without execution, is like an unperformed pro­
mise. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.

UNPE’RISHABLE. adj. Lasting to perpetuity; exempt from
decay.
We are secured to reap in another world everlasting, un­
perishable felicities. Hammond's Fundamentals.

UNPE’RJURED. adj. Free from perjury.
Beware of death; thou can'st not die unperjur'd,
And leave an unaccomplish'd love behind.
Thy vows are mine. Dryden.

UNPERPLE’XED. adj. Disentangled; not embarrassed.
In learning, little should be proposed to the mind at once;
and that being fully mastered, proceed to the next adjoining
part, yet unknown, simple, unperplexed proposition. Locke.

UNPERSPI’RABLE. adj. Not to be emitted through the pores
of the skin.
Bile is the most unperspirable of animal fluids. Arbuthnot.

UNPERSUA’DABLE. adj. Inexorable; not to be persuaded.
He, finding his sister's unpersuadable melancholy, through
the love of Amphialus, had for a time left her court. Sidney.

UNPE’TRIFIED. adj. Not turned to stone.
In many concreted plants, some parts remain unpetrify'd;
that is, the quick and livelier parts remain as wood, and
were never yet converted. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNPHILOSO’PHICAL. adj. Unsuitable to the rules of philoso­
phy, or right reason.
Your conceptions are unphilosophical. You forget that the
brain has a great many small fibres in its texture; which,
according to the different strokes they receive from the ani­
mal spirits, awaken a correspondent idea. Collier.
It became him who created them, to set them in order:
and if he did so, it is unphilosophical to seek for any other
origin of the world, or to pretend that it might arise out of
a chaos by the mere laws of nature. Newton's Opticks.

UNPHILOSO’PHICALLY. adv. In a manner contrary to the
rules of right reason.
They forget that he is the first cause of all things, and
discourse most unphilosophically, absurdly, and unsuitably to the
nature of an infinite being; whose influence must set the first
wheel a-going. South's Sermons.

UNPHILOSO’PHICALNESS. n. s. Incongruity with philosophy.
I could dispense with the unphilosophicalness of this their
hypothesis, were it not unchristian. Norris.

To UNPHILO’SOPHIZE. v. a. To degrade from the character
of a philosopher. A word made by Pope.
Our passions, our interests flow in upon us, and unphiloso­
phize us into mere mortals. Pope.

UNPIE’RCED. adj. Not penetrated; not pierced.
Th' unpierc'd shade imbrown'd the noontide bow'rs. Milt.
True Witney broad-cloth, with its shag unshorn,
Unpierc'd, is in the lasting tempest worn. Gay.

UNPI’LLARED. adj. Divested of pillars.
See the cirque falls! th' unpillar'd temple nods!
Streets pav'd with heroes! Tiber choak'd with gods! Pope.

UNPI’LLOWED. adj. Wanting a pillow.
Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now,
Or'gainst the rugged bark of some broad elm,
Leans her unpillow'd head, fraught with sad fears. Milon.

To UNPI’N. v. a. To open what is shut, or fastened with a
pin.
My love doth so approve him,
That even his stubbornness, his checks and frowns,
(Pr'ythee unpin me) have grace and favour in them. Shakesp.
Unpin that spangled breast-plate which you wear,
That th' eyes of busy fools may be stopt there. Donne.
Who is the honest man?
He that doth still and strongly good pursue,
To God, his neighbour, and himself most true:
Whom neither force, nor sawning can
Unpin, or wrench from giving all their due. Herbert.

UNPI’NKED. adj. Not marked with eyelet holes.
Gabriel's pumps were all unpink'd i' th' heel. Shakespeare.

UNPI’TIED. adj. Not compassionated; not regarded with sym­
pathetical sorrow.
Richard yet lives; but at hand, at hand
Insues his piteous and unpitied end. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Rich in the world's opinion, and men's praise,
And full in all we cou'd desire, but days:
He that is warn'd of this, and shall forbear
To vent a sigh for him, or shed a tear;
May he live long scorn'd, and unpity'd fall,
And want a mourner at his funeral. Bp. Corbet.
But he whose words and fortunes disagree,
Absurd, unpity'd, grows a publick jest. Roscommon.
He that does not secure himself of a stock of reputation in
his greatness, shall most certainly fall unpitied in his ad­
versity. L'Estrange.
As the greatest curse that I can give,
Unpitied be depos'd, and after live. Dryden's Aurenzebe.


As some sad turtle his lost love deplores;
Thus, far from Delia, to the winds I mourn,
Alike unheard, unpity'd, and forlorn. Pope.
Passion unpity'd, and successless love,
Plant daggers in my heart, and aggravate
My other griefs. Addison's Cato.

UNPI’TIFULLY. adv. Unmercifully; without mercy.
He beat him most pitifully.
—Nay, that he did not; he beat him most unpitifully. Shakes.

UNPI’TYING. adj. Having no compassion.
To shame, to chains, or to a certain grave,
Lead on, unpitying guides, behold your slave. Granville.

UNPLA’CED. adj. Having no place of dependance.
Could pension'd Boileau lash in honest strain
Flatt'rers and bigots, ev'n in Louis' reign;
And I not strip the gilding off a knave,
Unplac'd, unpension'd? Pope.

UNPLA’GUED. adj. Not tormented.
Ladies, that have your feet
Unplagu'd with corns, we'll have a bout with you. Shakesp.

UNPLA’NTED. adj. Not planted; spontaneous.
Figs there unplanted through the fields do grow,
Such as fierce Cato did the Romans show. Waller.

UNPLA’USIBLE. adj. Not plausible; not such as has a fair ap­
pearance.
There was a mention of granting five subsidies; and that
meeting being, upon very unpopular, and unplausible reasons,
immediately dissolved, those five subsidies were exacted, as if
an act had passed to that purpose. Clarendon.
I, under fair pretence of friendly ends,
And well-plac'd words of glosing courtesy,
Baited with reasons not unplausible,
Win me into the easy-hearted man,
And hug him into snares. Milton.

UNPLA’USIVE. adj. Not approving.
'Tis like he'll question me,
Why such unplausive eyes are bent on him. Shakespeare.

UNPLEA’SANT. adj. Not delighting; troublesome; uneasy.
Their skilful ears perceive certain harsh and unpleasant dis­
cords in the sound of our common prayer, such as the rules
of divineharmony, such as the laws of God cannot bear. Hooker.
O sweet Portia!
Here are a few of the unpleasant'st words
That ever blotted paper. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Wisdom is very unpleasant to the unlearned. Ecclus. v. 20.
Upon Adam's disobedience, God chased him out of para­
dise, the most delicious part of the earth, into some other,
the most barren and unpleasant. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

UNPLEA’SANTLY. adv. Not delightfully; uneasily.
We cannot boast of good-breeding, and the art of life;
but yet we don't live unpleasantly in primitive simplicity and
good humour. Pope.

UNPLE’ASANTNESS. n. s. Want of qualities to give delight.
As for unpleasantness of sound, if it doth happen the good
of men's souls doth deceive our ears, that we note it not, or
arm them with patience to endure it. Hooker.
Many people cannot at all endure the air of London, not
only for its unpleasantness, but for the suffocations which it
causes. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
All men are willing to skulk out of such company; the
sober for the hazards, and the jovial for the unpleasantness
of it. Government of the Tongue.

UNPLEA’SED. adj. Not pleased; not delighted.
Me rather had, my heart might feel your love,
Than my unpleas'd eye feel your courtesy. Shakespeare.
Condemn'd to live with subjects ever mute,
A salvage prince, unpleas'd, though absolute. Dryden.

UNPLEA’SING. adj. Offensive; disgusting; giving no delight.
Set to dress this garden:
How dares thy tongue sound this unpleasing news? Shakesp.
Hence the many mistakes, which have made learning so
unpleasing and so unsuccessful. Milton.
If all those great painters, who have left us such fair plat­
forms, had rigorously observed it in their figures, they had
made things more regularly true, but withal very un­
pleasing. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Howe'er unpleasing be the news you bring,
I blame not you, but your imperious king. Dryden.

UNPLI’ANT. adj. Not easily bent; not conforming to the
will.
The chizel hath more glory than the pencil; that being so
hard an instrument, and working upon so unpliant stuff, can
yet leave strokes of so gentle appearance. Wotton.

UNPLO’WED. adj. Not plowed.
Good sound land, that hath lain long unplowed. Mortimer.

To UNPLU’ME. adj. To strip of plumes; to degrade.
In the most ordinary phænomena in nature, we shall find
enough to shame confidence, and unplume dogmatizing. Glanv.

UNPOE’TICAL. adj. Not such as becomes a poet.
UNPOE’TICK. adj. Not such as becomes a poet.
Nor for an epithet that fails,
Bite off your unpoetick nails.
Unjust! why you shou'd in such veins,
Reward your fingers for your brains? Bp. Corbet.

UNPO’LISHED. adj.
1. Not smoothed; not brightened by attrition.
Palladio, having noted in an old arch at Verona, some
part of the materials cut in fine forms, and some unpolished,
doth conclude, that the antients did leave the outward face
of their marbles, or free-stone, without any sculpture, till
they were laid in the body of the building. Wotton.
He affirms it to have been the antient custom of all the
Greeks, to set up unpolished stones instead of images, to the
honour of the gods. Stillingfleet.
2. Not civilized; not refined.
Finding new words,
Such as of old wise bards employ'd to make
Unpolish'd men their wild retreats forsake. Waller.
Those first unpolish'd matrons, big and bold,
Gave suck to infants of gigantick mould. Dryden.

UNPOLI’TE. adj. [impoli, Fr. impolitus, Lat.] Not elegant;
not refined; not civil.
Discourses for the pulpit should be cast into a plain me­
thod, and the reasons ranged under the words, first, secondly,
and thirdly; however they may be now fancied to sound un­
polite, or unfashionable. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

UNPOLLU’TED. adj. [impollutus, Lat.] Not corrupted; not de­
filed.
Lay her i' th' earth;
And from her fair and unpolluted flesh
May violets spring! Shakespeare's Hamlet.
'Till oft converse with heav'nly habitants
Begin to cast a beam on th' outward shape,
The unpolluted temple of the mind,
And turns it by degrees to the soul's essence,
'Till all be made immortal. Milton.
Though unpolluted yet with actual ill,
She half commits, who sins but in her will. Dryden.

UNPO’PULAR. adj. Not fitted to please the people.
The practices of these men, under the covert of feigned
zeal, made the appearance of sincere devotion ridiculous and
unpopular. Addison's Freeholder, No 37.

UNPO’RTABLE. adj. [un and portable.] Not to be carried.
Had their cables of iron chains had any great length, they
had been unportable; and being short, the ships must have
sunk at an anchor in any stream of weather or counter­
tide. Raleigh.

UNTOSSE’SSED. adj. Not had; not obtained.
He claims the crown.—
—Is the chair empty? is the sword unsway'd?
Is the king dead? the empire unpossess'd? Shakespeare.
Such vast room in nature unpossess'd
By living soul, desert, and desolate,
Only to shine, yet scarce to contribute
Each orb a glimpse of light. Milton.
The cruel something unpossess'd,
Corrodes and leavens all the rest. Prior.

UNPOSSE’SSING. adj. Having no possession.
Thou unpossessing bastard, dost thou think,
That I would stand against thee? Shakespeare.

UNPRA’CTICABLE. adj. Not feasible.
I try'd such of the things that came into my thoughts, as
were not in that place and time unpracticable. Boyle.

UNPRA’CTISED. adj. Not skilful by use and experience;
raw; being in the state of a novice.
The full sum of me
Is an unlesson'd girl, unschool'd, unpractis'd. Shakespeare.
Unpractis'd, unprepar'd, and still to seek. Milton.
I am young, a novice in the trade;
The fool of love, unpractis'd to persuade,
And want the soothing arts. Dryden.
His tender eye, by too direct a ray,
Wounded, and flying from unpractis'd day. Prior.

UNPRAI’SED. adj. Not celebrated; not praised.
The land,
In antique times was salvage wilderness;
Unpeopl'd, unmanur'd, unprov'd, unprais'd. Fairy Queen.
If all the world
Sould in a pet of temperance feed on pulse,
Drink the clear stream, and nothing wear but frieze,
Th' all-giver would be unthank'd, wou'd be unprais'd. Milt.
If young African for fame
His wasted country freed from Punick rage,
The deed becomes unprais'd, the man at least,
And loses, though but verbal, his reward. Milton.
Nor pass unprais'd the vest and veil divine,
Which wand'ring foliage, and rich flow'rs entwine. Dryden.

UNPRECA’RIOUS. adj. Not dependent on another.
The stars, which grace the high expansion bright,
By their own beams, and unprecarious light,
At a vast distance from each other lie. Blackmore.

UNPRE’CEDENTED. adj. Not justifiable by any example.
The secret of all this unprecedented proceeding in their
masters, they must not impute to freedom. Swift.



To UNPREDI’CT. v. a. To retract prediction.
Means I must use, thou say'st prediction else
Will unpredict, and fail me of the throne. Milton.

UNPREFE’RRED. adj. Not advanced.
To make a scholar, keep him under, while he is young, or
unpreferred. Collier on Pride.

UNPRE’GNANT. adj. Not prolifick.
This deed unshapes me quite, makes me unpregnant,
And dull to all proceedings. Shakespeare.

UNPREJU’DICATE. adj. Not prepossessed by any settled notions.
A pure mind in a chaste body, is the mother of wisdom,
sincere principles, and unprejudiciate understanding. Taylor.

UNPRE’JUDICED. adj. Free from prejudice; free from pre­
possession; not pre-occupied by opinion; void of precon­
ceived notions.
The meaning of them may be so plain, as that any
unprejudiced and reasonable man may certainly understand
them. Tillotson.
Several, when they had informed themselves of our Sa­
viour's history, and examined, with unprejudiced minds, the
doctrines and manners of his disciples, were so struck, that
they professed themselves of that sect. Addison.

UNPRELA’TICAL. Unsuitable to a prelate.
The archbishop of York, by such unprelatical, ignominious
arguments, in plain terms advised him to pass that act. Claren.

UNPREME’DITATED. adj. Not prepared in the mind before­
hand.
Ask me what question thou canst possible,
And I will answer unpremeditated. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
He dictates to me slumb'ring; or inspires
Easy my unpremeditated verse. Milton's Par. Lost.
The slow of speech make unpremeditated harangues, or
converse readily in languages that they are but little acquaint­
ed with. Addison.

UNPREPA’RED. adj.
1. Not fitted by previous measures.
Unpractis'd, unprepar'd, and still to seek. Milton.
To come unprepar'd before him, is an argument that we
do not esteem God. Duppa's Rules for Devotion.
Fields are full of eyes, and woods have ears;
For this the wise are ever on their guard,
For, unforeseen, they say, is unprepar'd. Dryden.
2. Not made fit for the dreadful moment of departure.
I would not kill thy unprepared spirit;
No; heavens forefend. Shakesp. Othello.
My unprepar'd, and unrepenting breath,
Was snatch'd away by the swift hand of death. Roscommon.

UNPREPA’REDNESS. n. s. State of being unprepared.
I believe my innocency and unpreparedness to assert my
rights and honour, make me the most guilty in their esteem;
who would not so easily have declared a war against me, if
I had first assaulted them. K. Charles.

UNPREPOSSE’SSED. Not prepossessed; not pre-occupied by
notions.
The unprepossessed on the one hand, and the well-disposed
on the other, are affected with a due fear of these things. South.
It finds the mind naked and unprepossessed with any former
notions, and so easily and insensibly gains upon the assent. South.

UNPRE’SSED. adj.
1. Not pressed.
Have I my pillow left unpress'd in Rome? Shakespeare.
In these soft shades, unpress'd by human feet,
Thy happy Phœnix keeps his balmy seat. Tickell.
2. Not inforced.
They left not any error in government unmentioned, or
unpressed, with the sharpest and most pathetical expres­
sions. Clarendon.

UNPRETE’NDING. adj. Not claiming any distinctions.
Bad writers are not ridiculed, because ridicule ought to
be a pleasure; but to undeceive and vindicate the honest and
unpretending part of mankind from imposition. Pope.

UNPREVA’ILING. adj. Being of no force.
Throw to earth this unprevailing woe. Shakesp. Hamlet.

UNPREVE’NTED. adj.
1. Not previously hindered.
A pack of sorrows, which wou'd press you down,
If unprevented, to your timeless grave. Shakespeare.
1. Not preceded by any thing.
Thy grace
Comes unprevented, unimplor'd, unsought. Milton.

UNPRI’NCELY. adj. Unsuitable to a prince.
I could not have given my enemies greater advantages,
than by so unprincely an inconstancy. K. Charles.

UNPRI’NTED. adj. Not printed.
Defer it, till you have finished these that are yet un­
printed. Pope.

UNPRI’NCIPLED. adj. Not settled in tenets or opinions.
I do not think my sister so to seek,
Or so unprincipl'd in virtue's book,
As that the single want of light and noise
Could stir the constant mood of her calm thoughts. Milton.
Others betake them to state affairs, with souls so unprinci­
pled in virtue, and true generous breeding, that flattery, and
court shifts, and tyrannous aphorisms, appear to them the
highest points of wisdom. Milton on Education.

UNPRI’SABLE. adj. Not valued; not of estimation.
A baubling vessel was he captain of,
For shallow draught and bulk unprisable. Shakesp.

UNPROCLA’IMED. adj. Not notified by a publick declaration.
The Syrian king, who to surprize
One man, assassin-like, had levy'd war,
War unproclaim'd Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.

UNPRO’FITABLE. adj. Useless; serving no purpose.
The church being eased of unprofitable labours, needful
offices may the better be attended. Hooker.
Should he reason with unprofitable talk? Job xv. 3.
My son Onesimus I have begotten in my bonds; which in
time past was to thee unprofitable, but now profitable to thee
and me. Philemon 11.
They receive aliment sufficient, and yet no more than they
can well digest; and withal sweat out the coarsest and unpro­
fitablest juice. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
It is better to fall honourably, than to survive in an un­
profitable and unglorious life. L'Estrange.
Then they who brothers better claim disown,
Defraud their clients, and to lucre sold,
Sit brooding on unprofitable gold. Dryden.
With shame and sorrow fill'd,
For plotting an unprofitable crime. Dryden.
An ox that waits the coming blow,
Old and unprofitable to the plough. Dryden.
With tears so tender,
As any heart, but only her's, could move;
Trembling before her bolted doors he stood,
And there pour'd out th' unprofitable flood. Dryden.

UNPRI’SONED adj. Set free from confinement,
Several desires led parts away,
Water declin'd with earth, the air did stay;
Fire rose, and each from other but unty'd,
Themselves unprison'd were, and purify'd. Donne.

UNPRI’ZED. adj. Not valued.
Not all the dukes of wat'rish Burgundy,
Can buy this unpriz'd, precious maid of me. Shakespeare.

UNPROFA’NED. adj. Not violated.
Unspoil'd shall be her arms, and unprofan'd
Her holy limbs with any human hand:
And in a marble tomb laid in her native land. Dryden.

UNPRO’FITABLENESS. n. s. Uselessness.
We are so persuaded of the unprofitableness of your science,
that you can but leave us where you find us; but if you suc­
ceed, you increase the number of your party. Addison.

UNPRO’FITABLY. adv. Uselessly; without advantage.
I shou'd not now unprofitably spend
Myself in words, or catch at empty hope,
By airy ways, for solid certainties. B. Johnson.
Our country's cause,
That drew our swords, now wrests'em from our hands,
And bids us not delight in Roman blood
Unprofitably shed. Addison's Cato.

UNPRO’FITED. adj. Having no gain.
Be clamorous, and leap all civil bounds,
Rather than make unprofited return. Shakespeare.

UNPROLI’FICK. adj. Barren; not productive.
Great rains drown many insects, and render their eggs
unprolisick, or destroy them. Hale.

UNPRO’MISING. adj. Giving no promise of excellence; hav­
ing no appearance of value.
If he be naturally listless and dreaming, this unpromising
disposition is none of the easiest to be dealt with. Locke.
An attempt as difficult and unpromising of success, as if he
should make the essay, to produce some new kinds of animals
out of such senseless materials. Bentley.

UNPRONO’UNCED. adj. Not uttered; not spoken.
Mad'st imperfect words, with childish trips,
Half-pronounc'd, slide through my infant lips. Milton.

UNPRO’PER. adj. Not peculiar.
Millions nightly lie in those unproper beds,
Which they dare swear peculiar. Shakesp. Othello.

UNPRO’PERLY. adv. Contrarily to propriety; improperly.
I kneel before thee, and unproperly
Shew duty as mistaken all the while
Between the child and parent. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.

UNPROPI’TIOUS. adj. Not favourable; inauspicious.
'Twas when the dog-star's unpropitious ray
Smote ev'ry brain, and wither'd ev'ry bay,
Sick was the sun. Pope.

UNPROPO’RTIONED. adj. Not suited to something else.
Give thy thoughts no tongue,
Nor any unproportion'd thought his act. Shakespeare.

UNPRO’PPED. adj. Not supported; not upheld.
He lives at random, carelessly dissus'd,
With languish'd head unprop'd,
As one past hope, abandon'd,
And by himself given over. Milton's Agonistes.


The fatal sang drove deep within his thigh,
And cut the nerves; the nerves no more sustain
The bulk; the bulk, unpropp'd, falls headlong on the plain.
Dryden.

UNPROPO’SED. adj. Not proposed.
The means are unpropos'd. Dryden.

UNPRO’SPEROUS. adj. [improsper, Lat.] Unfortunate; not pros­
perous.
The winter had been very unprosperous and unsuccessful to
the king. Clarendon.
Nought unprosp'rous shall thy ways attend,
Born with good omens, and with heav'n thy friend. Pope.

UNPRO’SPEROUSLY. adj. Unsuccessfully.
When a prince fights justly, and yet unprosperously, if he
could see all those reasons for which God hath so ordered it,
he would think it the most reasonable thing in the world. Taylor.

UNPROTE’CTED. adj. Not protected; not supported.
By woeful experience, thy both did learn, that to forsake
the true God of heaven, is to fall into all such evils upon the
face of the earth, as men, either destitute of grace divine,
may commit, or unprotected from above, endure. Hooker.

UNPRO’VED. adj. Not evinced by arguments.
The land,
In antique times was savage wilderness,
Unpeopl'd, unmanur'd, unproved, unprais'd. Spenser.
There I found a fresh, unproved knight,
Whose manly hands, imbru'd in guilty blood,
Had never been. Fairy Queen, b. i.
There is much of what should be demonstrated, left un­
proved by those chymical experiments. Boyle.

To UNPROVI’DE. v. a. To divest of resolution or qualifications.
I'll not expostulate with her, lest
Her beauty unprovide my mind again. Shakesp. Othello.
Prosperity inviting every sense,
With various arts to unprovide my mind;
What but a Spartan spirit can sustain
The shock of such temptations? Southern.

UNPROVI’DED. adj.
1. Not secured or qualified by previous measures.
Where shall I find one that can steal well? O, for a fine
thief of two and twenty, or thereabout; I am heinously un­
provided. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
With his prepared sword he charges home
My unprovided body, lanc'd my arm. Shakespeare.
Tears, for a stroke soreseen, afford relief;
But unprovided for a sudden blow,
Like Niobe we marble grow,
And petrify with grief. Dryden.
2. Not furnished.
Those unprovided of tackling and victual, are forced to
sea. K. Charles.
The seditious had neither weapons, order, nor counsel; but
being in all things unprovided, were slain like beasts. Hayward.
Th' ambitious empress with her son is join'd,
And, in his brother's absence, has design'd
Th' unprovided town to take. Dryden.
True zeal is not a solitary, melancholy grace, as if only
fit to dwell in mean minds; such as are utterly unprovided of
all other natural, moral, or spiritual abilities. Sprat.
Courts are seldom unprovided of persons under this cha­
racter, on whom most employments naturally fall. Swift.

UNPROVO’KED. adj. Not provoked.
The teeming earth, yet guiltless of the plough,
And unprovok'd, did fruitful stores allow. Dryden.
Let them forbear all open and secret methods of encou­
raging a rebellion so destructive, and so unprovoked. Addison.

UNPRU’NED. adj. Not cut; not lopped.
The whole land is full of weeds;
Her fruit trees all unprun'd. Shakespeare.

UNPU’NISHED. adj. [impunis, Lat.] Not punished; suffered to
continue in impunity.
Bind not one sin upon another, for in one thou shalt not
be unpunished. Ecclus viii. 8.
Divine justice will not let oppression go unpunished. L'Estr.
The vent'rous victor, march'd unpunish'd hence,
And seem'd to boast his fortunate offence. Dryden.

UNPU’RCHASED. adj. Unbought.
Unpurchas'd plenty our full tables loads,
And part of what they lent, return t'our gods. Denham.

UNPU’RGED. adj. Not purged.
Is Brutus sick?
And will he steal out of his wholesome bed,
To tempt the rheumy and unpurged air,
To add unto his sickness? Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

UNPU’RPOSED. adj. Not designed.
Do it
Or thy precedent services are all
But accidents unpurpos'd. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNPU’BLICK. adj. Private; not generally known.
Virgins must be retired and unpublick: for all freedom of
society is a violence done to virginity, not in its natural, but
in its moral capacity; that is, it loses part of its severity and
strictness, by publishing that person, whose work is religion,
whose thoughts must dwell in heaven. Taylor.

UNPU’BLISHED. adj.
1. Secret; unknown.
All blest secrets;
All you unpublish'd virtues of the earth,
Spring with my tears. Shakesp. K. Lear.
2. Not given to the publick.
Apply your care wholly to those which are unpublish'd. Pope.

UNPU’RGED. adj. Not purged; unpurified.
In her visage round those spots, unpurg'd
Vapours not yet into her substance turn'd. Milton.

UNPU’RIFIED. adj.
1. Not freed from recrement.
2. Not cleansed from sin.
Our sinful nation having been long in the furnace, is now
come out, but unpurified. Decay of Piety.

UNPURSU’ED. adj. Not pursued.
All night the dreadless angel unpurfu'd
Through heav'n's wide champain held his way. Milton.

UNPU’TRIFIED. adj. Not corrupted by rottenness.
Meat and drink last longer unputrified, or unsowered,
in winter than in summer. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
No animal unputrified, being burnt, yields any alkaline salt,
but putrified, yields a volatile alkali. Arbuthnot.
UNQ

UNQUA’LIFIED. adj. Not fit.
'Till he has denudated himself of all these incumbrances,
he is utterly unqualified for these agonies. Decay of Piety.
All the writers against christianity, since the revolution,
have been of the lowest rank in regard to literature, wit,
and sense; and upon that account wholly unqualified to pro­
pagate heresies, unless among a people already abandoned. Sw.
Tories are more hated by the zealous whigs, than the
very papists, and as much unqualified for the smallest offices. Sw.

To UNQUA’LIFY. v. a. To disqualify; to divest of qualifi­
cation.
Arbitrary power so diminishes the basis of the female fi­
gure, as to unqualify a woman for an evening walk. Addison.
Our private misfortunes may unqualify us for charity: but
reflect, whether they may not have been inflicted by God, as
a just punishment of our former unmercifulness. Atterbury.
Deafness unqualifies me for all company. Swift.

UNQUA’RRELLABLE. adj. Such as cannot be impugned.
There arise unto the examination such satisfactory and un­
quarrelable reasons, as may confirm the causes generally re­
ceived. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To UNQUEE’N. v. a. To divest of the dignity of queen.
Embalm me,
Then lay me forth; although unqueen'd, yet like
A queen, and daughter to a king, inter me. Shakespeare.

UNQUE’NCHABLE. adj. Unextinguishable.
We represent wildfires burning in water and unquenchable. Bac.
The people on their holidays,
Impetuous, insolent, unquenchable. Milton's Agonistes.
The criminal's penitence may have number'd him among
the saints, when our unretracted uncharitableness may send us
to unquenchable flames. Government of the Tongue.
Our love of God, our unquenchable desires to promote our
well-grounded hopes to enjoy his glory, should take the chief
place in our zeal. Sprat's Sermons.

UNQUE’NCHED. adj.
1. Not extinguished.
We have heats of dungs, and of lime unquenched. Bacon.
2. Not extinguishable.
Sadness, or great joy, equally dissipate the spirits, and im­
moderate exercise in hot air, with unquenched thirst. Arbuth.

UNQUE’NCHABLENESS. n. s. Unextinguishableness.
I was amazed to see the unquenchableness of this fire. Hakewill.

UNQUE’STIONABLE. adj.
1. Indubitable; not to be doubted.
The duke's carriage was surely noble throughout; of un­
questionable courage in himself, and rather fearful of same
than danger. Wotton.
One reason that methematical demonstrations are uncon­
troverted, is because interest hath no place in those unquestion­
able verities. Glanville's Sceps.
There is an unquestionable magnificence in every part of
Paradise Lost. Addison.
2. Such as cannot bear to be questioned without impatience;
this seems to be the meaning here.
What were his marks?—
—A lean cheek, which you have not; an unquestionable
spirit, which you have not. Shakespeare.

UNQUE’STIONABLY. adv. Indubitably; without doubt.
If the fathers were unquestionably of the houshold of faith,
and all to do good to them; then certainly their children can­
not be strangers in this houshold. Sprat.
St. Austin was unquestionably a man of parts, but in­
terposing in a controversy where his talent did not lie,
shewed his zeal against the antipodes to very ill purpose. Burnet.

UNQUE’STIONED. adj.
1. Not doubted; passed without doubt.


Other relations in good authors, though we do not positively
deny, yet have they not been unquestioned by some. Brown.
2. Indisputable; not to be opposed.
It did not please the gods, who instruct the people;
And their unquestion'd pleasures must be serv'd. B. Johnson.
3. Not interrogated; not examined.
Mutt'ring pray'rs as holy rites she meant,
Through the divided crowd unquestion'd went. Dryden.

UNQUI’CK. adj. Motionless.
His senses droop, his steady eyes unquick;
And much he ails, and yet he is not sick. Daniel's Civ. War.

UNQUI’CKENED. adj. Not animated; not ripened to vitality.
Every fœtus bears a secret hoard,
With sleeping, unexpanded issue stor'd;
Which num'rous, but unquicken'd progeny,
Clasp'd, and enwrapp'd, within each other lie. Blackmore.

UNQUI’ET. adj. [inquiet, Fr. inquietus, Lat.]
1. Moved with perpetual agitation; not calm; not still.
From grammatick flats and shallows, they are on the sud­
den transported to be tossed and turmoiled with their un­
ballasted wits, in fathomless and unquiet depths of contro­
versy. Milton.
2. Disturbed; full of perturbation; not at peace.
Go with me to church, and call me wife,
And then away to Venice to your friend;
For never shall you lie by Portia's side
With an unquiet soul. Shakesp. Mer. of Venice.
Thy love hopeful to regain,
From thee I will not hide
What thoughts in my unquiet breast are ris'n. Milton.
3. Restless; unsatisfied.
She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring;
A vain, unquiet, glitt'ring, wretched thing. Pope.
Mirth from company is but a fluttering, unquiet motion,
that beats about the breast for a few moments, and after
leaves it empty. Pope.

UNQUI’ETLY. adv. Without rest.
Who's there besides foul weather?—
—One minded like the weather, most
Unquietly. Shakesp. K. Lear.

UNQUI’ETNESS. n. s.
1. Want of tranquillity.
Thou, like a violent noise, cam'st rushing in,
And mak'st them wake and start to new unquietness. Denham.
2. Want of peace.
It is most enemy to war, and most hateth unquietness. Spens.
3. Restlessness: turbulence.
What pleasure can there be in that estate,
Which your unquietness has made me hate? Dryden.
4. Perturbation; uneasiness.
Is my lord angry?—
—He went hence but now,
And certainly in strange unquietness. Shakesp. Othello.
From inordinate love, and vain fear, comes all unquietness
of spirit, and distraction of our senses. Taylor.
UNR

UNRA’CKED. adj. Not poured from the lees.
Rack the one vessel from the lees, and pour the lees of the
racked vessel into the unracked vessel. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

UNRA’KED. adj. Not thrown together and covered. Used

only of fires.
Cricket, to Windsor chimnies shalt thou leap:
Where fires thou find'st unrak'd, and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

UNRA’NSACKED. adj. Not pillaged.
He gave that rich city for a prey unto his soldiers, who left
neither house, nor corner thereof unransacked. Knolles.

UNRA’NSOMED. adj. Not set free by payment for liberty.
Unransom'd here receive the spotless fair,
Accept the hecatomb the Greeks prepare. Pope's Iliad.

To UNRA’VEL. v. a.
1. To disentangle; to extricate; to clear.
There unravel all
This dark design, this mystery of sate. Addison's Cato.
With Machiavelian sagacity thou unravell'dst intrigues of
state. Arbuthnot.
2. To disorder; to throw out of the present constitution.
How can any thing succeed well with people that are to be
pleased with nothing, unless the ball of the universe may be
unravelled, and the laws of providence reversed. L'Estrange.
O the traytor's name!
I'll know it; I will: art shall be conjur'd for it,
And nature all unravell'd. Dryd. and Lee's Oedipus.
So prophane and sceptical an age, takes a pride in unravel­
ling all the received principles of reason and religion. Tillotson.
3. To clear up the intrigue of a play.
The solution, or unravelling of the intrigue, commences,
when the reader begins to see the doubts cleared up. Pope.
Thus supernaturally is the plot brought to perfection;
nor is the unravelling of it less happily imagined. Shakesp. Illust.

UNRA’ZORED. adj. Unshaven.
As smooth as Hebe's their unrazonr'd lips. Milton.

UNRE’ACHED. adj. Not attained.
Labour with unequal force to climb
That lofty hill, unreach'd by former time. Dryden.

UNRE’AD. adj.
1. Not read; not publickly pronounced.
These books are safer and better to be left publickly un­
read. Hooker, b. v.
His muse had starv'd, had not a piece unread,
And by a player bought, supply'd her bread. Dryden.
2. Untaught; not learned in books.
Uncertain whose the narrower span,
The clown unread, or half-read gentleman. Dryden.

UNRE’ADINESS. n. s.
1. Want of readiness; want of promptness.
This impreparation and unreadiness, when they find in us,
then turn it to the soothing up of themselves in that accursed
fancy. Hooker, b. v.
2. Want of preparation.
Nothing is so great an enemy to tranquillity, and a con­
tented spirit, as the amazement and confusions of unreadiness
and inconsideration. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

UNRE’ADY. adj.
1. Not prepared; not fit.
The fairy knight
Departed thence, albe his wounds wide,
Not throughly heal'd, unready were to ride. Fairy Queen.
How now, my lords? what all unready so? Shakespeare.
2. Not prompt; not quick.
From a temperate inactivity, we are unready to put in exe­
cution the suggestions of reason; or by a content in every
species of truth, we embrace the shadow thereof. Brown.
3. Awkward; ungain.
Young men, in the conduct of actions, use extreme reme­
dies at first, and, that which doubleth all errors, will not
acknowledge or retract them; like an unready horse, that
will neither stop nor turn. Bacon.

UNRE’AL. adj. Unsubstantial.
Hence, terrible shadow!
Unreal mock'ry, hence! Shakesp. Macbeth.
I with pain
Voyag'd th' unreal, vast, unbounded deep
Of horrible confusion. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.

UNRE’ASONABLE. adj.
1. Exorbitant; claiming, or insisting on more than is fit.
Since every language is so full of its own proprieties, that
what is beautiful in one, is often barbarous in another, it
would be unreasonable to limit a translator to the narrow com­
pass of his author's words. Dryden's Pref. to Ovid.
My intention in prefixing your name, is not to desire your
protection of the following papers, which I take to be a very
unreasonable request; since, by being inscribed to you, you
cannot recommend them without some suspicion of par­
tiality. Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion.
2. Not agreeable to reason.
No reason known to us; but that there is no reason there­
of, I judge most unreasonable to imagine. Hooker, b. i.
It is unreasonable for men to be judges in their own cases;
self-love will make men partial to themselves and their
friends. Locke.
She entertained many unreasonable prejudices against him,
before she was acquainted with his personal worth. Addison.
3. Greater than is fit; immoderate.
Those that place their hope in another world, have, in a
great measure, conquer'd dread of death, and unreasonable love
of life. Atterbury.

UNRE’ASONABLENESS. n. s.
1. Exorbitance; excessive demand.
The unreasonableness of propositions is not more evident,
than that they are not the joint desires of their major
number. K. Charles.
A young university disputant was complaining of the unrea­
sonableness of a lady, with whom he was engaged in a point
of controversy. Addison's Freeholder, No 32.
2. Inconsistency with reason.
The unreasonableness and presumption of those that thus pro­
ject, have not so much as a thought, all their lives long, to
advance so far as attrition. Hammond.

UNRE’ASONABLY. adv.
1. In a manner contrary to reason.
2. More than enough.
I'll not over the threshold, till my lord return from the
wars.—
—Fye! you confine yourself most unreasonably. Shakespeare.

To UNRE’AVE. v. a. [now unravel; from un and reave, or
ravel; perhaps the same with rive, to tear, or break asunder.]
To unwind; to disentangle.
Penelope, for her Ulysses' sake,
Devis'd a web her woers to deceive;
In which the work that she all day did make,
The same at night she did unreave. Spenser.



UNREBA’TED. adj. Not blunted.
A number of fencers try it out with unrebated swords. Hakew.

UNREBU’KEABLE. adj. Obnoxious to no censure.
Keep this commandment without spot, unrebukeable, until
the appearing of Christ. 1 Tim. vi. 14.

UNRECE’IVED. adj. Not received.
Where the signs and sacraments of his grace are not,
through contempt, unreceived, or received with contempt, they
really give what they promise, and are what they signify. Hooker.

UNRECLA’IMED. adj.
1. Not turned.
A savageness of unreclaimed blood,
Of general assault. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. Not reformed.
This is the most favourable treatment a sinner can hope
for, who continues unreclaimed by the goodness of God. Rogers.

UNRECONCI’LEABLE. adj.
1. Not to be appeased; implacable.
He had many infirmities and sins, unreconcileable with per­
fect righteousness. Hammond's Pract. Catechism.
2. Not to be made consistent with.
Let me lament,
That our stars, unreconcileable, should have divided
Our equalness to this. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

UNRE’CONCILED. adj. Not reconciled.
If you bethink yourself of any crime
Unreconcil'd as yet to heav'n and grace,
Solicit for it straight. Shakesp. Othello.

UNRECO’RDED. adj. Not kept in remembrance by publick mo­
numents.
Unrecorded left through many an age,
Worthy t'have not remain'd so long unsung. Milton.
The great Antilocus! a name
Not unrecorded in the rolls of fame. Pope's Odyssey.

UNRECO’UNTED. adj. Not told; not related.
This is yet but young, and may be left
To some ears unrecounted. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.

UNRECRU’ITABLE. adj. Incapable of repairing the deficiencies
of an army.
Empty and unrecruitable colonels of twenty men in a com­
pany. Milton on Education.

UNRECU’RING. adj. Irremediable.
I found her straying in the park,
Seeking to hide herself; as doth the deer,
That hath received some unrecuring wound. Shakespeare.

UNREDU’CED. adj. Not reduced.
The earl divided all the rest of the Irish countries unreduced,
into shires. Davies's Ireland.

UNREFO’RMABLE. adj. Not to be put into a new form.
The rule of faith is alone unmoveable and unreformable;
to wit, of believing in one only God omnipotent, creator of
the world, and in his son Jesus Christ, born of the virgin
Mary. Hammond's Fundamentals.

UNREFO’RMED. adj.
1. Not amended; not corrected.
This general revolt, when overcome, produced a general
reformation of the Irishry, which ever before had been un­
reformed. Davies's Ireland.
We retain the Julian constitution of the year, unreformed,
without consideration of the defective minutes. Holder.
2. Not brought to newness of life.
If he may believe that Christ died for him, as now he is, an
unreformed christian, then what needs he reformation? Hamm.
Unhumbled, unrepentant, unreform'd. Milton.

UNREFRA’CTED. adj. Not refracted.
The sun's circular image is made by an unrefracted beam
of light. Newton's Opticks.

UNREFRE’SHED. adj. Not cheared; not relieved.
Its symptoms are a spontaneous lassitude, being unrefreshed
by sleep. Arbuthnot.

UNREGA’RDED. adj. Not heeded; not respected; neglected.
We, ever by his might,
Had thrown to ground the unregarded right. Fairy Queen.
Do'st see, how unregarded now
That piece of beauty passes?
There was a time when I did vow
To that alone;
But mark the fate of faces. Suckling.
On the cold earth lies th' unregarded king;
A headless carcass, and a nameless thing. Denham.
Me you have often counsell'd to remove
My vain pursuit of unregarded love. Dryden.
Laws against immorality have not been executed, and pro­
clamations to inforce them, are wholly unregarded. Swift.

UNRE’GISTERED. adj. Not recorded.
Hotter hours,
Unregister'd in vulgar fame, you have
Luxuriously pick'd out. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNREGE’NERATE. adj. Not brought to a new life.
This is not to be understood promiscuously of all men,
unregenerate persons, as well us regenerate. Stephens.

UNRE’INED. adj. Not restrained by the bridle.
Lest from thy flying steed unrein'd, as once
Bellerophon, though from a lower clime
Dismounted, on th' Aleian field I fall. Milton.

UNRELE’NTING. adj. Hard; cruel; feeling no pity.
By many hands your father was subdu'd;
But only slaughter'd by the ireful arm
Of unrelenting Clifford. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Place pitchy barrels of the fatal stake;
That so her torture may be shortened.
Will nothing turn your unrelenting hearts? Shakesp.
These are the realms of unrelenting fate;
And awful Rhadamanthus rules the state. Dryden.
False tears shall wet his unrelenting eyes,
And his glad heart with artful sighs shall heave. Smith.

UNRELIE’VABLE. adj. Admitting no succour.
As no degree of distress is unrelievable by his power, so no
extremity of it is inconsistent with his compassion. Boyle.

UNRELI’EVED. adj.
1. Not succoured.
The goddess griev'd,
Her favour'd host shou'd perish unreliev'd. Dryden.
2. Not eased.
The uneasiness of unrelieved thirst is not lessened by conti­
nuance, but grows the more unsupportable. Boyle.

UNREMA’RKABLE. adj.
1. Not capable of being observed.
Our understanding, to make a complete notion, must add
something else to this fleeting and unremarkable superficies,
that may bring it to our acquaintance. Digby.
2. Not worthy of notice.

UNREME’DIABLE. adj. Admitting no remedy.
He so handled it, that it rather seemed he had more come
into a defence of an unremediable mischief already committed,
than that they had done it at first by his consent. Sidney.

UNREME’MBERING. adj. Having no memory.
That unrememb'ring of its former pain,
The soul may suffer mortal flesh again. Dryden.

UNREME’MBERED. adj. Not retained in the mind; not recol­
lected.
I cannot pass unremembered, their manner of disguising the
shafts of chimnies in various fashions, whereof the noblest is
the pyramidal. Wotton's Architecture.

UNREME’MBRANCE. n. s. Forgetfulness; want of remem­
brance.
Some words are negative in their original language, but
seem positive, because the negation is unknown; as amnesty,
an unremembrance, or general pardon. Watts's Logick.

UNREMO’VEABLE. adj. Not to be taken away.
Never was there any woman, that with more unremoveable
determination gave herself to love, after she had once set before
her mind the worthiness of Amphialus. Sidney, b. ii.
You know the fiery quality of the duke,
How unremoveable and fixt he is
In his own course. Shakespeare.

UNREMO’VED. adj.
1. Not taken away.
It is impossible, where this opinion is imbided and unre­
moved, to sound any convincing argument. Hammond.
We could have had no certain prospect of his happiness,
while the last obstacle was unremoved. Dryden's Virgil.
2. Not capable of being removed.
Like Teneriff or Atlas unremov'd. Milton.

UNREMO’VEABLY. adv. In a manner that admits no re­
moval.
His discontents are unremoveably coupled to his nature. Sha.

UNREPA’ID. adj. Not recompensed; not compensated.
Hadst thou full pow'r
To measure out his torments by thy will;
Yet what could'st thou, tormentor, hope to gain?
Thy loss continues, unrepaid by pain. Dryden.

UNREPE’ALED. adj. Not revoked; not abrogated.
When you are pinched with any unrepealed act of parlia­
ment, you declare you will not be obliged by it. Dryden.
Nature's law, and unrepeal'd command,
That gives to lighter things the greatest height. Blackmore.

UNREPE’NTED. adj. Not regarded with penitential sorrow.
They are no fit supplicants to seek his mercy in the behalf
of others, whose own unrepented sins provoked his just indig­
nation. Hooker, b. v.
If I, vent'ring to displease
God for the fear of man, and man prefer,
Set God behind: which in his jealousy
Shall never, unrepented, find forgiveness. Milton's Agonistes.
As in unrepented sin she dy'd,
Doom'd to the same bad place, is punish'd for her pride. Dryd.
With what confusion will he hear all his unrepented sins
produced before men and angels? Rogers's Sermons.

UNREPE’NTING. adj. Not repenting; not penitent; not
sorrowful for sin.
UNREPEN’TANT. adj. Not repenting; not penitent; not
sorrowful for sin.


Should I of these the liberty regard,
Who freed, as to their antient patrimony,
Unhumbl'd, unrepentant, unreform'd,
Headlong would follow. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
My unprepar'd, and unrepenting breath,
Was snatch'd away by the swift hand of death. Roscommon.
All his arts reveal,
From the first moment of his vital breath,
To his last hour of unrepenting death. Dryden.
Nor tyrants fierce, that unrepenting die,
E'er felt such rage as thou. Pope's Rape of the Lock.

UNREPI’NING. adj. Not peevishly complaining.
Barefoot as she trod the flinty pavement,
Her footsteps all along were mark'd with blood;
Yet silent on she pass'd, and unrepining. Rowe.

UNREPLE’NISHED. adj. Not filled.
Some air retreated thither, kept the mercury out of the
unreplenished space. Boyle.

UNREPRIE’VABLE. adj. Not to be respited from penal death.
Within me is a hell; and there the poison
Is, as a fiend, confin'd, to tyrannize
In unreprievable condemned blood. Shakesp. K. John.

UNREPRO’ACHED. adj. Not upbraided; not censured.
Sir John Hotham, unreproached, uncursed by any impre­
cation of mine, pays his head. K. Charles.

UNREPRO’VEABLE. adj. Not liable to blame.
You hath he reconciled, to present you holy, unblame­
able, and unreproveable in his sight. Col. i. 22.

UNREPRO’VED. adj.
1. Not censured.
Christians have their churches, and unreproved exercise of
religion. Sandys's Journey.
2. Not liable to censure.
The antique world, in his first flow'ring youth,
With gladsome thanks, and unreproved truth,
The gifts of sov'reign bounty did embrace. Fairy Queen.
If I give thee honour due,
Mirth, admit me of thy crew,
To live with her, and live with thee,
In unreproved pleasures free. Milton.

UNREPU’GNANT. adj. Not opposite.
When scripture doth yield us natural laws, what particular
order is thereunto most agreeable; when positive, which way
to make laws unrepugnant unto them. Hooker, b. iii.

UNRE’PUTABLE. adj. Not creditable.
When we see wise men examples of duty, we are con­
vinced that piety is no unreputable qualification, and that we
are not to be ashamed of our virtue. Rogers.

UNREQUE’STED. adj. Not asked.
With what security can our embassadors go, unrequested of
the Turkish emperor, without his safe conduct? Knolles.

UNREQUI’TABLE. adj. Not to be retaliated.
Some will have it that all mediocrity of folly is foolish, and
because an unrequitable evil may ensue, an indifferent conve­
nience must be omitted. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
So unrequitabe is God's love, and so insolvent are we,
that that love vastly improves the benefit, by which alone we
might have pretended to some ability of retribution. Boyle.

UNRESE’NTED. adj. Not regarded with anger.
The failings of these holy persons, passed not unresented by
God; and the same scripture which informs us of the sin,
records the punishment. Rogers.

UNRESE’RVED. adj.
1. Not limited by any private convenience.
The piety our heavenly father will accept, must consist in
an entire, unreserved obedience to his commands; since whoso­
ever offends in one precept, is guilty of the whole law. Rogers.
2. Open; frank; concealing nothing.

UNRESE’RVEDNESS. n. s. Unlimitedness; frankness; largeness.
The tenderness and unreservedness of his love, made him
think those his friends or enemies, that were so to God. Boyle.

UNRESE’RVEDLY. adv.
1. Without limitations.
I am not to embrace absolutely and unreservedly the opinion
of Aristotle. Boyle.
2. Without concealment; openly.
I know your friendship to me is extensive; and it is what I
owe to that friendship, to open my mind unreservedly to
you. Pope.

UNRESE’RVEDNESS. n. s. Openness; frankness.
I write with more unreservedness than ever man wrote. Pope.

UNRESI’STED. adj.
1. Not opposed.
The ætherial spaces are perfectly fluid; they neither assist,
nor retard, the planets, which roll through as free and un­
resisted, as if they moved in a vacuum. Bentley's Sermons.
2. Resistless; such as cannot be opposed.
Those gods! whose unresisted might
Have sent me to these regions void of light. Dryden.
What wonder then, thy hairs should feel
The conqu'ring force of unresisted steel? Pope.

UNRESI’STING. adj. Not opposing; not making resistance.
What noise? that spirit's possess'd with haste,
That wounds th' unresisting postern with these strokes. Sha.
The sheep was sacrisic'd on no pretence,
But meek and unresisting innocence:
A patient, useful creature. Dryden.
Since the planets move horizontally through the liquid and
unresisting spaces of the heav'ns, where no bodies at all, or
inconsiderable ones, occur, they may preserve the same ve­
locity which the first impulse impress'd. Bentley's Sermons.

UNRESO’LVABLE. adj. Not to be solved; insoluble.
For a man to run headlong, while his ruin stares him in
the face; still to press on to the embraces of sin, is a pro­
blem unresolvable upon any other ground, but that sin infa­
tuates before it destroys. South's Sermons.

UNRESO’LVED. adj.
1. Not determined; having made no resolution.
On the western coast
Rideth a puissant navy: to our shores
Throng many doubtful, hollow-hearted friends,
Unarm'd, and unresolv'd to beat them back. Shakesp.
Turnus, unresolv'd of flight,
Moves tardy back, and just recedes from fight. Dryden.
2. Not solved; not cleared.
I do not so magnify this method, to think it will perfectly
clear every hard place, and leave no doubt unresolved. Locke.

UNRESO’LVING. adj. Not resolving.
She her arms about her unresolving husband threw. Dryd.

UNRESPE’CTIVE. adj. Inattentive; taking little notice.
I will converse with iron-witted fools,
And unrespective boys; none are for me
That look into me with consid'rate eyes. Shakespeare.

UNRE’ST. n. s. Disquiet; want of tranquillity; unquietness.
Wise behest, those creeping flames by reason to subdue,
Before their rage grew to so great unrest. Fairy Queen.
Repose, sweet gold, for their unrest,
That have their alms out of the empress' chest. Shakespeare.
Dismay'd confusion all possess'd;
Th' afflicted troop, hearing their plot descry'd:
Then runs amaz'd distress, with sad unrest,
To this, to that; to fly, to stand, to hide. Daniel.
Silence, in truth, would speak my sorrows best;
For deepest wounds, can least their feelings tell;
Yet, let me borrow from mine own unrest,
But time to bid him, whom I lov'd, farewell. Wotton.
Up they rose,
As from unrest; and each the other viewing,
Soon found their eyes how open'd, and their minds
How darken'd! Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.

UNRESTO’RED. adj.
1. Not restored.
2. Not cleared from an attainder.
The son of an unrestored traitor has no pretences to the
quality of his ancestors. Collier on Due ling.

UNRESTRA’INED. adj.
1. Not confined; not hindered.
My tender age, in luxury was train'd,
With idle ease, and pageants entertain'd,
My hours my own, my pleasures unrestrain'd. Dryden.
2. Licentious; loose.
The taverns he daily doth frequent,
With unrestrained, loose companions. Shakespeare.
3. Not limited.
Were there in this aphorism an unrestrained truth, yet were
it not reasonable to infer from a caution, a non-usance, or
abolition. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

UNRETRA’CTED. adj. Not revoked; not recalled.
The penitence of the criminal may have numbered him
amongst the saints, when our unretracted uncharitableness
may send us to unquenchable flames. Govern. of the Tongue.
Nothing but plain malevolence can justify disunion. Ma­
levolence shewn in a single, outward act, unretracted, or in
habitual ill-nature. Collier on Friendship.

UNREVE’ALED. adj. Not told; not discovered.
Had ye once seen these her celestial treasures,
And unrevealed pleasures,
Then would ye wonder, and her praises sing. Spenser.
Dear, fatal name! rest ever unreveal'd;
Nor pass these lips, in holy silence seal'd. Pope.

UNREVE’NGED. adj. Not revenged.
So might we die, not envying them that live;
So would we die, not unrevenged all. Fairfax.
Unhonour'd though I am,
Not unreveng'd that impious act shall be. Dryden.
Great Pompey's shade complains that we are slow,
And Scipio's ghost walks unreveng'd amongst us. Addison.

UNRE’VEREND. adj. Irreverent; disrespectful.
See not your bride in these unreverent robes. Shakespeare.
Fie! unreverend tongue! to call her bad,
Whose fov'reignty so oft thou hast preserr'd,
With twenty thousand soul-confirming oaths. Shakespeare.



UNRE’VERENTLY. adv. Disrespectfully.
I did unreverently blame the gods,
Who wake for thee, though thou snore for thyself. B. Johns.

UNREVE’RSED. adj. Not revoked; not repealed.
She hath offer'd to the doom,
Which unreversed stands in effectual force,
A sea of melting tears. Shakespeare.

UNREVO’KED. adj. Not recalled.
Hear my decree, which unrevok'd shall stand. Milton.

UNREWA’RDED. adj. Not rewarded; not recompensed.
Providence takes care that good offices may not pass un­
rewarded. L'Estrange.
Since for common good I yield the fair,
My private loss let grateful Greece repair;
Nor unrewarded let your prince complain,
That he alone has fought and bled in vain. Pope.

To UNRI’DDLE. v. a. To solve an enigma; to explain a pro­
blem.
Some kind power unriddle where it lies,
Whether my heart be faulty, or her eyes! Suckling.
The Platonick principles will not unriddle the doubt. Glanv.
A reverse often clears up the passage of an old poet, as the
poet often serves to unriddle the reverse. Addison.

UNRIDI’CULOUS. adj. Not ridiculous.
If an indifferent and unridiculous object could draw this au­
stereness unto a smile, he hardly could with perpetuity resist
proper motives thereof. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To UNRI’G. v. a. To strip of the tackle.
Rhodes is the sovereign of the sea no more;
Their ships unrigg'd, and spent their naval store. Dryden.

UNRI’GHT. Wrong. In Spenser, this word should perhaps
be untight.
What in most English writers useth to be loose, and as it
were unright, in this author is well grounded, timely framed,
and strongly trussed up together. Glossary to Spenser's Kal.
Shew that thy judgment is not unright. Wisdom xii.

UNRI’GHTEOUS. adj. Unjust; wicked; sinful; bad.
Octavius here lept into his room,
And it usurped by unrighteous doom;
But he his title justify'd by might. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Within a month!
Ere yet the falt of most unrighteous tears,
Had left the flushing in her galled eyes,
She married.—Oh most wicked speed! Shakespeare.
Let the wicked man forsake his way, and the unrighteous
man his thoughts, and let him return unto the Lord. Isa. lv.

UNRI’GHTEOUSLY. adv. Unjustly; wickedly; sinfully.
For them
Their foes a deadly Shibboleth devise:
By which unrighteously it was decreed,
That none to trust, or profit should succeed,
Who would not swallow first a pois'nous wicked weed. Dryd.
A man may fall undeservedly under publick disgrace, or is
unrighteously oppressed. Collier on Pride.

UNRI’GHTEOUSNESS. n. s. Wickedness; injustice.
Our Romanists can no more abide this proposition
converted, than themselves. All sin, say they, is a trans­
gression of the law; but every transgression of the law is not
sin. The apostle, therefore, turns it for us: all unrighteous­
ness, says he, is sin; but every transgression of the law is un­
rightcousness, saith Austin upon this place. Hall.
Some things have a natural deformity in them, as perjury,
perfidiousness, unrighteousness, and ingratitude. Tillotson.

UNRI’GHTFUL. adj. Not rightful; not just.
Thou, which know'st the way
To plant unrightful kings, wilt know again
To pluck him headlong from th' usurped throne. Shakesp.

To UNRI’NG. v. a. To deprive of a ring.
Be forc'd to impeach a broken hedge,
And pigs unring'd at vis. franc. pledge. Hudibras.

To UNRI’P. v. a. [This word is improper; there being no
difference between rip and unrip; and the negative particle
is therefore of no force; yet it is well authorised.] To cut
open.
Like a traitor
Didst break that vow, and, with thy treach'rous blade,
Unrip'dst the bowels of thy sov'reign's son. Shakespeare.
He could not now, with his honour, so unrip, and put a
lye upon all that he had said and done before, as to deliver
him up. Bacon's Hen. VII.
We are angry with fearchers, when they break open
trunks, and unrip packs, and open sealed letters. Taylor.
Cato well observes, that friendship ought not to be un­
ripped, but unstitched. Collier.

UNRI’PE. n. s.
1. Immature; not fully concocted.
Purpose is of violent birth, but poor validity;
Which now, like fruits unripe, sticks on the tree,
But fall unshaken when they mellow be. Shakespeare.
In this northern tract our hoarser throats,
Utter unripe and ill-constrained notes. Waller.
He fix'd his unripe vengeance to defer,
Sought not the garden, but retir'd unseen,
To brood in secret on his gather'd spleen. Dryden.
2. Too early.
Who hath not heard of the valiant, wise, and just Dori­
laus, whose unripe death doth yet, so many years since, draw
tears from virtuous eyes? Sidney, b. ii.

UNRI’PENED. adj. Not matured.
Were you with these, you'd soon forget
The pale, unripen'd beauties of the north. Addison's Cato.

UNRI’PENESS. n. s. Immaturity; want of ripeness.
The ripeness, or unripeness, of the occasion, must ever be
well weighed; and generally it is good to commit the begin­
nings of all great actions to Argus, with his hundred eyes;
and the ends to Briareus, with his hundred hands. Bacon.

UNRI’VALLED. adj.
1. Having no competitor.
Honour forbid! at whose unrival'd shrine,
Ease, pleasure, virtue, all our sex resign. Pope.
2. Having no peer or equal.

To UNRO’L. v. a. To open what is rolled or convolved.
O horror!
The queen of nations, from her antient seat,
Is sunk for ever in the dark abyss;
Time has unroll'd her glories to the last,
And now clos'd up the volume. Dryden's All for Love.

UNROMA’NTICK. adj. Contrary to romance.
It is a base, unromantick spirit not to wait on you. Swift.

To UNROO’F. v. a. To strip off the roof or covering of
houses.
The rabble should have first unroof'd the city,
Ere so prevail'd with me. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNROO’STED. adj. Driven from the roost.
Thou dotard! thou art woman-tir'd, unroosted,
By thy old dame Partlet here. Shakesp. Winter Tale.

UNRO’UGH. adj. Smooth.
Siward's son,
And many unrough youths, that even now
Protest their first of manhood. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To UNROO’T. v. a. To tear from the roots; to extirpate; to
eradicate.
Since you've made the days and nights as one,
To wear your gentle limbs in my affairs,
Be bold; you do so grow in my requital,
That nothing can unroot you. Shakespeare.
Unroot the forest oaks and bear away
Flocks, folds, and trees, an undistinguish'd prey. Dryden.

UNRO’UNDED. adj. Not shaped, not cut to a round.
Those unfil'd pistolets,
That more than cannon-shot avails or lets;
Which, negligently left unrounded, look
Like many-angled figures in the book
Of some dread conjurer. Donne.

UNRO’YAL. adj. Unprincely; not royal.
By the advice of his envious counsellors, he sent them with
unroyal reproaches to Musidorus and Pyrocles, as if they had
done traiterously. Sidney. 

To UNRU’FFLE. v. n. To cease from commotion, or agitation.
Where'er he guides his finny coursers,
The waves unruffle, and the sea subsides. Dryden.

UNRU’FFLED. adj. Calm; tranquil; not tumultuous.
Vent all thy passion, and I'll stand its shock,
Calm and unruffled as a summer's sea,
When not a breath of wind flies o'er its surface. Addison.

UNRU’LED. adj. Not directed by any superiour power.
The realm was left, like a ship in a storm, amidst all the
raging surges, unruled and undirected of any; for they to
whom she was committed, fainted in their labour, or forsook
their charge. Spenser.

UNRU’LINESS. n. s. [from unruly.] Turbulence; tumultuous­
ness; licentiousness.
By the negligence of some who were hardly to be com­
manded, and by the unruliness of others, who without leave were
gone a-shore, so fair an occasion of victory was neglected. Knol.
No care was had to curb the unruliness of anger, or the
exorbitance of desire. Amongst all their sacrifices, they
never sacrificed so much as one lust. South's Sermons.

UNRU’LY. adj. Turbulent; ungovernable; licentious; tu­
multuous.
In sacred bands of wedlock ty'd
To Therion, a loose unruly swain;
Who had more joy to range the forest wide,
And chace the savage beast with busy pain. Fairy Queen.
Down I come, like glist'ring Phaeton,
Wanting the manage of unruly jades. Shakesp. Rich. II.
The best and soundest of his time hath been but rash;
then must we look from his age, to receive but unruly way­
wardness. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The tongue is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison. Ja. iii.
Thou dost a better life, and nobler vigour give;
Dost each unruly appetite controul. Roscommon.


Love insults, disguised in the cloud,
And welcome force of that unuly croud. Waller.
Passions kept their place, and transgressed not the bounda­
ries of their proper natures; nor were the disorders begun,
which are occasioned by the licence of unruly appetites. Glanv.
You must not go where you may dangers meet.
Th' unruly sword will no distinction make,
And beauty will not there give wounds, but take. Dryden.
UNS

UNSA’FE. adj. Not secure; hazardous; dangerous.
If they would not be drawn to seem his adversaries, yet
others should be taught how unsafe it was to continue his
friends. Hooker, b. v.
With speed retir'd
Where erst was thickest fight, th' angelick throng,
And left large field, unsafe within the wind
Of such commotion. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
Uncertain ways unsafest are,
And doubt a greater mischief than despair. Denham.
Phlegyan robbers made unsafe the road. Dryden.

UNSA’FELY. adv. Not securely; dangerously.
Take it, while yet 'tis praise, before my rage,
Unsafely just, break loose on this bad age;
So bad, that thou thyself hadst no defence
From vice, but barely by departing hence. Dryden.
As no man can walk, so neither can he think, uneasily or
unsafely; but in using, as his legs, so his thoughts amiss,
which a virtuous man never doth. Grew.

UNSA’ID. adj. Not uttered; not mentioned.
Chanticleer shall wish his words unsaid. Dryden.
That I may leave nothing material unsaid, among the se­
veral ways of imitation, I shall place translation and para­
phrase. Felton's Classicks.

UNSA’LTED. adj. Not picked or seasoned with salt.
The muriatick scurvy, induced by two great quantity of
sea-salt, and common among mariners, is cured by a diet of
fresh unsalted things, and watery liquor acidulated. Arbuthnot.

UNSALU’TED. adj. [insalutatus, Lat.] Not saluted.
Gods! I prate;
And the most noble mother of the world
Leave unsaluted. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNSA’NCTIFIED. adj Unholy; not consecrated.
Her obsequies have been so far enlarged
As we have warranty; her death was doubtful;
And but that great command o'ersways the order,
She should in ground unsanctify'd have lodg'd
'Till the last trump. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

UNSA’TIABLE. adj. [insatiabilis, Lat.] Not to be satisfied;
greedy without bounds.
Unsatiable in their longing to do all manner of good to all
the creatures of God, but especially men. Hooker, b. i.
Crassus the Roman, for his unsatiable greediness, was called
the gulph of avarice. Raleigh.

UNSATISFA’CTORINESS. n. s. Failure of giving satisfac­
tion.
That which most deters me from such trials, is their un­
satisfactoriness, though they should succeed. Boyle.

UNSATISFA’CTORY. adj. Not giving satisfaction; not clearing
the difficulty.
That speech of Adam, The woman thou gavest me to be
with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat, is an un­
satisfactory reply, and therein was involved a very impious
error. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Latria to the cross, is point blank against the definition of
the council of Nice; and it is an unsatisfactory answer to
say, they only were against latria given to images for them­
selves. Stillingfleet.

UNSA’TISFIEDNESS. n. s. [from unsatisfied.] The state of be­
ing not satisfied; want of fulness.
Between my own unsatisfiedness in conscience, and a ne­
cessity of satisfying the importunities of some, I was per­
swaded to chuse rather what was safe, than what seemed
just. K. Charles.
That unsatisfiedness with transitory fruitions, that men de­
plore as the unhappiness of their nature, is indeed the privi­
lege of it, as it is the prerogative of men not to be pleased
with such fond toys as children doat upon. Boyle.

UNSA’TISFIED. adj.
1. Not contented; not pleased.
Q. Elizabeth being to resolve upon a great officer, and
being by some put in some doubt of that person, whom she
meant to advance, said, she was like one with a lanthorn
seeking a man, and seemed unsatisfied in the choice of a man
for that place. Bacon.
Flashy wits, who cannot fathom a large discourse, must be
very much unsatisfied of me. Digby.
Concerning the analytical preparation of gold, they leave
persons unsatisfied. Boyle.
2. Not filled; not gratified to the full.
Though he were unsatisfied in getting,
Yet in bestowing he was most princely. Shakespeare.
Whether shall I, by justly plaguing
Him whom I hate, be more unjustly cruel
To her I love? or, being kind to her,
Be cruel to myself, and leave unsatisfied
My anger and revenge? Denham's Sophy.
Eternity, human nature can't look into, without a reli­
gious awe: our thoughts are lost in the endless view, and re­
turn to us weary and unsatisfied, without finding bounds or
place to fix on. Rogers's Sermons.

UNSA’TISFYING. adj. Unable to gratify to the full.
Nor is fame only unsatisfying in itself, but the desire of it
lays us open to many accidental troubles. Addison.

UNSA’VOURINESS. adj. [from unsavoury.]
1. Bad taste.
2. Bad smell.
If we concede a national unsavouriness in any people, yet
shall we find the Jews less subject hereto than any. Brown.

UNSA’VOURY. adj.
1. Tastless.
Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is
there any taste in the white of an egg? Job vi. 6.
2. Having a bad taste.
Unsavoury food, perhaps,
To spiritual natures. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Having an ill smell; fetid.
Some may emit an unsavoury odour, which may happen
from the quality of what they have taken. Brown.
4. Unpleasing; disgusting.
Things of so mean regard, although necessary to be or­
dered, are notwithstanding very unsavoury, when they come
to be disputed of; because disputation pre-supposeth some
difficulty in the matter. Hooker, b. v.
Unsavoury news; but how made he escape? Shakesp.

To UNSA’Y. v. a. To retract; to recant; to deny what has
been said.
Call you me fair? that fair again unsay;
Demetrius loves you, fair. Shakespeare.
Say and unsay, feign, flatter, or abjure. Milton.
How soon
Would height recall high thoughts, how soon unsay
What feign'd submission swore. Milton's Par. Lost.
To say, and strait unsay, pretending first
To fly pain, professing next the spy,
Argues no leader, but a liar trac'd. Milton.
There is nothing said there, which you may have occasion
to unsay hereafter. Atterbury.

UNSCA’LY. adj. Having no scales.
The jointed lobster, and unscaly soale. Gay.

UNSCA’RRED. adj. Not marked with wounds.
And must she die for this? O let her live;
So she may live unscarr'd from bleeding slaughter,
I will confess she was not Edward's daughter. Shakespeare.

UNSCHOLA’STICK. adj. Not bred to literature.
Notwithstanding these learned disputants, it was to the un­
scholastick statesman, that the world owed their peace and
liberties. Locke.

UNSCHOO’LED. adj. Uneducated; not learned.
When the apostles were ordained to alter the laws of hea­
thenish religion, they were, St. Paul excepted, unschooled and
unlettered men. Hooker, b. iv.

UNSCO’RCHED. adj. Not touched by fire.
His hand,
Not sensible of fire, remain'd unscorch'd. Shakespeare.

UNSCO’URED. adj. Not cleaned by rubbing.
Th' enrolled penalties,
Which have, like unscour'd armour, hung by th' wall,
And none of them been worn. Shakespeare.

UNSCRA’TCHED. adj. Not torn.
I with much expedient march
Have brought a counter-check before your gates,
To save unscratch'd your city's threaten'd cheeks. Shakesp.

UNSCREE’NED. adj. Not covered; not protected.
Those balls of burnished brass, the tops of churches are
adorned with, derive their glittering brightness from their be­
ing exposed, unscreened, to the sun's refulgent beams. Boyle.

UNSCRI’PTURAL. adj. Not defensible by scripture.
The doctrine delivered in my sermon was neither new nor
unscriptural, nor in itself false. Atterbury.

To UNSE’AL. v. a. To open any thing sealed.
This new glare of light
Cast sudden on his face, unseal'd his sight. Dryden.

UNSE’ALED. adj.
1. Wanting a seal.
Your oaths
Are words, and poor conditions but unseal'd. Shakespeare.
2. Having the seal broken.

To UNSE’AM. v. a. To rip; to cut open.
He ne'er shook hands, nor bid farewel to him,
'Till he unseam'd him from the nape to th' chops,
And fix'd his head upon our battlements. Shakespeare.



UNSEA’RCHABLE. adj. Inscrutable; not to be explored.
All is best, though we often doubt
What th' unsearchable disposer
Of highest wisdom brings about,
And ever best found in the close. Milton's Agonistes.
Thou hast vouchsaf'd
This friendly condescension, to relate
Things else by me unsearchable. Milton's Par. Lost.
Job discourseth of the secrets of nature, and unsearchable
persections of the works of God Tillotson.
These counsels of God are to us unsearchable; neither has
he left us in scripture any marks, by which we may infallibly
conclude ourselves in that happy number he has chosen. Rogers.
It is a vast hindrance to the enrichment of our understand­
ings, if we spend too much of our time among infinites and
unsearchab'es. Watts's Logick.

UNSE’ARCHABLENESS. n. s. Impossibility to be explored
The unsearchableness of God's ways should be a bridle to
restrain presumption, and not a fanctuary for spirits of
error. Bramhall's Answ. to Hobbes.

UNSE’ASONABLE. adj.
1. Not suitable to time or occasion; unfit; untimely; ill-timed.
Zeal, unless it be rightly guided, when it endeavours the
most busily to please God, forceth upon him those unseasonable
offices which please him not. Hooker, b. v.
Their counsel must seem very unseasonable, who advise
men to suspect that wherewith the world hath had, by their
own account, twelve hundred years acquaintance. Hooker.
It is then a very unseasonable time to plead law, when
swords are in the hands of the vulgar. Spenser's Ireland.
The commissioners pulled down or defaced all images in
churches, in such unseasonable fashion, as is done in hosti­
lity. Hayward.
This digression I conceived not unseasonable for this place,
nor upon this occasion. Clarendon.
Haply mention may arise
Of something not unseasonable to ask. Milton.
Timothy lay out a-nights, and went abroad often at un­
seasonable hours. Arbuthnot.
2. Not agreeable to the time of the year.
Like an unseasonable stormy day,
Which makes the silver rivers drown their shores,
As if the world were all dissolv'd in tears. Shakespeare.
3. Late; as, unseasonable time of night.

UNSE’ASONABLENESS. n. s. Disagreement with time or place.
The moral goodness, unfitness, and unseasonableness of
moral or natural actions, falls not within the verge of a
brutal faculty. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

UNSE’ASONABLY. adv. Not seasonably; not agreeably to time
or occasion.
Some things it asketh unseasonably, when they need not to
be prayed for, as deliverance from thunder and tempest,
when no danger is nigh. Hooker, b. v.
Leave to fathom such high points as these,
Nor be ambitious, ere the time, to please;
Unseasonably wise, till age and cares
Have form'd thy soul to manage great affairs. Dryden.
By the methods prescribed, more good, and less mischief,
will be done in acute distempers, than by medicines impro­
perly and unseasonably applied. Arbuthnot.
Ulysses yielded unseasonably, and the strong passion for his
country should have given him vigilance. Broome.

UNSE’ASONED. adj.
1. Unseasonable; untimely; ill-timed. Out of use.
Your majesty hath been this fortnight ill,
And these unseason'd hours perforce must add
Unto your sickness. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
I think myself in a better plight for a lender than you are;
the which hath something emboldened me to this unseasoned
intrusion. Shakespeare.
2. Unformed; not qualified by use.
'Tis an unseason'd courtier; advise him. Shakespeare.
3. Irregular; inordinate.
The commissioners pulled down or defaced all images in
churches, in such unseasonable and unseasoned fashion, as if
done in hostility. Hayward.
4. Not kept till fit for use.
5. Not salted; as, unseasoned meat.

UNSE’CONDED. adj.
1. Not supported.
Him did you leave
Second to none, unseconded by you,
To look upon the hideous god of war
In disadvantage. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
2. Not exemplified a second time.
Strange and unseconded shapes of worms succeeded. Brown.

To UNSE’CRET. v. a. To disclose; to divulge.
He that consulteth what he should do, should not declare
what he will do; but let princes beware, that the unsecreting
of their affairs comes not from themselves. Bacon.

UNSE’CRET. adj. Not close; not trusty.
Who shall be true to us,
When we are so unsecret to ourselves? Shakespeare.

UNSECU’RE. adj. Not safe.
Love, though most sure,
Yet always to itself seems unsecure. Denham.

UNSEDU’CED. adj. Not drawn to ill.
If she remain unseduc'd, you not making it appear other­
wise; for your ill opinion, and th' assault you have made to
her chastity, you shall answer me with your sword. Shakesp.
Among innumerable false, unmov'd,
Unshaken, unseduc'd, unterrify'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.

UNSEE’ING. adj. Wanting the power of vision.
I shou'd have scratch'd out your unseeing eyes,
To make my master out of love with thee. Shakespeare.

To UNSEE’M. v. n. Not to seem. Not in use.
You wrong the reputation of your name,
In so unseeming to confess receipt
Of that, which hath so faithfully been paid. Shakespeare.

UNSEE’MLINESS. n. s. Indecency; indecorum; uncomeliness.
All as before his sight, whom we fear, and whose pre­
sence to offend with any the least unseemliness, we would be
surely as loth as they, who most reprehend or deride that
we do. Hooker, b. v.

UNSEE’MLY. n. s. Indecent; uncomely; unbecoming.
Contentions as yet were never able to prevent two evils;
the one a mutual exchange of unseemly and unjust disgraces
offered by men, whose tongues and passions are out of rule;
the other a common hazard of both, to be made a prey
by such as study how to work with most advantage in
private. Hooker.
Let us now devise
What best may for the present serve to hide
The parts of each from other, that seem most
To shame obnoxious, and unseemliest seen. Milton.
Her gifts
Were such, as under government well seem'd;
Unseemly to bear rule. Milton's Par. Lost.
My sons, let your unseemly discord cease;
If not in friendship, live at least in peace. Dryden.
I wish every unseemly idea, and wanton expression had been
banish'd from amongst them. Watts.

UNSEE’MLY. adv. Indecently; unbecomingly.
Charity doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her
own. 1 Cor. xiii. 5.
Unmanly dread invades the French astony'd;
Unseemly yelling; distant hills return
The hideous noise. Philips.

UNSEE’N. adj.
1. Not seen; not discovered.
A jest unseen, inscrutable, invisible,
As a nose on a man's face, or a weathercock on a steeple. Sb.
Her father and myself
Will so dispose ourselves, that seeing, unseen,
We may of the encounter frankly judge. Shakesp. Hamlet.
A painter became a physician; whereupon one said to him,
you have done well; for before the faults of your work were
seen, but now they are unseen. Bacon.
Here may I always on this downy grass,
Unknown, unseen, my easy minutes pass. Roscommon.
Millions of spiritual creatures walk the earth
Unseen, both when we wake, and when we sleep. Milton.
At his birth a star
Unseen before in heaven, proclaims him come;
And guides the eastern sages who enquire
His place, to offer incense, myrrh, and gold. Milton.
He that on her his bold hand lays,
With Cupid's pointed arrows plays:
They with a touch, they are so keen,
Wound us unshot, and she unseen. Waller.
The footsteps of the deity he treads,
And secret moves along the crowded space,
Unseen of all the rude Phæacian race. Pope's Odyssey.
2. Invisible; undiscoverable.
The weeds of heresy being grown into ripeness, do, even
in the very cutting down, scatter oftentimes those seeds which
for a while lie unseen and buried in the earth; but afterward
freshly spring up again no less pernicious than at the first. Hooker.
On she came,
Led by her heav'nly maker, though unseen
And guided by his voice. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Unskilled; unexperienced.
He was not unseen in the affections of the court, but had
not reputation enough to reform it. Clarendon.

UNSE’LFISH. adj. Not addicted to private interest.
The most interested cannot purpose any thing so much to
their own advantage, notwithstanding which the inclination is
nevertheless unselfish. Spectator, No 588.

UNSE’NT. adj.
1. Not sent.


2. UNSENT for. Not called by letter or messenger.
If a physician should go from house to house unsent for,
and enquire what woman hath a cancer, or what man a
fistula, he would be as unwelcome as the disease itself. Taylor.
Somewhat of weighty consequence brings you here so
often, and unsent for. Dryden.

UNSE’PARABLE. adj. Not to be parted; not to be divided.
Oh world, thy slippery turns! Friends now fast sworn,
Who twine as 'twere in love
Unseparable, shall, within this hour,
Break out to bitterest enmity. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNSE’PARATED. adj. Not parted.
There seek the Theban bard;
To whom Persephone, entire and whole,
Gave to retain th' unseparated soul. Pope's Odyssey.

UNSE’RVICEABLE. adj. Useless; bringing no advantage or
convenience.
The beast, impatient of his smarting wound,
Thought with his wings to fly above the ground;
But his late wounded wing unserviceable found. Spenser.
'Tis certainly demonstrated, that the condensation and ex­
pansion of any proportion of the air, is always proportional
to the weight incumbent upon it: so that if the atmosphere
had been much greater or less than it is, it would on the
surface of the earth, have been unserviceable for vegetation
and life. Bentley's Sermons.
It can be no unserviceable design to religion, to undeceive
men in so important a point. Rogers's Sermons.

UNSE’RVICEABLY. adj. Without use; without advantage.
It does not enlarge the dimensions of the globe, or lie idly
and unserviceably there, but part of it is introduced into the
plants which grow thereon, and the rest either remounts
again, with the ascending vapour, or is wash'd down into
rivers. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

UNSE’T. adj. Not set; not placed.
They urge that God left nothing in his word undescribed,
nothing unset down; and therefore charged them strictly to
keep themselves into that without any alteration. Hooker.

To UNSE’TTLE. v. a.
1. To make uncertain.
Such a doctrine unsettles the titles to kingdoms and estates;
for if the actions from which such settlements spring were
illegal, all that is built upon them must be so too: but the
last is absurd, therefore the first must be so likewise. Arbuthnot.
2. To move from a place.
As big as he was, did there need any great matter to un­
settle him. L'Estrange.
3. To overthrow.

UNSE’TTLED. adj.
1. Not fixed in resolution; not determined; not steady.
Impartially judge, whether from the very first day that our
religion was unsettled, and church government flung out of
doors, the civil government has ever been able to fix upon a
sure foundation. South's Sermons.
A solemn air, and the best comforter
To an unsettled fancy, cure thy brains. Shakesp.
Prepar'd I was not
For such a business; there am I found
So much unsettled. Shakespeare.
With them, a bastard of the king deceas'd,
And all th' unsettl'd humours of the land,
Rash, inconsiderate, fiery, voluntary. Shakespeare.
Uncertain and unsettled he remains
Deep vers'd in books, and shallow in himself. Milton.
A covetous man deliberated betwixt the qualms of a wam­
bling stomach, and an unsettled mind. L'Estrange.
Unsettled virtue stormy may appear;
Honour, like mine, serenely is severe. Dryden.
2. Unequable; not regular; changeable.
March and September, the two equinoxes, are the most
windy and tempestuous, the most unsettl'd and unequable sea­
sons in most countries. Bentley's Sermons.
3. Not established.
My cruel fate,
And doubts attending an unsettled state,
Forc'd me to guard my coast. Dryden.
4. Not fixed in a place or abode.
David supposed that it could not stand with the duty which
he owed unto God, to set himself in an house of cedar trees,
and to behold the ark of the Lord's covenant unsettled. Hooker.

UNSE’TTLEDNESS. n. s.
1. Irresolution; undetermined state of mind.
2. Uncertainty; fluctuation.
The unsettledness of my condition has hitherto put a stop
to my thoughts concerning it. Dryden.
3. Want of fixity.
When the sun shines upon a river, though its waves roll
this way and that by the wind, yet, for all their unsettledness,
the sun strikes them with a direct and certain beam. South.

UNSE’VERED. adj. Not parted; not divided.
Honour and policy, like unsever'd friends,
I' th' war do grow together. Shakesp. Coriolanus
Their bands, though slack, no dissolution fear;
Th' unsever'd parts the greatest pressure bear;
Though loose, and fit to flow, they still cohere. Blackmore.

To UNSE’X. v. a. To make otherways than the sex com­
monly is.
All you spirits
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,
And fill me, from the crown to th' toe, top full
Of direct cruelty. Shakesp. Macbeth.

UNSHA’DOWED. adj. Not clouded; not darkened.
He alone sees all things with an unshadowed, comprehensive
vision, who eminently is all. Glanville.

UNSHA’KEABLE. adj. Not subject to concussion. Not in use.
Your isle stands,
As Neptune's park, ribbed and paled in
With rocks unshakeable, and roaring waters. Shakesp.

UNSHA’KED. adj. Not shaken. Not in use.
I know but one,
That unassailable holds on his rank,
Unshak'd of motion. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.

UNSHA’KEN. adj.
1. Not agitated; not moved.
Purpose is
Of violent birth, but poor validity;
Which now, like fruits unripe, sticks on the tree,
But fall unshaken, when they mellow be. Shakespeare.
The wicked's spite against God, is but like a madman's
running his head against the wall, that leaves the wall un­
shaken, but dashes his own brains out. Boyle.
2. Not subject to concussion.
3. Not weakened in resolution; not moved.
Among innumerable false, unmov'd,
Unshaken, unseduc'd, unterrify'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
Ill wast thou shrouded then,
O patient son of God! yet only stood'st
Unshaken. Milton's Par. Regain'd, b. iv.
Employ it in unfeigned piety towards God, in unshaken duty
to his vicegerent. Sprat.
His principles were founded in reason, and supported by
virtue, and therefore did not lie at the mercy of ambition:
his notions were no less steady and unshaken, than just and
upright. Addison.

To UNSHA’KLE. v. a. To loose from bonds.
A laudable freedom of thought unshackles their minds from
the narrow prejudices of education, and opens their eyes to
a more extensive view of the publick good. Addison.

UNSHA’MED. adj. Not shamed.
The brave man seeks not popular applause;
Unsham'd, though foil'd, he does the best he can:
Force is of brutes, but honour is of man. Dryden.

UNSHA’PEN. adj. Mishapen; deformed.
This unshapen earth we now inhabit, is the form it was
found in, when the waters had retired. Burnet.
Gasping for breath, th' unshapen Phocæ die,
And on the boiling wave extended lie. Addison.

UNSHA’RED. adj. Not partaken; not had in common.
Bliss, as thou hast part, to me is bliss;
Tedious unshar'd with thee, and odious soon. Milton.

To UNSHE’ATH. v. a. To draw from the scabbard.
Executioner, unsheath thy sword;
Clifford's manhood lies upon his tongue. Shakespeare.
Mowbray, the bishop Scroop, Hastings, and all
Are brought to the correction of your law:
There is not now a rebel's sword unsheath'd. Shakespeare.
Viewing the Trojan reliques, she unsheath'd
æneas's sword. Denham.
Arcite, his sword unsheath'd. Dryden.
Far hence be souls profane!
Now, Trojan, take the way thy fates afford;
Assume thy courage, and unsheath thy sword. Dryden.
The Roman senate has resolv'd,
'Till time give better prospects, still to keep
The sword unsheath'd, and turn its edge on Cæsar. Addison.
Each chief his sev'nfold shield display'd,
And half unsheath'd the shining blade. Pope.

UNSHE’D. adj. Not spilt.
To blood unshed the rivers must be turn'd. Milton.

UNSHE’LTERED. adj. Wanting a screen; wanting protec­
tion.
He is breeding that worm, which will smite this gourd,
and leave him unsheltered to that scorching wrath of God,
which will make the improvement of Jonah's passionate
wish, that God would take away his life, his most rational
desire. Decay of Piety.

UNSHI’ELDED. adj. Not guarded by the shield.
He try'd a tough, well-chosen spear!
Though Cygnus then did no defence provide,
But scornful offer'd his unshielded side. Dryden.

To UNSHI’P. v. a. To take out of a ship.
At the cape we landed for fresh water; but discovering a
leak, we unshipped our goods, and watered there. Gulliver.



UNSHO’CKED. adj. Not disgusted; not offended.
Thy spotless thoughts unshock'd the priest may hear.
Tickell.

UNSHO’D. adj. [from unshoed.] Having no shoes.
Their seet unshod, their bodies wrapt in rags;
And both as swift on foot, as chased stags. Fairy Queen.
Withhold thy foot from being unshod. Jer. ii.
The king's army, naked and unshod, would, through
those inclosed parts, have done them little harm. Clarendon.

UNSHCO’K. part. adj. Not shaken.
Pit, box, and gall'ry in convulsions hurl'd,
Thou stand'st unshook amidst a bursting world. Pope.

UNSHO’RN. adj. Not clipped.
This strength, diffus'd
No less through all my sinews, joints and bones,
Than thine, while I preserv'd these locks unshorn,
The pledge of my unviolated vow. Milton's Agonistes.
Straight as a line in beauteous order stood,
Of oaks unshorn, a venerable wood. Dryden.

UNSHO’T. part. adj. Not hit by shot.
He that on her his bold hand lays,
With Cupid's pointed arrow plays;
They, with a touch, they are so keen,
Wound us unshot, and she unseen. Waller.

To UNSHO’UT. v. a. To annihilate, or retract a shout.
Unshout the noise that banish'd Marcius;
Repeal him, with the welcome of his mother. Shakespeare.

UNSHO’WERED. adj. Not watered by showers.
Nor is Osiris seen
In Memphian grove or green,
Trampling th' unshower'd grass with lowings loud. Milton.

UNSHRI’NKING. adj. Not recoiling; not shunning danger or
pain.
Your son, my lord, has paid a soldier's debt;
He only liv'd but till he was a man;
The which no sooner had his prowess confirm'd,
In the unshrinking station where he fought,
But, like a man, he died. Shakesp. Macbeth.

UNSHU’NNABLE. adj. Inevitable.
'Tis the plague of great ones,
Prerogativ'd are they less than the base;
'Tis destiny unshunnable like death. Shakesp. Othello.

UNSI’FTED. adj.
1. Not parted by a sieve.
The ground one year at rest, forget not thou
With richest dung to hearten it again,
Or with unsifted ashes. May's Virgil.
2. Not tried.
Affection! puh! you speak like a green girl,
Unsifted in such perilous circumstance. Shakespeare.

UNSI’GHT. adj. Not seeing. A low word, used only with
unseen, as in the example following. Probably formed by
corruption of unsighted.
They'll say our business to reform
The church and state is but a worm;
For to subscribe, unsight, unseen,
To an unknown church discipline. Hudibras.

UNSI’GHTED. adj. Invisible; not seen.
Beauties that from worth arise,
Are like the grace of deities,
Still present with us, though unsighted. Suckling.

UNSI’GHTLINESS. n. s. [from unsightly.] Deformity; disagree­
ableness to the eye.
The unsightliness in the legs, may be helped, by wearing
a laced stocking. Wiseman's Surgery.

UNSI’GHTLY. adj. Disagreeable to the sight.
On my knees I beg,
That you'll vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and food.—
—Good Sir, no more: these are unsightly tricks. Shakesp.
Those blossoms also, and those dropping gums,
That lie bestrown, unsightly, and unsmooth,
Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease. Milton.
Amongst the rest, a small, unsightly root,
But of divine effect, he cull'd me out. Milton.
It must have been a sine genius for gardening, that could
have formed such an unsightly hollow, into so beautiful an
area. Spectater, No 477.

UNSINCE’RE. adj. [insincerus, Lat.]
1. Not hearty; not faithful.
2. Not genuine; impure; adulterated.
I have so often met with chymical preparations, which I
have found unsincere, that I dare scarce trust any. Boyle.
3. Not sound; not solid.
Myrrha was joy'd the welcome news to hear;
But, clogg'd with guilt, the joy was unsincere. Dryden.

UNSINCE’RITY. adj. Adulteration; cheat.
A spirit of sea-salt may, without any unsincerity, be so
prepared, as to dissolve crude gold. Boyle.

To UNSI’NEW. v. a. To deprive of strength.
Nor are the nerves of his compacted strength,
Stretch'd and dissolv'd into unsinew'd length. Denham.
Now toys and trifles from their Athens come,
And dates and pepper have unsinew'd Rome. Dryden.
The affected purity of the French has unsinew'd their he­
roick verse. The language of an epick poem is almost
wholly figurative: yet are they so fearful of a metaphor,
that no example of Virgil can encourage them to be bold
with safety. Dryden.

UNSIN’GED. Not scorched; not touched by fire.
By the command of Domitian, when cast into a chaldron
of burning oil, he came out unsinged. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Three men passed through a fiery furnace, untouch'd, un­
singed. Stephens's Sermons.

UNSI’NKING. adj. Not sinking.
Anxur feels the cool refreshing breeze
Blown off the sea, and all the dewy strand
Lies cover'd with a smooth, unsinking sand. Addison.

UNSI’NEWED. adj. Nerveless; weak.
Two special reasons
May to you, perhaps, seem much unsinew'd,
And yet to me are strong. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

UNSI’NNING. adj. Impeccable.
A perfect unsinning obedience, free from particular acts of
transgression. Rogers.

UNSKA’NNED. adj. Not measured; not computed.
This tiger-footed rage, when it shall find
The harm of unskann'd swiftness will, too late,
Tie leaden pounds to's heels. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

UNSKI’LLED. adj. Wanting skill; wanting knowledge.
Unskill'd in Hellebore, if thou shouldst try
To mix it, and mistake the quantity,
The rules of physick would against thee cry. Dryden.
Unskill'd and young, yet something still I writ,
Of Ca'ndish beauty, join'd to Cecil's wit. Prior.
Not eastern monarchs on their nuptial day,
In dazzling gold and purple shine so gay,
As the bright natives of th' unlabour'd field,
Unvers'd in spinning, and in looms unskill'd. Blackmore.
Poets, like painters, thus unskill'd to trace
The naked nature, and the living grace,
With gold and jewels cover every part,
And hide with ornaments their want of art. Pope.

UNSKI’LFUL. adj. Wanting art; wanting knowledge.
This overdone, or come tardy off, though it make the
unskilful laugh, cannot but make the judicious grieve. Shakesp.
Hear his sighs, though mute:
Unskilful with what words to pray, let me
Interpret for him. Milton's Par. Lost.
A man, unskilful in syllogism, could perceive the weak­
ness and inconclusiveness of a long, artificial, and plausible
discourse. Locke.
Using a man's words, according to the propriety of the
language, though it be not always understood, leaves the
blame on him, who is so unskilful in the language, as not
to understand it, when used as it ought. Locke.

UNSKI’LFULLY. adv. Without knowledge; without art.
You speak unskilfully; or, if your knowledge be more, it
is much darkened in your malice. Shakespeare.

UNSKI’LFULNESS. n. s. Want of art; want of knowledge.
The sweetness of her countenance did give such a grace
to what she did, that it did make handsome the unhandsome­
ness, and make the eye force the mind to believe that there
was a praise in that unskilfulness. Sidney.
Let no prices be heightened by the necessity or unskilfulness
of the contractor. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.

UNSLA’IN. adj. Not killed.
If there were any who felt a pity of so great a fall, and
had yet any sparks of unslain duty left in them towards me,
yet durst they not shew it. Sidney, b. iii.
Not hecatomb unslain, nor vows unpaid,
On Greeks accurs'd, this dire contagion bring. Dryden.

UNSLA’KED. adj. Not quenched.
Her desires new rous'd,
And yet unslak'd, will kindle in her fancy,
And make her eager to renew the feast. Dryden.
Wheat steep'd in brine, drawing the brine from it, they
mix with unslack'd lime beat to powder, and so sow it. Mortimer.

UNSLEE’PING. adj. Ever wakeful.
And roseate dews dispos'd
All but th' unsleeping eyes of God to rest. Milton's Par. Lost. 

UNSLI’PPING. adj. Not liable to slip; fast.
To knit your hearts
With an unslipping knot, take, Antony,
Octavia to wife. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

UNSMI’RCHED. adj. Unpolluted; not stained.
That drop of blood that's calm proclaims me bastard;
Cries cuckold to my father; brands the harlot
Ev'n here, between the chaste and unsmirch'd brow
Of my true mother. Shakesp. Han let.

UNSMO’KED. adj. Not smoked.
His antient pipe in sable dy'd,
And half unsmoak'd lay by his side. Swift.



UNSMOO’TH. adj. Rough; not even; not level. Not used.
Those blossoms, and those dropping gums
That lie bestrown, unsightly, and unsmooth,
Ask riddance, if we mean to tread with ease. Milton.

UNSO’CIABLE. adj. [insociabilis, Lat.] Not kind; not commu­
nicative of good; not suitable to society.
By how much the more we are accompanied with plenty,
by so much the more greedily is our end desired, whom when
time hath made unsociable to others, we become a burden to
ourselves. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Such a behaviour deters men from a religious life, by re­
presenting it as an unsociable state, that extinguishes all
joy. Addison's Spectator, No 497.

UNSOCIABLY. adv. Not kindly; without good-nature.
These are pleas'd with nothing that is not unsociably sour,
ill-natur'd, and troublesome. L'Estrange.

UNSO’ILED. adj. Not polluted; not tainted; not stained.
Who will believe thee, Isabel?
My unsoil'd name, th' austereness of my life,
Will your accusation overweigh. Shakespeare.
The humours are transparent, to let in the light, unsoiled
and unsophisticated by any inward tincture. Ray.
Her Arethusian stream remains unsoil'd,
Unmix'd with foreign filth, and undefil'd. Dryden.

UNSO’LD. adj. Not exchanged for money.
Mopsus the sage, who future things foretold,
And t'other seer, yet by his wife unsold. Dryden.
Adieu, my children! better thus expire
Unstall'd, unsold; thus glorious mount in fire. Pope.

UNSO’LDIERLIKE. adj. Unbecoming a soldier.
Perhaps they had sentinels waking while they slept; but
even this would be unsoldierlike in our age. Broome.

UNSO’LID. adj. Fluid; not coherent.
The extension of body is nothing but the cohesion of solid,
separable, moveable parts; and the extension of space, the
continuity of unsolid, inseparable and unmoveable parts. Locke.

UNSOO’T. for unsweet. Spenser.

UNSOPHI’STICATED. adj. Not adulterated.
The humour and tunicles are purely transparent, to let in
light and colours, unfouled and unsophisticated by any inward
tincture. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Blue vitriol, how venereal and unsophisticated soever, rubb'd
upon the whetted blade of a knife, will not impart its latent
colour. Boyle.
If authors will not keep close to truth by unvaried terms,
and plain, unsophisticated arguments; yet it concerns readers
not to be imposed on, by fallacies. Locke.

UNSO’LVED. adj. Not explicated.
Why may not a sincere searcher of truth, by labour and
prayer, find out the solution of those perplexities, which
have hitherto been unsolved? Watts.
As Virgil propounds a riddle which he leaves unsolved;
so I will give you another, and leave the exposition to your
acute judgment. Dryden.

UNSO’RTED. adj. Not distributed by proper separation.
Their ideas, ever indifferent and repugnant, lie in the brain
unsorted, and thrown together without order. Watts.

UNSO’UGHT. adj.
1. Had without seeking.
Mad man, that does seek
Occasion of wrath, and cause of strife;
She comes unsought; and shunned, follows eke. Fairy Queen.
Her virtue, and the conscience of her worth,
That would be woo'd, and not unsought be won. Milton.
They new hope resume,
To find whom at the first they found unsought. Milton.
The sea o'er-fraught would swell, and th' unsought dia­
monds
Would so emblaze the forehead of the deep. Milton.
Slumber, which forgot
When call'd before to come, now came unsought. Milton.
If some foreign and unsought ideas offer themselves, reject
them, and keep them from taking off our minds from its
present pursuit. Locke.
Thou that art ne'er from velvet slipper free,
Whence comes this unsought honour unto me? Fenton.
2. Not searched.
Hopeless to find, yet loth to leave unsought,
Or that, or any place that harbours men. Shakespeare.

UNSO’UND. adj.
1. Sickly; wanting health.
Intemp'rate youth
Ends in an age imperfect, and unsound. Denham.
An animal whose juices are unsound, can never be duly
nourished; for unsound juices can never duly repair the fluids
and solids. Arbuthnot.
2. Not free from cracks.
3. Rotten; corrupted.
4. Not orthodox.
These arguments being sound and good, it cannot be un­
sound or evil to hold still the same assertion. Hooker.
Eutyches of sound belief, as touching their true personal
copulation, become unsound, by denying the difference which
still continueth between the one and the other nature. Hooker.
5. Not honest; not upright.
Do not tempt my misery,
Lest it should make me so unsound a man,
As to upbraid you with those kindnesses
That I have done for you. Shakespeare.
6. Not true; not certain.
Their vain humours, fed
With fruitless follies and unsound delights. Hubbard's Tale.
7. Not fast; not calm.
The now sad king,
Toss'd here and there, his quiet to confound,
Feels sudden terror bring cold shivering;
Lists not to eat; still muses; sleeps unsound. Daniel.
8. Not close; not compact.
Some lands make unsound cheese, notwithstanding all the
care of the good housewife. Mortimer's Husbandry.
9. Not sincere; not faithful.
This Boobyclod soon drops upon the ground
A certain token that his love's unsound;
While Lubberkin sticks firmly. Gay.
10. Not solid; not material.
Of such subtle substance and unsound,
That like a ghost he seem'd, whose grave-cloaths are un­
bound. Fairy Queen.
11. Erroneous; wrong.
What fury, what conceit unsound,
Presenteth here to death so sweet a child? Fairfax.
His puissance, trusting in th' Almighty's aid,
I mean to try, whose reason I have try'd
Unsound and false. Milton.
12. Not fast under foot.

UNSO’UNDED. adj. Not tried by the plummet.
Glo’ster is
Unsounded yet, and full of deep deceit. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Orpheus lute was strung with poets sinews,
Whose golden touch could soften steel and stones;
Make tygers tame, and huge leviathans
Forsake unsounded deeps to dance on sands. Shakespeare.

UNSO’UNDNESS. n. s.
1. Erroneousness of belief; want of orthodoxy.
If this be unsound, wherein doth the point of unsoundness
lie? Hooker, b. iv.
2. Corruptness of any kind.
Neither is it to all men apparent, which complain of un­
sound parts, with what kind of unsoundness every such part is
possessed. Hooker, b. iv.
3 Want of strength; want of solidity.
The unsoundness of this principle has been often expos'd,
and is universally acknowledged. Addison.

UNSO’URED. adj.
1. Not made sour.
Meat and drink last longer unputrified and unsour'd in win­
ter than in summer. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Not made morose.
Secure these golden early joys,
That youth unsour'd with sorrow bears. Dryden.

UNSO’WN. adj. Not propagated by scattering seed.
Mushrooms come up hastily in a night, and yet are un­
sown. Bacon.
If the ground lie fallow and unsown, corn-flowers will not
come. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The flow'rs unsown in fields and meadows reign'd,
And western winds immortal spring maintain'd. Dryden,

UNSPA’RED. adj. Not spared
Whatever thing
The scythe of time mows down, devour unspared. Milton.

UNSPA’RING. adj. Not sparing; not parsimonious.
She gathers tribute large, and on the board
Heaps with unsparing hand. Milton.

To UNSPE’AK. v. a. To retract; to recant.
I put myself to thy direction, and
Unspeak mine own detraction; here abjure
The taints and blames I laid upon myself. Shakespeare.

UNSPE’AKABLE. adj. Not to be expressed.
A thing, which uttered with true devotion and zeal of
heart, affordeth to God himself that glory, that aid to the
weakest sort of men, to the most perfect that solid comfort,
which is unspeakable. Hooker, b. v.
A heavier task could not have been impos'd,
Than I to speak my grief unspeakable. Shakespeare.
Both addrest for fight
Unspeakable: for who, though with the tongue
Of angels, can relate? Milton.
The comfort it conveys is something bigger than the capa­
cities of mortality; mighty, and unspeakable; and not to be
understood, till it comes to be felt. South's Sermons.
This fills the minds of weak men with groundless fears, and
unspeakable rage towards their fellow subjects. Addison.



UNSPE’AKABLY. adv. Inexpressibly; ineffably.
When nature is in her dissolution, and presents us with no­
thing but bleak and barren prospects, there is something un­
speakably chearful in a spot of ground which is covered with
trees, that smile amidst all the rigours of winter. Spectator.

UNSPE’CIFIED. adj. Not particularly mentioned.
Were it not requisite that it should be concealed, it had
not passed unspecified. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

UNSPE’CULATIVE. adj. Not theoretical.
Some unspeculative men may not have the skill to examine
their assertions. Government of the Tongue.

UNSPE’D. adj. Not dispatched; not performed.
Venutus withdraws,
Unsped the service of the common cause. Garth.

UNSPE’NT. adj. Not wasted; not diminished; not weakened;
not exhausted.
The sound inclosed within the sides of the bell, cometh
forth at the holes unspent and more strong. Bacon.
Thy same, not circumscrib'd with English ground,
Flies like the nimble journeys of the light,
And is, like that, unspent too in its flight. Dryden.

To UNSPHE’RE. v. a. To remove from its orb.
You put me off with limber vows; but I,
Though you wou'd seek t' unsphere the stars with oaths,
Should yet say, Sir, no going. Shakespeare.
Let my lamp at midnight hour
Be seen in some high lonely tow'r,
Where I may oft out-watch the bear,
With thrice-great Hermes; or unsphere
The spirit of Plato, to unsold
What worlds, or what vast regions hold
Th'immortal mind. Milton.

UNSPI’ED. adj. Not discovered; not seen.
With narrow search I must walk round
This garden, and no corner leave unspy'd. Milton.
Resolv'd to find some fault, before unspy'd;
And disappointed, if but satisfy'd. Tickell.

UNSPI’LT. adj.
1. Not shed.
That blood which thou and thy great grandsire shed;
And all that since these sister nations bled,
Had been unspilt, had happy Edward known,
That all the blood he spilt had been his own. Denham.
2. Not spoiled; not marred.
To borrow to-daie, and to-morrow to mis,
For lender or borrower noiance it is;
Then have of thine owne, without lending unspilt. Tusser.

To UNSPI’RIT. v. a. To dispirit; to depress; to deject.
Denmark has continued ever since weak and unspirited,
bent only upon safety. Temple.
Could it be in the power of any temporal loss, so much
to discompose and unspirit my soul? Norris.

UNSPO’ILED. adj.
1. Not plundered; not pillaged.
All the way that they fled, for very despight, in their return
they utterly wasted whatsoever they had before left un­
spoiled. Spenser's State of Ireland.
The English search'd the rivers in such sort, as they left
few ships unspoiled or untaken. Hayward.
Unspoil'd shall be her arms, and unprofan'd
Her holy limbs. Dryden.
2. Not marred.

UNSPO’TTED. adj.
1. Not marked with any stain.
A milk-white hind,
Without unspotted, innocent within. Dryden.
Seven bullocks yet unyok'd for Phœbus chuse,
And for Diana seven unspotted ewes. Dryden.
2. Immaculate; not tainted with guilt.
Satyran bid him other business ply,
Than hunt the steps of pure, unspotted maid. Fairy Queen.
A heart unspotted is not easily daunted. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
There is no king, be his cause never so spotless, if it come
to the arbitrement of swords, can try it out with all unspotted
soldiers. Shakesp. Hen. V.
Pure religion and undefiled is this, to visit the fatherless
and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted
from the world. James i. 27.
Wisdom is the grey hair to men, and an unspotted life is
old age. Apocrypha.
Make her his eternal bride;
And from her fair unspotted side
Two blissful twins are to be born. Milton.
Thou wilt not leave me in the loathsome grave
His prey, nor suffer my unspotted soul
For ever with corruption there to dwell. Milton.
Vindicate the honour of religion, by a pure and unspotted
obedience to its precepts. Rogers's Sermons.

UNSQUA’RED. adj. Not formed; irregular.
When he speaks,
'Tis like a chime a mending, with terms unsquar'd;
Which, from the tongue of roaring Typhon dropt,
Would seem hyperboles. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

UNSTA’BLE. adj. [instabilis, Lat.]
1. Not fixed; not fast.
Where gentry, title, wisdom,
Cannot conclude by the yea and no
Of gen'ral ignorance, it must omit
Real necessities, and give way the while
T'unstable slightness. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
A popular state not founded on the general interests of the
people, is of all others the most uncertain, unstable, and
subject to the most easy changes. Temple.
Thus air was void of light, and earth unstable. Dryden.
See harness'd steeds desert the stony town,
And wander roads unstable, not their own. Gay.
2. Inconstant; irresolute.
A double-minded man is unstable. James i. 8.

UNSTA’ID. adj. Not cool; not prudent; not settled into dis­
cretion; not steady; mutable.
His unstayed youth had long wandered in the common laby­
rinth of love; in which time, to warn young people of his
unfortunate folly, he compiled these twelve oeglogues. Spenser.
To the gay gardens his unstaid desire
Him wholly carried, to refresh his sprights. Spenser.
Will the king come, that I may breathe my last
In wholesome counsel to his unstaid youth. Shakespeare.
Tell me, how will the world repute me,
For undertaking so unstaid a journey?
I fear it will make me scandalized. Shakespeare.
Wo to that land,
Which gasps beneath a child's unstaid command. Sandys.
Vice leads
Vain unstay'd youth to beggary and shame. Richards.

UNSTA’IDNESS. n. s. Indiscretion; volatile mind.
The oft changing of his colour, with a kind of shaking
unstaidness over all his body, he might see in his countenance
some great determination mixed with fear. Sidney.

UNSTA’INED. adj. Not stained; not died; not discoloured.
Pure and unstained religion ought to be the highest of all
cares appertaining to public regimen. Hooker, b. v.
Ne let her waves with any filth be dy'd,
But ever, like herself, unstained hath been try'd. Fa. Queen.
I do commit into your hand
Th' unstained sword that you have us'd to bear,
With this remembrance, that you use the same
With a like bold, just, and impartial spirit,
As you have done 'gainst me. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
I will do it without fear or doubt,
To live an unstain'd wife to my sweet love. Shakespeare.
Your youth,
And the true blood which peeps forth faintly through it,
Do plainly give you out an unstain'd shepherd. Shakespeare.
The hooked chariot stood
Unstain'd with hostile blood. Milton.
That good earl, once president
Of England's council, and her treasury;
Who liv'd in both unstain'd with gold or fee,
And left them both, more in himself content. Milton.
Her people guiltless, and her fields unstain'd. Roscommon.
These, of the garter call'd, of faith unstain'd,
In fighting fields the laurel have obtain'd. Dryden.

To UNSTA’TE. v. a. To put out of state.
High-battled Cæsar will
Unstate his happiness, and be stag'd to th'shew
Against a sworder. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
I wou'd unstate myself, to be in a due resolution. Shakesp.

UNSTA’TUTABLE. adj. Contrary to statute.
That plea did not avail, although the lease were notoriously
unstatutable, the rent reserv'd, being not a seventh part of the
real value. Swift.

UNSTA’UNCHED. adj. Not stopped; not stayed.
With the issuing blood
Stifle the villain, whose unstaunched thirst
York and young Rutland could not satisfy. Shakespeare.

UNSTE’ADILY. adv.
1. Without any certainty.
2. Inconstantly; not consistently.
He that uses his words loosely and unsteadily, will not be
minded, or not understood. Locke.

UNSTE’ADINESS. n. s. Want of constancy; irresolution; mu­
tability.
A prince of this character, will instruct us by his example,
to six the unsteadiness of our politicks. Addison.
In the result, we find the same spirit of cruelty, the same
blindness, and obstinacy, and unsteadiness. Swift.

UNSTE’ADY. adj.
1. Inconstant; irresolute.
And her unsteady hand hath often plac'd
Men in high pow'r, but seldom holds them fast. Denham.
No measures can be taken of an unsteady mind; still 'tis
too much or too little. L'Estrange.


While choice remains, he will be still unsteady,
And nothing but necessity can fix him. Rowe.
2. Mutable; variable; changeable.
If the motion of the sun were as unequal as that of a ship
driven by unsteady winds, it would not at all help us to mea­
sure time. Locke.
3. Not fixed; not settled.

UNSTE’ADFAST. adj. Not fixed; not fast.
I'll read you matter,
As full of peril and advent'rous spirit,
As to o'erwalk a current, roaring loud,
On the unsteadfast footing of a spear. Shakespeare.

UNSTEE’PED. adj. Not soaked.
Other wheat was sown unsteeped, but watered twice
a day. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

To UNSTING. v. a. To disarm of a sting.
He has disarmed his afflictions, unstung his miseries; and
though he has not the proper happiness of the world, yet he
has the greatest that is to be enjoyed in it. South's Sermons.

UNSTI’NTED. adj. Not limited.
In the works of nature is unstinted goodness shewn us by
their author. Skelton.

UNSTI’RRED. adj. Not stirred; not agitated.
Such seeming milks suffered to stand unstirred, let fall to
the bottom a resinous substance. Boyle on Colours.

To UNSTI’TCH. v. a. To open by picking the stitches.
Cato well observes, though in the phrase of a taylor, friend­
ship ought not to be unripped, but unstiched. Collier.

UNSTOO’PING. adj. Not bending; not yielding.
Such neighbour nearness to our sacred blood
Should nothing priv'lege him, nor partialize
Th' unstooping firmness of my upright soul. Shakespeare.

To UNSTO’P. v. a. To free from stop or obstruction; to
open.
Such white fumes have been afforded, by unstopping a li­
quor diaphonous and red. Boyle on Colours.
The eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the
deaf unstopped. Isa. xxxv. 5.
One would wonder to find such a multitude of nitches un­
stopped. Addison's Remarks on Italy.

UNSTO’PPED. adj. Meeting no resistance.
The flame unstopp'd, at first more fury gains,
And Vulcan rides at large with loosen'd reigns. Dryden.

UNSTRA’INED. adj. Easy; not forced.
By an easy and unstrained derivation, it implies the breath
of God. Hakewill on Providence.

UNSTRA’ITENED. adj. Not contracted.
The eternal wisdom, from which we derive our beings, en­
riched us with all these ennoblements that were suitable to
the measures of an unstraitened goodness, and the capacity of
such a creature. Glanville.

UNSTRE’NGTHENED adj. Not supported; not assisted.
The church of God is neither of capacity so weak, nor
so unstrengthened with authority from above, but that her laws
may exact obedience at the hands of her own children. Hooker.

To UNSTRI’NG. v. a.
1. To relax any thing strung; to deprive of strings.
My tongue's use is to me no more,
Than an unstringed viol or harp. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Eternal structures let them raise,
On William and Maria's praise;
Nor fear they can exhaust the store,
'Till nature's musick lies unstrung:
'Till thou, great God! shalt lose thy double pow'r,
And touch thy lyre, and shoot thy beams no more. Prior.
His idle horn on fragrant myrtles hung;
His arrows scatter'd, and his bow unstrung. Smith.
2. To loose; to untie.
Invaded thus, for want of better bands,
His garland they unstring, and bind his hands. Dryden.

UNSTRU’CK. adj. Not moved; not affected.
Over dank and dry,
They journey toilsome, unfatigu'd with length
Of march, unstruck with horror at the sight
Of Alpine ridges bleak. Philips.

UNSTU’DIED. adj. Not premeditated; not laboured.
In your conversation I cou'd observe a clearness of notion,
express'd in ready and unstudied words. Dryden.

UNSTU’FFED. adj. Unfilled; unfurnished.
Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye;
And where care lodgeth, sleep will never lie:
But where unbruised youth, with unstuft brain,
Doth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign. Shak.

UNSUBSTA’NTIAL. adj.
1. Not solid; not palpable.
Welcome, thou unsubstantial air that I embrace;
The wretch that thou hast blown unto the worst,
Owes nothing to thy blasts. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Darkness now rose,
As daylight sunk, and brought in low'ring night,
Her shadowy offspring, unsubstantial both,
Privation mere of light and absent day. Milton.
2. Not real.
If such empty, unsubstantial beings may be ever made use
of on this occasion, there were never any more nicely ima­
gined and employed. Addison.

UNSUCCEE’DED. adj. Not succeeded.
Unjust equal o'er equals to let reign;
One over all, with unsucceeded power. Milton.

UNSUCCE’SSFUL. adj. Not having the wished event; not for­
tunate; not well received.
O the sad fate of unsuccessful sin!
You see you heads without, there's worse within. Cleveland.
Ye pow'rs return'd
From unsuccessful charge! be not dismay'd. Milton.
Hence appear the many mistakes, which have made learn­
ing generally so unpleasing and so unsuccessful. Milton.
My counsels may be unsuccessful, but my prayers
Shall wait on all your actions. Denham.
The corruption, perverseness, and vitiosity of man's will,
he charges as the only cause that rendered all the arguments
his doctrine came cloathed with, unsuccessful. South.
Had Portius been the unsuccessful lover,
The same compassion would have fall'n on him. Addison.
Successful authors do what they can to exclude a compe­
titor, while the unsuccessful, with as much eagerness, lay
their claim to him as their brother. Addison.
Those are generally more unsuccessful in their pursuit after
fame, who are more desirous of obtaining it. Addison.
Leave dang'rous truths to unsuccessful satire. Pope.

UNSUCCE’SSFULLY. adv. Unfortunately; without success.
The humble and contented man pleases himself innocently;
while the ambitious man attempts to please others sinfully,
and, perhaps, in the issue unsuccessfully too. South.

UNSUCCE’SSFULNESS. n. s. Want of success; event contrary to wish.
Admonitions, fraternal or paternal, then more publick re­
prehensions, and upon the unsuccessfulness of all these milder
medicaments, the censures of the church. Hammond.

UNSUCCE’SSIVE. adj. Not proceeding by flux of parts.
We cannot sum up the unsuccessive and stable direction of
God. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The unsuccessive duration of God with relation to himself,
doth not communicate unto other created beings, the same
manner of duration. Hale.

UNSU’CKED. adj. Not having the breasts drawn.
Unsuck'd of lamb or kid, that tend their play. Milton.

UNSU’FFERABLE. n. s. Not supportable; intolerable; not to
be endured.
The irksome deformities, whereby through endless and
senseless effusions of indigested prayers, they oftentimes dis­
grace, in most unsufferable manner, the worthiest part of
christian duty towards God. Hooker, b. v.
That glorious form, that light unsufferable,
And that far-beaming blaze of majesty,
Wherewith he wont at heav'n's high council table
To sit the midst of trinal unity,
He laid aside. Milton.
A stinking breath, and twenty ill smells besides, are more
unsufferable by her natural sluttishness. Swift.

UNSUFFI’CIENCE. n. s. [insuffisance, Fr.] Inability to answer
the end proposed.
The error and unsufficience of the arguments, doth make it
on the contrary side against them, a strong presumption that
God hath not moved their hearts to think such things as he
hath not enabled them to prove. Hooker, b. v.

UNSUFFI’CIENT. adj. [insuffisant, Fr.] Unable; inadequate.
Malebranche having shewed the difficulties of the other
ways, and how unsufficient they are, to give a satisfactory ac­
count of the ideas we have, erects this, of seeing all things
in God, upon their ruin, as the true. Locke.

UNSU’GARED. adj. Not sweetened with sugar.
Try it with sugar put into water formerly sugared, and into
other water unsugared. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

UNSU’ITABLE. adj. Not congruous; not equal; not proportionate.
Virginity, like an old courtier, wears her cap out of
fashion; richly suited, but unsuitable, just like the brooch and
the tooth-pick, which we wear not now. Shakespeare.
He will smile upon her, which will now be so unsuitable to
her disposition, being addicted to a melancholy, that it can­
not but turn him into contempt. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
That would likeliest render contempt instead;
Hard recompence, unsuitable return
For so much good. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
All that heaven and happiness signifies is unsuitable to a
wicked man; and therefore could be no felicity to him. Tillots.
Consider whether they be not unnecessary expences; such
as are unsuitable to our circumstances. Atterbury.
To enter into a party, as into an order of friars, with so
resigned an obedience to superiours, is very unsuitable with the
civil and religious liberties we so zealously assert. Swift.

UNSU’ITABLENESS. n. s. Incongruity; unfitness.
The unsuitableness of one man's aspect to another man's
fancy, has raised such an aversion, as has produced a perfect
hatred of him. South.



UNSU’ITING. adj. Not fitting; not becoming.
Whilst you were here, o'erwhelmed with your grief,
A passion most unsuiting such a man,
Cassio came hither. Shakesp. Othello.
Leave thy joys, unsuiting such an age,
To a fresh comer, and resign the stage. Dryden.

UNSU’LLIED. adj. Not fouled; not disgraced; pure.
My maiden honour yet is pure
As the unsullied lilly. Shakespeare.
To royal authority, a most dutiful observance has ever been
the proper, unsullied honour of your church. Sprat's Sermons.
Rays which on Hough's unsully'd mitre shine. Pope.
These an altar raise:
An hecatomb of pure, unsully'd lays
That altar crowns. Pope.

UNSU’NG. adj. Not celebrated in verse; not recited in verse.
Thus was the first day ev'n and morn,
Nor pass'd uncelebrated, nor unsung
By the cœlestial choirs. Milton's Par. Lost.
Half yet remains unsung; but narrower bound
Within the visible diurnal sphere. Milton's Par. Lost.
Here the muse so oft her harp has strung,
That not a mountain rears its head unsung. Addison.

UNSU’NNED. adj. Not exposed to the sun.
I thought her as chaste as unsunn'd snow. Shakespeare.
You may as well spread out the unsunn'd heaps
Of misers treasure by an outlaw's den,
And tell me it is safe, as bid me hope
Danger will wink an opportunity,
And let a single, helpless maiden pass
Uninjur'd in this wild surrounding waste. Milton.

UNSUPE’RFLUOUS. adj. Not more than enough.
Nature's full blessings would be well dispens'd
In unsuperfluous, even proportion,
And she no whit encumber'd with her store. Milton.

UNSUPPLA’NTED. adj.
1. Not forced, or thrown from under that which supports it.
Gladsome they quaff, yet not encroach on night,
Season of rest; but well bedew'd repair
Each to his home with unsupplanted feet. Philips.
2. Not defeated by stratagem.

UNSUPPLI’ED. adj. Not supplied; not accommodated with
something necessary.
Prodigal in ev'ry other grant,
Her sire left unsupply'd her only want. Dryden.
Every man who enjoys the possession of what he naturally
wants, and is unmindful of the unsupplied distress of other
men, betrays the same temper. Spectator.

UNSUPPO’RTABLE. adj. [insupportable, Fr.] Intolerable; such
as cannot be endured.
The uneasiness of unrelieved thirst, by continuance grows
the more unsupportable. Boyle.
The waters mounted up into the air, thicken and cool it;
and by their interposition betwixt the earth and the sun, fence
off the ardent heat, which would be otherwise unsupport­
able. Woodward's Nat. Hist.

UNSUPPO’RTABLY. adv. Intolerably.
For a man to do a thing, while his conscience assures him
that he shall be infinitely, unsupportably miserable, is certainly
unnatural. South.

UNSUPPO’RTED. adj.
1. Not sustained; not held up.
Them she up-stays
Gently with myrtle band; mindless the while
Herself, though fairest unsupported flow'r. Milton.
2. Not assisted.
Nor have our solitary attempts been so discouraged, as to
despair of the favourable look of learning upon our single and
unsupported endeavours. Brown's Pref. to Vulgar Errours.

UNSU’RE. Not fixed; not certain.
What is love? 'tis not hereafter;
Present mirth hath present laughter;
What's to come is still unsure. Shakespeare.
The men he prest but late,
To hard assays unfit, unsure at need,
Yet arm'd to point in well attempted plate. Fairfax.
The king, supposing his estate to be most safe, when in­
deed most unsure, advanced many to new honours. Hayward.
How vain that second life in others breath!
Th' estate which wits inherit after death!
Ease, health, and life, for this they must resign:
Unsure the tenure, but how vast the fine! Pope.

UNSURMO’UNTABLE. adj. [insurmontable, Fr.] Insuperable;
not to be overcome.
What safety is it, for avoiding seeming absurdities, and un­
surmountable rubs in one opinion, to take refuge in the contrary,
which is built on something altogether as inexplicable? Locke.

UNSUSCE’PTIBLE. adj. Incapable; not liable to admit.
She a goddess died in grain,
Was unsusceptible of stain. Swift.

UNSUSPE’CT. adj. Not considered as likely to do or mean
ill.
UNSUSPE’CTED. adj. Not considered as likely to do or mean
ill.
Here is the head of that ignoble traitor,
The dangerous and unsuspected Hastings. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Author unsuspect,
Friendly to man, far from deceit or guile. Milton.
On the coast averse
From entrance, or cherubick watch, by stealth
Found unsuspected way. Milton's Par. Lost.
This day, my Persicus, thou shalt perceive,
Whether I keep myself those rules I give,
Or else an unsuspected glutton live. Dryden.
They are persons of unquestionable abilities, altogether
unsuspected of avarice or corruption. Swift.

UNSUSPE’CTING. adj. Not imaging that any ill is designed.
When Albion sends her eager sons to war,
Pleas'd, in the gen'ral's sight, the host lie down
Sudden, before some unsuspecting town;
The captive race, one instant makes our prize,
And high in air Britannia's standard flies. Pope.

UNSUSPI’CIOUS. adj. Having no suspicion.
He his guide requested to let him lean
With both his arms on those two massy pillars,
That to the arched roof gave main support:
He unsuspicious led him. Milton's Agonistes.
The easy queen receiv'd my faint address,
With eager hope and unsuspicious faith. Smith.

UNSUSTA’INED. adj. Not supported; not held up.
Its head, though gay,
Hung drooping, unsustain'd. Milton's Par. Lost.
All unsustain'd between the wave and sky,
Beneath my feet the whirling billows fly. Pope.

To UNSWA’THE. v. a. To free folds or convolutions of
bandage.
In the morning an old woman came to unswathe me. Addison.

UNSWA’YABLE. adj. Not to be governed or influenced by
another.
He bow'd his nature, never known before
But to be rough, unswayable and free. Shakespeare.

UNSWA’YED. adj. Not wielded; not held in the hand.
He makes for England, here to claim the crown.—
—Is the chair empty? is the sword unsway'd?
Is the king dead? the empire unpossess'd? Shakespeare.

To UNSWE’AR. v. n. Not to swear; to recant any thing sworn.
The ape was glade to end the strife so light,
And thereto swore; for who would not oft swear,
And oft unswear, a diadem to bear? Hubbard's Tale.

To UNSWE’AT. v. a. To ease after fatigue; to cool after
exercise.
The interim of unsweating themselves regularly, and con­
venient rest before meat, may, with profit and delight, be
taken up with solemn musick. Milton on Education.

UNSWE’ATING. adj. Not sweating.
In frost and snow, if you complain of heat,
They rub th' unsweating brow, and swear they sweat. Dryd.

UNSWEE’T. adj. Not sweet; disagreeable.
Long were to tell the troublous storms that toss
The private state, and make the life unsweet. Fairy Queen.

UNSWE’PT. adj. Not brushed away; not cleaned by sweeping.
What custom wills in all things, should we do't,
The dust of antique time would lie unswept. Shakesp.

UNSWO’RN. adj. Not bound by an oath.
You are not yet unsworn:
When you have vow'd, you must not speak with men. Shak.
UNT

UNTA’INTED. adj.
1. Not sullied; not polluted.
Sweet prince, th' untainted virtue of your years
Hath not yet div'd into the world's deceit. Shakesp.
What stronger breast-plate than a heart untainted? Shak.
Ireland's untainted loyalty remain'd. Roscommon.
Compare the ingenuous pliableness to virtuous counsels in
youth, as it comes fresh and untainted, out of the hands of
nature, with the confirmed obstinacy in an aged sinner. South.
This untainted year is all your own;
Your glories may, without our crimes, be shown. Dryden.
The most untainted credit of a witness will scarce be able
to find belief. Locke.
Keep the air of the room untainted with fire, smoke, or
the breaths of many people. Arbuthnot.
2. Not charged with any crime.
And yet within these five hours Hastings liv'd
Untainted, unexamin'd, free at liberty. Shakespeare.
3. Not corrupted by mixture.
The conscious walls conceal the fatal secret;
Th' untainted winds refuse th' infecting load. Smith.

UNTA’KEN. adj.
1. Not taken.
Until this day remaineth the vail untaken away. 2 Cor. iii.
The English searched the rivers in such sort, as they left
few ships unspoiled or untaken. Hayward.


Dispose already of th' untaken spoil. Waller.
Otherwise the whole business had miscarried, and Jerusa­
lem remain'd untaken. Dryden.
A thousand schemes the monarch's mind employ;
Elate in thought, he sacks untaken Troy. Pope.
2. UNTAKEN up. Not filled.
The narrow limits of this discourse, will leave no more
room untaken up by heaven. Boyle.

UNTA’LKED of. adj. Not mentioned in the world.
Spread thy close curtain, love-performing night,
That the runaway's eyes may wink, and Romeo
Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen. Shakespeare.
No happiness can be, where is no rest;
Th' unknown, untalk'd of man is only blest. Dryden.

UNTA’MEABLE. adj. Not to be tamed; not to be subdued.
Gold is so untameable by the fire, that after many meltings
and violent heats, it does scarce diminish. Wilkins.
He is swifter than any other bull, and untameable. Grew.

UNTA’MED. adj. Not subdued; not suppressed.
A people very stubborn and untamed; or, if ever tamed,
yet lately have quite shooken off their yoke, and broken
the bonds of their obedience. Spenser's Ireland.
What death has heav'n design'd,
For so untam'd, so turbulent a mind! Dryden.
Man alone acts more contrary to nature, than the wild and
most untamed part of the creation. Locke.

To UNTA’NGLE. v. a. To loose from intricacy or convolu­
tion.
O time, thou must untangle this, not I;
It is too hard a knot for me t'untie. Shakespeare.
This is that very Mab,
That cakes the elslocks, in soul, sluttish hairs,
Which, once untangl'd, much misfortune bodes. Shakesp.
I'll give thee up my bow and dart;
Untangle but this cruel chain,
And freely let me fly again. Prior.

UNTA’STED. adj. Not tasted; not tried by the palate.
The tall stag resolves to try
The combat next; but if the cry
Invades again his trembling ear,
He straight resumes his wonted care;
Leaves the untasted spring behind,
And, wing'd with fear, outflies the wind. Waller.
If he chance to find
A new repast, or an untasted spring,
Blesses his stars, and thinks it luxury. Addison's Cato.

UNTA’STING. adj.
1. Not perceiving any taste.
Cydonian oil,
Whose balmy juice glides o'er th' untasting tongue. Smith.
2. Not trying by the palate.

UNTA’UGHT. adj.
1. Uninstructed; uneducated; ignorant; unlettered.
A lie is continually in the mouth of the untaught. Ecclus. xx.
Taught, or untaught, the dunce is still the same;
Yet still the wretched master bears the blame. Dryden.
On ev'ry thorn delightful wisdom grows,
In ev'ry stream a sweet instruction flows;
But some untaught o'erhear the whisp'ring rill,
In spite of sacred leisure, blockheads still. Young.
2. Debarr'd from instruction.
He, that from a child untaught, or a wild inhabitant of the
woods, will expect principles of sciences, will find himself
mistaken. Locke.
3. Unskilled; new; not having use or practice.
Suffolk's imperial tongue is stern and rough,
Us'd to command, untaught to plead for favour. Shakespeare.

To UNTE’ACH. v. a. To make to quit, or forget what has
been inculcated.
That elder berries are poison, as we are taught by tra­
dition, experience will unteach us. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Their customs are by nature wrought;
But we, by art, unteach what nature taught. Dryden.

UNTEMPERED. adj. Not tempered.
One built up a wall, and others daubed it with untempered
mortar. Ezek. xiii. 10.

UNTE’MPTED. adj.
1. Not embarrassed by temptation.
In temptation dispute not, but rely upon God, and con­
tend not with him but in prayer, and with the help of a pru­
dent untempted guide. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
2. Not invited by any thing alluring.
Untempted, or by wager or by price,
He would attempt to climb the precipice. Cotton on the Peak.

UNTE’NABLE. adj.
1. Not to be held in possession.
2. Not capable of defence.
He produced a warrant, that the town being untenable,
he should retire. Clarendon, b. viii.
Casaubon abandons a post that was untenable. Dryden.

UNTE’NANTED. adj. Having no tenant.
The country seems to be full stock'd with cattle, no ground
being untenanted. Temple.

UNTE’NDED. adj. Not having any attendance.
They fall, unblest, untended, and unmourn'd. Thomson.

UNTE’NDER. adj. Wanting softness; wanting affection.
Goes thy heart with this?—
—Aye, my lord —
—So young, and so untender?—
—So young, my lord, and true. Shakespeare.

UNTE’NDERED. adj. Not offered.
Cassibelan granted Rome a tribute,
Yearly three thousand pounds; which by thee lately
Is left untender'd. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.

To UNTE’NT. v. a. To bring out of a tent.
Will he not, upon our fair request,
Untent his person, and share the air with us? Shakespeare.

UNTE’NTED. adj. [from tent.] Having no medicaments applied.
Blasts and fogs upon thee!
Th' untented woundings of a father's curse
Pierce every fence about thee! Shakespeare's K. Lear.

UNTE’RRIFIED. adj. Not affrighted; not struck with fear.
Among innumerable false, unmov'd,
Unshaken, unseduc'd, unterrify'd. Milton.
To succour the distrest; to give help
To an afflicted mother,
Unbrib'd by love, unterrify'd by threats;
These are exploits worthy Achilles' son. A. Philips.

UNTHA’NKED. adj.
1. Not repaid with acknowledgment of a kindness.
If all the world
Should in a pet of temperance feed on pulse,
Drink the clear stream, and nothing wear but freeze,
Th' all-giver wou'd be unthank'd, wou'd be unprais'd. Milt.
Their batter'd admiral too soon withdrew,
Unthank'd by ours for his unfinish'd fight. Dryden.
2. Not received with thankfulness.
Forc'd from her presence, and condemn'd to live:
Unwelcome freedom, and unthank'd reprieve. Dryden.

UNTHA’NKFUL. adj. Ungrateful; returning no acknowledg­
ment for good received.
The casting away of things profitable for sustenance, is an
unthankful abuse of the fruits. Hooker.
He is kind to the unthankful. Luke vi. 35.
They which he created, were unthankful unto him which
prepared life for them. 2 Esdr. viii.
If you reckon that for evil, you are unthankful for the
blessing. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
The bare supposal of one petty loss, makes us unthankful
for all that's left. L'Estrange.

UNTHA’NKFULLY. adv. Without thanks; without gratitude.
I judged it requisite to say something, to prevent my being
thought to have unthankfully taken one of the chief passages
of my discourse from a book, to which I was utterly a
stranger. Boyle.

UNTHA’NKFULNESS. n. s. Neglect or omission of acknow­
ledgement for good received; want of sense of benefits; in­
gratitude.
Thou diest in thine unthankfulness; and thine ignorance
makes thee away. Shakespeare.
Immoderate favours breed first unthankfulness, and afterwards
hate. Hayward.
The unthankful stand reckoned among the most enormous
sinners, which evinces the virtue opposite to unthankfulness, to
bear the same place in the rank of duties. South's Sermons.

UNTHA’WED. adj. Not dissolved after frost.
Your wine lock'd up,
Or fish deny'd, the river yet unthaw'd. Pope.

To UNTHI’NK. v. a. To recal, or dismiss a thought.
Unthink your speaking, and say so no more. Shakesp.

UNTHI’NKING. adj. Thoughtless; not given to reflection.
Grey-headed infant! and in vain grown old;
Art thou to learn, that in another's gold
Lie charms resistless! that all laugh to find
Unthinking plainness so o'erspread thy mind. Dryden.
An effectual remedy for the wandering of thoughts who­
ever shall propose, would do great service to the studious, and
perhaps help unthinking men to become thinking. Locke.
The unthinking part contract an unreasonable aversion to
that ecclesiastical constitution. Addison.
With earnest eyes, and round unthinking face,
He first the snuff-box open'd, then the case. Pope.

UNTHO’RNY. adj. Not obstructed by prickles.
It were some extenuation of the curse, if in sudore vultus
tui were confinable unto corporal exercitations, and there still
remained a paradise, or unthorny place of knowledge. Brown.

UNTHO’UGHT of. adj. Not regarded; not heeded.
That shall be the day, whene'er it lights,
This gallant Hotspur, this all-praised knight,
And your unthought of Harry chance to meet. Shakespeare.



To UNTHRE’AD. v. a. To loose.
He with his bare wand can unthread thy joints,
And crumble all thy sinews. Milton.

UNTHRE’ATENED. adj. Not menaced.
Sir John Hotham was unreproached, and unthreatened, by
any language of mine. K. Charles.

UNTHRI’FT. n. s. An extravagant; a prodigal.
My rights and royalties
Pluckt from my arms perforce, and giv'n away
To upstart unthrifts. Shakespeare.
The curious unthrift makes his cloaths too wide,
And spares himself, but would his taylor chide. Herbert.
Yet nothing still; then poor and naked come;
Thy father will receive his unthrift home,
And thy blest Saviour's blood discharge the mighty sum. Dryd.

UNTHRI’FT. adj. Profuse; wasteful; prodigal; extravagant.
In such a night,
Did Jessica steal from the wealthy Jew,
And, with an unthrift love, did run from Venice. Shakesp.

UNTHRI’FTILY. adv. Without frugality.
Our attainments cannot be overlarge, and yet we manage
a narrow fortune very unthriftily. Collier.

UNTHRI’FTINESS. n. s. Waste; prodigality; profusion.
The third sort are the poor by idleness or unthriftiness, as
riotous spenders, vagabonds, loiterers. Hayward.
The more they have hitherto embezzled their parts, the
more should they endeavour to expiate that unthriftiness, by a
more careful managery for the future. Govern. of the Tongue.

UNTHRI’FTY. adj.
1. Prodigal; profuse; lavish; wasteful.
The castle I found of good strength, having a great mote
round about it; the work of a noble gentleman, of whose
unthrifty son he had bought it. Sidney, b. ii.
Can no man tell me of my unthrifty son? Shakespeare.
Our absence makes us unthrifty to our knowledge. Shakesp.
2. Not easily made to thrive or fatten. A low word.
Grains given to a hide-bound or unthrifty horse, recover
him. Mortimer's Husbandry.

UNTHRI’VING. adj. Not thriving; not prospering; not grow­
ing rich.
Let all who thus unhappily employ their inventive faculty,
consider, how unthriving a trade it is finally like to prove,
that their false accusations of others will rebound in true ones
on themselves. Government of the Tongue.

To UNTHRO’NE. v. a. To pull down from a throne.
Him to unthrone, we then
May hope, when everlasting fate shall yield
To fickle chance, and chaos judge the strife. Milton.

To UNTI’E. v. a.
1. To unbind; to free from bonds.
Though you untie the winds, and let them fight
Against the churches; though the yesty waves
Confound and swallow navigation up. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. To loosen from convolution or knot.
All that of myself is mine,
Lovely Amoret, is thine;
Sacharissa's captive fain
Would untie his iron chain;
And those scorching beams to shun,
To thy gentle shadow run. Waller.
The chain I'll in return untie,
And freely thou again shalt fly. Prior.
The fury heard; while on Cocytus' brink,
Her snakes untied, sulphureous waters drink. Pope.
3. To set free from any obstruction.
All the evils of an untied tongue, we put upon the ac­
counts of drunkenness. Taylor.
4. To resolve; to clear.
They quicken sloth, perplexities untie;
Make roughness smooth, and hardness mollifie. Denham.
A little more study will solve those difficulties, untie the
knot, and make your doubts vanish. Watts.

UNTI’ED. adj.
1. Not bound; not gathered in a knot.
Her hair
Unty'd, and ignorant of artful aid,
A-down her shoulders loosely lay display'd. Prior.
2. Not fastened by any binding, or knot.
Your hose should be ungartered, your shoe untied, and
every thing about you demonstrating a careless desola­
tion. Shakespeare.

UNTI’L. adv.
1. To the time that.
Treasons are acted,
As soon as thought; though they are never believ'd
Until they come to act. Denham.
2. To the place that.
In open prospect nothing bounds our eye,
Until the earth seems join'd unto the sky. Dryden.

UNTI’L. prep. To. Used of time. The other use is ob­
solete.
So soon as he from far descry'd
Those glist'ring arms, that heaven with light did fill,
He rous'd himself full blithe, and hasten'd them until. Spenser.

UNTI’LLED. adj. Not cultivated.
The glebe untill'd, might plenteous crops have born;
Rich fruits and flow'rs, without the gard'ner's pains,
Might ev'ry hill have crown'd, have honour'd all the plains.
Blackmore on the Creation.
Lands lain long untill'd, contract a sour juice, which
causes the land to run to unprofitable trumpery. Mortimer.
The soil untill'd, a ready harvest yields;
With wheat and barley wave the golden fields. Pope.

UNTI’MBERED. adj. Not furnished with timber; weak.
Where's then the saucy boat,
Whose weak untimber'd sides but even now
Co-rival'd greatness? of to harbour fled,
Or made a toast for Neptune? Shakespeare.

UNTI’MELY. adj. Happening before the natural time.
Boundless intemp'rance hath been
Th 'untimely emptying of the happy throne. Shakespeare.
Matrons and maids
With tears lamnet the knight's untimely fate. Dryden.
Such were the notes thy once-lov'd poet sung,
'Till death untimely stopp'd his tuneful tongue.
Oh just beheld and lost! Pope.

UNTI’MELY. adv. Before the natural time.
He only fair, and what he fair hath made;
All other fair, like flowers untimely fade. Spenser.
If ever he have child, abortive be it;
Prodigious and untimely brought to light. Shakespeare.
Butchers, and villains!
How sweet a plant have you untimely cropt? Shakespeare.
Call up our friends,
And let them know what we mean to do,
And what's untimely done. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Why came I so untimely forth
Into a world, which, wanting thee,
Cou'd entertain us with no worth? Waller.

UNTI’NGED. adj.
1. Not stained; not discoloured.
It appears what beams are untinged, and which paint the
primary, or secondary iris. Boyle on Colours.
2. Not infected.
Your inattention I cannot pardon; Pope has the same de­
fect; neither is Bolingbroke untinged with it. Swift to Gay.

UNTI’RABLE. adj. Indefatigable; unwearied.
A most incomparable man, breath'd as it were
To an untirable and continuate goodness. Shakespeare.

UNTI’RED. adj. Not made weary.
Hath he so long held out with me untir'd,
And stops he now for breath? Shakesp. Rich. III.
See great Marcellus! how untir'd in toils,
He moves with manly grace, how rich with regal spoils! Dry.

UNTI’TLED. adj. [un and title.] Having no title.
O nation miserable!
With an untitled tyrant, bloody scepter'd;
When shalt thou see thy wholesome days again? Shakesp.

U’NTO. prep. [It was the old word for to; now obsolete.] To.
O continue thy loving kindness unto them. Ps. xxxvi.
It was their hurt untruly to attribute such great power unto
false gods. Hooker.
She, by her wicked arts, and wily skill,
Unawares me wrought unto her wicked will. Spenser.
The use of the navel is to continue the infant unto the mo­
ther, and by the vessels thereof convey its sustentation. Brown.
Children permitted the freedom of both hands, often con­
fine unto the left. Brown.
Me, when the cold Digentian stream revives,
What does my friend believe I think or ask?
Let me yet less possess, so I may live,
Whate'er of life remains unto myself. Temple.

UNTO’LD. adj.
1. Not related.
Better a thousand such as I,
Their grief untold, should pine and die;
Than her bright morning, overcast
With sullen clouds, should be defac'd. Waller.
2. Not revealed.
Characters where obscene words are very indecent to be
heard: for that reason, such a tale shall be left untold
by me. Dryden.

UNTO’UCHED. adj.
1. Not touched; not reached.
Achilles, though dipt in Styx, yet having his heel untouched
by that water, was slain in that part. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Three men passed through a fiery furnace untouched,
unsinged. Stephens's Sermons.
2. Not moved; not affected.
They, like persons wholly untouched with his agonies, and
unmoved with his passionate intreaties, sleep away all concern
for him or themselves. Sidney.


3. Not meddled with.
We must pursue the sylvan lands;
Th' abode of nymphs, untouch'd by former hands. Dryden.
Several very antient trees grow upon the spot, from whence
they conclude, that these particular tracts must have lain un­
touch'd for some ages. Addison.

UNTO’WARD. adj.
1. Froward; perverse; vexatious; not easily guided, or taught.
Have to my window; and if she be froward,
Then hast thou taught Hortensio to be untoward. Shakesp.
The ladies prove averse,
And more untoward to be won,
Than by Caligula the moon. Hudibras.
The rabbins write, when any Jew
Did make to God or man a vow,
Which afterwards he found untoward,
Or stubborn to be kept, or too hard;
Any three other Jews o' th' nation,
Might free him from the obligation. Hudibras.
They were a cross, odd, untoward people. South.
Some men have made a very untoward use of this, and
such as he never intended they should. Woodward.
2. Aukward; ungraceful.
Vast is my theme, yet unconceiv'd, and brings
Untoward words, scarce loosen'd from the things. Creech.
Some clergymen hold down their heads within an inch of
the cushion; which, besides the untoward manner, hinders
them from making the best advantage of their voice. Swift.

UNTO’WARDLY. adj. Aukward; perverse; froward.
They learn, from unbred or debauched servants, untowardly
tricks and vices. Locke on Education.

UNTO’WARDLY. adv. Aukwardly; ungainly; perversely.
He that provides for this short life, but takes no care for
eternity, acts as untowardly and as crossly to the reason of
things, as can be. Tillotson.
He explained them very untowardly. Tillotson.

UNTRA’CEABLE. adj. Not to be traced.
The workings of providence are secret and untraceable, by
which it disposes of the lives of men. South's Sermons.

UNTRA’CED. adj. Not marked by any footsteps.
Nor wonder, if advantag'd in my flight,
By taking wing from thy auspicious height,
Through untrac'd ways, and airy paths I fly,
More boundless in my fancy than my eye. Denham.

UNTRA’CTABLE. adj. [intraitable, Fr. intractabilis, Lat.]
1. Not yielding to common measures and management; not
governable; stubborn.
The French, supposing that they had advantage over the
English, began to be stiff, and almost untractable, sharply
pressing for speedy resolutions and short meetings. Hayword.
If any father have a son thus perverse and untractable, I
know not what more he can do but pray for him. Locke.
Ulcers untractable in the legs, with a gangrenous appear­
ance in the skin. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. Rough; difficult.
I forc'd to ride th' untractable abyss. Milton.

UNTRA’CTABLENESS. n. s. Unwillingness, or unfitness to be
regulated or managed; stubbornness.
The great difference in mens intellectuals arises from a
defect in the organs of the body, particularly adapted to
think; or in the dulness or untractableness of those faculties,
for want of use. Locke.

UNTRA’DING. adj. Not engaged in commerce.
Men leave estates to their children in land, as not so liable
to casualties as money, in untrading and unskilful hands. Locke.

UNTRA’INED. adj.
1. Not educated; not instructed; not disciplined.
My wit untrain'd in any kind of art. Shakespeare.
The king's forces charged lively, and they again as stoutly
received the charge; but being an untrained multitude, with­
out any soldier or guide, they were soon put to flight. Hayw.
Life,
To noble and ignoble, is more sweet
Untrain'd in arms, where rashness leads not on. Milton.
No expert general will bring a company of raw, untrained
men into the field; but will, by little bloodless skirmishes,
instruct them in the manner of the fight. Decay of Piety.
2. Irregular; ungovernable.
Gad not abroad at ev'ry quest and call
Of an untrained hope or passion:
To court each place of fortune that doth fall,
Is wantonness in contemplation. Herbert.

UNTRANSFE’RRABLE. adj. Incapable of being given from one
to another.
In parliament there is a rare co-ordination of power,
though the sovereignty remain still entire and untransferable,
in the prince. Howel's Pre-eminence of Parliament.

UNTRANSPA’RENT. adj. Not diaphanous; opaque.
Though held against the light they appear'd of a transparent
yellow, yet looked on with one's back turn'd to the light,
they exhibited an untransparent blue. Boyle on Colours.

UNTRA’VELLED. adj.
1. Never trodden by passengers.
We find no open track, or constant manuduction in this
labyrinth, but are oft times fain to wander in America, and
untravelled parts. Brown's Pref. to Vulgar Errours.
Long untravell'd heaths. Thomson.
2. Having never seen foreign countries.
An untravelled Englishman cannot relish all the beauties of
Italian pictures; because the postures expressed in them are
often such as are peculiar to that country. Addison.

To UNTRE’AD. v. a. To tread back; to go back in the same
steps.
We will untread the steps of damned flight,
And, like a bated and retired flood,
Leaving our rankness and irregular course,
Stoop low within those bounds we have o'erlook'd. Shakesp.

UNTRE’ASURED. adj. Not laid up; not reposited.
Her attendants
Saw her a-bed, and in the morning early
They found the bed untreasur'd of their mistress. Shakesp.

UNTRE’ATABLE. adj. Not treatable; not practicable.
Men are of so untreatable a temper, that nothing can be
obtained of them. Decay of Piety.

UNTRI’ED. adj.
1. Not yet attempted.
It behoves,
From hard essays, and ill successes past,
A faithful leader, not to hazard all
Through ways of danger, by himself untry'd. Milton.
That she no ways nor means may leave untry'd,
Thus to her sister she herself apply'd. Denham.
2. Not yet experienced.
Never more
Mean I to try, what rash untry'd I sought,
The pain of absence from thy sight. Milton's Par. Lost.
The happiest of mankind overlooking those solid blessings
which they already have, set their hearts upon somewhat which
they want; some untry'd pleasure, which, if they could but
taste, they should then be compleatly blest. Atterbury.
Self-preservation, the long acquaintance of soul and body,
the untry'd condition of a separation, are sufficient reasons not
to turn our backs upon life, out of an humour. Collier.
Eternity! thou pleasing, dreadful thought!
Through what variety of untry'd being,
Through what new scenes and changes must we pass? Addis.
3. Not having passed trial.
The father secure,
Ventures his filial virtue, though untry'd,
Against whate'er may tempt. Milton's Par. Regain'd.

UNTRIU’MPHABLE. adj. Which allows no triumph.
What towns, what garrisons might you,
With hazard of this blood subdue;
Which now y'are bent to throw away
In vain, untriumphable fray? Hudibras.

UNTRO’D. adj. Not passed; not marked by the foot.
UNTRO’DDEN. adj. Not passed; not marked by the foot.
The way he came, not having mark'd, return
Was difficult, by human steps untrod. Paradise Regain'd.
Now while the heav'n by the sun's team untrod,
Hath took no print of the approaching light,
And all the spangled host keep watch. Milton.
A garland made of such new bays,
And sought in such untrodden ways,
As no man's temples e'er did crown. Waller.
Who was the first to explore th' untrodden path,
When life was hazarded in ev'ry step? Addison's Cato.

UNTRO’LLED. adj. Not bowled; not rolled along.
Hard fate! untroll'd is now the charming dye;
The playhouse and the parks unvisited must lie. Dryden.

UNTRO’UBLED. adj.
1. Not disturbed by care, sorrow, or guilt.
Quiet untroubled soul, awake! awake!
Arm, fight and conquer, for fair England's sake. Shakesp.
2. Not agitated; not confused.
Our Saviour meek, and with untroubled mind,
After his airy jaunt, though hurry'd sore,
Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest. Milton.
3. Not interrupted in the natural course.
Would they think with how small allowance
Untroubled nature doth herself suffice,
Such superfluities they would despise. Fairy Queen.
4. Transparent; clear.
The equal distribution of the spirits in the liquor with the tan­
gible parts, ever representeth bodies clear and untroubled. Bacon.

UNTRU’E. adj.
1. False; contrary to reality.
By what construction shall any man make those compari­
sons true, holding that distinction untrue. Hooker.
That a vessel filled with ashes, will receive the like quan­
tity of water, that it would have done if it had been empty, is
utterly untrue, for the water will not go in by a fifth part. Bacon.


2. False; not faithful.
I cannot break so sweet a bond,
Unless I prove untrue;
Nor can I ever be so fond,
To prove untrue for you. Suckling.
Flora commands those nymphs and knights,
Who liv'd in slothful ease, and loose delights:
Who never acts of honour durst pursue,
The men inglorious knights, the ladies all untrue. Dryden.

UNTRU’LY. adv. Falsely; not according to truth.
It was their hurt untruly to attribute so great power unto
false gods. Hooker, b. v.
On these mountains it is generally received that the ark
rested, but untruly. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

UNTRU’STINESS. n. s. Unfaithfulness.
Secretary Peter, under pretence of gravity, covered much
untrustiness of heart. Hayward.

UNTRU’TH. n. s.
1. Falsehood; contrariety to reality.
2. Moral falsehood; not veracity.
He who is perfect, and abhors untruth,
With heavenly influence inspires my youth. Sandys.
3. Treachery; want of fidelity.
I would,
So my untruth had not provok'd him to it,
The king had cut off my head with my brother's. Shakesp.
4. False assertion.
In matter of speculation or practice, no untruth can possibly
avail the patron and defender long; and things most truly,
are likewise most behovefully spoken. Hooker, b. iii.
There is little hope for common justice in this dispute,
from a man, who lays the foundations of his reasonings in so
notorious an untruth. Atterbury.

UNTU’NABLE. adj. Unharmonious; not musical.
My news in dumb silence will I bury,
For they are harsh, untunable, and bad. Shakespeare.
A lutestring, merely unequal in its parts, giveth a harsh
and untunable sound; which strings we call false. Bacon.
His harsh untunable pipe is no more fit than a raven's, to
join with the musick of a choir. Tatler, No 54.

To UNTU’NE. v. a.
1. To make incapable of harmony.
Take but degree away, untune that string,
And hark what discord follows. Shakespeare.
When the last and dreadful hour,
This crumbling pageant shall devour,
The trumpet shall be heard on high,
The dead shall live, the living die,
And musick shall untune the sky. Dryden.
The captives, as their tyrant shall require,
That they should breathe the song, and touch the lyre,
Shall say; can Jacob's servile race rejoice,
Untun'd the musick, and disus'd the voice? Prior.
2. To disorder.
O you kind gods!
Cure this great breach in his abused nature;
Th' untuned and jarring senses, O wind up
Of this child-changed father. Shakesp. K. Lear.

UNTU’RNED. adj. Not turned.
New crimes invented, left unturn'd no stone,
To make my guilt appear, and hide his own Dryden.
So eager hath the inquisitive part of mankind been to bring
this matter to a fair issue, that no stone hath been left unturned,
no way, whereby these things could have been brought forth
of the sea, but one or other hath pitch'd upon. Woodward.

UNTU’TORED. adj. Uninstructed; untaught.
Thy mother took into her blameful bed
Some stern untutor'd churl; and noble stock
Was graft with crab-tree slip, whose fruit thou art. Shakesp.
Thy even thoughts with so much plainness flow,
Their sense untutor'd infancy may know:
Yet to such height is all that plainness wrought,
Wit may admire, and letter'd pride be taught. Prior.

To UNTWI’NE v. a.
1. To open what is held together by convolution.
But since the sisters did so soon untwine
So fair a thread, I'll strive to piece the line. Waller.
2. To open what is wrapped on itself.
It turns finely and softly three or four turns, caused by the
untwining of the beard by the moisture. Bacon.
3. To separate that which clasps round any thing.
Divers worthy gentlemen of England, all the Syren
songs of Italy could never untwine from the mast of God's
word. Ascham.

To UNTWI’ST. v. a. To separate any things involved in each
other, or wrapped up on themselves.
Untwisting his deceitful clew,
He 'gan to weave a web of wicked guile. Fairy Queen.
The interest of prince and people is so enfolded in a mu­
tual embrace, that they cannot be untwisted without pulling a
limb off. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
Untwisting all the chains that tie
The hidden soul of harmony. Milton.
No, I'll untwist you;
I have occasion for your stay on earth. Dryden.
Tarred hempen ropes cut small and untwisted, are bene­
ficial for lands. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Untwist a wire, and from her gums
A set of teeth completely comes. Swift.

To UNTY’. v. a. [See UNTIE.] To loose.
O time! thou must untangle this, not I:
It is too hard a knot for me t' unty. Shakespeare.
UNV

To UNVA’IL. v. a. To uncover; to strip of a veil. This
word is unvail, or unveil, according to its etymology. See
VAIL, and VEIL.
Troy reviv'd, her mourning face unvail'd. Denham.
Now unveil'd, the toilet stands display'd,
Each silver vase in mystick order laid. Pope.

UNVA’LUABLE. adj. Inestimable; being above price.
Secure the innocence of children, by imparting to them the
unvaluable blessing of a virtuous and pious education. Atterb.

UNVA’LUED. adj.
1. Not prized; neglected.
He may not, as unvalued persons do,
Carve for himself; for on his choice depends
The safety and the health of the whole state. Shakesp.
2. Inestimable; above price.
I thought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks;
Inestimable stones, unvalu'd jewels. Shakespeare.

UNVA’NQUISHED. Not conquered; not overcome.
Shall I for lucre of the rest unvanquish'd,
Detract so much from that prerogative,
As to be called but viceroy of the whole? Shakespeare.
Victory doth more often fall by error of the unvanquished,
than by the valour of the victorious. Hayward.
They rise unvanquish'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.

UNVA’RIABLE. adj. [invariable, Fr.] Not changeable; not mut­
able.
The two great hinges of morality stand fixt and unvariable
as the two poles: whatever is naturally conducive to the com­
mon interest, is good; and whatever has a contrary influence,
is evil. Norris.

UNVA’RIED. adj. Not changed; not diversified.
If authors cannot be prevailed with to keep close to truth
and instruction, by unvaried terms, and plain, unsophisticated
arguments; yet it concerns readers not to be imposed on. Locke.
They ring round the same unvaried chimes,
With sure returns of still-expected rhymes. Pope.

UNVA’RNISHED. adj.
1. Not overlaid with varnish.
2. Not adorned; not decorated.
I will a round, unvarnish'd tale deliver,
Of my whole course of love; what drugs, what charms
I won his daughter with. Shakesp. Othello.

UNVA’RYING. adj. Not liable to change.
We cannot keep by us any standing, unvarying measure of
duration, which consists in a constant fleeting succession, as
we can of certain lengths of extension, as inches marked out
in permanent parcels of matter. Locke.

To UNVE’IL. v. a. [See VEIL and VAIL]
1. To uncover; to divest of a veil.
The moon,
Apparent queen, unveil'd her peerless light. Milton.
To the limpid stream direct thy way,
When the gay morn unveils her smiling ray. Pope.
2. To disclose; to show.
The providence, that's in a watchful state,
Knows almost every grain of Pluto's gold;
Does ev'n our thoughts unveil in their dumb cradles. Shak.

UNVE’ILEDLY. adv. Plainly; without disguise.
Not knowing what use you will make of what has been
unveiledly communicated to you, I was unwilling that some
things, which had cost me pains, should fall into any man's
hands, that scorns to purchase knowledge with pains. Boyle.

UNVE’NTILATED. adj. Not fanned by the wind.
This animals, to succour life, demand;
Nor should the air unventilated stand;
The idle deep corrupted would contain
Blue deaths. Blackmore's Creation.

UNVE’RITABLE. adj. Not true.
All these proceeded upon unveritable grounds. Brown.

UNVE’RSED. adj. Unacquainted; unskilled.
Not eastern monarchs, on their nuptial day,
In dazzling gold and purple shine so gay,
As the bright natives of th' unlabour'd field,
Unvers'd in spinning, and in looms unskill'd. Blackmore.

UNVE’XED. adj. Untroubled; undisturbed.
With a blest and unvext retire,
With unhack'd swords, and helmets all unbruis'd,
We will bear home that lusty blood again. Shakespeare.
Unvex'd with thought of wants which may betide;
Or for to-morrow's dinner to provide. Dryden's Juvenal.



UNVI’OLATED. adj. Not injured; not broken.
Herein you war against your reputation,
And draw within the compass of suspect
Th' unviolated honour of your wife. Shakespeare.
He, with singular constancy, preserved his duty and fidelity
to his majesty unviolated. Carendon.
This strength diffus'd
No less through all my sinews, joints, and bones,
Than thine, while I preserv'd these locks unshorn,
The pledge of my unviolated vow. Milton.

UNVI’RTUOUS. adj. Wanting virtue.
If they can find in their hearts that the poor, unvirtuous, fat
knight shall be any further afflicted, we two will be the
ministers. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

UNVI’SITED. adj. Not resorted to.
In some wild zone
Dwell, not unvisited of heav'n's fair light,
Secure. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
The playhouse and the park unvisited must lie. Dryden.
UNU

UNU’NIFORM. adj. Wanting uniformity.
Such an ununiform piety is in many so exactly apportioned
to Satan's interest, that he has no cause to wish the change
of his tenure. Decay of Piety.

UNVO’YAGEABLE. adj. Not to be passed over or voyaged.
Not this unvoyageable gulph obscure,
Detain from following thy illustrious track. Milton.

UNU’RGED. adj. Not incited; not pressed.
The time was once, when thou unurg'd would'st vow,
That never words were musick to thine ear,
Unless I spake. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.

UNU’SED. adj.
1. Not put to use; unemployed.
She, whose husband about that time died, forgetting the
absent Plangus, or, at least, not hoping of him to attain so
aspiring a purpose, left no art unused, which might keep
the line from breaking, whereat the fish was already
taken. Sidney.
Sure he that made us with such large discourse,
Looking before and after, gave us not
That capability and godlike reason,
To rust in us unus'd. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
2. Not accustomed.
He, unused to such entertainment, did shortly and plainly
answer what he was. Sidney, b. ii.
One, whose eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Dropt tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinal gum. Shakesp. Othello.
What art thou?
Not from above: no, thy wan looks betray
Diminish'd light, and eyes unus'd to day. Dryden.

UNU’SEFUL. adj. Useless; serving no purpose.
I was persuaded, by experience, that it might not be un­
useful in the capacities it was intended for. Glanville.
Birds flutter with their wings, when there is but a little
down upon them, and they are as yet utterly unuseful for
flying. More's Antidote against Atheism.
As when the building gains a surer stay,
We take th' unuseful scaffolding away. Dryden.
Pleas'd to find his age
Declining, not unuseful to his lord. Philips.

UNU’SUAL. adj. Not common; not frequent; rare.
With this unusual and strange course they went on, till
God, in whose heaviest worldly judgments I nothing doubt
but that there may lie hidden mercy, gave them over to their
own inventions. Hooker.
You gain your point, if your industrious art
Can make unusual words easy and plain. Roscommon.
A sprightly red vermilions all her face;
And her eyes languish with unusual grace. Granville.
That peculiar turn, that the words should appear new, yet
not unusual, but very proper to his auditors. Felton.
The river flows redundant, and attacks
The ling'ring remnant with unusual tide. Philips.

UNU’SUALNESS. n. s. Uncommonness; infrequency.
It is the unusualness of the time, not the appearance, that
surprizes Alcinous. Broome.

UNU’TTERABLE. adj. Ineffable; inexpressible.
Sighs now breath'd
Unutterable; which the spirit of pray'r
Inspir'd, and wing'd for heav'n with speedier flight
Than loudest oratory. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
It wounds my soul
To think of your unutterable sorrows,
When you shall find Hippolitus was guiltless. Smith.

UNVU’LNERABLE. adj. Exempt from wound: not vulner­
able.
The god of soldiers inform
Thy thoughts with nobleness, that thou may'st prove
To shame unvulnerable, and stick i' th' wars
Like a great sea mark, standing every flaw. Shakespeare.
UNW

UNWA’KENED. adj. Not roused from sleep.
The more
His wonder was, to find unwaken'd Eve
With tresses discompos'd. Milton's P. Lost, b. v.

UNWA’LLED. adj. Having no walls.
He came to Tauris, a great and rich city, but unwalled,
and of no strength. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.

UNWA’RES. adv. Unexpectedly; before any caution, or ex­
pectation.
She, by her wicked arts,
Too false and strong for earthly skill or might,
Unwares me wrought unto her wicked will. Fairy Queen.
His loving mother came upon a day
Unto the woods, to see her little son,
And chanc'd unwares to meet him in the way,
After his sports and cruel pastime done. Fairfax, b. i.
Still we sail, while prosperous blows the wind,
Till on some secret rock unwares we light. Fairfax.

UNWA’RILY. adv. Without caution; carelessly.
The best part of my powers
Were in the washes all unwarily
Devour'd by the unexpected flood. Shakespeare.
If I had not unwarily engaged myself for the present
publishing it, I should have kept it till I had look'd
over it. Digby.
By such principles, they renounce their legal claim to li­
berty and property, and unwarily submit to what they really
abhor. Freeholder, No 10.

UNWARINESS. n. s. [from unwary.] Want of caution; care­
lessness.
The same temper which inclines us to a desire of fame,
naturally betrays us into such slips and unwarinesses, as are not
incident to men of a contrary disposition. Spectator, No 256.

UNWA’RLIKE. adj. Not fit for war; not used to war; not mi­
litary.
He safely might old troops to battle lead,
Against th' unwarlike Persian, and the Mede;
Whose hasty flight did from a bloodless field,
More spoils than honour to the victor yield. Waller.
Avert unwarlike Indians from his Rome,
Triumph abroad, secure our peace at home. Dryden.

UNWA’RNED. adj. Not cautioned; not made wary.
Unexperienced young men, if unwarn'd, take one thing
for another, and judge by the outside. Locke.
May hypocrites,
That slyly speak one thing, another think,
Drink on unwarn'd, till by inchanting cups
Infatuate, they their wily thoughts disclose. Philips.

UNWA’RRANTABLE. adj. Not defensible; not to be justified;
not allowed.
At very distant removes an extemporary intercourse is fea­
sible, and may be compassed without unwarrantable correspon­
dence with the people of the air. Glanville.
He who does an unwarrantable action through a false infor­
mation, which he ought not to have believed, cannot in rea­
son make the guilt of one sin the excuse of another. South.

UNWA’RRANTABLY. adv. Not justifiably; not defensibly.
A true and humble sense of your own unworthiness, will
not suffer you to rise up to that confidence, which some
men unwarrantably pretend to, nay, unwarrantably require
of others. Wake's Preparation for Death.

UNWA’RRANTED. adj. Not ascertained; uncertain.
The subjects of this kingdom believe it is not legal for
them to be enforced to go beyond the seas, without their
own consent, upon hope of an unwarranted conquest; but
to resist an invading enemy, the subject must be commanded
out of the counties where they inhabit. Bacon.

UNWA’RY. adj.
1. Wanting caution; imprudent; hasty; precipitate.
Nor think me so unwary,
To bring my feet again into the snare
Where once I have been caught. Milton's Agonistes.
So spake the false archangel, and infus'd
Bad influence into th' unwary breast. Milton.
So talk'd the spirited fly snake; and Eve,
Yet more amaz'd, unwary thus reply'd. Milton.
Turning short, he struck with all his might
Full on the helmet of th' unwary knight:
Deep was the wound. Dryden.
Propositions about religion are insinuated into the unwary,
as well as unbiassed understandings of children, and riveted
there by long custom. Locke.
2. Unexpected. Obsolete.
All in the open hall amazed stood,
At suddenness of that unwary sight,
And wonder'd at his breathless hasty mood. Fairy Queen.

UNWA’SHED. adj. Not washed; not cleansed by washing.
UNWA’SHEN. adj. Not washed; not cleansed by washing.
Another lean unwash'd artificer
Cuts off his tale, and talks of Arthur's death. Shakesp.
To eat with unwashen hands defileth not a man. Matth. xv.


He accepts of no unclean, no unwashed sacrifice; and if re­
pentance usher not in, prayer will never find admittance. Duppa.
When the fleece is shorn, if sweat remains
Unwash'd, it soaks into their empty veins. Dryden.

UNWA’STED. adj. Not consumed; not diminished.
Why have those rocks so long unwasted stood,
Since, lavish of their stock, they through the flood
Have, ages past, their melting crystal spread,
And with their spoils the liquid regions fed? Blackmore.

UNWA’STING. adj. Not growing less; not decaying.
Purest love's unwasting treasure;
Constant faith, fair hope, long leisure;
Sacred Hymen! these are thine. Pope.

UNWA’YED. adj. Not used to travel; not seasoned in the road.
Beasts,t hat have been rid off their legs, are as much for a
man's use, as colts that are unwayed, and will not goat all. Suckl.

UNWE’AKENED. adj. Not weakened.
By reason of the exsuction of some air out of the glass,
the elastical power of the remaining air was very much debi­
litated, in comparison of the unweakened pressure of the ex­
ternal air. Boyle.

UNWE’APONED. adj. Not furnished with offensive arms.
As the beasts are armed with fierce teeth, paws, horns,
and other bodily instruments of much advantage against un­
weaponed men; so hath reason taught man to strengthen his
hand with such offensive arms, as no creature else can well
avoid. Raleigh.

UNWE’ARIABLE. adj. Not to be tired.
Desire to resemble him in goodness, maketh them un­
weariable. Hooker, b. i.

UNWE’ARIED. adj.
1. Not tired; not fatigued.
The Creator from his work
Desisting, though unwearied, up return'd. Milton.
Their bloody task unweary'd, still they ply. Waller.
Still th' unweary'd sire pursues the tuneful strain. Dryden.
2. Indefatigable; continual; not to be spent; not sinking under
fatigue.
Joy'd to range abroad in fresh attire,
Through the wide compass of the airy coast,
And with unwearied limbs each part t' enquire. Spenser.
Godlike his unweary'd bounty flows;
First loves to do, then loves the good he does. Denham.
A winged virtue through th' etherial sky,
From orb to orb, unweary'd dost thou fly. Tickell.
An unwearied devotion in the service of God, recommend­
ed the gospel to the world. Rogers's Sermons.
The righteous shall certainly be saved, but then the christian
character of a righteous man implies a constant, unwearied
perseverance in many painful instances of duty. Rogers.

To UNWE’ARY. v. a. To refresh after weariness.
It unwearies, and refreshes more than any thing, after too
great labour. Temple.

UNWE’D. adj. Unmarried.
This servitude makes you to keep unwed. Shakesp.

UNWE’DGEABLE. adj. Not to be cloven.
Merciful heav'n!
Thou rather with thy sharp and sulph'rous bolt
Split'st the unwedgeable and gnarled oak,
Than the soft myrtle. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.

UNWEE’DED. adj. Not cleared from weeds.
Fie! 'tis an unweeded garden,
That grows to seed; things rank, and gross in nature,
Possess it merely. Shakespeare's Hamlet.

UNWEE’PED. adj. Not lamented. Now unwept.
He must not float upon his watry bier
Unwept, and welter to the parching wind,
Without the meed of some melodious tear. Milton.

UNWEE’TING. adj. Ignorant; unknowing.
Her seeming dead he found with feigned fear,
As all unweeting of that well she knew;
And pained himself with busy care to rear
Her out of careless swoon. Fairy Queen, b. i.
But contrary, unweeting he fulfilled
The purpos'd counsel, pre-ordain'd and fix'd
Of the most high. Paradise Regain'd.

UNWE’IGHED. adj.
1. Not examined by the balance.
Solomon left all the vessels unweighed, because they were
exceeding many. 1 Kings vii.
2. Not considered; negligent.
What unweighed behaviour hath this Flemish drunkard pickt
out of my conversation, that he dares in this manner essay
me? why he hath not been thrice in my company. Shakesp.
Daughter, what words have pass'd thy lips unweigh'd,
Deem not unjustly by my doom opprest,
Of human race the wisest, and the best. Pope's Odyssey.

UNWE’IGHING. adj. Inconsiderate; thoughtless.
Wise? why, no question but he was—a very superficial,
ignorant, unweighing fellow. Shakespeare.

UNWE’LCOME. adj. Not pleasing; not grateful; not well re­
ceived.
Such welcome and unwelcome things at once,
'Tis hard to reconcile. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Soon as th' unwelcome news
From earth arriv'd at heaven-gate, displeas'd
All were who heard. Milton's Par. Lost, b. x.
Though he that brings unwelcome news
Has but a losing office, yet he that shews
Your danger first, and then your way to safety,
May heal that wound he made. Denham's Sophy.
Forc'd from her presence, and condemn'd to live;
Unwelcome freedom, and unthank'd reprieve. Dryden.
From the very first instances of perception, some things
are grateful, and others unwelcome to them; some things that
they incline to, and others that they fly. Locke.
Such hasty nights as these, would give very unwelcome inter­
ruptions to our labours. Bentley's Sermons.

UNWE’PT. adj. Not lamented; not bemoaned.
Our fatherless distress was left unmoan'd;
Your widow dolours likewise be unwept. Shakesp. Rich. III.
We, but the slaves that mount you to the throne:
A base, ignoble crowd, without a name;
Unwept, unworthy of the fun'ral flame;
By duty bound to forfeit each his life. Dryden.

UNWE’T. adj. Not moist.
Once I meant to meet
My fate with face unmov'd, and eyes unwet;
Yet since I have thee here in narrow room,
My tears shall set thee first afloat within thy tomb. Dryden.

UNWHI’PT. adj. Not punished; not corrected with the rod.
Tremble, thou wretch,
That hast within thee undivulged crimes,
Unwhipt of justice. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Once I caught him in a lie;
And then, unwhipt, he had the grace to cry. Pope.

UNWHO’LESOME. adj.
1. Insalubrious; mischievous to health.
The discovery of the disposition of the air, is good for the
prognosticks of wholesome and unwholesome years. Bacon.
There I a prisoner chain'd, scarce freely draw
The air imprison'd also, close and damp,
Unwholesome draught; but here I find amends,
The breath of heav'n fresh-blowing, pure and sweet,
With day-spring born; here leave me to respire. Milton.
How can any one be assured, that his meat and drink are
not poisoned, and made unwholesome before they are brought to
him? South.
Rome is never fuller of nobility than in summer; for the
country towns are so infested with unwholesome vapours, that
they dare not trust themselves in them, while the heats
last. Addison on Italy.
Children born healthy, often contract diseases from an
unwholesome nurse. Arbuthnot on Diet.
2. Corrupt; tainted.
We'll use this unwholesome humidity; this gross, watry
pumpion: we'll teach him to know turtles from jays. Shakesp.

UNWI’ELDILY. adv. Heavily; with difficult motion.
Unwieldily they wallow first in ooze;
Then in the shady covert seek repose. Dryden.

UNWI’ELDINESS. n. s. Heaviness; difficulty to move, or be
moved.
To what a cumbersome unwieldiness,
And burdenous corpulence my love had grown,
But that I made it feed upon
That which love worst endures, discretion. Donne.
The supposed unwieldiness of its massy bulk, grounded upon
our experience of the inaptitude of great and heavy bodies to
motion, is a mere imposture of our senses. Glanville.

UNWI’ELDY. adj. Unmanageable; not easily moving or
moved; bulky; weighty; ponderous.
An ague, meeting many humours in a fat, unwieldy body
of fifty-eight years old, in four or five fits, carried him out
of the world. Clarendon.
Part, huge of bulk!
Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,
Tempest the ocean. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
Unwieldy sums of wealth, which higher mount,
Than files of marshal'd figures can account. Dryden.
Nothing here th' unwieldy rock avails,
Rebounding harmless from the plaited scales,
That, firmly join'd, preserv'd him from a wound,
With native armour crusted all around. Addison's Ovid.
What carriage can bear away all the rude and unwieldy lop­
pings of a branchy tree at once? Watts's Impr. of the Mind.

UNWI’LLING. adj. Loath; not contented; not inclined; not
complying by inclination.
The nature of man is unwilling to continue doing that
wherein it shall always condemn itself. Hooker, b. v.
If thou dost find him tractable,
Encourage him, and tell him all our reasons.
If he be leaden, icy, cold, unwilling,
Be thou so too. Shakespeare's Rich. III.


If the sun rise unwilling to his race,
Clouds on his brows, and spots upon his face,
Suspect a drizzling day. Dryden.
Heav'n's unchang'd decrees attentive hear;
More pow'rful gods have torn thee from my side,
Unwilling to resign, and doom'd a bride. Dryden.

UNWI’LLINGLY. adv. Not with good-will; not without loath­
ness.
The whining school-boy, with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. Shakesp. As You Like It.
A feast the people hold to Dagon, and forbid
Laborious works, unwillingly this rest
Their superstition yields. Milton's Agonistes.
Still dismay'd
By seas or skies, unwillingly they stay'd. Denham.
These men were once the prince's foes, and then
Unwillingly they made him great: but now,
Being his friends, shall willingly undo him. Denham.
The dire contagion spreads so fast,
That where it seizes, all relief is vain;
And therefore must unwillingly lay waste
That country, which would else the foe maintain. Dryden.

UNWI’LLINGNESS. n. s. Loathness; disinclination.
Obedience, with professed unwillingness to obey, is no bet­
ter than manifest disobedience. Hooker, b. v.
What moved the man to yield to her persuasions? Even
the same cause that hath moved all men since, an unwil­
lingness to grieve her, and make her sad, lest she should pine,
and be overcome with sorrow. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
I see with what unwillingness
You lay upon me this command, and through your fears
Discern your love, and therefore must obey you. Denham.
There is in most people a reluctance and unwillingness to
be forgotten. We observe, even among the vulgar, how
fond they are to have an inscription over their grave. Swift.

To UNWI’ND. v. a. pret. and part. passive unwound.
1. To separate any thing convolved; to untwist; to untwine.
All his subjects having by some years learned, so to hope
for good and fear harm, only from her, that it should
have needed a stronger virtue than his, to have unwound so
deeply an entered vice. Sidney, b. ii.
Empirick politicians use deceit:
You boldly shew that skill which they pretend,
And work by means as noble as your end;
Which should you veil, we might unwind the clue,
As men do nature, till we came to you. Dryden.
2. To disentangle; to loose from entanglement.
Desiring to serve God as they ought; but being not so
skillful as in every point to unwind themselves, where the
snares of glosing speech lie to entangle them, are in mind
not a little troubled, when they hear so bitter invectives against
that, which this church hath taught them to reverence as
holy. Hooker, b. v.
As you unwind her love from him,
Lest it should ravel, and be good to none,
Bottom it on me. Shakesp. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

To UNWI’ND. v. n. To admit evolution.
Put the bottoms into clean scalding water, and they will
easily unwind. Mortimer's Husbandry.

UNWI’PED. adj. Not cleared.
Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood,
So were their daggers, which unwip'd we found
Upon their pillows. Shakesp. Macbeth.

UNWI’SE. adj. Weak; defective in wisdom.
O good, but most unwise patricians! why,
You grave, but reckless senators, have you thus
Giv'n Hydra here to chuse an officer? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Be not ta'en tardy by unwise delay. Shakespeare.
He who of those delights can judge, and spare
To interpose them oft, is not unwise. Milton.
This the Greeks say, this the barbarians; the wise and the
unwise. Tillotson.
When kings grow stubborn, slothful, or unwise,
Each private man for publick good should rise. Dryden.
When the balance of power is duly fixt in a state, nothing
is more dangerous or unwise, than to give way to the first
steps of popular encroachments. Swift.

UNWI’SELY. adv. Weakly; not prudently; not wisely.
Lady Zelmane, like some, unwisely liberal, that more
delight to give presents than pay debts, chose rather to be­
stow her love upon me, than to recompense him. Sidney.
Unwisely we the wiser East
Pity, supposing them oppress'd
With tyrant's force. Waller.

To UNWISH. v. a. To wish that which is, not to be.
My liege, would you and I alone,
Without more help, could fight this royal battle.—
—Why now thou hast unwish'd five thousand men;
Which likes me better than to wish us one. Shakespeare.
To desire there were no God, were plainly to unwish their
own being, which must be annihilated in the substraction of
that essence, which substantially supporteth them. Brown.

UNWI’SHED. adj. Not sought; not desired.
So jealous is she of my love to her daughter, that I never
yet begin to open my mouth to the unevitable Philoclea, but
that her unwished presence gave my tale a conclusion, before
it had a beginning. Sidney.
To his unwished yoke
My soul consents not to give sov'reignty. Shakespeare.
While heaping unwish'd wealth I distant roam;
The best of brothers at his natal home
By the dire fury of a traitress wife,
Ends the sad evening of a stormy life. Pope.

UNWI’ST. adj. Unthought of; not known. Spenser.

To UNWI’T. v. a. To deprive of understanding. Not used.
Friends all but now; even now
In quarter, and in terms like bride and groom
Divesting them for bed; and then, but now,
As if some planet had unwitted men,
Swords out, and tilting one at other's breasts. Shakespeare.

UNWITHDRA’WING. adj. Continually liberal.
Wherefore did nature pour her bounties forth,
With such a full and unwithdrawing hand,
Covering the earth with odours, fruits, and flocks? Milton.

UNWITHSTOO’D. adj. Not opposed.
Cressy plains,
And Agincourt, deep ting'd with blood, confess
What the Silures vigour unwithstood,
Cou'd do in rigid fight. Philips.

UNWI’TNESSED. adj. Wanting evidence; wanting notice.
Least their zeal to the cause should any way be unwit­
nessed. Hooker.

UNWI’TTINGLY. adv. [Properly unweetingly, from unweeting.]
Without knowledge; without consciousness.
In these fatal things it falls out, that the high-working
powers make second causes unwittingly accessary to their de­
terminations. Sidney.
Those things are termed most properly natural agents,
which keep the law of their kind unwittingly, as the heavens
and elements of the world, which can do no otherwise than
they do. Hooker, b. i.
Atheists repudiate all title to heaven, merely for present
pleasure; besides the extreme madness of running such a de­
sperate hazard after death, they unwittingly deprive themselves
here of that tranquillity they seek for. Bentley.

UNWO’NTED. adj.
1. Uncommon; unusual; rare; infrequent.
His sad, dull eyes, sunk deep in hollow pits,
Could not endure th' unwonted sun to view. Fairy Queen.
My father's of a better nature
Than he appears by speech; this is unwonted
Which now came from him. Shakespeare.
Every unwonted meteor is portentous, and some divine
prognostick. Glanville.
Thick breath, quick pulse, and heaving of my heart,
All signs of some unwonted change appear. Dryden.
2. Unaccustomed; unused.
Philoclea, who blushing, and withal smiling, making
shamefastness pleasant, and pleasure shamefast, tenderly moved
her feet, unwonted to feel the naked ground. Sidney, b. ii.
Sea calves unwonted to fresh waters fly. May.
O how oft shall he
On faith and changed gods complain; and seas
Rough with black winds and storms,
Unwonted shall admire. Milton.

UNWOR’KING. adj. Living without labour.
Lazy and unworking shopkeepers in this being worse than
gamesters, do not only keep so much of the money of a
country in their hands, but make the publick pay them
for it. Locke.

UNWO’RSHIPPED. adj. Not adored.
He resolv'd to leave
Unworshipp'd, unobey'd the throne supreme. Milton.

UNWO’RTHILY. adv. Not according to desert; either above
or below merit.
I vow'd, base knight,
To tear the garter from thy craven leg,
Which I have done, because unworthily
Thou wast installed. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Fearing lest my jealous aim might err,
And so unworthily disgrace the man,
I gave him gentle looks. Shakespeare.
If we look upon the Odyssey as all a fiction, we consider it
unworthily. It ought to be read as a story founded upon truth,
adorned with embellishments of poetry. Broome.

UNWO’RTHINESS. n. s. Want of worth; want of merit.
A mind fearing the unworthiness of every word that should
be presented to her ears, at length brought it forth in this
manner. Sidney, b. ii.


O let not an excellent spirit do itself such wrong, as to
think where it is placed, embraced, and loved, there can be
any unworthiness; since the weakest mist is not easilier driven
away by the sun, than that is chased away with so high
thoughts. Sidney.
Every night he comes with songs compos'd
To her unworthiness: it nothing steads us
To chide him from our eaves, for he persists. Shakespeare.
I fear'd to find you in another place;
But, since you're here, my jealousy grows less:
You will be kind to my unworthiness. Dryden.
Have a true and humble sense of your own unworthiness,
which will not suffer you to rise to a confidence unwarrantably
pretended to by some. Wake on Death.

UNWO’RTHY. adj.
1. Not deserving.
The Athanasian creed and doxology should remain in use,
the one as a most divine explication of the chiefest articles of
our christian belief; the other as an heavenly acclamation of
joyful applause to his praises, in whom we believe: neither
the one nor the other unworthy to be heard sounding, as they
are in the church of Christ. Hooker.
Every particular accident, not unworthy the remembrance,
for brevity I wittingly pass over. Knolles.
2. Wanting merit.
Degree being vizarded,
Th' unworthiest shews as fairly in the mask. Shakespeare.
Are there unworthy men chosen to offices? Whitgiste.
So may I, blind fortune leading me,
Miss that which one unworthier may attain;
And die with grieving. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
3. Mean.
Tell me, Philoclea, did you ever see such a shepherd?
did you ever hear of such a prince? and then tell me if a
small or unworthy assault have conquered me? Sidney.
4. Not suitable; not adequate.
I laid at her seet a work, which was unworthy her, but
which I hope she will forgive. Dryden.
Our friend's papers are in my hands, and I will take care
to suppress things unworthy of him. Pope to Swift.
Care is taken to intersperse additions in such a manner,
that scarce any book can be bought, without purchasing some­
thing unworthy of the author. Swift.
5. Unbecoming; vile.
The brutal action rous'd his manly mind:
Mov'd with unworthy usage of the maid,
He, though unarm'd, resolv'd to give her aid. Dryden.

UNWO’UND. part. pass. and pret. of unwind. Untwisted.
Thatchers tie with withs, but old pitch'd ropes unwound are
more lasting. Mortimer's Husbandry.

UNWO’UNDED. adj.
1. Not wounded.
We may offend
Our yet unwounded enemies. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vi.
2. Not hurt.
Oh! blest with temper:
She who can love a sister's charms, or hear
Sighs for a daughter with unwounded ear. Pope.

To UNWRE’ATH. v. a. To untwine.
The beards of wild oats, and of divers other wild plants,
continually wreath and unwreath themselves, according to the
temperature of the ambient air. Boyle.

UNWRI’TING. adj. Not assuming the character of an author.
The peace of the honest unwriting subject was daily mo­
lested. Arbuthnot.

UNWRI’TTEN. adj. Not conveyed by writing; oral; traditional.
A rule of right unwritten, but delivered by tradition from
one to another. Spenser's State of Ireland.
As to his understanding, they bring him in void of all no­
tion, a rude, unwritten blank; making him to be created as
much an infant, as others are born. South's Sermons.
The laws of England may be divided into the written law,
and the unwritten. Hale.

UNWRO’UGHT. adj. Not laboured; not manufactured.
Or prove at least to all of wiser thought,
Their hearts were sertile land, although unwrought. Fairfax.
Yet thy moist clay is pliant to command;
Unwrought and easy to the potter's hand:
Now take the mold, now bend thy mind to feel
The first sharp motions of the forming wheel. Dryden.

UNWRU’NG. adj. Not pinched.
We that have free souls, it touches us not; let the galled
jade winch, our withers are unwrung. Shakesp. Hamlet.
UNY

UNYIELDED. adj. Not given up.
O'erpower'd at length, they force him to the ground,
Unyielded as he was, and to the pillar bound. Dryden.

To UNYO’KE. v. a.
1. To loose from the yoke.
Our army is dispers'd already:
Like youthful steers unyok'd, they took their course
East, west, north, south. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Homer calls them like gods, and yet gives them the em­
ployment of slaves; they unyoke the mules. Broome.
2. To part; to disjoin.
Shall these hands, so lately purg'd of blood;
So join'd in love, so strong in both,
Unyoke this seizure, and this kind regreet. Shakespeare.

UNYO’KED. adj.
1. Having never worn a yoke.
Sev'n bullocks yet unyok'd for Phœbus chuse,
And for Diana sev'n unspotted ewes. Dryden.
2. Licentious; unrestrained.
I will a-while uphold
The unyok'd humour of your idleness. Shakesp. Hen. IV.

UNZO’NED. adj. Not bound with a girdle.
Easy her motion seem'd, serene her air;
Full, though unzon'd, her bosom. Prior.
VOC

VOCA’BULARY. n. s. [vocabularium, Lat. vocabulaire, Fr.] A
dictionary; a lexicon; a word-book.
Some have delivered the polity of spirits, and that they
stand in awe of conjurations, which signify nothing, not only
in the dictionary of man, but in the subtiler vocabulary of
Satan. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Among other books, we should be furnished with vocabula­
ries and dictionaries of several sorts. Watts.

VO’CAL. adj. [vocal, Fr. vocalis, Lat.]
1. Having a voice.
Eyes are vocal, tears have tongues:
And there be words not made with langs'
Sententious show'rs! O let them fall,
Their cadence is rhetorical. Crashaw.
Witness if I be silent, morn or even,
To hill, or valley, fountain, or fresh shade,
Made vocal by my song, and taught his praise. Milton.
Smooth-sliding Mincius, crown'd with vocal reeds,
That strain I heard was of a higher mood. Milton.
None can animate the lyre,
And the mute strings with vocal souls inspire,
As Helen, in whose eyes ten thousand Cupids dwell. Dryden.
Memnon, though stone, was counted vocal;
But 'twas the god, mean while, that spoke all.
Rome oft has heard a cross haranguing,
With prompting priest behind the hanging. Prior.
2. Uttered or modulated by the voice.
They which, under pretence of the law ceremonial being
abrogated, require the abrogation of instrumental musick,
approving nevertheless the use of vocal melody to remain,
must shew some reason wherefore the one shou'd be thought
a legal ceremony, and not the other. Hooker.
And join'd their vocal worship to the choir
Of creatures wanting voice. Milton's Par. Lost.

VOCA’LITY. n. s. [vocalitas, Lat. from vocal.] Power of utter­
ance; quality of being utterable by the voice.
L and R being in extremes, one of roughness, the other
of smoothness and freeness of vocality, are not easy in tract of
vocal speech to be pronounced spiritally. Holder.

To VO’CALIZE. v. a. [from vocal.] To form into voice.
It is one thing to give an impulse to breath alone; another
thing to vocalize that breath, i. e. in its passage through the
larynx, to give it the sound of human voice. Holder.

VO’CALLY. adv. [from vocal.] In words; articulately.
Although it is as natural to mankind, to express their de­
sires vocally, as it is for brutes to use their natural vocal signs;
yet the forming of languages into this or that fashion, is a
business of institution. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

VOCA’TION. n. s. [vocation, Fr. vocatio, Lat.]
1. Calling by the will of God.
Neither doth that which St. Paul, or other apostles, teach,
enforce the utter disability of any other men's vocation thought
requisite in this church for the saving of souls. Hooker, b. v.
They which thus were in God eternally by their intended
admission to life, have, by vocation or adoption, God actually
now in them. Hooker, b. v.
2. Summons.
What can be urged for them who not having the vocation
of poverty to scribble, out of meer wantonness make them­
selves ridiculous? Dryden.
3. Trade; employment.
He would think his service greatly rewarded, if he might
obtain by that means to live in the sight of his prince, and
yet practise his own chosen vocation. Sidney, b. i.
God's mother, in a vision full of majesty,
Will'd me to leave my base vocation. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
God has furnished men with faculties sufficient to direct
them in the way they should take, if they will seriously em­
ploy them, when their ordinary vocations allow them the
leisure. Locke.
A whore in her vocation,
Keeps punctual to an assignation. Swift.

VO’CATIVE. nes. [vocatif, Fr. vocativus, Lat.] The gramma­
tical case used in calling or speaking to.



VOCIFERA’TION. n. s. [vociferatio, vocifero, Lat.] Clamour;
outcry.
The lungs, kept too long upon the stretch by vociferation,
or loud singing, may produce the same effect. Arbuthnot.

VOCI’FEROUS. adj. [vocifero, Lat.] Clamorous; noisy.
Several templars, and others of the more vociferous kind
of critics, went with a resolution to hiss, and confess'd they
were forced to laugh. Pope.

VOGUE. n. s. [vogue, Fr. from voguer, to float, or fly at large.]
Fashion; mode.
It is not more absurd to undertake to tell the name of an
unknown person by his looks, than to vouch a man's saint­
ship from the vogue of the world. South.
Use may revive the obsoletest words,
And banish those that now are most in vogue. Roscommon.
What factions th' have, and what they drive at
In publick vogue, or what in private. Hudibras.
In the vogue of the world, it passes for an exploit of ho­
nour, for kings to run away with whole countries that they
have no pretence to. L'Estrange.
No periodical writer, who always maintains his gravity,
and does not sometimes sacrifice to the graces, must expect to
keep in vogue for any time. Addison.
At one time they keep their patients so close and warm,
as almost to stifle them; and all on a sudden the cold regimen
is in vogue. Baker's Reflections on Learning.
VOI

VOICE, n. s. [voix, Fr. vocis, Lat.]
1. Sound emitted by the mouth.
2. Sound of the mouth, as distinguished from that uttered by
another mouth.
Air in sounds that are not tones, which are all equal, ad­
mitteth much variety, as in the voices of living creatures,
and in the voices of several men; for we can discern several
men by their voices. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
3. Any sound made by breath.
O Marcus, I am warm'd; my heart
Leaps at the trumpet's voice, and burns for glory. Addison.
4. Vote; suffrage; opinion expressed.
Are you all resolved to give your voices?
But that's no matter, the greater part carries it. Shakesp.
I've no words;
My voice is in my sword! thou bloodier villain
Than terms can give thee out. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The state was betrayed by the multitude and corruption of
voices, and must shortly perish, if not committed to the
grave judgment of some few; for two hundred gave voices,
reducing that multitude to fifty, who, for their experience,
were holden for men of greatest gravity. Knolles.
Some laws ordain, and some attend the choice
Of holy senates, and elect by voice. Dryden.

To VOICE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To rumour; to report. Out of use.
Is this th' Athenian minion, whom the world
Voic'd so regardfully? Shakesp. Timon of Athens.
It was voiced that the king purposed to put to death Edward
Plantagenet, prisoner in the tower; whereat there was great
murmur. Bacon's Hen. VII.
Many sought to feed
The easy creditors of novelties,
By voicing him alive. Daniel's Civil War.
2. To vote.
Your minds, pre-occupied with what
You rather must do, than what you should do,
Made you, against the grain, to voice him consul. Shakesp.

To VOICE. v. n. To clamour; to make outcries. Obsolete.
Stir not questions of jurisdiction; and rather assume thy
right in silence, than voice it with claims. Bacon.
It is not the gift of every person to harangue the multitude,
to voice it loud and high. South's Sermons.

VO’ICED. adj. [from the noun.] Furnished with a voice.
That's Erythæa,
Or some angel voic'd like her. 'Tis she! my struggling
soul
Would fain go out to meet and welcome her! Denham.

VOID. adj. [vuide, Fr.]
1. Empty; vacant.
The earth was without form and void, and darkness was
upon the face of the deep. Genesis i. 2.
I'll get me to a place more void, and there
Speak to great Cæsar as he comes along. Shakespeare.
2. Vain; ineffectual; null; vacated.
If it be void, and to no purpose, that the names of men
are so frequent in their books, what did move them to bring
them in? Hooker.
My word shall not return void, but accomplish that which
I please. Isa. lv. 11.
This custom made their whole government void, as an en­
gine built against human society, worthy to be fired and pulled
down. Bacon.
Though the wisdom of a future parliament may find cause
to declare this, or that act of parliament void, yet there will
be the same temper requisite to repeal it. Clarendon.
The two houses declared, that nothing which should from
that time pass under the great seal, should be good and valid,
but void and null. Clarendon, b. viii.
Some kind of subjection is due from every man to every
man, which cannot be made void by any power what­
soever. Swift.
3. Unsupplied; unoccupied.
Queen Elizabeth, importuned much to supply divers great
offices that had been long void, answered nothing to the mat­
ter, but rose up on the sudden, and said, I am sure my office
will not be long void. Camden.
4. Wanting; unfurnished; empty.
If some be admitted into the ministry, void of learning,
or lewd in life, are all the rest to be condemned? Whitgifte.
How void of reason are our hopes and fears! Dryden.
Being void of all friendship and enmity, they never com­
plain. Swift.
5. Unsubstantial; unreal.
Senseless, lifeless idol, void and vain. Pope.

VOID. n. s. [from the adject.] An empty space; vacuum; vacancy.
Pride, where wit fails, steps in to our defence,
And fills up all the mighty void of sense. Pope.
With what power
Were first th' unwieldy planets launch'd along
Th' illimitable void? Thomson.

To VOID. v. a. [from the adjective; vuider, Fr.]
1. To quit; to leave empty.
If they will fight with us, bid them come down,
Or void the field. Shakesp. Hen. V.
How in our voiding lobby hast thou stood,
And duly waited for my coming forth? Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Towards this passage, somewhat darker than the chamber
which he voided, this assassinate gave him, with a back blow,
a deep wound into his left side. Wotton's Buckingham.
2. To emit; to pour out.
The ascending water is vented by fits, every circumvolu­
tion voiding only so much as is contained in one helix. Wilkins.
3. To emit as excrement.
Excrements smell ill to the same creature that voideth
them; and the cat burieth what she voideth. Bacon.
Believ'd the heav'ns were made of stone,
Because the sun had voided one. Hudibras.
By the use of emulsions, and frequent emollient injections,
his urine voided more easily. Wiseman's Surgery.
Fleshy filaments, or matter voided by urine, are suspicious
symptoms of a stone in the kidnies, especially if the patient
has been subject to voiding of gravel. Arbuthnot.
4. To vacate; to nullify; to annul.
It was become a practice, upon any specious pretences, to
void the security that was at any time given for money so bor­
rowed. Clarendon.

VO’IDABLE. adj. [from void.] Such as may be annulled.
If the metropolitan, pretending the party deceased had bona
notabilia in divers dioceses, grants letters of administration,
such administration is not void, but voidable by a sentence. Ayl.

VO’IDER. n. s. [from void.] A basket, in which broken meat
is carried from the table.
A voider for the nonce,
I wrong the devil should I pick their bones. Cleaveland.

VO’IDNESS. n. s. [from void.]
1. Emptiness; vacuity.
2. Nullity; inefficacy.
3. Want of substantiality.
If thereby you understand their nakedness and voidness of
all mixt bodies, good divines are of opinion, that the work
of the creation was not in itself distinguished by days. Hakew.

VO’ITURE. n. s. [French.] Carriage; transportation by car­
riage. Not in use.
They ought to use exercise by voiture or carriage. Arbuthnot.
VOL

VO’LANT. adj. [volans, Lat. volant, Fr.]
1. Flying; passing through the air.
The volant, or flying automata, are such mechanical con­
trivances as have a self-motion, whereby they are carried
aloft in the air, like birds. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
2. Nimble; active.
His volant touch
Instinct through all proportions, low, and high,
Fled, and pursu'd transverse the resonant fugue. Milton.
Blind British bards, with volant touch,
Traverse loquacious strings, whose solemn notes
Provoke to harmless revels. Philips.

VO’LATILE. adj. [volatilis, Lat.]
1. Flying; passing through the air.
The caterpillar towards the end of summer waxeth vola­
tile, and turneth to a buttersly. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
There is no creature only volatile, or no flying animal but
hath feet as well as wings; because there is not sufficient
food for them always in the air. Ray on the Creation.
2. [Volatile, Fr.] Having the power to pass off by spontaneous
evaporation.
In vain, though by their pow'rful art they bind
Volatile Hermes. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. iii.


When arsenick with soap gives a regulus, and with mer­
cury sublimate a volatile fusible salt, like butter of antimony;
doth not this shew that arsenick, which is a substance totally
volatile, is compounded of fix'd and volatile parts, strongly
cohering by a mutual attraction; so that the volatile will not
ascend without carrying up the fixed? Newton.
3. Lively; fickle; changeable of mind; full of spirit.
Active spirits, who are ever skimming over the surface of
things with a volatile temper, will fix nothing in their
mind. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
You are as giddy and volatile as ever, just the reverse of
Mr. Pope, who hath always loved a domestick life. Swift.

VO’LATILE. n. s. [volatile, Fr.] A winged animal.
The air conveys the heat of the sun, maintains fires, and
serves for the flight of volatiles. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VO’LATILENESS. n. s. [volatilit&aecute;, Fr. from volatile.]
VOLATI’LITY. n. s. [volatilit&aecute;, Fr. from volatile.]
1. The quality of flying away by evaporation; not fixity.
Upon the compound body, chiefly observe the colour, fra­
gility, or pliantness, the volatility or fixation, compared with
simple bodies. Bacon.
Of volatility, the utmost degree is, when it will fly away
without returning. Bacon.
Heat causeth the spirits to search some issue out of the
body, as in the volatility of metals. Bacon.
The animal spirits cannot, by reason of their subtilty and
volatileness, be discovered to the sense. Hale.
The volatility of mercury argues that they are not much
bigger; nor may they be much less, lest they lose their
opacity. Newton's Opticks.
By the spirit of a plant, we understand that pure, elabo­
rated oil, which, by reason of its extreme volatility, exhales
spontaneously, in which the odour or smell consists. Arbuthnot.
2. Mutability of mind.

VOLATILIZA’TION. n. s. [from volatilize.] The act of making
volatile.
Chemists have, by a variety of ways, attempted in vain
the volatilization of the salt of tartar. Boyle.

To VO’LATILIZE. v. a. [volatiliser, Fr. from volatile] To
make volatile; to subtilize to the highest degree.
Spirit of wine has a refractive power, in a middle degree
between those of water and oily substances, and accordingly
seems to be composed of both, united by fermentation: the
water, by means of some saline spirits with which it is im­
pregnated, dissolving the oil, and volatilizing it by the
action. Newton's Opticks.
Spirituous liquors are so far from attenuating, volatilizing,
and rend'ring perspirable the animal fluids, that it rather con­
denseth them. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

VOLE. n. s. [vole, Fr.] A deal at cards, that draws the whole tricks.
Past six, and not a living soul!
I might by this have won a vole. Swift.

VOLCA’NO. n. s. [Italian, from Vulcan.] A burning moun­
tain.
Navigators tell us there is a burning mountain in an
island, and many volcano's and fiery hills. Brown.
When the Cyclops o'er their anvils sweat,
From the volcano's gross eruptions rise,
And curling sheets of smoke obscure the skies. Garth.
Subterraneous minerals ferment, and cause earthquakes,
and cause furious eruptions of volcano's, and tumble down
broken rocks. Bentley's Sermons.

VO’LERY. n. s. [volerie, Fr.] A flight of birds.
An old boy, at his first appearance, is sure to draw on
him the eyes and chirping of the whole town volery; amongst
which, there will not be wanting some birds of prey, that
will presently be on the wing for him. Locke.

VOLITA’TION. n. s. [volito, Lat.] The act or power of fly­
ing.
Birds and flying animals are almost erect, advancing the
head and breast in their progression, and only prone in the
act of volitation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VOLI’TION. n. s. [volitio, Lat.] The act of willing; the power
of choice exerted.
There is as much difference between the approbation of
the judgment, and the actual volitions of the will, as between
a man's viewing a desirable thing with his eye, and reaching
after it with his hand. South's Sermons.
Volition is the actual exercise of the power the mind has to
order the consideration of any idea, or the forbearing to con­
sider it; or to prefer the motion of any part of the body to
its rest, by directing any particular action, or its forbear­
ance. Locke.

VO’LITIVE. adj. Having the power to will.
They not only perfect the intellectual faculty, but the vo­
litive; making the man not only more knowing, but more
wise and better. Hale.

VO’LLEY. n. s. [vol&aecute;e, Fr.]
1. A flight of shot.
From the wood a volley of shot slew two of his com­
pany. Raleigh's Apology.
More on his guns relies, than on his sword,
From whence a fatal volley we receiv'd. Waller.
2. A burst; an emission of many at once.
A fine volley of words, gentlemen, and quickly shot
off. Shakespeare.
Distrustful sense with modest caution speaks;
It still looks home, and short excursions makes;
But rattling nonsense in full vollies breaks. Pope.

To VO’LLEY. v. n. To throw out.
The holding every man shall beat as loud
As his strong sides can volley. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.

VO’LLIED. adj. [from volley.] Disploded; discharged with a
volley.
I stood
Thy fiercest, when in battle to thy aid
The blasting volley'd thunder made all speed. Milton.
The Gallick navy, impotent to bear
His volley'd thunder, torn, dissever'd, scud. Philips.

VOLT. n. s. [volte, Fr.] Volt signifies a round or a circular
tread; a gate of two treads made by a horse going sideways
round a center; so that these two treads make parallel tracts,
the one which is made by the fore feet larger, and the other
by the hinder feet smaller; the shoulders bearing outwards,
and the croupe approaching towards the center. Farrier's Dict.

VOLUBI’LITY. n. s. [volubilit&aecute;, Fr. volubilitos, from volubilis,
Lat.]
1. The act or power of rolling.
Volubility, or aptness to roll, is the property of a bowl,
and is derived from its roundness. Watts's Logick.
Then cælestial spheres should forget their wonted motions,
and by irregular volubility, turn themselves any way, as it might
happen. Hooker, b. i.
2. Activity of tongue; fluency of speech.
Say she be mute, and will not speak a word,
Then I'll commend her volubility. Shakespeare.
He express'd himself with great volubility of words, natu­
ral and proper. Clarendon.
He had all the French assurance, cunning, and volubility
of tongue. Addison.
She ran over the catalogue of diversions with such a volu­
bility of tongue, as drew a gentle reprimand from her
father. Female Quixote.
3. Mutability; liableness to revolution.
He that's a victor this moment, may be a slave the next:
and this volubility of human affairs, is the judgment of pro­
vidence, in the punishment of oppression. L'Estrange.

VO’LUBLE. adj. [volubilis, Lat.]
1. Formed so as to roll easily; formed so as to be easily put in
motion.
Neither the weight of the matter of which a cylinder is
made, nor its round voluble form, which, meeting with a
precipice, do necessarily continue the motion of it, are any
more imputable to that dead, choiceless creature in its first
motion. Hammond.
The adventitious corpuscles may produce stability in the
matter they pervade, by expelling thence those voluble parti­
cles, which, whilst they continued, did by their shape unsit
for cohesion, or, by their motion, oppose coalition. Boyle.
2. Rolling; having quick motion.
This less voluble earth,
By shorter flight to th' east, had left him there. Milton.
Then voluble, and bold; now hid, now seen,
Among thick-woven arborets. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
3. Nimble; active. Applied to the tongue.
A friend promised to dissect a woman's tongue, and exa­
mine whether there may not be in it certain juices, which
render it so wonderfully voluble and flippant. Addison.
These with a voluble and flippant tongue, become mere
echo's. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. Fluent of words. It is applied to the speech, or the
speaker.
Cassio, a knave very voluble; no further conscionable,
than in putting on the meer form of civil and humane seem­
ing, for the better compassing of his loose affection. Shakesp.
If voluble and sharp discourse be marr'd,
Unkindness blunts it more than marble hard. Shakespeare.

VO’LUME. n. s. [volumen, Lat.]
1. Something rolled, or convolved.
2. As much as seems convolved at once; as a sold of a serpent,
a wave of water.
Threescore and ten I can remember well;
Within the volume of which time I've seen
Hours dreadful, and things strange Shakesp. Macbeth.
Unoppos'd they either lose their force,
Or wind in volumes to their former course. Dryden.
Behind the gen'ral mends his weary pace,
And silently to his revenge he sails:
So glides some trodden serpent on the grass,
And long behind his wounded volume trails. Dryden.
Thames' fruitful tides,
Slow through the vale in silver volumes play. Fenton.


By the insinuations of these crystals, the volumes of air
are driven out of the watery particles, and many of them
uniting, form larger volumes, which thereby have a greater
force to expand themselves. Cheyne.
3. [Volume, Fr.] A book; so called, because books were an­
tiently rolled upon a staff.
Guyon all this while his book did read,
Ne yet has ended; for it was a great
And ample volume, that doth far exceed
My leisure, so long leaves here to repeat. Fairy Queen.
Calmly, I do beseech you.—
Aye, as an hostler, that for the poorest piece
Will bear the knave by th' volume. Shakespeare.
I shall not now enlarge on the wrong judgments whereby
men mislead themselves. This would make a volume. Locke.
If one short volume cou'd comprize
All that was witty, learn'd and wise:
How wou'd it be esteem'd and read? Swift.

VOLU’MINOUS. adj. [from volume.]
1. Consisting of many complications.
The serpent roll'd voluminous and vast. Milton.
2. Consisting in many volumes, or books.
If heav'n write aught of fate, by what the stars
Voluminous, or single characters
In their conjuction met, give me to spell. Milton.
There is pleasure in doing something new, though never
so little, without pestering the world with voluminous tran­
scriptions. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
3. Copious; diffusive.
He did not bear contradiction without much passion, and
was too voluminous in discourse. Clarendon.
The most severe reader makes allowances for many rests
and nodding-places in a voluminous writer. Spectator, No 124.

VOLU’MINOUSLY. adv. [from voluminous.] In many volumes
or books.
The controversies are hotly managed by the divided schools,
and voluminously every where handled. Granville.

VO’LUNTARILY. adv. [volentiers, Fr. from voluntary.] Spon­
taneously; of one's own accord; without compulsion.
Sith there is no likelihood that ever voluntarily they will
seek instruction at our hands, it remaineth that unless we
will suffer them to perish, salvation itself must seek them. Hooker.
To be agents voluntarily in our own destruction, is against
God and nature. Hooker, b. v.
Self-preservation will oblige a man voluntarily, and by
choice, to undergo any less evil, to secure himself but from
the probability of an evil incomparably greater. South.

VO’LUNTARY. adj. [voluntaire, Fr. voluntarius, Lat.]
1. Acting without compulsion; acting by choice.
God did not work as a necessary, but a voluntary agent;
intending before-hand, and decreeing with himself, that
which did outwardly proceed stom him. Hooker, b. i.
The lottery of my destiny
Bars me the right of voluntary chusing. Shakespeare.
2. Willing; acting with willingness.
Then virtue was no more, her guard away,
She fell to lust a voluntary prey. Pope's Odyssey.
3. Done without compulsion.
Voluntary forbearance denotes the forbearance of an action,
consequent to an order of the mind. Locke.
The old duke is banished; the new duke, and three or
four loving lords, have put themselves into voluntary exile
with him. Shakesp. As You Like It.
They must have recourse to abstinence, which is but vo­
luntary fasting, and to exercise, which is but voluntary la­
bour. Seed's Sermon.
4. Acting of its own accord; spontaneous.
The publick prayers of the people of God in churches
thoroughly settled, did never use to be voluntary dictates, pro­
ceeding from any man's extemporal wit. Hooker, b. v.
Thoughts which voluntary move
Harmonious numbers. Milton.

VO’LUNTARY. n. s. [from the adjective.]
1. A volunteer; one who engages in any affair of his own accord.
All th' unsettled humours of the land;
Rash, inconsid'rate, fiery voluntaries. Shakespeare.
Ajax was here the voluntary, and you as under an im­
press. Shakespeare.
The bordering wars were made altogether by voluntaries,
upon their own head. Davies's Ireland.
Aids came in partly upon missives, and partly voluntaries
from all parts. Bacon.
2. A piece of musick play'd at will, without any settled
rule.
Whistling winds, like organs, play'd,
Until their voluntaries made
The waken'd earth in odours rise,
To be her morning sacrifice. Cleaveland.
By a voluntary before the first lesson, we are prepar'd for
admission of those divine truths, which we are shortly to re­
ceive. Spectator, No 630.

VOLUNTEE’R. n. s. [voluntaire, Fr.] A soldier who enters into
the service of his own accord.
Congreve, and the author of the Relapse, being the prin­
cipals in the dispute, I satisfy them; as for the volunteers,
they will find themselves affected with the misfortune of their
friends. Collier.
All Asia now was by the ears;
And Gods beat up for volunteers
To Greece and Troy. Prior.

To VOLUNTEE’R. v. n. To go for a soldier. A cant word.
Leave off these wagers, for in conscience speaking,
The city needs not your new tricks for breaking:
And if you gallants lose, to all appearing,
You'll want an equipage for volunteering. Dryden.

VOLU’PTUARY. n. s. [voluptuaire, Fr. voluptuarius, Lat.] A man
given up to pleasure and luxury.
Does not the voluptuary understand in all the liberties of a
loose and a lewd conversation, that he runs the risk of body
and soul? L'Estrange.
The parable was intended against the voluptuaries; men
who liv'd like heathens, dissolutely, without regarding any of
the restraints of religion. Atterbury.

VOLU’PTUOUS. n. s. [voluptuosus, Lat. voluptueux, Fr.]
Given to excess of pleasure; luxurious.
He them deceives; deceiv'd in his deceit;
Made drunk with drugs of dear voluptuous receipt. Spenser.
If a new sect have not two properties, it will not spread.
The one is the supplanting, or the opposing of authority
established; the other is the giving license to pleasures, and a
voluptuous life. Bacon.
Thou wilt bring me soon
To that new world of light and bliss, among
The gods, who live at ease, where I shall reign
At thy right hand voluptuous, without end. Milton.
Then swol'n with pride, into the snare I fell
Of fair fallacious looks; venereal trains,
Soft'ned with pleasure, and voluptuous life. Milton.
Speculative atheism subsists only in our speculation; whereas
really human nature cannot be guilty of the crime. In­
deed a few sensual and voluptuous persons may for a season
eclipse this native light of the soul, but can never wholly
smother and extinguish it. Bentley's Sermons.

VOLU’PTUOUSLY. adv. [from voluptuous.] Luxuriously; with
indulgence of excessive pleasure.
Had I a dozen sons, I had rather eleven died nobly for
their country, than one voluptuously surfeit out of action. Shak.
This cannot be done, if my will be so worldly or voluptuously
disposed, as never to suffer me to think of them; but perpe­
tually to carry away, and apply my mind to other things. South.

VOLU’PTUOUSNESS. n. s. [from voluptuous.] Luxuriousness; ad­
dictedness to excess of pleasure.
There's no bottom
In my voluptuousness: your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons, and your maids, could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If he fill'd his vacancy with his voluptuousness,
Full surfeits, and the dryness of his bones
Call on him for't. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Here where still ev'ning is, not noon nor night;
Where no voluptuousness, yet all delight. Donne.
These sons of Epicurus, for voluptuousness and irreligion,
must pass for the only wits of the age. South.
You may be free, unless
Your other lord forbids, voluptuousness. Dryden.

VOLU’TE. n. s. [volute, Fr.] A member of a column.
That part of the capitals of the Ionick, Corinthian, and
Composite orders, which is supposed to represent the bark of
trees twisted and turned into spiral lines, or, according to
others, the head-dresses of virgins in their long hair. Ac­
cording to Vitruvius, those that appear above the stems in
the Corinthian order, are sixteen in every capital, four in the
Ionick, and eight in the Composite. These volutes are more
especially remarkable in the Ionick capital, representing a
pillow or cushion laid between the abacus and echinus:
whence that antient architect calls the voluta pulvinus. Harris.
It is said there is an Ionick pillar in the Santa Maria Trans­
tevere, where the marks of the compass are still to be seen
on the volute; and that Palladio learnt from thence the work­
ing of that difficult problem. Addison.
VOM

VO’MICA. n. s. [Latin.] An encysted humour in the lungs.
If the ulcer is not broke, it is commonly called a vomica,
attended with the same symptoms as an empyema; because
the vomica communicating with the vessels of the lungs,
must necessarily void some of the putrid matter, and taint the
blood. Arbuthnot on Diet.

VO’MICK NUT. n. s.
Vomick nut is the nucleus of a fruit of an East-Indian tree,
the wood of which is the lignum colubrinum, or snakewood
of the shops. It is flat, compressed, and round, of the
breadth of a shilling, and about the thickness of a crown­
piece. It is certain poison to quadrupeds and birds; and


taken internally, in small doses, it disturbs the whole human
frame, and brings on convulsions. Hill's Mat. Medica.

To VOMIT. v. n. [vomo, Latin.]
1. To cast up the contents of the stomach.
The dog, when he is sick at the stomach, knows his cure,
falls to his grass, vomits, and is well. More.

To VO’MIT. v. a. [vomir, Fr.]
1. To throw up from the stomach.
Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient, lest
thou be filled therewith, and vomit it. Prov. xxv. 16.
The fish vomited out Jonah upon the dry land. Jonah ii.
Vomiting is of use, when the soulness of the stomach re­
quires it. Wiseman's Surgery.
Weak stomachs vomit up the wine that they drink in too
great quantities, in the form of vinegar. Arbuthnot.
2. To throw up with violence from any hollow.

VO’MIT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The matter thrown up from the stomach.
He shall cast up the wealth by him devour'd,
Like vomit from his yawning entrails pour'd. Sandys.
2. An emetick medicine; a medicine that causes vomit.
Whether a vomit may be safely given, must be judged by
the circumstances; if there be any symptoms of an inflam­
mation of the stomach, a vomit is extremely dangerous. Arbuth.

VOMI’TION. n. s. [from vomo, Lat.] The act or power of vo­
miting.
How many have saved their lives, by spewing up their de­
bauch? Whereas, if the stomach had wanted the faculty of
vomition, they had inevitably died. Grew's Cosmology.

VOMITIVE. adj. [vomitif, Fr.] Emetick; causing vomits.
From this vitriolous quality, mercurius dulcis, and vitriol
vomitive, occasion black ejections. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

VO’MITORY. adj. [vomitoire, Fr. vomitorius, Lat.] Procuring
vomits; emetick.
Since regulus of stibium, or glass of antimony, will com­
municate to water or wine a purging or vomitory operation,
yet the body itself, after iterated infusions, abates not virtue
or weight. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Some have vomited up such bodies as these, namely, thick,
short, blunt pins, which, by straining, they vomit up again,
or by taking vomitories privately. Harvey on Consumptions.

VORA’CIOUS, adj. [vorace, Fr. vorax, Lat.]
1. Greedy to eat; ravenous; edacious.
So voracious is this humour grown, that it draws in every
thing to feed it. Government of the Tongue.

VORA’CIOUSLY. adv. [from voracious.] Greedily; ravenously.

VORA’CIOUSNESS. n. s. [voracit&aecute;, Fr, voracitas, Lat. from vo­
racious.] Greediness; ravine; ravenous­
ness.
VORA’CITY. n. s. [voracit&aecute;, Fr, voracitas, Lat. from vo­
racious.] Greediness; ravine; ravenous­
ness.
He is as well contented with this, as those that with the
rarities of the earth pamper their voracities. Sandys.
Creatures by their voracity pernicious, have commonly
fewer young. Derham's Physico-Theology.

VO’RTEX. n. s. In the plural vortices. [Latin.] Any thing
whirled round.
If many contiguous vortices of molten pitch were each of
them as large as those which some suppose to revolve about
the sun and fix'd stars; yet these, and all their parts would,
by their tenacity and stiffness, communicate their motion to
one another. Newton's Opticks.
Nothing else could impel it, unless the etherial matter be
supposed to be carried about the sun, like a vortex, or whirl­
pool, as a vehicle to convey it and the rest of the
planets. Bentley's Sermons.
The gath'ring number, as it moves along,
Involves a vast involuntary throng;
Who gently drawn, and struggling less and less,
Roll in her vortex, and her power confess. Pope.

VO’RTICAL. adj. [from vortex.] Having a whirling motion.
If three equal round vessels be filled, the one with cold
water, the other with oil, the third with molten pitch, and
the liquors be stirred about alike, to give them a vortical mo­
tion; the pitch, by its tenacity, will lose its motion quickly;
the oil, being less tenacious, will keep it longer; and the
water being still less tenacious, will keep it longest, but yet
will lose it in a short time. Newton's Opticks.
It is not a magnetical power, nor the effect of a vortical
motion; those common attempts towards the explication of
gravity. Bentley's Sermons.
VOT

VO’TARIST. n. s. [devotus, Lat.] One devoted to any person
or thing; one given up by a vow to any service or worship;
votary.
I wish a more strict restraint
Upon the sisterhood, the votarists of St. Clare. Shakespeare.
Earth, yield me roots! What is here?
Gold! yellow, glittering, precious gold!
No, gods, I am no idle votarist. Shakespeare.
The grey-hooded ev'n,
Like a sad votarist in palmer's weed,
Rose from the hindmost wheels of Phœbus' wain. Milton.

VO’TARY. n. s. One devoted, as by a vow, to any particular
service, worship, study, or state of life.
Wherefore waste I time to counsel thee?
Thou art a votary to fond desire. Shakespeare.
Thou, faint god of sleep! forget that I
Was ever known to be thy votary.
No more my pillow shall thine altar be,
Nor will I offer any more to thee,
Myself a melting sacrifice. Crashaw.
By these means, men worship the idols have been set up in
their minds, and stamp the characters of divinity upon absur­
dities and errors, become zealous votaries to bulls and mon­
kies. Locke.
The enemy of our happiness has his servants and votaries,
among those who are called by the name of the son of
God. Rogers's Sermons.
How can heav'nly wisdom prove
An instrument to earthly love?
Know'st thou not yet, that men commence
Thy votaries for want of sense. Swift.

VO’TARY. adj. Consequent to a vow.
Superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first
blood are as firm as butchers by occupation; and votary resolu­
tion is made equipollent to custom, even in matter of blood. Bac.

VO’TARESS. n. s. [female of votary.] A woman devoted to
any worship or state.
The imperial vot'ress passed on,
In maiden meditation, fancy free. Shakespeare.
His mother was a vot'ress of my order;
And, in the spiced Indian air by night,
Full often she hath gossip'd by my side. Shakespeare.
No rosary this vot'ress needs,
Her very syllables are beads. Cleaveland.
Thy vot'ress from my tender years I am;
And love, like thee, the woods and sylvan game. Dryden.
What force have pious vows? the queen of love
His sister sends, her vot'ress from above. Pope.

VOTE n. s. [votum, Lat.] Suffrage; voice given and numbered.
He that joins instruction with delight,
Profit with pleasure, carries all the votes. Roscommon.
How many have no other ground for their tenets, than the
supposed honesty or learning of those of the same profession?
as if truth were to be established by the vote of the multi­
tude. Locke.
The final determination arises from the majority of opi­
nions or votes in the assembly, because they ought to be
sway'd by the superior weight of reason. Watts.

To VOTE. v. a.
1. To chuse by suffrage; to determine by suffrage.
You are not only in the eye and ear of your master; but
you are also a favourite, the favourite of the time, and so are
in his bosom also; the world hath also voted you, and doth
so esteem of you. Bacon.
2. To give by vote.
The parliament voted them one hundred thousand pounds
by way of recompence for their sufferings. Swift.

VO’TER. n. s. [from vote.] One who has the right of giving
his voice or suffrage.
Elections growing chargeable, the voters, that is, the bulk
of the common people, have been universally seduced into
bribery, perjury, drunkenness, malice, and slander. Swift.
He hates an action base;
Can sometimes drop a voter's claim,
And give up party to his same. Swift.

VO’TIVE. adj. [votivus, Lat.] Given by vow.
Such in Isis' temple you may find,
On votive tablets to the life pourtray'd. Dryden.
Venus! take my votive glass;
Since I am not what I was,
What from this day I shall be,
Venus! let me never see. Prior.
VOU

To VOUCH. v. a. [voucher, Norman French.]
1. To call to witness; to obtest.
The sun and day are witnesses for me;
Let him who fights unseen relate his own,
And vouch the silent stars and conscious moon. Dryden.
2. To attest; to warrant; to maintain.
You do not give the cheer; the feast is sold
That is not often vouched, while 'tis making
'Tis given with welcome. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The consistency of the discourse, and the pertinency of it
to the design he is upon, vouches it worthy of our great
apostle. Locke.
They made him ashamed to vouch the truth of the rela­
tion, and afterwards to credit it. Atterbury.

To VOUCH. v. n. To bear witness; to appear as a witness;
to give testimony.
He declares he will not believe her, until the elector of
Hanover shall vouch for the truth of what she hath so so­
lemnly affirmed. Swift.



VOUCH. n. s. [from the verb.] Warrant; attestation.
What praise couldst thou bestow on a deserving woman in­
deed? one that in the authority of her merit, did justly put
on the vouch of very malice itself? Shakesp. Othello.

VO’UCHER. n. s. [from vouch.] One who gives witness to any
thing.
Better to starve,
Than crave the hire which first we do deserve:
Why in this wolvish gown should I stand here,
To beg of Hob and Dick, that do appear,
Their needless voucher? Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The stamp is a mark, and a public voucher, that a piece of
such denomination is of such a weight, and of such a fine­
ness, i. e. has so much silver in it. Locke.
All the great writers of that age stand up together as
vouchers for one another's reputation. Spectator, No. 253.
I have added nothing to the malice or absurdity of them,
which it behoves me to declare, since the vouchers themselves
will be so soon lost. Pope.

To VOUCHSA’FE. v. a. [vouch and safe.]
1. To permit any thing to be done without danger.
2. To condescend to grant.
He grew content to mark their speeches, then marvel at
such wit in shepherds, after to like their company, and lastly
to vouchsafe conference. Sidney.
Shall I vouchsafe your worship a word or two?—
—Two thousand, fair woman, and I'll
Vouchsafe thee hearing. Shakespeare.
But if the sense of touch seem such delight
Beyond all other, think the same vouchsaf'd
To cattle and each beast. Milton.
It is not said by the apostle, that God vouchsafed to the
heathens the means of salvation; and yet I will not affirm
that God will save none of those, to whom the sound of the
gospel never reached. South's Sermons.

To VOUCHSA’FE. v. n. To deign; to condescend; to yield.
Do I not see Zelmane, who does not think a thought
which is not first weigh'd by wisdom and virtue? doth not she
vouchsafe to love me with like ardour? Sidney, b. ii.
Vouchsafe, divine perfection of a woman,
Of these supposed crimes to give me leave
By circumstance but to acquit myself. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Vouchsafe, illustrious Ormond, to behold
What pow'r the charms of beauty had of old. Dryden.

VOUCHSA’FEMENT. n. s. [from vouchsafe.] Grant; conde­
scension.
The infinite superiority of God's nature, places a vast dispa­
rity betwixt his greatest communicated vouchsafements, and
his boundless, and therefore to his creatures incommunicable
perfections. Boyle.
VOW

VOW. n. s. [vœu, Fr. votum, Lat.]
1. Any promise made to a divine power; an act of devotion,
by which some part of life, or some part of possessions is con­
secrated to a particular purpose.
The gods are deaf to hot and peevish vows;
They are polluted offerings. Shakespeare.
If you take that vow and that wish to be all one, you are
mistaken; a wish is a far lower degree than a vow. Hammond.
She vows for his return, with vain devotion, pays. Dryd.
2. A solemn promise, commonly used for a promise of love or
matrimony.
By all the vows that ever men have broke,
In number more than ever women spoke. Shakespeare.
Those who wear the woodbine on their brow,
Were knights of love, who never broke their vow;
Firm to their plighted faith. Dryden.

To VOW. v. a. [vouer, Fr. voveo, Lat.] To consecrate by a
solemn dedication; to give to a divine power.
David often voweth unto God the sacrifice of praise and
thanksgiving in the congregation. Hooker.
To Master Harvey, upon some special consideration, I have
vowed this my labour. Spenser.
Vow and pay unto the Lord. Ps. lxxvi.
When we have not only vowed, but delivered them over
into the possession of Almighty God, for the maintenance of
his publick worship, and the ministers thereof, they are not
now arbitrable, nor to be revoked. Spelman.
aWhoever sees these irreligious men,
With burden of a sickness, weak and faint,
But hears them talking of religion then,
And vowing of their soul to ev'ry saint. Davies.
This plant Latinus, when his town he wall'd,
Then found, and from the tree Laurentum call'd:
And last, in honour of his new abode,
He vow'd the laurel to the laurel's god. Dryden.

To VOW. v. n. To make vows or solemn promises.
Dost see how unregarded now
That piece of beauty passes?
There was a time, when I did vow
To that alone: but mark the fate of faces. Suckling.

VO’WEL. n. s. [voyelle, Fr. vocalis, Lat.] A letter which can
be uttered by itself.
I distinguish letters into vowels and consonants, yet not
wholly upon their reason, that a vowel may be sounded alone,
a consonant not without a vowel; which will not be found
all true; for many of the consonants may be sounded alone,
and some joined together without a vowel, as bl. st. and as
we pronounce the latter syllable of people, riffle. Holder.
Virgil makes the two vowels meet without an elision. Broome.

VOWFE’LLOW. n. s. [vow and fellow.] One bound by the same
vow.
Who are the votaries,
That are vowfellows with this virtuous king? Shakesp.

VO’YAGE. n. s. [voyage, Fr.]
1. A travel by sea.
Guyon forward 'gan his voyage make,
With his black palmer, that him guided still. Fairy Queen.
Our ships went sundry voyages, as well to the pillars of
Hercules, as to other parts in the Atlantick and Mediter­
ranean seas. Bacon.
This great man acted like an able pilot in a long voyage;
contented to sit in the cabin when the winds were allay'd, but
ready to resume the helm when the storm arose. Prior.
2. Course; attempt; undertaking. A low phrase.
If he shou'd intend his voyage towards my wife, I wou'd
turn her loose to him; and what he gets more of her than
sharp words, let it lie on my head. Shakespeare.
If you make your voyage upon her, and prevail, I am no
further your enemy. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
3. The practice of travelling.
All nations have interknowledge of one another, by voyage
into foreign parts, or strangers that come to them. Bacon.

To VO’YAGE. v. n. [voyager, Fr. from the noun.] To travel by sea.
For voyaging to learn the direful art,
To taint with deadly drugs the barbed dart;
Ilus refus'd t'impart the baneful trust. Pope's Odyssey.

To VO’YAGE. v. a. To travel; to pass over.
I with pain
Voyag'd th' unreal, vast, unbounded deep
Of horrible confusion. Milton's Par. Lost.

VO’YAGER. n. s. [voyageur, Fr. from voyage.] One who tra­
vels by sea.
Disdain not in thy constant travelling
To do as other voyagers, and make
Some turns into less creeks, and wisely take
Fresh water at the Heliconian spring. Donne.
How comfortable this is, voyagers can best tell. Cheyne.
Deny your vessels, ye deny in vain;
A private voyager I pass the main. Pope's Odyssey.
UP

UP. adv. [up, Saxon; op, Dutch and Danish.]
1. Aloft; on high; not down.
From those two Mytilene brethren, admire the wonderful
changes of worldly things, now up now down, as if the life
of man were not of much more certainty than a stage play.
Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Thither his course he bends; but up or down,
By center, or eccentrick, hard to tell,
Or longitude. Milton.
2. Out of bed; in the state of being risen from rest.
Helen was not up? was she? Shakespeare.
His chamber being commonly stived with suiters, when he
was up, he gave his legs, arms, and breast to his servants to
dress him; his eyes to his letters, and ears to petitioners. Wotton.
3. In the state of being risen from a seat.
Upon his first rising, a general whisper ran among the
country people, that Sir Roger was up. Addison.
4. From a state of decumbiture or concealment.
Now morn with rosy light had streak'd the sky,
Up rose the sun, and up rose Emily;
Address'd her early steps to Cynthia's fane. Dryden.
5. In a state of being built.
Up with my tent; here will I lie to-night;
But where to-morrow?—well, all's one for that. Shakesp.
6. Above the horizon.
As soon as the sun is up, set upon the city. Judges ix.
7. To a state of advancement.
Till we have wrought ourselves up into this degree of
christian indifference, we are in bondage. Atterbury.
8. In a state of exaltation.
Those that were up themselves, kept others low;
Those that were low themselves held others hard,
Ne suffered them to rise, or greater grow. Fairy Queen.
Henry the fifth is crown'd; up vanity!
Down royal state! all you sage counsellors hence. Shakesp.
9. In a state of climbing.
10. In a state of insurrection.
The gentle archbishop of York is up
With well-appointed powers. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Rebels there are up,
And put the Englishmen unto the sword. Shakespeare.


Thou hast fir'd me; my soul's up in arms,
And mans each part about me. Dryden.
11. In a state of being increased, or raised.
Grief and passion are like floods raised in little brooks by a
sudden rain; they are quickly up, and if the concernment be
pour'd unexpectedly in upon us, it overflows us. Dryden.
12. From a remoter place, coming to any person or place.
As a boar was whetting his teeth, up comes a sox to
him. L'Estrange.
13. From younger to elder years.
I am ready to die from my youth up. Ps. lxxxviii.
14. UP and down. Dispersedly; here and there.
Abundance of them are seen scattered up and down like so
many little islands when the tide is low. Addison.
15. UP and down. Backward and forward.
Our desire is, in this present controversy, not to be carried
up and down with the waves of uncertain arguments, but ra­
ther positively to lead on the minds of the simpler sort by plain
and easy degrees, till the very nature of the thing itself do
make manifest what is truth. Hooker, b. v.
The skipping king he rambled up and down,
With shallow jesters. Shakespeare.
Up and down he traverses his ground;
Now wards a felling blow, now strikes again:
Then nimbly shifts a thrust, then lends a wound;
Now back he gives, then rushes on amain. Daniel.
Thou and death
Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen
Wing silently the buxom air. Milton.
On this windy sea of land, the fiend
Walk'd up and down alone, bent on his prey. Milton.
What a miserable life dost thou lead, says a dog to a lion,
to run starving up and down thus in woods. L'Estrange.
—She moves! life wanders up and down
Through all her face, and lights up every charm. Addison.
16. UP to. To an equal height with.
Tantalus was punished with the rage of an eternal thirst,
and set up to the chin in water, that fled from his lips when­
ever he attempted to drink it. Addison.
17. UP to Adequately to.
The wisest men in all ages have lived up to the religion of
their country, when they saw nothing in it opposite to mo­
rality. Addison.
They are determined to live up to the holy rule, by which
they have obliged themselves to walk. Atterbury.
We must not only mortify all these passions that solicit us,
but we must learn to do well, and act up to the positive pre­
cepts of our duty. Roger's Sermons.
18. UP with. A phrase that signifies the act of raising any
thing to give a blow.
She, quick and proud, and who did Pas despise,
Up with her fist, and took him on the face;
Another time, quoth she, become more wise:
Thus Pas did kiss her hand with little grace. Sidney.
19. It is added to verbs, implying some accumulation, or increase.
If we could number up those prodigious swarms that settled
in every part of the Campania of old Rome, they would a­
mount to more than can be found in any six parts of Europe
of the same extent. Addison's Remarks on Italy.
20. UP, interject.
21. A word exhorting to rise from bed.
Up, up! cries gluttony, 'tis break of day;
Go drive the deer, and drag the finny prey. Pope.
22. A word of exhortation, exciting or rousing to action.
Up then, Melpomene, the mournful muse of nine;
Such cause of mourning never hadst afore.
Up, grisly ghosts; and up my rueful rime;
Matter of mirth now shalt thou have no more. Spenser.
But up, and enter now into full bliss. Milton.
Up, up, for honour's sake; twelve legions wait you,
And long to call you chief. Dryden.

UP. prep. From a lower to a higher part; not down.
In going up a hill, the knees will be most weary; in going
down, the thighs: for that in lifting the feet, when a man
goeth up the hill, the weight of the body beareth most upon
the knees, and in going down, upon the thighs. Bacon.
UPB

To UPBE’AR. v. a. preter. upbore; part. pass. upborn. [up and
bear.]
1. To sustain aloft; to support in elevation.
Upborn with indefatigable wings. Milton.
Rang'd in a line the ready racers stand,
Start from the goal, and vanish o'er the strand:
Swift as on wings of wind, upborn they fly,
And drifts of rising dust involve the sky. Pope.
2. To raise aloft.
This with pray'r,
Or one short sigh of human breath, upborn,
Ev'n to the seat of God. Milton's Par. Lost.
A monstrous wave upbore
The chief, and dash'd him on the craggy shore. Pope.
3. To support from falling.
Vital pow'rs 'gan wax both weak and wan,
For want of food and sleep; which two upbear,
Like weighty pillars, this frail life of man. Fairy Queen.

To UPBRA’ID. v. a. [upgebrœdan, upgebredan, Saxon.]
1. To charge contemptuously with any thing disgraceful
The fathers, when they were upbraided with that defect,
comforted themselves with the meditation of God's most gra­
cious nature, who did not therefore the less accept of their
hearty affection. Hooker, b. v.
It seem'd in me
But as an honour snatch'd with boist'rous hand,
And I had many living to upbraid
My gain of it by their assistances,
Which daily grew to quarrel. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
If you refuse your aid, yet do not
Upbraid us with our distress. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Vain man! how long wilt thou thy God upbraid?
And, like the roaring of a furious wind,
Thus vent the vile distemper of thy mind? Sandys.
How cunningly the sorceress displays
Her own transgressions, to upbraid me mine. Milton.
'Tis a general complaint against you, and I must upbraid
you with it, that because you need not write, you will
not. Dryden.
You may the world of more defects upbraid,
That other works by nature are unmade;
That she did never at her own expence
A palace rear. Blackmore.
2. To object as matter of reproach.
Those that have been bred together, are more apt to envy
their equals when raised: for it doth upbraid unto them their
own fortunes, and pointeth at them. Bacon.
Any of these, without regarding the pains of churchmen,
grudge or upbraid to them those small remains of antient
piety, which the rapacity of some ages has scarce left. Sprat.
May they not justly to our climes upbraid,
Shortness of night, and penury of shade. Prior.
3. To urge with reproach.
I have too long born
Your blunt upbraidings, and your bitter scoffs. Shakesp.
He that knowingly commits an ill, has the upbraidings of
his own conscience. Decay of Piety.
4. To reproach on account of a benefit received from the re­
proacher.
Ev'ry hour
He flashes into one gross crime or other;
His knights grow riotous, and he himself upbraids us
On ev'ry trifle. Shakesp. K. Lear.
If any lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth libe­
rally, and upbraideth not. Ja. i. 5.
Be ashamed of upbraiding speeches before friends: and
after thou hast given upbraid not. Ecclus. xli. 22.
5. To bring reproach upon; to shew faults by being in a state
of comparison.
Ah, my son, how evil fits it me to have such a son, and
how much doth thy kindness upbraid my wickedness? Sidney.
The counsel which I cannot take,
Instead of healing, but upbraids my weakness. Addison.
6. To treat with contempt. Not in use.
There also was that mighty monarch laid,
Low under all, yet above all in pride;
That name of native fire did foul upbraid,
And would, as Ammon's son, be magnify'd. Fairy Queen.

UPBRA’IDINGLY. adv. By way of reproach.
The time was, when men would learn and study good
things, not envy those that had them. Then men were had
in price for learning; now letters only make men vile. He
is upbraidingly called a poet, as if it were a contemptible nick­
name. B. Johnson.

To UPBRA’Y. v. a. [A word formed from upbraid by Spenser,
for the sake of a rhyming termination.] To shame.
Vile knight,
That knights and knighthood dost with shame upbray,
And shew'st th' ensample of thy childish might,
With silly, weak, old women thus to fight. Spenser.

UPBRO’UGHT. part. pass. of upbring. Educated; nurtured.
Divinely wrought,
And of the brood of angels, heav'nly born,
And with the crew of blessed saints upbrought,
Each of which did her with her gifts adorn. Spenser.

UPHA’ND. adj. [up and hand.] Lifted by the hand.
The uphand sledge is used by underworkmen, when the work
is not of the largest, yet requires help to batter. They use it
with both their hands before them, and seldom lift their ham­
mer higher than their head. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
UPC

U’PCAST. [Participle from to cast up. The verb to upcast is not
in use.] Thrown upwards.
Beasts with upcast eyes forsake their shade,
And gaze, as if I were to be obey'd. Dryden.


Old Saturn, here with upcast eyes,
Beheld his abdicated skies. Addison.

U’PCAST. n. s. A term of bowling; a throw; a cast.
Was there ever man had such luck? when I kiss'd the
jack, upon an upcast to be hit away! Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To UPGA’THER. v. a. [up and gather.] To contract.
Himself he close upgather'd more and more
Into his den, that his deceitful train,
By his there being might not be bewraid,
Ne any noise, ne any question made. Spenser.
UPH

UPHE’LD. pret. and part. pass. of uphold. Maintained; sustained.
He who reigns
Monarch in heav'n, 'till then, as one secure,
Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute. Milton.

UPHI’LL. adj. [up and hill.] Difficult; like the labour of
climbing an hill.
What an uphill labour must it be to a learner, who has
those first rudiments to master at twenty years of age, which
others are taught at ten. Clarissa.

To UPHO’ARD. v. a. [up and hoard.] To treasure; to store;
to accumulate in private places.
Heaps of huge words uphoarded hideously
With horrid sound, though having little sense,
They think to be chief praise of poetry;
And thereby wanting due intelligence,
Have marr'd the face of goodly poesie,
And made a monster of their fantasie. Spenser.
If thou hast uphoarded in thy life
Extorted treasure, in the womb of earth,
Speak of it. Shakespeare.

To UPHO’LD. v. a. preter. upheld; and part. pass. upheld, and
upholden. [up and hold.]
1. To lift on high.
The mournful train with groans and hands upheld,
Besought his pity. Dryden.
2. To support; to sustain; to keep from falling.
While life upholds this arm,
This arm upholds the house of Lancaster. Shakesp.
This great man found no means to continue and uphold
his ill-purchased greatness, but by rejecting the English law,
and assuming, in lieu thereof, the barbarous customs of the
Irish. Davies's Ireland.
Poetry and painting were upheld by the strength of imagina­
tion. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
3. To keep from declension.
There is due from the judge to the advocate some com­
mendation, where causes are fair pleaded; for that upholds in
the client the reputation of his council, and beats down in
him the conceit of his cause. Bacon.
Never was a time, when the interposition of the magistrate
was more necessary, to secure the honour of religion, and
uphold the authority of those great principles, by which his own
authority is best upheld. Atterbury.
4. To support in any state of life.
Many younger brothers have neither lands nor means to
uphold themselves. Raleigh.
5. To continue; to keep from defeat.
Divers, although peradventure not willing to be yoked
with elderships, yet were contented to uphold opposition against
bishops, not without greater hurt to the course of their whole
proceedings. Hooker.
6. To keep from being lost.
Faulconbridge,
In spite of spite, alone upholds the day. Shakespeare.
7. To continue without failing.
A deaf person, by observing the motions of another man's
mouth, knows what he says, and upholds a current communi­
cation of discourse with him. Holder.
8. To continue in being.
As Nebuchodnosor liveth, who hath sent thee for the up­
holding of every living thing. Judith xi. 7.
A due proportion is held betwixt the parts, as well in the
natural body of man, as the body politick of the state, for
the upholding of the whole. Hakewill.

UPHO’LDER. n. s. [from uphold.]
1. A supporter.
Suppose then Atlas ne'er so wise:
Yet when the weight of kingdoms lies
Too long upon his single shoulders,
Sink down he must, or find upholders. Swift.
2. A sustainer in being.
The knowledge thereof is so many manuductions to the
knowledge and admiration of the infinite wisdom of the crea­
tor and upholder of them. Hale.
3. An undertaker; one who provides for funerals.
The company of upholders have a right upon the bodies of
the subjects. Arbuthnot.
Where the brass knocker wrapt in flannel band,
Forbids the thunder of the footman's hand;
Th' upholder, rueful harbinger of death,
Waits with impatience for the dying breath. Gay.

UPHO’LSTERER. n. s. [A corruption of upholder.] One who
furnishes houses; one who fits up apartments with beds and
furniture.
If a corner of the hanging wants a single nail, send for
the upholsterer. Swift.
Mere wax as yet, you fashion him with ease,
Your barber, cook, upholsterer. Pope.

U’PLAND. n. s. [up and land.] Higher ground.
Men at first, after the flood, liv'd in the uplands and sides
of the mountains, and by degrees sunk into the plains. Burnet.

U’PLAND. adj. Higher in situation.
Those in Cornwall do no more by nature than others else­
where by choice, conceive themselves an estranged society
from the upland dwellers, and carry an emulation against
them. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Sometimes with secure delight,
The upland Hamlets will invite. Milton.

UPLA’NDISH. adj. [from upland.] Mountainous; inhabiting
mountains.
Lion-like, uplandish, and mere wild,
Slave to his pride; and all his nerves being naturally compil'd
Of eminent strength; stalks out and preys upon a silly
sheep. Chapman's Iliads.

To UPLA’Y. v. a. [up and lay.] To hoard; to lay up.
We are but farmers of ourselves; yet may,
If we can stock ourselves and thrive, uplay
Much, much good treasure for the great rent-day. Donne.

To UPLI’FT. v. a. [up and lift.] To raise aloft.
Mechanick slaves,
With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers, shall
Uplift us to the view. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The banish'd Bolingbroke repeals himself,
And, with uplifted arms, is safe arriv'd
At Ravenspurg. Shakesp. Rich. II.
Together both, with next t' almighty arm
Uplifted imminent, one stroke they aim'd. Milton.
Satan talking to his nearest mate,
With head uplift above the wave, and eyes
That sparkling blaz'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
When by just vengeance guilty mortals perish,
The gods behold their punishment with pleasure,
And lay th' uplifted thunder-bolt aside. Addison's Cato.
Songs, sonnets, epigrams, the winds uplift,
And whisk them back to Evans, Young and Swift. Pope.

U’PMOST. adj. [an irregular superlative formed from up.]
Highest; topmost.
Away! ye skum,
That still rise upmost when the nation boils;
That have but just enough of sense to know
The master's voice, when rated to depart. Dryden.
UPO

UPO’N. prep. [up and on.]
1. Not under; noting being on the top or outside.
As I did stand my watch upon the hill,
I look'd toward Birnam; and anon methought
The wood began to move. Shakesp. Macbeth.
2. Thrown over the body, as cloaths.
I have seen her rise from her bed, throw her night-gown
upon her. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. By way of imprecation or infliction.
Hard-hearted Clifford! take me from the world;
My soul to heav'n, my blood upon your heads. Shakespeare.
4. It expresses obtestation, or protestation.
How? that I should murder her?
Upon the love, and truth, and vows, which I
Have made to thy command!—I, her!—her blood! Shak.
5. It is used to express any hardship or mischief.
If we would neither impose upon ourselves, nor others,
we must lay aside that fallacious method of censuring by the
lump. Burnet.
6. In consequence of. Now little in use.
Let me not find you before me again upon any complaint
whatsoever. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
Then the princes of Germany had but a dull fear of the
greatness of Spain, upon a general apprehension of the am­
bitious designs of that nation. Bacon.
They were entertained with the greatest magnificence that
could be, upon no greater warning. Bacon.
I wish it may not be concluded, left, upon second cogita­
tions, there should be cause to alter. Bacon.
These forces took hold of divers; in some upon discontent,
in some upon ambition, in some upon levity, and desire of
change, and in some few upon conscience and belief, but in most
upon simplicity; and in divers out of dependence upon some of
the better sort, who did in secret favour these bruits. Bacon.
He made a great difference between people that did rebel
upon wantonness, and them that did rebel upon want. Bacon.
Upon pity they were taken away, upon ignorance they are
again demanded. Hayward.
Promises can be of no force, unless they be believed to be
conditional, and unless that duty proposed to be inforced by
them, be acknowledged to be part of that condition, upon


performance of which those promises do, and upon the neglect
of which those promises shall not belong to any. Hammond.
The earl of Cleveland, a man of signal courage, and an
excellent officer upon any bold enterprise, advanced. Clarendon.
The king had no kindness for him upon an old account,
as remembering the part he had acted against the earl of
Strafford. Clarendon, b. viii.
Though sin offers itself in never so pleasing and alluring a
dress at first, yet the remorse and inward regrets of the soul,
upon the commission of it, infinitely overbalance those faint
and transient gratifications. South's Sermons.
The common corruption of human nature, upon the bare
stock of its original depravation, does not usually proceed
so far. South's Sermons.
When we make judgments upon general presumptions,
they are made rather from the temper of our own spirit, than
from reason. Burnet.
'Tis not the thing that is done, but the intention in doing
it, that makes good or evil. There's a great difference betwixt
what we do upon force, and what upon inclination. L'Estrange.
The determination of the will upon enquiry, is following
the direction of that guide. Locke.
There broke out an irreparable quarrel between their pa­
rents; the one valuing himself too much upon his birth, and
the other upon his possessions. Spectator, No 164.
The design was discovered by a person, as much noted for
his skill in gaming, as in politicks, upon the base, mercenary
end of getting money by wagers. Swift.
6. In immediate consequence of.
Waller should not make advantage upon that enterprize,
to find the way open to him to march into the west. Clarendon.
A louder kind of sound was produced by the impetuous
eruptions of the halituous flames of the salt-petre, upon cast­
ing a live coal thereon. Boyle.
So far from taking little advantages against us for every
failing, that he is willing to pardon our most wilful miscar­
riages, upon our repentance and amendment. Tillotson.
Upon lessening interest to four per cent. you fall the price of
your native commodities, or lessen your trade. Locke.
The mind, upon the suggestion of any new notion, runs
immediately after similies, to make it the clearer. Locke.
If, upon the perusal of such writings, he does not find
himself delighted; or if, upon reading the admired passages in
such authors, he finds a coldness and indifference in his
thoughts, he ought to conclude, that he wants the faculty of
discovering them. Spectator, No 409.
This advantage we lost upon the invention of fire-arms. Addis.
7. In a state of view.
Is it upon record? or else reported
Successively, from age to age? Shakesp. Rich. III.
The next heroes we meet with upon record were Romulus
Numa. Temple.
The atheists taken notice of among the antients, are left
branded upon the records of history. Locke.
8. Supposing a thing granted.
If you say necessity is the mother of arts and inventions,
and there was no necessity before, and therefore these things
were slowly invented, this is a good answer upon our sup­
position. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
9. Relating to a subject.
Ambitious Constance would not cease,
'Till she had kindled France, and all the world,
Upon the right and party of her son. Shakesp. K. John.
Yet when we can intreat an hour to serve,
Would spend it in some words upon that business,
If you would grant the time. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Upon this, I remember a strain of refined civility, that
when any woman went to see another of equal birth, she
worked at her own work in the other's house. Temple.
10. With respect to.
The king's servants, who were sent for, were examined
upon all questions proposed to them. Dryden.
11. In consideration of.
Upon the whole matter, and humanly speaking, I doubt
there was a sault somewhere. Dryden.
Upon the whole, it will be necessary to avoid that perpetual
repetition of the same epithets which we find in Homer. Pope.
12. In noting a particular day.
Constantia he looked upon as given away to his rival, upon
the day on which their marriage was to be solemnized. Addison.
13. Noting reliance or trust.
We now may boldly spend upon the hope
Of what is to come in. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
God commands us, by our dependance upon his truth and
his holy word, to believe a fact that we do not understand:
and this is no more than what we do every day in the works
of nature, upon the credit of men of learning. Swift.
14. Near to; noting situation.
The enemy lodged themselves at Aldermaston, and those
from Newberry and Reading, in two other villages upon the
river Kennet, over which he was to pass. Clarendon.
The Lucquese plead prescription for hunting in one of the
duke's forests, that lies upon their frontiers. Addison.
15. On pain of.
To such a ridiculous degree of trusting her she had brought
him, that she caused him send us word, that upon our lives
we should do whatsoever she commanded us. Sidney, b. ii.
16. At the time of; on occasion of.
Impartially examine the merits and conduct of the presby­
terians upon these two great events, and the pretensions to fa­
vour which they challenge upon them. Swift.
17. By inference from.
Without it, all discourses of government and obedience,
upon his principles, would be to no purpose. Locke.
18. Noting attention.
He presently lost the sight of what he was upon; his mind
was filled with disorder and confusion. Locke.
19. Noting particular pace.
Provide ourselves of the virtuoso's saddle, which will be
sure to amble, when the world is upon the hardest trot. Dryden.
20. Exactly; according to.
In goodly form comes on the enemy;
And by the ground they hide, I judge the number
Upon or near the rate of thirty thousand. Shakespeare.
21. By; noting the means of support.
Upon a closer inspection of these bodies, the shells are
affixed to the surfaces of them in such a manner, as bodies,
lying on the sea-shores, upon which they live. Woodward.

U’PPER. adj. [a comparative from up.]
1. Superiour in place; higher.
Give the forehead a majestick grace, the mouth smiling;
which you shall do by making a thin upper lip, and shadow­
ing the mouth line a little at the corners. Peacham.
Our knight did bear no less a pack
Of his own buttocks on his back;
Which now had almost got the upper
Hand of his head, for want of crupper. Hudibras.
The understanding was then clear, and the soul's upper
region lofty and serene, free from the vapours of the inferior
affections. South's Sermons.
With speed to night repair:
For not the gods, nor angry Jove will bear
Thy lawless wand'ring walks in upper air. Dryden.
Deep as the dark infernal waters lie,
From the bright regions of the chearful sky;
So far the proud ascending rocks invade
Heav'n's upper realms, and cast a dreadful shade. Addison.
2. Higher in power.
The like corrupt and unreasonable custom prevailed far,
and got the upper-hand of right reason with the greatest
part. Hooker, b. i.

U’PPERMOST. adj. [superlative from upper.]
1. Highest in place.
The waters, called the waters above the heavens, are
but the clouds, and waters engendered in the uppermost
air. Raleigh.
In all things follow nature, not painting clouds in the
bottom of your piece, and waters in the uppermost
parts. Dryden.
2. Highest in power or authority.
The lower powers are gotten uppermost, and we see like
men on our heads, as Plato observed of old, that on the right
hand, which is indeed on our left. Glanville.
'Tis all one to the common people who's uppermost. L'Estr.
This species of discretion will carry a man safe through all
parties, so far, that whatever faction happens to be uppermost,
his claim is allowed for a share. Swift.
3. Predominant; most powerful.
As in perfumes compos'd with art and cost,
'Tis hard to say what scent is uppermost;
Nor this part musk or civet can we call,
Or amber, but a rich result of all;
So she was all a sweet. Dryden.

U’PPISH. adj. [from up.] Proud; arrogant. A low word.
UPR

To UPRA’ISE. v. a. [up and raise.] To raise up; to exalt.
This would interrupt his joy
In our confusion, and our joy upraise
In his disturbance. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.

To UPRE’AR, v. a. [up and rear.] To rear on high.
Heav'n-born charity! thy blessings shed;
Bid meagre want uprear her sickly head. Gay.

UPRI’GHT. adj. [up and right. This word, with its derivatives,
is in prose accented on the first syllable; but in poetry seen's
to be accented indifferently on the first or second.]
1. Straight up; perpendicularly erect.
Comb down his hair; look! look! it stands upright. Sha.
They are upright as the palm-tree. Jer x.
In the morning, taking of somewhat of easy digestion,
as milk, furthers nourishment: but this would be done sitting
upright, that the milk may pass more speedily to the sto­
mach. Bacon's Nat. Hist.


A tree at first setting, should not be shaken; and therefore
put two little forks about the bottom of your trees, to keep
them upright. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Circe, the daughter of the sun; whose charms
Whoever tasted lost his upright shape,
And downward fell into a grov'ling swine. Milton.
Forthwith upright he rears from off the pool
His mighty slature. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
You have the orthography, or upright of this ground-plat,
and the explanation thereof, with a scale of feet and
inches. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
2. Erected; pricked up.
All have their ears upright, waiting when the watchword
shall come, that they should all arise unto rebellion. Spenser.
Stood Theodore surpriz'd in deadly fright,
With chatt'ring teeth, and bristling hair upright. Dryden.
3. Honest; not declining from the right.
Such neighbour nearness shou'd not partialize
Th' unslooping firmness of my upright soul. Shakespeare.
How hast thou instill'd
Thy malice into thousands, once upright
And faithful, now prov'd false! Milton's Par. Lost.
The most upright of mortal men was he;
The most sincere, and holy woman, she. Dryden.

U’PRIGHTLY. adv. [from upright.]
1. Perpendicularly to the horizon.
2. Honestly; without deviation from the right.
Men by nature apter to rage than deceit; not greatly am­
bitious, more than to be well and uprightly dealt with. Sidney.
Princes in judgment, and their delegate judges, must judge
the causes of all persons uprightly and impartially, without
any personal consideration. Taylor.
To live uprightly then is sure the best,
To save ourselves, and not to damn the rest. Dryden.

U’PRIGHTNESS. n. s. [from upright.]
1. Perpendicular erection.
So the fair tree, which still preserves
Her fruit and state, while no wind blows,
In storms from that uprightness swerves,
And the glad earth about her strows
With treasure from her yielding boughs. Waller.
2. Honesty; integrity.
The hypocrite bends his principles and practice to the fashion
of a corrupt world; but the truly upright man is inflexible in
his uprightness, and unalterable in his purpose. Atterbury.

To UPRI’SE. v. n. [up and rise]
1. To rise from decumbiture.
Early, before the morn with crimson ray,
The windows of bright heaven opened had,
Through which into the world the dawning day
Might look, that maketh every creature glad,
Uprose Sir Gyon. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
Thou knowest my down-sitting and mine uprising. Ps. cxxxix.
Uprose the virgin with the morning light,
Obedient to the vision of the night. Pope.
2. To rise from below the horizon.
Uprose the sun. Cowley.
3. To rise with acclivity.
Was that the king that spurr'd his horse so hard
Against the steep uprising of the hill? Shakespeare.

UPRI’SE n. s. Appearance above the horizon.
Did ever raven sing so like a lark,
That gives sweet tidings of the sun's uprise? Shakespeare.

U’PROAR. n. s. [oprocr, Dutch. This word likewise is ac­
cented on the first syllable in prose; in verse, indifferently on
either.] Tumult; bustle; disturbance; confusion.
The Jews which believed not, set all the city on an
uproar. Acts xvii. 5.
It were well if his holiness had not set the world in an
uproar, by nourishing of war. Raleigh.
He levied forces in a disorder'd uproar, albeit the treason
rested in him and some other his complices. Hayward.
Others with vast Typhæan rage more fell,
Rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air
In whirlwind: hell scarce holds the wild uproar. Milton.
Horror thus prevail'd,
And wild uproar! ah, who at length will end
This long pernicious fray? Philips.
The impiety of this sentiment set the audience in an up­
roar; and made Socrates, though an intimate friend of the
poet, go out of the theatre with indignation. Addison.

To U’PROAR. v. a. [from the noun.] To throw into confusion.
Not in use.
Had I power, I should
Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell,
Uproar the universal peace, confound
All unity on earth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To U’PROOT. v. a. [up and root.] To tear up by the root.
Orpheus could lead the savage race,
And trees uprooted lest their place,
Sequacious of the lyre:
But bright Cecilia rais'd the wonder higher,
When to her organ vocal breath was giv'n,
An angel heard, and straight appear'd,
Mistaking earth for heav'n. Dryden.

To UPRO’USE. v. a. [up and rouse.] To waken from sleep;
to excite to action.
Thou art uprous'd by some distemperature. Shakespeare.
UPS

U’PSHOT. n. s. [up and shot.] Conclusion; end; last amount;
final event.
With this he kindleth his ambitious spighte
To like desire and praise of noble fame,
The only upshot, whereto he doth aim. Hubbard's Tale.
I cannot pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot. Shak.
In this upshot, purposes mistook
Fall on th' inventor's heads. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Every leading demonstration to the main upshot of all,
which is the proportion betwixt the sphere and cylinder, is a
pledge of the wit and reason of that mathematician. More.
Upon the upshot, afflictions are but the methods of a merci­
ful providence, to force us upon the only means of setting
matters right. L'Estrange.
Here is an end of the matter, says the prophet: here is the
upshot and result of all; here terminate both the prophecies
of Daniel and St. John. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Let's now make an end of matters peaceably, as we shall
quickly come to the upshot of our affair. Arbuthnot.
At the upshot, after a life of perpetual application, to re­
flect that you have been doing nothing for yourself, and that
the same or less industry might have gained you a friendship
that can never deceive or end; a glory, which, though not
to be had till after death, yet shall be felt and enjoy'd to eter­
nity. Pope.

U’PSIDE down. [an adverbial form of speech.] With total re­
versement; in complete disorder; with the lower part above
the higher.
In his lap a mass of coin he told,
And turned upside down to feed his eye,
And covetous desire, with his huge treasure. Fairy Queen.
The flood did not so turn upside down the face of the earth,
as thereby it was made past knowledge, after the waters were
decreased. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
The severe notions of christianity turned all this upside
down, filling all with surprize and amazement. They came
upon the world, like light darting full upon the face of a
man asleep, who had a mind not to be disturbed. South.

U’PSPRING. n. s. [up and spring.] This word seems to signify
upstart; a man suddenly exalted.
The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse;
Keeps wassel, and the swagg'ring upspring reels. Shakesp.

To UPSTA’ND. v. n. [up and stand.] To be erected.
Sea calves unwonted to fresh rivers fly;
The water snakes with scales upstanding die. May.

To UPSTA’Y. v. a. [up and stay.] To sustain; to support.
Them she upstays
Gently with myrtle band; mindless the while
Herself, though fairest unsupported flow'r. Milton.

To UPSTA’RT. v. n. [up and start.] To spring up sud­
denly.
He upstarted brave
Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay,
As eagle fresh out of the ocean wave. Spenser.
Thus having spoke, he sat; thus answer'd then,
Upstarting from his throne, the king of men,
His breast with fury fill'd. Dryden.

U’PSTART. n. s. [up and start.] One suddenly raised to wealth
power, or honour; what suddenly rises and appears.
Two hundred in a place will be enough for the safeguard
of that country, and keeping under all sudden upstarts, that
shall seek to trouble the peace thereof. Spenser's Ireland.
My rights and royalties
Pluckt from my arms perforce, and given away
To upstart unthrifts. Shakespeare.
Mushrooms have two strange properties; the one, that
they yield so delicious a meat; the other, that they come up
so hastily, even in a night, and yet they are unsown: and
therefore such as are upstarts in state, they call in reproach
mushrooms. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The king did not neglect Ireland, the soil where these
mushrooms and upstart weeds, that spring up in a night,
did chiefly prosper. Bacon.
A place of bliss
In the purlieus of heav'n, and therein plac'd
A race of upstart creatures, to supply
Perhaps our vacant room. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
Inordinate desires,
And upstart passions, catch the government
From reason. Milton's Par. Lost.
Mean upstarts, when they come once to be preferred, for­
get their fathers. L'Estrange.


Trade, he said, carried from us the commodities of our
country, and made a parcel of upstarts, as rich as men of
the most antient families. Addison's Freeholder, No 22.

To UPSWA’RM. v. a. [up and swarm.] To raise in a swarm.
Out of use.
You've taken up the subjects of my father;
And both against the voice of heav'n and him
Have here upswarm'd them. Shakesp. Hen. IV.

To UPTA’KE. v. a. [up and take.] To take into the hands.
He hearkned to his reason, and the child
Uptaking, to the palmer gave to bear. Fairy Queen.

To UPTRA’IN. v. a. [up and train.] To bring up; to edu­
cate. Not used.
King Lear in happy peace long reign'd,
But had no issue male him to succeed,
But three fair daughters, which were well uptrain'd
In all that seem'd fit for kingly seed. Fairy Queen.

To UPTU’RN. v. a. [up and turn.] To throw up; to furrow.
So scented the grim feature, and upturn'd
His nostrils wide into the murky air. Milton.
Beyond all marks, with many a giddy round
Down rushing, it upturns a hill of ground. Pope.

U’PWARD. adj. [up and weard, Saxon.] Directed to a higher part.
Spread upon a lake, with upward eye,
A plump of fowl behold their foe on high. Dryden.
The angel said,
With upward speed his agile wings he spread. Prior.

U’PWARD. n. s. The top. Out of use.
From th' extreamest upward of thy head,
To the descent and dust below thy foot,
A most toad-spotted traitor. Shakesp. K. Lear.

U’PWARD. adv. [up and weard.]
U’PWARDS. adv. [up and weard.]
1. Towards a higher place.
I thought
To smooth your passage, and to soften death:
For I would have you, when you upward move,
Speak kindly of me to our friends above. Dryden.
In sheets of rain the sky descends,
And ocean swell'd with waters upwards tends;
One rising, falling one; the heav'ns and sea
Meet at their confines, in the middle way. Dryden.
A man on a cliff, is at liberty to leap twenty yards down­
wards into the sea, not because he has power to do the con­
trary action, which is to leap twenty yards upwards, for that
he cannot do; but he is therefore free, because he has a
power to leap, or not to leap. Locke.
2. Towards heav'n and God.
Looking inward, we are stricken dumb; looking upward,
we speak and prevail. Hooker, b. v.
3. With respect to the higher part.
Dagon, sea-monster! upward man,
And downward fish. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
4. More than; with tendency to a higher or greater number.
Their counsel must seem very unseasonable, who advise
men now to suspect that, wherewith the world hath had, by
their own account, twelve hundred years acquaintance and
upwards, enough to take away suspicion. Hooker, b. v.
I have been your wife in this obedience
Upward of twenty years; and have been blest
With many children by you. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
5. Towards the source.
Be Homer's works your study;
Thence form your judgment, thence your notions bring,
And trace the muses upward to their spring. Pope.

To UPWI’ND. v. a. pret. and pass. upwound. [up and wind.]
To convolve.
As she lay upon the dirty ground,
Her huge long tail her den all overspread;
Yet was in knots and many boughts upwound. Fa. Queen.

URBA’NITY. n. s. [urbanit&aecute;, Fr. urbanitas, Lat.] Civility; ele­
gance; politeness; merriment; facetiousness.
A rustical severity banishes all urbanity, whose harmless
condition is consistent with religion. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Raillery is the sauce of civil entertainment; and without
some such tincture of urbanity, good humour falters. L'Estr.
Moral doctrine, and urbanity, or well-mannered wit, con­
stitute the Roman satire. Dryden.
URC

U’RCHIN. n. s. [heureuchin, Armorick; erinaccus, Lat.]
1. A hedge-hog.
Urchins shall, for that vast of night that they may work,
All exercise on thee. Shakespeare's Tempest.
A thousand fiends, a thousand hissing snakes,
Ten thousand swelling toads, as many urchins,
Would make such fearful and confused cries,
As any mortal body, hearing it,
Would straight fall mad. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
That nature designs the preservation of the more infirm
creatures, by the defensive armour it hath given them, is
demonstrable in the common hedge-hog, or urchin. Ray.
2. A name of slight anger to a child.
Pleas'd Cupid heard, and check'd his mother's pride:
And who's blind now, mamma? the urchin cry'd.
'Tis Cloe's eye, and cheek, and lip, and breast:
Friend Howard's genius fancy'd all the rest. Prior.

URE. n. s. Practice; use; habit. Obsolete.
Is the warrant sufficient for any man's conscience to build
such proceedings upon, as are and have been put in ure for
the establishment of that cause? Hooker.
He would keep his hand in ure with somewhat of greater
value, till he was brought to justice. L'Estrange.

U’RETER. n. s. [uretere, Fr.] Ureters are two long and small canals
from the bason of the kidnies, one on each side. They lie be­
tween the doubling of the peritonæum, and descending in the
form of an S, pierce the bladder near its neck, where they
run first some space betwixt its coats, and then they open
in its cavity. Their use is to carry the urine from the
kidnies to the bladder. Quincy.
The kidnies and ureters serve for expurgation. Wiseman.

U’RETHRA. n. s. [uretre, Fr] The passage of the urine.
Caruncles are loose flesh, arising in the urethra. Wiseman.
URG

To URGE. v. a. [urgeo, Lat.]
1. To incite; to push.
You do mistake your business: my brother
Did urge me in his act. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
He pleaded still not guilty;
The king's attorney, on the contrary,
Urg'd on examinations, proofs, confessions,
Of divers witnesses. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
What I have done my safety urg'd me to. Shakespeare.
This urges me to fight, and fires my mind. Dryden.
High Epidaurus urges on my speed,
Fam'd for his hills, and for his horses breed. Dryden.
The heathens had but uncertain apprehensions of what urges
men most powerfully to forsake their sins. Tillotson.
He, seiz'd with horror, in the shades of night,
Through the thick desarts headlong urg'd his flight. Pope.
2. To provoke; to exasperate.
Urge not my father's anger, Eglamour,
But think upon my grief. Shakespeare.
3. To follow close, so as to impell.
Man? and for ever? wretch! what wouldst thou have?
Heir urges heir, like wave impelling wave. Pope.
4. To labour vehemently.
5. To press; to enforce.
The enemy's in view; draw up your powers;
Your haste is now urg'd on you. Shakespeare.
Urge your petitions in the street. Shakesp. Jul. Cæsar.
And great Achilles urge the Trojan fate. Dryden.
6. To press as an argument.
Urge the necessity and state of times,
And be not peevish. Shakespeare's Rich. III.
7. To importune; to solicit.
He urged sore,
With piercing words and pitiful implore,
Him hasty to arise. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
8. To press in opposition, by way of objection.
Though every man have a right in dispute to urge a false
religion, with all its absurd consequences; yet it is barbarous
incivility scurrilously to sport with that which others account
religion. Tillotson.

To URGE. v. n. To press forward.
A palace, when 'tis that which it should be,
Stands such, or else decays:
But he which dwells there is not so; for he
Strives to urge upward, and his fortune raise. Donne.

U’RGENCY. n. s. [from urgent.] Pressure of difficulty or neces­
sity.
Being for some hours extremely pressed by the necessities of
nature, I was under great difficulties between urgency and
shame. Gulliver's Travels.

U’RGENT. adj. [urgent, Fr. urgens, Lat.]
1. Cogent; pressing; violent.
Things so ordained are to be kept; howbeit not necessarily,
any longer than till there grow some urgent cause to ordain
the contrary. Hooker, b. iv.
Not alone
The death of Fulvia, but more urgent touches,
Do strongly speak t' us. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
This ever hath been that true cause of more wars, than
upon all other occasions, though it least partakes of the urgent
necessity of state. Raleigh.
Let a father seldom strike, but upon very urgent necessity,
and as the last remedy. Locke on Education.
2. Importunate; vehement in solicitation.
The Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they
might send them out in haste. Exod. xii. 33.

U’RGENTLY. adv. [from urgent.] Cogently; violently; vehe­
mently; importunately.


Acrimony in their blood, and afflux of humours to their
lungs, urgently indicate phlebotomy. Harvey.

U’RGER. n. s. [from urge.] One who presses; importuner.
I wish Pope were as great an urger as I. Swift.

U’RGEWONDER. n. s. A sort of grain.
This barley is called by some urgewonder. Mortimer.

U’RIM. n. s.
Urim and thummim were something in Aaron's breast­
plate; but what, criticks and commentators are by no means
agreed. The word urim signifies light, and thummim per­
fection. It is most probable that they were only names given
to signify the clearness and certainty of the divine answers
which were obtained by the high priest consulting God with
his breast-plate on, in contradistinction to the obscure, enig­
matical, uncertain, and imperfect answers of the heathen
oracles. Newton's Notes on Milton.
He in cœlestial panoply, all arm'd
Of radiant urim, work divinely wrought. Milton.

U’RINAL. n. s. [urinal, Fr. from urine.] A bottle, in which
water is kept for inspection.
These follies shine through you, like the water in an uri­
nal. Shakespeare's Two Gentlemen of Verona.
A candle out of a musket will pierce through an inch
board, or an urinal force a nail though a plank. Brown.
This hand, when glory calls,
Can brandish arms, as well as urinals. Garth.
Some with scymitars in their hands, and others with uri­
nals, ran to and fro. Spectator, No 159.

U’RINARY. adj. [from urine.] Relating to the urine.
The urachos or ligamentous passage is derived from the
bottom of the bladder, whereby it dischargeth the waterish
and urinary part of its contents. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Diureticks that relax the urinary passages, should be tried
before such as stimulate. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

U’RINATIVE. adj. Working by urine; provoking urine.
Medicines urinative do not work by rejection and indigestion,
as solutive do. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

URINA’TOR. n. s. [urinateur, Fr. urinator, Lat.] A diver; one
who searches under water.
The precious things that grow there, as pearl, may be
much more easily fetched up by the help of this, than by any
other way of the urinators. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
Those relations of urinators belong only to those places
where they have dived, which are always rocky. Ray.

U’RINE. n. s. [urine, Fr. urina, Lat.] Animal water.
Drink, Sir, is a great provoker of nose-painting, sleep,
and urine. Shakespeare.
As though there were a seminality in urine, or that, like
the seed, it carried with it the idea of every part, they foolishly
believe we can visibly behold therein the anatomy of every
particle. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The chyle cannot pass by urine nor sweat. Arbuthnot.

To U’RINE. v. n. [uriner, Fr. from the noun.] To make
water.
Places where men urine commonly, have some smell of
violets. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
No oviparous animal, which spawn or lay eggs, doth urine,
except the tortoise. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

U’RINOUS. adj. [from urine.] Partaking of urine.
The putrid matter being distilled, affords a water impreg­
nated with an urinous spirit, like that obtainable from animal
substances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

URN. n. s. [urne, Fr. urna, Lat.]
1. Any vessel, of which the mouth is narrower than the body.
Minos, the strict inquisitor,
Lives, and crimes, with his assessors, hears;
Round, in his urn, the blended balls he rolls;
Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. Dryden.
2. A water pot; particularly that in the sign of Aquarius.
The fish oppose the maid, the watry urn
With adverse fires sees raging Leo burn. Creech.
3. The vessel in which the remains of burnt bodies were put.
Or lay these bones in an unworthy urn,
Tombless, with no remembrance over them. Shakespeare.
A rustick digging in the ground by Padua, found an urn, or
earthen pot, in which there was another urn; and in this
lesser, a lamp clearly burning. Wilkins.
His scatter'd limbs with my dead body burn;
And once more join us in the pious urn. Dryden.

URO’SCOPY. n. s. [?? and s?p?.] Inspection of urine.
In this work, attempts will exceed performances; it being
composed by snatches of time, as medical vacations, and
uroscopy would permit. Brown's Vulg. Errours.

U’RRY. n. s. A mineral.
In the coal-mines they dig a blue or black clay, that lies
near the coal, commonly called urry, which is an unripe
coal, and is very proper for hot lands, especially pasture­
ground. Mortimer's Husbandry.
US

US. the oblique case of we.
The lord made not this covenant with our fathers, but with
us, even us, who are all of us here alive this day. Deut. v.
Many, O Lord, are thy wonderful works, and thy thoughts
which are to us ward. Ps. xl. 5.

U’SAGE. n. s. [usage, Fr.]
1. Treatment.
Which way
Might’st thou deserve, or they impose this usage,
Coming from us? Shakesp. K. Lear.
The lustre in your eye, heav'n in your cheek,
Plead you fair usage. Shakesp. Troil. and Cressida.
My brother
Is pris'ner to the bishop, at whose hands
He hath good usage, and great liberty. Shakesp. Hon. VI.
What usage have I met with from this adversary, who
passes by the very words I translated, and produces other pas­
sages; and then hectors and cries out of my disingenuity. Stil.
Are not hawks brought to the hand, and to the lure; and
lions reclaimed by good usage? L'Estrange.
Neptune took unkindly to be bound,
And Eurus never such hard usage found
In his æolian prison. Dryden.
2. Custom; practice long continued.
Of things once received and confirmed by use, long usage
is a law sufficient. In civil affairs, when there is no other
law, custom itself doth stand for law. Hooker, b. ii.
3. Manners; behaviour. Obsolete.
A gentle nymph was found,
Hight Astery, excelling all the crew,
In courteous usage, and unstained hue. Spenser.

U’SAGER. n. s. [usager, Fr. from usage.] One who has the
use of any thing in trust for another.
He consum'd the common treasury;
Whereof he being the simple usager
But for the state, not in propriety,
Did alien t' his minions. Daniel's Civil War.

U’SANCE. n. s. [usance, Fr.]
1. Use; proper employment.
What art thou,
That here in desert hast thine habitance,
And these rich heaps of wealth dost hide apart
From the world's eye, and from her right usance? Spenser.
2. Usury; interest paid for money.
He lends out money gratis, and brings down
The rate of usance. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
USE

USE. [usus, Lat.]
1. The act of employing any thing to any purpose.
The sat of the beast that dieth of itself, may be used in any
other use. Lev. vii. 24.
Number, the mind makes use of in measuring all things
by us measurable. Locke.
Consider the history, with what use our author makes of it. Loc.
2. Qualities that make a thing proper for any purpose.
Rice is of excellent use for illnesses of the stomach, that
proceed from cold or moist humours; a great, digester and
restorer of appetite. Temple.
3. Need of; occasion on which a thing can be employed.
This will secure a father to my child;
That done, I have no father use for life. A. Philips.
4. Advantage received; power of receiving advantage.
More figures in a picture than are necessary, our author
calls figures to be let; because the picture has no use for
them. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
5. Convenience; help.
Distinct growth in knowledge, carries its own light in
every step of its progression; than which nothing is of more
use to the understanding. Locke.
Nothing would be of greater use towards the improvement
of knowledge and politeness, than some effectual method for
correcting, enlarging, and ascertaining our language. Swift.
When will my friendship be of use to thee? A. Philips.
6. Usage; customary act.
That which those nations did use, having been also in use
with others, the antient Roman laws do forbid. Hooker, b. iv.
He, that first brought the word sham, wheedle, or banter
in use, put together, as he thought fit, those ideas he made
it stand for. Locke.
7. Practice; habit.
Sweetness, truth, and ev'ry grace,
Which time and use are wont to teach,
The eye may in a moment reach,
And read distinctly in her face. Waller.
8. Custom; common occurrence.
O Cæsar! these things are beyond all use,
And I do fear them. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
9. Interest; money paid for the use of money.
If it be good, thou hast received it from God, and then
thou art more obliged to pay duty and tribute, use, and prin­
cipal to him. Taylor's Rule of Holy Living.
Most of the learned, heathen and christian, assert
the taking of use to be utterly unlawful; yet the divines of
the reformed church beyond the seas, do generally affirm it
to be lawful. South's Sermons.



To USE. v. a. [user, Fr. usus, Lat.]
1. To employ to any purpose.
You're welcome,
Most learned rev'rend Sir, into our kingdom;
Use us and it. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
They could use both the right hand and the left, in hurl­
ing stones and shooting arrows. 1 Chr. xii. 2.
Two trumpets of silver, that thou mayest use for the calling
of the assembly. Num. x. 2.
He was unhappily too much used as a check upon the Lord
Coventry; and when that lord perplexed their counsels with
inconvenient objections, the authority of the Lord Manchester
was still called upon. Clarendon.
These words of God to Cain, are, by many interpreters,
understood in a quite different sense than what our author
uses them in. Locke.
That prince was using all his endeavours to introduce po­
pery, which he openly professed. Swift.
2. To accustom; to habituate.
He that intends to gain th' Olympick prize,
Must use himself to hunger, heat and cold. Roscommon.
Those who think only of the matter, use themselves only
to speak extempore. Locke on Education.
I've hitherto been used to think
A blind officious zeal to serve my king,
The ruling principle. Addison's Cato.
A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very
notions of liberty; they look upon themselves as at mercy. Sw.
3. To treat.
Why dost thou use me thus? I know thee not. Shakesp.
When he came to ask leave of Solyman that he might de­
part, he was courteously used of him. Knolles.
I know
My Aurengzebe would ne'er have us'd me so. Dryden.
If Virgil or Ovid be thus used, 'tis no longer to be called
their work, when neither the thoughts nor words are drawn
from the original. Dryden.
I love to use people according to their own sense of good­
breeding. Tatler, No 86.
Cato has us'd me ill; he has refus'd
His daughter Marcia to my ardent vows. Addison's Cato.
Gay is used as the friends of tories are by whigs, and gene­
rally by tories too. Pope to Swift.
4. To practise.
Use hospitality one to another, without grudging. 1 Pet. iv.
5. To behave. Out of use.
Pray forgive me, if I have us'd myself unmannerly. Shakesp.

To USE. v. n.
1. To be accustomed; to practise customarily.
They use to place him that shall be their captain upon a
stone, always reserved for that purpose, and placed com­
monly upon a hill. Spenser's State of Ireland.
In polling of trees, many do use to leave a bough or two
on the top, to help to draw up the sap. Bacon.
A prudent governor, to advance religion, will not consider
men's duty but their practice; not what they ought to do,
but what they use to do. South's Sermons.
2. To be customarily in any manner; to be wont.
Fears use to be represented in such an imaginary fashion, as
they rather dazzle men's eyes, than open them. Bacon.
Snakes that use within the house for shade,
Securely lurk, and, like a plague, invade
Thy cattle with venom. May's Virgil.
The waters going and returning as the waves and great
commotions of the sea use to do, retired leisurely. Burnet.
Conduct me well
In these strange ways, where never foot did use. Spenser.
3. To frequent. Obsolete.
Ye vallies low, where the mild whispers use
Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing brooks. Milton.

U’SEFUL. adj. [use and full.] Convenient; profitable to any
end; conducive or helpful to any purpose.
Providence would only enter mankind into the useful
knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our
industry. More's Antidote.
Gold and silver being little useful to the life of man, in
proportion to food, raiment, and carriage, has its value only
from the consent of men. Locke.
That the legislature should have power to change the suc­
cession, is very useful towards preserving our religion and li­
berty. Swift.
Deliver a particular account of the great and useful things
already performed. Swift.

U’SEFULLY. adv. [from useful.] In such a manner as to help
forward some end.
In this account they must constitute two at least, male and
female, in every species; which chance could not have made
so very nearly alike, without copying, nor so usefully differing,
without contrivance. Bentley's Sermons.

U’SEFULNESS. n. s. Conductiveness or helpfulness to some
end.
The grandeur of the commonwealth shows itself chiefly
in works that were necessary or convenient. On the con­
trary, the magnificence of Rome, under the emperors, was
rather for ostentation, than any real usefulness. Addison.

U’SELESSLY. adv. [from useless.] Without the quality of an­
swering any purpose.
In a sauntering humour, some, out of custom, let a good
part of their lives run uselessly away, without business or
recreation. Locke.

U’SELESSNESS. n. s. [from useless.] Unfitness to any end.
He made a learned discourse on the trouble, uselessness, and
indecency of foxes wearing tails. L'Estrange.
He would convince them of the vanity and uselessness of that
learning, which makes not the possessor a better man. South.

U’SELESS. adj. [from use.] Answering no purpose; having no
end.
So have I seen the lost clouds pour
Into the sea an useless show'r;
And the vext sailors curse the rain,
For which poor shepherds pray'd in vain. Waller.
The hurtful teeth of vipers are useless to us, and yet are
parts of their bodies. Boyle.
His friend, on whose assistance he most relied, either proves
false and forsakes him, or looks on with an useless pity, and
cannot help him. Rogers's Sermons.
The waterman forlorn along the shore,
Pensive reclines upon his useless oar. Gay.

U’SER. n. s. [from use.] One who uses.
Such things, which, by imparting the delight to others,
makes the user thereof welcome, as musick, dancing, hunt­
ing, feasting, riding. Sidney.
My lord received from the countess of Warwick, a lady
powerful in the court, and indeed a virtuous user of her
power, the best advice that was ever given. Wotton.

U’SHER. n. s. [huissier, Fr.]
1. One whose business is to introduce strangers, or walk before
a person of high rank.
The wife of Antony
Should have an army for an usher, and
The neighs of horse to tell her approach
Long ere she did appear. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
You make guards and ushers march before, and then enters
your prince. Tatlers, No 53.
Gay paid his courtship with the croud,
As far as modest pride allow'd;
Rejects a servile usher's place,
And leaves St. James's in disgrace. Swift.
2. An under-teacher; one who introduces young scholars to
higher learning.
Though grammar profits less than rhetorick's,
Yet ev'n in those his usher claims a share. Dryden.

To U’SHER. v. a. [from the noun.] To introduce as a fore­
runner or harbinger; to forerun.
No sun shall ever usher forth my honours,
Or gild again the noble troops that waited
Upon my smiles. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
The sun,
Declin'd, was hasting now with prone career
To th' ocean isles, and in th' ascending scale
Of heav'n, the stars, that usher evening, rose. Milton.
As the deluge is represented a disruption of the abyss, so
the future combustion of the earth is to be usher'd in, and ac­
companied with violent impressions upon nature, and the
chief will be earthquakes. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
With songs and dance we celebrate the day,
And with due honours usher in the May. Dryden.
The Examiner was usher'd into the world by a letter, setting
forth the great genius of the author. Addison.
Oh name for ever sad! for ever dear!
Still breath'd in sighs, still usher'd with a tear. Pope.

USQUEBA’UGH. n. s. [An Irish and Erse word, which signifies
the water of life.] It is a compounded distilled spirit, being
drawn on aromaticks; and the Irish sort is particularly distin­
guished for its pleasant and mild flavour. The Highland sort
is somewhat hotter; and, by corruption, in Scottish they call
it whisky.

U’STION. n. s. [ustion, Fr. ustus, Lat.] The act of burning;
the state of being burned.

USTO’RIOUS. adj. [ustum, Latin.] Having the quality of burn­
ing.
The power of a burning glass is by an ustorious quality in
the mirror or glass, arising from a certain unknown substan­
tial form. Watts.
USU

U’SUAL. adj. [usuel, Fr.] Common; frequent; customary;
frequently occurring.
Consultation with oracles was a thing very usual and fre­
quent in their times. Hooker, b. i.
Could I the care of Providence deserve,
Heav'n must destroy me, if it would preserve:
And that's my fate, or sure it would have sent
Some usual evil for my punishment. Dryden.



U’SUALLY. adv. [from usual.] Commonly; frequently; cus­
tomarily.
If men's desires are usually as large as their abilities, what
course we took to allure the former, by that we might engage
the latter. South's Sermons.
Where men err against this method, it is usually on pur­
pose, and to shew their learning. Swift.

U’SUALNESS. n. s. [from usual.] Commonness; frequency.

USUCA’PTION. n. s. [usus and capio, Lat.] In the civil law,
the acquisition of the property of a thing, by possession and
enjoyment thereof for a certain term of years prescribed by
law. Dict.

USUFRU’CT. n. s. [usufruit, Fr. usus and fructus, Lat.] The
temporary use; enjoyment of the profits, without power to
alienate.
The persons receiving the same, have only the usufruct
thereof, and not any fee or inheritance therein. Ayliffe.

USUFRU’CTUARY. n. s. [usufructuaire, Fr. usufructuarius, Lat.]
One that has the use and temporary profit, not the property
of a thing.
The parsons of parishes are not in law accounted pro­
prietors, but only usufructuaries, as having no right of fee
simple vested in them. Ayliffe's Parergon.

To U’SURE. n. s. [usura, Lat.] To practice usury; to take
interest for money.
Is this the balsam that the usuring senate
Pours into captains wounds? Shakesp. Timon of Athens.

U’SURER. n. s. [usurier, Fr. usura, Lat.] One who puts mo­
ney out at interest. Commonly used for one that takes exor­
bitant interest.
Fie; thou sham'st thy shape, thy love, thy wit;
Which, like an usurer, abound'st in all,
And usest none in that true use indeed,
Which should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit. Shak.
When usurers tell their gold i' th' field,
And bawds and whores do churches build. Shakespeare.
If thou lend money to any that is poor, thou shalt not be
to him as an usurer, nor lay upon him usury. Ex. xxii. 25.
There may be no commutative injustice, while each retains
a mutual benefit, the usurer for his money, the borrower for
his industry. Child on Trade.
The asses usuræ occasioned great tumults among the peo­
ple; yet he that took it was not reckoned to transgress any
law; and there were some greedy usurers that exacted double,
triple. Arbuthnot on Coins.

USU’RIOUS. adj. [usuaire, Fr. from usury.] Given to the
practise of usury; exorbitantly greedy of profit.
For every hour that thou wilt spare me now,
I will allow,
Usurious god of love, twenty to thee,
When with my brown my grey hairs equal be. Donne.

To USU’RP. v. a. [usuper, Fr. uusurpo, Lat.] To possess by
force or intrusion; to seize, or possess without right.
So ugly a darkness, as if it would prevent the night's
coming, usurped the day's right. Sidney, b. ii.
Not having the natural superiority of fathers, their power
must be usurped, and then unlawful; or if lawful, then
granted or consented unto by them over whom they
exercise the same, or else given them extraordinarily from
God. Hooker.
In as much as the due estimation of heavenly truth de­
pendeth wholly upon the known and approved authority of
those famous oracles of God, it greatly behoveth the church
to have always most special care, humane inventions usurp
the room and title of divine worship. Hooker, b. v.
Victorious prince of York!
Before I sec thee seated in that throne,
Which now the house of Lancaster usurps,
These eyes shall never close. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
What art thou, that usurp'st this time of night,
Together with that fair and warlike form? Shakesp.
Their fox-like thefts are so rank, as a man may find
whole pages usurp'd from one author. B. Johnson.
So he dies,
But soon revives; death over him no pow'r
Shall long usurp: ere the third dawning light
Return, the stars of morn shall see him rise
Out of his grave. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
All fountains of the deep
Broke up, shall heave the ocean to usurp
Beyond all bounds, 'till inundation rise
Above the highest hills. Milton.
Farewell court,
Where vice not only hath usurpt the place,
But the reward, and even the name of virtue. Denham.
Your care about your banks infers a fear
Of threat'ning floods and inundations near:
If so, a just reprize would only be
Of what the land usurp'd upon the sea. Dryden.
Who next usurps, will a just prince appear,
So much your ruin will his reign endear. Dryden.
Struggling in vain, impatient of her load,
And lab'ring underneath the pond'rous God;
The more she strove to shake him from her breast;
With more and far superior force he press'd,
Commands his entrance, and, without controul,
Usurps her organs, and inspires her soul. Dryden.
Who's this, that dares usurp
The guards and habit of Numidia's prince? Addison's Cato.

USURPA’TION. [usurpation, Fr. from usurp.] Forcible, unjust;
illegal seizure or possession.
The Piercies,
Finding his usurpation most unjust,
Endeavour'd my advancement to the throne. Shakespeare.
Succeeding kings recovery of their right from unjust usur­
pations, shall never be prejudiced by any act of mine. K. Char.
To raise a tempest on the sea was usurpation on the pre­
rogative of Neptune, who had given him no leave. Dryden.
O baseness to support a tyrant throne,
And crush your freeborn brethren of the world!
Nay, to become a part of usurpation,
T'espouse the tyrant's person and her crimes. Dryden.
Whatever opposition was made to the usurpations of K.
James, proceeded altogether from the church of England. Swift.

USU’RPER. n. s. [from usurp.] One who seizes or possesses that
to which he has no right. It is generally used of one who
excludes the right heir from the throne.
Ever sithence he hath continued his first usurped power,
and now exacteth upon all men what he list: so that now to
subdue or expel an usurper, should be no unjust enterprize,
but a restitution of antient right unto the crown. Spneser.
Richard duke of York,
Was rightful heir unto the English crown;
And that your majesty was an usurper. Shakespeare.
But this usurper, his encroachment proud,
Stays not on man; to God his tow'r intends
Siege and defiance. Milton.
Few usurpers to the shades descend
By a dry death, or with a quiet end. Dryden.
He griev'd, the land he freed should be oppress'd,
And he less for it than usurpers do. Dryden.

USU’RPINGLY. adv. [from usurp.] Without just claim.
Lay aside the sword,
Which sways usurpingly these several titles,
And put the same into young Arthur's hand,
Thy right royal sovereign. Shakespeare's K. John.

U’SURY. [usur&aecute;, Fr. usura, Lat.]
1. Money paid for the use of money; interest.
He that high does sit, and all things see,
With equal eyes, their merits to restore;
Behold, what ye this day have done for me,
And what I cannot quit, requite with usury. Fairy Queen.
The wished day is come at last,
That shall, for all the pains and sorrows past,
Pay to her usury of long delight. Spenser.
Our angles are like money put to usury; they may thrive,
though we sit still and do nothing. Walton's Angler.
What he borrows from the antients, he repays with usury
of his own; in coin as good, and almost as universally va­
luable. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
2. The practice of taking interest. It is commonly used with
some reproach.
Usury bringeth the treasure of a realm into few hands: for
the usurer being at certainties, and others at uncertainties, at
the end, most of the money will be in the box. Bacon.

U’TENSIL. n. s. [utensile, Fr. utensile, low Lat.] An instrument
for any use, such as the vessels of the kitchen, or tools of a
trade.
Burn but his books; he has brave utensils,
Which, when he has a house, he'll deck withal. Shakesp.
Mules after these, camels and dromedaries,
And waggons fraught with utensils of war. Milton.
Tithes and lands given to God are never; and plate, vest­
ments, and other sacred utensils, are seldom consecrated. South.
The springs of life their former vigour feel;
Such zeal he had for that vile utensil. Garth's Dispensary.

U’TERINE. adj. [uterin, Fr. uterinus, Lat.] Belonging to the
womb.
In hot climates, and where the uterine parts exceed in heat,
by the coldness of some simple, they may be reduced unto a
conceptive constitution. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
The vessels of the interior glandulous substance of the
womb, are contorted with turnings and meanders, that they
might accommodate themselves without danger of rupture to
the necessary extension of the uterine substance. Ray.

UTERUS. n. s. [Latin.] The womb.
UTI

UTI’LITY. n. s. [utilit&aecute;, Fr. utilitas, Lat.] Usefulness; pro­
sit; convenience; advantageousness.
Those things which have long gone together, are confede­
rate; whereas new things piece not so well; but though
they help by their utility, yet they trouble by their inconfor­
mity. Facon's Nat. Hist.


Should we blindly obey the restraints of physicians and
astrologers, we should confine the utility of physick unto a
very few days. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
M. Zulichem desired me that I would give a relation of
the cure of the gout, that might be made publick, as a thing
which might prove of common utility to so great numbers
as were subject to that disease. Temple.

U’TIS. n. s. A word which probably is corrupted, at least, is
not now understood.
Then here will be old utis: it will be an excellent stra­
tagem. Shakespeare's Hen. IV.

U’TMOST. adj. [utmœst, Saxon; from utter.]
1. Extreme; placed at the extremity.
Much like a subtile spider, which doth sit
In middle of her web, which spreadeth wide;
If ought do touch the utmost thread of it,
She feels it instantly on ev'ry side. Davies.
As far remov'd from God and light of heav'n,
As from the center thrice to th' utmost pole. Milton.
I went
To view the utmost limits of the land. Dryden.
2. Being in the highest degree.
I'll undertake to bring him,
Where he shall answer by a lawful form,
In peace, to his utmost peril. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

U’TMOST. n. s. The most that can be; the greatest power;
the highest degree.
What miscarries,
Shall be the general's fault, though he perform
To the utmost of a man. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I will be free,
Even to the utmost as I please in words. Shakespeare.
Such a conscience, as has employed the utmost of its ability
to give itself the best information, and clearest knowledge of
its duty, that it can, is a rational ground for a man to build
such an hope upon. South.
Try your fortune.—
—I have to the utmost. Dost thou think me desperate
Without just cause? Dryden's All for Love.
A man, having carefully enquired into all the grounds of
probability and unlikeliness, and done his utmost to inform
himself in all particulars, may come to acknowledge on which
side the probability rests. Locke.
The enemy thinks of raising threescore thousand men: let
us perform our utmost, and we shall overwhelm them with
our multitudes. Addison.
UTT

U’TTER. adj. [utter, Saxon.]
1. Situate on the outside, or remote from the center.
In my slight
Through utter and through middle darkness borne,
I sung of chaos, and eternal night. Milton's P. Lost, b. iii.
2. Placed without any compass; out of any place.
Pursue these sons of darkness; drive them out
From all heav'n's bounds, into the utter deep. Milton.
3. Extreme; excessive; utmost. This seems to be Milton's
meaning here.
Such place eternal justice had prepar'd
For those rebellious; here their prison ordain'd
In utter darkness; and their portion set
As far remov'd from God, and light of heav'n,
As from the center thrice to th' utmost pole. Milton.
4. Complete; irrevocable.
The parliament thought the utter taking it away, ab­
solutely necessary for the preservation of the kingdom.
Clarendon.
There could not be any other estimate made of the loss,
than by the utter refusal of the auxiliary regiments of London
and Kent to march farther. Clarendon, b. viii.
They feel fewer corporal pains, and are utter stran­
gers to all those anxious thoughts which disquiet man­
kind. Atterbury.

To U’TTER. v. a. [from the adjective; to make publick, or
let out; palam facere.]
1. To speak; to pronounce; to express.
Men spake not with the instruments of writing, neither
writ with the instruments of speech; and yet things recorded
with the one, and uttered with the other, may be preached
well enough with both. Hooker.
These very words I've heard him utter. Shakespeare.
There's more gold: but, sirrah,
We say the dead are well. Bring it to that,
The gold I give thee will I melt, aad pour
Down thy ill-uttering throat. Shakespeare.
Conceiving and uttering from the heart words of false­
hood. Isa. lix. 13.
Shall not they teach thee and tell thee, and utter words out
of their heart? Job viii. 10.
Who knows but his poor, bleeding heart,
Amidst its agonies, remember'd Marcia,
And the last words he utter'd, call'd me cruel! Addison.
2. To disclose; to discover; to publish.
When do partial and sinister affections more utter them­
selves, than when an election is committed to many? Whitg.
Were it folly to be modest in uttering what is known to all
the world? Raleigh.
I meant my words should not reach your ears; but what
I utter'd was most true. Dryden's All for Love.
3. To sell; to vend.
Such mortal drugs I have, but Mantua's law
Is death to any he that utters them. Shakesp Rom. and Juliet.
They bring it home, and utter it commonly by the name
of Newfoundland fish. Abbot's Descrip. of the World.
The Devonshire and Somersetshire grasiers feed yearly
great droves of cattle in the north quarter of Cornwall, and
utter them at home. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
4. To disperse; to emit at large.
To preserve us from ruin, the whole kingdom should con­
tinue in a firm resolution never to receive or utter this fatal
coin. Swift.

U’TTERABLE. adj. [from utter.] Expressible; such as may be
uttered.

U’TTERANCE. n. s. [from utter.]
1. Pronunciation; manner of speaking.
He, with utt'rance grave, and countenance sad,
From point to point discours'd his voyage. Fa. Queen.
2. [Outrance, Fr.] Extremity; terms of extreme hostility.
Of him I gather'd honour;
Which he to seek of me again perforce,
Behoves me keep at utterance. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Mine eternal jewel
Giv'n the common enemy of man,
To make them kings; the seed of Banquo kings!
Rather than so, come, fate, into the list,
And champion me to th' utterance. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Vocal expression; emission from the mouth.
'Till Adam, though no less than Eve abash'd,
At length gave utterance to these words constrain'd. Milton.
Speaking is a sensible expression of the notions of the mind,
by several discriminations of utterance of voice, used as signs,
having by consent several determinate significancies. Holder.
There have been some inventions, which have been able
for the utterance of articulate sounds, as the speaking of cer­
tain words. Wilkin's Math. Magick.
Many a man thinks admirably well, who has a poor ut­
terance; while others have a charming manner of speech,
but their thoughts are trifling. Watts.

U’TTERER. n. s. [from utter.]
1. One who pronounces.
2. A divulger; a discloser.
Utterers of secrets he from thence debarr'd;
Babblers of folly, and blazers of crime. Fa. Queen.
3. A seller; a vender.

U’TTERLY. adv. [from utter.] Fully; completely; perfectly.
For the most part, in an ill sense.
God, whose property is to shew his mercies then greatest,
when they are nearest to be utterly despaired. Hooker, b. iv.
Arguments taken from the authority of men, may not only
so far forth as hath been declared, but further also be of some
force in human sciences; which force, be it never so small,
doth shew that they are not utterly naught. Hooker, b. ii.
All your int'rest in those territories
Is utterly bereft you; all is lost. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
He was so utterly tired with an employment so contrary to
his humour, that he did not consider the means that would
lead him out of it. Clarendon, b. viii.
While in the flesh we cannot be utterly insensible of the
afflictions that befal us. Atterbury.

U’TTERMOST. adj. [from utter.]
1. Extreme; being in the highest degree.
Bereave me not,
Whereon I live! thy gentle looks, thy aid,
Thy counsel, in this uttermost distress. Milton.
2. Most remote.
The land, from the uttermost end of the straits on Peru
side, did go towards the south. Abbot's Descrip. of the World.

U’TTERMOST. n. s. The greatest degree.
There needed neither promise nor persuasion to make her
do her uttermost for her father's service. Sidney, b. ii.
He cannot have sufficient honour done unto him; but the
uttermost we can do, we must. Hooker, b. i.

UVE’OUS. adj. [from uva, Lat.]
The uveous coat, or iris of the eye, hath a musculous
power, and can dilate and contract that round hole in it,
called the pupil. Ray on the Creation.
VUL

VULCA’NO. n. s. [Italian.] A burning mountain; volcano.
Earth calcin'd, flies off into the air; the ashes of burning
mountains, in vulcano's, will be carried to great distances. Arb.

VU’LGAR. adj. [vulgaire, Fr. vulgaris, Lat.]
1. Plebeian; suiting to the common people; practised among
the common people.


Men who have passed all their time in low and vulgar life,
cannot have a suitable idea of the several beauties and ble­
mishes in the actions of great men. Addison.
2. Mean; low; being of the common rate.
It requiring too great a fagacity for vulgar minds to draw
the line between virtue and vice, no wonder if most men at­
tempt not a laborious scrutiny into things themselves, but
only take names and words, and so rest in them. South.
Now wasting years my former strength confound,
And added woes have bow'd me to the ground:
Yet by the stubble you may guess the grain,
And mark the ruins of no vulgar man. Broome.
3. Publick; commonly bruited.
Do you hear aught of a battle toward?—
—Most sure, and vulgar; every one hears that. Shakesp.

VU’LGAR. n. s. [vulgaire, Fr.] The common people.
I'll about;
Drive away the vulgar from the streets. Shakespeare.
Those men, and their adherents, were then looked upon
by the affrighted vulgar, as greater protectors of their laws
and liberties than myself. K. Charles.
The vulgar imagine the pretender to have been a child im­
posed upon the nation by the fraudulent zeal of his parents,
and their bigotted counsellors. Swift.

VULGA’RITY. n. s. [from vulgar.]
1. Meanness; state of the lowest people.
Although their condition may place them many spheres
above the multitude; yet are they still within the line of vul­
garity and democratical enemies to truth. Brown.
True it is, and I hope I shall not offend their vulgarities,
if I say they are daily mocked into error by devisers. Brown.
2. Particular instance or specimen of meanness.
Is the grand sophos of Persius, and the sublimity of Ju­
venal to be circumscribed with the meanness of words, and
vulgarity of expression? Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.

VU’LGARLY. adv. [from vulgar.] Commonly; in the ordi­
nary manner; among the common people.
He was, which people much respect
In princes, and which pleases vulgarly,
Of goodly pers'nage, and of sweet aspect. Daniel.
He, that believes himself uncapable of pardon, goes on
without thought of reforming; such an one we call vulgarly
a desperate person. Hammond's Practical Catechism.
As it is vulgarly understood, that he cut a passage for his
army through these mighty mountains, it may seem incre­
dible. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VU’LNERABLE. adj. [vulnerable, Fr. vulnerabilis, Lat.] Sus­
ceptive of wounds; liable to external injuries.
Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests;
I bear a charmed life, which must not yield
To one of woman born. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Achilles though dipt in Styx, yet having his heel untouched
by that water, although he were fortified elsewhere, he was
slain in that part, as only vulnerable in the inferior and brutal
part. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

VU’LNERARY. adj. [vulneraire, Fr. vulnerarius, Lat.] Useful
in the cure of wounds.
Try whether the same effect will not ensue, by common
vulnerary plaisters. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
I kept the orifice open, and prescribed him vulneraries.
Wiseman's Surgery.

To VU’LNERATE. v. a. [vulnero, Lat.] To wound; to hurt.
De facto there is such an intercourse between the magnetick
unguent and the vulnerated body. Glanvill's Scops.

VU’LPINE. adj. [vulpinus, Lat.] Belonging to a fox.

VU’LTURE. n. s. [vultur, Lat.] A large bird of prey remark­
able for voracity.
Nor the night raven, that still deadly yells,
Nor griesly vultures make us once affear'd. Spenser.
We've willing dames enough, there cannot be
That vulture in you to devour so many,
As will to greatness dedicate themselves. Shakesp.
A rav'nous vulture in his open'd side,
Her crooked beak and cruel talons try'd. Dryden.

VU’LTURINE. adj. [vulturinus, Lat.] Belonging to a vulture.

UVU’LA. n. s. [uvula, Lat.] In anatomy, a round soft spon­
geous body, suspended from the palate near the foramina of
the nostrils over the glottis. Dict.
By an instrument bended up at one end, I got up behind
the uvula. Wiseman's Surgery.
UXO

UXO’RIOUS. adj. [uxorius, Lat.] Submissively fond of a
wife; infected with connubial dotage.
Towards his queen he was nothing uxorious, nor scarce in­
dulgent; but companionable and respective. Bacon.
That uxorious king, whose heart, though large,
Beguil'd by fair idolatresses, fell
To idols foul. Milton's Paradise Lost.
How would'st thou insult,
When I must live uxorious to thy will
In perfect thraldom, how again betray me? Milton.

UXO’RIOUSLY. adv. [from uxorious.] With fond submission to a wife.
If thou art thus uxoriously inclin'd
To bear thy bondage with a willing mind,
Prepare thy neck. Dryden's Juvenal.

UXO’RIOUSNESS. n. s. [from uxorious.] Connubial dotage;
fond submission to a wife.




W

W Is a letter of which the form is not to be found
in the alphabets of the learned languages;
though it is not improbable that by our w is
expressed the found of the Roman v, and the
Eolick f. Both the form and sound are ex­
cluded from the languages derived from the Latin.
W is sometimes improperly used in diphthongs as a vowel, for u,
view; strew: the sound of w consonant is uniform.

To WA’BBLE. v. n. [A low, barbarous word.] To shake; to
move from side to side.
If in your work you find it wabble; that is, that one side
of the flat inclines to the right or left hand, with soft blows
of an hammer set it to rights, and then screw it hard up. Moxon.

WAD

WAD. n. s. [weod hay, Saxon.]
1. A bundle of straw thrust close together.
2. Wadd, or black lead, is a mineral of great use and
value. Woodward.

WA’DDING. n. s. [from wad, vad, Islandick] A kind of soft
stuff loosely woven, with which the skirts of coats are stuf­
fed out.

To WA’DDLE. v. n. [wagghelen, Dutch, to waggle; whence,
by a casual corruption, waddle.] To shake, in walking from
side to side; to deviate in motion from a right line.
She could have run and waddled all about. Shakesp.
The strutting petticoat smooths and levels all distinctions;
while I cannot but be troubled to see so many well-shaped,
innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling up and down like
big-bellied women. Spectator, No 127.
The farmer's goose,
Grown fat with corn and sitting still,
Can scarce get o'er the barn-door sill,
And hardly waddles forth to cool
Her belly in the neighb'ring pool. Swift.
A dabchick waddles through the copse
On feet and wings, and flies, and wades, and hops. Pope.
Dulness, of business the directing soul,
To human heads like biass to the bowl;
Which, as more pond'rous, makes their aim more true,
Obliquely waddling to the mark in view. Pope.

To WADE. v. n. [from vadum, Lat. pronounced wadum.]
1. To walk through the waters; to pass water without swim­
ming.
We'll wade to the market-place in Frenchmen's blood. Sha.
She waded through the dirt to pluck him off. Shakespeare.
I am in blood
Stept in so far, that, should I wade no more,
Returning were as tedious as go o'er. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He staid seven days at the Crassus, until a bridge was made
for the transporting of his army, for that the river was not to
be waded over. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Then since fortune's favours fade;
You that in her arms do sleep,
Learn to swim, and not to wade,
For the hearts of kings are deep. Wotton's Poems.
With head, hands, wings, or feet pursues his way,
And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies. Milton.
It is hard to wade deep in baths where springs arise. Brown.
Fowls that frequent waters, and only wade, have as well
long legs as long necks; and those that are made for swim­
ming have feet like oars. More's Divine Dialogues.
Those birds only wade in the water, and do not swim. More.
As when a dabchick waddles through the copse
On feet and wings, he flies, and wades, and hops. Pope.
2. To pass difficultly and laboriously.
They were not permitted to enter unto war, nor conclude
any league of peace, nor to wade through any act of moment
between them and foreign states, unless the oracle of God,
or his prophets, were first consulted with. Hooker, b. iii.
I have waded through the whole cause, searching the truth
by the causes of truth. Hooker.
The substance of those controversies whereunto we have
begun to wade, be rather of outward things appertaining to
the church, than of any thing wherein the being of the
church consisteth. Hooker, b. iii.
Virtue gives herself light, through darkness for to wade.
Fairy Queen, b. i.
I should chuse rather with spitting and scorn to be tumbled
into the dust in blood, bearing witness to any known truth of
our Lord; than, by a denial of those truths, through blood
and perjury wade to a sceptre, and lord it in a throne. South.
'Tis not to my purpose to wade into those bottomless con­
troversies, which, like a gulph, have swallowed up so much
time of learned men. Decay of Piety.
The dame
Now try'd the stairs, and wading through the night,
Search'd all the deep recess, and issu'd into light. Dryden.
The wrathful God then plunges from above,
And where in thickest waves the sparkles drove,
There lights, and wades through fumes, and gropes his way,
Half-sing'd, half-stifl'd. Dryden.
Simonides, the more he contemplated the nature of the
Deity, found that he waded but the more out of his depth,
and that he lost himself in the thought. Addison.

WAF

WA’FER. n. s. [wasel, Dutch.]
1. A thin cake.
Wise, make us a dinner; spare flesh, neither corn;
Make wafers and cakes, for our sheepe must be shorne. Tusser.
Poor Sancho they persuaded that he enjoyed a great domi­
nion, and then gave him nothing to subsist upon but wafers and
marmalade. Pope.
2. The bread given in the eucharist by the Romanists.
That the same body of Christ should be in a thousand
places at once; that the whole body should lie hid in a little
thin wafer; yet so, that the members thereof should not one
run into another, but continue distinct, and have an order
agreeable to a man's body, it doth exceed reason. Hall.
3. Paste made to close letters.

To WAFT. v. a. [probably from wave.]
1. To carry through the air, or on the water.
A braver choice of dauntless spirits,
Than now the English bottoms have waft o'er,
Did never float upon the swelling tide. Shakespeare.
Our high admiral
Shall waft them over with our royal fleet. Shakespeare.
Whether cripples, who have lost their thighs, will not
sink but float; their lungs being able to waft up their bodies,
which are in others overpoised by the hinder legs, we have
not made experiment. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Nor dares his transport-vessel cross the waves,
With such whose bones are not compos'd in graves:
A hundred years they wander on the shore;
At length, their penance done, are wafted o'er. Dryden.
Lend to this wretch your hand, and waft him o'er
To the sweet banks of yon forbidden shore. Dryden.
From hence might first spring that opinion of the vehicles
of spirits; the vulgar conceiving that the breath was that
wherein the soul was wafted and carried away. Ray.
They before wafted over their troops into Sicily in open ves­
sels. Arbuthnot on Coins.
In vain you tell your parting lover,
You wish fair winds may waft him over:
Alas! what winds can happy prove,
That bear me far from what I love? Prior.
Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul,
And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole. Pope.
2. To beckon; to inform by a sign of any thing moving.

To WAFT. v. n. To float.
It wafted nearer yet, and then she knew,
That what before she but surmis'd, was true. Dryden.
Those trumpets his triumphant entry tell,
And now the shouts waft near the citadel. Dryden.

WAFT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A floating body.
From the belloing east oft the whirlwind's wing
Sweeps up the burthen of whole wintry plains,
In one wide waft. Thomson's Winter.
2. Motion of a streamer. Used as a token or mean of infor­
mation at sea.



WA’FTAGE. n. s. [from waft.] Carriage by water or air. Not
in use.
What ship of Epidamnum stays for me?—
—A ship you sent me to, to hire waftage. Shakespeare.
I stalk about her door,
Like a strange soul upon the Stygian banks,
Staying for waftage. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.

WA’FTER. n. s. [from waft.] A passage boat. Ainsworth.

WA’FTURE. n. s. [from waft.] The act of waving. Not in use.
You answer'd not;
But with an angry wafture of your hand
Gave sign for me to leave you. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.

WAG

To WAG. v. a. [wagian, Saxon; waggen, Dutch.] To move
lightly; to shake slightly.
I can counterfeit the deep tragedian;
Tremble and start at wagging of a straw. Shakespeare.
You may as well forbid the mountain pines
To wag their high tops, and to make a noise,
When they are fretted with the gusts of heav'n. Shakesp.
All that pass, his and wag their head at thee. La. ii. 15.
Thou canst not wag thy finger, or begin
The least light motion, but it tends to sin. Dryden.
So have I seen in black and white,
A prating thing, a magpye hight,
Majestically stalk;
A stately, worthless animal,
That plies the tongue, and wags the tail,
All flutter, pride, and talk. Swift.

To WAG. v. n.
1. To be in quick or ludicrous motion.
Be merry, my wife has all;
For women are shrews, both short and tall;
'Tis merry in hall, where beards wag all. Shakesp.
I will fight with him upon this theme,
Until my eyelids will no longer wag. Shakesp. Hamlet.
2. To go; to be moved.
I will provoke him to't, or let him wag. Shakespeare.
Her charms she mutter'd o'er;
And yet the resty sieve wagg'd ne'er the more:
I wept for woe. Dryden's Theocritus.

WAG. n. s. [wœgan, Saxon, to cheat.] Any one ludicrously
mischievous; a merry droll.
Cupid the wag, that lately conquer'd had
Wise counsellors, stout captains puissant;
And ty'd them fast to lead his triumphs bad,
Glutted with them, now plays with meanest things. Sidney.
Was not my lord the verier wag o' th' two? Shakesp.
We wink at wags, when they offend,
And spare the boy, in hopes the man may mend. Dryden.
A counsellor never pleaded without a piece of packthread in
his hand, which he used to twist about a finger all the
while he was speaking: the wags used to call it the thread of
his discourse. Addison.

WAGE. n. s. the plural wages is now only used. [wegen, or
wagen, German; gages, Fr.]
1. Pay given for service.
All friends shall taste
The wages of their virtue, and all foes
The cup of their deservings. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The last petition is for my men; they are the poorest,
But poverty could never draw them from me;
That they may have their wages duly paid them,
And something over to remember me. Shakespeare.
By Tom Thumb, a fairy page;
He sent it, and doth him engage,
By promise of a mighty wage,
It secretly to carry. Drayton's Nymphid.
The thing itself is not only our duty, but our glory: and
he who hath done this work, has, in the very work, partly
received his wages. South.
2. Gage; pledge. Ainsw.

To WAGE. v. a. [The origination of this word, which is
now only used in the phrase to wage war, is not easily dis­
covered: waegen, in German, is to attempt any thing dan­
gerous.]
1. To attempt; to venture.
We must not think the Turk is so unskilful,
Neglecting an attempt of ease and gain,
To wake and wage a danger profitless. Shakespeare.
2. To make; to carry on. Applied to war.
Return to her, and fifty men dismiss'd!
No; rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse
To wage against the enmity o' th' air,
To be a comrade with the wolf. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Your reputation wages war with the enemies of your royal
family, even within their trenches. Dryden.
He ponder'd, which of all his sons was fit
To reign, and wage immortal war with wit. Dryden.
3. [From wage, wages.] To set to hire.
Thou must wage
Thy works for wealth, and life for gold engage. F. Queen.
4. To take to hire; to hire for pay; to hold in pay; to employ
for wages.
I seem'd his follower, not partner; and
He wag'd me with his countenance, as if
I had been mercenary. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
The officers of the admiralty having places of so good be­
nefit, it is their parts, being well waged and rewarded,
exactly to look into the sound building of ships. Raleigh.
The king had erected his courts of ordinary resort, and
was at the charge not only to wage justice and their ministers,
but also to appoint the safe custody of records. Bacon.
This great lord came not over with any great number of
waged soldiers. Davies's Ireland.
5. [In law.]
When an action of debt is brought against one, as for
money or chattles, left or lent the defendant, the defendant
may wage his law; that is, swear, and certain persons with
him, that he owes nothing to the plaintiff in manner as he
hath declared. The offer to make the oath is called wager
of law: and when it is accomplished, it is called the making
or doing of law. Blount.

WA’GER. n. s. [from wage, to venture.]
1. A bett; any thing pledged upon a chance or performance.
Love and mischief made a wager, which should have most
power in me. Sidney.
The sea strove with the winds which should be louder;
and the shrouds of the ship, with a ghastful noise to them that
were in it, witnessed that their ruin was the wager of the
other's contention. Sidney, b. ii.
Full fast she fled, ne ever look'd behind;
As if her life upon the wager lay. Fairy Queen.
Besides these plates for horse-races, the wagers may be as
the persons please. Temple.
Factious, and fav'ring this or t'other side,
Their wagers back their wishes. Dryden.
If any atheist can stake his soul for a wager, against such
an inexhaustible disproportion; let him never hereafter accuse
others of credulity. Bentley's Sermons.
2. [In law.] An offer to make oath. See to wage in law.
Multiplication of actions upon the case were rare formerly, and
there by wager of law ousted, which discouraged many suits. Hale.

To WA’GER. v. a. [from the noun.] To lay; to pledge as a
bett; to pledge upon some casualty or performance.
'Twas merry, when you wager'd on your angling. Shakesp.
He that will lay much to stake upon every flying story,
may as well wager his estate which way the wind will sit
next morning. Government of the Tongue.
I feed my father's flock;
What can I wager from the common stock? Dryden.

WA’GES. n. s. See WAGE.

WA’GGERY. n. s. [from wag.] Mischievous merriment; ro­
guish trick; sarcastical gaiety.
'Tis not the waggeries or cheats practised among school­
boys, that make an able man; but the principles of justice,
generosity, and sobriety. Locke.

WA’GGISH. adj. [from wag] Knavishly merry; merrily mis­
chievous; frolicksome.
Change fear and niceness,
The handmaids of all women, or, more truly,
Woman its pretty self, to waggish courage. Shakespeare.
This new conceit is the waggish suggestion of some fly and
sculking atheists. More's Divine Dialogues.
A company of waggish boys watching of frogs at the side of
a pond, still as any of them put up their heads, they would
be pelting them down with stones. Children, says one of
the frogs, you never consider, that though this may be play
to you, 'tis death to us. L'Estrange.
As boys, on holidays let loose to play,
Lay waggish traps for girls that pass that way;
Then shout to see in dirt and deep distress
Some silly cit. Dryden.

WA’GGISHNESS. n. s. [from waggish.] Merry mischief.
A christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been
stoned for gagging, in a waggishness, a long billed fowl. Bacon.

To WA’GGLE. v. n. [wagghelen, German.] To waddle; to
move from side to side.
The sport Basilius would shew to Zelmane, was the
mounting of his hawk at a heron, which getting up on his
waggling wings with pain, as though the air next to the
earth were not fit for his great body to fly through, was now
grown to diminish the sight of himself. Sidney.
Why do you go nodding and waggling so, as if hip-shot?
says the goose to her gosseling. L'Estrange.

WA’GON. n. s. [wœgen, Sax. waeghens, Dutch; vagn, Islandick.]
1. A heavy carriage for burthens.
The Hungarian tents, were enclosed round with waggons,
one chained to another. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Waggons fraught with utensils of war. Milton.
2. A chariot. Not in use.
Now fair Phœbus 'gan decline in haste,
His weary waggon to the western vale. Spenser.


Then to her waggon she betakes,
And with her bears the witch. Spenser.
O Proserpina,
For the flowers now that frighted thou let'st fall
From Dis's waggon. Shakespeare.
Her waggon spokes made of long spinners legs;
The cover, of the wings of grasshoppers. Shakespeare.

WA’GONNER. n. s. [from wagon.] One who drives a wa­
gon.
By this, the northern waggoner had set
His sevenfold team behind the stedfast star,
That was in ocean waves yet never wet. Fairy Queen, b. i.
Gallop apace, you fi'ry-footed steeds,
Tow'rd Phœbus' mansion! such a waggoner
As Phaeton would whip you to the west. Shakespeare.
A waggoner took notice upon the creaking of a wheel,
that it was the worst wheel that made most noise. L'Estrange.
The waggoners that curse their standing teams,
Wou'd wake e'en drowsy Drusus from his dreams. Dryden.
I described to him the use and the nature of it; and the
next day the waggoners arrived with it. Gulliver's Travels.

WA’GTAIL. n. s. A bird. Ainsw.

WAI

WAID. v. a. [I suppose for weighed.] Crushed.
His horse waid in the back, and shoulder shotten. Shakesp.

WAIF. n. s. [wavium, waivium, law Lat. from wave.] Goods
found, but claim'd by no body; that of which every one
waves the claim. Commonly written weif. Ainsw.

To WAIL. v. a. [gualare, Italian.] To moan; to lament; to
bewail.
Wise men ne'er wail their present woes,
But presently prevent the ways to wail. Shakespeare.
Say, if my spouse maintains her royal trust?
Or if no more her absent lord she wails,
But the false woman o'er the wife prevails? Pope.

To WAIL. v. n. To grieve audibly; to express sorrow.
Son of man wail for the multitude. Ez. xxxii. 18.
I will wail and howl. Mic. i. 8.

WAIL. n. s. Audible sorrow.
Around the woods
She sighs her song, which with her wail resound. Thomson.

WA’ILING. n. s. [from wail.] Lamentation; moan; audible
sorrow.
The camp filled with lamentation and mourning, which
would be increased by the weeping and wailing of them,
which should never see their brethren. Knolles.
Other cries amongst the Irish, favour of the Scythian bar­
barism; as the lamentations of their burials, with despairful
outcries, and immoderate wailings. Spenser's Ireland.
Take up wailing for us, that our eyes may run down with
tears. Jer. ix. 18.
The wailings of a maiden I recite. Gay.

WA’ILFUL. adj. [from wail and full.] Sorrowful; mourn­
ful.
Lay lime to tangle her desires
By wailful sonnets, whose composed rhimes
Should be full fraught with serviceable vows. Shakespeare.

WAIN. n. s. [contracted from wagon.] A carriage.
There antient night arriving, did alight
From her high weary wain. Spenser.
Yours be the harvest; 'tis the beggar's gain,
To glean the fallings of the loaded wain. Dryden.

WA’INROPE. n. s. [wain and rope.] A large cord, with which
the load is tied on the wagon.
Oxen and wainropes cannot hale them together. Shakesp.

WA’INSCOT. n. s. [wageschot, Dutch.] The inner wooden co­
vering of a wall.
Some have the veins more varied and chambletted; as
oak, whereof wainscot is made. Bacon.
She never could part with plain wainscot and clean hang­
ings. Arbuthnot.
A rat your utmost rage defies,
That safe behind the wainscot lies. Swift.

To WA’INSCOT. v. a. [waegenschotten, Dutch.]
1. To line walls with boards.
Musick soundeth better in chambers wainscotted, than
hanged. Bacon.
2. To line in general.
It is most curiously lined, or wainscotted, with a white testa­
ceous crust, of the same substance and thickness with the
tubuli marini. Grew.
One side commands a view of the garden, and the other is
wainscotted with looking-glass. Addison's Guardian.

WAIR. n. s. [In carpentry.] A piece of timber two yards long,
and a foot broad. Bailey.

WAIST. n. s. [gwase, Welsh; from the verb gwasen, to press
or bind.]
1. The smallest part of the body; the part below the ribs.
The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair,
But ended foul in many a scaly fold,
Voluminous and vast. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ii.
She, as a veil, down to her slender waist;
Her unadorned golden tresses wore,
Dishevel'd. Milton's Par. Lost, b. iv.
They seiz'd, and with entangling folds embrac'd,
His neck twice compassing, and twice his waist. Denham.
Stiff stays constrain her slender waist. Gay.
2. The middle deck, or floor of a ship.
Sheets of water from the clouds are sent,
Which hissing through the planks, the flames prevent,
And stop the fiery pest: four ships alone
Burn to the waist, and for the fleet atone. Dryden.

To WAIT. v. a. [wachten, Dutch.]
1. To expect; to stay for.
Bid them prepare within;
I am to blame to be thus waited for. Shakespeare.
Aw'd with these words, in camps they still abide,
And wait with longing looks their promis'd guide. Dryden.
Such courage did the antient heroes show,
Who, when they might prevent, would wait the blow. Dry.
2. To attend; to accompany with submission or respect.
He chose a thousand horse, the flow'r of all
His warlike troops, to wait the funeral. Dryden.
3. To attend as a consequence of something.
Remorse and heaviness of heart shall wait thee,
And everlasting anguish be thy portion. Rowe.
4. To watch as an enemy.
He is waited for of the sword. Job xv. 22.

To WAIT. v. n.
1. To expect; to stay in expectation.
All the days of my appointed time will I wait till my
change come. Job xiv. 14.
The poultry stand
Waiting upon her charitable hand. Gay.
2. To pay servile or submissive attendance.
Though Syrinx your Pan's mistress were,
Yet Syrinx well might wait on her. Milton's Arcades.
One morning waiting on him at Causham, smiling upon
me, he said, he could tell me some news of myself. Denham.
Fortune and victory he did pursue,
To bring them, as his slaves, to wait on you. Dryden.
A parcel of soldiers robbed a farmer of his poultry, and
then made him wait at table. Swift.
3. To attend. A phrase of ceremony.
The dinner is on the table; my father desires your wor­
ship's company.—
—I will wait on him. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
4. To stay; not to depart from.
How shall we know when to wait for, when to decline
persecution. South's Sermons.
With Vulcan's rage the rising winds conspire,
And near our palace rolls the flood of fire:
Haste, my dear father, 'tis no time to wait,
And load my shoulders with a willing freight. Dryden.
I know, if I am deprived of you, I die:
But oh! I die, if I wait longer for you. A. Philips.
5. To stay by reason of some hindrance.
6. To look watchfully.
It is a point of cunning to wait upon him, with whom you
speak, with your eye, as the Jesuits give it in precept. Bacon.
7. To lie in ambush as an enemy.
Such ambush waited to intercept thy way. Milton.
8. To follow as a consequence.
It will import those men who dwell careless, to enter into
serious consultation how they may avert that ruin, which waits
on such a supine temper. Decay of Piety.

WAIT. n. s. Ambush; insidious and secret attempts.
If he hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die; he that
smote him shall be put to death. Num. xxxv. 20.
Why sat'st thou like an enemy in wait? Milton.

WA’ITER. n. s. [from wait.] An attendant; one who attends
for the accomodation of others.
Let the drawers be ready with wine and fresh glasses;
Let the waiters have eyes, though their tongues must be
ty'd. B. Johnson's Tavern Academy.
The least tart or pie,
By any waiter there stolen and set by. Bp. Corbet.
A man of fire is a general enemy to all the waiters where
you drink. Tatler, No. 61.
The waiters stand in ranks; the yeomen cry,
Make room. Swift.

WA’ITING gentlewoman. n. s. [from wait.] An upper ser­
vant, who attends on a lady in
her chamber.
WA’ITING maid. n. s. [from wait.] An upper ser­
vant, who attends on a lady in
her chamber.
WA’ITING woman. n. s. [from wait.] An upper ser­
vant, who attends on a lady in
her chamber.
He made me mad,
To talk so like a waiting-gentlewoman,
Of guns, and drums, and wounds. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Flibbertigibbet, prince of mopping and mowing, since pos­
sesses chamber-maids and waiting-women. Shakesp. K. Lear.
The waiting-woman might be conversant in romances. Swift.
The waiting-maid hopes to ingratiate herself. Swift.



WAK

To WAKE. v. n. [wakan, Gothick; wacian, Saxon; waecken,
Dutch.]
1. To watch; not to sleep.
All night she watch'd, ne once a-down would lay
Her dainty limbs in her sad dreriment,
But praying still did wake, and waking did lament. Spenser.
The father waketh for the daughter, and the care for her
taketh away sleep. Ecclus. xlii. 9.
Thou holdest mine eyes waking. Ps. lxxvii. 4.
In the valley of Jehoshaphat,
The judging God shall close the book of fate;
And there the last assizes keep,
For those who wake, and those who sleep. Dryden.
I cannot think any time, waking or sleeping, without be­
ing sensible of it. Locke.
Though wisdom wakes, suspicion sleeps. Milton.
2. To be roused from sleep.
Each tree stirr'd appetite, whereat I wak'd. Milton.
3. To cease to sleep.
The sisters awaked from dreams, which flattered them with
more comfort, than their waking would consent to. Sidney.
Come, thou powerful God,
And thy leaden charming rod,
Dipt in the Lethean lake,
O'er his watchful temples shake,
Lest he should sleep, and never wake. Denham.
4. To be put in action; to be excited.
Gentle airs to fan the earth now wak'd. Milton.

To WAKE. v. a. [weccian, Saxon; wecken, Dutch.]
1. To rouse from sleep.
They wak'd each other, and I stood and heard them. Sha.
The waggoners that curse their standing teams,
Wou'd wake e'en drowsy Drusus from his dreams. Dryden.
Shock, who thought she slept too long,
Leap'd up, and wak'd his mistress with his tongue. Pope.
2. To excite; to put in motion, or action.
Prepare war, wake up the mighty men; let them come
up. Joel iii. 9.
Thine, like Amphion's hand, had wak'd the stone,
And from destruction call'd the rising town;
Nor could he burn so fast, as thou couldst build. Prior.
What you've said,
Has wak'd a thought in me, which may be lucky. Rowe.
To wake the soul by tender strokes of art,
To raise the genius, and to mend the heart. Prol. to Cato.
3. To bring to life again, as if from the sleep of death.
To second life,
Wak'd in the renovation of the just. Milton.

WAKE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The feast of the dedication of the church, formerly kept by
watching all night.
Fill oven ful of flawnes, Ginnie passe not for sleepe,
Tomorrow thy father his wake-daie will keepe. Tusser.
The droiling peasant scarce thinks there is any world beyond
his village, nor gaiety beyond that of a wake. Gov. of Tongue.
Putting all the Grecian actors down,
And winning at a wake their parsley crown. Dryden.
Sometimes the vulgar will of mirth partake,
And have excessive doings at their wake. King's Art of Cook.
2. Vigils; state of forbearing sleep.
By dimpled brook, and fountain brim,
The wood-nymphs deckt with daisies trim,
Their merry wakes and pastimes keep:
What hath night to do with sleep? Milton.

WA’KEFUL. adj. [wake and full.] Not sleeping; vigilant.
Before her gate high God did sweat ordain,
And wakeful watches ever to abide. Spenser.
Why dost thou shake thy leaden sceptre? go,
Bestow thy poppy upon wakeful woe,
Sickness and sorrow, whose pale lids ne'er know
Thy downy finger; dwell upon their eyes,
Shut in their tears; shut out their miseries. Crashaw.
All thy fears,
Thy wakeful terrors, affrighting dreams,
Have now their full reward. Denham's Sophy.
Dissembling sleep, but wakeful with the fright,
The day takes off the pleasure of the night. Dryden.

WA’KEFULNESS. n. s. [from wakeful.]
1. Want of sleep.
Other perfumes are fit to be used in burning agues, con­
sumptions, and too much wakefulness. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Forbearance of sleep.

To WA’KEN. v. n. [from wake.] To wake; to cease from
sleep; to be roused from sleep.
Early Turnus wak'ning with the light,
All clad in armour, calls his troops to fight. Dryden.

To WA’KEN. v. a.
1. To rouse from sleep.
When he was waken'd with the noise,
And saw the beast so small;
What's this, quoth he, that gives so weak a voice,
That wakens men withal? Spenser.
A man that is wakened out of sleep. Zech. iv. 1.
We make no longer stay; go, waken Eve. Milton.
2. To excite to action.
Then Homer's and Tyrtæus' martial muse
Waken'd the world, and sounded loud alarms. Roscommon.
3. To produce; to bring forth.
They introduce
Their sacred song, and waken raptures high. Milton.

WA’KEROBIN. n. s. [A plant.] The leaves are entire, long,
and triangular at the base: the flower consists of one leaf,
shaped like an ass's eye: from the bottom of the flower rises
the pointal, with embryo's, each of which becomes a roundish
berry, containing seeds. Miller.

WAL

WALE. n. s. [well, Saxon; a web.] A rising part in the sur­
face of cloth.

To WALK. v. a. [walen, German; wealcan, Saxon, to roll.]
1. To move by leisurely steps, so that one foot is set down, be­
for the other is taken up.
What mean you, Cæsar? think you to walk forth? Sha.
A man was seen walking before the door very composedly. Cla.
2. It is used in the ceremonious language of invitation, for come
or go.
Sir, walk in.—
—I had rather walk here, I thank you. Shakespeare.
3. To move for exercise or amusement.
These bow'rs as wide as we need walk. Milton.
4. To move the slowest pace. Not to trot, gallop, or amble.
Applied to a horse.
5. To appear as a spectre.
The spirits of the dead
May walk again; if such thing be, thy mother
Appear'd to me last night. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
It then draws near the season
Wherein the spirit is wont to walk. Shakesp. Hamlet.
There were walking spirits of the house of York, as well
in Ireland as in England. Davies's Ireland.
Some say no evil thing that walks by night,
In fog, or fire, by lake, or moorish fen,
Blue meagre hag, or stubborn unlaid ghost,
That breaks his magick chains at curfew time;
No goblin, or swart fairy of the mine,
Hath hurtful pow'r o'er true virginity. Milton.
6. To act on any occasion.
Do you think I'd walk in any plot,
Where Madam Sempronia should take place of me,
And Fulvia come i' th' rear? B. Johnson.
7. To be in motion. Applied to a clamorous or abusive fe­
male tongue; and is still in low language retain'd.
As she went, her tongue did walk
In foul reproach, and terms of vile despight;
Provoking him by her outragious talk,
8. To act in sleep.
When was it she last walk'd?—
—I have seen her rise from her bed, unlock her closet,
take forth paper, fold it, write upon't, read it, and return to
bed; yet all this while in a most fast sleep. Shakesp. Macbeth.
9. To range; to move about.
Affairs that walk,
As they say spirits do at midnight, have
In them a milder nature, than the business
That seeks dispatch by day. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
10. To move off.
When he comes forth, he will make their cows and gar­
rans to walk, if he doth no other harm to their persons. Spens.
11. To act in any particular manner.
Do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with thy God. Mic.
If thou forget the Lord, and walk after other gods, ye
shall surely perish. Deut. viii. 19.
I'll love with fear the only God, and walk
As in his presence. Milton.
12. To travel.
The Lord hath blessed thee; he knoweth thy walking
through this wilderness. Deut. ii. 7.

To WALK. v. a.
1. To pass through.
I do not without danger walk these streets. Shakespeare.
No rich or noble knave,
Shall walk the world in credit to his grave. Pope.
2. To lead out, for the sake of air or exercise.

WALK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Act of walking for air or exercise.
Not walk by moon without thee, is sweet. Milton.
Her keeper by her side,
To watch her walks, his hundred eyes applied. Dryden.
Philander used to take a walk in a neighbouring wood. Addis.
I long to renew our old intercourse, our morning con­
ferences, and our evening walks. Pope.
2. Gait; step; manner of moving.
Morpheus, of all his numerous train, express'd
The shape of man, and imitated best;
The walk, the words, the gesture could supply,
The habit mimick, and the mien supply. Dryden.


3. A length of space, or circuit through which one walks.
He usually from hence to th' palace gate
Makes it his walk. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If that way be your walk, you have not far. Milton.
She would never miss one day,
A walk so fine, a sight so gay. Prior.
4. An avenue set with trees.
He hath left you all his walks,
His private harbours, and new-planted orchards,
On that side the Tiber. Shakespeare's Julius Cœsar.
Goodliest trees planted with walks and bow'rs. Milton.
5. Way; road; range; place of wandering.
The mountains are his walks, who wand'ring feeds
On slowly-springing herbs. Sandys's Paraphrase.
Set women in his eye, and in his walk,
Among daughters of men the fairest found. Milton.
Our souls, for want of that acquaintance here,
May wander in the starry walks above. Dryden.
That bright companion of the sun,
Whose glorious aspect seal'd our new-born king;
And now a round of greater years begun,
New influence from his walks of light did bring. Dryden.
Wanting an ampler sphere to expatiate in, he open'd a
boundless walk for his imagination. Pope.
6. [Turbo, Lat.] A fish. Ainsw.
7. Walk is the slowest or least raised pace, or going of a
horse. In a walk, a horse lifts two legs of a side, one after
the other, beginning with the hind leg first; as suppose that
he leads with the legs on his right side, then he lifts his far
hind foot first; and in the time that he is setting it down,
which in a step is always short of the tread of his fore foot
upon the same side, he lifts his far fore foot, and sets it down
before his near foot, and just as he lifts up his near hind foot,
and sets it down again just short of his near fore foot, and
just as he is setting it down, he lifts his near fore foot, and sets
it down just before his far fore foot. Farrier's Dict.

WA’LKER. n. s. [from walk.] One that walks.
I ride and walk, and am reputed the best walker in this
town. Swift to Gay.
May no such vicious walkers croud the street. Gay.

WA’LKINGSTAFF. n. s. A stick which a man holds to sup­
port him in walking.
The club which a man of an ordinary size could not lift,
was but a walking staff for Hercules. Glanville.

WALL. n. s. [wal, Welsh; vallum, Lat. pall, Saxon; walle,
Dutch.]
1. A series of brick or stone carried upwards, and cemented
with mortar; the sides of a building.
Poor Tom! that eats the wail-newt and the water­
newt. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Where though I mourn my matchless loss alone,
And none between my weakness judge and me;
Yet ev'n these gentle walls allow my moan,
Whose doleful echo's with my plaints agree. Wotton.
Part rise in crystal wall or ridge direct. Milton.
2. Fortification; works built for defence. In this sense it is
commonly used plurally.
With love's light wings did I o'erperch these walls;
For stony limits cannot hold out love. Shakespeare.
General, the walls are thine:
Witness the world, that I create thee here
My lord and master. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
A prey
To that proud city, whose high walls thou saw'st
Left in confusion. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
I rush undaunted to defend the walls. Dryden.
3. To take the wall. To take the upper place; not to give place.
I will take the wall of any man or maid of Mon­
tague's. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
When once the poet's honour ceases,
From reason far his transports rove:
And Boileau, for eight hundred pieces,
Makes Louis take the wall of Jove. Prior.

To WALL. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To inclose with walls.
There bought a piece of ground, which Birsa call'd,
From the bull's hide they first inclos'd and wall'd. Dryden.
2. To defend by walls.
The walled towns do work my greater woe:
The forest wide is fitter to resound
The hollow echo of my careful cries. Spenser.
His council advised him to make himself master of some
good walled town. Bacon's Hen. VII.
The Spaniards cast themselves continually into roundels,
their strongest ships walling in the rest. Bacon's War with Spain.
And terror of his name, that walls us in
From danger. Denham's Sophy.

WALLCREE’PER. n. s. A bird. Ainsw.

WA’LLET. n. s. [weallian, to travel, Saxon.]
1. A bag, in which the necessaries of a traveller are put; a knap­
sack.
Having entered into a long gallery, he laid down his wallet,
and spread his carpet, in order to repose himself upon it. Add.
2. Any thing protuberant and swagging.
Who would believe, that there were mountaincers
Dew-lapt like bulls, whose throats had hanging at them
Wallets of flesh. Shakespeare.

WALLE’YED. adj. [wall and eye.] Having white eyes.
Wall-eyed slave! whither wouldst thou convey
This growing image of thy fiend-like face? Shakespeare.

WA’LLFLOWER. n. s. See STOCKGILLIFLOWER, of which
it is a species.
Wallflowers are of several sorts; as the common ones, the
great single ones, the great double ones, the single white,
the double white, the double red, and the pale yellow; all
which flower about the end of March, and in May or
April. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WA’LLFRUIT. n. s. Fruit, which to be ripened, must be
planted against a wall.
To wallfruit and garden-plants, there cannot be a worse
enemy than snails. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To WA’LLOP. v. n. [wealan, to boil, Saxon.] To boil.

WA’LLOUSE. n. s. [cimex, Lat.] An insect. Ainsw.

To WALLOW. v. n. [walugan, Gothick; walwian, Saxon.]
1. To move heavily and clumsily.
Part, huge of bulk!
Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,
Tempest the ocean. Milton's Par. Lost, b. vii.
2. To roll himself in mire, or any thing filthy.
Gird thee with sackcloth, and wallow thyself in ashes. Jer. vi.
Dead bodies, in all places of the camp, wallowed in their
own blood. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
A boar was wallowing in the water, when a horse was go­
ing to drink. L'Estrange.
3. To live in any state of filth or gross vice.
God sees a man wallowing in his native impurity, delivered
over as an absolute captive to sin, polluted with its guilt, and
enslaved by its power; and in this most loathsome condition,
fixes upon him as an object of his distinguishing mercy. South.

A WA’LLOW. n. s. [from the verb.] A kind of rolling walk.
One taught the toss, and one the French new wallow;
His sword-knot this, his cravat that design'd. Dryden.

WALLRU’E. n. s. An herb. Ainsw.

WA’LLWORT. n. s. A plant, the same with dwarf-elder, or
danewort. See ELDER.

WA’LNUT. n. s. [walh hnuta, Saxon. nux juglans.] The cha­
racters are; it hath male flowers, or katkins, which are pro­
duced at remote distances from the fruit on the same tree;
the outer cover of the fruit is very thick and green, under
which is a rough hard shell, in which the fruit is inclosed,
surrounded with a thin skin: the kernel is deeply divided into
four lobes; and the leaves of the tree are pinnated or winged.
The species are, 1. The common walnut. 2. The large
French walnut. 3. The thin-shell'd walnut. 4. The dou­
ble walnut. 5. The late-ripe walnut. 6. The hard-shell'd
walnut. 7. The Virginian black walnut. 8. Virginian
black walnut, with a long furrowed fruit. 9. The hickery,
or white Virginian walnut. 10. The small hickery, or white
Virginian walnut. Miller.
'Tis a cockle, or a walnut-shell;
A knack, a toy. Shakesp Taming of the Shrew.
Help to search my house this one time; if I find not what
I seek, let them say of me, as jealous as Ford, that searcheth
a hollow walnut for his wife's leman. Shakespeare.
Some woods have the veins smooth as fir and walnut. Bacon.

WA’LLPEPPER. n. s. See HOUSELEEK, of which it is a species.

WA’LTRON. n. s.
The morse, or waltron, is called the sea-horse. Woodward.

To WA’MBLE. v. n. [wemmelen, Dutch.] To roll with nausea
and sickness. It is used of the stomach.
A covetous man deliberated betwixt the qualms of a wam­
bling stomach, and an unsettled mind. L'Estrange.

WAN

WAN. adj. [wann, Saxon; gwan, weakly, Welsh.] Pale, as
with sickness; languid of look.
Sad to view his visage pale and wane,
Who erst in flowers of freshest youth was clad. Fa. Queen.
All the charms of love,
Salt Cleopatra, soften thy wan lip!
Let witchcraft join with beauty. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Why so pale and wan, fond lover?
Pr'ythee, why so pale?
Will, when looking well can't move her,
Looking ill prevail? Suckling.
Their course through thickest constellations held,
Spreading their bane; the blasted stars look'd wan. Milton.
How chang'd from him,
Companion of my arms! how wan! how dim!
How faded all thy glories! Dryden.

WAN. for won; the old pret. of win.
And those with which th' Eubean young man wan
Swift Atalanta, when through craft he her outran. Spenser.


He wan the king with secrecy and diligence; but chiefly
because he was his old servant in his less fortunes. Bacon.

WAND. n. s. [vaand, Danish.]
1. A small stick, or twig; a long rod.
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands. Shakesp.
With a whip or wand, if you strike the air, the sharper
and quicker you strike it, the louder sound it giveth. Bacon.
His spear, to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great admiral, were but a wand. Milton.
A child runs away laughing, with good smart blows of a
wand on his back, who would have cried for an unkind
word. Locke on Education.
2. Any staff of authority, or use.
Though he had both spurs and wand, they seemed rather
marks of sovereignty, than instruments of punishment. Sidney.
He held before his decent steps a silver wand. Milton.
3. A charming rod.
Nay, lady, sit; if I but wave this wand,
Your nerves are all chain'd up in alabaster. Milton.
Picus bore a buckler in his hand;
His other wav'd a long divining wand. Dryden.

To WA’NDER. v. n. [wandrian, Saxon; wandelen, Dutch.]
1. To rove; to ramble here and there; to go, without any
certain course. It has always an ill sense.
I have no will to wander forth of doors. Shakespeare.
I will go lose myself,
And wander up and down to view the city. Shakespeare.
The old duke is banish'd; four loving lords have put them­
selves into exile with him, whose revenues enrich the new
duke; therefore he gives them good leave to wander. Shakesp.
Then came wand'ring by
A shadow like an angel, with bright hair
Dabbled in blood, and he shriek'd out aloud. Shakespeare.
They wandered about in sheeps and goats skins. Heb. xi.
Let them wander up and down for meat. Ps. lix.
From this nuptial bow'r,
How shall I part, and whither wander down
Into a lower world? Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Here should my wonder dwell, and here my praise;
But my fixt thoughts my wand'ring eye betrays. Denham.
A hundred years they wander on the shore. Dryden.
Virgil introduces his æneas in Carthage, before he brings
him to Laurentum; and even after that, he wanders to the
kingdom of Evander. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
2. To deviate; to go astray.
O let me not wander from thy commandments. Ps. cxix.
They give the reins to wand'ring thoughts,
'Till by their own perplexities involv'd,
They ravel more. Milton.

To WA’NDER. v. a. To travel over, without a certain course.
The nether flood
Runs diverse, wand'ring many a famous realm. Milton.
Those few escap'd
Famine and anguish, will at last consume,
Wand'ring that wat'ry desart. Milton's Par. Lost, b. ix.
See harness'd steeds desert the stony town,
And wander roads unstable, not their own. Gay.

WA’NDERER. n. s. [from wander.] Rover; rambler.
Nor for my peace will I go far,
As wanderers that still do roam;
But make my strengths such as they are,
Here in my bosom, and at home. B. Johnson.
He here to every thirsty wanderer,
By fly enticement, gives his baneful cup. Milton.
The whole people is a race of such merchants as are wan­
derers by profession, and at the same time are in all places in­
capable of lands or offices. Spectator, No 495.
Taste, that eternal wanderer, which flies,
From head to ears, and now from ears to eyes. Pope.

WA’NDERING. n. s. [from wander.]
1. Uncertain peregrination.
He asks the god, what new appointed home
Should end his wand'rings, and his toils relieve? Addison.
2. Aberration; mistaken way.
If any man's eagerness of glory has made him oversee the
way to it, let him now recover his wanderings. Decay of Piety.
3. Incertainty; want of being fixed.
A proper remedy for this wandering of thoughts, would do
great service to the studious. Locke.

To WANE. v. n. [wanian, to grow less, Saxon.]
1. To grow less; to decrease. Applied to the moon.
The husbandman, in sowing and setting, upon good reason
observes the waxing and waining of the moon. Hakewill.
Waining moons their settled periods keep,
To swell the billows, and ferment the deep. Addison.
2. To decline; to sink.
A lady far more beautiful
Than any woman in this waining age. Shakespeare.
I will interchange
My wained state for Henry's regal crown. Shakesp.
Your father were a fool
To give thee all; and his waining age
Set foot under thy table. Shakespeare.
In these confines slily have I lurk'd,
To watch the waining of mine enemies. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Nothing more jealous than a favourite, towards the wain­
ing time, and suspect of satiety. Wotton.
I'm waining in his favour, yet I love him. Dryden.
You saw but sorrow in its waining form,
A working sea remaining from a storm;
When the now weary waves roll o'er the deep,
And faintly murmur, ere they fall asleep. Dryden.
Land and trade ever will wax and wane together. Child.
Her waining form no longer shall incite
Envy in woman, or desire in man. Rowe's Jane Shore.

WANE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Decrease of the moon.
The sowing at the wane of the moon, is thought to make
the corn sound. Bacon.
Young cattle, that are brought forth in the full of the
moon, are stronger and larger than those that are brought
forth in the wane. Bacon.
This is fair Diana's case;
For all astrologers maintain,
Each night a bit drops off her face,
When mortals say she's in her wane. Swift.
2. Decline; diminution; declension.
You're cast upon an age, in which the church is in its
wane. South.

WA’NNED. adj. [from wan.] Turned pale and faint co­
loured.
Is it not monstrous that this player here,
But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,
Could force his soul so to his own conceit,
That, from her working, all his visage wann'd. Shakesp.

WA’NNESS. n. s. [from wan.] Paleness; languor.

To WANT. v. a. [wana, Saxon.]
1. To be without something sit or necessary.
Want no money, Sir John; you shall want none. Shakesp.
A man to whom God hath given riches, so that he
wanteth nothing for his soul of all that he desireth, yet God
giveth him not power to eat thereof. Eccl. vi. 2.
2. To be defective in something.
Smells do most of them want names. Locke.
Nor can this be,
But by fulfilling that which thou didst want,
Obedience to the law. Milton.
3. To fall short of; not to contain.
Nor think, though men were none,
That heav'n wou'd want spectators, God want praise. Milt.
4. To be without; not to have.
By descending from the thrones above,
Those happy places, thou hast deign'd a-while
To want, and honour these. Milton's Par. Lost.
How loth I am to have recourse to rites
So full of horror, that I once rejoice
I want the use of sight. Dryden and Lee's Oedipus.
The unhappy never want enemies. Clarissa.
5. To need; to have need of; to lack.
It hath caused a great irregularity in our calendar, and
wants to be reformed, and the equinox to be rightly com­
puted. Holder.
God, who sees all things intuitively, does not want helps;
he neither stands in need of logick, nor uses it. Baker.
6. To wish for; to long for.
Down I come, like glist'ring Phaeton,
Wanting the manage of unruly jades. Shakespeare.
The sylvans to their shades retire,
Those very shades and streams new shades and streams re­
quire,
And want a cooling breeze of wind to fan the raging fire. Dry.
What wants my son? for know
My son thou art, and I must call thee so. Addison's Ovid.
Men who want to get a woman into their power, seldom
scruple the means. Clarissa.

To WANT. v. n.
1. To be wanted; to be improperly absent; not to be in suffi­
cient quantity.
Nor did there want cornice or freeze. Milton.
Finds wealth where 'tis, bestows it where it wants;
Cities in desarts, woods in cities plants. Denham.
We have the means in our hands, and nothing but the ap­
plication of them is wanting. Addison.
As in bodies, thus in souls, we find
What wants in blood and spirits, swell'd with wind. Pope.
The design, the disposition, the manners, and the thoughts,
are all before it; where any of those are wanting, or imper­
fect, so much wants in the imitation of human life. Dryden.
2. To fail; to be deficient.
Nor shall I to the work thou enterprisest
Be wanting, but afford thee equal aid. Milton.


Though England is not wanting in a learned nobility, yet
unhappy circumstances have confined me to a narrow
choice. Dryden's Dedication to Lord Clifford.
Whatever fortune, good or bad betide,
No time shall find me wanting to my truth. Dryden.
Religion will never be without enemies, nor those enemies
be wanting in endeavours to expose it to the contempt of
mankind. Rogers's Sermons.
Several are against his severe usage of you, and would be
glad of an occasion to convince the rest of their error, if you
will not be wanting to yourself. Swift.
3. To be missed; to be not had.
Twelve, wanting one, he slew,
My brethren: I alone surviv'd. Dryden.
Granivorous animals have a long colon and cæcum, which
in carnivorous are wanting. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

WANT. n. s.
1. Need.
It infers the good
By thee communicated, and our want. Milton.
Parents should distinguish between the wants of fancy, and
those of nature. Locke.
2. Deficiency.
This proceeded not from any want of knowledge, but of
judgment. Dryden.
One objection to Civita Vecchia, is, that the air is not
wholesome: this proceeds from want of inhabitants. Addison.
The blood flows through the vessels, by the excess of the
force of the heart above the incumbent pressure, which in fat
people is excessive; and as want of a due quantity of mo­
tion of the fluids increaseth fat, the disease is the cause of
itself. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
3. The state of not having.
You shall have no reason to complain of me, for want of a
generous disdain of this world. Pope.
4. Poverty; penury; indigence.
Nothing is so hard for those who abound in riches, as to
conceive how others can be in want. Swift.
5. [wand, Saxon.] A mole.

WA’NTON. n. s. [This word is derived by Minshew from want
one, a man or woman that wants a companion. This ety­
mology, however odd, Junius silently adopts. Skinner, who
had more acuteness, cannot forbear to doubt it, but offers
nothing better.]
1. Lascivious; libidinous; letcherous; lustful.
Thou art froward by nature, enemy to peace,
Lascivious, wanton; more than well beseems
A man of thy profession. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
Entic'd to do him wanton rites. Milton.
2. Licentious; dissolute.
My plenteous joys,
Wanton in fulness, seek to hide themselves
In drops of sorrow. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Men grown wanton by prosperity,
Study'd new arts of luxury and ease. Roscommon.
3. Frolicksome; gay; sportive; airy.
As flies to wanton boys, we are to th' gods:
They kill us for their sport. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Note a wild and wanton herd,
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts,
Fetching mad bounds. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Time drives the flocks from field to fold;
The flow'rs do fade, and wanton fields
To wayward winter reckoning yields. Raleigh.
How eagerly ye follow my disgrace,
As if it fed ye; and how sleek and wanton
Y'appear, in every thing may bring my ruin. Shakespeare.
4. Loose; unrestrained.
How does your tongue grow wanton in her praise! Addis.
5. Quick, and irregular of motion.
6. Luxuriant; superfluous.
What we by day lop overgrown,
One night or two, with wanton growth derides,
Tending to wild. Milton.
Women richly gay in gems and wanton dress. Milton.
7. Not regular; turned fortuitously.
The quaint mazes in the wanton green,
For want of tread are undistinguishable. Milton.

WA’NTON. n. s.
1. A lascivious person; a strumpet; a whoremonger.
An old wanton will be doating upon women, when he can
scarce see without spectacles. South's Sermons.
To lip a wanton in a secure couch,
And to suppose her chaste. Shakesp. Othello.
2. A trifler; an insignificant flutterer.
Shall a beardless boy,
A cocker'd, silken wanton brave your fields,
Mocking the air with colours idly spread,
And find no check? Shakespeare's K. John.
Pass with your best violence;
I am afraid you make a wanton of me. Shakepeare's Hamlet.
3. A word of slight endearment.
Peace, my wantons; he will do,
More than you can aim unto. B. Johnson.

To WA’NTON. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To play lasciviously.
He from his guards and midnight tent,
Disguis'd o'er hills and vallies went,
To wanton with the sprightly dame,
And in his pleasure lost his fame. Prior.
2. To revel; to play.
Oh! I heard him wann in his praise;
Speak things of him might charm the ears. Otway.
Nature here
Wanton'd as in her prime, and play'd at will
Her virgin fancies. Milton.
O ye muses! deign your blest retreat,
Where Horace wantons at your spring,
And Pindar sweeps a bolder string. Fenton.
3. To move nimbly, and irregularly.

WA’NTONLY. adv. [from wanton.] Lasciviously; frolicksome­
ly; gayly; sportively; carelessly.
Thou dost but try how far I can forbear,
Nor art that monster which thou wouldst appear:
But do not wantonly my passion move,
I pardon nothing that relates to love. Dryden.

WA’NTONNESS. n. s. [from wanton.]
1. Lasciviousness; letchery.
The spirit of wantonness is scar'd out of him. Shakesp.
Bulls and goats bled apace; but neither the violence of the
one, nor the wantonness of the other, ever died a victim at
any of their altars. South.
2. Sportiveness; frolick; humour.
When I was in France,
Young would be as sad as night,
Only for wantonness. Shakesp. K. John.
Love, rais'd on beauty, will like that decay;
Our hearts may bear its slender chain a day:
As flow'ry bands in wantonness are worn,
A morning's pleasure, and at evening torn. Pope.
3. Licentiousness; negligence of restraint.
The tumults threatened to abuse all acts of grace, and
turn them into wantonness. K. Charles.
'Till wantonness and pride
Raise out of friendship hostile deeds in peace. Milton.

WA’NTWIT. n. s. [want and wit.] A fool; an idiot.
Such a wantwit sadness makes of me,
That I have much ado to know myself. Shakespeare.

WA’NTY. n. s. [I know not whence derived.] A broad girth of
leather, by which the load is bound upon the horse.
A panel and wanty, pack-saddle and ped,
With line to fetch litter. Tusser.

WA’PED. adj. [Of this word I know not the original, except
that to whape, to shock, or deject, is found in Spenser; from
which the meaning may be gathered.] Dejected; crushed by
misery.
This makes the waped widow wed again. Shakespeare.

WA’PENTAKE. n. s. [from wœpun, Saxon, and take, wapen­
takium, wapentagium, low Latin.]
Wapentake is all one with what we call a hundred: as
upon a meeting for that purpose, they touched each other's
weapons, in token of their fidelity and allegiance. Cowel.
Hundred signifieth a hundred pledges, which were under
the command and assurance of their alderman; which, as I
suppose, was also called a wapentake, so named, of touching
the weapon or spear of their alderman, and swearing to fol­
low him faithfully, and serve their prince truly. But others
think, that a wapentake was ten hundreds, or boroughs. Spenser.

WAR

WAR. n. s. [werre, old Dutch; guerre, Fr.]
War may be defined the exercise of violence under sove­
reign command against withslanders; force, authority, and
resistance being the essential parts thereof. Violence, limited
by authority, is sufficiently distinguished from robbery, and
the like outrages; yet consisting in relation towards others,
it necessarily requires a supposition of resistance, whereby the
force of war becomes different from the violence inflicted
upon slaves or yielding malefactors. Raleigh.
On, you noblest English,
Whose blood is fetcht from fathers of war proof. Shakesp.
After a denunciation or indiction of war, the war is no more
confined to the place of the quarrel, but left at large. Bacon.
I saw the figure and armour of him, that headed the pea­
sants in the war upon Bern, with the several weapons found
on his followers. Addison.
2. The instruments of war, in poetical language.
The god of love inhabits there,
With all his rage, and dread, and grief, and care;
His complement of stores, and total war. Prior.
3. Forces; army. Poetically.
On th' embattled ranks the waves return,
And overwhelm the war. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
4. The profession of arms.


Thine almighty word leapt down from heaven, as a fierce
man of war into the midst of a land of destruction. Wisdom.
5. Hostility; state of opposition; act of opposition.
Duncan's horses
Turn'd wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out,
Contending 'gainst obedience, as they would
Make war with man. Shakespeare's Macbeth.

To WAR. v. n. [from the noun ] To make war; to be in a
state of hostility.
Was this a face,
To be expos'd against the warring winds? Shakesp.
Why should I war without the walls of Troy,
That find such cruel battle here within? Shakespeare.
Make peace with God, for you must die, my lord.—
—Have you that holy feeling in your soul,
To counsel me to make my peace with God,
And are you yet to your own soul's so blind,
That you will war with God, by murd'ring me? Shakesp.
He teacheth my hands to war. 2 Sam. xxii.
This charge I commit unto thee, son Timothy, that thou
by them mightest war a good warfare. 1 Tim. i. 18.
He limited his forces, to proceed in aid of the Britons, but
in no wise to war upon the French. Bacon's Hen. VII.
We seem ambitious God's whole work t' undo;
With new diseases on ourselves we war,
And with new physick, a worse engine far. Donne.
His next design
Was all the Theban race in arms to join,
And war on Theseus. Dryden.
To the island of Delos, by being reckoned a sacred place,
nations warring with one another resorted with their goods,
and traded as in a neutral country. Arbuthnot on Coins.

To WAR. v. a. To make war upon. A word not any longer
used.
And them long time before great Nimrod was,
That first the world with sword and fire warred. Spenser.
To them the same was render'd, to the end,
To war the Scot, and borders to defend. Daniel's Civ. War.

To WA’RBLE. v. a. [werben, old Teutonick; wervelen, Ger­
man; to twirl, or turn round.]
1. To quaver any sound.
2. To cause to quaver.
Follow me as I sing,
And touch the warbled string. Milton.
3. To utter musically.
She can thaw the numbing spell,
If she be right invok'd with warbled song. Milton.

To WA’RBLE. v. n.
1. To be quavered.
Such strains ne'er warble in the linnet's throat. Gay.
2. To be uttered melodiously.
A plaining song, plain-singing voice requires,
For warbling notes from inward cheering flow. Sidney.
There birds resort, and in their kind, thy praise
Among the branches chant in warbling lays. Wotton.
3. To sing.
Creatures that liv'd and mov'd, and walk'd, or flew;
Birds on the branches wabling; all things smil'd. Milton.
She wabled in her throat,
And tun'd her voice to many a merry note,
But indistinct. Dryden.
A bard amid the joyous circle sings
High airs attemper'd to the vocal strings;
Whilst warbling to the varied strain advance,
Two sprightly youths to form the bounding dance. Pope.

WA’RBLER. n. s. [from warble.] A singer; a songster.
Hark! on ev'ry bough,
In lulling strains the feather'd warblers woo. Tickell.

WARD. A syllable much used as an affix in composition, as
heavenward, with tendency to heaven; hitherward, this way;
from weard, Saxon
Before she could come to the arbour, she saw walking
from her-ward, a man in shepherdish apparel. Sidney.

To WARD. v. a. [weardian, Saxon; waren, Dutch; garder,
French.]
1. To guard; to watch.
He marched forth towards the castle wall,
Whose gates he sound fast shut, ne living wight
To ward the same, nor answer comer's call. Fairy Queen.
2. To defend; to protect.
Tell him it was a hand that warded him
From thousand dangers, bid him bury it. Shakespeare.
3. To fence off; to obstruct, or turn aside any thing mischie­
vous.
Not once the baron lift his armed hand
To strike the maid, but gazing on her eyes,
Where lordly Cupid seem'd in arms to stand,
No way to ward or shun her blows he tries. Fairfax.
Up and down he traverses his ground;
Now wards a felling blow, now strikes again. Daniel.
Toxeus amaz'd, and with amazement slow,
Or to revenge, or ward the coming blow,
Stood doubting; and while doubting thus he stood,
Receiv'd the steel bath'd in his brother's blood. Dryden.
The pointed javelin warded off his rage. Addison.
The provision of bread for food; cloathing to ward off
the inclemency of the air, were to be first look'd after. Woodw.
It instructs the scholar in the various methods of warding
off the force of objections, and of discovering and repelling
the subtle tricks of sophisters. Watts's Improv. of the Mind.

To WARD. v. n.
1. To be vigilant; to keep guard.
2. To act upon the defensive with a weapon.
So redoubling her blows, drove the stranger to no other
shift than to ward and go back. Sidney, b. ii.
Short crooked swords in closer fight they wear,
And on their warding arms light bucklers bear. Dryden.

WARD. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Watch; act of guarding.
Still when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. Spenser.
Sublime on these a tow'r of steel is rear'd;
And dire Tisiphone there keeps the ward.
Girt in her fanguine gown, by night and day,
Observant of the souls that pass the downward way. Dryden.
2. Garrison; those who are intrusted to keep a place.
By reason of these two forts, though there be but
small wards left in them, there are two good towns now
grown, which are the greatest stay of both those two coun­
tries. Spenser.
Th' assieged castles ward
Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintain. Spenser.
3. Guard made by a weapon in fencing.
Thou know'st my old ward; here I lay, and thus I bore
my point. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
Come from thy ward,
For I can here disarm thee with this stick. Shakesp. Tempest.
Now, by proof it shall appear,
Whether thy horns are sharper, or my spear.
At this, I threw: for want of other ward,
He lifted up his hand, his front to guard. Dryden.
4. Fortress; strong hold.
She dwells securely on the excellency of her honour. Now
could I come to her with any detection in my hand, I could
drive her from the ward of her purity, her reputation, and a
thousand other her defences, which now are too too strongly
embattled against me. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
5. [Warda, law Lat.] District of a town.
Throughout the trembling city plac'd a guard,
Dealing an equal share to every ward. Dryden.
6. Custody; confinement.
That wretched creature being deprehended in that impiety,
was held in ward. Hooker.
Stopt there was his too veh'ment speech with speed,
And he sent close to ward from where he stood. Daniel.
7. The part of a lock, which, corresponding to the proper
key, hinders any other from opening it.
In the key-hole turns
Th' intricate wards, and ev'ry bolt and bar. Milton.
As there are locks for several purposes, so are there several
inventions in the making and contriving their wards, or
guards. Moxon's Mech. Exer.
The keys, as well as the locks, were fitted ward to ward,
by the same wisdom. Grew's Cosmology.
8. One in the hands of a guardian.
The king causeth bring up his wards, but bestoweth no
more of their rents upon them than is useful. Drummond.
You know our father's ward,
The fair Monimia: is your heart at peace?
Is it so guarded that you could not love her? Otway.
Thy Violante's heart was ever thine,
Compell'd to wed, before she was my ward. Dryden.
When stern as tutors, and as uncles hard,
We lash the pupil, and defraud the ward. Dryden.
Titles of honour and privileges, the rich and the great can
never deserve, unless they employ them for the protection of
these, the true wards and children of God. Sprat.
9. The state of a child under a guardian.
I must attend his majesty's command, to whom I am now
in ward, evermore in subjection. Shakespeare.
Lewis the eleventh of France having much abated the
greatness and power of the peers, would say, that he had
brought the crown out of ward. Bacon.
10. Guardianship; right over orphans.
It is also inconvenient in Ireland, that the wards and mar­
riages of gentlemen's children should be in the disposal of
any of those lords. Spenser.

WA’RDEN. n. s. [waerden, Dutch.]
1. A keeper; a guardian.
2. A head officer.
The warden of apothecaries hall. Garth.


3. Warden of the cinque ports.
A magistrate that has the jurisdiction of those havens in the
east part of England, commonly called the cinque ports, or
five havens, who has there all that jurisdiction which the ad­
miral of England has in places not exempt. The reason why
one magistrate should be assigned to these havens seems to be,
because in respect of their situation, they formerly required
a more vigilant care than other havens, being in greater dan­
ger of invasion by our enemies. Cowel.
4. [Pyrum volemum, Lat. I know not whence denominated.] A
large pear.
Nor must all shoots of pears alike be set,
Crustumian, Syrian pears, and wardens great. May's Virg.
Ox-cheek when hot, and wardens bak'd some cry.
King.

WA’RDER. n. s. [from ward.]
1. A keeper; a guard.
Upon those gates with force he fiercely flew,
And rending them in pieces, felly slew
Those warders strange, and all that else he met. Hubberd.
Where be these warders, that they wait not here?
Open the gates. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
Though bladed corn be lodg'd and trees blown down,
Though castles topple on their warders heads. Shakespeare.
The warders of the gate but scarce maintain
Th' unequal combat, and resist in vain. Dryden.
2. A truncheon by which an officer of arms forbade fight.
Sound trumpets, and set forward combatants.
—But stay, the king hath thrown his warder down.
Shakespeare.
Then, then, when there was nothing could have staid
My father from the breast of Bolingbroke,
O, when the king did throw his warder down,
His own life hung upon the staff he threw. Shakespeare.

WA’RDMOTE. n. s. [weard and mot, or gemot, Saxon; warde­
motus, low Lat.] A meeting; a court held in each ward or dis­
trict in London for the direction of their affairs.

WA’RDROBE. n. s. [garderobe, French; garderoba, low Lat.] A
room where cloaths are kept.
The third had of their wardrobe custody,
In which were not rich tires nor garments gay,
The plumes of pride, and wings of vanity,
But cloaths meet to keep keen cold away. Fairy Queen.
I will kill all his coats,
I'll murder all his wardrobe piece by piece
Until I meet the king. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Behold!
What from his wardrobe her belov'd allows,
To deck the wedding day of his unspotted spouse. Dryden.
It would not be an impertiment design to make a kind of
an old Roman wardrobe, where you should see toga's and tu­
nica's, the chlamys and trabea, and all the different vests and
ornaments so often mentioned in the Greek and Roman au­
thors. Addison.

WA’RDSHIP. n. s. [from ward.]
1. Guardianship.
By reason of the tenures in chief revived, the sums for re­
spect of homage be encreased, and the profits of wardships can­
not but be much advanced. Bacon.
2. Pupillage; state of being under ward.
The houses sued out their livery, and redeemed themselves
from the wardship of tumults. King Charles.

WARE. The preterite of wear, more frequently wore.
A certain man ware no cloaths. Luke viii. 27.

WARE. adj [For this we commonly say aware.]
1. Being in expectation of; being provided against.
The lord of that servant shall come in a day when he look­
eth not for him, and in an hour that he is not ware of him.
Matth. xxiv. 50.
2. Cautious; wary.
What man so wise, what earthly wit so ware,
As to descry the crafty cunning train
By which deceit doth mask in Vizor fair. Fairy Queen.
Bid her well be ware and still erect. Milton.

To WARE. v. n. To take heed of; to beware.
A shuffled, sullen, and uncertain light
That dances through the clouds, and shuts again,
Then ware a rising tempest on the main. Dryden.

WARE. n. s. [warn, Saxon; waere, Dutch; wara, Swedish.]
Commonly something to be sold.
Let us, like merchants, shew our foulest wares,
And think, perchance, they'll fell. Shakespeare.
If the people bring ware or any victuals to sell, that we
would not buy it. Nehem. x. 31.
I know thou whole art but a shop
Of toys and trifles, traps and snares,
To take the weak, and make them stop;
Yet art thou falser than thy wares. Ben. Johnson.
Why should my black thy love impair?
Let the dark shop commend the ware. Cleaveland.
He turns himself to other wares which he finds your mar­
kets take off. Locke.

WA’REFUL. adj. [ware and full.] Cautious; timorously pru­
dent.

WA’REFULNESS. n. s. [from wareful.] Cautiousness. Obsolete:
With pretence from Strephon her to guard,
He met her full; but full of warefulness. Sidney.

WA’REHOUSE. n. s. [ware and house.] A storehouse of mer­
chandise.
His understanding is only the warehouse of other mens lum­
ber, I mean false and unconcluding reasonings rather than a
repository of truth for his own use. Locke.
She had never more ships at sea, greater quantities of mer­
chandise in her warehouses than at present. Addison.
She the big warehouse built,
Rais'd the strong crane. Thomson's Autumn.

WA’RELESS. adj. [from ware.] Uncautious; unwary. Spens.

WA’RELY. adv. [from ware.] Warily; cautiously; timorously.
They bound him hand and foot with iron chains,
And with continual watch did warely keep. Fairy Queen.

WA’RFARE. n. s. [war and fare.] Military service; mili­
tary life.
In the wilderness
He shall first lay down the rudiments
Of his great warfare, ere I send him forth
To conquer sin and death. Milton's Paradise Regained.
Faithful hath been your warfare, and of God
Accepted, fearless in his righteous cause. Milton.
Tully, when he read the Tactics, was thinking on the bar
which was his field of battle: the knowledge of warfare is
thrown away on a general who does not make use of what he
knows. Dryden.
The state of Christians, even when they are not actually
persecuted, is a perpetual state of warfare and voluntary suf­
ferings. Atterbury's Sermons.
The scripture has directed us to refer these miscarriages in
our Christian warfare to the power of three enemies. Rogers.

To WA’REFARE. v. n. [from the noun.] To lead a military
life.
That was the only amulet in that credulous warfaring age
to escape dangers in battles. Camden's Romains.

WA’RHABLE. adj. [war and habile, from habilis, Lat. or able.]
Military; fit for war.
The weary Britons, whose warhable youth
Was by Maximilian lately led away,
With wretched miseries and woeful ruth,
Were to those pagans made an open prey. Fairy Queen.

WA’RILY. adv. [from wary.] Cautiously; with timorous pru­
dence; with wise forethought.
The charge thereof unto a courteous sp'rit
Commended was, who thereby did attend,
And warily awaited day and night,
From other covetous fiends it to defend. Fairy Queen.
The change of laws, especially concerning matters of reli­
gion, must be warily proceeded in. Hooker.
It will concern a man to treat conscience awfully and warily,
by still observing what it commands, but especially what it for­
bids. South's Sermons.
They searched diligently and concluded warily. Sprat.

WA’RINESS. n. s. [from wary.] Caution; prudent forethought;
timorous scrupulousness.
For your own conscience he gives innocence,
But for your fame a discreet wariness. Donne.
To determine what are little things in religion, great wa­
riness is to be used. Sprat's Sermons.
The path was so very slippery, the shade so exceeding
gloomy, and the whole wood so full of echoes, that they were
forced to march with the greatest wariness, circumspection and
silence. Addison's Freeholder.
Most men have so much of ill nature, or of wariness, as
not to sooth the vanity of the ambitious man. Addison.
I look upon it to be a most clear truth; and expressed it
with more wariness and reserve than was necessary. Atterbury.

WARK. n s. [Anciently used for work; whence bulwark.]
building.
Thou sindest fault where any's to be found,
And buildest strong wark upon a weak ground. Spenser.

WA’RLIKE. n. s. [war and like.]
1. Fit for war; disposed to war.
She using so strange, and yet so well succeeding a temper,
made her people by peace warlike. Sidney.
Old Siward with ten thousand warlike men,
All ready at appoint, was setting forth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
When a warlike state grows soft and effeminate, they may
be sure of a war. Bacon.
O imprudent Gauls,
Relying on false hopes, thus to incense
The warlike English. Philips.
2. Military; relating to war.
The great arch-angel from his warlike toil
Surceas'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.

WAR’LING. n. s. [from war.] This word is I believe only
found in the following adage, and seems to mean, one often
quarrelled with.


Better be an old man's darling than a young man's war­
ling. Camden's Remains.

WA’RLOCK. n. s. [vardlookr, Islandick, a charm; werlog,
Saxon, an evil spirit. This etymology was com­
municated by Mr. Wise.] A male witch; a wizzard.

WA’RLUCK. n. s. [vardlookr, Islandick, a charm; werlog,
Saxon, an evil spirit. This etymology was com­
municated by Mr. Wise.] A male witch; a wizzard.
Warluck in Scotland is applied to a man whom the vulgar
suppose to be conversant with spirits, as a woman who car­
ries on the same commerce is called a witch: he is supposed
to have the invulnerable quality which Dryden mentions, who
did not understand the word.
He was no warluck, as the Scots commonly call such men,
who they say are iron free or lead free. Dryden.

WARM. adj. [warm, Gothick; wearm, Sax. warm, Dutch.]
1. Not cold, though not hot; heated to a small degree.
He stretched himself upon the child, and the flesh of the
child waxed warm. 2 Kings iv. 34.
Main ocean flow'd, not idle, but with warm
Prolifick humour, soft'ning all her globe. Milton.
2. Zealous; ardent.
I never thought myself so warm in any party's cause as to
deserve their money. Pope.
Scaliger in his poetics is very warm against it.
Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.
3. Violent; furious; vehement.
Welcome day-light; we shall have warm work on't:
The Moor will 'gage
His utmost forces on his next assault,
To win a queen and kingdom. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
4. Busy in action.
I hate the ling'ring summons to attend,
Death all at once would be a nobler end;
Fate is unkind: methinks a general
Should warm, and at the head of armies fall. Dryden.
5. Fanciful; enthusiastick.
If there be a sober and a wise man, what difference will there
be between his knowledge and that of the most extravagant
fancy in the world? If there be any difference between them,
the advantage will be on the warm-headed man's side, as hav­
ing the more ideas, and the more lively. Locke.

To WARM. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To free from cold; to heat in a gentle degree.
It shall be for a man to burn, for he shall take thereof and
warm himself. Isa. xliv. 15.
There shall not be a coal to warm at, nor fire to sit before
it. Isa. xlvii. 14.
The mounted sun
Shot down direct his fervid rays to warm
Earth's inmost womb. Milton.
These soft fires with kindly heat
Of various influence, foment and warm. Milton.
2. To heat mentally; to make vehement.
The action of Homer being more full of vigour than that
of Virgil, is more pleasing to the reader: one warms you by
degrees, the other sets you on fire all at once, and never in­
termits his heat. Dryden.

WA’RMINGPAN. n. s. [warm and pan.] A covered brass pan
for warming a bed by means of hot coals.

WA’RMINGSTONE. n s. [warm and stone.] To these useful
stones add the warming-stone, digged in Cornwall, which be­
ing once well heated at the fire retains its warmth a great
while, and hath been found to give ease in the internal hæ­
morrhoids. Ray on the Creation.

WA’RMLY. adv. [from warm.]
1. With gentle heat.
There the warming sun first warmly smote
The open field. Milton.
2. Eagerly; ardently.
Now I have two right honest wives
One to Atrides I will send,
And t'other to my Trojan friend;
Each prince shall thus with honour have
What both so warmly seem to crave. Prior.
The ancients expect you should do them right in the ac­
count you intend to write of their characters: I hope you
think more warmly than ever of that design. Pope.

WA’RMNESS. n. s. [from warm.]

WARMTH. n. s. [from warm.]
1. Gentle heat.
Then am I the prisoner, and his bed my goal; from the
loathed warmth whereof deliver me. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Cold plants have a quicker perception of the heat of the sun
encreasing than the hot herbs have; as a cold hand will sooner
find a little warmth than an hot. Bacon's Natural History.
He vital virtue infus'd, and vital warmth
Throughout the fluid mass. Milton.
Here kindly warmth their mounting juice ferments
To nobler tastes, and more exalted scents. Addison.
2. Zeal; passion; fervour of mind.
What warmth is there in your affection towards any of
these princely suitors that are already come? Shakespeare.
Our duties towards God and man, we should perform with
that unfeigned integrity which belongs to Christian piety;
with that temper and sobriety which becomes Christian pru­
dence and charity; with that warmth and affection which
agrees with Christian zeal. Sprat's Sermons.
Your opinion that it is entirely to be neglected, would have
been my own, had it been my own case; but I felt more
warmth here than I did when first I saw his book against my­
self. Pope.
3. Fancifulness; enthusiasm.
The same warmth of head disposes men to both. Temple.

To WARN. v. a. [wærman, Saxon; waernen, Dutch; warna,
Swedish; varna, Islandick.]
1. To caution against any fault or danger; to give previous no­
tice of ill.
What do'st thou scorn me for my gentle counsel?
And sooth the devil that I warn thee from? Shakespeare.
Our first parents had been warn'd
The coming of their secret foe, and 'scap'd
His mortal snare. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The hand can hardly lift up itself high enough to strike, but
it must be seen; so that it warns while it threatens; but a
false infidious tongue may whisper a lie so close and low, that
though you have ears to hear yet you shall not hear. South.
Juturna warns the Daunian chief,
Of Lausus' danger, urging swist relief. Dryden.
If we consider the mistakes in mens disputes and notions,
how great a part is owing to words, and their uncertain or
mistaken significations; this we are the more carefully to be
warned of, because the arts of improving it have been made the
business of mens study. Locke.
The father, whilst he warn'd his erring son,
The sad examples which he ought to shun
Describ'd. Prior.
When first young Maro sung of kings and wars,
Ere warning Phœbus touch'd his trembling ears,
Perhaps he seem'd above the critick's law,
And but from nature's fountains scorn'd to draw. Pope.
2. To admonish of any duty to be performed, or practice or
place to be avoided or forsaken.
Cornelius was warned from God by an holy angel to send
for thee. Acts x. 22.
He had chidden the rebellious winds for obeying the com­
mand of their usurping master: he had warned them from
the seas; he had beaten down the billows. Dryden.
3. To notify previously good or bad.
He wonders to what end you have assembled
Such troops of citizens to come to him,
His grace not being warn'd thereof before. Shakespeare.
He charg'd the soldiers with preventing care,
Their flags to follow, and their arms prepare,
Warn'd of the ensuing fight, and bade 'em hope the war.
Dryden's æneid.
Man, who knows not hearts, should make examples,
Which like a warning-piece must be shot off,
To fright the rest from crimes. Dryden's Spanish Friar.

WA’RNING. n. s. [from warn.]
1. Caution against faults or dangers; previous notice of ill.
I will thank the Lord for giving me warning in the night. Ps.
He groaning from the bottom of his breast,
This warning in these mournful words exprest. Dryden.
Here wretched Phlegias warns the world with cries,
Could warning make the world more just or wise. Dryden.
You have fairer warning than others who are unexpectedly
cut off, and so have a better opportunity, as well as greater
engagements to provide for your latter end. Wake.
A true and plain relation of my misfortunes may be of use
and warning to credulous maids, never to put too much trust
in deceitful men. Swift's Story of the Injured Lady.
2. Previous notice: in a sense indifferent.
Death called up an old man, and bade him come; the
man excused himself, that it was a great journey to take upon
so short a warning. L'Estrange.
I saw with some disdain, more nonsense than either I or as
bad a poet could have crammed into it at a month's warning;
in which time it was wholly written. Dryden.

WARP. n. s. [wearp, Saxon; werp, Dutch.] That order of
thread in a thing woven that crosses the woof.
The fourteenth is the placing of the tangible parts in length
or transverse, as it is in the warp and the woof of texture,
more inward or more outward. Bacon's Natural History.

To WARP. v. n. [weorpan, Saxon; werpen, Dutch, to throw;
whence we sometimes say, the work casts.] To change from
the true situation by intestine motion; to change the position
of one part to another.
This fellow will but join you together as they join wainscot,
then one of you will prove a shrunk-pannel, and like green
timber warp. Shakespeare's As you like it.
They clamp one piece of wood to the end of another piece,
to keep it from casting or warping. Moxon's Mech. Exercise.


2. To lose its proper course or direction.
There's our commission
From which we would not have you warp. Shakesp.
This is strange! methinks
My favour here begins to warp. Shakespeare.
All attest this doctrine, that the pope can give away the
right of any sovereign, if he shall never so little warp. Dryden.
This we should do as directly as may be, with as little warp­
ing and declension towards the creature as is possible. Norris.
3. To turn.
The potent rod
Of Amram's son in Egypt's evil day
Wav'd round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud
Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind,
That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung
Like night. Milton's Paradise Lost.

To WARP. v. a.
1. To contract; to shrivel.
2. To turn aside from the true direction.
This first avow'd, nor folly warp'd my mind;
Nor the frail texture of the female kind
Betray'd my virtue. Dryden.
Not foreign or domestick treachery
Could warp thy foul to their unjust decree. Dryden.
A great argument of the goodness of his cause, which re­
quired in its defender zeal, to a degree of warmth able to
warp the sacred rule of the word of God. Locke.
I have no private considerations to warp me in this contro­
versy, since my first entering upon it. Addison.
Not warp'd by passion, aw'd by rumour,
Not grave through pride, or gay through folly;
An equal mixture of good humour,
And sensible soft melancholy. Swift.
A constant watchfulness against all those prejudices that
might warp the judgment aside from truth. Watts.
3. It is used by Shakespeare to express the effect of frost.
Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
Thou do'st not bite so nigh
As benefits forgot:
Though thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friends remember'd not. Shak. As you like it.

To WA’RRANT. v. n. [garantir, French.]
1. To support or maintain; to attest.
She needed not disdain any service, though never so mean,
which was warranted by the sacred name of father. Sidney.
He that readeth unto us the Scriptures delivereth all the
mysteries of faith, and not any thing amongst them all more
than the mouth of the Lord doth warrant. Hooker.
If this internal light be conformable to the principles of
reason, or to the word of God, which is attested revelation,
reason warrants it, and we may safely receive it for true. Locke.
2. To give authority.
Now we'll together, and the chance of goodness
Be like our warranted quarrel. Shakes. Macbeth.
3. To justify.
How can any one warrant himself in the use of those things
against such suspicions, but in the trust he has in the common
honesty and truth of men in general? South.
True fortitude is seen in great exploits,
That justice warrants and that wisdom guides;
All else is tow'ring frenzy and distraction. Addison.
4. To exempt; to privilege; to secure.
If my coming, whom, she said, he feared, as soon as he
knew me by the armour, had not warranted her from that
near approaching cruelty. Sidney.
These thoughts cannot, in this your loneliness, warrant you
from suspicion in others, nor defend you from melancholy in
yourself. Sidney.
I'll warrant him from drowning. Shakesp. Tempest.
In a place
Less warranted than this, or less secure,
I cannot be, that I should fear to change it. Milton.
5. To declare upon surety.
What a galled neck have we here! Look ye, mine's as
smooth as silk, I warrant ye. L'Estrange.
The Moors king
Is safe enough, I warrant him for one. Dryd. Span. Fryar.

WA’RRANT. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A writ conferring some right or authority.
Are you now going to dispatch this deed?
—We are, my lord, and come to have the warrant,
That we may be admitted where he is. Shak. Rich. III.
He sent him a warrant for one thousand pounds a year pen­
sion for his life. Clarendon.
2. A writ giving the officer of justice the power of caption.
There was a damn'd design, cries one, no doubt;
For warrants are already issued out. Dryden's Juvenal.
3. A justificatory commission or testimony.
His promise is our plain warrant, that in his name what we
ask we shall receive. Hooker.
Is this a warrant sufficient for any man's conscience to build
such proceedings upon, as have been and are put in use for
the establishment of that cause? Hooker.
The place of Paradise might be seen unto Moses, and unto
the prophets which succeeded him; both which I take for my
warrant to guide me in this discovery. Raleigh.
His warrant does the Christian faith defend;
On that relying, all their quarrels end. Waller.
The Jewish religion was yet in possession; and therefore, that
this might so enter as not to intrude, it was to bring its warrant
from the same hand of Omnipotence. South's Sermons.
4. Right; legality. Obsolete.
I attach thee
For an abuser of the world, a practicer
Of arts inhibited and out of warrant. Shakes. Othello.
Therefore to horse,
And let us not be dainty of leave-taking,
But shift away; there's warrant in that theft,
Which steals itself when there's no mercy left. Shakesp.

WA’RRANTABLE. adj. [from warrant.] Justifiable; de­
fensible.
To purchase a clear and warrantable body of truth, we must
forget and part with much we know. Brown.
His meals are coarse and short, his employment warrant­
able, his sleep certain and refreshing. South.
If I can mend my condition by any warrantable industry,
the way is fair and open; and that's a privilege every reason­
able creature has in his commission. L'Estrange.

WA’RRANTABLENESS. n. s. [from warrantable.] Justi­
fiableness.
By the foil thereof you may see the nobleness of my desire
to you, and the warrantableness of your favour to me. Sidney.

WA’RRANTABLY. adv. [from warrantable.] Justifiably.
The faith which God requires is only this, that he will cer­
tainly reward all those that believe in him, and obey his com­
mandments; but for the particular application of this faith to
ourselves, that deserves no more of our assent, nor can indeed
warrantably have it, than what is founded upon the serious
consideration of our own performances. Wake.

WA’RRANTER. n. s. [from warrant.]
1. One who gives authority.
2. One who gives security.

WA’RRANTISE. n. s. [warrantiso, law Latin; from warrant.]
Authority; security.
There's none protector of the realm but I:
Break up the gates, I'll be your warrantize. Shakes. H. VI.

WA’RRANTY. n. s. [warrantia, law Latin; garantie, garant,
French.]
1. [In the common law.] A promise made in a deed by one man
unto another for himself and his heirs, to secure him and his
heirs against all men, for the enjoying of any thing agreed of
between them. Cowel.
2. Authority; justificatory mandate.
Her obsequies have been so far enlarg'd
As we have warranty: her death was doubtful;
And but that great command o'ersways the order,
She should in ground unsanctify'd have lodg'd
'Till the last trump. Shakespeare.
In the use of those epithets we have the warranty and con­
sent of all the churches, since they ever had a liturgy. Taylor.
3. Security.
Every one cannot distinguish between fine and mixed silver:
those who have had the care and government of politick so­
cieties, introduced coinage as a remedy; the stamp was a
warranty of the publick, that under such a denomination they
should receive a piece of such a weight and fineness. Locke.

To WARRA’Y. v. a. [from war.] To make war upon.
But Ebranc salved both their infancies
With noble deeds, and warrayd on Brunchild
In Hainault, where yet of his victories
Brave monuments remain, which yet that land envys. F. Q.
Of these a mighty people shortly grew,
And puissant kings, which all the world warraid,
And to themselves all nations did subdue. Fairy Queen.
This continual, cruel, civil war,
The which myself against myself do make,
Whilst my weak powers of passions warraid are,
No skill can stint, nor reason can aslake. Spenser.
Six years were run since first in martial guise
The Christian lords warraid the eastren land. Fairfax.

WARRE. adj. [wœrr, Saxon.] Worse. Obsolete.
They say the world is warre than it wont,
All for her shepherds is beastly and bloont:
Others saine, but how truly I note,
All for they holden shame of their cote. Spenser's Past.

WA’RREN. n. s. [waerande, Dutch; guerenne, French.] A
kind of park for rabits.
I found him here, as melancholy as a lodge in a warren.
Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
The coney convenes a whole warren, tells her story, and
advises upon a revenge. L'Estrange.


Men should set snares in their warrens to catch polcats and
foxes. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.

WA’RRENER. n. s. [from warren.] The keeper of a warren.

WA’RRIOUR. n. s. [from war.] A soldier; a military
man.
I came from Corinth,
Brought to this town by that most famous warrior,
Duke Menaphon. Shakesp. Comedy of Errours.
Fierce fiery warriors fight upon the clouds,
In ranks and squadrons and right form of war,
Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol. Shakesp. Jul. Cæs.
I sing the warriour and his mighty deeds. Lauderdale.
The warriour horses ty'd in order fed. Dryden's æn.
The mute walls relate the warriour's fame,
And Trojan chiefs the Tyrians pity claim. Dryden's æn.
Camilla led her troops, a warriour dame;
Unbred to spinning, in the loom unskill'd,
She chose the nobler Pallas of the field. Dryden's æn.

WART. n. s. [weart, Saxon; werte, Dutch.] A corneous
excrescence; a small protuberance on the flesh.
If thou prate of mountains, let them throw
Millions of acres on us, 'till our ground,
Singeing his pate against the burning sun,
Make Ossa like a wart. Shak. Hamlet.
In old statues of stone, which have been put in cellars, the
feet of them being bound with leaden bands, there it appeared
the lead did swell, insomuch as it hanged upon the stone like
warts. Bacon's Natural History.
Like vile stones lying in saffron'd tin,
Or warts, or weals, it hangs upon her skin. Donne.
In painting, the warts and moles, adding a likeness to the
face, are not to be omitted. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
He is taken with those warts and moles, and hard features,
by those who represent him on the stage, or he is no more
Achilles. Dryden.
Malpighi, in his treatise of galls, under which he compre­
hends all preternatural and morbose tumours of plants, doth
demonstrate that all such warts, tumours and excrescences,
where any insects are found, are excited or raised up by some
venenose liquors, which with their eggs such insects shed; or
boring with their terebræ, instil into the very pulp of such
buds. Ray on the Creation.

WA’RTWORT. n. s. [wart and wort.] Spurge.

WA’RTY. adj. [from wart.] Grown over with warts.

WA’RWORN. adj. [war and worn] Worn with war.
Their gesture sad,
Invest in lank lean cheeks and warworn coats,
Presented them unto the gazing moon
So many horrid ghosts. Shakes. Henry V.

WA’RY. adj. [wœr, Saxon.] Cautious; scrupulous; timo­
rously prudent.
He is above, and we upon earth; and therefore it behoveth
our words to be wary and few. Hooker.
Leontius, their bishop, although an enemy to the better
part, yet wary and subtle, as all the heads of the Arrians fac­
tion were, could at no time be plainly heard to use either
form. Hooker.
Good cause he had to hasten thence away;
For on a day his wary dwarf had spy'd,
Where in a dungeon deep huge numbers lay,
Of captive wretched thrals that wailed night and day. F. Q.
Each thing feigned ought more wary be. Hubb. Tale.
Each warns a warier carriage in the thing,
Lest blind presumption work their ruining. Daniel.
Others grow wary in their praises of one, who sets too
great a value on them, lest they should raise him too high in
his own imagination. Addison's Spectator.

WAS

WAS. The preterite of To BE.
Enoch walked with God, and was not; for God took
him. Gen. v. 24.

To WASH. v. a. [wascan, Saxon; wasschen, Dutch.]
1. To cleanse by ablution.
How fain, like Pilate, would I wash my hands
Of this most grievous guilty murther done! Shakes. R. III.
Look, how she rubs her hands.
—It is an accustom'd action with her to seem thus washing
her hands. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Wash me throughly from mine iniquity, and cleanse me
from my sin. Ps. li. 2.
Thou didst wash thyself. Ez. xxiii. 40.
Shall he that gives fire to the train pretend to wash his
hands of the hurt that is done by the playing of the mine?
L'Estrange's Fables.
2. To moisten.
3. To affect by ablution.
Be baptized, and wash away thy sins. Acts xxii. 16.
Sins of irreligion must still be so accounted for as to crave
pardon, and be washed off by repentance. Taylor.
Recollect the things you have heard, that they may not be
washed all away from the mind by a torrent of other engage­
ments. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
4. To colour by washing.
To wash over a coarse or insignificant meaning, is to coun­
terfeit nature's coin. Collier of the Aspect.

To WASH. v. n.
1. To perform the act of ablution.
I will go wash;
And when my face is fair, you shall perceive
Whether I blush or no. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Wash and be clean. 2 Kings v. 13.
Are not the rivers of Damascus better than all the waters
of Israel? May I not wash in them? 2 Kings v. 12.
Let each becalm his troubled breast,
Wash and partake serene the friendly feast. Pope's Odyssey.
2. To cleanse cloaths.
She can wash and scour.
—A special virtue; for then she need not be washed and
scoured. Shak. Two Gentlemen of Verona.

WASH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Alluvion; any thing collected by water.
The wash of pastures, fields, commons, and roads, where
rain-water hath a long time settled, is of great advantage to
all land. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A bog; a marsh; a fen; a quagmire.
Full thirty times hath Phœbus car gone round
Neptune's salt wash, and Tellus' orb'd ground. Shakespeare.
The best part of my power
Were in the washes all unwarily
Devoured by the unexpected flood. Shakesp. King John.
4. A medical or cosmetick lotion.
Try whether children may not have some wash to make
their teeth better and stronger. Bacon's Natural History.
They paint and patch their imperfections
Of intellectual complections,
And daub their tempers o'er with washes,
As artificial as their faces. Hudibras.
He tried all manner of washes to bring him to a better com­
plexion; but there was no good to be done. L'Estrange.
None are welcome to such, but those who speak paint and
wash; for that is the thing they love; and no wonder, since it
is the thing they need. South's Sermons.
To steal from rainbows, ere they drop in show'rs,
A brighter wash. Pope's Rape of the Lock.
Here gallypots and vials plac'd,
Some fill'd with washes, some with paste. Swift.
5. A superficial stain or colour.
Imagination stamps signification upon his face, and tells the
people he is to go for so much, who oftentimes, being deceived
by the wash, never examine the metal, but take him upon con­
tent. Collier.
6. The feed of hogs gathered from washed dishes.
The wretched, bloody, and usurping boar,
That spoil'd your summer-fields and fruitful vines,
Swills your warm blood like wash, and makes his trough
In your embowell'd bosoms. Shakesp. Richard III.
7. The act of washing the cloaths of a family; the linen washed
at once.

WA’SHBALL. n. s. [wash and ball.] Ball made of soap.
I asked a poor man how he did; he said he was like a wash­
ball, always in decay. Swift.

WA’SHER. n. s. [from wash.] One that washes.
Quickly is his laundress, his washer, and his wringer. Shak.

WA’SHY. adj. [from wash.]
1. Watry; damp.
On the washy ouze deep channels wore,
Easy, ere God had bid the ground be dry. Milton.
2. Weak; not solid.
A polish of clearness, evenly and smoothly spread, not over­
thin and washy, but of a pretty solid consistence. Wotton.

WASP. n. s. [weasp, Saxon; vespa, Latin; guespe, French.] A
brisk stinging infect, in form resembling a bee.
More wasps, that buz about his nose,
Will make this sting the sooner. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Encount'ring with a wasp,
He in his arms the fly doth clasp. Drayton.
Why, what a wasp-tongu'd and impatient
Art thou, to break into this woman's mood,
Tying thine ear to no tongue but thine own? Shak. H. IV.

WA’SPISH. adj. [from wasp.] Peevish; malignant; irritable;
irascible.
I'll use you for my laughter,
When you are waspish. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
Come, you wasp, you are too angry.
—If I be waspish, best beware my sting. Shakespeare.
By the stern brow and waspish action,
Which she did use as she was writing of it,
It bears an angry tenour. Shak. As you like it.
The taylor's wife was only a good hearty shrew, under the
impotency of an unruly waspish humour: she would have her
will. L'Estrange.
Upon this gross mistake the poor waspish creature runs on
for many leaves. Stillingfleet.


Much do I suffer, much, to keep in peace
This jealous, waspish, wrong-head, rhiming race. Pope.

WA’SPISHLY. adv. [from waspish.] Peevishly.

WA’SPISHNESS. n. s. [from waspish.] Peevishness; irritability.

WA’SSAIL. n. s. [from wæs hœl, your health, Saxon.]
1. A liquour made of apples, sugar, and ale, anciently much
used by English goodfellows.
2. A drunken bout.
The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse,
Keeps wassail, and the swagg'ring upspring reels. Shakesp.

WA’SSAILER. n. s. [from wassail.] A toper; a drunkard.
I'm loth to meet the rudeness, and swill'd insolence
Of such late wassailers. Milton.

WAST. The second person of was, from To be.

To WASTE. v. a. [awestan, Saxon; woesten, Dutch; guastare,
Italian; vastare, Latin.]
1. To diminish.
The fire that mounts the liquor 'till't run o'er;
Seeming t' augment it, wastes it. Shakesp. H. VIII.
First vegetive, then feels, and reasons last;
Rich of three souls, and lives all three to waste. Dryden.
Could sighs furnish new breath, or draw lise and spirits from
the wasting of your's, your friends would encourage your
passion. Temple.
2. To destroy wantonly and luxuriously; to squander.
The people's praying after the minister, they say, wasteth
time. Hooker.
There must be providence used, that our ship-timber be not
wasted. Bacon.
No ways and means their cabinet employ,
But their dark hour they waste in barren joy. Garth.
3. To destroy; to desolate.
He only their provisions wastes and burns. Daniel.
Peace to corrupt, no less than war to waste. Milton.
The Tyber
Insults our walls, and wastes our fruitful grounds. Dryden.
Now wasting years my former strength confound,
And added woes have bow'd me to the ground;
Yet by the stubble you may guess the grain,
And mark the ruins of no vulgar man. Broome.
4. To wear out.
Here condemn'd
To waste eternal days in woe and pain. Milton.
5. To spend; to consume.
O were I able
To waste it all myself, and leave you none. Milton.

To WASTE. v. n. To dwindle; to be in a state of consumption.
Man dieth and wasteth away. Job xiv. 10.
Their thoughts are thoughts of iniquity; wasting and de­
struction are in their paths. Is. lix. 7.
The latter watch of wasting night,
And setting stars to kindly sleep invite. Dryden.

WASTE. adj. [from the verb.]
1. Destroyed; ruined.
Sophi leaves all waste in his retreat. Milton.
The multiplication and obstinacy of disputes, which have so
laid waste the intellectual world, is owing to nothing more
than to the ill use of words. Locke.
When thus the gather'd storms of wretched love,
In my swoln bosom, with long war had strove,
Laid all the civil bonds of manhood waste,
And scatter'd ruin as the torrent past. Prior.
2. Desolate; uncultivated.
There be very waste countries and wildernesses; but we
find not mention whether any do inhabit there. Abbot.
He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling
wilderness. Deut. xxxii. 10.
3. Superfluous; exuberant; lost for want of occupiers.
Quite surcharg'd with her own weight,
And strangl'd with her waste fertility. Milton.
4. Worthless; that of which none but vile uses can be made.
5. That of which no account is taken, or value found.
It may be published as well as printed, that so much skill
in Hebrew derivations may not lie for waste paper. Dryden.

WASTE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Wanton or luxurious destruction; the act of squandering;
consumption; loss.
Reasons induce us to think it a good work, which they, in
their care for well bestowing of time, account waste. Hooker.
Thin air is better pierced, but thick air preserveth the sound
better from waste. Bacon's Natural History.
Freedom who loves, must first be wise and good;
But from that mark how far they rove we see,
For all this waste of wealth, and loss of blood. Milton.
It was providently designed to repair the waste daily made
by the frequent attrition in mastication. Ray on the Creation.
So foolish and lavish are we, that too often we use some
words in mere waste, and have no ideas for them. Watts.
2. Useless expence.
But youth, the perishing good, runs on too fast,
And unenjoy'd it spends itself to waste;
Few know the use of life before 'tis past. Dryden.
Secure the workings of your soul from running to waste, and
even your looser moments will turn to happy account. Watts.
3. Desolate or uncultivated ground.
Land that is left wholly to nature, that hath no improve­
ment of pasturage, tillage, or planting, is called waste. Locke.
Lifted aloft he 'gan to mount up higher,
And, like fresh eagle; made his hardy flight
Thro' all that great wide waste, yet wanting light. Spenser.
4. Ground, place, or space unoccupied.
These gentlemen, on their watch,
In the dead waste and middle of the night,
Had been thus encountred. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Forty days Elijah, without food,
Wander'd this barren waste. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Lords of the world's great waste, the ocean, we
Whole forests send to reign upon the sea. Waller.
From that dire deluge, through the wat'ry waste,
Such length of years, such various perils past. Dryden.
Thee I pursue, oh great ill-fated youth!
Through the dismal waste of gloomy death. Smith.
See the man who spacious regions gave,
A waste for beasts, himself deny'd a grave. Pope.
5. Region ruined and deserted.
All the leafy nation sinks at last,
And Vulcan rides in triumph o'er the waste. Dryden's æn.
6. Mischief; destruction.
The spirit of wantonness is sure scarce out of him: if the
devil have him not in fee-simple, he will never, I think, in
the way of waste, attempt us again. Shakes.

WA’STEFUL. adj. [waste and full.]
1. Destructive; ruinous.
The solly of man
Let in these wasteful furies. Milton's Paradise Lost.
2. Wantonly or dissolutely consumptive.
To smooth the ice, or add another hue
Unto the rainbow, or with taper light
To seek the beauteous eye of heav'n to garnish,
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess. Shakesp. K. John.
In such cases they set them off more with wit and activity,
than with costly and wasteful expences. Bacon.
3. Lavish; prodigal; luxuriantly liberal.
How has kind heav'n adorn'd the happy land,
And scatter'd blessings with a wasteful hand! Addison.
4. Desolate; uncultivated; unoccupied.
In wilderness and wasteful desarts stray'd,
To seek her knight. Fairy Queen.
Outrageous as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild. Milton.

WA’STEFULLY. adv. [from wasteful.] With vain and disso­
lute consumption.
Never any man would think our labour mis-spent, or the
time wastefully consumed. Hooker.
To her new-made favourite, Morat,
Her lavish hand is wastefully profuse. Dryden's Aurengz.

WA’STEFULNESS. n. s. [from wasteful.] Prodigality.

WA’STENESS. n. s. [from waste.] Desolation; solitude.
She, of nought afraid,
Through woods and wasteness wide him daily sought. Spens.
That day is a day of wrath, a day of wasteness. Zeph. i. 15.

WA’STER. n. s. [from waste.] One that consumes dissolutely
and extravagantly; a squanderer; vain consumer.
Divers Roman knights,
The profuse wasters of their patrimonies,
So threatned with their debts, as they will now
Run any desperate fortune. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
Plenty, in their own keeping, makes them wanton and
careless, and teaches them to be squanderers and wasters. Locke.
Upon cards and dice never learn any play, and so be incapa­
citated for those encroaching wasters of useful time. Locke.
Sconces are great wasters of candles. Swift.

WASTREL. n. s. [from waste.]
Their works, both stream and load, lie in several, or in
wastrell, that is, in inclosed grounds, or in commons. Carew.

WAT

WATCH. n. s. [wæcce, Saxon.]
1. Forbearance of sleep.
2. Attendance without sleep.
All the long night their mournful watch they keep,
And all the day stand round the tomb and weep. Addison.
3. Attention; close observation.
In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft,
I shot his fellow, of the self-same flight,
The self-same way, with more advised watch,
To find the other forth; by vent'ring both,
I oft found both. Shakesp. Merchant of Venice.
4. Guard; vigilant keep.
Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. F. Q.
Hie thee to thy charge;
Use careful watch, chuse trusty centinels: Shakesp. R. III.
Love can find entrance not only into an open heart, but also
into a heart well fortified, if watch be not well kept. Bacon.
5. Watchman; men set to guard. It is used in a collective sense.
Before her gate, high God did sweat ordain,
And wakeful watches ever to abide. Fairy Queen.


Such stand in narrow lanes,
And beat our watch, and rob our passengers. Shakespeare.
The ports he did shut up, or at least kept a watch on them,
that none should pass to or fro that was suspected. Bacon.
The tow'rs of heav'n are fill'd
With armed watch, that render all access
Impregnable. Milton's Paradise Lost.
An absurdity our Saviour accounted it for the blind to
lead the blind, and to put him that cannot see to the office of
a watch. South's Sermons.
6. Place where a guard is set.
He upbraids Iago, that he made him
Brave me upon the watch. Shakesp. Othello.
7. Post or office of a watchman.
As I did stand my watch upon the hill,
I look'd toward Birnam, and anon methought
The wood began to move. Shakesp. Macbeth.
8. A period of the night.
Your fair daughter,
At this odd, even, and dull watch o' th' night,
Is now transported with a gondalier,
To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor. Shak. Othello.
All night he will pursue; but his approach
Darkness defends between, 'till morning watch. Milton.
The latter watch of wasting night,
And setting stars, to kindly sleep invite. Dryden's æn.
9. A pocket-clock; a small clock moved by a spring.
A watch, besides the hour of the day, gives the day of the
month, and the place of the sun in the zodiack. Hale.
On the theatre we are confined to time; and though we
talk not by the hour-glass, yet the watch often drawn out of
the pocket warns the actors that their audience is weary. Dryd.
That Cloe may be serv'd in state,
The hours must at her toilet wait;
Whilst all the reasoning fools below
Wonder their watches go so slow. Prior.

To WATCH. v. n. [wacian, Saxon.]
1. Not to sleep; to wake.
I have two nights watch'd with you; but can perceive no
truth in your report. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Watching care will not let a man slumber, as a sore disease
breaketh sleep. Ecclus xxxi. 2.
Sleep, list'ning to thee, will watch. Milton.
2. To keep guard.
I will watch over them for evil, and not for good. Jer. xliv.
In our watching we have watched for a nation that could not
save us. Lam. iv. 17.
He gave signal to the minister that watch'd. Milton.
3. To look with expectation.
My soul waiteth for the Lord, more than they that watch
for the morning. Ps. cxxx. 6.
4. To be attentive; to be vigilant.
Watch thou in all things, endure afflictions. 2 Tim. iv. 5.
5. To be cautiously observant.
Watch over thyself, counsel thyself, judge thyself impar­
tially. Taylor.
6. To be infidiously attentive.
He somewhere nigh at hand
Watches, no doubt, with greedy hope to find
His wish, and best advantage us asunder,
Hopeless to circumvent us join'd. Milton.

To WATCH. v. a.
1. To guard; to have in keep.
Flaming ministers watch and tend their charge. Milton.
2. To observe in ambush.
Saul sent messengers unto David's house to watch him, and
to slay him. 1 Sa. xix. 11.
He is bold, and lies near the top of the water, watching the
motion of any water-rat that swims betwixt him and the
sky. Walton.
They under rocks their food
In jointed armour watch. Milton.
3. To tend.
Paris watched the flocks in the groves of Ida. Broome.
4. To observe in order to detect or prevent.

WA’TCHER. n. s. [from watch.]
1. One who watches.
Get on your night-gown, lest occasion call us,
And shew us to be watchers. Shak. Macbeth.
Love hath chac'd sleep from my enthralled eyes,
And made them watchers of mine own heart's sorrow. Shak.
2. Diligent overlooker or observer.
It is observed, by those that are more attentive watchers of
the works of nature. More.

WA’TCHET. adj. [wœced, Saxon, weak. Skinner.] Blue;
pale blue.
Whom 'midst the Alps do hanging throats surprise?
Who stares in Germany at watchet eyes? Dryden's Juven.

WA’TCHFUL. adj. [watch and full.] Vigilant; attentive;
cautious; nicely observant.
Call home our exil'd friends,
That fled the snares of watchful tyranny. Shak. Macbeth.
Be watchful, and strengthen the things ready to die. Rev. iii.
Nodding a while, and watchful of his blow,
He fell; and falling crush'd th' ungrateful nymph below. Dry.
Readers should not lay by that caution which becomes a
sincere pursuit of truth, and should make them always watch­
ful against whatever might conceal or misrepresent it. Locke.

WA’TCHFULLY. adv. [from watchful.] Vigilantly; cauti­
ously; attentively; with cautious observation; heedfully.
If this experiment were very watchfully tried in vessels of
several sizes, some such things may be discovered. Boyle.

WA’TCHFULNESS. n. s. [from watchful.]
1. Vigilance; heed; suspicious attention; cautious regard; dili­
gent observation.
The experience of our own frailties, and the consideration
of the watchfulness of the tempter, discourage us. Hammond.
Love, fantastick pow'r! that is afraid
To stir abroad 'till watchfulness be laid;
Undaunted then o'er cliffs and valleys strays,
And leads his vot'ries safe through pathless ways. Prior.
Husbands are counselled not to trust too much to their
wives owning the doctrine of unlimited conjugal fidelity, and
so to neglect a due watchfulness over their manners. Arbuthnot.
Prejudices are cured by a constant jealousy and watch­
fulness over our passions, that they may never interpose when
we are called to pass a judgment. Watts.
By a solicitous watchfulness about one's behaviour, instead of
being mended, it will be constrained. Locke.
2. Inability to sleep.
Watchfulness, sometimes called a coma vigil, often precedes
too great sleepiness. Arbuthnot on Diet.

WA’TCHHOUSE. n. s. [watch and house.] Place where the
watch is set.
Where statues breath'd, the works of Phidias' hands,
A wooden pump or lonely watchhouse stands. Gay.

WA’TCHING. n. s. [from watch.] Inability to sleep.
The bullet, not having been extracted, occasioned great
pain and watchings. Wiseman's Surgery.

WA’TCHMAKER. n. s. [watch and maker.] One whose trade
is to make watches, or pocket-clocks.
Smithing comprehends all trades which use forge or file,
from the anchorsmith to the watchmaker; they all using the
same tools, though of several sizes. Moxon.

WA’TCHMAN. n. s. [watch and man.] Guard; sentinel; one
set to keep ward.
On the top of all I do espy
The watchman waiting, tydings glad to hear. Fa. Queen.
Turn him into London-streets, that the watchmen might
carry him before a justice. Bacon.
Drunkenness calls off the watchmen from their towers; and
then all evils that proceed from a loose heart, an untied tongue,
and a dissolute spirit, we put upon its account. Taylor.
Our watchmen from the tow'rs, with longing eyes,
Expect his swift arrival. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
The melancholy tone of a watchman at midnight. Swift.

WA’TCHTOWER. n. s. [watch and tower.] Tower on which
a centinel was placed for the sake of prospect.
In the day-time she sitteth in a watchtower, and flieth most
by night. Bacon.
Up unto the watchtower get,
And see all things despoil'd of fallacies. Donne.
To hear the lark begin his flight,
And singing startle the dull night
From his watchtower in the skies,
'Till the dappled dawn doth rise. Milton.
The senses in the head, as sentinels in a watchtower, con­
vey to the soul the impressions of external objects. Ray.

WA’TCHWORD. n. s. [watch and word.] The word given to
the centinels to know their friends.
All have their ears upright, waiting when the watchword
shall come, that they should all arise into rebellion. Spenser.
We have heard the chimes at midnight, master Shallow.
—That we have, sir John: our watchword, hem, boys. Shak.
A watchword every minute of the night goeth about the
walls, to testify their vigilancy. Sandys.

WA’TER. n. s. [water, Dutch; wœter, Saxon.]
1. Sir Isaac Newton defines water, when pure, to be a very
fluid salt, volatile, and void of all favour or taste; and it seems
to consist of small, smooth, hard, porous, spherical particles,
of equal diameters, and of equal specifick gravities, as Dr.
Cheyne observes; and also that there are between them spaces
so large, and ranged in such a manner, as to be pervious on
all sides. Their smoothness accounts for their sliding easily
over one another's surfaces: their sphericity keeps them also
from touching one another in more points than one; and by
both these their frictions in sliding over one another, is ren­
dered the least possible. Their hardness accounts for the in­
compressibility of water, when it is free from the intermixture
of air. The porosity of water is so very great, that there is
at least forty times as much space as matter in it; for water is
nineteen times specifically lighter than gold, and consequently
rarer in the same proportion. Quincy.


My mildness hath allay'd their swelling griess,
My mercy dry'd their water-flowing tears. Shak. H. VI.
Your water is a fore decayer of your whorson dead body.
Shakespeare's Hamlet.
The sweet manner of it forc'd
Those waters from me, which I would have stopp'd,
But I had not so much of man in me;
But all my mother came into mine eyes,
And gave me up to tears. Shakes. Henry V.
Men's evil manners live in brass, their virtues
We write in water. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
Those healths will make thee and thy state look ill, Timon:
here's that which is too weak to be a sinner, honest water,
which ne'er left man i' th' mire. Shakespeare's Timon.
Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and
solids; for a dry bone, distilled, affords a great quantity of in­
sipid water: therefore water seems to be proper drink for every
animal. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. The sea.
Travel by land or by water. Common Prayer.
By water they found the sea, westward from Peru, always
very calm. Abbot's Description of the World.
3. Urine.
If thou could'st, doctor, cast
The water of my land, find her disease,
And purge it to a sound and pristine health,
I would applaud thee. Shak. Macbeth.
Go to bed, after you have made water. Swift.
4. To hold WATER. To be sound; to be tight. From a ves­
sel that will not leak.
A good Christian and an honest man must be all of a piece,
and inequalities of proceeding will never hold water. L'Estr.
5. It is used for the lustre of a diamond.
'Tis a good form,
And rich: here is a water, look ye. Shakesp. Timon.
6. WATER is much used in composition for things made with
water, being in water, or growing in water.
She might see the same water-spaniel, which before had
hunted, come and fetch away one of Philoclea's gloves, whose
fine proportion shewed well what a dainty guest was wont
there to be lodged. Sidney.
Oh that I were a mockery king of snow,
Standing before the sun of Bolingbroke,
And melt myself away in water-drops. Shakespeare.
Poor Tom eats the wall-newt, and the water-newt. Shakes.
Touch me with noble anger!
O let not women's weapons, water-drops,
Stain my man's cheeks. Shak. King Lear.
Let not the water-flood overflow me. Ps. lxix. 15.
They shall spring up as among the grass, as willows by the
water-courses. Is. xliv. 4.
As the hart panteth after the water-brook, so panteth my
soul after thee, O God. Psalms.
Deep calleth unto deep, at the noise of thy water-spouts.
Ps. xlii. 7.
He turneth rivers into a wilderness, and the water-springs
into dry ground. Ps. cvii. 33.
There were set six water-pots of stone. Jo. ii. 6.
Hercules's page, Hylas, went with a water-pot to fill it at a
pleasant fountain that was near. Bacon's Natural History.
As the carp is accounted the water-fox for his cunning, so
the roach is accounted the water-sheep. Walton's Angler.
Sea-calves unwonted to fresh rivers fly;
The water-snakes with scales upstanding die. May's Virgil.
By making the water-wheels larger, the motion will be so
slow, that the screw will not be able to supply the outward
streams. Wilkins's Dædalus.
Rain carried away apples, together with a dunghill that lay
in the water-course. L'Estrange.
Oh help, in this extremest need,
If water-gods are deities indeed. Dryden.
The water-snake, whom fish and paddocks fed,
With staring scales lies poison'd in his bed. Dryd. Virgil.
Because the outermost coat of the eye might be pricked, and
this humour let out, therefore nature hath made provision to
repair it by the help of certain water-pipes, or lymphæducts,
inserted into the bulb of the eye, proceeding from glandules
that separate this water from the blood. Ray on the Creation.
The lacerta aquatica, or water-newt, when young, hath
four neat ramified fins, two on one side, growing out a little
above its forelegs, to poise and keep its body upright, which
fall off when the legs are grown. Derham's Physico-Theology.
Other mortar used in making water-courses, cisterns, and
fishponds, is very hard and durable. Moxon.
The most brittle water-carriage was used among the Egyp­
tians, who, as Strabo saith, would sail sometimes in boats
made of earthen ware. Arbuthnot.
A gentleman watered St. foin in dry weather at new sow­
ing, and, when it came up, with a water-cart, carrying his
water in a cask, to which there was a tap at the end, which
lets the water run into a long trough full of small holes. Mort.
In Hampshire they sell water-trefoil as dear as hops. Mort.

To WA’TER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To irrigate; to supply with moisture.
A river went out of Eden to water the garden. Gen. ii. 10.
A man's nature runs to herbs or weeds; therefore let him
seasonably water the one, and destroy the other. Bacon.
Chaste moral writing we may learn from hence,
Neglect of which no wit can recompense;
The fountain which from Helicon proceeds,
That sacred stream, should never water weeds. Waller.
Could tears water the lovely plant, so as to make it grow
again after once 'tis cut down, your friends would be so far
from accusing your passion, that they would encourage it, and
share it. Temple.
You may water the lower land when you will. Mortimer.
2. To supply with water for drink.
Now 'gan the golden Phœbus for to steep
His flery face in billows of the west,
And his faint steeds water'd in ocean deep,
Whilst from their journal labours they did rest. Fa. Queen.
Doth not each on the sabbath loose his ox from the stall,
and lead him away to watering? Lu. xiii. 15.
His horsemen kept them in so strait, that no man could,
without great danger, go to water his horse. Knolles.
Water him, and, drinking what he can,
Encourage him to thirst again with bran. Dryden.
3. To fertilize or accommodate with streams.
Mountains, that run from one extremity of Italy to the
other, give rise to an incredible variety of rivers that water
it. Addison on Italy.
4. To diversify as with waves.
The different ranging the superficial parts of velvet and
watered silk, does the like. Locke.

To WA’TER. v. n.
1. To shed moisture.
I stain'd this napkin with the blood,
That valiant Clifford with his rapier's point
Made issue from the bosom of the boy;
And if thine eyes can water for his death,
I give thee this to dry thy cheeks withal. Shak. Henry VI.
Mine eyes,
Seeing those beads of sorrow stand in thine,
Began to water. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
The tickling of the nostrils within, doth draw the moisture
to the nostrils, and to the eyes by consent; for they also will
water. Bacon's Natural History.
How troublesome is the least mote, or dust falling into the
eye! and how quickly does it weep, and water upon the least
grievance! South's Sermons.
2. To get or take in water; to be used in supplying water.
He set the rods he had pulled before the flocks in the gutters
in the watering troughs. Gen. xxx. 38.
Mahomet sent many small boats, manned with harquebu­
siers and small ordnance, into the lake near unto the camp, to
keep the Christians from watering there. Knolles.
3. The mouth WATERS. The man longs; there is a vehement
desire. From dogs who drop their slaver when they see meat
which they cannot get.
Cardinal Wolsey's teeth watering at the bishoprick of Win­
chester, sent one unto bishop Fox, who had advanced him, for
to move him to resign the bishoprick, because extreme age
had made him blind; which motion Fox did take in so ill part,
that he willed the messenger to tell the cardinal, that, although
now I am blind, I have espied his malicious unthankfulness.
Camden's Remains.
These reasons made his mouth to water,
With amorous longings to be at her. Hudibras.
Those who contend for 4 per cent. have set men's mouths
a-watering for money at that rate. Locke.

WATERCO’LOURS. n. s. [water and colour.]
Painters make colours into a soft consistence with water or
oil; those they call watercolours, and these they term oilco­
lours. Boyle on Colours.
Less should I dawb it o'er with transitory praise,
And watercolours of these days:
These days! where e'en th' extravagance of poetry
Is at a loss for figures to express
Men's folly, whimsies, and inconstancy. Swift.

WA’TERCRESSES. n. s. [sisymbrium, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a flower composed of four leaves, which are placed
in form of a cross, out of whose empalement rises the pointal,
which afterward becomes a fruit or pod, which is divided into
two cells by an intermediate partition, to which the valves ad­
here on both sides, and furnished with seeds which are round­
ish. To these marks must be added, that the whole appear­
ance of the plant is peculiar to the species of this genus. There
are five species. Miller.
The nymphs of floods are made very beautiful; upon their
heads are garlands of watercresses. Peacham on Drawing.

WA’TERER. n. s. [from water.] One who waters.
This ill weed, rather cut off by the ground than plucked up
by the root, twice or thrice grew forth again; but yet, maugre
the warmers and waterers, hath been ever parched up. Carew.



WA’TERFAL. n. s. [water and fall.] Cataract; cascade.
I have seen in the Indies far greater waterfalls than those
of Nilus. Raleigh.
Not Lacedæmon charms me more,
Than high Albana's airy walls,
Resounding with her waterfalls. Addison.

WATERFOWL. n. s. Fowl that live, or get their food in
water.
Waterfowl joy most in that air, which is likest water. Bacon.
Waterfowls supply the weariness of a long flight by taking
water, and numbers of them are found in islands, and in the
main ocean. Hale's Origin of Mankind.
Fish and waterfowl, who feed of turbid and mudy slimy
water, are accounted the cause of phlegm. Floyer.
The stomachs of waterfowl that live upon fish, are hu­
man. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

WATERGRU’EL. n. s. [water and gruel.] Food made with oat­
meal and water.
For breakfast milk, milk-pottage, watergruel, and flum­
mery, are very fit to make for children. Locke.
The aliment ought to be slender, as watergruel acidulated.
Arbuthnot on Diet.

WA’TERINESS. n. s. [from watery.] Humidity; moisture.
The forerunners of an apoplexy are dulness, night-mares,
weakness, wateryness, and turgidity of the eyes. Arbuthnot.

WA’TERISH. adj. [from water.]
1. Resembling water.
Where the principles are only phlegm, what can be ex­
pected from the waterish matter, but an insipid manhood,
and a stupid old infancy? Dryden.
2. Moist; insipid.
Some parts of the earth grow moorish or waterish, others
dry. Hale's Origin of Mankind.

WA’TERISHNESS. n. s. [from waterish.] Thinness; resem­
blance of water.
A pendulous sliminess answers a pituitous state, or an acer­
bity, which resembles the tartar of our humours, or waterish­
ness, which is like the serosity of our blood. Floyer.

WA’TERLEAF. n. s. A plant. It hath a bell-shaped flower,
consisting of one leaf, and cut into several segments: from
the bottom part of the flower arises the pointal, which after­
ward becomes a fruit, opening in two parts, inclosing seeds
of the same shape as the vessel. Miller.

WA’TERLILLY. n. s. [nymphæa, Lat.] A plant. The cha­
racters are; the flower consists of several leaves, which ex­
pand in form of a rose; out of the flower cup arises the poin­
tal, which afterwards becomes an almost globular fruit, con­
sisting of many cells, filled with seeds, which are for the
most part oblong. Miller.
Let them lie dry twelve months, to kill the water-weeds,
as waterlillies and bull-rushes. Walton's Angler.

WA’TERMAN. n. s. [water and man.] A ferryman; a boat­
man.
Having blocked up the passage to Greenwich, they ordered
the watermen to let fall their oars more gently. Dryden.
Bubbles of air working upward from the very bottom of
the lake, the watermen told us that they are observed always
to rise in the same places. Addison on Italy.
The waterman forlorn, along the shore,
Pensive reclines upon his useless oar. Gay.

WA’TERMARK. n. s. [water and mark.] The utmost limit of
the rise of the flood.
Men and beasts
Were borne above the tops of trees that grew
On th' utmost margin of the watermark. Dryden.

WA’TERMELON. n. s. A plant. It hath trailing branches, as
the cucumber or melon, and is distinguished from other cu­
curbitaceous plants, by its leaf deeply cut and jagged, and
by its producing uneatable fruit. Miller.

WA’TERMIL. n. s. Mill turned by water.
Forth flowed fresh
A gushing river of black gory blood,
That drowned all the land whereon he stood:
The stream thereof would drive a watermill. Fairy Queen.
The picture may be set forth with farm houses and water­
mills. Peacham on Drawing.
Corn ground by windmills, erected on hills, or in the plains
where the watermills stood. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WA’TERMINT. n. s. A plant.

WA’TERRADISH. n. s. A species of water-cresses, which see.

WA’TERRAT. n. s. A rat that makes holes in banks.
There be land-rats and water-rats. Shakespeare.
The pike is bold, and lies near the top of the water, watching
the motion of any frog, or water-rat, or mouse. Walton.

WATERRO’CKET. n. s. A species of water-cresses.

WA’TERVIOLET. n. s. [hottonia, Lat.] A plant. It hath a
rose-shaped flower, consisting of one leaf, which is divided
into two parts, almost to the bottom: in the center of the
flower arises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a cylin­
drical fruit, in which are contained spherical seeds. Miller.

WATERSA’PPHIRE. n. s. A sort of stone.
Watersapphire is the occidental sapphire, and is neither of
so bright a blue, nor so hard as the oriental. Woodward.

WA’TERWITH. n. s. [water and with.] A plant.
The waterwith of Jamaica growing on dry hills, in the
woods, where no water is to be met with, its trunk, if cut
into pieces two or three yards long, and held by either end to
the mouth, affords so plentifully a limpid, innocent, and re­
freshing water, or sap, as gives new life to the droughty
traveller or hunter. Derham's Physico-Theology.

WA’TERWORK. n. s. [water and work.] Play of fountains;
artificial spouts of water; any hydraulick performance.
Engines invented for mines and waterworks often fail in the
performance. Wilkins's Math. Magic.
The French took from the Italians the first plans of their
gardens, as well as waterworks. Addison.

WA’TERY. adj. [from water.]
1. Thin; liquid; like water.
Quicksilver, which is a most crude and watery body, heat­
ed, and pent in, hath the like force with gunpowder. Bacon.
The bile, by its saponaceous quality, mixeth the oily and
watery parts of the aliment together. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. Tastless; insipid; vapid; spiritless.
We'll use this unwholesome humidity, this gross, watery
pumpion. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
No heterogeneous mixture use, as some
With watry turneps have debas'd their wines. Philips.
3. Wet; abounding with water.
Whenthe big lip, and wat'ry eye
Tell me, the rising storm is nigh:
'Tis then thou art yon angry main,
Deform'd by winds, and dash'd by rain. Prior.
4. Relating to the water.
On the brims her sire, the wat'ry god,
Roll'd from a silver urn his crystal flood. Dryden.
5. Consisting of water.
The wat'ry kingdom is no bar
To stop the foreign spirits; but they come,
As o'er a brook, to see fair Portia. Shakespeare.
Those sew escap'd
Famine, and anguish, will at last consume,
Wand'ring that wat'ry desart. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
Betwixt us and you wide oceans flow,
And wat'ry desarts. Dryden's Indian Emperor.
Together to the wat'ry camp they haste. Dryden.
Perhaps you'll say,
That the attracted wat'ry vapours rise
From lakes and seas, and fill the lower skies. Blackmore.

WA’TTLE. n. s. [from waghelen, to shake, German. Skinner.]
1. The barbs, or loose red flesh that hangs below the cock's bill.
The loach is of the shape of an eel, and has a beard of
wattels like a barbel. Walton.
The barbel is so called, by reason of his barb, or wattels,
at his mouth, which is under his nose or chops. Walton.
His comb and wattels are an ornament becoming his mar­
tial spirit. More's Antidote against Atheism.
2. A hurdle. Ainsw.

To WA’TTLE. v. a. [watelas, Saxon, twigs.] To bind with
twigs; to form, by platting twigs one within another.
Might we but hear
The folded flocks penn'd in their wattled cotes,
Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops. Milton.
A plough was found in a very deep bog, and a hedge
wattled standing. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WAV

WAVE. n. s. [wæge, Saxon; waegh, Dutch; vague, French.]
1. Water raised above the level of the surface; billow; water
driven into inequalities.
The shore, that o'er his wave-worn basis bow'd. Shakesp.
The waves that rise would drown the highest hill;
But at thy check they flee, and when they hear
Thy thund'ring voice, they post to do thy will. Wotton.
Amidst these toils succeeds the balmy night;
Now hissing waters the quench'd guns restore;
And weary waves withdrawing from the fight,
Are lull'd, and pant upon the silent shore. Dryden.
The wave behind impels the wave before. Pope.
Luxuriant on the wave-worn bank he lay
Stretch'd forth, and panting in the sunny ray. Pope.
2. Unevenness; inequality.
Thus it happens, if the glass of the prisms be free from
veins, and their sides be accurately plane and well polished,
without those numberless waves, or curls, which usually
arise from sand-holes a little smoothed in polishing with
putty. Newton.

To WAVE. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To play loosely; to float.
I may find
Your warlike ensigns waving in the wind. Dryden.
Messapus' helm
He laces on, and wears the waving crest. Dryden.


2. To be moved as a signal.
A bloody arm it is, that holds a pine
Lighted, above the capitol, and now
It waves unto us. B. Johnson's Catiline.
3. To be in an unsettled state; to fluctuate.
They wave in and out, no way sufficiently grounded, no
way resolved, what to think, speak, or write, more than only
that because they have taken it upon them, they must be op­
posite. Hooker, b. v.
If he did not care whether he had their love or no, he
wav'd indifferently 'twixt doing them neither good nor
harm. Shakesp. Coriolanus.

To WAVE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To raise into inequalities of surface.
He had a thousand noses,
Horns welk'd and wav'd like the enridged sea. Shakespeare.
2. To move loosely.
They wav'd their fiery swords, and in the air
Made horrid circles. Milton.
æneas wav'd his fatal sword
High o'er his head. Dryden.
He beckoned to me, and, by the waving of his hand, di­
rected me to approach the place where he sat. Addison.
3. To waft; to remove any thing floating.
Some men never conceive how the motion of the earth
below should wave one from a knock perpendicularly directed
from a body in the air above. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
4. To beckon; to direct by a waft or motion of any thing.
Look with what courteous action
It waves you to a more removed ground:
But do not go with it. Shakespeare.
5. [Guesver, Fr. Skinner.] To put off.
He resolved not to wave his way upon this reason, that if
he should but once, by such a diversion, make his enemy
believe he were afraid of danger, he should never live
without. Wotton's Life of the Duke of Buckingham.
These, waving plots, found out a better way;
Some god descended, and preserv'd the play. Dryden.
6. To put aside for the present.
I have wav'd the subject of your greatness, to resign myself
to the contemplation of what is more peculiarly yours. Dryden.
Since she her interest for the nation's wav'd,
Then I who sav'd the king, the nation sav'd. Dryden.

To WA’VER. v. n. [wafian, Saxon.]
1. To play to and fro; to move loosely.
I took two triangular glasses, and one of them being kept
fixt in the same posture, that the Iris it projected on the floor
might not waver, I cast on the same floor another Iris, with
another prism, moving it to and fro. Boyle.
The whitening shower descends,
At first then wavering. Thomson's Winter.
2. To be unsettled; to be uncertain, or inconstant; to fluc­
tuate; not to be determined.
In which amazement, when the miscreant
Perceived him to waver, weak and frail,
Whilst trembling horror did his conscience daunt,
And hellish anguish did his soul assail. Fairy Queen.
Remember where we are;
In France, among a fickle, wavering nation. Shakespeare.
Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith,
To hold opinion with Pythagoras,
That souls of animals infuse themselves
Into the trunks of men. Shakespeare.
Hold fast the faith without wavering. Heb. x.
The wav'ring faith of people vain and light. Daniel.
Faith as absolutely determines our minds, and as perfectly
excludes all wavering, as our knowledge itself; and we may
as well doubt of our own being, as we can, whether any re­
velation from God be true. Locke.
What if Hospinian should have said, that Luther waver'd
in the point of the sacrament? does it follow that he really
did so? Atterbury.
They, who at this distance from the first rise of the go­
spel, after weighing the several evidences of it, waver in their
faith, would have waver'd, though they had seen the first
promulgers work wonders. Atterbury.

WA’VERER. n. s. [from waver.] One unsettled and irresolute.
Come, young waverer, come, and go with me;
In one respect I'll thy assistant be. Shakespeare.

WA’VY. adj. [from wave.]
1. Rising in waves.
For thee the ocean smiles, and smooths her wavy breast;
And heav'n itself with more serene and purer light is blest.
Dryden.
2. Playing to and fro, as in undulations.
Where full-ear'd sheaves of rye
Grow wavy on the tilth, that soil select
For apples. Philips.
Let her glad vallies smile with wavy corn;
Let fleecy flocks her rising hills adorn. Prior.

WAW

WAWES, or waes. n. s. A word used by Spenser, according to
the Saxon pronunciation.
1. For waves.
Another did the dying brands repair
With iron tongs, and sprinkled oft the fame
With liquid waes. Fairy Queen.
2. In the following passage it seems to be for woes [wa, Saxon.]
Whilst they fly that gulf's devouring jaws,
They on this rock are rent, and sunk in helpless wawes. Spens.

To WAWL. v. n. [wa, grief, Saxon.] To cry; to howl.
The first time that we smell the air,
We wawle and cry. Shakespeare's K. Lear.

WAX. n. s. [wæxe, Saxon; wex, Danish; wacks, Dutch.]
1. The thick tenacious matter gathered by the bee, and formed
into cells for the reception of the honey.
Wax consists of an acid spirit, of a nauseous taste, and an
oil or butter, which is emollient, laxative, and anodyne. Arb.
They give us food which may with nectar vie,
And wax, that does the absent sun supply. Roscommon.
All the magistrates, every new or full moon, give honour
to Confucius with bowings, wax candles, and incense. Stillin.
While visits shall be paid on solemn days,
When num'rous wax lights in bright order blaze;
So long my honour, name, and praise shall live. Pope.
2. Any tenacious mass, such as is used to fasten letters.
We soften the wax, before we set on the seal. More.
3. A kind of concretion in the flesh.
A fontanel in her neck was much inflamed, and many wax­
kernels about it. Wiseman's Surgery.

To WAX. v. a. [from the noun.] To smear; to join with
wax.
He form'd the reeds, proportion'd as they are;
Unequal in their length, and wax'd with care,
They still retain the name of his ungrateful fair. Dryden.

To WAX. v. n. pret. wox, waxed, part. pass. waxed, waxen.
[weaxan, Saxon; wachsen, German.]
1. To grow; to increase; to become bigger, or more. Used
of the moon, in opposition to wane, and figuratively of things
which grow by turns bigger and less.
The husbandman in sowing and setting, upon good reason,
observes the waxing and waning of the moon. Hakewill.
Land and trade are twins, they wax and wane together. Child.
2. To pass into any state; to become; to grow. It is in either
sense now almost disused.
Where things have been instituted, which being convenient
and good at the first, do afterward in process of time wax
otherwise, we make no doubt but they may be altered, yea,
though councils or customs general have received them. Hooker.
Careless the man soon wox, and his wit weak
Was overcome of things that did him please. Fairy Queen.
Art thou like the adder waxen deaf? Shakespeare.
We will destroy this place; because the cry of them is
waxen great before the Lord. Gen. xix. 13.
Flowers removed wax greater, because the nourishment is
more easily come by in the loose earth. Bacon.
This answer given, Argantes wild drew near,
Trembling for ire, and waxing pale for rage;
Nor could he hold. Fairfax, b. ii.
If I wax but cold in my desire,
Think heav'n hath motion lost, and the world fire. Donne.
Their manners wax more and more corrupt, in proportion
as their blessings abound. Atterbury.

WA’XEN. n. s. [from wax.] Made of wax.
Swarming next appear'd
The female bee, that feeds her husband drone
Deliciously, and builds her waxen cells
With honey stor'd. Milton's Paradise Lost, b. vii.
I can yet shoot beams, whose heat can melt
The waxen wings of this ambitious boy Denham.
So weary bees in little cells repose;
But if night-robbers lift the well-stor'd hive,
An humming through their waxen city grows,
And out upon each other's wings they drive. Dryden.
Others with sweets the waxen cells distend. Gay.

WAY

WAY. n. s. [wœg, Saxon; weigh, Dutch.]
1. The road in which one travels.
I am amaz'd, and lose my way,
Among the thorns and dangers of this world. Shakespeare.
You cannot see your way.—
—I have no way, and therefore want no eyes:
I stumbled when I saw. Shakesp. K. Lear.
To God's eternal house direct the way,
A broad and ample road. Milton.
Flutt'ring the god, and weeping said,
Pity poor Cupid, generous maid!
Who happen'd, being blind, to stray,
And on thy bosom lost his way. Prior.
2. Broad road made for passengers.
Know'st thou the way to Dover?—
—Both stile and gate, horse-way, and foot-path. Shakesp.
3. A length of journey.
An old man that had travelled a great way under a huge
burden, found himself so weary, that he called upon death
to deliver him. L'Estrange.


4. Course; direction of motion.
I now go toward him, therefore follow me,
And mark what way I make. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
He stood in the gate, and ask'd of ev'ry one,
Which way she took, and whither she was gone. Dryden.
Attending long in vain, I took the way,
Which through a path, but scarcely printed, lay. Dryden.
With downward force he took his way,
And roll'd his yellow billows to the sea. Dryden.
My seven brave brothers, in one fatal day,
To death's dark mansions took the mournful way. Dryden.
To observe every the least difference that is in things, keeps
the understanding steady and right in its way to know­
ledge. Locke.
5. Advance in life.
The boy was to know his father's circumstances, and that
he was to make his way by his own industry. Spectator, No 123.
6. Passage; power of progression made or given.
Back do I toss these treasons to thy head:
This sword of mine shall give them instant way,
Where they shall rest for ever. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Th' angelick choirs,
On each hand parting, to his speed gave way,
Through all th' empyreal road. Milton's Par. Lost, b. v.
Youth and vain confidence thy life betray:
Through armies this has made Melantius' way. Waller.
The reason may be, that men seldom come into those
posts, till after forty; about which time the natural heat be­
ginning to decay, makes way for those distempers. Temple.
The air could not readily get out of those prisons, but by
degrees, as the earth and water above would give way. Burnet.
As a soldier, foremost in the fight,
Makes way for others. Dryden.
Some make themselves way, and are suggested to the mind
by all the ways of sensation and reflection. Locke.
7. Vacancy made by timorous or respectful recession.
There would be left no difference between truth and false­
hood, if what we certainly know, give way to what we may
possibly be mistaken in. Locke.
Nor was he satisfy'd, unless he made the pure profession of
the gospel give way to superstition and idolatry, wherever he
had power to expel the one, and establish the other. Atterbury.
I would give way to others, who might argue very well
upon the same subject. Swift.
8. Local tendency.
Come a little nearer this way,
I warrant thee no body hears. Shakesp. Mer. Wives of Wind.
9. Course; regular progression.
But give me leave to seize my destin'd prey,
And let eternal justice take the way. Dryden.
10. Situation where a thing may probably be found.
These inquisitions are never without baseness, and very
often useless to the curious inquirer. For men stand upon
their guards against them, laying all their counsels and secrets
out of their way. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
11. A situation or course obstructive and obviating.
The imagination being naturally tumultuous, interposeth
itself without asking leave, casting thoughts in our way, and
forcing the understanding to reflect upon them. Duppa.
12. Tendency to any meaning, or act.
There is nothing in the words that sounds that way, or
points particularly at persecution. Atterbury.
13. Access; means of admittance.
Being once at liberty, 'twas said, having made my way with
some foreign prince, I would turn pirate. Raleigh.
14. Sphere of observation.
The general officers, and the publick ministers that fell in
my way, were generally subject to the gout. Temple.
15. Means; mediate instrument; intermediate step.
By noble ways we conquest will prepare;
First offer peace, and that refus'd, make war. Dryden.
What conceivable ways are there, whereby we should
come to be assured that there is such a being as God? Tillotson.
A child his mother so well instructed this way in geography,
that he knew the limits of the four parts of the world. Locke.
It is not impossible to God to make a creature with more
ways to convey into the understanding the notice of corporeal
things, than those five he has given to man. Locke.
16. Method; scheme of management.
He durst not take open way against them, and as hard it
was to take a secret, they being so continually followed by
the best, and every way ablest of that region. Sidney, b. ii.
Will not my yielded crown redeem my breath?
Still am I fear'd? is there no way but death? Daniel.
As by calling evil good, a man is misrepresented to him­
self in the way of flattery; so by calling good evil, he is mis­
represented to others, in the way of slander. South's Sermons.
Now what impious ways my wishes took?
How they the monarch, and the man forsook? Prior.
The senate, forced to yield to the tribunes of the people,
thought it their wisest course to give way also to the time. Swift.
17. Private determination.
He was of an high mind, and loved his own will and his way,
as one that revered himself, and would reign indeed. Bacon.
If I had my way,
He had mew'd in flames at home, not i' th' senate;
I had sing'd his furs by this time. B. Johnson's Catiline.
18. Manner; mode.
She with a calm carelessness let every thing slide, as we do
by their speeches, who neither in matter nor person do any
way belong unto us. Sidney.
God hath so many times and ways spoken to men. Hooker.
Few writers make an extraordinary figure, who have not
something in their way of thinking or expressing, that is en­
tirely their own. Spectator, No 160.
His way of expressing and applying them, not his inven­
tion of them, is what we admire. Addison.
19. Method; manner of practice.
Having lost the way of nobleness, he strove to climb to the
height of terribleness. Sidney.
Matter of mirth,
She could devise, and thousand ways invent,
To feed her foolish humour, and vain jolliment. Spenser.
Taught
To live th' easiest way, not with perplexing thoughts. Milton.
20. Method or plan of life, conduct, or action.
A physician, unacquainted with your body, may put you
in a way for a present cure, but overthroweth your health in
some other kind. Bacon.
To attain
The height and depth of thy eternal ways,
All human thought comes short. Milton.
When a man sees the prodigious expence our forefathers
have been at in these barbarous buildings, one cannot but
fancy what miracles they would have left us, had they only
been instructed in the right way. Addison on Italy.
21. Right method to act or know.
We are quite out of the way, when we think that things con­
tain within themselves the qualities that appear to us in them. Lo.
They are more in danger to go out of the way, who are
marching under the conduct of a guide that will mislead them,
than he that has not yet taken a step, and is likelier to en­
quire after the right way. Locke.
By me, they offer all that you can ask,
And point an easy way to happiness. Rowe.
22. General scheme of acting.
Men who go out of the way to hint free things, must be
guilty of absurdity, or rudeness. Clarissa.
23. By the way. Without any necessary connection with the
main design; en passant.
Note, by the way, that unity of continuance is easier to
procure, than unity of species. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Will. Honeycomb, now on the verge of threescore, asked
me, in his most serious look, whether I would advise him to
marry lady Betty Single, who, by the way, is one of the
greatest fortunes about town. Spectator, No 475.
24. To go or come one's way, or ways; to come along, or depart.
A familiar phrase.
Nay, come your ways;
This is his majesty, say your mind to him. Shakespeare.
To a boy fast asleep upon the brink of a river, fortune
came and wak'd him; prithee get up, and go thy ways, thou'lt
tumble in and be drown'd else. L'Estrange.
25. Way and ways, are now often used corruptly for wise.
But if he shall any ways make them void after he hath
heard them, then he shall bear her iniquity. Numb. xxx. 15.
They erect conclusions no way inferible from their pre­
mises. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Being sent to reduce Paros, he mistook a great fire at a
distance for the fleet, and being no ways a match for them,
set sail for Athens. Swift.
'Tis no way the interest even of priesthood. Pope.

WAYBREAD. n. s. A plant. Ainsw.

WAYFA’RER. n. s. [way and fare, to go.] Passenger; tra­
veller.
Howsoever, many waysarers make themselves glee, by put­
ting the inhabitants in mind of this privilege; who again,
especially the women, forslow not to bain them. Carew.

WAYFARING. adj. Travelling; passing; being on a journey.
They to whom all this is revealed, if they will not be di­
rected into a path so plained and smoothed, that the wayfaring
men, though fools, shall not err therein, must needs acknow­
ledge themselves in the number of the blind, that will not
enter into God's rest. Hammond's Fundamentals.

WAY’FARINGTREE. n. s. [viburnum, Lat.] A plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, which is divided into five
parts, and expands in a circular order; these are collected in­
to the form of an umbrella: the ovary, which is placed on
the upper part of the flower, becomes a soft berry, full of juice,
which contains one stony compressed surrowed seed. Miller.

To WAYLA’Y. v. a. [way and lay.] To watch insidiously in
the way; to beset by ambush.


I will waylay thee going home, where if it be thy chance to
kill me,—thou kill'st me like a rogue and a villain. Shakesp.
The employment of money is chiefly merchandizing or
purchasing; and usury waylays both: it dulls and damps all
industries. Bacon.
How thou lurk'st
In valley or green meadow to waylay
Some beauty rare. Milton's Paradise Regained.
Now on their coasts our conquering navy rides,
Waylays their merchants, and their land besets,
Each day new wealth without their care provides,
They lay asleep with prizes in their nets. Dryden.
Like hunted castors, conscious of their store,
Their waylaid wealth to Norway's coasts they bring. Dryd.

WAYLA’YER. n. s. [from waylay.] One who waits in ambush
for another.

WAY’LESS. adj. [from way.] Pathless; untracked.
When on upon my wayless walk,
As my desires me draw,
I, like a madman fell to talk
With every thing I saw. Drayton's Queen of Cynthia.

WAY’MARK. n. s. [way and mark.] Mark to guide in tra­
velling.
Set thee up waymarks, make thee high heaps. Jer. xxxi. 21.

To WAY’MENT. v. a. [wa, Saxon.] To lament, or grieve.
Obsolete.
What boots it to weep and to wayment,
When ill is chanc'd, but doth the ill increase,
And the weak mind with double woe torment. Fairy Queen.

WAY’WARD. adj. wa woe, and weard, Saxon.] Froward;
peevish; morose; vexatious.
That night the elder it was, the more wayward it shewed
itself towards them. Sidney.
How wayward is this foolish love,
That, like a testy babe, will scratch the nurse,
And presently all humbled, kiss the rod. Shakespeare.
Wayward beauty doth not fancy move,
A frown forbids, a smile engendreth love. Fairfax.
To mischief bent,
He seldom does a good with good intent;
Wayward, but wise; by long experience taught
To please both parties, for ill ends he fought. Dryden.

WAY’WARDLY. adv. [from wayward.] Frowardly; per­
versely.
Waywardly proud; and therefore bold: because extremely
faulty. Sidney.
Howsoever, some will still be waywardly disposed; yet if
such as be in authority will do their duties, they may by con­
venient discipline be kept within the bounds of modesty, or
else removed. Whitegifte.

WAY’WARDNESS. n. s. [from wayward.] Frowardness; per­
verseness.
Such the behaviour of ladies, as builded their chastity not
upon waywardness, but choice of worthiness. Sidney.
The best of his time hath been but rash; then must we look
from his age to receive not alone the imperfections of long en­
grafted condition; but the unruly waywardness that infirm and
cholerick years bring. Shakespeare.
A child will have as much wit as he hath waywardness.
Wotton on Education.

WE. pronoun. [See I.]
1. The plural of I.
Retire we to our chamber,
A little water clears us of this deed. Shakespeare.
Fair and noble hostess,
We are your guests to night. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Notwithstanding animals had nothing like the use of reason,
we find in them all the lower parts of our nature, in the
greatest strength. Addison.
2. Improperly and ungrammatically for the oblique case, us.
To poor we,
Thine enmity's most capital. Shakespeare.

WEA

WEAK. adj. [wæc, Saxon; week, Dutch.]
1. Feeble; not strong.
He is weary and weak handed. 2 Sam. xvii. 2.
Here only weak,
Against the charm of beauty's powerful glance. Milton.
Wer't thou not weak with hunger, mad with love,
My hand should force thee. Dryden.
Fame and reputation are weak ties: many have not the
least sense of them: powerful men are only awed by them as
they conduce to their interest. Dryden.
Children, being by the course of nature born weak, and un­
able to provide for themselves, they have, by the appointment
of God, a right to be maintained by their parents. Locke.
2. Infirm; not healthy.
Here I stand your brave,
A poor, infirm, weak, and despis'd old man. Shakespeare.
3. Soft; pliant; not stiff.
4. Low of sound.
A voice not soft, weak, piping and womanish; but audible,
strong and manlike. Ascham.
5. Feeble of mind; wanting spirit; wanting discernment.
As the case stands with this present age, full of tongue and
weak of brain, we yield to the stream thereof. Hooker.
This murder'd prince, though weak he was,
He was not ill, nor yet so weak, but that
He shew'd much martial valour in his place. Daniel.
She first his weak indulgence will accuse. Milton.
That Portugal hath yet no more than a suspension of arms,
they may thank the Whigs, whose false representations they
were so weak to believe. Swift.
6. Not much impregnated with any ingredient: as a weak tinc­
ture, weak beer.
7. Not powerful; not potent.
I must make fair weather yet a while,
Till Henry be more weak and I more strong. Shakespeare.
The weak, by thinking themselves strong, are induced to
venture and proclaim war against that which ruins them; and
the strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are thereby ren­
dered unactive and useless. South's Sermons.
If the poor found the rich disposed to supply their wants,
or if the weak might always find protection from the mighty,
they could none of them lament their own condition. Swift.
8. Not well supported by argument.
A case so weak and feeble hath been much persisted in. Hook.
9. Unfortified.
To quell the tyrant love, and guard thy heart
On this weak side, where most our nature fails,
Would be a conquest worthy Cato's son. Addison's Cato.

To WEA’KEN. v. a. To debilitate; to enfeeble; to deprive of
strength.
The first which weakened them was their security. Hooker.
Their hands shall be weakened from the work that it be not
done. Neh. vi. 9.
Intestine broils,
Weakening the scepter of old night. Milton.
Every violence offered to the body weakens and impairs it,
and renders it less durable. Ray on the Creation.
Let us not weaken still the weaker side
By our divisions. Addison's Cato.
Solemn impressions that seem to weaken the mind, may, by
proper reflection, be made to strengthen it. Clarissa.

WEAK’LING. n. s. [from weak.] A feeble creature.
Thou art no Atlas for so great a weight;
And, weakling, Warwick takes his gift again,
And Henry is my king, Warwick his subject. Shakespeare.
æsop begged his companions not to overcharge him; they
found him a weakling, and bade him please himself. L'Estrange.

WEA’KLY. adv. [from weak.]
1. Feebly; with want of strength.
The motion of gravity worketh weakly, both far from the
earth, and also within the earth. Bacon.
Was plighted faith so weakly seal'd above,
That for one error, I must lose your love? Dryden.
2. Indiscreetly; injudiciously; timorously; with feebleness of mind.
This high gift of strength committed to me,
Under the seal of silence could not keep,
But weakly to a woman must reveal it. Milton.
Tancred, I neither am dispos'd to make
Request for life, nor offer'd life to take:
Much less deny the deed; but least of all
Beneath pretended justice weakly fall. Dryden's Fables.

WEA’KLY. adj. [from weak.] Not strong; not healthy.
Being old and weakly, twenty years in prison, it was ten
to one that ever I should have returned. Raleigh.

WEA’KNESS. n. s. [from weak]
1. Want of strength; want of force; feebleness.
Troy in our weakness lives, not in her strength. Shakesp.
Argument
Of human weakness rather than of strength. Milton.
The General's force, as kept alive by fight,
Now, not oppos'd, no longer can pursue:
Lasting till heav'n had done his courage right,
When he had conquer'd, he his weakness knew. Dryden.
New graces yearly like thy works display,
Soft without weakness, without glaring gay. Pope.
By such a review we shall discern and strengthen our weak­
nesses with good resolution, and so order our future conversa­
tion as may render us least exposed to falling. Rogers's Sermons.
2. Infirmity; unhealthiness.
Persons in those posts derive a weakness of constitution from
the ease and luxury of their ancestors, and the delicacy of their
own education. Temple.
3. Want of cogency.
She seems to be conscious of the weakness of those testimo­
nies. Tillotson.
4. Want of judgment; want of resolution; foolishness of mind.
Weakness is thy excuse,
And I believe it; weakness to resist
Philistian gold: if weakness may excuse,
What murderer, what traitor, parricide,
Incestuous, sacrilegious, but may plead it?
All wickedness is weakness. Milton.


5. Defect; failing.
If you will work on any man, you must know his nature,
and so lead him; or his weaknesses and disadvantages, and so
awe him. Bacon.
Many find a pleasure in contradicting the common reports
of fame, and in spreading abroad the weaknesses of an exalted
character. Addison's Spectator.

WEA’KSIDE. n. s. [weak and side.] Foible; deficience; infir­
mity.
This dog would have fought for his master in any other case;
but the love of mutton was his weakside. L'Estrange.
Their application to trade has increased their shipping,
which they found to be their weakside in their last attempts.
Temple.

WEAL. n. s. [welan, Saxon; wealust, Dutch.]
1. Happiness; prosperity; flourishing state.
Our weal on you depending,
Counts it your weal, that he have liberty. Shakespeare.
As we love the weal of our souls and bodies, let us so behave
ourselves as we may be at peace with God. Bacon.
Thine, and of all thy sons,
The weal or woe in thee is plac'd; beware! Milton.
Ireland ought to be considered, not only in its own interest,
but likewife in relation to England, upon whose weal in the
main, that of this kingdom depends. Temple.
2. Republick; state; publick interest.
Blood hath been shed
Ere human statute purg'd the gen'ral weal. Shakespeare.
How shall the muse, from such a monarch steal
An hour, and not defraud the publick weal. Pope.

WEAL. n. s. [walan, Saxon.] The mark of a stripe.
Like warts or weals it hangs upon her skin. Donne.

WEAL away. interj. Alas. Obsolete. Spenser.

WEALD, Wald, Walt. Whether singly or jointly signify a wood
or grove, from the Saxon weald. Gibson.

WEALTH. n. s. [waleth, rich, Saxon.] Riches; money, or
precious goods.
In desart hast thine habitance,
And these rich heaps of wealth doth hide apart
From the world's eye and from her right usance. Fa. Queen.
I should forge
Quarrels unjust against the good and loyal,
Destroying them for wealth. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I wish thee, Vin, above all wealth,
Both bodily and ghostly health:
Not too much wit or wealth come to thee;
For much of either may undo thee. Bishop Corbet.
Each day new wealth without their care provides,
They lie asleep with prizes in their nets. Dryden.

WEA’LTHILY. adv. [from wealthy.] Richly.
I come to wive it wealthily in Padua,
If wealthily, then happily in Padua. Shakespeare.

WEA’LTHINESS. n. s. [from wealthy.] Richness.

WEA’LTHY. adj. [from wealth.] Rich; opulent; abundant.
If a gentleman, or any wealthy yeoman, have any chil­
dren, the eldest shall be kept in some order, but all the rest shall
shift and fall to this occupation of stealing. Spenser.
I will be married to a wealthy widow,
Ere three days pass. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew:
My speculations, when sold single, like cherries upon the
stick, are delights for the rich and wealthy; after some time
they come to market in great quantities, and are every ordi­
nary man's money. Addison's Spectator.
Not Neptune's self from all his floods receives
A wealthier tribute than to thine he gives. Pope.

To WEAN. v. a. [wenan, Saxon.]
1. To put from the breast; to ablactate.
She was weaned when it did taste the wormwood on the
nipple; pretty fool to see it fall out with the dug. Shakespeare.
I have behaved as a child that is weaned of his mother. Ps.
In weaning young creatures, the best way is never to let
them suck the paps at all; for then they will drink up milk
without any difficulty. Ray on the Creation.
A fortnight before you wean calves from milk, let water be
mixed with it. Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. To withdraw from any habit or desire.
Here the place whose pleasant sight,
From other shades have wean'd my wand'ring mind;
Tell me what wants me here. Spenser.
I the rather wean me from despair,
For love of Edward's offspring in my womb. Shakespeare.
Seriously reflect on the happy state he shall most certainly
arrive to, if he but wean himself from these worldly impedi­
ments here that clog his soul's flight. Digby.
Children newly weaned from their parents, put out their
hands towards them in their dreams, as if they were still pre­
sent. Stillingfleet.
There the coarse cake, and homely husks of beans,
From pamp'ring riot the young stomach weans. Dryden.
They were intended by the Author of our being, to wean
us gradually from our fondness of life, the nearer we approach
to the end of it. Swift.

WEA’NEL. n. s. [from wean.]
WEA’NLING. n. s. [from wean.]
1. An animal newly weaned.
Though when as Lowder was far away,
This wolfish sheep would catchen his prey;
A lamb, or a kid, or a weanel wast,
With that to the wood would he speed haste. Spenser.
To gorge the flesh of lambs and weanling kids,
On hills where flocks are fed, flies tow'rd the springs
Of Ganges or Hydaspes. Milton's Parad. Lost.
2. A child newly weaned.

WEA’PON. n. s. [weapon, Saxon.] Instrument of offence;
something with which one is armed to hurt another.
The giant
Down let fall his arm, and soft withdrew
His weapon huge, that heaved was on high,
For to have slain the man that on the ground did ly. Fa. Q.
The cry of Talbot serves me for a sword;
For I have loaden me with many spoils,
Using no other weapon but his name. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Take this weapon
Which I have here recover'd from the Moor. Shakes. Othello.
Touch me with noble anger;
O let not womens weapons, water drops,
Stain my man's cheeks. Shakespeare's King Lear.
His foes, who came to bring him death,
Bring him a weapon that before had none. Daniel.
With his full force he whirl'd it first around,
Imperial Juno turn'd the course before;
And fix'd the wand'ring weapon in the door. Dryden's æn.

WEA’PONED. adj. [from weapon.] Armed for offence; fur­
nished with arms.
In what sort, so ill weaponed, could you atchieve this en­
terprize? Sidney.
Both the combatants entered, apparelled only in their doub­
lets and hoses, and weaponed with sword, buckler, and dag­
ger. Hayward.

WEA’PONLESS. adj. [from weapon.] Having no weapon; un­
armed.
Ran on embattl'd armies, clad in iron,
And weaponless himself,
Made arms ridiculous, useless the forgery
Of brazen shield and spear, the hammer'd cuirass,
Chalybean temper'd steel, and frock of mail,
Adamantean proof. Milton.

WEA’PONSALVE. n. s. [weapon and salve.] A salve which was
supposed to cure the wound, being applied to the weapon
that made it.
That the sympathetick powder and the weaponsalve constant­
ly perform what is promised of them, I leave others to believe.
Boyle.

To WEAR. v. a. Preterite wore, participle worn. [weran, Sax.
1. To waste with use or time.
O wicked world! one that is well nigh worn to pieces with
age, to show himself a young gallant. Shakespeare.
Protogenes could lay his colours so artificially, that one be­
ing worn off, a fresh should succeed to the number of five.
Peacham.
Waters wear the stones. Job xiv. 19.
An hasty word, or an indiscreet action does not presently
dissolve the bond, but that friendship may be still sound at
heart; and so outgrow and wear off these little distempers.
South's Sermons.
They have had all advantages to the making them wise unto
salvation, yet suffer their manhood to wear out and obliterate
all those rudiments of their youth. Decay of Piety.
'Tis time must wear it off; but I must go. Dryden.
No differences of age, tempers, or education can wear it
out, and set any considerable number of men free from it.
Tillotson's Sermons.
Theodosius exerted himself to animate his penitent in the
course of life she was entering upon, and wear out of her
mind groundless fears. Addison's Spectator.
2. To consume tediously.
What masks, what dances,
To wear away this long age of three hours. Shakespeare.
In most places, their toil is so extreme as they cannot en­
dure it above four hours; the residue they wear out at coites
and kayles. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
Wisest and best men full oft beguil'd,
With goodness principl'd, not to reject
The penitent, but ever to forgive,
Are drawn to wear out miserable days. Milton.
To his name inscrib'd, their tears they pay,
Till years and kisses wear his name away. Dryden.
Kings titles commonly begin by force,
Which time wears off and mellows into right. Dryden.
3. To carry appendant to the body.
This pale and angry rose
Will I for ever wear. Shakespeare's Henry VI.


Why art thou angry?—
That such a slave as this should wear a sword,
Who wears not honesty. Shakespeare's King Lear.
What is this
That wears upon his baby brow the round
And top of sovereignty. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
I am the first-born son of him, that last
Wore the imperial diadem of Rome. Shakespeare.
Their adorning, let it not be that outward adorning of plait­
ing the hair, and of wearing of gold. 1 Pet. iii. 3.
Eas'd the putting off
These troublesome disguises which we wear. Milton.
He ask'd what arms the swarthy Memnon wore;
What troops he landed. Dryden's Virg. æneid.
This is unconscionable dealing, to be made a slave, and
not know whose livery I wear. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
On her white breast a sparkling cross she wore. Pope.
4. To exhibit in appearance.
Such an infectious face her sorrow wears,
I can bear death, but not Cydaria's tears. Dryden.
5. To affect by degrees.
Trials wear us into a liking of what possibly, in the first
essay, displeased us. Locke.
A man who has any relish for true writing, from the master­
ly strokes of a great author every time he peruses him, wears
himself into the same manner. Addison's Spectator.
6. To WEAR out. To harrass.
He shall wear out the saints. Dan. vii. 25.
7. To WEAR out. To waste or destroy by use.
This very rev'rent letcher, quite worn out
With rheumatisms, and crippled with his gout. Dryden.

To WEAR. v. n.
1. To be wasted with use or time.
Thou wilt surely wear away. Exod. xviii. 18.
In those who have lost their sight when young, in whom
the ideas of colours having been but slightly taken notice of,
and ceasing to be repeated, do quite wear out. Locke.
2. To be tediously spent.
Thus wore out night, and now the herald lark
Left his ground-nest, high tow'ring to descry
The Morn's approach, and greet her with his song. Milton.
3. To pass by degrees.
If passion causes a present terror, yet it soon wears off; and
inclination will easily learn to slight such scarecrows. Locke.
The difficulty will every day grow less and wear off, and
obedience become easy and familiar. Rogers's Sermons.

WEAR. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of wearing; the thing worn.
It was th' inchantment of her riches
That made m' apply t' your crony witches;
That in return would pay th' expence,
The wear and tear of conscience. Hudibras.
2. [wær, Saxon, a fen; wâr, German, a mound.] A dam to
shut up and raise the water; often written weir or wier.
They will force themselves through flood gates, or over
wears, hedges or stops in the water. Walton's Angler.

WEARD. n. s. Weard, whether initial or final, signifies watch­
fulness or care, from the Saxon weardan, to ward or keep. Gib.

WEA’RER. n. s. [from wear.] One who has any thing appen­
dant to his person.
The celestial habits, and the reverence
Of the grave wearers. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Were I the wearer of Antonio's beard,
I would not shave't to-day. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Cowls, hoods and habits with their wearers tost,
And flutter'd into rags. Milton.
Armour bears off insults, and preserves the wearer in the
day of battle; but the danger once repelled, it is laid aside, as be­
ing too rough for civil conversation. Dryden.
We ought to leave room for the humour of the artist or
wearer. Addison on Italy.

WEA’RING. n. s. [from wear.] Cloaths.
It was his bidding;
Give me my nightly wearing and adieu. Shakespeare.

WEA’RINESS. n. s. [from weary.]
1. Lassitude; state of being spent with labour.
Come, our stomachs
Will make what's homely savoury; weariness
Can snore upon the flint, when resty sloth
Finds the down pillow hard. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Water-fowls supply the weariness of a long flight by taking
water. Hale.
Heaven, when the creature lies prostrate in the weakness
of sleep and weariness, spreads the covering of night and dark­
ness to conceal it. South's Sermons.
To full bowls each other they provoke;
At length, with weariness and wine oppress'd,
They rise from table, and withdraw to rest. Dryden.
2. Fatigue; cause of lassitude.
The more remained out of the weariness and fatigue of their
late marches. Clarendon.
3. Impatience of any thing.
4. Tediousness.

WEA’RISH. adj. [I believe from wær, Saxon, a quagmire.]
Boggy; watery.
A garment over-rich and wide for many of their wearish
and ill disposed bodies. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

WEA’RISOME. adj. [from weary.] Troublesome; tedious;
causing weariness.
The soul preferreth rest in ignorance before wearisome la­
bour to know. Hooker.
These high wild hills, and rough uneven ways
Draw out our miles, and make them wearisome Shakesp.
Troops came to the army the day before, harassed with a
long and wearisome march. Bacon.
Costly I reckon not them alone which charge the purse, but
which are wearisome and importune in suits. Bacon.
Shrinking up, or stretching out are wearisome positions,
and such as perturb the quiet of those parts. Brown.
This must be our task
In heav'n, this our delight; how wearisome
Eternity so spent, in worship paid
To whom we hate. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Satiety from all things else doth come,
Then life must to itself grow wearisome. Denham.

WEA’RISOMELY. adv. [from wearisome.] Tediously; so as
to cause weariness.
As of Nimrod, so are the opinions of writers different touch­
ing Assur, and the beginning of that great state of Assyria; a
controversy wearisomely disputed without any direct proof or
certainty. Raleigh.

WEA’RISOMENESS. n s. [from wearisome.]
1. The quality of tiring.
2. The state of being easily tired.
A wit, quick without lightness, sharp without brittleness,
desirous of good things without newsangleness, diligent in
painful things without wearisomeness. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

To WEARY. v. a. [from the adjective.]
1. To tire; to fatigue; to harrass; to subdue by labour.
Better that the enemy seek us;
So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers,
Doing himself offence. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
The people labour in the very fire, weary themselves for
very vanity. Hab. ii. 13.
Dewy sleep oppress'd them weary'd. Milton.
Sea would be pools without the brushing air,
To curl the waves; and sure some little care
Should weary nature so, to make her want repose. Dryden.
You have already weary'd fortune so,
She cannot farther be your friend or foe,
But sits all breathless. Dryden.
It would not be difficult to continue a paper by resuming the
same subjects, and wearying out the reader with the same
thoughts in a different phrase. Addison's Freeholder.
2. To make impatient of continuance.
I stay too long by thee, I weary thee. Shakesp. Henry V.
Should the government be wearied out of its present pati­
ence, what is to be expected by such turbulent men? Addis.
3. To subdue or harrass by any thing irksome.
Must'ring all her wiles,
With blandish'd parleys, feminine assaults,
Tongue-batteries; she surceas'd not day nor night
To storm me over-watch'd and weary'd out. Milton.

WEARY. adj. [werig, Saxon; waeren, to be tired, Dutch]
1. Subdued by fatigue; tired with labour.
Fair Phœbus 'gan decline, in haste,
His weary waggon to the western vale. Spenser.
Gentle Warwick,
Let me embrace thee in my weary arms,
I, that did never weep, now melt with woe. Shakespeare.
I am weary, yea, my memory is tir'd:
Have we no wine here? Shakespeare.
An old man broken with the storms of state,
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye:
Give him a little earth for charity. Shakespeare.
Let us not be weary in well-doing. Gal. vi. 9.
Our swords so wholly did the fates employ,
That they at length grew weary to destroy;
Refus'd the work we brought, and out of breath,
Made sorrow and despair attend for death. Dryden.
2. Impatient of the continuance of any thing painful or irk­
some.
The king was as weary of Scotland, as he had been impa­
tient to go thither, finding all things proposed to him without
consideration of his honour or interest. Clarendon.
My hopes all slat, nature within me seems,
In all her functions, weary of herself. Milton.
3. Desirous to discontinue.
See the revolution of the times,
Make mountains level, and the continent
Weary of solid firmness, melt itself
Into the seas. Shakespeare's Henry IV.


4. Causing weariness; tiresome.
Their gates to all were open evermore
That by the weary way were travelling,
And one sat waiting ever them before
To call in comers by that needy were and poor. Fa. Queen.
The weariest and most lothed life
That age, ach, penury, imprisonment,
Can lay on nature, is a paradise
To what we fear of death. Shakespeare.
Put on what weary negligence you please,
You and your fellows; I'd have it come to question. Shak.

WEA’SEL. n. s. [wesel, Saxon; wesel, Dutch; mustela, Latin.]
A small animal that eats corn and kills mice.
Ready in gybes, quick-answer'd, saucy, and
As quarrelsome as the weasel. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
A weasel once made shift to slink
In at a corn loft through a chink. Pope.

WE’SAND. n. s. [wasen, Saxon. This word is is very variously
written; but this orthography is nearest to the original word.]
The windpipe; the passage through which the breath is drawn
and emitted.
Marry Diggon, what should him affray,
To take his own where-ever it lay;
For had his weasand been a little wider,
He would have devoured both hidder and shidder. Spenser.
Cut his wezand with thy knife. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Matter to be discharged by expectoration must first pass in­
to the lungs, then into the aspera arteria, or weasand, and
from thence be coughed up and spit out by the mouth. Wisem.
The shaft that slightly was impress'd,
Now from his heavy fall with weight encreas'd,
Drove through his neck aslant; he spurns the ground,
And the soul issues through the weazon's wound. Dryden.
The unerring steel descended while he spoke,
Pierc'd his wide mouth, and through his weazon broke.
Dryden.

WEA’THER. n. s. [weder, Saxon.]
1. State of air, respecting either cold or heat, wet or driness.
Who's there, besides foul weather?—One mended like the
weather, most unquietly. Shakesp. King Lear.
I am far better born than is the king;
But I must make fair weather yet a while,
Till Henry be more weak and I more strong. Shakespeare.
Men must content themselves to travel in all weathers, and
through all difficulties. L'Estrange.
The sun
Foretells the change of weather in the skies,
Through mists he shoots his sullen beams,
Suspect a drifling day. Dryden.
2. The change of the state of the air.
It is a reverend thing to see an ancient castle not in decay;
how much more to behold an ancient family, which have stood
against the waves and weathers of time? Bacon.
3. Tempest; storm.
What gusts of weather from that gath'ring cloud,
My thoughts presage. Dryden's Virgil.

To WEA’THER. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To expose to the air.
He perch'd on some branch thereby,
To weather him and his moist wings to dry. Spenser.
Mustard-seed gather for being too ripe,
And weather it wel, yer ye give it a stripe. Tusser.
2. To pass with difficulty.
He weather'd sell Charibdis; but ere long,
The skies were darkened, and the tempests strong. Garth.
Could they weather and stand the shock of an eternal dura­
tion, and yet be at any time subject to a dissolution. Hale.
3. To WEATHER a point. To gain a point against the wind;
to accomplish against opposition.
We have been tugging a great while against the stream, and
have almost weather'd our point; a stretch or two more will
do the work. Addison.
4. To WEA’THER out. To endure.
When we have pass'd these gloomy hours,
And weather'd out the storm that beats upon us. Addison.

WEA’THERBEATEN. adj. Harassed and seasoned by hard wea­
ther.
They perceived an aged man and a young, both poorly ar­
rayed, extremely weatherbeaten; the old man blind, the young
man leading him. Sidney.
She enjoys sure peace for evermore,
As weather beaten ship arrived on happy shore. Fairy Queen.
Thrice from the banks of Wye,
And sandy bottom'd Severn, have I sent
Him bootless home, and weatherbeaten back. Shak. H. IV.
I hope when you know the worst, you will at once leap
into the river, and swim through handsomely, and not wea­
therbeaten with the divers blasts of irresolution, stand shivering
upon the brink. Suckling.
A weatherbeaten vessel holds
Gladly the port. Milton.
Dido received his weatherbeaten troops. Dryden's Virgil.
The old weatherbeaten soldier carries in his hand the Roman
eagle. Addison.

WEA’THERBOARD, or Weatherbow. n. s. In the sea language,
that side of a ship that is to the windward. Dict.

WEA’THERCOCK. n. s. [weather and cock.]
1. An artificial cock set on the top of a spire, which by turn­
ing shows the point from which the wind blows.
But alas! the sun keeps his light, though thy faith be dark­
ened; the rocks stand still, though thou change like a weather­
cock. Sidney.
A kingfisher hanged by the bill, converting the breast to
that point of the horizon from whence the wind doth blow,
is a very strange introducing of natural weathercocks. Brown.
2. Any thing fickle and inconstant.
Where had you this pretty weathercock?——I cannot tell
what his name is my husband had him of. Shakespeare.
He break my promise and absolve my vow!
The word which I have given shall stand like fate,
Not like the king's that weathercock of state. Dryden.

WEA’THERDRIVEN. part. Forced by storms or contrary winds.
Philip, during his voyage towards Spain, was weather­
driven into Weymouth. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

WEATHERGA’GE. n. s. [weather and gage.] Any thing that
shews the weather.
To vere and tack, and steer a cause,
Against the weathergage of laws. Hudibras.

WEA’THERGLASS. n. s. [weather and glass.] A barometer.
As in some weatherglass my love I hold,
Which falls or rises with the heat or cold,
I will be constant yet Dryden.
John's temper depended very much upon the air; his spi­
rits rose and fell with the weatherglass. Arbuthnot.
We shall hardly wish for a perpetual equinox to save the
charges of weatherglasses; for the two equinoxes of our year
are the most windy and tempestuous. Bentley's Sermons.

WEATHERSPY’. n. s. [weather and spy.] A star-gazer; an
astrologer; one that foretels the weather.
And sooner may a gulling weatherspy,
By drawing forth heav'n's scheme tell certainly,
What fashion'd hats or ruffs, or suits next year,
Our giddy-headed antick youth will wear. Donne.

WEA’THERWISE. adj. [weather and wise.] Skillful in foretel­
ling the weather.

WEA’THERWISER. n. s. [weather and wisen, Dutch; to show.]
Any thing that foreshows the weather.
Most vegetables expand their flowers and down in warm
sun shiny weather, and again close them toward the evening,
or in rain, as is in the flowers of pimpernel, the opening
and shutting of which are the countryman's weatherwiser.
Derham's Physico-Theology.

To WEAVE. v. a. Preterite wove, weaved, part. pass. woven,
weaved; [wefan, Saxon; weven, Dutch.]
1. To form by texture; to form by inserting one part of the
materials within another.
Here in her hairs
The painter plays the spider, and hath woven
A golden mesh to intrap the hearts of men,
Faster than gnats in cobwebs. Shakespeare.
The women wove hangings for the grove. 2 Kings xxiii. 7.
White seem'd her robes, yet woven so they were,
As snow and gold together had been wrought. Dryden.
These purple vests were weav'd by Dardan dames.
Dryden.
Dan Pope for thy misfortune griev'd,
With kind concern and skill has weav'd
A silken web; and ne'er shall fade
Its colours; gently has he laid
The mantle o'er thy sad distress:
And Venus shall the texture bless. Prior.
2. To unite by intermixture.
When religion was woven into the civil government, and
flourished under the protection of the emperors, mens thoughts
and discourses were full of secular affairs; but in the three first
centuries of christianity, men who embraced this religion
had given up all their interests in this world, and lived in a
perpetual preparation for the next. Addison.
3. To interpose; to insert.
The duke be here to-night! the better! best!
This weaves itself perforce into my business. Shakespeare.

To WEAVE. v. n. To work with a loom.

WEA’VER. n. s. [from weave.] One who makes threads into
cloth.
Upon these taxations,
The clothiers all not able to maintain,
The many to them 'longing, have put off
The spinsters, carders, fullers, weavers. Shak. Hen. VIII.
My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle, and are spent
without hope. Job vii. 6.


The weaver may cast religion upon what loom he please. How.
Her flag alost spreads ruffling to the wind,
And sanguine streamers seem the flood to fire:
The weaver charm'd with what his loom design'd,
Goes on to see, and knows not to retire. Dryden.

WEA’VERFISH. n. s. [araneus piscis, Latin.] A fish. Ainsworth.

WEB. n. s. [webba, Saxon]
1. Texture; any thing woven.
Penelope, for her Ulysses' sake,
Devis'd a web her wooers to deceive;
In which the work that she all day did make,
The same at night she did again unreave. Spenser.
Spiders touch'd, seek their web's inmost part. Davies.
By day the web and loom,
And homely houshold task shall be her doom. Dryden.
The fates, when they this happy web have spun,
Shall bless the sacred clue and bid it smoothly run. Dryden.
Dan Pope with skill hath weav'd
A silken web; and ne'er shall fade
Its colours. Prior.
2. Some part of a sword. Obsolete.
The sword, whereof the web was steel;
Pommel, rich stone; hilt, gold, approv'd by touch. Fairf.
3. A kind of dusky film that hinders the sight; suffusion.
This is the foul flibertigibbet; he gives the web and the pin,
squints the eye, and makes the hairlip. Shakespeare.

WE’BBED. adj. [from web.] Joined by a film.
Such as are whole-footed, or whose toes are webbed toge­
ther, their legs are generally short, the most convenient size
for swimming. Derham's Physico-Theology.

WE’BFOOTED. adj. [web and foot.] Palmipedous; having films
between the toes.
Webfooted fowls do not live constantly upon the land, nor
sear to enter the water. Ray on the Creation.

WE’BSTER. n. s. [webstre, Saxon; a woman-weaver.] A
weaver. Obsolete.
After local names, the most in number have been derived
from occupations; as Taylor, Webster, Wheeler. Camden.

To WED. v. a. [wedian, Saxon.]
1. To marry; to take for husband or wife.
If one by one you wedded all the world,
Or, from the all that are, took something good
To make a perfect woman; she you kill'd
Would be unparalell'd. Shakespeare.
Never did thy beauty, since the day
I saw thee first, and wedded thee, adorn'd
With all perfection, so inflame my senses. Milton.
Cloe, blind to wit and worth,
Weds the rich dullness of some son of earth. Pope.
2. To join in marriage.
In Syracusa was I born, and wed
Unto a woman happy but for me. Shakespeare.
Then I shall be no more;
And Adam, wedded to another Eve,
Shall live with her. Mtlion's Paradise Lost.
The woman in us still prosecutes a deceit like that begun
in the garden; and our understandings are wedded to an Eve,
as fatal as the mother of their miseries. Glanville.
3. To unite for ever.
Affliction is enamour'd of thy parts,
And thou art wedded to calamity. Shakesp. Rom. and Jul.
4. To take for ever.
Though the principal men of the house of commons were
again elected to serve in this parliament, yet they were far
from wedding the war, or taking themselves to be concerned
to make good any declaration made by the former. Clarendon.
They positively and concernedly wedded his cause. Clarendon.
5. To unite by love or fondness.
Men are wedded to their lusts, and resolved upon a wicked
course; and so it becomes their interest to wish there were no
God. Tillotson's Sermons.

WED

To WED. v. n. To contract matrimony.
When I shall wed,
That lord whose hand shall take my plight, shall carry
Half my love with him, half my care and duty. Shakespeare.
To love, to wed,
For Hymen's rites, and for the marriage bed
You were ordain'd. Suckling.
Nor took I Guiscard, by blind fancy led,
Or hasty choice as many women wed;
But with deliberate care. Dryden.

WE’DDING. n. s. [from wed.] Marriage; nuptials; the nup­
tial ceremony.
Come, away!
For you shall hence upon your wedding-day. Shakespeare.
I will dance and eat plums at your wedding. Shakespeare.
Let her beauty be her wedding dower;
For me and my possessions she esteems not. Shakespeare.
When my son was entered into his wedding-chamber, he
fell down and died. 2 Esdr. x. 1.
These three country bills agree, that each wedding produ­
ces four children. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.
His friends were invited to come and make merry with him,
and this was to be the wedding-feast. L'Estrange.
If she affirmed herself to be a virgin, she must on her wed­
ding-day, and in her wedding cloaths perform the ceremony
of going alone into the den, and stay an hour with the lion.
Swift.
A woman seldom asks advice before she has bought her wed­
ding-cloaths. Spectator.

WEDGE. n. s. [vegge, Danish; wegge, Dutch.]
1. A body, which having a sharp edge, continually growing
thicker, is used to cleave timber; one of the mechanical powers.
A barbarous troop of clownish fone,
The honour of these noble bows down threw;
Under the wedge I heard the trunk to groan. Spenser.
The fifth mechanical faculty is the wedge used in the clea­
ving of wood. Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.
He left his wedge within the cloven oak
To whet their courage. Dryden's æneid.
The oak let many a heavy groan, when he was cleft with a
wedge of his own timber. Arbuthnot's Hist. of John Bull.
2. A mass of metal.
As sparkles from the anvil used to fly,
When heavy hammers on the wedge are swaid. Fa. Qu.
When I saw a goodly Babylonish garment, and a wedge of
gold of fifty shekels weight, then I coveted them. Josh. vii.
3. Any thing in the form of a wedge.
In warlike musters they appear,
In rhombs and wedges and half-moons and wings. Milton.

To WEDGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To fasten with wedges;
to straiten with wedges; to cleave with wedges; to stop; to
obstruct.
My heart,
As wedged with a sign would rive in twain,
Lest Hector, or my father, should perceive me. Shakesp.
Where have you been broiling?—
—Among the crowd i' the abbey, where a finger
Could not be wedg'd in more. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Your wit will not so soon out as another man's will; it is
strongly wedged up in a blockhead. Shakespeare.
Part
In common, rang'd in figure wedge their way;
Intelligent of seasons. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Sergesthus in the centaur, soon he pass'd,
Wedg'd in the rocky shoals and sticking fast. Dryden.
Wedge on the keenest scythes,
And give us steeds that snort against the foe. A. Philips.
What impulse can be propagated from one particle, entomb'd
and wedged in the very center of the earth, to another in the
center of Saturn. Bentley's Sermons.

WE’DLOCK. n. s. [wed and lac, Sax. marriage and gift.] Mar­
riage; matrimony.
She doth stray about
By holy crosses, where she kneels and prays
For happy wedlock hours. Shakespeare.
Sirrah, your brother is legitimate;
Your father's wife did after wedlock bear him:
And if she did play false, the fault was her's. Shakesp.
Can wedlock know so great a curse,
As putting husbands out to nurse. Cleaveland.
He his happiest choice too late,
Shall meet already link'd, and wedlock-bound
To a fell adversary. Milton's Paradise Lost.
May not a prison or a grave,
Like wedlock, honour's title have? Denham.
One thought the sex's prime felicity
Was from the bonds of wedlock to be free:
And uncontroll'd to give account to none. Dryden.
A man determined about the fiftieth year of his age to en­
ter upon wedlock. Addison.

WE’DNESDAY. n. s. [wodensdag, Saxon; odensday, Swedish;
woensday, Dutch; wensday, Islandick.] The fourth day of
the week, so named by the Gothick nations from Woden or
Odin.
Where is the honour of him that died on wednesday. Shak.

WEE

WEE. adj. [A Saxon word of the same root with weeing, Dutch;
wenig, German.] Little; small: whence the word weasle or
weesel is used for little; as a weesel face. In Scotland it de­
notes small or little; as wee ane, a little one, or child; a wee
bit, a little bit.
Does he not wear a great round beard, like a glover's pa­
ring knife?—No, forsooth; he hath but a little wee face with
a little yellow beard. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.

WEECHELM. n. s. [This is often written witch elm.] A spe­
cies of elm.
A cion of a weechelm grafted upon an ordinary elm, will put
forth leaves as broad as the brim of a hat. Bacon.

WEED. n. s. [weod, Saxon, tares.]
1. An herb noxious or useless.
If he had an immoderate ambition; which is a weed, if it be
a weed, apt to grow in the best soils, it doth not appear that
it was in his nature. Clarendon.


He wand'ring feeds
On slowly growing herbs and ranker weeds. Sandys.
Too much manuring fill'd that field with weeds,
While sects, like locusts, did destroy the seeds. Denham.
Stinking weeds and poisonous plants have their use. More.
When they are cut, let them lie, if weedy, to kill the
weeds. Mortimer's Husbandry.
Their virtue, like their Tyber's flood
Rolling, its course design'd the country's good;
But oft the torrent's too impetuous speed,
From the low earth tore some polluting weed;
And with the blood of Jove there always ran
Some viler part, some tincture of the man. Prior.
2. [Wœda, Saxon; waed, Dutch] A garment; cloaths; habit;
dress. Now scarce in use, except in widow's weeds, the mourn­
ing dress of a widow.
My mind for weeds your virtue's livery wears. Sidney.
Neither is it any man's business to cloath all his servants
with one weed; nor theirs to cloath themselves so, if left to
their own judgments. Hooker.
They meet upon the way
An aged fire, in long black weeds yclad;
His feet all bare, his beard all hoary gray,
And by his belt his book he hanging had. Fairy Queen.
Livery is also called the upper weed which a serving man
wears, so called as it was delivered and taken from him at
pleasure. Spenser.
The snake throws her enamelled skin,
Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in. Shakespeare.
Throngs of knights and barons bold,
In weeds of peace high triumphs hold,
With store of ladies. Milton.
Lately your fair hand in woman's weed
Wrapp'd my glad head. Waller.

To WEED. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To rid of noxious plants.
When you sow the berries of bays, weed not the borders
for the first half year; for the weed giveth them shade. Bacon.
Your seedlings having stood 'till June, bestow a weeding or
a slight howing upon them. Mortimer.
2. To take away noxious plants.
Oh Marcius,
Each word thou'st spoke hath weeded from my heart
A root of ancient envy. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
3. To free from any thing hurtful or offensive.
He weeded the kingdom of such as were devoted to Elaiana,
and manumized it from that most dangerous confederacy.
Howel's Vocal Forest.
Sarcasms, contumelies, and invectives, fill so many pages
of our controversial writings, that, were those weeded out,
many volumes would be reduced to a more moderate bulk and
temper. Decay of Piety.
4. To root out vice.
Wise fathers be not as well aware in weeding from their
children ill things, as they were before in grafting in them
learning. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
One by one, as they appeared, they might all be weeded
out, without any signs that ever they had been there. Locke.

WE’EDER. n. s. [from weed.] One that takes away any thing
noxious.
A weeder out of his proud adversaries,
A liberal rewarder of his friends. Shakesp. Richard III.

WE’EDHOOK. n. s. [weed and hook.] A hook by which weeds
are cut away or extirpated.
In May get a weedhook, a crotch, and a glove,
And weed out such weeds as the corn doth not love. Tusser.

WE’EDLESS. adj. [from weed.] Free from weeds; free from
any thing useless or noxious.
So many weedless paradises be,
Which of themselves produce no venomous sin. Donne.
A crystal brook,
When troubled most it does the bottom show;
'Tis weedless all above, and rockless all below. Dryden.

WE’EDY. adj. [from weed.]
1. Consisting of weeds.
There on the pendant boughs, her coronet weed
Clamb'ring to hang, an envious sliver broke,
When down her weedy trophies and herself
Fell in the weeping brook. Shakes. Hamlet.
2. Abounding with weeds.
Hid in a weedy lake all night I lay,
Secure of safety. Dryden's æn.
If it is weedy, let it lie upon the ground. Mortimer.

WEEK. n. s. [weoc, Saxon; weke, Dutch; wecka, Swedish.]
The space of seven days.
Fulfill her week, and we will give thee this also. Gen. xxix.

WE’EKDAY. n. s. [week and day.] Any day not Sunday.
One solid dish his weekday meal affords,
An added pudding solemniz'd the Lord's. Pope.

WE’EKLY. adj. [from week.] Happening, produced, or done
once a week; hebdomadary.
The Jews had always their weekly readings of the law of
Moses. Hooker.
So liv'd our sires, ere doctors learn'd to kill,
And multiply'd with heirs their weekly bill. Dryden.
Nothing more frequent in their weekly papers, than affecting
to confound the terms of clergy and high-church, and then
loading the latter with calumny. Swift.

WE’EKLY. adv. [from week.] Once a week; by hebdomadal
periods.
These are obliged to perform divine worship in their turns
weekly, and are sometimes called hebdomadal canons. Ayliffe.

WEEL. n. s. [wœl, Saxon.]
1. A whirlpool.
2. A twiggen snare or trap for fish, [perhaps from willow.]

To WEEN. v. n. [wenan, Saxon; waenen, Dutch.] To think;
to imagine; to form a notion; to fancy. Obsolete.
Ah lady dear, quoth then the gentle knight,
Well may I ween your grief is wond'rous great. Spenser.
So well it her beseems, that ye would ween
Some angel she had been. Spenser's Epithalamium.
When weening to return, whence they did stray,
They cannot find that path which first was shown;
But wander to and fro in ways unknown,
Furthest from end then, when they nearest ween. Fa. Queen.
Thy father, in pity of my hard distress,
Levy'd an army, weening to redeem
And reinstal me in the diadem. Shakesp. Henry VI.
Ween you of better luck,
I mean, in perjur'd witness, than your master,
Whose minister you are, while here he liv'd
Upon this naughty earth. Shak. Henry VIII.
They ween'd
That self-same day, by fight or by surprize,
To win the mount of God; and on his throne
To set the envier of his state, the proud
Aspirer; but their thoughts prov'd fond and vain. Milton.

To WEEP. v. n. preter. and part. pass. wept, weeped. [weopan,
Saxon.]
1. To show sorrow by tears.
In that sad time
My manly eyes did scorn an humble tear;
And what these sorrows could not hence exhale,
That beauty hath, and made them blind with weeping. Shak.
I fear he will prove the weeping philosopher when he grows
old, being so full of unmannerly sadness in his youth. Shakesp.
The days of weeping and mourning for Moses were ended.
Deutr. xxxiv. 8.
Have you wept for your sin, so that you were indeed sorrow­
ful in your spirit? Are you so sorrowful that you hate it? Do
you so hate it that you have left it? Taylor.
Away, with women weep, and leave me here,
Fix'd, like a man, to die without a tear,
Or save, or slay us both. Dryden.
A corps it was, but whose it was, unknown;
Yet mov'd, howe'er, she made the case her own;
Took the bad omen of a shipwreck'd man,
As for a stranger wept. Dryden.
When Darius wept over his army, that within a single age
not a man of all that confluence would be left alive, Artaba­
nus improved his meditation by adding, that yet all of them
should meet with so many evils, that every one should wish
himself dead long before. Wake's Preparation for Death.
This lovely weeping fair cannot be dearer to thee,
Than thou art to thy faithful Seofrid. Rowe.
2. To shed tears from any passion.
Then they for sudden joy did weep,
And I for sorrow sung,
That such a king should play bo-peep,
And go the fools among. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. To lament; to complain.
They weep unto me, saying, give us flesh that we may eat. Num.

To WEEP. v. a.
1. To lament with tears; to bewail; to bemoan.
If thou wilt weep my fortunes, take my eyes. Shakespeare.
Nor was I near to close his dying eyes,
To wash his wounds, to weep his obsequies. Dryden.
We wand'ring go
Through dreary wastes, and weep each other's woe. Pope.
2. To shed moisture.
Thus was this place
A happy rural seat of various view,
Groves whose rich trees wept od'rous gums and balm. Milt.
Let India boast her plants, nor envy we
The weeping amber or the balmy tree,
While by our oaks the precious loads are borne,
And realms commanded which those trees adorn. Pope.
3. To abound with wet.
Rey-grass grows on clayey and weeping grounds. Mortimer.

WE’EPER. n. s. [from weep.]
1. One who sheds tears; a lamenter; a bewailer; a mourner.
If you have served God in a holy life, send away the wo­


men and the weepers: tell them it is as much intemperance to
weep too much as to laugh too much: if thou art alone, or
with sitting company, die as thou should'st; but do not die
impatiently, and like a fox catched in a trap. Taylor.
Laughter is easy; but the wonder lies,
What store of brine supply'd the weeper's eyes. Dryden.
2. A white border on the sleeve of a mourning coat.

WE’ERISH. adj. [See WEARISH.] This old word is used by
Ascham in a sense which the lexicographers seem not to have
known. Applied to tastes, it means insipid; applied to the
body, weak and washy: here it seems to mean four; surly.
A voice not soft, weak, piping, womanish; but audible,
strong, and manlike: a countenance not weerish and crabbed,
but fair and comely. Ascham's Schoolmaster.

To WEET. v. n. preterite wot, or wote. [witan, Saxon; weten,
Dutch.] To know; to be informed; to have knowledge.
Obsolete.
Him the prince with gentle court did board;
Sir knight, mought I of you this court'sy read,
To weet why on your shield, so goodly scor'd,
Bear ye the picture of that lady's head? Spenser.
I bind,
On pain of punishment, the world to weet
We stand up peerless. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
But well I weet thy cruel wrong
Adorns a nobler poet's song. Prior.

WE’ETLESS. adj. [from weet.] Unknowing. Spenser.

WE’EVIL. n. s. [wifel, Saxon; vevel, Dutch.] A grub.
A worm called a weevil, bred under ground, feedeth upon
roots; as parsnips and carrots. Bacon's Natural History.
Corn is so innocent from breeding of mice, that it doth not
produce the very weevils that live in it and consume it. Bentley.

WE’EZFL n. s. [See WEASEL.]
I suck melancholy out of a song, as a weazel sucks eggs. Shak.
The corn-devouring weezel here abides,
And the wise ant. Dryden's Georg.

WEFT. The old preterite and part. pass. from To wave. Spens.

WEFT. n. s. [gnaive, French; vofa, to wander, Islandick;
vagus, Latin.]
1. That of which the claim is generally waved; any thing wan­
dering without an owner, and seized by the lord of the manour.
His horse, it is the herald's weft;
No, 'tis a mare. Ben. Johnson's Underwoods.
2. It is in Bacon for wast, a gentle blast.
The smell of violets exceedeth in sweetness that of spices,
and the strongest sort of smells are best in a west afar off. Bac.

WEFT. n. s. [wefta, Saxon.] The woof of cloth.

WE’FTAGE. n. s. [from weft.] Texture.
The whole muscles, as they lie upon the bones, might be
truly tanned; whereby the weftage of the fibres might more
easily be observed. Grew's Musæum.

WEI

To WEIGH. v. a. [wœgan, Saxon; weyhen, Dutch.]
1. To examine by the balance.
Earth taken from land adjoining to the Nile, and preserved,
so as not to be wet nor wasted, and weighed daily, will not alter
weight until the seventeenth of June, when the river begin­
neth to rise; and then it will grow more and more ponderous,
'till the river cometh to its height. Bacon's Natural History.
Th' Eternal hung forth his golden scales,
Wherein all things created first he weigh'd. Milton.
2. To be equivalent to in weight.
By the exsuction of the air out of a glass-vessel, it made
that vessel take up, or suck up, to speak in the common lan­
guage, a body weighing divers ounces. Boyle.
3. To pay, allot, or take by weight.
They that must weigh out my afflictions,
They that my trust must grow to, live not here;
They are, as all my comforts are, far hence. Shakespeare.
They weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. Zech. xi.
4. To raise; to take up the anchor.
Barbarossa, using this exceeding cheerfulness of his soldiers,
weighed up the fourteen gallies he had sunk. Knolles.
Here he left me, ling'ring here delay'd
His parting kiss, and there his anchor weigh'd. Dryden.
5. To examine; to balance in the mind.
Regard not who it is which speaketh, but weigh only what
is spoken. Hooker.
I have in equal balance justly weigh'd
What wrongs our arms may do, what wrongs we suffer,
And find our griefs heavier than our offences. Shak. H. IV.
The ripeness or unripeness of the occasion must ever be well
weighed. Bacon.
His majesty's speedy march left that design to be better
weighed and digested. Clarendon.
You chose a retreat, and not 'till you had maturely weighed
the advantages of rising higher, with the hazards of the
fall. Dryden.
All grant him prudent; prudence interest weighs,
And interest bids him seek your love and praise. Dryden.
The mind, having the power to suspend the satisfaction of
any of its desires, is at liberty to examine them on all sides,
and weigh them with others. Locke.
He is the only proper judge of our perfections, who weighs
the goodness of our actions by the sincerity of our intentions.
Addison's Spectator.
6. To WEIGH down. To overballance.
Fear weighs down faith with shame. Daniel's Civ. War.
7. To WEIGH down. To overburden; to oppress with weight;
to depress.
The Indian fig boweth so low, as it taketh root again; the
plenty of the sap, and the softness of the stalk, making the
bough, being overloaden, weigh down. Bacon.
In thy blood will reign
A melancholy damp of cold and dry,
To weigh thy spirits down. Milton.
Her father's crimes
Sit heavy on her, and weigh down her prayers;
A crown usurp'd, a lawful king depos'd,
His children murder'd. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
My soul is quite weigh'd down with care, and asks
The soft refreshment of a moment's sleep. Addison's Cato.
Excellent persons, weighed down by this habitual sorrow of
heart, rather deserve our compassion than reproach. Addison.

To WEIGH. v. n.
1. To have weight.
Exactly weighing and strangling a chicken in the scales, upon
an immediate ponderation, we could discover no difference in
weight; but suffering it to lie eight or ten hours, until it grew
perfectly cold, it weighed most sensibly lighter. Brown.
2. To be considered as important; to have weight in the intel­
lectual ballance.
This objection ought to weigh with those, whose reading is
designed for much talk and little knowledge. Locke.
A wise man is then best satisfied, when he finds that the same
argument which weighs with him has weighed with thousands
before him, and is such as hath born down all opposition. Addis.
3. To raise the anchor.
When gath'ring clouds o'ershadow all the skies,
And shoot quick lightnings, weigh, my boys, he cries. Dry.
4. To bear heavily; to press hard.
Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseas'd,
And with some sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart? Shakesp. Macbeth.

WEIGHED. adj. [from weigh.] Experienced.
In an embassy of weight, choice was made of some sad per­
son of known experience, and not of a young man, not
weighed in state matters. Bacon.

WE’IGHER. n. s. [from weigh.] He who weighs.

WEIGHT. n. s. [wiht, Saxon.]
1. Quantity measured by the ballance.
Tobacco cut and weighed, and then dried by the fire, loseth
weight; and, after being laid in the open air, recovereth weight
again. Bacon's Natural History.
Fain would I chuse a middle course to steer;
Nature's too kind, and justice too severe:
Speak for us both, and to the balance bring,
On either side, the father and the king:
Heav'n knows my heart is bent to favour thee;
Make it but scanty weight, and leave the rest to me. Dryd.
Boerhaave fed a sparrow with bread four days, in which
time it eat more than its own weight; and yet there was no
acid found in its body. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A mass by which, as the standard, other bodies are examined.
Just balances, just weights shall ye have. Lev. xix. 36.
Undoubtedly there were such weights which the physicians
used, who, though they might reckon according to the weight
of the money, they did not weigh their drugs with pieces of
money. Arbuthnot on Coins.
When the balance is intirely broke, by mighty weights
fallen into either scale, the power will never continue long in
equal division, but run intirely into one. Swift.
3. Ponderous mass.
A man leapeth better with weights in his hands than with­
out; for that the weight, if proportionable, strengtheneth the
sinews by contracting them; otherwise, where no contraction
is needful, weight hindereth: as we see in horseraces, men are
curious to foresee that there be not the least weight upon the
one horse more than upon the other. In leaping with weights,
the arms are first cast backwards, and then forwards, with so
much the greater force. Bacon's Natural History.
Wolsey, who from his own great store might have
A palace or a college for his grave,
Lies here interr'd:
Nothing but earth to earth, no pond'rous weight
Upon him, but a pebble or a quoit:
If thus thou lie'st neglected, what must we
Hope after death, who are but shreds of thee? Bp. Corbet.
All their confidence
Under the weight of mountains bury'd deep. Milton.
Pride, like a gulf, swallows us up; our very virtues, when
so leavened, becoming weights and plummets to sink us to the
deeper ruin. Government of the Tongue.


Then shun the ill; and know, my dear,
Kindness and constancy will prove
The only pillars fit to bear
So vast a weight as that of love. Prior.
4. Gravity; heaviness; tendency to the center.
Heaviness or weight is not here considered as being such a
natural quality, whereby condensed bodies do of themselves
tend downwards; but rather as being an affection, whereby
they may be measured. Wilkins.
The shaft that slightly was impress'd,
Now from his heavy fall with weight increas'd,
Drove through his neck. Dryden.
What natural agent impel them so strongly with a transverse
side blow against that tremendous weight and rapidity, when
whole worlds are falling? Bentley.
5. Pressure; burthen; overwhelming power.
Thou art no Atlas for so great a weight. Shakespeare.
So shall the world go on,
To good malignant, to bad men benign,
Under her own weight groaning. Milton.
We must those, who groan beneath the weight
Of age, disease, or want, commiserate. Denham.
The prince may carry the plough, but the weight lies upon
the people. L'Estrange.
Possession's load was grown so great,
He sunk beneath the cumb'rous weight. Swift.
6. Importance; power; influence; efficacy.
How to make ye suddenly an answer,
In such a point of weight, so near mine honour,
In truth I know not Shakesp. Henry VIII.
If this right of heir carry any weight with it, if it be the
ordinance of God, must not all be subject to it. Locke.
To make the sense of esteem or disgrace sink the deeper,
and be of the more weight, other agreeable or disagreeable
things should constantly accompany these different states. Locke.
An author's arguments lose their weight, when we are per­
suaded that he only writes for argument's sake. Addison.
See, Lord, the sorrows of my heart,
Ere yet it be too late;
And hear my Saviour's dying groans,
To give those sorrows weight. Addison's Spectator.
The solemnities that encompass the magistrate add dignity
to all his actions, and weight to all his words. Atterbury.

WE’IGHTILY. adv. [from weighty.]
1. Heavily; ponderously.
2. Solidly; importantly.
Is his poetry the worse, because he makes his agents speak
weightily and sententiously? Broome's Notes on the Odyssey.

WE’IGHTINESS. n. s. [from weighty.]
1. Ponderosity; gravity; heaviness.
2. Solidity; force.
I fear I have dwelt longer on this passage than the weightiness
of any argument in it requires. Locke.
3. Importance.
The apparent defect of her judgment, joined to the weighti­
ness of the adventure, caused many to marvel. Hayward.

WE’IGHTLESS. adj [from weight.]
1. Light; having no gravity.
How by him balanc'd in the weightless air?
Can'st thou the wisdom of his works declare? Sandys.
2. Not possible to be weighed. Improper.
It must both weightless and immortal prove,
Because the centre of it is above. Dryden.

WE’IGHTY. adj. [from weight.]
1. Heavy; ponderous.
You have already weary'd fortune so,
She cannot farther be your friend or foe;
But sits all breathless, and admires to feel
A fate so weighty, that it stops her wheel. Dryden.
2. Important; momentous; efficacious.
I to your assistance do make love,
Masking the business from the common eye
For sundry weighty reasons. Shakesp. Macbeth.
No fool Pythagoras was thought:
Whilst he his weighty doctrines taught,
He made his list'ning scholars stand,
Their mouth still cover'd with their hand:
Else, may-be, some odd-thinking youth,
Less friend to doctrine than to truth,
Might have refus'd to let his ears
Attend the musick of the spheres. Prior.
Thus spoke to my lady the knight full of care,
Let me have your advice in a weighty affair. Swift.
3. Rigorous; severe. Not in use.
If, after two days shine, Athens contains thee,
Attend our weightier judgment. Shakes. Timon.

WEL

WE’LAWAY. interj. [This I once believed a corruption of weal
away, that is, happiness is gone: so Junius explained it; but
the Saxon exclamation is walawa, woe on woe: from welaway, is
formed by corruption weladay.] Alas.
Harrow now out, and wealaway, he cried,
What dismal day hath sent this cursed light! Spenser.
Ah, welaway! most noble lords, how can
Your cruel eyes endure so piteous sight? Fairy Queen.
Welaway, the while I was so fond,
To leave the good that I had in hond. Spenser.

WE’LCOME. adj. [bien venu, French; wilcume, Saxon; wel­
kom, Dutch.]
1. Received with gladness; admitted willingly to any place or
enjoyment; grateful; pleasing.
I serve you, madam:
Your graces are right welcome. Shakesp. King Lear.
He, though not of the plot, will like it,
And wish it should proceed; for, unto men
Prest with their wants, all change is ever welcome. B. Johns.
Here let me earn my bread,
'Till oft invocated death
Hasten the welcome end of all my pains. Milton.
He that knows how to make those he converses with easy,
has found the true art of living, and being welcome and valued
every where. Locke.
2. To bid WELCOME. To receive with professions of kindness.
Some stood in a row in so civil a fashion, as if to welcome
us; and divers put their arms a little abroad, which is their
gesture when they bid any welcome. Bacon.

WE’LCOME. interj. A form of salutation used to a new comer,
elliptically used for you are welcome.
Welcome, he said,
O long expected to my dear embrace. Dryden.
Welcome, great monarch, to your own. Dryden.

WE’LCOME. n. s.
1. Salutation of a new comer.
Welcome ever smiles, and farewel goes out sighing. Shakesp.
Leontes opening his free arms, and weeping
His welcome forth. Shak. Winter's Tale.
2. Kind reception of a new comer.
I should be free from injuries, and abound as much in the
true causes of welcomes, as I should find want of the effects
thereof. Sidney.
I look'd not for you yet, nor am provided
For your fit welcome. Shakes. King Lear.
Madam, new years may well expect to find
Welcome from you, to whom they are so kind:
Still as they pass they court and smile on you,
And make your beauty as themselves seem new. Waller.
Where diligence opens the door of the understanding, and
impartiality keeps it, truth finds an entrance and a welcome
too. South's Sermons.

To WE’LCOME. v. a. To salute a new comer with kindness.
I know no cause
Why I should welcome such a guest as grief,
Save bidding farewel to so sweet a guest
As my sweet Richard. Shakesp. Richard II.
They stood in a row in so civil a fashion, as if to welcome
us. Bacon.
Thus we salute thee with our early song,
And welcome thee, and wish thee long. Milton.
To welcome home
His warlike brother, is Pirithous come Dryden.
The lark and linnet strain their warbling throats,
To welcome in the Spring. Dryden.

WE’LCOME to our House n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

WE’LCOMENESS. n. s. [from welcome.] Gratefulness.
Our joys, after some centuries of years, may seem to have
grown elder, by having been enjoyed so many ages; yet will
they really still continue new, not only upon the scores of their
welcomeness, but by their perpetually equal, because infinite,
distance from a period. Boyle.

WE’LCOMER. n. s. [from welcome.] The saluter or receiver of
a new comer.
Farewel, thou woful welcomer of glory. Shakespeare.

WELD, or Would. n. s. [luteola, Latin.] Yellow weed, or
dyers weed.
Its leaves are oblong and intire: it has an anomalous flower,
consisting of many dissimilar leaves: the fruit is globular, hol­
low, and divided into three parts. The dyers use it for dying
bright yellows and lemon colours; and this is by some sup­
posed to be the plant used by the ancient Picts in painting
their bodies. Miller.
To WELD, for To wield. Spenser.

To WELD. v. a. To beat one mass into another, so as to in­
corporate them.
Sparkling or welding heat is used when you double up your
iron to make it thick enough, and so weld or work in the
doubling into one another. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

WE’LDER. n. s. A term perhaps merely Irish; though it may
be derived from To wield, to turn or manage: whence wielder,
welder.
Such immediate tenants have others under them, and so a
third and fourth in subordination, 'till it comes to the welder,
as they call him, who sits at a rack-rent, and lives mise­
rably. Swift.

WE’LFARE. n. s. [well and fare.] Happiness; success; prosperity.
If friends to a government forbear their assistance, they put


it in the power of a few desperate men to ruin the welfare of
those who are superiour to them in strength and interest. Add.
Discretion is the perfection of reason: cunning is a kind of
instinct that only looks out after our immediate interest and
welfare. Addison's Spectator.

To WELK. v. a. [Of this word in Spenser I know not well the
meaning: wealcan, in Saxon, is to roll; wolken, in German,
and welcen, in Saxon, are clouds; whence I suppose welk,
welk, or whiik is an undulation or corrugation, or corrugated
or convolved body. Whilk is used for a small shell-fish.] To
cloud; to obscure.
Now sad Winter welked hath the day,
And Phœbus, weary of his yearly task,
Established hath his steeds in lowly lay,
And taken up his inn in fishes hask. Spenser.
As gentle shepherd in sweet eventide,
When ruddy Phœbus 'gins to welk in West,
Marks which do bite their hasty supper best. Fairy Queen.
The welked Phœbus 'gan avale
His weary wain. Spenser.

WE’LKED. adj. Wrinkled; wreathed.
Methought his eyes
Were two full moons: he had a thousand noses,
Horns welk'd and wav'd like the enridged sea. Shakespeare.

WE’LKIN. n. s. [from wealcan, to roll, or welcen, clouds, Sax.]
1. The visible regions of the air. Out of use, except in poetry.
Ne in all the welkin was no cloud. Chaucer.
He leaves the welkin way most beaten plain,
And rapt with whirling wheels inflames the skyen,
With fire not made to burn, but fairly for to shine. Fa. Qu.
The swallow peeps out of her nest,
And cloudy welkin cleareth. Spenser's Pastorals.
Spur your proud horses hard, and ride in blood:
Amaze the welkin with your broken staves. Shak. R. III.
With feats of arms
From either end of heav'n the welkin burns. Milton.
Now my task is smoothly done,
I can fly, or I can run
Quickly to the green earth's end,
Where the bow'd welkin slow doth bend. Milton.
Their hideous yells
Rend the dark welkin. Philips.
2. WELKIN Eye, is, I suppose, blue eye; skycoloured eye.
Yet were it true
To say this boy were like me! Come, sir page,
Look on me with your welkin eye, sweet villain. Shakespeare.

WELL. n. s. [welle, wœll, Saxon.]
1. A spring; a fountain; a source.
Begin then, sisters of the sacred well,
That from beneath the seat of Jove doth spring. Milton.
As the root and branch are but one tree,
And well and stream do but one river make;
So if the root and well corrupted be,
The stream and branch the same corruption take. Davies.
2. A deep narrow pit of water.
The muscles are so many well-buckets: when one of them
acts and draws, 'tis necessary that the other must obey. Dryden.
3. The cavity in which stairs are placed.
Hollow newelled stairs are made about a square hollow
newel: suppose the well-hole to be eleven foot long, and six
foot wide, and we would bring up a pair of stairs from the first
floor eleven foot high, it being intended a sky-light shall fall
through the hollow newel. Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To WELL. v. n. [weallan, Saxon.] To spring; to issue as from
a spring.
Thereby a crystal stream did gently play,
Which from a sacred fountain welled forth alway. Fa. Qu.
The bubbling wave did ever freshly well. Fairy Queen.
A dreary corse,
All wallow'd in his own yet lukewarm blood,
That from his wound yet welled fresh, alas! Spenser.
Himself assists to lift him from the ground,
With clotted locks, and blood that well'd from out the
wound. Dryden's æn.
From his two springs,
Pure welling out, he through the lucid lake
Of fair Dambea rolls his infant stream. Thomson's Summer.

To WELL. v. a. To pour any thing forth.
To her people wealth they forth do well,
And health to every foreign nation. Fairy Queen.

WELL. adj. [Well seems to be sometimes an adjective, though
it is not always easy to determine its relations.]
1. Not sick; not unhappy.
Mark, we use
To say the dead are well. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
Lady, I am not well, else I should answer
From a full flowing stomach. Shakesp. King Lear.
In poison there is physick; and this news,
That would, had I been well, have made me sick,
Being sick, hath in some measure made me well. Shakesp.
While thou art well, thou mayest do much good; but when
thou art sick, thou can'st not tell what thou shalt be able to do:
it is not very much nor very good. Few men mend with sick­
ness, as there are but few who by travel and a wandering life
become devout. Taylor's Guide to Devotion.
Men under irregular appetites never think themselves well,
so long as they fancy they might be better; then from better
they must rise to best. L'Estrange.
'Tis easy for any, when well, to give advice to them that
are not. Wake's Preparation for Death.
2. Convenient; happy.
Holdings were so plentiful, and holders so scarce, as well
was the landlord, who could get one to be his tenant. Carew.
Charity is made the constant companion and perfection of
all virtues; and well it is for that virtue where it most enters,
and longest stays. Sprat's Sermons.
This exactness is necessary, and it would be well too, if it
extended itself to common conversation. Locke.
It would have been well for Genoa, if she had followed
the example of Venice, in not permitting her nobles to make
any purchase of lands in the dominions of a foreign prince. Ad.
3. Being in favour.
He followed the fortunes of that family; and was well
with Henry the fourth. Dryden.
4. Recovered from any sickness or misfortune.
I am sorry
For your displeasure; but all will sure be well. Shakespeare.
Just thoughts, and modest expectations are easily satisfied.
If we don't over-rate our pretensions, all will be well. Collier.

WELL. adv. [will, Gothick; well, Saxon; wel, Dutch; vel,
Islandick.
1. Not ill; not unhappily.
Some sense, and more estate, kind heav'n
To this well-lotted peer has given:
What then? he must have rule and sway;
Else all is wrong till he's in play. Prior.
2. Not ill; not wickedly.
My bargains, and well-won thrift he calls int'rest. Shak.
Thou one bad act with many deeds well done
May'st cover. Milton.
3. Skilfully; properly.
A private caution I know not well how to sort, unless I
should call it political, by no means to build too near a great
neighbour. Wotton.
Beware and govern well thy appetite. Milton.
Whether the learn'd Minerva be her theme,
Or chaste Diana bathing in the stream;
None can record their heavenly praise so well. Dryden.
What poet would not mourn to see
His brother write as well as he? Swift.
4. Not amiss; not unsuccessfully; not erroneously.
Solyman commended them for a plot so well by them laid,
more than he did the victory of others got by good fortune, not
grounded upon any good reason. Knolles.
The soldier that philosopher well blam'd,
Who long and loudly in the schools declaim'd. Denham.
'Tis almost impossible to translate verbally and well. Dryden.
5. Not insufficiently; not defectively.
The plain of Jordan was well watered every where. Genesis.
We are well able to overcome it. Num. xiii. 30.
The merchant adventurers being a strong company, and
well underset with rich men, held out bravely. Bacon.
6. To a degree that gives pleasure.
I like well, in some places, fair columns upon frames of
carpenters work. Bacon.
7. With praise; favourably.
All the world speaks well of you. Pope.
8. Well is sometimes like the French bien, a term of concession.
The knot might well be cut, but untied it could not be. Sidney.
To know
In measure what the mind can well contain. Milton.
9. It is a word by which something is admitted as the ground
for a conclusion.
Well, let's away, and say how much is done. Shakespeare.
Well, by this author's confession, a number superior are
for the sucession in the house of Hanover. Swift.
10. As well as. Together with; not less than.
Coptos was the magazine of all the trade from æthiopia,
by the Nile, as well as of those commodities that came from
the west by Alexandria. Arbuthnot on Coins.
11. Well is him or me; bene est, he is happy.
Well is him that dwelleth with a wife of understanding, and
that hath not slipped with his tongue. Ecclus. xxv. 8.
12. Well nigh. Nearly; almost.
I freed well nigh half th' angelick name. Milton.
13. It is used much in composition, to express any thing right,
laudable, or not defective.
Antiochus understanding him not be well affected to his af­
fairs, provided for his own safety. 2 Mac. iv. 21.
There may be safety to the well-affected Persians; but to
those which do conspire against us, a memorial of de­
struction. Esth. xvi. 23.
Should a whole host at once discharge the bow,
My well-aim'd shaft with death prevents the foe. Pope.


What well-appointed leader fronts us here? Shakesp.
Well-apparel'd April on the heel
Of limping winter treads. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
The pow'r of wisdom march'd before,
And ere the sacrificing throng he join'd,
Admonish'd thus his well-attending mind. Pope.
Such musick
Before was never made,
But when of old the sons of morning sung,
Whilst the Creator great
His constellations set,
And the well-balanc'd world on hinges hung. Milton.
Learners must at first be believers, and their master's rules
having been once made axioms to them, they mislead those
who think it sufficient to excuse them, if they go out of
their way in a well-beaten track. Locke.
He chose a thousand horse, the flow'r of all
His warlike troops, to wait the funeral:
To bear him back, and share Evander's grief;
A well-becoming, but a weak relief. Dryden.
Those opposed files,
Which lately met in the intestine shock,
And furious close of civil butchery,
Shall now, in mutual well-beseeming rank,
March all one way. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
O'er the Elean plains, thy well-breath'd horse
Impels the flying car, and wins the course. Dryden.
More dismal than the loud disploded roar
Of brazen enginry, that ceaseless storms
The bastion of a well-built city. Philips.
He conducted his course among the same well-chosen
friendships and alliances with which he began it. Addison.
My son corrupts a well-derived nature
With his inducement. Shakespeare.
If good accrue, 'tis conferr'd most commonly on the base
and infamous; and only happening sometimes to well-de­
servers. Dryden.
It grieves me he should desperately adventure the loss of his
well-deserving life. Sidney, b. ii.
What a pleasure is well-directed study in the search of
truth! Locke.
A certain spark of honour, which rose in her well-disposed
mind, made her fear to be alone with him, with whom alone
she desired to be. Sidney, b. ii.
The unprepossessed, the well-disposed, who both together
make much the major part of the world, are affected with a
due fear of these things. South's Sermons.
A clear idea is that, whereof the mind hath such a full
and evident perception, as it does receive from an outward
object, operating duly on a well-disposed organ. Locke.
Amid the main, two mighty fleets engage;
Actium surveys the well-disputed prize. Dryden.
The ways of well-doing are in number even as many, as
are the kinds of voluntary actions: so that whatsoever we do
in this world, and may do it ill, we shew ourselves therein
by well-doing to be wise. Hooker, b. ii.
The conscience of well-doing may pass for a recom­
pence. L'Estrange.
God will judge every man according to his works; to
them, who by patient continuance in well-doing, endure
through the heat and burden of the day, he will give the re­
ward of their labour. Rogers's Sermons.
As far the spear I throw,
As flies an arrow from the well-drawn bow. Pope.
Fair nymphs and well-dress'd youths around her shone,
But ev'ry eye was fixt on her alone. Pope.
Such a doctrine in St. James's air,
Shou'd chance to make the well-drest rabble stare. Pope.
The desire of esteem, riches, or power, makes men espouse
the well-endowed opinions in fashion. Locke.
We ought to stand firm in well-established principles, and
not be tempted to change for every difficulty. Watts.
Echenus sage, a venerable man!
Whose well-taught mind the present age surpass'd. Pope.
Some reliques of the true antiquity, though disguised, a
well-eyed man may happily discover. Spenser on Ireland.
How sweet the products of a peaceful reign?
The heaven-taught poet, and enchanting strain:
The well-fill'd palace, the perpetual feast;
A land rejoicing, and a people blest. Pope.
Turkish blood did his young hands imbrue.
From thence returning with deserv'd applause,
Against the Moors his well-flesh'd sword he draws. Dryden.
Fairest piece of well-form'd earth,
Urge not thus your haughty birth. Waller.
A rational soul can be no more discerned in a well-formed,
than ill-shaped infant. Locke.
A well-formed proposition is sufficient to communicate the
knowledge of a subject. Watts.
Oh! that I'd dy'd before the well-fought wall!
Had some distinguish'd day renown'd my fall,
All Greece had paid my solemn funerals. Pope.
Good men have a well-grounded hope in another life; and
are as certain of a future recompence, as of the being of
God. Atterbury.
Let firm, well-hammer'd soles protect thy feet
Through freezing snows. Gay's Trivia.
The camp of the heathen was strong, and well-harnessed,
and compassed round with horsemen. 1 Mic. iv. 7.
Among the Romans, those who saved the life of a citizen,
were dressed in an oaken garland; but among us, this has
been a mark of such well-intentioned persons as would be­
tray their country. Addison.
He, full of fraudful arts,
This well-invented tale for truth imparts. Dryden.
He, by enquiry, got to the well-known house of Ka­
lander. Sidney.
Soon as thy letters trembling I unclose,
That well-known name awakens all my woes. Pope.
Where proud Athens rears her tow'ry head,
With opening streets, and shining structures spread,
She past, delighted, with the well-known seats. Pope.
From a confin'd well-manag'd store,
You both employ and feed the poor. Waller.
A noble soul is better pleas'd with a zealous vindicator of
liberty, than with a temporizing poet, or well-manner'd court­
slave, and one who is ever decent, because he is naturally ser­
vile. Dryden's Dedication to Juvenal.
Well-meaners think no harm; but for the rest,
Things sacred they pervert, and silence is the best. Dryden.
By craft they may prevail on the weakness of some well­
meaning men to engage in their designs. Rogers's Sermons.
He examines that well-meant, but unfortunate, lie of the
conquest of France. Arbuthnot.
A critick supposes he has done his part, if he proves a
writer to have fail'd in an expression; and can it be wonder'd
at, if the poets seem resolved not to own themselves in any
error? for as long as one side despises a well-meant endea­
vour, the other will not be satisfied with a moderate appro­
bation. Pope's Preface to his Works.
Many sober, well-minded men, who were real lovers of
the peace of the kingdom, were imposed upon. Clarendon.
Jarring int'rests of themselves create
Th' according musick of a well-mix'd state. Pope.
When the blast of winter blows,
Into the naked wood he goes;
And seeks the tusky boar to rear,
With well-mouth'd hounds, and pointed spear. Dryden.
The applause that other people's reason gives to virtuous
and well-ordered actions, is the proper guide of children, till
they grow able to judge for themselves. Locke.
The fruits of unity, next unto the well-pleasing of God,
which is all in all, are towards those that are without the
church; the other toward those that are within. Bacon.
The exercise of the offices of charity is always well-plea­
sing to God, and honourable among men. Atterbury.
My voice shall sound, as you do prompt mine ear;
And I will stoop, and humble my intents
To your well-practis'd wise directions. Shakesp. Hen. VI.
The well-proportion'd shape, and beauteous face,
Shall never more be seen by mortal eyes. Dryden.
'T was not the hasty product of a day,
But the well-ripen'd fruit of wise delay. Dryden.
Procure those that are fresh gathered, strait, smooth, and
well-rooted. Mortimer's Husbandry.
If I should instruct them to make well-running verses, they
want genius to give them strength. Dryden.
The eating of a well-seasoned dish, suited to a man's pa­
late, may move the mind, by the delight itself that accom­
panies the eating, without reference to any other end. Locke.
Instead of well-set hair, baldness. Isa. iii. 24.
Abraham and Sarah were old, and well-stricken inage. Genesis.
Many well-shaped innocent virgins are waddling like big­
bellied women. Spectator, No 127.
We never see beautiful and well-tasted fruits from a tree
choaked with thorns and briars. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
The well-tim'd oars
With sounding strokes divide the sparkling waves. Smith.
Wisdom's triumph is well-tim'd retreat,
As hard a science to the fair as great. Pope.
Mean time we thank you for your well-took labour.
Go to your rest. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Oh you are well-tun'd now; but I'll let down the pegs
that make this musick. Shakesp. Othello.
Her well-turn'd neck he view'd,
And on her shoulders her dishevel'd hair. Dryden.
A well-weighed judicious poem, which at first gains no
more upon the world than to be just received, insinuates it­
self by insensible degrees into the liking of the reader. Dryden.
He rails
On me, my bargains, and my well-won thrift,
Which he calls interest. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
Each by turns the other's bound invade,
As, in some well-wrought picture, light and shade. Pope.

WE’LLADAY. interject. [This is a corruption of welaway. See
WELAWAY.] Alas.


O welladay, mistress Ford, having an honest man to your
husband, to give him such cause of suspicion. Shakespeare.
Ah, welladay! I'm shent with baneful smart. Gay.

WELLBE’ING. n. s. [well and be.] Happiness; prosperity.
Man is not to depend upon the uncertain dispositions of
men for his wellbeing, but only on God and his own
spirit. Taylor's Rule of Living Holy.
For whose wellbeing
So amply, and with hands so liberal,
Thou hast provided all things. Milton's Par. Lost, b. viii.
The most sacred ties of duty are founded upon gratitude:
such as the duties of a child to his parent, and of a subject to
his sovereign. From the former there is required love and
honour, in recompence of being; and from the latter obe­
dience and subjection, in recompence of protection and well­
being. South's Sermons.
All things are subservient to the beauty, order, and well­
being of the whole. L'Estrange.
He who does not co-operate with this holy spirit, receives
none of those advantages which are perfecting of his nature,
and necessary to his wellbeing. Spectator, No. 571.

WELLBO’RN. n. s. Not meanly descended.
One whose extraction from an antient line,
Gives hope again that wellborn men may shine. Waller.
Heav'n, that wellborn souls inspires,
Prompts me, through lifted swords, and rising fires,
To rush undaunted to defend the walls. Dryden.

WELLBRE’D. adj. [well and bred.] Elegant of manners; polite.
None have been with admiration read,
But who, besides their learning, were wellbred. Roscom.
Both the poets were wellbred and well-natur'd. Dryden.
Wellbred spaniels civilly delight,
In mumbling of the game they dare not bite. Pope.

WELLNA’TURED. adj. [well and nature.] Good-natured;
kind.

WELLDO’NE. interject. A word of praise.
Welldone, thou good and faithful servant. Matt. xxv. 21.

WELLFA’VOURED. adj. [well and favour.] Beautiful; plea­
sing to the eye.
His wife seems to be wellfavoured. I will use her as the
key of the cuckoldy rogue's coffer. Shakespeare.

WELLME’T. interj. [well and meet.] A term of salutation.
Once more to-day wellmet, distemper'd lords;
The king by me requests your presence straight. Shakesp.
On their life no grievous burthen lies,
Who are wellnatur'd, temperate and wise:
But an inhuman and ill-temper'd mind,
Not any easy part in life can find. Denham.
The manners of the poets were not unlike; both of them
were well-bred, wellnatured, amorous, and libertine at least
in their writings; it may be also in their lives. Dryden.
Still with esteem no less convers'd than read;
With wit wellnatur'd, and with books well-bred. Pope.

WELLNI’GH. adv. [well and nigh.] Almost.
The same so sore annoyed has the knight,
That wellnigh choaked with the deadly stink,
His forces sail. Fairy Queen, b. i.
My feet were almost gone: my steps had wellnigh slipt. Ps.
England was wellnigh ruined by the rebellion of the barons,
and Ireland utterly neglected. Davies.
Whoever shall read over St. Paul's enumeration of the
duties incumbent upon it, might conclude, that wellnigh the
whole of christianity is laid on the shoulders of charity
alone. Sprat's Sermons.
Notwithstanding a small diversity of positions, the whole ag­
gregate of matter, as long as it retained the nature of a chaos,
would retain wellnigh an uniform tenuity of texture. Bentley.

WELLSPE’NT. adj. Passed with virtue.
They are to lie down without any thing to support them in
their age, but the conscience of a wellspent youth. L'Estrange.
What a refreshment then will it be to look back upon a
wellspent life? Calamy's Sermons.
The constant tenour of their wellspent days,
No less deserv'd a just return of praise. Pope.

WE’LLSPRING. n. s. [wœllgesprig, Saxon.] Fountain; source.
The fountain and wellspring of impiety, is a resolved pur­
pose of mind to reap in this world, what sensual profit or
sensual pleasure soever the world yieldeth. Hooker.
Understanding is a wellspring of life. Prov. xvi. 22.

WELLWI’LLER. n. s. [well and willer.] One who means
kindly.
Disarming all his own countrymen, that no man might
shew himself a wellwiller of mine. Sidney, b. ii.
There are fit occasions ministred for men to purchase to
themselves wellwillers by the colour, under which they of­
tentimes prosecute quarrels of envy. Hooker.

WELLWI’SH. n. s. [well and wish.] A wish of happiness.
Let it not enter into the heart of any one that hath a well­
wish for his friends or posterity, to think of a peace with
France, till the Spanish monarchy be entirely torn from it. Add.

WELLWI’SHER. n. s. [from wellwish.] One who wishes the
good of another.
The actual traitor is guilty of perjury in the eye of the
law; the secret wellwisher of the cause is so before the tribu­
nal of conscience. Addison's Freeholder, No. 6.
Betray not any of your wellwishers into the like inconve­
niencies. Spectator, No. 271.
No man is more your sincere wellwisher than myself, or
more the sincere wellwisher of your family. Pope.

WELT. n. s. A border; a guard; an edging.
Little low hedges made round like welts, with some pretty
pyramids, I like well. Bacon.
Certain scioli, or smatterers, are busy in the skirts and out­
sides of learning, and have scarce any thing of solid literature
to recommend them. They may have some edging or trim­
ming of a scholar, a welt, or so; but no more. B. Johnson.

To WELT. v. a. [from the noun.] To sew any thing with a border.

To WE’LTER. v. n. [wealtan, Saxon; welteren, Dutch; volu­
tari, Lat.]
1. To roll in water or mire.
He must not float upon his watry bier
Unweep'd, nor welter to the parching winds. Milton.
The companions of his fall o'erwhelm'd
He soon discerns; and welt'ring by his side
The next himself. Milton's Par. Lost, b. i.
The gasping head flies off; a purple flood
Flows from the trunk, that welters in the blood. Dryden.
He sung Darius, great and good,
By too severe a fate,
Fallen from his high estate,
And welt'ring in his blood. Dryden's St. Cecilia.
2. To roll voluntarily; to wallow.
If a man inglut himself with vanity, or welter in filthiness
like a swine, all learning, all goodness is soon forgotten. Ascham.

WEMM. n. s. [wem, Saxon.] A spot; a scar.
Although the wound be healed, yet the wemme or scar still
remaineth. Brerewood on Languages.

WEN

WEN. n. s. [wen, Saxon.] A fleshy or callous excrescence, or
protuberance.
Warts are said to be destroy'd by the rubbing them with a
green elder stick, and then burying the stick to rot in muck.
It would be tried with corns and wens, and such other ex­
crescences. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Mountains seem but so many wens and unnatural protube­
rances upon the face of the earth. More.
The poet rejects all incidents which are foreign to his
poem: they are wens and other excrescences, which belong
not to the body. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
A promontory wen with griefly grace,
Stood high upon the handle of his face. Dryden.

WENCH. n. s. [wencle, Saxon.]
1. A young woman.
What do I, silly wench, know what love hath prepared for
me? Sidney, b. ii.
Now—how dost thou look now? Oh ill-starr'd wench!
Pale as thy smook! when we shall meet at compt,
This look of thine will hurl my soul from heav'n,
And fiends will snatch at it. Cold, cold, my girl,
Ev'n like thy chastity. Shakesp. Othello.
Thou wouldst perswade her to a worse offence
Than that, whereof thou didst accuse her wench. Donne.
2. A young woman in contempt; a strumpet.
But the rude wench her answer'd nought at all. Spenser.
Do not play in wench-like words with that
Which is so serious. Shakesp. Cymbeline.
Men have these ambitious fancies,
And wanton wenches read romances. Prior.
3. A strumpet.
It is not a digression to talk of bawds in a discourse upon
wenches. Spectator, No 266.

WE’NCHER. n. s. [from wench.] A fornicator.
He must be no great eater, drinker, or sleeper; no game­
ster, wencher, or fop. Grew's Cosmology.

To WEND. v. n. [wendan, Saxon.]
1. To go; to pass to or from. This word is now obsolete, but
its preterite went, is still in use.
Back to Athens shall the lovers wend
With league, whose date till death shall never end. Shakesp.
They went on, and inferred, that if the world were a liv­
ing creature, it had a soul. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Then Rome shall wend to Benevento;
Great feats shall he atchieve! Arbuthnot.
2. To turn round. It seems to be an old sea term.
A ship of 600 tons will carry as good ordnance as a ship
of 1200 tons; and though the greater have double the num­
ber, the lesser will turn her broadsides twice, before the
greater can wend once. Raleigh.

WE’NNEL. n. s. [a corrupted word for weanling.] An animal
newly taken from the dam.
Pinch never thy wennels of water or meat,
If ever ye hope for to have them good neat. Tusser.

WE’NNY. adj. [from wen.] Having the nature of a wen.
Some persons, so deformed with these, have suspected them
to be wenny. Wiseman's urgery.



WENT. pret. See WEND and Go.

WEPT. pret. and part. of weep.
She for joy tenderly wept. Milton.

WERE. of the verb to be.
To give our sister to one uncircumcised, were a reproach
unto us. Gen. xxxiv. 14.
In infusions in things that are of too high a spirit, you
were better pour off the first infusion, and use the latter. Bacon.
Henry divided, as it were,
The person of himself into four parts. Daniel's Civil War.
As though there were any feriation in nature, or justitium's
imaginable in professions, this season is termed the physicians
vacation. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
He had been well assur'd that art
And conduct were of war the better part. Dryden.

WERE. n. s. A dam. See WEAR.
O river! let thy bed be turned from fine gravel to weeds and
mud; let some unjust niggards make weres to spoil thy beauty. Sid.

WERT. the second person singular of the preterite of to be.
Thou wert heard B. Johnson.
O that thou wert as my brother. Cant. viii. 1.
All join'd, and thou of many wert but one. Dryden.

WERTH. weorth, wyrth. n. s. Whether initial or final in the
names of places, signify a farm, court, or village, from the
Saxon weorthig, used by them in the same sense. Gibson's Cam.

WE’SIL. n. s. See WESAND.
The wesil, or windpipe, we call aspera arteria. Bacon.

WEST. n. s. [west, Saxon; west, Dutch.] The region where
the sun goes below the horizon at the equinoxes.
The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day:
Now spurs the lated traveller apace,
To gain the timely inn. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The moon in level'd west was set. Milton.
All bright Phœbus views in early morn,
Or when his evening beams the west adorn. Pope.

WEST. adj. Being towards, or coming from, the region of
the setting sun.
A mighty strong west wind took away the locusts. Ex. x.
This shall be your west border. Num. xxxiv. 6.
The Phenicians had great fleets; so had the Carthaginians,
which is yet farther west. Bacon.

WEST. adv. To the west of any place.
West of this forest,
In goodly form comes on the enemy. Shakespeare.
What earth yields in India east or west. Milton.
West from Orontes to the ocean. Milton.

WE’STERING. adj. Passing to the west.
The star that rose at evening bright,
Toward heav'ns descent had slop'd his westering wheel. Milt.

WE’STERLY. adj. [from west.] Tending or being towards
the west.
These bills give us a view of the most easterly, foutherly,
and westerly parts of England. Graunt's Bills of Mortality.

WE’STERN. adj. [from west.] Being in the west, or toward
the part where the sun sets.
Now fair Phœbus 'gan decline in haste
His weary waggon to the western vale. Spenser.
The western part is a continued rock. Addison.

WE’STWARD. adv. [westweard, Saxon.] Towards the west.
By water they found the sea westward from Peru, which is
always very calm. Abbot's Description of the World.
The grove of sycamore,
That westward rooteth from the city side. Shakespeare.
When westward like the sun you took your way,
And from benighted Britain bore the day. Dryden.
The storm flies,
From westward, when the show'ry kids arise. Addison.
At home then stay,
Nor westward curious take thy way. Prior.

WE’STWARDLY. adv. [from westward.] With tendency to the
west.
If our loves faint, and westwardly decline;
To me thou falsely thine,
And I to thee mine actions shall disguise. Donne.

WET

WET. adj. [wœt, Saxon; waed, Danish.]
1. Humid; having some moisture adhering.
They are wet with the show'rs of the mountains. Job. xxiv.
The soals of the feet have great affinity with the head, and
the mouth of the stomach; as going wet-shod to those that
use it not, affecteth both. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
2. Rainy; watery.
Wet weather seldom hurts the most unwise. Dryden.

WET. n. s. Water; humidity; moisture; rainy weather.
Plants appearing weather'd, stubby, and curled, is the
effect of immoderate wet. Bacon.
Now the sun, with more effectual beams,
Had cheer'd the face of the earth, and dry'd the wet
From drooping plant. Milton's Par. Regain'd.
Tuberoses will not endure the wet; therefore set your pots
into the conserve, and keep them dry. Evelyn.
Your master's riding-coat turn inside out, to preserve the
outside from wet. Swift.

To WET. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To humectate; to moisten; to make to have moisture adhe­
rent.
Better learn of him, that learned be,
And han been watered at the muses well;
The kindly dew drops from the higher tree,
And wets the little plants, that lowly dwell. Spenser.
A drop of water running swiftly over straw, wetteth not. Bac.
Wet the thirsty earth with falling show'rs. Milton.
2. To drench with drink.
Let's drink the other cup to wet our whistles, and so sing
away all sad thoughts. Walton's Angler.

WE’THER. n. s. [weder, Saxon; weder, Dutch.] A ram
castrated.
I am a tainted wether of the flock,
Meetest for death. Shakesp. Merch. of Venice.
He doth not apprehend how the tail of an African weather
outweigheth the body of a good calf, that is, an hundred
pound. Brown's Vulg. Errours.
Although there be naturally of horses, bulls, or rams,
more males than females; yet artificially, that is, by making
geldings, oxen, and weathers, there are fewer. Graunt.
When Blowzelind expir'd, the weather's bell
Before the drooping flock toll'd forth her knell. Gay.
It is much more difficult to find a fat weather, than if half
that species were fairly knock'd on the head. Swift.

WE’TNESS. [from wet.] The state of being wet; moisture;
humidity.
The wetness of these bottoms often spoils them for
corn. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To WEX. v. a. [corrupted from wax by Spenser, for a rhyme,
and imitated by Dryden.] To grow; to increase.
She first taught men a woman to obey;
But when her son to man's estate did wex,
She it surrender'd. Fairy Queen, b. ii.
She trod a wexing moon, that soon wou'd wane,
And drinking borrow'd light, be fill'd again. Dryden.
Counting sev'n from noon,
'Tis Venus' hour, and in the wexing moon. Dryden.

WE’ZAND. n. s. [see wesand.] The windpipe.
Air is ingustible, and by the rough artery, or wezand, con­
ducted into the lungs. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

WHA

WHALE. n. s. [hwale, Saxon.] The largest of fish; the largest
of the animals that inhabit this globe.
God created the great whales. Genesis.
Barr'd up with ribs of whale-bone, she did leese
None of the whale's length, for it reach'd her knees. Bp. Corbet.
The greatest whale that swims the sea,
Does instantly my pow'r obey. Swift.

WHAME. n. s.
The whame, or burrel-fly, is vexatious to horses in summer,
not by stinging, but by their bombylious noise, or tickling
them in sticking their nits on the hair. Derham.

WHA’LY. adj. [See weal.] Marked in streaks.
A bearded goat, whose rugged hair,
And whaly eyes, the sign of jealousy,
Was like the person's self, whom he did bear. Fa. Queen.

WHARF. n. s. [warf, Swedish; werf, Dutch.] A perpendi­
cular bank or mole, raised for the convenience of lading or
emptying vessels.
Duller should'st thou be, than the fat weed,
That roots itself in ease on Lethe's wharf,
Would'st thou not stir in this. Shakesp. Hamlet.
There were not in London used so many wharfs, or keys,
for the landing of merchants goods. Child on Trade.

WHA’RFAGE. n. s. [from wharf.] Dues for landing at a wharf.

WHA’RFINGER. n. s. [from wharf.] One who attends a wharf.

To WHURR. v. n. To pronounce the letter r with too much
force. Dict.

WHAT. pronoun. [hwæt, Saxon; wat, Dutch.]
1. That which.
What you can make her do,
I am content to look on; what to speak,
I am content to hear. Shakesp. Winter Tale.
In these cases we examine the why, the what, and the
how of things. L'Estrange.
He's with a superstitious fear not aw'd,
For what befals at home, or what abroad. Dryden.
A satire on one of the common stamp, never meets with
that approbation, as what is aimed at a person whose merit
places him upon an eminence. Addison.
Mark what it is his mind aims at in the question, and not
what words he expresses. Locke.
If any thing be stated in a different manner from what you
like, tell me freely. Pope to Swift.
Whatever commodities lie under the greatest discourage­
ments from England, those are what they are most industrious
in cultivating. Swift.
2. Which part.
If we rightly estimate things, what in them is purely owing
to nature, and what to labour, we shall find ninety-nine parts
of a hundred are wholly to be put on the account of labour. Locke.


3. Something that is in one's mind indefinitely.
I tell thee what, corporal, I could tear her. Shakespeare.
4. Which of several.
Whether it were the shortness of his foresight, the strength
of his will, or the dazling of his suspicions, or what it was,
certain it is, that the perpetual troubles of his fortunes could
not have been without some main errors in his nature. Bacon.
Comets are rather gazed upon than wisely observed; that
is, what kind of comet for magnitude, colour, placing in the
heaven, or lasting, produceth what kind of effect. Bacon.
See what natures accompany what colours; for by that you
shall induce colours by producing those natures. Bacon.
Shew what aliment is proper for that intention, and what
intention is proper to be pursued in such a constitution. Arbuth.
5. An interjection by way of surprise or question.
What! canst thou not forbear me half an hour,
Then get thee gone, and dig my grave thyself? Shakespeare.
What if I advance an invention of my own to supply the
defect of our new writers. Dryden's Juvenal.
6. WHAT Though. What imports it though? notwithstanding.
An elliptical mode of speech.
What though a child may be able to read; there is no doubt
but the meanest among the people under the law had been as
able as the priests themselves were to offer sacrifice, did this
make sacrifice of no effect? Hooker.
What though none live my innocence to tell,
I know it; truth may own a generous pride,
I clear myself, and care for none beside. Dryden.
7. WHAT Time, What Day. At the time when; on the day when.
What day the genial angel to our sire
Brought her, more lovely than Pandora. Milton.
Then balmy sleep had charm'd my eyes to rest,
What time the morn mysterious visions brings,
While purer slumbers spread their golden wings. Pope.
Me sole the daughter of the deep address'd;
What time with hunger pin'd, my absent mates
Roam'd the wild isle in search of rural cates. Pope.
8. [Pronoun interrogative.] Which of many? interrogatively.
What art thou,
That here in desart hast thy habitance? Fairy Queen.
What is't to thee if he neglect thy urn,
Or without spices lets thy body burn? Dryden.
Whate'er I begg'd, thou like a dotard speak'st
More than is requisite; and what of this?
Why is it mention'd now. Dryden.
What one of an hundred of the zealous bigots in all parties
ever examined the tenets he is so stiff in? Locke.
When any new thing comes in their way, children ask the
common question of a stranger, what is it? Locke.
9. To how great a degree, used either interrogatively or demon­
stratively.
Am I so much deform'd?
What partial judges are our love and hate? Dryden.
10. It is used adverbially for partly; in part.
The enemy having his country wasted, what by himself,
and what by the soldiers, findeth succour in no place. Spenser.
Thus, what with the war, what with the sweat, what with
the gallows, and what with poverty, I am custom shrunk. Sha.
The year before, he had so used the matter, that what by
force, what by policy, he had taken from the Christians above
thirty small castles. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
When they come to cast up the profit and loss, what be­
twixt force, interest, or good manners, the adventurer escapes
well, if he can but get off. L'Estrange.
What with carrying apples, grapes, and fewel, he finds him­
self in a hurry. L'Estrange.
What with the benefit of their situation, the art and parsi­
mony of their people, they have grown so considerable, that
they have treated upon an equal foot with great princes. Tem.
They live a popular life, and then what for business, plea­
sures, company, there's scarce room for a morning's reflexion.
Norris.
If these halfpence should gain admittance, in no long space
of time, what by the clandestine practices of the coiner, what
by his own counterseits and those of others, his limited quan­
tity would be tripled. Swift.
11. WHAT Ho. An interjection of calling.
What ho, thou genius of the clime, what ho,
Ly'st thou asleep beneath these hills of snow?
Stretch out thy lazy limbs. Dryden.

WHA’TEVER. pronouns. [from what and soever. Whatso is
not now in use.
WHA’TSO. pronouns. [from what and soever. Whatso is
not now in use.
WHA’TSOEVER. pronouns. [from what and soever. Whatso is
not now in use.
1. Having one nature or another; being one or another either
generically, specifically or numerically.
To forfeit all your goods, lands, tenements,
Castles, and whatsoever, and to be
Out of the king's protection. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
If thence he 'scape into whatever world. Milton.
In whatsoever shape he lurk I'll know. Milton.
Wisely restoring whatsoever grace
It lost by change of times, or tongues or place. Denham.
Holy writ abounds in accounts of this nature, as much as
any other history whatsoever. Addison's Freeholder.
No contrivance, no prudence whatsoever can deviate from
his scheme, without leaving us worse than it found us.
Atterbury.
Thus whatever successive duration shall be bounded at one
end, and be all past and present, must come infinitely short
of infinity. Bentley's Sermons.
Whatever is read differs as much from what is repeated with­
out book, as a copy does from an original. Swift.
2. Any thing, be it what it will.
Whatsoever our liturgy hath more than theirs, they cut it off.
Hooker.
Whatever thing
The scythe of time mows down, devour. Milton.
3. The same, be it this or that.
Be whate'er Vitruvius was before. Pope.
4. All that; the whole that; all particulars that.
From hence he views with his black lidded eye,
Whatso the heaven in his wide vault contains. Spenser.
Whate'er the ocean pales or sky inclips
Is thine. Shakespeare.
At once came forth whatever creeps. Milton.

WHE

WHEAL. n. s. [See WEAL] A pustule; a small swelling fil­
led with matter.
The humour cannot transpire, whereupon it corrupts and
raises little wheals or blisters. Wiseman's Surgery.

WHEAT. n. s. [hweate, Saxon; weyde, Dutch; triticum, Lat.]
The grain of which bread is chiefly made.
It hath an apetalous flower, disposed into spikes; each of
them consists of many stamina which are included in a squa­
mose flower-cup, having awns: the pointal rises in the center,
which afterwards becomes an oblong seed, convex on one side,
but furrowed on the other: it is farinaceous, and inclosed by
a coat which before was the flower-cup: these are produced
singly, and collected in a close spike, being affixed to an in­
dented axis. The species are; 1. White or red wheat,
without awn. 2. Red wheat, in some places called Kentish
wheat. 3. White wheat. 4. Red-eared bearded wheat. 5. Cone
wheat. 6. Grey wheat, and in some places duck-bill wheat
and grey pollard. 7. Polonian wheat. 8. Many eared wheat.
9. Summer wheat. 10. Naked barley. 11. Long grained
wheat. 12. Six rowed wheat. 13. White eared wheat with
long awns: Of all these sorts cultivated in this country, the
cone wheat is chiefly preserved, as it has a larger ear and a ful­
ler grain than any other; but the seeds of all should be annual­
ly changed; for if they are sown on the same farm, they will
not succeed so well as when the seed is brought from a distant
country. Miller.
He mildews the white wheat, and hurts the poor creature of
the earth. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Reuben went in the days of wheat-harvest. Gen. xxx.
August shall bear the form of a young man of a fierce aspectl
upon his head a garland of wheat and rie. Peacham.
Next to rice is wheat; the bran of which is highly ace­
scent. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
The damsels laughing fly: the giddy clown
Again upon a wheat-sheaf drops a down. Gay.

WHEA’TEN. adj. [from wheat.] Made of wheat.
Of wheaten flour shalt thou make them. Exod xxix.
Here summer in her wheaten garland crown'd. Addison.
The assize of wheaten bread is in London. Arbuth.
His task it was the wheaten loaves to lay,
And from the banquet take the bowls away. Pope.
There is a project on foot for transporting our best wheaten
straw to Dunstable, and obliging us by law to take off yearly
so many tun of the straw hats. Swift.

WHEA’TEAR. n. s. A small bird very delicate.
What cook would lose her time in picking larks, wheatears,
and other small birds. Swift.

WHEA’TPLUM. n. s. A sort of plum. Ainsworth.

To WHEEDLE. v. a. [Of this word I can find no etymology,
though used by good writers, and Locke seems to mention it as
a cant word.] To entice by soft words; to flatter; to per­
suade by kind words.
His bus'ness was to pump and wheedle,
And men with their own keys unriddle,
To make them to themselves give answers,
For which they pay the necromancers. Hudibras.
A fox stood licking of his lips at the cock, and wheedling
him to get him down. L'Estrange.
His fire,
From Mars his forge sent to Minerva's schools
To learn the unlucky art of wheedling fools. Dryden.
He that first brought the word sham, or wheedle, in use, put
together as he thought fit, ideas he made it stand for. Locke.
A laughing, toying, wheedling, whimp'ring she,
Shall make him amble on a gossip's message. Rowe.
The world has never been prepared for these trifles by pre­
faces, wheedled or troubled with excuses. Pope.


Johnny wheedl'd, threaten'd, fawn'd,
Till Phillis all her trinkets pawn'd. Swift.

WHEEL. n. s. [hweol, Saxon; wiel, Dutch; hioel, Islandick.]
1. A circular body that turns round upon an axis.
Carnality within raises all the combustions without: this
is the great wheel to which the clock owes its motion. Dec. P.
The gasping charioteer beneath the wheel
Of his own car. Dryden.
Fortune sits all breathless, and admires to feel
A fate so weighty, that it stops her wheel. Dryden.
Some watches are made with four wheels, others with five.
Locke.
A wheel-plough is one of the best and easiest draughts.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
2. A circular body.
Let go thy hold when a great wheel runs down a hill, lest
it break thy neck with following it. Shakespeare's King Lear.
3. A carriage that runs upon wheels.
The star that rose at ev'ning bright,
Towards heav'n's descent had stopt his westering wheel.
Milton.
Through the proud street she moves the publick gaze,
The turning wheel before the palace stays. Pope.
4. An instrument on which criminals are tortured.
Let them pull all about mine ears, present me
Death on the wheel, or at wild horses heels. Shakespeare:
Thou art a soul in bliss, but I am bound
Upon a wheel of fire. Shakesp. King Lear.
For all the torments of her wheel
May you as many pleasures share. Waller.
His examination is like that which is made by the rack and
wheel. Addison.
5. The instrument of spinning.
Verse sweetens care, however rude the sound,
All at her work the village maiden sings;
Nor as she turns the giddy wheel around,
Revolves the sad vicissitudes of things. Giffard.
6. Rotation; revolution.
Look not too long upon these turning wheels of vicissitude,
lest we become giddy. Bacon.
According to the common vicissitude and wheel of things,
the proud and the insolent, after long trampling upon others,
come at length to be trampled upon themselves. South's Sermons.
7. A compass about; a tract approaching to circularity.
He throws his flight in many an airy wheel. Milton.

To WHEEL. v. n. [from the noun.]
1. To move on wheels.
2. To turn on an axis.
The moon carried about the earth always shews the same
face to us, not once wheeling upon her own center. Bentley.
3. To revolve; to have a rotatory motion.
4. To turn; to have vicissitudes.
5. To fetch a compass.
Spies
Held me in chace, that I was forc'd to wheel
Three or four miles about. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
You my Myrmidons,
Mark what I say, attend me where I wheel. Shakespeare.
Continually wheeling about, he kept them in so strait, that no
man could, without great danger, go to water his horse. Knol.
He at hand provokes
His rage, and plies him with redoubled strokes;
Wheels as he wheels. Dryden.
Half these draw off, and coast the south
With strictest watch: these other wheel the north:
Our circuit meets full west: as flame they part,
Half wheeling to the shield, half to the spear. Milton.
Now smoothly steers through air his rapid flight,
Then wheeling down the steep of heav'n he flies
And draws a radiant circle o'er the skies. Pope.
6. To roll forward.
The course of justice wheel'd about,
And left thee but a very prey to time. Shakespeare.
Thunder
Must wheel on the earth, devouring where it rolls. Milton.

To WHEEL. v. a. To put into a rotatory motion; to make to
whirl round.
Heav'n rowl'd
Her motions, as the great first Mover's hand
First wheels their course. Milton's Paradise Lost.

WHEE’LBARROW. n. s. [wheel and barrow.] A carriage dri­
ven forward on one wheel.
Carry bottles in a wheelbarrow upon rough ground, but not
filled full, but leave some air. Bacon.
Pippins did in wheelbarrows abound King.

WHEE’LER. n. s. [from wheel.] A maker of wheels.
After local names, the most have been derived from occu­
pations, as Potter, Smith, Brasier, Wheeler, Wright. Camden.

WHEE’LWRIGHT. n. s. [wheel and wright.] A maker of wheel­
carriages.
It is a tough wood, and all heart, being good for the
wheelwrights. Mortimer.

WHEE’LY. adj. [from wheel.] Circular; suitable to rotation.
Hinds exercise the pointed steel
On the hard rock, and give a wheely form
To the expected grinder. Philips.

To WHEEZE. v. n. [hweoson, Saxon.] To breath with noise.
The constriction of the trachæa streightens the passage of
the air, and produces the wheezing in the asthma. Hoyer.
It is easy to run into ridicule the best descriptions, when
once a man is in the humour of laughing, till he wheezes at
his own dull jest. Dryden.
The fawning dog runs mad; the wheezing swine
With coughs is choak'd. Dryden's Virgil.
Prepare balsamick cups, to wheezing lungs
Medicinal, and short-breath'd. Philips.
Wheezing asthma loth to stir. Swift.

WHELK. n. s. [See to WELK.]
1. An inequality; a protuberance.
His face is all bubuckles, and whelks, and knobs, and flames
of fire. Shakespeare's Henry V.
2. A pustule. [See WEAL.]

To WHELM. v. a. [awhilfan, Saxon; wilma, Islandick.]
1. To cover with something not to be thrown off; to bury.
Grievous mischiefs which a wicked say
Had wrought, and many whelm'd in deadly pain. Fa. Qu.
This pink is my prize, or ocean whelm them all. Shak.
So the sad offence deserves,
Plung'd in the deep for ever let me lye,
Whelm'd under seas. Addison.
Discharge the load of earth that lies on you, like one of
the mountains under which the poets say, the giants and men
of the earth are whelmed. Pope.
Deplore
The whelming billow and the faithless oar. Gay.
2. To throw upon something so as to cover or bury it.
On those cursed engines triple row,
They saw them whelm'd, and all their confidence
Under the weight of mountains bury'd deep. Milton.
Whelm some things over them and keep them there. Mortim.

WHELP. n. s. [welp, Dutch; huolpar, Islandick; hwalp, Swe­
dish.]
1. The young of a dog; a puppy.
They call'd us, for our fierceness, English dogs,
Now, like their whelps, we crying run away. Shakespeare.
Whelps come to their growth within three quarters of a
year. Bacon's Natural History.
Whelps are blind nine days, and then begin to see as general­
ly believed; but as we have elsewhere declared, it is rare that
their eye-lids open until the twelfth day. Brown.
2. The young of any beast of prey.
The lion's whelp shall be to himself unknown. Shakespeare.
Those unlickt bear whelps. Donne.
3. A son. In contempt.
The young whelp of Talbot's raging brood
Did flesh his puny sword in Frenchmens blood. Shakespeare.
4. A young man. In contempt.
Slave, I will strike your soul out with my foot,
Let me but find you again with such a face:
You whelp. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
That aukward whelp, with his money-bags, would have
made his entrance. Addison's Guardian.

To WHELP. v. n. To bring young. Applied to beasts, gene­
rally beasts of prey.
A lioness hath whelped in the streets,
And graves have yawn'd. Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
In a bitch ready to whelp, we found four puppies. Boyle.
In their palaces,
Where luxury late reign'd, sea-monsters whelp'd
And stabled. Milton's Paradise Lost.

WHEN. adv. [whan, Gothick; hwænne, Sax. wanneer, Dutch.]
1. At the time that.
Divers curious men judged that one Theodosius should suc­
ceed, when indeed Theodosius did. Camden.
One who died several ages ago, raises a secret fondness and
benevolence for him in our minds, when we read history. Add.
2. At what time?
When was it she last walk'd?—
—Since his majesty went into the field. Shakesp. Macbeth.
If there's a pow'r above us,
And that there is all nature cries aloud,
Through all her works; he must delight in virtue,
And that which he delights in must be happy.
But when? or where? Addison.
3. Which time.
I was adopted heir by his consent;
Since when, his oath is broke. Shakespeare's Henry VI.
4. At which time.
By this the bloody troops were at the door,
When as a sudden and a strange dismay,
Enforc'd them strain who should go in before. Daniel.
5. After the time that.
When I have once handed a report to another, how know
I how he may improve it? Government of the Tongue.


5. At what time.
Kings may
Take their advantage when and how they list. Daniel.
6. At what particular time.
His seed, when is not set, shall bruise my head. Milton.
7. WHEN as. At the time when; what time.
This when as Guyon saw, he 'gan enquire
What meant that preace about that lady's throne. Fa. Queen.
When as sacred light began to dawn
In Eden on the humid flow'rs, that breath'd
Their morning incense, came the human pair. Milton.

WHENCE. adv. [Formed from where by the same analogy with
hence from here.]
1. From what place.
2. From what person.
Whence, feeble nature! shall we summon aid,
If by our pity and our pride betray'd? Prior.
3. From which premises.
Their practice was to look no farther before them than the
next line; whence it will follow, that they can drive to no cer­
tain point. Dryden.
4. From which place or person.
Grateful to acknowledge whence his good descends. Milt.
5. For which cause.
Recent urine, distilled with a fixed alkali, is turned into an
alkaline nature; whence alkaline salts, taken into a human
body, have the power of turning its benign salts into fiery and
volatile. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
6. From what source.
I have shewn whence the understanding may get all the ideas
it has. Locke.
7. From WHENCE. A vitious mode of speech.
From whence he views, with his black-lidded eye,
Whatso the heaven in his wide vault contains. Spenser.
To leave his wife, to leave his babes,
His mansion, and his titles, in a place
From whence himself does fly. Shakesp. Macbeth.
8. Of WHENCE. Another barbarism.
He ask'd his guide,
What and of whence was he who press'd the hero's side?
Dryden's æn.

WHE’NCESOEVER. adv. [whence and ever.] From what place
soever.
Any idea, whencesoever we have it, contains in it all the pro­
perties it has. Locke.
Wretched name, or arbitrary thing!
Whence ever I thy cruel essence bring,
I own thy influence; for I feel thy sting. Prior.

WHE’NEVER. adv. [when and ever, or soever.] At whatso­
ever time.
WHE’NSOEVER. adv. [when and ever, or soever.] At whatso­
ever time.
O welcome hour whenever! Why delays
His hand to execute? Milt. Paradise Lost.
Men grow first acquainted with many of these self-evident
truths, upon their being proposed; not because innate, but
because the consideration of the nature of the things, contained
in those words, would not suffer him to think otherwise, how
or whensoever he is brought to reflection. Locke.
Our religion, whenever it is truly received into the heart,
will appear in justice, friendship, and charity. Rogers.

WHERE. adv. [hwœr, Saxon; waer, Dutch.]
1. At which place or places.
See visited that place, where first she was so happy as to see
the cause of her unhap. Sidney.
God doth in publick prayer respect the solemnity of places,
where his name should be called on amongst his people. Hooker.
In every land we have a larger space,
Where we with green adorn our fairy bow'rs. Dryden.
In Lydia born,
Where plenteous harvests the fat fields adorn. Dryden.
2. At what place.
Ah! where was Eloise? Pope.
3. At the place in which.
Where I thought the remnant of mine age
Should have been cherish'd by her child-like duty,
I now am full resolv'd to take a wife. Shakespeare.
4. Any WHERE. At any place.
Those subterraneous waters were universal, as a dissolution
of the exterior earth could not be made anywhere but it would
fall into waters. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
5. WHERE, like here, has in composition a kind of pronominal
signification: as, whereof, of which.
6. It has the nature of a noun. Not now in use.
He shall find no where safe to hide himself. Spenser.
Bid them farewel, Cordelia, though unkind:
Thou losest here, a better where to find. Shakesp. K. Lear.

WHE’REABOUT. adv. [where and about.]
1. Near what place.
2. Near which place.
Thou firm set earth,
Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear
Thy very stones prate of my whereabout.
Shakespeare's Macbeth.
3. Concerning which.
The greatness of all actions is measured by the worthiness
of the subject from which they proceed, and the object where­
about they are conversant: we must of necessity, in both re­
spects, acknowledge that this present world affordeth not any
thing comparable unto the duties of religion. Hooker.

WHEREA’S. adv. [where and as.]
1. When on the contrary.
Are not those found to be the greatest zealots who are most
notoriously ignorant? whereas true zeal should always begin
with true knowledge. Sprat's Sermons.
The aliment of plants is nearly one uniform juice; whereas
animals live upon very different sorts of substances. Arbuthnot.
2. At which place. Obsolete.
They came to fiery flood of Phlegeton,
Whereas the damned ghosts in torments fry. Fa. Queen.
Prepare to ride unto St. Alban's,
Whereas the king and queen do mean to hawk. Shak. H. VI.
3. The thing being so that. Always referred to something different.
Whereas we read so many of them so much commended,
some for their mild and merciful disposition, some or their
virtuous severity, some for integrity of life; all these were the
fruits of true and infallible principles delivered unto us in the
word of God. Hooker.
Whereas all bodies seem to work by the communication of
their natures, and impressions of their motions; the diffusion
of species visible seemeth to participate more of the former,
and the species audible of the latter. Bacon.
Whereas was are generally causes of poverty, the special
nature of this war with Spain, if made by sea, is like to be a
lucrative war. Bacon.
Whereas seeing requires light, a free medium, and a right
line to the objects, we can hear in the dark, immured, and by
curve lines. Holder's Elements of Speech.
Whereas at first we had only three of these principles, their
number is already swoln to five. Baker on Learning.
One imagines that the terrestrial matter, which is showered
down with rain, enlarges the bulk of the earth: another fan­
cies that the earth will ere long all be washed away by rains,
and the waters of the ocean turned forth to overwhelm the dry
land: whereas, by this distribution of matter, continual provi­
sion is every where made for the supply of bodies. Woodward.

WHEREA’T. adv. [where and at.] At which.
This he thought would be the fittest resting place, 'till we
might go further from his mother's fury; whereat he was no
less angry, and ashamed, than desirous to obey Zelmane. Sidn.
This is in man's conversion unto God, the first stage where­
at his race towards heaven beginneth. Hooker.
Whereat I wak'd, and sound
Before mine eyes all real, as the dream
Had lively shadow'd. Milton's Paradise Lost.

WHEREBY’. adv. [where and by.] By which.
But even that, you must confess, you have received of her,
and so are rather gratefully to thank her, than to press any fur­
ther, 'till you bring something of your own, whereby to claim
it. Sidney.
Prevent those evils whereby the hearts of men are lost. Hook.
You take my life,
When you do take the means whereby I live. Shakespeare.
If an enemy hath taken all that from a prince whereby he
was a king, he may refresh himself by considering all that is
left him, whereby he is a man. Taylor.
This is the most rational and most profitable way of learn­
ing languages, and whereby we may best hope to give account
to God of our youth spent herein. Milton.
This delight they take in doing of mischief, whereby I mean
the pleasure they take to put any thing in pain that is capable
of it, is no other than a foreign and introduced disposi­
tion. Locke.

WHERE’VER. adv. [where and ever.] At whatsoever place.
Which to avenge on him they dearly vow'd,
Wherever that on ground they mought him find. Fa. Queen.
Him serve, and fear!
Of other creatures, as him pleases best,
Wherever plac'd, let him dispose. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Not only to the sons of Abraham's loins
Salvation shall be preach'd; but to the sons
Of Abraham's faith, wherever through the world. Milton.
Where-e'er thy navy spreads her canvas wings,
Homage to thee, and peace to all she brings. Waller.
The climate, about thirty degrees, may pass for the Hespe­
rides of our age, whatever or where-ever the other was. Temp.
He cannot but love virtue, wherever it is. F. Atterbury.
Wherever he hath receded from the Mosaick account of the
earth, he hath receded from nature and matter of fact. Woodw.
Wherever Shakespeare has invented, he is greatly below the
novelist; since the incidents he has added are neither necessary
nor probable. Shakespeare Illustrated.

WHE’REFORE. adv. [where and for.]
1. For which reason.
The ox and the ass desire their food, neither purpose they
unto themselves any end wherefore. Hooker.


There is no cause wherefore we should think God more de­
sirous to manifest his favour by temporal blessings towards them
than towards us. Hooker.
Can ye alledge any just cause wherefore absolutely ye should
not condescend, in this controversy, to have your judgment
over-ruled by some such definitive sentence? Hooker.
Shall I tell you why?
—Ay, sir, and wherefore; for, they say, every why hath a
wherefore. Shak. Comedy of Errours.
2. For what reason?
Wherefore gaze this goodly company,
As if they saw some wond'rous monument? Shakespeare.
O wherefore was my birth from heav'n foretold
Twice by an angel? Milton's Agonistes.

WHEREI’N. adv. [where and in.] In which.
Whenever yet was your appeal denied?
Wherein have you been galled by the king? Shakes. H. VI.
Try waters by weight, wherein you may find some diffe­
rence, and the lighter account the better. Bacon.
Heav'n
Is as the book of God before thee set,
Wherein to read his wond'rous works. Milton.
Too soon for us the circling hours
This dreaded time have compast, wherein we
Must bide the stroke of that long threaten'd wound. Milton.
This the happy morn
Wherein the son of heav'n's eternal king,
Our great redemption from above did bring! Milton.
Had they been treated with more kindness, and their ques­
tions answered, they would have taken more pleasure in im­
proving their knowledge, wherein there would be still new­
ness. Locke.
There are times wherein a man ought to be cautious as well
as innocent. Swift.

WHEREI’NTO. adv. [where and into.] Into which.
Where's the palace, whereinto foul things
Sometimes intrude not? Shakesp. Othello.
Another disease is the putting forth of wild oats, whereinto
corn oftentimes degenerates. Bacon's Natural History.
My subject does not oblige me to point forth the place
whereinto this water is now retreated. Woodward.
Their treaty was finished, wherein I did them several good
offices, by the credit I now had at court, and they made me a
visit. Gulliver's Travels.

WHE’RENESS. n. s. [from where.] Ubiety.
A point hath no dimensions, but only a whereness, and is
next to nothing. Grew's Cosmol.

WHEREO’F. adv. [where and of.] Of which.
A thing whereof the church hath, ever sithence the first be­
ginning, reaped singular commodity. Hooker.
How this world, when and whereof created. Milton.
I do not find the certain numbers whereof their armies did
consist. Davies on Ireland.
'Tis not very probable that I should succeed in such a pro­
ject, whereof I have not had the least hint from any of my
predecessors, the poets. Dryden.

WHEREO’N. adv. [where and on.] On which.
As for those things whereon, or else wherewith, superstition
worketh, polluted they are by such abuse. Hooker.
Infected be the air whereon they ride. Shakesp. Macbeth.
So looks the strand, whereon th' imperious flood
Hath left a witness'd usurpation. Shakesp. Henry IV.
He lik'd the ground whereon she trod. Milton.

WHE’RESO. adv. [where and soever.] In what place
soever.
WHERESOE’VER. adv. [where and soever.] In what place
soever.
That short revenge the man may overtake,
Whereso he be, and soon upon him light. Fairy Queen.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,
How shall your houseless heads defend you
From seasons such as these? Shak. King Lear.
He oft
Frequented their assemblies, whereso met. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Can misery no place of safety know?
The noise pursues me wheresoe'er I go. Dryden.

WHERETO’. adv. [where and to, or unto.] To which.
WHEREUNTO’. adv. [where and to, or unto.] To which.
She bringeth forth no kind of creature, whereto she is want­
ing in that which is needful. Hooker.
What Scripture doth plainly deliver, to that the first place
both of credit and obedience is due; the next whereunto is
whatsoever any man can necessarily conclude by force of rea­
son: after these, the voice of the church succeedeth. Hooker.
I hold an old accustom'd feast,
Whereto I have invited many a guest. Shak. Rom. and Jul.
Whereto th' Almighty answer'd, not displeas'd. Milton.

WHEREUPO’N. n. s. [where and upon.] Upon which.
The townsmen mutinied, and sent to Essex; whereupon he
came thither. Clarendon.
Whereupon there had risen a general war betwixt them, if
the earl of Desmond had not been sent into England.
Davies on Ireland.

WHEREWI’TH. adv. [where and with, or withal.] With
which.
WHEREWITHA’L. adv. [where and with, or withal.] With
which.
As for those things wherewith superstition worketh, polluted
they are. Hooker.
Her bliss is all in pleasure and delight,
Wherewith she makes her lovers drunken. Fairy Queen.
Northumberland, thou ladder wherewithal
The mounting Bolingbroke ascends my throne. Shakesp.
In regard of the troubles wherewith this king was distressed
in England, this army was not of sufficient strength to make
an entire conquest of Ireland. Davies on Ireland.
The builders of Babel, still with vain design,
New Babels, had they wherewithal, would build. Milton.
You will have patience with a debtor, who has an inclina­
tion to pay you his obligations, if he had wherewithal ready
about him. Wycherley.
The frequency, warmth and affection, wherewith they
are proposed. Rogers's Sermons.
But it is impossible for a man, who openly declares against
religion, to give any reasonable security that he will not be
false and cruel, whenever a temptation offers, which he values
more than he does the power wherewith he was trusted? Swift.

To WHE’RRET. v. a. [Corrupted, I suppose, from ferret.]
1. To hurry; to trouble; to teaze. A low colloquial word.
2. To give a box on the ear. Ainsworth.

WHE’RRY. n. s. [Of uncertain derivation.] A light boat used
on rivers.
And falling down into a lake,
Which him up to the neck doth take,
His fury somewhat it doth slake,
He calleth for a ferry;
What was his club he made his boat,
And in his oaken cup doth float,
As safe as in a wherry. Drayton's Nymphid.
Let the vessel split on shelves.
With the freight enrich themselves:
Safe within my little wherry,
All their madness makes me merry. Swift.

To WHET. v. a. [hwettan, Saxon; wetten, Dutch.]
1. To sharpen by attrition.
Fool, thou whet'st a knife to kill thyself. Shakesp. R. III.
Thou hid'st a thousand daggers in thy thoughts,
Which thou hast whetted on thy stony heart,
To stab at half an hour of my frail life. Shakes. H. IV.
This visitation
Is but to whet thy almost blunted purpose. Shak. Hamlet.
Unsophisticated vitriol, rubbed on the whetted blade of a
knife, will not impart its colour. Boyle.
There is the Roman slave whetting his knife, and listening.
Addison on Italy.
Eloquence, smooth and cutting, is like a razor whetted with
oil. Swift.
2. To edge; to make angry or acrimonious.
Peace, good queen;
O whet not on these too too furious peers;
For blessed are the peace-makers. Shakesp. H. VI.
Since Cassius first did whet me against Cæsar,
I have not slept. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
I will whet on the king. Shak. King John.
He favoured the Christian merchants; and the more to whet
him forwards, the bassa had cunningly insinuated into his ac­
quaintance one Mulearabe. Knolles.
Let not thy deep bitterness beget
Careless despair in me; for that will what
My mind to scorn. Donne.
The cause why onions, salt, and pepper, in baked meats,
move appetite, is by vellication of those nerves; for motion
whetteth. Bacon's Natural History.
A disposition in the king began to be discovered, which,
nourished and whetted on by bad counsellors, proved the blot
of his times; which was the crushing treasure out of his sub­
jects purses, by penal laws. Bacon's Henry VII.
'Tis a sad contemplation, that we should sacrifice the church's
peace to the whetting and inflaming of a little vain curiosity.
Decay of Piety.
Great contemporaries whet and cultivate each other. Dryd.
Himself invented first the shining share,
And whetted human industry by care;
Nor suffer'd sloth to rust his active reign. Dryden's Georg.

WHET. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. The act of sharpening.
2. Any thing that makes hungry, as a dram.
An iv'ry table is a certain whet;
You would not think how heartily he'll eat. Dryden.
He assisted at four hundred bowls of punch, not to mention
sips, drams, and whets. Spectator.

WHE’THER. adv. [hwœther, Saxon.] A particle expressing one
part of a disjunctive question in opposition to the other.
As they, so we have likewise a publick form, how to serve
God both morning and evening, whether sermons may be had
or no. Hooker.
Resolve whether you will or no. Shakes. Rich. III.


Perkins's three counsellors registered themselves sanctuary­
men; and whether upon pardon obtained, or continuance
within the privilege, they were not proceeded with. Bacon.
If we adjoin to the lords, whether they prevail or not, we
engulph ourselves into assured danger. Hayward.
Then did'st thou found that order, whether love
Or victory thy royal thoughts did move,
Each was a noble cause. Denham.
Epictetus forbids a man, on such an occasion, to consult
with the oracle whether he should do it or no, it being neces­
sary to be done. Decay of Piety.
Whether by health or sickness, life or death, mercy is still
contriving and carrying on the spiritual good of all who love
God. South's Sermons.
This assistance is only offered to men, and not forced upon
them, whether they will or no. Tillotson.
When our foreign trade exceeds our exportation of commo­
dities, our money must go to pay our debts, whether melted or
not. Locke.
Whether it be that the richest of these discoveries fall not into
the pope's hands, or for some other reason, the prince of Farnese
will keep this seat from being turned up, 'till one of his own
family is in the chair. Addison on Italy.

WHE’THER. pronoun. Which of two.
Whither when they came, they fell at words
Whether of them should be the lord of lords. Hubberd's Tale.
Whether of them twain did the will of his father? Mat. xxi.
Whether is more beneficial, that we should have the same
yearly quantity of heat distributed equally, or a greater share
in Summer, and in Winter a less? Bentley.
Let them take whether they will: if they deduce all animals
from single pairs, even to make the second of a pair, is to write
after a copy. Bentley.

WHE’TSTONE. n. s. [whet and stone.] Stone on which any
thing is whetted, or rubbed to make it sharp.
The minds of the afflicted do never think they have fully
conceived the weight or measure of their own woe: they use
their affection as a whetstone both to wit and memory. Hooker.
What avail'd her resolution chaste,
Whose soberest looks were whetstones to desire? Fairfax.
Whom the whetstone sharps to eat,
And cry, milstones are good meat. Ben. Johnson.
Diligence is to the understanding as the whetstone to the
razor; but the will is the hand, that must apply the one to
the other. South.
A whetstone is not an instrument to carve with; but it
sharpens those that do. Shakespeare Illustrated.

WHE’TTER. n. s. [ from whet. ] One that whets or
sharpens.
Love and enmity are notable whetters and quickeners of the
spirit of life in all animals. More.

WHEY. n. s. [hwœg, Saxon; wey, Dutch.]
1. The thin or serous part of milk, from which the oleose or
grumous part is separated.
I'll make you feed on curds and whey. Shakespeare.
Milk is nothing but blood turned white, by being diluted
with a greater quantity of serum or whey in the glandules of
the breast. Harvey on Consumptions.
2. It is used of any thing white and thin.
Those linnen cheeks of thine
Are counsellors to fear. What, soldiers whey face! Shakes.

WHE’YEY. adj. [from whey.] Partaking of whey; resem­
bling whey.
WHE’YISH. adj. [from whey.] Partaking of whey; resem­
bling whey.
Those medicines, being opening and piercing, fortify the
operation of the liver, in sending down the wheyey part of the
blood to the reins. Bacon's Natural History.
He that quaffs
Such wheyish liquors, oft with cholick pangs
He'll roar. Philips.

WHI

WHICH. pron. [hwilc, Saxon; welk, Dutch.]
1. The pronoun relative; relating to things.
The apostles term it the pledge of our heavenly inheritance,
sometimes the handsel or earnest of that which is to come.
Hooker, b. v.
Do they not blaspheme that worthy name, by the which ye
are called? Ja. ii. 7.
In destructions by deluge, the remnant which hap to be re­
served are ignorant. Bacon.
To which their want of judging abilities, add also their
want of opportunity to apply to such a serious consideration as
may let them into the true goodness and evil of things, which
are qualities which seldom display themselves to the first view.
South's Sermons.
The queen of furies by their side is set,
And snatches from their mouths th' untasted meat,
Which, if they touch, her hissing snakes she rears. Dryden.
After the several earths, consider the parts of the surface of
this globe which is barren, as sand and rocks. Locke.
2. It formerly was used for who, and related likewise to persons:
as in the first words of the Lord's prayer.
The Almighty, which giveth wisdom to whomsoever it
pleaseth him, did, for the good of his church, stay those eager
affections. Hooker.
Do you hear, sir, of a battle?
—Every one hears that,
Which can distinguish sound. Shakesp. King Lear.
Had I been there, which am a silly woman,
The soldiers should have toss'd me on their pikes,
Before I would have granted to that act. Shakesp. H. VI.
3. The genitive of which, as well as of who, is whose; but whose,
as derived from which, is scarcely used but in poetry.
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste. Milton.
4. It is sometimes a demonstrative: as, take which you will.
What is the night?
—Almost at odds with morning, which is which. Shakesp.
5. It is sometimes an interrogative: as, which is the man.
Two fair twins,
The puzzled strangers which is which enquire. Tickel.

WHI’CHSOEVER. pron. [which and soever.] Whether one or
the other.
Whichsoever of these he takes, and how often soever he
doubles it, he finds that he is not one jot nearer the end of
such addition than at first setting out. Locke.

WHIFF. ns. [chwyth, Welsh.] A blast; a puff of wind.
Pyrrhus at Priam drives, in rage strikes wide;
But with the whiff and wind of his fell sword,
Th' unnerved father falls. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Who,
If some unsav'ry whiff betray the crime,
Invents a quarrel straight. Dryden.
Three pipes after dinner he constantly smokes,
And seasons his whiffs with impertinent jokes. Prior.
Nick pulled out a boatswain's whistle: upon the first whiff
the tradesmen came jumping in. Arbuthnot.

To WHI’FFLE. v. n. [from whiff.] To move inconstantly,
as if driven by a puff of wind.
Nothing is more familiar than for a whiffling fop, that has
not one grain of the sense of a man of honour, to play the
hero. L'Estrange.
A person of a whiffling and unsteady turn of mind cannot
keep close to a point of controversy, but wanders from it per­
petually. Watts.
Was our reason given, to be thus puff'd about,
Like a dry leaf, an idle straw, a feather,
The sport of ev'ry whiffling blast that blows? Rowe.

WHI’FFLER. n. s. [from whiffle.]
1. One that blows strongly.
The beach
Pales in the flood with men, with wives and boys,
Whose shouts and claps out-voice the deep-mouth'd sea,
Which, like a mighty whiffler 'fore the king,
Seems to prepare his way. Shak. Henry V.
2. One of no consequence; one moved with a whiff or puff.
Our fine young ladies retain in their service a great number
of supernumerary and insignificant fellows, which they use
like whifflers, and commonly call shoeing-horns. Spectator.
Every whiffler in a laced coat, who frequents the chocolate­
house, shall talk of the constitution. Swift.

WHIG. n. s. [hwœg, Saxon.]
1. Whey.
2. The name of a faction.
The southwest counties of Scotland have seldom corn
enough to serve them round the year; and the northern parts
producing more than they need, those in the west come in the
Summer to buy at Leith the stores that come from the north;
and from a word, whiggam, used in driving their horses, all
that drove were called the whiggamors, and shorter the whiggs.
Now in that year before the news came down of duke Hamil­
ton's defeat, the ministers animated their people to rise and
march to Edinburgh; and they came up marching on the head
of their parishes with an unheard-of fury, praying and preach­
ing all the way as they came. The marquis of Argyle and his
party came and headed them, they being about six thousand.
This was called the whiggamor's inroad; and ever after that,
all that opposed the court came in contempt to be called
whigs: and from Scotland the word was brought into Eng­
land, where it is now one of our unhappy terms of dis­
union. Burnet.
Whoever has a true value for church and state, should avoid
the extremes of whig for the sake of the former, and the ex­
tremes of tory on the account of the latter. Swift.

WHI’GGISH. adj. [from whig.] Relating to the whigs.
She'll prove herself a tory plain,
From principles the whigs maintain;
And, to defend the whiggish cause,
Her topicks from the tories draws. Swift.

WHI’GGISM. n. s. [from whig.] The notions of a whig.
I could quote passages from fifty pamphlets, wholly made up
of whiggism and atheism. Swift.

WHILE. n. s. [weil, German; hwile, Saxon.] Time; space of
time.


If my beauty be any thing, then let it obtain this much of
you, that you will remain some while in this company, to ease
your own travel and our solitariness. Sidney.
I have seen her rise from her bed, and again return to bed;
yet all this while in a most fast sleep. Shakesp. Macbeth.
One while we thought him innocent,
And then w' accus'd the consul. Ben. Johnson's Catiline.
I hope all ingenuous persons will advertise me fairly, if they
think it worth their while, of what they dislike in it. Digby.
Pausing a while, thus to herself she mus'd. Milton.
How couldst thou look for other, but that God should con­
demn thee for the doing of those things for which thine own
conscience did condemn thee, all the while thou wast doing of
them? Tillotson.
That which I have all this while been endeavouring to con­
vince men to, is no other but what God himself doth particu­
larly recommend. Tillotson.
Few, without the hope of another life, would think it
worth their while to live above the allurements of sense. Atterb.
What fate has disposed of the papers, 'tis not worth while
to tell. Locke.

WHILE. adv. [hwile, Saxon. Whiles is now out of use.]
WHILES. adv. [hwile, Saxon. Whiles is now out of use.]
WHILST. adv. [hwile, Saxon. Whiles is now out of use.]
1. During the time that.
Whiles I was protector,
Pity was all the fault that was in me. Shakes. Henry VI.
What we have, we prize not to the worth,
Whiles we enjoy it; but being lackt and lost,
Why, then we rack the value. Shakespeare.
Repeated, while the sedentary earth
Attains her end. Milton.
2. As long as.
Use your memory, and you will sensibly experience a gra­
dual improvement, while you take care not to over-load it.
Watts's Logick.
3. At the same time that.
Whiles by the experiment of this ministration they glorify
God, for your professed subjection unto the Gospel. 2 Cor. ix.
Can he imagine that God sends forth an irresistible strength
against some sins, whilst in others he permits men a power of
repelling his grace? Decay of Piety.

To WHILE. v. n. [from the noun.] To loiter.
Men guilty this way never have observed that the whiling
time, the gathering together, and waiting a little before din­
ner, is the most aukwardly passed away of any. Spectator.

WHI’LERE. adv. [while and ere, or before.] A little while
ago.
That cursed wight, from whom I 'scap'd whilere,
A man of hell, that calls himself despair. Fairy Queen.
Let us be jocund: will you troul the catch
You taught me but while-ere? Shakespeare.
Here lies Hobbinol, our shepherd whilere. Raleigh.
He who, with all heav'n's heraldry, whilere
Enter'd the world, now bleeds to give us ease. Milton.

WHI’LOM. adv. [hwilom, Saxon, that is, once on a time.] For­
merly; once; of old.
Where now the studious lawyers have their bowers,
There whilom wont the Templar knights abide,
'Till they decayed through pride. Spenser.
In northern clime a val'rous knight
Did whilom kill his bear in fight,
And wound a siddler. Hudibras.
Yet art thou not inglorious in thy fate;
For so Apollo, with unweeting hand,
Whilom did slay his dearly loved mate. Milton.

WHIM. n. s. [This word is derived by Skinner from a thing turn­
ing round; nor can I find any etymology more probable.] A
freak; an odd fancy; a caprice; an irregular motion of
desire.
All the superfluous whims relate,
That fill a female gamester's pate. Swift.

To WHI’MPER. v. n. [wimmeren, German.] To cry without
any loud noise.
The father by his authority should always stop this sort of
crying, and silence their whimpering. Locke.
A laughing, toying, wheedling, whimp'ring she,
Shall make him amble on a gossip's message. Rowe.
In peals of thunder now she roars, and now
She gently whimpers like a lowing cow. Swift.

WHI’MPLED. adj. [I suppose from whimper.] This word seems
to mean distorted with crying.
This whimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy,
This signior Junio's giant dwarf, Dan Cupid,
Regent of love-rhimes, lord of folded arms,
Th' anointed sovereign of sighs and groans. Shakespeare.

WHI’MSEY. n. s. [Only another form of the word whim.] A
freak; a caprice; an odd fancy; a whim.
At this rate a pretended freak or whimsey may be pal­
liated. L'Estrange.
All the ridiculous and extravagant shapes that can be ima­
gined, all the fancies and whimsies of poets and painters, and
Egyptian idolaters, if so be they are consistent with life and
propagation, would be now actually in being, if our atheists
notion were true. Ray on the Creation.
So now, as health or temper changes,
In larger compass Alma ranges;
This day below, the next above,
As light or solid whimseys move. Prior.
What I speak, my fair Cloe, and what I write, shows
The difference there is betwixt nature and art;
I court others in verse, but I love thee in prose;
And they have my whimsies, but thou hast my heart. Prior.
Oranges in whimsey-boards went round. King.
Less should I dawb it o'er with transitory praise,
And water-colours of these days;
These days! where e'en th' extravagance of poetry
Is at a loss for figures to express
Men's folly, whimsies, and inconstancy. Swift:

WHI’MSICAL. adj. [from whimsey.] Freakish; capricious;
oddly fanciful.
Another circumstance in which I am very particular, or, as
my neighbours call me, whimsical: as my garden invites into
it all the birds, I do not suffer any one to destroy their nests.
Addison's Spectator.

WHIN. n. s. [chwyn, Welsh; genista spinosa, Latin.] A weed;
furze.
With whins or with furzes thy hovel renew. Tusser.
Plants that have prickles in their leaf are holly, juniper,
whin-bush, and thistle. Bacon.

To WHINE. v. n. [wanian, Saxon; weenen, Dutch; ewyno,
Welsh.] To lament in low murmurs; to make a plaintive
noise; to moan meanly and effeminately.
They came to the wood, where the hounds were in couples
staying their coming, but with a whining accent craving li­
berty. Sidney.
At his nurse's tears
He whin'd and roar'd away your victory,
That page, blush'd at him. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Twice and once the hedge-pig whin'd. Shakes. Macbeth.
Whip him,
'Till, like a boy, you see him cringe his face,
And whine aloud for mercy. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
All the common people have a whining tone and accent in
their speech, as if they did still smart or suffer some oppression.
Davies on Ireland.
Then, if we whine, look pale,
And tell our tale,
Men are in pain
For us again;
So, neither speaking, doth become
The lover's state, nor being dumb. Suckling.
He made a viler noise than swine
In windy weather, when they whine. Hudibras.
Some, under sheeps cloathing, had the properties of wolves,
that is, they could whine and howl as well as bite and de­
vour. South's Sermons.
I was not born so base to flatter crouds,
And move your pity by a whining tale. Dryd. Don Sebast.
Laughing at their whining may perhaps be the proper me­
thod. Locke.
Life was given for noble purposes; and therefore it must
not be sacrificed to a quarrel, nor whined away in love. Collier.
Upon a general mourning, mercers and woollen-drapers
would in four and twenty hours raise their cloths and silks to
above a double price; and, if the mourning continued long,
then whining with petitions to the court, that they were ready
to starve. Swift.

WHINE. n. s. [from the verb.] Plaintive noise; mean or af­
fected complaint.
The favourable opinion of men comes oftentimes by a few
demure looks and affected whines, set off with some odd devo­
tional postures and grimaces. South.
Thy hateful whine of woe
Breaks in upon my sorrows, and distracts
My jarring senses with thy beggar's cry. Rowe's J. Shore.

To WHI’NNY. v. n. [hinnio, Lat. from the sound.] To make
a noise like a horse or colt.

WHI’NYARD. n. s. [winnan and are, to gain honour, Saxon,
Skinner. I know not whether this word was ever used seri­
ously, and therefore perhaps it might be denominated in con­
tempt from whin, a tool to cut whins.] A sword, in con­
tempt.
He snatch'd his whinyard up, that fled
When he was falling off his steed. Hudibras.

To WHIP. v. a. [hweopan, Saxon; wippen, Dutch.]
1. To strike with any thing tough and flexible.
He took
The harness'd steeds, that still with horror shook,
And plies them with the lash, and whips 'em on;
And, as he whips, upbraids 'em with his son. Addison.
2. To few slightly.
In half whipt muslin needles useless lie. Gay.


3. To drive with lashes.
This unbeard sawciness, and boyish troops,
The king doth smile at; and is well prepar'd
To whip this dwarfish war, these pigmy arms,
From out the circle of his territories. Shak. King John.
Let's whip these stragglers o'er the seas again;
Lash hence these over-weening rags of France,
These famish'd beggars. Shakesp. Richard III.
Since I pluckt geese, play'd truant, and whipt top, I knew
not what 'twas to be beaten 'till lately. Shakespeare.
If ordered every day to whip his top, so long as to make
him weary, he will wish for his book, if you promise it him
as a reward of having whipt his top lustily quite out. Locke.
4. To correct with lashes.
I'll leave you to the hearing of the cause,
Hoping you'll find good cause to whip them all. Shakespeare.
Reason with the fellow,
Before you punish him, where he heard this,
Lest you should chance to whip your information. Shakesp.
Hourly we see some raw pin-feather'd thing
Attempt to mount, and fights and heroes sing,
Who for false quantities was whipt at school
But t'other day, and breaking grammar-rule. Dryden.
How did he return this haughty brave,
Who whipt the winds, and made the sea his slave? Dryden:
This requires more than setting children a task, and whipping
them without any more ado, if it be not done to out
fancy. Locke.
Oh chain me! whip me! let me be the scorn
Of fordid rabbles and insulting crowds!
Give me but life. Smith's Phædra and Hippol.
Heirs to titles and large estates have a weakness in their
eyes, and are not able to bear the pain and indignity of
whipping. Swift.
5. To lash with sarcasm.
They would whip me with their fine wits, 'till I was as crest
fallen as a dried pear. Shak. Merry Wives of Windsor.
6. To inwrap.
Its string hath both ends neatly lapt over with another about
three inches in length, and so is firmly whipt about with small
gut, that it may the easier move in the edge of the rowler.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.

To WHIP. v. a. To take any thing nimbly.
In his lawless fit,
Behind the arras hearing something stir,
He whips his rapier out, and cries a rat!
And in this brainish apprehension kills
The unseen good old man. Shak. Hamlet.
She in a hurry whips up her darling under her arm. L'Estr.
Raise yourself upon your hinder legs, and then stretch out
your head: I can easily whip up to your horns, and so out of
the well. L'Estrange.
Brisk Susan whips her linnen from the rope,
Whilst the first drizzling show'r is born aslope. Swift.
Thus disposed, it lies ready for you to whip it out in a mo­
ment. Swift.

To WHIP. v. n. To move nimbly.
Two friends travelling together met a bear upon the way:
the one whips up a tree, and the other throws himself flat upon
the ground. L'Estrange.
The simple 'squire made a sudden start to follow; but the
justice of the quorum whipped between. Tatler.

WHIP. n. s. [hweop, Saxon.] An instrument of correction
tough and pliant.
There sat infernal pain,
And fast beside him sat tumultuous strife;
The one in hand an iron whip did strain,
The other brandished a bloody knife. Fairy Queen.
Put in ev'ry honest hand a whip,
To lash the rascal naked through the world. Shak. Othello.
Love is merely madness, and deserves as well a dark-house
and a whip as madmen do. Shakespeare.
A whip for the horse, a bridle for the ass. Prov. xxvi. 3.
High on her head she rears two twisted snakes;
Her chain she rattles, and her whip she shakes. Dryden.
In his right hand he holds the whip, with which he is sup­
posed to drive the horses of the sun. Addison.
Each staunch polemick
Came whip and spur, and dash'd thro' thin and thick. Dune.

WHI’PCORD. n. s. [whip and cord.] Cord of which lashes are
made.
In Raphael's first works are many small foldings, often re­
peated, which look like so many whipcords. Dryden.

WHI’PGRAFTING. n. s. [In gardening.]
Whipgrafting is done two ways: first, cut off the head
of the stock, and smooth it; then cut the graft from a
knot or bud on one side sloping, about an inch and a half
long, with a shoulder, but not deep, that it may rest on the
top of the stock: the graft must be cut from the shouldering
smooth and even, sloping by degrees, that the lower end be
thin: place the shoulder on the head of the stock, and mark
the length of the cut part of the graft, and with your knife
cut away so much of the stock as the graft did cover, but not
any of the wood of the stock: place both together, that the
cut part of both may join, and the sap unite the one to the
other; and bind them close together, and defend them from
the rain with tempered clay or wax, as before. The other
way of whipgrafting is, where the grafts and the stocks are of
an equal size: the stock must be cut sloping upwards from one
side to the other, and the graft after the same manner from the
shoulder downwards, that the graft may exactly join with the
stock in every part, and so bind, and clay or wax them as
before. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WHI’PHAND. n. s. [whip and hand] Advantage over.
The archangel, when discord was restive and would not be
drawn from her beloved monastry with fair words, has the
whiphand of her, and drags her out with many stripes. Dryd.

WHI’PLASH. n. s. The lash or small end of a whip.
Have whiplash wel knotted and cartrope inough. Tusser.

WHI’PPER. n. s. [from whip.] One who punishes with
whipping.
Love is meerly a madness, and deserves as well a dark house
and a whip as madmen do; and the reason why they are not
so punished is, that the whippers are in love too. Shakespeare.

WHI’PPINGPOST. n. s. [whip and post.] A pillar to which
criminals are bound when they are lashed.
Could not the whippingpost prevail,
With all its rhet'rick, nor the jail,
To keep from flaying scourge thy skin,
And ankle free from iron gin? Hudibras.

WHI’PSAW. n. s. [whip and saw.]
The whipsaw is used by joiners to saw such great pieces of
stuff that the handsaw will not easily reach through. Moxon.

WHI’PSTAFF. n. s. [On shipboard.] A piece of wood fastened
to the helm, which the steersman holds in his hand to move
the helm and turn the ship. Bailey.

WHI’PSTER. n. s. [from whip.] A nimble fellow.
I am not valiant neither;
But ev'ry puny whipster gets my sword. Shakesp. Othello.
Give that whipster but his errand,
He takes my lord chief justice' warrant. Prior.

WHIPT, for whipped.
In Bridewel a number be stript,
Lesse worthie than theese to be whipt. Tusser.

To WHIRL. v. a. [hwrfan, Saxon; wirbelen, Dutch.] To
turn round rapidly.
Five moons were seen to-night,
Four fixed, and the fifth did whril about
The other four in wond'rous motion. Shakes. K. John.
My thoughts are whirled like a potter's wheel:
I know not where I am, nor what I do. Shakes. Henry VI.
He whirls his sword around without delay,
And hews through adverse foes an ample way. Dryden.
With his full force he whirl'd it first around;
But the soft yielding air receiv'd the wound. Dryden.
With what a whirling force his lance he toss'd!
Heav'ns what a spring was in his arm to throw! Dryden.
The Stygian flood,
Falling from on high, with bellowing sound,
Whirls the black waves and rattling stones around. Addison.
With impetuous motion whirl'd apace,
This magick wheel still moves, yet keeps its place. Granv.
They have ever been taught by their senses, that the sun,
with all the planets and the fixed stars, are whirled round this
little globe. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To WHIRL. v. n. To run round rapidly.
He, rapt with whirling wheels, inflames the skyen,
With fire not made to burn, but fairly for to shine. Spenser.
As young striplings whip the top for sport
On the smooth pavement of an empty court,
The wooden engine flies and whirls about,
Admir'd with clamours of the beardless rout. Dryden.
She what he swears regards no more
Than the deaf rocks when the loud billows roar;
But whirl'd away, to shun his hateful sight,
Hid in the forest. Dryden's æn.
Wild and distracted with their fears,
They justling plunge amidst the sounding deeps;
The flood away, the struggling squadron sweeps,
And men and arms, and horses whirling bears. Smith.

WHIRL. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Gyration; quick rotation; circular motion; rapid circum­
volution.
'Twere well your judgments but in plays did range;
But ev'n your follies and debauches change
With such a whirl, the poets of your age
Are tir'd, and cannot score them on the stage. Dryden.
Wings raise my feet; I'm pleas'd to mount on high,
Trace all the mazes of the liquid sky;
Their various turnings and their whirls declare,
And live in the vast regions of the air. Creech's Manilius.


Nor whirl of time, nor flight of years can waste. Creech.
I have been watching what thoughts came up in the whirl
of fancy, that were worth communicating. Pope.
How the car rattles, how its kindling wheels
Smoke in the whirl: the circling sand ascends,
And in the noble dust the chariot's lost. Smith.
2. Any thing moved with rapid rotation.
Though in dreadful whirls we hung
High on the broken wave,
I knew thou wert not slow to hear,
Nor impotent to save. Addison's Spectator.

WHI’RLBAT. n. s. [whirl and bat] Any thing moved rapidly
round to give a blow. It is frequently used by the poets for
the ancient cestus.
At whirlbat he had slain many, and was now himself slain
by Pollux. L'Estrange.
The whirlbat's falling blow they nimbly shun,
And win the race e're they begin to run. Creech's Manil.
The guardian angels of kingdoms he rejected, as Dares
did the whirlbats of Eryx, when they were thrown before him
by Entellus. Dryden.
The whirlbat and the rapid race shall be
Reserv'd for Cæsar, and ordain'd by me. Dryden's Virgil.

WHI’RLBONE. n. s. The patella. Ainsworth.

WHI’RLIGIG. n. s. [whirl and gig.] A toy which children
spin round.
He found that marbles taught him percussion, and whirligigs
the axis in peritrochio. Arbuthn. and Pope's Mart. Scribl.
That since they gave things their beginning,
And set this whirligig a spinning. Prior.

WHI’RLPIT. n. s. [hwrfpole, Saxon.] A place where the
water moves circularly, and draws whatever
comes within the circle towards its center; a vortex.
WHI’RLPOOL. n. s. [hwrfpole, Saxon.] A place where the
water moves circularly, and draws whatever
comes within the circle towards its center; a vortex.
Poor Tom! whom the foul fiend hath led through ford and
whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire. Shak. King Lear.
In the fathomless profound
Down sunk they, like a falling stone,
By raging whirlpits overthrown. Sandys.
This calm of heaven, this mermaid's melody,
Into an unseen whirlpool draws you fast,
And in a moment sinks you. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
Send forth, ye wise! send forth your lab'ring thought:
Let it return with empty notions fraught,
Of airy columns every moment broke,
Of circling whirlpools, and of spheres of smoke. Prior.
There might arise some vertiginous motions or whirlpools in
the matter of the chaos, whereby the atoms must be thrust
and crowded to the middle of those whirlpools, and there con­
stipate one another into great solid bodies. Bentley.

WHI’RLWIND. n. s. [werbelwind, German.] A stormy wind
moving circularly.
In the very torrent and whirlwind of your passion, beget a
temperance that may give it smoothness. Shakesp. Hamlet.
With whirlwinds from beneath she toss'd the ship,
And bare expos'd the bosom of the deep. Dryden's æn.

WHI’RRING. adj. A word formed in imitation of the sound
expressed by it.
From the brake the whirring pheasant springs,
And mounts exulting on triumphant wings. Pope.

WHISK. n. s. [wischen, to wipe, German.]
1. A small besom, or brush.
The white of an egg, though in part transparent, yet,
being long agitated with a whisk or spoon, loses its transpa­
rency. Boyle.
If you break any china with the top of the whisk on the
mantle-tree, gather up the fragments. Swift.
2. A part of a woman's dress.
An easy means to prevent being one farthing the worse for
the abatement of interest, is wearing a lawn whisk instead of
a point de Venice. Child of Trade.

To WHISK. v. a. [wischen, to wipe, German.]
1. To sweep with a small besom.
2. To move nimbly, as when one sweeps.
Cardan believ'd great states depend
Upon the tip o' th' bear's tail's end;
That as she whisk'd it t'wards the sun,
Strow'd mighty empires up and down. Hudibras.

WHI’SKER. n. s. [from whisk.] The hair growing on the
cheek unshaven; the mustachio.
A sacrifice to fall of state,
Whose thread of life the fatal sisters
Did twist together with its whiskers. Hudibras.
Behold four kings in majesty rever'd,
With hoary whiskers and a forky beard. Pope.
A painter added a pair of whiskers to the face. Addison.

To WHI’SPER. v. n. [wisperen, Dutch.] To speak with a
low voice, so as not to be heard but by the ear close to the
speaker.
He sometime with fearful countenance would desire the king
to look to himself; for that all the court and city were full of
whisperings and expectation of some sudden change. Sidney.
All that hate me whisper together against me. Ps. xli. 7.
In speech of man, the whispering or susurrus, whether
louder or softer, is an interiour sound; but the speaking out is
an exteriour sound, and therefore you can never make a tone,
nor sing in whispering; but in speech you may. Bacon.
The king Acestis calls;
Then softly whisper'd in her faithful ear,
And bade his daughters at the rites appear. Pope.
It is as offensive to speak wit in a fool's company, as it
would be ill manners to whisper in it: he is displeased at both,
because he is ignorant of what is said. Pope.
He comes and whispers in his ear. Swift.
The hollow whisp’ring breeze, the pliant rills
Purle down amid' the twisted roots. Thomson.

To WHI’SPER. v. a.
1. To address in a low voice.
When they talk of him they shake their heads,
And whisper one another in the ear. Shak. King John.
Give sorrow words; the grief that does not speak,
Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and bids it break. Shakesp.
He first whispers the man in the ear, that such a man should
think such a card. Bacon's Natural History.
The steward whispered the young Templer, that's true to
my knowledge. Tatler.
2. To utter in a low voice.
You have heard of the news abroad, I mean the whisper'd
ones; for they are yet but ear-kissing arguments. Shakespeare.
They might buzz and whisper it one to another, and, tacit­
ly withdrawing from the apostles, noise it about the city. Bent.
3. To prompt secretly.
Charles the emperor,
Under pretence to see the queen his aunt,
For 'twas indeed his colour, but he came
To whisper Wolsey, here makes visitation. Shak. H. VIII.

WHI’SPER. n. s. [from the verb.] A low soft voice.
The extension is more in tones than in speech; therefore
the inward voice or whisper cannot give a tone. Bacon.
Strictly observe the first hints and whispers of good and evil
that pass in the heart, and this will keep conscience quick and
vigilant. South.
Soft whispers through th' assembly went. Dryden.
He uncall'd, his patron to controul,
Divulg'd the secret whispers of his soul. Dryden.

WHI’SPERER. n. s. [from whisper.]
1. One that speaks low.
2. A private talker.
Kings trust in eunuchs hath rather been as to good spials and
good whisperers than good magistrates. Bacon.

WHIST. [This word is called by Skinner, who seldom errs, an
interjection commanding silence, and so it is commonly used;
but Shakespeare uses it as a verb, and Milton as an adjective.]
1. Are silent.
Come unto these yellow sands,
And then take hands;
Curt'sied when you have, and kist,
The wild waves whist. Shakespeare's Tempest.
2. Still; silent.
The winds, with wonder whist,
Smoothly the waters kiss'd,
Whispering new joys to the mild ocean. Milton.
3. Be still.

WHIST. n. s. A game at cards, requiring close attention and
silence.
The clergyman used to play at whist and swobbers. Swift.
Whist awhile
Walks his grave round, beneath a cloud of smoke,
Wreath'd fragrant from the pipe. Thomson's Autumn.

To WHI’STLE. v. n. [hwistlan, Saxon; sistulo, Latin.]
1. To form a kind of musical sound by an inarticulate modula­
tion of the breath.
I've watch'd and travell'd hard:
Some time I shall sleep out, the rest I'll whistle. Shakesp.
His big manly voice
Changing again toward childish treble pipes,
He whistles in his sound. Shakespeare.
Let one whistle at the one end of a trunk, and hold your
ear at the other, and the sound shall strike so sharp as you can
scarce endure it. Bacon's Natural History.
While the plowman near at hand
Whistles o'er the furrow'd land. Milton.
Should Bertran sound his trumpets,
And Torrismond but whistle through his fingers,
He draws his army off. Dryden's Spanish Fryar.
He whistl'd as he went for want of thought. Dryden.
The ploughman leaves the task of day,
And trudging homeward whistles on the way. Gay.
2. To make a sound with a small wind instrument.
3. To sound shrill.
Soft whispers run along the leafy woods,
And mountains whistle to the murm'ring floods. Dryden.


Rhætus from the hearth a burning brand
Selects, and whirling waves; 'till from his hand
The fire took flame, then dash'd it from the right
On fair Charaxus' temples, near the sight
Then whistling past came on. Dryden.
When winged deaths in whistling arrows fly,
Wilt thou, though wounded, yet undaunted stay,
Perform thy part, and share the dangerous day? Prior.
The wild winds whistle, and the billows roar,
The splitting raft the furious tempest tore. Pope.

To WHISTLE. v. a. To call by a whistle.
Whistle them backwards and forwards, 'till he is weary.
South's Sermons.
He chanced to miss his dog: we stood still 'till he had
whistled him up. Addison.
When simple pride for flatt'ry makes demands,
May dunce by dunce be whistled off my hands! Pope.

WHI’STLE. n. s. [hwistle, Saxon.]
1. Sound made by the modulation of the breath in the mouth.
My sire in caves constrains the wind,
Can with a breath their clam'rous rage appease;
They fear his whistle, and forsake the seas. Dryden.
2. A sound made by a small wind instrument.
3. The mouth; the organ of whistling.
Let's drink the other cup to wet our whistles, and so sing
away all sad thoughts. Walton's Angler.
4. A small wind instrument.
The masters and pilots were so astonished that they knew
not how to direct; and if they knew, they could scarcely,
when they directed, hear their own whistle. Sidney.
Behold,
Upon the hempen tackle shipboys climbing;
Hear the shrill whistle, which doth order give
To sounds confus'd. Shakes. Henry V.
Small whistles, or shepherds oaten pipes, give a sound, be­
cause of their extreme slenderness, whereby the air is more
pent than in a wider pipe. Bacon's Natural History.
Her infant grandame's whistle next it grew,
The bells she gingl'd, and the whistle blew. Pope.
5. The noise of winds.
6. A call, such as sportsmen use to their dogs.
Madam, here comes my lord.
—I have been worth the whistle. Shakesp. King Lear.
The knight, pursuing this epistle,
Believ'd he'd brought her to his whistle. Hudibras.

WHI’STLER. n. s. [from whistle.] One who whistles.
The prize was a guinea to be conferred upon the ablest
whistler, who could whistle clearest, and go through his tune
without laughing. Addison.

WHIT. n. s. [wiht, a thing; awiht, any thing, Saxon.] A
point; a jot.
We love, and are no whit regarded. Sidney.
The motive cause of doing it is not in ourselves, but car­
rieth us as if the wind should drive a feather in the air; we no
whit furthering that whereby we are driven. Hooker.
Her sacred book with blood ywrit,
That none could read, except she did him teach;
She unto him disclosed every whit,
And heavenly documents thereout did preach. Fairy Queen.
Although the lord became the king's tenant, his country
was no whit reformed thereby, but remained in the former
barbarism. Davies on Ireland.
Nature's full blessings would be well dispens'd
In unsuperfluous, even proportion,
And she no whit encumber'd with her store. Milton.
In account of ancient times it ought to satisfy any enquirer,
if they can be brought any whit near one another. Tillotson.
It is every whit as honourable to assist a good minister, as
to oppose a bad one. Addison's Foeeholder, No. 48.

WHITE. adj. [hwit, Saxon; wit, Dutch.]
1. Having such an appearance as arises from the mixture of all
colours; snowy.
When the paper was held nearer to any colour than to the
rest, it appeared of that colour to which it approached nearest;
but when it was equally, or almost equally distant from all
the colours, so that it might be equally illuminated by them
all, it appeared white. Newton's Opticks.
Why round our coaches crowd the white-glov'd beaus?
Pope.
Ulysses cut a piece from the chine of the white-tooth'd
boar, round which there was much fat. Broome.
2. Having the colour of fear; pale.
My hand will
That multitudinous sea incarnadine,
Making the green one red.—
—My hands are of your colour, but I shame
To wear a heart so white. Shakesp Macbeth.
3. Having the colour appropriated to happiness and innocence.
Welcome, pure-ey'd faith, white-handed hope;
Thou hovering angel girt with golden wings,
And thou unblemish'd form of chastity. Milton.
Wert thou that sweet-smiling youth?
Or that crown'd matron, sage, white-robed truth? Milton.
Let this auspicious morning be exprest
With a white stone, distinguish'd from the rest;
White as thy fame, and as thy honour clear,
And let new joys attend on thy new-added year. Dryden.
To feastful mirth be this white hour assign'd,
And sweet discourse, the banquet of the mind. Pope.
Peace o'er the world her olive-wand extend,
And white-rob'd innocence from heav'n descend. Pope.
4. Grey with age.
I call you servile ministers,
That have with two pernicious daughters join'd,
Your high-engender'd battles 'gainst a head
So old and white as this. Shakespeare's K. Lear.
So minutes, hours, and days, weeks, months and years
Past over, to the end they were created,
Would bring white hairs unto a quiet grave. Shakespeare.
5. Pure; unblemished.
Unhappy Dryden! in all Charles's days,
Roscommon only boasts unspotted lays:
And in our own, excuse some courtly stains,
No whiter page than Addison's remains. Pope.

WHITE. n. s.
1. Whiteness; any thing white; white colour.
A friend coming to visit me, I stopp'd him at the door,
and before I told him what the colours were, or what I was
doing, I asked him which of the two whites were the best,
and wherein they differed? and after he had at that distance
view'd them well, he answer'd, that they were both good
whites, and that he could not say which was best, nor wherein
their colours differ'd. Newton's Opticks.
My Nan shall be the queen of all the fairies,
Finely attired in a robe of white. Shakespeare.
2. The mark at which an arrow is shot.
If a mark be set up for an archer at a great distance, let
him aim as exactly as he can, the least wind shall take his
arrow, and divert it from the white. Dryden.
Remove him then, and all your plots fly sure
Point blank, and level to the very white
Of your designs. Southern.
3. The albugineous part of eggs.
I'll fetch some flax and whites of eggs
T' apply to's bleeding face. Shakespeare.
The strongest repellents are the whites of new-laid eggs
beaten to a froth, with alum. Wiseman's Surgery.
What principle manages the white and yolk of an egg into
such a variety of textures, as is requisite to fashion a
chick? Boyle.
The two in most regions represent the yolk and the mem­
brane that lies next above it; so the exterior region of the
earth is as the shell of the egg, and the abyss under it as the
white that lies under the shell.
Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
4. The white part of the eye.
Our general himself
Sanctifies himself with's hands,
And turns up the white o' th' eye to his discourse. Shakesp.
The horny or pellucid coat of the eye, doth not lie in
the same superficies with the white of the eye, but riseth up
as a hillock, above its convexity. Ray.

To WHITE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make white; to
dealbate.
His raiment became shining, exceeding white as snow; so
as no fuller on earth can white them. Mar. ix. 3.
Like unto whited sepulchres, which appear beautiful out­
ward, but are within full of dead men's bones. Matt. xxiii.

WHITELE’AD. n. s.
White lead is made by taking sheet-lead, and having cut it
into long and narrow slips, they make it up into rolls, but
so that a small distance may remain between every spiral re­
volution. These rolls are put into earthen pots, so ordered
that the lead may not sink down above half way, or some
small matter more in them: these pots have each of them
very sharp vinegar in the bottom, so full as almost to touch
the lead. When the vinegar and lead have both been put
into the pot, it is covered up close, and so left for a certain
time; in which space the corrosive fumes of the vinegar will
reduce the surface of the lead into a more white coal, which
they separate by knocking it with a hammer. There are two
sorts of this sold at the colour shops, the one called ceruse,
which is the most pure part, and the other is called white
lead. Quincy.

WHI’TELY. adj. [from white.] Coming near to white.
A white y wanton, with a velvet brow,
With two pitch-balls stuck in her face for eyes. Shakesp.
Now, governor, I see I must blush
Quite through this vail of night a whitely shame,
To think I could design to make those free,
Who were by nature slaves. Southern's Oroonoko.



WHI’TEMEAT. n. s. [white and meat.] Food made of milk.
Much saltness in whitemeat is ill for the stone. Tusser.
The Irish banished into the mountains, lived only upon
whitemeats. Spenser.

To WHI’TEN. v. a. [from white.] To make white.
The smoke of sulphur will not black a paper, and is com­
monly used by women to whiten tiffanies. Brown.
Flax, the soil and climate are proper for whitening, by the
frequency of brooks, and also of winds. Temple.
Women of my complexion ought to be more modest,
especially since our faces debar us from all artificial whiten­
ings. Guardian, No. 61.
Striking her cliff, the storm confirms her pow'r;
The waves but whiten her triumphant shore. Prior.
Whether the darken'd room to muse invite,
Or whiten'd wall provoke the skew'r to write;
In durance, exile, Bedlam, or the mint,
Like Lee or Budgell, I will rhyme and print. Pope.

To WHI’TEN. v. n. To grow white.
The bark expects its freight;
The loosen'd canvas trembles with the wind,
And the sea whitens with auspicious gales. Smith.

WHI’TENER. n. s. [from whiten.] One who makes any thing white.

WHI’TENESS. n. s. [from white.]
1. The state of being white; freedom from colour.
This doth lead me to her hand,
Of my first love the fatal band,
Where whiteness doth for ever sit;
Nature herself enamell'd it. Sidney, b. ii.
Whiteness is a mean between all colours, having disposed
itself indifferently to them all, so as with equal facility to
be tinged with any of them. Newton's Opticks.
2. Paleness.
Thou tremblest, and the whiteness of thy cheek,
Is apter than thy tongue to tell thy errand. Shakespeare.
3. Purity; cleanness.
The least spot is visible on crmine; but to preserve this
whiteness in its original purity, you have, like that crmine,
forsaken the common track of business, which is not always
clean. Dryden.

WHI’TEPOT. n. s. A kind of food.
Cornwall squab-pye, and Devon whitepot brings. King.

WHITES. n. s. [fluor albus.] It arises from a laxness of the
glands of the uterus, and a cold pituitous blood. Quincy.

WHITETHO’RN. n. s. A species of thorn.
As little as a whitethorn and a pear-tree seem of kin, a cion
of the latter will sometimes prosper well, being grafted upon
a stock of the former. Boyle.

WHI’TEWASH. n. s. [white and wash.] A wash to make the
skin seen fair.
The clergy, during Cromwell's usurpation, were very
much taken up in reforming the female world; I have heard
a whole sermon against a whitewash. Addison.

WHI’TEWINE. n. s. [white and wine.] A species of wine pro­
duced from the white grapes.
The seeds and roots are to be cut, beaten, and infused in
whitewine. Wiseman's Surgery.

WHI’THER. adv. [hwder, Saxon.]
1. To what place? interrogatively.
Sister, well met; whither away so fast?—
—No farther than the Tower. Shakesp. Rich. III.
The common people swarm like summer flies;
And whither fly the gnats, but to the sun? Shakespeare.
Ah! whither am I hurry'd? ah! forgive,
Ye shades, and let your sister's issue live. Dryden.
2. To what place? Absolutely.
I stray'd I knew not whither. Milton.
3. To which place; relatively.
Whither, when as they came, they fell at words,
Whether of them should be the lord of lords. Spenser.
At Canterbury, whither some voice was run on before, the
mayor seized on them, as they were taking fresh horses. Wotton.
That lord advanced to Winchester, whither Sir John Berk­
ley brought him two regiments more of foot. Clarendon.
4. To what degree? Obsolete; perhaps never in use.
Whither at length wilt thou abuse our patience?
Still shall thy fury mock us? B. Johnson.

WHITHERSOE’VER. adv. [whither and soever.] To whatsoever
place.
For whatever end faith is designed, and whithersoever the
nature and intention of the grace does drive us, thither we
must go, and to that end we must direct all our actions. Taylor.

WHI’TING. n. s. [wittingh, Dutch; alburnus, Lat.]
1. A small seafish.
Some fish are gutted, split, and kept in pickle, as whiting
and mackerel. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
The muscular fibres of fishes are more tender than those of
terrestrial animals, and their whole substance more watery.
Some fishes, as whitings, can be almost entirely dissolved into
water. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
2. A soft chalk. [from white.]
That this impregnated liquor may be improved, they pour
it upon whiting, which is a white chalk, or clay finely pow­
dered, cleansed, and made up into balls. Boyle.
When you clean your plate, leave the whiting plainly to
be seen in all the chinks. Swift.

WHI’TISH. n. s. [from white.] Somewhat white.
The same aqua-fortis, that will quickly change the redness
of red lead into a darker colour, will, being put upon crude lead,
produce a whitish substance, as with copper it did a bluish. Boyle.

WHI’TISHNESS. n. s. [from whitish.] The quality of being
somewhat white.
Take good venereal vitriol of a deep blue, and compare
with some of the entire crystals, purposely reserved, some of
the subtile powder of the same salt, which will exhibit a very
considerable degree of whitishness. Boyle on Colours.

WHI’TLEATHER. n. s. [white and leather.] Leather dressed
with alum, remarkable for toughness.
Whole bridle and saddle, whitlether and nal,
With collars and harneis. Tusser's Husbandry.
He bor'd the nerves through, from the heel to th' ankle,
and then knit
Both to his chariot, with a thong of whitleather. Chapman.
Nor do I care much, if her pretty snout
Meet with her furrow'd chin, and both together
Hem in her lips, as dry as good whitleather. Suckling.

WHI’TLOW. n. s. [hwit, Saxon, and loup, a wolf. Skinner.
hwit, Saxon, and low, a flame. M. Lye.] A swelling between
the cuticle and cutis, called the mild whitlow, or between the
periosteum and the bone, called the malignant whitlow.
Paronychia is a small swelling about the nails and ends of the
fingers, by the vulgar people generally called whitflaw. Wisem.

WHI’TSOUR. n. s. A kind of apple. See APPLE.

WHI’TSTER, or whiter. n. s. [from white.] A whitener.
Carry it among the whitsters in Datchet mead. Shakespeare.

WHI’TSUL. n. s. A provincial word.
Their meat was whitful, as they call it, namely, milk, four
milk, cheese, curds, butter. Carew.

WHI’TSUNTIDE. n. s. [white and Sunday; because the con­
verts newly baptized, appeared from Easter to Whitsuntide in
white. Skinner.] The feast of Pentecost.
Strephon, with leafy twigs of laurel tree,
A garland made on temples for to wear;
For he then chosen was the dignity
Of village lord that Whitsontide to bear. Sidney.
This they employ in brewing and baking against Whit­
sontide. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
And let us do it with no shew of fear;
Nor with no more than if we heard that England
Were busied with a Whitson morrice dance. Shakespeare.

WHI’TTENTREE. n. s. A sort of tree. Ainsworth.

WHI’TTLE. n. s. [hwtel, Saxon.]
1. A white dress for a woman. Not in use.
2. [hwtel, Saxon.] A knife.
There's not a whittle in th' unruly camp,
But I do prize it at my love, before
The reverend'st throat in Athens. Shakespeare.
A dagger hanging at his belt he had,
Made of an antient sword's well-temper'd blade;
He wore a Sheffield whittle in his hose. Betterton's Miller.

To WHI’TTLE. v. a. [from the noun.] To cut with a knife;
to edge; to sharpen. Not in use.
When they are come to that once, and are thoroughly
whittled, then shall you have them cast their wanton eyes
upon men's wives. Hakewill on Providence.

To WHIZ. v. n. [from the sound that it expresses.] To make
a loud humming noise.
The exhalations, whizzing in the air,
Give so much light, that I may read by them. Shakespeare.
Turn him about,
I know him, he'll but whiz, and strait go out. Dryden.
Soon all with vigour bend their trusty bows,
And from the quiver each his arrow chose:
Hippocoon's was the first; with forceful sway
It flew, and whizzing cut the liquid way. Dryden.

WHO

WHO. pronoun. [hwa, Saxon; wie, Dutch.]
1. A pronoun relative, applied to persons.
We have no perfect description of it, nor any knowledge
how, or by whom it is inhabited. Abbot.
Oft have I seen a timely-parted ghost,
Of ashy semblance, meagre, pale, and bloodless,
Being all descended to the lab'ring heart,
Who, in the conflict that it holds with death,
Attracts the same for aidance 'gainst the enemy. Shakesp.
Were the grac'd person of our Banquo present,
Whom I may rather challenge for unkindness,
Than pity for mischance. Shakesp. Macbeth.
The son of Duncan,
From whom this tyrant holds the due of birth,
Lives in the English court. Shakesp. Macbeth.
A man can never be obliged to submit to any power, un­
less he can be satisfied, who is the person who has a right to
exercise it. Locke.


Tell who loves who; what favours some partake,
And who is jilted. Dryden.
We are still as much at a loss, who civil power belongs
to. Locke.
2. As who should say, elliptically for as one who should say.
Hope throws a generous contempt upon ill usage, and looks
like a handsome defiance of a misfortune: as who should say,
you are somewhat troublesome now, but I shall conquer
you. Collier against Despair.
3. Whose is the genitive of which, as well as of who, and is ap­
plied to things.
Whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted; and whose
soever sins ye retain, they are retained. John xx. 23.
The question whose solution I require,
Is what the sex of women most desire Dryden.
Is there any other doctrine, whose followers are punished? Add.
4. It has sometimes a disjunctive sense.
There thou tell'st of kings, and who aspire;
Who fall, who rise, who triumphs, who do moan. Daniel.

WHOE’VER. pronoun. [who and ever.] Any one, without limi­
tation or exception.
Whoever doth to temperance apply
His stedfast life, and all his actions frame,
Trust me, shall find no greater enemy,
Than stubborn perturbation to the same. Fairy Queen.
I think myself beholden, whoever shews me my mistakes. Loc.
Whoe'er thou art, that fortune brings to keep
The rights of Neptune, monarch of the deep;
Thee first it sits, O stranger, to prepare
The due libation, and the solemn prayer. Pope.
Whoever is really brave, has always this comfort when he
is oppress'd, that he knows himself to be superior to those
who injure him, by forgiving it. Pope.

WHOLE. adj. [walg, Saxon; heal, Dutch.]
1. All; total; containing all.
Burn the whole ram upon the altar. Ex. xxix. 18.
All the whole army stood agaz'd at him. Shakespeare.
Fierce extremes,
Contiguous might distemper the whole frame. Milton.
2. Uninjured; unimpaired.
Anguish is come upon me, because my life is yet whole in
me. 2 Sa. i. 9.
3. Well of any hurt or sickness.
When they had done circumcising all the people, they abode
in the camp, till they were whole. Jos v. 8.

WHOLE. n. s. The totality; no part omitted; the complex of
all the parts.
Fear God, and keep his commandments, for this is the
whole of man. Ecclesiastes.
Begin with sense, of ev'ry art the soul;
Parts answering parts, shall slide into a whole. Pope.
It contained the whole of religion amongst the antients;
and made philosophy more agreeable. Broome.
There is a metaphysical whole, when the essence of a thing
is said to consist of two parts, the genus and the difference,
i. e. the general and the special nature, which, being joined
together, make up a definition. Watts's Logick.

WHO’LESALE. n. s. [whole and sale.] Sale in the lump, not in
separate small parcels.
These are wholesale chapmen to Satan, that do not truck
and barter one crime for another, but take the whole
herd. Government of the Tongue.
This cost me at the wholesale merchant's a hundred drachma's;
I make two hundred by selling it in retail. Addison.
Some from vanity, or envy, despise a valuable book, and
throw contempt upon it by wholesale. Watts.

WHO’LESOME. adj. [heelsam, Dutch; heylsam, Teutonick;
both from hæl, Saxon, health.]
1. Sound. Contrary to unsound in doctrine.
They suffer us to famish, repeal daily any wholesome act
established against the rich, and provide more piercing statutes
to chain up the poor. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
'Tis no less
To govern justly, make your empire flourish,
With wholesome laws, in riches, peace, and plenty;
Than, by the expence of wealth and blood, to make
New acquisitions. Denham's Sophy.
So the doctrine contain'd be but wholesome and edifying, a
want of exactness in speaking may be overlook'd. Atterbury.
2. Contributing to health.
Night not now, as ere man fell,
Wholsome and cool and mild; but with black air
Accompany'd, with damps and dreadful gloom. Milton.
Besides the wholesome luxury which that place abounds with,
a kitchen garden is a more pleasant sight than the finest
orangery. Addison.
She held it wholesomer by much,
To rest a little on the couch. Prior.
3. Preserving; salutary. Obsolete.
The Lord helpeth his anointed, and will hear him from
his holy heaven; even with the wholesome strength of his
right hand. Psalm xx. 6.
4. Kindly; pleasing. A burlesque use.
I cannot make you a wholesome answer; my wit's dis­
eased. Shakesp. Hamlet.
To wail friends lost,
Is not by much so wholesome, profitable,
As to rejoice at friends but newly found. Shakespeare.

WHO’LESOMELY. adv. [from wholesome.] Salubriously; salu­
tiferously.

WHO’LESOMENESS. n. s. [from wholesome.]
1. Quality of conducing to health; salubrity.
We made a standard of the healthfulness of the air, from
the proportion of acute and epidemical diseases, and of the
wholesomeness of the food from that of the chronical. Graunt.
At Tonon they shewed us a great fountain of water, that
is in great esteem for its wholesomeness; weighing two ounces
in a pound less than the same measure of the lake water. Add.
2. Salutariness; conduciveness to good.

WHO’LLY. adv. [from whole.]
1. Completely; perfectly.
The thrust was so strong, that he could not so wholly beat
it away, but that it met with his thigh, through which it
ran Sidney, b. ii.
Nor wholl lost we so deserv'd a prey;
For storms repenting part of it restor'd. Dryden.
Thus equal deaths are dealt with equal chance;
By turns they quit their ground, by turns advance:
Victors, and vanquish'd in the various field,
Nor wholly overcome, nor wholly yield. Dryden.
This story was written before Boccace; but its author being
wholly lost, Chaucer is now become an original. Dryden.
They employ'd themselves wholly in domestick life; and
provided a woman could keep her house in order, she never
troubled herself about regulating the commonwealth. Addison.
2. Totally; in all the parts or kinds.
Metals are wholly subterrany. Bacon.

WHOM. the accusative of who, singular and plural.
There be men in the world, whom you had rather have
your son be with five hundred pounds, than some other with
five thousands. Locke on Education.

WHOMSOE’VER. pron. [who and soever.] Any without exception.
With whomsoever thou findest thy goods, let him not
live. Gen. xxxi. 32.
Nature has bestowed mines on several parts; but their
riches are only for the industrious and frugal. Whomsoever
else they visit, 'tis with the diligent and sober only they
stay. Locke.

WHOO’BUB. n. s. Hubbub. See HUBBUB.
In this time of lethargy, I pick'd and cut most of their
festival purses: and had not the old man come in with a
whoobub against his daughter, and scar'd my choughs from
the chaff, I had not left a purse in the whole army. Shakesp.

WHOOP. n. s. [See hoop.]
1. A shout of pursuit.
Let them breathe a-while, and then
Cry whoop, and set them on again. Hudibras.
A fox crossing the road, drew off a considerable detachment,
who clapp'd spurs to their horses, and pursued him with
whoops and hallows. Addison.
2. [Upupa, Latin.] A bird. Dict.

To WHOOP. v. n. [from the noun.] To shout with malig­
nity.
Treason and murder ever kept together,
As two yoke devils sworn to either's purpose:
Working so grosly in a nat'ral cause,
That admiration did not whoop at them. Shakespeare.

To WHOOP. v. a. To insult with shouts.
While he trusts me, 'twere so base a part
To fawn, and yet betray; I shou'd be hiss'd
And whoop'd in hell for that ingratitude. Dryden.

WHORE. n. s. [hor, Saxon; hoere, Dutch.]
1. A woman who converses unlawfully with men; a fornica­
tress; an adultress; a strumpet.
To put out the word whore, thou dost me wo,
Throughout my book; troth, put out woman too. B. Johns.
2. A prostitute; a woman who receives men for money.
Orontes
Conveys his wealth to Tiber's hungry shores,
And fattens Italy with foreign whores. Dryden.
We weary'd should lie down in death:
This cheat of life would take no more;
If you thought fame but empty breath;
Your Phyllis but a perjur'd whore. Prior.

To WHORE. v. n. [from the noun.] To converse unlawfully
with the other sex.
'Tis a noble general's prudent part,
To cherish valour, and reward desert:
Let him be daub'd with lace, live high, and whore;
Sometimes be lousy, but be never poor. Dryden.

To WHO’RE. v. a. To corrupt with regard to chastity.

WHO’REDOM. n. s. [from whore.] Fornication.
Some let go whoredom as an indifferent matter, which yet
strive for an holy-day, as for their life. Hall.


Nor can that person who accounts it his recreation to see
one man wallowing in his filthy revels, and another infamous
by his sensuality, be so impudent as to allege, that all the
enormous draughts of the one can leave the least relish upon
the tip of his tongue; or that all the fornications and whore­
doms of the other can quench his own lust. South's Sermons.

WHOREMA’STER. n. s. [whore and master or monger.] One
who keeps whores, or converses with a
fornicatress.
WHOREMO’NGER. n. s. [whore and master or monger.] One
who keeps whores, or converses with a
fornicatress.
What is a whoremaster, fool? a fool in good cloaths and
something like thee. Shakespeare.
As if we were drunkards, by a planetary influence; an ad­
mirable evasion of whoremaster man, to lay his goatish dispo­
sition on the change of a star. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Art thou fully persuaded that no whoremonger nor adulter­
er shall have any inheritance in the kingdom of God? and dost
thou continue to practise these vices? Tillotson's Sermons.
A rank notorious whoremaster, to choose,
To thrust his neck into the marriage noose. Dryden.
If he were jealous, he might clip his wife's wings; but
what would this avail, when there were flocks of whorema­
sters perpetually hovering over his house. Addison's Guardian.

WHO’RESON. n. s. [whore and son.] A bastard. It is gene­
rally used in a ludicrous dislike.
Whoreson, mad compound of majesty, thou art welcome.
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Thou whoreson Zed! thou unnecessary letter. Shakespeare.
How now, you whoreson peasant,
Where have you been these two days loitering? Shakesp.
Frog was a cunning, sly whoreson, quite the reverse of John.
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull.

WHO’RISH. adj. [from whore.] Unchast; incontinent.
You, like a letcher, out of whorish loins
Breed out your inheritors. Shakesp. Troilus and Cressida.
By means of a whorish woman a man is brought to a piece
of bread. Prov. vi. 26.

WHO’RTLEBERRY. n. s. [heortberian, Saxon.] Bilberry. A
plant.
The flower consists of one leaf, shaped like a pitcher; from
whose empalement arises the pointal, fixed like a nail in the
upper part of the flower, which becomes a soft umbilicated
fruit or berry full of juice, in which are inclosed seeds, for the
most part small. Miller.

WHOSE. n. s.
1. Genitive of who.
Though I could
With barefac'd power sweep him from my sight,
And bid my will avouch it, yet I must not;
For certain friends that are both his and mine,
Whose loves I may not drop. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
2. Genitive of which.
Thy name afrights me, in whose sound is death. Shakesp.
Those darts whose points make gods adore
His might, and deprecate his power. Prior.

WHO’SO. pronoun. [who and soever.] Any, without re­
striction.

WHOSOE’VER. pronoun. [who and soever.] Any, without re­
striction.
Whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek
to come at even hand, by depressing another's fortune. Bacon.
Let there be persons licensed to lend upon usury; let the
rate be somewhat more easy for the merchant than that he for­
merly payed; for all borrowers shall have some ease, be he
merchant or whosoever. Bacon.
He inclos'd
Knowledge of good, and evil, in this tree,
That whoso eats thereof, forthwith attains
Wisdom. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Whosoever hath Christ for his friend, shall be sure of coun­
sel, and whosoever is his own friend will be sure to obey it.
South's Sermons.

WHURT. n. s. A whortleberry; a bilberry.
For fruits, both wild, as whurts, strawberries, pears and
plums, though the meaner sort come short, the gentlemen
step not far behind those of other parts. Carew.

WHY

WHY. adv. [hwi, forhwi, Saxon.]
1. For what reason? Interrogatively.
They both deal justly with you; why? not from any regard
they have for justice, but because their fortune depends on their
credit. Swift.
2. For which reason. Relatively.
Mortar will not have attained its utmost compactness till
fourscore years after it has been employed; and this is one rea­
son why, in demolishing ancient fabricks, it is more easy to
break the stone than the mortar. Boyle.
No ground of enmity
Why he should mean me ill. Milton.
Such, whose sole bliss is eating; who can give
But that one brutal reason, why they live. Dryden.
3. For what reason. Relatively.
Shall I tell you why:—
—Ay, sir, and wherefore; for they say,
Every why hath a wherefore. Shakespeare.
I was dispatch'd for their defence and guard;
And listen why, for I will tell you now. Milton.
We examine the why, the what and the how of things.
L'Estrange.
Turn the discourse; I have a reason why
I would not have you speak so tenderly. Dryden.
4. It is sometimes used emphatically.
Ninus' tomb, man; why, you must not speak that yet:
that you answer to Pyram. Shakespeare.
You have not been a-bed then?
Why, no; the day had broke before we parted. Shakespeare.
Whence is this? why: from that essential suitableness which
obedience has to the relation which is between a rational crea­
ture and his Creator. South's Sermons.

WHYNO’T. adv. A cant word for violent or peremptory proce­
dure.
Capoch'd your rabbins of the synod,
And snap'd their canons with a whynot. Hudibras.

WI. [Sax.] Holy. Thus wimund, holy peace; wibert, eminent
for fanctity; alwi, altogether holy, as Hierocles, Hieronymus,
Hosius, &c. Gibson's Camden.

WIC

WIC, Wich. Comes from the Saxon wic, which according to
the different nature and condition of places, hath a threefold
signification; implying either a village, or a bay made by the
winding banks of a river, or a castle. Gibson's Camden.

WICK. n. s. [weoce, Saxon; wiecke. Dutch.] The substance
round which is applied the wax or tallow of a torch or candle.
But true it is, that when the oil is spent,
The light goes out, and wick is thrown away;
So, when he had resign'd his regiment,
His daughter 'gan despise his drooping day. Fa. Queen.
There lives within the very flame of love
A kind of wick or snuff that will abate it. Shakespeare.
Bodies are inflamed wholly and immediately, without any
wick to help the inflammation. Bacon's Natural History.
Little atoms of oil or melted wax continually ascend apace
up the wick of a burning candle. Digby.
The fungous parcels about the wicks of candles only signi­
fieth a moist and pulvious air about them. Brown's Vulgar Err.

WI’CKED. adj. [Of this common word the etymology is very
obscure: wicca, is an enchanter; wæccan, is to oppress; wirian,
to curse; wiccd, is crooked: all these however Skinner rejects
for vitiatus, Latin. Perhaps it is a compound of wic, vile,
bad, and head, malum caput.]
1. Given to vice; not good; flagitious; morally bad.
The dwelling place of the wicked shall come to nought. Job.
And as the better spirit, when she doth bear
A scorn of death, doth shew she cannot die;
So when the wicked soul death's face doth fear,
Ev'n then she proves her own eternity. Davies.
He of their wicked ways shall them admonish. Milton.
But since thy veins paternal virtue fires,
Go and succeed! the rivals aims despise;
For never, never wicked man was wise. Pope's Odyssey.
2. It is a word of ludicrous or slight blame.
That same wicked bastard of Venus, that blind rascally boy,
that abuses every one's eyes because his own are out, let him
be judge how deep I am in love. Shakespeare.
3. Cursed; baneful; pernicious; bad in effect.
The wicked weed which there the fox did lay,
From underneath his head he took away. Hubberd.
As wicked dew as e'er my mother brush'd,
With raven's feather from unwholsome fen,
Drop on you both. Shakespeare's Tempest.

WI’CKEDLY. adv. [from wicked.] Criminally; corruptly;
badly.
I would now send him where they all should see,
Clear as the light his heart shine; where no man
Could be so wickedly or fondly stupid,
But should cry out, he saw, touch'd, felt wickedness,
And grasp'd it. Ben. Johnson.
He behaved himself with great modesty and wonderful re­
pentance; being convinced in his conscience that he had done
wickedly. Clarendon.
That thou may'st the better bring about
Thy wishes, thou art wickedly devout. Dryden.
'Tis phrase absurd to call a villain great:
Who wickedly is wise, or madly brave,
Is but the more a fool, the more a knave. Pope.

WI’CKEDNESS. n. s. [from wicked.] Corruption of manners;
guilt; moral ill.
It is not good that children should know any wickedness;
old folks have discretion and know the world. Shakespeare.
These tents thou saw'st so pleasant, were the tents
Of wickedness; wherein shall dwell his race
Who slew his brother. Milton's Paradise Lost.

WI’CKER. adj. [vigre, a twig, Danish; twiggen, Dutch.] Made
of small sticks.
Each one a little wicker basket had
Made of fine twigs, entrailed curiously;
In which they gather'd flow'rs. Spenser.


The long broad shields, made up of wicker rods, which are
commonly used among the northern Irish, but especially among
the Scots, are brought from the Scythians. Spenser.
If your influence be quite damm'd up
With black usurping mists, some gentle taper,
Though a rush candle from the wicker hole
Of some clay habitation, visit us
With thy long-levell'd rule of streaming light. Milton.
A foolish painter drew January sitting in a wicker chair,
with four nightcaps on by the fire, and without doors green
trees, as if it had been in the midst of July. Peacham.

WI’CKET. n. s. [wicked, Welsh; guighet, Fr. wicket, Dutch.]
A small gate.
When none yielded, her unruly page,
With his rude claws the wicket open rent,
And let her in. Fairy Queen.
These wickets of the soul are plac'd on high,
Because all sounds do lightly mount aloft. Davies.
Now St. Peter at heav'ns wicket seems
To wait them with his keys. Milton.
The cave was now a common way,
The wicket, often open'd, knew the key. Dryden.
The chaffering with diffenters, and dodging about this or
the other ceremony, is like opening a few wickets, by which
no more than one can get in at a time. Swift.

WID

WIDE. adj. [wide, Saxon; wijd, Dutch.]
1. Broad; extended far each way.
They found fat pasture, and the land was wide and quiet.
1 Chron. iv. 40.
He wand'ring long a wider circle made,
And many-languag'd nations he survey'd. Pope.
2. Broad to a certain degree: as three inches wide.
3. Deviating; remote.
Many of the fathers were far wide from the understanding
of this place Raleigh.
Consider the absurdities of that distinction betwixt the act
and the obliquity, and the contrary being so wide from the
truth of scripture and the attributes of God, and so noxious
to good life, we may certainly conclude, that to the perpetra­
tion of whatsoever sin, there is not at all any predestination
of God. Hammond's Fundamentals.
To move
His laughter at their quaint opinions wide. Milton.
Oft wide of nature must he act a part,
Make love in tropes, in bombast break his heart. Tickell.

WIDE. adv.
1. At a distance. In this sense wide seems to be sometimes an
adverb.
A little wide,
There was a holy chapel edify'd,
Wherein the hermit wont to say
His holy things each morn and even tide. Fairy Queen.
Of this I have heard more from others who lived much
among the Chinese; a people whose way of thinking seems to
lie as wide of ours in Europe as their country does. Temple.
2. With great extent.
Of all these bounds rich'd
With plenteous rivers, and wide skirted meads,
We make thee lady. Shakespeare's King Lear.
On the east-side of the garden place,
Cherubic watch; and of a sword the flame
Wide-waving; all approach far off to fright. Milton.
With huge two-handed sway,
Brandish'd aloft, the horrid edge came down,
Wide wasting
The south wind rose, and with black wings. Milton.
Wide hovering all the clouds together drove
From under heav'n. Millton's Paradise Lost.
Stretch'd at ease the panting lady lies,
To shun the servor of meridian skies;
While sweating slaves catch ev'ry breeze of air,
And with wide-spreading fans refresh the fair. Gay.
Yet wide was spread their fame in ages past,
And poets once had promis'd they should last. Pope.

WI’DELY. adv. [from wide.]
1. With great extent each way.
Any that considers how immense the intervals of the chaos
are, in proportion to the bulk of the atoms, will hardly in­
duce himself to believe, that particles so widely disseminated
could ever throng one another to a compact texture. Bentley.
2. Remotely; far.
Let him exercise the freedom of his reason, and his mind
will be strengthned, and the light which the remote parts of
truth will give to one another, will so assist his judgment, that
he will seldom be widely out. Locke.

To WI’DEN. v. a. [from wide.] To make wide; to extend.
So now the gates are ope; now prove good seconds;
'Tis for the followers, fortune widens them,
Not for the flyers. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
These accidents when they first happen, seem but small and
contemptible; but by degrees they branch out and widen them­
selves into a numerous train of mischievous consequences. South.
He was accustomed to sleep with a peaceable nose, softning
in his slumbers the wrinkles of it, and the anger which com­
monly mounted to that part; but now his nostrils were wide­
ned to the last degree of fury. Dryden's Dufresnoy.

To WI’DEN. v. n. To grow wide; to extend itself.
It is in this that the species of brutes are discriminated from
man, and that proper difference, wherein they are wholly
separated, and which at last widens to so vast a distance. Locke.
With her the temple ev'ry moment grew,
Upward the columns shoot, the roofs ascend,
And arches widen, and long isles extend. Pope.

WI’DENESS. n. s. [from wide.]
1. Breadth; large extent each way.
The rugged hair began to fall away;
The sweetness of her eyes did only stay,
Though not so large; her crooked horns decrease;
The wideness of her jaws and nostrils cease. Dryden.
2. Comparative breadth.
Within the same annual time, the center of the earth is
carried above fifty times as far round the orbis magnus, whose
wideness we now assume to be twenty thousand terrestrial dia­
meters. Bentley's Sermons.

WI’DGEON. A water-fowl not unlike a wild duck, but not so
large.
Among the first sort we reckon creysers, curlews, and wid­
geon. Carew.

WI’DOW. n. s. [widwa, Sax. weduwe, Dutch; weddw, Welsh;
vidua, Latin.] A woman whose husband is dead.
To take the widow,
Exasperates, makes mad her sister Gonerill. Shakespeare.
Catharine no more
Shall be call'd queen; but princess dowager,
And widow to prince Arthur. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
Our fatherless distress was left unmoan'd,
Your widow-dolours likewise be unwept. Shak. Richard III.
And will she yet debase her eyes on me,
That cropt the golden prime of this sweet prince,
And made her widow to a woeful bed. Shakespeare.
The barren they more miserable make,
And from the widow all her comfort take. Saudys.
He warns the widow, and her houshold gods
To seek a refuge in remote abodes. Dryden.
Who has the paternal power whilst the widow-queen is with
child. Locke.

To WI’DOW. v. a. [from widow.]
1. To deprive of a husband.
In this city he
Hath widow'd and unchilded many a one,
Which to this hour bewail the injury. Shak. Coriolanus.
Poor ropes you are beguil'd;
Both you and I; for Romeo is exil'd:
He made you for a high way to my bed,
But I, a maid, die maiden widowed. Shakespeare.
Thy little care to mend my widow'd nights,
Has forc'd me to recourse of marriage rites,
To fill an empty side. Dryden.
2. To endow with a widow-right.
For his possessions,
Although by confiscation they are ours,
We do instate and widow you withal,
To buy you a better husband. Shakespeare.
3. To strip of any thing good.
The widow'd isle in mourning
Dries up her tears. Dryden.
For him you waste in tears your widow'd hours. Dryden.
Inclement weather and frosty blasts deface
The blithsome year, trees of their shrivel'd fruits
Are widow'd, dreary storms o'er all prevail. Philips.

WI’DOWER. n. s. [from widow.] One who has lost his wife.
The king, sealing up all thoughts of love under the image
of her memory, remained a widower many years after. Sidney.
The main consents are had, and here we'll stay
To see our widower's second marriage day. Shakespeare.
They that marry, as they that shall get no children; and
they that marry not, as the widowers. 2 Esdr. xvi. 44.

WI’DOWHOOD. n. s. [from widow.] The state of a widow.
Cecropia, having in her widowhood taken this young Ar­
tesia into her charge, had taught her to think that there is no
wisdom but in including both heaven and earth in one's self.
Sidney.
Ne ween my right with strength adown to tread,
Through weakness of my widowhood or woe,
For truth is strong. Fairy Queen.
She employed her last widowhood to works no less bountiful
than charitable. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
It is of greater merit wholly to abstain from things de­
sireable, than after fruition to be content to leave them; as they
who magnify single life prefer virginity much before widow­
hood. Wotton.


Cherish thy hasten'd widowhood with the gold
Of matrimonial treason: so farewell. Milton.
2. Estate settled on a widow. Not in use.
For that dow'ry, I'll assure her of
Her widowhood, be it that she survives me,
In all my lands. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

WIDOWHU’NTER. n. s. [widow and hunter.] One who courts
widows for a jointure.
The widowhunters about town often afford them great di­
version. Addison's Spectator.

WIDOWMA’KER. n. s. [widow and maker.] One who deprives
women of their husbands.
It grieves my soul
That I must draw this metal from my side
To be a widowmaker. Shakesp. King John.

WI’DOW-WAIL. n. s. [widow and wail] A plant.
It hath a flower consisting of one leaf, which is deeply di­
vided into three parts: the cup of the flower is also of one
leaf, divided into three segments; the fruit consists of three
hard berries closely joined together; in each of which is con­
tained one oblong seed; to which may be added, it hath the
appearance of a shrub, and the leaves are small and oblong.
Miller.

WIDTH. n. s. [from wide.] Breadth; wideness. A low word.
For the width of the mortess gage this side, then for the
tennant, gage on that end of the quarter you intend the tennant
shall be made. Moxon.
Let thy vines in intervals be set,
Indulge their width, and add a roomy space,
That their extremest lines may scarce embrace. Dryden.

To WIELD v. a. [wealdan, Saxon; to manage in the hand.]
To use with full command, as a thing not too heavy for the
holder.
Base Hungarian wight, wilt thou the spigot wield. Shakesp.
His looks are full of peaceful majesty,
His head by nature fram'd to wear a crown,
His hand to wield a scepter, and himself
Likely in time to bless a regal throne. Shakespeare.
There is that hand bolden'd to blood and war,
That must the sword in wond'rous actions wield. Daniel.
They are in the dark before they are aware; and then they
make a noise only with terms; which, like too heavy wea­
pons that they cannot wield, carry their strokes beyond their
aim. Digby on Bodies.
The least of whom could wield
These elements, and arm him with the force
Of all their regions. Milton's Paradise Lest.
Part wield their arms, part curb the foaming steed. Milton.
If Rome's great senate could not wield that sword,
Which of the conquer'd world had made them lord;
What hope had ours, while yet their pow'r was new,
To rule victorious armies, but by you? Waller.
He worthiest, after him, his sword to wield,
Or wear his armour, or sustain his shield. Dryden.

WI’ELDY. adj. [from wield.] Manageable.

WI’ERY. adj. [from wire.]
1. Made of wire: it were better written wiry.
Your gown going off, such beauteous state reveals,
As when through flow'ry meads th' hill's shadow steals;
Off with that wiery coronet, and shew
The hairy diadem which on your head doth grow. Donne.
2. Drawn into wire.
Polymnia shall be drawn with her hair hanging loose about
her shoulders, resembling wiery gold. Peacham on Drawing.
3. [From wær, a pool.] Wet; wearish; moist. Obsolete.
Where but by chance a silver drop hath fall'n,
Ev'n to that drop ten thousand wiery friends
Do glew themselves in sociable grief. Shakespeare.

WIFE. n. s. Plural wives [wif, Saxon; wiff, Dutch.]
A woman that has a husband.
Your claim, fair sister,
I bar it in the interest of my wife. Shakespeare's King Lear.
There's no bottom, none
In my voluptuousness: your wives, your daughters,
Your matrons and your maids could not fill up
The cistern of my lust. Shakespeare's Macheth.
Why saidst thou, she is my sister? so I might have taken
her to me to wife. Gen. xii. 19.
The wife, where danger or dishonour lurks,
Safest and seemliest by her husband stays. Milton.
The wife her husband murders, he the wife. Dryden.
Fond of his friend, and civil to his wife. Pope.
2. It is used for a woman of low employment.
Strawberry wives lay two or three great strawberries at the
mouth of their pot, and all the rest are little ones. Bacon.

WIG

WIG. n. s. Wigbeing a termination in the names ofmen signifies
war, or else a heroe, from wiga, a word of that signification.
Gibson's Camden.

WIG. n. s. [Contracted from periwig.]
1. False hair worn on the head.
Triumphing Tories and desponding Whigs
Forget their feuds, and join to save their wigs. Swift.
2. A sort of cake. Ainsworth.

WIGHT. n. s. [wiht, Saxon.] A person; a being. Obsolete.
Beshrew the witch! with venomous wights she stays,
Tedious as hell; but flies the grasps of love,
With wings more momentary swift than thought. Shakesp.
This world below did need one wight,
Which might thereof distinguish ev'ry part. Davies.
This meaner wights, of trust and credit bare,
Not so respected, could not look t'effect. Daniel.
A wight he was, whose very sight wou'd
Entitle him mirror of knighthood. Hudibras.
The water flies all taste of living wight. Milton.
How could'st thou suffer thy devoted knight,
On thy own day, to fall by foe oppress'd,
The wight of all the world who lov'd thee best. Dryden.
His station he yielded up to a wight as disagreeable as him­
self. Addison's Guardian.

WIGHT. adj. Swift; nimble. Out of use.
He was so wimble and so wight,
From bough to bough he leaped light,
And oft the pumies latched. Spenser's Pastorals.

WI’GHTLY. adv. [from wight.] Swiftly; nimbly.
Her was her, while it was day-light,
But now her is a most wretched wight;
For day that was is wightly past,
And now at last the night doth hast. Spenser.

WIHT. An initial in the names of men, signifies strong; nimble;
lusty; being purely Saxon. Gibson's Camden.

WIL

WILD. adj. [wild, Saxon; wild, Dutch.]
1. Not tame; not domestick.
For I am he am born to tame you, Kate,
And bring you from a wild cat to a kate,
Conformable as other houshold kates. Shakespeare.
Winter's not gone yet, if the wild geese fly that way. Shak.
All beasts of the earth since wild. Milton.
2. Propagated by nature; not cultivated.
Whatsoever will make a wild tree a garden tree, will make
a garden tree to have less core or stone. Bacon's Natural History.
Goose grass or wild tansy is a weed that strong clays are ve­
ry subject to. Mortimer's Husbandry.
The wild bee breeds in the stocks of old willows, in which
they first bore a canal, and furnish afterwards with hangings,
made of rose leaves: and to finish their work divide the whole
into several rooms or nests. Grew's Musæum.
3. Desart; uninhabited.
The wild beast where he wons in forest wild. Milton.
4. Savage; uncivilized.
Affairs that walk,
As they say spirits do, at midnight, have
In them a wilder nature, than the business
That seeks dispatch by day. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
Though the inundation destroyed man and beast generally,
yet some few wild inhabitants of the woods escaped. Bacon.
When they might not converse with any civil men without
peril of their lives, whither should they fly but into the woods
and mountains, and there live in a wild and barbarous man­
ner. Davies on Ireland.
May those already curst Essexian plains,
Where hasty death and pining sickness reigns,
Prove as a desart, and none there make stay,
But savage beasts, or men as wild as they. Waller.
5. Turbulent; tempestuous; irregular.
His passions and his virtues lie confus'd,
And mixt together in so wild a tumult,
That the whole man is quite disfigur'd in him. Addison.
6. Licentious; ungoverned.
That wild rout that tore the Thracian bard. Milton.
Valour grown wild by pride, and pow'r by rage,
Did the true charms of majesty impair:
Rome by degrees advancing more in age,
Show'd sad remains of what had once been fair. Prior.
7. Inconstant; mutable; fickle.
In the ruling passion, there alone,
The wild are constant, and the cunning known. Pope.
8. Inordinate; loose.
Other bars he lays before me,
My riots past, my wild societies. Shakespeare.
Besides, thou art a beau; what's that my child?
A fop well-drest, extravagant and wild:
She that cries herbs has less impertinence,
And in her calling, more of common sense. Dryden.
9. Uncouth; strange.
What are these,
So wither'd, and so wild in their attire,
That look not like th' inhabitants o' the earth,
And yet are on't. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
10. Done or made without any consistent order or plan.
With mountains, as with weapons, arm'd; they make
Wild work in heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The sea was very necessary to the ends of providence, and
would have been a very wild world had it been without.
Woodward's Natural History.


11. Meerly imaginary.
As universal as these appear to be, an effectual remedy might
be applied: I am not at present upon a wild speculative pro­
ject, but such a one as may be easily put in execution. Swift.

WILD, n. s. [from the adjective.] A desart; a tract unculti­
vated and uninhabited.
We sometimes
Who dwell this wild, constrain'd by want come forth
To town or village nigh. Milton's Paradise Regained.
This gentle knight
Forsook his easy couch at early day,
And to the wood and wilds pursu'd his way. Dryden.
Then Libya first, of all her moisture drain'd,
Became a barren waste, a wild of sand. Addison.
Is there a nation in the wilds of Afric,
Amidst the barren rocks and burning sands
That does not tremble at the Roman name? Addison.
You rais'd these hallow'd walls; the desart smil'd,
And paradise was open'd in the wild. Pope.

WILD Basil. n. s. [acinus, Lat.] A plant.
It hath leaves like those of the lesser basil; the cup of the
flower is oblong and furrowed; the flowers are produced in
bunches on the top of little footstalks, which arise from be­
tween the footstalk of the leaf and the stalk of the plants in
which it differs from serpyllum. Miller.

WILD Cucumber. n. s. [elaterium, Latin.] A plant.
The branches are somewhat like those of the cucumber, but
have no tendrils; the fruit is prickly, and when ripe bursts
with great elasticity, and abounds with fetid juice. Miller.

WILD Olive. n. s. [eleagnus, Latin, from ?a?a, an olive, and
???? vitex;] This plant hath leaves like those of the chaste
tree, and a fruit like an olive. Miller.

WILDSE’RVICE. n. s. [cratægus, Lat.] A plant.
The leaves are single; the flower consists of five leaves,
which expand in form of a rose. The fruit is small, and
shaped like a pear, in which are many hard seeds. Miller.

To WI’LDER. v. a. [from wild.] To loose or puzzle in an
unknown or pathless tract.
The little courtiers, who ne'er come to know
The depth of factions, as in mazes go,
Where interests meet, and cross so oft, that they
With too much care are wilder'd in the way. Dryden.
Oh thou! who free'st me from my doubtful state,
Long lost and wilder'd in the maze of fate,
Be present still. Pope.

WI’LDERNESS. n. s. [from wild.]
1. A desert; a tract of solitude and savageness.
He travell'd through wide wasteful ground,
That nought but desert wilderness shew'd all around. F. Qu.
When as the land she saw no more appear,
But a wild wilderness of waters deep,
Then 'gan she greatly to lament and weep. Spenser.
O my poor kingdom, sick with civil blows!
When that my care could not with-hold thy riots,
What wilt thou do when riot is thy care?
O, thou wilt be a wilderness again,
Peopled with wolves, thy old inhabitants. Shakespeare.
But who can always on the billows lie?
The wat'ry wilderness yields no supply. Waller.
All those animals have been obliged to change their woods
and wildernesses for lodgings in cities. Arbuth. & Pope.
2. The state of being wild or disorderly. Not in use.
The paths and bow'rs, doubt not, but our joint hands
Will keep from wilderness with ease. Milton.

WI’LDFIRE. n. s. [wild and fire.] A composition of inflam­
mable materials, easy to take fire, and hard to be extin­
guished.
When thou rann'st up Gadshill in the night to catch my
horse, I did think thou had'st been an ignis fatuus, or a ball
of wildfire. Shakespeare.
Though brimstone, pitch, wildfire, burn equally, and are
hard to quench, yet they make no such firy wind as gun­
powder. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Yet shall it in his boiling stomach turn
To bitter poison, and like wildfire burn;
He shall cast up the wealth by him devour'd. Sandys.
No matter in the world so proper to write with as wildfire,
as no characters can be more legible than those which are read
by their own light. Addis. Guard.
In flames, like Semele's, be brought to bed,
While opening hell spouts wildfire at your head. Pope.

WILDGO’OSECHASE. n. s. A pursuit of something as unlikely
to be caught as the wildgoose.
If our wits run the wildgoosechace, I have done; for thou
hast more of the wildgoose in one of thy wits, than I have in
my whole five. Shakespeare.
Let a man consider the time, money, and vexation, that
this wildgoosechace has cost him, and then say what have I
gotten to answer all this expence, but loose, giddy frolick?
L'Estrange.

WI’LDING. n. s. [wildelinghe, Dut.] A wild sour apple.
Ten ruddy wildings in the wood I found,
And stood on tip-toes, reaching from the ground. Dryd.
The red streak, of all cyder fruit, hath obtained the pre­
ference, being but a kind of wilding, never pleasing to the
palate. Mortimer.
The wilding's fibres are contriv'd
To draw th' earth's purest spirit, and resist
Its feculence. Phillips.

WI’LDLY. adv. [from wild.]
1. Without cultivation.
That which grows wildly of itself, is worth nothing. More.
2. With disorder; with perturbation or distraction.
Put your discourse into some frame, and start not so wildly
from my affair. Shakespear.
Mrs. Page, at the door, sweating, blowing, and looking
wildly, would needs speak with you. Shakespeare.
Young mothers wildly stare with fear opprest,
And strain their helpless infants to their breast. Dryden.
His fever being come to a height, he grew delirious, and
talked very wildly. Female Quixote.
3. Without attention; without judgment.
As th'unthought accident is guilty
Of what we wildly do, so we profess
Ourselves to be the slaves of chance, and flies
Of every wind that blows. Shakespeare.
4. Irregularly.
She, wildly wanton, wears by night away
The sign of all our labours done by day. Dryden.

WI’LDNESS. n. s. [from wild.]
1. Rudeness; disorder like that of uncultivated ground.
The heath, which was the third part of our plot, I wish to
be framed, as much as may be, to a natural wildness. Bac.
2. Inordinate vivacity; irregularity of manners.
This same starved justice hath done nothing but prated to
me of the wildness of his youth, and the feats he hath done
about Turnbal street; and every third word a lie. Shakesp.
He is giv'n
To sports, to wildness, and much company. Shakespeare.
3. Savageness; brutality.
He came in like a wild man; but such a wildness as shewed
his eye-sight had tamed him, full of withered leaves; which
though they fell not, still threatened falling. Sidney.
Vainly thou tell'st me, what the woman's care
Shall in the wildness of the wood prepare. Prior.
4. Uncultivated state.
Their wildness lose, and quitting nature's part,
Obey the rules and discipline of art. Dryden.
5. Deviation from a settled course; irregularity.
A delirium is but a short wildness of the imagination; and
a settled irregularity of fancy is distraction and madness.
Watts's Log.
6. Alienation of mind.
Ophelia, I wish
That your good beauties be the happy cause
Of Hamlet's wildness; so shall I hope your virtues
May bring him to his wonted way again. Shakesp.

WILE. n. s. [wile, Saxon; wiel, Islandick.] A deceit; a
fraud; a trick; a stratagem; a practice artful, fly, and insi­
dious.
Their leader by his wiles had much obtain'd,
And done much mischief on the English state. Daniel.
My sentence is for open war; of wiles
More unexpert, I boast not; them let those
Contrive who need. Milton.
Life essay'd the surest wile,
Gilding itself with Laura's smile. Roscommon.
So Sforza, curs'd with a too fertile brain,
Lost by his wiles the pow'r his wit did gain. Dryd.
The heart of man is so full of wiles, artifices, and deceit,
that there is no guessing at what he is from his speeches.
Addison's Guardian.
Wisdom's above suspecting wiles,
The queen of learning gravely smiles. Swift.

W’ILFUL. adj. [will and full.]
1. Stubborn; contumacious; perverse; inflexible.
2. Done or suffered by design.
Sthenobœa herself did choak
With wilful cord, for wanting of her will. Fairy Queen.
Thou to me
Art all things under heav'n, all places thou,
Who for my wilful crime art banish'd hence. Milton.
The silent stranger stood amaz'd to see
Contempt of wealth, and wilful poverty. Dryden.

WI’LFULLY. adv. [from wilful.]
1. Obstinately; stubbornly.
The mother, who being determinately, least I should say
of a great lady wilfully, bent to marry her to Demagoras,
tried all ways which a witty and hard-hearted mother could
devise. Sidney.
Evil could she conceal her fire, and wilfully persevered
she in it. Sidney.


Religion is matter of our freest choice; and if men will
obstinately and wilfully set themselves against it, there is no
remedy. Tillotson's Serm.
2. By design; on purpose.
That will carry us, if we do not wilfully betray our succours,
through all difficulties. Hammond.
If you do not wilfully pass over any of your greater of­
fences, but confess particularly, and repent seriously of them,
God will more easily pass by your lesser infirmities. Bp Tayl.
This let him know;
Lest, willfully offending, he pretend
Surprisal. Milton.

WI’LFULNESS. n. s. [from wilful.] Obstinacy; stubbornness;
perverseness.
So full of wilfulness and self-liking is our nature, that with­
out some definitive sentence, which being given, may stand,
small hope there is that strifes will end. Hooker.
Thy causeless ruth repress;
He that his sorrow sought through wilfulness,
And his foe fetter'd would release again,
Deserves to taste his folly's fruit. Fairy Queen.
Never hydra-headed wilfulness
So soon did lose his seat, and all at once,
As in this king. Shakespeare.
A stiff and stubborn obstinacy, is not so much firmness and
resolution, as wilfulness. L'Estrange.
That is not hastily to be interpreted obstinacy or wilful­
ness, which is the natural product of their age. Locke.

WI’LILY. adv. [from wily.] By stratagem; fraudulently.
They did work wilily, and went and made as if they had
been ambassadors. Jos.

WILI’NESS. n. s. [from wily.] Cunning; guile.
The ungodly, for his own lust, doth persecute the poor:
let them be taken in the crafty wiliness that they have ima­
gined. Psalm x. 2.
She supplied the weakness of force by wiliness of art, and
advantage of treaty. How. Voc. Forest.

WILL. n. s. [willa, Saxon; wille, Dutch.]
1. Choice; arbitrary determination.
Will is the power, which the mind has to order the con­
sideration of any idea, or the forbearing to consider it, or to
prefer the motion of any part of the body to its rest, and vice
versa. Locke's Works.
Two principal fountains there are of human actions, know­
ledge and will; which will, in things tending towards any
ond, is termed choice. Hooker, b. i.
Is it her nature, or is it her will,
To be so cruel to an humble foe?
If nature, then she may it mend with skill;
If will, then she at will may will forego. Spenser.
These things have a shew of wisdom in will worship and
humility. Col. ii. 23.
Will holds the sceptre in the soul,
And on the passions of the heart doth reign. Sir J. Dav.
The truth is, such a man understands by his will, and be­
lieves a thing true or false, merely as it agrees or disagrees
with a violent inclination; and therefore, whilst that inclina­
tion lasts in its strength, he discovers nothing of the different
degrees of evidence. Atterbury.
2. Discretion; choice.
Go then the guilty at thy will chastize. Pope.
3. Command; direction.
At his first sight the mountains are shaken, and at his will
the south wind bloweth. Eccles. xliii. 16.
4. Disposition; inclination; desire.
I make bold to press upon you with so little preparation.
Your welcome; what's your will? Shakespeare.
He hath a will, he hath a power to perform. Drummond.
He said, and with so good a will to die,
Did to his breast the fatal point apply,
It found his heart. Dryden.
5. Power; government.
Deliver me not over unto the will of mine enemies. Psal.
He had the will of his maid before he could go; he had
the mastery of his parents ever since he could prattle; and
why, now he is grown up, must he be restrained? Locke.
6. Divine determination.
I would give a thousand furlongs of sea for an acre of
barren ground. The wills above be done; but I would fain
die a dry death. Shakespeare.
7. Testament; disposition of a dying man's effects.
Another branch of their revenue still
Remains, beyond their boundless right to kill,
Their father yet alive, impower'd to make a will. Dryd.
Do men make their last wills by word of mouth only?
Stephen's Sermons.
8. GOOD-will. Favour; kindness.
I'll to the doctor, he hath my good-will,
And none but he to marry with Nan Page. Shakesp.
9. GOOD-will. Right intention.
Some preach Christ of envy, and some of good will.
Phil. i. 15.
10. ILL-will. Malice; malignity.
11. [Contracted from William.] Will with a wisp, Jack with
a lanthorn.
Will with the wisp is of a round figure, in bigness like the
flame of a candle; but sometimes broader, and like a bundle
of twigs set on fire. It sometimes gives a brighter light than
that of a wax-candle; at other times more obscure, and of
a purple colour. When viewed near at hand, it shines less
than at a distance. They wander about in the air, not far
from the surface of the earth; and are more frequent in
places that are unctuous, mouldy, marshy, and abounding
with reeds. They haunt burying places, places of execution,
dunghills. They commonly appear in summer, and at the
beginning of autumn, and are generally at the height of
about six feet from the ground. Now they dilate them­
selves, and now contract. Now they go on like waves, and
rain as it were sparks of fire; but they burn nothing. They
follow those that run away, and fly from those that follow
them. Some that have been catched were observed to
consist of a shining, viscous, and gelatinous matter, like the
spawn of frogs, not hot or burning, but only shining; so that
the matter seems to be phosphorus, prepared and raised from
putrified plants or carcasses by the heat of the sun; which is
condensed by the cold of the evening, and then shines. Musch.
Will-a-wisp misleads night-faring clowns,
O'er hills and sinking bogs. Gay.

To WILL. v. a. [wilgan, Gothick; willan, Saxon; willen,
Dutch.]
1. To desire that any thing should be, or be done.
To will, is to bend our souls to the having or doing of
that which they see to be good. Hooker.
Let Richard be restored to his blood,
As will the rest; so willeth Winchester. Shakespeare.
I speak not of God's determining his own will, but his pre­
determining the acts of our will. There is as great difference
betwixt these two, as betwixt my willing a lawful thing my­
self, and my inducing another man to do that which is un­
lawful. Hammond on Fundamentals.
Whosoever wills the doing of a thing, if the doing of it be
in his power, he will certainly do it; and whosoever does
not do that thing, which he has in his power to do, does
not properly will it. South.
A man that sits still, is said to be at liberty, because he
can walk if he wills it. Locke.
2. To be inclined or resolved to have.
She's too rough for me;
There, there, Hortensio, will you any wife? Shakesp.
3. To command; to direct.
St. Paul did will them of Corinth, every man to lay up
somewhat on the Sunday, and to reserve it in store for the
church of Jerusalem, for the relief of the poor there. Hooker.
How rarely does it meet with this time's guise,
When man was willed to love his enemies. Shakesp.
Our battle is more full of names than yours,
Our men more perfect in the use of arms,
Our armours all as strong, our cause the best;
Then reason wills our hearts should be as good. Shakesp.
He willed him to be of good comfort, promising to be­
stow upon him whatsoever he should win. Knolles.
If they had any business, his Majesty willed that they
should attend. Clarendon.
'Tis your's, O queen! to will
The work, which duty binds me to fulfil. Dryden.
4. It has a loose and slight signification.
Let the circumstances of life be what, or where they will,
a man should never neglect improvement. Watts.
5. It is one of the signs of the future tense; of which it is
difficult to show or limit the signification.
I will come. I am determined to come; importing choice.
Thou wilt come. It must be so that thou must come; im­
porting necessity.
Wilt thou come? Hast thou determined to come? import­
ing choice.
He will come. He is resolved to come; or it must be that
he must come, importing either choice or necessity.
It will come. It must so be that it must come; importing
necessity.
The plural follows the analogy of the singular.

WI’LLI. and Vili, among the English Saxons, as viele at this
day among the Germans, signified many. So willielmus is
the defender of many: wilfred, peace to many; which are
answered in sense and signification by Polymachus, Poly­
crates, and Polyphilus. Gib. Camd.

WI’LLING. adj. [from will.]
1. Inclined to any thing.
He willing to please one in authority, forced all his skill to
make the resemblance of the best fashion. Wisd.
Some other able, and as willing, pays
The rigid satisfaction. Milton.
Can any man trust a better support under affliction, than
the friendship of Omnipotence, who is both able and willing,
and knows how to relieve him? Bentley.


2. Pleased; desirous.
3. Favourable; well disposed to any thing.
As many as were willing hearted brought bracelets and
ear-rings. Ex. xxxv. 22.
4. Ready; complying.
Religion hath force to qualify all sorts of men, to make
governors the apter to rule with conscience, inferiors for con­
science sake the willinger to obey. Hooker.
We've willing dames enough. Shakespeare.
He stoop'd with weary wings and willing feet. Milt.
5. Chosen.
They're held with his melodious harmony,
In willing chains, and sweet captivity. Milton.
6. Spontaneous.
Forbear, if thou hast pity,
These groans proceed not from a senseless plant,
No spouts of blood run willing from a tree. Dryden.
7. Consenting.
How can hearts not free serve willing. Milton.

WI’LLINGLY. adv. [from will.]
1. With one's own consent; without dislike; without reluctance.
That preservation of peace and unity amongst Christian
churches should be by all good means procured, we join
most willingly and gladly with them. Hooker.
I dare not make myself so guilty,
To give up willingly that noble title
Your master wed me to. Shakespeare.
This ransom, if my whole inheritance
May compass, it shall willingly be paid. Milton.
2. By one's own desire.
The condition of that people is not so much to be envied
as some would willingly represent it. Addison.

WI’LLINGNESS. n. s. [from willing.] Consent; freedom from
reluctance; ready compliance.
We praise the things we hear with much more willingness,
than those we see; because we envy the present, and reve­
rence the past; thinking ourselves instructed by the one, and
overlaid by the other. Ben. Johnson.
It is not doing good after that same wonderful manner, that
Christ's example obligeth us unto, but to a like willingness and
readiness to do good as far as our power reacheth. Calamy.
Force never yet a generous mind did gain;
We yield on parley; but are storm'd in vain;
Constraint, in all things, makes the pleasure less,
Sweet is the love which comes with willingness. Dryden.

WILLOW. n. s. [welie, Saxon, salix, Lat. gwilou, Welsh.] A
tree worn by forlorn lovers.
It hath amentaceous flowers consisting of several stamina,
which are collected into a spike but are barren. The em­
bryoes are produced upon different trees from the male
flowers, and afterwards become a fruit or husk, shaped like a
cone, opening in two parts, and containing downy seeds. Mil.
I offered him my company to a willow tree, to make him
a garland, as being forsaken, to bind him up a rod, as being
worthy to be whipt. Shakesp.
In such a night
Stood Dido with a willow in her hand
Upon the wild sea banks. Shakesp.
Tell him, in hope he'll prove a widower shortly,
I wear the willow garland for his sake. Shakespeare.
When heaven's burning eye the fields invades,
To marshes he resorts, obscur'd with reeds,
And hoary willows, which the moisture feeds. Sandy.
Afflicted Israel shall sit weeping down,
Their harps upon the neighb'ring willows hung,
Nor joyous hymn encouraging their tongue. Prior.

WI’LLOWISH. adj. [willom.] Resembling the colour of willow.
Make his body with greenish coloured crewel, or willowish
colour. Walton.

WI’LLOWWORT. n. s. A plant.
The flower consists of several leaves, produced from the
inclosures of the flower-cup, placed circularly, and expanded
like a rose; from the centre of the flower-cup rises the pointal,
which becomes a fruit of two cells, full of small seeds, wrapped
up in the flower-cup. Miller.

WI’LY. adj. [from wile.] Cunning; fly; full of stratagem;
fraudulent.
They are so cautelous and wily headed, especially being
men of small practice in law matters, that you would wonder
whence they borrow such subtilities and shifts. Spenser.
In the wily snake
Whatever slights, none would suspicious mark
As from his wit, and native subtilty
Proceeding. Milton's Par. Lost.
Since this false, wily, doubling disposition of mind, is so
intolerably mischievous to society, God is sometimes pleased,
in mere compassion to men, to give them warning of it, by
setting some odd mark upon such Cains. South's Serm.
My wily nurse by long experience found,
And first discover'd to my soul its wound;
'Tis love said she Dryden.

WI’MBLE. n. s. [wimpel, old Dutch, from wemelen, to bore.]
An instrument with which holes are bored.
At harvest-home, trembling to approach
The little barrel, which he fears to broach:
He 'says the wimble, often draws it back,
And deals to thirsty servants but a smack. Dryd.
As when a shipwright stands his workmen o'er,
Who plye the wimble some huge beam to bore;
Urg'd on all hands it nimbly spins about,
The grain deep-piercing till it scoops it out. Pope.
The trepan is like a wimble, used by joiners. Sharp.

WI’MBLE. adj. Active; nimble; shifting to and fro. Such
seems to be the meaning here.
He was so wimble and so wight,
From bough to bough he leaped light,
And oft the pumies latched:
Therewith afraid I ran away;
But he that earst seem'd but to play,
A shaft in earnest snatched. Spenser.

WI’MPLE. n. s. [guimple, Fr.] A hood; a veil. It is printed
in Spenser perhaps by mistake wimble.
So fair and fresh, as fairest flower in May,
For she had laid her mournful stole aside,
And widow-like sad wimble thrown away. Fairy Q.
The Lord will take away the changeable suits of apparel,
and the wimples, and the crisping-pins. Israel ii. 22.

To WIMPLE. v. a. To draw down as a hood or veil.
The same did hide,
Under a veil that wimbled was full low. Fairy Q.

WIN

WIN. Whether initial or final in the names of men, may
either denote a masculine temper, from win, which fignifies
in Saxon, war, strength, &c. or else the general love and
esteem he hath among the people; from the Saxon wine, i. e.
dear, beloved. In the name of places it implies a battle fought
there. Gibs.

To WIN. v. a. [Pret. wan and won; part. pas. won, winna,
Saxon; winnen, Dutch.]
1. To gain by conquest.
The town of Gaza where the enemy lay encamped, was
not so strong but it might be won. Knolles.
His whole descent, who thus shall Canaan win. Milton.
Follow chearful to the trembling town;
Press but an entrance, and presume it won. Dryden.
2. To gain the victory in a contest.
Loyalty is still the same
Whether it win or lose the game:
True as the dial to the sun,
Altho' it be not shin'd upon. Hudibras, b. iii.
I five years at Tarentum wan
The questorship, and then our love began. Denham.
Thy well breath'd horse
Impels the flying car and wins the course. Drrd.
3. To gain something withheld.
Resolv'd to win, he meditates the way,
By force to ravish, or by fraud betray. Pope.
4. To obtain.
Thy virtue wan me; with virtue preserve me. Dost thou
love me? Keep me then still worthy to be beloved. Sidney.
When you see my son, tell him, that his sword can never
win the honour that he loses. Shakespeare.
Devilish Macbeth
By many of these trains hath sought to win me. Shak.
5. To gain by play.
He had given a disagreeable vote in parliament, for which
reason not a man would have so much correspondence with
him as to win his money. Addison.
6. To gain by persuasion.
They win great numbers to receive
With joy the tidings brought from heav'n. Milton.
7. To gain by courtship.
She's beautiful; and therefore to be woo'd:
She is a woman, therefore to be won. Shakesp.
That flood witness'd his inconstant flame,
When thus he swore, and won the yielding dame. Gay.

To WIN. v. n.
1. To gain the victory.
Nor is it ought but just,
That he who in debate of truth hath won,
Should win in arms. Milton.
2. To gain influence or favour.
You express yourself very desirous to win upon the judg­
ment of your master, and not upon his affections only. Bacon.
You have a softness and beneficence winning on the hearts
of others. Dryden.
Thy words like musick every breast controul;
Steal thro' the air, and win upon the soul. Pope.
3. To gain ground.
The rabble will in time win upon power. Shakesp.
4. To be conqueror or gainer at play.
Charles I will play no more to night;
My mind's not on't, you are too hard for me.
—Sir, I did never win of you before.
—But little, Charles;
Nor shall not when my fancy's on my play. Shak.



To WINCE. v. n. [gwingo, Welsh.] To kick as impatient of a
rider, or of pain.
I will sit as quiet as a lamb,
I will not stir, nor wince, nor speak a word. Shakesp.
Room, room, for my horse will wince,
If he came within so many yards of a prince. B. Johns.
The angry beast did straight resent
The wrong done to his fundament,
Began to kick, and fling, and wince,
As if h'had been beside his sense. Hudibras.

WINCH. n. s. [guincher, French, to twist.] A windlace;
something held in the hand by which a wheel or cylinder is
turned.
Put a winch with the wheel. Mortimer.

To WINCH. v. a. [The same with wince, or perhaps from
guincher, French, to twist; winch signifying sometimes to
writhe or contort the body.] To kick with impatience; to
shrink from any uneasiness.
We who have free souls,
It touches not, let the gall'd jade winch;
Our withers are unwrung. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Have these bones rattled, and this head
So often in thy quarrel bled!
Nor did I ever winch or grudge it. Hudibras.
This last allusion gaul'd the panther more;
Yet seem'd she not to winch, tho' shrewdly pain'd. Dryd.
Their consciences are gall'd, and this makes them winch
and fling, as if they had some mettle. Tillotson.

WI’NCOPIPE. n. s.
There is a small red flower in the stubble-fields, which
country people call the wincopipe; which if it open in the
morning, you may be sure, a fair day will follow. Bacon.

WIND. n. s. [wind, Saxon; wind, Dutch; gwynt, Welsh.]
1. Wind is when any tract of air moves from the place it is
in, to any other, with an impetus that is sensible to us,
wherefore it was not ill called by the antients, a swifter course
of air; a flowing wave of air; a flux, effusion, or stream of
air. Muschenbroek.
The worthy fellow is our general. He's the rock, the oak
not to be wind shaken. Shak. Coriolanus.
Love's heralds should be thoughts,
Which ten times faster glides than the sun beams,
Driving back shadows over low'ring hills.
Therefore do nimble-pinion'd doves draw love;
And therefore hath the wind-swift Cupid wings. Shak.
Falmouth lieth farther out in the trade way, and so offereth a
sooner opportunity to wind-driven ships than Plymouth. Carew.
Wind is nothing but a violent motion of the air, produced
by its raresaction, more in one place than another, by the sun­
beams, the attractions of the moon, and the combinations of
the earth's motions. Cheyne.
2. Direction of the blast from a particular point. As eastward;
westward.
I'll give thee a wind.
I myself have all the other,
And the very points they blow;
All the quarters that they know
T' th' shipman's card. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. Breath; power or act of respiration.
If my wind were but long enough to say my prayers, I
would repent. Shakesp.
His wind he never took whilst the cup was at his mouth,
but justly observ'd the rule of drinking with one breath. Hake.
The perfume of the flowers, and their virtues to cure short­
ness of wind in pursy old men, seems to agree most with
the orange. Temple.
It stop'd at once the passage of his wind,
And the free soul to flitting air resign'd. Dryden.
4. Air caused by any action.
On each side her
Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids
With divers colour'd fans, whose wind did seem
To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool. Shakesp.
In an organ, from one blast of wind,
To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes. Milt.
5. Breath modulated by an instrument.
Where the air is pent, there breath or other blowing,
which carries but a gentle percussion, suffices to create sound;
as in pipes and wind instruments. Bacon.
Their instruments were various in their kind,
Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind. Dryden.
6. Air impregnated with scent.
A hare had long escap'd pursuing hounds,
By often shifting into distant grounds,
Till finding all his artifices vain,
To save his life, he leap'd into the main.
But there, alas! he could no safety find,
A pack of dog-fish had him in the wind. Swift.
7. Flatulence; windiness.
It turns
Wisdom to folly, as nourishment to wind. Milton.
8. Any thing insignificant or light as wind.
Think not with wind of airy threats to awe. Milton.
9. Down the WIND. To decay.
A man that had a great veneration for an image in his
house, found that the more he prayed to it to prosper him in
the world, the more he went down the wind still. L'Estrange.
10. To take or have the WIND. To gain or have the upper-hand.
Let a king in council beware how he opens his own in­
clinations too much, for else counsellors will but take the
wind of him; instead of giving free counsel. Bacon.

To WIND. v. a. [windan, Sax. winden, Dutch. from the noun.]
1. To blow; to sound by inflation.
The squire 'gan nigher to approach,
And wind his horn under the castle wall,
That with the noise it shook as it would fall. F. Q.
Every Triton's horn is winding,
Welcome to the wat'ry plain. Dryden.
Ye vig'rous swains! while youth ferments your blood,
Wind the shrill horn, or spread the waving net. Pope.
2. To turn round; to twist.
Nero could touch and time the harp well; but in govern­
ment sometimes he used to wind the pins too high, and some­
times let them down too low. Bacon.
The figure of a sturdy woman done by Michael Angelo,
washing and winding of linen cloaths, in which act she
wrings out the water that made the fountain. Wotton.
Wind the wood-bine round this arbour. Milton.
3. To regulate in action.
He vaulted with such ease into his seat,
As if an angel dropt down from the clouds,
To turn and wind a firy pegasus,
And witch the world with noble horsemanship. Shak.
In a commonwealth or realm,
The government is call'd the helm;
With which, like vessels under sail,
They're turn'd and winded by the tail. Hudibras.
4. To nose; to follow by scent.
5. To turn by shifts or expedients.
Whence turning of religion's made
The means to turn and wind a trade. Hudibras.
6. To introduce by insinuation.
You have contriv'd to take
From Rome all season'd offices, and to wind
Yourself into a power tyrannical. Shakes. Coriolanus.
Edmund, seek him out, wind me into him, frame the bu­
siness after your own wisdom. Shakes. King Lear.
Little arts and dexterities they have to wind in such things
into discourse. Government of the Tongue.
7. To change.
Were our legislature vested in the prince, he might wind
and turn our constitution at his pleasure, and shape our go­
vernment to his fancy. Addison.
8. To entwist; to enfold; to encircle.
Sleep thou and I will wind thee in my arms. Shak.
You know me well, and herein spend but time
To wind about my love with circumstance. Shakesp.
Sometime am I
All wound with adders who with cloven tongues
Do hiss me into madness. Shakesp.
9. To WIND out. To extricate.
When he found himself dangerously embarked he bethought
himself of all possible ways to disentangle himself, and to wind
himself out of the labyrinth he was in. Clarendon.
10. To WIND up. To bring to a small compass, as a bottom
of thread.
Without solemnly winding up one argument, and intimat­
ing that he began another, he lets his thoughts, which were fully
possessed of the matter, run in one continued strain. Locke.
11. To WIND up. [Used of a watch] To convolve the spring;
to put in order to a certain end.
I frown the while, and perchance wind up my watch, or
play with some rich jewel. Shakesp.
Fate seemed to wind him up for fourscore years,
Yet freshly ran he on, ten winters more:
Till like a clock worn out with calling time,
The wheels of weary life at last stood still. Dryd.
Will not the author of the universe, having made an au­
tomaton, which can wind up itself, see whether it hath stood
still, or gone true. Grew.
12. To WIND up. To raise by degrees.
These he did so wind up to his purpose that they with­
drew from the court. Hayward.
When they could not coolly convince him, they railed,
and called him an heretick: thus they wound up his temper
to a pitch, and treacherously made use of that infirmity. Ater.
13. To WIND up. To straiten a string by turning that on
which it is rolled; to put in tune.
Hylas! why sit we mute,
Now that each bird saluteth the spring?
Wind up the slacken'd strings of thy lute,
Never canst thou want matter to sing. Waller.


Your lute may wind its strings but little higher
To tune their notes to that immortal quire. Prior.
15. To WIND up. To put in order for regular action: from a
watch.
O you kind gods!
Cure this great breach of his abused nature;
Th' untun'd and jarring senses, O, wind up,
Of this child changed father. Shakesp.
The weyrd sisters, hand in hand,
Posters of the sea and land,
Thus do go about, about,
Thrice to thine, and thrice to mine,
And thrice again to make up nine:
Peace, the charm's wound up. Shakesp. Macbeth.

To WIND. v. n.
1. To turn; to change.
So swift your judgments turn and wind,
You cast our fleetest wits a mile behind. Dryden.
2. To turn; to be convolved.
Some plants can support themselves, and some others creep
along the ground, or wind about other trees, and cannot sup­
port themselves. Bacon's Natural History.
Stairs of a solid newel spread only upon one small newel, as
the several folds of fans spread about their center; but these,
because they sometimes wind, and sometimes fly off from that
winding, take more room up in the stair-case. Moxon.
3. To move round.
If aught obstruct thy course, yet stand not still,
But wind about, 'till thou hast topp'd the hill. Denham.
4. To proceed in flexures.
It shall not wind with such a deep indent,
As rob me of so rich a bottom here. Shakespeare.
He winds with ease
Through the pure marble air his oblique way,
Amongst innumerable stars. Milton's Paradise Lost.
It was a rock winding with one ascent. Milton.
The silver Thames, her own domestick flood,
Shall bear her vessels, like a sweeping train;
And often wind, as of his mistress proud,
With longing eyes to meet her face again. Dryden.
You that can search those many corner'd minds,
Where woman's crooked fancy turns and winds. Dryden.
Still six thy eyes intent upon the throng,
And, as the passes open, wind along. Gay.
Swift ascending from the azure wave,
He took the path that winded to the cave. Pope.
5. To be extricated; to be disentangled.
Long lab'ring underneath, ere they could wind
Out of such prison. Milton.

WI’NDBOUND. adj. [wind and bound.] Confined by contrary
winds.
Yet not for this the windbound navy weigh'd;
Slack were their sails, and Neptune disobey'd. Dryden.
When I bestir myself, it is high sea in his house; and when
I sit still, his affairs forsooth are windbound. Addison's Spectat.
Is it reasonable that our English fleet, which used to be the
terror of the ocean, should be windbound? Spectator.

WI’NDEGG. n. s An egg not impregnated; an egg that does
not contain the principles of life.
Sound eggs sink, and such as are addled swim; as do also
those termed hypenemia, or windeggs. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

WI’NDER. n. s. [from wind.]
1. An instrument or person by which any thing is turned
round.
To keep troublesome servants out of the kitchen, leave the
winder sticking on the jack to fall on their heads. Swift.
2. A plant that twists itself round others.
Plants that put sorth their sap hastily, have their bodies not
proportionable to their length; and therefore they are winders
and creepers, as ivy and bryony. Bacon's Natural History.

WI’NDFALL. n. s. [wind and fall.] Fruit blown down from
the tree.
Gather now, if ripe, your Winter fruits, as apples, to
prevent their falling by the great winds; also gather your
windfalls. Evelyn's Kalendar.

WI’NDFLOWER. n. s. The anemone. A flower.

WI’NDGALL. n. s. [wind and gall.]
Windgalls are soft, yielding, flatulent tumours or bladders,
full of corrupt jelly, which grow upon each side of the fet­
lock joints, and are so painful in hot weather and hard ways,
that they make a horse to halt. They are caused by violent
straining, or by a horse's standing on a sloping floor, or from
extreme labour and beat, or by blows. Farrier's Dict.
His horse infected with the fashions, full of windgalls, and
sped with spavins. Shakesp. Taming of the Shrew.

WI’NDGUN. n. s. [wind and gun.] Gun which discharges the
bullet by means of wind compressed.
The windgun is charged by the forcible compression of air,
being injected through a syringe; the strife and distention of
the imprisoned air serving, by the help of little falls or shuts
within, to stop and keep close the vents by which it was ad­
mitted. Wilkins's Math. Magick.
Forc'd from windguns, lead itself can fly,
And wond'rous slugs cut swiftly through the sky. Pope.

WI’NDINESS. n. s. [from windy.]
1. Fulness of wind; flatulence.
A windiness and puffing up of your stomach after dinner,
and in the morning. Harvey on Consumptions.
Orifices are prepared for the letting forth of the rarefied
spirits in ructus, or windiness, the common effects of all fer­
mented liquors. Floyer on the Humours.
2. Tendency to generate wind.
Sena loseth somewhat of its windiness by decocting; and,
generally, subtile or windy spirits are taken off by incension
or evaporation. Bacon's Natural History.
3. Tumour; puffiness.
From this his modest and humble charity, virtues which
rarely cohabit with the swelling windiness of much knowledge,
issued this. Brerewood on Languages.

WI’NDING. n. s. [from wind.] Flexure; meander.
It was the pleasantest voyage in the world to follow the
windings of this river Inn, through such a variety of pleasing
scenes as the course of it naturally led us. Addison on Italy.
The ways of heav'n are dark and intricate;
Our understanding traces them in vain,
Nor sees with how much art the windings run,
Nor where the regular confusion ends. Addison's Cato.

WI’NDINGSHEET. n. s. [wind and sheet.] A sheet in which
the dead are enwrapped.
These arms of mine shall be thy windingsheet;
My heart, sweet boy, shall be thy sepulchre;
For from my heart thine image ne'er shall go. Shak H. VI.
The great windingsheets, that bury all things in oblivion, are
deluges and earthquakes. Bacon.
The chaste Penelope, having, as she thought, lost Ulysses at
sea, employed her time in preparing a windingsheet for Laertes,
the father of her husband. Spectator.

WI’NDLASS. n. s. [wind and lace.]
1. A handle by which a rope or lace is wrapped together round
a cylinder.
2. A handle by which any thing is turned.
Thus do we of wisdom and of reach,
With windlasses, and with assays of byas,
By indirections find directions out. Shakesp. Hamlet.

WI’NDLE. n. s. [from To wind.] A spindle. Ainsworth.

WI’NDMILL. n. s. [wind and mill.] A mill turned by the
wind.
We like Don Quixote do advance
Against a windmill our vain lance. Waller.
Such a sailing chariot might be more conveniently framed
with moveable sails, whose force may be impressed from their
motion, equivalent to those in a windmill. Wilkins.
Windmills grind twice the quantity in an hour that water­
mills do. Mortimer's Husbandry.
His fancy has made a giant of a windmill, and he's now
engaging it. F. Atterbury.

WI’NDOW. n. s. [vindue, Danish. Skinner thinks it originally
wind-door.]
1. An aperture in a building by which air and light are intro­
mitted.
Being one day at my window all alone,
Many strange things happened me to see. Spenser.
A fair view her window yields,
The town, the river, and the fields. Waller.
He through a little window cast his sight,
Though thick of bars that gave a scanty light;
But ev'n that glimmering serv'd him to descry
Th' inevitable charms of Emily. Dryden.
When you leave the windows open for air, leave books on
the window-seat, that they may get air too. Swift.
2. The frame of glass or any other materials that covers the
aperture.
To thee I do commend my watchful soul,
Ere I let fall the windows of mine eyes:
Sleeping or waking, oh defend me still! Shakesp. R. III.
In the sun's light, let into my darkened chamber through a
small round hole in my window-shutter, at about ten or twelve
feet from the window, I placed a lens. Newton's Opt.
3. Lines crossing each other.
The fav'rite, that just begins to prattle,
Is very humorsome, and makes great clutter,
'Till he has windows on his bread and butter. King.
4. An aperture resembling a window.

To WI’NDOW. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with windows.
Between these half columns above, the whole room was
windowed round. Wotton's Architecture.
With pert flat eyes she window'd well its head,
A brain of feathers, and a heart of lead. Pope's Dunciad.
2. To place at a window.
Would'st thou be window'd in great Rome, and see
Thy master thus with pleacht arms, bending down
His corrigible neck, his face subdu'd
To penetrative shame? Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.


3. To break into openings.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,
How shall your houseless heads, and unsed sides,
Your loop'd and window'd raggedness, defend you
From seasons such as these? Shak. King Lear.

WI’NDPIPE. n. s. [wind and pipe.] The passage for the breath;
the aspera arteria.
Let gallows gape for dogs, let man go free,
And let not hemp his windpipe suffocate. Shakes. H. V.
The wezzon, rough artery, or windpipe, is a part inservient
to voice and respiration: thereby the air descendeth unto the
lungs, and is communicated unto the heart. Brown.
The quacks of government, who sat
At th' unregarded helm of state,
Consider'd timely how t' withdraw,
And save their windpipes from the law. Hudibras.
Because continual respiration is necessary for the support of
our lives, the windpipe is made with annulary cartilages. Ray.
The windpipe divides itself into a great number of branches,
called bronchia: these end in small air-bladders, capable to be
inflated by the admission of air, and to subside at the expul­
sion of it. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

WI’NDWARD. adv. [from wind.] Towards the wind.

WI’NDY. adj. [from wind.]
1. Consisting of wind.
See what showers arise,
Blown with the windy tempest of my soul
Upon thy wounds, that kill mine eyes and heart. Shakesp.
Subtile or windy spirits are taken off by incension or evapo­
ration. Bacon.
2. Next the wind.
Lady, you have a merry heart.
—Yes, my lord, I thank it, poor fool,
It keeps on the windy side of care. Shakespeare.
3. Empty; airy.
Why should calamity be full of words?
—Windy attorneys to their client woes,
Poor breathing orators of miseries. Shak. Rich. III.
What windy joy this day had I conceiv'd,
Hopeful of his deliv'ry, which now proves
Abortive as the first-born bloom of Spring,
Nipt with the lagging rear of Winter's frost. Milton.
Look, here's that windy applause, that poor transitory plea­
sure, for which I was dishonoured. South.
Of ev'ry nation, each illustrious name
Such toys as these have cheated into fame,
Exchanging solid quiet to obtain
The windy satisfaction of the brain. Dryden's Juvenal.
4. Tempestuous; molested with wind.
On this windy sea of land the fiend
Walk'd up and down. Milton.
It is not bare agitation, but the sediment at the bottom,
that troubles and defiles the water; and when we see it windy
and dusty, the wind does not make but only raise dust. South.
5. Puffy; flatulent.
In such a windy colic, water is the best remedy after a sur­
feit of fruit. Arbuthnot on Aliments.

WINE. n. s. [win, Saxon; vinn, Dutch.]
1. The fermented juice of the grape.
The wine of life is drawn, and the meer lees
Is left this vault to brag of. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Do not fall in love with me;
For I am falser than vows made in wine. Shakes.
The increase of the vineyards for the wine-cellars. Chron.
Be not amongst wine-bibbers, amongst riotous eaters. Prov.
Thy garments like him that treadeth in the wine-fat. Is.
They took old sacks upon their asses, and wine-bottles old
and rent, and bound up. Jos. ix. 4.
Where the wine-press is hard wrought, it yields a harsh
wine that tastes of the grape-stone. Bacon.
His troops on my strong youth like torrents rusht;
As in a wine-press, Judah's daughter crusht. Sandys.
With large wine-offerings pour'd, and sacred feast. Milt.
Shall I, to please another wine-sprung mind,
Lose all mine own? God hath giv'n me a measure,
Short of his canne and body: must I find
A pain in that, wherein he finds a pleasure? Herbert.
The firstlings of the flock are doom'd to die;
Rich fragrant wines the cheering bowl supply. Pope.
If the hogshead falls short, the wine-cooper had not filled it
in proper time. Swift's Directions to the Butler.
2. Preparations of vegetables by fermentations, called by the
general name of wines, have quite different qualities from the
plant; for no fruit, taken crude, has the intoxicating quality
of wine. Arbuthnot.

WING. n. s. gehwing, Saxon; winge, Danish.]
1. The limb of a bird by which she flies.
As Venus' bird, the white swift lovely dove,
Doth on her wings her utmost swiftness prove,
Finding the gripe of falcon fierce not fur. Sidney.
Ignorance is the curse of God,
Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heav'n. Shakesp.
An eagle stirreth up her nest, spreadeth abroad her wings,
taketh them, and beareth them on her wings. Deut. xxxii.
A spleenless wind so stretcht
Her wings to waft us, and so urg'd our keel. Chapman.
The prince of augurs, Helitherses, rose;
Prescient he view'd th' aerial tracts, and drew
A sure presage from ev'ry wing that flew. Pope's Odyssey.
2. A fan to winnow.
Wing, cartnave, and bushel, peck, ready at hand. Tusser.
3. Flight; passage by the wing.
Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to th' rooky wood:
Good things of day begin to droop and drowze,
While night's black agents to their prey do rouze. Shak.
Thy affections hold a wing
Quite from the flight of all thy ancestors. Shakesp. H. IV.
I have pursued her as love hath pursued me, on the wing of
all occasions. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
While passion is upon the wing, and the man fully engaged
in the prosecution of some unlawful object, no remedy or con­
troul is to be expected from his reason. South.
You are too young your power to understand;
Lovers take wing upon the least command. Dryden.
And straight, with in-born vigour, on the wing,
Like mounting larks, to the new morning sing. Dryden.
Then life is on the wing; then most she sinks,
When most she seems reviv'd. Smith's Phædra and Hippol.
4. The motive of flight.
Fearful commenting
Is leaden servitor to dull delay;
Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary:
Then fiery expedition be my wing,
Jove's Mercury, and herald for a king. Shakesp. R. III.
5. The side bodies of an army.
The footmen were Germans, to whom were joined as wings
certain companies of Italians. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks,
The left wing put to flight,
The chiefs o'erborn, he rushes on the right. Dryden.
6. Any side piece.
The plough most proper for stiff black clays is long, large,
and broad, with a deep head and a square earth-board, the
coulter long and very little bending, with a very large wing.
Mortimer's Husbandry.

To WING. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To furnish with wings; to enable to fly.
The speed of gods
Time counts not, tho' with swiftest minutes wing'd. Milt.
Who knows but he, whose hand the lightning forms,
Who heaves old ocean, and who wings the storms,
Pours fierce ambition in a Cæsar's mind,
Or turns young Ammon loose to scourge mankind. Pope.
2. To supply with side bodies.
We ourself will follow
In the main battle, which on either side
Shall be well winged with our chiefest horse. Shakes. R. III.

To WING. v. n. To pass by flight.
I, an old turtle,
Will wing me to some wither'd bough, and there
My mate, that's never to be sound again,
Lament 'till I am lost. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Warm'd with more particles of heav'nly flame,
He wing'd his upward flight, and soar'd to fame;
The rest remain'd below, a crowd without a name. Dryd.
Struck with the horrour of the sight,
She turns her head, and wings her flight. Prior.
From the Meotis to the northern sea,
The goddess wings her desp'rate way. Prior.

WI’NGED. adj. [from wing.] Furnished with wings; flying;
swift; rapid.
Now we bear the king
Tow'rd Calais: grant him there, and there being seen,
Heave him away upon your winged thoughts
Athwart the sea. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Hie, good sir Michael, bear this sealed brief
With winged haste to the lord marshal. Shakes. H. IV.
And shall grace not find means, that finds her way,
The speediest of thy winged messengers,
To visit all thy creatures? Milton's Paradise Last.
We can fear no force
But winged troops, or Pegasean horse. Waller.
The winged lion's not so fierce in fight,
As Lib'ri's hand presents him to our fight. Waller.
The cockney is surprised at many actions of the quadruped
and winged animals in the fields. Watts.

WINGEDPEA’. n s. [ochrus, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose empalement
rises the pointal, which afterwards becomes a pod, for the
most part round and cylindrical, filled with roundish seeds.
Miller.



WI’NGSHELL. n. s. [wing and shell.] The shell that covers
the wing of insects.
The long-shelled goat-chaffer is above an inch long, and the
wingshells of themselves an inch, and half an inch broad; so
deep as to come down below the belly on both sides. Grew.

WI’NGY. adj. [from wing.] Having wings.
They spring together out, and swiftly bear
The flying youth through clouds and yielding air;
With wingy speed out-strip the eastern wind,
And leave the breezes of the morn behind. Addison.

To WINK. v. n. [winctan, Saxon; wincken, Dutch.]
1. To shut the eyes.
Let's see thine eyes; wink now, now open them:
In my opinion, yet, thou see'st not well. Shak. Hen. VI.
They're fairies; he that speaks to them shall die:
I'll wink and couch; no man their sports must eye. Shak.
His false cunning
Taught him to face me out of his acquaintance,
And grew a twenty years removed thing,
While one would wink. Shakes. Twelfth Night.
He with great imagination,
Proper to madmen, led his pow'rs to death,
And, winking, leap'd into destruction. Shakes. H. IV.
In despite of all this, he runs foolishly into his sin and ruin,
merely because he winks hard, and rushes violently like a horse
into the battle. Taylor.
The Scripture represents wicked men as without under­
standing; not that they are destitute of the natural faculty:
they are not blind, but they wink. Tillotson.
If any about them should make them think there is any dif­
ference between being in the dark and winking, get it out of
their minds. Locke.
2. To hint, or direct by the motion of the eyelids.
You saw my master wink and laugh upon you. Shakesp.
Send him a spoon when he wants a knife: wink at the foot­
man to leave him without a plate. Swift.
3. To close and exclude the light.
While Hermes pip'd and sung, and told his tale,
The keeper's winking eyes began to fail,
And drowsy slumber on the lids to creep,
'Till all the watchman was at length asleep. Dryden.
When you shoot, and shut one eye,
You cannot think he would deny
To lend the t'other friendly aid,
Or wink, as coward, and afraid. Prior.
4. To connive; to seem not to see; to tolerate.
They be better content with one that will wink at their
faults, than with him that will reprove them. Whitgifte.
I, for winking at your discords too,
Have lost a brace of kinsmen. Shak. Romeo and Juliet.
Let not night see my black and deep desires;
The eye wink at the hand! Shakesp. Macbeth.
The king gave him great gifts, and winked at the great spoil
of Bosworth-field, which came almost wholly to this man's
hands. Bacon's Henry VII.
Let us not write at a loose rambling rate,
In hope the world will wink at all our faults. Roscommon.
Some faults of course with childhood end;
We therefore wink at wags, when they offend,
And spare the boy, in hopes the man may mend. Dryden.
Obstinacy cannot be winked at, but must be subdued. Locke.
Cato is stern, and awful as a god:
He knows not how to wink at human frailty,
Or pardon weakness that he never felt. Addison's Cato.
5. To be dim.
The fullen tyrant slept not all the night,
But, lonely walking by a winking light,
Sobb'd, wept and groan'd, and beat his wither'd breast. Dry.

WINK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Act of closing the eye.
You doing thus,
To the perpetual wink for ay might put
This ancient moral. Shakespeare's Tempest.
At every wink of an eye some new grace will be born. Shak.
Since I receiv'd command to do this business,
I have not slept one wink. Shakes. Cymbeline.
The beams so reverend and strong,
Do'st thou not think
I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink,
But that I would not lose her fight so long? Donne.
It raged so all night, that I could not sleep a wink. Temple.
Not write! but then I think;
And for my soul I cannot sleep a wink. Pope.
2. A hint given by motion of the eye.
Her wink each bold attempt forbids. Sidney.
The stock Jobber thus from 'Change-alley goes down,
And tips you the freeman a wink;
Let me have but your vote to serve for the town,
And here is a guinea to drink. Swift.

WI’NKER. n. s. [from wink.] One who winks.
A set of nodders, winkers, and whisperers, whose business
is to strangle all others offspring of wit in their birth. Pope.

WI’NKINGLY. adv. [from winking.] With the eye almost
closed.
If one beholdeth the light, he vieweth it winkingly, as those
do that are purblind; but if any thing that is black, he looketh
upon it with a broad and full eye. Peacham on Drawing.

WI’NNER. n. s. [from win.] One who wins.
A gamester, having lost all, borroweth of his next sellow­
gamester somewhat to maintain play; wnich he setting unto
him again, shortly thereby winneth all from the winner.
Spenser.
Go together,
You precious winners all; your exultation
Partake to every one. Shakes. Winter's Tale.
Beshrew the winners; for they play'd me false. Shakesp.
Whether the winner laughs or no, the loser will complain;
and rather than quarrel with his own skill, will do it at the
dice. Temple.

WI’NNING. participial adj. [from win.] Attractive; charming.
Yet less fair,
Less winning soft, less amiably mild,
Than that smooth wat'ry image. Milton's Paradise Lost.
On her, as queen,
A pomp of winning graces waited still;
And from about her shot darts of desire
Into all eyes, to wish her still in sight. Milt. Parad. Lost.
Cato's soul
Shines out in every thing she acts or speaks,
While winning mildness and attractive smiles
Dwell in her looks, and with becoming grace
Soften the rigour of her father's virtues. Addison's Cato.

WI’NNING. n. s. [from win.] The sum won.
A simile in one of Congreve's prologues compares a writer
to a buttering gamester, that stakes all his winnings upon every
cast; so that if he loses the last throw, he is sure to be un­
done. Addison's Freeholder.

To WI’NNOW. v. a. [windrian, Saxon; evanno, Latin.]
1. To separate by means of the wind; to part the grain from
the chaff.
Were our royal faith martyrs in love,
We shall be winnow'd with so rough a wind,
That even our corn shall seem as light as chaff,
And good from bad find no partition. Shakesp. Hen. IV.
In the sun your golden grain display,
And thrash it out and winnow it by day. Dryden's Virgil.
2. To fan; to beat as with wings.
Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan
Winnows the buxom air. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. To sift; to examine.
Winnow well this thought, and you shall find
'Tis light as chaff that flies before the wind. Dryden.
4. To separate; to part.
Bitter torture shall
Winnow the truth from falshood. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

To WI’NNOW. v. n. To part corn from chaff.
Winnow not with every wind, and go not into every way.
Ecclus v. 9.

WI’NNOWER. n. s. [from winnow.] He who winnows.

WI’NTER. n. s. [winter, Saxon; winter, Danish, German,
and Dutch.] The cold season of the year.
Though he were already stept into the winter of his age,
he found himself warm in those desires, which were in his son
far more excuseable. Sidney.
After Summer evermore succeeds
The barren Winter with his nipping cold. Shak. Hen. VI.
Those flaws and starts
Impostors brow to fear, would well become
A woman's story at a Winter's fire. Shakesp. Macbeth.
He hath bought a pair of cast lips of Diana: a nun of Win­
ter's sisterhood kisses not more religiously; the very ice of cha­
stity is in them. Shakesp. As you like it.
The two beneath the distant poles complain
Of endless Winter and perpetual rain. Dryden.
Liest thou asleep beneath those hills of snow?
Stretch out thy lazy limbs; awake, awake,
And Winter from thy furry mantle shake. Dryden.
Suppose our poet was your foe before,
Yet now, the bus'ness of the field is o'er,
'Tis time to let your civil wars alone,
When troops are into Winter-quarters gone. Dryden.
He that makes no reflections on what he reads, only loads
his mind with a rhapsody of tales, fit in Winter-nights for the
entertainment of others. Locke.
The republick have sent to prince Eugene to desire the em­
peror's protection, with an offer of Winter-quarters for four
thousand Germans. Addison on Italy.
Stern Winter smiles on that auspicious clime,
The fields are florid with unfading prime. Pope.
To define Winter, I consider first wherein it agrees with
Summer, Spring, Autumn, and I find they are all seasons of
the year; therefore a season of the year is a genus: then I ob­
serve wherein it differs from these, and that is in the shortness
of the days; therefore this may be called its special nature, or


difference: then, by joining these together, I make a defini­
tion. Winter is that season of the year wherein the days are
shortest. Watts's Logick.

To WI’NTER. v. n. [from the noun.] To pass the Winter.
The fowls shall summer upon them, and all the beasts of
the earth shall winter upon them. Is. xviii. 6.
Because the haven was not commodious to winter in, the
more part advised to depart. Acts xxvii. 12.

To WI’NTER. v. a. To feed or manage in the Winter.
The cattle generally sold for slaughter within, or exporta­
tion abroad, had never been handled or wintered at hand­
meat. Temple.
Young lean cattle may by their growth pay for their win­
tering, and so be ready to fat next Summer. Mortimer.

WINTER is often used in composition.
The king sat in the winter-house, and there was a fire
burning before him. Jer. xxxvi. 22.
If in November and December they fallow, 'tis called a
winter-fallowing. Mortimer.
Shred it very small with thyme, sweet margarome, and a
little winter-savoury. Walton's Angler.

WI’NTERBEATEN. adj. [Winter and beat.] Harrassed by severe
weather.
He compareth his careful case to the sad season of the year,
to the frosty ground, to the frozen trees, and to his own win­
terbeaten flocke. Spenser.

WI’NTERCHERRY. n. s. [alkekenge.] A plant.
The fruit is about the bigness of a cherry, and inclosed in
the cup of the flower, which swells over it in form of a
bladder. Miller.

WI’NTERCITRON. n. s. A sort of PEAR, which see.

WI’NTERGREEN. n. s. [pyrola, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a rose-shaped flower, consisting of several leaves,
which are placed circularly; out of whose cup arises the
pointal, ending in a proboscis, which afterwards turns to a
roundish fruit, which is channelled, generally umbellated, and
consisting of five cells, which are commonly full of small
seeds. Miller.

WI’NTERLY. adj. [Winter and like.] Such as is suitable to
Winter; of a wintry kind.
If't be Summer news,
Smile to't before; if winterly, thou need'st
But keep that count'nance still. Shakesp. Cymbeline.

WI’NTRY. adj. [from Winter.] Brumal; hyemal.
He saw the Trojan fleet dispers'd, distress'd
By stormy winds, and wintry heav'n oppress'd. Dryden.

WI’NY. adj. [from wine.] Having the taste or qualities of
wine.
Set cucumbers here and there among muskmelons, and see
whether the melons will not be more winy, and better tasted.
Bacon's Natural History.

WIP

To WIPE. v. a. [wipan, Saxon.]
1. To cleanse by rubbing with something soft.
Such a handkerchief,
I'm sure it was your wife's, did I to-day
See Cassio wipe his beard with. Shak. Othello.
She a gentle tear let fall
From either eye, and wip'd them with her hair. Milton.
Then with her vest the wound she wipes and dries. Denh.
2. To take away by tersion.
Calumniate stoutly; for though we wipe away with never
so much care the dirt thrown at us, there will be left some
sulliage behind. Decay of Piety.
3. To strike off gently.
Let me wipe off this honourable dew,
That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks. Shakespeare.
Some natural tears they dropp'd, but wip'd them soon.
Milton's Paradise Lost.
A young man, having suffered many tortures, escaped with
life, and told his fellow Christians, that the pain of them had
been rendered tolerable by the presence of an angel, who
stood by him and wiped off the tears and sweat. Addison.
4. To clear away.
Macduff, this noble passion,
Child of integrity, hath from my soul
Wip'd the black scruples; reconcil'd my thoughts
To thy good truth and honour. Shakes. Macbeth.
5. To cheat; to defraud.
The next bordering lords commonly incroach one upon
another, as one is stronger, or lie still in wait to wipe them
out of their lands. Spenser on Ireland.
6. To WIPE out. To efface.
This blot, that they object against your house,
Shall be wip'd out in the next parliament. Shak. Hen. VI.
As thou lov'st me, Camillo, wipe not out the rest of thy
services by leaving me now. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
Take one in whom decrepid old age has blotted out the
memory of his past knowledge, and clearly wiped out the ideas
his mind was formerly stored with, and stopped up all the pas­
sages for new ones to enter; or if there be some of the
inlets yet left open, the impressions made are scarce per­
ceived. Locke.

WIPE. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. An act of cleansing.
2. A blow; a stroke; a jeer; a gybe; a sarcasm.
To statesmen would you give a wipe,
You print it in Italick type:
When letters are in vulgar shapes,
'Tis ten to one the wit escapes;
But when in capitals exprest,
The dullest reader smoaks the jest. Swift
3. A bird. Ainsworth.

WI’PER. n. s. [from wipe.] An instrument or person by
which any thing is wiped.
The maids and their makes,
At dancing and wakes,
Had their napkins and posies,
And the wipers for their noses. Ben. Johnson.

WIRE. n. s. [virer, French, to draw round. Skinner.] Metal
drawn into slender threads.
Tane was the damsel; and without remorse
The king condemn'd her, guiltless, to the fire:
Her vail and mantle pluckt they off by force,
And bound her tender arms in twisted wire. Fairfax.
Thou shalt be whipt with wire, and stew'd in brine,
Smarting in ling'ring pickle. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
The soldier, that man of iron,
Whom ribs of horror all environ,
That's strong with wire instead of veins,
In whose embraces you're in chains. Beaumont and Fletcher.
And the cherubick host, in thousand quires,
Touch their immortal harps of golden wires. Milton.
Some roll a mighty stone, some laid along,
And, bound with burning wires, on spokes of wheels are
hung. Dryden's æn.

To WI’REDRAW. v. a. [wire and draw.]
1. To spin into wire.
2. To draw out into length.
A fluid moving through a flexible canal, when small, by
its friction will naturally lengthen, and wiredraw the sides of
the canal, according to the direction of its axis. Arbuthnot.
3. To draw by art or violence.
I have been wrongfully accused, and my sense wiredrawn
into blasphemy. Dryden.

WI’REDRAWER. n. s. [wire and draw.] One who spins wire.
Those who have need of unmixed silver, as gilders and
wiredrawers, must, besides an equal weight of silver mixed
with other metals, give an overplus to reward the refiner's
skill. Locke.

WIS

To WIS. v. a. pret. and part. pass. wist. [wissen, German;
wysen, Dutch.] To know. Obsolete.
Thus proud and fierce, unto the hearts he stept
Of them poor souls; and cutting reason's reins,
Made them his own before they had it wist. Sidney.
There be fools alive, I wis,
Silver'd o'er; and so was this. Shakespeare.
This book, advisedly read and diligently followed but one
year at home, would do a young gentleman more good, I wiss,
than three years travel abroad. Ascham's Schoolmaster.
When Mammon saw his purpose mist,
Him to entrap unwares, another's way he wist. Fa. Queen.
Marry with a king,
A batchelor, a handsome strippling too,
I wis your grandam had a worser match. Shakesp. R. III.
When for more worlds the Macedonian cry'd,
He wist not Thetys in her lap did hide
Another yet, a world reserv'd for you,
To make more great than that he did subdue. Waller.

WI’SDOM. n. s. [wisdom, Saxon; wiisdom, Danish.] Sapience;
the power of judging rightly.
That which moveth God to work is goodness, and that
which ordereth his work is wisdom, and that which perfecteth
his work is power. Hooker.
'Tis much he dares,
And to that dauntless temper of his mind,
He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valour
To act in safety. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Wisdom and fortune combating together,
If that the former dare but what it can,
No chance may shake it. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
As from senses reason's work doth spring,
So many reasons understanding gain,
And many understandings knowledge bring,
And by much knowledge wisdom we obtain. Davies.
Wisdom is that which makes men judge what are the best
ends, and what the best means to attain them, and gives a man
advantage of counsel and direction. Temple.
As science is properly that knowledge which relateth to the
essences of things, so wisdom to their operations. Grew's Cosm.

WISE. adj. [wis, Saxon; wiis, Dutch and Danish.]
1. Sapient; judging rightly, particularly of matters of life;
having practical knowledge.
I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple
concerning evil. Rom. xvi. 19.


Heav'n is for thee too high; be lowly wise. Milton.
All their writings were composed in verse, which were called
runes, or viises, and from thence the term of wise came. Temp.
Since the floods demand
For their descent a prone and sinking land:
Does not this due declivity declare,
A wise director's providential care? Blackmore.
lThe wisest and best men in all ages, have lived up to the
religion of their country, when they saw nothing in it oppo­
site to morality. Addison.
2. Skilful; dextrous.
Speak unto all that are wise-hearted, whom I have filled
with the spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron's gar­
ments. Ex. xxviii. 3.
Do we count him a wise man, who is wise in any thing but
his own proper profession and employment, and wise for every
body but himself? Tillotson.
They are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no
knowledge. Jer. iv. 22.
3. Skilled in hidden arts.
There was an old sat woman even now with me.—
—Pray, was't not the wise woman of Brainford? Shakesp.
4. Grave; becoming a wise man.
One eminent in wise deport spake much. Milton.

WISE. n. s. [wise, Saxon; wse, Dutch; weise, German;
guise, Fr. guisa, Italian.] Manner; way of being or acting.
This word, in the modern dialect, is often corrupted into ways.
This song she sings in most commanding wise;
Come, shepherd's boy, let now thy heart be bow'd
To make itself to my least look a slave. Sidney.
Ere we farther pass, I will devise
A passport for us both, in fittest wise. Hubberd's Tale.
On this wise ye shall bless Israel. Numb. vi. 23.
The lovers standing in this doleful wise,
A warrior bold approached. Fairfax.
With foam upon thy lips, and sparkling eyes,
Thou say'st and do'st in such outrageous wise,
That mad Orestes, if he saw the show,
Wou'd swear thou wert the madder of the two. Dryden.
'Tis in no wise strange that such a one should believe, that
things were blindly shufiled. Woodward.

WISEA’CRE. n. s. [It was antiently written wisesegger, as the
Dutch wiseggher, a soothsayer.]
1. A wise, or sententious man. Obsolete.
2. A fool; a dunce.
Why, says a wiscacre that sat by him, were I as the king of
France, I would scorn to take part with footmen. Addison.

WI’SELY. adv. [from wise.] Judiciously; prudently.
If thou covet death, as utmost end
Of misery; so thinking to evade
The penalty pronounc'd; doubt not God
Hath wiselier arm'd his vengeful ire. Milton's Par. Lost.
He sits like discontented Damocles,
When by the sportive tyrant wisely shown.
The dangerous pleasure of a flatter'd throne. Dryden.
Admitting their principles to be true, they act wisely: they
keep their end, evil as it is, steadily in view. Rogers.
The doctors, tender of their fame,
Wisely on me lay all the blame:
We must confess his case was nice,
But he wou'd never take advice. Swift.

WI’SENESS. n. s. [from wise.] Wisdom; sapience. Obsolete.
No less deserveth his wittiness in devising, his pithiness in
uttering, his pastoral rudeness, and his moral wiseness. Spenser.

To WISH. v. n. [wiscian, Saxon.]
1. To have strong desire; to long.
The sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he sainted,
and wished in himself to die. Jonah iv. 8.
That Noah or Janus understood navigation, may be very well
supported by his image found upon the first Roman coins. One
side was stampt with a Janus bifrons, and the other with a
rostrum, or prow of a ship. This is as good an argument as
an antiquary could wish for. Arbuthnot on Coins.
2. To be disposed, or inclined.
Those potentates, who do not wish well to his affairs,
have shewn respect to his personal character. Addison.
3. It has a slight signification of hope.
I wish it may not prove some ominous foretoken of misfor­
tune, to have met with such a miser as I am. Sidney.

To WISH. v. a.
1. To desire; to long for.
He was fain to pull him out by the heels, and shew him
the beast as dead as he could wish it. Sidney, b. i.
If all the year were playing holidays,
To sport would be as tedious as to work;
But when they seldom come, they wisht for come. Shakesp.
They have more than heart could wish. Ps. lxxiii. 7.
There are ships prepar'd by my command,
That shall convey you to the wisht-for port. Addison's Cato.
2. To recommend by wishing.
Had I as many sons as I have hairs,
I would not wish them to a fairer death. Shakesp. Macbeth.
3. To imprecate.
If heavens have any grievous plague in store,
Exceeding those that I can wish upon thee;
O let them keep it till thy sins be ripe,
And then hurl down their indignation. Shakesp. Rich. III.
4. To ask.
Digby should find the best way to make Antrim communi­
cate the affair to him, and to wish his assistance. Clarendon.

WISH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Longing desire.
To his wish,
Beyond his hope, Eve separate he spies. Milton.
A wish is properly the desire of a man sitting or lying still;
but an act of the will, is a man of business vigorously going
about his work. South's Sermons.
2. Thing desired.
What next I bring shall please thee; be assur'd,
Thy likeness, thy fit help, thy other self,
Thy wish, exactly to thy heart's desire. Milton's Par. Lost.
3. Desire expressed.
Shame come to Romeo!—
—Blister'd be thy tongue
For such a wish. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.
I admire your whig-principles of resistance in the spirit of
the Barcelonians: I join in your wish for them. Pope.

WI’SHEDLY. adv. [from wished.] According to desire. Not used.
What could have happened unto him more wishedly, than
with his great honour to keep the town still. Knolles.

WI’SHER. n. s. [from wish.]
1. One who longs.
2. One who expresses wishes.
With half that wish, the wisher's eyes be press'd. Shakesp.

WI’SHFUL. adj. [from wish and full.] Longing; showing desire.
From Scotland am I stol'n ev'n of pure love,
To greet mine own land with my wishful sight. Shakespeare.

WI’SHFULLY. adv. [from wishful.] Earnestly; with longing.

WI’SKET. n. s. A basket. Ainsworth.

WISP. n. s. [wisp, Swedish, and old Dutch.] A small bundle,
as of hay or straw.
A gentleman would fast five days, without meat, bread, or
drink; but the same used to have continually a great wisp of
herbs that he smelled on: and amongst those, some esculent
herbs of strong scent, as onions. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
Jews, who their whole wealth can lay
In a small basket, on a wisp of hay. Dryden.

WIST. pret. and part. of wis.

WI’STFUL. adj.
1. Attentive; earnest; full of thought.
Why, Grubbinel, dost thou so wistful seem?
There's sorrow in thy look. Gay's Pastorals.
2. It is used by Swift, as it seems, for wishful.
Lifting up one of my fashes, I cast many a wistful melan­
choly look towards the sea. Gulliver's Travels.

WI’STFULLY. adv. [from wistful.] Attentively; earnestly.
With that he fell again to pry
Through perspective more wistfully. Hudibras.

WI’STLY. adv. [from wis.] Attentively; earnestly.
Speaking it, he wistly look'd on me;
As who shall say,—I would thou wert the man. Shakesp.

WIT

To WIT. v. n. [witan, Saxon.] To know. This word is now
only used in the phrase to wit; that is to say.
There is an officer, to wit, the sheriff of the shire, whose
office it is, to walk up and down his bailiwick. Spenser.
Yet are these feet, whose strengthless stay is numb,
Unable to support this lump of clay,
Swift-winged with desire to get a grave;
As witting, I no other comfort have. Shakesp. Hen. VI.

WIT. n. s. [sgewit, Saxon; from witan, to know.]
1. The powers of the mind; the mental faculties; the intel­
lects. This is the original signification.
Who would set his wit to so foolish a bird? Shakespeare.
The king your father was reputed for
A prince most prudent, of an excellent
And unmatch'd wit and judgment. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
Will puts in practice what the wit deviseth:
Will ever acts, and wit contemplates still:
And as from wit the power of wisdom riseth,
All other virtues daughters are of will.
Will is the prince, and wit the counsellor,
Which doth for common good in council sit;
And when wit is resolv'd, will lends her power
To execute what is advis'd by wit. Davies's Ireland.
For wit and pow'r, their last endeavours bend
T' outshine each other. Dryden.
2. Imagination; quickness of fancy.
They nevermeet, but there's a skirmish of wit between them.—
—Alas, in our last conflict four of his five wits went halting
off, and now is the whole man govern'd by one. Shakesp.
Lewd, shallow, hair-brain'd huffs, make atheism and con­
tempt of religion, the only badge and character of wit. South.
And though a tun in thy large bulk be writ,
Yet thou art but a kilderkin of wit. Dryden.


Wit lying most in the assemblage of ideas, and putting
those together with quickness and variety, wherein can be
found any resemblance, or congruity, thereby to make up
pleasant pictures in the fancy. Judgment, on the contrary,
lies in separating carefully one from another, ideas, wherein
can be found the least difference, thereby to avoid being
misled by similitude. Locke.
Cou'd any but a knowing prudent cause
Begin such motions, and assign such laws?
If the great mind had form'd a different frame,
Might not your wanton wit the system blame? Blackmore.
3. Sentiments produced by quickness of fancy.
All sorts of men take a pleasure to gird at me. The brain
of this foolish compounded clay, man, is not able to invent
any thing that tends more to laughter, than what I invent,
and is invented on me. I am not only witty in myself, but
the cause that wit is in other men. Shakespeare.
His works become the frippery of wit. B. Johnson.
The Romans made those times the standard of their wit,
when they subdu'd the world. Sprat.
The definition of wit is only this; that it is a propriety of
thoughts and words; or, in other terms, thoughts and words
elegantly adapted to the subject. Dryden.
Let a lord once but own the happy lines;
How the wit brightens, and the style refines! Pope.
4. A man of fancy.
Intemperate wits will spare neither friend nor foe; and
make themselves the common enemies of mankind. L'Estr.
A poet, being too witty himself, could draw nothing but
wits in a comedy: even his fools were infected with the disease
of their author. Dryden.
To tell them wou'd a hundred tongues require;
Or one vain wit's, that might a hundred tire. Pope.
5. A man of genius.
Searching wits, of more mechanick parts;
Who grac'd their age with new-invented arts:
Those who to worth their bounty did extend,
And those who knew that bounty to commend. Dryden.
How vain that second life in others breath?
Th' estate which wits inherit after death;
Ease, health, and life, for this they must resign,
Unsure the tenure, but how vast the fine!
The great man's curse, without the gain endure;
Be envy'd, wretched; and be flatter'd, poor. Pope.
6. Sense; judgment.
Strong was their plot,
Their practice close, their faith suspected not;
Their states far off, and they of wary wit. Daniel.
Come, leave the loathed stage,
And this more loathsome age;
Where pride and impudence in faction knit,
Usurp the chair of wit. B. Johnson.
Though his youthful blood be fir'd with wine,
He wants not wit the danger to decline. Dryden.
7. In the plural. Sound mind; intellect not crazed.
If our wits run the wild-groose chace, I have done: for
thou hast more of the wild-goose in one of thy wits, than I
have in my whole five. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
I had a son,
Now outlaw'd from my blood; he sought my life:
The grief hath craz'd my wits. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Are his wits safe? is he not light of brain? Shakespeare.
Sound sleep cometh of moderate eating; he riseth early,
and his wits are with him: but the pain of watching, and
choler, and pangs of the belly, are with an unsatiable
man. Ecclus. xxxi. 20.
Wickedness is voluntary frenzy, and every sinner does more
extravagant things than any man that is crazed, and out of
his wits, only that he knows better what he does. Tillotson.
No man in his wits can seriously think that his own soul
hath existed from all eternity. Bentley.
8. Contrivance; stratagem; power of expedients.
How can it chuse but bring the simple to their wits end?
how can it chuse but vex and amaze them? Hooker.
I was like to be apprehended for the witch of Brainford;
but that my admirable dexterity of wit, counterfeiting the
action of an old woman, delivered me. Shakespeare.
Sleights from his wit and subtlety proceed. Milton.
The neighbourhood were at their wits end, to consider
what would be the issue. L'Estrange.

WI’TCRAFT. n. s. [wit and craft.] Contrivance; invention.
Obsolete.
He was no body that could not hammer out of his name
an invention by this witcraft, and picture it accordingly.
Camden's Remains.

WI’TCRACKER. n. s. [wit and cracker.] A joker; one who
breaks a jest.
A college of witcrackers cannot flout me out of my hu­
mour; dost thou think I care for a satire or an epigram? Shak.

WI’TWORM. n. s. [wit and worm.] One that feeds on wit; a
canker of wit.
Thus to come forth so suddenly a witworm. B. Johnson.

WITCH. n. s. [wicce, Saxon.]
1. A woman given to unlawful arts.
Wise judges have prescribed, that men may not rashly be­
lieve the confessions of witches, nor the evidence against
them. For the witches themselves are imaginative; and peo­
ple are credulous, and ready to impute accidents to witch­
craft. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
The night-hag comes to dance
With Lapland witches, while the lab'ring moon
Eclipses at their charms. Milton.
When I consider whether there are such persons as witches,
my mind is divided: I believe in general that there is such a
thing as witchcraft, but can give no credit to any particular
instance of it. Addison's Spectator, No 117.
2. [From wic, Saxon.] A winding sinuous bank.
Leave me those hills where harbrough nis to see;
Nor holy bush, nor briar, nor winding witch. Spenser.

To WITCH. v. a. [from the noun.] To bewitch; to enchant.
'Tis now the very witching time of night,
When churchyards yawn. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Me ill besits, that in der-doing arms,
And honour's suit my vowed days do spend,
Unto thy bounteous baits, and pleasing charms,
With which weak men thou witchest to attend. Spenser.
I'll witch sweet ladies with my words and looks. Shakesp.
Sit and witch me? Shakesp Hen. VI.

WI’TCHCRAFT. n. s. [witch and craft.] The practices of witches.
Urania name, whose force he knew so well,
He quickly knew what witchcraft gave the blow. Sidney.
If you cannot
Bar his access to the king, never attempt
Any thing on him, for he hath a witchcraft
Over the king in's tongue. Shakesp. Hen. VIII.
People are credulous, and ready to impute accidents and
natural operations to witchcraft. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
What subtile witchcraft man constrains,
To change his pleasure into pains. Denham.

WI’TCHERY. n. s. [from witch.] Enchantment.
Another kind of petty witchery, if it be not altogether de­
ceit, they call charming of beasts and birds. Raleigh.
Great Comus!
Deep-skill'd in all his mother's witcheries. Milton.

To WITE. v. a. [witan, Saxon.] To blame; to reproach.
The palmer 'gan most bitterly
Her to rebuke, for being loose and light;
Which not abiding, but more scornfully
Scoffing at him, that did her justly wite,
She turn'd her boat about. Fairy Queen, c. xii.

WITE. n. s. [from the verb.] Blame; reproach. Spenser.

WITH. preposit. [with, Saxon.]
1. By. Noting the cause.
Truth, tir'd with iteration,
As true as steel, as plantage to the moon. Shakespeare.
With ev'ry stab her bleeding heart was torn,
With wounds much harder to be seen than born. Rowe.
2. Noting the means.
Rude and unpolished are all operations of the soul in their
beginnings, before they are cultivated with art and study. Dryd.
3. Noting the instrument.
Boreas through the lazy vapour flies,
And sweeps, with healthy wings, the rank poliuted skies. Rowe.
By perflations with large bellows, miners give motion to
the air. Woodward.
4. On the side of; for.
O madness of discourse!
That cause sets up with, and against thyself! Shakespeare.
5. In opposition to; in competition or contest.
I do contest as hotly and as nobly with thy love,
As ever against thy valour. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
He shall lie with any friar in Spain. Dryden's Spanish Friar.
6. Noting comparison.
Can blazing carbuncles with her compare? Sandys.
7. In society.
God gave man a soul that should live for ever, although
the body be destroyed; and those who were good should be
with him. Stillingfleet.
In all thy humours, whether grave or mellow,
Thou'rt such a touchy, testy, pleasing fellow;
Hast so much wit, and mirth, and spleen about thee,
There is no living with thee, nor without thee. Tatler.
8. In company of.
At the instant that your messenger came, in loving visita­
tion was with me, a young doctor from Rome. Shakespeare.
9. In appendage; noting consequence, or concomitance.
Men might know the persons who had a right to regal
power, and with it to their obedience. Locke.
10. In mutual dealing.
I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk
with you, and so following; but I will not eat with you,
drink with you, nor pray with you. Shakespeare.


11. Noting confidence; as I trust you with all my secrets; or,
I trust all my secrets with you.
12. In partnership.
Though Jove himself no less content would be,
To part his throne, and share his heaven with thee. Pope.
13. Noting connection.
Pity your own, or pity our estate,
Nor twist our fortunes with your sinking fate. Dryden.
14. Immediately after.
With that she told me, that, though she spake of her
father Cremes, she would hide no truth from me. Sidney, b. ii.
With that, he crawled out of his nest,
Forth creeping on his caitiff hands and thighs. Fairy Queen.
In falling, both an equal fortune try'd;
Wou'd fortune for my fall so well provide!
With this he pointed to his face, and show'd
His hands, and all his habit smear'd with blood. Dryden.
With that, the God his darling phantom calls,
And from his falt'ring lips this message falls. Garth.
15. Amongst.
Jasper Duke of Bedford, whom the king used to employ
with the first in his wars, was then sick. Bacon.
Tragedy was originally with the antients, a piece of reli­
gious worship. Rymer's Tragedies of last Age.
Immortal powers the term of conscience know,
But interest is her name with men below. Dryden.
16. Upon.
Such arguments had invincible force with those Pagan phi­
losophers, who became Christians. Addison.
17. In consent. Noting parity of state.
See! where on earth the flow'ry glories lie:
With her they flourish'd, and with her they die. Pope.
18. With in composition signifies opposition, or privation.

WI’THAL. adv. [with and all.]
1. Along with the rest; likewise; at the same time.
Yet it must be withal considered, that the greatest part of
the world are they which be farthest from perfection. Hooker.
How well supply'd with noble counsellors?
How modest in exception, and withal
How terrible in constant resolution? Shakesp. Hen. V.
The one contains my picture, prince;
If you chuse that, then I am yours withal. Shakespeare.
This that prince did not transmit as a power, to make con­
quest, but as a retinue for his son, and withal to enable him
to recover some part of Ulster. Davies's Ireland.
God, when he gave me strength, to shew withal
How slight the gift was, hung it in my hair. Milton.
Christ had not only an infinite power to work miracles,
but also an equal wisdom to know the just force and measure
of every argument, to persuade, and withal to look through
and through all the dark corners of the soul of man, and to
discern what prevails upon them, and what does not. South.
I cannot, cannot bear; 'tis past; 'tis done:
Perish this impious, this detested son!
Perish his sire, and perish I withal,
And let the house's heir, and the hop'd kingdom fall. Dryd.
2. It is sometimes used by writers where we now use with.
Time brings means to furnish him withal;
Let him but wait th' occasions as they fall. Daniel.
It is to know what God loves and delights in, and is
pleased withal, and would have us do in order to our happi­
ness. Tillotson.
We owe to christianity the discovery of the most per­
fect rule of life, that ever the world was acquainted
withal. Tillotson.

To WITHDRA’W. v. a. [with and draw; from with, or wither,
Saxon, against, and draw.]
1. To take back; to deprive of.
It is not possible they should observe the one, who from the
other withdraw unnecessarily obedience. Hooker, b. v.
Impossible it is that God should withdraw his presence
from any thing, because the very substance of God is
infinite. Hooker.
2. To call away; to make to retire.
Nausicaa is withdrawn, and a whole nation introduced, for
a more general praise of Ulysses. Broome.

To WITHDRA’W. v. n. To retire; to retreat.
She from her husband soft withdrew. Milton.
At this excess of courage all amaz'd,
The foremost of his foes a-while withdraw:
With such respect in enter'd Rome they gaz'd,
Who on high chairs the godlike fathers saw. Dryden.
Duumvir has pass'd the noon of life; but cannot withdraw
from entertainments, which are pardonable only before that
stage of our being. Tatler, No 54.

WITHDRA’WINGROOM. n. s. [withdraw and room.] Room be­
hind another room for retirement.
For an ordinary gentleman, a hall, a great parlour, with a
withdrawingroom, with a kitchen, butteries, and other con­
veniencies, is sufficient. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WI’THE. n. s.
1. A willow twig.
An Irish rebel put up a petition, that he might be hanged
in a with, and not a halter, because it had been so used
with former rebels. Bacon.
2. A band, properly a band of twigs; [witthe signifies a band.]
These cords and wythes will hold men's consciences, when
force attends and twists them. K. Charles.
Birch is of use for ox-yoaks, hoops, screws, wythes for
faggots. Mortimer's Husbandry.

To WI’THER. v. n. [gewitherod, Saxon, dry, faded.]
1. To fade; to grow sapless; to dry up.
That which is of God we defend, to the uttermost of that
ability which he hath given: that which is otherwise, let it
wither even in the root from whence it hath sprung. Hooker.
When I have pluck'd thy rose,
I cannot give it vital growth again;
It needs must wither. Shakesp. Othello.
It shall wither in all the leaves of her spring. Ezek xvii. 9.
The soul may sooner leave off to subsist, than to love;
and like the vine, it withers and dies, if it has nothing to em­
brace. South's Sermons.
2. To waste, or pine away.
Are there so many left of your own family, that you
should desire wholly to reduce it, by suffering the last branch
of it to wither away before its time. Temple.
3. To lose, or want animal moisture.
Vain men, how vanishing a bliss we crave,
Now warm in love, now with'ring in the grave. Dryden.

To WI’THER. v. a.
1. To make to fade.
The sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it wi­
thereth the grass, and the flower thereof falleth. Ja. i. 11.
2. To make to shrink, decay, or wrinkle, for want of animal
moisture.
Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale her infinite va­
riety. Shakespeare's Ant. and Cleopatra.
Look how I am bewitch'd; behold, mine arm
Is, like a blasted sapling, withered up. Shakespeare.
What are these,
So wither'd, and so wild in their attire,
That look not like th' inhabitants o' th' earth,
And yet are on't? Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty, which will change
To wither'd, weak, and grey. Milton.
In Spain our springs, like old men's children be,
Decay'd and wither'd, from their infancy:
No kindly showers fall on our barren earth,
To hatch the seasons in a timely birth. Dryden.

WI’THEREDNESS. n. s. [from withered.] The state of being
withered; marcidity.
Water them as soon as set, 'till they have recovered their
witheredness. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WI’THERBAND. n. s. A piece of iron, which is laid under a
saddle, about four fingers above the horse's withers, to keep
the two pieces of wood tight, that form the bow. Farrier's Dict.

WI’THERS. n. s. Is the joining of the shoulder-bones at the
bottom of the neck and mane, towards the upper part of the
shoulder. Farrier's Dict.
Let the gall'd beast wince;
We are unwrung in the withers. Shakespeare.
Rather than let your master take long journies, contrive
that the saddle may pinch the beast in his withers. Swift.

WI’THERRUNG. n. s. Witherrung sometimes is caused by a
bite of a horse, or by a saddle being unfit, especially when the
bows are too wide; for when they are so, they bruise the
flesh against the spines of the second and third vertebræ of
the back, which forms that prominence that rises above their
shoulders. Farrier's Dict.

To WITHHO’LD. v. a. [with and hold.] Withheld, or with­
holden, pret. and part.
1. To restrain; to keep from action; to hold back.
That hand, which as no kind of imminent danger could
cause at first to withold itself, so neither have any practices,
so many, so bloody, following since, been ever able to make
weary. Hooker, b. iv.
Sith mine he is, or free or bound;
withhold, O sovereign prince, your hasty hand
From knitting league with him. Spenser.
The prince
Would fain have come with me to meet your grace;
And by his mother was perforce withheld. Shakespeare.
Be careful to withhold
Your talons from the wretched and the bold:
Tempt not the brave and needy to despair;
For though your violence should leave them bare
Of gold and silver, swords and darts remain. Dryden.
Volition is an act of the mind, knowingly exerting that do­
minion it takes itself to have over any part of man, by em­
ploying it in, or withholding it from any particular action. Locke.


2. To keep back; to refuse.
What difficulties there are, which as yet withhold our
assent, till we be further and better satisfied, I hope no indif­
ferent amongst them will scorn or refuse to hear. Hooker.
Soon as Titan 'gan his head exault,
And soon again as he his light withhault,
Their wicked engines they against it bent. Fairy Queen.

WITHHO’LDEN. part. pass. of withhold.
The word keep back, sheweth, that it was a thing for­
merly due unto God; for we cannot say that any thing is
kept back, or withholden, that was not due before. Spelman.

WITHHOLDER. n. s. [from withhold] e who withholds.

WITHI’N. prep. [withinnan, Saxon.]
1. In the inner part of.
Who then shall blame
His pester'd senses to recoil and start,
When all that is within him does condemn
Itself for being there. Shakesp. Macbeth.
By this means, not only many helpless persons will be pro­
vided for, but a generation of men will be bred up, within
ourselves, not perverted by any other hopes. Sprat.
'Till this be cur'd by religion, it is as impossible for a man
to be happy, that is, pleased and contented within himself, as
it is for a sick man to be at ease. Tillotson.
The river is afterwards wholly lost within the waters of
the lake, that one discovers nothing like a stream, till within
about a quarter of a mile from Geneva. Addison.
2. In the compass of; not beyond; used both of place and time.
Next day we saw, within a kenning before us, thick clouds,
which put us in hope of land. Bacon.
A beet-root, and a radish root, which had all their leaves
cut close to the roots, within six weeks had fair leaves. Bacon.
Most birds come to their growth within a fortnight. Bacon.
Within some while the king had taken up such liking of
his person, that he resolved to make him a masterpiece. Wotton.
The invention of arts necessary or useful to human life,
hath been within the knowledge of men. Burnet.
As to infinite space, a man can no more have a positive
idea of the greatest, than he has of the least space. For in
this latter, which is more within our comprehension, we are
capable only of a comparative idea of smallness, which will al­
ways be less than any one, whereof we have the positive idea. Lo.
Were every action concluded within itself, and drew no
consequences after it, we should undoubtedly never err in
our choice of good. Locke.
This, with the green hills and naked rocks within the neigh­
bourhood, makes the most agreeable confusion. Addison.
Bounding desires within the line, which birth and fortune
have marked out, is an indispensable duty. Atterbury.
3. Not longer ago than.
Within these five hours Hastings liv'd
Untainted, unexamin'd, free at liberty. Shakespeare.
Within these three hours, Tullus,
Alone I fought in your Corioli walls,
And made what work I pleas'd. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
4. Into the reach of.
When on the brink the foaming boar I met,
The desp'rate savage rush'd within my force,
And bore me headlong with him down the rock. Otway.
5. In the reach of.
Secure of outward force, within himself
The danger lies, yet lies within his pow'r;
Against his will he can receive no harm. Milton.
I have suffer'd in your woe;
Nor shall be wanting ought within my pow'r
For your relief. Dryden.
Though Aurengzebe return a conqueror,
Both he and she are still within my power. Dryden.
6. Into the heart or confidence of.
When by such insinuations they have once got within him,
and are able to drive him on from one lewdness to another,
no wonder if they rejoice to see him guilty of all villainy. South.
7. Not exceeding.
Be inform'd how much your husband's revenue amounts to,
and be so good a computer, as to keep within it. Swift.
8. In the inclosure of.
No interwoven reeds a garland made,
To hide his brows within the vulgar shade;
But poplar wreaths around his temples spread. Addison.
Sedentary and within-door arts, and delicate manufactures,
that require rather the finger than the arm, have a contrariety
to a military disposition. Bacon's Nat. Hist.

WITHI’N. adv.
1. In the inner parts; inwardly; internally.
This is yet the outward, fairest side
Of our design. Within rests more of fear,
More dread of sad event yet undescry'd. Daniel.
Death thou hast seen
In his first shape on man; but many shapes
Of death, and many are the ways that lead
To his grim cave; all dismal! yet to sense
More terrible at th' entrance, than within. Milton.
2. In the mind.
Language seems too low a thing to express your excellence,
and our souls are speaking so much within, that they despise
all foreign conversation. Dryden's State of Innocence.
These, as thy guards from outward harms, are sent;
Ills from within thy reason must prevent. Dryden.

WITHI’NSIDE. adv. [within and side.] In the interiour parts.
The forceps for extracting the stone is represented a little
open, that the teeth may be better seen withinside. Sharp.

WITHO’UT. prep. [withutan, Saxon.]
1. Not with.
Many there are, whose destinies have prevented their de­
sires, and made their good motives the wards of their exe­
cutors, not without miserable success. Hall.
2. In a state of absence from.
Hast so much wit, and mirth, and spleen about thee,
There is no living with thee, nor without thee. Tatler.
3. In the state of not having.
The virtuous bezoar is taken from the beast that feedeth
upon the mountains; and that without virtue, from those
that feed in the vallies. Bacon.
Infallibility and inerrableness are assumed and inclosed by the
Romish church, without any inerrable ground to hold it on. Ham.
If the ideas be not innate, there was a time, when the
mind was without those principles; and then they will not be
innate, but be derived from some other original. Locke.
4. Beyond; not within the compass of.
Eternity, before the world and after is without our reach:
but that little spot of ground that lies betwixt those two great
oceans, this we are to cultivate. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
5. In the negation, or omission of.
Without the separation of the two monarchies, the most
advantageous terms from the French, must end in our de­
struction. Addison.
6. Not by; not by the use of; not by the help of.
Excess of diet in costly meats and drinks fetched from be­
yond the seas, would be avoided: wise men will do it without
a law; I would there might be a law to restrain fools. Bacon.
7. On the outside of.
Without the gate
Some drive the cars, and some the coursers rein. Dryden.
8. Not within.
When the weather hinders me from taking my diversions with­
out doors, I frequently make a little party with select friends. Ad.
9. With exemption from.
The great lords of Ireland informed the king, that the
Irishry might not be naturalized without damage to themselves
or the crown. Davies's Ireland.
Happiness under this view, ev'ry one constantly pursues.
Other things acknowledged to be good, he can look upon
without desire, pass by, and be content without. Locke.

WITHO’UT. adv.
1. Not on the inside.
Forming trees and shrubs into sundry shapes, is done by
moulding them within, and cutting them without. Bacon.
Wise men use studies; for they teach not their own use;
but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by
observation. Bacon.
These were from without the growing miseries. Milton.
Having gone as far as they could without, they began to
observe them within. Grew.
2. Out of doors.
The reception of light into the body of the building, was
very prompt from without, and from within. Wotton.
Their doors are barr'd against a bitter flout;
Snarl, if you please, but you shall snarl without. Dryden.
3. Externally; not in the mind.

WITHO’UT. conjunct. Unless; if not; except. Not in use.
I find my love shall be proved no love, without I leave to
love, being too unfit a vessel in whom so high thoughts should
be engraved. Sidney, b. ii.
You will never live to my age, without you keep yourselves
in breath with exercise, and in heart with joyfulness. Sidney.

WITHOU’TEN. prep. [withutan, Saxon.] Without. Obsolete.
Her face so fair, as flesh it seemed not,
But heavenly pourtrait of bright angel's hue,
Clear as the sky, withouten blame or blot,
Through goodly mixture of complexion's dew. Spenser.

To WITHSTA’ND. v. a. [with and stand.] To gainstand; to
oppose; to resist.
The violence of sorrow is not at the first to be striven
withal, being like a mighty beast, sooner tamed with follow­
ing, than overthrown by withstanding. Sidney.
The wonderful zeal and fervour wherewith ye have with­
stood the received orders of this church, was the first thing
which caused me to enter unto consideration, whether every
christian man fearing God, stand bound to join with you. Hooker.
It is our frailty that in many things we all do amiss, but a
virtue that we would do amiss in nothing, and a testimony of
that virtue, that when we pray that what occasion of sin soever
do offer itself, we may be strengthened from above to with­
stand it. Hooker, b. v.


They soon set sail; nor now the fates withstand;
Their forces trusted with a foreign hand. Dryden.
When Elymas withstood Paul and Barnabas, and when Paul
says of Alexander, he hath greatly withstood our words, do
we think the withstanding there was without speaking? Atterb.

WITHSTA’NDER. n. s. [from withstand] An opponent; re­
sisting power.
War may be defined the exercise of violence under sove­
reign command against withstanders; force, authority, and
resistance being the essential parts thereof. Raleigh.

WI’THY. n. s. [withig, Saxon.] Willow. A tree.

WI’TLESS. adj. [from wit.] Wanting understanding.
Why then should witless man so much misween
That nothing is but that which he hath seen? Fairy Queen.
I have ever lov'd the life remov'd;
And held in idle price to haunt assemblies,
Where youth, and cost, and witless brav'ry keeps. Shakesp.
So't pleas'd my destiny,
Guilty of my sin of going, to think me
As vain, as witless, and as false as they
Which dwell in court. Donne.
He kept us slaves, by which we fitly prove
That witless pity breedeth fruitless love. Fairfax.
The apple's outward form
Delectable, the witless swain beguiles,
'Till with a writhen mouth and spattering noise
He tastes the bitter morsel and rejects. Philips.

WI’TLING. n. s. [Diminutive of wit.] A pretender to wit;
a man of petty smartness.
You have taken off the senseless ridicule, which for many
years the witlings of the town have turned upon their fathers
and mothers. Addison's Spectator.
Those half-learn'd witlings num'rous in our isle,
As half-form'd insects on the banks of Nile. Pope.
A beau and witling perish'd in the throng,
One dy'd in metaphor, and one in song. Pope.

WI’TNESS. n. s. [witnesse, Saxon.]
1. Testimony; attestation.
The devil can cite scripture for his purpose;
An evil soul producing holy witness,
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek;
A goodly apple rotten at the heart. Shakespeare.
May we, with the warrant of womanhood, and the witness
of a good conscience, pursue him any further revenge? Shak.
If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. John.
The spirit beareth witness with our spirit that we are the
children of God. Rom. viii. 16.
Many bare false witness, but their witness agreed not. Mar.
Nor was long his witness unconfirmed. Milton.
Ye moon and stars bear witness to the truth!
His only crime, if friendship can offend,
Is too much love to his unhappy friend. Dryden's æneid.
Our senses bear witness to the truth of each others report,
concerning the existence of sensible things. Locke.
2. One who gives testimony.
The king's attorney
Urg'd on examinations, proofs, confessions
Of divers witnesses. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.
God is witness betwixt me and thee. Gen. xxxi. 50.
Thy trial choose
With me, best witness of thy virtue try'd. Milton.
A fat benefice became a crime, and witness too against its
incumbent. Decay of Piety.
Nor need I speak my deeds, for these you see;
The sun and day are witnesses for me. Dryden.
3. With a WITNESS. Effectually; to a great degree, so as to
leave some lasting mark or testimony behind. A low phrase.
Here was a blessing handed out with the first pairs of ani­
mals at their creation; and it had effect with a witness. Wood.
Now gall is bitter with a witness;
And love is all delight and sweetness. Pror.

To WI’TNESS. v. a. [from the noun.] To attest.
There ran a rumour
Of many worthy fellows that were out,
Which was to my belief witness'd the rather,
For that I saw the tyrant's power a-foot. Shakespeare.
Hearest thou not how many things they witness against thee?
John xxvii. 13.
Though by the father he were hir'd to this,
He ne'er could witness any touch or kiss. Donne.
These be those discourses of God, whose effects those that
live witness in themselves; the sensible in their sensible na­
tures, the reasonable in their reasonable souls. Raleigh.

To WI’TNESS. v. n. To bear testimony.
The sea strave with the winds which should be louder,
and the shrouds of the ship with a ghastly noise to them that
were in it, witnessed that their ruin was the wager of the
others contention. Sidney.
Mine eye doth his effigies witness,
Most truly limn'd and living in your face. Shakespeare.
Witness you ever-burning lights above!
You elements that clip us round about!
Witness that here Iago now doth give
The execution of his wit, hands and heart,
To Othello's service. Shakespeare's Othello.
Lorenzo
Shall witness I set forth as soon as you,
And even but now return'd. Shakespeare.
I witness to
The times that brought them in. Shakespeare.
Another beareth witness of me, and I know that the witness
which he witnesseth of me is true. John v. 32.
For want of words, or lack of breath,
Witness, when I was worried with thy peels. Milton.
The Americans do acknowledge and speak of the deluge in
their continent, as Acosta witnesseth, and Laet in the histo­
ries of them. Burnet's Theory of the Earth.
Witness, ye heav'ns! I live not by my fault,
I strove to have deserv'd the death I sought Dryden's æneid.
Lord Falkland witnesses for me, that in a book there were
many subjects that I had thought on for the stage. Dryden.
Witness for me ye awful gods,
I took not arms till urg'd by self-defence,
The eldest law of nature. Rowe.

WI’TNESS. interj.  An exclamation signifying that person or
thing may attest it.

WITSNA’PPER. n. s. [wit and snap.] One who affects repartee.
Go in, sirrah; bid them prepare for dinner.—
—That is done, sir; they have all stomachs.—
—What a witsnapper are you! Shakespeare.

WI’TTED. adj. [from wit.] Having wit: as a quick witted boy.

WI’TTICISM. n. s. [from witty.] A mean attempt at wit.
We have a libertine sooling even in his last agonies, with
a witticism between his teeth, without any regard to sobriety
and conscience. L'Estrange.
He is full of conceptions, points of epigram and witticisms,
all which are below the dignity of heroick verse. Addison.

WI’TTILY. adv. [from witty.]
1. Ingeniously; cunningly; artfully.
But is there any other beast that lives,
Who his own harm so wittily contrives? Dryden.
2. With flight of imagination.
In conversation wittily pleasant, pleasantly gamesome. Sidney.
The old hermit, that never saw pen and ink, very wittily
said to a niece of king Gordobuck, that that is, is. Shakesp.
The obstinate contemners of all helps and arts, such as pre­
suming on their own natural parts, dare deride all diligence,
and seem to mock at the terms when they understand not the
things; think that way to get off wittily with their ignorance.
Ben. Johnson.

WI’TTINESS. n. s. [from witty.] The quality of being witty.
No less deserveth his wittiness in devising, his pithiness in
uttering, his pastoral rudeness and his moral wiseness. Spenser.

WI’TTINGLY. adv. [from witting, knowing; witan, Saxon,
to weet or know.] Knowingly; not ignorantly; with know­
ledge; by design.
Whatsoever we work as men, the same we do wittingly work
and freely; neither are we, according to the manner of na­
tural agents any way so tied, but that it is in our power to
leave things we do undone. Hooker.
Withhold revenge, 'tis not my fault,
Nor wittingly have I infring'd my vow. Shak. Henry VI.
During that dreadful siege, every particular accident for bre­
vity I wittingly pass over. Knoiles's Hist. of the Turks.
He knowingly and wittingly brought evil into the world. More
No forger of lies willingly and wittingly furnished out the
means of his own detection. West on the Resurrection.

WI’TTOL. n. s. [wittol, Sax.] A man who knows the false­
hood of his wife and seems contented; a tame cuckold.
O Mars, for what doth serve thy armed ax?
To let that witold beast consume in flames
Thy Venus child. Sidney.
Amaimon sounds well; Lucifer well; yet they are the
names of fiends: but cuckold, wittol, the devil himself hath
not such a name. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor.
The Theban wittal, when he once descries
Jove is his rival, falls to sacrifice. Cleaveland.

WI’TTOLLY. adj. [from wittol.] Cuckoldly.
The jealous wittolly knave hath masses of money. Shakesp.

WI’TTY. adj. [from wit.]
1. Judicious; ingenious.
The deep-revolving, witty Buckingham
No more shall be the neighbour to my counsels. Shakesp.
Thou art beautiful in thy countenance, and witty in thy
words. Judith xi. 23.
2. Full of imagination.
Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematick
subtile. Bacon.
Where there is a real stock of wit, yet the wittiest sayings
will be found in a great measure the issues of chance. South.


In gentle verse the witty told their flame,
And grac'd their choicest songs with Emma's name. Prior.
3. Sarcastick; full of taunts.
Honeycomb, who was so unmercifully witty upon the wo­
men, has given the ladies ample satisfaction by marrying a
farmer's daughter. Addison's Spectator.

WI’TWAL. n. s. A bird. Ainsworth.

To WIVE. v. n. [from wife.] To marry; to take a wife.
Were she as rough
As are the swelling Adriatick seas,
I come to wive it wealthily in Padua. Shakespeare.
The ancient saying is no heresy,
Hanging and wiving goes by destiny. Shakespeare.
A shop of all qualities that man loves woman for; besides
that hook of wiving, fairness, which strikes the eye. Shakesp.
Design or chance makes others wive,
But nature did this match contrive. Waller.

To WIVE. v. a.
1. To match to a wife.
She dying gave it me;
And bid me, when my fate would have me wiv'd,
To give it her. Shakespeare's Othello.
2. To take for a wife.
If he have the condition of a saint, and the complexion of
a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me. Shakesp.

WI’VELY. adv. [from wives.] Belonging to a wife.
Basilius could not abstain from praising Parthenia, as the
perfect picture of a womanly virtue, and wively faithfulness. Sid.

WIVES. n. s. The plural of wife.
A man of his learning should not so lightly have been car­
ried away with old wives tales, from approvance of his own
reason. Spenser's Ireland.

WI’ZARD. n. s. [from wise.] A conjurer; an inchanter; a
he-witch. It had probably at first a laudable meaning.
Patience, good lady; wizards know their times. Shakesp.
He hearkens after prophecies and dreams,
And from the cross-row plucks the letter G;
And says, a wizard told him that by G
His issue disinherited should be. Shakesp. Richard III.
That damn'd wizard, hid in sly disguise,
For so by certain signs I knew, had met
Already, ere my best speed could prevent
The aidless innocent lady his wish'd prey. Milton.
The prophecies of wizards old
Increas'd her terror, and her fall foretold. Waller.
The wily wizard must be caught,
For, unconstrain'd, he nothing tells for nought. Dryden.

WOE

WO. n. s. [wa, Saxon.]
1. Grief; sorrow; misery; calamity.
The king is mad: how stiff is my vile sense,
That I stand up and have ingenious feeling
Of my huge sorrows! better I were distract;
So should my thoughts be sever'd from my griefs;
And woes by wrong imaginations, lose
The knowledge of themselves. Shakespeare's King Lear.
So many miseries have craz'd my voice,
That my woe weary'd tongue is still. Shakespeare.
Her rash hand in evil hour,
Forth reaching to the fruit, Eve pluck'd, she eat:
Earth felt the wound; and nature from her seat
Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woe
That all was lost. Milton's Paradise Lost.
O'er dreary wastes, they weep each other's wo. Pope.
2. It is often used in denunciations, wo be; or in exclamations
of sorrow wo is; anciently wo wurth; wa wurf, Saxon.
All is but lip wisdom which wants experience: I now, wo
is me, do try what love can do. Sidney.
Wo is my heart;
That poor soldier, that so richly fought,
Whose rags sham'd gilded arms; whose naked breast
Stept before shields of proof, cannot be found. Shakespeare.
Many of our princes, woe the while!
Lie drown'd and soak'd in mercenary blood. Shakespeare.
Happy are they which have been my friends; and woe to my
lord chief-justice. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
Howl ye, wo worth the day. Ezek. xxx. 2.
Wo be to the shepherds of Israel that do feed themselves. Ez.
Wo is me for my hurt, my wound is grievous. Jer. x. 19.
If God be such a being as I have described, wo to the world
if it were without him: this would be a thousand times great­
er loss to mankind than the extinguishing of the sun. Tillotson.
Woe to the vanquish'd, woe! Dryden's Albion.
3. A denunciation of calamity; a curse.
Can there be a wo or curse in all the stores of vengeance
equal to the malignity of such a practice; of which one single
instance could involve all mankind in one universal confusion.
South's Sermons.
4. Wo seems in phrases of denunciation or imprecation to be a
substantive, and in exclamation an adjective, as particularly in
the following lines.
Woe are we, sir! you may not live to wear
All your true followers out. Shak. Antony and Cleopatra.
5. Wo is used by Shakespeare for a stop or cessation; from the
particle wo pronounced by carters to their horses when they
would have them stop.
Love's a mighty lord;
And hath so humbled me, as, I confess,
There is no wo to his correction. Shakespeare.

WOAD. n. s. [wad, Saxon] A plant.
The flower consists of four leaves, which are disposed in
form of a cross; out of whose flower cup rises the pointal,
which afterwards turns to a fruit in the shape of a tongue,
flat at the edge, gaping two ways, having but one cell, in
which is contained for the most part one oblong seed; is
cultivated in England for the use of dyers, who use it for lay­
ing the foundation of many colours. Miller.
In times of old, when British nymphs were known
To love no foreign fashions like their own;
When dress was monstrous, and fig-leaves the mode,
And quality put on no paint but woad. Garth.

WO’BEGONE. n. s. [wo and begone.] Lost in wo; distracted
in wo; overwhelmed with sorrow.
Such a man,
So dull, so dead in look, so woebegone,
Drew Priam's curtain in the dead of night,
And would have told him half his Troy was burn'd;
But Priam found the fire, ere he his tongue. Shakespeare.
Tancred he saw his life's joy set at nought,
So woebegone was he with pains of love. Fairfax.

WOFT. The obsolete participle passive from To WAFT.
A braver choice of dauntless spirits
Than now the English bottoms have woft,
Did never float upon the swelling tide. Shakespeare.

WO’FUL. adj. [wo and full]
1. Sorrowful; afflicted; mourning.
The woful Gynecia, to whom rest was no ease, had left her
lothed lodging, and gotten herself into the solitary places thosem
desart were full of. Sidney.
How many woful widows left to bow
To sad disgrace! Daniel's Civil War.
In a tow'r, and never to be loos'd,
The woful captive kinsmen are inclos'd. Dryden.
2. Calamitous; afflictive.
3. Wretched; paltry; sorry.
What woful stuff this madrigal would be,
In some starv'd hackney-sonneteer, or me?
But let a lord once own the happy lines,
How the wit brightens! how the style refines! Pope.

WO’FULLY. adv. [from woful.]
1. Sorrowfully; mournfully.
2. Wretchedly; in a sense of contempt.
He who would pass such a judgment upon his condition, as
shall be confirmed at that great tribunal, from which there
lies no appeal, will find himself wofully deceived, if he jud­
ges of his spiritual estate by any of these measures. South.

WOLD. n. s. Wold, whether singly or jointly, in the names of
places, signifies a plain open country; from the Saxon wold,
a plain and a place without wood. Gibson's Camden.
Wold and wald with the Saxons signified a ruler or gover­
nour; from whence bertwold is a famous governour; æthelwold
a noble governour: herwald, and by inversion waldher, a ge­
neral of an army. Gibson's Camden.

WOL

WO’LF. [walf, Saxon; wolf, Dutch.]
1. A kind of wild dog that devours sheep.
Advance our waving colours on the walls,
Rescu'd is Orleans from the English wolves. Shakespeare.
No, rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse
To be a com'rade with the wolf and owl,
Necessity's sharp pinch. Shakespeare's King Lear.
If wolves had at thy gate howl'd that stern time,
Thou should'st have said, go, porter, turn the key,
All cruels else subscrib'd. Shakesp. King Lear.
2. An eating ulcer.
How dangerous it is in sensible things to use metaphorical ex­
pressions; and what absurd conceits the vulgar will swallow in
the literals, an example we have in our profession, who having
called an eating ulcer by the name of wolf, common appre­
hension conceives a reality therein. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

WO’LFDOG. n. s. [wolf and dog.]
1. A dog of a very large breed kept to guard sheep.
The luckless prey, how treach'rous tumblers gain,
And dauntless wolfdogs shake the lion's mane. Tickell.
2. A dog bred between a dog and wolf.

WO’LFISH. adj. [from wolf.] Resembling a wolf in qualities
or sorm.
Thy desires
Are wolfish, bloody, starv'd, and ravenous. Shakespeare.
I have another daughter,
Who, I am sure, is kind and comfortable;
When she shall hear this of thee, with her nails
Shall flea thy wolfish visage. Shakespeare's King Lear.
Nothing more common than those wolfish back-friends in
all our pretensions. L'Estrange.


A pretence of kindness is the universal stale to all base pro­
jects: all wolfish designs walk undersheeps cloathing. Gov. Ton.

WOLFSBA’NE. n. s. [wolf and bane.] A poisonous plant; aconite.
It hath circumscribed roundish divided leaves; the flower
consists of four leaves, shaped like a monkey's hood: each of
these flowers are succeeded by three or more pods which con­
tain several rough seeds: the most part of these species are dead­
ly poison. Miller.
Wolfsbane is an early flower. Mortimer's Husbandry.

WO’LFSMILK. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.

WO’LVISH. adj. [from wolves, of wolf; wolfish is more proper.]
Resembling a wolf.
Why in this wolvish gown do I stand here,
To beg of Hob and Dick. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
My people are grown half wild, they would not worry one
another so in that wolvish belluine manner else. Howell.
There is a base wolvish principle within that is gratified with
another's misery. South's Sermons.

WOM

WO’MAN. [wifman, wimman, Saxon; whence we yet pro­
nounce women in the plural, wimmen, Skinner.]
1. The female of the human race.
That man who hath a tongue is no man,
If with his tongue he cannot win a woman. Shakespeare.
Thou dotard, thou art woman-tir'd, unroosted
By thy dame Parlet here. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Women are soft, mild, pitiful and flexible;
Thou stern, obdurate, flinty, rough, remorseless. Shakesp.
And Abimelech took men-servants and women servants. Gen.
O woman, lovely woman, nature form'd thee
To temper man: we had been brutes without thee. Otway.
Ceneus a woman once and once a man;
But ending in the sex she first began. Dryden's æn.
Women are made as they themselves would choose,
Too proud to ask, too humble to refuse. Garth.
Women in their nature are much more gay and joyous than
men; whether it be that their blood is more refined, their
fibres more delicate, and their animal spirits more light; vi­
vacity is the gift of women, gravity that of men. Addison.
2. A female attendant on a person of rank.
I could not personally deliver to her
What you commanded me; but by her woman
I sent your message. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.

To WO’MAN. v. a. [from the noun.] To make pliant like a
woman.
I've felt such quirks of joy and grief,
That the first face of neither on the start
Can woman me unto't. Shakespeare.

WOMANED. adj. [from woman.] Accompanied; united with
a woman.
I do attend here on the general,
And think it no addition, nor my wish,
To have him see me woman'd. Shakespeare's Othello.

WOMANHA’TER. n. s. [woman and hater.] One that has an
aversion from the female sex.
How could it come into your mind,
To pitch on me of all mankind,
Against the sex to write a satyr;
And brand me for a womanhater. Swift.

WO’MANHOOD. n. s. [from woman.] The character and col­
lective qualities of a woman. Obsolete.
WO’MANHEAD. n. s. [from woman.] The character and col­
lective qualities of a woman. Obsolete.
Ne in her speech, ne in her haviour,
Was lightness seen, or looser vanity,
But gracious womanhood and gravity. Fairy Queen.
There dwells sweet love and constant chastity,
Unspotted faith, and comely womanhood,
Regard of honour, and mild modesty. Spenser.
'Tis present death I beg; and one thing more,
That womanhood denies my tongue to tell:
O keep me from their worse than killing lust. Shakespeare.
When my grave is broke up again,
Some second guest to entertain;
For graves have learn'd that womanhead
To be to more than one a bed. Donne.

WO’MANISH adj. [from woman.] Suitable to a woman.
Neither doubt you, because I wear a woman's apparel, I
will be the more womanish; since I assure you there is nothing
I desire more than fully to prove myself a man. Sidney.
Zelmane making a womanish habit to be the armour of her
boldness, giving up her life to the lips of Philoclea, humbly be­
sought her to keep her speech a while within the paradise of
her mind. Sidney.
A voice not soft, weak, piping, and womanish, but audible,
strong, and manlike. Ascham.
She then to him these womanish words 'gan say,
For love of me, leave off. Fairy Queen.
Our fathers minds are dead,
And we are govern'd with our mothers spirits;
Our yoke and suff'rance shew us womanish. Shakespeare.
I do not think he fears death;
He never was so womanish. Shakespeare.
During his banishment, he was so softened and dejected,
as he wrote nothing but a few womanish epistles. Bacon.
In a sad look or womanish complaint. Denham.
I melt to womanish tears, and if I stay,
I find my love my courage will betray. Dryden.
The godlike hero, in his breast
Disdain'd, or was asham'd to show
So weak, so womanish a woe. Dryden.

To WOMANI’SE. v. a. [from woman.] To emasculate; to
effeminate; to soften. Proper, but not used.
This effeminate love of a woman doth womanize a man. Sid.

WOMANKI’ND. n. s. [woman and kind.] The female sex; the
race of women.
Musidorus had over bitterly glanced against the reputation
of womankind. Sidney.
So easy is t'appease the stormy wind
Of malice, in the calm of pleasant womankind. Fairy Queen.
Because thou doat'st on womankind, admiring
Their shape, their colour, and attractive grace,
None are, thou think'st, but taken with such toys. Milton.
Each inconvenience makes their virtue cold;
But womankind in ills is ever bold. Dryden's Juvenal.
Juba might make the proudest of our sex,
Any of womankind, but Marcia, happy. Addison's Cato.
She advanc'd, that womankind
Would by her model form their mind. Swift.

WO’MANLY. adj. [from woman]
1. Becoming a woman; suiting a woman; feminine; not mas­
culine.
I'm in this earthly world, where to do harm
Is often laudable; to do good sometime
Accounted dangerous folly: why then, alas!
Do I put up that womanly defence,
To say I'd done no harm. Shakespeare.
She brings your froward wives
As prisoners, to her womanly persuasion. Shakespeare.
All will spy in thy face
A blushing womanly discovering grace. Donne.
Rage choaks my words; 'tis womanly to weep. Dryden.
Let him be taught to put off all those tender airs affected
smiles, and all the enchanting womanly behaviour that has made
him the object of his own admiration. Arbuthnot and Pope.
2. Not childish; not girlish.
Young persons, under a womanly age, are often troubled
with some of the same symptoms. Arbuthnot on Diet.

WO’MANLY. adv. [from woman.] In the manner of a woman;
effeminately.

WOMB. n. s. [wamba, Goth. wamb, Sax. wæmb, Islandick.]
1. The place of the fætus in the mother.
When yet he was but tender bodied, and the only son of
my womb. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
New-born children bring not many ideas into the world, ba­
ting some faint ideas of hunger and thirst which they may have
felt in the womb. Locke.
Conceiving, as she slept, her fruitful womb
Swell'd with the founder of immortal Rome. Addison.
2. The place whence any thing is produced.
The earth was form'd, but in the womb as yet
Of waters, embryon immature involv'd,
Appear'd not. Milton.
The womb of earth the genial seed receives. Dryden.

To WOMB. v. a. [from the noun] To inclose; to breed in
secret.
Not for all the sun sees, or
The close earth wombs, will I break my oath
To this my fair belov'd. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.

WO’MBY. adj. [from womb.] Capacious.
He'll call you to so hot an answer for it,
That caves and womby vaultages of France
Shall chide your trespass, and return your mock,
In second accent to his ordnance. Shakesp. Henry V.

WO’MEN. Plural of woman.
Thus it shall befal
Him who to worth in women over-trusts. Milton.

WON

WON. The preterite and participle passive of win.
All these the Parthian,
From the luxurious kings of Antioch won. Milton.
Against myself I victorious have won,
And by my fatal absence am undone. Dryden.
My mother is won over to my side, but dares not mention
me to my father, for fear of provoking him. Addison's Spectat.

To WON. v. n. [wunian, Saxon; wonen, German.] To dwell;
to live; to have abode. Not in use.
Him fortuned
To come where vile Arcasia does wonn. Fairy Queen.
Out of the ground uprose
As from his lair, the wild beast where he wons
In forest wild. Milton's Paradise Lost.
A people near the northern pole that won;
Whom Ireland sent from loughes and forests hore. Fairf.

WON. n. s. [from the verb.] Dwelling; habitation. Obsolete.
What secret place, quoth he, can safely hold
So huge a mass, and hid from heaven's eye;
Or where hast thou thy won, that so much gold
Thou can'st preserve from wrong and robbery. Fairy Queen.



To WO’NDER. v. n. [wundrian, Saxon; wonder, Dutch.]
To be struck with admiration; to be pleased or surprised so as
to be astonished.
The want of these magazines of victuals I have oftentimes
complained of in England, and wondered at in other countries.
Spenser's Ireland.
His deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered
after the beast. Rev. xiii. 3.
No wonder to us, who have conversed with too many
strange unparallel'd actions, now to wonder at any thing:
wonder is from surprise, and surprise ceases upon experience.
South's Sermons.
King Turnus wonder'd at the fight renew'd. Dryden.
Who can wonder that all the sciences have been so over­
charged with insignificant and doubtful expressions, capable to
make the most quick-sighted very little the more knowing.
Locke.
I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of these di­
minutive mortals, who durst venture to mount and walk upon
my body. Swift.

WO’NDER. n. s. [wundor, Saxon; wonder, Dutch.]
1. Admiration; astonishment; amazement; surprise caused by
something unusual or unexpected.
What is he, whose griefs
Bear such an emphasis? whose phrase or sorrow
Conjure the wand'ring stars, and makes them stand
Like wonder-wounded hearers. Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Wonder causeth astonishment, or an immoveable posture of
the body; for in wonder the spirits fly not as in fear, but only
settle. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Cause of wonder; a strange thing; something more or great­
er than can be expected.
The Cornish wonder-gatherer describeth the same. Carew.
Great effects come of industry in civil business; and to try
things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders. Bacon.
Lo, a wonder strange!
Of every beast, and bird, and insect small
Came sevens, and pairs. Milton's Paradise Lost.
What woman will you find,
Though of this age the wonder and the fame,
On whom his leisure will vouchsafe an eye
Of fond desire? Milton's Paradise Regained.
No wonder sleep from careful lovers flies,
To bathe himself in Sacharissa's eyes;
As fair Astrea once from earth to heav'n,
By strife and loud impiety was driven. Waller.
Drawn for your prince, that sword could wonders do:
The better cause makes mine the sharper now. Waller.
3. Any thing mentioned with wonder.
There Babylon the wonder of all tongues. Milton.
Ample souls among mankind have arrived at that prodigi­
ous extent of knowledge which renders them the wonder and
glory of the nation where they live. Watts.

WO’NDERFUL. adj. [wonder and full] Admirable; strange;
astonishing.
I uttered that which I understood not, things too wonderful
for me which I knew not. Job xlii. 3.
Strange
Hath been the cause, and wonderful to hear. Milton.
All this is very wonderful, Shakespeare multiplies miracle up­
on miracle to bring about the same event in the play, which
chance with more propriety performs in the novel. Shak. Illust.

WO’NDERFUL. adv. To a wonderful degree. Improperly used.
The house which I am about to build shall be wonderful
great. 2 Chron. ii. 9.

WO’NDERFULLY. adv. [from wonderful.] In a wonderful
manner; to a wonderful degree.
He was much made on by the pope, who knowing him­
self to be unprofitable to the Christian world, was wonderfully
glad to hear that there were such echoes of him sounding in
remote parts. Bacon's Henry VII.
There is something wonderfully divine in the airs of this
picture. Addison's Italy.

WO’NDERMENT. n. s. [from wonder.] Astonishment; amaze­
ment. Not in use, except in low language.
When my pen would write her titles true,
It ravish'd is with fancy's wonderment. Spenser.
Those things which I here set down, do naturally take the
sense, and not respect petty wonderments. Bacon.
The neighbours made a wonderment of it, and asked him
what he meant. L'Estrange.

WO’NDERSTRUCK. adj. [wonder and strike.] Amazed.
Ascanius, wonderstruck to see
That image of his filial piety. Dryden's æneid.

WO’NDROUS. adj. [This is contracted from wonderous, of won­
der.]
1. Admirable; marvellous; strange; surprising.
The credit of whose virtue rest with thee;
Wondrous indeed, if cause of such effects. Milton.
In such charities she pass'd the day;
'Twas wond'rous how she found an hour to pray. Dryden.
Researches into the springs of natural bodies, and their mo­
tions, should awaken us to admire the wondrous wisdom of our.
Creator in all the works of nature. Watts.
2. [Wondrous is barbarously used for an adverb.] In a strange
degree.
From that part where Moses remembereth the giants, begot­
ten by the sons of good men upon the daughters of the wicked;
did they steal those wondrous great acts of their ancient kings and
powerful giants. Raleigh.
To shun th' allurement is not hard
To minds resolv'd, forewarn'd and well-prepar'd;
But wond'rous difficult, when once beset,
To struggle through the straits, and break th' involving net.
Dryden.
You are so beautiful,
So wondrous fair, you justify rebellion. Dryden.
Sylphs, yet mindful of their ancient race,
Are, as when women, wond'rous fond of place. Pope.

WO’NDROUSLY. adv. [from wondrous.] To a strange degree.
My lord led wondrously to discontent. Shakespeare.
This made Proserpina
Make to them the greater speed,
For fear that they too much should bleed,
Which wondrously her troubled. Drayton.
Such doctrines in the pidgeon house were taught:
You need not ask how wondrously they wrought. Dryden.
Of injur'd fame, and mighty wrongs receiv'd,
Cloe complains, and wondrously's aggriev'd. Granville.

To WONT. v. n. [Preterite and participle wont; wunian,
Saxon; gewoonen, Dutch.] To be accustom­
ed; to use; to be used.
To be WONT. v. n. [Preterite and participle wont; wunian,
Saxon; gewoonen, Dutch.] To be accustom­
ed; to use; to be used.
A yearly solemn feast she wont to make
The day that first doth lead the year around. Fairy Queen.
Through power of that, his cunning thieveries
He wonts to work, that none the same espies. Hubberd.
Jason the Thessalian was wont to say, that some things
must be done unjustly, that many things may be done justly.
Bacon.
I this night have dream'd;
If dream'd, not as I oft am wont, of thee,
But of offence and trouble. Milton's Paradise Lost.
The eagle's fate and mine are one,
Which on the shaft that made him die
Espy'd a feather of his own,
Wherewith he wont to soar so high. Waller.
A mother was wont always to indulge her daughters, when
any of them desired squirrels or birds, but then they must keep
them well. Locke.
Another sort of sophism is wont to be called an imperfect
enumeration or false induction, when from a few experiments
men infer general theorems. Watts's Logick.

WONT. n. s. [from the verb.] Custom; habit; use. Out of use.
Passing their time according to their wont, they waited for
the coming of Phalantus. Sidney.
Things natural in that regard forget their ordinary natural
wont, that which is heavy mounting sometime upwards of its
own accord. Hooker.
'Tis not his wont to be the hindmost man,
Whate'er occasion keeps him from us now. Shakespeare.
They are by sudden alarm or watchword to be called out
to their military motions under sky or covert, according to
the season, as was the Roman wont. Milton.

WONT. A contraction of will not.

WO’NTED. part. adj. [from the verb.] Accustomed; used;
usual.
Her champion stout, to aid his friend,
Again his wonted weapon proved. Fairy Queen.
So pray'd they, innocent, and to their thoughts
Firm peace recover'd soon and wonted calm. Milton.
The pond-frog would fain have gotten the other frog over;
but she was wonted to the place, and would not remove. L'Est.
Who have no house, sit round where once it was,
And with full eyes each wonted room require;
Haunting the yet warm ashes of the place,
As murther'd men walk where they did expire. Dryden.

WO’NTEDNESS. n. s. [from wonted.] State of being accustom­
ed to. Not in use.
Did I see any thing more of Christ in those that pretend
to other modes of government, I might suspect my judgment
biassed with prejudice or wontedness of opinion. King Charles.

WO’NTLESS. adj. [from wont.] Unaccustomed; unusual.
Whither, love, wilt thou now carry me?
What wontless fury do'st thou now inspire
Into my feeble breast, when full of thee? Spenser.

WOO

To WOO. v. a. [awogod, courted, Saxon.] To court; to sue
to for love.
We cannot fight for love, as men may do;
We should be woo'd, and were not made to woo. Shakespeare.
Some lay in dead mens skulls; and in those holes
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept,
As 'twere in scorn of eyes, reflecting gems;
That woo'd to the slimy bottom of the deep,
And mock'd the dead bones that lay scatter'd by. Shakespeare.


Fancies and notions he pursues,
Which ne'er had being but in thought:
Each like the Grecian artist woos
The image he himself has wrought. Prior.
My proud rival woos
Another partner to his throne and bed.
Philips's Distrest Mother.
Oh, stretch thy reign, fair peace! from shore to shore,
Till conquest cease, and slav'ry be no more;
Till the freed Indians in their native groves
Reap their own fruits, and woo their sable loves. Pope.
2. To court solicitously; to invite with importunity.
Yet can she love a foreign emperor,
Whom of great worth and pow'r she hears to be;
If she be woo'd but by ambassador,
Or but his letters or his pictures see:
So while the virgin soul on earth doth stay,
She woo'd and tempted is ten thousand ways
By these great pow'rs, which on the earth bear sway,
The wisdom of the world, wealth, pleasure, praise.
Davies.
Sweet bird that shun'st the noise of folly,
Most musical, most melancholy!
Thee, chauntress oft the woods among,
I woo to hear thy even-song. Milton.

To WOO. v. n. To court; to make love.
With pomp, and trains, and in a crowd they woo,
When true felicity is but in two. Dryden.

WOOD. adj. [wods, Gothick; wod, Saxon; woed, Dutch.]
Mad; furious; raging. Obsolete.
Winds do rage, as winds were wood,
And cause spring tides to raise great flood. Tusser.
Coal-black steeds yborn of hellish brood,
That on their rusty bits did champ as they were wood.
Fairy Queen.
Calm the tempest of his passion wood;
The banks are overflown, when stopped is the flood. Fa. Q.

WOOD. n. s. [wude, Saxon; woud, Dutch.]
1. A large and thick plantation of trees.
The wood-born people fall before her flat,
And worship her as goddess of the wood. Fairy Queen.
St. Valentine is past:
Begin these wood-birds but to couple now? Shakespeare.
The woods are ruthless, dreadful, deaf and dull:
There speak and strike. Shakespeare's Titus and Andronicus.
Light thickens, and the crow
Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Hecate, when she gave to rule the woods,
Then led me trembling through those dire abodes. Dryden.
2. The substance of trees; timber.
Balm his foul head with warm distilled waters,
And burn sweet wood to make the lodging sweet. Shakesp.
The cavity of the tin plate was filled with a melted cement,
made of pitch, rosin, and wood-ashes, well incorporated.
Boyle.
Having filled it about five inches with throughly kindled
wood-coals, we let it down into the glass. Boyle.
Of long growth there stood
A laurel's trunk, a venerable wood. Dryden's æneid.
The soft wood turners use commonly. Moxon.
The size of faggots and wood-stacks differs in most countries.
Mortimer's Husbandry.
Herrings must be smoked with wood. Child.

WOODA’NEMONE. n. s. A plant.

WOO’DBIND. n. s. [wudbind, Saxon.] Honeysuckle.
WOO’DBINE. n. s. [wudbind, Saxon.] Honeysuckle.
Beatrice, e'en now
Couch'd in the woodbind coverture. Shakespeare.
The nymphs of the mountains would be drawn, upon their
heads garlands of woodbine and wild roses. Peacham.

WOO’DCOCK. n. s. [woducoc, Saxon.] A bird of passage with
a long bill; his food is not known. It is a word ludicrously
used for a dunce.
He hath bid me to a calve's head and a capon; shall I not
find a woodcock too. Shakespeare.
Soon as in doubtful day the woodcock flies,
Her cleanly pail the pretty housewife bears. Gay.

WOO’DED. adj. [from wood.] Supplied with wood.
The lord Strutts have been possessed of a very great landed
estate, well-conditioned, wooded and watered. Arbuthnot.

WOO’DDRINK. n. s. Decoction or infusion of medicinal woods,
as sassafras.
The drinking elder-wine or wooddrinks are very useful.
Floyer on the Humours.

WOO’DEN. adj. [from wood.]
1. Ligneous; made of wood; timber.
Like a strutting player, whose conceit
Lies in his hamstring, he doth think it rich
To hear the wooden dialogue and sound
'Twixt his stretch'd sooting and the scaffoldage. Shakespeare.
They used to vault or leap up; and therefore they had wood­
en horses in their houses and abroad. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Press'd with the burden, Cæneus pants for breath;
And on his shoulders bears the wooden death. Dryden.
The haberdasher stole off his hat' that hung upon a wooden
peg. Addison's Spectator.
2. Clumsy; awkward.
I'll win this lady Margaret: for whom?
Why, for my king: tush, that's a wooden thing. Shakespeare.
When a bold man is out of countenance, he makes a very
wooden figure on it. Collier of Confidence.

WOODFRE’TTER. n. s. [teres, Lat.] An insect; a Woodworm.
Ainsworth.

WOO’DHOLE. n. s. [wood and hole.] Place where wood is laid
up.
What should I do? or whither turn? amaz'd,
Confounded to the dark recess I fly,
Of woodhole. Philips.

WOO’DLAND. n. s. [wood and land.] Woods; ground covered
with woods.
This houshold beast, that us'd the woodland grounds,
Was view'd at first by the young hero's hounds,
As down the stream he swam. Dryden's æneid.
He that rides post through a country, may, from the tran­
sient view, tell how in general the parts lie; here a morass,
and there a river, woodland in one part, and savanas in another.
Locke.
By her awak'd, the woodland choir
To hail the common god prepares;
And tempts me to resume the lyre,
Soft warbling to the vernal airs.
Fenton's Ode to Lord Gower.
Here hills and vales, the woodland and the plain,
Here earth and water seems to strive again. Pope.

WOODLA’RK. n. s. A melodious sort of wild lark.

WOO’DLOUSE. n. s. [wood and louse.] An Insect.
The millepes or woodlouse is a small insect of an oblong
figure, about half an inch in length, and a fifth of an inch in
breadth; of a dark blueish or livid grey colour, and having
its back convex or rounded: notwithstanding the appellation
of millepes, it has only fourteen pair of short legs; it is a very
swift runner, but it can occasionally roll itself up into the form
of a ball, which it frequently does, and suffers itself to be ta­
ken. They are found in great plenty under old logs of wood
or large stones, or between the bark and wood of decayed trees.
Millepedes are aperient, attenuant, and detergent; and the
best way of taking them is swallowing them alive, which is
easily and conveniently done; and they are immediately de­
stroyed on falling into the stomach. Hill's Materia Medica.
Wrap thyself up like a woodlouse, and dream revenge.
Congreve.
There is an insect they call a woodlouse,
That folds up itself in itself, for a house,
As round as a ball, without head, without tail,
Inclos'd cap-a-pe in a strong coat of mail. Swift.

WOO’DMAN. n. s. [wood and man.] A sportsman; a hunter.
Their cry being composed of so well sorted mouths, that any
man would perceive therein some kind of proportion, but the
skilful woodmen did find a musick. Sidney.
The duke is a better woodman than thou takest him for.
Shakespeare.
This is some one like us night foundered here,
Or else some neighbour woodman. Milton.
So when the woodman's toil her cave surrounds,
And with the hunter's cry the grove resounds,
With grief and rage the mother-lion stung,
Fearless herself, yet trembles for her young. Pope.

WOO’DMONGER. n. s. [wood and monger.] A woodseller.

WOO’DNOTE. n. s. Wild musick.
Then to the well-trod stage anon,
If Johnson's learned sock be on,
Or sweetest Shakespear, fancy's child,
Warble his native woodnotes wild. Milton.

WOODNY’MPH. [wood and nymph.] Dryad.
Soft she withdrew, and like a woodnymph light,
Oread, or Dryad, or of Delia's train,
Betook her to the groves. Milton's Paradise Lost.
By dimpled brook and fountain brim,
The woodnymphs, deck'd with daisies trim,
Their merry wakes and pastimes keep. Milton.

WOODO’FFERING. n. s. Wood burnt on the altar.
We cast the lots for the woodoffering. Neh. x. 34.

WOO’DPECKER. n. s. [wood and peck; picus martius, Lat.] A
bird.
The structure of the tongue of the woodpecker is very sin­
gular, whether we look at its great length, its bones and mus­
cles, its incompassing parts of the neck and head, the better
to exert itself in length, and, again, to retract it into its cell;
and lastly, whether we look at its sharp, horny, bearded point,
and the gluey matter at the end of it, the better to stab and
draw little maggots out of wood. Derham's Physico-theology.

WOODPI’GEON or Woodculver. n. s. A wild pigeon.

WOODROO’F. n. s. An herb. Ainsworth.



WO’ODSARE. n. s.
The froth called woodsare, being like a kind of spittle, is
found upon herbs, as lavender and sage. Bacon.

WO’ODSEERE. n. s. [wood and sere.] The time when there is
no sap in the tree.
From May to October leave cropping, for why,
In woodseere, whatsoever thou croppest shall die. Tusser.

WO’ODSORREL. n. s. [oxys, Latin.] A plant.
The characters are: it hath a bell-shaped flower, consisting
of one leaf, having its brim wide expanded, and cut into se­
veral divisions: the pointal, which rises from the flowercup,
becomes an oblong membranous fruit, divided into seminal
cells, opening outward from the base to the top, and inclosing
seeds, which often start from their lodges, by reason of the
elastick force of the membrane which involves them. Miller.

WOO’DWARD. n. s. [wood and ward.] A forester.

WO’ODY. adj. [from wood.]
1. Abounding with wood.
Thou hast led me up
A woody mountain, whose high top was plain. Milton.
Oft in glimmering bow'rs and glades
He met her, and in secret shades
Of woody Ida's inmost grove. Milton.
Four times ten days I've pass'd
Wand'ring this woody maze, and human food
Nor tasted, nor had appetite. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
Diana's woody realms he next invades,
And, crosses through the consecrated shades, Addison.
2. Ligneous; consisting of wood.
In the woody parts of plants, which are their bones, the
principles are so compounded as to make them flexible without
joints, and also elastick. Grew.
Herbs are those plants whose stalks are soft, and have
nothing woody in them, as grass and hemlock. Locke.
3. Relating to woods.
With the woody nymphs when she did play. Fairy Queen.
All the satyrs scorn their woody kind,
And henceforth nothing fair but her on earth they find.
Fairy Queen.

WOO’ER. n. s. [from woo.] One who courts a woman.
The wooers most are toucht in this ostent,
To whom are dangers great and imminent. Chapman.
Aristippus said, that those that studied particular sciences,
and neglected philosophy, were like Penelope's wooers, that
made love to the waiting woman. Bacon's Apophthegms.
Usurping wooers felt his thund'ring sword,
And willing nations knew their native lord. Creech.

WOOF. n. s. [from wove.]
1. The set of threads that crosses the warp; the weft.
The placing of the tangible parts in length or transverse, as
in the warp and the woof of textile, is more inward or more
outward. Bacon's Natural History.
2. Texture; cloath.
A vest of purple flow'd,
Iris had dipp'd the woof. Milton's Paradise Lost.
I must put off
These my sky-robes, spun out of Iris' woof. Milton.
To spread the pall beneath the regal chair,
Of softest woof, is bright Alcippe's care. Pope's Odyssey.

WOO’INGLY. adv. [from wooing.] Pleasingly; so as to invite
stay.
The temple-haunting martlet does approve,
By his lov'd mansionry, that heaven's breath
Smells wooingly here. Shakes. King Lear.

WOOL. n. s. [wul, Saxon; wollen, Dutch.]
1. The fleece of sheep; that which is woven into cloath.
Base-minded wretches, for respect of gain, some paultry
wool may yield you, to let so much time pass without know­
ing perfectly her estate. Sidney.
A gown made of the finest wool,
Which from our pretty lambs we pull;
Fair lined slippers for the cold,
With buckles of the purest gold. Raleigh.
Concerning their complaint for price of wool, he would give
order that his commissioners should cause clothiers to take wool,
paying only two parts of the price. Hayward.
Struthium is a root used by the wool-dressers. Arbuthnot.
2. Any short thick hair.
In the cauldron boil and bake;
Wool of batt and tongue of dog. Shakesp. Macbeth.

WO’OLFEL. n. s. [wool and fell.] Skin not stripped of the
wool.
Wool and woolfels were ever of little value in this king­
dom. Davies on Ireland.

WO’OLLEN. adj. [from wool.] Made of wool not finely dressed,
and thence used likewise for any thing coarse.
I was wont
To call them woollen vassals, things created
To buy and fell with groats. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
I could not endure a husband with a beard on his face: I had
rather lye in woollen. Shakesp. Much Ado about Nothing.
Woollen cloth will tenter, linen scarcely. Bacon.
At dawn of day our general cleft his pate,
Spite of his woollen night-cap. Dryden.

WOO’LLEN. n. s. Cloath made of wool.
His breeches were of rugged woollen,
And had been at the siege of Bullen. Hudibras.
Odious! in woollen! 'twould a saint provoke!
No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace
Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face. Pope.
He is a bel-esprit and a woollen draper. Swift.

WO’OLPACK. n. s. [wool, pack, and sack.]
WO’OLSACK. n. s. [wool, pack, and sack.]
1. A bag of wool; a bundle of wool.
2. The seat of the judges in the house of lords.
At bar abusive, on the bench unable,
Knave on the woolsack, fop at council-table. Dryden.
3. Any thing bulky without weight.
Chaos of presbyt'ry, where laymen guide
With the tame woolpack clergy by their side. Cleaveland.

WO’OLWARD. adv. [wool and ward.] In wool. Not used.
I have no shirt: I go woolward for penance. Shakespeare.

WO’OLLY. adj. [from wool.]
1. Consisting of wool; cloathed with wool.
When the work of generation was
Between these woolly breeders,
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands. Shakespeare.
Some few, by temp'rance taught, approaching slow,
To distant fate by easy journeys go:
Gently they lay 'em down, as ev'ning sheep
On their own woolly fleeces softly sleep. Dryden.
2. Resembling wool.
What signifies
My fleece of woolly hair, that now uncurls? Shakespeare.
Nothing profits more
Than frequent snows: O may'st thou often see
Thy furrows whiten'd by the woolly rain,
Nutritious! J. Philips.

WOR

WORD. n. s. [word, Saxon; woord, Dutch.]
1. A single part of speech.
If you speak three words, it will three times report you the
three words. Bacon.
As conceptions are the images of things to the mind within
itself, so are words or names the marks of those conceptions to
the minds of them we converse with. South's Sermons.
Amongst men who confound their ideas with words, there
must be endless disputes, wrangling, and jargon. Locke.
Each wight who reads not, and but scans and spells,
Each word catcher that lives on syllables. Pope.
2. A short discourse.
Shall I vouchsafe your worship a word or two?
—Two thousand, and I'll vouchsafe thee the hearing. Shak.
A word, Lucilius,
How he receiv'd you. Shakesp. Julius Cæsar.
A friend who shall own thee in thy lowest condition, answer
all thy wants, and, in a word, never leave thee. South.
In a word, the Gospel describes God to us in all respects
such a one as we would wish him to be. Tillotson.
3. Talk; discourse.
Why should calamity be full of words?
—Windy attorneys to their client woes!
Let them have scope, though what they do impart
Help nothing else, yet they do ease the heart. Shak. R. III.
If you dislike the play,
Pray make no words on't 'till the second day,
Or third be past; for we would have you know it,
The loss will fall on us, not on the poet. Denham.
Cease this contention: be thy words severe,
Sharp as he merits; but the sword forbear. Dryden.
If words are sometimes to be used, they ought to be grave,
kind, and sober, representing the ill, or unbecomingness of the
faults. Locke.
If I appear a little word-bound in my first solutions, I hope
it will be imputed to the long disuse of speech. Spectator.
4. Dispute; verbal contention.
In argument upon a case,
Some words there grew 'twixt Somerset and me. Shakesp.
5. Language.
Found you no displeasure by word or countenance? Shakesp.
I'll write thee a challenge, or I'll deliver thy indignation to
him by word of mouth. Shakesp. Twelfth Night.
He commanded the men to be ranged in battalions, and rid
to every squadron, giving them such words as were proper to
the occasion. Clarendon.
An easy way, by word of mouth communicated to me. Boyle.
6. Promise.
Obey thy parents, keep thy word justly, swear not. Shakes.
I take your princely word for these redresses.
—I give it you, and will maintain my word. Shak. H. IV.
The duke shall wield his conqu'ring sword,
The king shall pass his honest word. Dryden.
7. Signal; token.
Every soldier, kill his prisoners;
Give the word through. Shak. Henry V.


8. Account; tydings; message.
Bring me word thither
How the world goes, that to the pace of it
I may spur on my journey. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
Why should she write to Edmund? Might not you
Transport her purposes by word? Shakesp. King Lear.
Two optick nerves she ties,
Like spectacles across the eyes;
By which the spirits bring her word,
Whene'er the balls are fix'd or stirr'd. Prior.
9. Declaration.
I know you brave, and take you at your word;
That present service which you vaunt, afford. Dryden.
10. Affirmation.
Every person has enough to do to work out his own salva­
tion; which, if we will take the apostle's word, is to be done
with fear and trembling. Decay of Piety.
I desire not the reader should take my word, and therefore
I will set two of their discourses in the same light for every
man to judge. Dryden.
11. Scripture; word of God.
They say this church of England neither hath the word
purely preached, nor the sacraments sincerely ministred. Whitg.
12. The second person of the ever adorable Trinity. A scrip­
ture term.
Thou my Word, begotten son, by thee
This I perform. Milton.

To WORD. v. n. [from the noun.] To dispute.
He that descends not to word it with a shrew, does worse
than beat her. L'Estrange.

To WORD. v. a. To express in proper words.
Let us blacken him what we can, said Harrison of the blessed
king, upon the wording and drawing up his charge against ap­
proaching trial. South's Sermons.
Whether I have improved these fables or no, in the wording
or meaning of them, the book must stand or fall to itself. L'Est.
The apology for the king is the same, but worded with
greater deference to that great prince. Addison.

WO’RDY. adj. [from word.] Verbose; full of words.
Phocion, beholding a wordy orator, while he was making a
magnificent speech full of vain promises, said, I now fix my
eyes upon a cypress-tree: it has all the pomp imaginable in
its branches, leaves, and height; but it bears no fruit. Spectat.
We need not lavish hours in wordy periods,
As do the Romans, ere they dare to fight. Philips's Briton.
Intemp'rate rage, a wordy war, began. Pope.

WORE. The preterite of wear.
This on his helmet wore a lady's glove,
And that a sleeve embroider'd by his love. Dryden.
My wife, the kindest, dearest, and the truest
That ever wore the name. Rowe's Royal Convert.

To WORK. v. n. pret. worked, or wrought. [weorcan, Saxon;
werken, Dutch.]
1. To labour; to travail; to toil.
Good Kent, how shall I live and work
To match thy goodness? life will be too short. Shakesp.
Go and work; for no straw shall be given you. Ex. v. 18.
Whether we work or play, or sleep or wake,
Our life doth pass, and with time's wings doth fly. Davies.
2. To be in action; to be in motion.
Glory grows guilty of detested crimes,
When for fame's sake
We bend to that the working of the heart. Shakespeare.
In Morat your hopes a crown design'd,
And all the woman work'd within your mind. Dryden.
3. To act; to carry on operations.
May be the Lord will work for us. 1 Sa. xiv. 6.
Our better part remains
To work in close design. Milton.
4. To act as a manufacturer.
They that work in fine flax. Is. xix. 9.
5. To ferment.
Into wine and strong beer put some like substances, while
they work, which may make them fume and inflame less. Bac.
Try the force of imagination upon staying the working of
beer, when the barm is put in. Bacon.
If in the wort of beer, while it worketh, before it be
tunned, the burrage be often changed with fresh, it will make
a sovereign drink for melancholy. Bacon's Natural History.
6. To operate; to have effect.
With some other business put the king
From these sad thoughts that work too much upon him. Shak.
All things work together for good to them that love God.
Rom. viii. 28.
Gravity worketh weakly, both far from the earth, and also
within the earth. Bacon.
Although the same tribute laid by consent, or by imposing,
be all one to the purse, yet it works diversely on the courage:
no people overcharged with tribute is fit for empire. Bacon.
These positive undertakings wrought upon many to think
that this opportunity should not be lost. Clarendon.
Nor number, nor example with him wrought
To swerve from truth, or change his constant mind. Milton.
We see the workings of gratitude in the Israelites. South.
Objects of pity, when the cause is new,
Would work too fiercely on the giddy crowd. Dryden.
Poison will work against the stars: beware,
For ev'ry meal an antidote prepare. Dryd. jun. Juvenal.
When this reverence begins to work in him, next consider
his temper of mind. Locke.
This so wrought upon the child, that afterwards he desired
to be taught. Locke.
Humours and manners work more in the meaner sort than
with the nobility. Addison on Italy.
The ibibaboca is a foot round, and three yards and a half
long: his colours are white, black, and red: of all serpents his
bite is the most pernicious, yet worketh the slowest. Grew.
7. To obtain by diligence.
Without the king's assent
You wrought to be a legate. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
He hath wrought with God this day. 1 Sa. xiv. 45.
8. To act internally; to operate as a purge, or other physick.
Work on,
My medicine, work! thus credulous fools are caught. Shak.
I should have doubted the operations of antimony, where
such a potion could not work. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
It is benign, nor far from the nature of aliment, into which,
upon defect of working, it is oft times converted. Brown.
Most purges heat a little; and all of them work best, that is,
cause the blood so to do, as do fermenting liquors, in warm
weather, or in a warm room. Grew's Cosmol.
9. To act as on an object.
Let it be pain of body, or distress of mind, there's matter
yet left for philosophy and constancy to work upon. L'Estr.
Natural philosophy has sensible objects to work upon; but
then it often puzzles the reader with the intricacy of its no­
tions. Addison.
The predictions Bickerstaff published, relating to his death,
too much affected and worked on his imagination. Swift.
10. To make way.
Body shall up to spirit work. Milton.
Who would trust chance, since all men have the seeds
Of good and ill, which should work upward first? Dryden.
11. To be tossed or agitated.
Vex'd by wint'ry storms, Benacus raves,
Confus'd with working sands and rolling waves. Addison.

To WORK. v. a.
1. To make by degrees.
Sidelong he works his way. Milton.
Through winds, and waves, and storms he works his way,
Impatient for the battle: one day more
Will set the victor thundering at our gates. Addison.
2. To labour; to manufacture.
He could have told them of two or three gold mines, and
a silver mine, and given the reason why they forbare to work
them at that time, and when they left off from working
them. Raleigh's Apology.
The chaos, by the Divine Power, was wrought from one
form into another, 'till it settled into an habitable earth. Burn.
This mint is to work off part of the metals found in the
neighbouring mountains. Addison.
The young men acknowledged in love-letters, sealed with
a particular wax, with certain enchanting words wrought upon
the seals, that they died for her. Tatler.
They now begin to work the wond'rous frame,
To shape the parts, and raise the vital flame. Blackmore.
The industry of the people works up all their native com­
modities to the last degree of manufacture. Swift.
3. To bring by action into any state.
So the pure limpid stream, when soul with stains
Of rushing torrents and descending rains,
Works itself clear, and, as it runs, refines,
'Till by degrees the floating mirrour shines. Addison's Cato.
4. To influence by successive impulses.
If you would work any man, know his nature and fashions,
and so lead him. Bacon.
To hasten his destruction, come yourself,
And work your royal father to his ruin. A. Philips.
5. To produce; to effect.
Fly the dreadful war,
That in thyself thy lesser parts do move,
Outrageous anger, and woe-working jar. Fairy Queen.
Love worketh no ill to his neighbour. Rom. xiii. 10.
Our light affliction for a moment worketh for us a far more
eternal weight of glory. 2 Cor. iv. 18.
We might work any effect, not holpen by the co-operation
of spirits, but only by the unity of nature. Bacon.
Moisture, although it doth not pass through bodies without
communication of some substance, as heat and cold do, yet it
worketh effects by qualifying of the heat and cold. Bacon.
Such power, being above all that the understanding of man
can conceive, may well work such wonders. Drummond.


God, only wise, to punish pride of wit,
Among mens wits hath this confusion wrought;
As the proud tow'r, whose points the clouds did hit,
By tongues confusion was to ruin brought. Davies.
Of the tree,
Which, tasted, works knowledge of good and evil,
Thou may'st not: in the day thou eat'st, thou dy'st. Milton.
6. To manage.
Mere personal valour could not supply want of knowledge
in building and working ships. Arbuthnot.
7. To put to labour; to exert.
Now, Marcus, thy virtue's on the proof;
Put forth thy utmost strength, work every nerve,
And call up all thy father in thy soul. Addison's Cato.
8. To embroider with a needle.
9. To WORK out. To effect by toil.
Not only every society, but every single person has enough
to do to work out his own salvation. Decay of Piety.
The mind takes the hint from the poet, and works out the
rest by the strength of her own faculties. Addison.
10. To WORK out. To eraze; to efface.
Tears of joy for your returning spilt,
Work out and expiate our former guilt. Dryden.
11. To WORK up. To raise.
That which is wanting to work up the pity to a greater
height, was not afforded me by the story. Dryden.
This lake resembles a sea, when worked up by storms. Addis.
The sun, that rolls his chariot o'er their heads,
Works up more fire and colour in their cheeks. Addis. Cato.
We should inure ourselves to such tho ghts, 'till they have
worked up our souls into filial awe and love of him. Atterbury.

WORK. n. s. [weorc, Saxon; work, Dutch]
1. Toil; labour; employment.
Bread, correction, and work for a servant. Ecclus. xxxiii.
In the bottom of some mines in Germany there grow
vegetables, which the work-folks say have magical virtue. Bac.
The ground, unbid, gives more than we can ask;
But work is pleasure, when we chuse our task. Dryden.
2. A state of labour.
All the world is perpetually at work, only that our poor mor­
tal lives should pass the happier for that little time we possess
them, or else end the better when we lose them: upon this
occasion riches came to be coveted, honours esteemed, friend­
ship pursued, and virtues admired. Temple.
3. Bungling attempt.
It is pleasant to see what work our adversaries make with this
innocent canon: sometimes 'tis a mere forgery of hereticks,
and sometimes the bishops that met there were not so wise as
they should have been. Stillingfleet.
4. Flowers or embroidery of the needle.
Round her work she did empale,
With a fair border wrought of sundry flowers,
Inwoven with an ivy-winding trail. Spenser.
That handkerchief, you gave me: I must take out the
work: a likely piece of work, that you should find it in your
chamber, and know not who left it there. This is some
minx's token, and I must take out the work? There, give it
your hobbyhorse: wheresoever you had it, I'll take out no
work on't. Shakesp. Othello.
5. Any fabrick or compages of art.
Nor was the work impair'd by storms alone,
But felt th' approaches of too warm a sun. Pope.
6. Action; feat; deed.
The instrumentalness of riches to works of charity, have
rendered it necessary in every Christian commonwealth by laws
to secure propriety. Hammond.
As to the composition or dissolution of mixt bodies, which
is the chief work of elements, and requires an intire applica­
tion of the agents, water hath the principality and excess over
earth. Digby.m
Nothing lovelier can be found in woman,
Than good works in her husband to promote. Milton.
While as the works of bloody Mars employ'd,
The wanton youth inglorious peace enjoy'd. Pope.
7. Any thing made.
Where is that holy fire, which verse is said
To have? Is that enchanting force decay'd?
Verse, that draws nature's works from nature's law,
Thee, her best work, to her work cannot draw. Donne.
O fairest of creation! last and best
Of all God's works! creature, in whom excels
Whatever can to sight or thought be form'd;
Holy, divine, good, amiable, or sweet,
How art thou lost! Milton's Paradise Lost.
8. Management; treatment.
Let him alone; I'll go another way to work with him. Shak.
9. To set on WORK. To employ; to engage.
It setteth those wits on work in better things, which would be
else employed in worse. Hooker.

WO’RKER. n. s. [from work.] One that works.
Ye fair nymphs, which oftentimes have loved
The cruel worker of your kindly smarts,
Prepare yourselves, and open wide your hearts. Spenser.
His father was a worker in brass. 1 Kings vii. 14.
You spoke me fair; but even then betrayed me: depart
from me, you professors of holiness, but workers of iniquity.
South's Sermons.

WO’RKFELLOW. n. s. [work and fellow.] One engaged in the
same work with another.
Timotheus, my workfellow, and Lucius, salute you. Rom.

WO’RKHOUSE. n. s. [from work and house.]
WO’RKINGHOUSE. n. s. [from work and house.]
1. A place in which any manufacture is carried on.
The quick forge and workinghouse of thought. Shak. H. V.
Protogenes had his workhouse in a garden out of town, where
he was daily finishing those pieces he begun. Dryden.
2. A place where idlers and vagabonds are condemned to labour.
Hast thou suffered at any time by vagabonds and pilferers?
Esteem and promote those useful charities which remove such
pests into prisons and workhouses. Atterbury.

WO’RKINGDAY. n. s. [work and day.] Day on which labour
is permitted; not the sabbath
How full of briars is this workingday world? Shakespeare.
Will you have me, lady?
—No, my lord, unless I might have another for working­
days; your grace is too costly to wear every day. Shakesp.

WO’RKMAN. n. s. [work and man.] An artificer; a maker of
any thing
When workmen strive to do better than well,
They do confound their skill in covetousness. Shakesp.
If prudence works, who is a more cunning workman? Wisd.
There was no other cause preceding than his own
will, no other matter than his own power, no other work­
man than his own word, and no other consideration than his
own infinite goodness. Raleigh.
They have inscribed the pedestal, to shew their value for
the workman. Addison on Italy.

WO’RKMANLY. adj. [from workman.] Skilful; well per­
formed; workmanlike.

WO’RKMANLY. adv. Skilfully; in a manner becoming a
workman.
In having but fortie foot workmanly dight,
Take saffron enough for a lord and a knight. Tusser.
We will fetch thee straight
Daphne roaming through a thorny wood,
Scratching her legs, that one shall swear she bleeds,
And at that sight shall sad Apollo weep,
So workmanly the blood and tears are drawn. Shakespeare.

WO’RKMANSHIP. n. s. [from workman.]
1. Manufacture; something made by any one.
Nor any skill'd in workmanship emboss'd,
Nor any skill'd in loops of fing'ring fine,
Might in their diverse cunning ever dare
With this so curious network to compare. Spenser.
By how much Adam exceeded all men in perfection, by
being the immediate workmanship of God, by so much did that
chosen garden exceed all parts of the world. Raleigh.
He moulded him to his own idea, delighting in the choice
of the materials; and afterwards, as great architects use to do,
in the workmanship of his regal hand. Wotton.
What more reasonable than to think, that if we be God's
workmanship, he shall set this mark of himself upon all reason­
able creatures? Tillotson.
2. The skill of a worker; the degree of skill discovered in any
manufacture.
The Tritonian goddess having heard
Her blazed fame, which all the world had fill'd,
Came down to prove the truth, and due reward
For her praise-worthy workmanship to yield. Spenser.
3. The art of working.
If there were no metals, 'tis a mystery to me how
Tubal-cain could ever have taught the workmanship and use of
them. Woodward's Natural History.

WO’RKMASTER. n. s. [work and master.] The performer of
any work.
What time this world's great workmaster did cast
To make all things, such as we now behold,
It seems that he before his eyes had plac'd
A goodly pattern, to whose perfect mould
He fashion'd them so comely. Spenser.
Every carpenter and workmaster that laboureth. Eccl. xxxviii.
Desire, which tends to know
The works of God, thereby to glorify
The great workmaster, leads to no excess. Milt. Parad. Lost.

WO’RKWOMAN. n. s. [work and woman.]
1. A woman skilled in needle-work.
The most fine-fingred workwoman on ground,
Arachne, by his means was vanquished. Spenser.
2. A woman that works for hire.

WO’RKYDAY. n. s. [Corrupted from workingday.] The day
not the sabbath.
Tell her but a workyday fortune. Shakespeare.
The other days, and thou
Make up one man; whose face thou art,
The workydays are the back part;
The burden of the week lies there. Herbert.


Holydays, if haply she were gone,
Like workdays, I wish would soon be done. Gay.

WORLD. n. s. [world, Saxon; wereld, Dutch.]
1. World is the great collective idea of all bodies whatever. Loc.
2. System of beings.
Begotten before all worlds. Nicene Creed.
God hath in these last days spoken unto us by his son, by
whom he made the worlds. Hebr. i. 2.
Know how this world
Of heav'n and earth conspicuous first began. Milton.
3. The earth; the terraqueous globe.
He the world
Built on circumfluous waters. Milton's Paradise Lost.
4. Present state of existence.
I'm in this earthly world, where to do harm
Is often laudable; to do good sometime
Accounted dangerous folly. Shakesp. Macbeth.
I was not come into the world then. L'Estrange.
He wittingly brought evil into the world. More.
Christian fortitude consists in suffering for the love of God,
whatever hardships can befal in the world. Dryden.
5. A secular life.
Happy is she that from the world retires,
And carries with her what the world admires.
Thrice happy she, whose young thoughts fixt above,
While she is lovely, does to heav'n make love;
I need not urge your promise, ere you find
An entrance here, to leave the world behind? Waller.
By the world, we sometimes understand the things of this
world; the variety of pleasures and interests which steal away
our affections from God. Sometimes we are to understand
the men of the world, with whose solicitations we are so apt
to comply. Rogers's Sermons.
6. Publick life.
Hence banished, is banish'd from the world;
And world exil'd is death. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
7. Business of life; trouble of life.
Here I'll set up my everlasting rest,
And shake the yoke of man's suspicious stars
From this world-wearied flesh. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
8. Great multitude.
You a world of curses undergo,
Being the agents, or base second means. Shakespeare.
Nor doth this wood lack worlds of company;
For you in my respect are all the world. Shakespeare.
I leave to speak of a world of other attempts furnished by
kings. Raleigh's Apology.
What a world of contradictions would follow upon the
contrary opinion, and what a world of confusions upon the
contrary practice. Bp. Sanderson.
Just so romances are, for what else
Is in them all, but love and battles?
O'th' first of these we have no great matter
To treat of, but a world o'th' latter. Hudibras.
It brought into this world a world of woe. Milton.
There were a world of paintings, and among the rest the
picture of a lion. L'Estrange.
Marriage draws a world of business on our hands, subjects
us to law-suits, and loads us with domestick cares. Dryden.
From thy corporeal poison freed,
Soon hast thou reach'd the goal with mended pace;
A world of woes dispatch'd in little space. Dryden.
Why will you fight against so sweet a passion,
And steel your heart to such a world of charms? Addison.
9. Mankind; an hyperbolical expression for many.
This hath bred high terms of separation between such and
the rest of the world, whereby the one sort are named the
brethren, the godly; the other worldlings, time-servers,
pleasers of men more than of God. Hooker.
'Tis the duke's pleasure,
Whose disposition, all the world well knows,
Will not be rubb'd nor stopp'd. Shakesp. K. Lear.
Why dost thou shew me thus to th' world?
Bear me to prison. Shakesp. Measure for Measure.
He was willing to declare to all the world, that, as he had
been brought up in that religion established in the church of
England, so he could maintain the same by unanswerable
reasons. Clarendon.
10. Course of life.
Persons of conscience will be afraid to begin the world un­
justly. Clarissa.
11. Universal empire.
Rome was to sway the world. Milton.
This through the east just vengeance hurl'd,
And lost poor Antony the world. Prior.
12. The manners of men.
Children should not know any wickedness. Old folks have
discretion, and know the world. Shakespeare.
What start at this! when sixty years have spread
Their grey experience o'er thy hoary head?
Is this the all observing age could gain?
Or hast thou known the world so long in vain? Dryden.
If knowledge of the world makes man perfidious,
May Juba ever live in ignorance. Addison's Cato.
The girl might pass, if we could get her
To know the world a little better;
To know the world! a modern phrase
For visits, ombre, balls and plays. Swift.
13. A collection of wonders; a wonder. Obsolete.
The bassa having recommended Barbarussa, it was a world
to see, how the court was changed upon him. Knolles.
14. Time. A sense originally Saxon; now only used in World
without end.
15. In the world. In Possibility.
All the precautions in the world were taken for the mar­
riage of his younger brother. Addison.
16. For all the world. Exactly. A ludicrous sense; now little used.
He had a pair of horns like a bull, his feet cloven, as
many eyes upon his body as my grey mare hath dapples, and
for all the world so placed. Sidney, b. ii.

WO’RLDLINESS. n. s. [from worldly.] Covetousness; addicted­
ness to gain.

WO’RLDLING. n. s. [from world.] A mortal set upon profit.
Baseminded wretches! are your thoughts so deeply bemired
in the trade of ordinary worldings, as for respect of gain
to let so much time pass. Sidney.
The one sort are nam'd the brethren, the godly; the
other worldlings, timeservers, and pleasers of men more than
pleasers of God. Hooker.
God of the world and worldings,
Great Mammon! greatest god below the sky. Fa. Queen.
For his weeping in the needless stream;
Poor deer, quoth he, thou mak'st a testament
As worldings do, giving thy sum of more
To that which had too much. Shakesp. As You Like It.
That other on his friends his thoughts bestows:
The covetous worldling, in his anxious mind,
Thinks only on the wealth he left behind. Dryden.
If we consider the expectations of futurity, the worldling
gives up the argument. Rogers.

WO’RLDLY. adj. [from world.]
1. Secular; relating to this life, in contradistinction to the life
to come.
He is divinely bent to meditation;
And in no worldly suits would he be moved,
To draw him from his holy exercise. Shakesp. Rich. III.
Hast thou not worldly pleasure at command? Shakesp.
Tell me, ye toad-swol'n, flinty Pharoah's, tell;
Can worldly pleasures equal pains of hell? N. Richards.
The fortitude of a christian consists in patience, not in
enterprizes which the poets call heroic, and which are
commonly the effects of interest, pride, and worldly ho­
nour. Dryden.
Compare the happiness of men and beasts no farther than
it results from worldly advantages. Atterbury.
2. Bent upon this world; not attentive to a future state.
They'll practise how to live secure,
Worldly or dissolute, on that their lords
Shall leave them to enjoy. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xi.
3. Human; common; belonging to the world.
Many years it hath continued, standing by no other worldly
mean, but that one only hand which erected it. Hooker.
Times and places are approved witnesses of worldly
actions. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.

WO’RLDLY. adv. [from world.] With relation to the present life.
It is a token of a worldly wise man, not to contend in
vain against the nature of times wherein he liveth. Raleigh.
Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise,
By simply meek. Milton's Par. Lost, b. xii.
This cannot be done, if my will be worldly, or voluptuously
disposed. South's Sermons.
Since your mind is worldly bent,
Therefore of the two gifts in my dispose,
Think ere you speak, I grant you leave to choose. Dryden.

WORM. n. s. [wrm, Saxon; worm, Dutch; vermis, Lat.]
1. A small harmless serpent that lives in the earth.
Both the princes
Thy broken faith hath made a prey to worms. Shakespeare.
Help me into some house,
Or I shall faint;—a plague o'both your houses!
They have made worms meat of me. Shakespeare.
Though worms devour me, though I turn to mold,
Yet in my flesh I shall his face behold:
I from my marble monument shall rise
Again intire, and see him with these eyes. Sandy's Par.
At once came forth whatever creeps the ground,
Insect or worm. Milton.
2. A poisonous serpent.
The mortal worm. Shakespeare.
3. Animal bred in the body.
Physicians observe these worms engendered within the body
of man. Harvey on Consumptions.
4. The animal that spins silk.
Thou owest the worm no silk, the sheep no wool. Shakesp.


5. Grubs that gnaw wood and furniture.
'Tis no awkward claim,
Pick'd from the worm-holes of long vanish'd days,
Nor from the dust of old oblivion rak'd. Shakesp. Hen. V.
6. Something tormenting.
The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Shakesp.
The chains of darkness, and th' undying worm. Milton.
7. Any thing vermiculated, or turned round; any thing spiral.
The threads of screws, when bigger than can be made in
screw-plates, are called worms. The length of a worm begins
at the one end of the spindle, and ends at the other; the
breadth of the worm is contained between any two grooves on
the spindle; the depth of the worm is cut into the diameter
of the spindle, viz. the depth between the outside of the
worm, and the bottom of the groove. Moxon.

To WORM. v. n. [from the noun.] To work slowly, secretly,
and gradually.
When debates and fretting jealousy,
Did worm and work within you more and more,
Your colour faded. Herbert.

To WORM. v. a.
1. To drive by slow and secret means.
They find themselves wormed out of all power, by a new
spawn of independents, sprung from your own bowels. Swift.
2. To deprive a dog of something, nobody knows what, under
his tongue, which is said to prevent him, nobody knows
why, from running mad.
Every one that keepeth a dog, should have him wormed. Mort.

WO’RMEATEN. adj. [[worm and eaten.]
1. Gnawed by worms.
For his verity in love, I do think him as concave as a co­
vered goblet, or a wormeaten nut. Shakespeare.
2. Old; worthless.
His chamber all was hanged about with rolls,
And old records from antient times deriv'd;
Some made in books, some in long parchment scrolls.
That were all wormeaten, and full of canker holes. Spenser.
Things among the Greeks, which antiquity had worn out
of knowledge, were called ogygia, which we call wormeaten,
or of defaced date. Raleigh's Hist. of the World.
Thine's like wormeaten trunks cloath'd in seal's skin;
Or grave, that's dust without, and stink within. Donne.

WO’RMWOOD. n. s. [from its virtue to kill worms in the body.]
Wormwood hath an indeterminate stalk, branching out into
many small shoots, with spikes of naked flowers hanging
downward; the leaves are hoary and bitter. Of this plant
there are thirty-two species, one of which, the common
wormwood, grows in the roads; but it is also planted in gar­
dens for common use. Great variety of sea wormwoods are
sound in the salt marshes of England, and sold in the markets
for the true Roman wormwood, though they differ greatly. Mill.
She was wean'd; I had then laid
Wormwood to my dug. Shakesp. Romeo and Juliet.
Pituitous Cacochymia must be corrected by bitters, as
wormwood wine. Floyer on the Humours.
I ask whether one be not invincibly conscious to himself of a
different perception, when he actually tastes wormwood, or
only thinks on that favour. Locke.

WO’RMY. adj. [from worm.] Full of worms.
Spirits that in crossways and floods have burial,
Already to their wormy beds are gone. Shakespeare.
Yet can I not persuade me thou art dead,
Or that thy corse corrupts in earth's dark womb,
Or that thy beauties lie in wormy bed. Milton.

WORN. part. pass. of wear.
His is a maiden shield,
Guiltless of sight: mine batter'd, hew'd and bor'd,
Worn out of service, must forsake his lord. Dryden.
What I now offer, is the wretched remainder of a sickly
age, worn out with study, and oppress'd by fortune. Dryden.
The greatest part of mankind are given up to labour,
whose lives are worn out only in the provisions for living. Locke.
Your cold hypocrisy's a stale device,
A worn-out trick; would'st thou be thought in earnest,
Cloath thy feign'd zeal in rage, in fire, in fury. Addison.

WO’RNIL. n. s.
In the backs of cows in the summer, are maggots gene­
rated, which in Essex we call wornils, being first only a small
knot in the skin. Derham's Physico-Theology.

To WO’RRY. v. a. [worigen, Saxon: whence probably the
word warray.]
1. To tear, or mangle, as a beast tears its prey.
If we with thrice such powers left at home,
Cannot defend our own doors from the dog,
Let us be worried. Shakesp. Hen. V.
The fury of the tumults might fly so high as to worry and
tear those in pieces, whom as yet they but play'd with in
their paws. K. Charles.
'Tis no new thing for the dogs that are to keep the wolves
from worrying the sheep, to be deliver'd up to the enemy,
for fear the sheep should worry the wolves. L'Estrange.
This revives and imitates that inhuman barbarity of the
old heathen persecutors, wrapping up christians in the skins
of wild beasts, that so they might be worried and torn in
pieces by dogs. South's Sermons.
2. To harrass, or persecute brutally.
Then embraces his son-in-law; then again worries he his
daughter with clipping her. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.
For want of words, or lack of breath,
Witness when I was worried with thy peals. Milton.
It has pleased Providence at length to give us righteousness
instead of exaction, and hopes of religion to a church worried
with reformation. South's Sermons.
All his care
Was to preserve me from the barbarous rage,
Which worried him only for being mine. Southern.
I shall not suffer him to worry any man's reputation, nor
indeed fall on any person whatsoever. Addison.
Let them rail,
And then worry one another at their pleasure. Rowe.
Madam, contrive and invent,
And worry him out, 'till he gives his consent. Swift.

WORSE. adj. The comparative of bad: bad, worse, worst.
[wirs, Saxon.] More bad; more ill.
Why should he see your faces worse liking than the chil­
dren of your sort? Daniel i. 10.
Whether this or worse, love not the faithful side. Milton.
In happiness and misery, the question still remains, how
men come often to prefer the worse to the better, and to chuse
that, which, by their own confession, has made them mise­
rable. Locke.

WORSE. adv. In a manner more bad.
The more one sickens, the worse at ease he is. Shakesp.

The WORSE. n. s. from the adjective.]
1. The loss; not the advantage; not the better.
Was never man, who most conquests atchiev'd,
But sometimes had the worse, and lost by war. Spenser.
Judah was put to the worse before Israel; and they fled to
their tents. 2 Kings xiv. 12.
2. Something less good.
A man, whatever are his professions, always thinks the
worse of a woman, who forgives him for making an attempt
on her virtue. Clarissa.

To WORSE. v. a. [from the adjective.] To put to disadvan­
tage. This word, though analogical enough, is not now used.
Perhaps more valid arms,
Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us, and worse our foes. Milton.

WO’RSER. adj. A barbarous word, formed by corrupting worse
with the usual comparative termination.
Gods! take my breath from me;
Let not my worser spirit tempt me again
To die before you please. Shakespeare.
A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far
Than arms, a sullen interval of war. Dryden.

WO’RSHIP. n. s. [weorthscpe, Saxon.]
1. Dignity; eminence; excellence.
Thou madest him lower than the angels, to crown him
with glory and worship. Ps. viii. 5.
Elfin born of noble state,
And muckle worship in his native land,
Well could he tourney, and in lists debate. Fairy Queen.
My train are men of choice, and rarest parts,
That all particulars of duty know;
And in the most exact regard support
The worship of their names. Shakespeare's King Lear.
2. A character of honour.
I belong to worship, and affect
In honour, honesty. Shakespeare's Hen. VIII.
Dinner is on table; my father desires your worship's com­
pany. Shakesp. Merry Wives of Windsor.
The old Romans freedom did bestow,
Our princes worship with a blow. Hudibras.
What lands and lordships for their owner know
My quondam barber, but his worship now. Dryden.
3. A term of ironical respect.
Against your worship, when had S—k writ?
Or P—ge pour'd forth the torrent of his wit? Pope.
4. Adoration; religious act of reverence.
They join their vocal worship to the quire
Of creatures wanting voice. Milton.
He wav'd a torch aloft, and, madly vain,
Sought godlike worship from a servile train. Dryden.
The worship of God is an eminent part of religion, and
prayer is a chief part of religious worship: hence religion is
described by seeking God. Tillotson.
There were several inroads into Germany, particularly a
voyage of the Egyptians under Osiris up the Danube; from
them the Suevi had their worship of Isis. Arbuthnot.
5. Honour; respect; civil deference.
The humble guest shall have worship in the presence of those
who sit at meat with him. Luke xiv. 10.


Since God hath appointed government among men, it is
plain that his intention was, that some kind of worship
should be given from some to others; for where there is a
power to punish and reward, there is a foundation of worship
in those who are under that power; which worship lies in ex­
pressing a due regard to that power, by a care not to provoke
it, and an endeavour to obtain the favour of it, which,
among mankind, is called civil worship. Stillingfleet.
6. Idolatry of lovers.
'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair,
Your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream
That can entame my spirits to your worship. Shakespeare.

To WO’RSHIP. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To adore; to honour or venerate with religious rites.
Thou shalt worship no other God. Exod. xxxiv. 14.
Let no man beguile you of your reward, in a voluntary hu­
mility and worshipping of angels. Col. ii. 18.
Adore and worship God Supreme. Milton.
First worship God; he that forgets to pray,
Bids not himself good-morrow nor good-day. T. Randolph.
On the smooth rind the passenger shall fee
Thy name engrav'd, and worship Helen's tree. Dryden.
2. To respect; to honour; to treat with civil reverence.
Our grave,
Like Turkish mute, shall have a tongueless mouth,
Not worshipp'd with a waxen epitaph. Shakesp. Henry V.

To WO’RSHIP. v. n. To perform acts of adoration.
I and the lad will go yonder and worship. Gen. xxii. 5.
The people went to worship before the golden calf. 1 Kings.

WO’RSHIPFUL. adj. [worship and full.]
1. Claiming respect by any character or dignity.
This is worshipful society,
And fits the mounting spirit like myself. Shakespeare.
When old age comes upon him, it comes alone, bringing
no other evil with it; but when it comes to wait upon a great
and worshipful sinner, who for many years has ate well and
done ill it is attended with a long train of rheums. South.
2. A term of ironical respect.
Every man would think me an hypocrite indeed; and
what excites your most worshipful thought to think so?
Shakespeare.
Suppose this worshipful idol be made, yet still it wants sense
and motion. Stillingfleet.

WO’RSHIPFULLY. adv. [from worshipful.] Respectfully.
Hastings will lose his head, ere give consent,
His master's son, as worshipfully he terms it,
Shall lose the royalty of England's throne. Shakespeare.

WO’RSHIPPER. n. s. [from worship.] Adorer; one that wor­
ships.
What art thou, thou idol ceremony?
What kind of god art thou that suffer'st more
Of mortal griefs, than do thy worshippers. Shakes. Henry V.
Those places did not confine the immensity of God, nor
give his worshippers a nearer approach to heaven by their height.
South's Sermons.
If posterity takes its notions of us from our medals, they
must fancy one of our kings paid a great devotion to Minerva,
that another was a professed worshipper of Apollo. Addison.

WORST. adj. The superlative of bad, formed from worse: bad,
worse, worst.] Most bad; most ill.
If thou hadst not been born the worst of men,
Thou hadst been knave and flatterer. Shakespeare.
The pain that any one actually feels is still of all other the
wost; and it is with anguish they cry out. Locke.

WORST. n. s. The most calamitous or wicked state; the ut­
most height or degree of any thing ill.
Who is't can say, I'm at the worst?
I'm worse than e'er I was,
And worse I may be yet: the worst is not,
So long as we can say, this is the worst. Shakespeare.
That you may be armed against the worst in this unhappy
state of affairs in our distressed country, I send you these con­
siderations on the nature and immortality of the soul. Digby.
Happy the man, and happy he alone,
He, who can call to-day his own:
He who secure within can say,
To morrow do thy worst, for I have liv'd to day. Dryden.
Sir Roger gets into the frontiers of his estate, before he
beats about in search of a hare, on purpose to spare his own
fields, where he is always sure of finding diversion when the
worst comes to the worst. Addison's Spectator.

To WORST. v. a. [from the adjective.] To defeat; to over­
throw.
The case will be no worse than where two duellists enter
the field, where the worsted party hath his sword given him
gain without further hurt. Suckling.
The bear was in a greater fright,
Beat down and worsted by the knight. Hudibras.
It is downright madness to contend where we are sure to be
worsted. L'Estrange.
The victorious Philistines were worsted by the captivated
ark, which foraged their country more than a conquering ar­
my. South's Sermons.
She could have brought the chariot again, when she saw her
brother worsted in the duel. Dryde's Dedlus.

WO’RSTED. n. s. [from Worsted, a town in Norfolk famous
for the woolen manufacture.] Woolen yarn; wool spun.
A base, proud, shallow, beggarly three suited, hundred
pound, filthy worsted-stocking knave. Shakespeare's King Lear.
There Ridpath, Roper cudgel'd might ye view;
The very worsted still look'd black and blue. Pope.

WORT. n. s. [wirt, Saxon; wot, Dutch.]
1. Originally a general name for an herb; whence it still conti­
nues in many, as liverwort, spleenwort.
2. A plant of the cabbage kind.
3. [hrt, Saxon.] New beer either unfermented, or in the
act of fermentation.
If in the wort of beer, while it worketh, before it be tunned,
the burrage be often changed with fresh, it will make a so­
vereign drink for mela choly. Bacon's Natural History.

WORTH, or Wurth. v. n. [weorthan, Saxon.] To be. This
word is only now retained in wo worth, or worth; wo be.
Wo worth the man
That first did teach the cursed steel to bite
In his own flesh, and make way to the living sp'rit. F. Q.

WORTH. In the termination of the names of places comes from
worth, a court or farm, or worthig, a street or road. Gibson.

WORTH. n. s. [weorth, Saxon.]
1. Price; value.
Your clemency will take in good worth the offer of these
my simple and mean labours Hooker.
What is worth in any thing,
But so much money as 'twill bring? Hudibras.
A common marcasite shall have the colour of gold exactly;
and yet upon trial yield nothing of worth but vitriol and sul­
phur. Woodward's Natural History.
2. Excellence; virtue.
How can you him unworthy then decree;
In whose chief part your worth implanted be. Sidney.
Is there any man of worth and virtue, although not instruct­
ed in the school of Christ, that had not rather end the days
of this transitory life as Cyrus, than to sink down with them
of whom Elihu hath said momento moriuntur. Hooker.
Having from these suck'd all they had of worth,
And brougt home that faith which you carried forth,
I througly love. Donne.
Her virtue and the conscience of her worth
That wou'd be woo'd. Milton.
A nymph of your own train
Gives us your character in such a strain,
As none but she, who in that court did dwell,
Could know such worth, or worth describe so well. Waller.
3. Importance; valuable quality.
Peradventure those things whereupon so much time was
then well spent, have sithence that lost their dignity and worth.
Hooker.
Take a man possessed with a strong desire of any thing,
and the worth and excellency of that thing appears much
greater than when that desire is quite extinguished. South's Ser.

WORTH. adj.
1. Equal in price to, equal in value to.
Women will love her that she is a woman,
More worth than any man: men that she is
The rarest of all women. Shakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Your son and daughter found this trespass worth
The shame which here it suffers. Shakespeare.
You have not thought it worth your labour to enter a pro­
fessed dissent against a philosophy, which the greatest part of
the virtuosi of Europe have deserted, as a mere maze of words.
Glanville's Sceptick.
As if 'tis nothing worth that lies conceal'd;
And science is not science till reveal'd? Dryden.
At Geneva are merchants reckoned worth twenty hundred
thousand crowns. Addison's Italy.
It is worth while to consider how admirably he has turned
the course of his narration, and made his husbandman con­
cerned even in what relates to the battle. Addison.
2. Deserving of.
The castle appeared to be a place worth the keeping and
capable to be made secure against a good army. Clarendon.
Here we may reign secure, and, in my choice,
To reign is worth ambition, though in hell. Milton.
Haste hither Eve, and worth thy sight behold,
Eastward among those trees, what glorious shape
Comes this way moving. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Whatsoever
Is worthy of their love is worth their anger. Denham.
This is life indeed; life worth preserving;
Such life as Juba never felt till now Addison's Cato.
I have long had it in my thoughts to trouble you with a let­
ter; but was discouraged for want of something that I could
think worth sending fifteen hundred miles. Berkley to Pope.


Many things are worth enquiry to one man, which are not
so to another. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.
3. Equal in possessions to.
Dang'rous rocks,
Which touching but my gentle vessel's side,
Would scatter all the spices on the stream,
Enrobe the roaring waters with my silks;
And in a word, but even now worth this,
And now woth nothing. Shakesp Merchant of Venice.
Although worth nothing, he shall be proffered in marriage
the best endowed, and most beautiful virgin of their island.
Sandys's Journey.

WO’RTHILY. adv. [from worthy.]
1. Suitably; not below the rate of.
The divine original of our souls hath little influence upon
us to engage us to walk worthily of our extraction, and to do
nothing that is base. Ray.
2. Deservedly.
They are betray'd
While they pervert pure nature's healthful rules
To loathsome sickness, worthily, since they
God's image did not reverence in themselves. Milton.
You worthily succeed, not only to the honours of your an­
cestors, but also to their virtues. Dryden.
3. Justly; not without cause.
Christian men having, besides the common light of all men,
so great help of heavenly direction from above, together with
the lamps of so bright examples as the church of God doth
yield, it cannot but worthily seem reproachful for us to leave
both the one and the other. Hooker.
The king is present; if't be known to him
That I gainsay my deed, how may he wound,
And worthily, my falshood. Shakesp. Henry VIII.
A Christian cannot lawfully hate any one; and yet I affirm
that some may very worthily deserve to be hated; and of all,
the deceiver deserves it most. South's Sermons.

WO’RTHINESS. n. s. [from worthy.
1. Desert.
The prayers which our Saviour made were for his own wor­
thiness accepted, ours God accepteth not, but with this con­
dition, if they be joined with a belief in Christ. Hooker.
2. Excellence; dignity; virtue.
Determining never to marry but him, whom she thought
worthy of her; and that was one in whom all worthinesses
were harboured. Sidney.
He that is at all times good, must hold his virtue to you,
whose worthiness would stir it up where it wanted, rather than
slack it where there is such abundance. Shakespeare.
Who is sure he hath a soul, unless
It see and judge, and follow worthiness,
And by deeds praise it? he who doth not this,
May lodge an inmate soul, but 'tis not his. Donne.
What set my thoughts on work was the worthiness and cu­
riosity of the subject in itself. Holder.
3. State of being worthy; quality of deserving.
She is not worthy to be loved, that hath not some feeling
of her own worthiness. Sidney.

WO’RTHLESS, adj [from worth.]
1. Having no virtues, dignity, or excellence.
You, his false hopes, the trust of England's honour,
Keep off aloof with worthless emulation. Shakespeare.
A little time will melt her frozen thoughts,
And worthless Valentine shall be forgot. Shakespeare.
On Laura's lap you lay,
Chiding the worthless crowd away. Roscommon.
2. Having no value.
My anxious pains we all the day,
In search of what we like, employ:
Scorning at night the worthless prey,
We find the labour gave the joy. Prior.
Am I then doom'd to fall
By a boy's hand? and for a worthless woman? Addison.

WO’RTHLESSNESS. n. s. [from worthless.] Want of excellence;
want of dignity; want of value
But that mine own worthlessness spoils the conceit, I could
think our company parallel to the seven wise men of Greece.
More's Divine Dialogues.
A notable account is given us by the apostle of this windy
insignificant charity of the will, and of the worthlessness of it,
not enlivened by deeds. South's Sermons.

WO’RTHY. adj. [from worth.]
1. Deserving; such as merits: with of before the thing deserved.
She determined never to marry any but him, whom she
thought worthy of her, and that was one in whom all worthi­
nesses were harboured. Sidney.
Further, I will not flatter you,
That all I see in you is worthy love,
Than this; that nothing do I see in you
That should merit hate. Shakespeare's King John.
Thou art worthy of the sway,
To whom the heav'ns in thy nativity
Adjudg'd an olive branch and laurel crown. Shakespeare.
2. Valuable; noble; illustrious; having excellence or dignity.
If the best things have the perfectest and best operations, it
will follow, that seeing man is the worthiest creature on earth,
and every society of men more worthy than any man, and of
society that is the most excellent which we call the church.
Hooker.
He now on Pompey's basis lies along,
No worthier than the dust? Shakespeare's Julius Cæsar.
A war upon the Turks is more worthy than upon any other
Gentiles in point of religion and honour; though hope of suc­
cess might invite some other choice. Bacon.
Think of her worth, and think that God did mean,
This worthy mind should worthy things embrace:
Blot not her beauties with thy thoughts unclean,
Nor her dishonour with thy passion base. Davies.
Happier thou may'st be, worthier canst not be. Milton.
3. Having worth; having virtue.
The doctor is well money'd, and his friends
Potent at court; he, none but he, shall have her;
Though twenty thousand worthier come to crave her. Shak.
The matter I handle is the most important within the whole
extent of human nature, for a worthy person to employ him­
self about. Digby on the Soul.
We see, though order'd for the best,
Permitted laurels grace the lawless brow,
Th' unworthy rais'd, the worthy cast below. Dryden.
4. Not good. A term of ironical celebration.
My worthy wife our arms mislaid,
And from beneath my head my sword convey'd;
The door unlatch'd; and with repeated calls
Invites her former lord within my walls. Dryden.
5. Suitable for any quality good or bad; equal in value; equal
in dignity.
Flowers worthy of paradise. Milton.
Thou, Drances, art below a death from me:
Let that vile soul in that vile body rest,
The lodging is well worthy of the guest. Dryden.
My suff'rings for you make your heart my due;
Be worthy me, as I am worthy you. Dryden.
6. Suitable to any thing bad.
The merciless Macdonald,
Worthy to be a rebel; for to that
The multiplying villanies of nature
Do swarm upon him. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
7. Deserving of ill.
What has he done to Rome that's worthy death. Shakesp.
If the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, the judge shall
cause him to be beaten. Deut. xxv. 2.

WO’RTHY. n. s. [from the adjective.] A man laudable for any
eminent quality, particularly for valour.
Such as are constellated unto knowledge come short of
themselves if they go not beyond others, and must not sit down
under the degree of worthies. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
What do these worthies
But rob and spoil, burn, slaughter, and enslave
Peaceable nations. Milton's Paradise Regained.
No worthies form'd by any muse but thine
Could purchase robes, to make themselves so fine. Waller.
For this day's plm, and for thy former acts,
Thou Arthur hast acquir'd a future fame,
And of three Christian worthies art the first. Dryden.
The next worthy came in with a retinue of historians. Tatler.

To WO’RTHY. v. a. [from the adjective.] To render worthy;
to aggrandise; to exalt. Not used.
He conjunct, trip'd me behind;
And put upon him such a deal of man,
That worthied him; got praises of the king,
For him attempting, who was self-subdu'd. Shakespeare.

To WOT. v. n. [witan, Saxon; whence weet, to know; of
which the preterite was wot, knew; which by degrees was
mistaken for the present tense.] To know; to be aware. Ob­
solete.
The salve of reformation they mightily call for, but where,
and what the sores are which need it, as they wot full little, so
they think not greatly material to search. Hooker.
Well I wot, compar'd to all the rest
Of each degree, that beggar's life is best. Hubberd.
More water glideth by the mill
Than wots the miller of. Shakespeare.
Wot you, what I found?
Forsooth, an inventory, thus importing. Shakespeare.

WOVE. The preterite and participle passive of weave.
Adam, waiting her return, had wove
Of choicest flow'rs, a garland. Milton.

WO’VEN. The participle passive of weave.

WOU

WOULD. The preterite of will.
1. It is generally used as an auxiliary verb with an infinitive,
to which it gives the force of the subjunctive mood.
If God's providence did not so order it, cheats would daily
be committed, which would justle private men out of their
rights, and unhinge states. Ray.


2. I WOULD do it. My resolution is that it should be done by
me.
Thou WOU’LDEST do it. Such must be the consequence to thee.
He WOULD or it would. This must be the consequence to him or it.
3. The plural as the singular.
He by the rules of his own mind, could construe no other
end of mens doings but self-seeking, suddenly feared what
they could do, and as suddenly suspected what they would do,
and as suddenly hated them, as having both might and mind
so to do. Sidney.
4. Was or am resolved; wish or wished to.
She would give her a lesson for walking so late, that should
make her keep within doors for one fortnight. Sidney.
Jealous Philoclea, that was even jealous of herself; for Zel­
mane would needs have her glove. Sidney.
You would be satisfied?—
Would? nay, and will. Shakespeare's Othello.
They know not what they are, nor what they would be,
any further than that they would not be what they are. L'Estr.
It will be needless to enumerate all the simple ideas belong­
ing to each sense: nor indeed is it possible if we would; there
being a great many more of them belonging to most of the
senses than we have names for. Locke.
By pleasure and pain I would be understood to signify, what­
soever delights or molests us, whether from the thoughts of
our minds, or any thing operating on our bodies. Locke.
5. It is a familiar term for wish to do, or to have.
What wouldst thou with us? Shakespeare's King Lear.
Mr. Slender, what would you with me?—
—I Would little or nothing with you. Shakespeare.
6. Should wish.
Celia! if you apprehend
The muse of your incensed friend;
Nor would that he record your blame,
And make it live; repeat the same;
Again deceive him, and again,
And then he swean he'll not complain. Waller.
7. It is used in old authours for should.
The excess of diet would be avoided. Bacon.
As for percolation, which belongeth to separation, trial
would be made by clarifying by adhesion, with milk put into
new beer and stirred with it. Bacon's Natural History.
8. It has the signification of I wish, or I pray; this, I believe, is
improper; and formed by a gradual corruption of the phrase,
would God; which originally imported, that God would,
might God will, might God decree; from this phrase ill un­
derstood came, would to God; thence, I would to God: And
thence I would, or elliptically, would come to signify, I wish:
and so it is used even in good authours, but ought not to be
imitated.
I would my father look'd but with my eyes. Shakespeare.
I would this musick would come. Shakespeare.
I, this sound I better know:

Wise men will do it without a law; I would there might be
a law to restrain fools. Bacon's Advice to Villiers.
List! I would I could hear mo. Ben. Johnson.
This is yet the outward, fairest side
Of our design: within rests more of fear
Than my most worthy lords, I would there were. Daniel.
Would thou hadst hearken'd to my words, and stay'd
With me, as I besought thee, when that strange
Desire of wand'ring, this unhappy morn,
Possess'd thee. Milton's Paradise Lost.
Would God we might prevent the need of such unkindly ex­
pedients, and by a thankful sense of what we have, provide
to conserve it. Decay of Piety.
I scarce am pleas'd, I tamely mount the throne,
Would Aurengzebe had all their souls in one. Dryden.
And would to heav'n the storm you felt, would bring
On Carthaginian coasts your wand'ring king. Dryden.

WOU’LDING. n. s. [from would.] Motion of desire; disposi­
tion to any thing; propension; inclination; incipient purpose.
It will be every man's interest to join good performances
to spiritual purposes, to subdue the exorbitancies of the flesh,
as well as to continue the wouldings of the spirit. Hammond.

WOUND. n. s. [wund, Saxon; wonde, Dutch.] A hurt given
by violence.
I am faint; my gashes cry for help.—
—So well thy words become thee as thy wounds,
They smack of honour both. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Now shew the wound mine eyes have made in thee;
Scratch thee but with a pin, and there remains
Some scar of it. Shakespeare.
He stooping, open'd my left side, and took
From thence a rib: wide was the wound,
But suddenly fill'd up and heal'd. Milton.
The aliment of such as have fresh wounds should be mild
without stimulating or saline substances. Arbuthnot on Aliments.
They feel the smart and see the scar of their former wounds;
and know that they must be made a sacrifice to the least at­
tempt towards a change. Swift.

To WOUND. v. a. [from the noun] To hurt by violence.
Th' untented woundings of a father's curse
Pierce ev'ry fence about thee. Shakespeare's King Lear.
I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal. Deut.
The battle went sore against Saul, and the archers hit him,
and he was sore wounded. 1 Sam. xxxi. 3.
God shall wound the head of his enemies. Psalm lxviii. 21.
He was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for
our iniquities. Isa. liii. 5.
When ye sin so against the brethren, and wound their weak
conscience, ye sin against Christ. 1 Cor. viii. 12.
Adonis from his native rock
Ran purple to the sea, suppos'd with blood
Of Thammuz, yearly wounded. Milton.
Heroes of old, when wounded shelter sought. Dryden.
The savages wounded Atkins, and flew his followers.
Robinson Crusoe.

WOUND. The preterite and participle passive of wind.
They took the body of Jesus and wound it in linen cloaths,
with the spices. John. xix. 40.
All will be but like bottoms of thread close wound up. Bacon.
The young men wound him up, and buried him. Acts v.
These mathematical engines cannot be so easily and speedily
wound up, and so certainly levelled as the other. Wilkins.
The parliament being called here, and the main settlement
of Ireland wound up in England, and put into the Duke of Or­
mond's hands to pass here into an act, all persons came over in
a shoal. Temple.

WOU’NDLESS. adj. [from wound.] Exempt from wounds.

WOU’NDWORT. n. s. [vulneraria, Latin.] A plant.
It hath a papilionaceous flower, out of whose tubular and
turgid empalement arises the pointal, which afterward becomes
a short pod, filled with roundish seeds: the pod is enclos'd in
a membranous bladder was before the empalement. Miller.

WOU’NDY. adj. Excessive. A low bad word.
We have a world of holydays; that 'tis a woundy hindrance
to a poor man that lives by his labour. L'Estrange.
These stockings of Susan's cost a woundy deal of pains the
pulling on. Gay.

WOX. The preterite of wax. Became. Obsolete.
WOXE. The preterite of wax. Became. Obsolete.
The ape in wond'rous stomach wox,
Strongly encourag'd by the crafty fox. Hubberd.
Not one puff of wind there did appear,
That all the three the great wox much afraid. Spenser.

WO’XEN. The participle of to wax. Obsolete.
Spenser.

WRA

WRACK. n. s. [wrack, Dutch; wræcce, Saxon, a wretch; the
poets use wrack or wreck indifferently as rhyme requires, the
later writers of prose commonly wreck. See WRECK.]
1. Destruction of a ship by winds or rocks.
Now, with full sails into the port I move,
And safely can unlade my breast of love;
Quiet and calm: why should I then go back,
To tempt the second hazard of a wrack. Dryden.
2. Ruin; destruction. This is the true Saxon meaning.
With use of evil, growing more and more evil, they took
delight in slaughter, and pleased themselves in making others
wrack the effect of their power. Sidney.
A world devote to universal wrack. Milton.

To WRACK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To destroy in the water; to wreck. [See WRECK.]
2. It seems in Milton to mean to rock, to shake.
Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey
Of wracking whirlwinds. Milton.
3. To torture, to torment. This is commonly written rack;
and the instrument of torture, always rack.
Merab rejoic'd in her wrack'd lover's pain,
And fortify'd her virtue with disdain. Cowley.
Pharaoh's and Joseph's dreams are oftentimes wracked beyond
their symbolization. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To WRA’NGLE. v. n. [from wrangheseur, Dutch. Minshew.
wrong, Skinner.] To dispute peevishly; to quarrel perversely;
to altercate; to squabble.
Yes, for a score of kingdoms you should wrangle,
And I would call it fair play. Shakespeare's Tempest.
Some unhatch'd practice
Hath puddled his clear spirit; and in such cases,
Men's natures wrangle with inferiour things,
Though great ones are their object. Shakespeare's Othello.
How wounding a spectacle is it to see those who were by
Christ designed for fishers of men, picking up shells on the
shore, and unmanly wrangling about them too. Decay of P.
In incompleat ideas we impose on ourselves, and wrangle
with others. Locke.
Amongst unthinking men, who examine not scrupulously
ideas, but confound them with words, there must be end­
less dispute and wrangling. Locke.
His great application to the law had not infected his temper
with any thing litigious; he did not know what it was to
wrangle on indifferent points. Addison's Freeholder.


Fill'd with the sense of age, the fire of youth,
A scorn of wrangling, yet a zeal for truth. Pope.
And all the question, wrangle e'er so long,
Is only this, if God has plac'd him wrong. Pope.

WRA’NGLE. n. s. [from the verb.] A quarrel; a perverse dis­
pute.
The giving the priest a right to the tithe would produce
law-suits and wrangles. Swift.

WRA’NGLER. n. s. [from wrangle.] A perverse, peevish, dis­
putative man.
Tell him h'ath made a match with such a wrangler,
That all the courts of France will be disturb'd
With chases. Shakespeare's Henry V.
Lord, the house and family are thine,
Though some of them repine;
Turn out these wranglers, which defile thy seat:
For where thou dwellest all is neat. Herbert.
You should be free in every answer, rather like well-bred
gentlemen in polite conversation, than like noisy and conten­
tious wranglers. Watts's Improvement of the Mind.

To WRAP. v. a. [hweorwian, Saxon, to turn; wressler, Da­
nish.]
1. To roll together; to complicate.
Peter seeth the napkin that was about his head wrapped to­
gether by itself. John xx. 7.
This said, he took his mantle's foremost part,
He 'gan the same together fold and wrap. Fairfax.
2. To involve; to cover with something rolled or thrown round.
Nilus opens wide
His arms, and ample bosom to the tide,
And spreads his mantle o'er the winding coast:
In which he wraps his queen and hides the flying host.
Dryden.
The sword made bright is wrapt up for the slaughter. Ezek.
Their vigilance to elude, I wrapt in mist
Of midnight vapour glide obscure. Milton.
Wrap candles up in paper. Swift's Directions to the Butler.
3. To comprise; to contain.
Leontine's young wife, in whom all his happiness was wrapt
up, died in a few days after the death of her daughter. Addison.
4. To WRAP. up. To involve totally.
Some dear cause
Will in concealment wrap me up a while;
When I am known aright, you shall not grieve
Lending me this acquaintance. Shakespeare's King Lear.
King John fled to Lascus, who was careful how to comfort
him, wrapt up in so many calamities, after the loss of his king­
dom. Knolles's History of the Turks.
Things reflected on, in gross and transiently, carry the shew
of nothing but difficulty in them, and are thought to be wrap­
ped up in impenetrable obscurity. Locke.
5. [It is often corruptly written for rap or rapt, from rapio,
Latin.] To snatch up miraculously.
Whatever things were discovered to St. Paul, when he was
wrapped up into the third heaven, all the description he makes
is, that there are such things as eye hath not seen, ear heard,
nor hath it entered into the heart of man to conceive. Locke.
6. To transport; to put in ecstasy.
Much more the reverent fire prepar'd to say,
Wrap'd with his joy; how the two armies lay. Cowley.
7. [Perhaps the following passage should properly be rap'd; though
wrapped is now frequently used in this sense.]
Wrapt up in silent fear he lies. Waller.
Wrap'd in amaze the matrons wildly stare. Dryden.

WRA’PPER. n. s. [from wrap.]
1. One that wraps.
2. That in which any thing is wrapped.
My arms were pressed to my sides, and my legs closed to­
gether by so many wrappers, that I looked like an Egyptian
mummy. Addison's Spectator.

WRATH. n. s. [wrath, Saxon; wrede, Danish; wreed, cruel,
Dutch.] Anger; fury; rage.
Thou dost the prayers of the righteous seed
Present before the majesty divine,
And his avenging wrath to clemency incline. Fairy Queen.
With one fool's head I came to woo,
But I go away with two:
Sweet, adieu! I'll keep my oath,
Patiently to bear my wrath. Shak. Merch. of Venice.
I fear,—lest there be debates, envyings, wraths, strifes. Cor.
He hop'd not to escape, but shun
The present, fearing guilty what his wrath
Might suddenly inflict. Milton.

WRA’THFUL. adj. [wrath and full.] Angry; furious; ra­
ging.
He cry'd, as raging seas are wont to roar,
When wintry storm his wrathful wreck doth threat.
Fairy Queen.
Fly from wrath:
Sad be the sights, and bitter fruits of war,
And thousand furies wait on wrathful swords. Fa. Queen.
How now, your wrathful weapons drawn. Shakespeare.
The true evangelical zeal should abound more in the mild
and good natured affections, than the vehement and wrathful
passions. Sprat's Sermons.

WRA’THFULLY. adv. [from wrathful.] Furiously; passion­
ately.
—Gentle friends,
Let's kill him boldly, but not wrathfully. Shakespeare.

WRA’THLESS. adj. [from wrath.] Free from anger.
Before his feet, so sheep and lions lay,
Fearless and wrathless, while they heard him play. Waller.

WRE

To WREAK. v. a. Old preterite and part. pass. of wroke. [wræ­
can, Saxon; wrecken, Dutch; recken, German.]
1. To revenge.
In an ill hour thy foes thee hither sent,
Another's wrongs to wreak upon thy self. Fairy Queen.
Him all that while occasion did provoke
Against Pyrocles, and new matter fram'd
Upon the old, him stirring to be wroke
Of his late wrongs. Fairy Queen.
Pale death our valiant leader hath opprest,
Come wreak his loss, whom bootless ye complain. Fairfax.
2. To execute any violent design. This is the sense in which
it is now used.
On me let death wreak all his rage. Milton.
He left the dame,
Resolv'd to spare her life, and save her shame,
But that detested object to remove,
To wreck his vengeance, and to cure her love. Dryden.
Think how you drove him hence, a wand'ring exile,
To distant climes, then think what certain vengeance
His rage may wreak on your unhappy orphan. Smith.
Her husband scour'd away,
To wreak his hunger on the destin'd prey. Pope.
3. It is corruptly written for reck, to heed; to care.
My master is of churlish disposition,
And little wreaks to find the way to heav'n
By doing deeds of hospitality. Shak. As you like it.

WREAK. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Revenge; vengeance.
Fortune, mine avowed foe,
Her wrathful wreaks themselves do now allay. Fa. Queen.
Join with the Goths, and with revengeful war
Take wreak on Rome for this ingratitude,
And vengeance on the traitor Saturnine. Shakes. Tit. Andr.
2. Passion; furious fit.
What and if
His sorrows have so overwhelm'd his wits,
Shall we be thus afflicted in his wreaks,
His fits, his frenzy, and his bitterness? Shakesp. Tit. Andr.

WRE’AKFUL. adj. [from wreak.] Revengeful; angry.
Call the creatures,
Whose naked natures live in all the spite
Of wreakful heaven. Shakespeare.
She in Olympus' top
Must visit Vulcan for new arms, to serve her wreakful son.
Chapman's Iliad.

WRE’AKLESS. adj. [I know not whether this word be miswrit­
ten for reckless, careless; or comes from wreak, revenge, and
means unrevenging.]
So flies the wreakless shepherd from the wolf;
So first the harmless flock doth yield his fleece,
And next his throat unto the butcher's knife. Shakes. H. VI.

WREATH. n. s. [wreoth, Saxon.]
1. Any thing curled or twisted.
The wreath of three was made a wreath of five: to these
three first titles of the two houses, were added the authorities
parliamentary and papal. Bacon's Henry VII.
Clouds began
To darken all the hill, and smoke to roll
In dusky wreaths reluctant flames. Milton's Par. Lost.
He of his tortuous train
Curl'd many a wanton wreath. Milton.
Let altars smoak,
And richest gums, and spice, and incense roll
Their fragrant wreaths to heav'n. Smith's Phæd. and Hip.
2. A garland; a chaplet.
Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths,
Our bruised arms hung up for monuments. Shakesp. R. III.
Dropp'd from his head, a wreath lay on the ground.
Roscommon.
The boughs of Lotos, form'd into a wreath,
This monument, thy maiden beauty's due,
High on a plane-tree shall be hung to view. Dryden.
When for thy head the garland I prepare,
A second wreath shall bind Aminta's hair;
And when my choicest songs thy worth proclaim,
Alternate verse shall bless Aminta's name. Prior.
To prince Henry the laurels of his rival are transferred,
with the additional wreath of having conquered that rival.
Shakespeare Illustrated.



To WREATH. v. a. preterite wreathed; part. pass. wreathed,
wreathen. [from the noun.]
1. To curl; to twist; to convolve.
Longaville
Did never sonnet for her sake compile,
Nor never laid his wreathed arms athwart
His loving bosom, to keep down his heart. Shakespeare.
About his neck
A green and gilded snake had wreath'd itself,
Who, with her head, nimble in threats approach'd
The opening of his mouth; but suddenly,
Seeing Orlando, it unlink'd itself,
And with indented glides did slip away. Shak. As you like it.
The beard of an oat is wreathed at the bottom, and one
smooth entire straw at the top: they take only the part that is
wreathed, and cut off the other. Bacon.
2. It is here used for to writhe.
Impatient of the wound,
He rolls and wreaths his shining body round;
Then headlong shoots beneath the dashing tide. Gay.
3. To interweave; to entwine one in another.
Two chains of pure gold of wreathen work shalt thou make
them, and fasten the wreathen chains to the ouches. Ex. xxviii.
As snakes breed in dunghills not singly, but in knots; so in
such base noisome hearts you shall ever see pride and ingrati­
tude indivisibly wreathed and twisted together. South.
Here, where the labourer's hands have form'd a bow'r
Of wreathing trees, in singing waste an hour. Dryden.
4. To encircle as a garland.
In the flow'rs that wreath the sparkling bowl,
Fell adders hiss and pois'nous serpents rowl. Prior.
5. To encircle as with a garland.
For thee she seeds her hair,
And with thy winding ivy wreathes her lance. Dryden.
The soldier, from successful camps returning,
With laurel wreath'd, and rich with hostile spoil,
Severs the bull to Mars. Prior.

WRE’ATHY. adj. [from wreath] Spiral; curled; twisted.
That which is preserved at St. Dennis, near Paris, hath
wreathy spires, and cochleary turnings about, which agreeth
with the description of an unicorn's horn in ælian. Brown.

WRECK. n. s. [wræcce, Saxon, a miserable person; wracke,
Dutch, a ship broken.]
1. Destruction by being driven on rocks or shallows at sea;
destruction by sea.
Fair be ye sure; but hard and obstinate,
As is a rock amidst the raging floods;
'Gainst which a ship, of succour desolate,
Doth suffer wreck both of herself and goods. Spenser.
Like those that see their wreck
Ev'n on the rocks of death; and yet they strain,
That death may not them idly find t' attend
To their uncertain task, but work to meet their end. Daniel.
Think not that flying fame reports my fate;
I present, I appear, and my own wreck relate. Dryden.
2. Dissolution by violence.
Not only Paradise,
In this commotion, but the starry cope
Had gone to wreck. Milton's Paradise Lost.
3. Ruin; destruction.
Whether he was
Combin'd with Norway, or did line the rebel
With hidden help and vantage; or that with both
He labour'd in his country's wreck, I know not. Shakesp.
4. It is misprinted here for wreak.
He cry'd as raging seas are wont to roar,
When wintry storm his wrathful wreck doth threat. Spenser.

To WRECK. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To destroy by dashing on rocks or sands.
Have there been any more such tempests, wherein she hath
wretchedly been wrecked? Spenser on Ireland.
A pilot's thumb,
Wreck'd as homeward he did come. Shakes. Macbeth.
The coral found growing upon wrecked ships and lost an­
chors, that are daily dragged up out of the sea, demonstrates
that coral continues to be formed to this day. Woodward.
2. To ruin.
Weak and envy'd, if they should conspire,
They wreck themselves, and he hath his desire. Daniel.
3. In the following passages it is ignorantly used for wreak, in its
different senses of revenge and execute.
Eighty odd years of sorrow have I seen,
And each hour's joy wreck'd with a week of teen. Shakesp.
I faint! I die! the goddess cry'd:
O cruel, could'st thou find none other
To wreck thy spleen on? Parricide!
Like Nero, thou hast slain thy mother. Prior.

To WRECK. v. n. To suffer wreck.
With manlier objects we must try
His constancy, with such as have more shew
Of worth, of honour, glory, and popular praise,
Rocks whereon greatest men have often wreck'd. Milton.

WREN. n. s. [wrenna, Saxon.] A small bird.
The poor wren,
The most diminutive of birds, will fight,
Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Shakesp. Macb.
All ages have conceived that the wren is the least of birds,
yet the discoveries of America have shewed us one far less,
the hum-bird not much exceeding a beetle.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

To WRENCH. v. a. [wringan, Saxon; wrenghen, Dutch.]
1. To pull by violence; to wrest; to force.
Wrench his sword from him. Shakes. Othello.
Oh form!
How often do'st thou with thy case, thy habit,
Wrench awe from fools, and tie the wiser souls
To thy false seeming! Shak. Measure for Measure.
Give me that mattock and the wrenching iron. Shakesp.
Cæsar's army, wanting something, demanded a mission or
discharge, though with no intention it should be granted; but
thought by that means to wrench him to their other desires.
Bacon.
Sing the Parthian, when transfix'd he lies,
Wrenching the Roman jav'lin from his thighs. Dryden.
Achilles wrench'd it out, and sent again
The hostile gift. Dryden.
Struggling to get loose, I broke the strings, and wrenched
out the pegs that fastened my arm to the ground. Gull. Travels.
2. To sprain; to distort.
O most small fault!
How ugly didst thou in Cordelia show?
Which, like an engine, wrencht my frame of nature
From the fix'd place; drew from my heart all love,
And added to the gall. Shakesp. King Lear.
You wrenched your foot against a stone, and were forced to
stay. Swift.

WRENCH. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. A violent pull or twist.
2. A sprain.
Some small part of the foot being injured by a wrench, the
whole leg thereby loses its strength. Locke.
3. WRENCHES, in Chaucer, signifies means, sleights, subtilties;
which is, I believe, the sense here.
He resolved to make his profit of this business of Britain, as
a quarrel for war; and that of Naples as a wrench and mean
for peace. Bacon's Henry VII.

To WREST. v. a. [wræstan, Saxon.]
1. To twist by violence; to extort by writhing or force.
To wring this sentence, to wrest thereby out of men's hands
the knowledge of God's doctrine, is without all reason. Ascham.
To what wretched state reserv'd,
Better end here unborn! Why is life giv'n,
To be thus wrested from us? Milton's Paradise Lost.
Where you charged in person, you were a conqueror: the
rebels afterwards recovered strength, and wrested that victory
from others that they had lost to you. Dryden.
Our country's cause,
That drew our swords, now wrests 'em from our hand,
And bids us not delight in Roman blood,
Unprofitably shed. Addison's Cato.
O prince, I blush to think what I have said;
But fate has wrested the confession from me. Addison.
2. To distort; to writhe; to force.
So far to extend their speeches, is to wrest them against
their meaning. Hooker.
My father's purposes have been mistook,
And some about him have too lavishly
Wrested his meaning and authority. Shakesp. Henry IV.
Wrest once the law to your authority;
To do a great right, do a little wrong. Shakespeare.

WREST. n. s. [from the verb.]
1. Distortion; violence.
Whereas it is concluded, out of those so weak premises,
that the retaining of divers things in the church of England,
which other reformed churches have cast out, must needs argue
that we do not well, unless we can shew that they have done
ill: what needed this wrest, to draw out from us an accusation
of foreign churches? Hooker.
2. It is used in Spenser and Shakespeare for an active or moving
power: I suppose, from the force of a tilter acting with his
lance in his rest.
Adown he kest it with so puissant wrest,
That back again it did aloft rebound,
And gave against his mother earth a groneful sound. F. Q.
Antenor is such a wrest in their affairs,
That their negotiations all must slack'n,
Wanting his manage. Shakes. Troilus and Cressida.

WRESTER. n. s. [from wrest.] He who wrests.

To WRE’STLE. v. n. [from wrest.]
1. To contend who shall throw the other down.
You have lost the sight of good wrestling. Shakespeare.
If ever he goes alone again, I'll never wrestle for prize
more. Shakes. As you like it.


Another, by a fall in wrestling, started the end of the cla­
vicle from the sternon. Wiseman's Surgery.
To play or wrestle well, it should be used with those that do
it better. Temple.
None in the leap spring with so strong a bound,
Or firmer in the wrestling press the ground. Pope.
2. To struggle; to contend.
I persuaded them, if they lov'd Benedick,
To wish him wrestle with affection,
And never to let Beatrice know of it. Shakespeare.
He knew not how to wrestle with desperate contingencies,
and so abhorred to be entangled in such. Clarendon.

WRE’STLER. n. s. [from wrestle.]
1. One who wrestles; one who professes the athletick art.
Was not Charles, the duke's wrestler, here? Shakesp.
When the young wrestlers at their sport grew warm,
Old Milo wept, to see his naked arm. Denham.
'Tis not from whom, but where we live;
The place does oft those graces give:
Great Julius, on the mountains bred,
A flock perhaps, or herd, had led;
He that the world subdu'd, had been
But the best wrestler on the green. Waller.
2. One who contends in wrestling.
So earnest with thy God, can no new care,
No sense of danger, interrupt thy prayer?
The sacred wrestler, 'till a blessing giv'n,
Quits not his hold, but halting conquers heav'n. Waller.
Two wrestlers help to pull each other down. Dryden.

WRETCH. n. s. [wrecca, Saxon.]
1. A miserable mortal.
When I loved, I was a wretch. Accidence.
She weeps, and says her Henry is depos'd;
He smiles, and says his Edward is install'd;
That she, poor wretch, for grief can speak no more. Shak.
The butcher takes away the calf,
And binds the wretch, and beats it when it strives. Shakesp.
Illustrious wretch! repine not, nor reply:
View not what heav'n ordains, with reason's eye;
For bright the object is, the distance is too high. Prior.
2. A worthless sorry creature.
Base-minded wretches, are your thoughts so deeply bemired
in the trade of ordinary worldlings, as for respect of gain some
paultry wool may yield you, to let so much time pass without
knowing perfectly her estate? Sidney.
He now
Has these poor men in question: never saw I
Wretches so quake; they kneel, they kiss the earth,
Forswear themselves as often as they speak. Shakespeare.
Title of honour, worth and virtue's right,
Should not be given to a wretch so vile. Daniel's Civil War.
When they are gone, a company of starved hungry wretches
shall take their places. L'Estrange.
3. It is used by way of slight, or ironical pity, or contempt.
When soon away the wasp doth go;
Poor wretch was never frighted so:
He thought his wings were much too slow,
O'erjoy'd they so were parted. Drayton's Nymphid.
Then, if the spider find him fast beset,
She issues forth, and runs along her loom:
She joys to touch the captive in her net,
And drags the little wretch in triumph home. Dryden.
4. It is sometimes a word of tenderness, as we now say poor
thing.
Chastened but thus, and thus his lesson taught,
The happy wretch she put into her breast. Sidney.

WRE’TCHED. adj. [from wretch.]
1. Miserable; unhappy.
These we should judge to be most miserable, but that a
wretcheder sort there are, on whom, whereas nature hath be­
slowed ripe capacity, their evil disposition seriously goeth about
therewith to apprehend God, as being not God. Hooker.
O cruel death! to those you are more kind,
Than to the wretched mortals left behind. Waller.
Why do'st thou drive me
To range all o'er a waste and barren place,
To find a friend? The wretched have no friends. Dryden.
2. Calamitous; afflictive.
3. Sorry; pitiful; paltry; worthless.
When God was served with legal sacrifices, such was the
miserable and wretched condition of some mens minds, that
the best of every thing they had, being culled out for them­
selves, if there were in their flocks any poor, starved, or dis­
eased thing not worth the keeping, they thought it good
enough for the altar of God. Hooker.
Affected noise is the most wretched thing,
That to contempt can empty scribblers bring. Roscommon.
Forgive the many failings of those who, with their wretched
art, cannot arrive to those heights that you possess. Dryden.
4. Despicable; hatefully contemptible.
An adventure worthy to be remembered for the unused ex­
amples therein, as well of true natural goodness as of wretched
ungratefulness. Sidney.

WRE’TCHEDLY. adv. [from wretched.]
1. Miserably; unhappily.
From these two wars, so wretchedly entered into, the duke's
ruin took its date. Clarendon.
2. Meanly; despicably.
When such little shuffling arts come once to be ripped up,
and laid open, how poorly and wretchedly must that man sneak,
who finds himself guilty and baffled too? South.

WRE’TCHEDNESS. n. s. [from wretched.]
1. Misery; unhappiness; afflicted state.
My misery cannot be greater than it is: fear not the danger
of my blind steps, I cannot fall worse than I am, and do not
obstinately continue to infect thee with my wretchedness. Sidn.
He 'gan inquire
What hard mishap him brought to such distress,
And made that caitif's thrall the thrall of wretchedness. F. Q.
Clarion did at last decline
To lowest wretchedness; and is there then
Such rancor in the hearts of mighty men? Spenser.
When they are weary of wars, and brought down to ex­
treme wretchedness, then they creep a little, and sue for grace,
'till they have recovered their strength again. Spenser.
I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharg'd,
And duty in his service perishing. Shakespeare.
We have with the feeling lost the very memory of such
wretchedness as our forefathers endured by those wars, of all
others the most cruel. Raleigh.
2. Pitifulness; despicableness.

WRE’TCHLESS. n. s. [This is, by I know not whose corrup­
tion, written for reckless.] Careless; mindless; heedless.
For any man to put off his present repentance, on contem­
plation of a possibility that his latter repentance may serve the
turn, is the most wretchless presumption, and hath no promise
of mercy annexed to it. Hammond.
If persons of so circumspect a piety have been thus over­
taken, what security can there be for our wretchless oscitancy?
Government of the Tongue.

WRI

To WRI’GGLE. v. n. [wrigan, Saxon; ruggelen, Dutch.] To
move to and fro with short motions.
If sheep or thy lamb fall a wrigling with tail,
Go by and by search it, whiles help may prevail. Tusser.
The busy importunities of these extensional phantasms I
look upon as contemptuously, as upon the quick wrigglings up
and down of pismires. More.
The excellency of sawing is to keep kerf exactly in the
line marked to be sawn, without wriggling on either side.
Moxon's Mech. Exer.
To bed went the bridegroom and the bride:
Was never such an ill-pair'd couple ty'd;
Restless he toss'd, and tumbled to and fro,
And roll'd and wriggled farther off for woe. Dryden.
How wildly will ambition steer!
A vermin wriggling in th' usurper's ear. Dryden.
And both he and his successors would often wriggle in their
seats as long as the cushion lasted. Swift.

To WRI’GGLE. v. a. To put in a quick reciprocating motion;
to introduce by shifting motion.
Ralpho was mounted now, and gotten
O'erthwart his beast with active vaulting,
Wriggling his body to recover
His seat, and cast his right leg over. Hudibras.
A slim thin-gutted fox made a hard shift to wriggle his body
into a hen-roost. L'Estrange.

WRI’GGLETAIL. n. s. For wrigglingtail. See WRIGGLE.
My ragged ronts all shiver and shake;
They wont in the wind, wagg their wriggletails,
Peark as a peacoke, but nought it avails. Spenser.

WRIGHT. n. s. [wrihta, wrhta, Saxon.] A workman; an
artificer; a maker; a manufacturer.
It is impossible duly to consider these things, without being
rapt into admiration of the infinite wisdom of the Divine
Architect, and contemning the arrogant pretences of the
world and animal wrights, and much more the productions of
chance. Cheyne.
The verb To write has the same sound with wright, a work­
man, right or equity, and rite or ceremony; but spelled very
differently. Watts's Logick.

To WRING. v. a. preter. and part. pass. wringed and wrung.
[wringan, Saxon.]
1. To twist; to turn round with violence.
The priest shall wring off his head, and burn it on the
altar. Lev. i. 15.
2. To force out of any body by contortion.
He thrust the fleece together, and wringed the dew out of
it, a bowl full of water. Judg. vi. 38.
The dregs all the wicked shall wring out and drink. Ps. lxxv.
The figure of a sturdy woman, done by Michael Angelo,
washing and winding of linen cloths; in which act she wrings
out the water that made the fountain. Wotton.


Apply mild detergents on pledgets of lint over it, with a
compress wrung out. Wiseman.
3. To squeeze; to press.
In sleep I heard him say, sweet Desdemona,
Let us be wary, let us hide our loves!
And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand. Shakes.
4. To writhe.
The silly owner of the goods
Weeps over them, and wrings his hapless hands. Shakesp.
5. To pinch.
The king began to find where his shoe did wring him, and
that it was his depressing the house of York that did rankle and
fester the affections of his people. Bacon's Henry VII.
If he had not been too much grieved, and wrung by an un­
easy and streight fortune, he would have been an excellent
man of business. Clarendon.
6. To force by violence; to extort.
I had rather coin my heart,
And drop my blood for drachma's, than to wring
From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash
By any indirection. Shak. Julius Cæsar.
Who can be bound by any solemn vow
To wring the widow from her custom'd right,
And have no other reason for his wrong,
But that he was bound by a solemn oath? Shak. Hen. VI.
That which I must speak,
Must either punish me, not being believ'd,
Or wring redress from you. Shak. Meas. for Measure.
Thirty spies,
Threatening cruel death, constrain'd the bride
To wring from me, and tell to them my secret. Milton.
7. To harrass; to distress; to torture.
He dives into the king's soul, and there scatters
Doubts, dangers, wringing of the conscience,
Fear and despair, and all these for his marriage. Shakesp.
Pleasure enchants, impetuous rage transports,
And grief dejects and wrings the tortur'd soul. Roscommon.
Did'st thou taste but half the griefs
That wring my soul, thou couldst not talk thus coldly. Add.
8. To distort; to turn to a wrong purpose.
To wring this sentence, to wrest thereby out of men's
hands the knowledge of God's doctrine, is without all reason.
Ascham's Schoolmaster.
Lord, how dare these men thus wring the scriptures? Whitg.
9. To persecute with extortion.
The merchant-adventurers have been often wronged and
wringed to the quick; but were never quick and lively in
thanks to those by whose endeavours they were freed. Hayw.

To WRING. v. n. To writhe with anguish.
'Tis all men's office to speak patience
To those that wring under the load of sorrow;
But no man's virtue nor sufficiency,
To be so moral, when he shall endure
The like himself. Shak. Much Ado about Nothing.

WRI’NGER. n. s. [from wring.] One who squeezes the water
out of cloaths.
One Mrs. Quickly is in the manner of his nurse, his laun­
dress, his washer, and his wringer. Shakespeare.

WRI’NKLE. n. s. [wrincle, Saxon; wrinkel, Dutch.]
1. Corrugation or surrow of the skin or the face.
Give me that glass, and therein will I read:
No deeper wrinkles yet? Hath sorrow struck
So many blows upon this face of mine,
And made no deeper wounds? Shakesp. Richard II.
She hath continued a virgin without any visible token, or
least wrinkle of old age. Howel's Vocal Forest.
To see a beggar's brat in riches flow,
Adds not a wrinkle to my even brow. Dryden.
Though you and all your senseless tribe,
Could art, or time, or nature bribe,
To make you look like beauty's queen,
And hold for ever at fifteen;
No bloom of youth can ever blind
The cracks and wrinkles of your mind:
All men of sense will pass your door,
And croud to Stella's at fourscore. Swift.
2. Any roughness.
Our British heav'n was all serene;
No threatning cloud was nigh,
Not the least wrinkle to deform the sky. Dryden.

To WRI’NKLE. v. a. [wrinclian, Saxon.]
1. To corrugate; to contract into furrows.
It is still fortune's use
To let the wretched man outlive his wealth,
To view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow
An age of poverty. Shakes. Merchant of Venice.
Scorn makes us wrinkle up the nose, and stretch the nostrils
also, at the same time drawing up the upper lip. Bacon.
Here steams ascend,
That in mixt sumes the wrinkled nose offend. Gay.
Here stood ill-nature, like an ancient maid,
Her wrinkled form in black and white array'd. Pope.
2. To make rough or uneven.
A keen north-wind, blowing dry,
Wrinkled the face of deluge, as decay'd. Milton.

WRIST. n. s. [wrst, Saxon.] The joint by which the hand
is joined to the arm.
He took me by the wrist, and held me hard. Shakesp.
The brawn of the arm must appear full, shadowed on one
side; then shew the wrist-bone thereof. Peacham.
The axillary artery, below the cubit, divideth unto two
parts; the one running along the radius, and passing by the
wrist, or place of the pulse, is at the fingers subdivided unto
three branches. Brown's Vulgar Errours.

WRI’STBAND. n. s. [wrist and band.] The fastening of the
shirt at the hand.

WRIT. n. s. [from write.]
1. Any thing written; scripture. This sense is now chiefly used
in speaking of the Bible.
The church, as a witness, peacheth his mere revealed
truth, by reading publickly the sacred Scripture; so that a se­
cond kind of preaching is the reading of holy writ. Hooker.
Divine Eliza, sacred empress,
Live she for ever, and her royal places
Be fill'd with praises of divinest wits,
That her eternize with their heavenly writs. Spenser.
Bagdat rises out of the ruins of the old city of Babylon, so
much spoken of in holy writ. Knolles's Hist. of the Turks.
Others famous after known,
Although in holy writ not nam'd. Paradise Regain'd.
He cannot keep his fingers from meddling with holy writ.
More's Divine Dialogues.
Sacred writ our reason does exceed. Waller.
His story, filled with so many surprising incidents, bears so
close an analogy with what is delivered in holy writ, that it is
capable of pleasing the most delicate reader, without giving
offence to the most scrupulous. Addison's Spectator.
Of ancient writ unlocks the learned store,
Consults the dead, and lives past ages o'er. Pope.
2. A judicial process.
Hold up your head: hold up your hand,
Wou'd it were not my lot to shew ye
This cruel writ, wherein you stand
Indicted by the name of Cloe. Prior.
3. A legal instrument.
The king is fled to London,
To call a present court of parliament:
Let us pursue him, ere the writs go forth. Shak. Hen. VI.
I folded the writ up in form of th' other,
Subscrib'd it, gave the impression, plac'd it safely,
The changeling never known. Shakespeare.
For every writ of entry, whereupon a common recovery is
to be suffered, the queen's fine is to be rated upon the writ
original, if the lands comprised therein be held. Ayliffe.

WRIT. The preterite of write.
When Sappho writ,
By their applause the criticks show'd their wit. Prior.

WRI’TATIVE. A word of Pope's coining: not to be imitated.
Increase of years makes men more talkative, but less writa­
tive; to that degree, that I now write no letters but of plain
how d'ye's. Pope to Swift.

To WRITE. v. a. preterite writ or wrote; part. pass. written,
writ, or wrote. [writan, awritan, Saxon; ad rita, Islandick;
wreta, a letter, Gothick.]
1. To express by means of letters.
I'll write you down,
The which shall point you forth, at every sitting,
What you must say. Shakespeare.
Men's evil manners live in brass, their virtues we write in
water. Shakes. Henry VIII.
When a man hath taken a wife, and she find no favour in
his eyes, then let him write her a bill of divorcement. Deut.
Write ye this song for you, and teach it Israel. Deut. xxxi.
David wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by Uriah. 2 Sa. xi.
The time, the place, the manner how to meet,
Were all in punctual order plainly writ. Dryden.
2. To engrave; to impress.
Cain was so fully convinced that every one had a right to
destroy such a criminal, that he cries out, every one that find­
eth me shall slay me; so plain was it writ in the hearts of all
mankind. Locke.
3. To produce as an author.
When more indulgent to the writer's ease,
You are so good, to be so hard to please;
No such convulsive pangs it will require
To write—the pretty things that you admire. Granville.
4. To tell by letter.
I chose to write the thing I durst not speak
To her I lov'd. Prior.

To WRITE. v. n.
1. To perform the act of writing.
I have seen her rise from her bed, take forth paper, fold it,
and write upon't. Shakesp. Macbeth.


Bassanio gave his ring away
Unto the judge that begg'd it; and his clerk,
That took some pains in writing, he begg'd mine. Shakesp.
2. To play the authour.
Hearts, tongues, figures, scribes, bards, poets, cannot
Think, speak, cast, write, sing, number
His love to Antony. Shakes. Ant. and Cleopatra.
There is not a more melancholy object in the learned world
than a man who has written himself down. Addison.
3. To tell in books.
I past the melancholy flood,
With that grim ferryman which poets write of. Shak. R. III.
4. To send letters.
He wrote for all the Jews, concerning their freedom. 1 Esdr.
5. To call one's self; to be entitled; to use the stile of.
About it, and write happy when thou'st done. Shakesp.
Let it not your wonder move,
Less your laughter that I love;
Though I now write fifty years,
I have had, and have my peers. Ben. Johnson.
He writes himself divina providentia, whereas other bishops
only use divina permissione. Ayliffe.
6. To compose; to form compositions.
Chaste moral writing we may learn from hence,
Neglect of which no wit can recompence;
The fountain which from Helicon proceeds,
That sacred stream, should never water weeds. Waller.
They can write up to the dignity and character of their
authors. Felton on the Classicks.

WRI’TER. n. s. [from write.]
1. One who practises the art of writing.
2. An authour.
All three were ruined by justice and sentence, as delinquents;
and all three famous writers. Bacon.
Peaceable times are the best to live in, though not so proper
to furnish materials for a writer. Addison's Freeholder.
Writers are often more influenced by a desire of fame, than
a regard to the publick good. Addison's Freeholder.
Would a writer know how to behave himself with relation to
posterity, let him consider in old books what he finds that he
is glad to know, and what omissions he most laments. Swift.

To WRITHE. v. a. [writhan, Saxon.]
1. To distort; to deform with distortion.
It cannot be this weak and writhed shrimp
Should strike such terror in his enemies. Shakes. Henry VI.
Hatefulest disrelish writh'd their jaws
With soot and cinders. Milton.
Her mouth she writh'd, her forehead taught to frown,
Her eyes to sparkle fires to love unknown:
Her sallow cheeks her envious mind did shew,
And ev'ry feature spoke aloud the curstness of a shrew. Dry.
2. To twist with violence.
Then Satan first knew pain,
And writh'd him to and fro convolv'd. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Amid' the plaited scales it took its course,
And in the spinal marrow spent its force;
The monster hiss'd aloud, and rag'd in vain,
And writh'd his body to and fro with pain;
He bit the dart. Addison.
3. To wrest; to force by violence.
The reason which he yieldeth, sheweth the least part of
his meaning to be that whereunto his words are writhed. Hook.
4. To twist.
The king of heav'n
Bar'd his red arm, and launching from the sky
His writhen bolt, not shaking empty smoke,
Down to the deep abyss the flaming felon strook. Dryden.

To WRITHE. v. n. To be convolved with agony or torture.
Let each be broken on the rack;
Then, with what life remains, impaled, and left
To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake. Addison.

To WRI’THLE. v. a. [from writhe.] To wrinkle; to corrugate.
Her writhled skin, as rough as maple rind,
So scabby was, that would have loathed all womankind. Spens.

WRI’TING. n. s. [from writ.]
1. A legal instrument.
2. A composure; a book.
They thought no other writings in the world should be stu­
died, insomuch as one of their great prophets exhorting them
to cast away all respects unto human writings, to his mo­
tion they condescended. Hooker.
Such arguments had an invincible force with those pagan
philosophers, who became Christians, as we find in most of
their writings. Addison.
3. A written paper of any kind.
In at his windows throw
Writings, all tending to the great opinion
That Rome holds of his name. Shakes. Julius Cæsar.

WRI’TINGMASTER. n. s. One who teaches to write.
The facility of which I spoke consists not in bold strokes,
if it makes not a great effect at a distance: that sort of free­
dom belongs rather to a writingmaster than a painter. Dryden.

WRI’TTEN. The participle passive of write.
Their doctrine and their story written left,
They die. Milton.
Language is a connexion of audible signs, the most apt in
nature for communication of our thoughts: written language
is a description of the said audible signs, by signs visible. Holder.

WRO

WRO’KEN. The part. pass. of To wreak. Spenser.

WRONG. n. s. [wrange, Saxon.]
1. An injury; a designed or known detriment.
It is a harm, and no wrong which he hath received. Sidney.
She resolved to spend all her years, which her youth pro­
mised should be many, in bewailing the wrong, and yet praying
for the wrongdoer. Sidney.
If he may not command them, then that law doth wrong
that bindeth him to bring them forth to be justified. Spenser.
They ever do pretend
To have receiv'd a wrong, who wrong intend. Daniel.
Imitation of an author is the most advantageous way for a
translator to shew himself, but the greatest wrong which can be
done to the reputation of the dead. Dryden.
Cowley preferred a garden and a friend, to those whom in
our own wrong we call the great. Dryden.
Expecting more in my own wrong,
Protracting life, I've liv'd a day too long. Dryden.
2. Errour; not right.
Be not blindly guided by the throng,
The multitude is always in the wrong. Roscommon.
One spake much of right and wrong. Milton.
Proceed: quoth Dick, sir, I aver
You have already gone too far;
When people once are in the wrong,
Each line they add is much too long:
Who fastest walks, but walks astray,
Is only farthest from his way. Prior.
In the judgment of right and wrong, every man has a
self. Watts's Logick.

WRONG. adj. [from the noun.]
1. Not morally right; not agreeable to propriety or truth.
I find you are an invincible Amazon, since you will over­
come, though in a wrong matter. Sidney.
We never think of the main business of life, 'till a vain re­
pentance minds us of it at the wrong end. L'Estrange.
When the dictates of honour are contrary to those of reli­
gion and equity, they give wrong, ambitious, and false ideas of
what is good and laudable. Addison's Spectator.
2. Not physically right; unfit; unsuitable.
Of Glo'ster's treachery,
And of the loyal service of his son,
When I inform'd him, then he call'd me sot,
And told me I had turn'd the wrong side out. Shak. K. Lear.
Dividing a living of five hundred pounds a year into ten parts,
is a contrivance, the meaning whereof hath got on the wrong
side of my comprehension. Swift.
Singularity shews something wrong in the mind. Clarissa.

WRONG. adv. Not rightly; amiss.
If he go wrong, she will give him over to his own ruin. Eccl.
A thousand odd capricio's, men's minds are acted by, may
make one man quote another man's words wrong. Locke.
Ten censure wrong, for one that writes amiss. Pope.

To WRONG. v. a. [from the noun.] To injure; to use
unjustly.
So worthy a part of divine service we should greatly wrong,
if we did not esteem preaching as the blessed ordinance of
God. Hooker.
For fear the stones her tender foot should wrong,
Be strewed with fragrant flowers all along. Spenser.
Judge me, you gods! wrong I mine enemy? Shakespeare.
Thank him who puts me loath to this revenge
On you, who wrong me not, for him who wrong'd. Milton.
Once more farewel!
And know thou wrong'st me, if thou think'st
Ever was love or ever grief like mine. Addison.

WRONGDO’ER. n. s. [wrong and doer.] An injurious person.
She resolved to spend all her years in bewailing the wrong,
and yet praying for the wrongdoer. Sidney.
If any seat be taken away by a stranger, the churchwarden
may have action against the wrongdoer. Ayliffe.

WRO’NGER. n. s. [from wrong.] He that injures; he that does
wrong.
Jealousy is a green-ey'd monster, which doth make
The meat it feeds on: that cuckold lives in bliss,
Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger. Shak. Oth.
Many times a prince is driven to spend far more of his trea­
sure in punishing by war the wrongers of his people, than the
loss of his people did amount unto. Raleigh.

WRO’NGFUL. adj. [wrong and full.] Injurious; unjust.
I am so far from granting thy request,
That I despise thee for thy wrongful suit. Shakespeare.
He that hath wronged so in daily trade, that he knows not
in what measure he hath done it, must redeem his fault by alms,
according to the value of his wrongful dealing. Taylor.


Those whom forms of laws
Condemn'd to die, when traitors judg'd their cause,
Nor want they lots, nor judges to review
The wrongful sentence, and award a new. Dryden.

WRO’NGFULLY. adv. [from wrongful.] Unjustly.
Dorus, said Pamela, you blame your fortune very wrong­
fully, since the fault is not in fortune, but in you, that can­
not frame yourself to your fortune; and as wrongfully do re­
quire Mopsa to so great a disparagement as to her father's
servant. Sidney.
This poor fellow,
He had thought to murder wrongfully. Shakesp.
Salius then, exclaiming loud,
Urges his cause may in the court be heard,
And pleads, the prize is wrongfully conferr'd. Dryden.
I cry thee mercy, for suspecting a friar of the least good­
nature; what, would you accuse him wrongfully. Dryden.
He who suffers wrongfully in a man's opinion, resolves to
give him reason for his suspicion. Spectator, No. 170.

WRO’NGHEAD. adj. [wrong and head.] Having a per­
verse understanding.
WRONGHE’ADED. adj. [wrong and head.] Having a per­
verse understanding.
Much do I suffer, much to keep in peace
This jealous, waspish, wronghead, rhyming race. Pope.

WRO’NGLY. adv. [from wrong.] Unjustly; amiss.
What thou would'st highly
That would'st thou holily; would'st not play false,
And yet would'st wrongly win. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Madmen having joined together some ideas very wrongly,
err, as men do that argue right from wrong principles. Locke.

WRO’NGLESSLY. adv. [from wrongless.] Without injury to
any.
Dearly esteemed of her for his exceeding good parts, being
honourably courteous, and wronglessly valiant, considerately
pleasant in conversation, and an excellent courtier, without
unfaithfulness. Sidney.

WROTE. pret. and part. of write.
No man has the estate of his soul drawn upon his face, nor
the decree of his election wrote upon his forehead. He who
would know a man thoroughly, must follow him into the
closet of his heart; the inspection of which is only the pre­
rogative of omniscience. South.

WROTH. adj. [wrad, Sax. vrod, Danish.] Angry. Out of use.
The Lord said unto Cain, why art thou wroth? Gen. iv.
Thou hast rejected us; thou art very wroth against us. La.

WROUGHT. [wrogd, Saxon. The pret. and part. pass. as it
seems, of work; as the Dutch wercken, makes gerocht.]
1. Effected; performed.
Why trouble ye the woman? for she hath wrought a good
work upon me. Matt. xxvi. 10.
He that doeth truth, cometh to the light, that his deeds
may be made manifest, that they are wrought in God. John iii.
The Jews wanted not power and ability to have convinced
the world of the falshood of these miracles, had they never
been wrought. Stephens's Sermons.
2. Influenced; prevailed on.
Had I thought the sight of my poor image
Would thus have wrought you, for the stone is mine,
I'd not have shewed it. Shakespeare.
Nor number, nor example with him wrought
To swerve from truth. Milton.
Do not I know him? could his brutal mind
Be wrought upon? could he be just or kind? Dryden.
This Artemisa, by her charms,
And all her sex's cunning, wrought the king. Rowe.
3. Produced; caused.
All his good prov'd ill in me,
And wrought but malice. Milton.
They wrought by their faithfulness the publick safety. Dryd.
This wrought the greatest confusion in the unbelieving
Jews, and the greatest conviction in the Gentiles, who every
where speak with astonishment of these truths they met with
in this new magazine of learning, which was opened. Addison.
4. Worked; laboured.
They that wrought in silver, and whose works are unsearch­
able, are gone down to the grave. Bar. iii. 18.
Moses and Eleazar took the gold, even all wrought
jewels. Num. xvi. 22.
What might be wrought
Fusil, or graven in metal. Milton.
5. Gained; attained.
We ventur'd on such dang'rous seas,
That if we wrought out life, 'twas ten to one. Shakespeare.
6. Operated.
Such another field
They dreaded worse than hell: so much the fear
Of thunder, and the sword of Michael,
Wrought still within them. Milton.
His too eager love
Has made him busy to his own destruction.
His threats have wrought this change of mind in Pyrrhus.
Philips's Distrest Mother.
7. Worked.
Take an heifer which hath not been wrought with, and
which hath not drawn in the yoke. Deut. xxi. 3.
As infection from body to body is received many times by
the body passive, yet is it by the good disposition thereof re­
pulsed and wrought out, before it be formed in a disease. Bacon.
8. Actuated.
Vain Morat, by his own rashness wrought,
Too soon discover'd his ambitious thought;
Believ'd me his, before I spoke him fair,
And pitch'd his head into the ready snare. Dryden.
9. Manufactured.
It had been no less a breach of peace to have wrought any
mine of his, than it is now a breach of peace, to take a
town of his in Guiana, and burn it. Raleigh.
Celestial panoply, divinely wrought. Milton.
10. Formed.
He that hath wrought us for the same thing, is God. 2 Cor.
11. Excited by degrees.
The two friends had wrought themselves to such an habi­
tual tenderness for the children under their direction, that
each of them had the real passion of a father. Addison.
Advantage was taken of the sanguine temper which so
many successes had wrought the nation up to. Swift.
12. Guided; managed.
A ship by skilful steersman wrought. Milton.
13. Agitated; disturbed.
We stay upon your leisure.—
—Give me your favour: my dull brain was wrought
With things forgot. Shakesp. Macbeth.

WRUNG. The preter. and part. passive of wring.
No mortal was ever so much at ease, but his shoe wrung
him somewhere. L'Estrange.
Mix'd with the tender anguish nature shoots
Through the wrung bosom of the dying man. Thomson.

WRY

WRY. adj. [from writhe.]
1. Crooked; deviating from the right direction.
Sometimes to her news of myself to tell
I go about, but then is all my best
Wry words, and stamm'ring, or else doltish dumb;
Say then, can this but of enchantment come? Sidney.
Cutting the wry neck is never to be practised, but when the
disorder is a contraction of the mastoideus muscle. Sharp.
2. Distorted.
It is but a kick with thy heels, and a wry mouth, and Sir
Roger will be with thee. Arbuthnot.
Instructive work! whose wry-mouth'd portraiture
Display'd the fates her confessors endure. Pope.
3. Wrung; perverted; wrested.
He mangles and puts a wry sense upon protestant writers. Att.

To WRY. v. n. [from the adjective.] To be contorted and
writhed; to deviate from the right direction.
These wry too much on the right hand, ascribing to the
holy scripture such kind of perfection as it cannot have. Sand.

To WRY. v. a. [from the adjective.] To make to deviate;
to distort.
To what pass are our minds brought, that from the right
line of virtue are wryed to these crooked shifts? Sidney.




Y

Y At the beginning of words, is a consonant; at the
end, and when it follows a consonat, is a
vowel, and has the sound of i. It is used at
the end of words, and whenever two i i's would
come together; and in words derived from the
Greek, to express the v. Y was much used by the Saxons,
whence y is found for i in the old English writers.

YACHT. n. s. A small ship for carrying passengers.

YARD. n. s. [geard, Saxon.]
1. Inclosed ground adjoining to an house.
One of the lions leaped down into a neighbour's yard,
where, nothing regarding the crowing of the cocks, he eat
them up. Brown's Vulgar Errours.
Xanthus one day sent Æsop into the yard, and bade him
look well about him. E'Estrange.
His wanton kids with budding horns prepar'd,
Fight harmless battles in his homely yard. Dryden.
2. [gerd, Saxon.] A measure of three feet.
A peer, a counsellor, and a judge, are not to be measured
by the common yard, but by the pole of special grace. Bacon.
The arms, spread cross in a straight line, and measured
from one end of the long finger on one hand, to that of the
other; made a measure equal to the stature, and is named a
fathom. Half of that, viz. from the end of the long finger
of either arm, so spread, to the middle of the breast is, with
us, called a yard. Holder on Time.
An aqueduct of a Gothick structure, that conveys water
from mount St. Francis to Spoletto, from the foundation of
the lowest arch to the top, is two hundred and thirty yards. Add.
3. The supports of the sails.
A breeze from shore began to blow;
The sailors ship their oars, and cease to row;
Then hoist their yards a-trip, and all their sails
Let fall to court the wind. Dryden.

YA’RDWAND. n. s. [yard and wand.] A measure of a
yard.
All the revolutions in nature can give it nothing more than
different degrees of dimensions. What affinity has thinking
with such attributes? no more than there is between a syllo­
gism and a yardwand. Collier.

YARE. adj. [gearwe, Saxon.] Ready; dextrous; eager.
Yare, yare, good Iros, quick;—methinks I hear
Antony call. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleopatra.
I do desire to learn, Sir; and I hope, if you have occasion
to use me for your turn, you shall find me yare. Shakespeare.

YA’RELY. adv. [from yare.] Dextrously; skilfully.
The silken tackles,
Swell with the touches of those flower-soft hands
That yarely frame the office. Shakesp. Ant. and Cleop.

YARN. n. s. [gearn, Saxon.] Spun wool; woollen thread.
You would be another Penelope; yet they say, all the
yarn she spun in Ulysses's absence, did but fill Ithaca full of
moths. Shakesp. Coriolanus.
The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill
together; our virtues would be proud, if our faults whipt
them not; and our crimes would despair, if they were not
cherish'd by our virtues. Shakespeare.
Yarn is a commodity very proper to this country, which
of all others ought to be most encouraged. Temple.
It may be useful for the reeling of yarn. Wilkins.
The fates but only spin the coarser clue,
The finest of the wool is left for you.
Spare me but one small portion of the twine,
And let the sisters cut below your line:
The rest among the rubbish may they sweep,
Or add it to the yarn of some old miser's heap. Dryden.

To YARR. v. n. [from the sound, hirrio, Lat.] To growl, or
snarl like a dog. Ainsworth.

YA’RROW. n. s. A plant which grows wild on the dry banks,
and is used in medicine.

YAW

YAWL. n. s. defA little vessel belonging to a ship, for conve­
nience of passing to and from it.

To YAWN. v. n. [geonan, Saxon.]
1. To gape; to oscitate; to have the mouth opened involun­
tarily by fumes, as in sleepiness.
The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum,
Delivering o'er to executors pale
The lazy, yawning drone. Shakesp. Hen. V.
In yawning, the inner parchment of the ear is extended.
When a man yawneth, he cannot hear so well. Bacon.
At length shook off himself, and ask'd the dame;
And asking yawn'd, for what intent she came? Dryden.
To whom the yawning pilot fast asleep,
Me didst thou bid, to trust the treacherous deep? Dryden.
2. To open wide.
The gashes,
That bloodily did yawn upon his face. Shakespeare.
'Tis now the very witching time of night,
When churchyards yawn. Shakesp. Hamlet.
Now will I dam up this thy yawning mouth,
For swallowing up the treasure of the realm. Shakesp.
He shall cast up the wealth by him devour'd,
Like vomit, from his yawning entrails pour'd. Sandys.
Hell at last
Yawning receiv'd them whole, and on them clos'd. Milton.
The sword pierc'd his tender sides;
Down fell the beauteous youth; the yawning wound
Gush'd out a purple stream. Dryden.
High she rear'd her arm, and with her sceptre struck
The yawning cliff: from its disparted height
Adown the mount the gushing torrent ran. Prior.
3. To express desire by yawning.
The chiefest thing at which lay-reformers yawn, is, that
the clergy may, through conformity in condition, be poor as
the apostles were. In which one circumstance, if they ima­
gine so great perfection, they must think that church which
hath such store of mendicant friars, a church in that respect
most happy. Hooker.

YAWN. n. s. [from the verb.] Oscitation.
Thee, Paridel, she mark'd thee, there
Stretch'd on the rack of a too easy chair;
And heard thy everlasting yawn confess
The pains and penalties of idleness. Pope's Dunciad.
2. Gape; hiatus.
Hence to the borders of the marsh they go,
That mingles with the baleful streams below;
And sometimes with a mighty yawn, 'tis said,
Opens a dismal passage to the dead,
Who, pale with fear, the rending earth survey,
And startle at the sudden flash of day. Addison.

YA’WNING. adj. [from yawn.] Sleepy; slumbering.
Ere to black Hecat's summons
The shard-born beetle, with his drowsy hums,
Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done
A deed of dreadful note. Shakesp. Macbeth.

Y’CLAD. part. for clad. Cloathed.
Her sight did ravish, but her grace in speech,
Her words yclad with wisdom's majesty,
Make me from wond'ring fall to weeping joys. Shakesp.

Y’CLEPED. [The participle passive of clepe, to call; clepan,
Saxon; with the increasing particle y, which was used in the
old English in the preterites and participles, from the Saxon
ge.] Called; termed; named.
But come, thou goddess, fair and free,
In heav'n yclep'd Euphrosine,
And by men, heart-easing mirth. Milton.

YDRA’D. The old pret. of to dread. Spenser.

YE. The nominative plural of thou.
Ye are they which justify yourselves. Luke xvi. 15.

YEA

YEA. adv. [ea, or gea, Saxon; ja, Danish, German, and
Dutch.] Yes. A particle of affirmation.
I am weary; yea, my memory is tir'd. Shakespeare.
A rascally, yea, forsooth, knave, to bear a gentleman in
hand, and then stand upon security. Shakespeare.


From these PhilippinÆ are brought costly spices, yea, and
gold too? Abbot's Description of the World.
Yea, hath God said, ye shall not eat of every tree in the
garden. Gen. iii. 1.
Let your conversation be yea, yea; nay, nay. Matth. v.
All the promises of God are yea, and amen; that is, are
verified, which is the importance of yea, and confirmed,
which is meant by amen, into an immutability. Hammond.
They durst abide
Jehovah thund'ring out of Sion, thron'd
Between the cherubim; yea, often plac'd
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines. Milton.
Why do disputes in wrangling spend the day?
Whilst one says only yea, and t'other nay. Denham.
Notwithstanding this great proximity of man to himself;
yea, and notwithstanding the observations made in all ages, we
still remain ignorant of many things concerning ourselves. Hale.

To YEAD, or YEDE. v. n. preterite yode. [This word seems to
have been corruptly formed from geod, the Saxon preterite of
gan.] To go; to march. Obsolete.
They wander at will, and stay at pleasure,
And to their folds yeade at their own leisure. Spenser.
Then bad the knight this lady yede aloof,
And to an hill herself withdraw aside,
From whence she might behold that battle's proof,
And eke be safe from danger far descry'd. Fairy Queen.
Yet for she yode thereat half aghast,
And Kiddy the door sparred after her fast. Spenser.
That same mighty man of God,
That bloud red billows like a walled front,
On either side disparted with his rod,
'Till that his army dry-foot through them yod. Spenser.

To YEAN. v. n. [eanian, Saxon.] To bring young Used of sheep.
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands;
He struck them up before the fulsome ewes,
Who, then conceiving, did in yeaning time
Fole party-colour'd lambs. Shakespeare.
So many days my ewes have been with young:
So many weeks, ere the poor fools will yean. Shakespeare.
This I scarcely drag along,
Who yeaning on the rocks has left her young. Dryden.
Ewes yean the polled lamb with the least danger. Mortimer.

YEA’NLING. n. s. [from yean.] The young of sheep.
All the yeanlings which were streak'd and pied,
Should fall as Jacob's hire. Shakespeare.

YEAR. n. s. [gear, Saxon.]
If one by the word year mean twelve months of thirty
days each, i. e. three hundred and sixty days; another in­
tend a solar year of three hundred sixty-five days; and a
third mean a lunar year, or twelve lunar months, i. e. three
hundred fifty-four days, there will be a great variation and
error in their account of things, unless they are well apprized
of each other's meaning. Watts's Logick.
See the minutes, how they run:
How many makes the hour full compleat,
How many hours bring about the day,
How many days will finish up the year,
How many years a mortal man may live. Shakespeare.
With the year
Seasons return, but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of morn. Milton.
Oviparous creatures have eggs enough at first conceived in
them, to serve them for many years laying, allowing such a
proportion for every year, as will serve for one or two incu­
bations. Ray on the Creation.
He accepted a curacy of thirty pounds a year. Swift.
2. It it often used plurally, without a plural termination.
I fight not once in forty year. Shakespeare.
3. In the plural old age.
Some mumble-news,
Tha smiles his cheek in years, and knows the trick
To make my lady laugh when she's dispos'd,
Told our intents. Shakesp. Love's Labour Lost.
There died also Cecile, mother to king Edward IV. being
of extreme years, and who had lived to see three princes of
her body crowned, and four murthered. Bacon's Hen. VII.
He look'd in years, yet in his years were seen,
A youthful vigour, and autumnal green. Dryden.

YE’ARLING. adj. [from year.] Being a year old.
A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke;
Untam'd, unconscious of the galling yoke. Pope.

YE’ARLY. adj. [from year.] Annual; happening every year;
lasting a year.
The yearly course that brings this day about,
Shall never see it but a holiday. Shakesp. K. John.
Why the changing oak should shed
The yearly honour of his stately head;
Whilst the distinguish'd yew is ever seen,
Unchang'd his branch, and permanent his green. Prior.

YE’ARLY. adv. Annually; once a year.
He that outlives this day, and sees old age,
Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours,
And say, tomorrow is Saint Crispian. Shakesp. Hen. V.
For numerous blessings yearly shower'd,
And property with plenty crown'd;
For freedom still maintain'd alive;
For these, and more, accept our pious praise. Dryden.

To YEARN. v. n. [earnan, Saxon.] To feel great internal
uneasiness. In Spenser it is sometimes earn.
He despis'd to tread in due degree,
But chaff'd, and foam'd, with courage fierce and stern,
And to be eas'd of that base burden still did yearn. Spenser.
Make the libbard stern
Leave roaring, when in rage he for revenge did yearn. Spens.
Though peeping close into the thick,
Might see the moving of some quick:
But were it fairy, fiend, or snake,
My courage earned it to wake,
And manfully thereat shot. Spenser.
Falstaff, he is dead,
And we must yern therefore. Shakespeare's Hen. V.
Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yern upon his bro­
ther: and he sought where to weep, and he enter'd into his
chamber. Gen. xliii. 30.
When the fair Leucothoe he spy'd,
To check his steeds, impatient Phœbus yearn'd,
Though all the world was in his course concern'd. Waller.
Yet for all the yearning pain
Y' have suffer'd for their loves, in vain,
I fear they'll prove so nice and coy,
To have, and t'hold, and to enjoy. Hudibras.
Where our heart does but relent, his melts; where our eye
pities, his bowels yearn. South's Sermons.
At beholding the miseries of others, they find such yearn­
ings in their bowels, and such sensible commotions raised in
their breasts, as they can by no means satisfy. Calamy.
Your mother's heart yearns towards you. Addison.
Unmov'd the mind of Ithacus remain'd;
But Anticlus, unable to controul,
Spoke loud the language of his yearning soul. Pope.

To YEARN. v. a. To grieve; to vex.
She laments for it, that it would
Yern your heart to see it. Shakespeare.

YEST. n. s. [gest, Saxon.]
1. The foam, spume, or flower of beer in fermentation; barm.
Yeast and outward means do fail,
And have no power to work on ale. Hudibras.
When drays bound high, they never cross behind,
Where bubbling yeast is blown by gusts of wind. Gay.
2. The spume on a troubled sea.
Now the ship boring the moon with her main-mast, and
anon swallow'd with yeast and froth, as you'd thrust a cork
into a hogshead. Shakesp. Winter's Tale.

YE’STY. adj. [from yest.] Frothy; spumy.
Though you untie the winds, and let them fight
Against the churches; though the yesty waves
Confound and swallow navigation up. Shakesp. Macbeth.

YEL

YELK. n. s. [from gealewe, yellow, Saxon.] The yellow part
of the egg. It is commonly pronounced, and often written
yolk.
The yolk of the egg conduceth little to the generation of
the bird, but only to the nourishment of the same: for if a
chicken be opened, when it is new hatched, you shall find
much of the yolk remaining. Bacon's Nat. Hist.
That a chicken is formed out of the yelk of an egg, with
some antient philosophers the people still opinion. Brown.
All the feather'd kind,
From th' included yolk, not ambient white arose. Dryden.

To YELL. v. n. To cry out with horrour and agony.
Nor the night raven, that still deadly yells;
Nor grisly vultures make us once affeared. Spenser.
Each new morn,
New widows howl, new orphans cry; new sorrows
Strike heav'n on the face, that it resounds,
As if it felt with Scotland, and yell'd out
Like syllables of dolour. Shakesp. Macbeth.
Now worse than e'er he was before,
Poor Puck doth yell, poor Puck doth roar,
That wak'd queen Mab, who doubted sore
Some treason had been wrought her. Drayton's Nymphiad.
Yelling monsters, that with ceaseless cry
Surround me. Milton.
Night-struck fancy dreams the yelling ghost. Thomson.

YELL. n. s. [from the verb.] A cry of horrour.
With like tim'rous accent and dire yell,
As when, by night and negligence, the fire
Is spread in populous cities. Shakespeare's Othello.
Hence are heard the groans of ghosts, the pains
Of sounding lashes, and of dragging chains.
The Trojan stood astonish'd at their cries,
And ask'd his guide from whence those yells arise. Dryden.


Others in frantick mood
Run howling through the streets; their hideous yells
Rend the dark welkin. Philips.

YE’LLOW. adj. [ealewe, Saxon; gheleuwe, Dutch; giallo,
Italian.] Being of a bright glaring colour, as gold.
Only they that come to see a fellow
In a long mottley coat, guarded with yellow,
Will be deceiv'd. Shakesp. Henry VIII. Prologue.
He brought the green ear and the yellow sheaf. Milton.
After a lively orange, followed an intense bright and copious
yellow, which was also the best of all the yellows. Newton.
Negligent of food,
Scarce seen, he wades among the yellow broom. Thomson.

YE’LLOWBOY. n. s. A gold coin. A very low word.
John did not starve the cause; there wanted not yellowboys
to fee council. Arbuthnot's John Bull.

YE’LLOWHAMMER. n. s. A bird.

YE’LLOWISH. adj. [from yellow.] Approaching to yellow.
Although amber be commonly of a yellowish colour, yet
there is found of it also black, white, brown, green, blue,
and purple. Woodward's Natural History.

YE’LLOWISHNESS. n. s. [from yellowish.] The quality of ap­
proaching to yellow.
Bruised madder, being drenched with the like alcalizate so­
lution, exchanged its yellowishness for a redness. Boyle.

YE’LLOWNESS. n. s. [from yellow.]
1. The quality of being yellow:
Apples, covered in lime and ashes, were well matured as
appeared in the yellowness and sweetness. Bacon's Natural Hist.
Yellowness of the skin and eyes, and a saffron-coloured urine,
are signs of an inflammatory disposition of the liver. Arbuthn.
2. It is used in Shakespeare for jealousy.
Ford I will possess with yellowness. Shakespeare.

YE’LLOWS. n. s. A disease in horses. It owes its original to ob­
structions in the gall-pipe, which are caused by slimy or gritty
matter; or to the stoppage of the roots of those little ducts
opening into that pipe, by the like matter; or to a compres­
sion of them by a fulness and plenitude of the blood-vessels
that lie near them. When the gall-pipe, or the roots rather
of the common ducts of that pipe, are any wise stopped up,
that matter which should be turned into gall is taken up by the
vein, and carried back again into the mass of blood, and tinc­
tures it yellow; so that the eyes, inside of the lips, slaver,
and all the parts of the horse, that are capable of shewing the
colour, appear yellow. Farrier's Dict.
His horse sped with spavins, and raied with the yellows.
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.

To YELP. v. n. [gealpan, Saxon.] To bark as a beagle-hound
after his prey.
A little herd of England's tim'rous deer,
Maz'd with a yelping kennel of French curs. Shak. H. VI.

YEO

YE’OMAN. n. s. [Of this word the original is much doubted:
the true etymology seems to be that of Junius, who derives
it from geman, Frisick, a villager.]
1. A man of a small estate in land; a farmer; a gentleman
farmer.
Gentlemen should use their children as the honest farmers
and substantial yeomen do theirs. Locke.
He that has a spaniel by his side is a yeoman of about one
hundred pounds a year, an honest man: he is just qualified to
kill an hare. Addison.
2. It seems to have been anciently a kind of ceremonious title
given to soldiers: whence we have still yeomen of the guard.
Tall yeomen seemed they, and of great might,
And were enranged ready still for fight. Fairy Queen.
You, good yeomen,
Whose limbs were made in England, shew us here
The mettle of your pasture. Shakesp. Henry V.
He instituted, for the security of his person, a band of fifty
archers, under a captain, to attend him, by the name of yeo­
men of his guard. Bacon's Henry VII.
Th' appointment for th' ensuing night he heard;
And therefore in the cavern had prepar'd
Two brawny yeomen of his trusty guard. Dryden.
At Windsor St. John whispers me i' th' ear;
The waiters stand in ranks, the yeomen cry
Make way for the dean, as if a duke pass'd by. Swift.
3. It was probably a freeholder not advanced to the rank of a
gentleman.
His grandfather was Lyonel duke of Clarence,
Third son to the third Edward king of England:
Spring crestless yeomen from so deep a root? Shak. H. VI.
4. It seems to have had likewise the notion of a gentleman
servant.
A jolly yeoman, marshal of the hall,
Whose name was appetite, he did bestow
Both guests and meats. Spenser.

YE’OMANRY. n. s. [from yeoman.] The collective body of
yeomen.
This did amortize a great part of the lands of the kingdom
unto the hold and occupation of the yeomanry, or middle people,
of a condition between gentlemen and cottagers. Bacon.

To YERK. v. a. [Of unknown etymology.] To throw out or
move with a spring.
A leaping horse is said to yerk, or strike out his hind legs,
when he flings and kicks with his whole hind quarters, stretch­
ing out the two hinder legs near together, and even, to their
full extent. Farrier's Dict.
Their wounded steeds
Fret fetlock deep in gore, and with wild rage
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters. Shakesp.

YERK. n. s. [from the verb.] A quick motion.

To YERN. v. a. See YEARN.
I am not covetous of gold;
It yerns me not, if men my garments wear. Shak. H. V.

YES. adv. [gise, Saxon.] A term of affirmation; the affirma­
tive particle opposed to no.
This were a fit speech for a general in the head of an army,
when going to battle: yes, and it is no less fit speech in the
head of a council, upon a deliberation of entrance into a
war. Bacon.
Yes, you despise the man to books confin'd,
Who from his study rails at human kind,
Though what he learns he speaks. Pope.

YE’STER. adj. [ghister, Dutch; hesternus, Latin.] Being next
before the present day. It is not often used but in composition
with another word, as day or night.
Love might as well be sow'd upon our sands,
As in a breast so barren:
To love an enemy, the only one
Remaining too, whom yester sun beheld
Must'ring her charms. Dryden's Don Sebastian.

YE’STERDAY. n. s. [gistandÆg, Saxon.] The day last past;
the day next before to-day.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Shakes. Macbeth.
We are but of yesterday, and know nothing, because our
days upon earth are a shadow. Job viii. 9.
You are both fluid, chang'd since yesterday;
Next day repairs but ill last day's decay;
Nor are, although the river keep the name,
Yesterday's waters and to-day's the same. Donne.
If yesterday could be recall'd again,
Ev'n now would I conclude my happy reign. Dryden.
Yesterday was set apart as a day of publick thanksgiving for
the late extraordinary successes. Addison.
Mrs. Simper sends complaint in your yesterday's Spectator.
Addison's Spectator.
Naked from the womb
We yesterday came forth; and in the tomb
Naked again we must to-morrow lie:
Born to lament, to labour, and to die. Prior.

YE’STERDAY. adv. On the day last past.
Martius gave us yesterday a representation of the empire of
the Turks, with no small vigour of words. Bacon.

YE’STERNIGHT. n. s. The night before this night.

YE’STERNIGHT. adv. On the night last past.
Eleven hours I've spent to write it over;
For yesternight by Catesby was it sent me. Shakesp. R. III.
The distribution of this conference was made by Eupolis
yesternight. Bacon.

YET

YET. conjunct. [gt, get, geta, Saxon.] Nevertheless; not­
withstanding; however.
They had a king was more than him before;
But yet a king, where they were nought the more. Daniel.
Though such men have lived never so much upon the re­
serve; yet if they be observed to have a particular fondness for
persons noted for any sin, it is ten to one but there was a com­
munication in the sin, before there was so in affection. South.
The heathens would never suffer their gods to be reviled,
which yet were no gods; and shall it be allowed to any man
to make a mock of him that made heaven and earth? Tillots.
He is somewhat arrogant at his first entrance, and is too in­
quisitive through the whole tragedy; yet these imperfections
being balanced by great virtues, they hinder not our compas­
sion for his miseries. Dryden's Dufresnoy.
Let virtuoso's in five years be writ,
Yet not one thought accuse thy toil of wit. Dryden.

YET. adv.
1. Beside; over and above.
This furnishes us with yet one more reason, why our Saviour
lays such a particular stress on acts of mercy. Atterbury.
2. Still; the state still remaining the same.
They attest facts they had heard while they were yet hea­
thens; and had they not found reason to believe them, they
would still have continued heathens, and made no mention of
them in their writings. Addison.
3. Once again.
Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light,
Indulge, dread chaos and eternal night. Pope's Dunciad.


4. At this time; so soon; hitherto: with a negative before it.
Thales being asked when a man should marry, said, young
men not yet; old men, not at all. Bacon.
5. At least; at all. Noting uncertainty or indetermination.
A man that would form a comparison betwixt Quintilian's
declamations, if yet they be Quintilian's, and the orations of
Tully, would be in danger of forfeiting his discretion. Baker.
6. It notes increase or extension of the sense of the words to
which it is joined.
Shake not his hour-glass, when his hasty sand
Is ebbing to the last:
A little longer, yet a little longer,
And nature drops him down without your sin,
Like mellow fruit without a winter storm. Dryden.
Yet a few days, and those which now appear
In youth and beauty like the blooming year,
In life's swift scene shall change. Dryden.
7. Still; in a new degree.
He that takes from a thief, that which the thief took from
an honest man, and keeps it to himself, is the wickeder thief
of the two, by how much the rapine is made yet blacker by
the pretence of piety and justice. L'Estrange.
8. Even; after all. A kind of emphatical addition to a ne­
gative.
If any man neglect his duty, his fault must not be ascribed
to the rule appointed, neither yet to the whole church. Whitg.
Men may not too rashly believe the confessions of witches,
nor yet the evidence against them; for the witches themselves
are imaginative, and people are credulous, and ready to im­
pute accidents and natural operations to witchcraft. Bacon.
Nor yet amidst this joy and brightest morn
Was absent, after all his mischief done,
The prince of darkness. Milton's Paradise Regain'd.
9. Hitherto.
Hope beginning here, with a trembling expectation of things
far removed, and as yet but only heard of, endeth with real
and actual fruition of that which no tongue can express. Hook.

YE’VEN, for given.
Wants not a fourth grace to make the dance even?
Let that room to my lady be yeven;
She shall be a grace,
To fill the fourth place,
And reign with the rest in heaven. Spenser.

YEW. n. s. [iw, Saxon; yw, Welsh. This is often written
eugh; but the former orthography is at once nearer to the sound
and the derivation. See EUGH.] A tree of tough wood.
It hath amentaceous flowers, which consist of many apices,
for the most part shaped like a mushroom, and are barren; but
the embryoes, which are produced at remote distances on the
same tree, do afterward become hollow bell-shaped berries,
which are full of juice, and include seeds somewhat like acorns,
having, as it were, a little cup to each. Miller.
The shooter eugh, the broad-leav'd sycamore,
The barren plantane, and the walnut sound;
The myrrhe, that her foul sin doth still deplore,
Alder the owner of all waterish ground. Fairfax.
Slips of yew,
Shiver'd in the moon's eclipse. Shakesp. Macbeth.
They would bind me here
Unto the body of a dismal yew. Shakesp. Titus Andronicus.
He drew,
And almost join'd the horns of the tough yew. Dryden.
The distinguish'd yew is ever seen,
Unchang'd his branch, and permanent his green. Prior.

YE’WEN. adj. [from yew] Made of the wood of yew.
His stiff arms to stretch with eughen bow,
And manly legs still passing to and fro. Hubberd's Tale.

YFE’RE. adv. [fere, Saxon.] Together. Spenser.

YIE

To YIELD. v. a. [geldan, Saxon, to pay.]
1. To produce; to give in return for cultivation or labour.
When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield
unto thee her strength. Gen. iv. 12.
Strabo tells us the mines at Carthagena yielded the Romans,
per diem, to the value of twenty-five thousand drachms, eight
hundred and seven pounds five shillings and ten pence. Arbuth.
2. To produce in general.
He makes milch kine yield blood. Shakespeare.
The wilderness yieldeth food for them. Job xxiv. 5.
All the substances of an animal, fed even with acescent sub­
stances, yield by fire nothing but alkaline salts. Arbuthnot.
3. To afford; to exhibit.
Philoclea would needs have her glove, and not without so
mighty a lour as that face could yield. Sidney.
The mind of man desireth evermore to know the truth,
according to the most infallible certainty which the nature of
things can yield. Hooker.
If you take the idea of white, which one parcel of snow
yielded yesterday to your sight, and another idea of white from
another parcel of snow you see to-day, and put them toge­
ther in your mind, they run into one, and the idea of white­
ness is not at all increased. Locke.
4. To give as claimed of right.
I the praise
Yield thee, so well thou hast this day purvey'd. Milton.
5. To allow; to permit.
I yield it just, said Adam, and submit. Milton.
Life is but air,
That yields a passage to the whistling sword,
And closes when 'tis gone. Dryden's Don Sebastian.
6. To emit; to expire.
Often did I strive
To yield the ghost; but still the envious flood
Kept in my soul, and would not let it forth
To find the empty, vast and wand'ring air. Shak. Rich. III.
He gathered up his feet into the bed, and yielded up the
ghost. Gen. xlix. 33.
7. To resign; to give up.
He not yielding over to old age his country delights, espe­
cially of hawking, was at that time, following a merlin,
brought to see this injury offered unto us. Sidney.
Thus I have yielded up into your hand
The circle of my glory. Shakesp. King John.
She to realities yields all her shows. Milton.
'Tis the pride of man which is the spring of this evil, and
an unwillingness to yield up their own opinions. Watts.
8. To surrender.
The enemies sometimes offered unto the soldiers, upon the
walls, great rewards, if they would yield up the city, and
sometimes threatened them as fast. Knolles.
They laugh, as if to them I had quitted all,
At random yielded up to their misrule. Milton.

To YIELD. v. n.
1. To give up the conquest; to submit.
He yields not in his fall;
But fighting dies, and dying kills withal. Daniel.
All is not lost: immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield. Milton.
If the inspiring and expiring organ of any animal be stopt,
it suddenly yields to nature, and dies. Walton's Angler.
There he saw the fainting Grecians yield,
And here the trembling Trojans quit the field,
Pursu'd by fierce Achilles. Dryden.
2. To comply with any person.
Considering this present age so full of tongue, and weak of
brain, behold we yield to the stream thereof. Hooker.
I see a yielding in the looks of France:
Mark, how they whisper. Shakesp. King John.
This supernatural soliciting, if ill,
Why hath it given me earnest of success?
If good, why do I yield to that suggestion,
Whose horrid image doth upfix my hair? Shakesp. K. Lear.
With her much fair speech she caused him to yield. Prov.
The Jews have agreed to desire thee that thou wouldst bring
down Paul; but do not thou yield unto them. Acts xxiii. 21.
3. To comply with things.
There could be no secure peace, except the Lacedemonians
yielded to those things, which being granted, it would be no
longer in their power to hurt the Athenians. Bacon.
If much converse
Thee satiate, to short absence I could yield. Milton.
4. To concede; to admit; to allow; not to deny.
If we yield that there is a God, and that this God is al­
mighty and just, it cannot be avoided but that, after this life
ended, he administers justice unto men. Hakewill.
5. To give place as inferiour in excellence or any other quality.
The fight of Achilles and Cygnus, and the fray betwixt the
LapithÆ and Centaurs, yield to no other part of this poet. Dry.
Tell me in what more happy fields
The thistle springs, to which the lily yields? Pope.

YIE’LDER. n. s. [from yield.] One who yields.
Briars and thorns at their apparel snatch,
Some sleeves, some hats; from yielders all things catch. Shak.
Some guard these traitors to the block of death,
Treason's true bed, and yielder up of breath. Shak. Hen. IV.

YOK

YOKE. n. s. [geoc, Sax. jock, Dutch; jugum, Lat. joug, Fr.]
1. The bandage placed on the neck of draught oxen.
Bring a red heifer, wherein is no blemish, and upon which
never came yoke. Numb. xix. 2.
A yearling bullock to thy name shall smoke,
Untam'd, unconscious of the galling yoke. Pope.
2. A mark of servitude; slavery.
Our country sinks beneath the yoke;
It weeps, it bleeds. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
In bands of iron fetter'd you shall be;
An easier yoke than what you put on me. Dryd. Aurengz.
3. A chain; a link; a bond.
This yoke of marriage from us both remove,
Where two are bound to draw, though neither love. Dryd.
4. A couple; two; a pair.
Those that accuse him in his intent towards our wives, are
a yoke of his discarded men. Shakespeare.
His lands a hundred yoke of oxen till'd. Dryden's Æn.


A yoke of mules outgoes a yoke of oxen, when set to work
at the same time; for mules are swifter. Broome.

To YOKE. v. a. [from the noun.]
1. To bind by a yoke to a carriage.
This Stetes promised to do, if he alone would yoak together
two brazen-hoofed bulls, and, plowing the ground, sow dra­
gons teeth. L'Estrange.
Four milk-white bulls, the Thracian use of old,
Were yok'd to draw his car of burnish'd gold. Dryden.
2. To join or couple with another.
My name.
Be yok'd with his that did betray the best. Shakespeare.
Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb,
That carries anger as the flint bears fire. Shak. Jul. CÆsar.
Seek not in Latian bands to yoke
Our fair Lavinia. Dryden's Æn.
3. To enslave; to subdue.
These are the arms
With which he yoketh your rebellious necks,
Razeth your cities. Shakespeare.
4. To restrain; to confine.
Men marry not; but chuse rather a libertine single life,
than to be yoked in marriage. Bacon.
The words and promises, that yoke
The conqueror, are quickly broke. Hudibras.
Xerxes, the liberty of Greece to yoke,
Over Hellespont bridg'd his way. Milton.

YO’KE-ELM. n. s. A tree. Ainsworth.

YO’KEFELLOW. n. s. [yoke and fellow, or mate.]
YO’KEMATE. n. s. [yoke and fellow, or mate.]
1. Companion in labour.
Yokefellows in arms,
Let us to France. Shakespeare's Henry V.
2. Mate; fellow.
You cannot think me fit
To be th' yokefellow of your wit,
Nor take one of so mean deserts
To be the part'ner of your parts. Hudibras.
Before Toulon thy yokemate lies,
Where all the live-long night he sighs. Stepney.
Those who have most distinguished themselves by railing at
the sex, very often chuse one of the most worthless for a com­
panion and yokefellow. Addison's Spectator.

YOLD, for yielded. Obsolete. Spenser.

YOLK. n. s. [See YELK.] The yellow part of an egg.
Nature hath provided a large yolk in every egg, a great part
whereof remaineth after the chicken is hatched; and, by a
channel made on purpose, serves instead of milk to nourish the
chick for a considerable time. Ray on the Creation.

YON. adj. [geond, Saxon.] Being at a distance within
view.
YOND. adj. [geond, Saxon.] Being at a distance within
view.
YO’NDER. adj. [geond, Saxon.] Being at a distance within
view.
Madam, yond young fellow swears he will speak with you.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Good mother, do not marry me to yon fool. Shakespeare.
Would you not laugh to meet a great counsellor of state in
a flat cap, his gloves under his girdle, and yond haberdasher in a
velvet gown furred with sables? Ben. Johnson's Discoveries.
Tigranes, being encamped upon a hill with four hundred
thousand men, discovered the army of the Romans, being not
above fourteen thousand, marching towards him: he made
himself merry with it, and said, yonder men are too many for
an ambassage, and too few for a fight. Bacon's Natural History.
For proof look up,
And read thy lot in yon celestial sign. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Yon flow'ry arbors, yonder allies green. Milton.
Let other swains attend the rural care,
But nigh yon mountain let me tune my lays. Pope.

YON. adv. At a distance within view. It is used when
we direct the eye from another thing to the object.
YOND. adv. At a distance within view. It is used when
we direct the eye from another thing to the object.
YO’NDER. adv. At a distance within view. It is used when
we direct the eye from another thing to the object.
The fringed curtains of thine eyes advance,
And say what thou see'st yond. Shakesp. Tempest.
First, and chiefest, with thee bring
Him that yon soars on golden wing,
Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne,
The cherub, contemplation. Milton.
Yonder are two apple-women scolding. Arbuthn. and Pope.

YOND. adj. [I know not whence derived.] Mad; furious:
perhaps transported with rage; under alienation of mind, in
which sense it concurs with the rest.
Then like a lion, which hath long time sought
His robbed whelps, and at the last them found
Amongst the shepherd swains, then waxeth wood and yond;
So fierce he laid about him. Fairy Queen.
Nor those three brethren, Lombards, fierce and yond. Fairf.

YOR

YORE, or of Yore. adv. [geogara, Saxon]
1. Long.
Witness the burning altars, which he swore,
And, guilty, heavens of his bold perjury;
Which though he hath polluted oft and yore,
Yet I to them for judgment just do fly. Fairy Queen.
2. Of old time; long ago.
Thee bright-ey'd Vesta long of yore
To solitary Saturn bore. Milton.
There liv'd, as authors tell, in days of yore,
A widow somewhat old, and very poor. Dryden.
In times of yore an ancient baron liv'd;
Great gifts bestow'd, and great respect receiv'd. Prior.
The dev'l was piqu'd such saintship to behold,
And long'd to tempt him, like good Job of old;
But Satan now is wiser than of yore,
And tempts by making rich, not making poor. Pope.

YOU

YOU. pron. [eow, iuh, Saxon: the accusative of ge, ye.]
1. The oblique case of ye.
Ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God,
which is given me to you ward. Eph. iii. 2.
I thought to show you
How easy 'twas to die, by my example,
And hansel fate before you. Dryden's Cleomenes.
2. It is used in the nominative; and though first introduced by
corruption, is now established.
You nimble lightnings, dart your blinding flames
Into her scornful eyes. Shakesp. King Lear.
3. It is the ceremonial word for the second person singular, and
is always used, except in solemn language.
Madam, the fates withstand, and you
Are destin'd Hymen's willing victim too. Pope.
4. It is used indefinitively, as the French on.
We passed by what was one of those rivers of burning mat­
ter: this looks, at a distance, like a new-plowed land; but as
you come near it, you see nothing but a long heap of heavy dis­
jointed clods. Addison on Italy.

YOUNG. adj. [iong, eong, Saxon; jong, Dutch.]
1. Being in the first part of life; not old.
Guests should be interlarded, after the Persian custom, by
ages young and old. Carew's Survey of Cornwall.
He woos both high and low, both rich and poor,
Both young and old. Shakespeare.
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st,
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubims. Shakespeare.
I firmly am resolv'd
Not to bestow my youngest daughter,
Before I have a husband for the elder. Shakespeare.
Thou old and true Menenius,
Thy tears are salter than a younger man's,
And venomous to thine eyes. Shakespeare's Coriolanus.
He ordain'd a lady for his prize,
Generally praiseful, fair and young, and skill'd in house­
wiferies. Chapman.
In timorous deer he hansels his young paws,
And leaves the rugged bear for firmer claws. Cowley.
Nor need'st by thy daughter to be told,
Though now thy sprity blood with age be cold,
Thou hast been young. Dryden.
When we say a man is young, we mean that his age is yet
but a small part of that which usually men attain to: and
when we denominate him old, we mean that his duration
is run out almost to the end of that which men do not usually
exceed. Locke.
It will be but an ill example to prove, that dominion, by
God's ordination, belonged to the eldest son; because Jacob
the youngest here had it. Locke.
From earth they rear him struggling now with death,
And Nestor's youngest stops the vents of breath. Pope.
2 Ignorant; weak.
Come, elder brother, thou art too young in this. Shakesp.
3. It is sometimes applied to vegetable life.
There be trees that bear best when they begin to be old,
as almonds; the cause is, for that all trees that bear must have
an oily fruit; and young trees have a more watry juice, and
less concocted. Bacon.

YOUNG. n. s. The offspring of animals collectively.
The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long,
That it had its head bit off by its young. Shakesp. King Lear.
So many days my ewes have been with young;
So many weeks ere the poor fools will yean. Shakespeare.
The eggs disclos'd their callow young. Milton.
The reason why birds are oviparous, and lay eggs, but do
not bring forth their young alive, is because there might be
more plenty. More's Antidote against Atheism.
Not so her young; for their unequal line
Was heroes make, half human, half divine;
Their earthly mold obnoxious was to fate,
Th' immortal part assum'd immortal state. Dryden.
Those insects, for whose young nature hath not made pro­
vision of sufficient sustenance, do themselves gather and lay
up in store for them. Ray on the Creation.

YOU’NGISH. adj. [from young.] Somewhat young.
She let her second room to a very genteel youngish man. Tat.

YOU’NGLING. n. s. [from young; eongling, Saxon.] Any
creature in the first part of life.


More dear unto their God, than younglings to their dam.
Fairy Queen.
Youngling, thou canst not love so dear as I.—
—Grey beard, thy love doth freeze. Shakespeare.
When we perceive that bats have teats, it is not unreason­
able to infer, they suckle their younglings with milk. Brown.
Encourag'd thus she brought her younglings nigh. Dryden.
The stately beast the two TyrrheidÆ bred,
Snatch'd from his dam, and the tame youngling fed. Dryden.

YOU’NGLY. adv. [from young.]
1. Early in life.
Say we read lectures to you,
How youngly he began to serve his country,
How long continu'd, and what stock he springs of. Shakesp.
2. Ignorantly; weakly.

YOU’NGSTER. [from young.] A young person. In con­
tempt.
YOU’NKER. [from young.] A young person. In con­
tempt.
How like a younker or a prodigal
The skarfed bark parts from her native bay,
Hugg'd and embraced by the strumpet wind. Shakespeare.
What, will you make a younker of me? shall I not take
mine ease in mine inn, but I shall so have my pocket pick'd.
Shakespeare's Henry IV.
See how the morning opes her golden gates,
And takes her farewel of the glorious sun:
How well resembles it the prime of youth,
Trimm'd like a yonker prancing to his love. Shakespeare.
Fame tells, by age fame reverend grown,
That Phœbus gave his chariot to his son;
And whilst the youngster from the path declines,
Admiring the strange beauty of the signs,
Proud of his charge, he drove the fiery horse,
And would outdo his father in his course. Creech.
The youngster, who at nine and three,
Drinks with his sisters milk and tea,
From breakfast reads till twelve o'clock,
Burnet and Heylin, Hobbes and Locke. Prior.

YOUNGTH. n. s. [from young.] Youth. Obsolete.
The mournful muse in mirth now list ne mask,
As she was wont in youngth and summer days. Spenser.

YOUR. pronoun. [eower, Saxon.]
1. Belonging to you. It is used properly when we speak to more
than one, and ceremoniously and customarily when to only
one.
Either your unparagoned mistress is dead, or she's outprized
by a trifle. Shakespeare.
2. YOUR is used in an indeterminate sense.
Every true man's apparel fits your thief: if it be too little
for your thief, your true man thinks it big enough. If it be
too big for your thief, your thief thinks it little enough; so
every true man's apparel fits your thief. Shakespeare.
There is a great affinity between coins and poetry, and your
medallist and critick are much nearer related than the world
imagine. Addison on ancient Medals.
A disagreement between these seldom happens, but among
your antiquaries and schoolmen. Feton on the Classicks.
3. YOURS is used when the substantive goes before or is under­
stood; as this is your book, this book is yours.
Pray for this man and for his issue,
Whose heavy hand hath bow'd you to the grave,
And beggar'd yours for ever. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
That done, our day of marriage shall be yours,
One feast, one house, one mutual happiness. Shakespeare.
This kiss, if it durst speak,
Would stretch thy spirits up into the air:
Conceive and fare thee well.—
—Yours in the ranks of death.— Shakespeare's King Lear.
He is forsworn, if e'er those eyes of yours
Behold another day break in the east. Shakespeare.
While the sword this monarchy secures,
'Tis manag'd by an abler hand than yours. Dryden.
My wealth, my city and myself are yours. Dryden.
It is my employment to revive the old of past ages to the
present, as it is yours to transmit the young of the present to
the future. Pope.

YOURSE’LF. n. s. [your and self] You, even you; ye, not
others.
If it stand as you yourself still do,
Within the eye of honour; be assur'd,
My purse, my person, my extremest means,
Lie all unlock'd to your occasions. Shakespeare.
O heav'ns!
If you do love old men, if your sweet sway
Allow obedience, if yourselves are old,
Make it your cause. Shakespeare's King Lear.

YOUTH. n. s. [eoguth, Saxon.]
1. The part of life succeeding to childhood and adolescence; the
time from fourteen to twenty eight.
But could youth last, and love still breed,
Had joys no date, and age no need;
Then these delights my mind might move,
To live with thee, and be thy love. Shakespeare.
See how the morning opes her golden gates,
And takes her farewel of the glorious sun;
How well resembles it the prime of youth,
Trim'd like a yonker, prancing to his love. Shakesp.
His starry helm unbuckled show'd him prime
In manhood, where youth ended. Milton.
The solidity, quantity, and strength of the aliment is to be
proportioned to the labour or quantity of muscular motion,
which in youth is greater than any other age. Arbuthnot.
2. A young man.
Siward's son,
And many unrough youths even now,
Protest their first of manhood. Shakespeare's Macbeth.
If this were seen,
The happiest youth viewing his progress through,
What perils past, what crosses to ensue,
Would shut the book and sit him down and die. Shakesp.
About him exercis'd heroick games
Th' unarmed youth of heav'n. Milton.
O'er the lofty gate his art emboss'd
Androgeos' death, and off'rings to his ghost;
Sev'n youghs from Athens yearly sent, to meet
The fate appointed by revengeful Crete. Dryden.
The pious chief
A hundred youths from all his train elects,
And to the Latian court their course directs. Dryden.
3. Young men. Collectively.
As it is fit to read the best authors to youth first, so let them
be of the openest and clearest; as Livy before Sallust, Sidney
before Donne. Ben. Johnson.
The graces put not more exactly on
Th' attire of Venus, when the ball she won,
Than that young beauty by thy care is drest,
When all your youth prefers her to the rest. Waller.

YOU’THFUL. adj. [youth and full.]
1. Young.
Our army is dispers'd already:
Like youthful steers unyok'd they took their course,
East, west, north, south. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
There, in a heap of slain, among the rest,
Two youthful knights they found beneath a load opprest
Of slaughter'd foes. Dryden.
2. Suitable to the first part of life.
Here be all the pleasures
That fancy can beget on youthful thoughts,
When the fresh blood grows lively, and returns
Brisk as the April buds in primrose season. Milton.
In his years were seen,
A youthful vigour and autumnal green. Dryden.
The nymph surveys him, and beholds the grace
Of charming features, and a youthful face. Pope.
3. Vigorous as in youth.
How is a good Christian animated by a stedfast belief of an
everlasting enjoyment of perfect felicity, such as, after mil­
lions of millions of ages is still youthful and flourishing, and in­
viting as at the first? no wrinkles in the face, no grey hairs
on the head of eternity. Bentley.

YOU’THFULLY. adv. [from youthful.] In a youthful manner.

YOU’THLY. adj. [from youth.] Young; early in life. Obso­
lete.
True be thy words, and worthy of thy praise,
That warlike feats dost highest glorify,
Therein have I spent all my youthly days,
And many battles fought and many frays. Fairy Queen.

YOU’THY. adj. [from youth.] Young; youthful. A bad
word.
The scribler had not genius to turn my age, as indeed I am
an old maid, into raillery, for affecting a youthier turn than
is consistent with my time of day. Spectator.

YPI’GHT. part. [y and pight, from pitch.] Fixed.
That same wicked wight
His dwelling has low in an hollow cave,
Far underneath a craggy clift ypight,
Dark, doleful, dreary, like a greedy grave. Spenser.

YUCK. n. s. [jocken, Dutch.] Itch.

YULE. n. s. [geol, eol, ehul, Saxon.] The time of Christ­
mas.

YUX

YUX. n. s. [eox, Saxon.] The hiccough.




Z

Z Is found in the Saxon alphabets, set down by
Grammarians, but is read in no word origi­
nally Teutonick: its sound is uniformly that
of an hard S.

ZA’FFAR. n. s.
ZA’FFIR. n. s.
Powder the calx of cobalt, very fine, and mix it with three
times its weight of powdered flints, this being wetted with
common water, the whole concretes into a solid mass called
zaffre, which from its hardness has been mistaken for a na­
tive mineral. Hill on Fossils.
Cobalt being sublimed, the flowers are of a blue colour;
these, German mineralists call zoffir. Wodward.
The artificers in glass tinge their glass blue with that dark
mineral zaphara. Bole on Colours.

ZA’NY. n. s. [Probably of zanci.] The contraction of Gio­
vanni or sanna, a scoff, according to Skinner.] One em­
ployed to raise laughter by his gestures, actions and speeches;
a merry Andrew; a buffoon.
Some carrytale, some pleaseman, some slight zany,
Some mumblenews, some trencher knight, some Dick,
Told our intents before. Shakespeare.
Then write that I may follow, and so be
Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zany,
I shall be thought, if mine like thine I shape,
All the world's lion, though I be thy ape. Donne.
Oh, great restorer of the good old stage,
Preacher at once, and zany of thy age. Pope's Dunciad.

ZA’RNICH. n. s. Zarnich is a solid substance in which orpiment
is frequently found; and it approaches to the nature of orpi­
ment, but without its lustre and foliated texture. The com­
mon kinds of zarnich are green and yellow; and to this we
owe the distinction of orpiment into these colours, though there
is no such substance as green orpiment. Zarnich contains a
large quantity of arsenick in it. Hill's Materia Medica.

ZEA

ZEAL. n. s. [????, zelus, Latin.] Passionate ardour for any
person or cause.
This present age, wherein zeal hath drowned charity and
skill; meekness will not now suffer any man to marvel, what­
soever he shall hear reproved by whomsoever. Hooker
If I had had time to have made new liveries, I would have
bestowed the thousand pound I borrowed of you: but it is
no matter, this poor show doth better; this doth infer the zeal
I had to see him. Shakespeare's Henry IV.
O Cromwell, Cromwell!
Had I but serv'd my God with half the zeal
I serv'd my king, he would not in mine age
Have left me naked to mine enemies. Shakespeare.
Among the seraphims
Abdiel, than whom none with more zeal ador'd
The Deity, and divine commands obey'd,
Stood up, and in a flame of zeal severe,
The current of his fury thus oppos'd. Milton's Parad. Lost.
Zeal, the blind conductor of the will. Dryden.
She with such a zeal the cause embrac'd,
As women, where they will, are all in haste;
The father, mother, and the kin beside,
Were overborne by the fury of the tide. Dryden.
The princes applaud with a furious joy,
And the king seiz'd a flambeau with zeal to destroy. Dryden.
Seriousness and zeal in religion is natural to the English.
Tillotson's Sermons.
Good men often blemish the reputation of their piety by
over-acting some things in their religion; by an indiscreet
zeal about things wherein religion is not concerned. Tillotson.
True zeal seems not to be any one single affection of the
soul; but rather a strong mixture of many holy affections; ra­
ther a gracious constitution of the whole mind, than any one
particular grace, swaying a devout heart, and filling it with
all pious intentions; all not only uncounterfeit, but most fer­
vent. Sprat's Sermons.
When the sins of a nation have provoked God to forsake
it, he suffers those to concur in the most pernicious counsels
for enslaving conscience, who pretend to the greatest zeal for
the liberty of it. Stillingfleet.
This rebellion has discovered to his majesty, who have e­
spoused his interests with zeal or indifference. Addison's Freeh.
A scorn of flattery and a zeal for truth. Pope.

ZEA’LOT. n. s. [zeloteur, French; ????t??.] One passionate­
ly ardent in any cause. Generally used in dispraise.
The fury of zealots, intestine bitterness and division were
the greatest occasion of the last fatal destruction of Jerusalem.
King Charles.
Are not those men too often the greatest zealots who are
most notoriously ignorant? true zeal should always begin with
true knowledge, and thence proceed to an unwearied passion,
for what it once knows to be worthy of such passion. Sprat.
No wonder that so many of these deluded zealots have been
engaged in a cause which they at first abhorred, and have wish­
ed or acted for the success of an enterprize, that might have
ended in the extirpation of the protestant religion. Addison.

ZEA’LOUS. adj. [from zeal.] Ardently passionate in any cause.
Our hearts are right with God, and our intentions pious,
if we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than
our necessity, and in actions of religion we be zealous, active,
and operative, so far as prudence will permit. Taylor.
This day, at height of noon, came to my sphere,
A spirit, zealous, as he seem'd to know
More of the Almighty's works. Milton's Paradise Lost.
We should be not only devout towards God, but zealous
towards men; endeavouring by all prudent means to recover
them out of those snares of the devil, whereby they are taken
captive. Decay of Piety.
It is not at all good to be zealous against any person, but
only against their crimes. It is better to be zealous for things
than for persons: but then it should be only for good things;
a rule that does certainly exclude all manner of zeal for ill
things, all manner of zeal for little things. Sprat's Sermons.
Being instructed only in the general, and zealous in the main
design; and as finite beings, not admitted into the secrets of
government, the last resorts of providence, or capable of dis­
covering the final purposes of God, they must be sometimes
ignorant of the means conducing to those ends in which alone
they can oppose each other. Dryden.

ZEA’LOUSLY. adv. [from zalous.] With passionate ardour.
Thy care is fixt, and zealously attends,
To fill thy odorous lamp with deeds of light,
And hope that reaps not shame. Milton.
To enter into a party as into an order of friars, with so re­
signed an obedience to superiors, is very unsuitable with the
civil and religious liberties we so zealously assert. Swift.

ZEA’LOUSNESS. n. s. [from zealous] The quality of being zea­
lous.

ZE’CHIN. n. s. [So named from zecha, a place in Venice where
the mint is settled for cinage.] A gold coin worth about
nine shillings sterling.

ZEDO’ARY. n. s. [zedeaire, French.] A spicy plant, somewhat
like ginger in its leaves, but of a sweet scent.

ZED. n. s. The name of the letter z.
Thou whoreson zed, thou unnecessary letter. Shakespeare.


ZEN

ZE’NITH. n. s. [Arabick.] The point over head opposite to
the nadir.
Fond men! if we believe that men do live
Under the zenith of both frozen poles,
Though none come thence, advertisement to give,
Why bear we not the like faith of our souls? Davies.
These seasons are designed by the motions of the sun, when
that approaches nearest our zenith, or vertical point, we call
it summer. Brown's Vulgar Errours.



ZE’PHYR. n. s. [zephyrus, Latin.] The west wind; and
poetically any calm soft wind.

ZE’PHYRUS. n. s. [zephyrus, Latin.] The west wind; and
poetically any calm soft wind.
They are as gentle
As zephyrs blowing blow the violet. Shakespeare's Cymbeline.
Zephyr, you shall see a youth with a merry countenance,
holding in his hand a swan with wings displayed, as about
to sing. Peacham on Drawing.
Forth rush the levent and the ponent wins,
Eurus and Zephyr. Milton.
Mild as when Zephyrus on Flora breathes. Milton.
Their every musick wakes,
Whence blending all the sweeten'd zephyr springs. Thomson.

ZEST. n. s.
1. The peel of an orange squeezed into wine.
2. A relish; a taste added.

To ZEST. v. a. To heighten by an additional relish.

ZETE’TICK. adj. [from ??t??.] Proceeding by enquiry.

ZEU’GMA. n. s. [from ?e???a.] A figure in Grammar, when
a verb agreeing with divers nouns, or an adjective with divers
substantives, is referred to one expresly, and to the other by
supplement, as lust overcame shame, boldness fear, and mad­
ness reason.

ZOC’LE. n. s. [In architecture.] A small sort of stand or pe­
destal, being a low square piece or member, serving to sup­
port a busto, statue, or the like, that needs to be raised; also
a low square member serving to support a column, instead
of a pedestal, base, or plinth. Dict.

ZO’DIACK. n. s. [zodiaque, French; ??d?a?,  t? ????,
the living creatures, the figures of which are painted on it
in globes.] The track of the sun through the twelve signs;
a great circle of the sphere, containing the twelve signs.
The golden sun salutes the morn,
And having gilt the ocean with his beams,
Gallops the zodiack in his glist'ring coach. Shakespeare.
Years he number'd scarce thirteen,
When fates turn'd cruel;
Yet three fill'd zodiacks had he been
The stage's jewel. Ben. Johnson.
By his side,
As in a glist'ring zodiack hung the sword,
Satan's dire dread; and in his hand the spear. Milton.
It exceeds even their absurdity to suppose the zodiack and
planets to be efficient of, and antecedent to themselves, or to
exert any influences before they were in being. Bentley.
Here in a shrine that cast a dazling light,
Sat fixt in thought the mighty Stagyrite;
His sacred head a radiant zodiack crown'd,
And various animals his sides surround. Pope.

ZON

ZONE. n. s. [???; zona, Latin.]
1. A girdle.
The middle part
Girt like a starry zone his waist, and round
Skirted his loins, and thighs, with downy gold
And colours dipp'd in heav'n. Milton's Paradise Lost.
An embroider'd zone surrounds her waist. Dryden.
Thy statues, Venus, though by Phidias' hands
Design'd immortal, yet no longer stands;
The magick of thy shining zone is past,
But Salisbury's garter shall for ever last. Granville.
Scarce could the goddess from her nymph be known,
But by the crescent and the golden zone. Pope.
2. A division of the earth.
The whole surface of the earth is divided into five zones:
the first is contained between the two tropicks, and is called
the torrid zone. There are two temperate zones, and two fri­
gid zones. The northern temperate zone is terminated by the
tropick of Cancer and the artick polar circle: the southern
temperate zone is contained between the tropick of Capricorn
and the polar circle: the frigid zones are circumscribed by the
polar circles, and the poles are in their centers.
True love is still the same: the torrid zones,
And those more frigid ones,
It must not know:
For love grown cold or hot,
Is lust or friendship, not
The thing we show;
For that's a flame would die,
Held down or up too high:
Then think I love more than I can express,
And would love more, could I but love thee less. Suckling.
As five zones th' etherial regions bind,
Five correspondent are to earth assign'd:
The sun, with rays directly darting down,
Fires all beaneath, and fries the middle zone. Dryden.
3. Circuit; circumference.
Scarce the sun
Hath finish'd half his journey, and scarce begins
His other half in the great zone of heav'n. Milton.

ZOO

ZOO’GRAPHER. n. s. [?? and ?af?.] One who describes
the nature, properties, and forms of animals.
One kind of locust stands not prone, or a little inclining
upward; but a large erectness, elevating the two fore legs,
and sustaining itself in the middle of the other four, by zoo­
graphers called the prophet and praying locust.
Brown's Vulgar Errours.

ZOO’GRAPHY. n. s. [of ?? and ??f?.] A description of
the forms, natures, and properties of animals.
If we contemplate the end of the effect, its principal final
cause being the glory of its maker, this leads us into divinity;
and for its subordinate, as it is designed for alimental sustenance
to living creatures, and medicinal uses to man, we are thereby
conducted into zoography. Glanv. Sceps.

ZOO’LOGY. n. s. [of ??? and ???.] A treatise concerning
living creatures.

ZOO’PHYTE. n. s. [???f?t??, of ?? and f?t?.] Certain
vegetables or substances which partake of the nature both of
vegetables and animals.

ZOOPHO’RICK Column. n. s. [In architecture.] A statuary co­
lumn, or a column which bears or supports the figure of an
animal. Dict.

ZOO’PHORUS. n. s. [???f??.] A part between the archi­
traves and cornice, so called on account of the ornaments
carved on it, among which were the figures of animals. Dict.

ZOO’TOMIST. n. s. [of ??t???a.] A dissector of the bodies
of brute beasts.

ZOO’TOMY. n. s. [??t???a, of ??? and te???.] Dissection
of the bodies of beasts.